texts:
Touch the Clouds (Lakota: Maȟpíya Ičáȟtagya or Maȟpíya Íyapat'o) (c. 1838 – September 5, 1905) was a chief of the Minneconjou Teton Lakota (also known as Sioux) known for his bravery and skill in battle, physical strength and diplomacy in counsel. The youngest son of Lone Horn, he was brother to Spotted Elk, Frog, and Hook Nose. There is evidence suggesting that he was a cousin to Crazy Horse. When Touch the Clouds's Wakpokinyan band split in the mid-1870s, the band traveled to the Cheyenne River Agency. He assumed the leadership of the band in 1875 after the death of his father and retained leadership during the initial period of the Great Sioux War of 1876-77. After the Battle of the Little Bighorn, he took the band north, eventually surrendering at the Spotted Tail Agency, where he enlisted in the Indian Scouts. However, not long after being present at the death of Crazy Horse, Touch the Clouds transferred with his band back to the Cheyenne River Agency.Touch the Clouds became one of the new leaders of the Minneconjou at the Cheyenne River Agency in 1881, keeping his position until his death on September 5, 1905. Upon his death his son, Amos Charging First, took over as the new chief. Rise to leadership

Born between 1837 and 1839, Touch the Clouds was the youngest son of the influential headman Lone Horn, leader of a Minneconjou band called the Wakpokinyan (Flies Along the Stream). Touch the Clouds was known for his height and great strength, to which his name relates. Lieutenant Henry R. Lemly, who met Touch the Clouds in 1877, described him as a Minneconjou "of magnificent physique, standing six feet five inches in his moccasins, and without an ounce of surplus flesh, weighing 280 pounds". By the time that Touch the Clouds had reached his thirties, he had earned the respect of his peers and had been selected as the head of one of the tribe's warrior societies. In this role, he often led war parties against enemy tribes.White Bull later recalled an occasion in 1872 when <mask>kinyan appear to have split, with part of the band (including Touch the Clouds) going into the Cheyenne River Agency on the Missouri River. A portion led by Lame Deer chose to remain out. Lone Horn struggled to maintain dialogue between the various factions of Minneconjou and their relatives, part of his long record as a Lakota diplomat. After Lone Horn died in 1875, the mantle of leadership fell to his son, just as the US Army was beginning its campaign against the non-treaty Cheyenne and Lakota bands. Great Sioux War of 1876–77
At the beginning of the Great Sioux War of 1876-77, Touch <mask> Clouds stayed with his band at the Cheyenne River Agency through that summer.Shortly after word of Custer's defeat at the Little Bighorn reached the reservation, Touch the Clouds pleaded with army officers at the nearby post: "Have compassion on us. Don't punish us all because some of us fought when we had to." Believing that agency bands were supporting the "hostiles", the army prepared to disarm the friendly Lakota and confiscate their ponies. In late September 1876, suspicious of the Army's intentions, Touch the Clouds led a breakout of Minneconjou and Sans Arc who fled the agency, abandoning their lodgepoles and other possessions in their hurried flight north. The arrival of these refugees, including Touch the Clouds, Roman Nose, Bull Eagle, Spotted Elk and other headmen, introduced a more moderate element into the leadership of the northern villages. In October 1876, the combined force fought troops in several skirmishes along the new road to the Tongue River Cantonment. After Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull departed with their bands, representatives of the Minneconjou met with Colonel Nelson Miles to discuss the possibility of surrender.By February 1877, Touch the Clouds was camped near Short Pine Hills on the Little Missouri River with about 60 or 70 lodges. Here, he met the famed Brulé leader, Spotted Tail, in a five-day council. He agreed to take his band in to surrender at the Spotted Tail Agency in northwestern Nebraska. They arrived on April 14, 1877 and Touch the Clouds was the first to ride forward. "I lay down this gun," he announced to all who could hear, "as a token of submission to Gen. Crook, to whom I wish to surrender." In the months that followed, Touch the Clouds and the Minneconjou lived peacefully at the Spotted Tail agency. The interpreter at Spotted Tail, Louis Bordeaux, described the Minneconjou leader as "an honorable and peaceable Indian, a man of good character, a very fine man, deprecated hostilities and was a peacemaker."The army persuaded him to enlist in the Indian Scouts. <mask> the Clouds served as the first sergeant for Company E.

Touch the Clouds' relationship with Army officials soured in late August 1877 when he and Crazy Horse were asked to lead scouts north to fight Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce. Four days later, the army attempted to arrest Crazy Horse, but he slipped away to the Spotted Tail Agency. <mask> the Clouds accompanied his friend back to Camp Robinson, where Crazy Horse was fatally bayonetted when army soldiers attempted to force him into the guardhouse. Touch the Clouds was allowed to remain with Crazy Horse that night until the Oglala died. Placing his hand on Crazy Horse's chest, Touch the Clouds said, "It is good: he has looked for death, and it has come." Touch the Clouds went to Washington, D.C. as a delegate the following month.In October 1877, the Red Cloud and Spotted Tail Agencies were removed to the Missouri River, during which time Touch the Clouds and his band joined the Oglala. Many of the northern bands that had surrendered the previous spring broke away. They headed north to join Sitting Bull in Canada, where he had gone after the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Touch the Clouds was able to keep most of his band quiet and prevent them from leaving. He asked that they be transferred back home to the Cheyenne River Agency. Dr. James Irwin, agent at Red Cloud, supported the transfer. He noted that Touch the Clouds had been "very obedient and orderly during his stay with me and with his band remained behind when all the others left here."Cheyenne River Reservation

Touch the Clouds and his band finally returned in February 1878 to the Cheyenne River Reservation in central South Dakota. He lived there the remainder of his life. By the spring of 1882, the last remaining Minneconjou bands had returned to Cheyenne River, bringing together the tribe for the first time in several decades. By this time, only three of the traditional six headmen of the tribe were still alive. In 1882, the Minneconjou either affirmed or appointed new leaders to fill vacancies. <mask> the Clouds was confirmed as a "shirt wearer" to fill the position of his late father. The other new leaders selected included White Bull, Big Crow, White Swan and <mask> the Bear.At the ceremony, the new leaders sang the following song: "It is hard to be chief; But I do my best to be a chief." In 1898, Touch the Clouds traveled to Omaha, Nebraska as part of the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition, where he was photographed by Frank A. Rinehart. Touch the Clouds continued to be a vocal advocate for his people for the remainder of his life. In 1884, Rev. Addison Foster visited the Cheyenne River Reservation. Following a church service, Touch the Clouds remained behind "to say that he felt the importance of this new way and that he wished for himself and his people schools and churches." He died on September 5, 1905, on Cherry Creek River, South Dakota.Touch the Clouds was married at least twice. He had several daughters and at least one son. His oldest son, Amos Charging First, succeeded his father as a community leader, the next in the dynasty of Minneconjou headmen starting with the great Lone Horn. Notes

References

External links
Touch the Clouds, American Tribes
 Indian genealogy
 Discussion board about Touch the Clouds. 1905 deaths
Lakota leaders
19th-century Native Americans
20th-century Native Americans
Native American leaders
Native American people of the Indian Wars
Pine Ridge Campaign
1830s births
Miniconjou people

masks:
Touch thepo
the
Touch
Touch
Touch
Touch


type: original

texts:
<mask> (; 16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was a German zoologist, naturalist, eugenicist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist and artist. He discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms and connected many terms in biology, including ecology, phylum, phylogeny, and Protista. Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the influential but no longer widely held recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny") claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its species' evolutionary development, or phylogeny. The published artwork of Haeckel includes over 100 detailed, multi-colour illustrations of animals and sea creatures, collected in his Kunstformen der Natur ("Art Forms of Nature"), a book which would go on to influence the Art Nouveau artistic movement. As a philosopher, <mask> wrote Die Welträthsel (1895–1899; in English: The Riddle of the Universe, 1901), the genesis for the term "world riddle" (Welträtsel); and Freedom in Science and Teaching to support teaching evolution. <mask> was also a promoter of scientific racism and embraced the idea of Social Darwinism. Life

<mask> was born on 16 February 1834, in Potsdam (then part of the Kingdom of Prussia).In 1852 <mask> completed studies at the Domgymnasium, the cathedral high-school of Merseburg. He then studied medicine in Berlin and Würzburg, particularly with Albert von Kölliker, Franz Leydig, Rudolf Virchow (with whom he later worked briefly as assistant), and with the anatomist-physiologist Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858). Together with Hermann Steudner he attended botany lectures in Würzburg. In 1857 Haeckel attained a doctorate in medicine, and afterwards he received the license to practice medicine. The occupation of physician appeared less worthwhile to Haeckel after contact with suffering patients. <mask> studied under Karl Gegenbaur at the University of Jena for three years, earning a habilitation in comparative anatomy in 1861, before becoming a professor of zoology at the University at Jena, where he remained for 47 years, from 1862 to 1909. Between 1859 and 1866 Haeckel worked on many phyla, such as radiolarians, poriferans (sponges) and annelids (segmented worms).During a trip to the Mediterranean, <mask> named nearly 150 new species of radiolarians. In 1864, his beloved first wife, Anna Sethe, died. <mask> dedicated some species of jellyfish of particular beauty (such as Desmonema annasethe) to his unforgettable wife. From 1866 to 1867 <mask> made an extended journey to the Canary Islands with Hermann Fol. On 17 October 1866 he arrived in London. Over the next few days he met Charles Lyell, and visited Thomas Huxley and family at their home. On 21 October he visited Charles Darwin at Down House in Kent.In 1867 he married Agnes Huschke. Their son Walter was born in 1868, their daughters Elizabeth in 1871 and Emma in 1873. In 1869 he traveled as a researcher to Norway, in 1871 to Croatia (where he lived on the island of Hvar in a monastery), and in 1873 to Egypt, Turkey, and Greece. In 1907 he had a museum built in Jena to teach the public about evolution. <mask> retired from teaching in 1909, and in 1910 he withdrew from the Evangelical Church of Prussia. On the occasion of his 80th birthday celebration he was presented with a two-volume work entitled Was wir <mask> verdanken (What We Owe to <mask>), edited at the request of the German Monistenbund by Heinrich Schmidt of Jena. <mask>'s wife, Agnes, died in 1915, and he became substantially frailer, breaking his leg and arm.He sold his "Villa Medusa" in Jena in 1918 to the Carl Zeiss foundation, which preserved his library. <mask> died on 9 August 1919. <mask> became the most famous proponent of Monism in Germany. Politics
<mask>'s affinity for the German Romantic movement, coupled with his acceptance of a form of Lamarckism, influenced his political beliefs. Rather than being a strict Darwinian, <mask> believed that the characteristics of an organism were acquired through interactions with the environment and that ontogeny reflected phylogeny. He saw the social sciences as instances of "applied biology", and that phrase was picked up and used for Nazi propaganda. In 1906 <mask> belonged to the founders of the Monist League (Deutscher Monistenbund), which took a stance against philosophical materialism and promote a "natural Weltanschauung".This organization lasted until 1933 and included such notable members as Wilhelm Ostwald, Georg von Arco (1869–1940), Helene Stöcker and Walter Arthur Berendsohn. He was the first person to use the term "first world war". However, <mask>'s books were banned by the Nazi Party, which refused Monism and <mask>'s freedom of thought. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that <mask> had often overtly recognized the great contribution of educated Jews to the German culture. Research

<mask> was a zoologist, an accomplished artist and illustrator, and later a professor of comparative anatomy. Although <mask>'s ideas are important to the history of evolutionary theory, and although he was a competent invertebrate anatomist most famous for his work on radiolaria, many speculative concepts that he championed are now considered incorrect. For example, Haeckel described and named hypothetical ancestral microorganisms that have never been found.He was one of the first to consider psychology as a branch of physiology. He also proposed the kingdom Protista in 1866. His chief interests lay in evolution and life development processes in general, including development of nonrandom form, which culminated in the beautifully illustrated Kunstformen der Natur (Art forms of nature). <mask> did not support natural selection, rather believing in Lamarckism. <mask> advanced a version of the earlier recapitulation theory previously set out by Étienne Serres in the 1820s and supported by followers of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire including Robert Edmond Grant. It proposed a link between ontogeny (development of form) and phylogeny (evolutionary descent), summed up by Haeckel in the phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". His concept of recapitulation has been refuted in the form he gave it (now called "strong recapitulation"), in favour of the ideas first advanced by <mask> von Baer.The strong recapitulation hypothesis views ontogeny as repeating forms of adult ancestors, while weak recapitulation means that what is repeated (and built upon) is the ancestral embryonic development process. <mask> supported the theory with embryo drawings that have since been shown to be oversimplified and in part inaccurate, and the theory is now considered an oversimplification of quite complicated relationships, however comparison of embryos remains a powerful way to demonstrate that all animals are related. <mask> introduced the concept of heterochrony, the change in timing of embryonic development over the course of evolution. <mask> was a flamboyant figure, who sometimes took great, non-scientific leaps from available evidence. For example, at the time when Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859), <mask> postulated that evidence of human evolution would be found in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). At that time, no remains of human ancestors had yet been identified. He described these theoretical remains in great detail and even named the as-yet unfound species, Pithecanthropus alalus, and instructed his students such as Richard and Oskar Hertwig to go and find it.One student did find some remains: a Dutchman named Eugène Dubois searched the East Indies from 1887 to 1895, discovering the remains of Java Man in 1891, consisting of a skullcap, thighbone, and a few teeth. These remains are among the oldest hominid remains ever found. Dubois classified Java Man with <mask>'s Pithecanthropus label, though they were later reclassified as Homo erectus. Some scientists of the day suggested Dubois' Java Man as a potential intermediate form between modern humans and the common ancestor we share with the other great apes. The current consensus of anthropologists is that the direct ancestors of modern humans were African populations of Homo erectus (possibly Homo ergaster), rather than the Asian populations exemplified by Java Man and Peking Man. (Ironically, a new human species, Homo floresiensis, a dwarf human type, has recently been discovered in the island of Flores). Polygenism and racial theory

The creationist polygenism of Samuel George Morton and Louis Agassiz, which presented human races as separately created species, was rejected by Charles Darwin, who argued for the monogenesis of the human species and the African origin of modern humans.In contrast to most of Darwin's supporters, <mask> put forward a doctrine of evolutionary polygenism based on the ideas of the linguist August Schleicher, in which several different language groups had arisen separately from speechless prehuman Urmenschen (), which themselves had evolved from simian ancestors. These separate languages had completed the transition from animals to man, and under the influence of each main branch of languages, humans had evolved – in a kind of Lamarckian use-inheritance – as separate species, which could be subdivided into races. From this, Haeckel drew the implication that languages with the most potential yield the human races with the most potential, led by the Semitic and Indo-Germanic groups, with Berber, Jewish, Greco-Roman and Germanic varieties to the fore. As Haeckel stated:

Haeckel's view can be seen as a forerunner of the views of Carleton Coon, who also believed that human races evolved independently and in parallel with each other. These ideas eventually fell from favour. <mask> also applied the hypothesis of polygenism to the modern diversity of human groups. He became a key figure in social darwinism and leading proponent of scientific racism, stating for instance:

Haeckel divided human beings into ten races, of which the Caucasian was the highest and the primitives were doomed to extinction.In his view, 'Negroes' were savages and Whites were the most civilised: for instance, he claimed that '[t]he Negro' had stronger and more freely movable toes than any other race, which, he argued, was evidence of their being less evolved, and which led him to compare them to four-handed" Apes'. In his Ontogeny and Phylogeny Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould wrote: "[<mask>'s] evolutionary racism; his call to the German people for racial purity and unflinching devotion to a 'just' state; his belief that harsh, inexorable laws of evolution ruled human civilization and nature alike, conferring upon favored races the right to dominate others ... all contributed to the rise of Nazism." In his introduction to the Nazi party ideologue Alfred Rosenberg's 1930 book, [The Myth of the Twentieth Century], Peter Peel affirms that Rosenberg had indeed read Haeckel. In the same line of thought, historian Daniel Gasman states that <mask>'s ideology stimulated the birth of Fascist ideology in Italy and France. However, Robert J. Richards notes: "<mask>, on his travels to Ceylon and Indonesia, often formed closer and more intimate relations with natives, even members of the untouchable classes, than with the European colonials." and says the Nazis rejected Haeckel, since he opposed antisemitism, while supporting ideas they disliked (for instance atheism, feminism, internationalism, pacifism etc.). Asia hypothesis

Haeckel claimed the origin of humanity was to be found in Asia: he believed that Hindustan (Indian subcontinent) was the actual location where the first humans had evolved.<mask> argued that humans were closely related to the primates of Southeast Asia and rejected Darwin's hypothesis of Africa. <mask> later claimed that the missing link was to be found on the lost continent of Lemuria located in the Indian Ocean. He believed that Lemuria was the home of the first humans and that Asia was the home of many of the earliest primates; he thus supported that Asia was the cradle of hominid evolution. <mask> also claimed that Lemuria connected Asia and Africa, which allowed the migration of humans to the rest of the world. In <mask>'s book The History of Creation (1884) he included migration routes which he thought the first humans had used outside of Lemuria. Embryology and recapitulation theory

When Haeckel was a student in the 1850s he showed great interest in embryology, attending the rather unpopular lectures twice and in his notes sketched the visual aids: textbooks had few illustrations, and large format plates were used to show students how to see the tiny forms under a reflecting microscope, with the translucent tissues seen against a black background. Developmental series were used to show stages within a species, but inconsistent views and stages made it even more difficult to compare different species.It was agreed by all European evolutionists that all vertebrates looked very similar at an early stage, in what was thought of as a common ideal type, but there was a continuing debate from the 1820s between the Romantic recapitulation theory that human embryos developed through stages of the forms of all the major groups of adult animals, literally manifesting a sequence of organisms on a linear chain of being, and <mask> von Baer's opposing view, stated in von Baer's laws of embryology, that the early general forms diverged into four major groups of specialised forms without ever resembling the adult of another species, showing affinity to an archetype but no relation to other types or any transmutation of species. By the time <mask> was teaching he was able to use a textbook with woodcut illustrations written by his own teacher Albert von Kölliker, which purported to explain human development while also using other mammalian embryos to claim a coherent sequence. Despite the significance to ideas of transformism, this was not really polite enough for the new popular science writing, and was a matter for medical institutions and for experts who could make their own comparisons. Darwin, Naturphilosophie and Lamarck

Darwin's On the Origin of Species, which made a powerful impression on Haeckel when he read it in 1864, was very cautious about the possibility of ever reconstructing the history of life, but did include a section reinterpreting von Baer's embryology and revolutionising the field of study, concluding that "Embryology rises greatly in interest, when we thus look at the embryo as a picture, more or less obscured, of the common parent-form of each great class of animals." It mentioned von Baer's 1828 anecdote (misattributing it to Louis Agassiz) that at an early stage embryos were so similar that it could be impossible to tell whether an unlabelled specimen was of a mammal, a bird, or of a reptile, and Darwin's own research using embryonic stages of barnacles to show that they are crustaceans, while cautioning against the idea that one organism or embryonic stage is "higher" or "lower", or more or less evolved. Haeckel disregarded such caution, and in a year wrote his massive and ambitious Generelle Morphologie, published in 1866,

masks:
Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel
Ernst Haeckel
Haeckel
Ernst Haeckel
Haeckel
Ernst Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Ernst Haeckel
Ernst Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Karl Ernst
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Karl Ernst
Haeckel


texts:
 presenting a revolutionary new synthesis of Darwin's ideas with the German tradition of Naturphilosophie going back to Goethe and with the progressive evolutionism of Lamarck in what he called Darwinismus. He used morphology to reconstruct the evolutionary history of life, in the absence of fossil evidence using embryology as evidence of ancestral relationships.He invented new terms, including ontogeny and phylogeny, to present his evolutionised recapitulation theory that "ontogeny recapitulated phylogeny". The two massive volumes sold poorly, and were heavy going: with his limited understanding of German, Darwin found them impossible to read. <mask>'s publisher turned down a proposal for a "strictly scholarly and objective" second edition. Embryological drawings

<mask>'s aim was a reformed morphology with evolution as the organising principle of a cosmic synthesis unifying science, religion, and art. He was giving successful "popular lectures" on his ideas to students and townspeople in Jena, in an approach pioneered by his teacher Rudolf Virchow. To meet his publisher's need for a popular work he used a student's transcript of his lectures as the basis of his Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte of 1868, presenting a comprehensive presentation of evolution. In the Spring of that year he drew figures for the book, synthesising his views of specimens in Jena and published pictures to represent types.After publication he told a colleague that the images "are completely exact, partly copied from nature, partly assembled from all illustrations of these early stages that have hitherto become known". There were various styles of embryological drawings at that time, ranging from more schematic representations to "naturalistic" illustrations of specific specimens. Haeckel believed privately that his figures were both exact and synthetic, and in public asserted that they were schematic like most figures used in teaching. The images were reworked to match in size and orientation, and though displaying <mask>'s own views of essential features, they support von Baer's concept that vertebrate embryos begin similarly and then diverge. Relating different images on a grid conveyed a powerful evolutionary message. As a book for the general public, it followed the common practice of not citing sources. The book sold very well, and while some anatomical experts hostile to Haeckel's evolutionary views expressed some private concerns that certain figures had been drawn rather freely, the figures showed what they already knew about similarities in embryos.The first published concerns came from Ludwig Rütimeyer, a professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the University of Basel who had placed fossil mammals in an evolutionary lineage early in the 1860s and had been sent a complimentary copy. At the end of 1868 his review in the Archiv für Anthropologie wondered about the claim that the work was "popular and scholarly", doubting whether the second was true, and expressed horror about such public discussion of man's place in nature with illustrations such as the evolutionary trees being shown to non-experts. Though he made no suggestion that embryo illustrations should be directly based on specimens, to him the subject demanded the utmost "scrupulosity and conscientiousness" and an artist must "not arbitrarily model or generalise his originals for speculative purposes" which he considered proved by comparison with works by other authors. In particular, "one and the same, moreover incorrectly interpreted woodcut, is presented to the reader three times in a row and with three different captions as [the] embryo of the dog, the chick, [and] the turtle". He accused <mask> of "playing fast and loose with the public and with science", and failing to live up to the obligation to the truth of every serious researcher. <mask> responded with angry accusations of bowing to religious prejudice, but in the second (1870) edition changed the duplicated embryo images to a single image captioned "embryo of a mammal or bird". Duplication using galvanoplastic stereotypes (clichés) was a common technique in textbooks, but not on the same page to represent different eggs or embryos.In 1891 <mask> made the excuse that this "extremely rash foolishness" had occurred in undue haste but was "bona fide", and since repetition of incidental details was obvious on close inspection, it is unlikely to have been intentional deception. The revised 1870 second edition of 1,500 copies attracted more attention, being quickly followed by further revised editions with larger print runs as the book became a prominent part of the optimistic, nationalist, anticlerical "culture of progress" in Otto von Bismarck's new German Empire. The similarity of early vertebrate embryos became common knowledge, and the illustrations were praised by experts such as Michael Foster of the University of Cambridge. In the introduction to his 1871 The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, Darwin gave particular praise to Haeckel, writing that if Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte "had appeared before my essay had been written, I should probably never have completed it". The first chapter included an illustration: "As some of my readers may never have seen a drawing of an embryo, I have given one of man and another of a dog, at about the same early stage of development, carefully copied from two works of undoubted accuracy" with a footnote citing the sources and noting that "Häckel has also given analogous drawings in his Schöpfungsgeschichte." The fifth edition of <mask>'s book appeared in 1874, with its frontispiece a heroic portrait of <mask> himself, replacing the previous controversial image of the heads of apes and humans. Controversy
Later in 1874, <mask>'s simplified embryology textbook Anthropogenie made the subject into a battleground over Darwinism aligned with Bismarck's Kulturkampf ("culture struggle") against the Catholic Church.<mask> took particular care over the illustrations, changing to the leading zoological publisher Wilhelm Engelmann of Leipzig and obtaining from them use of illustrations from their other textbooks as well as preparing his own drawings including a dramatic double page illustration showing "early", "somewhat later" and "still later" stages of 8 different vertebrates. Though <mask>'s views had attracted continuing controversy, there had been little dispute about the embryos and he had many expert supporters, but Wilhelm His revived the earlier criticisms and introduced new attacks on the 1874 illustrations. Others joined in: both expert anatomists and Catholic priests and supporters were politically opposed to <mask>'s views. While it has been widely claimed that Haeckel was charged with fraud by five professors and convicted by a university court at Jena, there does not appear to be an independently verifiable source for this claim. Recent analyses (Richardson 1998, Richardson and Keuck 2002) have found that some of the criticisms of <mask>'s embryo drawings were legitimate, but others were unfounded. There were multiple versions of the embryo drawings, and Haeckel rejected the claims of fraud. It was later said that "there is evidence of sleight of hand" on both sides of the feud between <mask> and Wilhelm His.Robert J. Richards, in a paper published in 2008, defends the case for Haeckel, shedding doubt against the fraud accusations based on the material used for comparison with what Haeckel could access at the time. Awards and honors
<mask> was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1885. He was awarded the title of Excellency by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1907 and the Linnean Society of London's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1908. In the United States, <mask>, a  summit in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, overlooking the Evolution Basin, is named in his honour, as is another Mount <mask>, a  summit in New Zealand; and the asteroid 12323 Haeckel. In Jena he is remembered with a monument at Herrenberg (erected in 1969), an exhibition at Ernst-Haeckel-Haus, and at the Jena Phyletic Museum, which continues to teach about evolution and share his work to this day. The ratfish, Harriotta haeckeli is named in his honor. The research vessel <mask> is named in his honor.In 1981, a botanical journal called Ernstia was started being published in the city of Maracay, Venezuela. In 2013, Ernstia, a genus of calcareous sponges in the family Clathrinidae. The genus was erected to contain five species previously assigned to Clathrina. The genus name honors <mask> for his contributions towards sponge taxonomy and phylogeny. Publications

Darwin's 1859 book On the Origin of Species had immense popular influence, but although its sales exceeded its publisher's hopes it was a technical book rather than a work of popular science: long, difficult and with few illustrations. One of <mask>'s books did a great deal to explain his version of "Darwinism" to the world. It was a bestselling, provocatively illustrated book in German, titled Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte, published in Berlin in 1868, and translated into English as The History of Creation in 1876.Until 1909, eleven editions had appeared, as well as 25 translations into other languages. The Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte cemented <mask>'s reputation as one of Germany's most forceful popularizers of science. His Welträthsel were reprinted ten times after the book's first publication in 1899; ultimately, over 400,000 copies were sold. <mask> argued that human evolution consisted of precisely 22 phases, the 21st – the "missing link" – being a halfway step between apes and humans. He even formally named this missing link Pithecanthropus alalus, translated as "ape man without speech". <mask>'s literary output was extensive, including many books, scientific papers, and illustrations. Monographs

 Radiolaria (1862)
 Siphonophora (1869)
 Monera (1870)
 Calcareous Sponges (1872)

Challenger reports

 Deep-Sea Medusae (1881)
 Siphonophora (1888)
 Deep-Sea Keratosa (1889)
 Radiolaria (1887)

Books on biology and its philosophy

 Generelle Morphologie der Organismen: allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie.(1866) Berlin (General morphology of organisms: general foundations of form-science, mechanically grounded by the descendance theory reformed by Charles Darwin)
 Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (1868); in English  The History of Creation (1876; 6th ed. Assessments of potential influence on Nazism
Some historians have seen <mask>'s social Darwinism as a forerunner to Nazi ideology. Others have denied the relationship altogether. The evidence is in some respects ambiguous. On one hand, <mask> was an advocate of scientific racism. He held that evolutionary biology had definitively proven that races were unequal in intelligence and ability, and that their lives were also of unequal value, e.g., "These lower races (such as the Veddahs or Australian negroes) are psychologically nearer to the mammals (apes or dogs) than to civilised Europeans; we must therefore, assign a totally different value to their lives." As a result of the "struggle for existence", it followed that the "lower" races would eventually be exterminated.He was also a social Darwinist who believed that "survival of the fittest" was a natural law, and that struggle led to improvement of the race. As an advocate of eugenics, he also believed that about 200,000 mentally and congenitally ill should be killed by a medical control board. This idea was later put into practice by Nazi Germany, as part of the Aktion T4 program. Alfred Ploetz, founder of the German Society for Racial Hygiene, praised <mask> repeatedly, and invited him to become an honorary member. <mask> accepted the invitation. <mask> also believed that Germany should be governed by an authoritarian political system, and that inequalities both within and between societies were an inevitable product of evolutionary law. <mask> was also an extreme German nationalist who believed strongly in the superiority of German culture.On the other hand, <mask> was not an anti-Semite. In the racial hierarchies he constructed Jews tended to appear closer to the top, rather than closer to the bottom as in Nazi racial thought. He was also a pacifist until the First World War, when he wrote propaganda in favor of the war. The principal arguments of historians who deny a meaningful connection between Haeckel and Nazism are that <mask>'s ideas were very common at the time, that Nazis were much more strongly influenced by other thinkers, and that <mask> is properly classified as a 19th-century German liberal, rather than a forerunner to Nazism. They also point to incompatibilities between evolutionary biology and Nazi ideology. Nazis themselves divided on the question of whether Haeckel should be counted as a pioneer of their ideology. SS captain and biologist Heinz Brücher wrote a biography of Haeckel in 1936, in which he praised Haeckel as a "pioneer in biological state thinking".This opinion was also shared by the scholarly journal, Der Biologie, which celebrated <mask>'s 100th birthday, in 1934, with several essays acclaiming him as a pioneering thinker of Nazism. Other Nazis kept their distance from Haeckel. Nazi propaganda guidelines issued in 1935 listed books which popularized Darwin and evolution on an "expunged list". <mask> was included by name as a forbidden author. Gunther Hecht, a member of the Nazi Department of Race Politics, also issued a memorandum rejecting <mask> as a forerunner of Nazism. Kurt Hildebrandt, a Nazi political philosopher, also rejected Haeckel. Eventually Haeckel was rejected by Nazi bureaucrats.See also
 Dysteleology
 Embryology
 <mask>tes
 <mask>'s Tale
 Heinrich Schmidt (philosopher)
 Karl Blossfeldt
 List of wildlife artists
 Proteus (2004 film)

Footnotes

Sources

External links

 E<mask>: Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte 1868 (front page of 1st edition, German)
 E<mask>: Die Welträthsel 1899 (front page of 1st edition, German)
 University of California, Berkeley – biography
 <mask> – Evolution's controversial artist. A slide-show essay
 Kunstformen der Natur (from biolib.de)
Kunstformen der Natur (Digitization from Phaidra)
 PNG alpha-transparencies of <mask>'s "Kustformen der natur"
 Proteus – Animated documentary film on Haeckel's life and work
 Ernst Haeckel Haus and Museum in Jena
 View works by <mask> at the Biodiversity Heritage Library
 aDiatomea: artificial life experiment with 3d generated diatoms, influenced by Haeckel
 Images from Anthropogenie, oder, Entwickelungsgeschichte des menschen

 <mask>'s Radiolarians and Medusa – article on Haeckel in Villefranche-sur-Mer

1834 births
1919 deaths
Alldeutscher Verband members
Evolutionary biologists
German atheists
19th-century German biologists
German ecologists
German humanists
German male writers
19th-century German philosophers
19th-century German zoologists
Lemuria (continent)
Natural history illustrators
Scientists from Potsdam
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Protistologists
Scientific racism
University of Jena faculty
Spinozists
Members of the American Philosophical Society
People involved in scientific misconduct

masks:
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Mount Haeckel
Haeckel
Ernst Haeckel
Ernst Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckeli
Haeckel
. Haeckel
. Haeckel
Ernst Haeckel
Haeckel
Haeckel
Ernst Haeckel


texts:
<mask> MD  (26 February 1811 – 30 May 1878) was a British surgeon specialising in the treatment of lunacy. He is normally credited with being the first superintendent of a small asylum (approximately 100 patients) to develop a mode of treatment in which reliance on mechanical medical restraint and coercion could be dropped altogether. In practice he reached this situation in 1838. The debate concerning the merits of his methods continued for many years. <mask> was marginalised by medical colleagues, in particular for his insistence that standard medical procedures had nothing to offer in the treatment of mental illness. Early career

The son of <mask> of Louth, Deene and lately of Leamington, he was born at Louth, Lincolnshire, on 26 February 1811; <mask> was an elder brother. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a surgeon in Louth.He then studied at Edward Grainger's anatomy school, Guy's Hospital, and St. Thomas's Hospital, becoming a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1834. On passing as a surgeon <mask> went into practice at Lincoln, and in the same year obtained the appointment of house-surgeon to the General Dispensary there. At the Dispensary <mask> worked with Dr. Edward Parker Charlesworth, who befriended him. "Non-restraint"
<mask>, with Charlesworth's assistance, was elected house surgeon to the Lincoln Lunatic Asylum. There he introduced the system of moral management in use at the York Retreat. Charlesworth had already experimented with reducing the dependence at the asylum on mechanical restraint. <mask>, soon after his appointment, looked into the registers of the asylum, and began to think that he might dispense with coercion altogether.It appears from a comparison of the table of restraints for 1830, with the table for 1835, given in the appendix to <mask>'s book, that whereas, with a number of patients in the house, during the first of these years, amounting only to 92 (male and females included), the total number of instances of restraint had been 2364; in the latter of these years, with a number of patients greater, namely, 108, the total number of instances of restraint had only been 313; being a diminution of five-sixths of the number in the former year. One of the improvements introduced by <mask> in pursuance of his system was the dormitories, almost entirely established for the prevention of suicides. He attributed most bad cases to alcohol abuse, with religious factors as the next most important. <mask> had trouble maintaining a non-restraint system, without a better staff. The governors, however, would not offer higher pay without clear and convincing results. The system in fact required <mask> to supervise the staff closely; it caused serious tensions in the asylum. By about 1839 the situation in the institution had become untenable.In 1840 <mask> resigned from his post. Legacy
Despite the problems <mask> experienced, his system won admirers. One of them was Sergeant John Adams, who was an assistant judge. He took an interest in the asylum when circuit duties took him up to Lincoln. In his other capacity as chairman of the Middlesex magistrates and member of the Visiting Justices to Hanwell Asylum, he encouraged the newly appointed superintendent Dr. John Conolly to visit Lincoln Asylum and witness <mask>'s methods. This Conolly did in the month before taking up his appointment at Hanwell, where it is recorded in the visitors' book that he admired <mask>'s system. Career after Lincoln Asylum
<mask> remained in the mental health field, working in a number of asylums.He entered into partnership with Richard Sutton Harvey in 1840, and became proprietor of Eastgate House private asylum, Lincoln. On 29 October 1851 he was given a public dinner in Lincoln and presented with a testimonial as the "author and originator of the non-restraint system in lunacy"; the claim was disputed, In November 1852 he was chosen mayor of Lincoln, and he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London on 17 February 1853. In the later 1850s he was at Wyke House Asylum, in partnership with Edmund Sparke Willett; the partnership was dissolved in 1860, with Willett remaining as proprietor. <mask> became a licentiate of the College of Physicians, Edinburgh in 1859. In October 1863 <mask> moved to London and became resident medical proprietor of Earl's Court House, Old Brompton, a private asylum for women, a residence formerly inhabited by John Hunter. He died of apoplexy at Earl's Court House, London, on 30 May 1878, and was buried on the western side of Highgate cemetery (plot no.22660). The grave is on the right-hand side of the main path almost opposite the tall Gothic Mears family monument.Two of his sons <mask> <mask> and <mask> <mask> also became doctors in asylums. His wife and at least three daughters were also closely involved in the care of the insane both before and after his death. They managed Peterborough House in Fulham and then Fenstanton House, Tulse Hill. Publications and controversy
<mask> published:

 Total Abolition of Personal Restraint in the Treatment of the Insane. A Lecture, with Statistical Tables (1839). A Concise History of the entire Abolition of Medical Restraint in the Treatment of the Insane and of the success of the Non-Restraint System (1857). Lunacy, its Past and its Present (1870).He also wrote articles "On Total Abolition of Personal Restraint in Treatment of the Insane" in The Lancet, 11 April 1840, p. 93, and 22 February 1851, pp. 226–7; and Psychological Studies, six articles in the Medical Circular, 6 January 1858, p. 1 et seq. <mask>'s priority claim on non-restraint was put forward in The Lancet in 1850, in response to Charlesworth and Conolly. He did so again in the Concise History, in a response to Conolly. Sir James Clark, 1st Baronet wrote a Memoir of John Conolly that appeared in 1869, and <mask> contributed further to the debate in 1870, in Lunacy. Lectures
 <mask> <mask> (1839) A lecture on the Management of Lunatic Asylums and the Treatment of the Insane. See also

 Moral treatment
 Haw Camilla, Yorston Graeme (2004) Thomas Prichard and the non-restraint movement at the Northampton Asylum.Psychiatric Bulletin (2004) 28: 140–142

References

Attribution

 A contemporary account by a visiting doctor. 19th-century English medical doctors
People from Louth, Lincolnshire
1811 births
1878 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
English non-fiction writers
English psychiatrists
Psychiatric restraint
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
English male non-fiction writers
19th-century English male writers

masks:
Robert Gardiner Hill
Hill
Robert Hill
John Harwood Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
James Robert
Hill
Hugh Gardiner
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill Robert
Gardiner


texts:
<mask> (born 1968) is a Romanian-born Hungarian writer, photographer, dramatist and journalist. He received the Attila József Prize in 2005. His books have been translated into over 20 different languages. In 2001, he published his second novel, Tranquility, which was adapted into film in 2008. In 2017, he became a member of the Széchenyi Academy of Literature and Arts. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1968 in Târgu Mureș, in the Transylvania region of Romania. His parents were  (1936–2006) and Margit Gherasim.Ferenc, his father, was a writer, poet and journalist. His family were part of the Hungarian minority of Romania. Following the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Ferenc was imprisoned in Gherla Prison but was given amnesty by Nicolae Ceaușescu seven years later and released. <mask> grew up drawing, painting, photographing and writing poems and short stories. His mother, who played the violin, died in the summer of 1983. In 1984, sixteen-year-old <mask> and his father were stripped of their Romanian citizenship and presented with stateless passports, and advised to leave for Hungary. Attila moved with his father to Budapest.<mask> graduated from a gymnasium in Pest. Between 1990 and 1991, he studied photography at the  of the  (MÚOSZ). He worked as a photographer and in a used bookstore. Career

Writing
In 1995, at the age of twenty-seven, he published his debut novel, A séta. In 1998, his debut short story collection, A kéklő pára, was published. <mask> is perhaps best known for his novel Tranquility (), which was published in 2001. Tranquility was adapted into film, titled Nyugalom (2008).The film was directed by Róbert Alföldi and stars Dorottya Udvaros, Zalán Makranczi, Dorka Gryllus and Judit Hernádi. Tranquility was translated into English by Imre Goldstein in 2008. It was the first time his work had been translated into English. Goldstein's translation won the Best Translated Book Award (2009). For one year, <mask> wrote short stories in the feuilleton of magazine Élet és Irodalom, publishing one story each month. In 2005, he published A Lázár apokrifek, a collection of the twelve short stories he wrote for the magazine. In 2010, <mask> and poet István Kemény published a book, titled Amiről lehet, which features conversations from interviews they conducted of each other.In 2010, he published Tizenegy novella, an anthology consisting of eleven of <mask>' short stories, all of which were previously published in A kéklő pára and A Lázár apokrifek, with the exception of the story "Gyergyó éghajlata". In 2019, <mask> published Az eltűnt idő nyoma, a collection of diary entries and "sticky notes". In the early 2000s, <mask> spent time living abroad, with a DAAD scholarship in Berlin, Germany, and then Java, Indonesia for a while. His third novel, A vége, was published in 2015. It was partly written while he lived in Indonesia. <mask> has received several awards, including the 1997 , the 2002  and the 2005 Attila József Prize. In 2006, he was awarded A Magyar Köztársasági Érdemrend lovagkeresztje.In 2017, he became a member of the Széchenyi Academy of Literature and Arts. His books have been translated into English, Arabic, French, German, Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese, Turkish, Romanian, Polish, Czech, Croatian, Norwegian, Estonian, Serbian, Dutch, Italian, Slovak, Russian, Macedonian and Uyghur. Photography
As a photographer, his photographs have been exhibited in numerous exhibitions. <mask>' first breakthrough in photography was in 1996, when his Az Engelhard-hagyaték photography exhibit was exhibited at the Műcsarnok-Dorottya Galéria in Budapest. The exhibit featured portraits of writers which were paired with portraits of women and each of the twenty-four writers wrote a poem or short story for their respective female portrait. The exhibition was later a success at Literaturhaus in Frankfurt, Germany in 1999. Az Engelhard-hagyaték was also later exhibited at  in Warsaw in 2006.In 1998, his Photo Pygmalion exhibit was shown at Vintage Galéria in Budapest. In 2010, <mask> published a photo-book titled A csöndet úgy, featuring 365 low-resolution photos taken with a mobile phone from January 2005 to December 2008. In 2016, he published a photo-book, titled A világ leírása, részlet, with text by István Kemény. The photos were exhibited at Deák Erika Galéria in Budapest in 2016. In 2018, he published a photo-book, titled A szigeteken, with text by Katharina Narbutovič, Zsolt Petrányi and <mask> Szűcs. It was his largest photo-book to date, featuring photographs taken between 2014 and 2017, mostly in Java, around Yogyakarta in Indonesia. The photos were exhibited at Mai Manó Ház in Budapest in 2018.Dramas
<mask> adapted Tranquility into a dramatic play, titled Anyám, Kleopátra, which premiered at the National Theatre in Budapest in 2003. The play was directed by Dezső Garas and starred Dorottya Udvaros. <mask> made his debut as a theater director in 2016 and directed his play Rendezés at the National Theatre in Târgu Mureș, Romania. The drama commemorated the victims of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. It was also presented at the Comedy Theatre of Budapest in 2017. Personal life
<mask> has lived in Budapest since 1984, and has partly lived in Yogyakarta (Java, Indonesia) since 2014. He married in 1990.His daughter was born in 1990, and his son was born in 1993.

masks:
Attila Bartis
Attila Bartis
Attila
Attila
Attila
Bartis
Bartis
Bartis
Bartis
Bartis
Bartis
Bartis
Bartis
Bartis
Attila
Bartis
Bartis
Bartis


texts:
<mask> (born May 28, 1976) is an American mixed martial artist and Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Black Belt. Although <mask> had made a name for himself as a 185-pound prospect; his big break came after meeting the producers of TUF. They were filming Forrest Griffin at The HardCore Gym for his fight against Stephan Bonnar in the finals of season 1. Forrest went on to win Season 1 and <mask> was approached soon after to appear on Season 3. Mixed martial arts career

<mask> has a background in many different styles of fighting, being involved in martial arts since he was 11 years old. He was taught kickboxing by his brother and then added karate, Taekwondo, and other traditional martial arts. He wrestled in high school, and is a former local Golden Gloves and Muay Thai champion.<mask> is also a Black Belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. He is the co-owner of the noted MMA Gym SBG Athens along with his brother and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Black Belt <mask>. The HardCore Gym had produced such fighters as Forrest Griffin and Brian Bowles. <mask>'s MMA career includes fighting for several local organizations as well as the AFC, KOTC, PRIDE and the UFC. He gained fame from his appearance on Spike TV's series The Ultimate Fighter 3, making it to the semi-finals where he would lose to Ed Herman. After a 5-year break from MMA, <mask> was scheduled to fight Lodune Sincaid on September 26, 2014. However, Sincaid was pulled from the fight due to suspension by the California State Athletic Commission.<mask> currently resides in Athens, Georgia, where he coaches BJJ, MMA, and Youth Martial Arts for people of all walks of life. Personal life
<mask> married in August 2008. <mask> is Jewish. He attended the University of Georgia where he earned a degree in biological engineering.

masks:
Rory Michael Singer
Rory
Rory
Singer
Singer
Adam Singer
Singer
Singer
Singer
Singer
Singer


texts:
<mask> no Hitomaro (柿本 人麻呂 or 柿本 人麿;  – ) was a Japanese waka poet and aristocrat of the late Asuka period. He was the most prominent of the poets included in the Man'yōshū, the oldest waka anthology, but apart from what can be gleaned from hints in the Man'yōshū, the details of his life are largely uncertain. He was born to the <mask>to clan, based in Yamato Province, probably in the 650s, and likely died in Iwami Province around 709. He served as court poet to Empress Jitō, creating many works praising the imperial family, and is best remembered for his elegies for various imperial princes. He also composed well-regarded travel poems. He is ranked as one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals. Ōtomo no Yakamochi, the presumed compiler of the Man'yōshū, and Ki no Tsurayuki, the principal compiler of the Kokin Wakashū, praised Hitomaro as Sanshi no Mon (山柿の門) and Uta no Hijiri (歌の聖) respectively.From the Heian period on, he was often called Hito-maru (人丸). He has come to be revered as a god of poetry and scholarship, and is considered one of the four greatest poets in Japanese history, along with Fujiwara no Teika, Sōgi and Bashō. Life

Sources
The sole early source for the life of the poet <mask> no Hitomaro is the Man'yōshū. His name does not appear in any of the official court documents, perhaps on account of his low rank. Ancestry

Hitomaro was born into the <mask>to clan, an offshoot of the ancient . Centred in the northeastern part of the Nara Basin, the Wani clan had furnished many imperial consorts in the fourth through sixth centuries, and extended their influence from Yamato Province to Yamashiro, Ōmi, Tanba and Harima provinces. Many of their clan traditions (including genealogies, songs, and tales) are preserved in the Nihon Shoki and, especially, the Kojiki.The Kakinomoto clan were headquartered in either Shinjō, Nara or, perhaps more likely, the Ichinomoto area of Tenri, Nara. The main Wani clan were also based in this area, so the Kakinomoto clan may have had a particularly close relationship with their parent clan. According to the Shinsen Shōjiroku, the clan's name derives from the persimmon (kaki) tree that grew on their land during the reign of Emperor Bidatsu. The Kakinomoto clan had their hereditary title promoted from Omi to Ason in the eleventh month (see Japanese calendar) of 684. According to the Nihon Shoki, <mask>to no Saru, the probable head of the clan, had been among ten people appointed , equivalent to Junior Fifth Rank, in the twelfth month of 681. These facts lead Watase to conjecture that the <mask>to clan may have had some literary success in the court of Emperor Tenmu. According to the Shoku Nihongi, Saru died in 708, having attained the Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade.There are several theories regarding the relationship of this <mask> no Saru to the poet Hitomaro, including the former being the latter's father, brother, uncle, or them being the same person. The theory that they were the same person has been advanced by Takeshi Umehara, but has little supporting evidence. While the other theories cannot be confirmed, it is certain that they were members of the same clan (probably close relatives), and were active at the same time. It is likely that their mutual activity at court had a significant effect on each other. Birth and early life
The year in which he was born is not known, nor can much be said with certainty about any aspects of his life beyond his poetic activities. Watase tentatively takes Hitomaro as being 21 years old (by Japanese reckoning) between 673 and 675, which would put his birth between 653 and 655. Emperor Tenmu's reign
The earliest dated work attributed to him in the Man'yōshū is his Tanabata poem (Man'yōshū 2033) composed in the ninth year of Emperor Tenmu's reign (680).The content of this poem reveals an awareness of the mythology that, according to the preface to the Kojiki (completed in 712) had begun to be compiled during Tenmu's reign. Watase also observes that Hitomaro's having composed a Tanabata poem means that he was probably attending Tanabata gatherings during this period. A significant number of poems in the Kakinomoto no Ason Hitomaro Kashū were apparently recorded by Hitomaro before 690, and are characteristic of court poetry, leading to the conclusion that he was active at court from the early part of Emperor Tenmu's reign. From this point he was active in recording and composing love poems at court. Watase speculates that Hitomaro came to court in the service of the  in response to an imperial edict in 673. Based on Hitomaro's poetic activities during Empress Jitō's reign, there are a few possibilities for where Hitomaro was serving at Tenmu's court. Watase presents three principal theories: first under the empress-consort Princess <mask>-no-sarara (who later became Empress Jitō); second under Crown Prince Kusakabe; third in the palace of Prince Osakabe.Reigns of Empress Jitō and Emperor Monmu

Hitomaro acted as a court poet during the reigns of Empress Jitō and Emperor Monmu. In the fourth month of 689, Prince Kusakabe died, and Hitomaro composed an elegy commemorating the prince. He also composed an elegy for Princess Asuka, who died in the fourth month of 700, and a poem commemorating an imperial visit to Kii Province. His poetic composition flourished during the period in which Empress Jitō was active (both during her reign and after her retirement). He composed poetry for numerous members of the imperial family, including the empress, Prince Kusakabe, Prince Karu, Prince Takechi, Prince Osakabe, Prince Naga, Prince Yuge, Prince Toneri, , Princess Hatsusebe and Princess Asuka. He apparently composed poetry in Yamato Province (his home), Yamashiro Province and Ōmi Province in the north, Kii Province in the south, Shikoku, Kyūshū and the Seto Inland Sea in the west, as well as Iwami Province in the northwest. Susumu Nakanishi remarks that the fact that he did not apparently compose elegies for emperors themselves, and that most of his poems centre around princes and princesses, indicates that he was probably a writer affiliated with the literary circles that formed around these junior members of the imperial family.Later life and death
The ordering of poems, and their headnotes, in volume 2 of the Man'yōshū, implies that Hitomaro died shortly before the moving of the capital to Nara in 710. He would have been in Iwami Province, at the Sixth Rank or lower. The date, site and manner of his death are a matter of scholarly debate, due to some contradictory details that are gleaned from poems attributed to Hitomaro and his wife . Taking Watase's rough dates, he would have been in his mid-fifties in 709, when Watase speculates he died. Mokichi Saitō postulated that Hitomaro died in an epidemic that swept Iwami and Izumo provinces in 707. Hitomaro's final poem gives the strong impression that he met his death in the mountains. Saitō was convinced he had located the site of the Kamoyama of the above poem and erected a monument there, but two poems by Yosami that immediately follow the above in the Man'yōshū suggest otherwise, as they mention "shells" (貝 kai) and a "Stone River" (石川 Ishikawa), neither of which seem likely in the context of Saitō's Kamoyama.The above-quoted translation is based on Saitō's interpretation of kai as referring to a "ravine" (峡). Other scholars take the presence of "shells" as meaning Hitomaro died near the mouth of a river where it meets the sea. (This interpretation would give the translation "Alas! he lies buried, men say, / With the shells of the Stone River.") There is no river named "Ishikawa" near the present Kamoyama; Saitō explained this as "Ishikawa" perhaps being an archaic name for upper part of another river. An unknown member of the Tajihi clan wrote a response to Yosami in the persona of Hitomaro, very clearly connecting Hitomaro's death to the sea. Works

Hitomaro was a court poet during the reigns of Empress Jitō and Emperor Monmu, with most of his dateable poems coming from the last decade or so of the seventh century.He apparently left a private collection, the so-called Kakinomoto no Ason Hitomaro Kashū, which does not survive as an independent work but was cited extensively by the compilers of the Man'yōshū. 18 chōka and 67 tanka (of which 36 are envoys to his long poems) are directly attributed to him in the Man'yōshū. All are located in the first four books of the collection. Of these, six chōka and 29 tanka are classified as zōka (miscellaneous poems), three chōka and 13 tanka as sōmon (mutual exchanges of love poetry), and nine chōka and 25 tanka as banka (elegies). Of note is the fact that he contributed chōka to all three categories, and that he composed so many banka. Broken down by topic, the above poems include:
three chōka and five tanka about reigning emperors, such as hymns praising Empress Jitō's visits to Yoshino and , and poems lamenting the fallen Ōmi capital;
seven chōka and 17 tanka about imperial princes and princesses such as his elegies for Prince Kusakabe, Prince Takechi, Princess Asuka and  and his songs of praise for Prince Karu, Prince Osakabe, Prince Naga and Prince Niitabe;
seven chōka and 28 tanka about court women, including the three tanka he composed on the court women accompanying Empress Jitō on her visit to Ise while he stayed in the capital, one chōka and eight tanka mourning Kibitsu no Uneme, Hijikata no Otome and Izumo no Otome, and a number of romantic exchanges with his wife and other lovers;
one chōka and three tanka commemorating the bodies of dead people Hitomaro encountered;
14 tanka composed on travel topics that do not fit into any of the above categories (all of which also include travel poems). From the above it can be said that Hitomaro's poetry was primarily about affairs of the court, but that he also showed a marked preference for poems on travel.In addition to the 85 poems directly attributed to Hitomaro by the Man'yōshū, two chōka and three tanka in books 3 and 9 are said to be traditionally attributed to Hitomaro. Additionally, there is one Hitomaro tanka in book 15 said to have been recited in 736 by an envoy sent to Silla. Including these "traditional" Hitomaro poems, that gives 20 chōka and 71 tanka. It is quite possible that a significant number of these poems were incorrectly attributed to Hitomaro by tradition. In addition to Hitomaro's own compositions, there are also many poems said to have been recorded by him in his personal collection, the Kakinomoto no Asomi Hitomaro Kashū (柿本朝臣人麿歌集). The Hitomaro Kashū included 333 tanka, 35 sedōka, and two chōka. This adds up to a total figure of close to 500 poems directly associated with Hitomaro.Characteristic style
Hitomaro is known for his solemn and mournful elegies of members of the imperial family, whom he described in his courtly poems as "gods" and "children of the sun". He incorporated elements of the national mythology seen in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki and historical narrative in his poetry. While he is known for his poems praising the imperial family, his poetry is also filled with human sensitivity and a new, fresh "folkiness". His lament for the Ōmi capital is noted for its vivid, sentimental descriptions of the ruins, while his elegy for Prince Takechi powerfully evokes the Jinshin War. His Yoshino and  poems praise splendidly the natural scenery and the divinity of the Japanese islands, and his Iwami exchange vividly describes the powerful emotions of being separated from the woman he loved. His romantic poems convey honest emotions, and his travel poems exquisitely describe the mood of the courtiers on these trips. He shed tears for the deaths of even random commoners on country paths and court women whose names he did not even know.Watase credits him with the creation of an ancient lyricism that expressed both human sentiment and sincere emotions across both his poems of praise and mourning. Reception

There is evidence that Hitomaro exerted direct influence on the poetry composed during his own time. For example, poems 171 through 193 of Book 1 of the Man'yōshū bear similarities to his work. It is generally accepted that the court poets of the following generation (the so-called "third period" of Man'yō poetry), including Yamabe no Akahito, were influenced by Hitomaro's courtly poems. Ōtomo no Yakamochi, a poet of the "fourth period" who probably had a hand in the final compilation of the collection, held Hitomaro in high regard, praising him as Sanshi no Mon (山柿の門). As discussed above, the death of Hitomaro appears to have already taken on some legendary characteristics. In his Japanese preface to the tenth-century Kokin Wakashū, Ki no Tsurayuki referred to Hitomaro as Uta no Hijiri ("Saint of Poetry").In the Heian period the practice of Hitomaru-eigu (人丸影供) also gained currency, showing that Hitomaro had already begun to be apotheosized. Hitomaro's divinity status continued to grow in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods. The Edo period scholars Keichū and Kamo no Mabuchi tended to reject the various legends about Hitomaro. In Akashi, Hyōgo Prefecture there is a Kakinomoto Shrine dedicated to him, commemorating an early Heian belief that Hitomaro's spirit came to rest in Akashi, an area the historical Hitomaro probably visited multiple times. Hitomaro is today ranked, along with Fujiwara no Teika, Sōgi and Bashō, as one of the four greatest poets in Japanese history. Notes

References

Works cited

External links

 Kenneth Rexroth's One Hundred Poems from the Japanese (New Directions, 1955, ) contains several of Hitomaro's waka, as well as notable translations of 3 naga uta ("In the sea of ivy clothed Iwami", "The Bay of Tsyunu", and "When she was still alive")

Japanese male poets
Man'yō poets
650s births
700s deaths
7th-century Japanese poets
Hyakunin Isshu poets
Deified Japanese people

masks: Kakinomoto Kakinomo Kakinomoto Kakinomo Kakinomo Kakinomo Kakinomoto Uno


texts:
<mask> (30 March 187210 April 1952) was an English baritone singer, a musical teacher and composer in the period 1905–30. He is best remembered for his restoration and production of The Beggar's Opera by John Gay and Johann Christoph Pepusch, and its sequel, Polly, in 1920–23. <mask> was the older brother of the composer <mask> (1874–1947). The standard melody for the carol  "The Twelve Days of Christmas" was published by <mask> in 1909. He arranged a traditional folk melody, adding a two-bar motif for "Five gold rings". He also altered the lyric, adding "on" at the beginning of each verse. Training and early career
Born <mask> in Poplar, Middlesex on 30 March 1872 the son of William and <mask>, his father was a shirt tailor.<mask> was sent at the age of about 12 to live at Birkenhead, where he received organ and music lessons from his Uncle, Dr. W. H. Hunt, and had singing training from Charles Lunn. By 1896 he had obtained a B.Mus. from Durham University and was organist in several Birkenhead churches. He became a teacher of harmony, and later of composition, at Liverpool College of Music. At Liverpool he became close friends with the composer Cyril Scott, and through him was introduced to H. Balfour Gardiner, who became a lifelong friend. Through them he was received into the circle of young English composers known as the Frankfurt Group, and their friends. These included Scott, Gardiner, Norman O'Neill, Roger Quilter, Percy Grainger (owing to their training at the Hoch Conservatory) in Frankfurt and such friends as Ernest Bryson, Benjamin Dale, Gervase Elwes, Eugène Goossens, fils and Arnold Bax.This group, in which <mask> sometimes appeared, often performed each other's music in informal surroundings, and <mask> in particular used to improvise at the piano with Arnold Bax. In August 1900 he completed his first orchestral work, the concert Overture Richard II, which received its first performance on 12 December 1901 by the Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra under Dan Godfrey. In 1902, the year of his marriage to Amy Oliver, <mask> gave lessons in composition to Thomas Beecham, sang Tchaikovsky's "Pilgrim's Song" for a Henry Wood promenade concert, and was introduced to Hans Richter, for whom he later sang in Beethoven's Choral Symphony and Missa solemnis, and Bach's St Matthew Passion. In 1904 he moved to Pinner, sang under Felix Weingartner and at Wagner nights at the Prom Concerts, and took the name role in Mendelssohn's Elijah at Gloucester in the Three Choirs Festival. In June 1905 he took part in Beecham's London debut at the Bechstein Hall, in the first London performance of Scott's Ballad of Fair Helen of Kilconnell (dedicated to him). Recitals in London and the provinces
At the 1905 Sheffield Festival <mask> gave the final scena from Eugene Onegin, with Olga Wood (repeated 1911). At Hereford he appeared in Franck's Les Beatitudes, and introduced songs by Thomas Dunhill.His Queen's Hall performances included the Four Serious Songs of Brahms. His first major London recital (Aeolian Hall) with Hamilton Harty (piano) was on 3 April 1906, and he sang for the Philharmonic Society. For Weingartner he gave the Die Walküre finale with Agnes Nicholls, and at Queen's Hall the premiere of Balfour Gardiner's When the lad for longing sighs. In 1906 at Southport he took baritone roles in The Dream of Gerontius (beside John Coates) under the baton of the composer, Sir Edward Elgar. In April 1907 he was at Reading, Berkshire, in Parry's De Profundis and Stanford's Elegiac Ode: at Hanley he gave the premiere of Havergal Brian's By the Waters of Babylon. In October, after Gerontius at Preston, he sang for Elgar in The Apostles at Birmingham. Henry Wood introduced <mask>'s symphonic composition Rhapsody: Spring, and engaged him to sing in two concerts, including that in which Delius's Piano Concerto in C minor was first given.<mask> met Delius that year, and also made a Covent Garden debut, a small role in Tannhäuser, for Richter. New work in opera and oratorio
1908 saw much oratorio, with Handel's Messiah (Wood, Queen's Hall), Gerontius (with Coates, Manchester, under Richter), Elgar's King Olaf (Norwich Festival), Judas in The Apostles (Liverpool), Bach's Phoebus and Pan (Queen's Hall), and Coleridge-Taylor's Hiawatha's Wedding Feast. His first Covent Garden lead appearance was Gunther (Götterdämmerung) in Richter's English Ring cycle, repeated three times in February 1909. Late in 1908 he and Cyril Scott gave a recital of Scott's songs at the Bechstein Hall. At the Sheffield Festival of 1908 he was exceptionally busy, with performances of Samson and Delilah, Schumann's Paradise and the Peri, Sir Walford Davies' Everyman, Beethoven's Choral Symphony, and Debussy's L'Enfant Prodigue, specially re-scored by the composer, and delivered under Henry Wood with <mask>, Agnes Nicholls, and the tenor Felix Senius. At this Festival also on 6 October he gave the English premiere (following the Essen, 1906, first) of Delius's Sea Drift. Wood chose <mask> as the only man "who could be trusted to sing it con amore".He sang it again in December, and in February 1909, for Beecham: Birmingham first heard it in 1912. <mask> premiered Granville Bantock's Omar Khayyam Part III (Birmingham 1909), and in that year sang The Apostles (Judas) and Parry's Job at Hereford. At Liverpool in September 1909 was the first Festival of The Musical League, created by English composers for performance of their music; <mask>'s symphonic poem Isabella appeared, and he sang in Ethel Smyth's The Dance and Anacreontic Ode, Havergal Brian's By the Waters of Babylon, and Vaughan Williams’ cantata Willow-wood. Operatic work and expanding repertoire
In 1910 <mask> commenced his regular operatic career, appearing as Wotan and Wanderer, and doubling as Gunther, in the Edinburgh Denhof Opera Company Ring cycle under Michael Balling. He also appeared in two Ring cyles at Covent Garden. At Hereford he performed the traditional Festival-opening Elijah (and again in 1911), and gave the premiere of Bantock's Gethsemene, and in London repeated the Omar Khayyam. For the Philharmonic Society he gave songs by Ethel Smyth under her direction.In 1911 he was also singing concert performances of The Damnation of Faust (Berlioz) and Faust (Gounod), Dvořák choral works, Handel oratorios, Beethoven Missa solemnis, the Mozart Requiem, Brahms A German Requiem, Max Bruch's Frithjof and Lay of the Bell, Mendelssohn's St Paul and Die erste Walpurgisnacht, and many other works. In 1912 Beecham took the Denhof Ring cycle to Glasgow, Hull, Leeds, Liverpool and Manchester, and in these years <mask> also appeared with them in the first English Elektra (Richard Strauss), as Kunrad in Feuersnot, Dr Coppelius in The Tales of Hoffmann, Gratiano in Così fan tutte, Tomasso in Tiefland (Eugen d'Albert), Escamillo in Carmen and as Vanderdecken in The Flying Dutchman. In 1913 the Denhof Company was wound up and reformed as the Beecham Company, and until around 1920 <mask> appeared for Beecham also as Wolfram (Tannhäuser), Iago (Otello), Ford (Falstaff), Hans Sachs (Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg), and in Madama Butterfly, La bohème, Pagliacci, Joseph Holbrooke's Dylan, and other works. English recital and drama
In the spring of 1912 was the first series of the Balfour Gardiner Queen's Hall Concerts, devoted to contemporary English music, which effectually transformed the acceptance and establishment of the English composers. In the fourth concert <mask> sang Scott's Helen of Kirconnell again, and gave the premiere of Norman O'Neill's La belle dame sans merci. Austin's own symphonic Rhapsody: Spring was also repeated, and in March 1913 his Symphony in E was first performed. In 1912 Austin delivered his own Three Songs of Unrest, and gave a serious lecture on the songs of Hugo Wolf.Before the War he was also singing in Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark. In 1914 at The Music Club in London he performed several songs of Arnold Schoenberg in the composer's presence. Roger Quilter dedicated his song The Jocund Dance (Op. 18, No. 3) to him, written 1913–14. From 1913 <mask> developed close connections with Rutland Boughton, and assisted in the development of the English music drama at Glastonbury. In the Summer Festivals of August 1914 and 1915 he sang the role of Eochaidh the King in The Immortal Hour there, and again at Bournemouth in 1915, with Frank Mullings and Percy Heming, and in 1916 was King Arthur in The Round Table.1916 also saw the first performance of his most lasting orchestral composition, Danish Sketches, Palsgaard, conducted by Thomas Beecham on 11 December for the Royal Philharmonic Society. Operatic farewell

<mask>'s last formal operatic performance was as Count Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro for Beecham, at Covent Garden in 1920. Neville Cardus, who saw him in the role beside Agnes Nicholls and <mask>, wrote: "Nobody else has passed across the closing scene of the opera with half of <mask>'s grace of bearing and suggestion of courtly cynicism". The Beggar's Opera
The restoration of the musical score for The Beggar's Opera by John Gay and Dr Pepusch (originally produced in 1728) was undertaken by <mask> and completed in 1920 in time for the production by Nigel Playfair, with artistic designs by Claud Lovat Fraser, which opened at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith on 6 June 1920 and ran for a record number of 1,463 performances until 23 December 1923. <mask> preferred the simpler versions made by Pepusch to the edition prepared by Thomas Arne. He appeared as Peachum, with Elsie French, <mask> (Macheath), Sylvia Nelis (Polly) and others, conducted by Eugène Goossens. The entire venture received universal acclaim, and was performed in Paris, Canada, America and Australia.In 1922 <mask> revived the sequel, Polly. Recordings were made of the original cast production. Radio and recordings

<mask> composed music for a made-for-radio short drama, The Blacksmith's Serenade (based on a poem by Vachel Lindsay), which was aired by the British Broadcasting Company on 15 January 1924. He made recordings for both the Gramophone Company and the Columbia Graphophone Company. Directing and composition

In 1922 he became Artistic Director of the British National Opera Company, reformed out of Beecham's company, and in 1923 was elected a member of the Royal Philharmonic Society. In this way, and through his teaching, he continued to train and encourage English singers for many years more. He continued to compose theatre incidental music, notably for The Knight of the Burning Pestle (1923), The Insect Play (1923), Congreve's The Way of the World (1924), John Drinkwater's Robert Burns (1925), Vallombrossa (1926), and Prudence (1931).He wrote a cello sonata in 1927. In 1932 he made a last singing appearance in Alfred Reynolds’ Derby Day. He composed the music for the Ealing Studios film Undercover (1943), aka Underground Guerrillas (USA), The Insect Play (1939) (TV), The Knight of the Burning Pestle (1938) (TV), and for the movie Midshipman Easy (1935), aka Men of the Sea (USA: reissue title). Family life
He was married to Amy and they had a son and a daughter. <mask>'s son Richard (1903–89) was the chief conductor of the Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra (now the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra) from 1934 until 1939, and became Head of the Opera Department of the Royal College of Music in 1953. <mask> died in a hospital in the Kensington area of London on 10 April 1952 aged 80. References

Sources
 N. Cardus, Autobiography (London: Collins, 1947).G. Davidson, Opera Biographies (London: Werner Laurie, 1955). R. Elkin, Royal Philharmonic (Rider & Co, 1946). V. Langfield, Roger Quilter, His Life and Music (Boydell, 2002)
 M. Lee-Browne, Nothing so charming as Musick! (London: Thames 1999)
 H. Wood, My Life of Music (London: Gollancz 1938)

External links

1872 births
1952 deaths
English operatic baritones
English composers
Alumni of Durham University
Hoch Conservatory alumni
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Singers from London
People from Poplar, London

masks:
Frederic William Austin
Austin
Ernest Austin
Austin
Frederick William Austin
Elizabeth Austin
Austin
Frederick Delius
Austin
Austin
Frederic Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Frederick Ranalow
Austin
Frederic Austin
Austin
Frederick Ranalow
Austin
Austin
Frederic Austin
Austin


texts:
Stanisław Kiecal (September 14, 1886 – October 15, 1910), better known in the boxing world as <mask>, was an American professional boxer who became one of the greatest World Middleweight Champions in history. He was nicknamed "The Michigan Assassin." He was murdered at a ranch in Conway, Missouri, at the age of 24. Biography

He was born in 1886 in Grand Rapids, Michigan, to Tomasz Kiecal and Julia Kiecal (née Olbinska), whose family immigrated from the village of Sulmierzyce in Piotrków Trybunalski, Guberniya, in modern-day central Poland. He avoided school, instead falling in with a gang of street kids and often getting into fist fights. At twelve years old, he ran away from home, becoming a child hobo. As a teenager he lived in Butte, Montana, where he found employment first as a hotel bellhop and then as a bouncer.This profession obviously led to many scraps that established his reputation as the best fist fighter in town. Soon enough sixteen-year-old <mask> was performing in backroom boxing matches with older locals for twenty dollars a week. He began traveling throughout Montana, offering to take on any man brave enough to face him. Between 1903 and 1906, he lost just twice in thirty-nine contests and, in 1907, moved to California, where he knew most of boxing's big names and big fights waited for him. Professional boxing career
Only a middleweight, <mask> was also known for taking on heavyweights, who sometimes outweighed him by more than 30 pounds (14 kg). According to hearsay, before each of his fights, he would imagine that his opponent had insulted his mother, with whom he had a very close relationship; thus, his anger would motivate him to fight with fury. He started boxing professionally in 1903, at 16, in Butte, Montana.In his first fight, <mask> knocked out Kid Tracy in one round. In his second fight, he was beaten by decision in six rounds by Maurice Thompson. He boxed his first 41 bouts in Montana, and had a record of 36 wins, two losses, and three draws during that span. He lost once more to Thompson in their rematch and then controversially drew with him in their rubber match, in a bout that many people thought <mask> had won. Afterwards, he went on to beat Tom Kingsley, among others, before moving his campaign on to California in 1907. There, he won three fights that year, and drew one in Marysville against the man many considered the World Middleweight Champion, Joe Thomas. In his next bout, Thomas and he had a rematch and Ketchel won, by knockout in 32 rounds.<mask> was then recognized by many as the World Middleweight Champion. He finished the year by beating Thomas again, this time by decision. Middleweight champion

On February 8, 1908, Ketchel met the man who was generally recognized as the World Welterweight Champion and one of the leading middleweights of the era, Mike "Twin" Sullivan, knocking him out in the first round and winning general recognition as World Middleweight Champion. Sullivan often fought above the welterweight limit, making him a light middleweight. Whether <mask> became world champion when he defeated Thomas or Mike Sullivan has always been up to debate, but the fact remains that Mike Sullivan and not Thomas is historically remembered as a world champion. He proceeded to retain the title against Mike's twin brother, Jack "Twin" Sullivan, also a former world champion, by a knockout in 20 rounds; against future world champion Billy Papke by decision in 10; against Hugo Kelly by a knockout in three and against Thomas, by a knockout in two. Then, he lost the belt to Papke by a knockout in 12, but Papke and he had an immediate rematch and <mask> regained the title when he beat Papke by a knockout in 11 in their third match.<mask> began 1909 by fighting former Light Heavyweight Champion Philadelphia Jack O'Brien. <mask> survived a terrible beating at the hand of the slick, quick O'Brien in the early rounds, only to mount a terrific comeback and score four knockdowns in the ninth and tenth rounds. When the final bell rang at the end of the 10th round, O'Brien was lying unconscious on the mat, his head in a resin box in his corner. Under New York rules at the time, though, O'Brien had been saved by the bell and because official decisions were outlawed in New York boxing, the fight was declared a "no decision". A few weeks later, <mask> had a rematch with O' Brien, knocking out Philadelphia Jack in three rounds. A fourth fight with Billy Papke followed. <mask> again won in a tumultuous slugfest to defend his championship and end their series of fights with a record of 3-1 in their four encounters.This (fourth) fight took place in the outdoor Mission Street Arena in Colma, California, during a terrible thunderstorm, yet neither fighter relented in his pursuit of victory until <mask> took the 20-round decision. <mask> fought Sam Langford on April 27, 1910. It was a hard-pressed fight by both men, each displaying terrific hitting power for all six rounds of the short bout. No knock downs were scored and both had plenty of energy in the end. Langford won by decision. A longer rematch bout was rumored, but never happened. Some disputed the decision, although a majority of people felt that Langford had won the bout, which following a decision-appealing vote, it was decided (in an uncontroversial manner) that it would stand as a decision win for Langford.<mask> vs. Johnson

<mask>'s 1909 battle with Jack Johnson has been called by many a modern-day "David and Goliath". In the 12th round, <mask> floored Johnson with a right hand. Johnson got up and knocked out <mask> with a right uppercut. <mask> and Johnson were rumored to have been friends and to have gone gambling, as well as hit the brothels, together; they shared a love for women. <mask> and Johnson planned to fight together. Because <mask> was shorter than Johnson, he wore long coats to conceal the platform shoes he had worn to make him look taller at a publicity event. They set up a script for their fight to  stretch it to 20 rounds, as a 20-round fight would guarantee boxing fans would pay to go to local theaters to watch the replay of the fight.After 12 rounds, <mask> swung a surprise punch that knocked Johnson down. Regaining his feet, Johnson then knocked out <mask> with a swift combination to <mask>'s head and jaw. Ketchel did not wake up for many minutes and some of his teeth were knocked out by the blow, with a few remaining embedded in Johnson's glove. Murder

The following year, 1910, <mask> fought six times (including one exhibition), but his fast living had worn him down. Hoping for a rematch with Jack Johnson, <mask> moved to the ranch of his friend, R. P. Dickerson, near (on what is now referred to as Dickerson Ranch Road) Conway, Missouri, where he had hoped to regain his strength. Dickerson had just hired a cook, Goldie Smith, and a ranch hand, whom Smith said was her husband, Walter Kurtz. Walter Kurtz turned out to be Walter Dipley.Walter Dipley and Goldie Smith were not married, and in fact, had just met each other a month before Dickerson had hired them. After being upbraided by the "Michigan Assassin" for beating a horse on the morning of October 14, Dipley decided to get even with <mask> by robbing him. The following morning, Smith seated <mask> at the breakfast table with his back to the door and Dipley, armed with a .22 caliber rifle, came up behind him and shouted, "Get your hands up!" <mask> stood up, and as he turned around, Dipley shot him. The bullet traveled from his shoulder into his lung and Ketchel fell to the floor mortally wounded. Dipley then took Ketchel's handgun and smashed <mask> in the face with it. At the same time, Smith rifled Ketchel's pockets for his money.After promising to meet Goldie Smith later that night, Dipley ran from the ranch. Unaware that, as he lay dying, <mask> told the former ranch foreman, C. E. Bailey, that Goldie Smith had robbed him, she told police officers that Ketchel had raped her and that that was the reason why Dipley had shot him. Her story fell apart and she admitted her complicity in the robbery, but stated she did not know Dipley was going to kill the reigning champion. In an effort to save the young fighter's life, R. P. Dickerson chartered a special train to take <mask> to a hospital in Springfield, Missouri, but Ketchel died around 7 o'clock that night. His last words were: "I'm so tired. Take me home to mother." Dickerson also offered a $5,000 dead or alive reward (preferably dead) for Dipley, who was captured at a neighboring farmhouse the next day.Upon being informed of <mask>'s death, his manager Wilson Mizner reportedly said, "Tell them to start counting ten over him. He'll get up." Aftermath
Both Walter Dipley and Goldie Smith were found guilty of murder and robbery at a jury trial in January 1911, and both were given a life sentence. Goldie Smith had her murder conviction overturned and she served 17 months for the robbery. Walter Dipley served 23 years before he was paroled. He died in 1956, 22 years after his release from prison. Legacy

Ketchel was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery at Grand Rapids, Michigan.His funeral was the most attended until the Ford family surpassed him during the 20th century. A plaque in his honor is at the corner of Stocking Avenue and 3rd Street, and a statue is at 438 Bridge Street Northwest. The Ketchel Valley neighborhood on Grand Rapids' west side is named in Ketchel's honor. <mask> is now enshrined in the International Boxing Hall Of Fame. The Ring in 2004 ranked Ketchel as the eighth-greatest middleweight of all time, behind Harry Greb, Sugar Ray Robinson, Carlos Monzon, Marvin Hagler, Jake LaMotta, Charley Burley, and Tiger Flowers. The Ring also named Ketchel number six  on their list of 100 Best Punchers of All Time. Nat Fleischer, the late ring historian and founding editor of The Ring, considered <mask> to be the greatest middleweight in history.He had a record of 51 wins, four losses, four draws, one no contest, and four no decisions (newspaper decisions: 2-1-1), with 48 wins by knockout. He was the first middleweight champion to regain the world title after losing it. Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated. Official record

All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted as a win, loss or draw. Unofficial record

Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions to the win/loss/draw column. Popular culture

Subject of The Killings of <mask>, a novel by James Carlos Blake

Subject of the short story "The Light of the World," by Ernest Hemingway

Biography <mask>: A Life of Triumph and Prophecy, by Manuel A. Mora

Biography The Michigan Assassin: The Saga of <mask>, by Nat Fleischer, RING Editor 1946

Book Crossing the Color Line: <mask>'s Challenge for Jack Johnson's Heavyweight Crown, by Vernon Gravely

References

External links

Ketchel's Record at Cyber Boxing Zone
New York Times Article on his death
 Down Great Purple Valleys, a 1954 True magazine story about his murder by John Lardner

|-

|-

1886 births
1910 deaths
Middleweight boxers
Boxers from Michigan
Male murder victims
American people of Polish descent
People murdered in Missouri
Deaths by firearm in Missouri
Sportspeople from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Sportspeople from Butte, Montana
American male boxers

masks:
Stanley Ketchel
Stanley
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Stanley
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Stanley Ketchel
Ketchel
Ketchel
Stanley
Stanley Ketchel
Stanley Ketchel
Stanley Ketchel
Stanley Ketchel