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<mask> of Rome (Hebrew: נתן בן יחיאל מרומי; <mask> ben Y'ḥiel Mi Romi according to Sephardic pronunciation) ( 1035 – 1106) was a Jewish Italian lexicographer. He authored the Arukh, a notable dictionary of Talmudic and Midrashic words, and consequently he himself is often referred to as "the Arukh". Biography
He was born in Rome not later than 1035 to one of the most notable Roman families of Jewish scholars. Owing to an error propagated by Azulai, he has been regarded as a scion of the house of De Pomis. However, according to present scholarship, it is almost a certainty that he belonged to the Anaw (Degli Mansi) family. <mask>'s father, R. <mask>, aside from being an acknowledged authority on the ritual law, was, like the majority of the contemporary Italian rabbis, a liturgic poet. The details of <mask>'s sad life must be excerpted and pieced together from several autobiographic verses appended to the first edition of his lexicon.It appears that he began life not as a student, but as a peddler of linen wares, which was then considered a distasteful occupation. The death of his employer caused him to abandon trade for the Torah. He returned home, where his father began to bestow upon him the treasures of learning, the accumulation of which was continued under foreign masters. First, <mask> went to Sicily, whither Matzliach ibn al-Batzaq had just returned from a course of study under Hai Gaon, the last of the Pumbedita geonim. It was there that <mask> garnered that Babylonian learning which has led some to the erroneous notion that he had himself pilgrimed to Pumbedita. Then Narbonne enticed him, where he sat under the prominent exegete and aggadist R. Moses ha-Darshan. On his way home he probably lingered for a while at the several academies flourishing in Italy, notably at Pavia, where a certain R. Moses was head master, and at Bari, where R. Moses Kalfo taught.He arrived home, however, from his scholarly travels some time before the death of his father, which occurred about the year 1070, and which gave him the opportunity of illustrating the simplicity of funeral rites which he had been advocating. The presidency of the rabbinic college was thereupon entrusted by the Roman community to <mask>'s three learned sons: Daniel, <mask>, and Abraham – "the geonim of the house of R. Jehiel," as they were styled. Daniel, the eldest, seems to have composed a commentary on the mishnaic section Zera'im, from which the "'Arukh" quotes frequently, and to have stood in friendly relations with Christian scholars. The three brothers rapidly acquired general recognition as authorities on the Torah; and numerous inquiries were addressed to them. Their most frequent correspondent was R. Solomon <mask> (Yitzhaki), an Italian scholar who is not to be identified with Rashi. <mask>'s private life was extremely sad. All his children died very young; and the bereaved father sought solace in philanthropy and scholarly application.In the year 1085 he built a communal bathhouse conforming to the ritual law; and about seventeen years later (September, 1101) he and his brothers erected a beautiful synagogue. In February 1101 he had completed his magnum opus – the Arukh. The Arukh

Sources
The sources of this work are numerous. Aside from the Arukh of Tzemach ben Poltoi, which he utilized (it should be stated, however, that Rapoport and Geiger deny this), he used a very large number of additional works. Above all, he placed under contribution the information received, in both oral and written form, from R. Maẓliaḥ and R. Moses ha-Darshan, the former of whom, in particular, through his studies under Hai, had made himself the repository of Eastern learning. The entire extent of <mask>'s indebtedness to his authorities can not be estimated, for the reason that of the hundreds of books cited by him many have not been preserved. But none will deny his obligation to R. Gershom of Mainz, whom he repeatedly quotes, though, as Kohut rightly maintains against Rapoport, he can not have been his personal disciple.Similarly he used the writings of R. Hananeel b. Chushiel and R. Nissim ben Jacob, both living at Kairwan. So frequent, in fact, were the references to R. Hananeel in the lexicon that R. Jacob Tam, for example, regarded the work as based entirely on R. Hananeel's commentaries, while the author of the Or Zarua, as a matter of course, referred to R. Hananeel almost all of the lexicon's anonymous statements. Hai Gaon, again, figures very frequently in its pages, sometimes simply designated as "the Gaon," while it has particularly assimilated all philologic material that is contained in his commentary on the mishnaic order Tohorot. Method and scope
Since the structure of the Arukh consists, as it were, of so many bricks, it is hard to decide whether the builder really possessed all the linguistic learning stored up in it. None can gainsay the author's philologic spirit of inquiry – quite remarkable for his day, which antedated the science of linguistics; his frequent collation of "variæ lectiones" is notable, while his fine literary sense often saved him from crude etymological errancies. Nevertheless, the multitude of languages marshaled in the Arukh is prodigious even for a period of polyglot proclivities. The non-Jewish Aramaic dialects are encountered side by side with Arabic, Persian, Greek, Latin, and even Slavonic, while Italian seems as familiar to the author as the various rabbinic forms of style.This multiplicity of languages, however, is at present generally considered a mere mark of the multifarious character of the compilation; and the credit for the exegetic employment of the several languages is given to <mask>'s authorities rather than to himself. While he undoubtedly possessed a superficial and empiric knowledge of Latin and Greek, of which the former already contained an admixture of contemporary Italian, and the latter (subdivided into spoken and written Greek) was still partly used in southern Italy; while he may have acquired a desultory acquaintance with Arabic, and certainly was quite familiar with Italian, yet it may be stated almost with certainty that the majority of his etymologies were compiled and copied from his various source-books. For this reason, perhaps, the various dialects appear in the Arukh under several names, each originating seemingly in a different author, as Arabic, for example, which occurs under three distinct denotations, possibly without <mask> being aware of their synonymity. To the same cause may be assigned the polyonymy of the Hebrew and rabbinic dialects in the Arukh, as well as the presence of a great deal of geographic and ethnographic information which the author certainly did not acquire in actual travel. As regards the grammatical derivation of Hebrew words, <mask> deviated from the principle of triliteral roots discovered by Judah ben David Chayyuj and adopted by the Spanish grammarians as a rule; like most French and German rabbis, he considered two letters, and at times one, sufficient to form a Hebrew root. Its importance
The Arukh is significant as a monument in the history of culture. Aside from its purely scientific value as a storehouse of old readings and interpretations as well as of titles of many lost books, it is important as the only literary production of the Italian Jews of that age.Moreover, though mainly a compilation, it is one of the most noteworthy medieval monuments of learning. Compiled at the historic juncture when Jewish scholarship was transplanted from Babylonia and northern Africa to Europe and was subject to the perils of aberration, it signally emphasized the necessity of preserving the old rabbinical treasures and traditions. Its service in this respect was equivalent to that rendered by the two great products of contemporary Spanish and French Jews – Alfasi's Talmudic code and Rashi's commentary. Together the three contributed toward the spread of rabbinic study. Besides, one has to depend upon the Arukh for whatever knowledge one may have of the intellectual condition of the Italian Jews in the 11th-century. Since its author, for example, uses the Italian language freely to elucidate etymologies, that he frequently offers the vernacular nomenclature for objects of natural history, that he repeatedly calls into service for purposes of illustration the customs of foreign peoples, the character of the reading public of his day can easily be inferred. The dawn of skepticism may be discerned in his remark that as regards conjuring and amulets neither their grounds nor their sources were known.Influence and editions
The Arukh rapidly achieved a wide circulation. According to Kohut, even Rashi was already in a position to utilize it in the second edition of his commentaries, having been acquainted with it by R. Kalonymus ben Shabbethai, the noted rabbi who had moved to Worms from Rome. Kalonymus, however, can at best have transported to his new home but meager information concerning the Arukh, as his removal occurred about thirty years prior to its completion; the first folios he may well have seen, since he was intimately acquainted with <mask>. A generation after the time of Rashi the Arukh is found in general use among the Biblical commentators and the tosafists, as well as among the legalistic and the grammatical authors. Numerous manuscript copies were brought into circulation; and with the introduction of printing its spread was widely extended. The first edition, which bears neither the date nor the place of publication, probably belongs to the year 1477, while in 1531 Daniel Bomberg of Venice issued what is no doubt the best of the early editions. In both the copying and the printing processes, however, the work suffered innumerable alterations and mutilations, which have been recently repaired to a certain extent by the scientific edition issued, on the basis of the first editions and of seven manuscripts, by Alexander Kohut.Supplements and compendia
A further proof of the popularity gained by the Arukh lies in the numerous supplements and compendiums which soon clustered about it. Until recent times, all rabbinic lexicons have been grounded on the Arukh. The first supplement was written in the 12th century by R. Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam'i or Jama' of Narbonne, under the title Agur, a small work of little significance. In the 13th century, R. Tanchum ben Joseph of Jerusalem wrote a lexicon, Al-Murshid al-Kafi, which purposed not only to replace the Arukh, which had grown rare, but also to complete and to correct it. Abraham Zacuto, author of the Yuḥasin, at the beginning of the 16th century composed a supplement entitled Iḳḳere ha-Talmud, of which only a fragment of the latter part has come down. About the same time Sanctus Pagninus, a Christian, issued an Enchiridion Expositionis Vocabulorum Haruch, Thargum, Midraschim Rabboth, et Aliorum Librorum. The general method of the Arukh was also adopted by Elijah Levita, who, in his Meturgeman and Tishbi, advanced a step in that he differentiated the targumic and the Talmudic words and also sought to complete his prototype.The manner and the matter of the Arukh were closely followed by Johannes Buxtorf in his Lexicon Chaldaicum Talmudicum, and by David de Pomis in his Tzemach David. Early in the seventeenth century Menahem Lonzano issued his small but useful supplement, Ma'arikh, concerned particularly with foreign words. Ma'arikh ha-Ma'arekhet, a compilation by Philippe d'Aquin, appeared in Paris in 1629. No doubt the best supplements to the Arukh were written in the same century by Benjamin Musaphia, a physician at Hamburg, and by David ha-Kohen de Lara. Mussafia's Musaf he-'Arukh (1655), probably known also as Arukh he-Hadash, according to Immanuel Löw, devoted itself particularly to the Greek and Latin derivatives, leaning largely on Buxtorf. De Lara (d. 1674) published Keter Kehunnah (Hamburg, 1668), in which he had set before himself polyglot purposes, and which, though brought down to "resh," was published only as far as the letter "yod". His smaller work, on the other hand, Ir David (Amsterdam, 1638), of which the second part was called Metzudat Tziyyon, confined itself almost exclusively to Greek derivatives.Even the nineteenth century witnessed the publication of several works accredited to the classic lexicon. Isaiah Berlin (d. 1799) wrote Hafla'ah Sheba-'Arakhin, annotations to the Arukh. Similar notes were appended by I. M. Landau to his unscientific edition of the Arukh; while S. Lindermann has issued elucidations under the title Sarid ba-'Arakhin (Thorn, 1870). Besides, there are several anonymous dictionaries attached to the same classic, e.g., the abbreviated Arukh, Arukh ha-Katzar, known also as Kitzur Arukh, which was successively printed at Constantinople (1511), Cracow (1591), and Prague (1707), and which contains merely the explanation of words, without their etymologies. Another short Arukh, frequently cited by Buxtorf, and discovered in a manuscript at Bern, has been found to contain numerous French and German annotations. Of such epitomes there has no doubt been a multitude in manuscript form. A dictionary of still wider scope than the Arukh is the Sefer Melitzah of Solomon ben Samuel.Solomon Marcus Schiller-Szinessy, in fine, records the existence of a Lexicon of the Difficult Words in the Talmud. See also

 Hachmei Provence

References

 Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, ed. Krotoschin, 1843, i. 137;
 Rabbi Samuel Judah Löb Rapoport, Toledot R. Natan, in Bikkure ha-'Ittim, x. 1829;
 idem, Toledot R. Ḥananel, note 19, ib. 1832;
 idem, 'Erek Millin, Preface;
 Rabbi Abraham Geiger, Nachgelassene Schriften, iii. 267–274;
 Adolf Neubauer, M. J. C. i.93, 102;
 Rabbi Leopold Zunz, G. S. iii. 167;
 idem, S. P. pp. 204 et seq. ;
 Rabbi Moritz Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. cois. 2040 et seq.;
 Rabbi Heinrich Grätz, Gesch. 3d ed., vi. 70;
 Perles, Die Berner Handschrift des Kleinen 'Aruch, in Grätz Jubelschrift, pp. 1–38;
 Rabbi Moritz Güdemann, Gesch. iii. 63 et seq. ;
 Hermann Vogelstein and Paul Rieger, Geschichte der Juden in Rom, i.357–366;
 Krauss, Lehnwörter, i., pp. xxxiv.-xxxix. ;
 Kohut, Aruch Completum, Introduction and Supplements;
 Bacher, in Z. D. M. G. xlvii. 487 et seq. ;
 idem, Ein Hebräisch-Persisches Wörterbuch aus dem Vierzehnten Jahrhundert, Strassburg, 1900;
 Jewish Encyclopedia iv. 580. Rishonim
12th-century Italian rabbis
11th-century Italian rabbis
Italian lexicographers
Writers from Rome
1030s births
1106 deaths
11th-century Italian writers
Jewish lexicographers

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Nathan ben Jehiel
Nathan
Nathan
Jehiel ben Abraham
Nathan
Nathan
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Jehiel
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ben Isaac
Nathan
Nathan
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Nathan
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<mask> (born August 11, 1925) is an American dramatist known for television, theater, and his work as a professor of screenplay writing. Working in the  television industry since 1947, <mask> has authored more than 100 television scripts for anthology dramas, episodic series and television movies and specials. His television work includes "Johnny Jupiter" (1953-1954), "Armstrong Circle Theater" (1955-1963), "Hawaii Five-O" (1967-1976), and "Streets of San Francisco" (1973), and the holiday classics "'Twas the Night Before Christmas" (1974) and "An American Christmas Carol" (1979). <mask>'s theatrical plays span Broadway, off-Broadway, and regional productions. His Broadway musical, "Baker Street" (1965), based on the stories of Sherlock Holmes, earned him a Tony Nomination as Author of Best Musical. He is a member of the Dramatists Guild,  the Mystery Writers of America, and is a current member and past officer of the Writers Guild of America, East On November 12, 2019, at age 94, <mask> was honored with the highest distinction of Chevalier, or Knight, in the National Order of the French Legion of Honor in recognition of his service to France in World War II. Early years
Born in New York in 1925, <mask> was 16 when he got his first job as an office boy for the Shubert Theatrical Company in New York City.<mask>'s education was interrupted by two years of service in WW2's 94th Infantry Division of the United States Army, where he was awarded a Purple Heart. In 1945, 20 year old <mask> returned to college and earned his degree from New York University. Television career
<mask> landed his first television job in 1947 with pioneer TV producer Martin Stone, who had a number of shows on the air including the popular "Howdy Doody". <mask>'s first assignment was with the quiz show entitled "Americana" which challenged a panel of high school students to answer questions about American history based on brief dramatizations performed by actors. <mask> wrote the short vignettes of American history which aired on the show. This led to Stone's production of "The Gabby Hayes Show", a series of full half-hour dramas of events in American history. The stories were co-written by <mask> and the more experienced playwright Horton Foote.Foote was a mentor to <mask>, and together they wrote more than 50 episodes which aired on NBC. Many successful actors began their television careers on the show, including Ernest Borgnine, Rod Steiger, and Leslie Nielsen. In 1952, Martin Stone wanted to try his hand at producing a comedy, and so he and <mask> came up with the idea of a series called "Johnny Jupiter" about a television studio janitor, played by Vaughn Taylor, who succeeds in contacting the planet Jupiter. His attempt to explain the strange ways of Earth to the Jupiterians, portrayed by hand puppets, provided the satirical content of the series. In reviewing the show, Jack Gould of the New York Times wrote, “If Mr. Coopersmith can sustain the brilliant pace of the opening show, he obviously is going to move quickly to the head of the class among TV’s satirists.”  The 13-week series was produced on the independent station, DuMont Television Network, and was extended for another 26 weeks as a sitcom on ABC. By 1954, the one-hour anthology drama series, such as The Philco Television Playhouse and US Steel Hour had become extremely popular. David Susskind, wishing to enter that realm, took over as executive producer of "Armstrong Circle Theater," originally a half-hour dramatic show, and recruited <mask> to help him change the show's format.The series was reinvented as a one-hour docu-drama based on true stories and real events, and at <mask>'s suggestion, each episode was narrated by a renowned newscaster to stress the reality of the series. <mask>'s first episode, "The Strange War Of Sergeant Krenzer", was the true story of United States Sergeant Werner Krenzer, an army sergeant in Korea who was given the job of rounding up homeless kids on the streets and placing them in shelters, but the kids didn't want to go. <mask> became a principal writer for the “Armstrong Circle Theatre”, penning 19 additional teleplays airing from 1955 to 1963 and providing him with some extraordinary experiences. For the episode "SSN 571 The Nautilus" <mask> took a 6-day underwater journey in America's first atomic submarine, the , for which his agents and lawyers required David Susskind to insure <mask>'s life for one million dollars. The episode "I Was Accused" was based on the true experience of actor George Voskovec, who was kept interned at Ellis Island during the days of Senator Joseph McCarthy's "witch hunt". For this teleplay, <mask> was presented with the 1956 Robert E. Sherwood Award by a committee that included Eleanor Roosevelt. In 1964, <mask> wrote an episode for "Decision: The Conflicts of Harry S. Truman", A documentary series based on the writings of Harry S. Truman during his U.S. presidency, produced by Ben Gradus for Screen Gems.<mask> met President Truman when he wrote the 25th episode, "I Am an American", reflecting on the attempted assassination of Truman in 1950. By 1965 the series was widely broadcast and was reaching about 70% of American households. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s <mask> wrote episodes for many popular television series including "Justice", "Appointment with Adventure", "The Big Story", "Decoy", "Brenner", and "Combat! ", as well as anthology dramas for "Goodyear Playhouse"', "The Alcoa Hour" , "Kraft Television Theater", and "Hallmark Hall of Fame"

By the mid-1960s the bulk of the TV industry had moved from New York to Hollywood. In 1967, <mask> was hired by producer Leonard Freeman to write a script for a new TV series "Hawaii Five-O". That script, "Samurai", became the 4th episode of hit show's first season. "Hawaii Five-O" became <mask>'s focus for the next 8 years, during which he wrote 30 one-hour episodes and 2 feature-length movies for the show.One of Coopersmith's episodes, "Retire In Sunny Hawaii – Forever" featured Helen Hayes, mother of James MacArthur (Danno), in the leading guest role. Hayes received an Emmy Nomination for this performance. Another Coopersmith episode, "I'm A Family Crook... Don't Shoot!" was a comedy-crime drama guest starring Andy Griffith and Joyce Van Patten. "Nine Dragons", one of Coopersmith's feature-length episodes, was filmed in Hong Kong and continues to air as a full-length movie in foreign countries. Coopersmith continued to write scripts for many popular television series throughout the 70's and 80's including "Streets of San Francisco", "Medical Center", "The Andros Targets", "Nurse", "Spencer for Hire" and its spin-off "A Man Called Hawk". Coopersmith also wrote screenplays for TV movies and specials which aired on the major networks in the 1970s and 80s.His first feature film of this era, "Mr. Inside/Mr. Outside", was originally planned as a series pilot, and was produced by Philip D'Antoni ("The French Connection") in 1973. The movie starred Tony LoBianco and Hal Linden as cops thwarting a gang of diamond smugglers. In 1973, <mask> wrote the screenplay for "'Twas The Night Before Christmas" an animated adaptation of Clement Moore's classic poem "A Visit From Saint Nicholas". The Rankin/Bass production featured voices by Joel Grey, George Gobel, Tammy Grimes, and John McGiver. The special became an annual holiday classic, airing on CBS for 20 years from 1974 to 1994. In 1994 The Family Channel (now ABC Family) purchased the syndication rights.The special was also released commercially in most media formats. <mask> celebrated the holiday theme with two additional works. "Have I Got A Christmas For You" was a 1-hour television special based on the true story of a Jewish congregation whose members filled the jobs of their Christian neighbors for one night, so they could be with their families on Christmas Eve. The holiday special, produced by Gilbert and Joseph Cates in 1977 and directed by Marc Daniels, starred Milton Berle, Steve Allen, Jayne Meadows, Herb Edelman, Jim Backus, and Adrienne Barbeau. "An American Christmas Carol", another holiday-inspired work, is a feature-length movie adaptation of the Charles Dickens classic transplanted to New England during the great depression. The movie, produced by Stanley Chase and Jon Slan, first aired in 1979 with Henry Winkler starring as Benedict Slade (the adaptation version of Scrooge), and David Wayne and Dorian Harewood co-starring. The movie continues to air annually, and was released commercially in all media formats.Another of <mask>'s TV movies was an adaption of the Mary Higgins Clark best-selling novel, "The Cradle Will Fall", a murder-mystery about a doctor obsessed with creating a fountain-of-youth drug. The movie, which premiered on CBS in 1983, was produced by Joseph Cates and starred Lauren Hutton, Ben Murphy, and James Farentino. Appealing to the network's daytime audience, the story was set in the soap opera Guiding Light's fictional town of Springfield USA, home of Cedars Hospital, and featured six of the soap's key characters in supporting roles. Theatrical career
In the 1960s, <mask> sought to expand his work from television to the theatrical stage. His first effort was a biographical play entitled "Eleanor" about the early life of Eleanor Roosevelt when she worked as a volunteer teacher in a New York Settlement House. In 1967 the play won the prestigious "S. Elizabeth Pope Playwriting Award" from Massachusetts State College, and was performed by the college in Bridgewater, MA. In 1974, a concert version of the play was performed at Hunter

masks:
Jerome Coopersmith
Coopersmith
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Jerome Coopersmith
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Jerome Coopersmith
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Jerome Coopersmith


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 College in New York, with Jane Alexander in the title role.Roosevelt's family and friends attended this performance. Years later, in 1984, the Smithsonian Institution selected "Eleanor" to be performed in Washington DC in conjunction with the Eleanor Roosevelt Centennial. The show ran in the National Portrait Gallery, a branch of the Smithsonian Institution, and was performed by the students of DC's Catholic University. Coopersmith's next stage venture was "Baker Street" a musical based on the stories of Sherlock Holmes by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It was produced on Broadway by Alexander H. Cohen, directed by Harold Prince, with a musical score by Marian Grudeff and Raymond Jessel. The show opened in 1965 at The Broadway Theatre, where it ran for nine months and then moved off-Broadway to the Martin Beck Theatre (now the Al Hirschfeld Theatre), for a total of 311 New York performances. The cast included Fritz Weaver, Peter Sallis, Martin Gabel, Inga Swenson, Virginia Vestoff, Teddy Green, and featured the Broadway debuts of Tommy Tune and Christopher Walken in small supporting roles.Bil Baird's Marionettes were also featured in an elaborate scene of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee Parade. The show received three Tony Nominations in 1965 including <mask>'s nomination in the category Best Author (Musical). "Baker Street" returned to New York City for an off-Broadway production at the York Theatre in 2001. In November 2016, "Baker Street" was produced by the 42nd Street Moon Theater in San Francisco. The show ran for three weeks, as part of their 2016 season. While "Baker Street" was running, <mask> was offered a writing assignment for a show, "The Apple Tree", a 3-part musical based on three famous short stories, with music by Jerry Bock and lyrics by Sheldon Harnick. <mask> wrote the first act, a playlet based on Mark Twain's stories "The Diary of Adam and Eve" and "Eve's Diary".Bock and Harnick wrote the other two playlets based on Frank R. Stockton's "The Lady or the Tiger?" and Jules Feiffer's "Passionella". The musical, produced by Stuart Ostrow, opened on Broadway in 1966 at the Shubert Theatre, where it ran for 463 performances. This production starred Barbara Harris, Alan Alda, and Larry Blyden, and was directed by Mike Nichols. Harris won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical, 1967. "The Apple Tree" also received several other major Tony nominations including Best Musical of 1967. The Roundabout Theatre Company mounted a revival in 2006 that ran for a total of 117 performances starring Kristin Chenoweth in the multiple roles originally played by Harris.This production received a Tony nomination for Best Revival Musical of 2007. <mask>'s next theater project was "Mata Hari", a stage play with music and lyrics by Martin Charnin and Edward Thomas and directed by Vincente Minnelli. The story centered on the alleged spy's affair with a French intelligence officer which led to her execution by a firing squad. "Mata Hari" was an anti-war play at the time the Vietnam War was unpopular with many Americans. The show had been planned for Broadway by producer David Merrick, and premiered at the National Theatre in Washington, DC. Production challenges led to Merrick withdrawing his support of the musical. In 1968, <mask>, Charnin, and Thomas produced the show at New York's off-Broadway Theatre DeLys (now the Lucille Lortel Theater) with the alternate title "Ballad For A Firing Squad".In 1996 the York Theatre in New York revived the 1968 version under the original title "Mata Hari". In the early 1970s puppeteer Bil Baird, who's marionettes appeared years earlier in "Baker Street", hired <mask> to author an original stage version of "Pinocchio"  to be performed by the Baird Marionettes with music by Mary Rodgers and lyrics by Sheldon Harnick. The show ran in 1974 at the Bil Baird Marionette Theater in New York City. In 1988, shortly after Baird's death, "Pinocchio" was brought back to life, with his son Peter Baird among the cast of puppeteers. The revival was produced by Arthur Cantor and ran at the Minetta Lane Theatre in New York. <mask> continued bringing children's stories to the stage with his musical adaption of Johann David Wyss's "Swiss Family Robinson". The play was produced by the prestigious team of Barry and Fran Weissler, who later went on to produce many Broadway musical hits.<mask>'s "Swiss Family Robinson" toured with the Weissler's National Theater Company, known for bringing high quality plays to high school, college and adult audiences with professional casts throughout America. In 1991, <mask> collaborated with Lucy Freeman to co-author "The Mystery of Anna O", a full-length non-musical play about the first person in the world ever to be psychoanalyzed. "Anna O" was a code name given to the young Austrian woman, so treated to protect her identity, as mental Illness was considered shameful in those days. The play was produced off-Broadway at the John Houseman Studio Theater in the fall of 1992. In 1992, Ruth Gruber enrolled in <mask>'s writing class at Hunter College. She shared with him a book she had written, "Haven", the remarkable true story of her involvement in the rescue of 1000 Holocaust refugees and her fight to keep them in America. The story inspired <mask>'s musical stage play, "Haven" with music by William Goldstein and lyrics by Joe Darion.The show's original title "Oswego - An American Haven" was named after Fort Oswego, the old army camp in Oswego, New York, where the refugees found themselves imprisoned upon their arrival in America. The 1993 transcript for "Oswego - An American Haven" can be found in the US Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC. At  Gruber's request, the play's name was changed to "Haven" so that it would be more closely associated with her book. After the name change, the show was produced in 2001 by Robert Block at the Gindi Theater in Los Angeles. Gruber declared herself highly pleased with the musical version of her book, and celebrated her 90th birthday on stage after curtain call on opening night. In 1998, Coopersmith and Freeman joined forces again to create "Reflections of a Murder", a full-length non-musical mystery about the murder of a famous ballerina, and her charming son who is held as the primary suspect. It was produced at the Arena Stage Theatre on Long Island and was awarded Best New Play of 1998 by the Charlotte Repertory Theater Festival.<mask>'s research led him to learn of the controversial relationship between illusionist Harry Houdini and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle over the subject of spiritualism. This inspired his one-act play "The Other Side" a drama which explores the conflict between Houdini and Doyle, who clashed over whether the dead can be reached. The play has been performed by Sherlock Holmes societies on both sides of the Atlantic. In America, the show was first performed in 2008 by the Baker Street Irregulars in the auditorium of the New York Bar Association. In 2009, the show was staged in London by the Sherlock Holmes Society at the historic 17th century pub "The Old Dr. Butler's Head". Other work
<mask> wrote the children's book,  "A Chanukah Fable for Christmas", illustrated by Syd Hoff, about a young Jewish boy dreaming for something to celebrate during Christmas time. Published by Putnam in 1969.<mask> was an adjunct professor at Hunter College and Brooklyn College spanning 1970 to 2009, teaching screenplay and television writing. Selected filmography & stage playsSelected television episodesAmericana: Miscellaneous Segments (1947-1949)
The Gabby Hayes Show: Miscellaneous Episodes (1951-1953)
Johnny Jupiter: Miscellaneous Episodes (1953-1954)
Justice: Death for Sale (1954)
Appointment with Adventure: Stranger on a Plane (1955)
Armstrong Circle Theatre: Leap for Freedom (1955)
Armstrong Circle Theatre: The Strange War of Sergeant Krezner (1955)
Armstrong Circle Theatre: I Was Accused (1955)
Encounter: Tolliver's Travels (1956)
Goodyear Playhouse: The Terrorists (1956)
The Alcoa Hour: Adventure in Diamonds (1956)
Armstrong Circle Theatre: Arson: File #732 (1957)
Decoy: To Trap a Thief (1957)
The Big Story: House Divided (1957)
The Big Story: The Frame-Up (1957)
Armstrong Circle Theatre: The Meanest Crime in the World (1958)
Armstrong Circle Theatre: The Nautilus (1958)
Decoy: First Arrest (1958)
Kraft Theatre: Riddle of a Lady (1958)
Armstrong Circle Theatre: Prescription-Hypnosis (1959)
Brenner: Record of Arrest (1959)
Brenner: Monopoly on Fear (1959)
Armstrong Circle Theatre: Track of an Unknown: The Story of North American Air Defense (1961)
Armstrong Circle Theatre: The Battle of Hearts (1961)
Combat! : Forgotten Front (1962)
Decision: The Conflicts of Harry S. Truman: I am an American (1964)
Hawaii Five-O: Samurai (1968)
Hawaii Five-O: Blind Tiger (1969)
Hawaii Five-O: Highest Castle, Deepest Grave (1971)
Hawaii Five-O: I'm a Family Crook Don't Shoot! (1972)
Hawaii Five-O: Here Today... Gone Tonight (1973)
Hawaii Five-O: Why Wait Till Uncle Kevin Dies? (1973)
The Streets of San Francisco: The Victims (1973)
The Streets of San Francisco: Most Feared in the Jungle (1973)
Hawaii Five-O: Diary of a Gun (1975)
Hawaii Five-O: Retire in Sunny Hawaii... Forever (1975)
Hawaii Five-O: Nine Dragons (1976)
The Andros Targets: The Killing of a Porno Queen (1977)
The Andros Targets: Requiem for a Stolen Child: Part 1 & 2 (1977)
The Andros Targets: The Smut Peddler (1977)
Nurse: Impressions (1982)
Spenser: For Hire : Arthur's Wake (1988)
A Man Called Hawk : Passing the Bar (1989)Selected television movies and specialsThe Story of Roger Williams (1952)
Mr.

masks:
Coopersmith
Coopersmith
Coopersmith
Coopersmith
Coopersmith
Coopersmith
Coopersmith
Coopersmith
Coopersmith
Coopersmith
Coopersmith
Coopersmith
Jerome Coopersmith
Coopersmith


texts:
<mask> (born 31 January 1982) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Scottish Premiership club Rangers. <mask> has also previously played for St Johnstone, Dunfermline Athletic, Turkish team Beşiktaş, English club Hull City, Welsh side Cardiff City and the Scotland national team. A product of the Hutchison Vale youth football club in Edinburgh, <mask> made his first team debut for Rangers in February 2002 in a Scottish Cup match against Forfar Athletic. He was later loaned out to St Johnstone and Dunfermline Athletic, before becoming a regular Rangers first team player at the start of the 2006–07 season. <mask> made over 200 appearances for Rangers, winning 11 major honours in the process, including a hat-trick of league titles in 2009, 2010 and 2011, three Scottish Cups and five Scottish League Cups. Following the liquidation of Rangers parent company  in 2012, <mask> exercised his legal rights to become a free agent. He then signed a two-year contract with Beşiktaş.After one season in Turkey, <mask> moved to Hull City. In May 2018, <mask> signed a two-year contract with Rangers. <mask> made his full international debut for Scotland in May 2007. He was suspended for two weeks by his club, and the Scottish Football Association said that <mask> would never play for Scotland again, after multiple breaches of squad discipline following Scotland's 3–0 defeat to the Netherlands on 28 March 2009. The following year, this ban from international football was overturned by Scotland manager Craig Levein. He made 42 appearances for Scotland in total, and announced his retirement from international play in March 2019. Club career

Early Rangers career
<mask> signed for Rangers on 14 July 1998.His early career suffered a setback when he injured his wrist during a youth match followed by a broken hand that kept him out of action for nearly a year and stunted his development. However, upon returning from the injury he became a regular in the reserve team. He made his first team debut in February 2002 in a Scottish Cup match against Forfar Athletic and his Scottish Premier League debut against Aberdeen aged 20. <mask> did not play a single minute of competitive football during the 2002–03 season, being an unused substitute in every match of Rangers' Treble success. The following season, <mask> made six appearances, twice in the Scottish League Cup and four times in the league. Loan spells
In the 2004–05 season <mask> was loaned to Scottish Football League club St Johnstone, making his debut in a Scottish Challenge Cup match against Alloa Athletic. <mask> featured consistently for St Johnstone and kept six consecutive clean sheets for the club.While playing on loan, <mask> was named SFL Player of the Month for December 2004. He made 24 appearances in total for the club and kept 11 clean sheets. Upon returning to Rangers in January 2005, <mask> became the number one goalkeeper at the club after an injury to first choice Stefan Klos. He played consistently for Rangers, however, the then manager Alex McLeish signed Dutch keeper Ronald Waterreus on deadline day in January 2005, a move which angered <mask>. For the 2005–06 season, Rangers retained Waterreus and Klos, leaving <mask> as third choice. Dunfermline Athletic took advantage of this situation and signed <mask> on loan for the season. He made his debut in a 3–2 league defeat to Kilmarnock.He played in the 2006 Scottish League Cup Final defeat to Celtic and made 31 appearances in all competitions, keeping seven clean sheets. Rangers first team
With the arrival of Frenchman Paul Le Guen as manager at Rangers, <mask> was made third choice goalkeeper behind Letizi and Klos. A bizarre pre-season cycling injury to Stefan Klos meant that <mask> started the 2006–07 season as back-up to Lionel Letizi. When Letizi was himself injured, <mask> started the next match for Rangers, a 2–2 draw away to Kilmarnock. <mask> was then awarded the man of the match award for his performance in Rangers Uefa Cup qualifying match against Molde. He went on to be awarded the Scottish Premier League Player of the Month for September and was then rewarded with a new contract. Despite his performances Le Guen still considered <mask> to be the second choice goalkeeper.<mask> was dropped when Letizi returned from injury. When Letizi was injured again, <mask> returned in goal and was confirmed as first choice by Le Guen even after Letizi returned from injury. Later in the 2006–07 season <mask> was sent off during Rangers' UEFA Cup match at Ibrox against Israeli side Hapoel Tel Aviv, which they won 4–0. After Barry Ferguson's second goal, Italian referee Matteo Trefoloni gave a straight red card to <mask> for allegedly headbutting Hapoel substitute Luciano De Bruno. The incident was not caught on television cameras and <mask> denied headbutting De Bruno. However, he was given a two-match ban, which was reduced to one game on appeal. At the end of his first season as first choice keeper, he was voted by his Rangers teammates as the Player's Player of the Year.In September 2007 <mask> signed a new four-year contract with Rangers. He continued to be Rangers' number one the following season, despite the arrival and subsequent departure of former Manchester United goalkeeper Roy Carroll. Rangers progressed to the quarter-finals of the 2008 UEFA Cup after putting out SV Werder Bremen in the fourth round. <mask>'s display in the second-leg of the tie drew praise from the manager. He made his 100th appearance for Rangers in a league match against Hibernian in March 2008. In the 2008 Scottish League Cup Final the match finished 2–2 after extra time and went to penalty kicks. <mask> saved two penalties and Rangers went on to win the shoot-out and the League Cup.In the third Old Firm League match of the 2007–08 season <mask> saved a penalty while limping with an injury when the scores were tied at 1–1. <mask> had to be substituted shortly after and didn't play again that season through injury, missing out on both the 2008 Scottish Cup Final and Rangers European run to the 2008 UEFA Cup Final. <mask> signed another new contract in June 2008, keeping him at the club until 2013 and was worth £5 million. In the opening game of the 2008–09 season <mask> saved a penalty in the match against Falkirk, Rangers went on to win 1–0. <mask> captained the club for the first Scottish Premier League match of the 2008–09 season against Falkirk due to the absences of captain Barry Ferguson and senior players David Weir and Carlos Cuéllar. <mask> was a regular in the side, up until the Boozegate scandal which saw himself and Ferguson dropped by both club and country and was replaced as the Rangers number one by Neil Alexander. He played his last game of that season on 21 March, a 2–2 draw at home to Hearts.<mask> played 27 league matches in the 2008–09 season and picked up an SPL winners medal. In the 2009–10 season <mask> was reinstated as the number one goalkeeper for Rangers and made 46 appearances in all competitions, picking up winners medals in the Scottish League Cup and the SPL championship. Although <mask> was preferred as first choice in League, Europe and Scottish Cup matches the manager Walter Smith decided to let Neil Alexander play all of the League Cup matches, a decision which continued the following season. In October 2010 <mask> was given a one match retrospective ban by the SFA for kicking out at Aberdeen player Chris Maguire even though no contact was made. In April of season 2010–11 <mask> saved a penalty against Hamilton in a match that Rangers went on to win 1–0. <mask> was praised for his performances in the second half of the 2010–11 season winning the SPL player of the month award for April. This included 5 clean sheets in the month including a man of the match performance in the final Old Firm game of the season where he saved a penalty with 8 minutes of the game remaining.Rangers went on to win the SPL championship for the third consecutive time by one point. <mask> kept 22 clean sheets for Rangers in 36 SPL matches during season 2010–11 and signaled his intention to sign a new contract once the season was finished. On 4 July 2011, it was announced by Rangers that <mask> had signed a new six-year contract with the club. <mask> started the first nine matches for Rangers in season 2011–12 conceding only one goal domestically in the season opener against Hearts. In the first Old Firm game of the season <mask> was criticised for making a bad mistake which gifted a goal to Celtic just before half time which made the score 2–1 in Celtic's favour. Rangers however went on to win the match 4–2. <mask> was praised by his manager Ally McCoist for preventing Rangers conceding a goal in their 1–0 victory over Hibernian in October 2011.Rangers entered administration in February 2012. After its creditors rejected a CVA in June 2012, the company was liquidated. The administrator sold the assets, including player contracts, to a new Rangers company set up by Charles Green. <mask> made a legal objection (under the "TUPE" regulations) to his contract being transferred to the new company, and became a free agent. Beşiktaş
On 26 July 2012, <mask> joined Turkish club Beşiktaş on a two-year contract, after undergoing a medical in Istanbul. A first team regular, <mask> helped Beşiktaş to a third-placed finish in the Turkish Süper Lig. Hull City

On 2 July 2013, <mask> signed for Hull City for £1.5 million, signing a three-year contract.He made his debut on the first day of the 2013–14 season in a 2–0 loss away at Chelsea. Five minutes into his debut, <mask> conceded a penalty, mistiming a punch and subsequently hitting Fernando Torres in the head. He made up for it however, as he saved the resulting penalty from Frank Lampard. In the 25th minute, Lampard got the better of him, scoring a free-kick from 30 yards. On 17 May 2014, he played in the 2014 FA Cup Final against Arsenal, in which Hull City lost 3–2. During the 2016–17 season, <mask> was recovering from a back injury, thus leaving him behind Eldin Jakupovic and David Marshall in the pecking order. He was loaned to Cardiff City in January 2017 to bolster his fitness before he could play for Hull again.He kept a clean sheet on his debut during a 1–0 victory over Burton Albion on 21 January 2017. He left Hull in the summer of 2018, having rejected the offer of a new contract. Return to Rangers
In May 2018, <mask> accepted the offer of a two-year contract with Rangers. At the end of the 2018–19 season, he was named in the PFA Scotland Team of the Year (for a fourth time in his career). During the first half of the 2019–20 season, <mask> helped Rangers qualify from their Europa League group. In December 2019, Rangers and <mask> agreed to extend his contract by a year. In the Old Firm derby played on 29 December 2019, <mask> saved a penalty from Ryan Christie.Rangers went on to win the match 2–1, which was their first victory at Celtic Park since October 2010. At the start of December 2020, <mask> set a club record for appearances in UEFA competitions. At the end of the month he made his 400th  appearance across his two Rangers spells. <mask> was praised for his performance in a 1–0 Old Firm win against Celtic on 2 January 2021, particularly for a fingertip save from Leigh Griffiths. International career
<mask> was capped six times at under-21 level before representing the senior national side. On 30 January 2007, ex-Rangers manager Alex McLeish named <mask> in his first squad as Scotland manager. He made his international debut against Austria on 30 May 2007, playing the first half in goal before being substituted.<mask> received his second cap for Scotland after coming on as a second-half substitute for Craig Gordon in a friendly against Northern Ireland at Hampden in August 2008. He gave away a penalty when he brought down Warren Feeney but saved the resulting spot kick from David Healy and the match ended in a 0–0 draw. <mask> was then first choice goalkeeper for the friendly match against Argentina at Hampden in November 2008; Scotland lost 1–0 but <mask> made a number of notable saves. <mask> made his first competitive start for Scotland when he was selected ahead of Craig Gordon for Scotland's 2010 World Cup qualifier against the Netherlands. On 3 April 2009, <mask> was banned from representing Scotland again after multiple breaches of squad discipline. After returning to their hotel at 4am from the international game with the Netherlands on 28 March, <mask> and then-teammate Barry Ferguson were the last to leave the bar at lunchtime. They were subsequently dropped from the following match against Iceland on 1 April 2009, the incident has been referred to by the media as Boozegate.Gestures made by the players to cameras when they were both unused substitutes in the Iceland match led the SFA to inform the players by fax that they would not be considered for national team selection again. <mask> later apologised and was docked two weeks' wages by Rangers. <mask> was on the verge of being recalled to the national team by manager Craig Levein, but was omitted from the squad after he was attacked on the way home from a night out in Glasgow city centre. On 2 August 2010, <mask> was recalled to the national team for the 3–0 friendly defeat against Sweden. He made a number of important saves in the match to prevent a heavier defeat. <mask> was named as first choice goalkeeper for Scotland's Euro 2012 qualifying matches in 2010, starting the first two matches against Lithuania and Liechtenstein. In the qualifying match against the Czech Republic <mask> was given the Man of the match award even though Scotland lost 1–0.<mask> was then given the man of the match award for his performance against World and European champions Spain even though Scotland were defeated at Hampden 3–2. Spain internationalist Pablo Hernandez believed <mask> to be a world class goalkeeper and said, "He made some amazing saves, it was a fantastic performance,"

<mask> remained first choice goalkeeper for Scotland when he was selected for the friendly against Brazil at the Emirates Stadium London in March 2011. Scotland lost 2–0. He was then selected for Scotland's first match in the Nations Cup against Northern Ireland in Dublin. Before the second match of the tournament against Wales, <mask> was praised by the Scotland manager Craig Levein as being an "absolute diamond" since Levein had taken over the Scotland team manager's job. <mask> then received his 12th and 13th caps in the tournaments matches against Wales, and Ireland. <mask> received the Scottish Sports Writers International Player of the Year award for season 2010–11.<mask> started both international matches against Denmark and Czech Republic in August and September 2011 but was criticised for making a mistake in the friendly game against Denmark which cost Scotland a goal. <mask> announced his retirement from international football in March 2019, having made 42 appearances for Scotland. His last appearance was in a 2018–19 UEFA Nations League game against Israel, when he produced an important save late on to preserve a 3–2 win. Career statistics

Club

International
Source:

Honours
Rangers
Scottish Premier League/Scottish Premiership: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2020–21
Scottish Cup: 2001–02, 2002–03, 2008–09
Scottish League Cup: 2001–02, 2002–03, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11

Individual
Scottish Premier League Player of the Month: September 2006, April 2011
PFA Scotland Team of the Year: 2008–09 SPL, 2009–10 SPL, 2010–11 SPL, 2018–19 Scottish Premiership, 2020–21 Scottish Premiership
SFWA International Player of the Year: 2010–11
SPFL Premiership Player of the Year: 2020-21

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Edinburgh
Scottish footballers
Association football goalkeepers
People educated at Forrester High School
Rangers F.C. players
St Johnstone F.C. players
Dunfermline Athletic F.C. players
Beşiktaş J.K. footballers
Hull City A.F.C.players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Scottish Premier League players
Scottish Football League players
Süper Lig players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Scotland under-21 international footballers
Scotland B international footballers
Scotland international footballers
Scottish expatriate footballers
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
FA Cup Final players

masks:
Allan James McGregor
McGregor
McGregor
McGregor
McGregor
McGregor
McGregor
McGregor
McGregor
McGregor
McGregor
McGregor
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texts:
<mask> (born 1973) is an American event planner and former Trump administration political appointee. She was designated in June 2017 by President Donald Trump to head Region II of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), which oversees New York and New Jersey, and remained in the role until Trump left office in January 2021. She was twice found to have violated the Hatch Act, a federal law restricting the political activities of federal executive-branch employees, and in 2021 was fined and barred from government service for four years. Before she was appointed to HUD, <mask> worked as an event planner for the Trump family, including planning the wedding of Eric Trump, and helping to run the Eric Trump Foundation. She was a speaker at the 2016 Republican National Convention. Early life and education
<mask> grew up in New Haven, Connecticut, in the Westville neighborhood. Her father, epidemiologist Curtis L<mask>, was a professor (and is now professor emeritus) at Yale University.<mask> graduated from the University of Miami with a B.A. in English literature. She attended the Quinnipiac University School of Law for two semesters, and did not graduate. On her LinkedIn page, <mask> previously claimed an affiliation with Yale University, which she had never attended. Career

Work for Trump family and Trump campaign
<mask> planned the wedding of Eric Trump. She was a longtime personal assistant for Eric Trump, as well as others in the Trump family and The Trump Organization. An Eric Trump Foundation staff biography of <mask> states that she was involved in casting the 2012 and 2014 seasons of The Celebrity Apprentice.<mask> was one of 16 unpaid directors at the Eric Trump Foundation, though her position did not appear in the Foundation's 2014 tax filings. Her HUD financial disclosures stated that she had been a vice president and a board member at the Eric Trump Foundation from January 2009 to January 2017, and she speaks of being with the Trump family since 2009. In May 2016, during Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, <mask> narrated a video in which she defended Trump against allegations of racism; the video garnered millions of views on YouTube. Although <mask> described herself in a Trump campaign video as an executive at the Trump Organization, she was in fact a personal assistant; after the Associated Press inquired about her role, the Eric Trump Foundation website and <mask>'s LinkedIn profile changed to describe her as "vice president of the Eric Trump Foundation." She spoke at the 2016 Republican National Convention; the convention program listed her position as "Vice President of The Eric Trump Foundation and Senior Assistant to Eric Trump, Ivanka Trump, and Donald Trump, Jr." In her convention speech, she acknowledged historical racism, but said that "Donald Trump knows that your life matters. He knows that my life matters. He knows the LGBTQ lives matter.He knows that veterans lives matter. And he knows that blue lives matter." Later in the campaign, <mask> joined other campaign spokeswomen on the Trump-Pence Women's Empowerment Tour. She was a director of National Diversity Coalition for Trump. Trump administration

In January 2017, <mask> was appointed a White House liaison and Director of Public Liaison for the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. Since the Trump Organization co-owns some properties that receive federal rental subsidies from HUD, her position raised questions of conflict of interest. From July 5, 2017, to January 2021, <mask> was head of HUD Region II, covering New York and New Jersey.She had no experience with housing policy. U.S. Representatives Grace Meng and Nydia Velázquez, both Democrats from New York, urged the administration to reconsider the appointment. In January 2018, <mask> apologized after calling April Ryan, the White House correspondent and Washington bureau chief for American Urban Radio Networks, "Miss Piggy". In September 2018, <mask> commented positively with two emojis on an Instagram post by Donald Trump Jr., the president's son, mocking the sexual assault allegation against Trump's Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh. That same month, <mask> made misleading posts on social media suggesting that CNN "is #FakeNews." <mask>'s tenure at HUD was marked by publicity stunts.In November 2018, <mask> claimed that she would be moving from her New York apartment in Trump Plaza to New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) public housing, saying, "It was not okay for me to preside over the largest housing crisis in the nation from the warmth and comfort of my own safe and sanitary apartment while NYCHA residents continue to suffer the most inhumane conditions." <mask> blamed the housing authority for ineptitude and indifference to the conditions "suffered by hard working residents." She began an announced month-long stay in NYCHA housing on February 11, 2019. <mask> also made a "surprise cameo" at a hearing of Michael Cohen, a former Trump attorney. At the February 2019 House Oversight Committee hearing, Republican congressman Mark Meadows presented <mask> at the hearing, to rebut Cohen's assertion that Trump is a "racist." This prompted a sharp exchange later between Meadows and Rep. Rashida Tlaib, who asserted, "The fact that someone would actually use a prop, a black woman, in this chamber in this committee is alone racist in itself." After being pressed by Committee Chairman Elijah Cummings (D-MD) on what she meant, Tlaib clarified her remarks and apologized to Meadows.<mask> also asked about the possibility of starring in a reality television program; and used the Trump family name in an unsuccessful attempt to have a HUD employee fired. In August 2019, she responded to the suicide of accused underage sex trafficker Jeffrey Epstein with an Instagram post that promoted unfounded conspiracy theories about Vince Foster's 1993 suicide; <mask> suggested that both men had been killed by Hillary Clinton. Hatch Act violations
From December 2017 and April 2018, <mask> used her government Twitter account to "like" partisan tweets; in 2019, the Office of Special Counsel (OSC) determined that these actions violated the Hatch Act, which prohibits employees of the federal executive branch from engaging in certain political activities. In May 2019, when asked about potential Hatch Act violations, <mask> said "I honestly don't care." The OSC issued <mask> a warning letter in September 2019 for two violations of the Hatch Act; the office issued her a reprimand, but decided not to pursue disciplinary action. The OSC cleared <mask> of two other alleged violations. In 2020, <mask> tricked four New Yorkers into appearing in a video that was broadcast during the final night of the 2020 Republican National Convention.<mask> unexpectedly called the leader of a NYCHA tenants' association, telling them that she was interested in speaking with tenants about poor public housing conditions, and personally interviewed four tenants for four hours. The tenants' comments were edited down to a two-minute video clip that was played at the Republican convention; the video attacked New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio and suggested that the tenants were Trump supporters. The tenants, who were never told the true purpose of the interviews, were angered; one of the tenants said she was not a Trump supporter and disapproved "of his racist policies on immigration." <mask> denied deceiving the residents. Several watchdog groups, including the Campaign for Accountability and Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, filed complaints with OSC over the video. In April 2021, <mask> reached a settlement with OSC over violations of the Hatch Act in regard to the incident. She admitted to violating the Hatch Act, agreed to pay a $1,000 fine, and accepted a four-year (48-month) ban from federal employment.The OSC issued a statement saying, "By using information and NYCHA connections available to her solely by virtue of her HUD position, <mask> improperly harnessed the authority of her federal position to assist the Trump campaign in violation of the Hatch Act." After the complaint with <mask> was filed, the Project On Government Oversight wrote a letter expressing concerns of bias, given that <mask>, a Black woman, was the only Trump administration appointee against whom OSC filed a Hatch Act complaint. Personal life
<mask> says she has struggled with substance abuse and addiction, and publicly praised the Trump family for standing by her through tough times. References

1973 births
Living people
21st-century American women
African-American women in politics
Event planners
New York (state) Republicans
Quinnipiac University alumni
Trump administration personnel
The Trump Organization employees
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development officials
University of Miami alumni
Year of birth uncertain

masks:
Lynne Martine Patton
Patton
Patton
. Patton
Patton
Patton
Patton
Patton
Patton
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texts:
<mask>, also known as Dinamoe, Elco and Central Scrutinizer, is a German record producer, live-act, DJ and labelowner. Born in 1986, he early got in touch with different musical expressions, devices and behaviours - playing the piano, guitar and drums. He started spinning records and dealing with creative processing through various kinds of electronic music at the age of 12. He grew up in Uslar, Lower-Saxony. Since July 2007, he lives in Kiel and studies musicology and philosophy at the University. In 2005 and 2006, he released his first EPs on the German labels Dark-Noize-Recordings and Minimal Sound Noise that were followed by his musical re-invention as Dinamoe two years later, initiated for developing his individual sound and to focus on mainly performing live. He already cooperated with the labels Mothership, Pimprinella, OZZ, Freundchen, Archipel, Test Tube, ProgCity Deep Trax, Frankie Rec., Faste Music, Flicker Rhythm, Wreckless Recordings, Get Physical, Trapez, Cometomusic, IPOLY Music, Microtonal, Hi Freaks, Alpaca Records, Opossum Rec., Partyservice, Stop Clone Music, 9volt Musik, Minisketch, Robsoul Recordings, WirrWarr, Kostbar|Musik, Playtime Records, Malatoid Records, Naked Lunch, Manual Music, Niveous Tracks, Deep Series, Athletikk, Laka, Suara, Only Records, SNEJL, Shufflemood, Mischievous Musique, Multi Vitamins, Stolen Moments, Sui Generiz, Tanzbar|Digital, Schieber Prod., Minimal Sound Noise and Dark-Noize-Black Recordings while managing his own labels Ponsactrilau, Dinamuzac and Fabulesque!(on hold) where he presents his own productions and personal musical ideas. Discography

Albums / EPs / Singles

 <mask>el: Senjor Soldjas / Eucharist - Dark-Noize-Black Recordings (DNB5001 12") - 2005
 Central Scrutinizer: And You All Didn't Get It / 139 - Dark-Noize-Black Recordings (DNB5003 12") - 2005
 <mask>el: Winterkaelte / Senjor Soldjas Rmx - Dark-Noize-Black Recordings (DNB5004 12") - 2005
 <mask>uestel: Binary EP - Minimal Sound Noise (MSN001 12") - 2006
 Central Scrutinizer: Something Must Happen / Côté Exposé Au Soleil - Minimal Sound Noise (MSN004 12") - 2006
 Dinamoe: Danser En Enfer / STL / Walk Warm, Feel Green - Schieber Productions (Schieber04 12") - 2007
 Dinamoe: Larissar II - Minisketch VIR (Minisketch VIR1.0 MP3) - 2007
 Dinamoe: Fabulesque - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ001 MP3) - 2007
 <mask>üstel: Les Désires - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ002 MP3) - 2007
 Dinamoe: Bivouac - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ003 MP3) - 2007
 <mask>üstel: Non-Non - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ004 MP3) - 2007
 Dinamoe: Lostin (incl. Ludovic Vendi Remix) - Minisketch VIR (Minisketch VIR1.1 MP3) - 2007
 Dinamoe: Fabulesque Remixes - Fabulesque!(FBLSQ005 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: Poggenphot - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ006 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: Simulacron 6.1 - Stolen Moments Digital (STMDIG 001 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: Simulacron 6.2 - Stolen Moments Digital (STMDIG 002 MP3) - 2008
 <mask>üstel: Sone Auric - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ007 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe vs. Crosspatch: Geese I - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ008 MP3) - 2008
 <mask>el: A Divine Proclamation To Space And Time - Archipel (ARCH045 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: FLIC - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ009 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: Dab-Chat - 9volt Musik (9VOLT08 12") - 2008
 <mask>üstel: Nauic Rose - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ010 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: When Peaches Spoke - Tanzbar|Digital (TANZBARDIGITAL006 MP3) - 2008
 <mask>el: Beyond Connexions, Crossing Sanctions - Mischievous Musique (MISCHIE001 MP3) - 2008
 <mask>el: Copm - Multi Vitamins (MVD02 MP3) - 2008
 <mask>el: IMHOTEP - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ011 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: The Green French One (Body Language Vol.7) - Get Physical (GPMLP025 12") - 2008
 Dinamoe: Lifeline EP - SNEJL (SNEJL006 MP3) - 2008
 <mask>el: Keyhole Pieces - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ012 MP3) - 2008
 <mask>uestel: Consequences Dictate - Shufflemood (SHFLMD002 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: Crackerbarrels EP - Frankie Records (Frankie Rec 039 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: 1986 - Minisketch: VIR (MVIR20 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: A Baa Relenting EP - Manual Music (MANDIG015 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: The Green French One Remixes - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ013 MP3) - 2009
 From Behind - Malatoid Records (MALATOID004 12"/MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: Bedpost Promise - 9volt Musik (9VOLT11 12") - 2009
 Dinamoe: Renaissance - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ014 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: In My Totem EP - Stop Clone Music (SCM002 12") - 2009
 Dinamoe: Stakes EP - Alpaca Records (ALPC004 12") - 2009
 Dinamoe: A Keen Catastrophe #3 (Transformers 2) - Athletikk (ATHL009 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: In My Totem EP [Digital] - Stop Clone Music (SCM002 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: Born 1920 (VARIOUS ARTISTS Sampler) - Robsoul Recordings (Robsoul Ltd 20 12") - 2009
 Elco: Espäce D'Âne [EP] - Partyservice (Party 01 12") - 2009
 Rico Puestel: Have You Seen Baba Yaga? EP - Faste Music (FASTE06 12") - 2009
 Rico Püstel: Amatory - Test Tube (tube167 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: Vicuna Robber Monk EP - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ016 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: Monthurs [EP] - WirrWarr (wirrwarr02 12") - 2009
 Dinamoe: Pay-per-View EP - Only Records (ONLYD37 MP3) - 2009
 Rico Puestel: Floss [EP] - Wreckless Recordings (WRCK009 12") - 2009
 Rico Püstel: Islescape - Test Tube (tube188 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: Nurse! - Playtime Records (PLY018 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: Disequilibrium EP - Fabulesque!(FBLSQ017 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: Woken If Youth (Shrimpy Remix) - Only Records (ONLYD39 MP3) - 2009
 <mask>uestel: Fax Verity EP - Niveous Tracks (NIT002 MP3) - 2009
 <mask>uestel: Vertical Eclipse / Ionic Ankle - Flicker Rhythm (DMDFLICKER21 12") - 2010
 Various Artists: Interstate 5 (incl. Dinamoe - Seattle) - Cometomusic (C2M002 12") - 2010
 <mask>el: The Hissing Subsides - ProgCity Deep Trax (PCDT015 12") - 2010
 Dinamoe: Vigor (Album CD) - 2010
 Dinamoe Vs. <mask> Puestel: D99 - Cometomusic (C2M003 12") - 2010
 Various Artists: Deep Series Vol. 1 (incl. Dinamoe - Golden) - Deep Series (DS001-6 12") - 2010

Remixes

 Horrorscope: Sync (Rico Puestel Rmx) - Dark-Noize-Black Recordings (DNB5002 12") - 2005
 Manuel Fuentes: Oblivion (Rico Puestel Rmx) - Minimal Sound Noise (MSN005 12") - 2006
 Gauchel: Big Bass (Dinamoe Rmx) - Schieber.Net (Schieber.Net01 MP3) - 2010
 Fabrikat: Moody Harms (Boogie - Dinamoe Remix) - Deep In Rhythm (DIRNET006 MP3) - 2008
 Broombeck: Protect Your Neck (Dinamoe Neck Or Nothing Mix) - Opossum Rec. (Littlebus009 MP3) - 2010
 Barou: Espoirs Clown (Dinamoe Remix) - Sui Generiz (SGZ014 MP3) - 2010

Compilation appearances

 And You All Didn't Get It - The Best In Schranz Vol. 2 (ZYX) - 2005
 And You All Didn't Get It - Schranzwerk 14 (ZYX) - 2005
 Eucharist - The Best In Techno Vol. 2 (ZYX) - 2005
 And You All Didn't Get It | Winterkaelte - Techno 2006 (ZYX) - 2006
 Senjor Soldjas - Techno Vol.3 (ZYX) - 2006
 Binary | Something Must Happen | M. Fuentes - Oblivion (Rico Puestel Rmx) - MSN Labelcompilation Vol. 1 (ZYX) - 2006
 Côté Exposé Au Soleil - Techno 2007 (ZYX) - 2007
 Chief Redden - Triple R Selection 5 (Trapez) - 2007
 Walk Warm, Feel Green - Netraver.de Mix Series Vol. 2 (ZYX) - 2007
 Walk Warm, Feen Green - White Trash Vol. 8 (Pride) - 2007
 The Green French One | Light - Mother Of The Stars - Deepest Shades Of House Vol. 5 (Laka-Tosh) - 2007
 In Chenille | Infinite Ways - House My Beach (Itsibitsi) - 2008
 Big Swifty - Minimal Explosion Vol. 1 (Le Bien Et Le Mal) - 2008
 The Green French One - Body Language Vol. 7 by Matthew Dear (Get Physical) - 2008
 Corner #1 - Minimal Techno Stories Vol.4 (Le Bien Et Le Mal) - 2008
 Beyond Them - Deepest Shades Of House Vol. 6 (Laka-Tosh) - 2008
 Six Bay Mares - Digital Freak (Hi Freaks) - 2008
 Eve - Precious Danceable Vol. 1 (Kostbar/Tanzbar) - 2008
 Media On - 24 Hours, 24 Moments (Suara) - 2008
 Caddies Caddy - Revised Moments Volume 1 (Stolen Moments) - 2009
 Alba (Qbical's Billenschud Remix) - Sound Shifting 2.0 (Manual Music) - 2009
 Boost Garden - Budenzauber Vol. 3 - 25 Minimal Techno Tracks (Budenzauber) - 2009
 Boost Garden - Minimal Techno Stories Vol. 5 (Le Bien Et Le Mal) - 2009
 Alba (Qbical's Billenschud Remix) - Tsugi 17 CD Sampler (Tsugi Magazine) - 2009
 Tu Me Manques - DJ Series Presents: Oscar (DJ Series) - 2009
 Maceo - Fabric 46 - Mixed by Claude Von Stroke (Fabric) - 2009
 Infinite Ways - Balearic Lounge Map - 2009
 Sketch In - Revised Moments Volume 2 (Stolen Moments) - 2009
 Corner #1 - Minimal Tunes Vol. 4 (Gastspiel) - 2009
 Make A Point Point Point - Budenzauber Vol. 6 - Life Is Wonderful (Budenzauber) - 2009
 Boost Garden - DOPPELGÄNGER presents Techno Underground Vol.2 (Doppelgänger) - 2009
 Dippers - Just Techno Vol. 5 (Gastspiel) - 2009
 Dippers - Tretmuehle Presents A Beautiful World Volume 6 (Tretmuehle) - 2010
 Stakes - Hier Ist... Berlin 2 - German Electronic Underground Volume 5 (Tretmuehle) - 2010
 Vertical Eclipse - Ibiza Nightlife 2 (C47 Digital) - 2010
 Dippers - Tretmuehle Presents MINIMAL = MAXIMAL Volume 02 (Tretmuehle) - 2010
 Alba - 5 Years Of Manual Music Part 3/3 (Manual Music) - 2010
 Seattle - Minimal Techno Vol. 16 (Futureaudio) - 2010

External links
 Rico Puestel Website
 <mask>el MySpace Page
 <mask>el at Discogs

German record producers
German DJs
Living people
Electronic dance music DJs
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Rico Puestel
Rico Puest
Rico Puest
Rico P
Rico P
Rico P
Rico P
Rico Puest
Rico P
Rico Puest
Rico Puest
Rico Puest
Rico Puest
Rico P
Rico P
Rico P
Rico Puest
Rico
Rico Puest
Rico Puest


texts:
<mask> (born 1975) is a Brazilian-born American contemporary artist who is known for paintings, sculptures, murals, site-specific art installations, and permanent public art. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Curitiba, Brazil in 1975. At the age of nine years old, she started composing small photo-realistic drawings influenced by cartoons, comics and fashion magazines. <mask> moved to San Francisco, California in the 1990s. She has traveled extensively and lived in different cities including Tokyo, Berlin, and New York City, where she has been active as an artist since 2004. During this time, <mask> has been engaged in her studio practice and involved in several exhibitions throughout the U.S., Europe, Latin America, and Southeast Asia. Among many professional accomplishments are her Pollock-Krasner Foundation Award, Sculpture Space residency, Aljira Emerge 10 fellowship, Lower East Side Printshop exhibit, the Bronx Museum of the Arts' Artist in the Marketplace, and Workspace Artist residency at the Jamaica Center for the Arts and Learning Gallery.She made her first solo exhibition debut with Passageways in the Jersey City Museum, opening March 19, 2009. Work

A recurring theme in <mask>'s work is the passage of time and its effect on cultures. She compares the environment and human civilization in a way to make viewers question their relationship with both and thus, define what they expect from their culture and themselves. <mask> mixes influences of Pop Art and Spanish Informalism to create works that draw attention to the strange beauty of unbridled urbanization and pay reverence to architecture as an art form. Her installation art and murals  often include paintings  with augmented surfaces, which encourage the spectator to engage with the art as a three-dimensional subject, sometimes by expanding the images into interactive landscapes. <mask>'s work has been exhibited by the Brooklyn Bridge Park (New York, USA), The Bronx Museum of the Arts (New York, USA), Socrates Sculpture Park (New York, USA), the Basque Museum-Center of Contemporary Art (Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain), Deutsche Bank (New York, USA), the Grand Palais (Paris, France), the Nepal Art Council in (Kathmandu, Nepal), The Museum of Contemporary African Diasporan Arts (New York, USA), and The Jersey City Museum (Jersey City, USA). She was also a celebrated participant in El Museo's Sixth Biennial in New York City, The First AIM Biennial at The Bronx Museum of the Arts, and The Kathmandu International Triennial in Nepal, where she represented her native nation of Brazil.She has been commissioned for large-scale permanent public art projects by the MTA Arts & Design and the department of education in New York. In collaboration with School Construction Authority, in 2019 <mask> began creating permanent public artwork for the SBS Woodhaven median stations commissioned by New York City's department of cultural affairs’ "Percent for Arts Program" as well as her largest and most ambitious sculptural work to date for the Valley Metro Rail System in Phoenix, Arizona. Publications

Book chapters and articles related to <mask>:
 New York's Underground Art Museum MTA Arts and Design, Written by Sandra Bloodworth, William Ayres, foreword by Stanley Tucci, Preface by Thomas F. Prendergast by The Monacelli Press, 2014
 2013 Info En Punto: Nueva obra de Priscila de <mask> para el programa Grey Flag de Artium, May 7, 2014
 El Pais: Un paisaje urbano de Priscila <mask> sobre la fachada, May 7, 2013
 Tsering, Dolker. Nepali Times. Koloring Kathmandu. Page # 650 April 5, 2013
 The Katmandu Post. January at Sattya January 1, 2013
 Hallie, Sekoff.The Huffington Post ArtRio 2012. “The Second Annual Fair Reflects Brazil's Growing Presence In The Contemporary Art World”, September 4, 2012
 Kurchi, Dasgupta. Hyperallergic. “Painting is Alive and Kicking at the Kathmandu International Art Festival", December 20, 2012
 Jessica, Allen. CBS New York, 5 NYC Street Art Murals To See Right Now, July 2, 2012
 Jaime, Rojo. The Huffington Post: "What's New in Bushwick: A Quick Street Art Survey", June 6, 2012
 Holland, Cotter. “The New York Times: Artists Whose Vitality Flows From the Streets”, June 16, 2011
 Amir, H. Fallah.Beautiful Decay Magazine: ”<mask>'s Majestic Brazil”, October 28, 2011
 Eduardo, Graça. O GLOBO: ”Crise econômica e política chamam a atenção em retrospectiva de artistas contemporâneos no Museo del Barrio, em Nova York", Rio de Janeiro, June 24, 2011
 Allison, Meier. Hyperallergic: Bronx Calling: The First AIM Biennial, Review, July 18, 2011
 Gisele, Regatao. Culture WNYC: "Pickles, Turntables and Graffiti at El Museo del Barrio's 'Bienal' of Latino Art”, June 14, 2011
 Marisol, Nieves. Catalogue. “Taking AIM! : The Business of Being an Artist Today", Page 285, October 3, 2011
 Art Paris, Catalogue "Out of Nothing", Paris, France, March 5, 2010
 <mask> <mask> at Praxis.Remezcla. New York, NY, February, 2010
 Benjamin, Genocchio.

masks:
Priscila De Carvalho
De Carvalho
De Carvalho
De Carvalho
De Carvalho
De Carvalho
De Carvalho
De Carvalho
De Carvalho
Carvalho
de Carvalho
Priscila
Priscila
De Carvalho


texts:
<mask> (17 March 1884 – 6 July 1975) was an Australian botanical illustrator, anthropologist, gardener, and activist for Aboriginal rights. <mask> spent much of her life agitating and being a passionate advocate for improved rights and conditions for Australia's Indigenous people. She never married, having lost a 'very dear friend' Harold Southern, a fellow artist who was killed at Gallipoli in 1915. In her later years, <mask> concentrated on botanical pursuits and established the currently named Olive Pink Botanic Garden in Alice Springs. Early life

<mask> was born in Hobart, Tasmania, the eldest child of <mask> and his wife Eveline Fanny Margaret (née Kerr). She received her education from Hobart Girls High School and later studied art at Hobart Technical School under acclaimed artist and sculptor Benjamin Sheppard. In 1909 she joined as staff of the school.Her father died in 1907, and in 1911 she moved with her mother and brother to Perth, Western Australia and then in 1914 to Sydney, offering art lessons both privately and in private girls' schools. In May 1915, she joined the New South Wales Department of Public Works as a tracer having attained a Town Planning Diploma the previous year. Sometime later she moved to the NSW Government Railways and Tramways where she designed various advertising posters. During this period, she developed her artistic skills further by attending classes at the Sydney Art School, one of the most influential art schools in Australia and run by Julian Ashton. Central Australia
In 1926 she holidayed with well-known welfare worker and anthropologist Daisy Bates in remote Ooldea on the edge of the Nullarbor Plain, having her first encounter with Aboriginal culture. In 1930, <mask> found herself retrenched from her government position and with her interest having been piqued by visits to the remote countryside, she travelled to central Australia sketching desert flora. She returned to Sydney and attended lectures in anthropology at the University of Sydney and became secretary to the Anthropological Society of New South Wales.Between 1933 and 1936 she received grants from the Australian National Research Council to work among the Arrernte people near Alice Springs and the Warlpiri people of the Tanami Desert. She published several papers on the Arrernte in 1933 and 1936, but, sensitive to cultural needs, refused to release her work on the Warlpiri. She also met Albert Namatjira during this period and purchased two of his early paintings. The two remained friends until his death in 1959. At this time, <mask> started agitating by writing endless letters to politicians and newspapers to raise the profile and awareness of difficulties faced by Aboriginal people. She strongly criticised government officials, missionaries and pastoralists, making uncompromising demands and constant badgering of politicians which resulted in her being investigated by ASIO as a communist sympathiser. <mask> lived with the remote people for several years, teaching English and other skills and including a failed attempt at establishing a 'secular sanctuary' (or commune) for the Warlpiri people, before moving to Alice Springs to live in 1946.Suffering financial difficulties she lived in huts and a tent on the outskirts of the town living off the proceeds of her home grown fruit and flowers and exhibitions of her artwork as well as a job cleaning the local courthouse. During this period, she met with the artist Sidney Nolan and his wife, with whom she discussed her experiences with the Aborigines. She refused the old age pension and managed to live on an income of approximately £6.00 a week. In 1955 she applied to the Northern Territory administrator for a reservation of about 20 hectares of land on the eastern bank of the Todd River as a flora reserve. The following year the grant was gazetted as the 'Australian Arid Regions Flora Reserve', with assistance from the Minister for the Territories, Sir Paul Hasluck. <mask> was appointed as the 'honorary curator'. Hasluck had considerable correspondence with <mask> over many years.In the Northern Territory Newsletter obituary in 1975 he told the following story:

'At the Arid Zone reserve Miss <mask> planted trees and, with the aid of her Aboriginal helper, watered them and tended them. Each tree bore the name of some prominent citizen and if that citizen fell out of favour with her she ceased to water it. So that if the leaves of 'Mr Archer' were drooping and the leaves of 'Mr Marsh' were bright and green or 'Mr Barclay' was growing vigorously one knew at once what had happened in the handling of her latest request. I visited her on several occasions and could never restrain a curious glance at my tree and felt suitably gratified if I saw that 'Mr Hasluck' was being watered regularly.' Death
<mask> lived in the reserve, assisted by her longtime companion and gardener, Johnny Jambijimba Yannarilyi, until her death, in Alice Springs, Northern Territory, at the age of 91. She died in Alice Springs Hospital and is buried in the Alice Springs Memorial Cemetery, within the Quaker section, a group with which she held close ties throughout her life and close to the Aboriginal section of the cemetery. <mask> was also buried, according to her instructions, with her gravestone facing  west (opposite to others buried there) in order to face the direction of Mount Gillen which she loved.After her death, the botanical garden she built was renamed the Olive Pink Botanic Garden and opened to the public in 1985. A collection of <mask>'s sketches, in pencil and crayon, is held in the University of Tasmania Library to whom she bequeathed most of her art collection. Several Namatjira paintings previously owned by her were bequeathed and are held at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. See also
 List of Australian botanical illustrators

References

Cited

General

Further reading
<mask>: Artist, Activist & Gardener: A Life in Flowers, Gillian Ward, 2018, Australia, Hardie Grant Books

External links
Olive Pink Botanic Garden website
Olive Pink Digital Collection
<mask>, <mask> (1884–1975) in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia

1884 births
1975 deaths
Australian botanists
Botanical illustrators
Australian human rights activists
Women human rights activists
People from Hobart
People from Alice Springs
Australian Quakers
Australian anthropologists
Australian women anthropologists
20th-century Australian painters
Julian Ashton Art School alumni
19th-century Australian women
20th-century Australian women
20th-century anthropologists

masks:
Olive Muriel Pink
Pink
Pink
Pink
Robert Stuart Pink
Pink
Pink
Pink
Pink
Pink
Pink
Olive Pink
Pink
Olive Pink
Olive Pink
Pink
Olive


texts:
<mask>  (15 December 1923 – 28 February 2020) was an English-American theoretical and mathematical physicist, mathematician, and statistician known for his works in quantum field theory, astrophysics, random matrices, mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, and engineering. He was Professor Emeritus in the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Dyson originated several concepts that bear his name, such as Dyson's transform, a fundamental technique in additive number theory, which he developed as part of his proof of Mann's theorem; the Dyson tree, a hypothetical genetically engineered plant capable of growing in a comet; the Dyson series, a perturbative series where each term is represented by Feynman diagrams; the Dyson sphere, a thought experiment that attempts to explain how a space-faring civilization would meet its energy requirements with a hypothetical megastructure that completely encompasses a star and captures a large percentage of its power output; and Dyson's eternal intelligence, a means by which an immortal society of intelligent beings in an open universe could escape the prospect of the heat death of the universe by extending subjective time to infinity while expending only a finite amount of energy. Dyson disagreed with the scientific consensus on climate change. He believed that some of the effects of increased CO levels are favourable and not taken into account by climate scientists, such as increased agricultural yield, and further that the positive benefits of CO likely outweigh the negative effects. He was skeptical about the simulation models used to predict climate change, arguing that political efforts to reduce causes of climate change distract from other global problems that should take priority. Biography

Early life
Dyson was born on 15 December 1923, in Crowthorne in Berkshire, England.He was the son of Mildred () and <mask>. His father, a prominent composer, was later knighted. His mother had a law degree, and after Dyson was born she worked as a social worker. Dyson had one sibling, his older sister, Alice, who remembered him as a boy surrounded by encyclopedias and always calculating on sheets of paper. At the age of four he tried to calculate the number of atoms in the Sun. As a child, he showed an interest in large numbers and in the solar system, and was strongly influenced by the book Men of Mathematics by Eric Temple Bell. Politically, Dyson said he was "brought up as a socialist".From 1936 to 1941 <mask> was a scholar at Winchester College, where his father was Director of Music. At the age of 17 he studied pure mathematics with Abram Besicovitch as his tutor at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he won a scholarship at age 15. During this stay, Dyson also practiced Night climbing on the university buildings, and once walked from Cambridge to London in a single day together with his friend Oscar Hahn, nephew of Kurt Hahn, who was a wheelchair user due to polio. At the age of 19 he was assigned to war work in the Operational Research Section (ORS) of RAF Bomber Command, where he developed analytical methods for calculating the ideal density for bomber formations to help the Royal Air Force bomb German targets during World War II. After the war, <mask> was readmitted to Trinity College, where he obtained a BA degree in mathematics. From 1946 to 1949 he was a fellow of his college, occupying rooms just below those of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, who resigned his professorship in 1947. In 1947 Dyson published two papers in number theory.Friends and colleagues described him as shy and self-effacing, with a contrarian streak that his friends found refreshing but intellectual opponents found exasperating. "I have the sense that when consensus is forming like ice hardening on a lake, Dyson will do his best to chip at the ice", Steven Weinberg said of him. His friend the neurologist and author Oliver Sacks said: "A favourite word of <mask>'s about doing science and being creative is the word 'subversive'. He feels it's rather important not only to be not orthodox, but to be subversive, and he's done that all his life." Career in the United States
On G. I. Taylor's advice and recommendation, Dyson moved to the United States in 1947 as a Commonwealth Fellow for postgraduate study with Hans Bethe at Cornell University (1947–1948). There he made the acquaintance of Richard Feynman. Dyson recognized the brilliance of the flamboyant American and worked with him.He then moved to the Institute for Advanced Study (1948–1949), before returning to England (1949–51), where he was a research fellow at the University of Birmingham. In 1949, <mask> demonstrated the equivalence of two formulations of quantum electrodynamics (QED): Richard Feynman's diagrams and the operator method developed by Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga. He was the first person after their creator to appreciate the power of Feynman diagrams and his paper written in 1948 and published in 1949 was the first to make use of them. He said in that paper that Feynman diagrams were not just a computational tool but a physical theory and developed rules for the diagrams that completely solved the renormalization problem. <mask>'s paper and also his lectures presented Feynman's theories of QED in a form that other physicists could understand, facilitating the physics community's acceptance of Feynman's work. J. Robert Oppenheimer, in particular, was persuaded by Dyson that Feynman's new theory was as valid as Schwinger's and Tomonaga's. Also in 1949, in related work, <mask> invented the Dyson series.It was this paper that inspired John Ward to derive his celebrated Ward–Takahashi identity. <mask> joined the faculty at Cornell as a physics professor in 1951, though he still had no doctorate. In December 1952, Oppenheimer, the director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, offered <mask> a lifetime appointment at the Institute, "for proving me wrong", in Oppenheimer's words. <mask> remained at the Institute until the end of his career. In 1957 he became a US citizen. From 1957 to 1961 <mask> worked on Project Orion, which proposed the possibility of space-flight using nuclear pulse propulsion. A prototype was demonstrated using conventional explosives, but the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty, in which Dyson was involved and which he supported, permitted only underground nuclear weapons testing, and the project was abandoned in 1965.In 1958 <mask> was a member of the design team under Edward Teller for TRIGA, a small, inherently safe nuclear reactor used throughout the world in hospitals and universities for the production of medical isotopes. In 1966, independently of Elliott H. Lieb and Walter Thirring, <mask> and Andrew Lenard published a paper proving that the Pauli exclusion principle plays the main role in the stability of bulk matter. Hence it is not the electromagnetic repulsion between outer-shell orbital electrons that prevents two stacked wood blocks from coalescing into a single piece, but the exclusion principle applied to electrons and protons that generates the classical macroscopic normal force. In condensed matter physics, <mask> also analysed the phase transition of the Ising model in one dimension and spin waves. Dyson also did work in a variety of topics in mathematics, such as topology, analysis, number theory and random matrices In 1973 the number theorist Hugh Lowell Montgomery was visiting the Institute for Advanced Study and had just made his pair correlation conjecture concerning the distribution of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function. He showed his formula to the mathematician Atle Selberg, who said that it looked like something in mathematical physics and that Montgomery should show it to <mask>, which he did. Dyson recognized the formula as the pair correlation function of the Gaussian unitary ensemble, which physicists have studied extensively.This suggested that there might be an unexpected connection between the distribution of primes (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...) and the energy levels in the nuclei of heavy elements such as uranium. Around 1979 <mask> worked with the Institute for Energy Analysis on climate studies. This group, under Alvin Weinberg's direction, pioneered multidisciplinary climate studies, including a strong biology group. Also during the 1970s, <mask> worked on climate studies conducted by the JASON defense advisory group. <mask> retired from the Institute for Advanced Study in 1994. In 1998 he joined the board of the Solar Electric Light Fund. he was president of the Space Studies Institute, the space research organization founded by Gerard K. O'Neill; as of 2013 he was on its board of trustees.<mask> was a longtime member of the JASON group. Dyson won numerous scientific awards, but never a Nobel Prize. Nobel physics laureate Steven Weinberg said that the Nobel committee "fleeced" Dyson, but Dyson remarked in 2009, "I think it's almost true without exception if you want to win a Nobel Prize, you should have a long attention span, get hold of some deep and important problem and stay with it for ten years. That wasn't my style." <mask> was a regular contributor to The New York Review of Books, and published a memoir, Maker of Patterns: An Autobiography Through Letters in 2018. In 2012 <mask> published (with William H. Press) a fundamental new result about the prisoner's dilemma in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. He wrote a foreword to a treatise on psychic phenomena in which he concluded that "ESP is real... but cannot be tested with the clumsy tools of science".Family
Dyson married his first wife, the Swiss mathematician Verena Huber, on 11 August 1950. They had two children, Esther and George, before divorcing in 1958. In November 1958 he married Imme Jung (born 1936) and they had four more children: Dorothy, Mia, Rebecca, and Emily Dyson. Dyson's eldest daughter, Esther, is a digital technology consultant and investor; she has been called "the most influential woman in all the computer world". His son George is a historian of science, one of whose books is Project Orion: The Atomic Spaceship 1957–1965. Death
Dyson died on 28 February 2020 at a hospital near Princeton, New Jersey, from complications following a fall. He was 96.Concepts

Biotechnology and genetic engineering

Dyson admitted his record as a prophet was mixed, but thought it is better to be wrong than vague, and that in meeting the world's material needs, technology must be beautiful and cheap. <mask> coined the term "green technologies", based on biology instead of physics or chemistry, to describe new species of microorganisms and plants designed to meet human needs. He argued that such technologies would be based on solar power rather than the fossil fuels whose use he saw as part of what he calls "gray technologies" of industry. He believed that genetically engineered crops, which he described as green, can help end rural poverty, with a movement based in ethics to end the inequitable distribution of wealth on the planet. The Origin of Life

Dyson favored the dual origin theory: that life first formed as cells, then enzymes, and finally, much later, genes. This was first propounded by the Russian biochemist, Alexander Oparin. J.B. S. Haldane developed the same theory independently. In <mask>'s version of the theory life evolved in two stages, widely separated in time. Because of the biochemistry he regards it as too unlikely that genes could have developed fully blown in one process. Current cells contain adenosine triphosphate or ATP and adenosine 5'-monophosphate or AMP, which greatly resemble each other but have completely different functions. ATP transports energy around the cell, and AMP is part of RNA and the genetic apparatus. <mask> proposed that in a primitive early cell containing ATP and AMP, RNA and replication came into existence only because of the similarity between AMP and RNA. He suggested that AMP was produced when ATP molecules lost two of their phosphate radicals, and then one cell somewhere performed Eigen's experiment and produced RNA.There is no direct evidence for the dual origin theory, because once genes developed, they took over, obliterating all traces of the earlier forms of life. In the first origin, the cells were probably just drops of water held together by surface tension, teeming with enzymes and chemical reactions, and having a primitive kind of growth or replication. When the liquid drop became too big, it split into two drops. Many complex molecules formed in these "little city economies" and the probability that genes would eventually develop in them was much greater than in the prebiotic environment. Dyson sphere

In 1960 <mask> wrote a short paper for the journal Science titled "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation". In it he speculated that a technologically advanced extraterrestrial civilization might surround its native star with artificial structures to maximize the capture of the star's energy. Eventually the civilization would enclose the star, intercepting electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from visible light downward and radiating waste heat outward as infrared radiation.One method of searching for extraterrestrial civilizations would be to look for large objects radiating in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Dyson conceived that such structures would be clouds of asteroid-sized space habitats, though science fiction writers have preferred a solid structure: either way, such an artifact is often called a Dyson sphere, although Dyson used the term "shell". Dyson said that he used the term "artificial biosphere" in the article to mean a

masks:
Freeman John Dyson
George Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Freeman
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson