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<mask> (; 27 June 1941 – 13 March 1996) was a Polish film director and screenwriter. He is known internationally for Dekalog (1989), The Double Life of Veronique (1991), and the Three Colours trilogy (1993
–1994). Kieślowski received numerous awards during his career, including the Cannes Film Festival Jury Prize (1988), FIPRESCI Prize (1988, 1991), and Prize of the Ecumenical Jury (1991); the Venice Film Festival FIPRESCI Prize (1989), Golden Lion (1993), and OCIC Award (1993); and the Berlin International Film Festival Silver Bear (1994). In 1995, he received Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Best Writing. In 2002, Kieślowski was listed at number two on the British Film Institute's Sight & Sound list of the top ten film directors of modern times. In 2007, Total Film magazine ranked him at No. 47 on its "100 Greatest Film Directors Ever" list.Early life

Kieślowski was born in Warsaw, Poland, the son of Barbara (née Szonert) and Roman Kieślowski. He grew up in several small towns, moving wherever his engineer father, a tuberculosis patient, could find treatment. He was raised Roman Catholic and retained what he called a "personal and private" relationship with God. At sixteen, he attended a firefighters' training school but dropped out after three months. Without any career goals, he then entered the College for Theatre Technicians in Warsaw in 1957 because it was run by a relative. He wanted to become a theatre director, but lacked the required bachelor's degree for the theatre department, so he chose to study film as an intermediate step. Career
Leaving college and working as a theatrical tailor, Kieślowski applied to the Łódź Film School, which has Roman Polanski and Andrzej Wajda among its alumni.He was rejected twice. To avoid compulsory military service during this time, he briefly became an art student, and also went on a drastic diet to make himself medically unfit for service. After several months of avoiding the draft, he was accepted to the school's directing department in 1964, on his third attempt. He attended Łódź Film School until 1968 and, despite state censorship and interdiction on foreign travel, was able to travel around Poland for his documentary research and filming. Kieślowski lost his interest in theatre and decided to make documentary films. 1966–1980: Early work
Kieślowski's early documentaries focused on the everyday lives of city dwellers, workers, and soldiers. Though he was not an overtly political filmmaker, he soon found that attempting to depict Polish life accurately brought him into conflict with the authorities.His television film Workers '71, which showed workers discussing the reasons for the mass strikes of 1970, was only shown in a drastically censored form. After Workers '71, he turned his eye on the authorities themselves in Curriculum Vitae, a film that combined documentary footage of Politburo meetings with a fictional story about a man under scrutiny by the officials. Though Kieślowski believed the film's message was anti-authoritarian, he was criticized by his colleagues for cooperating with the government in its production. Kieślowski later said that he abandoned documentary filmmaking due to two experiences:  the censorship of Workers '71, which caused him to doubt whether truth could be told literally under an authoritarian regime, and an incident during the filming of Station (1981) in which some of his footage was nearly used as evidence in a criminal case. He decided that fiction not only allowed more artistic freedom but could portray everyday life more truthfully. 1975–1988: Polish film career
His first non-documentary feature, Personnel (1975), was made for television and won him first prize at the Mannheim Film Festival. Both Personnel and his next feature, The Scar (Blizna), were works of social realism with large casts: Personnel was about technicians working on a stage production, based on his early college experience, and The Scar showed the upheaval of a small town by a poorly-planned industrial project.These films were shot in a documentary style with many nonprofessional actors; like his earlier films, they portrayed everyday life under the weight of an oppressive system, but without overt commentary. Camera Buff (Amator, 1979) (which won the grand prize at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival) and Blind Chance (Przypadek, 1981) continued along similar lines, but focused more on the ethical choices faced by a single character rather than a community. During this period, Kieślowski was considered part of a loose movement with other Polish directors of the time, including Janusz Kijowski, Andrzej Wajda, and Agnieszka Holland, called the Cinema of moral anxiety. His links with these directors, Holland in particular, caused concern within the Polish government, and each of his early films was subjected to censorship and enforced re-shooting/re-editing, if not banned outright. For example, Blind Chance was not released domestically until 1987, almost six years after it had been completed. No End (Bez końca, 1984) was perhaps his most clearly political film, depicting political trials in Poland during martial law, from the unusual point of view of a lawyer's ghost and his widow. At the time it was harshly criticized by both the government, dissidents, and the church.Starting with No End, Kieślowski closely collaborated with two people, the composer Zbigniew Preisner and the trial lawyer <mask> Piesiewicz, whom Kieślowski met while researching political trials under martial law for a planned documentary on the subject. Piesiewicz co-wrote the screenplays for all of Kieślowski's subsequent films. Preisner provided the musical score for No End and most subsequent of Kieślowski's films and often plays a prominent part. Many of Preisner's pieces are referred to and discussed by the films' characters as being the work of the (fictional) Dutch composer "Van den Budenmayer". Dekalog (1988), a series of ten short films set in a Warsaw tower block, each nominally based on one of the Ten Commandments, was created for Polish television with funding from West Germany; it is now one of the most critically acclaimed film cycles of all time. Co-written by Kieślowski and Piesiewicz, the ten one-hour-long episodes had originally been intended for ten different directors, but Kieślowski found himself unable to relinquish control over the project and directed all episodes himself. Episodes five and six were released internationally in a longer form as A Short Film About Killing and A Short Film About Love respectively.Kieślowski had also planned to shoot a full-length version of Episode 9 under the title A Short Film About Jealousy, but exhaustion eventually prevented him from making what would have been his thirteenth film in less than a year. 1990–1994: Commercial success abroad
<mask>'s last four films, his most commercially successful, were foreign co-productions, made mainly with money from France and in particular from Romanian-born producer Marin Karmitz. These focused on moral and metaphysical issues along lines similar to Dekalog and Blind Chance but on a more abstract level, with smaller casts, more internal stories, and less interest in communities. Poland appeared in these films mostly through the eyes of European outsiders. The first of these was The Double Life of Veronique (La double vie de Veronique, 1990), which starred Irène Jacob. The commercial success of this film gave Kieślowski the funding for his ambitious final films (1993–94), the trilogy Three Colours (Blue, White, Red), which explores the virtues symbolized by the French flag. The three films garnered prestigious international awards, including the Golden Lion for Best Film at the Venice Film Festival and the Silver Bear for Best Director at the Berlin Film Festival, in addition to three Academy Award nominations.Kieślowski announced his retirement from filmmaking after the premiere of his last film Red at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival. Posthumous work
At the time of his death, Kieślowski was working with his longterm collaborator Piesiewicz on a second trilogy: Heaven, Hell and Purgatory. After his death, the scripts were adapted and produced by three different directors: Heaven by Tom Tykwer in 2002; Hell ("L'Enfer") by Danis Tanovic in 2005; and Purgatory, not yet produced. Casting
Kieślowski often used the same actors in key roles in his films, including:
 Artur Barciś in No End, Dekalog, A Short Film About Love, and A Short Film About Killing
 Aleksander Bardini in No End, Dekalog, The Double Life of Veronique, and Three Colours: White
 Tadeusz Bradecki in Camera Buff and No End
 Irène Jacob in The Double Life of Veronique and Three Colours: Red
 Bogusław Linda in Blind Chance and Dekalog
 Maria Pakulnis in No End and Dekalog
 Jerzy Stuhr in The Scar, Camera Buff, Blind Chance, Dekalog, and Three Colours: White
 Grażyna Szapołowska in No End, Dekalog, and A Short Film About Love
 Zbigniew Zamachowski in Dekalog, and Three Colours: White
 Janusz Gajos in Dekalog, and Three Colours: White

Personal life
Kieślowski married his lifelong love, Maria (Marysia) Cautillo, on 21 January 1967 during his final year in film school. They had a daughter, Marta ( 8 January 1972), and remained married until his death. He characterized himself as having "one good characteristic, I am a pessimist. I always imagine the worst.To me, the future is a black hole." He has been described as "conveying the sadness of a world-weary sage", "a brooding intellectual and habitual pessimist". Visiting the United States he noted, "the pursuit of empty talk combined with a very high degree

masks:
Krzysztof Kieślowski
Krzysztof
Kieślowski


type: original

texts:
 of self-satisfaction". Death
On 13 March 1996, less than two years after he had retired, Kieślowski died at age 54 during open-heart surgery following a heart attack. He was interred in Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw. His grave has a sculpture of the thumb and forefingers of two hands forming an oblong space; the classic view as if through a film camera. The small sculpture is in black marble on a pedestal slightly over a metre tall.The slab with Kieślowski's name and dates lies below. Legacy

Kieślowski remains one of Europe's most influential directors, his works included in the study of film classes at universities throughout the world. The 1993 book Kieślowski on Kieślowski describes his life and work in his own words, based on interviews by Danusia Stok. He is also the subject of a biographical film, <mask> Kieślowski: I'm So-So (1995), directed by <mask> Wierzbicki. After Kieślowski's death, Harvey Weinstein, then head of Miramax Films, which distributed the last four Kieślowski films in the US, wrote a eulogy for him in Premiere magazine. Though he had claimed to be retiring after Three Colours, at the time of his death, Kieślowski was working on a new trilogy co-written with Piesiewicz, consisting of Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory and inspired by Dante's The Divine Comedy. As was originally intended for Dekalog, the scripts were ostensibly intended to be given to other directors for filming, but Kieślowski's untimely death means it is unknown whether he might have broken his self-imposed retirement to direct the trilogy himself.The only completed screenplay, Heaven, was filmed by Tom Tykwer and premiered in 2002 at the Berlin International Film Festival. The other two scripts existed only as thirty-page treatments at the time of Kieślowski's death; Piesiewicz has since completed these screenplays, with Hell, directed by Bosnian director Danis Tanović and starring Emmanuelle Béart and released in 2005. Purgatory, about a photographer killed in the Bosnian war, remains unproduced. The 2007 film  Nadzieja (Hope), directed by Ibo Kurdo and Stanislaw Mucha, also scripted by Piesiewicz, has been incorrectly identified as the third part of the trilogy, but is in fact, an unrelated project. Jerzy Stuhr, who starred in several Kieślowski films and co-wrote Camera Buff, filmed his own adaptation of an unfilmed Kieślowski script as The Big Animal (Duże zwierzę) in 2000. In an interview given at Oxford University in 1995, Kieślowski said:It comes from a deep-rooted conviction that if there is anything worthwhile doing for the sake of culture, then it is touching on subject matters and situations which link people, and not those that divide people. There are too many things in the world which divide people, such as religion, politics, history, and nationalism.If culture is capable of anything, then it is finding that which unites us all. And there are so many things which unite people. It doesn't matter who you are or who I am, if your tooth aches or mine, it's still the same pain. Feelings are what link people together, because the word 'love' has the same meaning for everybody. Or 'fear', or 'suffering'. We all fear the same way and the same things. And we all love in the same way.That's why I tell about these things, because in all other things I immediately find division. In the foreword to Dekalog: The Ten Commandments, American filmmaker Stanley Kubrick wrote:

In 2012, Cyrus Frisch voted for A Short Film About Killing as one of "the best-damned films" with the comment: "In Poland, this film was instrumental in the abolition of the death penalty." Since 1952, Sight & Sound magazine conducts a poll every ten years of the world's finest film directors to determine the Ten Greatest Films of All Time, which has become the most recognised poll of its kind in the world. Since 2011, the Polish Contemporary Art Foundation In Situ has been organizing The Sokołowsko Film Festival: Hommage à Kieślowski. It is an annual film festival in Sokołowsko, where Kieślowski spent a part of his youth, and commemorates the director's work with screenings of his films, as well as films of younger generations of filmmakers both from Poland and Europe, accompanied by creative workshops, panel discussions, performances, exhibitions and concerts. On June 27, 2021, Google celebrated his 80th birthday with a Google Doodle. The following is a list of awards and nominations earned for his later work.Kieślowski. Paris: Editions Payot and Rivages. .
 Andrew, Geoff (1998). The Three Colours Trilogy. London: BFI Publishing. .
 Attolini, Vito (1998). <mask> Kieślowski. Taranto: Barbieri. .
 Bleeckere, Sylvian de (1994). Levenswaarden en levensverhalen: een studie van de decaloog van Kieślowski.Leuven: Acco. .
 Campan, Véronique (1993). Dix breves histoires d'image: le Decalogue de Krzysztof Kieślowski. Paris: Presses de la Sorbonne nouvelle. .
 Coates, Paul (1999). Lucid Dreams: The Films of <mask> Kieślowski. Wiltshire: Flicks Books. .
 Dalla Rosa, Richard (2003). La fascination des doubles: selon La double vie de Véronique de Krzysztof Kieślowski. Sarreguemines: Edition Pierron. .
 Dzieko'nska, El'zbieta (2002).The best of all worlds: public, personal and inner realms in the films of <mask> Kieślowski. London: University of London (PhD Thesis). Enser, Martha (1995). <mask> Kieślowski: das Gesamtwerk. Wien: Universitat Diplomarbeit. Erbstein, Monika. Untersuchungen zur Filmsprache im Werk von Kryzstof Kieślowski.Alfeld: Coppi Verlag. .
 Esteve, Michel, ed. (1994). <mask> Kieślowski. Paris: Lettres Modernes. .
 Franca, Andrea (1996). Cinema em azul, branco e vermelo: a trilogia de Kieślowski. Rio de Janeiro: Sette Letras.  .
 Fritz, Heiko (2004). Was von der DDR bleibt oder die produzierte Geschichte mit einem Blick auf das filmwerk von <mask> Kieślowski.Oldenberg: Igel Verlag. .
 Furdal, Malgorzata, ed. (2001). Remembering Krzysztof: il cinema di Kieślowski. Udine: Centro espressioni cinematografiche; Pordenone: Cinemazero. Furdal, Malgorzata, Turigliatto, Roberto, eds. (1989). Kieślowski.Torino: Museo nazionale del cinema. Garbowski, Christopher (1996). Krzysztof <mask>'s Decalogue series: the problem of the protagonists and their self-transcendence. Boulder: East European Monographs. .
 Haltof, Marek (2004). The Cinema of Krzysztof Kieślowski: Variations on Destiny and Chance. London: Wallflower Press. (hbk)  (pbk).Insdorf, Annette (2002). Double Lives, Second Chances: The Cinema of Krzysztof Kieślowski. New York: Hyperion Miramax Books. .
 Jazdon, Mikolaj (2002). Dokumenty Kieślowskiego. Pozna'n: Wydawnictwo Pozna'nskie. .
 Kickasola, Joe (2004). The Films of Krzysztof Kieślowski. London: Continuum.(hbk)  (pbk). <mask>, <mask> (1998). Przypadek i inne teksty. Kraków: Znak. .
 <mask>, Krzysztof Piesiewicz, Krzystof (1999). Raj, czyś'ciec, pieklo: [three novels in one case]. Warsaw: Skorpion. (vol 1)  (vol 2)  (vol 3).<mask>, Krzystof; Piesiewicz, Krzystof (1991). The Decalogue: The Ten Commandments. London: Faber and Faber. .
 <mask>, Krzystof; Piesiewicz, Krzystof (1998). Three Colours Trilogy. London: Faber and Faber. .
 Lagorio, Gina (1992). Il decalogo di Kieślowski: ricreazione narritiva. Casale Monferrato: Piemme. .
 Lesch, Walter; Loretan, Matthias, et al.(1993). Das Gewicht der Gebote und die Moglichkeiten der Kunst: <mask> Kieślowskis Dekalog Filme als ethische Modelle. Freiburg, Schweiz: Universitatsverlag; Freiburg: Herder. (Univerlag)  (Herder). Lubelski, Tadeusz, ed. (1997). Kino Krzysztofa Kieślowskiego.Kraków: Universitas. .
 Murri, Serafino (1996). <mask> Kieślowski. Milan: Il Castoro. .
 Rimini, Stefania (2000). L'etica dello sguardo : introduzione al cinema di <mask> Kieślowski. Napoli: Liguori. .
 Ripa di Meana, Gabriella (1998). La morale dell'altro: scritti sull'inconscio dal Decalogo di Kieślowski. Firenze: Liberal libri. .
 Rodriguez Chico, Julio (2004).Azul, Blanco, Rojo : Kieślowski en busca de la libertad y el amor. Madrid: Ediciones Internacionales Universitarias. .
 Simonigh, Chiara (2000). La danza dei miseri destini: il Decalogo di Krzyzstof Kieślowski. Torino: Testo and immagine. .
 Spadaro, Antonio (1999). Lo sguardo presente : una lettura teologica di "Breve film sull'amore" di K. Kieślowski. Rimini: Guaraldi. .
 Stok, Danusia, ed. (1993).<mask> on Kieślowski. London: Faber and Faber. .
 Termine, Laborio (2002). Immagine e rappresentazione. Torino: Testo and immagine. .
 Wach, Margarete (2000). <mask> Kieślowski: kino der moralischen Unruhe. Köln: KIM; Marburg: Schuren. (KIM)  (Schuren).Wilson, Emma (2000). Memory and Survival: The French Cinema of <mask> Kieślowski. Oxford: Legenda. .
 Wizner, Dariusz (2002). Stile cinematografico di <mask> Kieślowski. Roma: Universita Pontificia Salesiana. Thesis. Wollermann, Tobias (2002).Zur musik in der Drei Farben: triologie von <mask> Kieślowski. Osnabrück: Epos Musik. .
 Woodward, Steven, ed. (2009). After Kieślowski: The Legacy of <mask> Kieślowski. Detroit: Wayne State UP. .
 Zawiśliński, Stanislaw, ed. (1996). Kieślowski: album pod redakcja Stanislawa Zawiślińskiego; teksty [by] <mask> Kieślowski ...[et al.].Warsaw: Skorpion. .
 Žižek, Slavoj (2001). The Fright of Real Tears: <mask> Kieślowski Between Theory and Post-Theory. London: BFI Publishing. (hbk)   (pbk). External links

 <mask> Kieślowski at Culture.pl
 Criterion Collection Essay by Colin MacCabe

1941 births
1996 deaths
Łódź Film School alumni
Film people from Warsaw
Polish film directors
Polish documentary filmmakers
Polish screenwriters
Directors of Golden Lion winners
Silver Bear for Best Director recipients
Burials at Powązki Cemetery
French-language film directors
20th-century

masks: Krzysztof Krzysztof Krzysztof Krzysztof Krzysztof Krzysztof Krzysztof Krzysztof Kieślowski Kieślowski Krzysztof Kieślowski Kieślowski Kieślowski Krzysztof Krzysztof Krzysztof Kieślowski Krzysztof Krzysztof Krzysztof Krzysztof Krzysztof Krzysztof Krzysztof Krzysztof


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<mask> (born October 10, 1974) is a former American football assistant coach for the Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) under head coach Joe Paterno until late in the 2011 football season. McQueary was identified as a key witness in the Penn State child sex abuse scandal. Playing career

After a high school career at State College Area High School, McQueary was a quarterback for Penn State from 1994 through 1997. He backed up Kerry Collins in 1994, and backed up Wally Richardson in 1995 and 1996. He started all 12 games as a senior in 1997, leading Penn State to a 9–3 record and a Citrus Bowl bid. In his first college start against Pittsburgh (on September 6), <mask> passed for a then-Penn State record 366 yards in a 34–17 victory over the Panthers. For the season, he completed 146 of 255 passes for 2211 yards and 17 touchdowns (both yards and touchdowns second in the Big Ten to Purdue's Billy Dicken), while tossing 9 interceptions.Coaching career
<mask> returned to Penn State in 2000 following attempts to catch on in the NFL with the Oakland Raiders and in NFL Europe with the Scottish Claymores. His roles on the football coaching staff included graduate assistant coach (2000–2002), administrative assistant (2003), and recruiting coordinator and receivers coach (2004–2011). As recruiting coordinator, McQueary oversaw the recruitment of several high-profile recruits including Justin King, Derrick Williams and Andrew Quarless. On November 11, 2011, Penn State announced McQueary would not be serving as receivers coach in the final home game of the season due to threats against him, and put him on indefinite paid administrative leave. Later that day, The Patriot-News reported that McQueary told his receivers in a conference call that he would no longer be their coach. McQueary later filed a lawsuit seeking up to $4 million in damages from the university for wrongful termination. The trial date was set for October 17, 2016, upon which it opened with testimony by a state prosecutor.The university's action, framed both as wrongful dismissal and for damages in defamation (libel and slander), was seen as such by a jury and <mask> was awarded $7.3 million, including compensatory and punitive damages, on October 27, 2016. Penn State filed an appeal on November 7, 2016, and on November 30, another almost $5 million was ordered payable to McQueary based on a separate charge that his firing was retaliation for whistleblowing. Penn State appealed the verdicts, and <mask> ended his lawsuit in November 2017, after reaching undisclosed settlement terms with the university. Role in sex abuse scandal

McQueary was identified as a key witness in the Penn State child sex abuse scandal. Grand jury testimony alleged McQueary reported to Paterno of witnessing Jerry Sandusky raping a 10-year-old boy in a campus locker room; McQueary first told his father about the incident, then the next day informed Paterno, and then ten days later informed other university officials. According to investigators and legal experts, <mask> was initially not implicated in any wrongdoing because he reported the incident to Paterno. Under Pennsylvania state law of the time, any state employee who learns about an allegation of child abuse was required to report it to his or her immediate supervisor.In this case, McQueary did what he was legally obligated to do by reporting it to his immediate supervisor, Paterno. However, he was criticized for not intervening to protect the boy from Sandusky, as well as for not reporting the incident to police himself. McQueary later said he made sure the observed assault stopped before he left, and that he discussed the incident with police. However, McQueary's claim to have contacted police officials could not be corroborated by either university police or the State College police department. The university senior vice president and others have been charged with perjury for saying that McQueary had reported only horseplay at the time. A prominent Pennsylvania nephrologist says that he was present when McQueary described the incident to his father and the description mentioned hearing but not seeing "rhythmic slapping sounds" in the other room, seeing Sandusky put his hand around the child's waist and later emerging wearing a towel. <mask>'s testimony for the preliminary perjury trial indicates that he heard 'two or three' slapping sounds before entering the locker room, and later saw Sandusky with his arms around the child's waist while hearing 'more than one' of the showerheads running and saw that the child's hair 'was wet'; although he did not see any sexual contact of hands or genitals or any evidence of arousal, just from the positions of the bodies he knew it was 'over the line' and 'extremely sexual' and 'some sort of intercourse' was taking place, and that he tried to explain what he had seen to Coach Paterno by using the word 'fondling.'Pennsylvania governor Tom Corbett, who as state attorney general opened the grand jury investigation, has said that McQueary "met the minimum obligation in reporting it up, but did not in my opinion meet a moral obligation that all of us would have." It has been speculated that he was still employed because he was protected by Pennsylvania's whistleblower law. Personal life
As of March 2014, he was separated from his wife Barbara, who was living in Virginia with their daughter, then 4 years old. McQueary has an older brother, John II. Their father, physician John Sr, has described theirs as "an unusually close family", having been close before the sex abuse scandal and more so after it became so well known. In April 2017, McQueary was among several passersby who came to the aid of an elderly woman who was a victim of an automobile crash near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. References

External links
 Grand Jury presentment against Sandusky citing a "graduate assistant" (presumably McQueary) as a witness for Victim 2, and their finding "the graduate assistant's testimony to be extremely credible" (Archive)

1974 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
American whistleblowers
Penn State Nittany Lions football coaches
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
People from State College, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Durham, North Carolina

masks:
Michael Jacob McQueary
McQueary
McQueary
McQueary
McQueary
McQueary
Mike McQueary


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<mask> (; 15 April 1936 – 13 November 2019), nicknamed "Pou-Pou" (), was a French professional racing cyclist, who rode for  his entire career. His career was distinguished, despite coinciding with two great riders - Jacques Anquetil and Eddy Merckx. This underdog position may have been the reason <mask> was a favourite of the public. He was known as "The Eternal Second", because he never won the Tour de France despite finishing in second place three times, and in third place five times (including his final Tour at the age of 40). Despite his consistency, he never once wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification in 14 Tours, of which he completed 12. He did win one Grand Tour, the 1964 Vuelta a España. Of the eighteen Grand Tours that he entered in his career, he finished in the top 10 fifteen times.Early life and amateur career
<mask> was the son of Martial and <mask>, small farmers outside the hamlet of Masbaraud-Mérignat, where the Creuse region east of Limoges meets the département of Haute-Vienne. Poulidor began working on the farm where, he remembered, "the soil was poor and we had to work hard; farming incomes were poor." The need for working hands on the farm meant he left school at 14 even though he wanted to continue his studies. Local entertainment went little further than village fairs, with coconut shies, sack-races, competitions for bottles of home-made jam... and inter-village cycle races. <mask> continued to help out on his parents' farm even after he turned professional. <mask> was given his first bike by a local shop owner at the age of 14. He started racing bicycles at the age of 16, picking up the interest from the magazine Miroir-Sprint given to him by one of his school teachers.He initially hid his passion from his mother, who was afraid of the dangers the sport entailed. It was only when <mask> was taken into the army for compulsory national service in 1955 that he first travelled in a train. Pierre Chany, a French reporter who followed 49 Tours de France, drew the comparison with <mask>'s eventual rival, Jacques Anquetil: by the time <mask> first stepped into a train, Anquetil had already been to Helsinki, ridden the Olympic Games, won a medal for France, turned professional and won the Grand Prix des Nations. Yet there was less than two years between them. The army sent <mask> to the war then going on in Algeria, where he worked as a driver and put on 12 kg through lack of exercise. In 1960 he dedicated himself to cycling again and lost the weight in a month. He won his first race after army service by six minutes.When he then came second in the GP de Peyrat-le-Château and won 80,000 old francs, he calculated that he had won more in one race than he would have earned in six years on the farm. Professional career
<mask> turned professional in 1960 with the Mercier team, directed by former Tour winner Antonin Magne. Magne offered Poulidor 25,000 old francs a month. <mask> asked for 30,000. Magne countered that that was more than he paid Gauthier and Louis Privat and refused. Later, aware that he had a rival for Anquetil, he conceded. In just his second season, <mask> won Milan–San Remo, one of cycling's "monument classics".from the finish, he was about to abandon after he suffered a puncture and was two minutes behind the leading riders. Magne convinced him to continue and <mask> bridged the gap. On the climb of the Capo Berta, he attacked, joined by Albertus Geldermans and teammate Jean-Claude Annaert, who set the tempo until they reached the foot of the final climb, the Poggio. Here, <mask> attacked again and opened a gap. Despite being guided in the wrong direction by a police man in the final corner, he was able to hold off the chasing field by three seconds to take the victory. Also in 1961, he became French road race champion. The Anquetil years

<mask>'s rivalry with Anquetil is a legend in cycling.While a good climber, <mask> had a hard time matching Anquetil in the individual time trial, often having victory snatched from him by losing time in time-trial stages of the Tour de France. <mask>'s riding style was aggressive and attacking, whereas Anquetil preferred to control the race in the mountains and win time in the time-trials. <mask> became the darling of the French public, to the ire of Anquetil. <mask>'s mid-France upbringing and his slow Limousin speech also contrasted with Anquetil's northern background and sharper accent. <mask>'s face was deeply tanned and furrowed; Anquetil had high cheekbones, a smoother face and brushed-up blond hair. <mask>'s best chance of defeating Anquetil came in the 1964 Tour de France, in the finish on the Puy de Dôme. Anquetil rode beside <mask> but both were so exhausted that only in the last few hundred metres could <mask> take nearly enough time to threaten Anquetil's first place in the general classification.The Tour organiser, Jacques Goddet, was behind the pair as they turned off the main road and climbed through what police estimated as half a million spectators. Anquetil rode on the inside by the mountain wall while <mask> took the outer edge by the precipice. They could sometimes feel the other's hot gasps on their bare arms. At the end, Anquetil cracked, after a battle of wills and legs so intense that at times they banged elbows. <mask> says he was so tired that he has no memory of the two touching, although a photograph shows that they did. Of Anquetil, the veteran French reporter Pierre Chany wrote: "His face, until then purple, lost all its colour; the sweat ran down in drops through the creases of his cheeks." Anquetil was only semiconscious, he said.<mask> gained time but when they reached Paris, Anquetil still had a 55-second lead and won his last Tour de France thanks to the time-trial on the final day. Anquetil-<mask>: the social significance
Anquetil unfailingly beat <mask> in the Tour de France and yet <mask> remained the more popular. "The more unlucky I was, the more the public liked me and the more money I earned", he said. Divisions between fans became marked, which two sociologists studying the impact of the Tour on French society say became emblematic of France old and new. Research showed that more than 4,000 newspaper articles appeared about him in France in just 1974 and that no other rider "had ever incited so many sociological investigations, so many university theses, seeking to find the cause of his prodigious popularity." Poupou, the nickname
<mask>'s original nickname was Pouli. It was Émile Besson of the daily newspaper L'Humanité who first wrote of Poupou.The name was taken up throughout France, leading to headlines such as "Poupoularité" in L'Équipe. A poupée is a doll and the nickname hints at that and follows the French tradition of repeating the first syllable of a word in childspeak. <mask> never liked the name but accepted it. The Merckx years

The end of the Anquetil era presented opportunities for <mask> to finally win the Tour de France. This was not to be due to injuries in 1967 and 1968, and the arrival of Eddy Merckx in 1969. <mask> was no match for Merckx, although he offered much resistance. In the 1973 Tour <mask> almost lost his life on the descent from the Col de Portet d'Aspet when he plunged into a ravine, taking a serious blow to the head and crawling out with the help of the race director, Jacques Goddet.Poulidor and Dr Mabuse
Antonin Magne remained manager of Poulidor's Mercier team until 1970, when he was replaced by another former rider, Louis Caput. Caput brought with him as deputy directeur sportif a man who described himself as a homeopath, Bernard Sainz. Sainz is known in cycling as Dr Mabuse, after a pulp-fiction character created by Norbert Jacques. Mabuse is a criminal mastermind who becomes rich through hypnotic powers. He plots to take over the world but is foiled by the police. From his cell he masterminds criminal plots by writing endless gibberish. Sainz recognises the nickname and used it in the name of his autobiography.Sainz is a former velodrome rider of national level who stopped racing after a fall and became involved in horse racing, where he was twice convicted of maltreating horses. It was in horse-racing, where he turned unremarkable animals into champions, that he acquired his nickname. He has been repeatedly investigated by police and has been convicted of illegally practising medicine and incitement to doping. Sainz claims that he only engages in homeopathic treatment, though whatever methods he engages in are effective, casting doubt on this claim. Louis Caput approached Edmond Mercier, the bicycle-maker behind Poulidor's team, and asked to bring Sainz into the team management. Mercier agreed, said Sainz, because he was already treating Mercier for his own health problems. Mercier had also brought in the insurance company, GAN, as main sponsor.GAN, said Sainz, demanded that <mask> be in the team photo even if all he did was train with the team at the start of the season. In 1971 <mask> had decided against riding any more. The tactic, Sainz said, was bluff, to increase his motivation. In Paris–Nice, the first important stage race of the season, <mask> was 22 seconds behind Eddy Merckx on the morning of the last day. <mask> attacked from the start, setting a speed record on the Col de la Turbie that stood for more than 10 years and won Paris–Nice by two seconds. Next year he won Paris–Nice again and also the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré. Drug testing
<mask> was the first rider to be tested for drugs in the Tour de France.Testers arrived at the Tour for the first time in 1966, in Bordeaux, although only after word had spread and many riders had left their hotels. The first competitor they found was <mask>. A few other riders were found, including Rik Van Looy, and some obliged and others refused. Next morning, the race left the city on the way to the Pyrenees and stopped in the suburb of Gradignan, in the university area of La House. The riders climbed off and began walking, shouting protests in general and in particular abuse at the race doctor, Pierre Dumas, whom some demanded should also take a test to see if he'd been drinking wine or taking aspirin to make his own job easier. Riders also criticised <mask> for accepting to be tested. He dismissed their protests and stayed at the back of the strike.Other prominent riders, including Jacques Anquetil, were at the front. <mask> said his indifference to the controls and the strike harmed his relations with fellow riders. "After that, they did me no favours in the peloton", he said. Retirement and death

<mask> has several times accepted that his career was handicapped by a lack of ambition and by the psychological domination of Jacques Anquetil. <mask> said in an interview in 1992: I knew straight away that I was getting places everywhere. I got all the leaders' jerseys but I used to lose them. Tonin [Magne] said to me "<mask>, you're always in a daydream!"And was that true? Were you distracted? It was true. I thought what was happening to me was already marvellous enough. I never thought of winning. Never, ever, did I get up in the morning with the idea of winning! On 25 January 1973 <mask> was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur.In 2003 the President, Jacques Chirac increased the award. <mask> also has a rose named after him, reflecting his love of gardening in general and roses in particular. He lived with his wife Gisèle in Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat, east of Limoges, where he made short trips on his mountain bike. Their daughter, Corinne, is married to the former world cyclo-cross champion and Tour of Flanders winner Adri van der Poel. His grandsons David and Mathieu are also cyclists. Mathieu van der Poel became cyclo-cross world champion himself in the junior race in Koksijde in 2012 (Koksijde) and in 2013 in Louisville, and with the Elite in 2015 (Tábor), 2019 (Bogense), 2020 (Dübendorf) and 2021 (Ostend). Mathieu has also had great success on the road with his most highly regarded victories including the Amstel Gold Race in 2019, the Tour of Flanders in 2020, and stage 2 of the 2021 Tour de France where he dedicated his win and yellow jersey to his grandfather.<mask> worked in public relations for Crédit Lyonnais, sponsor of the yellow jersey, during the Tour. He had bicycles made under his name by the France-Loire company, and has appeared in television commercials aimed at older people. When asked about his longevity compared to fellow cyclists, <mask> said he took things in moderation and did not overstretch himself. <mask> has written several biographies, the first of which was Gloire sans le Maillot Jaune, written in 1964. Poulidor Intime was published in May 2007 by Éditions Jacob-Duvernet in France. In 2004 he helped write Poulidor par <mask> with the radio reporter Jean-Paul Brouchon. The preface is by Eddy Merckx.On 13 November 2019, <mask> died in Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat. He had been in a hospital for two months prior, having suffered from heart problems.

masks:
Raymond Poulidor
Poulidor
Raymond Poulidor
Maria Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Raymond Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Raymond
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Raymond Poulidor
Raymond Poulidor


texts:
Archbishop <mask> (secular name <mask>, ; April 17, 1925 – April 15, 2008) was the Archbishop of Sitka and Alaska from 1973 to 1995, and author of books on Theology and Eastern Orthodoxy in North America in both Russian and English. He was a key figure in the establishment and elevation of what is now St. Herman's Orthodox Theological Seminary, and served as episcopal moderator of the Department of History and Archives and chairman of the Canonization Commission for the Orthodox Church in America. Early life
He was born <mask> in Kyiv, Ukraine to Archpriest Sergei and <mask>, as one of five other children: Boris, Ariadna, Michael, Nina, and Sergei. George's maternal grandfather was Russian New Martyr and Priest Michael Jedlinsky. Because of religious persecution, times were dangerous for the <mask> family. At one point, George's father was the only functioning priest in Kyiv, with his mother single-handedly baking all the prosphora and George carrying them to church with his siblings. In 1937, his grandfather was executed during the Soviet anti-religious campaigns.With the advent of the Second World War and subsequent occupation of Ukraine by Axis troops, George was separated from his family at 17 and taken by the Nazis to work in a labor camp. After the War, in 1949, he received his bachelor's degree from the Real Gymnasium of Wendling, Austria, and emigrated to the United States to live with his uncle, noted religious composer and conductor Nicholas P. Afonsky. America
George began serving as choir conductor and psalm-reader for various Orthodox parishes in the New Jersey-Connecticut area. Graduating from Hofstra University, George entered St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, from which he graduated in 1965. In the same year, he was ordained as a deacon, then elevated to Priest, and was assigned to the St. Sergius Chapel at the Metropolitan's Chancery in Syosset, New York, functioning also as Church archivist until 1971. Continuing his education, Fr. George received first a bachelor's, and then a master's degree in theology from St. Sergius Seminary (in 1968 and 1970, respectively); and at the same time a Master of Arts from Hoftra with a candidacy in theology.In 1971, Fr. George was sent to St. Nicholas Church in Portland, Oregon as rector. In 1973, he was elected Bishop to the Diocese of Sitka and Alaska. He became a tonsured monk at St. Tikhon Orthodox Monastery, becoming renamed for St. <mask> the Theologian, and quickly elevated therefrom to the ranks of Archpriest and then Archmandrite. Alaska
Archmandrite <mask> was sent to Juneau and then Kenai, where he was introduced to the Diocesan Council and St. Herman's Pastoral School established a year earlier by Archpriest Joseph P. Kreta and Archpriest Paul Merculief. Consecration took place at St. Michael's Cathedral on May 13 in Sitka by Metropolitan Ireney (Bekish), Archbishop Kiprian (Borisevich), and Bishop Theodosius (Lazor), along with most of the 17 priests of the Diocese. It was the first time a bishop was consecrated in Alaska, and also for Alaska.The event was broadcast on statewide radio. Bishop <mask> was key in the growth of St. Herman's Pastoral School, moving it soon to Kodiak, and by 1976 it being elevated to a Theological Seminary. Throughout his term as Alaskan Hierarch, Bishop <mask> taught in the Seminary as a professor of Alaska Church History, Dogmatic Theology, and Canon Law. He served an important role in revitalizing the local Orthodox community, attending the annual Kushkokwim and Yukon Conferences, and later the to-be-established Nushagak and Iliamna Conferences as well. Within four years of his ordination, Bishop <mask> had visited them all of the 87 parishes and communities, making sure to travel to at least 10-15 each year. By 1993, he had ordained 25 priests, 5 deacons, tonsured various readers, and established new parishes via the construction of new churches and chapels or the replacement of old ones. He believed his Episcopacy in Alaska to be a gift from God, saying he had no other life but that dedicated to the Orthodox Church in Alaska.After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Bishop <mask> was reunited with his brother Sergei, still living in Kyiv, and gained the possibility to travel to both Ukraine and Russia. On March 23, 1995, he was elevated to the rank of Archbishop by the Holy Synod, but on July 20 he retired due to failing health, leaving his post as the longest-reigning hierarch of the Alaskan Diocese. He spent his final years living in Jackson Township, New Jersey, living amongst the Russian-American Community of the Nativity of the Holy Virgin Church. Death
After a period of declining health, Archbishop <mask> died on April 15, 2008, a couple of days before his 83rd birthday. The next day a memorial service was held in Sitka by Bishop Nikolai (Soraich), and a Litany of Requiem was performed during the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts in the Church of St. Catherine the Great Martyr in-the-Fields in the Zamoskvorechie suburb of Moscow by Archmandrite Zacchaeus (Wood) and Priest Vadim Leonov. The Archbishop's funeral services were presided over by Rector Archpriest John Prokopiuk, along with Bishop Tikhon (Mollard) of Philadelphia and Eastern Pennsylvania on the evening of the 18th, and by Metropolitan Herman (Swaiko) of All America and Canada for interment on the 19th, the holiday of Lazarus Saturday. Also present were clergy and faithful of the Archbishop's former Alaskan flock.He is buried in the surrounding St. Vladimir's Russian Orthodox Cemetery, to the left of the church and behind the former grave site of Russian Civil War hero General Anton Ivanovich Denikin. Selected bibliography
Православное учение о епископе: догматическое, святоотеческое, каноническое (1968) (as Fr. George Afonsky)
A History of the Orthodox Church in Alaska, 1794-1917 (1977)
A History of the Orthodox Church in America, 1917-1934 (1994)
 Christ and the Church: In Orthodox Teaching and Tradition (2001) (text preview)
Иисус Христос и Его Церковь (2002)
Введение в Каноническое Право Православной Церкви: по учению отечественной канонической школы XIX-XX веков (2001)

See also
Orthodox Church in America
Bibliography of Eastern Orthodoxy in America

References

External links
 Rev Fr Archbishop <mask> (1925-2008) Find A Grave memorial
 OrthodoxWiki Article

1925 births
2008 deaths
American people of Russian descent
Bishops in Alaska
Bishops of the Orthodox Church in America
20th-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
Eastern Orthodoxy in Alaska
Religious leaders from Kyiv
Soviet emigrants to the United States
20th-century American clergy

masks:
Gregory
George Sergeyevich Afonsky
George Sergeievich Afonsky
Matushka Vera Afonsky
Afonsky Jedlinsky
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Afonsky


texts:
<mask> (11 May 192528 August 2012) was an English educator, author and Conservative politician who served as Member of Parliament for Brent North. He was knighted and made a member of the Privy Council in 1987. Early life
Born in Haslingden, Lancashire, the son of Alderman <mask> MBE JP, <mask> was educated at Haslingden Grammar School, University College Cardiff, the University of Manchester, the London School of Economics, and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He was awarded a PhD in 1967 by London University, his thesis being on Henry Ashworth, a Victorian Lancashire cotton manufacturer, brother-in-law of Richard Cobden and a Radical campaigner who also had a reputation as a model employer. It was published in 1970 by Oxford University Press as The Ashworth Cotton Enterprise. The Rise and Fall of a Factory Firm. 1818–1880.Early career
Called up towards the end of the Second World War, Boyson served with the Royal Navy, based in India at the time of Independence, and from his late-20s, he was a Methodist lay preacher. He became a teacher in 1950, and later a head teacher, first at Lea Bank Secondary Modern School in Cloughfold, Rossendale (1955–61), then at Robert Montefiore Secondary School, Stepney, London (1961–66), and finally from 1967 to 1974 at Highbury Grove School, a new all-boys' comprehensive in Islington, North London, of which he was the founding head teacher; in this capacity, and subsequently as an MP, he was outspoken in support of the retention of corporal punishment in British schools. He opposed what he perceived to be lax discipline, both in modern education and in the wider society, and at Highbury Grove he introduced an unfashionably traditional regime, with strictly enforced uniforms, caning for misbehaviour, and a house system. He claimed in his book that this proved so popular with local parents that the school was consistently oversubscribed. From 1957 to 1961 <mask> was a Labour councillor in Haslingden, where his father was at that time a Labour alderman and had been a trade union secretary. His father was a cotton spinner, and had been imprisoned as a conscientious objector in the First World War. <mask> left the Labour Party in 1964, joining the Conservative Party three years later.He later wrote:

My own move to Conservative party membership arose from the effect of my research into the cotton industry and the Manchester school of liberal economic philosophy. Here was a body of men who believed that a free enterprise economy was not only efficient but brought moral growth to all men. The employer risked his capital on his judgement and must care for his workers as part of his stock in trade, and the workers would be enabled to become prosperous and through their own industry, thrift and moral courage could establish their own business enterprises and their personal independence to the advantage of themselves, their families and society. Cobden had a moral view of society and believed that free enterprise would not only bring prosperity but social harmony at home and peace abroad within a system of universal free trade. In 1977 he was co-author (with Brian Cox) of one of the series of Black Papers on education, criticising many aspects of the comprehensive schools system. Boyson was a severe critic of what he regarded as the influence of "mindless sociologists" who produced "mush which has corrupted the national character", noting in 1978 that; "it has not gone unnoticed that crime has increased parallel with the number of social workers". The Daily Mirror responded with an editorial comment "that crime has also increased parallel with speeches from Dr. Boyson".He served as chairman of the National Council for Educational Standards. Parliamentary career

Having stood unsuccessfully at Eccles in 1970, <mask> was first elected to the House of Commons in February 1974 for Brent North, and was Parliamentary Under-Secretary at the Department of Education and Science 1979–1983. In this capacity he sought to uphold schools' right to use the cane, and was nicknamed the "Minister for Flogging" by the anti-corporal-punishment campaign STOPP. He was Minister of State for Social Security 1983–1984, for Northern Ireland 1984–1986 and for Local Government 1986–1987. Boyson was homophobic, a strong opponent of homosexuality and a supporter of Section 28. He said:It is wrong biblically, is homosexuality. It is unnatural.AIDS is part of the fruits of the permissive society. The regular one-man, one-woman marriage would not put us at risk in this way. If we could wipe out homosexual practices, then Aids would die out. <mask> was a supporter of the Conservative Monday Club and frequently addressed them. At the Conservative Party Annual Conference at Blackpool on 10 October 1991 he was the principal speaker at a Club fringe meeting on the subject of A Conservative Revolution in Education. In 1994 he appeared on the BBC topical panel TV show Have I Got News for You. He also appeared on Brass Eye and was an early interviewee of Ali G.

<mask> lost his Brent North seat in the Labour landslide of 1997, his 24% majority turning to a 10% majority for the opposition, partly because of his perceived lack of commitment to the campaign to retain Edgware General Hospital; in 2001, the seat, no longer contested by Boyson, swung a further 9% to Labour.Personal life
Distinctive personal features were his mutton chop whiskers and strong Lancashire accent. The whiskers dated from an occasion when he rebuked pupils for having long hair at the school where he was headmaster: the students retorted jokingly, "Why don't you grow your hair, Sir, if we cut ours." In 2007, he received an honorary degree from the University of Buckingham. Boyson married Violet Burletson in 1946, and they had two daughters. The couple divorced in 1971, after which he married Florette MacFarlane, a teacher. He and his second wife lived in Pinner, northwest London, until he moved into Cedar House nursing home in Harefield, where he died aged 87. He left more than £2,000,000 in his will, the majority of it going to his widow.She died in 2018. References

Further reading
 <mask>, <mask>, Centre Forward – A Radical Conservative Programme, Temple Smith, London, 1978. <mask>, Rhodes, Oversubscribed: The Story of Highbury Grove School, Ward Lock Educational, London, 1974. <mask>, Rhodes, Speaking My Mind, Peter Owen, London, 1995. Dod's Parliamentary Companion 1991, 172 edition, East Sussex, . External links

|-

1925 births
2012 deaths
Alumni of Cardiff University
Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Councillors in Lancashire
English Methodists
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People from Haslingden
People educated at Haslingden Grammar School
Politics of the London Borough of Brent
Politicians awarded knighthoods
Heads of schools in England
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
Labour Party (UK) councillors
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Conservative Party (UK) councillors
Northern Ireland Office junior ministers
Schoolteachers from Lancashire

masks:
Sir Rhodes Boyson
William Boyson
Rhodes Boyson
Boyson
Boyson
Boyson
Boyson
Boyson
Boyson
Rhodes
Boyson
Boyson


texts:
<mask>
(1530–1585)
<mask>, the eldest son of Rowland Eustace, 2nd Viscount Baltinglass and Joan, daughter of <mask>, 8th Baron Dunboyne. He was born in 1530 and died in Spain in 1585. Baltinglass's family was traditionally associated with the FitzGerald family, the earls of Kildare, but prudently remained loyal to Henry VIII during the "Silken Thomas" Rebellion of 1534–35. For their loyalty they were granted additional lands. Later in the 1540s Thomas FitzEustace, <mask>'s grandfather, was created first Viscount Baltinglass by a grateful king. But like many other old English Pale families, the FitzEustaces later became disillusioned. Baltinglass's circle included Pale families of Plunkett, Dillon, Aylmer, Fitzsimon, Sedgrave and Nugent.Within this circle discontent increased and the Baltinglass revolt was first conceived. Previously for airing his views <mask> had earned a night in jail, a sermon, a fine and the lasting enmity of Archbishop Adam Loftus of Dublin. <mask> was educated at Grey's Inn, the most prestigious of the Inns of Court in London, and lived in Rome during the 1570s. <mask> had as his tutor an influential priest, Sir Norman Eustace and became a fervent Catholic who regarded Queen Elizabeth I as an illegitimate heretic. Generally the government viewed <mask> as misguided, but not a threat. They were even dismissive of him, which echoed ironically after his revolt broke. Marriage
He married Mary Travers, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Henry Travers of Monkstown Castle, only child of Sir John Travers, by Genet Preston, but they had no children.Henry predeceased his father. Mary died in 1610, having married secondly, in 1587, Sir Gerald Aylmer, Bart., of Donadea, a Catholic loyalist, repeatedly imprisoned, but finally released and knighted, by Elizabeth I and created baronet by <mask> of England. Sir John Travers of Monkstown (Carrickbrennan), Co. Dublin, was a connection of the Earl of Kildare. He was Master of the Ordnance and a Groom of the Chambers. He married Genet Preston, and during the period 1545 to 1551 received many grants of land, including Rathmore and part of Haynestown (east of Naas), Tomogue, and estates in Co. Carlow. In 1589 Mary petitioned for the return of part of her lands, which must have been extensive. With the assistance of Sir Gerald Aylmer, whom she later married, she obtained the re-possession of the Preceptory of Killerig, Co. Carlow.Soon after her death in 1610 this estate was shared between several grantees, but mainly Monkstown and its estates in seven counties were left to Henry Cheevers, her sister Katherine's second son. Rebellion

<mask> knew that he lacked the necessary military muscle, a suitable operational base and martial experience to be successful. He knew that if he acted independently, his revolt would be crushed easily. Baltinglass's partner in rebellion was Feagh - the son of Hugh Mac Shane O'Byrne who had at one time inflicted defeat on Roland FitzEustace, Baltinglass's father, in a border encounter to be celebrated in verse eulogizing Hugh's military prowess. This did not, however, prevent the alliance of their sons. Feagh O'Byrne and Baltinglass proved useful partners in rebellion, each bringing different qualities and assets beneficial to the rebellion's initial success. Feagh provided the military leadership and drew to his standard much of Gaelic Leinster who viewed him as their protector.Baltinglass's championing of the Catholic cause gave the revolt the extra dimension which the government so feared. Without <mask>'s involvement and the Catholic element to the revolt, the uprising would have been looked upon purely as a Gaelic outbreak. It would not have received any significant aid from Catholic Palesmen. The coming together of the pragmatic Gaelic malcontent and the idealistic Catholic magnate was a new and dangerous development in the history of rebellion against the Crown in Ireland. What this union symbolized is what frightened the government. It was a sign of things to come. In 1576, before the death of his father, <mask> lodged complaints against the persecution of Catholics and illegal taxation of the Lord Deputy, Sir Henry Sydney.He and other leading Catholics were imprisoned in 1577, and he was released only just in time to assume his title the next year. Much of their resentment was directed against policies pursued by the Elizabethan officials. To finance military campaigns against Gaelic lords and rebellious Anglo-Irish magnates, the government levied a military tax, known as the cess, upon Palesmen. Troops were also billeted upon their lands. This drew increasingly vociferous complaints from both the Pale's gentry and the towns' merchants. Before Baltinglass's rebellion their discontent was rife. This Pale community opposed government demands on their assets to maintain its military policy.Viscount Roland, <mask>'s father, was a prominent leader. With other leaders, he was imprisoned in the closing years of the 1570s by the Elizabethan administration who viewed their opposition as little short of treason. Such action on the government's part only increased its unpopularity. The predominant Pale faith was Catholic. In Catholic eyes there was a growing threat from the Protestant-dominated government, a perception supported by their marked decline in participation within the kingdom's government. English-born Protestants increasingly occupied positions of authority. These government officers found the concept of being Catholic and loyal irreconcilable.Tension was fuelled by Pius V's excommunication of Elizabeth in 1570. With growing regularity sons of Catholic Pale families withdrew from English universities and pursued their education in Catholic Europe. Within the walls of these continental colleges, Catholic Counter-Reformation dogma and doctrine dominated. Young Palesmen were profoundly affected by their exposure. Their education made them more militant on their return. In 1579, Gerald FitzGerald, 15th Earl of Desmond, took up arms in Munster for a second time against the Queen, in the so-called Second Desmond Rebellion. Elizabeth I appointed Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond to deal with the rebellion.This he eventually did, but with ruthless and terrible severity. During the summer of 1580, <mask>, Viscount Baltinglass, apparently prompted almost entirely by religious motives, collected rebel forces in County Wicklow, with the goal to assist Desmond. His allies included many influential Catholics, some of them his own relatives, and large numbers of Irish clansmen led by Fiach McHugh O'Byrne. News of this soon reached the ears of Ormonde, <mask>'s brother-in-law, (Edmund Butler, brother of the Earl of Ormonde, had married Eleanor Eustace, Baltinglass's sister) who must have sent him a severe warning, for we have Baltinglass's defiant reply, later produced in evidence against him. At first the revolt was remarkably successful, and on 25 August 1580, a severe defeat was inflicted upon the troops of the Lord Deputy at the Pass of Glenmalure in the Wicklow Mountains on the Baltinglass lands. The Annals of the Four Masters states that "the entire extent of country from the Slaney to the Shannon and from the Boyne to the meeting of the Three Waters became one scene of strife and dissension". But <mask> never coordinated his efforts with those of Desmond, and in any case had started too late.There was desultory fighting for nearly a year, but with no large engagement, and the Baltinglass troops overran a large area doing great damage, but were then hopelessly overpowered. A force of Spaniards and Italians had landed at Smerwick, Co. Kerry, in order to assist the Catholic cause, but when they had completed the long march of 150 miles to Naas were taken prisoner and were massacred. The scene of this massacre, on the southern edge of the town, is still called Spaniards Cross or Foad Spaniagh. Defeat & Exile
Baltinglass and his followers were outlawed and forty-five of them were hanged in Dublin. <mask> escaped to Munster, where Desmond was still in revolt, and thence to Spain. He was well received, and only just failed to persuade King Philip II of Spain to provide sufficient troops and ships to invade Ireland. He died there childless in 1585.The fates of his five brothers were as follows:
1.Edmund Eustace had married Frances, daughter of Robert Pipho, and secondly Joan, daughter of Richard Walsh of Carrickmines, who afterwards married Dermot Kavanagh of Knockangary. In 1583 he escaped to Scotland and thence to Spain, where he was created "4th Viscount" by the Pope. He served against England in the Armada in 1588, and died in Portugal in 1594. 2. Thomas Eustace was executed in 1582. 3. William Eustace was certainly believed to have been slain in battle in 1581, for it was officially reported to Sir Francis Walsingham, Secretary of State in London, "Head of William Eustace, another of the Baltinglass brethren, taken this morning."It is, possible however that this report was untrue and that he was the ancestor of the Eustaces of Robertstown whose distinguished line will be dealt with later. The Complete Peerage reports that William (4th son) was "slain in rebellion, 21 Apr. 1581." Burke's Extinct Peerage1883 reports that William (3rd son) "had not been engaged in rebellion ... (and was) ... living as Viscount Baltinglass, in 1610". 4.Walter Eustace was captured in 1583 and executed. 5.Richard Eustace was in Paris at the time of the rebellion, engaged in arranging for the dispatch of ammunition and supplies to assist his brothers. He became a priest in Rome.Among the other Eustaces from County Kildare who took part were Maurice of Castlemartin and Thomas of Kerdiffstown (near Sallins), who were both executed, and John of Newland and Oliver of Blackhall, Clane, who were eventually pardoned, as was Maurice FitzGerald of Osberstown, Naas, who was the husband of Baltinglass's aunt Janet. In 1585, the Statute of Baltinglass was passed by Parliament, but against considerable opposition. Under this Act, the title and arms were attainted, and all the vast Baltinglass possessions were forfeited, as was normal then, with retrospective clauses voiding all transfers of property that had taken place during the previous twelve years. The Eustaces of Harristown, once Lords of Portlester, Kilcullen and Baltinglass were thus virtually obliterated. <mask> and his brothers had fought for what they were convinced was right, but they had failed, and for their failure they paid dearly. Whether <mask> and his followers were traitors or martyrs, they were certainly brave men. At the time of the attainder, the Dowager Viscountess, once a proud Butler, but now the mother of "the six traitorous brethren," petitioned (rather pathetically, and with what result we can well imagine) to be allowed to retain her jointure or alternatively to be granted somewhere to live.Almost all the forfeited estates were granted to Sir Henry Harrington who had been active in quelling the rebellion. He sold them in 1617 to Sir Charles Wilmot, from whom they passed, via Sir <mask> and Sir Thomas Roper, to the Viscounts (later Earls) of Aldborough. Harristown, Rochestown and Calverstown were granted in about 1590 to John Eustace of Castlemartin. The Baltinglass, house in Dublin and a lease of New Abbey, Kilcullen, were granted to Edmund Spenser, the poet, who was Secretary to the Lord Deputy, Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton. Rathfarnham Castle and much of the land around Rathfarnham also belonged to the Eustace family of Baltinglass. However, this property was also confiscated for their part in the Second Desmond Rebellion of 1579–83. Rathfarnham castle and its lands were then granted to the Loftus family.The title was revived in 1685, when Colonel Richard Talbot, of Carton, was created Viscount Baltinglass, but he died without an heir six years later. It was again revived in 1763, when John Stratford was created Baron of Baltinglass, but he was advanced in 1776 to Viscount Aldborough and this title became extinct in 1875. The Eustaces of Castlemartin and Harristown were connected with his family twice. His father had married (as his second wife) Penelope née Eustace, one of the three co-heiresses of Sir Maurice Eustace, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland. His great-great-granddaughter, Louisa Saunders of Saunders Grove, married in 1860 Thomas Tickell, descendant and heir of Clotilda, Penelope's sister and another of the co-heiresses. References

 Tickell, Sir Eustace F; The Eustace Family and Their Lands in County Kildare; (1955); Journal of the Co. Kildare Archaeological Society; Vol. XIII, No.6; pp. 284–287. 1530 births
1585 deaths
16th-century Anglo-Irish people
Members of the Irish House of Lords
People of the Second Desmond Rebellion
James

masks:
James FitzEustaceltinglass
James FitzEace
James Butler
James
James
James Eustace
James
James
James I
James Eustace
Baltinglass
James Eustace
James
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James Eustace
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James Eustace
James
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James Carroll


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<mask>,  (; born 8 December 1925) is an Italian politician and statesman who served as the 43rd prime minister of Italy from 18 October 1980 to 28 June 1981. He also held the office of deputy prime minister, minister of Foreign Affairs and minister of Defence. A member of the right-wing faction of the Christian Democracy party, <mask> was one of the most prominent Italian politicians from the 1970s to early 1990s. At age , he is the oldest living former Italian prime minister. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Pesaro, Marche, from a middle-class family. In 1948, after the degree in law at the University of Urbino, <mask> began his political career, holding the position of provincial secretary of Christian Democracy for Pesaro; he was later elected in the municipal and provincial councils. In 1954 he became a member of the central committee of Christian Democracy.In the 1958 Italian general election, <mask> was elected in the Chamber of Deputies for the first time, representing the constituency of Ancona. In 1959, <mask> became one of the most prominent member of the DC faction led by Amintore Fanfani. In 1962 he was appointed vice-secretary of the party; he held this office until 1969, under three different secretaries, Aldo Moro, Mariano Rumor and Flaminio Piccoli. Christian Democratic secretary

In December 1968, he was appointed Minister of Public Shares in the government led by Mariano Rumor; in August 1969 he became Minister for the Relations with the United Nations, in the Rumor's second cabinet. In November 1969 <mask> was elected Secretary of the Christian Democracy with 157 votes in favor and 13 blank votes; after few days Ciriaco De Mita became his vice-secretary. During his secretariat, <mask> tried to avoid the disintegration of the center-left political alliance, undermined by the inability to react effectively to the economic and social difficulties of the period. He also tried to strength the Organic Centre-left coalition with the Socialist Party, the Democratic Socialist Party and the Republican Party.In November 1969, the Parliament approved the divorce law with a different majority from the one which supported the government; in fact the law was harshly opposed by the Christian Democrats, but also by the Italian Social Movement and the Monarchists. Prime Minister Rumor resigned in February 1970, but tried to rebuild a centre-left government in March 1970. Despite the political success for the first regional elections of June 1970, the third Rumor government did not survive the political and social tensions that shocked the country, especially after the general strike of July 1970. After Rumor's resignation, Emilio Colombo was appointed new Prime Minister at the head of a centre-left coalition. In the 1971 presidential election, <mask> proposed Amintore Fanfani as DC candidate as President of the Republic, but his allies strongly opposed this decision and Fanfani was not elected. <mask>'s second candidate was Aldo Moro, but also this nomination was rejected by the Parliament. At the end, the DC proposed Giovanni Leone, former Prime Minister and long-time President of the Chamber of Deputies, who was elected with the support of the neo-fascist Social Movement.After few months the republicans withdrew their support to Colombo's government and the new appointed Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti did not reach to gain the confidence vote from the Parliament; snap elections were called for May 1972. 1972 general election and DC Congress

In the general election, which took place on 7 May 1972, the DC, led by <mask>, remained stable with around 38% of the votes, as it happened to the Communist Party which obtained the same 27% of 1968. The Socialist Party continued in its decline, reducing to less than 10%. The most important growth was that of the post-fascist Italian Social Movement, which nearly doubled its votes from 4.5 to c. 9%, after that its leader Giorgio Almirante launched the formula of the "National Right", proposing his party as the sole group of the Italian right side. Incumbent Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, supported by secretary <mask>, tried to continue his centrist strategy, but his attempt only lasted a year. Former Premier Mariano Rumor so returned at the head of the government with his traditional centre-left alliance between Christian Democrats, Socialist, Democratic Socialist and Republicans. At the same time, during the 1973 National Congress, <mask>, who now opposed an alliance with the PSI, was not confirmed Secretary of the party, and his former mentor, Amintore Fanfani, became DC secretary once again.Member of the government
In March 1973, Prime Minister Rumor was abandoned by the Republicans. He continued with a new squad, but he couldn't withstand the shocks deriving by the divorce referendum of 1974, when Christian Democrats, along with the neo-fascist MSI, intensely campaigned for a yes vote to abolish the law and make divorce illegal again, but their proposal was rejected by almost 60% of votes. Minister of Defence

After the referendum, former Premier Aldo Moro persuaded the Socialists to accept a minority government composed only by the Christian Democrats and the Republicans. <mask> was appointed Minister of Defence by Moro. However, new problem arose from the regional elections of 1975, which marked a great success of the left, which consequently called for new national elections. In March 1976, <mask> run to the secretariat of the party, opposing Benigno Zaccagnini, incumbent secretary and member of the DC left-wing, who supported Moro's policy of accommodation with the Communists of Enrico Berlinguer, known as Historic Compromise. <mask> was supported by Andreotti, Fanfani, Flaminio Piccoli and Antonio Bisaglia, but he lost the congressional election and Zaccagnini remained Christian Democratic secretary.Minister of Foreign Affairs
When the Republicans left Moro's cabinet in 1976, no possibilities of a new government remained, and an early vote was called. After the election, which saw a great success of the Communist Party, Andreotti became the new Prime Minister and <mask> was appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs. The reasons of this important nomination were firstly the necessity to recover a climate of unity in the party after the congressional divisions and secondly the opportunity, in a world still marked by the Cold War, to allocate foreign policy to a clearly anti-communist personality, as <mask> was, able to calm the European and American partners. During his ministry, <mask> strongly supported the European integration process, and the adhesion of Portugal to the European Economic Community. Prime Minister of Italy

In 1980, <mask> was among the main sponsor of Flaminio Piccoli in the party congress. Piccoli was elected Secretary at the head of a centre-right majority. Due to his fundamental role in Piccoli's election, <mask> was appointed Prime Minister of Italy, leading a centre to centre-left coalition with PSI, PSDI and PRI.<mask> was considered an unflamboyant politician who attempted to stay out of the factionalism in his party, and was seen as the man who could re-unite DC. As Prime Minister, he had to deal with corruption scandals within his party and a renewed bout of left-wing terrorism. 1980 Irpinia earthquake

During his premiership, <mask> had to face also the Irpinia earthquake, a strong shock, that was centered on the village of Conza in Campania, and left at least 2,483 people dead, at least 7,700 injured, and left 250,000 homeless. <mask>'s government spent 59 trillion lire on reconstruction, while other nations sent contributions. West Germany contributed 32 million United States dollars (USD) and the United States US$70 million. However, in the early nineties a major corruption scandal emerged. Of the billions of lire that were predestined for aid to the victims and rebuilding, the largest part disappeared from the earthquake reconstruction funds in the 1980s.Of the $40 billion spent on earthquake reconstruction, an estimated $20 billion went to create an entirely new social class of millionaires in the region, $6.4 billion went to the Camorra, whereas another $4 billion went to politicians in bribes. Only the remaining $9.6 billion a quarter of the total amount, was actually spent on people's needs. Moreover, the Mafia entered the construction industry after the quake. P2 scandal and resignation
During his premiership, the list of who belonged to the secret lodge P2 was published. The P2 was a Masonic lodge founded in 1945 that, by the time its Masonic charter was withdrawn in 1976, had transformed into a clandestine, pseudo-Masonic, ultraright organization operating in contravention of Article 18 of the Constitution of Italy that banned secret associations. In its latter period, during which the lodge was headed by Licio Gelli, P2 was implicated in numerous Italian crimes and mysteries, including the collapse of the Vatican-affiliated Banco Ambrosiano, the murders of journalist Mino Pecorelli and banker Roberto Calvi, and corruption cases within the nationwide bribe scandal Tangentopoli. P2 came to light through the investigations into the collapse of Michele Sindona's financial empire.P2 was sometimes referred to as a "state within a state" or a "shadow government". The lodge had among its members prominent journalists, Members of Parliament, industrialists, and military leaders—including Silvio Berlusconi, who later became Prime Minister of Italy; the Savoy pretender to the Italian throne Victor Emmanuel; and the heads of all three Italian intelligence services (at the time SISDE, SISMI and CESIS). When searching Gelli's villa in 1982, the police found a document called the "Plan for Democratic Rebirth", which called for a consolidation of the media, suppression of trade unions, and the rewriting of the Italian Constitution. However, the lateness with which they were published gained <mask> heavy criticism, in particular from the Communist Party. He was therefore compelled to resign from the position, staying away from spotlight of politics for a certain period. With his resignation and the appointment of Republican leader Giovanni Spadolini, the unbroken line since 1945 of Christian Democratic Prime Ministers came to an end. After the premiership

After his premiership <mask> remained an important politician.In 1981, at a Socialist Congress, <mask> and Socialist leader Bettino Craxi signed an agreement with the "blessing" of Giulio Andreotti. As the agreement was signed in a trailer, it was called the "pact of the camper." The pact was also called "CAF" for the initials of the signers, Craxi-Andreotti-<mask>. With this agreement, the DC party recognized the equal dignity of the so-called "secular parties" of the majority (the Socialists, Social Democrats, Liberals and Republicans) and also guaranteed an alternation of government. With the birth of the so-called Pentapartito, the possibility of the growth of the majority toward the Communist Party was finally dismissed. The Christian Democrats remained the leaders of the coalition, and managed several times to prevent representatives of the secular parties from becoming Prime Minister. In 1982, <mask> tried again to become DC Secretary, but he was defeated by his former deputy secretary Ciriaco De Mita, who was now supported also by Fanfani.After the loss, <mask> exited from Fanfani's faction and founded "Popular Action", along with Franco Maria Malfatti, Luciano Radi and Oscar Luigi Scalfaro. However he succeeded in remaining the leader of the moderate faction of the Christian Democracy, continuing to be one of the most prominent politician in Italian politics. In 1983 the Socialist leader Bettino Craxi was appointed Prime Minister by President Sandro Pertini and <mask> became his Deputy Prime Minister. Second term as secretary
In the 18th DC National Congress <mask> was elected secretary for a second time, with 85% of votes; while former secretary Ciriaco De Mita became Prime Minister. De Mita maintained the head of the government, despite the constant difficulties of relations with Bettino Craxi. The difficulties increased with the "Palermo case" when DC governed the city with Leoluca Orlando, allying with the Communists instead of the Socialists. Finally, Craxi withdrew the PSI's support to the government and De Mita was forced to resign on 19 May 1989.<mask> then managed the long-running government crisis that lasted until July, when Andreotti became Prime Minister leading a Pentapartito coalition. The CAF alliance remained the pivot of Italian politics for the rest of the legislature until the 1992 election. 1992 election and presidential ambitions

On 17 February 1992, judge Antonio Di Pietro had Mario Chiesa, a member of the PSI, arrested for accepting a bribe from a Milan cleaning firm. The Italian Socialist Party distanced themselves from Chiesa. Craxi called Mario Chiesa mariuolo, or "villain", a "wild splinter" of the otherwise clean PSI. Upset over this treatment by his former colleagues, Chiesa began to give information about corruption implicating his colleagues. This marked the beginning of the Mani pulite investigation; news of political corruption began spreading in the press.In 1992 general election, the Christian Democracy, led by <mask>, lost many votes, but its coalition managed to keep a small majority. However the largest opposition party, the PCI, split after the fall of the Soviet Union and there was no opposition leadership. Many votes went to Lega Nord, a party that was not inclined to alliances at the time. In the presidential election of the same year, the Christian Democracy proposed <mask> as his candidate to the presidency of the Republic. However, during the 5th and 6th ballots, held on 16 May 1992, <mask> missed the election of 39 and 29 votes respectively. Following these defeats, <mask> withdrew his candidacy as President of the Republic. Resignation and decline
The defeat in the presidential election, shortly after the dramatic general election, marked the conclusion of <mask>'s political life, who, after other defeats in regional and administrative elections and involvement in Mani pulite scandal, in which he was charged of having received illegal funds, resigned as party Secretary in October 1992 and subsequently retired from politics.His former spokesman, Pier Ferdinando Casini, is considered <mask>'s politics direct heir. Electoral history

References

1925 births
Living people
People from Pesaro
Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians
Prime Ministers of Italy
Deputy Prime Ministers of Italy
Foreign ministers of Italy
Italian Ministers of Defence
Deputies of Legislature III of Italy
Deputies of Legislature IV of Italy
Deputies of Legislature V of Italy
Deputies of Legislature VI of Italy
Deputies of Legislature VII of Italy
Deputies of Legislature VIII of Italy
Deputies of Legislature IX of Italy
Deputies of Legislature X of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XI of Italy
Candidates for President of Italy
Politicians of Marche
Italian anti-communists

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Arnaldo Forlani
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texts:
<mask> (14 August 1864 – 14 May 1955) was an English singer and actress, known in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as an ingénue in musical comedies, and later as a character actress in comic and dramatic plays. She is possibly best known for walking out of the lead role in Noël Coward's The Vortex in 1924 shortly before opening night. Early years
<mask> was born in Marylebone, London, daughter of <mask>, a singer, and his wife Mary Ann, née Tims. She trained at a conservatoire in Watford, north of London, where one of her tutors described her as "an ideal Cherubino" in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro. Her career, however, took her not into opera, but into operetta and then musical comedy. Musical stage
In 1888, she appeared in London at Toole's Theatre as Inez in Charles Lecocq's Pepita, and the following year created the role of Malaguene in Robert Planquette's Paul Jones. Her debut in musical comedy was in George Edwardes's In Town at the Gaiety Theatre in 1893, in a small ingénue role and later deputising for the star, Florence St. John.Later that year, she was similarly cast as Lady Edytha Aldwyn in A Gaiety Girl, also covering for and later succeeding Decima Moore in the lead role. In 1895, she was a replacement player in the title role in The Shop Girl at the Gaiety and appeared in Gentleman Joe at the Prince of Wales's Theatre and as Connie in All Abroad at the Criterion Theatre. The same year, <mask> played the title role, Trilby, in A Model Trilby; or, A Day or Two After Du Maurier, by Charles H. E. Brookfield and William Yardley, with music by Meyer Lutz, produced at the Opera Comique by the retired Nellie Farren. The piece was a burlesque of the Haymarket Theatre's hit adaptation of the 1894 George du Maurier novel Trilby. The Times thought that Cutler was "winsome and engaging". The Daily Telegraph wrote that she was "the best and most willing of all the Trilbys, an actress of real charm. Whenever she warbles a sweet little melody, or prides herself on her string of lovers, or whistles a plaintive refrain, the new Trilby is from first to last attractive and delightful".In 1896, she played Dorothy in Monte Carlo at the Avenue Theatre. After playing such junior roles in musical comedies, Cutler achieved star status as the title character, Suzette, in The French Maid in 1897, followed by further successes as Elsie Crockett in Little Miss Nobody the following year, Catarma in L' Amour Mouille in 1899 and Angela in Florodora that same year. In April 1900, Cutler married her first husband, Sidney Ellison, who was the director and choreographer of Florodora. The marriage was unsuccessful, and they separated before his death in 1930. She next played Victoria Chaffers in H.M.S. Irresponsible in 1901. Cutler's other successes in this period included A Chinese Honeymoon (as a replacement in the role of Princess Soo-Soo in 1902), Norah Chalmers in The Girl from Kays (1902), Grace Rockingham in The Love Birds (1904) and Victoire in A Man's Shadow.She played this role in a Command Performance at Windsor Castle on 17 November 1904. The next year, she originated the role of Baroness Papouche in The Spring Chicken (1905). Her appearances in musical comedy were well received, with The Times commenting, "Miss <mask> may be depended upon to make the most of what she undertakes ...  A soothing tint of freshness in a great deal of blare and noise". While appearing in The Spring Chicken, <mask> took a special omnibus every day, between acts, from the Gaiety Theatre to the Palace Theatre, where she appeared for 20 minutes in Hero and Heroine. The bus contained a dressing room in which she changed from one costume to another each way on the short journey. Comedy and character roles
After 1905, Cutler gave up the musical stage and concentrated on comic plays. She appeared with Herbert Beerbohm Tree as Felise in a revival of The Red Lamp and as Lady Stutfield in A Woman of No Importance in 1907.In 1908, she played Peggy in All-of-a-Sudden Peggy, played Nan in Good for Nothing, toured as Dorothy in Her Son, and had a success as Madame Henriette in Bellamy the Magnificent. These were followed by roles too numerous to name over the next fifteen years. She played both in English classics, such as The Rivals, and in new works by Somerset Maugham and Max Beerbohm, co-starring with Charles Hawtrey, Marie Lohr, Lewis Waller and George Alexander, among others. In the 1920s, <mask>, by then in her late fifties, continued to play a varied and busy schedule of leading and character roles appropriate for her age. She is perhaps most remembered, however, for one that she did not play. Cast as the nymphomaniac mother in Noël Coward's early play The Vortex (1924), she pulled out of the role less than a week before the piece was due to open, upset by a last-minute rewrite that she believed diminished her role. Coward managed to recruit Lilian Braithwaite to take on the role.The play was a sensational success, with <mask>, as Coward said, throwing away one of the best opportunities of her life. <mask> subsequently had good roles in classic and new plays, including The Country Wife, and Dear Octopus. Cutler performed in films between 1929 and 1938, including Such Is the Law (1930), The Great Gay Road (1931), Lord of the Manor (1933), Come Out of the Pantry (1935) and Moscow Nights (1935). Her last film was Pygmalion in 1938. The Manchester Guardian said of her in an obituary notice, "She proved that an actress who can play the lead in musical comedy can go on to play the lead in anything else. ...  She was a really accomplished actress with that indefinable quality which we call style." <mask>'s second husband, Major Charles Dudley Ward, predeceased her.She died at her home in London, age 90. Notes

References
 Coward, Noël. Present Indicative''. Heinemann 1937. Methuen reissue, 2004

External links

Photo of Cutler in All of a Sudden, Peggy (1905)
Photo of Cutler in The Girl from Kays (1902)
Photo on a cigarette card (1895) as Trilby

English musical theatre actresses
English stage actresses
1864 births
1955 deaths
English women singers
19th-century English actresses
20th-century English actresses

masks:
Kate Ellen Louisa Cutler
Cutler
Henry Cutler
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