texts:
 Jensen and Kim Vilfort. <mask> returned to Nielsen's Danish squad in August 1993, but saw Spain and the Republic of Ireland qualify for the 1994 World Cup ahead of Denmark. He scored a goal in the 2–0 victory against Argentina, as Denmark won the 1995 Intercontinental Cup. He also scored four goals in ten matches as Denmark qualified for Euro 1996.<mask>'s last matches for Denmark came at the 1998 World Cup, when he captained the nation to the quarter-final. <mask> made his 100th appearance for Denmark in the team's opening game of the tournament, a 1–0 defeat of Saudi Arabia in Lens. Denmark was defeated 2–3 by Brazil in the quarter-finals, and both <mask> and <mask> announced their international retirement following the elimination. Both brothers ended their international careers on a high note as both <mask> and Brian were named in FIFA's All-Star Team. Player profile

Style of play

A quick, intelligent and talented midfielder, known for his pace on the ball, Laudrup is regarded as one of the most effective and versatile attacking midfielders, as well as one of the most skilful and elegant players in the history of the game. Although primarily an offensive playmaker, he was capable of playing in several positions in or behind the front-line, and was even deployed as a winger, as a central midfielder or deep-lying playmaker, or as a second striker on occasion, in particular in his youth, or even as a forward or striker on rarer instances; he was also used as a centre-forward on occasion under his Barcelona manager Johan Cruyff, a role which was similar to that of the modern false 9 role. Laudrup is considered by many in the sport as one of the best passers of all time, and as one of the most technically accomplished players ever.Regarding Laudrup's vision and passing ability, his brother Brian stated in 2008: "My brother started as an attacker but became an elegant attacking midfielder, perhaps the most complete there has ever been. His vision, speed of thought and passing were on a different level; he always knew what was going to happen before anybody else did. If anyone had a 'football brain', it was him." Despite being primarily a creative team player, he also possessed an accurate shot, and was capable of scoring goals as well as creating them. Nicknamed "The Prince of Denmark," throughout his career, Laudrup was acclaimed for his technique, balance, elegance, ball control, and dribbling ability, as well as his vision, ability to read the game, and range of passing, including deep passes, through balls, and crosses, which made him an excellent assist provider. In regard to his vision, Jorge Valdano, the Argentinian coach of Laudrup in Real Madrid, said, "[H]e has eyes everywhere." His trademark move – looking one way and passing the other – fooled countless opponents during his career.The Laudrup dribble, a signature feint also known as the croqueta, was perhaps the best-known part of his game, and involved him quickly moving the ball from one foot to the other away from the defender, a move which was later also popularised by later Barcelona midfielder Andrés Iniesta. Laudrup's ball skills and feints were combined with creativity, which he used to get past defenders in one on one situations. This led to the expression "Made in Laudrup" being coined in the Spanish football media, which was widely used in Spain to describe his trademark assists, in particular his lobbed passes, as well as his unique play. According to a 2018 article by Josh Butler of The Athletic and These Football Times, several of Laudrup's teammates said of his creative style of play: "Just run, he will always find a way of passing you the ball." Reception
Throughout his career, Laudrup was often ranked among the best players in the world, with the French three-time European footballer of the year award winner Michel Platini describing him as one of the most talented players ever, only lamenting his lack of selfishness causing him to score too few goals. In a 2006 interview, Laudrup's Real Madrid teammate Raúl called him the best player he had ever played with, a view echoed by his Barcelona teammate Romário, who opined that he was able to create and score goals almost at will, and ranked him the fourth-best player in the history of the game (behind Pelé, Diego Maradona and himsel). Luís Figo instead labelled Laudrup as arguably the best opponent he had ever faced.Ronald Koeman rated Laudrup as "possibly the most skillful and elegant player [he] ever played with," adding: "Few could dribble like he could. He could sense when a game was ready to be seized and transformed by a moment of individual brilliance." Roberto Galia stated in 2008: "I have played against Maradona, Platini and Baggio. But the player I saw do the most indescribable things was <mask>drup." Former teammate Guillermo Amor said: "I have never seen a better player in one-on-ones. He was our special player." Thierry Henry named Laudrup as the best player he had never played with, saying he did not know any better passer than him and "the world of football did not give him the credit that guy [Laudrup] deserved."John Toshack ranked Laudrup as "the best player of his generation," likening him to Cruyff both as a player and a manager, a view shared by Franz Beckenbauer, who dubbed Laudrup the best player of the 90s. Javier Clemente once stated: "To me, <mask>up is the most genius player the world has ever seen. He will always be my numero uno. Always." José Mari Bakero instead remarked: "No one has given the club [Barcelona] as much inspiration as <mask>. We all look up to him. It is a privilege to have your day enriched by a genius."In 2012, Ian Rush described him as "an incredible player," who "probably had the most individual skill" he had ever seen. Daniel Storey of Planet Football stated in 2020 that he believed that Laudrup was one of the most underrated players of the previous 30 years, a view shared by Albert Ferrer, who stated in 2009: "Few people made me enjoy the game as much as <mask>. Maybe he didn't get the media recognition he deserved, but he was so classy and a real thinker. A master of the blind pass and impossible through-balls and I will never forget his 'spoon' pass in a game against Osasuna. He lifted the ball right over the defence and Romario touched it in first time." At Barcelona, Laudrup played alongside Hristo Stoichkov, who scored many goals from Laudrup's passes. Regarding Laudrup's ability to create chances for his teammates, he commented in his 2008 autobiography: "From more than hundred goals that I scored I'm sure that over 50 were assisted by <mask>.To play with him was extremely easy. We found each other by intuition on the field and found common football language. Look at Ivan Zamorano. Laudrup went there (Real) and Zamorano is a goalscorer. Sometimes I envy Ivan for the passes he receives. Passes on foot after you accelerated. Few people understand football like the Danish player.He can only be compared with Maradona, Schuster or Roberto Baggio. They make things easy and find the right solutions. For them [it] is simple, for the opponent – unthinkable. Phenomenal! His only problem is his character. He is emotional and terribly reserved. This affects him a lot, because he takes everything personally – no matter if someone tells him something or decision that he does not agree.His relations with Cruyff were delicate because he couldn't take the critics. I listen to him but I don't care that much. For <mask> this was fatal. He couldn't take it anymore so he left without a word." That same year, in an interview with FourFourTwo magazine, Stoichkov included Laudrup in his "Perfect XI," and labelled him as: "One of the best European players I've ever seen," and as a player who was "up there with the greats." He went on to describe him as: "An elegant, old-fashioned playmaker," who "did things few other footballers could do." In 2010, he instead said that "Laudrup was the greatest."Another striker who benefitted from Laudrup's playmaking abilities was Real Madrid teammate Iván Zamorano, who called Laudrup "El Genio" ("The Genius," in Spanish) during Laudrup's time in the Spanish capital. Zamorano was going through a hard spell in Madrid, but when Laudrup arrived to assist his goals, Zamorano immediately became the top goalscorer of La Liga, winning the pichichi trophy; Zamorano himself credited Laudrup for his role in his increased goalscoring output, describing him as a "genius," while also commenting: "...The reason why I make so many goals is Laudrup." He also stated: "<mask> was a magician and one of the greatest players ever. He was amazing in one-on-ones too. I always say that Laudrup had three eyes, not two like everyone else. As a forward, I had to be aware all the time, because he could make you a chance out of nothing and you had to be prepared for that moment." Andrés Iniesta, who became known for using Laudrup's signature dribbling move – the croqueta – rated Laudrup as the greatest player of all time.Throughout his career, his number of assists were almost always the highest of his team. However, despite his talent and reputation as one of the most technically gifted and creative players of his generation, certain players, pundits and managers have questioned Laudrup's work rate, mentality, determination, and consistency throughout his career at times, in particular in his early career. His former Juventus teammate and admirer Michel Platini, for example, once said, "[Laudrup]'s the greatest player in the world, in training," also describing him as "one of the biggest talents ever," while also lamenting that he "never used his talent to its fullest during matches." His former Barcelona manager Johan Cruyff described him as "One of the most difficult players [he had] worked with," adding: "When he gives 80–90% he is still by far the best, but I want 100%, and he rarely does that." In 1998, he stated: "Had <mask> been born in a poor ghetto in Brazil or Argentina with the ball being his only way out of poverty he would today be recognised as the biggest genius of the game ever. He had all the abilities to reach it but lacked this ghetto-instinct, which could have driven him there." At Swansea in 2012, Alan Tate commented: "He is still the best player in training at [age] 48 years."This was echoed by Swansea player Danny Graham: "Laudrup was the best player in training by a mile. It was unreal." In addition to his playing ability, Laudrup was known for his good conduct on the pitch and he never received a red card in his career. Managerial career

Early years
After his playing career ended with Ajax, Laudrup became a coach at age 36 when he started serving as an assistant coach for the Denmark national team head coach Morten Olsen in 2000. The national team would play a 4–2–3–1 formation, depending on two fast wingers and with the aim to dominate games with a short-passing possession game. Together, they led Denmark to the knock-out stage of the 2002 World Cup. Brøndby
After his success as Denmark assistant manager, Laudrup signed on as manager for Danish Superliga club Brøndby.As his assistant coach, he paired up with former Danish championship winning manager John Jensen, who had played alongside him in the Denmark national team. At the start of his reign, he proclaimed a tactical scheme close to that which Olsen and he had coached at the national team. He renovated the Brøndby team by letting a large contingent of older and experienced players leave, in favour of several new offensive players, and he also gave the chance to young talents from the club's youth scheme. To ensure the defensive strength of the team, Laudrup signed proven national team player Morten Wieghorst. He began his reign as Brøndby manager by winning his first trophy in his managerial career, the 2002 Danish Supercup. In his first season as head coach, he guided the team to win the Danish Cup, after Brøndby beat Midtjylland 3–0 in the final and runners-up in the Danish Superliga. Laudrup's success led him to being voted and awarded the Danish Manager of the Year.In the following season, he again finished the season runners-up to first place Copenhagen by just one point. However, he would not be denied in the 2004–05 season, where he finally led the team to the Danish Superliga title. In the same season, he also completed The Double after he won his second Danish Cup in four seasons. This saw him being given his second Danish Manager of the Year award. After finishing runners-up in the 2005–06 Danish Superliga, Laudrup announced that he, along with assistant Faxe Jensen, could not come to an agreement for a one-year contract extension that was offered by the club. The pair, after winning four trophies in four seasons, subsequently left Brøndby in June 2006.

masks:
Laudrup
Laudrup
Laudrup
Michael
Brian Laudrup
Michael
Michael Lau
Michael Laudr
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael


type: original

texts:
 Laudrup was associated with several new jobs, including becoming manager of former club Real Madrid and that he would replace Lars Lagerbäck as head coach of the Sweden national team.In 2007, Brøndby decided to name a new lounge at the stadium "The <mask> Lounge", with <mask>'s approval. His success led him to being voted and awarded the Danish Manager of the Year. Getafe
On 21 June 2007, Laudrup was linked to a move to Madrid-based La Liga club Getafe by sports newspaper Marca. This was confirmed on 9 July 2007. During his stay in Getafe, the club reached the final of the Copa del Rey, losing to Valencia, and the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, losing in extra time to Bayern Munich. During his tenure as successor to Bernd Schuster, he brought in a new brand of exciting and free-flowing attacking football to the club, bringing back memories of Laudrup as a player. His team, which was not one of the established powers in Spanish football, enjoyed comparative success.However, he performed only one season as manager, resigning in May 2008. After <mask> announced his departure from Getafe, he was linked with jobs at Barcelona, Valencia, Benfica, Chelsea, Blackburn Rovers, Panathinaikos, CSKA Moscow and West Ham United. He almost got the job at Panathinaikos, but according to Danish media, he wanted an option to allow him to leave if he received an offer from a Spanish club. This request was not accepted by the Greeks, who chose to hire Henk ten Cate instead. Spartak Moscow
On 12 September 2008, it was officially announced that <mask> had signed a one-and-a-half-year contract to manage Spartak Moscow, replacing Stanislav Cherchesov following his dismissal after a string of poor results. However, Laudrup started on a poor note, winning just one of his first four league matches. He was subsequently sacked on 15 April 2009, just seven months on the job, in the wake of Spartak's quarter-final 3–0 loss to Dynamo Moscow in the Russian Cup.The official statement from Spartak read, "From this point onwards, head coach <mask> has been relieved of his responsibilities because of unsatisfactory results." On 22 October 2009, Spanish media announced Laudrup would be appointed as new manager of Spanish side Atlético Madrid, replacing the short and unsuccessful run of Abel Resino, following Atlético's 4–0 UEFA Champions League group stage defeat to Chelsea. However, Laudrup and Atlético were not able to agree on terms and the deal fell apart. The day after, on 23 October, Resino was sacked and Quique Sánchez Flores was appointed as coach as the side's second-choice. Mallorca
In July 2010, Laudrup was appointed manager of Mallorca on a contract lasting until the end of June 2012. In his first season, he kept the struggling Mallorca side from relegation, which was suffering from losing many first team players and who was ejected from the UEFA Europa League due to its poor financial situation. At the beginning of the 2011–12 season, on 27 September 2011, Laudrup resigned as manager following the firing of his assistant, Erik Larsen.Laudrup cited great frustration with Lorenzo Serra Ferrer, the club's director of football, leading to a bad work climate as the main reason for his resignation. Swansea City
On 15 June 2012, Laudrup was appointed manager of Swansea City on a two-year contract, becoming the first Dane to manage in the Premier League. He made several new signings after arriving at Liberty Stadium, including Michu, Chico Flores, Pablo Hernández, Jonathan de Guzmán and Ki Sung-yueng. His first competitive match as Swansea manager came as an impressive 0–5 away win at Loftus Road against Queens Park Rangers. At Swansea, Alan Tate said that Laudrup was considered to be the best player in training, despite being 48 years old. He has been commended for his choice of signings, most notably with Michu, who scored 22 goals in 2012 for Swansea after he signed him for a bargain €2.5 million from Rayo Vallecano. On 23 January 2013, he led Swansea into their first ever major cup final after defeating reigning European champions Chelsea 2–0 on aggregate over two legs in the League Cup semi-finals.On 7 February 2013, Laudrup appointed former Danish international midfielder Morten Wieghorst as his assistant after previously signing him as a player when Laudrup was managing Brøndby. Laudrup would later say he "certainly" believes Wieghorst "can be manager" of Swansea, as "he has experience from Scottish football and is familiar with English football". On 24 February, Laudrup said he had no "ambition to become the manager" of a big club, because he could not "have done everything for 10 years" in management and then be fired "after nine months" for not winning any trophies. He also said it gave him "much more pleasure to see how well" he could do where he did not "have to win all the time". On 24 February 2013, Laudrup won his first trophy with Swansea after his side beat Bradford City 5–0 to win the Football League Cup at Wembley. This was also Swansea's first major trophy in English football in the club's history. Following Swansea's 1–0 win over Newcastle United on 2 March 2013 the club moved into eighth position in the top-half of the Premier League table, seemingly safe from relegation with 40 points and ten games left; Laudrup said he wanted Swansea to finish eighth, stating that "coming eighth [will be] like winning the league" for the club because he felt "the first seven spots" were already taken by Manchester United, Manchester City, Chelsea, Tottenham Hotspur, Arsenal, Liverpool and Everton.On 3 March, though he had said that his "intention" was "to stay" in south Wales for the next year, Swansea chairman Huw Jenkins said that the club were in the "process of looking for the next manager" of the club in case Laudrup did choose to leave the club. On 8 March 2013, Laudrup signed a new contract with Swansea, keeping him at the club until 2015. Reports indicated that he agreed to a contract with a release clause in the region of £5 million, much like the release clause Brendan Rodgers agreed to when he signed a contract extension at the Liberty Stadium four months prior to joining Liverpool. On 10 May, however, he confirmed that his "intention" was to stay at Swansea "next season," saying that reports he wanted to leave Wales was "pure speculation." On 4 February 2014, Laudrup was sacked by Swansea following a poor run of form which left the club two points clear of relegation. At the time of the decision, the team had lost six out of their last eight league games. Lekhwiya
On 30 June 2014, Laudrup became the new manager of Qatar Stars League champions Lekhwiya after signing a one-year deal.He guided the Lekhwiya to a club-record Qatar Stars League and a Crown Prince Cup double in his first season. The club also qualified for the quarter-finals of the 2015 AFC Champions League during his reign. On 17 June 2015, Laudrup announced that he would not extend his contract, departing the club. Al Rayyan
On 3 October 2016, <mask> was unveiled as the new manager of Al Rayyan on a two-year contract, replacing Jorge Fossati. His first match in charge was on 15 October 2016, when Al Rayyan faced Al Sailiya in an away match in the league, with the match ending in a 1–1 draw. Style of management and tactics

As assistant manager to Morten Olsen, the Denmark national team employed a 4–2–3–1 system with pacey wingers playing the pivotal role in attack. <mask> learnt from Olsen and used the same tactical style with Brøndby, with the team becoming more attacking and focused on a short passing style.He continued to employ a similar tactical style when he joined Getafe, ushering a new brand of exciting and free-flowing attacking football to help the club to the Copa del Rey final. However, at Spartak Moscow, he could not adapt his formation and tactics to the Russian game, with the club unable to score enough goals per match. As Mallorca manager, Laudrup inspired a team that lost a number of key players from relegation by playing an offensive game. In 2012, he joined Swansea City as manager, replacing Brendan Rodgers. Under Rodgers, Swansea were known to play a 4–3–3 approach with a lot of focus on passing, where the full-backs pushed up when in possession and the outfield players played a high tempo pressing game. Under Laudrup, the team began employing a 4–2–3–1 formation, becoming more attacking while retaining the passing and pressing game. He also signed a number of new players, primarily from La Liga, trying to bring the attacking style from Spain to Wales, which saw more goals scored.He said, "You can get a lot of quality for a reasonable amount in Spain right now." Laudrup earned plaudits for maintaining their flowing, attacking brand of football and attractive, passing style of play throughout the season, which saw his side win the League Cup, after beating Bradford City a record 5–0 in the final. "You can't ask players to do things that Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi are doing, but you can ask the easy things," he said. "Sometimes the easiest things in football, a simple pass five or eight yards, can be the most effective. That, everybody can learn." Outside of football

Personal life
<mask> is part of a family with three generations of footballers. His uncle was former Brøndby and Aberdeen manager Ebbe Skovdahl.He is the son of former Danish national team player <mask>. From his marriage with his first wife, Tina Thunø, Laudrup has a son, Mads. Mads has been the team captain of various Danish youth national teams since January 2005. Today, he is married with Siw Retz <mask>, with whom he has two children, Andreas and Rebecca. Andreas was selected a part of the under-16 national team in March 2006. <mask> has a younger brother, <mask>, who was also a footballer. <mask> is the record holder of Danish player of the year awards with four, and was rated by FIFA as the fifth-best player in the world in 1992.<mask> was in the Euro 92 Team of the Tournament and World Cup 98 Team of the Tournament. Brian was also known for his part in the Rangers squad which won nine consecutive titles in the 1990s. Brian was a part of the trophy-winning Danish national team at UEFA Euro 1992, but <mask> did not play in that championship due to differences with the national team coach Richard Møller Nielsen and because he thought that the barring of Yugoslavia for political, rather than football, reasons was not just. In 2004, both the <mask> brothers were named in the FIFA 100, a list of the 125 greatest living footballers chosen by Pelé as part of the celebration of FIFA's 100th anniversary. Politics and business
Alongside his professional football career, Laudrup began importing Spanish wine to Denmark starting in 1993. Initially, the wine import was sort of a hobby, but business grew rapidly and today his company Laudrup Vin og Gastronomi has over ten employees, runs a Wine Academy and imports wines from all over the world. In 2004, <mask> was one of the founders of CEPOS, a Danish classical liberal/free-market conservative think-tank.Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Denmark's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Laudrup goal. players
S.S. Lazio players
FC Barcelona players
Real Madrid CF players
Vissel Kobe players
AFC Ajax players
Danish 1st Division players
Serie A players
La Liga players
J1 League players
Japan Football League (1992–1998) players
Eredivisie players
UEFA Champions League winning players
Denmark youth international footballers
Denmark under-21 international footballers
Denmark international footballers
UEFA Euro 1984 players
1986 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1988 players
1995 King Fahd Cup players
UEFA Euro 1996 players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players
FIFA 100
FIFA Century Club
UEFA Golden Players
Danish expatriate footballers
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Danish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Japan
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Danish football managers
Brøndby IF managers
Getafe CF managers
RCD Mallorca managers
FC Spartak Moscow managers
Swansea City A.F.C. managers
Lekhwiya SC managers
Al-Rayyan SC managers
Danish Superliga managers
La Liga managers
Russian Premier League managers
Premier League managers
Qatar Stars League managers
Danish expatriate football managers
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Wales
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Expatriate football managers in Spain
Expatriate football managers in Russia
Expatriate football managers in Wales
Expatriate football managers in Qatar
Danish

masks:
Michael Laudrup
Laudrup
Laudrup
Laudrup
Michael Laudrup
Laudrup
Laudrup
Michael Laudrup
Finn Laudrup
Laudrup
Michael Laudrup
Brian Laudrup
Brian Laudrup
Brian Laudrup
Michael
Laudrup
Michael Laudrup


texts:
<mask>-<mask>, 1st Marquis de <mask> (1723–1798), Seigneur of Vaudreuil, Lotbinière and Rigaud, Quebec etc. In 1757, on his advice at the Siege of Fort William Henry, the <mask> successfully attacked Fort William Henry. In 1758, Lotbinière again advised Montcalm to await rather than attack the British Army, at Fort Carillon, the fort that Lotbinière had built, which led to the French victory at the Battle of Carillon. In 1784, Louis XVI of France created <mask> a Marquis, the only Canadian by family and birth to have attained that rank, and the last such creation made by Louis XVI. He was the last private owner of Château Vaudreuil in Montreal. Early life
<mask>-<mask> was born in 1723 at Quebec, the youngest son of <mask>. His mother, Marie-Francoise (1695–1723), was the daughter of Captain François-Marie Renaud d'Avène <mask> and Françoise-Thérèse (1670-1698), daughter of <mask> (1632–1716).His career was greatly aided by two of his close relations, both of whom were Governors General of New France - Roland-<mask> <mask> Galissonière and <mask> Rigaud, <mask> Vaudreuil-Cavagnial. He was the brother of François-<mask> <mask> and their first cousins included Louis-Philippe Mariauchau d'Esgly, La Belle Angelique-Genevieve d'Avene <mask> (mistress of François Bigot) and Nicolas Renaud d'Avene <mask>, Marquis de Fresnoy. He was the uncle of The Hon. Antoine Juchereau Duchesnay. Military engineer

<mask> was brought up at the Jesuit College in Quebec before becoming a cadet with the colonial troupes de la marine, breaking family tradition by being the first not to preside over the Sovereign Council of New France. As second ensign he served in the Defence of the Acadians of 1746-47 gaining a reputation as "a capable and courageous officer". In 1747, Lotbinière married  <mask> Chaussegros <mask>, the daughter of Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros <mask> (1682-1756), chief engineer of New France, and his wife Marie-Renée <mask> <mask>vais.In 1749, his relation, the Commandant General of New France, Roland-<mask> <mask> Galissonière, promoted him to ensign and entrusted him to lead a reconnaissance mission into the region between Montreal and Michilimackinac. Completing his mission successfully, in 1750 Galissonière (who was now back in France), sent for the young Lotbinière to join him so he could train as an engineer and artillery officer. Three years later he returned to New France as a Lieutenant and with the title of King's Engineer in the Colonial Regular Army, working under his father-in-law on the construction of the Ramparts of Quebec City. In 1755, his cousin, Pierre Francois <mask>, <mask> de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, put him in charge of building a fortress at the southern end of Lake Champlain. He spent several years there overseeing the construction of Fort Carillon (as it was called until the British captured it in the Battle of Ticonderoga in 1759 and renamed it Fort Ticonderoga). Although promoted to captain in 1757, he was refused the position of chief engineer (which he is often referred to as having been) of New France, a position which he had asked for after his father-in-law's death. The court instead appointed Nicolas Sarrebouce, an engineer in the French Army, who wasted no time in hindering <mask>'s career, sending reports to Paris accusing him of incompetence and malfeasance, ruining his credibility with the Ministry of Marine.As some form of compensation his cousin, Governor-General Vaudreuil, gave him the seigneury of Alainville. In the run up to the Battle of Quebec his cousin, Vaudreuil, employed him to build defences about the city, and during the battle he served as his aide-de-camp. In 1760 he was put in charge of fortifying Ile aux Noix to impede the British advance from the south, but was forced to fall back to Montreal, Quebec. Another of his first cousins, Nicolas Renaud d'Avene <mask>-Fresnoy (1729-1803), <mask> Fresnoy, served as major-general in the French victory at the Battle of Sainte-Foy, for which he was rewarded the Grand Cross Order of Saint Louis. After the capitulation, Lotbiniere left his wife and newly born daughter in Canada and returned to France with his 12-year-old son, cadet <mask>-Gaspard-<mask> <mask>binière. Seigneuries
Having lost his land in America, that had amounted to 150,000 acres, he unsuccessfully tried to resume his military career in France. His thoughts turned again to his native land, and he decided to return as a large landowner.From his cousin, former Governor <mask> Vaudreuil who had retired to his ancestral estate near Rouen, he bought in 1763 the seigneuries of Vaudreuil, Rigaud and Saint-François-de-Nouvelle-Beauce, also adding Villechauve (known today as Beauharnois) and Hocquart to his existing seigneuries at Lotbinière (granted to his grandfather in 1672) and Alainville. Before returning to Canada he spent a year in London to try to make sure that Alainville and Hocquart (which since the Royal Proclamation of 1763 fell within the boundaries of the Province of New York) would be recognized as his by the British Board of Trade. This resulted in a vague promise, which Lotbinière took as a guarantee. On his return to Canada in 1760, Lotbinière immediately set about developing his seigneury at Vaudreuil. He built a manor house there for his family, a mill, and the Church of Saint-Michel de Vaudreuil, which still stands today, and where many members of his family are buried with memorials. Vaudreuil is closely associated with his many descendants, notably the <mask>e-Harwood family, who inherited the seigneury of Vaudreuil. In 1767, he purchased the Château Vaudreuil at Montreal, Quebec.Short of funds he was forced to sell the seigneury of Lotbinière to his son in 1770. By 1771 his son had bought all his father's Canadian seigneuries except Villechauve, which was mortgaged. In addition to this, he was unable to recover his two properties in New York (Alainville and Hocquart), and so returned to London to again plead his cause. In 1773, he sold the Château. In 1776, the British Board of Trade rejected his claims to Alainville and offered him a grant of an equal size of land in Quebec in compensation for his loss of Hocquart. He refused the compromise and left Britain, deciding to be a British subject no longer. Agitating in Boston and France
Taking the advice of his former superior officer, <mask> Gaston, Chevalier <mask>s, he went to France and offered his services to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Charles Gravier, Comte <mask> who entrusted him with an unofficial mission as an observer.In 1776 he arrived in Massachusetts, but ignoring Vergenne's words immediately introduced himself to John Hancock as the unofficial envoy of the minister. He spent six months in Boston, and though a personal friend of Benjamin Franklin, he won few friends through his agitations. Lotbinière, for purely selfish reasons, was desperate for France to recover her lost colonies, and did all he could to force the issue. He returned to France with his report in 1777, but Vergennes didn't see it as wise to send him on any further missions. Up until 1782 he still hoped France would recover her lost territories in North America, but after the Treaty of Paris in 1783 any last hopes he had had of returning to Canada were finished. Lotbinière spent the next ten years in France. With <mask>' support he re-established his military engineering reputation and clearly held favour at the court of King Louis XVI.He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Louis, and became a Chevalier with a pension of 600 livres, which was doubled in 1781. In 1784 King Louis created him the <mask> de Lotbinière in recognition of the sacrifices he had made by allying himself to the French cause in 1776, the only Canadian to receive this honour. His son, <mask>-Gaspard-<mask> <mask>, inherited the title but being politically astute did not use it in order to maintain favour with the new British regime in Canada. Later life
Indefatigable as ever, <mask> returned to America in 1787 to once again try to recover his seigneuries at Alainville and Hocquart, but two years of effort proved to be futile. On arriving at New York he had asked permission to return to his home country but Quebec Governor Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) categorically refused him re-entry. However in 1790, in the company of his son (then serving as Lord Dorchester's confidential agent) he crossed the border unhindered, revisiting his family and his seigneury at Villechauve. His happiness was short lived.He was forced into exile again after selling Villechauve in 1795 for £9,000 to <mask>, father of Edward Ellice. To receive her share from the sale, his wife asked for, and obtained, a property separation in 1796. He was the father of two children: a son, <mask>-Gaspard-<mask> <mask>, and a daughter, Marie-Louise, who married Pierre-Amable <mask>. See also
 Canadian Hereditary Peers
<mask>, <mask> de Lotbiniere

Notes

References
 Gerard Parizeau (1984). La Seigneurie de Vaudreuil et ses notables au début du XIXe siècle : essai sur le milieu, Montreal: Fides, 240 p.

External links
Hector Besner, "Les seigneuries de Vaudreuil et de Soulanges: 300 ans en 2002," Histoire Québec 7, no. 2 (November 2001). English translation

1723 births
1798 deaths
French military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
French Canadian people of the French and Indian War
French Canadians in the American Revolution
French military engineers
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Louis
People of New France

masks:
Michel
Alain Chartier de Lotbinière
Lotbinière
Marquis de Montcalm
Lotbinière
Michel
Alain Chartier de Lotbinière
Eustache Chartier de Lotbinière
des Meloizes
Nicholas Dupont de Neuville
Michel Barrin
de La
Pierre de
Marquis de
Louis Chartier
de Lotbinière
des Meloizes
des Meloizes
Michel
Louise Madeleine
de Léry
de Léry
Legardeur
de Beau
Michel Barrin
de La
de Rigaud
Marquis
Lotbinière
des Meloizes
Marquis de
Michel Eustache
Alain Chartier
de Lot
Marquis de
de Lotbinier
François de
de Levi
de Vergennes
de Lévis
Marquis
Michel Eustache
Alain Chartier
de Lotbinière
Lotbinière
Alexander Ellice
Michel Eache
Alain Chartier
de Lotbinière
de Bonne
Michel
Marquis


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<mask> (born January 7, 1976) is a Dominican former professional baseball left fielder and second baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees, Texas Rangers, Washington Nationals, and Chicago Cubs, and in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp. <mask> began his professional career with Hiroshima in 1996, but signed with the Yankees as a free agent in 1998 and was assigned to play in minor league baseball. The next year, he was the Most Valuable Player (MVP) in the All-Star Futures Game, and made his MLB debut for the Yankees, with whom he would win two American League championships. The Yankees traded <mask> to the Rangers after the 2003 season, and the Rangers traded <mask> to the Nationals after the 2005 season. He signed a contract as a free agent with the Cubs before the 2007 season. The Cubs traded Soriano to the Yankees in 2013, and the Yankees released him in 2014.<mask> was a seven-time MLB All-Star, and won the All-Star Game MVP Award in 2004. He won the Silver Slugger Award four times. He is one of only four players in the 40–40 club, achieving the feat in 2006. He played primarily as a second baseman for the Yankees and Rangers before being converted to an outfielder with the Nationals. <mask> is one of only 56 major league players to hit 400 or more career home runs, and was seventh among active players in home runs at the time of his retirement. Professional career

Hiroshima Toyo Carp (1996–1997)
<mask> began his professional baseball career in Japan with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp, training at their Carp Academy for Dominican players. <mask> spent 1996 playing in Japan in the minor Western League.In 1997, he was promoted to the varsity team, and, wearing uniform number 74, he appeared in nine games, batting .118 (2 for 17) with two walks. Soriano disliked the intense Japanese practice schedule, and the Carp denied him a salary increase from $45,000 to $180,000 per year. Like Hideo Nomo and Hideki Irabu, who had previously left Japan to play in the United States, Soriano hired Don Nomura to help his situation. After first attempting to void Soriano's Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) contract by unsuccessfully arguing that the player was legally a minor when he signed it, Nomura advised him, like Nomo, to retire from NPB and pursue a career in MLB. This prompted Carp executives to file an injunction against Soriano, and to send letters to MLB teams demanding that they cease all negotiations with him. After the Nomo case, NPB officials had amended the Working Agreement without consulting any MLB officials in an attempt to prevent the situation from recurring. Since MLB had not agreed to any changes to the agreement, MLB Commissioner Bud Selig declared that MLB would recognize <mask> as a free agent on July 13, 1998 and the Carp backed down.New York Yankees (1998–2003)
<mask> signed as a free agent with the New York Yankees in 1998, starting his career as an infielder, first as a third baseman, and then moving over to second base. <mask> was named to the All-Star Futures Game in 1999. He won the game's most valuable player award after hitting two home runs in the contest. He played in New York for five seasons. His first hit in MLB came in 1999 when he hit a game-winning home run against Norm Charlton of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. He finished in third place for Rookie of the Year honors in 2001. In the World Series that year, he hit the go-ahead home run off Arizona Diamondbacks pitcher Curt Schilling in the seventh game, but Arizona won anyway when Luis Gonzalez hit his series-winning single on a cut fastball by closer Mariano Rivera.In 2002, <mask> became the second Yankee in franchise history to record 30 home runs and 30 stolen bases in the same season (the first being Bobby Bonds in 1975), then repeated the feat in 2003. Also in 2002, he led the American League with 696 at bats, 209 hits, 92 extra base hits, 41 stolen bases, 128 runs and set a Yankees' team record for most at bats (696) and most strikeouts (157) in a season. He is one of only six players active as of 2009 who finished a 30-homer season with more homers than walks (39 HR, 23 BB), the others being Ryan Braun (34–29 in 2007), Garret Anderson (35–24 in 2000), Iván Rodríguez (35–24 in 1999), Joe Crede (30–28 in 2006), and José Guillén (31–24 in 2003). In 2002, he led the major leagues in power-speed number (40.0). In 2003, Soriano set the record for most home runs to lead off a game in a season with 13, and for the second straight year, led the league in at bats, and finished in the top five for base hits, doubles, home runs, stolen bases, and strikeouts. In 2003 he again led the major leagues in power-speed number (36.4). Texas Rangers (2004–2005)
In 2004, the Yankees traded <mask> to the Texas Rangers, along with minor leaguer Joaquin Árias for Alex Rodriguez and cash amounting to $67 million of the $179 million remaining on Rodríguez' contract.On May 8, 2004, <mask> had six hits in nine innings—the first Texas Ranger to do so—in a 16–15, 10-inning victory over the Detroit Tigers. The game featured an hour-long fifth inning, where Detroit scored eight runs in the top half of the inning to take a ten-run lead over the Rangers, only to see Texas score ten runs in the bottom half of the inning to tie the game, the largest deficit ever overcome by the Rangers and tying an MLB record for most runs in an inning by two teams. That same year, <mask> was elected to the All-Star Game as the starting second baseman. He hit a three-run home run off Roger Clemens in the first inning and was named the MVP of the game. In 2005, he finished sixth in the AL for stolen bases, and third for extra base hits (as well as eighth in strikeouts). He led the major leagues in power-speed number (32.7). Washington Nationals (2006)
On December 7, 2005, <mask> was traded to the Washington Nationals in exchange for Brad Wilkerson, Terrmel Sledge, and minor league pitcher Armando Galarraga.On February 10, 2006, <mask> set a record for the highest salary ever awarded in arbitration, receiving $10 million, even though he lost his request of $12 million. The previous high had been set in 2001 by Andruw Jones of the Atlanta Braves when he earned $8.2 million. The Nationals offered Soriano a five-year, $50-million extension, but Soriano rejected the offer. <mask> and his agent Diego Bentz instead opted to open contract negotiations during the off-season, so that he would become a free agent. On March 20, 2006, Nationals manager Frank Robinson inserted <mask> in the lineup as the left fielder. <mask>, who since 2001 had played exclusively at second base, refused to take the field, and the Nationals organization threatened him with disqualification, which would have meant forfeiture of his salary, and he would not have received credit for service time in fulfillment of the obligations of his contract. With his contract's service terms officially still unfulfilled, he would then have been ineligible for free agency at season's end.Two days later, <mask> relented and played in left field for the Nationals in their exhibition game against the St. Louis Cardinals. Robinson indicated that he considered <mask>'s move to left field to be permanent and would not consider moving Soriano back to second base at any point during the season. In his comments following that game, Soriano indicated that he would accept his new position without further argument. As the season got underway, Soriano began to enjoy his new position, and by the All-Star break he led the league in outfield assists. <mask> made his fifth consecutive All-Star team and became only the third man to start All-Star games for both leagues at two different positions. On August 25, a week after reaching 30–30, he became the fastest man in baseball history to reach 200 home runs and 200 stolen bases, reaching the mark in 929 games (breaking the previous record of 1,053 games held by Eric Davis). In September, he completed his 20th outfield assist, becoming the only player in baseball history with 40 home runs, 40 stolen bases, and 20 assists.On September 16, <mask> stole second base in the first inning to become the fourth player to join the 40–40 club, after Jose Canseco, Barry Bonds, and Alex Rodriguez. Many considered <mask>'s 40–40 season to be the only one "clean", as Canseco, Bonds and Rodriguez were all involved in the steroid controversy. <mask> was also the only one of the four to reach the feat while playing at home. Six days later, he became the first player to reach 40 home runs, 40 stolen bases and 40 doubles in one season. <mask> set a new career high in walks with 67 (previously 38). He also reached a career high in home runs with 46 (previously 39). He also led the National League in extra-base hits (89) and the major leagues in power-speed number (43.36), the latter of which remains the second-highest single season career mark ever.Possible trade

The Nationals considered trading <mask> before the deadline on July 31, because he was in the last year of his contract, which would grant him free agency at the end of the season. If the Nationals lost Soriano at the end of the season, they would receive a first- or second-round draft pick from the team that signed him and a "sandwich" pick between the first and second rounds as compensation. <mask> did not want to engage in contract negotiations during the season. However, <mask> expressed his strong desire to stay with the team. Both fans and players began to be more vocal in their support to keep <mask>. Manager Frank Robinson praised Soriano's leadership in the clubhouse, and further suggested that <mask> should be considered for MVP of the National League. There were plenty of suitors, including sending <mask> back to the Yankees, and the Chicago Cubs and Los Angeles Dodgers were also interested.However, Nationals general manager Jim Bowden felt that what he was offered was not worth trading him. The Nationals hoped to sign him to a long-term deal before the season ended but on October 12, 2006 he rejected a $70M deal. Chicago Cubs

2007
The Chicago Cubs signed <mask> to an eight-year contract worth nearly $136 million. The contract marked the most expensive deal in the Cubs' franchise history at the time and went through 2014. It contained a no-trade clause, meaning <mask> could not be traded without his consent. The Cubs' manager, Lou Piniella, assigned <mask> to play center field, but later moved him to left field after he sustained a hamstring injury. He struggled during the first month of the season, during which he posted a .270 batting average, with no home runs.He managed to hit his first home run during the Cubs' first game in May, and gradually increased his batting average throughout the month. <mask> was extremely productive in June. In a game against the Atlanta Braves, <mask> hit three home runs off Lance Cormier. <mask> had accomplished the same feat in his past, coincidentally, also against the Atlanta Braves. <mask> also played an integral part in the Cubs' offense during the team's annual Cross-town Classic with the Chicago White Sox at US Cellular Field. He hit home runs in three consecutive games. His efforts merited the National League's Player of the Month title for June.He was later selected as a reserve outfielder in the 2007 MLB All-Star Game, where he hit a two-run home run for the National League in the bottom of the ninth inning. <mask> led the Cubs in home runs during

masks:
Alfonso Guilleard Soriano
Soriano
Soriano
Soriano
Soriano
Soriano
Soriano
Soriano
Soriano
Soriano
Soriano
Soriano
Soriano
Soriano
Soriano
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 their National League Central chase in June and July, during which they erased the Milwaukee Brewers' eight game lead over the division. After losing the tie for first in early August, Soriano tore his right quadriceps during a game against the New York Mets on August 5. The Cubs placed him on the fifteen-day disabled list, and expected him to miss several weeks while recovering from the injury. The Cubs used Matt Murton, who had been recalled from the Triple-A Iowa Cubs, in left field. He began to show signs of improvement around on August 21, when he was seen running and working out with trainers. <mask> stated he felt healthy enough to return in a few days, but made his actual return on August 28, 2007.Upon his return, <mask> proceeded to have the most productive September in the franchise's history. He hit fourteen home runs, twenty-seven runs batted in, and recorded a .320 batting average within twenty-nine games. Soriano said upon his return from the quad injury that he had also been suffering from wrist injuries and the time off to heal his leg also helped his wrists. The Cubs went on to win the National League Central Division, but were swept by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series. <mask> finished the season with thirty-three home runs (including eleven lead-off home runs), seventy runs batted in, and a .299 batting average. He led the Cubs in home runs, triples, runs, strikeouts, and Slugging percentage, among all regular starters. 2008
During the first few weeks of the 2008 season with the Cubs, <mask> struggled.He was only hitting .190 at the time he was put on the DL with a strained calf. After being activated, <mask> got off to a quick start, raising his average to .280 and increasing his home run total. In a one-week stretch in May, he hit 7 home runs in just 6 games, hitting nearly .500 during that stretch. At the end of May he had 12 home runs and 33 RBIs. However, his defense was extremely poor, and after being placed on the DL early in the season, <mask> was encouraged to stop hopping as he caught fly balls. This seemed to affect his play in the field as he misjudged two balls in St. Louis on May 2, shortly after being activated. After being severely booed by Cub fans who had traveled to St. Louis in that particular game, he homered in the ninth to send the game to extra innings.Later that month, he lost a ball in the sun and dropped what would have been the game's final out in the 9th inning against the Pittsburgh Pirates, allowing Jason Bay to reach safely and eventually costing the Cubs a win. On June 11, 2008, <mask> was hit by a pitch and broke a bone just under the ring finger in his left hand. On July 7, 2008, <mask> was voted a starter in the 2008 MLB All-Star Game. However, due to the injury, he was replaced in the starting lineup by Matt Holliday of the Colorado Rockies. As poor as <mask>'s defense was perceived to be, his arm had been just as much an asset to the Cubs, and he was one of the league's leaders in outfield assists. <mask> also led the team in home runs, despite having played in only 109 games. On August 22, <mask> accomplished one of baseball's rarest feats, as he stole home plate in a loss to his old team, the Washington Nationals.In early September, <mask> helped end the Cubs six-game losing streak by slugging out three home runs with five RBI against the Cincinnati Reds. It marked the third three-home run game of his career. However, as the Cubs went into the playoffs against the Los Angeles Dodgers, <mask>, like nearly everyone else on the team, hit poorly in the NLDS. Soriano had an embarrassing moment in a day-night double header on Wednesday, August 13, 2008, where he hit a long ball which he thought was a home run. He watched it, and slowly trotted down to 1st, yet the ball never left the park. He wound up with only a single. Between games, he apologized to his team and promised that it would never happen again.2009

<mask> had gotten off to a quick start, hitting a solo home run in his first at bat of the 2009 season. <mask> also hit a game-tying solo home run off LaTroy Hawkins in the 8th inning in the second game of the young season. On April 11, <mask> hit a 2-run home run off of Carlos Villanueva in the top of the ninth giving the Cubs a 6 to 5 victory over rival Milwaukee. Comcast Sportsnet awarded Soriano with "Play of the Day". <mask> homered again, the very next day, on the first pitch he saw from Jeff Suppan, his 51st lead-off home run. On April 17 with one out in the bottom of the eighth, <mask> hit a two-run home run to give the Cubs an 8–7 lead over the St. Louis Cardinals. However, Soriano only hit .216 in the month of May.In voting for the 2009 All-Star Game, <mask> was fourth among NL outfielders (2,692,994 votes), trailing Ryan Braun (4,138,559), Raúl Ibañez (4,053,355), and Carlos Beltrán (2,812,295). Shortly before the All-Star break, manager Lou Piniella dropped Soriano in the batting order and made it clear that it was not a temporary change. For the first time in his career, Soriano seemed to accept not being a leadoff hitter and actually praised his manager for making the necessary decision, citing the fact that "I'm not doing my job." The batting order change helped Soriano. In the first series after the All-Star break, he hit two go-ahead home runs against the Nationals. On July 27, he hit a walk-off grand slam against the Houston Astros during the 13th inning. In September 2009, Soriano underwent arthroscopic surgery on his left knee.In 2009, <mask> led all major league left fielders in errors, with 11, and had the lowest fielding percentage among them (.950). 2010
After a poor season in 2009, <mask> was placed permanently in the 6th spot in the Cubs lineup, where he rebounded nicely, by playing in the most games(147 games) that season for the Cubs. He also collected 40 doubles, and 79 RBIs. On June 11, 2010, <mask> hit his 300th home run off of Jake Peavy. In 2010, on defense he led major league left fielders in errors, with 7, and had the lowest fielding percentage, at .968. 2011
In 2011, <mask> had a less than stellar year on defense and led in errors by a left fielder, with 7, and had the lowest fielding percentage, at .965. He batted .244, drove in 88 runs, and hit 26 home runs.2012
2012 was <mask>'s best year in some time, hitting 32 home runs, his best batting average in years (.262) and his personal best for RBIs (108), which ranked third in the National League. In the field, he made only one error, which was also <mask>'s personal best on the field. 2013
<mask> started the 2013 season with the Cubs by playing 93 games with a .254 average, 17 home runs, and 51 RBI. <mask>'s batting average and home run production for the Cubs was especially strong in June and July, making him a hot commodity as the trading deadline approached. Second stint with the New York Yankees (2013–2014)

Rest of 2013

On July 26, 2013, the Cubs traded <mask> to the New York Yankees, who paid him $5 million prorated for 2013 and $5 million of the $18 million owed to him in 2014. The Cubs received pitcher Corey Black from the Single-A Tampa Yankees. On August 11, 2013, <mask> recorded his 2,000th career hit, a home run off of Detroit Tigers pitcher Justin Verlander.On August 13, 2013, <mask> hit two home runs and had a career-high six RBIs. The next day, he broke his career high set the previous day by driving in seven runs. He became one of only three players in the live-ball era to drive in at least six runs in back-to-back games (the other two being Rusty Greer in 1997 and Geoff Jenkins in 2001). He also became just one of seven players to record 13 RBI in a two-game span, and fell just two RBI short of the all-time record set by former Yankee Tony Lazzeri. From August 13 to 16, <mask> batted in 18 runs over four games, tying the Major League record for most RBI in four consecutive games. <mask> also recorded 13 hits during this stretch, becoming the only player in MLB history with 18 RBI and at least 12 hits in a four-game stretch. The other players who have recorded 18 RBI in four games are Jim Bottomley (St. Louis Cardinals, July 6–9, 1929), Lou Gehrig (New York Yankees, July 29–31, 1930), Tony Lazzeri (New York Yankees, May 21–24, 1936), Joe DiMaggio (New York Yankees, August 28—September 1, 1939), and Sammy Sosa (Chicago Cubs, August 8–11, 2002).<mask> was named the AL Player of the Week for August 12–18. On August 27, Soriano hit two home runs, the second of which was the 400th of his career. For the rest of the 2013 season with the Yankees, <mask> played 58 games batting .256 with 17 home runs and 50 RBI. Overall in 2013, combined with the two teams, Soriano played 151 total games batting .255 with 34 home runs and 101 RBI. 2014
With the signings of Carlos Beltrán and Jacoby Ellsbury, <mask> started the 2014 season as the designated hitter and sometimes played at right field. His playing time became limited as he struggled at the plate. <mask> was designated for assignment by the Yankees on July 6, 2014.He was released on July 14. In 67 games, <mask> batted .221 with 6 home runs and 23 RBI. Retirement
<mask> announced his retirement on November 4, 2014. He stated:  <mask>'s 412 career home runs put him in 53rd place on the all-time list at the time of his retirement. Career awards and highlights
 7× All-Star (2002–2008)
 4× Silver Slugger Award (2002, 2004–2006)
 MLB All-Star Game MVP (2004)
 AL stolen base leader (2002)
 4x 30-30 club (2002, 2003, 2005, 2006)
 40-40 club (2006)

Fielding
<mask> led all major league second basemen in errors every year from 2001 to 2005 (19 (tied), 23, 19, 23, and 21). In 2006, he was second in the major leagues of all left fielders in errors, with 11, but led all left fielders with 22 assists, 9 double plays, and a 2.29 range factor. Personal life
<mask>'s paternal family, the Guilleards, are of Haitian descent.His mother, Doña <mask>, is the sister of Hilario <mask>, a former catcher for the Tigres del Licey baseball team. <mask> and his wife, Carmen Isis Eusebio, have three daughters (Alisis, Angeline, and Alisha) and three sons (Allen, Angel, and <mask>.). See also

30–30 club
40–40 club
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders
List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders
List of Silver Slugger Award winners at second base
List of Silver Slugger Award winners at outfield

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
American League All-Stars
American League stolen base champions
Arizona League Cubs players
Chicago Cubs players
Columbus Clippers players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Japan
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dominican Republic people of Haitian descent
Gulf Coast Yankees players
Hiroshima Toyo Carp players
Iowa Cubs players
Major League Baseball All-Star Game MVPs
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball second basemen
National League All-Stars
New York Yankees players
Nippon Professional Baseball infielders
Norwich Navigators players
Sportspeople from San Pedro de Macorís
Silver Slugger Award winners
Texas Rangers players
Washington Nationals players
World Baseball Classic players of the Dominican Republic
2006 World Baseball Classic

masks:
Soriano
Soriano
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Alfonso
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Andrea Soriano
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Soriano
Alfonso Jr


texts:
<mask> (May 2, 1907 – February 11, 1972) was an American political scientist best known for his work on public administration and as a scholar of the Soviet Union. His books Smolensk under Soviet Rule, based on documents captured by the German Army during World War II, and How Russia is Ruled (also known as How the Soviet Union is Governed) helped form the basis of American study of the Soviet Union, and established him "as a leading political scientist of the Soviet Union." <mask> is also remembered for his work in the Office of Price Administration and as the director of the Harvard University Library. Biography
<mask> was born in McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania on May 2, 1907, and spent his childhood years there. In 1920, after the death of his father, Fainsod's family moved to St. Louis. Fainsod attended Washington University in St. Louis, graduating in 1928 with a B.A. in political science and an M.A.in 1930. He then began his Ph.D at Harvard University in government, completing it in only 2 years. In 1932, Fainsod traveled to the Soviet Union on a Sheldon Fellowship, gaining his first exposure to the country. In 1933, he returned to the United States and began teaching in the government department at Harvard. Upon his return to the United States he also married Elizabeth Stix, with whom he had two children. Throughout the 1930s, most of <mask>'s work focused on the United States, and he published the books The American People and their Government and Government and the American Economy. Because of his expertise on American government, he was chosen as a staff member for the Brownlow Committee in 1936.In 1940, he was chosen as a consultant for the Temporary National Economic Committee, and in 1941, when America entered World War II, he was selected as a price executive for the Office of Price Administration(OPA). In April 1942, he was chosen to direct the retail trade and services division of the OPA. After the war, <mask> was promoted to full professor at Harvard, and continued his work in research and teaching. That same year, he was selected to serve as the chairman of the Government Department, a position he held until 1949. As the Cold War emerged, Fainsod took a renewed interest in the Soviet Union and helped to establish the Russian Research Center at Harvard in 1948, which he directed from 1959 to 1964. Fainsod encouraged other scholars of the Soviet Union to use an interdisciplinary area studies approach, and he helped to "refocus scholars' understanding of the Soviet Union." In the 1950s, Fainsod focused on the Soviet Union with his landmark works How Russia is Ruled (1953) and Smolensk under Soviet Rule (1958) using Smolensk Archive documents.In the 1960s, he held numerous leadership positions at Harvard. From 1966 to 1967, he served as President of the American Political Science Association and from 1964 to 1972 he served as director of the Harvard University Library. In 1969 after violence and unrest on the Harvard campus, Fainsod led the Fainsod Committee to study the issue of reform to Harvard's government. On the committee, Fainsod "called for unity" and helped to bring together students and administrators. Fainsod died of a heart attack on February 11, 1972 in the Harvard hospital. Scholarship
Most of Fainsod's scholarship and writing focused on either public administration or the Soviet Union. Over his career, he published five books as well as many journal articles and book chapters.Of his scholarship, his work on the Soviet Union became most important, and his book How Russia is Ruled "became a classic and was used for decades as a textbook." The American People and Their Government
In 1934, Fainsod co-authored the book The American People and Their Government with Arnold Lien. The book was a textbook, intended primarily for junior colleges. In addition to providing basic facts about government, the book attempted to "teach patriotism, citizenship, and a proper zeal for the Americanization of aliens." The book was rather poorly received. Grayson Kirk expressed "skepticism over the value of the finished product", and wrote that "the idea behind the book is much better than the book itself." International Socialism and the World War
Fainsod revised his doctoral dissertation and published it in 1935 as International Socialism and the World War.The book analyzed the reactions of international socialist parties to World War I, dividing them into three groups. According to Fainsod, the first group, right wing socialists, wholeheartedly supported their national governments in the war and refrained from contact with other socialist parties and international groups. The second group, centrist socialists, "voted for the war credits only to maintain the unity of their respective parties," and maintained a pacifist position as well as taking part in international conferences. The final group, left wing socialists, opposed the war and attempted to spread agitation and revolution. Reviewers received the book favorably. Writing in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Edward Berman called the book "an excellent and informative account." Leading Soviet scholar E.H. Carr called the book "a most valuable piece of research," and Arnold Zurcher faulted the book for "repetition of subject-matter" but praised the "superior quality" of the research involved.Government and the American Economy
In 1941, Fainsod released his third book, Government and the American Economy, co-authored with Lincoln Gordon. Intended as a textbook, the book presented the "economic, organizational, legal, and constitutional setting" for American business and discussed the evolution of the role of the government in the economy over the first half of the twentieth century. In examining the relationship, the book primarily focused on political matters, and did not present any significant discussion of monetary policy, a fact criticized by Oscar Gass in the University of Chicago Law Review. Despite criticizing the omission of monetary policy, Gass praised the volume, writing that it was "distinguished for its penetrating economic analysis." Henry Villard delivered a less positive review. He wrote that "as a source of information on the legal and institutional framework within which the American economy operates ... this volume is very valuable," but concluded by faulting the lack of analysis in the book, labeling it "unrealistic" and "unenlightening." John George, writing in  the American Political Science Review presented a much more positive outlook, writing, "this book easily places first in its field."How Russia is Ruled
In 1953, Fainsod finished his book How Russia is Ruled. The book analyzed Soviet governance from the very beginnings of the Soviet Union until the death of Joseph Stalin, which occurred only months prior to the book's release. In the How Russia is Ruled, Fainsod "carefully described and analyzed" both the theory and practice of public administration in the Soviet Union. Philip Buck wrote that the book was "of great interest to the general reader," but found that it had less utility for serious scholars, criticizing in particular the lack of details on Soviet economic planning. Writing in Political Science Quarterly, Leo Gruliow presented a generally favorable review of the book, but criticized its lack of detailed analysis on the Soviet propaganda and indoctrination efforts. In 1963, Fainsod released a revised edition of How Russia is Ruled. By that time, the original book was recognized as "one of the most authoritative interpretations of Soviet reality" and had become very influential among Sovietologists.In the revised edition, Fainsod used new sources of data on the Soviet Union to help expand on many of the themes in the first edition, and devoted more attention to the post-Stalin era. In the revised edition, Fainsod also took into account certain changes in international dynamics, including the increasing role of nuclear weapons, the Sino-Soviet split and some of the liberalization in the USSR. In 1997, Foreign Affairs named the book on its list of "significant books" and called How Russia is Ruled "the book that defined the field of Soviet studies." Smolensk under Soviet Rule
In 1958, Fainsod released another book on the Soviet Union, Smolensk under Soviet Rule. The book was based on internal Communist party documents captured by the German Army after overrunning the city of Smolensk. After the defeat of Germany, the United States took control of the documents, which were given to Fainsod in the 1950s. These documents were "the most extensive documentary corroboration" of information on the Soviet Union available at the time.Based on the documents, Fainsod presented strong arguments about the power of Stalin during his lifetime, and argued that the party itself became merely a transmission mechanism for Stalin's ideas. Fainsod also presented many insights into the inner workings of Soviet governance before World War II. Although generally well received at the time, Smolensk under Soviet Rule found less of a place in later scholarship than How Russia is Ruled. In 1991, Catherine Merridale wrote in the Slavic Review: "Fainsod's interpretation has dated," but she still praised some aspects of the book, including its study of the NKVD and dekulakization. Similarly, Irving Anellis in 1996 hailed the book as "one of the most significant sovietological studies of its day," but argued that Fainsod's conceptual models and theories had not stood the test of time. Notes

References

1907 births
1972 deaths
American political scientists
Harvard University faculty
People from McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Washington University in St. Louis alumni

masks:
Merle Fainsod
Fainsod
Fainsod
Fainsod
Fainsod


texts:
<mask> is an American comic book artist, known for his work on books such as Seven Soldiers: Zatanna, X-Factor and The Spectre. His style has been compared to that of Mike Mignola, Adam Hughes, and Kevin Nowlan. <mask>'s first professional work was in Challengers of the Unknown #15, published in 1998. For the next two years, he worked primarily on books for Dark Horse, including several stories set in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer universe, as well as two creator-owned projects in Dark Horse Presents: Witch's Son & Ragnok, with writer John Arcudi. He has also inked over Matt Smith's pencils in Lobster Johnson: The Killer in My Skull, a back-up story in Hellboy: Box Full of Evil #1. In 2001, he earned critical and fan praise for his work on The Spectre for DC Comics. He left the book in 2002 to draw the first spin-off mini-series from Mike Mignola's Hellboy, BPRD: Hollow Earth.From 2003 to 2010, Sook worked primarily for DC Comics focusing more on coverwork than interior sequential pages. His work in this time period includes: Arkham Asylum: Living Hell with Dan Slott, Hawkman with Justin Gray and Jimmy Palmiotti and Seven Soldiers: Zatanna with Grant Morrison and X-Factor with Peter David for Marvel. He has also worked on several books for Wildstorm. In 2009, Sook garnered his highest critical praise to date for his work on the Kamandi story in Wednesday Comics, written by Dave Gibbons. For the twelve-part serialization, he handled all of the art chores including lettering. Sook has been compared to Mike Mignola, Adam Hughes and Kevin Nowlan and has as well been influenced by them, but he also draws inspiration from Alphonse Mucha, JC Leyendecker and Norman Rockwell, among many others. Bibliography
Interior comic work includes:
Challengers of the Unknown vol.4 #1-4, 6, 8-9, 11-13 (with J. M. DeMatteis, DC Comics, 2001–2002)
Dark Horse Extra #42-44: "B.P.R.D." (with Christopher Golden, Dark Horse, 2001–2002)
B.P.R.D. : Hollow Earth #1-3 (with Mike Mignola, Christopher Golden and Tom Sniegoski, Dark Horse, 2002)
Batman: Gotham Knights #41: "I'll Be Watching" (with Ed Brubaker, co-feature, DC Comics, 2003)
Métal Hurlant #6: "3 on a Match" (with R. A. Jones, anthology, Les Humanoïdes Associés, 2003)
Arkham Asylum: Living Hell #1-6 (with Dan Slott, DC Comics, 2003)
Hawkman vol. 4 #28-31, 34 (with Justin Gray and Jimmy Palmiotti, DC Comics, 2004–2005)
Spider-Man Unlimited vol. 3 #8: "Everything" (with Joshua Ortega, anthology, Marvel, 2005)
Seven Soldiers: Zatanna #1-4 (with Grant Morrison, DC Comics, 2005)
X-Factor vol. 3 #1-4 (with Peter David, Marvel, 2006)
The Goon: Noir #1: "Big Ma's Hootenanny & Slack-Jaw Fighting" (with Steve Niles, anthology, Dark Horse, 2006)
The Ultimates 2 Annual #2 (flashback sequences, with Charlie Huston and Mike Deodato, Jr., Marvel, 2006)
Worldstorm #2: "Savant" (with Christos Gage, anthology, Wildstorm, 2007)
DC Infinite Halloween Special: "The Speed of Life" (with Mark Waid, anthology one-shot, DC Comics, 2007)
Countdown to Final Crisis #2: "The Origin of Darkseid" (with Scott Beatty, co-feature, DC Comics, 2008)
First Born: Aftermath: "Crisis of Faith" (with Ron Marz, anthology one-shot, Top Cow, 2008)
Final Crisis: Resist (with Greg Rucka and Marco Rudy, one-shot, DC Comics, 2008)
The Darkness #75: "Absolute Darkness" (with Phil Hester, among other artists, Top Cow, 2009)
Wednesday Comics #1-12: "Kamandi, the Last Boy on Earth!" (with Dave Gibbons, anthology, DC Comics, 2009)
Batman: The Return of Bruce Wayne #5: "Masquerade" (with Grant Morrison and Pere Pérez, DC Comics, 2010)
The Atom and Hawkman #46: "Bye Bye Birdie!"(with Geoff Johns, DC Comics, 2010)
Action Comics (DC Comics):
 "Life Support" (with Damon Lindelof, co-feature in #900, 2011)
 "Anchiale" (with Max Landis, co-feature in vol. 2 Annual #1, 2012)
 "The Oz Effect, Part 2" (with Dan Jurgens, in #988, 2017)
 "Invisible Mafia, Parts 4-6" (with Brian Michael Bendis, in #1004-1006, 2018–2019)
Rocketeer Adventures #3: "A Rocketeer Story" (script and art, anthology, IDW Publishing, 2011)
Artifacts #10: "Origin: Glacier Stone" (with Ron Marz and Tom Feister, co-feature, Top Cow, 2011)
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents vol. 3 #5: "Never the Whole Truth" (with Nick Spencer and CAFU, DC Comics, 2011)
Jonah Hex vol. 2 #70: "Weird Western" (with Justin Gray, Jimmy Palmiotti and Diego Olmos, DC Comics, 2011)
Outlaw Territory Volume 3: "Heaven Sent" (script and art, with Alex Sheikman, anthology, Image, 2013)
Ghost vol. 3 #1-2 (with Kelly Sue DeConnick, Chris Sebela and Drew Johnson (#2), Dark Horse, 2013–2014)
Peanuts: A Tribute to Charles M. Schulz: "Charlie Brown and Snoopy" (script and art, anthology, KaBOOM!, 2015)
Batman Beyond: Rebirth: "Escaping the Grave, Part 1" (with Dan Jurgens, one-shot, DC Comics, 2016)
Superman vol. 4 #15: "Multiplicity, Part 2" (with Peter Tomasi, among other artists, DC Comics, 2017)
Inhumans Prime (with Al Ewing and Chris Allen, one-shot, Marvel, 2017)
The Flash vol.5 #25 (with Joshua Williamson, Carmine Di Giandomenico and Neil Googe, DC Comics, 2017)
The Kamandi Challenge #12: "The Boundless Realm" (with Gail Simone and Jill Thompson, DC Comics, 2017)
The Man of Steel vol. 2 #3 (with Brian Michael Bendis and Jason Fabok, DC Comics, 2018)
The Unexpected vol. 2 #1: "Call of the Unknown, Part 1 – Punch First" (with Steve Orlando and Cary Nord, DC Comics, 2018)
From Hell's Heart: "The Confidence-Man" (with Herman Melville and John Arcudi, anthology graphic novel, A Wave Blue World, 2019)
Legion of Super-Heroes (with Brian Michael Bendis, DC Comics):
 Millennium #2 (with Jim Cheung, Nicola Scott and Jeff Dekal, 2019)
 Legion of Super-Heroes vol. 7 #1-ongoing (2020–...)

Covers only

Angel #6 (Dark Horse, 2000)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer #28 (Dark Horse, 2000)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Spike & Dru #3 (Dark Horse, 2000)
The Spectre vol. 4 #5, 7, 14, 18 (DC Comics, 2001–2002)
Hellhounds #2 (Image, 2003)
Hawkman vol. 4 #35-37, 39 (DC Comics, 2005)
Birds of Prey #78 (DC Comics, 2005)
Robotika #1 (Archaia Studios, 2005)
X-Factor vol. 3 #5, 7-12 (Marvel, 2006–2007)
Giant-Size Hulk #1 (Marvel, 2006)
Friday the 13th #1-6 (Wildstorm, 2007)
Star Wars: Rebellion #6-10, 14 (Dark Horse, 2007–2008)
Nightwing #133-137 (DC Comics, 2007)
The Flash: Fastest Man Alive #13 (DC Comics, 2007)
Batman and the Outsiders vol.2 #1 (DC Comics, 2007)
Supernatural: Origins #3 (Wildstorm, 2007)
Death of the New Gods #1 (DC Comics, 2007)
Countdown Specials (DC Comics):
The Flash #1 (2007)
Jimmy Olsen #1 (2008)
The Atom #1-2 (2008)
The New Gods #1 (2008)
OMAC #1 (2008)
Eclipso #1 (2008)
Kamandi: The Last Boy on Earth #1 (2008)
The Search for Ray Palmer — Superwoman/Batwoman #1 (DC Comics, 2008)
DC Universe Specials (DC Comics):
Justice League of America #1 (2008)
Superman: Mongul #1 (2008)
Reign in Hell #1 (2008)
Zorro vol. 6 #5-8 (Dynamite, 2008)
Superman/Batman #51-52 (DC Comics, 2008)
Superman's Pal, Jimmy Olsen Special #1 (DC Comics, 2008)
Broken Trinity: Aftermath #1 (Top Cow, 2009)
Dragon Prince #4 (Top Cow, 2009)
Wildcats vol. 5 #13-18 (Wildstorm, 2009–2010)
Blackest Night: Wonder Woman #1-3 (DC Comics, 2010)
Superman: Last Stand of New Krypton #3 (DC Comics, 2010)
JSA All-Stars vol. 2 #1 (DC Comics, 2010)
The Magdalena vol. 3 #1-6 (Top Cow, 2010–2011)
Brightest Day #7-8 (DC Comics, 2010)
Artifacts #2 (Top Cow, 2010)
Human Target vol. 3 #5 (DC Comics, 2010)
Green Lantern vol. 4 #53, 57 (DC Comics, 2010)
The Flash vol.3 #2, 5 (DC Comics, 2010)
Green Arrow vol. 4 #3 (DC Comics, 2010)
Birds of Prey vol. 2 #4 (DC Comics, 2010)
Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #51 (DC Comics, 2010)
Justice League of America vol. 2 #48 (DC Comics, 2010)
Justice League: Generation Lost #7-8  (DC Comics, 2010)
Justice Society of America vol. 3 #42  (DC Comics, 2010)
Titans vol. 2 #26 (DC Comics, 2010)
Victorian Undead II #1-5 (Wildstorm, 2011)
B.P.R.D.: Hell on Earth (Dark Horse):
Gods #1-3 (2011)
Monsters #1-2 (2011)
Return of the Master #1-5 (2012)
The Reign of the Black Flame #4 (118) (2014)
DC Universe Online: Legends #1 (DC Comics, 2011)
Kirby: Genesis #0-8 (Dynamite, 2011–2012)
DC Universe Presents #1-12, 0, 13-18 (DC Comics, 2011–2012)
Justice League Dark #1-5, 7-12, 0, 13-14, Annual #1 (DC Comics, 2011–2012)
Lord of the Jungle #1 (Dynamite, 2012)
The Shadow vol. 7 #2 (Dynamite, 2012)
Mystery in Space #1 (Vertigo, 2012)
National Comics: Rose and Thorn #1 (DC Comics, 2012)
Sword of Sorcery vol. 2 #1 (DC Comics, 2012)
The Creep #2 (Dark Horse, 2012)
The Red Team #1 (Dynamite, 2013)
Before Watchmen: Ozymandias #6 (DC Comics, 2013)
Essential Graphic Novels and Chronology #1-2 (DC Comics, 2013–2014)
Ten Grand #1 (Joe's Comics, 2013)
X-O Manowar vol. 3 #13 (Valiant, 2013)
Dream Thief #2 (Dark Horse, 2013)
Quantum and Woody vol. 2 #1-4 (Valiant, 2013)
Worlds' Finest #12, 14 (DC Comics, 2013)
Sidekick #1 (Joe's Comics, 2013)
Trinity of Sin: Pandora #1-3 (DC Comics, 2013)
DC One Million Omnibus hc (DC Comics, 2013)
Hit #1-4 (Boom! Studios, 2013–2014)
Protectors, Inc. #1 (Joe's Comics, 2013)
Apocalypse Al #1 (Joe's Comics, 2014)
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe vol. 2 #12 (DC Comics, 2014)
The New 52: Futures End #0-48 (DC Comics, 2014–2015)
Batman vol.2 #34 (DC Comics, 2014)
The Mighty tpb (Dark Horse, 2014)
Rai vol. 2 #9-12 (Valiant, 2015)
Sinestro #15 (DC Comics, 2015)
Harley Quinn vol. 2 #21, 25 (inks only) (DC Comics, 2015–2016)
The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 4 #1 (Marvel, 2015)
The Vision vol. 3 #1 (Marvel, 2016)
Superman vol. 3 #46 (with Spike Brandt) (DC Comics, 2016)
Batman/Superman #26 (with Spike Brandt) (DC Comics, 2016)
Superman: American Alien #1-7 (DC Comics, 2016)
100-Page Super Spectaculars (DC Comics):
Lois and Clark #1 (2016)
Darksied War #1 (2016)
Robin War #1 (2016)
Titans Hunt #1 (2016)
Bloodshot Reborn #10-11 (Valiant, 2016)
Kong of Skull Island #1 (Boom! Studios, 2016)
4001 A.D. #1-4 (Valiant, 2016)
Black Panther vol.5 #1 (Marvel, 2016)
Uncanny X-Men vol. 4 #7 (Marvel, 2016)
Squadron Supreme vol. 4 #5-6 (Marvel, 2016)
Action Comics #957-960 (DC Comics, 2016)
Betty and Veronica vol. 3 #1 (Archie Comics, 2016)
Captain Marvel vol. 9 #9 (Marvel, 2016)
Batman Beyond vol. 6 #1 (DC Comics, 2016)
The Mighty Thor vol. 2 #15 (Marvel, 2017)
The Unworthy Thor #3 (Marvel, 2017)
Inhumans vs. X-Men #4 (Marvel, 2017)
Grass Kings #3 (Boom!Studios, 2017)
Future Quest #11 (Hanna-Barbera, 2017)
Superman vol. 4 #22-25, 28-29, 33 (DC Comics, 2017)
Sheena, Queen of the Jungle vol. 6 #0-1 (Dynamite, 2017)
Batman: The Killing Joke reprint (DC Comics, 2017)
Batman Day Special Edition #1 (DC Comics, 2017)
Sacred Creatures #4 (Image, 2017)
Black Panther #166 (Marvel, 2017)
Deathstroke vol. 4 #21-29, Annual #1 (DC Comics, 2017–2018)
Jim Henson's Labyrinth Special #2 (Archaia Studios, 2017)
The Jetsons #6 (Hanna-Barbera, 2018)
Nu Way #1 (Aspen, 2018)
The Unexpected vol. 2 #2-3 (DC Comics, 2018)
Heroes in Crisis #1-9 (DC Comics, 2018–2019)
The Weatherman #5 (Image, 2018)
The Flash vol. 5 #67 (DC Comics, 2019)
Betty and Veronica vol. 4 #2 (Archie Comics, 2019)
Justice League Dark vol.2 #11 (DC Comics, 2019)
Aquaman vol. 7 #50 (DC Comics, 2019)
Detective Comics #1012 (DC Comics, 2019)
DCeased: A Good Day to Die #1 (DC Comics, 2019)
Legion of Super-Heroes: Millennium #1 (DC Comics, 2019)

Dungeons & Dragons
Races of Eberron (2005)
Five Nations (2005)
An Adventurer's Guide to Eberron (2008)

Notes

References

External links

Artists from San Jose, California
Living people
Role-playing game artists
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Ryan Sook
Career Sook


texts:
<mask> (born 21 July 1959) is an architect from Edinburgh, Scotland. He was the founder of Malcolm Fraser Architects, a firm of architects based in the Old Town of Edinburgh from 1993. The company entered liquidation on 21 August 2015 and <mask> worked with Halliday Fraser Munro Architects before setting up anew with Robin Livingstone as Fraser/Livingstone Architects in January 2019. Biography

<mask> was born on 21 July 1959 to Margaret (née Watters) and <mask> (Structural engineer, with Blyth and Blyth, for many of Edinburgh's best post-war buildings). He attended George Watson's College, going on to study architecture at the University of Edinburgh, graduating with an MA Hons, DipArch in 1985. Following University he worked as a community architect in Wester Hailes in Edinburgh; with architect and theorist Christopher Alexander in Berkeley, California; conservation practices in Edinburgh; and with poet and artist Ian Hamilton Finlay at his garden, Little Sparta, near Edinburgh. He founded his architectural practice, Malcolm Fraser Architects, in 1993.It first made its name developing bars and restaurants for clients such as Pizza Express, and with lottery-funded arts projects. The practice's work encompassed conservation and new build, often in historic contexts such as Edinburgh's World Heritage Site, based on respect for the historic built context and the need to build within it in a rooted, confident, contemporary way. Its Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Innovation, for the University of Edinburgh, became the first listed building to achieve BREEAM "Outstanding" award. The practice won eight RIBA awards and also completed masterplanning and construction work for volume housebuilders that won for them, for the first time in Scotland, major awards - for The Drum, Bo'ness, West Lothian and Princess Gate, Fairmilehead, Edinburgh. The practice ceased trading in 2015, after 22 years of work. <mask> married Helen Lucas in 1988 and has one son and two daughters. Advocacy

Edinburgh
The practice, between 1999 and 2009, won the Edinburgh Architectural Association (EAA) Building of the Year/Silver Medal six times, the Conservation award twice plus other EAA Awards and Commendations.Using this as a platform <mask> has campaigned about built environment issues in Edinburgh, including initiatives for Princes Street, the Grassmarket and the redevelopment of Boroughmuir High School. Public life
In 2002, <mask> was appointed as the inaugural Deputy-Chair of Architecture and Design Scotland – a non-departmental public body (or quango) which acts as the Scottish Government's advisor on the built environment. He resigned in 2004 over the organisation's unwillingness to examine whether the UK Government's use of Public-Private Partnerships for public buildings such as schools represented value-for-money. <mask> was appointed visiting professor at the University of the West of England in 2003 and Geddes Honorary Professorial Fellow at the Edinburgh School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, part of the University of Edinburgh, in 2009. He has also lectured in Europe, China and North America. <mask> sits on the board of the Common Weal, a Scottish think tank, campaigning and advocacy organisation. During the run-up to the 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum <mask> acted as spokesman for the group 'Architects for Yes'.VAT
During his time as a columnist for the weekly architectural journal Building Design, in 2003, <mask> initiated a Flat VAT campaign to standardise Value Added Tax across new build (currently 0%) and repair (then 17.5%) that was taken up by Richard Rodgers and Debra Shipley MP but rejected by the then Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown MP. <mask> acted as spokesman for the Merger Action Group of Scottish businessmen who took Her Majesty's Government to the Competition Appeal Tribunal over the Government's alleged "ripping-up" of legislation and failure to heed anti-competition warnings when it enabled the acquisition of HBOS by Lloyds TSB in 2008. Town Centre Review
<mask> led and authored the Scottish Government's Town Centre Review "Community and Enterprise in Scotland's Town Centres", which looked to structural change to bring investment and footfall in towns. The Government's response included adopting the review's recommendation for a "Town Centre First" principle across all its activities. Main completed work and awards

Projects in chronological order with year of completion, major awards and citations:
 Scottish Poetry Library, Edinburgh: 1999
 Royal Scottish Academy Gold Medal for Architecture: 1997
 Winner, RIBA Award: 2000
 Prospect 100 best modern Scottish buildings: no.9
 DanceBase, Edinburgh: 2001
 Winner, RIAS Andrew Doolan Award for Architecture: 2002
 Winner, RIBA Award: 2002
 Finalist, Stirling Prize: 2002
 The Drum, Bo’ness: 2003
 Saltire Society Housing Award: 2005
 Dance City, Newcastle upon Tyne: 2005
 Winner, RIBA Award: 2007
 Scottish Storytelling Centre, Edinburgh: 2006
 Winner, RIBA Award: 2007
 HBOS Headquarters, The Mound, Edinburgh: 2006
 Princess Gate housing, Edinburgh: 2007
 Berwick Workspace, Berwick-upon-Tweed: 2007
 Winner, RIBA Award: 2009
 Dovecot Studios, Edinburgh: 2009
 Winner, RIBA Award: 2010
 Scottish Ballet headquarters at The Tramway, Glasgow: 2009
 Winner, Scottish Design Awards: Architecture Grand Prix and Best Public Building: 2010
 Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, Speir's Lock Studio, Glasgow: 2011 and 2015
 Winner, RIBA Award. Linlithgow Burgh Halls: 2012
 Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Innovation, Edinburgh: 2014
 Winner, Edinburgh Architectural Association Best Building of the Year; RICS Building Conservation Award; Scottish Design Award for Education Building: 2014
 BREEAM "Outstanding". University of Edinburgh Arcadia Nursery, King's Buildings, Edinburgh: 2014
 Winner, Scottish Design Awards: Best education building; Edinburgh Architectural Association Awards Wood Award; Edinburgh Architectural Association's Building of the Year Award(Commendation): 2015 Also, RIAS Award; RIBA Award; Wood for Good/ Forestry Commission Scotland Award; Zero Waste Scotland's Efficiency Award: 2015
 West Pilton Crescent Council Housing, Edinburgh: 2015
 Winner, Saltire Award: 2015
 Stromness Warehouse, Library and Council Hub, Orkney: 2015
 Scottish Awards for Quality in Planning - Overall Winner 2017
 RTPI Silver Jubilee Cup - Overall UK Winner
 Lews Castle and Museum nan Eilan, Stornoway, Lewis: 2015
 Leith Fort Colonies (delivered by Collective Architecture)
 RIAS Award: 2018
 Saltire Award & Medal: 2018
 EAA Building of the Year - Highly Commended: 2018
 Homes for Scotland - Affordable Housing of the Year: 2018
 Scottish Design Awards - Affordable Housing of the Year: 2018

References

External links

Official site Fraser/Livingstone Architects

1959 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Architects from Edinburgh
21st-century Scottish architects
20th-century Scottish architects

masks:
Malcolm Fraser
Fraser
Alexander Malcolm Fraser
William Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Banks Fraser
Fraser


texts:
<mask> (May 15, 1810 – March 24, 1885) was the United States Secretary of the Interior, who resigned on the outbreak of the American Civil War and became the Inspector General of the Confederate States Army. In 1864, Jefferson Davis asked <mask> to lead a delegation to Canada, where he appears to have been leader of the Confederate Secret Service. From here, he is known to have organised many anti-Union plots and was suspected of many more, including a possible meeting with Lincoln's assassin, John Wilkes Booth. Union troops burned down his mansion in Oxford, Mississippi, the hometown of William Faulkner, who based some of his fictional characters on <mask>. Early life

Born in Leasburg, North Carolina in 1810 to <mask> and Lucretia (van Hook<mask>, <mask> attended Bingham Academy in Orange County, North Carolina and later went on to graduate from the University of North Carolina in 1831, where he was a member of the Philanthropic Society. Afterwards, he served on the university faculty for a short time until he left to study law in 1832. He was admitted to the bar in 1834 and commenced practice in Pontotoc, Mississippi.<mask> got involved in politics and was elected to the 26th Congress, serving from 1839 to 1851. He was appointed to the United States Senate in 1845 but never received the commission, and the seat went to Joseph W. Chalmers. <mask> was the chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs in the 29th Congress. He lost reelection to the 32nd Congress and went back to practicing law until 1857, when newly elected President James Buchanan appointed <mask> United States Secretary of the Interior. In the later years of the Buchanan administration, the cabinet members argued with one another on issues of slavery and secession. In an 1859 speech, <mask> advanced a moderate unionist position. He denounced Republicans in the North who spoke of the slavery issue as an "irrepressible conflict" and Southern extremists who favored reopening the Atlantic slave trade.Alignment with Confederacy
While still serving as Interior Secretary, <mask> was appointed by the state of Mississippi as a "secession commissioner" to North Carolina, with the task of trying to convince that state to secede from the Union in the wake of the 1860 presidential election. On December 17, he passed through Baltimore on the way to North Carolina. "Secretary <mask> has entered openly into the secession service, while professing still to serve the Federal authority," the New York Times reported on December 20. The next day, <mask> met with Governor John W. Ellis in Raleigh. He wrote an open letter to Ellis which was published in the Raileigh State Journal on December 20. <mask> wrote that the South faced "common humiliation and ruin" if it remained in the Union. He warned that a Northern "majority trained from infancy to hate our people and their institutions" would overthrow slavery.The result would be "the subjugation of our people." <mask> resigned as Interior Secretary in January 1861. When he resigned, Horace Greeley's New-York Daily Tribune denounced him as "a traitor", remarking,  "Undertaking to overthrow the Government of which you are a sworn minister may be in accordance with the ideas of cotton-growing chivalry, but to common men cannot be made to appear creditable." <mask> became Inspector General of the Confederate States Army. Though not a military man, <mask> later joined the army as an officer and served as an aide to General P.G.T. Beauregard at the Battle of Shiloh. He attained the rank of lieutenant colonel and was present at several other battles in the Western Theater of the war, including Corinth, Vicksburg, and Tupelo.Commissioner in Canada

In March 1864, Jefferson Davis asked <mask> to lead a secret delegation in Canada. He accepted and arrived in Montreal in May of that year. <mask> appears to have been the leader of Confederate Secret Service operations in Canada. From there, he directed a failed plot to free Confederate prisoners of war on Johnson's Island, off Sandusky, Ohio, in September. He also arranged the purchase of a steamer, with the intention of arming it to harass shipping in the Great Lakes. Regarded in the North as a schemer and conspirator, many devious plots were associated with his name, though much of this may have been public hysteria. On June 13, 1864, <mask> met with former New York governor Washington Hunt at Niagara Falls.According to the testimony of the Peace Democrat Clement Vallandigham, Hunt met <mask>, talked to him about creating a Northwestern Confederacy, and obtained money for arms, which was routed to a subordinate. <mask> gave Benjamin Wood, the owner of the New York Daily News, money to purchase arms. One plot was a planned burning of New York City on November 25, 1864 in retaliation for Union Generals Philip Sheridan and William Tecumseh Sherman's scorched-earth tactics in the South. Some speculate that John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated Abraham Lincoln, met <mask>, but that has not been proved. (<mask> worked hard to clear his name of involvement in the assassination in the years after the war.) His manor, called "Home Place," in Oxford, Mississippi was burned down by Union troops in 1864. Post-war
After the Civil War, <mask> fled to England and later returned to Canada as he waited for passions to cool in the United States.He eventually came home and settled in Memphis, Tennessee, to manage his extensive holdings. <mask> was later appointed to the board of the University of the South at Sewanee and was a great benefactor of the school. Death
<mask> died in Memphis and was interred in Elmwood Cemetery. Republicans and Union veterans condemned the Grover Cleveland administration's lowering of flags to half-mast in Washington and Secretary of Interior Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II's closure of the Department of Interior to honor <mask> after his death. In popular culture
 A self-igniting liquid, referred to as "Greek fire" in Season 1 Episodes 7–11 of the BBC America television series Copper, is featured as part of a plot by Confederate Secret Service agents to burn down New York City. References

Bibliography

External links
 Retrieved on 2009-5-12
The <mask> Thompson Collection (MUM00266) can be found in the William and Marjorie Lewis Collection at the University of Mississippi in the Archives and Special Collections. 1810 births
1885 deaths
19th-century American politicians
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi
United States Secretaries of the Interior
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
Buchanan administration cabinet members
Mississippi Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives

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