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<mask> is an American artist whose work includes performance art, music, films and multimedia projects. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Los Angeles, California, to Karen and <mask>. She has an older brother, Micah, and a younger brother, Josh. Her mother was initially a journalist and her father worked as a special effects engineer in the film industry. When her parents got into financial difficulties in the mid-1970s, they got jobs distributing porn magnate Larry Flynt's Hustler magazine as well as gay porn publications. In 1982, <mask>'s parents took over the gay porn bookshop Circus of Books in West Hollywood, without telling their children what they did for a living. They also produced gay porn videos, starring Jeff Stryker.<mask> attended Wonderland Avenue Elementary, Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies (LACES) and Cleveland High School in Reseda. <mask> received a BFA in art from UCLA and an MFA from Yale University. In New York she worked as an assistant to video and performance artist Joan Jonas. Performance art works

On January 20, 2017, <mask>'s character FutureClown performed a live streamed lip-synch Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions of President Trump's inaugural address as he was delivering it on national television. In 2013, FutureClown lip-synched a full 13 hour filibuster speech delivered by Senator Rand Paul. <mask>'s earliest works included performances and centered around the body and architecture. As an undergraduate, <mask> scaled the eight-story (now demolished) UCLA art building dressed as her fictional character, Terrestrial Being.This piece represents one of a series of performances for video focused on this character. Between 2004 and 2010, <mask> staged performances where she transformed into political leaders singing selections of works from her two Songs of the Ambassadors albums. Ranging from Manuel Noriega to Saddam Hussein. For the research into these songs, <mask> conducted interviews with Ramsey Clark, former U.S. Attorney General who provided insight into some of the political leaders such as Fidel Castro, Saddam Hussein, Manuel Noriega, with whom she struck up a correspondence from his prison cell in Florida. Her performances often included dancers and collaborations with musicians and guest artists. Performances occurred at the Park Avenue Armory (New York), Museum of Contemporary Art in Detroit (MOCAD), JMOCA in Los Angeles (Justin Hansch's Museum of Contemporary Art), and Kunsthalle Zürich. Sculpture

While a student at Yale University, she created Kissing President Bush which was featured on the cover of the New York Times Art Section during the Republican National Convention held in New York, in 2004.In this sculptural work, the artist depicts herself kissing President George W. Bush. Between 2006 and 2010, <mask> created a collectible set of porcelain figurines of the various political figures involved in conflicts during her lifetime. In each conflict she included herself as an imagined ambassador. In 2014, <mask> created an exhibition of polymer clay doll sculptures with mirrored bodies, of female identified artists. The series, Starseeds, was presented first at Envoy Enterprises gallery in New York and then LTD Gallery in Los Angeles. Musical works

In 2016, <mask> released Das Ram, an album of eight synth based pop songs on the Los Angeles label, Cleopatra Records. In 2013, the soundtrack to her film The Lives of Hamilton Fish was released as an album of 21 songs.In 2012, <mask> released an album with her band Little Band of Sailors which featured an original album cover made by John Baldessari, her mentor and teacher. <mask> released two albums of songs whose lyrics imagine being inside the minds of various political leaders. These albums, called The Ambassadors, Vol. I and Vol. II include songs written in collaboration with guest writers, artists and musicians including Josephine Foster, Jennifer Herrema, John Knuth, Julian Hoeber, Emory Holmes III, Sarah Lehrer-Graiwer. <mask> performed at art institutions, and which entailed costume changes where she morphed into leaders such as Saddam Hussein, Mobutu Sese Seko, Deng Xiaopeng, and Jimmy Carter. Films

Her debut feature film The Lives of Hamilton Fish is a musical art film with no dialogue.<mask> often performed the entire soundtrack live in front of an audience while touring the film to museums and festivals. The film's story is based on a true coincidence <mask> discovered. Two obituaries of two men, both named Hamilton Fish, were printed on the front page of a newspaper from January 16, 1936. Hamilton Fish (aka Albert Fish) had been a serial killer while Hamilton Fish II had been a statesman. The latter was a descendant of 18th century politician Alexander Hamilton, who was killed in a duel by Aaron Burr; a large part of the film was shot on location at the Morris–Jumel Mansion where Burr once lived. The film also portrays one of the first known psychics, The White Crow, aka Leonora Piper. The Lives of Hamilton Fish premiered at London's Raindance Film Festival in 2015, and <mask> performed with the film as a live performance at museums including LACMA, Art in General, Henry Art Gallery, Corcoran Gallery, Albany Institute of History and Art, The Horse Hospital (London), Pineapple Underground Film Festival (Hong Kong), and Night Gallery (Los Angeles).<mask>'s 2019 documentary feature film Circus of Books was acquired by Netflix and executive produced by Ryan Murphy. It is based on the story of the historic gay landmark Circus of Books, a book and magazine store that her parents ran from 1982 until 2019. The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 26, 2019 and was the opening night gala presentation at the 2019 Outfest film festival. It was available for streaming on Netflix on April 22, 2020. "<mask>'s art is fluid — it's always easing in and out of different forms. She is a songwriter and performer; she's an actress, of a sort, who performs as if channeling the poetic inner souls of controversial leaders like Fidel Castro and Manuel Noriega." -- Claudine Ise

External links
Official website
Twitter

References

21st-century American women artists
Artists from Los Angeles
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
American women sculptors
American performance artists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Yale University alumni

masks:
Rachel Mason
Mason
Barry Mason
Mason
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Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
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Rachel


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<mask> (; born 1 April 1979) is a Croatian former professional handballer who is currently working as assistant coach of the Croatia national handball team. He was voted five times in a row as the most valuable player in major international competitions, and is one of only four male handball players who received the IHF World Player of the Year award on two occasions (2003, 2006). He was voted the best handball player in history in an online poll organized by the International Handball Federation (IHF). <mask> was a 2003 World and 2004 Olympic champion with Croatia. Early life
Born in Split, <mask> was the only child of handball players, mother Stjepanka and father <mask>. After the first three months of his birth, <mask> moved with his parents to Italy because of his father's professional career. During his time in Italy Balić lived in Rovereto and Prato.At age of seven <mask> and his mother returned to Split. When his father came back playing for RK Split in the Yugoslav Second League, <mask> would always love to watch his father's play. <mask> started playing basketball with KK Split due to him being a big fan of the club, which at the time was three time European champion. He played basketball until 1995 when his father's friend and coach at RK Split, Mate Bokan, at the time suggested he should play handball. Club career
<mask> began his senior handball career with RK Brodomerkur Split which competed in the top-tier Croatian First A League. In his first season Brodomerkur finished second in the league and got to the semi-finals of the EHF Cup where they lost to THW Kiel which won the Cup. He played for Brodomerkur for three more seasons reaching top positions in the league and reaching the quarter-finals of the EHF Cup.In 2001 <mask> moved to RK Metković Jambo. His first season started out with winning the Croatian Cup and league championship. Even though Metković won the league, their title was stripped away administratively and given to Badel 1862 Zagreb. This season was also his first season playing the EHF Champions League. The next few seasons <mask> spent perfecting his game which was mostly seen in 2003 when he became the first Croatian handballer to win the IHF World Player of the Year award and was voted Croatian Handballer of the Year in 2004. <mask> moved to Portland San Antonio in 2004. He chose San Antonio so he could play with his idol Jackson Richardson.During his first season, he helped the club win the league championship and reached the quarter-final of the Champions League. The next season saw <mask> in his first and only Champions League final. Unfortunately, San Antonio lost to a very strong BM Ciudad Real in both final matches (losing 19–25 in the first and 28–37 in the second leg). Although he did not win the Champions League, he got his second IHF World Player of the Year award in 2006. In 2007 <mask> was voted best Croatian athlete by Sportske novosti. Between 2008 and 2012, <mask> played for Croatian powerhouse RK CO Zagreb, winning the Croatian Premier League and Croatian Cup four times. In 2012 <mask> returned to Spain to play for Atlético Madrid.He stayed for only a season because the club went through bankruptcy. At the club he had a fantastic season winning the IHF Super Globe and Copa del Rey while finishing second in the league championship. In 2013 <mask> signed with German team HSG Wetzlar. After two seasons spending there, <mask> announced his retirement from professional handball at the beginning of the 2014–15 season. On 5 June, <mask> played his last professional handball game in a 29–24 win against Göppingen, in which he scored one goal and made five assists. International career
In 1998 <mask> started playing for Croatia under-20 and under-21 national teams at the same time. Next year he was called up to play for the senior Croatia men's national team, but he got pneumonia.He came to training and the physiotherapist noticed that he was sick so they gave him some antibiotics and sent him home. In December 2000 <mask> was called up to train for the 2001 World Championship. In training, <mask> got injured by trying to catch a reflected ball to which Petar Metličić fell on his foot and ruptured his ligaments. Because of this injury, <mask> had to rest for twenty days and missed the World Championship in France. <mask> finally made his debut for the senior national team at the 2001 Mediterranean Games in Tunisia where Croatia won first place. Next year <mask> played at the 2002 European Championship in Sweden where Croatia finished in last place. Although they finished last in the tournament, they shocked the world a year later at the 2003 World Championship in Portugal where they won first place; after losing their opening match against Argentina (29–30), they beat Saudi Arabia, Russia, France, Hungary, Egypt, Denmark, Spain, and lastly Germany in the final.In January 2004 <mask> was called up to play at the 2004 European Championship in Slovenia. Croatia had a good start in the group stage beating Spain and Denmark, and conceding a draw against Portugal. Croatia came all the way to the semi-finals where they lost against hosts Slovenia and finished fourth losing to Denmark in a third place game. <mask> was included in the all-star team and was voted the best player and the best play maker at the tournament. In August of the same year <mask> was selected to play at the 2004 Summer Olympics where the national team won first place. Croatia went undefeated through the tournament and <mask> was selected in the all-star team and was the best play maker at the tournament. For winning the gold medal, all players were awarded the Franjo Bučar State Award for Sport yearly award.<mask> won the award with the team, as he also won another yearly award by himself. At the 2005 World Championship in Tunisia, Croatia came in second place losing to Spain in the final game. <mask> was voted MVP of the tournament and the best play maker. At the 2006 European Championship in Switzerland, Croatia came in fourth. <mask> was once again voted MVP of the tournament and the best play maker, also being the fourth top goalscorer with 43 goals and top field goalscorer. The same year <mask> was also part of the team that won the Stratoil World Cup in Sweden and Germany. During this tournament <mask> invented the nickname of the Croatian national team: Kauboji ().At the 2007 World Championship in Germany, Croatia came in fifth place, with <mask> was voted MVP once again. <mask> also played during the 2008 European Championship in Norway where Croatia suffered a defeat from Denmark in the final. That silver medal was the first European championship medal <mask> had won. <mask> was also voted best centre back and was joint top goalscorer alongside Nikola Karabatić and Lars Christiansen with 44 goals. In the 2008 European Championship, he was the equal top scorer with 44 goals as he led Croatia to a silver medal and was also voted to the all-star team of the tournament. The same year <mask> was selected to be Croatia's flagbearer at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Unfortunately, the tournament did not go so well.Croatia finished in fourth place losing the third place for the bronze medal to Spain in an awful defeat of 29–35. <mask> did not play his best at the tournament failing to receive an award. The next national team challenge <mask> faced was the 2009 World Championship in Croatia. Even though Croatia went undefeated throughout the tournament, France beat them in a painful final match, during which a rivalry emerged between <mask> and Nikola Karabatić, which the media named "clash of the titans". At the 2010 European Championship in Austria, Croatia won another silver medal losing to France in the final game. Following unsuccessful 2011 World Championship, where Croatia came in fifth place, in 2012 <mask> won two bronze medals with Croatia–at the European Championship in Serbia and at the Olympics in London. Prior to the 2013 World Championship in Spain, <mask> was dropped from the national team by then head coach Slavko Goluža, thus he retired from the national team.After the match, there was a special ceremony dedicated to Balić. During the ceremony, Jackson Richardson, his handball idol, came to congratulate him on his career. Post-playing career
Following his retirement from playing professional handball, <mask> joined the Croatia men's national handball team coaching staff under newly appointed head coach Željko Babić as team's coordinator, alongside his old colleagues Petar Metličić as assistant and Valter Matošević as goalkeeper coach. As part of that staff he won the bronze medal at the 2016 European Championship in Poland with the rest of the team, and was also part of the fifth-place placement at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. On 8 April 2021, the Croatian Handball Federation appointed <mask> as assistant coach to Hrvoje Horvat in the coaching staff of the senior Croatian national handball team. Personal life
From 1999 to 2006 <mask> was married to his wife Ivana. They have together one son, Dino, born 2000.In 2014 <mask> got his second child, first with girlfriend Mirela Delić, a son named Vigo. In 2016 <mask> became a father for the third time. Balić enjoys watching basketball.

masks:
Ivano Balić
Balić
Ivano
Žarko Balić
Balić
Balić
Balić
Balić
Balić
Balić
Balić
Balić
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Balić


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<mask>, DMS (née Pellissier; 1 November 1889 — 8 January 1979) was a South African educator, writer, journalist, cultural leader, politician and pioneer in the promotion of Afrikaans, as well as the spouse of the penultimate Governor-General of the Union of South Africa, E.G<mask>. She was a founding member of the Saamwerkersunie (Cooperative Union), the Voortrekkers (an Afrikaans pioneer organisation), the Vroue-Nasionale Party (Women's national party) in Natal, the Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge (FAK) (Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Organisations), and the first woman member of the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns (South African Academy of Science and Arts). She was the author of numerous dramas and novels, as well as the first Afrikaans grammar guide. She was involved in the founding of Voortrekkerpers (Pioneer publishers) and Die Transvaler (The Transvaler newspaper), a leading figure in the education and upliftment of impoverished Afrikaans railway workers, and an avid supporter of the preservation of cultural-historical monuments. Background

<mask> was the youngest of six children, a daughter of Samuel Henri Pellissier (1850 - 1921) and a granddaughter of Rev. Jean Pellissier, a French missionary who arrived in South Africa in 1831 and took over the London Missionary Society's mission station at Bethulie in the southern Free State on behalf of the French Missionary Society after Rev.Clark abandoned the work in July 1833 as hopeless. Her mother, Josephine Elise Johanna Roux (1857 - 1907), was a daughter of Rev. Piet Roux (1825 - 1913), the first pastor and founder of the Dutch Reformed community of Smithfield. Jansen was educated in Bethulie and later Riversdale, Western Cape. She matriculated at Girl's School in Paarl and was placed first in the senior certificate examination in South Africa. She completed a MA in Greek and Latin at the Huguenot College in Wellington, Western Cape in 1909. The accepted work for an educated women at that time was botany or teaching, so after a year as a teacher she was appointed a lecturer at the Training College in Pietermaritzburg.Teacher

<mask> not only advocated for the Afrikaans language, but also for Afrikaans education and welfare in that she started the first on-site further education of Afrikaans railway workers in Natal. From 1924 the poor whites in the Witwatersrand area were sent to Natal to work on the railways so as to alleviate some of the social pressures in the Witwatersrand area. <mask> arranged for them to be housed in the hall of the Dutch Reformed church in Pietermaritzburg and she established one of the first railway hostels for the displaced workers, later named after her. Over the period 1924 to 1936, <mask> and a group of six teachers taught lessons to the railway workers while on the trains and arranged for a welfare worker, Henning Klopper, to visit them. Author

<mask>'s first published work was the historical melodrama Afrikanerharte, written in 1914 but only published in 1918. The work was not well received by either G. Dekker in his Afrikaanse literatuurgeskiedenis (1935) or F.E.J Malherbe in his Aspekte van Afrikaanse Literatuur (1940). Dekker commented, "That our playwrights would make an eager use of historical material was to be expected, especially when we consider that the play was a beloved propaganda tool in the language struggle.These historical dramas have also become part of the national awareness and played a role that should not be underestimated, even though the pure dramatic value of these works is generally low." Malherbe compared her works to J.F.E. Celliers' Liefde en Plig (Love and Duty) (1909) and Heldinne van die Oorlog (Heroines of the War) (1924); and C.J. Langenhoven's Die Hoop van Suid-Afrika (The Hope of South Africa) (1913) and Die Vrou van Suid-Afrika (The South African Woman) and commented, "With the advent of the Afrikaans movement, dramas, especially those with motifs from the patriarchal history, are avidly produced. They have little literary value and are mostly propaganda; but much beloved, they have helped to raise and strengthen the consciousness of the people of the nation." In 1919, <mask>'s collection of stories Die veldblommetjie (The field flower) was published followed by similar collections Sommerso (Just so), and Erfenis (Heritage) in 1940. Under the pseudonym "Marta", <mask> published a children's play Die onnut (The useless) in 1923 and a recipe book Vrugte-heerlikheid: meer as duisend maniere om Suid-Afrikaanse vrugte voor te berei (Fruit glory: more than a thousand ways to prepare South African fruit) in 1942.Afrikanerharte and Die veldblommetjie are of historical value but she was not recognised for her contributions to literature, but rather due to her actions in politics and Afrikaans-cultural life. Journalist

From its first edition in Bloemfontein in 1919, the Landbouweekblad (Farmer's Weekly) had a women's section managed by Jansen. It was published as a separate leaflet first known as "Housewife" and later as "The House Page" She dealt with anything the farmer's wife might be doing around the house: cooking, crafts, sewing, other household affairs and flower gardening. She had a section that responded to letters from readers and later wrote about Afrikaans language under the pseudonym "Marta". Politician

<mask> was politically active before voting rights were granted to white women in South Africa in 1930 and had been appointed provincial chairman of the National Women's Party, which she founded in 1923. In 1933 she was elected deputy leader of the National Party in Natal and served on the Federal Council. After a large part  of the National Party merged with the South African Party in 1934, she assisted J.G.Strijdom and C.J.H. de Wet in the reconstruction of the National Party in the Transvaal. The process had started at the Transvaal congress of the National Party on 9 August 1934 in Pretoria. At this meeting J.G. Strijdom voted against the merger while J.B.M Hertzog voted in favour of it and the overwhelming majority of the delegates (281, including <mask>'s husband) agreed with him while a minority (38, composed mostly of women including <mask>) were opposed to it. This small group left the meeting and set up their own meeting at the Polleys Hotel on Pretorius Street. They decided to keep the original party name (although they were referred to as the Purified National Party and from 1939 as the Reunited National Party) and decided to establish their own party newspaper, Die Vaderland (The Fatherland).<mask>'s husband resigned from the United Party in 1939, and rejoined the National Party. <mask> only stood once as a candidate for the Volksraad (literally People's Council, the Parliament of South Africa) in 1938, but lost to Abraham de Kock. Cultural work

Saamwerkersunie

Jansen did groundbreaking work in Natal from 1917 to 1929. She advocated for the introduction of Afrikaans language exams which led to the Taalbond (language board) exams from 1920. The Saamwerkersunie was established in 1917 to unite the various unions and encourage the use of Afrikaans language in examinations in the Natal province. The Afrikaans language exams created an urgent need for an Afrikaans grammar guide, which <mask> created in collaboration with C.M. Booysen in 1917.The work was not universally well received even within the Afrikaans community. However, in July 1959 the Saamwerkersunie presented <mask> with a gold medal as a recognition of her "great cultural work". Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns

In 1920, <mask> became the first female member of the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns, and in 1969, they gave her an honorary lifelong membership. Voortrekker movement

<mask> was closely involved in the founding of the Voortrekker movement on 30 September 1931 in the old town hall in Bloemfontein. Present at the meeting were several prominent members of the Afrikaans community including prime minister JBM Hertzog, N.J van Der Merwe (leader of the National Party in Natal), S.H. Pellissier (Jansen's cousin and leader of the Volkspelebeweging (People's games movement)), C.F. Visser  (who established the precursors to the Voortrekkers) and Rachel Steyn (widow of president M.T.Steyn). <mask> was elected provincial leader of Natal and later was appointed deputy leader, a position that had to be held by a woman. At the meeting, the first group of recruits to the Voortrekkers were recognised. Amongst them was the daughter of C.F. Visser, Marie Visser, who was presented with a Voortrekker flag that had been made by Jansen. Jansen also served on the Voortrekker Monument Committee, of which her husband was the chair, and participated in the cornerstone laying on 16 December 1938 and the inauguration on 16 December 1949. Other

Jansen served on the management of the Kruger Committee, the Union Flag Committee and the Archives Committee and was also a member of the Enforcement Association.With the establishment of the Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Societies (FAK) in 1929, she became the first female member of the executive committee and retained this distinction for decades. She served as a member until 1935, and on 11 July 1974, the FAK awarded her the Public Service Honorary Award. Both E.G<mask> and <mask> were involved in the preservation of historic sites within Pietermartizburg, such as the Voortrekker Church of the Vow, and the erection of monuments, such as that in honour of Piet Retief, Gerrit Maritz and Piet Uys that had been funded by donations from the public and unveiled by Jansen on 6 April 1962. Selected works

<mask> published both fiction and non-fiction works including the first book on Afrikaans grammar:

Voortrekkerpers published her work recounting the pledge made by the pioneers before the Battle of Blood River, as recounted by Sarel Cilliers:

Jansen published an historical, melodramatic play entitled Afrikaner-harte in 1918. It had six editions and was translated into English. It is amongst her most widely held work:

Personal life

<mask> was secretary of the Christian Women's Association of Natal, a Sunday School teacher and a church organist.In 1912 she married Advocate E.G<mask>, who had started practicing as a lawyer in Pietermaritzburg in 1906. Her husband had already played a leading role in the promotion of Afrikaans language and culture in the predominantly English-speaking Natal. He was prominent in the cultural-historical life of this province and served on the board of the Debats- en Letterkundige Vereniging (Pietermaritzburg Debate and Literary Society), which he founded in 1908, and also of the Voortrekker Museum Committee. Jansen was involved in a car accident in the 1930s from which she never fully recovered, although it had no effect on her mentally. E.G<mask> died in 1959, and from that point on <mask> lived alone in her home in Irene with her dog, Referendum.The <mask>s only had one child, Erns <mask>, who became a Transvaal judge and later appellate judge and died in Pretoria on 23 May 2011. One of his three daughters, <mask>, SC, followed in her grandfather and father's legal footsteps and chaired the Pretoria Bar Council from 2003 to 2004. The other two daughters are Erna Heyns and Christine Loubser. At the time of his death, there were seven grandchildren. On her 86th birthday celebration in 1975, the prime minister, John Vorster, paid tribute to her and in 1976 she was honoured by State President N.J. Diederichs with the Decoration for Meritorious Services. <mask>'s epitaph in the cemetery in Centurion, Gauteng reads, in Afrikaans:"Gelowend in God het sy haar volk met eer gedien." (in English: "Believing in God, she served her people with honour.")She remained steadfastly true to her principles throughout her life, to the extent that when her husband followed JBM Hertzog from the National Party to the United Party in 1933, she remained a Nationalist and helped build the party up after the merger. On the eve of World War II, E.G<mask> returned to the party his wife had been faithful to all the time. References

Sources

C.J. Beyers & J.L. Basson (eds). 1987.Suid-Afrikaanse biografiese woordeboek Pretoria: RGN, volume V
G. Dekker 1935. Afrikaanse Literatuurgeskiedenis Cape Town, Bloemfontein and Pretoria: NASPERS Ltd.
F.E.J. Malherbe 1940. Aspekte van Afrikaanse Literatuur. Studies van Belangrike werke  Cape Town, Bloemfontein and Pretoria: NASPERS Ltd. External links

Website of the FAK

1889 births
1979 deaths
Colony of Natal people
Afrikaner people
South African writers
South African women writers
20th-century South African women writers

masks:
Martha Mabel Jansen
. Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
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Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
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. Jansen
Mabel Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
. Jansen
. Jansen
Mabel Jansen
Jansen
Louis Jansen
Mabel Jansen
Jansen
. Jansen


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Grand Duke <mask> of Russia (; 24 November 1877 – 9 November 1943) was a son of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, a grandson of Tsar Alexander II of Russia and a first cousin of Tsar Nicholas II. He followed a military career. After graduating from the Nikolaevsky cavalry School in 1896, he served as coronet in the life Guards Hussar regiment. He took part in the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 and became a major general in the Russian Army in 1914. During World War I, he commanded the regiment of the Ataman Cossacks in 1915. He was known in Imperial Russia for his restless behavior and as a notorious playboy. After the fall of the Russian monarchy, he was put under house arrest by the provisional government in March 1917, but he managed to escape the former Imperial capital in September that year and joined his mother and younger brother in the Caucasus.He departed revolutionary Russia in March 1919 with his longtime mistress, whom he married in exile. Eventually, he settled in France where he spent the rest of his life. He died in occupied Paris in 1943. Early life
Grand Duke <mask> was born on  at his parents' palace in Saint Petersburg. He was the third child and second surviving son among the five children of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia and his wife Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, née Duchess Marie Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. His parents were very wealthy and lived in the luxurious Vladimir Palace in Saint Petersburg. His father, Vladimir Alexandrovich, a brother of Tsar Alexander III of Russia, was a renowned patron of the arts; his mother, Maria Pavlovna, one of the greatest hostesses of Russian society.<mask>, more extrovert than his siblings, was his mother's favorite. Grand Duke <mask> was educated at home. He initially was raised by a British nanny,  the first language he spoke was English. As was customary in the Russian Imperial family, <mask> and his siblings also have a sailor "nanny", a male attendant from the Imperial navy, who served as the children's companion looking after them. <mask>'s education emphasized languages and military training. The parents chose the tutors, governors and friends for their children with care. The four siblings spent most of their time at their parents villa in Tsarkoe Selo where they had a lot of freedom and were able to visit a park with a pond.It was traditional for the male members of the Romanov family to follow a military career. From his birth, Grand Duke <mask> was appointed patron of the 45th Azov Infantry Regiment, and enrolled into the Semeonovsky Life Guards and the Life Guards Dragoon regiment, the 4th Life Guard Rifle Battalion of the Imperial Family. In 1896, at the age of eighteen, he graduated from the Nikolaievsky Cavalry School with the rank of Cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. The following year, he was appointed aide-de-camp to the Emperor. A Russian Grand Duke

At age eighteen, upon coming of age, Grand Duke <mask> received from his father a plot of land at Tsarskoye Selo on the eastern bank of the Kolonistky pond near the Moskovskaya Gate. There, in 1895, the Grand Duke built his own residence in the style of an English country house. All the materials were imported from England and construction was finished in less than a year.The estate, named Wolf Garden, compromised a cottage, coach house, stables, and a small tea house, where the grand duke could entertain his friends. The interiors were designed by Maples importing everything from England. To complement the British atmosphere, the servants were hired from England including a British butler. <mask> lived in Wolf Garden all year round while still serving in the army. The property was run as a modern farm and in 1899 a small house was added for the servants. From his early youth <mask> was notorious for his restless life style. He was an extrovert, very social, he liked to drink, gamble and womanizing.He became a famous playboy. In 1896 during the coronation ceremonies of Tsar Nicholas II, he flirted with Crown Princess Marie of Romania, who was his first cousin and was already married. The next year, he visited her in Bucharest, fueling more rumors. She said that "he had an attractive, rather husky voice, kind eyes, and humorous smile, which crinkled his forehead into unexpected lines. Not exactly handsome, he had nevertheless great charm." The grand duke also got entangled with a Mademoiselle Demidov. He was the cause of her engagement breaking off on the eve of her wedding.The famous ballerina Anna Pavlova was one of <mask>' lovers. Princess Catherine Radziwill called him "the terror of jealous husbands as well as of watchful mothers". His trips abroad became legendary, his escapades in doubtful taste. He drank in the company of spongers and prostitutes. Although loaded with wealth and privilege, Grand Duke <mask> found his income insufficient and ran up a huge debt of nearly half a million rubles with his mother. In one year, he spent more than 25,000 rubles for meals, 16,000 for servants and 8,000 for automobiles, giving 46 rubles to the church. His mother protected him from the wrath of the family.In 1901, Grand Duke <mask>, age twenty five, had a liaison with a Frenchwoman, Jeanne Aumont-Lacroix, and had a son by her, born in Paris. The child, <mask> Lacroix (1902–1984), was not recognized. To break the relationship and strengthen his character <mask>'s parents sent him, with the Tsar's approval, on a world tour. World tour

Grand Duke <mask>' tour around the world lasted from   until . It began in France, when in the autumn 1901, he met with his parents and brother Kirill in Paris. As there was an unexpected delay in the expedition, he spent the holidays with his aunt Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna and his cousin Victoria Melita in their winter home in Nice. The long trip began in January 1902 on board the German ship Bremen, accompanied by a large entourage.He visited Egypt and later India. He was a guest of Maharaja Surjyakanta Acharya Chowdhury of Muktagacha, Mymensingh now in Bangladesh. He was a guest of the Maharaja of Kapurthala in his kingdom near Punjab where he went tiger hunting. His trip continued with stops in Ceylon and French Indochina. He spent eight days in Siam as guest of King Chulalongkorn. After that, he visited Japan, and on his way to the United States, he stopped in Honolulu. On 1 August 1902, Grand Duke <mask> arrived in San Francisco where he toured the city; attended the opera and went to a boxing match.His visit to the United States drew a great deal of attention from American news papers. A journalist in California described him as "a handsome young man of very pleasant manner who spoke good English." While in Chicago it was reported that he drank champagne from the satin slipper of a chorine from The Wizard of Oz and tipped showgirls with $20 bills. He claimed that those stories had been fabricated. He then spent two weeks in Newport, Rhode Island where he was entertained by the American society of the gilded age. In Newport, <mask> was invited to dinners and parties, he played tennis and even learned to play golf. He continued his trip sailing to New York City in Cornelius Vanderbilt's yacht.The grand duke was favorable impressed with the city's skyline and the modern use of electricity <mask> visited president Theodore Roosevelt at his estate Sagamore Hill, on the North Shore of Long Island. Because his bad reputation had preceded him, First lady Edith Roosevelt, who regarded his presence as both "a scandal and an insult" was conspicuously absent. After six hectic weeks in America, Grand Duke <mask> sailed back to Europe. Jovial and increasingly stout, <mask> was famous for his wild and unpredictable behavior, but eventually these excesses began to lose their appeal. He remarked to his brother Kirill, "After a while every woman is the same, nothing is new except the face". In October 1903, he enlisted in the Tsar's retinue. On 26 February, he left Russia for the Far East to take part in the Russo-Japanese War.He served under the command of the Russian governor in the Far East at the headquarters of the commander in chief of the Army, General A.N. Kuropatkin, taking part in combat

On the morning of 31 March 1904, while galloping from the heights of Dacha Hill on the rim of Port Arthur, he witnessed the sinking of the Russian battleship Petropavlovsk in which more than 600 men died; his brother <mask> Duke Kirill was among the few survivors. In December 1904, for his bravery in battle, he was awarded a golden sword with the caption For Courage and was promoted to staff captain. In 1905, in Nice, Grand Duke <mask> proposed to Princess Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg. They had met two years before in the Isle of Wight. She was seventeen years old and hesitated, deciding to postpone her decision until she had made her debut in society. By then she had forgotten about <mask> and in the next season she met her future husband King Alfonso XIII of Spain.1911 was a busy year for the grand duke. He was made colonel and in April he represented Russia at the Turin World Fair and the Fine Arts Exhibition in Rome during the celebrations for the 50th anniversary of Italy's unification. On 22 June 1911, he represented his cousin Tsar Nicholas II at the coronation of Britain's King George V in Westminster Abbey. In November the same year, he was Russia's emissary at the coronation of Vajiravudh the King of Siam. On his way back to Europe, he visited Egypt and Greece. Between 1910 and 1914, he wore the uniform of colonel of His Imperial Highness the Tsarevich Atamansky Guards Cossack Regiment. In 1914, he became a major general.War

When World War I broke out, <mask> was put in command of the Guards regiment of the Ataman Cossacks. It was a nominal position, and he managed to stay away from the fighting. He commanded this regiment during the War between 1914 and 1915. Thereafter, he was attached to the general headquarters and was made Field Ataman for the commander in chief on 17 September 1915. He served in the army without real distinction. His military responsibilities were only vaguely defined and he did not change his ways during the war, continuing his life of pleasure and idleness. Military service was a burden to <mask>, who sought every opportunity that would make him return to St. Petersburg.Even during the war Grand Duke <mask> gave many parties at his luxurious mansion, furnished in the English style, which at night was a gathering place for the "golden youth" of St. Petersburg. The grand duke was famous for his hospitality, cheerful disposition, passion for entertainment, gourmet cuisine and excellent wines. In spite of <mask>' reputation, his ambitious mother wanted to arrange a splendid marriage for him. In February 1916, she tried to marry him to Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, Tsar Nicholas II's eldest daughter. She was his first cousin once removed. Olga, overprotected by her parents, was an inexperienced girl of twenty. <mask> was

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 thirty-eight with a long line of mistresses linked to his name.Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna turned him down. The refusal provoked the enmity of <mask>' mother. Maria Pavlovna and her family, the "Vladimirovichi", plotted to depose Tsar Nicholas II and gain power themselves. Towards the end of the monarchy, they were involved in a conspiracy to put <mask>' brother Kyril on the throne. <mask>' Anglophobia got him into trouble during the War. In June 1916, he was having supper at military headquarters while drunk, and in the presence of several officers of the British Military mission, he lambasted Great Britain. His behavior was so insulting that the British Ambassador made a formal protest, and <mask> was forced by the Emperor to apologize.By the summer of 1916, Grand Duke <mask> fell in love with Zinaida Sergeievna Rachevskaya (1896–1963), the daughter of Colonel Sergei Alexandrovich Rachevsky, who had died in 1904 commanding the fortifications at Port Arthur. The couple had met at a ball towards the end of the previous year. Zinaida, a vivacious brunette twenty years younger than <mask>, belonged the minor Russian nobility. In late 1916, Zinaida was pregnant. Grand Duke <mask> would have liked to marry her, but as he was close in line to the Russian throne a morganatic marriage would not have been authorized. To get out of his predicament, <mask> quickly arranged Zinaida's marriage to Peter Eliseev, a military officer from a prestigious family who accepted the deal in exchange for the grand duke payment of his gambling debts. Immediately after the wedding, Zinaida was sent away to Genoa, where, at the beginning of January 1917, she gave birth a child who did not live.Back in Russia, a divorce was obtained for her. Grand Duke <mask> began to live openly with his mistress at his dasha in Tsarskoye Selo as the Russian Empire began to crumble. When Nicholas II abdicated, <mask> was at Gatchina with Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, who declined the throne. This marked the fall of the Russian monarchy and <mask> was one of the few members of the Romanov family who went to Mogilev to pay final respects to Tsar Nicholas II. Revolution

During the period of the provisional government <mask> was living in Tsarskoye Selo. In March 1917, he was put under house arrest because of compromising correspondence with his mother. In July his arrest was lifted.In late August he was still in his dacha in Tsarskoe Selo. He was able to gain entrance to the Vladimir Palace. Disguised, with the help of Englishman Albert Stopford and a caretaker, <mask> retrieved the money and jewels from the secret safe in his mother's bedroom. Stopford took the jewels to safety abroad, depositing them in a London bank. Before the Bolsheviks took power, <mask> escaped the former Imperial capital to the Caucasus with his mistress Zinaida Rachevskaya. In September 1917, he joined his mother and younger brother Grand Duke <mask> in Kislovodsk, a spa and resort town in the Caucasus. He lived in a villa with his brother, but their mistresses were placed in separate houses, because Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna would not acknowledge their existence.For the next year they lived quietly away from danger, but in August 1918 <mask> and his brother Andrew were arrested in the night after a systematic search of their villa. They were taken to Piatigorsk with other prisoners and detained at the state hotel. They narrowly escaped with their lives. The Bolshevik commander sent to execute them had once been a struggling artist in Paris before the war whom <mask> had helped by buying some of his paintings. The Bolshevik recognized him and, risking his own life, returned them to their villa the next day. Since they were no longer safe and would probably be arrested again, the two grand dukes decided to flee. On 26 August 1918, armed with false papers stating they were on a mission for the soviets, <mask> and Andrei escaped heading for Kabarda, where the chief Circassian tribe, the Kabards, lived on the north slope of the mountain.For a time they wandered from village to village. Kislovodsk was captured by the White Army and the Bolsheviks fled in late September, allowing the two brothers to return to the city on 6 October. However, two days later, under the threat of the Red advance, the small group of Romanovs and their entourage were forced to flee. In constant fear for their lives, the local White general advised them to travel to Anapa in the south. He arranged a train and an escort of his own men and they left Piatigorsk on 19 October, with their own companions and other local refugees. At Touapse a trawler was waiting, they docked at Anapa, a coastal city on the Black Sea on 22 October. From there it would be easier to escape abroad by boat.However, Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna was determined to remain in Russia hoping that the White movement would prevail and <mask>' brother Grand Duke Kirill <mask> would be installed as Tsar. By March 1919 <mask> decided to leave with his mistress. Against his mother's wishes, he left Russia from Anapa by boat through the Black Sea. Exile

Once safe in exile in Constantinople, <mask> tried to get permission to go to Britain but was refused passage on a British warship. His Anglophobia came back to haunt him and he was disliked by the British royal family. <mask> and Zinaida went to France but were expelled after a few weeks. They wanted to settle in Spain, as Grand Duke <mask> was a friend of King Alphonso XIII of Spain, but received no reply and settled in San Remo, instead.They were married at Genoa, Italy, on 12 July 1919. Eventually <mask> and his wife settled provisionally in Nice, France. In 1922, they moved to a large residence at 18 Rue de Marignan, near the Champs-Élysées, with his wife, mother-in-law and private secretary. <mask> and his siblings were reunited in exile in September 1920, at Contrexéville in the south of France, by the death of their mother Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna. <mask> inherited his mother's emeralds, the most valuable items of the Grand Duchess' jewel collection. He sold most of them. The emeralds included a famous necklace which at some point was bought by Cartier, and in turn resold to Barbara Hutton.They subsequently reset the stones and created an even more famous piece, which could be worn as a necklace or a tiara, which later belonged to Elizabeth Taylor. With the money from the emeralds, and from an account with an American bank which he had opened prior to the Revolution, <mask> bought a chateau, "Sans Souci", in Meudon near Paris, living comfortably with his wife. The couple had no children, but raised Zinaida's niece, Natasha. In the winter of 1925 he and his wife, who claimed an interest in dress-making, sailed to New York City. He said that he just wanted to visit some friends and have a good time. When asked by a reporter whether Henry Ford was a financial supporter of the effort to restore the monarchy in Russia, <mask> did not know who Henry Ford was. His brother, Grand Duke Kyril, wanted to restore the Russian monarchy and in 1924 proclaimed himself czar-in-exile, but <mask> was largely uninterested in politics.Last years

During the long years of exile the former playboy-Grand Duke remained in love with his wife, who was twenty years his junior. He was deeply attached to her, and became involved with her family and circle of friends. Of the Romanovs, the couple was close only with Grand Duke <mask> and his morganatic wife Mathilde Kschessinskaya. Zinaida was widely looked down upon by <mask>' relatives. In exile, <mask> frequented his illegitimate son, <mask>, who had been raised in France by his mother's family. Lacroix's mother, Jeanne, already deceased, was buried in Père Lachaise cemetery. <mask> often visited his son, who became a famous designer under the name <mask> Lacroix.During World War II, <mask> and Zinaida were at their villa in Biarritz when German troops occupied Paris in June 1940. Fleeing the French capital <mask> Duke <mask> and his wife Mathilde came to live with <mask>. On 26 June the Germans reached Biarritz, and after three months the two couples decided to return to Paris. At the end of 1942, during the German occupation, they sold their estate in Meudon, and moved to a house in the Rue de la Faisanderie in Paris. In 1943, Grand Duke <mask> became critically ill, and died in his bed on 9 November 1943, in Paris, at age sixty-five. His obituary was briefly noted by the newspapers and Vichy radio. Nonetheless there was a large turnout for the funeral, held at St Alexander Nevsky Russian-Orthodox Cathedral in Paris, where his body was placed in the crypt.He was later reburied next to his mother in Contrexéville, in the Vosges, in the Russian Orthodox chapel. In Popular Culture

Grand Duke <mask> was well known before the war as an international playboy, and appears in many memoirs and novels of the period. A representative mention is found in Arthur Train’s 1911 transatlantic liner thriller “C.Q., or, In the Wireless House” A military man is seeking aid from an international adventuress in catching a criminal attempting to flee London to New York:

“My dear Mrs. Trevelyan," said he reprovingly, " I didn't mean to suggest that this criminal might be your friend, — I only said you might know him. That's an entirely different matter, isn't it? You might know Jack Johnson, the prize-fighter, or Nan Patterson, or Oscar Wilde — "

"What a delightful circle of acquaintances ! " laughed Lily, amused in spite of herself. " If you 'd only throw in Harry Thaw, Tod Sloan, Abe Hummel, and <mask> Duke <mask> it would be really chic, — a real salon !”

Ancestry

Notes

References

 Beéche, Arturo.The Other Grand Dukes, Eurohistory, 2012. Chavchavadze, David. The Grand Dukes, Atlantic, 1989,
 Ferrand, Jacques. Descendances naturelles des souverains et grands-ducs de Russie, de 1762 à 1910 : répertoire généalogique, 1995. Hall, Coryne. Imperial Dancer, Sutton publishing, 2005,
 Hall, Coryne. The English Dacha at Tsarkoe Selo.Royalty Digest Quarterly. 2007 N 1. Korneva, Galina and Cheboksarova, Tatiana. Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna. Eurohistory.com, 2014. Massie, Robert K.  Nicholas and Alexandra, 1967, Dell Publishing Co.,
 Miller, Ilana. The Romanov Connection: A gathering of Cousins from Russia, Baden and Greece.The European Royal History Journal. V 15.6, December 2012. Platonov, Igor. The Cinderella from Dvinsk: Zinaida Rashevskaya. Nasha.nvl. 14 November 2012. Perry, John and Pleshakov, Constantine.The Flight of the Romanovs, Basic Books, 1999, . Zeepvat, Charlotte. The Camera and the Tsars, Sutton Publishing, 2004, . Zeepvat, Charlott. Romanov Autumn: stories from the last century of Imperial Russia. Sutton Publishing, 2000. 1877 births
1943 deaths
Russian grand dukes
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Russian military personnel of World War I
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
19th-century Russian people
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Italy
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint

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<mask>  (born 7 January 1953) is a New Zealand trombonist, jazz educator, recording artist and leader of the Rodger Fox Big Band. He founded his jazz band in 1973 and has toured extensively in New Zealand and overseas, playing at international jazz festivals including Montreux and Monterey. He is a jazz educator and teaches at the New Zealand School of Music at Victoria University of Wellington. Early life
<mask> was born in Christchurch in 1953, the son of Louis and <mask>. Both his parents were musicians. Betty taught piano and Louis played in and conducted brass bands, becoming head of music at Mana College in Wellington where his son was educated. <mask> initially played the trumpet, changing to the trombone when that instrument was needed in the Mana College band.He played in the local brass band, the Wellington Youth Orchestra and the National Youth Orchestra in 1969 and 1970. He passed the Royal College of Music trombone and theory exam in 1970. His brother played the trombone and his sisters the clarinet and saxophone. On leaving school <mask> worked for Chappells Music Publishing and in the Golden Horn Music shop. His favourite jazz band was Woody Herman's and he acknowledges Herman as a huge influence on his playing. Career
<mask> was intending to pursue a career in classical music; he was offered a place as an orchestral trainee with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra but brass players were not accepted onto the scheme that year as brass and woodwind players were not finding employment. Instead he joined the band Quincy Conserve, which he credits as an invaluable training ground for running a band and touring.In 1973 <mask> and Alan Nelson formed an 18 piece band, the Golden Horn Big Band, named after the music shop where he worked. At the time <mask> found that older musicians were not affording younger players the opportunities to play which spurred him to start his own band. The Rodger Fox Big Band succeeded the Golden Horn band. The Rodger Fox Big Band has toured in New Zealand and overseas, playing at jazz festivals in Monterey, Montreux, Wichita and Manly. In 1978 they toured Australia. They appeared at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1980 and 1981, the first New Zealand band to play at Montreux. In 1980 they toured in the United States and recorded an album at the Vanguard Studio in New York.The following year they toured Poland and played at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London. They played at the Monterey Jazz Festival in 2001, 2006 and 2017. <mask> has maintained that New Zealand does not have its own local jazz style and that jazz is an American music. In support of this view and to encourage the development of jazz playing and his initiatives in jazz education <mask> has brought many American jazz musicians to New Zealand to perform with his band: singer Diane Schuur, trumpeter Arturo Sandoval, pianist Bill Cunliffe, trumpeter Maynard Ferguson, saxophonist Bruce Johnstone, saxophonist Michael Brecker, trumpeter Bobby Shew, guitarist Robben Ford, singer Lydia Pense, and singer Randy Crawford. The band's 20th anniversary tour starred trombonist Bill Reichenbach, trumpeter Gary Grant, singer David Clayton-Thomas (vocalist of Blood, Sweat and Tears) and local musician Midge Marsden. Organist Joey de Francesco and singer Brenda Boykin performed with the band for the 40th anniversary tour. <mask> has collaborated with classical musicians.In 2016 he toured his band with the New Zealand Symphony in a programme called Swing into Spring conducted by Hamish McKeich with trumpet and flugelhorn player Allen Vituzzi as soloist. <mask> and New Zealand classical pianist Michael Houstoun worked together to record a CD Concerti in 2017. They collaborated again in 2021 at the Wellington Jazz Festival with Houstoun playing compositions and arrangements by Bill Cunliffe. In 2020 tenor Simon O'Neill performed Wagner arias accompanied by the band at a concert in Palmerston North. <mask>'s band has provided work opportunities for jazz musicians and he regards the band as a training ground for young players. He has advocated for better funding of jazz performance and for a jazz orchestra. He maintains that while the country has a national orchestra, a ballet company and regional orchestras there is no national big band to provide opportunities and employment for younger players.The band has run as a non-profit organisation with the earnings being used to promote educational opportunities, to bring musicians from overseas to work with the band, or to fund trips to jazz festivals or jazz education conferences. In the early 1980s <mask>, saxophonist Colin Hemmingsen and percussionist Bud Jones established the first jazz courses at the Wellington Polytechnic (later Massey University). <mask> became a senior lecturer at the New Zealand School of Music in Wellington (initially a Massey University and Victoria University joint venture but later part of Victoria University). As well as his university teaching <mask> has tutored and mentored young jazz musicians in schools and at other jazz workshops. In 2019 he organised a series of one day workshops and concerts around the country, delivered by the band and international musicians and educators. The aim was to give students exposure to world-class educators and performers and a greater understanding of jazz artistry. In 1999 he attended the Jazz Educators' Conference in Anaheim and in 2020 the Jazz Education Network conference in New Orleans.Awards and honours
<mask> has won the Aotearoa Music Award (Tui) for New Zealand jazz recording of the year on four occasions: in 1983, 2001, 2004 and 2012. In the 2003 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to music. He was conferred with an honorary doctorate (DMus) by Massey University in 2005. In the 2022 New Year Honours, <mask> was promoted to Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to music. Selected discography

References

External links
 Photo of <mask> <mask> conducting the New Zealand School of Music Big Band, 2013 on Te Ara
 Brilliant Brass – <mask> <mask>. Interview with David Bremner on RNZ, 2015
 NZ Live – the Rodger Fox Big Band. RNZ, 2017
<mask> <mask> profile and discography on AudioCulture
Rodger Fox Big Band website
<mask> <mask> goes big with kiwi pop.Interview on RNZ, 1 January 2022

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Companions of the New Zealand Order of Merit
20th-century New Zealand musicians
New Zealand jazz musicians
Trombonists
21st-century New Zealand musicians
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Victoria University of Wellington faculty

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Jean-<mask> (10 October 1758 – 10 July 1849) was a French Creole fur trader, merchant, politician, and slaveholder. An early settler of St. Louis from New Orleans, he became one its most prominent citizens. He and his family were prominent in establishing the fur trade in the city, which became the early source of its wealth. In 1975, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Early life

<mask>, known as Pierre, was the son of <mask> and Pierre de Laclède de Liguest, the latter originally of Bedous in far southwestern France. Pierre was born in New Orleans, when it was still under the authority of New France. He had three younger sisters.Marriage and family

Jean-<mask> married Pélagie Kiercereau on 26 July 1783 in St. Louis, where he had settled with his parents. Together they had four children:
Auguste P<mask> (1786–1838), a graduate of West Point who worked as a fur trader
<mask>, Jr. (1789–1865), founder of fur trading posts on Upper Missouri River, including Fort Pierre, South Dakota, and posts in Chouteau County, Montana
Pélagie <mask> (1790–after 1824), wife of Bartholomew Berthold, an Italian-born fur trader who was affiliated with the Chouteaus; Fort Berthold was named for him
Paul Liguest <mask> (1792–1851), married Constance Chauvet-Dubreuil in St. Louis. Shortly after Pélagie's death, the widower Chouteau married Brigitte Saucier on 17 February 1794, in St. Louis. They had five children, one of whom died in infancy. François G<mask> (1797–1838), first official European settler and founder of Kansas City, Missouri
Cyprien <mask> (1802–1879), employee of the Chouteau-Sarpy Fur Company based in Kansas City
Pharamond Chouteau (1806–1831), died at age 24
<mask> (1809–1891), fur trader and broker in Westport, Missouri; married four times

Chouteau-Osage fur trade
Jean-Pierre and his half-brother <mask>, known as the "river barons," adjusted to the many political changes which came about as the town changed from Spanish rule to becoming part of the United States after the latter's Louisiana Purchase in 1803. They continued to create political alliances with numerous parties. For a long time, they held monopoly rights on the lucrative fur trade with the Osage, and they expanded their St. Louis businesses to many parts of the emerging economy.As soon as the early 1760s, the Chouteau family started fur trades with the Osage Indians. Jean-Pierre  Chouteau spent considerable time among the Osage, where he learned their language, culture and customs. In 1796, he established a trading post in the western part of their territory, at the junction of the Neosho River and Saline Creek, which became the first permanent European (white) settlement at present-day Salina, Oklahoma. In the very early 1800s, the Chouteau-Osage alliance contributed to 50% of Indian goods traded in Saint Louis. On March 19, 1799, Chouteau acquired 30,000 arpines of territory now known as Chouteau Springs, Missouri from the Osage. On July 14, 1804, President Thomas Jefferson named Chouteau the US Agent for Indian affairs west of the Mississippi River. This was a major step for Chouteau to gain access to officials of the new American federal government, but he also delivered on his responsibilities.After being appointed a United States agent of Indian Affairs, Chouteau founded the Missouri Fur Company in St. Louis in 1804, together with Manuel Lisa, a Spanish trader from New Orleans. He devoted much of his energies to his company's fur trading activities with other family members, becoming one of the wealthiest residents of St. Louis. He became very wealthy and influential in St. Louis, and managed to retain considerable political power after the United States' Louisiana Purchase. As negotiator of the Treaty of Fort Clark, also known as the Osage Treaty of 1808, Chouteau convinced the Osage to sell large portions of their land in present-day Missouri and Arkansas to European-American settlers for Federal annuities. In addition, the Chouteau brothers kept up connections with Spanish authorities, further west. The Spanish gave <mask> an exclusive license, in 1817, to trade with the Osage, in their region, west of US holdings. His fur trading business thrived, making him one of the wealthiest men in St. Louis.<mask> was elected to the St. Louis Board of Trustees and became its first chairman. As a measure of his influence, he was elected to serve on half of the twelve boards chosen between 1810 and 1822. He also was appointed as justice of the peace. Slave freedom suits

St. Louis was the site of hundreds of "freedom suits" filed by slaves seeking freedom on varying grounds of "wrongful enslavement". In 1826 <mask> was sued by his slave Marguerite, who in 1805 had earlier filed the first freedom suit in St. Louis against a former master. She was of African and Natchez descent, the latter through her late mother Marie-Jean Scypion and Natchez grandmother. The Spanish officials had outlawed Indian slavery in 1769, after it took over former French territory, but it had been common before that in territorial Missouri under French rule.Scypion's children asserted that as their maternal grandmother was Natchez Indian, their mother should have been freed in 1769, and they should have been considered free at birth, by the principle of partus. Since the colonial period, the social status of children was determined by that of the mother. Thus a child of a slave was born into slavery, regardless of paternal ancestry. Although the Scypion daughters and their descendants won, the decision was reversed by a higher court. For 30 years, Scypion's descendants did not give up their dream of freedom. At the end of 1824, the Missouri General Assembly passed a law providing a process for enslaved persons to sue for freedom and have some protections in the process. In 1825 Marguerite renewed her case against <mask>, Sr., who was by then her master, in the St. Louis Circuit Court, as did her sisters against their masters.The cases were rolled into one under Marguerite's name. Although the judgment and appeal to the Missouri Supreme Court went against the Scypion descendants, the case was reviewed in 1834 and a new trial was ordered. The slaves' counsel asked for a change of venue because of the Chouteau family's prominence in St. Louis, which the court granted. The venue was changed first to St. Charles County and then to Jefferson County before the case came to trial on November 8, 1836. The jury decided unanimously in favor of Marguerite and the other Scypion descendants, a decision that withstood appeals up to the US Supreme Court in 1838. This case was considered to officially end Indian slavery in Missouri. The head of a large and influential family, Jean-Pierre <mask> died in St. Louis at 90 years of age.References

External links
"Freedom Suits", African-American Life in St. Louis, 1804-1865, from the Records of the St. Louis Courts, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, National Park Service

1758 births
1849 deaths
Pre-statehood history of Missouri
Politicians from St. Louis
American people of French descent
Politicians from New Orleans
United States Indian agents
Freedom suits in the United States
People from Salina, Oklahoma
Businesspeople from New Orleans
American slave owners
Businesspeople from St. Louis

masks:
Pierre Chouteau
Jean Pierre Chouteau
Marie Therese Bourgeois Chouteau
Pierre Chouteau
. Chouteau
Pierre Chouteau
Chouteau
Chouteau
. Chouteau
Chouteau
Frederick Chouteau
Auguste Chouteau
Pierre Chouteau
Chouteau
Pierre Chouteau
Pierre Chouteau
Chouteau


texts:
<mask> (October 6, 1898 or October 8, 1893 – November 6, 1965) was an American jazz pianist, composer, promoter, vocalist, theatrical producer, and publisher. Biography
<mask> was born in Plaquemine, Louisiana, to Dennis, a bassist, and <mask>, and ran away from home at age 12 to join Billy Kersands' Traveling Minstrel Show, then moved to New Orleans. At first, <mask> worked shining shoes and doing odd jobs, but soon became known as a singer and master of ceremonies. By the early 1910s, he was a well-regarded local entertainer also playing piano, and was composing new tunes by 1913. <mask> was a good businessman and worked arranging and managing entertainment at the local African American vaudeville theater as well as at various saloons and dance halls around Rampart Street, and at clubs and houses in Storyville. <mask> started a music publishing business with violinist/bandleader Armand J. Piron in 1915, which by the 1920s was the leading African-American owned music publisher in the country. He toured briefly with W. C. Handy, set up a publishing office in Chicago, then settled in New York in the early 1920s.In 1921, he married blues singer and stage actress Eva Taylor, with whom he would frequently perform. He was one of the primary pianists on scores of blues records recorded in New York during the 1920s. He supervised African American recordings (the 8000 race series) for the New York offices of Okeh phonograph company in the 1920s in the Gaiety Theatre office building in Times Square. He recruited many of the artists who performed on the label. He also recorded extensively, leading studio bands frequently for OKeh, Columbia and occasionally other record labels. He mostly used "<mask> Williams' Jazz Kings" for his hot band sides and "Clarence Williams' Washboard Five" for his washboard sides. He also produced and participated in early recordings by Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet, Bessie Smith, Virginia Liston, Irene Scruggs, his niece Katherine Henderson, and others.Two of his 1924 recording bands, "The Red Onion Jazz Babies" and "<mask>' Blue Five" featured cornetist Armstrong and soprano saxophonist Bechet, two of the most important early jazz soloists, in their only recordings together before the 1940s. <mask>' Blue Five, a studio band only, formed after the success of King Oliver's recordings in order to explore the market for blues-oriented music. The rivalry between Armstrong and Bechet, who tried to outdo each other with successive solo breaks, is exemplified in "Cake Walkin' Babies from Home", the most celebrated of these performances, which survives in versions recorded by both bands. Although the narrative of a rivalry during these recordings is frequently discussed in scholarship, Armstrong and Bechet do have moments of friendly collaboration, such as the shared break in "Texas Moaner Blues." King Oliver played cornet on a number of <mask>'s late 1920s recordings. He was the recording director for the short-lived QRS Records label in 1928. Most of his recordings were songs from his publishing house, which explains why he recorded tunes like "Baby Won't You Please Come Home", "Close Fit Blues" and "Papa De-Da-Da" numerous times.Among his own compositions was "Shout, Sister, Shout" (1929), which was recorded by him, and also covered by the Boswell Sisters, in 1931. In 1933, he signed to the Vocalion label and the recordeings mostly featuring washboard percussion, through 1935 (and a session in 1938). He also recorded for Bluebird in 1937, and again in 1941. In 1943, <mask> sold his extensive back-catalogue of tunes to Decca Records for $50,000 and retired, but then bought a bargain used-goods store, the Harlem Thrift Shop. <mask> died in Queens, New York City, in 1965, and was interred in Saint Charles Cemetery in Farmingdale on Long Island. On her death in 1977, his wife, Eva Taylor, was interred next to him. Personal life
<mask> was the grandfather of actor <mask> III.Work and influence
<mask>' name appears as composer or co-composer on numerous tunes, including a number which by <mask>' own admission were written by others but which <mask> bought all rights to outright, as was a common practice in the music publishing business at the time. <mask> was also credited as the author of <mask>' 1949 hit "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It", a song that was later recorded by Louis Armstrong. In 1970, <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Songs

 "I Wish I Could Shimmy Like My Sister Kate" (as publisher – not composer, suspected to be originally Armstrong's "Katie's Head" bought by Piron and <mask>)
 "" (with <mask>, 1919)
 "Sugar Blues" (1919)
 "Baby Won't You Please Come Home" (1919)
 "Royal Garden Blues" (with <mask>, 1919)
 "Ain't Nobody's Business If I Do" (and others, 1922)
 "Shout, Sister, Shout"
 "You Missed A Good Woman"
 "That Ought To Do It"
 "Look What A Fool I've Been"
 "Got To Cool My Doggies Now"
 "I Can Beat You Doing What You're Doing Me"
 "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" (1933)

See also

 Big band
 List of American big band bandleaders
 List of big bands

References

External links
 <mask> recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. <mask> jukebox on Internet Archive
<mask> on RedHotJazz.com; biography with photos and ram files of vintage recordings
 <mask> by Tom Morgan
 <mask> at Jass.com

1890s births
1965 deaths
People from Plaquemine, Louisiana
African-American conductors (music)
African-American jazz composers
African-American jazz pianists
African-American male actors
American male conductors (music)
American jazz singers
American male stage actors
Blackface minstrel performers
Burials at Saint Charles Cemetery
American jazz bandleaders
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
Vaudeville performers
Okeh Records artists
Vocalion Records artists
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century jazz composers
20th-century American pianists
Singers from Louisiana
20th-century American composers
American male pianists
American male jazz composers
Biograph Records artists
African-American Catholics
20th-century African-American male singers

masks:
Clarence Williams
Williams
Sally Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Clarence
Clarence Williams
Clarence Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Clarence Williams
Clarence Williams
Clarence Williams
Williams
Williams
Clarence Williams
Hank Williams
Williams
Williams
Spencer Williams
Spencer Williams
Clarence Williams
Clarence Williams
Clarence Williams
Clarence Williams
Clarence Williams


texts:
<mask> (7 February 1928 – 3 August 2021) was a Brazilian journalist, essayist, music critic, music historian and author of many books on Brazilian popular music. He was a lifelong detractor of the Bossa Nova movement, which he saw as pasteurized Jazz music assembled in the tropics. Early life

Born in Santos, in the state of São Paulo, <mask> was the eldest son of a family of Iberian immigrants (his father was Portuguese and his mother the daughter of a Spaniard). His father worked as a waiter, sold lottery tickets and had a laundry shop. After all, he was invited by a friend to work at Urca's casino, in Rio de Janeiro, where his family moved in 1937, when the boy was nine years old. Career

<mask> got a bachelor's degree in law at the University of Brazil and in journalism at the National Faculty of Philosophy (Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia). In 1951, while still an undergraduate student, he began working as a freelancer at Revista da Semana, a now-defunct Brazilian weekly magazine in Rio de Janeiro, where he signed his texts as J<mask>.In 1952, he was taken by Armando Nogueira, his college friend, to work as a copy editor at the Diário Carioca, one of the most popular newspapers in Rio at the time. It was there that <mask> earned his nickname "Tinhorão" ("Heart of Jesus", Caladium bicolor), which refers to the name of a toxic ornamental plant that was accidentally incorporated into his own name. The nickname was given by Everardo Guillon, the newspaper's editorial secretary, but the definitive baptism, in print, came from the editor-in-chief, Pompeu de Sousa. According to Instituto Moreira Salles, which keeps the Tinhorão archives, the first article signed by "J. <mask> Tinhorão", at the Diário Carioca, was published on December 25 of that year. The author was shocked when he read: "Report by J. <mask> for the Diário Carioca". Laughing, the boss replied: "J. <mask> is a name for pickpockets. There's a lot of them in the phone book.There will be only one Tinhorão!" <mask> stayed at the Diário Carioca until the end of 1958, when he went to Jornal do Brasil invited by fellow journalist Janio de Freitas to write for the Sunday supplement. Two years later, in the context of the creation of Caderno B, JB'''s cultural supplement, <mask> begins his activities as a researcher of popular music, commissioned by Reynaldo Jardim, creator of Caderno B, who asked <mask> to write a series of articles on the history of samba. Music critic and researcher

In the 1960s, he would start paving his reputation as a grumpy and relentless music critic. A fierce detractor of Bossa Nova, he therefore faced several enmities against his staunch opinions. His harsh style is illustrated by a 1963 article for Senhor magazine: "Daughter of apartment adventures with the American music, who is undeniably her mother, Bossa Nova suffers from the same affliction as do many children from Copacabana, the neighborhood where she was born: she doesn't know who the father is." In his standpoint, Bossa Nova represented, in urban popular music, the "sonic equivalent of the illusions of Brazilian socioeconomic 'updating' to the standards of the modern capitalism of the technological age".In the name of modernity, Brazil would reject popular forms and genres, with Bossa Nova representing a deaf class conflict, at the level of mass culture, which would result in the middle class being set apart from the working classes. He adds: "Bossa Nova was not a winning move for Brazilian music. Brazilians offered Americans a new outlook on their own music. It's easier for the average American to listen to it. Why does Frank Sinatra sing Tom Jobim and not Nelson Cavaquinho? Because it simply wouldn't match." With a Marxist background and labeled as a radical nationalist, <mask> introduced sociological analysis in his music reviews.Faithful to historical materialism and dialectical materialism, he understood history as the chronicle of men in the world — and of their relations with nature and with each other in society. Since in a class society each social class projects its ideology on culture and cultural production expresses the ideology of the class that engendered it, then every culture in a class society is class culture. Always based on the methodological approach proposed by Marx, he wrote for various media outlets in the 60s, in addition to JB itself: Tribuna da Imprensa, Jornal dos Sports, Agora, Jornal Rural, Singra, Revista Guaíra, Última Hora, Veja, Senhor, Diário Carioca, Jornal do Brasil, Cadernos de Estudos Brasileiros and O Globo. He collaborated with O Pasquim until 1989. In the 1990s, he definitively abandoned journalism and began to dedicate himself fully to historical research and book production. He obtained a master's degree in social history from the University of São Paulo in 1999. From his MD thesis, the book A imprensa carnavalesca no Brasil: um panorama da linguagem cômica (The Carnival Press in Brazil: an overview of the comic language) was born, published in 2000.<mask> also worked for several television networks (TV Rio, TV Excelsior, TV Globo). He remained as a journalist at Jornal do Brasil until 1963 and then collaborated as a critic between 1974 and 1982. Controversies and discoveries

During his career, he became involved in numerous disputes with Brazilian musicians such as Tom Jobim, Chico Buarque, Caetano Veloso and Paulinho da Viola. <mask> considered Jobim "not a creator, but an arranger". He wrote that Jobim's melody to the song Águas de Março would have been plain plagiarism of a macumba theme collected in 1933 by João Paulo Batista de Carvalho — which translates as "it's stick, it's stone, it's small pebble / Bahia rolls over everything". That was only one of several claims of plagiarism against Jobim and others made by <mask>. Talking about João Gilberto, he said: "He is a good malandro.He gave samba an original syncopated beat, in which he could place any jazz harmony he wished (nothing but a boring tap drip rhythm). He took advantage of all the folklore around his persona and was acclaimed as a genius. Poor guy, have you seen his voice? He can't even articulate right anymore. And the air conditioning is to blame. I really admire that smartass!" <mask> attacked the Brazilian movement Tropicália and recognized its delusions of grandeur to newspaper Folha de São Paulo in 2014: "The same Gilberto Gil whom now advocates nationalism in Brazilian art wore long negligees with a Rhodia print fifty years ago", he said.To him, Brazilian movement Jovem Guarda was "simplified Rock for suckers" and sertanejo music was "neither urban nor country music". He praised Brazilian rap, though, arguing it was a present-day recovery of the classic emboladas (improvised Brazilian songs sung by a duo in public places, accompanied by tambourines and guitars). He didn't spare even Portuguese-born Brazilian star Carmen Miranda, stating: "Carmen Miranda was a victim of Hollywood show business. She left for America beautiful and full of energy and returned inside a coffin, disfigured by tranquilizers". He recognized the talent of genuine samba and choro composers and singers such as Pixinguinha, Noel Rosa, Monarco and João Nogueira, as well as modern names like Elomar Figueira Mello, Vital Farias and Antonio Nóbrega. In his book Domingos Caldas Barbosa, the poet of the viola, modinha and lundu, he defends another controversial thesis — that the Portuguese genre fado was born in Brazil, not on the wharf of Lisbon, and values the influence of slaves in the Iberian culture, conversely to common Portuguese academic beliefs. According to <mask>, "fado arrived in Portugal at the end of the 18th century as the black dance of Brazil.It had a singing intermezzo. There are documents that show female fado singers in São Paulo as early as 1740, when people not even talked about it in Lisbon. Fado only became popular in Portugal because of Caldas Barbosa." In 1966, he published the first of more than twenty books he would bring out on the history of Brazilian popular music, Popular Music: a topic in debate. He was also an avid collector. During his lifetime, he amassed around six thousand 78 rpm records, commercially released between 1902 and 1964, and another four thousand LPs (33 rpm), launched between 1960 and the mid 1990s. In addition to audio files, the researcher kept more than 14,000 books on popular culture and over 35,000 documents, photos, films, sheet music, pianola rolls, leaflets, magazine and newspaper collections related to music.In 2001, <mask>'s collection was purchased and digitized by Instituto Moreira Salles, and it is now available on the internet.<mask> <mask>. Instituto Moreira Salles. Death

<mask> <mask> died on August 3, 2021,  in the city of São Paulo, aged 93. He had been hospitalized with pneumonia two months earlier and was weakened by a stroke he had suffered in 2018. He was buried in the Protestant's Cemetery, in the Higienópolis neighborhood of the city. Works
 A Província e o Naturalismo (1966)Música Popular: um tema em debate (1966)
 O samba agora vai: a farsa da música popular brasileira no exterior (1969)
 Música Popular: cinema e teatro (1972)
 Música Popular: os índios, negros e mestiços (1972)
 Pequena História da Música Popular: da modinha à canção de protesto (1975)
 Os sons que vêm da rua Os sons dos negros no Brasil: cantos, danças, folguedos: origens (1988) Os negros em Portugal: uma presença silenciosa (1988)
 Música Popular no Romance Brasileiro (1992):
Séculos XVIII e XIX - Vol. 1
 Século XX - Vol.2
 Século XX - Vol.

masks:
José Ramos Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
. Ramos
José Ramos
Ramos
Ramos Tinão
Ramos
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
José Ramos
Tinhorão
José Ramos
Tinhorão


texts:
<mask> (; c. 1296 – 1357 or 1359) was a Byzantine Greek theologian and Eastern Orthodox cleric of the late Byzantine period. A monk of Mount Athos (modern Greece) and later archbishop of Thessaloniki, he is famous for his defense of hesychast spirituality, the uncreated character of the light of the Transfiguration, and the distinction between God's essence and energies (i.e., the divine will, divine grace, etc.). His teaching unfolded over the course of three major controversies, (1) with the Italo-Greek Barlaam between 1336 and 1341, (2) with the monk <mask> between 1341 and 1347, and (3) with the philosopher Gregoras, from 1348 to 1355. His theological contributions are sometimes referred to as Palamism, and his followers as Palamites. <mask> has been venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church since 1368. Within the Catholic Church, he was also been called a saint, and repeatedly cited as a great theological writer, by Pope John Paul II. Since 1971, the Melkite Greek Catholic Church has venerated <mask> as a saint.Some of his writings are collected in the Philokalia, and since the Ottoman period, the second Sunday of Great Lent is dedicated to the memory <mask> in the Orthodox Church and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Byzantine Synodikon of Orthodoxy also celebrates his memory and theology while condemning his opponents, including some anti-Palamites who flourished after <mask>'s death. Early life
<mask> was born in Constantinople around the year 1296. His father, Constantine, was a courtier of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (1282–1328), but died when <mask> was still young. The Emperor himself took part in the raising and education of the fatherless boy and hoped that the gifted <mask> would devote himself to government service, but Palamas chose monastic life on Mt. Athos. <mask>'s mother (Kalloni) and siblings (Theodosios, Makarios, Epicharis, and Theodoti) would also embrace monasticism, and the entire family was canonized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 2009.Before leaving for Mt. Athos, <mask> received a broad education, including the study of Aristotle, which he would display before Theodore Metochites and the emperor. Monastic career
Despite the Emperor's ambitions for him, <mask>, then barely twenty years old, withdrew to Mount Athos in the year 1316 and became a novice there in the Vatopedi monastery under the guidance of the monastic Elder St Nicodemos of Vatopedi. Eventually, he was tonsured a monk, and continued his life of asceticism. After the demise of the Elder Nicodemus, <mask> spent eight years of spiritual struggle under the guidance of a new Elder, Nicephorus. After this last Elder's repose, <mask> transferred to the Great Lavra of St. Athanasius the Athonite on Mount Athos, where he served the brethren in the trapeza (refectory) and in church as a cantor. Wishing to devote himself more fully to prayer and asceticism he entered a skete called Glossia, where he taught the ancient practice of mental prayer known as "prayer of the heart" or hesychasm.In 1326, because of the threat of Turkish invasions, he and the brethren retreated to the defended city of Thessaloniki, where he was then ordained a priest. Dividing his time between his ministry to the people and his pursuit of spiritual perfection, he founded a small community of hermits near Thessaloniki in a place called Veria. He served for a short time as Abbot of the Esphigmenou Monastery but was forced to resign in 1335 due to discontentment regarding the austerity of his monastic administration. Hesychast controversy

Hesychasm attracted the attention of Barlaam, a man who either converted to Orthodoxy or was baptized Orthodox who encountered Hesychasts and heard descriptions of their practices during a visit to Mount Athos; he had also read the writings of Palamas, himself an Athonite monk. Trained in Western Scholastic theology, Barlaam was scandalized by hesychasm and began to combat it both orally and in his writings. As a private teacher of theology in the Western Scholastic mode, Barlaam propounded a more intellectual and propositional approach to the knowledge of God than the hesychasts taught. On the hesychast side, the controversy was taken up by Palamas who was asked by his fellow monks on Mt Athos to defend hesychasm from the attacks of Barlaam.<mask> was well-educated in Greek philosophy. <mask> wrote a number of works in its defense and defended hesychasm at six different synods in Constantinople ultimately triumphing over its attackers in the synod of 1351. Early conflict between Barlaam and Palamas
Although Barlaam came from southern Italy, his ancestry was Greek and he claimed Eastern Orthodoxy as his Christian faith. Arriving in Constantinople around 1330, Barlaam was working on commentaries on Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite under the patronage of John VI Kantakouzenos. Around 1336, <mask> received copies of treatises written by Barlaam against the Latins, condemning their insertion of the Filioque into the Nicene Creed. Although this condemnation was solid Orthodox theology, <mask> took issue with Barlaam's argument in support of it, namely that efforts at demonstrating the nature of God (specifically, the nature of the Holy Spirit) should be abandoned, because God is ultimately unknowable and undemonstrable to humans. Thus, Barlaam asserted that it was impossible to determine from whom the Holy Spirit proceeds.According to Sara J. Denning-Bolle, <mask> viewed Barlaam's argument as "dangerously agnostic". In his response titled "Apodictic Treatises", <mask> insisted that it was indeed demonstrable that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father but not from the Son. A series of letters ensued between the two but they were unable to resolve their differences amicably. Triads

In response to Barlaam's attacks, <mask> wrote nine treatises entitled "Triads For The Defense of Those Who Practice Sacred Quietude". The treatises are called "triads" because they were organized as three sets of three treatises. The Triads were written in three stages. The first triad was written in the second half of the 1330s and are based on personal discussions between <mask> and Barlaam although Barlaam is never mentioned by name.<mask>'s teaching was affirmed by the superiors and principal monks of Mt. Athos, who met in synod during 1340–1. In early 1341, the monastic communities of Mount Athos wrote the Hagioritic Tome under the supervision and inspiration of <mask>. Although the tome does not mention Barlaam by name, the work clearly takes aim at Barlaam's views. The tome provides a systematic presentation of <mask>' teaching and became the fundamental textbook for Byzantine mysticism. In response, Barlaam drafted "Against the Messalians", which attacked <mask> by name for the first time. Barlaam derisively called the hesychasts omphalopsychoi (men with their souls in their navels) and accused them of the heresy of Messalianism, also known as Bogomilism in the East.According to Meyendorff, Barlaam viewed "any claim of real and conscious experience of God as Messalianism". Barlaam also took exception to the doctrine held by the hesychasts as to the uncreated nature of the light, the experience of which was said to be the goal of hesychast practice, regarding it as heretical and blasphemous. It was maintained by the hesychasts to be of divine origin and to be identical to the light which had been manifested to Jesus' disciples on Mount Tabor at the Transfiguration. Barlaam viewed this doctrine of "uncreated light" to be polytheistic because as it postulated two eternal substances, a visible and an invisible God. Barlaam accuses the use of the Jesus Prayer as being a practice of Bogomilism. The second triad quotes some of Barlaam's writings directly. In response to this second triad, Barlaam composed the treatise "Against the Messalians" linking the hesychasts to the Messalians and thereby accusing them of heresy.In the third Triad, <mask> refuted Barlaam's charge of Messalianism by demonstrating that the hesychasts did not share the antisacramentalism of the Messalians nor did they claim to physically see the essence of God with their eyes. According to Fr. John Meyendorff "<mask> orients his entire polemic against Barlaam the Calabrian on the issue of the Hellenic wisdom which he considers to be the main source of Barlaam's errors." Role in the Byzantine civil war
Although the civil war between the supporters of John VI Kantakouzenos and the regents for John V Palaeologus was not primarily a religious conflict, the theological dispute between the supporters and opponents of Palamas did play a role in the conflict. Steven Runciman points out that "while the theological dispute embittered the conflict, the religious and political parties did not coincide." The aristocrats supported Palamas largely due to their conservative and anti-Western tendencies as well as their links to the staunchly Orthodox monasteries. Although several significant exceptions leave the issue open to question, in the popular mind (and traditional historiography), the supporters of "Palamism" and of "Kantakouzenism" are usually equated.Thus, the eventual triumph of Kantakouzenos in 1347 also brought with it the conclusive triumph of the Palamists over the anti-Palamists. Fifth Council of Constantinople

It became clear that the dispute between Barlaam and <mask> was irreconcilable and would require the judgment of an episcopal council. A series of six patriarchal councils were held in Constantinople on 10 June 1341, August 1341, 4 November 1344, 1 February 1347, 8 February 1347, and 28 May 1351  to consider the issues. Collectively, these councils are accepted as having ecumenical status by Orthodox Christians, some of whom call them the Fifth Council of Constantinople and the Ninth Ecumenical Council. The dispute over hesychasm came before a synod held at Constantinople in May 1341 and presided over by the emperor Andronicus III. The assembly, influenced by the veneration in which the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius were held in the Eastern Church, condemned

masks:
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Akindynos
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Palamas
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Palamas
Gregory
Gregory
Palamas
Palamas
Palamas
Palamas
Palamas
Gregory
Palamas
Palamas
Gregory
Palamas
Gregory Palamas
Palamas