texts:
 husband John Agar also appeared in Fort Apache. According to biographer Robert Windeler, her 1947–1949 films neither made nor lost money, but "had a cheapie B look about them and indifferent performances from her". Selznick suggested that she move abroad, gain maturity as an actress, and even change her name.He warned her that she was typecast, and her career was in perilous straits. After unsuccessfully auditioning for the role of Peter Pan on the Broadway stage in August 1950, <mask> took stock and admitted that her recent movies had been poor fare. She announced her retirement from films on December 16, 1950. Radio career
<mask> had her own radio series on CBS. Junior Miss debuted March 4, 1942, in which she played the title role. The series was based on stories by Sally Benson. Sponsored by Procter & Gamble, Junior Miss was directed by Gordon Hughes, with David Rose as musical director.Merchandise and endorsements

John Kasson states:

Ideal Toy and Novelty Company in New York City negotiated a license for dolls with the company's first doll wearing the polka-dot dress from Stand Up and Cheer! Shirley Temple dolls realized $45 million in sales before 1941. A mug, a pitcher, and a cereal bowl in cobalt blue with a decal of the little actress were given away as a premium with Wheaties. Successful Shirley Temple items included a line of girls' dresses, accessories, soap, dishes, cutout books, sheet music, mirrors, paper tablets, and numerous other items. Before 1935 ended, the girl's income from licensed merchandise royalties would exceed $100,000, which doubled her income from her movies. In 1936, her income from royalties topped $200,000. She endorsed Postal Telegraph, Sperry Drifted Snow Flour, the Grunow Teledial radio, Quaker Puffed Wheat, General Electric, and Packard automobiles.Alongside licensed merchandise came counterfeit items bearing <mask>'s likeness to capitalize on her fame, from dolls, clothing and other accessories to even cigars with her face printed on the label. <mask> lamented in her memoirs that it "made no economic sense" to pursue litigation against those who made unlicensed goods under her name; a successful lawsuit was filed by Ideal Toy Company against a certain Lenora Doll Company which manufactured and sold <mask> dolls without authorization, with <mask> herself cited as a co-plaintiff befitting her celebrity status. Myths and rumors
At the height of her popularity, <mask> was often the subject of many myths and rumors, with several being propagated by the Fox press department. Fox also publicized her as a natural talent with no formal acting or dance training. As a way of explaining how she knew stylized buck-and-wing dancing, she was enrolled for two weeks in the Elisa Ryan School of Dancing. False claims circulated that <mask> was not a child, but a 30-year-old dwarf, due in part to her stocky body type. The rumor was so prevalent, especially in Europe, that the Vatican dispatched Father Silvio Massante to investigate whether she was indeed a child.The fact that she never seemed to miss any teeth led some people to conclude that she had all her adult teeth. <mask> was actually losing her teeth regularly through her days with Fox, most notably during the sidewalk ceremony in front of Grauman's Theatre, where she took off her shoes and placed her bare feet in the cement to take attention away from her face. When acting, she wore dental plates and caps to hide the gaps in her teeth. Another rumor said her teeth had been filed to make them appear like baby teeth. A rumor about <mask>'s trademark hair was that she wore a wig. On multiple occasions, fans yanked her hair to test the rumor. She later said she wished all she had to do was wear a wig.The nightly process she endured in the setting of her curls was tedious and grueling, with weekly vinegar rinses that stung her eyes. Rumors spread that her hair color was not naturally blonde. During the making of Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, news spread that she was going to do extended scenes without her trademark curls. During production, she also caught a cold, which caused her to miss a couple of days. As a result, a false report originated in Britain that all of her hair had been cut off. Television career

Between January 1958 and September 1961, <mask> hosted and narrated a successful NBC television anthology series of fairy-tale adaptations called <mask>'s Storybook. Episodes ran one hour each, and <mask> acted in three of the sixteen episodes.<mask>'s son made his acting debut in the Christmas episode, "Mother Goose". The series was popular but faced issues. The show lacked the special effects necessary for fairy tale dramatizations, sets were amateurish, and episodes were not telecast in a regular time-slot. The show was reworked and released in color in September 1960 in a regular time-slot as The <mask> Show. It faced stiff competition from Maverick, Lassie, Dennis the Menace, the 1960 telecast of The Wizard of Oz, and the Walt Disney anthology television series however, and was canceled at season's end in September 1961. <mask> continued to work in television, making guest appearances on The Red Skelton Show, Sing Along with Mitch, and other shows. In January 1965, she portrayed a social worker in a pilot called Go Fight City Hall that was never released.In 1999, she hosted the AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars awards show on CBS, and in 2001 served as a consultant on an ABC-TV production of her autobiography, Child Star: The <mask> Story. Motivated by the popularity of Storybook and television broadcasts of <mask>'s films, the Ideal Toy Company released a new version of the <mask> doll, and Random House published three fairy-tale anthologies under her name. Three hundred thousand dolls were sold within six months, and 225,000 books between October and December 1958. Other merchandise included handbags and hats, coloring books, a toy theater, and a recreation of the Baby, Take a Bow polka-dot dress. Diplomatic career

<mask> became active in the California Republican Party. In 1967, she ran unsuccessfully in a special election in California's 11th congressional district to fill the seat left vacant by the death from leukemia of eight-term Republican J. Arthur Younger. She ran in the open primary as a conservative Republican and came in second with 34,521 votes (22.44%), behind Republican law school professor Pete McCloskey, who placed first in the primary with 52,882 votes (34.37%) and advanced to the general election with Democrat Roy A. Archibald, who finished fourth with 15,069 votes (9.79%), but advanced as the highest-placed Democratic candidate.In the general election, McCloskey was elected with 63,850 votes (57.2%) to Archibald's 43,759 votes (39.2%). <mask> received 3,938 votes (3.53%) as an independent write-in. <mask> was extensively involved with the Commonwealth Club of California, a public-affairs forum headquartered in San Francisco. She spoke at many meetings throughout the years, and was president for a period in 1984. <mask> got her start in foreign service after her failed run for Congress in 1967, when Henry Kissinger overheard her talking about South West Africa at a party. He was surprised that she knew anything about it. She was appointed as a delegate to the 24th United Nations General Assembly (September – December 1969) by President Richard M. Nixon and United States Ambassador to Ghana (December 6, 1974 – July 13, 1976) by President Gerald R. Ford.She was appointed first female Chief of Protocol of the United States (July 1, 1976 – January 21, 1977), and in charge of arrangements for President Jimmy Carter's inauguration and inaugural ball. She served as the United States Ambassador to Czechoslovakia (August 23, 1989 – July 12, 1992), having been appointed by President George H. W. Bush, and was the first and only woman in this job. <mask> bore witness to two crucial moments in the history of Czechoslovakia's fight against communism. She was in Prague in August 1968, as a representative of the International Federation of Multiple Sclerosis Societies, and was going to meet with Czechoslovakian party leader Alexander Dubček on the very day that Soviet-backed forces invaded the country. Dubček fell out of favor with the Soviets after a series of reforms, known as the Prague Spring. <mask>, who was stranded at a hotel as the tanks rolled in, sought refuge on the roof of the hotel. She later reported that it was from there she saw an unarmed woman on the street gunned down by Soviet forces, the sight of which stayed with her for the rest of her life.Later, after she became ambassador to Czechoslovakia, she was present during the Velvet Revolution, which brought about the end of communism in Czechoslovakia. <mask> openly sympathized with anti-communist dissidents and was ambassador when the United States established formal diplomatic relations with the newly elected government led by Václav Havel. She took the unusual step of personally accompanying Havel on his first official visit to Washington, travelling on the same plane. <mask> served on boards of directors of large enterprises and organizations, such as The Walt Disney Company, Del Monte Foods, Bank of America, Bank of California, BANCAL Tri-State, Fireman's Fund Insurance, United States Commission for UNESCO, United Nations Association and National Wildlife Federation. Personal life

In 1943, 15-year-old <mask> met John Agar (1921–2002), an Army Air Corps sergeant, physical training instructor, and member of a Chicago meat-packing family. She married him at age 17 on September 19, 1945, before 500 guests in an Episcopal ceremony at Wilshire Methodist Church in Los Angeles. On January 30, 1948, <mask> bore a daughter, Linda Susan.Agar became an actor, and the couple made two films together, Fort Apache (1948) and Adventure in Baltimore (1949), for RKO. <mask> divorced Agar on December 5, 1949, and was awarded custody of their daughter. In January 1950, <mask> met Charles Alden Black, a World War II Navy intelligence officer and Silver Star recipient who was Assistant to the President of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company. Conservative and patrician, he was the son of James Black, president and later chairman of Pacific Gas and Electric, and reputedly one of the richest young men in California. <mask> and Black were married in his parents' Del Monte, California home on December 16, 1950, before a small assembly of family and friends. The family moved to Washington, D.C., when Black was recalled to the Navy at the outbreak of the Korean War. On April 28, 1952, <mask> gave birth to a son, Charles Alden Black Jr., in Washington.Following the war's end and Black's discharge from the Navy, the family returned to California in May 1953. Black managed television station KABC-TV in Los Angeles, and <mask> became a homemaker. Their daughter, Lori, was born on April 9, 1954; she went on to be a bassist for the rock band the Melvins. In September 1954, Charles Sr. became director of business operations for the Stanford Research Institute, and the family moved to Atherton, California. The couple were married for 54 years until his death on August 4, 2005, at his home in Woodside, California, of complications from a bone marrow disease. Breast cancer
At age 44, in 1972, <mask> was diagnosed with breast cancer. The tumor was removed and a modified radical mastectomy performed.At the time, cancer was typically discussed in hushed whispers, and <mask>'s public disclosure was a significant milestone in improving breast cancer awareness and reducing stigma around the disease. She announced the results of the operation on radio and television and in a February 1973 article for the magazine McCall's. <mask> died at age 85 on February 10, 2014, at her home in Woodside, California. The cause of death, according to her death certificate released on March 3, 2014, was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). <mask> was a lifelong cigarette smoker but avoided displaying her habit in public because she did not want to set a bad example for her fans. She is buried at Alta Mesa Memorial Park. Awards, honors, and legacy

<mask> was the recipient of many awards and honors, including a special Juvenile Academy Award, the Life Achievement Award from the American Center of Films for Children, the National Board of Review Career Achievement Award, Kennedy Center Honors, and the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award.On March 14, 1935, <mask> left her footprints and handprints in the wet cement at the forecourt of Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. She was the Grand Marshal of the New Year's Day Rose Parade in Pasadena, California, three times in 1939, 1989, and 1999. On February 8, 1960, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In February 1980, <mask> was honored by the Freedoms Foundation of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, along with U.S. Senator Jake Garn, actor James Stewart, singer John Denver, and Tom Abraham, an American businessman who worked with immigrants seeking to become U.S. citizens. On September 11, 2002, a life-size bronze statue of the child <mask> by sculptor Nijel Binns was erected on the Fox Studio lot.Her name is further immortalized by the mocktail named after her, although <mask> found the drink far too sweet for her palate. In 1988, <mask> brought a lawsuit to prevent a bottled soda version from using her name. On June 9, 2021, <mask> was featured on that day's Google Doodle in celebration of the opening anniversary of "Love, <mask>” a special exhibit featuring a collection of her rare memorabilia at Santa Monica History Museum. Filmography

See also

 List of former child actors from the United States
 List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees

Notes

References

Bibliography

 , primary source

 Kasson, John F. (2015) "Black, <mask>" American National Biography (2015) online
 Hatch, Kristen. (2015) <mask> and the Performance of Girlhood (Rutgers University Press, 2015) x, 173 pp. Further reading

 Best, Marc (1971). Those Endearing Young Charms: Child Performers of the Screen.South Brunswick and New York: Barnes & Co. pp. 251–255. Dye, David (1988). Child and Youth Actors: Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914–1985. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., pp. 227–228. Kasson, John F. The Little Girl Who Fought the Great Depression: <mask> and 1930s America (2014) Excerpt
 Minott, Rodney G. The Sinking of the Lollipop: <mask> vs. Pete McCloskey (1968).External links

 Photographs of <mask>
 Wee Willie Winkie at the Iverson Movie Ranch
 Norwood, Arlisha. "<mask> Temple". National Women's History Museum. 2017. Image of <mask> and Eddie Cantor cutting President Franklin D. Roosevelt's birthday cake in Los Angeles, California, 1937. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.1928 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American dancers
20th-century American diplomats
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
20th Century Fox contract players
20th-century Methodists
21st-century American women
21st-century Methodists
Academy Honorary Award recipients
Academy Juvenile Award winners
Actresses from Santa Monica, California
Ambassadors of the United States to Czechoslovakia
Ambassadors of the United States to Ghana
American actor-politicians
American anti-communists
American child actresses
American child singers
American female dancers
American film actresses
American people of Dutch descent
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
American radio actresses
American tap dancers
American television actresses
American United Methodists
American women ambassadors
Articles containing video clips
California Republicans
Chiefs of Protocol of the United States
Conservatism in the United States
Dancers from California
Deaths from lung disease
Ford administration personnel
George H. W. Bush administration personnel
Harvard-Westlake School alumni
Kennedy Center honorees
Members of the Junior League
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Musicians from Santa Monica, California
Nixon administration personnel
People from Brentwood, Los Angeles
People from Woodside, California
Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award
Singers from California
Writers from Santa Monica, California
Google

masks:
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Shirley Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Shirley Temple
Temple
Temple
Shirley Temple
Temple
Shirley Temple
Temple
Shirley Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Death Temple
Temple
Temple
Shirley
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Temple
Shirley Temple
Shirley Temple
Shirley Temple
Shirley Temple
Shirley Temple
Shirley Temple
Shirley
Shirley Temple


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 10 May 1978 in Quillota) is a retired Chilean footballer. Navia was a member of the Chile national squad that competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics at Sydney, making an offensive duo with the historic Chilean striker Ivan Zamorano and earning a bronze medal. Club career

Early career
Born and raised in Quillota, he joined Santiago Wanderers youth ranks for made his professional debut with the team in 1995, aged 17. After five successful seasons in Wanderers, he was transferred to UAG Tecos of Mexico in 2001. He remained in Tecos during two seasons, scoring 30 goals in 62 appearances. In January 2003, Navia joined Monarcas Morelia. He immediately greatly impressed to Monarcas, scoring in one season scored 26 goals over the Torneo Clausura and Apertura.At the end of season, it was rumored that many clubs of Europe were interested in him. América
In December 2003, was announced that América's Dutchman coach Leo Beenhakker was interested in having <mask> in his squad after his notable season in Morelia. On 26 December, it was announced that <mask> signed a three-year contract with América, receiving a salary of $1.4 million per season for an undisclosed fee. One day later he was presented as new player of the club. He made his club debut in the InterLiga 2004 in a 3–2 victory over Atlante, scoring a twice during the game. On 14 January, he again scored for InterLiga, now against his former club Morelia in a 3–1 away win. In the first leg final, <mask> scored twice in the 2–1 win against Atlas.Finally América was champion of the InterLiga qualifying to the Copa Libertadores and <mask> was the goalscorer of the tournament with 6 goals. On 24 January, <mask> made his league in the Clásico Joven against Cruz Azul. His first goal in the league was at the 2nd minute of game in a 3–2 win against Veracruz. On 11 March, <mask> scored an important goal for the Libertadores in a 2–1 win over São Caetano with an impressive header at the 85th minute. On 11 May, <mask> scored the only goal of América in the 1–0 win at the derby against Guadalajara with a semi-bicycle kick. Because of the incidents that he and six teammates performed in the game against São Caetano, Navia had to pay a fine of $180.000. On 6 November 2004, <mask> suffered a serious injury in the 1–0 victory over UANL Tigres in a league game at Estadio Azteca.Six days later, América confirmed one week later that <mask> had ruptured the kneecap ligament in his left knee. On 23 July 2005, <mask> back to play for América after eight months for the Campeón de Campeones final as a 30th-minute substitution in a 0–0 draw against Pumas UNAM. In October, was revelated that La Liga side Racing de Santander are interesting on sign to Navia in a six-months loan. In December 2005, Monterrey's coach Miguel Herrera confirmed the arrival of <mask> to The Striped Ones for replace to Guillermo Franco. In the Clausura 2006, he only scored 3 goals in 13 appearances. In the Holy week, <mask> was excluded from the squad because he was not present in a training with the reserves squad and also the president of the club accused him of being guilty of the bad season of Monterrey. On 29 May, Navia joined San Luis.After another irregular season, in 2007 he moved to Atlas. Racing and LDU Quito
After of failed to join Colo-Colo for indiscipline problems in the Copa América, on 24 August 2007, <mask> had come to verbal agreements with Racing Club de Avellaneda, being presented as new player of the club one day later saying: "I want to collaborate in a team that need be champion". <mask> made his Primera División debut for the Academy on 3 October, as a 73rd-minute substitution in a 3–2 home defeat against Tigre. Three days later he made his first start for Racing in a 2–2 draw with Rosario Central, being replaced in the 63rd minute. His firsts 90th minutes for the club was in the last week of the tournament against in a 1–0 victory over Colón. He had more continuity in the team during the season 2008, especially in the final part of the tournament with the coach Juan Manuel Llop. On 17 May, as a starter he scored his first goal for the club at 14th minute in a 2–1 loss against Boca Juniors at La Bombonera.<mask> joined LDU Quito on 24 July 2008, signing a one-year contract for an undisclosed fee. Shortly after his arrival he looked his move to Quito as a chance for return to the Chilean national team after an abrupt departure after of the Copa América 2007. His debut came on 14 August for the first round Copa Sudamericana against Bolívar, game on that he scored the club's fourth goal in a 4–2 victory. <mask> made his first league appearance in a 0–0 draw with Tecnico Universitario. For the Sudamericana in the second leg of the first round's, he scored his side's goal in a 2–1 away loss to Bolívar. On 14 September, he scored a goal against Deportivo Cuenca at 90-minute, defeating 2–1 to Cuenca. His goal made that Liga qualified to the playoffs in the second place of the Group stage.In the final stage the club was runner-up of the tournament and in the league last game he scored a twice in a 4–3 victory over Macará. On 21 December 2008, he played in the final of the FIFA Club World Cup against Manchester United as an 87th-minute substitution for Luis Bolaños. In this game Liga was defeated 1–0 with a goal of Wayne Rooney at 73rd minute. After of the runner-up achieved the club, many fans at Casa Blanca Stadium received to the team in his arrival to Ecuador. <mask> affirmed that he are very excited as his teammates. On 16 February 2009, he suffered a two-months injury risking his permanence in the team, because his contract expire on June. Santiago Morning
On 6 August 2009, after a failed transfer to Universidad Católica, he joined to Santiago Morning for an undisclosed fee on a six-months deal with purchase option for one season, because that he not had an option of play in other club international.In the same day, he was presented as new player of Morning with the number 10 and he said: "Do not compare myself to anyone... I have made my career, I know who I am, I know I can give and I hope to perform" affirmed Navia. At the end of the month, he made his morning debut against Cobresal as a 59th-minute substitute for Miguel Hernández. On 26 September, he scored his first goal in his return to Chile in a 3–1 victory over Universidad de Chile at Francisco Sánchez Rumoroso Stadium. In his third appearance for the Copa Chile against Curicó Unido he scored his second for the club. Because of the good morning performance in the regular phase of the tournament, the team qualified to the playoffs, but was eliminated in the semifinals by Católica, in the second leg of the semifinals, Navia scored his third side's goal in a 5–3 loss to Las Condes's side. Return to Mexico
In December 2009, he failed to join to CD Veracruz, because the known 'gentlemen's deal' that he agreed when he played for América in 2004 and shortly after he was released, for the pact the 'eagles' charged US$300.000.During February 2010, he was on trial with the Major League Soccer side New England Revolution, he was on talks with the team. After he failed to join to Revolution, was announced that <mask> had come to verbal agreements with Sporting Cristal of Peru, but he despite this offer for economic issues, including after of pass the medical and immediately joined to Irapuato of the Liga de Ascenso. <mask>ato in a 4–1 victory over La Piedad. At the end of season, he resigned his contract and finished as released player. Ñublense
On 5 March 2011, it was announced that <mask> returned to Chilean football for join Ñublense, replacing Luis Flores Abarca, who retired due to heart problems. On 13 March, he made his league debut for the club in a 2–0 defeat against Universidad Católica.In his second game for the club, he scored his first goal for the club and the only of the match against Unión San Felipe after a penalty kick scored in the 16th minute. Atlanta Silverbacks
Navia signed with Atlanta Silverbacks of the second division North American Soccer League on 5 January 2012.

International career
Navia was a frequent player at forward for the Chilean national team, where he wore Iván Zamorano's classic number; 9. He made his international debut on 17 February 1999, in a match against Guatemala. Prior to this, he played for Chile B against England B on February 10, 1998. Chile won by 2-1. In 2007, it was rumored that he might return to his homeland to play for Colo-Colo to replace the departing Humberto Suazo, however, in July 2007, Colo-Colo announced they would not take him due to his bad behavior during the 2007 Copa América in Venezuela. He was never called up again.International goals

Honours

Club
Santiago Wanderers
 Segunda División de Chile (1): 1995

América
 Mexican Primera División (1): 2005 Clausura
 Campeón de Campeones (1): 2005

International
Chile
 2000 Summer Olympics (1): Bronze

Individual
Atlanta Silverbacks
 NASL Player of the Month: April 2012
 NASL Player of the Week: Week 4, 2012

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
People from Quillota
Chilean footballers
Chilean expatriate footballers
Chile international footballers
Olympic footballers of Chile
Olympic bronze medalists for Chile
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
2001 Copa América players
2007 Copa América players
Santiago Wanderers footballers
Tecos F.C. footballers
Atlético Morelia players
Club América footballers
C.F. Monterrey players
San Luis F.C. players
Atlas F.C. footballers
Racing Club de Avellaneda footballers
L.D.U. Quito footballers
Santiago Morning footballers
Irapuato F.C. footballers
Ñublense footballers
Atlanta Silverbacks players
Expatriate footballers in Mexico
Expatriate footballers in Argentina
Expatriate footballers in Ecuador
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Argentina
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Ecuador
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Olympic medalists in football
Chilean Primera División players
Liga MX players
Argentine Primera División players
Ecuadorian Serie A players
Primera B de Chile players
Ascenso MX players
North American Soccer League players
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Association football forwards

masks:
Reinaldo Marcelino Navia Amador
Navia
Navia
Navia
Navia
Navia
Navia
Navia
Navia
Navia
Navia
Navia
Navia
Navia
Navia
Navia
Navia
Navia
Navia
Naviapu
Navia


texts:
<mask><mask> (April 26, 1927 – April 3, 2020) was an American microbiologist. During a 60-year career, he gained a reputation in the field of  industrial microbiology. He was the Professor of Industrial Microbiology in the Biology Department at MIT and Founder and Head of Department of Fermentation Microbiology at Merck & Co. The August 2010 edition of The Journal of Antibiotics celebrated his scientific career. Demain was described as “one of the world’s leading industrial microbiologists” and as “a scientist constantly in the forefront of industrial microbiology and biotechnology.” He was “a pioneer in research on the elucidation and regulation of the biosynthetic pathways leading to the penicillins and cephalosporins” and "instrumental in the development of the beta-lactam industry". One feature of Demain's work, according to Microbiology Australia, was his “ability to undertake fundamental research on systems with clear industrial applications, recognising that biodiscovery is the start of the road that includes strain improvement to achieve levels of product synthesis that warrant further investment to take products into the marketplace.”

Demain published over 500 papers, co-edited or co-authored fourteen books, and took out 21 U.S. patents. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York, on April 26, 1927.His grandparents were all immigrants from the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. As a boy he worked delivering groceries and was also a stock boy at Lord & Taylor’s department store in Manhattan. Demain's father, Henry, was in the pickle manufacturing business, managing a canning and pickling plant for Vita Foods Corp. in Chestertown, Maryland. Demain's uncles Ben and Seymour operated another pickling factory, Demain Foods Co., in Ayden, North Carolina. According to one source, “Henry was a leader in the pickle business, working for Fields and then Bloch and Guggenheimer in New York before setting up the pickle plant in Chestertown.” Demain himself said that his grandfather, <mask>, “had sold pickles for years in one of New York’s major market areas.” Demain attended five different public elementary schools and three different public high schools in Brooklyn and the Bronx, and graduated high school at age 16. Demain attended Michigan State briefly, then joined the U.S. Navy in 1945 and spent two years in Philadelphia caring for amputees who were members of the armed forces who had been injured in the war. Demain returned to Michigan State in 1947, earning B.S.and M.S. degrees in bacteriology from the Department of Microbiology and Public Health in 1949 and 1950 respectively. His master's research topic was the spoilage and softening of pickles during fermentation, a phenomenon that, he concluded, was probably caused by pectic enzymes. At MSC Demain met and married a fellow student, Joanna (“Jody”) Kaye from Youngstown, Ohio. From MSC, Demain went to the University of California's Department of Food Science, which was first at the Berkeley campus and then at Davis. He began work on his Ph.D. project on polygalacturonase of Saccharomyces fragilis. The project resulted in four papers on pectic enzymes, one of which published in Nature.At Berkeley, he was in charge of the cultures in UC's yeast collection. Demain said that he and Phaff “apparently were the first in the world to carry out affinity chromatography, using a pectic acid gel to selectively adsorb YPG from culture filtrates.” Demain received his Ph.D. in 1954. Career
In early 1954, Demain moved to Danville, Pennsylvania, where he worked as a research microbiologist for Merck Sharp & Dohme, studying the synthesis of penicillin. His work helped identify the amino acids that form the nucleus of penicillin, established the mechanisms that enable primary metabolites and carbon sources to regulate secondary metabolite synthesis, and demonstrated that penicillin was the product of synthesis and inactivation during fermentation. In late 1955, Demain moved on to Merck's penicillin research laboratories in Rahway, New Jersey, where he worked on fermentation microbiology, â-lactam antibiotics, flavor nucleotides, and microbial nutrition. In 1964 when he was asked to form a new department at Merck that would involve the improvement of product biosynthesis in microbial strains. Demain named it the Department of Fermentation Microbiology Demain “directed research and development on processes for monosodium glutamate, vitamin B12, streptomycin, riboflavin, cephamycin, fosfomycin, and interferon inducers,” and “elucidated the mechanism by which the biosynthesis of cephalosporin in Cephalsporium acremonium was stimulated by the presence of methionine – a new mechanism which had not been reported before.” The team managed to boost production yields of vitamin B12.The work done under <mask>'s direction in Rahway has been described in Microbiology Australia as “remarkable” in its “level of innovation,” in that it identified “novel biochemical pathways” that improved “natural levels of production” several thousandfold. In 1968, <mask> was invited by Nevin Scrimshaw, head of the Department of Nutrition and Food Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to become a full professor at that university. The next year <mask> became Professor of Industrial Microbiology in Scrimshaw's department at MIT and set up a fermentation microbiology laboratory there. <mask> stayed at MIT for the next 32 years. In 1970, <mask> went to Prague to present the closing Plenary Session address at the first Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms Symposium. He spoke on the “marriage of genetics and industrial microbiology.”

At MIT, <mask> and his team pioneered research on the elucidation and regulation of the biosynthetic pathways leading to penicillins and cephalosporins. Demain's MIT research led to “a breakthrough discovery of a key enzyme in cephalosporin biosynthesis –deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase ('expandase').The discovery of this enzyme established the role of penicillin as an intermediate in cephalosporin C biosynthesis and disproved the previous hypothesis that these two separate end products of C. acremonium were formed by a branched secondary metabolic pathway.”

In the mid-1990s, Demain and his team “started a series of NASA-sponsored experiments to determine the effect of simulated microgravity (SMG) on secondary metabolism” and “found that regulation of microbial processes under SMG was quite different from that at normal gravity.” In his last MIT projects he studied Clostridium tetani and C. difficile with the aim of facilitating the production of improved tetanus and antibiotic-associated diarrhea vaccines. The effort was successful. Summing up his years at MIT, Demain later said that he “was very lucky...to have had a fantastic group of bright and hardworking visiting scientists, postdoctoral associates, graduate students, undergraduate students and high school students. I owe all my success to them and my two amazing lab supervisors, Nadine A. Solomon and Aiqi Fang....Success at MIT would not have been possible without them.”

Demain has said that “the explosion of the biotechnology field” in the early 1970s led to his involvement with “the first biotechnology company, the Cetus Corporation, in Berkeley in 1971.” Demain became an advisor to Cetus. In 2001, Demain became one of a small group of Research Fellows pwcat the Charles Dana Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti, or RISE, at Drew University in New Jersey. In this capacity he trained undergraduate students in conducting research in microbial chemistry. Other professional activities
Demain was elected president of the Society for Industrial Microbiology in 1990, and became a member of the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) in 1994, the Mexican Academy of Sciences in 1997, and the Hungarian Academy of Science in 2002.He was on the Board of Governors of the American Academy of Microbiology, has served as a member of the U.S. National Committee for the International Union of Microbiological Sciences (IUMS), and was a delegate to the 2002 General Assembly in Paris. He has been honorary consultant for the Fujian Institute of Microbiology and the Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry in The People’s Republic of China. In addition, he was a member of the scientific advisory boards of Tetravitae Bioscience and of Dyadic International, and was also on the advisory board of Codexis, Inc. Honors and awards
Demain has received honorary doctorates from the University of Leon (Spain), Ghent University (Belgium), Technion (Israel), Michigan State, and University of Münster (Germany). The August 2010 special issue of The Journal of Antibiotics celebrated Demain's career, noting that he had “established and maintained a renowned reputation within the field of industrial microbiology.”

Personal life
Arny <mask> was married to Joanna (Kaye<mask> for 68 years; they had two children, Pamela and Jeffrey. He died from complications of COVID-19. References

1927 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey
Scientists from Brooklyn
Military personnel from New York City
Michigan State University alumni
American microbiologists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Davis alumni

masks:
Arnold L
. Demain
Demain
Joseph Demain
Demain
Demain
Demain
Demain
Demain
Demain
Demain
) Demain


texts:
<mask> (; August 4, 1933 – January 11, 2021) was an American businessman, investor, political donor and philanthropist. He was the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Las Vegas Sands Corporation, which owns the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore, and the parent company of Venetian Macao Limited, which operates The Venetian Las Vegas and the Sands Expo and Convention Center. He owned the Israeli daily newspaper Israel Hayom, the Israeli weekly newspaper Makor Rishon, and the American daily newspaper the Las Vegas Review-Journal. Adelson created the Adelson Foundation in 2007, a private charity focusing on healthcare and support of Israel and the Jewish people. He was a major contributor to Republican Party candidates and was often dubbed a "kingmaker" due to the size and frequency of his donations. He and his wife <mask> were Donald Trump's largest donors, providing the largest donation to Trump's 2016 campaign, his presidential inauguration, his defense fund against the Mueller investigation into Russian interference, and the 2020 campaign. He was also a major backer of Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In September 2020, <mask> was listed by Forbes as having a fortune of  billion, making him the 28th-richest person in the world and 19th in the Forbes 400. Early life
<mask> was born on August 4, 1933, and grew up in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, the son of Sarah (née Tonkin) and <mask>. He was Jewish. His father's family was of Ukrainian Jewish and Lithuanian Jewish ancestry. His mother immigrated from England, and Adelson said that his grandfather was a Welsh coal miner. His father was a taxi driver, and his mother ran a knitting shop. He began his business career at the age of 12 when he borrowed $200 from his uncle () and purchased a license to sell newspapers in Boston.In 1948, at the age of 15, he borrowed $10,000 () from his uncle to start a candy vending-machine business. He attended the City College of New York, but did not graduate. He attended trade school in a failed attempt to become a court reporter, then joined the army. After being discharged from the army, he established a business selling toiletry kits, then started another business, De-Ice-It, which marketed a chemical spray that cleared ice from windshields. In the 1960s, he started a charter tour business. He soon became a millionaire, although by his thirties he had built and lost his fortune twice. Over the course of his business career, Adelson created almost 50 businesses, making him a serial entrepreneur.Business career

COMDEX
In the late 1970s, <mask> and his partners developed the COMDEX trade shows for the computer industry, beginning in 1979. It was one of the largest computer trade shows in the world through much of the 1980s and 1990s. In 1995, <mask> and his partners sold the Interface Group Show Division, including the COMDEX shows, to SoftBank Group of Japan for $862 million; <mask>'s share was over $500 million. Sands Casino

Las Vegas, Nevada

In 1988, <mask> purchased the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas for $110 million (approximately ). The next year, he and his partners built the Sands Expo and Convention Center, then the only privately owned and operated convention center in the U.S. In 1991, while honeymooning in Venice with his second wife, Miriam, Adelson came up with the idea for a mega-resort hotel. He razed the Sands and spent $1.5 billion to construct The Venetian, a Venice-themed resort hotel and casino, which opened on May 3, 1999.Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

In the late 2000s, <mask> and the company built a casino resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. It is one of five stand-alone casinos that were awarded a slots license by the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board in 2006. The casino opened May 22, 2009. In 2010, during the Great Recession, <mask> told The Wall Street Journal "If it were today, we probably wouldn't have started it." Macau
Adelson led a project to bring Las Vegas Sands casinos to Macau. The  Sands Macao became China's first Las Vegas-style casino when it opened in May 2004. He recovered his initial $265-million investment in one year and, because he owned 69% of the stock, he increased his wealth when he took the stock public in December 2004.Following the opening of the Sands Macao, <mask>'s personal wealth multiplied more than fourteen times. In August 2007, <mask> opened the $2.4 billion Venetian Macao Resort Hotel on Cotai and announced that he planned to create a massive, concentrated resort area he called the Cotai Strip, after its Las Vegas counterpart. <mask> said that he planned to open more hotels under brands such as Four Seasons, Sheraton, and St. Regis. His Las Vegas Sands planned to invest $12 billion and build 20,000 hotel rooms on the Cotai Strip by 2010. Adelson's company was reportedly under federal investigation over alleged violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act relating to payments made to a Macau lawyer. In 2015, Sands agreed to pay a $9 million settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which included no admission of wrongdoing. Marina Bay, Singapore

In May 2006, Adelson's Las Vegas Sands was awarded a hotly contested license to construct a casino resort in Marina Bay, Singapore.The new casino, Marina Bay Sands, opened in 2010 at a rumored cost of $5.5 billion. In 2010, when it opened, at a total cost of S$8 billion including land cost, the Marina Bay Sands (MBS) Complex of Singapore was the most expensive building in the world, ranking over the new development of World Trade Towers in Manhattan of New York and the Burj Khalifa of Dubai. MBS Singapore includes stores at "The Shoppes", an ultraluxury indoor Venetian canal-lined exclusive shopping belt with tenants such as Ferrari, Chanel, the Theatre of Marina Bay and Convention Center for Sands Live concert series, multiple swimming pools, a rooftop infinity pool, night clubs in Maison pavilions on newly constructed mini islands, and 2,500 luxury hotel rooms. Other activities

Israeli press

In 2007, <mask> made an unsuccessful bid to purchase the Israeli newspaper Maariv. When this attempt failed, he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with Israeli, a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006 but had left. The first edition of the new newspaper, Israel Hayom, was published on July 30, 2007. On March 31, 2014, <mask> received the go-ahead from a Jerusalem court to purchase Maariv and the conservative newspaper Makor Rishon.In 2016, <mask>'s attorney announced that he does not own Israel Hayom, but that it is owned by a relative of his. According to a Target Group Index (TGI) survey published in July 2011, Israel Hayom, which unlike all other Israeli newspapers is distributed for free, became the number-one daily newspaper (on weekdays) four years after its inception. This survey found that Israel Hayom had a 39.3% weekday readership exposure, Yedioth Ahronoth 37%, Maariv 12.1%, and Haaretz 5.8%. The Yedioth Ahronoth weekend edition was still leading with a 44.3% readership exposure, compared to 31% for the Israel Hayom weekend edition, 14.9% for Maariv, and 6.8% for Haaretz. This trend was already observed by a TGI survey in July 2010. In 2011, the Israeli press said that <mask> was unhappy with the coverage on Israeli Channel 10 alleging he had acquired a casino license in Las Vegas inappropriately through political connections. The channel apologized after Adelson threatened a lawsuit.This led to the resignations of the news chief, Reudor Benziman; the news editor, Ruti Yuval; and the news anchor, Guy Zohar, who objected to the apology. After two months of deliberations, the Israeli Second Authority for Television and Radio ruled that although there were some flaws in the manner in which the apology had been conducted, the decision to apologize had been correct and appropriate. Las Vegas Review-Journal
In December 2015, <mask> purchased the Las Vegas Review-Journal newspaper. The purchase was made through a limited liability company called News + Media Capital Group LLC and his involvement with the deal was initially kept secret. A week after the purchase was announced, three Review-Journal reporters revealed that the deal had been orchestrated by Adelson's son-in-law Patrick Dumont on Adelson's behalf. Commentators described the $140 million paid for the paper as "lavish" and as a dramatic overpayment, and speculated that the move was a power play to further Adelson's business or political agendas. Within a few weeks the paper's editor stepped down in a "voluntary buyout".In January 2016, a set of editorial principles were drawn up and publicized to ensure the newspaper's independence and to deal with possible conflicts of interest involving Adelson's ownership. In February Craig Moon, a veteran of the Gannett organization, was announced as the new publisher and promptly withdrew those principles from publication. He also began to personally review, edit, and sometimes kill stories about an Adelson-promoted proposal for a new Las Vegas football stadium. In the months since, reporters say that stories about Adelson, and particularly about an ongoing lawsuit involving his business dealings in Macau, have been heavily edited by top management. Many reporters and editors left the newspaper citing "curtailed editorial freedom, murky business dealings and unethical managers." All three reporters who originally broke the story about Adelson's ownership have left. Longtime columnist John L. Smith, who had often written about Adelson and had been unsuccessfully sued for libel by him, resigned after he was told he could no longer write anything about Adelson.The Las Vegas Review-Journal was the first major newspaper nationwide to endorse Trump in 2016. U.S. policy on Iran
In a panel discussion at Yeshiva University on October 22, 2013, <mask> said that the United States must get tougher on the issue of Iran's suspected nuclear weapons program. He said: "You pick up your cell phone and you call somewhere in Nebraska and you say 'OK, let it go' and so there's an atomic weapon goes over, ballistic missiles in the middle of the desert that doesn't hurt a soul, maybe a couple of rattlesnakes and scorpions or whatever". He explained that, after a show of force and a threat to also drop a nuclear bomb on Tehran, the U.S. should then say: if "You [Iran] want to be peaceful, just reverse it all and we will guarantee that you can have a nuclear power plant for electricity purposes, energy purposes." Adelson's spokesman told reporters that Adelson "was obviously not speaking literally" about using an atomic bomb in the desert, and that he was "using hyperbole to make a point that ... actions speak louder than words". DeLay controversy
During the Suen trial, Bill Weidner, the president of Adelson's Las Vegas Sands company, testified about a telephone conversation between Adelson and his friend then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX) about a bill proposed by Representative Tom Lantos (D) that would have prevented the U.S. Olympic Committee from voting in favor of the Chinese bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics. A few hours later, DeLay called back and told Adelson he could tell the mayor of Beijing "this bill will never see the light of day".The resolution did not pass. Adelson testified in court that the demise of the resolution "resulted from the press of other legislation, [not from] a deliberate move by DeLay to help his benefactor." Cannabis
Fighting cannabis legalization was a personal passion of Adelson, whose son Mitchell died of an overdose of heroin and cocaine. Mitchell used cocaine and heroin from an early age. Adelson believed cannabis is a gateway drug. Andy Abboud, vice president of Las Vegas Sands, has stated that "Pro-marijuana folks have awakened a sleeping giant in <mask> and Miriam Adelson". Israeli-American Council
At the November 2017 conference of the Israeli-American Council (IAC), Adelson declared that the organization should become primarily a political lobbying group on Israel-related issues.In contrast to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which supports a two-state solution and continued aid to the Palestinians, Adelson charted a course for IAC to oppose both of these positions; Adelson himself opposed a two-state solution. Israeli journalist Chemi Shalev said that IAC had not intended to become a political pressure group and that Adelson had "hijacked" it for his "hard-right agenda". Internet gambling
Adelson fought against internet-based gambling in his later life. Despite the legalization, and acceptance from many Las Vegas Casino CEOs, Adelson poured money into candidates wanting to overturn state legislation that legalizes online gambling. In early 2015, Adelson publicly backed a bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives. The legislation, named the Restore America's Wire Act, has been met with mixed reviews by the Republican Party. Honors
Adelson and his wife, <mask>, were presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution on March 25, 2008.<mask> received the Chairman's Award from the Nevada Policy Research Institute, a think tank in Las Vegas, for his efforts to advance free market principles in Nevada. In 2014, <mask> was named to CNBC's list of 200 people who have transformed business over the last 25 years. Involvement in politics

According to The New Yorker, Adelson began making major contributions to the Republican National Committee following clashes with labor unions at his Las Vegas properties. The New Yorker article also quoted Shelley Berkley, a Nevada Democratic Party congresswoman, with whom Adelson had a long feud. She worked for him in the 1990s as vice-president of legal and governmental affairs, and said Adelson told her that "old Democrats were with the union and he wanted to break the back of the union, consequently he had to break the back of the Democrats". The Boston Globe said that Adelson "waged some bitter anti-union battles in Las Vegas". Berkley is further quoted in The New Yorker article as saying that Adelson "seeks to dominate politics and public policy through the raw power of money".In February 2012, <mask> told Forbes magazine that he was "against very wealthy people attempting to or influencing elections. But as long as it's doable I'm going to do it. Because I know that guys like Soros have been doing it for years, if not decades. And they stay below the radar by creating a network of corporations to funnel their money. I have my own philosophy and I'm not ashamed of it. I gave the money because there is no other legal way to do it. I don't want to go through ten different corporations to hide my name.I'm proud of what I do and I'm not looking to escape recognition." In

masks:
Sheldon Gary Adelson
Miriam Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Arthur Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Sheldon
Miriam Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson


texts:
 2005, Adelson and his wife each contributed $250,000 to the second inauguration of George W. Bush. President George W. Bush appointed the Adelsons to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008. Adelson was the principal financial backer of Freedom's Watch, a now-defunct political advocacy group founded to counter the influence of George Soros and Democratic-leaning lobby groups such as MoveOn.org. "Almost all" of the $30 million Freedom's Watch spent on the 2008 elections came from Adelson. In 2010, Adelson donated $1 million to American Solutions for Winning the Future, a political action committee (PAC) supporting Republican former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. In December 2011, during Gingrich's bid for the U.S. presidency, Adelson spoke favorably of controversial remarks Gingrich had made about Palestinians, saying "read the history of those who call themselves Palestinians, and you will hear why Gingrich said recently that the Palestinians are an invented people."Adelson donated to U.S. Senate and House of Representatives candidates. During the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries, Adelson first supported Newt Gingrich and then the eventual nominee Mitt Romney. Altogether he spent $92 million supporting losing candidates during the 2012 United States presidential election cycle. On January 7, 2012, Adelson bolstered Gingrich's then-faltering campaign with a $5-million donation to the pro-Gingrich super PAC Winning Our Future. By the next day, the super PAC had reserved more than $3.4 million in advertising time in the South Carolina primary, which included production and distribution of a half-hour movie that portrayed Gingrich's political rival Mitt Romney as a "predatory corporate raider". On January 23, Adelson's wife, Miriam, contributed an additional $5 million to the same organization with instructions to use it to advance a "pro-Newt message". <mask> told Forbes that he was willing to donate as much as $100 million to Gingrich.He also donated $5 million to the right-leaning super PAC Congressional Leadership Fund and over $60,000 to the Republican National Committee. In June 2012, Adelson donated $10 million to the pro-Romney PAC Restore Our Future. In July, Adelson attended a Romney fundraiser held in Jerusalem. Adelson joined Woody Johnson, John Rakolta, Paul Singer, and several dozen other contributors on the trip. According to Bloomberg Businessweek, as of July Adelson had given Republicans more than $30 million for the 2012 election cycle. Romney believed that the People's Republic of China should have been pressured to drop its presumptively low fixed exchange rate policy; according to Bloomberg, Adelson would have benefitted financially in U.S. dollar terms through his interest in Chinese casinos if the Chinese yuan were to have appreciated. Early in 2014, Adelson donated $2.5 million to the Drug Free Florida Committee, the political committee trying to defeat Florida's Right to Medical Marijuana Initiative which would legalize medical cannabis in that state.Later in 2014, <mask> donated an additional $1.5 million to the No On 2 campaign. He believed that cannabis is a gateway drug. According to a 2014 Washington Post report, Adelson's strategy for the 2016 United States presidential election was to support a mainstream candidate capable of winning the presidency. In March 2014 Adelson was set to hold one-on-one chats with possible candidates Jeb Bush, Chris Christie, Scott Walker, and John Kasich during the spring meeting of the Republican Jewish Coalition held at Adelson's hotel and casino The Venetian Las Vegas. During the December 2015 Republican debate held at that same venue, Adelson held one-on-one meetings with several of the candidates prior to the start of the debate, including front runner Donald Trump. The bidding to become Adelson's favorite, and ultimately receive tens of millions in financial support, was informally called "The Adelson Primary". On May 13, 2016, he endorsed Trump for president, and pledged as much as $100 million to support his campaign.Adelson was later described as a Trump partisan. In October 2016, <mask> donated one million dollars to the campaign against Massachusetts ballot question 4 the Massachusetts Legalization, Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana Initiative which legalized marijuana for personal use. <mask> also donated $1,500,000 towards the unsuccessful effort to thwart the 2016 Florida medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative. Adelson sat out the 2016 Republican primaries, with some early indicators at the beginning of 2016 interpreted as showing that Adelson favored Trump. In May 2016, explaining his reasons for officially endorsing Donald Trump's presidential bid, Adelson cited the importance of CEO experience in a presidential nominee. For the 2018 United States elections, <mask> donated approximately $113 million to the Republican Party through various conservative political action committees. On January 31, 2019, ABC News reported that <mask> and his wife Miriam had contributed $500,000 to the Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, which was set up in 2018 to assist aides of President Trump under investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.The contributions are the Trust's largest to date. It was estimated Adelson would donate $200 million to Trump and the GOP for the 2020 election cycle. Given a call to Adelson by Trump in early August complaining that Adelson had not done enough for him, there was speculation that the amount of a donation could be affected.<ref>Isenstadt, Alex, Trump antagonizes GOP megadonor Adelson in heated phone call , Politico, August 8, 2020</ref> On October 15, 2020, Adelson gave $75 million to a Trump PAC, in a late push for reelection. In the second half of October 2020, Adelson and his wife gave a further $35 million to three super-PACs supporting the Republican Party and Trump's re-election. PACs to which the Adelsons donated in the 2020 cycle included Preserve America and the Senate Leadership Fund. Donations

On September 23, 2016, Adelson announced a $25 million donation to Trump's presidential campaign, as part of a $65 million donation to the Republican electoral campaign for 2016. This rendered Adelson by far the biggest donor in either party (Republicans or Democrats) in the 2016 election cycle.It also makes him by far the largest donor to Donald Trump's White House bid. <mask> was the largest donor to Trump's inaugural celebrations, with a $5 million donation to the celebrations. According to federal records, from 2010 through 2020, <mask> and his wife donated more than $500 million to the Republican party campaigns and super PACs. Since 2007, the Adelson Family Foundation has made contributions totaling $140 million to Birthright Israel, which finances Jewish youth trips to Israel. He also donated $5 million to the Friends of the Israel Defense Forces in 2014. Adelson donated over $25 million to The Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas to build a high school. In 2006, Adelson contributed $25 million to the Yad Vashem Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority.Adelson also funded the private, Boston-based Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation. This foundation initiated the Adelson Program in Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (APNRR) with $7.5 million donated to collaborating researchers at 10 universities. Personal life
Marriages

In the 1970s, <mask> lived in Massachusetts with his wife, Sandra, and her three children, Mitchell, Gary, and Shelley, whom <mask> adopted when they were young. The couple divorced in 1988. <mask> met Miriam Farbstein Ochshorn, a medical doctor, on a blind date the following year; they married in 1991. She was previously married to a Tel Aviv physician, Dr. Ariel Ochshorn, with whom she had two daughters. Miriam "Miri" Farbstein was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1945, to parents that fled Poland before the Holocaust and settled in the city of Haifa.After earning a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology and Genetics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a medical degree from Tel Aviv University's Sackler Medical School, she went on to become the chief internist in an emergency room at Tel Aviv's Rokach (Hadassah) Hospital. In 1993, she founded a substance abuse center and research clinic there, and in 2000, the couple opened the Dr. Miriam and <mask> G. Adelson Research Clinic in Las Vegas. Litigation

A June 2008 profile in The New Yorker detailed several controversies involving Adelson. In 2008 Richard Suen, a Hong Kong businessman who had helped Adelson make connections with leading Chinese officials in order to obtain the Macau license, took Adelson to court in Las Vegas alleging he had reneged on his agreement to allow Suen to profit from the venture. Suen won a $43.8 million judgement; in November 2010, the Nevada Supreme Court overturned the judgment and returned the case to the lower court for further consideration. In the 2013 retrial, the jury awarded Suen a verdict for $70 million. The judge added another $31.6 million in interest, bringing the total judgment against Adelson to $101.6 million.<mask> was in the process of appealing again. <mask> faced another trial over claims by three alleged "middlemen" in the deal who are suing for at least $450 million. In February 2013, the Las Vegas Sands, in a regulatory filing, acknowledged that it had likely violated federal law that prohibits the bribing of foreign officials. Allegedly, Chinese officials were bribed to allow Adelson to build his Macau casino. Adelson successfully sued the London Daily Mail for libel in 2008. The newspaper had accused him of pursuing "despicable business practices" and having "habitually and corruptly bought political favour". Adelson won the libel case, which was described as "a grave slur on Mr <mask>'s personal integrity and business reputation," and he won a judgment of approximately £4 million, which he said he would donate to London's Royal Marsden Hospital.In August 2012, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), after being threatened with a libel suit, apologized and withdrew two blog posts that claimed Adelson had donated "Chinese prostitution money" to Republicans. Another organization, the National Jewish Democratic Council, posted on their website that Adelson "personally approved" of prostitution at his Macau resorts. Adelson sued for libel, but a federal judge dismissed the suit in September 2013, ordering Adelson to pay the NJDC's legal fees. Wealth
In 2007, <mask>'s estimated wealth was $26.5 billion, making him the third-richest person in the United States according to Forbes. and $26 billion for 2008. In 2008, the share prices of the Las Vegas Sands Corp. plunged. In November 2008, Las Vegas Sands Corp. announced it might default on bonds that it had outstanding, signaling the potential bankruptcy of the concern.Adelson lost $4 billion in 2008, more than any other American billionaire.<mask> , daylife.com; accessed September 16, 2015. In 2009, his net worth had declined from approximately $30 billion to $2 billion, a drop of 93%. He told ABC News "So I lost $25 billion. I started out with zero ...[there is] no such thing as fear, not to an entrepreneur. Concern, yes. Fear, no". In the Forbes 2009 world billionaires list, <mask>'s ranking dropped to No.178 with a net worth of $3.4 billion, but by 2011, after his business had recovered, he was ranked as the world's 16th-richest man with a net worth of $23.3 billion. In 2013, Adelson earned a top ranking on Forbes Annual "Biggest Winner" List, his dramatic growth a result of the success of his casinos in Macau and Singapore, adding an estimated $15 billion to his net worth during the year. In 2013, <mask> was worth $37.2 billion according to Forbes'', and as of December 2014, his net worth was $30.4 billion. Adelson owned a fleet of private jets through Las Vegas Sands. On January 2, 2017, Adelson's Airbus A340-500 jet set a record for the Ben Gurion International Airport by making the longest flight ever leaving the airport by flying nonstop to Honolulu, Hawaii, by way of the Arctic Ocean. Illness and death
In 2001, Adelson was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy, which restricted his ability to stand and walk. On February 28, 2019, Las Vegas Sands announced that Adelson was receiving treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.The news was disclosed after a Sands attorney claimed Adelson was too weak to sit for a deposition in a court case involving Richard Suen. Sands spokesman Ron Reese said the side effects of Adelson's medical treatment had "restricted his availability to travel or keep regular office hours” but had not “prevented him from fulfilling his duties as chairman and CEO” of Las Vegas Sands. On January 11, 2021, Adelson died at his home in Malibu, California, at the age of 87, after long-term illnesses. On January 14, 2021, Adelson's body arrived in Israel. His coffin was draped in U.S. and Israeli flags and was on display at Ben Gurion Airport, where Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu came to pay his respects. Adelson was laid to rest, the next day, in a small private ceremony on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. See also
 List of people and organizations named in the Paradise Papers

References

External links

 Campaign contributions in 2012 to outside spending groups at Center for Responsive Politics

1933 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American newspaper publishers (people)
American billionaires
American casino industry businesspeople
American chairpersons of corporations
American chemical industry businesspeople
American chief executives in the media industry
American chief executives of financial services companies
American chief executives of travel and tourism industry companies
American computer businesspeople
American financiers
American hoteliers
American investment advisors
American investors
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
American people of Welsh descent
American political fundraisers
American real estate businesspeople
American transportation businesspeople
American Zionists
Businesspeople from Boston
Businesspeople from Nevada
City College of New York alumni
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from lymphoma
Jewish American philanthropists
Military personnel from Massachusetts
Nevada Republicans
People from Dorchester, Massachusetts
People from the Las Vegas Valley
United States Army soldiers
California Republicans
People named in the Paradise Papers
21st-century American Jews
Adelson

masks:
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Sheldon Adelson
Sheldon
Adelson
Sheldon
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Adelson
Sheldon Adelson
Adelson
Adelson


texts:
Dr<mask> (born 12 October 1958) is an Australian physician, professional adventurer, wingsuit pilot and BASE jumper (he holds three official world records). He is also a documentary filmmaker, and practicing medical doctor specializing in remote and rural medicine. His film BASEclimb, about a world record setting BASE jump from The Great Trango Towers in Pakistan, won 21 International awards. he led the BASEClimb High Performance Wingsuit Team in a flight across the Grand Canyon, from the North Rim to the South Rim - a world first. The team, which included <mask>'s wife, Heather Swan, Roger Hugelshofer, Vicente Cajiga and Paul Tozer flew 11.6 kilometres, exiting a Cessna Grand Supervan flown by Ray Ferrell at 28,000 ft. They landed on Hualapai Indian Nation land. In 2012 <mask> was a key member of the ‘Challenger Deep' team that successfully sent James Cameron to the deepest point on the planet – The Mariana Trench – in a submarine designed and built in Australia.Dr. Singleman was a member of the management team, the Expedition Doctor, one of the life support supervisors and Second Unit Director of the National Geographic 3D Feature Film released in 2013. This was Dr. <mask>’s third project with Cameron (Avatar, Titanic, The Terminator). – the others being Cameron's Aliens of the Deep (3D IMAX) and Last Mysteries of the Titanic (Discovery Channel). Singleman is also a motivational speaker and media commentator on extreme sport, fear and managing risk and has spoken all around the world. Dr. <mask> continues to work as a medical practitioner, working in the Intensive Care Unit at Sydney Adventist Hospital in Sydney. He is also a specialist in remote and rural medicine and a Fellow of the Australian College of Remote and Rural Medicine (ACRRM). Expeditions  and achievements

February 1988 - Mount Minto, Antarctica
Singleman made first ascent of Mount Minto – highest mountain in the Admiralty Ranges of Antarctica (4163 M) as part of Bicentennial Antarctic Expedition with Greg Mortimer, Lincoln Hall, Lyle Closs, Chris Hilton and Jonathan Chester.He was also the expedition doctor and co-directed/co-produced/co-edited the documentary of the expedition (The Loneliest Mountain). November 1988 - Puncak Jaya, Irian Jaya
Second Australian ascent of Puncak Jaya (Carstensz Pyramid) in Irian Jaya via new route on west ridge. June 1989 - Highest black tie dinner Party
<mask> was the Expedition doctor, location director and cameraman for Social Climbers Expedition to have highest black tie dinner party in the world at 6768 M (22,205 ft) – a charity mountaineering event that raised $20,000 and was recognized by the Guinness Book of Records. The expedition was led by Chris Darwin (great great grandson of naturalist Charles Darwin)

October 1991 - First hot air balloon flight over Mount Everest
<mask> was the Expedition doctor and cameraman filming the first hot air balloon flight over Mount Everest (an expedition led by Australian balloon pilot Chris Dewhirst and UK adventurer Leo Dickinson). August 1992 - The Great Trango Tower world record
<mask> Feteris BASE jumped from a ledge at 5880 M (19,300 ft) on The Great Trango Tower in the Karakorum Himalaya in Pakistan. This was the first ever Himalayan BASE jump and established a world record for exit height that stood for 14 years. The expedition was led by Singleman.May 2006 - Altitude BASE jumping and Wingsuit BASE jump World Record
In 2006, with his wife Heather Swan, Singleman set a new World Record for high altitude BASE jumping (6604 M highest exit point) and the highest Wingsuit BASE jump (exit point) from Mt. Meru (6672M) in Garwhal Himalaya in India. The Australian Geographic Society recognised the achievement with a Spirit of Adventure Award – the third awarded to Singleman. The expedition was also led by Singleman. July 2008 - Highest wingsuit jump world record
Singleman set an unofficial world record for the highest wingsuit jump (37,650 ft) from a hot air balloon over the Australian outback. The jump was featured on 60 Minutes and was an 11-page feature article in Australian Geographic Magazine. The expedition was led by Singleman.December 2011 - First and only wingsuit flight across Sydney Harbour
Singleman and his wife, Heather Swan, and Vicente Cajiga made the first and only wingsuit flight across Sydney Harbour exiting at 13,500 ft above Rose Bay and landing at Barangaroo. The jump took three years to organize and required approval from 9 government departments. Film making credits
1987 – A Spire – Co-Producer/Co-Director/Cameraman documentary for ABC about first ascent of Sydney Tower at Centrepoint (by Chris Hilton)

1988 – The Loneliest Mountain – Co-Producer/Co-Director/Cameraman documentary for Film Australia about Bicentennial Antarctic Expedition

1991 – Fire on the Wind – Location Director and cameraman documentary for National Geographic and ZDF about Social Climbers expedition

1993 - BASEClimb (aka The Most Dangerous Jump in the World, aka Jump from 6000M, aka Over the Top) – produced and directed by Singleman about the Trango Tower BASE jump expedition - . Critically and popularly acclaimed the film won 21 International Awards  screened in 154 countries and was featured as part of the Best Of National Geographic Television and excerpts appeared in the National Geographic Millennium Special, Footage of the jump has been described as the most powerful ever shot of BASE jumping. BASEClimb was voted one of the best 10 adventure documentaries of all time by American Men's Journal. 1994 – A Glorious Way to Die – treatment writer documentary about Siberian river rats. Produced by Fleur Films

In 2000 - 2002 <mask> wrote, produced and directed BASEClimb 2 Defying Gravity for ABC, which told the story of his wife Heather's quest to learn to mountaineer and BASE jump so she could break his world record from the Great Trango Tower.BASEClimb 2 screened around the world on free-to-air and NationalGeographic cable and quickly surpassed the original BASEClimb documentary commercially. 2003 – Expedition doctor and 3D camera assistant for James Cameron’s Aliens of the Deep (3D IMAX documentary). 2005 – Expedition doctor and camera operator for Last Mysteries of the Titanic – live television documentary from the Titanic wreck with James Cameron

2011 – Expedition doctor and Producer/Director/Co-Editor of No Ceiling – the BASEClimb 3 story – documentary for international television release on free-to-air, cable and DVD. Personal life
Married to Heather Swan. He has two children, David and Nathan from his first marriage to Irina Tolkunova

References

1959 births
Living people
Australian documentary filmmakers

masks:
. Glenn Singleman
Singleman
Singleman
Singleman
Singleman
Glenn
Glenn
Glenn Singlemanc
Glenn


texts:
<mask>, AO (born 1949) chaired the Reference Group on Welfare Reform (2014-2015), advises governments on social policy, is a company director and a former chief executive officer of Mission Australia and the Society of St Vincent de Paul (NSW/ACT). He is chair of the Oak Tree Retirement Villages Group. Education and early career
McClure was born in Auckland, New Zealand and migrated with his parents and family to Australia at age 14 years. He had commenced his secondary education at St Peter's College, Auckland and completed it at Waverley College, Sydney. In 1968, he joined the Franciscans (Order of Friars Minor), was ordained a priest in 1975 and resigned from the ministry in 1977. His experience of working with homeless people and the influence of a pioneer in microfinance led to his career in the social purpose sector. He was a director of Amnesty International (1978-1988), working with refugees and coordinating global campaigns against human rights abuses.He was founder and chair of Second Harvest (Australia), a social enterprise providing low cost food to people on low income (1978-1989), and awarded a Churchill Fellowship (1989) to study social enterprises in the US, Canada and the UK. He worked as director of Migrant Services and area manager, Social Work, in the Department of Social Security (now the Department of Social Services) in Perth and Sydney (1985-1991). McClure has a Master of Arts (Public Policy) from Murdoch University, WA (1987-1991), and a Bachelor of Social Work (Distinction) from Curtin University, WA (1978-1981). He also has a Diploma in Theological and Pastoral Studies from Yarra Theological Union, Vic (1975). Career
Chief Executive Officer, Society of St Vincent de Paul (NSW/ACT) (1992-1996)

McClure was CEO of the Society of St Vincent de Paul (NSW/ACT) during a period of major organisation reform. The Society had a budget of $375m, providing housing, youth, family services and social assistance to over 500,000 disadvantaged people each year. During his tenure, he was also a member of the NSW Government Drought Assistance Committee, which distributed $80 million in drought assistance to rural households across NSW in 1995–1996.Chief Executive Officer, Mission Australia (1997-2006)

During McClure's tenure as CEO of Mission Australia, the organisation grew from separate state-based entities with annual revenue of $50m, to a national organisation with annual revenue exceeding $300m and 3000 staff providing employment, training, housing and other services to over 200,000 disadvantaged youth, adults, families and children. The organisation became a major provider of employment services in the privatised Job Network. Mission Australia was also awarded the Prime Minister's Community Business Partnership Award in 2001. [3]

Mission Australia acquired a one-third shareholding in Working Links, a UK employment company, in 2005. In the same year, the organisation opened the Mission Australia Centre in Surry Hills, Sydney, providing integrated services for homeless people. Chair, Reference Group on Welfare Reform (1999-2000)

McClure was appointed chair of the Australian government's Reference Group on Welfare Reform (1999-2000). The final report, "Participation Support for a More Equitable Society" (known as the McClure Report) outlined a blueprint for welfare reform.In the 2001 Federal Budget, the Australian Government committed $1.7 billion over four years to implement recommendations of the report called Australians Working Together. Chief Executive Officer, Macquarie Capital Retirement Villages Group (2006-2008)

McClure was CEO of Macquarie Capital RVG, which raised $850m of institutional funds for investment in retirement villages in Australia and New Zealand. Ethics Fellow, Centre for Social Impact, UNSW (2008-2010)

McClure was appointed Ethics Fellow at the Centre for Social Impact, University of New South Wales. Through workshops, conferences and articles, McClure presented applied ethics and an ethical decision-making framework for Third Sector organisations. Chair, Reference Group on Welfare Reform (2013-2015)

In December 2013, Minister for Social Services Kevin Andrews announced that McClure would chair a Reference Group on Welfare Reform. An interim report was released on 29 June 2014, followed by roundtables with 175 key stakeholders in all states and territories, consultations with 55 people on income support, 271 formal submissions and 231 online comments. The final report titled "A New System for Better Employment and Social Outcomes" was launched in Canberra on 23 February 2015 by <mask>re and the Minister for Social Services Scott Morrison.It proposed an integrated approach across four pillars of reform with an employment focus: a simpler and more sustainable income support system, building individual and family capacity, engaging employers, and building community capacity. Key recommendations included: reducing the current complex and inefficient system of 20 payments and 55 supplements to five payments and four categories of supplements; a passport to work, enabling people to move easily between employment and the income support system; a new ICT system to drive efficiencies in the new income support system; an investment approach with early intervention services focusing on groups most at risk of long term welfare dependence; a jobs plan for people with disabilities and mental health conditions; and the use of social impact bonds to attract private investment to address social problems. Since the 2015 budget, the Australian government has allocated funds for a new ICT system, a prerequisite for introducing a simpler income support system; the Priority Investment Approach contracting PwC to complete annual actuarial valuations of groups at risk of lifetime welfare dependence; allocations to organisations from the $100m Try, Test and Learn Fund; simplification of child and youth payments; support for social impact investment in affordable housing; and a new JobSeeker Payment to replace or consolidate seven existing payments. Chair, Oak Tree Retirement Villages Group (2018-present)

The Oak Tree Group specialises in providing affordable, stylish and secure retirement living communities across Australia. Currently, Oak Tree owns and operates 31 retirement villages. Aware Super is a majority shareholder of the company. Chair, Review Panel, Australian Charities and Not-for-Profits Commission Legislation (2017-2018)

In 2017, Assistant Minister to the Treasurer Michael Sukkar announced that McClure would chair a review of the ACNC Legislation.The final report, "Strengthening for Purpose: Australian Charities and Not-for-Profits Legislation Commission Review 2018", made 30 recommendations relating to functions, powers, governance, basic religious charities, secrecy, advocacy, criminal misconduct, harmonisation of fundraising, one-stop-shop, and a national scheme for charities. The Australian Government response in March 2020 implemented 19 of the recommendations. Current and recent roles

He is a member of the NSW Government, Office of Social Impact Investment Expert Advisory Group. He is a director of the Institute of Strategic Management. He is an adjunct professor of the Australian Catholic University (ACU). He is an associate of The Brown Collective. He is a selector for Community Services of the Churchill Trust (NSW).He was a director of the Kincare Group (2013-18).

masks:
Patrick Joseph McClure
Patrick McClu


texts:
Rear Admiral <mask>, CB (7 December 1868 – 28 December 1949) was a British naval officer and poet. He began his career in 1882 with the Royal Navy as a gunnery officer, completed it in 1919 as a rear admiral, and was acclaimed in 1941 as poet laureate of the Royal Navy by Time. As an author, <mask>'s first work was his poem The Laws of the Navy, published in 1896 when he was a lieutenant. With its good-natured military advice making it popular within both the Royal and U.S. navies, Time gives it "precedence among Navy men even over Kipling's If" and goes on to quote <mask>'s new poem Secret Orders in its entirety. The last lines of Secret Orders, written in appreciation of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement (a predecessor to Lend Lease), harken to the Second World War bond between the two navies. Early life
<mask> was born on 7 December 1868 as the third son of Mary Augusta Henrietta née Coventry (1841–1894), the granddaughter of George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry, and <mask>; he was educated at Cheam School. His older brother was <mask> (1863-1917), the lyricist and novelist.Military career

<mask> entered the Royal Navy on board  as a naval cadet in 1882, and became a lieutenant in 1890. After serving in the gunboat  on the Cape and West Africa Station, he joined  in 1891 to specialize in gunnery, and on qualifying in 1893 was appointed to the junior staff in the HM Gunnery School, HMNB Devonport. He was gunnery officer of the cruiser  in the English Channel, and then from 27 March 1900 he was 1st and gunnery lieutenant of the battleship  on her first commission, to the China station. <mask> returned to the Gunnery School, joining the senior staff. Promoted to commander on 26 June 1902, he was second-in-command of , flagship in China, and later of the cruiser . He advanced to captain in 1907. After commanding  and , he reattached to  in charge of gunnery training ships.<mask> was flag captain from 1910 to 1912 to Vice-Admiral Jellicoe in  and . From 1913 until after the start of the First World War in 1914, <mask> commanded the cruiser . He was appointed in December 1914, to membership in the Ordnance Committee, becoming its vice-president in 1917. He served as such until January 1919, when he retired on promotion to rear admiral. Later work

He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) on 1 January 1919. From 1919 to 1922 he was general secretary of the Navy League, the charity that supported the Royal Navy and the oldest such organization worldwide. His subsequent advancements to vice-admiral in 1924 and admiral in 1928 were on the retired list.Late in his military career, Admiral <mask> wrote Our Fathers, The Old Way, as well as The Secret of the Ships, and The New Navy, "all of which were steeped in the tradition of the Service." Thirty-nine of <mask>'s poems, including Secret Orders, are collected in The Laws of the Navy and Other Poems, an expanded edition published in 1951. In his foreword, Alfred Noyes, acclaimed The Laws... as a book of permanent value to our literature; and there is no other book of sea poetry quite like it. Ships and the ocean-sea are the main burden throughout. The manner is of the author's own generation, and the matter is timeless. Steeped in the history of the British Navy through the centuries, they speak of something which may be called, quite simply, the soul of England, something that has saved her from a thousand perils in the past and is her only safeguard for the future.—Alfred Noyes C.B.E., D.Litt. Of less renown, <mask> was an authority on Horatio Nelson's ships.On 21 October 1925, 120 years after the Battle of Trafalgar, <mask> appeared before the Royal United Services Institution to lecture on "The Ancestry of Nelson's Ships." In 1921, he wrote an article entitled The Saving Grace that appeared in The Quarterly Review 467. <mask> wrote strongly of this opinion:The only criticism of a ship which I have never heard questioned, is that she is a compromise. That is to say, no ship has ever been endowed with the speed, armament, protection, range of action, etc., which the particular specialist admitted to be in accordance with his ideals. It follows that there are sufficient joints in her harness to offer targets enough to provide for the efforts of the most prolific inventor.—<mask><mask>

The Laws of the Navy

The 23 July 1896 issue of the British Army and Navy Gazette presented a poem that was destined to become one of the Naval World's literary classics. <mask>'s work, entitled The Laws of the Navy, set forth what might safely be termed the "wisdom of the ages" for all who seek to make their way in large, hierarchical organizations, with special emphasis on the seagoing versions. During the Great War era, Lieutenant Rowland Langmaid, R.N., made a series of drawings to accompany the poem, which was published in the version illustrated here.The writer Eeyore Smith in The Naval Review remarked "that The Laws of the Navy has had a considerable influence upon the careers of many naval officers who have served during the last half century. The commonsense, the mild cynicism ("there be those who have risen thereby"), the jingling metre, accentuated by the illustrations of [Langmaid], have left their marks upon the memories of those who have come across the twin frames which hang upon the bulkheads and walls of ships and naval establishments." By the mid-1920s, the virtues of The Laws of the Navy crossed from the Royal Navy and penetrated the consciousness of the United States Navy. The poem began to appear in the U.S. Naval Academy's Reef Points, a handbook presented to freshmen (called "Plebes") for their edification and guidance. It has been featured in the annual editions of this publication to the present day, and many a former Plebe can recite its words by heart, having been made to memorize them as an essential part of the educational process. Starting in the early 1970s, Reef Points provided a brief introduction to The Laws of the Navy, which is quoted here (as printed in the 1998–1999 edition):
As a word of advice, we include 'The Laws of the Navy' by Admiral R.A<mask>, R.N.(ret.).These twenty-seven laws contain words of wisdom that few of you will appreciate fully now, words which you may wish you had heeded twenty years from now. Read these laws, then apply them. See how those above you apply these rules--and how they sometimes disregard them--and the consequences. Be alert to learn from others; only through experience will your understanding of others broaden. You will become a richer and fuller person, a better naval officer. First and last stanzas
The Laws of the Navy
To My Comrades in the Service

Now these are Laws of the Navy,
Unwritten and varied they be;
And he that is wise will observe them,
Going down in his ship to the sea;
...
As the wave rises clear to the hawse pipe,
Washes aft, and is lost in the wake,
So shall ye drop astern all unheeded,
Such time as the law ye forsake. Mis-attributed stanzas
Two stanzas are often quoted that are not part of Langmaid's art or <mask>'s poetry.They appear at the end, set-off with <mask>'s last stanza as the moral to the poem. Take heed in your manner of speaking
That the language ye use may be sound,
In the list of the words of your choosing
"Impossible" may not be found. Now these are the Laws of the Navy
And many and mighty are they,
But the hull and the deck and keel
And the truck of the law is - OBEY! While their appendage is an unsourced tribute to <mask>'s appeal, their meter is not quite <mask>'s. Secret Orders
The title of the 1941 Time article ("World War: Debutantes Celebrated") is unusual for a discussion of the Second World War. Its inspiration comes from the metaphor in the fifth stanza of "Secret Orders":
That even while Goering was spinning his webs,
Ere Goebbels consigned the flotilla to flames,
As trim and excited as so many debs
The fifty were bound for the Court of St. James,
Displaying the emblems that none can mistake
Their feathers—of steam, and the trains—in their wake. The fifty are the fifty retired ("mothballed") destroyers transferred from the U.S. Navy to the United Kingdom in exchange for land rights on British possessions (i.e.the destroyers-for-bases agreement). The destroyers became the , and were renamed for cities common to both the United States and Great Britain, or for rivers bordering the United States and Canada. While the U.S. Navy considered the destroyers obsolescent, British naval officers were publicly "agreeably surprised" at their good condition as they debuted in the Royal Navy. Though the fifty in truth were not much liked by their new crews, <mask> was moved to poetry by the image of old ships returning to duty:
When orders arrive, irrespective of man,
To waken for service as fast as [they] can! ... The mothers of pilgrims brought up over there
Are waiting with pride to convey them to Court,
As daughters of Freedom presenting their claim
To champion her cause in the family name! Personal life
On 26 June 1915, <mask> married Gladys Wolryche-Whitmore of Thedden Grange, Alton, Hampshire, England.They had two daughters.A keen sailor, his love of his profession was one of the dominating factors of his life, and, as is well known, it found expression in the many memorable poems he wrote about the Navy, of which perhaps The Laws of the Navy, Our Fathers, and The Old Way are the best known. ...After his retirement, and as long as his health allowed he took a keen interest in many naval institutions, among them being the Queen Adelaide Naval Fund, the Royal Humane Society, the Royal Sailors' Daughters' School and Home at Hampstead, and the Chelsea Branch of the R.N.L.I.—Admiral Sir Richard Webb, RN KCMG, CB

<mask> has two portraits in the National Portrait Gallery, London, by Walter Stoneman. Published works
 at Internet Archive
The Muse in Arms The Muse in Arms - a collection of war poems, for the most part written in the field of action (1917) (Internet Archive)

Notes

References

Bibliography

Books
 at Internet Archive

Newspapers and magazines

 Also quoted in Naval Review 38 (1): 9–10. Journals

Web

The Navy List, Corrected to The 20th September, 1885, p. 100. (made midshipman 15 Jan 1884, serving 352)
The Navy List, p. 93. (made lieutenant)

External links

National Portrait Gallery images of Admiral <mask>, taken 1918
The <mask>/Langmaid collaboration
The Hopwood/Wyllie collaboration
The Naval Review 38 (1)
The Naval Review 39 (4)
Langmaid, Plate I, Plate II, Plate III, Plate IV

1868 births
1949 deaths
People educated at Cheam School
Royal Navy personnel of World War I
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Writers from London
English male poets

masks:
Ronald Arthur Hopwood
Admiral Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
John Turner Hopwood
Aubrey Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
Ronald A
. Hopwood
Hopwood
. Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood
Hopwood