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<mask> (15 May 1887 – 3 January 1959) was a Scottish poet, novelist and translator. Born on a farm in Deerness, a parish of Orkney, Scotland, he is remembered for his deeply felt and vivid poetry written in plain language and with few stylistic preoccupations. Biography
<mask> was born at the farm of Folly in Deerness, the same parish in which his mother was born. The family then moved to the island of Wyre, followed by a return to the Mainland, Orkney. In 1901, when he was 14, his father lost his farm, and the family moved to Glasgow. In quick succession his father, two brothers, and his mother died within the space of a few years. His life as a young man was a depressing experience, and involved a raft of unpleasant jobs in factories and offices, including working in a factory that turned bones into charcoal."He suffered psychologically in a most destructive way, although perhaps the poet of later years benefitted from these experiences as much as from his Orkney 'Eden'." In 1919, <mask> married Willa Anderson, and the couple moved to London. About this, <mask> wrote simply 'My marriage was the most fortunate event in my life'. Willa and her new husband worked together on many translations. Notable among them were their translation of works by Franz Kafka. They had translated The Castle within six years of Kafka's death. Willa was the more able linguist and she was the major contributor.Willa recorded in her journal that "It was ME" and that <mask> "only helped". Between 1924 and the start of the Second World War her (their) translation financed their life together. He would help her translate highly acclaimed English translations of Franz Kafka, Gerhart Hauptmann, Sholem Asch, Heinrich Mann, and Hermann Broch. Between 1921 and 1923, <mask> lived in Prague, Dresden, Italy, Salzburg and Vienna; he returned to the UK in 1924. Between 1925 and 1956, <mask> published seven volumes of poetry which were collected after his death and published in 1991 as The Complete Poems of <mask>. From 1927 to 1932 he published three novels, and in 1935 he came to St Andrews, where he produced his controversial Scott and Scotland (1936). In 1939 in St Andrews, <mask> had a religious experience and from then onwards thought of himself as Christian, seeing Christianity as being as revolutionary as socialism.From 1946 to 1949 he was Director of the British Council in Prague and Rome. 1950 saw his appointment as Warden of Newbattle Abbey College (a college for working-class men) in Midlothian, where he met fellow Orcadian poet, George Mackay Brown. In 1955 he was made Norton Professor of English at Harvard University. He returned to Britain in 1956 but died in 1959 at Swaffham Prior, Cambridgeshire, and was buried there. A memorial bench was erected in 1962 to <mask> in the idyllic village of Swanston, Edinburgh, where he spent time during the 1950s. His wife wrote a memoir of their life together in 1967. She lived for another eleven years and died on the Isle of Bute.Work
His childhood in remote and unspoiled Orkney represented an idyllic Eden to <mask>, while his family's move to the city corresponded in his mind to a deeply disturbing encounter with the "fallen" world. <mask> came to regard his family's movement from Orkney to Glasgow as a movement from Eden to Hell. The emotional tensions of that dichotomy shaped much of his work and deeply influenced his life. The following quotation expresses the basic existential dilemma of <mask>'s life:

"I was born before the Industrial Revolution, and am now about two hundred years old. But I have skipped a hundred and fifty of them. I was really born in 1737, and till I was fourteen no time-accidents happened to me. Then in 1751 I set out from Orkney for Glasgow.When I arrived I found that it was not 1751, but 1901, and that a hundred and fifty years had been burned
 up in my two-days' journey. But I myself was still in 1751, and remained there for a long time. All my life since I have been trying to overhaul that invisible leeway. No wonder I am obsessed with Time." (Extract from Diary 1937–39.) His psychological distress led him to undergo Jungian analysis in London. A vision in which he witnessed the creation strengthened the Edenic myth in his mind, leading him to see his life and career as the working-out of an archetypal fable.In his Autobiography he wrote, "the life of every man is an endlessly repeated performance of the life of man...". He also expressed his feeling that our deeds on Earth constitute "a myth which we act almost without knowing it". Alienation, paradox, the existential dyads of good and evil, life and death, love and hate, and images of journeys and labyrinths are key elements in his work. His Scott and Scotland advanced the claim that Scotland can create a national literature only by writing in English, an opinion that placed him in direct opposition to the Lallans movement of Hugh MacDiarmid. He had little sympathy for Scottish nationalism. His wife, Willa <mask>, translated the works of many German authors, including Franz Kafka. These were issued under their joint names, but his wife notes that he "only helped".In 1958, <mask> and Willa were granted the first Johann-Heinrich-Voss Translation Award. Many of their translations of German novels are still in print. In 1965 a volume of his selected poetry was edited and introduced by T. S. Eliot. Legacy
In an appreciation of <mask>'s poetry in Texas Quarterly, the critic Kathleen Raine wrote in 1961: "Time does not fade [<mask>'s poems], and it becomes clear that their excellence owes nothing to the accidental circumstances of the moment at which the poet wrote, or we read, his poems; they survive, as it were, a change of background, and we begin to see that whereas the 'new' movements of this or that decade lose their significance when the scene changes and retain only a historical interest, <mask>, a poet who never followed fashion, has in fact given more permanent expression to his world than other poets who deliberately set out to be the mouth-pieces of their generation." Similarly, Joseph H. Summers, in a retrospective assessment in the Massachusetts Review, called <mask>'s achievement in poetry and prose "larger than the merely literary. He did not share in the modern attempts to deify poetry, or language, or even the human imagination. Implicit in all of his works is the recognition that there are things more important than literature—life and love, the physical world, the individual spirit within its body: those things in which the religious man recognizes the immediate work of God.<mask>'s triumph was less in the technological realm of communication than in the vastly more difficult realm of sensitivity, perception, wisdom, the things which he communicated. It was a triumph made possible only, in the familiar paradox, by humility." Putnam's Sons, 1934
The Hill of Lies by Heinrich Mann, London, Jarrolds, 1934
Mottke, the Thief by Sholem Asch, New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1935
The Unknown Quantity by Hermann Broch, New York, Viking Press, 1935
The Jew of Rome: A Historical Romance by Lion Feuchtwanger, London, Hutchinson, 1935
The Loom of Justice by Ernst Lothar, New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1935
Night over the East by Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, London, Sheed & Ward, 1936
The Pretender by Lion Feuchtwanger, New York, The Viking Press, 1937
Amerika by Franz Kafka, New York, Doubleday/New Directions, 1946
The Trial by Franz Kafka, London, Martin Secker, 1937, reissued New York, The Modern Library, 1957
Metamorphosis and Other Stories by Franz Kafka, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1961. References

Further reading
 Gifford, Douglas (1982), In Search of the Scottish Renaissance: The Reprinting of Scottish Fiction, in Cencrastus No. 9, Summer 1982, pp.26 – 30,
 Hearn, Sheila G. (1981), <mask>: The Myth of the Man, review of <mask>, An Autobiography; Roger Knight, <mask>: An Introduction to his Work; & Akros No. 47, August 1981, in Murray, Glen (ed. ), Cencrastus No. 7, Winter 1981–82, pp. 46 & 47,
Hearn, Sheila G. (1982), <mask>'s "Scottish" Criticism, which includes reviews of <mask>: Uncollected Scottish Criticism by Andrew Noble and Poor Tom by <mask>, in Cencrastus No. 9, Summer 1982, pp. 41 & 42,
 Hearn, Sheila G. (1983), Tradition and the Individual Scot: <mask> & T.S.Eliot, in Cencrastus No. 13, Summer 1983, pp. 21 - 24,

External links

<mask>'s grave

1887 births
1959 deaths
20th-century Scottish poets
20th-century Scottish novelists
People from Orkney
Harvard University faculty
Scottish scholars and academics
Scottish translators
German–English translators
Scottish Renaissance
Translators of Franz Kafka
20th-century British translators

masks:
Edwin Muir
Muir
Muir
Muir
Edwin
Muir
Muir
Edwin Muir
Muir
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Edwin Muir
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Edwin
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<mask> (born 18 December 1961) is a Scottish radio and TV broadcaster currently on air at Pure Radio Scotland as breakfast host. <mask> hosts the <mask> Breakfast Show on Pure Radio weekday mornings from 06:00 and is also Group Head Of Radio Presentation for DCT Media which is owned by DC Thomson. Pure Radio Scotland launched on 26 November 2019 on DAB Digital radio, broadcasting to the cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh; also available via app and Smart Speaker. From 2014 to 31 May 2019, <mask> was the breakfast radio presenter for Heart Scotland. Heart Breakfast with <mask> and Adele aired every weekday from 6am-10am. <mask> is currently the breakfast host for Pure Radio Scotland since November 2019. The station launched on Wednesday 27 November 2019 at 8am.Pure Radio Scotland is available online, on smart speakers and on DAB. Pure Radio Scotland currently has 3 former Heart Scotland presenters including <mask> (formerly Heart Breakfast with <mask> & Adele) and Paul Harper and Lynne Hogan (formerly Heart Drivetime with Paul & Lynne)

Career
<mask> began his career in March 1983 as a presenter for Northsound Radio in Aberdeen. While working at the station, he joined Grampian Television (now STV North) as a continuity announcer and newsreader. <mask> presented a number of regional programmes for the station including feedback series Put It In Writing (1991–94), and Grampian's local & networked contributions for the ITV Telethons, and at Clyde 1 during 1993. During the Summer 1996, <mask> was short- listed for the role of new male presenter in a revamp of Channel 4's The Big Breakfast, but failed to get the job

Scot FM and KEY 103
<mask> left Grampian in 1995 to work on the breakfast show for the Central Scotland regional station Scot FM, which saw his rating increase by nearly 400%, helping boost SCOT FM. <mask> left the station in March 1997 after a series of clashes with then Programme director Jeff Graham. <mask> originally planned to work out the remaining time after handing in his notice, but Scot FM bosses replaced him within days and concupiscence forced him to sign the agreement which banned him for taking any new jobs in Scotland.Scot FM insisted on a gagging order. Later that year, <mask> moved to Manchester to presented Drivertime show on Key 103 with stints at 100.4 Jazz FM, During this time, he also presented for Granada Sky Broadcasting and Discovery. In March 1999 <mask> started presenting a Sunday lunchtime show on Scot FM from his new home studio in Manchester which was paid for by Scot FM, his studio was also used present a Saturday morning show on Northsound 1 and Overnight slot on Century 105. Return to Scot FM Breakfast show
In December 2000 he became the Scot FM breakfast DJ for the second time, and by May 2001 he had increased his Listenership by 55%. He was joined on breakfast by Marie-Clair, <mask> also created a number of Characters and sketches for the Scot FM show,

 Cecil & Sandy: Two hairdresser from the shop Curlup and Die on Balshagme Avenue,
 Winston: A Jamaican with no morals,
 Shug the Schemie: Shug the salesman comes into the studio daily with his 'special offers' of dodgy goods. Old Mrs <mask> and Hector Brocklebank from the wind up calls. In June 2001, the Guardian Media Group acquired Scot FM from previous owners, the Wireless Group, this resulted in a major overhaul of the station including an on-air rebrand.Real Radio Scotland began broadcasting at 8am on Tuesday 8 January 2002 with <mask> having the honour of opening the station, and introducing the first song to be played, A Star is Born. Not all of his Non Wind up Characters carried over to Real Radio. Marie-Clair left in January 2004 and was replaced by Cat Harvey, who become <mask>'s new Co-host. Since 2004, <mask> has written a weekly column for The Scottish Sun, which is published every Friday. Clyde
After being Real Radio Scotland Breakfast DJ for ten years, <mask> left the station in November 2010 shortly after an incident in which his producer ran in the nude past Labour Party leader Ed Miliband while he was being interviewed - despite Miliband defending them. In January 2011, <mask> rejoined Clyde 1 in Glasgow to present the station's weekday drivetime show. In addition, <mask> began presenting a Sunday morning show on 9 October 2011 for the Bauer Scotland network of FM stations including Clyde 1, Forth One, Tay FM, Northsound 1, 96.7 West FM and MFR.In June 2013, Bauer, the owners of Clyde, announced that <mask> was moving over to the AM frequency to start a new networked breakfast show for Clyde 2, Forth 2, Northsound 2, Tay AM and West Sound, as part of its audience growth plans. A Bauer spokesperson said: "His new show is an integral part of Bauer Media’s plans to bring the very best programming and content to audiences across the whole of Scotland, whilst also retaining, producing and broadcasting local news, sport, traffic and travel and ‘what’s on’ information from each of the local Greatest Hits Network stations it serves: Clyde 2, Forth 2, Northsound 2, Tay AM and West Sound.". <mask>, said:"Right now I'm pinching myself. To host a brand new breakfast show for Scotland is not only an honour but way beyond my wildest dreams. Of course, as I'll be rising in the middle of the night, that's it for the dreaming. The new show will feature some of my signature segments plus brand new features, the greatest hits and of course everything you need to start your day. It really will be the most entertainment you can have with your clothes on - if you know what I mean."His last day on Clyde 1 Drive time show was 6 June 2013, with the breakfast show starting on Monday 1 July. His network Sunday show continued, to broadcast to Bauer Radio Scottish FM stations until early October 2014. Heart
On 20 October 2014, it was announced <mask> was joining as new breakfast show host for Heart Scotland. He replaced Ewen Cameron, who left the station to pursue other opportunities. On 31 May 2019, <mask> presented his final edition of the breakfast show. Pure Radio
On 28 October 2019, it was announced <mask> was being hired to become the new breakfast show host for Pure Radio Scotland. Pure Radio launched at 8am on Wednesday 27 November 2019 with the <mask> Breakfast Show.The current scheduled for the weekday includes <mask> from 6am-10am. Ex-Heart Presenter Lynne Hoggan from 10am-1pm. Former Heart Presenter, Paul Harper from 1pm-4pm. Former Clyde 1 Presenter, Amber Zoe from 4pm-7pm and The Shy Guy from 10pm-1am. The <mask> Breakfast Show consists of <mask>, Rory Barraclough, and Alannah MacKenzie. The Breakfast Show includes a £5,000 competition where a contestant has to get all three answers matched with either Rory or Alannah, dependent on who the contestant chooses. If they get three answers right and they match, the contestant will win £5,000.Wind ups
A long-standing feature of <mask>'s radio shows were his wind-up phone calls, first heard on Northsound 1,  before becoming a fixture on Scot FM shows and Real Radio Scotland's breakfast show. Annual compilation CDs of the wind-up calls were released, with the 2007 edition achieving Gold sales status. In December 2012, <mask> decided to give the segment a hiatus as a mark of respect to nurse Jacintha Saldanha, who committed suicide after being on the receiving end of an Australian radio show's prank call. <mask> admitted a few years later in 2015, he was deeply affected by the tragedy. In November 2015 the wind up calls were brought back to his Breakfast show titled the "8:10 Phone Tap". This was on his weekday show called "Heart Breakfast Scotland with <mask> and Adele". Some calls Adele featured in as well as <mask>.<mask> decided to stop wind ups on Heart. After leaving Heart and joining Pure Scotland, It was announced that The Real Wind Up will be brought back. However, it is now renamed from The Real Wind Up to The Pure Wind Up! Awards

Arqiva Broadcast of the Year 2015
Bronze: Referendum Live – <mask> Bauer Scotland
In 1999, <mask> won Gold at The New York Radio festivals, For the Best Breakfast show in the world
 Ace award for World's Best Local Radio Personality. Two British radio awards. References

External links
<mask>.com Official site
Clyde 1 website

Scottish radio presenters
Radio and television announcers
Living people
1961 births

masks:
Robin Galloway
Robin
Robin Galloway
Robin
Robin
Robin
Robin Galloway
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<mask> (; born December 14, 1965) is an American former second baseman, outfielder and catcher in Major League Baseball who played his entire career from 1988 through 2007 for the Houston Astros. A seven-time National League (NL) All-Star often regarded as the greatest all-around player in Astros history, he is the only player ever to be named an All-Star and to be awarded Silver Slugger Award at both catcher and second base. With longtime teammates Jeff Bagwell and Lance Berkman, he formed the core of the "Killer B's" who led Houston to six playoff appearances from 1997 to 2005, culminating in the franchise's first World Series appearance in 2005. At the end of his career, he ranked sixth in NL history in games played (2,850), fifth in at bats (10,876), 21st in hits (3,060), and seventh in runs scored (1,844). His 668 career doubles ranked sixth in major league history, and are the second-most ever by a right-handed hitter; his 56 doubles in 1999 were the most in the major leagues in 63 years. <mask>, who batted .300 four times and scored 100 runs eight times, holds Astros franchise records for most career games, at bats, hits, runs scored, doubles, total bases (4,711) and extra base hits (1,014), and ranks second in runs batted in (1,175), walks (1,160) and stolen bases (414). He also holds the NL record for most times leading off a game with a home run (53), and is one of only five players with 250 home runs and 400 steals.A four-time Gold Glove Award winner who led NL second basemen in assists six times and putouts five times, he retired ranking fourth in NL history in games at second base (1,989), sixth in assists (5,448) and fielding percentage (.984), seventh in putouts (3,992) and double plays (1,153), and eighth in total chances (9,596). He was the ninth player in the 3,000 hit club to collect all his hits with one team. <mask> also led the NL in times hit by pitch five times, with his career total of 285 trailing only Hughie Jennings' 287 in major league history. One of the most admired players of his generation, <mask> received the 2005 Hutch Award for perseverance through adversity and the 2007 Roberto Clemente Award for sportsmanship and community service. The Astros retired the number 7 in his honor the year following his retirement. Since 2008, <mask> has served as special assistant to the general manager of the Astros. He was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2015, and is the first member of the Hall to be depicted in an Astros uniform on his plaque.Early life

High school
<mask> graduated from Kings Park High School in Kings Park, New York, where he excelled as a multi-sport varsity athlete. Most notably, after the 1983 season <mask> was awarded the Hansen Award, which recognized him as being the best football player in Suffolk County. However, <mask>'s passion lay with baseball, such that he turned down football scholarships for the opportunity to play baseball for Seton Hall University. College career
Although <mask> was an infielder, Seton Hall coach Mike Sheppard switched him to catcher because the team was in need of one. In 1986, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox. <mask> was an All-American baseball player at Seton Hall, where he played with other future Major League Baseball stars Mo Vaughn and John Valentin. <mask>, Vaughn and Valentin, along with Marteese Robinson, were featured in the book The Hit Men and the Kid Who Batted Ninth by David Siroty, which chronicled their rise from college teammates to the major leagues.<mask> was selected by the Houston Astros in the first round (22nd overall) of the 1987 draft. <mask> remains Seton Hall's leader in triples, second in runs scored, and is in the top 10 in 18 other single-season and career categories. In 1996, <mask> was inducted into the Seton Hall Hall of Fame and had his number 44 retired in 2012. Major league career

Early career: Conversion from catcher to second base

As catcher

<mask> was called up as a catcher midway through the 1988 season, having batted .344 in his minor league career. In 1989, his first full season, <mask> became the Astros' starting catcher. He won the Silver Slugger Award in 1989. He was a very speedy runner, and an adept base stealer.Astros' management, in an attempt to keep the rigors of catching from sapping <mask>'s speed, tried him in the outfield part-time in 1990, as he had played 18 games there in the minors. Yogi Berra mentioned <mask>'s height in his book You Can Observe A Lot By Watching, saying, "I always identified with short catchers—they don't have to stand up as far". Emergence of the "Killer B's"
The Astros acquired first baseman Jeff Bagwell prior to the start of the 1991 season, who, like <mask>, spent his entire major league career with Houston. A power hitter with higher-than-normal on-base skills, Bagwell played 15 seasons, thus completely overlapping his career with <mask>'s and wound up Houston's career leader in home runs. The pair came to be known as the "Killer B's", synonymous with the Astros throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s. A prodigious offensive and defensive unit, during their 10 peak seasons from 1994 to 2003, they appeared in nine All-Star Games, won five Gold Gloves, ranked in the top five of the Most Valuable Player Award voting five times and averaged 226 runs scored. They totaled 689 home runs, 2,485 RBI and 3,083 runs scored while the Astros advanced to the postseason six times.Other players that the Astros later acquired whose names started with the letter B also were included in this distinction, including Derek Bell, Sean Berry, Lance Berkman, and Carlos Beltrán. Shift to second base

The Astros finally convinced <mask> to convert to second base in spring training of 1992, even though <mask> had made the National League All-Star team as a catcher the year before. <mask> made the All-Star team for the second time in 1992, becoming the first player in the history of baseball to be an All-Star at both catcher and second base. It is remarkably rare for a major league catcher to make a successful transition to middle infielder; if a catcher changes positions, it is usually to first base, or occasionally to outfield or third base. <mask> became known as a reliable, hustling, consistent leadoff hitter, with unusual power for a second baseman. He holds the National League record for most home runs to lead off a game, with 53. His statistics reflect this, having consistently good marks in hitting, on-base percentage, hit-by-pitch, runs, stolen bases, and doubles throughout his career.Between 1994 and 1999, <mask> led the National League in doubles three times, runs scored twice, and stolen bases once. <mask> was also known for intentionally keeping his batting helmet dirty. In 1997, he completed an entire season without grounding into a double play, becoming just the fifth player to ever do so in baseball history. In 1998, he became the first player since Tris Speaker to collect fifty doubles and fifty stolen bases in the same season, doing so with his 50th stolen base on September 23 (<mask> and Speaker were the only players to record the feat in the 20th century). <mask> also excelled defensively at second base; between 1992 and 1999, <mask> led all National League second basemen in assists six times and putouts five times. He won four consecutive Gold Glove Awards from 1994 to 1997. Career setbacks: Injury and the outfield
<mask> played 1,800 games without a trip to the disabled list until August 1, 2000, when he suffered a season-ending knee injury.In the play in which <mask> was injured, the Florida Marlins' Preston Wilson (who would later become <mask>'s teammate) slid into second base, trying to stop a double play, and hit <mask>'s planted left leg, tearing the ACL and MCL in <mask>'s knee. <mask> rebounded with a good season in 2001, but had a lackluster performance in 2002, with only a .253 average, his lowest since entering the league; a highlight occurred on April 8, when he hit for the cycle for the only time in his career. However, he improved slightly for the 2003 season, averaging .264 with 166 hits despite being asked by management to move to center field after the signing of free agent All-Star second baseman Jeff Kent. In 2004, he put up numbers more typical for his career, batting .281 with 178 hits, including a career-high 24 homers. <mask> moved to yet another new position, left field, midway through the 2004 season to accommodate Beltrán, who was acquired in a trade to help bolster the Astros' struggling offense. Late career: Return to second base and milestones

World Series appearance (2005)
In February, 2005, <mask> and Bagwell were jointly inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame. <mask> resumed playing at second base after Kent left for the Dodgers and set a new career-high with 26 home runs.He also reached 1,000 RBI, becoming the second Astro to do so, following Bagwell. On September 5 of that season, he helped the Astros against the Philadelphia Phillies in a critical game late in the season; the Astros were narrowly ahead of the Phillies (and other teams) for the lone Wild Card spot. The Phillies had taken the lead late 6-5 and had Billy Wagner in relief. However, with two out in the ninth inning and two men on base, <mask> hit a home run that gave the Astros the lead that they did not give up in an 8–5 victory (the Astros went on to win the Wild Card by one game). As they had done the previous year, the Astros beat the Braves to advance to the NLCS. They avenged their previous loss to the St. Louis Cardinals in six games to win their first league pennant. In the clinching sixth game, <mask> did his part with a third inning single that drove in a run in the 5-1 victory.After having played 4,714 games and their entire major league careers together in Houston, <mask> and Bagwell appeared in their first and only World Series that year. against the Chicago White Sox. The White Sox swept the Astros to secure the championship with the lowest run-scoring differential in World Series history. Both <mask> and Bagwell received Baseball America'''s Lifetime Achievement Award after the 2005 season. On May 23, 2006, <mask> became the 23rd player in MLB history to reach 10,000 at-bats. 3,000 career hits (2007)

On June 28, 2007, <mask> became the 27th player in the history of Major League Baseball to join the 3,000 hit club, with a single against Colorado Rockies pitcher Aaron Cook. Though <mask> was tagged out on the play attempting to stretch it into a double, drawing the throw allowed a run to score.The game action paused while <mask> shared the moment with his wife and children. Longtime friend and former teammate Jeff Bagwell emerged from the Astros clubhouse to congratulate him. <mask> became the first player in Astros history to accumulate 3,000 hits. It

masks:
Craig Alan Biggio
Biggio
Biggio
Biggio
Biggio
Craig Biggio
Biggio
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 was <mask>'s third hit of the game, and he went on to accumulate two more later in the game, one in the ninth inning and one in the eleventh inning. He became the first player in history to record his 3,000th hit and have five hits in the same game. <mask>'s 3,000th hit came on the same day that Frank Thomas hit his milestone 500th career home run, both marks which are considered to guarantee induction into the Hall of Fame. In anticipation of <mask>'s reaching 3,000 hits, the Astros installed a digital counter just left of center field displaying his current hit total.With 668 doubles, he ended his career in fifth place on the all-time list. <mask> also holds the record for the most doubles by a right-handed hitter. He is the only player in the history of baseball with 3,000 hits, 600 doubles, 400 stolen bases, and 250 home runs. He ranks 20th on the all-time hits list, though of those 20 players he ranks 19th in career batting average. <mask> fell nine home runs short of joining the career 300–300 club (300 homers and 300 stolen bases). He would have become only the seventh player to achieve the feat. Incidentally, this also caused him to fall short of the 3,000 hits, 300 homers and 300 stolen bases mark; he would have been only the second player in history to reach that club, the other being Willie Mays.Retirement

On July 24, 2007, <mask> announced his retirement, effective at the end of the season (his 20th season with the club, a franchise record). Hours later, with the Astros locked in a 3–3 tie with the Los Angeles Dodgers, <mask> hit a grand slam in the 6th inning. The Astros went on to win the game 7–4. In the penultimate game of his career, <mask> started as a catcher and caught 2 innings for the Astros. He also hit a double in his first at-bat of the game. A sellout, record-breaking crowd packed Minute Maid Park on September 30, 2007, to witness <mask>'s final game. He recorded his final career hit, a double in the first inning, and scored his final career run that same inning.In his final career at-bat, he grounded the ball to third baseman Chipper Jones, who threw out the hustling <mask> by half a step. He left the field to a standing ovation from the fans, and when he was replaced defensively in the top of the 8th inning he shook hands with umpires and teammates and left to another standing ovation as he waved to the fans. The Astros won the game 3–0. <mask> finished his career with 3,060 career hits, 668 doubles, 291 home runs, 1,175 RBI, 414 stolen bases, and a .281 batting average. Post-retirement
<mask> has been a special assistant to the general manager since 2008. In this role, he works in several areas, including with the baseball operations staff in its major and minor league player development programs with special emphasis on instruction, the amateur draft and scouting, and major and minor league talent evaluation. <mask> was involved in the selection of new Astros Manager Bo Porter in 2012.Additionally, <mask> participates in the club's community development program. Hit by pitch
Over his career, <mask> gained a reputation for being hit by pitches; some observers criticized him due to the fact that many of the pitches hit him on his sizable elbow pad. Some have even gone so far as to proclaim him the "king of hit batsmen". On June 29, 2005, <mask> broke the modern-era career hit-by-pitch record, previously held by Don Baylor with 267. He is second to only Hughie Jennings on the all-time list with 287. Despite being hit by a record number of pitches, <mask> never charged the mound, and had no serious injuries as a result of being hit by a pitch. In his final season, however, <mask> was only hit three times.He was hit fewer times total between 2006 and 2007 (nine times in 2006, total of 12) than he was in 10 of his previous 11 individual seasons. In August 2007, the satirical online newspaper The Onion referenced this in the article "<mask> Blames Media Pressure For Stalling at 285 Hit-By-Pitches". <mask> sent an arm guard to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in recognition of his high hit-by-pitch total. Number retirement

On May 23, 2008, during a pre-game ceremony, <mask> received an award for MLB.com's This Year in Baseball 2007 Moment of the Year award for his 3,000th hit. On June 28, the Astros announced that they would retire <mask>'s jersey. The Houston Astros retired his No. 7 jersey on August 17, 2008, prior to the start of a game versus the Arizona Diamondbacks.<mask> was the ninth player in Astros history to have his number retired. Hall of Fame candidacy
<mask> first appeared on the writers' ballot for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2013, the earliest possible year of consideration. He led all Hall of Fame vote-getters by being named on 68.2% of ballots cast. However, this was 39 votes shy of reaching the 75% threshold required by the BBWAA for induction. The following year he once again failed to garner enough votes to be inducted, finishing two votes shy with a voting percentage of 74.8%. This ties him with Nellie Fox (1985) and Pie Traynor (1947) for smallest margin not to get into the Hall, which received criticism.https://syndication.bleacherreport.com/amp/2321086-after-being-unfairly-forced-to-wait-craig-biggio-finally-gets-earned-hof-nod.amp.html

On January 6, 2015, <mask> was rewarded for his career by being elected to the Hall of Fame. He received 82.7% of the votes and was inducted into the hall on July 26, 2015.On July 29, 2021, <mask> was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame's board of directors. Work in the community
<mask> has received awards from various organizations, including the Hutch Award (2005) and being named one of Sporting News' Good Guys (2004). The Hutch Award is given to a player that shows competitiveness and never gives up. Part of the reason <mask> was given the award was for his multiple position changes, but also because of his work in the community and inspiring other teammates to participate as well. He also received the Roberto Clemente Award in 2007. The Roberto Clemente Award "recognizes the player who best exemplifies the game of baseball, sportsmanship, community involvement and the individual's contribution to his team". <mask> has been a supporter and lead spokesperson for the Sunshine Kids Foundation for over a decade and almost the entirety of his playing career.The organization supports children fighting cancer with exciting activities for themselves and their families. <mask> helps the organization by raising awareness of the organization by wearing a small yellow sun on his cap for interviews, batting practice, and spring training games and by holding a celebrity golf tournament in Houston each spring. <mask> hosts an annual party at Minute Maid Park for about 100 Sunshine Kids to play baseball with <mask> and some of his teammates. With the 2006 annual golf tournament, <mask> has raised over $2 million for the organization. During 2007 spring training, MLB informed <mask> that he would no longer be allowed to wear the small yellow sun on his cap during interviews, photoshoots, or spring training. <mask> had worn the Sunshine Kids pin for over a decade. This edict was big news in Houston, and Houstonians, long known for their charitable nature and unconditional love of <mask>, reacted very negatively to MLB.After the public uproar, MLB relented and <mask> was allowed to wear the Sunshine Kids pin as he had done since becoming a spokesperson. Personal life

<mask> was arrested in June 1989 and charged with drunk driving in Harris County, Texas. Astros teammate Ken Caminiti was as a passenger in the car at the time of the arrest. At trial, the arresting officer testified that <mask> handed him $200 in what he believed was a bribery attempt. On October 5, he was found guilty. The following day, he was sentenced to two years of probation and 50 hours of community service and fined $350. <mask> and his wife, the former Patty Egan, have three children: Conor, Cavan, and Quinn.They live in Houston. From 2008 to 2013, <mask> was the head varsity baseball coach at St. Thomas High School. <mask> coached St. Thomas to back-to-back Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools (TAPPS) Class 5A state baseball titles in 2010 and 2011. Both of <mask>'s sons played for the St. Thomas baseball team. Cavan hit a home run in the team's 2011 championship game, while older brother Conor provided the winning offense in St. Thomas' semi-final victory. In Summer 2012, Conor played left field for the North Adams SteepleCats of the New England Collegiate Baseball League; in Summer 2013, he played outfield and second base for the North Shore Navigators of the Futures Collegiate Baseball League. When asked by the Houston Chronicle'' about the success, the elder <mask> replied I don't get too caught up in that...it's not about me it's about these kids, and win or lose we're trying to turn these kids into men.That's the thing that's most important to me. <mask> and his family have a home in Spring Lake, New Jersey that they named "Home Plate". <mask>'s father-in-law is Assemblyman Joseph V. Egan, a member of the New Jersey legislature. Many baseball players, such as Whitey Ford, Ken Griffey Jr., Steve Carlton, and Barry Bonds, bat and throw left-handed while writing right-handed. <mask> is one of the rare examples of a baseball player, like Brooks Robinson, Chris Carpenter and Dale Murphy, who bats and throws right-handed but writes left-handed. Awards and highlights

Recognition

Statistical highlights

Annual statistical achievements
Notes: Per Baseball-Reference.com. †– led Major Leagues.Other distinctions
 Holds National League record for most career lead-off home runs in a career with 53, third in MLB behind Alfonso Soriano and Rickey Henderson
 Second player with 50 stolen bases and 50 doubles in same season (1998). The only other player to accomplish this is fellow Hall of Famer Tris Speaker for the Boston Red Sox in 1912. First player in baseball history not to hit into a single double play while playing an entire 162-game season (1997) Two players, Augie Galan (1935) and Dick McAuliffe (1968), had previously played an entire season with the same feat, but did not play in as many games in their respective seasons. 146 runs scored in 1997 was most of any National League player since the Phillies' Chuck Klein scored 152 in 1932
 Hit for the cycle against the Colorado Rockies, the sixth in Astros history (April 8, 2002)
 <mask>, alongside his son, Cavan (who hit for the cycle for the Toronto Blue Jays on September 17, 2019), joined Gary Ward and his son Daryle as only the second father and son duo to hit for the cycle in MLB history. Astros career leader on list for games played, at-bats, runs scored, hits, doubles and extra-base hits. Holds the record for most regular-season games played before his first World Series appearance with

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<mask> (born November 19, 1976) is an American technological entrepreneur and philanthropist who is the co-founder and former CEO of Twitter, as well as the founder and CEO of Block, Inc., a financial payments company. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Tim and Marcia (née Smith) <mask>. He is of part Italian descent on his mother's side, and part Irish descent on his father's side. His father worked for a company that developed mass spectrometers and his mother was a homemaker. He was raised Catholic, and his uncle is a Catholic priest in Cincinnati. He attended Bishop DuBourg High School. In his younger days, <mask> worked occasionally as a fashion model.By age 14, <mask> had become interested in dispatch routing. Some of the open-source software he created in the area of dispatch logistics is still used by taxicab companies. <mask> enrolled at the University of Missouri–Rolla in 1995 and attended for two-plus years before transferring to New York University in 1997, but he dropped out two years later, one semester short of graduating. He came up with the idea that eventually became Twitter while studying at NYU. While working on dispatching as a programmer, <mask> moved to California. In 2000, <mask> started his company in Oakland to dispatch couriers, taxis, and emergency services from the Web. His other projects and ideas at this time included networks of medical devices and a "frictionless service market".In July 2000, building on dispatching and inspired in part by LiveJournal and by AOL Instant Messenger, he had the idea for a Web-based realtime status/short message communication service. When he first saw implementations of instant messaging, <mask> wondered whether the software's user status output could be shared easily among friends. He approached Odeo, which at the time happened to be interested in text messaging. <mask> and Biz Stone decided that SMS text suited the status-message idea, and built a prototype of Twitter in about two weeks. The idea attracted many users at Odeo and investment from Evan Williams, a co-founder of that firm in 2005 who had left Google after selling Pyra Labs and Blogger. Career

Twitter

Williams, Stone and Noah Glass co-founded Obvious Corporation, which then spun off Twitter, Inc., with <mask> as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). As CEO, <mask> saw the startup through two rounds of funding by venture capitalists.He reportedly lost his position for leaving work early to enjoy other pursuits, such as yoga and fashion design. As the service began to grow in popularity, <mask> chose the improvement of uptime as top priority, even over creating revenue—which, as of 2008, Twitter was not designed to earn. <mask> described the commercial use of Twitter and its API as two things that could lead to paid features. His three guiding principles, which he says the company shares, are simplicity, constraint and craftsmanship. On October 16, 2008, Williams took over as CEO, while <mask> became chairman of the board. During his time as chairman, <mask> joined several State Department delegations, including a trip to Iraq in April 2009, led by Jared Cohen. In November, when Iranians took to the streets in the Green Revolution, Twitter was scheduled to conduct maintenance of its site, which would entail temporarily shutting down Twitter's servers.<mask> responded to a request from Cohen to delay the maintenance so that it would not affect the revolution in Iran, because Iranians were using Twitter to communicate and coordinate. Since President Obama had announced that there would be no meddling in Iran, the move sparked controversy. In February 2010, <mask> was part of another State Department delegation, this time to Russia. On March 28, 2011, he returned to Twitter as executive chairman after Dick Costolo replaced Williams as CEO. On June 10, 2015, Costolo announced his resignation as CEO, effective July 1, 2015. <mask> assumed the post of interim CEO upon Costolo's departure. He was named permanent CEO on October 5, 2015.On the day after the controversy about Twitter's new algorithms for tweets, <mask> said it was a hoax. In May 2016, <mask> announced that Twitter would not count photos and links in the 140-character limit to free up more space for text. This was an attempt to entice new users, since the number of tweets per day had dropped to about 300 million in January 2016 from about 500 million in September 2013 and its peak of 661 million in August 2014. On November 22, 2016, <mask> was briefly suspended from his own Twitter account with 3.9 million followers. After restoring the account, <mask> tweeted that the suspension was due to an "internal mistake". In February 2017, <mask> and Executive Chairman Omid Kordestani matched a $530,000 donation to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) raised by Twitter staffers. Their match brought the total donation to $1.59 million.In March 2018, <mask> announced that an improved version of the verification system would be coming to Twitter. The purpose of redesigning verification was to let people verify more facts about themselves, emphasizing proof of identity. The overhaul was not in place before the U.S midterm election of 2018 to help in verifying the identities of the candidates. In September 2018, <mask> testified before the Senate Intelligence Committee alongside Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg about meddling in the 2016 presidential election. Following this testimony, Twitter shares fell six percent. <mask> met privately with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House and discussed Trump's concerns that Twitter had limited or removed some of his Twitter followers, and those of conservatives. After the meeting, <mask> tweeted that their discussion included making Twitter "healthier and more civil".A week earlier, <mask> took part in a TED talk about the social media platform's spread of abuse and misinformation, which has brought him criticism. On August 30, 2019, <mask>'s personal Twitter account was allegedly breached for nearly an hour by a group calling itself the Chuckling Squad, posting and retweeting numerous racist tweets. On October 23, 2019, Twitter's stock price fell by nearly 24 percent, from $38.83 to $30.75. The reason was an earnings miss off a third quarter report, which Twitter blamed on ad targeting problems. <mask> had been making a concerted effort to dampen the effect that Twitter had on political elections, which entailed banning all political ads. This was also seen as a large contributor to the drop. <mask> announced that, as of November 22, 2019, Twitter would ban all political advertising.The policy applies globally to all marketing campaigns about political issues. On February 29, 2020, it was announced that activist hedge fund Elliott Management led by billionaire Paul Singer was looking to oust <mask> and nominate four directors to Twitter's board, including Elliott's senior portfolio manager Jesse Cohn. <mask> Musk and Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin, among others. The two parties reached an agreement days later, with <mask> remaining CEO. In October 2020, <mask> was one of several tech firm CEOs subpoenaed by the US Senate Commerce Committee. Republican Roger Wicker, who chairs the committee, led the charge to force the CEOs of Twitter, Facebook and Google to testify about the legal immunity the tech platforms receive under Section 230 of the Communications Act of 1996. He announced his departure from the role of Twitter's CEO on November 29, 2021.His resignation was effective immediately. <mask> was replaced by the company's former CTO Parag Agrawal, who took over as CEO effective immediately. <mask> will continue to lead as the CEO of Block, Inc.

Block

<mask>, along with co-founder Jim McKelvey, developed a small business platform to accept debit and credit card payments on a mobile device called Square, released in May 2010. The small, square-shaped device attaches to iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, or Android devices via the headphone jack, and as a mini card reader, allows a person to swipe their card, choose an amount to transfer to the recipient and then sign their name for confirmation. Square is also a system for sending paperless receipts via text message or email, and is available as a free app for iOS and Android OS. The company grew from 10 employees in December 2009 to over 100 by June 2011. Square's office is on Market Street in San Francisco.In September 2012, Business Insider magazine valued Square Inc. at US$3.2 billion. <mask> is CEO of Square, Inc. On October 14, 2015, Square filed for an IPO to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange. As of that date, <mask> owned 24.4 percent of the company. In March 2020 the FDIC permitted Square to open a bank. It announced plans to launch Square Financial Services in 2021. In May 2020, <mask> announced that employees for Square would work from home permanently. In 2020, Square began withholding for months up to 30 percent of the funds that merchants collected from customers using its Cash App.On December 1, 2021, CEO <mask> officially changed the name of the platform to Block, Inc. This was due in part to his interest in the blockchain as well as the new name encompassing the various businesses better than the current name, which is mostly associated with its merchant-payment services. The stock ticker for Block, Inc. would remain "SQ". Other projects
In 2013, <mask> expressed to CNN an admiration for Michael Bloomberg, and said that he aspires to become mayor of New York City. He served as a judge for Bloomberg's NYC BigApps competition in 2011. <mask> was announced as a new member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company on December 24, 2013. In January 2018, it was reported that <mask> would not seek reelection at Disney's March annual meeting, due to increased difficulty with conflicts of interest.<mask> is a board member of the Berggruen Institute's Governance Center. <mask> gives advice in a chapter of Tim Ferriss' book Tools of Titans. <mask> is a vocal Bitcoin advocate, and has spoken at Bitcoin conferences such as "The B Word". He has said that if he was not working on Twitter and Square, he would be working on Bitcoin. Personal life
In 2012, <mask> moved to the Sea Cliff neighborhood of San Francisco. Meditation
In late 2017, <mask> completed ten days of meditation known as Vipassanā taught by followers of S. N. Goenka. In November 2018, <mask> went on a birthday Vipassanā meditation trip to Myanmar.Politics
In 2019, <mask> contributed financially to the campaigns of Democratic 2020 presidential candidates Tulsi Gabbard and Andrew Yang. In 2020, he donated $15 million to 29 mayors pursuing the piloting of guaranteed basic income programs in the United States. Until 2021, <mask> applied "world leader" exceptions that enabled President Donald Trump to post content on Twitter that would normally be removed or generate sanctions per the platform's rules. In May 2020, some of Trump's tweets received warning labels, and from Election Day in November 2020, more flaggings were applied to his tweets. On January 6, 2021, after pro-Trump supporters stormed the U.S. Capitol, Twitter applied a 12-hour timeout to Trump's account for violating its Civic Integrity policy. Trump's account was suspended permanently on January 8. On January 14, <mask> defended banning Trump, but also said it "sets a precedent I feel is dangerous."Philanthropic and other donations
In March 2016, <mask> fully funded about 600 Missouri public school projects registered at DonorsChoose. In October 2019, <mask> donated $350,000 to #TeamTrees, a nonprofit started by YouTuber MrBeast that pledged to plant 20 million trees by the end of 2019. On April 7, 2020, <mask> announced that he will move about $1 billion of his equity in Square, Inc., just under a third of his total wealth, to Start Small, LLC, and to relief programs related to the coronavirus. He committed to funding COVID-19 relief, girls' education and health, and universal basic income. <mask> has donated $24 million to over 40 different grantees for relief efforts. In August 2020, <mask> donated $10 million to Boston University's Center for Antiracist Research, founded by Ibram X. Kendi. In May 2021, he donated $15 million in his personal capacity to support relief efforts in India's COVID-19 second wave.The three NGOs were Care ($10 million), Aid India ($2.5 million), and Sewa International ($2.5 million). Awards and recognition
 In 2008, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR35 as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35. In 2012, The Wall Street Journal gave him the "Innovator of the Year Award" for technology. At the 5th Annual Crunchies Awards in 2012, hosted by TechCrunch, <mask> was named Founder of the Year. In 2013, he was considered by Forbes the world's most eligible bachelor. <mask> was ranked by Fox Business as the #4 Worst CEO of 2016, citing stagnant growth, falling stock prices, and his part-time commitment to Twitter. In 2017, 24/7 Wall St. listed <mask> among the 2017 Worst CEOs in America.References

Further reading

External links

1976 births
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
American billionaires
American male bloggers
American bloggers
American investors
American computer businesspeople
American computer programmers
American corporate directors
American people of Italian descent
American technology company founders
American technology chief executives
Block, Inc. employees
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Businesspeople from St. Louis
Catholics from California
Catholics from Missouri
Directors of The Walt Disney Company
Directors of Twitter
Living people
Missouri University of Science and Technology alumni
New York University alumni
New York University people
People associated with cryptocurrency
Students of S. N. Goenka
Twitter people

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John Corrigan "<mask>" <mask> (born 1942) is an American author, theologian, and advocate of the pseudoscientific argument of intelligent design. <mask> joined the Unification Church in 1974, and subsequently wrote that the teachings of church founder Sun Myung Moon, his own studies at the Unification Theological Seminary and his prayers convinced him to devote his life to "destroying Darwinism." The term Darwinism is often used by intelligent design proponents and other creationists to refer to the scientific consensus on evolution. He gained a PhD in religious studies at Yale University in 1986, then became Director of the Unification Church's inter-religious outreach organization in New York City. In 1989, he studied at the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a PhD in molecular and cellular biology in 1994. He became a member of several scientific associations and has published in academic journals. In his book Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth?(2000), <mask> argues that a number of examples used to illustrate biology textbooks were grossly exaggerated, distorted truth, or were patently false. <mask> said that this shows that evolution conflicts with the evidence, and so argued against its teaching in public education. Some reviewers of Icons of Evolution have said that <mask> misquoted experts cited as sources and took minor issues out of context, basing his argument on a flawed syllogism. <mask>'s views on evolution have been rejected by the scientific community. Biography
<mask> was born in New York City in 1942 and grew up in New Jersey, and was brought up as a Protestant Christian. He studied geology at Princeton University, where he dropped out in his junior year. Following a brief stint as a taxi driver, he was drafted into the United States Army and spent two years serving in Germany.After his discharge in 1966, he attended University of California, Berkeley, where he publicly refused to report for reserve duty. This resulted in him being arrested and being incarcerated for eighteen months at the Leavenworth military prison. Upon his release, <mask> returned to Berkeley where he completed his studies with a major in geology and physics and a minor in biology. In 1974, <mask> joined the Unification Church of the United States. He graduated from the church's Unification Theological Seminary in 1978 with a master's degree in religious education. <mask> continued his studies at Yale University, earning a PhD in religious studies in 1986, focusing on historical reactions to Darwinism. During this time he wrote extensively on Unification theology and taught at the Unification Theological Seminary.<mask> was on the Board of Trustees of the Unification Theological Seminary until resigning in 1997 to return to teaching. He also acted as the director of the International Religious Foundation, a Unification Church affiliated organization which sponsors interdenominational conferences. <mask> has written on the subject of marriage within the Unification Church and has been called a "Unification Church marriage expert" by church sources. <mask> defended Unification Church theology against what he said were unfair criticisms made in 1977 by the National Council of Churches. In 1994, <mask> earned another PhD in molecular and cellular biology at UC Berkeley. After receiving his doctorate, he worked at a position he described as "a post-doctoral research biologist at Berkeley, writing articles critical of Darwinism." Shortly after that <mask> joined former UC Berkeley law professor Phillip E. Johnson, father of the intelligent design movement, at the Discovery Institute.He now serves as a fellow at the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, the hub of the intelligent design movement, and at the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design, which also promotes intelligent design. <mask> appeared on a panel at Harvard with Stephen Palumbi in November 2001, which his supporters lauded as a "home run". Other observers stated that <mask>' performance was "uneventful". Opposition to Darwinian evolution

Of his student days at Unification Theological Seminary (1976–78), <mask> said, "One of the things that Father [Reverend Sun Myung Moon] advised us to do at UTS was to pray to seek God's plan for our lives." <mask> later described that plan: "To defend and articulate Unification theology especially in relation to Darwinian evolution." <mask> stated that his religious doctoral studies at Yale, which were paid for by the Unification Church, focused on the "root of the conflict between Darwinian evolution and Christian doctrine" and encompassed the whole of Christian theology within a focus of Darwinian controversies. He said:

<mask> said that "destroying Darwinism" was his motive for studying Christian theology at Yale and going on to seek his second PhD at Berkeley, studying biology and in particular embryology:

<mask>'s statement and others like it are viewed by the scientific community as evidence that <mask> lacks proper scientific objectivity and mischaracterizes evolution by ignoring and misrepresenting the evidence supporting it while pursuing an agenda promoting notions supporting his religious beliefs in its place.He has written articles for the Discovery Institute, WorldNetDaily, Origins & Design, and other sympathetic publications attacking evolution and defending intelligent design. In 1997, he presented a paper entitled "Evolution by Design" at the Unification Church sponsored International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences in Washington, D.C. In 1999, <mask> debated with the New Mexicans for Science and Reason. He was one of the contributors to Natural History magazine's 2002 debate between intelligent design advocates and evolution supporters. In 2005, he debated Massimo Pigliucci on the PBS talk show Uncommon Knowledge. Pigliucci said that <mask> "clearly lied" during his debates and misrepresented his agenda and science, as well as not understanding some of the theories he tried to attack. <mask> is one of the signatories of the Discovery Institute's "A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism," a petition which the intelligent design movement uses to promote intelligent design by attempting to cast doubt on evolution.He is also the author of "Ten questions to ask your biology teacher about evolution" for high school students, which is published by the Discovery Institute. The National Center for Science Education has issued a list of answers to the questions. Icons of Evolution

<mask> is best known for his 2000 book Icons of Evolution, in which he discusses 10 examples which he says show that many of the most commonly accepted arguments supporting evolution are invalid. The book is rejected by many members of the  scientific community and has received much criticism by those opposed to his views. There have been 12 detailed reviews of Icons, from scholars familiar with the subject matter, which have come to the consensus that the book's claims are a politically motivated extreme exaggeration and misrepresentation of a scattering of minor issues. Scholars quoted in the work have accused <mask> of purposely misquoting them and misleading readers. Biology Professor Jerry Coyne wrote of Icons, "<mask>'s book rests entirely on a flawed syllogism: ... textbooks illustrate evolution with examples; these examples are sometimes presented in incorrect or misleading ways; therefore evolution is a fiction."Kansas evolution hearings

In 2005, <mask> participated in the Kansas evolution hearings, which were boycotted by mainstream scientists. There <mask> testified:

Prior to the evolution hearings, in December 2000 after the Pratt County, Kansas, school board revised its tenth-grade biology curriculum at the urging of intelligent design proponents to include material that encourages students to question the theory of evolution, The Pratt Tribune published a letter from  Jerry Coyne challenging <mask>'s characterization in an article of his work on peppered moths, saying that his article appended to the Pratt standards was misused and being mischaracterized:

The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design
In 2006, <mask> published his second major book, The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design, which was part of a series published by Regnery Publishing. The book was praised by Tom Bethell, author of The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science (2005), but was described by Reed A. Cartwright of The Panda's Thumb weblog as being "not only politically incorrect but incorrect in most other ways as well: scientifically, logically, historically, legally, academically, and morally." Cartwright also edited a chapter-by-chapter critique of the book. A quote from the book linking evolution to eugenics, abortion and racism appeared on Starbucks paper cups in 2007. AIDS denialism

In 1991, <mask> and his mentor Phillip E. Johnson signed an open letter which said in full:

<mask> and Johnson have been criticized, along with others, for their questioning of the scientific and medical consensus that HIV causes AIDS. In the Washington University Law Review, Matthew J. Brauer, Barbara Forrest, and Steven G. Gey faulted <mask>, Johnson, and others for denying the HIV/AIDS connection and promoting denialism via a petition designed to garner publicity but which did not have any scientific support.Publications

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Dissertations
<mask>, John Corrigan. 1986. CHARLES HODGE'S CRITIQUE OF DARWINISM: THE ARGUMENT TO DESIGN (EVOLUTION, THEOLOGY). Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 265 pages. <mask>, John Corrigan. 1994. A confocal microscopy study of microtubule arrays involved in cortical rotation during the first cell cycle of Xenopus embryos.Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 124 pages. See also
Unification Church and science

Notes

References

External links

 <mask> biography from the Discovery Institute
Articles by <mask> from the Discovery Institute
 Articles by <mask> from the Access Research Network
 "Icons of Evolution FAQs" from talk.origins
 <mask>'s testimony at the Kansas evolution hearings
 "Icons of Evolution? – Why much of what <mask> writes about evolution is wrong" by Alan D. Gishlick
 "10 Answers to <mask>'s '10 Questions'" from National Center for Science Education
 Chapter by chapter analysis of <mask>'s The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design by Reed A. Cartwright, The Panda's Thumb

Intelligent design advocates
Fellows of the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design
American Unificationists
Unification Theological Seminary graduates
Discovery Institute fellows and advisors
HIV/AIDS denialists
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
1942 births
Living people
Pseudoscientific biologists
20th-century American writers
21st-century American writers
Yale University alumni

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<mask> (b. Guadalajara, Jalisco, May 6, 1891 – d. Guadalajara, Jalisco, April 1, 1926) was a Mexican painter. <mask> studied in Rome. After his return to Mexico in September 1922, he painted amongst others together with Diego Rivera his murals at the Secretaría de Educación Pública. On October 16, 1923, he returned to his home town, where he painted the murals at Universidad de Guadalajara's assembly hall together with David Alfaro Siqueiros and Carlos Orozco after 1925. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> lived together with Xavier Guerrero in the city of Guadalajara during their adolescence. They both also enrolled in medical school to practice autopsies. <mask> was sent to Europe to further his studies by Basilio Vadillo (governor of the state at the time), which he focused mainly in Rome.His education cumulated in a marvelous tour across Spain, France, and Italy before his return home. Career
In 1921, <mask> <mask> cueva was still in Europe at this time. Although details are unclear, it was noted that <mask> <mask> <mask>, alongside Carlos Mérida, showed their work at the Madrid Autumn Salon of 1921. Right before returning to his homeland, <mask> <mask> <mask> and David Alfaro Siqueiros also prayed at the Masaccio's Brancacci Chapel in Florence. <mask> considered Masaccio a great hero and looked up to him. Inspired, <mask> <mask> also brought back pencil sketches of the details from the Brancacci Chapel. Soon after, in September 1922, Jose Vasconcelos, who was the minister of education at the time, brought back home David Alfaro Siqueiros and <mask> <mask> <mask> from Europe to paint murals for him.Jose Vasconcelos had offered commissions at minimum painters' wage to several artists around the area to paint murals for him, but due to the low wage that he was offering, his offer only appealed to the younger artists. These young artists that agreed to paint the murals, <mask> <mask> Cueva included, were the exemplars that made up the Mexican Mural Renaissance. José Vasconcelos had assigned <mask> <mask> <mask> (along with Carlos Mérida, Jean Charlot, and Xavier Guerrero) to assist Diego Rivera in painting the Bolívar Auditorium of the National Preparatory School. On 20 March 1923, Tuesday, a couple days after the official ceremony (which was held on 9 March 1923) of the inauguration of Diego Rivera’s mural Creation at the National Preparatory School, Rivera organized a gathering of his collaborators held by the Syndicate of Technical Workers, Painters, and Sculptors. In the invitation letter, <mask> <mask> <mask> was noted as one of the “expert assistants of the maestro Rivera”. <mask> <mask> was later assigned to paint murals at the Secretariat of Public Education. From 19 May 1923 to 6 August 1923, <mask> <mask> <mask> was involved in painting murals in the second court at the Secretariat of Public Education.Xavier Guerrero, <mask> <mask> <mask>, and Jean Charlot decorated the second court of the ministry building, which they were originally assigned to at a salary of 12 pesos. That second court was also named the Court of Labour and Festivals. Over time, the artists faced multiple complications with Diego Rivera, which eventually ended with them not working on the murals anymore as Rivera stopped them from painting further. Two panels painted by <mask> <mask> are still in place on the north wall on the ground floor of the second patio. <mask> <mask> left on 16 October 1923 for Guadalajara where José Guadalupe Zuno, who was the state governor at the time, was to give him murals to paint. He was first made the state librarian, but soon moved to painting murals at the Palacio de Gobernación. <mask> <mask> was soon joined by David Alfaro Siqueiros at the end of 1924, and they were both offered a joint commission by state governor Zuno to paint the walls and ceiling of the former chapel beside the University of Guadalajara.David Alfaro Siqueiros server mainly as his helper, while <mask> <mask> was in charge of most of the intellectual designs. He also painted his mural Agriculture in the high arched wall above the entrance to the hall of the chapel, which was his last artwork. That church, the former Chapel of St. Thomas of Aquinas, is nowadays the :es:Biblioteca Iberoamericana Octavio Paz. Death
On 1 April 1926, <mask> <mask> <mask> was involved in an automobile collision while riding his motorcycle around town along with his fellow painter Roberta Reyes Pérez, and died on the same night. Information about his death was published on 2 April 1926 in the Guadalajara local daily newspaper El Informador. Artworks

At the Secretariat of Public Education, <mask> <mask> <mask> painted the two panels Dance of the Santiagos and El Torito (The Little Bull). At the Palacio de Gobernación in Guadalajara, <mask> <mask> <mask> painted three frescoes in total.Two of them were portraits of Hernán Cortés and Nuño <mask>, conquerors of western Mexico, painted is a way that expressed his mastery of the fresco medium. The last one was a figure of St. Christopher, painted to express a strong and dominating figure and a symbol of the Christian Conquest. These three frescoes were later whitewashed in 1931 and no longer exist. At the former chapel of the University of Guadalajara, <mask> <mask> <mask> and David Alfaro Siqueiros together painted several murals around the themes of Work and Rebellion. The north part of the building features the murals Cultivation of the Maize, Sugar Cane, Agriculture, and Unity of the Peasant and the Worker, displaying the figures of peasant and agrarian. The southern walls of the building features the murals The Miner, The Potter, and The Electrical Worker, depicting the industrial workers. The walls above the entrance feature two panels The Legend of Zapata and The Triumph of the Revolution.These murals were a collaboration of two artists with very different artistic styles, executed flawlessly in visual unity. <mask> <mask> de la Cueva's artworks:

 Dance of the Santiagos, Fresco, 1926, Secretariat of Public Education
 The Little Bull, Fresco, 1926, Secretariat of Public Education
 Hernán Cortés, Palacio de Gobernación
 Nuño de Guzmán, Palacio de Gobernación
 St. Christopher, Palacio de Gobernación
 Cultivation of the Maize, University of Guadalajara
 Sugar Cane, University of Guadalajara
 Agriculture, University of Guadalajara
 Unity of the Peasant and the Worker, University of Guadalajara
 The Miner, University of Guadalajara
 The Potter, University of Guadalajara
 The Electrical Worker, University of Guadalajara
 The Legend of Zapata, University of Guadalajara
 The Triumph of the Revolution, University of Guadalajara

References

Mexican muralists
Artists from Guadalajara, Jalisco
1891 births
1926 deaths
20th-century Mexican painters
20th-century male artists
Mexican male painters

masks:
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texts:
<mask> (born August 27, 1950, Los Angeles) is an American artist. His body of work focuses on landscapes and seascapes created en plein air in oil or pastel as well as enigmatic figure and still-life paintings. He is noted for his colorful, high-key palette and broad brushwork. <mask> has held numerous solo and group exhibitions in galleries and museums, including throughout California, the Western United States, and on the East Coast in Philadelphia, Vermont, and New York. <mask> is the longest serving President of the California Art Club (f. 1909)  and has served on its board of directors in Pasadena, California from 1993 to 2018. He is also a writer on subjects relating to historic artists for the California Art Club Newsletter, as well as for a number of the organization's exhibition catalogs. Family and personal background
<mask>' mother, <mask> (1917–2004), was a socially active homemaker and his father, James H<mask>, also known as <mask>, Sr., was a businessman by vocation, and an actor by avocation.<mask>, Sr. appeared in Hollywood epic films, such as Bullwhip, Omar Khayyam, The Big Fisherman, Jailhouse Rock and the television series Zorro. His maternal grandfather was the playwright and Hollywood movie director George B<mask> (1888–1944). <mask> has two older sisters, <mask> O’Connell, who is a businesswoman and Aileen <mask>wan, who is a former Secretary of State for Consumer Affairs for the State of California and an Assistant Attorney General in the Clinton Administration. <mask> grew up in Beverly Hills and attended Harvard Boys School (now Harvard-Westlake School). He is married to Elaine Shelby (Shelbi) <mask>, a former stockbroker who has managed the California Art Club in addition to <mask>' career since 1993. The <mask>' live in a home that has been described as an eclectic mixture of Chinese furniture and Antiques, some significant works by his teacher Theodore Lukits as well as a broad selection of some of his own works chosen by his wife. The Adams have constructed elaborate waterfalls and pools, as well as walls and walkways made of river stones around their Pasadena property.<mask>' studio features a high pitched roof that allows him to work on large paintings and glassed shelves housing a collection of art books. He is an avid outdoorsman who hikes in the San Gabriel Mountains with his border collies and makes painting trips to the Sierra Nevada (U.S.). He is a public speaker and raconteur. Early art studies
<mask> was initially drawn to traditional, representational art. As a young man, he collected adventure books from the "Golden Age" of American illustration. He credits these romantic tales, illustrated by artists like Howard Pyle, N.C. Wyeth and Dean Cornwell, with not only inspiring his art but interesting him in the world beyond the shores of America. <mask> wanted to learn how to paint like the turn-of-the-century painters did, but he couldn't keep up with the curriculum at the Instituto de Bellas Artes in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico (1969), Otis Art Institute and Art Center School (1970).In 1970 he was introduced to Theodore Lukits (1897–1992), a well-known painter of portraits, still lifes and landscapes who had been teaching in Los Angeles since 1924. Studies with Theodore Lukits
<mask> entered the atelier of Lukits in 1970. <mask> has described entering the Lukits studio, which was lined with plaster casts of Roman and Greek sculpture, student’s drawings and Chinese antiques "like walking into another century” because the Lukits Atelier resembled those of the 19th-century Parisian painters' he admired. <mask> was to study with Lukits for seven years and eventually he became his apprentice, but like all of Lukits' new students, he began by "drawing from the antique," doing charcoal or graphite portraits of marbles and plaster casts of ancient Roman and Greek statuary. These studies taught <mask> to understand the tonal gradations of light and shadow. Advancement in a traditional atelier is based on mastery, so <mask> moved from working from plaster casts to simple still life set-ups only after his instructor was satisfied with his work. As a culmination of his graphite work <mask> did a series of fanciful still life drawings of Asian antiques that set the direction for the still life works of his professional career.Eventually, he began to work in color, painting still life set-ups under the colored lights that Lukits used to simulate conditions an artist might find in the outdoors. He subsequently attended Lukits' anatomy and life drawing classes. <mask> also began painting “En plein air”, directly from the landscape. He painted with Arny Karl (1940–2000) a fellow Lukits student who had already been painting out of doors for a number of years. Using the pastel medium, the two went on plein air trips to the local foothills in the San Gabriel Mountains, beaches, and trips to St. Malo, near Oceanside, where the <mask> family owned a beach house. Karl and <mask> also made extended trips to the American and Canadian National Parks, traveling as far north as the Canadian Rockies. By the mid-1970s, they were joined by another fellow Lukits student, Tim Solliday (b.1952). Together, the three artists traveled and painted en plein air using the pastel medium, as their teacher Theodore Lukits had done in the 1920s and 1930s. Professional career
<mask> began painting professionally around 1980. He was first represented by the Greg Juarez Gallery in Beverly Hills. Run by the collector, philanthropist, and 9th-generation Californian Gregg Juarez, the Juarez Gallery represented <mask> for a number of years. Next, he moved to the Adamson-Duvannes Gallery in West Hollywood, California. <mask> was an art collector who had purchased this historic gallery.He represented <mask> for a number of years and mounted <mask>' large exhibitions of works from Asia and Afghanistan. In 1992, <mask> began to exhibit his work with the Morseburg Galleries in West Hollywood. There he participated in a long series of group exhibitions which included the older painter Richard Rackus (b. 1922), as well as two of his friends from the Lukits Atelier, Arny Karl (1940–2000) and Tim Solliday (b. 1952). These exhibitions emphasized plein-air landscape painting. <mask> participated in a number of pastel shows along with Solliday, Karl, Gil Dellinger, Rich Hilker and Clark Mitchell.In 2003 his wife <mask> opened American Legacy Fine Arts, a private art gallery developed on the first floor of <mask>’ studio and began promoting her husband’s work as well as other artists in Los Angeles. Artistic influences
Inspired by a broad spectrum of artists in the classical art tradition, however, <mask> cites Theodore Lukits, his teacher and mentor, as providing him with the direct link to the art ateliers of Paris and to the 19th century academicians he admires, such as William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825–1905) and Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904). Like most Plein-Air painters he also cites the Spanish Impressionist Joaquin Sorolla (1863–1923) and the Swedish painter of figures in outdoor settings Anders Zorn (1860–1920) as having an impact on his work. However, in contrast to many painters steeped in the Plein-Air tradition, the course of <mask>' life and career has been influenced by the Orientalists, the French, British and American painters who ventured to the Middle East in the 19th century, painting the "exotic" people who populated lands that were unfamiliar to them. He includes John Frederick Lewis (1804–1876)  Sir David Roberts (1796–1864), Frederick Arthur Bridgman (1847-19280 and Edwin Lord Weeks (1849–1903) as painters who made him curious to explore remote lands and get to known distant peoples. <mask> designs and constructs his paintings differently from most painters and he has been influenced in completely different ways by the English painter, illustrator, printmaker and muralist Sir Frank Brangwyn (1857–1956) and the Art Nouveau painter and muralist Alphonse Mucha (1860–1939). From Mucha, he learned about swirling, moving, compositions and curvilinear line.From Brangwyn he learned about the juxtaposition of interesting shapes. Assessment and oeuvre
While <mask> considers himself a traditionalist and a representational painter, he is considered to be an innovative colorist and because of his interest in unusual effects of light, natural wonders and underground geological formations. Early in his career, his work consisted of Plein Air pastels and oils of the Eucalyptus trees, bridges and foothills around Pasadena. In addition, he created a series of beach scenes with figures centered on St. Malo Beach near Oceanside. The works he created on his extended trips to Asia were primarily figurative in the quick-drying tempera media to sketch, later, completing a series of larger works for his exhibitions back in America. Art historian and former Chief Curator of the Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, Michael Tomor, described <mask>' pastel work in an essay for the exhibition Contemporary Romanticism: Landscapes in Pastel as being "Inspired by the brilliant colors, atmospheric perspective, and scenic grandeur of the great 19th century Romanticists, <mask>, a student of Theodore Lukits in the 1970s, conveys the magical shimmer of light in ephemeral sunsets and the tranquility of the sea." As his teacher Lukits did in the 1920s, <mask> painted in the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) during the summer and winter when atmospheric conditions were more intense.By the mid-1990s, while its origins remained out of doors, his work was becoming more stylized, showing the unmistakable influence of Art Nouveau. As he reached middle age, <mask> began to do large works of unusual natural formations, geysers and pools in Yellowstone National Park or stalactites in Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico. In recent years he had returned to the human figure as a subject, often combining fantasy and reality in his works, as he has done in a series of recent works centered on the story of  Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung and the Los Angeles Ring Festival mounted by the Los Angeles Opera. Revival of the California Art Club
By the early 1990s, <mask> and his friends saw the need for an organization that could help to bring order to the reemerging traditional art movement in California. <mask> accepted the Presidency of the California Art and he has remained at its helm to the present. In order to reorganize the California Art Club, <mask> began to recruit most of the active professional landscape and figurative painters and sculptors that he knew. The core group of artists that became members of the reorganized California Art Club was primarily students of Theodore Lukits or the Russian landscape and figurative painter Sergei Bongart (1918–1985).Organization of California Art Club special exhibitions
Under the leadership of <mask> and his wife, <mask>, the California Art Club began organizing a series of thematic exhibitions at both art and natural history museums. The <mask>' saw that there was a natural relationship between landscape art and ecological awareness and natural history. In 1996, the California Art Club organized the California Wetlands Exhibition at the Natural History Museum in historic Exposition Park in Los Angeles. In May through August 1998, the California Art Club mounted Treasures of the Sierra Nevada at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, featuring works by historic California artists including Edgar Alwin Payne (1883–1947), Jack Wilkinson Smith and Theodore Lukits as well as contemporary painters. The Carnegie Museum in Oxnard, California hosted a large exhibition of works by painters from the California Art Club in 1994 titled The California Art Club: 85 Years of Art where <mask>' work was featured prominently. In 1997 <mask> and <mask> and the California Art Club organized a traveling exhibition which contrasted the work of American Impressionists and Classical Realist painters from the East Coast and the Midwest United States with the California Impressionists. Titled East Coast Ideals, West Coast Concepts, the exhibition traveled from the Carnegie Museum in Oxnard to the Springville Museum of Art in Springville, Utah to the Academy of Art College in San Francisco.Among the historic artists represented were William McGregor Paxton and R.H.Ives Gammell (1893–1981), representing the Boston School and Theodore Lukits and Maurice Braun (1877–1941) representing the California Impressionists. In 1999, the California Art began a long relationship with the Frederick R. Weisman Museum of Art at Pepperdine University in Malibu with the exhibition titled On Location in Malibu. The exhibition, organized and curated by the Weisman's Michael Zakian, ran from May 22 to August 7, featuring the work of <mask> along with dozens of CAC painters. Exhibitions and collections

<mask> has exhibited in numerous museums, including the Pasadena Museum of California Art, Autry Museum of the American West, Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, Forbes Galleries, Bergstrom-Mahler Museum, Portsmouth Museum, Courthouse Gallery, National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum, Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture, Museum of the Southwest, Buffalo Bill Historical Center, Museum of Texas Tech University, George Bush Presidential Library, Hillsdale College, Haggin Museum, Springville Museum of Art, Colorado History Museum, Frederick R. Weisman Museum of Art, Frye Art Museum, the Newington-Cropsey Foundation, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County and Carnegie Museum of Art. He has held solo exhibitions at the Pacific Asia Museum and Carnegie Art Museum, as well as numerous commercial venues. Among the public collections in which <mask>' work is represented are the Carnegie Art Museum, Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Forbes Magazine Collection, Haggin Museum, Pacific Asia Museum, Pasadena Museum of California, Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art and Our Savior Parish & USC Caruso Catholic Center. In 2007 he received a Gold Medal in the California Art Club Gold Medal Exhibition, and in 2004 he was nominated for Visual Artist of the Year by the International Biographical Center, Cambridge, England.In addition to his affiliation with the California Art Club, <mask> has served on the boards of the American Society of Classical Realism, American Society of Portrait Artists, and served several years on the board of directors of the Pacific Asia Museum and the Pasadena Museum of California Art. <mask> is a Signature Member of the California Art Club, Oil Painters of America, Pastel Society of America, and the Plein Air Painters of America.

masks:
Peter Seitz Adams
Adams
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Peter Adams
Mary Seitz Adams
. Adams
Peter Adams
Peter Adams
. Seitz
Adams
Mary Adams
Adams Co
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Peter Adams
Adams
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Peter Adams
Adams
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Jerome Adamson
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Elaine Adams
Peter Adams
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Peter Adams
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Peter Adams
Elaine Adams
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Peter
Elaine Adams
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texts:
<mask> is a Canadian musician, lifestyle content creator, and entrepreneur. He is best known as the vocalist and bassist for the punk rock band Closet Monster and most recently working with his wife on their lifestyle brand/YouTube channel Boho Beautiful. From 2012 to 2015 he appeared as a judge on YTV's The Next Star. He is also known as the founder of the indie record label Underground Operations, playing bass with Avril Lavigne and his production credits on albums by artists such as Protest the Hero, Abandon All Ships, Stereos and DVBBS. Along with his musical and business accomplishments, he is also a strong animal rights and social justice advocate. Career overview

<mask> founded and played bass for the band Closet Monster from 1997 until their last show in December 2005, and established the indie punk rock label Underground Operations in 1995. In the winter of 2002 Spicoluk began playing bass for Avril Lavigne and helped prepare the launch of her first album "Let Go."From 2007 until 2012 he was an A&R Representative, eventually becoming Head of A&R for Universal Music Canada as well as a personal A&R for Gene Simmons at Simmons Records. He has production credits on albums by Protest the Hero, Abandon All Ships and many others. Most recently Spicoluk has co-founded a new entertainment business service company called Cloud Empire. Spicoluk appeared for two seasons on MuchMusic's reality show Disband from 2009–2011, and then judged on YTV's The Next Star for its last three seasons. Activism and charity work

Spicoluk is a vegan, and has publicly supported and worked with several animals rights groups in Toronto, including Toronto Pig Save, Peta2 and Mercy for Animals. He has also appeared in a public service announcement for Finding Fido, and has hosted parties for Fuck Cancer, a Montreal-based organization devoted to cancer research. Early bands

Spicoluk sang and played lead guitar in his first band, Public Display, formed with high school friends in 1995 under the name Special Ed.The band played shows all over Ontario, releasing a self-titled CD in 1996. After the band parted ways in 1997, <mask> joined Sum 41 to play bass before leaving to form Closet Monster with another former Sum 41 member Jon Marshall. Closet Monster

Spicoluk was the bassist and vocalist for the political punk band Closet Monster during its entire existence from 1997–2005. Over the course of 7 albums and countless tours of North America and Europe, <mask> also co-wrote every song and co-produced every release. Closet Monster's lyrics focused on political and social issues such as human rights violations, gender equality, anti-capitalism, and strongly supported animal rights. The band reunited for one show in 2009 at Wakestock festival in Wasaga Beach, Ontario. Avril Lavigne

Early in 2002, Spicoluk was hired to play bass in Avril Lavigne's band as well as help prepare the launch of her first album, Let Go.Appearing on TV shows such as Good Morning America, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Live with Regis and Kelly, The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn, and in stadiums all around the world. He was also featured in the videos for the songs "Complicated" and "Sk8er Boi". <mask> later left the band to focus on Closet Monster and Underground Operations. Underground Operations

<mask> founded Underground Operations to put out releases by his own bands, in hopes that one day they could also release other bands they knew. Originally called Underground Monkey Operations, the label released albums by Public Display and Closet Monster before becoming Underground Operations in 2002. Originally releasing albums by Toronto bands Hostage Life, Bombs Over Providence, and Marilyn's Vitamins, as well as the first of many records by Protest the Hero. By 2007 the label had released albums by The Brat Attack, Dead Letter Dept., I Hate Sally, and These Silhouettes.The next few years saw a change in sound for the label, releasing music by Aspirations, acoustic act Machete Avenue and the Juno-winning first album by Lights. In the next few years the label released albums including Means, Kingdoms and Kathleen Turner Overdrive as well as the much loved The Holly Springs Disaster. Today the label is home to Abandon All Ships, Rob Moir, Diemonds, Skynet and Hands and Teeth. Spicoluk serves as the President/Founder. Universal Music Canada

In 2007, Spicoluk became an A&R representative at Universal Music Canada. Eventually he became Head of A&R, overseeing the entire domestic roster, including Drake, The Tragically Hip, Down With Webster, and Hey Ocean!. During his time at Universal, Spicoluk also worked as a personal A&R for Gene Simmons, signing bands Kobra and the Lotus and The Envy to his label Simmons Records.Cloud Empire

In 2013, Spicoluk partnered with artist manager Dan Hand to create Cloud Empire, a business collective. specializing in music, entertainment, and business services. Television work

Spicoluk appeared for two seasons as a panelist on the Muchmusic reality show Disband. Discovering the band Stereos on the show, Spicoluk went on to manage and develop the band into one of 2011's most successful new Canadian artists. In 2012 Spicoluk became a judge on YTV's The Next Star, a youth-oriented singing competition along with singers Tara Oram and Keshia Chante. In 2014, Chante was replaced by Dan Kanter. Spicoluk also appears on the web show From Far And Wide, which crosses Canada documenting homegrown music.Closet Monster discography
So Be It - 1997
Pure Unfiltered Anarchy - 1998
A Fight For What Is Right - 1999
Where The Fuck Is Revolution? - 2000
Killed The Radio Star - 2002
We Rebuilt This City - 2004

Studio production credits
 Abandon All Ships – Infamous – 2012 – producer
 DVBBS – Initio EP – 2012 – composer, producer
 The Artist Life – Impossible – 2011 – composer
 Abandon All Ships – Geeving – 2010 – composer, producer
 Stereos – Stereos – Uncontrollable – 2010 – composer, executive producer
 Stereos – Stereos – 2009 – executive producer/guest performer/composer
 Chad Michael Stewart – Machete Avenue – 2008 – executive producer
 Protest the Hero – Fortress −2008 – executive producer
 These Silhouettes – Thomas EP – 2008 – producer
 Protest the Hero – Kezia – 2006 – executive producer
 The Brat Attack – 2006 – producer
 Closet Monster – Re-built This City – 2005 – producer/performer
 Protest the Hero – A Calculated Use of Sound – producer
 Closet Monster – Killed the Radio Star – 2003 – producer/performance
 Protest the Hero – Search for the Truth – 2003 – producer

Music video appearances
 Closet Monster – Mr. Holland vs. Acceptable Behaviour – Performer
 Closet Monster – Corporate Media Death Squad – Performer
 Avril Lavigne – Complicated – Performer
 Avril Lavigne – Sk8er Boi – Performer
 Protest the Hero – These Colours Don't Run – Cameo
 Alexisonfire – Waterwings (And Other Poolside Fashion Faux Pas)
 Closet Monster – Mamma Anti-Fascisto – Performer
 The Brat Attack – Mr. Capitalist – Cameo
 Closet Monster – Punk Rock Ruined My Life – Performer
 Hostage Life – This Song Was Written by a Committee – Cameo
 Protest the Hero – Palms Read – Feature
 Lights – Drive My Soul – Role- The Spaceman
 Stereos – Summer Girl – Cameo
 Jhevon Paris – She Got Me – Cameo
 Stereos – She Only Likes Me When She's Drunk – Cameo
 Abandon All Ships – Geeving – Cameo

Underground Operations roster history
 Marilyn's Vitamins
 Protest the Hero
 Closet Monster
 Bombs Over Providence
 Dead Letter Dept. Hostage Life
 I Hate Sally
 The Brat Attack
 These Silhouettes
 Aspirations
 Kathleen Turner Overdrive
 Means
 The Holly Springs Disaster
 Lights
 Machete Avenue
 Chad Michael Stewart
 The Artist Life
 Dean Lickyer
 Sam Bradley
 Kingdoms
 Abandon All Ships
 Diemonds
 Rob Moir
 Skynet
 Hands and Teeth
 Victory, Sweet Victory! See also
 Boho Beautiful, a YouTube channel founded by Spicoluk in 2014

References

External links
Underground Operations official site

1979 births
Living people
Avril Lavigne
Sum 41 members
Canadian punk rock bass guitarists
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
A&R people
Canadian record producers
Canadian alternative rock musicians
Musicians from Edmonton
Alternative rock bass guitarists
20th-century Canadian bass guitarists
21st-century Canadian bass guitarists
20th-century Canadian male singers
21st-century Canadian male singers

masks:
Mark Spicoluk
Spicoluk
Mark
Mark
Spicoluk
Spicoluk