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<mask> (or Baccio<mask> (died 1536) was a Florentine Renaissance painter who has only recently emerged from obscurity as a result of art historical research. Biography
Our knowledge of <mask>'s career rests chiefly on a brief notice by Vasari, a few mentions in documents, and half a dozen jewel-like, painstakingly finished paintings. Vasari briefly mentions <mask>, whom he calls "Baccio Gotti" in the Lives, describing him as a pupil of Ghirlandaio and stating that he worked in France at the court of King Francois I. Until 2003, no works by Ghetti were known; on that year documents were published by Louis Alexander Waldman showing the artist had painted and restored a number of works for the church of San Pietro a Selva, near Malmantile, a neighborhood of Lastra a Signa in the lower Arno valley. The only sixteenth-century painting in the church is a frescoed lunette depicting the Madonna and Child. Waldman (2003) identified this painting as a work of a follower of Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, called the Master of the Copenhagen Charity (the name came from his most beautiful work, an allegory of Charity now in the Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen). The conjunction of the painting and the document led to the identification of the Master of the Copenhagen Charity as <mask>.Career in France and Florence
As noted by Waldman (2003) <mask> can almost certainly be identified with the painter and illuminator “Barthélemy Guéty” who is named in a number of payment records surviving from the court of François I. From these we learn that Ghetti had already worked for François at some time before his accession in 1515, and that the painter received payments and salary as court painter and valet de chambre in 1519 and between 1521 and 1532. The payments records reveal that, together with Matteo dal Nassaro, Ghetti designed the rich set of hangings, with subjects drawn from Virgil's Bucolics, that were produced to decorate a so-called Chambre verte in 1521. Further payments from the French king survive from 1528 and 1529. He was still producing pictures and also illuminating manuscripts for the king in 1532, when François paid him 300 écus for two designs of figures from histories and poetry, satyrs and nymphs, that the king wished to decorate the Hall of jeu de paulme of the Louvre (possibly cartoons for tapestries) and for two Books of Hours. Ghetti received a donative from the king in April 1532, recorded in a document that indicates that François was hoping by this means to keep him his court: “par forme de pention et bienfaict, et pour s’entretenir à son service.”

Ghetti must have traveled between Florence and France a number of times over the course of his career, as indicated by the document that record his presence in both locations. Though, as we have seen, he worked for François I before 1515, “Bartholomeus Zenobii Ghetti” was present at a meeting of the Florentine Compagnia di San Jacopo, called “La Sgalla” on 1 January 1516 (modern style).He may have worked in France for a considerable period during the years between 1516 and 1524, during which time there is no documentation for his presence in Italy. In 1525, though, <mask> was again in Florence, where he made payments to the Compagnia di San Luca and was recorded in the books of yet another Florentine confraternity, the Compagnia di San Sebastiano. In the same year the Compagnia di San Giovanni of Fucecchio decided to commission an altarpiece for their oratory, which Ghetti would subsequently execute (his sole surviving large-scale work). In 1527we find the artist engaged in a dispute with the rector of San Pietro a Selva (near Malmantile) over some work he had recently done for that church. He appointed a procurator in Florence in May 1528, undoubtedly with a view to returning to France; as noted, his presence at the court of François I is documented later in the same year and into 1529. It would appear that the painter returned definitively to Florence some time between his receipt of the 1532 donative from the French king (which in the end failed to achieve its aim) and 7 December 1533, when, as a new document reveals, he appears on the membership rolls of the Florentine confraternity, the Compagnia dello Scalzo. Antonio Mini's letter mentioning <mask>, quoted earlier, may have been occasioned by the painter's definitive return to Florence, where a succession of documents confirm his presence in Florence between 1535 and his death (which occurred around June 1536).Work as Manuscript Illuminator in France
In 1894 Durrieu and Marquet de Vasselot speculatively identified “Barthélemy Guéty” (whom they believed to have been French) as the possible illuminator of three illuminated manuscripts, two of which were made for François I or his mother, Louise of Savoy. The volumes are:  Ovid's Heroïdes in the French translation of Octavien de Saint-Gelais (Dresden, Sächsische Landesbibliothek − Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Ms. O.65), a manuscript whose provenance is unknown; an Oraisons de Cicéro en françois produced for François I (Paris, Bibl. Nat., Ms. fr. 1738); and the Faicts et gestes de la Royne Blanche d’Espagne written and illuminated for Louise (Bibl. Nat., Ms. fr. 5715). The Cicero contains one sole miniature depicting François I at the Battle of Marignano and the Faicts et gestes includes a single illumination which depicts Louise of Savoy in the guise of Blanche of Castille enthroned and accompanied by an invalid (possibly symbolizing the misfortune of the state after enduring the death of the king).The Dresden Ovid, however, is richly illustrated. Its rich and ornate illuminations possess an undeniably Italianate flavor, particularly in their deeply receding landscapes and ornate all’antica architecture. The courtly and elegant ladies depicted in the miniatures, with their oval faces, high foreheads, and elaborate hairstyles bear a distinct affinity to the female figures in Ghetti's panel paintings. There is a remarkable similarity in the way in which figures tend to be reduced to geometric solids, which are carefully modeled with light and shadow. The female figures tend toward the sturdy, and the hands share something of the same angularity found in Ghetti's work on panel. Such suggestive visual comparisons as these urge that the miniatures in the three manuscripts deserve further investigation as possible works by Ghetti. Works in Fucecchio
Ghetti's largest work is his Madonna and Child with Saints John the Baptist, Mark, Andrew and Peter and Baptism of Christ now in the Collegiata of Fucecchio.This work was evidently admired by early viewers, since a partial copy of the picture made in 1641 by Andrea di Giovanni Battista Ferrari exists at the nearby parish church of San Bartolomeo at Gavena. More recently, Sydney Freedberg justly called the Fucecchio altarpiece a work of ‘great force and originality’. The patron and date of the Fucecchio altarpiece are identified by a deliberation in the records of a confraternity in that town, the Compagnia di San Giovanni Battista, dated 10 June 1525. The Compagnia, whose residence was adjacent to the Collegiata of Fucecchio, appointed three of its members as procurators to commission ‘a new, suitable and elegant panel for the altar of the said Compagnia, with those figures and ornaments which shall seem fitting to the said procurators’. The procurators were also given the authority to negotiate the price of the new altarpiece they were commissioning. In all likelihood they commissioned Ghetti's altar-piece shortly after the deliberation was made in the summer of 1525, and the San Pietro a Selva lunette was probably painted not too long before the laudum of September 1527, the similarities between the two pictures are easy to comprehend. Together these two works represent the cornerstones on which any chronology of Ghetti's stylistic development must be based.A passage from the 1541 statutes of the Compagnia di San Giovanni Battista at Fucecchio reveals that the altar of their oratory, adjacent to the Collegiata but deconsecrated in the late eighteenth century, had a dual dedication to the Virgin and St. John the Baptist. Since both John appears prominently in Ghetti's Madonna and Child at Fucecchio and in the Baptism now displayed above it, there is good reason to believe that both these panels were made to be displayed over the altar of the oratory of the Compagnia di San Giovanni Battista. The original format of the Fucecchio altarpiece is not entirely certain, though it is probable that the lunette with the Baptism of Christ was always located above the lower panel depicting the Madonna and Child with saints. Both panels have been cut down drastically from their original dimensions, and the lunette — apparently chopped down to an uncomfortable and much smaller arched format at an unknown date — was subsequently reintegrated with new spandrels in order to fill it out as a rectangle. An inventory of artworks transferred to the Collegiata of Fucecchio by the Opera di San Salvatore after the latter's suppression by Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo (2 June 1790) describes the altarpiece in essentially its present configuration, with the Baptism of Christ above the sacra conversazione. The condition of the whole is described by the inventory as ‘middling’ (mediocre). This seems to accord with the state of the surface as we see it today; the results of a previous overcleaning were revealed during the course of a restoration by Sandra Pucci in 1995.The composition of <mask>'s altarpiece at Fucecchio — featuring the Virgin on an elevated throne and covered by a canopy, set against a colonnaded apse and flanked by standing saints — reflects Raphael's unfinished Madonna del Baldacchino, a work that cast a long shadow in early-Cinquecento Florentine painting. Ghetti copied the figure of St. Peter at lower right from Granacci's Madonna and Child with Sts. John the Baptist, Nicholas of Bari, Anthony Abbot and Peter at Montemurlo — curiously, the same figure that his fellow Florentine Giovanni Larciani had copied in his own Fucecchio altarpiece only a few years earlier. Like his work at nearby San Pietro a Selva, <mask>'s commission at Fucecchio may have come about (in part at least) by way of local family connections. Archival records reveal that Florentine nun, Margherita di Domenico <mask>tti clan of Florence and the town of Fucecchio. In any event, the extent of <mask> <mask>'s activity in the lower Valdarno suggests that his family may have had roots in this region.Parallels could be drawn with <mask>'s contemporaries. Larciani who found a ready market for his work in the Arno valley from which his ancestors had migrated to Florence. And Rosso Fiorentino migrated during this period to Arezzo and its surrounding towns — from one of which, years earlier, his father had emigrated to Florence. Missing Virgin and Child with St. John
Waldman (2003) first identified <mask> as the author of a panel depicting the Madonna and Child with St. John, property of the Seminario Patriarcale of Venice. Although this picture mysteriously disappeared from the Seminario's Pinacoteca a few decades ago, the work was well photographed as a result of a traditional attribution to Raphael, and on the basis of a clear Alinari photograph dating from the early years of the twentieth century it has been possible to identify the painting's true author with a more than reasonable degree of certainty. Ghetti's lost Madonna and Child, which measures 54 x 50 cm., forms part of the historic collection of marchese Federico Manfredini (1743–1829), the wealthy and influential counselor of the Grand Dukes of Tuscany. Born into the provincial nobility at Rovigo in 1743, Manfredini first rose to prominence as a military commander in Austrian service.His career at the Tuscan court of Lorraine began in 1776, when Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo summoned him as tutor to his children. Under Pietro Leopoldo's son and successor Ferdinando III, Manfredini was appointed Maggiordomo Maggiore, and negotiating in this guise with Napoleon in 1797 he briefly preserved the independence of the Grand Duchy. Forced to flee with his sovereign before Napoleon's forces only two years later, Manfredini fell into disgrace and was exiled to Sicily. In 1803, when Ferdinando III was compensated for the loss of Tuscany with the title of Prince Elector and Duke of Salzburg, Manfredini returned to his former position at the Grand Ducal court. But he retired from public life, officially on account of a riding accident, in 1805, making his home at first in Padua and subsequently at his villa at Campo Verardo, in the Venetian terraferma, where he died in 1829. According to early authors, the Madonna and Child with St. John comes from the Grand Ducal collection at Palazzo Pitti, from which the picture — already bearing the optimistic attribution to Raphael — was presented to Manfredini by Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo of Tuscany. The Alinari photograph shows the inner part of the work's gilt frame, consisting of a cyma molding and, around it, a row of oblong beads; this is easily recognizable as the standard cornice da collezionista given by Manfredi to many of his paintings, and which still graces a large proportion of the paintings in the Seminario of Venice.The celebrity of Manfredini's “Raphael” is attested by the existence of copy, known only from an old photograph in the Fototeca Berenson. A note on the back indicates that it is on canvas and belonged to the Carlo Foresti collection in Milan as of in October 1926. This version has a slick, glib quality that suggests it is probably a replica created around the end of the eighteenth century or the beginning of the nineteenth — perhaps as a substitute for the original that was given away by the Grand Duke. The traditional attribution to Raphael endured for well over a century after Manfredini acquired it, still appearing (but with a question mark) on the early twentieth century photograph by Alinari. According to tradition, Charles Le Brun perceived in it the emergence of Raphael's first truly individual style, after throwing off the manner of Perugino. It was accepted by Edwards in his 1809 inventory, by the Venetian police inspector and art dilettante Antonio Neu Mayr (or Neumayr) in his 1811 treatise on Italian painting and his 1836 Mazzolino pittorico, and by Giannantonio Moschini in his 1842 catalogue. The anonymous 1912 Guida del visitatore artista opened up the question to include either Raphael or some other pupil of Perugino, while Giovanni Costantini's 1916 essay on the Manfredini collection reasserted the traditional attribution with a question mark.An attribution to Bachiacca was argued by Adolfo Venturi in his monumental Storia dell’arte italiana, which was accepted by Roberto Salvini and by Berenson in the first published version of his lists. In the 1936 Italian edition, Berenson later reconsidered the problem and proposed an attribution to Domenico Puligo, to which a question mark would be subjoined in the posthumous edition of 1963. The identification has not been taken up in the literature on Puligo, including the recent catalogue raisonné of the artist's work by Elena Capretti. Guidebooks to the collection reveal that the painting had vanished from the Seminario by the late 1960s. It seems highly possible, however, that the picture disappeared from the Pinacoteca of the Seminario as early as the Second World War, when a number of objects from the collection went missing. Select bibliography
Louis A. Waldman, “A New Identification for the Master of the Copenhagen ‘Charity’: <mask> <mask> in Tuscany and France,” Burlington Magazine, CXLV, no. 1198 (2003), pp.4-13. (Susanna Partsch, “<mask>, <mask>,” in Saur allgemeines Künstlerlexikon. Die bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker, LII, Munich (2006), p. 533. Louis A. Waldman, “Parigi/Firenze: Novità per il pittore fiorentino <mask> <mask>," Erba d’Arno 111 (2008), pp. 45–58. References

1536 deaths
16th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Tuscany
Italian Renaissance painters
Court painters
Manuscript illuminators
Year of birth unknown

masks:
Bartolomeo
) di Zanobi Ghetti
Ghetti
Ghetti
Bartolomeo Ghetti
Ghetti
Ghetti
Ghetti
Ghetti
Ghetti
Ghettihe
Bartolomeo
Ghetti
Ghetti
Ghetti
Bartolomeo
Ghetti
Ghetti
Bartolomeo
Bartolomeo
Ghetti


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, first called Jūbei from his clan and later  from his title, was a Japanese samurai general of the Sengoku period best known as the assassin of Oda Nobunaga. Mitsuhide was a bodyguard of Ashikaga Yoshiaki and later a successful general under daimyō Nobunaga during his war of political unification in Japan. Mitsuhide rebelled against Nobunaga for unknown reasons in the Honnō-ji Incident in 1582, forcing the unprotected Nobunaga to commit seppuku in Kyoto. Mitsuhide attempted to establish himself as shōgun, but was pursued by Nobunaga's successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi and defeated at the Battle of Yamazaki. The short reign of Mitsuhide is listed as the inspiration for the yojijukugo set phrase . He is still popular in present culture. A ceremonial activity was held on April 15, 2018 in Kyoto.Early life

<mask> Mitsuhide was believed to be born on 10 March 1528 in Tara Castle, Mino Province (present-day Kani, Gifu Prefecture) Mitsuhide was a descendant of the Toki-Akechi family of the shugo Toki clan. Mitsuhide is rumored to be a childhood friend or cousin of Nōhime. It is believed that he was raised to be a general among 10,000 by Saitō Dōsan and the Toki clan during their governorship of the Mino Province. When Dōsan's son, Saitō Yoshitatsu, rebelled against his father in 1556, Mitsuhide sided with Dōsan. Service under Ashikaga shogunate and Oda clan
Mitsuhide began serving the "wandering shōgun" Ashikaga Yoshiaki as one of his guardians under Hosokawa Yusai. Shōgun Ashikaga ordered Asakura Yoshikage to be his official protector, an offer which Yoshikage declined. Yoshiaki appealed to Mitsuhide, who suggested Oda Nobunaga instead.In 1564, Nobunaga sent his younger sister Oichi to become Azai Nagamasa's bride. This helped him in the 1566 conquest of Mino province, and paved the way through Omi province to Kyoto. In November 1568, Nobunaga, Yoshiaki and Mitsuhide arrived in Kyoto, the capital of Japan, and Nobunaga made Yoshiaki the next shogun and turned Hongoku-ji temple into a temporary palace. However, after Nobunaga and his followers returned from Kyoto on January 4, 1569, the Miyoshi clan attacked Ashikaga Yoshiaki at Hongoku-ji, but Mitsuhide managed to defend the shōgun and repulsed the Miyoshi clan. Then Nobunaga asked Mitsuhide to join his army and Mitsuhide decided to serve under the shōgun and Nobunaga. Mitsuhide received Sakamoto and built Sakamoto Castle in 1571 after the successful attack at the Enryaku-ji temple. Although Nobunaga rarely put too much trust in his retainers, he particularly trusted Shibata Katsuie, Hashiba Hideyoshi, and Akechi Mitsuhide, who was the first subordinate to receive a castle from Nobunaga.After Mitsuhide received Sakamoto, he moved to pacify the Tanba region by defeating several clans such as the Hatano clan and Akai Naomasa of Tango. Mitsuhide also received Kameyama castle and Tanba Province (550,000 koku). He participated in Ishiyama Hongan-ji War (1570-1580) and the Battle of Tedorigawa in 1577. In 1579, Nobunaga's forces under Mitsuhide captured Yakami Castle from Hatano Hideharu by promising Hideharu peace terms; however, Nobunaga betrayed the peace agreement and had Hideharu executed. This reputedly displeased the Hatano family. As a result of this, several of Hideharu's retainers murdered <mask> Mitsuhide's mother (or aunt). The failing relationship between Nobunaga and Mitsuhide was further fueled through several public insults which Nobunaga directed at Mitsuhide.Honnō-ji Incident

In 1582, Mitsuhide was ordered to march west and assist Hashiba Hideyoshi who was at that time fighting the Mōri clan. Ignoring his orders, Mitsuhide assembled an army of 13,000 soldiers and moved against Nobunaga's position at Honnō-ji. On June 21, Mitsuhide was quoted as saying, "The enemy is at Honnō-ji!" His army surrounded the temple and eventually set it on fire. Oda Nobunaga was killed either during the fighting, or by his own hand. Nobunaga's son, Oda Nobutada, fled the scene, but was surrounded at Nijō and killed. Despite not killing Nobunaga personally, Mitsuhide claimed responsibility for his death.Mitsuhide's betrayal of the Oda shocked the capital, and he was forced to move quickly to secure his position. Mitsuhide looted Azuchi castle to reward his men and maintain their loyalty. Mitsuhide attempted to make gestures of friendship to a panicked Imperial Court; he also made many attempts to win over the other clans, but to no avail. Hosokawa Fujitaka, to whom he was related through marriage, quickly cut ties with him. Tsutsui Junkei refused to take Akechi side and half-heartedly supported Hideyoshi. Death
Mitsuhide had counted on Toyotomi Hideyoshi being occupied fighting with the Mori, and unable to respond to Mitsuhide's coup d'état. However, having learned of the assassination of his lord, Hideyoshi quickly signed a peace treaty with the Mori, and alongside Tokugawa Ieyasu rushed to be the first to avenge Nobunaga and take his place.Hideyoshi force-marched his army to Settsu in four days, and caught Mitsuhide off guard. Mitsuhide had been unable to garner support for his cause, and his army had dwindled down to 10,000 men. Hideyoshi, however, had won over former Oda retainers, including Niwa Nagahide and Takayama Ukon, and had a strength of 20,000 men. The two forces met at the Battle of Yamazaki. Battle of Yamazaki

Mitsuhide took up a position south of Shōryūji Castle, securing his right flank by the Yodo river, and his left at the foot of the 270-metre Tennozan. Hideyoshi immediately seized the advantage by securing the heights of Tennōzan; his vanguard then maneuvered to face the Akechi forces along the Enmyōji river. Mitsuhide's forces made a failed attempt to force Hideyoshi from Tennōzan.Hideyoshi's general, Ikeda Nobuteru moved to reinforce Hideyoshi's right flank, which soon crossed Enmyōji-gawa and turned the Akechi flank. Simultaneously, Hideyoshi's forces marched against the Akechi front; this started a rout, only two hours after the battle had begun. Mitsuhide's men fled, with the exception of the 200 men under Mimaki Kaneaki, who charged and were destroyed by Hideyoshi's larger force. Soon, panic set in among the Akechi army, and Hideyoshi's army chased them back to Shōryūji, where the garrison collapsed. <mask> was later killed while fleeing the battle of Yamazaki by the bandit leader Nakamura Chōbei. Reasons for betrayal

No one knows the specific reason that Mitsuhide betrayed Nobunaga, though there are several theories:
Religious - Mitsuhide was a devout Buddhist and witnessed first-hand Nobunaga ordering the slaughter of thousands of Buddhists,  especially at Mount Hiei in 1571. He held deep hidden resentment against Nobunaga for this.Personal ambition - Mitsuhide had grown tired of waiting for promotion under Nobunaga or had grown tired of being under another's authority. A personal grudge:
During the battle at Yakami Castle, 1575, Mitsuhide's mother died for Nobunaga's cause. Nobunaga accused Mitsuhide of superficially praising his allies after their victory over the Takeda and physically kicked him. While staying at Azuchi Castle, Tokugawa Ieyasu complained about the food he was served. Nobunaga responded by throwing Mitsuhide's priceless dinnerware into the garden pond. Nobunaga had asked him to – a legend states that Nobunaga asked Mitsuhide to strike him down if he were ever to become too ruthless, and the Incident at Honnō-ji is Mitsuhide fulfilling this promise. Betrayal by Hosokawa Fujitaka – Fujitaka, father of Mitsuhide's son-in-law, was said to have promised aid to Mitsuhide but in actuality was reporting the plot to Hideyoshi.He was asked to – one theory is that he was asked or influenced to betray Nobunaga by Mōri Terumoto, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Nōhime, Esam Abunaga, the Shimazu clan or Emperor Ogimachi. Protecting the Imperial Court. One theory supposed Nobunaga may have abolished the Imperial Court in Kyoto, when he no longer needed it. <mask> Mitsuhide, who was, before his treason, seen as an honorable samurai, and had been a retainer to both Nobunaga and the Ashikaga shogunate, asked his lord to guarantee the safety and honorific position of the Court, or at least for the Emperor. Family
Father: Akechi Mitsutsuna
Mother: Daughter of the Wakasa Takeda clan
Wife: Tsumaki Hiroko ()
Sons:
Akechi Mitsuyoshi ()
Daughters:
Hosokawa Gracia (): Wife of Hosokawa Tadaoki; ancestor of Empress Shōken
Relatives
Akechi Mitsuharu (): Cousin
Akechi Hidemitsu (): Adopted son (and son-in-law); ancestor of Sakamoto Ryōma
Nōhime: Cousin; Saitō Dōsan daughter; Wife of Oda Nobunaga

Legacy

Tensho Koshirae sword
The sword of Mitsuhide is the Tensho style; the 'Tensho Koshirae' was first designed to be a replica of <mask> Mitsuhide's own sword. The Akechi family was able to trace their heritage to the Toki clan and from there to the Minamoto clan. Castles built or reconstructed by Mitsuhide
Mitsuhide was well known as a master of castle construction, and was engaged in the construction of many castles.Sakamoto Castle , Main base of Akechi clan. (Mitsuhide`s residence)
Fukuchiyama Castle
Kameyama Castle, In 2019, <mask> Mistuhide`s statue was built in the castle. Shūzan Castle
Kinzan Castle
Kuroi Castle
Shūchi Castle
Usayama Castle

See also
 People of the Sengoku period in popular culture

References

Further reading

1520s births
1582 deaths
Akechi clan
Daimyo
Japanese warriors killed in battle
Oda retainers
People of Azuchi–Momoyama-period Japan
People of Muromachi-period Japan
Samurai
Leaders who took power by coup
Japanese assassins

masks: Akechi Akechi Akechi Akechi Akechi Akechi


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<mask> (गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध) (13 November 1917 – 11 September 1964) was one of the most prominent Hindi poets, essayists, literary and political critics, and fiction writers of the 20th century. <mask> is widely regarded as a pioneer of modern Hindi poetry in India along with Surya Kant Tripathi 'Nirala'. He was a leading figure in the Prayogvaad Experimentalism movement of Hindi literature and of the Nayi Kahani and Nayi Kavita Modernism of the 1950s. He is also considered a central figure in the rise of 'New Criticism' in Indian literature. He was an assistant-editor of important Hindi journals including Naya Khun and Vasudha. <mask> was born in Sheopur, Madhya Pradesh. He started out as was one of the seven poets included in the first volume of Tar Saptak, a series of anthologies (1943), which marked a transition in Hindi literature from the prevalent movement in Chhayavaad or Romanticism.The initiation of Prayogvaad or Experimentalism and Pragativaad or Progressivism in Hindi poetry eventually led to the creation of the 'Nayi Kahani' (New Story) movement or Modernism. Brahmarakshas (ब्रह्मराक्षस) is considered Muktibodh's most influential work in experimental poems, noted for the use of archetypal imagery. This poem is a haunting depiction of the contemporary intellectual, who gets so lost in his own sense of perfectionism, unending calculations, and subjective interpretation of the external reality that he loses touch with reality itself, and eventually dies and fades away like a dead bird. <mask> was deeply influenced by Marxism and Existentialism, and expressed his deep discontent with contemporary society. According to Sanjay K. Gautam, <mask> was "the most influential Marxist Hindi poet in postcolonial India, and one of the founders of modernism in Hindi poetry". He continued to show his progressive streak even after the disintegration of the Progressive Writers' Movement after 1953; and, through the rest of his career, he along with writers like Yashpal, continued his ideological fight against modernist and formalist trends in Hindi literature. He is best known for his long poems:Brahma-rakshasa (ब्रह्मराक्षस), Chand ka Muh Teda hai (The Moon Wears a Crooked Smile) (चाँद का मुहँ टेढ़ा है), Andhere Mein (In the Dark) (अंधेरे में) and Bhuri Bhuri Khak Dhul (The Brown Dry Dust) (भूरी भूरी ख़ाक धूल); his complete works extending to 6 volumes, were published in 1980, as Muktibodh Rachnavali.Sharadchandra <mask> <mask> (1921–1985), a Marathi poet, novelist, and Marxist critic, winner of Sahitya Akademi Award (1979) in Marathi, was the younger brother of Muktibodh

Works

His first individual book was published in 1964, when he was on his death-bed: [Chand Ka Muh Teda Hai  (चाँद का मुहँ टेढ़ा है). Although Muktibodh could not manage to get his works published, as a book in his lifetime, he was one of the contributing poets to the first three volumes of Tar Saptak, a series of path-breaking poetry anthologies, edited by Ajneya. "Bhoori Bhoori Khak Dhool"is the collection of his remaining poems. His collected works, published as 'Muktibodh Rachnavali" were edited by Nemichand Jain. He is today considered a bridge between the Progressive movement in Hindi poetry and the Nayi Kavita (Modern poetry) movement. <mask> made a name for himself in the field of criticism as well, with his strong views on the upper caste influence on the disintegration of Bhakti movement in India, which he viewed a lower caste uprising against the hegemony upper caste. In literary criticism, he wrote a critical work on Jaishankar Prasad's Kamayani titled: Kamayani, Ek Punarvichar.Ek Sahityik ki Diary, first written for his column in the weekly Naya Khun, and later continued in the journal Vasudha (1957–60), offers a glimpse of his literary and socio-political criticism, and insights into his way of thinking, and was first published in 1964. It is most noted for the article, Teesra Kshana (Third Moment), where he shows his preference for the hypothesis of three successive stages in the creative process, of inspiration, impersonalisation and expression, rather than a single moment of inspiration

Media

A Hindi feature film, Satah Se Uthata Aadmi (Arising from the Surface), with script and dialogues by him, was directed by veteran film director, Mani Kaul, and shown at Cannes Film Festival in 1981. In 2004, "Brahmarakshas ka Shishya", a dramatization of Muktibodh's story, was presented in New Delhi by Soumyabrata Choudhury. His novel, Vipatra has also been made into an audio book for the blind. Legacy

His brilliance was recognized by the literary world after the posthumous publication of Chand Ka Munh Tedha Hai, the first collection of his poems, in the early 1960s. Ever since, the book has run into several editions, and is recognized as a modern classic. In his memory, Madhya Pradesh Sahitya Parishad, has instituted the annual MuktiBodh Puraskar.In 2004, 'Muktibodh Smarak', a memorial was set up at the 'Triveni Sangrahalaya' in Rajnandgaon in Chhattisgarh, along with fellow poets of Chhattisgarh, Padumlal Punnalal Bakshi and Baldeo Prasad Mishra. Bibliography
 Chand ka Muh Teda Hai – (Anthology of Poems), 1964, Bharatiya Jnanpith. Kath Ka Sapna (Anthology of Short stories), 1967, Bharatiya Jnanpith. Satah Se Uthta Admi (Anthology of Short stories), 1971, Bharatiya Jnanpith
 Nayi Kavita ka Atmasangharsh tatha anya Nibandha (Essays), 1964, Visvabharati Prakashan. Ek Sahityik ki Dairy (Essays), 1964, Bharatiya Jnanpith. Vipatra (Novel), 1970, Bharatiya Jnanpith. Naye sahitya ka saundarya-shastra, 1971, Radhakrishna Prakashan.Kamayani: Ek punarvichar, 1973, Sahitya Bharti. Bhuri Bhuri Khak Dhul – (Anthology of Poems), 1980, New Delhi, Rajkamal Publications. <mask> Rachnavali, Edited by Nemichandra Jain, (Complete Works) 6 Vols., 1980, New Delhi, Rajkamal Publications. Samiksha ki samasyain, 1982, New Delhi, Rajkamal Publications. Pratinidhi kavitayein, edited by Ashoka Vajapeyi. 1984, Rajkamal Prakashan. In the Dark: Andhere Mein, translated by Krishna Baldev Vaid.2001, Rainbow Publishers. . (.). Dabre Par Sooraj ka Bimb, 2002, National Book Trust. .
 Muktibodh Ki Kavitayen (Anthology of Poems), 2004, Sahitya Akademi. .

Further reading
Sanjay K. Gautam, "Modernism and the Birth of Divided Subjectivity in Postcolonial India: A Study of Muktibodh (1917–1964)", South Asia Review, Vol. 33, No.1 (2012), 77-90. Soviet Literature, by Soi͡uz pisateleĭ, USSR. 1947, Foreign Languages Publishing House, p 144-147. Muktibodh ka sahitya: Ek anusilana, by Shashi Sharma, 1977, Indraprastha Prakashan.Muktibodh: Vicharak, kavi aura Kathakar, by Surendra Pratap, 1978, National Publishing House. Muktibodh: Sankalpatmaka kavita, by Jagdish Kumar 1981, Nachiketa Prakashan. Muktibodh ka Sahitya-vivek aur unki Kavita, by Lallan Ray, 1982, Manthan Pub. Muktibodh ki atmakatha, by Vishnuchandra Sharma, 1984, Radhakrishna Prakashan. (Biography)
 Paya Patra Tumhara: Gajanan Madhava Muktibodh aur Nemichandra Jain ke bich Patra-vyavahar, (1942–1964), Edited by Nemichandra Jain. 1984, Rajkamal Prashan
 Muktibodh: Yuga chetana aur Abhivyakti, by Alok Gupta, 1985, Giranar Prakashan. Jatil samvedana ke kavi Muktibodh, by Alok Gupta, 1993, Parsva Prakashan.Pratibaddhata aur Muktibodh ka Kavya, by Prabhat Tripathi. 1990, Vagdevi Prakashan. .
 Muktibodh ka shilpa-saushthava, by Madhu Srvastav, 1992, Janardan Prakashan. Muktibodh kavi aura kavya, by Madan Gulati. 1994, C.D. Publication. Muktibodh: Muktikami chetana ke kavi, by Ajay Shukla, 1994, Sanjay Book Centre. Muktibodha ki kavya Bhasha, by Kshama Shankar Pandey, 1995, Shilpi Prakashan.Muktibodh ki kavita mem yathartha-bodha, by Sashibala Sharma, Sabda aura Sabda Pub. Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh: Srjana aur Shilpa, by Ranjit Sinha, 1995, Jay Bharati Prakashan. Muktibodh ki kavitaon se guzarate hue, by Anup Sharma, 1996, Sahitya Bhavan Pvt. Ltd.
 Muktibodha vichar aur Kavita, by Devendra Kumar Jain, 1998, Takshasila Prakashan. Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh Ke Kavya Mein Samajik Chintan, by Yuvraj Sontakke, New Delhi, New Bhartiya Book Corporation. 2000. Muktibodha-kavya: Janavadi chetana ke sandarbha main, by Premalata Casavala.(Socialism in the poetic works of <mask> Madhav Muktibodh), 2001, Adhara Prakashan, . Muktibodh ki Kavya Bhasha, by Sanat Kumar 2001, Chintan Prakashan, Kanpur. (Study of the poetic works of Muktibodh). Naash Devta and Kal Aur Aaj, poems by <mask> (Hindi)

 Brahma Rakshas Ka Shishya, a story by Muktibodh
 Muktibodh ki Kavyaprakriya, by Ashok Chakradhar. Muktibodh ki Kavitai, by Ashok Chakradhar, 1975. Muktibodh ki Samishai, by Ashok Chakradhar. Lives and Works of Great Hindi Poets, by Manohar Bandopadhyay, 1994, B.R.Pub. House, . Page 149. Muktibodh ki Nivadak kavita, by Sharadchandra Madhav Muktibodh, 1993, Sahitya Akademi. . (Younger brother)
 Muktibodha: Sahitya Mein Nayi Pravittian, 2013, Doodhnath Singh

Notes and references

External links
 Muktibodh at Kavita Kosh (Hindi)
 Discussion on Life and Works of Muktibodh
 Nāsh Devatā – a heavy metal rendition of the poem
 अनहद कृति ई-पत्रिका में साहित्य स्तंम्भ गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध का जीवन परिचय एवं कुछ रचनाएं Muktibodh in Anhadkriti
 Translation of "Mujhe Kadam Kadam par"

1917 births
1964 deaths
Hindi-language writers
Hindi-language poets
Indian columnists
Indian male essayists
Indian literary critics
Writers from Madhya Pradesh
People from Sheopur
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian essayists
Indian male poets
20th-century Indian male writers

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<mask> (November 30, 1888 – May 1, 1970) was an American electronics researcher. He invented the <mask> oscillator and the <mask> transform, and contributed to the foundations of information theory. Biography

<mask> was born in Sprucemont, Nevada, and attended the University of Utah, receiving an A.B. degree in 1909. He became a Rhodes Scholar at St Johns, Oxford University, in 1910 and received a B.A. degree in 1912 and a B.Sc. degree in 1913.He married Florence Vail of Brooklyn on March 21, 1916. The <mask>s had no children. He returned to the United States and was employed at the Research Laboratory of the Western Electric Company. In 1915 he was in charge of radio receiver development for the Bell System transatlantic radiotelephone tests. For this he developed the <mask> oscillator and also a neutralizing circuit to eliminate triode singing resulting from internal coupling. A patent for the oscillator was filed on June 1, 1915 and awarded on October 26, 1920. During World War I <mask> established the principles that led to sound-type directional finders.Following the war he returned to Western Electric. He later worked at Bell Laboratories. He performed research on repeaters and voice and carrier transmission and formulated the law "that the total amount of information that can be transmitted is proportional to frequency range transmitted and the time of the transmission." His 1928 paper is considered as "the single most important prerequisite" for Shannon's theory of information. After about 10 years of illness he returned to Bell Labs in 1939 as a consultant. In spite of his illness during most of the 1930s, <mask> had formed a theoretical and experimental research group at Bell Laboratories starting in 1929 to investigate nonlinear oscillations and what later became known as parametric amplifiers. This research was mostly parallel to the work being done at the same time in Soviet Russia by Leonid Mandelstam and in Europe by Balthasar van der Pol.A short review and extensive bibliography was published by Mumford in 1960. The Bell Laboratories work was carried on under <mask>'s guidance during the 1930s and 1940s by John Burton and Eugene Peterson (who themselves had begun investigations of nonlinear circuits as far back as 1917 when they had observed unusual characteristics while working with E.F.W. Alexanderson's magnetic modulators, an early form of magnetic amplifier). Peterson later got John Manley
and Harrison Rowe involved in this line of research during the 1940s which culminated in the now famous Manley–Rowe relations and several papers by the latter two authors on the topic of parametric circuits in the mid 1950s. During World War II he was particularly involved with servomechanism problems. He retired from Bell Labs in 1950 and died on May 1, 1970. His legacy includes the naming of the hartley, a unit of information equal to one decimal digit, after him.Awards
 IRE Medal of Honor, 1946, for his oscillator and information proportionality law. This was an award from the Institute of Radio Engineers which later merged into the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; the award became the IEEE Medal of Honor. Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Publications
Probably incomplete. <mask>, R.V.L., "The Function of Phase Difference in the Binaural Location of Pure Tones," Physical Review, Volume 13, Issue 6, pp 373–385, (June 1919). <mask>, R.V.L., Fry T.C.,"The Binaural Location of Pure Tones", Physical Review, Volume 18, Issue 6, pp 431 – 442, (December 1921). <mask>, R.V.L., "Relations of Carrier and Side-Bands in Radio Transmission", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 11, Issue 1, pp 34 – 56, (February 1923). <mask>, R.V.L., "Transmission of Information", Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 7, Number 3, pp.535–563, (July 1928). <mask>, R.V.L., "A Wave Mechanism of Quantum Phenomena", Physical Review, Volume 33, Issue 2, Page 289, (1929) (abstract only)
 <mask>, R.V.L., "Oscillations in Systems with Non-Linear Reactance", The Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 15, Number 3, pp 424 – 440, (July 1936). <mask>, R.V.L., "Excitation of Raman Spectra with the Aid of Optical Catalysers", Nature, Volume 139, pg 329 - 329, (20 February 1937)
 <mask>, R.V.L., "Steady State Delay as Related to Aperiodic Signals", Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 20, Number 2, pp 222 – 234, (April 1941). <mask>, R.V.L., "A More Symmetrical Fourier Analysis Applied to Transmission Problems," Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 30, Number 2, pp. 144–150 (March 1942). <mask>, R.V.L., "Note on the Application of Vector Analysis to the Wave Equation", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 22, Issue 4, pg 511, (1950). <mask>, R.V.L., "The Significance of Nonclassical Statistics", Science, Volume 111, Number 2891, pp 574 – 576, (May 26, 1950)
 <mask>, R.V.L., "Matter, a Mode of Motion", Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 29, Number 3, pg 350 - 368, (July 1950).<mask>, R.V.L., "The Reflection of Diverging Waves by a Gyrostatic Medium", Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 29, Number 3, pp 369 – 389, (July 1950),
 <mask>, R.V.L., "A New System of Logarithmic Units", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume. 43, Number 1, pg 97, (January 1955). <mask>, R.V.L., "New System of Logarithmic Units", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 27, Issue 1, pp 174 – 176, (1955)
 <mask>, R.V.L., "Information Theory of The Fourier Analysis and Wave Mechanics", August 10, 1955, publication information unknown. US Patent 1,666,206, Modulation System, April 17, 1928, United States Patent and Trademark Office, ; page images can be downloaded. 1888 births
1970 deaths
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
American Rhodes Scholars
American electronics engineers
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
American information theorists
Scientists at Bell Labs
University of Utah alumni
20th-century American inventors
Fellows of the American Physical Society

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<mask> (born 11 December 1970) is an Australian Liberal Party politician appointed as Minister for Employment, Workforce, Skills, Small and Family Business by Prime Minister Scott Morrison in his Ministerial reshuffle in March 2021. This promotion followed <mask>'s appointment as Minister for Government Services and the Minister for the National Disability Insurance Scheme in 2019. He was also appointed Acting Minister for Education and Youth in December 2021. He has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Fadden, on the Northern Gold Coast since 2007. <mask> served in the Abbott Ministry as the Assistant Minister for Defence from 18 September 2013 until 21 September 2015. Following a leadership spill in the preceding week, new Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull appointed <mask> to the roles of Minister for Veterans' Affairs, Minister for Human Services and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for the Centenary of ANZAC. Following an investigation into a possible conflict of interest, <mask> announced his resignation from the Ministry on 12 February 2016.In August 2018, Peter Dutton unsuccessfully challenged Malcolm Turnbull for the leadership of the Liberal Party. Leadership tension continued to build, and the party voted to hold a second ballot on 24 August, with Turnbull choosing not to stand. During this time <mask> is widely reported to have worked to support for the candidacy of Scott Morrison for the leadership of the Liberal party. <mask> was later appointed as Assistant Treasurer in the first Morrison Ministry. <mask> is regarded as one of Prime Minister Morrison's closest confidants. He also sits on a number of Cabinet committees. Background and early years
<mask> was born in Victoria and spent his early years growing up on a sugar cane farm in Bundaberg, Queensland.He was educated at Rockhampton Grammar School where, at the age of 17, he secured a scholarship to the Australian Defence Force Academy as an Army Officer Cadet. Following the Academy, <mask> attended the Royal Military College Duntroon. He completed a Masters in Business Administration at Central Queensland University, a Masters in Information Technology at the Queensland University of Technology and graduated from the University of New South Wales with a Bachelor of Arts with Honours. Early career

Military career
<mask>'s professional career began in the military where he served for twelve years in units including the 3rd Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment and the 51st Battalion, The Far North Queensland Regiment. The latter, based on Thursday Island, was at the time the largest indigenous unit in the Defence Force. It was also during this time that <mask> completed his master's degrees, mostly part-time. A vast majority of <mask>'s military career was spent working within military intelligence and security, and he worked his way to the rank of captain.That included a four-month tour of duty with the peace monitoring force in Bougainville following the civil war. Business career
After leaving the army in 1999, <mask> founded the IT services firm GMT Recruitment, with colleague Andrew Chantler. GMT Recruitment subsequently grew to be a nationwide company and was named a Business Review Weekly "Fast 100" award winner in 2006. The list, which recognised the fastest-growing 100 companies in Australia, again featured GMT Recruitment in both 2007 and 2008. Political career
In 1991, <mask> joined the Liberal Party. As he later explained to parliament, "I was motivated to action as I witnessed the diabolical consequences of the recession which, apparently, 'we had to have', the crippling interest rates and the very high level of industrial disputes which so adversely impacted on my family and many surrounding families. Through all of this turbulence, the urgency to ensure that this place [was] governed for all Australia and not just for sectional interests became self-evident."In 2007 <mask> was elected to the House of Representatives representing the seat of Fadden. Two years later, on 8 December 2009, he was appointed Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Defence. On 14 September 2010 he was promoted to Shadow Minister for Defence Science, Technology and Personnel. After the 2013 federal election <mask> was appointed the Assistant Minister for Defence in the Abbott Government. After the change of prime minister in September 2015, he was appointed to Minister for Veterans' Affairs, Minister for Human Services and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for the Centenary of ANZAC with effect from 21 September 2015. Following his support for Scott Morrison’s successful bid for the Prime Ministership in August 2018 <mask> was appointed as Assistant Treasurer in the first Morrison Ministry. Following the Coalition’s re-election in May 2019 <mask> was promoted to Cabinet and appointed as Minister for the National Disability Insurance Scheme and Minister for Government Services - two areas identified as key priorities by Prime Minister Morrison for his Government.In March 2021 <mask> was promoted to the role of Minister for Employment, Workforce, Skills, Small and Family Business. He also retained responsibility for whole-of-government technology through the Digital Transformation Agency. When asked why Minister <mask> had been promoted the Prime Minister cited <mask>'s successful tenure in his previous role. National Disability Insurance Scheme
In his role as Minister for the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)  Mr <mask>  progressed its implementation. In June 2019, in response to delays and backlogs for children with disability in accessing Early Childhood Early Intervention (ECEI) supports through the NDIS Mr <mask> directed the National Disability Insurance Agency to provide standardised interim plans to children who have been found eligible for the NDIS, but who are likely to experience a wait time of greater than 50 days. In the 2020 Federal Budget Treasurer Josh Frydenberg noted over 400,000 Australians were being supported through the NDIS. News coverage in January 2021 noted NDIS “waiting times have dropped after concerted efforts from the Federal Government and the National Disability Insurance Agency”.The report found 85 per cent of NDIS participants rating their planning experience as “very good” or “good”. With a spokesman for NDIS Minister <mask> said the Federal Government had made improving access and planning decision timeframes a priority, and had made “significant improvements since May 2019”. In February 2021 Minister <mask> said he would press ahead with introducing legislative amendments to parliament after a court ruled sex services were not excluded under law from being taxpayer funded through the NDIS saying: “NDIS participants can still freely use their own money, whether that is through government support or earned income, to spend on whatever they want. All we are saying is taxpayer NDIS funds were never intended to be used in this way and we’ll be ensuring this does not happen again.”

Government Services

Establishing Services Australia
At the outset of his role as Minister for Government Services Mr <mask> established Services Australia. In July 2019 he appointed Mr Martin Hoffman to lead a taskforce to develop a strategic plan to deliver the reform to government service delivery. While announcing the taskforce Mr <mask> said:  “In those important moments when Australians reach out for government services they rightly expect a simple and seamless interaction. Services Australia will be outcomes focused and will put in place the right structure needed to deliver that experience.‘Whether Australians are accessing government services digitally, in person or over the phone, in the future I want Services Australia to deliver a similar experience to what Australians are used to when dealing with everyday services, such as banking and shopping"Minister <mask> appointed Rebecca Skinner as CEO of Services Australia in March 2020. Support for Black Summer Bushfires
Services Australia staff deployed as part of the emergency response to the 2019-20 Black Summer Bushfires. Minister <mask> told Parliament that Services Australia had provided support deploying more than 20 mobile support teams into dozens of hard-to-reach communities, and delivered millions of dollars via thousands of disaster payments to fire-affected residents. He noted Services Australia also successfully trialed facial verification technology to provide support to those who had lost identity documents. Government Services Response to COVID-19 Pandemic
As Minister for Government Services Minister <mask> lead Services Australia’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020 the National Cabinet closed large sections of the Australian economy driving a high demand for social supports and saw thousands of people queue outside Centrelinks to apply for government payments. Minister <mask> said in response Services Australia made impressive strides in process simplification and digital processing to adapt to the demand.Minister <mask> said: “This included enabling people to establish their identity online, providing customer reference numbers via myGov and introducing a simplified online claim form, which people can complete in about 20 minutes, as opposed to the previous average of about 55 minutes,”

“Australians can now obtain a CRN and apply for JobSeeker all online through myGov, something successive governments have been trying to deliver for years. Services Australia has delivered this in just four weeks.”Following a surge of 12,000 staff drawn from across the Australian Public Service and service partners Services Australia processed as many JobSeeker claims within roughly 50 days as it normally would in two years. Thanks to help from staff from across the Australian Public Service, the agency has granted financial assistance to over 800,000 Australians who have lost their jobs. On Sunday 7 February 2021 Minister <mask> announced Services Australia would ensure Australians would be able to tap and display COVID-19 “proof of vaccination” certificates on their phones or carry hard copies with them. Minister <mask> said: “In preparation for the COVID-19 vaccine rollout, Services Australia has made critical enhancements to the Australian Immunisation Register, including increasing system capacity so more customers can access their information on the register at the same time, new AIR functionality to capture more detailed information about vaccines given, and updating immunisation history statements to show all COVID-19 vaccine doses,” he said. ”We will continue to improve our systems throughout the COVID-19 vaccine rollout to support a faster return to normal life for Australians. This includes making it faster and easier to securely access proof of COVID-19 vaccination, which could include improvements in how Australians store or access their immunisation history statement."Future of Government Services
In December 2020 Minister <mask> announced a refurbished Services Australia Service Centre in Western Australia would be used to trial a “new era” of government service delivery. The Perth City Service Centre would offer a new “welcoming environment” that has been designed specifically to help older Australians who need additional support. Minister <mask> said said the new centre would offer upgraded self-service facilities and digital support, appointment-based services, and specialist services made available through video chat. In February 2021 Minister <mask> visited Services Australia’s Virtual Service Centre pilot saying:"The pilot is seeing excellent results and it is an innovative approach to service delivery I would like to see expanded to ensure Australians can access the services they rely on, on their terms," he said…Services Australia staff are doing an extraordinary job through a difficult period and the Virtual Service Centre pilot is an example of how staff are meeting Australians where they are to get the help they need in a COVID world." Employment, Workforce, Skills, Small and Family Business
In March 2021 <mask> was promoted to the role of Minister for Employment, Workforce, Skills, Small and Family Business. He also retained responsibility for whole-of-government technology through the Digital Transformation Agency. In his capacity as Minister for Employment, Workforce, Skills, Small and Family Business <mask> led the effort to build Australia’s workforce which included the largest investment in skills and training in Australia’s history.JobTrainer
In February 2022 Minister <mask> announced that the Morrison Government’s $2 billion JobTrainer program had hit another significant milestone, exceeding its initial course commitment with more than 300,000 enrolments across the country. The major JobTrainer milestone followed an official update from the National Centre for Vocational Education Research. It found apprentice and trainee numbers continue to surge across Australia, with in-training increasing in 2021 by 27.5 per cent. Commencements over the last 12 months are up 59.5 per cent. Completion rates are up by more than 21 per cent, compared to the same period last year. Minister <mask> said: Our policies and record funding, $7.1 billion this year alone, are putting Australians at the front of the queue—whether that is starting an apprenticeship, mastering an in-demand skill or getting a job. We have well over half a million job-ready Australians skilling up or skilled up, with more than 300,000 JobTrainer enrolments and the highest level of trade apprentices on record with over 220,000 in training.Industry Training Hubs
In October 2021 Minister <mask> announced the completion of the Morrison Government's national network of ten Industry Training Hubs, an election commitment at the 2019 Federal Election, with the launch of the latest hub in Alice Springs. He said the national network of Industry Training Hubs were part of the Morrison Government’s focus on helping young Australians to build skills for jobs. VET Reforms
In October 2021 Minister <mask> announced a fundamental overhaul of Australia’s vocational education and training (VET) system. Under the new Industry Clusters model groups of aligned industries will replace the 67 Industry Reference Committees and six Skills Service Organisations and were expected to be fully operational by 1 January 2023. The Government said the reforms would ensure courses and qualifications in the sector are driven by and better meet the needs of industry, as well as students. Minister <mask> said: Australia’s economic future relies on a VET system that works for students and employers, which is why industry engagement is so important as part of our skills-led recovery. The new Industry Clusters will strengthen employer leadership and engagement, giving industry a broader, more strategic role ensuring Australia’s VET system addresses skills and workforce challenges across the economy, including labour demands, as we reopen strongly.Employment Facilitators
In November 2021 the Government completed its national roll out of its Employment Facilitators network through its Local Jobs Program. The nation-wide expansion was funded as part of the $276.3 million boost to the Local Jobs Program in the 2020-21 Federal Budget. The Local Jobs Program brings together expertise, resources and access to funding at the local level to support job seekers and their communities in each region. The program has a particular focus on reskilling, upskilling and employment pathways and is part of supporting Australia’s economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Minister <mask> said:As our regions emerge from lockdowns it is essential that we continue to create opportunities for businesses to connect with workers they need, that is what our Local Jobs Program is all about. More than ever, we want to ensure local job seekers can gain meaningful employment. Our Local Jobs Program is a chance to make a real difference and help local communities.Record Trade Apprentices
In November 2021 Australia hit the highest level of trade apprentices on record. Department program data found Australian in-training trade apprenticeships reached 217,400 in July 2021, the highest number since records began in 1963. This was attributed to the impacts of the Morrison Government’s record funding of skills and training the number of Australians undertaking skills and training has surged with total in-training apprenticeships and traineeships for June 2021 at 347,266 up from 268,215 in June 2020. This was said to contrast with the former Rudd-Gillard-Rudd Labor Government that cut incentives to employ apprentices nine times between 2011 and 2013, totalling $1.2 billion. National Centre for Vocational Education Research data also showed apprentices and trainees in-training collapsed by 22 per cent, or 111,320 through 2012-13. Departmental evidence provided at Senate Estimates attributed this to the tightening of policy measures to address the widespread transfers of existing workers into traineeships and apprenticeships to gain easy access to government supports. Record VET and TAFE Funding
In December 2021 a study by the National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER) of Australian Vocational Education and Training funding found the Morrison Government provided the vast majority of the increase to funding across the skills and training sector, including TAFE.The NCVER study found the Morrison Government increased funding from $2.65 billion in 2019 to $3.83 billion in 2020 (excluding loans), an increase of $1.18 billion or 44.7 per cent. Over the same period the State and territory governments’ combined contribution increased from $3.72 billion in 2019 to $3.86 billion in 2020, an increase of $142.2 million or 3.8 per cent. Minister <mask> said: The Morrison Government has delivered the highest number of trade apprentices on record, hundreds of thousands of Australians are upskilling or reskilling thanks to JobTrainer, TAFE funding has increased, and record levels of Commonwealth financial supports are in place to support Australians to get world-leading job-ready skills. This report once again demonstrates the Morrison Government’s significant supports during the pandemic will help to maintain and grow Australia’s workforce through the greatest economic shock since the Great Depression—thanks to our efforts in 2020, 2021 is proving to be the Year of the Australian

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 Apprentice. Critisms of Labor's Skills Election Platform
In December 2021 Minister <mask> criticised a skills announcement for the 2022 Federal Election by Opposition Spokesman for Skills Richard Marles and Opposition Leader Anthony Albanese. He said:Australians can’t trust Labor when last time in government they slashed employer incentives by $1.2bn and saw the biggest fall in training commencements on record. The Morrison Government is the best friend apprentices have ever had and now we know Labor will risk our economic recovery by slashing funding that is getting Australians skilled.Under the Morrison Government, university places are uncapped and more Australians are studying than ever before—in fact, just this year there’s been a 5 per cent increase from last year. The Morrison Government is already delivering $2b into VET skills through JobTrainer—and it’s working. We’ve got the most trade apprentices working right now, more than ever before, because we’ve invested over $4b into boosting apprenticeships and ensuring Australians complete their apprenticeship. So what Anthony Albanese has announced today is actually less money than what the Government is investing so Australians have a right to ask why Labor is cutting funding at a time we need skills the most. National Workforce Policies
In December 2021 Minister <mask> announced a raft of new measures to equip Australia’s workforce with the skills needed to grow Australia’s prosperity. He also released the first State of the Skills Report, delivered by the National Skills Commission. He said:The Morrison Government will deliver a range of measures designed to build workforce capability, support job mobility and ensure challenges such as workforce shortages, the accelerated pace of change with increased use of digital technology, and more flexible ways of working were addressed.Australia’s continued prosperity depends on a workforce with the right skills to meet the demands of the economy and community, as well as the agility to rise to the opportunities presented by emerging industries. I’m also announcing a range of measures designed to help Australians connect to meaningful employment and inform and empower industry to play the important role of attracting and retaining employees. National Trucking Apprenticeship
In December 2021 Minister <mask> and Assistant Minister for Road Safety and Freight Transport Scott Buchholz launched the first Trucking Apprenticeship in Australia’s history. This was welcomed by Prime Minister Scott Morrison who said a new national trucking apprenticeship was a critical step to address a potential shortfall in the trucking workforce while meeting supply chain challenges. Proportion of Australian businesses with apprentices and trainees
In February 2022 Australia’s official skills and training data institute the National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER) found the proportion of Australian businesses with apprentices and trainees is at its highest level since 2011 as a result of the Morrison Government’s skills policies. Australian Labour Force - January 2022
In February 2022 Minister <mask> confirmed that the Australian economy remained creating jobs through the peak of the Omicron surge with almost 13,000 jobs added to hit a record high at the same time as female workforce participation hit the highest level on record. Labour force figures released by the ABS confirmed that seasonally adjusted employment increased by 12,900 in January 2022, within the range of market expectations, to stand at a record high of 13,255,000.Employment is now 259,500 (or 2.0%) above the level recorded in March 2020 (when Australia recorded its 100th case of COVID-19). Education and Youth
In December 2021 Minister <mask> was appointed as Acting Minister for Education and Youth following Alan Tudge standing aside from his portfolio pending an investigation by the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet after his former lover and staffer accused him of emotional, and in one case physical, abuse. Preschool Agreements
Minister <mask> concluded a series of preschool funding agreements in late 2021 and early 2022 encompassing Australia. On 6 December 2021  the New South Wales and Commonwealth governments signed a $840 million preschool funding agreement that will benefit 400,000 children over four years. On 12 December 2021 the Victorian and Commonwealth governments signed a $514 million preschool funding agreement that will benefit around 330,000 Victorian children in Four-Year-Old Kindergarten over the next four years. On 20 December 2021 the Commonwealth and South Australian governments signed a $113 million preschool funding agreement that will benefit about 80,000 South Australian children in the year before school over the next four years. On 20 December 2021 the Commonwealth and Northern Territory governments signed a $20 million preschool funding agreement that will benefit up to 14,000 NT children in the year before school over the next four years.On 30 December 2021 the Commonwealth and Australian Capital Territory governments signed a $40 million preschool funding agreement that will benefit up to 25,000 ACT children in the year before school over the next four years. On 30 December 2021 the Commonwealth and Queensland governments have signed a $360 million preschool funding agreement that will benefit more than 250,000 Queensland children in the year before school over the next four years. On 18 February 2022 Minister <mask> announced the Commonwealth and Western Australian (WA) governments have signed a preschool funding agreement that will benefit more than 130,000 Western Australian children in the year before school over the next four years. Reopening of Schools
In January 2022 Minister <mask> welcomed the reopening of Australian schools that had been disrupted due to the COVID pandemic. More than four million school students went back into classrooms across Australia. To support the safe return to school this year, National Cabinet agreed to nationally consistent approach to managing COVID-19 in schools to provide greater certainty for school communities and to give children the opportunity to continue their learning and development with minimal interruption. University Research Commercialisation Action Plan
In February 2022 Minister <mask> announced a $2.2 billion University Research Commercialisation Action Plan.The Action Plan will drive reforms in four areas:

 placing national manufacturing priorities at the core of Australian Government-funded research
 priority-driven schemes to ramp up commercialisation activity
 university research funding reform to strengthen incentives for genuine collaboration with industry, and
 investing in people who are skilled in university–industry collaboration. The mechanisms to drive these reforms are:

 $243 million over five years for the Trailblazer Universities program to boost prioritised R&D and drive commercialisation outcomes with industry partners
 $1.6 billion over 10 years for Australia’s Economic Accelerator – a new stage-gated competitive funding program to help university projects bridge the so called ‘valley of death’ on the road to commercialisation
 a $150 million capital injection to expand the CSIRO Main Sequence Ventures program, which backs start-up companies and helps create commercial opportunities from Australian research
 $296 million to be invested in 1800 industry PhDs and over 800 in fellows over 10 years
 the creation of a new IP Framework for universities to support greater university-industry collaboration and the uptake of research outputs. Childcare

Omicron Supports
In January 2022 Minister Rober announced a range of targeted measures to provide support to Australian families and the child care sector during the COVID-19 Omicron wave. Families were provided unlimited additional allowable absences during the peak of the Omicron wave, while children who were at high risk had the gap fee waived if they could not attend care. The Government also broadened the gap fee waiver for all children so a service could still receive the CCS if it closed, or partially closed, due to not being able to meet educator to child ratios due to COVID-19 or if it was following health guidelines. StartingBlocks
On 11 February 2022 Minister <mask> launched the Morrison Government’s new website: StartingBlocks.gov.au. The free service allows families to find local childcare services, view vacancies, compare costs, and check official quality ratings, including safety.Record Schools Funding
On 14 February 2022 a Productivity Commission report found the share of public expenditure on all schools provided by the Australian Government increased from 26.3 per cent in 2012–2013 to 31.7 per cent in 2019–2020. The Government said it demonstrated Morrison Government continues to deliver record school funding to support the educational needs of Australian students. Holocaust Museums

Canberra
In January 2022 Minister <mask> announced the Morrison Government would provide an additional $1.3 million to establish the Canberra Holocaust Museum and Education Centre as part of an ongoing commitment to support Holocaust awareness in Australia. The announcement was made on International Holocaust Remembrance Day. He said: Today we remember those who lost their lives and reflect on the devastating impact of the Holocaust on the international Jewish community. We owe it to those who died or lost loved ones to ensure this dark period of history is never forgotten and never repeated, and educating future generations has a key role to play in achieving this. Darwin
In February 2022 Minister <mask> announced Australia will have a Holocaust memorial in each state and territory after the Morrison Government committed $750,000 toward the establishment of a Holocaust museum in Darwin.He said: It is vital we never forget the Holocaust and this investment will ensure we have dedicated spaces to remember those who lost their lives and reflect on the devastating impact of the Holocaust on the international Jewish community. Previous Policy stances
<mask> is a member of the Centre-Right faction of the Liberal Party. <mask> is an advocate of reforming the indexation rules surrounding military superannuation in both the Defence Force Retirements Benefits scheme and the Defence Force Retirement & Death Benefits scheme. He has spoken in Parliament on a number of occasions to argue that these indexation rules should reflect the "unique nature of military service". He has stated that such service deserves a superannuation scheme with fair indexation that is "indexed in the same way as the age pension and service pensions for those aged 55 and over". <mask> has also criticised Labor and the Australian Greens for their lack of policy in this area. In 2012 Labor sought to remove the entitlement from currently serving members of the Australian Defence Force who are single which allows them one free annual trip home.<mask> argued against removing this entitlement. <mask> believes the realities of war pose different kinds of physical challenges "On a route fitness assessment you may be forced to carry 25 kg"..."But can you carry that weight when you haven't slept for days? Can you carry that weight after parachuting in the rain and landing in the mud?" He has also rejected comparisons from critics who point to countries like Israel, which has women in frontline roles, stating that Israel has regional threats that cannot be translated to Australia. <mask> further said that women in such positions pose a security risk as hostages, stating that male soldiers would react to female soldiers being tortured differently, potentially endangering troops or causing them to reveal state secrets. "The attitude with men [in capture] is just 'Suck it in and welcome to captivity,' but if they watching a woman suffer like that, it's a whole different ball game." Controversies

China trip and resignation from ministry
On 18 August 2014, <mask> attended an event in Beijing, China, at which a mining deal between Australian company Nimrod Resources and Chinese state-controlled corporation China Minmetals was signed.In February 2016, when details of the trip were released, the Opposition called <mask>'s presence at the signing "inappropriate", because Nimrod chairman Paul Marks was a friend of his, as well as being a substantial donor to the Liberal Party. <mask> claimed that the trip was in a "private capacity", and not official government business. In a subsequent Senate Estimates Committee hearing, officials from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) stated that the department had not been informed of the trip until <mask> had returned, and that it appeared that Chinese officials at the event were under the impression that <mask> was present as an Australian government minister. Prime Minister Turnbull asked his department secretary, Martin Parkinson, to investigate and report on the circumstances of <mask>'s visit to China, to determine if he had breached ministerial standards of conduct. On 12 February 2016, <mask> announced his resignation from the First Turnbull Ministry as part of a broader reshuffle triggered by the resignation of Andrew Robb and Warren Truss. Robodebt
<mask> was criticised for his involvement in establishing the controversial Robodebt scheme during his time as minister for government services. The scheme saw hundreds of thousands of people issued with computer-generated debt notices, some of which made demands for payment from people who did not owe the Government any money, and led to a mammoth $1.23 billion refund and compensation settlement in November 2020.<mask> defended Robodebt until in 2020 it was found unlawful by Australian courts, which ordered the government to return $721 million in returned welfare payments. Crime and Corruption Commission – Operation Belcarra
In March 2017, it was revealed that <mask> would appear at a public hearing of the Queensland Crime and Corruption Commission named Operation Belcarra, inquiring into the possibly illegal conduct of candidates in some local government elections. It was alleged that some candidates had formed an undeclared group, and provided an electoral funding and financial disclosure return that was false or misleading. The Crime and Corruption Commission found it would "not be in the public interest" to take any further action. Possible breaches of Constitution and company law
In 2017, it was revealed that GMT Group, a company that <mask> had founded, had been awarded government contracts worth millions of dollars. This may have meant that, at past elections, he had been ineligible for election to Parliament under Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia; <mask>'s situation had similarities to that of Bob Day, who had been disqualified under s. 44. However, because <mask> had been re-elected to Parliament after relinquishing his interests in the company, there was no possibility of the previous elections
being challenged in the High Court.It has also been reported that <mask>'s parents were listed as the directors of his company for six years without their knowledge. Australian Securities and Investments Commission investigated the claims. Internet usage
In October 2018, Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced that he had asked the Special Minister of State, Alex Hawke, to investigate Mr <mask>'s internet bills. Mr <mask>'s internet usage is funded by taxpayers and concerns were raised about excessive bills. Although the plan had been approved by the Department of Finance, the Department said that they had warned <mask> 'multiple times' about the unusually high costs of his home internet. <mask> voluntarily repaid $37,975 of claimed allowance. Incorrect claims of cyberattack on the MyGov system
In March 2020, during the Australian coronavirus pandemic, the government's digital welfare platform, MyGov failed with indications it had suffered a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack.<mask> stated in a press conference the failure was due to a DDoS attack – where a service is targeted and attempted to be overwhelmed in traffic until it becomes inaccessible to regular users. “MyGov has not been offline, it’s simply suffered from a distributed denial of service attack this morning,” he said. Later he corrected the claim following further advice, with commentators incredulous that the Minister had said 'my bad' during the retraction. Business connection with Cryo Australia
In October 2018, a newspaper revealed <mask> had joined a business selling cryotherapy devices. The business founder, also a director of the company, was a convicted rapist who at the time was before Queensland’s highest court on appeal against the conviction. <mask> said he did not realise the background of the company’s founder and director until contacted by the media. <mask> resigned his director's position after two and a half weeks.Cryo Australia was liquidated shortly thereafter and <mask> reportedly "lost a huge sum of money". ARC grants vetoed
The principal source of research grants for Australian academics is the independent Australian Research Council (ARC). Applications are expertly assessed and among the criteria are tests for "the national interest". In the 2021 round, for projects to begin in 2022, the ARC approved nearly 600 grants. <mask>, as acting education minister, vetoed six grants in the humanities as, in his own view, failing the national interest tests. He was criticised  by academics and politicians for: interference with expert evaluation, delay in making his decision and announcing it "under cover" of Christmas Eve. Personal life
<mask> was married in 1996 to his wife Chantelle and has three sons.References

External links
 - <mask>'s political website

1970 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Liberal National Party of Queensland members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Fadden
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Queensland University of Technology alumni
University of New South Wales alumni
Government ministers of Australia
Australian Army officers
Graduates of the Australian Defence Force Academy
Royal Military College, Duntroon graduates
Abbott Government
Turnbull Government
21st-century Australian politicians
Morrison Government
Australian

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<mask>-Cyr, 1st Marquis of Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (13 April 1764 – 17 March 1830) was a French military commander in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars who rose to the rank of Marshal of the Empire. He is regarded as Napoleon's finest commander in defensive warfare. Early life
He was born <mask>uvion in Toul, Three Bishoprics (now Meurthe-et-Moselle), the eldest child of Jean-Baptiste Gouvion, a tanner, and his wife Anne-Marie Mercier. He adopted the name Saint-Cyr after his mother, who had abandoned him at an early age. He went to Rome when he was eighteen in order to study painting, but, although he continued his artistic studies after his return to Paris in 1784, he never adopted the profession of a painter. He married Anne Gouvion (Toul, 2 November 1775 - Paris, 18 June 1844) and had issue, including <mask>, Marquis <mask>uvion Saint-Cyr (30 December 1815 - 30 January 1904), married in Saint-Bouize on 17 August 1847 to <mask> (5 November 1828 - 14 April 1880), daughter of Marthe Camille Bachasson, Count of Montalivet, and had issue. Revolutionary Wars

In 1792, Saint-Cyr was chosen as a captain in a volunteer battalion and served on the staff of General Custine.Promotion rapidly followed, and in the course of two years he rose to chef de brigade, général de brigade and général de division. He commanded the centre division of Jean Victor Marie Moreau's army in the Rhine Campaign of 1796, aiding in the celebrated retreat from Bavaria to the Rhine. In 1798 he succeeded André Masséna in the command of the army of Italy. In the following year he commanded the left wing of Jean-Baptiste Jourdan's army fighting in Germany; when Jourdan was succeeded by Masséna, he joined the army of Moreau in Italy, where he distinguished himself in face of the great difficulties that followed the defeat of Novi. Moreau disliked Saint-Cyr for his sense of righteousness and incorruptibility. Rumours were soon spreading that Saint-Cyr was a "bad bed fellow". Moreau also accused him of not supporting his brother generals, though General Ney and Davout often thanked him for his support after battles.In 1800, when Moreau was appointed to the command of the army of the Rhine, Saint-Cyr was named his principal lieutenant, and on 9 May gained a victory over General Kray at Biberach. He was not, however, on good terms with his commander and retired to France after the first operations of the campaign. In 1801, Saint-Cyr was sent to Spain to command the army intended for the invasion of Portugal (see War of the Oranges), and was named grand officer of the Legion of Honour. When a treaty of peace was shortly afterwards concluded with Portugal, he succeeded Lucien Bonaparte as ambassador at Madrid. Napoleonic Wars
Saint-Cyr was a stoic in an age of pragmatism and glory. His refusal to sign the proclamation of congratulation for declaring the birth of the empire resulted in his name not being included in the first list of Napoleonic Marshals, while commanders such as Jean Lannes, Jean-Baptiste Bessières and Jean-<mask>-Dieu Soult who had not had independent command experience were included. For the whole of his life Saint-Cyr believed that Napoleon deliberately refused him troops just to disgrace him.In 1803, he was appointed to the command of an army corps in Italy. In 1805, he served with distinction under Masséna, and in 1806, he was engaged in the French invasion of Naples. When he returned to Paris to protest his treatment in Naples, Napoleon sent him back to his post on pain of death. He took part in the 1807 campaigns in Prussia and Poland, and in 1808, in which year he was made a count, he commanded an army corps in Catalonia; but, not wishing to comply with certain orders he received from Paris, he resigned his command and remained in disgrace till 1811. He was still a général de division, having been excluded from the first list of marshals. On the opening of the Russian campaign, Saint-Cyr received command of the VI Corps, and on 18 August 1812 won a victory over the Russians at Polotsk, in recognition of which he was made a marshal. The Russians, under <mask> Tolly, were burning everything as they retreated back towards Moscow, and had just burned nearby Smolensk.It was just prior to the victory at Polotsk on the banks of the Daugava river, however, that Oudinot was wounded, and thus Saint-Cyr assumed his command. In October 1812, Saint-Cyr was driven out of Polotsk. He received a severe wound in one of the battles during the general retreat. Saint-Cyr distinguished himself at the Battle of Dresden (26–27 August 1813) and in the city's defence against the Allies after the Battle of Leipzig, capitulating only on 11 November, when Napoleon had retreated to the Rhine. In this year, Saint Cyr's relation with the Emperor warmed as Napoleon commented that Saint Cyr had no match in all of the marshalate and was the equal of Napoleon himself in defence. On the day he received his baton, he wrote a lengthy letter to his wife, and, true to his character, he devoted only one line to his promotion. Last years
During the Bourbon Restoration, Saint-Cyr was created a Peer of France, and in July 1815 was appointed War Minister, but resigned his office in the following November.During this appointment he tried to assist long-time friend and fellow marshal Michel Ney by providing him a jury of four other Napoleonic Marshals, but was disgraced when Marshal Moncey refused to even sit in it. In June 1817, he was appointed Marine Minister, a pretext for him to resume the place of War Minister, which he did in September and continued to discharge till November 1819. During this time he initiated many reforms, particularly in respect of measures tending to make the army a national rather than a dynastic force. He made efforts to safeguard the rights of veteran soldiers of the Empire, organized the General Staff, and revised the code of military law and the pension regulations. He was made a marquess in 1817. Saint-Cyr died on 17 March 1830 in Hyères, a town in the southeast of France. In literature
Marshal Saint-Cyr is mentioned in Joseph Conrad's short story "The Duel" (as well as Ridley Scott's film adaptation The Duellists) as the commander of Armand d'Hubert after the second and final restoration of Louis XVIII as King of France.Writings
Journal des opérations de l'armée de Catalogne en 1808 et 1809 (Paris, 1821)
Mémoires sur les campagnes des armées de Rhin et de Rhin-et-Moselle de 1794 à 1797 (Paris, 1829)
Mémoires pour servir de l'histoire militaire sous le Directoire, le Consulat et l'Empire (1831)

References
  In turn, it cites as reference Léonard Honoré <mask> Vernon's Vie de Gouvion Saint-Cyr (1857)
Chandler, David (editor). Napoleon's Marshals. London: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987. 1764 births
1830 deaths
People from Toul
Counts of the First French Empire
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Ministers of Marine and the Colonies
French Ministers of War
French memoirists
Marquesses of Gouvion Saint-Cyr
Marshals of the First French Empire
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Peers of France
19th-century French male writers
Politicians of the Bourbon Restoration
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
19th-century memoirists

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<mask> (born 3 January 1989) is an English cricketer. He is a right-handed opening batsman who currently plays for Nottinghamshire. He made his One Day International debut against India in August 2014 and his Test cricket debut against South Africa in December 2015. Hales is the first English batsman to score a T20I century. He is also the first batsman to be dismissed for 99 in an ODI and a T20I. <mask> was born in Hillingdon and attended both Westbrook Hay School and Chesham High School (now Chesham Grammar School) in Buckinghamshire. His father Gary broke several local batting records (including 321 not out for Gerrards Cross versus Chalfont St Peter in a limited overs league match) while his grandfather Dennis was a talented tennis player who once forced Rod Laver to five sets at Wimbledon.Domestic career

County cricket
Hales first came to national attention in 2005 when, as a sixteen-year-old, he hit 55 off a single over (three no-balls, eight sixes, one four) in a Cricket Idol T20 tournament at Lords. Ironically, he had been picked for his fast bowling ability. Hales first represented Buckinghamshire in Minor Counties cricket during the 2006 season, and played for MCC Young Cricketers in the Second XI Championship of 2007. He then impressed whilst trialling with Nottinghamshire in 2007, scoring 218 in only his second appearance for the county, following it up with a hundred and two 95s. Notts offered him a two-year contract until the end of the 2009 season. He made his List A debut in a rain-affected match against Leicestershire in May 2008 and his first-class debut against Somerset in September 2008. During the 2009 season, after an impressive start, he signed a new two-year contract extension.On 29 August 2009, <mask> hit the top score in the Pro40 2009, 150 off 102 balls for Nottinghamshire against Worcestershire at Trent Bridge. In July 2011, Hales made a century for Nottinghamshire in the county championship, a score that, according to Cricinfo marked him as "beginning to warrant the attention of the England selectors": it was the second century of his first-class career. He went on to make 184. In May 2015, <mask> hit six consecutive sixes across two overs on the opening day of the NatWest t20 Blast in his 86 not out against Birmingham. On 5 August 2017, Hales hit 95 off 30 balls against Durham in the T-20 Blast competition. England
Hales represented England U19s in the summer of 2008 in a series of youth Test matches and ODIs against a touring New Zealand U19's, enjoying a successful time averaging 50 in the Tests and over 30 in the ODIs, including 3 half centuries. After just one season on the county circuit he was named in an England Performance Programme squad in the 09/10 winter.In the 2011 summer he was selected for the England Lions against Sri Lanka and was chosen for all the matches. 2011–2012 India, West Indies and World T20
Following an impressive year in domestic Twenty20, he was selected for the senior England squad to play India. He scored a two-ball duck on debut, however in the following series against the West Indies, he scored an unbeaten 62 in a 128-run stand with Craig Kieswetter as England won by 10 wickets. Hales kept his place in the side for the T20 match against India, but only scored 11 runs off 19 balls. On 24 June 2012, England achieved their highest successful chase in Twenty20 internationals. Hales was man of the match, after scoring 99 before losing his wicket to a yorker bowled by Rampaul with the game almost won. Hales played in both games against South Africa, making scores of 11 in both innings, although he remained unbeaten in the second as the match was rained off.<mask> is the only batsman to be dismissed for 99 in a T20I innings. Now an integral part of England's T20 team, Hales played in the 2012 ICC World Twenty20. England beat Afghanistan to qualify from the group, with <mask> being run out on 31. However, England were bowled out for 80 in the next game against India. In the super 8 stage, Hales again batted well against the West Indies, scoring 68.In that match against West Indies he along with Eoin Morgan set the record for the highest 4th wicket partnership in ICC World T20 history(107). After beating New Zealand, England lost to Sri Lanka, with Hales being dismissed for just 3, meaning England were knocked out of the tournament. 2013–2014 New Zealand, Australia and T20 World Cup

Hales played in all three T20 games against New Zealand, now batting with his county teammate Michael Lumb.He made scores of 21, 5 and 80. In the third match of the series, in which Hales made 80, he participated in a 143 opening partnership with Lumb as England won by 10 wickets. In the return series <mask> made 39 before the final match was abandoned. <mask> made 94 in the second match against Australia, as he consolidated his position at the top of the ICC player rankings. Hales was less effective in the away series in Australia, scoring 22, 16 and 6. He was then selected in the limited overs tour of West Indies, where he was also expected to play in his first ODI. However, injury meant he could only play in the T20 series, where he made scores of 3, 40 and 38.England were drawn in a tough group for the 2014 World T20. Hales made a second ball duck in the first match against New Zealand, but followed this up by an unbeaten 116 against Sri Lanka. In doing so he became the first Englishman to score a T20I century. In that same match he along with Eoin Morgan set the record for the highest 3rd wicket partnership in T20 World Cup history(152). However, although Hales made 38 against South Africa, England lost and were knocked out of the competition. They then suffered a humiliating defeat against the Netherlands in their final match, in which Hales made 12 as England were bowled out for 88. 2014 Sri Lanka and India

<mask> kept his place in the team for Peter Moores first game in charge of the T20 side against Sr Lanka.Although England lost, <mask> top scored with 66. <mask> made his long-awaited ODI debut in the series against India. He started well, making scores of 42 and 40 in his first two games although England went on to lose them both. In the final two games of the series, he could only manage scores of 6 and 4 as England lost the series 3–1. He returned to form in the only T20 match between the two sides, hitting 40 to help England win the game. He was selected in the squad for the series against Sri Lanka, but was surprisingly dropped for the first two games. He made 27 when he was recalled for the third ODI, batting in the middle order.In the fourth ODI he replaced suspended captain Alistair Cook at the top of the order, but was dismissed for a first ball duck. He made seven in the final match of the series. 2015 World Cup
Hales was overlooked for the start of England's World Cup campaign and did not play until the must-win game against Bangladesh. He made 27 as England lost the game to go out of the tournament. He played in the final game against Afghanistan, making 37 as England won the match by nine wickets. 2015 New Zealand
<mask> was included in the squad for the five-ODI series at home against New Zealand. He scored 20 in the first match, but England went on to win by 210 runs.In the second ODI <mask> performed more strongly, scoring 54 off 49 balls, but England lost by 13 runs in a close match. England lost the third ODI by 3 wickets, with Hales making 23. In the fourth ODI <mask> scored 67 off 38 balls as England won by seven wickets. In the final game of the series, <mask> was out for just one, but England went on to win the game by three wickets and the series 3–2. He made 27 as England won the one-off T20 match between the two sides. 2015 Australia
In the only T20 between the two sides, Hales made just three, but England went on to win the game by five runs. Hales had a poor start to the ODI series, scoring 22 in the first game and 18 in the second, as England lost both games to go 2-0 down in the series.However, England won the third game, despite Hales continuing to struggle for form. In the fourth match, Hales was out for a duck, but England chased down Australia's total of 299 to level the five match series 2-2. Hales poor series ended with a score in 4 in the final game, which England lost to hand the series to Australia. 2015 Pakistan

Despite being included in the Test squad to face Pakistan, <mask> did not play in any Tests. He came into the side for the ODI series, and made in ten as England lost their opening game. He ended his poor run of form in the second match of the series, scoring 109 as England won by 95 runs. He made a score of 30 in the next match as England recorded a six wicket win to go 2-1 up in the series.England won the final game of the series, with Hales making a score of 22, to help England to a 3–1 series win. 2016 South Africa
In the one-day series again Pakistan in the UAE, BBC Sport commentator Jonathan Agnew stated that Hales' technique was simply too fallible outside off stump, planting his front foot on middle stump and playing with a bat two feet away from his body. Agnew surmised that whilst in 20 and 50 over cricket with no slips Hales could get away with this issue, in test cricket he could not. In the first three tests in South Africa, Hales' technique was cruelly exposed by their fast-bowling attack. In the first Tests he made scores of 10 and 26, although England went on to win the game by 241 runs. In a high scoring second Test, <mask> made 60 in the first innings but was dismissed for just five in the second. In the third Test, he was out for one in the first innings as England made 323.He was out for 18 in the second innings, as England went onto secure a seven wicket victory. In the final match of the series, he again struggled, and after making 15 in the first innings, he was out for just one in the second innings as England were bowled out for just 101. Despite the heavy defeat, England won the series 2–1. However, in the ODI series, Hales returned to form in spectacular style. He scored 4 consecutive fifties and a century to garner Man of the Series. In the first ODI, Hales scored 57 off just 47 balls to put behind the poor Test series. He then went on to score 99 in the second ODI falling just short of

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