texts:
Thomas J<mask> (born 1952) is an American audio engineer, electrical engineer and inventor, the holder of multiple patents for audio transducers, especially high-linearity, high-output professional horn loudspeaker systems. <mask> first gained notice in the 1980s with his novel servomotor-driven subwoofer systems used to reproduce very low frequencies in concert tours and theme parks. In 2000 he advanced the implementation of multiple-entry horns in 2000 with several designs led by the SPL-td1, a seven-driver loudspeaker. In 2005, he started a new company, Danley Sound Labs, through which he patented further technologies and produced a wide variety of loudspeaker models based on these technologies. Early life and career
<mask> was raised in the northern area of Illinois, around Highland Park, north of Chicago. His father and brother were mechanically inclined, and taught Danley how to use the workshop tools. Danley studied mechanisms by taking them apart, and he learned to arc weld by age 12.He attended Deerfield High School, obtaining his diploma in five years instead of four. He later said, "I took every shop class there was, but I had an attendance problem and math was my weakest thing." One of his friends from mechanical drawing class was T.C. Furlong, who later became an equipment manufacturer and event production company owner. During and after high school, Danley worked as an electronic technician, and he played bass guitar in several bands. He fabricated his own tube amplifiers. After a few years, he joined Steamer Sound, the audio production company founded in 1973 by Furlong.<mask> designed loudspeakers for the company, and for individual musicians such as keyboardist Joan Gand. In 1974, he brought a reel-to-reel tape recorder to the Alley, a nightclub in Highwood owned by Furlong, to record the performance of the John Burns Band (the son of Jethro Burns) as he mixed their set. <mask> was amazed when he listened to the tape after the show; the tape held a wider frequency range, a higher fidelity experience than was heard at the nightclub. He realized that the loudspeakers must have been a significant limiting factor. <mask> left Steamer Sound to work as an electronics technician at Data Specialties in Northbrook, where in 1976 he first used a computer – a Commodore VIC-20 – to write a program to perform the math calculations he needed at work. He was repairing teleprinters and punch card readers, and had almost given up on concert audio in his career. Intersonics
In 1979, a co-worker recommended a job offering nearby at Intersonics, a contractor to NASA, supplying hardware for rocketry research.<mask> invented many devices while at Intersonics, obtaining 17 patents. The inventions include a high-powered acoustic levitator, a sonic-boom generator used by BBN Technologies, and a multi-enclosure Flow Modulator loudspeaker system used by Georgia Tech Research Institute and NASA for vibration tests on rocket payloads. Danley designed and built major components of the payload on Space Shuttle flights STS-7 in 1983 and STS-51-A in 1984. ServoDrive
<mask> experimented on his own with a loudspeaker based on the servomotor, and showed the third prototype to his employer. When he asked permission to use this technology to create a subwoofer product line for concerts and touring sound systems, Intersonics president Roy Whymark said yes, but only if the effort did not interfere with <mask>'s other responsibilities at Intersonics. Danley designed a variety of models including W bins, seeing the most success with the folded horn BassTech 7 subwoofer which performed very well. ServoDrive became the professional audio division of Intersonics.The BassTech 7 was used to great acclaim by Clair Brothers on the North American legs of Michael Jackson's Thriller tour and U2's the Unforgettable Fire tour, both in 1984. Clair typically used a dozen Danley subwoofers as the lowest element of a 5-way system, to fill the bottom octave. Other large purchasers of the BassTech 7 included Disney with about 500 units in Europe and the U.S., and in Las Vegas, the hotels Mirage and Treasure Island which used the BassTech 7 for special effects. The BassTech 7 drive unit was essentially a cube holding two opposing 15-inch woofers, both connected to a central servo motor by way of shafts and flexible belts. The enclosure included Danley's patented cooling fan powered by a DC-rectified portion of the audio signal, kicking in only at high voltage levels. The servo motors in the subwoofer allowed for 3 to 4 times as much peak-to-peak deflection of the woofer cones, compared to what was available at the time with conventional magnetic coil woofers. Additionally, the servo design greatly reduced the common problem of power compression, in which a driver heats up and sound output drops.The servo motor can change direction very quickly, easily allowing an upper frequency response of 125 Hz down to 28 Hz with less than 2% harmonic distortion. Trouble arose with the belt material, which was modified several times by the supplier without notice, resulting in driver failures. Both Intersonics and the ServoDrive division grew in the mid-1980s. A turning point was the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986, which damped the mood and the business climate in the aerospace industry, and brought delays and cancellations of contracts. Around 1986 a request came in to Intersonics from Cornell University for a low frequency subwoofer loudspeaker intended to reproduce elephant vocalizations in Kenya. Dr. Joyce Poole and Katy Payne of the Amboseli Elephant Research Project asked for a custom loudspeaker that would fit inside a sport utility vehicle, and provide strong output down to 14 Hz. <mask> designed the Pachyderm 6, an enclosure with two 15-inch drivers connected to a servo motor, and four 18-inch passive radiators.The output at 14 Hz was measured at about 115 dB with about 200 watts from the amplifier. Based on this, another subwoofer model produced by ServoDrive was the Contrabass in 1987, similar to the Pachyderm 6 but with a smaller enclosure and half the number of passive radiators. The frequency response also reached down to 14 Hz. The Contrabass was popular for home theater installations, including George Lucas' home. An unusual characteristic of the Contrabass was that its distortion components went down as sound pressure level went up, until 105 decibels was reached. Sound Physics Labs
Intersonics determined to close the ServoDrive division, as it was considered a distraction from aerospace work. To save the firm, <mask> teamed with Bradford Skuran, a guitarist he had played with in his youth, to form a new company: Sound Physics Labs (SPL).SPL bought ServoDrive and continued to produce and service the subwoofers, as well as to design new loudspeakers. Multiple entry horns
In the late 1990s, <mask> designed the SPL-td1, his first trapezoidal "top box" intended to deliver the mid- and high frequency sounds to complement a subwoofer. The SPL-td1, produced in 2000, was a 3-way speaker which used seven drivers exiting into the same horn to deliver greater coherence. The SPL-td1 was used in many installations and concerts, including the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. <mask>'s 3-way design was an improvement on the 2-way CoEntrant patent by Ralph Heinz in 1996. In 2001, <mask> began developing the "Unity" horn for license to Yorkville Sound, patenting the improvement in 2002. In 2003, Yorkville released their Unity line of loudspeakers, using <mask>'s Unity horn design for the mid-range and high frequency bandpasses.Further modifications to the SPL-td1 concept came with the SPL-td2 providing improved phase/time linearity, the smaller and lighter SPL-runt, and the larger SPL-trik containing nine drivers. LAB subwoofer
In the early 2000s, <mask> was participating in online discussions at Dave Stevens' Live Audio Board (LAB), a bulletin board system which was later hosted by ProSoundWeb. A number of LAB users wished to collaborate on a do-it-yourself (DIY) subwoofer design. Danley discussed the benefits and tradeoffs of horn versus front-loaded subwoofers, and offered to model a horn enclosure based on the desired size, frequency response and power handling. He "spearheaded" the effort which in February 2002 resulted in <mask> posting the design of a  snail-shell folded-horn subwoofer using two 12-inch drivers at the horn throat. (This was the exact same enclosure size as the BassTech 7, with similarities in the internal folding of the horn.) Eminence, an American speaker company who was also participating in the discussions, designed a custom 12-inch driver to meet the requirements: the LAB12.The LAB Sub, also called the LAB horn, was a heavy subwoofer optimized for operation as four enclosures strapped together in a 2×2 "cube" configuration, to increase the effective mouth size and achieve a low frequency of 32 Hz. <mask>'s conceptual design (he never built one) was given freely to the public domain, and proved to be influential as the first DIY folded horn subwoofer. Danley Sound Labs
Danley partnered with entrepreneur Mike Hedden in 2005 to form Danley Sound Labs (DSL), a loudspeaker company based in Gainesville, Georgia, near Atlanta. Previously, Hedden had been the owner of dB Audio & Video, an A/V contractor who was the largest distributor of SPL loudspeakers. For the first ten years of DSL, <mask> contributed design ideas while continuing to live in Illinois. In 2015, he moved to Georgia. The first product was the SH100, an 8-inch coaxial loudspeaker intended for 300-seat churches.Technologies
<mask>'s Synergy Horn concept was an improvement on the multiple entry design of the SPL-td1. The idea is that multiple drivers in different bandpasses are combined into one horn to make a phase-accurate, constant-directivity single-point-source loudspeaker. <mask>'s Tapped Horn concept directs sound from the rear of a horn-loaded driver into ports (taps) that are vented into the horn closer to the mouth of the horn, farther from the driver at the throat of the horn. At frequences such that the wavelength is twice the distance to the taps, the waves routed inside the cabinet to exit through ports in the horn combine positively with direct sound from the front of the driver. Following the SH100, the SH50 was introduced: a 3-way, seven-driver loudspeaker, launched in November 2005. It used both the Synergy Horn and the Tapped Horn technologies to deliver coherent sound down to 50 Hz with an output pattern of

Danley's Shaded Amplitude Lens technology, patented in 2009, uses vanes to deflect portions of the high frequency driver output so that the different paths produce an output pattern appropriate for large venues, such that the farther audience hears much the same amplitude and sound fidelity as the near audience. The vanes allow the upper output pattern of the horn to be narrower than the angle of the horn walls, to carry farther without dissipating.The lower parts of the horn allow the sound to spread wider for the near audience. In 2011, <mask> filed a patent for DSL's Paraline Technology, a method of combining the output of multiple high frequency drivers into a common output chamber or horn. The waves are routed through multiple passageways defined by parallel partitions of gradient sizes. Matterhorn
In March 2007, DSL produced the Matterhorn, a single subwoofer made from an intermodal shipping container. Danley designed the Matterhorn to meet a military specification, to produce a low frequency sound in the range of 15 to 20 Hz, to be measured at 94 decibels at a distance of 250 meters. To accomplish this, Danley arranged forty 15-inch MTX subwoofer drivers in a tapped horn configuration, each driver powered by its own 1,000 watt amplifier. A diesel generator was included inside the container for operation in the field.The subwoofer has a flat frequency response from 15 to 80 Hz, and is down 3 dB at 12 Hz. The Matterhorn has been called the World's Biggest Subwoofer. Jericho Horn
In 2010, DSL introduced the Jericho Horn, a loudspeaker intended for large audiences. The Jericho Horn is a 4-way design employing six 18-inch drivers for the lows, six 6-inch drivers for the low mids, and two mid-high frequency drivers each of which carries 2-way high frequencies. The Jericho Horn incorporates Danley's patented Shaded Amplitude Lens technology. The Jericho Horn was praised in 2017 when four of the large enclosures were used for DJ sets at the Temple stage at Glastonbury Festival, along with 22 boxes of DSL TH-118 subwoofers. The Jericho Horns and subwoofers were installed and operated by Neuron Pro Audio.After hearing the sound system, festival co-founder Michael Eavis chose the Temple stage for his welcome speech rather than the main stage. Audio consultant
<mask> has consulted on acoustic issues for various projects. He appeared in the 1993 documentary The Mystery of the Sphinx to demonstrate acoustic levitation. <mask> was an early adopter of the Crown Tecron TEF (time-energy-frequency) audio analysis system, introduced in 1983, and he used a TEF-10 portable test rig to measure his audio experiments. At the request of the same documentary producer, in the 1990s Danley used a TEF-12 analyzer to assess the acoustics inside the Great Pyramid of Giza. In 2019 <mask> was recognized as an audio industry pioneer by AVIXA, the Audiovisual and Integrated Experience Association. Danley received the Adele De Berri Pioneers of AV Award.The award was presented on June 12 at the InfoComm convention held in Orlando, Florida. Personal life
<mask> has played bass guitar since high school. He was in several bands in the 1970s. When his marriage dissolved in the late 1980s, Danley raised his two daughters as a single father. References

External links
Danley Sound Labs

1952 births
American audio engineers
American electrical engineers
Living people
People from Highland Park, Illinois
Sound designers
20th-century American inventors
21st-century American inventors

masks:
. Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley
Danley


type: original

texts:
<mask> (25 September 1810 – 29 May 1889) was a Bishop of the Evangelical Association in the United States, elected in 1859. Birth, ancestry and family
<mask> was born near Orwigsburg, Pennsylvania into a faithful Evangelical home. Orwigsburg was named in honor of his great-grandfather <mask>, who emigrated from Germany and settled there in 1741. The home of <mask>'s grandfather, <mask>, Sr., was a preaching point where Jacob Albright was often a welcome guest. <mask>'s father, Abraham, moved to Union County, northwest of New Berlin, Pennsylvania, in 1811. <mask>'s uncle George settled in Sandusky County, Ohio in 1826. <mask>'s brother Abraham was a pioneer of the Evangelical Association Church in Bonfield, Illinois.<mask> was married to Susanna Rishel, who was a brave and gracious helpmate to him. She was the daughter of George and Catharine Rishel, a prominent Evangelical family in Centre County, Pennsylvania. <mask> and Susan's eldest son was the well-known Rev. A.W<mask>, who died at the advanced age (for the time) of ninety-one. He was a member of the Ohio Conference of the Evangelical Association, and was an editor and author. Among their daughters were Mary (the wife of the Rev.Josiah Bowersox, missionary to Oregon), Susan (the wife of the Rev. Elisha A. Hoffman, and a poet and hymn writer in her own right), Elizabeth (the wife of the Rev. S.L<mask>), Addie (the wife of Isaac Y. Moyer, a noted Cleveland layman of the Church). Conversion and early ministry
<mask> was converted 4 June 1826 at the age of fifteen. He was received into the ministry in the Eastern Annual Conference of the Evangelical Association, 2 June 1828. He served as an itinerant circuit rider for several years.One of his circuits had thirty-two preaching points scattered through five counties. He was appointed Presiding Elder at the age of twenty-three. Editorial ministry
The 1836 General Conference of the Evangelical Association elected Orwig Book Agent and Editor. His headquarters became New Berlin, Pennsylvania, opening in 1837. He bought his denomination's first printing press! The 1839 General Conference relieved him of the office of Publisher and made him Editor of Der Christliche Botschafter (The Christian [or Christ's]  Ambassador), the official German language periodical of the Evangelical Association. Charles Hammer, also from Orwigsburg, was elected Publisher.Der Christliche Botschafter
The first religious paper in the German language in America,  Der Christliche Botschafter was founded in 1836. It became a stimulus to the rapid growth of the Evangelical Association, and a valuable means of recording the progressive movements of the denomination. Always held in high esteem, the pioneer preachers made diligent efforts to place it in the homes of all their members and converts. It was a significant agency in building Christian and denominational bonds. Other notable accomplishments
<mask> wrote the first history of the Evangelical Association in 1854. He was one of the founders of the Missionary Society of his Church, also serving as one of its early officers. He was a pioneer and a pathfinder.He boldly advocated for higher education and was instrumental in starting the first educational institution of his denomination. Episcopal ministry
The 1859 General Conference, meeting in Naperville, Illinois, elected <mask><mask> to the episcopacy. He served in this position only four years, however, his health proving insufficient to the task. In 1863, therefore, he was made Editor again as well as Treasurer of the Missionary Society. Later he served as a Presiding Elder in the Erie Annual Conference of his denomination until he retired. <mask> the Evangelical
According to one biographer, Rev. <mask> was an "up-to-date man," not afraid to advocate new movements and new ideas.He was conservative, yet aggressive, willing to fight for his convictions. He was a student, well versed in many lines of literature. <mask> also was a staunch defender of the doctrines of his Church, and an especially strong proponent of the doctrine of entire sanctification as taught in the Book of Discipline of the Evangelical Association. Another historian calls <mask> "the most aggressive pioneer builder in the Evangelical Church." He was the leading spirit in launching the Sunday School movement in 1832. He promoted the cause of education, the first institution of learning, and the Charitable Society. During his lifetime, the Evangelical Association grew from a membership of just 2,000 to over 145,000.In an 1859 issue of The Evangelical Messenger, an article titled "Our New Bishop" states about Bishop <mask>:
He has a sound reliable judgment, and an unflinching firmness of character.... His predominant feature of character... is his indomitable energy, and untiring perseverance. Death and burial
Bishop <mask> died 29 May 1889 at the age of seventy-eight. The memorial report of his death expressed deep gratitude for his founding role in the Evangelical Association. "We earnestly urge all our young ministers," the report read, "to study the lives of the Fathers of our Church, praying that they may all be consecrated by the Holy Spirit as these men of God were." An appreciation
J.B. Kanaga, an important Pastor and Presiding Elder of the Evangelical Association in Ohio, and representative of the same to the great Councils of the Federated Churches of America, wrote a tribute to Bishop <mask> on the centennial of his birth (1910). He wrote:
In his preaching he was always exact, and adequate in his treatment of a subject. He was always concerned and often even anxious about his preparation.But when he came to the delivery he stood forth as a Master in Israel. Not gifted with eloquence, and I think, actually indifferent to all but apostolic unction and Gospel truth... he wrought with heroic devotion in the day of small things and the hand of that master builder was in the foundation of the Church. Selected writings
 the first history of the Evangelical Association (1854)
 Die Heils Fuelle, (translated, "Full Salvation")
 a catechism for the Evangelical Association
 a book on Pastoral Theology

See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

References
Leedy, Roy B., The Evangelical Church in Ohio (1816-1951), The Ohio Conference of the Evangelical United Brethren Church, 1959, pp. 778–780. Thumbnail Sketches of Evangelical Bishops, Raymond M. Veh, Editor. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania:  The Evangelical Publishing House, 1939. External links

American bishops
American evangelicals
1810 births
1889 deaths
Bishops of the Evangelical Association
German-language writers
American publishers (people)
19th-century American historians
19th-century American male writers
Ministers of the Evangelical United Brethren Church
19th-century American bishops
People from Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
Historians from Pennsylvania
American male non-fiction writers

masks:
William Wagner Orwig
Orwig
Gottfried Orwig
William
George Orwig
William
William
William
Orwig
William
. Orwig
. Wiest
Orwig
Orwig
William W
. Orwig
Orwig
Orwig
Orwig
Orwig
Orwig
Orwig
Orwig


texts: <mask><mask> (born 29 August 1949) is an American businessman, diplomat, former educator, author and politician. He is currently the Chairman of The Pula Group, LLC., which invests in high value opportunities in Africa. He is the non-executive chairman of the African Presidential Leadership Center, a Johannesburg-based NGO focused on leadership development and tracking economic and political trends in Africa. He established and formerly directed Boston University's African Presidential Center. Prior to this, <mask> presented his Letter of Credence as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States to the United Republic of Tanzania in September 1998. He served as the Ambassador in the traumatic period after the August 1998 bombing of the United States Embassy in Dar es Salaam. Because of his leadership, the Embassy emerged from the bombing stable, and set a new standard for U.S. embassies promoting U.S. trade and investment in Africa.<mask> worked with the Tanzanian government to enable them to become one of the first Sub-Saharan African countries to reach the decision point for debt relief under the enhanced Heavily-Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC). After his ambassadorship, <mask> received an appointment to the Faculty of the Boston University Department of International Relations, and taught a course on Africa and Globalization. He retired from Boston University in 2015. He was formerly on the Advisory Committee of the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Council of American Ambassadors. Ambassador <mask> is the author of For Such a Time as This: African Leadership Challenges (APARC Press, 2008) and Political Religion (Abingdon Press, 1995). He is also the Senior Editor of the annual African Leaders State of Africa Report and author of many articles, which have appeared in such publications as the African Business Magazine, Wall Street Journal, Denver Post, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Boston Globe, Boston Herald, USA Today, Los Angeles Times, New York Times, and Chicago Sun Times. Ambassador <mask> is a graduate of Baker University, the Interdenominational Theological Center’s Gammon Theological Seminary in Atlanta, and Harvard University Divinity School (Th.M).He is the founder and former National President of the Organization for a New Equality (ONE), which focuses on expanding economic opportunities for minorities and women. During his tenure at ONE, he helped negotiate and broker the first comprehensive community reinvestment agreement in the country. The agreement committed Boston financial institutions to $500 million in mortgage and commercial lending to low- and moderate-income and minority communities in Massachusetts. He later served on the CRA Regulatory Agency Working Group, chaired by then Comptroller of the Currency Eugene Ludwig. He was one of the architects of the regulations redefining the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), which has resulted in nearly $2 trillion in credit and capital for low- and moderate-income communities and communities of color. Prior to heading ONE, he was the Senior Minister of the historic Union United Methodist Church in Boston. In 1983, while at Union Church Stith negotiated a minority hiring pact with the Boston Globe.It was the first such agreement between a major daily newspaper and outside organization. The five year agreement included provisions for hiring, procurement, and a board appointment. He was an appointee of then Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle to the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom. He has been an adjunct faculty member at Boston College and Harvard Divinity School. He has served on the National Advisory Boards of FannieMae and Fleet InCity Bank, the editorial board of WCVB-TV, and the boards of West Insurance, Inc. and the Wang Center for Performing Arts, among others. He is the recipient of honorary doctorates from the University of South Carolina, Elizabeth City University, Clark Atlanta University, and Baker University. In addition to his role as a civic, political, and business leader, he is an avid collector of African and African American art.He is also recognized as one of the world’s foremost authorities on current political and economic trends in Africa.

masks:
Charles R
. Stith
Stith
Stith
Stith
Stith
Stith


texts:
<mask> (born April 10, 1959) is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He found widespread success in the early 1980s with the 1950s-style rockabilly group Stray Cats, and revitalized his career in the early 1990s with his swing revival band, the Brian Setzer Orchestra. In 1987, he made a cameo appearance as Eddie Cochran in the film La Bamba. Career

Stray Cats
<mask> was born April 1959 in Massapequa, New York. He started on the euphonium and played in jazz bands when he was in school. He found a way to hear jazz at the Village Vanguard, though as he got older he became more interested in rock, punk, and rockabilly. He was a member of the Bloodless Pharaohs and the Tomcats, which he began with his brother, Gary.The Tomcats became the Stray Cats when double bassist Lee Rocker and drummer Slim Jim Phantom joined and Gary left the band. In 1980, thinking they might have more success in England than in America, they sold their instruments to pay for airplane tickets and flew to London. After performing in London for a few months, they met Dave Edmunds, a guitarist and record producer who shared their love of rockabilly and 1950s' rock and roll. Edmunds produced their debut album, Stray Cats (Arista, 1981), which yielded two hit singles, "Stray Cat Strut" and "Rock This Town". The second album, Gonna Ball (Arista, 1982), was less successful. The band returned to America and released Built for Speed (EMI, 1982), produced again by Dave Edmunds, with songs collected from their first two albums. Helped by their music videos on MTV, the Stray Cats became popular in America.Their next album, Rant n' Rave with the Stray Cats (EMI, 1983) produced the hit "(She's) Sexy + 17". The Stray Cats disbanded in 1984, though they occasionally reunited, recorded, and toured. After recording three albums with different producers, they returned to Dave Edmunds for Choo Choo Hot Fish (1992). Solo career/The <mask> Orchestra

After the Stray Cats disbanded in 1984, <mask> began a solo career that included working as a sideman for other acts, such as the Honeydrippers led by Robert Plant. On his first solo album, The Knife Feels Like Justice (EMI, 1986), he turned away from rockabilly and moved toward rhythm and blues (R&B) and the heartland rock of John Mellencamp. The album was produced by Don Gehman and featured Kenny Aronoff on drums. Both men had worked on albums by Mellencamp.His second studio album Live Nude Guitars followed in 1988. While this album retained some heartland rock elements, it found <mask> moving in more of a straight-ahead blues rock direction, comparable to George Thorogood's style; <mask> served as co-producer along with Larson Paine, Chris Thomas and David A. Stewart. He went on tour with Thorogood later that year. <mask> returned to his love of music from the 1950s, this time the jump blues of Louis Prima. Whereas he had resurrected rockabilly in the 1980s, he resuscitated swing in the 1990s. He assembled the <mask>zer Orchestra, a seventeen piece big band that got the public's attention with a cover version of Prima's "Jump, Jive an' Wail" from the album The Dirty Boogie (Interscope, 1998). The song won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, while "Sleep Walk" from the same album won the Grammy for Best Pop Instrumental Performance.The album Wolfgang's Big Night Out (2007) featured <mask>'s interpretation of classical pieces, such as Beethoven's "Symphony No. 5" and "Für Elise". Wolfgang earned <mask> his eighth Grammy nomination, this time for Best Classical Crossover Album. He executive produced the album Ready Steady Go! (Surfdog, 2014) by Drake Bell and played guitar on two songs. On June 25, 2021, <mask> announced a new solo album, his first in 7 years, titled Gotta Have the Rumble. Personal life
<mask> has been married three times, most recently in 2005 to Julie Reiten, a former singer with the Dustbunnies.Awards and honors
 Orville H. Gibson Lifetime Achievement Award, 1999
 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, "Jump, Jive an' Wail", 1998
 Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance, "Sleep Walk" and "Caravan"
 Long Island Music Hall of Fame, 2015

Discography

As leader
 The Knife Feels Like Justice (EMI, 1986)
 Live Nude Guitars (EMI, 1988)
 Rockin' by Myself (InsideOut [Japan], 1993)
 Ignition! (Surfdog, 2001)
 Nitro Burnin' Funny Daddy (Surfdog, 2003)
 Rockabilly Riot Vol. 1: A Tribute to Sun Records (Surfdog, 2005)
 13 (Surfdog, 2006)
 Red Hot & Live (Surfdog, 2007)
 Setzer Goes Instru-Mental! (Surfdog, 2011)
 Rockabilly Riot! Live from the Planet (Surfdog, 2012)
 Rockabilly Riot! All Original (Surfdog, 2014)
 Gotta Have the Rumble (Surfdog, 2021)

The <mask> Orchestra

 The <mask>zer Orchestra (Hollywood, 1994)
 Guitar Slinger (Interscope, 1996)
 The Dirty Boogie (Interscope, 1998)
 Vavoom! (Interscope, 2000)
 Jumpin' East of Java (Toy's Factory, 2001)
 Boogie Woogie Christmas (Surfdog, 2002)
 Dig That Crazy Christmas (Surfdog, 2005)
 Wolfgang's Big Night Out (Surfdog, 2007)
 Songs from Lonely Avenue (Surfdog, 2009)
 Christmas Comes Alive (Surfdog, 2010)
 Rockin' Rudolph (Surfdog, 2015)

As member
Bloodless Pharaohs

 Marty Thau Presents 12 x 5 (Red Star, 1980) on two tracks
 <mask> and the Bloodless Pharaohs (Collectables, 1996)

Stray Cats

 Stray Cats (1981)
 Gonna Ball (1981)
 Built for Speed (1982)
 Rant n' Rave with the Stray Cats (1983)
 Rock Therapy (1986)
 Blast Off!(1989)
 Let's Go Faster! (1990)
 The Best of the Stray Cats: Rock This Town (1990)
 Choo Choo Hot Fish (1992)
 Original Cool (1993)
 Rumble in Brixton (2004)
 40 (2019)

As guest
 Come Out and Play, Twisted Sister (1985)
 Deep in the Heart of Nowhere, Bob Geldof (1986)
 Sentimental Hygiene, Warren Zevon (1987)
 Two Fires, Jimmy Barnes (1990)
 Closer to the Flame, Dave Edmunds (1990)
 Traffic from Paradise, Rickie Lee Jones (1993)
 Muddy Water Blues: A Tribute to Muddy Waters, Paul Rodgers  (1993)
 La Bamba, Los Lobos (1993)
 Toolin' Around, Arlen Roth (1993)
 Bug Alley, Gary Hoey (1996)
 Cheating at Solitaire, Mike Ness  (1999)
 Beatin' the Heat, Dan Hicks (2000)
 Ghost on the Canvas, Glen Campbell (2011)
 Step Back, Johnny Winter (2014)
 Ready Steady Go!, Drake Bell (2014)
 "Uptown Number 7", Dion from Blues with Friends (2020)

DVD
 <mask> Orchestra Live in Japan (2001)
 Rumble in Brixton (2004)
 <mask>zer Orchestra Live: Christmas Extravaganza (2005)
 One Rockin' Night ('95) (2007)
 Live in Montreal Jazz Festival (2010)
 Rockabilly Riot! Osaka Rocka Live in Japan (2016)
 Brian <mask> Orchestra Live: Christmas Rocks! (2018)

Musical equipment
<mask> has a very large guitar collection which spans many decades and brands. He favours vintage equipment and hollow body guitars, and currently endorses Gretsch guitars.

masks:
Brian Robert Setzer
Setzer
Brian Setzer
Setzer
Setzer
Setzer
Setzer
Brian Set
Setzer
Setzer
Setzer
Setzer
Brian Setzer
Brian Set
Brian Setzer
Brian Setzer
Brian Set
Setzer
Brian Setzer


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<mask>, 5th Earl of Salisbury (1400 – 31 December 1460) was an English nobleman and magnate based in northern England who became a key supporter of the House of York during the early years of the Wars of the Roses. He was the father of <mask>, 16th Earl of Warwick, the "Kingmaker". Origins
He was born in 1400 at Raby Castle in County Durham, the third son (and tenth child) of Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, by his first son by his second wife, Joan Beaufort, the youngest of the four legitimised children and only daughter of <mask>, 1st Duke of Lancaster (third surviving son of King Edward III), by his mistress, later wife, Katherine Swynford. The Neville lands were primarily in County Durham and Yorkshire, but both King <mask> and King Henry IV (Joan's cousin and half-brother respectively) found the family useful to counterbalance the strength of the Percys on the Scottish Borders. This led to Ralph's earldom being granted in 1397, and to his appointment as Warden of the West March in 1403. Ralph's marriage to Joan Beaufort, at a time when the distinction between royalty and nobility was becoming more important, can be seen as another reward; as a granddaughter of King Edward III, she was a member of the royal family. The children of Ralph's first wife, Margaret Stafford, made good marriages to local nobility, and his eldest son had married into royalty in the person of Elizabeth Holland, but his Beaufort children married into even greater families.Three of <mask>'s sisters married dukes, the youngest Cecily, married <mask>, Duke of York. Marriage
<mask> married Alice Montagu, daughter and heiress of Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury. The date of <mask> and Alice's marriage is not known, but it must have been before February 1421, when as a married couple they appeared at the coronation of Queen Catherine of Valois. At the time of the marriage, the <mask> inheritance was not guaranteed, as not only was Thomas Montacute still alive, but in 1424 he remarried (to Alice Chaucer, granddaughter of the poet <mask>r). This second marriage was without issue and when the Thomas Montagu died in 1428, <mask> and Alice were confirmed as the Earl and Countess of Salisbury. <mask> came into possession of greater estates than, as a younger son under primogeniture, he could reasonably have expected. Strangely, his eldest half-brother John Neville apparently agreed to many of the rights to the Neville inheritance being transferred to his step-mother Joan Beaufort, and her son <mask> inherited these on her death in 1440.He also gained possession of the lands and grants made jointly to Ralph and Joan. Ralph's heir (his grandson Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland) as the representative of the senior line, disputed the loss of his inheritance, and although he agreed to a settlement in 1443, it was on unequal terms – <mask> kept the great Neville possessions of Middleham and Sheriff Hutton, as well as the more recent grant of Penrith. Only Raby Castle, the family's most ancient possession, returned to the senior branch. The resultant Neville–Neville feud was later to become absorbed into the destructive Percy-Neville feud. <mask>'s marriage gained him his wife's quarter share of the Holland inheritance. Ironically, his <mask> title came with comparatively little in terms of wealth, though he did gain a more southerly residence at Bisham Manor in Berkshire. Warden of the West March
The defence of the Scottish Border was carried out by two Wardens– that of the East March (based at Berwick-upon-Tweed) and that of the West March at Carlisle.Both offices had been held by the Percy family in the fourteenth century, and their support of King Henry IV seemed to have paid off in 1399, when Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland was appointed Warden of the West March and his son Henry Percy ("Hotspur") as Warden of the East March. But Hotspur rebelled, and his father was held to be complicit in his treason. After Hotspur was killed at the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403, Ralph Neville was employed by King Henry V to capture the elder Percy. His reward was to succeed the Percys as Warden of both Marches. Under King Henry V, the Percys were restored to their lands, and eventually in 1417, to the East March. The West March, however, was to become an almost hereditary Neville appointment. <mask> became Warden of the West March in 1420.It was one of the most valuable appointments in England, worth £1,500 in peacetime and four times that if war broke out with Scotland. Although, unlike Calais, it did not require a permanent garrison, the incessant raiding and border skirmishes meant that there would always be a ready supply of trained and experienced soldiers at the Warden's command. <mask> must have been high in Henry V's estimation, as he was also appointed Justice of the Peace in Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Durham. In 1431 he accompanied the young King Henry VI to France for his coronation, and on his return was made Warden of the East March. In 1436 he resigned both posts, although this may have originally intended as a means of forcing the crown to make good its arrears of payment. When his resignation was accepted, he accompanied his brother-in-law <mask>, Duke of York, to France, taking 1,300 men-at-arms and archers with him. He returned the following year, and in November became a member of the King's Council.He did not resume either of the Wardenships, as the Percy-Neville dispute took up most of his time, but when this was resolved in 1443 he resumed the Wardenship of the West March. Although this was at a reduced fee of just under £1,000, the money was secured on specific sources of Crown income, not on the frequently uncollectable tallies. This may reflect his experiences of 1436. Neville and Percy

At the end of 1443, from his principal seat at Middleham Castle in Wensleydale, <mask> could look with some satisfaction at his position. He was a member of the King's Council and Warden of the West March. His brother Robert Neville was the Bishop of Durham, and another of his brothers, William Neville, 1st Earl of Kent, had the custody of Roxburgh Castle. He had seven children, four boys and three girls.In 1436 the two oldest children, Cicely and <mask>, made excellent marriages to the son and daughter of <mask> Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick. It was becoming apparent that the rise of the Nevilles was coming to an end. The king, who during the late 1430s had started to exercise personal rule, was more concerned to promote the fortunes of his closest relatives – and <mask> was only related by a junior, legitimised and female line. In this context, the local rivalry between the Nevilles and the Percys in the north of England was likely to take on greater importance. A strong and capable ruler would be able to control such feuds, or even profit by them. A weak king could find the disputes spreading from local to regional or national conflict. The Percys had lands throughout northern England, while the northern lands of the Nevilles were concentrated in north Yorkshire and in County Durham.As Warden of the West March, <mask> was in a position to exert great power in the north-west, in spite of holding only Kendal and Penrith. The Percys resented the fact that their tenants in Cumberland and Westmorland were being recruited by <mask>, who even with the reduced grant of 1443 still had great spending power in the region. The senior Neville line (now related by marriage to the Percys) still resented the inequitable settlement of their inheritance dispute. The fifteenth century could be regarded as the peak of "bastard feudalism" – when every subject needed a "good lord". In return for a commitment by the retained man to provide (usually) military support, the lord would give his retainer a small annual fee, a badge or item of clothing to mark his loyalty (livery) and provide help for him in his disputes with his neighbours (maintenance). Northern England was a long way from the Palace of Westminster, and rapid legal redress for wrongs was impossible. With his economic power as Warden, <mask> could provide better support for Percy tenants than Northumberland, unpaid in regard to the East March for years, could hope to.In 1448, during the renewal of the war with Scotland, Northumberland took his forces through <mask>'s West March – a grave breach of etiquette. Northumberland was defeated at the Battle of Sark, and his son Henry Percy, Lord Poynings was captured. The fact that <mask> lost 2,000 horses trying to respond to this attack, and was then excluded (along with Northumberland) from the subsequent peace negotiations, can only have inflamed relations between the two families. Over time, the ill will might have receded, but Northumberland's second son, Thomas Percy, Lord Egremont, spent the next few years stirring up trouble in Yorkshire – particularly at York, situated between the Percy estates of Spofforth and Healaugh, and Neville's castle at Sheriff Hutton. On 24 August 1453, Thomas Percy, Lord Egremont, assembled a force of men-at-arms and archers perhaps as large as 1,000 strong, intending to waylay <mask> and his family at Heworth Moor, outside York, as he made for Sheriff Hutton. <mask> had been attending the wedding of his son Thomas in Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire, and although his escort would have been smaller, it would have been better armed than Egremont's York craftsmen and tradesmen. <mask> and his retinue fought them back, arriving unscathed at Sheriff Hutton, but the episode marked the beginning of what was virtually a private war.The bride, Maud Stanhope, was the widow of Lord Willoughby of Eresby, his son would become a Yorkist. Another of the Yorkist party, John Neville, was later Lord Montagu. Maud was due to inherit the manors of Wressle and Burwell from her uncle, Lord Cromwell, who had obtained them from the Percys through litigation. Historian John Sadler argues this was the first incident in the Yorkist/Lancastrian affinities lawless squabble leading to civil war. Neville and York
<mask> changed his allegiance to <mask>, Duke of York, who made him Lord Chancellor in 1455. This enabled <mask> to advance the interests of his retainers against the Percies; for example Thomas de la More petitioned against Lord Egremont, whom de la More claimed had threatened to kill him years earlier. When King Henry VI tried to assert his independence and dismiss York as Protector, <mask> joined him in fighting at the First Battle of St Albans, claiming that he was acting in self-defence.In 1458 he participated in The Love Day, an attempt at reconciliation held in London. He was notably successful in the Battle of Blore Heath, but after the Yorkist army collapsed in the Rout of Ludford Bridge, <mask> escaped to Calais, having been specifically excluded from a royal pardon. He returned to England with York in 1460, and was slain on 30–31 December 1460, the night after the Battle of Wakefield. Death and burial
After the defeat of the Yorkists at the Battle of Wakefield, <mask> himself escaped the battlefield but was captured during the night. Upon discovery, battle worn and now a traitor to the realm, he  was taken to the Lancastrian camp. Although due to his great wealth the Lancastrian nobles might have been prepared to allow <mask> to ransom himself, he was nevertheless dragged out of Pontefract Castle and beheaded by the local population, to whom he had been a harsh overlord. He was buried first at Pontefract, but his sons transferred his body to the family mausoleum at Bisham Priory in Berkshire where they erected a monument to his memory.The effigy from this was brought to St Mary's Church at Burghfield, near Reading, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The effigy of a lady alongside him wears a headdress which is not thought to be of the right date to be his wife, but she may represent one of the earlier Countesses of Salisbury buried at Bisham. Marriage and issue

He married Alice Montacute (1407-1462), daughter and heiress of  Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury (1388-1428), by whom he had twelve children:

Sons
<mask>, 16th Earl of Warwick (1428–1471), "The Kingmaker", eldest son and heir, who married Lady Anne Beauchamp and had issue. Sir Thomas Neville (c. 1429–1460), who was knighted in 1449 and died at the Battle of Wakefield. He was the second husband of Maud Stanhope (30 August 1497), who married firstly Robert Willoughby, 6th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (died 25 July 1452), and thirdly Sir Gervase Clifton, beheaded 6 May 1471 after the Battle of Tewkesbury. John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu (c. 1431–1471), married Isabel Ingaldesthorpe and had issue. George Neville (1432–1476), who became Archbishop of York and Chancellor of England.Ralph Neville (b. 1440 approx. ), did not survive infancy
Robert Neville (b. 1446 approx. ), did not survive infancy

Daughters
Joan Neville (c. 1424–1462), who married William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, and had issue. Cecily Neville (c. 1425–1450), who married Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick (1425–1446), and by him had one daughter, Anne Beauchamp, 15th Countess of Warwick (1444–1449), on whose death her title passed to her paternal aunt, who in turn had married her maternal uncle <mask> (below named). Alice Neville (c. 1430–1503), who married Henry FitzHugh, 5th Baron FitzHugh.Their daughter, Elizabeth, married William Parr, thus making them great-grandparents of Catherine Parr, sixth wife of King Henry VIII. Eleanor Neville (c. 1438–before 1472), who married Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby, and had issue. Katherine Neville (1442–1504), who married first William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington, and second William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings, had issue. Margaret Neville (c. 1444–1506), who married John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. Ancestry

References

Sources

Further reading

External links
 Royal Berkshire History: <mask>, Earl of Salisbury (1400–1460)
 Sir <mask>, 5th Earl of Salisbury
 War of the Roses: <mask>, Earl of Salisbury (1400–1460)

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1400 births
1460 deaths
15th-century English nobility
Burials at Bisham Abbey
Neville
Executed people from County Durham
Knights of the Garter
Lord Chancellors of England
Members of the Privy Council of England
<mask>eers jure uxoris
People executed under the Lancastrians
People executed under the Plantagenets by decapitation
People from Bisham
People of the Wars of the Roses
People from Staindrop
Younger sons of earls
Barons Monthermer
Barons Montagu

masks:
Richard Neville
Richard Neville
John of Gaunt
Richard II
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Salisbury
Geoffrey Chauce
Richard Neville
Salisbury
Salisbury
Salisbury
Salisbury
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Salisbury
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Richard
Salisbury
Richard
Richard de
Salisbury
Salisbury
Salisbury
Salisbury
Salisbury
Salisbury
Salisbury
Salisbury
Salisbury
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Richard
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Richard Neville
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Richard Neville
Richard Neville
Richard P


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<mask> (January 16, 1983 – November 30, 2011) was a Turkish classical cellist. Early years and family
<mask> was born to Turkish parents in Bremen, Germany. His father went in the 1970s to Germany as a tourist taking his musical instrument saz with him. He stayed there, formed a musical group and earned his life playing music at weddings. Later, his mother followed  his father in Germany. As Benyamin was three years old, the family with two boys returned home. Benyamin spent his childhood in Akşehir, a town in Konya Province, where the alleged tomb of Nasreddin Hoca is located.During his primary school years, he contributed to family's budget by selling food and drinks at street. <mask> Sönmez grew up in a family that performed music altogether at home. As his father played tambur and his mother sang, his elder brother Mehmet and he accompanied their parents by playing kanun and darbuka. He remembers that his childhood toys were musical instruments like kanun, oud, cümbüş, electronic organ, darbuka, tambur, saz, ney as well as guitar. His father, a talented musician without any musical education, made Benyamin love music and introduced him in playing various musical instruments. As a child, he accompanied his father at his father's musical performances with his group on stage at weddings. Benyamin envied his father, and imitated him at home after their return.A member of his father's musical group became aware of his elder brother's musical talent and advised to send him to conservatory. His brother Mehmet Sönmez studied playing contrabass at Ankara State Conservatory. After winning an international prize, his brother went to Belgium to play with the Royal Orchestra. He is currently a member of the Turkish Presidential Symphony Orchestra. Education
Benyamin was a primary school pupil as his brother Mehmet studied at the conservatory in Ankara. Mehmet listened to classical music at home when he was on vacation. Once, Benyamin was very impressed by the music of Shostakovich, which his brother listened to at home.Mehmet, noticing his brother's interest in classical music, took him to Ankara. At the age of 13, Benyamin took an admission test for the conservatory at the Hacettepe University. He failed the test and his brother was told by the jury that Benyamin was not talented for music. Returning home, Benyamin was eager to study music. He took the test again the next year, and this time he passed. He was asked what musical instrument he liked to play. He replied "Violoncello", because its name sounded nice to him, even though he had never seen an example of it.The jury looked at his fingers and approved his choice. He saw a cello for the first time in the conservatory's string instrument workshop. He says he would not have complained if he had to study viola or violin instead of cello. In his first years at the conservatory, he surprised everyone by playing works that were actually reserved for higher classes. He used to start the day by playing Dvořák and finish with Elgar. Benyamin was very impressed by Rostropovich. Even he admired Heinrich Schiff, André Navarra, Pierre Fournier and Pablo Casals much, he used to try imitate Rostropovich.At the age of 17, he decided to take part at a cello contest at the Bilkent University, which had more challenging requirements for musical repertoire than at the conservatory. He practiced for four months for this contest, instead of preparing for the examination that was scheduled one day before it. Benyamin failed that examination, but he won the first prize the next day at the contest in front of a jury composed of an American cellist Gürer Aykal and Doğan Cangal, who was a member of the examination commission the day before. Sönmez says by winning the first prize, he was able to save the honor of his cello teacher Nuray Eşen. From then on, he practiced much more seriously. For further studies, Benyamin was recommended to Natalia Gutman by Yuri Bashmet via pianist Gulmira Tokombaeva, a teacher from Kyrgyzstan at the Ankara conservatory. Between 2003 and 2007, he studied under Natalia Gutman, first at Stuttgart Hochschule für Musik in Germany and later at Moscow Conservatory in Russia.In Moscow, he was frequently invited to her home, where he had the opportunity to meet notable writers, artists and musicians including Yuri Bashmet, Viktor Tretiakov, Vasily Lobanov, Eliso Virsaladze, Mischa Maisky, Kurt Masur. Career
By the time, he was 17, having proved his superior musical skills, he came first in the national cello contest. He was given a place within BBC soloists in 2000. He won a special award at the International Young Concert Artists Contest organized in Leipzig, Germany in 2001. <mask> Sonmez earned a special prize in the 2006 Adam International Cello Festival and Competition in New Zealand. Sönmez, receiving great attention and admiration at each country he visited, had a rich repertoire from Bach to Sofia Gubaidulina. He also had master class performances with the great cellists like Rostropovich, David Geringas, Philippe Muller, Alexander Rudin, Stefan Popov, Frans Helmerson, Ruben Dobrovsky, Miklós Perényi and Yo-Yo Ma.Sonmez has also studied authentic performance of the Cello Suites of Bach, together with the master of baroque cello Anner Bylsma. Of the important music festivals, he was invited to the Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival and Oleg Kagan International Music Festival in Germany, the International Adam Cello Festival & Competition in New Zealand, RNCM Manchester International Cello Festival in the United Kingdom and Istanbul International Music Festival in Turkey. His last invitation was to the 80th birthday of M. Rostropovich in 2007. Sonmez, who has performed duo concerts with Oxana Yablonskaya, played his art at important musical centers such as Vienna, Paris, Amsterdam, Moscow, New York City, Washington D.C. and Istanbul. He was living in istanbul, Turkey. His repertoire included modern composers including Dmitri Shostakovich, Alfred Schnittke, Giya Kancheli, Sofia Gubaidulina, Ástor Piazzolla and Zoltán Kodály as well as the composers of Baroque and other eras. He played an 18th-century Matteo Goffriller cello from Venice, Italy.Death
Sönmez died on December 1, 2011, at the age of 28, after a heart attack in Ankara. Following a funeral ceremony at the Hacettepe University Conservatory, his body was transferred to  Fethiye, Muğla Province, where he was laid to rest. References

External links
  Official website
 <mask> Sonmez's Biography

1983 births
2011 deaths
Turkish classical cellists
Musicians from Bremen
Hacettepe University Ankara State Conservatory alumni
Moscow Conservatory alumni
State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart alumni
20th-century classical musicians

masks:
Benyamin Sömez
Benyamin
Benyamin
Benyamin
Benyamin


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<mask>'ar (, Transliterated: ; born 9 December 1966) is an Israeli politician who has served as the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice since June 2021. Sa'ar previously served as a member of the Knesset for the Likud between 2003 and 2014, and was the Education Minister and afterwards the Minister of the Interior, from 2009 to 2014. In 2019 Sa'ar returned to the Knesset and unsuccessfully ran against longtime leader Benjamin Netanyahu for the leadership of the Likud; he left the Knesset the following year after establishing a new party called New Hope. Biography
<mask> (later Sa'ar) was born in Tel Aviv. His mother Bruriah is a Mizrahi-Bukharan Jew who is the 7th generation of her family in Israel. His father Shmuel is an Ashkenazi Jew who was born in Ukraine and moved to Argentina as a child before immigrating to Israel. He has two siblings, a brother and a sister.His father was a doctor. Sa'ar grew up primarily in Tel Aviv, but as a child, he lived for a number of years in Mitzpe Ramon, where his father worked as a pediatrician, and in kibbutz Sde Boker, where he was the kibbutz doctor. At the time, Sde Boker was the residence of Israel's founding Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion. His father was frequently in contact with Ben-Gurion as the kibbutz doctor, and the young <mask>'ar met Ben-Gurion numerous times when accompanying his father on visits to his home, during which Ben-Gurion gave him geography quizzes. After serving in the Israel Defense Forces as an intelligence NCO in the Golani Brigade, Sa'ar studied political science at Tel Aviv University and then went on to study law at the same institution. In May 2013, Sa'ar married Israeli news anchor Geula Even, with whom he has two children, David and Shira. Geula was born to Lithuanian-Jewish immigrants from the Soviet Union.Sa'ar has another two children, Alona and Daniela, from his first wife Shelly, as well as one grandchild. Political career
Sa'ar worked as an aide to the Attorney General between 1995 and 1997, and then as an aide to the State Attorney until 1998. Sa'ar was appointed cabinet Secretary in 1999 and again from 2001–2 after Likud's Ariel Sharon won a special election for Prime Minister. In the 2003 elections he won a seat in the Knesset on Likud's list, and was appointed Likud Parliamentary Group Chairman as well as Chairman of the Coalition. He was opposed to Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, and attempted to pass a bill demanding a referendum on the subject. After retaining his seat in the 2006 elections he was reappointed Group Chairman and also became a deputy Knesset speaker. While in the Knesset, Sa'ar proposed bills to jail employers who fire pregnant women, (he chaired the Knesset Committee on the Status of Women) and to ban cosmetics testing on animals.In December 2008 Sa'ar won the Likud primaries for its list going into the 2009 elections, giving him second place on the Likud list after leader Binyamin Netanyahu. He retained his seat, and was appointed Minister of Education on 31 March. In 2012, he again gained the most votes in Likud primaries, and entered the 19th Knesset. In September 2014, Sa'ar announced that he would be resigning his post before the next election. He said he would still remain a member of the Likud. On 17 September, he took a hiatus from politics. He left the Knesset on 5 November, and was replaced by Leon Litinetsky.On 3 April 2017 Sa'ar announced his return to politics and intention to run in the next Likud primaries. He was seen as a potential candidate for party leadership and eventually prime minister. In September 2017, The Jerusalem Post ranked him 5th on its "50 most influential Jews" list, calling him the "heir apparent to the Likud throne". In September 2018, he was ranked 25th along with fellow Likud members Yisrael Katz and Gilad Erdan. In December 2020, Sa'ar announced that he would leave Likud and will form his own party, called New Hope. He submitted his Knesset resignation on 9 December, which went into effect on 11 December. The party contested the 2021 Israeli legislative election, with the intent of forming a governing coalition, and removing Netanyahu from office.He regained his seat in the Knesset, as New Hope gained six seats at the elections. In June 2021, Sa'ar became Minister of Justice in the thirty-sixth government of Israel. Likud leadership run

In October 2019, amid coalition talks, Prime Minister Netanyahu indicated he was considering holding a snap election for party leadership. In a terse tweet, Sa'ar responded "I'm ready." After Netanyahu decided against holding a leadership election, Sa'ar confirmed he would run in the next election and would support Netanyahu until then. On 24 November 2019, Sa'ar asked the Likud Central Committee to schedule a party leadership race within two weeks, allowing the winner to try to form a coalition government before the Knesset would be dissolved which would trigger new Knesset elections, the third in a year. After the Knesset was dissolved and elections set for 2 March 2020, leadership elections were set for 26 December 2019.Sa'ar received the endorsement of a few Likud Members of Knesset, including Haim Katz, the powerful head of the Likud central committee. Netanyahu was endorsed by Minister of Public Security Gilad Erdan while Knesset speaker Yuli Edelstein declined to endorse either candidate. During the campaign, Netanyahu's campaign slammed Sa'ar on Twitter saying he "has aligned with the Left and the media in order to remove the prime minister from the leadership of the state". At a conference the week before, Sa'ar had spoken against the "two state illusion" and criticized Netanyahu for offering territorial concessions to the Palestinians despite them being uninterested in peace talks, saying, "Around the world, the words 'two-state solution' remain a kind of certificate of acceptance. I have to tell you this is not a helpful position." As widely expected, Netanyahu won handily with 72.5% to Sa'ar's 27.5%. Views and opinions
Sa'ar has stated that he is opposed to a two-state solution, arguing “There is no two-state solution; there is at most a two-state slogan,” and that it would be “a mistake to return to the idea of establishing a Palestinian state in Judea and Samaria as a solution to the conflict.” He has expressed support for a long-term solution involving Jordan.He supported annexation of the West Bank, and supported the idea of Palestinian autonomy in a federation with Jordan. As a teenager, Saar joined the ultra-nationalist Tehiya movement protesting the 1982 evacuation of Israeli settlements in the Sinai Peninsula as per the Egypt–Israel peace treaty. References

Further reading
 Goodbye, two-state solution, January 2017, The Jerusalem Post
 Oslo is obsolete: Time for a victory mindset, July 2018, The Jerusalem Post
 New Leadership for Israel? A Conversation with <mask>, February 2021, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy

External links

Biography at New Hope website. 1966 births
Living people
20th-century Israeli lawyers
21st-century Israeli lawyers
Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Deputy Speakers of the Knesset
Israeli Ashkenazi Jews
Israeli Mizrahi Jews
Israeli people of Argentine-Jewish descent
Israeli people of Mountain Jewish descent
Jewish Israeli politicians
Likud politicians
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)
Members of the 17th Knesset (2006–2009)
Members of the 18th Knesset (2009–2013)
Members of the 19th Knesset (2013–2015)
Members of the 21st Knesset (2019)
Members of the 22nd Knesset (2019–2020)
Members of the 23rd Knesset (2020–2021)
Members of the 24th Knesset (2021–present)
Ministers of Education of Israel
Ministers of Internal Affairs of Israel
Ministers of Justice of Israel
New Hope (Israel) politicians
Ono Academic College faculty
Order of Civil Merit members
Politicians from Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv University alumni

masks:
Gideon Moshe Sa
Gideon Moshe Serchensky
Gideon Sa
Gideon Saar


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<mask>B (7 February 1874 - 14 October 1955) founded, around 1895, the first regularised Anglican Benedictine community of monks. Early life and monastic profession
Born <mask>, he was educated at Blundell's School. In 1892, he commenced medical training at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. He did not complete his medical training. Instead, influenced by the Oxford Movement of the period, he embraced a vision of monastic life as he envisioned it having been followed in the Middle Ages, full of ritual and tradition. A charismatic individual, Carlyle succeeded where others had failed in having the vision of such a life within the Church of England approved by the Archbishop of Canterbury. By 1895 he had established a community of monks under his leadership, taking monastic vows under the monastic name of Aelred, assuming the role of abbot.Establishment of Caldey and conversion to Catholicism

After several moves, Carlyle's community was established on Caldey Island, South Wales in 1906. When the Caldey Island community came into conflict with the Bishop of Oxford in 1913 over conformity to Anglican practices, Carlyle and most of his monks became Catholic. They were only the second such group to be received in a corporate manner into the Catholic Church, the example having been set by the Society of the Atonement (Franciscan) in the U.S. several years earlier. The Community were received into the Catholic Church on 21 February 1913, and on 1 March that year Abbot Columba Marmion of Maredsous visited the island to assist the community in its preparations for its entrance into full communion. In May 1913 Abbot Marmion took Carlyle (in Roman terms at this point a simple layman) to Rome for an audience with Pope Pius X, and on 29 June Marmion presided at the Solemn Mass at Caldey during which the community received the habit and the canonical establishment of the monastery became finalised. Following the establishment of Caldey as a Benedictine monastery proper, Carlyle spent a probationary year at Maredsous before taking his solemn monastic vows in June 1914 and being ordained priest several weeks later on 5 July. Although himself new to the Benedictine order, he then returned to Caldey as its abbot.Due to financial pressures, the community moved to Prinknash Park, Gloucestershire in 1928. It established daughter communities at Saint Michael's Abbey, Farnborough in 1947, and Pluscarden Abbey the following year. While still a member of the Church of England, Carlyle served as canonical visitor to two Benedictine communities of nuns. The first, the Community of SS. Mary and Scholastica, founded in 1868 in Middlesex, also became Catholic in 1913, and now resides at Curzon Park, Chester. The second, originally named the Community of the Holy Comforter, had been an active Anglican sisterhood founded in 1891, but adopted the enclosed Benedictine life under Carlyle's inspiration in 1906. This community remained Anglican and has resided at Malling Abbey since 1916, replacing the other community which had moved to North Wales after their reception into the Catholic Church.<mask> and Ignatius Lyne

Carlyle's role in the re-establishment of monasticism in the Anglican Communion differs from that of Joseph Leycester Lyne in that the Caldey order, whilst incorporating many features of Roman Catholic Benedictine practice, did actually seek to remain at first a specifically Anglican foundation under defined Anglican obedience. When in 1913 the position of Carlyle and many of his community became untenable, it was to Rome that the Order submitted. Lyne, meanwhile, never seems to have had much grip on Benedictine spirituality per se, preferring a more eclectic approach which for all its Catholic trappings was much more characterised by its creator's essential Evangelicalism and even Calvinism. Although Lyne styled himself "Father Ignatius of Jesus OSB", leading some to place him before Carlyle as the father of Anglican Benedictinism (Lyne himself saw his role as being senior to that of Carlyle in this respect), his claim on Anglican obedience is much diluted by the fact that for many years he held no licence to officiate and proved unwilling to submit to conditions which might have permitted an Anglican bishop either to restore licensed status to him or to ordain him beyond the diaconate he had received in 1860. Lyne's eventual ordination to the priesthood at the hands of the controversial Old Catholic prelate Rene Vilatte in 1898 ended any claims Lyne might have had on Anglican status altogether, a fact underlined by the erasure of his name from Crockford's Clerical Directory (a publication in which as a "priest in colonial Orders", Carlyle never appeared either, despite being in better standing), and therefore any notion of the two abbots, Lyne and Carlyle, being part of one Anglican Order of St Benedict has no concrete basis in fact. The only linking between the two Orders came following Lyne's death in 1908, when the "new Abbey of Llanthony" which Lyne had built passed into the hands of the Caldey Benedictines, at a time when its Prior, Dom Asaph Harris (who died in 1959) had also submitted to Vilatte and only two elderly nuns (whose names and religious affiliation have been lost to time) remained in a corrugated iron enclosure. Carlyle found he had no use for maintaining the "older foundation" and apart from sending monks there on occasional retreat did not use it at all, despite his ownership of it under the terms of Lyne's will.Relationship with Peter Anson

Carlyle enjoyed a close relationship with Peter Anson (1889–1976), who was among the monks of Caldey who seceded to Rome in 1913 and who, having left the cloister for a career as a writer and artist on religious and maritime matters, became Carlyle's biographer. Anson, whose particular brand of Catholicism included beliefs in continual revelation and in the paranormal, later claimed that he had received a psychic communication from Carlyle at the moment of the former abbot's death in 1955. Some have speculated that the relationship between Carlyle and Anson may have been in some sense homoerotic, based upon Anson's assertion that under Carlyle's rule "particular spiritual friendships" were not discouraged, but the most vocal promoter of the idea that Carlyle may have been actively gay seems overly keen upon accentuating his role as a self-styled abbot of an Anglican foundation after the manner of Ignatius Lyne at the expense of his eventual emergence as the Roman Catholic Abbot of Caldey in good standing. This of course proves nothing, but it does lead to questions regarding objectivity. Against this has to be set the actuality that the primary source for information regarding the Caldey Benedictines is Peter Anson, who is credited as being the leading authority on the subject despite his closeness to Carlyle himself, who appears to have regarded Anson as a close friend despite Anson's somewhat unpredictable nature and his inability to settle to the monastic life. In the final analysis, the question of whether Carlyle could be considered either a religious mountebank or "gay icon" cannot be resolved, though the former evaluation seems unfair and even inaccurate. Furthermore, as the ecclesiastical historian Rene Kollar OSB indicates: "Unlike others who sought and failed to bring Roman Catholic practices into the Established Church and failed, Carlyle enjoyed the explicit ecclesiastical sanction of the Archbishop of Canterbury for his work, and with this seal of approval he could dismiss critics and disbelievers...".It should also be recognised that whilst Anson's biography of Carlyle indicates that expressions of filial affection between monks "sometimes took a form which would not be found in any normal monastery to-day (the) embraces, ceremonial and non-ceremonial, were regarded as symbolical of fraternal charity". His indication that "Our variant of the Roman rite permitted a real hug and kisses on the cheek between the giver and the recipient of the Pax Domini at the conventual Mass" appears an honest statement of how things were, and cannot of itself be seen as indicating any departure from celibacy either on the part of Carlyle or of any other monk who was under vows at Caldey during the Anglican years (the reference here to the "Pax Domini" reflecting the use of the Tridentine Mass even before the Caldey Benedictine Order made its collective submission to Rome). From monk to missionary and final years

After some years as Abbot of Caldey, Carlyle left the cloistered life in 1921 and released from his Benedictine vows in 1935. He worked for many years as a missionary priest in Canada ending as a secular priest in Vancouver. Upon his retirement in 1951, he returned to England and became a conventual (i.e., residential) oblate at Prinknash Abbey. In 1953, he was allowed to renew his solemn monastic vows. When he died in 1955, he was a full member of the community he had founded sixty years earlier.He was permitted the dignity of abbot at his funeral, and an abbatial mitre and crozier were placed on his coffin. Caldey has been in the hands of the Cistercian Order since 1929. References

External links
 Rene M. Kollar, "Anglo-Catholicism in the Church of England, 1895–1913: Abbot <mask> <mask> and the Monks of Caldey Island", The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 76, No. 2 (April 1983), pp. 205–24

1874 births
1955 deaths
People educated at Blundell's School
Anglican monks
English Benedictines
Roman Catholic monks
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
Place of death missing

masks:
Aelred Carlyle OS
Benjamin Fearnley Carlyle
Carlyle
Aelred
Carlyle


texts:
<mask> (July 7, 1868 – June 14, 1924) was an American engineer, consultant, and author known as an early advocate of scientific management and a pioneer of time and motion study, and is perhaps best known as the father and central figure of Cheaper by the Dozen. Both he and his wife <mask> were industrial engineers and efficiency experts who contributed to the study of industrial engineering in fields such as motion study and human factors. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born in Fairfield, Maine, on July 7, 1868. He was the third child and only son of <mask> and <mask>. His mother had been a schoolteacher. His father owned a hardware store and was a stockbreeder. When Gilbreth was three and a half years old his father died suddenly from pneumonia.After his father's death his mother moved the family to Andover, Massachusetts, to find better schools for her children. The substantial estate left by her husband was managed by her husband's family. By the fall of 1878 the money had been lost or stolen and <mask> had to find a way to make a living. She moved the family to Boston where there were good public schools. She opened a boarding house since the salary of a schoolteacher would not support the family. Gilbreth was not a good student. He attended Rice Grammar School, but his mother was concerned enough to teach him at home for a year.He attended Boston's English High School, and his grades improved when he became interested in his science and math classes. He took the entrance examinations for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but wanted his mother to be able to give up the boarding house. He decided to go to work rather than to college. Whidden Construction Company
Renton Whidden, Gilbreth's old Sunday School teacher, hired him for his building company. He was to start as a laborer, learn the various building trades, and work his way up in the firm. In July 1885 at age 17 he started as a bricklayer's helper. As he learned bricklaying he noticed the many variations in the bricklayers' methods and efficiency.This began his interest in finding "the one best way" of executing any task. He quickly learned every part of building work and contracting, and advanced rapidly. He took night school classes to learn mechanical drawing. After five years he was a superintendent, which allowed his mother to give up her boarding house. Using his observations of workmen laying brick, Gilbreth developed a multilevel scaffold that kept the bricks within easy reach of the bricklayer. He began patenting his innovations with this "Vertical Scaffold", then developed and patented the "Gilbreth Waterproof Cellar". He made innovations in concrete construction,as well.After ten years, at age 27, he was the chief superintendent. When after ten years the Whiddens were unwilling to make him a partner, he resigned to start his own company. Career as general contractor
Gilbreth founded his own commercial contracting firm on April 1, 1895. For the next fifteen years, "<mask> B. Gilbreth, General Contractor" and two subsidiary companies would build some 90 large-scale projects across the United States (along with two in Canada), including full scale factories, paper mills, canals, dams and powerhouses. The largest such project was a complete paper mill constructed in Canton, North Carolina in 1907-8, a $2 million facility consisting of more than thirty full-scale industrial buildings. One Gilbreth construction project was the Simmons Hardware Company's Sioux City Warehouse. The architects had specified that hundreds of  hardened concrete piles (based on Gibreth's own patents for design and installation) were to be driven in to allow the soft ground to take the weight of two million bricks required to construct the building.The "Time and Motion" approach could be applied to the bricklaying and the transportation. The building was also required to support efficient input and output of deliveries via its own railroad switching facilities. <mask> was also an inventor with thirteen patents, beginning in his years with the Whiddens, and had patent and product management offices in London and Berlin. Other than two projects in Ontario, Canada, he did not build any projects outside the United States. Career as efficiency expert
Gilbreth changed careers to efficiency and management engineering with the close of his construction companies in about 1912. He eventually became an occasional lecturer at Purdue University, which houses his papers. Gilbreth discovered his vocation as efficiency expert while still a young construction worker, when he sought ways to make bricklaying faster and easier.During the later part of his contracting career, this grew into a collaboration with his wife, Lillian Moller <mask>. Together they studied the work habits of manufacturing and clerical employees in all sorts of industries to find ways to increase output and make their jobs easier. He and Lillian founded a management consulting firm, Frank B. Gilbreth, Inc. (renamed Gilbreth, Inc. after his death), focusing on such endeavors. Gilbreth was also an adamant champion of the "cost-plus-a-fixed sum" contract in his building contracting business. He described this method in an article in Industrial Magazine in 1907, comparing it to fixed price and guaranteed maximum price methods. Many of his prolific advertisements throughout the era boast of and recommend this as "their special method of construction." Family
Gilbreth married Lillian Evelyn Moller on October 19, 1904, in Oakland, California; they had 12 children.Their names were Anne Moller <mask> Barney (1905-1987), Mary Elizabeth <mask> (1906–1912), Ernestine Moller <mask> Carey (1908-2006), <mask> <mask> Tallman (1909-1968), <mask> <mask> Jr. (1911-2001), William Moller <mask> (1912-1990), <mask> Johnson (1914-2001), Frederick Moller <mask> (1916-2015), <mask> <mask> (1917-2006), John Moller <mask> (1919-2002), Robert Moller <mask> (1920-2007), and Jane Moller <mask> Heppes (1922-2006); there was also a stillborn daughter (1915) who was not named. Death
<mask> died of a heart attack on June 14, 1924, at age 55. He was at the Lackawanna Terminal in Montclair, New Jersey, talking with his wife by telephone. Lillian outlived him by 48 years. Work

Motion studies

Gilbreth served as a major in the U.S. Army during World War I. His assignment was to find quicker and more efficient means of assembling and disassembling small arms. However, he was stricken with rheumatic fever and then pneumonia just weeks into his service, and spent four months in recovery before being discharged.The heart damage from this episode would contribute to his premature death six years later. According to Claude George (1968), Gilbreth reduced all motions of the hand into some combination of 17 basic motions. These included grasp, transport loaded, and hold. Gilbreth named the motions therbligs — "Gilbreth" spelled backwards with letters th transposed to their original order. He used a motion picture camera that was calibrated in fractions of minutes to time the smallest of motions in workers. Their emphasis on the "one best way" and therbligs predates the development of continuous quality improvement (CQI), and the late 20th century understanding that repeated motions can lead to workers experiencing repetitive motion injuries. Gilbreth was the first to propose the position of "caddy" (Gilbreth's term) to a surgeon, who handed surgical instruments to the surgeon as needed.Gilbreth also devised the standard techniques used by armies around the world to teach recruits how to rapidly disassemble and reassemble their weapons even when blindfolded or in total darkness. Scientific management
The work of the Gilbreths is often associated with that of Frederick Winslow Taylor, yet there was a substantial philosophical difference between the Gilbreths and Taylor. The symbol of Taylorism was the stopwatch; Taylor was concerned primarily with reducing process times. The Gilbreths, in contrast, sought to make processes more efficient by reducing the motions involved. They saw their approach as more concerned with workers' welfare than Taylorism, which workers themselves often perceived as concerned mainly with profit. This difference led to a personal rift between Taylor and the Gilbreths which, after Taylor's death, turned into a feud between the Gilbreths and Taylor's followers. After <mask>'s death, Lillian Gilbreth took steps to heal the rift; however, some friction remains over questions of history and intellectual property.Fatigue study
In conducting their Motion Study method to work, they found that the key to improving work efficiency was in reducing unnecessary motions. Not only were some motions unnecessary, but they caused employee fatigue. Their efforts to reduce fatigue included reduced motions, tool redesign, parts placement, and bench and seating height, for which they began to develop workplace standards. The Gilbreths' work broke ground for contemporary understanding of ergonomics. Legacy
<mask> and Lillian Gilbreth often used their large family (and <mask> himself) as guinea pigs in experiments. Their family exploits are lovingly detailed in the 1948 book Cheaper by the Dozen, written by son <mask>. and daughter Ernestine (Ernestine Gilbreth Carey). The book inspired two films of the same name.The first, in 1950, starred Clifton Webb and Myrna Loy. The second, in 2003, starred comedians Steve Martin and Bonnie Hunt, and bears no resemblance to the book, except that it features a family with twelve children, and the wife's maiden name is Gilbreth. A 1952 sequel titled Belles on Their Toes chronicled the adventures of the Gilbreth family after <mask>'s 1924 death. A later biography of his parents, Time Out For Happiness, was written by <mask> <mask>, Jr. alone in 1962. The award for lifetime achievement by the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE) is named in <mask> and <mask>'s honor. His maxim of “I will always choose a lazy person to do a difficult job, because a lazy person will find an easy way to do it” is still commonly used today, although it is often misattributed to Bill Gates, who merely repeated the quote but did not originate it. Selected publications
<mask> and <mask> wrote in collaboration, but Lillian's name was not included on the title page until after she earned her PhD.References

Further reading

  <mask> Jr. makes several errors of recollection in this otherwise significant letter-memoire. External links

 , comprehensive family and professional history. , books by and about the Gilbreths and Scientific Management
  An updated history of the Gilbreth family vacation home. 1868 births
1924 deaths
American industrial engineers
American business theorists
People from Fairfield, Maine
Military personnel from Maine
Purdue University faculty
People from Montclair, New Jersey
American bricklayers
Time and motion study
Articles containing video clips
Henry Laurence Gantt Medal recipients
Engineers from New Jersey
Writers from Maine
English High School of Boston alumni

masks:
Frank Bunker Gilbreth
Lillian Moller Gilbreth
Gilbreth
John Hiram Gilbreth
Martha Bunker Gilbreth
Martha Gilbreth
Frank
Gilbreth
Gilbreth
Gilbreth
Gilbreth
Gilbreth
Martha Bunker
Gilbreth
Frank Bunker
Gilbreth
Gilbreth
Lillian Gilbreth
Gilbreth
Daniel Bunker
Gilbreth
Gilbreth
Gilbreth
Gilbreth
Gilbreth
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank Jr
Frank
Frank Bunker
Gilbreth
Frank
Lillian Gilbreth
Frank
Lillian Gilbreth
Frank Gilbreth


texts:
<mask> (born 1966) is a New Testament scholar whose primary focus has been the book of Hebrews, although he has also published on Paul, Philo, philosophy, and the New Testament in general. His New Testament Survey (Triangle Publishing) has sold over 10,000 copies, and his “brief guide” to Philo (Westminster John Knox) has been translated into Russian, Korean, and Hungarian. He has also written a philosophy textbook. His blog also engages heavily with issues in hermeneutics, ecclesiology, and philosophy on both a popular and scholarly level. He taught philosophy and New Testament at Indiana Wesleyan University for 22 years (1997-2019). During that time he was also Dean of Wesley Seminary at Indiana Wesleyan University for six years (2009-2015) and Dean of the mostly undergraduate School of Theology and Ministry for three years (2016-2019). Then in 2019 he went to Houghton College to become Vice President for Planning and Innovation.Education
<mask> was awarded a Ph.D. degree in 1996 from the University of Durham, England, where he studied under James D. G. Dunn, holds an MA degree in Classical Languages and Literature from the University of Kentucky, an M.Div. degree from Asbury Theological Seminary, and an AB degree from Southern Wesleyan University. He is an ordained minister in the Wesleyan Church since 1991 and a Professor of Bible at Indiana Wesleyan University since 1997. He has also taught for the University of Notre Dame and Asbury Theological Seminary. Scholarship
His work on Hebrews was the first to engage the book extensively from the standpoint of its narrative substructure, and is part of a recent wave that sees the sermon more as a response to the destruction of the Jerusalem temple than a polemic against the Levitical cultus per se. In hermeneutics, <mask> has argued consistently that the traditionally Protestant approach to Scripture, which places the locus of the Bible's authority solely on the historical meaning, deconstructs itself not only because it leads to an atomization of biblical meaning but also because the Bible itself—the putative authority—does not employ this method. The ironic result is a trajectory toward theological liberalism and away from Christian orthodoxy, as well as the fragmentation of Protestantism.<mask> maintains that only a balance between the trajectory of the historical meaning and the Spirit-led consensus of Christendom can sustain both orthodox Christian faith and an understanding of the Bible as Christian Scripture. Publications
"A New Perspective on Hebrews: Rethinking the Parting of the Ways (Lantham, MD: Lexington, 2019). "Hebrews: One Book" (Nashville: Seedbed, 2018). "Our Future: Bible Study on Revelation" (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2015). "Our Walk: Bible Study on James" (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2015). "The Early Church: Letters to the Body of Christ" (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2015). "Our Mission: Bible Study on Acts 13-28" (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2015)."Our Foundation: Bible Study on Acts 1-12" (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2015). "The Early Church: Reaching the World" (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2015). "A Christian Philosophical Journey" (Marion, IN: Triangle, 2014). "The Wisdom of Jesus: Bible Study on the Sermon on the Mount" (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2014). "The Witness of Jesus: Bible Study on the Gospel of John (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2014). "Jesus: Portraits in the Gospels" (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2013). "The Parables of Jesus: Bible Study" (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2013)."The Passion of Jesus: Bible Study on Mark's Passion" (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2013). "Jesus: The Mission" (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2013). "Our Faith: 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus" (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2012). "Our Purpose: Ephesians and Colossians" (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2012). "Paul: Prisoner of Hope" (Prison and Pastoral Letters) (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2012). "Our Righteousness: Romans 1-8" (Soldier of Peace Bible Study) (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2011)
"Our Relationships: Romans 9-16" (Soldier of Peace Bible Study) (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2011). "Paul: Soldier of Peace" (Romans) (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2011)."Our Hope: 1 Thessalonians" (Messenger of Grace Bible Study) (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2010). "Our Joy: Philippians" (Messenger of Grace Bible Study) (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2010). "Paul: Messenger of Grace" (Paul's Early Letters) (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2010). "God Has Spoken: Hebrews’s Theology of the Scriptures," The Epistle to the Hebrews and Christian Theology, Richard Bauckham, Daniel R. Driver, Trevor A. Hart, and Nathan MacDonald, eds. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 321-36. "The Unity and Coherence of Scripture," in Treasure the Word, J. Coleson, ed. (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2009), 63-75.Making Sense of God’s Word (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2009). God’s Plan Fulfilled (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2009). "2 Corinthians 4:13 and the pi/stij Xristou= Debate," CBQ (2008): 524-37. A Brief Guide to Biblical Interpretation (Triangle, 2008). Review of Torrey Seland's, Strangers in the Light: Philonic Perspectives on Christian Identity in 1 Peter (Leiden: Brill, 2005), published in SPhA 20 (2008): 230-33. Cosmology and Eschatology in Hebrews: The Setting of the Sacrifice (Cambridge University, 2007). "The Levitical Cultus and the Partitioning of the Ways in Hebrews," presented at the Jewish Christianity Group at SBL, Fall 2007."The Spirit Directed Church," The Church That Jesus Builds (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2007) 151-62. 1 and 2 Corinthians, Wesleyan Biblical Commentary Series (Wesleyan Publishing House, 2006) (popular commentary for the church). "God Has Spoken: Hebrews’ Theology of Scripture," presented at the Hebrews and Theology Conference at St. Andrews, July 2006. "The Table of Inspiration – Interpreting the Bible," in Passion, Power, and Purpose:  Essays on the Art of Contemporary Preaching (Indianapolis: Wesleyan Publishing House, 2006), 95-109. "The Tale of the Shipwreck," presented at the "Formation of Luke-Acts" Section at SBL, Fall 2006. "An Archaeology of Hebrews Tabernacle Metaphor, "delivered to the Hebrews Consultation of SBL, Fall, 2005. "Hebrews and Hermeneutics: The State of the Question," delivered to the Hebrews Consultation of SBL, Fall, 2005.
Review of Daniel J. Harrington's What Are They Saying about the Letter to the Hebrews?(New York: Paulist Press, 1989), published in BTB 36 (2006): 137-38. A Brief Guide to Philo (Westminster John Knox, 2005). "Superman: A Popular Culture Messiah," in The Gospel According to Superheroes: Religion and Popular Culture (New York: Peter Lang, 2005), 33-48.
Review of Wilfried Eisele's, Ein unerschütterliches Reich: Die mittelplatonische Umformung des Parusiegedankens im Hebräerbrief (BZNW 116; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2003), published in CBQ 67 (2005): 140-41. "Leben nach dem Tod," delivered to the evangelisch-methodistische Seminar in Reutligen, Germany (2004)
"From Enoch to the Scrolls," delivered Winter 2004 to the Kolloquium für Graduierte, Tübingen, Germany
"From Sirach to the Sadducees," delivered Winter 2004 to the Kolloquium für Graduierte, Tübingen, Germany
Why Wesleyans Favor Women in Ministry (Wesleyan Publishing House, 2004). Jesus is Lord: An Introduction to the New Testament (Triangle, 2003). Understanding the Book of Hebrews (Westminster John Knox, 2003). "Philo and the Epistle to the Hebrews: Ronald Williamson’s Study after Thirty Years," Studia Philonica Annual 14 (2002): 112-35."A Celebration of the Enthroned Son: The Catena of Hebrews 1," JBL 120 (2001) 469-485. "Jesus and Essene Views of the Afterlife: Common Ground between the Historical Jesus and Qumran? "—paper delivered at the International Conference on the Dead Sea Scrolls at the University of St. Andrews, Summer, 2001
"Philo and the Epistle to the Hebrews: Ronald Williamson’s Study after Thirty Years"—read at SBL Philo of Alexandria Group, Fall ’00
"Q and the Merging of Jewish Traditions Concerning the Afterlife"—read at SBL Q Section, Fall ’00
"Whoever Loses their Life Will Find It: Resurrection and the Historical Jesus"—read at SBL Historical Jesus Section, Fall ’99
"Keeping His Appointment: Creation and Enthronement in the Epistle to the Hebrews," JSNT 66 (1997) 91-117. "Did Hebrews Know the Book of Wisdom? "—read at British New Testament Conference, Summer ’95

References

External links
http://kenschenck.blogspot.com

1966 births
Arminian ministers
Arminian theologians
Living people
Indiana Wesleyan University faculty
Asbury Theological Seminary alumni
Southern Wesleyan University alumni
University of Kentucky alumni
University of Notre Dame faculty
Hermeneutists
Alumni of St John's College, Durham

masks:
Kenneth Schenck
Schenck
Schenck
Schenck


texts:
<mask> (7 January 1903 – 8 August 1988), better known as <mask>, was an English actor. After a decade in West End theatre, he had a long film career in Britain and later, in Hollywood. <mask> is best remembered for portraying Alfred Pennyworth, Bruce Wayne's butler in the 1960s live-action Batman television series. Early life and career
<mask> was the son of <mask> (1869–1938) and <mask> (née Kenrick, 1871–1932), sister of Wilfred Byng Kenrick, and a first cousin-once removed of Neville Chamberlain, Britain's prime minister from 1937 to 1940. He was educated at Packwood Haugh School and, after leaving Clifton College, he studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, graduating in 1925. He was engaged by the Oxford Players, where he worked with the likes of John Gielgud and Robert Morley. As <mask> recalled, his “ridiculously tall” 6’ 6” height  played a crucial part in his securing the position and also almost losing it.J. B. Fagan had dismissed Tyrone Guthrie because he was too tall for most parts. <mask> was interviewed (and accepted) as Guthrie's replacement while sitting down. Fagan realized that <mask> was even taller than Guthrie when he stood up, but honoured his commitment. <mask> performed for ten years (1929–1939) on the West End stage. <mask> described himself as having a particular affinity for the work of George Bernard Shaw, and in 1937 appeared in a London revival of Heartbreak House supervised by Shaw himself. He made his American stage debut as the romantic lead opposite Gladys George in Lady in Waiting.Though his film career had begun in Britain in the 1930s, he had very little success before the cameras until he joined the British expatriate community in Hollywood in 1941. There he spent time with such people as James Whale, a fellow ex-Oxford Player. He appeared in such films as Random Harvest (1942), Cat People (1942), and The Uninvited (1944). In The Song of Bernadette (1943), he played the ethically questionable psychiatrist who is hired to declare Bernadette mentally ill. He also played the vicious Earl of Warwick in Joan of Arc (1948). He performed in two Shakespearean films: the Orson Welles Macbeth (1948), in which he played a priest that Welles added to the story, who spoke lines originally uttered by other characters, and MGM's Julius Caesar (1953), as Cicero. He appeared as Mr. Rutland in the Hitchcock movie Marnie (1964).In 1949, he made an appearance on the short-lived television anthology series Your Show Time as Sherlock Holmes, in an adaptation of "The Adventure of the Speckled Band". In the 1950s, he appeared on TV in four episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents and guest starred on Dale Robertson's NBC western series Tales of Wells Fargo. He had a recurring role as General Steele on the 1962–1963 situation comedy Don't Call Me Charlie! Batman

In 1965, he was the first to be cast in the Batman TV series, as Bruce Wayne's faithful butler Alfred, a role he played until the series' cancellation in 1968. I had never read comics before [I was hired for Batman]. My agent rang up and said, 'I think you are going to play on "Batman,"' I said 'What is "Batman"?' He said, 'Don't you read the comics?'I said, 'No, never.' He said, 'I think you are going to be Batman's butler.' I said, 'How do I know I want to be Batman's butler?' It was the most ridiculous thing I had ever heard of. He said, 'It may be worth over $100,000.' So I said I was Batman's butler. Jack Nicholson's version of the Joker in the 1989 film Batman was named <mask> in his honor.Later life and career
<mask>'s career extended into the 1980s with roles on television, including the miniseries QB VII, The Bastard and Centennial, and the drama The Paper Chase. He retired in 1981, aged 78. In early 1988, <mask> appeared on the late-night talk show The Late Show as part of a reunion of the surviving cast of Batman, despite being in a wheelchair. His co-star Yvonne Craig described the reunion show as overbooked, and when host Ross Shafer finally turned his attention to <mask>, it was only to ask him a silly question, then cut him off abruptly as he was telling a story, much to <mask>'s annoyance. <mask> did not participate in the subsequent cast reunion held before his death. <mask> was twice married. His second wife, Aileen Dickens Hawksley, was a great-granddaughter of novelist Charles Dickens.Hawsley's daughter from a previous marriage, actress Jennifer Raine, was the mother of former child actor Brian Forster, best known as "Chris Partridge" on the 1970s television show The Partridge Family. Death
<mask> suffered a stroke in 1987, was hospitalized from June 1988, and had been gravely ill for several days, before his death of natural causes on 8 August 1988, in the Berkeley East Convalescent Hospital in Santa Monica, California. He was 85 years old. Autobiography

In the early 1970s, <mask> wrote a three-volume autobiography which was not published at the time because, as he joked, "I haven't committed a major crime and I'm not known to have slept with any famous actresses." In 2015, McFarland Press published the book under the title Not Just Batman's Butler, with <mask>'s original text annotated and updated by James Bigwood. Selected filmography

Film

 Caste (1930) as Capt. Kidd
 Tarzan's Peril (1951) as Commissioner Peters
 The Great Caruso (1951) as Jean de Reszke
 The Highwayman (1951) as Barton
 Across the Wide Missouri (1951) as Capt.(1962–1963 TV series), recurring role as General Steele
 Twilight Zone (1963) episode "Passage on the Lady Anne" as Capt. Protheroe
Batman (1966-1968) as Alfred Pennyworth
 The Beverly Hillbillies (1967) episode "The Clampetts In London" as Chemist
Ironside (1970, 1973, 1974)
 QB VII (1974 miniseries) as Semple
 The Bastard (1978 miniseries) as Dr. Bleeker
 Centennial (1979 miniseries) as Lord Venneford

References

External links

Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
English male film actors
English male television actors
English expatriates in the United States
People educated at Clifton College
1903 births
1988 deaths
Burials at Chapel of the Pines Crematory
Male actors from Birmingham, West Midlands
20th-century English male actors
British expatriate male actors in the United States

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Alan William Napier Clavering
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Claude Gerald Napier Clavering
Mary Millicent Napier Clavering
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