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<mask> (born December 29, 1988) is an  American football safety who is a free agent. He played college football at Tennessee, where he was a two-time unanimous All-American and recognized as the best collegiate defensive back in the country. He was then drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs fifth overall in the 2010 NFL Draft. <mask> has been voted to the Pro Bowl five times and has been named to the First Team All-Pro three times. <mask> was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma on December 8, 2014. After going through chemotherapy in the offseason and being declared cancer free, <mask> came back for the 2015 season and was named to the Pro Bowl, the AP All-Pro team, and was named the 2015 AP Comeback Player of the Year. He was named to the NFL 2010s All-Decade Team.Early years
<mask> was born in Fairburn, Georgia. He attended Creekside High School in Fairburn, and was a standout athlete for the Seminole track and football teams. <mask> played cornerback and quarterback, earning a 37–5 record as a starter at Creekside. He was teammates with Rokevious Watkins and Terrance Parks. Following his stellar high school career, <mask> was invited to play in the 2007 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. <mask> was considered the top player in Georgia and the top cornerback prospect by every recruiting service, and Rivals.com ranked him the #3 player in the nation. He was once clocked at 4.38-4.41 range at the 40-yard dash at a soft indoor surface at a high school Combine.<mask> was also a standout athlete for Creekside's track team. He set school records in long jump, with a leap of 6.95 meters, and 200 meters, with a time of 21.76 seconds. <mask> was the anchor leg of the 2006 Class 4A state championship 4 × 400 meters relay team. Individually, he was the 2005 Class 4A state champion in the 200 meters and 2007 Class 4A state champion in the Long Jump, beating future NFL players Brandon Boykin, 2nd and Stephen Hill, 3rd. He had career-bests of 10.66 seconds in the 100 meters and 21.44 seconds in the 200 meters. He was regarded as the most scouted safety since Sean Taylor. College career
<mask> received many scholarship offers, but chose to attend the University of Tennessee, where he played from 2007 to 2009 under head coaches Phillip Fulmer and Lane Kiffin.2007 season
As a freshman, <mask> replaced fifth-year senior Jarod Parrish after a strong showing in his first collegiate game against California. <mask> turned in several big plays during his freshman season en route to being named the SEC Defensive Freshman of the Year by the Sporting News. His 222 return yards (on five interceptions) broke the 37-year-old Tennessee record by 43 yards. <mask> led all SEC freshmen in tackles with 86. He twice was named SEC Freshman of the Week for his play over the regular season's final three games. After the season, he  was also named 1st team Freshman All-American by Rivals. 2008 season

Prior to the season, despite being a sophomore, <mask> was named a team captain.For the year, <mask> tied for the national lead in interceptions with seven and returned them for 265 yards and two touchdowns, breaking the record he set the year earlier. Combined with the yards he accumulated as a freshman, <mask> set the all-time career SEC record for interception return yards with 487 yards, only 14 yards shy of the NCAA record for interception return yards, set by Terrell Buckley during his time at Florida State. He also finished the regular season with 72 tackles, six pass break-ups, and three sacks. <mask> also took snaps on offense at quarterback and wide receiver, gaining 44 rushing yards on seven carries. In addition, he gained 32 yards on two kick-off returns. His early success had some journalists speculating that he could end up being the best defensive player in Tennessee history. He was nominated as a finalist for the Jim Thorpe Award, the Lott Trophy, and the Chuck Bednarik Award.<mask> was named the SEC Defensive Player of the year and was a first-team All-SEC pick. He was also a unanimous first-team All American. The Touchdown Club of Columbus also named him their winner of the 2008 Jack Tatum Award as well. 2009 season
As a junior, <mask> recorded 87 total tackles, two interceptions, nine passes defensed, and one fumble recovery. Following the season, <mask> was a first-team All-SEC selection, and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American for the second consecutive season. He won the Jim Thorpe Award and also was the recipient of The Touchdown Club of Columbus's Jack Tatum Award for the second straight year. At the conclusion of the 2009 season, <mask> announced his intention to enter the 2010 NFL Draft.College awards and honors

2009 Unanimous All-American
2000s ESPN All-Decade High School Football Team
2000s RivalsHigh.com Team Of The Decade First Team
2000s Sports Illustrated All-Decade Team
2009 Jim Thorpe Award
2009 Bronko Nagurski Award Finalist
2009 Lott Award Finalist
2009 Jack Tatum Award Winner
2009 First-team All-SEC (Coaches, AP)
2008 Unanimous All-American
2008 National Defensive Sophomore of the Year (Collegefootballnews.com)
2008 SEC Defensive Player of the Year
2008 Jack Tatum Award Winner
2008 First-team All-SEC (Coaches, AP)
2008 Vince Dooley Award

2008 Jim Thorpe Award Finalist
Unanimous 2007 First-team Freshman All-American
2007 National Defensive Freshman of the Year (Collegefootballnews.com)
2007 SEC Freshman Defensive Player of the Year (Sporting News)
2007 Second-team All-SEC (Coaches, AP)
2007 All-SEC Freshmen Team
2007 All-SEC Freshmen Academic Honor Roll
2006 Georgia High School Player of the Year (Gatorade)

College statistics
Correct as of the end of the 2009 season. Professional career
Following Tennessee's 37–14 loss to Virginia Tech in the 2009 Chick-fil-A Bowl, <mask> announced his decision to forgo his final year of college football eligibility, entering the 2010 NFL Draft. He attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana and performed all of the combine and positional drills. <mask> finished second among safeties in the 40-yard dash and fifth in the bench press. On March 16, 2010, <mask> opted to participate at Tennessee's pro day, but chose to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills. <mask> was regarded as the highest scouted safety since Sean Taylor, whom <mask> idolized prior to Taylor's death, and was expected to be selected no lower than No. 7, the Cleveland Browns pick.NFL draft experts and scouts projected him to be a first round pick and a possible top ten selection. He was ranked as the top safety prospect in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, DraftScout.com, Bleacher Report, and Sports Illustrated. 2010
The Kansas City Chiefs selected <mask> in the first round (fifth overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft. He became the highest drafted defensive back since Sean Taylor in 2004, and the highest drafted Tennessee Volunteer since Jamal Lewis. <mask> selected number 29 as his jersey number in honor of former Tennessee defensive back standout Inky Johnson, whose career was cut short due to an injury and also as a tribute to his hometown of Fairburn, Georgia, and the main road U.S. Route 29. On July 30, 2010, the Kansas City Chiefs signed <mask> to a six-year, $60 million contract that includes $34 million guaranteed and made him the highest paid safety in the league history. He entered training camp slated as the starting free safety.Head coach Todd Haley named him the starter, alongside starting strong safety Jon McGraw, to start the 2010 regular season. He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the Kansas City Chiefs' season-opener against the San Diego Chargers and recorded his first career tackle on tight end Antonio Gates after he caught an 11-yard pass in the first quarter of their 21–14 victory. He finished his debut with six combined tackles. On October 24, 2010, <mask> recorded four solo tackles, two pass deflections, forced a fumble, and made his first career interception off a pass by quarterback Todd Bouman during a 42–20 victory against the Jacksonville Jaguars. The following week, he made a season-high ten combined tackles (seven solo), deflected a pass, and intercepted a pass by Ryan Fitzpatrick in their 13–10 overtime victory over the Buffalo Bills. In Week 9, he recorded four combined tackles and a season-high two sacks on quarterback Jason Campbell in the Chiefs' 23–20 overtime victory at the Oakland Raiders. It marked <mask>'s first career sack.On December 26, 2010, <mask> made four solo tackles, broke up a pass, and returned an interception for a 54-yard touchdown to mark the first  score of his career. His interception was off a pass by quarterback Kerry Collins that was originally intended for Nate Washington and occurred in the second quarter of their 34–14 victory against the Tennessee Titans in Week 16. He finished his rookie season with a career-high 92 combined tackles (77 solo), nine pass deflections, four interceptions, two sacks, a touchdown, and a forced fumble in 16 games and 16 starts. He led the team in interceptions (4), and was second only to Derrick Johnson in tackles and solo tackles. On January 24, 2011, it was reported that <mask> would play in the 2011 Pro Bowl as a replacement for Troy Polamalu, who was appearing in the AFC Championship with the Pittsburgh Steelers. He became the first Chiefs rookie to be selected to the Pro Bowl since linebacker Derrick Thomas. <mask> helped to improve the Kansas City defense from 29th best unit in the 2009 season in terms of points allowed to 11th in the 2010 season, In addition to starting every game, <mask> was on the field for almost half of Kansas City's special teams plays and was the only Chiefs defender to play every defensive snap.The Kansas City Chiefs finished first in the AFC West with a 10–6 record. On January 9, 2011, <mask> recorded ten combined tackles and a season-high four pass deflections during a 30–7 loss to the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Wildcard Game. 2011
He started the Kansas City Chiefs' season-opener against the Buffalo Bills, but sustained a torn ACL on the Bills' second offensive drive during the first quarter of their 41–7 loss. He sustained the injury during a seven-yard run by C. J. Spiller and went down untouched while attempting to switch direction in pursuit of him. On September 14, the Kansas City Chiefs officially placed him on injured reserve prematurely ending his second season before he recorded a stat. On September 29, 2011, he underwent surgery to repair the torn ligament. Throughout the season, Jon McGraw replaced <mask> in the lineup.On December 13, 2011, the Kansas City Chiefs fired head coach Todd Haley after they stood at a 5–8 record. Defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel was named interim head coach for the last three games. 2012
<mask> returned to training camp in 2012 and reclaimed his role as the starting strong safety.

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 Head coach Romeo Crennel named <mask> and Lewis the starting safety duo to begin the regular season. On November 1, 2012, <mask> recorded eight combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by Philip Rivers during a 31–13 loss at the San Diego Chargers. In Week 11, he collected a season-high 11 solo tackles in the Chiefs' 28–6 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals. On December 16, 2012, <mask> tied his season-high of 11 solo tackles and broke up a pass in their 15–0 loss at the Oakland Raiders.On December 26, 2012, <mask> was announced as one of six Chiefs players to be a voted to the 2013 Pro Bowl. On December 31, 2012, the Kansas City Chiefs fired head coach Romeo Crennel after they finished with a 2–14 record. He finished the  season with 86 combined tackles (73 solo), ten pass deflections, and an interception in 16 games and 16 starts. 2013
New head coach Andy Reid retained <mask> and Lewis as the starting safeties to begin 2013. On September 19, 2013, <mask> recorded five solo tackles, two pass deflections, and returned an interception off Michael Vick for a 37-yard touchdown in the Chiefs' 26–16 victory at the Philadelphia Eagles. In Week 12, he made a season-high eight solo tackles, broke up a pass, and a sack during a 41–28 loss to the San Diego Chargers. On December 15, 2013, <mask> collected three combined tackles, two pass deflections, a season-high two interceptions, and a touchdown during a 56–31 victory at the Oakland Raiders.During the first quarter, he intercepted a pass by Matt McGloin and returned it for a 37-yard touchdown. Head coach Andy Reid decided to rest <mask> for the Chiefs' Week 17 matchup at the San Diego Chargers after the Chiefs had already clinched a playoff berth with an 11–4 record. On December 27, 2013, it was announced that <mask> was one of eight players from the Chiefs to be voted to the 2014 Pro Bowl, marking his third consecutive Pro Bowl. <mask> attained the second highest overall grade among safeties from Pro Football Focus in 2013. He finished the season with 74 combined tackles (66 solo), ten pass deflections, a career-high 3.5 sacks, three interceptions, two fumble recoveries, and two touchdowns in 15 games and 15 starts. On January 4, 2014, <mask> started in the AFC Wildcard Game and recorded nine combined tackles and a forced fumble during their 45–44 loss at the Indianapolis Colts. On January 26, 2014, he started in the 2014 Pro Bowl for Team Sanders and recorded two pass deflections and an interception during their 22–21 victory over Team Rice.He intercepted a pass by Drew Brees in the endzone that was intended for Larry Fitzgerald and lateraled in to Darrelle Revis after a 13-yard gain at the end of the first quarter. 2014
<mask> remained the starting strong safety during training camp and was officially named the starter by defensive coordinator Bob Sutton for the season-opener, along with free safety Husain Abdullah. He started the Kansas City Chiefs' season-opener against the Tennessee Titans and recorded a career-high 15 combined tackles (14 solo) and a pass deflection during their 26–10 loss. On September 14, 2014, <mask> sustained a high ankle sprain against the Denver Broncos and was sidelined for five consecutive games (Weeks 3–8). On November 20, 2014, <mask> recorded five combined tackles and began complaining of chest pains after their 24–20 loss
at the Oakland Raiders. On December 8, 2014, it was reported that a mass was discovered in <mask>'s chest and he was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma. <mask> was placed on the Chiefs' non-football illness list, ending his  season.<mask>'s doctor, Dr. Christopher Flowers, a lymphoma specialist at Emory University Hospital in Atlanta, said of <mask>'s diagnosis, "This is a diagnosis that is very treatable and potentially curable with standard chemotherapy approaches. The goal of Mr. <mask>'s treatment is to cure his lymphoma and we are beginning that treatment now." He finished the  season with 37 combined tackles (32 solo) and two pass deflections in six games and five starts. 2015
On July 28, 2015, the Kansas City Chiefs announced that <mask> had been cleared to resume football activities and was declared clear of cancer nearly nine months after his initial diagnosis. Head coach Andy Reid opted to bring <mask> back gradually and named him the backup free safety behind Husain Abdullah to begin the 2015 regular season. On September 17, 2015, he made his first start of the season and recorded four solo tackles in his return to Arrowhead Stadium as the Chiefs lost to the Denver Broncos 31–24. In Week 7, <mask> recorded six combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by Ben Roethlisberger in a 23–13 win against the Pittsburgh Steelers.On November 15, 2015, <mask> made two solo tackles, a career-high four pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by quarterback Peyton Manning during a 29–13 victory at the Denver Broncos. The following week, he made a season-high eight solo tackles in the Chiefs' 33–3 victory at the San Diego Chargers. On December 24, 2015, the Kansas City Chiefs announced that <mask> was one of five Chiefs players to be voted to the 2016 Pro Bowl. He finished the  season with 61 combined tackles (55 solo), ten pass deflections, and two interceptions in 16 games and 15 starts. Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 87.7, which ranked fifth among all qualifying safeties in 2015. He also received the fourth highest coverage grade among safeties (85.2). The Kansas City Chiefs finished second in the AFC West with an 11–5 record.On January 9, 2016, <mask> started in the AFC Wildcard Game and recorded three combined tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception as the Chiefs routed the Houston Texans 30–0. The following game, he made seven combined tackles in Kansas City's 27–20 loss at the New England Patriots in the AFC Divisional Round. He was named Comeback Player of the Year and  was ranked 55th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016. 2016
On March 1, 2016, the Kansas City Chiefs offered <mask> a franchise tag. He decided to hold out of training camp and offseason activities in the hopes of receiving a long-term contract offer by the Chiefs. On August 28, 2016, <mask> signed a one-year, $10.80 million franchise tag to remain with the Chiefs for the 2016 season after both parties were unable to come to an agreement on a long-term contract. On November 13, 2016, <mask> recorded nine combined tackles, two pass deflections, and returned an interception by Cam Newton for a 42-yard touchdown in the Chiefs' 20–17 victory at the Carolina Panthers.In Week 13, <mask> made two solo tackles, broke up a pass, returned an interception for a 37-yard touchdown, and became the first player to return an interception for a defensive two-point conversion since the rule was enacted in 2015. His two-point score occurred on an interception by quarterback Matt Ryan during the two-point conversion attempt and provided the winning score for the Chiefs' 29–28 victory against the Atlanta Falcons. He earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week honors for his performance against the Falcons. On December 13, 2016, he collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (ten solo) during a 19–17 loss to the Tennessee Titans. On December 20, 2016, it was announced that <mask> was one of four Chiefs players voted to the 2017 Pro Bowl, marking his fifth Pro Bowl selection of his career. He finished the season with 77 combined tackles (62 solo), nine pass deflections, four interceptions, a forced fumble, and two touchdowns in 16 games and 16 starts. <mask> received an overall grade of
87.8 from Pro Football Focus, which ranked seventh among all safeties in 2016.He also received the fourth highest coverage grade among his position group (88.7) and fifth highest run defense grade (85.0). On January 6, 2017, he was selected to be First-team All-Pro, marking his third All-Pro selection in his career. He was also ranked 13th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 as the highest ranked defensive back. 2017
On February 28, 2017, the Kansas City Chiefs signed <mask> to a six-year, $78 million contract that includes $40 million guaranteed and a $20 million signing bonus, making him the highest-paid safety in the NFL. However, <mask> would only play four more games for the Chiefs. He remained the starting strong safety, opposite Ron Parker, to start the regular season. He started the Kansas City Chiefs season-opener at the New England Patriots and recorded seven combined tackles, before leaving their 42–27 victory on Thursday Night Football in the fourth quarter after sustaining an apparent Achilles injury.The following day, the Chiefs announced he had ruptured his Achilles and that he would miss the rest of the season. He finished his season with seven combined tackles (four solo) in one game and one start. On September 9, 2017, the Kansas City Chiefs officially placed him on injured reserve and he underwent surgery three days later. With only one appearance, he earned an overall grade of 73.6 from Pro Football Focus. 2018
While recovering from the torn Achilles, he had been dealing with a sore heel, which was later diagnosed as a Haglund's deformity, which is a bone spur that digs into the Achilles causing extreme pain. He missed the first 13 games before making his season debut in Week 15. He played in two regular season games and one playoff game, the Chiefs 31–37 loss to the Patriots in the AFC Championship game.On March 13, 2019, <mask> was released by the Chiefs, in order to avoid a portion of his salary being fully guaranteed. NFL career statistics

Personal life
<mask>'s father, James, played running back for the University of Tennessee from 1978 to 1981, and was a captain of the 1981 squad. <mask>'s younger brothers, twins Elliott and Evan, played football at Tennessee, and are now free agents. <mask> is the first cousin once removed of former All-Pro Tampa Bay Buccaneers linebacker Hugh Green. On May 4, 2010, it was reported that <mask> had signed an endorsement deal with Adidas. He established the Eric Berry Foundation in 2011 that strives to provide safe environments for children to participate in team sports. His first project was a turf football field he funded in Fairburn, Georgia.He also hosts annual youth football camps in Atlanta, Tennessee, and Kansas City with proceeds going to the <mask> Foundation. <mask> suffers from equinophobia, a fear of horses. His condition was frequently brought on by the Kansas City Chiefs' mascot, Warpaint. References

1988 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football safeties
Kansas City Chiefs players
People from Fairburn, Georgia
Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)
Sportspeople from Fulton County, Georgia
Tennessee Volunteers football players
Unconferenced Pro Bowl

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<mask> (November 9, 1886 – June 19, 1966), better known as <mask>, was an American actor and comedian. He was noted for his Perfect Fool comedy character, his pioneering radio show of the 1930s, and his later career as a dramatic actor. <mask> was born <mask> in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to a Jewish family. His father, Joseph, a milliner, was born in Bohemia. His mother, Minnie Greenberg, of Romanian and Turkish ancestry, came from Istanbul. <mask> attended Central High School in Philadelphia until age 15. He ran away from home in his teens, worked as a hat salesman and as a utility boy, and eventually adapted his middle name "<mask>" into his new stage name, "<mask>", to save his family the embarrassment of having a lowly comedian as a relative.Early career

<mask> began his career in vaudeville in 1903 and was a star of the Ziegfeld Follies starting in 1914. During The Follies of 1915, W. C. Fields allegedly caught <mask> mugging for the audience under the table during Fields's Pool Room routine and knocked <mask> unconscious with his cue. <mask> wrote, directed, and produced many Broadway shows in the subsequent decades, and was known for his silly costumes and props as well as for the giggly, wavering voice he developed for the 1921 musical revue, The Perfect Fool. <mask> became a very active member of The Lambs Club in 1919. Radio

In the early 1930s <mask> hosted the popular radio show The Fire Chief, heard in North America on Tuesday nights, sponsored by Texaco gasoline. Like many former vaudeville performers who turned to radio in the same decade, the stage-trained <mask> insisted on playing for a live studio audience, doing each program as an actual stage show, using visual bits to augment his written material, and in his case, wearing a colorful costume with a red fireman's helmet. He usually bounced his gags off announcer/straight man Graham McNamee; <mask>'s customary opening, "Tonight, Graham, the show's gonna be different," became one of the most familiar tag-lines of its time; a sample joke: "Graham, my uncle just bought a new second-handed car... he calls it Baby!I don't know, it won't go anyplace without a rattle!" <mask> reprised his Fire Chief radio character in two movies, Follow the Leader (1930) and The Chief (1933). Near the height of his radio fame (1933) he founded his own short-lived radio network the Amalgamated Broadcasting System, which lasted only five weeks, nearly destroying the comedian. According to radio historian Elizabeth McLeod, the failed venture left <mask> deep in debt, divorced and finally, suffering a nervous breakdown. <mask> was offered the title role The Wizard in MGM's 1939 screen adaptation of The Wizard of Oz, but turned it down, as did his Ziegfeld contemporary W. C. Fields. The part went to Frank Morgan. Television

<mask> first appeared on television on July 7, 1936 in a brief, ad-libbed spot with Graham McNamee during an NBC experimental television broadcast.In the 1949–50 season, <mask> hosted one of the first network, comedy-variety television shows, on CBS, and won both a Peabody Award and an Emmy Award in 1949. Buster Keaton, Carmen Miranda, Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Hattie McDaniel and The Three Stooges all made guest appearances with <mask>. This was the first CBS variety television show to originate from Los Angeles, which was seen live on the west coast, but filmed via kinescope for distribution in the Midwest and East, as the national coaxial cable had yet to be completed. <mask> was also a rotating host of NBC's Four Star Revue from 1950 through 1952. After the end of <mask>'s third television series, The <mask> Show (a short-lived situation comedy on NBC's 1958–59 schedule), his son, actor Keenan <mask>, encouraged him to make a career change rather than retire. The comedian reluctantly began a career as a dramatic actor in television and movies. Father and son appeared in three productions, the first of which was the 1956 Playhouse 90 broadcast of Rod Serling's play Requiem for a Heavyweight.<mask> was terrified of straight acting and kept goofing his lines in rehearsal. When the producers wanted to fire him, star Jack Palance said he would quit if they fired <mask>. (However, unbeknownst to <mask>, supporting player Ned Glass was his secret understudy in case something did happen before air time.) On live broadcast night, <mask> surprised everyone with his pitch-perfect performance, and his quick ad libs to cover his mistakes. A dramatization of what happened during the production was later staged as an April 1960 Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse episode, The Man in the Funny Suit, starring both senior and junior <mask>s, with key figures involved in the original production also portraying themselves (including Rod Serling and director Ralph Nelson). <mask> and his son also worked together in the Jose Ferrer film The Great Man, with <mask> again proving his unexpected skills in drama. Requiem established <mask> as a serious dramatic actor who could easily hold his own with the best.His performance in The Diary of Anne Frank (1959) received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. Also in 1959, <mask> appeared on Serling's TV series The Twilight Zone in  "One for the Angels". Serling, a longtime admirer, had written that episode especially for him, and <mask> later in 1963 starred in the episode "Ninety Years Without Slumbering". For the rest of his life, <mask> skillfully moved between comic and dramatic roles. He appeared in feature films and anthology television, endearing himself to new generations of fans. Cartoons
<mask> was caricatured in the Merrie Melodies cartoon shorts Shuffle Off to Buffalo (1933) and I've Got to Sing a Torch Song (1933), and as a pot of jam in the Betty Boop short Betty in Blunderland (1934). Films

He appeared as the Fairy Godfather in Jerry Lewis's Cinderfella.His performance as Paul Beaseley in the 1958 film The Great Man earned him nominations for a Golden Globe Award for "Best Supporting Actor" and a BAFTA Award for "Best Foreign Actor". The following year he received his first (and only) nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Mr. Dussell in The Diary of Anne Frank (1959). Six years later he appeared in the Bible epic The Greatest Story Ever Told. <mask> provided the voice of the Mad Hatter in Walt Disney's film Alice in Wonderland (1951) and played The Toymaker alongside Annette Funicello and Tommy Sands in the Christmas operetta film Babes in Toyland released in 1961. Possibly his best-remembered film appearance was in Walt Disney's Mary Poppins (1964), in which he played eccentric Uncle Albert floating around just beneath the ceiling in uncontrollable mirth, singing "I Love to Laugh". Re-teaming with the Disney team the following year—in That Darn Cat! (1965), featuring Dean Jones and Hayley <mask> filled out the character of Mr. Hofstedder, the watch jeweler with his bumbling charm.He also had brief roles in The Absent Minded Professor (as the fire chief, in a scene alongside his son Keenan <mask>, who played the film's antagonist) and Son of Flubber (as county agricultural agent A.J. Allen). His final performance, as Rufus in Walt Disney's The Gnome-Mobile, was released a few months after his death. In addition to Disney films, <mask> was also an actor in the Disneyland production The Golden Horseshoe Revue. Death

<mask> died in June 19, 1966, in Beverly Hills, California, of esophageal cancer, aged 79. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale. His bronze grave marker reads:

According to his granddaughter Hilda Levine, Walt Disney, who died a few months later, served as one of his pall bearers.Red Skelton, who was discovered by <mask>, stated: "His death is the first time he ever made anyone sad." <mask>'s distinct voice continues to be emulated by countless actors and comedians. It was deliberately emulated by Alan Tudyk for character Turbo/King Candy in Disney's animated film Wreck-It Ralph, by Daws Butler for the character of Wally Gator, by Paul Frees for the characters of Captain Peter "Wrongway" Peachfuzz on Rocky and Bullwinkle and Fred the lion from the Super Chicken segment of George of the Jungle, by Cam Clarke for character Multo in The Zula Patrol, by Joey D'Auria for the character Mr. Scatterbrain on The Mr. Men Show, by Meshach Taylor for the character Cecil in The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue, by Kevin Michael Richardson for the character Uncle Pockets in Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, by Dallas McKennon as Professor Kapp in the Gumby franchise, by Jeff Bennett for characters Choose Goose in Adventure Time and Ranger Jinx in Mixels, by Mark Silverman for the plush doll Herbie in Malcolm in the Middle, and by <mask> for the character of Dr. Blinky in H.R. Pufnstuf. <mask> was posthumously named a Disney Legend on August 10, 2013. (1937) – musical – actor in the role of "Chuckles"
Boys and Girls Together (1940) – revue – producer, co-book-writer, originator, director and actor/performer
Morose Thoughts (1941) – revue – producer, book co-author, and actor
Laugh, Town, Laugh! of Agriculture agent)
77 Sunset Strip episode "5: Part 1" (1963) – actor (as Feigenstein)
The Twilight Zone episode "Ninety Years Without Slumbering" (1963) – actor (as Sam Forstmann)
Burke's Law episode "Who Killed Avery Lord?"(1964) – actor (as Zachary Belden)
For the Love of Willadean (1964) – actor (as Alfred)
The Patsy (1964) – actor (as <mask>)
Mary Poppins (1964) – actor (as Uncle Albert)
Slattery's People episode "Question: What Ever Happened to Ezra?" (1964) – actor (as Ezra Tallicott)
Dear Brigitte (1965) – actor (as The Captain and Narrator)
Those Calloways (1965) – actor (as <mask>)
Bonanza episode "The Ponderosa Birdman" (1965) – actor (as Professor Phineas T. Klump)
The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) – actor (as Old Aram)
That Darn Cat! (1965) – actor (as Mr. Hofstedder)
The Daydreamer (1966) – voice actor (as The Emperor)
Combat Episode “The Flying Machine” (1966) Actor (as Lt. Brannigan)
Vacation Playhouse episode "You're Only Young Twice" (1967) – actor (as Professor Hubert Abernathy)
The Gnome-Mobile (1967) – actor (as Rufus) – released after his death (final film role)

See also

List of actors with Academy Award nominations

References

External links

The <mask> Show at Classic TV Info. Four Star Revue/All Star Revue at Classic TV Info. Biography of <mask> at Ed-Wynn.info
<mask> papers at the Free Library of Philadelphia Theatre Collection
Radio Journeys: Texaco Fire Chief (July 26, 1932)

1886 births
1966 deaths
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
American male comedy actors
American male film actors
American male radio actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
American people of Czech-Jewish descent
American people of Ottoman-Jewish descent
American radio personalities
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Central High School (Philadelphia) alumni
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Disney people
Jewish American male actors
Male actors from Philadelphia
Vaudeville performers
Ziegfeld Follies
Members of The Lambs Club

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<mask> (born 6 November 1977)  is a Brazilian professional submission grappler and mixed martial artist. He competed in both the Welterweight and Middleweight divisions of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). <mask> is regarded as one of the greatest grapplers in MMA history. He has competed in two UFC title fights, losing against Anderson Silva for the UFC Middleweight Championship in 2010 and Tyron Woodley for the UFC Welterweight Championship in 2017. Background
Born in São Paulo, Brazil, <mask> trained in Judo as a child. He began at the age of four and trained until he was six. When he became a teenager, he also began studying Kung Fu and Karate.By age nineteen, <mask> was introduced to Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu by his cousin. After four years and seven months, <mask> received his black belt. <mask> <mask> finished college and graduated with a degree in journalism. He is currently a fifth-degree black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and has won several major tournaments under Team Brasa. <mask> has previously credited a three-hour private lesson he once took with Rickson Gracie as one of the moments that had the biggest impact on his approach to Jiu-Jitsu and changed it entirely. He won the 77–87 kg weight division at 2007 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship, defeating Yushin Okami, Rafael Lovato, and Tarsis Humphres before armbarring Flavio Almeida in the finals. He also won the 2007 Super Challenge under 83 kg belt, defeating Vitelmo Kubis Bandeira by rear naked choke and Gustavo Machado by a judges decision before going on to defeat Fabio Negao by guillotine choke in the finals.On the heels of his ADCC Championship in 2007, <mask> released an instructional DVD series titled The Science of Jiu-Jitsu I & II in collaboration with the World Martial Arts company. <mask>'s grappling prowess is so highly regarded among MMA fighters that noted heavyweight submission artist and fellow BJJ black belt Frank Mir hired him as his head jiu-jitsu coach prior to his UFC 100 title fight with Brock Lesnar. Mir credits <mask> with bringing Mir's jiu-jitsu skills to different levels, saying "I thought I was actually good at it until I started rolling with him." <mask> has also defeated top-ranked UFC middleweight and multiple-time Mundial champion Ronaldo "Jacaré" Souza, as well as former UFC heavyweight title challenger and Mundial champion Gabriel Gonzaga twice in grappling competition. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
On 21 September 2001, fought against Raul Sosa at Tormenta en el Ring in Caracas, Venezuela. <mask> defeated Sosa by TKO in just 48 seconds to win his MMA debut. After a four-year layoff, he returned to submit Lukasz Chewlicki by armbar at The Cage Vol.4 – Redemption. <mask> next competed at Super Challenge 1, earning three victories in one night to be crowned the 2007 Super Challenge Champion in the under-83 kg division. In 2007, he competed in GFC – Evolution against Ryan Stout. Early in the first round, Stout's shoulder popped out of its socket after <mask> reversing him into a mount, causing a stoppage due to injury. Ultimate Fighting Championship
It was reported on 7 August 2007, that <mask> had signed a contract with the UFC. He was originally matched against veteran Marvin Eastman, but Eastman pulled out due to eye surgery. Ryan Jensen, who trained with Team Quest, was named as his replacement.The preliminary bout took place on 20 October at UFC 77 in Cincinnati, Ohio. <mask> won by rear naked choke in the first round and was awarded the Submission of the Night award, which paid him an extra $40,000. <mask> next fought TUF 3 finalist Ed Herman, another Team Quest fighter, at UFC 83 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on 19 April 2008. <mask> defeated Herman by technical submission due to a mounted triangle choke at 2:27 of the second round. He again earned Submission of the Night honors for the victory, which paid him $75,000. <mask>'s third fight was at UFC 87 where he took on fellow Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu black belt Jason MacDonald. Both fighters entered the cage having won back-to-back Submission of the Night honors in the UFC.<mask> went on to defeat MacDonald by rear naked choke at 2:44 of the third round, earning $60,000 for another Submission of the Night bonus. With this award he became the first UFC fighter to earn three consecutive Submissions of the Night awards. His four consecutive dominating submissions in the UFC have quickly brought his skills to the forefront as possibly being the best pure grappler in the UFC. <mask> defeated heavy handed striker Nate Quarry at UFC 91 by rear naked choke in the first round. After the fight, <mask> expressed interest in fighting Michael Bisping next. Instead, <mask> would take on WEC standout and future UFC middleweight title contender Chael Sonnen in London, England at UFC 95 on 21 February 2009. During the match, <mask> tossed Sonnen over his head using a lateral drop takedown, taking Sonnen to the ground, where <mask> immediately achieved mount.<mask> then transitioned to a triangle choke, forcing Sonnen to tap at 2:24 of the first round. <mask>'s next opponent was former title contender Nate Marquardt at UFC 102 on 29 August. During an exchange of strikes, <mask> was knocked out by a straight right hand from Marquardt 21 seconds into the fight, resulting in his first career loss. <mask> faced Dan Miller on 6 February 2010, at UFC 109. <mask> won the fight via unanimous decision (30–27, 29–28, and 29–28). Middleweight Championship fight
After Vitor Belfort had to pull out of his upcoming match with UFC Middleweight Champion Anderson Silva at UFC 112 due to a shoulder injury suffered in training, <mask> was selected to fill the spot and take Silva on for the belt in what would be the UFC's first-ever open-air event in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. In the first two rounds, Silva appeared to mock his opponent, while also executing quick, precise striking.In the third round, however, Silva's tempo seemed to change and looked to <mask> to be the aggressor of the fight while he largely circled and taunted his opponent. In the fifth round, Silva's lack of action prompted referee Dan Miragliotta to warn Silva for his conduct and the crowd began to side with <mask>. After 5 rounds, Silva was declared the winner via unanimous decision. Post Title Fight

<mask> was then expected to fight Alan Belcher on 15 September 2010, at UFC Fight Night 22. However, on 1 August 2010, Belcher withdrew from the fight after undergoing emergency eye surgery for a detached retina. Belcher stated on his Twitter account that he started to lose the vision in his right eye while in Brazil. As a result, <mask> was also pulled from the event and faced Mario Miranda on 28 August 2010, at UFC 118.<mask> defeated Mario Miranda via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Kendall Grove on 4 December 2010, at The Ultimate Fighter 12 Finale. where he won by unanimous decision. <mask> faced Mark Muñoz on 11 June 2011, at UFC 131, where he lost a close contest by unanimous decision. <mask> defeated Jorge Santiago on 8 October 2011, at UFC 136 by unanimous decision. <mask> was expected to face Michael Bisping on 28 January 2012, at UFC on Fox 2. However, Bisping replaced an injured Mark Muñoz on the same card against Chael Sonnen, while <mask> faced undefeated Chris Weidman at the event.Weidman defeated <mask> via unanimous decision. The fight was initially announced as a split decision but the judges actually scored it as a unanimous decision, clarified by UFC President Dana White in a tweet. Drop to welterweight

After deciding to drop to the 170 pound division, <mask> faced Dong Hyun Kim in a welterweight bout on 7 July 2012, at UFC 148. The bout was stopped in forty-seven seconds by referee Mario Yamasaki, after <mask> took Kim down and finished him with strikes from the mounted position. UFC commentator Joe Rogan said that Kim had broken a rib, but it was later revealed that he suffered a major muscle spasm. <mask> fought Rick Story on 13 October 2012, at UFC 153. <mask> defeated Story via first round submission due to a neck crank.<mask> next faced Jon Fitch on 2 February 2013, at UFC 156. He dominated the former title challenger for all three rounds, earning a lopsided unanimous decision victory with all three judges scoring the fight 30–27. <mask> credited B.J. Penn and his gameplan against Fitch at UFC 127, which <mask> admitted he emulated to earn his victory. <mask> was expected to face Josh Koscheck on 3 August 2013, at UFC 163. However, Koscheck was forced out of the bout with an injury and as a result, <mask> was pulled from the card as well. For his fourth fight at welterweight, <mask> faced Jake Shields on 9 October 2013, at UFC Fight Night 29.As expected, the contest between the two decorated jiu-jitsu practitioners took place mostly on the ground with <mask> losing a split decision. <mask> faced Rory MacDonald at UFC 170 in Las Vegas, Nevada, on 22 February 2014. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. Despite the loss, the bout won <mask> his first Fight of the Night bonus award. <mask> was expected to face Mike Pierce on 31 May 2014, at The Ultimate Fighter Brazil 3 Finale. However Pierce had to pull out of the fight due to a broken hand. Pierce was replaced by UFC newcomer Alexander Yakovlev.<mask> won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was expected to face Mike Pyle on 23 August 2014, at UFC Fight Night 49. However he later came down with a staph infection and was forced to pull out of the bout. It was later revealed that <mask>'s infection had spread to the bone leading to osteomyelitis in his right clavicle. <mask> faced Ryan LaFlare on 21 March 2015, in the main event at UFC Fight Night 62. <mask> won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> faced Neil Magny on 1 August 2015, at UFC 190.He won the fight via submission with a rear-naked choke in the second round and was awarded a Performance of the Night bonus. <mask> was briefly linked to a fight with Gunnar Nelson on 24 October 2015, at UFC Fight Night 76, but the bout did not materialize for that event as <mask> was sidelined with a staph infection on his left leg. The bout eventually took place on 12 December 2015, at UFC 194. <mask> won the one-sided fight via unanimous decision (30–26, 30–25, and 30–25). <mask> faced off against Matt Brown on 14 May 2016, at UFC 198. He won the fight via submission in the third round. <mask> next faced Carlos Condit on 27 August 2016, in the main event at UFC on Fox 21.He dominated the fight after quickly getting Condit to the ground and finishing with a rear-naked choke. <mask> faced Jorge Masvidal at UFC 211 on 13 May 2017. <mask> was able to takedown Masvidal repeatedly and control him on the ground. He won the fight via split decision. Welterweight Title Fight and beyond
After amassing a seven-fight win streak at welterweight, <mask> faced Welterweight champion Tyron Woodley on 29 July 2017 at UFC 214. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Colby Covington on 28 October 2017 at UFC Fight Night 119.He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was tabbed as an injury replacement (filling in for Santiago Ponzinibbio) and faced Kamaru Usman on 19 May 2018 at UFC Fight Night 129 He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Lyman Good on 2 February 2019 at UFC Fight Night 144. He won the fight via a standing rear-naked choke submission in the first round, becoming the first person to finish Good in his MMA career. <mask> faced Anthony Rocco Martin on 29 June 2019 at UFC on ESPN: Ngannou vs. dos Santos. He won the fight via majority decision. <mask> faced Ben Askren on 26 October 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 20.He won the grappling affair via submission in round three. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night award. <mask> faced Gilbert Burns on 14 March 2020 at UFC Fight Night 170. He lost the fight via technical knockout in round one. <mask> faced Belal Muhammad on 12 June 2021 at UFC 263. <mask> lost the fight via unanimous decision. In August 2021, it was reported that <mask> had finished his fight contract with the UFC and was removed from the UFC roster.Fighting style
<mask>'s fighting style is built around his exceptional abilities on the ground, where he has been able to dominate his opponents. <mask> has been called the best ground-fighter in the UFC on multiple occasions. <mask> uses double and single leg takedowns as well as trips to advance to a dominant position and soften his opponent up with ground and pound, waiting for an opening for a submission. On the ground, <mask> prefers to take the back mount, where he will look for a rear-naked choke. In the bottom position, <mask> uses single legs to sweep almost exclusively, and was able to sweep Gunnar Nelson repeatedly with his single leg. <mask> is also confident enough in his striking to close the distance and initiate takedowns. To date, <mask> has never been submitted in an MMA bout.Personal life
<mask>'s mother is of Russian ancestry. He has a wife named Renata, who works for a Brazilian magazine. <mask> listed UFC Hall of Famer Royce Gracie as his inspiration to begin an MMA career, but lists Royce's brother Rickson Gracie as his primary hero. <mask> speaks Portuguese, Spanish and English. In 2020, <mask> opened a new academy in São Paulo, which also includes a jiu-jitsu museum. 4 - Redemption
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See also

 List of male mixed martial artists
 List of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners

References

External links

 BJJ Heroes Demian <mask> Biography

1977 births
Living people
Sportspeople from São Paulo
Brazilian people of Russian descent
Brazilian male mixed martial artists
Welterweight mixed martial artists
Middleweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing judo
Mixed martial artists utilizing karate
Mixed martial artists utilizing wushu
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Brazilian male judoka
Brazilian male karateka
Brazilian wushu practitioners
Brazilian submission wrestlers
People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters

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<mask> (September 28, 1941 – October 14, 2001) was an American philosopher who is widely regarded as one of the most important philosophers of the 20th century. <mask> taught briefly at UCLA and then at Princeton University from 1970 until his death. He is closely associated with Australia, whose philosophical community he visited almost annually for more than 30 years. <mask> made significant contributions in philosophy of mind, philosophy of probability, epistemology, philosophical logic, aesthetics, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of time and philosophy of science. In most of these fields he is considered among the most important figures of recent decades. But <mask> is most famous for his work in metaphysics, philosophy of language and semantics, in which his books On the Plurality of Worlds (1986) and Counterfactuals (1973) are considered classics. His works on the logic and semantics of counterfactual conditionals are broadly used by philosophers and linguists along with a competing account from Robert Stalnaker; together the Stalnaker-<mask> theory of counterfactuals has become perhaps the most pervasive and influential account of its type in the philosophical and linguistic literature.His metaphysics incorporated seminal contributions to quantified modal logic, the development of counterpart theory, counterfactual causation, and the position called "Humean supervenience". Most comprehensively in On the Plurality of Worlds, <mask> defended modal realism: the view that possible worlds exist as concrete entities in logical space, and that our world is one among many equally real possible ones. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Oberlin, Ohio, to John D<mask>, a Professor of Government at Oberlin College, and Ruth Ewart Kellogg <mask>, a distinguished medieval historian, through whom he was the grandson of the Presbyterian minister Edwin Henry Kellogg and the great-grandson of the Presbyterian missionary and Hindi expert Samuel H. Kellogg. The formidable intellect for which he was known later in his life was already manifest during his years at Oberlin High School, when he attended college lectures in chemistry. He went on to Swarthmore College and spent a year at Oxford University (1959–1960), where he was tutored by Iris Murdoch and attended lectures by Gilbert Ryle, H. P. Grice, P. F. Strawson, and J. L. Austin. It was his year at Oxford that played a seminal role in his decision to study philosophy, and that made him the quintessentially analytic philosopher he soon became. <mask> received his Ph.D from Harvard University in 1967, where he studied under W. V. O. Quine, many of whose views he came to repudiate.It was there that his connection with Australia was first established when he took a seminar with J. J. C. Smart, a leading Australian philosopher. "I taught <mask>," Smart would say in later years, "Or rather, he taught me." Early work on convention
<mask>'s first monograph was Convention: A Philosophical Study (1969), which is based on his doctoral dissertation and uses concepts of game theory to analyze the nature of social conventions; it won the American Philosophical Association's first Franklin Matchette Prize for the best book published in philosophy by a philosopher under 40. <mask> claimed that social conventions, such as the convention in most states that one drives on the right (not on the left), the convention that the original caller will re-call if a phone conversation is interrupted, etc., are solutions to so-called "'co-ordination problems'". Co-ordination problems were at the time of <mask>'s book an under-discussed kind of game-theoretical problem; most game-theoretical discussion had centered on problems where the participants are in conflict, such as the prisoner's dilemma. Co-ordination problems are problematic, for, though the participants have common interests, there are several solutions. Sometimes one of the solutions is "salient", a concept invented by the game-theorist and economist Thomas Schelling (by whom <mask> was much inspired).For example, a co-ordination problem that has the form of a meeting may have a salient solution if there is only one possible spot to meet in town. But in most cases, we must rely on what <mask> calls "precedent" for a salient solution. If both participants know that a particular co-ordination problem, say "which side should we drive on? ", has been solved in the same way numerous times before, both know that both know this, both know that both know that both know this, etc. (this particular state <mask> calls common knowledge, and it has since been much discussed by philosophers and game theorists), then they will easily solve the problem. That they have solved the problem successfully will be seen by even more people, and thus the convention will spread in the society. A convention is thus a behavioral regularity that sustains itself because it serves the interests of everyone involved.Another important feature of a convention is that a convention could be entirely different: one could just as well drive on the left; it is more or less arbitrary that one drives on the right in the US, for example. <mask>'s main goal in the book, however, was not simply to provide an account of convention but rather to investigate the "platitude that language is ruled by convention" (Convention, p. 1.) The book's last two chapters (Signalling Systems and Conventions of Language; cf. also "Languages and Language", 1975) make the case that a population's use of a language consists of conventions of truthfulness and trust among its members. <mask> recasts in this framework notions such as truth and analyticity, claiming that they are better understood as relations between sentences and a language rather than as properties of sentences. Counterfactuals and modal realism

<mask> went on to publish Counterfactuals (1973), which gives a modal analysis of the truth conditions of counterfactual conditionals in possible world semantics and the governing logic for such statements.According to <mask>, the counterfactual "If kangaroos had no tails they would topple over" is true if in all worlds most similar to the actual world where the antecedent "if kangaroos had no tails" is true, the consequent that kangaroos in fact topple over is also true. <mask> introduced the now standard "would" conditional operator  □→ to capture these conditionals' logic. A sentence of the form A □→ C is true on <mask>'s account for the same reasons given above. If there is a world maximally similar to ours where kangaroos lack tails but do not topple over, the counterfactual is false. The notion of similarity plays a crucial role in the analysis of the conditional. Intuitively, given the importance in our world of tails to kangaroos remaining upright, in the most similar worlds to ours where they have no tails they presumably topple over more frequently and so the counterfactual comes out true. This treatment of counterfactuals is closely related to an independently discovered account of conditionals by Robert Stalnaker, and so this kind of analysis is called Stalnaker-<mask> theory.The crucial areas of dispute between Stalnaker's account and <mask>'s are whether these conditionals quantify over constant or variable domains (strict analysis vs. variable-domain analysis) and whether the Limit assumption should be included in the accompanying logic. Linguist Angelika Kratzer has developed a competing theory for counterfactual or subjunctive conditionals, "premise semantics", which aims to give a better heuristic for determining the truth of such statements in light of their often vague and context-sensitive meanings. Kratzer's premise semantics does not diverge from <mask>'s for counterfactuals but aims to spread the analysis between context and similarity to give more accurate and concrete predictions for counterfactual truth conditions. Realism about possible worlds
What made <mask>'s views about counterfactuals controversial is that whereas Stalnaker treated possible worlds as imaginary entities, "made up" for the sake of theoretical convenience, <mask> adopted a position his formal account of counterfactuals did not commit him to, namely modal realism. On <mask>'s formulation, when we speak of a world where I made the shot that in this world I missed, we are speaking of a world just as real as this one, and although we say that in that world I made the shot, more precisely it is not I but a counterpart of mine who was successful. <mask> had already proposed this view in some of his earlier papers: "Counterpart Theory and Quantified Modal Logic" (1968), "Anselm and Actuality" (1970), and "Counterparts of Persons and their Bodies" (1971). The theory was widely considered implausible, but <mask> urged that it be taken seriously.Most often the idea that there exist infinitely many causally isolated universes, each as real as our own but different from it in some way, and that alluding to objects in this universe as necessary to explain what makes certain counterfactual statements true but not others, meets with what <mask> calls the "incredulous stare" (<mask>, On the Plurality of Worlds, 2005, pp. 135–137). He defends and elaborates his theory of extreme modal realism, while insisting that there is nothing extreme about it, in On the Plurality of Worlds (1986). <mask> acknowledges that his theory is contrary to common sense, but believes its advantages far outweigh this disadvantage, and that therefore we should not be hesitant to pay this price. According to <mask>, "actual" is merely an indexical label we give a world when we are in it. Things are necessarily true when they are true in all possible worlds. (<mask> is not the first to speak of possible worlds in this context.Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and C.I<mask>, for example, both speak of possible worlds as a way of thinking about possibility and necessity, and some of <mask>'s early work is on the counterpart theory. <mask>'s original suggestion was that all possible worlds are equally concrete, and the world in which we find ourselves is no realer than any other possible world.) Criticisms
This theory has faced a number of criticisms. In particular, it is not clear how we could know what goes on in other worlds. After all, they are causally disconnected from ours; we can't look into them to see what is going on there. A related objection is that, while people are concerned with what they could have done, they are not concerned with what people in other worlds, no matter how similar to them, do.As Saul Kripke once put it, a presidential candidate could not care less whether someone else, in another world, wins an election, but does care whether he himself could have won it (Kripke 1980, p. 45). Another criticism of the realist approach to possible worlds is that it has an inflated ontology—by extending the property of concreteness to more than the singular actual world it multiplies theoretical entities beyond what should be necessary to its explanatory aims, thereby violating the principle of parsimony, Occam's razor. But the opposite position could be taken on the view that the modal realist reduces the categories of possible worlds by eliminating the special case of the actual world as the exception to possible worlds as simple abstractions. Possible worlds are employed in the work of Kripke and many others, but not in the concrete sense <mask> propounded. While none of these alternative approaches has found anything near universal acceptance, very few philosophers accept <mask>'s brand of modal realism. Influence
At Princeton, <mask> was a mentor of young philosophers and trained dozens of successful figures in the field, including several current Princeton faculty members, as well as people now teaching at a number of the leading philosophy departments in the U.S. Among his most prominent students are Robert Brandom at the University of Pittsburgh, L.A. Paul at Yale, Cian Dorr and <mask> at NYU, Peter Railton at Michigan, and Joshua Greene at Harvard.His direct and indirect influence is evident in the work of many prominent philosophers of the current generation. Later life and death

<mask> suffered from severe diabetes for much of his life, which eventually grew worse and led to kidney failure. In July 2000 he received a kidney transplant from his wife Stephanie. The transplant allowed him to work and travel for another year, before he died suddenly and unexpectedly from further complications of his diabetes, on October 14, 2001. Since his death a number of posthumous papers have been published, on topics ranging from truth and causation to philosophy of physics. Lewisian Themes, a collection of papers on his philosophy, was published in 2004. A two-volume collection of his correspondence, Philosophical Letters of <mask><mask>, was published in 2020.A 2015 poll of philosophers conducted by Brian Leiter ranked <mask> the fourth most important Anglophone philosopher active between 1945 and 2000, behind only Quine, Kripke, and Rawls. Works

Books
Convention: A Philosophical Study, Harvard University Press 1969. Counterfactuals, Harvard University Press 1973; revised printing Blackwell 1986. Semantic Analysis: Essays Dedicated to Stig Kanger on His Fiftieth Birthday, Reidel 1974. On the Plurality of Worlds, Blackwell 1986. Parts of Classes, Blackwell 1991. <mask> published five volumes containing 99 papers—almost all the papers he published in his lifetime.They discuss his counterfactual theory of causation, the concept of semantic score, a contextualist analysis of knowledge, and a dispositional value theory, among many other topics. Philosophical Papers, Vol. I (1983) includes his early work on counterpart theory and the philosophy of language and of mind. Philosophical Papers, Vol. II (1986) includes his work on counterfactuals, causation, and decision theory, where he promotes his principal principle about rational belief. Its preface discusses Humean supervenience, the name <mask> gave to his overarching philosophical project. Papers in Philosophical Logic (1998).Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology (1999) contains "Elusive Knowledge" and "Naming the Colours," honored by being reprinted in the Philosopher's Annual for the year they were first published. Papers in Ethics and Social Philosophy (2000). <mask>'s monograph Parts of Classes (1991), on the foundations of mathematics, sketched a reduction of set theory and Peano arithmetic to mereology and plural quantification. Very soon after its publication, <mask> became dissatisfied with some aspects of its argument; it is currently out of print (his paper "Mathematics is megethology," in "Papers in Philosophical Logic," is partly a summary and partly a revision of "Parts of Classes"). Selected papers
 "Counterpart Theory and Quantified Modal Logic." Journal of Philosophy 65 (1968): pp. 113–126."General semantics." Synthese, 22(1) (1970): pp. 18–67. "Causation." Journal of Philosophy 70 (1973): pp. 556–67. Reprinted with postscripts in Philosophical Papers: Volume II (1986)."The Paradoxes of Time Travel." American Philosophical Quarterly, April (1976): pp. 145–152. "Truth in Fiction." American Philosophical Quarterly 15 (1978): pp. 37–46. "How to Define Theoretical Terms."Journal of Philosophy 67 (1979): pp. 427–46. "Scorekeeping in a Language Game." Journal of Philosophical Logic 8 (1979): pp. 339–59. "Mad pain and Martian pain." Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology Vol.I. N. Block, ed. Harvard University Press (1980): pp. 216–222. "A Subjectivist’s Guide to Objective Chance”, in R. Jeffrey, ed., Studies in Inductive Logic and Probability: Volume II. Reprinted with postscripts in Philosophical Papers: Volume II (1986). "Are We Free to Break the Laws?" Theoria 47 (1981): pp.113–21. "New Work for a Theory of Universals." Australasian Journal of Philosophy 61 (1983): pp. 343–77. "What Experience Teaches." in Mind and Cognition by William G. Lycan, (1990 Ed.) pp.499–519. Article omitted from subsequent editions. "Elusive Knowledge", Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 74/4 (1996): pp. 549–567. See also
 American philosophy
 Bayesian epistemology
 List of American philosophers
 Canberra Plan
 Causal model
 Conversational scoreboard
 Counterfactuals
 Extended modal realism
 Formal semantics (natural language)

 <mask>'s triviality result
 Modal realism
 Possible world

References

External links

Photos from the weekend of the memorial service for <mask> in Princeton, February 2002

1941 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American philosophers
American ethicists
American logicians
American male non-fiction writers
American metaphysics writers
Analytic philosophers
Burials at Princeton Cemetery
Epistemologists
Harvard University alumni
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Moral philosophers
Ontologists
Philosophers of art
Philosophers of culture
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Philosophers of ethics and morality
Philosophers of language
Philosophers of logic
Philosophers of mind
Philosophers of science
Princeton University faculty
Swarthmore College alumni
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers

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<mask> (born November 26, 1987) is a former American football running back. He was drafted in the sixth round of the 2011 NFL Draft by the Washington Redskins. He played college football at Penn State University, where he was a three-year starter and an all-time leading rusher. High school career
<mask> attended Westfield High School in Chantilly, Virginia, where he totalled 6,384 yards on 750 carries (8.5 avg.) and 90 touchdowns and helped Westfield win three Concorde District Championships. As a sophomore, he ran for 1,690 yards and 22 touchdowns leading Westfield to their first state championship in school history. He added 2,160 yards and 30 touchdowns in his junior year.During his senior year, <mask> amassed 2,200 rushing yards and again tallied 30 touchdowns. He was a first-team all-state selection and The Washington Post first-team All-Met. Regarded as a three-star recruit by Rivals.com, <mask> was listed as the #26 running back prospect in the class of 2006. He chose Penn State over offers from Maryland, Nebraska, and Virginia Tech. While at Westfield High School, <mask> was one of the most coveted lacrosse prospects in the country. He scored 33 goals as a senior and played in the prestigious North-South All-American Lacrosse all-star game. He was heavily recruited by traditional lacrosse powerhouses such as Virginia and Johns Hopkins.<mask> became the second player in Westfield Bulldog football history to have his jersey retired. The Bulldogs retired <mask>'s #24 jersey during halftime of a 2012 game when the  Bulldogs went up against Fairfax High School Rebels. <mask>'s #24 was second to Eddie Royal's #5 when Royal had his jersey retired in 2009 when the Bulldogs went up against the Chantilly High School Chargers. College career

<mask> redshirted during his freshmen year at Penn State. <mask>, recruited out of Virginia, chose Penn State over other NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly known as Division I-A) programs across the country like the Virginia Tech Hokies, the Nebraska Cornhuskers, the Florida Gators and the Maryland Terrapins. <mask> made his college football debut on September 1, 2007 against the FIU Golden Panthers. He played a significant role in the Penn State offense for the 2007 season.He was the second leading rusher behind Rodney Kinlaw, rushing for 513 yards on 82 carries for a 5.3 yards per carry average. He scored the game-winning touchdown in the third quarter of the 2007 Alamo Bowl against the Texas A&M Aggies. <mask> made his season debut against the Coastal Carolina Chanticleers on August 30, 2008 at Beaver Stadium. <mask> and the offense helped guide the Nittany Lions to a 66-10 defeat of Division I FCS Chanticleers. <mask> saw limited action in the rout. He had 64 yards on 8 carries for a career-high 3 touchdowns. <mask> was pulled from the game following his third touchdown at the beginning of the third quarter when Coach Paterno sat all his starters in favor of the backups.On September 6, 2008, against the Oregon State Beavers, <mask> put up 141 yards on 17 carries. He added 3 touchdowns in the 45-14 blowout win before being taken out of the game. He was named the Big Ten Co-Offensive player of the week. <mask> had his second straight 100-yard game against the Syracuse Orange on September 13, 2008. He gained 101 yards on 13 carries in the 55-13 victory. In Penn State's 45-3 rout of the Temple Owls, <mask> rushed 9 times for 73 yards and tacked on a touchdown. <mask> picked up 139 yards on 19 carries in Penn State's 38-24 win over Illinois.In the second Big Ten matchup of the 2008 season, <mask> powered Penn State past Purdue with 141 yards and a touchdown on 18 carries. He also added 53 receiving yards on four catches. <mask> added 60 yards and a touchdown on 14 carries in Penn State's 48-7 thrashing of the Wisconsin Badgers on October 11. His contributions led to Penn State being ranked number 3 in the country in the October 13 AP poll. Against the Michigan Wolverines (who had beaten Penn State 9 straight times leading into the October 17 tilt), <mask> set a career rushing high. <mask> ran for 174 yards on 18 carries, with a 44-yard TD run in the first quarter. He also added 3 catches for 13 yards in the 46-17 homecoming victory.On October 25, 2008, <mask> rushed 19 times for 77 yards in Penn State's game against Ohio State. He tacked on 20 receiving yards on 3 catches in the Nittany Lions' 13-6 triumph. The win against the then 9th-ranked Buckeyes was Penn State's first victory at The Horseshoe since 1978. Leading the then 3rd-ranked Nittany Lions against the Iowa Hawkeyes, <mask> set a career-high with 26 carries. He managed 90 yards and a touchdown in the shocking 24-23 upset loss to the Hawkeyes in Iowa City. On November 15, 2008, the Nittany Lions squared off against the Hoosiers of Indiana University. <mask> rushed for 63 yards on 12 carries in chilly, rainy atmosphere of Beaver Stadium.Bouncing off three tacklers, he added his 11th rushing touchdown of the year on a 19-yard run in the third quarter. After leading 10-7 at the half, Penn State pulled away for a 34-7 victory. <mask> got off to a slow start, getting just 102 yards on 26 carries vs. Akron and Syracuse, but rebounded vs. Temple, rushing 19 times for 134 yards. The next week vs. Iowa <mask> got just 69 yards on 17 carries, but vs. Illinois he got 105 yards on 17 carries, with a long of 20 and a touchdown. Against Eastern Illinois, he got 94 yards on just eight carries, for an 11.8 yards per carry average. His next three games versus Minnesota, Michigan, and Northwestern, he got over 100 yards in each of those games, averaging over 6 yards per carry overall in those 3 games. Following Penn State's victory at the 2010 Capital One Bowl,  <mask> announced that he would forgo the 2010 NFL Draft and play his senior year at Penn State.<mask> completed his senior season as Penn State's all-time leading rusher having passed Curt Warner's nearly 30-year-old record during the Michigan game. He completed the season with 1014 rushing yards, making him the only Penn State running back with three 1,000+ yard seasons. His career totals amounted to 3,932 yards on 686 carries, with 29 rushing touchdowns. <mask> was selected to play in the 86th East-West Shrine Game played on January 22, 2011, at the Citrus Bowl Stadium in Orlando, Florida. College statistics

Professional career

2011 NFL Combine

Washington Redskins

2011 season

<mask> was drafted 177th overall in the 2011 NFL Draft by the Washington Redskins. He was expected to compete with former Redskins' running back, Ryan Torain, and fellow 2011 Redskins' draftee, Roy Helu, but <mask> did not make the 53-man roster and was cut on September 3. On September 4, 2011, <mask> was signed to the practice squad.He was elevated to the Redskins active roster on November 22, 2011 when the Redskins waived Tashard Choice following Tim Hightower's season-ending injury. In Week 12 against the Seattle Seahawks, <mask> made his NFL debut. <mask> would have his first career start in Week 16 against the Minnesota Vikings, getting 132 yards on only 19 carries. In Week 17 against the Philadelphia Eagles, <mask> recorded 113 yards on 20 carries while suffering rib injuries. At the end of his rookie season, <mask> recorded 328 yards on 56 carries making him the second leader in rushing yards behind fellow rookie, Roy Helu, and beating the original starting running back, Tim Hightower. 2012 season
<mask> was expected to compete for the starting spot in the 2012 season against Roy Helu and Tim Hightower, but lost the competition to rookie Alfred Morris. Before starting the season, he changed his jersey number to 22, his college jersey number.He scored his first career touchdown in Week 9 against the Carolina Panthers. In the Week 15 win over the Cleveland Browns, he would score his second career touchdown. 2013 season
With the return of Helu, <mask> was made the third-string running back and played more on special teams. He was placed on injured reserve after suffering a high ankle sprain after the Week 14 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs. 2014 season
The Redskins released <mask> on August 30, 2014 for final roster cuts before the start of the 2014 season, losing the third-string running back position to former Penn State teammate, Silas Redd. Atlanta Falcons

2015 season
<mask> signed with the Atlanta Falcons on August 16, 2015. He was waived/injured by the Falcons on August 26, 2015.On the following day, he cleared waivers and was reverted to the Falcons' injured reserve list. On September 1, 2015, he was released by the Falcons with an injury settlement. Personal life
On May 30, 2014, <mask> married his longtime girlfriend Jaclyn McDonald. <mask> is the younger brother of former Parade All-American and Stanford wide receiver <mask>. He is also the younger brother of Cosmo's 2008 Virginia Bachelor <mask>. References

External links
 Washington Redskins bio
 Penn State Nittany Lions bio

 Green with envy: <mask>, not Green, emerges as star RB, Cory Giger, Altoona Mirror, December 22, 2008. Penn State: RB <mask>ster is eager to embrace expanded role in offense, Ron Mussleman, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 16, 2009

1987 births
American football running backs
Living people
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
Sportspeople from Fairfax, Virginia
Players of American football from Virginia
Washington Redskins players
Atlanta Falcons players

masks:
Evan Mathias Royster
Royster
Royster
Royster
Royster
Royster
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Royster
Royster
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Royster
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Evan
Evan
Brandon Royster
Kyle Royster
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Evan Roy


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<mask> (March 23, 1900 – November 30, 1989, ) was a noted Egyptian architect who pioneered appropriate technology for building in Egypt, especially by working to reestablish the use of adobe and traditional mud construction as opposed to western building designs, material configurations, and lay-outs. <mask> was recognized with the Aga Khan Chairman's Award for Architecture in 1980. In 2017, Google celebrated <mask> with a Google Doodle for "pioneering new methods [in architecture], respecting tradition [Egyptian heritage and tradition], and valuing all walks of life". Personal life
<mask> was born in Alexandria to a Middle Class Upper Egyptian family. He studied and trained as an architect in Egypt, graduating in 1926 from the King Fuad University (now Cairo University). <mask> married <mask>, sister of <mask>. He was influenced by Upper Egyptian and simple rural architecture, he designed a villa with the southern style for his wife along the Nile in Maadi, which was later destroyed to make way for the new corniche.He also designed her brother's mausoleum (1947), along Salah Salem, in Neo-Mamluk style. Career

<mask> was a cosmopolitan trilingual professor-engineer-architect, amateur musician, dramatist, and inventor. He designed nearly 160 separate projects, from modest country retreats to fully planned communities with police, fire, and medical services, markets, schools, theatres, and places for worship and recreation. These communities included many functional buildings such as laundry facilities, ovens, and wells. He utilized ancient design methods and materials, as well as knowledge of the rural Egyptian economic situation with a wide knowledge of ancient architectural and town design techniques. He trained local inhabitants to make their own materials and build their own buildings. Early career/New Gourna

He began teaching at the College of Fine Arts in 1930 and designed his first adobe buildings in the late 1930s.<mask> gained international critical acclaim for his involvement in the construction of New Gourna, located on Luxor's West Bank, built to resettle the village of Gourna, which fell within the archaeological areas of the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens. <mask>'s plan devised groundbreaking approaches to economic, social, and aesthetic issues that typically impact the construction of low-cost housing. With regard to the economic issues, <mask> noted that structural steel was not an apt choice for a poor country, and that even materials such as cement, timber, and glass did not make good economic sense. To address this issue, <mask> instead devised a plan that included the use of appropriate technology, notably mud brick construction. Noting that the traditional village, although afflicted with issues of overcrowding and poor sanitation was also an expression of “a living society in all its complexity,” <mask> strived to design New Gourna in a manner that addressed the social concerns, including attempting to consult directly with "every family in Gourna" and advocating for the involvement of social ethnographers in the planning process. Despite this, inhabitants of the former village were not enthusiastic about relocating, which effectively cut them off from their existing livelihood of trading in archaeological finds. With regard to aesthetic issues, <mask> placed emphasis on traditional Nubian architectural designs which he observed in a 1941 trip to the region (enclosed courtyards; vaulted roofing), yielding what <mask> described as "spacious, lovely, clean, and harmonious houses."He also made use of traditional Nubian ornamental techniques (claustra, a form of mud latticework), as well as vernacular architecture techniques of the Gourna region. Some critics have observed, however, that <mask>'s project for Gourna is not a superlative example of how to prioritize vernacular architecture in an urban plan, given that the domed architecture <mask> championed is traditionally used for funerary architecture rather than residential or domestic spaces

Despite the effort, and also the proper issues he tackled while building New Gourna, through his publication, Architecture for the Poor, he describes the "Gourna Experiment" as a failure. He mentions in Architecture for the Poor , “the Gourna experiment failed." He further describes the sense of failure that due to the village not being completed and the construction being halted, the theory of mud brick construction was seen even more cranky and impractical. Despite the theory being completely lost, that there wasn't anyone that tried to find other practical ways of getting peasant houses built efficiently. There were more issues he came across, such as him stating "This is because no architect knows the real cost of building." Although he dives further into that thought, by speaking on how nobody realistically knows the price or cost, because we’re at the mercy of the economy.Despite the negative outlooks he had writing these books, he managed to make Gourna a community, and till this day is still preserved with only 40% of the original buildings being lost. It's still standing due to being placed on the 2010 World Monuments Watch, and UNESCO and World Monuments Fund joined forces. Later career

In 1953 he returned to Cairo, heading the Architectural Section of the Faculty of Fine Arts in 1954. <mask>'s next major engagement was designing and supervising school construction for Egypt's Ministry of Education. Through his work of the years, and especially after New Gourna, he targeted bureaucracy being one of the leading reasons that the experiment failed, which influenced later actions such as in 1957, frustrated with bureaucracy and convinced that buildings designed with traditional methods appropriate to the climate of the area would speak louder than words, he moved to Athens to collaborate with international planners evolving the principles of ekistical design under the direction of Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis. He served as the advocate of traditional natural-energy solutions in major community projects for Iraq and Pakistan and undertook extended travel and research for the "Cities of the Future" program in Africa. Returning to Cairo in 1963, he moved to Darb al-Labbana, near the Cairo Citadel, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life.He also did public speaking and private consulting. He was a man with a riveting message in an era searching for alternatives in fuel, personal interactions, and economic supports. He left his first major international position, at the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Boston, in 1969 to complete multiple trips per year as a leading critical member of the architectural profession. His participation in the first U.N. Habitat conference in 1976 in Vancouver which was followed shortly by two events that significantly shaped the rest of his activities. He began to serve on the steering committee for the nascent Aga Khan Award for Architecture and he founded and set guiding principles for his Institute of Appropriate Technology. He was part in 1979 of a colloquium entitled in his honour 'Architecture for the Poor' in Corsica (France) Alzipratu. In 1980, he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Architecture and Urban Planning and the Right Livelihood Award.<mask> designed the mosque and madrasa, constructed with adobe, at Dar al-Islam, an educational center near Abiquiú, New Mexico, USA. The main buildings were completed in 1981, and Dar al-Islam opened in 1982. Death
<mask> died on November 30th, 1989. He died in Cairo, Egypt. He passed away peacefully in his home, and died of natural causes. Legacy
<mask> has been called Egypt's best-known architect since Imhotep. <mask>'s New Gourna project was applauded in a popular British weekly in 1947 and soon after in a British professional journal; further articles were published in Spanish, French and in Dutch.Later, <mask> would author a book on the New Gourna project, initially published by Cairo's Ministry of Culture in a limited edition in 1969, entitled Gourna: A Tale of Two Villages. In 1973 it was republished by the University of Chicago as Architecture for the Poor: An Experiment in Rural Egypt. A full appreciation of the importance of <mask>'s contribution to world architecture became clear only as the twentieth century waned. Climatic conditions, public health considerations, and ancient craft skills also affected his design decisions. Based on the structural massing of ancient buildings, <mask> incorporated dense brick walls and traditional courtyard forms to provide passive cooling. <mask> is also renowned for having revived the traditional Nubian vault. National Life Stories conducted an oral history interview (C467/37) with <mask> in 1986 for its Architects Lives' collection held by the British Library.<mask> made use of windcatchers and other passive cooling and passive ventilation methods from traditional architecture. He wrote a book on them. <mask> is featured in the documentary Il ne suffit pas que dieu soit avec les pauvres (1978) by Borhane Alaouié and Lotfi Thabet. Collection
<mask>'s entire archive which includes his architectural plans, photographs and documents is housed at the Rare Books and Special Collections Library at the American University in Cairo.' The collection includes around 5000 architectural plans, 15,000 photographs and his correspondences, writings and other collected papers and materials. Publications
<mask> has a number of publications. His first book Architecture for the Poor was initially published by the Egyptian Ministry of Culture in 1969 under the title Al-Gurna: A Tale of Two Villages.There is also a growing number of books about <mask>. The list includes:

 El-Wakil, <mask> dans son temps, Infolio, 2013   (edited volume)
 El-Wakil, L. 2018. <mask>: an architectural life. The American University in Cairo Press, New York; Cairo   (edited volume)
 Damluji, S. and Bertini, V., 2018. <mask>: Earth & Utopia. London: Laurence King. Dávid, Dóra and Vasáros, Zsolt (2020) Publications of the Office of the Hungarian Cultural Counsellor in Cairo 2018-2019.Current Research of the Hassan Fathy Survey Mission in Egypt. Project Report. Department of Industrial and Agricultural Building Design and Office of the Hungarian Cultural Counsellor in Cairo, Budapest and Cairo. See also
 Ramses Wissa Wassef
Laurie Baker
 Geoffrey Bawa
 Muzharul Islam
 Charles Correa
 Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil
 Nayyar Ali Dada
 Agha Khan Foundation

References

Bibliography

 Abdel-moniem El-Shorbagy, <mask>: The Power of Belief. Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 2017. Abdel-moniem El-Shorbagy, <mask>: The Language of Traditional Architecture. Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 2017.Sources

External links

 (free fulltext)
Digital collection of <mask>'s architectural drawings
<mask>'s the Father of Sustainable Architecture in the Middle East
Biography and images of <mask>'s architecture
Picture gallery from <mask>'s project "New Baris" in Kharga Oasis, Egypt at Remains.se

1900 births
1989 deaths
20th-century Egyptian architects
Appropriate technology advocates
Architecture of Egypt
Cairo University alumni
Egyptian nationalists
Modernist architects
People from Alexandria

masks:
Hassan Fathy
Fathy
Fathy
Hassan Fathy
Fathy
Aziza Hassanein
Ahmed Hassanein
Hassan Fathy
Fathy
Fathy
Fathy
Fathy
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Hassan Fathy
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Fathy
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Hassan Fathy
Hassan Fathy
Fathy
Hassan Fathy
Hassan Fathy
Hassan Fathy
Hassan Fathy
Hassan Fathy
Hassan Fathy
Hassan Fathy
Hassan Fathy
Hassan Fathy
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Hassan Fathy


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<mask> is a Filipino economist and writer best known for being one of the framers of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, for authoring a number of widely used Philippine economics textbooks, and for his role in the founding of two influential Philippine business organizations, the Center for Research and Communication and the Makati Business Club. He is also known for advising Philippine presidents since the Fifth Philippine Republic came into power in 1986, and as a professor and vice president at the University of Asia and the Pacific, as well as visiting professor at the  IESE Business School in Barcelona. Education
<mask> is a Certified Public Accountant, having obtained his bachelor's degree in commerce and the humanities (both summa cum laude) from De La Salle University. He later earned his doctorate degree in economics at the Harvard University, becoming a teaching fellow at Harvard's College of Arts and Sciences at the age of 21. While at Harvard, <mask> and Filipino fellow-student Jesus Estanislao attended activities organized by Opus Dei, and became members before returning to the Philippines in 1964. Center for Research and Communication and Makati Business Club
On August 15, 1967, <mask> and Estanislao formally established the Center For Research and Communication, a non-profit private research center that served as a think tank for private sector businesses and a provider of economics training programs. In 1981, <mask> became a member of the founding Executive Board of the Makati Business Club, a forum to address economic and social policy issues which affect the development of the Philippines, together with Enrique Zobel and former ambassador Jose V. Romero Jr. <mask> remains a member of the board of trustees.Constitutional Commission of 1986

As a prominent Philippine economist towards the end of the Marcos dictatorship and a key member of both the Center for Research and Communication and the Makati Business Club, <mask> played an important role in Philippine history during the mid-1980s. The Philippine economy had been in decline since 1981 and went into a full nosedive in early 1983 after the US increased interest rates, sparking a series of events that led to the ouster of Ferdinand Marcos in 1986. <mask>’ expertise as an economist led to him being appointed as a member of the Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986, framed the Philippines’ new democratic constitution, which would be ratified by plebiscite in 1987. At the closing session of the commission, its President Cecilia Muñoz-Palma recognized <mask>’ signature contributions to the constitution: “...principles of solidarity and subsidiarity and the social function of property in the Article on the National Economy, and the right to life of the unborn from conception.”

According to his own account, <mask> was part of the minority which objected to the protectionist stance taken by the constitution against foreign investors. However, the majority prevailed and provisions were added to limit the potential role of foreign investors in key sectors of the Philippine economy. <mask> also played a part in the efforts to recover the unexplained wealth of the Marcos family. In the book “Philippine Political Economy: The Marcos Years,”  Philippine Ambassador to Italy Jose Romero Jr. recalls that Dr. <mask> was the source US Ambassador to the Philippines Stephen Bosworth had referred to when he testified to the United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs that about US$10 billion worth of capital had left the Philippines since the Philippine economy went into a nosedive in 1983.The PCGG later cited a similar amount as an estimate of the unexplained wealth of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. As one of the framers of the 1987 constitution, <mask> is considered an amicus curiae (friend of the court) by the Philippine Supreme court. University of Asia and the Pacific and current roles

<mask> and Estanislao had attended a private meeting with Opus Dei founder Msgr. Josemaría Escrivá in 1970, which inspired them to transform CRC into a university. This resulted in the CRC offering its first graduate program, the Masters in Industrial Economics. This was followed by the establishment of the CRC's College of Arts and Sciences in 1989, and the government recognition of the new University of Asia and the Pacific (UA&P) on June 26, 1995. <mask> became a professor at UA&P.But he also remained part of the CRC, which had retained its identity as a think tank, where he now serves as research director. <mask> has written seven books, articles in Global Nation, several economics textbooks used in Philippine educational institutions, and books on management. He sits on the boards of a large number of Filipino and international corporations in several sectors and industries. He is also a consultant on management development and strategic planning. Awards
<mask> received awards including the Ten Outstanding Young Men (TOYM) 1972, Fulbright, Johnson Foundation, Asia Foundation and the Instituto de Cultura Hispanica. Written works
 State of the Philippine Economy
 Strategic Guidelines to Investments in the Philippines
 Challenge in Asia
 The Philippine Economy after the May Elections
 The Outlook of Asia Economic Region
 Book of Values, University of Asia and the Pacific, 1998,
 The Philippine Advantage, University of Asia and the Pacific, 2001,
A Filipino's vision for recovery: polevaulting to the third millennium, University of Asia and the Pacific Foundation, 1997,
The Philippines at the threshold of the third millennium, University of Asia and the Pacific in cooperation with Philip Morris Philippines Inc., 2000,
The Filipino phenomenon, University of Asia and the Pacific Foundation, 1998,
Economics and society: policy perspectives for the 1990s, Sinag-Tala Publishers, 1989,

References

External links
Asia Speaker's Agency on <mask> Villegas
Author's website

Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Living people
Opus Dei members
Filipino economists
De La Salle University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Bernardo Malvar Villegas
Villegas
Villegas
Villegas
Villegas
Villegas
Villegas
Villegas
Villegas
Villegas
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Villegas
Villegas
Villegas
Villegas
Bernardo