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 greatest records. Decades after his record, many NBA teams did not even average 100 points, as fewer field goals per game were being attempted. The closest any player has gotten to 100 points was the Los Angeles Lakers' Kobe Bryant, who scored 81 in 2006. Afterwards, Bryant said <mask>'s record was "unthinkable ...It's pretty exhausting to think about it." <mask>'s main weakness was his notoriously poor free-throw shooting, where he has the third-lowest career free throw percentage in NBA history with 51.1% (based on a minimum of 1,200 attempts). <mask> claimed that he intentionally missed free throws so a teammate could get the rebound and score two points instead of one, but later acknowledged that he was "a psycho case" in this matter. On the other hand, he committed surprisingly few fouls during his NBA career despite his rugged play in the post. <mask> never fouled out of a regular-season or playoff game in his 14-year NBA career. His career average was only two fouls per game despite having averaged 45.8 minutes per game over his career. He had five seasons where he committed less than two fouls per game, with a career-low of 1.5 fouls during the 1962 season, in which he also averaged 50.4 points per game.His fouls per 36 minutes (a statistic used to compare players that average vastly different minutes) was a remarkable 1.6 per game. Sharman said: "First he was a scorer. Then he was a rebounder and assist man. Then with our great Laker team in 1972, he concentrated on the defensive end." In his two championship seasons, <mask> led the league in rebounding, while his scoring decreased to 24 and 15 points per game. As his scoring decreased, his assists increased to 4 per game, even recording two back-to-back seasons with 8 assists per game and one assist title. By 1971–72, at age 35 and running less, his game had transformed to averaging only nine shots per game compared to the 40 in his record-setting 1961–62 season.He also had a signature "Dipper" move, whereby he would fake a hook shot, and extend his arm to a short-range finger roll to shoot under a block attempt. For his feats, <mask> was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1978, named part of the NBA 35th Anniversary Team in 1980, one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996, ranked No. 13 in the ESPN list "Top North American Athletes of the Century" in 1999, voted the second best center of all-time by ESPN behind Kareem Abdul-Jabbar in 2007, and ranked No. 2 in Slams "Top 50 NBA Players of All-Time in NBA History" in 2009, and No. 6 in EPSN list of the top 74 NBA players of all time in 2020, the third-best center ever behind Abdul-Jabbar and Bill Russell. During his career, <mask> competed against future Hall-of-Famers including Russell, Thurmond, Lucas, and Walt Bellamy. He later faced Unseld, Abdul-Jabbar, Dave Cowens, and Elvin Hayes.<mask> rivalry

From a historical NBA perspective, the rivalry between <mask> and his perennial nemesis Bill Russell is cited as the greatest on-court rivalry of all time. There were three NBA Finals matchups in the rivalry between Larry Bird and Magic Johnson, but they played different positions and did not guard each other. Russell's Celtics won seven of eight playoff series against <mask>'s Warriors, 76ers, and Lakers teams, and went 57–37 against them in the regular season and 29–20 in the playoffs. The Hall-of-Famers who played with <mask> were Paul Arizin and Tom Gola for the Warriors; Hal Greer and Billy Cunningham for the Sixers; and Jerry West, Elgin Baylor, and Gail Goodrich for the Lakers. Russell's teams won all four seventh games against <mask>'s; the combined margin was nine points. <mask> outscored Russell 30 to 14.2 per game and outrebounded him 28.2 to 22.9 in the regular season, and he outscored him 25.7 to 14.9 and outrebounded him 28 to 24.7 in the playoffs as well. The comparison between the two is often simplified to a great player (<mask>) versus a player who makes his team great (Russell), an individualist against a team player.In , when <mask> averaged 50.4 points per game, he noted that Boston did not rely on Russell's scoring, and he could concentrate on defense and rebounding. He wished people would understand that their roles were different. <mask> said: "I've got to hit forty points or so, or this team is in trouble. I must score—understand? After that I play defense and get the ball off the boards. I try to do them all, best I can, but scoring comes first." Russell won 11 NBA titles in his career while <mask> won two.<mask> was named All-NBA First Team seven times to Russell's three, but Russell was named league MVP—then selected by players and not the press—five times against <mask>'s four. Russell and <mask> were friends in private life. Russell never considered <mask> his rival and disliked the term, instead pointing out that they rarely talked about basketball when they were alone. When <mask> died in 1999, <mask>'s nephew stated that Russell was the second person he was ordered to break the news to. The two did not speak for two decades after Russell criticized <mask> after Game 7 of the 1969 Finals. Russell apologized privately to him and later publicly. Rule changes
<mask>'s impact on the game is also reflected in the fact that he was directly responsible for several rule changes in the NBA, including widening the lane to try to keep big men farther away from the hoop, instituting offensive goaltending, and revising rules governing inbounding the ball and shooting free throws, such as making it against the rules to inbound the ball over the backboard.<mask>, who reportedly had a  vertical leap, was physically capable of converting foul shots via a slam dunk without a running start, beginning his movement at the top of the key. When his dunks practically undermined the difficulty of a foul shot, both the NCAA and the NBA banned his modus operandi. In basketball history, pundits have stated that the only other player who forced such a massive change of rules is 6'10" Minneapolis Lakers center George Mikan, who played a decade before <mask> and also caused many rule changes designed to thwart so-called big men. Reputation
Although <mask> racked up some of the most impressive statistics in the history of Northern American professional sports, because he won only two NBA championships and lost seven out of eight playoff series against the Celtics teams of his on-court nemesis Bill Russell, <mask> was often called selfish and a loser. Frank Deford of ESPN said that <mask> was caught in a no-win situation: "If you win, everybody says, 'Well, look at him, he's that big.' If you lose, everybody says, 'How could he lose, a guy that size?' " <mask> himself often said: "Nobody roots for Goliath."Like later superstar Shaquille O'Neal, <mask> was a target of criticism because of his poor free-throw shooting, a .511 career average, with a low of .380 over the 1967–68 season. Countless suggestions were offered; he shot them underhanded, one-handed, two-handed, from the side of the circle, from well behind the line, and even banked in. Sixers coach Alex Hannum once suggested he shoot his famous fadeaway jumper as a free throw, but <mask> feared drawing more attention to his one great failing. Despite his foul line woes, <mask> set the NBA record, later tied by Adrian Dantley, for most free throws made (28) using the underhand technique in a regular-season game in his 1962 100-point game. <mask> later said that he was too embarrassed by the underhand technique to continue using it, even though it consistently gave him better results. <mask> damaged his reputation in an April 1965 article with Sports Illustrated. In an interview titled "My Life in a Bush League", he criticized his fellow players, coaches, and NBA administrators.<mask> later commented that he could see in hindsight how the interview could have been instrumental in hurting his public image. Contemporary colleagues were often terrified to play against <mask>. Russell regularly feared being embarrassed by <mask>, Walt Frazier called his dominance on the court "comical", and when 6-ft 11-in, 250-pound (in his early years) Hall-of-Fame center Bob Lanier was asked about the most memorable moment of his career, Lanier answered: "When <mask> <mask> lifted me up and moved me like a coffee cup so he could get a favorable position." Personal life

Star status
<mask> was the first big earner of basketball; he immediately became the highest-paid player upon entering the NBA. He was basketball's first player to earn at least $100,000 a year and earned an unprecedented $1.5 million during his Lakers years. As a Philadelphia 76er, he could afford to rent a New York apartment and commute to Philadelphia. In addition, he would often stay out late into the night and wake up at noon.When he became a Laker, <mask> built a million-dollar mansion he called the "Ursa Major" in Bel-Air, as a play on his nickname "The Big Dipper" (jazz composer Thad Jones also named the music composition Big Dipper after the basketball star). It had a 2,200-pound pivot as a front door and contained great displays of luxury. Robert Allen Cherry, journalist and author of the biography Wilt: Larger than Life, describes his house as a miniature Playboy Mansion, where he regularly held parties and lived out his later-notorious sex life. This was also helped by the fact that <mask> was a near-insomniac who often simply skipped sleeping. Designed according to his preferences, the house was constructed with no right angles, and had an "X-rated" room with mirrored walls and a fur-covered waterbed. <mask> lived alone, relying on a great deal of automated gadgets, with two cats named Zip and Zap and several Great Dane dogs as company. In addition, <mask> drove a Ferrari, a Bentley, and had a Le Mans-style car called Searcher One designed and built at a cost of $750,000 in 1996.Following his death in 1999, <mask>'s estate was valued at $25 million. Love life

Although <mask> was shy and insecure as a teenager, he became well known for his womanizing when he was an adult. As his lawyer Seymour "Sy" Goldberg put it: "Some people collect stamps, Wilt collected women." Swedish Olympic high jumper Annette Tånnander, who met him when he was 40 and she 19, remembers him as a pick-up artist who was extremely confident yet respectful: "I think Wilt hit on everything that moved ... he never was bad or rude." Los Angeles Times columnist David Shaw alleged that during a dinner with Shaw and his wife, <mask> was "rude and sexist toward his own date, as he usually was", adding that at one point <mask> left the table to get the phone number of an attractive woman at a nearby table. According to his contemporary Rod Roddewig, <mask> documented his love life using a Day-Timer. Every time <mask> went to bed with a different woman, he put a check in his Day-Timer.Over a 10-day period, there were 23 checks in the book, which would be a rate of 2.3 women per day. <mask> divided that number in half, to be conservative and to correct for degrees of variation. He then multiplied that number by the number of days he had been alive at the time minus 15 years. That was how the 20,000 number came into existence. In response to public backlash regarding his promiscuity, <mask> later emphasized that "the point of using the number was to show that sex was a great part of my life as basketball was a great part of my life. That's the reason why I was single." In a 1999 interview shortly before his death, he regretted not having explained the sexual climate at the time of his escapades, and warned other men who admired him for it, closing with the words: "With all of you men out there who think that having a thousand different ladies is pretty cool, I have learned in my life I've found out that having one woman a thousand different times is much more satisfying."<mask> also acknowledged that he never came close to marrying and had no intention of raising any children. In 2015, a man named Aaron Levi came forward claiming to be <mask>'s son based on non-identifying papers from his adoption and information from his biological mother. <mask>'s sister refused to provide DNA evidence for testing, so Levi's claim is not conclusive. Relationships
Cherry points out that although <mask> was an egotist, he had good relationships with many contemporaries and enjoyed a great deal of respect. He was especially lauded for his good rapport with his fans, often providing tickets and signing autographs. Jack Ramsay recalled that <mask> regularly took walks in downtown Philadelphia and acknowledged honking horns with the air of a man enjoying all the attention. Jerry West called him a "complex ... very nice person", and NBA rival Jack McMahon even said: "The best thing that happened to the NBA is that God made Wilt a nice person ... he could have killed us all with his left hand."Celtics contemporary Bob Cousy even assumed that if <mask> had been less fixated on being popular, he would have been meaner and able to win more titles. During most of his NBA career, <mask> was good friends with Bill Russell. <mask> often invited Russell over to Thanksgiving, and at Russell's place, conversation mostly concerned Russell's electric trains. As the championship count became increasingly lopsided, the relationship got strained, and turned hostile after Russell accused <mask> of "copping out" in the notorious Game 7 of the 1969 NBA Finals. The two men did not talk with each other for over 20 years, until Russell apologized privately, then publicly in a 1997 joint interview with Bob Costas: "There was a thing almost 30 years ago ... I was wrong." Still, <mask> maintained a level of bitterness, regretted that he had not been "more physical" with Russell in their games, and privately continued accusing his rival for intellectualizing basketball in a negative way.More hostile was <mask>'s relationship with fellow center Abdul-Jabbar, eleven years his junior. Although Abdul-Jabbar idolized him as a teenager and was once part of his inner circle, the student–mentor bond deteriorated into intense mutual loathing, especially after <mask> retired. <mask> often criticized Abdul-Jabbar for a perceived lack of scoring, rebounding, and defense. Abdul-Jabbar accused <mask> of being a traitor to the black race for his Republican political leanings, support of Richard Nixon, and relationships with white women. When Abdul-Jabbar broke <mask>'s all-time scoring record in 1984, <mask> repeatedly called on Abdul-Jabbar to retire. When Abdul-Jabbar published his autobiography in 1990, he retaliated by writing a paper titled "To Wilt Chumperlane " in which he stated: "Now that I am done playing, history will remember me as someone who helped teammates to win, while you will be remembered as a crybaby, a loser, and a quitter." Their relationship remained mostly strained until <mask>'s death.Politics
<mask> denounced the Black Panthers Party and other black nationalist movements in the late 1960s, and supported Republican Richard Nixon in the 1968 and 1972 presidential elections. He accompanied Nixon to the funeral of Martin Luther King Jr. and considered himself a Republican. Sexual assault allegation
In 2021, Cassandra Peterson, who is primarily known for her alter ego Elvira, Mistress of the Dark, alleged in her memoir Yours Cruelly, Elvira: Memoirs of the Mistress of the Dark that <mask> had sexually assaulted her during a party at his Bel Air mansion in the 1970s. <mask> allegedly offered to show Peterson his custom-built closet for his NBA jerseys, before he forced her to give him oral sex. Peterson had stated that she had blamed herself and was almost "convinced that I was a very bad person for letting that happen", until the Me Too movement made her rethink the experience. Peterson felt that the assault was "creepier" because <mask> had been a personal friend. 1936 births
1999 deaths
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<mask> (born 1960) is a New Zealand former politician who served as a member of the New Zealand Parliament for Dunedin South from 2008 to 2020. She was the Minister of Broadcasting, Communications, and Digital Media and Associate Minister for the Accident Compensation Corporation in the current Labour-led coalition government. <mask> retired from politics at the 2020 general election. Early life and education
<mask> grew up and was educated in Dunedin; she attended Moreau College where she achieved School Certificate. She has a BA double major in Anthropology and History from the University of Otago, and BA Honours in Anthropology from Victoria University of Wellington. During an interview with the University of Otago's student magazine Critic Te Arohi in early March 2020, <mask> acknowledged that she had been charged with possession for marijuana during her youth, for which she paid a NZ$50 fine. Career
<mask> worked in communications for Australian unions over a number of years before returning to New Zealand in 2002 with her young family.She continued to work in public relations in Dunedin. [better source needed]

<mask> joined the New Zealand Labour Party in 2006. She quickly rose to prominence within the Otago-Southland hierarchy, becoming a member of the Council of the New Zealand Labour Party. In 2006 <mask> presented a paper to the Otago-Southland region of the Labour Party on "capturing the language" on climate change policy. In May 2006 <mask> was appointed to a contractual role within the Ministry for the Environment following a recommendation from Environment Minister David Parker's office to provide communications advice on the Government's climate change strategy. This appointment was the subject of an investigation by the State Services Commission into the appropriateness of <mask>'s engagement. The report found that the Ministry had failed to adequately identify <mask>'s conflict of interest with respect to her relationship with Minister Parker.The report found that a staff member in Parker's office had described <mask> as Parker's "right-hand woman" and in an email to Environment Ministry Chief Executive Hugh Logan, and recommended that <mask> meet with Logan to discuss communications. Logan resigned as Chief Executive of the Ministry hours before the State Services Commission's report into the <mask> affair was released. She is currently a member of many unions and political groups. She is a member of the Engineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union and the Service & Food Workers Union. She is also a member of Greenpeace. She was also on the Council of the New Zealand Labour Party as Otago-Southland regional representative. After leaving Parliament, <mask> was appointed as a member of the University of Otago Council and a director of the Crown company Network 4 Learning.She was previously chair of Life Matters Suicide Prevention Trust (2020–2022) and is currently co-general manager. Parliamentary career

Fifth National Government, 2008–2017
In 2007, <mask> launched a bid to unseat sitting MP David Benson-Pope as the Labour Party candidate for Dunedin South. <mask> won the selection contest ahead of Benson-Pope and the Engineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union's Don Pryde. <mask> won the 2008 election against National's Conway Powell. However, in 2011, National Party candidate, Jo Hayes, reduced <mask>'s majority from 6449 in 2008 to 4175 in 2011, and National gained a majority of the party vote in Dunedin South by 1837 votes. In the , <mask> was successful against National's Hamish Walker. In the 49th New Zealand Parliament, she was a member of the Commerce Committee and was the Labour spokesperson for Communications and Information Technology.While in Opposition, <mask> spoke out against the closure of public broadcaster TVNZ 7, the Government's controversial move to include software in the Patents Bill, KiwiRail job losses, TV coverage of the Paralympics, and the lack of a telecommunications watchdog in New Zealand. <mask> also advocated for the return of rail engineering to the former Hillside Engineering site in South Dunedin and highlighted South Dunedin's vulnerability to extreme weather events and rising sea levels. Labour Coalition Government, 2017–2020

<mask> was elected as a Cabinet Minister by the Labour Party caucus following Labour's formation of a coalition government with New Zealand First and the Greens. On 26 October, <mask> assumed the portfolios of Minister of Broadcasting, Communications, and Digital Media and Minister for Government Digital Services. In addition, <mask> was also allocated the associate portfolios for the Accident Compensation Corporation and the State Services Commission. At the 2017 NetHui, <mask> publicly proposed as part of her 100-day plan the formation of a chief technology officer (CTO) role for Government of New Zealand. As of February 2018, no CTO had been selected despite over 60 candidates expressing interest in the role.<mask> commented that "after careful consideration she had decided not to make an appointment at this stage and the search for a suitable candidate would be widened." In late March 2018, <mask> became the subject of media attention after it emerged that she had secretly met with Radio New Zealand broadcaster and senior manager Carol Hirschfeld on 5 December 2017 outside of parliamentary business. <mask> initially claimed the meeting was coincidental but later admitted it had been pre-arranged. These revelations led to Hirschfeld's resignation from her position as senior manager at Radio NZ. The meeting was related to the Labour-led government's plans to expand public broadcasting through Radio New Zealand. <mask>'s actions drew criticism from the National Party's broadcasting spokesperson Melissa Lee, who accused <mask> of engaging in a cover-up. On 24 August 2018, Prime Minister Ardern dismissed <mask> from the Cabinet after <mask> acknowledged that she had kept a second meeting off the records.In February, <mask> had met with tech entrepreneur Derek Handley at her Beehive office to discuss his interest in the vacant Chief Technology Officer role. <mask> had failed to disclose the meeting in her ministerial diary and to inform staff or officials about it. <mask> apologized to the Prime Minister for her actions and also resigned from her positions as Minister of Government Digital Services and Minister of Open Government. <mask> kept her Broadcasting, Communications and Digital Media and associate ACC portfolios. On 5 September 2018, <mask> "appeared flustered" and "stumbled over her answers" when answering questions during question time from opposition National MP Melissa Lee regarding <mask>'s use of a personal Gmail account for Ministerial use. Two days later <mask> resigned as a Minister of Broadcasting and Associate Minister of ACC, saying she could "no longer endure the relentless pressure I've been under". On 27 August 2019, <mask> announced that she would be retiring from Parliament and not seek election at the 2020 general election.As of late August 2019, <mask> sits on Parliament's Justice and Electoral select committees. On 2 March 2020, former lawyer, journalist and director of the British Council New Zealand, Ingrid Leary, was nominated as the Labour candidate for Dunedin South to succeed <mask>. Ahead of her retirement, <mask> gave an exclusive interview to Donna Chisholm. In it she talked in detail about the "toxicity and bullying" she experienced in her political career, and in particular about the pressures she felt during her time as a minister, which culminated in her demotion and resignation. This led to her receiving months of treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. <mask> made a number of allegations about parliamentary colleagues. She specifically alleged that in 2012 Dunedin-based National list MP Michael Woodhouse and other National MPs had taken part in an event where she was mocked with a toilet seat emblazoned with her photo.She supplied to Chisholm an image of Woodhouse with the seat. <mask> also stated that in 2006, before she entered Parliament, National MP Nick Smith had compared her to Joseph Goebbels, and that during their time in Parliament, Jacinda Ardern had been derided for her then childless status by National MPs Maggie Barry and Amy Adams. Barry's remarks in 2012 had received public attention. In addition to naming National MPs who she alleged had engaged in bullying, <mask> told Chisholm about an incident with a senior Labour colleague at the end of her first year in Parliament, who she did not name. This colleague she described as telling her that she was "a victim, a femme fatale, and that [she] used [her] sexuality as a weapon." When asked for comment on the toilet seat allegation by the New Zealand Herald, Woodhouse responded "To be honest I cannot really remember it, and I don't think an eight-year-old photo is a burning issue of the day." The independent MP Jami-Lee Ross, who left the National Party in a high-profile incident that included accusations of bullying against him, and who himself had dealt with mental health issues, apologised to <mask> for the tactics of his former party.Public profile and views
As a Member of Parliament, <mask> has lobbied for the return of heavy rail engineering work to Hillside Engineering in South Dunedin, climate change adaptation and mitigation in the South Dunedin and Taieri Plain, and placing Dunedin on the priority list for state housing assistance. She also helped secure visas for the parents of Nisha Vijayan, a nurse at the Dunedin Hospital whose husband had died unexpectedly. In June 2011, <mask> was sent out of Parliament for wearing a rugby shirt in the Otago rugby union team Highlanders' blue, gold, and maroon colours in protest of their new lime green colour. References

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Parliamentary biography

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1960 births
Living people
University of Otago alumni
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
New Zealand Labour Party MPs
New Zealand MPs for Dunedin electorates
People educated at Kavanagh College
Women members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
21st-century New Zealand politicians
21st-century New Zealand women politicians
Candidates in the 2017 New Zealand general election
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
Women government ministers of New Zealand

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<mask> (4 October 174125 May 1812) was an Irish Shakespearean scholar and editor of the works of William Shakespeare. Assured of an income after the death of his father in 1774, <mask> was able to give up his law practice for at first political and then more congenial literary pursuits. He went to London, where he frequented literary and artistic circles. He regularly visited Samuel Johnson and was of great assistance to James Boswell in revising and proofreading his Life, four of the later editions of which he annotated. He was friendly with Sir Joshua Reynolds, and sat for a portrait now in the National Portrait Gallery. He was one of Reynolds' executors, and published a posthumous collection of his works (1798) with a memoir. Horace Walpole, Edmund Burke, George Canning, Oliver Goldsmith, Lord Charlemont, and, at first, George Steevens, were among <mask>'s friends.Encouraged by Charlemont and Steevens, he devoted himself to the study of Shakespearean chronology, and the results of his "An Attempt to Ascertain the Order in Which the Plays Attributed to Shakspeare Were Written" (1778), which finally made it conceivable to try to patch together a biography of Shakespeare through the plays themselves, are still largely accepted. This was followed in 1780 by two supplementary volumes to Steevens's version of Dr Johnson's Shakespeare, partly consisting of observations on the history of the Elizabethan stage, and of the text of doubtful plays; and this again, in 1783, by an appendix volume. His refusal to alter some of his notes to Isaac Reed's edition of 1785, which disagreed with Steevens's, resulted in a quarrel with the latter. <mask> was also a central figure in the refutation of the claim that the Ireland Shakespeare forgeries were authentic works of the playwright, which many contemporary academics had believed. Biography

Birth and early life
<mask> was born 4 October 1741 in Dublin to <mask> Sr. (1704–1774)—MP of the Irish House of Commons and judge of the Court of Common Pleas in Ireland—and Catherine Collier, the niece of Robert Knight, 1st Earl of Catherlough. He had two sisters, Henrietta and Catherine, and an older brother, Richard (later Lord Sunderlin). <mask> Sr. was a successful lawyer and politician, educated at Oxford University and the Inner Temple in London, and called to the Bar in England in 1730, where he had a legal practice.But in 1740, a year before <mask>. was born, his practice in England failed and he returned to Ireland. He took up residence with his wife on the family's country estate, Shinglas, in County Westmeath, and began a more successful legal practice there. According to Peter Martin, <mask>'s main biographer in the 20th century: "Virtually nothing is known of his childhood and adolescence except that in 1747 he was sent to Dr. Ford's preparatory school in Molesworth Street, Dublin, where his brother Richard had already been enrolled for two years". The next record of his education is 10 years later, in 1757, when he—not yet 16 years old—entered Trinity College, Dublin, where his brother went to study two years earlier and where his father had received an honorary LL.D. the year before. <mask> excelled at his studies, "an exemplary student, naturally diligent, consistently at the top of his class", and was awarded with books stamped with the College Arms. In the very first examination, of four in the academic year, he shared top honours with James Drought and John Kearney, who later became Fellows of the college.As an undergraduate he wrote some poetry and literary history. Of the latter, a noteworthy example is a prose translation of Oedipus Rex by Sophocles with annotations and explanatory notes that Martin describes as "surprisingly erudite". The translation is accompanied by a twenty-page “… Essay on the Origin and Progress of Tragedy & on the Office & Advantages of the Antient Chorus" where he provides a brief comparison of Sophocles and Euripides and argues in favour of the restoration of the Chorus in modern drama. His studies were interrupted when, in the summer of 1759, he and his father accompanied his mother to Highgate in England. Catherine's health had been deteriorating for some time and she now had increasing difficulty walking. After a short stay in Highgate she moved to the Roman Baths at Bath in Somerset, where the waters were supposed to have health-giving properties. <mask> and his father returned to Ireland in October, too late to resume the winter term, so he elected to stay at Shinglas until the new year and study on his own.Not wishing to leave his father solitary, he nearly did not return to Trinity, but eventually resumed his studies in January 1760. The expenses for Catherine's stay at Bath put a strain on the family finances, but it was alleviated somewhat when, after a special examination on 2 June, he won a scholarship at Trinity and became a Scholar of the House. <mask>'s final examination at Trinity was in the Michaelmas term in 1761, and he received his BA degree at the following Commencement on 23 February 1762. As only one of three, he achieved the top mark (). The decision to study law was an obvious choice: his father, uncle, and grandfather had all been Irish Barristers. He'd received—on payment of £3 6s 8d—admittance to the Inner Temple in London in 1761, but did not begin his law studies until the new year in 1763. The interval was spent in Dublin reading, and he quickly applied to become a Reader of the Trinity College Library.Martin speculates that he spent his time reading "possibly law although probably also literature". Law school and legal practice

<mask> probably entered the Inner Temple in January 1763, but few records survive of his studies there; except that he was "invited to come to the bench table" in the commons—an honour Peter Martin describes as comparable to becoming a Warden in a guild—on 10 May 1763. Outside schoolwork he published satirical articles about the government and on the abuse of the English language, and made corrections to the text in his copy of a new edition of Jonathan Swift's correspondence. He was admitted to the Inner Temple the same year as James Boswell—a coincidence Martin thinks "literary historians cannot fail to wonder at"—but there is nothing to indicate that they ever crossed paths there. More significantly, in 1764, <mask>'s close friend Thomas Southwell and his father Edmund  introduced <mask> to Samuel Johnson, whose quarters on Inner Temple Lane were close to his own lodgings. Martin describes it as “…the most important meeting of <mask>'s life" and he became an "…ardent follower of Johnson's and, Boswell excepted, the most enthusiastic defender and celebrator of Johnson's writings and life." <mask>'s friendship with Johnson lasted until the latter's death in 1784.Although <mask> failed to write down his conversations with Johnson, and none of his letters on the subject to John Chetwood have been found, Martin speculates that Shakespeare must have been among their topics of conversation, as Johnson was just then finishing up his great edition of Shakespeare that he had begun in 1756. They would have found other common interests in the law and Ireland, as Johnson would soon start work as private secretary to the English statesman and Irish politician William Gerard Hamilton. For Hamilton he compiled notes on the Corn Laws that <mask> in 1809 would publish, along with two of Hamilton's speeches in the Irish House of Commons and some other miscellaneous works, under the title Parliamentary Logick. The Southwells were also his companions when, in the autumn of 1766, he travelled in the south of France. There he visited Paris, Avignon, and Marseille; socialising and relaxing. Around this time he began having doubts about his choice of the law as a career. He was finished at the Inner Temple, but still required further study for the Irish Bar, and his motivation was flagging; particularly since it would mean leaving London and its "coffee-shops, theaters, newspapers, and politics."There was also some tension between him and his father over this, and over a judgeship his father had been promised by Lord Worthington. On hearing that the judgeship might not come to pass, <mask> wrote to his father: "It shall be a lesson to me, never to believe in any great man's word, unless coupled with performance, & to aspire by every truest means at the greatest blessing of life, independence." Both issues resolved themselves shortly however, as his father succeeded to the bench as Judge of the Irish Court of Common Pleas while <mask> was still in Marseille. Arriving back in London, without the Southwells, in February he announced his fresh determination to proceed with law: "It is my firm resolution to apply as closely as possible till I go to Ireland, to the study of law, & the practice of the Court of Chancery…"

He was called to the Irish bar in 1767, and from 1769 practised law on the Munster circuit with "indifferent rewards". He was not having great success in this field, and he missed London with its "…great literary world of Johnson, coffee-houses, theatre, newspapers, and politics." In the early months of 1769 he also had an intense, but ultimately fruitless, romance with Susanna Spencer. When the relationship failed—for reasons that are unknown but which Martin speculates were related to their families' relative social status—<mask> suffered a "nervous collapse" and "[lost] the will to read, to join in family activities, to practice law."He spent the better part of the summer in Spa with his brother, while his sisters, by letter, suggested remedies for his low mood and attempted to cheer him up. He returned some time after September, but his depression lingered on. He worked the Munster circuit and at some point after March in 1772 visited London, perhaps on the suggestion of his exasperated father. How long he remained or what his activities were is not known. He returned to Ireland and the Munster circuit, but, in private letters, complained of his boredom with this occupation. Literature, theatre, and politics

To relieve his boredom, <mask> diverted himself with literary studies. On a visit with Dr. Thomas Wilson, Senior Fellow of Trinity College, in 1774 he discovered several papers by Alexander Pope that Henry St John, the poet's literary executor, had collected.Among them was a manuscript in Pope's handwriting of his unfinished poem One Thousand Seven Hundred and Forty. <mask> transcribed a facsimile of the manuscript, including "interlineations, corrections, alterations", but he failed to publish it and the original manuscript has since been lost. On 4 April 1774, the Irish-born author Oliver Goldsmith died. <mask> had known Goldsmith, either in Dublin or in London in the 1760s, and to honour his friend he participated in an amateur production of Goldsmith's She Stoops to Conquer (1773). The event was held on 27 September 1774 and had strong patriotic overtones: it was staged at the country seat of Sir Hercules Langrishe—a member of the Irish House of Commons—at Knocktopher, and the Irish politicians and patriots Henry Grattan and Henry Flood both played parts. According to Martin's description, "<mask> played two parts and wrote an excessively long epilogue of eighty-two lines, with several allusions that suggest his literary tastes. […] It celebrates Shakespeare, touches on Irish politics […], and concludes with a panegyric on the stage […]".Irish politics seems to have been especially on his mind in this period. In 1772 he contributed to Baratariana, a volume principally by Langrishe, but supplemented with letters by Flood and Grattan. The letters attack the current government in the style of Junius, who had published similar letters in England between 1769 and 1772, and <mask> may have contributed "a weakly ironic piece in which he lamented the Irish consumption of millions of eggs every year when a little restraint could yield more substantial food in the form of chickens." His father died unexpectedly on 22 March 1774, leaving the four siblings with a modest income, and <mask> free to pursue interests outside the drudgery of his legal practice. His ambition was politics, and that summer he proposed himself as candidate to a seat in Parliament for Trinity College. Objections were raised that his uncle, <mask>, had joined the Townshend government whose autocratic policies the university was firmly against. In his speech to the electors, <mask> defended his uncle as a man of principle rather than party, who sought to do his best for his constituents rather than gain advantage for himself and his friends: "no man perhaps ever supported the administration so disinterestedly, or got so few favours from Government either for himself or his connexions."To the charge that the filial association was an impediment to his nomination he protested, later in his speech:

Corruption and self-interest he saw as the great problem of men in elected office, and in his speech he attacked them as opposing reform for fear of losing their advantage:

He won the nomination, but the election was not until May 1776, and, a few days prior, <mask> died, leaving <mask> an annual income of £ (roughly equivalent to £ today) and the entire estate at Baronston to his brother, Richard. The legacy left him free to pursue a life of scholarship, and he promptly gave up the nomination in favour of contributing to a new edition of Goldsmith that was being prepared. He travelled to London to interview the people who had known Goldsmith and collect information and anecdotes about him. He spent six months there but apart from a letter from Susanna Spencer, in reply to a letter from <mask> that is now lost, we have no information about his activities there. In February 1777, suffering from his first bout of rheumatism, he returned to Ireland, and shortly afterward, Poems and Plays by Oliver Goldsmith was published. <mask> had contributed an eight-page memoir of Goldsmith and annotations to the poems and plays. The memoir was based on "Authentic Anecdotes" by Richard Glover—published in The Universal Magazine in May 1774, and Edmund Burke included it in  The Annual Register for that year—as well as first-hand information from Dr. Wilson at Trinity.London and Shakespeare

While in London to do research for his memoir of Goldsmith in 1776, <mask> sought out George Steevens, who, by then the inheritor, from Samuel Johnson, of the editor's mantle for the Jacob Tonson edition of Shakespeare's collected works, was then busy preparing a second edition. Steevens invited <mask> to help him complete it. To help him get started, Steevens lent <mask> his copy of An Account of the English Dramatic Poets (1691) by Gerard Langbaine, into which Steevens had transcribed notes by William Oldys in addition to the notes he

masks:
Edmond Malone
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 had added himself. When <mask> returned to Ireland in early 1777, he set about transcribing all the annotations into his own copy. He finished the transcription on 30 March, and on 1 May he left Ireland for good. <mask> moved into a house in Sunninghill, about  outside London, and started work. In the following months he sent a steady stream of notes and corrections to Steevens and in January 1778 The Plays of William Shakspeare was published in 10 volumes.<mask>'s main contribution appeared in the first volume as "An Attempt to Ascertain the Order in Which the Plays Attributed to Shakspeare Were Written". The "Attempt" was well received and garnered him more attention than the notes and corrections he had supplied Steevens with. With his first major contribution to Shakespeare studies published, he left Sunninghill to reside in London; first, briefly, in Marylebone Street and then in a house he rented at 55 Queen Anne Street East in what is now Foley Street in Marylebone. In late 1778 he visited Ireland for a few months, and in February 1779, shortly after he returned, he began to have his portrait painted by Joshua Reynolds. Reynolds was then much sought after as a portrait painter, and a "face and shoulders" by Reynolds cost 35 guineas (£36.75). His uncle, <mask>, had had his portrait painted by Reynolds in 1774, and <mask> himself had good company: during the ten times between 23 February and 10 July that he sat for the portrait, Reynolds's appointment book shows that he sat on the same date as Edward Gibbon, the British historian and MP; George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough; Hester Thrale, author of Anecdotes of the Late Samuel Johnson and a close friend of Johnson; and (28 April and 17 May) George III, then king of England and Ireland. <mask> befriended Reynolds and they remained close friends until the latter's death in 1792, when Reynolds named <mask> his executor along with Edmund Burke and Philip Metcalfe.<mask>'s next scholarly project was an addendum to the Johnson–Steevens Shakespeare. Pleased with <mask>'s contributions to the edition, Steevens invited him to publish the apocryphal plays that had been included in the second edition of the Third Folio published by Philip Chetwinde in 1664. It was <mask>'s project—and with only grudging acceptance from Steevens he expanded the work to include the narrative poems and the Sonnets—but he and Steevens worked closely together, and solicited notes from Isaac Reed, William Blackstone, and Thomas Percy. Until this point their relationship had been a cordial and productive one—Steevens having given <mask> his first opportunity as an editor of Shakespeare, and in return having benefitted greatly from the younger scholar's work—but while working on the addendum they had a falling-out. Steevens brought up Susanna Spencer and suggested that <mask>'s work on Shakespeare was a mere device to keep his mind distracted from the unhappy relationship. <mask> took umbrage at this, his ambition being a life of professional scholarship, and replied that, to the contrary, he intended to produce a completely new edition of Shakespeare, "more scientifically and methodically edited than the Johnson–Steevens edition was ever likely to become." They settled their differences, but Steevens was now beginning to feel his position as the foremost editor of Shakespeare threatened.<mask> was aggressive and arrogant, and his constant stream of corrections grated on the older editor. Despite the strained relationship, in late April 1780, A Supplement to the Edition of Shakespeare, Published in 1778 by Samuel Johnson and George Steevens was published in two volumes. The work met with generally positive reviews, particularly from The Gentleman's Magazine and Monthly Review. But there was also criticism from the St. James's Chronicle, in which Steevens had a financial interest, that Martin describes as consisting of "anonymous and trifling notes […] which niggled at minor points, textual and factual", which were probably written by Steevens or at his behest. Social rise and "The Club"

When <mask> first arrived in England in 1777 he already had a connection to Samuel Johnson and George Steevens, and, through his boyhood friend Robert Jephson, to James Caulfeild, 1st Earl of Charlemont. Johnson, of course, was among the most esteemed men of letters, and Steevens was then the foremost commentator on Shakespeare and the current inheritor of the editor's mantle for the Tonson editions; but Charlemont also had the connections to introduce <mask> to a wide variety of the eminent men of the day. With these recommendations and the fame garnered by his scholarly work he was by the early 1780s often to be found in the company of the greatest literary and theatrical minds of the era.He dined regularly with Johnson, Steevens, Reed, Reynolds, Richard Farmer, Horace Walpole, John Nichols, and John Henderson. But by this time Johnson's advancing age and ill health prevented his socialising as much as in earlier years, and <mask> did not often enough get a chance to spend time with him or people like Edmund Burke, James Boswell, Edward Gibbon, Charles Burney, Joseph Banks, William Windham, Charles James Fox, or John Wilkes. At the same time, membership in "The Club"—founded by Johnson and Reynolds in 1764, and whose membership included several of those people whom <mask> longed to see—had become a much sought-after honour. <mask> dearly wanted to get in, but even though he had the support of Charlemont and Reynolds, he was thwarted by circumstances. The Club was founded specifically to be exclusive, and to that end limited the number of members, at that time to 35 at any given time. Since members very rarely left, the only openings came when a member died; and after the latest member, David Garrick, had died in 1779, the members resolved to keep his spot open in honour of the great actor and theatre manager. Votes were taken on several occasions, but the candidates were always blackballed.It was not until 5 February 1782 that "[…] the memory of Garrick having dimmed sufficiently, <mask> at last was admitted into this august company […]". He attended his first meeting on 19 February 1782 and quickly became one of The Club's most enthusiastic supporters and, as its treasurer, held the only permanent office associated with it. His motivation for wanting to join The Club was partly to see Johnson more often, but Johnson's health was deteriorating and no longer attended the club's dinners regularly. The first one he attended after <mask> was accepted was on 2 April 1782, and in the period until Johnson's death on 13 December 1784, they saw each other at the club only five times; the last time on 22 June 1784, when Johnson "was in obvious pain and had to drag himself to get there." Johnson was also too ill to visit <mask>, but he appreciated company at his house at Bolt Court, and <mask> visited frequently. He kept notes on their conversations that Boswell later included in his The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. (1791), and the letter to <mask> from John Byng, 5th Viscount Torrington is the best account that survives of Johnson's last hours.Chatterton forgeries

In 1769, the poet Thomas Chatterton, only 17 years old, sent Horace Walpole the first of a series of poems supposedly written by a 15th-century monk named Thomas Rowley but really written by Chatterton himself. Other poems followed, and Walpole was briefly taken in but later reconsidered. When Chatterton committed suicide the following year, there were rumours that Walpole's treatment of the young man had played a part. Despite Walpole's scepticism, in 1777, shortly after <mask>'s arrival in London, Thomas Tyrwhitt published Chatterton's forgeries as Poems, Supposed to Have Been Written at Bristol, by Thomas Rowley and Others, in the Fifteenth Century. This created a great controversy, with much debate about their authenticity. For the third edition in 1778 he added an appendix arguing against the poems' antiquity, and Thomas Warton, in his The History of English Poetry (1778), devoted an entire chapter to it. Those favouring the authenticity of the Rowley poems responded in late 1781 when, just days apart, Jacob Bryant, a classical scholar, published Observations upon the Poems of Thomas Rowley; in Which the Authenticity of Those Poems is Ascertained, and Jeremiah Milles, Dean of Exeter and President of the Society of Antiquaries of London, published Poems, Supposed to Have Been Written at Bristol, in the Fifteenth Century, by Thomas Rowley, Priest, &c.; With a Commentary in Which the Antiquity of Them Is Considered and Defended.The controversy was a perfect match for <mask>: steeped in ancient and early modern English literature, by trade a lawyer, and with no patience for literary forgeries or those who entertained them. As Martin puts it he "entered the fray" in December 1781 by "[sending] an anonymous 'brat into the world'" The "brat" was an article in two parts in The Gentleman's Magazine, signed "Misopiclerus". The essay met with success, and by February he published a second edition as Cursory Observations on the Poems Attributed to Thomas Rowley. In the essay he compares the Rowley poems to poetry by actual writers of the era; shows Chatterton's sources to have been later writers like Shakespeare, Pope, and Dryden; picks holes in the arguments put forward by Chatterton's supporters; and ends on an awkward attempt to ridicule Bryant and Milles. Collections

Before he died, <mask> detailed what should be done with his library in his will:

In 1815 Lord Sunderlin announced his intention to donate part of his late brother's library to the Bodleian once the new edition of <mask>'s Shakespeare (the Variorum Shakespeare) was complete. He reserved c. 800 volumes for the Library, while the rest was sold in 1818 at Sotheby's. In 1821 the collection was received by the Bodleian.The early editions of Shakespeare in the collection were described by <mask> in 1801:

The influence of the <mask> collection from its 1821 receipt in the Bodleian is shown by both the donations to and purchases of the Library in the years following: in 1833 Thomas Caldecott donated his poems of Shakespeare, and at the Heber sale in 1834, and afterward, further gaps in the collection were filled. In 1835 B. H. Bright gave <mask>'s copy of Anthony Wood's Athenae to the Bodleian, in 1836 the Bodleian bought papers relating to Pope, as well as, in 1838, collections for the last edition of <mask>'s Shakespeare and for the illustration of ancient manners, 76 volumes of eighteenth-century pamphlets, and part of his literary correspondence. In 1851 <mask>'s letters from Thomas Percy were acquired, in 1858 his Oxford research notes, in 1864 letters from Samuel Johnson, Mrs Siddons, and others, and in 1878 further correspondence, papers, and books. The mention of this purchase in the Athenaeum encouraged Mr. L. Sharpe of the Guildhall Library to present the Bodleian with <mask>'s letters to his grandfather. In 1881, 76 volumes of pamphlets was also purchased by the Library. Most of <mask>'s books are bound with 'E. M.' in an 'interlaced monogram' on the back, with a few featuring a book-plate with his coat-of-arms on.Works
 1778 – "An Attempt to Ascertain the Order in Which the Plays Attributed to Shakspeare Were Written", in The Plays of William Shakespeare in Ten Volumes, Samuel Johnson and George Steevens, eds. (1778), 2nd ed., vol I, pp. 269–346. 1780 – Supplement to Johnson and Steevens's edition of Shakespeare's Plays. 1782 – Cursory Observations on the Poems Attributed to Thomas Rowley
 1787 – A Dissertation on the Three Parts of King Henry VI. 1790 – The Plays and Poems of William Shakespeare. 1792 – A Letter to the Rev.Richard Farmer; Relative to the Edition of Shakspeare, published in MDCCXC, and some late criticisms on that work. (This is the date of the 2nd edition.) 1796 – An inquiry into the authenticity of certain miscellaneous papers and legal instruments published 24 Dec MDCCXCV and attributed to Shakspeare, Queen Elizabeth and Henry, Earl of Southampton. 1800 – The Critical and Miscellaneous Prose Works of John Dryden, Now First Collected: With Notes and Illustrations; an Account of the Life and Writings of the Author Grounded on Original and Authentick Documents. Four volumes. 1801 – The Works of Sir Joshua Reynolds, Knight. 1809 – Parliamentary Logick, the writings of William Gerard Hamilton with notes on the Corn Laws by Samuel Johnson.1809 – An account of the incidents from which the title and part of the story of Shakspeare's Tempest were derived; and its true date ascertained. 1821 – Life of Shakespeare. In Works of Shakespeare (1821), Volume II. The Plays and Poems of William Shakespeare
The years from 1783 to 1790 were devoted to <mask>'s own edition of Shakespeare in multiple volumes, of which his essays on the history of the stage, his biography of Shakespeare, and his attack on the genuineness of the three parts of Henry VI, were especially valuable. His editorial work was lauded by Burke, criticised by Walpole and damned by Joseph Ritson. It certainly showed indefatigable research and proper respect for the text of the earlier editions. The Ireland forgeries

<mask> published a denial of the claim to antiquity of the Rowley poems produced by Thomas Chatterton, and in this (1782) as in his branding (1796) of the Ireland manuscripts as forgeries, he was among the first to guess and state the truth.His elaborate edition of John Dryden's works (1800), with a memoir, was another monument to his industry, accuracy and scholarly care. In 1801 the University of Dublin made him an LL.D. <mask>swell Shakespeare
At the time of his death, <mask> was at work on a new octavo edition of Shakespeare, and he left his material to James Boswell the younger; the result was the edition of 1821 generally known as the Third Variorum edition in twenty-one volumes. Lord Sunderlin (1738–1816), his elder brother and executor, presented the larger part of <mask>'s book collection, including dramatic varieties, to the Bodleian Library, which subsequently bought many of his manuscript notes and his literary correspondence. The British Museum also owns some of his letters and his annotated copy of Johnson's Dictionary. A memoir of <mask> by James Boswell is included in the prolegomena to the edition of 1821. Reputation and legacy
The Malone Society, devoted to the study of sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century English drama, was named after him.See also
Shakespeare's editors

Notes and references

Notes

References

Sources

External links

1741 births
1812 deaths
18th-century Irish people
19th-century Irish people
Irish literary critics
People from County Dublin
People from County Westmeath
Shakespearean scholars
Irish writers
Alumni of Trinity College

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<mask> (; born 9 September 1991), better known as simply <mask>, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Chinese Super League club Shanghai Port. <mask> began his career at São Paulo, and in 2009, he went to court against the club due to irregularities in his contract. After a series of controversies, he left for Internacional, where he spent the next three years of his career. His displays for club and country led to him signing for Chelsea for a fee of R$61.575 million. After four-and-a-half years with Chelsea, he signed for Chinese Super League side then known as Shanghai SIPG for an Asian transfer record £67 million in January 2017. He is a Brazilian international and has represented his country at the under-20 level, at the 2012 London Olympics and at senior level. On 20 August 2011, <mask> scored three goals in the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup final win against Portugal, becoming the first player to score a hat-trick in the FIFA U-20 World Cup final.<mask> later described his performances at the tournament as being a "gateway to the senior side." His playing style and ability have drawn comparison to compatriot Kaká. He made his senior debut for Brazil in 2011 and was a member of the team that won the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and that finished fourth at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, both on home soil. Club career

Early career

Born in Americana, <mask> came through the youth academy at União Barbarense and impressed from an early age. <mask> was spotted by talent scouts who took him to the state capital where he subsequently joined São Paulo FC in 2004 at the age of 13. He made his professional debut on 28 August 2008, in the second leg of the first stage of the Copa Sudamericana. He played the full 90 minutes of the goalless draw with Clube Atlético Paranaense at the Arena da Baixada, but he and Juninho had their attempts saved by Vinícius in the penalty shootout, eliminating their team.His domestic debut came on 13 March 2009, filling in for Jean for the final eight minutes of a 5–0 home win over Mirassol Futebol Clube in the Campeonato Paulista. That year, he also made 11 substitute appearances for the team in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.

Internacional
Initially, <mask> joined Internacional after a contractual dispute with his former club São Paulo, with <mask>'s agent claiming that the club had not paid salaries as promised. <mask>'s representatives argued that his contract with São Paulo was null and void whereupon <mask> joined Internacional as a free agent. São Paulo continued to claim that <mask> belonged to them and lodged legal appeals which prevented <mask> from playing for Internacional in vital Copa Libertadores fixtures. Eventually, a settlement was agreed upon between São Paulo and Internacional on 30 May 2012, severing his contract for a fee of €6 million. <mask>'s first season at Internacional was blighted by injury. On 23 February 2011, as an 80th-minute substitute for Leandro Damião, he scored his first goal for the club to conclude a 4–0 home win over Jaguares de Chiapas at the start of Inter's defence of the Copa Libertadores.He added two more goals in the competition before their elimination in the last 16 by Peñarol. His first goals in domestic football came on 5 June, a brace in a 4–2 win over América-MG in the third game of the Série A season; he finished the season with 10 goals from 26 games. Chelsea
On 16 July 2012, Chelsea agreed on a fee of R$61.575 million for <mask>. (according to several media, the fee was estimated for £19 million or £25 million) On 25 July, Chelsea announced the signing of <mask> on a five-year contract. On 19 August 2012, <mask> made his debut for Chelsea by coming on in the 64th minute for fellow debutant, Eden Hazard in their opening game of the 2012–13 season against Wigan Athletic. <mask> made his first start of the season on 19 September in Chelsea's first Champions League match against Juventus. After making the match 1–0 in favour of Chelsea with a deflected effort, he added a second, which curled over Juventus keeper Gianluigi Buffon, to make it 2–0 at Stamford Bridge.However the game ended in a 2–2 draw, but he was awarded Man of the Match. He commented on his second goal, saying, "I am very happy with two goals on my debut but I would have been much happier if the team had won the game. In Brazil, young boys dream of playing in the Champions League and I'm very proud to have realised my dream." Three days later, <mask> then made his first Premier League start in a 1–0 victory over Stoke City. Following his good performances, <mask> became a regular starter in Roberto Di Matteo's creative midfield triumvirate with Juan Mata and Eden Hazard. He scored his third goal of the season, in the Champions League, in Chelsea's 2–1 away defeat away to Shakhtar Donetsk in Donetsk, and continued his scoring record in Europe by scoring into an open net from 40 yards out in the reverse fixture against Shakhtar at Stamford Bridge, a match which Chelsea won 3–2. <mask> also scored in Europe in ultimately Chelsea's last Champions League fixture, making the score 6–1 for Chelsea against debutants Nordsjælland.After the sacking of manager Di Matteo on 21 November, interim manager Rafael Benítez only started <mask> three times in his first seven games. Benítez praised <mask>'s attitude after dropping him for the FIFA Club World Cup Final against Corinthians and believed there was no rift between himself and the player. He scored his first Premier League goal for the club on 23 December, scoring a penalty during an 8–0 win against Aston Villa. On 14 February 2013, less than a minute after coming off the bench to replace Mata, <mask> exchanged passes with Hazard before finishing past Tomáš Vaclík, breaking the deadlock and handing Chelsea a 1–0 away victory over Sparta Praha in the first leg of their Europa League Round of 32 clash. On 15 May, <mask> played the full ninety minutes as Chelsea defeated Benfica 2–1 in the Europa League final in Amsterdam, securing his first piece of silverware with the London club. The following day, his goal against Juventus in the Champions League was named the Chelsea "Goal of the Season." In the first match of the 2013–14 season on 18 August, <mask> scored Chelsea's opening goal in a 2–0 win over Hull City.He opened the scoring against local rivals Fulham in a 2–1 win on 21 September. On 1 January 2014 <mask> put in a match-winning performance against Southampton at St Mary's Stadium, scoring one and assisting two as Chelsea won the match 0–3. However, he was booked in that match for diving. <mask> scored fourth and fifth goals in Chelsea's 6–0 victory over Arsenal on 23 March, which was Arsène Wenger's 1000th match in charge of the club. Before the start of the 2014–15 season, <mask>'s shirt number 11 was given back to the returning Didier Drogba, and he instead took the number 8 vacated by Frank Lampard earlier in the summer. He said "Didier is a Chelsea legend and a senior player. I am happy for him to take the 11 and for me to take the 8.Lamps is another legend at this club and I hope I will be as successful in the shirt as he was." His early season success was rewarded in November as he signed a new contract with the club keeping him with the Blues until the end of the 2018–19 season. <mask> scored twice in the first half of Chelsea's 5–0 away win at Swansea City on 17 January 2015, exploiting a wayward pass by Gylfi Sigurðsson to open the scoring after 50 seconds. On 26 April, he was hospitalised after suffering a head injury following a collision with opposing goalkeeper David Ospina in a 0–0 away draw against Arsenal in the Premier League; he was released the following day. <mask> scored Chelsea's first goal of the next season in an eventual 2–2 home draw with Swansea, being substituted early in the second half after the dismissal of goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois. On 16 September, he scored a penalty in a 4–0 win over Maccabi Tel Aviv in the first game of the Champions League group stage. He, Diego Costa and Cesc Fàbregas were abused by supporters who believed that the trio's slump in form had cost the job of popular manager José Mourinho; in the first game since his dismissal, on 26 December, <mask> slipped and missed a spot kick in a 2–2 home draw against Watford.The following 31 January, <mask> scored a first-half hat-trick in a 5–1 win at Milton Keynes Dons in the fourth round of the FA Cup. On 26 October 2016, <mask> made his 200th appearance for Chelsea in a 2–1 League Cup defeat to West Ham United. In Shanghai
On 23 December 2016, Chinese Super League side Shanghai SIPG officially confirmed that the club had agreed on terms with Chelsea for the transfer of <mask>, to be completed during the January transfer window for a reported £67 million. The fee represented an Asian transfer record. <mask> was reported to have signed a four-year contract with a weekly salary of £400,000, equivalent to an annual salary of £20.8 million (US$26.5 million). The contract placed <mask> amongst the highest paid footballers in the world, annually during his 4-year tenure with the club. After signing for Shanghai SIPG, <mask> revealed that various European clubs were interested in signing him but decided to play in China as “China has incredible financial power and sometimes makes offers that players

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 can’t refuse.” He subsequently mentioned that he was more concerned about his family, than of his own career.Furthermore, he added that after completing his contract with Shanghai SIPG, he was interested in returning to Europe as he remained motivated to play football at a high level. The Brazilian made an immediate impression for his new club, scoring on his friendly debut against Saudi Arabian side Al-Batin. <mask> made his official debut on 7 February 2017 and scored the first goal of a 3–0 win over Thai club Sukhothai in the 2017 AFC Champions League qualifying play-off. On 11 April 2017, <mask> missed two penalty kicks as his team lost 1–0 in an AFC Champions League match against Urawa Red Diamonds. He scored his first domestic league goal for SIPG with a penalty on 21 April 2017 in a 3–0 home win against Hebei China Fortune. In a league match between Shanghai SIPG and Guangzhou R&F on 18 June 2017, <mask> assisted Hulk's equalizer in the 45+1 minute, however, afterwards as the opposition players complained to the referee that Hulk had been offside, <mask> twice purposely kicked the ball into Guangzhou players. In the ensuing brawl, both Li Tixiang and Fu Huan were sent off.Although <mask> himself was not booked for his role, he was later banned for 8 matches and fined 40,000 RMB for his role in starting the incident. International career

Under-20

On 20 August 2011, <mask> scored three goals in the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup final win against Portugal, becoming the first player to score a hat-trick in the FIFA U-20 World Cup final. This performance was immediately compared to the 1966 hat trick by Geoff Hurst as only the second time a single player scored three goals in a World Cup final match. 2012 Olympics

<mask> was named into the Brazilian squad to compete at the Olympics in London. <mask> starred in Brazil's 3–2 victory over Egypt in the opening game, providing the assists for goals by Rafael and Leandro Damião. In Brazil's next game, a 3–1 victory over Belarus, <mask> netted the Seleção's third goal in injury time, after being played through by Neymar, to send the Brazilians into the quarter-finals. All goals in the Olympics was assisted or scored by <mask> and Neymar, the two prodigies who are both regarded as the exceptional talents coming from Brazil.<mask> provided two assists, one to Rômulo and another for Leandro Damião, as the Seleção defeated South Korea 3–0 in the semi-finals at Old Trafford on 7 August. Brazil went on to lose the gold medal match against Mexico 2–1. Senior team

<mask> was given his first senior call-up as a substitute in a 0–0 draw against Argentina. Due to injuries to the attacking midfielder Ganso, he saw his national team opportunities increase and was even preferred over more experienced playmakers on a number of occasions. In June 2012, <mask> scored his first international goal in a friendly match against Argentina, which Brazil went on to lose 4–3. He also scored a penalty kick against China as well as recording three assists in the 8–0 rout, before firing a brace against Iraq one month later. On 25 March 2013 <mask> played against Russia at Stamford Bridge with fellow Chelsea teammates David Luiz and Ramires.He wore the nation's iconic 10 number shirt. <mask> played and started in all of Brazil's games in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup as they beat Spain 3–0 in the final to claim the trophy. He provided the assist for the second goal in the final, scored by Neymar. In the opening match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, on 12 June against Croatia in São Paulo, <mask> scored in injury time with a toe-poke from outside the box for the last goal in a 3–1 win. In Brazil's record-breaking 7–1 semi-final defeat to Germany on 8 July, <mask> scored the only goal for Brazil in the 90th minute. Alongside Thiago Silva, he was one of two Brazilians included in the Team of the Tournament. He also played and started every game.Due to an injury in training, <mask> was not included in Brazil's squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile. He was last recalled to the squad in October 2016, for Brazil's qualifiers of the 2018 World Cup qualifiers. Style of play

Considered to be a highly talented and promising player in his youth, <mask> has drawn comparisons to players such as Mesut Özil and fellow Brazilian teammate Kaká due to his playmaking abilities. A quick, agile, and technically gifted player, with superb dribbling skills and an excellent first touch, <mask> is very fluid and creative in his runs. As an offensive playmaker, <mask> has great vision and is able to deliver precise short passes to his teammates, which enables him to play "killer balls." <mask> is also extremely effective in building up play in areas higher up the pitch. His cunning runs, as well as his skills, range of passing and finishing ability, make him a threat inside or near the opposing penalty area, and allow him to score goals in addition to creating goalscoring opportunities.Although he typically played either as a second striker or in a central attacking midfield position for Internacional, since his transfer to Chelsea, <mask> has been deployed in all three attacking midfield positions behind the central striker, in the centre as well as on either flank. Known for his vision, ability to pick out teammates in tight positions, and carve out chances in difficult situations, <mask> often acted as the catalyst in Chelsea's attacks during his time with the club, and was widely praised for his role in the team's Europa League success in 2013. Under Mourinho, <mask> was used as Chelsea's primary playmaker in midfield. A versatile player, he has also been praised by managers for being capable of playing in wider positions, as well as in his favoured role in the centre of the pitch. <mask>'s energy, work-rate, tenacity, and ability to press opponents high up the pitch made him a favorite of his former Chelsea manager Mourinho, and also allowed him to play in deeper midfield positions, or even in a box-to-box role on occasion, in particular during his time with São Paulo and under his former Chelsea manager Antonio Conte. Despite his talent, however, he has accused by certain pundits – such as Nizaar Kinsella of Goal.com – of being inconsistent, and of failing to live up to his potential, in particular during his later Chelsea career, where he struggled to adapt to different systems and retain his place in the team's starting line-up. Personal life
<mask>'s father was killed in a traffic accident when he was three years old.At the time, <mask>'s mother was pregnant with his sister, Gabriela. <mask> said that while growing up, he remembered little of his father and wished his dad could have watched him play football during his childhood. <mask> also said he grew up in poverty and that his family had nothing. <mask> attributed his footballing success to his mother Sueli, who raised three children (including <mask>) alone. She earned money by making and selling clothes in the family's hometown, as she was unable to work for a company. <mask> is married to his childhood sweetheart, Ludmila, who is a Japanese Brazilian. They have been together since 2009 (and their 10-year anniversary came in late December 2019).They were married in 2011. <mask> is a Catholic who prays before each game to relax and get confidence for the match. He started taking English classes when he moved to London and became neighbors with former teammate Juan Mata and retired midfielder Giorgos Karagounis upon his arrival at the club. <mask> and his wife have a daughter, Júlia, who was born in 2014, and son, Caio, who was born in 2016. He is sponsored by Adidas. {cn}

Career statistics

Club

International
As of 18 November 2015.

International goals

Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first. Honours

Club

Internacional
Recopa Sudamericana: 2011

Chelsea
Premier League: 2014–15, 2016–17
Football League Cup: 2014–15
UEFA Europa League: 2012–13

Shanghai SIPG
Chinese Super League: 2018
Chinese FA Super Cup: 2019

International
Brazil U20
South American Youth Football Championship: 2011
FIFA U-20 World Cup: 2011

Brazil U23
Olympic Silver Medal: 2012

Brazil
FIFA Confederations Cup: 2013

Individual
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2014
Chelsea Goal of the Year: 2012–13 vs. Juventus, 2014–15 vs. Queens Park Rangers
Chinese Super League Team of the Year: 2018
AFC Champions League OPTA Best XI: 2019

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
People from Americana, São Paulo
Association football midfielders
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian Roman Catholics
São Paulo FC players
Sport Club Internacional players
Chelsea F.C.players
Shanghai Port F.C. players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Premier League players
Chinese Super League players
UEFA Europa League winning players
Brazil youth international footballers
Brazil under-20 international footballers
Olympic footballers of Brazil
Brazil international footballers
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in football
Olympic silver medalists for Brazil
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players
Brazilian expatriate footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in England
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in China
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in

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<mask> (1817–1904) was a Victorian performer best known for his success as the 'man-monkey' stage character. <mask> was born in Sheffield to a family of cutlers. He performed several times as the clown in pantomimes and harlequinades before cultivating a reputation for playing the 'man-monkey'. <mask> toured the United Kingdom with this act with much success. His most famous stunt was his attempt to sail down the River Don, Sheffield, in a barrel pulled by ducks. As well as performing, <mask> managed several theatres. In 1862, <mask>'s wife, Sarah, separated from him, taking their two daughters with her.<mask> discovered Sarah's whereabouts and attacked her with an empty pistol before a neighbour intervened. He was convicted of attempted murder and served two years in Wakefield Prison (1862-1864). <mask> came out of prison a 'converted clown', having become a devout Christian. He gave up the theatre and joined the Hallelujah Band in Sheffield. In 1878 he published his autobiography, The Life and Adventures of <mask>, the Converted Clown and Man Monkey, with his remarkable conversion in Wakefield Prison, and by 1881 he purported to have sold over 40,000 copies. During his later life <mask> preached Methodism in and around Sheffield. He was reunited with Sarah and lived with her until she died in 1883.He remarried in 1886. <mask> died in 1904 in Firvale Workhouse Asylum and is buried in the General Cemetery, Sheffield. Early life
<mask> was born in Sheffield Park, and during his childhood he moved around Sheffield with his family. He attended several different schools, but he 'seldom went' unless accompanied by his sister, preferring to play truant. He began his education at the Carver Street National School, but instead of attending classes preferred to make trips to the Wicker Bridge and swim in the water fully dressed to amuse the blacksmiths. He then moved to Netherthorpe Academy where, when he attended school, he showed early signs of having a theatrical personality: 'I used to amuse the scholars by leaping through hoops and over chairs like a monkey'. He was later sent to Fox's School, where his mischievous reign continued.He alludes to being very popular in the school after playing numerous pranks on his school master, such as knocking a needle through his chair. Once more he was taken out of school, this time being relocated to a boarding school in the nearby town of Dronfield. Teasdale was a sprightly child who was 'very fond of running up spouts and getting on to roofs of buildings and running on the slates like a cat'. As a result, he was often involved in accidents and scrapes. Furthermore, he got into frequent fights with other boys in the town: 'I do not think at that time there was a lad in Sheffield... could stand any chance with me at fighting'. After another failed attempt at settling his son in to a school, Teasdale's father, Benjamin, decided to keep him at home to with the intention of training him for the cutlery trade. However, on several occasions he claims to have shirked his errands.His family moved from Sheffield to Walkley Hall and it was here that <mask> declared 'it was prophesied by one of the Walkley Belles that <mask> would become an actor!’ He began attending plays at Sheffield's Theatre Royal and his interest in acting was ignited. However, he still made time for mischief, like stealing fish at Crookes Moor Dam: 'The fish that I had caught were in my hat on my head. When asked what I had done with the fish I said that I had caught none. The fish… at that moment jumped on my head and appeared to my guilty conscience to say "<mask>, what a liar you are"’.’
In 1832 the Cholera epidemic swept Sheffield and <mask> was one of its victims. He claimed he was very ill, but nevertheless managed to survive. Soon after his recovery <mask> and a friend named Charles Black decided they wanted to leave Sheffield and head to London, but with no transport they had barely reached Chesterfield before they chose to give up. Performing Life

<mask> began performing in Sheffield public houses and theatres in the early 1830s.He moved around the city taking rooms at different pubs, often playing the clown in performances. He alludes continuously to the vice and danger associated with the life of an actor: 'I shall not record the wicked scenes that were enacted in this room. I shall not lift the curtain'. <mask>'s most famous stunt was his attempt to sail down the River Don in a barrel drawn by ducks. He advertised his performance on flaming placards throughout Sheffield and on the day approximately 70,000 people lined the streets to watch. As he sailed along the force of the crowd became so great part of the wall collapsed sending many spectators in to the water. <mask> maintained that the cries of the people who had fallen 'might have appalled a stouter heart than mine'.Nobody was hurt, but many people 'cursed old <mask> and his ducks'. His attempt was a failure. The Sheffield Iris described the stunt as foolish novelty: 'The clown (<mask>) made a start with his tub and ducks... but they were completely unmanageable, and he rolled and rocked about with his short paddles until he got a good dousing'. <mask> first played the 'man-monkey', his signature act, at Grantham Theatre in the mid 1840s. He drew in the crowds by jumping from balcony to stage dressed as a monkey. <mask> was following in a tradition of Skin Performance: actors who impersonated and dressed like animals. His monkey performance was a huge success and it was from here that he began touring the country, meeting with excited audiences.Many local newspapers praised his performance, one referring to him as 'the Yorkshire Phenomenon!’ However, despite his many successes round the country, <mask> never managed to make a name for himself in London, performing in the capital once to negative reviews: 'Mr <mask> was very slow. He has much to learn before he can take his stand as clown in a leading London theatre'. He allegedly fought with the manager of Astley's Amphitheatre, London, and left, never to return to perform in the capital again. Yet in his memoir <mask> speaks highly of his own talent and success: 'It was acknowledged, by undisputed authority, that mine was the best representation of the monkey that had ever appeared on stage'. Attempted murder and trial
In 1862 <mask>'s wife, Sarah, separated from him, taking their two daughters with her. Teasdale struggled to track them down and when he did begged them to return to him. After much chasing, Teasdale finally confronted Sarah, accusing her of earning a living as a prostitute and encouraging their daughters to do the same.He broke into her lodgings and fired a blank at her before attempting to cut her throat and his own. A neighbour intervened and alerted the authorities. Sarah survived the attack and was taken to hospital and <mask> was arrested and taken to court. Most newspapers documenting the trial mention <mask>'s over-dramatic performance on the stand, reporting that there was laughter in the court room when <mask> said 'I determined to fire it off and cut my throat in the smoke'. In his own defense he made the following claims: 'Four months ago we were staying at Leeds. I have been married to her 26 years. I loved the ground she walked on and she hated me.While we were in Leeds she left home one Saturday morning. I went in search of her and for the first time I found she was getting her living on the streets, and she boasted that I had not found her out'. He was sentenced to two years hard labour in Wakefield Prison. Conversion and controversy
<mask> was interned at Wakefield between 1862 and 1864. He claimed that whilst in prison he underwent a conversion and decided to leave behind his life of vice in the performing industry and preach the doctrines of Methodism. Once released from prison <mask> moved back to Sheffield and joined the Hallelujah Band to spread the message of Methodism. However, his sincerity is questionable: in an attempt to rid himself of his former persona and the monkey that had become his alter-ego, Teasdale advertised that he would burn his effects, including his monkey costume, in Sheffield's Temperance Hall.The Sheffield Daily Telegraph reported that 'placards have been circulated within the town, stating that <mask>, the well-known man monkey and clown, would relate his experiences and destroy his dresses and theatrical effects'. Yet a different newspaper documents him burning his effects in Leeds and the Era suggests they were for sale: 'The whole of <mask>'s pantomimes, monkey pieces, manuscripts... to be sold for £2 10s'. In spite of his self-proclaimed conversion, there is evidence to suggest that <mask>'s former life-style did not allude him. <mask> claims he then went to Totley and bought a donkey named Charley, with whom he would travel around the moors searching for work and food. He suggests it was his faith which got him through this lean period. Yet, it is questionable whether he was sincerely struggling or painting himself as a martyr. He was later reunited with Sarah, whom he converted to Methodism.Death
<mask> died in 1904, aged 86. His obituary doesn't give a definite cause of death instead stating that 'for some time his brain had been affected'. He died in Firvale Workhouse Asylum, where he had been living for a fortnight. He is buried in the General Cemetery, Sheffield. Autobiography and legacy
<mask> published the first edition of his autobiography in 1878. It went through several editions and by 1881 it had sold over 40,000 copies. <mask> continued to sell his autobiography, alongside signed photographs of himself.The Life and Adventures of <mask>, the Converted Clown and Man Monkey, with his remarkable conversion in Wakefield Prison is an unusual example of Victorian life-writing, detailing the extraordinary life of a working class performer who described himself as '<mask>, the converted clown, and once the greatest impersonator of the man monkey in the world, now a sinner saved by grace, fighting the battle of the cross!’ The autobiography has been noted for its highly dramatic tone, heavy use of Shakespearean and biblical quotations and the author's questionable sincerity. Over the past few years a renewed local interest in <mask> has developed. Efforts are being made towards the reprinting of his memoir within the University of Sheffield. In September 2014, Point Blank Theatre Company premiered their production, <mask>: the Sheffield Man Monkey, based on <mask>'s life as part of Sheffield's Festival of the Mind. The production featured Vern Griffiths as <mask>, Jack Windle as the Chorus and Dr Butler's Hatstand Medicine Band as the Hallelujah Band. Publications

References

1817 births
1905 deaths
1862 crimes
19th-century English criminals
19th-century English male actors
19th-century English non-fiction writers
19th-century Methodists
People from Sheffield
English autobiographers
English clowns
English male stage actors
British people convicted of attempted murder
English prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales
English Methodists

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