texts:
<mask> (born December 9, 1977) is an American football coach and former placekicker. <mask> played 15 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Virginia Tech. He made his professional debut in May 2000 with the Richmond Speed of the Arena Football League's now-defunct developmental league, AF2. His first NFL contract was with the New Orleans Saints where he signed as an undrafted free agent in 2000. A journeyman most of his career, he played for 14 different NFL franchises over 9 seasons, excluding the 7 seasons he spent with the Cincinnati Bengals. With the Bengals, he made the Pro Bowl in 2005.In the latter part of his career, he was signed as an injury replacement or to provide competition during training camps for a number of teams. In 2018, <mask> was hired as a special teams intern at Michigan State University. Early years
<mask> attended Pulaski County High School in Dublin, Virginia, graduating in 1996. He holds many of the school's kicking records including most field goals in career (28, from 1992–1995), most field goals in a season (15, 1995), and longest field goal, a 54-yarder against Anacostia in 1995. College career
<mask> played college football at Virginia Tech and was named to the first-team All-Big East Conference in all four seasons. In 1999, as a senior, <mask> earned Big East Special Teams Player of the Year honors after leading the conference and breaking the school's single-season scoring record with 107 points on 56-of-57 extra points and 17-of-22 field goals. He was 68-of-93 (73.1%) in field goals for his Virginia Tech career and set a Virginia Tech and Big East record with 97 consecutive successful extra points.He left Virginia Tech as the all-time scoring leader in school history and Big East history with 371 points. His contributions at Tech led to his induction in the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame. Professional career

Richmond Speed
Following a tryout with the Cleveland Browns, it was announced in May 2000, that <mask> would play in two games for the Richmond Speed of the AF2, and that he would use the time to practice for a future NFL tryout with the Tennessee Titans. As it turned out <mask> played in only one game for the Speed, a 60 - 21 loss against the Arkansas Twisters on May 26, 2000. During the game, he missed two field goals, from 36 and 44-yards, and two of three extra points. After the game, <mask> told the Roanoke Times: "It was a big adjustment. In the arena game, the holder puts the ball down, then the kicker starts forward.I've always been accustomed to starting with the snap. My rhythm was all messed up." <mask> left the team and was replaced by special teams coach Dave DeArmas, who unretired and played in the following week's game against the Jacksonville Tomcats. New Orleans Saints
After going undrafted in the 2000 NFL Draft, <mask> signed with the New Orleans Saints on June 30, 2000. <mask> was 1-for-1 on extra points and did not attempt a field goal during the preseason. He was waived on August 22, 2000. Seattle Seahawks
<mask> was signed by the Seattle Seahawks on April 27, 2001.He was 6-for-6 on extra points in the preseason but had his only field goal attempt blocked. He was waived on September 2, 2001. On October 30, 2001, <mask> was invited back for a tryout after kicker Rian Lindell missed two field goals in a 24–20 loss to the Miami Dolphins. <mask> did not get a contract and Lindell was retained as the Seahawks' kicker for the remainder of the 2001 season. Buffalo Bills
The Buffalo Bills signed <mask> on November 27, 2001 to replace rookie kicker Jake Arians; Arians had missed several key field goals and a crucial extra point over the course of the season. <mask> played in the Bills' final six games, going 6-for-8 on field goals. He was released on April 23, 2002 and replaced by Mike Hollis.Seattle Seahawks (second stint)
<mask> was re-signed by the Seahawks on May 13, 2002. He began training camp with Seattle before being waived on August 13, 2002. Carolina Panthers
<mask> signed with the Carolina Panthers on September 28, 2002, after an injury to veteran John Kasay. Originally, Jon Hilbert replaced Kasay; however, after missing two field goals during the Week 3 game versus the Minnesota Vikings, Hilbert was replaced by <mask>. The following week, in a game against the Green Bay Packers and after being on the team for only two days, <mask> missed a 24-yard field goal inches to the right with 13 seconds remaining that would have tied the score. The Panthers ended up losing the game 17–14. In total he played in 11 of the Panthers' final 13 games, leading the team in scoring with 60 points.He was 13-of-18 on field goals and averaged 66 yards on his five kickoffs. After spending the 2003 preseason with Carolina, <mask> was waived on August 31, right before the season began. Cincinnati Bengals
The Cincinnati Bengals claimed <mask> off waivers on September 1, 2003. With the Bengals in 2003, <mask> played in all 16 games and set a franchise record by making 88% (22-of-25) of his field goals. In the following offseason, <mask> was tendered a restricted free agent offer sheet by the Jacksonville Jaguars, but the offer was matched by the Bengals. In 2004, <mask> narrowly missed matching his previous season's accuracy mark, finishing the year 27-of-31 (87.1%) on field goals. In 2005, <mask> made 28-of-32 field goals (87.5%), scored a franchise record 131 points, was selected to be the kicker for the AFC Pro Bowl squad, and helped the Bengals record their first winning season since 1990.<mask> was the first kicker in franchise history ever to be selected to play in a Pro Bowl. In 2005, <mask> set the NFL record for tackles by a kicker with 11 combined (7 plus 4 assists.) In 2006, <mask> finished fourth in the AFC with 115 points and was 25-of-30 (83.3%) on field goals on the season. In 2007, <mask> missed his first field goal attempt of the season (a 53-yard attempt). But after that, he set a Bengals record by kicking 21 consecutive field goals without a miss over the season's first 10 games. This included a game against the Baltimore Ravens where he set a franchise record by kicking 7 field goals (the second highest total in NFL history). His streak came to an end when he missed a 26-yard attempt in Week 12.By the end of the season, <mask> set new franchise records for field goals in a season (31) and field goal percentage (91.2). <mask> finished the 2008 season with an 87.5 field goal percentage, going 21-of-24. In 2009, <mask> went 23-of-28 in the regular season, his lowest percentage — 82.1 — in his Bengals career. In the Wild Card playoffs on January 9, 2010, <mask> missed two field goals in the Bengals' 24–14 loss to the New York Jets, including a 28-yard attempt that would have cut the score to 24–17 late in the fourth quarter. After the game, Marvin Lewis commented on <mask>'s missed field goals stating "It is a shame, and it killed us. Unfortunately kicking is mostly a one-man operation. I know Shayne feels worse about it than anyone.Those points obviously make a big difference." He was not re-signed as an unrestricted free agent following the 2009 season. Baltimore Ravens
In June 2010, <mask> signed a 1-year-deal with the Baltimore Ravens worth up to $2.5 million. <mask> was released during final cuts before the season started in favor of Billy Cundiff. New York Giants
On October 16, 2010, the New York Giants signed <mask> due to an injury to kicker Lawrence Tynes. <mask> only played in one game for the Giants and did not attempt a field goal. He did, however, make all four of his extra point attempts.On October 18, 2010, just two days after being signed, the Giants released <mask>. New England Patriots
On November 10, 2010, the New England Patriots signed <mask> after an injury to kicker Stephen Gostkowski. In his first game, in Week 10 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> was 2-for-2 on field goals but missed one of four extra point attempts on the night. In eight games, <mask> finished the 2010 season 12-for-12 on field goals, and 35-for-37 on extra points. In the playoffs, <mask> was 2-for-2 in the Patriots loss to the Jets. Washington Redskins
On August 1, 2011, the Washington Redskins signed <mask> to provide training camp competition for <mask>. After missing two field goals in a pre-season game, <mask> was released.Dallas Cowboys
On August 23, 2011, the Dallas Cowboys signed <mask> due to a hip injury to David Buehler, but did not make the roster after being passed on the depth chart by rookie Dan Bailey. Miami Dolphins
The Miami Dolphins signed <mask> on November 19, 2011, after an injury to Dan Carpenter. <mask> was waived November 30. Baltimore Ravens (second stint)
The Baltimore Ravens signed <mask> on December 21, 2011 to back up Billy Cundiff, who had a calf injury throughout most of December. He made both field goal attempts and both extra point attempts in his short stint with the team. <mask> was released on January 3. Houston Texans
The Texans signed <mask> on May 7, 2012, to battle rookie Randy Bullock for the position.In August, <mask> was named the team's kicker after Bullock went on injured reserve. On January 13, 2013, <mask> set his career longest field goal after he made a 55-yard field goal against the New England Patriots in the divisional round of the playoffs. Cleveland Browns
On April 15, 2013, the Cleveland Browns signed <mask> to replace Phil Dawson who left as a free agent. On August 31, 2013, he was surprisingly released, even after making all of his pre-season attempts, leaving the Browns with no kicker on the roster days before the season began. Pittsburgh Steelers
On September 9, 2013, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed <mask> due to a hamstring injury to Shaun Suisham. <mask> was on the roster for one game, but was inactive due to Suisham's ability to play through his injury. Since he was not needed, <mask> was released by the Steelers on September 17.New Orleans Saints (second stint)
<mask> was re-signed by the Saints on December 17, 2013 to replace Garrett Hartley. Hartley had been cut from the Saints after he had struggled in the 2012 and 2013 seasons and the final straw came when he missed two close range field goals in a game against the St. Louis Rams. On January 4, 2014 <mask> went 4 for 4 including a 32-yard game winner as time expired to propel the Saints past the Philadelphia Eagles in the Wild Card round of the 2014 playoffs. However, the following week during the Divisional Round game he missed two field goals versus the Seattle Seahawks. On his first miss, from 45-yards, holder (and backup quarterback) Luke McCown had the laces facing the wrong way. Strong winds also contributed to his poor performance. On February 14, 2014, the Saints re-signed <mask> to a new one-year contract with a base salary of $955,000.In a surprise move, <mask> along with kicker Derek Dimke were released as part of the final roster cuts on August 30, 2014, leaving the Saints with no kickers on their roster after the reduction to 53-players. A few days later on September 2, 2014, it was announced that the Saints had waived quarterback Ryan Griffin to make room for the re-signing of <mask> to their 53-man roster. <mask> was selected as NFC special teams player of the month for October 2014, for making all nine field goals and all nine extra points he tried during the month. He also scored 14 points during the October 26, 2014 victory over the Packers. After <mask> missed a 42-yard field goal during the Saints' loss to the Carolina Panthers on  December 7, 2014, the Saints tried out kickers Garrett Hartley, Derek Dimke and Zach Hocker on December 10, 2014. However, in the end the Saints decided to stick with <mask> as their kicker. On February 12, 2015, <mask> was re-signed to a one-year deal with the Saints.He was released on May 19, 2015. Atlanta Falcons
On November 26, 2015, <mask> signed with the Atlanta Falcons as a replacement kicker, after Matt Bryant injured his leg. On August 20, 2016, <mask> was re-signed by the Falcons. On September 3, 2016, <mask> was released by the Falcons. Retirement
On February 6, 2017, <mask> announced his retirement from the NFL at the age of 39 to pursue jobs as a special teams coach. <mask> signed an unofficial ceremonial contract on February 21, 2017 to retire as a Bengal. Coaching career

Central Michigan
In March 2017, <mask> was hired as a special teams coach at Central Michigan University

Michigan State
In June 2018, <mask> was hired at Michigan State University as a special teams intern.Florida
<mask> was hired at the University of Florida in 2020 as a special teams quality control coach. NFL career statistics

Bengals franchise records
 Most field goals in a season (31)
 Most field goals in a game (7)
 Highest field goal percentage in a season (91.2)
 Highest field goal percentage in a career (86.8)

References

External links
Atlanta Falcons bio
Cincinnati Bengals bio
Houston Texans bio
New Orleans Saints bio

1977 births
Living people
People from Blacksburg, Virginia
People from Dublin, Virginia
Players of American football from Virginia
American football placekickers
Virginia Tech Hokies football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Richmond Speed players
New Orleans Saints players
Seattle Seahawks players
Buffalo Bills players
Carolina Panthers players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Baltimore Ravens players
New York Giants players
New England Patriots players
Washington Redskins players
Dallas Cowboys players
Miami Dolphins players
Houston Texans players
Cleveland Browns players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Atlanta Falcons players
People from Radford, Virginia
Michigan State Spartans football coaches

masks:
Michael Shayne Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham Gano
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham


type: original

texts:
<mask> (1930–2011) was an American photojournalist who was active in the 1950s and early 1960s. He was an Associate of Magnum Photos, and a free-lance photographer for Life Magazine. He is best known for his photos of movie stars, particularly Marilyn Monroe, the civil rights movement of the early 1960s, and the Cuban Revolution. Photojournalism career
As early as 1950, when he was only 20 years old, <mask> began selling pictures of New York City street scenes, and Coney Island amusements. On Election Day 1952 he photographed Dwight D. Eisenhower as he won the U.S. Presidency from Adlai Stevenson. In this early commercial work he was associated with PIX Publishing, a photo agency. These photos are still available for sale from Getty Images.He affiliated with Magnum Photos in 1954. Movie photography
In 1954 <mask> began working on the set of The Seven Year Itch which was filming in New York City. He developed a relationship with Marilyn Monroe who allowed him to photograph her in both formal and casual settings. Due to Monroe's worldwide popularity, these photos are among the most recognizable images that Henriques ever captured. <mask> not only photographed her on location, but also at Yankee Stadium, Ebbets Field, at social functions, and in her apartment in New York. The relationship lasted well beyond the filming, and <mask> photographed Monroe as late as the premier of Some Like It Hot in 1959. In September 1959 Henriques covered Nikita Khrushchev's visit to the United States.This included a trip to Hollywood, where Khrushchev visited the set of Can-Can. <mask> captured an image of Shirley MacLaine caressing Khrushchev on the forehead. <mask> was also accredited to cover Khrushchev's visit with President Eisenhower at Camp David and he captured images of the two leaders in vigorous conversation. In 1961 <mask> worked on the set of Long Day's Journey Into Night which was filming in New York City. This effort produced a number of notable pictures of Katharine Hepburn, including her portrait in Life magazine. Civil rights photography

On May 17, 1957 Martin Luther King, Jr. spoke to a crowd of more than 22,000 people from the front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. This event was known as the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom.<mask> was on the podium, behind King, as he delivered his "Give Us The Ballot" speech to what was then the largest civil rights audience ever assembled in America. The images he captured at this event are among his most widely published. One of them was chosen for the inside front cover of Life Magazine's fiftieth anniversary tribute to King in 2018. In 2020 Magnum produced "Solidarity", a special print sale to benefit the NAACP and one of <mask>' photos from the Prayer Pilgrimage was part of the collection. <mask> photographed Malcolm X during a civil rights protest in New York City in 1963. One of these photos was published by Essence in a 2020 reconsideration of Malcolm X's legacy on the fifty-fifth anniversary of his assassination. Cuban revolution

<mask> and fellow Magnum photographer Burt Glinn arrived in Cuba just as Fidel Castro's forces closed in on Havana in January 1959.They shared a car out of Havana to make contact with the approaching rebels and documented their rise to power. Henriques captured images of a cigar-chomping Castro, his first press conference as prime minister, and pitching at a baseball game. His photo of Castro and his supporters led a 1963 New York Times Magazine essay on Cuba by Senator George McGovern. <mask> returned to Cuba in 1961 to cover the aftermath of the Bay of Pigs invasion. He captured several images of Fidel Castro inspecting wreckage on the battlefield. He also reported on the Castro government's literacy program. He maintained relations with sources in Cuba and was interviewed by the Central Intelligence Agency in 1964 regarding the Movimiento Democrata Cristiano, an anti-Castro organization on the island.Other projects
<mask> is credited with several record album cover photos:

 Soliloquy by Erroll Garner released in 1957
 Drums of Passion by Olatunji! released in 1960
 The Brothers Four by The Brothers Four released in 1960
 Brubeck on Campus by The Dave Brubeck Quartet released in 1972
 Bossa Nova U.S.A. by The Dave Brubeck Quartet released in 1963. <mask>' cover art is a shot from above of Dave Brubeck lying across the front seat of a convertible. His photos have appeared in several books including:

 Marilyn by Magnum, by Gerry Badger
 The Fifties: Photographs of America, by Eve Arnold
 Marilyn: A Biography, by Norman Mailer
Free at Last: A History of the Civil Rights Movement and those Who Died in the Struggle, by Sara Bullard
All The People: Since 1945, by Joy Hakim
Dance For Export, by Naima Prevots
Che Guevara, by David Sandison

<mask>' photographed a number of important political figures. His portrait of Senator Robert F. Kennedy appeared on the inside front cover of Life Magazine's Robert F. Kennedy, An American Legacy published in 2018 to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the assassination. He photographed then Senator John F. Kennedy campaigning for the presidency in 1960. His work for Life Magazine included photos for articles on corruption in New York State, gangs in New York City, an abortive effort by the Cuban government to overthrow dictator Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, and organized crime in the United States.He photographed a number of other notables for other projects including authors Margaret Case Harriman, Jay Richard Kennedy, and Cameron Hawley, evangelist Billy Graham, Mohawk activist Kahn-Tineta Horn, and  Marian Javits. Fine-art shows
While his focus was photojournalism, <mask>' work has been recognized as fine art and been exhibited in a number of museum shows. Among those were:

 "Life as Legend" a Marilyn Monroe retrospective that appeared at the Boca Raton Museum of Art and the Dayton Art Institute in 2007
 "Marilyn: Legende, Mythos und Ikone" at the Kunsthaus in Hamburg, Germany in 2006
"50 años sin Marilyn" at the University of Huelva, in Huelva, Spain in 2012
"I Wanna be Loved by You: Photographs of Marilyn Monroe" at the Bass Museum of Art in Miami Beach in 2006
 "Protest!" a selection of Magnum photographs of protest at the Milk Gallery in New York in 2017
 "Magnum Style" at the Staley-Wise Gallery in 2004
 In 2009 his work was included in an exhibition at the Magnum Print Room in London to consider the fiftieth anniversary of the Cuban revolution
"Planet Football" at the Cinémathèque québécoise in Montreal
A box of <mask>' photos is part of the Magnum Photos, Inc. archive housed at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. Personal life
<mask> was born in New York City, New York on February 1, 1930. He was the only child of Granville and <mask>, who were immigrants from Jamaica. During his years as a photojournalist he lived in New York City.He was married to Marjorie Eulalee <mask> in 1965. She was born on January 24, 1935 in Jamaica and naturalized as an American citizen in 1990. She died on June 4, 2008 in Homestead, Florida. <mask> gave up photojournalism in the mid-1960s. He went on to run a candle manufacturing business in Jamaica, but lived in Homestead, Florida. He died there in 2011. He was the godfather of American author Kyle Roderick.References

External links
Henriques interviewed about Marilyn Monroe

1930 births
2011 deaths
American photojournalists
Magnum photographers
People from Homestead, Florida

masks:
Bob Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Henriques
Pearl Henriques
Henriques
Henriques


texts:
<mask> (August 8, 1924 – April 16, 2020) was an American illustrator, animator, comics artist, and film director who was based in Prague from the 1960s until his death in 2020. <mask> was known for creating animated cartoons such as Munro, Tom Terrific, and Nudnik, as well as his work on the Popeye and Tom and Jerry series. Early life
<mask> was born in Chicago on August 8, 1924, the son of salesman <mask> and <mask>. In 1929, the family moved to California, and <mask> attended school in Hollywood. He graduated from Los Angeles High School in 1942. Early career
After graduating, <mask> began working for North American Aviation, drawing aircraft blueprints. In 1943, he was drafted and underwent pilot training before catching pneumonia and was honorably discharged in May of the following year.From 1940 to 1951, <mask> contributed covers and interior art to the jazz magazine The Record Changer. In the 1950s, <mask> was an early supporter and audio engineer for Connie Converse, one of the first American singer-songwriters. Converse appeared once on CBS television due in part to <mask>'s connections with the network, but otherwise found little success and eventually abandoned music only to be rediscovered decades later, through recordings <mask> had made of her music in 1954. Animation career
In 1955, <mask> took an apprenticeship at the animation studio United Productions of America (UPA), and later became the creative director of Terrytoons, creating such characters as Sidney the Elephant, Gaston Le Crayon, Tom Terrific, and Clint Clobber. Beginning in 1955, while working at UPA, <mask> wrote and drew the United Feature Syndicate comic strip The Real-Great Adventures of Terr’ble Thompson!, Hero of History, starring a courageous child in fantastical adventures. A skit about Terr'ble Thompson had been recorded by Little Golden Records, with actor Art Carney and bandleader Mitch Miller participating. That led to the daily strip, which ran from Sunday, October 16, 1955, to April 14, 1956.In early 1958, his theatrical cartoon Sidney's Family Tree was nominated for an Academy Award. In August 1958, he was fired from Terrytoons and set up his own studio in New York called Gene Deitch Associates, Inc., which primarily produced television commercials. When client Rembrandt Films promised to fund Munro, an animated theatrical short <mask> wanted to create, <mask> relocated to the company's base in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in October 1959. He originally planned to spend only ten days in Prague, but after meeting his future wife, Zdenka, decided to settle permanently in the city. Munro premiered in Czechoslovakia in September 1960 and in the U.S. on October 5, 1961, as a short preceding Breakfast at Tiffany's. It won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 1961, the first short created outside of the United States to be so honored. Munro was preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2004.From 1960 to 1963, <mask> collaborated with Rembrandt to direct Popeye cartoons for television with King Features, and from 1961 to 1962 he directed 13 new Tom and Jerry shorts for MGM. Being a "UPA man", <mask> had misgivings about the latter property, thinking they were "needlessly violent". However, after being assigned to work on the series, he quickly realized that "nobody took [the violence] seriously", and it was merely "a parody of exaggerated human emotions". He also came to see what he perceived as the "biblical roots" in Tom and Jerry's conflict, similar to David and Goliath, stating "That's where we feel a connection to these cartoons: the little guy can win (or at least survive) to fight another day." Contemporary critics often regarded <mask>'s shorts as the worst in the Tom and Jerry series; <mask> said some fans wrote positive letters to him, stating that his Tom and Jerry shorts were their personal favorites. With producer William L. Snyder, <mask> co-produced and directed a series of TV shorts of Krazy Kat for King Features from 1962 to 1964. The Bluffers, which was based on one of <mask>'s ideas, was also co-produced by him.He directed the 1966 film Alice of Wonderland in Paris. In 1966, he worked with Czech animator Jiří Trnka on a feature-length animated film adaptation of The Hobbit. However, producer William L. Snyder couldn't secure the funds, and in order to not let the rights for the novel expire, he asked <mask> to produce a short film adaptation in 30 days. <mask> and illustrator Adolf Born made a 13-minute animated film never intended for distribution; the film was long considered lost until it was rediscovered by Snyder's son and released on YouTube in 2012. Also in 1966, <mask> created a young girl adventurer in Terr'ble Tessie. From 1969 until his retirement in 2008, <mask> was the leading animation director for the Connecticut organization Weston Woods Studios, adapting children's picture books. <mask> Hoff in 1969 to Voyage to the Bunny Planet in 2008.His studio was located in Prague near the Barrandov Studios, where many major films were shot. In 2003, <mask>ay Award by ASIFA-Hollywood for a lifetime contribution to the art of animation. Personal life and death
<mask> met his first wife, Marie, when they both worked at North American Aviation, and they married in 1943. Their three sons, Kim, Simon, and <mask>, are artists and writers for underground and alternative comics. Several days after arriving in Prague in October 1959, <mask> met Zdenka Najmanová, the production manager at the studio Bratři v triku where he worked. They married in 1964. <mask>'s memoir, For the Love of Prague, is based on his experience of being what he called "the only free American living and working in Prague during 30 years of the Communist Party dictatorship".According to <mask>, although he was followed by the StB and his phone was tapped, he was never aware of their presence and was never interrogated nor arrested. <mask> died in Prague on April 16, 2020, at the age of 95. Shortly before his death, <mask> had noted intestinal problems. References

Further reading
 Kevin Scott Collier. The Amazing Transformations of Tom Terrific. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017 Abc Marker manager. External links
  Archived from the original on August 1, 2015,
 <mask> Credits (additional official site) Archived from the original on September 22, 2015.Includes biographical sidebar by <mask>. (Online instructional course)

1924 births
2020 deaths
Animators from Illinois
Film producers from Illinois
Artists from Chicago
Terrytoons people
American expatriates in the Czech Republic
Artists from Prague
Entertainers from Prague
American expatriates in Czechoslovakia
Film directors from Illinois
Military personnel from Illinois
Jewish American artists
Inkpot Award winners
Rembrandt Films
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Eugene Merril Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Joseph Deitch
Ruth Delson Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitchmer
DeitchC
Deitch
Seth Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Deitch
Gene Deitch
Deitch


texts:
<mask> (Porto, October 16, 1981 - Porto, is a Portuguese musician, composer, and conductor. Life
<mask> received his first musical education at the age of six, studying piano and harpsichord. In 2006, he graduated in Music Education and Composition from the University of Aveiro, where he studied under Sara Carvalho and João Pedro Oliveira. He has also studied with Emmanuel Nunes, Pedro Amaral, Brian Ferneyhough, Helmut Lachenmann, Louis Andriessen, Martijn Padding, Flo Menezes and Mary Finsterer, among others, participating actively in several Workshops and Master Classes. In 2007, he began his doctoral research under João Pedro Oliveira, with a scholarship from the University of Aveiro. Studies

<mask> studied conducting with Ralph Allwood, Mike Brewer, Péter Erdei and Jean-Sébastien Béreau, among others. He was the conductor of the contemporary ensemble Momentum Ensemble, with whom he premièred and recorded works of some of Portugal’s foremost composers.As a performer, he is now mainly an interpreter of live electroacoustic music, both as a soloist and in chamber music. Career

<mask> was awarded some prizes, including the 1st prize in the Prémio Nacional de Composição Jorge Peixinho, in 2003, and an honorable mention in the Concurso de Composição Música Viva, in 2004. He was selected for the Workshop Orquestra Gulbenkian para Jovens Compositores Portugueses, in 2004 and 2005, and for the Young Composers’ Meeting 2007, in the Netherlands. <mask> has composed music for cinema, institutional television, radio and interactive installations. He has been invited as a speaker in several conferences and as active participant in some international symposiums, being also a programmer of musical software. He was awarded a mention for the whole of the pedagogical work in the Lomus 2008 – International Music Software Contest. His works have been played in several countries, by some foremost groups, as the Arditti Quartet, Orquestra Gulbenkian and Orkest ‘de ereprijs’, and soloists, as Pedro Carneiro and Adam Wodnicki, in some important festivals, as Música Viva (Lisbon), Archipel (Geneve) and Musincanto (Turin).Some of his works have been published, both in scores and CDs. He teaches at the Department of Communication and Art of the University of Aveiro and he is also a consultant of the Education Service at Casa da Música (Porto). Publications

Discography

<mask>, R. (2010) «obra com título longo*» (performed by Performa Ensemble), Momentum, Phonedition: track 6

<mask>, R. (2010) «Perspective» (performed by Arditti Quartet and Pedro Carneiro), Spiral of Light: Portuguese Music for Strings and Marimba, etcetera records: tracks 6-9

<mask>, R. (2008) «Calcinatio» (performed by Momentum Ensemble), Música Contemporânea, Numérica: track 4

<mask>, R. (2005) «Calcinatio» (performed by Momentum Ensemble), Águas furtadas – Literatura, Música e Artes Visuais, 8: track 4

Scores

<mask>, R. (2005) «Calcinatio», Águas furtadas – Literatura, Música e Artes Visuais, 8: 290-305

Penha, R. (2003) dhamara agni. Aveiro: Universidade de Aveiro

Magazine Articles

<mask>, R. (2009) “Digitópia @ Future Places 2008″, I am a Future Place, Future Places 2008 Festival Proceedings, Porto. <mask>, R. (2008) “Narrativas Sonoras | Políssonos | Digitópia”, EASI – Revista Annual de Som e Imagem, Escola de Artes da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto. Papers in Conferences

Penha, R. and Rodrigues, P. (2011) “Live electroacoustic music performance in the contemporary classical realm”, Proceedings of Performa 2011, Aveiro. Gehlhaar, R., Rodrigues, P., Girão, L. and Penha, R. (2010) “Instruments for Everyone”, Proceedings of Digital Resources for the Humanities and Arts 2010, London.<mask>, R. (2009) “Towards a free, open source and cross-platform software suite for approaching music and sound design”, Research, Reflections and Innovations in Integrating ICT in Education, Lisboa. <mask>, R., Lopes, F., Peixoto, N., Miguel, D., Branco, J., Gomes, J. A. and Rodrigues, P. M. (2009) “Developing musical skills at Digitópia”, Research, Reflections and Innovations in Integrating ICT in Education, Lisboa. Rodrigues, P. M., Lopes, F., Almeida, A. P., Peixoto, N., Mónica, M., Branco, J., Neto, P. J., Gomes, J. A., and <mask>, R. (2009) “How Computers shape Educational Activities at Casa da Música”, Research, Reflections and Innovations in Integrating ICT in Education, Lisboa. <mask>, R., Rodrigues, P. M., Gouyon, F., Martins, L. G., Guedes, C. and Barbosa, A. (2008) “Digitópia – Platform for the Development of Digital Music Communities”, Proceedings of Digital Resources for the Humanities and Arts 2008, Cambridge.<mask>, R. (2008) “Distance encoding in Ambisonics using three angular coordinates”, Proceedings of the Sound and Music Computing Conference 2008, Berlin. <mask>, R., Rodrigues, P. M., Gouyon, F., Martins, L. G., Guedes, C. and Barbosa, A. (2008) “Studio Report: Digitópia at Casa da Música”, Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference 2008, Belfast. Pereira, F., Reis, J., <mask>, R., Leal, N. & Ramos, I. (2006) Criatividade Musical e Novas Tecnologias. In: Pereira, M., Alegre, M. & Pereira, M. (eds.).Prática Pedagógica Supervisionada 2005/2006 – Encontro de Formação, Troca de Experiências. Centro Integrado de Formação de Professores, Aveiro.

masks:
Rui Penha
Penha
Rui
Rui
Rui
Penha
Penha
Penha
Penha
Penha
Penha
Penha
Penha
Penha
Penha
Penha
Penha
Penha
Penha


texts:
<mask> of Prussia (Sophie Dorothea Ulrike Alice, ; 14 June 1870 – 13 January 1932) was Queen consort of the Hellenes during 1913–1917 and 1920–1922. A member of the House of Hohenzollern and child of Frederick III, German Emperor, <mask> received a liberal and anglophile education, under the supervision of her mother Victoria, Princess Royal. In 1889, less than a year after the death of her father, she married her third cousin Constantine, heir apparent to the Greek throne. After a difficult period of adaptation in her new country, <mask> gave birth to six children and became involved in the assistance to the poor, following in the footsteps of her mother-in-law, Queen Olga. However, it was during the wars which Greece faced during the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century that <mask> showed the most social activity: she founded field hospitals, oversaw the training of Greek nurses, and treated wounded soldiers. However, <mask> was hardly rewarded for her actions, even after her grandmother Queen Victoria decorated her with the Royal Red Cross after the Thirty Days' War: the Greeks criticized her links with Germany. Her brother Emperor William II was indeed an ally of the Ottoman Empire and openly opposed the construction of the Megali Idea, which could establish a Greek state that would encompass all ethnic Greek-inhabited areas.During World War I, the blood ties between <mask> and the German Emperor also aroused the suspicion of the Triple Entente, which criticized Constantine I for his neutrality in the conflict. After imposing a blockade of Greece and supporting the rebel government of Eleftherios Venizelos, causing the National Schism, France and its allies deposed Constantine I in June 1917. <mask> and her family then went into exile in Switzerland, while the second son of the royal couple replaced his father on the throne under the name of Alexander I. At the same time, Greece entered the war alongside the Triple Entente, which allowed it to grow considerably. After the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War in 1919 and the untimely death of Alexander I the following year, the Venizelists abandoned power, allowing the royal family's return to Athens. The defeat of the Greek army against the Turkish troops of Mustafa Kemal, however, forced Constantine I to abdicate in favor of his eldest son George II in 1922. <mask> and her family then were forced to a new exile, and settled in Italy, where Constantine died one year later (1923).With the proclamation of the Republic in Athens (1924), she spent her last years alongside her family and died of cancer in Germany in 1932. Life

Princess of Prussia and Germany

Birth in a difficult context

Princess Sophie was born in the Neues Palais in Potsdam, Prussia on 14 June 1870. Her father, Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia, and her mother, Victoria, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom (herself the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort) were already the parents of a large family and as the penultimate child, Sophie was eleven years younger than her eldest brother, the future Emperor William II of Germany. Frederick William and Victoria were a close couple, both on sentimental and political levels. Being staunch liberals, they lived away from the Berlin court and suffered the intrigues of a very conservative Chancellor Otto von Bismarck and members of the House of Hohenzollern. A week after Sophie's birth, a case relating to succession to the throne of Spain damaged the Franco-Prussian relations. The tone between Paris and Berlin worsened even further after Bismarck published the humiliating Ems Telegram on 13 July 1870.Six days later, the government of Napoleon III declared war on Prussia and the states of the German Confederation offered support to Prussia, which then appeared as the victim of French imperialism. It was in this difficult context that Sophie was christened the following month, though all the men present were in uniform, as France had declared war on Prussia. Sophie's mother described the event to Queen Victoria: "The Christening went off well, but was sad and serious; anxious faces and tearful eyes, and a gloom and foreshadowing of all the misery in store spread a cloud over the ceremony, which should have been one of gladness and thanksgiving". However, the conflict lasted only a few months and even led to a brilliant German victory, leading to the proclamation of Sophie's grandfather King William I of Prussia as the first German Emperor on 18 January 1871. Anglophile education

Sophie was known as "Sossy" during her childhood (the name was thought to have been picked because it rhymed with "Mossy", the nickname of her younger sister Margaret). The children of the Crown Princely couple became grouped into two by age: William, Charlotte, and Henry who were favored by their paternal grandparents, while Viktoria, Sophie and Margaret were largely ignored by them. Sophie's two other brothers, Sigismund and Waldemar, died at a young age (Sigismund died before she was born, and Waldemar when he was 11 and she was 8); this drew the Crown Princess and her three younger daughters closer together, calling them "my three sweet girls" and "my trio".The Crown Princess, believing in the superiority of all things English, had her children's nurseries modeled on her childhood. Sophie was raised with a great love for England and all things associated with it as a result, and had frequent trips to visit her grandmother Queen Victoria, whom she loved. Sophie often stayed in England for long periods, especially on the Isle of Wight, where she liked to collect shells with her older siblings. Because she was generally avoided by her paternal grandparents, Sophie's formative years were mainly shaped by her parents and her maternal grandmother Queen Victoria. As a little girl she was so deeply attached to the old British sovereign that the Crown Princess did not hesitate to leave her daughter for long periods under the care of her grandmother. In Germany, Sophie largely stayed with her parents at two main residences: the Kronprinzenpalais in Berlin, and the Neues Palais in Potsdam. Like her sisters Viktoria and Margaret, she was particularly close to her parents and their relationship became even closer after the death, in 1879, of Waldemar, the favorite son of the Crown Princely couple.Meeting and engagement with Constantine

In 1884, Crown Prince Constantine of Greece ("Tino") was sixteen and his majority was declared by the government. He then received the title of Duke of Sparta and Diadochos (διάδοχος / diádokhos, which means, "heir to the throne"). Soon after, the young man completed his military training in Germany, where he spent two full years in the company of a tutor, Dr. Lüders. He served in the Prussian Guard, took lessons of riding in Hanover and studied Political science at the Universities of Heidelberg and Leipzig. After a long stay in England celebrating her grandmother's Golden Jubilee, Sophie became better acquainted with Constantine in the summer of 1887. The Queen watched their growing relationship, writing "Is there a chance of Sophie's marrying Tino? It would be very nice for her, for he is very good".The crown princess also hoped that Sophie would make a good marriage, considering her the most attractive among her daughters. During his stay at the Hohenzollern court in Berlin representing the Kingdom of Greece at the funeral of Emperor William I in March 1888, Constantine saw Sophie again. Quickly, the two fell in love and got officially engaged on 3 September 1888. However, their relationship was viewed with suspicion by Sophie's older brother William, by now the new Kaiser, and his wife Augusta Victoria. This betrothal was not completely supported in the Hellenic royal family, either: Queen Olga showed some reluctance to the projected union because Sophie was Lutheran and she would have preferred that the heir to the throne marry an Orthodox. Despite the difficulties, Tino and Sophie's wedding was scheduled for October 1889, in Athens. Death of Emperor Frederick III
This period fell on an unhappy time for Sophie's family however, as her father Emperor Frederick III was dying an agonizing death of throat cancer.His wife and children kept vigil with him at the Neues Palais, even celebrating Sophie's birthday and offering her a bouquet of flowers as a gift. The Emperor died the next day. Sophie's eldest brother William, now German Emperor, quickly ransacked his father's things in the hopes of finding "incriminating evidence" of "liberal plots". Knowing that her three youngest daughters were more dependent on her than ever for emotional support, the now-Dowager Empress Frederick remained close to them: "I have my three sweet girls - he loved so much - that are my consolation". Already shocked by the attitude of her eldest son, the Dowager Empress was deeply saddened by Sophie's upcoming marriage and move to Athens. Nevertheless, she welcomed the happiness of her daughter and consoled herself in a voluminous correspondence with Sophie. Between 1889 and 1901, the two women exchanged no less than 2,000 letters.On several occasions, they were also found in each other's homes, in Athens and Kronberg. The preparations of Sophie's wedding were "hardly a surprising development considering the funeral atmosphere that prevailed at the home of her widowed mother". Crown Princess of Greece

Auspicious marriage to the Greeks
On 27 October 1889, Sophie married Constantine in Athens, Greece in two religious ceremonies, one public and Orthodox and another private and Protestant. They were third cousins in descent from Paul I of Russia, and second cousins once removed through Frederick William III of Prussia. Sophie's witnesses were her brother Henry and her cousins Princes Albert Victor and George of Wales; for Constantine's side, the witnesses were his brothers Princes George and Nicholas and his cousin the Tsarevich of Russia. The marriage (the first major international event held in Athens) was very popular among the Greeks. The names of the couple were reminiscent to the public of an old legend which suggested that when a King Constantine and a Queen <mask> ascended the Greek throne, Constantinople the Hagia Sophia would fall to Greek hands.Immediately after the marriage of the Diadochos, hopes arose for the Greek populace of the Megali Idea, i.e. the union of all Greeks in the same state. Abroad, the marriage of Constantine and Sophie raised much less enthusiasm. In France, it was feared that the arrival of a Prussian princess in Athens would switch the Kingdom of Greece to the side of the Triple Alliance. In Berlin, the union was also unpopular: German interests were indeed important in the Ottoman Empire and the Emperor did not intend to help Greece simply because the Diadochos was his new brother-in-law. Nevertheless, in Athens, the marriage ceremony was celebrated with pomp and gave rise to an especially significant pyrotechnic spectacle on the Acropolis and the Champ de Mars. Platforms were also built on the Syntagma Square so the public could better admire the procession between the Royal Palace and the Cathedral.The newlyweds were related to most of the European dynasties, so representatives of all the royal houses of the continent were part of the festivities: Christian IX of Denmark (grandfather of the groom), Emperor William II of Germany (brother of the bride), the Prince of Wales (uncle of both groom and bride) and the Tsarevich of Russia (groom's cousin) were among the guests of honor. Naturally, Sophie's mother and sisters were also present at the ceremony. In fact, the hosts and their retinues were so many in the small Hellenic Capital that George I could not receive all of them in his palace. He had to ask some members of the Greek high society to receive part of the guests in their mansions. Similarly, the sovereign was obliged to borrow the horses and carriages of his subjects in order to transport all visitors during the festivities. In addition, the king was forced to hastily buy dozens of additional liveries for the lackeys at the service of the guests. Installation in Athens

In Athens, Constantine and <mask> settled in a small villa of French style located on Kifisias Avenue, while waiting for the Greek state to build a new home for them, the Diadochos Palace, located near the Royal Palace.The couple also ordered the building of another house on the royal estate of Tatoi because King George I refused to allow work to be undertaken in the main palace. In Athens, Constantine and his wife lived a relatively simple life far removed from the protocol of other European courts but life in Greece was often monotonous and <mask> lamented for any company, save only for the wives of the tobacco sellers. <mask> had difficulties adjusting to her new life. However, she took up learning Modern Greek (and managed to become almost perfectly fluent in a few years) and used her many trips abroad to furnish and decorate her new home. Less than nine months after her marriage, on 19 July 1890, the Crown Princess gave birth to her first child, a slightly premature son who was named George after his paternal grandfather, but the birth went wrong and the umbilical cord was wrapped around the baby's neck, almost choking him. Fortunately for the mother and child, the German midwife sent by the Dowager Empress Victoria to help her daughter in childbirth managed to resolve the situation and no tragic consequences occurred. Conversion to Orthodoxy
After the birth of her eldest son, <mask> decided to embrace the faith of her subjects and convert to the Orthodox faith.Having requested and received the blessing of her mother and grandmother, the Crown Princess informed her in-laws of her intention and asked Queen Olga for instruction in orthodoxy. The Greek royal family was delighted by the news, because the announcement of the conversion would be popular among the Greeks but George I insisted that Germanus II, Metropolitan of Athens and Head of the Autocephalous Greek Church, would instruct Sophie in the Orthodoxy, rather than his wife. Of Russian origin, Queen Olga was indeed considered by some Greek nationalists as an "agent of the Pan-Slavism" and George I therefore preferred that Germanus II would guarantee the task that could otherwise create difficulties for the Crown. Though the news of her conversion was greeted calmly by most members of her family, <mask> feared the reaction of Emperor William II, who took his status as Head of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces very seriously and hated disobedience more than anything. <mask> took a trip to Germany with her husband for the occasion of the wedding of her sister Viktoria to Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe, in November 1890, and personally announced to her brother her intentions to change her religion. As expected, the news strongly displeased the Emperor and his wife, the very pious Empress Augusta Victoria. The latter even tried to dissuade her sister-in-law to convert, triggering a heated argument between the two women.The Empress later claimed that this caused her to go into premature labor, and deliver her sixth child, Prince Joachim, too early. William II, meanwhile, was so angry that he threatened <mask> with excluding her from the Prussian royal family. Pressed by her mother to appear conciliatory, <mask> ended up writing a letter to her brother explaining the reasons for her conversion but the Emperor would not listen, and for three years he forbade his sister to enter Germany. Upon receiving his reply Sophie sent a telegram to her mother: "Received answer. Keeps to what he said in Berlin. Fixes it to

masks: Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia


texts:
 three years. Mad.Never mind." <mask> officially converted on 2 May 1891; however, the imperial sentence was ultimately never implemented. Nevertheless, relations between William II and his sister were permanently marked by <mask>'s decision. Indeed, the Emperor was an extremely resentful man and he never stopped making his younger sister pay for her disobedience. Social work
Throughout her life in Greece, <mask> was actively involved in social work and helping the underprivileged. Following in the footsteps of Queen Olga, she led various initiatives in the field of education, soup kitchens and development of hospitals and orphanages. In 1896, the Crown Princess also founded the Union of Greek Women, a particularly active organization in the field of assistance to refugees from the Ottoman Empire.Fascinated by arboriculture and concerned by the fires that regularly ravaged the country, <mask> was also interested in the reforestation. In addition, she was one of the founders of the Greek Animal Protection Society. However, it was during wartime that Sophie showed the most resilience. In 1897, when the Thirty Days' War broke out, <mask> and other female members of the royal family actively worked with the Greek Red Cross in order to help wounded soldiers. On the Thessalian front, the Crown Princess founded field hospitals, visited the wounded and even directly administered care for victims of the fighting. <mask> also facilitated the arrival of English nurses in Greece and even participated in the training of young women volunteers to provide assistance to wounded soldiers. The involvement of <mask> and her mother-in-law in the aid to the victims of fighting (either of Greek or Turkish origin) was so active that it elicited admiration from other European courts.As a reward for their work, both women were decorated with the Royal Red Cross by Queen Victoria, in December 1897. Unfortunately for the Crown Princess, her help for the wounded soldiers was less appreciated in Greece, where the population blamed the royal family, and especially Diadochos Constantine, for the loss against the Ottomans. Consequences of the War of Thirty Days
After the Thirty Days' War, a powerful anti-monarchical movement developed in Greece and <mask> herself was not immune to criticism. Always eager to punish his sister for her disobedience, Emperor William II of Germany openly supported the Ottoman Empire during the conflict and agreed to offer his mediation after being begged by his sister, his mother and his grandmother. He demanded that Greece agree to humiliating conditions in exchange for his intervention and the population believed that he did so with the consent of his sister. However <mask> was not the only victim of popular condemnation. In fact, it was openly discussed in Athens that the Diadochos should be sent before a military court to punish him for the national defeat and depose George I as was previously done with his predecessor Otto I.Several weeks after the signing of the Peace Treaty between Greece and the Ottoman Empire, the situation became so tense that the sovereign was a subject of an assassination attempt when he traveled in an open carriage with his daughter, Princess Maria, but George I defended himself so bravely that he recovered at least some estimation from his subjects. In these difficult conditions, Constantine and <mask> choose to live some time abroad. In 1898, they were established in Kronberg, and then in Berlin. There the Diadochos resumed his military training with General Colmar von der Goltz and for a year, he received the command of a Prussian division. To mark their reconciliation, Emperor William II also appointed <mask> as Honorary Commander of the 3rd regiment of the Imperial Guard. The couple returned to Greece in 1899 and the government of Georgios Theotokis appointed Constantine as the head of the Hellenic Staff. This promotion, however, caused some controversy among the army, which still considered the Diadochos as the main person responsible for the defeat in 1897.Family deaths

Back in Greece with her husband, the Crown Princess resumed her charity work. However, the health of both her mother and English grandmother deeply concerned her. The Empress Dowager of Germany was indeed suffering from breast cancer, which caused her extreme suffering. As for the Queen of the United Kingdom, she was approaching the age of eighty and her family knew that the end was close but the last years of her reign were marked by the Second Boer War, during which the United Kingdom suffered terrible losses facing the Afrikaner resistance. <mask> was concerned that the difficulties suffered by the British in South Africa would undermine the already fragile health of her grandmother. Queen Victoria finally died of a cerebral hemorrhage on 22 January 1901 in Osborne House. Very affected by the death of the sovereign, <mask> traveled to the United Kingdom for her funeral and attended a religious ceremony in her honor in Athens with the rest of the Greek royal family.A few months later, in the summer of 1901, Sophie went to Friedrichshof to look after her mother, whose health continued to decline. Five months pregnant, the Crown Princess knew that the Dowager Empress was dying and, with her sisters Viktoria and Margaret, she accompanied her until her last breath on 5 August. In the space of seven months <mask> lost two of her closest relatives. However, her new maternity helped keep her from feeling sorry for herself. Goudi coup and its consequences

In Greece, political life remained volatile throughout the first years of the 20th century and the Megali Idea ( Megáli Idéa, "Great Idea") continued to be a central concern of the population. In 1908, the Cretan authorities unilaterally proclaimed the attachment of their island to the Kingdom of Greece but for fear of Turkish reprisals, the Greek government refused to recognize the annexation. In Athens, the pusillanimity of the King and government was shocking, particularly to the military.On 15 August 1909, a group of officers gathered in the "Military League" (, Stratioticos Syndesmos) and organized the so-called Goudi coup. While declaring to be monarchists, members of the League, led by Nikolaos Zorbas, asked, among other things, for the sovereign to expel his son from the army. Officially, this was to protect the Crown Prince from the jealousies that could arise from his friendship with some soldiers but the reality was quite different: officers continued to hold the Diadochos responsible for the 1897 defeat. The situation became so tense that George I's sons had to resign from their military posts to save their father the shame of having to expelled them. In September, the Diadochos, his wife and their children also chose to leave Greece and seek refuge in Germany at Friedrichshof, now owned by the Princess Margaret of Prussia. Meanwhile, in Athens, discussions began about dethroning the House of Glücksburg to establishing a republic or replacing the sovereign with either a bastard son of Otto I, a foreign prince or with Prince George, with <mask> as regent. In December 1909, Colonel Zorbas, head of the Military League, pressured George I to appoint him as the head of the government in place of Prime Minister Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis.The sovereign refused but the government underwent reforms which favored the military. The staff was reorganized and supporters of the Diadochos, including Ioannis Metaxas, were expelled. At the same time, a French army mission was called to reorganize the Greek army, which threatened both <mask> and her husband, as they helped develop republican ideas within the military. Despite these reforms, some members of the Military League continued to oppose the government in order to take power. They then traveled to Crete to meet the government head of the island, Eleftherios Venizelos, and offered him the post of Prime Minister of Greece. However the Cretan leader did not want to appear in Greece to be supported by the army and convinced them to arrange for new elections. In March 1910, the king eventually called for elections and Venizelos and his supporters came to power.For the royal family, this was a difficult time. However, Venizelos did not want to weaken the Crown. To show that he did not obey the army, he restored the members of the royal family to their military duties and the Diadochos thus again became Chief of the Staff. Back in Greece on 21 October 1910, after over a year of exile, <mask> nevertheless remained very suspicious of the new government and the militia. She refused any contact with Venizelos, blaming him as partly responsible for the humiliation suffered by the royal family. The Princess also had problems with her father-in-law, whom she accused of having been weak during the crisis. Nurse during the First Balkan War

After the arrival of Venizelos in power and under the supervision of Diadochos Constantine, the Greek army was modernized and equipped with the support of French and British officers.New warships were also controlled by the Navy. The aim of the modernization was to make the country ready for a new war against the Ottoman Empire but to defeat the enemy and achieve the Megali Idea, Greece needed allies. That was why, under the Prime Minister, Greece signed alliances with its neighbors and participated in the creation of the Balkan League in June 1912. Thus, when Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 8 October 1912, they were joined less than ten days later by Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece. This was the beginning of the First Balkan War. While the Diadochos and his brothers took command of Greek troops, Queen Olga, <mask>, and her sisters-in-law (Marie Bonaparte, Elena Vladimirovna of Russia and Alice of Battenberg) took in charge the aid to wounded soldiers and refugees. In one month, the princesses collected 80,000 garments for the military and gathered around them doctors, nurses and medical equipment.The Queen and Crown Princess also opened a public subscription in order to create new hospitals in Athens and on the front. Very active, the princesses did not just stay in the back but also went to the center of the military operations. Queen Olga and <mask> visited Larissa and Elassona, while Alice made long stays in Epirus and Macedonia. Meanwhile, Elena directed an ambulance-train and Marie Bonaparte set up a hospital ship that connected Thessaloniki to the capital. The war was an opportunity for the princesses to prove themselves useful to their adopted country but it also exacerbated rivalries within the royal family. Conflict began due to <mask>'s jealousy of her cousin and sister-in-law Alice. In fact, a heated argument between the two young women erupted after Alice sent, without requesting permission from <mask>, nurses dependent on the Crown Princess to Thessaloniki.One seemingly innocuous event provoked a real discomfort within the family and Queen Olga was shocked when <mask>'s attitude was supported by her husband. Marital problems and private life

<mask> and Constantine's marriage was harmonious during the first years. However, faithfulness was not the greatest quality of the Diadochos and his wife soon had to deal with his numerous extramarital affairs. Initially shocked by his betrayal, <mask> soon followed the example of her mother-in-law and condoned the behavior of her husband. From 1912, however, the couple became noticeably separated. At that time, Constantine began an affair with Countess Paola von Ostheim (née Wanda Paola Lottero), an Italian stage actress who had recently divorced from Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach; this relationship lasted until Constantine's death. When <mask> gave birth to her sixth and last child, a daughter named Katherine on 4 May 1913, a persistent gossip stated that the child was the result of her own affairs.The rumors, true or false, did not affect Constantine, who easily recognized his paternity. In private, the Crown Princely couple communicated in English and it was mainly in this language that they raised their children, who grew up in a loving and warm atmosphere in the middle of a cohort of tutors and British nannies. Like her mother, <mask> inculcated in her offspring the love for the United Kingdom and for several weeks every year, the family spent time in Great Britain, where she visited the beaches of Seaford and Eastbourne. However, the summer vacations of the family were spent not only in Friedrichshof with the Empress Dowager, but also in Corfu and Venice, where the Greek royal family went aboard the yacht Amphitrite. Queen of the Hellenes: 1st tenure

Assassination of George I and Second Balkan War

The First Balkan War ended in 1913 with the defeat of the Ottoman Empire by the Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian and Montenegrin coalition. The Kingdom of Greece was greatly expanded after the conflict but disagreements soon arose between the Allied powers: Greece and Bulgaria competed for possession of Thessaloniki and its surrounding region. To affirm the sovereignty of the Greeks over the main city of Macedonia, George I moved to the city soon after its conquest by the Diadochos, on 8 December 1912.During his long stay in the city, the King went out every day to walk unescorted in the streets, as he had become accustomed to doing in Athens. On 18 March 1913 a Greek anarchist named Alexandros Schinas shot him in the back from a distance of two paces while he was walking in Thessaloniki near the White Tower. <mask> was in Athens when she learned of the murder of her father-in-law, the king. Now, as Queen Consort of the Hellenes, the responsibility fell upon her to break the news of the murder to her mother-in-law. Together with her eldest daughter, Princess Helen, both comforted the now Dowager Queen, who received the news stoically. The next day, members of the royal family who were present in the capital went to Thessaloniki. Arriving in the Macedonian city, they visited the scene of the murder and collected the remains of the King to escort them back to Athens, where he was buried at Tatoi.In this difficult context, the death of George I sealed the possession of Thessaloniki to Greece. Still, the Second Balkan War broke out in June 1913 over the division of Macedonia between the former allies of the first conflict. Victorious again, Greece came out of this war considerably enlarged, with the prestige of King Constantine I and Queen <mask> also increased. Private life
After their accession to the throne, Constantine and <mask> continued to lead the simple lifestyle that they had enjoyed during their time as heirs. They spent their free time practising botany, which was their common passion, and transformed the gardens of the New Royal Palace on the English model. The couple was very close to other members of the royal family, especially Prince Nicholas. Every Tuesday, the King and Queen dined with him and his wife Elena, and on Thursdays, they returned the visit with the royal couple at the Royal Palace.Outbreak of World War I

At the outbreak of World War I on 4 August 1914 <mask> was in England at Eastbourne with several of her children while her husband and their daughter Helen were the only representatives of the dynasty still present in Athens. However, given the gravity of the events, the Queen quickly returned to Greece, where she was soon joined by the rest of the royal family. While the greater European states entered into the conflict one by one, Greece officially proclaimed its neutrality. Being grandchildren of the so-called "Father-in-law and Grandmother of Europe" (as Christian IX of Denmark and Queen Victoria respectively were known), Constantine and <mask> were

masks: Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia


texts:
 closely related to the monarchs of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. Above all, the King and Queen were aware that Greece was already weakened by the Balkan Wars and was not ready to participate in a new conflict. However, the population did not share the opinion of the sovereigns. Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos, whose great diplomatic skills had been greatly acknowledged at the London Conference of 1912-1913, especially by David Lloyd George and Georges Clemenceau, knew that Greece's newly acquired dominions were in a precarious state, so Greece had to participate in the war with the Entente Cordiale in order to safeguard its winnings from the Second Balkan War.Moreover, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria and even Romania had aligned themselves with Germany and, if Germany won the war, it would most certainly be at Greece's expense, given that Bulgaria's and the Ottoman Empire's winnings in land would inevitably come from Greek lands acquired in 1913, since both countries, greatly angered at the loss of Macedonia, were looking to overthrow the Treaty of Bucharest. Indeed, the country was in a dire state, led by a weak Germanophile King and his manipulative Queen to destruction and civil war. Things got complicated when the Triple Entente engaged in the Gallipoli Campaign in February 1915. Wanting to release the Greek populations of Asia Minor from Ottoman rule, Constantine I was at first ready to offer his support to the Allies and bring his country into the war. However, the King faced the opposition of his Staff and, in particular, Ioannis Metaxas, who threatened to resign if Greece entered the war. The country did not have the means, even though the Allies offered great advantages for Greece in return for its participation. Constantine I was a great Germanophile; he had been educated in Germany, almost been raised as a German and admired immensely the Kaiser, who was his brother-in-law.The King had no particular desire to bring the country into war, and so he became a staunch supporter of neutrality. Constantine I therefore desisted, causing the wrath of Venizelos, who saw his country being in great peril because of the King. Because of Constantine I's manifestly unconstitutional actions, the Prime Minister handed over his resignation in 1915 (even after he won twice the elections held on the subject of war). A royal government then emerged, however Eleftherios Venizelos was proven right on 25 May 1916, when the royal Greek government of Athens permitted the surrender of the Fort Roupel to the Germans and their Bulgarian allies as a counterbalance to the Allied forces that had been established in Thessaloniki. The German-Bulgarian troops then proceeded to occupy most of eastern Macedonia without resistance, resulting in the massacre of the Greek population there. This act led to the outbreak of a revolt of Venizelist Army officers in Thessaloniki and the establishment of the Provisional Government of National Defence under Entente auspices there, opposed to the official government of Athens and Constantine I, cementing the so-called "National Schism". Weakened by all these events, Constantine I became seriously ill after this crisis.Suffering from pleurisy aggravated by a pneumonia, he remained in bed for several weeks and nearly died. In Greece, public opinion was outraged by a rumour, spread by Venizelists, who said that the King was not sick but was in fact wounded with a knife by <mask> during an argument where she wanted to force him to go to war alongside her brother. Certainly the Queen kept a frequent communication with her brother. In the words of G. Leon, "She remained a German, and Germany's interests were placed above those of her adopted country which meant little to her. Actually she never had any sympathy for the Greek people". The Queen was also suspected to be the power behind the throne, given Constantine's gradual physical collapse and habitual apathy and irresolution: various sources from Greece from that period (even Royalist sources, whose diaries, journals and extensive correspondence have been a subject of great study in Greece) mention that <mask> used to hide behind a curtain in her husband's apartments during Cabinet meetings and private audiences with the King, in order to be informed on the state of affairs, a continued situation which served to alienate herself more and more from Greek populace. The King's health declined so a ship was sent to the Island of Tinos in order to seek the miraculous icon of the Annunciation who supposedly heal the sick.While Constantine I had already received the last sacraments, he partly recovered his health after kissing the icon. However, his situation remained worrying and he needed surgery before he could resume his duties. Relieved by the recovery of her husband, <mask> offered then, by way of ex-voto, a sapphire to enrich the icon. During the King's illness period, the Triple Entente continued to put pressure on Greece to go to war alongside them. Dimitrios Gounaris, successor of Venizelos as Prime Minister, proposed the intervention of his country in the conflict in exchange for the protection of the Allies against an eventual attack of Bulgaria. However, the Triple Entente, although eager to form an alliance with them, refused the agreement. Rupture with Venizelos

In June 1915, legislative elections gave victory to the Venizelists.A month later, Constantine I, still convalescent, reassumed his official duties and eventually called on Venizelos to head the Cabinet on 16 August. In September, Bulgaria entered the war alongside the Central Powers and attacked Serbia, ally of Greece since 1913. Venizelos asked the King to proclaim a general mobilization, which he refused. However, to avoid a new political crisis, Constantine I finally proclaimed mobilization while making it clear that this was a purely defensive measure. On 3 October, in order to force the King to react, the Prime Minister called on the Allied Powers to occupy the port of Thessaloniki but Constantine I left the city when the French, Italian and British forces landed in the city. The break was now final between Venizelos and the royal family. As for the Allied governments, the attitude of Constantine and <mask> appeared as a betrayal and they appeared as such in the newspapers of the Triple Entente.The French press accused the Queen of regularly visiting the beaches of Phalerum in order to supply German submarines with fuel. It must be said that by refusing to go to war, Greece prevented the Franco-British troops of helping Serbia, whose armies soon found themselves overwhelmed by the Austro-Bulgarian coalition, and it made even more uncertain an Allied victory in the Dardanelles. In retaliation, the Triple Entente ordered Greece to demobilize its army while martial law was proclaimed in Thessaloniki and a blockade was imposed on the Greeks. Nevertheless, the King and Queen were far from losing their support in the country. The withdrawal of British troops from the Dardanelles, in December 1915, reinforced the confidence of a part of the old Greece (meaning the conservative parts of the country, namely around Attica and Peloponnese that constituted the original size of the Greek state in 1830) which saw with suspicion and resentment the enlargement of the Greek state with new lands, whose Greek inhabitants, being more cosmopolitan and more broadly educated than most of the inhabitants of the "old Greece", were viewed with suspicion and jealousy over their different attitude and their economic affluence, since the "old Greece" was essentially a poor, debt-ridden state, still largely relying on agriculture. In their eyes, the Greeks living in the new lands were strangers, almost foreigners, thus the "old Greece's" immense xenophobia was exploited by the King and the church for propaganda purposes in order to get rid of the liberal and lawfully elected government of Venizelos. The Prime Minister then, who had been elected in 1910 and again in 1913, handed over his resignation in protest over the King's unconstitutional actions over the subject of general mobilisation for the war in 1915.A by-election followed in the first half of 1915, from which Venizelos emerged again victorious, having the support of the "new Greece" (namely the lands awarded to Greece by the Treaty of Bucharest) and of the most liberal, affluent and well-educated elements of the old Greece's society. However that was not the least what the King wanted and again started his marathon to have his Prime Minister overthrown, even if his actions meant defying the Constitution, to which of course he showed little respect. Venizelos then was forced again to resign (twice in 1915) and, in protest, Venizelos and his supporters refused to participate in the poll and declared that the new elected Greek parliament was illegal. A new government, loyal to the King, emerged, that was subject to the King's wishes, even though that was in detriment of the country's interests. The government had the support of the most conservative, superficial and uneducated parts of society, mainly in old Greece, which viewed the King with idolatry and Venizelos and his "new Greece foreigners" with fear, jealousy, suspicion and, in many cases, rage. The battle between the King and Venizelos, which in 1916 culminated in the National Schism, was in fact the battle between the old Greece and the new, between those who wanted things to remain as they were and those who favoured reform for the good of the state, between conservatism and progress, between narrow-mindedness and cosmopolitanism, between the old world and the new. Assassination attempts
From that point on, the Greek government held a policy more favorable to the Triple Alliance.The population officially protested against the transfer of the Serbian army to Corfu and then to Thessaloniki. Orders were also given to the officers present at the borders to not oppose a possible Bulgarian advance into the country, which took place on 27 May 1916. Finally, in April 1916, Constantine I symbolically proclaimed the annexation of Northern Epirus to Greece in response against the Italian intervention into Albania. Now considered enemies of the Triple Entente, the royal couple faced an increasingly violent opposition to them. The French developed various plots to kidnap or assassinate of the sovereigns. On 14 July 1916, a mysterious fire (probably a deliberate act of arson set by agents of Paris) broke out in the forest surrounding Tatoi. In the confusion of the event, <mask> saved her youngest daughter, Princess Katherine, and ran over 2 km.into the woods with the child in her arms. Several members of the royal family, including Constantine I himself, were wounded and the residence of the rulers was largely destroyed by the fire, which lasted for forty-eight hours. Above all, sixteen (or eighteen, depending on sources) soldiers and other members of the palace staff were killed. After these events, the attitude of the royal family to Germany changed considerably. Between December 1916 and February 1917, the Queen, who had long been less of a Germanophile than her husband, sent several telegrams to her brother, asking him when the troops of the Centrals would be able to intervene in Macedonia. However, <mask> still had some resentment against the Emperor because of his attitude at the time of her marriage and her conversion to Orthodoxy; but the violation of Greece's neutrality by the Triple Entente and the threats against the life of her husband and children gradually changed her views against the Allies. National Schism and pressures of the Triple Entente
In October 1916, Eleftherios Venizelos set up in Thessaloniki, where he organized a provisional government against the one led by Spyridon Lambros in Athens: this was the beginning of the called National Schism (, Ethnikos Dikhasmos).In the meanwhile, a Franco-British fleet commanded by Vice Admiral Louis Dartige du Fournet, occupied the bay of Salamis to put pressure on Athens, while various ultimatums were sent, mainly concerning the disarmament of his army. With the blockade, the supply of the capital was increasingly difficult and famine began. <mask> therefore redoubled her efforts to help the poor. With the Patriotic League of Greek Women, she managed to distribute 10,000 meals a day, as well as clothing, blankets, medicines and milk for children. Still, the situation became even more difficult. On 1 December 1916, Constantine I finally agreed to the French demands, and soldiers of the Triple Entente landed in Athens to seize guns promised by the sovereign two months earlier. But secretly a group of Greek reservists mobilized and fortified Athens.The French were met by a heavy fire and were killed; the event was called by the local press of the time as the "Greek Vespers". After this, the king congratulated both the Minister of War and General Dousmanis. The Triple Entente quickly reacted to this attack. The French fleet bombarded the royal palace in Athens, forcing <mask> and her children to take refuge in the castle cellars for several hours. Above all, the government of Aristide Briand offered to depose Constantine I and replaced him by his younger brother, Prince George. However, Russia and Italy refused to intervene because of fears of Greek claims on Asia Minor and the blood ties between Constantine I and Tsar Nicholas II. First exile

Dethronement and family separation
With the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the deposition of Nicholas II, Constantine and <mask> had lost the last of their supporters in the Triple Entente.Thus, on 10 June 1917 Charles Jonnart, the Allied High Commissioner, asked the Greek Government for the abdication of the King and his replacement by another prince because the Diadochos George was considered a pro-German too. Under the threat of an invasion of 10,000 troops in Piraeus, Constantine I thus relinquished power in favor of his second son, Prince Alexander. Nevertheless, the sovereign refused to abdicate and he explained to his second son that he should not be regarded otherwise than as a kind of regent, in charge of the throne until the return of the legitimate monarch. On 11 June, the royal family secretly left the Royal Palace, surrounded by a group of loyalists and arrived to Tatoi. The next day, Constantine, <mask> and five of their children left Greece from the port of Oropos, taking the road to exile. This was the last time that <mask> saw her second son, now proclaimed king as Alexander I. In fact, after their return to power, Venizelists prohibited any contact between the new sovereign and the rest of the royal family.Life in Switzerland
After crossing the Ionian Sea and Italy, <mask> and her family settled in Switzerland, mainly between the cities of St. Moritz, Zürich and Lucerne. In exile, the rulers were soon followed by almost all the members of the royal family, who left Greece on the return of Venizelos at the head of the government and Greece entered the war at the side of the Triple Entente. In addition, the financial position of the royal family was precarious and Constantine I, haunted by a deep sense of failure, soon fell ill. In 1918, he contracted Spanish flu and was again close to death. Already concerned about the health of her husband, <mask> was devastated by the prohibition to get in touch with her second son. In fact, in Athens, Alexander I was entirely cut off from his family and the government formally prevented him from communicating with his parents. Even during the short stay of the King in Paris in May 1920, guards closely monitored the sovereign.So when <mask> telephoned him at his hotel, a man cut her appeal and coldly

masks: Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia


texts:
 replied that "His Majesty is sorry but he can't answer the phone". With the end of World War I and the signing of the Treaties of Neuilly and Sèvres, the Kingdom of Greece achieved significant territorial gains in Thrace and Anatolia. However, this did not give back the country its lost stability and tensions between Venizelos and the exiled royals continued. The decision of Alexander I to marry Aspasia Manos rather than a European princess, displeased both the Head of the government and the King's parents. Very attached to social conventions, <mask> condemned what she saw as a mésalliance while the Prime Minister saw in this marriage a lost opportunity to get closer to Great Britain. Death of Alexander I
On 2 October 1920, King Alexander I was bitten by a pet monkey as he walked on the royal estate of Tatoi. His wounds quickly became infected and he suffered from a strong fever and sepsis.On 19 October, he became delirious and called out for his mother at his bedside. However, the Greek government refused to allow <mask> to return to Greece: they feared that the loyalists would benefit from the presence of the Queen in Athens to organize action against them. Very worried about her son, <mask> begged the government to change their mind but, aware that only her mother-in-law still found favor with Venizelists, she eventually asked Olga to go to Athens to take care of Alexander I. After several days of negotiations, the Dowager Queen obtained permission to return to Greece, but delayed by rough seas, she only arrived twelve hours after the death of her grandson, on 25 October. Two days later, the remains of the young King were buried in the royal crypt of Tatoi. Again, the government banned the exiled royals from entering the country and the Dowager Queen was the only member of the family to attend the funeral. The loss of her son and the impossibility to go to his funeral deeply affected <mask>; many observers now noticed the sadness that showed on the Queen's face.Fall of Venizelos and Olga's regency
In Athens, the death of Alexander I created a serious institutional crisis. Always opposed the return of Constantine I and Diadochos George to Greece, the government of Eleftherios Venizelos offered the throne to Prince Paul, the third son of the deposed sovereign. However, he refused to ascend the throne before his father and his elder brother unless a referendum appointed him as the new Head of State. However, the situation of the Venizelists was already precarious after the difficulties faced by the country during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922. Supporters of King Constantine I therefore experienced a resurgence of popularity and Venizelos was defeated in the parliamentary elections of November 1920. The return of monarchists in power led to the resignation of Venizelist administrative staff and on 17 November Admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis, who was appointed regent after the death of Alexander I, chose to resign. The new Prime Minister Dimitrios Rallis, therefore asked Dowager Queen Olga to assume the regency until the return of her son, on 19 December 1920.For about a month, she was the head of the Greek kingdom but her role was roughly limited to prepare the restoration of Constantine I. In the meanwhile, in Switzerland, the royal family was preparing the wedding of two of their children with children of King Ferdinand I of Romania. A few weeks before the death of Alexander I, the Diadochos George was engaged to Princess Elisabeth of Romania, which gave the opportunity for Princess Helen of Greece to meet Crown Prince Carol of Romania and in turn, become engaged to him. While <mask> was satisfied with her son's upcoming wedding, she disapproved of her daughter's romance with the Romanian Crown Prince. Still saddened by the loss of Alexander I, the Queen did not want to lose another of her children. Above all, <mask> had no confidence in the future Carol II, whose marriage and divorce with Zizi Lambrino had already shocked her. Queen of the Hellenes: 2nd tenure

Return to Greece
The return of Constantine I and <mask> to Athens on 19 December 1920, was accompanied by large demonstrations of joy.Everywhere in the streets, portraits of Venizelos were pulled and replaced by those of the royal family. Above all, a huge crowd surrounded the royal couple in the streets of the capital and, after returning to the Royal Palace, they had to appear repeatedly on the balcony to greet the people who cheered them. However, the presence of the sovereigns in Greece did not bring the expected peace by the people. Even more, it prevented the country from receiving the support of the major powers in the war that Greece faced against the Turkey of Mustafa Kemal since 1919. In fact, the former allies did not forgive the King and Queen's attitude during World War I and they were not ready to provide their support. The hatred of the great powers to Constantine I and <mask> appeared also clearly on the occasion of the marriage, in Athens, of Princess Helen and Crown Prince Carol of Romania. Present at the wedding, the ambassador of Great Britain and his wife pointedly refused to salute the Greek King and Queen when they publicly showed their respects to Queen Marie of Romania.For <mask>, the snub was more difficult to bear because she had always been on good terms with the United Kingdom representatives before the deposition of Constantine I and she continued to nurture loving feelings for the country of her mother. In fact, the main source of joy for <mask> after her return to Greece was the birth of her granddaughter Alexandra, on 25 March 1921. Although initially opposed to Alexander's marriage with Aspasia Manos, the Queen welcomed their daughter with delight and pressed both her husband and eldest son to give her granddaughter the status and titles reserved to members of the royal family. Great Disaster
After initial success, the situation of the Greek army was increasingly precarious in Anatolia. Constantine I decided to travel there in May 1921 to support the morale; however he wasn't the dynamic Commander-in-chief that led his country to victory in the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. Seriously diminished by illness, he had to return to Greece in September, which was perceived as a real military desertion by some. As for <mask>, she could do more than support her husband and reassume her nursing work with wounded soldiers.The Greco-Turkish War continued until the Greek defeat of Sakarya in August–September 1921, and the siege and burning of Smyrna (now İzmir) by the Turks in September 1922. After these events, the country plunged into a deep political and moral crisis. While Mustafa Kemal and his armies gradually reconquered Anatolia and east Thrace, thousands of Greeks were murdered and others fled from Asia Minor to find refuge in Greece. This was called the "Great Disaster", which was definitive a few months later with the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923). Abdication of Constantine I
In response to the military defeat by the Turks, a part of the Greek army, commanded by General Nikolaos Plastiras, revolted on 11 September 1922 (on the Julian calendar, 24 September on the Gregorian calendar in use in the rest of the world). They demanded the abdication of Constantine I and the dissolution of the Hellenic Parliament. Having consulted his friend, General Ioannis Metaxas, the King abdicated three days later on 27 September in faor of his eldest son, who succeeded him on the throne under the name of George II.Dowager Queen

Second exile and concerns for Greece
To ensure their security and stabilize the throne of their son, Constantine I and <mask> once again chose to take the path of exile. On 30 October 1922 the deposed royal couple, Princesses Irene and Katherine and Prince Nicholas with his family, went again to the port of Oropos to leave their country but, contrary to what happened in 1917, few followers awaited them this time before their departure into exile. On board the Greek steamboat SS Patris, the royal family arrived in Sicily and moved to the Villa Hygeia in Palermo. The Greek political situation remained a source of concern for the exiles. In fact, in Athens, the called Trial of the Six led to the execution for high treason of former Prime Ministers Petros Protopapadakis, Nikolaos Stratos and Dimitrios Gounaris and Generals Georgios Baltatzis, Nikolaos Theotokis and Georgios Hatzianestis, all accused of responsibility for the defeat against Turkey. Above all, the life of Prince Andrew, brother of Constantine I, was also threatened in November–December 1922 and only the intervention from foreign governments commuted his sentence from death to exile. Death of Constantine I and deposition of George II
Increasingly depressed by the events that had shaken Greece and sick with arteriosclerosis, Constantine I developed a deep depression.He then remained sometimes hours without speaking, staring into space. Faced with this situation, <mask>'s anxiety (already bigger by the fate of George II and other members of the royal family who remained in Greece), only increased. The Queen and her husband therefore made the decision to leave Sicily and settled in Florence. However, Constantine I died of a brain hemorrhage shortly before their departure, on 11 January 1923, and <mask> found herself even more isolated than she was previously. After the death of her husband, <mask> wanted to repatriate his remains to be buried in Tatoi but the Greek government refused, with George II being unable to do anything. In fact, the situation of the new King was increasingly precarious and at the end, he himself went into exile in Romania a few months after the death of his father, on 19 December 1923. The republic was then proclaimed in Greece on 25 March 1924 and <mask> and the other members of the royal family were stripped of their Hellenic nationality.However, the Greek royals maintained their Danish titles since George I ascended to the Greek throne in 1863 and King Christian IX of Denmark almost immediately gave them Danish passports. Last years

<mask>, now Dowager Queen, left Southern Italy with her daughters Irene and Katherine and moved to Tuscany, in the Villa Bobolina of Fiesole. From 1924 to 1927, the three women were joined by Princesses Aspasia and Alexandra, much to <mask>'s delight, because she was very attached to her granddaughter. In 1930, Princess Helen also came to live with her mother after her disastrous marriage with King Carol II of Romania ended in divorce. During summer vacations, the Dowager Queen had the opportunity to see her grandson Prince Michael of Romania, when he came to visit his mother. Surrounded by her family, <mask> found some stability but, convinced that Greece would not remain a republic forever, refused to acquire the villa where she settled. Released from any official position, she had now more freedom to travel.She made frequent trips to Germany, where she reunited with her sister Margaret, but also to Great Britain, after having obtained the permission of King George V. The Dowager Queen also witnessed several strong moments in the life of the European elite. In 1929, she went to Doorn in the Netherlands for the 70th birthday of her brother, the former Emperor William II, whom she had not seen since 1914. In her older years, Sophie became increasingly religious. She remained orthodox, but also attended Anglican offices when she had the chance. The Queen Dowager was also interested in the Protestant literature, especially in the works of the Episcopalian pastor Samuel Shoemaker (particularly Religion That Works and Twice Born Ministers) and the Presbyterian Rev. James Reid (In Touch With Christ). Finally, she had a close correspondence with the Anglican pastor R. W. Cole, whom she met in Birchington, and spent long hours praying.Illness, death and burial

Sick for many years, <mask> saw her condition worsen from 1930, which forced her to go to a hospital in Frankfurt to follow a treatment. Apparently recovered by December, she took full advantage of her strength and during 1931 she traveled to Great Britain, Bavaria and Venice. But in September, her condition deteriorated again and she had to return to Frankfurt, where she underwent surgery. It was during this time that the doctors diagnosed advanced cancer and they gave the Dowager Queen a few weeks to live. After the New Year celebrations of 1932, <mask> gradually stopped eating and her health declined rapidly. She finally died surrounded by her children in the hospital, on 13 January 1932. <mask>'s body was transferred to the castle of Friedrichshof, where she rested a few days before being sent to the Russian Church in Florence, where she was buried alongside her husband and mother-in-law.They stayed there for four years until the restoration of George II on the Greek throne in 1935. After his restoration on the Greek throne, George II organized the repatriation of the remains of members of his family who died in exile. An important religious ceremony that brought together, for six days in November 1936, all members of the royal family still alive. <mask>'s body was buried at the royal burial ground at Tatoi Palace, where she still rests today. In popular culture

Literature
In The Athenians, the British journalist and writer Beverley Nichols tells the story of a young Englishwoman charged by the Secret Intelligence Service to assassinate King Constantine I during World War I. However, this spy novel, inspired by the survey conducted by the author in Greece after the restoration of the sovereign, was never released because Nichols' publishing house deemed it too compromising. The work, which was dedicated to Queen <mask>, only exists today in the form of manuscript.Film and television
The role of <mask> is played by actress Olga Karlatos in the Greek film Eleftherios Venizelos of Pantelis Voulgaris (1980). <mask> was also portrayed by Greek actress Antigoni Amanitou in the American mini-series of two episodes The First Olympics: Athens 1896, directed by <mask> (1984).<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086713/ 'The First Olympics - Athens 1896 in: imdb.com][retrieved 6 July 2016].</ref>
<mask> was portrayed by English actress Sophie Trott in the British film Victoria & Abdul (2017). Phaleristics
In 1936, the Order of Saints Olga and Sophia ( / Basilikon oikogeneiakon tagma ton agion Olgas kai Sophias) was established by King George II of Greece in the memory of his grandmother and mother.GREECE House of Oldenburg (Greek Orthodox) in: icocregister.org [retrieved 6 July 2016]

Name of Avenue
In Athens, the Vasilissis Sofias Avenue () was named after Queen <mask>. This major artery, which begins at the intersection of Vasilissis Amalias Avenue and Panepistimiou Street and ends in the Alexandras, Kifisias and Mesogeion Avenues, had some of the major monuments of the Greek capital: the Old Royal Palace, the National Garden of Athens, the Byzantine and Christian Museum and the War Museum. Issue

Ancestry

Notes

References

Sources

 Van der Kiste, John, The Prussian Princesses: Sisters of Kaiser Wilhelm II'', Fonthill, 2014

1870 births
1932 deaths
19th-century Greek people
20th-century Greek people
19th-century Greek women
20th-century Greek women
House of Hohenzollern
Prussian princesses
House of Glücksburg (Greece)
Greek queens consort
People from Potsdam
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Greek people of World War I
Greek people of German descent
Deaths from cancer in Germany
Burials at Tatoi Palace Royal Cemetery
Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Protestantism
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece
Women in World War I
Members of the Royal Red Cross
Daughters of

masks:
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Sophia
Alvin Rakoff
Sophia
Sophia