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 the Coquina Clutch, holding it until Spud passed out. <mask> later helped in leveling the playing field in Sting's match against Magnus for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, following interferences by EC3, Bad Influence, The BroMans and Bobby Roode, with Sting's contract voided if he lost.Championship pursuits (2014–2015)

On the February 6 edition of Impact Wrestling, <mask> faced off with Bobby Roode to decide the No. 1 contender for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, in which <mask> won after applying the Coquina Clutch and making Roode submit. On March 9, 2014 at Lockdown, <mask> lost to Magnus in a Steel Cage match for the TNA World Championship after an attack from Abyss; the match was held under "Joe's Rules", i.e. it could only be ended via knockout or submission. <mask> competed in a fatal four-way match for the TNA World Championship with Eric Young, Abyss, and then-champion Magnus on April 3 which he lost. <mask> has taken time off from TNA. <mask> made his return on May 29, and helped Eric Young and Bully Ray fend off MVP, Bobby Lashley and Kenny King all by himself.On June 27 (Aired August 2, 2014) <mask> defeated Low Ki and Sanada to win the TNA X Division title for the first time in nearly 4 years. At Hardcore Justice, <mask> successfully defended the X Division Championship against Low Ki after pinning him with a muscle buster. However, he was stripped from the title due an injury. At Bound for Glory, TNA gave him the title back for one night to defend it against Low Ki and Kaz Hayashi. On the January 7, 2015 edition of Impact Wrestling, <mask> helped Lashley regain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship with the help of MVP, Kenny King, Low Ki and Roode's friend Eric Young, turning <mask> and the last two into heels in the process. On the following night's tapings of the January 16, 2015 episode of Impact Wrestling, MVP presented the group as his "family" and officially christened them the Beat Down Clan, following which MVP attempted to present Lashley as the centerpiece of the Clan as well as a "founding member" (officially establishing the MVP-Lashley-King trio as the foundation of the BDC as a faction). However, Lashley refused to become a part of this new group and decided to leave, but was attacked by the other members with MVP saying that the title belongs to the BDC.On February 6, 2015 at Lockdown, Team Angle (Kurt Angle, Austin Aries, Gunner and Lashley) defeated The BDC (MVP, <mask>, Low Ki and Kenny King) in a Lethal Lockdown match. On February 17, 2015, <mask> parted ways with TNA, ending his run of nearly a decade with the company. Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2006, 2011)
On March 10, 2006, <mask> made his debut for the Mexican Lucha Libre AAA World Wide (AAA) promotion at Rey de Reyes, where he teamed with Konnan and Ron Killings as Team TNA in a four-way twelve-man tag team match, which was won by AAA representatives Octagón, La Parka and Vampiro. <mask> returned to the promotion the following September at Verano de Escándalo, where he represented TNA first in an eight-man tag team match, where he, A.J. Styles, Homicide and Low Ki defeated Abismo Negro, Charly Manson, Electroshock and Histeria, and then in a six-man tag team match, where he, Styles and Low Ki defeated the Mexican Powers (Crazy Boy, <mask> and Juventud Guerrera). <mask> returned to the promotion in July 2011, when he represented La Sociedad in two six man tag team matches. First at a AAA television taping on July 16, he, L.A. Park and Scott Steiner defeated Dr. Wagner, Jr., Electroshock and El Zorro, and then on July 31 at Verano de Escándalo, he, Silver King and Último Gladiador were defeated by the team of Drago, Electroshock and Heavy Metal.Pro Wrestling Noah (2007, 2012)
On October 25, 2007, <mask> made his debut for Pro Wrestling Noah at the Yokohoma Red Brickhouse, where he teamed with Yoshihiro Takayama to take on the team of Mitsuharu Misawa and Takeshi Morishima. <mask> captured the win for his team after pinning Misawa with an Island Driver. Two days later, <mask> again faced Misawa, this time for the GHC Heavyweight Championship in a one-on-one match at the Budokan Hall. Both competitors had exchanged and overcame their respective signature moves throughout the match, but it was Misawa who won the pinfall after striking the back of <mask>'s head with his elbow thus marking his sixth successful title defense. On July 22, 2012, <mask> returned to Pro Wrestling Noah, when he and Magnus defeated Akitoshi Saito and Jun Akiyama to win the GHC Tag Team Championship. On October 8, <mask> and Magnus lost the title to Kenta and Maybach Taniguchi in their first defense. Return to ROH (2015)
<mask> returned to ROH for a number of appearances through March 2015.On March 1, <mask> made his ROH return confronting ROH World Champion Jay Briscoe and challenging him to a title match. On March 27 at Supercard of Honor IX, <mask> returned to ROH in-ring action for the first time since 2008 to face Jay Briscoe, who defeated <mask> to retain the ROH World Championship. On March 29, <mask> faced Kyle O'Reilly, whom he defeated. On June 20, <mask> wrestled his ROH farewell match, where he and A.J. Styles defeated ROH World Tag Team Champions Christopher Daniels and Frankie Kazarian. WWE

NXT Champion (2015–2017)

On May 20, 2015, at NXT TakeOver: Unstoppable, <mask> made his debut during the main event as a face, stopping Kevin Owens from attacking an injured Sami Zayn with a chair and having a stare-down with Owens. While initially <mask> was allowed to also continue working outside WWE, on June 1, it was reported that WWE had decided to sign him to a full-time deal due to his impressive merchandise sales.<mask> made his in-ring debut on the June 10 episode of NXT, defeating Scott Dawson. On the June 17 episode of NXT, a match between <mask> and Owens ended in a no contest, with the two continuing to brawl after the match until they were separated. At NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn, <mask> defeated Baron Corbin by technical submission. <mask> was then paired with NXT Champion Finn Bálor to enter the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic tournament, which they won after defeating The Lucha Dragons (Kalisto and Sin Cara) in the first round, Enzo Amore and Colin Cassady in the quarter-finals, The Mechanics (Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson) in the semifinals and Baron Corbin and Rhyno in the finals at NXT TakeOver: Respect. On the November 4 episode of NXT, <mask> turned heel by attacking Finn Bálor after Bálor's match against Apollo Crews. On the November 11 episode of NXT, it was explained that <mask> was not granted a NXT Championship match against Bálor despite his verbal commitment. On December 16 at NXT Takeover: London, <mask> was unsuccessful in his title match against Bálor.On the January 13, 2016 episode of NXT, <mask> challenged Corbin and the returning Sami Zayn to a number one contender's match. The match took place on the January 27 episode of NXT, but ended in a no contest when Corbin submitted to both opponents at the same time. <mask> and Zayn then had a #1 contender rematch on the February 17 episode of NXT, which ended in a draw. This led to a two out of three falls match on the March 9 episode of NXT, which <mask> won the match two falls to one to earn another NXT Championship match against Bálor at NXT TakeOver: Dallas on April 1, which he lost after suffering a large laceration to his right cheek minutes into the match. On April 21 at a NXT live event, <mask> defeated Bálor to win the NXT Championship. In his first title defense, <mask> defeated Bálor in a steel cage match on June 8 at NXT TakeOver: The End. <mask> then engaged in a feud with Shinsuke Nakamura, who defeated him in a title match on August 20 at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn II, ending his reign of 121 days.During the match, <mask> suffered a legitimate dislocated jaw. On November 19 at NXT TakeOver: Toronto, <mask> defeated Nakamura in a rematch to win back the title and became the first ever two-time NXT Champion. However, he lost the title back to Nakamura on December 3, 2016 in Osaka, Japan, ending his reign at 14 days and the shortest in the title's history at the time, until Killer Cross who would break this record in 2020 with a reign of 4 days. On December 8, 2016, in Melbourne, Australia, <mask> and Nakamura's feud would come to an end with Nakamura successfully defending his NXT Championship against <mask> in a steel cage match. World championship pursuits (2017–2019)

On the January 30, 2017 episode of Raw, <mask> made his official main roster debut, as part of the Raw brand, attacking Seth Rollins from behind and aligning himself with Triple H. The following week on Raw, he defeated Roman Reigns in his main roster in-ring debut after a distraction by Braun Strowman. The same week, in an interview with Michael Cole, Cole attempted to warn <mask> that Triple H turned on prior cohorts. <mask> claimed that he was not his heavy, and hurt people only because he has done so for all of his career.He then went on to attack Sami Zayn, who took offense to <mask>'s remarks concerning him. On March 5, at Fastlane, <mask> defeated Zayn by technical submission. <mask> then faced Rollins at Payback, in a losing effort, giving <mask> his first singles loss on the main roster. <mask> retaliated by costing Rollins an Intercontinental Championship opportunity on Raw the following night against Finn Bálor and The Miz, which also saw Bray Wyatt interfere. On June 4, <mask> defeated Bàlor, Rollins, Reigns, and Wyatt in an Extreme Rules match at Extreme Rules to become the number one contender to Universal Championship. The following night on Raw, <mask> would confront Paul Heyman, where he would choke him out with the Coquina Clutch as a message to Brock Lesnar. At Great Balls of Fire, <mask> would unsuccessfully challenge Lesnar for the Universal Championship.On the July 17 episode of Raw, <mask> faced Reigns to determine the next number one contender for the Universal Championship, however, the match would end in a no contest after Braun Strowman interfered and attacked both men. At SummerSlam, <mask>, Reigns and Strowman all challenged Lesnar for the title in a fatal-four-way match, in which Lesnar pinned Reigns. After suffering a knee injury in August at a house show, <mask> would return on the October 30 episode of Raw, defeating Apollo Crews. At Survivor Series, <mask> would team with Finn Bálor, Braun Strowman, Triple H and Kurt Angle as part of Team Raw in a Men's 5-on-5 traditional Survivor Series tag team elimination match against Team SmackDown, which Team Raw won. <mask> would then enter a feud with The Shield, where he would cost Seth Rollins and Dean Ambrose a Raw Tag Team Championship match against Cesaro and Sheamus on the December 4 episode of Raw. On the December 25 episode of Raw, <mask> would challenge Roman Reigns for the Intercontinental Championship, where <mask> would win the match by disqualification, however, Reigns would retain the title. On the January 1, 2018, episode of Raw, <mask> would get a rematch for the title against Reigns in a losing effort.Next week, <mask> suffered a foot injury during a match with Titus O'Neil rendering him out of action for 3–4 months. <mask> returned to the Raw after WrestleMania 34, challenging Roman Reigns to a match at Backlash. On April 17, <mask> was traded to the SmackDown brand in the 2018 Superstar Shake-up. Despite the trade, <mask> faced Seth Rollins for Raw's Intercontinental Championship at the Greatest Royal Rumble event in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in a Ladder Match also involving The Miz and Finn Balor but did not win the title. At Backlash, <mask> was defeated by Roman Reigns. At SummerSlam, <mask> defeated WWE Champion AJ Styles by disqualification but lost to Styles at Hell in a Cell in controversial fashion. On October 6, <mask> received another match for the title at WWE Super Show-Down in a no disqualification, no count-out match, where he was defeated by Styles via submission.At Crown Jewel, <mask> again lost to Styles in a title match. <mask> was a part of Team SmackDown against Team Raw at Survivor Series in a 5-on-5 tag team elimination match but was quickly eliminated by Drew McIntyre. <mask> entered the 2019 Royal Rumble match but was eliminated by Mustafa Ali. <mask> failed to capture the WWE Championship inside the Elimination Chamber at the namesake event after being pinned by Styles. United States Champion and commentator (2019–2021)
On the March 5 episode of SmackDown Live, <mask>, alongside Rey Mysterio and Andrade, answered United States Champion R-Truth's open challenge. <mask> subsequently defeated Truth, Mysterio, and Andrade to capture the United States Championship, marking his first championship on the main roster. <mask> successfully defended the title against Truth, Mysterio and Andrade at Fastlane, and against Mysterio at WrestleMania 35.On April 22, <mask> was moved to Raw as part of 2019 Superstar Shake-up. At the Money in the Bank, <mask> lost the title to Mysterio. On the June 3 episode of Raw, <mask> became a two-time United States Champion, after Mysterio was forced to relinquish the championship due to a separated shoulder, and handed the title to <mask>, before <mask> subsequently attacked Mysterio. At the Stomping Grounds, <mask> lost the title to Ricochet, ending his second reign at 19 days. The following night on Raw, <mask> would turn his attention to the WWE Championship, attacking WWE Champion Kofi Kingston. A match was later scheduled between the two at the Extreme Rules for the WWE Championship, where <mask> lost to Kingston. At the Smackville event on July 27, <mask> unsuccessfully challenged Kofi Kingston for the title in a triple threat match, also involving Dolph Ziggler.In August, <mask> was announced as a competitor in the 2019 King of the Ring tournament. <mask> defeated Cesaro in the first round, facing Ricochet in the quarter-finals, but the match ended in a double pinfall, with both men advancing to the semi-finals. <mask> lost to Baron Corbin in the semi-finals in a triple threat match, also involving Ricochet. It was reported that <mask> suffered a broken thumb, while working a match several weeks back. During his in-ring absence, <mask> made appearances as a color commentator on Raw. He debuted as a commentator on the November 18 episode of Raw as the replacement for Dio Maddin, who was attacked by Brock Lesnar, and remained on commentary throughout the following month. On the December 23 episode of Raw, <mask> was attacked by AOP.The following week on Raw, <mask> returned from injury, saving Kevin Owens from an attack by AOP and Seth Rollins, turning face for the first time since 2015. <mask> then went on to compete in the Royal Rumble match entering at #29, but was unsuccessful after being eliminated by Rollins. On the February 10 episode of Raw, <mask>, Owens, and The Viking Raiders faced Rollins, Buddy Murphy, and AOP in a losing effort. This would be <mask>'s last match for over a year. On February 20, 2020, it was revealed that <mask> had suffered yet another injury, hurting his head during a commercial shoot and was not medically cleared to compete. Four days later, <mask> was suspended for thirty days for violating WWE's wellness policy. On the April 27 episode of Raw, <mask> returned to television replacing Jerry Lawler on Raw commentary.<mask> would remain on the Raw commentary team until April 12, 2021, when he was replaced by Corey Graves. He was released by the company on April 15, 2021. Return to NXT (2021–2022)
In June, he was re-signed after NXT's head producer Triple H was reportedly unhappy with his release and expressed immediate interest in his return. <mask> made his return on the June 15 episode of NXT as the enforcer of NXT's General Manager William Regal. Additionally, <mask> could not compete as an active wrestler and could not attack any member of the active roster unless provoked. Despite his position as enforcer, <mask> feuded with NXT Champion Karrion Kross throughout the next few weeks, leading to a title match between them at TakeOver 36, where <mask> defeated Kross to win the NXT Championship, becoming the first three-time champion. On September 12, 2021, <mask> was forced to relinquish the title due to an undisclosed injury.On January 6, 2022, <mask> was once again released from his WWE contract without ever reappearing on television. Other media
<mask> is regularly featured on Xavier Woods' YouTube channel UpUpDownDown, where he goes by the nickname "<mask>rocker". In July 2019, <mask> defeated Jimmy Uso in a game of World Heroes to win the UpUpDownDown Championship. <mask> lost the title to Seth Rollins in Track & Field II, after Rollins had won a No. 1 contender's tournament. <mask> will voice King Shark in the upcoming Suicide Squad: Kill the Justice League video game. Personal life
Seanoa married on July 27, 2007.He is close friends with fellow wrestlers CM Punk, Homicide, Christopher Daniels, AJ Styles, and Rob Van Dam. He has appeared on Van Dam's Internet-based reality show RVD TV numerous times. Seanoa avidly trains in Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo, and Muay Thai at LA Boxing in Costa Mesa, California. He is often noted as a sparring partner for Team Punishment member Justin McCully, and is often in attendance in the locker room for Team Punishment fighters such as Tito Ortiz and Kendall Grove, with whom he maintains friendships. Seanoa made brief appearances on the American version of the television show Distraction, participating in the round where wrestlers perform moves on contestants while they answer questions. On April 1, 2014, We Want Insanity launched Samoa Joe's Twitch video game streaming channel. Championships and accomplishments

 Ballpark Brawl
 Natural Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 CBS Sports
 Commentator of the Year (2020)
 Smack Talker of the Year (2018)
 Extreme Wrestling Federation
 Xtreme 8 Tournament (2006)
 IWA Mid-South
 Revolution Strong Style Tournament (2004)
 German Wrestling Association
 GWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
 Tag Team Tournament (2006) – with AJ Styles, Homicide and Low Ki
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Feud of the Year (2007)
 Most Popular Wrestler of the Year (2006)
 Ranked

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<mask> (born January 8, 1986) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He played college baseball at Navarro College and the University of Texas at Austin. He was drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the 14th round of the 2007 Major League Baseball draft out of the University of Texas at Austin  and made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut on April 5, 2010. He has also played for the Atlanta Braves and Philadelphia Phillies. High School career
<mask> attended Colleyville Heritage High School, where he was a member of the school's baseball team. After his senior year, he was drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the 37th round of the 2004 Major League Baseball draft, but did not sign, instead deciding to attend Navarro College. College career
<mask> was drafted again by the Seattle Mariners in the 17th round of the 2005 Major League Baseball draft, but he did not sign.<mask> later attended the University of Texas at Austin, where he was a starting pitcher for the Texas Longhorns baseball team for one season after transferring from Navarro College. In his only season pitching for the Longhorns, <mask> was named to the second team All-Big 12, while posting an 8–4 win–loss record and a 3.86 earned run average (ERA). Professional career

Chicago Cubs
<mask> was drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the 14th round of the 2007 Major League Baseball draft. On August 9, <mask> signed a contract worth $350,000 with the Cubs. After signing, <mask> was assigned to the Arizona League Cubs, the Rookie-level affiliate of Chicago. However, after just one start in which he only threw two innings, he was called up to the Single-A Peoria Chiefs. He pitched in two games for the Chiefs, striking out nine batters and allowing just three hits in seven innings.With Peoria, <mask> combined to throw a no-hitter on August 25, 2007. To start 2008, <mask> joined the High-A Daytona Cubs. On April 26, he earned his first win of the season against the Jupiter Hammerheads. Three days later, he was called up to the Double-A Tennessee Smokies. He would pitch most of the season with the Smokies before being sent back down to the Cubs for the playoffs. Combined, <mask> went 6–8 with a 5.44 ERA and a 1.453 WHIP in 25 starts made. <mask> began the 2009 season with Tennessee.He eventually converted to being a relief pitcher for the Smokies, instead of being a starter. After pitching 11 games for the Smokies, <mask> was called up to the Triple-A Iowa Cubs. With Iowa, he was mainly a reliever, but also made seven starts for the Cubs. Between Tennessee and Iowa, <mask> went 5–6 with a 4.03 ERA and a 1.403 WHIP in 37 games, including 12 starts. Following the season, he joined the Mesa Solar Sox, a team in the Arizona Fall League, which largely features players considered top prospects. In 2010, <mask> made the Cubs Opening Day roster after giving up no runs in 11 innings of work during spring training and debuted on opening day, April 5, with two scoreless innings against the Atlanta Braves. He became the 97th former Texas Longhorn to make his major league debut.In 2010, <mask> also helped extend Texas' streak of having a former player debut in the major leagues from eight consecutive seasons to nine. He made 20 appearances for the Cubs, going 0–1 with a 4.20 ERA before being optioned to Triple-A Iowa on June 12. However, after making just five appearances for Iowa, <mask> was recalled by the Cubs on June 29, after Carlos Zambrano was placed on the restricted list and John Grabow went on the disabled list. He finished the season with a 1–1 record, a 4.96 ERA, and a 1.347 WHIP in 57 appearances for the Cubs. Following the season, the Chicago Tribune stated that the inclusion of <mask> and three other inexperienced relievers in the Cubs' bullpen was one of the team's 10 biggest mistakes of the season. In 2011, <mask> made 64 appearances with a 1-6 record, a 4.12 ERA, and 1.33 WHIP. He improved in 2012, recording a 7-1 record, 3.25 ERA, and 1.298 WHIP in 77 games.<mask> ended 2013 having pitched in 74 games with a 1-6 record, a 3.59 ERA, and 1.215 WHIP. Atlanta Braves
<mask> and Emilio Bonifacio were traded to the Atlanta Braves for Víctor Caratini on July 31, 2014. He was released by the Braves during spring training in 2015. <mask> was signed to a minor league deal by the Chicago Cubs on April 8, 2015. He went 0-2 with a 5.29 ERA for the Cubs in 2015 before being designated for assignment on September 1, 2015. Philadelphia Phillies
<mask> signed a minor league deal with the Philadelphia Phillies on November 12, 2015. He made the Phillies opening day roster in 2016.He was designated for assignment on April 20. Cleveland Indians
On February 15, 2017, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Cleveland Indians, with an invitation to major league spring training. He was released on March 31, 2017. Texas AirHogs
Russell signed with the Texas AirHogs of the American Association for part of the 2017 season, before leaving to play in the Mexican League. Leones de Yucatán
On July 7, 2017, <mask> signed with the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican Baseball League. He was released on January 9, 2018. Detroit Tigers
On January 10, 2018, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers.He was released on May 4, 2018. Sugar Land Skeeters
On May 29, 2018, <mask> signed with the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. <mask> and the Skeeters won the Atlantic League Championship and <mask> was named the Skeeters Pitcher of the Year. He became a free agent following the 2018 season. Toros de Tijuana
On April 3, 2019, <mask> signed with the Toros de Tijuana of the Mexican League. <mask> did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the Mexican League season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Algodoneros de Unión Laguna
On March 23, 2021, <mask> was traded to the Algodoneros de Unión Laguna of the Mexican League.He was released on December 14, 2021. Pitching style
Unlike most pitchers who throw a fastball of some sort as their most common pitch, <mask>'s most common is a slider at 79–83 miles per hour (mph). He also features four-seam and two-seam fastballs (89–90 mph), a cutter (86–88 mph), a curveball (72–75 mph), and a changeup (80–83 mph). Left-handers see almost all four-seamers and sliders (and no change-ups), while right-handers see a larger variety of pitches. Personal
He is the son of former MLB pitcher <mask> and attended Colleyville Heritage High School in Texas. See also
List of second-generation Major League Baseball players

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Algodoneros de Unión Laguna players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Arizona League Cubs players
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Cincinnati
Chicago Cubs players
Colleyville Heritage High School alumni
Daytona Cubs players
Iowa Cubs players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Leones de Yucatán players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mesa Solar Sox players
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Navarro Bulldogs baseball players
Peoria Chiefs players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Sugar Land Skeeters players
Tennessee Smokies players
Texas AirHogs players
Texas Longhorns baseball players
Tomateros de Culiacán players
Toros de Tijuana players
Toros del Este players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic

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<mask> (; December 1, 1919 – September 4, 2003) was a Hungarian-American linguist, and Professor at San Jose State University and UC Berkeley. He is known as founder of the White Stag Leadership Development Program, established the International Systems Institute in 1982, and was co-founder of the General Evolutionary Research Group in 1984. He grew up in largely rural Hungary and served in the Hungarian military during World War II. When Russia invaded Hungary in April 1945, he and his family fled to Allied-occupied Austria and lived in a displaced persons camp for six years. In 1951, they emigrated to Chicago, sponsored by the Presbyterian church. Within the year his former commanding officer suggested to the U.S. government that they hire <mask> as a Hungarian instructor at the Army Language School in Monterey, California. While living in Monterey, he founded the White Stag Leadership Development Program.His program gained national attention, and the Boy Scouts of America conducted research into incorporating leadership training into its programs. The Boy Scouts of America's Wood Badge and junior leader training programs had until then focused primarily on Scoutcraft skills, not leadership. William "Green Bar Bill" <mask> among others resisted the change. After 20 years, <mask> left the renamed Defense Language Institute and went to work for the Far West Laboratory for Research and Development in Berkeley and later San Francisco. He retired from Far West in 1989 but maintained an active interest in social systems and science, including attending many conferences and advising students and others in those fields. In 1992, he helped restart the Hungarian Scout Association within his native country. In 2003, <mask> and Eva moved to live with their son Tibor in Chico, California.After a brief and unexpected illness, <mask> died on September 4, 2003. Biography
<mask> <mask> was born in 1919 in Gyula, Hungary, as the oldest of four sons. His father Peter was a minister of the Reformed Church in Hungary and his mother <mask> Pallmann was a teacher. <mask> had earned the honorary title Vitéz for his service during World War I, and <mask>, as his oldest son, inherited the title. Active in Scouting

When <mask> was about six years old, their family informally adopted Tamas Feri. Tamas was about 13 years old and from a poor gardener's family. Tamas took Bánáthy on his first overnight camp out with his patrol to a small forest near Gyula.Bánáthy's father became the Scoutmaster of the "small scouts" troop (similar to American Cub Scouts). When Bánáthy was nine years old, he became the troop leader. The family moved about  from Bánáthy's birthplace of Gyula, to Makó, Hungary, about  southeast of Budapest. He joined the regular scout program of the Hungarian Scout Association and "Csanad Vezer" Troop 92. During the 1930s, the troop had more than 50 Scouts and 30 "small scouts". They held their monthly troop meetings on Sunday in a large gimnazium and met weekly every Saturday as a patrol. Bánáthy reported: "Our weekly patrol meetings focused on scoutcraft and Scout spirit and guiding us to move through the various stages of advancement in rank."The Hungarian Scout program had four stages. During the first three years, Bánáthy advanced three stages. The last stage required <mask> to earn 25 merit badges. This last stage was called Turul, after the mythical bird of Hungary. From spring to fall, as weather permitted, the patrol had many outings. Every summer the troop went on a two- to three-week long summer camp. <mask> and his troop attended the 4th World Scout Jamboree in 1933.Up until this time, he had intended to follow his father into the ministry, but changed his mind. Bánáthy later wrote,

While at the Jamboree, Bánáthy briefly met Joseph Szentkiralyi, another Scout from Hungary. Hungarian Sea Scout Paul Ferenc Sujan and American Maurice Tripp also attended. More than 20 years later, these three men collaborated in helping Bánáthy build a leadership program for youth in the United States. Also in 1933, Bánáthy attended the regional patrol leader training week at Hárshegy Training Park. Later in 1934, Bánáthy and six other members of his troop traveled to the National Jamboree in Poland. They camped in a large pine forest and visited Kraków and Warsaw.The Polish government hosted a banquet for all of the Scouts in the Presidential Palace. In 1934, he was awarded the best notebook prize of the national spring leadership camp and in 1935, he was invited to serve on the junior staff of the same camp at Hárshegy, Budapest. In 1935, the troop traveled to the Bükk Mountains in northeastern Hungary for their summer camp. As a Senior Patrol leader, <mask> and two others took a bicycle tour in advance of the summer camp to preview the camping site. Military service during World War II

In 1937, <mask> entered the :hu:Ludovika Akadémia as was the custom for young men aspiring to military careers. In 1940, at age 21, he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the armored infantry. Later that year he met his future wife Eva Balazs.The peacetime Hungarian Army received very little training. Bánáthy served two tours on the Russian front in World War II as an armored infantry officer. The Hungarian Army expanded rapidly from an initial force of 80,000, but when fighting started, the rank-and-file of the army had undergone only eight weeks of training. In 1941, <mask>'s unit advanced as part of German Army Group South to within  of Moscow, during a severe November ice storm. In 1942, as a soldier in the 109,000 strong Second Hungarian Army (Second Magyar Honved), Bánáthy returned to the Russian front. They fought in the Battle of Voronezh at the Don River bend, supporting the German attack. They were charged with protecting the 8th Italian Army's's northern flank between the Novaya Pokrovka on the Don River to Rossosh, part of the larger force defending the drive by the German 6th Army against Soviet General Vasily Chuikov's 62nd Army, which was defending Stalingrad.<mask> was seriously wounded during the action, and he returned from the front to Budapest where he spent seven months recuperating. He married his fiancé, Eva Balazs, with his arm in a sling on December 5, 1942 in Budapest. <mask> was promoted as a junior officer of the Royal Hungarian Army and served on the faculty of the Ludovika Akademia under his mentor, Commandant Colonel-General Kisbarnaki General Farkas. Farkas sought a volunteer to teach junior leader training at the academy and Bánáthy volunteered. Farkas also asked <mask> to organize a Scout Troop for young men, 19 years and older, which was a common practice within the Hungarian Scout Association at the time. Bánáthy became committed to training the young men in officer's leadership skills; he served as the voluntary national director for youth leadership development and a member of the National Council of the Hungarian Scout Association. In July 1944 Farkas was Commander of the Hungarian VI Army Corps, which had been garrisoned at Debrecen.He replaced General Beregfy, who was loyal to the fascist Arrow Cross Party. During that month, Farkas' VI Army Corp was instrumental in repelling a Red Army attack across the Carpathian mountains. On 15 October 1944, Farkas was named commander of the Pest bridgehead and Government Commissioner for Evacuation. In early November 1944, the first Russian units appeared on the southeastern edge of Budapest. As an associate of Farkas, Bánáthy likely had advance notice of the Russian advance. He also knew he would likely be executed if captured. <mask> was able to get his wife Eva, one-year-old son <mask> and two-week-old son László out of Budapest.<mask>'s family, along with other officers and their families, found shelter at first in farmhouses, and later in bunkers, caves, and trenches. When the Hungarian Second Army was disbanded on 1 December 1944 due to a lack of equipment and personnel, the remaining units of the Second Army, including <mask>'s, were transferred to the Third Army. The siege of Budapest began when the city was encircled on 29 December 1944 by the Red Army. <mask> fought with the remainder of his unit against the Russians until after Budapest fell on 13 February 1945. The Axis was striving to protect the last oil fields they controlled in western Hungary around Lake Balaton. By late March 1945, most of what was left of the Hungarian Third Army was surrounded and destroyed about  to the west of Budapest in an advance by the Soviet 46th Army towards Vienna. The remaining shattered units fought on as they retreated progressively westward through the Transdanubian Mountains towards Austria.<mask>'s family and others of the remainder of his and other military units made their way west, along with tens of thousands of other refugees, about  into Austria, trying to stay ahead of advancing Russian troops. Temperatures through the time of their flight remained near . Life in displaced persons camp

Bánáthy reunited with his family in Austria. As the war ended and Austria was occupied in April 1945 by the French, British, Soviet and US military forces, the family was placed in an Allied displaced persons camp. They were housed in a single  room in a wooden barrack; it served as their bedroom, kitchen, living room and firewood storage area. Food was extremely scarce and at times they subsisted on around 600 calories per person per day. They were among 1.4 million displaced persons in Austria at the time during a worldwide food shortage as a result of the war.Food was also severely restricted by punitive U.S. policies including directive JCS 1067. In 1947 German citizens were surviving on 1040 calories a day, but the Allies were also suffering from food shortages. <mask> later traded for milk to give two-year-old <mask> and one-year-old László enough protein. As extremely little food was available in the camps, in early 1947 his wife's twin sister came from Hungary to take their older two sons back to live with the older sister. The Pallendal family, Bánáthy's in-laws, was well-educated and relatively wealthy, so they had access to more food than what was available in the camps. They intended to return the Banathy boys to their parents within a year. Beginning in early 1948, when the Cold War ensued, it became virtually impossible for refugees or displaced persons to cross from the border of one country into another, or even from one Occupation Zone to another.The Pallendal family could not return the two boys from behind the Iron Curtain. In 1948, shortly after their third son Tibor was born, the Banathy family was moved to another camp, near a Marshall Plan warehouse. <mask> was assigned to unload sacks of wheat from railroad cars. He contacted the World Scouting Movement for assistance and began to organize  scouting in the DP camps. During 1947, <mask> was named the Hungarian Scout Commissioner for Austria; he led training for Hungarian Scout leaders along with his former commanding officer Farkas. He was ordained by the World Council of Churches and became minister for youth among Hungarian refugees. Banathy served as director of religious education of the Protestant Refugee Service of Austria, was editor of a religious youth service and of a Scout publication.In 1948 Bánáthy's fourth son Robert was born. <mask> soon found work as a technical draftsman in the statistical office of a U.S. Army warehouse. In 1949, with help from a Swiss foundation, <mask> assisted in establishing and was selected as the President of the Collegium Hungaricum, a boarding school for refugees, at Zell am See near Saalfelden, Austria. In the same year, the Communist government in Hungary seized the businesses belonging to the Pallendal family. Because they were members of the social elite, the Communist government considered them to be a political threat. In 1951, in what was a common practice during this time, the Hungarian Police arrived at dawn to seize the Pallendal family home and arrest and deport the family from Budapest. Seven-year-old <mask> and six-year-old László Banathy, along with their Pallendal grandmother and two aunts, were put aboard a freight train and sent toward Russia.The train stopped occasionally and a few hundred people were forced off at rural towns. The Pallendal family was ejected in eastern Hungary. There an uncle located them and hid them from authorities in a small village. Emigrates to the United States
In January, 1951, the student body of the Presbyterian McCormick Theological Seminary in Chicago sponsored <mask>, Eva, Tibor and Robert Banathy as refugees to the United States. <mask> lived with his family at the Seminary, where he worked nights 60 hours a week shoveling coal to fire the Seminary furnace. At the same time, he was studying English from a book. He occasionally preached at nearby Hungarian churches.His wife found work as a machine operator and Tibor, their third son, entered American public school. Begins teaching Hungarian
When World War II ended, General Farkas was designated as the U.S. Army's liaison to former Hungarian prisoners of war. In 1951 he recommended <mask> as a Hungarian language instructor, and <mask> was invited to teach at the U.S. government's Army Language School in Monterey, California. Bánáthy moved to Monterey in June 1951, a pivotal change in his life. At the Army Language School, he met Joseph Szentkiralyi (Americanized as St. Clair), the founder of the Hungarian Department. They soon figured out they had met at the 4th World Scout Jamboree in 1933. The wives of the two men also realized they had been girlhood friends in grammar school in Budapest.Using her  experience managing the Pallendal family restaurant in Budapest before World War II, Eva took work as a waitress in a restaurant on the Monterey Peninsula. Bánáthy served as President of his local Parent-Teacher Association and on the board of the local Red Cross. In the same year, Paul Ferenc Sujan, another former Hungarian scout, joined the language school faculty. On February 28, 1956, <mask> was naturalized as a United States citizen. After nine years of separation, and repeated failures to get his sons repatriated from behind the Iron Curtain,

masks:
Béla Heinrich Bánáthy
Bánáthy
Hillcourt
Bánáthy
Bánáthy
Bánáthy
Béla
Bánáthy
Hildegard
Peter Bánáthy
Béla
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Béla
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texts:
 Bánáthy obtained help from Dr. Eugene Blake, President of the National Council of Churches; Representative Charles M. Teague; Ernest Nagy, Vice Consul in the U.S. Legation in Budapest; <mask> Neiburh of the McCormick Theological Seminary; and <mask>, deputy assistant to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He was finally able to arrange for 13-year-old <mask> and 11-year-old László to emigrate to the United States A photograph of the two boys greeting their mother was featured in Life Magazine. The boys were greeted by their parents at San Francisco International Airport at 1:10 a.m.The boys' release marked the first time since the Cold War that anyone under 65 years old had been allowed to leave Hungary to be reunited with family. Professional life
<mask> was an educator, a systems and design scientist, and an author. At the Army Language School, he taught in the Hungarian language department, later becoming its chairman. White Stag Leadership Development Program

In 1957 Bánáthy began enlarging a concept for a leadership development program. As Council Training Chairman in the Monterey Bay Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America, he received strong support from the Council Executive and Council Executive Board for his proposal to train boys in leadership skills. He was assisted by fellow Hungarians Joe Szentkiralyi (aka St. Clair, Chair of the Hungarian Language Department at the Army Language school) and Paul Sujan (Hungarian Language Instructor at the Army Language school); Fran Peterson (a member of the National Council and a Scoutmaster from Chular, California); and Maury Tripp (a Scouter from Saratoga, California, a member of the National Council, and a research scientist). "Lord Baden-Powell was my personal idol and I long felt a commitment to give back to Scouting what I had received", Bánáthy said.As part of his master's degree program in counseling psychology at San José State University, he wrote a thesis titled "A Design for Leadership Development in Scouting". This book described the founding principles of the White Stag program, which was later adapted by the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America. Prior to Bánáthy's work, the adult Wood Badge and the junior leader training programs had focused on teaching Scoutcraft skills and some aspects of the Patrol Method. His research and findings on teaching principles and competencies of leadership had a huge impact on these two programs, shifting their focus to leadership skills. Some individuals on the national staff and many volunteers across the nation resisted the idea of changing the focus of Wood Badge from training leaders in Scoutcraft to leadership skills. Among them was William "Green Bar Bill" <mask>, who had been the first United States Wood Badge Course Director in 1948. Although officially retired, he had many loyal followers.He was adamant that Wood Badge should continue to teach Scoutcraft skills and tried to persuade the national council to stick to that tradition, but his objections were ignored. The leadership competencies Banathy articulated became the de facto method for Scout adult and junior leader training. (In 2008, the White Stag program celebrated its 50th anniversary.) In 1960, the Monterey Bay Area Council recognized <mask> for his exceptional service to youth and awarded him the Silver Beaver. In the 1970s, due to the success of the White Stag program, <mask> was appointed to the Interamerican Scout Committee and participated in three interamerican "Train the Trainer" events in Mexico, Costa Rica, and Venezuela. He guided their national training teams in designing leadership development by design programs. <mask> also taught in Sunday School and was on the Board of the United Methodist Church of the Wayfarer in Carmel, California.Systems science

In the 1960s Bánáthy began teaching courses in applied linguistics and systems science at San José State University. In 1962 he was named Dean and Chairman of the East Europe and Middle East Division at the Army Language School, overseeing ten language departments. In 1963 he completed his master's degree in psychology at San Jose State University, and in 1966 he received a doctorate in education for a transdisciplinary program in education, systems theory, and linguistics from the University of California in Berkeley. During the mid-1960s <mask> was named Chair of Western Division of the Society for General Systems Research. He published his first book, Instructional Systems, in 1968. Large complex systems

During the 1960s and 1970s, Bánáthy was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and as he continued teaching at San Jose State University. In 1969, he left the renamed Defense Language Institute and became a Program Director, and later Senior Research Director and Associate Laboratory Director, at the Far West Laboratory for Research and Development (now WestEd) in Berkeley (later moved to San Francisco).He "directed over fifty research and development programs, designed many curriculum projects and several large scale complex systems, including the design and implementation of a Ph.D. program in educational research and development for UC Berkeley". In the 1970s and 1980s, he focused his research on the application of systems and design theories and methodologies in social, social service, educational, and human development systems. In the 1980s he developed and guided a Ph.D. curriculum in humanistic systems inquiry and social systems design for the Saybrook Graduate School. In 1996, he published 'Designing Social Systems in a Changing World' which included a diagram for 'divergence-convergence model' which was later interpreted by the UK's Design Council as The Double Diamond Process Model. International Systems Institute

In 1981, he founded the International Systems Institute (ISI), a non-profit, public benefit scientific and educational corporation in Carmel, California, USA. He organized its first meeting at Fuschl am See, Austria in 1982. Banathy introduced a unique and never-before used approach to organizing the International Systems Institute conferences.Banathy observed that in traditional conferences, a few usually well-respected or prestigious individuals would apply to present "pre-packaged new ideas" to others. In typical conferences, presenting almost always carries more prestige than listening; the few presenters share their wisdom with the many. This one-to-many or "hierarchical knowledge distribution system" slowed the sharing and spreading of ideas about which many people cared deeply if not passionately, as there was always limited opportunity for interchange among participants. This interaction was usually wedged into the interstices of the formal schedule in the form of informal, spontaneous gatherings for which no record existed. The notion that presenting is more important than listening aroused lifelong antipathy in Bánáthy. When he formulated the leadership competencies of the White Stag Leadership Development Program in the 1960s, he described the passing of knowledge from one to another as "Manager of Learning". He wrote extensively about how the focus should be on the learner, not the teacher.Bánáthy advanced a different vision for conferences, one that would allow everyone to fully engage. He proposed that everyone be given the opportunity to prepare and distribute papers to all participants in advance of the conference. And instead of listening to speeches, conference attendees took part in extended, non-hierarchical conversations about the conference papers. The conference proceedings were the result of these conversations. Bánáthy felt strongly that systems scholars from all over the world should be given ongoing opportunities to engage in extended conversations so they might put their expertise "actively into the service of humanity worldwide". Bánáthy wrote: "We aspire to reap the 'reflecting and creating power' of groups that emerge in the course of disciplined and focused conversations on issues that are important to us and to our society". Participants at International Systems Institute gatherings have, since the original meeting organized by Bánáthy in 1982, organized them around this principle and referred to them as "conversations".General Evolutionary Research Group
In 1984, <mask> was co-founder with general evolution theorist Ervin László and others of the initially secret General Evolutionary Research Group, or General Evolutionary Research Group. A member of the Society of General Systems Research since the 1960s, he was Managing Director of the Society in the early 1980s, and in 1985 he became its president. He then served on its Board of Trustees. During the 1980s, he served on the Executive Committee of the International Federation of Systems Research. In 1989, he retired from Far West Labs and returned to live on the Monterey Peninsula. He continued to serve as Professor Emeritus for the Saybrook Graduate School, counseling Ph.D. students. He also continued his work with the annual ISI international systems design conversations, and authored a number of articles and books about systems, design, and evolutionary research.He served two terms as president of the International Federation of Systems Research during 1994-98. He coordinated over twenty international systems research conferences held in eight countries, including the 1994 Conversation on Systems Design conversation held at Fuschl Am See, Austria, sponsored by the International Federation of Systems Research. He was also honorary editor of three international systems journals: Systems Research and Behavioral Science, the Journal of Applied Systems Studies, and Systems. He was on the Board of Editors of World Futures, and served as a contributing editor of Educational Technology. Final years

In 1992, <mask>, a long-standing member of the Hungarian Scout Association Abroad (Külföldi Magyar Cserkészszövetség), traveled from his Monterey, California home in the United States to Hungary following its renewed freedom. There, he helped restart the Hungarian Scout Association within his native country. Bánáthy spent considerable time during the last few years of his life caring for his wife Eva in their home in Carmel, California.She had been in poor health for a number of years after a stroke. In the summer of 2003 <mask> and his wife moved to live with their son Tibor in Chico, California. After a brief and unexpected illness, <mask> died on September 4, 2003. He and Eva had been married 64 years at the time of his death. See also

 <mask> A. Bánáthy
 Debora Hammond
 International Federation for Systems Research
 Magyar Cserkészszövetség
 Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center
 Systems philosophy
 Systemics
 Systems theory
 Systems thinking

Publications
Bánáthy wrote and published several books and hundreds of articles. A selection:
 1963, A Design for Leadership Development in Scouting, Monterey Bay Area Council, Monterey, California. 1964, Report on a Leadership Development Experiment, Monterey Bay Area Council, Monterey, California.1968, Instructional Systems, Fearon Publishers. 1969, Leadership Development — World Scouting Reference Papers, No. 1, Boy Scouts World Bureau, Geneva, Switzerland. 1972, A Design for Foreign Language Curriculum, D.C. Heath. 1973, Developing a Systems View of Education: The Systems Models Approach, Lear Siegler Fearon Publishers. 1985, with Kenneth D. Bailey et al. (ed.), Systems Inquiring: Applications, Volume II of the Proceedings of the Society for General Systems Research International Conference. Seaside, CA: Intersystems Publications. 1991, Systems Design of Education, A Journey to Create the Future, Educational Technology, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1992, A Systems View of Education: Concepts and Principles for Effective Practice, Educational Technology, Englewood Cliffs, CA. 1992, "Comprehensive Systems Design in Education: Building a Design Culture," in: Education. Educational Technology, 22(3) 33–35. 1996, Designing Social Systems in a Changing World, Plenum, NY.1998, Evolution Guided by Design: A Systems Perspective, in Systems Research, Vol. 15. 1997, A Taste of Systemics, The Primer Project, 2007. 2000, Guided Evolution of Society: A Systems View, Springer
 2000, The Development of the AgoraWebsite: Personal Communication to Agora Stewards, International Systems Institute, Asilomar Networked Democracy Group, Pacific Grove, CA. 2000, Agora Structure, International Systems Institute, Asilomar Networked Democracy Group, Pacific Grove, CA. 2000, Bio: Personal Communication to Agora Stewards, International Systems Institute, Asilomar Networked Democracy Group, Pacific Grove, CA. 2000, Story: Personal Communication to Agora Stewards, International Systems Institute, Asilomar Networked Democracy Group, Pacific Grove, CA.2000, Reflections: The Circle of Agora Stewards, International Systems Institute, Asilomar Networked Democracy Group, Pacific Grove, CA. 2000, Guided Evolution of Society: A Systems View, Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York. 2002, with Patrick M. Jenlink, "The Agora Project: the New Agoras of the Twenty-first Century," Systems Research and Behavioral Science
 2002, with Gordon Rowland, "Guiding our evolution: If we don't do it, who will?" 2005, with Patrick M. Jenlink, et al. (ed. ), Dialogue as a Means of Collective Communication (Educational Linguistics), Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York. 2007, with Patrick M. Jenlink, et al.(ed. ), Dialogue as a Means of Collective Communication (Volume 2), Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York. References

Further reading

 Gordon Dyer, "Y3K: Beyond Systems Design as we know it", in: Res-Systemica, Vol. 2, 2002. External links

 Autobiography: Béla H. Banathy, at White Stag Leadership Development, 4 September 2003. "Guides and Teachers: Béla H. Banathy", Evolve

1919 births
2003 deaths
People from Gyula
Systems thinking
Social systems
Systems theory
Systems scientists
Language teachers
San Jose State University alumni
San Jose State University faculty
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Defense Language Institute faculty
People from Carmel-by-the-Sea,

masks:
Hulda
Howard Pyle
Béla
Bánáthy
Hillcourt
Béla
Bánáthy
Béla
Bánáthy
Bánáthy
Bánáthy
Bánáthy
Bánáthy
Béla


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<mask> (November 2, 1914 – June 7, 1986) was an American professional baseball player whose career spanned 17 seasons, all of which were spent in the minor leagues. Holder joined the Pacific Coast League (PCL) in 1935 after a short stint that season in the Western League. Over his tenure in the PCL, he played for the San Francisco Seals (1935–1942, 1949–1950), the Hollywood Stars (1943–45), the Oakland Oaks (1946–48), and the Portland Beavers (1951). His career minor-league batting average stands at .295 with 2,540 hits, 417 doubles, 117 triples, and 98 home runs in 2,492 games played. Despite being left-handed, Holder was used as a second baseman early in his career, a position that is usually reserved for right-handed players. After the 1937 season, he appeared exclusively as an outfielder. During his playing career, Holder stood at  and weighed .Sports journalist David Halberstam noted that Holder was a "great hitter with good speed", but had difficulty on defense, primarily with catching the ball. In 2004, the PCL enshrined Holder in the Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame. He was one of 12 players that year to be inducted. Early and personal life
Holder was born on November 2, 1914, in Rising Star, Texas, to John C. and Nora E<mask>, who were of Scotch-Irish descent. In 1920, the <mask> family was living in Liberty, Arizona. By age 15, <mask> was living in Contra Costa County, California, with his parents and sibling, Volene L. Holder. <mask> attended high school in Crockett, California, where he played baseball, basketball, and football.In all three of those sports, he was a league all-star. During the off-seasons of his playing career, Holder found employment as a factory worker in a sugar refinery. In 1951,  a February edition of Baseball Digest indicated that Holder worked in a meat packing plant in the San Francisco area. For recreation, Holder enjoyed outdoor activities, which included hunting and fishing. In October 1938, Holder married Arlene Smith of Crockett, California. By 1943, his wife and he had three children. In 1946, Holder's father died in an automobile accident.Holder and his family resided in San Francisco during the off-seasons. Professional career
In 1935, Holder began his professional baseball career. He played  with the Class A Des Moines Demons of the Western League for the first part of the season, batting .304 with 105 hits, 14 doubles, 13 triples, and one home run in 88 games played with Des Moines. Defensively, <mask>, who played exclusively at second base for the Demons that year, compiled a .949 fielding percentage. Holder managed to place third overall on the league's triples leaderboard, finishing just behind Charles Clements (15) Auggie Luther (14). During the 1935 season, <mask> joined the AAA San Francisco Seals of the PCL. The Seals brought him in to replace their regular second baseman, Art Garibaldi, who was sold to the St. Louis Cardinals.<mask> played the remainder of the season with San Francisco, batting .250 with 12 hits in 48 at-bats. <mask>'s fielding percentage increased after joining the Seals, going from .946 to a combined .948 between the two clubs. Overall as a member of the Seals, his fielding percentage was .958. <mask> spent his first full season with the San Francisco Seals in 1936. In 152 games played, he compiled a .289 batting average with 27 doubles, 11 triples, and one home run. In the field, Holder played at second base, putting up a .953 fielding percentage. In 1937, Holder cracked the Seals' Opening Day batting order.In May, he was converted to an outfielder after injuries to Seals players Ted Norbert and Johnny Gill. Holder finished the season with a .319 average with 155 hits, 27 doubles, eight triples, and two home runs in 135 games played. His fielding percentage that season was .968. In July 1938, the Associated Press noted that that Holder might be signing with a Major League Baseball (MLB) team that season, although nothing ever came of it. On the season, Holder batted .330 with 193 hits, 26 doubles, eight triples, and two home runs in 172 games played. Among PCL batters that year, he finished seventh in batting average. On defense, he compiled a .980 fielding percentage.Before the start of the 1939 season, <mask> resigned with the Seals. That year, he batted .314 with 200 hits, 34 doubles, 24 triples, and five home runs in 173 games played. He led all league batters that season in triples. <mask>'s triples mark tied the all-time PCL record, which had been set by Truck Eagan in 1903. His fielding percentage that year was .969. After the season, Holder was pegged by the Seals to be drafted or purchased by an MLB team, but was passed-up by scouts. In February 1940, he resigned with San Francisco.On the year, Holder batted .274 with 143 hits, 19 doubles, seven triples, and one home run in 152 games played. Defensively, he had a .962 fielding percentage. During the 1941 season, Holder played 170 games with the Seals, batting .280 with 119 runs, 175 hits, 30 doubles, 10 triples, two home runs, 53 runs batted in (RBIs), and 11 stolen bases. In the outfield, he compiled a .982 fielding percentage. In 1942, <mask> continued his tenure in San Francisco, batting .298 with 113 runs scored, 194 hits, 36 doubles, 9 triples, six home runs, and 51 RBIs in 179 games played. Defensively, he put up a .979 fielding percentage. Before the start of the 1943 season, the  Seals were in talks with the Boston Braves, an MLB franchise, about selling Holder to them.However, nothing ever came of it; instead, the Seals traded <mask> to the Hollywood Stars in exchange for Frenchy Uhalt and Del Young. In May 1943, Holder sustained a knee injury, which caused him to miss some playing time. During his first season with the Stars, Holder batted .273 with 83 runs scored, 148 hits, 27 doubles, five triples, six home runs, 62 RBIs, and 11 stolen bases. Defensively, he compiled a .975 fielding percentage. In March 1944, <mask> resigned with the Stars. On the season, he batted .280 with 119 runs scored, 163 hits, 28 doubles, eight triples, six home runs, 54 RBIs, and 21 stolen bases in 161 games played. <mask> placed second in league in runs scored, behind Cecil Garriott, who had 148.In the outfield, Holder compiled a .983 fielding percentage. Before the start of the 1945 season, Holder was dubbed a "holdout" because he initially did not resign with the Stars. The Los Angeles Times described him as "suborn" during the re-signing process. However, he eventually came to terms with the Stars, and rejoined the club during spring training. In April of that season, Holder suffered a pulled muscle during a game, which caused him to miss some playing time. In July, he suffered another injury, this time to his elbow. In 109 games played that year, he batted .256 with 54 runs scored, 80 hits, 16 doubles, two triples, five home runs, 41 RBIs, and 13 stolen bases.He also compiled a .985 fielding percentage. Just before the start of spring training in 1946, the Hollywood Stars released Holder. He then joined the Oakland Oaks of the PCL. On June 13, just hours after attending the funeral for his father, Holder suited up for the Oaks and hit a home run and a double. In his first year with Oakland, Holder batted .283 with 88 runs scored, 135 hits, 15 doubles, three triples, 13 home runs, 59 RBIs, and 14 stolen bases in 155 games played. Defensively, he had a .974 fielding percentage. The Los Angeles Times described <mask>'s 1947 campaign as "the best ball of his career", adding, "which is saying something".With the Oaks that season, he batted .311 with 137 runs scored, 186 hits, 40 doubles, four triples, 16 home runs, and 78 RBIs in 172 games played. Holder was second in the league in runs scored, behind Tony Lupien, who had 147. Holder's last season with Oakland came in 1948. That year, he batted .297 with 99 runs scored, 143 hits, 15 doubles, three triples, 10 home runs, 57 RBIs, and 11 stolen bases. He compiled a .979 fielding percentage defensively. Legacy and playing style
Holder finished with a career batting average of .292 with 2,540 hits, 417 doubles, 117 triples, and 91 home runs in 2,492 games played. In 2004, he was inducted into the Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame in an inductee class that featured 11 other players, including Vean Gregg, Frank Kelleher, and Fay Thomas.Sports journalist David Halberstam wrote in his book The Teammates: A Portrait of Friendship, that Holder was a "good hitter with great speed". Halberstam also noted that holder had a difficult time catching the ball in the outfield. References

Further reading

External links

1914 births
1986 deaths
Baseball outfielders
Baseball players from California
Baseball second basemen
Des Moines Demons players
Hollywood Stars players
Oakland Oaks (baseball) players
People from Contra Costa County, California
People from Rising Star, Texas
Portland Beavers players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players

masks:
Richard Brooks Holder
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Brooks Holder
Brooks Holder
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<mask> (, ; 26 October 1875 – 15 September 1936) was a Croatian Serb politician in Austria-Hungary and later Kingdom of Yugoslavia. He was one of the main proponents of Yugoslavism and a federalized South Slavic state which would later turn out to be Yugoslavia. However, he later became a bitter opponent of the same policy that was promoted by King Alexander I. Early life
<mask> was born into an ethnic Serb family in Kostajnica in 1875. As a youth he studied mathematics and physics in Zagreb. He joined other young, politically active Croats and Serbs in producing the periodical Narodna misao in 1897 which argued that Croats and Serbs were one nation, and that they should work together in Croatian politics. He took over leadership of the Serb People's Independent Party (Srpska narodna samostalna stranka) in 1903.In 1905, he and his party sponsored the Zadar Resolution, by which the Independents proposed to work with willing Croatian political parties (and signatories of the Rijeka Resolution) for a new, more assertive Croatian policy vis-à-vis the Hungarian and Austrian governments. Between 1906 and 1918, he led the Croat-Serb Coalition, which was the political child of the two earlier resolutions. The Coalition dominated Croatian politics during that period. The power of the Coalition, and its Yugoslav state creation incentive, made it the target of attempts by Austrian and Hungarian authorities to destroy it. The treason trial of 1909 (in which a court in Zagreb tried 53 Serbs, including his brothers Valerijan and Adam, for treason) and the Friedjung trial (in which <mask> and other members of the Coalition sued the Austrian historian Heinrich Friedjung for libel on the basis of several articles he wrote in the Reichspost) of the same year were the most obvious evidence of these campaigns. Until 1910, <mask> shared leadership of the Coalition with Frano Supilo. Supilo left the Coalition that year, and <mask> led it alone from that point.The creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes

In 1918 he was leader of the Croato-Serbian Coalition which was then the dominant party in the Croatian Sabor. When the Croatian Sabor voted to join the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, the state formed by the South Slav regions of the Austro-Hungarian Empire when that state collapsed as a result of its defeat in the First World War, <mask> became one of the vice presidents of the new states ruling body, the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. As Italy overran parts of the new state's territory in Istria and along the coast of Dalmatia he urged the council to seek unification with Serbia without delay. In this he received especially strong support from Dalmatian delegates and on the morning of the November 27 a delegation from the National Council set off for Belgrade which was to formally create a new state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, a few days later. <mask> <mask> became the Minister of Internal Affairs. In this role he implemented an authoritarian policy believing that a strict centralized system was necessary in order to preserve the union. <mask>'s Croat-Serb coalition dissolved.Its members quickly fused with political groupings from other parts of the former Austria-Hungary. This began negotiations with the Pašić's radicals but negotiations quickly fell through. Instead they joined with the Serbian opposition (including the party of Ljubomir Davidović) to form a block that was to dominate the Provisional Representation which served as a Parliament until the election of the Constituent Assembly. This block itself formed into a party which in 1920 adopted the name the Democratic Party. Even though Ljubomir Davidović was the leader, <mask> had as much, if not more, influence on the policy of the party. In the elections for the Constituent Assembly, the Democratic Party did significantly worse in the former Austria-Hungarian regions which weakened <mask>'s influence in the Party. However, in alliance with the Radicals the Democratic party managed to ensure that the new constitution would have the centralized form that, at the time, <mask> supported.In January 1920, <mask> had a secret meeting with Đuro Basariček of the Croatian Republican Peasant Party. Basariček told <mask> that should there be held elections for the provisional representation not only would the Peasant Party participate in the elections but they would also join in the preparations for the Constituent Assembly. However, King Alexander refused to sign the decree. Though <mask> remained on good terms with Alexander, it was at this point he lost his faith in Alexander's judgment. In December 1921 the Radicals provoked a government crisis, demanding the portfolio of Minister of Internal Affairs. The Democratic Party refused this point blank but at a meeting of their deputies club they voted, by secret ballot, that <mask> should step down as Minister of Internal Affairs. <mask> became, instead, the Minister of Education.The elections in this period were marred by police harassment of voters and confiscation of pamphlets, and this kind of election rigging also impacted the Democratic Party's success. In addition, some opposition leaders such as Stjepan Radić were imprisoned on charges of treason, but this in turn had mobilized their own electoral base. Independent Democrats, prison and exile

In 1924 <mask>'s faction made their break with the Democratic Party final by founding a new party, the Independent Democratic Party. When Nikola Pašić and Stjepan Radić came to an agreement in 1925 which would temporarily pacify the Croatian Peasant Party, <mask> switched to the opposition, and started thinking that his prior support for the Radicals had only helped fortify the Serbian domination. After the election of 1927, the Independent Democrats and Croatian Peasant Party both became the opposition, and then decided to form the Peasant-Democrat coalition (Seljačko-demokratska koalicija, SDK). In the coalition with Radić, <mask> converted from an advocate of centralism to its adversary, and in the spring of 1928, <mask> and Radić waged a bitter parliamentary battle against the ratification of the Treaty of Nettuno with Italy, having actually secured a majority in the parliament, but not being able to lead the government. This in turn mobilised nationalist opposition in Serbia but provoked a violent reaction from the governing majority including death threats.In the summer of 1928, Radić was assassinated in Parliament, and the opposition started a boycott of the parliament, insisting on new elections. In 1929, the January 6th Dictatorship was instituted by the King, and <mask> was interned by the authorities in Brus, Serbia for a period of two years, when finally in 1931 his health problems allowed him to be released and emigrate. While in Paris, in 1933 he published the "King Alexander's Dictatorship" (La dictature du roi Alexandre), a book in which he criticized Alexander and blamed him for Yugoslavia's political turmoil since 1918. He advocated for a federal and republican structure for Yugoslavia. He also wrote a "Letter to the Serbs" the same year, in which he advocated an understanding between the Serbs and the Croats based on equality of the two nations, stating that "any other way and solution would mean eternal friction, mutual conflicts and wars, which would eventually end disastrously for both" (svaki drugi put i rješenje značilo bi vječite trzavice, međusobne sukobe i ratove, koji bi se na kraju katastrofalno završili za oboje). In May 1933 <mask> held talks with Branimir Jelić and Stjepan Radić's eldest son Vlatko. He died in exile in Prague in 1936.References

Sources

1875 births
1936 deaths
People from Hrvatska Kostajnica
People from the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
Serbs of Croatia
Democratic Party (Yugoslavia) politicians
Independent Democratic Party (Yugoslavia) politicians
Representatives in the Yugoslav National Assembly (1921–1941)
Croatian politicians
Serbian politicians

masks:
Svetozar Pribićević
Pribićević
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Svetozar
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<mask> (born September 10, 1947 in Sustinente, Italy) is an Italian composer of contemporary classical music. Biography

He studied at the Conservatory in Bologna where he got his diploma in musical composition with Giacomo Manzoni and another diploma in choral music with Tito Gotti. He started his activity as a conductor as well, founding the Nuovo Ensemble Bruno Maderna in Florence. He taught musical composition at the Milan Conservatory, Florence, Pesaro Conservatory and Bologna Conservatory. In his earliest works, from Musica per un’azione immaginaria to L’art pour l’art?, he tries to incorporate graphical elements into the music, and in so doing, he clearly shows his structuralist approach, which only later becomes more informal. Nafshi, Recit and other compositions show a turning point in his way of composing, since he pays more attention to the form, which is thought of as a synthesis of a fluid episodic multiplicity. Through his Pierrot series he was able to reveal a ‘melodic’ component of his music which broadens in the opera Trionfo della notte (1986–87 season at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna), which won the Premio Abbiati as the best composition of the year.Among his later works are Romanza alla notte No. 2, for violin and orchestra (Parma, June 20, 1991), proof of the deep relationship existing between the composer and Pier Paolo Pasolini's poetics. He dedicated to Pasolini Il glicine, for soprano, reciting voice, amplified flute and violin (Milan, July 2, 1993). In Orfeo cantando... tolse..., ten lyric actions based on text freely taken by Poliziano’s Orfeo (1994), the beauty and the musicality of Poliziano’s verses, their expressive strength and their sound, the lyric aura surrounding their words, determine the musical form, and an idea of dramaturgy which is totally internal to the music and to the spatiality it created. His collaboration with Giovanni Raboni led to the creation of Quare tristis, for soloists, chorus, two instrumental groups, two tubas and live electronics (Biennale di Venezia, 1995). In 1999, in Strasbourg, the premiere of Pensieri canuti, cantata for soloists, chorus, two ensembles in double chorus and live electronics, again based on a text by Raboni; on April 6, 2000, at the Basilica di S.Marco in Milan, Passione secondo Matteo, linked to Pasolini’s film. On October 20, 2002, in Venice, the opera-video Medea, for soloists, chorus and orchestra, was premiered.In 2003 Medea was awarded the prestigious Premio Abbiati by the Italian musical critic in the section  dedicated to novelties. In February 2004 in Turin La terra del tramonto was performed by the Orchestra Nazionale della RAI. The opera Pietra di Diaspro was premiered in 2007 for the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma and Ravenna Festival. In 2013 he has started a collaboration with Tempo Reale, the centre for music research devoted to music technology based in Florence. With the musicians and technicians of the center Guarneri has realized three music work with an intense use of live electronics, premiered and performed in Florence, Ravenna, Torino, Spoleto. Works

  Excerpts for 11 strings  (1974-1977)
  Nafshi for flute solo with tape ad libitum  (1975)
  Musica per un’azione immaginaria for strings quintet and tape ad libitum  (1976)
  L’art pour l’art? for strings quartet, tape and 8 instruments  (1976)
  Mystere for 7 instruments  (1978)
  Abschied for flute and harp  (1978)
  Air (Trio No.2) for 2 violins and viola  (1978)
  Recit (Trio No. 1) for piano, viola and cello  (1978)
  Alia for orchestra  (1978)
  Poesia in forma di rosa for 13 instruments  (1979)
  Insonora for viola  (1979)
  Arco for violin solo  (1979)
  Pierrot Suite for 3 chamber groups  (1980)
  Pierrot Pierrot! for flutes, celesta and percussion  (1980)
  Arioso cantabile for flute, clarinet, piano and percussion (2 performers)  (1982)
  Le notti mie son roche di grida for flute and harp (also harpsichord or vibraphone or celesta ad lib.) (1982)
  ...di sussulti e di tremori for piano and orchestra  (1982)
  Ein Lied an Gott for soprano, bass flute (also piccolo), 2 organs, percussion and chamber music group  (1982)
  ...di un pastore errante for small chamber music group (8 performers)  (1983)
  Romanze zur Nacht (Romanza alla notte n. 1) for cello and 11 performers (1983)
  Pierrot Suite II for concertante flute and 16 players  (1984)
  E... le ombre fuggano... for 2 flutes  (1984)
  Sospeso d’incanto for piano  (1984)
  Concerto for violin and orchestra  (1985)
  Trionfo della notte. Preludio atto I, for 19 performers with percussion concerto  (1985)
  “...il tubare della tortora... non odi?...” for soprano (offstage), perussion, concertante, orchestra  (1985)
  Trionfo della notte. Lyrical action on text by Pier Paolo Pasolini  (1985)
  Passioni perse for flute and piano (1986)
  Disteso for 8 instruments  (1986)
  Sospeso (Trio No. 3) for flute, violin and piano  (1987)
  Parafrasi: 4 th scene from " Trionfo della notte" for 2 sopranos, tenor, flute, piano (celesta), percussion, cello  (1987)
  “...d’incanto!” for piano and tape "circular loop"  (1988)
  “...dal nulla... al nulla...” (Trio n. 4) for bass clarinet and 2 percussion (1988)
  “Velato... del nuovo mistero” for piano and 4 instrumental groups with magnetic tape (1988)
  Romanza alla notte n. 2 (Concerto II) for violin and orchestra  (1988)
  Piccola anima for narrator, soprano, and 7 players  (1988)
  “sull’isola della libertà...” for 2 sopranos and 12 instruments (1989)
  Piccola anima.II versione for flute, piano and soprano  (1989)
  “Oltre l’anima tua...” (homage to Mozart) for orchestra  (1989)
  “perdo il futuro della tua grazia” for soprano, narrator (on tape), flute, violin, percussion  (1989-1990)
  "Per Armando" for solo guitar  (1990)
  Giustizia cara... for 3 sopranos, narrator and orchestra on texts by Pier Paolo Pasolini  (1990)
  “...e per lunghi filamenti...” for soprano, piano concertante and 13 instruments  (1991)
  Medea (1991), opera film, for soli, chorus and orchestra (premiere: 2002)
  “Elision” for 12 instruments (9 players) "Homage to Charles Ives"  (1992)
  Mit Dämpfer for solo trumpet in C and B flat  (1992)
  Preludio alla notte for solo flute  (1992)
  “infinite Risonanze... inquiete..." for amplified guitar, tape and live electronics  (1992)
  Trio No. 6 (Homage to Camillo Togni in 70 th birthday) for flute, violin and percussion  (1992)
  Il glicine for soprano, voice narrator, flute and violin (all amplified)  (1993)
  “per il sole... per il cielo... per il mare” loosely based on Medea, for 2 sopranos and string quartet  (1993)
  Orfeo cantando... tolse... 10 lyrical actions loosely based on text from ' Orpheus of Poliziano  (1994)
  Medea Suite. 6 Songs from Medea opera film for soft voice and amplified soprano and orchestra (1995)
  Quare tristis for soloists, female choir, 2 instrumental groups, 2 tubes, electronic spatialization  (1995)
  Resistenza 1995 for amplified female voice  (1995)
  “Grido ai miei occhi, Sarajevo...” for amplified piano and two pianos on tape  (1995)
  Il pianto della scavatrice for amplified female voice, flute, bass clarinet, violin and cello  (1996)
  Omaggio a Mina 6 songs for light voice, soprano and orchestra  (1996)
  A Giacomo Manzoni o delle dissolvenze sonore for alto flute and soprano (amplified)  (1997)
  Blandine Ballata for piano and spoken voices  (1997)
  “... Uno spazio che tremola celeste...” for string quartet  (1997)
  Traviata. Preludio Atto III for quartet and string orchestra (transcription)  (1997)
  Pensieri canuti for soloists, chorus, two ensemble on double choir and live electronics  (1998)
  “...canto un ricordo...” two songs for light solo voice amplified  (1998)
  Da questi occhi… for female amplified voice and ensemble  (1998)
  Duo Concertante for solo flute and violin and ensemble  (1998)
  Passione Secondo Matteo, Cantata for soloists, choir and ensemble  (1999)
  B.A.C.H. (the 250th) for amplified flute  (2000)
  Medea opera video for soloists, soft voice, choir, orchestra, instrumental solos and live electronics  (2000)
  Dedica.


texts:
<mask> (; August 4, 1922 – October 21, 2015) was an American political theorist and writer on contemporary politics. A political theorist for fifty years, <mask> became Professor of Politics, Emeritus, at Princeton University, where he taught from 1973 to 1987. During a teaching career which spanned more than forty years, <mask> also taught at the University of California, Berkeley, University of California, Santa Cruz, Oberlin College, Oxford University, Cornell University, and University of California, Los Angeles. He was a notable teacher of undergraduate and particularly graduate students, serving as a mentor to many students who themselves became prominent scholars and teachers of political theory. Academic career
After graduating from Oberlin College, <mask> received his doctorate from Harvard University in 1950, for a dissertation entitled Conservatism and Constitutionalism: A Study in English Constitutional Ideas, 1760–1785. After teaching briefly at Oberlin, <mask> taught political theory at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1954 to 1970, and built a political theory program by bringing Norman Jacobson, John H. Schaar, Hanna Fenichel Pitkin, and Michael Rogin into the department. One of <mask>'s central concern was how the history of political thought could contribute to understanding contemporary political dilemmas and predicaments.He played a significant role in the Free Speech Movement and with John Schaar interpreted that movement to the rest of the world. During the seventies and eighties he published frequently for The New York Review of Books. He also wrote opinion pieces and reviews for The New York Times. In 1980, he was the founding editor of the short-lived but intellectually influential journal democracy (1980–83) funded by Max Palevsky. At Princeton, <mask> led a successful faculty effort to pass a resolution urging university trustees to divest from endowment investment in firms that supported South African apartheid. <mask> left Berkeley in the fall of 1970 for the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he taught until the spring of 1972. From 1973 through 1987, he was a professor of politics at Princeton University.<mask> served on the editorial boards of many scholarly journals, including Political Theory, the leading journal of the field in the Anglo-American world. He consulted for various scholarly presses, foundations and public entities, including Peace Corps, American Council of Learned Societies, and the Social Science Research Council. <mask> also served as president of the Society for Legal and Political Philosophy. Political theorist
<mask> was instrumental in founding what came to be known as the Berkeley School of political theory. His approach to the history of political thought offered an original perspective that constituted a formidable challenge to more classical approaches to the study of the history of political thought. It equally challenged behavioralism, the reigning orthodoxy in political science departments. He has been compared to thinkers like Eric Voegelin, Hannah Arendt, and Leo Strauss.In his classic Politics and Vision, <mask> formulates an interpretative approach to the history of political thought, based on careful study of different theoretical traditions. He pays particular attention to how the latter contribute to the changing meanings of a received political vocabulary, including notions of authority, obligation, power, justice, citizenship, and the state. <mask>'s approach also had a bearing on contemporary problems and questions and he notoriously defined the inquiry into the history of political thought, and the study of different traditions and forms of theorizing that have shaped it "as a form of political education." <mask>'s approach to the study of political theory consisted of a historical-minded inquiry into the history of political thought to inform the practice of political theory in the present. A consummate reader of texts, he carefully combined attention to both the intellectual and political contexts in which an author intervened and the genres of writing he deployed, with an eye to understanding how a particular body of work shed light on a specific political predicament. But this was no antiquarian exercise. It rather consisted of an attempt to "understand some aspect of the historical past [that] is also conscious of the historical character and locus of [the inquirer's] own understanding.Historicity has to do with the convergence of the two, and the inquirer’s contribution of his present is crucial." Similarly, his classic essay "Political Theory as a Vocation", written in the context of the Cold War, the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement, mounted a seething critique of Behaviorism and how it impaired the ability to grasp the crises of the time. Thirty years later, he explicitly formulated the importance of political theory and the study of political thought as “primarily a civic and secondarily an academic activity.<mask>'s 2001 study of Alexis de Tocqueville, Tocqueville Between Two Worlds, constitutes his second summum opus. Cornel West has called it <mask>'s masterpiece, the crowning achievement of “the greatest political theorist of and for democracy of our time.”

<mask>'s involvement in the events of the sixties represented a formative experience that set the stage for the transition from an imaginative and erudite scholar of political thought to an original political thinker in his own right. In essays dealing with major thinkers of the recent past, including some of the most formidable bodies of work of the twentieth century, Wolin probed different approaches to both understanding the nature of theory and its bearing on the political from a perspective clearly aligned with the principles of participatory democracy. From this perspective, <mask> engaged with a vast array of thinkers: Theodor W. Adorno & Max Horkheimer, Hannah Arendt, John Dewey, Michel Foucault, Leo Strauss, Harvey C. Mansfield, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Michael Oakeshott, Karl Popper, John Rawls, Richard Rorty, and Max Weber. Politically, <mask> penned essays on a variety of themes and figures, including terrorism, conservatism, Jimmy Carter, Henry Kissinger, and Ronald Reagan.His The Presence of the Past offered an original critique of Reaganism, its discourse and practice, and a series of searching reflections on the bicentennial of the American Constitution. His last book, Democracy Incorporated (2008) formulates a scathing critique of the administration of George W. Bush and its war on terror and a plea for the recovery of democratic values and practices. In these interventions, <mask> formulated an original non-Marxist critique of capitalism and the fate of democratic political life in the present. In his effort to think about the fate of democracy in the United States, he formulated a novel theorization of modern and postmodern forms of power and how these shaped the limits and horizons of political life in the late twentieth and early twentieth-first centuries. While influenced by Marx's critique of capitalism as a form of power, <mask>'s political thought is decidedly non-Marxist in his insistence on participatory democracy, the primacy of the political, and the conviction that a radical theory of democracy requires mapping the forms of power beyond the economy. <mask>'s political thought is particularly concerned with the fate of democracy at the hands of bureaucratic imperatives, elitism, and managerial principles and practices. His ideas of "inverted totalitarianism" and "fugitive democracy" constitute well-known signatures of his reflections.Another signature contribution is his account of the liberal-democratic state, which Wendy Brown has characterized as a "neo-Weberian" account of the state, "heavy with rationalities and bureaucratic domination; it is a Marxist-structuralist state, neither identical with nor a simple instrument of capitalism but complexly entwined with it. It is an administrative and penetrative state - those tentacles are everywhere and on everyone, especially the most disempowered; they do not honor public/private distinctions, political/economic distinctions, or even legal/extra-legal distinctions...the contemporary state is a complex amalgam of political, economic, administrative and discursive powers." Out of this diagnosis of the state and its complex relationship to capitalism, <mask> forged the idea of "fugitive democracy." In his view, democracy is not a fixed state form, but a political experience in which ordinary people are active political actors. In this construction "fugitive" stands for the ways in which contemporary forms of power have made this aspiration an evanescent and momentary political experience. Personal life
<mask> was born in Chicago and raised in Buffalo, New York. At the age of nineteen, <mask> interrupted his studies at Oberlin College to become a US Army Air Forces bombardier/navigator, serving on the Consolidated B-24 Liberator.<mask> flew 51 different combat missions serving in the South Pacific, specifically the islands surrounding the Philippines, during World War II. <mask>'s team were tasked with Douglas MacArthur's strategy of conducting raids against the Japanese Navy, which required flying low over Japanese destroyers in order to bomb them. This was incredibly risky, as the B-24 was a "big, lumbering aircraft" which was hard to manoeuvre, and this cost the lives of many of <mask>'s fellow airmen, "which proved disastrous." <mask> mentioned that his flight mates were all very young at the time, being between nineteen and twenty-four years of age. <mask> mentioned that several of his flight mates, both at the time and years later, suffered psychological problems as a result of their activities in the War. He was married to Emily Purvis <mask> for over sixty years. His nephew Maurice was featured on To Catch a Predator.Awards
Rockefeller Foundation Fellow
American Council of Learned Societies Fellow
Center for the Advance Study in the Behavioral Sciences Fellow, Stanford University
Guggenheim Fellow
Fulbright Fellow
Clark Library Fellow, UCLA
Member of the National Foundation for the Humanities
Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Christian Gauss Lectures
David and Elaine Spitz Prize, Conference on Political Thought, for "Politics and Vision." 1985 American Political Science Association's Lippincott Award for the 1960 edition of "Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought"
David Easton Award for "Tocqueville Between Two Worlds"
2008 Lannan Award for an "Especially Notable" Book for "Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism"

Works

BooksPolitics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought, expanded ed. (1960; Princeton University Press, 2004). The Berkeley Student Revolt: Facts and Interpretations, edited with Seymour Martin Lipset (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1965).The Berkeley Rebellion and Beyond: Essays on Politics & Education in the Technological Society, with John H. Schaar (Vintage Books/New York Review Books, 1970).Hobbes and the Epic Tradition of Political Theory (William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, Los Angeles: University of California, 1970). (Spanish translation: Hobbes y la tradición épica de la teoría política, Colección Rétor, Madrid: Foro Interno, 2005. )Presence of the Past: Essays on the State and the Constitution (1989)Tocqueville Between Two Worlds: The Making of a Political and Theoretical Life (Princeton University Press, 2001). Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism (Princeton University Press, 2008).(Trad. esp. : Democracia S. A., Buenos Aires/Madrid, Katz editores S.A, 2008, )Fugitive Democracy and Other Essays. Edited by Nicholas Xenos (Princeton University Press, 2016). Articles
<mask>. "Inverted Totalitarianism". The Nation magazine, May 19, 2003.<mask>. "A Kind of Fascism Is Replacing Our Democracy". Newsday, July 18, 2003, archived at Axis of Logic. <mask>. "Political Theory as a Vocation". The American Political Science Review, Vol. 63, No.4 (December 1969), pp. 1062–82. (Spanish translation: "La teoría política como vocación". Foro Interno'', vol. 11 (Diciembre 2011), pp. 193–234]). References

Further reading
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1922 births
2015 deaths
American political philosophers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Oberlin College alumni
Harvard University alumni
Princeton University faculty

masks:
Sheldon Sanford Wolin
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