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<mask>n (born November 21, 1985) is a Canadian singer, songwriter, and actress. Born and raised in Mission, British Columbia, Jepsen pursued a musical theatre program at the Canadian College of Performing Arts in Victoria, British Columbia. After completing her studies, she relocated to Vancouver and competed on the fifth season of Canadian Idol in 2007, placing third. In 2008, Jepsen released her folk-influenced debut studio album, Tug of War, in Canada. Jepsen's breakthrough came in 2012, when her single "Call Me Maybe" achieved significant mainstream popularity; the song was the best-selling single of that year, reaching number one in 18 countries. As a result, she was signed to a joint worldwide record deal with School Boy Records and Interscope Records. Jepsen's second studio album, Kiss, was released later that year.It marked a greater shift into mainstream pop music and saw fair commercial success, reaching the top ten in Canada and the United States. In 2014, Jepsen made her Broadway stage debut as the titular character in Cinderella. The following year, she released her third studio album, Emotion. It is noted for its influence from 1980s music as well as blending dance-pop and synth-pop with indie sensibilities. While less commercially successful than Kiss, it saw the success of its lead single, "I Really Like You", and received wide critical acclaim. In 2016 Jepsen performed in the television special Grease: Live and lent her voice to the animated film Ballerina. Her fourth studio album, Dedicated, was released on May 17, 2019 and was similarly well-received by fans and critics.Jepsen released a follow-up album titled Dedicated Side B one year later. Jepsen has received numerous awards and accolades, including three Juno Awards, a Billboard Music Award, and an Allan Slaight Award, as well as nominations for Grammy Awards, MTV Video Music Awards, Polaris Music Prize and People's Choice Awards. , Jepsen has sold over 25 million records worldwide. Life and career

1985−2006: Early life and career beginnings
Jepsen was born in Mission, British Columbia, to Alexandra Lanzarotta and <mask>, the second of their three children. She is of Danish, English and Scottish descent. Jepsen has an older brother, Colin, and a younger sister, Katie. She attended Heritage Park Secondary School, and she pursued her passion for musical theatre by appearing in student productions of Annie, Grease, and The Wiz, playing the respective lead roles of Annie, Sandy Olsson and Dorothy Gale.Her parents and stepparents were teachers, so Jepsen considered a career in music instruction as a second option. She applied to music-related programs, including those at Capilano University and the University of British Columbia. Her high school drama teacher, Beverly Holmes, persuaded her to audition for the Canadian College of Performing Arts in Victoria, British Columbia. She was one of 25 female students to gain admission into its year-long program: "It was very clear to me after that school, as much fun as I had, I really did want to pursue more of a purely musical career rather than acting and all the dancing." After graduation, Jepsen relocated to Vancouver's west side, and was fortunate to hold several jobs. She worked at Trees Organic Coffee as a barista and pastry chef assistant, starting its open mic night. Jepsen describes this as "the happiest time in her life"; she slept on a pull-out sofa, wrote songs in her downtime with a guitar her parents gave her, and "performed multiple nights a week at musician-friendly holes in the wall".Bartending at the Media Club, Jepsen once requested an extra-late shift to see Sia, prior to their collaboration. 2007–2010: Canadian Idol and Tug of War

While assembling a swing band, Jepsen was convinced to audition for Canadian Idol by her drama teacher. She performed her original song "Sweet Talker" and finished in third place, which she considered the best possible outcome in retrospect: "It was like all the exposure without the devilish contract at the end." Her demo recording attracted the attention of music manager Jonathan Simkin, who signed Jepsen to a management deal with 604 Records that year. Performances

Jepsen released her debut single, a cover of John Denver's song "Sunshine on My Shoulders", in June 2008. Her debut album, Tug of War, was released in September 2008, and sold 10,000 copies in Canada. The singles "Tug of War" and "Bucket" peaked in the top 40 of the Canadian Hot 100, and received Gold certifications for sales of 40,000 units each."Sour Candy", a duet with Josh Ramsay of Marianas Trench was released as the final single. 2009, Jepsen toured western Canada with Marianas Trench and Shiloh. 2011–2014: Mainstream success with Curiosity and Kiss

2011, Jepsen recorded material for her second album with Josh Ramsay, Ryan Stewart, and Tavish Crow, her co-writer of "Call Me Maybe". The track "Call Me Maybe" was released in September of that year. 2012, fellow Canadian pop singer Justin Bieber promoted the single on Twitter, and the next month, it was featured in a viral video in which Bieber, Selena Gomez, Carlos Pena from Big Time Rush and Ashley Tisdale lip-synced and danced to it. Bieber's manager, Scooter Braun, signed Jepsen to a joint worldwide record deal with his label, Schoolboy Records, and the major label Interscope Records. "Call Me Maybe" later peaked at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, making Jepsen the fourth Canadian artist to top the chart.In the United States, the single spent nine weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, earning the title "Song of the Summer" from Billboard magazine. The single also topped the charts in 18 countries, including the United Kingdom, where it was the year's second best-selling single. It was the best-selling single of 2012 worldwide, according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). The song was included on Jepsen's six-track EP, Curiosity, released in February 2012 in Canada. Following the success of "Call Me Maybe", Jepsen recorded the duet "Good Time" with Owl City, released in June 2012. The song peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and preceded Jepsen's second album, Kiss, released in September 2012, and reached top ten chart positions in Australia, the UK, and the US. In Canada, the album is certified gold.The album also produced the singles "This Kiss" and "Tonight I'm Getting Over You". 2012, Jepsen appeared on the fifth-season premiere episode of The CW primetime soap opera 90210, and became a spokesperson for clothing retailer Wet Seal. Jepsen received the Rising Star Award at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards, the first Canadian recipient. At the 2013 Juno Awards, Kiss won the awards for Album of the Year and Pop Album of the Year. "Call Me Maybe" won in the Single of the Year category. The single also received nominations for Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards. In 2013, Jepsen became a spokesperson for clothing/footwear brand Candie's.2013, Kiss: The Remix, a compilation album containing remixes and instrumentals of singles from Kiss, was released in Japan, and peaked at number 157 on the Oricon albums chart. From June to October Jepsen embarked on The Summer Kiss Tour in North America and Asia. During 2014, she performed in the Broadway production of Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella for 12 weeks. Later that year, Jepsen won the International Achievement Award at the SOCAN Awards, alongside co-writers Josh Ramsay and Tavish Crowe. 2015–2017: Emotion and other projects

Jepsen released her third album's lead single, "I Really Like You", in March 2015. Accompanied by a music video in which actor Tom Hanks lip-synced to the song, it peaked at number 14 in Canada and the top five in the UK. The album, titled Emotion, was released in June 2015 and received positive reviews; the album appeared on many publications' year-end albums lists.Emotion became a cult favourite, attracting a more mature audience to her music. The album peaked at number eight in Canada and at number 16 on the US Billboard 200. It includes collaborations with Rostam Batmanglij (of Vampire Weekend), Sia, Dev Hynes, Greg Kurstin, and Ariel Rechtshaid. The second single, "Run Away with Me", was released in July 2015. Later that year, Jepsen embarked on the Gimmie Love Tour in support of Emotion. Jepsen was also featured on a new version of Bleachers' song "Shadow" from their album Terrible Thrills, Vol. 2 and released a cover of Wham!'s "Last Christmas". Jepsen played Frenchy in Grease Live, Fox's live television presentation of the musical Grease in January 2016. As part of her role, she performed a new song entitled "All I Need Is an Angel". In late 2015, Jepsen recorded the theme song for the Netflix series Fuller House, a remake of the theme to Full House. In 2016, she appeared on The Knocks' debut album 55. Jepsen released Emotion: Side B in August 2016, an EP containing eight cut tracks from Emotion. The EP was listed on several end-of-year lists from publications such as Rolling Stone and Pitchfork.In May 2017, Jepsen released the single "Cut to the Feeling". The song was originally intended for Emotion, but instead appeared in the animated film Ballerina, in which Jepsen voices a supporting role. It also appeared in a deluxe version of Emotion: Side B only released in Japan. 2018–present: Dedicated
In January and February 2018, Jepsen appeared as the opening act for Katy Perry's Witness: The Tour. "Party for One", the lead single from Jepsen's upcoming fourth studio album, was released on November 1, 2018. Two more songs, "Now That I Found You" and "No Drug Like Me" followed on February 27, 2019. As of 2019, Braun was no longer Jepsen's manager, although she was still signed to School Boy Records.Her fourth album, Dedicated, came out May 17, 2019, with a tour beginning June 27. The album has 13 tracks on the standard edition, with 2 additional tracks on the deluxe. Jepsen performed a NPR Tiny Desk Concert in November. On May 21, 2020, the companion album Dedicated Side B was released, containing twelve additional tracks from Dedicated. Following its release, Jepsen also confirmed the same month that she was making a "quarantine album" with songwriter Tavish Crowe with whom she wrote "Call Me Maybe". On October 30, 2020, Jepsen released "It's Not Christmas Till Somebody Cries" which peaked at 11 on the US Holiday Digital Songs chart. Artistry

Musical style
Jepsen is classified as a soprano.Paul Bradley of LA Weekly describes Jepsen's voice as "hushed" and "flawless" while Maura Johnston of Slate Magazine characterizes it as "airy yet precise". She says she shares her parents' interest in folk music as a result of her upbringing, naming artists such as Leonard Cohen, Bruce Springsteen, James Taylor, and Van Morrison as inspirations for her debut album, Tug of War (2008). During the recording of her EP Curiosity and her second album, Kiss (both 2012), Jepsen said she became increasingly influenced by pop and dance music, in particular the works of Dragonette, Kimbra, La Roux, and Robyn. Her third album, Emotion (2015), drew from her love of pop music from the 1980s and the "old-school" albums of Cyndi Lauper, Madonna, and Prince. Jepsen has also expressed admiration for Cat Power, Christine and the Queens, Tegan and Sara, Bleachers, Kate Bush, Bob Dylan, Sky Ferreira, Dev Hynes, Solange Knowles, Joni Mitchell, Sinéad O'Connor, the Spice Girls, and Hank Williams. Impact

Lyndsey McKenna, writer for NPR wrote that "Jepsen's career is instructive. The internet's reception of Jepsen's music has given her a longevity and a lifespan beyond its limited, though influential, time on the charts".McKenna went on to say that she "doesn't have to be queen of the charts [...] Instead, she can have her own world: technicolored-hued, insular but not exclusionary, where absurdity and enthusiasm are equally cherished". In 2019, Insider writer, Libby Torres, called Jepsen an "Artist of the Decade" saying that her "impact extends far beyond music, as she's often celebrated as a queer icon". She also stated that Jepsen's "subversively catchy lyrics, slick musical arrangements, and pop experimentation have made her a true star". Time writer, Raisa Bruner, stated that Jepsen had a "cult of popularity" and mentioned the "ongoing compliment-spam that adorns her social media profiles, with each fan proclaiming her queen of something". Marie-Ève Venne, writer for Dress to Kill stated that recently, Jepsen has "embraced a more mature pop queen persona, showcasing a modern and sophisticated sound". American Singer-Songwriter Maggie Rogers credits Jepsen's 'Emotion' with inspiring her to pursue Pop music. She told The Line of Best Fit, "'Run Away With Me' was the first pop song that I ever really fell in love with and it made me understand there was a version of pop music that I could make, that could combine all the things I love."Activism
<mask> was scheduled to perform at the Boy Scouts of America 2013 National Scout Jamboree, along with the band Train, but in March 2013, both cited the BSA policy on homosexuals as a barrier to their performance. Jepsen released a statement stating, "As an artist who believes in equality for all people, I will not be participating in the Boy Scouts of America Jamboree this summer." Discography

 Tug of War (2008)
 Kiss (2012)
 Emotion (2015)
 Dedicated (2019)
Dedicated Side B (2020)

Tours

Headlining
 The Summer Kiss Tour (2013)
 Gimmie Love Tour (2015–2016)
 The Dedicated Tour (2019–2020)

Co-headlining
 Marianas Trench, The New Cities and The Mission District – Beside You Tour (2009)

Opening act
 Hanson – Shout It Out World Tour (Canadian dates) (2012)
 Justin Bieber – Believe Tour (North American, European, and South American dates) (2012–2013)
 Hedley – Hello World Tour (Canadian dates) (2016)
 Katy Perry – Witness: The Tour (North American dates) (2018)

Credits

Television

Film

Theatre

References

External links

1985 births
21st-century Canadian women singers
APRA Award winners
Canadian expatriate musicians in the United States
Canadian women pop singers
Canadian women singer-songwriters
Canadian folk singer-songwriters
Canadian Idol participants
Canadian people of Danish descent
Canadian people of English descent
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian sopranos
Canadian women activists

Dance-pop musicians
Fontana North artists
Interscope Records artists
Juno Award for Album of the Year winners
Juno Award for Pop Album of the Year winners
Juno Award for Single of the Year winners
LGBT rights activists from Canada
Living people
MapleMusic Recordings artists
MTV Europe Music Award winners
People from Mission, British Columbia
Pop rock singers
School Boy Records artists

masks:
Carly Rae Jepse
Larry Jepsen
Jepsen


type: original

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<mask> (born 20 October 1951) is an Australian Christian fundamentalist, young Earth creationist and apologist, living in the United States. He is the founder, CEO, and former president of Answers in Genesis (AiG), a Christian apologetics organization that operates the Creation Museum and the Ark Encounter. <mask> advocates biblical literalism, accepting the Book of Genesis creation narrative as historical fact and believing the universe and the Earth were created together approximately 6,000 years ago, contrary to the scientific consensus that the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old and the universe is about 13.8 billion years old. Early life
<mask> was born 20 October 1951 in Cairns, Queensland. His father, Mervyn, was a Christian educator who served as a school principal in several schools throughout Queensland. <mask> earned a bachelor's degree in applied science (with an emphasis on environmental biology) from the Queensland Institute of Technology and holds a Diploma in Education from the University of Queensland. While at university, he was influenced by John C. Whitcomb and Henry M. Morris's 1961 book The Genesis Flood.Upon graduation in 1975, <mask> began teaching science at a high school in Dalby, Queensland. Career

In 1977, <mask> began teaching at a high school in Brisbane, where he met John Mackay, another teacher who believed in young Earth creationism. According to Susan and William Trollinger, <mask> was "appalled by the fact that some of his students assumed their textbooks that taught evolutionary science successfully proved the Bible to be untrue," and he said the experience "put a 'fire in my bones' to do something about the influence that evolutionary thinking was having on students and the public as a whole." In 1979, he resigned his teaching position and, with his wife, founded Creation Science Supplies and Creation Science Educational Media Services, which provided resources for the teaching of creationism in the public schools of Queensland, a practice allowed at the time. In 1980, the Hams and Mackay merged the two organizations with Carl Wieland's Creation Science Association to form the Creation Science Foundation (CSF). As CSF's work expanded, <mask> moved to the United States in January 1987 to engage in speaking tours with another young Earth creationist organization, the Institute for Creation Research (ICR). His "Back to Genesis" lecture series focused on three major themes – that evolutionary theory had led to cultural decay, that a literal reading of the first eleven chapters of the Book of Genesis contained the true origin of the universe and a pattern for society, and that Christians should engage in a culture war against atheism and humanism.With his popularity growing in the United States, <mask> left ICR in 1994 and, with colleagues Mark Looy and Mike Zovath, founded Creation Science Ministries with the assistance of what is now Creation Ministries International (Australia). In 1997, <mask>'s organization changed its name to Answers in Genesis. From the time AiG was founded, <mask> planned to open a museum and training center near its headquarters in Florence, Kentucky, telling an Australian Broadcasting Corporation interviewer in 2007, "Australia's not really the place to build such a facility if you're going to reach the world. Really, America is." In a separate interview with The Sydney Morning Herald'''s Paul Sheehan, <mask> explained, "One of the main reasons [AiG] moved [to Florence] was because we are within one hour's flight of 69 percent of America's population." The  museum, located in Petersburg, Kentucky,  west of the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, opened 27 May 2007. In February 2018, <mask> was disinvited from the University of Central Oklahoma, where he was scheduled to speak, after an LGBTQ student group objected.Later that month, UCO reinvited <mask> to speak, and <mask> spoke on March 5 as planned. Disputes with CMI and GHC
At the end of 2005, the AiG Confederation crumbled due to a disagreement between <mask> and Carl Wieland over the "differences in philosophy and operation". This disagreement led to <mask> effectively retaining the leadership of the UK and American branches while Wieland served as managing director of the Australian branch and the smaller offices in Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa. This splitting into two groups led to the Australian branch renaming themselves Creation Ministries International (CMI). The AiG stayed with Ham and continued to expand its staff and work closely with the Institute for Creation Research (ICR). Young Earth creationist Kurt Wise was recruited by <mask> as a consultant to help with the concluding phases of the museum project. In May 2007, Creation Ministries International (CMI) filed a lawsuit against Ham and AiG in the Supreme Court of Queensland seeking damages and accusing him of deceptive conduct in his dealings with the Australian organization.Members of the group expressed "concern over Mr. <mask>'s domination of the groups, the amount of money being spent on his fellow executives and a shift away from delivering the creationist message to raising donations." <mask> was accused of trying to send the Australian ministry into bankruptcy. According to the CMI website, this dispute was amicably settled in April 2009. In 2008, <mask> appeared in Bill Maher's comedy-documentary Religulous. AiG criticized the movie for what it called Maher's "dishonesty last year in gaining access to the Creation Museum and AiG President <mask>." In March 2011, the board of Great Homeschool Conventions, Inc. (GHC) voted to disinvite <mask> and AiG from future conventions. Conference organizer Brennan Dean stated <mask> had made "unnecessary, ungodly, and mean-spirited statements that are divisive at best and defamatory at worst".Dean stated further, "We believe Christian scholars should be heard without the fear of ostracism or ad hominem attacks." The disinvitation occurred after <mask> criticized Peter Enns of The BioLogos Foundation, who advocated a symbolic, rather than literal, interpretation of the fall of Adam and Eve. <mask> accused Enns of espousing "outright liberal theology that totally undermines the authority of the Word of God". Bill Nye–<mask> debate

In February 2014, <mask> debated American science educator and engineer Bill Nye (popularly known as "Bill Nye the Science Guy") on the topic of whether young Earth creationism is a viable model of origins in the contemporary scientific era. Critics expressed concern that the debate lent the appearance of scientific legitimacy to creationism while also stimulating <mask>'s fundraising. Nye said the debate was "an opportunity to expose the well-intending <mask> and the support he receives from his followers as being bad for Kentucky, bad for science education, bad for the U.S., and thereby bad for humankind." <mask> said that publicity generated by the debate helped stimulate construction of the Ark Encounter theme park, which had been stalled for lack of funds.The Ark Encounter opened on 7 July 2016, a date (7/7) chosen to correspond with Genesis 7:7, the Bible verse that describes Noah entering the ark. The following day, Nye visited Ark Encounter, and he and <mask> had an informal debate. Beliefs
Creationism
According to <mask>, he was inspired by his father, also a young Earth creationist, to interpret the Book of Genesis as "literal history" and first rejected what he termed "molecules-to-man evolution" during high school. As a young Earth creationist and biblical inerrantist, <mask> believes that the Book of Genesis is historical fact. <mask> believes the age of the Universe to be about 6,000 years and asserts that Noah's flood occurred about 4,400 years ago in approximately 2348 BC. Astrophysical measurements and radiometric dating show that the age of the universe is about 13.8 billion years and the age of the Earth is about 4.5 billion years. Arguing that knowledge of evolution and the Big Bang require observation rather than inference, <mask> urges asking scientists and science educators, "Were you there?"The Talk.origins archive responds that the evidence for evolution "was there," and that knowledge serves to determine what occurred in the past and when. "Were you there?" questions also invalidate creationism as science—an argument with which <mask> himself agrees. Sexuality
<mask> believes that abortion, same-sex marriage, homosexuality, and being transgender "are all attacks on the true family God ordained in Scripture". He believes that Christians should "take back the rainbow", a popular symbol for the LGBT movement. As a condition for employment at the Ark Encounter, AiG, as directed by <mask>, requires workers to sign a statement that they view homosexuality as a sin. Other beliefs
<mask> rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.Reception
Chris Mooney, of Slate'' magazine, believes <mask>'s advocacy of young Earth creation will "undermine science education and U.S. science literacy". But Andrew O'Hehir of Salon argues that the "liberal intelligentsia" have grossly overstated the influence of <mask> and those espousing similar views because, while "religious ecstasy, however nonsensical, is powerful in a way reason and logic are not", advocates like <mask> "represent a marginalized constituency with little power". <mask> has been awarded honorary degrees by six Christian colleges: Temple Baptist College (1997), Liberty University (2004), Tennessee Temple University (2010), Mid-Continent University (2012), Bryan College (2017), and Mid-America Baptist Theological Seminary (2018). Personal life
<mask> is married to Marylin <mask>; the couple have five children and sixteen grandchildren. Works

Notes

References

External links

 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine:

1951 births
Living people
20th-century Australian male writers
20th-century Australian writers
20th-century Baptists
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century Australian writers
21st-century Baptists
American Christian writers
American evangelicals
American male non-fiction writers
Australian Baptists
Australian emigrants to the United States
Australian religious writers
Baptist writers
Baptists from the United States
Christian apologists
Christian fundamentalists
Christian Young Earth creationists
Creation scientists
Critics of atheism
People from Cairns
Queensland University of Technology alumni
University of Queensland alumni
Writers from Queensland
21st-century American male writers

masks:
Kenneth Alfred Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ken Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ken Ham
Ham
Ham
Ken Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ham
Ken Ham
Ham
Ham
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texts:
<mask> (March 20, 1783 – April 13, 1842) was an early pioneer and explorer of the Oregon Country in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Employed as an agent in the fur trade under John Jacob Astor, <mask> organized and led the greater part of a group of about 60 men on an overland expedition to establish a fur trading outpost at the mouth of the Columbia River. The Astorians, as they have become known, were the first major party to cross to the Pacific after the Lewis and Clark expedition. Biography
Historical records refer to <mask> both as "William" and as "<mask>." Originally from Trenton, New Jersey, <mask> moved to St. Louis in 1804 and worked selling various merchandise for several years. In 1810 he became connected with John Jacob Astor. Astor, as part of his plan to gain a foothold on the Northwest coast and enable the development and prosecution of a more profitable trade with the Chinese, formed the Pacific Fur Company.The six partners in the Company (not including Astor) were all Canadians and former prominent figures in the North West Company, except for <mask> who was the sole American. <mask> was second in line behind Astor as "partner and first resident agent", acting as his personal representative in his absence. The company sent two simultaneous expeditions: one by sea directly to the mouth of the Columbia to establish the post, and one over the land in order to demonstrate the practicability of the route as a supply line. <mask> was placed in charge of the overland expedition and as was to assume charge at Astoria upon his arrival. <mask> had never before traveled into the interior of the west but had been engaged in the Indian trade second hand while at St. Louis supplying traders with goods and equipment. Donald McKenzie, also a partner in the company, accompanied <mask>. McKenzie had extensive wilderness experience, having served ten years in the interior as a clerk for the Northwest Company."Under… two such leaders as <mask> and McKenzie, he [Astor] had, in fact, everything to hope and little to fear." On July 5, 1810, <mask> and McKenzie set out for St. Louis from Montreal with a number of Canadian voyageurs. En route, they continued to recruit men for the expedition. <mask> had difficulty finding quality men at Mackinaw and St. Louis. At Mackinaw, he was discouraged by the quality of the men, finding most to be "drinking in the morning, drunk at noon and dead drunk at night." In addition, he faced a steady competition for recruits amongst the more established Northwest and Mackinaw companies in Michilimackinac and the Missouri Fur Company in St. Louis. Having finally assembled a party, <mask> arrived at Nodaway, Missouri, on November 16, 1810, and settled into winter quarters.They departed April 22, 1811. In the course of traveling up the Missouri River, <mask> recruited several former Missouri Fur Company men returning from the interior. His original plan had been to ascend the Missouri and then the Yellowstone rivers, but information provided by these men regarding the hostility of the Blackfoot on the upper Missouri caused him to change course and cross to the Columbia by land. <mask> purchased horses from the Arikara tribe near present-day Pierre, South Dakota and began the long trek over land westward. The party passed along the borders of the Black Hills and Bighorn mountains then crossed the Wind River mountains into the valley of the Green River by way of Union Pass. Here they descended the Hoback River to its junction with the Snake River and crossed Teton Pass to the abandoned Fort Henry, arriving October 18, 1811. Knowing that they were now on the headwaters of the Columbia, the party anticipated the majority of their struggles to be over, and <mask> yielded to the desires of his men to abandon the horses and embark downstream by canoe.This was a fateful decision as the course of the Snake River later proved to be completely unnavigable by canoe, forcing the party to travel by foot and causing the men to endure severe hardship. After nine days of attempting to travel the river, they lost a man and two canoes in the rapids and reconsidered their plan. Embarking on foot, they divided into four parties and took different routes to approach the mouth of the Columbia. <mask>'s party arrived on February 15, 1812. The trip from Missouri to the future site of Astoria, Oregon took 340 days. According to his own account, <mask> traveled  from the village of the Arikaras, in present-day South Dakota, to the end of the journey. A return expedition overland was led by Robert Stuart, who discovered South Pass, a key feature of the soon-to-be-established Oregon Trail.On August 4, 1812, <mask> sailed on the newly arrived ship sent by Astor, the Beaver, in order to establish trade with the Russian establishment at New Archangel in modern day Alaska, leaving Duncan McDougall in charge of the fort. <mask> remained absent from Astoria longer than intended, forced to wait for payment at New Archangel and then detouring to the Hawaiian Islands to repair damage to the Beaver sustained in a storm. While in the Hawaiian Islands, he learned of the war that had broken out between the US and Britain and chartered the ship Albatros to land him at Astoria. In the meantime, McDougal, faced with managing the precarious situation of Astoria, concluded an agreement to sell the fort to the Northwest Company. Upon his return to Astoria, <mask> was displeased with the decision and questioned the motives of the Canadian partners, but despite his protest he was bound to their decision. Soon after arriving, he again left the fort, this time on the Albatros bound for the Marquesas and the Hawaiian Islands for the purposes of bringing a large quantity of the furs accumulated at Astoria to market, acquiring a ship and a load of provisions, and returning home the Hawaiian Islanders who were in the employ of the Company at Astoria. While in the Hawaiian Islands, <mask> purchased the brig the Pedlar, which he provisioned and sailed to Astoria in order to conduct business related to the transfer of the fort to the British.The Pedlar then traveled again to New Archangel and then to Kamchatka before being captured in August 1814 by the Spanish on smuggling charges and held on the coast of California at San Louis Obispo for two months. After being released, the Pedlar made its way back to the Hawaiian Islands then ultimately onto China to procure a cargo of Chinese goods for trade in New York. <mask> arrived in New York with his cargo in October 1816. <mask> ultimately returned to St. Louis in 1817 and purchased a large tract of land southwest of the city, upon which he farmed and made improvements until his death in 1842. He was appointed postmaster of St. Louis in 1822 by President Monroe and held the position until 1840. <mask>'s expedition is one of many scenes depicted on the Astoria Column, and his name is inscribed in a frieze in the Oregon State Senate chamber of the Oregon State Capitol. See also
 John Jacob Astor
 Pacific Fur Company
 North West Company
 David Thompson, a Canadian explorer who arrived at Astoria shortly before the <mask> party.Beaver (ship)

References

External links
Wilson Price Hunt notes, Vault MSS 534, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University

Oregon Country
People from Asbury Park, New Jersey
People from St. Louis
1783 births
1842 deaths
Oregon pioneers

masks:
Wilson Price Hunt
Hunt
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Wilson
Hunt
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texts:
<mask>, ForMemRS (; 4 October 1916 – 8 November 2009) was a Russian theoretical physicist who was honored with the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003, together with Alexei Abriksov and Anthony Leggett for their "pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids." His career in physics was spent in Soviet Union and was one of the leading Soviet scientists in the Soviet Union's atomic bomb project, working towards designs of the thermonuclear devices. He became a member of the  Russian Academy of Sciences and succeeded Igor Tamm as head of the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FIAN). In his later life, Ginzburg become an outspoken atheist and was critical of clergy's influence in Russian society. Biography
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in Moscow on 4 October 1916— the son of an engineer, <mask>, and a doctor, Augusta Wildauer who was a graduate from the Physics Faculty of Moscow State University in 1938. After attending his mother's alma mater, he defended his qualifications of the candidate's (Kandidat Nauk) dissertation in 1940, and his comprehensive thesis for the doctor's (Doktor Nauk) qualification in 1942. In 1944, he became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.Among his achievements are a partially phenomenological theory of superconductivity, the Ginzburg–Landau theory, developed with Lev Landau in 1950; the theory of electromagnetic wave propagation in plasmas (for example, in the ionosphere); and a theory of the origin of cosmic radiation. He is also known to biologists as being part of the group of scientists that helped bring down the reign of the politically connected anti-Mendelian agronomist Trofim Lysenko, thus allowing modern genetic science to return to the USSR. In 1937, <mask> married Olga Zamsha. In 1946, he married his second wife, <mask> (nee Yermakova), who had spent more than a year in custody on fabricated charges of plotting to assassinate the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. <mask> was the editor-in-chief of the scientific journal Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. He also headed the Academic Department of Physics and Astrophysics Problems, which Ginzburg founded at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1968. <mask> identified as a secular Jew, and following the collapse of communism in the former Soviet Union, he was very active in Jewish life, especially in Russia, where he served on the board of directors of the Russian Jewish Congress.He is also well known for fighting anti-Semitism and supporting the state of Israel. In the 2000s (decade), Ginzburg was politically active, supporting the Russian liberal opposition and human rights movement. He defended Igor Sutyagin and Valentin Danilov against charges of espionage put forth by the authorities. On 2 April 2009, in an interview to the Radio Liberty Ginzburg denounced the FSB as an institution harmful to Russia and the ongoing expansion of its authority as a return to Stalinism. Ginzburg worked at the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of Soviet and Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow since 1940. Russian Academy of Sciences is a major institution where mostly all Nobel Prize laureates of physics from Russia have done their studies and/or research works. Stance on religion
Ginzburg was an avowed atheist, both under the militantly atheist Soviet government and in post-Communist Russia when religion made a strong revival.He criticized clericalism in the press and wrote several books devoted to the questions of religion and atheism. Because of this, some Orthodox Christian groups denounced him and said no science award could excuse his verbal attacks on the Russian Orthodox Church. He was one of the signers of the Open letter to the President Vladimir V. Putin from the Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences against clericalisation of Russia. Death
A spokeswoman for the Russian Academy of Sciences announced that Ginzburg died in Moscow on 8 November 2009 from cardiac arrest. He had been suffering from ill health for several years, and three years before his death said "In general, I envy believers. I am 90, and [am] being overcome by illnesses. For believers, it is easier to deal with them and with life's other hardships.But what can be done? I cannot believe in resurrection after death." Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin sent his condolences to <mask>'s family, saying "We bid farewell to an extraordinary personality whose outstanding talent, exceptional strength of character and firmness of convictions evoked true respect from his colleagues". President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev, in his letter of condolences, described <mask> as a "top physicist of our time whose discoveries had a huge impact on the development of national and world science." <mask> was buried on 11 November in the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow, the resting place of many famous politicians, writers and scientists of Russia. Honors and awards

Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (1946)
Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow" (1948)
Stalin Prize in 1953
Order of Lenin (1954)
Order of the Badge of Honour, twice (1954, 1975)
Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice (1956, 1986)
Lenin Prize in 1966
Medal "For Valiant Labour. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1970)
Marian Smoluchowski Medal (1984)
Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1987
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1991
Wolf Prize in Physics in 1994/5
Vavilov Gold Medal (1995) – for outstanding work in physics, including a series of papers on the theory of radiation by uniformly moving sources
Lomonosov Gold Medal in 1995  – for outstanding achievement in the field of theoretical physics and astrophysics
3rd class (3 October 1996) – for outstanding scientific achievements and the training of highly qualified personnel
Elected a  Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2003.Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003, together with Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov and Anthony James Leggett for their "pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
 Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 1st class (4 October 2006) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national science and many years of fruitful activity

References

External links

 including the Nobel Lecture On Superconductivity and Superfluidity
Ginzburg's homepage
Curriculum Vitae
Open letter to the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir V. Putin
Obituary The Daily Telegraph 11 Nov 2009. Obituary The Independent November 14, 2009 (by Martin Childs). Biography
 Obituary

1916 births
2009 deaths
Nobel laureates in Physics
Russian Nobel laureates
Scientists from Moscow
People from Moscow Governorate
Russian Jews
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Members of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
Russian atheism activists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Jewish atheists
Jewish Russian physicists
Jewish scientists
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Foreign Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology faculty
Moscow State University alumni
Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union
Stalin Prize winners
Lenin Prize winners
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Soviet astronomers
Soviet inventors
Russian skeptics
Soviet physicists
Superconductivity
Wolf Prize in Physics laureates
Theoretical physicists
UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal recipients
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Academic journal editors

masks:
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg
Vitaly Ginzburg
Lazar Yefimovich Ginzburg
Ginzburg
Nina Ginzburg
Ginzburg
Ginzburg
Ginzburg
Ginzburg
Ginzburg


texts:
<mask> (born October 21, 1984) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League. He played college football for the Fresno State Bulldogs. He was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the sixth round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He was also a member of the Indianapolis Colts, Miami Dolphins, Dallas Cowboys, and St. Louis Rams. Early life and high school
<mask>r was born and raised in Turlock, California, a town in Stanislaus County. He is the first son and second child of William and Sharen Brandstater and has three siblings. He began playing football at the age of eight with the Turlock Vikings Youth Football program, where he lists Mike  Hibden and Mike Huber as his most influential youth coaches.Several other WAC teammates and opponents, notably Colin Kaepernick of the Nevada Wolf Pack and fellow Fresno State Bulldog Anthony Harding, also played for the youth football program. He was the starting quarterback from the age of eight, but also played other positions. Brandstater attended Turlock High School. He achieved several distinctions as a high school player, including being named to the First-team All District team by the Modesto Bee as a defensive back, and guiding Turlock to the San Joaquin Section Division I South championship against Stockton Lincoln High. As a high school quarterback, he directed an offense that was primarily focused on rushing and did not display his true passing ability, though he still threw for over 1,000 yards in his last season in high school. He was the top quarterback in Fresno State's Summer Football Camp in 2003. College career

2004 season
As a freshman, he was given a redshirt year so he did not play during the team's 2004 season.He served as the quarterback for the scout team in practice against the starting defense. During this time, he was officially listed as the number three quarterback behind Paul Pinegar and Jordan Chrisensen. Brandstater did not play in any games during the season, as coach Pat Hill elected to keep him on the bench so that 2004 did not count as one of his four years of eligibility. 2005 season
After redshirting as a true freshman, Brandstater became the backup quarterback to Paul Pinegar in 2005, and was occasionally brought in by Coach Hill in late quarters of games where the Bulldogs had a blowout lead. In the season opener on September 10, 2005, he was brought in late against Weber State, completing 2 out of 4 attempts for 11 yards with a touchdown. He was also credited with a single rushing attempt, for a loss of two yards; this was to be his only rushing attempt of the season. He did not play in the next game, a close away loss to Oregon, and was brought out late in the 44–14 home victory against Toledo, where he attempted a single pass, which went for an incompletion.His next game was against Utah State, where he went 3 for 6 for 36 yards. He played his last game of the season in November against the San José State Spartans, where he completed a single pass for a two-yard gain. As Pinegar's backup, Brandstater played in eight games, completed 6 of 13 passes for 49 yards, with one touchdown and an interception. 2006 season
The 2005 season ended with three losses, including a Liberty Bowl loss to Tulsa, along with a number of losses of senior leadership, including senior quarterback Paul Pinegar and running back Wendell Mathis, both of whom were 2nd in the WAC in passing efficiency and rushing yards per game, respectively. Offensive coordinator Frank Cignetti, Jr., who had led the Bulldogs to two consecutive top ten finishes in NCAA scoring offense in 2004 and 2005, left for North Carolina, and was replaced for the 2006 season by Steve Hagen, the second offensive coordinator to work with Pinegar in as many seasons as a Bulldog. Fresno State opened the 2006 season at home against Nevada on September 1, 2006, and Brandstater passed for 124 yards with a touchdown in his first start with Fresno State, getting revenge for the upset loss the previous season and adding interest to the 83-year-old rivalry. The next week brought a home game against the Oregon Ducks on Sep 9, with Oregon entering the game ranked #20.Brandstater went 16 of 33 attempts for 150 yards, with a touchdown and two interceptions, as Fresno State lost to the Ducks on account of several special teams errors. The remainder of the season turned out to be problematic for the Bulldogs and Brandstater, as the team proceeded to lose the next six games, including a loss to Utah State. On Oct 14 against Hawaii, Coach Hill replaced Brandstater in the second quarter with his backup, Sean Norton, as the Bulldogs lost to the Warriors 68–37 at home. In the next game against LSU, Brandstater did not play. He returned to go 7 of 14 with 72 yards against Boise State, and proceeded to lead the Bulldogs to victories in the next three games against New Mexico State, Idaho, and Louisiana Tech. He started in the season finale at San José State, a loss, but the Bulldogs did end the season with some momentum heading into the 2007 season. 2007 season

Brandstater led the 2007 Fresno State Bulldogs football team to a 9-4 season, capped by back-to-back victories over BCS opponents Kansas State and Georgia Tech in the Humanitarian Bowl where <mask> earned The Most Valuable Player award.2008 season
Going into the 2008 season, the Bulldogs found themselves ranked in several national preseason polls, including Athlon Sports, ranking the Bulldogs #25, CBS Sportsline ranking the team #24, and ESPN ranking them at #21. Brandstater returned for his senior year along with 17 returning starters. He was listed as a darkhorse Heisman Trophy candidate, and was rated number 6 out of 129 quarterbacks going into 2008 by nfldraftscout.com. On July 17, 2008, the <mask>'Brien Watch List was released by the Davey O'Brien Foundation and its National Selection Committee highlighting 31 quarterbacks vying for the award honoring the nation's best quarterback for the 2008 football season, and Brandstater was listed alongside other top prospects. <mask>r was the starting quarterback for the Fresno State Bulldogs as they opened their 2008 season against Rutgers in New Brunswick, New Jersey in a non-conference away game on Labor Day. Behind Brandstater, Fresno State opened the game slowly, with neither team scoring any points in the first half. The Fresno State offense was only able to muster 102 yards and six first downs in the first half, but the defense was able to keep the Scarlet Knights from getting any points on the board.
.The Bulldogs would go on to score three touchdowns and a field goal, with all three touchdowns run into the end zone by running back Ryan Mathews. Brandstater completed the game with 11 completions on 24 attempts for a total of 216 yards and a quarterback rating of 121.4. NCAA statistics

Professional career

Denver Broncos
The Denver Broncos selected Brandstater in the 6th round (174th overall) of the 2009 NFL Draft. On July 26, 2009, Brandstater signed a four-year, $1.60 million contract with a $124,000 signing bonus. He would have earned an additional $2.285 million through final-year escalators. His base salary was $400,000 in 2009, and would have been $395,000 in 2010, $480,000 in 2011, and $565,000 in 2012. The Broncos acquired Tim Tebow through the 2010 NFL draft and brought in Brady Quinn from the Cleveland Browns, and therefore they released Brandstater on June 4, 2010.Indianapolis Colts
The Colts released their injured backup quarterback Jim Sorgi on March 5, 2010, and signed Brandstater off waivers on June 7, 2010, as the backup to Peyton Manning. On September 4, 2010, the Colts waived Brandstater, retaining Curtis Painter as the second string QB, and placing Brandstater on their practice squad on September 6, 2010. The Colts released Brandstater from the practice squad on September 29, 2010. Miami Dolphins
Brandstater was signed to the Miami Dolphins practice squad on November 15, 2010 following injuries to their first and second-string quarterbacks, Chad Henne and Chad Pennington. At the end of the 2010 season, he was signed to a contract. He was waived on August 5, 2011. Dallas Cowboys
Brandstater signed with the Dallas Cowboys on August 6, 2011, but was waived on September 3.St. Louis Rams
The St. Louis Rams signed him to their practice squad on September 13, 2011. He was promoted to the active roster, released from the team, re-signed to the practice squad, and once again promoted to the active roster during the 2011 season. On January 1, 2012 Brandstater played in the 4th quarter of the Week 17 game between the Rams and the San Francisco 49ers. After Kellen Clemens was injured on a second down sack at the hands of linebacker NaVorro Bowman, Brandstater saw his first career NFL action with two incomplete passes. He was released by the Rams on September 1, 2012. References

External links

 Fresno State Bulldogs bio

1984 births
Living people
People from Turlock, California
Players of American football from California
American football quarterbacks
Fresno State Bulldogs football players
Denver Broncos players
Indianapolis Colts players
Miami Dolphins players
Dallas Cowboys players
St. Louis Rams players

masks:
Thomas Brandstater
Tom Brandstate
Tom
Tom O
Tom Brandstate


texts:
<mask> (15 September 1910 – 25 October 1993) was an American media executive and entrepreneur. He is known for creating the Duncan Hines brand of packaged food products, and for his television/radio/newspaper conglomerate, Park Communications. He created the Park Foundation, which has funded many programs in his name at Ithaca College, Cornell University, and North Carolina State University. Biography
<mask> was born in Dobson, North Carolina, the son of a tenant farmer. He began writing for two local North Carolina newspapers at the age of 12; although he suffered a severe bout with rheumatic fever at 13, <mask> graduated from Dobson High School at the age of 15 and followed his brother to North Carolina State University. After crashing his brother's automobile, <mask> took his first job to pay off the damages; this job was at the local Associated Press bureau, where he worked his way up from office boy to reporter by the time of this graduation from college. He also wrote for the college's student newspaper, Technician, and extended his term of study at college so that he could serve as the paper's editor-in-chief.Upon graduation in 1931 with a degree in business administration, he was awarded the senior superlative of "Best Writer." After graduation, <mask> accepted the position of public relations director for the North Carolina Cotton Growers Cooperative Association; there, he pioneered innovative ways of promoting cotton, including "Cotton Balls," with dancers and performers dressed in cotton formal wear. In 1936, he married Dorothy Goodwin Dent, one of the "Maids of Cotton," whom he met prior to these events. At the Cotton Cooperative, <mask> founded and published three periodicals, the Carolina Cooperator, the Rural Electrification Guide, and Cooperative Digest and Farm Power, which attracted the attention of H. E. Babcock, the founder of the Grange League Federation. Babcock offered <mask> a position at the agency, in Ithaca, New York, which <mask> accepted in 1942. <mask>
In the late 1940s, the Grange approached <mask> to find a way to market their excess food products; <mask> approached well-known food critic <mask> to lend his name to a brand of packaged food products. The resulting company, Hines-Park Foods, was a stunning success in the American food market, especially with its flagship product, Duncan Hines Cake Mix.Only five years after releasing its first products, <mask>nes-<mask> was acquired by Procter & Gamble in 1956 for 360,000 shares of Procter & Gamble stock and an undisclosed amount of cash. <mask> stayed with Procter & Gamble as a senior executive until 1962. Park Communications

After selling Duncan Hines, <mask> began to look around for new business opportunities. In 1961, he used his shares of Procter & Gamble as collateral to acquire two radio stations in North Carolina and established Park Broadcasting, Inc. He left Procter & Gamble the following year and began rapidly purchasing other radio and TV stations. In 1972, he started purchasing newspapers; five years later, he owned 40 of them. Most of his acquisitions were in small to medium-sized markets, far away from big cities."<mask> saw gold in owning broadcast stations," said his longtime deputy Johnny Babcock. "They are reasonably invulnerable to competition, not overburdened with depreciable assets, high profile in their community, and while regulated by the government, the franchise for the assigned frequency on the airwaves is protected by Uncle Sam." <mask>'s TV stations operated at a 45% profit margin, with radio in the high 30s, "outdoor billboards in the low 30s, newspapers in the mid to high 20s. A big grocery retailer does well to turn a profit of 2-3 percent; industrial concerns score success if they exceed 10 percent operating profit. Broadcasting was a pretty fat cat." By 1977, <mask> had become the first broadcaster to acquire seven television stations, seven AM radio, and seven FM radio stations—the legal limit at the time. In 1983, Congress relaxed limits on ownership, and <mask> resumed buying.<mask> changed the name of the company and went public in 1983, selling 10% of his shares and retaining 90% of the company. At the time of his death, Park Communications controlled 21 radio stations, seven television stations, and 144 publications; the company's market reach was estimated at one-quarter of all American households and employed over 3,000 people. As the conglomerate grew, he often said that he did not sell media properties, he bought them. After his death, Park Communications was bought for $710 million by a pair of investors using a loan from the Retirement Systems of Alabama. It was resold in 1996 to Media General. In 2017, Media General was sold to Nexstar Broadcasting Group. The combined company is now known as Nexstar Media Group.Other

<mask> lived in the Ithaca, New York area for the remainder of his life, having purchased a stone mansion on seven acres in Cayuga Heights in the mid-1950s. He maintained connections to his native state, sitting on the Board of Visitors for the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Journalism and Mass Communication, and on the Board of Trustees of North Carolina State University. In 1989, the state of North Carolina presented him with its highest civilian honor, the North Carolina Award. In addition to his media holdings, <mask> owned a number of rental properties in Ithaca, timberland in North Carolina, and was a major shareholder in both Procter & Gamble and the Tompkins County Trust Company, owning 7% of the latter at his death. He also owned a billboard and outdoor advertising business that he eventually sold to his son. <mask> was actively involved with Ithaca College, joining its board of trustees in 1973 and serving as chairman from 1981 to 1992. In 1989, the college's media school was renamed the Roy H. <mask> School of Communications.The college's School of Business is housed in the Dorothy D. and <mask> H. Park Center, which opened in 2008. At Cornell University, he sat on the Advisory Council of the Johnson Graduate School of Management and endowed the Lewis H. Durland Memorial Lecture Series, which brings a prominent business leader to campus every year. (Durland, the longtime university treasurer, was a friend of <mask>.) <mask> died in 1993 from a heart attack in New York City. Philanthropy

In 1966, <mask> created the Park Foundation as an outlet for his philanthropic interests. After his death, a substantial percentage of his wealth went to the foundation. The foundation quickly ran into trouble, with <mask>'s two children (one liberal, one conservative) disagreeing about which causes to support.In 2001, <mask> divided the foundation in two. She, along with her daughter Adelaide Gomer and Gomer's daughter, continued to operate the Park Foundation, whereas <mask>. and his children took over the spun-off Triad Foundation. In 2010, with <mask> suffering from advanced Alzheimer's, her two children sued each other after disagreeing over whose foundation should get the bulk of her estimated $220-million estate. (<mask> died in 2016, at 103.) The Park Foundation supports a myriad of causes including higher education, media and public awareness, and environmental protection. Among their largest contributions include the Park Scholarships program at North Carolina State University and the Park Scholar program at Ithaca College within the Park School of Communications. In addition, the Dorothy and <mask> Park Alumni Center at North Carolina State was named after the couple.Awards and Honors
1970: NC State Alumni Association Meritorious Service Award
1971: Abe Lincoln Award from the Southern Baptist's Radio and Television Commission
1975: Watauga Medal, NC State's highest honor
1978: NC State honors <mask> with an Honorary Doctor of Humanities degree
1982: North Carolina Broadcasting Hall of Fame
1984: Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
1989: North Carolina Award
1989: Ithaca College in New York dedicates its communications building in his honor
1990: University of North Carolina School of Journalism Hall of Fame
1992: NC State University Centennial Award

References

1910 births
1993 deaths
People from Dobson, North Carolina
Ithaca College
North Carolina State University alumni
Associated Press reporters
20th-century American non-fiction writers

masks:
Roy Hampton Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Duncan Hines
Park
Park
Duncan Hines
Hi
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Roy
Park
Park
Park
Park
Dorothy Park
Park Jr
Dorothy Park
Dorothy Park
Roy
Park


texts:
<mask>-in (May 18, 1920 – April 3, 1983), also known in English reference as Byung-in <mask>, was a Korean Grandmaster of martial arts. He is believed to be the first Korean national to study Chuan Fa (Chinese Gung Fu) in China and to return to teach it in Korea. He was an influential instructor to many current and past Masters and Grandmasters, and himself a master of many styles and studies of Martial Arts. Life

Childhood
<mask>-in was born on May 18, 1920 in Fengtian, Manchuria. He was second of three sons of Yun Myong-keun, a distillery owner. His grandfather, Yun Young-hyun, was a Korean of noble birth. Following the Japanese annexation of Korea, his father's business started to suffer and took his family and fled to Manchuria.Yun attended elementary and secondary school (at that time, an eight-year program) in Manchukuo and graduated in 1938. During his elementary years, after diligent efforts to impress a Mongolian Chuan-fa master, the child Byung-In was permitted to study Chuan Fa or Gung Fu. Yoon studied Chinese Chuan Fa under the guidance of a Mongolian instructor in Manchuria for unspecified time. Japan

Yoon went to Tokyo, Japan in late 1938 to study agriculture at Nihon University. During this time, he started learning Shudokan karate under Kanken Toyama. He was not initially engaged in karate training at the university, but was often seen practicing conditioning exercises against a courtyard tree. This tree reportedly started leaning from his practice.At one point, Japanese karate students pursued and started to beat up another Korean karate student who had skipped karate class to spend time with his sweetheart. After being persuaded by the other Korean student for help, Yoon used his Chuan Fa to skillfully deflect and evade the karate students’ strikes and kicks to the point that they gave up and ran back to tell their teacher what had happened. Teacher Tōyama invited <mask> to tell him about the skillful non-karate martial art he used against his students. Yoon explained to Toyama about his Chuan-fa education in Manchuria. Toyama appreciated the Chuan-fa background since he (Toyama) had studied Chuan-fa in Taiwan for 7 years, previously. They decided to exchange knowledge; Yoon would teach Toyama Chuan Fa and Toyama would teach <mask> his Shudokan Karate. Yoon soon became the captain of Nihon University’s karate team and eventually was awarded a master’s certificate and the rank of 4th dan by Toyama.In 1940s – while in Japan – <mask> taught quan-fa and karate at Tokyo YMCA. Return to Korea
<mask> returned to Korea in 1945, after the Japanese rule over Korea ended upon the Surrender of Japan in World War II. Upon settling, he formulated his martial art style and called it Kwon Bop Kong Soo Do (roughly translated as "fist art empty hand way", i.e "Quan fa-Karate"). On September 1, 1946, he first began teaching martial arts at the Kungsung Agricultural High School. Around this time, he also taught martial arts at Yun Moo Kwan. Either late 1946 or early 1947, he established his own school at YMCA in Seoul. This school would become known as "Seoul Kwonbup Bu" and/or "YMCA Kwon Bop Bu", which would serve as the foundation for future Chang Moo Kwan.Early in his Seoul Kwan, <mask> taught some Kung Fu forms, however specifics of the curriculum remain unspecified. <mask>'s teaching of Karate techniques/kata is much well known and its curriculum has been vouched by Lee Num-suk. He also varied students’ training according to body size. North Korea
Yoon would disappear amidst of Korean War to the North Korean side. According to Kim Pyung-soo, Yoon vanished in August 1950. <mask> Byung-du, a Captain in the North Korean Army and <mask> Byung-in's brother is identified as cause of <mask> Byung-in going to North Korea. <mask> Byung-du made him to come with him to DPRK's side, likely by force, as <mask> Byung-in would had to leave his wife and eight month daughter behind.When <mask> Byung-in arrived to DPRK's side, he would be imprisoned at Gojae-do Island as prisoner of war. Between 1951 and 1966, the whereabouts and activities of <mask> Byung-in are unknown. In 1966 and 1967, he taught Gyeoksul to North Korean special forces of the Moranbong. In late 1967, Master Yoon completed his assignment and was assigned to a position at a concrete factory in Chongjin, where he was until his death from lung cancer in April 1983. Martial Arts knowledge
The Mongolian quan fa master who taught Yoon chinese martial arts remains unknown. His name has never been specified by <mask> nor any of his associates. It is speculated that the style this Mongolian martial artist taught to Yoon was either Changquan and/or Yang-style t'ai chi ch'uan.It is known that early Chuan-fa forms from the YMCA Kwon Bop Bu included Dan Kwon (Duan Quan), Chang Kwon (Changquan), Tai Jo Kwon (Taizuquan), Pal Gi Kwon (Bajiquan), and Doju San (토조산, Escaping Mist) and others. Yoon learnt Shudokan Karate under Kanken Toyama. Yoon has been awarded 4th Dan Black by Toyama. One of the styles of quan fa that Toyama had studied in Taiwan was taijiquan, and he is known to have taught this to several of his advanced students, including Yoon. Despite heading a notable kwan in post-World War II Korea and being associated with various figures that would be involved in creation of Taekwondo, <mask> Byung-in himself was never directly involved in creation of the afromentioned martial art. Yoon was taken to North Korea in August 1950, during the early phases of the Korean War and was not involved in the unification process of the kwans that would begin circa 1955 and finalized in 1959 with establishment of Korea Taekwondo Association. It has been reported that in mid-1960s, <mask> Byung-in served as a martial arts instructor for Korean People's Army and has contributed to the development of Gyeoksul.Notes
1.Allegedly, the majority of kung fu practitioners and instructors in areas of Manchuria circa 1930s were of Mongolian ethnicity/origins. 2.By June 1950, the North Korean Army (KPA) had taken over much of South Korean region. 3.Originally called Korea Tang Soo Do Association, then Korea Taesoodo Association and in 1965 it was referred to as Korea Taekwondo Association. References

1920 births
1983 deaths
North Korean male martial artists
Chinese emigrants
Immigrants to North Korea
South Korean emigrants to North Korea

masks:
Yoon Byung
Yoon
Yoon Byung
Yoon
Yoon
Yoon
Yoon
Yoon
Yoon
Yoon
Yoon
Yoon
Yoon
Yoon
Yoon
Yoon
Yoon
Yoon
Yoon


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<mask> (16 July 1896 – 8 August 1969) was a German human biologist, Nazi, and geneticist, who was the Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Münster until he retired in 1965. A member of the Dutch noble Verschuer family, his title Freiherr is often translated as baron. He was regarded as a pioneer in the twin methodology of genetics research and in the study of the inheritance of diseases and anomalies. A eugenicist with an interest in racial hygiene, he was an advocate of compulsory sterilization programs in the first half of the 20th century. Among his many students was Josef Mengele, a war criminal who directed experiments on children at Auschwitz. He successfully redefined himself as a geneticist in the postwar era. During the 1950s and 1960s, he was known for research on the effects of nuclear radiation on humans and for his warnings against the possibility of creating "scientifically improved" human beings offered by genetic science.Verschuer was the director of the Institute for Genetic Biology and Racial Hygiene from 1935 to 1942 and director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics from 1942 to 1948. From 1951 to 1965, he was Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Münster, where he also served as Dean of the Faculty of Medicine. At Münster, he established one of the largest centers of genetics research in West Germany, and remained one of the world's most prominent genetics researchers until his death. He became Professor Emeritus in 1965; he received numerous memberships in learned societies. In 1952 he was elected President of the German Anthropological Association. His son <mask> <mask> was a high-ranking official of the European Commission. Family
<mask> <mask>er was born into a noble family originally from Gelderland, Netherlands; the Verschuer family remains prominent in the Netherlands, where it is known as van Verschuer.From birth he held the title of Freiherr (baron), a title that had been granted to several family branches by the Holy Roman Emperor, the Dutch king, and the elector of Hesse. He was mainly of Dutch, German, Estonian/Baltic German, and Swedish descent, and had distant Scottish ancestry. His father <mask> <mask> was a businessman who owned a mining company, while his mother Charlotte née <mask> was originally from Estonia; her family was ennobled in Russia in the mid-19th century and was partially resident in Sweden. He was a descendant of the House of Stuart through his 6th great grandmother Brita Stuart, a Swedish noblewoman of Scottish royal descent. <mask> <mask> was the father of <mask> <mask> (also known as Helmut van <mask>), a high-ranking official of the European Commission, and the grandfather of the Belgian-German actor, <mask> <mask> (born 1961 in Brussels). Early career
Verschuer served in the First World War and had been promoted to first lieutenant by 1918. From 1919, he studied medicine at the University of Marburg.He earned a doctorate in medicine at LMU in 1923 and a habilitation at the University of Tübingen in 1927. In 1927, he became head of department for human genetics at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics. Nazi era

In 1935, Verschuer became a member of the congregation of the anti-Nazi pastor Otto Fricke, a leading member of the Confessing Church. He also maintained a close friendship with his relative, <mask> Trott zu Solz, a leading resistance figure. Despite his proximity to the Confessing Church, he joined the Nazi Party in 1940, although he was not actively involved with politics. In the late stages of the Second World War, Verschuer directly or indirectly started to use research material obtained in the Auschwitz concentration camp, mainly through his former student Josef Mengele, who served there as a camp physician. Verschuer was never tried for war crimes despite many indications that not only was he fully cognisant of Mengele's work at Auschwitz, but even encouraged and collaborated with Mengele.In a report to the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; DFG) from 1944, Verschuer talked about Mengele's assistance in supplying the KWIfA with some "scientific materials" from Auschwitz:

My assistant, Dr. Mengele (M.D., Ph.D.) has joined me in this branch of research. He is presently employed as Hauptsturmführer and camp physician in the concentration camp at Auschwitz. Anthropological investigations on the most diverse racial groups of this concentration camp are being carried out with permission of the SS Reichsführer [Himmler]; the blood samples are being sent to my laboratory for analysis. Verschuer wrote in the report that the war conditions had made it difficult for the KWIfA to procure "twin materials" for study, and that Mengele's unique position at Auschwitz offered a special opportunity in this respect. In the summer of 1944, Mengele and his Jewish slave assistant Dr. Miklós Nyiszli sent other "scientific materials" to the KWIfA, including the bodies of murdered Gypsies, internal organs of dead children, skeletons of two murdered Jews, and blood samples of twins infected by Mengele with typhus. He was accepted during the war as a member of the American Eugenics Society, a position he kept until his death. Post-war career
As the war was drawing to a close in 1945, Verschuer moved the files of the KWIfA into the Western part of Germany, hoping for a more favorable response from the advancing Allied armies than from the advancing Soviet Army.In late 1945 or early 1946, he petitioned the mayor of Frankfurt to allow him to reestablish the KWIfA. However, the commission in charge of rebuilding the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft decreed that "Verschuer should be considered not as a collaborator, but one of the most dangerous Nazi activists of the Third Reich." The KWIfA was not reestablished. In 1951, Verschuer was awarded the prestigious professorship of human genetics at the University of Münster, where he established one of the largest centers of genetics research in West Germany. Like many "racial hygienists" of the Nazi period, and many American eugenicists, Verschuer was successful in redefining himself as a genetics researcher after the war, and avoided the taint of his work with Nazi eugenics. Many of his wartime students were similarly appointed to top positions in universities of Erlangen, Frankfurt, Düsseldorf, and Münster. In his denazification hearing, Verschuer was deemed to be a Nazi fellow traveler (Mitläufer, a relatively mild categorization meaning someone who was neither a supporter or member of the regime nor an active opponent), and fined 600 Reichsmark.He was never prosecuted for his research activities during the war. Leo Alexander who investigated the case concluded that no solid evidence could be found, and considered it likely that Verschuer had destroyed any possibly incriminating material. During the 1950s and 1960s, Verschuer led major research projects on the effects of nuclear radiation on humans. Deeply religious, he also concerned himself with questions of Christian ethics, and argued that eugenics must be based on human dignity and love for mankind; according to historian Sheila F. Weiss he "turned his back on" Nazi beliefs. In the 1960s he warned against human geneticists trying to create "scientifically improved" human beings. Verschuer died in 1969 in a car accident. Honours
 1934: Fellow of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
 1943: Fellow of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
 1949: Fellow of the Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur
 1949: Corresponding member of the American Society of Human Genetics
 1953: Honorary member of the Italian Society of Medical Genetics
 1955: Honorary member of the Anthropological Society of Vienna
 1956: Honorary member of the Japanese Society of Human Genetics
 1959: Corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
 1961: Among the founders of The Mankind Quarterly

Bibliography
Erbpathologie (Hereditary pathology, 1934).Erbbiologie als Unterlage der Bevölkerungspolitik (Hereditary biology as a basis for the population policy). First published in 1933, re-published and modified in 1936. Rassenhygiene als Wissenschaft und Staatsaufgabe (Racial hygiene as Science and State function, 1936). Leitfaden der Rassenhygiene (Textbook of Racial hygiene, 1944). Eugenik. Kommende Generationen in der Sicht der Genetik (Eugenics: Coming Generations in the view of Genetics, 1966). See also
Nazi eugenics
Heinrich Gross

Notes

References

Other sources
 {{citation | editor1-last=Westermann | editor1-first=Stefanie | editor2-last=Kühl | editor2-first=Richard | editor3-last=Gross | editor3-first=Dominik | title=Medizin und Nationalsozialismus vol.1: Medizin im Dienst der "Erbgesundheit": Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eugenik und "Rassenhygiene" (English: Medicine and National Socialism, Vol. 1: Medicine at work, the "hereditary health": Contribution to history of Eugenics and "race hygiene")| year=2009 | publisher=LIT Verlag Münster| isbn=978-3643104786| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=h54Gsl6JBT8C&pg=PA78 }}
 Sheila Faith Weiss: After the Fall. Political Whitewashing, Professional Posturing, and personal Refashioning in the Postwar Career of <mask> <mask> <mask>er. Isis, Vol. 101 (2010), 722–758. Peter Degen, "Racial Hygienist <mask> <mask>er, the Confessing Church, and comparative reflections on postwar rehabilitation," pp. 155–65 in Jing Bao Nie, Japan´s Medical Wartime Atrocities (London: Routledge&Kegan, 2010)
 Robert N. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.Paul Weindling, "'Tales from Nuremberg': The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology and Allied medical war crimes policy," in Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus: Bestandaufnahme und Perspektiven der Forschung, ed. Doris Kaufmann, v.2 (Goettingen: Wallstein, 2000), 635–652. Katrin Weigmann: "In the name of science. The role of biologists in Nazi atrocities: lessons for today's scientists" in EMBO Reports v.2 #10 (2001), 871–875. Eric Ehrenreich, "Otmar <mask>er and the 'Scientific' Legitimization of Nazi Anti-Jewish Policy," Holocaust and Genocide Studies 2007 21(1):55–72

 External links

 "In the name of science" EMBO Reports article about KWI scientists' wartime atrocities, with images of Verschuer
 "Skeletons in the Closet of German Science" Deutsche Welle'' article on Verschuer's research connection to Mengele

1896 births
1969 deaths
People from Hersfeld-Rotenburg
People from Hesse-Nassau
German eugenicists
German military personnel of World War I
Barons of Germany
Physicians in the Nazi Party
University of Marburg alumni
Goethe University Frankfurt faculty
University of Münster faculty
Prussian Army personnel
Road incident deaths in Germany
20th-century German writers
German people of Dutch descent
German people of Swedish descent
German people of Scottish descent
Kapp Putsch participants
20th-century German male writers

masks:
Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
Helmut von
Verschuer
Otmar
von Verschu
Hans von
Verschuer
von Arnold
Otmar
von Verschuer
Helmut Freiherr
von Verschuer
Verschuer
Leopold Freiherr
von Verschuer
Adam von
Otmar
Freiherr
von Vchu
Otmar
von Verschu
von Verschu


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<mask> (19 October 1910 - 12 February 2010) was an American singer, actor, and guitarist. A classical bass-baritone, he had an active performing career in operas, concerts, and musicals during the 1930s through the 1960s. As a stage performer he is best known for succeeding Roger Rico in the role of Emile de Becque (originally played by Ezio Pinza) in the original Broadway production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's South Pacific. He portrayed the role for two years opposite Martha Wright as Nellie Forbush, and for a few weeks opposite Cloris Leachman. Britton began performing concerts of folk music in the 1950s, accompanying himself on the guitar. In 1957 he cofounded the Philadelphia Folksong Society and  the Philadelphia Folk Festival in 1962. In the 1960s his career moved primarily into performing folk music.He also taught guitar and voice at his studio, the George Britton Folk Studio. Early life and education
Britton was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, to parents of Irish and Pennsylvania Dutch descent. He studied at Columbia University where he graduated with a music degree in 1932. He notably was awarded the Gold King's Crowns Award by the University his senior year. He pursued graduate studies in voice at the Juilliard School, studying voice with Anna E. Schoen-René, a student of Pauline Viardot-García and Manuel García, earning a master's degree in 1936. While at Juilliard he notably appeared in the New York premiere of Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos and portrayed Etienne in the world premiere of Robert Russell Bennett's Maria Malibran opposite Helen Marshall in the title role and Risë Stevens as Cornelia. Career
Britton made his professional opera debut at the Chautauqua Opera in the summer of 1934.He was a regular performer with that company for over the next decade. In 1936 he married Patricia Norton at Chautauqua; they were divorced by 1946. Also in 1936 he made his first appearance at the Worcester Festival in a concert of opera arias with soprano Helen Jepson and conductor Albert Stoessel. He returned to that festival several times during the late 1930s and 1940s. In 1938, <mask> sang Silvio in PAGLIACCI in Prague with Richard Tauber as Canio. In 1941 <mask> made his Carnegie Hall debut portraying the title role in Giacomo Puccini's Gianni Schicchi with the National Orchestral Association under the baton of Léon Barzin. He sang several roles with the short-lived New Opera Company (NOC) in Manhattan in the early 1940s, notably portraying Prince Tomsky opposite Martha Lipton in her professional opera debut as Pauline in Tchaikovsky's The Queen of Spades in October 1941.He also starred in the world premiere of Walter Damrosch's The Opera Cloak with the NOC in November 1942. In the summer of 1942 he made his first appearance at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Franz Schubert's Blossom Time. In 1945 he presented the world premiere of Miriam Gideon's art song "The Hound of Heaven" at the International Society for Contemporary Music convention. <mask> made one of his earliest forays into musical theatre in 1943, appearing in the Blackfriars Repertory Theatre's original musical, Moment Musical. The following year he returned to the Paper Mill Playhouse (PMP) to star in a production of Sigmund Romberg's The Student Prince. He was a regular performer at the PMP up through 1950. In 1946 he portrayed Huckleberry Haines in Jerome Kern's Roberta at the Los Angeles Civic Light Opera and starred in Victor Herbert's The Fortune Teller at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco.He made his Broadway debut at the New Century Theatre in September 1946 as Sandor in Robert Wright and <mask>'s Gypsy Lady. In 1948 he performed on the cast recording of Arthur Schwartz and Howard Dietz's musical review Inside U.S.A.. The recording was made before the show premiered on Broadway, and <mask> did not actually appear in the stage production. <mask> continued to perform in operas, musicals, and concerts throughout the United States during the late 1940s through the early 1960s. In 1950 he portrayed Don Andrès de Ribeira in Jacques Offenbach's La Périchole at New York's Town Hall under the direction of Maggie Teyte. That same year he portrayed the four villains in Offenbach's The Tales of Hoffmann for NBC Opera Theatre and the role of Massakroff in Oscar Straus's The Chocolate Soldier on NBC's Musical Comedy Time. He made several appearances with Philadelphia's Co-Opera Company in the early 1950s, including Mr Gobineau in Gian Carlo Menotti's The Medium.In January 1952 he took over the role of Emile de Becque in the original Broadway production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's South Pacific, staying with the production until it closed on Jan 16, 1954. In 1953 he recorded selections from Anything Goes and Kiss Me Kate with Lisa Kirk and Helena Bliss for RCA Records. In 1961 he appeared in the United States premiere of Roland Fiore's Linda at the Philadelphia Lyric Opera Company. Although initially a singer by profession, <mask> was also a talented guitarist. In the early 1950s he became seriously interested in the music of his mother's Pennsylvania Dutch heritage. He began performing concerts of these folk pieces with just his voice and a guitar. In 1955 he recorded his only solo album, "Pennsylvania Dutch Folk Songs", with Folkways Records.The recording is now a part of the collection at the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. After leaving South Pacific in 1954 his performance career became increasingly more involved with performing folk music and by the mid-1960s he had left classical music entirely. For many years he was heavily involved with the Philadelphia Folk Festival, which he helped establish in 1962. References

External links

American folk singers
American folk guitarists
American male guitarists
American male musical theatre actors
20th-century American male opera singers
Columbia University alumni
Juilliard School alumni
Operatic bass-baritones
Actors from Reading, Pennsylvania
1910 births
1991 deaths
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American guitarists
Musicians from Reading, Pennsylvania
Guitarists from Pennsylvania
Classical musicians from Pennsylvania
Singers from Pennsylvania

masks:
George Britton
Britton
Britton
Britton
George Forrest
Britton
Britton
Britton


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<mask>'Flaherty  (28 February 1898 – 30 October 1963), was an Irish Catholic priest and senior official of the Roman Curia, and a significant figure in Catholic resistance to Nazism. During World War II, O'Flaherty was responsible for saving 6,500 Allied soldiers and Jews. His ability to evade the traps set by the German Gestapo and Sicherheitsdienst (SD), earned O'Flaherty the nickname "The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican". After the Second World War he was named a papal domestic prelate by Pope Pius XII and served as notary of the Holy Office, working alongside and assisting Alfredo Cardinal Ottaviani until 1960. Early life
Shortly after <mask>'Flaherty's birth in Lisrobin, Kiskeam, County Cork, his parents, James and Margaret, moved to Killarney. The family lived on the golf course where James O'Flaherty worked as a steward. By his late teens, young O'Flaherty had a scratch handicap and a scholarship to a teacher training college.However, in 1918 he enrolled at Mungret College, a Jesuit college in County Limerick dedicated to preparing young men for missionary priesthood. Normally, students ranged from 14 to 18 years of age. At the time when O'Flaherty came in, he was a little older than most of the students, about 20. The college allowed for some older people to come in if they had been accepted by a bishop who would pay for them. O'Flaherty's sponsor was the Bishop of Cape Town, Cornelius O'Reilly, in whose diocese he would be posted after ordination, a big step for a young man who had never set foot outside of Munster. At the time when O'Flaherty was in Mungret, the Irish War for Independence was ongoing. He was posted to Rome in 1922 to finish his studies and was ordained on 20 December 1925.He never joined his diocese however, staying to work for the Holy See and serving as a Vatican diplomat in Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. In 1934, he was appointed a papal chamberlain with the title of Monsignor. He was originally ascribed to the Sacred Congregation De Propaganda Fide through which,
in collaboration with the Cardinal Prefect, H.Em. Pietro of the marquesses Fumasoni Biondi and the Pro-Rector of the Pontifical Urban College De Propaganda Fide, Monsignor Saverio Maria of the barons
Paventi di San Bonaventura, he began to establish his precious network of assistants with whom
he managed to save approximately 6,500 people between civilians, military and Jews, whom he
lodged in Vatican extra-territorial residences and religious institutes during the Nazi occupation of
Rome in the Second World War. It was as a result of that activity, carried out while evading
German military intelligence, that he was given the name of "The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican". World War II
In the early years of World War II, O'Flaherty toured prisoner of war (POW) camps in Italy and tried to find out about prisoners who had been reported missing in action. If he found them alive, he tried to reassure their families through Radio Vatican.When Mussolini was removed from power by the King in 1943, thousands of Allied POWs were released; however, when Germany imposed an occupation over Italy, they were in danger of recapture. Some of them, remembering visits by O'Flaherty, reached Rome and asked him for help. Others went to the Irish embassy to the Holy See, the only English-speaking embassy to remain open in Rome during the war. Delia Murphy, who was the wife of Thomas J. Kiernan, the Irish ambassador (and, in her day, a well-known ballad singer), was one of those who helped O'Flaherty. O'Flaherty did not wait for permission from his superiors. He recruited the help of other priests (including two young New Zealanders, Fathers Owen Snedden and John Flanagan), two agents working for the Free French, François de Vial and Yves Debroise, Communists and a Swiss count. One of his aides was British Major Sam Derry, a POW escapee.Derry along with British officers and escaped POWs Lieutenants Furman and Simpson, and Captain Byrnes, a Canadian, were responsible for the security and operational organisation. O'Flaherty also kept contact with Sir D'Arcy Osborne, British Ambassador to the Holy See, and his butler John May (whom O'Flaherty described as "a genius ... the most magnificent scrounger"). O'Flaherty and his allies concealed 4,000 escapees, mainly Allied soldiers and Jews, in flats, farms and convents. Among those sheltered was one Ines Gistron and a Jewish friend whom O'Flaherty placed in a pensione run by Canadian nuns at Monteverde (Rome), where they were given false IDs. One of the first hideouts was beside the local SS headquarters. O'Flaherty and Derry coordinated all this from his room at the Collegio Teutonico. When outside the Vatican, O'Flaherty wore various disguises.The German occupiers tried to stop him and eventually they found out that the leader of the network was a priest. SS attempts to assassinate him failed. They learned his identity, but could not arrest him inside the Vatican. When the German ambassador revealed this to O'Flaherty, he began to meet his contacts on the stairs of St. Peter's Basilica. Obersturmbannführer Herbert Kappler, the head of the SS Sicherheitsdienst and Gestapo in Rome, learned of O'Flaherty's actions; he ordered a white line painted on the pavement at the opening of St. Peter's Square (signifying the border between Vatican City and Italy), stating that the priest would be killed if he crossed it. Pietro Koch, head of the Banda Koch, a special task force charged with hunting down partisans and rounding up deportees for the Germans, often spoke of his intention to torture O'Flaherty before executing him if he ever fell into his hands. Several others, including priests, nuns and lay people, worked in secret with O'Flaherty, and even hid refugees in their own private homes around Rome.Among these were the Augustinian Maltese Fathers Egidio Galea, Aurelio Borg and Ugolino Gatt, the Dutch Augustinian Father Anselmus Musters and Brother Robert Pace of the Brothers of Christian Schools. Another person who contributed significantly to this operation was the Maltese-born widow Chetta Chevalier who hid some refugees in her house with her children, and escaped detection. Jewish religious services were conducted in the Basilica di San Clemente, which was under Irish diplomatic protection, under a painting of Tobias. When the Allies arrived in Rome in June 1944, 6,425 of the escapees were still alive. O'Flaherty demanded that German prisoners be treated properly as well. He took a plane to South Africa to meet Italian POWs and to Jerusalem to visit Jewish refugees. Of the 9,700 Jews in Rome, 1,007 had been shipped to Auschwitz.The rest were hidden, over 5,000 of them by the Church − 300 in Castel Gandolfo, 200 or 400 (estimates vary) as "members" of the Palatine Guard and some 1,500 in monasteries, convents and colleges. The remaining 3,700 were hidden in private homes. At the time of the liberation of Rome, O'Flaherty's and Derry's organisation was caring for 3,925 escapees and men who had succeeded in evading arrest. Of these 1,695 were British, 896 South African, 429 Russian, 425 Greek and 185 American. The remainder were from 20 different nations. This does not include Jews and sundry other men and women who were in O'Flaherty's personal care. Post-war
After the war O'Flaherty received a number of awards, including appointment as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) "for services to the Forces in Italy" and the US Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm.He was also honoured by Canada and Australia. He refused to use the lifetime pension that Italy had given him. In 1954 he was promoted to domestic prelate. In the 1950s, the Chaplet of the Divine Mercy, in the form proposed by the now-canonised Mary Faustina Kowalska, was under a ban from the Vatican. It was O'Flaherty who, as Notary, signed the document that notified Catholics of the ban. He was the first Irishman named Notary of the Holy Office. O'Flaherty regularly visited his old nemesis Herbert Kappler (the former SS chief in Rome), in prison, month after month, being Kappler's only visitor.In 1959, Kappler converted to Catholicism and was baptised by O'Flaherty. In 1960, O'Flaherty suffered a serious stroke during Mass and was forced to return to Ireland. Shortly before his first stroke in 1960, he was due to be confirmed as the Papal Nuncio to Tanzania. He moved to Cahersiveen to live with his sister, at whose home he died on 30 October 1963, aged 65. He was buried in the cemetery of the Daniel O'Connell Memorial Church in Cahersiveen. There is a monument in Killarney town and a grove of trees dedicated to his memory in the Killarney National Park. Some sources incorrectly state that, in 2003, he became the first Irish person honoured as Righteous Among the Nations by the State of Israel.However, according to the list of those honoured, this is not the case. Application to have him added to the rolls is still in progress as of 2017. Dramatization
O'Flaherty was portrayed by Gregory Peck in the 1983 television film, The Scarlet and the Black, which follows the exploits of O'Flaherty from the German occupation of Rome to its liberation by the Allies. He was also the second principal character in a radio play by Robin Glendinning on Kappler's time seeking asylum in the Vatican, titled The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican, which was first broadcast on 30 November 2006 on Radio 4, with Wolf Kahler as Kappler. Killarney-born actor and playwright Donal Courtney penned a new one-man play entitled "God has no Country", which he premièred in Killarney as part of the <mask> Flaherty memorial celebrations for 3 nights in October 2013. Courtney portrays the O'Flaherty during the wartime years in German-occupied Rome; the story is told from the O'Flaherty's point of view and is a study of the torment and difficulty in the decisions he undertook in his fight for justice. Television
The Irish-language television station TG4 broadcast a 51-minute documentary on O'Flaherty in 2008.It is available (in mixed Irish/English with English subtitles) on a region-free DVD entitled The Pimpernel of the Vatican – The Amazing Story of Monsignor <mask>'Flaherty. References

Further reading
 'The Rome Escape Line: The Story of the British Organization in Rome for assisting Escaped Prisoners-of-war 1943–44. ', by Sam Derry (1960)
 William C. Simpson 1996, A Vatican Lifeline, Sparedon Press. Stephen Walker 2011, Hide & Seek: The Irish Priest In The Vatican Who Defied The Nazi Command, Harper Collins (London). Gallagher, J.P. (2009). The Scarlet and the Black: The True Story of Monsignor <mask>'Flaherty, Hero of the Vatican Underground. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.'The Vatican Pimpernel: The Wartime Exploits of Monsignor <mask>'Flaherty. ', by Brian Fleming (2008)
 Alison Walsh 2010, <mask>'Flaherty: His Wartime Adventures, Collins Press. External links
 Monsignor <mask>'Flaherty: Hero of the Vatican
 The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican
 Hugh O'Flaherty Memorial Society

1898 births
1963 deaths
Irish anti-fascists
Irish humanitarians
Diplomats of the Holy See
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Medal of Freedom
Irish people of World War II
20th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
People from County Kerry
People who rescued Jews during the Holocaust
Irish expatriates in Italy
Vatican City in World War II
Irish expatriates in Egypt
Irish expatriates in Haiti
Irish expatriates in the Dominican Republic
Christian clergy from County Cork

masks:
Hugh O
Hugh O
Hugh O
Hugh O
Hugh O
Hugh O
Hugh O
Hugh O