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<mask> MD (October 13, 1891 – April 26, 1952) was an American physician and career United States Public Health Service (USPHS) officer who was the founder of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. Mountin eventually became an assistant surgeon general. He was involved in many advancements in medical and sanitary science during his lifetime. He was an early advocate for a national health care system and wrote frequently on the need to provide broader health care coverage. He was considered influential in the development of public health improvements. Early life and education

<mask> was born October 13, 1891 in Hartford, Wisconsin, one of seven children in a middle-income farm family. He referred to himself in later years as "a simple Wisconsin farm boy, born in the shadow of a silo."In 1895, <mask>, 4 and his brother Ned, age 5, were stricken with diphtheria, an epidemic sweeping eastern Wisconsin. Ned died, but <mask> survived. <mask> received his medical degree from Marquette University School of Medicine in June 1914, followed by a bachelor of science from Marquette in 1916. Public Health Service career

Mountin served internships at the Milwaukee County Hospital and the Chicago Lying-In Hospital before entering the USPHS in August 1917 as a scientific assistant. He was assigned to manage safe and healthy zones surrounding temporary military camps constructed during World War I in Louisville, Kentucky; Des Moines, Iowa; and Waco, Texas. In July 1918, he was commissioned as an assistant surgeon and began training in quarantine duty, marine hospital service, and health administration. His first assignment came in September 1921 to the Tri-State Sanitary District in Joplin, Missouri.His assignment was to support county health units from county boards and local Red Cross chapters. He introduced programs for prevention and control of malaria, trachoma, and tuberculosis, and promoted state health services for sanitary engineering, public health nursing, maternal and child health, and vital statistics. In 1922, <mask> moved to Jefferson City to work with the Missouri State Health Department and encourage creation of local health agencies. He remained in Missouri until 1926 organizing local health departments, and doing program development, and staffing. He left Missouri for a four-year assignment as special assistant to Dr. E. L. Bishop,  the commissioner of the Tennessee State Health Department, in the organization of local public health agencies. He aided in the development of a training program for health officers. The program combined academic instruction in an educational institution with supervised field experience in a health department.During this time, <mask> also began writing, utilizing surveys he would conduct of public health organization and administration. He also received his first national experience, acting as secretary of the public health section of the 1930 White House Conference on Child Health and Protection. This was the start of many similar assignments. In 1931, <mask> transferred to Washington to direct the new USPHS Office of Studies of Public Health Methods in the Division of Scientific Research. He led studies and prepared recommendations on the relation of housing to health; on health-promoting possibilities for accident prevention, heart disease, and cancer. He warned of the health dangers related to air pollution. From 1935 to 1937, he was tasked to the National Survey, a joint project of the Public Health Service and the Works Progress Administration, which analyzed the nation's hospital resources and their role in public health.He was critical of hospital construction planning and advocated for regional planning, preferably through local health departments. Over the next several years, <mask>'s analytical reports on hospitals, including the first national survey of U.S. hospitals, provided information on size, equipment, occupancy, income, expenditures, and personnel that formed the statistical basis for enactment in 1946 of the Hospital Survey and Construction Law (Hill-Burton Free and Reduced-Cost Health Care). The law supplied hospitals, nursing homes, and other health facilities with grants and loans for construction and modernization in exchange for agreement to deliver care for a reasonable number of patients unable to pay. In 1937, the Division of Scientific Research was eliminated and <mask> was named chief of the new Division of Public Health Methods that was assigned statistical investigations, child hygiene, milk sanitation, and water pollution. In 1939, <mask> became chief of the Division of Domestic Quarantine, later named the Division of States Relations and then the Bureau of State Services, which was responsible for administration of federal grants to states for health services. He placed specialists in regional offices to provide consultation and technical services to the states. With the onset of World War II, Mountin's division became responsible for directing the nationwide emergency health and sanitation program, which helped maintain national health during that time in which there were medical and sanitation shortages, a rapid growth of industrial communities and military installations, and shifts in population.In 1942, the problem of malaria, primarily in 15 southeastern states where most of the U.S. basic military training was conducted, threatened the war effort and prompted creation of a new unit of the USPHS, the Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA), which was located in Atlanta, Georgia. Its chief job was malaria control and prevention around military bases and industrial complexes crucial to the war effort. Mountin recognized the opportunity MCWA offered for protecting the health and safety of the nation during peacetime as an agency that could assist states with laboratory and epidemiologic investigations and training. Discussions regarding the broad concept of a post war MCWA successor agency began in 1944 with U.S. Surgeon General Thomas Parran, Mountin and Mark D. Hollis, MCWA director, and later included, among others, Dr. Rolla E. Dyer, director of the National Institute of Health (NIH). Communicable Disease Center (CDC)

On July 1, 1946, MCWA became a field station in the State Relations Division of the Bureau of State Services called the Communicable Disease Center (CDC), and expanded its mission to put an emphasis on disease surveillance and control. Mountin's vision was for a center of technical competence for research and training that could quickly and efficiently provide states services in specific operational fields.He envisioned centers of excellence concentrating on environmental issues, communicable disease, and emerging issues of Arctic health, as well as serving as a key resource for state health departments. He secured approval from Congress for CDC, although legislative authorization was unnecessary. <mask> is "deservedly known as the 'father' of this center," wrote Dr. Parran, U.S. Surgeon General, in 1952. While some suggested Hollis deserved credit for the creation of CDC, Hollis himself deflected that talk and noted <mask> was the man behind the success of MCWA and its conversion to CDC. The CDC and its around 400 former MCWA employees, mostly engineers and entomologists, occupied MCWA's offices in Atlanta with a budget of $1.6 million. Malaria eradication efforts dominated its initial mission with 59 percent of its staff concentrating on killing mosquitoes.More than 6.5 million homes were eventually sprayed and the CDC's early organization chart was drawn glibly in the shape of a mosquito. While there was progress in the prevention and control of malaria, as well as typhus and yellow fever, Mountin reminded staff CDC was responsible for all communicable diseases. To endure as an agency, <mask> believed CDC had to become a center for epidemiology and he originated the idea for epidemiological intelligence that led to the founding in 1951 of the CDC's Epidemic Intelligence Service. The concept of disease surveillance became crucial to public health practice. <mask>'s acquaintances with Emory University and Coca-Cola, cultivated while at MCWA, led to CDC remaining in Atlanta. Emory University gifted 15 acres of land adjacent to its campus on Clifton Road in Atlanta in 1947 to CDC for its headquarters for a token payment of $10. CDC employees collected money to make the purchase.The land was offered at the behest of Robert W. Woodruff, chairman of the board of the Coca-Cola Co., and an Emory board of trustees member. Woodruff held a long interest in malaria because the disease was widespread on his 36,000-acre hunting preserve in southeastern Georgia and it affected the health of the area's tenant farmers and their families. It was Dr. Glenville Giddings, an Emory physician and medical adviser to Coca-Cola, who spurred Woodruff's interest in the USPHS and brought Emory and CDC together. Giddings was friends with both Mountin and Hollis. Due to budget issues in Washington, however, it was another decade before construction commenced on CDC's main campus. Bureau of State Services
Mountin was associate chief of the Bureau of State Services when MCWA transitioned into the CDC, and was named chief of the bureau in 1951, six months before his death at age 61. Other work

At the time CDC was created, <mask> was assigned the task of spokesman for the USPHS on the idea of a national health program.At the request of Surgeon General Parran, <mask> testified in 1946 before a Senate committee about the need for a nationwide program of medical care that held the promise of assuring adequate medical care for all. In his testimony, Mountin pointed out that the lowest income group, which had the greatest frequency and longest duration of illnesses, received the smallest amount of medical services. Previously, <mask> had been part of a five-member committee that the Interdepartmental Committee to Coordinate Health and Welfare Activities asked to conduct a survey of the government's health and medical care. The group drafted a report titled "National Health Program," which was sent to President Roosevelt in 1938. Recommendations included expanding public health and maternal and child health services under the Social Security Act, expanding hospital facilities, and expanding medical care to all who were in need, including those on relief, through grants-in-ad to the states. U.S. Sen. Robert F. Wagner took many of the recommendations discussed in the report and at the National Health Conference and introduced his National Health Bill, which granted states the right to establish compulsory health insurance. The bill died in committee.In 1947, <mask> initiated the first major government-supported population study, the Framingham Heart Study, in Massachusetts by the National Heart Institute, to concentrate on epidemiological research rather than heart disease control. The study has identified common factors or characteristics that contribute to cardiovascular disease for over four decades. <mask> also served on international missions before and during World War II. In 1944, he was a special health adviser to the Bhor Commission for the Government of India. He was requested by General MacArthur in 1947 to be the health member of the Social Security Mission sent to Japan. In 1949, he was adviser on health and welfare to the Economic Mission to Columbia, South America that was organized by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. At the time of his death, <mask>  was on the World Health Organization's Expert Committee on Public Health Administration and supervising an international survey to appraise the 10-year program of health and sanitation of the Institute of Inter-American Affairs.Personal life

While on USPHS assignment in Missouri, Mountin met a Red Cross nurse, Genevieve B. Bazan, whom he married June 30, 1923. They were together for 29 years until his sudden death in 1952 at the age of 61. She died May 18, 1988 and is buried next to her husband  in Arlington National Cemetery. The couple had three children, <mask> <mask> Sr., <mask> <mask> and Joan Hopke. Legacy

In honor of its founder, CDC established the Annual <mask><mask> Lecture in 1980 to address important contemporary public health issues. The talks, usually held in October every year, celebrate CDC's accomplishments in the field of public health, acknowledging CDC's multi-talented employees and their dedication to protecting and improving health for all. Selected publications
	<mask>, J. W., Flook, E. E., Minty, E. E., Mullins, R. F., Christensen, A. W., Druzina, G. B., Ferrell, J.A., ... United States. (1952). Distribution of health services in the structure of State government, 1950. Washington, D.C: Bureau of States Services, Division of State Grants. United States, & Mountin, J. W. (1950). Public health areas and hospital facilities: A plan for coordination. Washington.<mask>, J. W., Flook, E., Minty, E. E., Mullins, R. F., Christensen, A. W., & Druzina, G. B. (1952). Distribution of health services in the structure of state government, 1950. Mountin, J. W., & Flook, E. E. (1947). Guide to health organization in the United States, 1951. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print.Off. Mountin, J. W., Hoge, V. M., & Pennell, E. H. (1945). Health Service Areas. Requirements for General Hospitals and health centres. By J.W. Mountin ... Elliott H. Pennell ... Vane M. Hoge. Washington.<mask>, J. W., Kovar, E. B., & United States. (1949). Emergency health and sanitation activities of the Public Health Service during World War II. Washington, D.C: United States Government Printing Office. Mountin, J. W., & Joseph W. Mountin Memorial Committee. (1956). Selected papers.Place of publication not identified: Joseph W. Mountin Memorial Committee. <mask>, J. W., Borowski, A. J., O'Hara, H., & United States. (1938). Variations in the form and services of public health organizations. <mask>, J. W., Pennell, E. H., Flook, E. E., & United States. (1937). Illness and medical care in Puerto Rico.Washington, D.C: United States Government Printing Office. <mask>, J. W., Greve, C. H., & United States. (1949). The role of grants-in-aid in financing public health programs. Washington, D.C: Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service. Mountin, J. W., Pennell, E. H., Flook, E. E., & United States. (1936).Experience of the health department in 811 counties, 1908-34. Washington, D.C: United States Government Printing Office. <mask>, J. W., Townsend, J. G., & United States. (1936). Observations on Indian health problems and facilities. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O. <mask>, J. W., Hankla, E. K., Druzina, G. B., & United States.(1948). Ten years of federal grants-in aid for public health, 1936-1946. Washington, D.C: Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service. United States. & Mountin, J. W. (1932). Study of public health service, Seattle, Washington. Washington.References

External links
	Dr. <mask><mask>, pioneer in public health, 1891-1952. Public Health Rep. 1952 May; 67(5): 425. Dr. <mask>'s Microscope. David J. Senser CDC Museum. CDC.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-24. Reprints of <mask><mask> (1928-1951), National Library of Medicine Archives.1891 births
1952 deaths
American public health doctors
Marquette University alumni

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<mask> (May 27, 1889 – February 23, 1957) was an American football player, and coach of football, basketball, and baseball, and college athletics administrator. <mask> attended Ohio Wesleyan University from which he graduated in 1912. He served as the head football coach at the University of Cincinnati (1914–1915), Miami University (1916, 1919–1921), the University of Michigan (1924), and the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1925–1926), compiling a career college football record of 54–16–4. <mask> was also the head basketball coach at Cincinnati (1914–1916) and Miami (1916–1917, 1919–1922), tallying a career college basketball mark of 47–38. In addition to coaching, <mask> served as the athletic director at Wisconsin (1925–1932) and Rutgers University (1932–1953) and as the executive secretary of the National Football Foundation and College Football Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1955. Early years
<mask> was born in May 1889 in Washington, D.C.  His father, <mask>, was a Pennsylvania native and a school teacher.His mother, <mask>, was also a Pennsylvania native. He had a younger brother, <mask> (born July 1890), and a younger sister, <mask> (born February 1897). At the time of the 1900 United States Census, the family was living in Wolf Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. Ohio Wesleyan
Little attended Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio, receiving a bachelor of science degree in 1912. He played as a guard on the Ohio Wesleyan football teams of 1909, 1910, and 1911. He also received three letters for his participation on the track team, and was president of the student body and student senate. The 1911 Ohio Wesleyan football team compiled a 6–3 record, held its opponents scoreless in all six victories, and narrowly lost to Ohio State by a 3–0 score.The 1912 Ohio Wesleyan yearbook, Le Bijou, said the following of <mask>:

Prexy" <mask> has won distinction as an athlete and a politician. For years he has guarded Wesleyan's interests on the gridiron, but has not limited his loyalty to that enterprise. We do not know what political intrigue made him President of the Student Body, but we know he has filled his office acceptably. He is a fellow of the fellows – not of any group, but of all the students. We respect him for his integrity, his sincerity, and his ability. Coaching and administrative career

Ohio State
After graduating from Wesleyan, <mask> attended Ohio State University as an agriculture student. While there, he also served as an assistant coach for the 1912 and 1913 Ohio State Buckeyes football teams.He was "given credit for lending much help" to John Wilce in leading the 1912 Ohio State team to an Ohio Athletic Conference championship. The success of the 1912 team led to Ohio State's admission to the Big Ten Conference for the 1913 season. Cincinnati
In January 1914, <mask> was hired as the head football coach at University of Cincinnati. During the 1914 season, <mask> led Cincinnati to a 6–3 record, as his team shut out five opponents and outscored all opponents, 164 to 44. In 1915, his team compiled a 4–5 record and was outscored, 158 to 110. Miami
In January 1916, <mask> was hired as the head football coach at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, succeeding Chester J. Roberts. During the 1916 season, <mask> led Miami to a 7–0–1 record and an Ohio Athletic Conference championship.This team shut out six of eight opponents and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 238 to 12. The only blemish on the record of the 1916 team as a scoreless tie with Denison. <mask>'s tenure was interrupted by his service in the armed forces during World War I. He served as a captain in the infantry from August 15, 1917, to August 7, 1918. He returned and led the Redskins a 7–1 record in 1919 and a 5–2–1 record in 1920. He once again won the Ohio Athletic Conference championship in 1921 with a perfect 8–0 record. The 1921 team scored 238 points during the season and gave up only 13.In his four years as Miami's head coach, <mask> compiled a record of 27–3–2 including 21 games where the opponent did not score. He left Miami to become Fielding H. Yost's top assistant at the University of Michigan. Michigan

In May 1922, <mask> was hired by the University of Michigan as assistant athletic director and assistant football coach. <mask> was the top assistant under Fielding H. Yost for the 1922 and 1923 seasons before being named head coach for the 1924 season. That year, he compiled a record of 6–2. <mask> and the Wolverines shut out their opponents in five of the six victories. Wisconsin
In January 1925, <mask> accepted an offer from the University of Wisconsin to become its athletic director.He also served as the head coach of the Wisconsin Badgers football team during the 1925 and 1926 seasons, compiling records of 6–1–1 in 1925 and 5–2–1 in 1926. His 1925 team finished in second place in the Big Ten Conference with its only loss being against his former team, Michigan, by a score of 21–0. The Wolverines were led by Yost, who had returned to the head coaching position. In January 1927, <mask> stepped down as head coach of the Wisconsin football team to devote his full efforts to his position as the school's athletic director. His accomplishments as athletic director include the construction of the Wisconsin Field House in 1930. In December 1931, <mask> tendered his resignation as Wisconsin's athletic director, effective at the end of the academic year. Rutgers
In February 1932, <mask> resigned as Wisconsin's athletic director to accept a position as director of physical education at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, effective in April 1932.In that position, <mask> had control over intercollegiate and intramural sports as well as required and advanced physical education. He continued to be athletic director at Rutgers for more than 20 years. During his tenure at Rutgers, his accomplishments included the 1938 hiring of head football coach Harvey Harman, later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. He was also "instrumental" in the construction of Rugers Stadium, using funding from the Works Progress Administration. The 1938 dedication game resulted in the first Rutgers victory over Princeton since the first college football game in 1869. The stadium served as the home field for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team from 1938 to 1992. In January 1952, <mask> was appointed as the executive director of the National Football Foundation and the National Football Hall of Fame (later renamed the College Football Hall of Fame) located on the Rutgers campus.He took a leave of absence from his position as Rutgers' athletic director and became seriously ill for several months during 1952. In December 1953, <mask> formally stepped down as Rutgers' athletic director and assumed a new position as special assistant to the university president. He also continued in his post as executive secretary of the National Football Hall of Fame. Later years and honors
<mask> continued to serve as executive secretary of the National Football Foundation and Hall of Fame until his death in 1957. In July 1955, <mask> was one of five coaches (along with Bernie Bierman, Wallace Wade, Matty Bell, and Eddie N. Robinson) inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. He was inducted as a coach but also "due to his work in organizing the Hall of Fame and serving as executive secretary." In February 1957, <mask> died at age 67 from uremia at Middlesex General Hospital in New Brunswick, New Jersey.<mask>'s funeral service was held at Kirkpatrick Chapel on Rutgers campus; he was buried at Picture Rocks, Pennsylvania. Since his death, several posthumous honors have been bestowed on <mask>, including the following:

 On November 2, 1957, Rutgers held a ceremony honoring <mask> at halftime of Rutgers' Hall of Fame football game. A bronze plaque was installed at the entrance to Rutgers Stadium's west stands stating: "This tablet is placed in memory of <mask> <mask>, 1889-1957, Director of Athletics, 1932-1953, whose imprint upon the physical facilities of Rutgers athletics was matched only by his impact upon the lives of the young men whom he coached and taught." In 1964, <mask> was inducted into the Ohio Wesleyan Athletics Hall of Fame. In 1965, Rutgers established the George E. Little Memorial Award along with a trophy in the form of winged victory. The award was awarded to the Rutgers team that achieved national recognition for outstanding achievement or to an athlete who won a national championship. In 1976, <mask> was inducted into the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics Hall of Fame.In 1988, <mask> was one of the inaugural inductees into the Rutgers Athletic Hall of Fame. He was hailed at the time as "the father of Rutgers Stadium." Head coaching record

Football

See also
 List of college football head coaches with non-consecutive tenure

References

External links

1889 births
1957 deaths
American football guards
Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball coaches
Miami RedHawks athletic directors
Miami RedHawks baseball coaches
Miami RedHawks football coaches
Miami RedHawks men's basketball coaches
Michigan Wolverines football coaches
Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops football players
Rutgers Scarlet Knights athletic directors
Wisconsin Badgers athletic directors
Wisconsin Badgers football coaches
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Ohio State University College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences alumni
American military personnel of World War I
Players of American football from Washington, D.C. Coaches of American football from Washington, D.C. Baseball coaches from Washington, D.C.
Basketball coaches from Washington, D.C.

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<mask> is an American astrophysicist and educator. She is currently the Chair of Astronomy and Physics at Sonoma State University in Rohnert Park, California, as well as the Project Director for the NASA Education and Public Outreach Group. Early career
<mask> began her undergraduate studies at Brandeis University in 1971, where she originally majored in psychology. After being asked to dissect a cat's brain in her first college course, she changed majors and began studying physical sciences. <mask> obtained a B.A. in Physics with honors in Chemistry, and graduated magna cum laude. She researched with Irving Epstein on the Belusov oscillating reaction.After graduating, she worked at the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, where she began analyzing data from X-ray astronomy satellites beginning with the UHURU satellite (and helping to compile the 4U catalog), prior to attending graduate school. While a graduate student at M. I. T., and using data from the SAS-3 satellite, she discovered X-ray pulsations from 4U0115+63 (together with George Clark); these pulsations were then used to show that transient X-ray. sources were in binary systems. Her thesis work with Walter Lewin and Paul Joss, was entitled "X-ray Burst Sources" and consisted of extensive analysis of the SAS-3 timing and spectral data, as well as theoretical thermonuclear flash modeling. During a post-doctoral fellowship at UC Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory, and using a combination of SAS-3 and HEAO A-1 data, she (and Kent Wood) discovered the 7.1 h X-ray binary period and the first eclipses from an X-ray burst source, MXB1659-29. Another highlight of <mask>'s research career was the discovery of X-ray emission from the first radio pulsar found to be in a binary orbit with a Be star, PSR 1259-63. For two years following her post-doctoral work at UC Berkeley, <mask> managed various aspects of Stuart Bowyer's Extreme UltraViolet Explorer Satellite project, including the design of the science operations and ground data analysis system.Sonoma State University
Cominsky joined the faculty at Sonoma State University in 1986, where she is now Professor of Physics and Astronomy. She has been Chair of the Physics and Astronomy Department since 2004; she briefly chaired also the Department of Chemistry from August 2005 to January 2007. In 1992, Cominsky began a collaboration with scientists (including Elliott Bloom) at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), which led directly to her involvement in the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) project. Cominsky founded the Education and Public Outreach group at Sonoma State University in 1999 and is the Project Director, Principal Investigator on over $17 million in grants and final technical reviewer for all products. She is also co-principal investigator on additional $5 million in federal grants. The mission of the SSU E/PO group is to develop exciting formal and informal educational materials to inspire students in grades 5–14 to pursue STEM careers, to train teachers nationwide in the classroom use of these materials, and to enhance science literacy for the general public. The SSU E/PO group's largest NASA-funded project was the Education and Public Outreach program for the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope mission.Launched on June 11, 2008, Fermi (formerly known as GLAST) is a space mission that uses silicon strip detectors to observe cosmic gamma-radiation from objects such as pulsars and quasars in the energy range 10 MeV - 300 GeV. <mask>'s group also led the Education and Public Outreach team for the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission, launched on November 20, 2004. In 2003, <mask> assumed the lead for the outreach effort for the US portion of the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton satellite. From 1999–2005, <mask> was also the Principal Investigator and Faculty Advisor for the North Bay Science Project, a California Science Project site located at SSU. Other major projects developed by the SSU E/PO group include an online Cosmology curriculum for undergraduates, and an innovative curriculum for secondary students to build small payloads for launch on high-powered rockets and balloons. Cominsky is also a scientific co-investigator on the Fermi, Swift NuSTAR missions, and a member of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration. From 2012–2014, the SSU E/PO group developed an educator's guide for the NuSTAR mission.Starting in 2013, and in partnership with SSU's Early Academic Outreach program led by Susan Wandling, <mask>'s group began to develop a two-year high school curriculum called "Learning by Making." This five-year project is one of 18 funded by the U.S. Department of Education's Investing in Innovation program for 2013. The curriculum is currently being piloted with six high-needs rural high schools in Mendocino county. The group's newest NSF project "Teaching Einstein's Universe to Community College students" has developed an on-line course to educate lower-division physics instructors about the science of LIGO. These courses also provide resources for instructors to use in their calculus-based introductory physics classes. <mask> has been a member of many different advisory committees, including the Chandra User's Group, the Structure and Evolution of the Universe Subcommittee of NASA's Space Sciences Advisory Committee, and the LIGO Program Advisory Committee. She has served on the Executive committees for the High Energy Astrophysics Division of the American Astronomical Society, and for the Division of Astrophysics of the American Physical Society.Currently she is also Chair of the APS California Section. For a decade, she was the Deputy Press Officer for the American Astronomical Society, and she continues as the Press Officer for both the Fermi and Swift missions. In these positions, she often interprets astronomical discoveries to the public. Honors and awards
In 1993, <mask> was named both SSU Outstanding Professor and California Professor of the Year by the Council for the Advancement and Support of Education (CASE). In 2008, <mask> was named a Fellow of the California Council on Science and Technology, in 2009, she was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (Education) and in 2013, she was named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (Astronomy). Recent awards include the 2014 Aerospace Awareness award from the Women in Aerospace professional organization, the 2015 Sally Ride Excellence in Education award from the American Astronautical Society and the 2016 Education prize from the American Astronomical Society. Cominsky also was named the 2016 awardee of the Wang Family Excellence Award from the California State University system, in the category of Natural Sciences, Mathematical and Computer Sciences and Engineering.She was elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society in 2020. References

21st-century American physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Sonoma State University faculty
Brandeis University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
American women physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Astronomical Society
21st-century American women

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Lynn Cominsky
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<mask> (born March 25, 1958) is an American business executive and film producer. She served as the Chairperson of the Motion Pictures Group of Sony Pictures Entertainment (SPE) and Co-Chairperson of SPE, including Sony Pictures Television, from 2006 until 2015. She has overseen the production and distribution of many films and television programs, and was co-chairperson  during the late-2014 Sony Pictures hack. Her company, Pascal Pictures, made its debut with the 2016 Ghostbusters reboot. In 2017, she produced Spider-Man: Homecoming, Molly's Game and The Post. She has received two Academy Award for Best Picture nominations, for producing The Post and Little Women. Early life and education
<mask> was born on March 25, 1958, in Los Angeles, California.Her father, Anthony H<mask>, was an economic researcher at the RAND Corporation who wrote about African American social inequality and the cost of AIDS. Her mother, <mask>, was a librarian and owner of an art bookstore, Artworks. Her family is Jewish. <mask> attended Crossroads School in Santa Monica, then worked as a bookkeeper at Crossroads School while getting her international relations degree at UCLA. Career
<mask> started her career as a secretary working for producer Tony Garnett at the independent production company Kestrel Films. From 1986 to 1987, she served as Vice President of Production at 20th Century Fox. Sony Pictures
<mask> joined Columbia Pictures in 1988, where she was responsible for the development of films including: Groundhog Day, Little Women, Awakenings, and A League of Their Own.She left Columbia in 1994 and served for two years as the President of Production for Turner Pictures while Scott Sassa was president of Turner Entertainment. During her time at Turner, <mask> hired Damon Lee as a development director. <mask> rejoined Columbia in 1996 as the studio's president after Turner Pictures merged with Warner Bros. In 1999, <mask> became Chair of Columbia Pictures. <mask> was named Co-Chairperson of Sony Pictures Entertainment in September 2006. She also served as Chairman of SPE's Motion Picture Group from December 2003 to February 2015. <mask> and SPE's Chairman and CEO Michael Lynton led all of SPE's lines of business, including: motion picture production, acquisition and distribution; television production, acquisition and distribution; television networks; digital content creation and distribution; operation of studio facilities; and development of new entertainment products, services and technologies.<mask> has overseen the production and distribution of a number of films, including the Spider-Man franchise; the James Bond films Casino Royale, Quantum of Solace and Skyfall, the first Bond film to gross over $1 billion at the worldwide box office; The Da Vinci Code and Angels & Demons; Sony Pictures Animation's The Smurfs, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, and Hotel Transylvania; and Best Picture Oscar nominees American Hustle, Captain Phillips, Zero Dark Thirty, Moneyball and The Social Network. <mask>, along with Lynton, also oversaw Sony Pictures Television (SPT), which produces and distributes television programming for multiple platforms in the U.S. and internationally. In 2013, <mask> was elected to the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. She clashed with investor Daniel S. Loeb, who accused both <mask> and Lynton of "poor financial controls." According to the Financial Times, "she employed an assistant who earned more than $250,000 a year, and had use of a private jet and other perks in keeping with Hollywood's golden era rather than an age of austerity." At the end of 2014, <mask> was the only woman at Sony to earn over $1 million per annum, having earned US$3 million a year. <mask>'s contract with Sony was scheduled to expire in March 2015.On February 5, 2015, <mask> announced she would step down in May 2015  <mask> stated during a Women in the World discussion on February 11, 2015, that she had been "fired" by Sony. Film producer
<mask> started her own production company, with a four-year contract for funding and distribution via Sony Pictures Entertainment. The company, called Pascal Pictures, hired Rachel O'Connor as production chief and Ian Dalrymple to open and run a New York branch. Pascal Pictures was expected to continue <mask>'s "book-friendly" focus, and Dalrymple's office was expected to facilitate this. She produced the Ghostbusters reboot film and the Marvel Studios-produced Spider-Man: Homecoming, in addition to theatre and television work. TriStar President Hannah Minghella obtained rights to Maestra by L. S. Hilton with the intent for <mask> to produce the film. Pascal Pictures made a winning bid for a memoir by Zoë Quinn about "Gamergate" called Crash Override: How to Save the Internet from Itself, which was sold to Touchstone/Simon & Schuster for publication in September 2016.<mask> and Elizabeth Cantillon optioned rights for a TriStar TV series based on books by Eve Babitz set in 1960s-1970s Los Angeles. For a sum in the "mid-six to seven figures", <mask> made a deal for Michael Diliberti's Athena, about a descendant of the goddess Athena who is recruited to a secret organization. Together with Sony, <mask> obtained rights for the TV crime drama Darktown, which she plans to executive produce with Jamie Foxx. In May 2019, it was announced that <mask> and her production company Pascal Pictures is leaving Sony and moving to Universal Pictures for a first-look deal after 30 years at Sony Pictures. Activities and awards
In 2001, <mask> was honored with the Women in Film's Crystal Award, which recognizes those whose work has helped to expand the role of women in the entertainment industry. <mask> has been included in The Hollywood Reporters annual Women in Entertainment Power 100 list and Forbes ranking of the World's 100 Most Powerful Women. , she was ranked as the 28th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes, up from 36th in 2013.Philanthropy
<mask> serves on the Honorary Committee of the Epilepsy Foundation of Greater Los Angeles. She has made charitable contributions to Teen Line. She was awarded the 2008 Humanitarian Award from the Simon Wiesenthal Center, a non-profit organization based in Los Angeles which combats antisemitism and promotes human rights and tolerance. She received the award at the 2008 National Tribute Dinner, an annual fundraiser which raised US$2 million for the center. In her acceptance speech, she said, "I believe in what the museum is committed to: not just the literal event of the Holocaust but not letting anything like that happen again." In August 2014, in the wake of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, alongside more than 190 members of the Hollywood entertainment industry, she signed a petition condemning Hamas started by Creative Community for Peace, a pro-peace non-profit organization. The petition read in part, "Hamas cannot be allowed to rain rockets on Israeli cities, nor can it be allowed to hold its own people hostage.Hospitals are for healing, not for hiding weapons. Schools are for learning, not for launching missiles. Children are our hope, not our human shields." Sony Pictures hack

On December 9, 2014, a group called "Guardians of Peace" hacked into Sony's computer system, which led to the theft of internal company documents. The fallout became a major international diplomatic incident in North Korea–United States relations. In subsequent news coverage <mask> and producer Scott Rudin were noted to have had an exchange in these documents about <mask>'s upcoming encounter with President Barack Obama. <mask> joked that the president, who is black, would possibly enjoy Django Unchained and The Butler (films which deal with slavery in the United States and the pre-civil rights era) or the comedy Think Like a Man which features an ensemble cast of black comedians.Rudin responded, "Ride Along, I bet he likes Kevin Hart." Racist comments
News reports branded the exchange as "racially insensitive," while others called it "racist." <mask> responded by saying "the content of my emails were insensitive and inappropriate but are not an accurate reflection of who I am." Civil rights leader Al Sharpton suggested the apology was not sufficient, compared her to Donald Sterling, and called for more diversity in Sony's hiring pool. The screenwriter and producer Aaron Sorkin denounced the media's focus on <mask>'s communications and many other emails released by the hack in an opinion piece for The New York Times, characterising the coverage as "giving material aid to criminals" and writing "at least the hackers are doing it for a cause. The press is doing it for a nickel." In the popular press, coverage of the story was extended with actress and producer Lisa Kudrow suggesting <mask> should have known better, adding, "Don't write anything you don't want broadcast".At the Writers Guild of America Awards 2014 on January 7, 2015, Kudrow, who was the presenter, mentioned the Sony hack again, arguing that it was disturbing "because Scott Rudin and <mask> thought that was witty banter." Color of Change, a civil rights organization, launched a petition in December 2014 calling upon Sony to fire <mask> from her role, arguing, "<mask>'s comments are confirmation of the manipulative, exploitative relationship corporations like Sony have with Black folks." They added, "We must hold <mask> accountable here; not just for her horrendous comments, but also for her role at the helm of a corporate agenda that views Black America as one big, lucrative joke." In a 2020 interview with Vulture, Thandiwe Newton accused <mask> of making racially insensitive and demeaning demands of her for the film remake of Charlie's Angels, a film Newton ended up declining to star in due to <mask>'s alleged behavior. <mask> responded by stating she was "horrified" by the story and had no recollection of it. Gender pay gap
After <mask> left Sony, she was interviewed about Sony Entertainment's gender pay gap that had been exposed by the leaks. Tina Brown asked <mask> to explain why actresses did not realize they were being paid less than male actors.<mask> said, "People want to work for less money. I'll pay them less money. I don't call them up and go, 'Can I give you some more?' ... what women have to do is not work for less money.... People should know what they're worth and say no." Women making less than their male counterparts and male co-stars learned of the difference from the hack, such as actress Charlize Theron, who had been able to obtain a deal of more than $10 million in early January 2015 to match the fee of Chris Hemsworth, her male co-star in The Huntsman film production. The difference between what men and women made was pervasive at Sony Pictures under <mask>, with only one female out of the seventeen studio executives earning more than $1 million per year according to the unconfirmed emails, and Columbia Pictures co-presidents of production Michael De Luca and Hannah Minghella serving in identical jobs but with a million dollar difference in pay. Pascal Pictures

In 2016, <mask> launched her production company Pascal Pictures which produced their first film Ghostbusters.Personal life
<mask> married Bernard Weinraub, a former foreign correspondent for The New York Times and playwright, in 1997. They reside in Brentwood, Los Angeles, with their son Anthony. Producer filmography

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
American chairpersons of corporations
American film studio executives
20th-century American Jews
American women business executives
American women film producers
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Crossroads School alumni
Jewish women in business
Race-related controversies in the United States
Sony Pictures Entertainment people
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Women corporate directors
People from Brentwood, Los Angeles
Sony Pictures Animation people
20th-century American businesswomen
21st-century American businesswomen
21st-century American Jews

masks:
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<mask>-Simhon (; January 13, 1950 – June 24, 1996) was an Israeli poet. Biography
Ben-Simhon was born in 1950 in a transit camp in Marseille, France, while her parents, Zehava and Haim Ben-Simhon, were on their way from Fez, Morocco to Israel, the youngest of their three children. The family was placed in a transit camp in Jerusalem, and later moved to the mostly-Moroccan Katamon neighborhood of Jerusalem. According to Dan Albo, who published a critical anthology of essays about Ben-Simhon, she was a bright student, and was identified as early as elementary school as having a gift for literature. Her father abandoned the family when Ben-Simhon was young. Her mother got married again, to an immigrant from Italy, and thus she was exposed to French (colonial), Moroccan, Italian, and Israeli culture. When Ben-Simhon began to attend an exclusive high school in a neighboring wealthy (i.e.Ashkenazi) area, she discovered for the first time the negative stigma held by the Israeli Ashkenazi mainstream regarding Mizrahim, and Moroccans in particular. Ben-Simhon did her mandatory military service in an intelligence unit of the army, and then worked for two years in the secret security services. In the course of her duties, she "witnessed things that disturbed her deeply, and caused her to resign." Ben-Simhon studied Hebrew Literature at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and acting at the Beit Zvi dramatic arts academy in Tel Aviv. Upon completing her studies, Ben-Simhon began working at an advertising agency, and as an editor for the local newspaper "Jerusalem". She also worked as a translator and editor for various institutions. Ben-Simhon started writing at age 25.She wrote short stories and poems, and also translated poems into Hebrew. Her first collection, Interested Not Interested, was published in 1983, and she published a total of four volumes of work. In addition, her poems have been included in anthologies, and some have been translated to English. Ben-Simhon had several episodes of mental illness, and was hospitalized in Talabia psychiatric hospital in Jerusalem. She was in a long-term relationship with novelist Shimon Zimmer. On July 24, 1996, Ben-Simhon was killed in a car crash. Themes and topics in her work
Ben-Simhon's work deals with issues relating to gender, ethnicity, class, culture and politics.She writes about being a Mizrahi woman in Israel, and about being a Mizrahi poet in an Ashkenazi literary world. Her poetry has been called "sensitive and brutal, personal and political," and also "fascinating, sharp and in particular, very intelligent." She wrote about racial stigmas, about societal power relations, about growing up poor, and living in a society where you "cannot gain entrance by being good", because you do not have the correct identity profile. A great deal of her poetry dealt with significant relationships in her life: For example, her friendship and collegial relationship with Israeli poet Amira Hess, which spanned over 20 years, found its way into both women's books and poetry. Other poets whose work touched on hers in some way include that of her life-partner writer Shimon Zimmer, and poets Oded Peleg and Balfour Hakak. But it is widely accepted that a particularly significant person in her work is Israeli poet Meir Wieseltier. Much of her first collection, Interested Not Interested, deals with her relationship with him, though no one knows for certain whether there was ever a romantic or sexual connection between the two, or if what she wrote about was all fantasy.Her life-partner, Shimon Zimmer, has stated that there were incidents in which Ben-Simhon "occasionally, in times of crisis, would go to his house and try to force her presence on him. I think one time a window was broken, and he called the police." Much of what she wrote was clearly a product of her imagination. It has been stated by mutual acquaintances of the two that Wieseltier treated Ben-Simhon in a very condescending and dismissive way, and according to researcher and poet Mati Shemoelof, it is far from coincidental that the best-known poem from her first collection dealing with Wieseltier is also a poem about the inferior status of a Mizrahi woman, and the stereotypical way Mizrahi women are sexualized, and not viewed as sources of knowledge or intelligence. Critic Eli Hirsch, however, dismisses Wieseltier's importance in her work and life: "Attempting to attribute to him a central role not only in her biography but also in the understanding of her poetry seems problematic to me. Wieseltier seems to mostly be a kind of hook on which the poet hung her yearning for a father. Much more significant is the influence of other women poets on the poetry of Ben-Simhon – Yona Wallach, and Hess, a friend of Ben-Simhon, who shared the heavy burden of Mizrahi women's poetry in those years."Film
In 2017, a documentary film about Ben-Simhon's life, <mask>'s Song (Ahava Mitrageshet Lavo) was created by filmmakers Eldad Boganim and Israel Winkler, with screenwriter Dan Albo. The film includes a recording from 1988, which was discovered by chance, after her death, in which Ben-Simhon reads a love letter to the poet Meir Wieseltier. The letter, the heart of this film, offers a glimpse at Ben-Simhon's ruptured soul. Works
 מעוניינת לא מעוניינת, הוצאת הקיבוץ המאוחד, תל אביב, 1983. Interested Not Interested
 שבלת דקה בכד חרס עתיק, אל"ף, תל אביב, 1985. A Thin Wheat-Stalk in an Ancient Clay Jar
 צמא, ספרית הפועלים, תל אביב, 1990. Thirst
 אקזיסטנציאליזם חרד, הוצאת כרמל, ירושלים, 1998.Anxious Existentialism. Published posthumously. In 2018, an anthology of all her works, with some additional poems from her estate, was published:
 רק האויר בחוץ שגיא, גמא, תל אביב 2018 Only the Air Outside is Exalted

Bibliography
 <mask>'s Song: A Critical Anthology About Miri Ben-Simhon and Her Poetry. (Ed. Dan Albo)  שירת מרים : אנתולוגיה ביוגרפית על מירי בן-שמחון ושירתה (ירושלים : כרמל, תש"ע 2010) עורך, דן אלבו

References

External links

 <mask>'s Song on the Channel 11 (film's production company) site (Hebrew)

Road incident deaths in Israel
Mizrahi feminists
Israeli women poets
Israeli poets
Israeli people of Moroccan-Jewish descent

masks:
Miri Ben
Miriam
Miriam
Miriam


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<mask> (born February 14, 1975) is an American television host and former government official, lawyer, and management consultant based in California. He first gained national recognition and popularity as the winner of the reality TV show Survivor: Cook Islands in 2006. He appeared again in Survivor: Winners at War, where he placed 14th. <mask> hosted the 2012 four-part TV series America Revealed on PBS as well as LinkAsia on Link TV. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Flushing in the Queens borough of New York City, to South Korean immigrants. He moved to Concord, California and attended Northgate High School, in Walnut Creek, where he graduated valedictorian and played varsity water polo and track and field. <mask> attended college at Stanford University, graduating in 1997 with a B.S.degree in Symbolic Systems and is a brother of Lambda Phi Epsilon fraternity. As a student, he earned recognition for both academic achievement (Phi Beta Kappa) and community service (James Lyons Award). In his sophomore year, <mask>'s childhood friend and roommate, Evan Chen, was diagnosed with a terminal case of leukemia. <mask> organized an intense nationwide bone marrow campaign in an effort to find a bone marrow donor for his friend. Although the search was successful and Chen underwent a marrow transplant, the procedure ultimately failed and Chen died two years later. He continues to organize bone marrow drives and serves as a national spokesperson for the Asian American Donor Program. After graduation from Stanford, <mask> attended Yale Law School, where he earned a J.D.in 2000 and was an editor on The Yale Law Journal. Career
<mask>'s professional career spanned a variety of roles across technology, law, business, and government. He worked at two law firms - Venture Law Group and Harris, Wiltshire & Grannis. He served a judicial clerkship with Judge Barrington D. Parker, Jr. on the Second Circuit Court of Appeals. He also worked as a legislative aide to U.S. Senator Joseph Lieberman in Washington, DC. In 2009, <mask> was appointed Deputy Chief of the Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau for the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).In 2011, <mask> left the FCC and became the host of a new television series on PBS, America Revealed. He became the host of a weekly news show, LinkAsia, which airs on LinkTV. <mask>'s private sector business experience includes working in Google's business strategy group and as a management consultant with McKinsey & Company and The Trium Group. In February 2013, <mask> joined Facebook's Privacy product team, and in 2015, he moved into the position of Product Management Director. In June 2018, he left Facebook and is currently working at Google as a Vice President of Product Management. <mask>  became a lecturer  for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Survivor

Cook Islands
In 2006, <mask> was recruited to participate in the thirteenth season of Survivor, which took place in the Cook Islands.This season was notable for the producers' decision to divide the contestants into tribes by their ethnicity, a decision that generated substantial controversy. When asked why he agreed to go on the show, he cited his desire to provide a positive role model for his community, and the lack of representation by Asian Americans on television. Originally on the Asian American Puka Puka tribe, <mask> led his tribe to dominate in the first two tribal immunity challenges, while winning rewards on both occasions. On Puka Puka, <mask> developed a long-lasting alliance and friendship with fellow Korean-American attorney Rebekah "Becky" Lee. In Episode 2, <mask> was banished to Exile Island by the Hispanic Aitutaki tribe, after Aitutaki intentionally lost the second immunity challenge. On Exile Island, <mask> was able to decipher the clues and find the hidden immunity idol, which would be very instrumental to his survival later in the game. In Episode Three, the four ethnically-divided tribes integrated into two tribes, and both <mask> and Lee became members of the new Aitutaki tribe.<mask> and Lee immediately developed a four-person alliance with Jonathan Penner and Candice Woodcock of the old white Rarotonga tribe. When Aitutaki lost the next immunity challenge and the opposing new Rarotonga tribe sent Candice to Exile Island, <mask>'s alliance became outnumbered and Lee became a target. However, <mask> and Penner were able to convince Anh-Tuan "Cao Boi" Bui and Jessica "Flicka" Smith from their old respective tribes to side with them and voted out Cecilia Mansilla. After that, the new Aitutaki tribe enjoyed back-to-back immunity challenge wins in episodes 4 and 5. In Episode Six, both tribes were informed they would have to vote someone out of their tribe, regardless of the challenge results. Despite being from the same original tribe, <mask> and his alliance voted out Cao Boi, seeing him as a loose cannon that could not to be trusted. It was around this point that <mask>, Lee, Penner and Woodcock recruited Sundra Oakley to their now 5-person alliance.In Episode 7, this new alliance targeted Oscar "Ozzy" Lusth due to his strength in challenges. But when the Aitutaki tribe lost immunity, they voted out Flicka, admitting they needed Ozzy for future challenges. Both tribes were now tied at 6 members each. In Episode Eight, all remaining survivors were given the chance to "mutiny" and defect to the opposite tribe. Woodcock, who saw this as an opportunity to get back to her old Rarotonga tribemates and friends, Adam Gentry and Parvati Shallow, mutinied to the Rarotonga tribe, and Penner would subsequently follow Woodcock. The mutiny left <mask>, Lee, Oakley and Lusth as a tribe of four against a tribe of eight, and were dubbed as the "Aitu 4" as such. Despite these odds, the new Aitu 4 were able to dominate in the challenges and win four challenges in a row, sending Rarotonga to tribal council where they voted out Brad Virata, Rebecca Borman and (in a twist where they had to vote out two members in one tribal council) Jenny Guzon-Bae.These three survivors became members of the jury. At the Final Nine, the two tribes (Aitutaki and Rarotonga) merged into Aitutonga. The Aitu 4 were still outnumbered by the five Rarotonga members. However, <mask> devised a plan to use the Hidden Immunity Idol to blackmail former ally and mutineer Penner. By using his Hidden Immunity Idol to threaten to eliminate Penner at Tribal Council, Penner decided to defect from Rarotonga and join the Aitu 4 to save himself. The Aitu 4 and Penner surprised Rarotonga at Tribal Council and voted out Nathan "Nate" Gonzalez. In the Survivor Auction at the Final 8, <mask> revealed to the remaining Rarotonga members and the host Jeff Probst that he held the Hidden Immunity Idol.The Aitu 4 and Penner continued to control the game and voted out their former ally and mutineer Woodcock. At the Final Seven, <mask>, then dubbed the "Ringleader", "Puppet Master" and "Godfather", was constantly being pressured by the remaining Rarotonga members to vote out the traitor Penner. Knowing that their days in the game were numbered, Gentry and Shallow both threatened to vote against <mask> in the jury if <mask> refused to vote out Penner before them. <mask> made a deal with Gentry that if Penner was voted out ahead of him and Shallow, he would gain Gentry's vote in the jury, and Penner was voted out. In the next two Tribal Councils, Shallow and Gentry were voted out respectively, propelling the Aitu 4 into the final 4. Once in the Final Four, Lee, Lusth, Oakley, and <mask> were shocked to hear that instead of a standard Final Two, the final tribal council would consist of three members. At the immunity challenge, Lusth continued to dominate, winning his spot in the Final Three.<mask>, still protected by the hidden immunity idol, was also safe. Both Lusth and <mask> agreed that the fairest decision would be a tie-breaker challenge between Lee and Oakley. <mask> offered his idol to Lee, but she declined. In the tie-breaker, neither Lee nor Oakley could start a fire with flint within a one-hour limit. Moving to matches, both still had trouble, and Oakley ran out of matches. Lee went on to win the challenge, moving her into the Final Three with Lusth and <mask>. In the Final Tribal Council, <mask> was credited for his strategic prowess and his ability in the social aspect of the game, whereas Lusth was credited for his domination in the physical aspect of the game.In the end, <mask> beat out Ozzy Lusth and Becky Lee in a 5-4-0 vote to become the Sole Survivor, gaining the votes of Brad Virata, Candice Woodcock, Jonathan Penner, Adam Gentry, and Sundra Oakley. Winners at War
<mask> returned to the game on Survivor: Winners at War after a 14-year and 27-season hiatus. He was originally a member of the Dakal tribe where he aligned himself with Sophie Clarke, Nick Wilson, and Wendell Holland. The four of them began targeting old-school players. <mask> then became a part of the Sele tribe following a tribal swap. He had a hand in voting off Amber Mariano, Tyson Apostol, and Parvati Shallow during the first three tribal councils he attended, but he later became the ninth person voted off and placed 14th on day 35 after not earning the right to return to the game from the Edge of Extinction. As a juror, <mask> cast his vote for eventual winner Tony Vlachos.Other media appearances

Shortly after winning Survivor, <mask> appeared on several talk shows, including Live with Regis & Kelly. He received positive media coverage for his strategic and honest gameplay, as well as for breaking stereotypes about Asian American men in the media. In 2015, in the official issue of CBS Watch commemorating the 15th anniversary of Survivor, <mask> was voted by viewers as the 9th greatest contestant in Survivor history. At the time, he was one of only two one-time contestants to appear in the top 10, the other being Tony Vlachos of Survivor: Cagayan (who has since played again on Survivor: Game Changers and Survivor: Winners at War alongside <mask>). In a 2015 interview shortly before the premiere of the 30th season, host Jeff Probst declared <mask> to be one of his top 10 favorite Survivor winners ever, and one of his top 6 favorite male winners. <mask> made several notable lists in 2006/2007, including People Magazine's Sexiest Men Alive, People Magazine's Hottest Bachelors, and Extra TV's Most Eligible Bachelors. He was profiled in VIBE Magazine's "Juice" issue as part of the New Power Generation, consisting of people who will shape the future.An online poll by Entertainment Weekly also found <mask> to be the favorite Survivor winner among its readers. In 2017, the magazine also had fans rank the 34 winners of Survivor and <mask> was ranked 9th. In 2007, <mask> worked as a special correspondent for CNN on a series exploring issues affecting the Asian American community. The series, Uncovering America, aired on CNN's American Morning. The topics <mask> examined included the portrayal of Asian Americans in the media, the glass ceiling in the corporate workplace, and affirmative action. He was also interviewed regarding these issues on Anderson Cooper 360. Personal life
<mask> proposed to his girlfriend, Sophie Tan, in April 2008.The couple had been set up by one of <mask>'s Survivor tribemates, Brad Virata. The couple were married in 2009 at Clos La Chance winery in San Martin, California. The ceremony was televised and aired on the TV Guide Channel. <mask> and his wife have two children. References

External links

<mask> <mask> biography for Survivor: Cook Islands at CBS.com

1975 births
American management consultants
American people of Korean descent
California lawyers
Living people
McKinsey & Company people
Participants in American reality television series
People from Concord, California
People from Queens, New York
Stanford University alumni
Survivor (American TV series) winners
Yale Law School alumni

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Yul Kwon
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<mask> was an Italian artist's model and sculptor who founded the Académie Colarossi, Paris, in 1879–1880. He was born on 21 April 1841 in Picinisco, Italy and is claimed to have died on 25 August 1906 in Paris. However, Duval states that Colarossi died poor and alone in August 1906 in a little town near Naples. Émile-Bayard writing in 1927, tells that Colarossi and his wife (unidentified/unconfirmed second wife, the first  died in 1896), having profited from the sale of a building plot in 1916, retired to Piscinisco, his natal village, where they presumably stayed until their deaths. Fuss Amoré and des Ombiaux, also maintain that Colarossi returned to Italy. Writing in 1924, they say that Colarossi had recently returned to Picinisco, having sold some works by the artist James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834– 1903). No female companion is mentioned in this latter source.Biography

Leaving Italy
Born to poor parents, farm labourer (It. : contadino) Fiori <mask> (1779–1853) and his wife Anna (née Ferri, b. 1811), <mask> <mask> grew up in Piscinisco a small, hilltop village, south east of Rome, Frosinone province in the then Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (KTS). During the Unification of Italy, the KTS fell to the nationalist, anti-papal, general Giuseppe Garibaldi's (1807–1882) troops, whereupon it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy and asset stripped. As a Catholic and loyal KTS royal marine, this was an unwelcome outcome to <mask>'s elder brother Angelo (1836 -1916), so, in late 1860 or in 1861, they made their way, mostly by steam boat (Naples-Marseilles, then Avignon-Lyon), to Paris, France, to escape widespread poverty and obligatory military conscription. It seems another brother, Antonio (b. 1837), was waiting there to welcome and help them.Paris and modelling
The <mask> brothers left a life in rural Italy to start afresh in a foreign, capital city. Challenges such as the language, accommodation and paid work would have to be addressed. By chance, or perhaps by design, they had also arrived in Paris at an exciting and tumultuous time in the city's history. In the 1860s, the city was in rapid growth in terms of population, geographical boundaries, industry, commerce and cultural activity. Starting in 1853, Napoléon III (1808 – 1873) and his prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann (1809 – 1891), had initiated an extensive series of public works projects to clean up, rebuild and modernise the capital. Old blocks of buildings were demolished. High-rise apartment houses with classical facades, wide boulevards, new sewers and more were built.Like Antonio before them, both brothers soon found employment as models for artists. This was hard work as poses had to be inspiring and held for long periods of time. Nudity also conflicted with societal norms of modesty and propriety. Nonetheless, <mask> chose to remain a model in Paris, which was fast becoming the Mecca of the Fine Arts, while Angelo left for London, England, in 1864, where he continued his newfound occupation and started a family. His son  <mask> Jnr., was also a model in London and posed for the sculptor Alfred Gilbert amongst others. <mask> became a very ambitious and successful model, not least at the École Impériale des Beaux-Arts on the Left Bank where he drew an annual, retaining fee of 500 francs. Here, he soon acquired the titles of questeur des modèles and later chef des modèles.He was also a favourite model of the great classicist painter, Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier (1815-1891), who he met when staying at Saint-Germain-en-Laye to escape the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

In what must have been a fraught and arduous life, <mask> also found time to marry and start a family of his own. On 21 July 1866, he married Ascenza Margiota (1847–1896), herself a model and native of Piscinisco. In April of the same year, their first child, Ernest Flore <mask> (1866-1960) had been born. They later had two girls, Maria (1868-1913) and Malia (1871-1897), who both married artists. Colarossi's Academy - setting out
Ever ambitious, Filippo wanted to establish his own school where he could provide an art education for the many students, male and female, that were flocking to Paris. Henri Duval writes that Colarossi had through 'economy and right living' saved the funds necessary to set up a school. He may also have had financial help as The Artist - An Illustrated Monthly Record of Arts, Crafts and Industries asserts that the wealthy Meissonier helped Colarossi to get started in an art school, perhaps by giving him an advance.So, Colarossi purchased the then renowned Académie Suisse. This academy was established by the model and painter of miniatures Martin François Suisse (1781-1859) at 4, Quai des Orfèvres on the Île de la Cité, Paris in 1817. In 1858, Suisse had retired and left his academy to a nephew, while remaining an honorary professor. However, it was the artist Etiènne Prosper Crébassol (1806-1883) that soon took on the ownership, certainly the running, of the academy, renaming it l'Academie Suisse-Crébassol. Suisse died in 1859 at his home, 78 years old. Passe writes that in 1876, that the Ateliers de Dessin et de Peinture, were more-or-less limited to Julian's Academy in the Passage des Panoramas (see Crombie) and Crébassol's insufficient, little course in rue Gît-le-Cœur. He makes no mention of l'Académie Colarossi (see below), the renowned art school, so it is doubtful it had been established.Indeed, advertisements for the school did not appear in newspapers until 1882 and 1883. Furthermore, an article in Le Petit Journal, 1882, refers to "la nouvelle académie libre" Assertions of an earlier purchase date sometime around 1870, are made further implausible by the disruptions of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) and the Paris Commune (1871). It would seem that Crébassol had moved the school to No. 12, rue Gît-le-Cœur, 6th arrondisement, over the river from the Quai des Orfèvres. Passe further states that two years later in 1879 the aged Crébassol sold his studio to the Italian model and sculptor <mask> <mask> (1841-1906) for the sum of 500 fr. Crébassol was by this time 73 years old and was presumably no longer able and/or willing to maintain his academy any longer. He died at home in 1883.Colarossi first renamed his acquisition Academy of the Rose, later renaming it Académie Colarossi. In 1881, he transferred its premises to 10 rue de la Grande Chaumiere in Montparnasse (6th  arrondisement). where he had added six studios to his newly acquired rear courtyard premises behind a certain Miss Bonnefoy's grocery-store. He was also to establish annexes, for example, at  96 Rue Blanche (9th arrondissement), 13 Rue Washington (8th arrondissement), and, most prominently, at 43 Avenue Victor Hugo (16th  arrondissement). Colarossi Academy is up and running
Colarossi wanted his academy to be a progressive school where one could get training that was not available at the more conservative École. Women and men could share classes, and women were also allowed to draw and paint nude models, both male and female. Colarossi was from the start a firm believer in mixed classes as it was an advantage to both men and women to be able to watch, compare and discuss each other's work.There was no entrance exam, but there were fees to be paid. Here, equality between the sexes was less apparent. Most schools demanded higher fees of their female students, than their male counterparts. For example, to study at the Colarossi Academy, Rue de la Grande Chaumière the following fees applied in 1887:

 for men, one month, day 16 fr., evening 15 fr. for women, one month, day 20 fr., evening 20 fr

The usual explanation for the difference was that the attendance of women could not be relied upon. Women often remained for a month or two, but men tended to stay for years, many having the intention of seeking entry to the École des Beaux Arts. Most women were not studying professionally, so their luxury was set at a higher price.It must be remembered that only in 1897, after a long and heated campaign by activists, were women finally allowed to sit the L'École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts de Paris entrance exam and perhaps be one of the few to study there for free, albeit with some restrictions. In 1900 female students were admitted on a more-or-less equal footing with male students, though they were not allowed to enter the competition for the prestigious Prix de Rome until 1903.

Notable students of the academy included Paul Gauguin (1848–1903), Claude-Émile Schuffenecker (1851–1934), Helene

masks:
Filippo Colarossi
Colarossi
Filippo
Colarossi
Filippo
Colarossi
Filippo
Angelo Colarossi
Filippo
Filippo
Colarossi
Filippo
Colarossi


texts:
 Schjerfbeck (1862–1946), Camille Claudel (1864–1943), Alphonse Mucha (1860–1939), Paula Modersohn-Becker (1876–1907) and others. Colarossi's considerable experience and status as a leading model allowed him to recruit the best of models, many from his native Abruzze region in Italy. Penelope Little states that Colarossi actively enticed his impoverished countrymen to Paris where they could provide a constant and plentiful supply of affordable modelos. In 1880, a list of models in Paris recorded that of 671 models, 230 were Italian, the rest being of various nationalities. Italian models were not just admired for their looks, but also their tractability, ability to hold the pose for long periods and dedication. Their willingness to accept lower fees was also exploited.Colarossi's compatriots became very popular models for thirty or so years before their fortunes slowly began to wane due to the move from classicism to realism in art. Every Monday for many years there was a picturesque queue or throng of such models outside No. 10 known as Le Marché aux Modèles that extended from the academy's courtyard, through the passageway and well out into the street. Men, women and children sporting a variety of attire from mundane city rags to traditional costumes waited and hoped to find employment for the week knowing that they could receive more pay than in other schools. Colarossi also employed some of the best artists to teach at his academy. In the 1880s and 90s  for example, they included painters Jules Bastien-Lepage (1848–1884), Gustave-Claude-Etienne Courtois (1852–1923), Raphaël Collin (1850–1916), Louis-Auguste Girardot (1856–1933), René-Paul Schützenberger (1860–1916), Jean-André Rixens (1846–1925) and Édouard Debat-Ponsan (1847–1913). His sculptors included Alexandre Falguière (1831–1900), Jean Antoine Injalbert (1845–1933) and Alfred Boucher (1850–1934).These artists were academically trained, but did not impose any academic orthodoxy. They would visit twice a week to give their criticism on the work of each student. All students were taught by a number of teachers, and allowed to nurture any personal character or originality they might have. Colarossi did everything he could to ensure his own personal happiness and success. He believed that his academy was blessed from on high and was destined for glory. Since its first incarnation as Académie Suisse, many of its students, like Gustave Courbet (1819–1877) and the Impressionists, had become great artists. These, he believed, kept a protective eye on the academy from heaven.On Earth, he was proud of the fact that he had the pick of the best Italian models and talented teachers who took great pride in doing their utmost for the school. Thus, the living would also assure his academy's good fortune. Writing in 1889, French's view is more down-to-earth:   "The heads of the private schools, …, are not distinguished artists at all, but rather business men, managers of tact and address. <mask> is an Italian and was formerly a model in the art schools. He is a cordial, business-like man, and does some modelling in clay. His evening classes are much frequented." In reality, though <mask>'s academy became a great success, it was not all plain sailing.Writing in 1890, Harrison asserts that the academy was reduced to half its former size by the draining influence of its great rival, the Académie Jullien [recte Académie Julian], whose paid professors dominated the Salon and favoured Julian's 600-800 students. An artist in his own right
As hinted above, Colarossi also became an artist; no doubt availing himself of the excellent teachers at his own academy. Under the name of Philippe, or <mask>, <mask>, he exhibited sculptures at:

 The Salon of French Artists in Paris from 1882-89. Société des Amis des Arts du Département de Seine-et-Oise, 35e Exposition Versaillaise de 1888, Versailles
 Exposition Universelle de 1889, Paris. The Royal Academy Exhibitions of 1884 and 1888, London. The Grovesnor Gallery, London in 1884 and 1885

So, not only could he advise on posing the academy's models, he could now help to nurture his students' artistic talents. In 1889, a Miss B.-M. Ross who studied in Paris and exhibited at the Salon of 1889 says of Colarossi: "Our critics were among the best artists of France.Monsieur Callarossi [sic], at the head of the school, is a sculptor of some little note in Paris. His works appear year upon year at  the Salon. He rose from a model and has made himself universally beloved by the students by his sympathy with their work and his way of dealing. …" In 1884, Colarossi became a member of L'Association des Artistes, a non-profit foundation launched by Baron Isidore Taylor (1789–1879) in 1844 for the protection and assistance of artists. The association was one of the most prestigious bastions of the Beaux Arts and membership was a way of obtaining affirmation of one's artistic credentials and finding new contacts to further one's ambitions. Colarossi takes to two wheels
Colarossi's life was demanding, however he did find time for recreation. In the early 1890s, he developed a passion for cycling which was experiencing a boom resulting from several significant technical developments in bicycle design.In 1893, he and some of his students organised a 40 km, summer, bicycle race for painters, sculptors and architects under the patronage of Le Vélo and La Bicyclette newspapers. It came to be known as "La Course des Trois Arts". <mask> was the organising committee's treasurer, while artists Carolus Duran (1837–1917), Courtois and Alfred Philippe Roll (1846–1919)  were honorable presidents. The races were primarily for amateurs, but some professionals like Henri Farman (1874-1958) and G. Lambert also participated. Prizes such as medals, journal subscriptions and tyres could be won. In 1895, Colarossi offered a term at his academy as a prize. Though in his early fifties, in 1893 and 94, Colarossi paid the 5 francs entry and took part in the race.His finishing times are not recorded. He also took part, along with others, in a twelve hour, endurance match against the noted journalist and cycle racer Edouard de Perrodil (1860–1931)

For Colarossi, the bicycle may have had its quotidian uses in getting around Paris, as in 1895, he was spotted riding a bicycle through the Bois de Boulogne, not far from the his academy's premises on Avenue Victor Hugo. Not one to miss a celebration, Colarossi also attended the festive, post-race banquets that were held for participants and organisers after each race. His son, Ernest Flore, engraver and pupil of Paul-Edme Le Rat, was present in 1896. Colarossi and his academy continued to play an active, organisational role until the last Course des Trois Arts in 1898. The good life and decline
Inevitably, success changed Colarossi and he became something of a bohemian or bonvivant who cultivated the appearance of an aristocrat. The robust, hard-working model and renowned, art-school proprietor, began to stroll the boulevards, to frequent chic cafés and develop a penchant for English clothing.He indulged in those pleasures that Paris could offer those with money to spare and an easy conscience. Despite the fact that his academy was as popular and remunerative as ever, the high life of women and drink began to take its toll. But, it was Colarossi's betting on horses, with disastrous results, that forced him to close the academy's doors in the winter of 1901-1902. Duval reports that, "At the time of his death, the academy was and still is being run for the benefit of his creditors, according to the French law." On 19 March 1910, the financially embarrassed academy, was advertised as being for sale on 18 April for the sum of 10,000 francs. Seemingly, Colarossi's son Ernest found the necessary capital, as he is recorded as succeeding his father in Le Courrier, a daily journal of judicial and legal notices, also on 18 April. The academy certainly avoided closure as there were classes in November 1911, and Ernest is recorded as being very much in control of the academy in 1912.Various online sources state that <mask> (his second (?) wife) burned the academy's priceless archives in retaliation for her husband's philandering and that the academy subsequently closed in the 1920s or 30s. The first claim regarding the archive is entirely anecdotal reiteration and is not supported by any references. The dating of the academy's closure is simply incorrect. It was still open and very active in the 1940s and 50s. Notes

References

Italian sculptors
Italian artists'

masks:
Colarossi
Colarossi
Filippo
Colarossi
Colarossi
Madame Colarossi


texts:
<mask> (1908–1999) was the first woman to work as an automotive designer when she joined the interior styling staff of General Motors in Detroit in 1943. She specialized in designs for automotive interiors, as well as furniture, jewellery, fashion accessories, and stained glass windows. She was posthumously inducted to the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2020. Early life
A native of Leipzig, Germany, <mask> studied art at the Kunstgewerbeschule (a school of applied arts) in Hamburg. It is also claimed that she studied at the Bauhaus, although the details of when this occurred remain unclear. No dates are available and some sources say she went to the Weimar Bauhaus (open 1919-1925) and some say Dessau, (open 1926-1932). Rother would move to Paris , where she designed both high fashion jewelry and popular miniature animal pins worn by women on hats and dresses prior to World War II.In 1932, Rother gave birth to her daughter, Ina <mask>, whose father would later be active in the French Resistance and on the run for years. <mask> fled from Nazi-occupied France together with her seven-year-old daughter Ina, to a refugee camp in northern Africa where they stayed for four months before finding passage on a ship and arrived in New York City on 11 August 1941. Career
<mask>'s first employment in New York was as an illustrator for Marvel Comics. In 1943, she moved to Detroit, Michigan, to work for General Motors. She joined the interior styling staff and was responsible for upholstery colors and fabrics, lighting, door hardware, and seat construction. Although she was Detroit's first woman automotive designer, it was downplayed at the time and her salary as reported in a newspaper was US$600 a month. At this time the average wage was $200 for a man."She was one of the few women to succeed in a man's job during an era when the vast majority of women couldn't even see a glass ceiling-it was hidden behind steel doors." In 1947, Rother established her own design studio in the Fisher Building, where she specialized in designs for automotive interiors, furniture, and stained glass windows. Her business was named Helene Rother Associates. In 1948 she published a technical paper with the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) asking "Are we doing a good job in our car interiors" She participated in SAE conferences describing that much can be and should be done in improving automobile interior design and the materials used at that time, summarizing what determines quality in textiles "You get exactly what you pay for." Her presentation at the annual conference also marked the first time that a woman addressed the SAE. In 1949, The SAE Journal reported on Rother's work and her activities advocating women in the industry. They described her "efforts have encompassed items ranging from jewelry and accessories to several of today's automobiles, and quoted her that "even the Army is ahead of industry in employing the talents of women."Nash Motors

She was soon contracted by Nash Motors and styled the elegant interiors of most of the cars from 1948 to 1956. Even the economical Nash Rambler models were prominently promoted as "irresistible glamour" on wheels. The innovative  wheelbase Rambler was conceived initially as a well-appointed convertible with its interior designed with the aid of Rother as a consultant. Nash used a strategy to give the new Rambler a positive public image by avoiding it being seen by the public as a "cheap little car." It was "well-equipped and stylish" with no "stripped-down" versions. The focus on design and quality features helped establish a new segment in the automobile market, as the Rambler is widely acknowledged to be the first successful modern American compact car. <mask> designed the Rambler's interiors to appeal to the feminine eye knew because she knew what women looked for in a car and her designs featured elegant, stylish, and expensive fabrics that coordinated in colors and trim.The new 1951 Rambler models were also "given the custom touch" with fabrics and colors selected by Rother that "equaled the best of interiors in American luxury cars of the period." She toured the 1951 Paris Auto Salon, and was the first woman to address the Society of Automotive Engineers in Detroit. In 1953, Nash was awarded the Jackson Medal, "...since 1898, one of America's most sought-after awards," according to an advertisement, for excellence of design. Many Nash sales brochures and Rambler advertisements of the time featured the copy stating: "Styling by Pinin Farina and interiors by Madame <mask> <mask> of Paris" as proof of the European influence on company's automobile styling. She conferred with Pinin Farina, who styled the exterior of the 1953 Nash Airflytes, to coordinate with the interiors and new custom fabrics. In 1954, the Nash Ambassadors had a big feature: the completely new interior by Rother. That year, Nash merged with Hudson to create American Motors Corporation (AMC), but her influence on interior fashion in automobiles continued.Other work
Rother purchased a home on Chicago Boulevard in Detroit, with living quarters upstairs and a studio downstairs, where she continued other independent consulting work. Her clients included several tire manufacturing companies, as well as non-automotive firms. She was also responsible for designing the interiors of ambulances and hearses for Miller-Meteor. A sterling flatware pattern called "Skylark" was designed by <mask> for Samuel Kirk & Son, silver craftsmen firm since 1815, that the company issued from 1954 into the late-1980s. The Skylark brand and logo expired in 1997. Rother decided she wanted to begin producing art again so she went for a visit to Europe where she saw the struggle to restore or rebuild war-damaged churches and cathedrals. She also designed stained glass for churches in the US and had installations in the mid-1960s, mainly in Michigan.Examples include the Beverly Hills United Methodist Church in Beverly Hills, and the St. Lazarus Serbian Orthodox Cathedral in northeast Detroit with all thick "chunk" faceted glass, that was fabricated in France. In 1962, the St. James United Church of Christ in Dearborn, was dedicated featuring windows and the reredos designed by Rother. She also designed stained glass windows for a modern cathedral, Our Lady Queen of Peace, in Harper Woods, Michigan. She used  thick pieces of glass, which consisted of twelve elongated triangular frames that merged at the top of the circle. The glass was selected and fabricated into small pieces by a family group of craftsmen in Buche, a suburb of Paris, before being shipped from France for final assembly during the construction. Rother remains relatively unknown in the world of stained glass as women who designed stained glass, either independently or under a major studio name, were for the most part unrecognized at the time. In her later years, Rother also spent time on her horse farm near Metamora, Michigan.Legacy
In 1953, Tide, a magazine covering the sales and advertising industry and trends, wrote: "a most attractive woman, whom I have thus encountered along the periphery of advertising is Madam <mask> Rother — pretty and vivacious enough to serve as a prototype of Parisian women. She is an industrial designer with an impressive record." According to automotive historian Patrick Foster, Rother is one of the important people in the automotive industry who have been overlooked or forgotten. She was not the first woman to work in styling; however, "she was an early pioneer and one of the best." Rother has been identified as the "patron saint" of the Las Vegas Concours d'Elegance and a bust inspired the design of the award trophies. In 2020, her contributions were recognized by the Automotive Hall of Fame for "her influence on the styling and design of vehicle interiors." Notes

References

American automobile designers
General Motors designers
American Motors people
American women in business
American automotive pioneers
German emigrants to the United States
Artists from Leipzig
Nash Motors people
Industrial designers
Bauhaus alumni
1908 births
1999 deaths
People from Lapeer County, Michigan
Glass artists
General Motors people
20th-century American women artists
20th-century American people

masks:
Helene Rother
Rother
Ann Rother
Rother
Rother
Rother
Helene
Rother
Rother
Helene