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<mask> (6 December 1809 in Twyford, Hampshire – 12 August 1890 in Accra) was an Anglo-African Wesleyan minister, missionary, botanist and colonial official in West Africa. He is widely regarded as a pioneer of the Methodist Church in colonial West Africa, where he also established multiple schools. Some scholars view him as the “Founder of Ghana Methodism”. <mask>'s missionary activities took him to Dahomey, now Benin as well as to Western Nigeria. Biographical synopsis
Born in Twyford, Hampshire, <mask> was the son of an African father, <mask>, and an English mother, <mask>. He worked as a gardener and botanist for Sir Robert Harland (1765-1848) at Orwell Park near Ipswich until dismissed for abandoning Anglicanism for Wesleyan Methodism. Under <mask>, nine schools were established in the colony of Gold Coast (present day Ghana) in 1841, three of which were for girls.He continued opening schools, and by 1880 had about 83 schools with roughly 3000 students. In 1838 he went as a Methodist missionary to West Africa, founding Methodist churches in the Gold Coast in Cape Coast and Accra, and establishing a mission station in Kumasi. In 1850, <mask> established agriculture farms at Buela near Cape Coast (all in present-day Ghana). He also went to towns in southern Nigeria and to the kingdom of Dahomey. In 1843, while on furlough in Britain, he was active in the anti-slavery cause. After resigning as a missionary in 1857, he was employed by the colonial government as civil commandant of Accra district from 1857 to 1873. <mask> married three times.His first two wives, who were white British women, died soon after they arrived in West Africa, and he subsequently married a local Fante woman. In 1873, he rejoined the Mission, and together with his son, promoted Methodist work in the southern Gold Coast. Early life

<mask> <mask> was born on 6 December 1809 in Twyford about three miles from Winchester, Hampshire, England. In those days, Winchester was a bastion of Wesleyan Methodism. His father, a gardener named <mask> was an African freedman from the West Indies, who obtained his freedom under the Emancipation Act, and was brought to England by his master, a slave-owning aristocrat. T. B. <mask>'s mother, <mask> was a working-class Englishwoman. <mask> was a housemaid in the home of <mask>'s father's master.<mask> had previously been married to <mask>, with whom she had three children. When <mask> <mask> was six years old, his father passed away. He lived with his mother in “a middle-class house facing a three-cornered space, a public house, “The Dolphin”, occupying the second, and a [thatched] cottage, then used as the Wesleyan preaching-house, the third corner of the triangle" in Twyford where it is presumed he received a solid education, although there is no historical record of the institutions he formally enrolled in. During his childhood, he and his friends used to play pranks on a local cobbler who eventually introduced <mask> to Methodism. This shoemaker lived in the Wesleyan preaching house and was a Methodist class-leader and a lay preacher of his village. <mask> followed the footsteps of his late father and became a gardener on a Suffolk estate where he developed an interest in botany. T. B<mask> became a botanist and head gardener to Sir Robert Harland at Orwell Park on the banks of the Orwell, near Ipswich in Suffolk.<mask> was an avid reader and became knowledgable in horticulture and listing plants Latin botanical names. <mask> kept a small library in his rooms. Decades later when he relocated to the Gold Coast, <mask> exchanged correspondence with Sir William Hooker (1785-1865), the first Director of Kew Gardens near London, the world’s leading botanical institution, on West African flora. <mask> also researched and collated scientific data on tropical fauna for Kew Gardens. <mask> developed a newfound zeal for the Methodist faith which was frowned upon by his employer, Sir Robert Harland who asked him to choose between his religion and his career. Around this time, the Methodist Mission Society in England had made a mass appeal for volunteer missionaries to go to Africa to propagate the Gospel. He felt he had received a divine call to become a missionary and responded to the appeal by assuring himself, “It may not be necessary for me to live; but it is necessary for me to go."He consulted his friends on the matter, particularly Peter Hill of Chelmondiston who he considered a lifelong family friend. Subsequently, he resigned from his position at Orwell Park. Sir Robert Harland’s wife, Lady Arethusa (1777-1860) was unhappy with <mask>’s decision to leave and tried unsuccessfully to persuade him to stay. <mask> passed a satisfactory examination before a special committee at the old Mission-house in Hatton Garden. After delivering an acclaimed sermon at the Methodist Conference in Leeds, witnessed by a Methodist minister, the Rev. Abraham Farrar, in October 1837, he was appointed a probationary Wesleyan minister at Cape Coast after his ordination in the Islington Chapel in London on 10 October 1837. The English missionaries at Cape Coast only had a series of short stints on the Gold Coast as many died from tropical diseases.Missionary activities in West Africa

Historical context
Methodism was first brought to the Gold Coast by the Wesleyan Methodist Church by the Rev. Joseph Rhodes Dunwell on New Year’s Day in January 1835, who was a 27-year old preacher from England. Early Wesleyan missionaries had an Anglican heritage. From the late 1400s onwards, Roman Catholic and Anglican missionaries began arriving on the Gold Coast, though their evangelising endeavours yielded no results. In the 18th century, the Anglican missionaries founded a school at Cape Coast where the Rev. Philip Quaque was an educator. The school curriculum focused entirely on the Biblical knowledge and building numeracy and literacy competencies by studying the 3Rs: reading, writing and arithmetic.The textbooks used were Scriptural pamphlets distributed by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. Later, the curriculum was broadened to include the arts and crafts in agriculture, commerce and joinery. The early missionaries also emphasised girl-child education. This mission school led to the mushrooming of Bible study groups or informal Bible bands, devoted to reading and studying the Scriptures in 1831/32 when there were no European missionary or castle chaplain. The groups kept formal records of their prayer meetings. Earlier in 1834, an attendee of one of these groups, William de Graft requested for copies of the Holy Book through Captain Potter, the captain of a merchant sailing vessel named “Congo” and a congregant of the Bristol Wesleyan Methodist Church. de Graft had attended the Cape Coast Castle School and worked as a trader at Dixcove.He had earlier fallen out with the colonial Governor over theological differences and eventually persecuted, jailed and deported from Cape Coast to Dixcove while other native Christians were threatened with a fine. A request for missionaries was made by one John Aggrey, a Fante royal who was initially publicly flogged, denied the Cape Coast paramount chieftaincy due to his Christian faith. By 1864, he was the reigning sovereign of Cape Coast, devoted to the improving the spiritual welfare and educational needs of his people. Through Potter’s ingenuity, the Wesleyan mission society sent not only Bibles but a Methodist missionary, Joseph Rhodes Dunwell of Yorkshire. Dunwell arrived on 4 January 1835 and immediately started his public ministry at Cape Coast and organised weekly meetings with local Christians. Dunwell died after six months on the Gold Coast, on 24 June 1835, from tropical fever. By 1844, 15 missionaries had died on the coast.Within the first eight years of Methodist mission in Ghana, out of a total of 21 missionaries sent to the Gold Coast, 11 including all five of Dunwell’s successors passed away. These successors include George O. Wrigley of Lancashire and his wife, Harriet who both sailed on 12 August 1836 and arrived on 15 September 1836, 15 months after the death of Dunwell. He was assisted by Peter Harrod who came to the Gold Coast with his wife, on 15 January 1837. Peter Harrop of Derbyshire died on 11 February 1837, three days after his wife had died and three weeks after their arrival. Harriet Wrigley died on the same day as Mrs. Harrop. Nine months later, George Wrigley succumbed to tropical ailment at Cape Coast on 16 November 1837. It is noteworthy that after only eight months in Cape Coast, Wrigley read the Ten Commandments in Fante on Sunday 28 May 1837, preach in Fante three months later, on 20 August and on 3 September 1837, he performed baptism using liturgy spoken in the Fante language.All five missionaries were buried in graves below the pulpit of the first Methodist chapel at Cape Coast. In Accra, the Wesleyan mission founded a theological institute in 1842 to train teachers-catechists. This institution was originally put into the care of the missionary couple, the Rev. and Mrs. Shipman. However, after the death of the school’s first principal, the Rev. Samuel Shipman, the project was abandoned. Earlier on, James Hayford, a colonial representative of the British Merchant Company Administration in Kumasi, had started a Methodist Fellowship of a sort in Kumasi.Another Fante Christian and trader, John Mills co-led the fellowship at Kumasi. Hayford was on good terms with the Asante royal family and was permitted to conduct a church service at the Asantehene’s palace. Subsequently, <mask> <mask> arrived on the Gold Coast in this period in 1838. Motivated by the positive development of Hayford’s activities, <mask> had raised £60 for the Kumasi mission Over nearly two decades, from 1838 and 1857, together, with his student, William de Graft, his mission activities took him to the Gold Coast, the Asante hinterlands, Yorubaland (Badagry, Lagos and Abeokuta) and to Dahomey. There was an organisational realignment in 1854, when the church constituted its district governance into circuits and <mask> was elected the chairman. William West succeeded <mask> in 1856. On 6 February 1878, the Methodist Synod initiated the process to devolve the district into two separate ministries to improve organisational efficiency.This new step was confirmed at the British Conference in July 1878. P. R. Picot became the head of the Gold Coast District while John Milum chaired the Yoruba and Popo District in Western Nigeria. Mission work in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast was started in 1910. There was a lull of disagreement with the colonial government and in 1955, Methodist evangelism resumed in northern Ghana under the leadership of the Rev. Paul Adu, the first indigenous missionary in that part of the country. The Methodist Church in Ghana became self-governing in July 1961 and based on a Deed of Foundation, enshrined in the Constitution and Standing Orders of our Church, it was named, the Methodist Church Ghana. Prior to its autonomy, the Methodist Church Ghana maintained ties to different Methodist bodies: the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, British Methodist Church and the Methodist Missionary Society which all formed an ecclesiastical merger in 1932.Five new Districts, including Kumasi were also created in 1961. The Rev. Brooking was the first resident minister to be stationed in Kumasi as the locus point of Methodism in Asante. The church now has a total membership of more than 600, 000 congregants spread across 17 dioceses, 3,814 societies, 1,066 pastors, 15,920 local preachers, 24,100 Lay Leaders. The Methodist Church Ghana also owns an orphanage, hospitals, clinics and schools. Sampson Oppong, an indigenous evangelist and prophet, though sheer missionary zeal, collaborated with the Methodist Church in Kumasi to propagate the Gospel in the Ashanti and Brong Ahafo Regions. The Methodist church adopted an episcopal system in 1999.In latter part of the 20th century, Methodism in Ghana spread through print and electronic mass media as well as church planting. This success of Methodism in reaching the native peoples of the Gold Coast can be attributed to the denomination’s historical “anti-clericalism, anti-Calvinism, anti-formalism, anti-confessionalism and anti-elitism.”

Gold Coast and Asante
<mask>, his wife, Elizabeth Booth and Joseph Smith, the headmaster of the Cape Coast Castle School sailed aboard the Osborne to the Gold Coast and landed at Cape Coast on 3 January 1838. On his arrival Gold Coast in 1838, the Cape Coast Methodists offered gifts: "37 fowls, 43 [tubers of] of yam, a few bunches of shallots…a basket of corn for feeding fowls.” Within a month and a half, <mask> <mask> became ill with malaria and his first wife cared for him. Shortly thereafter, Booth died suddenly from an inflammatory condition on 20 February 1838 as <mask> recuperated, within seven weeks of their arrival. Eventually, he overcame the grief of his wife's death and started the strenuous programme as a missionary. <mask> became close friends with Captain George Maclean, the Governor of the British Gold Coast from 1830 to 1843, who encouraged him through his personal tribulation. <mask> also sought counsel from connoisseurs of the Gold Coast, who had a deeper knowledge on the culture and geography of the country.He purchased a more spacious mission house with a design conducive to the environment. He then completed the first Methodist Church at Cape Coast, the Wesley Methodist Cathedral, inaugurated on 10 June 1838. The missionaries, Wrigley and Harrop had started the structures before their early deaths. <mask> had started the rebuilding on 17 January 1838, a fortnight after his arrival. The opening service was attended by Governor Maclean, European residents on the coast and more than 1200 native people, with many congregants overflowing outside the chapel. Furthermore, he supervised the planting of multiple Methodist churches at Anomabo, 8 km (5 miles) to the east, and at Dominase, 28 km (18 mi) to the northeast, of Cape Coast. <mask> trained two ethnic Fante young men, William de Graft and John Martin in catechism, in preparation for the "native ministry" as his colleague Wesleyan missionaries saw him as a fellow Englishman.He befriended several paramount chieftains on the Gold Coast and was nicknamed “Okomfo Obroni” meaning "white fetish priest" in the Fante language. His arrival on the coast, as the fourth Methodist missionary in the colony, was on Wednesday. As such, he was dubbed, Kwaku Annan. In Akan culture, Kwaku is the day name given to a male child born on a Thursday. Annan refers to the fourth male child. <mask> sent a report to the Methodist Mission in England, recommending the establishment of boarding schools to train preachers, teachers and catechists, outside the influence of the traditional animist society. He drew up a school curriculum which left out the study of native languages as well as manual labour for boys.T. B<mask> organised missionary meetings on a frequent basis. The first event, held on 3 September 1838 at the Cape Coast Castle, was presided over by Governor George Maclean. On that day, there was a prayer meeting at 6am, a mass wedding ceremony for six couples at 7:30am, a quarterly meeting at 11am. A platform was constructed in the afternoon and an evening event began at 7:15pm. This inaugural missionary meeting was novel in that it was chaired by a secular political leader. Today, it is customary for public Methodist events in Ghana to be presided over by non-church agents. Arising from the meeting, <mask> founded a Methodist church, Wesley Cathedral in Accra, in October 1838 at the behest of Fante Methodists living in the Accra suburb of Jamestown - a hub for British merchants at the time.He also established a school near the church and appointed John Martin as its headmaster. In addition, <mask> established more missions along the coastal belt from Dixcove, 24 km (15 miles) southwest of Takoradi, to the west, to Winneba, 56 km (35 miles)) west of Accra, to the east. At Winneba, where a protégé of de Graft was serving as a missionary, twenty Christians who were mostly itinerant traders regularly met for services. On the missionary circuit, <mask> also toured Komenda, Elmina, Anomabu, Agyaa and Saltpond. Together with 15 exhorters and his probationer, William de Graft, five mission assistants, Joseph Smith, John Hagan, John Mills, John Martin and George Blankson, <mask> commissioned new chapels at Anomabu, Winneba, Saltpond, Abaasa and Komenda. <mask> <mask> first ventured into Asante territory on 29 January 1839, with the intention of setting up a Wesleyan mission station there. From Cape Coast, <mask> and his mission assistants arrived at Fomena via Anomabu, an approximate midpoint between the Central Region and Ashanti Region.On the trek to Kumasi, he fell ill at a town called Domonasi. He quickly recovered and went to another town, Yankumasi where a receptive young chieftain, Asin Chibu gave him sheep and green plantains and instructed five porters to carry his luggage. At the town of Mansu, he was received by the chief, Gabri and his captains, who donated fruits, vegetables and sheep to <mask> and his entourage. He became ill again in Mansu but the fever had abated by the following week. He traversed the River Prah with its wooded banks full of palm trees, ferns and other flora. <mask> passed over the Adansi hills and onward to the small town

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 of Kwisa/Kusa. The chief of Adansi, Korinchi, was described as a drunkard and <mask> preached the gospel to him in front of 500 natives and vassals.He also witnessed the traditional funeral of the chief's sister and human sacrifice of a native female slave as part of the customs. A delegation from his team was dispatched to Kumasi to enquire from the Asantehene, Nana Kwaku Dua I if the Asante Kingdom was going to be receptive to the Methodist Church in Kumasi. The team had to wait in, Kusa in Ashanti and later a rest stop town called, Franfraham. The Asantes thought that <mask> was a British spy and he had to wait for nearly two months (48 days) before the stool authorities permitted him to meet the Kwaku Duah I who reigned from 1834 to 1867. The Ashanti Empire was a formidable kingdom and perennial political enemy of the Fante people. The daily life of the Fantes on the coast was deeply affected by the constant attacks on them by the Asante army. One scholar of mission history stated, “Members at Cape Coast had grown up in…undetached houses with specially designed exits to facilitate escape from one through the other in time of attack by their northern enemy.Their information about Ashanti consisted of ‘tales of horror, wretchedness and cruelty,’ which expanded with telling and retelling and terrified them as much as they made <mask> restless ‘to commence Missionary operations.”

He eventually entered Kumasi on 1 April 1839 and on the durbar grounds with several chiefs assembled, <mask> presented to the Asantehene a petition to open a church and school, after making it clear that he neither had political or commercial interests in Asante. The Asante king rejected his request. He nonetheless forged an encouraging relationship with Asante monarch and other provincial chieftains like the Apoko who served as the chief linguist and foreign minister. The king allowed him to preach in the streets and he hold to church services during his brief stay in Kumasi. In Kumasi, <mask> once again observed several cases of human sacrifice as part of Asante funerary customs for royalty. On 15 April 1839 he left Kumasi for Cape Coast. He arrived at the mission house in Cape Coast, eight days later, on Tuesday 23 April 1839 at 9pm.At Cape Coast, <mask> <mask> encountered the Basel missionary, Andreas Riis, who was totally amazed by the cordial way the British colonial authorities led Governor Maclean treated <mask>, in contrast to the cold treatment that had been meted out to Riis by the Danish Governor, F. S. Moerck in Christiansborg. <mask> gave Riis a direct account of his visit to Kumasi. He sent the journal of his visits to the home board in London with a recommendation of George Maclean, the de facto Governor who served as the President of the Council of European Merchants at Cape Coast. Upon the invitation of the London mission committee, <mask> travelled to England in 1840, with his former student, William de Graft with the aim of fundraising £5000 for the expanding Gold Coast Mission to Asante and selecting six more missionaries. On 16 June 1840, T. B<mask> met the Methodist Missionary Committee. The Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society was running a deficit of more than £20,000 in 1840. A resolution was passed to start a mission in Asante.Six missionaries were enrolled in the Wesleyan mission society and sent to the Gold Coast. While in England, <mask> and de Graft visited many English towns and cities and managed to raise £4650 from his appeal for funds. It is on record that they also visited Ireland. <mask> also visited the home of his old employers, Sir Robert Harland and Lady Harland. He presented some tropical plants to the Harlands. Mrs. Harland had a plant nursery/greenhouse built for the new flora from the Gold Coast. William de Graft preached at Langton Street Chapel, the home church of the then deceased Captain Potter of the Bristol merchant barque, “Congo”, who had first narrated the activities of the Cape Coast Bible Band, also known as the “Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge” to his fellow congregants.Captain Potter's widow, Mrs. Potter was present at church that day. de Graft also helped with translating English texts into the Fante language while in England. A special ordination and valedictory service was held at the Great Queen Street Chapel, London for <mask> and five other departing missionaries. The ceremony was officiated by the ministers, Bunting, Hannah, Alder, Beecham and Hoole. In the company of ten other persons, <mask> departed from Gravesend for the Gold Coast on 3 December 1840, aboard the brig, Osborne; his ship docked at Cape Coast on 1 February 1841. The passengers included Mrs. Hesk, Mrs. Shipman, together with Messrs. Watson, William Thackwray and Charles Walden. On the first Sunday of the New Year, “a delightful and happy Covenant Service” was held aboard the Osborne.In 1841, four out of twelve Methodist missionaries, died on Gold Coast from tropical fever. William Thackwray, the Wesleyan missionary assigned to Domonasi died at Anomabu after a short illness of eight days. Thackwray had previously been permitted by the chief of Ega to preach in the small town neighbouring Anomabo. Charles Walden died of fever on 29 July 1841. Mrs. Hesk died 28 August 1841 at Anomabo and was buried at the graveyard of the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Cape Coast. Three other missionaries returned to Britain due to ill-health. From November to December 1841, <mask> and a large retinue of Fanti and Ashanti natives travelled to Kumasi and presented to the Asante king and the royal household, a four-wheeled carriage, built by one Mr. Sims and subsequently endorsed by Queen Victoria (ruled from 1837 to 1901) and Prince Albert, a table, twelve chairs, a table linen, dinner, breakfast and tea sets and a portrait of the Queen.Missionaries Shipman and Watson assumed supervision of the Cape Coast district in <mask>'s absence. <mask>'s second coming to Asante received a warm welcome, as he was in the company of two scions of the royal family, John Owusu-Ansa and William Owusu Kwantabisa, political hostages from one of the Anglo-Asante wars and the ensuring 1831 Treaty. The two princes had arrived on the ships of the famed Niger Expedition. Governor Maclean had sent the two royals to England where they were baptised and educated by the Anglican Church. The trio departed from Cape Coast on 6 November 1841 and arrived in Kumasi, five weeks (37 days) later, on 13 December. The Asantehene met them with enthusiasm. He was greatly pleased with the carriage gifts.He was also excited to see his nephews, who looked well-groomed and healthy and came to symbolise the value of an English education. The King permitted <mask><mask> to start a church but not a school. <mask> returned to Cape Coast with "presents" such as cattle, vegetables, fruit and gold dust valued at £56, from the royal household for himself and mission society. The Wesleyan missionary, the Rev. Robert Brooking, who had arrived on 13 January 1840 with the Rev. and Mrs. J. M. Mountford, was asked to supervise the newly opened Asante mission on land provided from the Ashanti monarch. The gifts included female slaves who T. B. <mask> liberated and took to Cape Coast to be educated.In Cape Coast, he welcomed newly arrived English Methodist missionaries, Allen, Rowland and Wyatt who were then assigned to Domonasi, Kumasi and Dixcove respectively. In Accra, Governor Maclean, together with Captain Tucker of the Iris and the two Captains named Allen, of the sailing vessels, the Soudan and Wilberforce, paid a courtesy call on <mask> who was visiting the Wesleyan church there. The captains proposed an idea to send a missionary to be sent to the Gabon, which never came to fruition. By 1842 the Asantehene had allowed <mask> to start the first mission post in Kumasi. The chieftain further provided the mission with a plot of land at Krobo Odumase with which they were to establish this station. The piece of land still houses a few assets of the Methodist Church Ghana, including the Nana Kwaku Duah I Methodist House which serves as the Diocesan Headquarters. <mask> returned to Ashanti in August 1843 for a third time, accompanied by a new Methodist missionary, George Chapman to replace Robert Brooking who had returned to England a few months earlier due to illness.He stayed in the mission house in Kumasi. The German Basel missionaries, Fritz and Rosa Ramseyer, Johannes Kuhne together with French trader, Marie-Joseph Bonnat were detained in this mission building during their captivity in Asante from 1969 to 1874. During <mask>'s ministry, several chiefs and fetish priests in multiple towns including Mankessim, Aberadzi, Akrodu and Anomabu embraced Christianity and several native traditionalists were baptised. He also established industrial agricultural schools in the towns, Beulah, about 8 miles from Cape Coast and one at Domonasi, using the Basel Mission vocational model. The Beulah school, which had a well-stocked garden with fruits and other flora, also doubled as a sanitorium and resort for missionaries, itinerant preachers and Cape Coast residents. Western Nigeria
Some Yorubas or the Aku who had become Christians in Sierra returned to Yorubaland in the Bight of Benin in modern day, Lagos Nigeria and made a request to the Wesleyan Missionary Society for a missionary/teacher. <mask> <mask> was thus the first Christian missionary to proselytise in Badagry in modern-day Lagos State, when his ship, Queen Victoria arrived there, on 24 September 1842 in the company of his former pupil, William de Graft and his wife, to investigate issues raised by the Yoruba returnees from Sierra Leone.The entourage were allowed by the Badagry chieftain to set up a mission in the commune. By 30 November 1842, they had built a mission house and a chapel. William de Graft was appointed the overseer of this new mission station. The de Graft couple together with <mask> went on to Lagos and later, the Egba city of Abeokuta, at the written formal invitation by the Ruler or Alake of Egba, named Shodeke. The missionary team was warmly welcomed by the Abeokuta overlord and his brother, General Shamoye. <mask> preached the Gospel in the palace courtyard. <mask> then gave the Holy Bible to Shodeke.Shodeke decreed that Christianity be adopted in his dominion but the native high priests rebelled against and secretly poisoned him, not long after this episode. In late 1854, he returned to Abeokuta and then to Lagos, where the Wesleyan Missionary Society had set up station two years earlier. In Lagos, <mask> was cordially received by the European missionary, Gardiner, the Lagos king, Dosumu and the English Consul, Campbell. A Christian service was held in <mask>'s honour, attended by Sierra Leonean emigrants, school children and Lagos indigenes. During the Sunday service, <mask> gave two sermons to two large congregations. The first Wesleyan missionary meeting was held a week later, on 5 December 1854, upon <mask>'s return from Abeokuta. The meeting was to devise ways to raise funds for the mission's operations.At Aro, a vicinity of Abeokuta, he met the native minister, Bickersteth and many of his congregants. He reunited with Shamoye, the brother of the now deceased old chief, Shodeke and met his successor, the new ruler, Sagbua. A mission station was built on the land given to <mask> by Shodeke in 1854. <mask> officiated at several baptisms and weddings in Abeokuta and presided over a missionary meeting. He also paid a courtesy call on the missionary couple, Henry Townsend and his wife. Dahomey
Afterwards, <mask> was invited by the King of Dahomey, Gezo (also Ghezo) who ruled the kingdom from 1818 to 1858. The Dahomey were the archrivals and sworn enemy of the Yoruba of Abeokuta and the Badagry.The Dahomey had plans to attack the Yoruba. <mask> therefore viewed the invitation as a chance to mediate in the age-old impasse because he did not want the newly established mission station to be destroyed in a conflict. King Gezo did not commit to engaging in any future conflict. The chieftain was heavily involved in human sacrifice, an almost daily experience as well as slavery and the slave trade. <mask> wanted to put an end to these practices but was unsuccessful in convincing the ruler. On 1 January 1843, T. B<mask> reached Ouidah (Whydah) on the coast of Dahomey, where he placed a preacher there. He lodged at the English fort.On 8 January 1843, he held a small service for his staff and followers inside the castle. Shortly after his arrival, <mask> had an amiable conversation with the infamous Brazilian slave trader, Don Antonio de Souza (died c. 1849), an ally of King Gezo. de Souza was on friendly terms with <mask>. He also paid a courtesy call on the viceroy at Wydah, Yevogah and expressed his wish to meet the Gezo. In March 1843, <mask> visited Gezo at Kana, 13 km (8 miles) from the Dahomeyan capital of Abomey (Abomi). There, he was astounded by the chieftain's autocracy, the prevalence of human sacrifice (beheading, preservation by salting and drying, hanging of the corpse upside down), the war fervor of the all-woman warrior regiment, the Amazons who belonged to the Dahomeyan kings. The Amazons accorded <mask> a 9-gun salute and a 21-gun salute for England's Queen Victoria.He described his mission activities at Badagry to Gezo. The king asked him if he could replicate this mission success at Ouidah. Among his other demands, Gezo desired to have an English Governor at the fortress based at Ouidah. <mask> went to Abomey and was shocked to discover a pile of human skulls at the palace that also had blood-stained walls. Upon receipt of the official invitation to start a mission house at Ouidah, <mask> departed Dahomey for Cape Coast. The king presented four Aku slave girls together with 2 boys and 2 girls with the aim of educating them on the Gold Coast and bringing them back to the Dahomey monarch. <mask> liberated all 8 slaves.Some scholars have posited that <mask>'s time in Dahomey may have influenced Gezo to alter the judicial process for executing criminals and human sacrifice. The provincial chiefs no longer had the power to sentence alleged perpetrators to death. They now had a chance of appeal to the King's court headed by Gezo himself. Nonetheless, human sacrifice and the slavery economy continued unabated. Earlier, while waiting at Ahgwey in Little Popo for the arrival for his ship for Cape Coast, he visited an English-educated native chief, George Lawson who promptly welcomed <mask>'s offer to send a teacher there, the genesis of the mission work at Popo. <mask> never had the resources needed for a large-scale mission at Dahomey. The home mission in London were unwilling to underwrite his evangelism initiatives in Dahomey.This was because the missionary death toll on the Gold Coast was already high and the numerous Anglo-Ashanti wars hindered the Kumasi mission. Furthermore, the home committee in London were concerned with <mask>'s reckless approach to financial management. In 1854, <mask> returned to Dahomey with his colleague missionary, Henry Wharton. When they reached Wydah, the witnessed the horrors of a slave shipment of 650 captives by Portuguese slave traders. In this episode, four slaves jumped to their deaths from the slave ships while a nursing mother was forcibly separated from her newly born baby. <mask> relayed what he had just observed to the English colonial government which led to increased patrolling of the high seas to prevent the slave trade that had long been abolished. At Wydah, <mask> and Wharton were hosted by the assistant-missionary, Dawson and his wife.The Dahomey king, Gezo received them warmly. <mask> also handed over to Gezo, the two girls, now baptised Grace and Charity, who had been taken to Cape Coast earlier for education. <mask> briefly stayed with the king before returning to Accra via Whydah, Ahgwey and Little Popo. Shortcomings

Fante language
Limited linguistically, <mask> resisted learning how to read, write or speak the Fante language, even though that would have aided his evangelisation efforts. Financial issues
From 1843 to 1854, <mask> <mask> attempted to expand the mission activities in both Nigeria and the Gold Coast. As a result, his travelling and administrative expenditure ballooned. He failed to conduct due diligence on his accounts and was heavily in debt.In 1844, he returned to England on furlough to defend himself against character assassination and a swirl of charges. In 1845, he was warned by the Home Mission of his large deficits to the tune of £7935. The Missionary Committee was deeply concerned about his seeming lack of financial propriety. He managed to raise £5500 after touring England for nearly 12 months. He exchanged letters with the English abolitionist, <mask> (1760-1846) and expressed his grave worries about the ongoing slavery along the coast of West Africa. He then communicated with the then Colonial Secretary Lord Stanley, Earl of Derby (1799-1869), the British statesman who was instrumental in abolishing slavery and the transatlantic slave trade. Additionally, he met Henry Wharton, a West Indian mulatto from Grenada who followed <mask> to the Gold Coast and lived and worked there for twenty-eight years.<mask> returned to Cape Coast in mid-1845 to encounter a host of problems festering in the mission fields. The Home Mission in England ordered him not establish any new missions or increase the mission workforce. The Asante mission had

masks:
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Thomas Birch
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
. Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
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Thomas Freeman
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Thomas B
. Freeman
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Freeman
Thomas Birch
Freeman
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Thomas Freeman
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Thomas Freeman
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. Freeman
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Thomas Freeman
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Freeman
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Thomas Freeman
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Freeman
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Freeman
Thomas Birch
Freeman
Thomas Clarkson
Freeman
Freeman


texts:
 closed after the appointment of Commander Henry Worsley Hill as the new British Governor to succeed George Maclean., Hill's tenure of office was from 1843 to 1845. Hill visited Dahomey with <mask>. T. B<mask> then proceeded to Badagry and returned to Cape Coast after walking on foot for more than 480 km (300 miles). Again in 1848, <mask> went to Kumasi with William Winniett, Hill's successor with the aim of prompting the signing of a treaty to abolish the practice of human sacrifice. This objective failed to materialise.<mask>'s African wife supported him in his mission work at Cape Coast which saw the church there expanded. In 1856, six new churches were commissioned in <mask>'s district without explicit approval from London. In 1856, a Wesleyan missionary, the Rev. Daniel West was appointed the financial secretary of the mission and sent to Ghana for four months to investigate and report on the financial health of the mission. West also visited Lagos and Abeokuta to assess the financial state of the missions there. West's report negative and somehow indicted <mask>. He however praised the breadth of <mask>'s mission initiatives in education and evangelism.West, however died in the Gambia, on 24 February 1857 before reaching England. Even though West sent his report ahead of his departure, his death meant that he could not present his findings in person to the committee in London. The Home Committee appointed William West as the new financial secretary and general superintendent of the Gold Coast mission. As a result, <mask> tended his resignation as chairman and general superintendent of the mission to the London committee. His departure from the mission was largely devoid of acrimony. <mask> even offered to work any other capacity within the Wesleyan mission. Due to his financial maladministration, lack of accountability, overspending and incompetence, he was heavily indebted and had to find a new job to repay his personal debts.Colonial civil servant
In 1857, in spite of his financial incompetence, he accepted a government position of administrative and civil commandant of the Accra district from Sir Benjamin Chilley Campbell who served as the Governor of the Gold Coast from 1857 to 1858. In 1860, he was dismissed by the new Governor, Edward B. Andrews whose tenure was from 1860 to 1862. In 1850, Governor William Winniett made <mask> his honorary secretary in Accra, after the British bought the Danish fort, the Christiansborg Castle and other possessions. Winniett and <mask> arrived at Christiansborg, now Osu, and received the keys of the Christiansborg Castle from the Danish colonial authorities. As a civil servant and financial administrator, from 1850 and 1854, T. B<mask> was busy at work in his circuit amid persecution of Christians. The fetish priests of the fetish named Naanam Mpow at Mankessim, 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Cape Coast created problem for the indigenes. After James Bannerman became the Lieutenant-Governor of the Gold Coast from 1850 to 1851, the culprits were tried in the colonial judicial system and imprisoned.The colonial government put him in charge of implementing and enforcing the highly unpopular poll tax, believing the administration will used the funds for social amenities for the people of the Gold Coast. The government however used it to pay salaries of its civil servants. In 1854, the British military bombarded Christiansborg, now Osu, after the inhabitants refused to pay the poll tax. As a civil commandant, <mask> urged the people of Osu to return and rebuild their homes. He was involved in the negotiations which ended the Anlo War of 1866. The peace treaty was signed between the Anlo on the left (east bank), supported by the Akwamu and, later, the Asante, as one party and the British and its ally, the people of Ada, on the right (west) bank of the Volta and, as the other signatory. <mask>'s name became a household name which allowed him to become an effective conflict mediator.Herbert Taylor Ussher, the Governor of the Gold Coast from 1867 and 1872 and again, 1879 and 1880, asked <mask> to settle a dispute between the Dutch together with the Elmina people and the Fante chiefs, after the Fante had besieged the Elmina township in 1868. The Fante rejected his efforts and pleas. Lay physician
<mask> <mask> was also involved in medical healing using orthodox medicine techniques. He is reputed to have cured the Queen of Juaben, Seiwa, of her ailment. <mask> also treated a chief in Kumasi for bilious fever. Thus, he became not only a preacher but a lay physician as well and enhanced his standing among the local people. As an Anglican missionary-educator, Philip Quaque provided rudimentary medical treatment of ailments suffered by the pupils under his care at the Cape Coast Castle School.For more advanced medical cases, the surgeon of the Royal West African Army, who was resident in the castle, provided treatment. <mask>'s services were crucial as the Gold Coast did not have a formalised public healthcare system on the Gold Coast. Literary initiatives
<mask> was a writer and penned a novel titled Missionary Enterprise No Fiction, which was published anonymously in England at the Epworth Press. T. B<mask> kept a Journal of a Visit to Ashanti which was published in England periodically in the Wesleyan Missionary Notices. The publication of the Kumasi journals shot <mask> to stardom in line with the T. F. Buxton's vision of missions. The publications resulted in the recruitment and enlisting of more missionaries dispatched to the Gold Coast in January 1840. In 1859, <mask> and another Wesleyan missionary, Henry Wharton of the West Indies founded a news publication, the Christian Messenger and Examiner as a medium to translate foreign literature and classical works into native African languages.Personal life
Shortly after his ordination, <mask> <mask> married Elizabeth Booth, the housekeeper of Sir Robert and Lady Harland, and sailed with her to Cape Coast, Gold Coast on 5 November 1837, arriving on 3 January 1838. On 25 November 1840, <mask> remarried, to Lucinda Cowan of Bristol. Cowan died in Cape Coast, nine months later, on 25 August 1841, after illness. Upon <mask>'s return from Dahomey and Abeokuta in 1854, he married an educated Gold Coast local woman, Rebecca Morgan, an early Fante convert, with whom he had four children. Later years
<mask> left his position as a government official and later purchased a plot of land within the bend of a river on the outskirts of Accra, put up a house on it and started farming fruits and vegetables that were supplied to the European and other residents in Accra. He rekindled his interests in botany and sent rare specimens of plants and reports on useful information to the Kew Gardens on orchids he had procured on the Gold Coast. When the Ceylon coffee crop was infested with disease, he introduced the Liberian coffee species there, first sending 400 seedlings to the Kew Gardens.He was the organiser of the Society for Agriculture in Accra. He also became a trader, selling the crops harvested from his farm. In 1874, he advocated for the Methodist church to build schools tailored to providing higher education. This was because many primary school graduates in Cape Coast and Accra had no access to grammar or secondary education on the Gold Coast, as the Wesleyan mission had only established the elementary schools in the two cities. Mfantsipim, opened in 1876, was the result of this need for further education among the indigenes. On 1 September 1873, at the age of 62 and sixteen years after he resigned from the society, <mask> returned to the Methodist mission and worked there for thirteen years until his retirement in 1886. He was first assigned a familiar, terrain, Anomabu, where he administered the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper to 300 communicants.He visited Cape Coast and was joined by the native Methodist minister, Andrew W. Parker in conducting a special prayer-meeting for penitents. Among his duties were the supervision of outstations such as Kuntu near Anomabu and the construction of churches and the organisation of religious revival camp meetings. He preached to a large crowd in the sanctuary of the Methodist church at Saltpond, after which he administered the communion. He also baptised 212 people in Anomabo. He baptised some 300 natives in one day. He also preached to a crowded congregation in Accra, and administered the Communion. He held a Christian service at Elmina in a fully packed chapel, assisted by the newly arrived English minister, the Rev.George Dyer and the indigenous ministers, Laing and Parker. He further preached to fishermen in the open air at the Great Kormantine and officiated at a mass wedding for three couples. At Great Kormantine, he organised the first ever camp meeting held on the Gold Coast. Two thousand people were present at another revival at the Great Kormantine in September 1876. At Assafa, he married five couples and baptised 260 converts, including infants and family heads. Due to his large following, <mask> liaised with the trustees of the Cape Coast Wesley Church to expand its sanctuary. A chapel-at-ease was also built on the premises of the boys’ school, Mfantsipim.At Mankessim, he baptised many converts near the site of the grove of the sacred oracle. The Methodist Church in colonial Ghana had gained 3000 members in 1877, with <mask> personally baptising 1500 members. Overall, there were 4500 baptisms between January 1876 and December 1877. His ministry from 1873 to 1877 yielded four to five thousand non-relapsed believers. A camp-meeting, moonlight services under palm trees and a love feast were held in 1878. The visibility of the Methodist church increased in the Fante territories during this period. Some non-Christians were furious as many natives had converted to Christianity.They attempted to cause mayhem at church services but <mask> could withstand the pressure. A Muslim sect from Lagos tried to disrupt his work among the Fante people. To counter their attacks, <mask> established a school in the area. He inaugurated a new Methodist chapel at Mankessim. During this period, an Anglo-Ashanti war at Cape Coast was averted under the leadership of Sir Garnet Wolseley who drove away the advancing the Asante army. With the permission of the Wesleyan Mission Society <mask> aided Wolseley with his wealth of geographic knowledge about the River Prah and the paths between Kumasi and Cape Coast. Together with his son, <mask> <mask>., an ordained Methodist minister, he baptised many more native converts.He prevented apostasy by becoming adept at resolving differences among the various Methodist societies. In 1879, he took charge of the mission in Accra and surrounding areas bordered by Winneba, the Volta and the Akuapem hills. In 1881, he received 52 individuals into the Methodist church. By 1883, he had formed many evangelistic bands in Accra. Akyeampong, an Asante prince from Juaben, was converted to Christianity during this period. <mask> was in Lagos in 1884 to settle disputes that had arisen in the Wesleyan mission there. On 17 January 1885, during the Synod and the Golden Jubilee celebrations of Gold Coast Methodist Mission, he acted as the principal preacher.The Jubilee Service was held at Cape Coast on 1 February 1885, during which several donations were made to the Jubilee Fund. The Rev. W. Terry Coppin of the Methodist mission provided a written account that was published by the English media. The 1885 Synod had among its ranks fourteen native Methodist pastors as well as a small contingent of European ministers. At the Synod, the Juaben chief, Akyeampong and his brother, Frimpong addressed the gathering and appealed to have a minister stationed in the community of Juaben settlers, lodged behind the Accra hills. <mask> declined an offer from his fellow missionaries to pay for a trip to England citing the cold weather and old age, as he was no longer acclimatised to the temperate regions of the British Isles. 'Father' <mask>, as he was affectionately called in his old age, fully retired in 1886 to his small house close to Accra, together with four of the men he had tutored in the Christian ministry, John A. Solomon, Frederick France, John Plange and Edward T. Fynn.Illness, death and funeral
<mask> caught a cold after he went to listen to a sermon on the arrival of a new European missionary, Price. He was taken ill the following May and moved to the Methodist Mission House in Accra. He was infected with the influenza on 6 August 1890. In his final days, <mask> <mask> remained at the mission house, where he died in the early hours of 12 August 1890, aged 80. <mask>'s body was laid-in-state at the mission house the following day on 13 August, before his funeral service was held at the Wesleyan Church in Accra, attended by a large crowd. Among the officiating ministers were T. J. Price and S. B. Solomon of the Wesleyan Mission Society, the inconsolable native Methodist minister, John Plange together with the Anglican vicar, D. G. Williams and the historian and Basel Mission pastor, Carl Christian Reindorf.<mask>'s remains were buried at the Wesleyan cemetery in Accra. A memorial service was held simultaneously at Cape Coast. Memorials and legacy
<mask>'s ability to forge formidable relationships with both African royalty and British colonial officials alike, made him an eminent diplomat and missionary. As the longest serving Methodist missionary survivor in West Africa, his imaginative zeal and enthusiasm for the Wesleyan ministry along the coastal plain, coupled with his savviness, skill in conciliation, innovation in ministry and resilience led to the propagation of the Gospel and the spread of Methodism in Benin, Ghana and Western Nigeria. There is a memorial in the sanctuary of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, installed shortly after his death. Several institutions in Ghana have been named after <mask> <mask>, including: Freeman Methodist Center, Kumasi – Guesthouse; Freeman-Aggrey House –Mfantsipim; Freeman House, Prempeh College; Freeman House, Wesley College Kumasi; Freeman Methodist School Ghana; Mim Freeman Methodist School, Mim, Brong Ahafo; Berekum Freeman Methodist Preparatory and Junior High School; Freeman Methodist Primary ‘A’ School, Kwesimintim; Prampram Freeman Methodist Basic School; Koforidua Freeman Methodist Junior High School; Freeman Methodist Church, Ofankor and Freeman Methodist Church, Kwesimintim, Western Region. To summarise his legacy and the timeline of his achievements in the Wesleyan movement in West Africa: <mask> <mask> dedicated the first chapel at Cape Coast on Sunday 10 June 1838.In 1839, he outlined the first educational curriculum for the training of teachers and local preachers and brought formal education from the castle schools to the native people. He nursed two young Fante Christians William De- Graft and John Martin, who played instrumental roles in the growth of the Wesleyan movement in Ghana. He recommended William De- Graft as the first native Methodist candidate into the ordained ministry in the year 1838. <mask> organised the first Missionary meeting on Monday 3 September 1838. It was chaired by the Governor George Maclean. An amount of £54 was raised to support the work of the Church. Another result of the meeting was the founding of the first Methodist Society in James Town, Accra.He was the first missionary to take the Gospel to Kumasi in the Ashanti Region, arriving on 1 April 1839. He supervised the celebration of the centenary of the Methodist Church on 23 October 1839. The Church in the Gold Coast raised an amount of £35 pounds, 11 s ½ d towards the new accommodation at Bishops, Gate, London for the missionary society. He opened churches at Anomabo and Winneba in 1839 and started a few more at Saltpond, Abasa and Komenda. He worked with three other missionaries Robert Brooking Mycock with his brother and sister-in-law, Josiah and Mrs. Mycock. Brooking was sent to Accra and the Mycocks were sent to Cape Coast. He and William de-Graft were invited by the missionary committee.They boarded the vessel Maclean on 27 March 1840 and landed on 10 June 1840. The sojourn in England shaped the development of Methodism in Ghana. A sum of £4650 pounds was raised and five missionaries were posted to work in Ghana. William de-Graft received acclaim upon his return to the Gold Coast. <mask> started societies outside the Gold Coast. <mask> with the de Graft family visited Badagry then in Dahomey but now in Nigeria. The first Christian service was conducted by William De- Graft.<mask> visited England for the second time and raised an amount of £5500 for missionary activities in Asante. He sponsored some carpenters and bricklayers from Cape Coast who visited some financially weaker societies and helped them complete the building of their chapels. Overall, <mask> <mask> "won the admiration of many Ghanaians by his infinite patience with the endless ceremonies, salutations and palavers" and promoted “an indigenous ministry, a shared ministry of equal participation by clergy and laity.”

See also
Agiya Tree Monument

References

1809 births
1890 deaths
British expatriates in Ghana
British expatriates in Nigeria
Christian missionaries in Africa
People of colonial Nigeria
British expatriates in Benin
English Methodist missionaries
Gold Coast (British colony) people
Methodist missionaries in Nigeria
Methodist missionaries in Benin
Methodist missionaries in Ghana
Missionary

masks:
Freeman
. Freeman
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Freeman Jr
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Thomas Birch
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Thomas Birch
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texts:
<mask> (22 September 1891 – 24 July 1960) was a German actor and singer. He was the biggest male movie star in Germany between 1930 and 1960 and one of the most popular German actors of the twentieth century. Early life

<mask> was born in Hamburg, the son of a butcher, and grew up in the district of St. Georg. He was seriously interested in acting by his late teens and took acting classes without the knowledge of his parents. In 1915 <mask> was drafted to serve in the German Army in World War I, but was wounded early on. After his release from the Hospital in Wiesbaden where he had been treated, he performed in the local Residenztheater in comedies, antics and operettas. After the war <mask> moved to Berlin, where he found work as a comedic actor in various Weimar-Era Berlin theatres.His breakthrough performance was that of a waiter in the play Verbrecher (Criminals). It was also in Berlin that <mask> began a long-term relationship with Jewish actress <mask> Burg (1898–1975). The relationship ended only when he died in 1960. After roles in over one hundred silent films, <mask> starred in the first German talkie Die Nacht gehört uns (The Night Belongs to Us) in 1929. Soon thereafter, <mask> played big-mouthed strong man Mazeppa alongside Marlene Dietrich in her star-making classic Der blaue Engel (The Blue Angel). <mask> himself shot to fame in 1930 with the movie The Copper and constantly enhanced his star status with similar daredevil roles in the 1930s. He was probably at his best when teamed-up with fellow German movie legend Heinz Rühmann, as in Bombs on Monte Carlo (1931) and Der Mann, der Sherlock Holmes war (1937).Many of <mask>' songs from his movies became huge hits and some even remain popular to this day. The 1930s and the Second World War
When the Nazis came to power in 1933, <mask> and his Jewish girlfriend <mask> Burg moved to Lake Starnberg in Bavaria. While <mask> himself never showed public support for the Nazi regime, he became the most popular actor under Nazi rule. The actor nevertheless, avoided an overly close association in public. As the ultimate sign of his popularity, the Nazis even silently accepted his relationship with <mask>i Burg for a long time. But <mask> finally gave in to the pressure. <mask> Burg went to Switzerland and then to Great Britain in 1939, but they secretly remained a couple with him even managing to send her financial support.They were reunited after the war, when she returned to Germany in a British uniform. In 1943, <mask> was paid a huge sum of money to star in UFA's big-budgeted anniversary picture Münchhausen but was careful not to give the impression that he was endorsing the National Socialist regime, which was indeed never asked of him. Also in 1943, <mask> starred in another classic German film Große Freiheit Nr. 7 with actress Ilse Werner. Some of the scenes are said to have been shot in Prague because of bomb damage to Hamburg. The sailing ship Padua for the outdoor scenes of the film has survived under Soviet and Russian flag until this day as Kruzenshtern. After the Second World War
After World War II, well-funded <mask> avoided the financial plight and professional banning many actors faced on account of his association with <mask> Burg.Nevertheless, German "heroes" were considered undesirable by the occupation government that wanted to promote their own. This accounted for a major break in his career and made him hard to cast. Eventually he found an opening with respectful wisdom-with-age type character parts with some public acclaim, but with these never again enjoyed the huge stardom of the 1930s and early 1940s. By the early 1950s, his age finally showed and his powerful presence and freshness was almost gone. This was promoted by his increasing alcoholism during the 1950s. Yet he remained active in movies until the very end. Death

<mask> collapsed during a theater performance with massive internal bleeding and died three months later on 24 July 1960 at a sanatorium in Kempfenhausen near Lake Starnberg at the age of 68.He was cremated and subsequently buried at the Ohlsdorf Cemetery in Hamburg, the city of his birth. Legacy

<mask>' name will forever be closely associated with his hometown of Hamburg, in particular the district of St. Pauli where there is a square named Hans-Albers-Platz in his honour. Today he is probably better known for his music than his films; many of his songs remain familiar to young German people even today. Outside of Northern Europe, <mask> remains virtually unknown; however the image of an older man in a seaman's cap and raincoat playing accordion and singing remains familiar internationally. As a case in point, McDonald's used such an image in an American television ad campaign in 1986. <mask> actually had no significant experience on the water, this being restricted to a one-day trip to Heligoland. Many of <mask>' songs were humorous tales of drunken, womanizing sailors on shore-leave, with double entendres such as "It hurts the first time, but with time, you get used to it" in reference to a girl falling in love for the first time.<mask>' songs were often peppered with expressions in Low German, which is spoken in Northern Germany. One of his signature songs is Auf der Reeperbahn nachts um halb eins, ("On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight") which has become one of the best-known songs about Hamburg and also an unofficial anthem of the St. Pauli district where the Reeperbahn itself is located. Hans-Albers-Platz, one block south of the Reeperbahn, features a statue of <mask>, created by the German artist Jörg Immendorff. Filmography

Silent films

Sound films

Songs (selection)
1931
 Das ist die Liebe der Matrosen (from picture Bomben auf Monte Carlo)
 Kind, du brauchst nicht weinen (from picture Der Draufgänger)
1932
 Flieger, grüß' mit mir die Sonne (from picture F. P. 1 antwortet nicht)
 Hoppla, jetzt komm' ich (from picture Der Sieger)
 Komm' auf die Schaukel, Luise (from stage play Liliom)
 Komm und spiel mit mir (from picture Quick)
1933
 "Mein Gorilla hat 'ne Villa im Zoo" (from picture Today Is the Day)
1936
"In meinem Herzen Schatz, da ist für viele Platz" (from picture Savoy-Hotel 217)
1937
"Jawohl, meine Herrn" [with Heinz Rühmann] (from picture Der Mann, der Sherlock Holmes war)
1939
"Good bye, Jonny" (from picture Wasser für Canitoga)
1944
"La Paloma" (from picture Große Freiheit Nr. 7)
"Auf der Reeperbahn nachts um halb eins" (from picture Große Freiheit Nr. 7)
1952
"Kleine weiße Möwe" (from picture Käpt'n Bay-Bay)
"Nimm mich mit, Kapitän, auf die Reise" (from picture Käpt'n Bay-Bay)
1954
"Auf der Reeperbahn nachts um halb eins" (from picture Auf der Reeperbahn nachts um halb eins)
"Komm auf die Schaukel, Luise" (from picture Auf der Reeperbahn nachts um halb eins)
1957
"Das Herz von St. Pauli" (from picture Das Herz von St. Pauli)
1959
"Mein Junge, halt die Füße still" (from picture Dreizehn alte Esel)

Bibliography
 Joachim Cadenbach: Hans Albers. Berlin: Universitas-Verlag, 1975,
 Eberhard Spieß: Hans Albers.Eine Filmographie. Herausgegeben von Hilmar Hoffmann und Walter Schobert in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Deutschen Institut für Filmkunde, Wiesbaden. Verlag: Frankfurt am Main: Kommunales Kino, 1977
 Uwe-Jens Schumann: <mask> – seine Filme, sein Leben. (= Heyne-Filmbibliothek, Band 18) München: Heyne, 1980,
 <mask> Blumenberg: In meinem Herzen, Schatz … Die Lebensreise des Schauspielers und Sängers <mask>bers . Frankfurt am Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, 1981,
 Michaela Krützen: <mask>: Eine deutsche Karriere. Berlin; Weinheim: Beltz Quadriga 1995
 Michaela Krützen: „Gruppe 1: Positiv“ Carl Zuckmayers Beurteilungen über <mask> und Heinz Rühmann. In: Carl Zuckmayer Jahrbuch/ hg.von Günther Nickel. Göttingen 2002, S. 179-227
 Matthias Wegner: <mask>. Ellert & Richter, Hamburg 2005 (Hamburger Köpfe)

References

External links

Photographs of <mask> and Bibliography
<mask> at filmportal.de

1891 births
1960 deaths
Male actors from Hamburg
German male film actors
German male silent film actors
German male stage actors
Schlager musicians
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century German male actors
Burials at the Ohlsdorf Cemetery
German military personnel of World War I
Deaths from bleeding

masks:
Hans Philipp August Albers
Hans Albers
Albers
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Albers
Hansi
Albers
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Albers
Hansi
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Hans
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Hansi
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Hansi
Hans Albers
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Hans Christoph
Hans Al
Hans Albers
Hans Albers
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texts:
Dèng Guăngmíng (16 March 1907 – 10 January 1998) was a Chinese historian who specialized in the 10th to 13th century Song, Jin and Liao dynasties. Born in Linyi County, Shandong and known by the courtesy name Gongsan (), <mask>'s principal works include:
Outline of Chinese History • The Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties ()
Wang Anshi's Political Reforms During the Northern Song Dynasty ()
Biography of Yue Fei ()
Biography of Xin Qiji ()
Biography of Chen Longchuan ()
Chronicle of Xin Qiji's Life ()
Annotated Works of Xin Qiji ()
Amended Institutional Function Records from the History of Song ()
Amended Criminal Law Records from the History of Song ()

Life

Early life
Born to a relatively well-off family in Qijia Village (), Linyi County, Deng entered a private school in 1913 at the age of six. In the autumn of 1920 he passed the entrance examination for the Lingao County Number One Advanced Primary School
then three years later entered Shandong Number 1 Normal School where he "received enlightenment through real education". As this was the warlord era in China, a reactionary appointed new headmaster causing a school-wide protest strike. Deng joined in and was expelled in 1927. He sat the entrance exam for Peking, now Beijing University in 1931 but was not enrolled. Instead Deng entered the English Department at the Catholic University of Peking (now Fu Jen Catholic University).The following year he retook the entrance examination for Peking University and was admitted as a student. University career
During his time at Peking University Deng met the two greatest influences on his academic career, Fu Sinian and Hu Shih, who were both his tutors. In his fourth year, Deng took an extra course taught by Hu on biographical studies. For his graduation thesis he wrote his Biography of Chen Longchuan (), a work that was highly rated by Hu and whose praise created a huge influence on <mask>. After his graduation from the History Department in 1936 he remained at the university as Hu's assistant in the Humanities Research Institute whilst also acting as an assistant historiography teacher. Thereafter, <mask>'s main task together with Luo Ergang was to catalog the stone rubbings of successive dynasties stored in the university library. At the same time he assisted Qian Mu compile the Synopsis of Dynastic History ().One year after graduation <mask> had already decided that henceforth his life would be follow the path of academia

Early career and works

Amongst Hu Shih's comments on Deng's Biography of Chen Longchuan he wrote: "Literary sources on the friendship between Chen Longchuan and Xin Qiji are lacking and should be improved upon." This gave <mask> his first opportunity to research Xin Qinji and as this was at the time of the invasion of China by Japan he decided as an act of patriotism to write a historical biography. Thereafter in 1937 Deng published his Chronicle of Xin Qiji's Life () together with the Annotated Works of Xin Qiji () which were unanimously praised by Hu Shih, Chen Yinke and Xia Chengtao () amongst others and made the author's name. Following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 the War of Resistance against the Japanese began. Deng continued his research at the Beiping Library and with the assistance of Fu Sinian and Zhao Wanli () completed a work containing Chronicle of Xin Qiji's Life (), Annotated Works of Xin Qiji () and Treasury of Xin Qiji's Writing and Poetry (). In August 1939 Deng travelled through Shanghai, Hong Kong and Hanoi to the newly established National Southwestern Associated University in Kunming, Yunnan Province. Here he became teaching assistant to Beijing University researcher Chen Yinke.In 1940, <mask> followed Fu Sinian to Li Village, Nanxi County, Sichuan where from 1940 until Spring 1942 he received support from the board of directors of the Sino-British Boxer Rebellion Indemnity Fund () and began his research into the History of Song. At this time he also completed and published Amended Government Functionaries Records from the History of Song () and Amended Criminal Law Records from the History of Song (). In July 1943 on the recommendation of Fu Sinian, <mask> became Assistant Professor of History at Fudan University, relocating to its temporary location in Beibei, Chongqing. Here his lectures on narrative Chinese history were welcomed by the students and two years later he became a full professor. During this period he wrote and published Biography of Chen Longchuan (), Chronicle of Han Shizhong's Life () and Biography of Yue Fei () in succession. People's Republic of China Era
At the end of the war in 1945, <mask> returned to Beijing University and was appointed Secretary of the University acting on behalf of Fu Sinian. Not long afterwards he became a professor in the History Department.In 1949, Chiang Kai-shek requested that Fu Sinian and Hu Shih accompany him to Taiwan. <mask> in turn was invited by his former tutors but he declined and instead remained on the Chinese mainland. <mask>'s appointment as Professor of History at Beijing University followed in 1950. The 1950s were the golden era of <mask>'s academic career when between 1947 and 1957 he produced the largest quantity of his historiographical work. In 1958 he was criticized for his suggestion that the "four keystones" of Chinese historical education were chronology, institutional functions, historical geography and bibliography. Later <mask> began to contribute to the compilation of the Outline of Chinese History • The Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties (). Following the start of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, <mask> was denounced as a "reactionary academic" and sentenced to forced labor at either Beijing University Re-education Camp or sent to a re-education village in the countryside where he "reformed through living in a cowshed".In October 1969 according to a decision by the army propaganda team he was sent to Poyang Lake in Jiangxi Province along with the rest of the teaching and administrative staff of Beijing University for "re-education through labor" which involved manual work in the fields. When the Cultural Revolution ended with Mao Zedong's death in 1976 <mask> became Dean of the History Faculty of Beijing University. From 1980 onwards he held successive posts as a member of the presidium of the China Historiography Association and President of the Chinese Song History Research Association. After 1982 he acted as a consultant to the China National Antiquarian Book Publishing Project and subsequently joined national working committees researching antiquarian books. In 1983 <mask> established the National Ancient History Research Center at Beijing University of which he became Director and where he taught a large number of talented students. At the same time <mask>'s academic achievements continued to grow. Academic Honors
"In the 20th century, Deng initiated study and research into the History of Song and was the founder of the system of Song Dynasty historiography".From his 1937 publication of Chronicle of Xin Qiji's Life and Annotated Works of Xin Qiji onwards Deng conducted extensive and thorough research into the history of the political system of the Song Dynasty, its economic history as well as its degrees and legal regulations, academic and cultural history along with other topics. Historian Zhou Yilang () rated <mask> as the "Number one Song Dynasty scholar of the 20th Century both in China and internationally." References

Partial list of works

This article is based on a translation of 邓广铭 in Chinese Wikipedia

1998 deaths
1907 births
Republic of China historians
People's Republic of China historians
Writers from Dezhou
Historians from Shandong
Educators from Shandong
Fudan University faculty
Peking University faculty
Victims of the Cultural Revolution
20th-century Chinese historians

masks: Deng Deng Deng Deng Deng Deng Deng Deng Deng Deng Deng Deng Deng Deng Deng Deng Deng


texts:
<mask> (May 31, 1837 – October 15, 1891), known as <mask> (often spelled "Roony" among friends and family) or W. H. F<mask>, was the second son of General Robert E<mask> and Mary Anna Custis. He was a planter, a Confederate cavalry General in the American Civil War, and later a Democratic Congressman from Virginia. Early life
<mask> was born at Arlington House in Arlington, Virginia, and named for <mask>, his mother's uncle. At an early age, his father began to call him Rooney; what prompted him to use this nickname is not known, but it stuck as a way to differentiate him from his cousin <mask>. <mask> attended Harvard University, where he befriended <mask>, who wrote about his relationship with <mask> in chapter four of his autobiography, The Education of <mask>. <mask> followed in his father's footsteps after graduation, entering the United States Army in 1857 as a second lieutenant. He served with the 6th U.S. Infantry under Albert Sidney Johnston, and participated in the Utah War against the Mormons.In 1859, he resigned from the U.S. Army to operate his White House Plantation, on the south shore of the Pamunkey River, in New Kent County, Virginia. Civil War
With the outbreak of the Civil War, <mask> was commissioned as a captain in the Confederate Army cavalry and was soon promoted to major. He initially served as a cavalry commander for Brig. Gen. <mask> in the mountains of western Virginia during his father's Western Virginia Campaign. Loring's forces were transferred to the lower Shenandoah Valley and the command of Stonewall Jackson in late 1861, and occupied the town of Romney in early 1862. <mask> was soon after assigned to the command of Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart, who was leading the cavalry forces for Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Northern Virginia, in the Peninsula Campaign.After joining Stuart, <mask>'s regiment participated in Stuart's first ride-around the Union army, as well as the subsequent Seven Days Battles around Richmond. During this time, Rooney's nearby White House plantation was burned to the ground, and his son Robert died of typhoid fever. During the Northern Virginia Campaign, Rooney played a leading role in Stuart's well-crafted attack on General John Pope's supply base at Catlett's Station on August 22, 1862, capturing a paymaster's safe full of Yankee greenbacks. His cavalry regiment was assigned to the brigade of Brig. Gen. <mask> <mask>, his cousin, for the Maryland Campaign. Following the Battle of South Mountain, <mask> was knocked unconscious after a horse fell from under him, and was unable to participate in the Battle of Antietam. Upon his recovery, he temporarily commanded <mask> <mask>'s cavalry brigade in Stuart's Chambersburg Raid; his conduct earning him promotion to brigadier general.He then commanded the 3rd Brigade of Stuart's Cavalry Division at the Battles of Fredericksburg mere weeks after the death of his infant daughter. During the Battle of Chancellorsville the following year, <mask> was detached from Stuart's cavalry to defend against Stoneman's 1863 Raid. At the beginning of the Gettysburg Campaign, <mask> was shot in the thigh during combat at Brandy Station. He spent the next two weeks recovering at Hickory Hill, Virginia, before being captured by Union forces. As a prisoner of war, he was sent to Fort Monroe for several months, before being shipped to New York, where he was held until returned to the Confederate Army on February 25, 1864, in exchange for Union Brig. Gen. Neal S. Dow. In April 1864, <mask> was promoted to major general and commanded a division in the Cavalry Corps during the battles of The Wilderness; Todd's Tavern; Spotsylvania Court House; and North Anna in the Overland Campaign.With the death of Jeb Stuart, <mask>'s role increased. <mask>'s cavalry division patrolled the extreme right of the Confederate lines during the Siege of Petersburg, defending against the Wilson-Kautz Raid at Staunton River Bridge, Sappony Church and First Ream's Station. His division was then sent north to briefly aid in the defense of Richmond at the Second Battle of Deep Bottom, before supporting General Wade Hampton III's Beefsteak Raid, and then returning to Petersburg for the Battle of Boydton Plank Road. By last year of the war, <mask> had risen to second-in-command of the Confederate cavalry in Virginia; General Hampton having been transferred to South Carolina to raise troops, and <mask>'s cousin, Fitzhugh, promoted to overall command. <mask>'s cavalry division screened the Confederate evacuation of Petersburg, notably at the Battle of Namozine Church during the Appomattox Campaign. He surrendered along with his father at Appomattox Court House with only 300 officers and men, one-tenth the size of the command during the Petersburg Campaign. Postbellum career
<mask> returned to White House Plantation and planting after the war.Nearby, his younger brother Rob lived at Romancoke Plantation across the river in King William County. After their mother died in 1873, Rooney inherited Ravensworth Plantation, the old Fitzhugh family property (near present-day Springfield) in Fairfax County with  of land. He moved there with his family from White House. In 1875 Rooney was elected to the Virginia Senate, serving until 1878. He was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives in 1887. He served in the House until his death at Ravensworth in 1891. He is interred in the University Chapel at Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, with his parents and siblings.Marriage and family
<mask> married twice, first in 1859 to Charlotte Georgiana Wickham, daughter of George and Charlotte Carter Wickham and a descendant of the attorney John Wickham and his wife. They had two children, Robert Edward <mask> (March 11, 1860 – June 30, 1862) and Charlotte Carter <mask> (October 19, 1862 – December 6, 1862). Charlotte Carter Wickham <mask> died December 26, 1863. On November 28, 1867, he married Mary Tabb Bolling. They had two sons, who both lived to adulthood: Robert Edward <mask> (February 11, 1869 at Petersburg – September 7, 1922 at Roanoke, VA) and George Bolling <mask> (August 30, 1872 at Lexington – July 13, 1948 at New York, NY). <mask>'s mother, Mary Anna Randolph Custis, was the only surviving child of George Washington Parke Custis and <mask> Fitzhugh. George was the grandson of Martha Dandridge and step-grandson of President George Washington.<mask> was also a descendant of Charles II of England through Lady <mask> (granddaughter of Barbara Villiers), who married the 4th Baron Baltimore, and possibly, a descendant of George I, through Benedict Swingate Calvert (grandson of Lady <mask>), the illegitimate son of 5th Baron Baltimore and of an unknown mother, who was supposed to be Melusina von der Schulenburg, illegitimate daughter of the King. See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

References

Further reading
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Freeman, Douglas S. R. E<mask>, A Biography. 4 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934–35. .
 Longacre, Edward G. <mask>'s Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of Northern Virginia. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002. .
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War.New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. . External links

 <mask>, Wife Of <mask> Fitzhugh <mask>
About Famous People: <mask> Fitzhugh <mask>

1837 births
1891 deaths
19th-century American Episcopalians
American Civil War prisoners of war
American people of English descent
American planters
American slave owners
Bolling family of Virginia
Burials at University Chapel
Confederate States Army major generals
Custis family of Virginia
Fitzhugh family of Virginia
Harvard University alumni
<mask> family of Virginia
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
People from Arlington County, Virginia
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
Virginia state senators
Washington family
United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
Virginia Democrats

masks:
William Henry Fitzhugh Lee
Rooney Lee
. Lee
. Lee
Lee
William Henry Fitzhugh
Fitzhugh Lee
Rooney Lee
Henry Adams
Lee
Henry Adams
Lee
Lee
William Loring
Lee
Rooney Lee
Fitzhugh
Lee
Lee
Fitzhugh
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Rooney Lee
Lee
Rooney Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee III
Lee
Lee
Mary Lee
Lee
Charlotte Lee
Charlotte Lee
. Lee
Lee
Charlotte Lee
William Henry
Lee
William Henry
Lee
Lee


texts:
<mask> (1766, Rotterdam – 1841, Haarlem) was a Dutch writer of plays and travelogues who is mostly remembered today for his comprehensive list of painter biographies. Biography
He was born in Rotterdam, but six months later his mother died and he was raised by her sister in Haarlem, where he learned to draw and enjoyed literature and theater. He later moved back to Rotterdam at age 16 to live with his strict Calvinist father, who did not allow him to attend the theater, and where he was set to work as a clerk in a merchant's office. He became a follower of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and escaped his father's house a year and a half later in 1785 to join the Dutch Republican Army, and was stationed along the Waal (river) in Nijmegen, Grave, and Venlo. There he was free to pursue his literary and theatrical interests, but when he was sent in 1787 to Den Bosch to quell the plundering there, he was disgusted by plundering troops. This made him less and less royalist and more and more in sympathy with the patriots. He was eventually dismissed in 1789, because of his increasing sympathy for the patriot movement.He first moved to Oss where he tried his hand at farming with modern agricultural techniques, and three years after a trip to Belgium, he settled in Tilburg, where he became Drossaard (chief justice) in 1795. During the French occupation he became charged with the conscription of young men into the French army, and was embarrassed by requests from family and friends to protect their sons. He quit his position in 1802 and moved to Paris, where he became less and less enamored of the French patriots. In 1804 he made another long journey through France and in 1805 he travelled through Italy, Switzerland, and Germany on his way back to Haarlem, where he settled for good. He busied himself with his work on art, while continuing to plan trips, which he mostly made in the company of a friend or relative. Many of his travelogues were published. His writings show his political development, and illustrate how he went from being an Orangist to a Patriot, and then became an Orangist again.He felt strongly that Belgium and Holland belonged together and was heavily disappointed when Belgium seceded from the union in 1830. According to the RKD he was an art theorist and draughtsman. He became correspondent of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands in 1816. Artist biographies
He is best known today for writing a comprehensive list of artist biographies of artists living in the Netherlands, together with the author Roeland <mask>den, called Geschiedenis der Vaderlandsche Schilderkunst. After he settled in Haarlem, <mask> Willigen became a member of Teylers Tweede Genootschap and became friends with Van Eynden and the art curator of the collection there, Wybrand Hendriks, who painted his portrait. Van Eynden was also a member of the society and had won a gold medal in the category 'Drawing and Painting' in 1781 on The National taste in drawing and painting. He was already working on the first book of the two volume set of painter biographies, which included painters not earlier mentioned in Karel <mask>, Arnold Houbraken, or <mask> Gool.<mask> Willigen promptly entered the next Teylers Tweede Genootschap competition and won a gold medal in the same category in 1806 together with Pieter Kikkert, for their contribution on the Reasons for the small number of Dutch history painters. <mask> Willigen proceeded to collaborate with <mask> Eynden on his book and contributed the painters from the middle of the eighteenth century up to his own time. There are over 1500 artists and collectors listed in the work. Archival importance of his diary and travelogues
Five of his autobiographical travelogues and diaries were compiled into an autobiography in 2010 by the city archivaris of North Brabant, <mask>, and <mask> <mask>jden. They were interviewed by the VPRO in 2010 and read parts of his original text in order to illustrate how accessible his autobiographical language is for modern speakers. <mask> also published another book from his memoires that specifically retraced <mask> <mask> Willigen's travels through Belgium. This book, that compares his experiences in 1792 (when the French entered Belgium) to his experiences on later travels in 1820 and 1827 (when Belgium was seceding from the Netherlands), forms an interesting historical document on Dutch-Belgian history, and was presented in Haarlem to the Belgian ambassador to the Netherlands, Frank Geerkens, in May 2011.Works
 Selico, 1794
 Schoolfeest, gevierd te Tilburg 17 januari 1796 met de toevoeging Gedrukt te Tilburg bij J.C. Vieweg. Mede te bekomen bij Wed. Vieweg te 's-Bosch
 Claudine, Play based on story by Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian, Haarlem, published by J. <mask>ré en Comp. (theater company), 1797
 De Recommandatiebrieven, 1800
 Travels through France, in letters to the editor (3 volumes with plates), Haarlem, published by A. Loosjes, 1805, 1806, 1807
 Paris at the start of the 19th century (with plates), Haarlem, published by A. Loosjes, 1806
 A trip from Paris to Naples, via Tyrol, and from there through Switzerland and along the Rhine back to Holland (with plates), Haarlem, published by A. Loosjes, 1811. Geschiedenis der vaderlandse schilderkunst, sedert de helft der XVIII eeuw. 4 vols. Haarlem, published by A. Loosjes Pz., 1816-1840 (Roeland wrote the first volume published in 1816, but died in 1819, and <mask> wrote the second volume in 1817, the third in 1820, and the appendix in 1840)
 Notes on a trip through England in the year 1823, Haarlem, published by Wed. A. Loosjes, 1824
 Notes on a trip through part of Germany in the year 1823, Haarlem, published by Wed. A. Loosjes, 1829
 Memoires 1766-1840

References

Roeland <mask> Eynden in the Dictionary of Art Historians
Article by Lia van der Heijden on Adriaan van der Willigen on thuis in brabant, a website sponsored by the Province of North Brabant
Geschiedenis der vaderlandse schilderkunst on Google Books

External links

1766 births
1841 deaths
Dutch art historians
Writers from Rotterdam
Members of Teylers Tweede Genootschap
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

masks:
Adriaan van der Willigen
van Eyn
Van der
van Mander
Johan van
Van der
Van der
Van der
Jan Sanders
Lia van
der Hei
Jan Sanders
Adriaan
van der
van Wal
Adriaan
van


texts:
<mask>MG OBE (16 December 186930 October 1960) was an Australian-New Zealand composer, conductor and teacher. Life and work
<mask> was born in Melbourne in 1869. His year of birth is shown in many sources as 1870, but this has now been disproven. He spent most of his early life in South Africa. He studied at the Leipzig Conservatory between 1887 and 1891 under Gustav Schreck, Hans Sitt and Oscar Paul. Later he played second violin with the Gewandhaus Orchestra, under guest conductors including Brahms, Grieg, Tchaikovsky, Bruch, and Reinecke. While there, some of his compositions were played with fellow students, and several were published in Germany.These included the Scotch Sonata for violin and piano. <mask> returned to New Zealand, where was appointed director of the Wellington Orchestral Society. He also worked as a violin teacher, recitalist, chamber musician, and choral conductor. He was active in the push for a New Zealand Conservatorium of Music, and for the foundation of an institute of Māori studies at Rotorua. During this period he completed his first string quartet, on Māori themes, which later would achieve some familiarity in the United States through regular programming by the Zoellner Quartet in the period surrounding World War I. In 1897 <mask> returned to Australia, where he taught for a number of years. He married his first wife, Sarah Brownhill Booth, a New Zealander, on 6 October 1897 in Paddington, New South Wales.They were to have three children, who were given the Wagnerian names Isolde, Tristan and Elsa. In 1921 he divorced his wife, and on 1 October of that year married his former student Mirrie Solomon, also a composer. <mask>'s daughter Isolde <mask> became a noted opera singer, and granddaughter <mask>, a noted actress. On 1 January 1901 he conducted a choir of 10,000 voices and ten massed brass bands as part of the celebrations of the Federation of Australia in Sydney. After several years regularly travelling between Australia and New Zealand, <mask> settled in Sydney in 1911, becoming the principal of the Austral Orchestral College, and the 2nd violin player of the Austral String Quartet. In 1913 <mask> founded the Australian Opera League with Fritz Hart, as part of an attempt to create an Australian operatic tradition. <mask> was also a founder of the Sydney Repertory Theatre Society, and a foundation council member (later president) of the Musical Association of New South Wales.<mask> was also active as an organizer of music in Australia. In 1915–16 he co-founded the NSW State Conservatorium of Music and became its first Professor of Theory and Composition, and later deputy conductor to Henri Verbrugghen. When the Australian Broadcasting Commission was formed in 1932, <mask> was member of the ABC's Music Advisory Committee. In 1947 he became president of the Composers' Society of Australia. Honours
<mask> was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1953, and a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1960. In 1959, his 90th birthday was celebrated by a special concert of his music played by the Sydney Symphony Orchestra under Henry Krips. <mask> died at the age of 90 in 1960.He was survived by his second wife Mirrie <mask>, and the three children of his first marriage. Isolde <mask> became well known as a singer. Compositions and reputation
<mask> composed and conducted music for the Hugh McCrae play The Ship of Heaven, which was produced by the Independent Theatre in 1933. From 1937 onwards, he devoted himself full-time to composition. He wrote more than 500 compositions, including 13 symphonies (of which 11 are arrangements of previously written string quartets), eight operas (including The Weird Flute), numerous concertos, a mass, 17 string quartets and other chamber works, two cantatas on Māori subjects (Hinemoa and Tawhaki) and 11 other choral works, and 72 piano pieces. One of his string quartets (No.11 in D minor), from 1945, was the very first Australian composed chamber work to be recorded. While mostly neglected nowadays, he is still very well known on both sides of the Tasman for a short song "Waiata Poi", which was recorded by many singers including Peter Dawson.Since the 1990s, however, there has been renewed interest in <mask>'s oeuvre. His short piece for narrator and orchestra, Green Water, with words by John Wheeler, has been recorded at least twice. The Marco Polo label recorded most of his symphonies, which were played by the Queensland Symphony Orchestra. List of works (selection)
Thirteen symphonies:
 No. 1 in B-flat major, "Maori" (1901), unfinished
 No. 2, in E-flat major, "Joy of Life" (1941)
 No. 3 in B minor, "Australia"
 No.4 in C minor, "The Pursuit of Happiness" (arranged from String Quartets Nos. 4 and 17)
 No. 5 in A minor, "Carnival"
 No. 6 in Bb major, "Celtic"
 No. 7 in E minor
 No. 8 in A major, "The Mind of Man", for string orchestra
 No. 9 in E major, "Melodious", for string orchestra
 No.10 in C major, "Short Symphony"
 No. 11 in E major, "The Four Nations", for string orchestra (arranged from String Quartet No. 5)
 No. 12 in E-flat major
 No. 13 in A minor, for string orchestra
 Orchestral music, including:
 Linthorpe
 The Lost Hunter, Tone poem (1945)
 The Sea
 The Sacred Mountain
 White Flame
 Concertos
 Piano Concerto in A major
 Violin Concerto in E minor (1932)
 Viola Concerto (1940)
 French horn Concerto in D minor (1947)
 Trumpet Concerto (1915)
 Seventeen String quartets, including:
 String Quartet No. 1 in B-flat, "Maori" (; published 1913)
 String Quartet No.2 in G minor, "A Maori Legend in 4 Scenes"
 String Quartet No.3 in A minor, "The Carnival"
 String Quartet No. 4 in C minor
 String Quartet No.5 in E major, "The Allies" (1920)
 String Quartet No. 6 in G major, "The Kids"
 String Quartet No. 7 in A major (1934)
 String Quartet No. 8 in A major (1934)

 Eight operas:
The Whipping Boy (1893)
 Lady Dolly (1900)
 Tapu (1913)
 Teora (1913)
 Giovanni (1914)
 The Rajah of Shivapore (1917)
 Auster (1922)
 The Ship of Heaven (1923)
Eleven pieces for choir, including:
 Hinemoa, cantata (1896)
 Mass in E-flat major for mixed chorus and organ (1931)
 Make a joyful noise unto the Lord (Psalm 100) for male chorus and piano or organ (1934)
 The 3 great pillars for male voices and piano or organ (1934)
 72 Pieces for piano
 Other compositions:
 Piano Trio in A minor
 Violin Sonata No. 2 in A minor
 Violin Sonata No. 3 in A minor
 Violin Sonata No. 4 in C minor

Discography (partial)
 String Quartets Nos.5, 6 and 11 (Australian String Quartet) : Marco Polo 8.223746
 String Quartets, Vol. 1 (Dominion String Quartet) – Nos. 1, 2, 3 : Naxos 8.570491
 String Quartets, Vol. 2 (Dominion String Quartet) – Nos. 4, 6, 8 : Naxos 8.572097
 String Quartets, Vol. 3 (Dominion String Quartet) – Nos. 5, 7, 9 : Naxos 8.572446
 String Quartets, Vol.4 (Dominion String Quartet) – Nos. 10 and 11, Life Quintet : Naxos 8.572844
 String Quartets, Vol. 5 (Dominion String Quartet) – Nos. 12, 13, 14 : Naxos 8.573267
 Symphony No. 2 "Joy of Life" (Adelaide Symphony Orchestra, Adelaide Singers, Patrick Thomas): ABC Classic FM recording
 Symphony Nos 3 and 7, The Lost Hunter, The Moon's Golden Horn (Queensland Symphony Orchestra, Wilfred Lehmann) : Marco Polo 8.223537
 Symphony Nos 4 and 6, The Sacred Mountain (Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, Wilfred Lehmann) : Marco Polo 8.220345
 Symphony Nos 5 and 10, As Night Falls, Tribute to a Musician (Queensland Symphony Orchestra, Wilfred Lehmann) : Marco Polo 8.223538
 Green Water (Peter Munro, narrator; Queensland Symphony Orchestra, John Farnsworth Hall) (1954; ABC recording)

Resources
Listen to <mask>'s The Moon's Golden Horn online at ABC Classic FM's classic/amp website. References

Sources
 McCredie, A. D. 1978. "Alfred Hill".In Australian Composition in the Twentieth Century, ed. Frank Callaway and David Tunley, 7–18. Melbourne and New York: Oxford University Press. McCredie, A.D. 1983. "<mask> Hill". In [Australian Dictionary of Biography http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hill-alfred-francis-6667] Vol. 9.Thomson, J. M. 2001. "<mask>, <mask>." In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell. London: Macmillan. External links
A Catalogue of works by <mask> compiled by Allan Stiles. Alfred Hill String Quartet No.1 "Maori" Soundbites and discussion of work
See also and compare with the following biography, which contains more information: http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/H/HillAlfred/<mask>Alfred/en

1869 births
1960 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century male conductors (music)
19th-century conductors (music)
20th-century Australian male musicians
20th-century Australian musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century conductors (music)
Australian male classical composers
Australian opera composers
Australian conductors (music)
Australian music educators
<mask>-McIndoe-Gillies family
Male opera composers
Musicians from Melbourne
New Zealand classical composers
Pupils of Salomon Jadassohn
Romantic composers
Sydney Conservatorium of Music alumni
University of Music and Theatre Leipzig alumni

masks:
Alfred Francis Hill C
Alfred Hill
Hill
Hill
Alfred Hill
Hill
Patricia Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Alfred Hill
Alfred Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Alfred Hill
Alfred
Hill
Alfred
Alfred Hill
Hill
Hill