texts:
<mask> (February 9, 1826 – January 16, 1878) was an American journalist and newspaper publisher. From 1844 to 1878, he was the publisher and editor of the Springfield Republican, which became a national model for regional newspapers. He was "a pioneer in the establishment of independent journalism." Early Life
<mask> was born in Springfield, Massachusetts to Huldah (née Deming) and <mask>, Jr. His father established the Springfield Weekly Republican newspaper in 1824. Growing up, Bowels shared a room with three of his father's apprentices and delivered newspapers to his father's subscribers. One biographer characterizes his childhood household as "frugal." <mask> was educated in public schools, but was sent to Master George Eaton's private school in Springfield when he was thirteen.He wanted to attend college, but his father found college was unnecessary to train as a printer. It is also possible that the cost of college was a factor in his decision. At the age of seventeen, <mask> began work in the printing office the Republican. For the first year, he was a general helper did mechanical jobs, ran errands, and wrote articles on local topics. Career
In 1844, <mask> convinced his father to expand the newspaper to include a daily edition. At the time, "daily journalism…was pioneering work, calling for an exhausting expenditure of personal energy." The first issue of the Daily Evening Republican was published on March 27, 1844.<mask> took on general management of the daily newspaper, while his father continued to publish the weekly edition. The daily paper started with no advertisers and no subscribers. It lost $200 its first year, and only had 200 subscribers after two years. By comparison, the Weekly Republican started with a circulation of 350 copies. Not giving up, <mask> pivoted. The Republican became a morning paper in December 1845. That change required its editors to work through the night.His father devoted more attention to the business office and finances, while Baldwin took on expanded editorial duties for both the daily and weekly Republican. He was assisted by writer and poet Dr. Josiah Gilbert Holland as editor. After two years, Holland purchased a 25% interest in the newspaper for $3,500. In addition to news, the Republican covered art, charity, farming, literature, local life, religious news, and social affairs, along with poetry, short fiction, political editorials, and sermons. By the fourth year, the morning edition of the Republican had 800 subscribers—giving it the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in New England, outside of Boston. Bowles reinvested profits into equipment and larger facilities. In 1851 his father died, and the entire management of the newspaper went to the 25-year old Bowles.He was involved in all aspects of the paper's operations and retained primary editorial control for most of his career. He gained a reputation "as an industrious, bold, and fearless journalist." In 1855, he expanded the paper from a single sheet to a double sheet. The paper gained a national reputation even though it remained mostly regional, focusing on Springfield and surrounding towns. Circulation grew to more than 5,000 for the daily edition and more than 10,000 for the weekly edition. The New York Tribune called it "the best and ablest country journal published on the continent." After receiving offers for various jobs and newspaper partnerships, in early 1857 <mask> entered into a partnership to publish a new daily paper out of Boston Massachusetts, the Boston Traveller.This project lacked the credibility of other offers, but "was to be Republican, independent, and progressive…." He invested $10,000 in the venture and resigned as editor of the Republican so he could be editor of the Traveller for a salary of $3,000 a year. Unfortunately, the Traveller's owners were not united on policy, and there was a lack of capital needed for a successful launch. For four months, <mask> struggled, feeling "thwarted and misunderstood." He resigned and took a trip out West before returning home to his wife and children in Springfield. Josiah Holland generously stepped down as editor-in-chief of the Republican, allowing <mask> to return to his prior role. In 1857, <mask> decided to gain full editorial control by buying Holland's share of the business.However, Holland continued to contribute articles for the Republican until 1864. In 1872, Bowels used his majority ownership of the newspaper's parent company, Samuel Bowles & Co., to split organization. He retained the newspaper, giving the other investors, Bryan and Tapley, the binding and miscellaneous printing concerns. However, Bowles' approach alienated minor shareholder and twenty-year business partner Clark W. Bryan. Bryan, along with Tapley, purchased the Republican's competition—the Springfield Union and vastly expanded its production. William M. Pomeroy, managing editor of the Republican, became editor of the Union. Another Republican staffer, Joseph Shipley, also joined the Union; he eventually replaced Pomeroy as editor of the Union in 1881.Bryan would go on to found Good Housekeeping. The long-running success of <mask>'s newspaper was attributed not only to its content and local relevancy, but also to its "lively, concise, and professionally written style." Biographer George S. Merriam wrote, "His style was admirable—simple, direct, pure, forcible without being passionate, pungent without being vulgar, often delicately sarcastic and deliciously humorous, never egotistical, never suggesting the writer, always representing the journal, and this as the voice of the people—he was by nature, by culture, by experience the model modern working journalist. He saw the world without, partly through others, but chiefly through its own words, interpreted to him by his own divine instincts." As his health declined in later year, <mask> turned over the operation of the newspaper to a team of men. During his lifetime, the Republican served as a school of sorts for young journalists, "especially in the matter of pungency and conciseness of style." His trainees, Charles R. Miller and Robert G. Fitch, went on to become editor of the New York Times and Boston Post, respectively.Politics
<mask> believed in taking a strong moral and political stance through his newspaper, regardless of public sentiment. Once his father died, <mask> had editorial control of the Republican; his influence was felt immediately, not only through heated discussions about President James Buchanan's administration, but also during the Civil War itself. He "announced that the Springfield Republican was still devotedly Whig." When the Whig Party fell apart, he condemned "Know-Nothing" party and exposed its fallacies. In the early 1850s  <mask> position on slavery was conservative. He wrote against the abolitionists and supported the Fugitive Slave Act. However, during the debate over the Kansas-Nebraska Act, he had a change of heart.Moving forward, the Republican had an anti-slavery agenda. He wrote about the need for a “new party of freedom" and headed efforts to create a Republican Party in Massachusetts in 1855. He was one of the first editors to support abolitionist John C. Frémont for president of 1856. He also denounced the execution of John Brown. In 1860, <mask> was a delegate for the Republican party's convention in Chicago where Abraham Lincoln was affirmed as a presidential candidate. <mask> told his readers, “Lincoln is a man of the most incorruptible integrity—firm as a rock against duplicity, dishonesty, and all dishonorable conduct, public and private.” While he did support Abraham Lincoln's presidency and emancipation, <mask> also criticized the president's infringement upon civil rights. After the war, <mask> attacked carpet baggers and supported Lincoln's recommendations for a "mild and magnanimous policies of reconstruction."Rather naively, <mask>' "Yankee faith in human behavior convinced him that enlightened self-interest would compel Southerners to renounce the ideas and institutions for which they had fought." In contrast to Frederick Douglas and William Lloyd Garrison, <mask> believed freed slaves needed protection from potential exploitation from their former masters. He strongly supported the efforts of the Freedman's Bureau and other organizations providing education and guidance, with military backing if needed. He also suggested that confiscated plantations should be divided into small farms for sale to former slaves." Although <mask> acknowledged that free land was fair compensation for years of enslavement, he saw greater value int encouraging the emancipated to work for wages, as this would develop a middle class with "bargaining power." However such position was not needed to vote, according to Bowles. On March 8, 1865, the Republican favored giving anyone who could read and write the right to vote.Clearly, <mask> was also an advocate for women's suffrage. However, he was against universal suffrage, wanting to limit voting to those who were literate. During Reconstruction and Grant's presidency, Bowels expressed Liberal Republican opinions. Once he decided on amnesty and equality were the right path, he grew increasingly impatient with Congress failing to implement either. In the Republican he wrote, "This indifference of public men to their public character and their public duties, and in the interests of  the people is a sign of poison at the root." To <mask> there was only one solution—changing the leadership of the Republican party and the nation. <mask> played a major role in shaping what became Liberal Republican policies, along with identifying strategies and gaining support for a third party.With three other newspaper editors—Murat Halstead of the Cincinnati Commercial, Horace White of the Chicago Tribune, and Henry Watterson of the Louisville Courier-Journal—Bowles was part of the “Quadralateral" that tried unsuccessfully to secure Charles Francis Adams the nomination for president rather than Ulysses Grant. Although cautioned that his anti-Grant position could hurt the Republicans''' circulation, <mask> was undeterred, remaining anti-administration once Grant was president. In 1872, the Republican supported Horace Greeley for president. In the disputed election of 1876, the paper favored the claims of <mask>. Tilden, the reform candidate who won the popular vote but lost the Electoral College. When "partisan fanaticism" slowed national progress, Bowels declared his paper independent of political parties. He stuck to these policies moving forward, pioneering today's independent journalism. He also advocated for "honest money" in government and public office, and tried to expose

masks:
Samuel Bowles III
Bowles
Samuel Bowles
Bowles
Bowless
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Samuel J


type: original

texts:
 corruption.He wrote a scathing editorial about robber baron and Erie Railroad director James Fisk. Almost proving <mask>' word, Fisk used his "Tammany Hall henchmen" to arrest <mask> on trumped-up charges when he was visiting New York City. <mask> spent time in jail, and when he returned home to Springfield, he wrote about Fisk again. Later on, the Republican accused railroad builder and politician Willis Phelps of being a "public robber and corrupter," as well as the “Boss Tweed of Springfield." In 1875, Phelps filed a libel suit against the Republican, asking for $200,000 in damages. Fortunately for <mask>, the juryless trial was adjudicated by Judge Endicott who essentially agreed with <mask>; he assessed damages of just $100. <mask> "became a hero to most of America’s newspaper editors as a champion of a free press."<mask> wrote, "American journalism is not content to be just mere journalism, a mere historian of the day. It intrudes into other spheres; it preaches, it teaches, it legislates, it reforms. It is not content with reporting what the public mind is thinking about; it insists that the public mind shall think about the right things." Thus, <mask> considered the editorial to be as important as the news to the Republican. However, <mask> also revealed his limitations through his editorials. One modern critic notes, "Profound analysis was beyond him, he was incapable of elaborate or subtle thinking upon abstract topics. and his knowledge showed the deficiencies of a man who had never studied systematically and had read few books.He wrote for the crowd, not for the cultured few." Travel writings
During the winter of 1844 and 1845, <mask> health declined, and he went to the warmth of the South to recover.. He extended his stay in New Orleans where he wrote a series of fifteen letters describing his travel experiences. These were published in the Republican and were very popular. In 1865, <mask> made a journey from Kansas City to the Pacific coast and again sent letters describing his travels to Springfield. These were published in the Republican and were also edited into a nationally bestselling book, Across the Continent: A Summer 's Journey to the Rocky Mountains, the Mormons, and the Pacific States with Speaker Colfax (1865). As the title suggests, <mask> traveling companion was Schyler Colfax, Speaker of the House of Representatives.Other members of their party included journalists from the Chicago Tribute and the New York Tribune. Although his series suggests that Bowles was following the popular trend for newspapers to "educate and entertain their readers with scenes of adventure in the West," Bowles had something else in mind. He later explained that this group wanted to use their respective platforms "to generate informed public interest in the West, to encourage economic development and investment, and to address escalating public issues such as national policies toward Mormons, Native Americans, and the transcontinental railroad." To do this, Bowls did not submit the usual articles from a corresponding journalist, but rather used the more personal approach of  letter or an epistolary, addressing his readership with purposeful intent. One reviewer said, the book includes "keen observation and graphic, incisive style." But from another perspective, <mask> also reflected prejudices toward Chinese, Native Americans, and Mormons that were common in his time. In 1869, <mask> traveled to Colorado, resulting in another book, The Switzerland of America: A Summer Vacation in the Parks and Mountains of Colorado (1869).Beginning in 1869, the publisher Harford condensed and serialized the two books into Our New West: Records of the Travel Between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean, which was sold by subscription. In 1869, Bowels' book The Pacific Railroad Open, How to Go, What to See collected his articles that had previously appeared in the Atlantic Monthly. When his health declined in his later years, <mask> traveled to Europe in for seven months in 1862, returning in 1870, 1871, and 1874; the result was more travel articles for the Republican. Emily Dickinson
<mask> had strong friendship with Susan and Austin Dickinson and frequently visited The Evergreens, their home in Amherst, Massachusetts. Apparently, <mask> found The Evergreens a refuge during his bouts of illness and when he was attending trustee meetings for Amherst College. Of <mask>, Susan Dickinson wrote, “His range of topics was unlimited, now some plot of local politics, rousing his honest rage, now some rare effusion of fine sentiment over an unpublished poem which he would draw from his pocket, having received it in advance from the fascinated editor." Poet Emily Dickinson met <mask> at her brother's home.They shared common interests as reformers, both supporting ending slavery and suffrage for women. Subsequently, Dickinson wrote Bowles at least fifty letters, mostly between 1861 and 1862. Dickinson also sent some forty poems to <mask>, making him one of the most important recipients of her work. <mask> did publish some of Dickinson's poems in the Republican, but did any that she sent to him through these private correspondences. Some scholars believe <mask> was Dickinson's infamous secret love interest; other consider him a confidant and publisher of her poetry. Richard Sewell, a Dickinson biographer wrote, "She was in deeply in love with him for several years and never ceased loving him at a distance for the rest of her life." However, John McDermott says Dickinson's letters to <mask> "do not suggest intimacy at all.Instead, they reveal a pattern that might be expected between friends (equals), but also a more formal, advisory nature…" Regardless, the relationship between <mask> and Dickson was complex; the two had a falling out in 1863 that lasted eleven years, despite that fact that he still visited her brother next door. Their conflict finally ended when her father, Edward, died in 1874. Other than family members, Bowles was the only person Dickson spoke to at her father's funeral. She then broke the gap in their correspondence, sending a letter to thank <mask> for his kindness at the time of her father's death. In 1875, Dickinson wrote <mask> again, saying, "We miss your vivid Face and the besetting Accents, you bring from Numidian Haunts." With her reference to Africa (Numidia), Dickinson is referencing <mask>' recent trip to the South—Washington, D.C. to be exact—where <mask> had gone to follow contentious Congressional discussions about the Force Bill which allowed the government to use force to protect African American politicians and voters from violence and intimidation. Bowles also liked to visit the warmer climate of Washington during the winters of Massachusetts.Therefore, this comment is an inside joke and also an indication that the two enjoyed political discourse. .Annually, <mask> sent flowers to the Dickinson family on the anniversary of Edward Dickinson's death. Personal
On September 6, 1848, <mask> married Mary Sandford Dwight Schermerhorn of Geneva, New York. Her grandfather, James S. Dwight, was a leading merchant in Springfield in the early 19th-century. They had seven children. <mask> always regretted not attending college and, therefore, educated his children. His son <mask> IV attended Yale University and the University of Berlin, after traveling abroad for two years.<mask>' daughter Ruth Standish Bowels married William Henry Baldwin Jr., president of the Long Island Rail Road. <mask> was driven, but was described as intense, combative and erratic. He was a perfectionist could alienate people with his tactlessness and "unreserved criticism;" yet he "rarely admitted error" and was considered thin-skinned when it came to criticism about the Republican or himself. However, he could also be charming—Henry L Dawes wrote, "I never knew a man who knew him, who wouldn't rather have him at his table than any other man in the world." Susan Dickinson noted that <mask>' presence at her home “seemed to enrich and widen all life for us, a creator of endless perspectives." Although he typically worked twelve- to sixteen-hours a day, <mask> also demonstrated a "nervousness" and was prone to periods illness. He had a "nervous breakdown" in 1844 after putting too much energy into his daily newspaper start-up.Going on what he called a "tour for health,” was a pattern throughout his adult life. In addition to his 1844-45 trip to the South, he took a six-month tour in 1862  to “restore his nervous system.” One time co-owner and editor of the Springfield Republication, Josiah Holland wrote, "The sparkle, the vivacity, the drive, the power of the Republican, cost life." <mask> was in poor health for the last twenty years of his life, suffering from dyspepsia, headaches, insomnia, neuralgia; he continued to seek the curative benefits of travel. He had major stroke in December 1877, resulting in some paralysis. Late in life, <mask>' commitment to being independent of outside influences impacted his family relationships. In 1874, he opposed his brother-in-law Henry Alexander, Jr.'s run for the United States Congress because he did no think Alexander's health could take the stress.<mask> Papers (MS 94). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.This resulted in "permanent family estrangement." In 1875, he wrote a letter firing his younger brother, Benjamin Franklin <mask> who managed the newspaper's counting room well, but not to Bowles exacting standard. Benjamin was deeply hurt and moved tp Paris where he died the next year. In 1878, <mask> died from a stroke in Springfield without reconciling with either sibling. Emily Dickinson was one of the numerous mourners at his funeral. After his death, <mask>' son, <mask> became publisher and editor-in-chief of the Republican. In 1884, <mask> IV married Elizabeth Hoar.They had two sons: <mask> V, who became a journalist in Boston, and Sherman Bowels, who joined a newspaper in Philadelphia and took over the Republican'' when his father died..

References

External links
 Richard Hooker, The Story of an Independent Newspaper New York, The MacMillian Company (1924))
 John J. Scanlon, The Passing of the Springfield Republican (1950)
 Samuel <mask> Papers (MS 94). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. George S Merriam. The Life and Times of <mask>, 2 volumes. (1885). 1826 births
1878 deaths
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American newspaper editors
19th-century American non-fiction writers
American male journalists
American male non-fiction writers
Journalists from Massachusetts
Massachusetts Liberal Republicans
Massachusetts Republicans
Writers from Springfield,

masks:
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Samuel Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Samuel Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Bowles
Samuel IV
Bowles
Samuel Bowels
Bowles
Samuel Bowles


texts:
<mask> ( ; born July 22, 1991) is an American professional tennis player. He has achieved a career-high ATP singles ranking of No. 41 on January 14, 2019. He broke into the Top 100 of the ATP rankings toward the end of 2017 after competing mainly on the ATP Challenger Tour. Born and raised in Gallatin, Tennessee, he played two years of college tennis at the University of Tennessee before launching his professional career. Early life
<mask>'s parents, South African Lia Lourens and American <mask>, met at a tennis club in Johannesburg. They married and moved to Tennessee in 1988 with <mask>'s older brother, Davey.<mask>, who was named <mask> after his Swedish great-grandfather, was home-schooled and is coached by his mother. Junior career
As a junior, <mask> compiled a singles win/loss record of 70–38 (and 53–35 in doubles), reaching as high as No. 9 in the combined ITF junior world rankings in April 2009. Junior majors

Australian Open: –
French Open: 3R (2009)
Wimbledon: 2R (2009)
US Open: 2R (2009)

College career
<mask> was a January midseason addition to the Tennessee Volunteers' 2010 tennis roster, joining older brother, Davey, who was a senior All-American on the team. Coached by Sam Winterbotham and Chris Woodruff, the younger <mask> immediately strengthened the middle of the Vols' singles lineup, going 10–0 in Southeastern Conference play at the No. 4 position to help the team win the SEC regular-season and tournament titles. The team reached the NCAA team finals that year.As a sophomore, <mask> reached the semifinals of the NCAA Singles Championships, losing to teammate, roommate and doubles partner Rhyne Williams in three sets. He finished the season with a 37–6 record and his 10–1 record in conference helped the Vols to an SEC regular-season title. He finished his career with a 60–12 singles record (83.33 percent), the third-best career winning percentage in Tennessee history. He was also a member of the USTA Summer Collegiate Team after his freshman and sophomore seasons. Professional career

2011–2016: Early years, Futures success and first Challenger title

<mask> turned professional in 2011, playing mostly at the ITF Futures level through 2012. In 2013, his ATP ranking remained inside the top 300 for nearly the entire year, allowing him to play on the Challenger Tour for much of the season. In his final tournament of the year, <mask> won his first final at Challenger level in Champaign to crack the Top 200 for the first time.In 2014, <mask> missed half of the year after undergoing hip surgery near the beginning of the season. Upon returning to the court, it took him nearly a year to get back to the Top 250 and the Challenger level. <mask> returned to the Top 200 in November 2016, when he reached his second career Challenger final in Columbus, almost three years after he first achieved these two milestones. 2017: Challenger Tour breakthrough, top 100
In 2017, <mask> reached five Challenger finals, winning two of them in Tempe and Savannah. He qualified for his first tournament on the ATP World Tour, the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships in Houston. <mask>'s success earned him a wildcard berth into the main draw of the French Open. In his Grand Slam debut, <mask> lost in the first round to Mikhail Kukushkin.A semifinals appearance in Prostejov helped him to break into the Top 100. He recorded his first two ATP World Tour wins at the Washington Open in early August, including a victory over No. 20 Nick Kyrgios. At the U.S. Open, <mask> lost in the first round to No. 7 Marin Cilic. 2018: Australian Open quarterfinal, maiden ATP final and top 50 debut

<mask> began the 2018 season with a first-round loss to Gilles Simon in Pune. He followed with a loss to Casper Ruud in the second qualifying round at the Auckland Open.<mask> received entry into the main draw of the tournament as a lucky loser following the withdrawal of Kyle Edmund. In the first round of the main draw, he lost in three sets to Hyeon Chung, winner of the inaugural Next Generation ATP Finals in Milan, Italy, two months prior. Making his Australian Open main draw debut, <mask> won his opening match against French player Jeremy Chardy. In the second round, he defeated 2014 champion and ninth seed Stan Wawrinka, marking his first victory against a Top 10 ranked player. Following a victory over Maximilian Marterer in the third round, <mask> defeated world No. 5 Dominic Thiem in <mask>’s first five-set match. He lost to Chung in the quarterfinals in straight sets.As the No. 1 seed, <mask> was defeated in the first round of qualification for the Argentina Open by world No. 188 Facundo Bagnis. He lost in the second round of the Rio Open, the first round of the Brasil Open, the second round in Indian Wells and the first round in Miami. At the beginning of the clay season, <mask> reached his first final on the ATP World Tour at the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships, but lost to Steve Johnson. He entered the top 50 reaching a career-high of World No. 47 on April 16, 2018.<mask> lost in the first round of the Monte Carlo Open to Philipp Kohlschreiber in straight sets. He suffered another first-round loss in Barcelona to Malek Jaziri, also in straight sets. Following a first-round loss against Frances Tiafoe at the Estoril Open, <mask> suffered his fourth consecutive first round loss, losing in straight sets to Denis Shapovalov at the Madrid Open. After having reached the quarterfinals at the Geneva Open, <mask> was knocked out in the first round of the French Open by world No. 177 Hubert Hurkacz. He lost in the first round of the doubles tournament in straight sets. In the first round of Wimbledon, <mask> was knocked out by eventual champion Novak Djokovic in straight sets, winning only six games.In the first round of the U.S. Open, <mask> beat Viktor Troicki in straight sets before losing to Djokovic in four sets in the second round. 2019: First ATP title
In January, <mask> won his maiden ATP Tour title at the Auckland Open. He achieved his career high in the singles rankings at World No. 41 on January 14, 2019. However, after the title, <mask> suffered a 9-match tour-level losing streak, which he finally snapped at Wimbledon, where he reached the fourth round before losing to Sam Querrey. He then reached the quarterfinals at Newport and the third round at the US Open. At the end of the season, a fractured toe kept him inactive, and his ranking sank back out of the top 50.2020: Second Australian Open quarterfinal, top 50 year-end ranking
<mask> again made it to the quarterfinals of the 2020 Australian Open, where he lost in five tight sets against Roger Federer, after holding (and losing) seven match points. 2021: Loss of form, out of top 50, Olympics debut
Having tested positive for COVID-19 in November 2020, <mask> returned the same result in January 2021, but was deemed to be "non-infectious" and was allowed entry into Australia to compete in the Australian Open where he lost in the first round. <mask> qualified to represent the United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics. He lost in the first round in singles but reached the semifinals in doubles partnering Austin Krajicek where they lost to eventual champions Mate Pavić and Nikola Mektić. The pair lost subsequently in the bronze medal match to the New Zealand pair of Marcus Daniell and Michael Venus. 2022: Missed Australian Open due to vaccine mandate

<mask> opted not to participate in the 2022 Australian Open due to the Australian Federal Government's COVID-19 vaccine mandate for visitors to Australia. When Novak Djokovic had his Australian visa rescinded upon arrival to play in the tournament, <mask>'s comment on Twitter in response to the Victorian state government's position on the matter was "LOL trusting the science again".Performance timelines

Singles
Current through the 2022 Delray Beach Open. Doubles

Olympic medal matches

Doubles: 1 (4th place)

ATP career finals

Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)

Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)

ATP Challengers and ITF Futures finals

Singles: 26 (14–12)

Doubles: 26 (17–9)

Record against top 10 players
<mask>'s match record against players who have been ranked in the top 10 (former #1 in bold). Only ATP Tour main-draw matches are considered. Fabio Fognini 2–2
  Matteo Berrettini 1–0
  Lucas Pouille 1–0
  Dominic Thiem 1–0
  Jo-Wilfried Tsonga 1–0
  Stan Wawrinka 1–0
  Félix Auger-Aliassime 1–1
  Hubert Hurkacz 1–1
  Andy Murray 1–1
  Gilles Simon 1–2
  Roberto Bautista Agut 0–1
  Pablo Carreño Busta 0–1
  Marin Čilić 0–1
  Grigor Dimitrov 0–1
  Roger Federer 0–1
  Diego Schwartzman 0–1
  Janko Tipsarević 0–1
  David Ferrer 0–2
  John Isner 0–2
  Andrey Rublev 0–2
  Casper Ruud 0–2
  Denis Shapovalov 0–2
  Alexander Zverev 0–2
  Novak Djokovic 0–4

*

Top 10 wins
 He has a  record against players who were, at the time the match was played, ranked in the top 10. World TeamTennis
<mask> has played two seasons with World TeamTennis starting in 2015 when he debuted in the league with the California Dream and then again in 2018 with the Washington Kastles. It was announced that he will join the Orlando Storm during the 2020 season set to begin July 12. Sandgren posted a 9–6 singles record throughout the season, posting a winning percentage (games won-lost) of 53%, the second-highest in the league.He also paired up with Ken Skupski in men's doubles as well as Jessica Pegula in mixed doubles to help the Storm earn a No. 3 seed in the WTT Playoffs. The Storm would ultimately fall to the Chicago Smash in the semifinals. Notes

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
American male tennis players
Tennis people from Tennessee
People from Gallatin, Tennessee
People from Wesley Chapel, Florida
American people of South African descent
American people of Swedish descent
American Christians
American conspiracy theorists
Tennessee Volunteers men's tennis players
Tennis players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic tennis players of the United States

masks:
Tennys Sandgren II
Sandgren
David Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Tennys
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren
Sandgren


texts:
General <mask> (23 March 1886 – 3 January 1978) was a Swedish Army officer. <mask>'s senior commands include the post of Chief of the Army Staff and the General Staff Corps, commander of the 2nd Army Division, military commander of the II Military District and the IV Military District. He served as the 2nd Supreme Commander from 1944 to 1951. Early life
<mask> was born on 23 March 1886 in Malmö, Sweden, the son of the headmaster <mask> and his wife Maria (née Levan). <mask> passed mogenhetsexamen in Malmö in 1903 and then studied history at Lund University for a couple of semesters 1903–1904. Career

Early military career
He was accepted as a volunteer at the South Scanian Infantry Regiment (I 7) in 1904 and graduated from the Military Academy Karlberg in 1906 and was commissioned into the Swedish Army the same year as a underlöjtnant in the same regiment where he was promoted to Lieutenant in 1909. From 1912 to 1916, <mask> served as a regimental adjutant in the South Scanian Infantry Regiment, whereupon he attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1916 to 1918.He was a cadet officer at the Military Academy Karlberg from 1919 to 1922: first at the reserve officer courses during 1919 and then at the officer courses from 1919 to 1922. He was an assistant teacher in martial law and service regulations on the officer course at the Military Academy Karlberg from 1921 to 1922. In 1921 he was promoted to Captain in the South Scanian Infantry Regiment. During this time, <mask> took an instructor course at the Royal Central Gymnastics Institute from 1907 to 1908, and served as company commander in 1st Division's (I. arméfördelningen) volunteer school in Halmstad from 1908 to 1909 and from 1909 to 1910. After that he was a company commander at the reserve officer volunteer school in Karlsborg in 1910, and commander of the conscripts selected for special winter service (ski service) from 1910 to 1911, company commander at the reserve officer volunteer school in Karlsborg in 1911 and adjutant at the Infantry Officer Volunteer School (Infanteriofficersvolontärskolan) in Karlsborg from 1914 to 1915. War history and defense debate
From 1922 to 1926, <mask> served in the War History Department of the General Staff, after which he was a teacher in war history and strategy at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1926 to 1928. He was promoted to Major in 1928, after which he was acting head of the War History Department in the General Staff from 1928 to 1929 and regular head of the same from 1929 to 1933.He was secretary of the issues regarding the Swedish Army in the 1930 Defence Commission from 1930 to 1935. In 1933 he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, after which he was head of the Foreign Affairs Department in the General Staff from 1933 to 1936. He was secretary of the Committee on Defence during the Riksdag of 1936. As head of the War History Department, he led the work on Sveriges krig 1611–1632 ("Sweden's war 1611–1632"), a book in eight volumes published 1936–1939. He himself conducted war history archive research in Latvia and Estonia in 1922, in Germany, Danzig and Copenhagen in 1923, in Finland in 1925 and 1926 as well as archival research and battlefield surveys in Danzig, Poland and Germany in 1927. He led archival research and battlefield research in Belgium, Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Germany and Austria in 1929 and in several other countries in 1930. The Defence Act of 1925 with its extensive downsizing of units and personnel, left its mark on <mask>'s generation of officers and instilled in many paralysis of action.In this situation, <mask> deservedly took the lead for those who did not want to give up the fight for a modern defence with a broad base and adapted to society's resources. During his service in the War History Department, he gathered around him a group of younger talented army officers for a debate on defence issues and eventually founded Ny militär tidskrift ("New Military Journal") in 1927, whose editor he was 1927–1930. The circle of soldiers around this came to be called Jungjuntan ("<mask>'s junta") and it consisted of Axel Rappe, Carl August Ehrensvärd, Per Sylvan, Henry Peyron, Gustaf Petri, Axel Gyllenkrook, Gunnar Berggren with <mask> as editor and unifying force. <mask> was also behind the publication Antingen – eller ("Either – Or") (1930). Through the work of the 1930 Defence Commission, he had a decisive influence on the Defence Act of 1936 and it came to consist of a ten-year rearmament plan. <mask> was chief of the Military Office of the Land Defense (Lantförsvarets kommandoexpedition) from 1936 to 1937, colonel and executive officer of the Life Regiment Grenadiers (I 3) in 1936 and colonel and Chief of the Army Staff and the General Staff Corps from 1937 to 1940. He became major general of the army in 1938 and was commanding officer of the II Army Division from 1940 to 1942.<mask> was then the military commander of the II Military District in 1942 and commanding officer of the IV Military District and was the Commandant General in Stockholm in 1943. He was appointed lieutenant general in 1944 and general in 1944. <mask> was the Supreme Commander from 1944 to 1951. Chief of Army Staff and military commander
On 12 June 1936, <mask> was promoted to Colonel and appointed regimental commander of the North Scanian Infantry Regiment (I 6) from 1 October 1936. Even before he had time to take office, however, he was appointed on 30 June to be acting chief of Military Office of the Land Defence from 1 August, a post he held until 30 June 1937. On 13 November 1936, he was relieved of command of the North Scanian Infantry Regiment and was appointed executive commander of the Life Regiment Grenadiers (I 3) from 16 November, but was given continued leave to serve as chief of tMilitary Office of the Land Defence. As part of the Defence Act of 1936, the General Staff was divided into the Defence Staff and Army Staff.This was entirely in line with <mask>'s junta's argument for a unified leadership of the armed forces in a more efficient organization. As a reward for his persistent work in the 1930 Defence Commission, <mask> was appointed Chief of the Army Staff and the General Staff Corps on 30 July 1937 and took office on 1 July. At this time, <mask> advocated active action for Finland in a possible war against the Soviet Union. In the years just before the outbreak of World War II, cracks appeared within <mask>'s junta and it dissipated. He was promoted to Major General in 1938 and left the Chief of the Army Staff position on 30 September 1940. Thereafter, from 1 October 1940 until 30 September 1942, he was commander of the 2nd Army Division, from 1 October 1942 to 30 September 1943, military commander of the II Military District and from 1 October 1943 to 31 March 1944, military commander of the IV Military District as well as Commandant General in Stockholm. Supreme Commander

On 31 December 1943, <mask> was promoted to Lieutenant General from 1 January 1944 and was appointed Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces for six years from 1 April 1944.He was promoted to General on 10 March 1944, beginning 1 April. In November 1949, he received an extended appointment as Supreme Commander until 31 March 1951, when he resigned. During this time he was against the Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers in 1945 and a friend of NATO, as his speech to students at Lund University in November 1949 shows. About his other activities as Supreme Commander, an obituary read: "<mask>'s work became very important in order to present a plan for the Swedish Armed Forces's future organization after World War II. He had to overcome many anti-defence forces, the war fatigue, the atomic bomb threat and the peace optimism. <mask> worked in the same way as in the 1920s and 1930s. He gathered around him a group of skilled and useful officers and invested in a well-organized defence information.With indomitable energy, <mask> succeeded in gaining the attention of the Swedish government for his proposals and in preventing the ruling organization from collapsing. He thus laid the foundation for the future development of the Swedish defence for many years. It has been said by the former Supreme Commander, General Stig Synnergren that ’the modernization and anchoring of the defence among the Swedish people is <mask>'s lasting effort’." Historian Kent Zetterberg has stated that “<mask> <mask> was to a large extent a complex nature. His personality had features of cunning and tactical calculation, yes cynicism, but at the same time there were also clear elements of the ideality and selfless work for strengthening the Swedish defence.”

Personal life

In 1913, he married Ruth Wehtje (1893–1951), the daughter of the deputy district judge Ernst Wehtje and Mimmi Ahnfelt. In 1952, he married Dagmar Bager (1897–1955), the daughter of vice consul John Jeansson and Sigrid Maijström. He was the father of Stig (born 1915), Karin (born 1917) and Elisabet (born 1919–1994).<mask> died on 3 January 1978 and was interred on 10 February 1978 in Djursholm cemetery.

masks:
Helge Victor Jung
Jung
Jung
Victor Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Helge
Jung
Death Jung


texts:
<mask> (589 – 26 February 665), courtesy name Yizhen, better known by his original name <mask>, was a Chinese general who served under the emperors Gaozu, Taizong and Gaozong in the early Tang dynasty. His portrait was on display in Lingyan Pavilion along with those of another 23 officials who rendered meritorious service to the Tang Empire during the reign of Emperor Taizong. Background
<mask> was born during the Sui dynasty in Dong'e County (), Ji Prefecture (), which is located southwest of present-day Dongping County, Tai'an, Shandong. He was highly skilled in horse-riding and using the shuo (槊; a type of long spear). <mask>'s great-grandfather, <mask> (), served as a Major () in Yan Prefecture (兗州; around present-day Jining, Shandong) during the Northern Qi dynasty. His grandfather, <mask> (), also served as a Major in Huang Prefecture (黃州; around present-day Hengyang, Hunan) under the Northern Qi regime. His father, <mask> (), served as a Senior Rectifier () in Ji Prefecture (濟州; covering parts of present-day Liaocheng, Shandong and Puyang, Henan) and the Prefect () of Ying Prefecture (瀛州; around present-day Hejian, Hebei).Service under Li Mi and Wang Shichong

Towards the end of the Sui dynasty, chaos broke out throughout China and bandits were rampant. <mask> rallied hundreds of followers to defend their hometown from attacks and raids by bandits. He later came to serve the rebel leader Li Mi, who treated him respectfully and generously and made him a bodyguard. <mask> was also a commander of the 8,000 horsemen who formed the "Inner Corps" () of Li Mi's army. Li Mi was at war with another rebel leader, Wang Shichong. <mask> led a cavalry detachment and was stationed at Beimang (北邙; in western Henan at the northern part of the Qin Mountains range) while his colleague Shan Xiongxin () garrisoned at Yanshi (偃師; present-day Yanshi, Luoyang, Henan). When Wang Shichong attacked Shan Xiongxin's position, Li Mi sent <mask> and Pei Xingyan () to lead troops to reinforce Shan.Pei Xingyan was hit by an arrow in the midst of battle and fell off his horse. <mask> fought his way through enemy lines, rescued Pei Xingyan, brought him onto horseback and rode off. Wang Shichong's men tried to stop them with long spears, but <mask> broke the spears, killed the pursuers and managed to escape to safety. <mask> became a prisoner-of-war after Li Mi was defeated by Wang Shichong. Although Wang Shichong treated him generously, he still felt disgruntled with Wang's ways and complained about Wang to his former colleague, Qin Qiong. When Wang Shichong was at war with the Tang faction led by Li Yuan at Jiuqu (), <mask> and Qin Qiong defected to the Tang side on the battlefield along with their followers. Wang Shichong was afraid of them so he did not order his men to stop them.Service under Emperor Gaozu
The faction led by Li Yuan eventually formed the Tang dynasty while Li himself became historically known as "Emperor Gaozu of Tang". <mask> was appointed as a military officer under Li Yuan's second son, Li Shimin (the Prince of Qin). He fought for the Tang Empire against rival warlords such as Wang Shichong, Song Jingang () and Dou Jiande, who were either defeated or surrendered to Tang. <mask> was enfeoffed as the "Duke of Su" () for his contributions in battle. In 624, when there was an ongoing rivalry between Li Shimin and his eldest brother, Li Jiancheng (the Crown Prince), over the succession to their father's throne, Li Jiancheng became very suspicious and distrustful of <mask>. Emperor Gaozu appointed <mask> as the Prefect of Kang Prefecture (康州; around present-day Zhaoqing, Guangdong), effectively sending him far away from the capital, Chang'an (present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi). <mask> told Li Shimin, "Great Prince, if you lose your left and right arms, you will not survive long.I will not leave you, even if it means I will die." On 2 July 626, <mask> joined Li Shimin in assassinating Li Jiancheng and his fourth brother, Li Yuanji (the Prince of Qi), at the Xuanwu Gate Incident, after which Li Shimin became the new Crown Prince. He was appointed as a "Right Guard Commander to the Crown Prince" () and subsequently promoted to "Right Martial Guard Senior General" () and awarded 700 taxable households in his dukedom. Service under Emperor Taizong
Li Shimin eventually succeeded his father and became historically known as "Emperor Taizong of Tang". During Emperor Taizong's reign, <mask>jin served as the Grand Viceroy of Lu Prefecture (瀘州; around present-day Luzhou, Sichuan) and "Left Commanding Senior General" (). He and his colleague, Zhangsun Wuji, were granted permission to allow their descendants to inherit their governorship over their respective prefectures. His ducal title was later changed to "Duke of Lu" () and he was appointed as the Prefect of Pu Prefecture (普州; around present-day Ziyang, Sichuan).In 643, he was reassigned to be the "Left Garrison Guardian Senior General" (), put in command of the Northern Garrison, and promoted to "Senior General Who Defends the Army" (). Emperor Taizong ordered the artist Yan Liben to paint life-sized portraits of <mask>jin and another 23 officials who rendered meritorious service to the Tang Empire. The 24 portraits were put on display in Lingyan Pavilion. Service under Emperor Gaozong
<mask>jin outlived Emperor Taizong and continued serving under Emperor Taizong's successor, Emperor Gaozong. In 655, he was appointed as "Left Guardian Senior General" (). In 657, he participated in the Tang campaign against the Western Turks. When his army reached Hengdu City (怛篤城; present-day location uncertain), thousands of Turkic civilians came out of their homes to surrender, but <mask>jin ordered his troops to massacre the city's population and the Turkic army used the opportunity to retreat further.<mask>jin was stripped of his military command after he returned from the campaign, but was later appointed as the Prefect of Qi Prefecture (岐州; around present-day Baoji, Shaanxi). However, he wrote a memorial to Emperor Gaozong, requesting to retire. The emperor approved his request. Death
<mask> died in his home in Huaide Village () on 26 February 665. He was 77 (by East Asian age reckoning) at the time of his death. He was posthumously honoured as "Senior General of Chariots and Cavalry" () and Grand Viceroy of Yi Prefecture (益州; covering parts of the Sichuan basin). He was buried in the Zhao Mausoleum, where Emperor Taizong was interred.Family
<mask>jin had three sons: <mask> (), <mask>g () and <mask> (). <mask> inherited his father's ducal title and dukedom as the "Duke of Lu" (). <mask>g married Emperor Taizong's daughter, Princess Qinghe (), and held the positions of Chief Commandant of Escorting Cavalry () and Left Guard General of the Household (). <mask> served as Right Jinwu General (). <mask>'s son, <mask> (), served as Left Jinwu Senior General () during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. <mask>'s tomb
<mask>'s tomb is located in the Zhao Mausoleum in present-day Liquan County, Xianyang, Shaanxi. The tombstone was unearthed in 1986 and bore the heading "Tomb of the Late Lord <mask>, Senior General of Chariots and Cavalry and Duke of Lu of the Great Tang Empire".The tombstone was 78 cm long and 15 cm thick. <mask>'s biography was inscribed on the tombstone by Xu Jingzong and contained more than 2,000 hanzis. There are additional details about his life inscribed on the tombstone that were not recorded in his official biographies in the Old Book of Tang and New Book of Tang. In popular culture

<mask>jin is often depicted in Chinese folklore and popular culture as a somewhat inept and bumbling warrior who sometimes shows up at the right place and right time to save the day. There are two popular Chinese sayings related to <mask>jin:

 "<mask>jin shows up suddenly along the way" (): Used to describe a situation where someone shows up unexpectedly and disrupts a plan. It is also used to describe an unwelcome busybody who shows up where he/she is not wanted. "<mask>jin and his three axe strokes" (): Used to describe someone with a limited repertoire of skills, i.e.someone relying on the same old tricks. References

 Liu, Xu et al. Old Book of Tang (Jiu Tang Shu). Ouyang, Xiu and Song Qi. New Book of Tang (Xin Tang Shu). Tang dynasty generals from Shandong
589 births
665 deaths
Tang dynasty politicians from Shandong
Political office-holders in Guangdong
Political office-holders in Sichuan
Political office-holders in Shaanxi
Politicians from Tai'an
Transition from Sui to Tang

masks:
Cheng Zhijie
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Xing
Cheng Zhe
Cheng Lou
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yao
Cheng Yao
Cheng Yao
Cheng Yao
Cheng Yao
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yao
Cheng Chumo
Cheng Chulian
Cheng Chubi
Cheng Chumo
Cheng Chulian
Cheng Chubi
Cheng Chubi
Cheng Boxian
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng
Cheng Yaojin
Cheng Yao
Cheng Yao
Cheng Yao
Cheng Yao


texts:
<mask> (November 16, 1887 – October 30, 1972) was an architect who is most widely known for his work on the Washington National Cathedral, named, the "Cathedral Church of St. Peter and St. Paul" in Washington, D.C. He worked on the English Gothic style cathedral from 1921 until his death in 1972. Birth and heritage

<mask> was born in Hotel Chelsea, designed by his grandfather <mask>mbre <mask>, in New York in 1887 to <mask>, a theatrical producer, and the former <mask>, an actress. His mother was a French Catholic and his father Jewish. Frohman had a notable lineage in the related worlds of architecture and engineering. In 1849, his grandfather <mask> and his great-grandfather Charles Antoine Colomb Gengembre moved to America. While practicing architecture in New York, <mask> designed the Hotel Chelsea, later to become a well-known residence for actors, writers, musicians and other artists.Built in 1883, it had the distinction of being the tallest building in New York until 1899. Initially constructed as an apartment building, it still remains in operation today, as a hotel. His great-grandfather, Charles Antoine Colomb Gengembre, both an architect and civil engineer, supervised the building of the first railway from Liverpool to Manchester. His great-great-grandfather was <mask> Joseph Gengembre, who served as Director of Works for King <mask> of France in the early 19th century. Gengembre designed France's first steam warship and the first home in Paris to feature gas lighting. Education and early career

Frohman's interest in architecture was evident even in his early years. At the age of eleven, he enrolled in the Throop Polytechnic Institute in Pasadena, California, where he attended grammar school and secondary school.(Throop later spun off its grammar and secondary schools into Polytechnic School, while Throop itself became the California Institute of Technology.) He designed his first house when he was fourteen. In 1907, he graduated and became the youngest person ever to pass the state architectural examination. The following year, at the age of twenty-one, he opened his own office in Pasadena. In his early practice he focused on the design of both churches and houses. Early Frohman-designed churches include Trinity Episcopal Church in Orange, California in 1909, and other parish churches in Santa Barbara and Inglewood, California between 1909 and 1917. During World War I Frohman served in the ordnance construction section of the Army and was stationed in the Washington, D.C. area.Placed in charge of the architectural division at Aberdeen Proving Ground, he designed buildings there and at Rock Island Arsenal. It was at this time that he made the acquaintance of dean of the National Cathedral and, later, the Episcopal bishop of Washington. Career

Over the course of his long career Frohman would be credited with the design of some fifty churches in the United States. Washington National Cathedral
The great majority of Frohman's life and work, however, would be dedicated to the construction of the Washington National Cathedral, on which he labored for more than fifty years. During a visit to Washington in 1914, Frohman visited the Bethlehem Chapel, which had been completed in 1912. He described it as, “a more beautiful crypt than any I had ever seen abroad; the most satisfying example of church architecture in America.” So taken was he by the cathedral that in signing the visitor register he included a small prayer in code. The prayer was that he might someday become the cathedral architect.Following military service in World War I <mask> moved from Pasadena to Boston to continue his architectural practice. In 1919 Frohman began making preliminary sketches for revisions of Bodley's designs at the invitation of the Bishop of Washington, The Right Reverend <mask>. During the next two years he formed a partnership with E. Donald Robb and <mask>. Little and in November 1921, the firm of Frohman, Robb and Little was officially designated Cathedral Architects. Robb died in 1942 and Little followed in 1944, after which Frohman served as the sole architect of the cathedral. Although adhering to Bodley and Vaughan's original plan in its essence, Frohman made substantial refinements to the initial blueprint. His impact on the overall structure has been described by one author on the cathedral: “Bodley and Vaughan’s preliminary plans envisioned a predominantly English Gothic structure; under Frohman’s guidance the style became more eclectic, a happy blending of Medieval Gothic from both England and the Continent . . . .  Frohman’s cathedral combines architectural elements from both sides of the North Sea.”

In particular, Frohman revised and augmented the original design for the crypt, adding ambulatories and an additional chapel.Over the years he was intimately involved in virtually every aspect of the cathedral's furnishing and embellishment. The most notable and visible of his revisions is his redesign of the west facade, the principal entrance to the cathedral., It “is said to be the culmination of Frohman’s genius—his most plastic work and his most original design.”

Frohman's successor described him as: "[an] architectural giant—a man who never compromised on less than perfection." It was said that he did not hesitate to change drawings to modify structural details by as little as a sixteenth of an inch. When the cathedral's construction progressed to the crossing and a crucial debate arose over whether to complete the nave or build the central tower next, Frohman's recommendation to proceed with the tower proved decisive. Other churches

His focus on construction of the Washington National Cathedral notwithstanding, Frohman still found time to design a number of other churches, including two cathedrals. The Cathedral of the Incarnation in Baltimore and the Cathedral Church of St. Luke in Orlando, Florida are both Frohman designed, although the latter would not be completed until 1987. In addition, the Church of Our Saviour, Baltimore; Trinity College Chapel, Hartford; Christ Lutheran Church, Baltimore; Saint Paul's Cathedral, San Diego; Trinity Church, Washington, D.C.; St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Washington, D.C.; Trinity Church Morgantown, West Virginia and the Church of the Heavenly Rest, Abilene, Texas, have all been attributed to Frohman.Frohman also designed the Roman Catholic Church of the Annunciation in Washington, located near the cathedral, of which he was a member. Frohman was the architect of Grace Church and rectory and its later enlargement (both have been razed), and a rancher's home in the prestigious "Snob Hollow" area (1917) (also razed in the late 1970s), all in Tucson, AZ. Awards and affiliations

<mask> received the distinction of Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (FAIA) from that organization. He was awarded the Medal Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice (For Church and Pope) by Pope John XXIII. Frohman was a member of the Washington Archdiocesan Commission on Sacred Art, the National Cathedral Association, the Guild of Religious Architecture, the Liturgical Art Society, the American Guild of Church Architects and the American Ordnance Association. Retirement and death

Although continuing to climb the scaffolding several times a week to inspect the ongoing work, in March, 1971, at the age of 83 Frohman retired. In an unusual move for an architect, he was awarded a retirement stipend by the cathedral.Although one bishop in the early 1920s informed Frohman that he intended to build the Washington National Cathedral in five years, Frohman himself observed: “Not often does an architect knowingly prepare designs for a building which he is sure he will not see completed in his own lifetime.”

Frohman's prediction proved more accurate than the bishop's. Frohman died on October 30, 1972, following an accident on August 7 in which he was struck by an automobile near the cathedral's grounds. The cathedral nave would not see completion until 1976. Only in September 1990 would the west end he redesigned be dedicated, completing construction of all principal features of the church's interior and exterior structure, although minor embellishment is expected to continue for years. A Roman Catholic, Frohman's body was interred in the Chapel of St. Joseph of Arimathea on the crypt level of the National Cathedral by special dispensation of the Archdiocese of Washington. He is also memorialized by a bay on the north aisle of the cathedral nave dedicated to him. The inscription on the bay wall reads, in part: “From the deep well of faith sprang devotion to perfection; A graceful witness in this Cathedral Church; To his steadfast spirit and; The prayer his genius sought to record in all his work.”

Notes

References

Sources

Feller, Richard T., and Marshall W. Fishwick (1979), For Thy Great Glory.2nd ed. Culpeper, Virginia: The Community Press of Culpeper, Virginia. Feller, Richard T. (1989), Completing Washington Cathedral For Thy Great Glory. Washington, D.C.: The Washington Cathedral. <mask>, Ty (1979), The Last Cathedral. London: Prentice Hall International, Inc. Fallen, Anne-Catherine (editor) (1995), Washington National Cathedral.Washington, D.C.: Washington National Cathedral. Montgomery, Nancy S. (editor) (1974), Guide to Washington Cathedral. rev. ed. Washington, D.C.: National Cathedral Association. Row, Christopher D.H. "World Without End: <mask> <mask> and the Washington National Cathedral." Ph.D.diss., Harvard University, 1999. External links
  A World Without End  article at Frommers website
American Institute of Architects official website
Cathedral Church of St. Luke, Orlando, Florida official website. Cathedral of the Incarnation, Baltimore, Maryland, official website. Christ Lutheran Church, Baltimore, Maryland, official website. Church of the Annunciation, Washington, D.C., official website
Church of our Savior, Baltimore, Maryland, official website. Church of the Heavenly Rest, Abilene, Texas, official website. Hotel Chelsea official website.Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation of the District of Columbia official website. St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Washington, D.C., official website. Episcopal Church of the Heavenly Rest, Abilene, TX official website. Trinity College official website. Trinity Episcopal Church, Morgantown, West Virginia, official website. Trinity Episcopal Church, Orange, California, official website. Trinity Episcopal Church, Takoma Park, Maryland, official website.Washington National Cathedral official website. <mask>. Frohman; findagrave.com

1887 births
1972 deaths
Architects from New York City
Architects from Pasadena, California
Architects from Boston
Architects from Washington, D.C.
20th-century American architects
Gothic Revival architects
American ecclesiastical architects
Architects of cathedrals
Catholics from California
Catholics from New York (state)
Burials at Washington National Cathedral
Road incident deaths in Washington, D.C.
Pedestrian road incident deaths
American people of French descent
American people of Jewish descent
Frohman family

masks:
Philip Hubert Frohman
Frohman
Philip Genge
Hubert
Gustave Frohman
Marie Hubert
Philip Gengembre Hubert
Hubert
Philippe Joachim
Louis Philippe
Frohman
Alfred Harding
Harry B
Frohman
Harrington
Philip Hubert
Frohman
Philip H


texts:
Robert H<mask> (August 29, 1935 – September 9, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter and record producer who co-founded the psychedelic rock band, The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band, in the late 1960s, and became one of the most controversial figures that emerged from the era. Early life
<mask> was the adopted son of an oil tycoon. He became a law graduate, and then, a local television persona for the Oklahoma programming, Oklahoma Bandstand in 1958. He performed in several college bands and by 1960, started a decade-long music career. Early music career

In 1960, <mask> moved to Los Angeles to pursue a music career. He was signed by Warner Bros. Records to release his first single, "Will We Meet Again", paired with "Tia Juana Ball", which was distributed in late 1960. Markley sang, and played bongos.By late 1961, another single emerged on the same label, "Summers Comin' On", backed by "It Should Have Been Me". All of the songs were either written or co-written by <mask> with composer Baker Knight, who later wrote "Shifting Sands" for The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band on their second album, Part One, in 1967. <mask>'s solo career, however, stalled after the singles met with very little success. These rare compositions which rested in obscurity for decades were re-distributed on the 2011 compilation album, The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band Companion. Before the end of 1965, <mask> was introduced by his friend Kim Fowley, to a band, Laughing Wind. The band performed at a concert that also included The Yardbirds, which took place in <mask>'s mansion in Los Angeles after The Yardbirds could not book any other performance. Many directors and musicians including Jeff Beck and Jim McGuinn of The Byrds were also present as guests in the sizable gathering.The Laughing Wind comprised <mask>'s future bandmates Michael Lloyd, Danny Harris, and Shaun Harris. <mask> was less concerned about the band's actual performance than he was with the crowd a rock band brought, particularly young women. His obsession with young girls would be part of <mask>'s personality that would directly affect his later music. <mask> proposed that he join and fund the band. The group reluctantly accepted <mask>'s offer, and The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band was formed. The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band

Using his legal expertise, <mask> quickly controlled the name and productions of the band. Tracks on all the band's albums, except Where's My Daddy?, had <mask> listed as the primary composer, even if he took no part in any actual writing.<mask> did write some basic compositions during the band's existence, like "1906", which fitted well into the psychedelic rock era of the late sixties. However, as his career with the band progressed, <mask>'s lyrics became more explicit in their references to underage girls. Several of his compositions were released as singles. <mask> strived to achieve compositions equal to his bandmates', but with his sometimes disturbing lyrics, they did not sell successfully. Despite his lacking skills as a musician, <mask>'s input became key to the overall sound and style of the band. With the band, <mask> produced six albums, one of which was under the name Markley A Group. While <mask> contributed spoken word and backing vocals, the 1966 lineup had Danny Harris playing lead guitar, Shaun Harris at bass guitar, and Michael Lloyd with rhythm guitar.The addition of John Ware on drums completed the group. Lead vocals were shared among the band members, as determined by Markley. After their minor FiFo Records album consisting mostly of Laughing Wind recordings, Volume One was released, <mask>'s influence helped the band sign to the Reprise label for three albums, and smaller independent labels for the final two releases. The band was able to produce a wide variety of music ranging from folk rock, to guitar-led freakbeat, and multilayered, avant-garde compositions. Their most acclaimed album, 1968's Volume 3: A Child's Guide to Good and Evil, has been considered a psychedelic masterpiece. The band's popularity as a live act came from their elaborate light shows which, according to Ware, were "the ultimate street happening for a while". <mask>'s role in the performances was restricted to tambourines and on occasions, backing vocals.However, the band's live performances did little to save the band from disbanding in 1970, after the album Markley A Group. Later life and death

<mask> continued to work in the music business as a record producer, most notably on Jim Stallings' (a.k.a. J. J. Light) album, Heya!. <mask> collaborated with Lloyd and Danny Harris on a gospel album called Goodness and Mercy, but, after the album's release, <mask> dropped out of the music scene altogether. He lived a bohemian lifestyle after purchasing a smaller residence in Los Angeles in his efforts to interest women. Authorities attempted to arrest <mask> on undisclosed charges involving two young women, but he temporarily evaded the law.However, with his interest in underage girls resulting in convictions on other occasions, he ultimately changed his name to avoid scrutiny. Combined with the traumatic event of losing his father and declining mental stability, <mask>'s health slowly deteriorated throughout his life. He showed himself sporadically to past band members and looked more obviously ill with each appearance. <mask> died on September 9, 2003, in Los Angeles, but the cause of his death was not reported. Discography
Singles (solo)
 "Will We Meet Again" b/w "Tia Juana Ball" – 1960
 "Summers Comin' On" b/w "It Should Have Been Me" – 1961

Albums (The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band)
 Volume One – 1966
 Part One – 1967
 Vol. 2 (Breaking Through) – 1967
 Volume 3: A Child's Guide to Good and Evil – 1968
 Where's My Daddy? – 1969
 Markley A Group (credited as Markley a Group) – 1970

References

1935 births
2003 deaths
Musicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
American rock musicians
American male singer-songwriters
Record producers from Oklahoma
21st-century American singers
20th-century American singers
Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers

masks:
. Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Markley
Bob Markley


texts:
Al-<mask> ibn Abi Ubayd al-Thaqafi (, ; c. 622 – 3 April 687) was a pro-Alid revolutionary based in Kufa, who led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate in 685 and ruled over most of Iraq for eighteen months during the Second Fitna. Born in Ta'if, <mask> moved to Iraq at a young age and grew up in Kufa. Following the death of Husayn ibn Ali, a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, at the hands of the Umayyad army in the Battle of Karbala in 680, he allied with the rival caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca, but the alliance was short-lived. <mask> returned to Kufa where he declared Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, a son of caliph Ali (r. 656–661) and brother of Husayn, the mahdi and the imam, and called for the establishment of an Alid caliphate and retaliation for Husayn's killing. He took over Kufa in October 685, after expelling its Zubayrid governor, and later ordered the execution of those involved in the killing of Husayn. Hostile relations with Ibn al-Zubayr ultimately led to <mask>'s death by the forces of the Zubayrid governor of Basra, Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr, following a four-month siege. Although <mask> was defeated, his movement would have far-reaching consequences.After his death, his followers formed a radical Shi'a sect, later known as the Kaysanites, who developed several novel doctrines and influenced later Shi'a ideology. Mukhtar raised the social status of mawali (non-Arab local converts to Islam) and they became an important political entity. The mawali and Kaysanites went on to play a significant role in the Abbasid Revolution sixty years later. <mask> was important as an early proponent of treating Arab and non-Arab Muslims on an equal footing. He is a controversial figure among Muslims; condemned by many as a false prophet, but revered by Shi'a because of his support for the Alids. Modern historians' views range from regarding him as a sincere revolutionary to an ambitious opportunist. Background

<mask> was born in Ta'if in 622 CE (the year that the Islamic prophet Muhammad migrated to Medina) to Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi, a Muslim army commander from the Banu Thaqif tribe, and Dawma bint Amr ibn Wahb ibn Muattib.Following Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr became caliph. He died two years later and was succeeded by Umar, who expanded the Muslim conquests initiated by Abu Bakr, and sent <mask>'s father Abu Ubayd to the Iraqi front. Abu Ubayd was killed at the Battle of the Bridge in November 634. <mask>, then thirteen years old, remained in Iraq after the Muslim conquest of this region, and was raised by his uncle Sa'd ibn Masud al-Thaqafi. Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644, after which his successor, Uthman, ruled for twelve years before being assassinated by rebels in 656. After Uthman's death, Ali, a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, became caliph and moved the capital from Medina to Kufa, where <mask> held some minor office under him, and <mask>'s uncle became governor of nearby al-Mada'in. A few companions of Muhammad, including Mu'awiya, the governor of Syria, refused to recognise Ali's authority, and war broke out.The Battle of Siffin ended in stalemate (July 657), when Ali's forces refused to fight in response to Mu'awiya's calls for arbitration. Ali reluctantly agreed to talks but a faction of his forces, later called Kharijites, broke away in protest, condemning Ali's acceptance of arbitration as blasphemous. Arbitration could not settle the dispute between Mu'awiya and Ali and the latter was subsequently murdered by a Kharijite in January 661. Ali's eldest son Hasan became caliph, but Mu'awiya challenged his authority and invaded Iraq. While Hasan was mobilizing his troops, he was injured by a Kharijite near al-Mada'in and was brought to the home of <mask>'s uncle. There, <mask> reportedly recommended that Hasan be handed over to Mu'awiya in return for political favour, but was rebuffed by his uncle. In August 661, Hasan abdicated the caliphate to Mu'awiya in a peace treaty and the capital was transferred to Damascus.A few years before his death, Mu'awiya nominated his son Yazid as his successor, thus founding the Umayyad Caliphate. Yazid's nomination angered Alid partisans, because it was seen as the violation of the peace treaty, which stipulated that Mu'awiya would not nominate a successor. Scant information exists about <mask>'s early life and he only rose to prominence when he was aged around sixty. Revolt
Upon Yazid's accession in April 680, pro-Alid Kufans urged Husayn ibn Ali, the younger brother of now deceased Hasan, to lead a revolt against Yazid. Husayn subsequently sent his cousin Muslim ibn Aqil to assess the political environment in Kufa. <mask> hosted Ibn Aqil at his house before the arrival of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad. The latter was appointed to replace <mask>'s father-in-law, Nu'man ibn Bashir, as governor due to Ibn Bashir's benign attitude toward Ibn Aqil and his followers.As a result of Ibn Ziyad's suppression and political maneuvering, Ibn Aqil's following started melting away and he was forced to declare the revolt prematurely. <mask> was not in the city at the time. After hearing the news, he attempted to gather supporters from Kufa's environs, but Ibn Aqil's revolt was defeated and he was executed before <mask> returned to the city. <mask> was arrested and brought to the governor but he denied involvement in the revolt. While <mask> was imprisoned, Husayn was slain by Ibn Ziyad's forces at the Battle of Karbala on 10 October 680. <mask> was afterward released upon the intervention of Abdullah ibn Umar, an influential son of the second caliph and <mask>'s brother-in-law, and ordered to leave Kufa. Exile in Mecca
By this time, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, a son of Muhammad's companion Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, secretly started taking allegiance in Mecca and came to control the entire Hejaz (western Arabia).Having left Kufa, <mask> headed for Mecca and offered allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr on the condition that he be consulted about important matters and awarded a high post, which Ibn al-Zubayr refused. <mask> then left for Ta'if and, after one year, Ibn al-Zubayr, persuaded by his advisers, accepted <mask>'s homage under the same terms. When Yazid dispatched an army to retake Mecca in 683, <mask> participated in the city's defence. After Yazid died in November, the Umayyad army retreated and Ibn al-Zubayr openly proclaimed his caliphate. <mask> was informed by people coming from Kufa that the city had come under Ibn al-Zubayr's control but many Kufans were looking for an independent leader of their own. He claimed that he was the man they were looking for. While in Mecca, he sought permission from Ali's son, Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, to avenge Husayn's death and secure power for Ibn al-Hanafiyyah.The latter responded that he neither approved nor disapproved of such an action, but bloodshed should be avoided. Earlier, he had made the same offer to Husayn's son Ali Zayn al-Abidin but was refused. Five months after Yazid's death, he returned to Kufa without informing Ibn al-Zubayr, who he thought had not kept his promise. Some accounts state that Ibn al-Zubayr himself sent him to Kufa as governor with instructions to gather force capable of resisting Umayyad attempts to reconquer Iraq. This is considered unlikely by the modern historians. Return to Kufa

In Kufa, Mukhtar began recruiting people to take revenge against the killers of Husayn, promising them victory and fortune. At the same time, Sulayman ibn Surad, a companion of Muhammad and an Alid supporter, was rallying a group of Kufans, who called themselves Tawwabin, to fight the Umayyads to atone for their failure to support Husayn during the Battle of Karbala.The Tawwabin movement created difficulties for <mask>. Most pro-Alid Kufans supported Ibn Surad because he was Muhammad's companion, and as a result, <mask> was unable to attract many recruits. He criticised the Tawwabin's actions as premature and destined for failure, arguing that Ibn Surad was old, weak, and militarily inexperienced. He then claimed that he was a lieutenant of Ibn al-Hanafiyyah, whom he called the Mahdi (Messiah). He convinced many Alid partisans, including some five hundred mawali (sing. mawlā; local converts to Islam), that he was working under the orders of the Mahdi. Doubting the authenticity of <mask>'s claims, a group of Alid partisans from Kufa went to Mecca seeking verification from Ibn al-Hanafiyyah.He replied in an ambiguous manner that he was satisfied with anyone whom God uses to take revenge on enemies of the family of the prophet. They interpreted this as confirmation of <mask>'s claims and returned to join him. To win over the hitherto unpersuaded Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar, an influential Alid partisan and head of the Nakhai tribe, <mask> presented him with a letter, which he claimed was authored by Ibn al-Hanafiyyah. In it, Ibn al-Hanafiyyah ostensibly called himself the Mahdi and urged Ibn al-Ashtar to support <mask>. After expressing some doubts, Ibn al-Ashtar eventually joined him. The letter was likely fabricated, and Ibn al-Hanafiyyah seems to have had no involvement in the revolt. He tolerated the use of his name, however, and did not disapprove of Mukhtar's activities.Nonetheless, when he wanted to visit his followers in Kufa, he was deterred by a rumour, floated by <mask> upon hearing this news, that the true Mahdi would not die if struck by a sword. Ibn al-Zubayr appointed Abd Allah ibn Yazid as governor of Kufa in 684. Fearful of <mask>, Ibn Yazid imprisoned him. Some time later, Abdullah ibn Umar interceded for <mask>, who promised to refrain from anti-government activity and was released. Overthrow of the Zubayrid governor

After his release <mask> resumed his revolutionary activities. The Tawwabin were defeated by the Umayyads at the Battle of Ayn al-Warda in January 685, and most of the pro-Alid Kufans shifted allegiance to <mask>. Ibn al-Zubayr replaced Ibn Yazid with Abd Allah ibn Muti as governor to contain the expected agitation but to no avail.<mask> and his followers planned to overthrow the governor and seize control of Kufa on Thursday, 19 October 685. On  the evening of 17 October <mask>'s men clashed with government forces. <mask> signaled an early declaration of revolt to his troops by lighting fires. By the evening of Wednesday, 18 October, the government's forces were defeated. Ibn Muti went into hiding and later, with help from <mask>, escaped to Basra. The next morning, <mask> received allegiance from Kufans in the mosque on the basis of, "Book of God, Sunnah of the Prophet, revenge for the Prophet's family, defence of the weak and war on sinners". Rule over Iraq

Support for <mask>'s revolt came from two divergent groups: the Arab tribal nobility and the mawali.At first, he attempted to reconcile their differences and appease both. Most government positions, including the governorships of Mosul and al-Mada'in, were awarded to Arabs. Mawali, hitherto treated as lower-grade citizens, were entitled to war booty and army salaries and allowed to ride horses. He announced that any mawali slaves who joined him would be freed, resulting in increased support from this group. His personal guard was also staffed by mawali led by Abu Amra Kaysan. Nobles, however, were disturbed by his policies toward the mawali. At this stage he controlled most of Iraq and its dependencies including Arminiya, Adharbayjan, Jibal and parts of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia).Efforts by his supporters to take Basra, which was under Zubayrid control, did not succeed. By then Abd

masks: Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar


texts:
 al-Malik ibn Marwan had taken reigns of the Umayyad power in Syria and was struggling to regain control of the lost provinces. Counter-coup
One year after the Battle of Ayn al-Warda, the Umayyad army occupied Mosul and headed for Kufa. <mask> sent three thousand cavalrymen under the command of Yazid ibn Anas. On 17 July 686, they defeated the Umayyad army, twice their size, near Mosul. That evening, after ordering the execution of all the Syrian captives, Ibn Anas died of an illness. Having lost their commander, the Kufans retreated in the face of another Umayyad army.In Kufa, rumour spread that <mask>'s forces had been defeated and Ibn Anas slain. In response, <mask> deployed seven thousand reinforcements headed by Ibn al-Ashtar. Taking advantage of the troops' absence, the Kufan nobility, whose relations with <mask> had grown estranged due to his favouritism toward the mawali, attempted to topple <mask> by besieging his palace. They accused him of robbing their prestige:  Despite the siege, <mask> was able to recall Ibn al-Ashtar. Three days after its departure from Kufa, Ibn al-Ashtar's army returned and defeated the revolt. After eliminating his opposition, <mask> enacted punitive measures against those involved in the battle of Karbala. He executed most of them, including Umar ibn Sa'd and Shimr ibn Ziljawshan.Many others were killed under the pretext of their direct or indirect involvement in the battle, while about ten thousand Kufans fled to Basra. The houses of many absconders were destroyed. This further reduced Arab support for <mask> and he became increasingly reliant on mawali. Battle of Khazir

Two days after reasserting control over Kufa, <mask> dispatched Ibn al-Ashtar with a thirteen thousand-strong force to confront the approaching Umayyad army led by Ibn Ziyad. Some of <mask>'s soldiers carried a chair, circling around it, which they claimed belonged to Ali and would give them victory in the battle. The idea is said to have been <mask>'s. He had invented it to increase his support among more religious people and compared it to the Ark of the Covenant, but orientalist Julius Wellhausen holds he was not the originator of the concept.He allowed them to carry the chair, as he needed their zeal. The armies met at the banks of Khazir River in early August 686. The Umayyad army was defeated, and many of the senior Umayyad military leaders including Ibn Ziyad and Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni were killed. The exact date of the battle is unknown, although some sources put it on 6 August, coinciding with 10 Muharram, the date of Husayn's death. The death of Ibn Ziyad was seen as the fulfillment of <mask>'s promise of revenge against Husayn's killers. Relations with Ibn al-Zubayr
Sometime after expelling Ibn Muti, <mask> complained to Ibn al-Zubayr about the failure to keep his promise, despite <mask> having served him well. <mask>, nonetheless, offered his support if needed.Though Ibn al-Zubayr had considered <mask> loyal, the latter refused to surrender his control of Kufa to the caliph's appointed governor, Umar ibn Abd al-Rahman. The governor left the city after being bribed and threatened by <mask>. In 686, <mask> feigned an offer of military support to Ibn al-Zubayr against an impending Umayyad attack on Medina with the ultimate intention of ousting him. Ibn al-Zubayr accepted and requested troops to Wadi al-Qura, a valley north of Medina, but instead, Mukhtar dispatched three thousand fighters under Shurahbil ibn Wars with orders to enter Medina until further notice. Meanwhile, Ibn al-Zubayr sent his confidant Abbas ibn Sahl at the head of a two thousand-strong force with instructions to escort Ibn Wars and his men to Wadi al-Qura in anticipation of the Syrian army and to kill <mask>'s loyalists if they refused. Ibn Wars indeed refused and was killed along with most of his men. <mask> subsequently informed Ibn al-Hanafiyyah of his foiled plan to seize the region for the Alid and offered to send another army to Medina if Ibn al-Hanafiyyah notified the city's inhabitants that Mukhtar was working on his behalf.Ibn al-Hanafiyyah refused, citing his opposition to bloodshed. Nonetheless, Ibn al-Zubayr, after becoming aware of <mask>'s intentions and fearing a pro-Alid revolt in the Hejaz, detained Ibn al-Hanafiyyah to forcibly gain his allegiance, hoping <mask> would follow suit. Ibn al-Hanafiyyah requested help from <mask>, who subsequently dispatched a four thousand-strong force to free him. This caused a further deterioration in relations between Mecca and Kufa. Death

In 687, Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr, the governor of Basra and younger brother of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, launched an assault against Kufa. A sizable portion of his army consisted of Kufan nobles, who had previously fled Mukhtar's punitive measures. The size of Mukhtar's Kufan army is not certain with ranges between three thousand to sixty thousand, depending on the source.The Kufans retreated following their defeat at the battles of Madhar, located along the Tigris between Basra and Kufa, and Harura, a village near Kufa. Mus'ab then besieged <mask>'s palace for four months. Ibn al-Ashtar, who was then governor of Mosul, did not attempt to relieve <mask>, either because he was not called to action, or because he refused <mask>'s summons. In either case, he later joined Mus'ab. On 3 April 687, <mask> came out of the palace accompanied by nineteen supporters, (the remainder had refused to fight), and was killed fighting. Soon afterward, <mask>'s remaining partisans, totaling about six thousand, surrendered and were executed by Mus'ab. One of <mask>'s wives, Umrah bint Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari, refused to denounce her husband's views and was consequently executed, while his other wife condemned him and was spared.<mask>'s hand was cut off and hung on the wall of the mosque. His grave is, reportedly, located inside the shrine of Muslim ibn Aqil, at the back of the Great Mosque of Kufa. Some sources, however, state that Mus'ab had burned his body. Legacy
Though <mask> ruled for less than two years, his ideology survived his death. It was during his rule that the mawali rose to significance, much to the dissatisfaction of the Kufan Arab nobility. He had proclaimed Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah as the Mahdi and the Imam. This was likely the first reference to the Mahdi in the history of Islam.This idea became influential afterward, particularly in Shi'a Islam, where it became one of its central tenets. He was the first person to introduce the concept of Bada' (change in the divine will), when after defeat at the battle of Madhar, for which he had claimed he was promised victory, he said that God had changed his plan. His followers later developed into a distinct Shi'a sect known as the Kaysanites. They introduced the doctrines of Occultation (Ghayba) and Return (Raj'a) of the Mahdi. After the death of Ibn al-Hanafiyyah, some Kaysanites believed that he had not died but was hidden in Mount Radwa and would return some day to rid the world of injustice. Most Kaysanites, however, declared his son Abu Hashim to be their Imam. He then transferred the Imamate to Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah ibn Abbas before dying.The Abbasids used this as a propaganda tool during their revolution to boost their legitimacy and appeal to pro-Alid masses. Two of Muhammad ibn Ali's sons, as-Saffah and al-Mansur, would eventually establish the Abbasid Caliphate. Describing similarities between <mask> and Abbasid revolutionary Abu Muslim Khorasani, who recruited both Arabs and mawali in his army and treated them as equals, Wellhausen writes: "If the doctrine of Raj'a is correct, then the Arab of Khutarnia [Mukhtar] came to life again in the Maula [mawlā] of Khutarnia [Abu Muslim]." Many Muslims hold Mukhtar a liar who claimed prophethood and consider him an enemy of the Alids, who used their name to gain power, and executed Husayn's killers to consolidate his support among pro-Alids. According to Wellhausen, although he did not explicitly call himself a prophet, the allegations took root because of his boasting and excessive claims, which he made in the rhymed prose style of ancient Arabian soothsayers. Muhammad is reported to have said: "In Thaqif there will be a great liar and destroyer." To them, the liar is Mukhtar and the destroyer is Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.Shi'a, on the other hand, regard him a sincere partisan of Ali and his family, who avenged the murder of Husayn and his company. They maintain that the allegations levelled against him regarding prophethood, his role in the Kaysanites sect, and his lust for power are Umayyad and Zubayrid propaganda. Early Shi'a, however, had a hostile opinion of him, that arose from his attitude toward Hasan and his alleged incompetence during Ibn Aqil's revolt. His proclamation of Ibn al-Hanafiyyah, a non-Fatimid, may also have contributed to this as most Shi'a in later times adhered to the Fatimid line of Alids. Views of the Alid family
There are differing accounts of how prominent members of the Alid family viewed Mukhtar. One account holds that Husayn's son and the fourth Shi'a Imam, Ali Zayn al-Abidin, prayed for him after seeing the heads of Ibn Ziyad and Umar ibn Sa'd, while another account holds that he rejected <mask>'s gifts and called him a liar. Husayn's grandson, Muhammad al-Baqir, praised him: "Do not curse al-Mukhtār, for he killed those who killed us, sought our revenge, married our widows, and distributed wealth among us in times of hardship."Al-Baqir further praised him when <mask>'s son asked al-Baqir about his opinion of <mask>. Husayn's great-grandson, Ja'far al-Sadiq, is reported to have said: "The Hāshimites neither combed nor dyed their hair until al-Mukhtār sent us the heads of those who killed al-Ḥusayn." Ja'far al-Sadiq is also reported to have said that <mask> used to lie about Ali Zayn al-Abidin. Modern scholarly views
While early historical accounts are unanimous in portraying <mask> in a negative light, modern historians hold a variety of views. Wellhausen writes that although <mask> did not claim to be a prophet, he made every effort to create the impression that he was one, and spoke in a way as if he sat in the counsel of God. He concludes that <mask> was nevertheless a sincere man who tried to eradicate the social differences of his time. He further argues that <mask> made extravagant claims and exploited Ibn al-Hanafiyyah's name out of necessity, as he could not have achieved his goal in his own name.He calls him "... one of the greatest men of Islamic history; [who] anticipated the future". Historian Hugh Kennedy writes that <mask> was a revolutionary who tried to put together a united Kufan coalition but was beset by internal divisions and let down by the Alid family. Before his death, <mask> is reported to have said:  Middle East scholar Moshe Sharon describes this as an accurate description of his activities. Professor Abdulaziz Sachedina, on the other hand, calls him an ambitious politician who manipulated the religious sentiments of common people for his own good. Popular references
As with Maqtal-namas narrating the synthesized version of the story of Karbala, various Mukhtar-namas romanticizing the events of the life and movement of <mask> Nameh, based on the Shi'a perspective of his life and revolt, was produced in 2009 garnering significant popularity. Notes

References

Sources

622 births
687 deaths
Iraqi Muslims
Iraq under the Umayyad Caliphate
People of the Second Fitna
7th-century Arabs
7th-century Umayyad

masks: Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtartar