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<mask> (2 May 1927 – 2 March 2021) was a British cellist. She studied cello with Ivor James and Harvey Phillips at the Royal College of Music and later became a professor at the same college. Her pupils include Alexander Baillie, Martin Johnson, Natalie Clein, František Brikcius, and Kathy Hampson (née Jewell). Early life
On 2 May 1927, <mask> was born in Bournemouth. <mask>'s father was a retired Indian Civil Service officer and her mother was of Polish-Irish heritage. Studies

In 1943, Shuttleworth went to study the cello at the Royal College of Music (RCM) as a scholar. There she learned with Ivor James and Harvey Phillips.While at the RCM, <mask> became a founding member of the Vivien Hind String Quartet, an ensemble that she played with for a number of years. Another player in the quartet was Cynthia Midgley (born Freeman, 1925-2021) who played the viola. After leaving the RCM her friend Joan Dickson organised for the cellist Enrico Mainardi to give lessons in London in which <mask> took part. She also continued her studies with Franz Walter in Geneva. Shortly after leaving college, <mask> was invited to play at the Newbury Festival with the Newbury String Players, both in the orchestra and later as a soloist. This initiated a long friendship with the family of Gerald Finzi and their musical circle, including Ursula and Ralph Vaughan Williams. This period also witnessed a richly varied freelance career, playing in a number of festival orchestras, as a chamber musician and soloist.She was once affectionately referred to as "The Swellest Cellist" by Vaughan Williams. In 1953, at the recommendation of the composer Herbert Howells, <mask> applied for the Boise scholarship and in 1954 was awarded a substantial sum to further her cello studies. This she used to study with Mainardi in Salzburg and Rome, and with Pablo Casals in Zermatt and Prades. Personal life
<mask> was married twice. Her first marriage was to Noel Taylor, a fellow cellist, in 1957. Her second marriage was to David Sellen, a biophysics researcher, in 1973. They remained married until her death on 2 March 2021 in Leeds.Professional life
In the 1960s, <mask> became a member of several ensembles and performed for many BBC broadcasts. In 1964, Novello published 'Learning the cello', which <mask> wrote jointly with Hugo Cole. She had a lesson with Rostropovich who complimented her on her beautiful cello sound and musicianship. This was also the year when she was invited to teach the cello at the Junior Department at the RCM, followed by the appointment to the Senior Department in 1967. In 1968 she was approved as an Associated Board examiner and also bought her very first Renault 4, the car that was to become her habitual transport, travelling around the country. The 1970s was <mask>'s golden period and through the connection with Hilary Finzi, Jacqueline du Pré's sister, she was allowed to play on du Pré's Davidov Stradivarius for two years. She became a ello professor at the RCM and taught many of today’s well-known musicians, including Adrian Brendel, Alexander Baillie, Clare Finzi, Elizabeth Wilson and Jonathan del Mar.However, as Shuttleworth felt as though she had neglected her academic career, and partly to better understand David’s work at the Leeds University, she took an Open University course 1971-75 and was awarded a BA (Hons) degree in 1975. In 1972 Shuttleworth put Stuart Lowe (a keen amateur cellist) in contact with Sue Jennings (one of <mask>’s cello students at the RCM) and later Stuart and Sue married. Later Shuttleworth taught Matthew, Daniel and Time Lowe at Sue’s request. She and Sue developed a longstanding teaching relationship  together, and with the Lowe family members and Alexander Baillie, they created "Gathering of the Clans", a long running cello course with teachers such as Baillie and Johannes Goritzki as well as Alexander teachers/cellists Vivien Mackie and Rhuna Martin. Other cellists included Joan Dickson, Amanda Truelove, Sasha Boyarsky, Lowri Blake, Andreas Burzik, Melissa Phelps, Louise Hopkins, and Moray Welsh. After the 1960s, Shuttleworth performed many successful piano and cello recitals with some of the leading pianists in Britain, including Bernard Roberts, Ian Brown, Martin Roscoe and John Thwaites. After leaving the RCM in the late 1940s <mask> was a member of numerous chamber music ensembles including a string trio with Elisabeth Watson (viola), Georgian String Quartet, Leonardo Trio (first with David Roth, later with Maureen Smith, violin and with Ian Brown, piano), London Harpsichord Ensemble, Glickman Trio and Aulos Ensemble.When in London, she knew Sylvia Cleaver, who in 1964 asked Shuttleworth to become the principal cellist of the Midland Sinfonia Orchestra (later renamed the English Sinfonia). She held this post until she retired from the orchestra in 1996. Apart from this, Shuttleworth worked with many orchestras over the years such as the Alexandra Orchestra (founded by Denys Darlow) which later became the Tilford Bach Orchestra, Chelsea Opera Group, Kalmar Orchestra, Sadler’s Wells Opera Orchestra (now English National Opera) and Orchestra d'Amici. International career
<mask> travelled widely and spent many holidays around the world with a particular fondness for Scandinavia. In the early seventies, at Jacqueline du Pré's suggestion, the Swedish cellist Frans Helmerson stayed at <mask>’s house and they became friends. Then while teaching at the Great Missenden Summer course in Berkshire, Shuttleworth met the Swedish musical Frankmar family who brought her over to Sweden for various summer courses. There she met cellists Ludwig Frankmar and Tomas Sterner who came to study with her in London.In 1979, Tomas became her cello student at the RCM and, in 2009, published her memoirs. Tomas and <mask> also helped to organise two string courses in Guernsey in the early 1980s. In 1985, while on tour with the Associated Board in Malaysia, <mask> met Toya, a Batik artist living in Penang, and his nephew Kia. <mask> helped both of them, firstly by organising exhibitions of Toya’s work in England and secondly by sponsoring Kia to study at Leeds University, where he is now on the staff. In 1986 she again worked for the Associated Board, examining in New Zealand. Teaching career
<mask>’s teaching career evolved over the years. From initially teaching at independent schools and later being appointed a professor at the RCM, she eventually took on many teaching positions in England, including Canterbury, Leeds and students from York University, as well as at Leeds Girls High School.She also had many private pupils. In 1994, <mask>’s teaching became more widely known when her pupil, Natalie Clein, won both the UK and European Young Musician of the Year competitions. Although this was at a time when <mask> was near retirement, she was now very much a sought-after teacher. Much later, she taught the Czech cellist Frantisek Brikcius, who came to Leeds University as an Erasmus scholar. In retirement, <mask> slowed down but did not stop. She made her final cello and piano duo recitals in 2003 and played the Treble and Bass Viols and sang early music. She taught the cello if requested.In 2008, <mask> was awarded an Honorary Membership of the Royal College of Music from Prince Charles. This followed a number of years when she supported the RCM and also created a cello prize in her own name. Publications
<mask> co-wrote a cello method for young cellists aged 10 and upwards, and her memoirs were published in July 2009. Recordings
<mask> made several recordings with Alfred Deller (counter-tenor). For example, Purcell's Ode for St. Cecilia's Day and Purcell's Te Deum and Jubilate Deo. References

External links
<mask>'s CV
<mask>worth's page

1927 births
2021 deaths
British classical cellists
Alumni of the Open University
British women classical cellists
People from Bournemouth
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century British musicians
20th-century British women musicians
21st-century classical musicians
21st-century British musicians
21st-century British women musicians
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Academics of the Royal College of Music
British people of Polish descent
British people of Irish descent

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Dato' <mask> bin <mask> (, ; born 23 July 1953) is a Malaysian politician who served as the sixth prime minister of Malaysia from April 2009 to May 2018. He is the son of another former prime minister, <mask>. <mask> was the chairman of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition from April 2009 to May 2018 and the president of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) from November 2008 to May 2018, which had maintained control of Malaysia's government with a parliamentary majority for more than sixty years until the coalition's defeat in the 2018 general election. He is also referred to as Father of Transformation (Bapa Transformasi). <mask> was elected to the Parliament of Malaysia in 1976, at the age of 23, replacing his deceased father in the Pahang-based seat of Pekan. In the same year, he was appointed the head of UMNO Youth's Pekan branch and became a member of the youth wing's Executive Council. In the early years of his political career, <mask> took on a deputy minister role in 1976, and between 1982 and 1986, he was the Menteri Besar of Pahang.Thereafter, until 2009, he was rotated throughout the Cabinet of Malaysia, taking on various ministerial portfolios in defence, education, culture, youth and sports, and finally finance. Between 1993 and 2009, <mask> was a vice-president of UMNO. <mask>'s tenure as prime minister, between 2009 and 2018, was marked by economic liberalisation measures, such as cuts to government subsidies, loosening of restrictions on foreign investment, and reductions in preferential measures for ethnic Malays in business. After the 2013 election his government was marked by the pursuit of a number of its critics on sedition charges, the imprisonment of opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim following a conviction for sodomy and the implementation of a Goods and Services Tax (GST). He became implicated in a major corruption scandal involving state investment firm 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) which led to rallies calling for <mask> Mohamad, Pakatan Harapan and NGOs which sought to oust <mask>. <mask>'s response to the corruption accusations was to tighten his grip on power by replacing then-deputy prime minister Muhyiddin Yassin, suspending two newspapers and pushing through parliament a controversial National Security Council Bill that provides the prime minister with unprecedented powers.Najib's various subsidy cuts have contributed to soaring living costs, while fluctuating oil prices and the fallout from the 1MDB scandal led to a depreciation of the Malaysian currency. These ended with BN's loss in the 2018 general elections, which <mask> then accepted the results of the election and promised to help facilitate a smooth transition of power. <mask> remains as a backbencher in the Parliament of Malaysia. On 3 July 2018, <mask> was arrested by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC), having investigated how RM42 million (US$10.6 million) went from SRC International, a company related to 1MDB, into <mask>'s bank account. In the process, the police had seized a number of fashion accessories worth $273 million while searching through his properties. <mask> was subsequently charged with abuse of power, multiple counts of criminal breach of trust and money laundering, and tampering with the 1MDB audit report. On 28 July 2020, the High Court convicted <mask> on all seven counts of abuse of power, money laundering and criminal breach of trust, becoming the first Prime Minister of Malaysia to be convicted of corruption, and was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment and fined RM210 million.Early and personal life
<mask> was born on 23 July 1953 at the Pahang State Secretary official residence in Bukit Bius, Kuala Lipis, Pahang. <mask> is the eldest of second Malaysian Prime Minister <mask>'s six sons, and the nephew of the third PM Hussein Onn. His younger brother, Dato' Seri Mohd Nazir <mask>, runs the country's second-largest lender, Bumiputra-Commerce Holdings Bhd. <mask> is also one of the Four Noblemen of the Pahang Darul Makmur (Royal Court) by virtue of his inherited title as the Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar. He received his primary and secondary education at St. John's Institution, Kuala Lumpur. He later attended Malvern College in Worcestershire, England, and subsequently went to the University of Nottingham, where he received a bachelor's degree in industrial economics in 1974. <mask> <mask> returned to Malaysia in 1974 and entered the business world, serving briefly in Bank Negara Malaysia and later with Petronas (Malaysia's national oil company) as a public affairs manager.In 1976, <mask> married Tengku Puteri Zainah Tengku Eskandar ('Kui Yie') with whom he has three children: Mohd Nizar <mask> (born 1978), Mohd Nazifuddin <mask> and Puteri Norlisa <mask>. In 1987, he divorced Kui Yie and married Datin Seri Rosmah Mansor with whom he has two children: Mohd Norashman <mask> and Nooryana Najwa <mask>. His daughter Nooryana is married to the nephew of former Kazakhstani President, Nursultan Nazarbayev. <mask> <mask> is an avid golf lover and he is known to have played golf with the two most recent U.S. Presidents – Barack Obama and Donald Trump. Trump has referred to <mask> as "my favourite prime minister". Early political career

Election to Parliament and Menteri Besar of Pahang
The eldest son of Malaysian Prime Minister, <mask> Hussein, was elected to the Parliament of Malaysia in 1976 replacing his deceased father in the Pahang-based seat of Pekan. The national outpouring of grief following Tun <mask>'s death and the respect for his father helped Najib win election unopposed as Member of Parliament at the very young age of 23.In 1986 <mask> won re-election to the same seat. From 1982 to 1986 he was the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Pahang, before holding various cabinet posts throughout the remainder of the 1980s and 1990s, including Defence and Education. In 2004 he became Deputy Prime Minister  under Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, and replaced him 2009. Under his leadership, Barisan Nasional won the 2013 elections, although for the first time in Malaysia's history the opposition won the majority of the popular vote. <mask> was first assigned into the Cabinet of Malaysia at the age of 25 when he was appointed Deputy Minister of Energy, Telecommunications and Post in 1978, becoming the youngest deputy minister in the country. He served as the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Pahang between 1982 and 1986, becoming the youngest Menteri Besar in the state to enter office when he was sworn in at the age of 29. In 1986 he was appointed as Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports in the Cabinet of Mahathir Mohamad.He focused on improving Malaysian sports and introduced the National Sports Policy in 1988. In 1989 Malaysia achieved its best-ever performance at the South East Asia (SEA) Games, held in Kuala Lumpur. UMNO politics

<mask> was appointed head of UMNO Youth's Pekan branch and became a member of UMNO Youth's Executive Council (Exco) in 1976. In 1981, he was selected as a member of UMNO's Supreme Council, before winning the post of Vice-President of UMNO Youth in 1982. In 1987, <mask> was selected as the acting head of the Movement of UMNO Youth by Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim after Anwar was asked to contest the post of UMNO Vice-President. Following mounting ethnic tensions anti-Chinese sentiments were expressed at a UMNO Youth rally held in Kampung Baru, Kuala Lumpur the same year where <mask> spoke. Rising tensions soon lead to fears of ethnic violence and eventually resulted in a security operation known as Operasi Lalang, that included numerous administrative detentions.In June 2009 <mask> overturned a rule that required 30% Malay ownership in corporations, and allowed non-ethnic Malays, like the Chinese and the Indians to exercise more financial control in Malaysia. <mask> has also worked to improve relations with Singapore, which is seen by many as Chinese-dominated, to encourage it to invest more heavily in the Malaysian economy. Following the complete reorganisation and founding of the "New" UMNO by Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad in the aftermath of the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, <mask> was appointed president of UMNO Youth in 1988. By 1993, <mask> was elected as one of six vice-presidents of UMNO in response to Anwar's decision to contest as the deputy president of UMNO. <mask> continued to defend his post in party elections held in 1993, 1996, and 2004. On 12 May 2018, Datuk Seri <mask> resigned as President of UMNO and Chairman of BN immediately after the 14th general election and replaced by UMNO vice-president, Hishammuddin Hussein. Senior Ministerial career

Minister for Defence (1991–1995)
In 1991, Mahathir appointed <mask> as Minister of Defence.Under <mask>'s direction, Malaysian troops were deployed to assist the UN peacekeeping forces in Bosnia in 1993. Malaysian forces were greeted warmly by Bosnians as well as Serbs and Croats. Malaysia also assisted peacekeeping operations in Somalia in 1993, losing one soldier in an effort to aid US soldiers during the Battle of Mogadishu. <mask> later criticised the UN's Somalia operation as putting too much emphasis on military action. Since then Malaysia has stated a preference for participating in Chapter 6 "peace enforcement" missions, rather than Chapter 7 "peacekeeping" missions. After four years at the Ministry of Defence, <mask> assumed control of the Education Ministry in 1995. He returned to the Ministry of Defence in 2000.Minister for Education (1995–2000)

In 1995, <mask> left the Defence Ministry for the first time when he was appointed Minister of Education. His challenge was to respond to Malaysia's newly proclaimed aspiration to become a fully developed nation by the year 2020. During his five-year tenure, <mask> restructured the Ministry, created an independent corporate structure for public universities, and encouraged collaboration with foreign universities and institutions. The 1996 Private Higher Education Institutions Act, allowed foreign universities to establish degree-conferring schools in Malaysia, providing greater educational opportunities for Malaysians and positioning Malaysia as a regional learning hub. <mask> also upgraded teaching certificates to the status of diplomas, so that teachers in that category would receive a higher monthly starting salary. During the 1999 general elections <mask> suffered a major setback when he barely won re-election to the Parliament by a margin of 241 votes, compared to a margin of over 10,000 in the previous election. Although a surprise to political observers, it was understandable given the political upheavals of 1999.Return as Minister for Defence (2000–2008)

During his second tenure as Minister of Defence <mask> coordinated Malaysia's relief efforts following the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, and provided support to Indonesia in arresting those responsible for the 2004 Bali bombings. <mask> also oversaw the deployment of Malaysian troops as a part of a UN peacekeeping force in 2006, when Malaysia volunteered to help stabilise Lebanon following the 2006 Lebanon War. As Defence Minister, <mask> instituted compulsory military service in December 2003, stating that it would encourage interaction and friendship between youth of different ethnic groups and religions. During its first five years of operation, over 339,000 Malaysian youth participated in the PLKN (the Bahasa Malaysian acronym for "Malaysian National Service"), which is intended to promote tolerance, teamwork, and community engagement. The programme, however, has faced challenges. Safety issues in the program have been reported and several people died during or shortly after their terms of service during the program's first few years. In response, <mask> strengthened the PLKN's health screening requirements and reinforced the government's commitment to punish negligent PLKN officials.Deputy Prime Minister (2004–2009)
In 2004, Mahathir retired and was replaced by his deputy, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. <mask> became Deputy Prime Minister and was given a broad portfolio of responsibilities, including oversight of FELDA, the Human Rights Commission (SUHAKAM), and the Election Commission (EC). <mask> also chaired more than 28 cabinet committees. He remained as Minister for Defence. In September 2008, <mask> became the Minister for Finance, handing the Defence portfolio to Badawi. During the global financial crisis, Malaysia faced a strong recession and reduced levels of trade throughout the South Asian region. In response, <mask> announced a series of stimulus packages to be implemented over a two-year period with the intention of acting as a countercyclical response that might otherwise protect Malaysia's economy.He also pressed for the country to move beyond existing manufacturing capabilities through education, research and development to develop greater strength as a provider of sophisticated business services. Becoming Prime Minister
After a poor showing by the ruling UMNO coalition in the elections of 8 March 2008 in which opposition parties gained control of five of thirteen Malaysian state governments, Badawi identified <mask> as his intended successor. On 8 October 2008, Prime Minister Badawi announced he would step down in March 2009, paving the way for <mask> to succeed him. However he said the onus was on <mask> to win party elections set for March before he could take over. <mask> ran for the presidency of UMNO and went on to win on 2 November 2008, without contest. On 26 March 2009, <mask> won the UMNO presidency unopposed. He was sworn in as Prime Minister of Malaysia on 3 April 2009 In 2012, <mask> also assumed the role of women, family and community development minister, a position he held until the 2013 election.Prime Minister

<mask> entered office as Prime Minister with a focus on domestic economic issues and political reform. On his first day as Prime Minister, <mask> announced as his first actions the removal of bans on two opposition newspapers, Suara Keadilan and Harakahdaily, run by the opposition leader Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim-led People's Justice Party and the Pan Islamic Party, respectively, and the release of 13 people held under the Internal Security Act. Among the released detainees were two ethnic Indian activists who were arrested in December 2007 for leading an anti-government campaign, three foreigners and eight suspected Islamic militants. <mask> also pledged to conduct a comprehensive review of the much-criticised law which allows for indefinite detention without trial. In the speech, he emphasised his commitment to tackling poverty, restructuring Malaysian society, expanding access to quality education for all, and promoting renewed "passion for public service". He also deferred and abandoned the digital television transition plan of all free-to-air broadcasters such as Radio Televisyen Malaysia. 1Malaysia

1Malaysia is an ongoing campaign announced by Prime Minister <mask> <mask> on 16 September 2008, calling for the cabinet, government agencies, and civil servants to emphasise ethnic harmony, national unity, and efficient governance.The eight values of 1Malaysia as articulated by <mask> <mask> are perseverance, a culture of excellence, acceptance, loyalty, education, humility, integrity, and meritocracy. On 17 September 2008, <mask> launched 1Malaysia.com.my in an effort to communicate with

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Sri Haji Mohammad Najib
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 the citizens of Malaysia more efficiently and support the broader 1Malaysia campaign. He has used the site to highlight his policy initiatives and to provide a forum for Malaysians to their government. The 1Malaysia campaign makes extensive use of social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. Research has suggested that <mask> and UMNO have made extensive efforts to establish a favourable online presence through the recruitment and support of bloggers and other social media users, sometimes known as 'cybertroopers.' However, <mask> has been criticised for an apparent deterioration of race relations in Malaysia during his tenure that has occurred despite the 1Malaysia programme. In 2014, the long-serving former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad withdrew his support for <mask> citing, among other things, the abandonment by Chinese voters of the Barisan Nasional coalition.<mask>'s tenure has also been marked by increasingly aggressive racial rhetoric from elements within <mask>'s UMNO party, particularly towards Chinese Malaysians. BR1M Project
The first BR1M Project was a scheme devised by <mask> <mask> to help poor Malaysians. The amount of RM 500.00 Ringgit Malaysia was given to households with an income of less than RM 3,000 a month. The second BR1M Project, also known as BR1M 2.0, with more than 2.5 billion ringgit will be distributed to Malaysians nationwide. This will affect 5.7 million household all over the country. In addition to the RM 500.00 for household, the government has also allocated RM 250.00 to single individuals. Those who have received RM 500.00 from the first BR1M project need not apply as it will be automatically processed.BR1M 4.0, which was announced in 2014, saw an increase in handouts from RM 650 to RM 950 for individuals earning less than RM 2,000.00, while households earning less than RM 4,000 will receive RM 750. Housing Programme

Perumahan Rakyat 1Malaysia (PR1MA) Berhad was established under the PR1MA Act 2012 to plan, develop, construct and maintain affordable lifestyle housing for middle-income households in key urban centres. Middle-income is defined as a monthly household (husband and wife) income of between RM 2,500 and RM 7,500. PR1MA will be the first organisation that exclusively targets this middle segment with homes ranging from RM 100,000 to RM 400,000 in a sustainable community. National Security Council Bill 2015

In December 2015, the National Security Council Bill 2015 was passed in Parliament after a marathon six-hour debate. The bill provides the Prime Minister of Malaysia with unprecedented powers, such as the ability to define what constitutes a security issue as well as deem any part of Malaysia a security area. Within that area, authorities may make arrests, conduct searches or seize property without a warrant.The bill was criticised by rights groups as inviting government abuse. The Malaysian Bar called it a "lurch towards an authoritarian government". The government has defended the bill, with cabinet minister Shahidan Kassim saying the law is necessary to enable better co-ordination and a uniform response in the event the country is faced with security threats, and that the law does not contravene the basic human rights guaranteed under the federal constitution. Economic policy

New Economic Model

On 2 May 2009, Prime Minister <mask> Tun <mask> announced the government's plan to develop a New Economic Model that will speed Malaysia's transition to a high-income country. The plan will emphasise ways to increase the income and productivity of workers by encouraging knowledge industries and increasing investment from overseas. Reform of government subsidies

Najib has started to implement comprehensive reform of government subsidies. On 16 July 2010, subsidies for petrol, diesel and LPG were cut as part of Malaysia's general programme of reducing and rationalising subsidies per the 10th Malaysia Plan and the New Economic Model.The government believes it will save RM 750 million by the end of 2010 through these measures with little negative impact on most citizens. Sugar and fuel subsidies were selected for reform because they disproportionately benefit the wealthy and foreigners, encourage over-consumption and create opportunities for fraud and smuggling. The Prime Minister expressed his hope that Malaysians would adopt a healthier lifestyle. He said, "there is no logic in the government allocating subsidies worth almost RM1 billion on a commodity that could endanger the people's health". Responding to concerns about how these reforms might affect the poor, the Prime Minister's Office pointed out that Malaysia will still be spending RM 7.82 billion per year on fuel and sugar subsidies and that prices for these commodities would remain the lowest in Southeast Asia. The government also stated that education and health care would continue receiving state support. Economic liberalisation
Malaysia has implemented substantial measures to attract foreign investment including a moderation of preferences designed to benefit ethnic Malays.Specifically these reforms include allowing foreign investors to hold majority stakes in most enterprises excluding "strategic" industries such as banking, telecommunications, and energy, easing insurance regulation, curtailing powers of the Foreign Investment Committee and lowering the minimum quota for Malay ownership in publicly traded companies from 30 percent to 12.5 percent. As he introduced the reforms <mask> stated, "The world is changing quickly and we must be ready to change with it or risk being left behind." Since these reforms have been implemented, the American banking firms Goldman Sachs and Citigroup have been granted permission to expand their operations in Malaysia. Goldman Sachs received licenses to set up fund management and advisory operations. Citigroup has obtained a permit to offer brokerage services. The approval of these licenses is a sharp break from Malaysia's history of domestically dominated and tightly regulated markets for financial services. The International Institute for Management Development responded to these and other reforms by increasing Malaysia's ranking to the 10th-most competitive economy in the world in 2010 from 18th in 2009.Malaysia, which is now ranked fifth in the Asia Pacific region, scored well in business and government efficiency. Economists attributed the rise of Malaysia's ranking to the efforts of the Malaysian government to improve the country's business environment such as the New Economic Model, the Government Transformation Programme and the Economic Transformation Programme. Stimulus packages
The Malaysian government passed two stimulus packages to mitigate the effects of the global economic downturn. The first stimulus package, worth RM 7 billion, was announced on 4 November 2008. The second package, worth RM 60 billion, was announced on 10 March 2009. Since assuming office as Prime Minister, <mask> has been monitoring the progress of the stimulus packages on a weekly basis. Government economists believe that the stimulus packages have successfully generated increased economic activity, especially in the construction sector.Malaysia's central bank reported that Malaysia's economy grew at an annualised rate of 9.5% during the first half of 2010. Prime Minister <mask> says the country is on track to meet the 6% average annual growth to reach its goal of becoming a developed country by 2020. Commenting on this same economic data <mask> said that as of August 2010 there were no plans for further economic stimulus. Rather he said the government would focus on improving Malaysia's economic fundamentals and increasing investment. Foreign policy and state visits

Palestine

The government of Malaysia has long been a strong supporter of the Palestinian cause against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank. Malaysia also supports unity between the Palestinian Fatah and Hamas factions. <mask> visited the West Bank with his wife Rosmah Mansor, escorted by senior officers of the Malaysian government.<mask> <mask> became the first Muslim leader from South East Asia to set foot on Palestinian soil. <mask> says Palestinians can count on Malaysia, but for there to be lasting peace, Hamas and Fatah must unite to safeguard the safety and security of the Palestinian people. Malaysia will give Palestine the moral, financial and political support it needs to rise above its struggles, but securing a future of lasting peace hinges on the Palestinians being united. <mask> <mask> also stated that for Palestine to move towards having a future it envisioned, Palestinians would have to take the first step – to unite among themselves. United States

Prime Minister <mask> <mask>'s visit in September 2017 to the United States on the invitation of President Donald Trump successfully strengthened the Comprehensive Partnership that was established between Malaysia and the United States in 2014. <mask> enjoyed a close personal relationship with then US President Barack Obama and managed to upgrade Malaysia-US relations to a ‘comprehensive partnership’ in contrast to the strained relationship between both countries under the rule of former Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, who was critical of the United States. Prime Minister <mask> and President Barack Obama met just before the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington on 12 April 2010.This was their first one-on-one meeting. During their talk, Obama sought further assistance from Malaysia in stemming nuclear proliferation which Obama described as the greatest threat to world security. During the summit, <mask> stressed that Malaysia only supported nuclear programmes designed for peaceful purposes. <mask>'s attendance at the summit was part of a week-long official visit to the United States. India

Prime Minister <mask> travelled to India on a five-day state visit in January 2010. His 200-strong entourage included cabinet ministers, deputy ministers, state government officials, members of parliament, and prominent business leaders. During his visit, <mask> pushed for a free-trade agreement and co-operation across a wide range of fields.Najib and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh signed an extradition treaty and agreements to co-operate in the areas of higher education and finance. The two countries agreed to sign a free-trade agreement before the end of 2010 and Najib called for signing a "Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement" by the same date. These economic agreements have resulted in plans for RM 1.6 trillion in investment for Malaysia. In January 2010, <mask> announced plans to develop a new visa regime for Indian nationals, specifically for managers and knowledge workers to visit Malaysia. Singapore

Najib made a two-day visit to Singapore, on 21–22 May 2009. During the visit, both Najib and Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong agreed to move bilateral relations forward in a more productive manner and will either set aside or resolve the "legacy" problems between the two countries. During a speech in Singapore, <mask> said he hoped his visit would signal "the beginning of a new era" between the two countries.in 2010 <mask> resolved a key diplomatic problem between the two countries by ending the impasse over transportation links and Singaporean investment in Iskandar Malaysia. Prime Minister <mask> and Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore, have agreed to modify the Points of Agreement signed in 1990. Specifically, the two sides have promised to move the KTM railway station from Tanjung Pagar to Woodlands, set up a joint venture to be called M-S Pte Ltd to develop Marina One, and DUO in Bugis but the railway tracks were replaced by the "Green Corridor", develop a rapid transit and high-speed rail links, and allow Temasek and Khazanah to set up a joint venture for the purpose of developing a town in Iskandar Malaysia. South Korea

Najib attended the ASEAN-South Korea Summit on 1 June 2009 hosted by South Korean President Lee Myung Bak. During the summit, the ASEAN-Korea Investment Agreement was signed to boost economic and trade relations between ASEAN and South Korea After the summit, <mask> said Malaysia is keen on emulating South Korea in developing a small-scale nuclear reactor for power generation, as well as South Korea's other low-carbon green technology. China

Najib made a four-day visit to China on 2–5 June 2009. During the visit, <mask> mentioned his family's special relationship with China, noting that his father, and Malaysia's second Prime Minister, first established diplomatic relations with China in 1974.During the visit, several substantive issues were discussed in meetings between <mask> and Chinese President Hu Jintao and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao. The two sides signed an endorsed strategic action plan covering 13 major areas, which will serve as the guideline for relations between Malaysia and China. <mask> described the trip as most fruitful. <mask> also received an honorary doctorate in international relations from the Beijing Foreign Studies University. Indonesia

<mask> made a visit to Indonesia on 22–24 April 2009. Several issues were discussed, including co-operation in the tourism, oil and gas, and high-technology industries, as well as electricity supply from the Bakun dam to Kalimantan. <mask> and his entourage also attended an official dinner hosted by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and his wife Ani Yudhoyono.New Zealand

Under <mask>'s government, Malaysia signed a free-trade agreement (FTA) with New Zealand on 26 October 2009 to take effect 1 August 2010. The agreement will reduce or eliminate tariffs on thousands of industrial and agricultural products. The two countries have also agreed to reciprocate most-favoured nation status in private education, engineering services, environmental protection, mining services and information technology. Myanmar
In a protest rally in December 2016, <mask> criticized the Myanmar authorities for military crackdown on Rohingya Muslims, and described the ongoing persecution as "genocide". Philippines and the Moro people of Mindanao

The Moro Islamic Liberation Front has always favoured Malaysia as a mediator in their effort of becoming an autonomous state. On 15 October 2012, the Moro rebel and the Philippines authority has devised a peace agreement to maintain the safety and security of the nation. Malaysia plays an important part in making this particular notion to be accepted by both parties.During the official ceremony of signing the agreement, the Malaysian government was invited as a witness to the long due treaty. Malaysia plays an important part, not just as a mediator but also as a confidante for both the Philippines government and also the rebel. 14th Malaysian general election
Malaysia held its 14th general election in May 2018. Barisan Nasional was dealt a surprising defeat, failing to win a majority for the first time in the country's history. Observers credited the unpopular Goods and Services Tax as well as the swirling 1MDB corruption scandal as key factors in the defeat. Post-premiership
<mask> accepted the defeat and pledged to facilitate a smooth transfer of power. On 12 May 2018, three days after he lost the general elections, a flight manifest stated that <mask> and his wife, Rosmah were taking a private jet to Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport in Jakarta.In

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 response, the Immigration Department, upon the orders of Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, imposed a travel ban barring their exit from the country. Amidst the country's mood turning against him, <mask> resigned as the leader of UMNO and Barisan Nasional on the same day. The newly elected Pakatan Harapan government swiftly reopened investigations into the 1MDB scandal. Since 16 May 2018, the Malaysian police have searched six properties linked to Najib and Rosmah as part of the investigation into the 1MDB scandal. They have seized 284 boxes filled with designer handbags, 72 large luggage bags containing cash in multiple currencies, and other valuables. The Malaysian police commissioner confirmed that the police seized goods with an estimated value of between US$223 and US$273 million. The police described it as the biggest seizure in Malaysian history.In January 2019, a 7-second video clip of <mask> uttered "Malu Apa Bossku" ( "What's there to be ashamed of my boss") went viral on the internet. <mask> later released a picture of him posed on a Yamaha Y150 motorcycle with the registration plate 8055KU (BOSSKU). The catchphrase and the picture went viral on social media, especially with Malay youths, and inspired videos, memes, t-shirts, caps, vehicle stickers and a music video. The phenomenon has contributed to <mask>'s rise in popularity. <mask> also claimed that his "Bossku" phenomenon has contributed to a victory for his party in 2020 Kimanis by-election. Controversies

The Altantuyaa Affair

The French courts are investigating allegations of corruption in the purchases of two  submarines, by the Malaysian Ministry of Defence in 2002, at a time when <mask> was the minister of defence. The allegations are that <mask> Baginda, an aide of Najib, received "commission" payments from the French submarine builder DCNS.Shaariibuugiin Altantuyaa, a Mongolian woman hired as a French translator to facilitate the purchase of the submarines and mistress to Baginda, subsequently tried to blackmail Baginda for a $500,000 cut and was subsequently murdered. 2 policemen, who were bodyguards posted to Najib, were charged and found guilty. 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal

<mask> is the chairman of 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), a state-owned investment firm that was established on Najib's initiative in 2009 as part of the government's Economic Transformation Programme. However, 1MDB has reportedly incurred debts of MYR 42 billion (about US$11.1 billion) after only six years of operations, prompting a negative outlook on the country's economic growth. On 2 July 2015, The Wall Street Journal ran an exposé alleging that MYR 2.672 billion (US$700 million) had been channelled from 1MDB into Najib's personal bank accounts, triggering widespread calls for his resignation. <mask> has denied any wrongdoing and has announced plans to sue the newspaper for libel but eventually failed to do so. On 6 July 2015, amid the 1MDB scandal, the ringgit fell to 3.8050 against the US dollar, the first time it slid beyond the 3.80 currency peg, which was lifted in 2005.To back up the allegations, on 7 July 2015, The Wall Street Journal released a batch of partially redacted documents that purportedly show how nearly US$700 million (RM2.6 billion) was moved from 1MDB into Najib's personal bank accounts. These documents relate to transactions in March 2013, December 2014 and February 2015. The multi-agency task force investigating these allegations reported on 10 July 2015 that Najib's bank accounts at AmBank Islamic were closed before The Wall Street Journal reported the transfers of billions of ringgit to those accounts thereby confirming that <mask> had two accounts at that bank. The task force also confirmed that the six accounts it had just frozen did not belong to Najib but did not name the holders of those accounts  Najib's handling of the corruption scandal was criticised by, among others, former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and then Deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin. During <mask>'s mid-term Cabinet reshuffle on 28 July 2015, Najib dropped Muhyiddin from his position as Deputy Prime Minister, as well as other Ministers who had been critical of his leadership. Najib stated that the reason for this was to create a more "unified team". On 1 August 2015, <mask> addressed UMNO delegates in Seremban and in a clear reference to the Sarawak Report, the London-based whistleblower site founded and operated by journalist Clare Rewcastle-Brown, demanded that "white people" stay out of Malaysia's affairs and stressed that he valued loyalty above all, and not smart people.On 3 August 2015, the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission stated that the RM 2.6 billion that had been banked into Najib's personal account came from donors, not 1MDB, but did not elaborate on who the donors were or why the funds were transferred, nor why this explanation had taken so long to emerge since the allegations were first made on 2 July 2015. Umno Kuantan division chief Wan Adnan Wan Mamat later claimed that the RM 2.6 billion is from Saudi Arabia as thanks for fighting ISIS. He further claimed that the Muslim community in the Philippines as well as southern Thailand had also received similar donations, and that since the donations were made to Najib personally as opposed to UMNO, the funds were deposited into Najib's personal accounts. The scandal took a dramatic twist on 28 August 2015 when a member of Najib's own party, Anina Saaduddin, UMNO's Langkawi Wanita (women's) representative, filed a civil suit against him alleging a breach of duties as trustee and that he defrauded party members by failing to disclose receipt of the donated funds, and account for their use. This suit was filed in the Kuala Lumpur High Court and also named party Executive Secretary Abdul Rauf Yusof. Expressing fear that Najib would wield influence to remove any member of UMNO "for the sole purpose of avoiding liability" the court was also being moved for an injunction to restrain UMNO, its Supreme Council, state liaison body, divisions and branches from removing the nominal plaintiff as a party member pending the determination of the suit. The plaintiff is also seeking a repayment amounting to US$650 million, the amount allegedly deposited by Najib to a Singapore bank, an account of all monies that he had received in the form of donations, details of all monies in the AmPrivate Banking Account No 2112022009694 allegedly belonging to Najib, along with damages, costs, and other reliefs.On 21 September 2015, the New York Times reported that US investigators were investigating allegations of corruption involving <mask> as well as people close to him. In particular, investigators were focused on properties in the United States that were purchased in recent years by shell companies owned by Najib's stepson Riza Aziz or connected to a close family friend, as well as a $681 million payment made to what is believed to be <mask>'s personal bank account. The claimed MYR 2.6 billion "donation" into <mask>'s personal accounts led the opposition to table a no-confidence motion against <mask>, on 18 October 2015. On 26 January 2016, Malaysia's Attorney General Mohamed Apandi Ali announced that the investigation into the $681 million payment into Najib's personal bank account had been closed. The Anti-Corruption Commission investigating the gift, led by Apandi, concluded that no laws had been broken and that the gift did not amount to graft. Apandi was appointed attorney general by Najib in August 2015 after the previous attorney general, Abdul Gani Patail, was abruptly dismissed by Najib. Although Bernama, Malaysia's state-run news service, reported that Abdul Gani was removed for health reasons many speculated that his dismissal was related to the 1MDB corruption investigation.The Attorney General then said that the [Saudi Royal Family] was the source of the $681 million gift, although doubts remain as the Saudi ministries of foreign affairs and finance had no information on said gift. The previously unidentified investor <mask> was reported to have returned $620 million to the Saudi royal family in 2013, but no explanation was given as to the reason for the investment or what happened to the $61 million <mask> did not return. <mask> hailed the results of the investigation and reiterated his denial of any wrongdoing. On 28 March 2016, the Australian television programme Four Corners in an episode called State of Fear: Murder and Money in Malaysia, aired new allegations about the large sums of money that have flowed into the bank accounts of <mask> <mask>. On 30 March 2016, the Wall Street Journal, Time and several other news agencies reported that Prime Minister <mask> <mask> and his wife, Rosmah Mansor had spent $15 million on luxury goods and extravagant travel expenses. During <mask> <mask>'s golf diplomacy with U.S. President Barack Obama on 24 December 2014, Malaysian investigation documents show that Rosmah Mansor had purchased items amounting to $130,625 at a Chanel store in Honolulu, Hawaii. The allegation was confirmed when a store employee at the Chanel store in the upscale Ala Moana Center recalls Mr. <mask>'s wife shopping there just before 25 December 2014.In April 2016, Mohd Nazifuddin <mask>, the son of <mask> <mask>, has been named in the Panama Papers. In July 2016, the United States Department of Justice launched a civil lawsuit to seize American assets worth over US$1 billion (4.1 billion MYR) allegedly obtained from US$3.5 billion (14.38 billion MYR) of misappropriated 1MDB funds. Within the civil lawsuit, a government official of high rank who had control over 1MDB was referred to as "Malaysian Official 1", and mentioned over 30 times. "Malaysian Official 1" was alleged to have received around US$681 million (2.797 billion MYR) of stolen 1MDB money via Falcon Bank, Singapore on 21 and 25 March 2013, of which US$650 million (2.0 billion MYR) was sent back to Falcon Bank on 30 August 2013. In September 2016, <mask> was identified as "Malaysian Official 1" by Datuk Abdul Rahman Dahlan, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department and the Barisan Nasional strategic communications director. Dahlan also claimed that <mask> was not named because he was "not part of this investigation". On 15 June 2017, The United States Department of Justice followed up on its July 2016 lawsuit by issuing a civil action in rem to forfeit assets involved in and traceable to an international conspiracy to launder money misappropriated from 1Malaysia Development Berhad ("a strategic investment and development company wholly-owned by the government of Malaysia").The writ provided detailed justifications for seeing to forfeit specific items and property located in the United States and abroad, including in the United Kingdom and Switzerland. As a consequence of the 15 June 2017 writ, on 28 February 2018 Indonesian authorities seized the luxury yacht linked to the 1MDB investigations in waters off Bali, on behalf of the FBI. Additionally, on 7 March 2018 in Californian courts, the producers of the 'Wolf of Wall Street' agreed to pay $60m to settle Justice Department claims it financed the movie with money siphoned from 1MDB. On 3 July 2018, <mask> was arrested by Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission at his residence in Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur. The arrest was carried out in relation to the commission's investigation into the SRC International issue. While under investigation, <mask> claimed that the Barisan Nasional government actually left behind a country which had a strong and solid economy to Pakatan Harapan. The strong economy, said the former prime minister, was achieved through transformative policies and comprehensive economic management, recognised by the World Bank and World Economic Forum (WEF).On 10 September 2018, <mask> posted a copy of the letter that purportedly came from Prince Saud Abdulaziz Al-Saud of Saudi Arabia on his Facebook account, as a proof of the alleged financial donation of US$100mil (RM304.5mil) given to him in 2011. He said he decided to reveal the documents in a bid to clear his name of various accusations and slander, and will continue to do so on his social media accounts. Subsequent arrest, legal proceedings and conviction

On 3 July 2018, <mask> was arrested by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC). The MACC is investigating how RM42 million (US$10.6 million) went from SRC International into <mask>'s bank account. The following day, <mask> was indicted in the High Court in Kuala Lumpur on three counts of criminal breach of trust and one count of abuse of power in connection with SRC International funds totalling RM42 million. He was granted bail at RM1 million after pleading not guilty with his trial set for 18 February 2019. On 8 August 2018, <mask> was charged with three further counts of money laundering as part of the MACC's investigation into the 1MDB scandal.<mask> has denied making three transfers totaling RM42 from SRC International into his bank accounts. On 19 September 2018, <mask> was arrested following two hours of questioning by the MACC, believed to be in relation to the RM2.6 billion donation he received in year 2013. <mask> was charged on 20 September 2018 at the Sessions Court in Jalan Duta. However, he pleaded not guilty and was released on bail after his court appearance. On 21 September, he made a brief appearance at the Sessions Court registry to sign his bail at RM3.5 million for 25 counts of money laundering and abuse of power charges in relation to 1MDB. He has posted RM1 million for his bail, while the remaining RM2.5 million will be settled in instalments by the following week. In August 2019, during his second trial, <mask> faces four charges of abuse of power and 21 charges of money laundering for receiving illegal transfers of RM 2.3 billion between 2011 and 2014.On 28 July 2020, the High Court convicted <mask> guilty on all seven counts of abuse of power, money laundering and criminal breach of trust in relation to the SRC International case, becoming the first Prime Minister of Malaysia to be convicted of corruption. High Court judge Mohamad Nazlan bin Mohamad Ghazali has delivered the verdict regarding the misappropriation of RM42 million (US$10 million) from SRC International, a former subsidiary of 1MDB. In total, <mask> faces 42 charges, of which 35 are yet to be decided on. On the day of his conviction, <mask> was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment and a fine of RM210 million (for the first charge). He was also given six concurrent sentences of 10 years' imprisonment for the other six charges. If he fails to pay the fine, he will be serving another five years in prison. He would be appealing against the verdict of the High Court.He also faces another four trials for the rest of the charges he has yet be tried for. The High Court granted a stay of execution of the conviction with an increased bail of RM 2 million with reporting to the police on the first and the fifth day of every month. Appeal
<mask>'s appeal hearing in front of the Court of Appeal of Malaysia began on 5 April 2021. On 8 December 2021, the Court of Appeal of Malaysia dismissed <mask>'s appeal, therefore upholding both his conviction and 12-year sentence. <mask>'s lawyer stated his client, who is currently granted bail, will further appeal to the Federal Court of Malaysia against his conviction and

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Abdul Razak
Najib
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Najib
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<mask> (1 March 1936 – 4 June 2018) also known by the nicknames "Fishcake", "Poynton the Pippin", and "Prince of Bamboozlers", was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and Yorkshire, and at club level for Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 643) (captain), as a , or , i.e. number 6, or 7. Background
<mask> was born in Lupset, Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He was a pupil at St Michael's School, Flanshaw, Wakefield, and then Snapethorpe School, Lupset, Wakefield, and he would watch Wakefield Trinity play over-the-wall without paying. He joined the British Army at age 18, whilst stationed in Germany, he played association football, and for the first time he played rugby football, and he left the army aged 21, and in 1957 he trialled for Wakefield Trinity's A-Team. He worked as a warehouseman , and he later worked as a salesman for a food company.His nickname of "fishcake" originated from his habitual fish and chip shop order following training sessions with Wakefield Trinity, and was given to him by Derek Turner. He and his wife Kath ran newsagent's shops for over 30 years, initially on Hesley Road, Kettlethorpe, Wakefield, and then on Dewsbury Road (opposite Ashleigh Avenue), Lupset, Wakefield. On 15 July 2007 <mask>ton had the beer Poynton's Pride named after him. <mask>'s funeral service took place at Wakefield Cathedral at 11:00am on 21 June 2018, followed by cremation at Wakefield Crematorium at 1:00pm, and a reception at Waterton House. Playing career

International honours
<mask> played , alongside Wakefield Trinity teammate; left-; Jack Wilkinson, and against teammates left-; Neil Fox, and ; Derek Turner, in Rest of the League's 16–21 defeat by Great Britain in pre-1960 Rugby League World Cup warm-up match, in aid of the George VI's Jubilee Trust, at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Monday 12 September 1960, he played  in Great Britain's 17–10 victory over Australia in the second 1962 Great Britain Lions tour Ashes Test Match at Lang Park, Brisbane on Saturday 30 June 1962, and the 17–18 defeat by Australia in the third 1962 Great Britain Lions tour Ashes Test Match at Sydney Cricket Ground on Saturday 14 July 1962, and played  in the 8–27 defeat by New Zealand in the second Test Match at Carlaw Park, Auckland on Saturday 11 August 1962. In addition to the above Test Matches, <mask> also played in the following 1962 Great Britain Lions tour matches; the 24–10 victory over Western New South Wales at Bathurst, New South Wales on Sunday 27 May 1962, the 18–23 defeat by Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Monday 4 June 1962, the 36–12 victory over Toowoomba at Toowoomba on Sunday 17 June 1962, the 55–8 victory over Central Queensland at Rockhampton on Wednesday 20 June 1962, the 33–31 victory over Far North Queensland at Cairns on Saturday 23 June 1962, the 20–5 victory over New South Wales at Sydney Cricket Ground on Saturday 7 July 1962, the 10–18 defeat by Northern New South Wales at Tamworth, New South Wales on Sunday 8 July 1962, the 81–14 victory over Bay of Plenty at Rotorua on Tuesday 7 August 1962, the 13–46 defeat by Auckland at Auckland on Monday 13 August 1962, the 49–30 victory over South Africa at Pretoria on Thursday 23 August 1962, the 39–33 victory over South Africa at Durban on Saturday 25 August 1962, and the 45–23 victory over South Africa at Johannesburg on Friday 31 August 1962. County honours
Harold Poynton won a cap for Yorkshire while at Wakefield Trinity, he played , alongside Wakefield Trinity teammates; ; Fred Smith,  left-; Neil Fox, left-; Jack Wilkinson, and right-; Derek Turner in the defeat by Cumberland, at Recreation Ground, Whitehaven on Wednesday 14 September 1960.Championship Final appearances
<mask> played , and was captain, and scored a try in Wakefield Trinity's 21–9 victory over St. Helens in the Championship Final replay during the 1966–67 season at Station Road, Swinton on Wednesday 10 May 1967, played , and was captain, and scored a goal the 17–10 victory over Hull Kingston Rovers in the Championship Final during the 1967–68 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 4 May 1968. Challenge Cup Final appearances
<mask> was injured in Wakefield Trinity's 11–2 victory over Featherstone Rovers in the Challenge Cup semi-final at Odsal Stadium, Bradford on Saturday 9 April 1960, and so he missed the 38–5 victory over Hull F.C. in the 1959–60 Challenge Cup Final, but he played  in Wakefield Trinity's 12–6 victory over Huddersfield in the 1961–62 Challenge Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 12 May 1962, in front of a crowd of 81,263, played , scored a try, played , and was man of the match winning the Lance Todd Trophy in the 25–10 victory over Wigan in the 1962–63 Challenge Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 11 May 1963, in front of a crowd of 84,492, and played , and was captain in the 10–11 defeat by Leeds in the 1967–68 Challenge Cup Final (the "Watersplash" final) at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 11 May 1968, in front of a crowd of 87,100. County Cup Final appearances
<mask> played  in Wakefield Trinity's 16–10 victory over Huddersfield in the 1960–61 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1960–61 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 29 October 1960, played  in the 19–9 victory over Leeds in the 1961–62 Yorkshire Cup Final at Odsal Stadium, Bradford on Saturday 11 November 1961, and played  in the 18–2 victory over Leeds in the 1964–65 Yorkshire Cup Final at Fartown, Huddersfield on Saturday 31 October 1964. Club career
Geoffrey Oakes, Reg Parker, and <mask> Poynton made their début for Wakefield Trinity in the 17–12 victory over St. Helens at Belle Vue, Wakefield on Saturday 1 February 1958, in early 1963 he was the subject of a £8,000 transfer bid from St. Helens, (based on inflation, this would be ) (based on increases in average earnings, this would be approximately equivalent to £322,100.00 in 2017), and he played his last match for Wakefield Trinity against Huddersfield at Belle Vue, Wakefield on Saturday 13 September 1969, after which he retired due to a recurring knee injury. Testimonial match
Harold Poynton's Testimonial match for Wakefield Trinity was the 10–5 victory over the then league-leaders Leeds, at Belle Vue, Wakefield on Monday 15 April 1968. Family
Harold Poynton's married Kathleen (née Stanley) in 1965 in Wakefield.They had two children; David (born 1966) and Rachel (born 1971). References

External links
<mask> - "Prince Of Bamboozlers"

1936 births
2018 deaths
20th-century British Army personnel
English rugby league players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Lance Todd Trophy winners
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby league halfbacks
Rugby league players from Wakefield
Wakefield Trinity captains
Wakefield Trinity players
Yorkshire rugby league team players

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<mask> (; born 24 May 1946) is a Turkish academic, economist, and politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Turkey from 1993 to 1996. She is Turkey's first and only female prime minister to date. As the leader of the True Path Party, she went on to concurrently serve as Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey and as  Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1996 and 1997. As a Professor of Economics, Çiller was appointed Minister of State for the economy by Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel in 1991. When Demirel was elected as President in 1993, Çiller was elected leader of the True Path Party and succeeded Demirel as Prime Minister. Several reports of international organizations of human rights documented destroying and burning Kurdish villages and towns and extrajudicial killings of Kurdish civilians perpetrated by the Turkish forces during Çiller’s regime of 1993-1996. Shortly after winning the 1994 local elections, large-scale capital flight due to the lack of confidence in Çiller's budget deficit targets led to the Turkish Lira and foreign currency reserves' almost collapsing.Amid the subsequent economic crisis and austerity measures, her government signed the EU-Turkey Customs Union in 1995. Her government was alleged to have supported the 1995 Azeri coup d'état attempt and presided over an escalation of tensions with Greece after claiming sovereignty over the Imia/Kardak islets. Although the DYP came third in the 1995 general election, she remained as Prime Minister until Necmettin Erbakan formed a government in 1996 with Çiller becoming Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. The Susurluk car crash in 1996 and the subsequent Susurluk scandal revealed the relations between extra-legal organisations and Çiller's government. Revelations that Çiller had employed individuals such as Abdullah Çatlı led to a decline in her approval ratings. Erbakan's government fell following a military memorandum in 1997 and the DYP declined further in the 1999 general election. Despite coming third in the 2002 general election, Çiller's DYP won less than 10% of the vote and thus lost all parliamentary representation, which led to her resignation as party leader and departure from active politics.Background and early career
Çiller was born in Istanbul; her father was first a journalist, then a Turkish governor of Bilecik Province during the 1950s. <mask> was the only child and she graduated from the department of Economics at Boğaziçi University after completing her high school education at Arnavutköy American College for Girls in Istanbul. After graduating from Boğaziçi, she continued her studies in the United States, where she earned graduate degrees from the Universities of New Hampshire and Connecticut. She received her M.S. from the University of New Hampshire and Ph.D. from the University of Connecticut. She later completed her postdoctoral studies at Yale University. Çiller taught economics at Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.In 1978, she became a lecturer at Boğaziçi University in Istanbul and in 1983 she was appointed as professor by the same institution. She also worked at the now-defunct Istanbul Bank as president of the company. Political career (1990–2002)
<mask> entered politics in November 1990, joining the conservative True Path Party (DYP) as economic advisor to former Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel. She was elected to the parliament in 1991 as deputy representing Istanbul. The DYP became the largest party (with 27 per cent of the seats) and Demirel formed a coalition government (49th government of Turkey). <mask> <mask> was appointed economics minister. She was elected to the executive board of DYP and acquired the position as deputy chair.Prime Minister (1993–1996)
After the death in office of President Turgut Özal (which according to some was part of the 1993 alleged Turkish military coup), DYP Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel won the 1993 presidential election on 16 May 1993. Suddenly the important position as Prime Minister and leader of the DYP was vacant. The party found itself in an identity crisis. Çiller was no obvious candidate, but the three male contenders could not muster the resources, skill and support to compete effectively. Çiller was a professional urban woman, young and smart with a Western higher education. The media supported her, as well as the business community, and externally she gave the impression that Turkey was a progressive Muslim country. On 13 June 47-year-old Çiller fell 11 votes shy of a majority in the first ballot for party leader.Her opponents withdrew and she became the party's leader and on 25 June, the Prime Minister of the DYP-Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP) coalition government (50th government of Turkey). Çiller continued Demirel's coalition government, but replaced most of the ministers from her own party. She was the only woman until 1995, when a woman state minister for women and family affairs was appointed. Çiller did not continue Demirel's policies. As Prime Minister she promoted a conservative populism and economic liberalism. She juggled "masculine" and "feminine" styles, boasting of her "toughness" at the same time as she wanted to be the nation's mother and sister. She became a new role model for a woman politician with clout, and she had success, but also ruled authoritatively, taking control of the party organization, pursued established male policies and appeared uninterested in women's issues.Following the death of Özal, the Castle Plan (previously approved by the National Security Council) to attack the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) was put into effect (although elements of the strategy preceded the official Plan). Çiller declared on 4 October 1993: "We know the list of businessmen and artists subjected to racketeering by the PKK and we shall be bringing their members to account." Beginning on 14 January 1994, almost a hundred people were kidnapped by commandos wearing uniforms and travelling in police vehicles and then killed somewhere along the road from Ankara to Istanbul. Abdullah Catli, a leader of the ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves and an organized crime figure, demanded money from people who were on "Çiller’s list", promising to get their names removed. One of his victims, Behçet Cantürk, was to pay ten million dollars, to which Casino King Ömer Lütfü Topal added a further seventeen million. However, after receiving the money, he then went on to have them kidnapped and killed, and sometimes tortured beforehand. Çillers approach to the Kurds was ambiguous, while she also suggested for the Kurds an autonomy similar the one the Basques have in Spain, she retracted herself upon pressure from the Turkish military.The EU-Turkey Customs Union agreement was signed in 1995 and came into effect in 1996 during Çiller's government. In March 1995, the 1995 Azeri coup d'état attempt took place; official reports following the 1996 Susurluk scandal suggested Çiller and others in the government had supported the coup attempt, which aimed to reinstall Ebulfeyz Elçibey as president. After the withdrawal of the Republican People's Party (CHP) from the coalition in October 1995 (the SHP had split, merged, and renamed itself) Çiller attempted to form a minority government, which failed in less than a month (51st government of Turkey). After that she agreed to form another cabinet (52nd government of Turkey) with the CHP and went for general elections, which took place in December 1995. Coalition negotiations were protracted, and Çiller remained in office at the head of the DYP-CHP coalition until March 1996, when the DYP formed a coalition with the Motherland Party, with Mesut Yılmaz becoming Prime Minister. Çiller was still prime minister during the January 1996 Imia/Kardak crisis with neighbouring Greece. One of Çiller's major achievements was to transform the Turkish Army from an organization using vintage equipment from the US Army into a modern fighting force capable of countering the PKK, using hit-and-run tactics.She also convinced the U.S. government to list the PKK as a Foreign Terrorist Organization, which was later followed by the acceptance of the same by the European Union. Deputy Prime Minister (1996–1997)
With the creation of the Motherland Party-DYP coalition in March 1996 under Mesut Yılmaz (53rd government of Turkey), DYP took over the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After the coalition collapsed in June 1996, the DYP joined a new coalition with the Welfare Party, under Necmettin Erbakan, with Çiller became Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister. This was the beginning of DYP's and Çiller's decline. Çiller lost credibility as a political leader because she joined forces with those she criticized the most. After the November 1996 Susurluk car crash, which prompted the Susurluk scandal, she praised Abdullah Çatlı, who died in the crash, saying: "Those who fire bullets or suffer their wounds in the name of this country, this nation, and this state will always be respectfully remembered by us." As deputy Prime Minister, Çiller declared that if Greece tried to divide Albania, it would have the Turkish Army in Athens 24 hours later.Erbakan's Welfare Party resigned from government following the February 1997 military memorandum. DYP and others expected to form a government under Çiller, but President Süleyman Demirel asked ANAP leader Mesut Yılmaz to form the new government instead. Çiller's manoeuvres, political excuses, failed policies and scandals made her increasingly unpopular. 35 women's organizations took her to court because she lacked principles. She was also criticized for undermining democracy

Later career
<mask> Çiller was investigated by the Turkish Parliament on serious corruption charges following her period in government. Along with another former Prime Minister, Mesut Yılmaz, she was later cleared of all the charges mainly due to technicalities such as the statute of limitations and parliamentary immunity. At the end of 1998, the corruption files about Yılmaz and Çiller were covered up at the commissions of the Parliament in a common action staged by DYP, ANAP and DSP MPs.In the General Elections of 1999 she presented herself as a leader of the religious, pausing her campaign speeches during the prayer of Adhan, or demanding that women with their headscarves on could attend university. Her party gained its worst result, polling only about 12%. She remained leader of the DYP until 2002; after its November 2002 election defeat, she retired from political life. <mask> <mask> is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an international network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development.

masks:
Tansu Çiller
Tansu
Çiller
Tansu
Çiller
Tansu
Tansu
Çiller


texts:
<mask>. (June 20, 1899 – October 23, 1980) was an American inventor and engineer. He is most known for developing devices meant to improve transportation safety, including sonically actuated traffic lights, colorblind road signals, pedestrian push-buttons, and flashing aircraft lights. Early life and education
<mask> was born to a wealthy family in Baltimore, Maryland. As a child he exhibited a vivid imagination. For this reason, <mask>’s father encouraged him to pursue inventing. At age 14, he developed his first documented invention—an automobile brake—which he received a patent for 5 years later. After high school, <mask> attended Johns Hopkins University to study engineering, but after continuing to struggle with academics, he dropped out 2 years later.He served briefly in the US Army training corps as an acting corporal during World War I until December 1918. Early career
In 1919, <mask> began working for the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad (also known as the Ma&Pa) as a telegrapher and assistant station agent. There, he began developing safety and signaling devices, where he was later asked by railroad president OH Nance to look into fixing the failing electric warning signals at railroad crossings. In response, <mask> designed a system that contained a warning light connected in parallel to the standard bells. This ensured that even if the bells failed, the light would turn on and alert the driver to an oncoming train. After the success of this system, <mask> was promoted within the company to signal engineer and was given resources for his own experiments and research. For his first solo project, he set out to design a new flashing signal for grade crossings.In his design, he created an automatically triggered system that flashed two lights alternatively in a wigwag pattern when a train was approaching. This invention, called the Adler Flashing Relay, received the American Railway Association’s endorsement and was later adopted by over 40 railroad companies. After the success of his projects, <mask> left the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad to pursue invention full-time. However, he remained a signal consultant for the company until 1957. Well-known inventions

Automatic speed control system
During his time at Ma&Pa, <mask> kept a journal of potential invention ideas for a later date. One of such ideas—the automatic speed-control system—became the focus of his career in the 1920s. He conceived the idea for this automobile safety feature on October 1, 1924 and had a working prototype by December 1925.<mask>’s speed control system was based on the idea of car speed governors, but he believed they should only be activated at particularly dangerous spots on the road. <mask>’s system was composed of a series of bar magnets buried under the road 20 meters away from dangerous spots. At speeds over 24 km/h, this magnet activated a series of relays installed in the car which cut the car’s ignition. Once the car had passed over a similar second magnet, the ignition was restored, and the car would be able to accelerate like normal. Rather than manufacturing the invention himself, <mask> decided to publicize his work in hopes of finding a company to license it. He sold the idea to Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and received positive reactions from other buyers. <mask> contacted 600 newspapers, magazines, and engineering journals, including Science Monthly and the New York Evening Post, to run stories on his system.However, on December 15, 1926 his financial investors suspended work until they could guarantee the support of the national government. Sonically actuated traffic light
In the 1920s <mask> worked on developing the sonically actuated traffic light. To operate it, drivers pulled up to a red light and honked their horns to make the light change. The system, designed for use on intersections between lightly traveled and major roads, was first installed by Baltimore on February 22, 1928 at the intersection of Falls Road and then-Belvedere Avenue (now Northern Parkway) and still stands today. Further production of this design was picked up by General Electric, but <mask>’s traffic signal was beat out by another invention. This was the first actuated traffic signal in the US and served as the basis for modern traffic signals. On February 4, 1929 <mask> installed a pedestrian push button at the intersection of Charles Street and Cold Spring Lane in Baltimore.It was the first pedestrian-actuated signal. Aviation Safety Signal
By the end of the 1930s, <mask>’s work on traffic safety came to an end. After getting his pilot’s license and nearly colliding with another plane, he decided to pursue improvements in aviation safety. He patented an external lighting system for airplanes to help pilots better see each other at night. This patent, along with 9 of his other inventions, were transferred by <mask> to the US government in the name of safety. Other notable inventions

Colorblind signals
In 1930 <mask> worked on a traffic signal based on different shapes for colorblind drivers. Double-filament lamp
In 1933, <mask>’s double-filament lamp was installed on the Pennsylvania Central Railroad.The ability of the bulb to function at half-capacity, even when burnt out, was beneficial in keeping railroad crossing lights functioning for long periods of time. The system remained part of the Pennsylvania Central Railroad until the 1970s. Late life
<mask> continued his work in transportation safety, serving on various transportation boards and advising the government on a number of safety issues. As a member of Maryland’s Traffic Safety Commission during 1952–1980, <mask> made recommendations that later resulted in the formation of a federal department of government focused on traffic safety. <mask> also established his own foundation in 1956 to help inventors in the field of safety. In 1961, <mask> was appointed to the board of directors of Friendship International Airport (now BWI Marshall) and organized the connection of the airport to the city by rail to reduce traffic. The resulting BWI Rail Station opened in 1980; <mask> died hours before the station's dedication, where he was scheduled to be honored.Personal views
<mask> left behind many inventions that were the first of their kind. He is credited with over sixty patented inventions in the field of vehicular safety, some of which he transferred to the government. His motto was “If they can save lives, I want everyone to have them.” <mask> often donated his patents to the government free of charge so that they could be publicly used and help more people. See also
 Traffic Safety
 Automobile Safety
 Aviation Safety

References

External links
The <mask>, Jr. Collection at the Smithsonian Institution
Prime Movers, an essay on <mask> Jr. by <mask>
America on the Move, a National Museum of American History exhibition resource

1899 births
1980 deaths
Engineers from Maryland
Transport engineers
People from Baltimore
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Smithsonian Institution people
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors

masks:
Charles Adler Jr
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Adler
Charles Adler
Charles Adler
Charles Cohen


texts:
<mask> (born 1944) is an American land artist specializing in large-scale and site-specific sculptures. Working largely outside the confines of the traditional art spaces of galleries and museums, <mask> has redefined sculpture in terms of size, mass, gesture, and process. A pioneer of 20th-century land art or Earthworks movement, he is widely recognized for sculptures and environmental structures made with earth-moving equipment, which he began creating in the American West in 1967. He currently lives and works in Hiko, Nevada, and New York City. Work
<mask> began his artistic career in New York in 1966 with a series of geometric canvases painted with PVA latex. The paintings that would follow, characterized by non-traditionally shaped canvases, demonstrate <mask>'s early exploration of positive and negative forms; such harmonies of presence and absence, matter and space, are essential to his art. In Trapezoid Painting (1966) and Track Painting (1967), he emphasizes the perimeters of raw canvases by painting them black, while the white interiors are perceived as negative spaces.These hard-edged "displacement paintings" parallel the immense geometries he achieves when moving earth. The slate grey contours of U Painting (1975), for example, anticipate the shapes of the depressions and angular mounds that appear in his forthcoming project City. In the late 1960s, <mask> left New York City for the deserts of California and Nevada, where he began making his first "negative" sculptures. These works were created by removing earth to shape subterranean negative forms directly into desert floor. Completed in 1967, North, East, South, West, consisted of several geometrically-shaped holes dug in the Sierra Nevada. The following year <mask> completed Nine Nevada Depressions, a series of large negative sculptures located primarily on dry lakes throughout the state, Jean Dry Lake, Black Rock Desert and Massacre Dry Lake, near Vya, Nevada among them. In 1969, <mask> made the series Primitive Dye Paintings, in which white lime powder and concentrated aniline dyes were spread over the dry desert landscape, covering large areas that, when viewed from the air, formed amorphous, organic shapes.The culmination of this critical early period was the creation of Double Negative in 1969, a project for which he displaced 240,000 tons of rock in the Nevada desert, cutting two enormous trenches—each one 50-feet-deep and 30-feet-wide and together spanning 1,500 feet—at the eastern edge of Mormon Mesa near Overton, Nevada. <mask> has since continued his exploration of the dynamics between positive forms and negative space. His Adjacent, Against, Upon (1976) juxtaposes three large granite slabs in different relationships to cast concrete forms; the 30-50 ton granite slabs were quarried in the Cascade Mountain Range and transported by barge and train to Myrtle Edwards Park. For Displaced/Replaced Mass (1969/1977), later installed outside the Marina del Rey, California, home of Roy and Carol Doumani, he planted four granite boulders of different sizes from the High Sierra into lid-less concrete boxes in the earth so that the tops of the rocks are roughly level with the ground. For a 1982 work at the former IBM Building in New York, <mask> sheared off the top of a large rock and cut grooves into the surface before setting it on supports hidden within a stainless steel structure. Designed as a fountain, the boulder appears to float over running water. He called it Levitated Mass, a title he would use again in future.Commissioned by the president of the Ottawa Silica Company, the Effigy Tumuli earthwork in Illinois is composed of five abstract animal earthworks reclaiming the site of an abandoned surface coal mine along the Illinois River; the shapes (1983–85)—a frog, a water strider, a catfish, a turtle, and a snake—reflect the environment of the site, which overlooks the river. In 2012, <mask> completed Levitated Mass (2012). On permanent installation at Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art, Levitated Mass is a massive white, diorite boulder (21.5 feet wide and 21.5 feet high) that sits atop a 456-foot-long sloped walkway, allowing viewers to experience the weight of the rock as they walk through the empty space below. It took eleven nights, from February 28 to March 10, 2012, to move the 340-ton rock from Jurupa Valley to the museum. The installation is situated in a field of polished concrete slices, set at a slight angle between the Resnick Pavilion and Sixth Street. <mask> opened the exhibit on June 24, 2012. A feature documentary, also named Levitated Mass, was directed and edited by the filmmaker Doug Pray.It details the making of the sculpture as it relates to <mask>'s career while portraying the boulder's 105-mile journey through Los Angeles and the public’s reaction to its installation. Other recent public artworks by <mask> include Tangential Circular Negative Line in Mauvoisin, Switzerland, commissioned by Fondation Air&Art directed by Jean Maurice Varone, as well as Collapse (1967/2016) and Compression Line (1968/2016) at Glenstone, Potomac, Maryland. In the early 1970s, <mask> began work on City, an enormous complex in the rural desert of Lincoln County, Nevada. His work on the project continues to this day, supported by the Dia Art Foundation through a grant from the Lannan Foundation. City is not yet available to the public. A campaign to have the Basin and Range area around City designated as a national monument to protect it from development took place, and a group of American museums, including the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), the Museum of Modern Art, the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston and the Walker Art Center, have joined together to draw public attention to a petition urging preservation of the area. In July 2015, President Barack Obama signed a proclamation (using his authority under the Antiquities Act of 1906) creating the Basin and Range National Monument on 704,000 acres in Lincoln and Nye counties, an area including <mask>'s City.<mask>'s artworks are represented in museum collections and public spaces worldwide. Major permanent commissions
 Tangential Circular Negative Line (2012), Mauvoisin, Switzerland, an Air&Art Foundation commission directed by Jean Maurice Varone
Levitated Mass (2012),  Resnick Pavilion North Lawn at LACMA (Los Angeles, California)
Effigy Tumuli (1985), Buffalo State Park, Ottawa, Illinois
45 Degrees, 90 Degrees, 180 Degrees (1984), Rice University (Houston, Texas)
Levitated Mass (1982), 590 Madison Avenue, New York. EJM Equities Collection, New York
North, East, South, West (1982), 5th and Flower Streets, Los Angeles

Other works
 Isolated Mass/Circumflex (#2) (1968–72), Nine Nevada Depressions, Menil Collection (Houston, Texas)
 Rift # 1 (1968–72; deteriorated), Nine Nevada Depressions, Massacre Dry Lake, Nevada
 Windows and Matchdrops (1969), seven small rills in the floor in front of the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf entrance, Germany
Displaced/Replaced Mass 1, 2 & 3 (1969), Silver Springs, NV. No longer extant. Double Negative (1969–70), located near Overton, Nevada
Dragged Mass (1971), Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit
 City (1972, unfinished), Lincoln County, Nevada
 Adjacent, Against, Upon (1976), Myrtle Edwards Park (Seattle, Washington)
 This Equals That (1980; removed), Michigan State Capitol Complex, Lansing, Michigan
 North, East, South, West (1967/2002), Dia:Beacon, Beacon, New York

Exhibitions

In 1968, <mask> was included in Earth Works, the influential group show at Virginia Dwan's gallery, and then in the Whitney Museum painting annual in 1969, where his contribution was a huge photograph of a dye painting in the desert. For his first one-person show, at the Galerie Heiner Friedrich, Munich in 1969, he removed 1,000 tons of earth in a conical shape to create Munich Depression. In 1977, he was included in documenta 6, Kassel.Major exhibitions of his work have been staged at institutions such as the Museum Folkwang, Essen (1979), the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (1984), and Fondazione Prada, Milan (1996). Recent gallery exhibitions have been held at Gagosian Gallery. Selected solo exhibitions

1971 <mask>: Photographic and Actual Work. Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit
1979 <mask>.Museum Folkwang, Essen. Travelled to Rijksmuseum Kroller-Muller, Otterlo, Netherlands. 1984 In Context: <mask>: 45°, 90°, 180°/Geometric Extraction. Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles
1985 45°, 90°, 180°: A Sculpture for Rice University.Libbie Rice Farish Gallery of the School of Architecture, Rice University, Houston
1985 <mask>: Dragged Mass geometric Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
1988 <mask>: New Sculptures. Akira Ikeda Gallery, Tokyo
1996 <mask>: Negative – Positive + Fondazione Prada, Milan
2010 <mask>: Works from the 1960s and 70s. David Zwirner, New York
2012 <mask>: Actual Size. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles
2015 <mask>: Altars. Gagosian Gallery, New York
2016 <mask>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
2018 Le Bourget, Paris

Selected group exhibitions

1966 The Annual Invitational Exhibition. Park Place Gallery, New York
1968 Earthworks Dwan Gallery, New York
1968 1968 Annual Exhibition: Contemporary American Sculpture.Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
1969 New Media: New Methods Montclair Art Museum, Montclair, NJ; Organised by Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1969 Op Losse Schroeven: Situaties en Cryptostructuren (Square pegs in round Holes). Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam. Travelled to: Verborgene Strukturen. Museum Folkwang, Essen. 1969 Live in Your Head: When Attitudes Become Form. Kunsthalle Bern, Bern, Switzerland.Travelled to: Museum Haus Lange, Krefield, West Germany; Institute of Contemporary Arts, London. 1969 Land Art: Long, Flanagan, Oppenheim, Smithson, Boezem, Dibbets, De Maria, Heizer. Fernsehgalerie Gerry Schum, Berlin. Televised April 15, 1969. 1969 1969 Annual Exhibition: Contemporary American Painting. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
1970 XXXV Esposizione internazionale d’arte di Venezia Venice
1970 Information. Museum of Modern Art, New York
1971 Sixth Guggenheim International Exhibition.Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
1971 VII Biennale. Parc Floral de Paris, Paris
1973 American Drawings 1963-73. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
1976 Drawing Now. Museum of Modern Art
1977 Biennial Exhibition. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY. 1977 Documenta 6. Museum Friedericianum, Kassel, Germany.1980 L'Amérique aux Indépendants, 1944-1980 : 91ème Exposition, Société des Artistes Indépendants. Grand Palais, Paris, France. 1984 Collectie Becht. De verzameling Agnes en Frits Becht. Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 1986 Individuals: A Selected History of Contemporary Art, 1945–1986. Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA.1987 American Drawing and Watercolors of the Twentieth Century. Selection from the Whitney Museum of American Art. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; traveled to The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH. ; Achenbach Foundation, California Palace of the Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA; Arkansas Arts Center, Little Rock, AR; Whitney Museum of American Art, Stamford, CT.
1987 Photography and Art: Interactions since 1946. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA; traveled to The Museum of Fort Lauderdale, Fort Lauderdale,
1988 Vital Signs: Organic Abstraction from the Permanent Collection. Whitney Museum of American Art. New York, NY
1989 20 Jahre Internationale Kunstmesse Basel.Galerie Hans Mayer, Dusseldorf, Germany. 1990 Pharmakon ’90. Nippon Convention Center, Makuhari Messe, Tokyo, Japan. 1997 47th International Art Exhibition – La Biennale di Venezia. Venice, Italy. 2009 Photoconceptualism, 1966–1973. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY.2010 The Original Copy: Photography of Sculpture, 1839 to Today. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY; traveled to Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland. 2013 When Attitudes Become Form: Bern 1969/Venice 2013. Ca’ Corner della Regina, Fondazione Prada, Venice, Italy. Homages
 Mungo Thomson, Levitating Mass (2012), Aspen, Colorado. Régis Perray, 340 grammes déplacés... during Levitated Mass by <mask> (2012), Nantes, France. Jack Daws, Life on the Farm (Heizer), 2010

See also
 Charmstone (sculpture), Houston

References

External links

 Webpage of <mask> at the Dia Art Foundation
 Levitated Mass (Library of Congress)
 Levitated Mass <mask> in the spotlight of California.(world press review)
 <mask> in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler Collection

1944 births
Living people
Artists from Berkeley, California
Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California) alumni
Land artists
San Francisco Art Institute alumni
Sculptors from California

masks:
Michael Heizer
Heizer
Heizer
Heizer
Heizer
Heizer
Heizer
Heizer
Heizer
Heizer
Heizer
Heizer
Michael Heizer
Heizer
Heizer
Heizer
Heizer
Michael Heizer
Michael Heizer
Michael Heizer
Michael Heizer
Michael Heizer
Michael Heizer
Michael Heizer
Michael Heizer
Michael Heizer
Michael Heizer
Michael Heizer
Heizer
Michael Heizer
Michael Heizer