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<mask> (born October 4, 1995) is an American football strong safety for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Michigan, and was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the first round of the 2017 NFL Draft. A standout athlete early in high school, he was named the Air Force National Sophomore of the Year in 2011. Sports Illustrated named Peppers one of their "Future Game Changers," a group of 14 young athletes who are considered to be the brightest talents of their respective sports. Peppers was named the Thompson-Randle El Freshman of the Year, Freshman All-American, and a Second-Team All-American in 2015. Peppers was named the Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year, Linebacker of the Year, Return Specialist of the Year, and an All-American in 2016. High school career
A native of East Orange, New Jersey, Peppers originally attended Don Bosco Preparatory High School in Ramsey, New Jersey.He started as a cornerback in his freshman year, before also taking over as a running back as a sophomore. With Peppers, Don Bosco won consecutive New Jersey state championships in 2010 and 2011, and was the top-ranked team in the nation by USA Today in 2011. Peppers left Don Bosco to attend Paramus Catholic High School in Paramus, New Jersey, where he helped lead the Paladins to another state championship over Bergen Catholic in 2012. Peppers was named Player of the Year by MSG Varsity after his junior season with Paramus Catholic. In his senior year, another successful season saw Peppers lead Paramus Catholic to another state title, defeating St. Peter's Prep., making Peppers a state championship winner in all four years of his high school career. Peppers was also selected to participate in the 2013–14 Under Armour All-America Game. As a talented track athlete, Peppers set the New Jersey Non-Public Class A outdoor 100-meter dash record with a time of 10.77 seconds.He has a personal-best of 10.51 seconds in the 100 meters. In his senior year at Paramus Catholic, he won both the 100 and 200-meter dashes in New Jersey's 2013 Meet of Champions, becoming only the second person ever to do so, after Fabian Santiago of Oakcrest High School the year before. Recruiting
The Rivals.com recruiting network identified Peppers as one of the five-star recruits in the Class of 2014, with ESPN ranking him as the #1 prospect in the 2014 class. On May 26, 2013, <mask> announced his verbal commitment to the Michigan Wolverines in a live telecast on ESPN. He was regarded as the head of Michigan's 2014 recruiting class. ESPN ranked him as the second-best recruit in the class of 2014, behind only running back Leonard Fournette. College career
As a true freshman at Michigan, Peppers appeared in three games, making one start under then-head coach Brady Hoke.In his first career start against Appalachian State, he recorded two tackles and returned one punt for six yards. However, he sustained an injury in the game and was redshirted for the remainder of his freshman season. In the 2015 season, Peppers had a new head coach in Jim Harbaugh. Following the 2015 season, <mask> was named the Big Ten Thompson-Randle El Freshman of the Year, and named to the All-Big Ten defensive first-team, by both the coaches and media, and the All-Big Ten special teams second-team by coaches. He was also named a Second-Team All-American by CBS Sports and Sports Illustrated. He was also named to the Freshman All-America Team by Football Writers Association of America (FWAA). He was a finalist for the Paul Hornung Award.In 12 games, Peppers played a combined 986 snaps this season, with 50 coming on offense, 765 on defense, and 171 on special teams. On defense, he registered 45 total tackles, 5.5 tackles-for-loss, and 10 pass breakups. On special teams, he returned all 17 punts on the season for 194 yards, an average of 11.4 yards per return. Peppers has returned eight kickoffs for 223 yards, an average of 27.9 yards per return, on a unit that ranked second in the FBS with 28.41 yards per kick return. On offense, he added eight catches for 79 yards with 18 rushes for 72 yards and two touchdowns. Peppers has gained 568 all-purpose yards on the season, an average of 47.3 yards per game, ranking fifth on the team. Following an outstanding performance on September 17, 2016, against Colorado, Peppers was named the Walter Camp FBS Player of the Week, Co-Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week, and Special Teams Player of the Week.He became the first conference player to be named both Defensive and Special Teams Player of the Week in the same week since the special teams honor was added in 1994. Peppers recorded a career-best nine tackles, including six solo stops and 3.5 tackles-for-loss. In addition, he recorded 204 yards of total offense, including his first career punt return for a touchdown. Following the 2016 season, Peppers was named the Nagurski-Woodson Defensive Player of the Year, Butkus-Fitzgerald Linebacker of the Year, Rodgers-White Return Specialist of the Year, and a Unanimous All-American. He became the first player in Big Ten history to collect three individual honors since the conference expanded its individual award recognition program in 2011. Peppers was also named to the All-Big Ten defensive first-team, and All-Big Ten special teams first-team by both the coaches and media. Peppers helped lead a unit that finished first in eight Big Ten defensive categories.He contributed a career-best 72 tackles, 16 tackles-for-loss, four sacks, one interception, and one forced fumble. He also contributed in special teams, posting 21 punt returns for 310 yards (14.8 avg.) and one touchdown and had 10 kickoff returns for 260 yards (26.0 avg.). He also contributed on the offensive side of the ball, rushing 27 times for 167 yards and three touchdowns while catching two passes. He was also awarded the Paul Hornung Award, honoring the nation's most versatile college football player, and the Lott Trophy. Peppers played 933 snaps during the 2016 campaign, logging 726 plays on defense, 53 plays on offense, and 154 snaps on special teams. Peppers has seen the field at 15 different positions during the season.He finished fifth in voting for the 2016 Heisman Trophy. On January 10, 2017, <mask> announced that he would be entering the 2017 NFL Draft, foregoing his final two seasons of NCAA eligibility. College statistics

Professional career
<mask> received an invitation to the NFL Combine and attended as a linebacker, as well as a safety. He ran all combine and positional drills, except for the short shuttle and three-cone drill. He ran the fastest 40-yard dash among all of the linebackers. He participated in only positional drills at Michigan's Pro Day. He was ranked the third-best safety in the draft by Sports Illustrated, Pro Football Focus, ESPN, NFL analyst Mike Mayock, and NFL analyst Bucky Brooks.On April 25, 2017, only two days before the draft, it was reported that Peppers received a positive test for a drug screen that was given at the combine. The positive test was in fact due to a diluted sample and further reports revealed that Peppers drank ample amounts of water and was ill before traveling for the combine. Peppers attended pre-draft visits with the Baltimore Ravens and San Francisco 49ers. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Peppers was projected to be a first or second round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. Cleveland Browns

2017

The Cleveland Browns selected <mask> in the first round (25th overall) of the 2017 NFL Draft. Peppers was the third safety drafted in 2017, behind Jamal Adams (6th overall) and Malik Hooker (15th overall). On July 22, 2017, the Cleveland Browns signed <mask> to a fully guaranteed four-year, $10.7 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $5.6 million.Peppers entered training camp slated as the starting strong safety. Head coach Hue Jackson named <mask> the starting free safety to start the regular season, alongside strong safety Derrick Kindred. He was also named the starting kick returner and starting punt returner. He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the Cleveland Browns' season-opener against the Pittsburgh Steelers and recorded four combined tackles and broke up a pass in their 21–18 loss. In addition, he had one kickoff return for 14-yards and three punt returns for 34-yards. He was inactive for two games (Weeks 7–8) due to a toe injury. In Week 12, he collected a season-high seven combined tackles during a 30–16 loss at the Cincinnati Bengals.He was sidelined for the Browns' Week 14 loss to the Green Bay Packers due to a knee injury. On December 31, 2017, Peppers recorded four solo tackles, broke up a pass, and made his first career interception as the Browns lost 28–24 at the Pittsburgh Steelers. <mask> made his first career interception off a pass attempt by quarterback Landry Jones in the first quarter. He finished his rookie season in 2017 with 57 combined tackles (44 solo), three pass deflections, and one interception in 13 games and 13 starts. Peppers also had 14 kick returns for 318-yards (22.7 YPR) and 30 punt returns for 180-yards (6.0 YPR). The Cleveland Browns finished the 2017 NFL season with a record of 0–16. Peppers lined up as a free safety for 88.2% of the Browns' defensive snaps according to Pro Football Focus.He received an overall grade of 45.5 from Pro Football Focus in 2017. 2018
Defensive coordinator Gregg Williams elected to move Peppers back to strong safety after the Browns traded for Damarious Randall. Peppers competed to be the starting strong safety against  Derrick Kindred. Head coach Hue Jackson named Peppers the starting strong safety to begin the regular season, alongside free safety Damarious Randall and cornerbacks Denzel Ward and T. J. Carrie. He also retained his duties as the starting kick and punt returner. In Week 15 against the Denver Broncos, Peppers had 6 tackles, an interception, and a game-winning sack on fourth down. New York Giants

2019

On March 13, 2019, <mask> was acquired by the New York Giants, alongside Kevin Zeitler, the Browns' first-round pick, and their  in the 2019 NFL Draft, in exchange for Odell Beckham Jr. and Olivier Vernon.In week 4 against the Washington Redskins, Peppers recorded a 32-yard pick six off Dwayne Haskins in the 24–3 win. In week 9 against the Dallas Cowboys on Monday Night Football, Peppers recorded a team high 12 tackles and forced a fumble on wide receiver Randall Cobb that was recovered by teammate Antoine Bethea in the 37–18 loss. Two weeks after suffering a transverse process fracture in the week 11 match-up against the Chicago Bears, Peppers was placed on season ending injured reserve on December 7, 2019. 2020-2021
On April 29, 2020, the Giants picked up the fifth-year option on Peppers' contract., worth $6.77 million guaranteed for the 2021 season. For the 2020 season <mask> was a captain as a part of the special team’s unit. In Week 7 against the Philadelphia Eagles on Thursday Night Football, <mask> recorded his first sack of the season on Carson Wentz during the 22–21 loss. Peppers was fined $11,301 for a hit that injured quarterback Kyle Allen in a 23–20 victory over the Washington Football Team.During the game, Peppers also intercepted a pass thrown by Alex Smith, Allen's replacement, and recovered a fumble. On October 26, 2021, Peppers was placed on injured reserve after suffering a torn ACL and a high ankle sprain in Week 7. Personal life
Peppers was raised in East Orange, New Jersey by his mother, Ivory Bryant. His father, <mask>, was active in his life until he was arrested when <mask> was seven. He was arrested after being charged in a racketeering case as a part of the Bloods street gang, and was released from prison in 2014. His older brother, Don Curtis, died in January 2010, after being shot while standing at the counter of Lucky Joy Restaurant in Newark, New Jersey. Peppers maintained a 3.8 GPA through high school and is an avid rapper.He has stated that he has always had an interest in Michigan's football program and is a fan of Charles Woodson. He cultivated a relationship with Woodson throughout his time at Michigan. Peppers is also a member of Omega Psi Phi having become a member while an undergrad at the University of Michigan (Phi Chapter). Endorsements
On March 6, 2017, it was reported that Peppers had signed a multi-year contract with Adidas. References

External links

 Michigan Wolverines bio
 New York Giants bio

1995 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
All-American college football players
American football return specialists
American football safeties
Cleveland Browns players
Don Bosco Preparatory High School alumni
Michigan Wolverines football players
Paramus Catholic High School alumni
People from Montclair, New Jersey
Players of American football from New Jersey
Sportspeople from East Orange, New Jersey
21st-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Jabrill Ahmad Peppers
Peppers
Peppers
Peppers
Peppers
Peppers
Peppers
Peppers
Peppers
Peppers
Peppers
Peppers
Terry Peppers
Jabrill


type: original

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<mask>, M.D. (born December 4, 1927 in Lausanne, Switzerland; died May 24, 2017 in Rhinebeck, New York), was a Professor of both Neurology and Pediatrics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City. She was a leading authority on autism for decades, and a fellow of the American Academy of Neurology. Personal life and education
<mask> was born in Lausanne, Switzerland; her mother was from Connecticut, and her father was Swiss. As a child, she was an avid reader, and a Girl Scout who attended all-girls' schools between the ages of 9 and 19. Surrounded by a family of scientists, she decided to become a physician before she was ten years old. She studied at the University of Lausanne Medical School in 1946, in a class of around 100 students that included about a dozen women.She decided to become a pediatric neurologist in 1951 after she spent twelve weeks at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital and at the Hôpital des Enfants Malades in Paris. When she graduated from Lausanne Medical School in 1952, there were few paying jobs in Switzerland, so she applied to the United States to Harvard, Yale, Johns Hopkins and Bellevue Hospital. She immigrated to the United States in 1953 after being offered a position in pediatrics at Bellevue to begin in July. In 1952, she received a Swiss Federal Diploma in Medicine. She received her M.D. in 1955, when her thesis was published in the Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. She met her husband, Harold Oaklander, in August 1958, and they were married in the spring of 1959.Of her husband, she said: "Without his unselfish and sustained encouragement and help, his willingness to share in all household and child-rearing jobs (except for car maintenance, his, and sewing, mine), I could never have flourished in child neurology as I did." Her husband finished his Ph.D. at Columbia University, but knew she would not leave the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, so he accepted a "less prestigious" job nearby. They had four children:  two daughters and two sons. Career
Rapin interned in pediatrics at New York City's Bellevue Hospital, and did her residency in neurology at the Neurological Institute at Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital, where she also completed a year of fellowship. She joined the Albert Einstein College of Medicine faculty in 1958 and retired at the age of 84 in 2012. Of the developments in the field of autism during those years, Rapin said, "Especially in the days before autism was all over the Internet and print media, parents who came for advice were most likely to report problems with language ... These days, Internet-savvy parents worry about autism but do not always tell me their concerns when they visit my office, because they want to hear my independent diagnosis."Rapin said, "My interest in language disorders and autism was enhanced by the arrival at Einstein of Dr. Doris A. Allen, whose background was developmental psycholinguistics, psychology, and speech pathology ... After evaluating hundreds of autistic children, I became convinced that the report by one third of parents of autistic preschoolers of a very early language and behavioral regression is real and deserving of biologic investigation." Appointments
<mask> helped found the Child Neurology Society and the International Child Neurology Association. At Einstein, she founded the Child Neurology Service and Fellowship Program. She served on the boards of the Child Neurology Society, the International Child Neurology Association, the American Academy of Neurology and the International Neuropsychology Society. Recognition and other achievements
The Boston Globe said in 1992 that Rapin was "a specialist in neurological diseases of children [who] discovered several such diseases and also is a leading authority on autism". The New York Times said: "Considered by many the doyenne of autism, Dr. Rapin has spent decades studying the disability." Albert Einstein College of Medicine said that Rapin was "a leader in the field of child neurology ... credited with a number of discoveries in the field of neurogenetic disorders in childhood, including shaping our understanding of autism ...In addition to her renown as a 'mother of autism,' she has been called 'a luminary in her field' and 'always the guiding light'." To honor Rapin, in 2012, Einstein established an annual conference on communication disorders. According to colleague Mark Mehler, M.D., "She is the world's expert in the field of pediatric communication disorders, and during her career she defined as well as refined our understanding of an entire field." In 2006, Einstein held an international symposium on autism honoring Rapin. Rapin's awards and recognition included:
 President's Award from the American Academy of Neurology
 Honorary Alumna status from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine
 Award for Excellence in Autism Research from the Autism Society of America
 Shriver Center Award

In an autobiography published in the Journal of Child Neurology, <mask> said:"The message I would give a young colleague is that child neurology is a wonderfully rewarding field, intellectually and personally, because of the families you will meet. In order to have it all, that is, be married, have children, restore and furnish an antique house, work in the garden, enjoy a lot of what life offers, and have a great job, you need a supportive and generous mate, adequate baby sitting and house help, flexibility, good humor, and a nose for the unusual. Consider every patient a potential source of new knowledge, describe what you see, pursue your interests vigorously, and learn to cut corners and prioritize.Find a good mentor, enjoy what you do, and be lucky." Publications
As of 2006, <mask> had published more than 135 papers and 75 book chapters; some of her books were:

References

Further reading

Albert Einstein College of Medicine faculty
American neurologists
Women neurologists
American women neuroscientists
American neuroscientists
American pediatricians
Women pediatricians
American people of Swiss descent
Autism researchers
People from Lausanne
Swiss neurologists
1927 births
2017 deaths
American women academics
21st-century American women

masks:
Isabelle Juliette Martha Rapin
Rapin
Rapin
Rapin
Rapin


texts:
Prince Abdol-<mask> (  1857 – November, 1939) was one of the most prominent Qajar princes, and one of the most influential politicians of his time in Persia. He was born in Tehran to Prince Nosrat Dowleh Firouz in 1857, and died in November 1939 at the age of 82. He was the 16th grandson of the Qajar crown prince Abbas Mirza. He fathered 26 sons and 13 daughters by 8 wives. He lived to see four sons of his first wife die within his lifetime. Biography

Prince Abdol-<mask> was born to Prince Nosrat Dowleh Firouz and Hajieh Homa Khanoum in 1858 in Tabriz, and was a grandson of the Qajar crown prince Abbas Mirza. He was extensively educated at home by private tutors in traditional subjects such as poetry, literature, mathematics, Arabic, and religion, along with modern sciences and Western languages.In 1878, at age 21, he continued his education at the Austrian Military Academy in Tehran, where he distinguished himself as a soldier and strategist. After the death of his father in 1885, he assumed his father's former title of “Nosrat-ed-Dowleh”. In 1891, as commander of the Azerbaijani troops, he received the title “Salar Lashgar”, and subsequently in 1892 he received the title “<mask>” upon the death of his elder brother. In 1885 he married Princess Ezzat ed-Dowleh Qajar, daughter of the Mozzafar al-Din Shah. Following the marriage, out of respect for Ezzat ed-Dowleh and also due to her high social rank, he took no other wives for the next twenty years. Following the accession of Mozzafar al-Din Shah in 1896, <mask> led the entourage of the new Shah from Tabriz to Tehran and established himself firmly within Persian politics. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the army and Minister of War and quickly took over the government as a self-appointed premier and emerged as the real power behind the throne.It is said “he acted as the true sovereign.” During this time he drafted the first laws relating to national conscription and worked towards establishing a military academy in Iran. <mask>'s power grab was resented by many within the court and ultimately resulted in the Shah dismissing him and assigning him to govern the province of Fars, and eventually sending him into exile in 1898. He went to Egypt, and then to Baghdad in Ottoman Mesopotamia.. His wife Princess Ezzat ed-Dowleh, voluntarily followed him and stayed with him for four years until she was able to orchestrate his return to court life. During the constitutional revolution, <mask>, like many of the landed aristocracy, tried to balance the demands of the constitutionalists against the royalists. His deft manoeuvring allowed him to take the post of the minister of justice in the new constitutional government. In the same year he was appointed governor general of Azerbaijan where with considerable personal courage, he took action against an incursion of Kurdish and Ottoman forces into Persia. In 1909, <mask> was also appointed minister of the interior and once again as minister of justice.In his role as Minister of Justice he introduced the Western custom of secular court trials into the Persian legal system. In 1912, the Majlis dispatched <mask> as commander-in-chief of the army to reassert the authority of the constitutional government and repel royalist forces in Kurdistan and Kermanshah. In this expedition, Reza Khan, who would become later the Shah of Iran, served under <mask> ‘s command. <mask> returned to Tehran to become the minister of interior a second time. Throughout most of the First World War period, <mask> sided with the British and worked closely with them receiving numerous payments and subsidies for his activities. He was awarded the  Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in 1916. During this time he also became Prime Minister for a brief period of time, but he resigned within the first three months.In his short tenure as Prime Minister, he established the Ministry of Health. He would later go on found the Pasteur Institute of Iran in 1920 whose first action was to introduce a smallpox vaccine in the country. The Shah appointed <mask> as governor general of Fars for a second time in 1916. His time in Fars coincided with a widespread famine as well as the Great Influenza Pandemic. He successfully managed both events and in the process organised Iran's first agricultural cooperative. He remained in Fars for four years until he was replaced by his nephew Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh. In 1921 a successful coup d'état organised by Sayad Zia-al-Din Tabatabai took place effectively ending Qajar rule and bringing Reza Khan to power.<mask> was arrested with his two eldest sons, Nosrat-ed-Dowleh who was the Minister of Foreign Affairs at the time, and Abbas Mirza Salar-Lashgar. Nosrat-ed-Dowleh was a leading candidate for accession to the Qajar throne after Ahmad Shah Qajar's exile and the new government kept all three in the Qasr-e-Qajar jail until it could consolidate its power base. FarmanFarma paid a significant ransom in order to secure the safe release of his two sons and himself. After his release, <mask>ma made several gestures of support towards Reza Khan. Reza Khan had previously served under <mask>ma as head of a machine gun detachment and had earned the nickname “Reza Maxim”. Perhaps uncomfortable that he had once served under <mask>ma's command, and certainly resentful of his wealth, Reza Khan did not reciprocate, and even confiscated numerous assets belonging to <mask>ma. The first being <mask>ma's family home and garden in Palace Street, Tehran.The family was given only 24 hours to vacate the colossal property, which then went on to become the primary residence of Reza Khan. In 1937, <mask>'s son, Nosrat-ed-Dowleh, was arrested and ultimately assassinated. The demise of Nosrat-ed-Dowleh was a deep personal blow for <mask>ma from which he never truly recovered. <mask> had by then retired from politics and dedicated himself to managing his estate and overseeing the education of his surviving children. He also channelled a significant portion of his personal wealth into philanthropic activities. <mask> passed away in November 1939 at the age of 81 and is buried in the Shrine of Shazdeh Abdol Azim. He fathered 26 sons and 13 daughters by 8 wives.[[File:Reza Kahn behind Ahmad Shah.jpg|thumb|Reza Shah Pahlavi behind Ahmad Shah with Abdol-Hossein <mask> <mask>, 1918]]

Historical anecdote
Among the Cossacks accompanying <mask>-<mask> during the 1912 campaign to Kermanshah was an officer known as "Reza Maksim" because he was good at maneuvering a Maxim gun. This was none other than Reza Khan Mirpanj, who would become known as Sardar Sepah, and then as Reza Khan Pahlavi, the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. Later Reza Khan, leader of the Cossacks brigade, became involved in a British operation and shortly afterwards in a British backed coup, to establish himself as the new Shah in 1921. The once friendly relationship between <mask>-<mask> and Reza Khan, who had once been his subordinate, became more tenuous as Reza rose in stature and power, first as minister of war and then as shah. Name and title
His full official name and title was Hazrat Aghdas Vala Shahzadeh Abdol Hossein Mirza  <mask> <mask>. This translates approximately as "His Highness, Prince Abdol Hossein, the Eminent and Exalted One, the Greatest of All Commanders." When surnames became compulsory he took his last title as his family name, viz.Farman Farma, which literally translates as "giver of an order", and is roughly equivalent to "viceroy". The title "Farman Farma" did not originate with Prince Abdol-Hossein <mask> Farma. It was first held by his grand-uncle Hossein Ali Mirza <mask> <mask>, a son of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. Prince Abdol Hossein's father, Prince Firouz, would battle his own uncle, Prince Hossein <mask> <mask>, in support his brother Prince Mohammad (later Mohammad Shah Qajar) and win the right to the succession for Prince Mohammad. Forty years later, Nasser-al-Din Shah, Firouz Mirza's nephew, would bestow the title Farman Farma on Prince Firouz in gratitude for his role in consolidating the succession to the Qajar (Kadjar) Throne. The title Farman Farma then passed on to his son Prince Abdol Hossein Mirza, during the reign of Nasser-ed-Din Shah. Nasser-ed-din Shah and Prince Abdol Hossein were cousins, but Nasser-ed-Din Shah was about thirty years his senior.Only Prince Abdol Hossein carried the title "<mask> <mask>", while most of his offspring carry the family name derived from the former title "Farman Farmaian" (lit. Those belonging to <mask> Farma). His elder son Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh III however chose the family name "Firouz", which is carried by his offspring. Non-Persian honors
He was awarded the following honors outside of Persia:
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (British)

Offspring
<mask>ma differentiated his family from most others through his many children. Contrary to many Persian politicians and royal household members at the time and due to the uncertain political climate, he emphasized  classical Persian training as well as a modern Western education and foreign languages. This applied equally to his daughters as well as his sons, and women from his family were among the very first members of the social elite to appear publicly in Western dress after Reza Shah outlawed the veil. He saw to it that his children were each sent to different countries to cultivate global relationships as well as to further their education.He ensured that they worked particularly hard towards this goal throughout their lives. As a consequence the vast majority of his sons and daughters, after having obtained first class educations, went on to work in senior and key roles throughout the Iranian government from the turn of the century until the 1979 Islamic Revolution. (Main source: "Shahzdeh's Tree, A Family Genealogy of Abdol Hossein <mask> Farma", compiled by Mitra <mask> <mask>n Jordan, 1997, Universal Printing, Washington). From Khanum Ezzat-ed-Dowleh Qajar (1872–1955)
 Prince Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh III (1889–1937)
 Prince <mask> Farmaian (1890–1935)
 Prince Mohammad Vali <mask> Farmaian (1891–1988)
 Prince Mohammad Hossein Firouz (1894–1984)
 Prince Nezam-ed-Din <mask> Farmaian (1899–1920)
 Prince Mohammad Ja'ffar <mask> Farmaian (1901–1920)
From Mah Bagum Khanum (1892–1915)
 Princess Bodagh <mask> Farmaian (1909–2002)
From Massoumeh Khanum Tafreshi (1899–1978)
 Prince Sabar <mask> Farmaian (1912–2006)
 Princess Jabbareh <mask> Farmaian (1916–2009)
 Princess Sattareh <mask> Farmaian (1921–2012)
 Prince Farough <mask> <mask>n (1925–2014)
 Princess Ayesheh (Homerah) <mask> <mask>n (b. 1928)
 Prince Ghaffar <mask> <mask>n (b. 1930)
 Princess Soraya <mask> <mask>n (1931–2003)
 Prince Haroun-al-Rashid <mask> Farmaian (b. 1933)
 Princess Khorshid Farman <mask>n (b.1937)
From Batoul Khanum Ahshami (1896–1975)
 Princess Maryam <mask> <mask>n (1913–2008)
 Princess MehrMah <mask> <mask>n (1915–2013)
 Prince Manucher <mask> Farmaian (1916–2003)
 Prince Abdol-<mask> Farmaian (1921–2013)
 Prince Abol-Bashar <mask> Farmaian (1922–1991)
 Princess Leyla <mask> Farmaian (1925–2011)
 Princess Haideh <mask> Farmaian (1927–2011)
 Prince <mask> Farmaian (b. 1929)
 Prince Abdol-<mask> Farmaian (1935–1970)
From Fatemeh Khanum Alinaghi (Shirazi) (1900–1984)
 Princess Mahsama <mask> Farmaian (b. 1918)
 Prince Jamshid <mask> Farmaian (1919–2006)
 Prince Kaveh <mask> Farmaian (1920–2004)
 Prince Ali Naghi <mask> Farmaian (b. 1923)
 Prince Alidad <mask> Farmaian (1924–2010)
 Princess Shahzadi Bilqis Khanum <mask> Farmaian (1926–1927)
 Prince Hafez <mask> Farmaian (b. 1927)
From Khanum Akhtarzaman Hormozian (1906–1979)
 Prince Karimdad <mask> Farmaian (b. 1923)
From Hamdam Khanum Talai (originally Safar) (1913–1969)
 Prince Khodadad <mask> Farmaian (1928–2015)
 Prince Allah Verdi <mask> Farmaian (1929–2016)
 Prince Tari <mask> Farmaian (1931–1969)
From Batoul Khanum Chizar Doost (1909–1997)
 Princess Roudabeh <mask> Farmaian (b. 1937)

Government positions held
 Commander of the Gendarmerie (1884)
 Commander in Chief of the Army in Azerbaijan (1890)
 Governor of Tehran (1896)
 Governor of Kerman (1892–1893), and (1894–1896)
 Governor of Kurdistan (1894)
 Governor of Fars (1897–1898), and (1916-1921)
 Governor of Kermanshah (1903)
 Governor of Azerbaijan (1907)
 Governor of Isfahan (nominated 1908, but refused the appointment)
 Minister of Justice (1907), (1909)
 Minister of War (1896–1897)
 Minister of Interior (1910), (1915)
 Prime Minister (1915-1916)

See also
 Iran
 History of Iran
 History of Persia
 Qajar Dynasty of Iran
 List of prime ministers of Iran
 Abdolhossein Teymourtash
 Amirteymour Kalali
 Farmanieh district of Tehran

External links
The Qajar (Kadjar) Pages
Qajars Dynasty Turkoman dynasty of the Shahs of Persia
Tha Kadjar Family Association

Sources and ReferencesDaughter of Persia, Sattareh Farman Farmaian with Dona Munker; Crown Publishers, Inc., New York, 1992.Blood and Oil: Memoirs of a Persian Prince, Manucher Mirza Farman Farmaian.Random House, New York, 1997.Shahzdeh's Tree, A Family Genealogy of Abdol Hossein <mask> Farma, compiled by Mitra <mask> <mask>n Jordan, 1997, Universal Printing, Washington.The Lion of Persia'', Mansoureh Ettehadieh, Tŷ Aur Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 2012. 1857 births
1939 deaths
Farmanfarmaian family
Prime Ministers of Iran
Qajar princes
People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Iranian Shia Muslims
Moderate Socialists Party politicians

masks:
Hossein Farman Farma
Hossein Farmanfarma
Farmanfarma
Farmanfarma
Farmanfarma
Farmanfarma
Farmanfarma
Farmanfarma
Farmanfarma
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texts:
<mask> (August 8, 1943 - December 24, 2020) was an American photographer who lived and worked the last twenty two years of his life in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Early life
<mask> was born in Miami, Florida, to parents <mask> (1923–94) and Mamie Lucille Donaldson (1928–2009). His father was an African American playwright, actor, director and producer whose family emigrated from Nassau, Bahamas, to Miami. His mother, an African American-Cherokee Indian originally from Bainbridge, Georgia, was head of the Intensive Care Unit of the Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center in The Bronx, New York City, for 25 years. She had a passion for theatre. In 1950, <mask> moved with his mother and sister Wanda from Miami to Harlem, New York City, and three years later to The Bronx. In 1961, he graduated from James Monroe High School.From 1962 to 1966, he studied history and political science at New York University. Nearby Greenwich Village exposed him to another world of art and culture, and to chess, which has remained a passion for him. According to <mask>, the Woodstock Festival, in 1969, had a big impact on his career path. He was in the 1960s a regular at Mickey Ruskin's club Max's Kansas City, where he met Jimi Hendrix, Robert Rauschenberg, Larry Rivers, Claes Oldenburg, Andy Warhol, and Diane Arbus. Arbus would later make a portrait of him in her studio. Career
In 1968, <mask> found his vocation as a photographer while traveling in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. His first camera was a Kowa.His first professional job came in 1971 in London. <mask> has cited photographers James Moore, Bill Silano, Richard Avedon, and Gosta Peterson as influences. In the early 1970s, <mask> lived and worked in Paris and London. His photographs were published in magazines such as Dépêche Mode, Elle, and French Vogue. He photographed the African-American painter Beauford Delaney and the American actresses Patti D'Arbanville, Jessica Lange, and Maria Schneider in Paris. In 1973, he discovered the American model Christie Brinkley, took her first modeling photos and convinced John Casablancas to accept her at Elite Model Management in Paris. In 1978, <mask> returned to New York and worked for magazines such as New York Magazine, Working Women and US Vogue.He did beauty campaigns for Avon, Germaine Monteil and Max Factor. At the same time he continued his street photography. Since 1984, <mask> has worked on commercial assignments and has done multicultural beauty projects for L'Oréal and Vis-A-Vis Magazine. However, most of his time is spent on documentary and fine art photography, primarily black and white photographs in the streets of New York, Paris, and Amsterdam. His fine art pictures have been published in The Sun, ZoneZero of Pedro Meyer, PF Magazine, and Filosofie Magazine in the Netherlands. From 2006 until 2010, <mask> was a guest professor of photography at Technical University Delft in the Netherlands. In 2010, his photo book City Mosaic was published.The book contains 64 black & white images divided into three chapters: "Graffiti," "Portraits & City Scenes" and "Perspectives." Writing the book's introduction, photography critic A. D. Coleman describes the work as "close to four decades worth of engagement with the classic mode of mainstream-modernist street photography. Consistent in quality, in terms of both craft and content, it speaks in its own voice, aware of the tradition on which it builds but not noticeably beholden to any predecessor therein." Style
According to <mask>, "a picture is good when it leaves room for you to imagine." He aims to provoke the viewer to look more closely at everyday situations that may otherwise be overlooked. He photographs people, graffiti, and perspectives in public and semi-public space, such as parks, streets, and underground stations. Writing for PF Magazine, critic Herman Hoeneveld remarked "<mask> <mask> could be justifiably called a cultural philosopher who seems to press for consciousness and contemplation.He calls on our common sense to not allow our feelings to be crushed by the unbridled rush for consumption." Art critic and former museum director Julian Spalding described <mask> as "a classical black and white photographer in the Henri Cartier-Bresson tradition, using the camera at its simplest and most challenging, as a trap for catching time." Writing for the World Socialist Web Site, painter  Richard Phillips remarked "<mask> <mask> is a rare figure in contemporary photography: someone who worked in the often faddish and superficial world of high-end commercial photography but still retains his artistic integrity and creative spirit." Exhibitions
<mask> has held solo exhibitions at:
4th Street Gallery, New York City, 1989. Theme: Children of East End. Royal Photographic Society, Bath, England, 1992. Theme: Children of East End.La Musée de la Photographie, Bièvre, France, 1993. Theme: Paris. Foto Huset Gallery, Götenburg, Sweden, 1993. Theme: Graffiti. No Name Gallery, Basel, Switzerland, 1993. Theme: Graffiti. La Chambre Claire Gallery, Paris, France, 2000.Theme: City Mosaïc. Town Hall, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2010. Theme: Diofior, A Village in Senegal. Collections
La Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France, 1974 and 2001. 37 pictures. La Musée de la Photographie, Bièvre, France, 1991. 6 pictures.Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Harlem, New York, 1997. 40 pictures. Eric Franck Gallery, London, England, 1997. 21 pictures. Fadi Zahar, La Chambre Claire Gallery, Paris, France, 2000. 4 pictures. Manfred Heiting, Amsterdam, Holland, 2002.2 pictures. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas, 2004. 2 pictures. Victoria & Albert Museum, London. England. Work added to National Art Library Collection, 2005. Tate Britain, London, England, 2012.21 pictures. References

External links
errolsawyer.org – Documentary and Fine Art

1943 births
Living people
African-American people
American photographers
American people of Cherokee descent
American expatriates in the Netherlands
James Monroe High School (New York City) alumni

masks:
Errol Stanley Sawyer
Sawyer
Robert Earl Sawyer
Sawyer
Sawyer
Sawyer
Sawyer
Sawyer
Sawyer
Sawyer
Sawyer
Sawyer
Errol
Sawyer
Sawyer
Errol
Sawyer
Sawyer


texts:
<mask> (born <mask> on 21 September 1850, Prague – 10 March 1922, Leipzig), was a Bohemian violinist, violist, teacher, and composer. During his lifetime, he was regarded as one of the foremost teachers of violin. Most of the orchestras and conservatories of Europe and North America then sported personnel who numbered among his students. Biography
Sitt was born in Prague the son of <mask> (originally Szytt) the Elder (1819–1878), a prominent Hungarian-born violin maker. Sitt's musical talent manifested itself early and from all accounts, he could easily have enjoyed the typical career of a “wunderkind” had his parents chosen to exploit him, but they wisely refused this course. Instead, he was allowed to have a normal life and received a regular education at a gymnasium (high school) before being sent to the Prague Conservatory. There he studied violin with Moritz Mildner (1812–1865) and Antonín Bennewitz, and composition with Josef Krejčí (1821–1881) and Johann Friedrich Kittl (1806–1868) from 1861 to 1867.Subsequently, he pursued a successful solo career for a short time. Sitt was appointed concertmaster of the Breslau Opera Orchestra in Wrocław in 1867 at age 17, and in Chemnitz from 1873 to 1880. In addition, he was a conductor of repute holding positions with orchestras in France, Austria and Germany. From 1884 to 1921 Sitt held the august position of Professor of Violin at the Leipzig Conservatory, and authored several important studies for violin and viola, some of which are still used. He was conductor of the Leipzig Bach Society (Bach-Verein Leipzig) from 1885 to 1903. Sitt played the viola in the Brodsky Quartet of Leipzig from 1883 to 1895 along with Hugo Becker, Julius Klengel, and founder Adolph Brodsky. Besides his pedagogical works, Sitt wrote several pieces for violin and orchestra, including six concertos and a number of sonatas for various instruments.The only chamber music of his we have are two piano trios which were composed during the 1880s. Sitt is responsible for the best-known orchestration of Edvard Grieg's Norwegian Dances, Op.35, an 1881 work for piano duet. His most prominent students include the composers Franco Alfano, Pablo Sorozábal and Frederick Delius, and the conductor Václav Talich. <mask>'s elder brother <mask> the Younger (1847-1929) was also a noted professional violinist, and the concertmaster of the Helsinki Orchestral Society, who premiered most of the major orchestral works of Jean Sibelius. Selected works

Orchestral
 Nocturne und Scherzo for orchestra, Op. 6
 Gavotte in E minor, Op. 15 (1884); also for piano
 Ouverture zu A. Leschivo's "Don Juan d'Austria" for orchestra, Op.20 (c.1884, performed 1891)
 Wiegenlied und Gavotte for string orchestra, Op. 48 (1892); also for violin and piano
 Festmarsch, Op. 54 (1895)

Concertante
 Nocturne in F major for violin and orchestra (1882)
 Concerto No. 1 in D minor for violin and orchestra, Op. 11 (1884)
 Concerto No. 2 in A minor for violin and orchestra, Op. 21 (1884)
 Concertino No.1 in A minor for violin and orchestra, Op. 28 (1888)
 Polonaise No. 1 in A major for violin and orchestra (or piano), Op. 29 (published 1885)
 Concertino No. 2 "in den ersten drei Lagen ausführbar" in E minor for violin (in the first 3 positions) and orchestra, Op. 31 (1889)
 Concerto No. 1 in A minor for cello and orchestra, Op.34 (1890)
 Concerto No. 2 in D minor for cello and orchestra, Op. 38 (1891)
 Concertstück (Concert Piece) in G minor for viola and orchestra, Op. 46 (1892, orchestrated 1899)
 Concertino No. 3 in D minor for violin (in the first 5 positions) and orchestra, Op. 65 (1896)
 Concerto in A minor for viola and orchestra, Op. 68 (1900)
 Concertino "in den ersten 5 Lagen" in A Minor for violin (in the first 5 positions) and orchestra, Op.70 (1898)
 Concertino in A minor for violin (in the first position) and orchestra, Op. 93 (1906)
 Romance in G minor for viola and orchestra, Op. 72 (1900)
 Concerto No. 3 in D minor for violin and orchestra, Op. 111 (1912)
 Konzertstück: Allegro appassionato, Romanze und Tarantelle for violin or viola and orchestra (or piano), Op. 119 (1916)

Chamber music
 Piano Trio No. 1 in G major, Op.63 No. 1 (composed 1880s)
 Piano Trio No. 2 in B major, Op. 63 No. 2
 Rêverie for horn and piano, Op. 75 No. 2 (published 1902); original for viola and piano

Violin
 Gretchen: Paraphrase aus Liszt's Faust-Symphonie for violin and piano (c.1880)
 Namenlose Blätter for violin and piano, Op.10
 3 Albumblätter: Romanesca in B minor, Melodie and Gondoliera for violin and piano, Op. 13 (published 1894)
 3 Stücke (3 Pieces) for violin and piano, Op. 14 (1884)
 Romanze in G major for cello (or violin) and piano (or organ), Op. 17 (1884)
 2 Etüden zum Conzertgebrauch (2 Etudes for Concert Use) for violin and piano, Op. 24 (1886)
 Cavatine und Barcarole for violin and piano, Op. 25 (1887); Cavatine arrangement for violin and orchestra (1888)
 Walzer in D major for violin and piano (1888); published in Eulenburg's musikalischer Haus- und Familienkalender (1889)
 Aus der Jugendzeit, 12 Pieces for violin (in the first position) and piano, Op. 26 (1885)
 Lose Blätter (Loose Album Leaves), 10 Pieces for violin (in the first 3 positions) and piano, Op.37b (1880s); original version for piano solo
 6 Albumblätter (6 Album Leaves) for violin and piano, Op. 39 (1891, 1896); original version for viola and piano
 6 Fantasiestücke (6 Fantasy Pieces) for violin and piano, Op. 40 (1891)
 Violin-Duette, sechs leichte instructive Duette (Violin Duets, 6 Easy Instructive Duets) for 2 violins, Op. 42 (1892)
 6 Stücke (6 Pieces) for violin and piano, Op. 47 (1892)
 Wiegenlied und Gavotte for violin and piano, Op. 48 (1892); also for string orchestra
 Polonaise No. 2 in A major for violin and piano, Op.49 (published 1893)
 Capriccio for violin and piano, Op. 50
 Romanze und Mazurka for violin and piano, Op. 52 (1892)
 Miniatures, 12 Easy Pieces for violin and piano, Op. 53
 3 Berceuses for violin and piano, Op. 56 (1894)
 Aus der Jugendzeit: Neue Folge, 12 Pieces for violin (in the first 3 positions) and piano, Op. 57
 Scherzo capriccioso for violin and piano, Op. 59
 3 Sonatinen (3 Sonatinas) (in C major, A minor, and D major) for violin and piano, Op.62 (1895)
 2 Stücke: Barcarolle und Canzonetta for violin and piano, Op. 64b (1894, 1897); original version for cello and piano
 3 Fantasien in progressiver Reihenfolge (3 Fantasias in Progressive Sequence) for violin and piano, Op. 66 (1897)
 4 Stücke (4 Pieces) for violin and piano, Op. 67 (published 1900)
 3 Violin-Vorträge: Romanze, Nocturne, Scherzo-Tarantelle for violin and piano, Op. 71 (1898)
 20 kleine Vortragsstücke in progressiver Schwierigkeit (20 Short Concert Pieces in Progressive Difficulty) for violin and piano, or for 2 violins, Op. 73 (1900)
 3 kleine Fantasien über Weihnachtslieder (3 Short Fantasies on Christmas Carols) for violin and piano, Op. 74 (published 1903)
 Zwölf Melodische Vortragsstücke (12 Melodic Concert Pieces) for violin (in the first position) and piano, Op.78 (1902)
 Jugend-Album, 12 Little Easy Pieces for violin and piano, Op. 79 (1902)
 Bunte Blätter, 12 Easy Pieces for violin (in the first position) and piano, Op. 84 (1904)
 2 Stücke (Two Pieces) for violin and piano, Op. 87 (1905)
 Suite in D minor for violin and piano, Op. 88
 3 Stücke (3 Pieces) for violin and piano, Op. 89
     Albumblatt (Album Leaf) in G major
     Langsamer Waltzer (Slow Waltz) in A major
     Marsch (March) in C major
 3 Duette in der ersten Lage für Anfänger (3 Duets in the First Position for Beginners) for 2 violins, Op. 91 (1905)
 Suite (Präludium, Menuet, Arioso, Intermezzo, Introduction und Gavotte) for violin and piano (1905)
 3 instruktive Vortragsstücke

masks:
Hans Sitt
Jan Hanuš Sitt
Anton Sitt
Hans Sitt
Anton Sitt


texts:
 (3 Instructive Concert Pieces) for violin and piano, Op.94 (1906)
     Romanze in A major
     Bagatelle
     Polonaise in D major
 Mosaik: Zwölf kleine Vortragsstücke (Mosaic: 12 Short Concert Pieces) for violin and piano, Op. 95 (1906)
 Sechs lyrische Stücke (6 Lyrical Pieces) for violin and piano, Op. 96 (1907)
 3 Stücke (3 Pieces) for violin and piano, Op. 97 (1907)
     Romanze in A major
     Barkarole in G minor
     Mazurka in D minor
 3 Stücke (3 Pieces) for violin and piano, Op. 102
 Schüler-Konzertino No. 1 in der ersten Lage (Student's Concertino No. 1 in the First Position) in C major for violin and piano, Op.104 (1909)
 Schüler-Konzertino No. 2 in den ersten 3 Lagen (Student's Concertino No. 2 in the First 3 Positions) in A minor for violin and piano, Op. 108 (1909)
 3 Sonatinen (3 Sonatinas) for violin and piano, Op. 109 (1910)
 Schüler-Konzertino No. 3 in den ersten 5 Lagen (Student's Concertino No. 3 in the First 5 Positions) in D minor for violin and piano, Op.110 (1911)
 Gavotte for violin and piano, Op. 113 No. 3 (1912)
 3 kleine leichte Duette in der 1.-3. Lage (3 Short Easy Duets in the First 3 Positions) for 2 violins, Op. 117 (1913)
 3 kleine leichte Duette in der 1.-3. Lage (3 Short Easy Duets in the First 3 Positions) for 2 violins, Op. 118 (1913)
 Concertino in D minor for 2 violins (in the first 3 positions) and piano, Op.133 (1920)

Viola
 6 Albumblätter (6 Album Leaves) for viola and piano, Op. 39 (1891); also for violin and piano (1896)
 Concertstück (Concert Piece) in G minor for viola and piano, Op. 46 (1892, orchestrated 1899)
 3 Fantasiestücke (3 Fantasy Pieces) for viola and piano, Op. 58 (1894)
 3 Stücke (3 Pieces) for viola and piano, Op. 75 (1901)
 Gavotte und Mazurka for viola and piano, Op. 132 (1919)
 Romanze in D minor for viola and piano, Op. 102 No.1 (1909); original from Drei Stücke (3 Pieces) for violin and piano; transcription by the composer

Cello
 Romanze in G major for cello (or violin) and piano (or organ), Op. 17 (1884)
 3 Stücke (3 Pieces) for cello and piano, Op. 33 (1889)
 Scherzo in A minor for cello and piano, Op. 35 (1890)
 3 kleine Stücke (3 Little Pieces) for cello and piano, Op. 45 (1891)
 2 Stücke: Barcarolle und Canzonetta for cello and piano, Op. 64 (1894); also for violin and piano (1897)
 Serenade for cello and piano (published 1914)

Pedagogical works
 Nachtrag zu Henry Schradieck's Tonleiterstudien (Supplement to Henry Schradieck's Scale Studies) for violin (1887)
 Zwölf Etüden für Violine (12 Studies for Violin), Op. 30 (1888)
 100 Etüden als Unterrichtsmaterial zu jeder Violinschule zu gebrauchen (100 Studies for Use as a Supplement to Any Violin Method) for violin, Op.32 (1889–1891)
     Book I – 20 Etüden in der 1. Lage (20 Studies in the First Position) (1889)
     Book II – 20 Etüden in der 2., 3., 4. und 5. Lage (20 Studies in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Positions) (1889)
     Book III – 20 Etüden, Lagenwechsel (20 Studies in Changing Positions) (1890)
     Book IV – 20 Etüden in der 6. und 7. Lage (20 Studies in the 6th and 7th Positions) (1890)
     Book V – 20 Etüden, Doppelgriffe (20 Studies in Double Stopping) (1891)
 Tonleiterstudien für Violine in Doppelgriffen zum praktischen Gebrauch beim Unterricht (Scale Studies for Violin in Double Stopping), Op. 41 (1891)
 Praktische Bratschen-Schule (Practical Viola School) (1891)
 20 Etüden zur Ausbildung in der linken Hand (20 Studies for the Left Hand) for violin, Op. 51 (1892)
 20 Studien für Violine für vorgerücktere Schüler (20 Studies for Violin for More Advanced Pupils), Op. 69 (1899)
 24 Etüden für Violine in 24 verschiedenen Tonarten als Vorstudien zu Rode's Capricen zu benutzen (24 Studies for Violin in Different Keys: Preparatory Studies to Rode's Caprices), Op.80 (1902)
 20 Etüden für Anfänger in der ersten Lage (20 Studies for Beginners in the First Position) for violin, Op. 90 (1904)
 Technische Studien für Violine (Technical Studies for Violin), Op. 92 (1905)
 50 tägliche Übungen zur Ausbildung der linken Hand (50 Daily Exercises for the Left Hand) for violin, Op. 98 (1907)
 Dur und Moll: 28 leichte melodische Etüden für Violine (erste Lage) zur Befestigung der Intonation in allen Tonarten (Major and Minor: 28 Easy Melodic Studies for Violin (First Position) for Reinforcement of Intonation in All Keys), Op. 107 (1909)
 15 Etüden (15 Studies) for viola, Op. 116 (1913)
 40 besondere Übungen in den ersten 5 Lagen (40 Special Studies in the First 5 Positions) for violin, Op. 134 (published 1921)
 Schule der Geläufigkeit und Fingerfertigkeit: 60 besondere Übungen zur Ausbildung der linken Hand (School of Velocity: 60 Special Studies for Agility of the Left Hand), Op.135 (published 1921)

Piano
 Dornröschen Polka (Sleeping Beauty Polka) for piano, Op. 8 (1872)
 Namenlose Blätter (Untitled Album Leaves), 10 Pieces for piano, Op. 10 (1883)
 2 Ländler, Op. 12 (1883); also for piano 4-hands arranged by Aug. Riedel (1885)
 Gavotte in E minor, Op. 15 (1884); also for orchestra
 6 Stücke for piano 4-hands, Op. 16 (1884)
 8 kleine Fantasiestücke, Op. 19 (1884)
 Petite Sérénade for piano, Op.33
 Lose Blätter (Loose Album Leaves), 10 Pieces for piano, Op. 37 (1890); also for violin and piano

Vocal
 5 Lieder (5 Songs) for voice and piano, Op. 3 (1871)
 2 Lieder (2 Songs) for voice and piano, Op. 18 (1884)
 3 Lieder (3 Songs) for voice and piano, Op. 22 (1886)
 4 Gesänge aus "Wanderzeit" (4 Songs from "Wanderzeit") for voice and piano, Op. 23 (1886); words by  Karl Stieler
 5 Lieder (5 Songs) for voice and piano, Op. 36 (1890)
 3 kleine Lieder (3 Little Songs) for voice and piano, Op.61 (1894)
 Weihnachtslied (Christmas Song) for voice and piano (1897); words by Julius Sturm
 An Graf Zeppelin for voice (or unison chorus) and piano

Choral
 Zu Strassburg auf der langen Brück’, Swiss Folk Song (1890s)
 3 Lieder (3 Songs) for mixed chorus, Op. 43 (1891)
 Festhymne for male chorus and orchestra, Op. 55 (1893); words by Fritz Lange (1873–1933)
 Sandmännchen: rheinisches Volkslied for male chorus (c.1900)
 3 Lieder für Männerchor (3 Songs for Male Chorus), Op. 60 (1894); words by Georg von Örtzen, Gustav Kastropp and Rudolf Baumbach
 Nun brich von deiner höchsten Eiche, Patriotisches Festlied  for male chorus (1897)
 3 Lieder für gemischten Chor (3 Songs for Mixed Chorus), Op. 76 (1901)
 3 Lieder für Männerchor (3 Songs for Male Chorus), Op. 77 (published 1901); words by Julius Gersdorff
 3 Männerchore (3 Male Choruses), Op. 82 (1902); words by August Naaf, Felix Dahn and Rudolf Dietz
 Vergebliche Flucht for male chorus, Op.83 (1902); words by Julius Sturm
 Böhmische Volkslieder für gemischten Chor (Bohemian Folk Songs for Mixed Chorus) (1901)
 Böhmische Volkslieder für Männerchor (Bohemian Folk Songs for Male Chorus) (1901)
 Böhmische Volkslieder für Frauenchor (Bohemian Folk Songs for Female Chorus) (1901)
 Die Krone im Rhein for male chorus, Op. 85 (1903); words by Ernst von Estouches
 Du mit Strahlen mich begleitend for male chorus, Op. 86 No. 1 (1904); words by Friedrich Rückert
 Frommes Wunder for male chorus, Op. 86 No. 3 (1904); words by Fritz Karstedt
 Heimkehr for male chorus (1904); words by Otto Roquette

References

External links

 <mask>t Piano Trio No.1 Soundbites & Information. <mask> Piano Trio No.2 Soundbite & Information.1850 births
1922 deaths
19th-century classical composers
20th-century classical composers
Czech male classical composers
Czech classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Czech classical violists
Musicians from Prague
Czech Romantic composers
University of Music and Theatre Leipzig alumni
University of Music and Theatre Leipzig faculty
20th-century Czech male musicians
19th-century Czech male musicians
Austro-Hungarian emigrants to

masks:
Hans Sit
Hans Sitt


texts:
<mask> (November 27, 1881 – March 28, 1965) was Virginia lawyer and member of the Virginia House of Delegates representing Buckingham, Appomattox and Cumberland Counties for 38 years beginning in 1922. A member of the Byrd Organization, <mask> became a leader of its Massive Resistance to racial integration. Early and family life
<mask> was born in Marion, Virginia in 1881 to Baptist minister (and former Confederate chaplain) <mask> (1831-1913) and his wife Maria Elizabeth Woodruff of Cumberland County, Virginia. The family moved to Buckingham in 1894. His elder brother <mask> (1868-1951) eventually became president of the Richmond College where he served 51 years and for whom the main library is named. The <mask> family also included at least three daughters. <mask> married his wife <mask> (1884 - 1965) in 1912, and the couple had five children, all of whom survived their parents (Grace died three weeks after her husband).<mask> Jr. (1915 - 1993) became a lawyer and secretary of the Gray Commission and later for the Virginia legislature helping it adopt uniform state laws. <mask> and <mask>'s children also included <mask> (1921 - 1994), and daughters <mask> <mask> (1913 - 2001) and <mask> Rice (1917 - 2002). His grandson <mask><mask> III also became lawyer and federal public defender. Political career
<mask> was admitted to the bar in 1908 and worked for the U.S. State Department for several years. He began a general legal practice in Buckingham, Virginia in 1914. He was active in the state bar, as well as with the Baptist Church, Modern Woodmen fraternal benefit society, Ruritans society and local game conservation club. He was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1921 from Buckingham and re-elected 18 times.He initially served the 23rd District, but after redistricting in 1936 represented the 59th district. <mask> decided not to run for reelection in 1959, but remained secretary of the Buckingham County Democratic party until his death (after a brief illness) six years later. <mask> helped write and implement many of the Massive Resistance laws which were passed in a special section of the Virginia General Assembly called by Governor Thomas B. Stanley in August 1956. The legislation exceeded the recommendations of the Gray Commission on which State Senator Garland Gray, <mask>, Charles R. Fenwick and other <mask> loyalists sat, and for which David J. Mays served as counsel. (Mays defended segregation in several legal cases, including the anti-NAACP legislation later sponsored by <mask> Sr., as well as sat on the University of Richmond board of directors). Seven laws were directed against the NAACP and other organizations challenging racial segregation within the Commonwealth, and approved by the General Assembly on September 29, 1956. The principal draftsman, Fenwick, represented Arlington (one of the school districts being sued, and which by June had issued a plan proposing to accept the judicial desegregation order).Governor Stanley, <mask> and others in the Byrd Organization proposed to close any school desegregating, even if doing so pursuant to court order. The legislators adopted them despite Mays' opinion that courts would declare them unconstitutional, as eventually happened. Boatwright Committee
<mask> chaired the new Committee on Offenses against the Administration of Justice, initially with his son <mask><mask> Jr. as its Secretary and Harold V. Kelly of the Division of Statutory Research and Drafting as the other clerk and assistant counsel. William H. King of Richmond was the Committee's counsel (the partner at what eventually became McGuireWoods would serve as President of the Virginia State Bar in 1963-1964). The President of the Senate appointed lawyer-senators E. Almer Ames Jr. of Onancock and Earl A. Fitzpatrick of Roanoke, to the committee (the latter becoming Vice-Chairman). The Speaker of the House of Delegates appointed <mask>, and fellow lawyer-delegates William F. Stone and J. J. Williams Jr. Beginning in January 1957, the committee issued letters requesting information from the NAACP as well as the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties and other segregationist organizations. During the next month, it began subpoenaing NAACP membership lists.These activities prompted litigation (NAACP motions to quash the subpoenas) in Richmond and several Virginia counties, which eventually became part of the record submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court in NAACP v. Button, argued twice and finally decided in 1963. The subpoenas and other activities soon reduced NAACP membership in Virginia by half. In March 1957 the Boatwright Committee formally opined that various segregationist organizations did not commit the expanded legal offenses of champerty, maintenance, barratry, running and capping, nor the unauthorized practice of law. The commission did not hold any public hearings at this time, but participated in the NAACP litigation, which included testimony by attorney witnesses as well as parents of client plaintiffs. The Committee's initial report issued November 13, 1957 recommended enforcement of the new laws against the various NAACP lawyers who had testified in that litigation. Meanwhile, young delegate James M. Thomson of Alexandria (Senator <mask>'s son-in-law) chaired the other new investigative committee, the Committee on Law Reform and Racial Activities (a/k/a Thomson Committee). Thomson's aggressive questioning of printer David H. Scull (a Quaker from Annandale) concerning a pro-desegregation pamphlet, led to Scull's being cited for contempt by an Arlington court, which the U.S. Supreme Court reversed in Scull v. Virginia ex rel.Committee on Law Reform & Racial Activities on May 4, 1959. After the unfavorable Scull decision, the Thomson Committee was merged with this committee. Stone had been elected to the Senate but remained on the committee; Senator Ames and Delegate J.J. Williams left the committee. Thomson and delegates Francis B. Gouldman of Fredericksburg and Frank P. Moncure of Stafford were added, together with Senator Joseph C. Hutcheson of Lawrenceville(former president of the Commonwealth's Attorney Association). The revised committee held a hearing in Floyd, Virginia on July 27, 1959. There, it questioned NAACP attorney Reuben E. Lawson of Roanoke (with Samuel Wilbert Tucker serving as his counsel), as well as James L. Walker of the Harriss-Hart School Parent Teacher Association and nearly a dozen parents about a lawsuit that Lawson had filed against the Floyd County school board. Some husbands testified that they did not sign up for the litigation but their wives went to meetings; others admitted signing papers and considered Lawson their attorney, but testified they did not pay the lawyers employed in the litigation and expected the NAACP or PTA paid them, or said that they really didn't understand the litigation but wanted their children to go to school (whether at the black high school out-of-county in Christiansburg, Virginia or to Check High School or Floyd High School in the county, or a proposed new black high school in Floyd County).James H. Combs, superintendent of the Floyd County schools testified that he received a petition about the matter in April 1958 and that at least once he told the Harris-Hart school principal to forbid Lawson from speaking to the PTA on school property. On December 14, 1959 the committee issued a 13-page report on offenses including barratry, champerty, running and capping. The report complained that the Virginia State Bar was spending more than $5000 on a Jamestown commemoration and $6250 on a new continuing legal education program, but not "ridding it of those unethical influences which discredit all lawyers, in bringing about the punishment of those engaged in the unauthorized practice of law". It said that the Virginia State Bar retained A.R<mask> Jr. of Richmond to bring proceedings against <mask> M. Savage, as well as the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, the NAACP and the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, and also indicated the State Corporation Commission was investigating the NAACP, but otherwise only criticized the NAACP and its chief staff attorney, Oliver W. Hill. The committee continued after <mask>'s term ended, but was disbanded after a legislative reorganization in 1974. Oddly, the only Virginia State Bar prosecution related to this report was of Samuel W. Tucker, and began in Emporia in 1960.Both Tucker of Emporia and "<mask>. Savage of Baltimore" had been mentioned in the committee's 1957 report, but Tucker only in the "Offense of Unprofessional Conduct" section, together with future 4th Circuit Court of Appeals judge Spottswood W. Robinson III and Hill (for both of whom the Richmond federal courthouse is now named), and seven other lawyers from Norfolk, Alexandria, Richmond and Newport News. The 1957 report had accused Savage of champerty, barratry and unauthorized practice of law, the latter two offenses together with the Virginia NAACP's non-lawyer secretary W. Lester <mask> of Richmond and non-lawyer Norris W. Tingle of Baltimore. Hill and Robinson were also initially accused of barratry, together with NAACP entities and men from Baltimore, Richmond and Portsmouth who like Walker and <mask>, may not have been attorneys. Death
<mask> died in 1965 and is buried in the Buckingham Baptist Cemetery. References

1881 births
1965 deaths
University of Richmond alumni
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
People from Buckingham, Virginia
Virginia Democrats
20th-century American politicians
People from Marion, Virginia

masks:
John Baker Boatwright
Boatwright
Boatwright
Reuben Baker Boatwright
Frederick William Boatwright
Reuben Boatwright
John Boatwright
Grace Nalle Jones Boatwright
John Boatwright
John
Grace Boatwright
Frederick Boatwright
Louise Boatwright
Broome
Carolyn Boatwright
John B
. Boatwright
Boatwright
Boatwright
Boatwright
Boatwright
Byrd
John Boatwright
Boatwright
Boatwright
John B
. Boatwright
Boatwright
Byrd
. Bowles
Barnard
Boatwright
Bernard M
Banks
Banks
Boatwright


texts:
<mask> (; c. 1612 – 1659) was a Polish Jesuit missionary to China, scientist and explorer. He was an early Western traveller within the Chinese mainland, and the author of numerous works on Asian fauna, flora and geography. The first European Chinese dictionary, published in 1670, is attributed to <mask>. Biography

<mask> was born in Lwów, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine), around 1614, to a well-off family of Hungarian ancestry. His grandfather  Jerzy Boim came to Poland from Hungary with the king  Stefan Batory, and married Jadwiga Niżniowska. <mask>'s father,  Paweł Jerzy Boim (1581–1641), was a physician to King Sigismund III of Poland. Out of Pawel Jerzy's six sons, the eldest, the ne'er-do-well Jerzy was disinherited; Mikołaj and Jan became merchants;  Paweł, a doctor; while
<mask> and  Benedykt Paweł joined the Society of Jesus.The family had their own family chapel in Lviv's central square, which was constructed around the time of <mask>'s birth. In 1631, Boym joined the Jesuits in Kraków, and was ordained a priest. In 1643, after almost a decade of intensive studies in the monasteries of Kraków, Kalisz, Jarosław and Sandomierz, <mask> embarked on a voyage to Eastern Asia. He first traveled to Rome, where he obtained a blessing for his mission from Pope Urban VIII, and then proceeded to Lisbon. Later that year he embarked with a group of nine other priests and clerics on a voyage to Portuguese Goa, and then Macau. Initially he taught at St. Paul Jesuit College (Macau). He then moved to the island of Hainan, where he opened a small Catholic mission.After the island had been conquered by the Manchus, Boym had to flee to Tonkin in 1647. Even as Jesuits in northern and central China were successfully switching their loyalties from the fallen Ming Dynasty to the newly established Qing, the  Jesuits in the south of the country continued to work with the Ming loyalist regimes still controlling some of the region. Accordingly, in 1649 Boym was sent  by the Canton-based Vice-Provincial of the China Mission Alvaro Semedo with a diplomatic mission to the court of the Yongli Emperor, the last Chinese ruler of the Ming Dynasty, still controlling parts of the Southwestern China. As the Yongli regime was endangered by the encroaching Manchus, the Jesuit Andreas Wolfgang Koffler, who had been at the Yongli court since 1645, had succeeded in converting many of the members of the imperial family to  Christianity believing this would attract help from Western monarchs for the Southern Ming's struggle to continue to rule China. Among the Christians at the Yongli's court were Empress dowager Helena Wang (Wang Liena), the main wife of the emperor's father; Empress dowager Maria Ma (Ma Maliya), the mother of the emperor; Empress Anne Wang, the main wife of the emperor; and the heir to the throne, prince Constantine (Dangding), Zhu Cuxuan. The Emperor's eunuch secretary Pang Tianshou (龐天壽), known by his Christian name  Achilles, had become a Christian as well, years earlier. Boym was chosen to present the situation of the Chinese Emperor to the Pope.He received letters from Empress dowager Helena and from Pang Achilles, to give to Pope Innocent X, the General of the Jesuit Order, and Cardinal John de Lugo. Additional letters were dispatched to the Doge of Venice and to the King of Portugal. Together with a young court official named  Andrew Zheng (), Boym embarked on his return voyage to Europe. They arrived at Goa in May 1651, where they learned that the King of Portugal had already abandoned the cause of the Chinese (Southern Ming) Emperor, and that Boym's mission was seen as a possible threat to future relations with the victorious Manchu. This view was also supported by the new local superior of the Jesuits, who believed the Jesuit Order should not interfere in the internal power struggles of China. Boym was placed under house arrest. However, he managed to escape and continue his voyage  on foot.By way of Hyderabad, Surat, Bander Abbas and Shiraz, he arrived at Isfahan, in Persia. From there he continued his journey to Erzerum, Trabzon and İzmir, where he arrived near the end of August 1652. As the Venetian court was having conflicts with the Jesuits, Boym discarded his habit and dressed up as a Chinese Mandarin, before he arrived in Venice in December of that year. Although he had managed to cross uncharted waters and unknown lands, his mission there would not be easy, as the political intrigues at the European courts proved to be extremely complicated. Initially the Doge of Venice refused to grant Boym an audience, as Venice wanted to maintain a neutral stance in regards to China. Boym managed to convince the French ambassador to support his cause, and the Doge finally saw Boym and accepted the letter. However, the French involvement caused a negative reaction from the Pope, as Innocent X was actively opposed to France and its ambitions.Also the newly elected General of the Jesuits, Gosvinus Nickel, believed Boym's mission might endanger other Jesuit missions in China and other parts of the world. A new Pope was elected in 1655, and after three years, Alexander VII finally saw Boym on 18 December 1655. However, although Alexander was sympathetic to the Ming dynasty and its dilemma, he could not offer any practical help and his letter to the Chinese emperor contained little but words of empathy and offers of prayers. However, the letter from the new Pope opened many doors for Boym and his mission. In Lisbon, he was granted an audience by King John IV, who promised to help the Chinese struggle with military force. In March 1656, Boym started his return trip to China. Out of eight priests accompanying him, only four survived the journey.Upon reaching Goa it turned out that Yongli's situation was dire and that the local Portuguese administration, despite direct orders from the monarch, did not want to let Boym travel to Macau. This was in order not to compromise their commercial enterprises with the victorious Manchu. Boym again ignored the Portuguese monopoly by travelling on foot, this time by an uncharted route to Ayutthaya, the capital of Siam. He arrived there in early 1658, and hired a ship from pirates, with which he sailed to northern Vietnam. In Hanoi, Boym tried to procure a guide to lead him and the priests travelling with him to Yunnan. However, he was unsuccessful and he had to continue the journey alone, with the assistance only of Chang, who had travelled with him all the way to Europe and back. They reached the Chinese province of Guangxi, but on 22 June 1659 Boym died, having failed to reach the emperor's court.The burial place remains unknown. Works

Boym is best remembered for his works describing the flora, fauna, history, traditions and customs of the countries he travelled through. During his first trip to China he wrote a short work on the plants and animals dwelling in Mozambique. The work was later sent to Rome, but was never printed. During his return trip he prepared a large collection of maps of mainland China and South-East Asia. He planned to expand it to nine chapters describing China, its customs and political system, as well as Chinese science and inventions. The merit of Boym's maps was that they were the first European maps to properly represent Korea as a peninsula rather than an island.They also took notice of the correct positions of many Chinese cities previously unknown to the westerners or known only by the semi-fabulous descriptions of Marco Polo. Boym also marked the Great Wall and the Gobi Desert. Although the collection was not published during Boym's lifetime, it extended the knowledge of China in the west. The best known of Boym's works is the Flora Sinensis ("Chinese Flora"), published in Vienna in 1656. The book was the first description of an ecosystem of the Far East published in Europe. Boym underlined the medicinal properties of the Chinese plants. The book also included pleas for support of the Catholic Chinese emperor and a poem containing nearly a hundred chronograms pointing to the date of 1655, the date of coronation of Emperor Leopold I as the King of Hungary, as Boym wanted to gain support of that monarch for his mission.Athanasius Kircher heavily drew on the Flora Sinensis for the chapters on the plants and animals of China in his celebrated China Illustrata (1667). <mask> authored the first published Chinese dictionary for a European language, a Chinese–French dictionary published in the first French edition of Kircher's work, in 1670. In his other works, such as Specimen medicinae Sinicae ("Chinese medicinal plants") and Clavis medica ad Chinarum doctrinam de pulsibus ("Key to the Medical Doctrine of the Chinese on the Pulse") he described the Chinese traditional medicine and introduced several methods of healing and diagnostics previously unknown in Europe, particularly measurement of the pulse. The latter book was likely written by the Dutch doctor and scholar Willem ten Rhijne. See also

Benedict of Poland
Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki
List of Jesuit scientists
List of Roman Catholic cleric-scientists
Nicolae Milescu

Notes and references

External links

 Flora Sinensis 1656 at Bibliothèque Universitaire Moretus Plantin. Hartmut Walravens, "Michael Boym und die Flora Sinensis" - very good bio, and analysis of Flora Sinensis
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070727002548/http://form.nlc.gov.cn/sino/show.php?id=2 (Chinese)

1610s births
1659 deaths
17th century in China
Jesuit missionaries in China
Polish explorers
Clergy from Lviv
Polish Jesuits
Polish people of Hungarian descent
Polish Roman Catholic missionaries
Polish sinologists
Catholic clergy scientists
Roman Catholic missionaries in China
Jesuit scientists
Jesuit missionaries
Polish expatriates in China
Missionary linguists

masks:
Michał Piotr Boym
Boym
Michał Boym
Michał
Michał
Michał
Boym
Boym


texts:
<mask> (Zutphen, 13 February 1959 – Heiloo, 28 September 2021) was an independent scholar who studied ancient Indo-European languages, hieroglyphic Luvian/Luwian, and Mediterranean protohistory. He was the former editor of Talanta, Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society. Life
<mask> graduated from high school in 1977. He finished his history studies in 1985 with an exam in Ancient History and specializing in Prehistory and Early History of the Mediterranean region. His education included Provincial Roman Archeology and the study of Classical languages, including Latin and Greek, as well as Luwian languages, Italian dialects and Mycenaeology. In 2006 he obtained his doctorate from Erasmus University Rotterdam with a Dissertation on The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples. From 1986 to 1989 and 1992 to 1995 <mask> was editor of the Dutch journal Talanta, Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society and from 1990 to 1992 director of the “Henri Frankfort Foundation”.Work
Woudhuizen examined in particular the writing systems of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age of the Mediterranean, including Luwian hieroglyphs, Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A, Cypro-Minoan and the Byblos Script. He has also dealt extensively with the Luwian language and with "Trümmersprachen" (Lycian, Lydian, Sidetic, Carian) and investigated Etruscan and Southwest Iberian. Woudhuizen applied a methodical principle to his work, which Stefan Hiller describes as a “paleographic-comparative procedure”. A similar approach had been used by Michael Ventris in the deciphering of Linear B. Similar or comparable character forms in related writing systems are used and their known phonetic values are transferred to the script to be deciphered. Woudhuizen described the most difficult part of his deciphering work as “hunting for sound values”. If the character sequence of the writing to be deciphered can be translated into a sequence of phonetic values, the writing becomes legible.In order to make them understandable, word parallels in other languages must be used. Due to the close relationship of the language branches within the Indo-European language family, the meaning of some terms is obvious. Until 2008, Woudhuizen worked for two decades jointly with Jan Best, at that time a lecturer in Ancient History and Prehistory at the  University of Amsterdam. Best had deciphered the libation formula in Linear A in 1981: “I have given and my hand has made as an expiatory offering, oh Asherah.” According to his studies, this sentence showed that it is a Semitic language, which was written in a linearized script derived essentially from the Cretan hieroglyphs. <mask> continued this work on his own from 2009, mainly transferring the phonetic values from the later Linear B to the signs of Linear A. He then identified the words using a Semitic dictionary – and was thus able to read Linear A. According to Woudhuizen, the language of the Linear A tablets is identical to the Semitic dialect that was spoken in Byblos at the same time.The deciphering of Linear A triggered a domino effect, because the transfer of phonetic values between similar characters in different writing systems also made other scripts that were previously considered undeciphered readable, including the Byblos Script and Cypro-Minoan. According to Woudhuizen, the situation on Crete, with regard to languages and scripts, was complicated, as in addition to Semitic, Luwian and Pelasgian were also spoken and written on the island. The Luwian language turned out to be particularly helpful in deciphering Cretan hieroglyphs, the longest text of which, according to Woudhuizen, is the famous Phaistos Disc. Woudhuizen's works show that characters, scripts and languages of the 2nd millennium BC were largely derived from one another across the entire Mediterranean region. With regard to the transcription of Luwian hieroglyphs, Woudhuizen insisted that the sound values of the Luwian language, which are known for around 90 percent of the words, ought to be used. The standard method for transcription, as established in 1973, however, uses Latin terms. The well-known Luwian word “parna” (for house) is therefore transcribed with the Latin term “DOMUS”.<mask> argued that the translation into Latin hinders access to the Luwian language, thus making it unnecessarily difficult to understand. He also assumed a position against the so-called “new reading” advocated by  J. David Hawkins and suggested replacing this with an “adapted old reading”. Woudhuizen’s arguments have been confirmed by the subsequent studies in a number of instances:

 Since the 1980s, Woudhuizen has argued that the coming of the Greeks should be placed around 1600 BC. Historian Robert Drews, in his work, The Coming of the Greeks, seems to agree with this late date. <mask> argued that Luwian has to be centum like all other Early Indo-European languages. This suggestion was accepted by Craig Melchert in 2012. According to Woudhuizen, Luwian hieroglyphic came into use as early as 2000 BC, and Willemijn Waal in a 2012 paper confirmed the existence of Middle Bronze Age Luwian inscriptions.The word tíwaná occurs frequently in the Late Bronze Age Luwian hieroglyphic inscriptions from Yalburt and Südburg. Already in the 1990s, Woudhuizen interpreted this word to represent “enemy,” which helped understanding the texts much better. This interpretation was later confirmed by Ilya Yakubovich. Piero Meriggi in 1964 read the sequence ma-sà-ka-na- as “Phrygians” in Kızıldağ 4 – and Woudhuizen was the only scholar who maintained this identification ever since. In 2019, the word “Muski” turned up in the Türkmen-Karahöyük inscription and was then interpreted to mean “Phrygian” – as it does in Kızıldağ 4. The Tuscany Dice bears the Etruscan words for the digits 1-6, where θu has been read as “one” and zal as “two”. Woudhuizen suggested swapping the numbers so that θu stands for “two” and is thus typically Indo-European.This interpretation was later adopted by John Ray. In the late 1990s, Woudhuizen suggested that Southwestern Iberian is Celtic – an idea subsequently advocated by John Koch. Selected publications
 Luwian hieroglyphic monumental rock and stone inscriptions from the Hittite Empire period
 Selected Luwian hieroglyphic texts 1
 Selected Luwian hieroglyphic texts 2
 Selected Luwian hieroglyphic texts, the extended version
 The earliest Cretan scripts
 The earliest Cretan scripts 2
 The Phaistos Disc: A Luwian letter to Nestor
 The ethnicity of the Sea Peoples
 Ethnicity in Mediterranean Protohistory, with Wim M.J. van Binsbergen
 Some More Etruscan Inscriptions
 Two Notes on Lydian
 Etruscan as a colonial Luwian language, Amsterdam 2019
 The Liber Linteus

References

External links

1959 births
2021 deaths
Independent scholars
Dutch historians
People from Zutphen
Dutch philologists
Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni
Luwian language

masks:
Frederik Christiaan Woudhuizen
Fred Woudhuizen
Woudhuizen
Woudhuizen
Woudhuizen
Woudhuizen


texts:
<mask> (August 13, 1909 – November 12, 1990) was an American character actor. He appeared in 181 films and television series from 1939 to 1979. Biography
Born in 1909, <mask> began his professional career in vaudeville in 1931, teaming with his boyhood friend Jack Carson in a comedy song and dance routine. For a time in the mid-1930s, he was a reporter and editor for a Milwaukee newspaper. He first appeared on screen in Good Girls Go to Paris (1939), in an uncredited bit part. He teamed with Carson again when Carson invited him to write for his radio show; <mask> wrote and played the part of Carson's nephew Tugwell on The Jack Carson Show from 1943 to 1949. <mask> and Cliff Arquette had their own radio and television shows in the early 1950s.Both versions were called <mask> and Charley; the radio version was heard circa 1950, but the television version of it was on the air for only three months in early 1952. In the 1961–1962 season, he played Harvey Clayton, father of the 1920s teenager Margie Clayton, portrayed by Cynthia Pepper in ABC's Margie. He appeared on an episode of Dragnet as an ex-vaudevillean who is cheated out of $9,000 that he found on a sidewalk. In 1966, he had an uncredited role as the bartender in the Elvis Presley vehicle Frankie and Johnny. <mask> is probably most familiar to modern audiences from his performance as Baby Jane Hudson's father in the opening scenes of the cult classic What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962). He appeared in a two episodes of The Cara Williams Show with Cara Williams in 1964 and 1965 and played seven different characters on CBS's Green Acres with Eddie Albert and Eva Gabor, mostly portraying clerks or elevator operators.<mask> did voice acting for animated series, such as the offscreen narrator on Wacky Races (1968) and as father Augustus "Gus" Holiday on The Roman Holidays (1972). <mask> appeared in a classic 1970 television commercial for "The Great American Soups", directed by American satirist Stan Freberg, alongside tap-dancing star Ann Miller. He died of complications due to stroke on November 12, 1990 at the age of 81. He is buried in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery. For his contribution to the television industry, <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6358 Hollywood Boulevard. Selected filmography

 Three Texas Steers (1939) - Hotel Desk Clerk (uncredited)
 S.O.S. Pat Casey
 Four Jills in a Jeep (1944) - Heckling Soldier (uncredited)
 Pin Up Girl (1944) - Dud Miller
 Wing and a Prayer (1944) - Ens.Hans Jacobson
 She's a Sweetheart (1944) - Wes
 Bring on the Girls (1945) - Sailor (uncredited)
 It's a Pleasure (1945) - Elevator Man (uncredited)
 It's in the Bag! (1945) - Stratosphere Balcony Usher (uncredited)
 Pride of the Marines (1945) - Red (uncredited)
 This Love of Ours (1945) - Dr. Dailey
 Spellbound (1945) - Bellboy (uncredited)
 Joe Palooka, Champ (1946) - Mr. Rodney
 The Runaround (1946) - Hubert 'Billy' Willis
 The Searching Wind (1946) - Harry, Male Nurse
 The Fabulous Dorseys (1947) - Foggy
 Stork Bites Man (1947) - Lester
 State of the Union (1948) - Pilot (uncredited)
 So This Is New York (1948) - Willis Gilbey
 Sealed Verdict (1948) - Stockade Desk Sergeant
 Chicago Deadline (1949) - Pig
 No Man of Her Own (1950) - Jimmy Baker (uncredited)
 Belle of Old Mexico (1950) - Tommy Mayberry
 Louisa (1950) - Joe Collins - Cab Driver
 Call Me Mister (1951) - Chet in Skit (uncredited)
 Let's Go Navy! (1951) - Algernon Hobenocker
 Darling, How Could You!

masks:
David Willock
Willock
Willock
Willock
Dave
Willock
Willock
Willock
Willock


texts:
<mask>, FACS, FRACS (born 11 August 1965) is an American trained surgeon who is practicing general, breast and oncologic surgery in Australia. Dauway was co-inventor of the use of radioactive seeds in the breast to localise non-palpable breast cancers and the first in Australia to use magnetic seeds instead of radioactive seeds. This technique replaces hookwire or needle localisation improving patient safety, outcomes and satisfaction. The method was patented by the University of South Florida while Dauway was a fellow of surgical oncology. The method has been used since 1999 and has improved with the development of modern equipment. <mask> is also a Yoga Instructor, a Keynote speaker and is founder/director of Restore More, a non-profit initiative which provides education and funding to women in regional and geographically disadvantaged areas for breast cancer treatment and reconstruction. Education

<mask> graduated from Long Beach Polytechnic High School, Long Beach CA  in 1983.She then studied for a Bachelor Degree, Natural Science from Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, graduating in May 1987, and obtained a Doctorate of Medicine from the University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford IL in 1992. Dauway then completed an Internship/Residency in General Surgery at Ochsner Medical Foundation Hospital, New Orleans LA, from June 1992 to May 1997. She completed a Fellowship in Surgical Oncology from University of South Florida, H.L. Moffitt Cancer and Research Institute Tampa FL, from June 1997 to May 1999. Career

Dauway has been employed in medical academic appointments and medical clinical appointments. She was employed as an Assistant Professor of Surgery from June 1999 to April 2001, at the West Virginia University Robert C Byrd School of Medicine, Dept. of General Surgery Division of Surgical Oncology, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.In 1999, Dr <mask> and Dr Charles Cox presented the results of a pilot study to the Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons. Results from that study indicated that the surgeons had discovered a safe new method of taking biopsies from lesions in the breast. The use of radioactive seeds allowed surgeons to more accurately locate tumors, allowing less tissue to be removed. From April 2001 to December 2005 <mask> worked as a General Surgeon/Surgical Oncologist at the Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA, in the Dept. of General, Thoracic, Vascular Surgery. Then she took the position of Chief of Surgery/Surgical Oncologist at Wilcox Memorial Hospital, Kauai, Hawaii, USA, from December 2005 to July 2012. From June 2007 to June 2012 she was Assistant Professor of Surgery at Texas A & M Health Sciences Division of Surgical Oncology, Temple, Texas, USA and Clinical Instructor of Surgery at John Burns Medical School, Hawaii, USA, from June 2012 to Dec 2014.Her last appointment in the USA, was Chief of Breast Surgery at Scott and White Healthcare, Texas, USA, from July 2012 to December 2014. In 2014, IntraMedical Imaging LLC, licensed a key patent from the University of South Florida for the new breast cancer treatment co-invented by Dauway and Dr. Charles Cox, McCann Foundation Endowed Professor of Breast Surgery. The seed localization technique had been further refined and allowed surgeons to be guided by mammography, to place small radioactive seeds inside the patient’s breast lump. The seeds are tracked to guide the surgeon to the lump, which minimizes the volume of breast tissue removed, resulting in a less invasive surgical option for patients, and better outcomes. This means that surgeons can locate and excise smaller tumours in the breast without the need for a mastectomy. In January 2015, <mask> moved to Australia and was employed as a Specialist General Surgeon/Surgical Oncologist/Consultant at the Gladstone Mater Hospital and the Gladstone District Hospital, in Gladstone, Queensland, with her time divided equally between the two hospitals. The partnership between the two hospitals allowed each hospital more opportunities to employ specialists and provided better after-hours coverage.From October 2015 to 2018 Dauway was also employed in the academic position of Senior Lecturer at the University of Queensland School of Medicine, in the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. Dauway continued to make advances in oncoplastic surgery. She was the first surgeon in Australia to offer Magseed localization for breast cancer surgery, using small magnetic seeds, the size of a grain of rice, instead of radioactive seeds or the more traditional use of hook-wires. This seed can stay in place for up to 30 days winch allows more flexibility in timing. With the increased risk of infection with hook-wire technique, women from rural areas often had to travel to have this implanted and it needed to be done on the same day as the breast surgery. The first Magseed localisation was done on a breast-cancer patient from Middlemount, Queensland. Dauway left Gladstone in January 2020, to take up a position as Specialist General Surgeon/Surgical Oncologist/Consultant at the Hervey Bay Hospital & St. Stephens Private Hospital, Queensland.Philanthropy and community involvement

Restore More
Dauway founded Restore More, a non-profit organisation, to provide education and funding to women in regional and geographically disadvantaged areas, to allow better access to breast cancer treatment and reconstruction. After working in Central Queensland, Dauway noticed that rural and remote patients had barriers preventing them from accessing the full range of reconstruction options open to those living in cities. Reconstruction is not just cosmetic as those who have had one breast removed can suffer from muscular-skeletal problems and issues with balance. Reconstructive surgery can reduce issues caused by asymmetry and this is a vital part of treatment and recovery. Long distances and the expense of travel and accommodation can reduce reconstruction options for some patients. Only one in ten Australian women will be offered reconstructive surgery and Dauway aims to increase awareness of options and improve access. Fundraising events help provide funds for Restore More to continue this work.The holistic approach
Dauway believes that treatment of cancer requires a holistic approach. In her practice, as well as removing the cancer, she aims for the person to be restored mentally and physically in order to live a quality life after treatment. She is a certified Yoga instructor and incorporates Yoga, diet and mindfulness techniques into surgical practice. She regularly taught at Epic Yoga and Lifestyle, in Gladstone, Queensland. Dauway believes that all patients should have access to reconstruction options. Surgical volunteerism
When possible, Dr Dauway spends a few weeks each year working with surgical missions in various countries (listed below). The missions provide her with opportunities for teaching and learning.Restore More- Nepal, Dhulikhel Hospital, 2019
 IMA Helps- Paraguay, General Surgery, 2017- 2019
 IMA Helps– Nicaragua, General Surgery, 2016
 IMA Helps –El Salvador, General Surgery, July 2014
 FLMMC Cameroon, Medicine & development of a new medical facility, January 2014
 IMA Helps– Peru General, Surgery, July 2013
 IMA Helps– Nicaragua, General Surgery, July 2012
 Haiti, General Surgery, July 2010

Professional memberships

 Fellow Royal Australian College of Surgeons
 Fellow American College of Surgeons
 Fellow Society of Surgical Oncology
 American Society of Breast Surgeons
 Breast Surgeons Australia New Zealand
 Association of Women Surgeons

Awards and recognition
In 2019, at the Regional Women's Network, CQ Inc (RWN), Dauway won the Inspirational Woman of the Year 2019 award and was the first to receive the Ann Augusteyn Trophy. She was honored for a holistic approach to surgery and her work with regional women through her non-profit, Restore More. Patent
Dauway was the co-inventor of the use of radioactive seeds in the breast to localise non-palpable breast cancers and the first in Australia to use magnetic seeds instead of radioactive seeds. This technique replaces hook-wire or needle localisation improving patient safety, outcomes and satisfaction. The method was patented by the University of South Florida while Dauway was a fellow of surgical oncology. The method has been used since 1999 and has improved with the development of modern equipment. Radio guided seed localization of imaged lesions
US Patent- US6496717B2
Inventor: Charles E. Cox, <mask>. Dauway
Assignee: University of South Florida

Research
Sample of research:

 <mask>, E.L., Giuliano, R., Pendas, S., Haddad, F., Costello, D., Cox, C.E., Berman, C., Ku, N.N.and Reintgen, D.S. (1999). Lymphatic mapping: a technique providing accurate staging for breast cancer. Breast Cancer, 6(2), pp. 145–154. Gray, R.J., Giuliano, R., <mask>, E.L., Cox, C.E. and Reintgen, D.S.(2001). Radioguidance for nonpalpable primary lesions and sentinel lymph node(s). The American Journal of Surgery, 182(4), pp. 404–406. Gray, R.J., Salud, C., Nguyen, K., <mask>, E., Friedland, J., Berman, C., Peltz, E., Whitehead, G. and Cox, C.E. (2001). Randomized Prospective Evaluation of a Novel Technique for Biopsy or Lumpectomy of Nonpalpable Breast Lesions: Radioactive Seed Versus Wire Localization.Annals of Surgical Oncology, 8(9), pp. 711–715. Povoski, S.P., <mask>, E.L. and Ducatman, B.S. (2002). Sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy for breast cancer at a rural-based university medical center: Initial Experience with intraparenchymal and intradermal injection routes. Breast Cancer, 9(2), pp. 134–144.Goodwin, J.T., Decroff, C., <mask>, E., Sybenga, A. and Mahabir, R.C. (2013). The management of incidental findings of reduction mammoplasty specimens. The Canadian journal of plastic surgery = Journal canadien de chirurgie plastique,  21(4), pp. 226–8. Gray, R.J., Cox, C.E. and <mask>, E.L. (2016).Radioguided Surgery for Non-palpable Breast Lesions: I-125 Radioactive Seed Localization. Radioguided Surgery, pp. 125–137. <mask>, E.L. (2018). The state of breast reconstruction in australia: challenges and opportunities. Mastology, 23(4), pp. 203–205.References

External links
 Centre for Personal Renewal
 Restore More (non-profit)

1965 births
Living people
American surgeons
Johns Hopkins University alumni
University of Illinois at Chicago alumni
Women surgeons

masks:
Emilia Dauway MD
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Emilia L
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