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<mask> (born 1929) is a neuropsychologist specializing in the attention process and the role of apical dendrites in cognition and consciousness. Early life and education
<mask> was born in St. Louis, Missouri and received his undergraduate degree from the College of Wooster, his MA degree from Claremont University and his PhD degree Stanford University. Career
Dr<mask> has taught at Indiana University, Bloomington, University of Minnesota, and University of California at Irvine from 1955 until 1997. He was also a member of the adjunct faculty in psychology and biology at Bard College at Simon's Rock from 1997 to 2007 and was a Visiting Scholar at the University of Washington, Seattle from 2009 - 2011. Honors
Distinguished Teaching Award, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota; University of Minnesota Students Association Distinguished Service Award. Fellow, Society of Experimental Psychologists. Fellow AAAS.Fellow American Psychological Association. Fellow, American Psychological Society. Member Society for Neuroscience. Research
1. Mathematical models of choice behavior. A model for neutral elements (1959a, b) provided a way to represent noise elements in the Estes and Burke (1953) choice theory. A recruitment model for choice behavior (1962, 1994) assumes that processing a stimulus involves the recruiting (or accumulation) of elements by alternative response counters until a criterion number is reached and the corresponding response is evoked.2. Early experiments of attention in response time experiments. Stimulus processing is biased by relative frequency of presentation (1964), by incentive value (1967), and by inserting an informative cue into a trial (1970). 3. Studies of automaticity. Measurement of automatic processing (1973a). A theory of automaticity in reading (1974) with S.J.Samuels. A theory of automaticity in perception (1975). 4. Measuring the spread of attention in visual space (1983, 1989). 5. Shifting attention by sense modality (1973b) and across visual space (1997). 6.Studies of thalamic involvement in selective attention. A brain scan study of the human pulvinar during sustained selective attention (1990) with Monte Buchsbaum. A neural network simulation study of thalamic circuit operations in selective attention (1992). 7. Development of a test for preparatory attention to location (2000) with Eric Sieroff, and tests of patients (2004, 2005). 8. Development of a cortex-wide circuit theory of attention:
The Triangular Circuit of Attention, (1995, 1997).9. Development of an apical dendrite theory of cognition, attention, and consciousness. A series of papers explored the hypothesis that the apical dendrite is not "just another dendrite" but has its own special functions (2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007). The hypothesis that the apical dendrite resonates was illustrated informally by LaBerge and his daughter, Anne La Berge in three performances of a work entitled Resonant Dendrites, (2006, 2007, 2009), which featured film, narrative voice samples and music. A formal description of a theory of electric resonance in apical dendrites appeared in an article by Kasevich & LaBerge (2010), which shows how an apical dendrite can fine tune its own membrane oscillations to a specific peak frequency, and narrow the width of the resonance curve around this peak to less than 1 Hz. This refinement enables its associated cortical circuit to generate a specific resonant ("carrier") frequency by which the circuit can separate its signaling from that of other circuits. A more recent article by LaBerge & Kasevich (2013) describes signaling by neurons as the neural correlate of objective information processing and resonating in clusters of apical dendrites as the neural correlate of subjective impressions (e.g., impressions of sounds, colors, and feelings).These two "articles provide theoretical support for the hypothesis that apical dendrite resonance supplements neural signaling as a major mode of neural function. Furthermore, the resonance-based subjective impressions may be regarded as the contents of consciousness. Life
His major extracurricular activity was to serve for 21 years as music director and Conductor of the Minnesota Bach Society Orchestra and Chorus from 1959 to 1980. He was the director of the 50-voice South Sound Classical Choir in the Tacoma, WA area until May 2019. He resides in Tacoma, Washington with his wife Janice Lawry. References
Estes, W.K. & Burke, C. J.A theory of stimulus variability in learning. Psychological Review, 1953, 60, 276–286. LaBerge, D. (1959a). Effect of preliminary trials on rate of conditioning in a simple prediction situation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57, 20–24. LaBerge, D. (1959b). A model with neutral elements.In R.R. Bush & W.K. Estes (Eds. ), Studies in Mathematical Learning Theory. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp 53–93. <mask>, D. (1962). A recruitment theory of simple behavior.Psychometrika, 27, 375–396. LaBerge, D. and Tweedy, J.R. (1964). Presentation probability and choice time. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 477–481. LaBerge, D. Tweedy, J.R., & Ricker, J. (1967). Selective attention: Incentive variables and choice time.Psychonomic Science, 8, 341–342. LaBerge, D., Van Gelder, P., & Yellott, J. (1970) A cueing technique in choice reaction time. Perception and Psychophysics, 7, 57–62. LaBerge, D. (1973a) Attention and the measurement of perceptual learning. Memory and Cognition, 1, 268–276. LaBerge, D. and Samuels, S.J.(1974) Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 293–323. LaBerge, D. (1975). Acquisition of automatic processing of perceptual learning. In P. M. A. Rabbitt & S. Dornic (Eds. ), Attention & Performance V, New York: Academic Press, pp 50–64. LaBerge, D. (1973b) Identification of the time to switch attention: A test of a serial and a parallel model of attention.In S. Kornblum (Ed. ), Attention & Performance IV, New York: Academic Press, pp 71–85. LaBerge, D. (1983). The spatial extent of attention to letters and words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 9, 37 -379. LaBerge, D. & Brown, V. (1989) Theory of attentional operations in shape identification. Psychological Review, 96,101-124.LaBerge, D & Buchsbaum, M.S. (1990). Positron emission tomographic measurements of pulvinar activity during an attention task. Journal of Neuroscience, 10, 613–619. LaBerge, D., Carter, M., and Brown, V. (1992). A network simulation of thalamic circuit operations in selective attention. Neural Computation, 4, 318–331.LaBerge, D. (1994) Quantitative models of attention and response processes in shape identification tasks. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 38, 198–243. LaBerge, D. (1995). Attentional Processing: The Brain's Art of Mindfulness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. LaBerge, D. (1997). Attention, awareness, and the triangular circuit.Consciousness and Cognition, 6,140-181. LaBerge, D., Carlson, R.L., Williams, J.K., & Bunney, B. (1997). Shifting Attention in space: Tests of moving spotlight models vs an activity-distribution model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 23, 1380–1392. LaBerge, D., Auclair, L., and Sieroff, E. (2000).Preparatory attention: experiment and theory. Consciousness and Cognition, 9, 396–434. Sieroff, E., Piquard, A., Auclair, L., Lacomblez, L., Derouesne, C., and LaBerge, D. (2004). Deficit of preparatory attention in frontal- temporal dementia. Brain & Cognition, 55, 444–451. Auclair, L., Jambaque, I., Dulac, O., and LaBerge, D. (2005). Deficit of preparatory attention in children with frontal lobe epilepsy.Neuropsychologia, 43, 1701–1712. LaBerge, D. (2001). Attention, consciousness, and electrical wave activity within the cortical column. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 43, 5-24. LaBerge, D. (2002). Attentional control: brief and prolonged. Psychological Research, 66, 220–233.LaBerge, D. (2005). Sustained attention and apical dendrite activity in recurrent circuits. Brain Research Reviews, 50, 86–99. LaBerge, D. (2006). Apical dendrite activity in cognition and consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition, 15, 235–257. LaBerge, A., (2006).Resonant Dendrites: A science and art lecture/performance for soloist, video, and Max/MSP. Close Encounters, the 4th European conference of the Society for Science, Literature, and the Arts. Amsterdam. LaBerge, A., and LaBerge, D. (2007). Resonant Dendrites. Lecture/performance at the Spark Festival of Electronic Music and Arts. University of Minnesota School of Music.LaBerge, D. and Kasevich, R.S. (2007). The apical dendrite theory of consciousness, Neural Networks, 20,1004-1020. LaBerge, A. (2009). Resonant Dendrites: Music for flute and computer. Claire Trevor School of the Arts, University of California, Irvine.Kasevich, R.S., and LaBerge, D. (2010). Theory of electric resonance in the neocortical apical dendrite. PLoS ONE, 6(8): e23412. LaBerge, D. and Kasevich, R. (2013). The cognitive significance of the resonating neurons in the cerebral cortex. Consciousness and Cognition, 22, 1523–1550. LaBerge, D. and Kasevich, R.S.(2017). Neuroelectric Tuning of Cortical Oscillations by Apical Dendrites in Loop Circuits. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00037. Further reading
 LaBerge, <mask>. "Attentional Processing: The Brain’s Art of Mindfulness", Harvard University Press, 1995
 LaBerge, <mask>. "The Neural Foundation of Experience: The Role of Vibrating Neurons", Dorrance Publishing Co, 2020

External links
 <mask>erge
 Apical Dendrite Function

Neuropsychologists
Living people
1929 births
People from St. Louis

masks:
David LaBerge
David LaBge
. LaBerge
LaBerge
David
David
David LaB


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General <mask> (Pashto, Punjabi and Urdu: جہانگیر کرامت; born 20 February 1941) , best known as JK, is a retired four-star rank army general of Pakistan Army, diplomat, public intellectual, and a former professor of political science at the National Defense University. Appointed first to be served as the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army in 1996, he was elevated as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee in 1997 until 1998. After joining the Pakistan Army in 1958, he entered in the Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul, and passed out in 1961 to later serve in the combat in conflicts with India in 1965 and in 1971. In 1995, he came into national prominence after he notably exposed the attempted coup d'état against Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, and eventually appointed as an army chief and later Chairman joint chiefs. His tenure is regarded as his pivotal role in enhancing the democracy and the civilian control when he staunchly backed Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's authorisation of atomic-testing programme in 1998. On 6 October 1998, <mask> was forcibly relieved from his four-star commands by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif over a disagreement on national security and reforms of the intelligence community. He is also one of very few army generals in the military history of Pakistan to have resigned over a disagreement with the civilian authorities.After his resignation, he accepted the professorship at the Stanford University in California and appointed as to head Pakistan's diplomatic mission as an Ambassador but was later removed. <mask> has been credited for foresight prediction of the dangers of unbalanced civil-military relations and the rise of foreign-supported homegrown terrorism in the country. Many of his recommendations on national security eventually became part of counterterrorism policy by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 2013. Biography

Early and education
<mask> <mask> was born on 20 February 1941 in Karachi, Sindh in British Indian Empire, into a Kakazai Pashtun family who initially hailed from Montgomery in Punjab (now Sahiwal, Punjab). His father, <mask> Ahmad, was an officer in the Indian Civil Service with the Indian government who would later embarked his career as a bureaucrat in the Government of Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947. After educating and graduating from the St. Patrick's High School in Karachi in 1958, <mask> joined the Pakistan Army when accepting at the Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) in Kakul in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. His mother moved with him in Kakul to overlook his education, and graduated with a class of 24th PMA Long Course, standing as a top-ranking cadet at Kakul when he conferred with the Sword of Honor in 1961.In 1961, <mask> gained commissioned as 2nd-Lt in the 13th Lancers of the Corps of Armoured. In 1969, Capt. <mask> was directed to attend the Command and Staff College in Quetta where he was noted for his intellect and competence at every level of courses he took as required in the curriculum. In 1971, Capt. <mask> graduated and qualified as the psc. After the third war with India in 1971, Major <mask> was among the one the last military officers who were sent to the United States to study at the U.S. Army's Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas. Upon his graduation from the U.S. Army's Command and General Staff College, Major <mask> was then directed to attend the National Defence University where he graduated and gained the MSc in the International Relations in 1976–77.In 1976, <mask> completed his MSc in International Relations from there; and following his return, <mask> completed his master's programme at the National Defence University. In 1978–80, Major <mask> attained the MSc in War studies where his master's thesis argued and enlightened on the failure of performance of armed forces in third war with India 1971. During the Indo-Pakistani wars

In 1963, Lt. <mask> was posted in his Armoured Corps to initially commanding a formation of main battle tanks. In 1965, Lt. <mask> commanded an infantry platoon during the second war with India in the Akhnur Sector in the Indian-administered Kashmir. Lt. <mask>'s platoon was the first unit that had penetrated  into the enemy territory, which encouraged backup military companies to move forward into the enemy territory. In this war performance, the 13th Lancers had suffered death of fourteen soldiers, including three officers, while twenty eight were wounded. For this action, the 13th Lancers was awarded the battle honour, Dewa— Chumb and Jaurian of 1965, and was also awarded the title of The Spearhead Regiment.He progressed well in the army, eventually promoted to captain in 1966; and elevated as major in 1971. In 1971, Major <mask> commanded the company of the Aromoured Corps on the Western Front of the third war with India, defending the territories of Punjab, Pakistan against the approaching Indian Army. During this time, Maj. <mask> was the commanding officer in the 15th Lancers attached to the Baloch Regiment, along with the 13th Lancers that was fighting in the Shakargarh area of Sialkot Sector, which is now known as Battle of Barapind. The regiment was awarded battle honour of Bara Pind 1971. Staff and war appointments

In 1979–80, Lt-Col. <mask> was posted as an instructor at the Armed Forces War College (afwc) of the National Defence University (NDU), instructing on courses War studies. In 1981–83, Col. <mask> was moved at the Air War College, and did not take participation in the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan during his teaching assignments beforing promoting as one-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army. In 1983–88, Brig.<mask> was appointed officer commanding of the Pakistan Armed Forces–Middle East Command, consisting of the joint armed branches in the Saudi Arabia. Initially stationed to cover the area of responsibility of Tabuk and Khamis Mushait in Saudi Arabia, Brig. Karamat Pakistan Armed Forces–Arab Contingent during the height of the Iran–Iraq War, protecting the territorial sovereignty of the Saudi Arabia. In 1988, Brig. <mask> returned from his combat duty, promoting to the two-star rank assignment at the Army GHQ. From 1988 to 1991, Major-General <mask> served as the DGl of the Directorate-General of the Military Operations (DGMO), where he was credited with playing a crucial role in advancing the fighting capabilities of the Pakistan Army while he planned numerous military exercises for Pakistan Army, and reviewed the contingency operations in Kargil sector. In 1991, Maj-Gen. <mask> was appointed as Director-General of the Pakistan Army Rangers in Sindh but this appointment was short-lived when he was promoted to the three-star rank in 1992.In 1992, Lieutenant-General <mask> was appointed as field command of the II Strike Corps, stationed in Multan, which he commanded until 1994. In 1994, Lt-Gen. <mask> was eventually elevated as the Chief of General Staff (CGS) at the Army GHQ under then-chief of army staff General Abdul Waheed Kakar. From 1993 to 1996, <mask> continued to serve as honorary Colonel Commandant, and then Colonel-in-Chief—both ceremonial posts—of the Armoured Corps from 1996 to 1998. In 1995, Lt-Gen. <mask> rose to public prominence when he had the Military Intelligence (MI) to infiltrate within the Pakistan Army to apprehend the rogue culprits for attempting a coup d'état. Acting under orders from the General <mask>, DG MI Major-General Ali Kuli Khan monitored the activities of Major-General Zaheerul Islam Abbasi who himself was posted at the Army GHQ. The MI tapped the conversations and tracked down the culprits behind the coup. Upon revelation, Lieutenant-General <mask> forwarded the case and facilitated the high-ranking joint JAG court hearings at the specified military courts, and convened many proceedings while the hearings were heard by the military judges led by a Vice-Admiral.His actions were widely perceived in the country, and for his efforts, General <mask> was conferred with national honours in public conventions and state gatherings. Chief of Army Staff

After approving the retirement papers of General Kakar, Lieutenant-General <mask> was appointed the Chief of Army Staff by Prime Minister Benazir who approved the paperwork for this appointment on 18 December 1995. Per Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's approval, President Farooq Leghari confirmed the promotion of Lieutenant-General <mask> to the four-star rank and was appointed as the Chief of Army Staff when General Kakar was due to retire on 12 January 1996. At the time of his promotion, he was the senior most general at that time, and therefore at promotion to four-star general, he superseded no one. At the time of his promotion, there were four senior generals in the race to replace Kakar as Chief of Army Staff: Lieutenant-General <mask> <mask>, chief of general staff (CGS); Lieutenant-General Nasir Akhtar, quartermaster general (QMG); Lieutenant-General Muhammad Tariq, inspector-general training and evaluation (IGT&E) at the GHQ; and Lieutenant-General Javed Ashraf Qazi, commander XXX Corps stationed in Gujranwala. As Chief of Army Staff, General <mask> tried to work with the Prime minister and President at once, but soon came to understand that the misconducts of politicians and bureaucrats would eventually lead to the dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's final government. General <mask> reached to then-Speaker of the National Assembly Yousaf Raza Gillani and "leaked" an intelligence information and tried convincing Benazir Bhutto and President Leghari to resolve their issues, and emphasised on focused on good governance.At one point, General <mask> wrote:

Chairman of Joint Chiefs

In 1997, Chairman joint chiefs Air Chief Marshal Farooq Feroze Khan was due retirement. On immediate basis, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif appeared in news channels to confirmed General <mask> as the new Chairman joint chiefs. The appointment was met no resistance in the military, and General <mask> appointed as Chairman joint chiefs; he supersedes no one. General <mask> drove Pakistan Armed Forces to focus on more professional duties rather than playing politics. <mask> worked on integrating Pakistan's military on a common platform, and had his staff worked on inter-services coordination in the battlefield. <mask> strengthened the joint work coordination and joint logistics of the military at the war time situations, resolving many issues that would hampered the performances of the inter-services in the war or peacetime situations. As an aftermath of India's nuclear tests in 1998, General <mask> acted as principal military adviser to the government, aiding the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on military platform.At the telephonic meeting with the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, President Bill Clinton offered lucrative aid to Pakistan for not testing its devices; Prime Minister Sharif's response was inconclusive. President Bill Clinton described the meeting with the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to Strobe Talbott: "You can almost hear the guy [Sharif] wringing his hands and sweating." With requests made by Strobe Talbott CENTCOM commander, General Anthony Zinni and US Chairman Joint chiefs General Henry Shelton, met with General <mask> to withdraw the decision to conduct nuclear test. Zinni'e meeting with <mask> was described by Strobe Talbott as less contentious. General <mask> and General Zinni were able to draw "soldier–to–soldier" bond. General <mask> made it clear that the final decision would be carried out by the civilian government. At the NSC cabinet meeting, the Pakistani government, military, scientific, and civilian officials were participating in a debate, broadening, and complicating the decision-making process.Although, General <mask> debated towards presenting the national security and military point of view, the final decision was left on Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's say. After the decision was made, General <mask> was notified of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's decision and asked the military to be stand-by orders. After providing the joint military logistics, the nuclear tests were eventually carried out on 28 May 1998, as Chagai-I, and on 30 May 1998 as codename: Chagai-II. As dawn broke over the Chagai mountains, Pakistan became the world's seventh nuclear power. Removal from Chairman joint chiefs

As the nuclear tests were conducted, there was a strong feelings in the military all together that any concession to India on Kashmir policy and other related issues would lead to a decline in the prestige and standing of the armed forces. After the failure to pass the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution, there were concerns raised by Benazir Bhutto and the Pakistan Peoples Party on Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's absolute control over the politics, national security, and foreign policy. On 6 October 1998, General <mask> who lectured at the Naval War College in Karachi on the civic-military relations and presented the idea on reestablishing the official National Security Council (NSC) where military could have representation in the country's politics.General <mask> openly spoke on the role of the internal intelligences, such as FIA and IB, carrying out vendettas-like operations against political opponents and insecurity-driven and expedient policies while Pakistan capsized, at the behest of the politicians. Prime Minister Sharif and his cabinet members perceived this idea as Chairman joint chiefs's interference in national politics, therefore Sharif forced to resign <mask> when he criticised Pakistan's political leadership and advocated a National Security Council that would give the military a constitutional role in running the country, similar to Turkey's. In 1998, Prime Minister Sharif decided to relieve General <mask> from the chairmanship of joint chiefs, eventually having him tender his resignation at the Prime Minister's Secretariat. The relief of the famous and famed general by the popular politician led to a storm of public controversy. Many influential ministers and advisers in Prime Minister Sharif's circle saw this decision as "ill-considered" and "blunder" made by the Prime Minister. At the military, Admiral Fasih Bokhari (Chief of Naval Staff at that time) criticized General <mask> for resigning but <mask> defended his actions as "right thing" to do as he lost the confidence of a constitutionally and popularly elected Prime Minister. As General <mask> received a full guard of honour retirement in a colorful ceremony as Chairman joint chiefs and chief of army staff, Prime Minister Sharif's mandate plummeted and his popularity waned as the majority of the public disapproved of the decision to relieve <mask>.Prime Minister Sharif's further suffered with wide public disapproval after appointing much-junior General Pervez Musharraf at the both capacity, overruling the Admiral Bokhari's turn as the Chairman joint chiefs. In 1999, Musharraf's unilateral initiation of the Kargil war against India nearly pushed Pakistan and India to the brink of an all-out war between the two Nuclear states. Eventually, in the same year, Musharraf staged a successful coup d'état and overthrew Prime Minister Sharif. Upon winning the general elections in 2013, Prime Minister Sharif did exactly what General <mask> had called for; first reestablishing the NSC with military gaining representation in the country's politics; and further making more reforms in intelligence community. Academic career

Before elevating to four-star assignments, General <mask> was the full tenured professor of the Political science at the National Defense University and held the chair of military science at the Armed Forces War College. Among his notable students included Pervez Musharraf, Ali Kuli Khan, Fasih Bokhari and Abdul Aziz Mirza who studied under his guidance. <mask> had significance influence on Bokhari and Musharraf's philosophy and critical thinking.In 2000, <mask> accepted the professorship of War studies at the CISAC Institute of the Stanford University in Stanford, California, United States. In addition, he was selected as a scholar and awarded research associateship on civil military relations at the Brookings Institution based in Washington, D.C., United States. In 2001, <mask> joined the United Nations (UN) and was a part of the area study on Afghanistan. Thereafter, <mask> joined the influential Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) as the chairman of the board of governors. Ambassador to the United States

In 2004, <mask> was first mentioned and named for the appointment as the Pakistan Ambassador to the United States. His nomination came after the outgoing Pakistan Ambassador, Ashraf <mask> Qazi, termed was due expired. On 23 September 2004, Pakistan Ambassador Qazi was appointed by then-Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, as Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq.On 10 December 2004, <mask> presented his credentials to President George W. Bush. On 23 March 2006, Pakistani news media reported that Ambassador <mask> was to be replaced by retired Major General Mahmud Ali Durrani. The reports further stated Ambassador <mask>, who took his post on a two-year contract, would be returning home after only a year and a half. These speculations were confirmed by the Foreign Office (FO) and noted that "<mask> will not be in the reception line at the Chaklala Airbase to welcome President George Bush. While his stint as Pakistan Ambassador, <mask> made the pro-democracy statements at the different Pakistani American gatherings, while passing critics to President Musharraf's style of running the civilian government. In private, <mask> confided in Washington based U.S. journalist that "General Musharraf had made up this story to create wedge between Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and him to get him fired in 1998." Founding think tank
After his ambassadorship, General <mask> founded a socio-political policy and analysis institute, Spearhead Research, which focuses on social, economic, military and political issues concerning Pakistan and Afghanistan.General <mask> is the director and contributor to the Spearhead Research Institute. See also
Civilian control of the military

References

External links
Official profile at Pakistan Army website

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1941 births
Punjabi people
St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni
Pakistan Military Academy alumni
Pakistan Army Armored Corps officers
Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
National Defence University, Pakistan alumni
Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College
National Defence University, Pakistan faculty
Pakistani generals
Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan
Chairmen Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
Nawaz Sharif administration
Political philosophers
Pakistani political scientists
Stanford University faculty
Ambassadors of Pakistan to the United States
Pakistani democracy activists
Military personnel from Karachi
Living people
Government Gordon College alumni

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<mask> (6 July 1881 –  20 September 1915) was a Hindu saint from Maharashtra, India. A blind person, he was credited with giving a vision of life to the people. He wrote 139 books on various subjects containing more than 6000 pages, 130 commentaries and about 25,000 stanza in poetry in his short life of 34 years. Biography
<mask> was born in a Maharashtrian Kunbi family on 6 July 1881 to Gonduji Mohod and Sou. Alokabai Mohod from the village of Madhan near Amravati. He became blind by being given the wrong medicine at the age of 9 months. When he was four years old his mother died, and he was brought up by his maternal grandmother in Loni Takli village.Shri Sant Dnyaneshwar Maharaj has given him Drushant when he was at the age of 19 years and given him mantra of his own name. After that Drushtant, the first ever photo picture of Sant Dhyaneshwar Maharaj Sant Dnyaneshwar has been drawn by an artist based on the directions of Maharaj. Even today, one can see the same photo-frame at the Samadhi Temple at Alandi, Maharashtra. <mask> Maharaj was known as Pradnyachakshu Madhuradwaitacharya Gulabrao Maharaj. He was called Pradnyachakshu because he became blind of both the eyes at the age of about 9 months; still he was master of Vedanta philosophy and many occult and physical sciences. 'Pradnya' means intelligence and eyes are called "chakshu" in Sanskrit language. He had many divine powers which included the 'intellectual eyesight'.His mind could read and grasp any book in the world in any language that he would take in hand and decide to learn. His mind did not need the body-organ like 'eye' to see the world. "Madhuradwait" was the new school of thought introduced by him. The people well versed in Vedanta know that 'adwaita' (non-dualism) philosophy of Vedanta does not accept any name and form visible or non-visible that could be different from God (soul, Atma or Brahma). Vedanta very explicitly proclaims, "When everything has become one-soul, where is any other thing to smell ? who will see whom ? who will listen to whom ?who will talk to whom ? where is any other thing to think about ? who will know whom ? how to know him who knows everything ?" (Asy sarva atmaivabhuta, tat ken kam jighnet ? ken kam pashyet ?.. ... brihadaranyaka)."What exists is only one thing i.e. Brahma and what we see and experience as world is illusionary" is the teachings of "adwaita". Madhura Bhakti is the devotional love for lord Krishna. In Vedanta all the three words viz. devotee, devotion and deity are not different from each other where as in Madhura Bhakti one has to be a deity and other a devotee. Adwaita does not recognize Bhakti at all. Probably the great saint who possessed the eternal knowledge since childhood by dint of providence due to his past karma, had advocated Madhurabhakti for the "after-attaining-knowledge" stage to his disciple.His full name was Gulab Gundoji Mohod. He was born on July 6, 1881 in a small village named Madhan in Amravati district in Maharashtra and died merely at the age of 34 i.e. in the year 1915. Though he had lost his eyesight at the early age, he wrote about 133 books on various subjects containing more than 6000 pages, 130 commentaries and about 25,000 stanza in poetry. His mother died in the year 1885 when he was four years old. He then stayed at the house of his maternal grand mother at the place known as Loni Takli for about 6 years. In this period people came to know about his extraordinary intelligence and his "brain-sight" though he had lost his eye-sight.There was a community well in front of the house where he stayed and the women from the village would come to well for water. Small Gulab would call them all by their names, and the women would be wonderstruck and would think as to how the blind boy came to know about their individual names ? He was found many times in deep samadhi stage in the night. Initially his grand mother and others were frightened to see Gulabrao sitting in Yoga position with his respiration stopped completely. However, some elderly and wise men understood the conditions of Gulabrao and asked his relatives to refrain from disturbing him during samadhi. He very much liked the holy songs(Bhajans), holy verses (Slokas) and reading the occult books. He would ask his friends to read the books and would repeat the contents immediately as was heard by him.He had extraordinary memory. He knew all the Vedas and Shastras at the age of ten years. He was married to Mankarnika, daughter of Ganaji Bhuyar a farmer in nearby village in the year 1896. He started writing essays and poetry on the religious philosophy since 1897. i.e. from his age of sixteen. Since then he would visit the nearby cities, villages and towns and meet the people to discuss on the various topics of religion. This is incredible but true that in the year 1901 the great saint of 12th century Sant Dnyneshwar Maharaj met Gulabrao and accepted him as his disciple.<mask> Maharaj would call himself to be wife of Lord Krishna and a daughter of Sant Dnyneshwara. He married to lord Krishna in the year 1905. He used to put on the dress and the ornaments like woman. He would lay kumkum ( a red spot) on his forehead and put on managalsutra ( a golden chain with black beads) around his neck which are usually worn by the Hindu married women. In the year 1902 when he was 21, he wrote the commentary on the theories of Darwin and Spencer. He had written books on various subjects like dhyan, yoga and bhakti and written commentaries on ancient treatises. He wrote on the "Manas Ayurveda", i.e.psychological part in the Ayurveda. He had given valuable guidelines to those who want to attain the salvation and gain the eternal knowledge. It is beyond one's imagination that a blind man could write on the subjects like Yoga, Upanishads and Brahmasutras and many occult sciences which are difficult subjects to understand even by the highly educated and intelligent persons. When did he find time to study these sciences ? How did he receive old treatises and from whom ? Who explained him the secret meanings of the Sanskrit verses ? Many questions like these arise in the mind when one reads his biography and the books written by him.His style of writing is of his own and he has put forth his own views absolutely keeping the Vedic discipline. He has boldly revealed many secrets of the Hindu religious sciences which are not generally made public by the saints. Though he was from the Kunbi caste, most of his disciples were Brahmin Pundits. He was openly telling people that he had no right to study the Vedas according to old traditions, but he knew Vedas without studying them and since he knew the "Atmadnyan" (knowledge of self-realization) he was not bound by many old rules. He used to respect Vedas, Brahmins and the guidance received from great wealth of old Indian religious treatises. He was straight forward and would defeat many Pundits and Intelligent people in the debate on the Shastras (sciences). It is generally found in India that the great persons who really had lived only for the cause of welfare of mankind were truly recognized by the people after their death only.Samartha Satguru Pradnychakshu Madhuradwaitacharya Saint <mask> Maharaj is becoming more and more popular after his Samadhi on 20 September 1915. His many disciples attained the knowledge of self-realization and are known in the public as the great saints. His main disciple, <mask> Pandit (death 1964) who wrote many books was recognized as a great intellectual, and saint. His commentary on "Bhavartha Deepika" written by Dnyaneshwara Maharaj is published by Geeta Press, Gorakhpur. The great saints like <mask> Maharaj guide the people even after their death by volumes of knowledge written by them. . Earlier life

<mask> Maharaj was none other than Swami Becharanand Maharaj in his earlier life/avatar (गुलाबराव महाराजांचे चरित्र) from Zinzuwada Gujrat
1765-1880 born in Sipur village 8 miles from Sidhapur (Matrugaya of today). He has done massive tap/dhyan for 12 years in a jungle near to Naleshwar temple by just having lemons as a food intake.Afterwards he has spent his further life at Rajasbai Mataji Temple Zinzuwada, Gujarat. How it was come to the notice has a detailed story, but will try to give a brief about it. Balavantrao Marathe originally based in Maharashtra was posted in Zhinzuwada from 1864-67 as a post master. He often used to visit Becharanand maharaj for seeking his blessings with his wife. Post retirement, he returned to his home in Amravati, Maharashtra and one day when he went to the famous Amba Devi temple there, touched the bells and chanted "Jai Jagdamb...", he heard some one referring him by his name "Who's there, Balvantrao Marathe?". Balavantrao looked amazed and went near to the person who has just called his name, he was none other than <mask> Maharaj. Maharaj said "Balavantrao, Looks like you've forgotten me" and letter told him "Some of the people from there (Zinzuwada) are also accompanied me today (In this life)!".After that day Balavantrao regularly used to visit at Gulabrao Maharaj place. Many times devotees insisted Balavantrao to reveal story about how he came to know about Maharaj but he tried to avoid it and letter on he has agreed and explained details about Becharanand Maharaj. Family tree

The Mohod family of Madhan near Amravati originally migrated from a place near the Gujarat and Rajasthan state border in the 11th century. At the time, the family was known by the surname 'Modh' which later changed to 'Mohod'. References

Further reading

20th-century Hindu religious leaders
1881 births
Blind people from India
Marathi Hindu saints
1915 deaths

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<mask> (; born August 12, 1945) is an American businessman and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he was elected 19th governor of Arizona from 1991 to 1997. He resigned from office in 1997 during his second term, following a conviction on charges of extortion and bank fraud – a conviction which was later overturned. Prior to entering politics, <mask> served in the United States Air Force and was stationed at Luke Air Force Base in Glendale, Arizona. A native of New York City, <mask> attended the Gilman School in Baltimore; he subsequently graduated from Harvard University with a degree in Dutch art history. <mask> comes from a political family: his father, J<mask>., served as Ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago; his cousin <mask> was a U.S. Senator from Missouri.After joining the Air Force in 1967 and achieving the rank of captain, <mask> was awarded the Bronze Star for meritorious service. He was honorably discharged in 1971. He remained in Arizona and became a real estate developer, founding his own company, the Symington Company, in 1976. <mask> was elected to the governorship in 1990 over Democratic Phoenix Mayor Terry Goddard, following a close campaign that resulted in a runoff election. During his first term, <mask> established charter schools in Arizona by signing sweeping education reform legislation, with the first charter schools opening in the state in 1995. The following year, during his second term, <mask> signed legislation to establish the Arizona Water Bank Authority as a separate agency, allowing excess water to be acquired from the Central Arizona Project and banked in Arizona for future necessity. His term in office also oversaw the first temporary closure of Grand Canyon National Park during the federal government shutdown in November 1995.In 1997, <mask> was convicted on seven counts of bank fraud, and resigned from office, but the convictions were later overturned. Before the government could retry him, <mask> was pardoned in January 2001 by President Bill Clinton, whom he once saved from a rip tide off of Connecticut during his youth. After his term as governor, <mask> left public service and pursued a career as a chef, later co-founding the Arizona Culinary Institute with his business partners Jerry Moyes, Darren Leite and chef Robert E. Wilson. He has been speculated as a possible candidate for another term as Governor of Arizona, as well as considered running for the United States Senate, but has only endorsed candidates since leaving the Governor's office. <mask> is also known as a witness to the infamous Phoenix Lights, a mass UFO sighting which occurred in Phoenix, Arizona on March 13, 1997. Early life and career
<mask> was born in New York City, New York on August 12, 1945. Symington comes from a wealthy Maryland family; he is the great-grandson of steel magnate Henry Clay Frick.Symington was born to Martha Howard (née Frick), and J<mask> <mask> Jr. who served as United States Ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago from 1969 to 1971 under President Richard Nixon. He is also a cousin to <mask>, who was U.S. Senator from Missouri from 1953 to 1976. He attended Gilman School in Baltimore, and then went to Harvard University, graduating in 1968 with a degree in Dutch art history. During his time at Gilman, Symington met Thomas Caplan, who would later introduce him to Bill Clinton during college. At 19 years old, Symington rescued an intoxicated 19-year-old Clinton from nearly drowning in a rip tide during a trip to Hyannis Port, Massachusetts near the Kennedy compound. While studying at Harvard, Symington discovered the works of Nobel Prize winner Friedrich Hayek, an economist, social theorist and political philosopher who promoted limited government and free markets.Hayek's work would serve as an influence for <mask>'s political beliefs in regards to fiscal and taxation policy as Governor. <mask> was also a supporter of Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election against Lyndon B. Johnson. Beginning in 1967, he served in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War, and was stationed at Luke Air Force Base near Glendale, Arizona. In 1971, he was awarded the Bronze Star for meritorious service, before being honorably discharged. He remained in Arizona and became involved in real estate development, founding his own company, The Symington Company, in 1976. In 1983, he was appointed to Southwest Savings and Loan Association board of directors which was based in Salt Lake City, Utah. Beginning in 1983, one of Symington's projects as a real estate developer, with The Symington Company, was the construction of the Esplanade on 24th Street and Camelback Road, an up-scale office complex that had been built on a former Christmas tree lot.<mask> believed it to be the "best location in town for business," and as of 2007, still had his own office on the fourth floor of the building. The financing of the project would later play a part in an investigation in his involvement with Southwest Savings and Loan, which provided the funds with Symington on its board of directors. Symington has stated that the approval of the construction of the Esplanade was significant because nothing over four stories had ever been granted along Camelback Road. The Esplanade took two decades to finish construction, with construction beginning in 1983, and completing in 2003. Other development projects launched by The Symington Company include the Scottsdale Seville, as well as the Mercado, a shopping complex near downtown Phoenix whose design was influenced by southwestern and Hispanic culture. The Mercado was a concept that originated from Phoenix City Hall, which granted the first ever federal Urban Development Action Grant in Phoenix for the complex, and also owned the land that the Mercado was built upon. The Mercado opened in 1989, but it began facing financial hardships only a few years after its opening.Additionally, in an attempt to finance the construction of the Mercado, <mask> repeatedly filed false financial statements, according to a jury in the case that later led to his resignation as Governor, to receive a $10 million loan for the project from a group of Arizona pension funds. It was also alleged that <mask> threatened to end the lease granted to Arizona State University, the largest tenant at the Mercado at the time, several times between July and October 1991, unless he was released from the $10 million loan. The Mercado loan officially went into default in 1992, with <mask> filing for bankruptcy protection from creditors in U.S. Bankruptcy Court. Governor of Arizona

1990 gubernatorial campaign

In April 1989, <mask> announced his bid for Governor of Arizona in the 1990 election, promising to run the state like a business. Beginning with the initial stages of his campaign, <mask> had placed his business expertise and his success as a real estate developer center stage, stating, "What Arizona needs right now is a business mind. The state needs a man who can provide experienced, professional fiscal management to pull it out of its economic crisis. I am that man."In the Republican primary held on September 11, 1990, <mask> was opposed by several high-profile career politicians, including former Governor Evan Mecham, who had been impeached in 1988 and was attempting to make a comeback. Former U.S. Congressman Sam Steiger, who had previously run for U.S. Senate as the Republican nominee in 1976 and for Governor as the Libertarian nominee in 1982 also ran against <mask>, but placed a distant fourth behind Mecham and State Senator Fred Koory. Despite being portrayed as a liberal by his primary opponents, <mask> received nearly 44% of the vote in the primary. In his election night speech, <mask> immediately began his general election campaign message by stating that his Democratic opponent, Terry Goddard, was "a professional politician, a tax-and-spend Dukakis liberal Democrat," and, in contrast, that he was a Barry Goldwater conservative, and "proud of it." At the time, Goldwater was seen as the ideological godfather of the modern Republican Party, and had endorsed <mask>'s campaign. <mask>'s father was also personal friends with Goldwater.In the general election, the Democratic Party nominee was Terry Goddard, who had served as the mayor of Phoenix until February of that year. Goddard is also the son of former Arizona Governor Samuel Pearson Goddard Jr. During the campaign, Goddard had attempted to cast doubt on <mask> in the minds of voters by stating that the former businessman could face indictment for his business activities. In response, <mask> charged that Goddard had violated the state's campaign finance law by "accepting a law-firm salary while campaigning, without spending the stipulated hours on legal work." One of <mask>'s campaign promises included a state budget cut of 6%, except for programs related to education and the poor. On election day in November 1990, the presence of several write-in candidates resulted in <mask> and Goddard being virtually tied, with <mask> ahead by only 4,300 votes. Prior to the election, Arizona had adopted runoff voting in general elections if no candidate received 50% of the vote. This came after the controversial Evan Mecham had been elected governor in 1986 with only 40% of the vote.As a result, a runoff was scheduled for February 26, 1991. Both candidates spent a cumulative total of approximately $5 million in the primary, general and runoff campaigns. Shortly before the runoff occurred, while in Washington, D.C. for a fundraiser, <mask> was called before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee by Democratic Senator Howard Metzenbaum, a move that was seen as politically motivated. During the hearing, U.S. Senator Bob Dole accused the Democrats of a political "sneak attack" on <mask>, a line which was later used in a Symington campaign commercial. The commercial also depicted Goddard behind bars, as the ad's narrator asks: "How can anyone trust Terry Goddard, when the fact is he's broken the law?" <mask> would go on to win the runoff with 52% of the vote.After the extended campaign, Arizona returned to plurality voting for all subsequent gubernatorial elections, making the 1990 gubernatorial election the only runoff election in Arizona's history. First term (1991–1995)

<mask> was sworn into office on March 6, 1991, becoming Arizona's fourth Governor in five years. <mask>'s first budget as Governor, which totaled more than $3.5 billion, was successfully passed through the state legislature, earning him "high marks" from political analysts at the time, due to its lack of tax increases, as well as for its halting of an incineration project. The project had caused controversy due to the amount of hazardous waste that was being created. <mask> also established an extensive review of its human resources management, and created the State Long-Term improved Management Project (known as Project SLIM). The goal of the project was to reduce the size of the state government and decrease spending. Recommendations that were made as a result of the project included methods for improving the hiring process, improving training, providing alternative processes for employee appeals, reducing overall employment, and upgrading the classification, pay, and benefits system, among other suggestions.Symington's accounting firm had won the consulting contract for Project SLIM, which later led to an investigation, and resulted in a $3.3 million settlement due to inquiries into the bidding by other state and federal investigative agencies. Governor <mask>, and other former directors of Southwest Savings and Loan, were also the subject of an investigation over their involvement in the failure of the Phoenix-based thrift, with the case later being settled for $12 million. In November 1992, Symington ended a six-month standoff with the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation by signing a compact that allowed the tribe to operate 250 video gambling machines. Prior to this, the tribe was acting in defiance of federal agents who had seized their gambling machines the year before the agreement. The Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation settled for a quarter of the machines that had been seized, and also agreed to allow state supervision of the gambling operation. In return, the state conceded to allowing the operation of a 24-hour bingo hall and casino by the tribe. Former Arizona Attorney General Jack LaSota criticized the decision at the time, due to Arizona's state laws against gambling.<mask> later signed legislation in 1993 that reversed this decision, however, outlawing gambling and casinos, including for fundraising purposes for churches and charities. Also in November 1992, <mask> was a supporter of a ballot proposal that reinstated Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday in Arizona. The day had been removed as a federal holiday several years prior, under the administration of Governor Evan Mecham, who disagreed with its manner of implementation. <mask> boasted that Arizona had become "the only state in the union to put it to the people," and felt the vote in approval of the holiday made "a wonderful statement about Arizona." One of the major achievements enacted by <mask> as Governor came at the end of his first term. It included sweeping education reform legislation, which led to the establishment of charter schools in Arizona. The goal behind establishing charter schools was to improve student achievement and provide additional academic choices, with the first charters opening the following year in 1995.Symington later remarked that by creating charter schools "the public education institutions would be forced to compete and get better, it was never meant to hurt, it was meant to make them better." 1994 gubernatorial campaign

<mask> ran for reelection to a second term in 1994. In the Republican primary, <mask> was challenged by Barbara Barrett, wife of business executive Craig Barrett. In regard to his primary campaign message, <mask> stated "I vowed to get state spending under control, reduce taxes and do my best to promote economic development and restore strength to the economy. I think I am in a strong position because I accomplished my goals." Barrett had spent more than $1 million of her own money in the attempt to defeat <mask>, who she stated she did not dislike personally, but simply felt that she could do a better job as Governor. On September 13, 1994, <mask> defeated Barrett in the primary by a margin of 68% to 32%.Political analysts stated that Barrett had failed to distinguish herself from the incumbent Governor, and ran a flawed campaign. In the general election, <mask> was challenged by Democratic nominee Eddie Basha, who was known in the state as a grocery store magnate as CEO and Chairman of Bashas'. Prior to the general election, Basha had led Symington in opinion polls by 15 to 20 points. However, the midterm elections of 1994 were a landslide for Republicans, which likely benefited <mask> as well, despite his vulnerability due to the controversies that had emerged during his first term in office. <mask> defeated Basha, winning 52% of the vote to Basha's 44%. Basha had refused to resort to negative campaigning until the final days of the campaign when it was likely too late, which political analysts pointed to as the reason for his loss. In addition, <mask> had highlighted Basha's statement during a debate hosted by the League of Women Voters that the public school system "can be the surrogate family to help children and parents," which led <mask> to declare that Basha believed the "state can take the place of the family."After defeating Basha, <mask>, in his election night victory speech, pledged to try to further reduce state income taxes during the course of his second term, as well as continue to eliminate regulatory burden on businesses, and also to "get tough on crime." <mask> also declared his upset victory a "miracle" and a "revolution," saying the people "want their country back and they want their taxes lowered. Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan started all this and God bless them." Second term, conviction, and resignation (1995–1997)
Shortly into his second term in office as Governor, <mask> filed for personal bankruptcy, claiming debts of more than $24 million, caused by the collapse of his real estate investments. According to a report in The New York Times, <mask> stated that his "hand was forced by a consortium of union pension funds that refused to negotiate a settlement of an $11 million debt." To finance the construction of a shopping center and office complex in downtown Phoenix, known as the Mercado, Symington had been lent $10 million from six union pension funds. They foreclosed in 1991 when the Mercado's disappointing revenue prevented Symington from being able to make payments towards the loan.This led

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John Fife Symington III
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 to the court awarding the union pension funds an estimated $11.4 million settlement, which <mask> stated was "beyond his ability to pay." In November 1995, Grand Canyon National Park was closed for the first time in its history, due to the federal government shutdown. On November 17, Symington's response came very close to creating a national crisis. Citing the dire effects of the park's closure on tourism, <mask> stated that the "Grand Canyon must remain open, by force, if necessary." The Pentagon warned the head of the Arizona National Guard against the use of force and raised the possibility that, if necessary, the guard would be federalized and brought under the control of the White House. The governor decided to go ahead and, accompanied by the Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, fifty unarmed National Guard troops, twenty-five state Park Department employees, and other officials, traveled to the canyon. When <mask>'s group arrived, Symington beat on the park gates in front of the media and demanded that the park be reopened.Robert Arnberger, the park's superintendent delivered a letter to <mask> from the United States Department of Interior which stated that the state of Arizona may be able to donate money to the department to reopen the Grand Canyon, which Symington called a "political game." The Department of Interior later reopened the park under state supervision. A federal agency reimbursed Arizona the $370,020 the state donated to keep the Grand Canyon National Park open during the shutdown. The government shut down again in mid-December of that year, but the state and the federal government were able to come to an agreement to keep the park partially open, with the state of Arizona paying $17,625 in advance of each day's operation, which was also later reimbursed by the federal government. In 1996, Symington signed legislation establishing the Arizona Water Bank Authority as a separate agency. The agency acquires excess water from the Central Arizona Project and banks it in Arizona. In a news report published by The Arizona Republic in July 2016, historian Jack August wrote that the legislation "left Arizona in a better position to deal with the current drought than neighboring California," which was experiencing challenges with drought and water management at the time of the article's publication.Later that same year, in June 1996, <mask> was indicted on 21 federal counts of extortion, making false financial statements, and bank fraud. He was convicted for seven counts of bank fraud on September 4, 1997. He was charged with defrauding his lenders as a commercial real estate developer, extorting a pension fund and perjuring himself in a bankruptcy hearing. As Arizona state law does not allow convicted felons to hold office, <mask> resigned his office the next day to be replaced as governor by then-Secretary of State Jane Dee Hull. Prior to his resignation, there had been a high-profile recall effort led by former Arizona Secretary of State Richard D. Mahoney. This conviction, however, was overturned in 1999 by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Six days into jury deliberations, the trial judge had granted the government's motion to dismiss a juror because the other jurors complained she was refusing to deliberate with them, a serious breach of the juror's oath.A three-judge panel of the appeals court ruled 2–1 that there was a "reasonable possibility" that the juror had actually been removed because she was leaning toward acquittal, and the rest of the jury was frustrated at the prospect of a hung jury (in federal cases, verdicts must be unanimous). The appeals court held that the juror's dismissal violated <mask>'s right to a fair trial, since he was entitled to that juror's vote. Before the government could retry him, <mask> was pardoned in January 2001 by President Bill Clinton, terminating the federal government's seven-year battle with the former governor. Post-governorship

Arizona Culinary Institute

While free on appeal, and before receiving a presidential pardon, <mask> had attempted to reinvent himself as a private citizen and decided to enroll himself in culinary school. <mask> stated of his experience that "It was very educational and very humbling." During his enrollment at the school, <mask> had packed a bag of his belongings in case he had to report to Nellis Federal Prison in Las Vegas, Nevada, on 24 hours notice, but this was made moot following his pardon from President Clinton. After graduating from the Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts Scottsdale, <mask> helped to found the Arizona Culinary Institute.The school was co-founded with several other business partners including chef Robert E. Wilson, entrepreneur Jerry Moyes and former President of the Scottsdale Culinary Institute Darren Leite. The vision of the school was to create a small class environment with hands on training, with a specific focus on the traditional French methods of cooking. The school was opened and started its first classes in early 2002 in Scottsdale. In addition to his time as a student at culinary school, <mask> returned to the Esplanade, a real estate development project that he started in 1983 and eventually lost in the investigation of his business practices, and began working as a dessert and pastry chef at an Italian restaurant at the facility. <mask> opened the restaurant, called Franco's Italian Caffe, in February 2003 with a business partner, restaurateur Franco Fazzuoli. <mask> had previously interned at a restaurant that Fazzuoli owned while attending culinary school. During an interview with The Washington Post, <mask> disclosed that he would rather be a chef than be "making money," and that it was a "great experience."<mask>'s specialties included tiramisu, as well as a chocolate mousse recipe he created called "The Governor (high taste, low taxes)." Then-Governor Janet Napolitano had supposedly visited Franco's Italian Caffe and finished her meal with "The Governor" dessert on multiple occasions, which was reported by the Tucson Citizen to be the best-selling dessert at the restaurant. The recipe for "The Governor" included "a layer of dense, flourless chocolate cake made with Callebaut dark chocolate from Belgium," and "topped with chocolate mousse, then with another Callebaut chocolate cake with another layer of mousse." Finally, the entire dessert is "drizzled with a chocolate ganache." Phoenix Lights

In 2007, <mask> revealed he was a witness to the Phoenix Lights, the mass UFO sighting that took place on March 13, 1997, when he was governor of Arizona, a decade before this admission. In an interview with The Daily Courier, <mask> stated, "I'm a pilot and I know just about every machine that flies. It was bigger than anything that I've ever seen.It remains a great mystery. Other people saw it, responsible people. I don't know why people would ridicule it." He continued, "It was enormous and inexplicable. Who knows where it came from? A lot of people saw it, and I saw it too. It was dramatic.And it couldn't have been flares because it was too symmetrical. It had a geometric outline, a constant shape." As Governor during the Phoenix Lights, <mask> stated he would investigate the event, but went on to hold a press conference where he had his chief of staff dress up in an alien costume. He later stated that as a public official he had felt a responsibility to avert public panic and therefore made an attempt to introduce some levity into the situation. On November 9, 2007, he appeared with a panel of guests discussing their UFO experiences on Larry King Live. A few days later, on November 12, <mask> acted as moderator for a UFO press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. Other speakers included U.S. and foreign military witnesses and public officials involved in some major UFO cases, such as the 1980 Rendlesham Forest incident, 1990 Belgium UFO incident, and 1976 Tehran UFO incident, and heads of some official foreign government UFO investigations, such as Nick Pope in the United Kingdom and Claude Poher of France. They said the phenomenon was quite real, should be taken seriously, and urged the U.S. government to reopen its public UFO investigations.<mask> also appeared as a witness of the Phoenix Lights in an updated version of the 2002 UFO documentary Out of the Blue by filmmaker James Fox. Prior to the documentary, Fox helped organize the witness panels for both Larry King Live, and the subsequent National Press Club event. In 2017, <mask> also wrote an editorial piece for CNN, where he further described his experience in witnessing the Phoenix Lights, saying that he observed a delta-shaped craft, which moved silently across the sky over Piestewa Peak (formerly known as Squaw Peak). He further described it as "dramatically large" with a "very distinctive leading edge with some enormous lights." He also expressed his dissatisfaction with the Air Force's explanation of the event as test flares, while acknowledging that there was a possibility of flares also being ignited that night, but that the Phoenix Lights were completely separate from those tests. He went on to voice his support for opening up further investigations, saying "Investigations need to be re-opened, documents need to be unsealed and the idea of an open dialogue can no longer be shunned," and calling for the government to cease "putting out stories that perpetuate the myth that all UFOs can be explained away in down-to-earth conventional terms." Potential return to politics and endorsements
On February 4, 2005, in an interview with The Arizona Republic, <mask> expressed interest in running again for governor in 2006 against Democrat Janet Napolitano.His interest in the race came after he attended Napolitano's State of the State Address in 2005, and was galvanized in opposition to Napolitano's education platform. However, three months later, on May 5, he withdrew his name from consideration, saying that he wanted to focus his energy on The Symington Group instead. In November 2006, <mask> lost a bid to become the Republican Party Chairman of his local legislative district, the district also happened to be the home district of Senator John McCain, whose support <mask> had received. This was the first electoral defeat of <mask>'s career. In April 2007, <mask> was named chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. Following Janet Napolitano's resignation as Governor of Arizona in 2009, due to her appointment as Secretary of Homeland Security, <mask> was once more considered as a potential candidate to run in the 2010 gubernatorial election, but he again refused to run, announcing the decision in October 2009 following disappointing hypothetical poll numbers. <mask> instead endorsed former Arizona Republican Party chairman John Munger, against incumbent Governor Jan Brewer, but Munger eventually dropped out of the race when he was unable to compete with his fellow candidates' sizable fundraising and public funding of their campaigns.Despite <mask>'s refusal to run again for public office, he has remained involved in state politics, endorsing candidates from both major parties, including Doug Ducey for Governor, John McCain for U.S. Senate, and Democrats Ruben Gallego for U.S. Congress and Felecia Rotellini for Arizona Attorney General, among others. Following the announcement by U.S. Senator Jeff Flake that he would not be seeking reelection to a second term, in October 2017, <mask> became the Treasurer of Board of Regents member Jay Heiler's U.S. Senate exploratory committee, alongside former Governor Jan Brewer as chairman. Heiler was <mask>'s Chief of Staff during his two terms as Governor. In January 2018, Heiler ultimately decided against running for U.S. Senate, instead supporting U.S. Congresswoman Martha McSally. In October 2018, it was reported by The Arizona Capitol Times that <mask> was contemplating a run for the U.S. Senate in the 2020 special election. The seat was vacated following the death of U.S.Senator John McCain, with former U.S. Senator Jon Kyl being appointed by Governor Doug Ducey to temporarily fill the seat. Upon appointment, Kyl stated that he would only serve in the Senate until the end of 2018 and in 2018 Governor Ducey appointed former Representative Martha McSally to the Senate seat. <mask> stated that he would enjoy running against the potential Democratic candidate former Attorney General of Arizona, Grant Woods, saying "I can't think of a better candidate to campaign against. We would have a lot of fun dishing it out," while also questioning Woods' party affiliation. <mask> also refuted the idea of the legal issues that led to his resignation as Governor having an effect on his candidacy, adding "Elections are about your ideas for the future, where you want to see the country go. It's not settled on old issues, especially as distant as those."In September 2021, <mask> became co-chair of Karrin Taylor Robson's campaign for Governor, alongside Jan Brewer. Later life and legacy
In an op-ed published by The Arizona Republic in 2012, <mask> took time to reflect on his time as Governor of Arizona, and spoke positively about his experiences, despite the federal government's prosecution that led to his resignation. <mask> wrote, "Even as we were charging ahead to reform public policy in the brief time given any governor, I was visited by a ruthless pursuit from the world's most inexhaustible adversary. Let it be recorded that few have fought the federal government and prevailed, but by grace and the love of family and friends, we did." In analyzing his performance as Governor, <mask> also stated in the retrospective, "Arizona's government operated comparatively well, without excess partisan rancor and without so many of the Republican peacocks and Democrat bantam roosters we see running around the political barnyard today." He also wrote that he believed Arizona would be "better off" had he been able to further reduce income taxes during his term, if not eliminate them, and also praised Arizona as the home of charter schools, an initiative which began under his tenure. In July 2016, a discovery was made by Arizona historian Jack August when he located a large collection of missing documents regarding <mask>'s governorship.There were 305 boxes total, which was estimated to take at least 500-man-hours to process, and consisted of policy papers, records from his federal trial, photos from White House visits, and a humorous photo of <mask> in a Phoenix Suns gorilla costume. The records were located at a storage facility approximately four miles from the state Capitol building, and was described by The Arizona Republic as the "equivalent of finding the Lost Dutchman's gold." Prior to their unearthing, <mask> had stated that he had no idea where the records were located, despite ordering his staff to box up the records for a swift transition in the event he was sentenced to prison. State law requires that public officials provide their records for public access, but enforcement of this law has been inconsistent and rarely imposed. On February 9, 2017, an exhibit titled "The Surreal Life of <mask> Symington" was opened at the Arizona Capitol Museum, with "personal mementoes and a trove of family history items" that were discovered by <mask>, in a trunk belonging to his mother, serving as the centerpiece for the display. Political campaign materials, Symington's Bronze Star from his service in the military, a cast bronze relief of Symington's grandfather Henry Clay Frick, and yearbooks were also included. Secretary of State Michele Reagan officiated the opening ceremony.Jack August was one of the organizers of the exhibit, but died only a few weeks before its opening. Personal life
From his first wife <mask> has two kids and five grandchildren. He currently is married to Ann Olin Pritzlaff, an ordained deacon in the Episcopal Church. They have three children and six grandchildren. Electoral history

See also
 List of governors of Arizona
 List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States

References

Further reading

External links

 Arizona Republic special report on <mask>ington
 Arizona Republic biography of <mask> Symington

 Pro-Symington website; tracks positive news coverage
 Summary of the government's investigation
 Arizona Culinary institute

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1945 births
Alumni of Le Cordon Bleu
American Episcopalians
Arizona Republicans
Businesspeople from Phoenix, Arizona
Gilman School alumni
Governors of Arizona
Harvard University alumni
Living people
Military personnel from New York City
Politicians from New York City
Politicians from Phoenix, Arizona
Recipients of American presidential pardons
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Ufology
United States Air Force

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Rion Vernon, known by his stage name <mask> (full name, <mask>) is an American musician and internet personality from Los Angeles. He performed on rare occasions with a "backup band", claiming that a fictitious robot band had malfunctioned. Shows incorporated puppetry, multimedia and performances by female members ("Nurses" and "Scouts") of his street team, The Army of Toy Soldiers. <mask> made a brief appearance on The Tonight Show and has had numerous interviews. He was the subject of an article in Wired magazine regarding allegations that Dr. Horrible had copied his style. <mask> has frequently been cited as an example of steampunk music. Dr. <mask> and a friend of his named Manchester also in recent years has created a YouTube Channel named "Manchester and Vernon", they seem to still be active in present time, making new videos, and more music with unique instruments too.Musical career
<mask> began publicly performing in 1999, essentially busking on the streets of Los Angeles. A few years later, he began performing at venues like The Key Club and the California Institute of Abnormalarts. His live shows combined music with puppetry and video projection that reflect the stories and meanings of the songs. The albums Dr. <mask> and Dr. Steel II: Eclectic Boogaloo were released digitally in 2001, followed by People of Earth in 2002. The Dr. Steel Collection (2004) was <mask>'s first CD release, featuring several previously released tracks, some slightly altered. The Dr. Steel Collection also features the track "Land of the Lost," about the 1970s version of the show by the same name. Some attempts were made to get the song into the soundtrack of 2009 movie version of Land of the Lost, but they were unsuccessful.<mask>'s second CD release was The Dr. Steel Read-A-Long Album (2006). It was a limited distribution and quickly sold out. The album art included a recreation of the sleeve of read-along records, and the disc design resembled that of a vinyl record. In 2007, <mask> re-released the first three albums, once again in digital format. <mask>'s music can often be heard on a number of steampunk radio broadcasts that stream worldwide, such as The Clockwork Cabaret. His song "Boogieman Boogie" was also included in a compilation of steampunk music released by Gilded Age Records. Musical style
<mask>'s music is eclectic in genre, often combining the noise and distortion of industrial with aspects of European folk, classical, and even jazz, as well as hip-hop, opera and swing.Many songs feature samples from vintage public service announcements and educational films, such as Duck and Cover. Rue Morgue Magazine described the sound as "Industrial Hip-Hop Opera". <mask> cited, as some of his musical influences, Igor Stravinsky, Tom Waits, Pink Floyd, Queen, Mike Patton, Nine Inch Nails, Danny Elfman, Beck, and John Zorn. Stage persona
On stage, and in all public performances and interviews, <mask> maintained the appearance of a mad scientist bent on conquering the world and becoming the future World Emperor. He claimed to be a former toymaker who, in a fit of rage over being fired for creating drastic designs such as babies with buzzsaws for hands, burned down the factory he worked at and was committed to a psychiatric institution. This back-story relates that <mask> escaped the sanitarium and retreated to a deserted island laboratory, where he became bent on world conquest in order to create a "Utopian Playland" where his toy designs could be enjoyed. As a mad scientist, <mask> is obsessed with conspiracy theories, giant robots, baking cupcakes and "mind control cookies", and experimenting with hamsters.In appearance, <mask> drew on the mad scientist archetype, dressing in a white PVC lab coat (with comically large black buttons), black PVC gloves, black boots, shaved head, sinister goatee, and antique welder's goggles. When not in his "mad scientist" costume, <mask> typically dressed in a very aristocratic neo-Victorian steampunk style, while still retaining his goggles. He was never seen without the goggles. Retirement
In 2010, Dr. <mask> announced plans to begin work on a new album, entitled "Toymonger." However, in July 2011, after a long period of silence from him, it was announced that <mask> had retired from the music industry, and a personal letter from <mask> to the current head of the Army of Toy Soldiers in January 2012 confirmed this. (However, there was no other "official" or public announcement.) The Army of Toy Soldiers have decided to continue on as an organization, switching their focus from promoting the entertainer to promoting the philosophy he presented, such as the importance of creativity and building one's own Utopian Playland.Promotional videos and web videos
<mask> appeared in numerous short videos released on his website and on his YouTube channel. One such is a six-minute "propaganda" film called Building a Utopian Playland, which ostensibly outlined his plans for world domination. Another is a series called The Dr<mask> Show, set in his fictitious lab on his fictitious private island. Episode 3, which is the official music video for his song, "Back and Forth", and featured video clips sent in by Toy Soldiers, was showcased on MTV's website as a part of their online video series, Steampunk Infiltrates The Mainstream. <mask> also appeared in a video with fellow internet personality Agamemnon Tiberius Vacuum. <mask> also released what he called "public service announcements" covering philosophical subjects such as transhumanism, freedom of thought, and subjective reality. (As a transhumanist, Dr. <mask> has also been interviewed on his views by the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, and has even published a paper on the subject.)Finally, the Toy Soldiers Unite website features a series of videos called Ask Dr. <mask>, in which <mask> himself answered questions asked by Toy Soldiers. In May 2010, <mask>'s videos were featured in one of Veronique Chevalier's Red Velvet Variety Shows. In May 2010, Dr. <mask> released a music video to his song, "Childhood Don't a-Go-Go", directed by Tony Leonardi III. Dr. Horrible controversy

In 2008, Joss Whedon released a short musical film online entitled Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog. Fans of <mask>, and <mask> himself, noted the similarities between Dr. <mask> and Dr. Horrible:

both featured singing mad scientists who produced web videos;
both had an "Ask Dr. ___" segment;
the name of the production was similar to the title of one of <mask>'s albums, Dr. <mask> Read-A-Long. This attracted the attention of national media and was reported in Coilhouse and also Wired magazine, in which Dr. Horrible co-writer Maurissa Tancharoen responded, "All we have to say on the subject is we've never heard of Dr. <mask> before." "There's room for everyone in this party," she added.Discography
 Dr. <mask> (2001)
 Dr. Steel II: Eclectic Boogaloo (2001)
 People of Earth (2002)
 The Dr. Steel Collection (2004)
 Dr. Steel Read-A-Long (2006)

Army of Toy Soldiers

The Army of Toy Soldiers (formerly Dr. Steel's Army of Toy Soldiers; also known as Toy Soldiers Unite after the name of their website) was originally Dr. <mask>'s fan club and street team, and played into the Dr. <mask> fiction, in that it was allegedly a tool in his plan for global domination. The Army considers itself a movement for social change, and since <mask>'s retirement it has begun to distance itself from <mask>, but continue as an organization dedicated to promoting fun and its members' creative endeavors. The website for the organization, referred to playfully as the "digital bunker", was created by the then head of Dr. Steel's fan club, steampunk model and fashion designer Kate Lambert, aka "Sergeant Kato", in 2006. After <mask>'s retirement, Kato turned over the site to its current administrators, and most information regarding <mask> was moved to an archive site. Structure
The Toy Soldier Army has four main regiments: Toy Soldiers, Nurses, Toy Scouts and Engineers. (Originally, the Nurse and Scout regiments were reserved for females within the Army, whereas people of any gender could belong to the Toy Soldier regiment, but after Dr. <mask>'s retirement this was changed, and Nurses and Scouts became open to anyone.) The Army is further divided into divisions based upon geographical location as well as divisions based on creative interests ("Special Ops").The Army is currently led by the admin of the website. There are no ranks – all Toy Soldiers are considered equal – although Toy Soldiers often give themselves fanciful "ranks" as part of the fun. However, Toy Soldiers who go "above and beyond" may be awarded the honorary title of "Yellow Jacket". Originally this title was given personally by <mask>, but since Dr. <mask>'s retirement this award has been given out by the admins of the official website. To date, only 51 have achieved the status of Yellow Jacket. Uniforms
Toy Soldiers wear paramilitary "uniforms" with patches and color schemes, but are encouraged to design their own uniform so long as the required patches and colors are used. The basic color scheme for soldiers is black with yellow trim, although red trim may also be used sparingly.Female nurses generally wear white nurse uniforms with red trim, although a brown military uniform with garrison cap is also worn (see inset image). Scouts generally wear beige tops and black skirts or slacks. Engineers generally wear black overalls or coveralls, or black or white lab coats. The original "traditional" uniforms designed by Kato were dieselpunk inspired. A new set of uniform concepts released on the Army's website in 2013, designed by Sgt. Grinner, have a decidedly more cyberpunk appearance. Operations
Toy Soldiers continue to promote Dr. <mask>'s philosophy, individually through "missions", while larger group events are known as "operations" or "invasions".Some Soldiers use their connections and access to the media for promotion, while others may choose to "propagandize" their school or workplace. Toy Soldiers frequently do charity and volunteer work in uniform, such as starting local clothing or toy drives and even donating to drives such as Toys for Tots, Light the Night Walk and Adopt a Highway. The Toy Soldiers have their own holiday, "Toy Soldier Day," which is observed every year on March 4 (a play on "march forth"), and simultaneous invasions of Disney theme parks worldwide take place on the nearest Saturday to this day. (Without directly naming TSU, Disney•Pixar referenced the TSU-created holiday on March 4, 2015 in a tweet on their official Twitter page.) Promotional material ("Propaganda")
Promotional material for the Toy Soldiers is referred to as "propaganda". The decision to use a term with such charged connotations was a deliberate satirical allusion to famous groups in the past who had plans for world domination, in order to spotlight or "hang a lampshade" on the tricks of mass manipulation. Some of the material was designed and created by <mask> himself (such as the "propaganda posters", designed to resemble WWII propaganda posters), but <mask> encouraged his fans to design their own propaganda as well.Motto and Philosophy
The Army's motto, "Building a Utopian Playland", comes from the title of Dr. <mask>'s "Propaganda Video" of the same name, and expresses the group's core philosophy. Originally, it related to <mask>'s alleged plans to "take over the world", but also meant a metaphorical altering of one's own worldview through making having fun one's first priority and realizing one's creative potential, and the belief that if everyone did this, the world could be transformed. <mask> called this concept a "world makeover". Current activities
Since the announcement of Dr. <mask>'s retirement, the Army of Toy Soldiers have continued on as an organization dedicated to spreading the philosophy Dr. <mask> presented. The Dr. <mask> "angry face" logo (and uniform patch) has been dropped, having been replaced with <mask>'s grinning robot head logo. As an artistic network, the Army strongly encourages and supports independent artists and entertainers. The Army also continues to "invade" comic and steampunk conventions; they have had a regular fan tables at San Diego Comic Con and MCM Expo in London for several years now.Since 2010, the Toy Soldiers have participated yearly in the Doo Dah Parade in Pasadena, CA and have become "veteran crowd favorites." (In 2016, Route 66 Magazine ran a story on the Doo Dah parade, featuring a member of the Toy Soldiers on the front cover.) And in 2012, several members of the UK division were invited to participate in the filming of Professor Elemental's music video, "I'm British." The Army also has several semi-regular podcasts, which are released under the umbrella of the Toy Soldiers' YouTube channel, "TSU-TV", and its own recording label, "TSU Audio Labs". In keeping with its nonprofit status in the UK, in 2013 the Army donated its surplus budget over operating expenses to the children's charity Child's Play. In 2014, the Army teamed with MPserv.net to run a 48-hour livestreamed Minecraft marathon called "Operation: Dig Deep", raising over $1000 for Child's Play. In 2015 they repeated their gaming marathon, raising over $1500 for the Alzheimer's Society, and in 2016 the marathon raised over $2000 for e-NABLE, a grassroots community that creates 3-D printed prosthetics for children.See also
 List of steampunk works: Steampunk musicians
 List of YouTube personalities

References

External links

 <mask>'s MySpace

American hip hop musicians
American industrial musicians
Songwriters from California
Bands with fictional stage personas
Gothic rock musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

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<mask> (born September 6, 1962) is an American television journalist who is the lead investigative reporter/documentary anchor for A&E Networks, and the current host for Fox's revival of America's Most Wanted. She began her new position on May 28, 2018, after being an anchor of ABC's television newsmagazine 20/20 and ABC News specials for the previous 14 years. In 2006 <mask> was co-anchor of World News Tonight alongside ABC News journalist Bob Woodruff. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Paterson, New Jersey, the daughter of an Italian-Spanish father, Rafael "Ralf" <mask>, a colonel in the U.S. Army from Puerto Rico, and an Irish-American mother, <mask>, a part-time English teacher. She has two siblings, Amy and Christopher, who both work in tech in Silicon Valley. Her father was a U.S. army captain and moved the family to Okinawa when she was four years old. <mask> then spent much of her youth moving from post to post in Germany, Belgium, and the United States.<mask> graduated from an American high school in Heidelberg, where she realized her passion for journalism. <mask> enrolled at the University of Missouri in Columbia in 1980 and graduated with a bachelor's degree in journalism in 1984, having served as a student reporter at KOMU-TV and a student editor at KBIA. Former advisors spoke well of her competency in her journalism work on campus; Rod Gelatt, former KOMU news director, noted that she was the first student to ever fill-in for him as moderator of the station's "Missouri Forum" public affairs program and Kent Collins, chairman of the university's journalism faculty, remembered her aggressive and energetic work ethic. Career

1984–1993: Career beginnings
After college, <mask> worked at Reno's CBS affiliate KTVN, before moving to Phoenix as a lead reporter for then-ABC affiliate KTVK-TV. After three years there, she moved to Chicago to work at CBS station WBBM-TV, where Phyllis McGrady, a senior vice president at ABC, said of her: "<mask> is one of the most flexible talents I've ever worked with. She could do interviews, and do hour-long specials that make you think, and then she'll do a great interview with P. Diddy. She is versatile."<mask> left WBBM-TV in 1993. 1993–1996: NBC News
In 1993, <mask> joined NBC News as a correspondent for Now with Tom Brokaw and Katie Couric. She later became a correspondent mainly for Dateline NBC, and also served as a substitute anchor for Today and the weekend editions of NBC Nightly News. 1996–2018: ABC News
In June 1996, she joined ABC News' Good Morning America as the newsreader and Joan Lunden's likely "heir apparent". In June 1997, ABC promoted <mask> to prime time magazine show correspondent, succeeded by Kevin Newman as newsreader. In 2002, she became one of the anchors of 20/20 Downtown, which was later rebranded Downtown before being rebranded again in 2003 as Primetime Monday before its end. She later reported occasionally for Primetime.She was also named anchor of World News Tonight Saturday and presented with the opportunity to develop specials for Primetime. In November 2003, <mask> became anchor of World News Tonight Sunday. She was named co-anchor of 20/20 in May 2004. <mask> was the first national evening news anchor of Puerto Rican and Irish-American heritage and also the third female anchor of a network evening newscast in the U.S. since Connie Chung and Barbara Walters. She is said to be particularly proud of an ABC special report in which she questioned why the Laci Peterson case merited more attention than two other similar cases, one involving a black woman and the other involving a Hispanic woman. Another story she did, based on the book The Da Vinci Code and the role of Mary Magdalene, helped fuel a nationwide religious debate. <mask> stated that for centuries Mary Magdalene has been portrayed as a prostitute by the church despite evidence to the contrary.She went on to question the strictly limited role of women within the church. In 1999, she won an Emmy Award for her coverage of the Elián González story, and in 1998 she was nominated for an Emmy Award for her 20/20 investigation into the wrongful conviction of Betty Tyson. In April 2005, <mask> and Charles Gibson temporarily filled in for Peter Jennings, who was receiving chemotherapy for his lung cancer, on World News Tonight until Jennings's death in August. After a period of mourning and indecision, she and Bob Woodruff were chosen as co-anchors on December 5, 2005. She anchored many broadcasts alone after Bob Woodruff's injury in Iraq in January 2006. She also co-anchored World News Tonight with either Charles Gibson or Diane Sawyer. On May 23, 2006, <mask> announced her resignation from World News Tonight.Gibson was then named sole anchor of the show, effective from May 29, 2006, replacing <mask> and Woodruff. To explain the sudden change, <mask> cited her doctors' recommendation to cut back her schedule considerably owing to a difficult pregnancy and her wish to spend more time with her new baby when he arrived. Most "inside accounts", however, said she fully expected and wished to return to the anchor chair soon after giving birth, but Gibson threatened to quit ABC News if he was not made sole permanent anchor. According to these sources, his gambit succeeded and she was left embittered, although not enough to sever ties with the network. In late 2006, <mask> returned as co-anchor of 20/20 and primary host of ABC News specials. In 2008, <mask> hosted  "Elvis: Viva Las Vegas," a television documentary that explored Elvis' triumph in Las Vegas and his artistic legacy, and featured performances and interviews with various stars, including Paul McCartney, Beyoncé, Dwayne Johnson, Faith Hill, David Lynch, Jon Bon Jovi, Celine Dion, and Priscilla Presley. In 2013, <mask> won a Peabody Award for her contributions in ABC News' coverage of Hurricane Sandy on 20/20.In a special edition of 20/20 that aired on September 9, 2016, <mask> opened up about her struggles with anxiety and alcoholism and further talked about her upcoming book Between Breaths: A Memoir of Panic and Addiction, which discusses those struggles. In October 2016, she appeared in an episode of ABC's Designated Survivor. On December 22, 2017, <mask> announced she was leaving ABC News in May 2018. She officially departed ABC on May 25 after a dedication on 20/20. 2018–present: A&E Investigates and America's Most Wanted
In April 2018, A&E Originals signed <mask> to a first-look and production deal. <mask> would serve as anchor of its A&E Investigates, its banner for new non-fiction prime time journalism programming. She broadcast her first A&E Investigates series on A&E, Cults & Extreme Belief, in May 2018.The Untold Story, a series focusing on the untold stories of influential people and events, premiered in April 2019. In January 2021, it was confirmed that <mask> would host a revival of America's Most Wanted on Fox, which premiered on March 15, 2021. <mask> is now the anchor of News Cafe on A&E's FYI Network. Personal life
<mask> has explained that despite her multi-ethnic heritage, she identifies with her Hispanic roots. She is fluent in English and Spanish and proficient in French. On July 20, 2002, <mask> married singer-songwriter Marc Cohn after three years of dating. They have two sons, Zach and Sam.<mask> also has two stepchildren, Max and Emily, from Cohn's first marriage. In August 2014, Entertainment Tonight reported that <mask> and Cohn were divorcing after 12 years of marriage. <mask> was introduced to Transcendental Meditation in 2014 by fellow ABC anchor George Stephanopoulos. Alcoholism
<mask>' battle with alcohol stemmed from her anxiety rooted in her childhood after witnessing her father join the Vietnam War and subsequently suffering daily panic attacks; her anxiety only intensified throughout her life after she was told early on that it would be in her best interest to hide her anxiety to avoid appearing weak. Her struggle culminated during a family vacation in 2012 when she realized she needed help. After seeking treatment in Utah and departing prematurely, she eventually relapsed. On November 6, 2013, ABC confirmed a New York Daily News story that <mask> was undergoing treatment for alcoholism."I am dealing with addiction," <mask> said. After her second rehab admission, on January 24, 2014, <mask> described herself as an alcoholic. <mask> underwent rehabilitation for alcoholism in 2014 for a third time shortly before she and Marc Cohn divorced. In 2018, NBC News reported that <mask> had been sober since 2014. In 2016, <mask> wrote a memoir, Between Breaths: A Memoir of Panic and Addiction. It was published by Grand Central Publishing on September 13 and became an instant The New York Times and USA Today best-seller. Further reading
Between Breaths: A Memoir of Panic and Addiction; by: <mask>; Publisher: Grand Central; ASIN=B0169ATL3Q.See also

 History of women in Puerto Rico
 Irish immigration to Puerto Rico
 List of Americans of Irish descent
 List of Puerto Ricans
 New Yorkers in journalism

References

External links

 <mask>' Biography – ABC News

 <mask>, ABC News Journalist – About.com profile

{{Succession box| title=20/20herself 2009–2018,with John Stossel 2004–2009| before=Barbara Walters | after= David Muir (2013–present)Amy Robach (2018-present) | years=2004–2009}}

1962 births
Living people
20th-century American journalists
21st-century American journalists
ABC News personalities
American journalists of Puerto Rican descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Swedish descent
American people of German descent
American writers of Italian descent
American people of Spanish descent
American television reporters and correspondents
American women television journalists
Hispanic and Latino American women journalists
People from Paterson, New Jersey
Television anchors from Chicago
Missouri School of Journalism alumni
American expatriates in Germany
American expatriates in Belgium
21st-century American women
20th-century American women

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