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<mask>  (born 22 February 1950), known professionally as <mask>, is an English actress, author, and comedian. She is the recipient of four British Academy Television Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, two International Emmy Awards, a BAFTA Fellowship, and a Golden Globe. <mask> has been nominated twice for an Academy Award: once for Best Actress and once for Best Supporting Actress. <mask> rose to prominence playing the title role in Educating Rita (1983), a role which she originated in West End theatre. She has appeared in a number of films, including Personal Services (1987), Stepping Out (1991), Sister My Sister (1994), Billy Elliot (2000), the Harry Potter series (2001–2011) as Molly Weasley, Calendar Girls (2003), Wah-Wah (2005), Driving Lessons (2006), Becoming Jane (2007), Mamma Mia! (2008) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), Brave (2012), Paddington (2014) and its 2017 sequel, Brooklyn (2015), Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017), and Mary Poppins Returns (2018).On stage, she won a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress for the 2001 production of All My Sons. On television, <mask> collaborated with Victoria Wood; they appeared together on several television shows, including Wood and <mask> (1981), Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV (1985–1987), Pat and Margaret (1994), and Dinnerladies (1998–2000). She has won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress four times, more than any other actress, for My Beautiful Son (2001), Murder (2002), The Canterbury Tales (2003), and her portrayal of Mo Mowlam in Mo (2010). <mask> and Helen Mirren are the only actresses to have won this award three consecutive times, and <mask> is tied with Judi Dench for the most nominations in the category with seven. In 2006, the British public voted <mask> fourth in ITV's poll of TV's 50 Greatest Stars as part of ITV's 50th anniversary celebrations. She starred in A Short Stay in Switzerland (2009), which won her an International Emmy for Best Actress. <mask> was made a Dame (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama.Early life
Julia Mary <mask> was born on 22 February 1950 at St Chad's Hospital in Edgbaston, Birmingham, England, the daughter of Mary Bridget (née O'Brien), an Irish Catholic postal clerk from County Mayo, and <mask>, an English builder and decorator. According to the BBC genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are?, her maternal ancestors played an active part in the 19th-century Irish Land War. Her paternal grandfather <mask> was a veteran of the Second Boer War, and was killed in action in World War I in June 1915 while serving with the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment; he is commemorated at the Le Touret Memorial in France. <mask> and her family lived at 69 Bishopton Road in the Bearwood area of Smethwick, Staffordshire. The youngest of five children and the third to survive birth, <mask> had an early education at St Paul's School for Girls in Edgbaston and later at Holly Lodge Grammar School for Girls in Smethwick. She said in 2014 that it was "heaven when [she] went to an ordinary grammar school", although she was asked to leave at the end of her lower sixth because of her "high jinks". <mask> later told interviewer Alison Oddey about her early schooling, "I was never going to be academic, so [my mother] suggested that I try teaching or nursing.[...] I'd been asked to leave school, so I thought I'd better do it." Her first job was in insurance at the age of 15. At the age of 18, she trained as a student nurse at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham; she worked on the ophthalmic, casualty, and coronary care wards during the 18 months she spent there. She decided to leave nursing and went on to study theatre at Manchester Polytechnic School of Drama (now Manchester School of Theatre). She worked for the Everyman Theatre Company in Liverpool in the mid-1970s, alongside several other notable performers and writers such as Bill Nighy, Pete Postlethwaite, Jonathan Pryce, Willy Russell, and Alan Bleasdale. Career

1970s
<mask> first received notice as the occasional partner of comedian Victoria Wood, whom she had originally met in 1971 when Wood auditioned at the School of Theatre in Manchester. The two first worked together in the 1978 theatre revue In at the Death, followed by the television adaptation of Wood's play Talent.They went on to appear in their own Granada Television series, Wood and <mask>, in 1982. They continued to perform together frequently over the years. The BAFTA-winning BBC follow-up, Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV, featured one of <mask>'s best-known roles, Mrs Overall, in Wood's parodic soap opera, Acorn Antiques (she later appeared in the musical version, and received an Olivier Award nomination for her efforts). 1980s

<mask> first serious acting role on TV was in Alan Bleasdale's Boys from the Blackstuff in 1982. A role that launched her to become a national treasure, <mask> starred opposite Michael Caine in Educating Rita (1983), a role she had created on the West End stage in Willy Russell’s 1980 play. Playing Susan "Rita" White, a Liverpudlian working-class hairdresser who seeks to better herself by signing up for and attending an Open University course in English Literature, she would receive the BAFTA Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical/Comedy, and an Academy Award for Best Actress-nomination. In 1985, she played Adrian Mole's mother, Pauline, in the TV adaptation of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole.<mask> appeared in the lead role of Cynthia Payne in the 1987 film Personal Services – a dramatic comedy about a British brothel owner. Then she starred with Phil Collins, playing the lead character's wife, June, in the film Buster, released in 1988. She also appeared as Mrs. Peachum in the 1989 film version of The Threepenny Opera, which was renamed Mack the Knife for the screen. 1990s
In 1991, <mask> starred opposite Liza Minnelli in Stepping Out, and had a one-off television special, <mask> and Friends, which featured writing contributions from Victoria Wood, Alan Bennett, Willy Russell and Alan Bleasdale. In 1993, <mask> starred in the TV film Wide-Eyed and Legless (known as The Wedding Gift outside the UK) alongside Jim Broadbent and Thora Hird. The film was based on the book by the author Deric Longden and tells the story of the final years of his marriage to his wife, Diana, who contracted a degenerative illness that medical officials were unable to understand at the time, though now believed to be a form of chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis. In 1998 she starred as the Fairy Godmother in the ITV pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk.From 1998 until 2000, she played Petula Gordeno in Victoria Wood's BBC sitcom dinnerladies. In the late 1990s, she featured in a series of adverts for Bisto gravy. 2000s

In 2001, <mask> won a Laurence Olivier Award for her performance in Arthur Miller's All My Sons. She received her second Oscar nomination and won a BAFTA for her supporting role as the ballet teacher in Billy Elliot (2000). In 2002, she again won a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actress for her performance as Paul Reiser's mother in My Beautiful Son. <mask> played Molly Weasley, the matriarch of the Weasley family, in the Harry Potter film series (2001–2011). Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the only film in the series not to have included <mask>.In 2003, the BBC voted her portrayal of Molly as the second-"best screen mother". In 2003, <mask> starred as a widow (Annie Clark) determined to make some good come out of her husband's death from cancer in Calendar Girls, which starred Helen Mirren. In 2005, she again starred as an inspirational real-life figure, Marie Stubbs in the ITV1 drama Ahead of the Class. In 2006, she came fourth in ITV's poll of the public's 50 Greatest Stars, coming four places above frequent co-star Victoria Wood. In 2006, she starred in the film Driving Lessons alongside Rupert Grint (who played her son Ron in Harry Potter), and had a leading role in the BBC's adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel The Ruby in the Smoke. In summer 2006, <mask> published her first novel, Maggie's Tree. The novel, concerning a group of English actors in Manhattan and published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, was described as "a disturbing and thought-provoking novel about mental torment and the often blackly comic, mixed-up ways we view ourselves and misread each other.".Another reviewer, Susan Jeffreys, in The Independent, described the novel as "the work of a writer who knows what she's doing. There's nothing tentative about the writing, and <mask> brings her experiences as an actress to bear on the page. ... you do have the sensation of entering someone else's mind and of looking through someone else's eyes." <mask> starred in Asda's Christmas 2007 TV advertising campaign. She also appeared alongside Patrick Stewart in UK Nintendo DS Brain Training television advertisements, and in a public information film about smoke alarms. In June 2008, <mask> appeared in the film version of Mamma Mia!, playing Rosie Mulligan, marking her second high-profile musical, after Acorn Antiques: The Musical!. The same year, she released her autobiography, titled That's Another Story.In 2007, <mask> starred as the mother of author Jane Austen (played by Anne Hathaway) in Becoming Jane. <mask> played Mary Whitehouse in the BBC Drama Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story (2008), an adaptation of the real-life story of Mrs. Whitehouse who campaigned for "taste and decency on television". <mask> commented, "I am very excited to be playing Mary Whitehouse, and to be looking at the time when she attacked the BBC and started to make her name." Filth won Best Motion Picture Made for Television, and <mask> was nominated for Best Actress in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made For Television, at the 2008 13th Annual Satellite Awards. In 2009, she received a star in the Birmingham Walk of Stars on Birmingham's Golden Mile, Broad Street. She said: "I am very honoured and happy that the people of Birmingham and the West Midlands want to include me in their Walk of Stars and I look forward to receiving my star. Birmingham and the West Midlands is where I'm from; these are my roots and in essence it has played a big part in making me the person I am today".Her other awards include an International Emmy with for A Short Stay in Switzerland. 2010s

<mask> played the late MP and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Mo Mowlam in a drama for Channel 4 broadcast in early 2010. She had misgivings about taking on the role because of the differences in their physical appearance, but the result was highly praised by critics. In July 2012, <mask> appeared in the BBC Two production The Hollow Crown as Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Parts I and II. In the summer of 2012, she voiced the Witch in Pixar's Brave (2012). In 2012 she worked with LV= to promote one of their life insurance products targeted at people over 50. <mask> was seen in television advertisements, at the lv.com website and in other marketing material helping to raise awareness for life insurance.<mask> appeared in The Last of the Haussmans at the Royal National Theatre in June 2012. The production was broadcast to cinemas around the world through the National Theatre Live programme. Set in contemporary London, <mask> portrayed Mrs. Bird, the Browns' housekeeper, in the critically acclaimed Paddington (2014). <mask> reprised her role for the sequel, Paddington 2 (2017), which has also received universal acclaim. She played the part of Cynthia Coffin in the ten-part British drama serial Indian Summers aired on Channel 4 in 2015. In 2015, she appeared in the romantic drama film Brooklyn, a film that was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Her performance in the film earned her a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.<mask> voiced the Lexi Decoder (LEXI) for Channel 4 during the 2016 Paralympic Games. The graphical system aims to aid the viewing experience of the games by debunking the often confusing classifications that govern Paralympic sport. Set in London during the depression, <mask> played Ellen, Michael's and Jane's long-time housekeeper, in Mary Poppins Returns (2018). Set in 1947 England, <mask> starred with Colin Firth in The Secret Garden (2020). Personal life
<mask>' relationship with Grant Roffey, a patrol man for the AA, began after a whirlwind romance. The couple have a daughter named Maisie Mae Roffey (born 26 April 1988), but did not marry until they went to New York City to do so in 1997. They live on an organic farm operated by Roffey near Plaistow, West Sussex.<mask> is a lifelong supporter of West Bromwich Albion Football Club, having been brought up in Smethwick. She is a patron of the domestic violence survivors' charity, Women's Aid. Illness
<mask> was diagnosed with stage III bowel cancer in 2018. Having had surgery and chemotherapy, she entered remission. This meant that she had to be cut from certain scenes in The Secret Garden and also had to miss the premiere of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. <mask> did not announce her illness to the public until February 2020, when she said in an interview with Victoria Derbyshire that she would be taking a step back from acting, particularly from large and demanding film roles.Later that year, however, she stated that she would make an exception for roles that she was 'really engaged' with, including Mamma Mia 3!, which is currently in development. Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Bibliography
Baby Talk: The Secret Diary of a Pregnant Woman (Ebury Press, 1990)
Maggie's Tree (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007)
That's Another Story: The Autobiography (Orion Books, 2009)

Honours
<mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1999 Birthday Honours, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours, and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama. Awards and nominations

<mask> has won eight BAFTAs, six competitive awards plus two honorary awards. The first honorary award was a special BAFTA that she received at a tribute evening in 2003, before receiving the BAFTA Fellowship in 2014. References

External links

A Conversation with <mask> – interactive video interview presented by BFI Screenonline and British Telecom
Walters named as CBE

1950 births
Living people
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actors from Staffordshire
Actresses awarded British damehoods
Actresses from Birmingham, West Midlands
Alumni of Manchester Metropolitan University
Audiobook narrators
BAFTA fellows
Best Actress BAFTA Award winners
Best Actress BAFTA Award (television) winners
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
English film actresses
English musical theatre actresses
English nurses
English people of Irish descent
English Shakespearean actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
English voice actresses
International Emmy Award for Best Actress winners
Laurence Olivier Award winners
People from Chichester District
People from Edgbaston
People from Smethwick
Royal Shakespeare Company members

masks:
Dame Julia Mary Walters
Julie Walters
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Thomas Walters
Thomas Walters
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Julie Walters
Walters
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Julie Walters


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is a Japanese singer and actor. He is a member of Hey! Say! JUMP. <mask> came to prominence as a teen idol in 2007 following his role in the Japanese television series Tantei Gakuen Q. After launching his music career in 2007 as a member of Hey! Say!JUMP, he released his number one debut solo single, "Mystery Virgin" in 2013. The fact that <mask> was in his teens at the time the single reached number one helped the singer set several records in the Japanese music industry and <mask> achieved wide fame as a solo artist. He became the first teenage male artist in thirty three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone. As an actor, he is best known for portraying Hajime Kindaichi in the Kindaichi Case Files live action drama franchise and Nagisa Shiota in the Assassination Classroom live action adaptation movie franchise. He also plays Edward Elric in the live-action film Fullmetal Alchemist, which was released on December 1, 2017. <mask>'s portrayal of Shiota Nagisa in Assassination Classroom (2015) earned him the Japan Academy Award for Newcomers of the Year in 2016 and his role as Semi in Grasshopper (2015) won him the Rookie Actor of the Year in Japan Film Critics Award 2016. Career

2004–2005: Career beginnings
<mask> began his career as an entertainer after entering Johnny & Associates at the age of 10.His mother, who was a fan of KinKi Kids, sent an application for an audition which recruited trainees for future male idols. The audition took place during the summer of 2004 and was aired in a segment of a Japanese television program, Ya-Ya-yah. <mask> made his first television appearance in August. He began working as a backup dancer for Tackey & Tsubasa, NEWS, Kanjani8, and KAT-TUN and appeared regularly on Shounen Club from autumn 2004. 2006–2007: Tantei Gakuen Q and Hey! Say! JUMP
Following his success as a dancer, he began acting.In 2006, he made his acting debut in a 2-hour television live action drama, Tantei Gakuen Q SP, as Ryu Amakusa. In April 2007, he was selected to be a member of a temporary group, Hey! Say! 7. The group made their CD debut on August 1, 2007, with a number-one single "Hey! Say!". The band was created by Johnny Kitagawa and it was stated at the time that it would be active for six months until September 2007.From July 2007, a three-month series of Tantei Gakuen Q was launched and <mask> played Ryu Amakusa again as he did in the prequel. The series became a major hit, and <mask> came to prominence and began receiving wide fame as an actor. In September 2007, Hey! Say! 7 expanded. Johnny & Associates announced that the new group, Hey! Say!JUMP, would be launched. <mask> was selected as one of the ten (now eight) members. He debuted on November 14, 2007, with a number one single "Ultra Music Power". 2008–2009: Acting and NYC Boys
In 2008, <mask> furthered his acting career. From January to March 2008, he starred in a three-month long television drama series, One-Pound Gospel with Kazuya Kamenashi. On April 12, he played a main role in a two-hour drama episode, Sensei wa Erai, as Hayato Gunjou. On June 14, he played the main role in Furuhata Chuugakusei, the sequel to Furuhata Ninzaburo, a Japanese drama series aired since 1994.From October to December 2008, he played the main role, Toichi Takasugi, in a three-month long television drama series, Scrap Teacher, along with Daiki Arioka, Yuto Nakajima and Yuri Chinen. In June 2009, it was announced that <mask> would be working as the lead singer of temporary group, NYC Boys. The band debuted with a number one single, "NYC". On December 31, 2009, the band appeared on Kohaku Uta Gassen. In the summer of 2009, <mask> returned to acting and starred in Niini no koto o Wasurenaide, a two-hour television drama episode aired as a segment of an annual television show, 24 Hour Television. On October 3, 2009, he played the main role in Hidarime Tantei Eye SP. 2010–2012: NYC, The Smurfs, Perfect Son and Johnny's World
From January 2010, Hidarime Tantei EYE became a three-month long television series and <mask> once again played the main role.His bandmate Yuma Nakayama guest starred in the first two episodes. Hey! Say! JUMP's sixth single "Hitomi no Screen" was used as the theme song for the series. In March 2010, it was announced that <mask> and two other leading members of NYC boys would form a new group called NYC, leaving behind the remaining four members. NYC released a number one single "Yuuki 100%" on April 7, 2010. From this point on, <mask> began performing as a singer of two groups, Hey!Say! JUMP and NYC. In September 2011, he played the voice of Clumsy in the Japanese-dubbed version of the film The Smurfs. Hey! Say! JUMP's ninth single, "Magic Power", was used as the theme song for the film. In 2012, <mask> returned to acting for the first time in two years.He played the main role in <mask> Akiyoshi Monogatari, which was aired on January 2. It was his first time to star in a period drama. From January to March, he starred in a 3-month long television series, Perfect Son, with actress Kyōka Suzuki. Hey! Say! JUMP's 9th single "SUPER DELICATE" was used as the theme song for the series. From November 2012 to January 2013, he played the lead role in a musical, Johnny's World.For the musical, <mask> performed tight-rope walking every day for three months in each show. 2013–2014: "Mystery Virgin" and Kindaichi Case Files
On January 9, 2013, he made his solo debut with a number one single, "Mystery Virgin". The fact that <mask> was in his teens at the time when the single reached number one helped him set several new records in the Japanese music industry. The single debuted at number one in its debut week on the Oricon chart, making him the first teenage male artist in thirty-three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone. On January 12, 2013, he starred in a two-hour television special for, Kinda'ichi Shōnen no Jikenbo titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jikenbo Hong Kong Kowloon Zaihou Satsujin Jiken (The Hong Kong Kowloon Treasure Murder Case). He played the main role as Hajime Kindaichi. The show was created to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Japanese broadcasting company, NTV.<mask>'s Mystery Virgin was used as the theme song for the show. It was later revealed that Shin Kibayashi, writer of the Kindaichi series and Tantei Gakuen Q had envisioned creating a new Kindaichi series with <mask> as Hajime Kindaichi for almost five years. They met on set while filming Tantei Gakuen Q in 2006 and 2007. After filming the show, Kibayashi asked <mask> in person if he could play the role of Kindaichi in the future, for Yamada was only 14 years old at the time, too young to play the role of a high school student. In early 2014, <mask> <mask> reprised his role as Kindaichi and starred in another special titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jiken bo Gokumonjuku Satsujin Jiken (The Prison School Murder Case). After the specials, <mask> was then approached to continue starring as Kindaichi for a new serial drama for the Kindaichi series. The new series will be titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jikenbo N (neo) and started airing in July 2014.2015: Movie debut and 24 Hour Television
In March 2015, <mask> made his movie debut as the hero, Shiota Nagisa, in the live-action movie adaptation of the popular manga, Assassination Classroom. The movie was a major hit, topping the box office of Japan on its first opening week. In August 2015, Hey! Say! JUMP was chosen as the TV personality of NTV's annual 24 Hour Television, which was a program to raise awareness for all the people that are going through hard times, alongside another Johnny's group, V6. <mask> portrayed the hero, Ryohei Sasaki, in the 24 Hour Television drama special called Okaasan, Ore Wa Daijoubu, along with other Johnny's members Takahisa Masuda and Yoshihiko Inohara as cast members. He portrayed a high school student who's passionate about soccer, but suffers from a brain tumor.For the role, <mask> lost 6 kg within just a week. <mask> was cast in another movie that was released on November 9 called Grasshopper along with Toma Ikuta. The movie was ranked number two on its opening week. <mask> received positive reviews due to his acting as a knife-wielding assassin in this movie, including from his veteran co-stars, Toma Ikuta, Tadanobu Asano, and Jun Murakami. 2016–present: Continuous Movie Successes & Acting Recognitions
Early 2016, <mask> won the Newcomer of the Year category in the 39th Japan Academy Prize for his portrayal of Nagisa Shiota in Assassination Classroom, and Rookie actor of the year in Japan Movie Critics Award for his portrayal of Semi in Grasshopper. On May 24, 2016, it was announced that <mask> would star as Edward Elric in the Fullmetal Alchemist live-action movie scheduled for release in 2017. <mask> was cast as the lead to the fall drama of Fuji TV's getsu 9 (prime-time slot), Cain and Abel.It aired in October 2016. It is <mask>'s first drama with a romantic love angle, and he is also the first Heisei born from Johnny's to star in a getsu 9. The story is adapted from the Bible's Old Testament, and it is also a remake of the US classic film, East of Eden starring James Dean. <mask> plays a salaryman who falls in love with his brother's girlfriend and is hungry for the affection of his father. For his role in this drama, <mask> was a runner up of Best Leading Actor in the Autumn TV Drama Academy Award 2016. He was also the youngest person to be nominated in the lead actor category that season. On December 2, 2016, <mask> was cast to lead a movie titled Miracles of the Namiya General Store based on the best-selling novel of the same name by an award-winning writer, Higashino Keigo.The novel was claimed to be one of Higashino's best works. It tells the story of two people living in different eras (1980 and 2012) which will be connected by a letter, a story depicting human bonds and miracles. <mask> will portray a delinquent who stumbles upon a mysterious store that leads to several events that changes his life. The movie will be directed by Ryuichi Hiroki, filming expected to start January 2017 and is slated for Autumn 2017 release. <mask>'s performance in the "Miracles of the Namiya General Store" received generally positive reviews. His co-star Nishida Toshiyuki praised <mask>'s performance and said he is the Japanese version of James Dean and wrote a special letter for Yamada appreciating his acting. The movie was nominated for 6 different categories at the 41st Japan Academy Award, including best picture and best director.Both Namiya and Fullmetal Alchemist debuted at number 1 in Japan Box Office for its opening weekend. <mask>'s performance as Atsuya in Namiya and Edward Elric in Fullmetal Alchemist earn him the Newcomer Actor Award at the 91st Kinema Junpo Award, making him the second Johnny's talent to achieve this award after Ikuta Toma. <mask> was cast as the lead to the NTV Saturday 10p.m drama for the winter of 2018, with the title Momikeshite Fuyu, a family comedy drama that tells the story of 3 elite siblings of a doctor, a lawyer, and a police officer who struggles to cover up scandals related to their family. <mask> plays the youngest child, an elite Police Officer, graduated from the University of Tokyo, who struggles to be accepted by his family under the shadows of his older siblings. The series premiered on January 13, 2018, with a solid rating of 13.3%. Discography

Singles

Music video

Credits

DVD

Filmography
For Hey! Say!JUMP-related appearances, see Hey! Say! JUMP. Dramas

Film

Shows

Other activities

YouTube
A new Johnny's YouTube channel called ジャにのちゃんねる (Janinochaneru), lead by Arashi's Kazunari Ninomiya, was opened on April 25, 2021. <mask> was revealed as the fourth member to participate, on April 28. He was revealed in the channel's 4th official video following 3 others announcing the other Johnny’s members that would be a part of the new channel. On September 15 of the same year, <mask> started his own gaming channel, LEOの遊び場 (Leo’s Playground).On this channel, <mask> mainly streams gameplay of first-person shooter games, featuring other Japanese streamers and VTubers. Tours
For post-debut tours, see Hey! Say! JUMP. Pre-debut

Musicals

Awards

References

External links
 Hey! Say! JUMP
 Johnny's-net

1993 births
Living people
Hey!Say! JUMP members
Johnny & Associates
Horikoshi High School alumni
Male actors from Tokyo
Singers from Tokyo
Japanese male pop singers
Japanese dance music singers
Japanese rhythm and blues singers
Japanese hip hop singers
Japanese male television actors
Japanese male film actors
Japanese idols
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese male singers
21st-century Japanese male actors

masks: Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Ryosuke Yamada Ryosuke Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada


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<mask> (; 30 October 1932 – 23 November 1995) was a French film director, screenwriter, and producer. His film Le Monde du silence won the Palme d'Or in 1956 and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957, although he was not credited at the ceremony; the award was instead presented to the film's co-director Jacques Cousteau. Later in his career he was nominated multiple times for Academy Awards. Malle is also one of only four directors to have won the Golden Lion twice. Malle worked in both French cinema and Hollywood, and he produced both French and English language films. His most famous films include the crime film Ascenseur pour l'échafaud (1958), the World War II drama Lacombe, Lucien (1974), the romantic crime film Atlantic City (1980), the comedy-drama My Dinner with Andre (1981), and the autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987). Biography

Early life
<mask> was born into a wealthy industrialist family in Thumeries, Nord, France, the son of Françoise (Béghin) and <mask>.During World War II, Malle attended a Roman Catholic boarding school near Fontainebleau. As an 11-year-old he witnessed a Gestapo raid on the school, in which three Jewish students, including his close friend, and a Jewish teacher were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz. The school's headmaster, Père Jacques, was arrested for harboring them and sent to the concentration camp at Mauthausen. Malle would later address these events in his autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987). As a young man, Malle initially studied political science at Sciences Po from 1950 to 1952 (some sources incorrectly state that he studied at the Sorbonne) before turning to film studies at IDHEC. He worked as the co-director and cameraman to Jacques Cousteau on the documentary  The Silent World (1956), which won an Oscar and the Palme d'Or at the 1956 Academy Awards and Cannes Film Festival respectively. He assisted Robert Bresson on A Man Escaped (French title: Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le vent souffle où il veut, 1956) before making his first feature, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud in 1957 (released in the U.K. as Lift to the Scaffold and in the U.S. originally as Frantic, later as Elevator to the Gallows).A taut thriller featuring an original score by Miles Davis, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud made an international film star of Jeanne Moreau, at the time a leading stage actress of the Comédie-Française. Malle was 24 years old. Malle's The Lovers (Les Amants, 1958), which also starred Moreau, caused major controversy due to its sexual content, leading to a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the legal definition of obscenity. In Jacobellis v. Ohio, a theater owner was fined $2,500 for obscenity. The decision was eventually reversed by the higher court, which found that the film was not obscene and hence constitutionally protected. However, the court could not agree on the definition of "obscene", which caused Justice Potter Stewart to utter his "I know it when I see it" opinion, perhaps the most famous single line associated with the court. Malle is sometimes associated with the nouvelle vague movement.His work does not directly fit in with or correspond to the auteurist theories that apply to the work of Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, Éric Rohmer and others, and he had nothing whatsoever to do with the Cahiers du cinéma. However, Malle's work does exemplify some of the characteristics of the movement, such as using natural light and shooting on location, and his film Zazie dans le Métro ("Zazie in the Metro", 1960, an adaptation of the Raymond Queneau novel) inspired Truffaut to write an enthusiastic letter to Malle. Other films also tackled taboo subjects: The Fire Within centres on a man about to commit suicide, Le souffle au cœur (1971) deals with an incestuous relationship between mother and son, and Lacombe Lucien (1974), co-written with Patrick Modiano, is about collaboration with the Nazis in Vichy France during World War II. The second of these earned Malle his first (of three) Oscar nominations for "Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Factual Material or Material Not Previously Published or Produced". Documentary on India
Malle visited India in 1968, and made a seven-part documentary series, L'Inde fantôme: Reflexions sur un voyage, and a documentary film, Calcutta, which was released in cinemas. Concentrating on India's religious rituals and festivities, Malle fell afoul of the Indian government, which disliked his portrayal of the country, in its fascination with the pre-modern, and consequently banned the BBC from filming in India for several years. Malle later claimed his documentary on India was his favorite film.Move to America
Malle later moved to the United States and continued to direct there. His later films include Pretty Baby (1978), Atlantic City (1980), My Dinner with Andre (1981), Crackers (1984), Alamo Bay (1985), Damage (1992) and Vanya on 42nd Street (1994, an adaptation of Anton Chekhov's play Uncle Vanya) in English; Au revoir les enfants (1987) and Milou en Mai (May Fools in the U.S., 1990) in French. Just as his earlier films such as The Lovers helped popularize French films in the United States, My Dinner with Andre was at the forefront of the rise of American independent cinema in the 1980s. Towards the end of his life, Malle was interviewed extensively for The Times by cultural correspondent Melinda Camber Porter. In 1993, the interviews were included in Camber Porter's book Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections On Contemporary French Arts And Culture. Personal life
Malle was married to actress Anne-Marie Deschodt from 1965 to 1967. He later had a son, Manuel Cuotemoc <mask> (born 1971), with German actress Gila von Weitershausen, and a daughter, filmmaker Justine <mask> (born 1974), with Canadian actress Alexandra Stewart.He married actress Candice Bergen in 1980. They had one child, a daughter, Chloé Françoise <mask>, on 8 November 1985. He died from lymphoma, aged 63, at their home in Beverly Hills, California, on 23 November 1995.

masks:
Louis Marie Malle
Malle
Pierre Malle
Malle
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<mask><mask> (born c. 1964) is an American anthropologist and lawyer, an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. His first book Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World (2008)  received the John L. <mask> Award from the Society for Historical Archaeology. <mask> is editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network and Newsletter, and an associate of the editorial board of the International Journal of Historical Archaeology. Education
<mask> earned his M.A. in American Civilization from the University of Pennsylvania in 1986. He received his J.D. in 1989 from Georgetown University Law Center.Returning to graduate study and a second career, in 2000 he received an M.A. in anthropology from the University of Virginia. In 2003, <mask> completed his Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Virginia, where he specialized in historical archaeology and African diaspora archaeology. Academic career
In his first years, <mask> taught at a variety of institutions: first was the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, including a course on witchcraft and magic which he designed, and historical archaeology theory and methods. In the spring of 2001, <mask> was an instructor at Roosevelt University in Chicago, Illinois, teaching cross-cultural anthropology. During the fall of 2003, <mask> was a lecturer at Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas, teaching an introduction to cultural anthropology. From 2003 to 2004, <mask> was Adjunct Professor of Law and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, Texas where he taught “Anthropology and Law” and “Social Norms and the Law.” From 2004 until now, <mask> is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in Urbana, Illinois.He is also a staff member in the College of Law, teaching interdisciplinary lectures in anthropology and law, the Department of Landscape Architecture, the African American Studies Program, and the Center for African Studies. Editor
<mask> has done extensive editorial work. From 1998 to the present, he has been editor and co-founder (with historians James Deetz and Patricia Scott Deetz) of the online-based "Plymouth Colony Archive Project", which is “ethnohistorical and archaeological analyses and historical texts”. This project was recognized by the National Endowment for the Humanities and "peer-reviewed for outstanding intellectual quality, superior design, and educational impact." Since 2004, <mask> has been an article and book referee for various publications, including, American Anthropologist, Historical Archaeology, and Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology. Since 2005, <mask> has been editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network (ADAN) and Newsletter and an editorial board member of International Journal of Historical Archaeology. Excavations and research
In 2008 <mask> led summer research and excavations at the New Philadelphia Town Site in Illinois.It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009. The town site is at New Philadelphia, Illinois. This plot of land in Pike County, Illinois was the site of the first town platted and registered by an African American before the American Civil War. It had black and white residents, and an integrated school. As a railroad was built bordering a neighboring community, the New Philadelphia expansion seemed to come to a halt. By the early 20th century, only a few homes and families remained. Today only prairie remains with no evidence of a once-flourishing community.During the fall and spring of 2002 and 2003, <mask> and a team from University of Illinois, University of Maryland and other institutions used topographical and historical maps to find the exact location of the New Philadelphia Site. They found plots of land with artifacts such as nails, ceramic pieces, and shards of glass, showing obvious signs of a previous settlement. The archaeologists are working with the New Philadelphia Land Trust to excavate and preserve the site and its history. In 1999 and 2000, <mask> performed excavations and studies in the upper Potomac River and northern Shenandoah River region surrounding Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. Included were an 18th-century house and St. Peter's Church and School in Harper’s Valley. He examined three cultural processes: the formation and dissipation of social groups, the development of language and communication through material culture, and regional exchange systems. Books
Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World (2008) (received award, see below)
African Diaspora Archaeology (2008) Society for Historical Archaeology.Awards
2009 John L<mask> Award, the Society for Historical Archaeology

References

Other publications
 "BaKongo Identity and Symbolic Expression in the Americas", The Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, ed. Toyin Falola and Akin Ogundiran, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007
 "Conjuring Boundaries: Inferring Past Identities from Religious Artifacts", International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 4(4): 281-313 (2000). "Molded Malevolence: Instrumental Symbolism Rendered in Clay", Ceramics in America, Vol. 3, pp. 270–273, University Press of New England and the Chipstone Foundation (2003). "New Philadelphia: The XYZs of the First Excavations", with Terrance J. Martin and Paul A. Shackel, Living Museum, 66(4): 8-13 (2004/2005). Editor, African Diaspora Archaeology Network, University of Illinois, 2008
 “Historical Archaeology in Harpers Ferry”, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 14 December 2007

External links
 "<mask>. <mask>", University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Website, 2008

American anthropologists
University of Virginia alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Georgetown University Law Center alumni

masks:
Christopher C
. Fennell
Cotter
Fennell
Fennell
Fennell
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Fennell
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Fennell
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<mask> () was the ninth Sapa Inca (1418–1471/1472) of the Kingdom of Cusco which he transformed into the Inca Empire (). Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti. In Quechua Pachakutiq means "reformer of the world", and Yupanki means "with honor". During his reign, Cusco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, the Chimú. He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to nearly the whole of western South America. According to chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega, Pachacuti created the Inti Raymi to celebrate the new year in the Andes of the Southern Hemisphere. Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inti Sun Cult.Biography
Pachacutec was the ninth ruler of the Inca state who, from ruling a simple chiefdom, came to rule a great empire, the Tawantinsuyu. He was born in Cusco, in the palace of Cusicancha, bordering the Coricancha temple. His tutor, Micuymana, taught him history, laws and language, as well as the handling of quipus. From a very young age he was admired by the Inca nobles because he had the courage, intelligence and maturity that his brother, Inca Urco (who had been named as successor of Viracocha Inca), lacked. In the same way, he showed aptitudes for government and conquest that his brother likewise lacked. Although he had not been designated as successor by his father, Viracocha Inca, he led a military defense against the warlike army of Chanka while his father and his brother, Urco Inca, fled the manor. The victory over the Chankas made Inca Viracocha recognize him as his successor around 1438.As part of his vision of a statesman and warrior chieftain he conquered many ethnic groups and states, highlighting his conquest of the Collao that enhanced the prestige of the Inca Pachacutec. Due to the remarkable expansion of their domains he was considered an exceptional leader, enlivening glorious epic stories and hymns in tribute to his achievements. Numerous kurakas do not hesitate to recognise his skills and identify him as the "son of the Sun". He conquered the provinces of Colla-Suyu and Chinchay-Suyu. Along with his sons, Tupac Ayar Manco (or Amaru Tupac Inca), and Apu Paucar Usnu, he defeated the Collas. Additionally, he left garrisons in subjugated lands. Lineage
<mask>cha and Mama Runtu, was the fourth of the Hanan dynasty.His wife's name was Mama Anahuarqui, or Quya Anawarkhi (Coya Anahurque). He had three sons, Tupac Ayar Manco, Apu Paucar, and Tupac Inca Yupanqui. <mask> had his two brothers, Capac Yupanqui and Huayana Yupanqui, killed after the military campaign against the province of Chinchay-Suyu. He also killed his sons Tilca Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui. Amaru, the older son, was originally chosen to be co-regent and eventual successor. Pachacuti later chose Tupac Inca because Amaru was not a warrior. He was also the first one to retire.Succession
<mask>'s given name was Cusi Yupanqui and he was not supposed to succeed his father Inca Viracocha who had appointed his brother Urco as crown prince. However, in the midst of an invasion of Cusco by the Chankas, the Incas' traditional tribal archenemies, Pachacuti had a real opportunity to demonstrate his talent. While his father and brother fled the scene, Pachacuti rallied the army and prepared for a desperate defense of his homeland. In the resulting battle, the Chankas were defeated so severely that legend tells even the stones rose up to fight on Pachacuti's side. Pachacuti became known as "The Earth Shaker" following the battle, and won the support of his people. Pachacuti captured many Chanka leaders, who Pachacuti presented to his father Viracocha for him to wipe his feet on their bodies, a traditional victory ritual. Viracocha told Pachacuti that the honor of the ritual belonged to the next Inca: Urco.Pachacuti protested and said that he had not won the victory for his brothers to step on the Chanka captives. A heated argument ensued, and Viracocha later tried to have Pachacuti assassinated. Pachacuti was tipped off to the plot, however, and the assassination plot failed. Viracocha went into exile while Pachacuti returned in triumph to Cusco, and renamed himself "<mask>" (meaning "Earth Shaker"). Pachacuti rebuilt much of Cusco, designing it to serve the needs of an imperial city and as a representation of the empire. Each suyu had a sector of the city, centering on the road leading to that province; nobles and immigrants lived in the sector corresponding to their origin. Each sector was further divided into areas for the hanan (upper) and hurin (lower) moieties.Many of the most renowned monuments around Cusco, such as the great sun temple Qurikancha, were rebuilt during Pachacuti's reign. Despite his political and military talents, Pachacuti did not improve the system of succession. His son became the next Inca without any known dispute after Pachacuti died in 1471 due to a terminal illness, but in future generations, the next Inca had to gain control of the empire by winning enough support from the apos, priesthood, and military to win a civil war or intimidate anyone else from trying to wrest control of the empire. Pachacuti is also credited with having displaced hundreds of thousands in massive programs of relocation and resettling them to colonize the most remote edges of his empire. These forced colonists were called mitimaes and represented the lowest place in the Incan social hierarchy. The Incan imperial government was highly authoritative and repressive. He sent his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui an army to repeat his conquests, and extend his realm to Quito.Pachacuti then built irrigating channels, cultivated terraces, made roads and hospices. The Road of the Inca stretched from Quito to Chile. Pachacuti was a poet and the author of the Sacred Hymns of the Situa city purification ceremony. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa attributed one song to Pachacuti on his deathbed: "I was born as a lily in the garden, and like the lily I grew, as my age advanced / I became old and had to die, and so I withered and died." In popular culture

 <mask> is featured as the leader of the Inca in the video games Civilization III, Civilization V, and Civilization VI. Pachacutec, a resurrected Sapa Inca king who is over 500 years old, plays a major role in James Rollins' novel  Excavation, whose major action occurs in the Peruvian Andes. The book is steeped in history and culture about the Inca, Moche, and Quechan peoples, their interactions with the Dominican Order and Spanish Conquistadors, and the Spanish Inquisition.He was portrayed in the American documentary series Mankind: The Story of All of Us. The BBC children's series Horrible Histories featured <mask>, played by Mathew Baynton, in the song "Do the Pachacuti" (a parody of novelty party songs) during its second series. Pachakutiq is the name of a character played by Clark Gregg in season six of the Marvel TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. — not the Incan emperor, but a character who might be said to be a "he who overturns space and time" in a certain sense. The video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition contains a five-chapter campaign titled "Pachacuti". Gallery

References

External links

1418 births
1471 deaths
Inca emperors
Incan politicians
15th-century South American people
15th-century monarchs in South America

masks:
Pachacuti Inca Yuqui
Pachacutiraco
Pachacuti
Pachacuti
Pachacuti
Pachacuti
Pachacuti


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<mask> (born January 15, 1957) is an American journalist and author who writes about science, history, politics, and religion. He has written five books: Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information (1988), The Moral Animal (1994), Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (1999), The Evolution of God (2009), and Why Buddhism is True (2017). As of 2019, <mask> is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary, New York. He is the co-founder and editor-in-chief of Bloggingheads.tv and the founder and editor-in-chief of Meaningoflife.tv. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Lawton, Oklahoma to a Southern Baptist  family and raised in (among other places) San Francisco. A self-described "Army brat", <mask> attended Texas Christian University for a year in the late 1970s, before transferring to Princeton University to study sociobiology, which was a precursor to evolutionary psychology. His professors at college included author John McPhee, whose style influenced <mask>'s first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information.Career

Journalism
<mask> served as a Senior Editor at The Sciences and The New Republic,  and as an editor at The Wilson Quarterly. He has been a contributing editor at The New Republic (where he also co-authored the "TRB" column), Time, and Slate, and has written for The Atlantic Monthly, The New Yorker,  and The New York Times Magazine. He contributes frequently to The New York Times, including a stint as guest columnist for the month of April, 2007 and as a contributor to The Opinionator, a web-only opinion page in 2010. <mask> became a senior editor of The Atlantic on January 1, 2012. As of February, 2015, the magazine's author page describes him as "a former senior editor at The Atlantic." University teaching and research
In early 2000, <mask> began teaching at Princeton University and the University of Pennsylvania, teaching a graduate seminar called "Religion and Human Nature" and an undergraduate course called "The Evolution of Religion." At Princeton, <mask> was a Laurence S. Rockefeller Visiting Fellow and began co-teaching a graduate seminar with Peter Singer on the biological basis of moral intuition.In 2014, <mask> taught a six-week Coursera MOOC on "Buddhism and Modern Psychology". As of 2019, <mask> is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary, New York. Also as of 2019, <mask> is a Senior Fellow at the think tank New America. Meaningoflife.tv
In 2002, <mask> ventured into video-on-Internet with his MeaningofLife.tv website, developed by Greg Dingle, in which he interviews a range of thinkers on their ideas about science, philosophy, meditation, spirituality, and other topics. Meaningoflife.tv is sponsored by Slate magazine, and made possible through funding by the Templeton Foundation. Other hosts include John Horgan, Daniel Kaufman, Nikita Petrov, and Aryeh Cohen-Wade. Bloggingheads.tv

On November 1, 2005, <mask>, blogger Mickey Kaus, and Greg Dingle launched Bloggingheads.tv,  a current-events diavlog.Bloggingheads diavlogs are conducted via webcam, and can be viewed online or downloaded either as WMV or MP4 video files or as MP3 sound files. New diavlogs are posted approximately 5-10 times a week and are archived. While many diavlogs feature <mask>, other hosts at Bloggingheads.tv include Glenn Loury, John McWhorter, Bill Scher, Matt Lewis, Kat Rosenfield, Phoebe Maltz-Bovy, and Aryeh Cohen-Wade. Views on religion
<mask> has written extensively on the topic of religion, particularly in The Evolution of God. In 2009, When asked by Bill Moyers if God is a figment of the human imagination, <mask> responded:

On The Colbert Report, <mask> said he was "not an atheist" but did not believe in any of the three Abrahamic religions. He opposes creationism, including intelligent design. <mask> has a strictly materialist conception of natural selection; however, he does not deny the possibility of some larger purpose unfolding, that natural selection could itself be the product of design, in the context of teleology.<mask> describes what he calls the "changing moods of God", arguing that religion is adaptable and based on the political, economic and social circumstances of the culture, rather than strictly scriptural interpretation. <mask> has also been critical of organized atheism and describes himself more specifically as a secular humanist. <mask> makes a distinction between religion being wrong and bad and is hesitant to agree that its bad effects greatly outweigh its good effects. He sees organized atheism as attempting to actively convert people in the same way as many religions do. <mask> views it as being counterproductive to think of religion as being the root cause of today's problems. In Why Buddhism is True, <mask> advocates a secular, Westernized form of Buddhism focusing on the practice of mindfulness meditation and stripped of supernatural beliefs such as reincarnation. He believes Buddhism's diagnosis of the causes of human suffering is vindicated by evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology.He further argues that the modern psychological idea of the modularity of mind resonates with the Buddhist teaching of no-self (anatman). Personal life
<mask> lives in Princeton, New Jersey, with his wife Lisa and their two daughters. They have two dogs named Frazier and Milo, who are featured in a few Bloggingheads.tv episodes. Books

 1989 Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information. 1994 The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology. 1999 Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny. 2009 The Evolution of God.Little, Brown and Company. 2017 Why Buddhism is True: The Science and Philosophy of Meditation and Enlightenment. Awards and recognition
The Evolution of God was one of three finalists for the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. The New York Times Book Review chose <mask>'s The Moral Animal as one of the 10 best books of 1994;  it was a national bestseller and has been published in 12 languages. Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny was a The New York Times Book Review Notable Book in the year 2000 and has been published in nine languages. Fortune magazine included Nonzero on a list of "the 75 smartest [business-related] books of all time." <mask>'s first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information, was published in 1988 and was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award.<mask>'s column "The Information Age," written for The Sciences magazine, won the National Magazine Award for Essay and Criticism. References

External links

 EvolutionofGod.net - A website for <mask>'s book The Evolution of God
 Nonzero.org - A website for <mask>'s book Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny
 Bloggingheads.tv
 MeaningofLife.tv
 <mask>'s Mindful Resistance newsletter
 Contributions to Slate magazine

1957 births
Living people
American male journalists
American religious writers
American science writers
Critics of atheism
Critics of creationism
Douglas MacArthur High School (San Antonio) alumni
Materialists
Consequentialists
Utilitarians
People from Lawton, Oklahoma
People from Princeton, New Jersey
Princeton University alumni
Radical centrist writers
Secular humanists
Science journalists
Texas Christian University alumni
Video bloggers
Writers from Oklahoma
New America (organization)
Male bloggers

masks:
Robert Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright


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<mask> (; 2 December 1918 - 4 October 1995) was a prominent member of the anti-colonial and Communist movements in Malaya and Singapore in the 1950s and 1960s. <mask> was born in Kuantan, Malaysia. He was the Secretary of the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU), Singapore's first political party. He actively engaged in Anti-British League, established by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and was responsible for pro-communist propaganda productions. After <mask> joined the MCP, he was responsible for the underground communist movement in Singapore from the 1950s to 1960s. He was the Secretary-General of the United Front of the MCP, called Malayan National Liberation League, which set its office in Beijing. During the Cultural Revolution, he was one of the directors taking in charge of the radio station, the voice of Malayan Revolution.In 1990, he returned to Singapore after receiving the invitation from the Singapore government. <mask> <mask> <mask> served as a senior research fellow at Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore. He died on 4 October 1995, aged 76. Biography

Early life
<mask> <mask> <mask> was born on 2 December 1918 in Kuantan, Malaysia. <mask>'s parents came from Taishan, Guangdong, and operated a medicine shop in Malaysia. He came to Singapore to study with his brother and sister. He attended Victoria School while his sister went to Nanyang Girls' High School.As a child, he was taught by his sister about Sino-Japanese War, and he understood how Chinese people suffered under Japanese occupation. At that time, the Chinese Communist Party established Nanyang branch which organised communist movements among overseas Chinese and also influenced <mask> Chooi Yip. In 1938, he received an entrance scholarship to enter Raffles College. <mask> was a brilliant student who is good at economics and became one of the top graduates at Raffles College. He was a close friend of Goh Keng Swee, a former Singapore Deputy Prime Minister, whom he knew during his Raffles College days. In Malayan universities, Chinese students developed strong political consciousness, and they either turned toward China or Britain. As a Chinese student, Eu was politically aroused by China's struggle against Japan.He became interested in politics and developed Chinese nationalism. Although he also read Edgar Snow's Book, Red Star over China and developed respect toward the Chinese Communist Party, he did not totally accept communism. A Left-wing Student
After graduation in 1940, <mask> worked as a Labour Inspector for the colonial government in Kuala Lumpur. When Japanese attack Kuala Lumpur in 1942, <mask> <mask> Yip retreated to Singapore and worked as a clerk for Overseas Insurance Company. When Japanese occupied Singapore, he worked in statistical offices for a while. After Japan surrendered, he went back to work for the colonial government. When the Chinese leftist writer, Hu Yuzhi, published an article in Fengxia magazine in 1945 which criticised slavish colonial mentality, he felt ashamed for his experience of serving the British and Japanese colonial government.The Malayan Democratic Union, the first fledged political party, was formed in Singapore in December 1945 by English-educated intellectuals, such as Lim Hong Bee, Lim Kean Chye, John Eber and Philip Hoalim. <mask> resigned and joined the MDU as a full-time activist in Singapore in 1946 and became a stringer for the English language newspaper, the Straits Times. In preparation for independence of post-war Malaya, the British colonial administration provided the Constitutional Proposals for Malaya, or the Federation Proposals, which failed to balance the interests of Malays and non-Malays. The Federation Proposals met the demands of conservative Malays of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) that Malaya was constitutionally a Malay state and rejected the equal rights of non-Malays. The MDU worked together with Malayan Communist Party and the Malay Nationalist Party to organise anti-Federation movements, which led to the establishment of All-Malayan Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) and Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayat (PUTERA). The AMCJA-PUTERA coalition demanded a self-governing United Malaya including Singapore and equal rights to all citizens. In 1947, <mask> replaced Lim Hong Bee as MDU Secretary.Although the ALL Malaya Hartal was successful, the colonial government did not concede and the coalition had financial shortage for the second Hartal. In April 1948, member organisations of the coalition held the last conference. <mask> proposed to decentralise the AMCJA-PUTERA coalition that each member organisation of the coalition could conduct agitation against the Federation constitution and member organisations were not allowed to act in the name of the AMCJA-PUTERA unless permitted by the general conference. This conference actually dismantled AMCJA-PUTERA, and the MDU which ascribed the result to financial stringencies dissolved voluntarily. The more important factor leading to the dissolution of the AMCJA-PUTERA was that the MCP had already lost the faith in the constitutional struggle and turned toward armed revolution. As the result, the Malayan Emergency began in 1948 June, and the MCP was outlawed by the government. At that time, <mask> <mask> Yip rejected the connection between the AMCJA and the MCP and claimed that he gave his loyalty to Malaya and he was not a Communist.At the time, <mask> was described as an English-educated radical, along with P.V. Sarma, John Eber and Dr. Joseph K.M. Tan. They were pro-communist sympathies, but they were still not communists. Leaders of MDU had not developed complete understanding of Marxism, and they did not accept communism. Conversion to a Communist Member
The MCP established the Anti-British League (ABL) and the student organisations in 1948, which strongly influenced Eu <mask> Yip's left-wing thoughts. One MCP leader, Ah Chin, made a decision to extand its influence among English-educated intelligentsia and absorb suitable ones into the party.The English-speaking section leader of the ABL, Wong Siong Nien, was sent to persuade Eu. <mask> started to embrace communism in at the end of 1948 and actively engaged in the ABL. Because <mask> <mask> Yip who has a bachelor's degree and can speak both Mandarin and English, as an intellectual among MCP members, he was given a lot of responsibilities. <mask> began to develop Communist Underground in Singapore and recruit ABL members among both English-speaking and Chinese-speaking intellectuals. A large number of students in University of Malaya who were political radicals engaged in clandestine activities and developed connections with the ABL and the MCP. He successfully persuaded his three MDU colleagues P.V. Sarma, Dr. Joseph K.M.Tan, Lim Chan Yong, and Lim Kean Chye to join in the communist party. They visited middle-class families to collect donation for the MCP and the ABL activities. He worked an editor for the Freedom News, which distributed communist propaganda productions. Lim Chan Yong and Joseph K.M. Tan founded pro-communist paper, Malayan Orchid. They distributed these propaganda productions from door to door. Due to the efforts of <mask> <mask> Yip, the Chinese-speaking ABL recruited 2000 members in June 1950, including Worker's ABL and Students’ ABL.A number of ABL members gained admission into the MCP through ABL activities, including <mask> <mask> <mask> who became an official member of the MCP in 1950. The British colonial government had a real fight against communist members in 1951. The police arrested members of the ABL and clear the leftwing group active in the Singapore Teachers’ Union, the Singapore Cooperative Society and the University of Malaya. The active members of former MDU and ABL were arrested by the police, such as John Eber and Dr Joseph K.M. Tan. Many students were also detained and charged with editing pro-communist paper. <mask> <mask> <mask> and Lim Kean Chye escaped the police arrest, because they went to Beijing for exchange.<mask> <mask> <mask>'s close friend, S Rajaratnam (<mask>'s housemate at Chancery Lane, the founder member of the PAP and the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore) gave him shelter while he was hiding from the British during this time and helped <mask> get medical treatment for his tuberculosis. As the colonial government was suppressing the communist movement in Singapore, <mask> <mask> <mask> was asked to go to Jakarta, Indonesia under the order of Yeung Kuo, deputy secretary general of the MCP, and continued his work for the MCP. Working in Jakarta as a Communist Party leader
In Jakarta, <mask> <mask> <mask> established a party branch, which directed the communist activities in Singapore remotely. He took direct orders from Chin Peng, the secretary-general of MCP, and was the superior of Fong Chong Pik. The MCP planned to co-operate with Lee Kuan Yew and trying to help establish the People's Action Party (PAP). The truth of the story between the MCP and Lee Kuan Yew remains controversial, because <mask> <mask> <mask>, Fong Chong Pik, and Lee Kuan Yew had different claims about the event. According to <mask> <mask> <mask>, Party committee in Indonesia and Chin Peng did not give Fong Chong Pik the authority, but Fong Chong Pik voluntarily took charge of all party affairs in Singapore and began to meet with Lee Kuan Yew.In 1957, <mask> <mask> Yip went back to Singapore to observe the general election. After the meeting with <mask>, Fong Chong Pik went to meet Lee Kuan Yew and talked about co-operation. Fong Chong Pik claimed that he was appointed as the Party representative and LKY game him the nickname "the Plen". LKY claimed that Fong wanted to establish co-operation in the united anti-colonial front with the PAP during his broadcast. As the MCP received support from the masses, especially the left-wings, the MCP's support for the PAP would help LKY win the election. In addition, the MCP expected that LKY would not take actions against the communist party after he got the power. However, Lee Kuan Yew were very strict against the communist party when he got the power in Singapore.As the Barisan Sosialis split from the PAP, the MCP realised that they could not co-operate with Lee Kuan Yew. Fong Chong Pik was prevented to meet with Lee any more, before Lee initiated Operation Cold Store. In the early 1960s, when Sukarno served as the president of Indonesia, the MCP could organise activities publicly. Through the co-operation with Communist Party of Indonesia, <mask> established Malayan National

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 Liberation League. In 1963, he served as the secretary of the Southern Bureau of the MCP and made guidelines for underground activities in Singapore. To avoid a concentration of members in Jakarta and prepare for the resumption of underground activities in Malaya, many party members were sent to Medan, Aceh, Bagansiapiapi of Sumatra and to Bintan Island and Batam Island of the Riau islands, in mid-1964. These member helped to establish new bases or new liaison stations.However, after the 30 September Movement in 1965 that suppressed the Communist movements in Indonesia, <mask> <mask> <mask> was arrested, and later released to China. The MCP began to operate secretly and no institutions were open publicly. The Malayan National Liberation League which was open publicly in Beijing actually represented the MCP, and <mask> <mask> <mask> served as the Secretary-General. Director of the Voice of Malayan Revolution in Sifang Mountain
When the MCP retreated to the border between Malaysia and Thailand, a radio station called "the Voice of Malayan Revolution" was also established which broadcast battlefield reports of Malayan Peoples’ Liberation Army. As the radio station was destroyed by the Malaysian Army in July 1968, Mao Zedong helped the MCP rebuilt the radio station in Sifang Mountain, Changsha, Hunan Province in 1969 (during the period of Cultural Revolution). The radio station used four languages, Chinese, Malay, Tamil and English, to broadcast in Southeast Asia. <mask> <mask> <mask> was director of the radio station's Chinese branch.In addition, Communist Party of Burma and Communist Party of Thailand were also set up their radio stations in China. The three radio station broadcast the Cultural Revolution and Maoist thoughts which encouraged people in Southeast Asia to overthrow their governments. The broadcast scripts of the Voice of Malayan Revolution were recorded by a group of Barisan Sosialis members, including historian C. C. Chin. They completed the texts and published them in the Singapore leftist newspapers, such as Zhenxian Bao (Front), Party News, and People's Forum. These newspapers routinely published the frequency and wavelength of the radio station. A number of "red" cartoons, photos, and poems are also published. After the Operation Cold Store, the Barisan Sosialis lost its ability to compete with the PAP, but it was still significant opposition party.However, by using the rhetoric of Cultural Revolution, the Barisan's political agenda was dramatically radicalised which led to self-destruction. The left in Singapore isolated themselves by following the political line of Mao's China and they no longer received support from the people, which gave the PAP's confidence to fight the left through legal means. The radio station of "the Voice of Malayan Revolution" which was operated in the border between Malaysia and Thailand was very effective. According to Chen Yinghong, the radio broadcast strongly influenced members in guerrilla of the MCP. Party members studied quotations from Mao Zedong and sang "Red Songs". People were interested in the battlefield reports of guerrilla of the MCP. A number of young people in Southeast Asian were encouraged to join in the MCP.However, the new radio station in Sifang Mountain failed to attract young people to join the communist party. The Chinese Communist Party only provided technical support for the radio broadcast and did not give any suggestions for the press releases. <mask> <mask> Yip and his colleagues did not have news resources, and they just looked for the news from the public newspapers and paraphrased in a pro-communist way, so that the news were not well written. The main sources of newspaper were Sinchew, Nanyang, Straits Times, Utusan Melayu and other newspaper from Hong Kong. As young people were interested in the battlefield reports, the radio failed to provide. People who listened to the radio found that the news releases were similar to the news in public newspapers and the only differences were the perspectives. Therefore, the propaganda of radio station in China was not effective.Return to Singapore
In the early 1980s, when Deng Xiaoping came into power, China stopped Cultural Revolution, planned to have normal diplomatic relationship with countries in Southeast Asia. Therefore, the revolution in Southeast Asia is no longer supported, and the "Voice of Malayan Revolution" was revoked. The non-Chinese citizens who were willing to stay in China were arranged jobs. <mask> <mask> <mask> was arranged to teach English in Changsha Railway University in Hunan. In 1989, Singapore and China started negotiations to establish diplomatic relations. <mask> <mask> <mask>'s classmate in Raffles College, the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, Goh Keng Swee, sent him a message through the Chinese International Liaison Department that invited him to work as a consultant for the negotiations. <mask> <mask> <mask> accepted the invitation and later returned to Singapore in 1991.He served as a senior research fellow at Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore, until his death in 1995. <mask> <mask> <mask>'s reflection on revolutionary history
<mask> <mask> <mask> helped to create an oral history interview, Lang Jian Zhu Meng (Pursuing Dreams beyond the High Seas: Oral History of <mask> <mask> Yip) and Political History in Singapore 1945-1965. In these books, he provided his own reflections on revolutionary history in Southeast Asia, including his opinions on the development and failure of the MCP. The contribution of the MCP
<mask> <mask> Yip experienced the whole period of Maoist revolution in Southeast Asia. He believes that the MCP has great contribution in the history. This contribution has two main parts. First, the MCP participated in the battle against fascism during World War II.The MCP cooperated with the British Special Operations Executive, Force 136 and became an important regional power of the allied in Southeast Asia. As the ultimate goal of the MCP was to seize power of all states, the MCP fought hard against the Japanese invaders. Military leaders (Chin Peng) of the MCP were awarded for Order of the British Empire after the war. The second contribution of the MCP is their struggle against British colonial rule. After World War II, the United Kingdom planned to prevent the expansion of communism and continue to maintain its colonial rule in Malaya. The MCP launched an armed struggle against colonialism and forced the British to abandon its colonial rule in Malaya and Singapore. Finally the UK gave the ruling power to the Malaysian nationalists.The failure of the MCP
When Malaysia got independence in the 1957, the country was on the way of nation-building and development. However, <mask> <mask> <mask> believed that the MCP failed because it did not recognise the legitimacy of Malaysia. The plan of the MCP was to build a Maoist regime in Malaya through armed struggle. This plan limited party's attractiveness to the a few number of extreme left-wing Maoists in the Malaysia and lose the support from the masses, so that the MCP finally retreated to the border of Malaysia and Thailand. At that time, the ethnic and political conflicts are very intense in Malaysia and Singapore. <mask> <mask> <mask> believe that the MCP could have called on the masses to revolt against the governments through inciting political suppression and ethnic riots. However, the MCP lost those chances to receive the support from the masses, which indicated its failure at the end.During the late 1970s, when <mask> <mask> <mask> was working in "Voice of Malayan Revolution", he was trying to find answers that why the MCP was not able to receive support from the masses. He believes that the land reform policies made by the MCP were wrong. The MCP claimed that Malaya was a colonial society, and farmers were the fundamental strength of the revolution. Those claims, <mask> <mask> <mask> believed, were copied from the theories of Mao Zedong. <mask> <mask> Yip received some academic books and journal articles from Malaysia and Singapore and focused on the social structure of Malaya, especially the rural class structure. He found that in Malaya, farmers rent lands from the British colonial government, and the rent was very low. Unlike Chinese farmer, Malayan farmers were smallholders and did not have any obligations.They planted rubbers and could be self-sustainable. Thus, Malaya's agricultural economy was capitalist economy. There was no landlord class ruling the Malayan village and Malayan farmers had no desire of revolution. As a result, Maoist theories that farmers were the main power of revolution and "surround the cities from the countryside" were impracticable in Malaya. Maoist theory was approved to be successful in China. As the MCP had been using Maoist theory as their guiding ideology for decades, and Maoist theory was also the foundation of the MCP's guerrilla warfare, changing guiding ideology and developing another theory could lead to devastating results to the party. The leaders of MCP were not able to recognise that they made theoretical mistake and copying Maoist theory led to the failure of the MCP.The Significance of Studying <mask> <mask> Yip
<mask> <mask> Yip has two significant academic values. First, he provides a typical example that how an English-educated intellectual converted to a communist
member. According to Yeo Kim Wah, when <mask> <mask> Yip received a lot of
information about China's struggle against Japan and developed strong nationalism. He developed anti-colonialism through actively engaging in student political movements in Singapore, such as the Malayan Democratic Union and the Anti-British League. These political movements were influenced by left-wing thoughts and supported by the Malayan Communist Party. After the success of communist revolution in China, <mask> <mask> Yip accepted communist as his belief. Second, <mask> <mask> <mask> was an important leader of the MCP.The Chinese Scholar Cheng Yinghong had a deep analysis of him and believes that <mask> <mask> <mask>'s reflection on communist movements in Malaya is important, because it helps people understand the influence of Mao's Cultural Revolution in Southeast Asia, the relationship between Deng's China and Southeast Asian countries, and the Communist Revolutions during the Cold War. References

Malaysian communists
Malaysian emigrants to Singapore
Singaporean people of Cantonese descent
Victoria School, Singapore alumni
1995 deaths
Malaysian politicians
1918

masks: Eu Chooi Yip Eu Chooi Yip Eu Chooi Yip Eu Chooi Eu Chooi Yip Eu Chooi Yip Eu Chooi Yip Eu Chooi Yip Eu Chooi Yip Eu Chooi Eu Chooi Eu Chooi Yip Eu Chooi Yip Eu Chooi Yip Eu Chooi Yip Eu Chooi Eu Chooi Eu Chooi Eu Chooi Eu Chooi Eu Chooi Yip Eu Chooi Yip


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<mask> (born June 5, 1969) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, record producer, radio host, and multi-instrumentalist. <mask> is most recognized for his strong falsetto, high belting range, and melismas. His work has earned him 16 Grammy Awards nominations, third only to Zubin Mehta and Snoop Dogg for the record of most Grammy nominations without a win. Life and career

1969–1989: Early life and career beginnings
<mask> was born in Buffalo, New York to <mask>, Jr. and Ruth Elaine Willis. His musical career began in childhood when he became a member of his church choir. 1990–1997: Mercury Records
In 1990, <mask>'s older brother, <mask> III, and his band, Take 6, signed a record deal with Warner Brothers. This encouraged McKnight to shop his own demo tapes and by the age of 19, he signed his first recording deal with Mercury Records subsidiary, Wing Records.In 1992, <mask> was released, and his self-titled debut album peaked at fifty-eight in the Billboard 200 chart, which primarily featured the ballad (and Top 20 single) "One Last Cry". It was followed by two more albums for Mercury, 1995's I Remember You and 1997's Anytime. Anytime, <mask>'s final album with Mercury, sold over two million copies and was nominated for a Grammy. The video for "Anytime", directed by Darren Grant, was nominated for Best Male Video at the 1998 MTV Video Music Awards. In 1997, <mask> recorded "Remember the Magic" for Disney World's 25th anniversary. 1997–2003: Motown Records
<mask> signed with Motown in 1998 and released the Christmas album Bethlehem, the first of five albums he released on Motown. In 1999, <mask> released Back at One, his most successful album to date, which eventually went on to sell over three million copies.Also Back at One is one of four of <mask>'s studio albums to reach the Top 10 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, reaching number 7 on October 9, 1999. 2004–2012: Warner Brothers and television/radio career

In 1998, <mask> was a guest star on the show "Sister Sister", he appeared in multiple episodes as Tia and Tamera's college professor. In 2004, <mask> co-wrote with Australian Soul artist Guy Sebastian the song "Wait", off Sebastian's Beautiful Life album. In late 2005, <mask> signed with Warner Bros. Records and released the album, Ten. released December 2006, his only studio album with the label. Three singles released from the album: "Find Myself in You" (which originally appeared on the soundtrack to the 2006 Tyler Perry movie Madea's Family Reunion,) "Used to Be My Girl", and "What's My Name". In October 2007, <mask> made his Broadway debut in the show Chicago.From 2006 to 2010 he hosted a radio show, The <mask> Morning Show with Pat Prescott on KTWV The Wave in Los Angeles, CA. The show was briefly simulcast on KHJZ-FM, Smooth Jazz 95.7 The Wave in Houston, TX from 6AM-9AM CST. On January 26, 2009, <mask> hosted "The <mask> Show" from 7PM-Midnight on 98.7 KISS FM in New York City. In 2009, he appeared in the second season of Celebrity Apprentice. Each celebrity played to raise money for the charity of his or her choice; McKnight elected to play for Youthville USA. From September 2009 to May 2010, <mask> served as the media personality and hosted The <mask> Show, a late night talk show billed as a combination of talk and variety, aired in syndication. On March 31, 2011, <mask> sang the National Anthem for MLB Opening Day in Cincinnati, Ohio with his sons <mask>, Jr. and Niko.He had previously sung the National Anthem for the 1997 NBA All-Star Game in Cleveland, Ohio, Game 6 of the 2002 World Series in Anaheim, California, near his Los Angeles home, and the 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Detroit. <mask> has also made numerous other "National Anthem" appearances throughout his career. On October 22, 2012, <mask> sang "God Bless America" in the 7th inning of Game 7 of the National League Champion Series in San Francisco, California. On April 23, 2012 <mask> posted to YouTube "If You're Ready To Learn", which has been characterized by Billboard as a "filthy jam." Billboard selected this lyric from the work to quote: "Let me show you how your p—y works/Since you didn't bring it to me first." Other media outlets such as MTV, the Toronto Sun, and NewMediaRockstars have also written about <mask>'s recent, more adult-oriented efforts. Shortly after the single's release, <mask> and known humor website "Funny or Die" revealed that the single was a collaboration between the two parties.<mask> would later explain that he wrote the parody as a commentary on the state of R&B, which he noted was in a period of degradation overall with famous radio station 98.7 Kiss FM shuttering and hit singles being inferior quality music, among other ailments. 2015: Brian McKnight Music and Kobalt
On August 14, 2015, <mask> released the single "Uh Oh Feeling", the first track from his album Better, which was released on his own label Brian McKnight Music LLC via Kobalt Label Services. Better was released on February 26, 2016, followed by positive reviews. 2016–present: An Evening with <mask>, SoNo Recording Group, and Genesis
On September 23, 2016, <mask> released his first live CD, DVD, and Blu-ray collection entitled An Evening With in partnership with independent recording label The SoNo Recording Group through the Universal Music Group. The concert was recorded in Los Angeles at the historic Saban Theatre. The release includes fourteen songs performed live with his full band plus three newly written and recorded songs. The first single "Everything" reached the top twenty on the national Adult Contemporary charts in September 2016.The CD version of the concert debuted on the Billboard R&B chart at number thirteen as a Hot Shot Debut. Also included is a duet with Gino Vannelli on the song "Brothers in the End". The Blu-ray and DVD version of the release premiered on the Billboard Music DVD chart at number nine. On August 25, 2017, <mask> released the album Genesis. Featuring three top 30 Urban AC and AC hits, "Everything", "Forever", "I Want U", 'Genesis' premiered in the Top 10 on the Nielsen SoundScan Top 10 Current R&B albums and Top 20 Current Hip Hop/R&B albums. The album was produced by Tim Kelley part of the legendary producing duo Tim & Bob. In January 2018, <mask> was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards.<mask> and Genesis were nominated for Outstanding Male Artist and Outstanding Album alongside Bruno Mars, Charlie Wilson, Kendrick Lamar, Jay-Z, and Mary J Blige. In May 2018, he announced work on his next studio album tentatively titled Bedtime Story which would be 60 minutes of music "for the bedroom aka baby-making music." In 2021, <mask> competed on The Masked Singer spin-off The Masked Dancer as "Cricket". Personal life
<mask> was married in 1990 to singer-songwriter and his college sweetheart, <mask>. <mask> and Julie have two children, <mask> and Niko. They divorced in 2003. In 2014, he began dating Dr. Leilani Malia Mendoza, and they announced their engagement in May 2017.On December 29, 2017, <mask> and Mendoza were married. Religion
<mask> was raised a Seventh-day Adventist. Religion was important in the <mask> family, with many generations being Seventh-day Adventists. His grandfather was a pastor of a church, and his mother played the piano and sang in a gospel choir in Buffalo's Emanuel Temple. Being the youngest of four boys, <mask> became a member of an a cappella gospel quartet with his brothers. He also attended Oakwood College, a Seventh-day Adventist university in Huntsville, Alabama, from 1987 to 1989. In his second year, McKnight got into trouble for violating Oakwood's rules about dormitory visitors for having his girlfriend in his dorm room.They were both expelled.

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Brian Kelly McKnight
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<mask> (June 22, 1906 – February 23, 1994) was a Jamaican-born toolmaker who worked in the auto industry in the United States. At the age of 23, he was recruited to work in the Soviet Union. Shortly after his arrival in Stalingrad, <mask> was racially assaulted by two white American workers, both of whom were subsequently arrested, tried and expelled from the Soviet Union with great publicity. Starting with a one-year contract to work in the Soviet Union, <mask> twice renewed his contract. After the publicity of his assault, he felt unable to return to the US and accepted Soviet citizenship. He earned a degree in mechanical engineering. His repeated attempts to visit outside the USSR finally resulted in an approved trip to Uganda in 1974, where he asked for and was given asylum.He married an African-American professor working there. He finally gained re-entry to the United States in 1986, and gained attention for his accounts of his 44 years in the Soviet Union. Life
Born in Jamaica, <mask> moved with his parents to Cuba, where he grew up. He and his mother were abandoned by his father when he was six. His mother was born in Dominica and had gone to Jamaica while employed by a doctor. He and his mother emigrated to the United States and settled in Detroit. He went to local schools and became a skilled toolmaker at the Ford Motor Company during the expansive years in the auto industry.In 1929 Ford and the Soviet Union agreed to cooperate on a car plant in Gorky to turn out Model T cars. In 1930, a Russian delegation visited the Company, where <mask> worked as a toolmaker. The delegation leader offered him and others a one-year contract in the Soviet Union. The pay would be far greater. They were promised free rent in a grand apartment, maid service, and a car. At 23, fearing he could be laid off at any moment due to the effects of the Great Depression and the institutionalised racism in the United States, and taking into account that a cousin of a friend had recently been lynched in the South, <mask> accepted. Soviet Union
He arrived in Stalingrad on July 4, 1930, to begin working in a tractor factory.The only African American among a contingent of workers from the United States, <mask> was beaten by two white American workers shortly after his arrival. After the incident the Soviet press turned him into a minor celebrity, publicising his case as an example of American racism. After his first year he renewed with another contract. After his second one-year contract expired in June 1932, <mask> went to Moscow to obtain a return ticket to the United States. Officials persuaded him to accept another one-year contract working at a ball-bearing factory. He was one of 362 "foreign specialists" at the plant when he started working there. After the assassination of Sergei Mironovich Kirov, Stalin's assumed successor, on December 1, 1934, the preferred status of foreign specialists ended "overnight".In 1937, the US government ordered <mask> to return home or relinquish his citizenship. <mask> chose to stay in the Soviet Union due to the continuing depression and accepted Soviet citizenship although he later regretted this decision. He survived Stalin's Great Purge while many of his foreign acquaintances in Moscow vanished in 1936–1939. On June 22, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Due to the nature of Soviet news reports, <mask> and others at his plant suspected that Soviet forces were suffering devastating losses. The Russians flocked to church that day, surprising <mask>, although after 24 years of Communist rule there were no priests to lead the congregation. Throughout the rest of the war, the government tolerated attendance to religious services.<mask> survived the German invasion of Russia, during which Hitler's army was stopped only  from Moscow. During the war, he almost died of starvation, with some meals consisting of six or seven cabbage leaves soaked in lukewarm water. Despite the war, the Soviets arranged for continued education. According to his autobiography, in July 1944, <mask> graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering, but did not receive his diploma until two years later. In 1947, he starred as a black American in a film about Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay. He also advised and acted in a Russian film production of the American racial drama Deep Are The Roots, (Глубокие корни). Return to the United States
After World War II, <mask> attempted to return to the US.He asked the singer and actor Paul Robeson, who had traveled to the Soviet Union, to help him leave the country. Robeson declined to do so as it would harm his relations with the Soviet leadership. Since the 1950s, <mask> had annually applied for a vacation visa abroad and each time, it was denied. Through the influence of two Ugandan ambassadors, <mask> was granted permission to visit Uganda in 1974. He bought a round-trip ticket so as not to arouse suspicion. Once there, he appealed for refuge, which was temporarily granted by Idi Amin. In 1976, <mask> married Zylpha Mapp, an African-American professor who was working at a university in Uganda.Through the efforts of Ugandan officials, and US Information Service officer William B. Davis, he was eventually allowed to re-enter the United States and re-gained United States citizenship in 1986. He lived in the US until his death in 1994. Following his return, he gave interviews about his insights into Soviet life from the inside, and was also featured in the Detroit Free Press. He was honored by the Ford Motor Company, 60 years after he began his work there. He moved to Washington, D.C. with his wife. After returning to the United States, <mask> wrote his autobiography, with the writer Jonathan Slevin. It was published as Black on Red: My 44 Years Inside The Soviet Union (1988).<mask> died of cancer in 1994. Among those attending the funeral were his wife, William B. Davis, and Mathias Lubega, former Ugandan ambassador to the Soviet Union. References

Further reading
 <mask>; with Jonathon Slevin (1988). Black on Red: My 44 Years Inside the Soviet Union. Washington, DC: Acropolis Books. .
 Tim Tzouliadis. The Forsaken: From the Great Depression to the Gulags – Hope and Betrayal in Stalin's Russia. Little, Brown, 2009."The Alabaman Herbert Lewis was locked up in a Stalingrad prison [for assaulting <mask>] ... his arrest, observed the visiting American reporter William Henry Chamberlin, seemed only to strengthen the "racial chauvinism" of the three hundred other Americans working at the tractor factory." (pp. 39–40). Roman, Meredith L. Opposing Jim Crow: African Americans and the Soviet Indictment of U.S. Racism, 1928–1937 (Justice and Social Inquiry) University of Nebraska Press; Reprint edition (July 1, 2012), . Chapter 1: American Racism on Trial and the Poster Child for Soviet Antiracism. "On Thursday, July 24, 1930, around six o'clock in the evening at the Stalingrad Tractor Factory, <mask> was walking away from the cafeteria when two white American men, Lemuel Lewis and William Brown, confronted him." (p. 26).Smith, Homer. Black Man in Red Russia. Johnson; Ex-Lib edition (1964). ASIN: B000IQ7HGQ. The Ghost of the Executed Engineer
 An American Engineer in Stalin's Russia: The Memoirs of Zara Witkin, 1932–1934. Witkin, Zara (1900–1940), Find a Grave. John Scott, BEHIND THE URALS: An American Worker in Russia's City of Steel.Worker at Magnitogorsk. See also
 Alexander Dolgun (1926–1986) survivor of the Soviet Gulag who returned to his native United States. Thomas Sgovio (1916–1997) American artist, and former inmate of a Soviet GULAG camp in Kolyma. Victor Herman (1915–1985) Jewish-American initially known as the 'Lindbergh of Russia', who then spent 18 years in the Gulags of Siberia. George Padmore (1903–1959) Pan-Africanist, journalist, studied in the United States and moved to the Soviet Union. William Henry Chamberlin (1897–1969) American journalist during the trial of <mask>'s assailants. Jack Littlepage (1894–?)American mining engineer who helped the Soviet gold industry (1929–1937). Alexander Pavlovitch Serebrovsky (1884–1938) Soviet revolutionary and petroleum and mining engineer executed during the Great Purge. 1907 births
1994 deaths
African-American people
Jamaican emigrants to the United States
Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C.
American emigrants to the Soviet Union
American expatriates in the Soviet Union
American mechanical engineers
People with acquired American citizenship
Former United States citizens
Soviet mechanical engineers
Soviet people of World War II

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