texts:
<mask> better known as <mask> (Querétaro, November 6, 1886 – Mexico City, November 5, 1965) was a Mexican military general who participated in the Mexican Revolution. He was governor of the state of Querétaro, Guanajuato and the territory of Quintana Roo. He was also head of the Department of Public Health under President Lazaro Cardenas del Rio and at the same time head of the Central Federal District. Early life
Born in the city of Querétaro on November 14, 1886. Son <mask> and Guadalupe Ramirez Gutierrez. Military career

He made a career in medicine at the National School of Medicine, he graduated but once the fight. He supported the Madero and constitutionalist movements.He was founder and president of the Liberal Constitutionalist Party. Among the political positions he held was four times elected federal deputy and governor of Guanajuato and Querétaro. In Quintana Roo was governor of federal territory, commander of the military zone and founder of the Bank of the Army. He stressed as secretary of Health and Welfare and head of the Central Federal District. For reasons of health he retired from politics in 1945, during his tenure as Director of Social Services of the Army. He died in Mexico City in 1965. Studies
He studied basic education in the Catholic High School of Querétaro.He later studied at the National School of Medicine, where he earned his degree in 1912. There he also began his political life as a student leader, organized the first demonstrations against the administration of President Porfirio Díaz. He returned to Querétaro to get his degree. There he set up his private practice, where in addition to serving low-income people, supported them to buy their medicines. Mexican Revolution
He was founder and President of the Liberal Constitutionalist Party. He joined the armed movement of Venustiano Carranza as a doctor in the Army Corps Northeast. After the triumph of the movement, claimed his right to the state government, he belongs under the Plan of Guadalupe, but having been the forces of Don Pablo González who occupied Querétaro, was postponed to give the post to Colonel Federico Montes, Guanajuato.When the split Villista, then-Lieutenant happened Colonel <mask> was in Veracruz with President Carranza, and formed the Army of operations commanded the Gral. Alvaro Obregon and it would end with Villismo, he was given the rank of Colonel and command of Brigadier General Escobedo, adding the group forces commanded by General. Fortunato Maicote. He was in the Battle of Peon, near San Juan del Rio, and it was his soldiers who occupied Querétaro early April 16, 1916, Dr. Siurob assuming the governorship of the state. Subsequently, politically motivated they determined that the government will exchange the Guanajuato Querétaro, which he held until 1917. Political career
From 1917 to 1925 he was Federal Deputy for the District of Cadereyta. From 1926 until 1928 he was Governor of the Territory of Quintana Roo, and he forming the magnificent city of Payo Obispo, current Chetumal, capital of the territory, and the absolute pacification thereof, to take Chan Santa Cruz is due, the holy city of the Maya.He left the government of the territory of Quintana Roo to serve as Governor of the Federal District for a little over a year, and then Head of the Department of Public Health from 1935 to 1938 and again from 1939 to 1940. His tenure in the Ministry for the inauguration highlighted large social projects. He initiated the construction of hospitals in Ixtlan de Juarez and Arcela and adapted and repaired the Leprosy Hospital Sarabia. He continued the work of the quarantine station in Manzanillo and Dr. Pedro Lopez Leprosy Zoquiapan. He also finished the Institute of Tropical Diseases. At the end of his office, he had left traces initiated and guidelines for the General Hospital. In the army he reached the highest rank of Major general.For reasons of health he retired from politics in 1945, as Director of Social Services of the Army. Governor of the Federal Territory of Quintana Roo (1927–1930). General brigade and medical. He completed professional studies at the National School of Medicine in Mexico City until 1911, when he stopped to participate in the Mexican Revolution, in which he received the rank of brigadier general. In this fight he participated in the taking of Tampico and San Luis Potosí, and in fighting against Francisco Villa Leon, among others. After the Revolution finished his medical studies. Other related
It was federal deputy five times: two presidents of Congress.In 1914 governor of Querétaro, Guanajuato Governor of 1915–1916. The December 20, 1927 he was appointed governor of Quintana Roo, although he took on February 14, 1928. Its management has been recognized as one of the most outstanding in the Territory. The construction of the first roads to nearby villages started; -deposits the first cisterns where rainwater is captured to replace the airfield población—Morelos and market Leona Vicario was built, telephone service to Payo Bishop (now Chetumal) was introduced and villages located in the banks of the Rio Hondo. Overall, it boosted the economy of the capital of the Territory. He began construction of the Civil Hospital, whose foundations were then utilized for the construction of the Reform School (Hospital Morelos). He promoted the creation of the second coat of Quintana Roo, which was developed by Gaetano Maglione.He initiated the involvement of some estates and cooperatives organized the first. On June 2, 1929 he signed with the Indian General Francisco May the historic peace agreement and obedience, in which they highlighted: the willingness of the federal government to grant forest concessions in the Maya leaders freedom to sell their products; in return, the Indians respected the concessions of others; Mayan authorized the establishment of schools in their communities and the suppression of flogging (whipping stack); They swore allegiance to the national flag and hoisting never promised not English; the presence of the delegate of government was accepted, but this would be helped by a board of five appointed by Mayans themselves. In that event, considered by many historians as the real end of the Caste War, a Mayan soldier and other federal originating in Juchitan, Oaxaca, hug symbolizing the end of strife occurred. Furthermore, gum production reached record levels (1929). In 1930 he championed the Territory. He was inspector of the Army (1932–1934), chief of military health (1934–1935), head of the Central Department (1938) and head of the Department of Public Health (1939–1940). He built the first hospital in Huipulco tuberculosis; Sarabia, Guanajuato, a hospital for lepers; Algeria, Michoacan one for sick pinta, and others in Huixtla, Chiapas, Ixtlan, Oaxaca, and La Laguna, Coahuila.In 1938 he created the Biotech Institute, a pioneer in Mexico for research and manufacture of vaccines and serums for animals; and the following year the Institute of Tropical Diseases. He represented Mexico in the Pan American Health Directors Conference in Washington (1936–1940). He was awarded several times: gold medal of the government and Congress of Puebla, by the national temperance campaign; award second and third seniority in the Army; gold medal for work of Public Health in 1939, award "Defenders of the Republic" as a descendant of the liberator Hidalgo, which was in third grade nephew. Last year
He authored several scientific and military trials as well as articles and speeches of different nature, including. Geographic trial Territory of Quintana Roo, modern trends in Mexico health and social medicine in Mexico. Retired in 1945, he died in Mexico City in 1965. Sources

 Naranjo, Francisco (1935).Revolutionary Biographical Dictionary (Editorial Printing "Cosmos" edition). Mexico. References

1886 births
1965 deaths
Governors of Querétaro
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Mexican military doctors
Mexican public health doctors
20th-century Mexican physicians
20th-century Mexican military personnel
20th-century Mexican politicians
Politicians from Querétaro
People from Querétaro City
Military personnel from Querétaro

masks:
José María Siurob Ramírez y Gutiérrez
José Siurob Ramírez
Emiliano Siurob Cosío
Jose Siurob


type: original

texts: <mask> (born May 8, 1973) is a former Canadian professional road and track racing cyclist who first entered sport in track and field, specializing in the long and triple jump. She attended high school at Little Flower Academy in Vancouver, BC, and graduated in 1991 after winning the triple jump event at the BC high school track and field provincial championships. She then went on to compete in track and field for the Kajaks Track & Field Club and the University of British Columbia Thunderbirds while earning a Bachelor of Science in Cell Biology. She placed ninth in the triple jump at the 1995 Canadian Track and Field Championships in Montreal. Later, as a collegiate cyclist, she attended Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls, Texas, obtaining a Master of Science degree in biology. <mask> first raced her bike in 1996 and a year later was selected by Cycling Canada for the 1997 Tour Cycliste Féminin, the women's version of the Tour de France. She represented Canada at the 1998 XVI Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and was the only Canadian cyclist to compete in four events—the road race, individual time trial, individual pursuit and points race.In the points race, she won the final sprint to finish in a three-way tie for fourth place but, after tie-breaking procedures, officially finished in sixth place. <mask> has many career wins including gold in the criterium at the 2002 Canadian National Road Cycling Championships, one of ten career Canadian national championship medals. She notably finished third overall in general classification (GC) at the 2002 Redlands Bicycle Classic in California. Coached by her father, Sandor (Alex<mask>, an accomplished cyclist originally from Hungary, Hannos often trained and raced with her younger sister. In 1998, the sisters were recruited by Midwestern State University and offered athletic scholarships to race for the school cycling team. Over the next few years, the sisters won a total of nine US collegiate national championship (division I) events on the road and on the velodrome for Midwestern State University. Both sisters also raced for the American cycling team, Verizon Wireless, in 2001.<mask> retired from professional cycling at the end of 2004 after racing three seasons for the UCI team Équipe Cycliste RONA from Québec. In 2011, she helped manage the Vancouver-based Trek Red Truck p/b Mosaic Homes Women's Cycling Team alongside mountain bike cross country Olympic silver medalist, Alison Sydor.

masks:
Andrea Hannos
Hannos
Hannos
) Hannos
Hannos


texts:
<mask>, King of Nepal () (1775–1806) was the King of Nepal from 1777 to 1799. In 1777, he succeeded to the throne after the death of his father, King <mask>. He ruled under the regencies of his mother, Queen Rajendra Rajya Lakshmi Devi (died on 13 July 1785 from tuberculosis), and then of his uncle, <mask>. During this time, the kingdom expanded by conquest to include the Garhwal and Kumaon regions, now part of India. He imprisoned his uncle, <mask>, who died in jail. Reign
The premature death of <mask> (reigned 1775–77), the eldest son of Prithvi <mask>, left a huge power vacuum that remained unfilled for decades, seriously debilitating the emerging Nepalese state. <mask>'s successor was his son, <mask> (reigned 1777–99), aged two and one-half years at his accession.The acting regent until 1785 was Queen Rajendralakshmi, followed by <mask> (reigned 1785–94), the second son of Prithvi <mask>. Court life was consumed by rivalry centered on alignments with these two regents rather than on issues of national administration, and it set a bad precedent for future competition among contending regents. The exigencies of Sino-Nepalese War in 1788–92 had forced <mask> to temporarily take a pro-British stance, which had led to a commercial treaty with the British in 1792. Meanwhile, <mask>'s youth had been spent in pampered luxury. In 1794 King <mask> <mask> came of age, and his first act was to re-constitute the government such that his uncle, <mask>, had no official part to play. In mid 1795, he became infatuated with a Maithili Brahman widow, Kantavati Jha, and married her on the oath of making their illegitimate half-caste son (as per the Hindu law of that time) the heir apparent, by excluding the legitimate heir from his previous marriage. By 1797, his relationship with his uncle, who was living a retired life, and who wanted to seek refuge in China on the pretext of meeting the new emperor, had deteriorated to the extent that he ordered his imprisonment (on 19 February 1797) and his subsequent murder (on 23 June 1797).Such acts earned <mask> notoriety both among courtiers and common people, especially among Brahmins. Being ranodatta was the eldest son but not made king of Nepal

That same year in 1797, Girvan Yuddha Bikram <mask> was born and was immediately declared the crown prince. However, within a year of Girvan's birth, Kantavati contracted tuberculosis; and it was advised by physicians that she perform ascetic penances to cure herself. To make sure that Girvan succeeded to the throne while Kantavati was still alive, <mask>, aged just 23, abdicated in favor of their son on 23 March 1799, placing his first wife, Raj Rajeshwari, as the regent. He joined his ailing wife, Kantavati, with his second wife, Subarnaprabha, in ascetic life and started to live in Deopatan, donning saffron robes and titling himself Swami Nirgunanda. This move was also supported by all the courtiers who were discontented of his wanton and capricious behavior. It was around this time that both Bhimsen Thapa and his father Amar Singh Thapa (sanu) were promoted from subedar to the rank of sardar, and Bhimsen began to serve as the ex-King's chief bodyguard.However, <mask>'s renunciation lasted only a few months. After the inevitable death of Kantavati, <mask> suffered a mental breakdown during which he lashed out by desecrating temples and cruelly punishing the attendant physicians and astrologers. He then renounced his ascetic life and attempted to re-assert his royal authority. This led to a direct conflict with almost all the courtiers who had pledged a holy oath of allegiance to the legitimate King Girvan; this conflict eventually led to the establishment of a dual government and to an imminent civil war, with Damodar Pande leading the military force against the dissenting ex-King and his group. Since most of the military officers had sided with the courtiers, <mask> realized that his authority could not be re-established; and he was forced to flee to the British-controlled city of Varanasi in May, 1800. Exile in Varanasi: 1800–1804

As <mask> <mask>'s best friend and advisor, Bhimsen Thapa also accompanied him to Varanasi. <mask>'s retinue included his first wife, Rajrajeswori, while his second wife, Subarnaprabha, stayed back in Kathmandu to serve as the regent.Since <mask> was willing to do anything to regain his power and punish those who had forced him to exile, he served as a focal point of dissidenting factions in Varanasi. He first sought help from the British in exchange for which he was willing to concede a trading post in Kathmandu and grant them certain percentage of the tax revenue. However, the British were in favor of working with the existing government in Nepal, rather than risk the uncertainties of restoring an exiled ex-King to power. The Kathmandu Durbar was willing to appease the British and agreed to sign a commercial treaty so long as the wayward <mask> and his group were held in India under strict British surveillance. This arrangement was kept a secret from <mask> and his group; but when they eventually became aware of the strictures on their movement, and hence the treaty, they were incensed at the British as well as the proponents (Damodar Pande and his faction) of this treaty in Nepal. An elaborate intrigue was set in motion with the aim of splitting the unity of courtiers in Kathmandu Durbar and fomenting anti-British feelings. A flurry of letters were exchanged between the ex-King and individual courtiers in which he tried to set them up against Damodar Pande and tried to woo them by promises of high government positions, which they could hold for their entire life, and which could be inherited by their progeny.Meanwhile, Rajrajeshowri, fed up of her debauch husband, left Varanasi, entered the border of Nepal on 26 July 1801, and taking advantage of the weak regency, was slowly making her way towards Kathmandu with the view of taking over the regency. Back in Kathmandu the court politics turned complicated when Mul Kaji (or chief minister) Kirtiman Singh Basnet, a favorite of the Regent Subarnaprabha, was secretly assassinated on 28 September 1801, by the supporters of Rajrajeswori. In the resulting confusion many courtiers were jailed, while some executed, based solely on rumors. Bakhatbar Singh Basnet, brother of assassinated Kirtiman Singh, was then given the post of mul kaji During his tenure as the mul kaji, on 28 October 1801, a Treaty of Commerce and Alliance was finally signed between Nepal and East India Company that led to the establishment of the first British Resident, Captain William O. Knox, who was reluctantly welcomed by the courtiers in Kathmandu on 16 April 1802. The primary objective of Knox's mission was to bring the trade treaty of 1792 into full effect and to establish a "controlling influence" in Nepali politics. Almost eight months after the establishment of the Residency, Rajrajeshowri finally managed to assume the regency on 17 December 1802. Return to Kathmandu

After Rajrajeshowri took over the regency, she was pressured by Knox to pay the annual pension of 82,000 rupees to the ex-King as per the obligations of the treaty, which paid off the vast debt that <mask> <mask> had accumulated in Varanasi due to his spendthrift habits.The Nepalese court also felt it prudent to keep <mask> in isolation in Nepal itself, rather than in the British controlled India, and that paying off <mask>'s debts could facilitate his return at an opportune moment. Rajrajeshowri's presence in Kathmandu also stirred unrest among the courtiers that aligned themselves around her and Subarnaprabha. Sensing an imminent hostility, Knox aligned himself with Subarnaprabha and attempted to interfere with the internal politics of Nepal. Getting a wind of this matter, Rajrajeshowri dissolved the government and elected new ministers, with Damodar Pande as the mul kaji, while the Resident Knox, finding himself persona non grata and the objectives of his mission frustrated, voluntarily left Kathmandu to reside in Makwanpur citing a cholera epidemic. Subarnaprabha and the members of her faction were arrested. Such open display of anti-British feelings and humiliation prompted the Governor General of the time Richard Wellesley to recall Knox to India and unilaterally suspend the diplomatic ties. The Treaty of 1801 was also unilaterally annulled by the British on 24 January 1804.The suspension of diplomatic ties also gave the Governor General a pretext to allow the ex-King <mask> to return to Nepal unconditionally. As soon as they received the news, <mask> and his group proceeded towards Kathmandu. Some troops were sent by Kathmandu Durbar to check their progress, but the troops changed their allegiance when they came face to face with the ex-King. Damodar Pande and his men were arrested at Thankot where they were waiting to greet the ex-King with state honors and take him into isolation. After <mask>'s reinstatement to power, he started to extract vengeance on those who had tried to keep him in exile. On April 25, 1806, he was beheaded by his half-brother, Sher <mask>. <mask>'s death was followed by the Bhandarkhal massacre.See also
Nepali Mandir
Pratap <mask>
Girvan Yuddha Bikram <mask>

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
 Royal Court of Nepal – Official Site
 <mask> <mask> biography – Nepal Home Page

|-

1775 births
1806 deaths
Nepalese monarchs
Child rulers from Asia
Nepalese Hindus
Hindu monarchs
18th-century monarchs in Asia
<mask>khtiyars
People of the Nepalese unification
People from Kathmandu District
Monarchs who abdicated

masks:
Rana Bahadur Shah
Pratap Singh Shah
Bahadur Shah
Bahadur Shah
Pratap Singh Shah
Narayan Shah
Pratap Singh Shah
Rana Bahadur Shah
Bahadur Shah
Narayan Shah
Bahadur Shah
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Shah
Bahadur Shah
Rana Bahadur
Shah
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Shah
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Shah
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Bahadur Shah
Rana Bahadur
Singh Shah
Shah
Rana Bahadur
Shah
Rana Mu


texts:
<mask> (September 13, 1929 – July 28, 2019) was an American politician, political strategist, activist, and conservationist who served as the First Lady of Utah from 1977 until 1985. <mask>, the wife of former Governor Scott M<mask>, was considered a pioneer for women in Utah politics and the matriarch of the <mask> political family. Her prominent role in state politics earned her the nickname "godmother" of the Utah Democratic Party. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in Nephi, Utah, on September 13, 1929, to Leo and Ardella Warenski. Her father was a rural doctor. As a child, she moved with her parents to Philadelphia and San Francisco so her father could attend medical school to become an obstetrician. The family returned to live in Salt Lake City, where Warenski attended the city's East High School.She met her future husband, Scott M<mask>, at the age of 16 while both were students at East High School. <mask> received her bachelor's degree in zoology from the University of Utah. On August 25, 1951, she married <mask> while he was still studying at Stanford Law School. The couple moved back to Utah and constructed a home next to her parents house. They had four children - <mask> Jr. (born 1953), <mask>, <mask> (born 1960), and <mask>. <mask> raised the children while serving as president of the League of Women Voters. Career
<mask> worked as a Salt Lake County prosecutor and a lawyer for the Union Pacific Railroad before entering politics in 1976.That same year, incumbent Utah Governor Cal Rampton declined to seek re-election for a potential fourth term, leading <mask> to enter the gubernatorial election. By her own accounts, <mask> was the last in her family to endorse her husband's decision to enter the race. <mask> served as First Lady of Utah from 1977 to 1985 during the two terms of her husband. Matheson focused on projects related to children, the elderly and education during her tenure as first lady. She visited every senior center in Utah to call attention to issues affecting the state's senior citizen population. <mask> also oversaw the restoration of the Utah Governor's Mansion, the official residence of the Governor and their families. Years after leaving the position, <mask> also assisted then-Governor Mike Mike Leavitt and First Lady Jackie Leavitt with their restoration efforts of the governor's residence following a fire in 1993.<mask> was diagnosed with multiple myeloma in 1989, which was believed to have been caused by radioactive fallout from nuclear testing in nearby Nevada. Scott M<mask> died from the illness on October 7, 1990, at just 61-years old, leaving the former first lady a widow. At the time of his death, <mask> was quoted as saying, "All I wanted was 10 more years." Following her husband's death, <mask> continued to champion numerous political, civic, environmental, and philanthropic causes. She was highly active as a political strategist for the national and state Democratic Party, earning her the nickname "matriarch" of the Utah Democratic Party. Matheson recruited and campaigned for candidates for state and national office. Meghan Holbrook, head of the state party, credited Matheson with the success of both of the party and the <mask> family in politics, calling her "politically shrewd", saying, "She could play three-dimensional chess.I know she advised her sons, and their father was a terrific man, but I think <mask> had the political instinct in the family. And all in a velvet glove." In 2000, <mask> recommended her son, <mask> Jr., as a candidate for Utah's 2nd congressional district during a brainstorming session. Scott won the 2000 congressional race and served seven terms in the United States House of Representatives. <mask> served as a longtime member of the board of directors for The Nature Conservancy, an environmental organization. During her tenure, The Nature Conservancy acquired wetlands outside Moab, Utah, which are now protected as the Scott M. Matheson Wetlands Preserve. <mask> also advocated for the creation of new national monuments in Utah.In 1996, she joined President Bill Clinton at the declaration ceremony for the creation of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, despite local controversy surrounding the plan. Additionally, <mask> served on the board of directors for the Grand Canyon Trust, which works to preserve the region surrounding the Grand Canyon and the Colorado Plateau. <mask> also served on a number of other civic, governmental, education and philanthropic boards and committees. These included the Utah Governor's Commission on Aging, Salt Lake League of Women Voters, the Utah Women's Legislative Council, the Alliance for Unity, the USU Botanical Center, the Hogle Zoo, and University of Utah School of Nursing. She also headed the Scott M. Matheson Leadership Forum, named for her husband, where she conducted interviews for Matheson Leadership Scholarship candidates, including for Ben McAdams. McAdams credited the scholarship awarded by <mask> with launching his political career as the Mayor of Salt Lake County and a U.S. Representative, "Receiving it gave me the opportunity to pursue politics and public policy and to endeavor to follow in their very large footsteps." In 2013, <mask> partnered with former Republican Utah Governor Mike Leavitt and businesswoman Gail Miller to create "Count My Vote", a bipartisan effort to push for state electoral reform.Leavitt, <mask>, Miller, and their organization successfully lobbied for a new law allowing open primary elections in Utah. <mask>, Leavitt, and his wife, former Utah first lady Jackie Leavitt, worked alongside each other on other projects over several decades, including electoral reform, voting rights legislation, and the preservation of the governor's mansion. Leavitt called <mask> "one of Utah's greatest first ladies" and " stalwart Utahn" following her death in 2019. <mask> remained active until her diagnosis with leukemia. She died from complications of the illness on July 28, 2019, at the age of 89. <mask> was survived by her four children -  United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit judge <mask> Jr., <mask>, former U.S. <mask>, and <mask>; her brother, Jim Warenski; nine grandchildren, and three great-grandchildren. Tributes poured in from across Utah's political spectrum, including from Republican Gary Herbert, who called her "the perfect teammate" for Governor <mask> during both their careers.<mask> was buried next to her husband in Parowan City Cemetery in Parowan, Utah. Her memorial service was held at This Is The Place Heritage Park in Salt Lake City on September 1, 2019. References

1929 births
2019 deaths
First Ladies and Gentlemen of Utah
Women in Utah politics
Activists from Utah
American conservationists
American environmentalists
Utah Democrats
University of Utah alumni
The Nature Conservancy
People from Salt Lake City
21st-century American women

masks:
Norma Louise Matheson
Matheson
. Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Norma Louise Warenski
. Matheson
Matheson
Scott Matheson
Scott Matheson
Lu Matheson
Jim Matheson
Tom Matheson
Norma Matheson
Scott Matheson
Scott Matheson
Norma Matheson
Norma Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Scott Matheson
. Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Norma
Norma Matheson
Scott Matheson
Matheson
Norma Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Norma Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Scott Matheson
Lu Matheson
Jim Matheson
Tom Matheson
Matheson
Norma Matheson


texts:
<mask> (born 20 August 1969) is a British actor, writer, director and artist. He is known as a performer for the British science-fiction television series Doctor Who, in the role of a Dalek operator. He has also written, directed, produced or performed in over 80 Big Finish Doctor Who audio stories. Alongside frequent radio and voice over work, <mask> has narrated over 40 unabridged audiobooks for Audible.com and others. Early life
<mask> graduated from the University of Exeter in 1991 with a degree in Fine Art and French. He subsequently went on to train at the Guildford School of Acting, where he won the Postgraduate Award for Acting in 1992. Career
<mask> has worked in the theatre, television, radio and audio plays, as a director and writer.<mask> is also an artist and his pictures hang in galleries and private collections across Europe as well as being exhibited widely within the UK. Following a successful show at the Blue Lias gallery in Lyme Regis, <mask> was asked to form one third of the Three West Country Artists exhibition in 1998. The Kingfisher Gallery in Devon held a major exhibition of his work encompassing nearly thirty new paintings, and in 2006 he exhibited a selection of pieces at the FSA Summer Exhibition. <mask> regularly lectures on art history and art techniques, both in Britain and farther afield. He has given talks on subjects as diverse as European Narrative Painting, Pastel Techniques, Victorian Sea Paintings, Life Drawing, and Greek and Roman Myths in Western Art. He also gives practical tuition both to individuals and to groups, including art workshops on landscape, figure and still life. In 2010, <mask> set up Textbook Stuff, specialising in audiobooks of classic short stories and poems.Readers include Miriam Margolyes, Andrew Sachs, Peter Guinness, John Sessions, Nicholas Pegg and David Soul. The company distributes via iTunes, Amazon and other online distributors. In November 2013 he appeared in the one-off 50th anniversary comedy homage The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot. Beginning in 2016, <mask> narrated the audiobook editions of The Bernicia Chronicles, a series of historical novels by author Matthew Harffy. – Robot Waiter

Doctor Who audio plays (Eighth Doctor)
Storm Warning – Rathbone
Sword of Orion – Digley
The Stones of Venice – Pietro
Minuet in Hell – Scott
Shada – Professor Caldera
Horror of Glam Rock – Bendy Roger
Human Resources – Clive
Max Warp – Announcer
Brave New Town – The Voice
Grand Theft Cosmos – The Guardian
Sisters of the Flame – Galactinet
Hothouse – Newsreader
The Eight Truths – Newsreader
Worldwide Web – Newsreader

Other audio plays
Bernice Summerfield: Beyond the Sun – Leon
Bernice Summerfield: Walking To Babylon – John Lafayette
Bernice Summerfield: Birthright – John Lafayette
Cyberman: Scorpius – Paul Hunt
Cyberman: Fear – Paul Hunt
Cyberman: Conversion – Paul Hunt
Cyberman: Telos – Paul Hunt
Cyberman 2: Outsiders – Paul Hunt
Cyberman 2: Terror – Paul Hunt
Cyberman 2: Machines – Paul Hunt
Cyberman 2: Extinction – Paul Hunt

Directing

Television/film/video
Bacardi: The Making of a Commercial
The Dolphin Myth
In-store Credit

Theatre
Cinderella
Puss in Boots
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Aladdin
The Winslow Boy
Office Suite
Absent Friends
English Sketches
Kicking Bardom
"Mad Men r Crazy"

Audiobooks (drama)

 The Waringham Chronicles.

masks:
Barnaby Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Barnaby
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards


texts:
{{Infobox saint
| honorific_prefix= Saint
| name = <mask> of Caesarea
| image = St. <mask> T'oros Roslin Gospels.png
| caption = Icon portrait of the church historian <mask> of Caesarea as a saint from T'oros Roslin Gospel manuscript in Armenia dated 1262
| titles = The Father of Church History
| venerated_in = Syriac Orthodox Church<ref>"The Church Historian and Metropolitan of Caesarea for twenty five years is included, on the list, among the Syrian martyrs and those who vouched for true faith (Wace & Piercy, 1999)." from Cor-Episcopo K. Mani Rajan's 'Martyrs, Saints, and Prelates of the Syriac Orthodox Church Volume 2 published in 2012 on his website: http://rajanachen.com/download-english-books/ </ref>
| feast_day = May 30 (ancient Syrian Church) February 29 (Syrian Orthodox) June 21 (Roman Catholic; Suppressed by Pope Gregory XIII)Multiple references for this day as the feast of St. <mask> in multiple Roman Catholic martyrologies and lectionaries, as recorded by Henri Valois, or Valesius in his Testimonies of the Ancients in Favor of Eusebius and translated by Phillip Schaff https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.iv.html
| influences = Origen, St. Pamphilus of Caesarea, St. Constantine the Great, Sextus Julius Africanus, Philo, Plato
| influenced = St. Palladius of Galatia, St. Basil the Great, Rufinus of Aquileia, St. Theodoret of Cyrus, Socrates of Constantinople, Sozomen, Evagrius Scholasticus, Gelasius of Cyzicus, Michael the Syrian, St. Jerome, Philostorgius, Victorius of Aquitaine, Pope St. Gelasius I, Pope Pelagius II, Henri Valois, George Bull, William Cave, Samuel Lee, J.B. Lightfoot, Henry Wace
}}
Eusebius of Caesarea (;  ;  260/265 – 30 May 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphili (from the ), was a Greek historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist. In about AD 314 he became the bishop of Caesarea Maritima in the Roman province of Syria Palaestina. Together with Pamphilus, he was a scholar of the biblical canon and is regarded as one of the most learned Christians during late antiquity. He wrote Demonstrations of the Gospel, Preparations for the Gospel and On Discrepancies between the Gospels, studies of the biblical text. As "Father of Church History" (not to be confused with the title of Church Father), he produced the Ecclesiastical History, On the Life of Pamphilus, the Chronicle and On the Martyrs.He also produced a biographical work on Constantine the Great, the first Christian Roman emperor, who was augustus between AD 306 and AD 337. Although <mask>' works are regarded as giving insight into the history of the early church, he was not without prejudice, especially in regard to the Jews, for while "<mask> indeed blames the Jews for the crucifixion of Jesus, he nevertheless also states that forgiveness can be granted even for this sin and that the Jews can receive salvation." Some scholars question the accuracy of <mask>' works. For example, at least one scholar, Lynn Cohick, dissents from the majority view that <mask> is correct in identifying the Melito of Peri Pascha with the Quartodeciman bishop of Sardis. Cohick claims as support for her position that "Eusebius is a notoriously unreliable historian, and so anything he reports should be critically scrutinized." <mask>' Life of Constantine, which he wrote as a eulogy shortly after the emperor's death in AD 337, is "often maligned for perceived factual errors, deemed by some so hopelessly flawed that it cannot be the work of Eusebius at all." Others attribute this perceived flaw in this particular work as an effort at creating an overly idealistic hagiography, calling him a "Constantinian flunky" since, as a trusted adviser to Constantine, it would be politically expedient for him to present Constantine in the best light possible.Sources
Little is known about the life of <mask>. His successor at the See of Caesarea, Acacius, wrote a Life of Eusebius, a work that has since been lost. <mask>' own surviving works probably only represent a small portion of his total output. Beyond notices in his extant writings, the major sources are the 5th-century ecclesiastical historians Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret, and the 4th-century Christian author Jerome. There are assorted notices of his activities in the writings of his contemporaries Athanasius, Arius, <mask> of Nicomedia, and Alexander of Alexandria. <mask>' pupil, <mask> of Emesa, provides some incidental information. Early life
Most scholars date the birth of <mask> to some point between AD 260 and 265.He was most likely born in or around Caesarea Maritima.Louth, "Birth of church history", 266; Quasten, 3.309. Nothing is known about his parents. He was baptized and instructed in the city, and lived in Syria Palaestina in 296, when Diocletian's army passed through the region (in the Life of Constantine, <mask> recalls seeing Constantine traveling with the army).Wallace-Hadrill, 12, citing Vita Constantini 1.19. <mask> was made presbyter by Agapius of Caesarea. Some, like theologian and ecclesiastical historian John Henry Newman, understand <mask>' statement that he had heard Dorotheus of Tyre "expound the Scriptures wisely in the Church" to indicate that <mask> was Dorotheus' pupil while the priest was resident in Antioch; others, like the scholar D. S. Wallace-Hadrill, deem the phrase too ambiguous to support the contention. Through the activities of the theologian Origen (185/6–254) and the school of his follower Pamphilus (later 3rd century – 309), Caesarea became a center of Christian learning. Origen was largely responsible for the collection of usage information, or which churches were using which gospels, regarding the texts which became the New Testament.The information used to create the late-fourth-century Easter Letter, which declared accepted Christian writings, was probably based on the Ecclesiastical History [HE] of <mask> of Caesarea, wherein he uses the information passed on to him by Origen to create both his list at HE 3:25 and Origen's list at HE 6:25. <mask> got his information about what texts were accepted by the third-century churches throughout the known world, a great deal of which Origen knew of firsthand from his extensive travels, from the library and writings of Origen. On his deathbed, Origen had made a bequest of his private library to the Christian community in the city. Together with the books of his patron Ambrosius, Origen's library (including the original manuscripts of his works) formed the core of the collection that Pamphilus established. Pamphilus also managed a school that was similar to (or perhaps a re-establishment of) that of Origen. Pamphilus was compared to Demetrius of Phalerum and Pisistratus, for he had gathered Bibles "from all parts of the world". Like his model Origen, Pamphilus maintained close contact with his students.<mask>, in his history of the persecutions, alludes to the fact that many of the Caesarean martyrs lived together, presumably under Pamphilus. Soon after Pamphilus settled in Caesarea (ca. 280s), he began teaching <mask>, who was then somewhere between twenty and twenty-five. Because of his close relationship with his schoolmaster, <mask> was sometimes called <mask> Pamphili: "<mask>, son of Pamphilus". The name may also indicate that <mask> was made Pamphilus' heir. Pamphilus gave <mask> a strong admiration for the thought of Origen. Neither Pamphilus nor <mask> knew Origen personally; Pamphilus probably picked up Origenist ideas during his studies under Pierius (nicknamed "Origen Junior") in Alexandria.<mask>' Preparation for the Gospel bears witness to the literary tastes of Origen: <mask> quotes no comedy, tragedy, or lyric poetry, but makes reference to all the works of Plato and to an extensive range of later philosophic works, largely from Middle Platonists from Philo to the late 2nd century. Whatever its secular contents, the primary aim of Origen and Pamphilus' school was to promote sacred learning. The library's biblical and theological contents were more impressive: Origen's Hexapla and Tetrapla; a copy of the original Aramaic version of the Gospel of Matthew; and many of Origen's own writings. Marginal comments in extant manuscripts note that Pamphilus and his friends and pupils, including <mask>, corrected and revised much of the biblical text in their library. Their efforts made the hexaplaric Septuagint text increasingly popular in Syria and Palestine. Soon after joining Pamphilus' school, <mask> started helping his master expand the library's collections and broaden access to its resources. At about this time <mask> compiled a Collection of Ancient Martyrdoms, presumably for use as a general reference tool.In the 290s, <mask> began work on his most important work, the Ecclesiastical History, a narrative history of the Church and Christian community from the Apostolic Age to <mask>' own time. At about the same time, he worked on his Chronicle, a universal calendar of events from the Creation to, again, <mask>' own time. He completed the first editions of the Ecclesiastical History and Chronicle before 300. Bishop of Caesarea

<mask> succeeded Agapius as Bishop of Caesarea soon after 313 and was called on by Arius who had been excommunicated by his bishop Alexander of Alexandria. An episcopal council in Caesarea pronounced Arius blameless. <mask> enjoyed the favor of the Emperor Constantine. Because of this he was called upon to present the creed of his own church to the 318 attendees of the Council of Nicaea in 325.However, the anti-Arian creed from Palestine prevailed, becoming the basis for the Nicene Creed. The theological views of Arius, that taught the subordination of the Son to the Father, continued to be controversial. Eustathius of Antioch strongly opposed the growing influence of Origen's theology, as the root of Arianism. <mask>, an admirer of Origen, was reproached by Eustathius for deviating from the Nicene faith. <mask> prevailed and Eustathius was deposed at a synod in Antioch. However, Athanasius of Alexandria became a more powerful opponent and in 334 he was summoned before a synod in Caesarea (which he refused to attend). In the following year, he was again summoned before a synod in Tyre at which <mask> of Caesarea presided.Athanasius, foreseeing the result, went to Constantinople to bring his cause before the Emperor. Constantine called the bishops to his court, among them <mask>. Athanasius was condemned and exiled at the end of 335. <mask> remained in the Emperor's favour throughout this time and more than once was exonerated with the explicit approval of the Emperor Constantine. After the Emperor's death (c. 337), <mask> wrote the Life of Constantine, an important historical work because of eyewitness accounts and the use of primary sources. Works

Of the extensive literary activity of <mask>, a relatively large portion has been preserved. Although posterity suspected him of Arianism, <mask> had made himself indispensable by his method of authorship; his comprehensive and careful excerpts from original sources saved his successors the painstaking labor of original research.Hence, much has been preserved, quoted by <mask>, which otherwise would have been lost. The literary productions of <mask> reflect on the whole the course of his life. At first, he occupied himself with works on biblical criticism under the influence of Pamphilus and probably of Dorotheus of Tyre of the School of Antioch. Afterward, the persecutions under Diocletian and Galerius directed his attention to the martyrs of his own time and the past, and this led him to the history of the whole Church and finally to the history of the world, which, to him, was only a preparation for ecclesiastical history. Then followed the time of the Arian controversies, and dogmatic questions came into the foreground. Christianity at last found recognition by the State; and this brought new problems – apologies of a different sort had to be prepared. Lastly, <mask> wrote eulogies in praise of Constantine.To all this activity must be added numerous writings of a miscellaneous nature, addresses, letters, and the like, and exegetical works that extended over the whole of his life and that include both commentaries and an important treatise on the location of biblical place names and the distances between these cities. Onomasticon

Biblical text criticism

Pamphilus and <mask> occupied themselves with the textual criticism of the Septuagint text of the Old Testament and especially of the New Testament. An edition of the Septuagint seems to have been already prepared by Origen, which, according to Jerome, was revised and circulated by <mask> and Pamphilus. For an easier survey of the material of the four Evangelists, <mask> divided his edition of the New Testament into paragraphs and provided it with a synoptical table so that it might be easier to find the pericopes that belong together. These canon tables or "Eusebian canons" remained in use throughout the Middle Ages, and illuminated manuscript versions are important for the study of early medieval art, as they are the most elaborately decorated pages of many Gospel books. <mask> detailed in Epistula ad Carpianum how to use his canons. Chronicle

The Chronicle ( (Pantodape historia)) is divided into two parts.The first part, the Chronography

masks: Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius


texts:
 ( (Chronographia)), gives an epitome of universal history from the sources, arranged according to nations. The second part, the Canons ( (Chronikoi kanones)), furnishes a synchronism of the historical material in parallel columns, the equivalent of a parallel timeline. The work as a whole has been lost in the original Greek, but it may be reconstructed from later chronographists of the Byzantine school who made excerpts from the work, especially George Syncellus. The tables of the second part have been completely preserved in a Latin translation by Jerome, and both parts are still extant in an Armenian translation. The loss of the Greek originals has given the Armenian translation a special importance; thus, the first part of Eusebius' Chronicle, of which only a few fragments exist in Greek, has been preserved entirely in Armenian, though with lacunae. The Chronicle as preserved extends to the year 325. Church History

In his Church History or Ecclesiastical History, Eusebius wrote the first surviving history of the Christian Church as a chronologically ordered account, based on earlier sources, complete from the period of the Apostles to his own epoch.The time scheme correlated the history with the reigns of the Roman Emperors, and the scope was broad. Included were the bishops and other teachers of the Church, Christian relations with the Jews and those deemed heretical, and the Christian martyrs through 324. Although its accuracy and biases have been questioned, it remains an important source on the early church due to <mask>'s access to materials now lost. Life of Constantine
Eusebius' Life of Constantine (Vita Constantini) is a eulogy or panegyric, and therefore its style and selection of facts are affected by its purpose, rendering it inadequate as a continuation of the Church History. As the historian Socrates Scholasticus said, at the opening of his history which was designed as a continuation of <mask>, "Also in writing the life of Constantine, this same author has but slightly treated of matters regarding Arius, being more intent on the rhetorical finish of his composition and the praises of the emperor than on an accurate statement of facts." The work was unfinished at <mask>' death. Some scholars have questioned the Eusebian authorship of this work.Conversion of Constantine according to Eusebius

Writing decades after Constantine had died, <mask> claimed that the emperor himself had recounted to him that some time between the death of his father – the augustus Constantius – and his final battle against his rival Maxentius as augustus in the West, Constantine experienced a vision in which he and his soldiers beheld a Christian symbol, "a cross-shaped trophy formed from light", above the sun at midday.<mask> of Caesarea, Vita Constantini, 1.29 Attached to the symbol was the phrase "by this conquer" (), a phrase often rendered into Latin as "in hoc signo vinces". In a dream that night "the Christ of God appeared to him with the sign which had appeared in the sky, and urged him to make himself a copy of the sign which had appeared in the sky, and to use this as a protection against the attacks of the enemy." <mask> relates that this happened "on a campaign he [Constantine] was conducting somewhere". It is unclear from <mask>'s description whether the shields were marked with a Christian cross or with a chi-rho, a staurogram, or another similar symbol. The Latin text De mortibus persecutorum contains an early account of the 28 October 312 Battle of the Milvian Bridge written by Lactantius probably in 313, the year following the battle. Lactantius does not mention a vision in the sky but describes a revelatory dream on the eve of battle. <mask>'s work of that time, his Church History, also makes no mention of the vision.The Arch of Constantine, constructed in AD 315, neither depicts a vision nor any Christian insignia in its depiction of the battle. In his posthumous biography of Constantine, <mask> agrees with Lactantius that Constantine received instructions in a dream to apply a Christian symbol as a device to his soldiers' shields, but unlike Lactantius and subsequent Christian tradition, <mask> does not date the events to October 312 and does not connect Constantine's vision and dream-vision with the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. Minor historical works
Before he compiled his church history, <mask> edited a collection of martyrdoms of the earlier period and a biography of Pamphilus. The martyrology has not survived as a whole, but it has been preserved almost completely in parts. It contained:
 an epistle of the congregation of Smyrna concerning the martyrdom of Polycarp;
 the martyrdom of Pionius;
 the martyrdoms of Carpus, Papylus, and Agathonike;
 the martyrdoms in the congregations of Vienne and Lyon;
 the martyrdom of Apollonius. Of the life of Pamphilus, only a fragment survives. A work on the martyrs of Palestine in the time of Diocletian was composed after 311; numerous fragments are scattered in legendaries which have yet to be collected.The life of Constantine was compiled after the death of the emperor and the election of his sons as Augusti (337). It is more a rhetorical eulogy on the emperor than a history but is of great value on account of numerous documents incorporated into it. Apologetic and dogmatic works
To the class of apologetic and dogmatic works belong:
 The Apology for Origen, the first five books of which, according to the definite statement of Photius, were written by Pamphilus in prison, with the assistance of <mask>. <mask> added the sixth book after the death of Pamphilus. We possess only a Latin translation of the first book, made by Rufinus. A treatise against Hierocles (a Roman governor), in which <mask> combated the former's glorification of Apollonius of Tyana in a work entitled A Truth-loving Discourse (Greek: Philalethes logos); in spite of manuscript attribution to <mask>, however, it has been argued (by Thomas Hagg and more recently, Aaron Johnson) that this treatise "Against Hierocles" was written by someone other than <mask> of Caesarea. Praeparatio evangelica (Preparation for the Gospel), commonly known by its Latin title, which attempts to prove the excellence of Christianity over every pagan religion and philosophy.The Praeparatio consists of fifteen books which have been completely preserved. <mask> considered it an introduction to Christianity for pagans. But its value for many later readers is more because Eusebius studded this work with so many lively fragments from historians and philosophers which are nowhere else preserved. Here alone is preserved Pyrrho's translation of the Buddhist Three marks of existence upon which Pyrrho based Pyrrhonism. Here alone is a summary of the writings of the Phoenician priest Sanchuniathon of which the accuracy has been shown by the mythological accounts found on the Ugaritic tables. Here alone is the account from Diodorus Siculus's sixth book of Euhemerus' wondrous voyage to the island of Panchaea where Euhemerus purports to have found his true history of the gods. And here almost alone is preserved writings of the neo-Platonist philosopher Atticus along with so much else.Demonstratio evangelica (Proof of the Gospel) is closely connected to the Praeparatio and comprised originally twenty books of which ten have been completely preserved as well as a fragment of the fifteenth. Here <mask> treats of the person of Jesus Christ. The work was probably finished before 311;
 Another work which originated in the time of the persecution, entitled Prophetic Extracts (Eclogae propheticae). It discusses in four books the Messianic texts of Scripture. The work is merely the surviving portion (books 6–9) of the General elementary introduction to the Christian faith, now lost. The fragments given as the Commentary on Luke in the PG have been claimed to derive from the missing tenth book of the General Elementary Introduction (see D. S. Wallace-Hadrill); however, Aaron Johnson has argued that they cannot be associated with this work. The treatise On Divine Manifestation or On the Theophania (Peri theophaneias), of unknown date.It treats of the incarnation of the Divine Logos, and its contents are in many cases identical with the Demonstratio evangelica. Only fragments are preserved in Greek, but a complete Syriac translation of the Theophania survives in an early 5th-century manuscript. Samuel Lee, the editor (1842) and translator (1843) of the Syriac Theophania, thought that the work must have been written "after the general peace restored to the Church by Constantine, and before either the 'Praeparatio,' or the 'Demonstratio Evangelica,' was written ...It appears probable ... therefore, that this was one of the first productions of Eusebius, if not the first after the persecutions ceased." Hugo Gressmann, noting in 1904 that the Demonstratio seems to be mentioned at IV. 37 and V. 1, and that II. 14 seems to mention the extant practice of temple prostitution at Hieropolis in Phoenica, concluded that the Theophania was probably written shortly after 324. Others have suggested a date as late as 337.A polemical treatise against Marcellus of Ancyra, the Against Marcellus, dating from about 337;
 A supplement to the last-named work, also against Marcellus, entitled Ecclesiastical Theology, in which he defended the Nicene doctrine of the Logos against the party of Athanasius. A number of writings, belonging in this category, have been entirely lost. Exegetical and miscellaneous works
All of the exegetical works of <mask> have suffered damage in transmission. The majority of them are known to us only from long portions quoted in Byzantine catena-commentaries. However these portions are very extensive. Extant are:
 An enormous Commentary on the Psalms;
 A commentary on Isaiah, discovered more or less complete in a manuscript in Florence early in the 20th century and published 50 years later;
 Small fragments of commentaries on Romans and 1 Corinthians. <mask> also wrote a work Quaestiones ad Stephanum et Marinum, On the Differences of the Gospels (including solutions).This was written for the purpose of harmonizing the contradictions in the reports of the different Evangelists. This work was recently (2011) translated into the English language by David J. Miller and Adam C. McCollum and was published under the name Eusebius of Caesarea: Gospel Problems and Solutions. The original work was also translated into Syriac, and lengthy quotations exist in a catena in that language, and also in Arabic catenas. <mask> also wrote treatises on the biblical past; these three treatises have been lost. They were:

 A work on the Greek equivalents of Hebrew Gentilic nouns;
 A description of old Judea with an account of the loss of the ten tribes;
 A plan of Jerusalem and the Temple of Solomon. The addresses and sermons of <mask> are mostly lost, but some have been preserved, e.g., a sermon on the consecration of the church in Tyre and an address on the thirtieth anniversary of the reign of Constantine (336). Most of <mask>' letters are lost.His letters to Carpianus and Flacillus exist complete. Fragments of a letter to the empress Constantia also exists. Doctrine

Eusebius is fairly unusual in his preterist, or fulfilled, eschatological view. Saying "the Holy Scriptures foretell that there will be unmistakable signs of the Coming of Christ. Now there were among the Hebrews three outstanding offices of dignity, which made the nation famous, firstly the kingship, secondly that of prophet, and lastly the high priesthood. The prophecies said that the abolition and complete destruction of all these three together would be the sign of the presence of the Christ. And that the proofs that the times had come, would lie in the ceasing of the Mosaic worship, the desolation of Jerusalem and its Temple, and the subjection of the whole Jewish race to its enemies....The holy oracles foretold that all these changes, which had not been made in the days of the prophets of old, would take place at the coming of the Christ, which I will presently shew to have been fulfilled as never before in accordance with the predictions" (Demonstratio Evangelica VIII). From a dogmatic point of view, <mask> stands entirely upon the shoulders of Origen. Like Origen, he started from the fundamental thought of the absolute sovereignty (monarchia) of God. God is the cause of all beings. But he is not merely a cause; in him everything good is included, from him all life originates, and he is the source of all virtue. God sent Christ into the world that it may partake of the blessings included in the essence of God. <mask> expressly distinguishes the Son as distinct from Father as a ray is also distinct from its source the sun.<mask> held that men were sinners by their own free choice and not by the necessity of their natures. <mask> said:
The Creator of all things has impressed a natural law upon the soul of every man, as an assistant and ally in his conduct, pointing out to him the right way by this law; but, by the free liberty with which he is endowed, making the choice of what is best worthy of praise and acceptance, he has acted rightly, not by force, but from his own free-will, when he had it in his power to act otherwise, As, again, making him who chooses what

masks: Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius


texts:
 is worst, deserving of blame and punishment, because he has by his own motion neglected the natural law, and becoming the origin and fountain of wickedness, and misusing himself, not from any extraneous necessity, but from free will and judgment. The fault is in him who chooses, not in God. For God has not made nature or the substance of the soul bad; for he who is good can make nothing but what is good. Everything is good which is according to nature. Every rational soul has naturally a good free-will, formed for the choice of what is good. But when a man acts wrongly, nature is not to be blamed; for what is wrong, takes place not according to nature, but contrary to nature, it being the work of choice, and not of nature.A letter <mask> is supposed to have written to Constantine's daughter Constantina, refusing to fulfill her request for images of Christ, was quoted in the decrees (now lost) of the Iconoclast Council of Hieria in 754, and later quoted in part in the rebuttal of the Hieria decrees in the Second Council of Nicaea of 787, now the only source from which some of the text is known. The authenticity or authorship of the letter remains uncertain. Nicene Creed
In the June 2002 issue of the Church History journal, Pier Beatrice reports that Eusebius testified that the word homoousios (consubstantial) "was inserted in the Nicene Creed solely by the personal order of Constantine." Assessment
 Socrates Scholasticus (a 5th-century Christian historian), writing in his own Church History, criticized the Life of Constantine, stating that <mask> was "more intent on the rhetorical finish of his composition and the praises of the emperor, than on an accurate statement of facts". Edward Gibbon openly distrusted the writings of Eusebius concerning the number of martyrs, by noting a passage in the shorter text of the Martyrs of Palestine attached to the Ecclesiastical History (Book 8, Chapter 2) in which <mask> introduces his description of the martyrs of the Great Persecution under Diocletian with: "Wherefore we have decided to relate nothing concerning them except the things in which we can vindicate the Divine judgment. ...We shall introduce into this history in general only those events which may be useful first to ourselves and afterwards to posterity." In the longer text of the same work, chapter 12, Eusebius states: "I think it best to pass by all the other events which occurred in the meantime: such as ... the lust of power on the part of many, the disorderly and unlawful ordinations, and the schisms among the confessors themselves; also the novelties which were zealously devised against the remnants of the Church by the new and factious members, who added innovation after innovation and forced them in unsparingly among the calamities of the persecution, heaping misfortune upon misfortune.I judge it more suitable to shun and avoid the account of these things, as I said at the beginning." When his own honesty was challenged by his contemporaries, Gibbon appealed to a chapter heading in <mask>' Praeparatio evangelica (Book XII, Chapter 31) in which <mask> discussed "that it will be necessary sometimes to use falsehood as a remedy for the benefit of those who require such a mode of treatment." Although Gibbon refers to <mask> as the "gravest" of the ecclesiastical historians, he also suggests that <mask> was more concerned with the passing political concerns of his time than with his duty as a reliable historian. Jacob Burckhardt (19th century cultural historian) dismissed <mask> as "the first thoroughly dishonest historian of antiquity". Other critics of <mask>' work cite the panegyrical tone of the Vita, plus the omission of internal Christian conflicts in the Canones, as reasons to interpret his writing with caution. Alternate views have suggested that Gibbon's dismissal of <mask> is inappropriate:
 With reference to Gibbon's comments, Joseph Barber Lightfoot (late 19th century theologian and former Bishop of Durham) pointed out that <mask>' statements indicate his honesty in stating what he was not going to discuss, and also his limitations as a historian in not including such material. He also discusses the question of accuracy."The manner in which <mask> deals with his very numerous quotations elsewhere, where we can test his honesty, is a sufficient vindication against this unjust charge." Lightfoot also notes that <mask> cannot always be relied on: "A far more serious drawback to his value as a historian is the loose and uncritical spirit in which he sometimes deals with his materials. This shows itself in diverse ways. He is not always to be trusted in his discrimination of genuine and spurious documents." Averil Cameron (professor at King's College London and Oxford) and Stuart Hall (historian and theologian), in their recent translation of the Life of Constantine, point out that writers such as Burckhardt found it necessary to attack <mask> in order to undermine the ideological legitimacy of the Habsburg empire, which based itself on the idea of Christian empire derived from Constantine, and that the most controversial letter in the Life has since been found among the papyri of Egypt. In Church History (Vol. 59, 1990), Michael J. Hollerich (assistant professor at the Jesuit Santa Clara University, California) replies to Burckhardt's criticism of Eusebius, that "Eusebius has been an inviting target for students of the Constantinian era.At one time or another they have characterized him as a political propagandist, a good courtier, the shrewd and worldly adviser of the Emperor Constantine, the great publicist of the first Christian emperor, the first in a long succession of ecclesiastical politicians, the herald of Byzantinism, a political theologian, a political metaphysician, and a caesaropapist. It is obvious that these are not, in the main, neutral descriptions. Much traditional scholarship, sometimes with barely suppressed disdain, has regarded <mask> as one who risked his orthodoxy and perhaps his character because of his zeal for the Constantinian establishment." Hollerich concludes that "the standard assessment has exaggerated the importance of political themes and political motives in <mask>'s life and writings and has failed to do justice to him as a churchman and a scholar". While many have shared Burckhardt's assessment, particularly with reference to the Life of Constantine, others, while not pretending to extol his merits, have acknowledged the irreplaceable value of his works which may principally reside in the copious quotations that they contain from other sources, often lost. Bibliography

 <mask> of Caesarea. Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) first seven books ca.300, eighth and ninth book ca. 313, tenth book ca. 315, epilogue ca. 325. Migne, J.P., ed. Eusebiou tou Pamphilou, episkopou tes en Palaistine Kaisareias ta euriskomena panta (in Greek). Patrologia Graeca 19–24.Paris, 1857. Online at Khazar Skeptik  and Documenta Catholica Omnia. Accessed 4 November 2009. McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Church History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent and CCEL. Accessed 28 September 2009. Williamson, G.A., trans. Church History.London: Penguin, 1989. Contra Hieroclem (Against Hierocles). Onomasticon (On the Place-Names in Holy Scripture). Klostermann, E., ed. Eusebius' Werke 3.1 (Die griechischen christlichen Schrifsteller der ersten (drei) Jahrhunderte 11.1. Leipzig and Berlin, 1904). Online at the Internet Archive.Accessed 29 January 2010. Wolf, Umhau, trans. The Onomasticon of Eusebius Pamphili: Compared with the version of Jerome and annotated. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1971. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 29 January 2010. Taylor, Joan E., ed.Palestine in the Fourth Century. The Onomasticon by <mask> of Caesarea, translated by Greville Freeman-Grenville, and indexed by Rupert Chapman III (Jerusalem: Carta, 2003). De Martyribus Palestinae (On the Martyrs of Palestine). McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Martyrs of Palestine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent and CCEL. Accessed June 9, 2009. Cureton, William, trans. History of the Martyrs in Palestine by <mask> of Caesarea, Discovered in a Very Antient Syriac Manuscript.London: Williams & Norgate, 1861. Online at Tertullian. Accessed September 28, 2009. Praeparatio Evangelica (Preparation for the Gospel). Demonstratio Evangelica (Demonstration of the Gospel). Theophania (Theophany). Laudes Constantini (In Praise of Constantine) 335.Migne, J.P., ed. Eusebiou tou Pamphilou, episkopou tes en Palaistine Kaisareias ta euriskomena panta (in Greek). Patrologia Graeca 19–24. Paris, 1857. Online at Khazar Skeptik . Accessed 4 November 2009. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans.Oration in Praise of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent.Accessed 19 October 2009. Vita Constantini (The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine) ca. 336–39. Migne, J.P., ed. Eusebiou tou Pamphilou, episkopou tes en Palaistine Kaisareias ta euriskomena panta (in Greek). Patrologia Graeca 19–24. Paris, 1857.Online at Khazar Skeptik . Accessed 4 November 2009. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace.Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 9 June 2009. Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. Life of Constantine. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.Gregory Thaumaturgus. Oratio Panegyrica. Salmond, S.D.F., trans. From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 6. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 31 January 2010. Jerome. Chronicon (Chronicle) ca. 380. Fotheringham, John Knight, ed.The Bodleian Manuscript of Jerome's Version of the Chronicle of Eusebius. Oxford: Clarendon, 1905. Online at the Internet Archive. Accessed 8 October 2009. Pearse, Roger, et al., trans. The Chronicle of St. Jerome, in Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts. Tertullian, 2005.Online at Tertullian. Accessed 14 August 2009.
 de Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men) 392. Herding, W., ed. De Viris Illustribus (in Latin). Leipzig: Teubner, 1879. Online at Internet Archive. Accessed 6 October 2009.Liber de viris inlustribus (in Latin). Texte und Untersuchungen 14. Leipzig, 1896. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men). From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 3.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 15 August 2009. Epistulae (Letters). Fremantle, W.H., G. Lewis and W.G.Martley, trans. Letters. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 6. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1893. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight.Online at New Advent and CCEL. Accessed 19 October 2009. Origen.De Principiis (On First Principles). See also
 Church Fathers
 Constantine I and Christianity
 Early Christianity
 Fifty Bibles of Constantine
 Travelogues of Palestine

 Notes

 References
 Citations

 Sources

 Sabrina Inowlocki & Claudio Zamagni (eds), Reconsidering Eusebius: Collected papers on literary, historical, and theological issues (Leiden, Brill, 2011) (Vigiliae Christianae, Supplements, 107). Further reading

External links
WMF project links

Primary sources
 Church History (Eusebius); The Life of Constantine (Eusebius), online at ccel.org. History of the Martyrs in Palestine (Eusebius), English translation (1861) William Cureton. Website tertullian.org.<mask> of Caesarea, The Gospel Canon Tables
 <mask>, Six extracts from the Commentary on the Psalms. Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes complete Greek text of <mask>' works

Secondary sources
 "Eusebius" in New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1917)
 <mask> of Caesarea at the Tertullian Project
 Extensive bibliography at EarlyChurch.org
 Chronological list of <mask>'s writings

260s births
339 deaths
3rd-century Romans
3rd-century Greek people
4th-century Christian saints
4th-century Christian theologians
4th-century Greek people
4th-century historians
4th-century philosophers
4th-century Romans
4th-century writers
Amillennialism
Bishops of Caesarea
Christian anti-Gnosticism
Chronologists
Church Fathers
Historians of Christianity
Historians of the Catholic Church
Late Antique writers
People of Roman Syria
Roman-era Greek

masks: Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius


texts:
Jean-<mask> (1927 – 1 January 2004) was a Belgian (born in DR Congo) ethnologist, naturalist, and humanitarian known best for his extensive work with the Efé (Bambuti) pygmies of the Ituri Rainforest. He wrote the 1964 autobiographical book, Congo Kitabu, the 1973 ethnologic book Pygmy Kitabu (a more detailed description of life with the Efé and neighboring pygmies), and the 1968 book Animal Kitabu, which details his extraordinary collection of animals in the Congo and in Kenya. He initiated the Pygmy Fund for the benefit of the Efé. Early life
<mask>'s father was <mask>, a Belgian painter of African scenes. He lived on the shore of Lake Kivu, in modern Rwanda. Jean-Pierre, born in Africa, spent his early childhood there. He was then sent to Belgium with relatives for his "formal" education, which included the study of agronomy and sociology at the University of Brussels (1945–1946) and at the Sorbonne (1947–1948).During 1948 he returned to Central Africa to work as an agronomist with the Belgian Ministry of Colonies. It was in this capacity that he initially traveled throughout central Africa, interacting with various cultures and tribes. Both the art works of <mask> and many pieces from Jean-<mask>'s African art collections have been sold at international art auctions. Hallet donated much of his Central African art collection to the UCLA African Art exhibit of the Museum of Cultural History (later renamed the Fowler Museum), which was part of the rationale for the museum's creation. Hallet and his family owned one of the largest authentic Central African art shops in the United States—at the Third Street Promenade in Santa Monica, California, near Los Angeles—until the late 1990s. The shop was managed by Hallet with his wife Liane <mask>, and two of his stepchildren. Some of the profit from these art sales was used to benefit the Efé pygmies.He returned to the Eastern Congo region to visit the Efé (and friends he had made during several decades) and to further his goals of securing land and protection for the Efé. In one instance he was captured by rebel forces in Eastern Congo during the First Congo War and detained until Congolese troops were able to free him. Awards and international recognition
<mask> was awarded the National Order of the Leopard in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) for his efforts on behalf of the Efé. In 1987, Jean-Pierre Hallet won the US Presidential End Hunger Award, and by 1994 the Pygmy Fund had reached 46% of their goal of securing  of good farming land for the pygmies in the Congo. He received more than 100 awards and honors and was a featured speaker internationally, including at the Explorer's Club. He met with Dwight D. Eisenhower, and for his humanitarian efforts has been described as the "Abe Lincoln of the Congo". Hallet was nominated for the Nobel Peace prize for his work with the Pygmies.Books
Congo Kitabu, Pygmy Kitabu, and Animal Kitabu have been translated into 21 languages, including Chinese and Russian, and a Reader's Digest version of Congo Kitabu was also released. The word kitabu means bible, or book, in Swahili. Congo Kitabu
Congo Kitabu is an auto-biographical book about Hallet's travels through central Africa from 1948 through 1960. In it he documents interactions with multiple isolated cultures throughout the Belgian Congo, Rwanda and Burundi regions. His accounts provide a unique anthropological source of information of the valley of the River Congo during that period. He wrote about in detail of his encounters with the Luba people, the Kuba Kingdom, the Balega (in the historically cannibalistic areas of Maniema, including the Bwame secret society), the Efe Pygmies of the Ituri forest and the neighboring Balese, the Tutsi of Rwanda, the Maasai people of Kenya, the Bagoma people, and the pygmoid Bamosso of Burundi. He also had encounters with multiple other cultures, including the Balamba (near Zambia), the Bahutu (Rwanda), Bahunde, the Bambuba, the Batalinga, and the pygmoid Batwa of Rwanda.Hallet's accounts include those of extensive personal participation with cultural activities of the region, including secretive and forbidden (by the Belgian colonial government) practices. In several chapters of the book are described some of his first encounters with the Efe pygmies of the Ituri forest. Hallet was an avid collector of art and lover of animals as well, and the book is documented liberally with photographs from the period. The collection of art that he collected during the described journeys in the book eventually became a large portion of the UCLA African Art premier exhibit in 1963–1965, when Hallet donated much of it to the university. This collection is now part of the UCLA Fowler Museum. Hallet also sold additional artifacts that he collected during the travels described in the book (and during many subsequent return visits to the Congo) and used the profits to help protect the Efé. He describes the events related to multiple significant artifacts, giving the reader a vivid background to their origin.Pygmy Kitabu
Pygmy Kitabu is based on the travels of Jean-Pierre <mask> through central Africa from 1948 through 1960 and his extensive interactions with the isolated Efé Pygmies of the Congo. It was first published during 1973, and was cowritten by Alex Pelle. Unlike his prior book, Congo Kitabu, which chronicled his contacts and investigations into multiple groups in the Congo and nearby regions, Pygmy Kitabu is a detailed observational study primarily of the Efe Pygmies. Great detail and scientific observational method was used in the writing of the book. The Efé Pygmies have been shown to be one of the oldest intact cultures on Earth by dNA studies, and this book is an in-depth work detailing their extraordinary culture. The book Pygmy Kitabu was reviewed by another expert on Mbuti pygmy culture, Colin Turnbull, and its contribution to knowledge of the pygmy culture acknowledged. It has also been used as a reference in a linguistics textbook.It has been cited in scholarly books, journals, and symposia. Animal Kitabu
Hallet raised multiple animals while living in Ruanda-Burundi, near the border of the Congo. He trained a lion, played ball with a rhino, and watched the courtship of his rhino and elephant. His extensive menagerie allowed him an insight into animal behaviour that is further explored in Animal Kitabu. During 1960, due to the increasing ethnic conflicts in the area, he was forced to take drastic measures on behalf of his beloved animals when he escaped to Kenya. There he faced new challenges and enlisted the aid of sympathetic allies to help care for his extended "family." His amusing observations of animals (such as that of smartest cat—- the leopard) and man in Kenya and Uganda and some serendipitous nature photographs were published in magazines in Central Africa.Documentaries and movies

Pygmies (1973)
During 1973, Hallet filmed a documentary named Pygmies that documents the customs of this disappearing culture. It was released simultaneously with the book Pygmy Kitabu. Filmed during 1972 on location, the movie was originally titled Pygmies—- An Epic of the Golden Age and previewed at the Academy Award Theater in Los Angeles. However, the movie was rejected by major distributors for lack of commercial appeal and was limited to a small run by a local theater circuit in San Francisco, California (sponsored by the California Academy of Sciences and the San Francisco Zoologic Society). The Pygmies of the Ituri Forest (1975)
Produced by Jean-Pierre Hallet Productions (Belgium) during 1975 and distributed by the Encyclopædia Britannica Educational Corporation, The Pygmies of the Ituri Forest is the educational counterpart to the movie Pygmies. Over the Edge—People in Extraordinary Situations (1989)
Hallet appeared in the third episode of this ABC 1989 documentary series of people who go to unexpected extremes in amazing circumstances. Music ethnologies
Echoes of the Forest: Music of the Central African Pygmies (The Musical Expeditions Series/Book and Compact Disc) (Audio CD and book, March 1995)
This 18-track CD includes 7 tracks compiled from Hallet's collection of musical recordings of the Efe Pygmies, Colin Turnbull's original recordings of the pygmies, and Louis Sarno's recordings of the Ba-benzele pygmies (Bayaka).The accompanying book by Louis Sarno explores the music from his collection. References

External links
Pygmy Fund Official Website
African Art, Etc.—a website dedicated to Hallet by his stepchildren
African Pygmies Culture, music and rites, with photos and soundscapes
 Archives of Jean-Pierre Hallet in ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures

Belgian humanitarians
Anthropology writers
Belgian nature writers
Belgian memoirists
Belgian male writers
1927 births
2004 deaths
Belgian human rights activists
20th-century memoirists

masks:
Pierre Hallet
Hallet
André Hallet
André Hallet
Pierre Hallet
Hallet
Hallet
Hallet