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<mask>. (April 30, 1872 – January 27, 1948) was a decorated and controversial rear admiral in the United States Navy whose 44-year career spanned from several years before the Spanish–American War to the mid-1930s. He was awarded the Navy Cross and French Legion of Honor for distinguished service during World War I. The elder son of Rear Admiral <mask>, he was an outspoken advocate of American sea power as a strong deterrent to war and to protect and promote international commerce. During <mask>'s naval career and following retirement, he was a frequent lecturer,  newspaper columnist and author of numerous books and articles, including his memoirs, Sea Duty: The Memoirs of a Fighting Admiral, published in 1939. Describing himself, <mask> wrote, "All my life I have been called a stormy petrel. I have never hesitated to use the pen to reveal what I considered should be brought to public attention, usually within the Navy, but often to a wider public. I seem to see some benefits that have come through those efforts.I have always believed that a naval man is disloyal to his country if he does not reveal acts that are doing harm to his service and show, if he can, how to remedy the fault. An efficient Navy cannot be run with 'yes men' only." Early life and education

<mask> Jr. was born in Vallejo, California, in 1872 to Lieutenant Commander <mask> Sr. (1843–1929) (United States Naval Academy Class of 1863) and his wife, Ellen Salisbury (née Hale) <mask>. At the time of <mask>.'s birth, his father was assigned to the , receiving ship at Mare Island Naval Shipyard. From an established Maryland family, <mask> was a great-grandson of <mask> (1740–1815), captain, Fourth Battalion, Maryland Regulars during the American Revolutionary War. When he was about four, <mask>'s family moved to Baltimore, Maryland, the home of his father and grandfather. He was one of five children that survived to adulthood and the oldest of two boys, both of whom followed their father's footsteps to the U.S.Naval Academy at Annapolis. His younger brother, Commander Archibald G<mask> (1884–1963) (United States Naval Academy Class of 1906) retired in 1933 but returned to active duty from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. The <mask> family was the second in U.S. Naval history to have father and son flag officers (rear admirals) living at the same time. The first were Rear Admirals Thomas O. Selfridge Sr. and Jr.

As a boy living in Baltimore's upper west side, <mask> attended public schools where, despite a professed dislike of physical combat, he had a reputation of being a fighter. While his father was at sea for as long as three years at a time, <mask> had a happy home life with a mother that instilled a love for reading and provided private teachers that enabled him to skip grades at school, though <mask> admitted he was not a good student. During his father's cruise absences, the family's only knowledge of his well-being came in bulky packets of letters arriving in bunches over long intervals that <mask>'s mother, Ellen, would read aloud to her children.The exciting details of life on a warship—"gales, tropical coral reefs, savage people, hunting, and yellow fever"—influenced <mask>'s desire for the naval life. But he saw that it was not without sacrifice. A younger brother was about three when <mask>'s father left Baltimore for a long cruise. A few months later, the boy contracted diphtheria and died. Another younger brother, Archie, was born shortly after that. <mask> Jr. wondered how his father must have felt when he returned home and saw a new son that was nearly the same age as the one he had lost. When <mask> was nearly fifteen, his father was given command of the old sloop-of-war , the receiving ship at the Washington Navy Yard.CDR <mask> moved his family from Baltimore to Washington, D.C., where the family set up comfortable, but cramped living quarters on the Dale. <mask> was delighted with the change, and when he wasn't at school, enjoyed sailing on the Anacostia and Potomac Rivers in a boat that the Dale's sailors had rigged for him. Thrown in with the sons of naval officers at the Navy Yard, he soon realized that like himself, most aspired to naval careers. When <mask>. was fifteen, his father had taken him to the White House for the purpose of meeting President Grover Cleveland and requesting an appointment to Annapolis for his son. Dressed in shorts, that <mask> later regretted wearing since they accentuated his youthful looks, he recalled Cleveland telling his father, "Why, Commander, your son looks too young to go to Annapolis this year. Maybe next, it will be possible. Shall I have his name put down for an appointment then?"Although a Marylander, <mask> secured his appointment to the Naval Academy the following year from William Whiting, congressman from Massachusetts's 11th congressional district. Whiting was a family friend and <mask>'s frequent ice-skating companion on the Potomac. Since no one from Whiting's district had sought an appointment that year, it could be filled by the Secretary of the Navy at the Congressman's request. Whiting wrote the Secretary and it was done. <mask> reported for examinations that he passed and entered Annapolis on September 6, 1888. Naval Cadet <mask> continued his less than stellar academic endeavors at Annapolis. "I lacked fundamental grounding in the various basic subjects, but, even worse, I had not formed the habit of close application and was much keener for games and pranks than for my studies.At times, however, things seemed easy enough, showing that after all my brain was sound but that it needed much disciplining." During the three-month, first-class training cruise on the pre-Civil War sloop-of-war , before beginning his final academic year, <mask> and another cadet were ordered aloft during a severe squall to shorten sail and send down the topgallant and royal sail yards. "[s]queezing out tar on every handhold to prevent being blown out into space by the great force of the wind and the pressure of the solid sheets of rain", <mask> climbed up two vertical shrouds and Jacob's ladders to the top gallant yard, 120 feet above the deck. Succeeding in furling the sails and lowering the yards by "exerting every ounce of strength we could muster and while the gale was at its height", <mask> wrote in his memoirs forty years later, "The physical condition and the confidence acquired that enable you to hang, without batting an eye, by one hand in space with a yawning drop below you are things the modern sailor never attains. That sense of exaltation was well worth the price paid." Having been in the bottom third of his class during the first three years at Annapolis, in his final year of studies, <mask> found the courses more practical to the knowledge and skill he would need as a naval officer. Applying himself to ensure his standing would be high enough to be offered a commission, he improved his academic ranking that year and graduated from the United States Naval Academy on June 3, 1892, twenty-second in a class of forty.Naval career

Early years

During the two years at sea then required of a naval cadet that had passed his academic studies before commissioning as an ensign, <mask> was first assigned to the protected cruiser  that he and four other cadets joined in the Sandwich Islands, (as the Territory of Hawaii was also known) in July 1892. Seeing these exotic islands that he had heard about in his father's stories, despite the tropical setting <mask> was somewhat disappointed to find no "truly Hawaiian villages" and that "Hawaiian life even then had merged into Western civilization or Oriental." Observing the miscegenation of whites with the indigenous Hawaiians during the few weeks his ship was at Hawaii, he later wrote in his memoirs, "I found them most wholesome companions, although I had the feeling that I must be careful not to fall in love. It seemed strange to see a dignified white official surrounded by children with skins as dark as a mulatto." <mask>'s nineteenth century ethnic and cultural beliefs aside, he noted the geopolitical undercurrents of the importance of Hawaii to the United States, Great Britain and Japan as each maintained a naval presence. "All three nations were watching each other to be sure no one would obtain advantage over another and become too powerful in Court circles. Hawaii was known to be an important strategical location with great commercial prospects.The United States would not have permitted any other nation to seize the Islands, yet at that time, the Administration in Washington, under President Cleveland, did not feel itself strong enough to take them for this country. Our method, therefore, was one of watchful waiting and maintaining friendly relations with the Hawaiian Queen (Liliuokalani) and her government." Japan's long-standing ambitions in the Pacific were driving a naval buildup for the First Sino-Japanese War two years later and eventually for war with the U.S., as <mask> would predict in articles and lectures in the 1930s and as others such as Homer Lea, had foretold as early as the first decade of the twentieth century. San Francisco was relieved of duty in Hawaii in mid-August 1892 and set out for repairs at Mare Island. Following repairs, <mask>'s ship joined a squadron of two other cruisers, ,  and a gunboat,  bound for a large naval review at New York as part of the following year's (1893) Chicago World's Fair. At Acapulco Bay, Mexico, "celebrated for its man‑eating sharks", <mask> was visiting Charleston and accepted the challenge of the Catholic chaplain, Father William H. Reaney,  to swim off the anchored ship. "We donned our bathing trunks.The chaplain dove first off the gangway, and I followed him. When I struck the water, all the ghastly stories I had ever heard of sharks came into my mind. I swam swiftly back to the gangway, getting there just as (chaplain) Rainnie (sic) reached it. He said, breathlessly: 'I don't think we should put too much confidence in the Lord's being able to protect us from our own stupidity. Back aboard, the officer of the deck pointed out several black fins where <mask> had been swimming moments earlier. During the voyage around South America and through the Straits of Magellan, the ship made ports of call at Callao, Peru, Valparaiso, Chile and Montevideo, Uruguay to show the flag and cement generally good relations "where considerable American gold was spent" and where the local officials lavishly entertained the Admiral and officers. Brazilian Naval Revolution

San Francisco arrived at Hampton Roads, Virginia, in February 1893 and with other U.S. and foreign ships, assembled for the naval review."I was much impressed by the smartness and cleanliness of the British warships. No others seemed as well kept, with the exception of our own. The peculiarities of the French construction and arrangement came in for considerable attention. The appearance of their ships seemed almost grotesque. The Italian ships seemed to be modeled after the British. The discipline of the German tars caused much comment. It seemed so unnecessarily strict."<mask> transferred to the Charleston in October 1893, when the cruiser steamed south from Hampton Roads towards the Strait of Magellan on its return to the Pacific Coast. Charleston anchored at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil where it was ordered to protect American interests and shipping from disturbance during the Brazilian Naval Revolution that had erupted in September with Brazilian admirals Custódio José de Melo and Saldanha da Gama commanding a rebel force that included the formidable battleship Aquidaban, several cruisers, Republica, Tamandaré, Trajano, Guanbara and a few smaller frigates and gunboats that were blockading the port of Rio de Janeiro in a mutiny against the government of General Floriano Peixoto whose regime was recognized by the United States. When Charleston arrived, there was a British gunboat and two Portuguese cruisers in the harbor. Charleston's captain, Henry F. Picking, due to his rank, became senior officer of the foreign navies in port and by international custom was regarded as the leader in concerted actions. To determine whether the city could be bombarded by the rebel navy under the rules of war, it was necessary to determine whether the city was fortified. Picking ordered <mask> and Ensign H. E. Smith ashore to find out. Dressed as civilians to conceal their naval affiliation, the pair separated to reconnoiter the city.Smith was arrested and later released following intervention by the American consul. Posing as a tourist from one of the American schooners in the harbor, <mask> gained the confidence of several Brazilian soldiers who obliging showed him several "fairly large" concealed artillery emplacements. "They kept me for lunch, and we drank many toasts in some very fair brandy. They were so openly cordial and trusting that my conscience pricked me when, from memory, I sketched for Captain Picking the positions of the guns I had seen. The foreign captains then removed the ban on bombardment, notifying both sides that they considered the city was fortified and therefore not a defenseless city as the government had been claiming. The Brazilian Navy, however, never used its authority to bombard. I was glad of this, for the city was so beautiful and belonged to the navy as well as to its defenders."<mask> later recounted, that while on Charleston, where he made numerous forays on the ship's steam launch into the harbor, "I was under more dangerous gunfire in Rio Harbor during that revolution than during the whole of the Spanish War". On one occasion as he prepared to return to ship on the steam launch from the marine arsenal quay, <mask>'s curiosity got the better of him as he lingered to observe a skirmish between Brazilian troops and rebels on Villegagnon Island, location of the Brazilian Naval Academy. While <mask> was "foolishly exposing myself to stray bullets", a well-dressed man approached and introduced himself as a Brazilian naval officer and ordnance expert, just returned from England on a British merchant ship. The man told him that he would be shot if captured and implored <mask> to ferry him to admiral da Gama at Enchades Island. <mask> had been to this small island in the center of the city many times before when delivering messages for Captain Picking. With little thought of the consequences to himself, and noting that "youth is ever romantic and trusting", <mask> bade the rebel, "I cannot offer you asylum, but if you should get into my boat, I could not put you out." The man dove into the launch.Ordering the coxswain to steer in close to the seawall for the Brazilian to jump off, <mask> told his passenger, "A word to the wise is sufficient" and wished him good luck. The next day, as the new Brazilian cruiser Tamandaré began shelling the marine arsenal and the Nictheroy battery, the "enormity of [his] crime" dawned on <mask>. "I had given aid to a rebel. The rebel I had aided was now firing at the government my country recognized. I worried for a while afterward over this most unneutral service I had given, because, if it became known to our captain, he would have no other recourse than to order me before a court-martial. However, I have never regretted my action and have often wondered what became of my Brazilian. I did receive word from him once through one of our medical officers who had seen him on board the Tamandaré after an explosion on that vessel when we had sent medical aid."As the months passed and the naval blockade of Rio harbor continued, Charleston was

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 joined by other American cruisers, San Francisco, ,  and the armored cruiser , flagship of Rear Admiral Andrew E. K. Benham, who assumed command of the squadron from Captain Picking. <mask> believed that the end of the naval blockade, hence the revolution, came about in  January 1894 when Benham met with da Gama and convinced him to surrender, after financial backing for the naval insurrection had dwindled. "The next sunrise saw the little Detroit, under Commander W. H. Brownson, steam in between two larger Brazilian cruisers, the Republica and the Trajano, and lie there with her guns trained on both warships. It looked as if there would be a battle, and the forces were fairly well matched. Meanwhile a Navy steam launch, with a big United States flag flying conspicuously, began to tow one of our schooners loaded with flour towards the docks. Brownson called out to the rebel cruisers: 'If you fire at my launch, I'll fire into you. If you return my fire, I'll sink you.'The Republica fired a rifle shot in the direction of the launch. It struck in the water near the boat. Brownson then commanded the marine gun pointer at the six‑pounder on his forecastle: 'Hit her (pointing to the Republica) between wind and water, six feet abaft the stern.' That order was far too technical for the "devil dog." He thought it the better part of valor for him to play safe. He did not want to be responsible for starting a war. So he fired, and the shell hit the water about six feet ahead of the cruiser.Both Brazilian warships then fired lee guns and hoisted large white flags, hauling down the ensign. They had surrendered to the Detroit. Meanwhile, the shell from the marine's gun was still going. It had ricocheted and passed close over the bridge of the New York. Captain Jack Philip was on the bridge. He thought the fight was on and headed his ship at full speed for the Aquidaban in the upper part of the bay. He was recalled by signal flags before anything serious had happened.The defeated Brazilian naval personnel almost at once began to arrive alongside the Portuguese warships, where they were given asylum. The cruisers Tamandarey and Trajano were abandoned. The Portuguese warships left the bay before dark loaded to the guards with Brazilian sailors. The Aquidaban and the Republica fought their way out through the entrance during the night. Rio was open. The morning after Benham's bloodless battle, an important New York newspaper, the Herald, published a news story praising Benham's timely action. I heard that the Navy Department tore up a cable of censure to the Admiral.American sentiment was behind Benham. I am sure that Admiral Benham acted entirely on his own and with no instructions from Washington." In his memoirs published more than forty years later,  <mask> recounted two observations from his months observing the Brazilian Naval Revolution as a passed naval cadet:  that high-ranking officers such as Admiral Benham in those days could perform diplomatic and military functions autonomously and with greater effectiveness than Washington; and that "how much better was our democracy, where the most important differences between factions were settled through the ballot instead of the bullet." After a leisurely cruise from Montevideo, Uruguay, Charleston arrived in San Francisco on 8 July 1894 to prepare for a return to the Asiatic Station. Promoted to ensign on 1 July 1894 upon his final graduation, <mask> next reported for duty on board USS New York on 16 August 1894. In 1896 and 1897, he served on the  and the Fish Commission steamer . In 1898 and 1899 he was assigned to the .<mask>'s first published fiction, a short story titled, The Battle off the Hook, appeared in the August 31, 1897 edition of Harper's Roundtable. A contemporary review described it as, "[a] vivid account by Ensign <mask> Jr. U.S.N. of a great sea fight off Sandy Hook, in which the United States fleet engages that of a first rate power. The date is tantalizingly vague, the identity of the enemy only hinted, but the issue of the battle is what every patriotic American boy will anticipate." Spanish–American War
During the Spanish–American War in 1898, <mask> was attached to the converted gunboat , which his father had commended a few years earlier. <mask>, along with Ensign William C. Cole, each commanded whaleboats that daily engaged in the difficult and dangerous clearing of Spanish mines from Guantánamo Bay. Dolphins captain, Henry W Lyon later wrote of <mask> and Cole's small boat forays, "It was as plucky an enterprise as ever I witnessed.Day after day these young officers ventured close in shore within pistol shot of a defense chaparral, where Spaniards could have fired with certain aim upon them with impunity, yet they went about their work as unmindful of their peril as if demonstrating a problem in geometry in a classroom." Philippine insurrection
During the native insurrection in the Philippines he commanded the gunboat , as a lieutenant from January 1900 to December 1900. Inter-war years

On 23 February 1900 he joined the , and on November 21 of the same year, reported for duty to his father, then a captain and the commandant of the Naval Station, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Following his father's promotion to rear admiral in June 1902, the elder <mask> was named commandant of the Puget Sound Navy Yard, where <mask>. joined him shortly thereafter as an officer of the yard. The elder <mask> was commander-in-chief of the United States Asiatic Fleet from 11 July 1904 to 23 March 1905 before retiring from the Navy on 6 May 1905 at the mandatory age of 62. During the time he commanded the Asiatic Fleet, his flag was on the  and <mask>. served as his flag lieutenant. While he was with the Asiatic Fleet, <mask> also had staff duty on the .In mid-April 1905, <mask>, his father and their wives returned to the United States from Yokohama, Japan, aboard the steamship S.S. Korea after the elder <mask> detached from command of the Asiatic Fleet. In 1905–1906, <mask> remained at sea in the  and later, . In the rank of lieutenant commander he reported on October 1, 1906, to the Naval Academy and while on duty there made a cruise on the  in the summer of 1907. Detached from the Naval Academy in June 1908 he next served on the , flagship of Admiral Charles S. Sperry Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet as gunnery officer. <mask> joined Connecticut, at San Francisco, where it was then en route as flagship of the Great White Fleet on a global circumnavigation. Following refit at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, the fleet stood out on the next leg of the voyage on 7 July, reaching Hawaii on 16 July. Sailing from Hawaii, the fleet made ports of call at Auckland, New Zealand; Sydney and Melbourne, Australia; Manila, Philippines; Yokohama, Japan; Colombo, Ceylon; arriving at Suez, Egypt, on 3 January 1909.While the fleet was in Egypt, word was received of a severe earthquake in Sicily that presented an opportunity for the United States to show its friendship to Italy by offering aid to the survivors. Connecticut, , , and  were dispatched to Messina, Italy, at once. , the Fleet's station ship at Constantinople, and , a refrigerator ship fitted out in New York, were hurried to Messina, relieving Connecticut and Illinois, so that they could continue on the cruise. Leaving Messina on 9 January 1909 the fleet stopped at Naples, Italy, thence to Gibraltar, arriving at Hampton Roads on 22 February 1909. There President Roosevelt reviewed the fleet as it passed into the roadstead and delivered an address to Connecticuts officers and crew. <mask> detached from Connecticut in 1910. The following year, he commanded the Eighth Torpedo Division, Atlantic Torpedo Fleet, his pennant in the  which he also commanded as the plank owner captain.In 1911, he was among the first four students to attend the "long course" (16 months) at the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island. Promoted to commander in June 1912, after completing the long course he had duty on the staff at the Naval War College. Later in 1912 he joined the  as executive officer. Submarine Flotilla, Atlantic Fleet and Submarine Base, New London

In 1914, <mask> assumed command of Submarine Flotilla, Atlantic Fleet, attached successively to the  and . In April 1914, he led a flotilla of torpedo boats into Mexican waters off Vera Cruz during the Tampico Affair. In April 1915, <mask> along with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt and Admiral Bradley A. Fiske appeared before Congress concerning the deplorable condition of the Atlantic submarine fleet. <mask> testified that of the twelve submarines under his command outside of the Canal Zone, only one could get under way when the fleet was mobilized in November 1914 during World War I.From June 1915 until June 1916 he commanded the  and served additionally as aide on the Staff of Commander Submarine Flotilla, Atlantic. Speaking before private groups, <mask> continued to raise the ire of Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels with statements criticizing the inadequate readiness of the Navy, "It is because the Navy has been the "ham bone" of politicians that the United States finds itself so unprepared on the seas. Aside from giving us ships and men we must get action from Congress that will let the Navy conduct its own affairs. We have had to take what they gave us- navy yards where we didn't want them, ships of a type we didn't need. During the last 10 years we have spent more money on our navy than Germany, yet the German navy is twice as large and twice as efficient." <mask>'s critical outspokenness prompted the press to speculate, not if but when Daniels would order him court-martialed. Next assigned as Commander of the newly established Submarine Flotilla, New London, Connecticut, he was also the first commander of the Submarine Base New London and the Submarine School during the period June 1916 until July 1917.In December 1916, "hydro-aeroplanes" were flown from the sub base to test their ability to spot submarines under water. Taking off from the Thames River, <mask> rode along in flights at 1,000' altitude where the fliers were able to spot the boats submerged at depth of 30–40' in the harbor. <mask> had additional duty after the American entry into World War I in April 1917 commanding the . During that time, he advocated for and eventually chaired a board on submarine design. <mask> was at ease with the press and had a good relationship with them throughout his long and outspoken public life. He was described by the New York Tribune in July 1917 near the end of his high-profile command of the New London submarine base and flotilla as "a fine specimen of the typical navy officer: tight lipped, kind eyed and keen faced [who] had nothing to say about the plans of the base, though willing to discuss the importance of the submarine." <mask> authored a comprehensive article on the modern history, design, operation, and strategic applications of the submarine and submersible for the United States Naval Institute Proceedings in July 1917.Asserting that "In the past the instruments of sea power have consisted of surface ships. New instruments now exist—the aircraft and the submarine. Air power can be overcome by superior air power. Undersea power can not be overcome by undersea power alone. To destroy this new power—fast surface vessels and aircraft offer the best chance of success," <mask> maintained that, "The submarine is the weapon of the weaker belligerent. It constantly points a dagger at the heart of the stronger fleet; provided it actively enjoys its command of the sea." World War I
He then fitted out and assumed command of the  at her commissioning on 26 June 1917.<mask> detached from President Lincoln on 12 December 1917 and assumed command of , the ex-German raider, SS Kronprinz Wilhelm, on 20 December 1917. He was awarded the Navy Cross for World War I service and cited as follows: "For distinguished service In the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the USS PRESIDENT LINCOLN and the USS VON STEUBEN, engaged in the important, exacting and hazardous duty of transporting and escorting troops and supplies to European ports through waters infested with enemy submarines and mines." Post-war
In March 1919 he was ordered to duty in command of the  and in April of the next year was detached for duty as Captain of the Yard, Navy Yard, Philadelphia. While at Philadelphia, he received his Navy Cross in October 1920 that had been awarded him the previous year. In a 1921 letter to the Secretary of the Navy, during angry disagreements over technical flaws in the diesel systems supplied by Electric Boat, <mask> forcefully pointed out numerous design and reliability problems of the boats then in service, especially the new 800-ton S class. His comments sparked a tumultuous strategy, mission, and design debate that lasted for another decade, coming to a climax between 1928 and 1930 when then Commander Thomas Withers Jr., commanding officer of Submarine Division Four, called repeatedly for an offensive strategy and solo tactics similar to those employed by the Imperial German Navy during World War I. He remained at Philadelphia for two years, then served from June 1922 until June 1924 as commanding officer of the battleship , Battleship Division 5, Battle Fleet, based at San Pedro, California.That month <mask> was appointed chairman of the Naval Board of Inquiry into the No. 2 turret explosion of the New Mexico's sister ship, , on June 12, 1924, that killed 48 men.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1989-04-25/local/me-1838_1_gun-turret-battleship-gun-san-clemente-island L.A. Times, April 25, 1989]</ref>

On July 20, 1924, he became Captain of the Yard, Navy Yard, Washington, D.C., with additional duty as assistant superintendent of the Naval Gun Factory. He was promoted to rear admiral on October 6, 1926, and in December that year <mask> was designated Chief of Staff to Admiral Charles F. Hughes, commander in chief, U.S. Fleet, based at San Pedro, California. At the October 27, 1927 Navy Day Ceremonies at San Pedro harbor, despite an all-day downpour, thousands of Southern Californians gathered for the festivities, including ships' tours, band performances of patriotic music and the key-note address given by <mask>, "Merchant Marine, the Navy and the Nation". Yangtze Patrol

Sterling relieved RADM Henry H. Hough, as commander of the Asiatic Fleet's storied Yangtze Patrol on December 2, 1927. The Patrol, formally organized in December 1919 as a U.S. Naval unit with its first commander, CAPT Thomas A. Kearney, had a legacy dating back to the mid-19th century.Then it had been the fanquei (foreign devils') warships against Imperial Peking. Following the fifteen-year Taiping Rebellion, bandits proliferated on the Yangtze until Peking finally restored order. With the abdication of the last Chinese Emperor, Puyi,  following the October 1911 Wuchang Uprising,  disorder would prevail on the river during the nearly two decades that the provincial warlords maintained power, unchecked but for the gunboat diplomacy primarily maintained by the American and British gunboats that operated cooperatively in protecting each other's interests. In 1921, the Yangtze Patrol's command billet was upgraded to a rear admiral and it came under the operational control of the Asiatic Fleet. The Navy Department proclaimed that, "The mission of the Navy on the Yangtze River is to protect United States interests, lives and property, and to maintain and improve friendly relations with the Chinese people." The ships comprising the Patrol were

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 the USS Isabel (flagship) and five gunboats, based at Hankow, 700 miles from the mouth of the river. The Yangtze River, the main artery of China, was then navigable for 1,750 miles, floated about 59 per cent of China's commerce, and reached over 50 per cent of its population of 159,000,000.In 1920 the United States exports to China were valued at $119,000,000 and imports from there at $227,000,000. At least half of this, and probably more, were handled via the Yangtze River. As the Navy's Annual Report stated, "Considering the perpetual banditry, piracy, and revolutionary conditions obtaining in this area, without the protection of our Navy this commerce would be practically nonexistent." The year 1923 was a particularly chaotic one on the Yangtze. By the early 1920s, the Patrol found itself fighting river bandits while maintaining neutrality between the regional warlords that were battling the Nationalist Kuomintang forces and Communist Forces in an ongoing civil war. To accommodate this difficult military balancing act and the increased perils to U.S. citizens and economic interests, in 1925 Congress authorized the construction of six new shallow-draft gunboats. Construction took place in Shanghai at Kiangnan Dock and Engineering Works during 1926–27, with the "new six" launched in 1927–28, and all commissioned by late 1928 during <mask>'s time as "COMYANGPAT".These powerful new river gunboats, expressly designed to navigate the treacherous Yangtze and the 250 miles of rapids "upriver" from Ichang (1,000 mi. upriver) to Chungking, were to replace the three coal-fired Spanish–American War gunboats seized from Spain in the Philippines more than a quarter century earlier. Elcano, Villalobos, and Quiros had been patrolling the Yangtze since 1903; however age and their deeper drafts were proving increasingly problematic. The two gunboats built in the United States for service on the Yangtze, Palos and Monocacy were "obsolete even as they slid down the launching ways in 1914." All of the new oil-burning, triple-expansion steam engine gunboats were capable of cruising at 15 knots and reaching Chungking, 1,250 miles upriver from Shanghai, at high water during the summer. Their principal armaments were two (2) high-angle 3" guns fore and aft and eight (8) .30-caliber Lewis machine guns in swivelling bullet proof mounts. The two smallest gunboats,  and  with the shallowest draft, could reach Chungking year-round, including the winter when the river depth decreased by as much as thirty feet.During the high-water season, they could reach Suifu, 1,500 miles upriver. and  were the largest and  and  were next in size. These vessels gave the navy the capability it needed at a critical time of expanding operational needs. <mask> detached from the Yangtze Patrol in April 1929 and upon his return to the United States, was appointed president of the Naval Examining Board, Navy Department, Washington. Fourteenth Naval District, Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii
In September 1931 he was designated Commandant, Fourteenth Naval District, with additional duty as Commandant Naval Operating Base, Pearl Harbor, T.H. In 1932, the Massie Trial was conducted in Honolulu, Hawaii. The Hawaiian Islands were at the time part of the 14th Naval District, commanded by <mask>.<mask>'s strong belief in the guilt of the five native Hawaiian men charged with rape and assault of a young naval officer's socially prominent wife was well-known, as was his displeasure at the result of a mistrial. "Our first inclination is to seize the brutes and string them up on the trees," he stated, later tempering his reaction with, "we must give the authorities a chance to carry out the law and not interfere." Later, he defended the actions of those involved in the events that led to the homicide of one of the accused, Joseph Kahahawai. <mask>'s public statements concerning the Massie Affair would be impolitic and offensive by current social standards nearly a century later; however, they were mostly supported by the contemporary mainstream media, the Navy and Washington. Admiral William V. Pratt, Chief of Naval Operations, announced that, "American men will not stand for the violation of their women under any circumstances. For this crime they have taken the matter into their own hands repeatedly when they have felt that the law has failed to do justice." In a book review of <mask>'s 1939 autobiography, the Oakland Tribune wrote, "One of the most difficult tasks of Admiral <mask>'s career arose when, as Commandant in Hawaii, he had to handle the Massie tragedy.The chapter devoted to this case will make unpleasant reading for those who insist that polyracial Oriental Hawaii is fit candidate for Statehood." In the 1986 made-for-television movie about the trial, Blood & Orchids'', the name of the character representing <mask> was changed to Glenn Langdon. Third Naval District, New York, New York
On June 30, 1933, <mask> became commandant, Third Naval District, Headquarters at New York, New York, and of the Brooklyn Navy Yard, succeeding retiring RADM W. W.  Phelps. In an interview following the change of command ceremony, <mask> was asked whether he thought battleships were obsolete, responding, "I would not go so far as that. I do think that battleships have become too expensive, but they are still the greatest offensive and defensive naval weapon. My thought is that an intelligent projectile, like a man-piloted airplane might be better than a projectile from a gun which has to go where it is sent." As to submarines,  he commented, "I do think submarines make a battleship feel uncomfortable at sea but submarines and airplanes are still auxiliaries of the battleship."<mask> recalled that his last connection to the Third Naval District was in the closing months of the First World War when he was chief of staff and "trying to put the one-year-old chicken back into its eggshell— that is demobilize". Further demonstrating the characteristic dry-wit and sense of humor that made <mask> a favorite of the press of his day, after reporters had been admitted to his quarters by his aide, Commander Bruce Ware,  the new commandant glanced at the varied assortment of naval pictures adorning the walls and laughingly described it as "the chamber of horrors". <mask> declined to comment on his future plans for the Brooklyn Naval Yard and when questioned about the highly publicized events of his just completed command of the Fourteenth Naval District at Hawaii, said that it was "a closed book". Although <mask>'s three years as commandant of the Third Naval District and the Brooklyn Navy Yard were during the depths of the Great Depression, under his command the facility saw increased production and workforce. The heavy cruiser  was commissioned in February 1934, the destroyer  and gunboat  were both built and commissioned along with a few Coast Guard cutters. Construction began on the light cruisers  and . While he was commandant at New York, <mask> Balbo during the famed Italian aviator's widely covered 1933 trans-Atlantic crossing with twenty-four Savoia-Marchetti S.55 seaplanes for the Chicago Century of Progress.When Balbo's air armada stopped at New York City on the first leg of its return flight to Rome in July 1933, <mask>'s admiral's barge met Balbo's plane when it landed in Jamaica Bay off Floyd Bennett Field. <mask> and his Army counterpart, Major General Dennis E. Nolan, commanding general of Second Corps Area, in charge of army units and facilities in New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Puerto Rico, accompanied Balbo's police escort motorcade to the Mayflower Hotel. <mask> had requested an allowance from the Navy Department for the purpose of hosting a dinner for Balbo on his first night in New York. Receiving only $50 from Washington, the socially-connected and popular <mask> was undeterred. "Through the support of men of means who were Navy admirers, I gave to General Balbo and his officers a most elaborate dinner at the Columbian Yacht Club on the Hudson River, now demolished in the development of the Park project. How such a dinner could be given, with over a hundred guests and champagne flowing freely, on the small voucher that I signed, would be no mystery when the guest list is read. Among them were Vincent Astor, Grover Whalen, Ellery W. Stone, E. J. Sadler, and W. S. Farish, all public spirited citizens and some of them members of the Naval Reserve.It has always been difficult for the services to interest Congress in the advantage of appropriating sufficient funds for official entertaining. Balbo enjoyed himself at the dinner, and we were all glad to have such an intimate view of him and his daring men. I regretted that I did not speak Italian or he English, but there was a fellowship developed that evening between the Italian flyers and our other guests, in spite of the handicap of language. I was surprised months later to receive from the great Mussolini the decoration of the Crown of Italy. It was in recognition of the Navy's help to Balbo and his airplanes while in New York." <mask> retired on May 1, 1936, when he was transferred to the Navy Retired List, having reached the statutory retirement age of 64. He and Major General Dennis E. Nolan had been born eight days apart and faced mandatory service retirement at the same time.The two retiring two-star flag officers, who had frequently appeared together during their respective last commands, were jointly honored with a retirement banquet at the Hotel St. George by naval, military and New York society, led by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's mother, Sara Roosevelt, who posed for photos arm in arm with both men and declared, "I am very fond of and have the highest regard and admiration for both of the honored guests"

Post Naval career
Admiral <mask>, self-styled "stormy petrel" of the Naval Service, devoted his energies after retirement to writing books, newspaper articles and lecturing. Outspoken and critical of naval policies and procedures as well as U. S. international policies, he had long urged a two-ocean Navy second to none. He published a controversial anti-Soviet article in 1935 while still on active duty that evoked a proclamation from the Secretary of the Navy that active duty naval officers were not to speak out on international policy. He urged U.S. intervention against Germany in 1939 and failing to interest the country, pleaded that the American people at least pray for a British-French victory. Speaking before the national convention of the Veterans of Foreign Wars in Philadelphia that year, <mask> warned that "the framing of neutrality laws to keep us out of war—without taking into consideration the terrible result to us of a dictatorial victory—is like 'whistling in the dark' or 'fiddling while Rome is burning. There is but one way to keep us out of war; for the war not to happen. Therefore, as an important organ of this complicated world, we should, instead of keeping out of foreign disputes that will threaten our security and prosperity, go into them with both feet.The present neutrality law, placing an embargo on arms to nations at war, surely will cause us great economic pains—if not complete disaster to our entire industrial structure; for in the next war we shall find that all goods and supplies will be declared contraband by all belligerents." When Benito Mussolini's Italian air force attacked and bombed Haifa, in the British mandate of Palestine in July 1940, destroying oil refineries and storage tanks, <mask> penned an article which drew national attention in which he proclaimed that "all the high cards" in the Mediterranean are in the hands of "Italian air power". Just two days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> wrote a prescient article wherein he laid out eight predicted Japanese strategic goals and concluded ultimate Japanese defeat, "To this naval observer, intimately familiar with the whole pattern of events in the Pacific—military, political and economic—for many years, the Japanese action appears suicidal. ... We may be in for a long and hard war, but the Japanese can not win. We are likely to suffer initial reverses but for them we will obtain a terrible vengeance." During World War II, <mask> penned scores of articles as a syndicated columnist expressing his opinions on war-time strategies and tactics, under the byline, "United Press Naval Critic" or "United Press Naval Analyst". In 1942, he advocated building a fleet of small, wooden, V-bottom, 30–60' long craft, capable of 30 knots, with two machine guns and six depth charge racks, manned by 3 to 7 men, to patrol the 35,000 miles of U.S. coastline and protect shipping.When <mask> sought to return to active duty in 1944, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal wrote back that there was no post available "suitable to your rank and attainments". <mask>'s last book, touting the strategic importance of his beloved Navy, "Why Sea Power Will Win the War", was published in 1944. Personal life

<mask> married the former Adelaide Egbert, daughter of Brigadier General Harry C. Egbert, in 1903 when he was 31. They had five children, two boys and three girls. His eldest son, <mask>, III became a captain in the Navy. His younger son, Harry, also served in the Navy and attained the rank of commander. RADM <mask> was a hereditary companion of the California Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States by right of his father's service in the American Civil War having been elected to membership while an ensign in 1899.Death
Rear Admiral <mask> died in his sleep on January 27, 1948, after three months' illness in Baltimore, Maryland, his home for many years, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. He and his wife had two sons, Captain <mask>, III, USN (Ret.) of Norfolk, Virginia, and Commander Harry E<mask> USN; and three daughters, Katharine (Mrs. William R. Ilk) of Los Angeles, California, and Misses Ellen and <mask> of Baltimore. Dates of rank
 United States Naval Academy Passed Naval Cadet – June 3, 1892

 Commodore – no longer a rank in the United States Navy, was previously reserved for wartime use and was not in use at the time of <mask>'s promotion to Flag Rank in 1926. Currently, a captain who is promoted to pay grade O-7 becomes a Rear Admiral (Lower Half) and uses the abbreviated rank designation RDML as opposed to RADM, which designates a Rear Admiral (Upper Half), O-8. <mask> was promoted to rear admiral "lower half" in December 1926, with date of rank October 6, 1926. He was advanced to Rear Admiral (upper half) on 1 June 1931.Decorations
Rear Admiral <mask> Jr. was awarded these decorations and service awards:

References

Bibliography

 Aubin, J. Harris (1906) Register of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion, Boston, Press of Edwin L. Slocomb. Hamersly, Lewis Randolph. (1902). The Records of Living Officers of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, Seventh Edition, New York: L. R. Hamersly Company. ▸online, complete
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External links
 Arlington National Cemetery

1872 births
1948 deaths
United States Naval Academy alumni
Naval War College alumni
United States Navy admirals
United States submarine commanders
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Military personnel from Vallejo, California
Recipients of the Order of the Crown

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<mask> (; 20 August 1949 – 17 March 1988) was a Greek composer and singer. His real surname was Asimopoulos (Ασημόπουλος). Asimos was a very special case of a counter-culture artist, mostly because of his lifestyle. His behaviour and songs were often received as provocative by the general public. He was a person with strong political opinions. Ideologically, he could be categorised as an anarchist but he never accepted being put in a specific political ideology. Early life
<mask> was born in Thessaloniki.Both his parents were from Kozani. As a young man he was eager to learn new things. In 1967 he enrolled in the Philosophical School of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. During his college years he was often involved with theatre and the performing arts whilst writing songs and singing in various boîtes of Thessaloniki. He often had problems with the police, particularly during the period of military rule — junta — in Greece and the consequent restriction on civil liberties, i.e., freedom of expression. Career
In 1973, he moved to Athens from Thessaloniki; there he continued to be involved in theatre studies and graduated from a private theatre school. He wrote songs which were not recorded officially, but rather privately and on tapes that he would then sell on the streets of Athens.He performed in boîtes around Plaka along with Yannis Zouganelis and Sakis Boulas, among others. His first official recording effort was in 1974 with the single Romios – Michanismos (Ρωμιός – Μηχανισμός). In 1976, he had a daughter with Lillian Charitaki with whom he was not married. In 1977, he was temporarily imprisoned along with five other editors and writers. They were all released after an initiative by Dionysis Savvopoulos. In 1978 he was drafted into the Greek army but did not serve as he was relieved of duty for psychological reasons. He wrote a book titled Anazitontas Krokantropous (Αναζητώντας Κροκανθρώπους "Looking for Yolk-men") which was never officially published, but was circulated by him in photocopies.In his later years and after his death, the book was also made available by a publishing house. In 1982, he released his long play record titled O Ksanapes (Ο Ξαναπές), "The Say-It-Again Man". In 1987, he was accused of raping an ex-girlfriend and was forcibly placed in a mental institution. Shortly after he was sent to Korydallos Prison and was later bailed out. He never managed to overcome his bitterness over this charge. The outstanding trial along with other personal problems affected his psychological state profoundly. After two failed attempts, he committed suicide by hanging on 17 March 1988 in his house which he used to call "preparation area".It is rumoured that he kept a diary during the last 15 days of his life in which he describes his efforts to find something worth living for in his life. He marked the pages with an "X" which meant that he had not found anything worth living for. The 15th day was also marked with an "X" which is the day he hanged himself. Production
His Paranomes Kassetes (illegal tapes), as Asimos liked to call his early work due to its lyrical content, were recorded in friends' houses and other more or less inappropriate (concerning a recording session) locations, with several musicians accompanying him. The tapes had an underground distribution by Asimos himself or his friends, because he wanted to avoid his work being exploited by Record Labels. Apart from the tapes, he produced during his lifetime a 45rpm single with two songs and a full-length LP, as well as five compositions for a Vasilis Papakonstantinou record. The rest of his work was released after he died.(Vasilis Papakonstantinou and Haris Aleksiou participated). 1986 – O Saliagkas – Paranomi Kasseta No.000005 (Ο Σάλιαγκας – Παράνομη Κασσέτα No.000005)
1986 – H Zavolia – Paranomi Kasseta No.000006 (Η Ζαβολιά – Παράνομη Κασσέτα No.000006)
1986 – Pali stin Kseftila – Paranomi Kasseta No.000007 (Πάλι στην Ξεφτίλα – Παράνομη Κασσέτα No.000007)
1987 – To Fanari tou Diogeni – Paranomi Kasseta No.000008 (Το Φανάρι του Διογένη – Παράνομη Κασσέτα No.000008)
This record was re-released in 1989 after Asimos' death, where some songs were excluded due to intervention by the record company. Sotiria Leonardou participated in the record. 1987 – Asimos contributed 5 songs in Heretismata (Χαιρετίσματα) by Vasilis Papakonstantinou. 1992 – Sto Falimento tou Kosmou (Στο Φαλημέντο του Κόσμου) Includes a selection from his Paranomes Kassetes. Vasilis Papakonstantinou participated. 2002 – Viomichania tou Pezodromiou (Βιομηχανία του Πεζοδρομίου) Double CD compilation with songs from Asimos' Paranomes Kassetes.Covers
1997 – The Greek rock band Magic de Spell released a cover version of Mpataria (Μπαταρία) in their CD single O Fovos Ehi Onoma (Ο Φόβος Έχει Όνομα). 1997 – Vasilis Papakonstantinou used five Asimos songs in his album Pes mou Ena Psema n' Apokoimitho (Πες μου Ένα Ψέμα ν' Αποκοιμηθώ). 2000 – The Greek rock band Endelecheia released a cover version of Mpagasas (Μπαγάσας) in their CD single Kathreftis (Καθρέφτης). Books
Anazitontas Krokanthropous (Αναζητώντας Κροκανθρώπους), 2000, Vivliopelagos Publications, , 380pp. References

External links
The most comprehensive site dedicated to <mask> Asimos with loads of info
Webpage including .pdf files with lyrics, discography, literature etc. by N.A. Website where you can listen to and/or download the songs from the self-produced tapes of Nikolas Asimos

1949 births
1988 suicides
Greek composers
20th-century Greek male singers
Musicians from Thessaloniki
Greek rock singers
Greek anarchists
Greek prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Greece
Suicides by hanging in Greece
20th-century composers

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<mask><mask> (born September 27, 1959) is an American businessman, scholar, and retired three-star general whose concurrent military and civilian careers encompass a blend of corporate, academic, and government leadership. His unique military and civilian contributions were recognized by the U.S. Senate on June 28, 2016, with Tribute to Lieutenant General <mask><mask>, as reflected in the congressional record. General <mask>'s military career included duty in the U.S., Korea, Kuwait, and Iraq. His military service culminated with three consecutive commanding general assignments including the 926th Engineer Brigade and Baghdad Provincial Engineer, 4th Infantry Division, Multi-National Division-Baghdad, during the Surge and fight for Sadr City in 2008; the 84th Training Command, where he trained units preparing for deployment from 2009 to 2012; and in 2012, he was appointed by the President to a four-year term as the 32nd Chief of Army Reserve and Commanding General of the U.S. Army Reserve Command, an organization of over 215,000 Soldiers and civilians, 134 general officers and senior executives, with an annual operating budget of approximately $9B, and activities in over 30 countries, including all states and territories. He has received numerous medals and awards, including two Army Distinguished Medals and three Bronze Star Medals. He retired from the military in 2016 and was recognized by the Association of the U.S. Army with the MG James Earl Rudder Medal for the advancement of the goal of a seamless and component integrated Army. General <mask>'s civilian career consists of a portfolio of business, academic, and government experiences.Business positions held are Founder/President & CEO of The P3i Group, Vice President & Global Fellow at IBM, Co-Founder/President & CEO of Environmental Technology Solutions, and Associate at Malcolm Pirnie. Academic positions held are Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, Professor, Department Chair, Endowed Chair, Institute Director, Adjunct Professor, Advanced Leadership Fellow, Scholar-in-Residence, and Professor of the Practice, with appointments at University of Notre Dame, Southern Methodist University, The Johns Hopkins University, Harvard University, and University of Southern California. Government positions held are Research Engineer and Biotechnology Research Team Leader, Environmental Engineer, and Engineering Technician with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. He serves on multiple for-profit and not-for-profit Board of Directors. General <mask> holds a Ph.D. in engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, an Executive M.B.A. from University of Oxford, an M.S.E. from The Johns Hopkins University, an M.L.A. from Washington University in St. Louis, an M.S.S.from U.S. Army War College, an M.A. from Assumption College, and an B.S. from Louisiana State University. He is a registered Professional Engineer (P.E. ), a Board-Certified Environmental Engineer (BCEE) in Sustainability, and a Diplomate, Water Resources Engineer (D.WRE). Early life and education
<mask> was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Gloria E. (Genter) and Donald E<mask>. He graduated from Yorktown High School in Arlington, Virginia in 1977.After spending his freshman year of college at Old Dominion University, he transferred to Louisiana State University (LSU). While at LSU, he was a Cadet of the Ole War Skule and an Army ROTC Scholarship recipient. As a cadet, he graduated from the U.S. Army Airborne School and was Distinguished Honor Graduate from the U.S. Army Air Assault School. His senior year, he was the Commander of Pershing Rifles Company D-16 and an Officer in the Scabbard and Blade. He graduated from LSU in 1981 with an B.S. in Forestry (Natural Resource Management) and was a Distinguished Military Graduate. While serving on active duty in the military, <mask> completed an M.A.in Religious Studies from Assumption College in 1985, and an M.L.A. (History & Philosophy) from Washington University in St. Louis in 1988. Upon leaving the Regular Army in 1992, he enrolled at The Johns Hopkins University where he received his M.S.E. in Environmental Engineering & Science in 1995. In 2000, he earned his Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University. His dissertation research won the U.S. Department of Defense’s Strategic Environmental Research and Development (SERDP) project of the year award. In 2001, <mask> was selected as an Army reservist to attend the U.S. Army War College Distance Education Program.Through a series of distance learning and resident sessions, he completed his studies in 2003 and was awarded an M.S.S. (Military & Strategic Leadership). In 2010, he began an executive graduate program in global business at the University of Oxford. Over the next 22 months he would commute to and from England, graduating from Keble College in 2011 with an Executive MBA. While at Oxford, he would also create a series of tech start-ups with one of his classmates, winning the Saïd Business School Venture Fund Competition for best new start-up. He married his wife Linda in 1981. They have three sons and a daughter - Christopher, Joshua, Matthew, and Ashley.Military career

The Regular Army (1981-1992)
Upon graduation from LSU in December 1981, <mask> received a Regular Army commission as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. After completing the Engineer Officer Basic Course at Ft. Belvoir, Virginia, and the U.S. Army Ranger School at Ft. Benning, Georgia, he reported to his first permanent duty assignment at Ft. Devens, Massachusetts. He was assigned to the 39th Engineer Battalion where he served as 1st Platoon Leader, Alpha Company, and later as Battalion Adjutant (S-1). In August 1985, he was promoted to captain en route to the St. Louis District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers where he worked in Construction Division on Lock & Dam 26 (Replacement), the largest civil works project in the U.S. at that time. He would later serve in both Engineering and Planning Divisions. Following his assignment in St. Louis, <mask> returned to Ft. Belvoir for the Engineer Officer Advance Course. Upon graduation, he volunteered to go to the Republic of Korea for an unaccompanied assignment with the 44th Engineer Battalion, Eight U.S. Army.After a short stint as Assistant Battalion Operations Officer (Assistant S-3) at Camp Mercer (vicinity Seoul), he took command of Bravo Company and Camp Nimble (Dongducheon), in support of 2nd Infantry Division and its demilitarized zone (DMZ) mission. After two years in Korea, he returned to the U.S. for Combined Arms Service Staff (CAS3) School at Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas. Upon graduation from CAS3, <mask> was assigned to the Baltimore District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, where he worked in the Hazardous Toxic Radiological Waste Branch of Engineering Division. There he supported the design and remediation of contaminated sites around the country, including the Times Beach Superfund project in Missouri, considered by many to be the most toxic site in America. In April 1992, <mask> resigned his Regular Army commission, leaving active duty as a senior Captain, and transferring to the U.S. Army Reserve. The Army Reserve (1992-2012)

<mask>'s first assignment in the Army Reserve was Assistant Operations Officer (Assistant S-3), 315th Engineer Group, New Cumberland Army Depot, New Cumberland, Pennsylvania. In December 1993, he was promoted to major and served as the Group's Operations Officer (S-3).Subsequently, he was assigned to the 365th Engineer Battalion in Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania as the Battalion Operations Officer (S-3). While at the 365th, he also graduated from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. <mask> relocated in April 1996 to Vicksburg, Mississippi to join the 412th Engineer Command. While at the 412th, he served as the Commanding General's personal Plans Officer, and later as Commandant. After two years in command, he returned to the 365th to be the Battalion Executive Officer, but only to return to the 412th a year later to serve as its Secretary General Staff. Selected early for battalion command, he returned  to the 365th in February 1999. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in April 2000.Upon completion of battalion command in February 2002, he became the Deputy Operations Officer (Deputy G-3) at the 416th Engineer Command in Darien, Illinois. In December 2002, <mask> was called to active duty and in February 2003 he mobilized and deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraq Freedom. While in theater, he was the Chief of Operations for the 416th which was part of the Coalition Joint Forces Land Component Command. There he was responsible for the planning and execution of hundreds of combat and construction missions throughout Kuwait and Iraq. He was awarded the Bronze Star (1st award). Upon graduation from the U.S. Army War College in 2003, <mask> served in the Pentagon as a Strategic Planner in the Deputy Directorate for the War on Terrorism, Strategic Plans & Policy Directorate (J-5), Joint Chiefs of Staff. Promoted to colonel in February 2005, he was reassigned to command the 926th Engineer Group in Montgomery, Alabama.The 926th was the largest engineer group in the Total Army with over 7,000 Soldiers scattered across multiple states. As part of an Army force structure change, the group was reorganized and re-designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 926th Engineer Brigade. At that time, reserve brigades were one-star commands. <mask> was selected to be its first Commanding General and promoted to brigadier general in August 2007. In January 2008, <mask> returned to active duty in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom as Commander, 926th Engineer Brigade, 4th Infantry Division, Multi-National Division - Baghdad and the Baghdad Provincial Engineer. While in Iraq, he led an organization consisting of thousands of engineers in the rebuilding of Baghdad to include restoring essential services and eliminating threats from improvised explosive devices. He is credited with developing a military and policy strategy widely referred to as “Engineering the Peace” that aimed to reduce violence in destabilized communities by rapidly rebuilding infrastructure, schools and hospitals in the militia stronghold of Sadr City and across Baghdad.He was awarded two Bronze Stars (2nd & 3rd award) - one for his efforts in rebuilding Baghdad, and the other for meritorious achievement in combat during the January 2009 planning and execution of security operations for the Baghdad provincial elections. Upon return from Iraq, <mask> assumed command of the 84th Training Command at Ft. Knox, Kentucky in June 2009 and was promoted to major general. At the 84th, he was responsible for training and assessing the readiness of units through Combat Training Center-like exercises in preparation for their upcoming combat deployments. He relinquished command in April 2012 and was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal (1st award). He also served on the Reserve Forces Policy Board within the Office of the Secretary of Defense from 2009 to 2012. Chief of Army Reserve and Commanding General, U.S. Army Reserve Command (2012-2016)
President Obama nominated <mask> to be the Chief of Army Reserve and Commanding General, U.S. Army Reserve Command on March 20, 2012. The U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination on May 3, 2012.<mask> was appointed to the rank of lieutenant general in the Regular Army on June 9, 2012, at a ceremony at Ft. Bragg, North Carolina. Immediately after his appointment, he assumed command of the U.S. Army Reserve Command (USARC) and was sworn in as the 32nd Chief of Army Reserve. General Raymond T. Odierno, 38th Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, officiated the appointment, the change of command, and the swearing-in ceremonies. As the Chief of the Army Reserve, <mask> was the principal staff adviser to the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army on all Army Reserve Affairs. He developed Army Reserve budgets, training programs and policy decisions; managed the Army Reserve troop program units, individual mobilization augmentees, and the active guard/reserve program; and served as the appropriation director of all Army Reserve funds. As the Commanding General, U.S. Army Reserve Command, <mask> commanded all Army Reserve troops in the Continental U.S. and had administrative control over the Army Reserve troops overseas, with a total end strength of 205,000 Soldiers and over 12,000 civilians. During <mask>'s tenure, the Army Reserve mobilized over 62,000 Soldiers to over 30 countries, including continued support to operations in Iraq and Afghanistan; all while overcoming unprecedented challenges including the first reduction to the Reserve force since the end of the Korean War, severe budget cuts known as sequestration and a government shutdown.To improve the Army Reserve's support to the Total Force, he developed the “Plan, Prepare and Provide” readiness model that placed Army Reserve Engagement Cells and Teams into every Army Service Component Command and Combatant Command around the world. He also created the Reserve's Private Public Partnership program, which built partnerships with civilian companies and organizations and helps Soldiers and their families find employment or advance their civilian careers. <mask> relinquished command of the Army Reserve to General Robert B. "Abe" Abrams, the commanding general of U.S. Army Forces Command, on June 1, 2016, at Ft. Bragg, North Carolina. Concurrently, he ended his statutory appointment as the Chief of Army Reserve. Retirement from the U.S. Army
<mask> retired from the U.S. Army on June 30, 2016 at the rank of Lieutenant General, having served almost 35 years in active and reserve assignments. <mask> and his wife Linda were honored at a Special Retirement Review at Conmy Hall at Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall, Virginia.The ceremony was conducted by the 3rd U.S. Infantry (The Old Guard) and hosted by General Mark A. Milley, 39th Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army. <mask> was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal (2nd award). Dates of rank

Medals and ribbons

References

External links

1959 births
Living people
Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering alumni
Louisiana State University alumni
Southern Methodist University faculty
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army generals
United States Army reservists
United States Army War College alumni

masks:
Jeffrey W
. Talley
Jeffrey W
. Talley
Talley
Talley
Talley
Talley
. Talley
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Talley
Talley
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texts:
<mask> (July 6, 1924 – February 4, 1988) was an American comics artist known primarily as an inker. He sometimes worked under the name <mask>, and to a lesser extent Phil Zupa, and the single moniker Espoia, the latter used for collaborations with fellow inker Mike Esposito. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> studied at Manhattan's School of Industrial Art (later the High School of Art and Design) and the Art Students League of New York. He entered the comics industry by penciling the feature "Jack Frost" in U.S.A. Comics #3 (cover-dated Jan. 1942), inked by friend and high school classmate Carmine Infantino — the latter's first art for comics and published by Marvel Comics' 1940s precursor, Timely Comics. His friend and collaborator Carmine Infantino, a classmate at the Art Students League, recalled that

Later in 1941, Giacoia joined the New York City comic-book packager Eisner & Iger, the studio of Golden Age greats Will Eisner and Jerry Iger. His early works include drawing crime comics for Ace Comics, horror for Avon Publishing, and a multitude of characters for National Comics Publications (the primary company that evolved into DC Comics) including the Flash and Batman. Other companies for which Giacoia did art during the 1940s and 1950s include Crestwood Publications, Dell Comics, Eastern Color Printing, Fawcett Comics, Harvey Comics, Lev Gleason Publications, and Timely Comics, the 1940s predecessor of Marvel Comics.Giacoia and writer Otto Binder introduced the short-lived character Captain Wonder in Kid Komics #1 (Feb. 1943). Later career
During the 1960s Silver Age of comic books, Giacoia became best known as a Marvel Comics inker, particularly on Captain America stories penciled by the character's co-creator Jack Kirby. One of the company's preeminent names, he worked on virtually every title at one time or another. Giacoia inked the first appearance of the Punisher in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (Feb. 1974). Giacoia also worked on the newspaper comic strip The Amazing Spider-Man (based on the Marvel comic book series of the same name) from 1978–1981, as well as on the strips Flash Gordon, The Incredible Hulk, Johnny Reb and Billy Yank, Sherlock Holmes, and Thorne McBride. He was credited as the pseudonym "<mask>" for some time. In Fantastic Four #53 (August 1966), his real name was announced in the "Bullpen Bulletins".Awards and honors
Giacoia was nominated for the Shazam Award for Best Inker (Dramatic Division) in 1974. The 1989 graphic novel The Amazing Spider-Man: Parallel Lives, the back cover of which was inked by Giacoia, is dedicated to his memory. He posthumously won one of the two annual Inkwell Awards Joe Sinnott Hall of Fame Awards in 2016. The award was received by his great-nephew, Mike Giacoia. Critical assessment
In its list of "The 20 Greatest Inkers of American Comic Books", historians at the retailer Atlas Comics (no relation to the comics publishers) listed Giacoia at #5:

Bibliography

Archie Comics
 All New Adventures of the Mighty Crusaders #1–2 (1983)
 The Fly #1 (1983)
 Fly-Man #39 (1966)
 Mighty Comics #40, 43 (1966–1967)
 Mighty Crusaders #1–2 (1965–1966)
 Mighty Crusaders vol. 2 #11–12 (1985)
 Thunderbunny #1 (1984)

Atlas/Seaboard Comics
 Phoenix #4 (1975)

DC Comics

 Action Comics #425 (1973)
 Adventure Comics #399, 401, 457, 459, 495–496 (1970–1983)
 Adventures of Rex the Wonder Dog #1, 4, 6 (1952)
 All-American Men of War #127 (1952)
 All-American Men of War vol. #12 (1978)
 The Incredible Hulk #103–104, 152, Annual #6 (1968–1977)
 Iron Man #42, 57–58, 62 (1971–1973)
 Iron Man and Sub-Mariner #1 (1968)
 John Carter, Warlord of Mars #15 (1978)
 Journey into Mystery #115 (1965)
 Journey into Mystery vol.2 #5 (1973)
 Marvel Feature #1 (1971)
 Marvel Premiere #8, 45 (1973–1978)
 Marvel Super-Heroes #12 (1967)
 Marvel Team-Up #3, 10, 13, 19–22, 25–27, 53, 78 (1972–1979)
 Marvel Two-in-One #4, 44, 98, 100, Annual #3 (1974–1983)
 Moon Knight #8 (1981)
 Ms. Marvel #11 (1977)
 My Love #4–5 (1970)
 Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #2 (1968)
 Not Brand Echh #1–3, 5, 9 (1967–1968)
 Nova #6–12 (1977)
 Power Man #35, 40 (1976–1977)
 Rawhide Kid #47 (1965)
 Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #16, 19–20, 23–24, Annual #1 (1965)
 The Spectacular Spider-Man #2 (1968)
 Star Wars #54 (1981)
 Strange Tales #128–129, 141, 150, 162–163, 165, 171 (1965–1973)
 Sub-Mariner #1–5, 49, 62 (1968–1973)
 Supernatural Thrillers #1 (1972)
 Tales of Suspense #63–64, 67–68, 77–79, 81–82, 84–93, 95–98 (1965–1968)
 Tales to Astonish #66–67, 92–92, 101 (1965–1968)
 Thor #306 (1981)
 Two-Gun Kid #73 (1965)
 U.S.A. Comics #3 (1942)
 What If...? #15, 24, 31 (1979–1982)
 Young Allies #6, 9, 12, 18–20 (1943–1946)

Skywald Publications
 Nightmare #3 (1971)

Standard Comics
 Adventures into Darkness #6 (1952)

Tower Comics
 Dynamo #1 (1966)
 Fight the Enemy #1–3 (1966–1967)
 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1–12 (1965–1967)
 Undersea Agent #3 (1966)

References

External links

 Frank Giaocia at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators

1924 births
1988 deaths
20th-century American artists
American comics artists
American comic strip cartoonists
American people of Italian descent
Art Students League of New York alumni
Comics inkers
DC Comics people
Golden Age comics creators
High School of Art and Design alumni
Marvel Comics people
Silver Age comics creators

masks:
Frank Giacoia
Frank Ray
Frank Giacoia
Frankie Ray


texts:
<mask>évé is a French historian of Japanese Architecture; he was born in Paris in 1959 and is the son of the
cinema decorator, Bernard Fiévé. In 1993, he became a member of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and in 1996 he joined the Collège de France’s Japanese Civilization research team. In 2007, he was elected Professor at the Historical and Philological Sciences Department at the École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), where he teaches the history of pre-modern (16th to 19th centuries) Japanese urbanism, architecture and gardens. He is a member of the Accademia Ambrosiana, Milan (Classe di studi sull'Estremo Oriente). Biography
After graduating from secondary school in literary studies, <mask>évé was admitted to the École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-La Villette. In 1984, shortly after obtaining his DPLG degree and graduating as an architect, he left for Japan with a scholarship from the Japanese government, and he joined the research laboratory in Architectural Theory at the University of Kyoto led by Professor Katō Kunio 加藤邦夫, an architect and phenomenologist as well as a disciple of the modernist Masuda Tomoya 増田友也 (1914-1981) whom he had recently succeeded at the University of Kyōto and who introduced Anthropology of Architecture to Japan. When <mask> joined his research group, Katō Kunio was lecturing on Maurice Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception while finishing a Japanese translation of Christian Noberg-Schulz's Roots of Modern Architecture and beginning that of Genius Loci.Under the tutelage of this remarkable master, <mask>évé undertook to study the architecture of medieval Japanese tea houses from a phenomenological perspective and began his research on medieval Japanese architecture and space. While in Japan, <mask>évé took an avid interest in the study of Japanese and its different scripts, and upon his return to France in 1986, he decided to further his knowledge of Classical Japanese. The following year, having obtained his undergraduate degree in Japanese, he began a master's degree in Classical Japanese at the Université Paris VII where he turned out to be the only student of his class. In addition to lectures on Classical Japanese dispensed by Jacqueline Pigeot (Université Paris VII), his thesis supervisor, he also attended Jean-Noël Robert’s (EPHE) and Francine Hérail’s (EPHE) lectures in Sino-Japanese Studies. Throughout this period he earned a living working at the Paris Office of the daily Japanese newspaper Yomiuri Shinbun. In 1988, armed with another scholarship from the Japanese government, <mask> returned to Japan to work again in Katō's research unit where he remained for the following five years. In 1989, <mask> completed his Master's thesis on the architecture of tea houses and obtained his master's degree in Japanese Studies at University Paris VII.He pursued his doctorate studies within Katō's research group at the Department of Architecture, Engineering Faculty of the University of Kyoto (1990–93), and, under the supervision of Jacqueline Pigeot, began writing his thesis (in French) on the elite classes during the Ashikaga shoguns. During this period he attended Professor Katō's lectures on major Japanese works pertaining to Japanese aesthetics and architecture, such as Masuda Tomoya's (Spiritual) Landscape of the House and Garden, Watsuji Tetsurō’s 和辻哲郎 (1889-1960) Fūdo and Kuki Shūzō’s 九鬼周造 (1848-1941) The Structure of Iki. At the time, he also worked at the Atelier Ryō run by the architect Kinoshita Ryōichi and participated in the complete survey of rural houses in the Shiga region. Upon his return to France in 1993, <mask>évé obtained his PhD degree and title of Doctor in East　Asian Studies specialized in Japanese Civilization and joined the CNRS as Researcher. He was first appointed to the Institut d’Asie Orientale in Lyon for three years before becoming a member of the Collège de France's Japanese Civilization research team, where he continues to work alongside several of his former professors: Paul Akamatsu, Francine Hérail, Jacqueline Pigeot, Jean-Noël Robert, Jean-Jacques Tschudin and Cécile Sakai. In 2006, the Japanese Civilization research team —founded as a joint research unit with the CNRS by the Collège de France professor Bernard Frank— merged with two other research units, the Chinese and Tibetan Civilizations Studies teams from the EPHE, to form the Far Eastern Civilizations research Centre (Centre de Recherche sur les Civilisations de l’Asie Orientale) or CRCAO (UMR 8155 of the CNRS in partnership with the EPHE, the Collège de France and Université Paris-Diderot). Actively involved in the creation of the CRCAO, <mask> Fiévé was appointed the unit's Deputy Director, working alongside the archaeologist and Sinologist Alain Thote (EPHE), from 2006 to 2010, and was nominated Director, from 2014 to 2016.In 2007, <mask> became a member of the History of the Modern and Contemporary World Section (Section 33) of the National Committee for Scientific Research and was also nominated Professor at the EPHE, Historical and Philological Sciences Department, where he initiated a program of lectures on the history of pre-modern Japan's architecture and gardens—the first and only of its kind in Europe. Leaving purely urban studies aside for a while, he has resumed his work on the habitat of the Japanese elite, with a focus on architectural space in the retreats and retirement villas of Japan's 17th century elite. Work
Fiévé's research hinges on two fields of study: on the one hand, the study of ancient documents (both literary and administrative, technical handbooks, maps and plans) pertaining to architecture, urbanism and landscape (including parks and gardens)—generally resulting in the establishment of lexicons and glossaries of technical vocabulary and translation of various texts— and on the other hand, in situ research, based on his experience and perception as an architect. These two complementary approaches, which are not always easy to conciliate, are the fruit of his dual training in Japanese Philology and Architectural Phenomenology. Fiévé conducts his fieldwork using the tools he acquired through his training as an architect, i.e. physical experience of the site under study, and observation of its spaces, routes, forms, materials, scale, and temporality, together with architectural survey based on measurements, drawings and photography. In his first years as a young researcher from 1980 to 1990, <mask> visited hundreds of sites throughout Japan: palaces, temples, towns and gardens, with a special focus on forty or so historical tea houses.He then cross-references and combines his field research with the study of related historical documents. In his first work on tea houses (1989), in part based on the research of the architect and historian Horiguchi Sutemi 堀口捨己 (1895-1984), <mask>évé addresses the subject of the tea houses’ architectural space through the study of writings ascribed to Takeno Jōō 武野紹鴎  (1502-1555), Sen no Rikyū 千利休 (1522-1585), Yamanoue Shōji 山上宗二 (1544-1590). His work on the tea houses may already be described as a ‘history of habitats’ or as an ‘anthropological study of historical space’ since the sources he uses were written by those who built the sites in question or occupied them in the past; thus his philological approach serves to define an anthropological perspective on space. This dual approach that characterizes all <mask>évé's work is often inspired by that of the geographer Augustin Berque, principally in the use of mesology (the study of the mutual interrelationships between the living creatures and their biological, sociological and environmental surroundings). <mask>évé's approach differs, however, in that he always retains an architect's perspective and his historical analysis always supports the conception, underlying all his studies, that architecture first & foremost serves man. The research method <mask>évé gradually developed takes into account the architecture, spaces and landscape of parks and gardens together with the surrounding architectural and urban landscape. Thus his work L’architecture et la ville du Japon ancien (1996) shows that the mutations in space occurring in 14th and 15th centuries Kyōto follow a process similar to that occurring in palaces and in the composition of urban areal space wherein each sub-space (neighborhood, temple, shrine, palace, house, pavilion) represents an independent unit in which the same structural contrasts are reproduced .This work received the Mainichi Shibusawa-Claudel award and the Giles Prize from the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, and a laudatory review from Mack Horton (University of Berkeley). Following its publication, <mask>évé embarked on a research project that had been dear to his heart for many years: to compile a history of Kyōto combining the perspective of architectural anthropology he acquired from Katō Kunio with the historical and philological approach he inherited from Jacqueline Pigeot and Francine Hérail during his Japanese studies. In order to carry out this flagship project, <mask>évé assembled a joint team of French researchers in Japanese Civilization –including historians Paul Akamatsu, François Macé, Mieko Macé, Nathalie Kouamé, Francine Hérail, and Charlotte von Verschuer– and Japanese specialists in architecture and urbanism –including Katō Kunio, Takahashi Yasuo, Kōzai Katsuhiko, Hirao Kazuhiko, Sendai Shōichirō and Yamasaki Masafumi. He also rallied the support of the Prodig Laboratory of CNRS that created over two hundred original maps of Kyoto for the project, which, in addition, received sponsorship from the Toyota Foundation for Research, the CNRS, the French Ministry of Culture (Architecture and Heritage Department), the UNESCO, and the World Heritage fund. For the purposes of the project, <mask>évé returned to Kyoto in 2001 as a resident at the Kujōyama Villa in order to conduct in situ research on Kyōto's historical sites. The project, centering on the question of habitat, was developed in a broad historical perspective–from the city's origins to the present– and based on a comprehensive survey of the city's architecture and landscape. It resulted in the publication, in 2008, of the Historical Atlas of Kyoto.Spatial analysis of the memory systems of a city which received the Carroll Award from the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Columbia Professor Henry Smith II's acclamatory review published in 2010 in the Monumenta Nipponica journal illustrates the Atlas’ appeal to a wide international audience of researchers in both urbanism and Japanese studies. From June 2009 to December 2010, <mask>évé returned to Japan as part of a delegation sent to Kyoto by the École française d'Extrême-Orient, which enabled him to conduct a thorough study of thirty-six landscaped gardens –historical parks belonging to the aristocracy and daimyos of the Edo era– across the Japanese archipelago, and to assemble a vast collection of documents, including surveys, books, reproductions of old maps, and thousands of photos that have since served to illustrate his weekly lectures at the EPHE. This field research has also resulted in his recent work on the Katsura Villa, a retreat built by the Hachijō princes in the 17th century; Fiévé's aim here is to highlight the intertwining myths that shaped the history of the site, a history born from the fundamental relationship between earth and heaven, man and the sacred. Through the study of poems pertaining to the site, he shows how the princes, invoking the genius loci of Katsura, embarked on an architectural and landscape project that was designed as an ode to the genius of past poets incarnating the most glorious moments of imperial virtue. The princes’ endeavor reflected an unprecedented renewal in landscape design that was to have a long lasting impact on the subsequent development of Japanese architecture. Major publications
 with Benoît Jacquet, Vers une modernité architecturale et paysagère.Modèles et savoirs partagés entre le Japon et le monde occidental, (Towards Architectural Modernity: Models & Shared Knowledge between Japan & the Western World), Paris, Collège de France, 2013, VII, 333 pages. L'architecture et la ville du Japon ancien. Espace architectural de la ville de Kyōto et des résidences shōgunales aux XIVe et XVe siècles (Architecture and Towns of Ancient Japan: Architectural Space in the City of Kyoto and the Shoguns's Residences), Bibliothèque de l'Institut des Hautes Études Japonaises du Collège de France, Paris, Maisonneuve & Larose, 1996, 358 pages. Atlas historique de Kyōto. Analyse spatiale des systèmes de mémoire d’une ville, de son architecture et de ses paysages urbains (Historical Atlas of Kyōto, Spatial Analysis of the Memory Systems of a City). Foreword by Kōichirō Matsuura, Preface by Jacques Gernet, Paris, Éditions de l’UNESCO - Éditions de l’Amateur, 2008, 528 pages, 207 maps. with Paul Waley, Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Power, Memory and Place in Kyōto, Edo and Tokyo, London, Routledge-Curzon Press.2003, 417 pages (published in paperback in 2006). with Sekiko Matsuzaki-Petitmengin, ルイ･クレットマンコレクション—フランス士官が　見た近代日本のあけぼの Collection Kreitmann. L’aube du Japon moderne, vue par un officier français au cours des années 1876-1878 (The Dawn of Modern Japan as observed by a French Officer from 1876 to 1878) Institut des Hautes Études Japonaises / Équipe Civilisation japonaise du CNRS / Nihon toshokan kyōkai, Tokyo, I.R.D. shuppansha, 2005, 298 pages + 269 photos (bilingual edition).

masks:
Nicolas Bernard Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fié
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fié
Nicolas Fié
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas
Nicolas Fié
Nicolas Fié
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi


texts:
<mask>  (7 July 1907 – 1985) was Challis Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law at the University of Sydney from 1942 to 1972, and thereafter a visiting Professor of Law at the University of New South Wales and concurrently Distinguished Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law at the Hastings College of Law, University of California. He is the author of 27 books on jurisprudence and international law, and is hailed by his official biography at the Julius Stone Institute of Jurisprudence as one of the premier legal theorists. Early life
<mask> was born in Leeds, England to parents who were poor Lithuanian Jewish refugees. Education
<mask> received a scholarship to Oxford University, where he earned Bachelor of Arts (Jurisprudence), Bachelor of Civil Law and Doctor of Civil Law degrees. He followed this with a Master of Laws from Leeds University, and then a Doctor of Juridical Science from Harvard University. Career
<mask> taught at Harvard, and briefly at Leeds, then went to New Zealand where he worked at Auckland University College. In 1942, he was appointed Challis Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law at the University of Sydney, a position he held until 1972.<mask>'s appointment was controversial for several reasons; he was perceived to have a radical jurisprudential stance, some wanted the Chair to be held open until the end of the war as it was suggested that there were suitable candidates in active service. It was suspected that the fact that he was a Jew also played a role. A debate over his appointment was carried out in both the Australian parliament and local newspapers; the Chancellor of the University, and two Fellows of the University Senate, resigned in protest. This early experience of anti-Semitism influenced his lifelong commitment to justice, according to his biographer, Leonie Star (Star 1993). <mask> has been described by his official JSIJ biography as having "a life-long commitment to Israel" and in the Sydney Law Review as having an emotional and "fierce loyalty to the State of Israel" that led some of his colleagues to "express fear even to discuss Israel with him". In 1972, <mask> moved to the University of New South Wales, where he was a visiting Professor of Law until his death in 1985. While at University of New South Wales, he concurrently held the position of Distinguished Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law at the Hastings College of Law, University of California.In 1999, 15 years after <mask>'s death, the University of Sydney established an institute of jurisprudence which was named after him, the Julius Stone Institute of Jurisprudence. Influence
<mask> influenced generations of lawyers who studied at University of Sydney. For most of his time there, the Law School was a practice-based school and students learnt what they needed to become practising lawyers. According to A J Brown of Griffith University, the former Justice of the High Court of Australia Michael Kirby was heavily influenced at university by <mask>. Israeli settlements
<mask>'s view is that Israeli settlements in the West Bank are legal under international law, and do not constitute a violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention (Article 49(6)). He stated:

"Irony would...be pushed to the absurdity of claiming that Article 49(6), designed to prevent repetition of Nazi-type genocidal policies of rendering Nazi metropolitan territories judenrein, has now come to mean that...the West Bank...must be made judenrein and must be so maintained, if necessary by the use of force by the government of Israel against its own inhabitants. Common sense as well as correct historical and functional context excludes so tyrannical a reading of Article 49(6.)"Criticism
<mask> has been criticised for his views in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict by Ben Saul, saying: "Many of <mask>’s positions on critical international legal issues in the Israel/Palestine conflict stepped outside even generous zones of plausible or reasonable interpretations of the law, even on the law as it then often ambiguously stood, and certainly in hindsight." Honours
Award of the American Society of International Law (1956). Honorary life member of the American Society of International Law (1962). Swiney Prize for Jurisprudence from the Royal Society of Arts (1964). World Research Award from the Washington Conference on World Peace through Law (1965). Officer of the Order of the British Empire, 1973. Officer of the Order of Australia, 1981.The Julius Stone Institute of Jurisprudence at Sydney Law School, University of Sydney is named in his honour. Publications

Books

International Guarantees of Minority Rights: Procedure of the Council of the League of Nations in Theory and Practice (1932)
Regional Guarantees of Minority Rights: A Study of Minorities Procedure in Upper Silesia (1933)
The Atlantic Charter: New Worlds for Old (1943)
"Stand Up and Be Counted!" <mask>: an intellectual life. Oxford University Press, 1993,

External links
Biography of <mask>
Kirby, Michael. <mask> and the High Court of Australia – a speech by Justice Michael Kirby at a Symposium to mark the 50th Anniversary of the publication of Stone's Province and Function of Law. <mask>, <mask>. International Law and the Arab-Israeli conflict (PDF) – Extracts from Israel and Palestine – Assault on the Law of Nations

International law scholars
Australian legal scholars
New Zealand legal scholars
British legal scholars
Harvard Law School alumni
University of California, Hastings faculty
University of Sydney faculty
University of New South Wales faculty
Australian Jews
1907 births
1985 deaths
Jurisprudence academics
University of Auckland faculty
Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Officers of the Order of Australia

masks:
Julius Stone
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Julius Stone
Julius Stone
Julius Stone
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Julius