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<mask> (born 21 July 1974) is a German professional football manager and former player who currently manages Fortuna Düsseldorf. Thioune spent most of his playing career at VfL Osnabrück, where he established himself as a prolific scorer from midfield. Upon retiring in 2010 after playing for multiple lower league sides, he began coaching different teams in the VfL Osnabrück academy before being appointed as the first team coach in 2017. He was hired as Hamburger SV head coach in 2020. Playing career
<mask> started playing for local club Raspo Osnabrück at the age of six, living across their home ground and training facilities. As a junior player, he would also play for Osnabrücker SC and Post SV Osnabrück. After two years of senior football playing for Post SV Osnabrück, Thioune moved to Sportfreunde Oesede in 1994, who were playing in the fifth-tier Oberliga Niedersachsen at the time.Prior to the 1996–97 season he was signed by third tier Regionalliga club VfL Osnabrück, with whom he won promotion to the 2. Bundesliga in 2000. There, he made his professional debut in the 2000–01 season and scored 10 goals in 22 appearances. After the club's relegation in 2001, Thioune initially stayed with the club, but moved to 2. Bundesliga side VfB Lübeck in 2002, for whom he played 47 league games in two years and scored eight goals. In the 2003–04 season, he reached the semi-finals of the DFB-Pokal with Lübeck under head coach Dieter Hecking, in which the team was eliminated after leading twice in extra time against the eventual Double winners from Werder Bremen. Ahead of the 2004–05 season, Thioune moved to 2.Bundesliga side LR Ahlen (Rot Weiss Ahlen from 2006). With the club he suffered relegation to the Regionalliga for the second time in his career, in 2006. As team captain, however, he won promotion to the 2. Bundesliga in the 2007–08 season after being down for two years. After a serious injury, Thioune stepped down as captain in January 2010 and retired from professional football on 15 April 2010. Thioune made 126-second-tier and 192 third-tier appearances during his career, in which he scored 24 goals in the 2. Bundesliga and 60 goals in the Regionalliga.After finishing his professional career, he would play alongside former German international Ronald Maul at Eintracht Osnabrück for a while. Managerial career

Beginnings
<mask> started out in management in the 2010–11 season, where he functioned as Arie van Lent's assistant at 3. Liga club Rot Weiss Ahlen, but was released from his duties after the club faced bankruptcy in June 2011. In the 2011–12 season, he moved to a position as scout for Rot-Weiß Erfurt. From the 2013–14 season, Thioune coached the B1 Jugend (U17) of VfL Osnabrück and led them to promotion to the B-Junioren Bundesliga (Under 17 Bundesliga) from the North/Northeast group in 2015. When Joe Enochs succeeded Maik Walpurgis as head coach of the VfL Osnabrück senior team in 2015, <mask> took over Enochs' position as the head of the youth academy and became head coach of the A-Junioren (U19). Under his leadership, the U19 managed to get promoted from the A-Jugend-Regionalliga Nord to the A-Junioren Bundesliga (Under 19 Bundesliga) from the North/Northeast group in 2016.In March 2016, Thioune received his coaching license, after taking courses at the Hennes-Weisweiler Academy together with the likes of Julian Nagelsmann, Alexander Nouri and Domenico Tedesco. VfL Osnabrück
After a poor start to the 2017–18 season, Joe Enochs was relieved of his duties as head coach of the VfL Osnabrück senior team competing in the 3. Liga, in early October 2017. <mask> initially took over as an caretaker manager, but in early November 2017, he was appointed the permanent head coach. Thioune managed to turn around the team and eventually reach the 17th place in the league standings with 6 points down to the relegations spots. In the 2018–19 season, he led VfL Osnabrück to the 3. Liga championship and thus to promotion to the 2.Bundesliga. In September 2019, his contract with the club was extended to June 2021. In the 2019–20 season, <mask>'s side held 5th place in the league table after the first half of the season with 26 points; only four points behind a direct promotion spot. In the second half of the season, the team from Osnabrück finished as the worst team of the league with a mere 14 points, which in the end resulted in a relegation battle. Another season in the 2. Bundesliga was only secured on the 33rd matchday, and VfL finished the season as the best promotee with 40 points and a 13th place finish. Hamburger SV
For the 2020–21 season, Thioune took over the 2.Bundesliga side of Hamburger SV, which had previously missed out on promotion to the Bundesliga for two years in a row in fourth place. He succeeded Dieter Hecking, whose contract had expired and under whom he had played at VfB Lübeck. Thioune triggered a release clause in his contract at VfL Osnabrück to sign a two-year contract in Hamburg. <mask> was sacked on 3 May 2021, three matchdays before the end of the season. Fortuna Düsseldorf
On 8 February 2022, <mask> was hired by Fortuna Düsseldorf, replacing Christian Preußer. He signed a contract until 2023. Personal life
<mask> was born in Germany to a Senegalese father and German mother, and holds dual citizenship.He is the first black professional football manager in Germany. As a youngster he attended the Graf-Stauffenberg High School in Osnabrück. <mask> studied Sports and Pedagogy at the University of Vechta and graduated in 2019 with a Bachelor's degree. He is married and has a daughter and a son. Managerial statistics

Honours

Player
VfL Osnabrück
Regionalliga Nord: 1999–2000

Rot Weiss Ahlen
Regionalliga Nord: 2007–08

Manager
VfL Osnabrück
3. Liga: 2018–19

Individual
 3. Liga Manager of the Season: 2018–19

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
People from Georgsmarienhütte
Association football midfielders
Footballers from Lower Saxony
German footballers
Senegalese footballers
German football managers
German people of Senegalese descent
Senegalese people of German descent
2.Bundesliga players
VfL Osnabrück players
VfB Lübeck players
Rot Weiss Ahlen players
VfL Osnabrück managers
Hamburger SV managers
Fortuna Düsseldorf managers
2. Bundesliga managers
3. Liga managers

masks:
Daniel Moustapha Thioune
Thioune
Thioune
Thioune
Thioune
Thioune
Thioune
Thioune
Thioune
Thioune


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<mask> (born 16 April 1978) is a Croatian professional football coach and former player who is currently the head coach of Serie A club Hellas Verona. <mask> spent most of his playing career at Juventus, winning several trophies during that time. He was a part of the Croatia national team at UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup, but missed the 2002 World Cup due to injury. <mask> announced his retirement on 22 July 2008 at age 30 after problems with his right ankle reappeared. He spent his final season playing for his youth club, Hajduk Split. As manager, he took charge of Hajduk Split from 2013 to 2015, and spent eight months with PAOK in the 2015–16 season. In Turkey, he managed Karabükspor from 2016 to 2017, and Galatasaray in 2017.From April to June 2018, <mask> managed Serie A side Udinese and in that time, saved the club from relegation to Serie B. In March 2019, he came back to Udinese. After he returned to Hajduk in January 2020, Andrea Pirlo invited <mask> to join his coaching staff at Juventus in August 2020, which offer <mask> accepted. Club career

Early years
<mask> started his professional career at Hajduk Split in 1995 scoring 5 goals in 58 matches, being considered a revelation for his technique and ball control above the average of a defender. Juventus
After three personally successful seasons at Hajduk, he was noticed and acquired by Italian giants Juventus in 1998. During his time with Juventus, he won the Croatian Player of the Year award in 2002. During his eight-year spell with the club, <mask> was in excellent form, despite injuries, and formed impressive defensive partnerships with the likes of Paolo Montero, Mark Iuliano, Gianluca Pessotto, Lilian Thuram, Ciro Ferrara, Alessandro Birindelli, Nicola Legrottaglie, Gianluca Zambrotta, Jonathan Zebina, Giorgio Chiellini and Fabio Cannavaro.During the 2000–01 season under Carlo Ancelotti, <mask> had a prolific year, scoring six goals. The following season, with the return of his former Juventus coach Marcello Lippi, he was occasionally deployed as a midfielder, scoring four crucial goals (one against Torino in the Turin derby, two goals in Juventus' comebacks against Chievo and Hellas Verona and one during the match against title contenders Internazionale) in Juventus's successful Serie A title campaign. The following season, he also scored a notable goal against Deportivo de La Coruña in the last minute of a second round match of the 2002–03 Champions League, allowing the club to progress to the quarter finals of the competition, en route to the final, in which they were defeated by Italian rivals Milan on penalties. During this period, Juventus had one of the strongest teams in the world, and <mask> contributed well, with over 150 total appearances for the club, scoring nearly 20 goals, as a centreback. After a major injury in 2004, however, <mask> was loaned out to Siena in January 2005 after seven seasons with Juve. Following the revocation of Juventus' 2004–05 and 2005–06 Serie A titles due to their involvement in the Calciopoli scandal, as well as the expiration of his loan contract with Siena, <mask> returned to Juventus, staying with the club despite their relegation to Serie B, but injuries kept him off the pitch for the whole season. His contract expired on 30 June 2007.During his time at the club, <mask> won two Serie A titles, two Italian Supercups, a Serie B title and a UEFA Intertoto Cup, also reaching the final of the 2001–02 Coppa Italia and 2002–03 Champions League. Return to Hajduk
Constantly struggling with injuries and mysterious bacterial infection of his ankle, <mask> was almost forced to end his career in 2007, but in June 2007 he decided to join his former club Hajduk Split after not renewing his contract with Juventus. After a highly cautious rehabilitation process his comeback was in the match against Zadar on 20 October 2007. This was his first official match in over 16 months. However, he was unable to reach his previous form and his ankle injury problems continued. On 22 July 2008, at the age of 30, he announced his early retirement due to his recurring ankle injury problems. International career
<mask> played for the Croatia national team between 1997 and 2006.He also won several international caps for the Croatian under-17, under-19 and under-21 national teams between 1993 and 2000. <mask> made his debut in Croatia's final match of the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifying, a 1–1 draw at Ukraine on 15 November 1997, coming on as a substitute for Aljoša Asanović in the 89th minute. He was subsequently part of the Croatian squad that finished third at the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France. At the tournament, he made three appearances as a substitute in the closing stages of Croatia's games against Japan, Romania and the Netherlands. After the 1998 World Cup, he made four appearances in the Croatian national team's unsuccessful qualifying campaign for UEFA Euro 2000, being in the starting line-up on all four occasions. He also appeared in six matches during Croatia's qualifying campaign for the 2002 World Cup, but missed the final tournament in South Korea and Japan due to an injury. He returned to the national team during the qualifying stages for Euro 2004, appearing in seven qualifying matches.At the finals in Portugal, he appeared in two of Croatia's three group matches. In his first appearance at the tournament, a 2–2 draw against France, he scored an own goal to put the French side 1–0 up midway through the first half. His second appearance at the tournament came in Croatia's final group match against England, where he scored Croatia's second goal to keep their hopes alive after they found themselves 3–1 down in the second half. Frank Lampard, however, soon netted England's fourth goal and Croatia were knocked out of the tournament in the group stage. <mask> was also included in Croatia's 23-man squad for the 2006 World Cup finals in Germany, having appeared in eight qualifying matches for the tournament, scoring two goals. He recorded his first goal of the qualifying when he scored Croatia's final goal in their 3–0 win at home to Malta on 30 March 2005. His second goal of the competition came in Croatia's 3–1 win at Bulgaria on 4 June 2005, when he put Croatia 2–0 up just over half an hour from time.At the 2006 World Cup finals, he started all of Croatia's three group matches and played the full 90 minutes in two of them. Croatia, however, were eliminated from the tournament after a 2–2 draw against Australia in their final group match, with <mask> receiving his second yellow card of the tournament for complaining about the penalty kick from which Australia scored a 1–1 equaliser. He made no further appearances for the national team following the tournament. Style of play
<mask> was considered one of Croatia's best defenders in the period between the late 1990s and mid-2000s. <mask> was a large, hard-working, strong and imposing defender who excelled in the air, making him a dangerous goal threat during set pieces. He was also a tight man-marker and a hard tackling defender, with great tactical intelligence. Although primarily a central defender, he was capable of playing anywhere along the back line and even as a defensive midfielder, which was made possible due to his tactical versatility, stamina, and his surprisingly capable technical skills, ball control and distribution for such a large and physical player.Despite his talent, he was also prone to injuries, which is often thought to have affected his playing career. Managerial career

Hajduk Split
<mask> was hired by Hajduk Split in August 2009 to be the assistant manager to Edoardo Reja who then took charge of the Croatian giant. <mask> dramatically increased his managerial knowledge during the seven months he spent watching and learning from Reja. In February 2010, Reja took charge of Lazio and because of that <mask> was fired from Hajduk; he did not join Reja in Italy. In December 2012, <mask> was appointed by Hajduk's sporting director Sergije Krešić as the new Hajduk U-17 manager. After taking charge of the U-17 squad, he went to spend some time at the Juventus Center in order to improve his managerial skills with Antonio Conte. During his time with the U-17 squad, he managed to teach them how to play modern style football using the 3–5–2 formation.They managed to qualify for the U-17 Croatian Cup 2013 final. In April 2013 he was hired as the new Hajduk Split manager. He lost his first away match against RNK Split, but in the 2012–13 Croatian Cup final first leg he defeated Lokomotiva 2–1 on Poljud. He achieved his first league victory against Osijek on 17 May 2013. He won the 2012–13 Croatian Cup after a 5–4 aggregate win against Lokomotiva in the final. On 4 February 2015, <mask> resigned from Hajduk Split after managing the club for more than year and nine months. PAOK
On 18 June 2015, <mask> was hired as the new manager of PAOK, signing a three-year contract.He lost 2–1 to Lokomotiva in his debut with PAOK for the second qualifying round of UEFA Europa League. He was dismissed on 9 March 2016 because of "unsuccessful results and disparaging comments about the quality of the team". Karabükspor
On 18 June 2016, <mask> was hired as the new manager of Karabükspor, signing a one-year contract. After making fantastic results with Karabükspor, <mask> left the club in February 2017 to become the new manager of Galatasaray. Galatasaray
On 15 February 2017, <mask> was hired as the new manager of Turkish side Galatasaray, signing a one and a half-year contract with the club. On 18 December, he was sacked by the club. Udinese
On 24 April 2018, <mask> became the new manager of Italian team Udinese.His first win with Udinese came on 13 May 2018, in a 1–0 win over Verona. After saving Udinese from relegation to Serie B, on 7 June 2018, <mask> left the club after not making a new deal with the club's management. Return to Udinese
On 20 March 2019, he became for a second time, the manager of Italian team Udinese. His first win as Udinese's manager came on 30 March 2019, a 2–0 home win against Genoa. Following a string of poor results, on 1 November 2019, <mask> was relieved of his managerial duties. Return to Hajduk Split
On 23 December 2019, Hajduk announced that <mask> has been selected as new manager. On 2 January 2020, he officially took his role.On 2 February, <mask> led his first match with Hajduk after three and a half years, that The Whites won 3–0 against Varaždin. Juventus
On 23 August 2020, <mask> resigned from Hajduk Split, accepting Andrea Pirlo's offer to be his assistant at Serie A side Juventus. He and Pirlo were sacked at the end of the season following Inter Milan's reclaiming of the Serie A title. Verona

On 14 September 2021, <mask> was appointed at the helm of Serie A club Verona in place of Eusebio Di Francesco. Career statistics
Source:

1 Including 1 match in 1998 Supercoppa Italiana and 2 matches in season 1998–99 UEFA Cup qualification. International

Managerial

Honours

Player
Juventus
Serie A: 2001–02, 2002–03
Supercoppa Italiana: 2002, 2003
Serie B: 2006–07
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1999
Coppa Italia runner-up: 2001–02, 2003–04
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2002–03

Croatia
FIFA World Cup third place: 1998

Individual
Croatian Footballer of the Year: 2001

Manager
Hajduk Split
Croatian Cup: 2012–13

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Croatian footballers
Croatia youth international footballers
Croatia under-21 international footballers
Croatia international footballers
HNK Hajduk Split players
HNK Trogir players
Juventus F.C. players
A.C.N.Siena 1904 players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Croatian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
1998 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Sportspeople from Split, Croatia
Croatian First Football League players
Croatian football managers
HNK Hajduk Split managers
PAOK FC managers
Galatasaray S.K. (football) managers
Expatriate football managers in Greece
Croatian expatriate football managers
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Association football midfielders
Association football defenders
Kardemir Karabükspor managers
Süper Lig managers
Expatriate football managers in Turkey
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Udinese Calcio managers
Hellas Verona F.C. managers
Association football coaches
Juventus F.C. non-playing staff

masks:
Igor Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor


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<mask> (born June 12, 1985) is an American actor, voice actor, and filmmaker. He began his career with small roles in films such as Superbad (2007) and Charlie St. Cloud (2010). Following a starring role in the ninth season of the comedy series Scrubs, <mask> had his film breakthrough as a supporting role in the buddy comedy film 21 Jump Street (2012). <mask> has also starred in Fright Night (2011), Now You See Me (2013) and its sequel Now You See Me 2 (2016), Neighbors (2014), Nerve (2016), and The Disaster Artist (2017). In 2020, he made his directorial debut with The Rental, which starred his wife Alison Brie. Early life
<mask> was born in Palo Alto, California, to Betsy Lou (née Verne), a poet, children's book author, and editor, and <mask> (1948–2011), who ran a nonprofit agency and a business; the two met as students at Stanford University.<mask>'s father was of Portuguese (from Madeira) and Swedish descent. <mask>'s mother is Jewish (of Russian Jewish descent); her parents had changed the surname from "Verovitz" to "Verne". <mask> has stated that he is "proud" to be Jewish. <mask>'s paternal grandmother, Marjorie (Peterson) <mask>, is a published author of young adult books. <mask>'s maternal grandmother, Mitzie (Levine) Verne, owned the Verne Art Gallery, a prominent art gallery in Cleveland, and was an active member in the National Council of Jewish Women. <mask> grew up in California with his two older brothers, James and Tom. He studied at the University of Southern California, and originally envisioned himself as a high school teacher teaching creative writing, until his brother <mask>'s manager guided him to a theater class when he was a sophomore, where he started learning acting skills.Career
In 2006, <mask> made his acting debut on The CW drama television series 7th Heaven. He appeared in television shows such as Do Not Disturb and Young Justice. <mask> has also had noticeable roles in films such as Superbad, Charlie St. Cloud, 21 Jump Street, Warm Bodies, The Shortcut and Now You See Me. In May 2008, he was cast in The CW teen drama television series Privileged. The series centered on a live-in tutor for two spoiled heiresses in Palm Beach. <mask> was cast in an initial major recurring role.The series premiered on September 9, 2008, to 3.1 million viewers. Ratings continued to slip each week, with the series sixth episode reaching 1.837 million viewers. The CW did not renew the series for a second season due to low ratings. In August 2009, Variety announced <mask> was cast in a regular role for the ninth season of the ABC sitcom series Scrubs. <mask> portrayed the role of medical student Cole Aaronson, whose family paid a large sum of money to Sacred Heart Hospital so that he would receive an internship. <mask> went on to appear in all thirteen episodes of the ninth season and received praise from critics for his performance; however, the ninth was the final season of the series. MTV Networks' NextMovie.com named him one of its "Breakout Stars to Watch For" in 2011.In August 2011, <mask> starred in the 3D horror comedy film Fright Night alongside Colin Farrell and Toni Collette. The film is a remake of the 1985 film of the same name and follows a teenage boy who finds out his neighbor is a vampire. <mask> played the role of popular high school student Mark. The film received positive reviews from critics and went on to make over $41 million worldwide. In April 2012, Shalom Life ranked him and his brother James at number 2 on its list of "the 50 most talented, intelligent, funny, and gorgeous Jewish men in the world". In March 2012, <mask> starred in the Columbia Pictures action comedy film 21 Jump Street as Eric, a high school student and the lead drug dealer. The film was based on the 1987 television series of the same name.In 2013, he co-starred in the zombie romance film Warm Bodies, as Perry Kelvin. The film, an adaptation of the best-selling novel Warm Bodies, followed a romance between a zombie and a human during a zombie apocalypse. The same year, <mask> appeared in the ensemble crime thriller film Now You See Me. To promote the film, he was interviewed on the Bob Rivers Show, based in Seattle. Rivers persuaded <mask> to show the card-throwing abilities he had learned and <mask> expertly sliced half a banana into a further half with his hotel card. <mask>'s 2014 roles included the Seth Rogen comedy Neighbors and a cameo appearance in 22 Jump Street. In 2015, he co-starred with Vince Vaughn and Tom Wilkinson in the comedy Unfinished Business.In 2016, he reprised his roles in the sequels Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising, as Pete, and Now You See Me 2, as Jack Wilder. In 2017, <mask> appeared in the well-received comedy The Little Hours, and the acclaimed biographical comedy-drama, The Disaster Artist, which was directed by his brother, James. In the latter film, he portrays Greg Sestero, a young actor who befriends the eccentric Tommy Wiseau, and ultimately stars in Wiseau's film, The Room. In 2018, <mask> starred in the addiction drama 6 Balloons opposite Abbi Jacobson, for Netflix. <mask> then had a small role in If Beale Street Could Talk, directed by Barry Jenkins. In 2019, <mask> starred in Zeroville, directed by his brother, James, which was originally shot in 2014, portraying the role of actor Montgomery Clift. He next starred in the action-thriller 6 Underground, directed by Michael Bay.In 2020, <mask> made his directorial debut on the horror-thriller The Rental, from a screenplay he wrote alongside Joe Swanberg, which stars Alison Brie, Dan Stevens, Jeremy Allen White, and Sheila Vand. It was released on July 24, 2020. Personal life
<mask> started dating actress Alison Brie in 2012. In August 2015, the couple became engaged. On March 13, 2017, representatives for the couple confirmed that they had married in a private ceremony. In an interview with Larry King in 2017, Brie revealed she did not want to have children. Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Web

Advertising

References

External links

1985 births
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of Portuguese descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American people of Swedish descent
Jewish American male actors
Living people
Male actors from Palo Alto, California
People of Madeiran descent
University of Southern California alumni
American male screenwriters
Jewish American writers
Film directors from California
Screenwriters from California
21st-century American Jews

masks:
David John Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Douglas Eugene Franco
Franco
Franco
Dave
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
James Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco


texts:
<mask> (born 15 September 1978) is a Scottish singer, songwriter, musician and music producer of contemporary pop music. He began his career performing on stage and television, singing lead roles in stage musicals in Glasgow. In 2002, he won the first series of BBC One music competition Fame Academy. He released his first single "Stop Living the Lie" in 2003 which was a UK number one hit single selling over 250,000 copies, making it Britain's twelfth-highest selling single of 2003. <mask>'s debut album Seven Years – Ten Weeks was released in April 2003 and reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart. He achieved three more UK Singles Chart singles – "Don't Let Go", "Best of Order", and "Baby Get Higher". His song "Baby Get Higher" was a hit on the dance floor for Almighty Records and a chart hit for VanVelzen in 2006, and also for Emin Agalarov.In October 2003, he moved to working primarily as a songwriter. In 2009 Sneddon signed to Sony/ATV Music Publishing as a songwriter and described his music as "melody-driven indie pop". Sneddon's songs include Nate James ("The Message"). VanVelzen ("Baby Get Higher") Hurts ("Illuminated", "Blood, Tears & Gold, and "Silver Lining"), Matt Cardle ("Slowly", "Letters"), Lana Del Rey
("National Anthem"), Newton Faulkner ("Pick Up Your Broken Heart", "Soon"), Charlie Brown ("Dependency"), Greyson Chance ("Sunshine City Lights"), <mask> ("Don't Run Away"), Shane Filan ("Everytime",  "Today's Not Yesterday") and Jessica Mauboy ("This Ain't Love"). Sneddon works with James Bauer-Mein as The Nexus, a songwriting and music production partnership. They have written for – synthpop duo Hurts 2010 global multi platinum debut album Happiness – the songs "Illuminated" and "Blood, Tears & Gold" which were singles for Hurts in 2011. For 2010 The X Factor (UK) winner Matt Cardle's album Letters and "Keep the Sun Away" for Morten Harket's album Out of My Hands 2012.The song "National Anthem" was written by Lana Del Rey and The Nexus for her number one selling UK Albums Chart 2012 album Born to Die. Newton Faulkner's Write It on Your Skin contained three Nexus songs – "Pick Up Your Broken Heart", "Soon" and "Feel" – made No.1 in 2012 UK Albums Chart. In April 2013 The Nexus became part of 365 Artists. They have built strong reputations as songwriters and they have worked and released with artists such as Hurts, Lana Del Rey, Newton Faulkner, Morten Harket, Will Young, Nicole Scherzinger, Olly Murs, Pixie Lott and Kristina Train. Shane Filan, formerly lead singer with Westlife released EP "Everything to Me" August 2013 which included, "Everytime" and "Today's Not Yesterday", produced by The Nexus. Origins
<mask> was born and grew up in Paisley, Scotland, with mother Anne, father <mask>. and younger sister Pauline. He studied music at school, won several talent competitions and played lead roles in musicals both at school and at PACE Youth Theatre.When his parents bought him a piano he discovered he had a talent for writing songs and taught himself to play. Sneddon was inspired by his father's record collection of The Beatles, Frank Sinatra, Van Morrison and in particular by Elton John –  "The person who has inspired me the most is Elton John. I love the Beatles, but as I was growing up, I always wanted to play the piano like him. I've never had any lessons, so he has been my only teacher.".........?" He also drew inspirations for his music from Scottish eighties artists such as Del Amitri, Deacon Blue and Simple Minds. Sneddon enjoyed performing in musicals from a young age. At Primary school a teacher suggested a Youth drama group called PACE and it proved one of the best experiences.He attended PACE for twelve years from the age of eight. After attending The University of Paisley for a year Sneddon decided to pursue a career in music. He performed in musicals and sang with bands in Scotland for several years, while he continued working on his songwriting and sending off demos. He was offered a role in a musical in London, and a part in a young boyband called Arena. He presented Inside Out, a children's show on Scottish TV. While acting in Romeo and Juliet he met John Kielty (<mask> was Romeo and John played Juliet's father). After performing some acoustic nights together at the Tron theatre in Glasgow in 2001, they decided to start a band and called themselves The Martians.The Martians busked and did shows during the Edinburgh Festival. <mask> was performing with The Martians in 2002 when he decided to enter the BBC's first series of Fame Academy. After <mask> won the show he brought Kielty down to London to co-write his debut album and go on tour with him. Sneddon also played in the indie-rock band The Sham with John Kielty in 2004 and 2005. Since then The Martians won the Highland Quest for a new musical in 2006 – The Sundowe was produced by Cameron Mackintosh and toured the Scottish Highlands in early 2007. Music career

Fame Academy
Sneddon became known when he won the BBC's first series of a reality TV music competition called Fame Academy in December 2002. He was not selected for the first show, but was drafted in as a replacement when one contestant withdrew from the TV show due to illness.<mask>, with his high tenor voice and easy going, personable charm, went on to become a favourite with both the audience and his fellow contestants. He won the final of the show winning the voters attention for his memorable versions of "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" by Elton John, "I Don't Want to Talk About It" by Danny Whitten, and his own composition "Stop Living the Lie" and won the public vote with 3.5m votes. <mask> signed a record contract with Mercury Records and was given a luxury penthouse, Audi car and more as part of his prize. He shot his music video for his first single at Abbey Road Studios. His first single "Stop Living the Lie", was no. 1 in the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in January 2003, and in the UK Top 40 for a full nine weeks. <mask> is the only artist from a reality TV show to have a number one hit single with his own composition.He had three other UK Singles Chart hits with his compositions – "Don't Let Go" No. 3, "Best of Order" No. 19 and "Baby Get Higher" No. 38. "Baby Get Higher" has since been a hit on the dance floor for Almighty Records and a singles chart hit for Dutch singer VanVelzen. Seven Years - Ten Weeks Sneddon's album, was released in April 2003, four months after he won the show, and entered the UK Albums Chart at No. 5.The album contains all original compositions written by <mask>, two co-writes with Scott MacAlister and four songs co-written with Martians' member Kielty. Sneddon wrote songs about his seven years after leaving university when he performed with bands, and on stage in Scotland – and about his ten weeks singing live on the BBC television series. It contains his three chart singles "Stop Living the Lie", "Don't Let Go" and "Best of Order". The album was produced by Hugh Padgham, and was recorded with Elton John's band. There was a Scottish album launch for the release on 27 April, when Sneddon performed seven gigs in ten hours all over Scotland. Sneddon was given three months to write, rehearse and record original material for his debut album. After the show he toured with a band that included James Bauer-Mein.<mask> has continued working with Mein as a songwriting and music production partnership in London since 2003. Throughout 2003, <mask> and his band played a university tour, the Box Live and Summer XS tours, and headlined at the 'Pop on the Rock' music festival in the Channel Islands. Highlights of the year were supporting Bryan Adams in Bristol and his musical hero, Elton John, in Hull. Sneddon also performed on TV many times, including the BBC's chart music program Top of the Pops. <mask> was also a guest presenter on The Saturday Show (BBC TV series) and the BBC Scotland Children in Need Appeal, and he took part in Avid Merrion's comedy show 'Bo Selecta' on Channel 4 In 2003 Sneddon and the show drew negative press from the UK tabloid media such as The Sun. Sneddon then took the step of moving from being a popstar to working as a songwriter for other singers. He signed an exclusive publishing deal as a songwriter with Universal Music Group in October 2003.Sneddon's main focus has always been his songwriting. He said "I've loved all the music side of it, it's everything I hoped it would be – the recording, the studio, writing, but the other stuff..........?" Acoustic songs
In 2004, Sneddon was songwriting in London when he formed a rock band called The Sham with John Kielty. They played gigs in London, Scotland and the North of England and headlined at the Hogmanay Celebrations in Aberdeen. The Sham included Jay Mein (bass), Ed Carlile (drums), Si Jones (guitar), Jake Gosling

masks:
David Sneddon
Sneddon
David Archuleta
David Sneddon
David Sr
Sneddon
Sneddon
David
Sneddon
Sneddon
Sneddon
Sneddon
David
Sneddon
David


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 (keyboards) and John Kielty (guitar). In 2006, Sneddon started writing and recording for a new solo album. In July he showcased his songs in a series of acoustic gigs with Kielty on guitar in London, Essex and Scotland.In an interview for FPR Radio in October 2006, he said "It's not what people are expecting, I'm trying something a bit different. The feedback, from people who know me from the show, on the new songs has been incredible." From July 2006 to October 2007, he performed occasional gigs mostly in London – at the Bedford, the Regal Room, The Cobden and the Troubadour venues. When Kielty moved to America in late 2006, Sneddon brought in <mask> as his backing guitarist. He also presented a radio sports show "Keep Off the Grass" on BBC Radio Scotland in June 2007. Sneddon performed a few gigs in Scotland over this time at the Oran Mor, Dunstaffstage, the Jazz Bar and the Kilsyth festival. Sneddon released a five-track acoustic EP, White Noise, in January 2007, his first recorded work for several years.It was recorded in 'one live acoustic take' and included the songs "White Noise", "Time", "Lady Lullaby", "One Old Soul" and "Wish You Well". He played gigs and festivals (with Mullins) across England and Scotland in 2007. In August 2007, he performed three sold-out gigs at the Jazz Bar Edinburgh Festival to good reviews. <mask>'s songs Insomnia, Anticipation, One Old Soul and Scars proved popular with his fans. Sneddon's 2007 EP sold well and re-entered the top of the Indiestore chart in 2008 where it has stayed into 2010. In 2008, Sneddon played several gigs in London, while he continued with his songwriting work alongside guitarist James Bauer Mein. He describes his music as 'melody driven pop'.Songwriting
In October 2003, <mask>'s song "Baby Get Higher" had reached No.39 in the UK Singles Chart, and the song achieved further chart successes in November 2003 when the dance label Almighty Records produced an exclusive promo remix which was a dance hit. The label then recorded a version featuring Belle Lawrence, which was included on several dance compilation albums. In November 2006, the song was also a singles chart hit for Dutch singer VanVelzen. In 2012, the singer Emin Agalarov from Azerbaijan also released "Baby Get Higher" as his first UK single from his After The Thunder album. and the song has received BBC Radio 2 A List airplay. In 2005, <mask> wrote the international hit "The Message" for UK soul singer Nate James, which was released as a single in the UK, and was on James's debut album, Set The Tone. It charted in Italy and Japan in 2006.In 2009, Sneddon signed a new deal with music publisher Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Sneddon stated in the Paisley Daily Express, "This deal has been in the pipeline for a year and we wanted to wait for the right deal. I don't think there has been another reality TV winner who took a back step to this side of the industry but I like being able to get on with my work. We had to prove ourselves...and so that's why we did a lot of development work." In 2008, Sneddon focused on his songwriting career while he also performed a few occasional gigs in London over this time. He signed in 2009 with new management Three Six Zero Group, which is now part of Roc Nation with offices in London, New York and Los Angeles, and to Sony/ATV Music Publishing in July 2009 as a songwriter. The Nexus
In 2003, Sneddon worked with producer and guitarist James Bauer-Mein when touring and recording his debut album.Since then, <mask> and Mein have formed a partnership, working together in a London recording studio discovering, producing and writing with new talent in both the US and the UK. Sneddon and Mein have built up strong reputations as songwriters, having written music chart songs for other artists such as Hurts, Morten Harket of A-ha, X Factor winner Matt Cardle, Newton Faulkner and number one selling American singer Lana Del Rey. In 2009 they decided to call themselves "The Nexus". Sneddon and Mein have co-written the songs "Letters" and "Slowly" (co-written with Cardle and Eg White) for Matt Cardle's debut album, Letters, which was released in October 2011, and charted at No. 2 on the UK Albums Chart. In 2012, The Nexus were listed as the writers for the song "Keep the Sun Away" for Morten Harket, best known as the singer of the Norwegian synthpop/rock band A-ha, on his solo album Out of My Hands released April 2012. It was revealed in January 2012 that Sneddon, as half of The Nexus, had co-written the song "National Anthem" for Lana Del Rey's debut album Born to Die released in January 2012 and which made No.1 in the UK Albums Chart.They also co-wrote the song "Driving in Cars With Boys" with Del Rey. "National Anthem" was confirmed in May 2012 as Del Rey's fifth single from her album and was released on 9 July 2012. The music video for the song premiered 27 June 2012 and depicted Del Rey as Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and A$AP Rocky as John F. Kennedy. Del Rey said the video was "definitely the most beautiful thing" she had done and the video has received 19 million views on YouTube as of February 2013. Del Rey won International Female Solo Artist at the 2013 BRIT Awards. "National Anthem" also appeared on Del Rey's international multi platinum hit album Paradise which has had record sales of over four million and made No.1 in eleven countries. Newton Faulkner's third studio album Write It on Your Skin, which contained two Nexus songs – "Pick Up Your Broken Heart", "Soon" and "Feel" – was released in July 2012 and reached No.1 UK Albums Chart.As well as developing their own artists in 2012, Sneddon and Mein worked with Greyson Chance, Eliza Doolittle, and Dionne Bromfield. He is one of the more successful graduates from a reality TV show and has built a long career in the music business. Sneddon's songs – Nate James ("The Message"). VanVelzen ("Baby Get Higher") Hurts ("Illuminated", "Blood, Tears & Gold, and "Silver Lining"), Matt Cardle ("Slowly", "Letters"), Lana Del Rey
("National Anthem"), Newton Faulkner ("Pick Up Your Broken Heart", "Soon", "Feel"), Charlie Brown ("Dependency"), Greyson Chance ("Sunshine City Lights"), <mask> ("Don't Run Away"), Shane Filan ("Everytime",  "Today's Not Yesterday"). 2013 Nexus Song Releases – Charlie Brown's single "Dependency" released December 2012 was produced by Mushtaq and co-written with <mask>neddon (Lana Del Rey, Hurts) with a mix by the mighty Sticky. The track features street star Yungen and vocalist Ms D known for her part on Wiley's recent No.1, Heatwave. Brown's album "Dreamstate" is due for release in 2013.American pop singer Greyson Chance's single "Sunshine and City Lights" (on his "Truth Be Told Part 1" EP), was co-written with The Nexus during a late session. American Idol runner-up finalist <mask>'s single release "Don't Run Away" was produced by The Nexus and serviced to the AC Radio format. Archuleta is due to release his studio album "No Matter How Far" in 2013. In April 2013, The Nexus joined the roster of music producers and writers at 365 Artists. The Nexus have worked and released with artists such as Hurts, Lana Del Rey, Newton Faulkner, Morten Harket, Will Young, Nicole Scherzinger, Olly Murs, Pixie Lott and Kristina Train. Shane Filan, formerly lead singer with Westlife released his first solo EP "Everything to Me" in August 2013 which included two songs co-written and produced with <mask> and James Bauer-Mein (The Nexus) – "Everytime" and "Today's Not Yesterday." Filan released his solo album, You and Me in November 2013, which contained the two Nexus songs and he is doing a UK tour in 2014.Sneddon co-wrote Lewis Capaldi's song "Lost on You", which was the second single from his debut EP, Bloom. Personal life
In 2011, Sneddon became engaged to his longtime girlfriend, who works in television, and they married on 25 May 2013 in London. Sneddon supports Rangers F.C. Awards
Winner BBC Fame Academy 2002
Awards – Nordoff Robbins Award for Contribution to music 2003
Radio Forth (Forth One) Best Newcomer award 2003

Discography

Albums

Singles
"Stop Living the Lie" (2003) No. 1 UK
"Don't Let Go" (2003) No. 3 UK
"Best of Order" (2003) No. 19 UK
"Baby Get Higher" (2003) No.38 UK

EPs
White Noise (released through Indiestore, January 2007)
"White Noise" (2007)
"Time" (2007)
"Lady Lullaby" (2007)
"One Old Soul" (2007)
"Wish You Well" (2007)

References

External links
 <mask>don MySpace – <mask> blog, photos, gigs, news
 The Nexus 365 Artists – The Nexus 365 Artists
 <mask> YouTube – <mask> YouTube
 Edinburgh Guide review

1978 births
Living people
Participants in British reality television series
Musicians from Paisley, Renfrewshire
Star Academy winners
21st-century Scottish male singers
Scottish pop singers
Mercury Records artists
Scottish male

masks:
David Mullins
David
Sneddon
Sneddon
Sneddon
David Archuleta
David S
David Archuleta
David Sneddon
David Sned
David Sneddon
David Sneddon
David Sneddon


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<mask> (; born 13 March 1952) is a French physician and microbiologist specialising in infectious diseases. He taught about infectious diseases at the Faculty of Medicine of Aix-Marseille University (AMU), and in 1984, created the Rickettsia Unit of the university. Since 2008, Raoult has been the director of the Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes. He gained significant worldwide attention during the COVID-19 pandemic for vocally promoting hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for the disease, despite the lack of good evidence for its effectiveness and the consequent NIH and WHO's opposition to its use for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. Personal life
Raoult was born on 13 March 1952 in Dakar, French West Africa (present-day Senegal). Raoult's father, who came from Brittany, was serving there as a military doctor; his mother, originally from Marseille, was a nurse. His family returned to France in 1961, and settled in Marseille.For a time, he was schooled in Nice, then he attended a boarding school in Briançon. Not being a good student, Raoult repeated a year at high school, then dropped out in the second year to join the French merchant marine, on a boat called Renaissance, and spent the next two years at sea. In 1972, he sat his baccalauréat in literature as an independent candidate, and was accepted by the medical faculty in Marseille. Believing in a family tradition in medicine, <mask> senior refused to pay for his studies in any other subject. Raoult had wanted to become an obstetrician after qualifying, but his grade in his internship examination was too low for that choice. He specialised instead in infectious diseases, in the footsteps of his great-grandfather Paul Legendre (1854–1936). In 1982, Raoult married psychiatrist and novelist Natacha Caïn (born 1960).They have two children together. Raoult also has a daughter from a previous marriage, angiologist Magali Carcopino-Tusoli. Career
Since 2008, Raoult has been the director of the Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, (URMITE; in English, Infectious and Tropical Emergent Diseases Research Unit), which employs more than 200 people. He is slated to leave this post before September 1st 2022, after being allowed to stay on for at most one year after retiring from his professor position on August 31, 2021. <mask> <mask> initiated the construction of a new building to host the Institut hospitalo-universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection. The IHU Mediterranée Infection, which opened in early 2017, is dedicated to the management and study of infectious diseases and combines diagnostic, care, research and teaching activities in one location. Raoult was awarded the Grand prix de l'Inserm in 2010  and shared the €450,000 prize of the Grand Prix scientifique de la Fondation Louis D. of the Institut de France in 2015 with biologist Chris Bowler from the Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris.The bacteria genus <mask>la was named in his honor. Citations
Raoult has more than 2,300 indexed publications. As of 2008, he was "classified among the ten leading French researchers by the journal Nature, for the number of his publications (more than two thousand) and for his citation number". According to ISI Web of Knowledge, he was the most cited microbiologist in Europe in 2014, and the seventh worldwide. According to the Thomson Reuters source "Highly Cited Researchers List", Raoult is among the most influential researchers in his field and his publications are among the 1% most consulted in academic journals. He is one of the 99 most cited microbiologists in the world and one of the 73 most highly cited French scientists. He is a world reference for Q fever and Whipple's disease.As of January 2022, he had over 194,000 citations and an h-index of 197. He is also on the list of the 400 most cited authors in the biomedical world. Raoult's extremely high publication rate results from his "attaching his name to nearly every paper that comes out of his institute", a practice that has been called "grossly unethical" by Steven Salzberg. Since 2013 he has been one of the overseas scientists co-affiliated with the King Abdulaziz University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, known to "offer highly cited researchers lucrative adjunct professorships, with minimal requirements for them to be physically present, in return for being listed by them as a secondary affiliation", and so increase its own institutional citation index. 230 of the 1,836 articles published by Raoult between 1995 and 2020 (amounting to over 120 a year, or approximately one article every three days) were published in two journals edited by Michel Drancourt, who is his right-hand man at the IHU and has been his close collaborator for over 35 years. Members of his staff have editorial functions at almost half of the journals that have published his work. The funding of French health institutes according to their number of publications has been suggested to be at the root of his large number of publications.Controversies

American Society for Microbiology publishing ban
In 2006, Raoult and four co-authors were banned for one year from publishing in the journals of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), after a reviewer for Infection and Immunity discovered that four figures from the revised manuscript of a paper about a mouse model for typhus were identical to figures from the originally submitted manuscript, even though they were supposed to represent a different experiment. In response, Raoult "resigned from the editorial board of two other ASM journals, canceled his membership in the American Academy of Microbiology, ASM's honorific leadership group, and banned his lab from submitting to ASM journals". In response to Science covering the story in 2012, he stated that, "I did not manage the paper and did not even check the last version". The paper was subsequently published in a different journal. COVID-19

On 17 March 2020, Raoult announced in an online video that a trial involving 24 patients from southeast France supported the claim that hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin were effective in treating for COVID-19. On 20 March, he published a preliminary report of his study online in the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. The French Health Minister, Olivier Véran, was reported as announcing that "new tests will now go ahead in order to evaluate the results by Professor Raoult, in an attempt to independently replicate the trials and ensure the findings are scientifically robust enough, before any possible decision might be made to roll any treatment out to the wider public".Véran refused to endorse the study conducted by Raoult and the possible health ramifications,  on the basis of a single study conducted on 24 people. The French media also reported that the French pharmaceutical company Sanofi had offered French authorities millions of doses of the drug for use against COVID-19. On 3 April, the International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, which publishes the journal, issued a statement that the report on the non-blind, non-randomized study "does not meet the Society's expected standard, especially relating to the lack of better explanations of the inclusion criteria and the triage of patients to ensure patient safety." <mask> was one of 11 prominent scientists named on 11 March to a committee to advise on scientific matters pertaining to the epidemic in France. He did not attend any of the meetings and resigned from the committee on 24 March saying that he refused to participate. He denounced the "absence of anything scientifically sound", and criticised its members for "not having a clue". He defended chloroquine as a benchmark drug for lung diseases, saying that it had suddenly been declared dangerous after having been safely used for 80 years.Following reports and a complaint filed in July by the French-speaking Society of Infectious Pathology (Spilf), the departmental council of the French Order of Physicians opened a formal case against <mask> <mask>. Accusations of falsified images, and legal threats
On May 5, 2021, Elisabeth Bik (who specializes in identifying manipulated images in scientific papers) raised concerns about dozens of Raoult's papers—including ethical, procedural, and methodological problems in a March 2020 paper reporting success in a small hydroxychloroquine trial. Raoult's lawyer subsequently announced that Raoult was accusing and suing the scientific integrity consultant of harassment and blackmail. The French non-profit association Citizen4Science, formed by scientists and citizens, published a press release and a petition that day, denouncing the harassment of scientists and defenders of science integrity, specifically defending Bik and calling on French authorities to intervene and for journalists to look into the matter. Several French newspapers immediately reported Citizen4Science's initiative. The petition was signed by thousands of scientists and others throughout the world. By May 22, 2021 Raoult had begun legal proceedings against Bik.There followed various articles in international mainstream media supporting Bik, and an article in Science updated on June 4, 2021 in issue 6546, reporting over 3,000 signatures for the Citizen4Science petition. On May 18, 2021, Lonni Besançon, a French postdoctoral research fellow at Monash University, wrote an open letter supporting Elisabeth Bik. The letter  was co-signed by more than 2200 scientists and 30 scholarly societies. On June 1, 2021, CNRS published a press release denouncing the "judiciarization of controversy and scientific debates", condemning Raoult's legal proceedings against Elisabeth Bik. On June 10, 2021 French Senator Bernard Jomier carried the Citizen4Science press release and petition to the French Senate through a written question to  French Minister of Health Olivier Véran, requiring action to protect bearers of science integrity. Tuberculosis
In October 2021, the Mediapart online investigative journal brought to light an illegal clinical trial by Raoult and IHU of a treatment against tuberculosis, which they had been conducting since 2017. They started the trial without seeking the mandatory approval of the French clinical trial regulator, and continued it despite its strenuous objections to its protocol when they eventually sought permission.Many of their patients were minors, homeless, or illegal residents, and therefore could not legally consent to the trial. Several suffered severe side effects such as kidney failure from the known toxicity of one of the four antibiotics combined in the trial, and at least one patient contaminated several family members because the treatment was simultaneously ineffective and poorly monitored by IHU.

masks:
Didier Raoult
Raoult
Didier
Raoult
Raoultel
Raoult
Didier
Raoult


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<mask> is an Indian civic activist and the winner of Miss World 1999. She is the fourth Indian woman to win Miss World and was previously crowned as Femina Miss India World in 1999. She is a former model and actress, and has worked in Hindi films. Early life
<mask> was born in Bangalore in a Sindhi family and was raised in Dubai until <mask> was seven years of age. Her family moved back to Mumbai in June 1986. Her mother Aroona used to run a grooming saloon in Santa Cruz, Mumbai and her father, <mask> was a former Managing Director of a clothing company. After school, she studied zoology at the V. G. Vaze College in Mumbai.She has a diploma in computer sciences from Aptech and has studied Hindustani classical music for three years. Pageantry

Femina Miss India
In 1999, <mask> entered herself into the Femina Miss India contest, where she was shortlisted as a contestant. In the semifinal round during the grand finale, she was asked a question from the judge Viv Richards - “How do you define a true sports person?”, to which she answered:

<mask> proceeded to the succeeding round, where all her fellow Top 5 delegates were asked the same question - “In the context of the recent controversy, if you were Chelsea Clinton, what is the single most important advice, you as a daughter would you give to your parents Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton, and why?”, to which she stated:

At the end of the event, she was crowned as Miss India World 1999 by the outgoing titleholder Annie Thomas, giving her the right to represent India at the Miss World 1999 contest. Miss World
The 49th edition of the Miss World pageant was held on 4 December 1999 at Olympia, London and 93 delegates from around the world competed for the title. During the pageant's question and answer round, she was asked if she could be anyone in the world who would she want to be. <mask> replied - “It would have to be Audrey Hepburn. It was her inner beauty, compassion and her aura.The calm that she had inside her reflected.”

At the end of the event, <mask> was crowned as Miss World 1999 by her predecessor Linor Abargil from Israel. The first runner-up title was won by Martina Thorogood from Venezuela, followed by the second runner-up, Sonia Raciti of South Africa. <mask> also won the Asia & Oceania's Queen of Beauty Award during the Miss World contest. <mask> became the fourth woman from India to win Miss World after Reita Faria in 1966, Aishwarya Rai in 1994 and Diana Hayden in 1997. Social works
After <mask>'s tenure as Miss World, she involved herself in various social and charitable causes. She has worked for the people affected by HIV/AIDS, breast cancer and thalassemia. <mask> has pledged to donate her organs.In connection with this, she stated, “This step will benefit someone, once I leave this world”. She also works as an educationist and provides motivational counseling in various platforms. She partnered with an NGO to guide young girls from the slums, nudging them towards self-contemplation, understanding their needs and help them to become aware of their bodies, through counseling. She has voiced against illegal child labour carried out in India's firecracker industries, which is an offense under the Indian law. She has also aided the people with hearing impairment, from marginalized and low-income segment of the society. She expressed - “I have spent my time learning the Indian sign language because I feel that hearing impaired people have so much latent creativity and are hampered only by their inability to communicate. I would like to help them by drawing attention to this issue.”

<mask> is an environmental activist, and has participated in various clean drives and social movements to prevent deforestation.In 2018, she joined a campaign to prevent illegal tree cutting talking place at the Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, to pave way for road and metro constructions. During the movement, she stated - “I don't see any reason behind constructing road and metro from the sanctuary. The metro can be constructed underground and the road can be made elsewhere. Humans are not capable of making of what ‘Mother Earth’ can do. So we are just asking to stop the works and also stop cutting the trees.” She also consigned a letter to the Pune Municipal Corporation's Heritage Cell, to include the bird sanctuary in the list of national heritage sites. She supports the Swachh Kalyani Nagar initiative in Pune, and had campaigned the households to process their waste effectively through segregation and recycling, ensuring minimum to zero garbage generation from individual societies. Personal life
On 7 September 2008, <mask> got engaged to Prince Tuli, a New York-based businessman and financial consultant at a ceremony held at the Grand Maratha in Mumbai.The marriage was held on 2 November 2008 in a traditional Sikh ceremony at a Nagpur Gurudwara followed by a reception. They have one son together. In July 2013, <mask> accused her husband and in-laws of subjecting her to domestic violence and harassment, and a FIR was registered under Sections 498A (cruelty) and 406 (criminal breach of trust) of the Indian Penal Code. She also accused Tuli under IPC section 377 (unnatural sex). In June 2014, the couple obtained a consensual divorce. Career
<mask> entered the film industry in 2001 through the Tamil movie Poovellam Un Vasam, where she appeared in a song titled "Yukta Mookhey". She made her Hindi film debut with Pyaasa in 2002 starring with Aftab Shivdasani.The film proved to be a flop at the box office. <mask> was cast in Market but had to drop out due to an injury. In 2003, she signed Kab Kyon Kahan and Hum Teeno, but both films where later shelved. She was later signed up in the 2004 release Insaaf: The Justice, but had to drop the project. In 2005, she acted in two films Memsahab and Love in Japan and in 2006, she appeared in the music video Kathputali.</ref>

Filmography

Films

Television

References

External links

1970s births
21st-century Indian actresses
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses from Bangalore
Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Beauty pageant contestants from India
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra
Female models from Bangalore
Femina Miss India winners
Indian beauty pageant winners
Living people
Marital rape
Miss World 1999 delegates
Miss World winners
Violence against women in India

masks:
Yukta Inderlal Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Inderlal Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey


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<mask> (June 6, 1914 – July 23, 2011) was an American public servant whose career from the late 1930s to the early 1980s was primarily associated with the Bureau of the Budget (BOB) (now the Office of Management and Budget [OMB]) and the GAO. Staats was born to Wesley F. and Maude (Goodall<mask>. Staats received his AB from McPherson College in 1935, his MA from the University of Kansas in 1936, and his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1939. Married on September 14, 1940, to Margaret S. Rich, the couple had three children: David, Deborah, and Catharine. In 1939, Staats became a staff member in the Executive Office of the President, U.S. Bureau of the Budget. He worked his way up at BOB until 1947, when he was promoted to assistant to the Director of the Bureau, then executive assistant to the director (1949–1950), before he held the position of Deputy Director (1950–1953 and 1958–1966). In 1966, Staats became Comptroller General of the United States and head of the GAO, holding that position until 1981.<mask> <mask>: An Inventory of His Personal Papers, 1961-1963 in the John F. Kennedy Library; National Archives and Records Administration (Papers at JFK library)

Early life
Staats was born in 1914, in Richfield, Kansas, the son and one of eight children of Wesley Forrest and Maude Goodall <mask>. His early life was spent on a farm in the Kansas wheat belt. In 1940 he married Margaret Rich, the daughter of Congressman Robert Fleming Rich of Pennsylvania, a textile manufacturer and banker who had a distinctly conservative record in Congress. The couple had three children: David, Deborah, and Catharine. Staats was a member of the Cosmos and Chevy Chase Clubs and the Metropolitan Memorial United Methodist Church of Washington, DC. Academic background
Staats was valedictorian of the 1931 graduating class of Sylvia High School in Sylvia, Kansas. Staats attended McPherson College, operated by the Church of the Brethren in McPherson, Kansas, where he received a A.B.in 1935, graduating Phi Beta Kappa. He then went to the University of Kansas, where he received an M.A. in political science and economics in 1936. After this, he entered the University of Minnesota's doctoral program in political economy, earning his by a Ph.D. in 1939. Career in government service

Early public service
Staats first entered public service in 1936, after graduating with his master's degree from the University of Kansas, where he spent that summer as a research assistant for the Kansas Legislative Council of Topeka. He was a member of the staff of the Public Administration Service of Chicago from 1937 to 1938 while he was working on his doctorate at the University of Minnesota. He was a Fellow of the Brookings Institution in Washington from 1938 to 1939.Direct service to Presidents while at BOB and NSC from 1939 to 1966
Staats joined the Bureau of the Budget (now the OMB) during the administration of President Franklin Roosevelt and was employed by the BOB from 1939 to 1953. At BOB, he served in the Division of Administrative Management (1939–1943), in the War Agencies Section (1943–47), and as its chief (1945–1947). During World War II, Staats was responsible for organizing, financing, managing, and coordinating the principal civilian war agencies. After the war, Staats was promoted to assistant to the BOB director (1947), assistant director in charge of Legislative Reference (1947–1949), executive assistant director (1949–1950), and, following appointment by President Harry Truman, to the deputy director of the agency (1950–1953). Staats left government service for a year after the Eisenhower presidential transition, and during most of 1953 he served as research director for Marshall Field & Company. He returned to government service when he was appointed by President Dwight Eisenhower to serve as Executive Officer of the Operations Coordinating Board of the National Security Council, which was responsible for coordinated implementation of US foreign policies and operations in foreign countries. Staats served from 1954 to 1958.In 1958, Staats returned to BOB and served as assistant director (September 1958-March 1959) before being reappointed deputy director by President Eisenhower (March 1959–61). Staats continued in the deputy director position under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. Comptroller General from 1966 to 1981
Staats left BOB to become the 5th Comptroller General of the United States in 1966. On February 11, 1966, President Johnson nominated Staats for the position of Comptroller General, which also involves serving as head of the GAO. The United States Senate Committee on Government Operations held a hearing on March 2, 1966 on Johnson's  nomination of Staats to be Comptroller General, endorsed it on the same date, and on March 4, 1966, the US Senate officially confirmed the nomination of Staats to become Comptroller General. Staats was sworn in as Comptroller General by President Johnson on March 8, 1966, at a ceremony at the White House. Staats served until his term, expired on March 3, 1981.As Comptroller General, Staats drew on his many years of government experience, including as a former Deputy Director of the Bureau of the Budget under Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson, as he led GAO during a period of change and national turmoil. In reflecting on Staats's tenure, a senior GAO manager referred to him in 1981 as "a pragmatic agent of good government," who viewed GAO's reports as "a way to achieve results rather than simply hitting someone over the head." Staats was a strong advocate of public service and constructive change, who worked to improve management throughout the government. Within GAO, he practiced a participatory management style, often relying on task forces to study job processes and organizational issues. Staats focused on improving GAO's internal planning processes and on expanding its work and issue areas to more effectively serve the Congress. Not only the Comptroller General broadened GAO's work but also he increased the agency's services to Congress. When Staats took charge of GAO in 1966, less than ten percent of the total effort of its professional staff went toward providing direct assistance to the Congress.By the time he left office in 1981, the number had risen to nearly 40 percent. Under Staats, GAO worked on a number of issues of great national importance. Before the Federal Elections Commission assumed oversight of campaign expenditures in 1974, GAO's Office of Federal Elections undertook a number of reviews, some of which touched on Watergate. GAO also did important work on energy issues, consumer protection, the economy, and New York City's fiscal crisis. As the Vietnam War intensified and defense spending rose, Staats in 1966 opened an office in Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam. GAO's auditors worked in the field as well as in Saigon. Some of the fieldwork was done under hazardous circumstances.In 1969, six auditors narrowly escaped injury during a rocket attack on the base at Da Nang, South Vietnam. GAO's Saigon office remained operational until the peace accords in 1973. During his tenure, Staats worked to improve governmental accountability. He revitalized GAO's work with the Joint Financial Management Improvement Program. Under Staats, GAO took a lead role in issuing auditing guidance. In 1970, the Bureau of the Budget and GAO agreed on the formation of a government auditing standards task force, which undertook a lengthy research and drafting process. As a result of the work of the task force, the Comptroller General issued in 1972 the first edition of the Standards for Audit of Governmental Organizations, Programs, Activities & Functions, which came to be known as the "Yellow Book."In later years, GAO gave the book a more concise title, Government Auditing Standards, and updated its guidance periodically. In addition to issuing guidance to help state and local auditors, the Comptroller General played a key role in establishing intergovernmental audit forums in the 1970s. As comptroller general, he served as the first chairman (1970–1981) of the Cost Accounting Standards Board, and as a member of a number of Presidential and Governmental Advisory Bodies, including the Commission on Government Procurement (1971–1973); President's Commission on Budget Concepts (1967–1968); Commission on Federal Paperwork (1976–1978); Treasury Department's Advisory Committee on Federal Consolidated Financial Statements (1976–1979); National Advisory Committee for the Work in America, Inc. (1979–1980); Chrysler Loan Guarantee Board (1980–1981); Board of Governors, International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (1969–81), Technology Assessment Advisory Council (1972–1981); Joint Financial Management Improvement Program (1966–1981); and the President's Management Improvement Council (1979–80). GAO changed radically during the Staats period. These changes generally reflected the shift to program evaluation, the emergence of a host of new foreign and domestic problems, and Congress's increasing assertiveness in its relationships with the executive branch. Staats provided effective leadership as GAO strove to meet the new challenges, as he was widely respected in the Congress and in the government as a whole. Later life
After serving as Comptroller General, Staats became the president and later chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation until his death in 2011.Other professional activities and associations
In addition to his government service, Staats made contributions though his numerous professional activities and associations. Staats has held membership on the Board of Trustees of the National Institute of Public Affairs (1969–77) and the Public Administration Service, Chicago (1967–74). He was chairman of the Conference on the Public Service, Brookings Institution (1958–60), and during 1979-80 he was a member of the Committee for the National Congress on Church-Related Colleges and Universities. He also served on

 the Board of Directors of the Eisenhower Foundation;
 the Board of Trustees of the Kerr Foundation
 the Board of Trustees of the George C. Marshall Foundation; and
 the Board of Overseers of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. He also has served on the board of directors of several corporations. Over the years Staats has maintained a close relationship with educational institutions. He has served as a lecturer at American University (1941–43) and George Washington University (1944–46).During the period 1947–53, he was on the Advisory Council of the Department of Politics at Princeton University. During 1974-80 he was on the Visiting Committee of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. In addition, Staats served on the Board of Trustees of McPherson College (1969–79) and the American University (1966–80). He has also been a member of the visiting committees of several universities. Staats was an honorary member of the faculty of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces (1973; member, Board of Advisors 1974–77), and he has been a member of the Board of Visitors of the National Defense University since 1981. Staats has also been active in numerous professional organizations, including:
 The American Society for Public Administration (ASPA): Staats was a founding member of the organization in 1939, served  as president of ASPA's Washington, D.C. chapter (1948–49), and as ASPA's national president (1961–62) and vice president (1959–61). American Academy of Political and Social Science (AAPSS): Staats has been a member of the Board of Directors (1966–present).National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA): Staat was a founding member of the organization in 1967, and has served as a member of the NAPA Board of Trustees (1967–85; chairman, 1985). The Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC) member (1977–81)
 Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) member since its formation in 1984. He has also been active for many years in the Conference Board, the American Management Association (AMA), and the Association of Government Accountants (AGA). Staats has written many articles for professional journals and has made numerous speeches to professional organizations. Stasts holds membership in Phi Beta Kappa (1936), Pi Sigma Alpha (1936), Beta Alpha Psi (1966), Alpha Kappa Psi (1971), and Beta Gamma Sigma (1973). Honors and awards
Staats held honorary degrees from eight universities and distinguished service awards from the University of Kansas and the University of Minnesota. Other honors include Phi Beta Kappa, Alpha Kappa Psi, the Rockefeller Public Service Award, the Productivity
Award of the American Productivity Center, the Medal of Honor of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the Presidential Citizens Medal, the Hubert H. Humphrey Medal, and the Public Service Achievement Award of Common Cause.Staats also received the Public Service Medal of the Holland Society of New York, the Executive Government Award of the Opportunities Industrial Corporation of America, and the Public Service Award of the General Accounting Office. Staats was named an honorary member of the National Security Industrial Association and elected to the Accounting Hall of Fame in 1981. Among the many honors bestowed upon him were the Rockefeller Public Service Award (1961); Alumni Achievement Award, University of Minnesota (1964); Distinguished Service Citation, University of Kansas (1966); Distinguished Service Award, University of Hartford Center for Study of Professional Accounting (1973); Warner W. Stockberger Achievement Award (1973); Person of the Year Award, Washington Chapter of the Institute of Internal Auditors (1975); Abraham O. Smoot Public Service Award, Brigham Young University (1975); American Association for Budget and Program Analysis Award (1976); Evaluation Research Society Federal Executive Award (1980); Productivity Award, American Productivity Center (1980); Medal of Honor, AICPA (1980); Engineer of the Year Award, San Fernando Valley Engineers Council (1980); and the Thurston Award, International Institute of Internal Auditors (1988). Staats was an honorary member of the International City Management Association (1976), Society of Manufacturing Engineers (1978), National Security Industrial Association (1981), and an honorary life member of the Municipal Finance Officers Association of the United States and Canada (1980). 435 no. 1, pp. 277-285 (Abstract only)
House Resolution (H.Res.805) commending <mask>. Staats on the occasion of the conclusion of his distinguished career of Federal service
GAO History 1921- 1991, Roger R. Trask, GAO History Program, Nov. 1991
Oral History Interviews with <mask><mask>, former Comptroller General of the United States, 1966-1981, Spring 1987
Three Generations of Comptrollers General By James L. Craig, Jr., CPA Journal, August 1999
GAO Press Release on the death of <mask>. Staats

Comptrollers General of the United States
University of Kansas alumni
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
1914 births
2011 deaths
People from Morton County, Kansas
McPherson College alumni

masks:
Elmer Boyd Staats
) Staats
Elmer Boyd
Staats
Staats
Elmer B
Elmer B
. Staats
Elmer B


texts:
<mask> (;  born <mask>, 21 March 1763 – 14 November 1825) was a German Romantic writer, best known for his humorous novels and stories. Life and work
<mask> was born at Wunsiedel, in the Fichtelgebirge mountains (Franconia). His father was an organist at Wunsiedel. In 1765 his father became a pastor at Joditz near Hof and, in 1767 at Schwarzenbach, but he died on 25 April 1779, leaving the family in great poverty. Later in life, <mask> noted, "The words that a father speaks to his children in the privacy of home are not heard by the world, but as in whispering-galleries, they are clearly heard at the end and by posterity." After attending the Gymnasium at Hof, in 1781 <mask> went to the University of Leipzig. His original intention was to enter his father's profession, but theology did not interest him, and he soon devoted himself wholly to the study of literature.Unable to maintain himself at Leipzig he returned in 1784 to Hof, where he lived with his mother. From 1787 to 1789, he served as a tutor at Töpen, a village near Hof; and from 1790 to 1794, he taught the children of several families in a school he had founded in nearby Schwarzenbach. <mask> began his career as a man of letters with Grönländische Prozesse ("Greenland Lawsuits"), published anonymously in Berlin in 1783–84, and Auswahl aus des Teufels Papieren ("Selections from the Devil's Papers", signed J. P. F. Hasus), published in 1789. These works were not received with much favour, and in later life even their author had little sympathy for their satirical tone. <mask>'s outlook was profoundly altered by a spiritual crisis he suffered on 15 November 1790, in which he had a vision of his own death. His next book, Die unsichtbare Loge ("The Invisible Lodge"), a romance published in 1793 under the pen-name <mask> (in honour of <mask> Rousseau), had all the qualities that were soon to make him famous, and its power was immediately recognized by some of the best critics of the day. Encouraged by the reception of Die unsichtbare Loge, Richter composed a number of books in rapid succession: Leben des vergnügten Schulmeisterleins Maria Wutz in Auenthal ("Life of the Cheerful Schoolmaster Maria Wutz", 1793), the best-selling Hesperus (1795), which made him famous, Biographische Belustigungen unter der Gehirnschale einer Riesin ("Biographical Recreations under the Brainpan of a Giantess", 1796), Leben des Quintus Fixlein ("Life of Quintus Fixlein", 1796), Der Jubelsenior ("The Parson in Jubilee", 1797), and Das Kampaner Tal ("The Valley of Campan", 1797).Also among these was the novel Siebenkäs in 1796–97. Siebenkäs slightly supernatural theme, involving a Doppelgänger and pseudocide, stirred some controversy over its interpretation of the Resurrection, but these criticisms served only to draw awareness to the author. This series of writings assured Richter a place in German literature, and during the rest of his life every work he produced was welcomed by a wide circle of admirers. After his mother's death in 1797, Richter went to Leipzig, and in the following year, to Weimar, where he started work on his most ambitious novel, Titan, published between 1800 and 1803. Richter became friends with such Weimar notables as Johann Gottfried Herder, by whom he was warmly appreciated, but despite their close proximity, Richter never became close to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe or Friedrich Schiller, both of whom found his literary methods repugnant; but in Weimar, as elsewhere, his remarkable conversational powers and his genial manners made him a favorite in general society. The British writers Thomas Carlyle and Thomas De Quincey took an interest in <mask>'s work. In 1801, he married Caroline Meyer, whom he had met in Berlin the year before.They lived first at Meiningen, then at Coburg; and finally, in 1804, they settled at Bayreuth. Here Richter spent a quiet, simple, and happy life, constantly occupied with his work as a writer. In 1808 he was delivered from anxiety about outward necessities by Prince Primate Karl Theodor von Dalberg, who gave him an annual pension of 1,000 florins, which was later continued by the king of Bavaria. <mask>'s Titan was followed by Flegeljahre ("The Awkward Age", 1804–5). His later imaginative works were Dr Katzenbergers Badereise ("Dr Katzenberger's Trip to the Medicinal Springs", 1809), Des Feldpredigers Schmelzle Reise nach Flätz ("Army Chaplain Schmelzle's Voyage to Flätz", 1809), Leben Fibels ("Life of Fibel", 1812), and Der Komet, oder Nikolaus Marggraf ("The Comet, or, Nikolaus Markgraf", 1820–22). In Vorschule der Aesthetik ("Introduction to Aesthetics", 1804) he expounded his ideas on art; he discussed the principles of education in Levana, oder Erziehungslehre ("Levana, or, Pedagogy", 1807); and the opinions suggested by current events he set forth in Friedenspredigt ("Peace Sermon", 1808), Dämmerungen für Deutschland ("Twilights for Germany", 1809), Mars und Phöbus Thronwechsel im Jahre 1814 ("Mars and Phoebus Exchange Thrones in the Year 1814", 1814), and Politische Fastenpredigten ("Political Lenten Sermons", 1817). In his last years he began Wahrheit aus <mask> Pauls Leben ("The Truth from <mask> Paul's Life"), to which additions from his papers and other sources were made after his death by C. Otto and E. Förster.Also during this time he supported the younger writer E. T. A. Hoffmann, who long counted Richter among his influences. Richter wrote the preface to Fantasy Pieces, a collection of Hoffmann's short stories published in 1814. In September 1821 <mask> lost his only son, Max, a youth of the highest promise; and he never quite recovered from this shock. He lost his sight in 1824, and died of dropsy at Bayreuth, on 14 November 1825. Characteristics of his work
<mask> occupies an unusual position in German literature and has always divided the literary public. Some hold him in highest veneration while others treat his work with indifference. He took the Romantic formlessness of the novel to extremes: Schlegel called his novels soliloquies, in which he makes his readers take part (in this respect going even further than Laurence Sterne in Tristram Shandy).<mask> habitually played with a multitude of droll and bizarre ideas: his work is characterized by wild metaphors as well as by digressive and partly labyrinthine plots. He mixed contemplation with literary theory: alongside spirited irony the reader finds bitter satire and mild humour; next to soberly realistic passages there are romanticized and often ironically-curtailed idylls, social commentary and political statements. The quick changes of mood attracted the composer Schumann whose Papillons was inspired by <mask>. His novels were especially admired by women. This was due to the empathy with which <mask> created the female characters in his works: never before in German literature were women represented with such psychological depth. At the same time however, his work contains misogynistic quips. <mask>'s character may have been as diverse and as confusing as many of his novels: he was said to be very sociable and witty, while at the same time extremely sentimental: having an almost childlike nature, quickly moved to tears.It is obvious from his works that his interests encompassed not only literature but also astronomy and other sciences. It is no surprise that the relationship of so capricious an author with the Weimar classicists Goethe and Schiller always remained ambivalent: Schiller once remarked that <mask> was as alien to him as someone who fell from the moon, and that he might have been worthy of admiration "if he had made as good use of his riches as other men made of their poverty." Herder and Wieland on the other hand fully appreciated his work and supported him. Although he always kept his distance from the classicists, who wanted to "absolutize" art, and although his theoretical approach (most notably in his Introduction to Aesthetics) was considerably influenced by Romanticism, it would be misleading to call him a Romantic without qualification. Here too he kept his distance: with all his subjectivism he didn't absolutize the subject of the author as the Romantics often did. <mask> had what had become rare amidst classical severity and romantic irony: humour. He also was one of the first who

masks:
Jean Paul
Johann Paul Friedrich Richter
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Jacques
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean
Jean
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul


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 approached humour from a theoretical standpoint.He thought that both the Enlightenment and metaphysics had failed, though they still held importance for his worldview. He arrived at a philosophy without illusions, and a state of humorous resignation. Correspondingly he was one of the first defenders of Schopenhauer's philosophy. He didn't try to indoctrinate but to portray human happiness, even (and especially) in an increasingly alienated environment — the rococo castles and bleak villages of Upper Franconia. <mask> was not only the first to use and name the literary motif of the Doppelgänger, he also utilised it in countless variations (e.g. Siebenkäs and Leibgeber, Liane and Idoine, Roquairol and Albano). In his novel Siebenkäs he defines the Doppelgänger as the "people who see themselves."<mask> was a lifelong defender of freedom of the press and his campaigns against censorship went beyond many of his contemporaries. In his Freiheitsbüchlein (1805), he maintains that books belong to humanity and should have the chance to have an impact on all times, not just the present moment, and therefore preventing a book from being published renders the censor a judge not just for contemporary society but for all future societies. Censorship is not feasible because it would be impossible to find a person able to fulfill the true requirements of the office. After the great achievements of the eighteenth century, the prospect of complete freedom of opinion, speech, and printing was real. Even under the tightened conditions of the Napoleonic occupation, <mask> continued to speak out in favor of reason, as in his Friedens-Predigt an Deutschland (1808). The last section of his Politische Fastenpredigten (1816) contains a warning to rulers that minds cannot be controlled, and that police action will only cause them to eventually explode like a champagne bottle. Other
Rudolf Steiner edited a multi-volume collection of the works of <mask>.In published lectures, Steiner often mentioned the realization by the 7-year-old <mask> that he was an individual "Ego", expressed in <mask>'s surprise at understanding that "I am an I". Quotations
 The long sleep of death closes our scars, and the short sleep of life our wounds. (Der lange Schlaf des Todes schliesst unsere Narben zu, und der kurze des Lebens unsere Wunden, Hesperus, XX). Works

 Abelard und Heloise 1781
 Grönländische Prozesse 1783–1784
 Auswahl aus des Teufels Papieren 1789
 Leben des vergnügten Schulmeisterlein Maria Wutz in Auenthal. Eine Art Idylle 1790
 Die unsichtbare Loge 1793
 Hesperus 1795
 Biographische Belustigungen 1796
 Leben des Quintus Fixlein 1796
 Siebenkäs 1796
 Der Jubelsenior 1797
 Das Kampaner Tal 1797
 Konjekturalbiographie 1798
 Des Luftschiffers Giannozzo Seebuch 1801
 Titan 1800–03
 Vorschule der Aesthetik 1804
 Flegeljahre (unfinished) 1804–05
 [[Freiheitsbüchlein]] 1805
 Levana oder Erziehlehre 1807
 Dr. Katzenbergers Badereise 1809
 Des Feldpredigers Schmelzle Reise nach Flätz 1809
 Leben Fibels 1812
 Bemerkungen über uns närrische Menschen
 Clavis Fichtiana (see also Johann Gottlieb Fichte)
 Das heimliche Klaglied der jetzigen Männer
 Der Komet 1820–1822
 Der Maschinenmann
 Die wunderbare Gesellschaft in der Neujahrsnacht
 Freiheits-Büchlein
 Selberlebenbeschreibung posthum 1826
 Selina posthum 1827

English translations
Most of Richter's long novels were translated into English during the mid-nineteenth century. Several editions of translated passages from various works were also published:

 The Invisible Lodge, trans. Charles T. Brooks, New York: Holt 1883
 Maria Wutz (various editions)
 Maria Wuz, trans.Francis and Rose Storr, Maria Wuz and Lorenz Stark, London: Longmans, Green, & Co, 1881
 Maria Wutz, trans. John D. Grayson, 19th Century German Tales, ed. Angel Flores, 1959, reissued 1966
 Maria Wutz, trans. Erika Casey, The Jean Paul Reader, Johns Hopkins U, 1990
 Maria Wutz, trans. Francis and Rose Storr and Ruth Martin, Sublunary Editions, 2021
 Hesperus by Charles Brooks (1864)
 Quintus Fixlein, trans. Thomas Carlyle, 1827
 Siebenkäs (two editions)
 Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces trans. Edward Henry Noel (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1863)
 Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces trans.Alexander Ewing (1877)
 The Campaner Thal: or, Discourses on the Immortality of the Soul trans. Juliette Bauer (1848)
 Quintus Fixlein and Schmelzles Reise (1827), trans. Thomas Carlyle
 Titan by Charles Brooks (London: 1863; Boston: 1864)
 Horn of Oberon : <mask> Richter's School for Aesthetics trans. Margaret R Hale, Wayne State UP, 1973
 Walt and Vult [Flegeljahre] trans. Eliza Lee (1846)
 Army Chaplain Schmelzle's Journey (1827), by Thomas Carlyle
 Levana; or, the Doctrine of Education, trans. A.H (1848, 1863, 1884, 1886, 1890)
 The Death of an Angel & Other Pieces (1839)
 Reminiscences of the Best Hours of Life for the Hour of Death trans. Joseph Dowe (1841)

Musical reception (selection)

 Robert Schumann: Papillons pour le pianoforte seul, 1832.Johann Friedrich Kittl: Wär’ ich ein Stern, 1838. Robert Schumann: Blumenstück, 1839. Carl Grünbaum: Lied (Es zieht in schöner Nacht der Sternenhimmel), 1840. Ernst Friedrich Kauffmann: Ständchen nach Jean Paul, 1848. Carl Reinecke: O wär’ ich ein Stern (from: Flegeljahre), 1850. Stephen Heller: Blumen-, Frucht- und Dornenstücke (Nuits blanches), 1850. Marta von Sabinin: O wär ich ein Stern, 1855.Ernst Methfessel: An Wina, 1866. Gustav Mahler: Sinfonie Nr. 1 in D-Dur (Titan), 1889. Ferdinand Heinrich Thieriot: Leben und Sterben des vergnügten Schulmeisterlein Wuz, 1900. Hugo Leichtentritt: Grabschrift des Zephyrs, 1910. Henri Sauguet: Polymetres, 1936. Eduard Künnecke: Flegeljahre, 1937.Karl Kraft: Fünf kleine Gesänge auf Verse des <mask> Paul für Singstimme und Klavier, 1960. Walter Zimmermann: Glockenspiel für einen Schlagzeuger, 1983. Wolfgang Rihm: Andere Schatten (from: Siebenkäs), 1985. Oskar Sala: Rede des toten Christus vom Weltgebäude herab, dass kein Gott sei, 1990. Iván Erőd: Blumenstück für Viola solo, 1995. Thomas Beimel: Idyllen, 1998/99. Christoph Weinhart: Albanos Traum, 2006.Georg Friedrich Haas: Blumenstück (from: Siebenkäs), 2009. Ludger Stühlmeyer: Zum Engel der letzten Stunde (from: Das Leben des Quintus Fixlein), 2013. Notes

References

Attribution

Further reading
 Fleming, <mask>. The Pleasures of Abandonment: <mask> and the Life of Humor. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2006. Nineteenth-century works on <mask>
Richter's Sämtliche Werke (Complete Works) appeared in 1826–1828 in 60 volumes, to which were added 5 volumes of Literarischer Nachlass (literary bequest) in 1836–1838; a second edition was published in 1840–1842 (33 volumes); a third in 1860–1862 (24 volumes). The last complete edition is that edited by R. Gottschall (60 parts, 1879).Editions of selected works appeared in 16 volumes (1865), in Kürschner's Deutsche Nationalliteratur (edited by P. Nerrlich, 6 vols, pp. 388–487), &c. The chief collections of Richter's correspondence are:
 <mask>s Briefe an F. H. Jacobi (1828)
 Briefwechsel Jean Pauls mit seinem Freunde C. Otto (1829–33)
 Briefwechsel zwischen H. Voss und <mask> (1833)
 Briefe an eine Jugendfreundin (1858)
 P. Nerrlich, <mask>s Briefwechsel mit seiner Frau und seinem Freunde Otto (1902). See further:
 The continuation of Richter's autobiography by C. Otto and E. Fürster (1826–33)
 H. Dring, J. P. F. Richter's Leben und Charakteristik (1830–32)
 Richard Otto Spazier, JPF Richter: ein biographischer Commentar zu dessen Werken (5 vols, 1833)
 E. Förster, Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Leben von J. P. F. Richter (1863)
 <mask>ich, <mask> und seine Zeitgenossen (1876)
 J. Firmery, Étude sur la vie et les œuvres de J. P. F. Richter (1886)
 P. Nerrlich, <mask>, sein Leben und seine Werke (1889)
 Ferdinand Josef Schneider, <mask>s Altersdichtung (1901); and <mask>s Jugend und erstes Auftreten in der Literatur (1906). Thomas Carlyle's two essays on Richter. External links

 Jean Paul's works at Projekt Gutenberg-DE (in German)

1763 births
1825 deaths
People from Wunsiedel
People from the Principality of Bayreuth
18th-century German novelists
19th-century German novelists
German male novelists
Writers from Bavaria
19th-century German male writers
Blind people from Germany
Deaths from edema
18th-century German male

masks:
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Paul
Jean Paul
Jean
Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Paul Nerrl
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul