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<mask><mask> (born September 28, 1969) is an American union organizer and politician. He has been a Regent of the University of California since November 17, 2014, previously serving as the 68th Speaker of the California State Assembly from March 1, 2010 to May 12, 2014. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented the 46th district (2008–2012) and 53rd district (2012–2014) in the California State Assembly. On October 9, 2013, <mask> announced his candidacy for California State Controller. <mask> finished third in the election, trailing Betty Yee by 481 votes. After initially calling for a recount in 15 California counties, <mask> ultimately conceded to Yee more than a month after the election. In late 2014, he was appointed by Governor Jerry Brown as a Regent of the University of California; in May 2019, the regents elected him as chairman.Early life and career
<mask> grew up in El Sereno and Highland Park before attending the University of California, Berkeley. He did not graduate from Berkeley but dropped out after his junior year citing family medical reasons in mid-1990. Early biographies of <mask> dating back to the 1990s called him a Berkeley graduate, a misstatement that was repeated in several press releases issued by Los Angeles mayors and in 2004 remarks inserted by Congresswoman Hilda Solis into the Congressional Record. When the San Francisco Chronicle wrote about these inconsistencies in May 2011, <mask>'s office verified that he was not a Berkeley graduate. <mask> is the cousin of Los Angeles mayor Antonio Villaraigosa and has spent seven years handling political matters for the United Food and Commercial Workers, a union representing supermarket workers. He has also served as political director of the California Labor Federation. He was a member of the board of the Los Angeles Community Redevelopment Agency until 2008, when he resigned to run for the Assembly.Election to the Assembly and rise to the speakership

Background in politics
Long active in the labor movement, <mask> is a member of the Democratic National Committee, which named him a superdelegate to the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver. He endorsed Barack Obama on June 3, 2008, the day of the final primaries in the Democratic presidential nominating calendar. Election to the Assembly
The 46th district includes the Los Angeles neighborhoods of Boyle Heights, Little Tokyo, Westlake, Vernon and part of South Los Angeles. <mask> succeeded Fabian Núñez, the former Assembly speaker who was forced out by term limits as the district's assemblyman. <mask> faced only a little-known primary challenger in the race to succeed Núñez, winning convincingly. In the general election held on November 4, 2008, he won 85% of the vote. In 2010, he ran uncontested and received 100% of the vote.In the 2012 election <mask> won the Assembly's 53rd district with 82.8% of the vote. In 2011, after constitutionally mandated redistricting by the California Citizens Redistricting Commission  most of the areas belonging to the 46th district became the 53rd. Election as Speaker
<mask> had planned to run for the California Senate in 2010 with Kevin de León slated to be elected speaker. An agreement had apparently been reached by Los Angeles power brokers that would have seen <mask> support de León for speaker while <mask> would run unopposed in the 22nd senate district, the seat being vacated by term-limited Gil Cedillo. Cedillo, in turn, would seek <mask>'s seat in the Assembly. The deal appears to have been derailed by opposition among certain Assembly Democrats to de León becoming Speaker and by a desire to elect a Speaker who could serve longer than two years. (De León, unlike <mask>, could not serve beyond 2012.)The leadership battle came to a head on December 3, 2009, when Assembly Speaker Karen Bass announced that <mask> had enough support to succeed her. On December 10, the Assembly Democratic caucus met to select the next speaker. During the meeting, de León threw his support to <mask>, who was elected unopposed. He was formally elected by a 48–26 vote of the full Assembly on January 7, 2010 and replaced Bass on March 1, 2010. Speaker of the California Assembly
<mask> took office as California's 68th Speaker March 1, 2010 and was subsequently reelected in 2010 and 2012, making him one of the longest serving Speakers in the era of term limits. Major initiatives

Middle Class Scholarship Act
<mask> introduced Assembly Bill 1500 and 1501 in January 2012, together known as the Middle Class Scholarship Act. These bills were double-joined and were crafted to lower the cost of tuition at state colleges and universities for middle-class families by up to 2/3.It also would have provided up to $150 million to California community colleges. As tax measures they were required to achieve a 2/3 supermajority in order to pass as the California Constitution requires due to Proposition 13. AB 1500 and 1501 passed in the Assembly with 54 votes in favor and 25 votes against with 1 not voting; in the Senate the bills failed to pass, receiving 15 votes in favor and 22 votes against with 3 not voting. <mask> pledged to introduce another measure directed at college affordability during the 2013–2014 legislative sessions. Governor's Office of Business Development (GoBiz)
In December 2010 <mask> introduced AB 29 to create the Governor's Office of Economic Development (GoBiz) establishing a centralized location for all business resources. AB 29 eased access to the multitude of programs designed to assist businesses looking to move or incorporate in California. AB 29 passed the Assembly with 72 votes in favor and 6 votes against with 2 not voting; in the Senate the bills passed with 31 votes in favor and 3 votes against with 6 not voting.GoBiz is planning to open satellite offices in China and Mexico as a key function of their mission of attracting investment and businesses to California. Disincorporation of Vernon, CA
Vernon is an industrial city located in the County of Los Angeles that is home to fewer than 150 residents but acts as a business hub with more than 50,000 employees. Vernon has had a long history of corrupt public officials, official corruption, and voter intimidation. In December 2010, Perez introduced AB 46 to dis-incorporate the city and make it part of unincorporated Los Angeles County. There was broad support from the surrounding communities which have been plagued by the pollution and ill-effects of Vernon's businesses but resistance met with from organized labor. After passing the assembly with 62 votes in favor, 7 votes against, and 10 not voting, the bill was defeated in the Senate with 13 votes in favor, 17 votes against, and 10 not voting. Following the bill's defeat, Vernon has continued to have serious issues with their elections and public officials, including allegation of voter fraud and disenfranchisement.Additionally, the local power authority, cited frequently as a reason to keep Vernon as an independent, business-focused city, announced significant rate increases. Audits also determined that the city was millions in debt, causing some businesses to announce they were considering moving elsewhere. Healthcare exchange (Covered California)
Following the passage of President Obama's Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, <mask> introduced AB 1602 in January 2010 which created the California Health Benefit Exchange, the first such state based program in the nation created to assist with implementation of the Affordable Care Act. This gives individuals and small businesses access to a broad range of insurance products and cost saving options. AB 1602 passed in the Assembly with 51 votes in favor and 27 votes against with 0 not voting; in the Senate the bills passed with 21 votes in favor and 13 votes against with 5 not voting. States across the nation have used AB 1602 as a model for their own programs. In January 2013 Governor Jerry Brown called a special legislative session to address California health care costs and solutions.During this session, <mask> introduced AB1X1. This bill is designed to allow implementation of the health care coverage expansion envisioned in President Obama's Affordable Care Act. AB1X1 makes Medi-Cal available to 1,000,000 Californians who earn at or below 120 percent of the federal poverty limit. Farmers Field
In 2011 <mask> was instrumental in the passage of SB-292, which would have sped up construction of the proposed Farmers Field project in Los Angeles. Farmers Field was ultimately never built but the bill he passed later served as the basis of a statewide law that speeds approval of major construction projects without compromising the environmental standards Californians value. California State Budget
In the first year <mask> served as an Assemblymember, the state faced a budget deficit totaling 64 billion dollars out of a total $110 billion. In his time as Speaker, California's structural deficit has been eliminated, resulting in an estimated 1 billion dollar reserve for the 2013/14 fiscal year and the first across-the-board increase in the state's credit rating since November 2004.In 2010, he successfully blocked former Governor Schwarzenegger's final budget proposal, which would have wiped out 430,000 jobs for police officers, firefighters, teachers, nurses, and their support personnel. His California Jobs Budget¸ which balanced the budget and created a ten billion dollar private sector job creation fund, forced Gov. Schwarzenegger to back down and agree to a compromise which protected virtually every job eliminated by the initial proposal. California's budget was frequently passed after the constitutionally-mandated deadline, as the Legislature and Governors negotiated to close multibillion-dollar deficits under the requirement that budget votes have a two-thirds majority to pass. With the 2010 voter approval of Proposition 25, which lowered the threshold necessary to approve a budget to a simple majority, the Legislature adopted two consecutive, balanced and on-time budgets. Management of the Assembly
The Speaker is charged with the overall management and supervision of the Assembly. She or he appoints members to all committees and subcommittees of the Assembly, allocates funds, staffing, and other resources for the effective operation of the House, and establishes committee schedules.Operating budget
Under <mask>'s leadership, the California Assembly has made a practice of redirecting savings from cutting their operating costs to save fund other state programs. Between 2010 and 2012, millions were transferred from Assembly operating accounts to save or supplement programs benefitting veterans, families and women. California Commission on the Status of Women — The Commission on the Status of Women is a non-partisan agency which acts as a public policy body for proposals to address women's issues in the public domain. In April 2012, <mask> transferred money from the Assembly operating budget to the commission to ensure it will continue its vital mission. Along with the transfer of money, the Speaker was able to announce that Academy Award-Winning actor Geena Davis would serve as Chair of the commission. California National Guard Work for Warriors program — In April 2012, <mask> announced that the Assembly would contribute $500,000 to establish the National Guard "Work for Warriors" Program. This program places National Guard members with jobs, striving to reduce the unemployment rate in California while ensuring that California's veterans have access to jobs, healthcare, and support service they deserve.Additionally, The Speaker also provided two $300,000 grants to the California Military Department for mental health services which provides resources to better support their members. For his work for Veterans and Military personnel, he was named the California Assembly Legislator of the Year by the Vietnam Veterans of America and was honored with the National Guard Associations of the United States' Charles Dick Medal of Merit Award. Restoration of Stage III Child Care — In the 2010 budget Governor Schwarzenegger line item vetoed child care which provided subsidized child care for over 81,000 children in 60,0000 working families. In response, <mask> authorized that $6 million from the Assembly operating budget be shifted to provide bridge funding for those child care programs. Bipartisan Committee Chair Appointments
In each of his terms as Speaker, <mask> has appointed Assemblymembers from the minority Republican Party to chair committees. Then-Assemblymember Col. Paul Cook (R-Yucca Valley) served as Chair of the Committee on Veterans Affairs, before being elected to the United States House of Representatives. The Committee on Local Government was chaired by Assemblymember Cameron Smyth (R-Santa Clarita), who termed-out of office in 2012, and is now chaired by Assemblymember Katcho Achadjian (R-Arroyo Grande).International Relations
According to the Center for Continuing Study of the California Economy, if California's GDP were compared to those of leading nations, it would rank as the ninth largest economy in the world. <mask> has led bipartisan delegations of Assembly members on official visits to some of California's most important trading partners, including Mexico, the Republic of Korea, and the State of Israel. Those visits have been reciprocated by a number of foreign leaders, including Israeli President Shimon Peres, and a delegation of federal Senators from Mexico. <mask> has also met with officials from Australia, Chile, and Afghanistan to help strengthen ties with those nations, greeted the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge on their trip to California, and worked closely with the California Travel & Tourism Commission to promote foreign tourism in California, traveling to London with Commission Members to launch the Dreamland Campaign. Post-Assembly career
After the election, in late 2014, California Governor Jerry Brown appointed <mask> as a Regent of the University of California. In 2016, after Xavier Becerra was chosen to be the new Attorney General of California, <mask> announced his candidacy for the special election to succeed Becerra in the United States House of Representatives for . However, on December 10 he announced his withdrawal from that race, saying that he had received a recent medical diagnosis that he said would prevent him from engaging fully in a campaign.Personal life
<mask> is openly gay and the first openly LGBT Speaker of the California State Assembly. After Minnesota's Allan Spear, he is the second LGBT person elected to lead a state legislative chamber. His election as speaker preceded the February 2010 election of Gordon D. Fox, an openly gay Democrat, to be speaker of the Rhode Island House of Representatives, though Fox took office immediately and <mask> did not take office until March 1. <mask> was the 2nd openly gay person appointed to the University of California Board of Regents. The first was Sheldon Andelson, board member of the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Community Services Center, who was appointed in 1980, also by then-Governor Jerry Brown. The Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund endorsed <mask> for election. He was a member of the California Legislative LGBT Caucus.References

External links

 Campaign website
 Join California <mask>. Perez

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1969 births
21st-century American politicians
California Democrats
Candidates in the 2014 United States elections
Candidates in the 2016 United States elections
Gay politicians
LGBT state legislators in California
LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people
Hispanic and Latino American politicians
Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in California
Living people
Members of the California State Assembly
Politicians from Los Angeles
Speakers of the California State Assembly
Trade unionists from California
University of California, Berkeley alumni
United Food and Commercial Workers people

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<mask>, 3rd Earl of Arundel, 8th Earl of Surrey (c. 1313 – 24 January 1376) was an English nobleman and medieval military leader and distinguished admiral. Arundel was one of the wealthiest nobles, and most loyal noble retainer of the chivalric code that governed the reign of Edward III of England. Early life
<mask> was born c. 1313 in Sussex, England. Fitzalan was the eldest son of Edmund Fitzalan, 2nd Earl of Arundel, and his wife Alice de Warenne. His parents married after 30 December 1304, after his father had initially been fined for refusing to marry Alice in 1304; their betrothal had been arranged by Alice's grandfather the <mask> of Surrey, his father's guardian. Arundel changed his mind after the Earl died, leaving Alice the heiress presumptive, and with her only brother married to a ten-year-old girl. His maternal grandparents were William de Warenne and Joan de Vere.William was the only son of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (himself son of Maud Marshal by her second marriage), and his wife Alice de Lusignan (died 1256), half-sister of Henry III of England. Civil career

Around 1321, Fitzalan's father allied with Edward II's favourites, Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester and his namesake son, and <mask> was married to Isabel le Despenser, daughter of Hugh the Younger. Fortune turned against the Despenser party, and on 17 November 1326, Fitzalan's father was executed. He did not succeed to his father's estates or titles. However, political conditions had changed by 1330, and over the next few years <mask> was gradually able to reacquire the Earldom of Arundel as well as the great estates his father had held in Sussex and in the Welsh Marches. Beyond this, in 1334 he was made Justiciar of North Wales (later his term in this office was made for life), in 1336 Constable of Portchester Castle (until 1338), and in 1339 High Sheriff of Caernarvonshire and Governor of Caernarfon Castle for life. He was one of the most trusted supporters of Edward the Black Prince in Wales.Naval and military service during the Hundred Years War

Despite his high offices in Wales, in the following decades Arundel spent much of his time fighting in Scotland (during the Second Wars of Scottish Independence) and France (during the Hundred Years' War). In 1337, Arundel was made joint commander of the English army in the north, and the next year he was made the sole commander. In September 1339 a French fleet appeared off Sluis, determined to make sail against Edward III's fleet. When eventually they put to sea on 2 October they were blown off course by a violent storm back to the Zet Zwijn roads. Edward met parliament, and they ordered a new fleet to granted provisions by the barons of the cinque ports, and commanded by the Admiral of the West, Lord Arundel. Seventy ships from the west met at Portsmouth on March 26, 1340 to be commanded by their new admiral. The earl, granted the commission on 20 February 1340, was joined by fleets from the north and cinque ports.That summer he joined the king on flagship cog Thomas, leaving port two days later on 22 June for Flanders. Arundel was a distinguished soldier, in July 1340 he fought at the Battle of Sluys, during which his heavily laden cog grappled with the Spanish fleet. Summoned by parliament on 13 July, he bore witness to the victory. By December 1342 Arundel had relinquished his post as admiral. But it appears he may have been at the siege of Tournai. After a short term as Warden of the Scottish Marches, he returned to the continent, where he fought in a number of campaigns, and was appointed joint lieutenant of Aquitaine in 1340. The successful conclusion of the Flanders campaign, in which Arundel saw little fighting, encouraged the setting up of the Knights of the Round Table—attended every Whitsun by 300 great knights.A former guardian of the Prince of Wales, Arundel was also a close friend of Edward III, and one of the four great earls—Derby, Salisbury, Warwick and himself. With Huntingdon and Sir Ralph Neville he was a Keeper of the Tower and guardian to the prince with a garrison of 20 men-at-arms and 50 archers. A royal councillor, he was expected to raise taxes, which had caused such consternation on 20 July 1338. The King's wars were not alway popular, but Arundel was a vital instrument of that policy. Despite the failure of the peace negotiations at Avignon in 1344, Edward was decided on protecting his Gascon subjects. In early 1345, Derby and Arundel sailed for Bordeaux as lieutenants of the duchy of Aquitaine, attempting to prevent Prince Jean's designs on the tenantry. In August 1346 Derby returned with an army of 2,000 men; while Arundel was responsible for naval preparations.Admiral of the West
On 23 February 1345 <mask> was made Admiral of the Western Fleet, perhaps for a second time, to continue the policy of arresting merchant ships, but two years later was again superseded. <mask> was one of the three principal English commanders at the Battle of Crécy, his experience vital to the outcome of the battle with Suffolk and the bishop of Durham in the rearguard. Throughout he was entrusted by the King as guardian of the young Prince Edward. <mask>'s division was on the right side of the battle lines, flanked to the right with archers, and stakes to the front. He spent much of the following years on various military campaigns and diplomatic missions. The king himself and the entourage went to Winchilsea on 15 August 1350, set sail on the cog Thomas on the 28th, for the fleet to chase the Spaniard De la Cerda down wind, which they sighted the following day. The ships rammed, before the party escaped unhurt on another vessel.Overcome by much larger Spanish ships, the English could not grapple. In a campaign of 1375, at the end of his life, he destroyed the harbour of Roscoff. On days after the death of Edward III, a Castilian fleet raided the south coast of England, and returned again in August. Arundel's fleet had put into Cherbourg for supplies, but no sooner had it departed, than the port was blockaded; one squadron was left behind and captured. At the same time galleys harassed the coast of Cornwall. Great wealth
In 1347, he succeeded to the Earldom of Surrey (or Warenne), which even further increased his great wealth. He did not, however, use the additional title until after the death of the Dowager Countess of Surrey in 1361.He made very large loans to King Edward III but even so on his death left behind a great sum in hard cash. Marriages and children
He married twice:
Firstly, on 9 February 1321 at Havering-atte-Bower, to Isabel le Despenser (born 1312, living 1356, and died by 1374/5). At that time, the future earl was about seven, and his bride eight years old. Later he repudiated this bride and was granted an annulment by Pope Clement VI on 4 December 1344 on the grounds that he had been underage and unwilling. By this marriage, <mask> and Isabel had one son (when <mask> was fifteen, and Isabel sixteen):
 Sir Edmund de Arundel, Knt., of Chedzoy, Martock, Sutton Montagu, and Thurlbear, Somerset; Chudleigh, Devon; Melbury Bubb, Dorset; Bignor, Trayford and Compton, Sussex (c. 1329–1381/2) was the heir to the earldom of Arundel until he was rendered illegitimate by the annulment of his parents' marriage in December 1344. He married before 1347 (betrothed in January 1331 and married probably as a child), Lady Sybil de Montacute (or Montagu), daughter of William Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury and Catherine Grandison, whose sister Elizabeth was married to his maternal uncle. Edmund protested his illegitimacy bitterly in 1347 but was apparently ignored.Edmund was subsequently knighted in 1352 at about twenty-three years of age and became an aristocratic knight owning numerous manors throughout the counties of Devon, Dorset, Somerset and Sussex. In 1364 Edmund was going to Flanders on the king's service. In 1368 Pope Urban V sent him to King Edward III to communicate verbally "the present state of the Roman church in Italy". In 1369 and 1370, Edmund fought in several military campaigns in France including the Battle of Pontvallain under the command of his first cousin twice removed, Edward the Black Prince, during the Hundred Years' War. After his father's death in 1376, Edmund disputed his half-brother <mask>'s inheritance of the earldom and associated lands and titles in 1376 and apparently tried to claim the six manors allotted to his deceased mother. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1377, and finally freed through the intervention of two of his brothers-in-law (his wife's brother John de Montacute and the second husband of Elizabeth de Montacute, Lady Le Despencer). Edmund, despite his persistent protests, lost his inheritance.In February 1381, Edmund went to Gascony on a military expedition. Sir Edmund de <mask> died before 12 February 1382. They had three daughters who were his co-heiresses and who brought a failed suit in 1382 against their half-uncle the Earl:
Elizabeth (or Alice) de <mask>, who married Sir Leonard Carew (1343–1369) of Mohuns Ottery in Devon, feudal lord of Carew Castle in Pembrokeshire and lord of the manor of Moulsford in Berkshire. From Alice are descended all the members of the prominent and widespread Carew family, except Carew of Beddington in Surrey, descended from one of Sir Leonard's great-uncles. (See Baron Carew, Earl of Totnes, Carew baronets.) Philippa <mask> (died 13 September 1399), who married (as his 2nd wife) Sir <mask>, Knt., of Colquite, Cornwall. A Victorian historical novel ascribes the following five children to her: 1.<mask>, born 21 December 1376, and died childless, 24 June 1396; 2. Elizabeth, born 1379, wife of Sir William Marny; 3. Philippa, born 1381, wife of Sir Robert Pashley; 4. Alice, born at Kilquyt, 1 September 1384, wife of Guy de Saint Albino; 5. Joan, born 1393, died 21 February 1400. "Philippa became a widow, 30 September 1393, and died 13 September 1399." Alice Sergeaux, later Countess of Oxford (c. 1386 – 18 May 1452), who married firstly Guy de St Aubyn of St. Erme, Cornwall, and secondly about 1406–7 (as his 2nd wife) the 11th Earl of Oxford and widower of Alice de Holand (d.s.p.1406, niece of Henry IV), and by him was the mother of two sons:
John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford
 Robert de Vere, whose grandson, John, became the 15th Earl of Oxford. Katherine de <mask>, who married Robert Deincourt. Secondly on 5 April 1345 he married Eleanor of Lancaster, a young widow, the second-youngest daughter and sixth child of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster and Maud Chaworth. By Papal dispensation he was allowed to marry his first wife's first cousin by their common grandmother Isabella de Beauchamp. Eleanor was the widow of John de Beaumont, 2nd Lord Beaumont. The king, Edward III, himself a kinsman of both wives, attended this second marriage. By now, the Earl of Arundel had rebuilt the family wealth and was apparently a major financier of the Crown, and financial sweeteners may have been used to reconcile both the Church and the Crown.By this second marriage 5 February 1345, <mask> and Eleanor had 3 sons and 3 surviving daughters:
<mask>, 4th Earl of Arundel, who was his son and heir. John Fitzalan, 1st Baron Arundel, 1st Baron Maltravers, who was a Marshall of England, and drowned in 1379. The current Duke of Norfolk descends from Lady Mary, Duchess of Norfolk, a daughter and co-heiress of Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel; being a descendant of John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel. <mask>, who became Archbishop of Canterbury
Joan Fitzalan (1347 – 7 April 1419) who married Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford. They were the maternal grandparents of Henry V of England through their daughter Mary de Bohun. Alice FitzAlan (1350 – 17 March 1416), who married Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, matrilinear brother of King <mask>. They were ancestors to Queen consorts Anne Neville (wife of King <mask>), Elizabeth of York (wife of King Henry VII) and Catherine Parr (wife of Henry VII's son Henry VIII).Illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:
Eleanor Fitzalan, married in or before 1348 (as his 1st wife) John de Bereford of Clapcot, Berkshire, Bickford, Stonythorpe, and Wishaw, Warwickshire, illegitimate son of Edmund de Bereford, Knt. They had no issue. Probable illegitimate offspring include:
Ranulph FitzAlan, who married a lady named Juliana, last name unknown. Through them descended the Hungerfords, the St. Johns and the Villiers, including Barbara (formerly Palmer) Villiers, the first of many mistresses of King Charles II of England. Death and legacy
<mask> died on 24 January 1376 at Arundel Castle, aged either 70 or 63, and was buried in Lewes Priory. He wrote his will on 5 December 1375. In his will, he mentioned his three surviving sons by his second wife, his two surviving daughters Joan, Dowager Countess of Hereford and Alice, Countess of Kent, his grandchildren by his second son John, etc., but left out his bastardized eldest son Edmund.In his will <mask> asked his heirs to be responsible for building the Fitzalan Chapel at Arundel Castle, which was duly erected by his successor. The memorial effigies depicting <mask> and his second wife Eleanor of Lancaster in Chichester Cathedral are the subject of the poem "An Arundel Tomb" by Philip Larkin. Fitzalan died an incredibly wealthy man, despite his various loans to Edward III, leaving £60,000 in cash. He had been as astute in business, as he had in diplomatic politics. He was a cautious man, and wisely saved his estate for future generations. Ancestry

See also
 "An Arundel Tomb"
 Edward III of England
 Edward the Black Prince
 Admiral of the West
 Battle of Crécy
 Battle of Winchelsea
 Battle of Sluys

Notes

References

Sources

1310s births
1376 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
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14th-century English people
Burials at Lewes Priory
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<mask> is Department Head of Mechanical Engineering and Charles A. Miller Jr. Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University. He is known for developing the front tracking method to simulate multiphase flows and free surface flows. <mask> was the Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Computational Physics from 2002–2015. Area of research
<mask> has been a leading worker computational fluid dynamics and numerical methods. He is well known for his research on numerical simulations of vortex flows, multiphase flows, free surface flows, and flows with phase changes. For simulating multiphase flows, he and his co-workers have developed a front tracking method that incorporates an unstructured, moving grid within an underlying Eulerian grid.Education
Ph.D. – Brown University, Division of Engineering, 1985
Sc.M. – Brown University, Division of Engineering, 1982
B.S. – University of Iceland, Mechanical Engineering, 1980

Professional experience
 2017–Present: Charles A. Miller Jr. Distinguished Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
 2011 - 2017: Chair, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN
 2010 - 2017: Viola D. Hank Professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN
 2016: Visiting Professor, University of Paris VI, France, 6/13-7/9
 2000 - 2010: Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA
 1999: Visiting Scientist, University of Paris VI, France, 4/19-5/8
 1998: Visiting Professor, Institut Universitaire des Systèmes Thermiques Industriels (IUSTI), University of Aix-Marseille, France, 4/15-5/15
 1994: Visiting Research Associate, Caltech, 1/1-5/31 (Sabbatical)
 1993 - 1997: Associate Chairman, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
 1991 - 1996: Visiting Research Position, Institute for Computational Mechanics in Propulsion, NASA Lewis Research Center, every summer. 1985 - 2000: Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics.University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. (Assistant Professor, 1985–1991; Associate Professor, 1991–1997; Professor, 1997 2000)
 1984 - 1985: Associate Research Scientist, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University. Awards, honors, societies and journal editorships

Honors and Awards
 2019: Thermal Fluids Engineering Award from the American Society of Thermal and Fluids Engineering (ASTFE)
 2014: Outstanding Paper Award. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan
 2013: Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
 2012: ASME Fluids Engineering Award
 2006: WPI Sigma Xi Outstanding Senior Faculty Research Award
 2005: The 2005 Computational Mechanics Award from the Computational Mechanics Division of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME)
 2005: Elected Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
 2000: Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society (Division of Fluid Dynamics)
 2000: College Award for Service, University of Michigan
 1997: Best Paper Award. ASEE Annual meeting (with D. Tilbury and S.L. Ceccio)
 1996: Departmental Award for Service, University of Michigan
 1991: Departmental Award for Research, University of Michigan
 1983: Predoctoral Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Fellow, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
 1980, 1981, and 1983: Brown University Fellowships
 1980: Thor Thors Special Contribution Award (The American-Scandinavian Foundation)
 1980: Fulbright travel grant

Societies

 American Society of Thermal and Fluids Engineers, Member 2019
 American Nuclear Society, Member 2013
 American Society of Engineering Education, Member 1998
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Member 1991. Elected Fellow 2005
 American Association for the Advancement of Sciences, Member 1988.Elected Fellow 2013
 Association of Chartered Engineers in Iceland, Member 1987 - 1992
 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Member
 Sigma Xi, Member 1982
 American Physical Society, Member 1982. Elected Fellow 2000

Journal editorships
 2011–Present: Editorial Advisory Board, International Journal of Multiphase Flow
 2009–Present: Editorial Board, Scientia Iranica, Transaction B: Mechanical Engineering
 2006–Present: Associate Editor, Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics
 2002 - 2015: Editor-in-chief, Journal of Computational Physics
 2002 - 2009: Associate Editor, International Journal of Multiphase Flow
 1992 - 2002: Associate Editor, Journal of Computational Physics

Selected journal publications

 H. Xia, J. Lu, and G. <mask>. “A Numerical Study of the Effect of Viscoelastic Stresses in Fused Filament Fabrication“ Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 346 (2019), 242–259. J. Lu and G. <mask>. “Direct numerical simulations of multifluid flows in a vertical channel undergoing topology changes“ Physical Review Fluids. 3 (2018), 084401.M. Ma, J. Lu, and G<mask>. “Using statistical learning to close two-fluid multiphase flow equations for bubbly flows in vertical channels“ Int’l. J. of Multiphase Flow. 85 (2016) 336–347. S. Dabiri and G<mask>. “Heat transfer in turbulent bubbly flow in vertical channels“ Chemical Engineering Science. 122 (2015), 106–113.M. Ma, J. Lu, and G<mask>. “Using Statistical Learning to Close Two-Fluid Multiphase Flow Equations for a Simple Bubbly System“ Phys. Fluids, 27 (2015) 092101. B. Aboulhasanzadeh, S. Thomas, M. Taeibi-Rahni, and G<mask>. “Multiscale computations of mass transfer from buoyant bubbles“ Chemical Engineering Science 75 (2012) 456–467. S. Thomas, A. Esmaeeli and G<mask>. “Multiscale computations of thin films in multiphase flows“ Int’l J. Multiphase Flow 36 (2010), 71–77.H. Terashima and G<mask>. “A front-tracking/ghost fluid method for fluid interfaces in compressible flows“ J. Comput. Phys. 228 (2009) 4012–4037. J. Lu and G<mask>. “Effect of Bubble Deformability in Turbulent Bubbly Upflow in a Vertical Channel“ Phys. Fluids.20 (2008), 040701
 M. Muradoglu and G<mask>. “A front-tracking method for computation of interfacial flows with soluble surfactants“ J. Comput. Phys. 227 (2008), 2238–2262. J. Lu, A. Fernandez, and G<mask>. “The effect of bubbles on the wall shear in a turbulent channel flow“ Phys. Fluids 17 (2005), 095102
 A. Koynov, G<mask>, and J. G. Khinast.“Mass Transfer and Chemical Reactions in Bubble Swarms with Dynamic Interfaces“ AIChE Journal 10 (2005), 2786–2800. A. Fernandez, J. Che, S.L. Ceccio, and G<mask>. “The Effects of Electrostatic Forces on the distribution of Drops in a Channel Flow—Two-Dimensional Oblate Drops“ Phys. Fluids 17 (2005), 093302
 A. Esmaeeli and G<mask>. “Computations of Film Boiling. Part I: Numerical Method“ Int’l.J. of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (2004), 5451–5461. S. Nas and G<mask>. “Thermocapillary interaction of two bubbles or drops“ Int’l J. Multiphase Flows 29 (2003), 1117–1135. N. Al-Rawahi and G<mask>. “Computations of the growth of dendrites in the presence of flow. Part I-Two-dimensional Flow“ J. Comput. Phys.180 (2002), 471–496. B. Bunner and G<mask>. “Dynamics of Homogeneous Bubbly Flows: Part 1. Rise Velocity and Microstructure of the Bubbles“ J. Fluid Mech. 466 (2002), 17–52. G<mask>, M. Thouless, D. Dutta, S. L. Ceccio, and D. M. Tilbury. “The New Mechanical Engineering Curriculum at the University of Michigan“ J.Engineering Education 90 (2001), 437–444. G<mask>, B. Bunner, A. Esmaeeli, D. Juric, N. Al-Rawahi, W. Tauber, J. Han, S. Nas, and Y.-J. Jan. “A Front Tracking Method for the Computations of Multiphase Flow“ J. Comput. Physics 169 (2001), 708–759. S. Mortazavi and G<mask>. “A numerical study of the motion of drops in Poiseuille flow. Part 1.Lateral migration of one drop“ J. Fluid Mech. 411 (2000), 325–350. J. Han and G<mask>. “Secondary Breakup of Liquid Drops in Axisymmetric Geometry—Part I, Constant Acceleration“ Phys. Fluids 11 (1999), 3650–3667. M. Jaeger, M. Carin, M. Medale, and G<mask>. “The Osmotic Migration of Cells in a Solute Gradient“ Biophysical Journal 77 (1999), 1257–1267.G. Agresar, J.J. Linderman, G<mask>, and K.G. Powell. “An Adaptive, Cartesian, Front-Tracking Method for the Motion, Deformation and Adhesion of Circulating Cells“ J. Comput. Phys 143 (1998), 346–380. D. Juric and G<mask>. “Computations of Boiling Flows“ Int’l. J. Multiphase Flow.24 (1998), 387–410. A. Esmaeeli and G<mask>. “Direct Numerical Simulations of Bubbly Flows. Part I—Low Reynolds Number Arrays“ J. Fluid Mech. 377 (1998), 313–345. E.A. Ervin and G<mask>.“The Rise of Bubbles in a Vertical Shear Flow“ ASME J. Fluid Engineering 119 (1997), 443–449. D. Juric and G<mask>. “A Front Tracking Method for Dendritic Solidification“ J.  Comput. Phys. 123 (1996), 127–148. M.R. Nobari, Y.-J.Jan and G. Tryggvason. “Head-on Collision of Drops--A Numerical Investigation“ Phys. Fluids 8 (1996), 29–42. S.O. Unverdi, G<mask>. “A Front Tracking Method for Viscous Incompressible Flows“ J. Comput. Phys.100 (1992), 25–37. G<mask>. “Numerical Simulation of the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability“ J. Comput. Phys, 75 (1988), 253–282. G<mask> and H. Aref. “Numerical Experiments on Hele Shaw Flow with a Sharp Interface“ J. Fluid Mech., 136 (1983), 1-30. Books

 A. Prosperetti and G<mask> (editors and main contributors).Computational Methods for Multiphase Flow. Cambridge University Press, 2007. Paperback edition 2009. G<mask>, R. Scardovelli and S. Zaleski. Direct Numerical Simulations of Gas-Liquid Multiphase Flows. Cambridge University Press. 2011.G<mask> and D. Apelian (editors and contributors). Shaping Our World: Engineering Education for the 21st Century. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2011

References

External links
Bio - University of Notre Dame
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Profile at ACM Portal

Fluid dynamicists
Computational fluid dynamicists
Living people
Icelandic emigrants to the United States
Brown University School of Engineering alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
21st-century American engineers
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1956 births
University of Michigan faculty

masks:
Gretar Tryggvason
Tryggvason
Tryggvason
Tryggvason
Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
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. Tryggvason


texts:
<mask> (February 22, 1917 – September 13, 1982) was an American illustrator and penciller of comic books and magazines. He was best known for the 1940s Quality Comics' Blackhawk and for stories in EC Comics during the 1950s. <mask> was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2009. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born in Winslow, Indiana, the son of <mask> and wife. One cousin was reportedly official Grand Teton National Park resident artist and photographer <mask>. (There is no verification that <mask> is related to <mask>) <mask> graduated from Newton High School in Newton, Kansas, in 1935, and then attended the Cleveland School of Art in Cleveland, Ohio, on a scholarship. He graduated in 1939.His father died in the spring of <mask>'s freshman year at art school, which <mask> left temporarily to return to Kansas. His mother and sister moved to Cleveland during <mask>'s junior year. With his schoolmate Frank Borth, <mask> found work painting signs on storefront windows. <mask>'s art influences included the painters and commercial illustrators N.C. Wyeth, Howard Pyle and James Montgomery Flagg. Another classmate, the son of the president of the Cleveland-based Newspaper Enterprise Association syndicate, recommended <mask> for a job at NEA as a general art assistant, where <mask> drew maps and other supporting material. Following his desire to be a magazine illustrator, <mask> unsuccessfully made the rounds of glossy magazines in New York City and Philadelphia, and at some point did a small amount of work for a children's book publisher. Moving to New York with his mother and sister, Crandall found work in the fledgling medium of comic books, joining the Eisner and Iger Studio, an early comic-book packager that supplied complete, outsourced comics for publishers.Quality Comics

<mask> drew for comic books from 1939 until 1973. His first work appears in comics from publisher Quality Comics, for which he drew stories starring such superheroes as the Ray (in Smash Comics, beginning in 1941 and initially under the playful pseudonym E. Lectron) and Doll Man (first in Feature Comics in 1941, then in the character's own solo title). His earliest confirmed cover art is for Fiction House's Fight Comics #12 (April 1941) at the Grand Comics Database. Other early  work includes inking the pencil art of future industry legend Jack Kirby on two of the earliest Captain America stories, "The Ageless Orientals That Wouldn't Die", in Captain America Comics #2 (April 1941), and "The Queer Case of the Murdering Butterfly and the Ancient Mummies" in #3 (May 1941). With S.M. "Jerry" Iger credited as writer, <mask> co-created the superhero the Firebrand in Quality's Police Comics #1 (Aug. 1941) and began his long run as artist of his signature series, the World War II aviator-team strip "Blackhawk", in Military Comics #12-22 (Oct. 1942 - Sept. 1943) and, after his WWII service in the Army Air Force, in Blackhawk and in Modern Comics. During this time he also drew the adventures of Captain Triumph in Quality's Crack Comics.His final "Blackhawk" work was a seven-page story, plus the cover, for Blackhawk #67 (Aug. 1953). EC Comics and afterward
<mask> went on to become a mainstay of EC Comics, whose line of hit horror and science fiction titles would become as influential to future generations of comics creators as they were controversial in their own time due to their often graphic nature and mature themes. Joining a group that included artists Johnny Craig, Jack Davis, Will Elder, Frank Frazetta, Graham Ingels, Jack Kamen, Bernard Krigstein and Wally Wood, <mask> made his debut there with the six-page story "Bloody Sure", written by Al Feldstein, in The Haunt of Fear #20 (August 1953). He drew dozens of stories across a variety of genres for the EC anthologies Crime SuspenStories, Shock SuspenStories, Tales from the Crypt, Two-Fisted Tales, The Vault of Horror, Extra!, Impact, Piracy, and Weird Fantasy and its sequel series, Weird Science-Fantasy. Following the demise of EC in the wake of the 1954 U.S. Senate hearings on juvenile delinquency and a wave of anti-comics sentiment, <mask> freelanced for Atlas Comics, the 1950s iteration of Marvel Comics, as well as for the Gilberton Company's Classics Illustrated. <mask>'s work for Classics Illustrated consisted of joint projects with EC veteran George Evans on four titles: No. 18, The Hunchback of Notre Dame (Fall 1960); No.23, Oliver  Twist (Fall 1961); No. 68, Julius Caesar (1962); No. 168, In Freedom's Cause (completed 1962; published UK 1963; published US 1969). In 1960, he went under contract with the publisher of Treasure Chest, a comic book distributed exclusively through parochial schools. <mask> illustrated many covers and countless stories for Treasure Chest through 1972. In 1964, he illustrated books by Edgar Rice Burroughs for Canaveral Press. The following year,  he began contributing to Warren Publishing's black-and-white war-comics magazine Blazing Combat, and soon went on to contribute to the company's line of black-and-white horror publications, including Creepy and Eerie.In the mid-to-late 1960s, he illustrated superhero-espionage stories for Tower Comics, and space opera science fiction in King Features Syndicate's King Comics comic-book version of the syndicate's long-running hero Flash Gordon. In June 1970, <mask> and Buster Crabbe were guests at the Multicon-70 convention in Oklahoma City. Final years
<mask>, who had left New York City in the 1960s in order to care for his ailing mother in Wichita, Kansas, had developed alcoholism. Recovering by the time of his mother's death, he nonetheless suffered debilitated health and left art in 1974 to work as a night watchman and janitor for the Pizza Hut general headquarters in Wichita. After suffering a stroke that year, he spent his remaining life in a nursing home and died in 1982 of a heart attack. One of his last published stories, "This Graveyard Is Not Deserted", appeared in Creepy #54 (July 1973). Creepy #58 contained "Soul and Shadow", possibly his last published comic book work.<mask> married artist Martha Hamilton, and they had two children. Their daughter, artist <mask>, had three children. Their son, Navy veteran <mask>. "Spike" <mask> (Sept. 8, 1945-July 2, 2005), an artist who owned and operated Crandall's Creations (Clarkesville, Georgia), had a daughter, Samantha Pledger, and three grandchildren. Awards and tributes
<mask> was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2009. He is referenced in Michael Chabon's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay. The fictional character Joe Kavalier refers to <mask> as the "top" comic-book artist of his era. References

External links
"Tower Comics Checklist", Comic Book Artist #14 (July 2001)
"Crandall, Reed", at the Social Security Death Index

1917 births
1982 deaths
American comics artists
American illustrators
Golden Age comics creators
People from Pike County, Indiana
Silver Age comics creators
Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees
Cleveland School of Art alumni
EC Comics
Artists from Indiana
20th-century American artists
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II

masks:
Reed Leonard Crandall
Crandall
Reed Crandall
Rayburn Crandall
Harrison Crandall
Reed
Harrison Crandall
Crandall
Crandall
Crandall
Crandall
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Crandall
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Crandall
Crandall
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Cathy Crandall
Reed L
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<mask> (14 July 1918 – 12 March 1944) was a Luftwaffe night fighter flying ace of royal descent during World War II. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. <mask> was credited with 51 aerial victories, all of them claimed in nocturnal combat missions. <mask> was born on 14 July 1918 in Salzburg, Austria and joined the infantry of the Austrian Bundesheer in 1936. He transferred to the emerging Luftwaffe, initially serving as a reconnaissance pilot in the Zerstörergeschwader 76 (ZG 76), before he transferred to the night fighter force. He claimed his first aerial victory on the night of 16 to 17 November 1940. By the end of March, he had accumulated 21 aerial victories for which he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 16 April 1942.He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 2 August 1943, for 45 aerial victories. He was promoted to Major and tasked with leading Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 (NJG 5) in January 1944, before he and his crew were killed in a flight accident on 12 March 1944. Personal life

<mask> <mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld was born on 14 July 1918 in Salzburg, Austro-Hungarian Empire as a member of a cadet branch of the ruling House of Lippe. His father was Prince Alfred of Lippe-Weissenfeld and his mother was born Countess Anna von Goëß. <mask> was the only son of four children. His sisters Carola, Sophie and Theodora were all younger than Egmont. The family lived in an old castle in Upper Austria called Alt Wartenburg.At birth he had a remote chance of succeeding to the throne of the Principality of Lippe, a small state within the German Empire. However, only months after his birth, Germany became a republic and all the German royal houses were forced to abdicate. <mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld in his younger years was very enthusiastic about the mountains and wildlife. From his fourteenth year he participated in hunting. At the same time he was also very much interested in music and sports and discovered his love for flying at the Gaisberg near Salzburg. Here he attended the glider flying school of the Austrian Aëro Club. He attended a basic flying course with the second air regiment in Graz and Wiener Neustadt even before he joined the military service.<mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld never married or had children. In January 1941 he became acquainted with Hannelore Ide, nicknamed Idelein. She was a secretary for a Luftgau. The two shared a close relationship and spent as much time together as the war permitted, listening to music and sailing on the IJsselmeer until his death in 1944. Military service
<mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld joined the Austrian Bundesheer in 1936 at the age of 18, initially serving in the infantry. In the aftermaths of the 1938 Anschluss, the incorporation of Austria into Greater Germany by Nazi Germany, he transferred to the German Luftwaffe and was promoted to Leutnant in 1939. He had earned his Luftwaffe Pilots Badge on 5 October 1938 and underwent further training at Fürstenfeldbruck, Schleißheim and Vienna-Aspern.His Luftwaffe career started with the II. Gruppe (2nd group) of the Zerstörergeschwader 76 (ZG 76) before he was transferred to the night fighter wing Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1) on 4 August 1940. The unit was based at Gütersloh where he familiarised himself with the methods of the night fighters. Night fighter career

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, Royal Air Force (RAF) attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign. By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers.In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942. By the summer of 1940, the first night fighters were transferred to Leeuwarden in the Netherlands. <mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld was one of the pilots included in this small detachment. As early as 20 October 1940, he had taken over command of an independent night fighter commando at Schiphol and later at Bergen. On his first encounter with the Royal Air Force (RAF) bomber, in the night of 16 to 17 November 1940, he claimed a Vickers Wellington bomber from No. 115 Squadron RAF shot down at 02:05 hours.His second victory was claimed on the night of 15 January 1941, when he shot down an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley N1521 of the Linton-on-Ouse based No. 58 Squadron RAF over the northern Netherlands, near the Dutch coast in the Zwanenwater at a nature reserve at Callantsoog. He was wounded in action on 13 March 1941, while flying Bf 110 D-2 (Werknummer 3376 – factory number) of the 4./NJG 1 with his radio operator Josef Renette when he made an emergency landing at Bergen after their aircraft was hit by the defence fire, wounding them both. Shortly after midnight on 10 April 1941, <mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld claimed a No. 12 Squadron RAF Wellington over the IJsselmeer, raising NJG 1's victory score to 100. This achievement was celebrated at the Amstel Hotel in Amsterdam with General Kammhuber, Wolfgang Falck, Werner Streib, Helmut Lent and others attending. On 30 June 1941 while flying Bf 110 C-4 (Werknummer 3273) on a practice intercept mission over North Holland, he collided with Bf 110 C-7 (Werknummer 2075) piloted by Leutnant Rudolf Schoenert of the 4./NJG 1 and crashed near Bergen aan Zee.On 19 June 1941 he earned his first of four references in the daily Wehrmachtbericht, a daily bulletin from the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces). By end July 1941, his number of aerial victory claims stood at eleven. Promoted to Oberleutnant he became Staffelkapitän of the 5th Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 (NJG 2—2nd Night Fighter Wing) on 1 November 1941. By the end of 1941, he had claimed a total of 15 aerial victories. He was awarded the German Cross in Gold () on 25 January 1942 and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 16 April 1942 after he had shot down 4 RAF bombers in the night of 26 to 27 March 1942, his score standing at 21 aerial victories. Promoted to Hauptmann, Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld was made Gruppenkommandeur of the I. Gruppe (1st group) of Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 (NJG 3—3rd Night Fighter Wing) on 15 October 1942, where he claimed two further aerial victories. He was transferred again, taking command of the III.Gruppe (3rd group) of NJG 1 on 11 June 1943. One month later he claimed his 45th aerial victory for which he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () on 2 August 1943. The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's headquarters in Rastenburg, present-day Kętrzyn in Poland on 10/11 August. Five other Luftwaffe officers were presented with awards that day by Hitler, Hauptmann Heinrich Ehrler, Oberleutnant Joachim Kirschner, Hauptmann Manfred Meurer, Hauptmann Werner Schröer, Oberleutnant Theodor Weissenberger were also awarded the Oak Leaves, and Major Helmut Lent received the Swords to his Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves. Wing commander and death

After a one-month hospital stay, Prinz <mask>nfeld was promoted to Major and made Geschwaderkommodore of Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 (NJG 5—5th Night Fighter Wing) on 20 February 1944. He and his crew, Oberfeldwebel Josef Renette and Unteroffizier Kurt Röber, were killed in a flying accident on 12 March 1944 on a routine flight from Parchim to Athies-sous-Laon. Above Belgium, they seem to have encountered a bad weather zone with low clouds and a dense snowstorm and it was assumed that the aircraft hit the high Ardennes ground after being forced to fly lower because of ice forming on the wings.The exact circumstances of this flight may never be known, the Bf 110 G-4 C9+CD (Werknummer 720 010—factory number) crashed into the Ardennes mountains near St. Hubert where the completely burned-out wreck was found the following day. The funeral service was held in the city church of Linz on 15 March 1944. <mask> <mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld and <mask> Heinrich zu Sayn-Wittgenstein are buried side by side at Ysselsteyn in the Netherlands. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to Obermaier, <mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld was credited with 51 nocturnal aerial victories. Foreman, Matthews and Parry, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, list 50 nocturnal victory claims, numerically ranging from 1 to 50. His 49th claim is numerically labeled as his 59th victory. Matthews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing <mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld with 47 claims, plus four further unconfirmed claims.Awards
Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold
Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (17 December 1940)
 1st Class (17 January 1941)
Wound Badge in Black
German Cross in Gold on 25 January 1942 as Oberleutnant in the 5./Nachtjagdgeschwader 2
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 16 April 1942 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 5./Nachtjagdgeschwader 2
 263rd Oak Leaves on 2 August 1943  as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the III./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Scutts, Jerry (1998). German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2. Osprey Publishing. .

1918 births
1944 deaths
Austrian soldiers
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
German military personnel killed in World War II
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents
Military personnel from Salzburg
Egmont
Burials at Ysselsteyn German war cemetery

masks:
Egmont Prinz zur Lippe Weißenfeld
Prinz zur Lippe Weißenfeld
Prinz zur Lippe Weißenfeld
Egmont
Prinz
zur Lippe
Egmont
Prinz
zur Lippe
Prinz
zur Lippe
Prinz
zur Lippe
Prinz
zur Lippe
Prinz
zur Lippe
zurppeße
Prinz
Egmont
zur Lippe
Prinz
Prinz
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Prinz
zur Lippe


texts:
<mask>, KB, MWO (7 July 1770 – 14 July 1843) was a Spanish General and statesman who served as Prime Minister of Spain in 1835. He was born in the Basque Country, at Vitoria-Gasteiz, in 1770. <mask> holds the distinction of having been present at both Trafalgar and Waterloo, fighting against the British at the former and with them at the latter. Alava served as a naval aide-de-camp during the time of Spain's alliance with France but switched sides in 1808 when Napoleon invaded Spain. The Spanish Cortes appointed him commissary (military attaché) at the British Army Headquarters, and the Duke of Wellington, who regarded him with great favour, made him one of his aides de camp. Before the close of the campaign he had risen to the rank of brigadier-general. Later he joined the headquarters of the British Peninsular Army as a military attaché and became a close friend of the Duke of Wellington.During the Waterloo Campaign in 1815, Alava was the Spanish ambassador to The Hague at the court of King William I of the Netherlands, which allowed him to attend the Duchess of Richmond's ball and to be at Wellington's side during the Battle of Waterloo. Early life

Born into a noble family of naval tradition, he was the son of Pedro Jacinto <mask> y Navarrete and María Manuela <mask> y Peralta. His uncle was Ignacio María <mask>, renowned officer who became the Captain general of the Navy in 1817. He married his cousin María Loreto <mask> y Equível, a grandchild of the Marquesses of Legarda, in 1813. Between 1781 and 1790 he completed his school studies at the , an institution dedicated to the education of sons of noblemen run by the Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País. In 1785, at age 13, he entered as a cadet in the Infantry Regiment of Seville n. 11, lead at the time by his other uncle, <mask> <mask>, reaching the rank of second lieutenant in 1787. After his time in the infantry, and coinciding with the end of his studies, he entered the Navy in 1790, possibly attracted by the distinguished figure of his uncle, Ignacio Maria <mask>.He joined different ships from which he participated in multiple military actions by the Spanish navy against France and England: in Ceuta, the Siege of Toulon and in Italy, which, together with his well connected family, allowed him to rapidly escalate. In 1794 he was already a frigate lieutenant. Embarked with his uncle Ignacio in 1795 on an expedition that sought to travel around the world, he remained in South America until 1800. <mask> returned to Spain following orders he had received three years earlier, but was captured by the English. He was released several months later and in 1801 he was back in Spain. In 1802 he was posted in Cádiz, where he was promoted to lieutenant of the ship. On his return to Cádiz in 1805, he was assigned to the fleet commanded by Admiral Gravina.After the expedition to Martinique, conceived by Napoleon as a diversionary maneuver for the Royal Navy, he intervened in the Finisterre skirmish. On October 21, he participated in the Battle of Trafalgar under the orders of Gravina aboard the Príncipe de Asturias while his uncle Ignacio captained the Santa Ana. After the fateful combat, he would be promoted once again. War of the Third Coalition
Álava served first in the Navy, and had risen to be captain of a frigate when he transferred into the army, receiving corresponding rank. He was present as a Marine at the Battle of Trafalgar on board the 112-gun Santa Ana, which was the flagship of his uncle, Admiral <mask>. Peninsular War
At the assembly of Bayonne in 1808, he was one of the most prominent of those who accepted the new constitution from Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain. After the national rising against French aggression, and the defeat of General Dupont at Bailen in 1808, Álava joined the national independence party, who were fighting in alliance with the British forces in the peninsula.At the end of January 1810 he was ordered to move to Portugal in order to communicate Wellington the difficult military situation in that they were against the French. During this stay a friendship between Wellington and Alava was created, to the point that the Duke had him remain as delegate of the Spanish forces in the British units. He was promoted to Brigadier by express recommendation of Wellington. He saw action in the battles of Salamanca, Vitoria, Bussaco and at the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, as well as taking part in the storming of Badajoz. Hundred Days

On the restoration of Ferdinand, <mask> was cast into prison, but the influence of his uncle Ethenard, the Inquisitor, and of Wellington secured his speedy release. He soon contrived to gain the favour of the King, who appointed him ambassador to The Hague in 1815. As a result of this, he was present at the Battle of Waterloo with Wellington's staff.<mask> stuck close to the Duke during the Battle. Like Wellington, and unlike many of his staff, <mask> survived the battle without sustaining any wound although Wellington and his staff were in the thick of the action, with the Duke declaring to Alava: "The hand of Almighty God has been upon me this day". <mask> is presumed to have been the only man on the Coalition side who was present at both Waterloo and Trafalgar. Politician and diplomat

On the breaking out of the revolution of 1820, he was chosen by the province of Álava to represent it in the Cortes, where he became conspicuous in the party of the Exaltados, and in 1822 was made President. In the latter year, he fought with the militia under Francisco Ballesteros and Pablo Morillo to maintain the authority of the Cortes against the rebels. When the French invested Cádiz, Álava was commissioned by the Cortes to treat with the Duc d'Angoulême, and the negotiations resulted in the restoration of Ferdinand, who pledged himself to a liberal policy. No sooner had he regained power, however, than he ceased to hold himself bound by his promises, and Álava found it necessary to retire first to Gibraltar and then to England.There, he was given a house on the Duke of Wellington's Hampshire estate Stratfield Saye and introduced to his bank Coutts: "This is my friend, and as long as I have any money with your house, let him have it to any amount he thinks proper to draw for". On the death of Ferdinand, he returned to Spain, and espousing the cause of Maria Christina against Don Carlos was appointed ambassador to London in 1834, and to Paris in 1835. Proposed as Prime Minister in September 1835, he rejected his nomination. After the insurrection of La Granja, he refused to sign the constitution of 1837, declaring himself tired of taking new oaths, and was consequently obliged to retire to France, where he died at Barèges in 1843. Legacy

Both the relationships established with high-ranking military personnel during the Peninsular War and his diplomatic work as ambassador in London and Paris gave Álava access to a wide network of prominent contacts that, in some cases, went beyond the strictly professional sphere. Thus, in September 1813, William II of the Netherlands, at the time Prince of Orange, with whom he fought during the Napoleonic campaigns, congratulated him on his impending marriage and asked him, in a relaxed tone, to invite him to the ceremony, which Álava happily did. The French queen consort, María Amalia, wrote to him about her daughter's future wedding and other family concerns.Nonetheless, it was the Duke of Wellington who was probably <mask>'s greatest admirer and friend, who gained the iron duke's trust when he served as his aide-de-camp during the fight against the French. The novelist <mask> Arenas wrote a historical novel about the intervention of General <mask> as Wellington's aide-de-camp in the Battle of Waterloo,  Álava en Waterloo , published in Barcelona in 2012. Frequent and honourable mention of <mask> is made in Napier's History of the Peninsular War, and his name is often met both in lives of the Duke of Wellington and in his correspondence. There are currently three monuments dedicated to him, namely the Monument to the Battle of Vitoria in Plaza de la Virgen Blanca and two statues, at the Diputación Foral de Álava and Museum of the Armoury, all of them in Vitoria, Spain. Quotation
 Aversion to certain English words

Notes

References

Attribution

|-

|-

1770 births
1843 deaths
People from Vitoria-Gasteiz
Spanish untitled nobility
Progressive Party (Spain) politicians
Prime Ministers of Spain
Foreign ministers of Spain
Government ministers of Spain
Members of the Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Politicians from the Basque Country (autonomous community)
Spanish generals
Spanish diplomats
Spanish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars

masks:
Miguel Ricardo de Álava y Esquivel
Álava
de Álava
de Esquvel
de Álava
de Arriola
José de
Álava
de Álava
Álava
Ignacio Álava
Álava
Álava
Álava
Álava
Álava
Ildefonso
Álava
Álava


texts:
<mask> (born September 27, 1961) is an American businessman, investment manager, corporate adviser, and entrepreneur. Kranefuss started and ran the iShares series of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) for Barclays Global Investors (BGI), the asset management arm of Britain's Barclays Bank. BGI was acquired by BlackRock in December 2009. Kranefuss saw the opportunity to commercialize and grow the extant but immaterial ETF industry that had developed by the time iShares was launched in 2000, and is credited with driving ETFs from a novelty product to a mainstream investment choice through aggressive education and promotion of the iShares line. By the end of 2009, global ETF assets exceeded a trillion dollars globally, with nearly half the total in the iShares funds. In 2012, Kranefuss associated with private equity firm Warburg Pincus. Subsequently, in 2014, acquiring over 50% of Source ETFs, a leading European ETF provider.The firm was successfully sold to Invesco in 2017

In 2016, Kranefuss and associates Vinay Nair and Bruce Lavine (former head of iShares Europe and then COO and President of Wisdom Tree) announced the formation of 55 Capital Partners. Kranefuss has since left his daily and strategic oversight roles with that firm. In mid-2017, Kranefuss announced he was working on a disruptive web-based application to enable better investment planning. The software is aimed at both individual investors as well as professional advisors. His intent is to build a very intuitive and experiential tools for investment planning, leveraging current machine-learning, classification, and other techniques. Career
In 1997 Kranefuss joined Barclays Global Investors (BGI), the company that invented index funds. BGI was then the world's largest manager of institutional assets.Kranefuss joined as Director of Strategy & Corporate Development. In that role Kranefuss conceived of the plan for the iShares business. Believing that an aggressive education and sales program would be needed to explain the benefits of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) to investors, iShares was launched in 2000 with an intensive marketing effort behind the initial 40 new iShares funds to be launched in the U.S. — more than doubling the number of products then available in the market. In 2005, after the departure of co-CEO Andrew Skirton, Kranefuss was promoted to the Executive Committee of BGI, and also put in charge of BGI's Institutional Indexing, Cash Management, Securities Lending, and related businesses – collectively over one trillion dollars in assets, more than 75% of BGI's assets under management, and 42% of the company's profits. By the end of 2007 iShares had surpassed $400B in global assets, with Kranefuss overseeing nearly 80% of BGI's assets and over 60% of BGI's profits. iShares sale by Barclays
In April 2009, it was reported that Barclays had signed a deal to sell iShares to the European private equity firm CVC Capital Partners for $4.4B. Kranefuss announced at the time he would be stepping away from daily management duties to assume the title of Vice Chairman of iShares, focusing on the transition process.However, during a go-shop period in the CVC contract, Barclays reportedly received significant interest to buy all of BGI – including iShares – by numerous parties. Subsequently, New York money manager BlackRock out-bid all others and purchased BGI, closing the deal in late in the year. Though having grown iShares by extensive distribution over the decade — into a global fund family with over $500B in assets, and the 4th largest fund family in the U.S. — it was reported in early 2010 that Kranefuss (on reportedly good terms with BlackRock senior management) would continue only through an integration period. He left BlackRock at the end of April 2010. Current activities
Kranefuss is currently focused on corporate advisory and principal investing in the asset management industry. In September 2011, he and former iShares colleague Rory Tobin announced the formation of ETF Opportunity Partners LLP, with an eye to acquiring ETF businesses (initially in Europe). He and Tobin penned an opinion piece in the Financial Times explaining their perspective the same month.In December 2012, Warburg Pincus, a global private equity firm backed by more than $30B in capital focused on growth investing, announced the appointment of Kranefuss as an Executive-in-Residence to identify and evaluate investment opportunities in the areas of exchange-traded funds (ETFs), index investing and asset management, particularly in Europe, Asia and Latin America. At the time, Kranefuss commented "The time is ripe to create a large-scale, global, and independent ETF provider that will provide the truly attractive and innovative product – and the support behind it – that ETF investors demand." In 2014, Kranefuss and Warburg Pincus announced they had acquire 51% of the equity of Source, an ETF provider originally started by a consortium of investment banks including Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, JP Morgan, Bank of America, and Nomura. The founding investment banks were reported to have remained as minority shareholder in Source, backing Kranefuss and Warburg Pincus. In 2017, Warburg Pincus and the founding shareholders announced they were selling Source. In late 2017 Invesco emerged as the buyer of Source. Kranefuss was also a seed investor in the quantitative money management company Ada Investment Management, a hedge fund managed by Vinay Nair.In May 2016, Kranefuss and Nair co-founded a new firm to provide management of portfolios entirely of ETFs, 55 Capital Partners. The hired Bruce Lavine – a key early employee of iShares who went on to be President and COO of Wisdom Tree, a publicly listed ETF provider – as CEO of the new firm. According to their web site press reports and interviews, they have ported investment strategies that implement core portfolios, typically used by large institutions, such that they can be implemented entirely with ETFs. Since that time the company has shifted direction to a more institutional approach. While not involved in daily operations, Kranefuss remains an investor in the current firm, 55 Institutional. In addition, Kranefuss has pursued an interest in corporate sustainability, and has invested in that area. He appeared at the 2010 Fortune Brainstorm Green conference to talk about that.Affiliations
Kranefuss’ past and present affiliations include:
Cornell University – Parker Center for Investment Research
 Ada Investments
Investment Company Institute – Former member, Board of Governors
 Democratic Party

Personal life
Kranefuss was born in Endicott, New York. He currently divides his time between the San Francisco Bay Area in Marin County and Sun Valley, Idaho. References

1961 births
Living people
21st-century American businesspeople
Cornell University alumni


texts:
<mask> (August 11, 1873 – November 11, 1954, usually referred to as J<mask>) was an American composer and singer during the Harlem Renaissance. Born in Jacksonville, Florida, he had much of his career in New York City. <mask> is noted as the composer of the hymn "Lift Every Voice and Sing”. It was first performed live by 500 Black American students from the segregated Stanton School (elementary/middle/junior high-level), Jacksonville, Florida, in 1900. The song was published by Joseph W. Stern & Co., Manhattan, New York (later the Edward B. Marks Music Company). J<mask> was the younger brother of poet and activist <mask>, who wrote the lyrics for "Lift Every Voice and Sing".The two also worked together in causes related to the NAACP. Biography
J<mask> <mask> was born on August 11, 1873, the son of Helen Louise Dillet, a native of Nassau, Bahamas, and <mask>. His maternal great-grandmother, Hester Argo, had escaped from Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) during the revolutionary upheaval in 1802, along with her three young children, including (<mask>'s grandfather Stephen Dillet (1797–1880). Although originally headed to Cuba, their boat was intercepted by privateers and they were brought to Nassau, Bahamas instead. There they permanently settled. In 1833 Stephen Dillet was the first man of color to win election to the Bahamian legislature. <mask> was trained at the New England Conservatory and then studied in London.His career began as a public school teacher in his hometown of Jacksonville, Florida. Traveling to New York, he began his show business career along with his brother and composer Bob Cole. As a songwriting team, they wrote works such as The Evolution of Ragtime (1903). Among the earliest works by the group was a suite of six songs of "Negro" music. The men also produced two successful Broadway operettas with casts of black actors: Shoo-Fly Regiment of 1906 and The Red Moon of 1908. <mask> also performed in these operettas. He played a Tuskegee soldier who enlists in the Spanish–American War in The Shoo Fly Regiment and portrayed African-American Plunk Green opposite Abbie Mitchell’s Minnehaha, a mixed Indian/black woman, in The Red Moon.These performances went beyond theatre. <mask>, alongside his brother and Cole, evoked a political presence in their inclusion of other races in their musicals. In The Red Moon, Cole and <mask> broke racial lines as they included a love scene between <mask>’s Green and Mitchell’s Minnehaha. This spotlight on Native Americans was so well received that <mask> was inducted as a ‘sub-chief’ into the Iroquois tribe of Montreal’s Caughnawaga Reservation, which had a majority population of ethnic Mohawk people. Cole and the <mask> brothers also created and produced several "white" musicals: Sleeping Beauty and the Beast in 1901, In Newport in 1904, and Humpty Dumpty in 1904. <mask> would also collaborate to create Hello Paris with J. Leubrie Hill in 1911. <mask> was active in various musical roles during his career.He toured the vaudeville circuit and, after Cole's 1911 death, began a successful tour with Charles Hart and Tom Brown. In London, he wrote music for a theater review from 1912 to 1913 serving a long residency. After returning to the United States, New York's Music School Settlement for Colored — founded by the New York Symphony Orchestra's David Mannes — appointed him as director where he served from 1914 to 1919. J<mask> <mask> served as the first Deputy Marshal for the historic Negro Silent Protest Parade in 1917. <mask> also toured with his own ensembles, The Harlem Rounders and The Inimitable Five. He also performed in Negro spiritual concerts with Emmanuel Taylor Gordon, including at Aeolian Hall in Manhattan. The London production of Lew Leslie's Blackbirds of 1936 engaged <mask> as musical director.During the 1930s, <mask> also sang the role of Frazier in the original production of Gershwin's Porgy and Bess, taking roles in other dramas as well. He reprised his role as Frazier on the 1951 studio recording of Porgy and Bess. As an editor, he collected four important works of traditional African-American songs. The first two of these song collections he compiled along with his brother <mask>: The Book of American Negro Spirituals (1925) and The Second Book of Negro Spirituals (1926). In addition, <mask> edited Shoutsongs (1936) and the folksong anthology Rolling Along in Song (1937). He died on November 11, 1954 in New York City. His widow, Nora E. Floyd <mask>, died in 1969.Musical works

 The Shoo-Fly Regiment (1906), Broadway operetta
 The Red Moon (1908), Broadway operetta
 The Sleeping Beauty and the Beast (1901),  musical
 My Castle On The Nile, song (1901)
 My heart's desiah is Miss Mariah (1901), song
 In Newport (1904), musical
 Humpty Dumpty (1904), musical
 Mr. Lode of Koal (1909), musical
 Come Over Here (1912), musical
 "The Maiden with the Dreamy Eyes", song
 "Didn't He Ramble", song
 "Li'l Gal", song
 "Since You Went Away", song
 "Lift Every Voice and Sing", song
 "The Siberian Dip" (1911), ragtime instrumental

See also

The Frogs (club)
African American musical theater

Notes

References
 Southern, Eileen. The Music of Black Americans: A History. W. W. Norton & Company; 3rd edition. Yenser, Thomas (editor), Who's Who in Colored America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Persons of African Descent in America, Who's Who in Colored America, Brooklyn, New York, 1930-1931-1932 (Third Edition)
 Paula Marie Seniors, Beyond Lift Every Voice and Sing: The Culture of Uplift, Identity, and Culture in Black Musical Theater

External links

The J. Rosamond <mask> Papers at Yale University Music Library

1873 births
1954 deaths
20th-century African-American people
African-American classical composers
African-American classical musicians
African-American male classical composers
American classical composers
American male classical composers
American musical theatre composers
American operetta composers
American people of Bahamian descent
American people of French descent
American people of Haitian descent
Male musical theatre composers
Male operetta composers
New England Conservatory alumni
People from Jacksonville, Florida
Vaudeville performers

masks:
John Rosamond Johnson
. Rosamond Johnson
Johnson
. Rosamond Johnson
James Weldon Johnson
. Rosamond
Johnson
James Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Rosamond
Johnson
Rosamond
Rosamond
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
. Rosamond
Johson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
James
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


texts:
<mask> (c. January 12, 1918 – 1972 or 1973) was an American comic book writer active during the 1930s and 1940s "Golden Age of Comic Books", known for her work with Quality Comics and other publishers and as one of the first female comics professionals in what was then an almost entirely male industry. Known professionally as <mask>, she was the daughter of comics artist <mask> and the wife of comics artist Bill Bossert. She was also known as Audrey Anthony Blossert. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born in Pennsylvania, the daughter of Jewish artists Alexander Anthony "Alex<mask> and <mask>. Together with her younger brother, the family lived in the Germantown section of Philadelphia. During the Great Depression, <mask>'s career as a portrait painter evaporated, leading the family to move to New York City, New York, seeking work. In 1938, she became a staff writer at the Manhattan studio Eisner & Iger, one of the era's comics "packagers" that would supply comic-book content on demand to publishers testing the emerging medium.She lived at the time with her family on 91st or 92nd Street near Park Avenue in Manhattan. Her father also worked at Eisner & Iger, joining the studio either before or after her. There, sometimes in collaboration with him, she wrote stories under a variety of pseudonyms, among them Tony Boone, Anthony Bloom, and <mask>, as well as <mask>, <mask>, <mask> and possibly Bob Anthony, and Tony Adams, Anthony Lamb, Anthony Brooks, and possibly Jack Anthony, A. L. Allen, Tom Alexander, Tom Russell, and Bjorn Tagens. She became best known, however, as <mask>, and was called that by her co-workers. Aside from comics writer-artist and company principal Will Eisner, Blum was the shop's only writer. Her future husband, Eisner & Iger artist Bill Bossert, recalled of her working method,

Owing to her collection of pen names, historians are uncertain of her earliest comic-book scripts. Who's Who of American Comic Books, 1928-1999 lists her as writer, from 1936 to 1937, of the two-page feature "The Vikings", which ran in issues #1-19 (cover-dated Dec. 1935 - Dec. 1937) of one of the earliest comic books, National Allied Publications' New Comics (renamed New Adventure Comics with issue #7).<mask> is also tentatively identified as the author of the two-page text fillers "Treasure Hunt" Parts 1 & 2 in Action Comics #15-16 (Aug.-Sept. 1939), bylined "Jack Anthony". That title's publisher, Detective Comics Inc., one of the firms that would coalesce to become DC Comics, was not known to use comics packagers for its content, however. Following a handful of other tentative credits, <mask>'s first confirmed work, bylined "Anthony Brooks", is the six-page "Vladim the Voodoo Master", starring Yarko the Great, Master Magician, in Fox Comics' Blue Beetle #1 (Winter 1939-40). Pioneering female comics creator
<mask> co-created numerous features for Eisner & Iger clients. In Quality Comics' National Comics #1 (July 1940) alone, she introduced the aviation strip "Prop Powers", with the possibly pseudonymous artist Clark Williams; "Sally O'Neil, Policewoman", with artist Chuck Mazoujian; and "Wonder Boy", with artist John Celardo. Through 1943, she scripted a large number of Quality Comics features at various times, including "Black Condor", "Dollman", "Kid Patrol", "Lion Boy", "The Ray", "The Red Bee", "Stormy Foster", and "Uncle Sam" She also wrote numerous text fillers both for Quality and for Fiction House, many of the latter bylined "Tom Alexander". The only female employee of the shop, the "young, attractive, intelligent"  aspiring playwright Blum briefly dated Eisner, who depicted their relationship in his semiautobiographical graphic novel The Dreamer, with Blum renamed Andrea Budd.She was treated respectfully in the otherwise all-male studio, save for one encounter involving artist George Tuska punching fellow artist Bob Powell over a remark the latter made regarding Blum. As publisher and historian Denis Kitchen wrote, "Tuska, like Eisner, had a crush on office mate <mask> but was too shy to make his move. The actual provocation that inflamed Tuska, Eisner privately said, was Powell's loud assertion that he 'could fuck [<mask>] anytime' he wanted. After decking Powell, Tuska stood over his prostrate coworker and in a voice Eisner described as Lon Chaney Jr. in Of Mice and Men said, 'You shouldn't ought to have said that, Bob.'" <mask> fell in love with another of the staff artists, Bill Bossert, marrying him sometime during World War II, and together eventually having three children. Following Eisner's departure from Eisner & Iger to launch his Sunday-newspaper comic-book insert, "The Spirit Section", in 1940, <mask> became ghost writer of its title feature "The Spirit" for a time in 1942, while Eisner did World War II U.S. military service. One source also lists her as a writer for a companion feature, "Lady Luck", in 1940.A different source includes her among the post-Eisner S. M. Iger Studio personnel in the 1940s who adapted literary novels and stories for Classics Illustrated comics, for which her father <mask> drew many issues. Later life
After Bill Bossert's July 1945 return from the U.S. Army, where he had been a captain and a paratrooper during World War II, Bossert and <mask> had a son, Tom, and a daughter, Jill, and moved to Pleasantville, New York, where Blum became a housewife and Bossert a graphic designer. They later had a second son, Robin. Blum developed breast cancer, surviving for five years and undergoing chemotherapy, and died in 1973, according to Bossert in an interview conducted in the late 2000s, or 1972, per Who's Who of American Comic Books, 1928-1999. Legacy
While a handful of women artists worked in comics during the 1930s and 1940s era collectors and fans call the Golden Age of Comic Books, Blum is among the only female comics writers of that era, along with Ruth Roche and writer-artist Tarpé Mills. See also
List of women in comics

References

1918 births
1970s deaths
Year of death uncertain
American comics writers
Female comics writers
Golden Age comics creators
People from Pleasantville, New York
20th-century American women writers

masks:
Audrey Anthony Blum
Toni Blum
Alex Blum
Toni Blum
" Blum
Helen Blum
Alex Blum
Tony Blum
Toni Boone
Toni Boon
Toni Adams
Toni Blum
Blum
Blum
Blum
Toni Blum
Toni Blum
Blum
Blum
Alex Blum
Blum