texts:
<mask> (born September 26, 1931) is a timpanist, composer and educator who has been active in the percussion world for over seventy years. While Principal Timpanist of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra for 38 years (1956-1994), he performed internationally with the symphony in concerts, television productions, and recordings." The Christian Science Monitor claimed, "...his performance of the solo part establishes him as perhaps the finest timpanist in the country." As a solo artist, he premiered several major new works for solo timpani and orchestra with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra. In a review of "CelebrationsAn Overture for Timpani and Orchestra," the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette said, "<mask> played it superbly, imparting a singing line to this most unvocal instrument." In 2010, he was inducted into the Percussive Arts Society Hall of Fame, where they summed up his musical contribution: "<mask> has left an indelible musical footprint for musicians, especially percussionists." He is currently resident timpanist, composer and handbell director at Vanderbilt Presbyterian Church, Naples, Florida, and continues to compose and teach master classes.He has composed more than one hundred twenty pieces for percussion instruments, including timpani, timpani and organ, snare drum, and percussion ensemble. His compositions for percussion, voice, choral, piano, violin, and handbells are listed in "An Annotated Bibliography of Percussion Works by <mask>." He also composed method books, including Pedal Technique for the Timpani. This book's unique method helps the timpanist develop a total concept of timpani performance by producing kinesthetic confidence, achieved  by educating foot and leg movements in conjunction with the stroke of the stick, while also focusing on the pitch being tuned. At Carnegie-Mellon University (1958-1978), he taught percussion, timpani and percussion ensemble. As Adjunct Professor of Percussion at Duquesne University (1989-2001), he taught timpani and conducted the percussion ensemble. He has taught clinics and master classes at schools across the US, including Curtis Institute of Music, Interlochen Center for the Arts, Manhattan School of Music, New England Conservatory of Music, University of North Texas College of Music, and Eastman School of Music.He wrote two articles published in Percussive Notes. Career timeline

1943–1949
Studied snare drum and marimba with Vera Daylin of the Kansas City Philharmonic
1945-1950
Performed timpani with the Independence Little Symphony
1946-1949
Studied timpani with Ben Udell of the Kansas City Philharmonic
1948–1950
Performed as percussionist with the Kansas City Philharmonic, Hans Schwieger, Music Director
1950–1951
Studied timpani with Edward Metzinger of the Chicago Symphony and Northwestern University
1951-1954
Studied percussion and timpani with William Street of the Eastman School of Music. Graduated 1954, Bachelor of Music, Performers Certificate in Percussion
1953-1954
Performed as percussionist with the Rochester Philharmonic, Erich Leinsdorf, Music Director
1952–1954
Charter member of Eastman Wind Ensemble, percussionist then timpanist; made first two recordings of the Eastman Wind Ensemble, Frederick Fennell, Conductor
1955–1956
Timpanist with the 19th Army Band; performed on ABC network series Soldier Parade with Arlene Francis and twice on the Ed Sullivan Show
1956-1994
Principal Timpanist Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra
Music Directors: 1956-1976 William Steinberg, 1976-1984 Andre Previn, 1985-1994 Lorin Maazel
Made national and international tours
Made over fifty recordings for Capitol, Columbia, Philips, Angel, Command, Everest, and Sony; one received a Grammy Award (Maazel) and one a Gramophone Award, UK,  (Previn)
Appeared in the television series on PBS: Previn and the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra
Made five solo appearances:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date
! Composer
! Title of composition
! Conductor
|-
| 1958
| Milhaud
| "Concerto for Percussion and Small Orchestra"
| Steinberg
|-
| 1964
| Tharichen
| "Concerto for Timpani and Orchestra" (American premier)
| Steinberg
|-
| 1973
| McCulloh
| "Symphony Concertante for Timpanist and Orchestra" (world premier)
| Johanos
|-
| 1981
| Panufnik
| "Concertino for Timpani, Percussion, and Strings" (American premier)
| Previn
|-
| 1984
| Premru
| "Celebrations" (world premier)
| Previn
|}

Discography
On the CDs Canticle, Collage, Acclamation, and Reunion, Leonard directs and performs his compositions for percussion.Retrospections features his music and music by Brett W. Dietz. All CDs are available through the Sibley Music Library. Also directly from <mask> at www.StanleyLeonard.com
 Canticle (1995) — Duquesne University Alumni Percussion Ensemble, <mask> Leonard
 Collage (2007) — Hamiruge Percussion Group Louisiana State University, <mask>
 Acclamation (2010) — <mask>, Timpani, James Cochran, Organ, Matthew Sonneborn, Trumpet
 Reunion (2012) — Tempus Fugit Percussion Ensemble, Hamiruge Percussion Group, Stanley Leonard
 Jubilate (2015) — Three Rivers Ringers Handbell Ensemble
 Retrospections (2020) — Hamiruge Percussion Group Louisiana State University, <mask>

Compositions for percussion music
You can find the compositions listed here on ASCAP or in the Sibley Music Library. Etude and method books
 Contemporary Album for Snare Drum (1986) LudwigMasters Publications
 Forty Hymns and Carols for Timpani (2002) PerMus Publications
 Four Duets for Timpani (2014) Alfred Music
 Orchestral Repertoire for the Timpani. "Pairs" (2001) Rowloff Productions

Keyboard percussion ensemble
 "Ballade" (2018) LudwigMasters Publications
 "Four Canons" (1958) LudwigMasters Publications
 "Masquerade" (Waltz)" (1974) <mask> S. <mask>
 "Mirror Canon" (1976) Boosey and Hawkes. "Mirrors" (2012) Mostly Marimba Publications
 "Prelude for Four Marimbas" (1972) LudwigMasters Publications
 "Processional" (1997) <mask> S. <mask>
 "Quarimba" (1995) LudwigMasters Publications
 "Rise Up O Flame" (1970) <mask> S. Leonard
 "Scherzo" (1975) Stanley S. Leonard
 "Serenade" (1997) LudwigMasters Publications
 "Two Contemporary Scenes" (1968) Stanley S. Leonard

Percussion ensemble

Three players
 "Three Spaces" (1969) Stanley S. Leonard
 "Trilogy" (2019) Stanley S. <mask>
 "Trioso" (2003) C. Alan Publications

Four players
 "Bachiana for percussion" (1974) Boosey and Hawkes
 "Cycle for Percussion" (1969) Stanley S. Leonard
 "Dance Suite" (1969) Stanley S. Leonard
 "Housemusic for Percussion" (1968) Stanley S. Leonard.

masks:
Stanley Spger Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Stanley Leonard
Stanley Leonard
Stanley
Stanley Leonard
Stanley Leonard
Stanley Leonard
Stanley
Leonard
Stanley
Leonard
Stanley
Leonard


type: original

texts:
<mask> (Jawi: سلطانة نور ظاهرة; née Rozita binti Adil Bakeri; born 7 December 1973) is the current Sultanah of Terengganu. She was the 13th Raja Permaisuri Agong (Supreme Queen Consort) of Malaysia from 2006 to 2011. Early life
Born Rozita binti Adil Bakeri on 7 December 1973 in Alor Star, Kedah, Malaysia. She received her primary school education at Sekolah Kebangsaan St. Nicholas' Convent, and her secondary school education at SMK St. Nicholas' Convent, both in Alor Star, Kedah, where she was a student librarian and Girl Guides member. Royal life
She married Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu on 28 March 1996 in Kuala Terengganu. She was then known as Cik Puan Sri Rozita Adil Bakeri. She was accorded the title Permaisuri Nur Zahirah on 19 July 1998, after Tuanku Mizan was proclaimed the Sultan of Terengganu.Later, her title was changed to <mask> <mask> <mask> on 5 June 2006 in accordance with the Sultan's wishes. She was conferred the dignitary titles of the Bintang Kebesaran Darjah Seri Setia Sultan Mahmud Terengganu Yang Amat Mulia Darjah Yang Pertama (D.K.) known as Order of Royal Family on 16 January 1999 and Darjah Kebesaran Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Terengganu Yang Amat Terpilih (S.S.M.Z.) or Grand Order of Sultan Mizan of Terengganu. The most recent dignitary title awarded to Her Majesty Seri Paduka Baginda Raja Permaisuri Agong was the Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (D.M.N.) – Grand Order of Nation Crown on 5 April 2007. Family life
The royal couple have four children:
Her Highness Tengku Nadhirah Zaharah, the Tengku Puteri Utama Raja (born 18 December 1996).His Royal Highness Tengku Muhammad Ismail, the Yang di-Pertuan Muda (born 1 March 1998). His Highness Tengku Muhammad Mua′az, the Tengku Sri Setia Mahkota Raja (born 22 December 2000). Her Highness Tengku Fatimatuz Zahra, the Tengku Puteri Daulath Raja (born 19 April 2002). Hobbies and Interests
The Queen loves interior decoration and does much of the interior design at the palace. She loves to cook, especially dishes that are the favourites of her husband and family. Tuanku <mask> <mask> also loves to read books, specially concerning intelligence quotient and emotional quotient. The Sultanah is also interested in martial arts, as the activity keeps a person body fit and trim.She spends her free time by taking part in exercises such as aerobics. She also likes strenuous sports, such as endurance horse riding, which is the favourite of the Sultan. The <mask> is her husband's number one supporter when he takes part in such races locally or overseas. Social Contribution
She played a major role during the Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake by collecting donations which were successfully distributed to victims through both the Acheh and Kedah governments. The list of generosity of the Seri Paduka Baginda Tuanku includes involving herself with programmes to assist the poor and those with special needs. In 2006, the Yayasan DiRaja Sultan Mizan, a local foundation of the Royal Family of Terengganu, represented by the queen distributed milk bottle especially for cleft-lipped babies, breast pumps for mothers and related devices to help people with eyesight problems through Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah. She is the patron of various organisations, uniformed bodies and educational institutions in the Terengganu State.The organisations under the Sultanah consist of:

 Majlis Kebajikan dan Pembangunan Masyarakat (for social welfare and development). Pertubuhan Kebajikan Anak Yatim Terengganu (known as PERKAYA for the welfare of orphans). Persatuan Hospis Terengganu. Persatuan Ibu Bapa dan Guru SK Pusat Bukit Besar, Terengganu. Girl Guide Association of Terengganu. She is also the Chancellor of Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). Another important accomplishment is the Tadika An Nur, a well established pre-school in Terengganu pioneered by Seri Paduka Baginda Tuanku.This pre-school prospered when she planned to give an early form of education for her children. She is currently the Patron of Tadika An Nur which has now been opened to the public. Awards and recognitions
Tuanku <mask> <mask> was conferred with an honorary doctorate in management at a special convocation of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu in 2006. She received the degree from Tuanku Mizan, who was the university's chancellor. In her speech at the event, she urged the people of Terengganu to take the initiative to emulate the excellent accomplishments of past Muslim scholars in fields of knowledge, especially in science and technology. She was awarded:

Terengganu honours
  First Class of the Family Order of Terengganu (DK I, 16 January 1999)
  Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu (SSMZ, 6 July 2001)
  Member Grand Companion of the Order of Sultan Mahmud I of Terengganu (SSMT, 9 July 1998)

Malaysian honours
  :
  Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (DMN, 5 April 2007)
  :
  Member of the Royal Family Order of Kedah (DK, 21 January 2002)

Foreign honours
  : Grand Cordon of the Order of Chula Chom Klao

Places named after her
Several places were named after her, including:
 Sultanah Nur Zahirah Hospital in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu
 Sultanah Nur Zahirah Mosque in Marang, Terengganu
 SK Permaisuri Nur Zahirah, a primary school in Besut, Terengganu
 SMK Permaisuri Nur Zahirah, a secondary school in Besut, Terengganu

Trivia
Sultanah Nur Zahirah is the second Raja Permaisuri Agong after Permaisuri Siti Aishah of Selangor who wears the headscarf (tudong) on a daily basis. She is also the third commoner to become the Raja Permaisuri Agong, after Tuanku Bainun binti Mohamad Ali of Perak and Tuanku Permaisuri Siti Aishah of Selangor.Notes

References
 Kind, gentle queen, The Star, 26 April 2007. See also
 Yang Di-Pertuan Agong
 Raja Permaisuri Agong

1973 births
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
People from Kedah
Living people
Royal House of Terengganu
Nur Zahirah
Malaysian royal consorts

First Classes of the Family Order of Terengganu
Members Grand Companion of the Order of Sultan Mahmud I of Terengganu

Malaysian queens consort
Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm

masks:
Sultanah Nur Zahirah
Sultanah
Nur
Zahirah
Nur
Zahirah
Sultanah
Nur
Zahirah


texts:
<mask> (1925 – March 3, 2019) was an Iranian author, researcher of Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic philosophy, professor at the University of Tehran and jurist. <mask>, son of Ayatollah <mask> and descendant of Mohsen Fayz Kashani, was born on 1925 in Qom, Iran. Education
From the age of five to seven, <mask> went to a local Maktabkhaneh in Qom to learn primary concept of Islamic studies. Then he studied in Mohammadieh Elementary and High School in Qom and got his diploma there. In addition to studying in high school, he studied in the Qom Seminary and gained knowledge from several professors. From 1938 to 1953 he studied advanced concepts of Islamic jurisprudence and principles for 15 years in Qom Seminary and Hawza Najaf. He also studied Islamic philosophy with master Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai.In 1950, with the permission of eminent scholars such as Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Mohaqeq Damad and Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Taghi Khansari, he reached the level of ijtihad. In the meantime, he taught at some levels of Arabic literature, logic, Islamic jurisprudence, and Principles of Islamic jurisprudence in addition to his studies. In the late 1950s he came to Tehran and entered University of Tehran to study Islamic philosophy there. In 1953, he completed his bachelor's degree in Islamic philosophy and began teaching again in the Qom Seminary. With the opening of the doctoral course in Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies of the University of Tehran, he was one of the first students of this course in the field of philosophy. He continued his education in this field until doctorate degree. Then he wrote his doctoral dissertation entitled "Critique of Aristotle's logic" and obtained his PhD in Islamic philosophy from Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies of the University of Tehran in 1963.Career
From 1957, when he was a PhD course student, he taught Principles of Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic jurisprudence at the Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies in University of Tehran, and finally reached the rank of full professor. For almost 20 years, he was the director of the Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law in University of Tehran. He continued his scientific activity with universities for about 35 years. In 1981, he was praised by Ali Khamenei then President of Iran as an exemplary professor, and in 1991, as a distinguished professor at the University of Tehran, he received a plaque of honor from Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani then President of Iran. In 2003 he was selected as a permanent figure at Iranian Science and Culture Hall of Fame in the field of Islamic jurisprudence and law. During Iranian Cultural Revolution, he was sent to the officer's college and was in charge of teaching Islamic criminal jurisprudence, reviewing books and textbooks in that college. With the start of the Dehkhoda Dictionary project, he collaborated for 12 years in preparing 14 volumes of the dictionaries.These are some of his other activities: member of Academy of Sciences of Iran, member of The Organization for Researching and Composing University textbooks in the Humanities, member of The World Forum for Proximity of Islamic Schools of Thought, collaboration with University of Islamic Denominations, Representative of the Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies in the Committee for the Promotion of Professors of the University of Tehran, collaboration with Tehran School of Law and Political Science, collaboration with Tarbiat Modares University, collaboration with University of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services, collaboration with Islamic Azad University. He retired from the University of Tehran in 2001. Two days later, the funeral was held for him at the Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies of the University of Tehran. See also
 Iraj Afshar
 Mahdi Ahouie
 Mehrdad Avesta
 Mohammad Taqi Danesh Pajouh
 Ali Osat Hashemi
 Ali Akbar Sadeghi

References

External links
 Picture: Dr. <mask> Feyz funeral

1925 births
2019 deaths
University of Tehran faculty
People from Qom
Philosophy academics
Iranian lawyers
Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies of the University of Tehran alumni
Iranian Science and Culture Hall of Fame recipients in Theology

masks:
Alireza Feyz
Birth Alireza Feyz
Mirza Mohammad Feyz
Alireza Feyz
Alireza


texts:
<mask>  (19 January 1900 – 26 April 1962), commonly known as <mask> or <mask>, was a Labour politician from New Zealand, the third deputy prime minister of New Zealand between 1957 and 1960, and a minister from 1943 to 1949 and 1957 to 1960 in the First and Second Labour governments. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born on 19 January 1900 in Melbourne, Australia, before subsequently emigrating to New Zealand. His father was a missionary in Te Kopuru, near Hokianga. <mask> settled in the Waitaki District and married Julia Buckley Gray of Palmerston North in 1924. They were to have two sons together, who later went into business in Westport together. <mask> established himself politically as a union leader in Westport whilst working as a carpenter by trade. He then turned his profession to farming up until the depression in the early 1930s.He distinguished himself after being elected the president of the Inangahua Medical Association. He was instrumental in setting up a co-operative medical insurance scheme for labourers working building the Waitaki hydroelectric station alongside Andy Davidson, Arnold Nordmeyer and Gervan & Ethel McMillan. All subsequently becoming prominent members of the Labour party. Military career
<mask> served in the New Zealand Army in the Middle East during World War II. Starting out as a Sapper in the fourth reinforcements, <mask> rose to the rank of Major in the North African campaign. He was wounded in action in 1942 and was mentioned in dispatches. He was later awarded the Military Cross in 1943 for mine clearing during the First Battle of El Alamein.At night he had cleared the way for Allied tanks to launch a counterattack to an Axis breakthrough. In June 1943 he was undertaking a lecturing tour of Britain for the Ministry of Information when he was recalled to New Zealand upon receiving a promotion to cabinet because of his fine record as a soldier by Prime Minister Peter Fraser. Member of Parliament

<mask> was a Member of Parliament from 1938 to 1962; he was MP for Motueka between 1938 and 1946 (having defeated new MP Keith Holyoake in 1938), then MP for Buller from 1946 to 1962. Early on in his career as an MP, <mask> was somewhat sympathetic to the plight of John A. Lee, but did not to support him openly. <mask> made good impressions as an MP and gained a reputation for possessing "down-to-earth Kiwi common sense". First Labour Government
Between 1943 and 1949 he held several ministries; Lands, Rehabilitation, Valuation and State Forests. As Minister of Rehabilitation he distinguished himself in the area of soldier resettlement, enabling returned servicemen to return to live and work in New Zealand following World War II.As a minister <mask> gained a reputation of sincerity, which helped his otherwise lackings as an orator. <mask> was seen by many as Labour's rising star. In recognition of this, he was subsequently elected deputy-leader of the Labour Party in 1951 while it was in opposition. However, there had been speculation that he had sought the leadership, but this was dismissed as merely media gossip. In the attempted coup against Walter Nash's leadership in 1954, <mask> sided with Nash and his status as the deputy-leader was reaffirmed when he remained unopposed in the position. In 1956 he suffered a heart attack, but made a good recovery in the following months. Second Labour Government
Following Labour's victory in the 1957 election, <mask> became Deputy Prime Minister in Walter Nash's ministry.He also held the Lands and Agriculture portfolios. In government, <mask> still did not make further impressions in public opinion, where he was still seen by the public as merely in Nash's shadow. As Minister of Agriculture <mask> fought against unfair trading practices in the United Kingdom regarding New Zealand's dairy imports. New Zealand faced a recurring problem. Dairy prices had fallen drastically, largely because a number of countries were 'dumping' subsidized butter. <mask> lead a delegation of officials which persuaded the British government to reduced tariff preferences for New Zealand goods in return for exempting British goods from quantitative restrictions. He likewise passed an act of parliament to safeguard New Zealand's livestock against Hydatid disease.As a result of his work in the area, it is said that <mask> was an instrumental figure in the establishment of New Zealand's pulp and paper industry. A notable feature of the Second Labour Government was Nash's frequent absences from the country. This left <mask> to be acting Prime Minister both frequently, and for lengthy periods. He was effectively in charge of the governments domestic affairs whilst Nash busied himself with international matters. His first wife died in 1957 and in 1958 he married Lois Mehaffey. <mask> was the acting Prime Minister at the time of his wedding. Opposition
Following the Labour defeat at the 1960 election, <mask> again became Deputy Leader of the Opposition.Walter Nash favoured <mask> as his successor and was planning to announce his retirement as leader at Labour's 1962 party conference to clear the way for <mask>. The media and public were widely anticipating <mask> to lead Labour at the 1963 election. After <mask>'s sudden death (only a week before the 1962 conference) Nash then favoured Fred Hackett to replace him after he had been elected <mask>'s successor as deputy leader. However, Hackett then too died leaving Nash to be replaced by Arnold Nordmeyer when he eventually resigned in 1963. It was speculated that <mask> had died with the knowledge that the party leadership would soon be his and that the caucus had already approved of his succession to Nash, however Nash strongly denied the suggestion. Death
<mask> attended the Anzac Day ceremony at the Wellington Cenotaph as opposition representative before returning to his home in Tākaka later in the day. He died in his sleep early the next morning, aged 62.He was survived by his second wife and two sons. One of his sons, Terry, was the longtime secretary of Labour's Southern Buller electorate committee. After his father's death, he stood for the Labour nomination at the Buller by-election but lost out to Bill Rowling. He remained on friendly terms with Rowling and continued as secretary for many years. Notes

References

Who's Who in New Zealand, 7th Edition 1961. Obituary in Nelson Photo News
Photo (downloadable) of <mask> as Minister of Rehabilitation

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

1900 births
1962 deaths
New Zealand Labour Party MPs
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
New Zealand people of World War II
New Zealand military personnel of World War II
Australian emigrants to New Zealand
Deputy Prime Ministers of New Zealand
People from Motueka
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
New Zealand recipients of the Military Cross
20th-century New Zealand politicians

masks:
Clarence Farrington Skinner
Jerry
Gerry Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Clarence Skinner


texts:
<mask>  (born 30 January 1937) is an English actress and activist. Throughout her career spanning over six decades, <mask> has garnered numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Television Award, two Golden Globe Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and a Tony Award, making her one of the few performers to achieve the  Triple Crown of Acting. She has also received various honorary awards, including the BAFTA Fellowship Award, the Golden Lion Honorary Award, and an induction into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. <mask> made her acting debut on stage with the production of  in 1958. She rose to prominence in 1961 playing Rosalind in the Shakespearean comedy As You Like It with the Royal Shakespeare Company and has since starred in more than 35 productions in London's West End and on Broadway, winning the 1984 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Revival for The Aspern Papers, and the 2003 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for the revival of Long Day's Journey into Night. She also received Tony nominations for The Year of Magical Thinking and Driving Miss Daisy. <mask> made her film debut starring opposite her father in the medical drama Behind the Mask (1958), and rose to prominence with the satire Morgan: A Suitable Case for Treatment (1966), which garnered her first of her six Academy Award nominations, winning Best Supporting Actress for Julia (1977).Her other nominations were for Isadora (1968), Mary, Queen of Scots (1971), The Bostonians (1984), and Howards End (1992). Among her other films are A Man for All Seasons (1966), Blowup (1966), Camelot (1967), The Devils (1971), Murder on the Orient Express (1974), Prick Up Your Ears (1987), Mission: Impossible (1996), Atonement (2007), Letters to Juliet (2010), Coriolanus (2011), and The Butler (2013). A member of the <mask> family of actors, she is the daughter of Sir <mask> and <mask> (Rachel Kempson), the sister of <mask> and Corin <mask>, the wife of Italian actor Franco Nero, the mother of actresses Joely Richardson and Natasha Richardson and of screenwriter and director Carlo Gabriel Nero, the aunt of British actress Jemma <mask>, the mother-in-law of actor Liam Neeson and film producer Tim Bevan, and the grandmother of Daisy Bevan and Micheál and Daniel Neeson. Early life

<mask> was born on 30 January 1937 in Blackheath, London, the daughter of actors Sir <mask> and Rachel Kempson. Laurence Olivier announced her birth to the audience at a performance of Hamlet at the Old Vic, when he said that Laertes (played by Sir Michael) had a daughter. Accounts say Olivier announced, "A great actress has been born this night." In her autobiography, <mask> recalls the East End and Coventry Blitzes among her earliest memories.Following the East End Blitz, <mask> relocated with her family to Herefordshire before returning to London in 1943. She was educated at two independent schools for girls: the Alice Ottley School in Worcester, and Queen's Gate School in London, before "coming out" as a debutante. Her siblings <mask> and Corin <mask> were also actors. Career

Early stage and film career
<mask> entered the Central School of Speech and Drama in 1954. She first appeared in the West End, playing opposite her brother, in 1958. In 1959, she appeared at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre under the direction of Peter Hall as Helena in A Midsummer Night's Dream opposite Charles Laughton as Bottom and Coriolanus opposite Laurence Olivier (in the title role), Albert Finney and Edith Evans. In 1960, <mask> had her first starring role in Robert Bolt's The Tiger and the Horse, in which she co-starred with her father.In 1961, she played Rosalind in As You Like It for the Royal Shakespeare Company. In 1962, she played Imogen in William Gaskill's production of Cymbeline for the RSC. In 1966, <mask> created the role of Jean Brodie in the Donald Albery production of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, adapted for the stage by Jay Presson Allen from the novel by Muriel Spark. <mask> had her first credited film role, in which she co-starred with her father, in Brian Desmond Hurst's Behind the Mask (1958). <mask>'s first starring film role was in Morgan – A Suitable Case for Treatment (1966), co-starring David Warner and directed by Karel Reisz, for which she received an Oscar nomination, a Cannes award, a Golden Globe nomination and a BAFTA Film Award nomination. Following this, she portrayed a cool London swinger in Blowup (1966). Co-starring David Hemmings, it was the first English-language film of the Italian director Michelangelo Antonioni.Reunited with Karel Reisz for the biographical film of dancer Isadora Duncan in Isadora (1968), her portrayal of Duncan led her gaining a National Society of Film Critics' Award for Best Actress, a second Prize for the Best Female Performance at the Cannes Film Festival, along with a Golden Globe and an Oscar nomination. In 1970 and 1971, <mask> was directed by Italian filmmaker Tinto Brass in two films: Dropout and La vacanza. In the same period came other portrayals of historical (or semi-mythical) figures – ranging from Andromache in The Trojan Women (1971) to the lead in Mary, Queen of Scots (1971), the latter earning her a third Oscar nomination. She also played the role of Guinevere in the film Camelot (1967) with Richard Harris and Franco Nero, and briefly as Sylvia Pankhurst in Oh! What a Lovely War (1969). She portrayed the character of Mother Superior Jeanne des Anges (Joan of the Angels) in The Devils (1971), the once controversial film directed by Ken Russell. Julia (1977)
In the film Julia (1977), she starred in the title role as a woman murdered by the Nazi German regime in the years prior to World War II for her anti-Fascist activism.Her co-star in the film was Jane Fonda (playing writer Lillian Hellman). In her 2005 autobiography, Fonda wrote that:

When <mask> was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1977 for her role in Julia, members of the Jewish Defense League (JDL), led by Rabbi Meir Kahane, burned effigies of <mask> and picketed the Academy Awards ceremony to protest against what they saw as her support for the Palestine Liberation Organization. This film opened in 1977, the same year she produced and appeared in the film The Palestinian, which followed the activities of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Lebanon. The film was criticized by many Jewish groups for its perceived anti-Israel slant, and members of the Jewish Defense League (JDL) picketed <mask>'s nomination outside the Academy Awards ceremony while counter-protestors waved PLO flags. <mask> won the Oscar and in her acceptance speech, she thanked Hollywood for having "refused to be intimidated by the threats of a small bunch of Zionist hoodlums – whose behavior is an insult to the stature of Jews all over the world and to their great and heroic record of struggle against fascism and oppression". Her remarks brought an on-stage response later in the ceremony from Academy Award winning screenwriter and award presenter at that year's ceremony Paddy Chayefsky and sparked controversy. In his biography of <mask>, Dan Callahan wrote, "The scandal of her awards speech and the negative press it occasioned had a destructive effect on her acting opportunities that would last for years to come".Later career

Film and television

Later film roles include those of Agatha Christie in Agatha (1979), Helen in Yanks (1979), a Holocaust survivor in Playing for Time (1980), Leenie Cabrezi in My Body, My Child (1982), The Queen in Sing, Sing (1983), suffragist Olive Chancellor in The Bostonians (1984, a fourth Best Actress Academy Award nomination), transsexual tennis player Renée Richards in Second Serve (1986), Blanche Hudson in the television remake of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane (1991), Mrs. Wilcox in Howards End (1992, her sixth Academy Award nomination, this time in a supporting role); crime boss Max in Mission: Impossible (1996, when discussing the role of Max, Brian DePalma and Tom Cruise thought it would be fun to cast an actor like <mask>; they then decided to go with the real thing); Oscar Wilde's mother in Wilde (1997); Clarissa Dalloway in Mrs. Dalloway (1997); and Dr. Sonia Wick in Girl, Interrupted (1999). Many of these roles and others garnered her widespread accolades. Her performance as a lesbian mourning the loss of her longtime partner in the HBO series If These Walls Could Talk 2 (2000) earned her a Golden Globe for Best TV Series Supporting Actress, as well as earning an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a TV Film or Miniseries. This same performance also led to an Excellence in Media Award from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD). In 2004, <mask> joined the second-season cast of the FX series Nip/Tuck, portraying Dr. Erica Noughton, the mother of Julia McNamara, who was played by her real-life daughter Joely Richardson. She also made appearances in the third and sixth seasons. In 2006, Redgrave starred opposite Peter O'Toole in the film Venus.A year later, <mask> starred in Evening and Atonement, in which she received a Broadcast Film Critics Association award nomination for a performance that took up only seven minutes of screen time. In 2008, <mask> appeared as a narrator in an Arts Alliance production, id – Identity of the Soul. In 2009, <mask> starred in the BBC remake of The Day of the Triffids, with her daughter Joely. In the midst of losing her daughter, Natasha Richardson, <mask> signed on to play Eleanor of Aquitaine in Ridley Scott's version of Robin Hood (2010), which began filming shortly after Natasha's death. <mask> later withdrew from the film for personal reasons. The part was given to her Evening co-star Eileen Atkins. She was next seen in Letters to Juliet opposite her husband Franco Nero.She had small roles in Eva (2009), a Romanian drama film that premiered at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival, as well as in Julian Schnabel's Palestinian drama Miral (2010), which was screened at the 67th Venice International Film Festival. She voiced the character of Winnie the Giant Tortoise in the environmental animated film Animals United (also 2010), and played a supporting role in the Bosnia-set political drama, The Whistleblower (2010), which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. <mask> also narrated Patrick Keiller's semi-fictional documentary, Robinson in Ruins (2010). Since 2012, <mask> has narrated the BBC series Call The Midwife. She also played leading roles in two historical films: Shakespeare's Coriolanus (which marked actor Ralph Fiennes' directorial debut), in which she plays Volumnia; and Roland Emmerich's Anonymous (both 2011), as . Subsequently, she starred with Terence Stamp and Gemma Arterton in the British comedy-drama Song for Marion (US: Unfinished Song, 2012) and with Forest Whitaker in The Butler (2013), directed by Lee Daniels. She also appeared with Steve Carell and Channing Tatum in the drama Foxcatcher (2014).In 2017, at the age of 80, <mask> made her directorial debut with the feature documentary Sea Sorrow, which covers the plight of child migrants in the Calais refugee camps and the broader European migrant crisis. It premiered at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. Critics praised the documentary's message but criticised the structure for a "scattershot lack of focus" and the "ungainliness of its production values." Theatre
<mask> won four Evening Standard Awards for Best Actress in four decades. She was awarded the Laurence Olivier Award for Actress of the Year in a Revival in 1984 for The Aspern Papers. In 2000, her theatre work included Prospero in The Tempest at Shakespeare's Globe in London. In 2003, she won a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance in the Broadway revival of Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey Into Night.In January 2006, <mask>en Centennial Award for her "outstanding work in interpreting many of Henrik Ibsen's works over the last decades". Previous recipients of the award include Liv Ullmann, Glenda Jackson and Claire Bloom. In 2007, <mask> played Joan Didion in her Broadway stage adaptation of her 2005 book, The Year of Magical Thinking, which played 144 regular performances in a 24-week limited engagement at the Booth Theatre. For this, she won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play. She reprised the role at the Lyttelton Theatre at the Royal National Theatre in London to mixed reviews. She also spent a week performing the work at the Theatre Royal in Bath in September 2008. She once again performed the role of Joan Didion for a special benefit at Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York on 26 October 2009.The performance was originally slated to debut on 27 April, but was pushed due to the death of <mask>'s daughter Natasha. The proceeds for the benefit were donated to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). Both charities work to provide help for the children of Gaza. In October 2010, she starred in the Broadway premiere of Driving Miss Daisy starring in the title role opposite James Earl Jones. The show premiered on 25 October 2010 at the John Golden Theatre in New York City to rave reviews. The production was originally

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 scheduled to run to 29 January 2011 but due to a successful response and high box office sales, was extended to 9 April 2011. In May 2011, she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play for the role of Daisy in Driving Miss Daisy.The play transferred to the Wyndham's Theatre in London from 26 September to 17 December 2011. In 2013, <mask> starred alongside Jesse Eisenberg in Eisenberg's The Revisionist. The New York production ran from 15 February to 27 April. <mask> played a Polish holocaust survivor in the play. In September 2013, <mask> once again starred opposite James Earl Jones in a production of Much Ado About Nothing at The Old Vic, London, directed by Mark Rylance. In 2016, <mask> played Queen Margaret in Richard III with Ralph Fiennes in the title role, at the Almeida Theatre, London. In February 2022, it was confirmed that she will be playing Mrs Higgins in My Fair Lady at the London Coliseum from May to August 2022.In a poll of "industry experts" and readers conducted by The Stage in 2010, <mask> was ranked as the ninth greatest stage actor/actress of all time. Personal life
<mask> was married to film and theatre director Tony Richardson from 1962 to 1967; the couple had two daughters: actresses Natasha Richardson (1963–2009), and Joely Richardson (b. 1965). In 1967, the year <mask> divorced Richardson, who left her for the French actress Jeanne Moreau, she became romantically involved with Italian actor Franco Nero when they met on the set of Camelot. In 1969, they had a son, Carlo Gabriel <mask> Sparanero (known professionally as Carlo Gabriel Nero), a screenwriter and director. From 1971 to 1986, she had a long-term relationship with actor Timothy Dalton, with whom she had appeared in the film Mary, Queen of Scots (1971). <mask> later reunited with Franco Nero, and they married on 31 December 2006.Carlo Nero directed <mask> in The Fever (2004), a film adaptation of the Wallace Shawn play. <mask> has six grandchildren. <mask> was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1967. Reportedly, she declined a damehood in 1999. However, she was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to drama. Within 14 months in 2009 and 2010, <mask> lost both a daughter and her two younger siblings. Her daughter Natasha Richardson died on 18 March 2009 from a traumatic brain injury caused by a skiing accident.On 6 April 2010, her brother, Corin <mask>, died, and on 2 May 2010, her sister, <mask>, died. <mask> had a near-fatal heart attack in April 2015. In September 2015, she revealed that her lungs are only working at 30 per cent capacity due to emphysema caused by years of smoking. <mask> has described herself as a person of faith and said that she "sometimes" attends a Catholic church. Political activism
In 1961, <mask> was an active member of the Committee of 100 and its working group. <mask> and her brother Corin joined the Workers Revolutionary Party (WRP) in the 1970s. She ran for parliament several times as a party member but never received more than a few hundred votes.The party disbanded in 1985 amid allegations that chairman Gerry Healy was implicated in sexual abuse of female supporters. <mask> used her wage from Mary, Queen of Scots to build a nursery school, near her home in west London. She donated the school to the state. In 1977, <mask> produced and starred in an anti-Israel documentary film, The Palestinian about the activities of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). She funded the documentary by selling her house. The Anti-Defamation League's honorary chairman criticized the film, highlighting that some of the responses of the people she interviews weren't translated from Arabic, that the film showed children training with guns and that the phrase, "Kill the enemy!" kept being repeated.The president of Actors Equity in the United States criticized the film's interview with the chairman of the PLO, Yasser Arafat, in which he said that the only solution to the Middle East problem is the liquidation of the State of Israel, and <mask> responded with, "Certainly". In June 1978, at one theater showing the film, a bomb exploded, causing damage to property, but screening of the film resumed the following day. Two months later, A JDL member was convicted of the bombing and sentenced to a three-month "thorough psychological examination" with the California Youth Authority. In a 2018 interview, <mask> stood by her acceptance speech (which included the "Zionist hoodlums" remark) during the 1978 Academy Awards ceremony. In 1977, <mask> offered a resolution asking the British actors union to boycott Israel, allegedly including the selling of any taped material. The resolution was reportedly not brought to a vote. In 1980, <mask> made her American TV debut as concentration camp survivor Fania Fénelon in the Arthur Miller-scripted TV movie Playing for Time, a part for which she won an Emmy as Outstanding Lead Actress in 1981.The decision to cast <mask> as Fénelon was, however, a source of controversy. In light of <mask>'s support for the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Fénelon herself and the Jewish groups the Simon Wiesenthal Center, the Anti-Defamation League, and the American Jewish Congress objected to <mask>'s casting. Rabbi Marvin Hier of the Simon Wiesenthal Center wrote in a telegram that, "Your selection shows utter callous disregard of the tens of thousands of survivors for whom <mask>'s portrayal would desecrate the memory of the martyred millions. Your decision could only be compared to selecting J. Edgar Hoover to portray Martin Luther King Jr." Producer David L. Wolper in a telephone interview compared it to letting the head of the Ku Klux Klan play a sympathetic white man in Roots, a miniseries about the slave trade. Arthur Miller said "She's a Marxist; this is a political matter. Turning her down because of her ideas was unacceptable to me; after all I suffered the blacklist myself". In 1984, <mask> sued the Boston Symphony Orchestra, claiming that the orchestra had fired her from a performance because of her support of the PLO.Lillian Hellman testified in court on <mask>'s behalf. <mask> won on a count of breach of contract, but did not win on the claim that the Boston orchestra had violated her civil rights by firing her. In 1995, <mask> was elected to serve as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. In December 2002, <mask> paid £50,000 bail for Chechen separatist Deputy Premier and special envoy Akhmed Zakayev, who had sought political asylum in the United Kingdom and was accused by the Russian government of aiding and abetting hostage-takings in the Moscow Hostage Crisis of 2002 and guerrilla warfare against Russia. At a press conference, <mask> said she feared for Zakayev's safety if he were extradited to Russia on terrorism charges. He would "die of a heart attack" or some other mysterious explanation offered by Russia, she said. On 13 November 2003, a London court rejected the Russian government's request for Zakayev's extradition.Instead, the court accepted a plea by lawyers for Zakayev that he would not get a fair trial, and could even face torture, in Russia. "It would be unjust and oppressive to return Mr Zakayev to Russia," Judge Timothy Workman ruled. In 2004, <mask> and her brother Corin <mask> launched the Peace and Progress Party, which campaigned against the Iraq War and for human rights. <mask> left the party in 2005. <mask> has been an outspoken critic of the "war on terrorism". During a June 2005 interview on Larry King Live, <mask> was challenged on this criticism and on her political views. In response she questioned whether there can be true democracy if the political leadership of the United States and Britain does not "uphold the values for which my father's generation fought the Nazis, [and] millions of people gave their lives against the Soviet Union's regime.[Such sacrifice was made] because of democracy and what democracy meant: no torture, no camps, no detention forever or without trial.... [Such] techniques are not just alleged [against the governments of the U.S. and Britain], they have actually been written about by the FBI. I don't think it's being 'far left'...to uphold the rule of law." In March 2006, <mask> remarked in an interview with US broadcast journalist Amy Goodman: "I don't know of a single government that actually abides by international human rights law, not one, including my own. In fact, [they] violate these laws in the most despicable and obscene way, I would say." Goodman's interview with <mask> took place in the actress's West London home on the evening of 7 March, and covered a range of subjects, particularly the cancellation by the New York Theatre Workshop of the Alan Rickman production My Name is Rachel Corrie. Such a development, said <mask>, was an "act of catastrophic cowardice" as "the essence of life and the essence of theatre is to communicate about lives, either lives that have ended or lives that are still alive, [and about] beliefs, and what is in those beliefs." In June 2006, she was awarded a lifetime achievement award from the Transilvania International Film Festival, one of whose sponsors is a mining company named Gabriel Resources.She dedicated the award to a community organisation from Roşia Montană, Romania, which is campaigning against a gold mine that Gabriel Resources was seeking to build near the village. Gabriel Resources placed an "open letter" in The Guardian on 23 June 2006, attacking <mask>, arguing the case for the mine. The open letter was signed by 77 villagers. In December 2007, <mask> was named as one of the possible suretors who paid the £50,000 bail for Jamil al-Banna, one of three British residents arrested after landing back in the UK following four years' captivity at Guantanamo Bay. <mask> has declined to be specific about her financial involvement but said she was "very happy" to be of "some small assistance for Jamil and his wife", adding, "It is a profound honour and I am glad to be alive to be able to do this. Guantanamo Bay is a concentration camp." In 2009, <mask> together with artist Julian Schnabel and playwright Martin Sherman opposed the cultural boycott of Israel due to it being based on accusations that the three asserted were false.In March 2014, <mask> took part in a protest outside Pentonville Prison in North London after new prison regulations were introduced which forbade sending books to prisoners. She and fellow actor Samuel West, playwright David Hare and Poet Laureate Carol Ann Duffy took turns reading poetry and making speeches. <mask> stated that the ban was "vicious and deplorable...Literature is something that stirs us beyond our immediate problems, it can help us to learn better our own problems, our own faults or to have a goal to live for, an aspiration." The ban was overturned by the Ministry of Justice the following December. In 2017, <mask> made her directorial debut with the movie Sea Sorrow, a documentary about the European migrant crisis and the plight of migrants encamped outside Calais, France, trying to reach Britain. She has heavily criticised the exclusionary policy of the British government towards refugees, stating that the British Government "... has violated these principles (of the Declaration of Human Rights), and it continues to do so, which I find deeply shameful. The UN signed the Declaration of Human Rights, and now we have to employ lawyers to take the government to court to force them to obey the law.Just thinking about that makes my mind go berserk." Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

Sources

External links

 <mask>: Actress and Campaigner
 "She's Got Issues" – The Observer, 19 March 2006
 Lee Israel research files on <mask>, 1982–1987 Billy Rose Theatre Division, The New York Public Library. 1937 births
Living people
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from London
Actresses awarded British damehoods
Alumni of the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama
Audiobook narrators
Best Actress BAFTA Award (television) winners
BAFTA fellows
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress winners
Critics' Circle Theatre Award winners
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Drama Desk Award winners
English film actresses
English socialists
English stage actresses
English Shakespearean actresses
English television actresses
English voice actresses
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People educated at Queen's Gate School
People from Greenwich
Tony Award winners
Workers Revolutionary Party (UK) members
Volpi Cup for Best Actress winners
People educated at The Alice Ottley School
People from Blackheath, London
Laurence Olivier Award winners
WFTV Award winners
<mask> family
Royal Shakespeare Company members
English expatriates in Italy
British political party founders
Daughters of

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Patabendige <mask> (Sinhala language: පටබැඳිගේ දොන් ඇල්බට් මැල්කම් රංජිත්) (born 15 November 1947), often known simply as <mask> or <mask>, is the ninth and current Archbishop of Colombo, Sri Lanka, serving since 2009. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2010. Ranjith previously served as auxiliary bishop of Colombo (1991–1995), Bishop of Ratnapura (1995–2001), Adjunct Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples (2001–2004), Apostolic Nuncio to Indonesia and East Timor (2004–2005), and Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (2005–2009). Early life and education
The eldest of four children, <mask> was born in Polgahawela to Don William and Mary Winifreeda. He studied at De La Salle College in Mutwal before entering St. Aloysius Seminary in Borella in 1965. From 1966 to 1970 he pursued studies in theology and philosophy at the National seminary in Kandy. He was thereafter sent by the then Archbishop Thomas Cooray to further his priestly studies in Rome.He graduated from the Pontifical Urbanian University with a Bachelor of Theology (B.Th.) degree. On 29 June 1975, <mask> was ordained to the priesthood by Pope Paul VI in St. Peter's Square. Later he joined the tutorial staff of St. Thomas' College, Kotte, before pursuing post graduate studies at the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome, from where he obtained a Licentiate in Sacred Scripture in 1978; his thesis centered on the Epistle to the Hebrews. During his time at the Biblical Institute, he studied under Carlo Martini and Albert Vanhoye (both future cardinals), He also attended the Hebrew University of Jerusalem where he undertook scriptural research as a postgraduate student. Priestly ministry
Upon his return to Sri Lanka, Ranjith became an assistant parish priest in Pamunugama in 1978, later serving as a parish priest in Payagala and Kalutara. His pastoral work among the poor but religious people in these fishing villages led him to become involved with social justice.He also established "Seth Sarana", a center for relief of the poor in the Archdiocese of Colombo. He once said that "love for the liturgy and love for the poor ... have been the compass of my life as a priest." In 1983, <mask> was named the National Director of Pontifical Mission Societies. He revived the Society of the Holy Childhood and, as Diocesan Co-ordinator for Human Development, he introduced bold initiatives in areas such as housing, fisheries, and various self-employment projects. Episcopal career

Auxiliary Bishop of Colombo
On 17 June 1991, <mask> was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Colombo and Titular Bishop of Cabarsussi. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 31 August from Archbishop Nicholas Marcus Fernando, with Bishops Thomas Savundaranayagam and Oswald Gomis serving as co-consecrators. He served as the Vicar General in charge of Parochial Apostolate and Lay Apostolate from 1991 to 1995.His peers elected him the Secretary General of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Sri Lanka as well. He was Chairman of the Organising Committee for the Beatification of Ven. Joseph Vaz and the visit of Pope John Paul II to Sri Lanka in January 1995. In 1994, <mask> led a commission that denounced the theological work of Sri Lankan theologian Tissa Balasuriya. He charged that he had questioned original sin and the divinity of Christ, as well as supporting women's ordination. Ranjith was supported by then-Cardinal Ratzinger, who backed his position. First Bishop of Ratnapura

<mask> was appointed bishop by the Holy See to the newly created Diocese of Ratnapura, taking office on 2 November 1995.His appointment was hailed as a welcome spark to kindle the fire of missionary zeal in the hearts of the clergy and laity in his diocese. Ranjith promoted inter-faith dialogue in Sri Lanka, as he believes it can eliminate potential causes of tensions and disagreements between the religious and ethnic groups that make up the country. He once said that "dialogue is vital and fundamental and as Catholics we must celebrate the richness of the Word of God incarnate in our life, families and communities". Adjunct Secretary

<mask> is also the first Sri Lankan Bishop to be appointed to the Holy See's civil service. On 1 October 2001, he was named Adjunct Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, and simultaneously appointed President of the Pontifical Mission Societies by Pope John Paul II. It is the Pope's ministry for the coordination of the missionary efforts of the Church and involves overview and growth of the local Churches in mission countries. This Ministry coordinates over 1100 Archdioceses, Dioceses, Apostolic Vicarates and Apostolic Prefectures as well as Sui Juris Missions.The Adjunct Secretary is the President of the Pontifical Mission Societies, which are the instruments of the Pope for enhancing support through prayer and contributions for the mission of the Church. Apostolic Nuncio to Indonesia and East Timor

<mask> is the first Sri Lankan bishop to be appointed an Apostolic Nuncio. He was appointed titular archbishop of Umbriatico and the Apostolic Nuncio to Indonesia and to East Timor on 29 April 2004. During his tenure as Apostolic Nuncio he was instrumental in enhancing mutual relations between the Holy See and Indonesia. He won the admiration of the Church hierarchy for the important role he played in assisting the establishment of cordial relations between the local Churches and government authorities, whilst ensuring respect for the rights of the local Catholic Church throughout the country. Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship

Archbishop <mask> was appointed Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments on 10 December 2005. He once described the liturgical reforms inspired by the Second Vatican Council as "a mixed bag of results."While praising the use of vernacular languages, he also criticized the "quasi total abandonment" of Latin and the "acceptance of all kinds of 'novelties' resulting from a secularizing and humanistic theological and liturgical mindset overtaking the West." He has also lamented the "banalization and obscuring of the mystical and sacred aspects of the liturgy in many areas of the Church in the name of a so-called Konzilsgeist (spirit of the Council)." Ranjith opposes the reception of Communion in the hand and standing, once saying, "I think it is high time to ... abandon the current practice that was not called for by Sacrosanctum Concilium, nor by Fathers, but was only accepted after its illegitimate introduction in some countries." A staunch supporter of the Tridentine Mass, Ranjith once said that bishops who opposed Summorum Pontificum were allowing themselves to be "used as instruments of the devil," accusing them of "disobedience ... and even rebellion against the Pope." He once said, "I'm not a fan of the Lefebvrians ... but what they sometimes say about the liturgy they say for good reason." Archbishop Ranjith is fluent in ten languages namely; Italian, French, German, Hebrew, Greek, Spanish, Latin, English, Sinhala and Tamil. Archbishop of Colombo
On 16 June 2009, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him as Metropolitan Archbishop of Colombo, naming Joseph Di Noia as Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments.In a letter to Archbishop Ranjith, Pope Benedict said, "I wish to express my sincere thanks for the fidelity, the commitment and competence with which you exercised that [Divine Worship secretary] office." Pope Benedict also expressed that "we have reason to be encouraged by the good you will be able to perform among the peoples of your land." Archbishop <mask> was among 34 metropolitan archbishops to receive his pallium from Pope Benedict on the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul on 29 June 2009. The Archbishop was greeted with warmth and solemnity upon his arrival in Sri Lanka on 31 July 2009. Upon his arrival he was received by the President of Sri Lanka, such high-profile reception being due to the status of the Archbishops of Colombo as leaders (Metropolites) of the Catholic community in the country. Archbishop Ranjith took formal canonical possession of the Metropolitan See of Colombo in a private ceremony on 5 August 2009 and celebrated the Mass for the solemn beginning of his pastoral ministry as Archbishop of Colombo on 8 August 2009, when he was publicly installed in the cathedra of the Archbishops of Colombo. On 7 October 2009, Archbishop Ranjith issued new liturgical guidelines in his diocese.These include a recommendation for "all faithful, including the religious, to receive Holy Communion reverently kneeling and on the tongue", as well as laymen being forbidden from preaching. In addition to this, priests are forbidden to bring elements or styles of worship from other religions into the liturgy. In April 2010, Archbishop <mask> was elected and took office as President of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Sri Lanka. Cardinal
On 20 October 2010, Pope Benedict XVI announced a Consistory for the creation of new Cardinals to be held on 20 November 2010, and made public the names of 24 Prelates he intended to raise to the Cardinalate on that occasion, Archbishop Ranjith being among those chosen for promotion to the Sacred College. Accordingly, Archbishop Ranjith was created a Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church at the Consistory of 20 November 2010, and was assigned the title of Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina. On 13 February 2011 Cardinal Ranjith took possession of his titular church in Rome. Cardinal Ranjith participated as a cardinal-elector in the 2013 conclave which elected Pope Francis.In addition to serving as archbishop of Colombo, Cardinal Ranjith serves as a member of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments and of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. These memberships will be renewed every five years until his 80th birthday when he loses them on the same day he loses the right to vote in a conclave. References

External links

 Amara Samara in Sinhala

Living people
1947 births
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan cardinals
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Sri Lanka
21st-century Roman Catholic titular archbishops
Apostolic Nuncios to Indonesia
Apostolic Nuncios to East Timor
Members of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
Members of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
Pontifical Urban University alumni
Pontifical Biblical Institute alumni
Roman Catholic auxiliary bishops of Colombo
Roman Catholic archbishops of Colombo

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<mask>. (born May 10, 1947) is an American politician and academic administrator who was White House Chief of Staff under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2006, as well as head of Bush's White House Iraq Group. <mask> served as United States Secretary of Transportation under President George H. W. Bush from 1992 to 1993. <mask> announced his resignation as Chief of Staff on March 28, 2006, effective April 14, 2006. <mask> was the Acting Dean of the Bush School of Government and Public Service, at Texas A&M University from 2011 to 2013. In 2014, <mask> became the president of Franklin Pierce University, serving until he retired from that post in the summer of 2016. Early life and education
<mask> was born on May 10, 1947, in Brockton, Massachusetts, the son of Joyce (née Whitaker) and <mask>. He was active in the Boy Scouts of America's Old Colony Council and earned the rank of Life Scout.He attended the United States Merchant Marine Academy from 1966 to 1967 before graduating from the University of South Carolina with a Bachelor of Science in civil engineering in 1971. He also attended the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Career

Early career
<mask> got his start in politics serving in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1975 to 1983. He ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts in 1982. Private career
From 1993 to 1998, <mask> was President and chief executive officer of the American Automobile Manufacturers Association (AAMA), the trade association whose members were Chrysler Corporation, Ford Motor Company and General Motors Corporation. The AAMA dissolved in December 1998. From 1999 until his selection as President Bush's Chief of Staff, <mask> was General Motors' Vice President of Government Relations.<mask> directed the company's international, national, state and local government affairs activities and represented GM on matters of public policy before Congress and the Administration.2020 Joins board of Hyllion $HYLN Leading Class 8 Trucking

He serves on the board of directors of Union Pacific Railroad. The railroad announced on July 27, 2006, that <mask> was elected to the board, increasing the board's size to 10 members. He is also a senior counselor at public relations firm Fleishman-Hillard. On November 7, 2019 he joined the board of directors of Draganfly, industry-leading manufacturer within the commercial Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (“UAV”) and the Unmanned Vehicle Systems (“UVS”) space. Government career

Under Ronald Reagan
<mask> first served in the West Wing under President Ronald Reagan, as Special Assistant to the President for Intergovernmental Affairs and subsequently as Deputy Assistant to the President, and Director of Intergovernmental Affairs, where he was liaison to governors, statewide elected officials, state legislators, mayors and other elected officials. Under George H. W. Bush
From 1989 to 1992, <mask> served in President George H. W. Bush's administration as Assistant to the President and Deputy Chief of Staff. From 1992 until 1993, <mask> served as the 11th U.S. Secretary of Transportation under President Bush.In August 1992, at the request of President Bush, Secretary <mask> coordinated the administration's disaster relief efforts in the wake of Hurricane <mask>. Later that year, Secretary <mask> directed President Bush's transition office during the transition from the Bush Administration to the Clinton Administration. Under George W. Bush
In 2000, <mask> was asked by Texas Governor George W. Bush to run the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia. On November 26, 2000, <mask> was appointed to be chief of staff for President-elect George W. Bush upon Bush's January 20, 2001 inauguration. On September 11, 2001, <mask> approached Bush as he was visiting Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida, and whispered in his ear the news that a second plane had hit the World Trade Center, confirming that a terrorist attack was underway. <mask> later recounted his story, saying that he whispered "A second plane hit the second tower. America is under attack."On March 28, 2006, the White House announced that <mask> would resign as Chief of Staff and be replaced by United States Office of Management and Budget director Joshua B. Bolten. <mask>'s resignation was effective April 14, 2006. Post-government career
<mask> received an honorary degree from the University of Massachusetts Amherst on May 25, 2007. While accepting the degree, <mask> was booed loudly by students and faculty who disapproved of him receiving the honor. <mask> considered running in the 2010 special election to fill the United States Senate seat held by Ted Kennedy, who had died in office. State Senator Scott Brown, who considered entering the race, promised to drop out if <mask> decided to run. <mask> announced on September 11, 2009, that he would not enter the race and that he was throwing his support to Brown, who went on to win the election.On July 5, 2011, <mask> was named acting dean of The Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University. It was announced on November 25, 2014, that <mask> had been selected as the fifth president of Franklin Pierce University in Rindge, New Hampshire. He began his tenure in December 2014, and resigned in summer of 2016. Personal life
<mask> is married to Reverend Kathleene <mask>. They reside in Jaffrey, New Hampshire. They have three grown children and six grandchildren. References

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1947 births
20th-century American politicians
Franklin Pierce University faculty
George W. Bush administration cabinet members
George H. W. Bush administration cabinet members
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Living people
Massachusetts Republicans
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
People from McLean, Virginia
People from Holbrook, Massachusetts
Politicians from Brockton, Massachusetts
Texas A&M University people
Union Pacific Railroad people
United States Merchant Marine Academy alumni
United States Secretaries of Transportation
University of South Carolina alumni
Virginia Republicans
White House Chiefs of Staff
White House Deputy Chiefs of Staff

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texts:
<mask> (born 1934) is an American writer and scholar, and an enrolled member of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, White Earth Reservation. <mask> also taught for many years at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was Director of Native American Studies. With more than 30 books published, <mask> is Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, and Professor of American Studies at the University of New Mexico. Early life
<mask> was born to a mother who was Swedish-American and a father who was Anishinaabe. When he was less than two years old, his father was murdered in a homicide that was never solved. He was raised by his mother and paternal Anishinaabe grandmother, along with a succession of paternal uncles, in Minneapolis and on the White Earth Reservation. His mother's partner acted as his informal stepfather and primary caregiver.Following that man's death in 1950, <mask> lied about his age and at 15 entered the Minnesota National Guard. Honorably discharged before his unit went to Korea, <mask> joined the army two years later. He served with occupation forces in Japan, as that nation was still struggling to recover from the vast destruction of the nuclear attacks that ended World War II. During this period, he began to learn about the Japanese poetic form of haiku. Later he wrote Hiroshima Bugi (2004), what he called his "kabuki novel." Returning to the United States in 1953, <mask> took advantage of G.I. Bill funding to complete his undergraduate degree at New York University.He followed this with postgraduate study at Harvard University and the University of Minnesota, where he also undertook graduate teaching. After returning to Minnesota, he married and had a son. Activism
After teaching at the university, between 1964 and 1968, <mask> worked as a community advocate. During this time he served as director of the American Indian Employment and Guidance Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, which brought him into close contact with numerous Native Americans from reservations. Many found it difficult to live in the city, and struggled against white racism and cheap alcohol. This period is the subject of his short-story collection Wordarrows: Whites and Indians in the New Fur Trade, some of which was inspired by his experiences. His work with homeless and poor Natives may have been the reason <mask> looked askance at the emerging American Indian Movement (AIM), seeing radical leaders such as Dennis Banks and Clyde Bellecourt as being more concerned with personal publicity than the "real" problems faced by American Indians.<mask> began working as a staff reporter on the Minneapolis Tribune, quickly rising to become an editorial contributor. He investigated the case of Thomas James White Hawk, convicted of murder. <mask>'s perspective allowed him to raise difficult questions about the nature of justice in a society dealing with colonized peoples. His work was credited with enabling White Hawk to have his death sentence commuted. During this period <mask> coined the phrase "cultural schizophrenia" to describe the state of mind of many Natives, who he considered torn between Native and White cultures. His investigative journalism into American Indian activists revealed drug dealing, personal failings, and failures of leadership among some of the movement's leaders. As a consequence of his articles, he was personally threatened.Academic career
Beginning teaching full-time at Lake Forest College, Illinois, <mask> was appointed to set up and run the Native American Studies program at Bemidji State University. Later he became professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis (1978–1985). He later satirized the academic world in some of his fiction. During this time he also served as a visiting professor at Tianjin University, China. <mask> worked and taught for four years at the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he was also Provost of Kresge College. He had an endowed chair for one year at the University of Oklahoma. <mask> next was appointed as a professor at the University of California, Berkeley.He is professor of American Studies at the University of New Mexico. <mask> was influenced by the French post-modernist intellectuals, particularly Jacques Derrida and Jean Baudrillard. Fiction
<mask> has published collections of haiku, poems, plays, short stories, translations of traditional tribal tales, screenplays, and many novels. He has been named as a member of the literary movement which Kenneth Lincoln dubbed the Native American Renaissance, a flourishing of literature and art beginning in the mid-20th century. His first novel, Darkness in Saint Louis Bearheart (1978), later revised as Bearheart: The Heirship Chronicles (1990), brought him immediate attention. One of the few science fiction novels written by a Native American, it portrayed a procession of tribal pilgrims through a surreal, dystopian landscape of an America suffering an environmental apocalypse brought on by white greed for oil. Simultaneously postmodern and deeply traditional, inspired by N. Scott Momaday's pioneering works, Vizenor drew on poststructuralist theory and Anishinaabe trickster stories to portray a world in the grip of what he called "terminal creeds" – belief systems incapable of change.In one of the most noted and controversial passages, the character Belladonna Darwin Winter-Catcher proclaims that Natives are better and purer than whites. She is killed with poisoned cookies, purportedly for her promoting racial separatism. In <mask>'s subsequent novels, he used a shifting and overlapping cast of trickster figures in settings ranging from China to White Earth Reservation to the University of Kent. Frequently quoting European philosophers such as Umberto Eco, Roland Barthes and Jean Baudrillard, <mask> has written a fiction that is allusive, humorous and playful, but deeply serious in portraying the state of Native America. He has refused to romanticize the figure of the Native and opposes continued oppression. <mask>'s major theme is that the idea of "Indian" as one people was an "invention" of European invaders. Before Columbus arrived, no one defined Indian as other; there were only the indigenous peoples of various tribes (such as Anishinaabe or Dakota).(They defined "other" among themselves, often divided by languages and associated cultures.) To deconstruct the idea of "Indianness," <mask> uses strategies of irony and Barthesian jouissance. For instance, in the lead-up to Columbus Day in 1992, he published the novel, The Heirs of Columbus, in which Columbus is portrayed as a Mayan Indian trying to return home to Central America. In Hotline Healers, he claims that Richard Nixon, the American president who he said did more for American Indians than any other in restoring sovereign rights and supporting self-determination, did so as part of a deal in exchange for traditional "virtual reality" technology. Non-fiction
<mask> has written several studies of Native American affairs, including Manifest Manners and Fugitive Poses. He has edited several collections of academic work related to Native American writing. He is the founder-editor of the American Indian Literature and Critical Studies series at the University of Oklahoma Press, which has provided an important venue for critical work on and by Native writers.In his own studies, <mask> has worked to deconstruct the semiotics of Indianness. His title, Fugitive Poses is derived from <mask>'s assertion that the term Indian is a social-science construction that replaces native peoples, who become absent or "fugitive". Similarly, the term, "manifest manners," refers to the continued legacy of Manifest Destiny. He wrote that native peoples were still bound by "narratives of dominance" that replace them with "Indians". In place of a unified "Indian" signifier, he suggests that Native peoples be referred to by specific tribal identities, to be properly placed in their particular tribal context, just as most Americans would distinguish among the French, Poles, Germans and English. In order to cover more general Native studies, <mask> suggests using the term, "postindian," to convey that the disparate, heterogeneous tribal cultures were "unified" and could be addressed en masse only by Euro-American attitudes and actions towards them. He has also promoted the neologism of "survivance", a cross between the words "survival" and "resistance."he uses it to replace "survival" in terms of tribal peoples. He coined it to imply a process rather than an end, as the ways of tribal peoples continue to change (as do the ways of others). He also notes that the survival of tribal peoples as distinct from majority cultures, is based in resistance. He continues to criticize both Native American nationalism and Euro-American colonial attitudes. Honors
Both his fiction and academic studies have contributed to his being honored as a major Anishinaabe and American intellectual and writer. 1983, Film-in-the-Cities Award, Sundance Festival
1984, Best American Indian Film, San Francisco Film Festival
1986, New York Fiction Collective Award
1988, American Book Award for
1988, New York Fiction Collective Prize
1989, Artists Fellowship in Literature, California Arts Council, 1989
1990, PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award
1996, PEN Excellence Award
2001, Lifetime Achievement Award, Native Writers' Circle of the Americas
2005, Distinguished Achievement Award, Western Literature Association
2005, Distinguished Minnesotan, Bemidji State University
2011, MELUS Lifetime Achievement Award, 2011. 2011, American Book Award for Shrouds of White Earth (2011).Carme Manuel Cuenca

Screenplays
Harold of Orange (1984)

Edited anthology
Native American Literature: A Brief Introduction and Anthology (1997)

Edited collections of essays
Narrative Chance: Postmodern Discourse on Native American Indian Literatures (Oklahoma UP)
Survivance: Narratives of Native Presence (Nebraska UP, 2008)

Autobiography
Interior Landscapes: Autobiographical Myths and Metaphors (Minnesota UP)
Postindian Conversations, with A. Robert Lee (Nebraska UP)

See also

List of thinkers influenced by deconstruction

Notes
This article incorporates text from Nativewiki under the GFDL license. Further reading

Monographs and essay collections on <mask>'s work
<mask>nor: Writing in the Oral Tradition, by Kimberley Blaeser
Loosening the Seams: Interpretations of <mask>, by A. Robert Lee
Four American Indian Literary Masters: N. Scott Momaday, James Welch, Leslie Marmon Silko and <mask>, by Alan R. Velie
<mask>nor: Profils Americains 20, ed. Simone Pellerin. Presses Universitaires de la Méditerranée, 2007. (In English)
<mask>: Texts and Contexts, ed. A. Robert Lee and Deborah Madsen, 2011. Understanding <mask>, by Deborah Madsen, 2010.The Poetry and Poetics of <mask>, by Deborah Madsen, 2012. Journals
Transmotion: Journal of Vizenor Studies and Indigenous Studies, ed. David J. Carlson, James Mackay, David Stirrup and Laura Adams Weaver. Anthologies
I Tell You Now: Autobiographical Essays by Native American Writers
Visit Teepee Town: Native Writings After the Detours, Diane Glancy, Mark Nowak (Editors), Coffeehouse Press. Stories Migrating Home: Anishnaabe Prose, Kimberly Blaeser (Editor), Loonfeather Press: Wisconsin
Talking Leaves: Contemporary Native American Short Stories, Craig Lesley, Katheryn Stavrakis (Editor) Dell Books
Earth Song, Sky Spirit: Short Stories of the Contemporary Native American Experience, Clifford E. Trafzer (Editor)
Earth Power Coming: Short Fiction in Native American Literature, Simon J. Ortiz (editor), Navajo Community College Press
Songs from This Earth on Turtle's Back: An Anthology of Poetry by American Indian Writers, Joseph Bruchac (Editor), Greenfield Review Press
Smoke Rising: The Native North American Literary Companion, Janet Witalec, Visible Ink Press. Words in the Blood: Contemporary Indian Writers of North and South America, Jamake Highwater (Editor), New American Library. Blue Dawn, Red Earth: New Native American Storytellers, Clifford E. Trafzer (Editor), Anchor Books
The Lightning Within: An Anthology of Contemporary American Indian Fiction, Edited and with an Introduction by Alan R. Velie, University of Nebraska Press.American Indian Literature: An Anthology, Alan R. Velie, University of Oklahoma Press. Harper's Anthology of 20th century Native American Poetry, Duane Niatum (Editor) HarperCollins
Twenty Six Minnesota Writers, Monico D. Degrazia (Editor), Nodin Press. After Yesterday's Crash: The Avant-Pop Anthology, Larry McCaffery (Editor), Penguin USA
The New Native American Novel: Works in Progress, Mary Bartlett (Editor), University of New Mexico Press. The Writer's Notebook, Howard Junker, HarperCollins. Interviews
"Constitutional Narratives: A Conversation with <mask>," <mask> and James Mackay. In Centering Anishinaabeg Studies: Understanding the World through Stories, ed. Jill Doerfler, Niiganwewidam James Sinclair and Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik Stark, (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2013)Postindian Conversations, <mask> <mask>, A. Robert Lee, University of Nebraska Press.Excavating Voices: Listening to Photographs of Native Americans, Michael Katakis (Editor), University of Pennsylvania Museum Press.Mythic Rage and Laughter: An Interview with <mask>, Dallas Miller, 1995, Studies in American Indian Literatures, 7, 77, 1995 Survival This Way: Interviews With American Indian Poets, Joseph Bruchac III (Editor), (Sun Tracks Books, No 15) University of Arizona Press.Winged Words: American Indian Writers Speak, Laura Coltelli, University of Nebraska Press.Contemporary Authors.Autobiography Series (Vol 22. Issn 0748-0636), Gale ResearchAmerican Contradictions: Interviews With Nine American Writers, Wolfgang Binder (Editor), Helmbrecht Breinig (Editor), Wesleyan University Press. First published in German as Facing America, Multikulturelle Literatur def heutigen USA in Texten und Interviews, Rotpunktverlag, Leipzig, Germany, 1994.I Tell You Now: Autobiographical Essays by Native American Writers, Brian Swann, Arnold Krupat, Brompton Books Corp. Essays on Vizenor's workContemporary Authors: Biography – Vizenor, <mask> (1934–), Thomson Gale.Other Words: American Indian Literature, Law, and Culture, (American Indian Literature and Critical Studies Series), Jace Weaver, Univ. Oklahoma Press.Subverting the Dominant Paradigm: <mask>'s Trickster Discourse, Kerstin Schmidt, Studies in American Indian Literatures, 7, 65, 1995 Spring.That the People Might Live: Native American Literatures and Native American Community, Jace Weaver, Oxford University Press.Text as trickster: postmodern language games in <mask>'s 'Bearheart.' (Maskers and Tricksters), An article from: MELUS, by <mask> <mask> and his 'Heirs of Columbus': a postmodern quest for more discourse. An article from: The American Indian Quarterly by Barry E LagaMonkey kings and mojo: postmodern ethnic humor in Kingston, Reed, and Vizenor, An article from: MELUS, by John Lowe
"Vizenorian Jurisprudence: Legal Interventions, Narrative Shadows and Other Interpretive Possibilities," (Critical Essay) by Juana Maria Rodriguez in Loosening the Seams: Interpretations of <mask> Vizenor, edited by A. Robert Lee, 2000."Real Stories: Memory, Violence, and Enjoyment in Vizenor's 'Bearheart'" by Jon Hauss in 'Literature & Psychology,' Fall 1995.Postmodern bears in the texts of <mask> (Critical Essay), An article from: MELUS, by Nora Baker Barry"Bad Breath": <mask>'s Lacanian fable. (Critical Essay), An article from: Studies in Short Fiction by Linda Lizut HelsternNative American Writers of the United States, (Dictionary of Literary Biography, V. 175), Kenneth M. Roemer (Editor), Gale Research.Woodland word warrior: An introduction to the works of <mask>, A. LaVonne Brown Ruoff. "<mask>'s Shadow Plays: Narrative Meditations and Multiplicities of Power" (Critical Essay) by Juana Maria Rodriguez in SAIL (Studies in American Indian Literatures), (October 1, 1993): 23–30.Partial Recall: With Essays on Photographs of Native North Americans, Lucy Lippard (Editor)Native American Autobiography: An Anthology (Wisconsin Studies in American Autobiography), Arnold Krupat (Editor), University of Wisconsin Press.Growing Up in Minnesota: Ten Writers Remember Their Childhoods, Chester G. Anderson, University of Minnesota Press.Inheriting the Land: Contemporary Voices from the Midwest, Mark Vinz (Editor), Thom Tammaro (Editor), University of Minnesota Press. (Articles by Juana Maria Rodriguez, Alan R. Velie, Robert Alan Warrior and Kimberley Blaeser address Vizenor's writings. )The Turn to the Native, by Arnold Krupat, University of Nebraska Press.Cultural Difference and the Literary Text: Pluralism and the Limits of Authenticity in North American Literatures, Edited by Winfried Siemerling and Katrin SchwenkBuried Roots and Indestructible Seeds: The Survival of American Indian Life in Story, History, and Spirit, Martin Zanger (Editor), Mark A. Lindquist, University of Wisconsin Press.Sacred Trusts: Essays on Stewardship and Responsibility, Michael Katakis, Russell Chatham (Illustrator), Mercury House.Native American Testimony: A Chronicle of Indian-White Relations from Prophecy to Present, 1492–1992, Peter Nabokov, Penguin USAOut There: Marginalization and Contemporary Cultures, Russell Ferguson, Martha Gever, Mit Press.Listening to Native Americans: Making Peace with the Past for the Future, John Barry Ryan, in Listening: Journal of Religion and Culture, Vol. 31, No.1 Winter 1996 pp. 24–36.Transformation in Progress by Annalee Newitz and Jillian Sandell, in Bad Subjects, an online journal.Spring Wind Rising: The American Indian Novel and the Problem of History, Stripes, James D., A dissertation.Textbooks The McGraw-Hill Introduction to Literature, Gilbert H. Muller, McGraw Hill Text.Ways in: Approaches to Reading and Writing About Literature, Gilbert H. Muller, John A. Williams, McGraw Hill Text.The Harper American Literature, Volume 1; 2nd Edition, Donald McQuade, Robert Atwan, Martha Banta, Justin Kaplan, Harpercollins College Div. External links

 <mask> Vizenor Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

masks:
Gerald Robert Vizenor
Vizenor
Vizenor
Gerald Vizenor
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Vizenor
Vizenor
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Gerald Vize
Gerald Vizenor
Gerald Vizenor
Gerald Vize
Gerald Vizenor
Gerald Vizenor
Gerald Vizenor
Gerald Vizenor
Gerald Vizenor
Gerald Robert
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Gerald Vizenor
Gerald Robert
Gerald Vizenor
Gerald Vizenor
Elizabeth BlairGerald
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Gerald Vizenor
Gerald Vizenor
Gerald Robert


texts:
<mask> (,  or Nechaj. Also Danila or Danilo. In cyrillic Нечай, Ничай, Нечаї) (November 1, 1612 – February 10, 1651) was a Ukrainian Cossack military commander and activist, a leader during the Cossack-Polish War, Colonel of Bratslav in Podolia from 1648–51 and the brother of  <mask>. <mask> is thought to have been born in the Podolian town Bar to a noble family. His father was likely Stefan (Stepan), a Ruthenian Orthodox Nobleman from Mstislav region (eastern Belaruss), who moved to Kyiv region and then to Bratslav. Stefan was married to Anna Petrovna Nevmyritsky, daughter of Peter Fedorovich Gridkovich Nevmyritsky, from near Kyiv (Berkovets). Some sources, however, cite <mask>'s father as named Nicholas.There exist records of <mask> and Nevmyritsky families in Berkovets that show some relation between them (court cases, joint land holdings). <mask>'s brothers include Ivan, Matwey (Matthew), and Yuri (Jurgis) who were all in the Cossack military. It is thought that <mask>'s father was also a Cossack knight, and died when <mask> was very young. As for <mask>, he had at least one son prior to fall 1647, with his wife, also named Anna. Some historians claim that <mask> studied at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, which he graduated from in 1647, that is, at the age of 35. His attendance at the Academy was greatly encouraged by his grandfather Omelko, who campaigned with Petro Sahaidachny in the Black Sea region. According to other sources, in his youth, the traces of <mask> Nechai were seen on the Zaporozhye Sich and even among the Don Cossacks, where he comprehended the art of war.According to Cossack legends, Danyla <mask> was an associate of Pavel Pavlyuk-But, Yakov Ostryanin, a twin of Ivan Bohun. In 1647 <mask> accompanied Bogdan Khmelnytsky to the Nikitin (Mikitinskaya) Sich. He participated in the capture of the Fortress of Kodak by the Cossacks, in the battles of yellow waters, korsun. Organized Bratslav regiment. Then he became one of the associates of Maxim Krivonos, and distinguished himself in the battles in Vinnytsia, near Medzhybizh. (On July 20, 1648, <mask> and Maksym Kryvonis led the Cossack's slaughter of Medzhybizh 2,500 Jewish residents. The Jewish population in Medzhybizh was virtually eradicated, and there were no burials recorded for several years after 1648, consistent with the depopulation.)He was honoured for his role in Medzhybizh, Zbarazh, and in Zboriv the Battle of Zboriv in 1649,   As a Bratslav colonel, he participated in the battles of Starokostiantyniv, Pilyavtsy. The Polish memoirist S. Auschwitz in his "Diariusha" calls the Cossack leader <mask> "one of the most important among the rebels a rebel, to whom the Cossacks themselves gave the first place after Khmelnitsky." Contemporaries respectfully recognized his "extraordinary courage and intelligence".. Colonel <mask> <mask> participated in the campaign of the Cossack army in Galicia, where, on behalf of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, he seized the castle in Brody and, together with other commanders, besieged Lviv, stormed Zamost. After the liberation of Kyiv, from December 1648 he was in the rank of colonel. In the winter of 1649-1650 Danilo <mask> in Kyiv "repaired the military court over the Lyakhs". Then the detachment headed by him oversaught up near Fastiv a detachment of Polish nobles who fled with looted property, and dealt with them ...In Kyiv and Pereyaslav <mask> negotiated with diplomats of the Commonwealth. He was opposed to the signing of the Treaty of Zboriv in 1649 by Bogdan Khmelnitsky as he believed it compromised the position of the Cossacks. The ramifications of the Treaty continue to this day...from the 3rd stanza of Pavlo Chubynski's patriotic poem "Glory and Freedom of Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished" (from which the (modified) 1st stanza and chorus form the Ukraine National Anthem): Oh Bohdan, Bohdan, Our great hetman What for did you give Ukraine To wretched muscovites?! To return her honor, We lay our heads We shall call ourselves Ukraine's Faithful sons! Together with Matvey Gladky, Polkovnik (Полковник, Colonel) Nechai took Soroca and then, in September 1650, the then capital of Moldavia - Iaşi, forcing the Moldavian ruler Vasil Lupul to an alliance with Khmelnytsky. In 1651 he commanded the south-western front. While celebrating Shrovetide, he was surprise-attacked and died in battle with numerically superior Polish forces, led by Polish hetman Marcin Kalinowski, who stole the Nechai coat of arms/ made a copy and changed it.This matter was in the town of Krasne, in the Podil region. A granite obelisk was erected on his grave in 1954. Located northeast of town of Krasne in Vinnytsia Oblast. Geo co-ordinates 48°55'52.5"N 28°26'28.3"E Local lore purports that the hill on the grave was made by his loyal troops each carrying a hatful of soil to the site. Another legend purports that his body was carried to Kyiv and interred in a monastery. Yet another legend states that the Polish cut up his body and scattered it: presumably it was gathered by his loyal forces, and then buried...or possibly some/all carried to Kyiv or elsewhere. It is also postulated that this is an ancient Scythian Mound, and prior to the obelisk being erected there was an excavation carried out that found a single skeleton, but without a head.Thus perhaps the best theory as to where his body was buried is that he was beheaded after death (Historian Mykhailo Hrushevsky presents this theory, based on the account written by a Polish historian, who states that Polish troops entered the church where Danylo's body was laid, killed the 4 priests and 1 monk present, and then took Danylo's head). The body was possibly also taken, but if so, it was rescued by loyal troops who then carried it to the existing Scythian mound and buried it within. As to where the head went there remain at least three theories: 1) taken by the Poles as a war trophy, 2) taken by loyal troops to a Kyiv monastery, or 3) presented as a gift (presumably by the Poles) to the Crimean Khan. Nechai is Ukrainian folk hero and is often sung about in folk songs of the ideal Cossack knight. External links
Article on the Ukrainian Government Portal

Further reading

 Viacheslav Lypynsky. Participation of Nobility in the Great Ukrainian Revolution Under the Command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky /Collected works, vol. 2, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1980 (polish and Ukrainian bilingual text).Яковенко Н.М. Українська шляхта з кiнця XIV до середини XVII столiття. Волинь i Центральна Україна, Київ 2008. Петровський М.Н. Визвольна війна українського народу проти гніту шляхетської Польщі і приєднання України до Росії (1648–1654), Київ 1939. Неча́й, Дани́ил - Новый Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона, т.28
Annals of samovidets on newly discovered lists, Edited by O. I. Levitsky. — K., 1878.— p. 211-319

Reference

People from Bar, Ukraine
Zaporozhian Cossacks
Ruthenian nobility
1651 deaths
1612 births

masks:
Danylo Nechai
Nechai Ivan
Nechai
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