texts:
<mask> (February 9, 1920 – November 13, 2010) was a highly decorated Naval aviator in the United States Marine Corps with the rank of Lieutenant general. He began his career as reserve pilot during World War II, he shot down one enemy aircraft and damaged two others during New Britain campaign. <mask> distinguished himself again as Pilot during Korean War and later reached general's rank during Vietnam War. He rose to the three-star rank and completed his career as Commanding general, Marine Corps Development and Education Command at Quantico, Virginia in September 1974 after 34 years of service. Early career

World War II
<mask><mask> was born on February 9, 1920 in Oakland, California, the son of Harry and <mask>. Following high school, he entered the University of California, Berkeley and applied for Naval Aviator Program. <mask> was accepted on July 15, 1940 and enlisted the Marine Corps Reserve on the same date.He was promoted to the Private First Class and ordered for one-month training to Naval Reserve Aviation Base in Oakland. <mask> was ordered to the Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida in December 1940 and reported for full aviation training as a member of the first class of naval aviation cadets there. He received his Naval aviator's wings upon commissioning to second lieutenant on June 3, 1941 and was ordered to Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. <mask> then served for 19 months as Flight instructor and was promoted consecutively to first lieutenant and Captain. He then embarked for South Pacific and joined the Marine Fighter Squadron 212 as Squadron Ordnance Officer, responsible for planning and maintenance of squadron's guns and bombs. <mask> was stationed at the Midway Island and following the promotion to Major, he was appointed Squadron Executive officer under Lieutenant colonel Frederick R<mask> Jr.

<mask> remained with the squadron for few months, before he was transferred to Marine Attack Squadron 223 ("Bulldogs") stationed on Hawaii. He was appointed Squadron Executive officer under famous Marine flyer Marion E. Carl and took part in the training and combat air patrols over Hawaii until August 1943, when the whole squadron was transferred to Midway Island.After a brief stay there, squadron moved to Quoin Hill Airfield at New Hebrides from where they escorted allied bombers against ground targets at Green Islands and Bougainville. During the escort mission with his Vought F4U Corsair near Rabaul, New Britain, <mask> destroyed one Japanese airplane and damaged two others and received Distinguished Flying Cross. He succeeded Marion Carl as Squadron commander in February 1944 and was stationed with his squadron at Piva Airfield at Bougainville. During the Japanese artillery shelling of the field on March 8, 1944, three aircraft were destroyed, one enlisted man killed and <mask> has been hit with a shrapnel in the hip. He spent four weeks in hospital and was later decorated with Purple Heart for his wounds. During his tenure as Squadron's commander, <mask> hosted prominent aviator and Medal of Honor recipient Charles Lindbergh, who flew three combat missions with his squadron. He subsequently rejoined his squadron and remained in command until the beginning of July 1944, when he returned to the United States.<mask> was ordered for night fighter training, which he completed few months later and transitioned into the Grumman F7F Tigercat. He subsequently assumed command of Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 531 ("Grey Ghosts") and deployed to the Pacific theater again in order to cover the planned Invasion of Japan. While still at sea, atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which forced Japan sign the surrender in September 1945. <mask> was transferred to the command of Marine Night Fighter Squadron 533 ("Black Mac's Killers") and embarked for North China in early October 1945. He was stationed near Peiping and his squadron assisted in the repatriation of Japanese forces to their home islands. In addition to his Distinguished Flying Cross and Purple Heart, <mask> received ten awards of Air Medal for his bomber escort missions. For his service in North China, he was decorated with Order of the Cloud and Banner.Postwar service

Korea

<mask> returned to the United States in early 1947 and attended the Amphibious Warfare school at Quantico. He then served as Aviation Safety officer on the Staff of the Chief of Naval Air Training in Pensacola, Florida. In December 1948, <mask> entered the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama and graduated in July 1949. He was subsequently sent to the Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, California, where he joined Marine Fighter Squadron 214 ("The Black Sheep") as Squadron's Executive officer. During the postwar reduction of the Marine Corps, his squadron had only 24 Vought F4U Corsairs, but plenty of aviation fuel, so <mask> was able to spent a lot of time to tactical maneuvers. In June 1950, he led his squadron on summer training cruise involving Navy Reserve Officer Training Corps midshipmen to Honolulu, Hawaii. <mask> and his squadron participated in the intensive training and also trained Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps midshipmen, when he received orders to report to the commanding general, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, General Lemuel C. Shepherd.General Shepherd attached <mask> and his squadron to the newly formed 1st Provisional Marine Brigade under Brigadier general Edward A. Craig at San Diego. They embarked for South Korea in the middle of July 1950 and <mask>'s squadron established its headquarters at Itami Air Base, Japan, where it was equipped with bombs and rockets. He then commanded Black Sheep Squadron during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter, where his aircraft attacked enemy equipment, personnel and railroad cars near Chinju and Sinban-ni. It was the first marine air attack in Korean War. He and his wingman then landed at Taegu, where the Joint Army-Navy Tactical Control Air Center was located, only 10 miles from enemy frontlines and after exchanging information and receiving a briefing on the situation, <mask> returned with his wingman to escort carrier USS Sicily. When Marine air and ground units were reinforced in August 1950, Black Sheep Squadron got new commanding officer, lieutenant colonel Walter E. Lischeid and <mask> was appointed his executive officer. During the September 1950, <mask> participated in the landing at Inchon and Recapture of Seoul, when his aircraft successfully supported ground units advance and received his second and third Distinguished Flying Crosses.His commander, lieutenant colonel Lischeid was killed by enemy anti-aircraft fire on September 25, 1950 and <mask> assumed the command of Black Sheep squadron again. On November 11, 1950, <mask> distinguished himself again, when on the mission of locating and attacking well-concealed enemy mortar and machine gun positions impeding the advancement of friendly forces in the vicinity of Yuha-ri and Ungi-gang. He boldly piloted his aircraft at brush top level in an attempt to draw the anti-aircraft fire and reveal their positions. After repeated efforts, he observed flashes of hostile guns directed against him and, immediately carrying out a series of attacks, personally scored direct hits with rockets and machine gun fire. Directing his strike group in a coordinated attack which covered the targets in a barrage of rockets, napalm and machine gun fire, he contributed materially to the success of friendly ground forces in advancing on their objective. For this act of valor, he was decorated with Silver Star. <mask> remained with the Black Sheep Squadron until November 18 that year, when he was appointed 1st Marine Aircraft Wing liaison officer to the Fifth Air Force-Eighth United States Army Joint Operations Center in Seoul.Major general Earle E<mask>, Commanding general of Fifth Air Force and Major general Field Harris, commanding general of 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, reached agreement that marines could direct their own aircraft to targets, while keeping Fifth Air Force informed. This arrangement was in response to the fact, that communications across the Korean peninsula between the two headquarters were relatively unreliable. <mask>'s primary duties were to advise about marine air capabilities and actions. However he remained in that capacity just until mid-December 1950, when he received orders for return to the United States. Post Korea

Following his return, <mask> was appointed Close Air Support officer and Helicopter Operations officer at the newly established Tactics and Techniques Board in the Marine Corps Development Center, Quantico, Virginia. While in this capacity, he participated in the development of helicopter doctrine and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in January 1951. <mask> remained in that assignment until June 1952, when he was transferred to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina for duty again as Close Air Support officer and Helicopter Operations officer for Joint Landing Force Board.He was later ordered to Washington, D.C. for duty as Head, Operational Planning section, Plans and Readiness Branch at the Division of Aviation under Major general William O. Brice. Upon his detachment from Headquarters Marine Corps in January 1956, he was ordered to the Armed Forces Staff College at Norfolk, Virginia, where he completed the instruction in June that year and assumed duty as Maneuver and Exercise Officer of the Staff of the Commander-in-Chief, Allied Naval Forces Southern Europe with headquarters in Naples, Italy. <mask> served under Admiral <mask>. Briscoe until August 1958, when he was ordered back to the United States. Following his return stateside, <mask> was ordered to the Naval Air Station Pensacola for helicopter training, which he completed in November that year and assumed duty as Executive officer of Marine Aircraft Group 16 at Marine Corps Air Station Tustin, California. He later moved with Group to Japan and was promoted to Colonel in October 1959. He was subsequently transferred to Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni, where he joined the headquarters of 1st Marine Aircraft Wing and served as Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations (G-3) under Major general Richard C. Mangrum until February 1960. <mask> then returned to the United States and assumed duty as an instructor at the Armed Forces Staff College at Norfolk, Virginia.He taught members of all branch of service until June 1963, when he was ordered to the Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, California for duty as Assistant Chief of Staff for Plans and Programs (G-5) on the staff of Aircraft, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. In June 1964, he was ordered to Marine Corps Air Station Edenton, North Carolina and joined the headquarters of 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing under Major general Frederick E. Leek. <mask> remained in that capacity for one month and then was appointed Commanding officer of Wing's Marine Aircraft Group 15. Vietnam War

<mask> was transferred to the Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C. in June 1965 and was assigned to the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff (Plans and Programs), where he assumed duty as Head, Joint and Special Plans Team. He later served in that office as Director of Joint Planning Group and was promoted to Brigadier General on August 4, 1966. <mask> was ordered to South Vietnam at the end of March 1967 and assumed duty as Assistant Wing Commander, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing with headquarters in Da Nang. For his previous service with Joint Planning Group, he was decorated with Navy Commendation Medal.While in this capacity, he served as Deputy consecutively to Major generals Louis B<mask> and Norman J. Anderson and was co-responsible for the several hundred of transport, observation and fighter airplanes and helicopters of the Wing. <mask> also took part in several observation flights in helicopter including one with his son, Bob Jr., who served as helicopter pilot. His tour of duty in Vietnam ended at the end of April 1968 and <mask> received Legion of Merit with Combat "V" and also was decorated with National Order of Vietnam and Gallantry Cross with Palm by the Government of South Vietnam. Post Vietnam

Following his return stateside and brief leave with family, <mask> was ordered to Naval Air Station Glenview, Illinois, where he relieved Major general Arthur H. Adams as Commanding general, Marine Air Reserve Training Command with additional duty as Commanding general, 4th Marine Aircraft Wing. While in this capacity, <mask> was responsible for the training of reserve marine aviation units and replacements for units deployed in South Vietnam and elsewhere in the World. He was promoted to Major general on August 4, 1969 and remained at Glenview until March 1971. For his service with 4th Marine Aircraft Wing, <mask> was decorated with his second Legion of Merit.He was subsequently ordered to the headquarters, United States Pacific Command on Hawaii, where he assumed duty as Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations (J-3) under Admiral John S. McCain Jr. <mask> remained in that capacity until June 1972, when he was ordered back to the continental States for new assignment. He received his third Legion of Merit for service with Pacific Command and was promoted to Lieutenant general on July 1, 1972. <mask> subsequently assumed his final assignment as Commanding general, Marine Corps Development and Education Command at Quantico, Virginia. While in this capacity, he was responsible for the training and education at The Basic School, Officer Candidates School, Amphibious Warfare School and other facilities there. He also simultaneously commanded the Quantico Base until his retirement. General <mask> retired from active duty on September 1, 1974 after 34 years of commissioned service and received Navy Distinguished Service Medal by Commandant <mask>. Cushman Jr. during the retirement ceremony. A parade was held in his honor.Retirement

Upon his retirement from the Marine Corps, <mask> settled in Pensacola, Florida, a hometown of his wife Lucille. He cooperated with National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola and served on the Board of Trustees for 14 years. <mask> was also active in several organizations including Retired Officers Association; Golden Eagles; Association of Naval Aviation; China Marines and Marine Corps Historical Foundation. As a result of civilian schooling in later years, he received Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Maryland, and Master of Arts degree from George Washington University. In 2003, <mask> published his memoirs in book "Three Wars.....One Marine". Lieutenant general <mask><mask> died on November 13, 2010, aged 90, at his home in Pensacola, Florida. He was buried beside his wife, former Lucille Noris (1920 - 2003) at Barrancas National Cemetery.They had two sons: <mask>. (Lieutenant colonel, USMC ret.) and Ronald R.; and two daughters: Anne Elaine and Joan Elizabeth. Decorations

Here is the ribbon bar of Lieutenant General <mask><mask>:

See also
4th Marine Aircraft Wing

References

1920 births
2010 deaths
People from Oakland, California
United States Marine Corps generals
American Korean War pilots
United States Naval Aviators
University System of Maryland alumni
George Washington University alumni
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Burials at Barrancas National Cemetery

masks:
Robert Prescott Keller
Keller
Robert P
. Keller
Eulilee Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
. Payne
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Major Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
. Partridge
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Robert P
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
. Robertshaw
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Keller
Robert E
Keller
Keller
Keller
Robert P
. Keller
Robert Jr
Robert P
. Keller


type: original

texts:
<mask>, CRSP (23 June 1718 – 12 August 1802) was an Italian theologian, bishop and cardinal, who was a significant figure in the response of the papacy to the assault on the Catholic Church by the upheavals caused by the French Revolution. Life

Early life
Jean-<mask> was born in 1718 at Samoëns in the Duchy of Savoy to <mask>, a notary, and Françoise Perrier, a native of Taninges. When 15 years old, he joined the Barnabites at Annecy, taking the name <mask>. He was sent to Bologna to pursue his theological studies; also having an interest in the sciences, he devoted his mind to the various branches of knowledge with great success. While he improved his command of Italian, he came the attention of Propero Lambertini, Archbishop of Bologna, later Pope Benedict XIV, who used the young seminarian to translate French texts. After Gerdil had completed his initial studies in 1738, he was assigned to teach philosophy first at the Barnabite college in Macerata, then at the school at Casale Monferrato (1739-1748). During this period, in 1741, he was ordained to the priesthood.By 1749, the range and quality of his writings led to his induction by various scientific and literary societies across Europe, ranging from the Bologna Institute of Sciences and the Royal Society of London to the Accademia degli Arcadi in Rome. That same year he was appointed as professor of philosophy at the University of Turin, transferring to the teach of moral theology in 1754. In 1758, upon the recommendation of Pope Benedict XIV, Gerdil was chosen as the tutor of the Prince of Piedmont, afterwards King Charles Emmanuel IV. He left his teaching position at the university the following year to deal with his other responsibilities. In 1764 he was elected the Provincial Superior of the Barnabites in Savoy and the Piedmont. In 1768 he was chosen as the tutor of the sons of his previous student, now the King of Sardinia. Cardinalate
<mask> was designated a cardinal in petto in 1773 by Pope Clement XIV, but that pope died before his appointment could be made public.He was appointed as a consultor to the Holy Office in 1776 by Pope Pius VI, moving to Rome, where he took a residence next to the General Motherhouse of the Barnabite Order at the Church of San Carlo ai Catinari. The King of Sardinia named him the commendatory abbot of the Abbey of San Michele della Chiusa in January 1777. He carried out his supervision of the distant abbey from Rome through correspondence, devoting much of the benefice he gained to the help of the poor. In March of that same year, Gerdil was appointed the bishop of the titular see of Dibona, and was consecrated at the Barnabite church by Cardinal Marcantonio Colonna, the Vicar General of Rome. The following June he again named a cardinal in petto by Pope Pius, receiving the red hat on 18 December 1777 and the titular church of San Giovanni a Porta Latina on 30 March 1778. The pope also appointed him to various congregations of the Roman Curia, including that of Prefect of the Propaganda Fide. Gerdil changed his title to that of the Basilica of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere.He served briefly as the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church (1786-1787). <mask> was member of the committee of cardinals which examined and refined the text of the response against the Puntuazione di Ems, issued by the archbishops of Germany in which they defied papal authority. From 1790 to 1794, he was member of the committee  which prepared the final draft of the papal bull, Auctorem fidei (28 August 1794), which condemned the propositions of the Synod of Pistoia, a similar stand by the bishops of Tuscany. During those four years, he was also president of the particular congregation charged with the preparation of the papal documents which condemned the French Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the Civic Oath imposed to the French clergy in 1798, and other acts imposed on the Church by Revolutionary France. After the invasion of Rome by the French Revolutionary Army in February 1798 the pope fled to Siena, while <mask> fled to his Abbey of San Michele. After the death of Pope Pius in 1799, he would likely have been elected pope at the conclave of Venice in 1800, had not his election been vetoed by Cardinal Franziskus Herzan von Harras, in the name of Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor. After the conclave accompanied the new pope, Pius VII, to Rome, where he resumed his posts in the Curia, still being fit and active, despite being past the age of 80.After a brief illness he died at the Barnabite motherhouse and was buried in the Church of San Carlo ai Catinari. Works
<mask>'s numerous works written in Latin, Italian, and French on divers subjects — dogmatic and moral theology, canon law, philosophy, pedagogy, history, physical and natural sciences, etc. — form twenty volumes in quarto (ed. Rome, 1806–1821). Among the most important may be mentioned: "L'Immortalité de l'âme démontrée contre Locke et défense du P. Malebranche contre ce philosophe" (Turin, 1747–48), 2 vols. ; "Réflexions sur la théorie et la pratique de l'éducation contre les principes de J.-J. Rousseau" (Turin, 1765), reprinted in a new edition under the title "Anti-Emile"; "Exposition des caractères de la vraie religion", written in Italian (translated into French, Paris, 1770), etc.<mask>'s works were written especially for the defence of spiritual philosophy against materialism, of supernatural religion against Deism, of the supreme authority of the pope against Febronianism and the Synod of Pistoia. References

1718 births
1802 deaths
18th-century people from Savoy
Members of the Barnabite Order
University of Turin faculty
18th-century Italian Roman Catholic theologians
Italian Roman Catholic titular bishops
18th-century Italian cardinals
Members of the Holy Office
Members of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith
Members of the Sacred Congregation of Rites
Camerlengos of the Holy Roman Church
Cardinals created by Pope Pius VI
19th-century Italian cardinals

masks:
Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil
François Gerdil
Pierre Gerdil
Hyacinthe Sigismond
Gerdil
Gerdil
Gerdil
Gerdil
Gerdil


texts:
<mask> (born 1 January 1967) is a British DJ and record producer.<ref>IMO Records. "<mask> Biography", IMO Records' Retrieved on 29 February 2011. </ref> DJ Magazine voted him World No 1 DJ in 2001. As well as achieving success as a solo act, he has collaborated with Sasha as Sasha & <mask>, and with Nick Muir as Bedrock. Biography
<mask> began DJing at the age of 15, and made a name for himself in his home town of Hastings, where he put on successful club nights, the most famous of which were his successful raves on Hastings Pier, where the likes of Carl Cox and The Prodigy performed. His breakthrough came in 1993, when he sent a mixtape demo to Geoff Oakes, founder of the Renaissance nightclub in Mansfield, who played it to fellow DJ Alexander Coe (aka Sasha). The two DJs struck up a long-term friendship and working relationship, despite Sasha twice failing to turn up for gigs that <mask> had booked him for in Hastings.In partnership with Sasha, <mask> is known for promoting progressive house and notable for producing the first commercial compilation for a nightclub, when they released their 1994 compilation of mixes from Renaissance entitled Renaissance: The Mix Collection. Until then, mixtapes from clubs had only been circulated by DJs on an amateur basis. The Renaissance CD was the first time that a compilation CD had been planned strategically for marketing, from artwork to promotion. The two DJs famously followed this up with their Northern Exposure compilations and those on Global Underground. <mask> then started the record label Bedrock Records to further promote the music that he was playing at the time. He and his friend Nick Muir went on to produce under the Bedrock alias, getting their big break when their first track "For What You Dream Of" was used in the film Trainspotting. The Bedrock duo also produced the soundtrack for the MTV adult cartoon superhero drama series, Spider-Man: The New Animated Series in 2003.In his sets, <mask> is noted for adopting tracks with new and different styles. Between 2000 and 2005, <mask> promoted his "Bedrock" sound with monthly club nights for club members and newcomers to the electronic music scene. He played on Thursday nights at Heaven in London, and on Friday nights in a smaller club night at The Beach in Brighton. These nights featured numerous guest DJs, including Danny Howells, Phil Thompson, Hernan Cattaneo and Chris Fortier. As <mask>'s international schedule increased, these events drew to a close, although occasional reunions have been held at Heaven since. He celebrated ten years of his Bedrock club night on 10 October 2008 at Matter in London, with a near on ten-hour set. <mask> has enjoyed popularity throughout North America as well as Europe.He and Sasha established a monthly residency at the now defunct New York club Twilo, which proved a key location for the American electronic music scene. The residency began in 1997 with a lukewarm reception, but grew into one of the most popular club nights in New York City by the end of its run in 2001. Sasha and <mask> played at Twilo on the last Friday of every month, playing sets that lasted between eight and twelve hours. In early 2001, Sasha suffered an ear injury and was unable to play for their last four dates before Twilo was closed by the New York City authorities. <mask> continued to play the time-slot by himself until 6 May 2001, when Twilo was raided by the NYPD and subsequently forced to close down. <mask> has a cameo of himself playing music in Greg Harrison's 2000 movie Groove, which tells the story of an all-night rave in San Francisco. In early 2002, <mask> along with Sasha and Jimmy Van M undertook a six-week countrywide tour of the United States called Delta Heavy.The tour was promoted by Clear Channel and attendance reached 85,000. It took place in a variety of venues but was completely self-reliant from a technical point of view; sound, lights, and visual setups were brought along to every gig of the tour. Also in 2002, <mask> curated and compiled the soundtrack to the film Stark Raving Mad. From September 2000 to January 2011, <mask> hosted a weekly two-hour radio show on Kiss 100 in the UK, in which he played the first hour of music and a guest DJ played the second hour. Beginning in September 2006, his show was available on all three Kiss radio stations. By that time, the show's name had become Transitions, which was also the name of a four-volume series of mix albums by <mask> that was released every six months during 2006–2008. In January 2011, Transitions aired for the last time on Kiss 100, but the show continues to be broadcast online.On December 27, 2019, Transitions aired its 800th episode. 2008 saw <mask> and Sasha reuniting for a Spring Club Tour that once again featured performances all over North America. In 2011, <mask>'s music was featured in the film movie adaptation of Irvine Welsh's best-selling novelIrvine Welsh's Ecstasy. He featured among the top ten artists from 1998–2008 and was voted DJ Mag's number 1 DJ in 2001. In 2010, he was voted number 29 in DJ Mag's annual Top 100 DJs vote. In 2013, <mask> was ranked the number 17 best DJ in the world in Resident Advisor's top 100 DJ charts; he currently is number 43 as of June 2016. <mask> is the brother of 26 times World Clay Shooting Champion <mask>, MBE.2 (Renaissance)
 2007:  Transitions Vol. 3  (Renaissance)
 2008:  Transitions Vol. 12 (First year that DJ Mag poll was changed to a readership vote)
 1998: No. 7 (Up 5)
 1999: No. 6 (Up 1)
 2000: No. 3 (Up 3)
 2001: No. 1 (Up 2)
 2002: No.3 (Down 2)
 2003: No. 5 (Down 2)
 2004: No. 8 (Down 3)
 2005: No. 6 (Up 2)
 2006: No. 8 (Down 2)
 2007: No. 3 (Up 5)
 2008: No. 9 (Down 6)
 2009: No.17 (Down 8)
 2010: No. 29 (Down 12)
 2011: No. 55 (Down 26)
 2012: No. 98 (Down 43)
 Since 2013: Not on List

DVD
 Sasha & John Digweed present Delta Heavy (System Recordings)
 A Tale of Two Cities, Live in Argentina 2013 (Bedrock Records & Ourmaninthefield)
 A Tale of Two UK Cities, 2015'' (Bedrock Records & Ourmaninthefield)

References

External links
 Official site
 Bedrock Records

 Transitions – official tracklistings
 Transitions – official Mixcloud tracklistings
  Interview <mask> – Actualites Electroniques
  Interview <mask> – Actualites Electroniques
 10 years of Bedrock interview  by Laptoprockers
 Digweed the Bigwig Who Lives Forever in the Future Interview with <mask> by Popspoken

English DJs
Club DJs
Electronic music radio shows
Living people
People from Hastings
Remixers
1967 births
English house musicians
English record producers
Progressive house musicians
Electronic dance music DJs
INCredible artists

masks:
Thomas John Digweed
John Digweed
John Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
Digweed
John
George Digweed
John Digweed
John Digweed
John Digweed


texts:
<mask> (10 September 1915 – 5 October 1985) was a German bomber pilot during World War II. He joined the Luftwaffe in 1936 and served almost all of his career with Demonstration Wing 1 (Lehrgeschwader 1 (LG 1)). With his unit, he participated in the Invasion of Poland, the Norwegian Campaign, the Battles of the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Britain in 1939–40. For his contributions in these campaigns, Helbig received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in late 1940. He was then transferred to the Mediterranean theater where he bombed Malta, the British Mediterranean Fleet and flew in support of the Afrika Korps. Helbig received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords in late 1942 for the support of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel's 1942 summer offensive. He was then banned from further combat flying and was assigned to the staff of the General of Bombers, the senior officer responsible for the Luftwaffe's bomber force.In August 1943 the ban was revoked and Helbig was appointed commander of LG 1 which was then operating against the Allied forces in Italy. In June 1944, he and LG 1 were transferred to France after the Invasion of Normandy. In early 1945, LG 1 was transferred to the Eastern Front and Helbig was tasked to destroy the bridges over the Oder. He surrendered to the American forces at the end of the war in May. After the war, Helbig pursued a civilian career; he died in 1985. Early life
<mask> was born on 10 September 1915 in Dahlen, Saxony. He volunteered for military service on 1 April 1935 and initially served one year with an artillery regiment.In the fall of 1936, he transferred to the Luftwaffe and entered the Bomber Flying School in Lechfeld. After completing his training as an observer and aerial gunner on 20 April 1937, he was posted as an observer to the Bomber Wing (Kampfgeschwader (KG)) 152 in Schwerin. World War II

Western Europe; Battle of Britain
At the beginning of World War II in September 1939, Helbig held the rank of Second Lieutenant and was serving as an observer in a He 111 reconnaissance aircraft of Demonstration Wing 1 (Lehrgeschwader 1 (II./LG 1)) in 1938. He was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class following the campaign. Helbig took part in the April 1940 invasion of Norway (Operation Weserübung). As part of II. Gruppe, he flew missions in support of the German ground forces, particularly in the Åndalsnes area.During one of these missions on 2 May, his unit sank the Norwegian hospital ship  with heavy losses. Following their attack on Dronning Maud, the German aircraft then bombed the nearby village of Gratangen, destroying several houses and killing two civilians. Shortly afterwards, the unit returned to Germany. During the Battle of France later that month, Helbig served as squadron commander of the Fourth Squadron of LG 1, flying both He 111 and Junkers Ju 88 bombers, a position he held until 5 November 1941. While attacking shipping during the Battle of Dunkirk on 1 June, Helbig's Ju 88 was intercepted by Supermarine Spitfires of No. 616 Squadron RAF. They damaged the aircraft, and lightly wounded Helbig, but he was able to return to base.For his actions, he was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class. Following the defeat of France, Helbig was promoted to captain (Hauptmann) in July and his unit remained in France to participate in the Battle of Britain. On 15 August 1940, Helbig and his squadron, consisting of seven Ju 88s, took off with the primary target of the British airfield at Worthy Down together with other German units. The Germans were intercepted by British fighters and the mission was very costly for 4. Staffel as over half the bombers were shot down by the British or were written off after landing. Helbig was forced to jettison his bombs before reaching the target and return to base, flying on a single engine with wounded crewmen aboard. During the battle, Helbig reported that his badly damaged Ju 88 was intercepted by a Spitfire over the English Channel.The RAF pilot did not fire, but instead flew alongside the crippled bomber until the French coast was in sight, waved and flew away. Historian Christer Bergström has suggested that this might have been Pilot Officer Richard Hardy from No. 234 Squadron RAF. As the battle continued, LG 1 mostly switched to bombing cities at night. Helbig was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 24 November, after having flown 75 combat missions. North African and Mediterranean campaign

The Gruppe flew to Sicily in mid-January 1941 and attacked targets in Malta as well as British ships in the Mediterranean. On one of these missions they damaged the aircraft carrier  on 16 January while she was docked for repairs in Grand Harbour, Malta.The unit was transferred to Bulgaria in early April in preparation for Operation Marita, the German invasions of Greece and Yugoslavia, where it participated in the bombing of Belgrade, Yugoslavia on 6 April. Shortly afterwards, it returned to Sicily and spent the rest of the campaign on anti-shipping missions near Southern Greece and Crete with occasional ground-attack missions. Two weeks later, on 21 April, II./LG 1 damaged the oil tanker  south of Crete and unsuccessfully attacked a British convoy near Malta during Operation Tiger on 11 May. The unit transferred to Athens on 16 May in preparation for the invasion of Crete (Operation Merkur) and continued its efforts to interdict shipping in Greek waters. It may have damaged the battleship  on 27 May as the British were evacuating the island. II./LG 1 remained in the Mediterranean for the rest of the year, attacking targets in Palestine, Egypt and Libya, including long-range missions mining the Suez Canal and various ports at night. Helbig became Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I./LG 1 on 5 November.The Gruppe briefly came under the command of Fliegerführer Afrika on 21 November and assisted III./LG 1 in supporting German ground forces during the British Operation Crusader offensive for five days. He was slightly wounded during a Royal Air Force bombing raid on the airfield at Benina, Libya, on 29 November, as his unit was staging through en route back to Greece. Helbig commanded the unit on operations against the Sidi Barrani–Alexandria rail line on 3 and 4 December. On 10 December the unit flew interdiction operations against the British Army south of Tobruk. Thereafter, the unit flew mine-laying operations off the Libyan coast. On 16 January 1942, Helbig became the 64th recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves after having completed 210 combat missions. While on patrol approximately  south of Crete on 11 May, Ju 88s from I./LG 1 detected four British destroyers, , Kipling, Jackal and Lively.The first wave of 14 Ju 88s from I./LG 1 attacked the destroyers later that afternoon, sank Lively and crippled Jackal. A second wave failed to find the destroyers, but the third wave of seven Ju 88s, led by <mask>, attacked the destroyers with the setting sun behind them. Helbig's aircraft sank Kipling at  while Jackal later had to be scuttled. The attack was successful despite the presence of defending Bristol Beaufighters from No. 272 Squadron RAF. In June, British commandos attacked Helbig's unit at their base in Heraklion, Crete, and succeeded in blowing up seven Ju 88s. On 28 September 1942 he was awarded the 20th Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords.Italian campaign and post-war life
In January 1943, Helbig was transferred to the staff of the General der Kampfflieger (Commander of Bombers). In March 1943 he was appointed the General der Kampfflieger and was promote to Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel) on 1 September. After numerous difficulties and clashes with his superiors, including Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, he returned to LG 1 as its Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) on 14 August. When his Geschwader was transferred to Italy to operate against the Allied beachheads at Anzio and Nettuno in Italy after the landings there (Operation Shingle) on 22 January 1944, Helbig was appointed as the commander of all bomber units in Italy. On the night of 23/24 January, his aircraft sank the destroyer HMS Janus with a torpedo and damaged severely Jervis with a Henschel Hs 293 glider bomb at the cost of 11 aircraft. The Corsica operation was a success and these long-range operations destroyed 23 aircraft and damaged 90. In June 1944, LG 1 was ordered to transfer to Belgium for air defense during the Allied invasion of France.Helbig formed a combined ground support and reconnaissance battle group as part of the Luftwaffe's operations against the Allied bombing campaign on 10 September 1944. Visiting unit at the Vogelsang Airfield, he was severely wounded by strafing Allied aircraft. Due to his injuries Helbig had to surrender command of his unit. In the last weeks of the war in Europe, Helbig commanded a combat unit on the Eastern Front; he surrendered to the American forces on 8 May 1945. After the war he returned to civilian life, becoming the director of the Schultheiss brewery plant in Berlin. Helbing died in Malente on 5 October 1985 following a car accident on vacation in Spain. Awards
 Medaglia d'Argento al Valor Militare
 Iron Cross (1939) 2nd class (16 September 1939) & 1st class (20 June 1940)
 Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe (6 October 1940)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
 Knight's Cross on 24 November 1940 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän of the 4.(K)/Lehrgeschwader 1
 64th Oak Leaves on 16 January 1942 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the I. (K)/Lehrgeschwader 1
 20th Swords on 28 September 1942 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the I. (K)/Lehrgeschwader 1

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Bergström, Christer (2015). The Battle of Britain: An Epic Conflict Revisited. Casemate: Oxford. .

 Mason, Francis (1969). Battle Over Britain. McWhirter Twins, London.1915 births
1985 deaths
Luftwaffe pilots
People from Dahlen, Saxony
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
German World War II pilots
German expatriates in Spain
Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Road incident deaths in Spain
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States

masks:
Joachim Helbig
Joachim Helbig
Helbig


texts:
<mask> (born November 19, 1977) is a retired American gymnast from Tucson, Arizona. She was a member of the Magnificent Seven, the victorious all-around women's gymnastics team that represented the United States at the 1996 Summer Olympics, and is best remembered for performing the vault despite having injured her ankle and for subsequently being carried to the podium by her coach, Béla Károlyi. Gymnastics career

Pre-1996 Olympics
Strug began training in gymnastics at the age of three. She began competing in gymnastics at the age of eight. Her sister Lisa was already competing in gymnastics at the time that Strug was born. Strug was trained by American coach Jim Gault until January 1991, when she moved to Houston, Texas, to train with coach Béla Károlyi. At that time, she also joined the United States National Team.In 1992, as the youngest member of the entire U.S. team at age 14, she won a team bronze medal at the Barcelona Olympics. Throughout the Team Compulsories and Optionals, she and Kim Zmeskal competed for the final US available spot to compete in the all-around. She was eventually edged out by Zmeskal, with Shannon Miller and Betty Okino as the other two American gymnasts to qualify for the all-around. After the 1992 Games, <mask> chose to move to Edmond, Oklahoma, to train under the coaching of Steve Nunno at the Dynamo Gymnastics Club, where she trained with Shannon Miller. There, she struggled with severe weight loss and a serious injury to her stomach. At the 1993 Nationals, <mask> placed 3rd in the all-around, 2nd on the uneven bars, and 3rd on floor exercise. She completed the Yurchenko ½ vault.However, she had a weak second vault and did not medal in that event. After this competition, <mask> left Edmond to return home to Tucson, Arizona, where she trained with Arthur Akopian, who flew in from California to train her, with the assistance of Jim Gault. Gault was <mask>'s coach when she started gymnastics at age 3. While performing the compulsory uneven bars set in 1994, she pinged off the bar, subsequently releasing too early to be able to make the transition to low bar. She lost control and flew off the high bar backwards, landing in a twisted position on her side beneath the low bar. She was carried out of the gym on a stretcher and was taken to Desert Regional Hospital. The injury turned out to be a badly pulled back muscle, which required extensive rehabilitation.She recovered in time for the 1994 World Championships. In 1995, Strug graduated from Green Fields Country Day School in Tucson, Arizona. Eventually, the coaching arrangement with Gault and Akopian became untenable as Gault was restricted in his coaching by NCAA recruiting rules. <mask> once again left home, in July 1995, to train at Aerials Gymnastics in Colorado Springs, Colorado, with Tom and Lori Forster. Later that year, at the 1995 Nationals, <mask> placed 5th in the all-around and came in 3rd on the uneven bars. At the 1995 World Championships, she was a member of the bronze medal-winning U.S. team, and she placed 7th in the all-around. She trained with the Forsters from July 1995 until December 1995.She then moved back to Houston to train with Károlyi again in preparation for the 1996 Olympics. She beat the competition at the 1996 American Cup in the all-around by almost a half point, something which was a huge margin with the scoring system at that time. She also placed 1st on floor exercises and balance beam and 2nd on vault and uneven bars in the event finals. At the 1996 U.S. Nationals, <mask> placed 5th in the all-around and came in 2nd on both vault and floor. 1996 Olympics
<mask> participated in the 1996 Olympics as a member of the U.S. women's team, often referred to as the Magnificent Seven. After compulsories, <mask> was ranked 9th overall and had placed high enough to qualify herself for the all-around. She posted the second-highest score on floor exercise—but qualified first in floor exercise event finals after the team final and ahead of eventual floor exercise Gold Medalist Lilia Podkopayeva—and fourth-highest on vault, which would qualify her for event finals in her two strongest events.In the team competition, an event dominated by the Soviets for decades and never won by the United States, the U.S. competed with the Russian, Romanian, and Ukrainian teams. The Russians came into the team competition with a very narrow lead. The event came down to the final rotation on the final day of the team competition, July 23, 1996. Going into the final rotation, with the Russians on floor exercise and the U.S. on vault, the U.S. women held a commanding 0.897-point lead over the Russian team. However, it was still possible for the Russians to take the gold if the U.S. women collapsed. The first four U.S. gymnasts landed their vaults, but struggled to land them cleanly, taking steps and hops. Adding to the drama, <mask>'s teammate Dominique Moceanu fell twice, registering a poor score.<mask> was the last to vault for the United States. <mask> under-rotated the landing of her first attempt, causing her to fall and injure her ankle. As a result, the attempt was awarded 9.162 points. Retrospectively, after a poor performance from the final Russian Roza Galieva on floor, Moceanu's score (9.200) would have been sufficient to beat the Russians even if <mask> had not performed a second vault, as the lowest score for each team was dropped. However, Galieva performed after <mask>, and therefore <mask> needed to land a second vault on her feet in order to mathematically clinch the gold. In the time interval between <mask>'s two vaults, she asked, "Do we need this?" Károlyi replied, "Kerri, we need you to go one more time.We need you one more time for the gold. You can do it, you better do it." <mask> thus limped slightly to the end of the runway to make her second attempt. She landed the vault briefly on both feet, almost instantly hopping onto only her good foot, saluting the judges. She then collapsed onto her knees and needed assistance off the landing platform, to which sportscaster John Tesh commented, "<mask> <mask> is hurt! She is hurt badly." The completed vault received a score of 9.712, mathematically guaranteeing the Americans the gold medal, though while it was not known at the time with Roza Galieva of Russia having not yet completed her floor routine, the Americans would still have won the gold by a margin of 0.309 points had <mask> not performed a second vault.Károlyi carried her onto the medals podium to join her team, after which she was treated at a hospital for a third-degree lateral sprain and tendon damage. Due to her injury, she was unable to compete in the individual all-around competition and event finals, despite having qualified for both; so Moceanu was chosen to take her place in the all-around, Dawes took her place in the floor final, and Miller took her place in the vault final. <mask> became a national sports hero for her final vault, visiting President Bill Clinton, appearing at various television talk shows, making the cover of Sports Illustrated and appearing on a Wheaties cereal box with other team members. Actor Chris Kattan notably parodied her adolescent-sounding voice (as her "brother" Kippi <mask>), and appeared on Saturday Night Live (in a segment in which she appeared alongside him). ESPN's "This is SportsCenter" ad campaign poked good-natured fun at her injury with two ads featuring various ESPN workers carrying her around. Professional career and college
Shortly after her feat, <mask> participated in the Ice Capades and Disney's World On Ice, then announced her retirement and enrolled in UCLA where she was a member of the Kappa Alpha Theta women’s fraternity. As a professional, she could not compete in NCAA gymnastics events, so she worked for a time as team manager instead, a behind-the-scenes role.She later transferred to Stanford University where she earned a master's degree in Sociology. <mask> also took part in a Semester at Sea in the Fall of 2000. After gymnastics
In 2000, she was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. After graduation, <mask> worked as an elementary school teacher at Tom Matsumoto Elementary School in San Jose, CA, before moving to Washington, D.C. in 2003. She worked as a staff assistant with the White House Office of Presidential Student Correspondence, moved to a job at the General Counsel in the Treasury Department, and in March 2005, joined the Justice Department's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention staff as a presidential appointee. <mask> has also been an active marathon runner, having run marathons in Houston, New York, Boston and Chicago. During the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, <mask> was a correspondent for Yahoo!in artistic gymnastics. In 2008, she appeared in a television commercial for the Zaxby's restaurant chain. Also in 2008, her history-making ordeal at the 1996 Olympic games was featured in a commercial, narrated by actor Morgan Freeman for the "Go World" campaign. Personal life
<mask> was born in Tucson, Arizona, the daughter of Melanie Barron and Dr. <mask>, a cardiovascular surgeon. <mask> is Jewish. She married attorney Robert Fischer at the Skyline Country Club in Tucson, Arizona, on April 25, 2010. On March 1, 2012, Strug gave birth to the couple's son, Tyler William Fischer.In 2014, she gave birth to their daughter, Alayna Madaleine. Popular culture
<mask> did a cameo on Beverly Hills, 90210. <mask> was shown in Marie Claire magazine's "The 8 Greatest Moments for Women in Sports". <mask> is referenced in Sabrina: The Teenage Witch Season 1, Episode 10. <mask> is referenced in the animated series Bojack Horseman Season 5, Episode 5. When BoJack is challenged for his reference to <mask> being outdated, he insists that he will update his references once we see the likes of <mask> again. <mask> had a voice cameo in King of the Hill Season 2, Episode 14, 'I Remember Mono,' appearing in a dream sequence with Bobby Hill.<mask> is referenced in Community Season 4, Episode 7, Economics of Marine Biology. <mask> is referenced in Murphy Brown Season 9, Episode 11. <mask> is referenced in an episode of the online YouTube show Demo Disk made by Funhaus. <mask> is referenced in the Season 9 episode of Roseanne entitled " Roseambo" when Roseanne, after flipping off the roof of a train car and landing on her feet, delivers the line, "Eat your heart out, <mask> <mask>." In 2020, Olivia Wilde announced she would be directing a biopic based on the book Landing On My Feet, A Diary Of Dreams. Thomasin McKenzie has been cast to portray <mask>. <mask> is mentioned in the Apple TV+ show Mythic Quest during a special episode bridging the first two seasons.She is referenced in a season two episode of the Saved by the Bell reboot. A character falls and gets injured, but says he'll "Kerri Strug it." See also
List of select Jewish gymnasts
List of Olympic female gymnasts for the United States

References

External links
Official website

1977 births
American female artistic gymnasts
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Gymnasts at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish gymnasts
Living people
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in gymnastics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in gymnastics
Sportspeople from Tucson, Arizona
Stanford University alumni
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
U.S. women's national team gymnasts
International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame inductees
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women
Members of the Junior League

masks:
Kerri Allyson Strug Fischer
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Kerri
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
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Burt Strug
Strug
Strug
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Strug
Strug
Strug
Strug
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Strug
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Kerri
Strug
Kerri
Strug


texts:
<mask> ( 1350 – 1427) was an Italian painter of the Florentine School considered to be one of the most important painters in Florence during the second half of the 14th century. He is believed to have learned his trade from his father, about whom little is known. <mask>’s style, as well as that of his contemporaries <mask> and <mask>ni, was influenced by the artist <mask>. <mask>'s paintings made use of bright colors and his compositions avoided complexity. The figures he painted tended to have round faces and were often expressionless. Another one of <mask>'s distinctive characteristics was his precision of execution. He was known for exceptional talent in drawing, an ability that he put to use at the initial stages of his painting.Unlike many celebrated Florentine artists of this period, <mask> mostly received commissions from the country clergy and from the lower-middle class Florentine guilds. His successors, <mask> <mask> and Neri <mask>, continued to serve these groups. Early life and training
<mask> <mask> was born in Florence around 1350. He is thought to have been taught the art of painting by his father, who most likely went by the nickname Jacopo, although his full name is currently unknown. By 1370, <mask> had become a member of the Guild of Saint Luke, the painters’ guild of Florence. The guild was named in honor of Luke the Evangelist, the patron saint of artists, whom John of Damascus had recognized as having painted the Virgin Mary's portrait. The Guild of Saint Luke brought together artists from a range of disciplines in Renaissance Florence.<mask>'s earliest work suggests the influence of a master whose identity is unknown but who was believed to be a member of the Guild of Saint Luke. Early career
<mask>'s first public work was a panel depicting St. Martin Enthroned, painted for the Arte dei Vinattieri, the wine-merchants’ guild of Florence. The painting was mounted in the Florentine church of Orsanmichele on a pilaster assigned to the guild on October 4, 1380, and is now in the Depositi Galleria d'Arte in Florence. The predella depicts the episode of St. Martin dividing his cloak with the beggar. It was about this time that <mask> began working with the painters Agnolo <mask>, Corso <mask>, and Jacopo <mask>, and the goldsmiths Piero del Miglior and Niccolo del Lucia. As a group they were commissioned to value the statues of Faith and Hope by <mask> Pero created for the spandrels of the Loggia della Signoria in Florence. <mask> was commissioned to apply the blue enamelled ground and to gild the statues, work that provided him a steady income.A more significant project arrived In 1387 when <mask> was employed to decorate the cathedral of Florence. This was a major project already underway at the time. Together with Spinello Aretino and Agnolo <mask>, <mask> produced preliminary drawings for the statues of the four Apostles which would be executed in marble for the façade of the church. Once the series of statues was completed, he was then commissioned, again with Aretino and <mask>, to paint and gild them. In his biography of the artist, Giorgio Vasari notes that <mask> learned much of his craft from Spinello, probably during this time. Although Giorgio Vasari’s biography of <mask> is replete with misattributions, it does suggest that <mask>, during this period, produced frescoes both in and out of the city of Florence. Vasari suggests that <mask> <mask> de<mask> commissioned <mask> to paint the hall of the old house of the Medici family.Among other works that Vasari mentions are a shrine on the bridge of Scandicci and a fresco of saints together with a Madonna at Cerbaia. According to Vasari, <mask> was then commissioned by the family of the Medici to paint a chapel in San Marco in Florence, a fresco in which he illustrated many stories of the Madonna and depicted the Virgin herself surrounded by many saints. Later Work

In 1394 <mask> returned to the Loggia della Signoria where he painted and gilded the statue of Charity by Jacopo <mask> Guidi. In 1395, he was commissioned to value a statue of St. Victor by Piero <mask> Tedesco for the facade of the Florence cathedral. Three years later, in Florence, <mask> created three polylobed panels for the altar of the Madonna delle Grazie in the cathedral’s nave. The panels displayed half-length images of St John the Evangelist, St. Matthew, and St. Mark. Another artist, Pesello, was responsible for the image of the Agnus Dei, which centered the canopy’s vault, while <mask>'s most significant contribution was a curtain that accompanied the image of the Virgin.This canopy has since been dismantled and <mask>'s panels depicting the Evangelists are now housed in the Sagrestia dei Canonici in the cathedral. The Compagni della Croce di Santo Stefano in Empoli commissioned <mask>, in 1399, to produce a triptych. <mask> is believed to have painted two crucifixions during the years 1399 and 1400 respectively. The first is housed in the Museo della Collegiata di Sant'Andrea in Empoli and utilizes a simple, two-dimensional design. The panel represents the Crucifixion with the Virgin Mary, St. John the Evangelist and St. Francis of Assisi at the foot of the cross. It is believed to have constituted the top half of a larger panel. The second crucifixion depicts Christ on the cross surrounded by angels collecting his spilt blood.The letters INRI labeling "Jesus of Nazareth The King of the Jews" are displayed on the red headpiece above the cross. The Christ and angels depicted in the later crucifixion are compositionally very similar to the first. Historians believe that <mask> painted a work of St. Francis and St. Anthony Abbot around the year 1400. The painting is thought to have occupied the left side of a multi-paneled altarpiece. The remaining panels are either lost or unidentified. The figures illustrated are the saints Francis of Assisi, who founded the Franciscan order in the early thirteenth century, and Anthony the Great, a Christian monk known as the Father of All Monks. The stigmata of St Francis are pin-pointed with tiny gold rays.Information concerning the next decade of <mask>'s life and work is scanty. From 1410 there is a record of him having been paid fourteen florins for a figure of St. Nicholas for the lunette of the portal of the Ospedale di San Matteo, Florence. This work is now at the Accademia di Belle Arti. Some historians believe <mask> oversaw the construction of the Palazzo Capponi alle Rovinate, a late-Gothic style palace located on Via de’ Bardi in Florence, Italy. This work appears to have been commissioned by Niccolò da Uzzano, an Italian politician in the government of Florence. <mask> was often commissioned by Uzzano, and these commissions included frescoes and a painting for the Church of Saint Lucia dè Magnoli. Giorgio Vasari’s biography of <mask> indicates that in 1418, <mask> painted a large fresco of St. Thomas examining a wound in the side of Christ.This fresco additionally included the other Apostles who were shown as surrounding Christ. Adjacent to this scene <mask> created a fresco of St. Christopher, and Vasari suggests that up until this point, no artist had successfully depicted a figure on such a large scale with accurate proportions. Other historians have attributed these works to <mask> <mask>, <mask>'s son. In any case, both works, impressive in scale, have managed to retain their color and definition for hundreds of years. Madonna and Child Paintings

<mask> is reported to have completed many Madonna and child paintings, however little is known about the composition dates of these paintings. Between 1375 and 1380, <mask> is known to have painted a Madonna of Humility with Two Angels, which is extant and held privately. Until 1936, this panel was attributed to Jacopo <mask>.A very similar work known to have been completed by <mask> between 1405 and 1410 titled Madonna and Child with Angels is conserved in the Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, lending further support to the current attribution of the Madonna of Humility. In style, <mask>'s is part of an established tradition. The best known is the Madonna dell'Umilita, painted by Guariento <mask>, which <mask>'s painting closely resembles. In both paintings, the Madonna is posed on a cushion, seated in a demure fashion suggestive of humility. The blue of her apparel is in the tradition of the Madonna and, in the case of <mask>'s painting, the clothing is notable for its simplicity, with the absence of any elaborate drapery that is sometimes depicted. Again, this style is suggestive of the humble nature of the seated figure. Some years later <mask> painted a Madonna and Child with St. John the Baptist, Catherine of Alexandria, Anthony Abbot, and St. Nicholas at the Virgin's feet.The work is executed in tempera and gold on a wood panel and its size is that of a typical anconetta, or small altarpiece. During the time of <mask>, this image would likely have been framed in a Gothic-style tabernacle as it would have served for private, rather than public, enjoyment. Neri <mask>, <mask>'s grandson painted a similar work. Neri's Virgin and Child Enthroned with Two Angels and St. Ansanus, John the Baptist, St. Nicholas, St. Sebastian, Catherine of Alexandria, and Bartholomew currently resides at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. It is believed that Neri drew inspiration from his grandfather <mask>. A number of other Madonnas are attributed to <mask>, one of which is located at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore. The locations of the remaining paintings are unknown.Major Work
Perhaps <mask>'s best-known work is a devotional triptych painted in 1399 that now hangs in the Museo della Collegiata di Sant'Andrea in Empoli. The Madonna is present in all three panels, although only in the center panel is she the dominant presence. The left wing depicts the Nativity and shows the Madonna kneeling in an attitude of prayer. A seated saint is in the foreground and the panel's upper section, which comes to a point, depicts a seated angel. The right panel displays the crucifixion and the Madonna is one of three figures beneath the crucifix. As in the left panel, she is clearly recognizable because of the consistency in the color of her garments and the simplicity of her figure. The pinnacle of the right panel showcases a seated female figure praying.In both side panels, Madonna's figure is on the same scale as the other figures, whereas in the center panel, she is not. The central figure is nearly identical to the Madonna of Humility with Two Angels, further suggesting that the earlier Madonna was indeed the work of <mask>. The Madonna in the center panel sits on a Gothic throne, adorned with a red and gold cloth. A Christ Child sits on her lap and grips her finger. Surrounding them are a group of six Saints, including both John the Evangelist and John the Baptist. <mask>'s artistic style is seen in the clean and simple compositional structure, the use of bright color, and the expressionless character of the figures' faces. Influences
<mask>'s style was influenced by <mask> Cione <mask>, who was an Italian painter, sculptor, and architect in Florence.<mask> served as one of his pupils and worked alongside Jacopo <mask>, Andrea's younger brother and an Italian Gothic period painter active in Florence. Death and legacy

It is now clear that many of the works that Vasari attributed to <mask> <mask> were in fact produced by his son, <mask> <mask>. Similarly, Joseph Archer Crowe and Giovanni Battista Cavalcasele, two highly respected Italian art critics, attributed several frescoes to <mask>, including those in the Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, and those in San Francesco, Arezzo, that are now thought to be painted by <mask> <mask>. Some confusion between the works of father and son is understandable, considering that <mask> personally trained his son in his workshop, one of the largest and most active studios in Florence at that time. <mask> <mask> went on to become an influential painter and sculptor, much like his father, while <mask>'s grandson, Neri <mask>, inherited the workshop following the death of <mask> <mask> and <mask> <mask>. <mask> is believed to have died in 1427, although the exact date of death is unknown. <mask>'s workshop continued to flourish for over a century.Even now, art historians believe that many of his most significant works have yet to be identified. Surviving Art Works
 Madonna of Humility with Two Angels (c. 1375-1380), Private Collection
 St. Martin Enthroned (c. 1380), Depositi Galleria Arte, Florence
 St. Julian and St. Zanobius (c. 1380-1400), Academia Gallery, Venice
 St. Mark (c. 1398), Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence
 The Crucifixion (c. 1399), Museo della Collegiata di Sant'Andrea, Empoli
 Triptych (c. 1399), Museo della Collegiata di Sant'Andrea, Empoli
 Madonna and Child (c. 1400), Walters Art Museum, Baltimore
 Crucifixion (c. 1400), Allentown Art Museum, Pennsylvania
 St. Francis and St. Anthony Abbot (c. 1400), Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery, Bristol
 Madonna and Child with Angels (c. 1405-1410), Fine Arts Museum, San Francisco
 St. Nicholas (c. 1410), Accademia di Belle Arti, Florence

References

1350s births
1427 deaths
14th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
15th-century Italian painters
Gothic painters
Painters from Florence

masks:
Lorenzo di Bicci
Lorenzo
Jacopo di Cione
Niccolò di Pietro Geri
Andrea di Cione
Lorenzo
Lorenzo
Lorenzo
Bicci
di Lorenzo
di Bicci
Lorenzo di
Bicci
Lorenzo
Lorenzo
Lorenzo
Lorenzo
Gaddi
diacopo
di Luca
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texts:
<mask> (2 February 1786 – 10 March 1845) was the author of The Memoirs of Harriette <mask>: Written by Herself (1825). <mask> was a famed British Regency courtesan who became the mistress of William, Lord Craven, at the age of 15. Later in her career, she went on to have formal relationship arrangements with Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, and other significant politicians. Early life
<mask>'s birth at 2 Carrington Street, in Shepherd Market, Mayfair, London, was recorded in the parish register of St George, Hanover Square. Her father kept a small shop with his wife, Amelia, née Cook. Her father is said to have assumed the surname of <mask> about 1801. One of the fifteen children of Swiss John James Dubouchet (or De Bouchet), <mask> was one of four sisters in the family who pursued careers as concubines.Her sisters Amy, Fanny and Sophia also became courtesans. In her memoir, <mask> claims that Amy sets a poor example for the others, introducing them to their licentious reputations and careers:

We were all virtuous girls when Amy, one fine afternoon, left her father's house and sallied forth, like Don Quixote, in quest of adventures. The first person who addressed her was one Mr. Trench; a certain short-sighted, pedantic man, whom most people know about town. I believe she told him that she was running away from her father. All I know for certain is that, when Fanny and I discovered her abode, we went to visit her, and when we asked her what on earth had induced her to throw herself away on an entire stranger whom she had never seen before, her answer was, "I refused him the whole of the first day; had I done so the second he would have been in a fever." As the sisters grew more sophisticated in their sexual and social prowess, Harriette began to observe how her eldest sister challenged her. Amy is "often surnamed one of the Furies," as <mask> writes.Amy bears the Duke of Argyle's child later in her life. The duke was one of Harriette's former lovers, demonstrating one example of Amy "stealing" her younger sister's clients. Fanny, in contrast, remains a close friend to <mask> and is described as agreeable. The youngest sister, Sophia, marries respectably into the aristocracy, becoming the bride of Lord Berwick at age 17. Career
<mask> began her career at the age of fifteen, becoming the mistress of William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven, 7th Baron Craven. Among her other lovers with whom she had financial arrangements was Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, who commented "publish, and be damned" when informed of her plans to write her memoirs. <mask> even attracted George IV's attention, who claimed he would "do anything to suppress what Harriette had to reveal of [his mistress] Lady Conyngham".<mask> makes a claim in her memoir about Frederick Lamb, 3rd Viscount Melbourne, assaulting her. She attributes his violent act toward her to the jealousy that she had become acquainted with the Duke of Argyle and a lover, a Lord Ponsonby. According to her account, Lamb attacked her because she refused him. For obvious reasons, most politicians with whom she had relationships paid high sums to keep their interactions with her private. Her decision to publish was partly based on the broken promises of her lovers to provide her with an income in her older age. The Memoirs of Harriette <mask>, Written By Herself, first published in 1825, is celebrated for the opening line: "I shall not say how and why I became, at the age of fifteen, the mistress of the Earl of Craven." It was reprinted by the Navarre Society in 1924, as was a follow-up title Paris Lions and London Tigers with an introduction by Heywood Hill in 1935, although how much of this latter title was the work of <mask> <mask> herself is debatable.Legacy
Despite modern speculations that <mask> was mistress to the Prince George, Prince of Wales, there is no evidence of such in her memoir. She records a time when, while still serving as a courtesan to Lord Craven, she writes a letter to the Prince of Wales: "I am told that I am very beautiful, so perhaps you would like to see me." She speculates that the response from the prince requesting her visit arrives via Colonel Thomas. Indignant that the prince would request she travel to meet him, she responds:

SIR,— To travel fifty-two miles this bad weather, merely to see a man, with only the given number of legs, arms, fingers, &c., would, you must admit, be madness in a girl like myself, surrounded by humble admirers who are ever ready to travel any distance for the honour of kissing the tip of her little finger; but, if you can prove to me that you are one bit better than any man who may be ready to attend my bidding, I'll e'en start for London directly. So, if you can do anything better in the way of pleasing a lady than ordinary men, write directly: if not, adieu, Monsieur le Prince. <mask>'s clients were politically associated with the Prince of Wales, but in her memoir she does not record meeting or bedding him. However, it is said that "<mask> reminds us that the long-term mistress of the Prince of Wales, having been promised £20,000 which never materialised, died a pauper."<mask> might not have met the man or bedded him, but she was aware that the Prince of Wales, like the many other politicians, did not ultimately financially support their courtesans—and her memoir represents this controversial failing of English officeholders. Fictional portrayal
 <mask> <mask> appears in the Jane Austen mystery novel, Jane and the Barque of Frailty, by Stephanie Barron. (<mask> and Jane Austen were contemporaries.) <mask> <mask>'s memoirs Publish and Be Damn'd: The Memoirs of <mask> <mask> was adapted for the BBC Radio 4 series Classic Serial by Ellen Dryden and broadcast in June 2012

References

Sources
<mask> (2003) The Courtesan's Revenge: The Life of <mask> <mask>, the Woman Who Blackmailed the King. London: Faber & Faber
Harriette <mask>'s Memoirs: The Greatest Courtesan of her Age; selected and edited with an introduction by Lesley Blanch. London: John Murray, 1957
Valerie Grosvenor Myer (with an introduction by Sue Limb): <mask> <mask>, Lady of Pleasure. Ely: Fern House, 1999
Kenyon-Jones, Christine.(2003, August 23). Poetic Licentiousness. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/aug/24/biography.features

External links

 The Memoirs of Harriette <mask>, Volumes One and Two by <mask> <mask> – Project Gutenberg
 The Memoirs Of Harriette <mask> Volume I – Internet Archive
 The Memoirs Of Harriette <mask> Written By Herself Volume Two – Internet Archive
 Short biography and picture
 Guardian biography review

1786 births
British memoirists
English courtesans
People from Mayfair
Women of the Regency era
1845 deaths
British women memoirists
People from Somers Town, London
19th-century English women writers
19th-century memoirists

masks:
Harriette Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Harriette Dubouchet
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Harriette
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Harriette
Wilson
Harriette
Harriette
Wilson
Harriette
Wilson
Frances Wilson
Harriette
Wilson
Wilson
Harriette
Wilson
Wilson
Harriette
Wilson
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<mask> (November 16, 1822April 17, 1891) was a career United States Army officer who served with distinction during the Mexican–American War. He also served as a Union Army general during the early part of the American Civil War. After the war, he was appointed U.S. marshal for the Eastern District of Wisconsin by President Ulysses S. Grant, and served as president of the University of Wisconsin Board of Regents. Early life
<mask> was born in Westernville, New York, and was raised in western New York. He entered the United States Military Academy in 1839 and graduated in 1843, standing 26th out of 39 cadets; he was a classmate of Ulysses S. Grant, Christopher C. Augur, Joseph J. Reynolds, and several other men who would go on to become generals in the Army. First military service
Upon his graduation, he was assigned to the 2nd U.S. Infantry Regiment as brevet second lieutenant. He was officially promoted to second lieutenant on November 17, 1845, and was assigned to the 5th U.S. Infantry, serving in the Army of General Zachary Taylor in the early phases of the Mexican–American War.<mask> and his regiment took part in the Battle of Monterrey, and received complements from his superior officers in their report of the battle. He was then active in the Siege of Veracruz and the Battle of Cerro Gordo, and was promoted to first lieutenant on June 30, 1847. He distinguished himself again at the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, and was given an honorary brevet to captain. But he was severely wounded at the Battle of Molino del Rey. He was shot through the shoulder and remained in the hospital six months recuperating. After recovering from his wound, <mask> was assigned to the recruiting service at Rochester, New York, for two years. He returned to battle in 1850, commanding companies in Texas and Mississippi in campaigns of the Comanche Wars.He resigned from the Army on April 30, 1853, and moved his family to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. There he settled a farm and established a linseed oil mill. Civil War service

At the outbreak of the American Civil War, few men in the state of Wisconsin had any formal military experience. A friend of Governor Alexander Randall showed him a record of Captain <mask>'s service in the Mexican War, and informed the governor that <mask> was residing at Fond du Lac. Governor Randall immediately summoned <mask> to Madison, Wisconsin, to assist in organizing Wisconsin's volunteer regiments. <mask> was eager to return to active service and accepted commission as colonel of the 3rd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment on May 11, 1861, just a month after the attack on Fort Sumter. <mask> drilled and equipped his regiment and set off to Harpers Ferry to report to Nathaniel P. Banks in July 1861.Immediately after arriving in the field, <mask> was promoted to brigadier general and placed in command of a brigade in Banks' division of the Army of the Potomac. In the Fall and Winter of 1861, <mask>'s brigade was engaged in securing the Union defensive line along the Potomac River in western Maryland and Northern Virginia. After the Union defeat at Ball's Bluff, <mask> was tasked to survey crossing points along the river. In March 1862, <mask>'s brigade was sent to engage in reconnaissance-in-force to Stonewall Jackson's camp at Winchester, Virginia. He successfully occupied the city on March 13, but found that Jackson and his corps had escaped the day before. That same day, General George B. McClellan ordered <mask> to take command of the 3rd division of III Corps for his planned Peninsula Campaign. He led this division during the Siege of Yorktown, but drew the ire of George B. McClellan for insubordination.Ignoring the fact that shelving <mask> would create powerful political enemies, McClellan relieved <mask> on April 30, 1862, without explanation. When Lincoln pointed out the impropriety of McClellan's action, McClellan claimed "You cannot do anything better calculated to injure my army ... than to restore Gen. <mask> to his division." Before the month-long siege preparations were complete, <mask> was transferred to the Western Theater where he commanded the 3rd Division in the Army of the Mississippi at the battles of Iuka and Corinth. Following Corinth in October 1862, he was promoted to major general, effective from September 19, 1862. During his brief military service in the conflict, <mask> served in both the eastern and western theaters. He commanded divisions, "wings" and corps of the Army of the Potomac, the Army of the Mississippi, as well as in the Army of the Tennessee. During the months of January and February 1863 <mask> was in simultaneous command of the Dist.of West Tennessee, Dist. of Corinth, the Left Wing of XVI Corps, and XVI Corps. While in command at Corinth, he began intriguing for higher command against Generals Hurlbut and James B. McPherson, which drew Grant's ire. When Grant ordered him to Vicksburg to serve under General John Alexander McClernand, <mask> offered his resignation from the U.S. Army on April 13, 1863. Grant gladly accepted the resignation, forwarding several pages of documentation to Washington to support his case. Later years
After his army service <mask> became a U.S. marshal and a paper manufacturer. He died in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1891 and is buried there in Forest Home Cemetery.Personal life and family
the son of Zeyn Alasman and Sylvania (Putnam) <mask>

He married Sophia Jane Shepard on February 9, 1849, in Chicago, Illinois. See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964. .
 Sears, Stephen W. The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan.. Da Capo Press, 1992. .

|-

1822 births
1891 deaths
People from Westernville, New York
Papermakers
People of Wisconsin in the American Civil War
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Union Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni

masks:
Charles Smith Hamilton
Charles Smith Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton


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<mask> (formerly Creech; born 9 September 1944) is a Scottish politician who served as a Deputy Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament from 2016 to 2021. A member of the Scottish National Party (SNP), she has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale constituency since 2011, having previously represented the South of Scotland region from 1999 to 2011. Born in Staffordshire, England, and raised in Edinburgh, Scotland, she attended the University of Edinburgh and Moray House College of Education. After graduating, Grahame worked as an English teacher in secondary schools. In 1984, she graduated from the Edinburgh University again, but this time with a Bachelor of Laws degree. After gaining Diploma in Legal Practice she worked as a solicitor. Grahame was the SNP's candidate for Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale in the 1992 UK General election, but failed to win the seat.In 1999, she ran for equivalent constituency in the new Scottish Parliament. Although she was unsuccessful, she was elected as an additional member of the South of Scotland region. Grahame ran for Depute Leader of the Scottish National Party in the 2004 leadership election, but was defeated by Nicola Sturgeon. In 2011, she was elected MSP for Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale. Following the 2016 election to the 5th Scottish Parliament, <mask> was elected Deputy Presiding Officer. She held the position alongside Linda Fabiani from 2016 until 2021. She has served on the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body since May 2021.Early life and education
<mask> was born on 9 September 1944 in Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England, to a Scottish father and English mother. Her maternal grandfather was Welsh. Grahame was brought up in Edinburgh, attending Boroughmuir High School. She attained a Scottish Master of Arts degree from the University of Edinburgh in 1965 and gained her Diploma of Education from Moray House College of Education in 1966. After graduating, Grahame worked as a secondary teacher of English in a number of schools in Fife and Dumfries and Galloway. After a period as a housewife, she returned to Edinburgh University as a mature student where she earned a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1984 and a Diploma in Legal Practice in 1985, subsequently practising as a solicitor at a number of law firms until her election as an MSP in 1999. Political career

Grahame joined the Scottish National Party in 1970.Using her married name, <mask>, she was the SNP candidate at the 1992 General Election for Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale. In 1994 she stood for election to the European Parliament, again unsuccessfully. At the 1999 Scottish Parliament election she ran for the equivalent constituency. Member of the Scottish Parliament
Although she finished second, her position on the SNP regional list took her to Holyrood, after which she divorced and reverted to her maiden name. She contested Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale at the 2003 and 2007 elections, coming within 1,000 votes of victory on both occasions and being subsequently elected on the regional South of Scotland list. From 2001 to 2003, she was Convener of the Justice Committee. In 2004, <mask> ran as a candidate for deputy leadership of the SNP after deputy leader Roseanna Cunningham entered the contest to replace leader John Swinney.She was defeated by Nicola Sturgeon. After the election, she was reshuffled from chair of the Scottish Parliament's Health committee to Shadow Minister for Social Justice, generally seen by media commentators as an upwards shift. In June 2005, she was elected Honorary President of the Federation of Student Nationalists. In the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, <mask> won the redrawn seat of Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale, defeating former Liberal Democrat finance spokesman Jeremy Purvis. Following her election, she was again selected as Convener of the Justice Committee for the session. Deputy Presiding Officer
In the 2016 Scottish Parliament election, Grahame held the seat, increasing her share of the vote to 45.1%. Following the 2016 election, she was elected as Deputy Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament, serving alongside Linda Fabiani MSP.<mask> was also re-elected as Convener of the Cross Party Group on Animal Welfare. During the COVID-19 pandemic, she went into self isolation as someone over 70 years old and therefore at more risk of developing severe COVID-19 symptoms. In April 2020, Scottish Labour's Lewis Macdonald was elected as interim Deputy Presiding Officer in her absence. Return to backbenches
In the 2021 Scottish Parliament election <mask> was re-elected as an MSP. She has served on the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body since May 2021. Causes
Since entering the Scottish Parliament in 1999 Grahame has picked up a number of causes, notably;

Borders Railway

For more information see: Borders Railway

One of Grahame's first actions as an MSP in 1999 was to set up a Cross Party Group to support the work of public petitions on the re-establishment of the Borders Railway which had been closed in 1969 during the controversial Beeching cuts. She continued to campaign for this for a number of years, with the line eventually opening between Edinburgh and Tweedbank in 2015.Grahame has named her continued support of this as one of her biggest achievements and said on its opening “As someone who has campaigned for the return of the Waverley Line since 1999, it was an absolute privilege to be have finally traveled the length of the journey by rail, and to appreciate our wonderful countryside from a new perspective. So far this project has been an overwhelming success... If my experience is anything to go by, this will undoubtedly bring many, many visitors to Midlothian and the Borders as well as encouraging people to stay and live in the area.”

Great Tapestry of Scotland

In late 2015 Grahame became involved in a public dispute with Scottish Borders Council over the siting of the Great Tapestry of Scotland in the constituency. Councillors had approved a £6m purpose built visitor centre at Tweedbank Railway Station, however Grahame contested that the business case was flawed and persuaded Scottish Government ministers to investigate this further before releasing the funding required to create it. Grahame favoured siting the tapestry in a disused building in Galashiels arguing that that option had more potential to regenerate the area and encourage tourists to access transport links from Galashiels to the wider region. In June 2016 one councillor resigned from the SNP over Grahame's intervention, claiming it represented a "lack of support" for SNP councillors and that he had not voted for her in the 2016 Scottish Parliament elections. However, <mask>'s position was eventually vindicated, with the council recommending Galashiels as the preferred site in December 2016 stating "Galashiels offers the greatest potential to provide a world class attraction which will make a significant contribution to the Borders economy.”

Lockerbie Bombing

Grahame has been outspoken in her view that the conviction of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi of the 1988 Lockerbie bombing is unsafe and represents a miscarriage of justice.In May 2009, Grahame visited Megrahi, in Greenock jail. After her visit, she told the press: "I found it quite upsetting. The man is obviously very ill and he is desperate to see his family – absolutely desperate to see his family – so, whatever it takes, that's the priority. He did tell me things I can't discuss with you. But I am absolutely more convinced than ever that there has been a miscarriage of justice." A month later, Grahame arranged a second meeting with the prisoner, Megrahi. A few days after the dropping of Megrahi's appeal against conviction and his release on compassionate grounds on 20 August 2009, Grahame wrote an op-ed article for The Independent saying she is convinced of his innocence: "He is not a saint, of course – he had a history with Libyan intelligence – but his hands are clean over Lockerbie."Grahame has lodged several questions and motions on this in the Scottish Parliament and continues to be involved with campaign groups on the matter. Republicanism

Grahame is a supporter of the political organisation Republic, a campaign to replace the British Monarchy with an elected head of state. In July 2009, Grahame snubbed Elizabeth II by checking her e-mails rather than attending the royal speech at Holyrood to mark the tenth anniversary of Scottish devolution. The move drew some criticism from commentators and fellow MSPs, however on the BBC Radio Good Morning Scotland programme, Grahame stated: "I'm earning and working for my constituents far more than if I sit hypocritically in the chamber watching a monarch for an institution I do not support." Personal life
Grahame has two sons and is a grandmother. She has stated previously she has a harmless neurological tremor, which is hereditary and can cause visible shaking. References

External links

<mask> MSP personal website

1944 births
Living people
People from Burton upon Trent
Politicians from Edinburgh
Scottish republicans
Anglo-Scots
Scottish solicitors
Scottish schoolteachers
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish National Party MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2011–2016
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2016–2021
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2021–2026
Deputy Presiding Officers of the Scottish Parliament
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
20th-century Scottish women politicians
Scottish people of English descent
Scottish people of Welsh descent
People educated at Boroughmuir High School

masks:
Christine Grahame
Grahame
Christine Grahame
Christine Creech
Grahame
Grahame
Grahame
Grahame
Grahame
Christine Grahame