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 $50k tournament in Wenshan, her 21st ITF singles title. Hsieh's early season success allowed her to directly enter the main draw at the French Open, her first Grand Slam main draw appearance since the 2009 Australian Open. However, she was beaten in the first round by 18th seed Flavia Pennetta. Hsieh began the grass-court season by reaching the quarterfinals at the $75k event in Nottingham, falling to American CoCo Vandeweghe. She then reached her first singles quarterfinal at a WTA grass court event in Birmingham, where she was beaten by Ekaterina Makarova. She also won the doubles title with Tímea Babos over the world No.1's, Americans Lisa Raymond and Liezel Huber, her first grass-court doubles title. Entering Wimbledon ranked inside the top 70, Hsieh scored her first win at the All England Club in four years by defeating French wildcard Virginie Razzano, who just a month earlier at the French Open became the first player ever to beat Serena Williams in the opening round of a Grand Slam, in straight sets. She followed it up with a win over Stéphanie Fortez Gacon to advance to the third round of Wimbledon for the first time, and beyond the second round of a major for the first time since the 2008 Australian Open. Though she would lose at this stage to then-world No. 1 and recent French Open winner, Maria Sharapova, in straight sets, this marked Hsieh's best performance at a Grand Slam in four and a half years. She also reached the quarterfinals in the mixed doubles tournament, partnering with British player Colin Fleming. Following Wimbledon, she reached a new career-high singles ranking of world No.56. At the Summer Olympics, she represented Taiwan in the women's singles tournament and in women's doubles with Chuang Chia-jung. Although she was knocked out in the first round of the singles tournament by her close friend and partner Peng Shuai, she and Chuang reached the quarterfinals in doubles, where they were beaten by the eventual silver medalists Andrea Hlaváčková and Lucie Hradecká. Hsieh got off to a slow start to the summer hardcourt season. She played just one tournament between the Olympics and the US Open, the Texas Open. In singles, she was beaten by eventual champion Roberta Vinci in the first round, while falling in the quarterfinals of the doubles tournament with partner Gabriela Dabrowski to Iveta Benešová and Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová. At the US Open, she suffered a three-set loss in singles to Magdaléna Rybáriková in the first round, but was successful in the women's doubles tournament with partner Anabel Medina Garrigues, where they reached the semifinals.Hsieh piled together a hugely successful Asian hardcourt season following the Open, winning 17 of her last 21 matches. She won the Ningbo Challenger, a $100k tournament, defeating Zhang Shuai in the final. The next week, she reached the final at the Guangzhou International Open dropping just one set en route. Facing the 17-year old Brit Laura Robson, the silver medalist in mixed doubles with Andy Murray at the 2012 Olympics who had defeated both four-time Grand Slam Champion Kim Clijsters and 2011 French Open champion Li Na, en route to the fourth round at the US Open less than a month earlier, Hsieh played the most intense tennis match of her life. Despite being 0–2 down in each of the first two sets, having five match points saved in the second set, the match being suspended after the second set due to the excruciatingly hot temperatures, and then being 0–3 down in the final set, she fought back to win the title in three sets by a score of 6–3, 5–7, 6–4. This marked Hsieh's second WTA Tour singles title of the year, and with it she jumped into the top 50 of the singles rankings for the first time, at No. 39.Though her 10-match winning streak was snapped in her very next match at the Pan Pacific Open, she won another $100k singles title two weeks later at the Suzhou Open, her 23rd career ITF singles title. This brought her into the top 25 for the first time, becoming the first Taiwanese tennis player to achieve a ranking that high. Hsieh concluded her season at the Tournament of Champions, where she was invited to compete for the first time. She lost her first two matches to Caroline Wozniacki and Vinci, but ended her year on a high note with a three set victory over Hantuchová. Hsieh finished with her best year-end ranking to date, world No. 25 in singles, a ranking which she equaled in doubles. 2013: Top 25 in singles, Wimbledon and Tour Championships doubles titles
Hsieh began the season at the inaugural Shenzhen Open, seeded fourth.She lost in the second round to Annika Beck. She then lost in the first round of the Hobart International to regular doubles partner Peng Shuai. At the Australian Open, Hsieh was seeded for the first time in a Grand Slam singles tournament. Seeded 26th, she won her first-round match against Lara Arruabarrena but lost in the second to two-time Grand Slam champion Svetlana Kuznetsova. In doubles, Hsieh and Peng lost a tough match to top seeds Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci in the third round. In mixed doubles, Hsieh reached the quarterfinals with partner Rohan Bopanna, where they lost to Květa Peschke and Marcin Matkowski. Hsieh entered the Pattaya Open but lost to Marina Erakovic in the first round.She then lost in the second round in Doha and Dubai. As the defending champion in Kuala Lumpur, Hsieh was seeded second and advanced to the quarterfinals with wins over Kurumi Nara and Zhang Shuai. However, she lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Bethanie Mattek-Sands, and her ranking fell from No. 23 to No. 35. Hsieh then fell in the second round of the Indian Wells Open to American Jamie Hampton. However, she and Peng reached the semifinals of the doubles tournament, defeating the No.1 ranked team of Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci in the second round. She was defeated in the second round of the singles tournament at the Miami Open, but was less successful in doubles this time around, falling in the second round to the wildcard pairing of Kuznetsova and Pennetta. During the clay-court season, she fell in first round of the Madrid Open, Italian Open, and French Open and the second round of the Internationaux de Strasbourg in singles, but won the Italian Open with Peng, her tenth career doubles title. While Hsieh would struggle throughout the rest of the season on the singles court, winning five of her next eighteen matches, and her best results being second round showings at the next two Grand Slam events, her Italian Open title sparked the beginning of what would go on to be a remarkable run of doubles titles and domination over the next twelve months. After a disappointing second-round loss at the French Open, and quarterfinal losses at both grass-court warm-up tournaments, Hsieh and Peng came into Wimbledon as the dark horse candidates for the title. Seeded eighth, the pair wizzed through to the final with the loss of just one set, and without having to face a single seeded team. Facing the 12th seeded Australian duo of Ashleigh Barty and Casey Dellacqua, they won the title in two sets.This was Hsieh's first Grand Slam title, making her the first Taiwanese tennis player to ever win one in any discipline. It also meant she would return to the top 10 rankings for the first time since January 2010. Peng and Hsieh opened their summer hardcourt partnership with a victory at the Premier 5 Cincinnati Masters, defeating Anna-Lena Grönefeld and Peschke in the final. After an opening-round loss in New Haven, and a defeat at the hands of Sania Mirza and Zheng Jie at the US Open, the pair won their fourth title of the year at the Guangzhou International Open and Tour Championships. After posting back-to-back semifinal finishes at the Pan Pacific Open and China Open, Hsieh qualified with Peng for the Tour Championships for the first time in her career. Seeded second, they defeated Nadia Petrova and Katarina Srebotnik in the semifinals and Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina in the final to win the year-ending championships, and their fifth title of 2013. By virtue of this win, Hsieh and Peng became the first Asian players to ever win a season-ending tennis championship.She finished her doubles season ranked No. 3 in the world, while her singles ranking dropped 60 places from 2012 down to No. 85. Hsieh's singles season ended disappointing with numerous first-round fells and only five second round shows in Eastbourne International, Wimbledon Championships, US Open, Guangzhou International Open and Luxembourg Open. 2014: Singles slump, world No. 1 and French Open title in doubles

After training with her coach Paul McNamee in Australia, she started her season by playing in qualification of Brisbane International and Sydney. She lost in qualifications for both tournaments but received a lucky-loser spot in Brisbane due to Caroline Wozniacki withdrawing late.She lost in round three to Carla Suárez Navarro. At Pattaya Open, Hsieh was defeated in the first round by Tadeja Majerič but won a week later in qualifying at the Qatar Open; in first round of the main draw, she also defeated Flavia Pennetta before losing to Sara Errani. At Doha, Hsieh won her first doubles title with Peng Shuai in 2014 and reached a career-high of world No. 2 in doubles. Later in May, with the semifinal run in doubles at Madrid, Hsieh will share the No. 1 ranking with Peng for at least a week, establishing the first individual in Taiwan to receive the  1 ranking in tennis, whether in singles or doubles, male or female. However, she failed to defend her title with Peng in Italian Open by losing to Medina Garrigues and Shvedova in the second round in straight sets.With doubles competition in the way, Hsieh missed all the singles events during the clay season except French Open, where she lost in the first round of qualifying. In doubles, she came through one of the most difficult doubles draws with Peng by defeating unseeded Svetlana Kuznetsova and Sam Stosur in the first round in straight sets, breezed through former No. 1, 15th seed Liezel Huber and Lisa Raymond in the third round, grinded three sets with fifth seed Sania Mirza and Cara Black in the quarterfinals and Garbiñe Muguruza and Carla Suárez Navarro, whom they lost to in Madrid, in the semifinals and defeated second seed Errani and Vinci in the final in straight sets for their second Grand Slam title. They were unable to defend their title at Wimbledon though, falling in the third round to eventual runners-up Tímea Babos and Kristina Mladenovic despite winning the first set. They also lost in the third round at the US Open to the team of Kimiko Date-Krumm and Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová. Their best result throughout the remainder of the year came at the WTA Finals in Singapore. They easily won their first two matches, but were thrashed in the final round by Cara Black and Sania Mirza, winning just one game.While Hsieh finished the year No. 144 in singles after a difficult year in which she won only seven main draw WTA matches, she finished ranked No. 5 in the world for doubles, her second straight top five finish. 2015: Consistent doubles results
At the Australian Open, Hsieh lost in the qualifying first round for singles, and main-draw second round for doubles, but she reached the semifinals in mixed doubles with Pablo Cuevas. Her best result in singles for the remainder of the year on the WTA Tour was reaching the semifinals in Kuala Lumpur. She only managed to compile three WTA match wins afterward, defeating former world No. 15, Kaia Kanepi, to reach the second round at Wimbledon and a quarterfinal appearance at the Japan Open.On the ITF Circuit, however, she was more successful. In April, she won two $25k tournaments held back-to-back in Shenzhen and Nanning, the latter being her 25th ITF singles title. She later won a $100k tournament in Nanjing in November. Hsieh still managed to put together a decent string of results on the doubles circuit. Partnering Sania Mirza, they reached the final at the Premier event in Doha before falling to the American duo of Raquel Kops-Jones and Abigail Spears. After the tournament in Doha, she started a new partnership with Flavia Pennetta. Despite getting off to a slow start with early exits in Indian Wells and Miami, the duo found more success during the clay court season, reaching the quarterfinals in Madrid and Rome.Entering the French Open as a defending champion, Hsieh and Pennetta quickly progressed to the quarterfinals, but were undone in three sets by Hlaváčková and Hradecká. As a result of not defending her points, she dropped out of the top 10 for the first time in nearly two years. The two followed up with another quarterfinal appearance at Wimbledon, where they lost in three sets to Babos and Mladenovic, but dissolved their partnership following the grass-court season. Entering the summer hard-court season, Hsieh reunited with her friend Chuang Chia-jung, whom she would spend the majority of the rest of the season playing with. Their first tournament back was at the Cincinnati Open, where they reached the semifinals. En route, she was able to get revenge on Babos and Mladenovic, who had beaten her at Wimbledon, with a win over the pair in the quarterfinals. Hsieh decided to play with Anastasia Rodionova, though, instead of Chuang at the US Open.The pair, seeded tenth, were upset in the second round by Anna-Lena Grönefeld and CoCo Vandeweghe. She also played mixed doubles with Henri Kontinen, where they reached the quarterfinals. Hsieh played two more tournaments with Chuang, the inaugural Dongfeng Motor Open in Wuhan and in Beijing, but they lost both opening round matches. She finished the year ranked 107th in singles and 26th in doubles. 2016: Unsatisfying results
The 2016 season was a relatively quiet one for Hsieh. While she finished the year ranked just inside the top 100 in singles, poor results in the middle of the year kept her from jumping beyond her peak year ranking of No. 65.Her best results on the WTA Tour came with a semifinal appearance in Taiwan, a quarterfinal showing in Prague, and progressing to the second round at the Australian and French Opens. Unlike the last few seasons, Hsieh played more singles matches on the ITF Circuit, reaching a $100k final in Marseille in June and winning a different $100k tournament in Dubai in December, her 27th ITF singles title. Hsieh also struggled remarkably with doubles during the year, failing to make a single quarterfinal at WTA level. Her best result on tour came in a third round appearance at the Australian Open, also marking the first time since 2010 she failed to advance to the quarterfinals in at least one of the Grand Slams. As a result, she dropped down to playing primarily on the ITF level for most of the season, where she managed to win the doubles title in Marseille, a $10k title in Porto, and finishing as the runner-up in the doubles draw in Dubai. While her ITF level results managed to keep her inside the top 100, nonetheless, her year-end ranking of No. 96 marked her worst finish in ten years.2017: First top-ten victory
While Hsieh continued to play a hefty chunk of ITF tournaments during the 2017 season, she also managed to post more respectable results on the WTA Tour. Though she only managed to improve her year-end singles ranking by one placement, up to No. 96, she had arguably her biggest singles breakout in over four years at the French Open. Ranked outside the top 100 going into the tournament, Hsieh pulled off the biggest win of her career by defeating reigning Miami Open champion and world No. 8, Johanna Konta, in the first round, her first ever singles victory over a top-10 player. She then defeated Taylor Townsend to


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 advance to the third round for the first time at the French Open, and the first time at any Grand Slam since Wimbledon in 2012. She was defeated by hometown favorite Caroline Garcia in an intense three-set match, where the final set went to 9–7 in favor of Garcia.Hsieh also reached the final of the Hua Hin Championships, a WTA 125k series event, in November, her biggest singles final in five years, but lost to former top-ten player Belinda Bencic. After a difficult 2016, Hsieh also managed to recapture some of her strong doubles form. Partnering Oksana Kalashnikova, they won the Budapest Grand Prix in February, her 18th career WTA doubles title, and her first since winning the French Open in 2014. Throughout the season, she played alongside a multitude of different female players, but found the most success working with Monica Niculescu. With the Romanian, they won inaugural version of the Swiss Ladies Open in April, reached the final of the Cincinnati Masters, and reached the third round of the US Open. Additionally, she won a $100k doubles title in May at Cagnes-sur-Mer with Chang Kai-chen, her 23rd ITF doubles title, and the WTA 125 doubles title in Hawaii in November with her younger sister, <mask> Shu-ying. She finished the year ranked No.32 in doubles, a very substantial improvement from the previous year. 2018: Grand Slam singles success, third singles title
Hsieh opened the season by reaching the semifinals at the Auckland Open, her first WTA singles semifinal since the Taiwan Open in February 2016. She lost to eventual champion Julia Görges. Hsieh's next tournament came at the Australian Open. After coming from behind to defeat Zhu Lin in her opening match, she caused the biggest upset of the tournament thus far by defeating the third seed and reigning Wimbledon champion, Garbiñe Muguruza, in straight sets. She continued this impressive display by taking out 26th seed and former world No. 2, Agnieszka Radwanska, in straight sets to reach the fourth round of a major event for the first time since she did so at the Australian Open ten years earlier.Facing Angelique Kerber, she won the first set, but was ultimately defeated by the German player. Hsieh also had a successful doubles tournament, reaching the semifinals with Peng Shuai, her best performance in a slam since they won the French Open. She returned to inside the top 75 of the singles rankings and the top 30 of the doubles rankings after the Australian Open. After the Australian Open, Hsieh had a relatively quiet rest of the early hardcourt season singles-wise. After losing the qualifying rounds in Doha and Dubai, and a second-round loss at the Oracle Challenge, Hsieh qualified into the main draw at Indian Wells and progressed to the second round. Her best result came at the Miami Open where she advanced to the third round for the first time, losing to Karolína Plíšková. She had a very successful doubles performance, though, reaching the final in Dubai with Peng, and winning the Indian Wells title with Barbora Strýcová, her 20th career WTA doubles title.This victory put her back in the top 20 of the doubles rankings. The clay-court season delivered mixed results for Hsieh. While she notched a couple of good singles placements, reaching the semifinals at the Morocco Open and the quarterfinals in Strasbourg, she didn't do as well in doubles, falling in the second round in Madrid and Rome, and the first round at the French Open for both singles and doubles. Hsieh played two grass-court warm-up tournaments before Wimbledon. In Mallorca, she suffered two first round losses, to Caroline Garcia in singles, and Anastasia Rodionova and Nadiia Kichenok in doubles, but fared better in Eastbourne with a third-round appearance in singles and the semifinals in doubles. Her singles performance was enough to push her ranking inside the top 50 for the first time since September 2013. Unseeded and placed in a very difficult top quarter, Hsieh opened up her Wimbledon campaign with a first round win over Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, followed by a straight sets victory over Lara Arruabarrena Vecino to advance to the third round at Wimbledon for the first time in six years.She then recorded the biggest victory of her career by upsetting world No. 1, Simona Halep, who had just won the French Open four weeks prior, in a tight three setter where she had to come from a set down and save match points, thus advancing to her second Grand Slam fourth round of the year, and her first ever outside of the Australian Open. She lost her next match to Dominika Cibulkova in straight sets. She didn't fare quite as well in doubles, losing in the third round. Nonetheless, her singles performance saw her return inside the top 40. In the US Open Series, Hsieh played in the qualifying rounds for two tournaments, the Cincinnati Open and New Haven Open, but failed to qualify to the main draw in either. Despite a first round doubles loss in Cincinnati, she reached the doubles final in New Haven with partner Laura Siegemund, but they were beaten by Andrea Sestini Hlaváčková and Strýcová.Hsieh next participated at the US Open, where she reached the second round in singles and the third round in doubles. Hsieh continued her amazing comeback at her next tournament, the Japan Open. Seeded second, she defeated Polona Hercog, Mandy Minella, Ajla Tomljanović, and Wang Qiang en route to the final. Facing 17-year old American Amanda Anisimova, one of the youngest players on tour, Hsieh defeated the young upstart in straight sets to win her third career WTA singles title, and her first in six years. As a result of her victory, her singles ranking returned inside the top 30 since February 2013. At the Korea Open immediately after, Hsieh reached the semifinals in the singles tournament before falling to Tomljanović, and made the doubles final with her sister Hsieh Yu-chieh, but they fell to the all-Korean team of Choi Ji-hee and Han Na-lae. The remainder of Hsieh's results for the season were uneventful, exceptful for another semifinal singles appearance at the Tianjin Open, where she was beaten again by Garcia.Thanks to her renaissance career year in singles, consistent results, and the withdrawals of a few higher-ranked players, Hsieh was invited to serve as the second alternate to the Elite Trophy, which she accepted, although she did not end up competing. She finished the year ranked No. 28 in singles, her best finish since 2012, and No. 17 in doubles. 2019: Wimbledon doubles champion, consistent results all around

Hsieh started the year strong with another semifinal run at the Auckland Open, where she fell to qualifier Bianca Andreescu, then a second round loss in Sydney to Petra Kvitová. At the Australian Open, she was seeded 28th in the singles draw, her first seed in any Grand Slam tournament since 2013. After tallying easy wins over Stefanie Vögele and Laura Siegemund, she would succumb to world No.4 and reigning US Open champion, Naomi Osaka, in the third round. Despite winning the first set and obtaining a 4–1 lead in the second, Osaka, who went on to win the tournament and claim the world No. 1 ranking, won eleven of the last twelve games to come back and claim the match. She teamed up with Abigail Spears in the women's doubles tournament, where the pair was seeded eighth, but they were upset by eventual champions, Sam Stosur and Zhang Shuai, in the second round. After early round losses at the Thailand Open in singles and the Qatar Open in singles and doubles, Hsieh regained her form at the year's first Premier-5 event, the Dubai Championships. Unseeded in the singles draw, she breezed past tenth seed Anastasija Sevastova in the first round and Aliaksandra Sasnovich in the second round. She then caused a huge upset in the third round by defeating former world No.1 and reigning Wimbledon champion Angelique Kerber in three sets. In the quarterfinals, she posted another comeback three-set win over the fourth seed Karolína Plíšková, winning the last six games in a row after being down 5-1 and on a nine-game losing streak in the final set to advance to her first Premier-5 semifinal. Facing Kvitová for the second time in two months, she was unable to get revenge on the Czech and lost in three sets despite winning the first. Hsieh also played doubles in Dubai, reuniting with Barbora Strýcová. Seeded third, the pair went on to win the title defeating Lucie Hradecká and Ekaterina Makarova in the final in two sets. She next played at Indian Wells, losing her only singles match to Johanna Konta and reaching the quarterfinals in doubles. Seeded 27th at the Miami Open, Hsieh defeated Alison Riske in her first match to set up a rematch with Osaka in the third round.This time, it was Hsieh who came back from both a set down and a service break down in the second and third sets to upend the Australian Open champion, her second victory over a world No. 1 in the last twelve months. She continued her great run by defeating former world No. 1 and 13th seed, Caroline Wozniacki, in the fourth round to advance to her first Premier Mandatory quarterfinal, where her tournament came to an end against the 21st seeded Estonian Anett Kontaveit. Hsieh had a quiet clay-court season in singles, her best result coming in Morocco where she reached the quarterfinals. However, she continued her doubles success with Strýcová as the pair won their second Premier Mandatory doubles title at the Madrid Open, defeating Gabriela Dabrowski and Xu Yifan in the final. She concluded her clay-court season at the French Open.Seeded 25th in singles, Hsieh was defeated by 2014 French Open semifinalist Andrea Petkovic in the second round. In doubles, she was seeded third with Strýcová, but they were upset in the third round by Lyudmyla Kichenok and Jelena Ostapenko. During the early grass-court season events, Hsieh and Strýcova won their third doubles title of the year at the Birmingham Classic. At Wimbledon, they reached their first Grand Slam final as a pair after defeating Elise Mertens and Aryna Sabalenka, who won the Sunshine Double earlier that year, in the quarterfinals and the top seeded team of Babos and Mladenovic in the semis. They then defeated Dabrowski and Xu in the final to win their first Grand Slam together, without dropping a set. This gave Hsieh her second Wimbledon title, and third Grand Slam title overall. She also posted another solid result in singles, reaching the third round before falling to Plíšková.During the summer hardcourt season between Wimbledon and the US Open, Hsieh struggled in both singles and doubles. Her best showings came in singles at the Washington Open, where she lost to young American Caty McNally in the quarterfinals, and the third round of the Premier 5 Cincinnati Open, losing to Osaka in three sets in the pairs third meeting of 2019. At the US Open, she lost to Wimbledon quarterfinalist Karolína Muchová in the second round in singles, while in doubles she and Strýcová were beaten in the third round by Kichenok and Ostapenko. Nonetheless, Hsieh and Strýcová became the first doubles team to qualify for the 2019 WTA Finals during the US Open. Hsieh posted mixed results during the Asian hard-court season for singles and doubles. Her best singles result came at the Japan Open, where she was the defending champion and the number-one seed for the first time in a WTA singles tournament in her career. However, she was upset by Nao Hibino in the quarterfinals.In doubles, she made the final of the Pan Pacific Open with her sister <mask> Yu-chieh, where they were beaten by fellow-Taiwanese siblings Latisha Chan and Angel Chan. However, she and Strýcová came into the WTA Finals on a three-match losing streak after posting consecutive first-round losses in Wuhan and Beijing. Seeded second, the pair dropped their opening match to Dabrowski and Xu, but beat Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková, and Stosur and Zhang in their next two matches to finish first in the Purple Group. They defeated the No. 8 seeds Anna-Lena Grönefeld and Demi Schuurs in the semifinals, but were beaten by the defending champions, Babos and Mladenovic, in the final. Hsieh finished the year ranked No. 32 in singles and No.4 in doubles, her first top-ten finish since 2014. 2020: Back to No. 1 in doubles
Hsieh and Strýcová won the first tournament of the year at Brisbane. They followed that up with an appearance in the final at the Australian Open, where they lost to Babos and Mladenovic. Two more tournament victories followed in February: at Dubai and Doha. As a result, Hsieh regained her No. 1 doubles ranking for the first time since 6 July 2014.Her gap of 5 years, 6 months and 28 days between being her separate No. 1 doubles rankings is the second longest in history behind Martina Hingis gap of 15 years, 9 months, and 30 days, which spanned from March 2000 to January 2016. 2021: First Grand Slam singles quarterfinal, third Wimbledon and Indian Wells Masters 1000 doubles titles
Hsieh began the year at the Abu Dhabi Open, where she partnered with Krejčíková, and was upset by Aoyama and Shibahara in the quarterfinals. After a first-round loss at the Melbourne Open, she entered the Australian Open in both singles and doubles, pairing again with Strýcová. While the veteran pair were upset in the second round by the unseeded team of Darija Jurak and Nina Stojanović, Hsieh defeated qualifier Tsvetana Pironkova, US Open champion Bianca Andreescu, and French Open finalists Sara Errani and Markéta Vondroušová to reach her maiden Grand Slam quarterfinal in singles. At age 35, she became the oldest debutante at a Grand Slam quarterfinal, where she lost to Naomi Osaka in straight sets. At Wimbledon, Hsieh partnered with Elise Mertens to win the doubles title for the third time, beating Veronika Kudermetova and Elena Vesnina in the final, after saving two championship points.In Indian Wells, Hsieh and Mertens won the doubles title, defeating Veronika Kudermetova and Elena Rybakina in the final. It was Hsieh's third Indian Wells doubles title, each with a different partner, and her 12th WTA 1000 title overall. Following Indian Wells, she returned to No. 1 in doubles (since September 2021). Hsieh and Mertens qualified for the WTA Finals in doubles. They reached the final, where they lost to Barbora Krejčíková and Katerina Siniaková 6–3, 6–4. Hsieh finished the year ranked as the world number 3 in doubles.Before the WTA Finals in 2021, Hsieh wrote on her Facebook page that she was taking an extended break after the Finals to heal an on-going injury. Career statistics

Grand Slam performance timelines

Singles

Doubles

Grand Slam tournament finals

Doubles: 5 (4 titles, 1 runner-up)

Year-end championships finals

Doubles: 4 (1 title, 3 runner-ups)

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Asian Games medalists in tennis
Hopman Cup competitors
Olympic tennis players of Taiwan
Taiwanese female tennis players
Tennis players at the 2010 Asian Games
Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2002 Asian Games
Tennis players at the 2006 Asian Games
French Open champions
Wimbledon champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's doubles
Tennis players at the 2014 Asian Games
Taiwanese people of Hakka descent
Hakka sportspeople
People from Hsinchu
Asian Games gold medalists for Chinese Taipei
Asian Games silver medalists for Chinese Taipei
Asian Games bronze medalists for Chinese Taipei
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Universiade medalists in tennis
Universiade gold medalists for Chinese Taipei
Universiade bronze medalists for Chinese Taipei
Medalists at the 2005 Summer

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<mask>na (; 26 November 1847 – 13 October 1928), known before her marriage as Princess <mask> of Denmark, was a Danish princess who became Empress of Russia as spouse of Emperor Alexander III. Her eldest son became the last Russian monarch, Emperor Nicholas II of Russia – she lived for 10 years after Bolshevik functionaries killed him and his immediate family in 1918. Appearance and personality
Dagmar was known for her beauty. Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge said that Dagmar was "sweetly pretty" and commented favorably on her "splendid dark eyes." Her fiancee Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich was enthusiastic about her beauty. He wrote to his mother that "she is even prettier in real life than in the portraits that we had seen so far. Her eyes speak for her: they are so kind, intelligent, animated."When she was tsarevna, Thomas W. Knox met her at Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia's wedding and wrote favorably about her beauty compared to that of the bride, Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He wrote that Dagmar was "less inclined to stoutness than the bride, she does not display such a plumpness of shoulder, and her neck rises more swan-like and gives fuller play to her finely formed head, with its curly hair and Grecian outline of face." He also commented favorably on "her keen, clear, and flashing eyes." Dagmar was intelligent. When considering Dagmar for her second son Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Queen Victoria judged that "Dagmar is cleverer [than Alexandra]... she is a very nice girl." When she married, she didn't know how to speak any Russian. However, within a few years, she mastered the language and was so proficient that her husband wrote to her in Russian.She told an American minister to Russia that "the Russian language is full of power and beauty, it equals the Italian in music, the English in vigorous power and copiousness." She claimed that "for compactness of expression," Russian rivaled "Latin, and for the making of new words is equal to the Greek." Dagmar was very fashionable. John Logan, a visitor to Russia, described her as "the best dressed woman in Europe." He claimed that Empress Elisabeth of Austria "excelled her in beauty" but that "no one touched" her "in frocks." Charles Frederick Worth, a Parisian couturier, greatly admired her style. He said, "Bring to me any woman in Europe-- queen, artiste, or bourgeoise-- who can inspire me as does Madame Her Majesty, and I will make her confections while I live and charge her nothing."Dagmar was very charming and likable. After meeting her, Thomas W. Knox wrote, "No wonder the emperor likes her, and no wonder the Russians like her. I like her, and I am neither emperor nor any other Russian, and never exchanged a thousand words with her in my life." <mask> Bock, the daughter of Pyotr Stolypin, wrote, "kind, amiable, simple in her discourse, <mask>vna was an Empress from head to toe, combining an inborn majesty with such goodness that she was idolized by all who knew her." Meriel Buchanan wrote that she possessed a "gracious and delightful charm of manner." Andrew Dickson White, the U.S. minister to Russia, said that she was "graceful, with a most kindly face and manner" and that she was "in every way cordial and kindly." Nadine Wonar-Larsky, her lady-in-waiting, noted that "her smile cheered everyone and her gracious manner always suggested a touch of personal feeling which went straight to the hearts of her subjects.She also possessed that priceless royal gift of never forgetting a face or name." Early life

Princess Marie Sophie Frederikke Dagmar was born at the Yellow Palace, an 18th-century town house at 18 Amaliegade, immediately adjacent to the Amalienborg Palace complex in Copenhagen. Her father was Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a member of a princely cadet line. Her mother was Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel. She was baptised as a Lutheran and named after her kinswoman Marie Sophie of Hesse-Kassel, Queen Dowager of Denmark as well as the medieval Danish queen, Dagmar of Bohemia. Her godmother was Queen Caroline Amalie of Denmark. Growing up, she was known by the name Dagmar.Most of her life, she was known as <mask>vna, the name which she took when she converted to Orthodoxy immediately before her 1866 marriage to the future Emperor Alexander III. She was known within her family as "Minnie". In 1852 Dagmar's father became heir-presumptive to the throne of Denmark, largely due to the succession rights of his wife Louise as niece of King Christian VIII. In 1853, he was given the title Prince of Denmark and he and his family were given an official summer residence, Bernstorff Palace. Dagmar's father became King of Denmark in 1863 upon the death of King Frederick VII. Due to the brilliant marital alliances of his children, he became known as the "Father-in-law of Europe." Dagmar's eldest brother would succeed his father as King Frederick VIII of Denmark (one of whose sons would be elected as King of Norway).Her elder, and favourite, sister, Alexandra married Albert Edward, the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII) in March 1863. Alexandra, along with being queen consort of King Edward VII, was also mother of George V of the United Kingdom, which helps to explain the striking resemblance between their sons Nicholas II and George V. Within months of Alexandra's marriage, <mask>'s second older brother, Wilhelm, was elected as King George I of the Hellenes. Her younger sister was Thyra, Duchess of Cumberland. She also had another younger brother, Valdemar. During her upbringing, Dagmar, together with her sister Alexandra, was given swimming lessons by the Swedish pioneer of swimming for women, Nancy Edberg; she would later welcome Edberg to Russia, where she came on royal scholarship to hold swimming lessons for women. Engagements and marriage
  Due to the rise of Slavophile ideology in the Russian Empire, Alexander II of Russia searched for a bride for the heir apparent, Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich, in countries other than the German states that had traditionally provided consorts for the tsars. In 1864, Nicholas, or "Nixa" as he was known in his family, went to Denmark and proposed to Dagmar.Her future mother-in-law <mask> (Marie of Hesse) gave her a pearl necklace and Nicholas gave her diamonds. In total, the betrothal gifts Dagmar received from her future in-laws cost 1.5 million rubles. Dagmar unsuccessfully asked her future father-in-law to help Denmark against Prussia over the disputed territory of Schleswig-Holstein. In a letter, she asked Alexander II of Russia: "Use your power to mitigate the terrible conditions which the Germans have brutally forced Papa to accept... the sad plight of my fatherland, which makes my heart heavy, has inspired me to turn to you." As Nicholas continued on his journey to Florence, Dagmar and Nicholas exchanged daily love letters for months. When he grew ill, Nicholas sent fewer letters and Dagmar teasingly asked him if he had fallen in love with "a dark-eyed Italian." In April, Nicholas grew gravely ill with cerebrospinal meningitis.Alexander II of Russia sent a telegram to Dagmar: "Nicholas has received the Last Rites. Pray for us and come if you can." On 22 April 1865, Nicholas died in the presence of his parents, brothers, and Dagmar. His last wish was that Dagmar would marry his younger brother, the future Alexander III. Dagmar was devastated by Nicholas' death. Nicholas' parents struggled to "pull Princess Dagmar away from the corpse and carry her out." She was so heartbroken when she returned to her homeland that her relatives were seriously worried about her health.She had already become emotionally attached to Russia and often thought of the huge, remote country that was to have been her home. Many were sympathetic towards Dagmar. Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge wrote of "poor dear Minny's sorrow and the blight which has fallen upon her young life." Queen Victoria wrote "how terrible for poor Dagmar... the poor parents and bride are most deeply to be pitied." Alexander II of Russia and <mask>na had grown fond of Dagmar, and they wanted her to marry their new heir, Tsarevich Alexander. In an affectionate letter, Alexander II told Dagmar that he hoped she would still consider herself a member of their family. <mask>na tried to convince Louise of Hesse-Kassel to send Dagmar to Russia immediately, but Louise insisted that Dagmar must "strengthen her nerves... [and] avoid emotional upsets."In June 1866, Tsarevich Alexander visited Copenhagen with his brothers Grand Duke Vladimir and Grand Duke Alexei. While looking over photographs of Nicholas, Alexander asked Dagmar if "she could love him after having loved Nixa, to whom they were both devoted." She answered that she could love no one but him, because he had been so close to his brother. Alexander recalled that "we both burst into tears... [and] I told her that my dear Nixa helped us much in this situation and that now of course he prays about our happiness." Dagmar left Copenhagen on 1 September 1866. Hans Christian Andersen, who had occasionally been invited to tell stories to Dagmar and her siblings when they were children, was among the crowd which flocked to the quay in order to see her off. The writer remarked in his diary, "Yesterday, at the quay, while passing me by, she stopped and took me by the hand.My eyes were full of tears. What a poor child! Oh Lord, be kind and merciful to her! They say that there is a brilliant court in Saint Petersburg and the tsar's family is nice; still, she heads for an unfamiliar country, where people are different and religion is different and where she will have none of her former acquaintances by her side." Dagmar was warmly welcomed in Kronstadt by Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich of Russia and escorted to St. Petersburg, where she was greeted by her future mother-in-law and sister-in-law on 24 September. On the 29th, she made her formal entry in to the Russian capital dressed in a Russian national costume in blue and gold and traveled with the Empress to the Winter Palace where she was introduced to the Russian public on a balcony. Catherine Radziwill described the occasion: ”rarely has a foreign princess been greeted with such enthusiasm… from the moment she set foot on Russian soil, succeeded in winning to herself all hearts.Her smile, the delightful way she had of bowing to the crowds…, laid immediately the foundation of …popularity"

Dagmar converted to Orthodoxy and became Grand Duchess <mask>vna of Russia. The lavish wedding took place on  in the Imperial Chapel of the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. Financial constraints had prevented her parents from attending the wedding, and in their stead, they sent her brother, Crown Prince Frederick. Her brother-in-law, the Prince of Wales, had also travelled to Saint Petersburg for the ceremony; pregnancy had prevented the Princess of Wales from attending. After the wedding night, Alexander wrote in his diary, "I took off my slippers and my silver embroidered robe and felt the body of my beloved next to mine... How I felt then, I do not wish to describe here. Afterwards we talked for a long time." After the many wedding parties were over the newlyweds moved into the Anichkov Palace in Saint Petersburg where they were to live for the next 15 years, when they were not taking extended holidays at their summer villa Livadia in the Crimean Peninsula.<mask> and Alexander had an exceptionally happy marriage. She was widely recognized as "the only person on the face of the earth in whom the Autocrat of all the Russias puts any real trust. In his gentle consort, he has unlimited confidence." Despite her anti-Russian sentiments, Queen Victoria wrote favorably about <mask> and Alexander's marriage. She wrote that "[<mask>] seems quite happy and contented with her fat, good-natured husband who seems far more attentive and kind to her than one would have thought....I think they are very domestic and happy and attached to each other; he makes a very good husband." Tsesarevna

<mask>vna was beloved by the Russian public. Early on, she made it a priority to learn the Russian language and to try to understand the Russian people.Baroness Rahden wrote that "the Czarevna is forming a real, warm sympathy for that country which is receiving her with so much enthusiasm." In 1876, she and her husband visited Helsinki and were greeted by cheers, most of which were "directed to the wife of the heir apparent." <mask> rarely interfered with politics, preferring to devote her time and energies to her family, charities, and the more social side of her position. She had also seen the student protests of Kiev and St. Petersburg in the 1860s, and when police were beating students, the students cheered on <mask>vna to which she replied, "They were quite loyal, they cheered me. Why do you allow the police to treat them so brutally?" Her one exception to official politics was her militant anti-German sentiment because of the annexation of Danish territories by Prussia in 1864, a sentiment also expressed by her sister, Alexandra. Prince Gorchakov remarked about that policy that 'it is our belief, that Germany will not forget that both in Russia and in England [sic] a Danish Princess has her foot on the steps of the throne".<mask>na suffered a miscarriage in 1866 in Denmark while she was horseback riding. <mask> arranged the marriage between her brother George I of Greece and her cousin-in-law Olga Constantinovna of Russia. When George visited St. Petersburg in 1867, she contrived to have George spend time with Olga. She convinced Olga's parents of her brother's suitability. In a letter, her father Christian IX of Denmark praised her for her shrewd arranging of the marriage: "Where in the world have you, little rogue, ever learned to intrigue so well, since you have worked hard on your uncle and aunt, who were previously decidedly against a match of this kind." On 18 May 1868, <mask> gave birth to her eldest son, Nicholas. Her next son, Alexander Alexandrovich, born in 1869, died from meningitis in infancy.She

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 would bear Alexander four more children who reached adulthood: George (b. 1871), Xenia (b. 1875), Michael (b. 1878), and Olga (b. 1882). As a mother, she doted on and was quite possessive of her sons. She had a more distant relationship with her daughters.Her favorite child was George, and Olga and Michael were closer to their father. She was lenient towards George, and she could never bear to punish him for his pranks. Her daughter Olga remembered that "mother had a great weakness for him." <mask>'s relationship with her father-in-law, Alexander II of Russia, deteriorated because she did not accept his second marriage to Catherine Dolgorukov. She refused to allow her children to visit their grandfather's second wife and his legitimized bastards, which caused Alexander's anger. She confided in Sophia Tolstaya that "there were grave scenes between me and the Sovereign, caused by my refusal to let my children to him." At a Winter Palace reception in February 1881, she refused to kiss Catherine and only gave Catherine her hand to kiss.Alexander II was furious and chastised his daughter-in-law: “Sasha is a good son, but you – you have no heart". In 1873, <mask>, Alexander, and their two eldest sons made a journey to the United Kingdom. The imperial couple and their children were entertained at Marlborough House by the Prince and Princess of Wales. The royal sisters <mask> and Alexandra delighted London society by dressing alike at social gatherings. The following year, <mask> and Alexander welcomed the Prince and Princess of Wales to St. Petersburg; they had come for the wedding of the Prince's younger brother, Alfred, to Grand Duchess <mask>na, daughter of Tsar Alexander II and the sister of the tsarevich. Empress of Russia

On the morning of 13 March 1881, <mask>'s father-in-law Alexander II of Russia was killed by a bomb on the way back to the Winter Palace from a military parade. In her diary, she described how the wounded, still living Emperor was taken to the palace: "His legs were crushed terribly and ripped open to the knee; a bleeding mass, with half a boot on the right foot, and only the sole of the foot remaining on the left."Alexander II died a few hours later. After her father-in-law's gruesome death, she was worried about her husband's safety. In her diary, she wrote, "Our happiest and serenest times are now over. My peace and calm are gone, for now I will only ever be able to worry about Sasha." Her favorite sister, the Princess of Wales, and brother-in-law Prince of Wales, stayed in Russia for several weeks after the funeral. Alexander and <mask> were crowned at the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin in Moscow on 27 May 1883. Just before the coronation, a major conspiracy had been uncovered, which cast a pall over the celebration.Nevertheless, over 8000 guests attended the splendid ceremony. Because of the many threats against <mask> and Alexander III, the head of the security police, General Cherevin, shortly after the coronation urged the Tsar and his family to relocate to Gatchina Palace, a more secure location 50 kilometres outside St. Petersburg. The huge palace had 900 rooms and was built by Catherine the Great. The Romanovs heeded the advice. <mask> and Alexander III lived at Gatchina for 13 years, and it was here that their five surviving children grew up. Under heavy guard, Alexander III and <mask> made periodic trips from Gatchina to the capital to take part in official events. <mask> was a universally beloved Empress.Duchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin wrote that <mask>'s "bearing, her distinguished and forceful personality, and the intelligence which shone in her face, made her the perfect figure of a queen... She was extraordinarily well-loved in Russia, and everyone had confidence in her... and [was] a real mother to her people." <mask> was active in philanthropic work. Her husband called her "the Guardian Angel of Russia." As Empress, she assumed patronage of the Marie Institutions that her mother-in-law had run: It encompassed 450 charitable establishments. In 1882, she founded many establishments called Marie schools to give young girls an elementary education. She was the patroness of the Russian Red Cross. During a cholera epidemic in the late 1870s, she visited the sick in hospitals.<mask> was the head of the social scene. She loved to dance at the balls of high society, and she became a popular socialite and hostess of the Imperial balls at Gatchina. Her daughter Olga commented, "Court life had to run in splendor, and there my mother played her part without a single false step". A contemporary remarked on her success: "of the long gallery of Tsarinas who have sat in state in the Kremlin or paced in the Winter Palace, Marie Feodorovna was perhaps the most brilliant". Alexander used to enjoy joining in with the musicians, although he would end up sending them off one by one. When that happened, <mask> knew the party was over. As tsarevna, and then as tsarina, <mask>vna had something of a social rivalry with the popular Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna, wife of her Russian brother-in-law, Grand Duke Vladimir.This rivalry had echoed the one shared by their husbands, and served to exacerbate the rift within the family. While she knew better than to publicly criticise both the Grand Duke and Duchess in public, <mask>na referred to Marie Pavlovna with the caustic epithet of "Empress Vladimir." Nearly each summer, <mask>, Alexander and their children would make an annual trip to Denmark, where her parents, King Christian IX and Queen Louise, hosted family reunions. <mask>'s brother, King George I, and his wife, Queen Olga, would come up from Athens with their children, and the Princess of Wales, often without her husband, would come with some of her children from the United Kingdom. In contrast to the tight security observed in Russia, the tsar, tsarina and their children relished the relative freedom that they could enjoy at Bernstorff and Fredensborg. The annual family meetings of monarchs in Denmark was regarded as suspicious in Europe, where many assumed they secretly discussed state affairs. Bismarck nicknamed Fredensborg "Europe’s Whispering Gallery" and accused Queen Louise of plotting against him with her children.<mask> also had a good relationship with the majority of her in-laws, and was often asked to act as a mediator between them and the tsar. In the words of her daughter Olga: "She proved herself extremely tactful with her in-laws, which was no easy task". During Alexander III's reign, the monarchy's opponents quickly disappeared underground. A group of students had been planning to assassinate Alexander III on the sixth anniversary of his father's death at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. The plotters had stuffed hollowed-out books with dynamite, which they intended to throw at the Tsar when he arrived at the cathedral. However, the Russian secret police uncovered the plot before it could be carried out. Five students were hanged in 1887; amongst them was Aleksandr Ulyanov, older brother of Vladimir Lenin.The biggest threat to the lives of the tsar and his family, however, came not from terrorists, but from a derailment of the imperial train in the fall of 1888. <mask> and her family had been at lunch in the dining car when the train jumped the tracks and slid down an embankment, causing the roof of the dining car to nearly cave in on them. When <mask>'s eldest sister Alexandra visited Gatchina in July 1894, she was surprised to see how weak her brother-in-law Alexander III had become. At the time <mask> had long known that he was ill and did not have long left. She now turned her attention to her eldest son, the future Nicholas II, for it was on him that both her personal future and the future of the dynasty now depended. Nicholas had long had his heart set on marrying Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, a favourite grandchild of Queen Victoria. Despite the fact that she was their godchild, neither Alexander III nor <mask> approved of the match.Nicholas summed up the situation as follows: "I wish to move in one direction, and it is clear that Mama wishes me to move in another – my dream is to one day marry Alix." <mask> and Alexander found Alix shy and somewhat peculiar. They were also concerned that the young Princess was not possessed of the right character to be Empress of Russia. Nicholas's parents had known Alix as a child and formed the impression that she was hysterical and unbalanced, which may have been due to the loss of her mother and youngest sister, Marie, to diphtheria when she was just six. It was only when Alexander III's health was beginning to fail that they reluctantly gave permission for Nicholas to propose. Empress Dowager

On 1 November 1894, Alexander III died aged just 49 at Livadia. In her diary <mask> wrote, "I am utterly heartbroken and despondent, but when I saw the blissful smile and the peace in his face that came after, it gave me strength."Two days later, the Prince and Princess of Wales arrived at Livadia from London. While the Prince of Wales took it upon himself to involve himself in the preparations for the funeral, the Princess of Wales spent her time comforting grieving <mask>, including praying with her and sleeping at her bedside. <mask>na's birthday was a week after the funeral, and as it was a day in which court mourning could be somewhat relaxed, Nicholas used the day to marry Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name Alexandra Feodorovna. As Empress Dowager, <mask> was much more popular than either Nicholas or Alexandra. During her son's coronation, she, Nicholas, and Alexandra arrived in separate carriages. She was greeted with "almost deafening" applause. A visiting writer Kate Kool noted that she "provoked more cheering from the people than did her son.The people have had thirteen years in which to know this woman and they have learned to love her very much." Richard Harding Davis, an American journalist, was surprised that she "was more loudly greeted than either the Emperor or the Czarina." Once the death of Alexander III had receded, <mask> again took a brighter view of the future. "Everything will be all right", as she said. <mask> continued to live in the Anichkov Palace in St. Petersburg and at Gatchina Palace. In May 1896, she travelled to Moscow for the coronation of Nicholas and Alexandra. As a new Imperial Train was constructed for Nicholas II in time for his coronation, Alexander III's "Temporary Imperial Train" (composed of the cars that had survived the Borki disaster and a few converted standard passenger cars) was transferred to the Empress Dowager's personal use.During the first years of her son's reign, <mask> often acted as the political adviser to the Tsar. Uncertain of his own ability and aware of her connections and knowledge, Tsar Nicholas II often told the ministers that he would ask her advice before making decisions, and the ministers sometimes suggested this themselves. It was reportedly on her advice that Nicholas initially kept his father's ministers. <mask> herself estimated that her son was of a weak character and that it was better that he was influenced by her than someone worse. Her daughter Olga remarked upon her influence: "she had never before taken the least interest … now she felt it was her duty. Her personality was magnetic and her zest of activity was incredible. She had her finger on every educational pulse in the empire.She would work her secretaries to shreds, but she did not spare herself. Even when bored in committee she never looked bored. Her manner and, above all, her tact conquered everybody". After the death of her spouse, <mask> came to be convinced that Russia needed reforms to avoid a revolution. According to courtier Paul Benckendorff there was a scene when <mask> asked her son not to appoint the conservative Wahl as minister for internal affairs: "during which one [the empress dowager] almost threw herself at his [the tsar's] knees' begging him not to make this appointment and to choose someone who could make concessions. She said that if Nicholas did not agree, she would 'leave for Denmark, and then without me here let them twist your head around'". Nicholas did appoint her favored candidate, and she reportedly told her favoured candidate the liberal reformist Peter Sviatopolk-Mirsky to accept by saying: "You must fulfil my son’s wish; If you do, I will give you a kiss".After the birth of a son to the tsar the same year, however, Nicholas II replaced his mother as his political confidant and adviser with his wife, Empress Alexandra. <mask>na's grandson-in-law, Prince Felix Yusupov, noted that she had great influence in the Romanov family. Sergei Witte praised her tact and diplomatic skill. Nevertheless, despite her social tact, she did not get along well with her daughter-in-law, Tsarina Alexandra, holding her responsible for many of the woes that beset her son Nicholas and the Russian Empire in general. She was appalled with Alexandra's inability to win favour with public, and also that she did not give birth to an heir until almost ten years after her marriage, after bearing four daughters. The fact that Russian court custom dictated that an empress dowager took precedence over an empress consort, combined with the possessiveness that <mask> had of her sons, and her jealousy of Empress Alexandra only served to exacerbate tensions between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law. Sophie Buxhoeveden remarked of this conflict: "Without actually clashing they seemed fundamentally unable … to understand one another", and her daughter Olga commented: "they had tried to understand each other and failed.They were utterly different in character, habits and outlook". <mask> was sociable and a good dancer, with an ability to ingratiate herself with people, while Alexandra, though intelligent and beautiful, was very shy and closed herself off from the Russian people. By the turn of the twentieth century, <mask> was spending increasing time abroad. In 1906, following the death of their father, King Christian IX, she and her sister, Alexandra, who had

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 become queen-consort of the United Kingdom in 1901, purchased the villa of Hvidøre. The following year, a change in political circumstances allowed <mask>na to be welcomed to England by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, <mask>'s first visit to England since 1873. Following a visit in early 1908, <mask>vna was present at her brother-in-law and sister's visit to Russia that summer. A little under two years later, <mask>na travelled to England yet again, this time for the funeral of her brother-in-law, King Edward VII, in May 1910.During her nearly three-month visit to England in 1910, <mask>na attempted, unsuccessfully, to get her sister, now Queen Dowager Alexandra, to claim a position of precedence over her daughter-in-law, Queen Mary. Empress <mask>vna, the mistress of Langinkoski retreat, was also otherwise a known friend of Finland. During the first russification period, she tried to have her son halt the constraining of the grand principality's autonomy and to recall the unpopular Governor-General Bobrikov from Finland to some other position in Russia itself. During the second russification period, at the start of the First World War, the Empress Dowager, travelling by her special train through Finland to Saint Petersburg, expressed her continued disapprobation for the russification of Finland by having an orchestra of a welcoming committee play the March of the Pori Regiment and the Finnish national anthem "Maamme", which at the time were under the explicit ban from Franz Albert Seyn, the Governor-General of Finland. In 1899, <mask>'s second son, George, died of tuberculosis in the Caucasus. During the funeral, she kept her composure, but at the end of the service, she ran from the church clutching her son's top hat that been atop the coffin and collapsed in her carriage sobbing. In 1892, <mask> arranged Olga's disastrous marriage to Peter, Duke of Oldenburg.For years Nicholas refused to grant his unhappy sister a divorce, only relenting in 1916 in the midst of the War. When Olga attempted to contract a morganatic marriage with Nikolai Kulikovsky, <mask>vna and the tsar tried to dissuade her, yet, they did not protest too vehemently. Indeed, <mask>na was one of the few people who attended the wedding in November 1916. In 1912, <mask> faced trouble with her youngest son, when he secretly married his mistress, much to the outrage and scandal of both <mask>na and Nicholas. <mask>vna disliked Rasputin and unsuccessfully tried to convince Nicholas and Alexandra to send him away. She considered Rasputin a dangerous charlatan and despaired of Alexandra's obsession with "crazy, dirty, religious fanatics. She was concerned that Rasputin's activities damaged the prestige of the Imperial family and asked Nicholas and Alexandra to send him away.Nicholas remained silent and Alexandra refused. <mask> recognized the empress was the true regent and that she also lacked the capability for such a position: "My poor daughter-in-law does not perceive that she is ruining the dynasty and herself. She sincerely believes in the holiness of an adventurer, and we are powerless to ward off the misfortune, which is sure to come." When the Tsar dismissed minister Vladimir Kokovtsov in February 1914 on the advice of Alexandra, <mask> again reproached her son, who answered in such a way that she became even more convinced that Alexandra was the real ruler of Russia, and she called upon Kokovtsov and said to him: "My daughter-in-law does not like me; she thinks that I am jealous of her power. She does not perceive that my one aspiration is to see my son happy. Yet I see we are nearing some kind of catastrophe and the Tsar listens to no one but flatterers… Why do you not tell the Tsar everything that you think and know… if it is not already too late". World War I
In May 1914 <mask>vna travelled to England to visit her sister.While she was in London, World War I broke out (July 1914), forcing her to hurry home to Russia. In Berlin the German authorities prevented her train from continuing toward the Russian border. Instead she had to return to Russia by way of (neutral) Denmark and Finland. Upon her return in August, she took up residence at Yelagin Palace, which was closer to St. Petersburg (renamed Petrograd in August 1914) than Gatchina. During the war she served as president of Russia's Red Cross. As she had done a decade earlier in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, she also financed a sanitary train. During the war, there was great concern within the imperial house about the influence Empress Alexandra had upon state affairs through the Tsar, and the influence Grigori Rasputin was believed to have upon her, as it was considered to provoke the public and endanger the safety of the imperial throne and the survival of the monarchy.On behalf of the imperial relatives of the Tsar, both the Empress's sister Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and her cousin Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna had been selected to mediate and ask Empress Alexandra to banish Rasputin from court to protect her and the throne's reputation, but without success. In parallel, several of the Grand Dukes had tried to intervene with the Tsar, but with no more success. During this conflict of 1916–1917, Grand Duchess <mask>na reportedly planned a coup d'état to depose the Tsar with the help of four regiments of the imperial guard which were to invade the Alexander Palace, force the Tsar to abdicate and replace him with his underage son under the regency of her son Grand Duke Kirill. There are documents that support the fact that in this critical situation, <mask>na was involved in a planned coup d'état to depose her son from the throne in order to save the monarchy. The plan was reportedly for <mask> to make a final ultimatum to the Tsar to banish Rasputin unless he wished for her to leave the capital, which would be the signal to unleash the coup. Exactly how she planned to replace her son is unconfirmed, but two versions are available: first, that Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia would take power in <mask>'s name, and that she herself would thereafter become sole empress of Russia (like Catherine the Great did over 100 years prior); the other version further claims that Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia would replace the Tsar with his son, the heir to the throne, <mask>'s grandson Alexei, upon which <mask> and Paul Alexandrovich would share power as regents during his minority. <mask> was asked to make her appeal to the Tsar after Empress Alexandra had asked the Tsar to dismiss minister Polianov.Initially, she refused to make the appeal, and her sister-in-law Grand Duchess <mask>na stated to the French Ambassador: "It’s not want of courage or inclination that keeps her back. It's better that she don’t. She’s too outspoken and imperious. The moment she starts to lecture her son, her feelings run away with her; she sometimes says the exact opposite of what she should; she annoys and humiliates him. Then he stands on his dignity and reminds his mother he is the emperor. They leave each other in a rage". Eventually, she was however convinced to make the appeal.Reportedly, Empress Alexandra was informed about the planned coup, and when <mask>vna made the ultimatum to the Tsar, the empress convinced him to order his mother to leave the capital. Consequently, the Empress Dowager left Petrograd to live in the Mariinskyi Palace in Kiev the same year. She never again returned to Russia's capital. Empress Alexandra commented about her departure: "it’s much better Motherdear stays … at Kiev, where the climate is better and she can live as she wishes and hears less gossip". In Kiev, <mask> engaged in the Red Cross and hospital work, and in September, the 50th anniversary of her arrival in Russia was celebrated with great festivities, during which she was visited by her son, Nicholas II, who came without his wife. Empress Alexandra wrote to the Tsar: "When you see Motherdear, you must rather sharply tell her how pained you are, that she listens to slander and does not stop it, as it makes mischief and others would be delighted, I am sure, to put her against me…” <mask> did ask Nicholas II to remove both Rasputin and Alexandra from all political influence, but shortly after, Nicholas and Alexandra broke all contact with the Tsar's family. When Rasputin was murdered, part of the Imperial relatives asked <mask> to return to the capital and use the moment to replace Alexandra as the Tsar's political adviser.<mask> refused, but she did admit that Alexandra should be removed from influence over state affairs: "Alexandra Feodorovna must be banished. Don’t know how but it must be done. Otherwise she might go completely mad. Let her enter a convent or just disappear". Revolution and exile
Revolution came to Russia in 1917, first with the February Revolution, then with Nicholas II's abdication on 15 March. After travelling from Kiev to meet with her deposed son, Nicholas II, in Mogilev, <mask> returned to the city, where she quickly realised how Kiev had changed and that her presence was no longer wanted. She was persuaded by her family there to travel to the Crimea by train with a group of other refugee Romanovs.After a time living in one of the imperial residences in the Crimea, she received reports that her sons, her daughter-in-law and her grandchildren had been murdered. However, she publicly rejected the report as a rumour. On the day after the murder of the Tsar's family, <mask> received a messenger from Nicky, "a touching man" who told of how difficult life was for her son's family in Yekaterinburg. "And nobody can help or liberate them – only God! My Lord save my poor, unlucky Nicky, help him in his hard ordeals!" In her diary she comforted herself: "I am sure they all got out of Russia and now the Bolsheviks are trying to hide the truth." She firmly held on to this conviction until her death.The truth was too painful for her to admit publicly. Her letters to her son and his family have since almost all been lost; but in one that survives, she wrote to Nicholas: "You know that my thoughts and prayers never leave you. I think of you day and night and sometimes feel so sick at heart that I believe I cannot bear it any longer. But God is merciful. He will give us strength for this terrible ordeal." <mask>'s daughter Olga Alexandrovna commented further on the matter, "Yet I am sure that deep in her heart my mother had steeled herself to accept the truth some years before her death." Despite the overthrow of the monarchy in 1917, the former Empress Dowager <mask> at first refused to leave Russia.Only in 1919, at the urging of her sister, Queen Dowager Alexandra, did she begrudgingly depart, fleeing Crimea over the Black Sea to London. King George V sent the battleship HMS Marlborough to retrieve his aunt. The party of 17 Romanovs included her daughter the Grand Duchess Xenia and five of Xenia's sons plus six dogs and a canary. After a brief stay in the British base in Malta, they travelled to England on the British battleship , and she stayed with her sister, Alexandra. Although Queen Alexandra never treated her sister badly and they spent time together at Marlborough House in London and at Sandringham House in Norfolk, <mask>, as a deposed empress dowager, felt that she was now "number two," in contrast to her sister, a popular queen dowager, and she eventually returned to her native Denmark. After living briefly with her nephew, King Christian X, in a wing of the Amalienborg Palace, she chose her holiday villa Hvidøre near Copenhagen as her new permanent home. There were many Russian émigrées in Copenhagen who continued to regard her as the Empress and often asked her for help.The All-Russian Monarchical Assembly held in 1921 offered her the locum tenens of the Russian throne but she declined with the evasive answer "Nobody saw Nicky killed" and therefore there was a chance her son was still alive. She provided financial support to Nikolai Sokolov, who studied the circumstances of the death of the Tsar's family, but they never met. The Grand Duchess Olga sent a telegram to Paris cancelling an appointment because it would have been too difficult for the old and sick woman to hear the terrible story of her son and his family. Death and burial
In November 1925, <mask>'s favourite sister, Queen Alexandra, died. That was the last loss that she could bear. "She was ready to meet her Creator," wrote her son-in-law, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, about <mask>'s last years. On 13 October 1928 at Hvidøre near Copenhagen, in a house she had once shared with her sister Queen Alexandra, <mask> died at the age of 80, having outlived four of her six children.Following services in Copenhagen's Russian Orthodox Alexander Nevsky Church, the Empress was interred at Roskilde Cathedral. In 2005, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and President Vladimir Putin of Russia and their respective governments agreed that the Empress's remains should be returned to St. Petersburg in accordance with her wish to be interred next to her husband. A number of ceremonies took place from 23 to 28 September 2006. The funeral service, attended by high dignitaries, including the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Denmark and Prince and Princess Michael of Kent, did not pass without some turbulence. The crowd around the coffin was so great that a young Danish diplomat fell into the grave before the coffin was interred. On 26 September 2006, a statue of <mask>vna was unveiled near her favourite Cottage Palace in Peterhof. Following a service at Saint Isaac's Cathedral, she was interred next to her husband Alexander III in the Peter and Paul Cathedral on 28 September 2006, 140 years after her first arrival in Russia and almost 78 years after her death.Issue

Emperor Alexander III and <mask>na had four sons and two daughters:

Legacy
The Dagmarinkatu street in Töölö, Helsinki, and the Maria Hospital, which also previously operated in Helsinki, are named after Empress <mask>vna. In the 1997 American animated film Anastasia, directed by Don Bluth and Gary Goldman, <mask>vna is voiced by Angela

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<mask> (August 15, 1881 – August 26, 1956) was an American Marxist activist and political functionary. He is best remembered for having played a critical role in the establishment of the American Communist Party in 1919 as a leader of the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party. Wagenknecht served as executive secretary of the Communist Labor Party of America and the United Communist Party of America in 1919 and 1920, respectively. Biography

Early years

<mask>, called "Wag" (pronounced "Wog") by many of his friends, was born August 15, 1881, in Görlitz, Imperial Germany, the son of <mask>, a shoemaker. The family emigrated to the United States in 1884, and thus the German-born Wagenknecht essentially grew up as an American, living in Cleveland before departing as a young man for Washington state, on the West Coast. The Wagenknecht family was politically radical from <mask>'s early years, with his father making a cash donation to the colonization fund established by the fledgling Social Democracy of America in November 1897. Political activity in Washington state

Wagenknecht was drawn to radical politics at an early age, elected Organizer of the Pike Street Branch of Local Seattle, Socialist Party of America in 1903.In this capacity he organized speakers for the branch, coordinated "street meetings" designed to bring socialist ideas to passersby by means of soapbox speakers, and organized social events such as music recitals and dances. The next year saw Wagenknecht serving as the Press Agent for Local Seattle. He was an active member in the party's radical Pike Street Branch, which engaged in a long-running battle with the moderate Central Branch throughout the decade. In 1905 Wagenknecht married Hortense Allison, sister of party comrade Elmer Allison. Wagenknecht was prominent in the ongoing free speech fights which local Seattle had with city officials over the right to speak in public and hold meetings on city streets and sidewalks. Wagenknecht was elected to the State Committee of the Socialist Party of Washington (SPW) in 1905 and was the paid Local Secretary-Treasurer of a newly reorganized Local Seattle in 1906. In 1907, with the return of Hermon F. Titus's left wing publication, The Socialist, to Seattle, Wagenknecht left the employ of Local Seattle and went to work for Titus as Business Manager for his publication.<mask> was a delegate of the SPW to the 1908 National Convention of the Socialist Party, where he fought a bitter battle with a representative of a moderate faction of the old Local Seattle organization which had been deprived of its charter by the State Committee for "political fusionism" late in 1906. The pair argued their cases on the floor of the convention for 20 minutes each, with the body ultimately deciding not to intervene against the left wing State Committee. In 1912 he was elected Assistant State Secretary of the SPW. As was the case for many rank-and-file party members of the day, <mask>  was a regular candidate for public office on the Socialist ticket, running for US Congress in 1906, for Seattle Comptroller in 1908, and for Congress again in 1912 when the party's first choice, John Wanhope, stepped aside. In July 1913, <mask> became Editor of the Everett, Washington Socialist weekly The Commonwealth. Move to Ohio

Shortly after assuming editorship of The Commonwealth, <mask> decided to move along, going to work for the National Office of the Socialist Party of America as a National Organizer. In 1914, he was elected to the governing National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party for the first time.After his stint in Chicago came to a close, <mask> moved his family back to Ohio, where he was elected State Secretary of the Socialist Party of Ohio in 1917, serving through 1919. He was also a delegate to the pivotal 1917 Emergency National Convention of the SPA, held at the Planters' Hotel in St. Louis, Missouri, at which the St. Louis Program against the war in Europe was adopted. After American entry into the war, <mask>'s unyielding antimilitarism brought him into conflict with the law. State Secretary <mask> was indicted along with Local Cuyahoga County head C. E. Ruthenberg and Ohio State Organizer Charles Baker for allegedly obstructing the draft. The trio were tried together and found guilty and sentenced to 1 year in the State Penitentiary on July 21, 1917. This decision was upheld by the US Supreme Court on January 15, 1918, and the three were not released until after completion of the sentence (less time off) on December 8, 1918. While still in jail <mask> was selected by the June 14–16, 1918 state convention of the Socialist Party of Ohio as the party's nominee for Ohio Secretary of State in the November election.Upon his release, "Wag" was elected to the National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party and worked for National Office running the party's Propaganda Department. He was an early and fierce adherent of the Left Wing Manifesto authored by Louis C. Fraina and was active in the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party, the organized faction seeking to "win the Socialist Party for the Left Wing." <mask> ran for National Executive Secretary of the Socialist Party in 1919 and was the leading vote-getter in the race, which was ultimately annulled by the outgoing NEC on account of purported voting irregularities by the language federations of the party. Wagenknecht and the Left Wing attempted to establish themselves as a parallel National Executive Committee despite the outgoing NEC's refusal to officially tabulate the vote, and the "new NEC" met one time in Chicago in August in an attempt to assert authority over the party apparatus, with Wagenknecht declaring himself "Executive Secretary Pro Tem." This effort was rebuffed by sitting Executive Secretary Adolph Germer and the party's Regular faction, however. Communist Labor Party founder

<mask> was not eligible to participate in the seminal 1919 Emergency National Convention of the SPA owing to the expulsion of the Socialist Party of Ohio from the party for their endorsement of the Left Wing Manifesto, which was portrayed by the Regular-dominated outgoing NEC as an automatic violation of the party constitution. Consequently, <mask> cleverly rented a room downstairs from the SPA's convention at Machinists' Hall in Chicago and ran a parallel convention to the official one upstairs — a gathering which was joined by a steady stream of disgruntled Left Wing delegates bolting from the official gathering.Wagenknecht presided over this alternative convention, which on August 31, 1919, declared itself to be the founding convention of the Communist Labor Party. This convention elected Wagenknecht as National Secretary of the CLP, a role which he maintained throughout the organization's brief history. The CLP was devastated by the raids of the US Department of Justice headed by A. Mitchell Palmer and his Special Assistant, J. Edgar Hoover, coordinated actions which began in the fall of 1919 and reached their zenith with a mass operation conducted during the evening of Jan. 1/2, 1919. The CLP was driven underground, local organizations broken up into secret "groups" of no more than 10 members who met furtively, using pseudonyms and attempting to avoid detection by the authorities. Wagenknecht was known variously as "Paul Holt," "A.B. Mayer," "A.B. Martin," and "U.P.Duffy" during the "underground years" of 1920–1923. In April 1920, Wagenknecht's former prisonmate turned Executive Secretary rival C. E. Ruthenberg left the Communist Party of America (CPA) along with a number of co-thinkers and a big portion of the organization's cash. This Ruthenberg-CPA and Wagenknecht's CLP finally determined to achieve the organizational unity demanded by the Communist International at a secret convention held at Bridgman, Michigan, at the end of May 1920. This gathering determined to retain <mask> as executive secretary of the new organization, called the United Communist Party (UCP), assigning the important role of Editor of the party's official newspaper, The Communist, to Ruthenberg. Wagenknecht also served on the UCP's Editorial Committee and on the three-member Unity Committee which continued to negotiate a merger agreement with the remaining CPA organization, headed by Charles Dirba. Unity with this group was finally forged at a May 1921 secret convention held at the Overlook Mountain House hotel near Woodstock, New York. Confusingly, this new unified organization retained the name "Communist Party of America," the same moniker shared by the Dirba majority and the Ruthenberg minority organizations.The merger of the UCP meant the end of Wagenknecht's tenure as an executive secretary. From June 1921, Wagenknecht served as the Manager of the unified CPA's "legal" weekly newspaper, The Toiler, with Wagenknecht's brother-in-law, Elmer Allison editing the publication. In 1922, a legal "mass organization" called the Friends of Soviet Russia was established by the unified CPA, and <mask> was named by the CEC of the party to head it. He also sat on the Central Executive Committees of the (underground) unified CPA and the party's "Legal Political Party" — the Workers Party of America (WPA) — from 1922 to 1923, when the underground party was finally dissolved. Thereafter, Wagenknecht was made the District Organizer for the tiny Wilkes Barre district of the WPA, with this job beginning in May 1923. Communist Party functionary

In 1924, Wagenknecht worked as a "Director of Special Campaigns" for the WPA, managing the fund-raising drive for The Daily Worker. Wagenknecht seems to have been difficult for both the Pepper-Ruthenberg-Lovestone and the Foster-Cannon-Lore factions and was shipped off to the Philippines to organize trade unions on behalf of the Red International of Labor Unions (RILU) late in 1924.Later, <mask> turned his hand to film, producing and co-starring in the silent film The Passaic Textile Strike, a semi-fictional account of the 1926 strike of 16,000 textile workers at Passaic, New Jersey, initially led by <mask> and other American Marxist and Communist leaders. <mask> was touted for the role of business manager of the Daily Worker in the last years of the 1920s as the "most competent comrade for the position" by the minority faction headed by William Z. Foster and Alexander Bittelman. He was bypassed for the responsible position by a rapid succession of three others, however, who were selected for the post based upon their loyalty to the majority faction headed by Executive Secretary Jay Lovestone. Lovestone singled his factional opponent <mask> out for special criticism in the last pamphlet he published as head of the CPUSA, Pages from Party History, recalling <mask>'s "hesitation" and "wavering" over the "fundamental principle of splitting the Socialist Party" a decade earlier. <mask> was the executive secretary of the American section of the Comintern aid organization Workers International Relief in 1929 — a job which in June took him to Gastonia, North Carolina, to the scene of the acrimonious Loray Mill Strike. Wagenknecht was attempting to reestablish a tent colony of mill strikers which had been disbursed by local authorities.Instead, on June 12, <mask> was himself arrested. Wagenknecht separated from his wife Hortense in 1930 and was finally divorced in January 1948. With the coming of the Great Depression in 1929 and its deepening in subsequent years, the CPUSA began placing great emphasis on attempting to organize and mobilize unemployed workers. In November 1930, <mask> was placed in charge of the National Campaign Committee for Unemployment Insurance, a single-purpose mass organization of the party aimed at organizing around the issue of unemployment insurance. The group conducted a massive petitioning campaign which rapidly gathered what were claimed to be 1.4 million signatures, which Wagenknecht and a delegation of 140 presented to Congress on February 10, 1931. The petition caused the House of Representatives to take up the matters of the Communists and their issue on the floor the next day, with conservatives arguing for efforts to deport alien radicals from America, while progressives such as Rep. Fiorello LaGuardia of New York argued in favor of unemployment insurance legislation as a means of curbing revolutionary sentiment. In 1933, Wagenknecht served as the executive secretary of the National Committee to Aid Victims of German Fascism, a CP-sponsored "mass organization."In the fall of that year he ran for the New York State Assembly in District 14. <mask> was the State Chairman of the Communist Party in Missouri from 1938 to 1941 and in Illinois from 1941 to 1945. Death and legacy

<mask> remained a Communist Party loyalist for the rest of his days, dying on August 26, 1956  in Illinois and honored at his passing with a full-page photograph inside the front cover of Political Affairs, the theoretical monthly of the Communist Party USA. Footnotes

Works

 "The Struggle Against Unemployment in the USA," International Press Correspondence, March 26, 1931, pp. 340–341. Further reading
  Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism. New York: Viking Press, 1957.See also

 Socialist Party of Washington

External links

1881 births
1956 deaths
People from Görlitz
People from the Province of Silesia
German emigrants to the United States
Socialist Party of America politicians from Ohio
Members of the Communist Labor Party
Communist Party USA politicians
Politicians from Seattle
American socialists
American Marxists
Washington (state) socialists

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