texts:
<mask> (born August 15, 1963), better known as Lady Miss Kier, is an American singer, songwriter, DJ, designer, fashion icon, and activist. She was the vocalist for the band Deee-Lite, followed by a career as a disc jockey and solo songwriter. She has supported causes such as LGBTQ rights, women's rights, human rights, the environmental movement, the anti-war movement, and the get out the vote movement. Early life
Kirby was born in Youngstown, Ohio. As a child, she lived in Pittsburgh, Virginia Beach, and Washington, D.C. At the age of 17, she moved to New York City to study fashion design at the Fashion Institute of Technology but she was disillusioned by the teachers and dropped out immediately to design on her own. She designed and sold eccentric disco-inspired clothes to people she met at nightclubs. Music career

Deee-Lite
In 1982, Kirby met Ukrainian-born Dmitry Brill ("Supa DJ Dmitry") to whom she sold silver platform boots and a glitter blue spacesuit, for his band, Shazork.In 1986, she began experimenting with singing and writing music with Brill, forming the band Deee-Lite. Shortly after their first show in 1986, Brill was introduced to Towa Tei, a Japan-raised Korean DJ whom Kirby and Brill invited to join the band several years later. Combining Kirby's vocal and writing talents with Brill's sampling skills and Tei's techno mixing, the three formed the band Deee-Lite. They had performances every month, with Kier designing new costumes for each one. She continued to do go-go dancing at Bentleys and The Copacabana until the band signed a seven-album deal with Elektra Records. Deee-Lite's sound was a mix of house music, techno and electronic dance music. Deee-Lite shot to stardom in 1990 with the release of their first album World Clique and the hit "Groove Is in the Heart".At the 1991 MTV Video Music Awards, Deee-Lite was nominated for several awards, including Video of the Year, Best Dance Video, Best New Artist, Best Breakthrough Video, and Best Editing in a Video. Kirby was very involved in the band's output: writing, producing, and performing the bulk of the band's songs. Known as much for their outrageous personae and costumes as for their music, the three took on larger-than-life alter-egos: Super DJ Dmitri, Jungle DJ Towa Tei, and Lady Miss Kier. Kirby is credited with designing and creating the look of the band, as well as much of the artwork accompanying the band's albums and marketing material. Her initial look relied on revamped and exaggerated retro style 1960s fashion. Her signature look was a zip-up catsuit, platform shoes and flipped hair-do. In 1992, the band released their second album, Infinity Within, a politically charged work.Their third album Dewdrops in the Garden was released in 1994 and was composed of pseudo-rave instrumentals or witty, funky showcases for <mask>er's rich vocals. Neither of the two follow-up albums matched the commercial success of the debut album. The second and third albums were hampered by difficulties with the label, which refused to promote, support touring, or fund contractual videos. The band functionally broke up during the writing of their third album in 1993, but Kirby and Brill decided to finish the project and tour together to promote the album before going their separate ways. Deee-lite disbanded in 1995 after Brill and Kirby's relationship fractured. In 1996, a remix album was released. A greatest hits album was released in 2001.

International DJ and songwriting solo career
In 1995, after quitting the band, <mask> Kier moved to London where she began touring as a disc jockey and learning the technical end of production, recording, and engineering.In the late 1990s, she collaborated on the albums of Bootsy Collins, I Kamanchi and A Guy Called Gerald. In 2002, she contributed an exclusive solo track called "I'm Not Staying at Home" to the compilation Straight Up & Dirty. Since going solo, she has featured and co-written with artists such as Full Cycle, George Clinton, Walter "Junie" Morrison, A Guy Called Gerald, Apollo Heights, and several P-Funk luminaries. Outside of the studio, she showcased her live performances with new material for various music, film, and art festivals, as well as headlining several Gay pride events worldwide. In 2012, she began performing a Deee-Lite tribute for various occasions, including the 2013 Paris Fashion Week for Kenzo as well as a tribute to New York City disc jockey Mark Kamins at Santos Party House. As a disc jockey, she has spun internationally at thousands of clubs and major music festivals including Coachella Festival (2007), Berlin's Berghain (2010) and Sydney Mardi Gras (2012), as well as radio programs such as East Village Radio and Sirius XM. Live performances
In 2005, motivated by the invasion of Iraq, she began internationally performing live new unreleased music, including the DFA release covering George Clinton's anti–war song "Bullet Proof".She has headlined numerous festivals and gay pride events as well as opened for James Brown's last tour at the Good Vibrations festival in Australia. Fashion recognition
Kirby has received the following recognition in the fashion industry:

 In 1990, she was on the cover of Vogue. In 1991, when designer Emilio Pucci was given a lifetime achievement award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America, she was asked to star in the tribute video. In 2010, Elle named her one of Music's 25 Most Influential Style Icons along with Grace Jones, Beyoncé, Debbie Harry, and MIA. In 2010, Glamour named <mask> as one of the Top Influential Music Style Icons with Rihanna, <mask>, and Gwen Stefani. In 2012, Vogue quoted her experience with John Fluevog and the rise of "The Munster" platform shoe, which was made famous as a symbol of the 1990s house/club underground DJ scene. Fluevog Shoes credits her as the reason the shoe became popular.Vice noted that "Indeed, Lady Miss Kier's taste for the massive John Fluevog platform shoes she famously wore on their first album cover helped propel the early 90s into a 70s fashion revival". In 2012, Rookie published her status as a style icon. Shoe designer Jerome Rousseau named a shoe "Kier Iridescent Sandals" after her. In 2013, W cited Lady Miss Kier along with Chloë Sevigny and Twiggy as current fashion influences. In 2013, Ladygunn magazine featured a full spread on Kier in its Legends issue. In 2013, she was asked by Kenzo to be the performer for its Paris Fashion Week party. From 2007 to 2012, Thierry Mugler used her song for its website campaign.In 2015, she was an inspiration for designer Jeremy Scott's Fall 2016 line, which debuted at New York Fashion Week. In 2015, Essie Weingarten's nail polish brand released a pink polish inspired by her, called "Groove Is in the Heart". In 2015, Givenchy's Milan Fashion Week show drew inspiration from her, borrowing a lyric from her World Clique album song "Power of Love", using the line "I believe in the power of love" as part of the branding of the debut of its Fall 2016 line. In 2016, an article in Vogue referred to Kier as a "Club Kid Icon," detailing how world class designers know her as a "legend and a lady," and highlighting how designers such as Thierry Mugler have borrowed from her look. Movies and books
Her music has been used in a multitude of films, including The Heat (2013), House of Versace (2013), Crazy Sexy Cool: The TLC Story (2013), Charlie's Angels (2000), Wigstock (1995), Party Girl (1995), Dumb and Dumber (1994), I Now Pronounce you Chuck and Larry (2007) and numerous TV series episodes including Britain's Got More Talent, The Voice, RuPaul's Drag Race, American Crime Story, Coronation Street, Transparent, Misfits, Hello Ladies, The Heat, New Girl, How I Met Your Mother, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Private Practice, License to Wed, Dancing with the Stars, What Love is, Down to You, Lost & Found, Can't Hardly Wait, Bill Nye the Science Guy, The War Room, Cruel Summer, Beavis and Butt-Head, and Big Mouth. In 2018, the Netflix series Big Mouth released a Planned Parenthood and Deee-lite themed episode—relatedly, Lady Miss Kier has been a longtime pro-choice advocate and safe sex was a theme in Deee-lite's music. In 1995, Lady Kier was featured in Wigstock: The Movie, which included live footage of her performing and a song on the soundtrack.In 2001 she was included in Summer Love: The Rave-umentary. In 2005, Lady <mask> was the featured artist on the podcast Ron-Kat-Delic Show. Her words also were shared through a number of published books, including Verbal Abuse – No 3 by Chi Chi Valenti, Creative Time: The Book: 33 Years of Public Art in New York by Anne Pasternak, Creative License: The Law and Culture of Digital Sampling by Kembrew McLeod and Peter DiCola and All Music Guide to Electronica: The Definitive Guide to Electronic Music by Vladimir Bogdanov. Panels and appearances
Lady Miss <mask> has spoken at Princeton University's "Youth Music and Youth Culture", Cooper Union's multimedia presentation "Hiccup" in 1993, Apple's 1995 "Future Arts Panel" with Peter Gabriel and Electronic Frontier Foundation founder, John Perry Barlow, George Washington University's Law School Summit Future of Music Coalition in 2007 and New York University's "NYU Panel Nelson Sullivan: Vlogging in the 80s" in 2013. In 2013 she was featured in an exhibit entitled "NYC 1993", which was presented through New York City's New Museum. Beyond the installation, her voice recording was played via pay phones throughout the New York area. In 2013, Lady <mask>er was the featured voiceover artist in The Jazz Foundation of America's animated promo for the event "A Great Night in Harlem."Space Channel 5 and lawsuit
In 2003, Kirby sued video game company Sega, claiming that the character of "Ulala" in its Dreamcast game Space Channel 5 was an unauthorized use of her likeness. Kirby claimed that Sega offered to pay her  to license her name, image and songs for the game, though she rejected its offer. Kirby alleged that the video game maker later used her resemblance anyway (including the name Ulala – referencing Kirby's signature phrase "Ooh la la" in her recorded and live performances), at which point she initiated the lawsuit. During the lawsuit, Sega was able to show that the game was released in Japan the year before Kier stated that she was contacted by Sega about using her likeness, and that the developers had never heard of either Kier or her music. The case lasted until 2006, when the judge ruled in favor of Sega and Kier lost her appeal. She was obliged to pay Sega's legal fees of $608,000 (reduced from $763,000 on request). Political views and activism
Lady <mask> is a social, environmental, and human rights activist.She is also a vocal advocate for LGBTQ rights and is a straight ally. As such, she has been invited to be a host, performer, master of ceremonies, and disc jockey at pride parades. She is staunchly pro-choice rights and is a women's rights advocate, was featured in TV informercial promoting pro-abortion rights political action "The Most Exciting Women in Music" alongside Corina, Juliet Cuming, Kim Gordon (Sonic Youth), MC Lyte, Kate Pierson (The B-52's), Crystal Waters, Tina Weymouth (Talking Heads, Tom Tom Club) in 1991. In 1991, Lady Miss <mask> was an award presenter at the Reebok Human Rights Awards. She is a supporter of the environmental movement. The 1992 Deee-Lite album "Infinity Within" was the first CD released using eco-pak packaging, cutting the amount of plastic used by half. On that album, she called attention to the issue of ozone depletion with her song "I Had a Dream I Was Falling Through a Hole in the Ozone Layer".Vogue Magazine has highlighted her "interest in supporting environmental causes". She supports the anti-war movement and in 2010, she released a version of the P-Funk track "Bullet Proof" with Ray Mang with lyrics calling attention to the perils of war and denouncing global militarization after the song was featured in 2005 during her world tour. She supports the get out the vote movement. Her music video for the song "Vote Baby Vote", which she wrote "to get people interested in voting so they could vote George Bush out", was featured for MTV's "Rock The Vote" in 1992 and was highlighted by Rolling Stone as one of the top "ten major moments in rock the vote history". During the 2016 United States presidential election, she voted for Green Party candidate Jill Stein but was an outspoken and enthusiastic supporter of Bernie Sanders. She hosted an art exhibit at Hole Gallery in New York City and a fundraiser called "Bernin' Up NYC" to rally Bernie Sanders supporters. References

External links

Deee-Lite Discography

1963 births
Living people
American dance musicians
American women songwriters
American pop musicians
American house musicians
American women activists
Club DJs
American women DJs
LGBT rights activists from the United States
Musicians from Pittsburgh
Musicians from Youngstown, Ohio
Fashion Institute of Technology alumni
Singers from Pennsylvania
Songwriters from Pennsylvania
Songwriters from Ohio
Deee-Lite members
American women in electronic music
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
American hip hop singers
American female hip hop musicians
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers

masks:
Kierin Magenta Kirby
Lady Ki
Lady Miss
Kier
Lady Gaga
Miss Kier
Kier
Miss Ki
Kier
Kier


type: original

texts:
<mask> (12 August 1911 – 21 October 1972), known professionally as <mask>, was a British film, television, stage and voice actor as well as a radio director, composer and author. Radio work
In his earlier years <mask> considered becoming a professional pianist, a composer or a classical scholar, but instead chose to become an actor. At the University of Oxford where he studied Music he was President of the Oxford University Dramatic Society. He began his acting career as Bottom in Max Reinhardt's production of A Midsummer Night's Dream. He joined BBC Radio in 1934 where he was a producer, actor and director until 1948, producing Calling Germany in 1943 and directing a BBC Radio production of George Bernard Shaw's Candida in 1946, among others. In 1941 he was a Senior Instructor on the BBC's 'General Broadcasting Technique' course which included George Orwell as a student when he joined the BBC's Overseas Service. He resigned from his post at the BBC in 1948 in order to concentrate on a career as a freelance writer and actor.In 1957 he adapted Rosemary Sutcliff's The Eagle of the Ninth in six episodes for BBC Children's Hour with himself playing the part of Guern the hunter. In 1961 he also adapted Rosemary Sutcliff's The Lantern Bearers into a six-part series for Children's Hour for BBC Radio; In 1962 he adapted her book Dawn Wind for radio and himself played the role of Einon Hen. <mask> adapted The Hound of the Baskervilles into Baskervilles Hund which was broadcast on Danish radio in January 1964. In 1965, together with Susan Ashman, he adapted Quo Vadis by Henryk Sienkiewicz as a ten part serial for the BBC Home Service. In this major radio drama production he played the prominent role of Gaius Petronius Arbiter the adviser and confidant of the Roman Emperor Nero. Acting career

Theatre
<mask>'s stage appearances included the speaking-role of Merlin in a concert version of King Arthur and broadcast by BBC Radio from Cambridge in 1949, The Pajama Game at the London Coliseum (1955), Nekrassov by Jean-Paul Sartre at the Royal Court Theatre (1957), and Frank Loesser's musical Where's Charley? with Norman Wisdom at the Palace Theatre in London in 1958.Film
His film roles included Councillor in Lady Godiva Rides Again (1951), Foreman of the Jury in Night Was Our Friend (1951), Dr Slammer in The Pickwick Papers (1952), Boxing Promoter in The Gambler and the Lady (1952), Governor in The Beggar's Opera (1953), Closterman in My Death is a Mockery (1952), Mr Patch in Our Girl Friday (1953), Alfred (uncredited) in The Million Pound Note (1954), Examiner (uncredited) in Doctor in the House (1954), Man of the Moment (1955), Bar customer in Confession (1955), Police Commissaire in Escapement (The Electronic Monster in the USA) (1960), Mayor in It's Trad, Dad! (1962), Dr George Thomas in Doctor at Sea (1955), Uncle in Pacific Destiny (1956), Reform Club member (uncredited) in Around the World in 80 Days (1956), Man in Cinema in Just My Luck (1957), First Gambler (uncredited) in The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960), Farm Patient (uncredited) in Doctor in Distress (1963), Tetchkinov in Licensed to Kill (1965), Second Minister in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968), and Cellar Proprietor (uncredited) in The Assassination Bureau (1969). Television
Television roles included the Archbishop of Rheims in Saint Joan for BBC Sunday-Night Theatre (1951), Lord Cantlemere in The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone (1951), Soames the butler in The Great Detective (1953), Louis XVIII in The Lost King (1958), Aylmer - Member of Drug Cartel in H. G. Wells' Invisible Man (1958), The Third Man (1959), Mr. Petheridge in Dixon of Dock Green (1962), Maigret (1962), Demaris in Ghost Squad (1964), Major Culcao in "The Third Bullet" episode of Crane (1964), Dr. Grimesby Roylott in Sherlock Holmes (1964), Philip Clewes in an episode of The Wednesday Play (1965), Abram Gobseck in The Rise and Rise of Cesar Birotteau (1965), Colonel Krauss in The Good Soldier Schweik, St. Laurent in The Troubleshooters (1966), Alderman Adam Sweater in The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists (1967), an episode of Armchair Theatre (1968), and Richard Warde in The Shadow of the Tower (1972). Voice actor
As a voice actor he played the Mayor in the radio adaptation of S. G. Hulme Beaman's book Toytown for BBC's Children's Hour in the 1930s, and provided various voices in the first radio series of The Lord of the Rings in 1955 and 1956 for the BBC. He was the Ghost of Christmas Present in the 1971 animated film A Christmas Carol and in the same year he narrated the BBC Radio 4 programme What Did You Do in the War Felix?, concerning the work of BBC Radio Bristol during the Second World War. He wrote two orchestral suites which were played by the London Philharmonic and other orchestras. Felix Felton died in London in 1972 aged 61.Filmography
Lady Godiva Rides Again (1951) - Councillor
Night Was Our Friend (1951) - Foreman of the Jury
My Death Is a Mockery (1952) - Closterman
The Pickwick Papers (1952) - Dr. Slammer
The Gambler and the Lady (1952) - Boxing Promoter (scenes deleted)
The Beggar's Opera (1953) - Governor
Our Girl Friday (1953) - Mr. Patch
The Million Pound Note (1954) - Alfred (uncredited)
Doctor in the House (1954) - Examiner (uncredited)
Confession (1955) - The Business Man
Doctor at Sea (1955) - Dr George Thomas
Man of the Moment (1955) - Foreign Office File Seeker (uncredited)
Pacific Destiny (1956) - Uncle
The Weapon (1956) - Oscar Smithson
Around the World in 80 Days (1956) - Reform Club Member (uncredited)
Just My Luck (1957) - Man in Cinema
Escapement (1958) - Police Commissaire
The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960) - First Gambler (uncredited)
It's Trad, Dad! (1962) - Mayor
Doctor in Distress (1963) - Health Farm Patient (uncredited)
Licensed to Kill (1965) - Tetchkinov
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968) - Minister #2
The Assassination Bureau (1969) - Beer Cellar Proprietor (uncredited)
Up in the Air (1969) - Sir Humphrey

Publications
The Radio-Play - Its Technique and Possibilities, Sylvan Press (1949)
Thomas Love Peacock, Allen and Unwin (1973)

References

External links

Profile of Felton an aveleyman.com
Felton on The Swedish Film Database
Felton on the British Film Institute website

1911 births
1972 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
English male film actors
English male television actors
English male stage actors
English male voice actors
20th-century English male actors

masks:
Robert Forbes Felton
Felix Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton


texts:
<mask> (before 91 BC – c. 48 BC) was a Consul of the Roman Republic in 49 BC. Family and political career

The Claudii Marcelli were a plebeian family, members of the nobiles with a long history of consulships throughout the history of the Republic. Following a century without the family reaching the consulship, three Claudii Marcelli were Consuls in succession: in 51 BC <mask> (the brother of <mask>); in 50 BC <mask> (their cousin); and in 49 BC <mask> himself. <mask> was born sometime before 91 BC. His father was M. <mask>, curule aedile of 91; his great-grandfather was M. <mask> who was three times consul, and whose own grandfather – also a M. Claudius <mask> – was five times consul and fought against Hannibal in Italy. Nothing is known of his earlier life, any military service, or his quaestorship and entry to the Senate, although he may have been the candidate in opposition to Clodius for the curule aedileship of 56 BC of whom, on 23 November, Cicero wrote "The candidate Marcellus is snoring so loud that I can hear him next door"  (although the other two contemporary Claudii Marcelli are also possibilities). <mask> must have held the praetorship at the latest in 52 BC, but he could have held the office some years before – there is no mention of this in the historical record.In 50 BC <mask> was elected consul for the following year alongside Lentulus Crus, as opponents to Caesar. Both his brother Marcus and cousin <mask> (Minor) had strongly opposed Caesar during their own consulships, working to have his proconsulship of Gaul terminated and to prevent Caesar from standing for election as consul of 48 BC in absentia. Caesar had blocked Marcus by working with the tribunes and the other consul, Servius Sulpicius Rufus, and then <mask> (Minor) by heavily bribing his consular colleague, Lucius Aemilius Paullus, but had not yet been able to secure election to a second consulship without having to stand as a candidate in Rome and without relinquishing his proconsular command (which would expose him to prosecution for illegalities in his first consulship). The election of <mask> and Lentulus as consuls for 49 BC was within the normal framework of family connections and influences, but also a snub to Caesar through his own candidate, Servius Sulpicius Galba. <mask> and Lentulus Crus continued the policy of the Claudii Marcelli in their opposition to Caesar. Civil War

Late in 50 BC, with much of the Senate wanting peace and unwilling to act against Caesar, the consul <mask> (Minor) took matters into his own hands and led a coup, without the backing of the Senate and directed against Caesar, aiming to put control of an army into the hands of Pompeius. Lentulus, as consul-elect certainly joined with him in this, possibly <mask> Major too.Neither the Claudii Marcelli or Lentulus were particular adherents of Pompeius, a powerful magnate and general, but saw him as a tool to use against Caesar. On the Kalends 1 January 49 BC, <mask> and Lentulus entered office, and were presented at once with letters from Caesar, the tenor of which was claimed to be a declaration of war: Caesar would stand his legions down provided Pompey did as well; otherwise, he intended to retain them and "move quickly" to avenge the wrongs done against him—presumably against Rome. The Senate's response was an ultimatum: Caesar was to disband his legions or be declared a public enemy. After a week of angry exchanges, on 7 January 49 BC, the senate under Lentulus and <mask> passed the "final decree" (senatus consultum ultimum); the tribunes Antonius and Cassius fled with Caesar's envoy, the younger <mask> Curio, from Rome to meet Caesar at Ravenna. Whilst Lentulus is recorded as the more vehement of the consuls in instigating the action that caused the tribunes to flee, <mask> does not seem to have been aloof. On 10 January, Caesar famously crossed the Rubicon, starting the Civil War. Initially Marcellus remained in Rome, with the consuls opposing any accommodation with Caesar, maintaining an anti-Caesarian hysteria, and pressuring Pompeius to cross Italy and raise troops.On 17 January both <mask> and his colleague followed Pompeius in leaving Rome ahead of Caesar's advancing forces, scandalously without even making the usual sacrifices before departure. They went south to Teanum where, on 22 January, Lucius Julius Caesar, a kinsman serving with Caesar, brought conciliatory proposals from the proconsul. On 25 January Cicero (whose letters provide the details of these events) met with <mask> and Lentulus in Capua, along with many other senators who had fled Rome. Cicero reported to his correspondent, Atticus, that all were anxious that Caesar should stand by his offer and they had sent messages back to him. However, within a few days Cicero was reporting to Atticus that the consuls did not care for peace. Lentulus was even reported to have tried to recruit gladiators at one stage, but thought better of this when criticized. The whereabouts of Marcellus was not known, even by 7 February, when he was two days late for a meeting with Lentulus and Cicero.The latter despaired, writing in frustration that the consuls were of no use and that no recruiting was being done. Pompeius himself wrote from Luceria on 17 February to <mask> and Lentulus urging them to collect all the troops they could and join him at Brundisium. By 20 February the consuls had done so. In late February Caesar sent his agent, Cornelius Balbus (the younger) on a secret mission to win over the consul Lentulus with the bribe of a lucrative province; there is no hint that he made any similar offers to <mask>, which may be an indication of the latter's comparative honesty or, perhaps more likely, his comparative insignificance in Roman politics. Balbus was too late in any case: Pompeius had sent both consuls and their forces on ahead of him to Dyrrhachium and he followed with the remainder by 4 March, narrowly evading Caesar. Cicero condemned this, as it destroyed the negotiations for peace which he claimed to be mediating. Very little is known specifically about <mask> after crossing to Dyrrachium, though he is addressed by the Goddess Discordia in Petronius' Satyricon, urged to hold fast to the decree which commanded Caesar to resign his proconsulship, the senatus consultum of 7 January 49 BC.Pompeius placed much emphasis on his fleets to prevent Caesar from crossing from Italy. One fleet, that from Rhodes, was jointly commanded by <mask> in association with <mask>ponius. Other than this, nothing is known of <mask>' involvement in the Civil War. The command of the Rhodian fleet at Dyrrachium was later mentioned as being under the command of Quintus Coponius and was wrecked in a storm. It is speculated  that <mask> was a casualty of the war – at least, he was not alive a few years later when Cicero was writing or delivering his Philippics (March 43 BC). <mask> is not mentioned further. Notes

References

Modern works

Ancient authors

 Appian: The Civil Wars, Book 2
 Caesar: Commentarii de Bello Civili (B.C.)"Commentaries on the Civil War" (Wikipedia)
 Caesar: Commentarii de Bello Gallico (B.G.) "Commentaries on the Gallic War" (Wikipedia)
 Cicero: Epistulae ad Atticum (Letters to Atticus)
 Cicero: Epistulae ad Familiares (Letters to his Friends)
 Cicero: Philippics
 Dio Cassius: Roman History
 Plutarch: The Life of Julius Caesar
 Plutarch:  The Life of Cicero
 Plutarch: The Life of Pompeius
 Suetonius: Divus Iulius (Vitae XII Caesarum)
 Velleius Paterculus: Historia Romana (Roman History)

40s BC deaths
1st-century BC Roman consuls
<mask> (consul 705 AUC)
Optimates
Roman Republican praetors
Senators of the Roman Republic
Year of birth unknown

masks:
Gaius Claudius Marcellus
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
Gaius Marcellus
Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor
Gaius Marcellus
Gaius Marcellus
Claudius Marcellus
Claudius Marcellus
Marcellus
Marcellus
Marcellus
Gaius
Gaius
Marcellus
Gaius Marcellus
Gaius Marcellus
Gaius Marcellus
Marcellus
Marcellus
Gaius Scribonius
Marcellus
Marcellus
Marcellus
Marcellus
Marcellus
Marcellus
Marcellus
Gaius Co
Marcellus
Marcellus
Marcellus
Gaius


texts:
<mask> is a comic book author who runs the comic imprint Alpha Girl Comics as well as writing comics for other publishers. She wrote the six-issue miniseries Poison Ivy: Cycle of Life and Death and a few Wonder Woman issues for DC. Early life
<mask> was born in Boston in 1968 and moved frequently in her youth, spending her formative years in Iowa. In 1989, she received dual degrees at Wellesley, East Asian Studies, and MIT, Architectural Design. She was in Hong Kong from 1995 to 1997 running the Macau tourism office. Returning to the United States she went to Harvard Business School for her MBA in 1999. Career
In 2010, she started Alpha Girl Comics when she and her friend, Georgia Lee, discussed the lack of female voices in comics.<mask> took a course in creative writing and developed her interest in comics writing from there. She has continued to focus on the lack of representation of women in the comics industry speaking on panels at comic events. She published three collections of short stories under Alpha Girl Comics titled Girls Night Out from 2012 to 2014. Several were funded through Kickstarter, as well as in 2017, a remaster and collection of all three volumes into paperback format. <mask> has been writing Red Sonja for Dynamite Entertainment since late 2016. She also started working on Dynamite's KISS in 2016. <mask> took over writing duties for Dynamite's Green Hornet beginning with the 2018 run.<mask> was recognized as a cultural leader of the year, for 2018, by the Corea Image Communications Institute and said she had plans to write a comic in Seoul. Personal life
In 2001 <mask> married Laurence Chang, an investment analyst who is also a graduate of Harvard; they both kept their surnames. She has two children and as of 2018 resides in Princeton, New Jersey. Bibliography

Writer

Alpha Girl Comics
Girls Night Out (2010-2017)
Girls Night Out (tpb, 104 pages, 2017) collects:
 "And Other Stories" (with Cabbral, Louie Chin, Silvio dB, Craig Yeung and Chris Sotomayor, in #1, 2010)
 "Tales of New York" (with Brian Shearer, Cabbral, Craig Yeung, Gannon Beck, Louie Chin, Rachelle Rosenberg, Sean Chen, Silvio dB and <mask>, in #2, 2011)
 "The Way Love Goes" (with Larry Hama, Craig Yeung, Sean Von Gorman, Louie Chin, Anderson Cabral and Silvio dB, in #3, 2014)
The VIP Room (one shot, with Silvio dB, 20 pages, 2013)

Dark Horse Comics
The Secret Loves of Geeks (2018)
The Secret Loves of Geeks (tpb, 200 pages, February 2018,  ) collects:
"First Loves" (with Valentine De Landro, February 2018)

Darryl Makes Comics
DMC (2014 - 2015)
DMC GN #2 (tpb, 100 pages, 2015, ) collects:
"LAK6 Remixed!" (with Alison M Smith, in #1.5, October 2015)

Dynamite Entertainment
Kiss (October 2016 - July 2017)
Kiss: The Elder Vol. 1 - A World Without Sun (tpb, 144 pages, 2017, ) collects:
"Untitled" (with Kewber Ball, in #1-5, October 2016 - February 2017)
Kiss: The Elder Vol. 2 - Odyssey (tpb, 168 pages, 2017, )
"Untitled" (with Kewber Ball, in #6-10, March 2017 - July 2017)
Kiss: The Demon (limited series) (January 2017 - April 2017)
Kiss: The Demon (tpb, 106 pages, 2017, ) collects:
"Untitled" (with Erik Burnham, Eman Cassalos, in #1-4, 2017)
Red Sonja Vol.4 (December 2016 - Jan 2019)
Red Sonja: Worlds Away Vol. 1 (tpb, 144 pages, 2017, ) collects:
"Untitled" (with Carlos Gomez, in #0-6, December 2016 - June 2017)
Red Sonja: Worlds Away Vol. 2 - Back Roads (tpb, 184 pages, 2018, ) collects:
"Untitled" (with Carlos Gomez, in #7-11, July 2017 - November 2017)
Red Sonja: Worlds Away Vol. 3 - Hell or Hyrkania (tpb, 140 pages, 2018, ) collects:
"Untitled" (with Carlos Gomez, in #12-13, December 2017 - January 2018)
"Untitled" (with Erik Burnham, Carlos Gomez, in #14-16, February 2018 - April 2018)
Green Hornet Vol. 2 (March 2018 - June 2018)
Green Hornet Vol. 1: Generations (tpb, 128 pages, 2018, ) collects
"Untitled" (with German Erramouspe, in #1-5, March 2018 - June 2018)
Dejah Thoris Vol. 1: The Long Way Home (tpb, 152 pages, 2018, ) collects:
"Untitled" (with Jan Duursema, in #1-4, December 2017 - March 2018)

MarvelA Year of Marvels (2016)A Year of Marvels Vol.1 (tpb, 208 pages, 2017, ) collects:
"Spring Break! Ant-Man Style!" (with Ryan Browne, #3, March 2016)Deadpool (2015 - 2017)
Deadpool: World's Greatest Vol. 2: End Of Error (tpb, 136 pages, 2016, ) collects:
"Tales of the Mercs for Money: Foolkiller" (with Emilio Laiso, in #7, April 2016)
Secret Empire: Brave New World (2017)
Secret Empire: Brave New World Vol. 1 (tpb, 121 pages, 2017, ) collects:
"All the World's a Stage" (with Kate Niemczyk, in #4, July 2017)

Papercutz
Ana and the Cosmic Race (graphic novel, with Kata Kane, 96 pages, 2017, )

Valiant
X-O Manowar (2012 - 2016)
X-O Manowar Vol. 10: Exodus (tpb, 143 pages, 2015, ) collects:
"The Lady Saana" (with Clayton Henry, in #38, July 2015)

Vertigo
Vertigo Quarterly CMYK (2014-2015)
Vertigo Quarterly CMYK (tpb, 296 pages, 2015, ) collects:
"Cyan" (with Alitha E. Martinez, June 2014)

References

External links

Alpha Girl Comics website

American comics writers
Female comics writers
Living people
MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni
Wellesley College alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
1968 births

masks:
Amy Chu
Chu
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Tom Chu


texts:
<mask> (May 7, 1965 – May 23, 1999) was a Canadian professional wrestler who worked for several promotions including Stampede Wrestling, New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). He received most of his success in the WWF, where he wrestled under both his own name and the ring name The Blue Blazer. A member of the <mask> wrestling family, he was born in Calgary, Alberta, the youngest of twelve children of Stampede Wrestling promoters Stu and <mask>. Among other accolades, <mask> was a one-time USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champion, a two-time WWF Intercontinental Champion, a one-time WWF European Champion, and a four-time WWF World Tag Team Champion, as well as the 1994 WWF King of the Ring. He headlined multiple pay-per-view events for the WWF, and was widely regarded as one of the company's best in-ring performers. <mask> died on May 23, 1999, due to injuries following an equipment malfunction and fall from the rafters of Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri, United States, during his ring entrance at the WWF's Over the Edge pay-per-view event. Early life
<mask> was born on May 7, 1965, in Calgary, Alberta into the Hart wrestling family and was the youngest child of Stu and <mask>.He grew up in a household with eleven older siblings: Smith, Bruce, Keith, Wayne, Dean, Ellie, Georgia, Bret, Alison, Ross and Diana. He was of Greek descent through his maternal grandmother and Irish through his maternal grandfather. His father was mainly of Scots-Irish descent, but also had Scottish and German ancestry. Because his mother, Helen, was born in New York, <mask> was a dual citizen of Canada and the United States. Professional wrestling career

Training, Stampede and Japan (1983–1988)
<mask> first gained wrestling experience in the amateur wrestling division at high school, through which he met his wife, Martha. Wrestling was not <mask>'s first choice for a career; as Martha explained in her book Broken Harts, <mask> tried numerous times to find a profitable living outside of wrestling. <mask> is quoted as saying, in the WWE Home Video "Owen Hart of Gold" that "during his time in the University, he wrestled incognito (under a mask) as the original British Bulldog.Then, after he graduated from the University, he wrestled as "Bronco" <mask> at Royal Albert Hall in London, England. As those attempts were unsuccessful, <mask> was trained in his father's Hart Dungeon and worked for his father's federation, Stampede Wrestling and in England for Max Crabtree's Joint Promotions in matches that got broadcast on ITV's World of Sport. He remained with Stampede for the next couple of years while honing his skills. During 1986, <mask> teamed with Ben Bassarab and won the Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship. The success of the team and <mask>'s in-ring skills earned him Pro Wrestling Illustrateds Rookie of the Year Award in 1987. After he and Bassarab lost the tag team title, he feuded with Johnny Smith and Dynamite Kid. In 1987, <mask> branched out to Japan where he wrestled for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) on several tours.In NJPW, he wrestled Keiichi Yamada, both before and after he debuted the Jushin Liger gimmick. On May 27, 1988, <mask> defeated Hiroshi Hase for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship, becoming the first non-Japanese wrestler to win the title. His reign would end nearly a month later, as he lost the title to Shiro Koshinaka on June 24, 1988. World Wrestling Federation (1988–1989)
<mask>'s success in Japan and Stampede's working relationship with the World Wrestling Federation led to <mask> signing with the company in the summer of 1988. Instead of promoting <mask> as Bret <mask>'s younger brother, the WWF decided to create a masked "superhero" type gimmick for him which played to his high-flying style. He broke into the WWF as The Blue Blazer (initially The Blue Angel), with his early appearances seeing him defeat the likes of Terry Gibbs, Steve Lombardi and Barry Horowitz. The Blue Blazer made his pay-per-view debut at Survivor Series '88, teaming with The Ultimate Warrior, Brutus Beefcake, Jim Brunzell and Sam Houston against The Honky Tonk Man, Greg Valentine, Outlaw Ron Bass, Bad News Brown and Dangerous Danny Davis.The Blazer was eliminated by Valentine, but his team went on to win the match. He continued to wrestle in the midcard, defeating enhancement talent but often falling short against other name talent; he lost to Ted DiBiase on the March 11, 1989 Saturday Night's Main Event XX and was defeated by Mr. Perfect at WrestleMania V.

Return to Stampede, Japan and Mexico (1989–1991)
Shortly after WrestleMania, <mask> left the WWF to tour the world both with and without the Blue Blazer gimmick. He also returned to Stampede, until it shut down in December 1989. In 1991, <mask> lost the Blue Blazer mask in a mascara contra mascara match against Mexican wrestler El Canek, and would not utilize the gimmick again until 1998. He also returned to New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). In 1990 he went to Germany and worked Catch Wrestling Association.World Championship Wrestling (1991)
<mask> debuted in World Championship Wrestling's self-titled TV show on March 16, 1991, the first of five TV matches he competed in, all of which were against preliminary talent such as Mark Kyle. One of the bouts saw him team with Ricky Morton. Return to WWF (1991–1999)

The New Foundation and High Energy (1991–1993)

<mask> had been engaged in contract discussions with WCW but the deal was never struck, as <mask> was not willing to move himself and his family to the company's headquarters in Atlanta. Instead, he signed with the WWF for a second time. In the WWF the popular Hart Foundation, composed of his brother Bret and real-life brother-in-law Jim Neidhart, had split up; Bret set out on a singles career while Neidhart was used sparingly. When Neidhart returned from a storyline injury, he joined <mask> to form a team known as The New Foundation. <mask> and Neidhart first feuded with the Beverly Brothers.They then had their only pay-per-view match at the Royal Rumble in January 1992 where they beat The Orient Express. Neidhart left the WWF shortly afterward, and <mask> set out on a very short run as a singles wrestler, including a victorious match at WrestleMania VIII when he faced off against Skinner. Shortly after WrestleMania, <mask> was teamed up with Koko B. Ware to form the duo known as High Energy. They had only one pay-per-view match as a team, at the Survivor Series where they lost to The Headshrinkers. The team was quietly dropped at the start of 1993 with <mask> starting a singles career. <mask> suffered a knee injury on March 9, 1993, in a match taped for Superstars, against Bam Bam Bigelow, which kept him sidelined for nearly two months. Feud with Bret and King of Harts (1993–1995)

In the middle of 1993, when Bret <mask>'s feud with Jerry Lawler ignited, <mask> stood by his brother's side and fought against Lawler in the United States Wrestling Association where most of the WWF talent were considered the heels.<mask> won the USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship from Papa Shango. <mask>'s participation in the WWF vs. USWA feud was cut short when he suffered a knee injury in the summer of 1993 and was forced to take some time away from the ring. <mask> returned to the WWF ring in the fall of 1993, at a time when Bret's feud with Lawler was temporarily sidetracked. Bret, along with <mask> and their brothers Bruce and Keith, were scheduled to face Lawler and his team at Survivor Series. However, Lawler was unable to make it to the show, and as a result could not appear on WWF television. Lawler was replaced with Shawn Michaels. During the match <mask> and Bret inadvertently crashed into each other, causing <mask> to be eliminated from the team.<mask> showed up after the match and had a heated confrontation with Bret, while Keith, Bruce and Stu tried to calm things down. This confrontation resulted in <mask> leaving the ring to boos while his brothers and father watched in dismay and mother Helen cried at ringside. The following night <mask> adopted the pink and black tights, sunglasses and Sharpshooter finisher to send a message to his brother. <mask>, angry with being in Bret's shadow, challenged his brother which Bret declined. Instead the brothers seemed to reunite by the holidays. Bret tried to make amends with <mask>, teaming with him on a regular basis. Bret even secured the two a shot at the WWF Tag Team Championship.They faced the Quebecers for the title at the Royal Rumble in January 1994. Initially everything was fine between the brothers, but when Bret hurt his knee (kayfabe) and was unable to tag <mask> in for a long period of time, the younger <mask> got frustrated. When the referee stopped the match due to Bret's damaged knee, <mask> snapped; he kicked his brother in the knee and then walked off, berating Bret on the Titantron shortly after as Bret was being helped backstage. This started his run as a heel. After the act, an infuriated <mask> accused his brother of being selfish and holding him down. <mask> admitted that it felt good to take out his brother. The two brothers faced off for the first time at WrestleMania X, where <mask> cleanly pinned his older brother.Later in the evening, Bret won the WWF Championship while <mask> stood by and watched in jealousy as Bret celebrated in the ring. <mask> won the 1994 King of the Ring tournament turning back Razor Ramon in the finals with an elbow drop to the back and with an assist from Jim Neidhart. After the victory, <mask> dropped "The Rocket" nickname and took the nickname "The King of Harts." <mask> and Bret feuded throughout the summer of 1994, clashing many times both in singles and later in tag team matches (with Bret joined by the returning British Bulldog). Two prominent matches took place in this feud: first, their steel cage match in the co-main event of SummerSlam for Bret's WWF Championship, which Bret won. This match later received a five-star rating from Dave Meltzer. The second was a lumberjack match on August 17 that <mask> initially won and was announced as WWF Champion; Bret won the match after it was ordered to continue due to interference.At the Survivor Series, <mask> struck the most damaging blow against his brother as he conned his own mother Helen to throw in the towel for Bret. The ploy cost Bret the WWF Championship to Bob Backlund. <mask> also prevented Bret from regaining the WWF Championship at the Royal Rumble in 1995 when he interfered in the match between Bret and new champion Diesel. In the weeks after the Royal Rumble, Bret and <mask> clashed again with Bret soundly defeating his brother, thus putting an end to their feud for the time being. <mask> rebounded from the loss to Bret by winning the WWF Tag Team Championship from The Smoking Gunns at WrestleMania XI. <mask>, who was joined by a "Mystery Partner", had challenged the Gunns to a title match; the partner turned out to be former world champion Yokozuna. After the victory <mask> took Jim Cornette and Mr. Fuji as his managers, who already managed Yokozuna.The team defended the title for five months until they lost them to Shawn Michaels and Diesel at In Your House 3. They would briefly hold the title a second time when the belts were handed back to them before the Smoking Gunns regained the title. <mask> and Yokozuna would continue to team off and on until the end of the year. Teaming with The British Bulldog and The Hart Foundation reunion (1996–1997)

In 1995, <mask>'s brother-in-law Davey Boy Smith turned heel and joined the Camp Cornette stable. During the summer of 1996 the two brothers in law started to team up more and more, sometimes alongside Vader who was also a member of Camp Cornette. <mask> also won a Slammy Award for injuring Shawn Michaels and began using the nickname "Slammy Award Winner" and the "King of Harts" nickname was rarely used, <mask> was also a color commentator for the 1996 King of the Ring (exhibiting clear partisan support for Vader and Smith) and during this time wore a cast on his right forearm for several months, feigning a nagging injury to subsequently use his cast as a weapon during his matches. In September 1996, Bulldog and <mask> earned a pay-per-view shot at the tag team titles at In Your House 10.<mask> and Bulldog left with the gold after defeating the Smoking Gunns. They also left with a new manager as Clarence Mason had conned Jim Cornette into signing over the contracts of the new champions. Signs of dissension, however, slowly started to show. One occasion where this was evident was at the Royal Rumble when <mask> accidentally eliminated Bulldog. After the Rumble, they had miscommunication in matches against Doug Furnas and Phil LaFon and Bulldog fired Mason after losing a match to Crush who was also managed by Mason, something which did not sit well with <mask>. Another bone of contention between the two was the newly created WWF European Championship; both men had fought their way to the finals to crown the first champion with Bulldog coming out as the victor. After retaining the tag team title against the Headbangers by disqualification on the edition of March 24, 1997 of Monday Night Raw, the tension between the two bubbled over.An incensed <mask> demanded a shot at Bulldog's European title the next week. The match was booked for March 31; on the night, the two went at it with such intensity that many thought the tag team champions had finally gone their separate ways. Then in a shocking moment, the recently turned heel Bret <mask> appeared at ringside and stopped the match. Bret appealed to both <mask> and Bulldog, talking about the importance of family. They agreed to put their differences aside and join with Bret to form the new Hart Foundation, an anti-American stable that also included <mask> in-law Jim Neidhart and <mask> family friend Brian Pillman. After forming the Hart Foundation, <mask> quickly gained singles gold of his own as he pinned Rocky Maivia to win his first WWF Intercontinental Championship. This meant that the Hart Foundation held every WWF title except the WWF Championship, cementing their dominance over the federation.It was not all success for <mask>, though, as he and the British Bulldog lost the WWF Tag Team Championship to Stone Cold Steve Austin and Shawn Michaels on May 26, 1997. He began feuding with Austin shortly thereafter. <mask> and Bulldog got a second chance at regaining the tag team titles after Michaels vacated his half of the championship due to an injury. On the edition of July 14, 1997 of Raw the two entered a tournament and won to face Austin and a partner of his choice that evening for the vacant titles. That partner turned out to be Dude Love, who declared himself to be Austin's partner and helped him defeat <mask> and Bulldog for the tag team championship. At SummerSlam in August, <mask> was to defend his Intercontinental Championship against Austin in a "Kiss My Ass" match, where <mask> put the title up against Austin having to kiss his buttocks if he lost. During the match, <mask> botched a piledriver and dropped Austin on the top of his head, injuring his neck.Austin won the title from <mask> that evening, but due to the injury was forced to vacate the title. Although the entire situation was an accident, the WWF decided to make it part of the storyline as <mask> began wearing a T-shirt patterned after Austin's that read "<mask> 3:16/I Just Broke Your Neck". <mask> was then entered into a tournament to crown a new champion. <mask>

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texts:
 fought his way to the finals of the tournament to crown the next Intercontinental Champion and was set to face Faarooq at Badd Blood: In Your House. <mask> beat Faarooq with Austin's help. Afterward, Austin explained that he wanted to beat <mask> for the title when he returned and would not allow Faarooq or anyone else to beat him. After <mask> retained the title twice by disqualification between Bad Blood and Survivor Series in Montreal, Austin got his wish and defeated <mask> for the Intercontinental Championship again.Later that night, the Montreal Screwjob took place. Bret left the WWF after Survivor Series and both the British Bulldog and Jim Neidhart were granted quick releases from their contracts to jump to WCW. This left <mask> as the only <mask> family member remaining in the WWF, due to his contractual obligations. The Black Hart and Nation of Domination (1997–1998)

<mask> was not seen or mentioned on WWF programming until he made a surprise appearance after Shawn Michaels retained his title following a disqualification loss to Ken Shamrock at In Your House: D-Generation X where he attacked Shawn Michaels. Now a fan favourite, but with a new edgy, antisocial attitude, <mask> became known as "The Lone Hart" and also "The Black Hart". <mask> had a feud with D-X and challenged Shawn Michaels for the WWF Championship on the December 29, 1997 episode of Raw Is War: <mask> had Michaels locked in the Sharpshooter when Triple H interfered in order to save Michaels' title, giving <mask> the victory by disqualification. He later won the European title from Triple H, although not directly.Goldust dressed up as Triple H in an attempt to swerve <mask>, but Commissioner Slaughter considered him to be a legitimate replacement. <mask> later suffered a kayfabe ankle injury during a match against Barry Windham involving Triple H. When <mask> joined the commentary at ringside, Triple H managed to draw <mask> into an impromptu title match and regained the title. Chyna interfered while the referee wasn't looking and while Triple H was distracting the referee, she struck <mask> behind the left knee with a baseball bat, picked him up and threw him back into the ring where Triple H put <mask> in a reverse ankle lock to his injured right ankle to win the European Championship under referees discretion in controversial fashion. Four weeks after WrestleMania, during a tag team match with Ken Shamrock against Mark Henry and Rocky Maivia (later known as The Rock), <mask> turned on Shamrock, "snapping" his ankle and "biting his ear" in the process, and becoming a heel once again. After the attack on Shamrock, <mask> became the co-leader, with The Rock, of the Nation of Domination, claiming that "Enough is enough and it's time for a change". The Nation's first big feud after <mask> joined was against DX. It was during this feud that D-Generation X parodied the Nation of Domination.The imitation was complete with an actor dressing up as <mask> and uttering the phrase "I am not a nugget"; this was in response to Shawn Michaels referring to <mask> as a nugget of feces in a toilet bowl that, no matter how many times Michaels flushed, he was unable to get rid of. "Nugget" became a derisive term that followed <mask> for the rest of his career. <mask>'s participation in the DX feud was sidetracked when Shamrock returned from injuries dead set on getting revenge on <mask>. The two split a pair of specialty matches on pay-per-view, but nothing was ever conclusively settled between them. Teaming with Jeff Jarrett and return as The Blue Blazer (1998–1999)
<mask> remained with the Nation throughout the year until the stable slowly dissolved. After SummerSlam, he teamed with Jeff Jarrett. <mask> and Jarrett had Jarrett's manager Debra in their corner.During this time a storyline was proposed that <mask> was supposed to have an on-screen affair with Debra, something which <mask> turned down. After a match in which <mask> "accidentally injured" Dan Severn, <mask> seemingly quit the WWF. Playing off the legitimate injury <mask> had inflicted on Austin the year before, the angle blurred the lines between reality and "storyline". Yet as soon as <mask> "quit", the Blue Blazer appeared in the WWF claiming to in no way be <mask> despite it being very obvious who was under the mask. Unlike the first run of the character, the Blazer was now an overbearing, self-righteous heel who treated the edgy Attitude Era WWF with disdain. <mask> and Jarrett ended up making the storyline comical. To prove that <mask> was not the Blazer, he showed up beside the Blue Blazer, who was a masked Jarrett.In a later attempt to prove that neither <mask> or Jarrett was the Blazer, they both appeared next to a man in the Blue Blazer mask; however, it was obvious that a black man was under the mask (<mask>'s former tag team partner Koko B. Ware). On January 25, 1999, in the midst of the Blue Blazer angle <mask> and Jarrett defeated Ken Shamrock and The Big Boss Man for the WWF Tag Team Championship. The pair successfully defended the belts against Test and D'Lo Brown at WrestleMania XV. They lost the titles to the team of Kane and X-Pac on the (pre-taped) episode of Raw that aired on April 5, 1999. However, <mask> and Jarrett continued to team together until <mask>'s death in May during the Over the Edge pay-per-view event. Personal life

He met Martha Joan Patterson in 1982. They married on July 1, 1989 and had two children together: Oje <mask> (born March 5, 1992) and Athena Christie <mask> (born September 23, 1995).On May 28, 2011, <mask> was inducted into the Legends Pro Wrestling "Hall of Fame" by Jack Blaze in Wheeling, West Virginia at their "LPW Hart & Soul Tour" event. The award was accepted by his brother-in-law Jim Neidhart, who was also inducted that night. Death

Over the Edge 1999

On May 23, 1999, <mask> fell to his death in Kansas City, Missouri during the Over the Edge pay-per-view event. <mask> was in the process of being lowered via harness and grapple line into the ring from the rafters of Kemper Arena for a booked Intercontinental Championship match against The Godfather. In keeping with the Blazer's new "buffoonish superhero" character, he was to begin a dramatic entrance, being lowered to just above ring level, at which time he would act "entangled", then release himself from the safety harness and fall flat on his face for comedic effect—this necessitated the use of a quick release mechanism. It was an elaboration on a Blue Blazer stunt done previously on the Sunday Night Heat before Survivor Series in 1998. While being lowered into the ring, <mask> fell 78 feet (24 m), landing chest-first on the top rope (approximately a foot from the nearest turnbuckle), throwing him into the ring.<mask> had performed the stunt only a few times before. <mask>'s widow Martha has suggested that, by moving around to get comfortable with both the harness and his cape on, <mask> unintentionally triggered an early release. Television viewers did not see the incident. During the fall, a pre-taped vignette was being shown on the pay-per-view broadcast as well as on the monitors in the darkened arena. Afterward, while <mask> was being worked on by medical personnel inside the ring, the live event's broadcast showed only the audience. Meanwhile, WWF television announcer Jim Ross repeatedly told those watching live on pay-per-view that what had just transpired was not a wrestling angle or storyline and that <mask> was hurt badly, emphasizing the seriousness of the situation. <mask> was transported to Truman Medical Center in Kansas City.While several attempts to revive him were made, he died due to his injuries. The cause of death was later revealed to be internal bleeding from blunt force trauma. The impact severed his aorta, resulting in <mask> bleeding to death just minutes later; he was 34 years old. Controversy
WWF management controversially chose to continue the event. Later, Jim Ross announced the death of <mask> to the home viewers during the pay-per-view, but not to the crowd in the arena. While the event went on, it has never been released commercially by WWF Home Video. In 2014, fifteen years after his death, the WWE Network aired the event for the first time.A small photo tribute is shown before the start informing fans that <mask> died during the original broadcast. All footage of <mask> was edited out of the event. The statement reads: "In Memory of <mask> May 7, 1965 – May 23, 1999 who accidentally passed away during this broadcast." In the decades that followed <mask>'s death, much attention was focused on the harness <mask> used that night, especially on the "quick release" trigger and safety latches. When someone is lowered from the rafters in a harness, there are backup latches that must be latched for safety purposes. Four weeks after the event, the <mask> family sued the WWF over how dangerous and poorly planned the stunt was, and that the harness system was defective. After over a year and a half into the case, a settlement was reached on November 2, 2000, which saw the WWF give the <mask> family US$18 million.The manufacturer of the harness system was also a defendant against the <mask> family, but they were dismissed from the case after the settlement was reached. Martha used millions of the settlement to establish the Owen Hart Foundation. Martha wrote a book about <mask>'s life in 2002 called Broken Harts: The Life and Death of <mask>. In his DVD set Bret "Hit Man" <mask>: The Best There Is, the Best There Was, the Best There Ever Will Be, Bret said that he wishes he had been with the WWF the night <mask>'s accident happened, as he would have discouraged <mask> from performing the stunt. Aftermath

A special episode of Raw Is War that aired on May 24, 1999, the night after <mask>'s death, was dubbed Raw Is Owen. It was broadcast live from the Kiel Center in St. Louis. It included shoot interviews from his fellow wrestlers.According to Raw Exposed (a special that aired upon Raw returning to USA Network on October 3, 2005), all storylines and rivalries were put aside, and WWF management gave all wrestlers on the roster the option of working or not. Nevertheless, ten matches were booked with no angles. The show began with all the wrestlers, managers, referees and agents of the WWF (except WWF Champion The Undertaker and Kane – both as a means to keep kayfabe) standing on the entrance ramp. Howard Finkel called for a ten-bell salute. A tribute video narrated by Vince McMahon then played on the Titantron. Throughout the broadcast, personal thoughts on <mask> in the form of shoot interviews with various WWF wrestlers were played. <mask>'s former Nation of Domination comrades were emotional, most notably Mark Henry, who wept as he read a poem that he wrote in memory of <mask>.Before the first commercial break, such thoughts were aired from Mick Foley and Bradshaw. Foley said that <mask> was his son's favourite wrestler and had proudly gotten a haircut like <mask>'s, although he also said his son did not quite understand that "nugget" was not a term of endearment. Bradshaw talked about how <mask> spent less money on the road than most wrestlers because he wanted to retire early and spend time with his family. <mask>'s friend and Nation of Domination partner The Rock also made a short speech before engaging in a short match against Val Venis. Test then spoke about a rib <mask> pulled on him. The broadcast ended with Stone Cold Steve Austin coming out for a special salute to <mask> by climbing the turnbuckle and performing his famous "beer-bash" routine, ending with him giving a toast to <mask> (whose picture was displayed on the Titantron throughout the entire show) and leaving one beer in the ring (for <mask>). The only notable absence from this show was The Undertaker as he decided to visit his real-life friend, Bret <mask>.The tribute show scored a 7.2 Nielsen rating, making it the highest-rated special episode in Raw history and the third highest-rated episode of Raw overall. Shawn Michaels, in his Heartbreak and Triumph autobiography, notes that "<mask> is the only guy you could have a two-hour show for, and no-one would say a bad word about him." The next day, WWF taped the episode of Raw for May 31, 1999. During that show, Jeff Jarrett defeated The Godfather to win the WWF Intercontinental Championship, the title <mask> was booked to win for a third time at Over the Edge. Celebrating his victory, Jarrett screamed <mask>'s name. On October 4, 1999, five months after <mask>'s death, Bret <mask> faced Chris Benoit on WCW Nitro in a tribute to his brother. The match took place in the same arena in which <mask> had fallen to his death.Legacy
<mask> was widely regarded as one of the best in-ring performers in the WWE; Fox Sports dubbed him a "genius". He would go on to be considered one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time by many industry colleagues. In 2001, <mask>'s sister Diana released her first book named Under the Mat which dealt with their family. The book was written partially in response to <mask>'s death and became very controversial. <mask>'s widow <mask> pursued legal action over the work and claimed that Diana made inaccurate and irresponsible statements about her and her family. She stated that the book was "filled with distortions, misstatements and unjustified slurs that attempt to destroy the reputation of my family and me, and undermine the memory of <mask>." In June 2010, Martha filed a lawsuit against the WWE over WWE's use of <mask>'s name and likeness as well as personal photos of <mask>'s family in the Hart & Soul WWE DVD, as well as the failure to make royalty payments.The matter was scheduled to go to trial in June 2013 before the settlement was reached in April 2013 for an undisclosed amount. The WWE released Owen: Hart of Gold on DVD and Blu-ray on December 7, 2015 in the United Kingdom, with the United States release the day after. The season two finale of Dark Side of the Ring revealed details about <mask>'s wrestling career, legacy and death. WWE wrestler <mask> named his son after <mask> and incorporated the name into his own ring name as tribute to both of them. During Mark Henry's WWE Hall of Fame induction in 2018, Henry asked <mask> to allow her late husband to be inducted into the Hall of Fame. Martha has been critical of the WWE Hall of Fame, stating: "They don’t even have a Hallway of Fame. It doesn’t exist.There’s nothing. It’s a fake entity. There’s nothing real or tangible. It’s just an event they have to make money. They put it on TV and have a celebration, and it’s just so ridiculous. I would never even entertain it. It’s garbage."On September 20, 2021, All Elite Wrestling (AEW) announced the Owen Hart Cup Tournament, in partnership with the Owen Hart Foundation, wherein the winner will receive a trophy called "The Owen". The company also announced production and distribution of original Owen Hart merchandise and <mask> as a character in the upcoming AEW console game. Championships and accomplishments

 George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
 Class of 2018 (Posthumous Inductee)
 Legends Pro Wrestling
 LPW Hall of Fame (Class of 2011)
 Prairie Wrestling Alliance
 Prairie Wrestling Alliance Hall of Fame (Class of 2010)
 New Japan Pro-Wrestling
 IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Editor's Award (1999)
 Feud of the Year (1994)
 Rookie of the Year (1987)
 Ranked No. 10 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1994
 Ranked No. 66 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
 Ranked

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<mask> (15 January 1898 – 3 October 1937) was a German politician (KPD). Between 1928 and 1933 he sat as a member of the National Parliament (Reichstag). Like many Communist Party members at the time, he also operated under "party names", by which he may be identified in sources. These included "A. Neuberg", "Leo Wolf" and "Ernst Wolf". Early life
<mask> was born in Leipzig. His father was a secular preacher. He attended school up to the middle level, and then became an intern at a printing machine factory, still in Leipzig, shortly afterwards embarking on a traineeship for bank work.In 1915, Kippenberger he volunteered for military service, and spent the rest of the First World War in the Imperial German Army. He served on the Western Front, was wounded several times, and was decorated with the Iron Cross First Class. When Kippenberger was discharged in January 1919, he had reached the rank of Oberleutnant. Early in 1919 he embarked on a commercial traineeship which led to a clerical job in Leipzig. From June 1921 he was based in Hamburg, employed as a foreign languages correspondent for various firms, and working with the English, French, Italian and Spanish languages. Radicalization
Kippenberger had already, in Leipzig, joined the Independent Social Democratic Party ("Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands" / USPD), and when this broke apart he was part of the Pro-Soviet faction that joined with the newly formed Communist Party. By 1922 he was employed full-time by the Party and part of what one source identifies as the Party's "secret apparatus".Meanwhile, he attended lectures at the University of Hamburg on socioeconomics ("Volkswirtschaft") although it is not clear that he was formally enrolled as a student at the university. He became a leader in the Communist Party student group and played a leading role in the Hamburg uprising which erupted in October 1923. In the city's politically left-wing Barmbek quarter Kippenberger led a fighting group of workers, also managing to plant Communist moles into Hamburg police and Reichswehr units. It was thanks to his careful oversight and military training that the communist fighter groups were able to retreat in good order. Despite being elected to the regional Hamburg Parliament in 1924, after the Hamburg uprising the public prosecutor of Hamburg issued a warrant for Kippenberger's arrest. Badly wounded, for several months he lived illegally (unregistered with the local city hall) in Leipzig till March 1924 when Kippenberger fled to the Soviet Union. While living in Moscow, Kippenberger was personally recruited by General Yan Karlovich Berzin into the Soviet military intelligence service, or GRU.After the Weimar Republic amnestied those who had taken part in the Hamburg Uprising, Kippenberger returned to Germany, where he became, according to John Koehler, "the most important link between the Soviet secret service and Germany's Communist Party, functioning at various times under the code names Alex, Adam, and Wolf." Sources differ over whether he returned from the Soviet Union at the end of 1924 and then lived illegally (unregistered) in Germany or stayed in the Soviet Union till 1926 (or beyond). There is also a suggestion that in Moscow, as well attending a military academy, he studied at the "Communist University of National Minorities in the West". During 1924/25 he was still being sought - apparently without success - by the Hamburg police in connection with the part he had played in the Hamburg uprising. Red Stormtroopers
Towards the end of the 1920s, Kippenberger was ordered by the Comintern to create a secret paramilitary wing for the party. In response, Kippenberger created the Parteiselbstschutz, or "Party Self Defense Unit." According to John Koehler, "World War I veterans taught the novices how to handle pistols, rifles, machine guns, and hand grenades.This clandestine training was conducted in the sparsely populated, pastoral countryside surrounding Berlin." According to John Koehler, members of the Parteiselbstschutz "served as bouncers at Party meetings and specialized in cracking heads during street battles with political enemies." Besides the ruling SPD and it's paramilitary Reichsbanner units, the arch-enemies of the Parteiselbstschutz were the Stahlhelm, which was the armed wing of the Monarchist German National People's Party (DVNP), Trotskyites, and "radical nationalist parties." According to Koehler, the KPD's Selbstschutz men "always carried a Stahlrute, two steel springs that telescoped into a tube seven inches long, which when extended became a deadly, fourteen-inch weapon. Not to be outdone by the Nazis, these street-fighters were often armed with pistols as well." Representative
In May 1928 he stood for membership of the Reichstag in the general election. He was successful, despite being arrested during the election campaign.As an elected member of the Reichstag he enjoyed certain immunities, and once the election result became known he had to be released. He sat as a communist party member for electoral district 29 (Leipzig). At the twelfth Party conference, held in 1929 in the central Wedding district of Berlin, Kippenberg was accepted as a candidate for party Central Committee membership. In the Reichstag his focus was on defence matters:  he was a member of the parliamentary military commission. He continued to sit in the Reichstag till 1933. Outside the chamber he built up the so-called "Betriebsberichterstattung (BB-Ressort)", originated in 1927 within the party's illegal military apparatus, but from 1932 consciously separated from it. It was a quasi-military body comprising approximately 300 members who undertook economic-espionage tasks on behalf of the Soviet Union, also reporting back on social, political and economic developments more generally during what was a period of rising tension inside Germany.Seen from the perspective of the Nazi Party the "BB-Ressort" was "the German Communist Party's most dangerous structure". The Bülowplatz Murders

Planning

During the last days of the Weimar Republic, the KPD had a policy of assassinating two Berlin police officers in retaliation for every KPD member killed by the police. On 2 August 1931, KPD Members of the Reichstag Kippenberger and Heinz Neumann received a dressing down from Walter Ulbricht, the Party's leader in the Berlin-Brandenburg region. Enraged by police interference and by Neumann and Kippenberger's failure to follow the policy, Ulbricht snarled, "At home in Saxony we would have done something about the police a long time ago. Here in Berlin we will not fool around much longer. Soon we will hit the police in the head." Enraged by Ulbricht's words, Kippenberger and Neumann decided to assassinate Paul Anlauf, the forty-two-year-old Captain of the Berlin Police's Seventh Precinct.Captain Anlauf, a widower with three daughters, had been nicknamed Schweinebacke, or "Pig Face" by the KPD. According to John Koehler, "Of all the policemen in strife-torn Berlin, the reds hated Anlauf the most. His precinct included the area around KPD headquarters, which made it the most dangerous in the city. The captain almost always led the riot squads that broke up illegal rallies of the Communist Party." On the morning of Sunday 9 August 1931, Kippenberger and Neumann gave a last briefing to the hit-team in a room at the Lassant beer hall. Parteiselbstschutz members Erich Mielke and Erich Ziemer were selected as the shooters. During the meeting, Max Matern gave a Luger pistol to fellow lookout Max Thunert and said, "Now we're getting serious... We're going to give Schweinebacke something to remember us by."Kippenberger then asked Mielke and Ziemer, "Are you sure that you are ready to shoot Schweinebacke?" Mielke responded that he had seen Captain Anlauf many times during police searches of Party Headquarters. Kippenberger then instructed them to wait at a nearby beer hall which would permit them to overlook the entire Bülow-Platz. He further reminded them that Captain Anlauf was accompanied everywhere by Senior Sergeant Max Willig, whom the KPD had nicknamed, Hussar. Kippenberger concluded, "When you spot Schweinebacke and Hussar, you take care of them." Mielke and Ziemer were informed that, after the assassinations were completed, a diversion would assist in their escape. They were then to return to their homes and await further instructions.That evening, Captain Anlauf was lured to Bülow-Platz by a violent rally demanding the dissolution of the Prussian Parliament. According to John Koehler, "As was often the case when it came to battling the dominant SPD, the KPD and the Nazis had combined forces during the pre-plebiscite campaign. At one point in this particular campaign, Nazi propaganda chief Joseph Goebbels even shared a speaker's platform with KPD agitator Walter Ulbricht. Both parties wanted the parliament dissolved because they were hoping that new elections would oust the SPD, the sworn enemy of all radicals. That fact explained why the atmosphere was particularly volatile this Sunday." Murder at the Babylon Cinema

At eight o'clock that evening, Mielke and Ziemer waited in a doorway as Captain Anlauf, Sergeant Willig, and Captain Franz Lenck walked toward the Babylon Cinema, which was located at the corner of Bülowplatz and Kaiser-Wilhelm-Straße. As they reached the door of the movie house, the policemen heard someone scream, "Schweinebacke!"As Captain Anlauf turned toward the sound, Mielke and Ziemer opened fire at point blank range. Sergeant Willig was wounded in the left arm and the stomach. However, he managed to draw his Luger pistol and fired a full magazine at the assailants. Captain Franz Lenck was shot in the chest and fell dead in front of the entrance. Willig crawled over and cradled the head of Captain Anlauf, who had taken two bullets in the neck. As his life drained away, the Captain gasped, "Wiedersehen... Gruss..." ("So Long... Goodbye..."). Meanwhile, Mielke and Ziemer made their escape by running into the theater and out an emergency exit.They tossed their pistols over a fence, where they were later found by Homicide Detectives from the elite Mordkommission. Mielke and Ziemer then returned to their homes. According to Koehler, "Back at Bülowplatz, the killings had triggered a major police action. At least a thousand officers poured into the square, and a bloody street battle ensued. Rocks and bricks were hurled from the rooftops. Communist gunmen fired indiscriminately from the roofs of surrounding apartment houses. As darkness fell, police searchlights illuminated the buildings.Using megaphones, officers shouted, 'Clear the streets! Move away from the windows! We are returning fire!' By now the rabble had fled the square, but shooting continued as riot squads combed the tenements, arresting hundreds of residents suspected of having fired weapons. The battle lasted until one o'clock the next morning. In addition to the two police officers, the casualties included one Communist who died of a gunshot wound and seventeen others who were seriously wounded." Captain

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 Anlauf's wife had died three weeks earlier of kidney failure.The KPD's murder of Captain Anlauf thus left their three daughters as orphans. The Captain's oldest daughter was forced to drastically rush her planned wedding to keep her sisters from being put in an orphanage. Captain Franz Lenck was survived by his wife. Senior Sergeant Max Willig was hospitalized for fourteen weeks, but made a full recovery and returned to active duty. In recognition for Willig's courage, the Berlin Police promoted him to Lieutenant. After the murders, the act was celebrated at the Lichtenberger Hof, a favorite beer hall of the Rotfrontkämpferbund, where Mielke boasted: "Today we celebrate a job that I pulled!" ()

Aftermath
According to John Koehler, "Kippenberger was alarmed when word reached him that Sergeant Willig had survived the shooting.Not knowing whether the sergeant could talk and identify the attackers, Kippenberger was taking no chances. He directed a runner to summon Mielke and Ziemer to his apartment at 74 Bellermannstrasse, only a few minutes walk from where the two lived. When the assassins arrived, Kippenberger told them the news and ordered them to leave Berlin at once. The parliamentarian's wife Thea, an unemployed schoolteacher and as staunch a Communist Party member as her husband, shepherded the young murderers to the Belgian border. Agents of the Communist International (Comintern) in the port city of Antwerp supplied them with money and forged passports. Aboard a merchant ship, they sailed for Leningrad. When their ship docked, they were met by another Comintern representative, who escorted them to Moscow."Nazi Germany
The political backdrop was transformed with the Nazi power seizure in January 1933. The new government lost little time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship. <mask> was one of those who participated in the (illegal) meeting of the party central committee held at the Ziegenhals café ("Sporthaus Ziegenhals") a short distance outside Berlin on 7 February 1933. The meeting would subsequently be celebrated as both the first and last meeting of the Communist Party Central Committee held in Nazi Germany. The Reichstag fire at the end of February 1933 was immediately blamed on the KPD, and before the end of the year participants in the Ziegenhals meeting and most of the other active communist party politicians had either fled abroad or else been arrested. The Communist Party structure was shattered. Kippenberger took on and preserved much of its paramilitary apparatus under conditions of enhanced secrecy and certain important tasks were accomplished, but the Gestapo nevertheless succeeded in infiltrating his information and communications structures.Kippenberger, operating for some purposes under the code name "Leo", was feverishly sought by the Gestapo during 1933 and 1934. Meanwhile, despite having to operate underground or, increasingly, out of Paris, the Communist Party of Germany had lost none of its appetite for internal feuding. The arrest of Ernst Thälmann on 3 March 1933 had left a vacuum at the top of the party. To the extent that the quasi-military apparatus under Kippenberger remained effective, it supported the opponents of Walter Ulbricht and Wilhelm Pieck in the increasingly polarised leadership struggle that ensued. The Bülowplatz Trial

In mid-March 1933, the Berlin police arrested Max Thunert, one of the lookouts in the murders of Captains Anlauf and Lenck. Within days, fifteen other conspirators were in police custody. On 14 September 1933, Berlin newspapers reported that all fifteen had confessed to their roles in the murders.Arrest warrants were issued for ten other conspirators who had fled, including Mielke, Ziemer, Ulbricht, Kippenberger, and Neumann. In response to claims that the confessions were obtained under torture by the Nazi Gestapo, John Koehler wrote, "However, all suspects were in the custody of the regular Berlin city criminal investigation bureau, most of whose detectives were SPD members. Some of the suspects had been nabbed by Nazi SA men and probably beaten before they were turned over to police. In the 1993 trial of Mielke, the court gave the defense the benefit of the doubt and threw out a number of suspect confessions." On 19 June 1934, the 15 conspirators were convicted of first degree murder. The three deemed most culpable, Michael Klause, Max Matern, and Friedrich Bröde were sentenced to death. Their co-defendants received sentences ranging from nine months to fifteen years incarceration at hard labor.Klause's sentence was commuted to life in prison based upon his cooperation. Bröde hanged himself in his cell. As a result, only Matern was left to be executed by beheading on 22 May 1935. The Great Purge
In the context of increasingly shrill attacks on him from Ulbricht, Pieck and their supporters, on 12 February 1935 the party politburo set up a commission of enquiry into <mask>er. In October 1935 a party congress was held, under somewhat bizarre conditions, at Brussels:   Ulbricht and his allies took over the party leadership. The resignation of two of Thälmann's old lieutenants, Hermann Schubert and Fritz Schulte left Kippenberger unambiguously on the losing side. In Walter Ulbricht he had acquired a powerful and uncompromising enemy at the top of the party.Ulbricht enjoyed the backing of Moscow. <mask> lost his position on the party Central Committee and the quasi-military underground operation he had directed was dissolved. He was ordered to relocated from Paris to Moscow where he was provided with factory work. Sources are silent over whether, on moving to Moscow, he ever met up with his former wife, Thea, and their two daughters, Margot and Jeanette, who had emigrated there in July 1933, since when Thea had been worked as a teacher in the Soviet capital. Death
On 5 November 1935, as the scope of Joseph Stalins Great Purge accelerated, <mask> and his girlfriend Christina Kerff (born Chrisina Lenderoth) were arrested at Moscow's Soyuznaya Hotel (across the road from the Hotel Lux). In a secret trial by the NKVD, Kippenberger was declared guilty of "espionage and participation in a counter-revolutionary terrorist organisation". <mask> was shot, once, in the back of the head, on 3 October 1937.Personal life
<mask> married Thea Niemand, from Hamburg, in 1923. Their daughters were born in 1924 and 1928. The marriage ended in divorce in 1930. After a raid on their Berlin apartment, Thea hastily took the children to a safe location in the countryside, from where they escaped via Czechoslovakia. Thea arrived in Moscow with their daughters in July 1933, six months after the Nazi seizure of power in Germany. The standard of their Moscow accommodation, shared with Thea <mask>'s friend Thea Beling and a large number of other people, came as a shock to the children. In February 1938 Thea, who by this time worked as a teacher, was arrested.A special NKVD tribunal sentenced her to a lengthy term in the GULAG. During 1939, Thea Kippenberger died in a concentration camp in Siberia. Rehabilitation
Two decades later, following a change in the political wind direction, <mask> and Thea <mask> were posthumously rehabilitated by a Moscow tribunal on 30 September 1957. However, both their deaths and their subsequent rehabilitations remained officially undisclosed by the ruling party in what had, by this time, become the Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The orphans
One afternoon in November 1937 two secret policemen turned up at their school in Moscow and removed Margot and Jeanette <mask> from their lessons. Early the next year, aged 14, Margot wrote a desperate letter to one of her mother's friends asking what had happened to her mother. There was no reply.It would be another 22 years before she would learn of her parents' fates. The children were taken to Chistopol in Tatarstan and placed in an orphanage for "homeless street children" which at this time was receiving more and more of the children of "enemies of the people". The older daughter, Margot <mask>, was transferred to a labour camp in Vologodskaya, condemned in 1942 to a lifelong term of forced labour. She was given work in forestry, tasked with collecting the sawdust caused by the felling of trees. There was one day off work each month which was used for delousing. Later she was denounced and subjected to six months of intensive interrogation. Nevertheless, she survived.Her situation eased after the end of the war, formally in May 1945, and she married Igor Tschnernavin, a Soviet citizen in 1948. After her parents' rehabilitation Margot <mask> was able to leave the Soviet Union with her five children, arriving in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) in May 1958. Their marriage never having been officially recognised (because Margot was foreign) Igor was not permitted to accompany them, but following a personal appeal to Nikita Khrushchev he joined them in 1960. The family nevertheless felt themselves treated as outsiders, and while Margot built her life in the new country, Igor soon returned to the Soviet Union, where he died in 1984. Although Margot had been informed of her parents' fates, she was under firm instructions to keep the information to herself. Her insistence on discussing the matter led to constant tensions with the authorities. Her indignant letter sent in 1979 to the national newspaper, Neues Deutschland, on the centenary of Stalin's birth, was naturally never published.She remained under close Stasi surveillance till March 1981 when she was permitted to relocate to West Berlin, where she lived in a small apartment, supported by a small pension provided to survivors of Nazi persecution. There was no pension in respect of her time in the Soviet Union. There is less information in the public domain concerning the younger daughter. After they had been taken away from their parents at the end of 1937 Jeanette had learned Russian much more quickly than Margot, which may have indicated a particular talent for languages. Jeanette Kippenberger worked for the government news service in East Berlin between 1956 and 1973 as a typist. specialising in Russian language work. She was given a new job, in September 1973, as a translator with the Intertext, the ruling party's translation bureau.She was able to relocate to West Germany on 14 July 1978. Margot and Jeannette <mask> died respectively in 2005 and 2016. Both their bodies are buried in the Sankt-Matthäus-Kirchhof ("Old St. Matthew's Churchyard") in Berlin's Schöneberg quarter. It was noted in at the end of 2017 that their graves were not yet marked by any grave stone. References

GRU officers
Politicians from Leipzig
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Independent Social Democratic Party politicians
Members of the Hamburg Parliament
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Communists in the German Resistance
Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Soviet Union
Great Purge victims from Germany
People executed by the Soviet Union
German spies for the Soviet Union
Murders of Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck
1898 births
1937

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Hans Kippenberger
Hans Kippenberg
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<mask> (born April 11, 1957) is an American country, bluegrass, and Americana singer-songwriter. Since 1986, he has released 31 studio albums, including collaborations with artists such as Dr. Ralph Stanley, Buddy Miller, and Donna the Buffalo. A "songwriter's songwriter," his songs have been recorded by dozens of artists, notably George Strait, Gary Allan, Elvis Costello, Blake Shelton, the Dixie Chicks, Vince Gill, and Patty Loveless. Early life
<mask> was born in Troutman, North Carolina, the son of <mask> (née Hobson) and Dr. Wilbur "Chap" <mask>. <mask>'s mother was originally from Kansas. In addition to her work as a public school and piano teacher, she was active in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Churches in Troutman, Charlotte, and Due West, South Carolina, where she served as music director, church organist, and choir director. His father was born in Lexington, VA, the son of Reverend David Thomas and <mask> (née Chapman).<mask>'s father was a noted minister in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church. <mask> has one sister, Rebecca "Becky" Tatum, and a nephew, Mark. He grew up in Due West, South Carolina. Both of his parents were singers. He too sang in his early years, and learned the drums at 11, the harmonica at 13, and the banjo at 15. He has cited the influence of Ralph Stanley and bluegrass music from an early age. He played a variety of music, including bluegrass, Grateful Dead, and folk in a duo with best friend Nathan Lajoie as a teenager.During his childhood in Due West, many music acts would come to Erskine College. <mask> remembers enjoying the album Will the Circle be Unbroken by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band and Neil Young's Harvest. He attended the Carolina Friends School in Durham NC and then went on to the North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem, NC, studying theater. He played in country and bluegrass bands during college. <mask> is a long-time resident of Nashville, Tennessee. Career

After graduating from college, <mask> lived in Nashville for five months in the summer of 1979 while he tried to get a recording or publishing deal. He hung out a lot with Roland White, an accomplished mandolin player, with whom he cut a record.But things never took off, so he decided to move to New York, where he played in Floyd Domino's band and performed as a solo artist. In 1980 he met singer-songwriter Buddy Miller. He played in Miller's band in the active twang music scene that was evolving at the time. During his time in New York City, he also worked in the mailroom and as a messenger at Rolling Stone magazine. He often was assigned to pick up and drop off photographer Annie Leibovitz's equipment. <mask> joined the national touring production of Pump Boys & Dinettes, which eventually reached Los Angeles where he met musicians Rosie Flores, Billy Bremmer, Pete Anderson, Lucinda Williams, Dale Watson, and others. John Ciambotti became <mask>'s manager and <mask> relocated to Los Angeles in the late 1980s, recording an album for CBS (which was later released as The Point of No Return).The record was influenced by the Bakersfield sound of Buck Owens. Armed with a catalog of a few hundred songs he had written, <mask> was able to get a publishing deal with a small company called Blue Water Music (based in Houston, with a small office in Nashville). Living in Los Angeles he made a record with Anderson producing, but it was never released. <mask> then got a publishing deal with Reprise and moved into the second floor of Buddy and Julie Miller's house until he got his own place in Nashville. In 2013, <mask> started his own record label, Sky Crunch, so that he could release his many albums on a schedule that suited him. In April 2018, <mask> signed to Yep Roc Records. Solo career

<mask>'s solo debut, Planet of Love, was produced by Rodney Crowell and John Leventhal and released in 1991.Lost in the Lonesome Pines, a 2002 collaboration with Ralph Stanley, won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album. The Bluegrass Diaries won the same award in 2008. In 2003, <mask> was joined by roots/jam band Donna the Buffalo on the album Wait 'Til Spring. Could We Get Any Closer? was nominated for a Grammy in 2009. In 2013, <mask> released Old Time Angels (a bluegrass album) and his first solo acoustic album, Blue Moon Junction, followed by Black Roses, with the North Mississippi All-Stars. <mask> appears on Laura Cantrell's 2013 release No Way There From Here.2014 saw the release of his album I'm A Song. <mask> will release his new album Time Flies on August 3, 2018, along with <mask> and Roland White. Collaborations
In 2007, he began a collaboration with Larry Campbell, the band Olabelle, and others in the American Beauty Project, a loose collection of musicians dedicated to reimagining in performance the Grateful Dead's two classic 1970 albums, Workingman's Dead and American Beauty. In 2011, <mask> toured with Hot Tuna, an ensemble act that included Jorma Kaukonen, Jack Casady, Barry Mitterhof, G.E. Smith, and, for a time, Charlie Musselwhite. He has also toured with Elvis Costello, Rhonda Vincent, Mary Chapin Carpenter, and others. Dr. Ralph Stanley
<mask> wrote and produced two bluegrass records with Ralph Stanley.Their first collaboration, I Feel Like Singing Today, was nominated for a Grammy. Buddy Miller

<mask> released a record called Buddy and <mask> with long-time friend and collaborator Buddy Miller in 2013. <mask> said they recorded it in three days in Miller's home studio. Miller did the mixing and producing. Robert Hunter
<mask> has often collaborated with Grateful Dead lyricist Robert Hunter. <mask>'s first collaboration with Hunter was Headed for the Hills and the second was Patchwork River in May 2010. The June 2011 release Reason and Rhyme was their third collaboration.Additionally, they wrote songs for a North Mississippi Allstars record that was released in the fall of 2013. Two 2013 releases, Black Roses and Blue Moon Junction, were co-written with Hunter. Black Roses features North Mississippi Allstars' Cody and Luther Dickinson, whom <mask> met in Nashville at the Americana Music Festival, as well as Muscle Shoals musicians Spooner Oldham and David Hood. The album was recorded at their father <mask>'s studio, Zebra Ranch in Mississippi. 2013's Blue Moon Junction features <mask>'s work as a singer and songwriter, some of them co-written with Hunter in a solo, acoustic format. <mask> produced the record. <mask> says that they have more material that might make a good follow-up album, and hopes they will have time to collaborate again soon.Nick Lowe
<mask> said he worked on a yet-to-be-released record with Nick Lowe's band during a time he spent in England. Roland White

On August 3, 2018, <mask> released <mask> and Roland White, a previously lost record made with mandolin master Roland White. The disc was recorded in Earl Scruggs' basement in 1979, and the songs were only found recently by White's wife. The Jim Lauderdale Phenomenon
The term "the Jim Lauderdale Phenomenon", coined by singer-songwriter Kim Richey and cited in an April 2000 article in The Tennessean by writer Peter Cooper, is an ironic reference to the fact that <mask> was nominated for a Grammy for his work with Stanley but was released from a record deal with RCA not long after. He was also released from contracts with Warner Bros., Columbia, and Atlantic Records. The article notes that many country artists that were signed to major labels in the 1990s failed to get radio airtime and had their contracts dropped after making one or two albums. The problem became endemic in Nashville during this period, when a lot of good music was being created and recorded, but the megastars dominated the airwaves.Discography
<mask> has had a long-time, successful Music Row career writing songs for many mainstream country music singers under four separate major-label record contracts: CBS, Warner/Reprise, Atlantic, and RCA/BMG. Songwriting
 Gary Allan: "Wake Up Screaming", "What's On My Mind", "We Touched the Sun"
 Mark Chesnutt: "Gonna Get a Life" (co-written with Frank Dycus) – hit No. II (1988) – "What Am I Waiting For"
Happy Birthday, Buck! A Texas Salute to Buck Owens (2002) – "Sweet Rosie Jones"
Touch My Heart: A Tribute to Johnny Paycheck (2005) – "I Want You To Know"
Born to the Breed: A Tribute to Judy Collins (2008) – "Easy Times"

Other activities
<mask> has hosted the Americana Music Awards since winning their first Artist of the Year and Song of the Year awards in 2002. He was a judge for the second, 10th and 11th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers. He is Honorary Chairperson for the Chris Austin Songwriting Contest each April at MerleFest in Wilkesboro, NC. He hosted "The <mask> Show" on WSM Radio.He hosts, along with Buddy Miller, "The Buddy & <mask> Show" on SiriusXM Outlaw Country. <mask> is also a frequent host and performer on "Music City Roots", a weekly Americana music show web-streamed live from The Factory at Franklin just outside Nashville. <mask>: The King of Broken Hearts
A documentary film called <mask>: The King of Broken Hearts, directed by Jeremy Dylan, was released in 2013. Using interviews with Elvis Costello, Buddy Miller, John Oates, Gary Allan, Tony Brown, and Jerry Douglas, the film describes <mask>'s successes and failures as a recording artist. References

External links

 <mask>: The King of Broken Hearts (documentary)
 <mask> Interview at Reviewgraveyard.com

1957 births
Living people
Bluegrass musicians from North Carolina
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Singer-songwriters from North Carolina
People from Troutman, North Carolina
Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church
Country musicians from North Carolina
Yep Roc Records artists
Sugar Hill Records artists
Proper Records artists
Dualtone Records artists
New West Records artists

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James Russell Lauderdale
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Chapman Lauderdale
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