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 1891, she moved in with two of her unmarried children who shared a home in New York City. She increased her advocacy of "educated suffrage," something she had long promoted. In 1894, she debated William Lloyd Garrison Jr. on this issue in the pages of Woman's Journal. Her daughter Harriot <mask>, who was then active in the women's suffrage movement in Britain and would later be a leading figure in the U.S. movement, was disturbed by the views that <mask> expressed during this debate. She published a critique of her mother's views, saying there were many people who had not enjoyed the opportunity to acquire an education and yet were intelligent and accomplished citizens who deserved the right to vote.In a letter to the 1902 NAWSA convention, <mask> continued her campaign, calling for "a constitutional amendment requiring an educational qualification" and saying that "everyone who votes should read and write the English language intelligently." In her later years, <mask> became interested in efforts to create cooperative communities and workplaces. She was also attracted to various forms of political radicalism, applauding the Populist movement and identifying herself with socialism, especially Fabianism, a gradualist form of democratic socialism. In 1898, <mask> published her memoirs, Eighty Years and More, in which she presented the image of herself by which she wished to be remembered. In it, she minimized political and personal conflicts and omitted any discussion of the split in the women's movement. Largely dealing with political topics, the memoir barely mentions her mother, husband or children. Despite some degree of friction between <mask> and Anthony in their later years, on the dedication page <mask> said, "I dedicate this volume to Susan B. Anthony, my steadfast friend for half a century."<mask> continued to write articles prolifically for a variety of publications right up until she died. Death, burial, and remembrance

<mask> died in New York City on October 26, 1902, 18 years before women achieved the right to vote in the United States via the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The medical report said the cause of death was heart failure. According to her daughter Harriet, she had developed breathing problems that had begun to interfere with her work. The day before she died, <mask> told her doctor, a woman, to give her something to speed her death if the problem could not be cured. <mask> had signed a document two years earlier directing that her brain was to be donated to Cornell University for scientific study after her death, but her wishes in that regard were not carried out. She was interred beside her husband in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.After <mask>'s death, Susan B. Anthony wrote to a friend: "Oh, this awful hush! It seems impossible that voice is stilled which I have loved to hear for fifty years. Always I have felt I must have Mrs. <mask>'s opinion of things before I knew where I stood myself. I am all at sea." Even after her death, foes of women's suffrage continued to use <mask>'s more unorthodox statements to promote  opposition to ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, which became law in 1920. Younger women in the suffrage movement responded by belittling <mask> and glorifying Anthony. In 1923, Alice Paul, leader of the National Women's Party, introduced the proposed Equal Rights Amendment in Seneca Falls on the 75th anniversary of the Seneca Falls Convention.The planned ceremony and printed program made no mention of <mask>, the primary force behind the convention. One of the speakers was <mask>'s daughter, Harriot <mask>, who insisted on paying tribute to her mother's role. Aside from a collection of her letters published by her children, no significant book about <mask> was written until a full-length biography was published in 1940 with the assistance of her daughter. <mask> began to regain recognition for her role in the women's rights movement with the rise of the new feminist movement in the 1960s and the establishment of academic women's history programs.Ginzberg, pp. 191–192

<mask> is commemorated, along with Lucretia Mott and Susan B. Anthony, in the 1921 sculpture Portrait Monument by Adelaide Johnson in the United States Capitol. Placed for years in the crypt of the capitol building, it was moved in 1997 to a more prominent location in the U.S. Capitol rotunda. In 1965, the <mask> Cady Stanton House in Seneca Falls was declared a National Historic Landmark.It is now part of the Women's Rights National Historical Park. In 1969, the group New York Radical Feminists was founded. It was organized into small cells or "brigades" named after notable feminists of the past; Anne Koedt and Shulamith Firestone led the Stanton-Anthony Brigade. In 1973, <mask> was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. In 1975, the <mask> Cady Stanton House in Tenafly, New Jersey, was declared a National Historic Landmark. In 1982, the Elizabeth Cady <mask> and Susan B. Anthony Papers project began work as an academic undertaking to collect and document all available materials written by <mask> <mask> and Susan B. Anthony. The six-volume "The Selected Papers of <mask>ady <mask> and Susan B. Anthony" was published from the 14,000 documents collected by the project.The project has since ended. In 1999, Ken Burns and Paul Barnes produced the documentary Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of <mask> <mask> & Susan B. Anthony, which won a Peabody Award. In 1999, a sculpture by Ted Aub was unveiled to commemorate the introduction of <mask> to Susan B. Anthony by Amelia Bloomer on May 12, 1851. This sculpture, called "When Anthony Met <mask>," consists of the three women depicted as life-size bronze statues. It overlooks Van Cleef Lake in Seneca Falls, New York, where the introduction occurred. The Elizabeth Cady Stanton Pregnant and Parenting Student Services Act was introduced into Congress in 2005 to fund services for students who were pregnant or already were parents. It did not become law.In 2008, 37 Park Row, the site of the office of Stanton and Anthony's newspaper, The Revolution, was included in the map of Manhattan historical sites related to women's history that was created by the Office of the Manhattan Borough President. <mask> is commemorated, together with Amelia Bloomer, Sojourner Truth, and Harriet Ross Tubman, in the calendar of saints of the Episcopal Church on July 20 of each year. The U.S. Treasury Department announced in 2016 that an image of <mask> would appear on the back of a newly designed $10 bill along with Lucretia Mott, Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony, Alice Paul and the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession. New $5, $10 and $20 bills were planned to be introduced in 2020 in conjunction with the 100th anniversary of American women winning the right to vote, but were delayed. In 2020, the Women's Rights Pioneers Monument was unveiled in Central Park in New York City on the 100th anniversary of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment giving women the right to vote. Created by Meredith Bergmann, this sculpture depicts <mask>, Susan B. Anthony and Sojourner Truth engaged in animated discussion. See also

 History of feminism
 List of civil rights leaders
 List of suffragists and suffragettes
 List of women's rights activists
 Statue of <mask>ady Stanton
 Timeline of women's suffrage

Notes

Bibliography

 Baker, Jean H.  Sisters: The Lives of America's Suffragists.Hill and Wang, New York, 2005. . Banner, Lois W. <mask> <mask>: A Radical for Women's Rights. Addison-Wesley Publishers, 1997. ISBN 0-673-39319-4. Barry, Kathleen. Susan B. Anthony: A Biography of a Singular Feminist. New York: Ballantine Books, 1988.  .
   Burns, Ken and Geoffrey C. Ward; Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of <mask> <mask> and Susan B. Anthony; Alfred A. Knoph; New York, NY, 1999. .
 Burns, Ken, director.Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of <mask> <mask> & Susan B. Anthony DVD & VHS tape, PBS Home Video, 1999. Blatch, Harriot <mask> and Alma Lutz; Challenging Years: the Memoirs of Harriot <mask>; G.P. Putnam's Sons; New York, NY, 1940. Cott, Nancy. Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (2000). Douglass, Frederick; Autobiographies: Narrative of the Life, My Bondage and Freedom, Life and Times. Ed.Henry Louis Gates Jr. Penguin Putnam, Inc.; New York, NY, 1994 (Original date: 1845). .
  Dubois, Ellen Carol, editor. The Elizabeth Cady Stanton – Susan B. Anthony Reader: Correspondence, Writings, Speeches. Northeastern University Press, 1994. .
  Dubois, Ellen Carol. Feminism & Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America, 1848–1869. Cornell University Press; Ithaca, NY, 1999. .
  Dubois, Ellen Carol. Woman Suffrage and Women's Rights. New York University Press; New York, 1998. .
  Dubois, Ellen Carol and Candida-Smith, Richard editors.<mask> <mask>, Feminist as Thinker. New York University Press; New York, 2007. .
 Dudden, Faye E. Fighting Chance: The Struggle over Woman Suffrage and Black Suffrage in Reconstruction America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. .
 Flexner, Eleanor. Century of Struggle. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1959.  .
 Foner, Philip S., editor. Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings. Lawrence Hill Books (The Library of Black America); Chicago, IL, 1999. .
 Ginzberg, Lori D.  <mask> <mask>: An American Life.Hill and Wang, New York, 2009.  .
 Gordon, Ann D., editor. The Selected Papers of <mask> <mask> & Susan B. Anthony Volume I: In the School of Anti-Slavery 1840–1866. Rutgers University Press; New Brunswick, NJ, 1997. .
  Gordon, Ann D., editor. The Selected Papers of <mask> <mask> & Susan B. Anthony Volume II: Against an Aristocracy of Sex 1866–1873. Rutgers University Press; New Brunswick, NJ, 2000. .
  Gordon, Ann D., editor. The Selected Papers of <mask> <mask> & Susan B. Anthony Volume III: National Protection for National Citizens 1873–1880. Rutgers University Press; New Brunswick, NJ, 2003. .
  Gordon, Ann D., editor.The Selected Papers of <mask> <mask> & Susan B. Anthony Volume IV: When Clowns Make Laws for Queens 1880–1887. Rutgers University Press; New Brunswick, NJ, 2006. .
  Gordon, Ann D., editor. The Selected Papers of <mask> <mask> & Susan B. Anthony Volume V: Their Place Inside the Body-Politic, 1887 to 1895. Rutgers University Press; New Brunswick, NJ, 2009. .
  Gordon, Ann D., editor. The Selected Papers of <mask> <mask> & Susan B. Anthony Volume VI: An Awful Hush, 1895 to 1906 Rutgers University Press; New Brunswick, NJ, 2013. .
  Griffith, Elisabeth. In Her Own Right: The Life of <mask> <mask>. Oxford University Press; New York, NY, 1985. .
 Harper, Ida Husted.The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, Vol 1. Indianapolis & Kansas City: The Bowen-Merrill Company, 1899. Kern, Kathi. Mrs. <mask>'s Bible. Cornell University Press; Ithaca, NY, 2001. .
 Klein, Milton M., editor. The Empire State: a History of New York. Cornell University Press; Ithaca, NY, 2001. .
  Langley, Winston E. & Vivian C. Fox, editors.Women's Rights in the United States: A Documentary History. Praeger Publishers; Westport, CT, 1994. .
  Lutz, Alma. Created Equal: A Biography of <mask> <mask>, 1815–1902, John Day Company, 1940. McMillen, Sally Gregory. Seneca Falls and the origins of the women's rights movement. Oxford University Press, 2008. McDaneld, Jen."White Suffragist Dis/Entitlement: The Revolution and the Rhetoric of Racism." Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers 30.2 (2013): 243–264. On racism of Anthony and Stanton in 1868–1869. online
 Rakow, Lana F. and Kramarae, Cheris, editors. The Revolution in Words: Righting Women 1868–1871, New York: Routledge, 2001.  .
  Sigerman, Harriet. <mask> <mask>: The Right Is Ours. (Oxford University Press, 2001).ISBN 0-19-511969-X. <mask>, <mask>. Eighty Years & More (1815–1897): Reminiscences of <mask> <mask>. European Publishing Company, New York, 1898. <mask>, <mask>. The Woman's Bible, Part 1, European Publishing Company, New York, 1895, and Part 2, 1898. <mask>, <mask> (foreword by Maureen Fitzgerald).The Woman's Bible. Northeastern University Press; Boston, 1993. <mask>, <mask>, Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, History of Woman Suffrage, volumes 1, 2 and 3 of six volumes, 1881, 1882 and 1884. <mask>, Theodore & Harriot <mask>, eds., <mask> <mask> As Revealed in Her Letters Diary and Reminiscences in two volumes, Arno & The New York Times; New York, 1969. (Originally published by Harper & Brothers Publishers in 1922). Venet, Wendy Hamand. Neither Ballots nor Bullets: Women Abolitionists and the Civil War.Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1991. .
 Wellman, Judith. The Road to Seneca Falls: <mask> <mask> and the First Women's Rights Convention, University of Illinois Press, 2004. . External links

Writings by Stanton
 Declaration of Sentiments, with signatories, from the Women's Rights National Historical Park. The first three volumes (Volume I, 1848–1861; Volume II, 1861–1876; Volume III, 1876–1885) of the six-volume History of Woman Suffrage, which were written primarily by <mask>, from the Internet Archive. The Woman's Bible, <mask>'s critical examination of what the Bible says about women, from the Internet Archive. Eighty Years and More, <mask>'s memoirs, from the University of Pennsylvania digital library. The Revolution, a women's rights newspaper co-edited by <mask>, from the Watzek Library of Lewis & Clark College.<mask> often signed her articles in this newspaper as "ECS". "Solitude of Self", from "History Matters" at George Mason University. <mask> considered this to be her best speech. Our Girls, from the National Endowment for the Humanities and Voices of Democracy Project. This was <mask>'s most popular speech on the lecture circuit. The Slave's Appeal, from the Internet Archive. <mask> wrote this pamphlet from what she imagined to be the viewpoint of a female slave.The fictional speaker expresses religious views very different from those that <mask> herself held. Collections of <mask>'s works
 Open Collections Program: <mask> <mask> publications from Harvard University
  Search results for "Elizabeth Cady Stanton" on the web site of the Library of Congress
 NAWSA Collection at the Library of Congress
 Books by <mask> at Project Gutenberg

Other online sources

 Elizabeth Cady <mask> House from the United States National Park Service
 Women's Rights National Historical Park from the National Park Service
 "Writings of <mask> <mask>" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History''
  from the National Women's History Museum
 Michals, Debra. "<mask>ady <mask>". National Women's History Museum. 2017. 1815 births
1902 deaths
American abolitionists
American feminists
American people of Dutch descent
American suffragists
American temperance activists
American women's rights activists
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Emma Willard School alumni
Lecturers
Livingston family
New York (state) Republicans
People from Johnstown, New York
People from Tenafly, New Jersey
Progressive Era in the United States
Schuyler family
American socialist

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<mask> (; 5 November 1896 – 16 January 1966) was a Soviet neurophysiologist who has pioneered motion-tracking devices and formal processing of information obtained from the use of these devices. He was also one of first psychologists to suggest that behaviour is generative, constructive and not reactive. He was born and died in Moscow. Life

<mask> was largely self-taught, yet his work was respected by his colleagues. His first scientific work was in 1922, when he, along with other researchers, were invited to study movement during manual labour in Moscow's Central Institute of Labour. The purpose of the study was to optimize productivity, and <mask>'s analysis focused on cutting metal with a chisel. He used cyclographic techniques to track human movement, a technique he would continue using for many of his experiments.His research showed that most movements, like hitting a chisel with a hammer, are composed of smaller movements. Any one of these smaller movements, if altered, affect the movement as a whole. In 1926, <mask> started a series of experiments that examined human walking. Originally, this work was to help with the engineering of pedestrian bridges. He studied the development of walking as humans matured and aged, and he also examined the gaits of those with brain damage. In 1935, he received a Doctor of Science degree without submitting a thesis. He was also one of the first members of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, founded in 1944.In 1948, he was awarded the Stalin Prize for science. Since he did his research behind the iron curtain of the USSR, his ideas only became known to Western scientists in the 1960s, when his seminal book, The Co-ordination and Regulation of Movements, was translated into English from Russian. Work
<mask> was one of the pioneers in the field of motor control and motor learning inventing original devices that track the motion of people with and without experience in actions. The field of motor control basically studies how the Central Nervous System (CNS) controls posture and movement. Understanding how humans plan and control movement is a major challenge because of the large number of joints that provide the human musculoskeletal system with numerous kinematic degrees of freedom. Because the goal of most movement tasks, like moving a hand to a target, is defined in terms of a much smaller number of kinematic degrees of freedom, it can be achieved in an infinite number of different ways (also referred to as the 'inverse kinematics problem'). Furthermore, the number of muscles acting across a joint generally exceeds the number of kinematic degrees of freedom of that joint.As a result, a given movement can be realized with an infinite number of muscle activation patterns (also referred to as the 'inverse dynamics problem'). Even though a goal can be reached in an infinite number of ways, many studies have revealed very consistent and stereotypical patterns of kinematics and muscle activation. Evidently, the Central Nervous System (CNS) is capable of adequately controlling the many degrees of freedom. This question of how the CNS is capable of adequately controlling the many degrees of freedom of the musculoskeletal system was first addressed by <mask> and is now known as the '<mask> problem' (though distinct from <mask>'s problem in mathematics). <mask> suggested that the CNS is capable of "functionally freezing degrees of freedom." As an analogy, controlling the four wheels of a car independently is very difficult. Yet, by functionally freezing degrees of freedom (the two rear wheels are only allowed to rotate around one shared horizontal axis, and the two front wheels are also allowed to rotate in parallel around a longitudinal axis, controlled by the steering wheel) a car becomes much easier to control.<mask> also did major work with motor learning, creating models for stages of learning. His work in the 1950s and 1960s was remarkably insightful and is still valid and respected today. <mask> is also famous for saying that "none of the actions is repeated but every action is constructed anew; it's just a matter what level regulates this construction". He proposed a theory of "levels of control over action construction" that later were echoed in levels of control in cognitive psychology. He was likely very much influenced by the work of John Hughlings Jackson, who posited a hierarchical organization of the nervous system. <mask> work opened a new discipline called kinesiology that study the structure and mechanisms of motion. American kinesiologist Karl Newell is one of many to be greatly influenced by <mask>.Newell (1986) arranged constraints into three main groups: Individual (structural or functional), task, and environmental constraints. <mask> also coined the term biomechanics, the study of movement through the application of mechanical principles. See also

 Runbot, a "fast-walking" robot, whose movements and adaptability are based on <mask>'s theories. (ed.) Progress in Motor Control: <mask>'s Traditions in Movement Studies, Vol. 1
Joseph M. Feigenberg. <mask> : from reflex to the model of the future.Transl . : Julia Linkova. Eds . : Eberhard Loosch; Vera Talis. (http://www.lit-verlag.de/isbn/3-643-90583-3)
Irina Sirotkina, Elena Biryukova. Futurism in Physiology: <mask>, Anticipation, and Kinaesthetic Imagination
Irina Sirotkina. Ad Marginem: The Controversial History of <mask>’s Book, Contemporary Inquiries into the Physiology of the Nervous Process
Irina Sirotkina.The art and science of movement in France and Russia
Vera Talis.New pages in the biography of <mask> <mask>

External links

Genealogie der Familien Eger und <mask>
History of the Study of Locomotion
Ad Marginem: The Controversial History of <mask>'s Book, Contemporary Inquiries into the Physiology of the Nervous Process

Russian physiologists
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
Stalin Prize winners
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<mask> ( ; born Michael Yusef Dimitri Chalhoub , 10 April 193210 July 2015) was an Egyptian actor, generally regarded as his country's greatest male film star. He began his career in his native country in the 1950s, but is best known for his appearances in British, American, French, and Italian productions. His career encompassed over 100 films spanning 50 years, and brought him many accolades including three Golden Globe Awards and a César Award for Best Actor. <mask> played opposite Peter O'Toole as Sherif Ali in the David Lean epic Lawrence of Arabia (1962), which earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, and portrayed the title role in Lean's Doctor Zhivago (1965), earning him the Golden Globe for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama. He continued to play romantic leads, in films like Funny Girl (1968) and The Tamarind Seed (1974), and historical figures like the eponymous characters in Genghis Khan (1965) and Che! (1969). His acting career continued well into old age, with a well-received turn as a Muslim Turkish immigrant in the French film Monsieur Ibrahim (2003).He made his final film appearance in 2015, the year of his death. <mask> spoke five languages: Arabic, English, French, Italian and Spanish. He bridled at travel restrictions imposed by the government of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, leading to self-exile in Europe. He was a lifelong horse racing enthusiast, and at one time ranked among the world's top contract bridge players. He was the recipient of high civil honors from multiple countries, including the Egyptian Order of Merit and the French Legion of Honour. He was one of only 25 grantees of UNESCO's Sergei Eisenstein Medal, in recognition of his significant contributions to world film and cultural diversity. Early life
<mask>, whose adopted surname means "noble" or "nobleman", was born Michael Yusef Dimitri Chalhoub ( ) in Alexandria, Kingdom of Egypt (now Arab Republic of Egypt), to a Melkite Catholic family of Lebanese descent, making him and his family members of the Antiochian Greek Christian minority (also known as Rûm).His father, Yusef Chalhoub, a precious-woods merchant, moved to the port city of Alexandria with his mother in the early 20th century from Zahle in Lebanon. <mask> was later born in Alexandria. His family moved to Cairo when he was four. His mother, Claire Saada, was a noted society hostess, and Egypt's King Farouk was a regular visitor prior to his deposition in 1952. In his youth, <mask> studied at Victoria College, Alexandria, where he showed a talent for languages. He later graduated from Cairo University with a degree in mathematics and physics. He worked for a while in his father's precious wood business before beginning his acting career in Egypt.In 1955, he named himself in films <mask>. He married fellow Egyptian actress Faten Hamama. It has been widely reported that <mask> studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, but the academy confirmed to Al Jazeera that this is not true. Acting career

Egyptian movie star

In 1954, <mask> began his acting career in Egypt with a role in Sira' Fi al-Wadi (1954) ("Struggle in the Valley"). He was also in Shaytan Al-Sahra ("Devil of the Desert"). He quickly rose to stardom, appearing in Our Beautiful Days (1955), The Lebanese Mission (1956) (a French film), Struggle in the Pier (1956), Sleepless (1957) ("[La Anam]"), Land of Peace (1957), Goha (1958) (a Tunisian film that marked the debut of Claudia Cardinale), Struggle on the Nile (1958), A Beginning and an End (1960), A Rumor of Love (1960), Sayyidat al-Qasr (1960), the Anna Karenina adaptation The River of Love ("Nahr El-Hob") of Ezz El-Dine Zulficar (1961). He and his wife co-starred in several movies as romantic leads.<mask> achieved success through other movies like Struggle on the Nile (1959), A Rumor of Love (1960), and There is a man in our House (1961), which made him a huge competitor to Salah Zulfikar, Shoukry Sarhan and Rushdy Abaza, the Egyptian cinema giants at the time. Lawrence of Arabia
<mask>'s first English-language role was that of (the fictitious) Sherif Ali in David Lean's historical epic Lawrence of Arabia in 1962. <mask> was given the role when Dilip Kumar turned it down, Horst Buchholz proved unavailable and Maurice Ronet could not use the contact lenses necessary to hide his eyes. Casting <mask> in what is now considered one of the "most demanding supporting roles in Hollywood history" was both complex and risky as he was virtually unknown at the time outside Egypt. However, as historian Steven Charles Caton notes, Lean insisted on using ethnic actors when possible to make the film authentic. <mask> would later use his ambiguous ethnicity in other films: "I spoke French, Greek, Italian, Spanish and even Arabic", he said. As <mask> noted, his accent enabled him to "play the role of a foreigner without anyone knowing exactly where I came from", which he stated proved highly successful throughout his career.To secure the role, <mask> had to sign a seven-film contract with Columbia at $50,000 a film. Lawrence was a box office and critical sensation. <mask>'s performance earned him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nomination and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture, as well as a shared Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor. <mask> went on to star in another Hollywood film, Anthony Mann's The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964) where he played the support role of Sohaemus of Armenia. <mask> was third-billed in Columbia's Behold a Pale Horse (1964), playing a priest in the Spanish Civil War alongside Gregory Peck and Anthony Quinn. Director Fred Zinnemann said he chose <mask> partly on the suggestion of David Lean. "He said he was an absolutely marvellous actor, 'If you possibly can, take a look at him.'"Film historian Richard Schickel wrote that <mask> gave a "truly wonderful performance", especially noteworthy because of his totally different roles in Lawrence of Arabia: "It is hard to believe that the priest and the sheik are played by the same man". The film, like Fall of the Roman Empire, was a commercial disappointment. <mask> was one of many stars in MGM's The Yellow Rolls-Royce (1964), playing a Yugoslav wartime patriot; the movie was a hit. <mask> had his first lead role in a Hollywood movie when he was cast in the title part of Genghis Khan (1965). Produced by Irving Allen and directed by Henry Levin for Columbia, the $4.5 million epic was a box office disappointment. He had a supporting role in a French Marco Polo biopic, Marco the Magnificent (1965), starring Buchholz and Quinn. Doctor Zhivago

While making Genghis <mask> heard that Lean was making an epic love story Doctor Zhivago (1965), an adaptation of Boris Pasternak's 1957 novel.<mask> was a fan of the novel and pitched himself for one of the supporting roles; Lean decided to cast him in the lead, as Yuri Zhivago, a poet and physician. Film historian Constantine Santas explained that Lean intended the film to be a poetic portrayal of the period, with large vistas of landscapes combined with a powerful score by Maurice Jarre. He noted that <mask>'s role is "passive", his eyes reflecting "reality" which then become "the mirror of reality we ourselves see". In a commentary on the DVD (2001 edition), <mask> described Lean's style of directing as similar to a general commanding an army. The film was a huge hit. For his performance, <mask> won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama. Doctor Zhivago remains one of the top ten highest-grossing films of all time after adjusting for inflation.<mask> followed it with a cameo in The Poppy Is Also a Flower (1966). He, O'Toole and Lawrence producer Sam Spiegel were reunited in The Night of the Generals (1967), playing a German officer in World War II, his fourth movie for Columbia. The film was not a success. Neither was the Italian-French fairytale More Than a Miracle (1967), despite its co-starring Sophia Loren. Funny Girl
<mask> was also praised for his portrayal of Nicky Arnstein in Funny Girl (1968), at Columbia. He portrayed the husband of Fanny Brice, played by Barbra Streisand in her first film role. His decision to work alongside Streisand angered Egypt's government because she was a vocal supporter of the State of Israel, and the country condemned the film.It was also "immediately banned" in numerous Arab nations. Streisand herself jokingly responded, "You think Cairo was upset? You should've seen the letter I got from my Aunt Rose!" <mask> and Streisand became romantically involved during the filming. He admitted later that he did not find Streisand attractive at first, but her appeal soon overwhelmed him: "About a week from the moment I met her", he recalled, "I was madly in love with her. I thought she was the most gorgeous girl I'd ever seen in my life...I found her physically beautiful, and I started lusting after this woman." Other films
<mask> co-starred with Catherine Deneuve in Mayerling (1968).He was reunited with Peck in a Western at Columbia, Mackenna's Gold (1969), an unsuccessful attempt to repeat the success of The Guns of Navarone (1961). At 20th Century Fox he played Che Guevara in Che! which flopped. The Appointment (1969) teamed <mask> with Anouk Aimée and director Sidney Lumet but was not a hit. James Clavell's The Last Valley (1971) was a huge flop, despite co-starring Michael Caine. The Horsemen (1971), directed by John Frankenheimer and the last movie under his Columbia contract, also performed poorly at the box office. <mask> later said, "What killed my career was appearing in a succession of films you wouldn't turn down.They were by good directors, but they were bad films." He specifically referenced Behold a Pale Horse, The Appointment and The Horsemen. The Burglars (1971), a French crime film with Jean-Paul Belmondo and Dyan Cannon was a huge hit in France but little seen in the English speaking world. 1970s
<mask> played Captain Nemo for European TV in an adaptation of Mysterious Island (1973). <mask> appeared in a romantic thriller alongside Julie Andrews for Blake Edwards, The Tamarind Seed (1974); it did well at the box office and the critics gave good reviews. He supported Richard Harris and David Hemmings in a thriller, Juggernaut (1974). <mask> reprised the role of Nick Arnstein in the sequel to Funny Girl, Funny Lady in 1975.He starred in a West German thriller Crime and Passion (1976) and had a cameo in Edwards' The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976). <mask> had a small role in Ashanti (1979), starring Caine and a bigger one in Bloodline (1979). "I lost money on gambling, buying horses, things like that", he later said. "So I made those movies which I knew were rubbish... I'd call my agent and tell him to accept any part, just to bail myself out." 1980s
<mask> had a lead part in a spy spoof, S*H*E (1980) and was second-billed (after James Coburn) in The Baltimore Bullet (1980). He had supporting parts in a Chevy Chase comedy Oh!Heavenly Dog (1981) and a Ryan O'Neal thriller Green Ice (1981) (which was made in the 1970s), and a small role in the comedy Top Secret! (1984). He appeared on stage in a production of The Sleeping Prince in 1983, saying he "appeared in the bad films of great directors". <mask> worked steadily in television, appearing in Pleasure Palace (1981), Peter the Great (1986), and Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna (1986) (as Nicholas II of Russia). He had supporting parts in Grand Larceny (1987) and The Possessed (1988). His first notable credit in a while was Mountains of the Moon (1990) but <mask>'s part was only small. He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1989, when he was surprised by Michael Aspel outside his Paris apartment.1990s
<mask> was reunited with O'Toole a third time in The Rainbow Thief (1990). He went to Egypt for War in the Land of Egypt (1991) and France for Mayrig (1991) with Claudia Cardinale, an autobiographical tale for Henri Verneuil. The latter was popular enough for a sequel, 588 rue paradis (1992). <mask> could also be seen in Memories of Midnight (1991), Beyond Justice (1992), Catherine the Great (as Alexei Razumovsky), Gulliver's Travels (1996), Heaven Before I Die (1997), and Mysteries of Egypt (1998). He had his first decent role in a big Hollywood film in a long time with The 13th Warrior (1999). The outcome of the film's production disappointed <mask> so much that he temporarily retired from film acting, not taking a role in another major film until 2003's Monsieur Ibrahim:
I said to myself, 'Let us stop this nonsense, these meal tickets that we do because it pays well.' I thought, 'Unless I find a stupendous film that I love and that makes me want to leave home to do, I will stop.'Bad pictures are very humiliating, I was really sick. It is terrifying to have to do the dialogue from bad scripts, to face a director who does not know what he is doing, in a film so bad that it is not even worth exploring." Monsieur Ibrahim and later films

<mask> did have a small role in The Parole Officer (2001). In 2003 he said, "I went 25 years without making a good

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 film." In 2003, <mask> received acclaim for his leading role in Monsieur Ibrahim, a French-language film adaptation of the novel Monsieur Ibrahim et les fleurs du Coran, as a Muslim Turkish merchant who becomes a father figure for a Jewish boy. For this performance, <mask> received the César Award for Best Actor. <mask> said of the film:

It has nice big chunks of dialogue, which is what I like to do, rather than riding horses or camels.I'd turned down everything and stopped working for four years. I said, 'I'm going to stop doing that rubbish and keep some dignity.' But when I read the script for 'Monsieur Ibrahim,' I phoned the producers immediately. I said, 'Hang on, I'm coming, wait for me.' My problem is finding parts. When you're young and successful, they write or adapt parts for you. But when you're an old chap, let's be frank, you don't sell tickets anymore.If they need an old Englishman, American or Italian, there are plenty of actors around. So what's open for me? Old Arabs. And that's what I play in this film. <mask>'s later film roles included performances in Hidalgo (2004), Imperium: Saint Peter (2005) playing the title role for Italian television, One Night with the King (2005) (again with O'Toole), and 10,000 BC (2008) as the narrator. <mask> was seen in The Ten Commandments (2006). Also in 2006, <mask> played the artist Hans Canon in "The Crown Prince", a film about Rudolf, the 19th century crown prince of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.In Egypt he starred in Hassan and Marcus (2008) with Adel Emam' and was in The Traveller (2009). He had support roles in The Last Templar (2009) and Rock the Casbah (2013). <mask>'s final role was as lead actor in the short science education film 1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham, which was directed by Ahmed Salim and was released as part of the United Nations' International Year of Light campaign, operated by UNESCO. Contract bridge career

<mask> said bridge was his personal passion and at one time was ranked among the world's top 50 contract bridge players. At the 1964 World Bridge Olympiad he represented the United Arab Republic bridge squad and in 1968 he was playing captain of the Egyptian team in the Olympiad. In 1967 he formed the Omar Sharif Bridge Circus to showcase bridge to the world and invited professional players including members of the Italian Blue team, which won 16 World championship titles, to tour and promote the game via exhibition matches including one watched by the Shah of Iran. Touring through Europe, the Circus attracted thousands of spectators who watched the matches via Bridge-O-Rama, a new technology (and predecessor to the modern-day VuGraph) that displayed bidding and cardplay on television monitors.Players included Benito Garozzo, (considered by many as the greatest bridge player of all time) plus his Italian compatriots Pietro Forquet and Giorgio Belladonna and Frenchman Claude Delmouly. In 1970, <mask> and the circus went to London's famous Piccadilly Hotel for an 80-rubber match against British experts Jeremy Flint and Jonathan Cansino. The stakes were £1 per point, huge stakes even by today's standards. The event was to present bridge as a rich, exciting spectacle and to break through into television to bring the game within the reach of millions. The Circus ultimately won the match by 5,470 points, but <mask> still incurred a net loss after paying all related expenses. The Circus, under the management of Mike Ledeen, toured Canada and the U.S. in 1970–71. <mask>'s team joined with the Dallas Aces for a seven-city tour of Chicago, Winnipeg, Los Angeles, Minneapolis–St.Paul, Dallas, Detroit and Philadelphia. In each city, a team of local experts participated in the exhibition. In 1975, sponsored by the Lancia division of Fiat, <mask> and members of the Italian Blue Team faced off in four challenge matches against American teams. <mask>'s team won in Chicago, but was defeated in New York, Los Angeles and Miami. The Omar Sharif World Individual Championship held in 1990 offered the largest total purse ($200,000) in the history of bridge. In 1997, he was a member of the Committee of Honour for the Bermuda Bowl on the first time it was held in an Arab Country, Tunisia. He competed in a transnational team (with French, German and Lebanese players) and finished 11th.In 1999 he played in a French senior team at the European Championships in Malta, finishing second. In 2000 at Maastricht, he joined Egypt's senior team, finishing in ninth place. With Charles Goren and later Tannah Hirsch, <mask> contributed to a syndicated newspaper bridge column for the Chicago Tribune. He was also both author and co-author of several books on bridge and licensed his name to a bridge video game, Omar Sharif Bridge, initially released in an MS-DOS version and Amiga version in 1992 and is still sold in Windows and mobile platform versions. He was also the hand analyst commentator for the Epson worldwide bridge contests. <mask> was a regular in casinos in France. By 2000 <mask> had stopped playing bridge entirely.Having once proudly declared the game his passion, he now considered it an addiction: "I didn't want to be a slave to any passion anymore. I gave up card playing altogether, even bridge and gambling." <mask>, however, continued to license his name to bridge software games, and co-authored a book with bridge writer David Bird, "<mask> Talks Bridge". Written in 2004, it includes some of his most famous deals and bridge stories. Personal life

Family and personal relationships

<mask> lived in Egypt from his birth until he moved to Europe in 1965. He recounted that in 1932, his father "wasn't a wealthy man", but "earned quite a bit of money". Before the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, King Farouk frequented <mask>'s family home, and became a friend and card-game partner of <mask>'s mother.His mother was an elegant and charming hostess who was all too delighted with the association because it gave her the privilege of "consorting only with the elite" of Egyptian society. <mask> also recounted that his father's timber business was very successful during that time in ways that <mask> describes as dishonest or immoral. By contrast, after 1952, <mask> stated that wealth changed hands in Egypt under Nasser's nationalisation policies and his father's business "took a beating". In 1954, <mask> starred in the film Struggle in the Valley with Faten Hamama, who shared a kiss with him although she had previously refused to kiss on screen. The two fell in love; <mask> converted to Islam, changed his name, and married her. They had one son, Tarek <mask>, born in 1957 in Egypt, who appeared in Doctor Zhivago as Yuri at the age of eight. The couple separated in 1966 and their marriage ended in divorce in 1974.<mask> never remarried; he stated that after his divorce he never fell in love with another woman again. Before their divorce, <mask> dated actresses Pat Sheehan and Dodie Marshall. <mask> was also one of the ambassadors of Egypt's bid for the 2010 FIFA World Cup which lost out to South Africa. The Nasser government imposed travel restrictions in the form of "exit visas", so <mask>'s travel to take part in international films was sometimes impeded, something he found to be intolerable. These restrictions influenced <mask>'s decision to remain in Europe between his film shoots, a decision that cost him his marriage, though the couple remained friends. It was a major crossroad in <mask>'s life and changed him from an established family man to a committed bachelor living in European hotels. When commenting about his fame and life in Hollywood, <mask> said, "It gave me glory, but it gave me loneliness also.And a lot of missing my own land, my own people and my own country". When <mask>'s affair with Streisand was made public in the Egyptian press, his Egyptian citizenship was almost withdrawn by the Egyptian government because of Streisand being Jewish and a vocal supporter of Israel, which was then in a state of war with Egypt. <mask> became friends with Peter O'Toole during the making of Lawrence of Arabia. They appeared in several other films together and remained close friends. He was also good friends with Egyptologist Zahi Hawass. Actor and friend Tom Courtenay revealed in an interview for the 19 July 2008 edition of BBC Radio's Test Match Special that <mask> supported Hull City Association Football Club and in the 1970s he would telephone their automated scoreline from his home in Paris for score updates. <mask> was given an honorary degree by the University of Hull in 2010 and he used the occasion to meet Hull City football player Ken Wagstaff.<mask> also had an interest in horse racing spanning more than 50 years. He was often seen at French racecourses, with Deauville-La Touques Racecourse being his favourite. <mask>'s horses won a number of important races and he had his best successes with Don Bosco, who won the Prix Gontaut-Biron, Prix Perth and Prix du Muguet. He also wrote for a French horse racing magazine. In later life, <mask> lived mostly in Cairo with his family. In addition to his son, he had two grandsons, <mask> (born 1983 in Montreal) and Karim. The younger <mask> is also an actor.His position on the 2011 Egyptian revolution

<mask> was very supportive of the 2011 Youth revolution in his home country and asked for the resignation of Hosni Mubarak, stating: "Given that the entire Egyptian people don't want him and he's been in power for 30 years, that's enough." Health problems and death
<mask> had a triple heart bypass operation in 1992 and suffered a mild heart attack in 1994. Until his bypass, <mask> smoked 25 cigarettes a day. He quit smoking after the operation. In May 2015, it was reported that <mask> was suffering from Alzheimer's disease. His son Tarek <mask> (who portrayed his father's character as a child in Doctor Zhivago) said that his father was becoming confused when remembering some of the biggest films of his career; he would mix up the names of his best-known films, Doctor Zhivago and Lawrence of Arabia, often forgetting where they were filmed. On 10 July 2015, less than six months after his former wife's death at the same age, <mask> died after suffering a heart attack at a hospital in Cairo.On 12 July 2015, <mask>'s funeral was held at the Grand Mosque of Mushir Tantawi in eastern Cairo. The funeral was attended by a group of <mask>'s relatives, friends and Egyptian actors, his coffin draped in the Egyptian flag and a black shroud. His coffin was later taken to the El-Sayeda Nafisa cemetery in southern Cairo, where he was buried. Awards
At the 35th Academy Awards, <mask> was nominated for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Sherif Ali in Lawrence of Arabia but lost to Ed Begley. He won two Golden Globe awards in the same year for his role. In 1966, he won a third Golden Globe award for the titular role in the film Doctor Zhivago. In November 2005, <mask> was awarded the inaugural Sergei Eisenstein Medal by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in recognition of his significant contributions to world film and cultural diversity.The medal, which is awarded very infrequently, is named after Russian director Sergei Eisenstein. Only 25 have been struck, as determined by the agreement between UNESCO, Russia's Mosfilm and the Vivat Foundation. Honours
: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Egypt)
: Knight of the Legion of Honour
: Commander of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite

Filmography

See also
 Cinema of the United States
Cinema of Egypt
David Lean
 Terence Young
 Ezz El-Dine Zulficar
 Salah Abu Seif
 Top 100 Egyptian films

Notes

References

Bibliography

 The Eternal Male, with Marie-Thérèse Guinchard, transl. Martin Sokolinsky (Doubleday, 1977); orig. French, Éternel masculin (Paris: Stock, 1976)
 Goren's Bridge Complete, Charles Goren with <mask> (Doubleday, 1980) – one of several later editions of Goren
 <mask>'s Life in Bridge, with Anne Segalen and Patrick Sussel, transl. and adapted by Terence Reese (Faber, 1983); orig. French, Ma vie au bridge (Paris: Fayard, 1982)
 <mask> Talks Bridge (2004)
 Bridge Deluxe II Play with <mask> (instruction manual)

External links

 <mask> at elcinema.com (Arabic)
 The Making of Lawrence of Arabia, Digitised BAFTA Journal (Winter 1962–1963)

 <mask> (Aveleyman)

1932 births
2015 deaths
20th-century Egyptian male actors
21st-century Egyptian male actors
Best Actor César Award winners
Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
New Star of the Year (Actor) Golden Globe winners
Cairo University alumni
Contract bridge writers
Converts to Sunni Islam from Catholicism
Egyptian contract bridge players
Egyptian former Christians
Egyptian male film actors
Egyptian male television actors
Egyptian Muslims
Egyptian nationalists
Egyptian non-fiction writers
Egyptian people of Lebanese descent
Egyptian people of Syrian descent
People associated with the University of Hull
People convicted of assault
People from Alexandria
People from Cairo
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Victoria College, Alexandria

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<mask> (20 May 1929 – 11 February 2020) was a Mozambican poet, revolutionary, and politician. As a young man he travelled to Portugal, and France for an education. He was a founding member of the Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO—Mozambican Liberation Front), in 1962, and served as the party's deputy president from 1969 to 1977. He was Minister of Economic Development in the late 1970s, Frelimo Political Bureau member in charge of the economy in the early 1980s, Chairman of the country's parliament, the Assembly of the Republic, from 1987 to 1994, and, as of 1999, remained a member of the Frelimo Central Committee. He represented the left wing of the party, remaining an avowed Marxist-Leninist, despite the party's embrace of capitalism in recent decades, an embrace which <mask> declared was temporary. Under the pseudonyms Kalungano and Lilinho Micaia, he published his early poems in O Brado Africano, and his work appeared in two anthologies produced by the Casa dos Estudantes do Imperio in Lisbon. Under the pen-name Lilinho Micaia, a collection of his poetry was published in the Soviet Union.Under his real name, he had a book published by the Associação dos Escritores Moçambicanos (Mozambican Writers' Association) in 1987, entitled Canto do Amor Natural. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born May 20 1929 in Lumbo, Mozambique. His father was Firmindo <mask> and his mother was Teresa Sabino <mask>. Firmindo <mask> was a political activist belonging to the African Association of Mozambique. He grew up in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) the capital of Mozambique. He started working at a factory under the control of the Portugal labor regime and came face to face with the violence and racism against the factory workers in Mozambique. With his father's political affiliations and these early labor experience Dos <mask> began to put together his own ideas.When he was 18 he left Mozambique to go to school in Lisbon, Portugal it was there where he expressed his fathers ideas of unity among those oppressed by Portugals colonialism through his writing and poems. At the House for Students of the Empire in Lisbon, <mask> and others increasingly spread their nationalist sentiments. Some of the men <mask> overlapped and shared his ideas with were Amilcar Cabral, Agostinho Neto, and Eduardo Mondlane all eventual nationalist leaders in Guinea Bissau, Angola, and Mozambique. Exile in Paris
In the early 1950s these nationalist speaking students came to attention of the Portuguese political police and so Dos <mask> and others decided to flee to various other countries Dos <mask> escaped to France where he worked with many other exiled African nationalists. In Paris <mask> lived among leftist African writers and artists who were part of the literary journal Presence Africaine. using the pen names — Kalungano in Portuguese language publications and Lilinho Micaia for the collection of his poetry published in the Soviet Union he proceeded to publish several poems. In the 1950s  he urged Portuguese political exiles in Paris to continue and increase their opposition to the Salazar regime in Portugal and embrace the nationalist cause for Africa.He played a large role in the formation of the Anti-Colonial Movement (MAC) in Paris in 1957. He joined the Paris branch of the Uniao Democratica Nacional de Mocambique, that was a nationalist groups that merged to create the Frente de Libertacao de Mocambique (Frelimo). He was involved in the founding of the Conference of Nationalist Organisations of the Portuguese Colonies (CONCP) at Casablanca, and elected permanent secretary in charge of co-ordinating nationalist activity. Frelimo Founding
Eduardo Mondlane one of the very influential African nationalists <mask> had gotten to know in Portugal decided to try and put in motion the ideas of a united front for African colonies under Portuguese role to start the fight for independence, and <mask> lent his support. The connections that <mask> and Mondlane made in their youth as scholars were a crucial part of Frelimo's success as Julius Nygere pledged support to Mozambique opperating out of Tanzania. While <mask> and others who had studied in Portugal were the ones who made up the founders. This was founding of the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frelimo).Frelimo, the party which undertook and waged the war for independence from Portugal, held its first congress in Tanzania in September 1962. The three major Mozambican parties that were UDENAMO (Uniao Oemocratica Nac1onal de Mocambique); MANU (Mozambique African Nationalist Union); and UNAHI (Uniao Africana de Hocambique lndependente) combined to form Frelimo. Frelimo Policies
Since Frelimo was a liberation movement they were very dependent on help and support from different nations and organizations. Ways of acquiring supplies and arms for guerrilla warfare were part of the goal but also there was a strong focus on gaining support from the U.N. In process of gaining others support the party hoped to distance and isolate Portugal from the rest of the world believing that this would significantly weaken their hold on the African colonies. Many different countries contributed to Frelimo's cause a number of African countries helped seeing that no African state could be free with white colonialism existing in Africa. Socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and China contributed substantially to the efforts the Soviet Union was especially helpful because of their place on the U.N. Security Council where they continued to vote against Portuguese colonialization.The proposed spending of Frelimo is meant to be on military action against Portugal. WIth Mondlane at the head as president of Frelimo they appeal to human freedom, democracy and world peace. <mask>'s Wife
Pamele <mask> (nee Beira) was born in Johannesburg in South Africa on 19 June 1942 to Banny and Golda Beira. She joined the  African National Congress (ANC) November, 1961 <mask> and Joe Louw were arrested under the Immorality Act. They were charged and went to trial. She decided to leave South Africa and ended up in Tanzania where she quickly met <mask> <mask>. Pamela and <mask> had a daughter in Oct 1963 and eventually married in 1968.Both Mondlane and <mask> <mask> were married to white women. Problems arose as some thought it was hypocritical of these leaders to discuss how to fight white domination in Mozambique while being married to a white woman. Political career
Mondlane, the rather moderate leader of Frelimo who had been a lecturer in the USA and a United l\jations official, was murdered on 2 February 1969, with the clear involvement of the pro-Soviet faction within Frelimo under Uria Simango and Samora Machel. His death was very mysterious and was no murderer was ever brought to justice but what this event did was throw <mask> into a very important role <mask> <mask> dos  was elected to Frelimo's 3 person ruling system (<mask>, Uria Simango, and Samora Moises Machel). In the late 1970s, Dos <mask> was Minister of Economic Development. He was a member of the Frelimo Political Bureau in charge of the economy in the early 1980s. From 1987 to 1999, Dos <mask> was chairperson of the country’s Parliament, the Assembly of the Republic.He represented the left wing of the party and was a Marxist-Leninist. Although the political party may have began to look into adopting ideas of capitalism Dos <mask> was stubborn not accepting it and calling these motions brief. He became head of the most reforming parliament in Mozambican history - which got rid one party state, replacing it with political pluralism, approved a Constitution of the Republic which included guarantees for freedom of assembly, freedom of expression and freedom of the press, and even changed the county's name - from People's Republic to Republic of Mozambique. But still kept his stance on Socialism. U.S Relations
Once Mozambique is a free country no longer under Portuguese rule <mask> <mask> wants to create bonds with the U.S. Goals of developing economic relations and receiving aid on bandits who are keeping Mozambique at war. Cooperation with U.S. for emergencies such as bandits and droughts and for agriculture even if the U.S had given off idea of being focused on the private sector.<mask> <mask> says "Although it took some time for our views to be shared by the U.S., I think they are closer than in the past and sufficiently near to enable us to take strong steps forwards in order to bring about peace and promote economic and social development.". End of Life
July 1 1970 <mask> was invited to the Vatican by the Pope where he was given a copy of the papal encyclical Populorum Progressio on the problems of the underdeveloped world. The next year he received the Lenin Centenary Medal. The war with Renamo had finally wrapped up  in 1992 when Frelimo and Renam signed a treaty but the expenses made the country one of the poorest ones. Declared national hero in 2015 by Mozambicans. Died Feb 11 2020. "Therefore, in life as in death, <mask> <mask>, the philosopher's griot, remains an icon in the African's story of toil in the wake of colonialism and neo-colonialism which call for a respective response to collective suffering.""A people cannot say farewell to their history.”- <mask> <mask>

References. 3. “<mask> Dos <mask>.” The Presidency <mask> Dos <mask>, Internet Archive Wayback Machine, 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095519/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=7743. 4. Castel-Branco, Ruth, et al. “A People Cannot Bid Farewell to Their History.” Africa Is a Country, 19 Feb. 2020, https://africasacountry.com/2020/02/a-people-cannot-bid-farewell-to-their-   history. 5."<mask> <mask> ." Encyclopedia of World Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. 26 Oct. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>. 6. “Mozambique: FRELIMO Founder <mask> Dos <mask> Dies.” AllAfrica.com, 11 Feb. 2020, https://allafrica.com/stories/202002110850.html. 7. Witney J. Schneidman.“FRELIMO’S Foreign Policy and the Process of Liberation.” Africa Today, vol. 25, no. 1, Indiana University Press, 1978, pp. 57–67, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4185752. 8. Obichere, Boniface I. “Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane and the Enigma of Revolutionary Leadership.” Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, vol.4, no. 2, 1973, https://doi.org/10.5070/f742016450.

.     9. FRELIMO. ["The Mozambique Liberation Front (Frente de Libertacao de Mozambique or FRELIMO) Is an Organisation..."]. 1963, pp. 1–16, https://jstor.org/stable/10.2307/al.sff.document.chilco049. University of Southern California.10. “Pamela Dos <mask> (Nee Beira).” Pamela Dos <mask> (Nee Beira) | South African History Online, South African History Online, 17 Feb. 2011, https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/pamela-dos-santos-nee-beira. 11. Thomashaussen, Dr. Andre E. The National Resistance of Mozambique, vol. 13, no. 2, 1983, pp. 125–129.12. Novicki, Margaret A. "<mask> Dos <mask>: Opening New Fronts." Africa Report 34.3 (1989): 21. ProQuest. Web. 17 Nov. 2021.14. “<mask> Dos <mask>.” Biography, https://biography.yourdictionary.com/marcelino-dos-santos. 15. “Remembering <mask> Dos <mask>, the Revolutionary Poet.” The Herald, 19 Feb. 2020, https://www.herald.co.zw/remembering-marcelino-dos-santos-the-revolutionary-poet/. Sources

 Bookrags Encyclopedia of World Biography (accessed December 2007). Mozambique News Agency interview (accessed December 2007). External links

 Interview with <mask> <mask> by Tor Sellström within the project Nordic Documentation on the Liberation Struggle in Southern Africa

1929 births
2020 deaths
Presidents of the Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)
Mozambican writers
Socialist realism writers
Communist writers
Communist poets
Mozambican communists
Anti-revisionists
FRELIMO politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo
Mozambican independence activists
People from Nampula Province

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<mask> (also Wisehart; c. 15131 March 1546) was a Scottish Protestant Reformer and one of the early Protestant martyrs burned at the stake as a heretic. <mask> was the son of James and brother of Sir John of Pitarrow, both ranking themselves on the side of the Reformers. He was educated at the University of Aberdeen, then recently founded, and travelled afterwards on the Continent. It is thought that it was while he was abroad that he first turned attention to the study of the Reformed doctrines. He engaged for some time in teaching Greek at Montrose. <mask> afterwards proceeded to Cambridge and resided there for about six years, from 1538 to 1543. He returned to Scotland in the train of the Commissioners who had been appointed to arrange a marriage with Prince Edward and the Queen of Scots.He preached to the people with much acceptance at Montrose, Dundee, and throughout Ayrshire. On passing East to the Lothians, <mask>, who spoke latterly as in near prospect of death, was apprehended by Bothwell in the house of Cockburn, of Ormiston. He was carried captive to St. Andrews, where he was tried by a clerical Assembly, found guilty, and condemned as an obstinate heretic. The following day he was executed at the stake on Castle Green, his persecutor, Cardinal David Beaton or Bethune, looking on the scene from the windows of the castle, where he himself would be assassinated within three months. Life
He belonged to a younger branch of the Wisharts of Pitarrow near Fordoun, Kincardineshire. His mother was Elizabeth, sister of Sir James Learmonth, married <mask> of Pitarrow in April 1512. He was probably called <mask> after his maternal grandfather of granduncle Prior <mask>, the name was certainly derived from his mother's family.<mask>'s father, <mask>, died in May 1525, therefore, his mother, Elizabeth together with her brother, Sir James Learmonth of Balcomie, were the two people who were responsible for <mask>'s upbringing. Some have suggested that he may have graduated M.A., probably at King's College, Aberdeen, though others, including Wishart biographer Rev. Charles Rogers says that his name does not occur on the records of any Scottish college. He was certainly a student at the University of Leuven, from which he graduated in 1531. He taught the New Testament in Greek as schoolmaster at Montrose in Angus, until investigated for heresy by the Bishop of Brechin in 1538. He fled to England, where a similar charge was brought against him at Bristol in the following year by Thomas Cromwell. Under examination by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer he recanted some utterances.In 1539 or 1540 he may have visited Germany and Switzerland, but by 1542 he had entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he studied and taught. In 1543 he returned to Scotland, in the train of a Scottish embassy which had come to London to consider the treaty of marriage between Prince Edward (later Edward VI of England) and the infant Mary, Queen of Scots. He returned to Montrose, where again he taught Scripture. He may have been the "Scottish man called <mask>" acting as a messenger to England for Alexander Crichton of Brunstane in a 1544 plot against Cardinal David Beaton. Some historians such as Alphons Bellesheim and Richard Watson Dixon have accepted this identification; others are sceptical. Other possibilities include a <mask>, Baillie of Dundee, who allied himself with Beaton's murderers; and Sir <mask> (died 1576), afterwards a Scottish judge. His career as an itinerant preacher began in 1544, from when he traveled Scotland from east to west.The story has been told by his disciple John Knox. He went from place to place, in danger of his life, denouncing the errors of the Papacy and the abuses in the churches of Montrose, Dundee (where he escaped an attempt on his life), Ayr, Perth, Edinburgh, Leith, Haddington (where Knox accompanied him) and elsewhere. At Ormiston in East Lothian, in January 1546, he was seized by Lord Bothwell on the orders of Cardinal Beaton, taken to Elphinstone Castle, and transferred by order of the privy council to Edinburgh castle on 19 January 1546. Thence he was handed over to Beaton, who had a "show trial", with John Lauder prosecuting <mask>. He was hanged on a gibbet and his body burned at St Andrews on 1 March 1546. Foxe and Knox attribute to him a prophecy of the death of the Cardinal, who was assassinated on 29 May following, partly in revenge for <mask>'s death. <mask>'s preaching in 1544–45 helped popularise the teachings of Calvin and Zwingli in Scotland.He translated into English the first Helvetic Confession of Faith in 1536. At his trial he refused to accept that confession was a sacrament, denied free will, recognised the priesthood of all believing Christians, and rejected the notion that the infinite God could be "comprehended in one place" between "the priest's hands". He proclaimed that the true Church was where the Word of God was faithfully preached and the two dominical sacraments rightly administered. Memorials
The Martyrs Memorial at St Andrews was erected to the honour of <mask>, Patrick Hamilton, and other martyrs of the Reformation era. Dundee's East Port (also known as Cowgate Port), the remains of a gateway in the town's walls, is known as the Wishart Arch. The Arch is the only surviving portion of the town's walls, and probably survived owing to a story that <mask> preached from it in 1544 to plague victims. However this story has been described as 'probably-mythical' and the structure is thought to have been built around 1590, long after <mask>'s death.<mask> was also commemorated in Dundee with a United Presbyterian church being named after him. Wishart  church was built in Dundee' Cowgate in 1841 and could seat over 700 people. It was this church that the missionary Mary Slessor was a member of when she lived in Dundee. It was renamed Wishart Memorial Church in 1901, a year after it had become part of the United Free Church of Scotland, and 1929 became part of the Church of Scotland. In 1975 the church congregation was united with Dundee church and the building was sold to Dundee Cyrenians who turned it into a hostel for people with alcohol problems called the Wishart Centre. There is a house at Saint Kentigern College in Auckland, New Zealand, named after him. A lodge of the Scottish Orange Order, formed with a warrant in Dundee but often meeting in near by Forfar, is named The Wishart Arch Defenders in his honour.See also
Patrick Hamilton (martyr)
John Ogilvie (saint)
List of Protestant martyrs of the Scottish Reformation

References

Sources

Further reading

 Cramond's Truth about Wishart (1898). Cameron M, et al. (eds), Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1993). Ryrie, Alec, The Origins of the Scottish Reformation (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006)

External links
 Stirnet Genealogy: 'Wishart1' (<mask> is listed as son of Sir James Wyschart of Pittarrow and Elizabeth Learmont)
 <mask>art Quincentennial

1510s births
1546 deaths
16th-century Protestant martyrs
16th-century Calvinist and Reformed ministers
People from Kincardine and Mearns
Scottish Calvinist and Reformed ministers
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Old University of Leuven alumni
Executed Scottish people
Executed British people
People executed for heresy
People executed by the Kingdom of Scotland by burning
16th-century executions by Scotland
People from Aberdeenshire
Scottish Reformation
People associated with Dundee
Protestant martyrs of Scotland

masks:
George Wishart
George Wishart
Wishart
Wishart
James Wishart
George
George Lemont
George
James Wishart
George
Wishart
George Wishart
John Wishart
Wishart
Wishart
Wishart
George Wishart
George Wishart
Wishart
Wishart
George
George Wish


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<mask>) (20 February 1839 - 18 December 1880) was an Irish survivor of the Great Famine who emigrated with his family to Massachusetts in the United States. He later became an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War, as well as a revolutionary fighting alongside the Irish Republican Brotherhood in both Canada during the Fenian Raids and Ireland during the Fenian Rising of 1867. Towards the end of his life, he became involved in electoral politics in Massachusetts, becoming one of the few Roman Catholics elected at that time to the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in 1839 and was therefore old enough to experience, alongside his family and community, the devastating impact of the Great Famine in Ireland, which ravaged the land between 1845 and 1852. At the height of the famine in 1847, following the death of <mask>'s younger sister Hanora, the <mask> family elected to immigrate to the United States in order to escape. They would eventually settle in Lawrence, Massachusetts. Deasy's experience of the Great famine left him with a deep-seated resentment against British rule in Ireland.Another influence that pointed Deasy towards Irish Nationalism was that his own father, Michael, had been a part of the Young Ireland movement before leaving Ireland. Although the Deasy family had left before it started, the Young Irelanders had launched a rebellion against the British in 1848, a revolt sometimes referred to as the "Famine Rebellion". <mask>'s younger brother Cornelius was likewise influenced towards Irish Nationalism, and while in the United States became involved in numerous Irish-American political and civic societies. In 1857 both <mask> and Cornelius were sworn into the Fenian Brotherhood, the American wing of the Irish Republican Brotherhood. Both organisations, collectively referred to as "Fenians", were secret societies which sought to bring about the forcible overthrown of British rule in Ireland and bring about a democratic Irish Republic. Following his swearing-in, <mask> was assigned to recruiting and expanding the influence of the Fenians in Lawrence. American Civil War

Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War, both <mask> and Cornelius were amongst the many thousands of Irish to volunteer for the Union Army.<mask> and Cornelius enlisted in June 1861 in Boston and were enrolled into Company I (“McLellan Rifles”) of the 9th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment. In time, the regiment would become known as the "Fighting Ninth" and the <mask> brothers would see 32 engagements over the course of the war with the regiment. During the Battle of Gaines' Mill on 27 June 1862 the entirety of I Company's officers were killed. In response, <mask> was given a battlefield commission and made a captain, as well as being appointed company commander. Both <mask> and Cornelius ("Connie") were wounded in action during the Battle of the Wilderness in early May of 1864, Connie on 5 May and Captain <mask> on 8 May. <mask>'s injury was a severe head wound, however, as a company commander, he insisted on continuing to fight until the end of the day. It was only then that he received aid from the regimental doctor.The wound would develop into a scar Deasy would carry for the rest of his life. The <mask> brothers mustered out of the Union Army on 21 June 1864. Fenian activities
<mask> returned to his Fenian activities almost immediately. He attended a mass convention of the Irish Republican Brotherhood in Cincinnati, Ohio in January of 1865 and in August was one of 300 delegates to be selected by the organisation to be sent to Ireland to prepare the country for a rebellion. However, upon <mask>'s arrival in Ireland, he was arrested in Skibereen in his home county of Cork, where he was found to be in possession of military-grade documents. Deasy was whisked away to a jail in England to be further integrated. Deasy was later released from custody on the condition he return to the United States.Deasy promptly ignored that order and returned to Ireland post haste, and sent home to Clonakilty. There Deasy received orders from Thomas J. Kelly, functionally the head organiser of the forthcoming rebellion. Kelly asked Deasy to report to Dublin. However, while there, Deasy was almost arrested again. Kelly seemed suitably impressed enough with Deasy that he elected to bring him into the "Secret Circle", a cell within the IRB dedicated to the eradication of spies, informers and traitors within the movement. The "Secret Circle" was, predictably, despised by British authorities in Ireland, who were aware of its existence and derisively referred to as the "Irish American Assassination Company" or "the Shooting Circle". The capture of the Secret Circle was a top priority amongst the British.On 4 November 1865 <mask>, alongside Kelly and John Devoy, was amongst a rescue party who broke the leader of the IRB, James Stephens, out of Richmond Gaol. Following that rescue, <mask> accompanied Kelly and Stephens over to France (where the Fenians had built a considerable support network) and then onwards back to the United States to rendezvous with the American Fenians in New York to report on their progress. From there they once more travelled back to Ireland. Fenian Raids on Canada

By June of 1866, the globetrotting Deasy (alongside his brother once more) was now on the Canadian border, where he participated in the Battle of Fort Erie. The raid was part of the Fenian Raids; a plan had emerged amongst one faction of the American Fenians that they should, rather than seeking to capture Ireland directly, they should muster as many veterans of the American Civil War as quickly as they could and seize the lightly defended Canada, which would then be exchanged back to the British for Ireland. The Battle of Fort Erie was a success, as was the following Battle of Ridgeway, with battle-hardened Fenian troops overcoming novice Canadian militias. Ridgeway saw the first-ever usage of the term "Irish Republican Army" as well as the first display of the Irish Tricolour flag.Despite these successes, the Fenians were soon forced to return to the United States after U.S. President Andrew Jackson issued a proclamation declaring that the US would oppose the Fenians in order to prevent the raids escalating into a war between the United States and the British Empire. Fenian Rising in Ireland

In January 1867 <mask> once more returned to Ireland alongside American Civil War veterans  Colonel Ricard O'Sullivan Burke of the 154th New York Engineers, Captain Michael O’Brien of the 13th New
Jersey Light Artillery, and Captain John McCafferty of Morgan’s Raiders, Confederate Cavalry. On 11 February 1867 <mask> and Captain McCafferty were part of a Fenian raid on Chester Castle in England, which had the objective of securing weapons for a rebellion in Ireland. However, the raid had to be called off as the authorities had been tipped off. It soon emerged that the plan had been betrayed by an informer, John Joseph Corydon. Tensions were rising amongst the Fenians as the failure to secure weapons meant that plans to launch a rebellion in Ireland by February had to be pushed back to March. Preceded by some skirmishes in February, the Fenian Rising had "properly" begun in March 1867, which Deasy sent to Millstreet in County Cork, where he was told to gather recruits and attack military and police buildings.He did this in parallel to Fenian commanders doing so across the country as well. However, the rising never truly "took off" as the British had long been aware of the coming danger and responded quickly to suppress it. By end of March, any semblance of a Fenian rebellion had already been snuffed out. Second-in-Command of the IRB
Following the crushing of the rebellion, Deasy like many other Fenians would have gone to ground to avoid capture and waited for their next move. Thomas Kelly was not long in attempting to reorganise the Fenians after their defeat. Kelly envisioned that the next phrase of Fenian resistance to British rule should come from within England itself, and ordered his remaining officers to meet him there. Amongst other roles doled out, Deasy was named Commander of Manchester and Liverpool, two cities with significant Irish populations.In September 1867 Kelly held a Fenian conference in Manchester to discuss the future of the Fenian movement and its new campaign in England. Amongst other events at that conference, Kelly was named the clear leader of the IRB (in succession to James Stephens). Kelly also made clear he wanted to move the IRB away from the Fenian Brotherhood, which he viewed as having become too divided by infighting, and towards Clan na Gael, a new organisation also based in New York City. Finally, besides Kelly becoming the clear number one within the IRB, Kelly named <mask> as his aide-de-camp and deputy, effectively naming him second-in-command of the organisation. The historical author Joseph O’Neill wrote of the situation “<mask> was Kelly’s ideal second in command, and the Fenian leader was delighted with his appointment. They shared the same formative experiences and inhabited the same mental world. They could sit in silence knowing exactly what the other was thinking.”

The Manchester Martyrs

On 11 September 1867 <mask> and Kelly were travelling to another meeting in Manchester City when it became apparent the pair were being followed by the British authorities.They were eventually arrested and charged with loitering so that they could be held for a prolonged amount of time. Kelly and Deasy gave their names as "Mr. Wright" and "Mr. Williams" but they were eventually identified after a number of days, at which point they were charged with their involvement with the Fenian Rising. However, their delay tactics had brought them time and their arrest was known amongst the Irish community in Manchester. A plan to rescue them was made by Edward O'Meagher Condon with other Manchester Fenians. On 18 September 1867, while Kelly and Deasy were being driven through the city from the courthouse with four other prisoners, Fenians armed with revolvers attacked the prison van. During the scuffle, police sergeant Charles Brett, who was seated inside the van, was accidentally shot dead – the leaders of the 30-plus Fenian force called on him to open the door and he refused. He then looked through the keyhole just as one of the rescuers blew the lock off; the shot killed him.One of the women prisoners in the van then took the keys from his belt and passed them to the Fenians, who unlocked the van and rushed <mask> and Kelly away. A reward of £300 (£24,000 as of 2015) was offered, without result. <mask> and Kelly were sheltered by the network of revolutionaries in Manchester, reputedly including Frederick Engels and his Irish partner Lizzie Burns. <mask> managed to eventually board a ship which took him directly to New York City, while Kelly disguised himself as a Franciscan monk and travelled back to Galway to visit his mother, before himself taking a ship back to New York. The escape of the Fenian leaders and the death of a police officer caused outrage and mass embarrassment amongst the British authorities, and they turned to scapegoats for retribution. Dozens of Manchester Irish were arrested and thrown into jail. Three of the Fenian rescuers, William Philip Allen, Michael Larkin, and Michael O'Brien, were arrested after a massive manhunt and later executed after a swift trial followed by many appeals.Their execution was badly bungled and widely reported. Their cause was taken up worldwide and was one of the foundations of Irish revolutionary success of the early 20th century. The three are remembered as the Manchester Martyrs. Return to Massachusetts and entering electoral politics
<mask> finally returned home to Lawrence by 1870, having effectively been gone for a decade. Reunited with his brother Connie, the two set up a number of businesses such as a saloon, a liquor
dealership, a hotel, and a number of rental properties. In 1872 <mask> successfully ran for Lawrence City Council and won re-election in '74. Deasy owed his success to the population of 8,200 Irish living in Lawerence by 1875, who accounted for almost half of the population.The Irish were becoming a powerful force in New England politics and the Democratic Party moved to capitalise. A group of Irish community leaders and Democrats came to Deasy to ask him to run for the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Deasy agreed and it was agreed that John Breen, who had fought with Deasy in Canada, would serve as his replacement on Lawrence city council. This gave Breen much political momentum, and Breen would later become the first Irish and first Roman Catholic to become Mayor of any city in New England. Deasy was elected to the 1874 Massachusetts legislature and would serve there the following two years as well. Only 13 members of the entire 213 member legislature were Irish in 1876, and Deasy was the only Irish Catholic to be elected from Essex County out of 33. Falling ill and death
In June of 1878 the end of July 1878, Deasy was a patient at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston suffering from excruciating pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis.likely to have developed from sleeping on the cold wet ground during his service in the Civil War. His condition forced him out of the busy world of politics, although he did make one more notable public political appearance when he hosted Charles Stewart Parnell at a fundraiser at Lawerence city hall in early 1880. Deasy took ill again on 9 December 1880 and died the following day. He was given an elaborate funeral that was attended en mass by Lawrence's Irish community, Fenians and veterans of the Union Army, with members of the 9th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment particularly in force. Deasy is buried at the Immaculate Conception Cemetery in Lawrence, Massachusetts. The Irish National Graves Association, in Dublin, Ireland designated the grave of Deasy an Irish National Grave on 16 August 1990. Deasy received a new green granite headstone on his grave on 23rd November 1992, the dedication organized by Bob Bateman, great-grandson of <mask>’s brother Cornelius.The principal speaker for the dedications was Derek Warfield of the Wolfe Tones. His headstone reads:

References

Irish soldiers in the United States Army
Union Army officers
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
Irish escapees
Escapees from England and Wales detention
People from County Cork

masks:
Timothy John Deasy
Timothy Deasy
Timothy
Deasy
Timothy
Timothy
Timothy
Timothy
Timothy
Deasy
Timothy
Timothy
Deasy
Timothy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Timothy


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Field Marshal <mask>,  (25 December 1881 – 4 November 1944) was a senior British Army officer with service in both the First World War and the Second World War. From May 1940 to December 1941 he was the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), the professional head of the British Army, and subsequently served in Washington, D.C., as Chief of the British Joint Staff Mission and then Senior British Representative on the Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS). Early life
Born in Lurgan, County Armagh, Ireland in 1881, <mask>'s father was the local bank manager and his mother was a Greer from Woodville, Lurgan. Always intended for a career in the services, <mask> attended the Methodist College Belfast, Cheltenham College and the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. Military career
On 8 May 1901 <mask> was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the 1st battalion the Leinster Regiment and was posted to South Africa to see out the Second Boer War. After the end of the war in June 1902, <mask> left Cape Town with other men of his battalion on the SS Englishman in late September 1902, arriving at Southampton the following month, from where they were posted to Fermoy. <mask> was appointed regimental adjutant on 15 August 1906, having previously been assistant adjutant from 1902.Promoted captain on 12 July 1911, he was seconded to study at the Staff College, Camberley from 1 February 1913, and was still there on the outbreak of the First World War eighteen months later. First World War
After briefly serving on the Staff of Southern Command <mask> became brigade major of the 25th Brigade (8th Division) in France where he was present at Neuve Chapelle and won the Distinguished Service Order. During 1916 <mask> served on the General Staff of the 55th Division and Canadian Corps, before being promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel and Chief of Staff (GSO1) of the 37th Division in January 1917. He was moved to the General Staff at General Headquarters in October of that year, initially as part of the Training Section but was soon shifted to the Operations Section. By the end of the war he was a brigadier general and had been Mentioned in Despatches eight times. From the spring of 1918 he was Head of Operations at GHQ, an important promotion after the sacking of many of Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig's senior staff following the Battle of Cambrai. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1918 New Year Honours.He also received a number of foreign decorations for his service, including the Officer of the Legion of Honour, the French Croix de guerre, Commander of the Order of the Crown of Belgium, Officer of the Order of the Crown of Romania. Between the wars
After the war <mask> returned to the Staff College and served as an instructor there. In the 1928 New Year Honours he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). In 1929 he was posted to India and in 1930 was promoted to major-general before returning to appointments at the Staff College (for in fact the third time but this time as Commandant) and then to the War Office as Director of Military Operations and Intelligence, holding that post until 1 September 1936. Alongside his other positions, he was appointed to the largely honorary role of Colonel of the East Lancashire Regiment on 24 December 1932, a position he held until his death. Following his service on the General Staff, <mask> was sent to Palestine, during the Arab revolt, where he was appointed General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the British forces in Palestine on 8 September 1936, holding the post until 1937. He was knighted in the 1937 Coronation Honours with his promotion to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB), and he was then appointed General Officer Commanding, Aldershot Command.The same year he was interviewed by Leslie Hore-Belisha, Secretary of State for War, for the post of Chief of the Imperial General Staff, but lost out to Lord Gort who was almost five years his junior. Second World War
At the outbreak of the Second World War <mask> hoped to be appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force, but the position again went to Gort. The resulting vacancy as Chief of the Imperial General Staff was filled by Sir Edmund Ironside, leaving <mask> to be eventually posted as commander of I Corps in France on 3 September 1939. He was promoted to general on 1 October 1939 (with seniority backdated to 5 December 1937). On returning to the UK in April 1940, <mask> was appointed Vice Chief of the Imperial General Staff (and a member of the Army Council), under Ironside, by the then Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. On 27 May 1940, after Chamberlain had been replaced by Churchill, <mask> replaced Ironside as CIGS. Faced with the prospect of a German invasion, <mask> produced a memorandum on 15 June advocating the use of chemical warfare against an enemy landing.Although acknowledging that first use of chemical weapons would alienate the United States and invite retaliation, he concluded that "at a time when our National existence is at stake ... we should not hesitate to adopt whatever means appear to offer the best chance of success." After criticism from the Director of Home Defence and other offices <mask> withdrew the memorandum. Nevertheless, the proposal was largely endorsed by Churchill on 30 June and it was ordered that the Royal Air Force begin preparations for deploying mustard gas, although he added that actual employment would need to be ordered by Cabinet. <mask> was promoted field marshal on 18 November 1941, but by this time it was clear how poorly he and Churchill got on. <mask> gained a reputation as unimaginative and obstructionist. Keen to get him out of the way, Churchill at the end of 1941 had <mask> advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) and posted him to Washington as his personal representative where he became Chief of the British Joint Staff Mission, then Senior British Representative on the Combined Chiefs of Staff. <mask> showed a great flair as a diplomatic military presence.In 1943 alone he attended the Quebec Conference, the Casablanca Conference, the Tehran Conference and meetings in India, China and Brazil. He also served on the Combined Policy Committee set up by the British and United States governments under the Quebec Agreement to oversee the construction of the atomic bomb. He was awarded the Henry Howland Memorial Prize in 1944, in part to ensure his continued favour with Churchill. In the United States he was immensely important in making the Chiefs of Staff committee – which included members from both countries – function, often promoting unity of action. He was particularly friendly with General George Marshall and the two exercised a great deal of influence on President Roosevelt who described <mask> as "the most important figure in the remarkable accord which has been developed in the combined operations of our two countries". Death

<mask> served in Washington until his death from aplastic anaemia in November 1944. His funeral arrangements reflected the great professional and personal respect and affection that he had earned.A memorial service was held in Washington National Cathedral and the route of the cortege was lined by some thousands of troops, following which he was interred in Arlington National Cemetery, where a simple service was conducted at the graveside. A witness recorded that "I have never seen so many men so visibly shaken by sadness. [General George] Marshall's face was truly stricken ...". He was sorely missed by the American Joint Chiefs of Staff, who sent a warm message of condolence to their British colleagues:

<mask> was posthumously awarded the American Distinguished Service Medal in 1944 as well as receiving an unprecedented joint resolution of the United States Congress appreciating his services. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia. The equestrian statue on <mask>'s grave is one of only two at the cemetery, the other is Major-General Philip Kearny's. References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Danchev, Alex."Very Special Relationship: Field Marshal Sir <mask> and General George Marshall." online
 Danchev, Alex. "'Dilly-Dally', or Having the Last Word: Field Marshal Sir <mask> and Prime Minister Winston Churchill." Journal of Contemporary History 22.1 (1987): 21–44.

masks:
Sir John Greer Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
John Dill
John Dill