texts:
<mask> is an actress, musician, and former stuntwoman. She has appeared in over 150 movies and TV episodes as an actress, stuntwoman, or both. She has been noted as one of the prominent stuntwomen of the 1970s and 1980s. Due to her performance as Curry in Hellhole, as well as her acting roles in other films and TV series episodes, she is said to be the first stuntwoman to be cast in a significant role as an actress. Her turn from stuntwoman to actress was also noted in a 1988 Star magazine article. Early life

<mask> was born in Minot, North Dakota, on August 16, 1955. She is the daughter of <mask> II and Ruby Marie Farris.Her mother Ruby was an aspiring author and songwriter. Her father Robert was a country-western square dance caller on local TV in Minot, and later worked as a crop dusting pilot. When Marneen was around 12 years old, the family moved from North Dakota to southern California, where her father worked as a service manager at Santa Monica Airport. He later opened his own business, Bob Fields Aviation, at Van Nuys Airport. He also founded the Bob Fields Aerocessories Company. In 1972 she created and opened the first Simi Valley Parks and Recreations program in gymnastics for children and adults of all ages including the handicapped The same year she lost all the hearing in her left ear due to a throat infection. <mask> continued to coach gymnastics throughout college and during her early career as a stunt woman.In 1973 she graduated with honors from Royal High School in Simi Valley, California becoming one of three women in the United States to receive a full ride athletic-academic scholarship in gymnastics to Utah State University in Logan, Utah. <mask> competed as the only class one advanced all-around gymnast for USU. She was ranked third in the entire state of Utah and ranked third in floor exercise and fifth in balance beam in intercollegiate competition (1973-1976). She majored in Health Education and minored in Theater Arts. Her college gymnastics career was cut short due to a fall off the balance beam during competition resulting in a serious injury to ligaments of her right ankle. The injury resulted in a complete ankle reconstruction surgery in 1976 where a calf's tendon was inserted into her ankle to replace the torn ligaments. She moved home to Ventura, California to heal from the ankle operation.Film career

During the summer of 1976, she was home from college in Ventura, California recovering from the ankle reconstruction surgery when she was discovered by stuntman Paul Stader (Cary Grant's double). Marneen trained to become a Hollywood stuntwoman at his stunt school. By December 1976 she landed her first acting role as one of the schoolmates in The Spell. By 1977 she was a regular stunt performer on the TV series, The Man from Atlantis. For fifteen years, <mask> appeared in TV shows and movie. Some of the film and TV shows <mask> has appeared in and the actresses she did stunts for are: Jane Seymour Battlestar Galactica, Priscilla Presley The Fall Guy, Shirley Jones Beyond the Poseidon Adventure, Michelle Phillips The Man with Bogart's Face, Morgan Fairchild Time Express, Belinda Montgomery The Man from Atlantis, Mary Crosby Dynasty, Samantha Doane The Gauntlet, Linda Purl Matlock, Natasha Richardson Patty Hearst, Karen Black Police Story: Confessions of a Lady Cop, Linda Hamilton Murder She Wrote, Melanie Griffith She's in the Army Now, Tovah Feldshuh Terror out of the Sky, Dee Wallace The Howling, Kim Cattrall The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries, Barbara Hershey From Here to Eternity, and Heather Menzies Logan's Run. <mask> was also cast in more stunt actress jobs by directors like Stanley Kramer The Runner Stumbles, Irwin Allen The Swarm, Peter Medak Otherworld, and James Fargo Scarecrow and Mrs. King.In the mid-80s she became the first woman to come from the pure stunt arena to land the co-star role in the Arkoff International Production of Hellhole as the religious insanity victim who receives a chemical lobotomy. Music career

<mask> sang REM's "Everybody Hurts" and won the G.O.D. Award in Music, the title song for the 2013 documentary, We Can Take Some of the Hurt Away produced by cinematographer Roydon Johnson, a charity film about poverty to help fund education situations for children in Indonesia. <mask> also received a Best Female Vocalist of the Year nomination from the LA Music Awards for her recording of "Everybody Hurts." The instrumental track was arranged by Ben Hammer, with the song produced by Tom Weir of Studio City Sound. <mask> "Kathryn Davis: Take 2" won Most Inspirational Song the Best of Las Vegas from the Las Vegas Fame Awards, and Most Inspirational Song the Best of Hollywood from the Hollywood Fame Awards in 2017. The song is the title track to a TV sitcom she created and stars in with the same name.The pilot episode of the sitcom received a Producers Choice Honor from the LA Comedy Awards. Marneen was a co-lyricist on the song that was composed by Rory Wolman of Shine Records. <mask> composed "I'm Gonna Be a Hollywood Stuntman" in 2012, the title track to a feature film she's written titled "Johnny Hawk AKA Hard Nuts to Crack," Winner of Outstanding Comedy Script from the LA Comedy Awards 2015. Marneen produced the music video to "I'm Gonna Be a Hollywood Stuntman" that was nominated for Best Children's/Young Adult Film from the International Action on Film Festival 2017. "I'm Gonna Be a Hollywood Stuntman" with American Idol contestant, Christian Etter Johnson on lead vocals and Marneen on female vocals hit the number one spot on the Soundclick Music Internet Charts twice in the Country-Pop and Country categories beating out 50,000 other songs. The song was produced by Tom Weir of Studio City Sound. On August 5, 2018, Marneen won Best Single from the LANFA Nollywood Awards for her pop-rock-blues ballad about a tormented poet who commits suicide, "I'll Never Kiss His Lips Again" with the song produced by Steve Valenzuela on Kelly Clarkson's "Greatest Hits Volume One."On July 15, 2018, Marneen won a Best Pop Single of the Year nomination from the Atlas Elite Music Entertainment Awards for her pop ballad about a tyrannical actor who breaks a young starlets heart, "Standing Ovation! You're the Star!" with the song produced by Steve Valenzuela on Kelly Clarkson's "Greatest Hits Volume One." Author career

In 2018, <mask> published her nonfiction book, The Illusive Craft of Acting: An Actor's Preparation Process. <mask> will publish two books in 2019, Cartwheels & Halos: The True Marneen Lynne <mask> Story, and Rollin' with the Punches: An Examination of the Stunt and Acting Careers of Marneen <mask>. Personal life

In March 2016, <mask> married author and freelance writer John P. Harrison. They separated in April 2020.Partial filmography

Partial televisionography

Discography

Selected songs

 Everybody Hurts
 Shadows
 Release My Love
 I've Never Ever Stopped Loving You
 Unbelievable, Love At First Sight
 Special Man
 Heavenly Waterfall Songs (Theme Song)
 We Can Take Some of the Hurt Away
 Kathryn Davis - Take 2
 Standing Ovation You're the Star
 I'm Gonna Be a Hollywood Stuntman
 Heavenly Waterfall Songs

References

External links

1955 births
American film actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from North Dakota
People from Minot, North Dakota
People from Ward County, North Dakota
Living people
American stunt performers
University of Utah alumni
21st-century American women

masks:
Marneen Lynne Fields
Marneen Lynne Fields
Robert Leo Fields
Fields
Fields
Fields
Fields
Fields
Fields
Fields
Fields
Fields
Fields
Fields
Fields
Fields
Fields


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born November 30, 1994) is an American professional skateboarder and was the overall champion at competition series in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2017, and 2019. He is also the highest paid skateboarder in the world. As of May 19, 2013, <mask> has won more prize money than any other skateboarder in history. Early life
<mask> was born in Davis, California. He has three brothers and one sister. The children were raised in a strict Rastafarian lifestyle by their father <mask>. They were vegans and schooled at home by their mother <mask>.<mask>'s father was a skateboarder and made his sons start skating when Nyjah was only five years old. <mask> has said that his father was very controlling and wanted <mask> to skate every day. In 2004 his parents purchased an indoor skate park in Woodland where <mask> spent his entire time practicing. In 2006 his father abruptly decided to move to Puerto Rico with his family. During this time the distance between Puerto Rico and California caused problems with <mask>'s board sponsor Element Skateboards as <mask> was not able to take part in demos. While in Puerto Rico his parents separated and his mother moved back to California with <mask>'s siblings while he had to stay with his father, Adeyemi, as he was his manager and videographer at that time. <mask> <mask> did not see his mother for one year before Kelle <mask> took her husband to court to get divorced.The judge granted Kelle full custody, after which Nyjah moved back to live with his mother and siblings. Professional skateboarding
<mask> first garnered attention when he signed a sponsorship deal with Element Skateboards and joined their team. During his debut era with the company, <mask> appeared in numerous Element video productions, such as both volumes of the Elementality series, and competed in high-profile contests, such as the Dew tour and the Vans Downtown Showdown. However, <mask> eventually launched his own skateboard deck company, I&I, in 2009 after he parted ways with Element in 2008; <mask> was an amateur skateboarder at the time of his departure. I&I was a short-lived company and operated for approximately two years with a team that consisted of <mask>, Richard Jefferson, and Anthony Williams. During the period of the company's existence, a number of magazine advertisements were published and an online promotional video that featured the three team members was released. The primary aesthetic influence of the brand was Rastafari and the I&I logo incorporated the pan-African colors of red, yellow, and green.Following the closure of I&I, <mask> returned to Element and released a solo video production entitled Rise & Shine in 2011—the video was available for purchase on the iTunes website and later received the "Best Video Part" award from the Transworld Skateboarding magazine. During this stage of <mask>'s career, the skateboarder also joined the DC Shoes company as a team rider, following a significant period of time without a shoe sponsor—an unusual occurrence for a professional skateboarder with the degree of exposure that <mask> had attracted. In response to the DC Shoes announcement, <mask> explained that "I think it was all a buildup of things over the past year. DC has always been my top choice for a shoe sponsor but I think it took this past year for them to see what I've accomplished and how I did in the contests and my video part and all that for it to finally come through." Following <mask>'s decision to skateboard for DC Shoes, other DC team riders expressed their perspectives in online promotional material produced by the shoe company. Long-term DC team rider Josh Kalis stated in the introductory video for <mask> (also featuring Mike Mo Capaldi), "And then there's this other dude out there, literally buying shoes from a skate shop. He could get shoes from anybody that he wanted, but he was buying DCs."Capaldi expressed his opinion on <mask> in the same video, stating his belief that <mask> is "probably the best skateboarder I've ever seen—he does everything in, like, two tries." After <mask>'s gold medal victory at the 2013 X Games Street League contest in Barcelona, Spain in mid-May, Transworld SKATEboarding magazine announced that no other skateboarder has won a greater amount of prize money. On the final night of May 2013, the DC Shoes Co. held a launch event for the first signature model skate shoe of <mask>'s career at the Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles, California, U.S., with Pete Rock in the role of DJ. The model is named the "Nyjah Huston Signature Shoe" and the promotional advertisement features <mask> executing a trick at set of stairs at Hollywood High School in Los Angeles, U.S.

An announcement on June 25, 2013, revealed that, due to a rib injury, <mask> was unable to compete in the Street League contest at the Munich X Games in late June 2013. <mask>'s mother Kelle <mask> reported that her son "bruised and scraped the right side of his torso" in a skateboarding accident, but an article from the Street League website stated that <mask> would be fit to compete in the next contest round in July 2013 in Portland, Oregon. Also in 2013, <mask> made a statement to Thrasher Magazine in which he questioned the appropriateness of female skateboarders. He later apologized for his remarks.<mask> was added to the competition lineup for the 2013 Kimberley Diamond Cup in South Africa, held from September 28 to 29. <mask> won the Kimberley Diamond Cup and the one million rand cash prize. Nyjiah qualified for the United States Olympic Team in the Street Skateboarding discipline for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics - the first year for skateboarding at the Olympics. He qualified for the Olympic final out of his heat (heat 3), but did not medal in the final. He posted excellent scores in both of his runs, and landed his first of five best trick attempts, but he fell four times in a row after that to finish seventh, missing out on a medal. Sponsorship
As of January 2021, <mask> is sponsored by Nike SB, Diamond Supply Co., Ricta Wheels, Monster Energy, Social CBD, Doritos, Mob Grip, Mountain Dew, flatbread Neapolitan pizzeria, Urban Plates and Adapt Technology. As of January 2021, <mask> <mask> stated via social media that he is no longer with Element Skateboards.Awards
<mask> won the inaugural "Kentucky Unbridled Spirit Award for Action Sports" in 2006. At Transworld SKATEboarding magazine's 2012 awards event, <mask>'s performance was given the headline "Nyjah Huston Cleans Up at Annual Transworld Skate Awards" by the Yahoo! Sports website. <mask> won three awards at the event: "Best Video Part" (for <mask>'s Rise & Shine video release), "New Era Readers' Choice" (the only award chosen solely by the readers of the magazine and Transworld website), and "Best Street". <mask> was nominated several times for Thrasher Magazine’s prestigious "Skater Of The Year" (SOTY) award, but has not won since 2020. Video game appearances
<mask> is a featured character in the video games Tony Hawk's Project 8, Tony Hawk's Proving Ground, Tony Hawk: Ride, Tony Hawk's Pro Skater HD, and Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 5. <mask> also appears in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 1+2 which is a remake of both Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 1 & Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2 games by studio Vicarious Visions, released in September 2020.In July 2020 <mask> <mask> worked alongside Play'n GO to develop his own branded game Nyjah Huston Skate for Gold. It is one of the first skateboarding themed games to be released within the iGaming industry. Let It Flow
Together with his mother Kelle <mask>, <mask> founded the charity organization "Let It Flow" in 2008 with the aim of providing clean, safe, and accessible water to communities in need. Following their personal experiences in Puerto Rico, the pair started by selling reusable water bottles at a local farmers market and, as of December 2012, the organization builds clean-water wells, fixes wells that are inoperable, and builds sanitation stations for people in urgent need of clean water. Let It Flow built its first sanitation station in Ethiopia. Personal life
Following his return to Element, <mask> revealed that his father's controlling behavior had led to estrangement, further explaining that his father refused to return video footage of <mask>'s skateboarding following the separation. He no longer adheres to a strict Rastafarian lifestyle, cut off his dreadlocks and has identified hip hop as his favorite musical style to listen to.As of December 2019, <mask> resides in a home in Laguna Beach, California, U.S. Contest history

2004
Volcom Damn Am: 4th (street)
Volcom Damn Am: Best Trick Small Rail (street)
Volcom Damn Am: Best Trick Big Rail (street)

2005
Tampa Am: 1st (street)
K.R.3.A.M.

masks:
Nyjah Imani Huston
Huston
Huston
Adeyemi Huston
Kelle Huston
Huston
Huston
Nyjah
Huston
Huston
Nyjah
Nyjah
Nyjah
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Nyjah
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Nyjah
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston


texts:
<mask><mask> is an American academic. She is the Leo Gottlieb Professor of Law at the Harvard Law School and, with Sven Beckert, co-director of the Program on the Study of Capitalism at Harvard University. <mask> founded and is the managing director of a website, JustMoney.Org, that analyzes money as a legal institution. She serves on the advisory boards for Capitalism and History and The Journal of Law and Political Economy. In 2019, <mask> delivered the <mask> Lecture on Jurisprudence at the University of Glasgow. Education
<mask> graduated in 1981 from Princeton University majoring in Religion. She earned her Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy in 1987 from Yale Law School and the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.After graduation, she worked in the U.S. Office of the Solicitor General. She clerked for Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer. Field of interest

<mask>'s work focuses on monetary history and theory. She argued in her 2014 book, Making Money: Coin, Currency, and the Coming of Capitalism (Oxford 2014), that a profound change in money's design occurred when the British government began to share money-making authority with investors incorporated as a national bank (Bank of England). That monetary transformation would soon expand to include a powerful financial architecture. Over the decades of the 18th century, the British developed circulating public debt, capital markets, and commercial banking. Those institutions worked synergistically with the Bank of England as it grew into a central bank.<mask> identifies that quartet of institutions as central to and characteristic of the modern capitalism that went viral across the globe. According to <mask>, the revolution in monetary design included conceptual or ideological shifts that have come to be identified with classical and modern liberalism. A prime example of such change is the revision of older attitudes towards self-interest and usury. By contrast to medieval approaches, the British government institutionalized an orientation towards material self-interest as a legitimate incentive for a public-regarding activity when it incorporated the Bank of England. While the medieval world rejected the motive to profit from making money, the British ordained it patriotic. Likewise, their government encouraged people to lend to the government through public bonds that returned interest to those holding them. <mask> is known for pioneering a "constitutional approach" to money and finance.According to that approach, money and finance are fields of public activity or forms of governance. Observing that modern moneys are anchored at the center by sovereign authority, <mask> argues that they are basically public projects: creating a medium allows a government to measure resources and mobilize them. More particularly, <mask> observes that political authorities have unique capacity to create a unit of account that will be widely accepted. As "stakeholder" within a community supported by member resources, a government can pay a member in a credit unit for advance contributions. That unit will hold value insofar as the government agrees to accept the credit unit back in lieu of future contributions. When a unit holds predictable value, demand among individuals to use it in private exchange also increases, accounting for the premium that money offers in cash services. The public definition of money makes it the original "safe asset."According to Desan, government authority characterizes modern payments systems even if a government delegates enormous authority to private entities, like the commercial banks that today multiply the monetary base. <mask> identifies private banking activity as a design choice within the financial architecture, analogous to minting on demand in commodity money worlds. A medium that measures value and provides a mode of payment is useful to private as well as public actors. By delegating money creation to commercial banks, a government can ensure elasticity in the money supply. The constitutional approach contrasts with many conventions about money, which assume that it arose from barter or private exchange among individuals. <mask>'s recent work argues that such theories cannot explain how decentralized agents have a commensurable unit in which to work. More generally, <mask> critiques neoclassical economics on the ground that it naturalizes existing arrangements and reifies "the market" as a sphere with a self-evident structure.Her work contends that design features associated with modern monetary systems are distributively non-neutral, contributing to escalating inequality. <mask>'s earlier work focused on the monetary practice in early America. Before she began working on money, <mask> analyzed legislative practices in early America. She coined the term "legislative adjudication" to refer to the authority that legislatures asserted to respond to claims for money from the public fisc. Those claims were generally made by petition given the sovereign immunity that protected legislatures from suit. Activism
While in Brookline, Massachusetts, <mask> served for 10 years on a town committee that researched and drafted legislation promoting campaign finance reform and supervised that reform once it was enacted. With Elizabeth Bartholet and James Cavallaro, <mask> co-authored and organized an Open Letter to the U.S. Congress Concerning Human Rights Abuses at Abu Ghraib (presented June 16, 2004), signed by 509 law professors.<mask> co-signed the 2014 public statement by members of the faculty of Harvard Law School that objected to the "Sexual Harassment Policy and Procedures" imposed by the central university administration as insufficient to project the values associated with due process. <mask> was also a co-signatory to the open letter addressed, on 4 October 2018, to the U.S. Senate that argued against the confirmation of Brett Kavanaugh as a Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court. In 2017, <mask> authored a letter signed by 81 Harvard Law School colleagues condemning President Trump rhetoric that incited violence. In 2020, <mask> co-authored a second letter condemning President Trump for his pledge to use excessive force against Black Lives Matter protesters. The letter was signed by 165 Harvard Law School colleagues. <mask> supports an initiative to establish a public bank in Massachusetts and serves on the Steering Committee of the Massachusetts Public Banking Group. Works

References

External links

Living people
Harvard Law School faculty
American women academics
Women legal scholars
History of currency
History of money
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

masks:
Christine A
. Desan
Christine Desan
Desan
Adam Smith
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan
Desan


texts:
<mask> (born 1959) is an American artist/writer/producer living and working in France. He has worked for a number of pioneers in the television and film industry, notably as Technical Director for the inventor of interactive television shopping, the Home Shopping Network and as Operations Director, France, for the inventor of the colorization process for black-and-white films, Color Systems Technology. He has developed animation software (Pixibox), designed theme channels (Canal +) and was managing director of the Luxembourg-based studio, Luxanima, which shared an International Emmy in 1994 for French CGI series Insektors, the first computer-generated TV series ever made. He went on to set up an animation/FX studio (motion capture/motion control), Image Effects, where he supervised the creation of 2D animated series The Tidings for Entertainment Rights before creating his own studio in the east of France the following year, Talkie Walkie, specializing in pre-production (design, storyboard and layout) and computer production (ink-and-paint/compositing) and whose clients included a Who's Who of international television animation producers such as SIP, RTV Family Entertainment, Alphanim (now called Gaumont Animation) and Cinar (bought by WildBrain.) He joined Paris-based production company TEVA in 2001 and was instrumental in the financing and/or the making of five animated features there in 2002–2004: double-Oscar nominated The Triplets of Belleville, Venice Film Festival selection The Dog, the General and the Birds written by Tonino Guerra (L'Avventura, Blow-Up, Zabriskie Point, Amarcord, Ginger and Fred, etc. ), Jester Till produced by Oscar-winning Eberhard Junkersdorf (for Best Foreign Film, The Tin Drum), Blackmor’s Treasure (Associate Producer) and T'choupi (Co-Producer). In 2002, TEVA and Mistral Films won the grand prize at IMAGINA for an experimental short film, The Tale of the Floating World directed by Alain Escalle, beating such prestigious competition as Shrek, Amélie and The Lord of the Rings, and was entirely responsible for the fabrication of Storimages’ Pulcinella-winning and International Emmy-nominated special, Marcelin Caillou, based on the book by famous French illustrator Jean-Jacques Sempé.In 2006, The Triplets of Belleville, The Dog, the General and the Pigeons and Blackmor’s Treasure were part of an eight-film retrospective of contemporary French animation at the Museum of Modern Art in New York called "Grand Illusions: The Best of Recent French Animation." Mr. Panzner has written original animated television shows, adapted into English a number of other television shows and feature films and writes regularly for Animation World Network, Animation Magazine, ASIFA, Stylus Magazine, Arts Editor, Artnow Online,  etc. As of 2022, he has written 55 original episodes of television animated series including Pulcinella-winning and International Emmy-nominated series (31 episodes + 2 specials) Angelo Rules! (TeamTo), Taking Down Taffy! (Cybergroup), Pat the Dog and The New Adventures of Geronimo Stilton (Superprod), Angry Birds (Rovio), The Popples (Method Films), Babar and the Adventures of Badou (Nelvana), etc. In 2005, he developed a series (5 X 52') of high-definition television documentaries on communication with animals, Talk to Me, and two one-hour specials, The Hermione and Lafayette, about the reconstruction of the ship the Marquis de Lafayette sailed to America on during the American Revolutionary War for Woods TV, Paris. He also did the English adaptation of Michel Fessler's, author of Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature March of the Penguins, latest feature film in development Henri Bosco's L'Enfant et la Rivière.In 2006, Mr. <mask> was Director, Short Form Programming for Discovery Communications and was responsible for the development and production of math (80 X 10’) and social studies (100 X 5’) shorts for Discovery Education's www.unitedstreaming.com. As part of his responsibilities, he also did development of short form programming for the diverse Discovery networks and new media platforms. Since leaving Discovery, Mr. <mask> has dedicated his time to the development of a new audiovisual industry he has invented, "Re:Naissance"  is a revolutionary new concept in animation, conceived as a means of transforming aging catalog and archives into salable, low-cost, high quality audiovisual products. For the first time ever in the 100-year history of animation, Re:Naissance  is going to invert the adaptation process by taking existing live-action films and faithfully reproducing them in animation, in a totally original graphic style unique to every film. As astonishing as it might sound, this has never been done. The first Re:Naissance film is George A. Romero's 1968 cult horror classic Night of the Living Dead. In the Spring of 2010, he also had his first one-man show of drawings/collages in Paris, "Décollage", at Etains du Campanile (95 rue de Seine.)As an illustrator, a work of his was included in "The Graphic Canon: The Definitive Anthology of the World's Great Literature as Comics and Visuals" from an adaptation of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, exclusively in images, "What is the Use of a Book Without Pictures". One of his works was also included in a special traveling exhibition of "Guard Dog: Global Jam" (2011), a shot-by-shot remake of Bill Plympton’s Oscar-nominated short Guard Dog (film)  where each sequence was assigned to "a willing volunteer who would reanimate it in any chosen style or medium." Described as "a flicker frame extravaganza where every individual frame was outsourced to a different artist to interpret in their own way," the sequence the still is from a collaboration within a collaboration, the same people who spearheaded the similar mass collaboration project "Night of the Living Dead: Reanimated." "Guard Dog: Global Jam" won the award for Best Experimental Animation at ASIFA-EAST 2011. Mr. <mask> created New Art and Culture magazine LHOOQ in 2011, a vanity project, featuring Michael Holman ("Subculturist Michael Holman: Historical Revisionism and the Politically Correct in Hip Hop/Downtown.") LHOOQ magazine is part of Michael Holman's archive bought by the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, the first Hip Hop collection in its holdings. In 2018, an article appeared describing <mask>'s friendship with Jean-Michel Basquiat and Matt Dike (and the curious link between those two) at Phillips Auction House, "Got the Time: Matt Dike & Jean‐Michel Basquiat" by Peter Relic.He is currently a freelance writer and illustrator and recently completed his first solo illustration project (2015), a mash-up of French illustrator Gustave Doré’s collected works for Friedrich Nietzsche's masterpiece Thus Spake Zarathustra. The 103 illustrations ink drawings, done to resemble engravings, correspond to the approximately 90 chapters of the work (as well as title page, frontispiece, chapters, etc.) Twelve illustrations appeared in Evergreen Review in an article by Robert Guffey called "Donald Trump's Operation Mindfuck" (Election Day, 2020). A series of fifty-five watercolor and ink Illustrations commemorating Jack Kerouac’s Beat Generation classic called "The Illustrated On the Road", has been approved by the Jack Kerouac Estate  and is on permanent loan to their website. The series debuted on Kerouac's ninety-eighth birthday on March 12, 2020, fifty years after his passing (October 21, 1969.) References

American film producers
1959 births
Living people

masks:
Christopher Panzner
Panzner
Panzner
Panzner
Panzner


texts:
<mask><mask> (born 1942) is an American scholar of Ancient Roman history, with an emphasis on late antiquity. Born in 1942, <mask> grew up in Southern California and attended North Hollywood High School. He discussed the possibility of a career as a comedian with Jerry Lewis, but then decided to study journalism and history at the University of Southern California as an undergraduate where he was editor-in-chief of the Daily Trojan from 1962 to 1963. At USC he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Although he impressed Professor <mask> with his performance in Roman history classes, <mask> initially decided to seek a career in journalism after graduation and worked as a reported for United Press International. He then pursued graduate study in history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison where he wrote a master's thesis on “The Great Vaccination Campaign: How Public Opinion was used in Early Modern Britain” in 1966. He then shifted his interest in policy history to ancient history and wrote his doctoral dissertation entitled “Semper victor eris: Evidence for the Policy and Belief of Constantine I contained in Eusebius' Tricennial oration” (directed by Professor Charles Farwell Edson, Jr.).While conducting research at the American Academy in Rome, <mask> accepted an instructor position at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1970, where he joined Frank J. Frost as the ancient history faculty (working his way from temporary lecturer to full professor). Through the course of his long career at the University of California, Santa Barbara, <mask> was noted for his teaching and mentoring skills. He was awarded the UCSB Associated Students’ Outstanding Teacher Award in both 1973 and 1974. <mask> was awarded the <mask> J. Plous Award for outstanding Assistant Professor in the 1976–1977 Academic Year by the Faculty Executive Committee of the College of Letters and Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In 1996, <mask> was given a teaching award by the Alumni Association of the University of California, Santa Barbara. In 2006, he was awarded the outstanding Graduate Mentorship Award by the Academic Senate of the University of California, Santa Barbara.<mask> also served as History Department Chair at the University of California, Santa Barbara from 1987 to 1990. <mask> continues an active scholarly agenda in the study of the later Roman Empire, especially focusing on Constantine and Church-State Relations in the fourth century CE. He was awarded a Membership of the faculty for Historical Studies at the Institute of Advanced Study at Princeton University for 1976–1977. He was awarded a fellowship from the Annenberg Research Institute in 1991 to support his research on Intolerance in the Roman Empire. <mask>'s first book, In Praise of Constantine: A Historical Study and New Translation of Eusebius' Tricennial Orations (University of California Press), was a revision of his doctoral dissertation and examined speeches of Eusebius of Caesarea as a source for Constantine's policies. After working on a collaborative volume on a Coptic source (Eudoxia and the Holy Sepulchre: A Constantinian Legend in Coptic (Milan: Cisalpino, 1980), he produced a series of important articles such as “Eusebius on the True Cross,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 36 (1985): 1-22; “Suggestions of dates in Constantine's Oration to the Saints,” American Journal of Philology 106 (1985): 335–349; “<mask>hanasius' first exile,” Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 27 (1986): 193–204; “What Eusebius knew: The genesis of the Vita Constantini,” Classical Philology 83 (1988): 20–38; “Policy and belief in Constantine's Oration to the Saints,” Studia Patristica 19 (1989): 43–51; “Constantine and Consensus,” Church History 64 (1995) 1-15; and “Lambs into Lions: explaining early Christian intolerance” Past &Present 153 (1996) 3-36. He followed these studies with his magisterial work Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).He has also co-edited Violence in Late Antiquity with Routledge in 2006 and The City in the Classical and Post-Classical World: Changing Contexts of Power and Identity in 2014 with Cambridge University Press. Most recently, he published A Century of Miracles: Christians, Pagans, Jews, and the Supernatural, 312-410 in 2017 with Oxford University Press. In 2008, he retired and was awarded the status of Research Professor emeritus by the University of California, Santa Barbara. In that year, the Harold and Kathleen Drake Fund was also established at the UCSB History Department. The Lambda Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa at the University of California, Santa Barbara created the <mask> Honor Key award to go "to the initiate majoring in history or the history of public policy who best demonstrates the highest ideals of Phi Beta Kappa." Some of his former students co-edited a Festschrift to him in 2010 entitled The Rhetoric of Power in Late Antiquity: Religion and Politics in Byzantium, Europe and the Early Islamic World (with I.B. Tauris).The Festschrift was reprinted in a paperback version with minor corrections and revisions in 2020 (with Bloomsbury Publishing). Selected publications

H. A<mask>, In Praise of Constantine: A Historical Study and New Translation of Eusebius' Tricennial Orations (Berkeley and Los Angeles: The University of California Press, 1976). H. A<mask>, Eudoxia and the Holy Sepulchre: A Constantinian Legend in Coptic (Milan: Cisalpino, 1980). H. A<mask>, Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000). H. A<mask> (co-edited), Laws, Gods, and Heroes: Thematic Readings in Early Western History (Kendall Hunt, 2002). H. A<mask>, (co-edited) eds. Violence in Late Antiquity (Routledge, 2006).H. A<mask>, eds., The City in the Classical and Post-Classical World: Changing Contexts of Power and Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014). H. A<mask>, A Century of Miracles: Christians, Pagans, Jews, and the Supernatural, 312-410'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017). References

1942 births
Living people
Writers from California
University of Southern California alumni
 University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
American classical scholars

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<mask>  (18 August 1882 – 28 November 1958) was a Canadian Army officer and British politician. At his own expense, he raised the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, the last privately raised regiment in the British Empire. Hatch Court in Somerset today once housed a small museum commemorating <mask>'s military career. From 1924 to 1935 he was the Conservative Member of Parliament for Taunton, Somerset. Returning to Quebec after World War II, <mask> vigilantly defended his estate of Mont Saint-Hilaire from expropriation by mining interests and bequeathed it to McGill University to help ensure its preservation. Early life
Known as 'Hammie', <mask> was born in England, the only son of a native of Strabane, <mask> (1833–1903), of Rokeby in Montreal's Golden Square Mile; and his wife Louise Sarah Harman (1847–1937), daughter of Henry B. Harman, of Surrey. His middle name, which he used as his first, was for his paternal grandmother's family, the Hamiltons of Fintra House, near Killybegs, Co. Donegal.His uncles included the Hon. <mask> <mask> and Sir James Welsh Skelton, and when his father (the Cotton King of Canada) died in 1915, he, his mother and sister inherited just over $1.3 million each. <mask> was educated at Bishop's College School, Lennoxville, and afterwards at McGill University in preparation for taking science at Oxford University. Instead, he took the opportunity to be commissioned into the 2nd Royal Canadian Dragoons for service in the Boer Wars. He served with distinction in South Africa and returned with the Queen's Medal and three clasps. Unsuccessful in his attempt to join a British Cavalry regiment, he returned to Montreal as a Captain with the 5th Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada. At Montreal, <mask> took up his duty in business life there.He was appointed by His Majesty the King, Consul-General for Sweden in Canada, 1909–1911; and a member of the council for the Montreal Board of Trade, 1911–1913. <mask> was a director of various companies connected to his family including Gault Brothers and Company (wholesale dry goods); Montreal Cotton Company; Van Allen Company; Trent Valley Woolen Company; Crescent Manufacturing Company; and Gault Brothers of Winnipeg and Vancouver. Although successful, <mask> took little interest in business, preferring physical adventure and the military life. He frequently went canoeing and fishing in northern Quebec; he participated in a five-month safari in Africa, shot mountain goats in the Rocky Mountains, and flew his biplane over Europe, northern Africa and the Middle East. Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry

Following the example set by fellow countryman Lord Strathcona, who raised Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians), on the eve of the First World War <mask> offered the Canadian government $100,000 to help raise and equip an infantry battalion for overseas duty. Lt.-Col. Francis Farquhar of the Coldstream Guards, military secretary to Canada's Governor-General, the Duke of Connaught, supported <mask>'s idea. Between them, they made the decision to recruit men who had already seen military action, but who were not attached to any militia units, in order to hasten the regiment's departure for Europe.The Governor-General's daughter, Princess Patricia of Connaught, was known for her public appreciation of Canada's vast wilderness and its people. The <mask>s had entertained the Connaughts during their visits to Montreal, and they had also been frequent guests at Rideau Hall. Colonel Farquhar approached the Duke of Connaught for permission to name the Regiment after his daughter. The request was made to the Princess, who was said to be delighted. On 10 August 1914, through a charter embodied in a report of the Committee of the Privy Council of Canada, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry came into being. Princess Patricia, the Colonel-in-Chief, designed and made by hand the regimental flag. Captain <mask> was promoted to Major and appointed second-in-Command of his regiment.He was first wounded at St. Eloi on 28 February 1915. He rejoined the battalion on 27 April 1915 shortly before Lt.-Col. Buller was wounded:

<mask> commanded the Patricia's during the first part of the Second Battle of Ypres. He was wounded in the morning but carried on until a second more serious injury compelled him to pass command on to Captain Adamson. When he rejoined in October 1915, he brought with him reinforcements from the University Companies. He was wounded for a third time and lost a leg at Sanctuary Wood during the Battle of Mont Sorrel, 2 June 1916. Despite the loss of his left leg, <mask> refused repatriation to Canada and returned to France where he was initially seconded as Aide-de-camp to Major General Victor Williams, the General Officer Commanding 3rd Canadian Division. Later <mask> commanded the 3rd Canadian Division Reinforcement Camp (CCRC) with the local rank of lieutenant colonel.He was promoted to lieutenant colonel of his own regiment on 28 March 1918 but remained seconded with CCRC. Finally, he rejoined his regiment on 21 November 1918, and commanded the Patricia's until demobilization. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order; the Russian Order of St. Anne (Third Class with Swords); the Belgian Ordre de Leopold and was four times Mentioned in Despatches. Toll of war
By the end of August 1914, after ten days of recruiting, the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry was a regiment 1,098 strong; only fifty of these had not seen action in the Boer Wars or with the British Army. They were the first Canadian soldiers to arrive on French soil. Its first commanding officer, Lt.-Col. Francis Farquhar, who had been instrumental with <mask> in organizing the regiment, was killed at St. Eloi (1915) in their first action. <mask> became the third commanding officer, but as described had been wounded several times and lost his left leg.By 7 May 1915 the regiment numbered 635 men, but by the end of the following day they numbered just 150. <mask> was one of only two of the regiment's officers to survive World War I, the other being Lt.-Colonel Agar Adamson, of Ottawa, who skillfully led the regiment at both Vimy Ridge and Passchendaele. Aside from Farquhar, <mask> lost another close friend and fellow officer in Talbot Mercer Papineau, at the Battle of Passchendaele. British politics
<mask> divorced his first wife in 1918. After retiring from the army in 1920, he stayed in England, moving to Hatch Court near Taunton, which he purchased from the aunt of his second wife, whom he 'quietly' married in 1922. His military record stood him in good stead when he stood for election, running for the Unionist Party (Conservative) in 1923. He lost to the Liberal candidate by a narrow margin of 1,255 votes.However, he returned the following year and was elected as the Member of Parliament for Taunton at the 1924 general election. He held the seat through two further elections until he retired from the House of Commons at the 1935 general election. He was a progressive Conservative; his fair service to all classes was rewarded in the 1932 unanimous resolution of the Taunton Town Council to present him with the freedom of the borough. Colonel and Mrs. <mask> supported a number of progressive political and social movements. World War II
Recalled to active duty in the Second World War, he served on staff with the Canadian Army in England. He was promoted colonel in 1940 and brigadier-general in 1942, commanding a Canadian Army Reinforcement Holding Unit until ill health forced him to retire later that year. He returned to Canada and his Canadian home at Mont Saint-Hilaire in Quebec in 1944.In 1947, <mask> founded the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry Association and served as the first national president. He maintained his connection with the regiment and gave advice on regimental matters which were frequently referred to him. He was appointed honorary lieutenant-colonel in 1948 and visited the regiment in Calgary in 1953 and in Germany in 1954. He was appointed the first colonel of the regiment shortly before his death 28 November 1958. In 1945, at the end of the war he returned to Quebec. Appointed honorary colonel (1948) and colonel (1958) of his regiment, he showed a keen interest in it until his death in 1958. Private life

<mask> purchased a biplane before the First World War.Both he and his second wife were enthusiastic aviators. <mask> also introduced the daughter of his deceased fiancée, Patricia Blackader, to flying when he and his wife took her up in their Gypsy Moth in Lausanne. After flying over Paris with disregard for aviation rules, the three narrowly escaped arrest on their return to Le Bourget airport. In 1933, as part of a party that included Lynsdey Everard, Lt.-Col. Arthur Borton V.C. and Mr & Mrs Runciman, they flew to Germany for a holiday and were met by Adolf Hitler and Hermann Göring. In Taunton he served on various committees and was much involved in local politics. He was President of the Society of Somerset Folk and regularly gave a cup for the 'best fat beast' in the Taunton Christmas Show.The Orangery at Hatch Court served as a trophy room for all <mask>'s hunting trophies. Today, Hatch Court houses a museum commemorating <mask>'s military career. Retiring after the Second World War to Quebec where he had grown up, <mask> returned to the 2,200 acre Mont Saint-Hilaire estate he had purchased in 1913 from Colin A. M. Campbell, of Manoir Rouville. He vigilantly protected the property from expropriation by mining interests. Upon his death, he bequeathed it to McGill University to help ensure its preservation. Marriages

In 1904, after a brief romance, he married one of the heiresses to the Golden Square Mile in Montreal, Marguerite Claire Stephens (d.1935), daughter of The Hon. George Washington Stephens and his second wife Elizabeth McIntosh.In 1918, <mask> divorced his first wife over what he suspected was an affair with a young officer from his regiment while recovering from his wounds. Marguerite claimed it was a harmless flirtation and many who knew her well agreed. <mask> was unsuccessful in his divorce proceedings before the Senate of Canada (the only recourse then open to Quebec residents). Their divorce was finally settled in the much more lenient French courts. Afterwards she was briefly married to Italian aviator Colonel Luigino Falchi. In 1920 his new fiancée, Mrs Kathleen (Newberry) Blackader (widow of one of <mask>'s cousins and fellow officers in the Patricias, Captain Gordon Home Blackader, of Montreal) died when the car <mask> was driving skidded and overturned. She was trapped underneath and he was unable to free her.Her daughter, Margaret Patricia Blackader (1913–2002), became his ward. In 1922, he married Dorothy Blanche Shuckburgh, of Hatch Court, Somerset. She was the daughter of C. J. Shuckburgh, formerly of Hatch, and a granddaughter of the late R. H. Shuckburgh J.P., who in his lifetime lived at Bourton Hall, Warwickshire. She died at Hatch Court in 1972. Death and burial
<mask> died at Mont Saint-Hilaire on 28 November 1958, without issue by either wife. Following a military funeral with full honours in Montreal, he was buried in England at his former home, Hatch Court. A bronze memorial plaque was placed in the floor of the south aisle of Hatch Beauchamp Church by his widow, part of the inscription on which is as follows: "1882-1958.Brigadier A<mask> <mask>, D.S.O., E,D., C.N., of Hatch Court and Mount St. Hilaire, Canada. Founder of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. Freeman of the Borough of Taunton." Arms

References

External links

 McGill – Gault Nature Reserve

See also
List of Bishop's College School alumni

1882 births
1958 deaths
Canadian Army officers
Canadian military personnel of the Second Boer War
Bishop's College School alumni
Canadian military personnel of World War I
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
McGill University alumni
Canadian Militia officers
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry

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<mask> ( , ; 16 October 190811 April 1985) was an Albanian communist politician. He was First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania from 1941 until his death in 1985. He was also a member of the Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania, chairman of the Democratic Front of Albania, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces and rule the country from 1944 until his death in 1985. He was the 22nd Prime Minister of Albania from 1944 to 1954 and at various times was both foreign minister and defence minister of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania. <mask> was born in Gjirokastër in 1908 and became a grammar school teacher in 1936. Following the Italian invasion of Albania, he joined the Party of Labour of Albania at its creation in 1941 in the Soviet Union. He was elected First Secretary in March 1943 at the age of 34.Less than two years after the liberation of the country, the monarchy of King Zog was formally abolished, and <mask> rose to power as Albania's symbolic head of state. During his 41-year rule, he rebuilt the country, which was left in ruins after World War II, building Albania's first railway line, raising the adult literacy rate from 5% to more than 90%, wiping out epidemics, electrifying the country and leading Albania towards agricultural independence. He also outlawed religion, travelling abroad, and private proprietorship, closed or converted to secular uses all of Albania's religious facilities. Under his regime, thousands of perceived dissidents were executed, and tens of thousands more were imprisoned in forced labour camps. <mask>'s government was characterised by his proclaimed firm adherence to anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism, i.e. Stalinism, from the mid/late-1970s onwards. After his break with Maoism in the 1976–1978 period, numerous Maoist parties around the world declared themselves Hoxhaist.The International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organisations (Unity & Struggle) is the best-known association of these parties. Early life

<mask> was born in Gjirokastër in southern Albania (then a part of the Ottoman Empire), the son of Halil <mask>, a Muslim Tosk cloth merchant who travelled widely across Europe and the US, and Gjylihan (Gjylo) <mask> née Çuçi. His surname <mask>, in Turkish hoca (pronounced hodja), means "Master" or a "Teacher" and is the most common one in Albania. It is derived from the noun khawaja which when used specifically in the Albanian language refers to a Muslim priest, given that some of his paternal ancestors have likely been the members of the Muslim clergy (ulema). He was named by his father after the renowned Ottoman military officer and member of the Young Turks, <mask> Pasha. The <mask> family originated from the village of Dropull and was attached to the Bektashi Order. In 1916 his father brought him to seek the blessing of Baba Selim of the Zall Teqe.After elementary school, he followed his studies in the city senior high school "Liria". He started his studies at the Gjirokastër Lyceum in 1923. After the lyceum was closed, due to intervention of Ekrem Libohova <mask> was awarded a state scholarship for the continuation of his studies in Korçë, at the French language Albanian National Lyceum until 1930. In 1930, <mask> went to study at the University of Montpellier in France on a state scholarship for the faculty of natural science, but lost an Albanian state scholarship for neglecting his studies. He later went to Paris, where he presented himself to anti-Zogist immigrants as the brother-in-law of Bahri Omari. From 1935 to 1936, he was employed as a secretary at the Albanian consulate in Brussels. After returning to Albania, he worked as a contract teacher in the Gymnasium of Tirana.<mask> taught French and morals in the Korça Liceum from 1937 to 1939 and also served as the caretaker of the school library. On 7 April 1939, Albania was invaded by Fascist Italy. The Italians established a puppet government, the Albanian Kingdom (1939–43), under Shefqet Vërlaci. At the end of 1939, he was transferred to the Gjirokastra Gymnasium, but he soon returned to Tirana. He was helped by his best friend, Esat Dishnica, who introduced <mask> to Dishnica's cousin Ibrahim Biçakçiu. <mask> started to sleep in Biçakçiu's tobacco factory "Flora", and after a while Dishnica opened a shop with the same name, where <mask> began working. He was a sympathiser of Korça's Communist Group.Partisan life

On 8 November 1941, the Communist Party of Albania (later renamed the Party of Labour of Albania in 1948) was founded. <mask> was chosen from the "Korça group" as a Muslim representative by the two Yugoslav envoys as one of the seven members of the provisional Central Committee. The First Consultative Meeting of Activists of the Communist Party of Albania was held in Tirana from 8 to 11 April 1942, with <mask> himself delivering the main report on 8 April 1942. In July 1942, <mask> wrote "Call to the Albanian Peasantry", issued in the name of the Communist Party of Albania. The call sought to enlist support in Albania for the war against the fascists. The peasants were encouraged to hoard their grain and refuse to pay taxes or livestock levies brought by the government. After the September 1942 Conference at Pezë, the National Liberation Movement was founded with the purpose of uniting the anti-fascist Albanians, regardless of ideology or class.By March 1943, the first National Conference of the Communist Party elected <mask> formally as First Secretary. During WWII, the Soviet Union's role in Albania was negligible. On 10 July 1943, the Albanian partisans were organised in regular units of companies, battalions and brigades and named the Albanian National Liberation Army. The organization received military support from the British intelligence service, SOE. The General Headquarters was created, with Spiro Moisiu as the commander and <mask> as political commissar. The Yugoslav Partisans had a much more practical role, helping to plan attacks and exchanging supplies, but communication between them and the Albanians was limited and letters often arrived late, sometimes well after a plan had been agreed upon by the National Liberation Army without consultation from the Yugoslav partisans. Within Albania, repeated attempts were made during the war to remedy the communications difficulties which faced partisan groups.In August 1943, a secret meeting, the Mukje Conference, was held between the anti-communist Balli Kombëtar (National Front) and the Communist Party of Albania. The result of this was an agreement to:

 Unite in a single struggle against the fascist invader. Cease all attacks between the two parties signing the agreement. Form a joint operational staff to coordinate military actions within Albania. Recognise that the democratically elected national liberations councils are the state power in Albania. Recognise that the goal for the post-war era is an independent, democratic Albania where the people themselves will decide the form of government. Recognise and respect the Atlantic Charter, the London and Washington Treaties between the USSR, Great Britain and the US in connection with the question of Kosovo and Çamëria.Be it resolved that the populations of Kosovo and Camëria will themselves decide their future in accordance with their wishes. Unite with any political group, whatever their beliefs, in a common military effort against the fascist invaders. However, the Communist Party of Albania will not collaborate with any group of the National Front that continues to maintain contacts with the fascist invaders. The Communist Party of Albania will unite with any group that used to have contacts with the fascist invaders, but has now terminated those contacts and is willing to now fight against the fascist invaders, provided those groups have not committed any crimes against the people. To encourage the Balli Kombëtar to sign, the Greater Albania sections that included Kosovo (part of Yugoslavia) and Chamëria were made part of the Agreement. Disagreement with Yugoslav communists
A problem developed when the Yugoslav Communists disagreed with the goal of a Greater Albania and asked the Communists in Albania to withdraw their agreement. According to Hoxha, Josip Broz Tito had not agreed that "Kosovo was Albanian" and that Serbian opposition made the transfer an unwise option.After the Albanian Communists repudiated the Greater Albania agreement, the Balli Kombëtar condemned the Communists, who in turn accused the Balli Kombëtar of siding with the Italians. The Balli Kombëtar, however, lacked support from the people. After judging the Communists as an immediate threat, the Balli Kombëtar sided with Nazi Germany, fatally damaging its image among those fighting the Fascists. The Communists quickly added to their ranks many of those disillusioned with the Balli Kombëtar and took centre stage in the fight for liberation. The Permet National Congress held during that time called for a "new democratic Albania for the people". Although the monarchy was not formally abolished, Zog I of Albania was barred from returning to the country, which further increased the Communists' control. The Anti-Fascist Committee for National Liberation was founded, chaired by Hoxha.On 22 October 1944, the Committee became the Democratic Government of Albania after a meeting in Berat and <mask> was chosen as interim Prime Minister. Tribunals were set up to try alleged war criminals who were designated "enemies of the people" and were presided over by Koçi Xoxe. After liberation on 29 November 1944, several Albanian partisan divisions crossed the border into German-occupied Yugoslavia, where they fought alongside Tito's partisans and the Soviet Red Army in a joint campaign which succeeded in driving out the last pockets of German resistance. Marshal Tito, during a Yugoslavian conference in later years, thanked <mask> for the assistance that the Albanian partisans had given during the War for National Liberation (Lufta Nacionalçlirimtare). The Democratic Front, dominated by the Albanian Communist Party, succeeded the National Liberation Front in August 1945, and the first post-war election was held on 2 December that year. The Front was the only legal political organisation allowed to stand in the elections, and the government reported that 93% of Albanians voted for it. On 11 January 1946, Zog was officially deposed and Albania was proclaimed the People's Republic of Albania (renamed the People's Socialist Republic of Albania in 1976).As First Secretary of the party, <mask> was de facto head of state and the most powerful man in the country. Albanians celebrate their independence day on 28 November (which is the date on which they declared their independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912), while in the former People's Socialist Republic of Albania the national day was 29 November, the day the country was liberated from the Italians. Both days are currently national holidays. Early leadership (1946–1965)

<mask> declared himself a Marxist–Leninist and strongly admired Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. During the period of 1945–1950, the government adopted policies and actions intended to consolidate power which included extrajudicial killings and executions that targeted and eliminated anti-communists. The Agrarian Reform Law was passed in August 1945. It confiscated land from beys and large landowners, giving it without compensation to peasants.52% of all land was owned by large landowners before the law was passed; this declined to 16% after the law's passage. Illiteracy, which was 90–95% in rural areas in 1939, fell to 30% by 1950, and by 1985 it was equal to that of a Western country. By 1949, the US and British intelligence organisations were working with the former King Zog and the mountain men of his personal guard. They recruited Albanian refugees and émigrés from Egypt, Italy and Greece, trained them in Cyprus, Malta and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), and infiltrated them into Albania. Guerrilla units entered Albania in 1950 and 1952, but they were killed or captured by Albanian security forces. Kim Philby, a Soviet double agent working as a liaison officer between MI6 and the CIA, had leaked details of the infiltration plan to Moscow, and the security breach claimed the lives of about 300 infiltrators. On 19 February 1951, a bombing occurred at the Soviet embassy in Tirana, after which 23 accused intellectuals were arrested and put in prison.One of them, Jonuz Kaceli, was killed by Prime Minister Mehmet Shehu during interrogation. Subsequently, the 22 others were executed without trial under Hoxha's orders. They were later found to be innocent. The State University of Tirana was established in 1957, which was the first of its kind in Albania. The medieval Gjakmarrja (blood feud) was banned. Malaria, the most widespread disease, was successfully fought through advances in health care, the use of DDT, and through the draining of swampland. From 1965 to 1985, no cases of malaria were reported, whereas previously Albania had the greatest number of infected patients in Europe.No cases of syphilis had been recorded for 30 years. In 1938 the number of physicians was 1.1 per 10,000 and there was only one hospital bed per 1,000 people. In 1950, while the number of physicians had not increased, there were four times as many hospital beds per head, and health expenditures had risen to 5% of the budget, up from 1% before the war. Relations with Yugoslavia

At this point, relations with Yugoslavia had begun to change. The roots of the change began on 20 October 1944 at the Second Plenary Session of the Communist Party of Albania. The Session considered the problems that the post-independence Albanian government would face. However, the Yugoslav delegation led by Velimir Stoinić accused the party of "sectarianism and opportunism" and blamed Hoxha for these errors.He also stressed the view that the Yugoslav Communist partisans spearheaded the Albanian partisan movement. Anti-Yugoslav members of the Albanian Communist Party had begun to think that this was a plot by Tito who intended to destabilize the Party. Koçi Xoxe, Sejfulla Malëshova and others who supported Yugoslavia were looked upon with deep suspicion. Tito's position on Albania was that it was too weak to stand on its own and that it would do better as a part of Yugoslavia. <mask> alleged that Tito had made it his goal to get Albania into Yugoslavia, firstly by creating the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Aid in 1946. In time, Albania began to feel that the treaty was heavily slanted towards Yugoslav interests, much like the Italian agreements with Albania under Zog that made the nation dependent upon Italy. The first issue was that the Albanian lek became revalued in terms of the Yugoslav dinar as a customs union was formed and Albania's economic plan was decided more by Yugoslavia.Albanian economists H. Banja and V. Toçi stated that the relationship between Albania and Yugoslavia during this period was exploitative and that it constituted attempts by Yugoslavia to make the Albanian economy an "appendage" to the Yugoslav economy. Hoxha then began to accuse Yugoslavia of misconduct:

Stalin advised Hoxha that Yugoslavia was attempting to annex Albania: "We did not know that the Yugoslavs, under the pretext of 'defending' your country against an attack from the Greek fascists, wanted to bring units of their army into the PRA [People's Republic of Albania]. They tried to do this in a very secretive manner. In reality, their aim in this direction was utterly hostile, for they intended to overturn the situation in Albania." By June 1947, the Central Committee of Yugoslavia began publicly condemning <mask>, accusing him of taking an individualistic and anti-Marxist line. When Albania responded by making agreements with the Soviet Union to purchase a supply of agricultural machinery, Yugoslavia said that Albania could not enter into any agreements with other countries without Yugoslav approval. Koçi Xoxe tried to stop Hoxha from improving relations with Bulgaria, reasoning that Albania would be more stable with one trading partner rather than with many.Nako Spiru, an anti-Yugoslav member of the Party, condemned Xoxe and vice versa. With no one coming to Spiru's defense, he viewed the situation as hopeless and feared that Yugoslav domination of his nation was imminent, which caused him to commit suicide in November. At the Eighth Plenum of the Central Committee of the Party which lasted from 26 February to 8 March 1948, Xoxe was implicated in a plot to isolate <mask> and consolidate

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 his own power. He accused <mask> of being responsible for the decline in relations with Yugoslavia and stated that a Soviet military mission should be expelled in favor of a Yugoslav counterpart. <mask> managed to remain firm and his support had not declined. When Yugoslavia publicly broke with the Soviet Union, Hoxha's support base grew stronger. Then, on 1 July 1948, Tirana called on all Yugoslav technical advisors to leave the country and unilaterally declared all treaties and agreements between the two countries null and void.Xoxe was expelled from the party and on 13 June 1949, he was executed by hanging. Relations with the Soviet Union
After the break with Yugoslavia, <mask> aligned himself with the Soviet Union. From 1948 to 1960, $200 million in Soviet aid was given to Albania for technical and infrastructural expansion. Albania was admitted to the Comecon on 22 February 1949 and served as a pro-Soviet force on the Adriatic. A Soviet submarine base was built on the Albanian island of Sazan near Vlorë, posing a hypotethical threat to the U.S. Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean. Relations with the Soviet Union remained close until the death of Stalin in March 1953. It was followed by 14 days of national mourning in Albania – more than in the Soviet Union.Hoxha assembled the population of Tirana in the capital's largest square, featuring a Stalin statue, requested that they kneel take a 2,000-word oath of "eternal fidelity" and "gratitude" to their "beloved father" and "great liberator." Under Nikita Khrushchev, Stalin's eventual successor, aid was reduced and Albania was encouraged to adopt Khrushchev's specialisation policy. Under it, Albania would develop its agricultural output in order to supply the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries while they would be developing products of their own, which would, in theory, strengthen the Warsaw Pact. However, this also meant that Albanian industrial development, which was stressed heavily by Hoxha, would be hindered. In May–June 1955, Nikolai Bulganin and Anastas Mikoyan visited Yugoslavia while Khrushchev renounced the expulsion of Yugoslavia from the Communist bloc. Khrushchev also began making references to Palmiro Togliatti's polycentrism theory. <mask> had not been consulted on this and was offended.Yugoslavia began asking for <mask> to rehabilitate the image of Koçi Xoxe, which Hoxha steadfastly rejected. In 1956 at the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Khrushchev condemned the cult of personality that had been built up around Joseph Stalin and denounced his excesses. Khrushchev then announced the theory of peaceful coexistence, which angered the Stalinist <mask> greatly. The Institute of Marxist–Leninist Studies, led by <mask>'s wife Nexhmije, quoted Vladimir Lenin: "The fundamental principle of the foreign policy of a socialist country and of a Communist party is proletarian internationalism; not peaceful coexistence." Hoxha now took a more active stand against perceived revisionism. Unity within the Albanian Party of Labour began to decline as well, with a special delegate meeting held in Tirana in April 1956, composed of 450 delegates and having unexpected results. The delegates "criticized the conditions in the party, the negative attitude toward the masses, the absence of party and socialist democracy, the economic policy of the leadership, etc."while also calling for discussions on the cult of personality and the Twentieth Party Congress. Movement towards China and Maoism

In 1956, <mask> called for a resolution which would confirm the existing leadership of the Party. The resolution was accepted, and all of the delegates who had spoken against it were expelled from the party and imprisoned. <mask> claimed that Yugoslavia had attempted to overthrow the leadership of Albania. This incident increased <mask>'s power, effectively making Khrushchev-style reforms impossible there. In the same year, <mask> travelled to the People's Republic of China, then embroiled in the Sino-Soviet split, and met Mao Zedong. Chinese aid to Albania rose sharply in the next two years.In an effort to keep Albania in the Soviet sphere, increased Soviet aid was given but relations with the Soviet Union remained at the same level until 1960, when Khrushchev met Sofoklis Venizelos, a liberal Greek politician. Khrushchev sympathised with the concept of an autonomous Greek North Epirus and he hoped to use Greek claims to keep the Albanian leadership in line. Hoxha reacted by only sending Hysni Kapo, a member of the Albanian Political Bureau, to the Third Congress of the Romanian Workers' Party in Bucharest, an event Communist heads of state were normally expected to attend. As relations between the two countries continued to deteriorate in the course of the meeting, Khrushchev said:

Friction with the Soviet Union
Relations with the Soviet Union declined rapidly. A hardline policy was adopted and the Soviets reduced grain shipments at a time when Albania needed them due to the possibility of a flood-induced famine. In July 1960, a plot to overthrow the Albanian government was discovered. It was to be organised by Soviet-trained Rear Admiral Teme Sejko.After this, two pro-Soviet members of the Party, Liri Belishova and Koço Tashko, were expelled. In August, the Party's Central Committee sent a protest to the Central Committee of the CPSU about having an anti-Albanian Soviet Ambassador in Tirana. The Fourth Congress of the Party, held from 13 to 20 February 1961, was the last meeting that the Soviet Union or other Eastern European nations attended in Albania. During the congress, Mehmet Shehu stated that while many members of the Party were accused of tyranny, this was a baseless charge and unlike the Soviet Union, Albania was led by genuine Marxists. The Soviet Union retaliated by threatening "dire consequences" if the condemnations were not retracted. Days later, Khrushchev and Antonín Novotný, President of Czechoslovakia, threatened to cut off economic aid. In March, Albania was not invited to attend the meeting of the Warsaw Pact nations, and in April all Soviet technicians were withdrawn from Albania.In May nearly all Soviet troops at the Soviet submarine base were withdrawn. On 7 November 1961, <mask> made a speech in which he called Khrushchev a "revisionist, an anti-Marxist and a defeatist". <mask> portrayed Stalin as the last Communist leader of the Soviet Union and alluded to Albania's independence. By 11 November, the USSR and every other Warsaw Pact nation broke diplomatic relations with Albania. Albania was unofficially excluded from the Warsaw Pact and Comecon. The Soviet Union also attempted to claim control of the submarine base. The Albanian Party then passed a law prohibiting any other nation from owning an Albanian port.The Soviet–Albanian split was now complete. Later rule (1965–1985)

As <mask>'s leadership continued, he took on an increasingly theoretical stance. He wrote criticisms which were based on theory and current events which occurred at the time; his most notable criticisms were his condemnations of Maoism after 1978. A major achievement under Hoxha was the advancement of women's rights. Albania had been one of the most, if not the most, patriarchal countries in Europe. The ancient Code of Lekë, which regulated the status of women, states, "A woman is known as a sack, made to endure as long as she lives in her husband's house." Women were not allowed to inherit anything from their parents, and discrimination was even made in the case of the murder of a pregnant woman:

Women were forbidden from obtaining a divorce, and the wife's parents were obliged to return a runaway daughter to her husband or else suffer shame which could even result in a generations-long blood feud.During World War II, the Albanian Communists encouraged women to join the partisans and following the war, women were encouraged to take up menial jobs, as the education necessary for higher level work was out of most women's reach. In 1938, 4% worked in various sectors of the economy. In 1970, this number had risen to 38%, and in 1982 to 46%. During the Cultural and Ideological Revolution (discussed below), women were encouraged to take up all jobs, including government posts, which resulted in 40.7% of the People's Councils and 30.4% of the People's Assembly being made up of women, including two women in the Central Committee by 1985. In 1978, 15.1 times as many females attended eight-year schools as had done so in 1938 and 175.7 times as many females attended secondary schools. By 1978, 101.9 times as many women attended higher schools as in 1957. Hoxha said of women's rights in 1967:The entire party and country should hurl into the fire and break the neck of anyone who dared trample underfoot the sacred edict of the party on the defense of women's rights.In 1969, direct taxation was abolished and during this period the quality of schooling and health care continued to improve.An electrification campaign was begun in 1960 and the entire nation was expected to have electricity by 1985. Instead, it achieved this on 25 October 1970, making it the first nation with complete electrification in the world. During the Cultural & Ideological Revolution of 1967–1968 the military changed from traditional Communist army tactics and began to adhere to the Maoist strategy known as people's war, which included the abolition of military ranks, which were not fully restored until 1991. Mehmet Shehu said of the country's health service in 1979:

Hoxha's legacy also included a complex of 173,371 one-man concrete bunkers across a country of 3 million inhabitants, to act as look-outs and gun emplacements along with chemical weapons. The bunkers were built strong and mobile, with the intention that they could be easily placed by a crane or a helicopter in a hole. The types of bunkers vary from machine gun pillboxes, beach bunkers, to underground naval facilities and even Air Force Mountain and underground bunkers. <mask>'s internal policies were true to Stalin's paradigm which he admired, and the personality cult which was developed in the 1970s and organised around him by the Party also bore a striking resemblance to that of Stalin.At times it even reached an intensity which was as extreme as the personality cult of Kim Il-sung (which Hoxha condemned) with <mask> being portrayed as a genius commenting on virtually all facets of life from culture to economics to military matters. Each schoolbook required one or more quotations from him on the subjects being studied. The Party honored him with titles such as Supreme Comrade, Sole Force and Great Teacher. He adopted a different type military salute for the People's Army to render honors which was known as the Hoxhaist Salute, which involves soldiers curling their right fist and raising it to shoulder level. It replaced the Zogist salute, which was used by the Royal Albanian Army for many years. <mask>'s governance was also distinguished by his encouragement of a high birthrate policy. For instance, a woman who bore an above-average number of children would be given the government award of Heroine Mother (in Albanian: Nënë Heroinë) along with cash rewards.Abortion was essentially restricted (to encourage high birth rates), except if the birth posed a danger to the mother's life, though it was not completely banned; the process was decided by district medical commissions. As a result, the population of Albania tripled from 1 million in 1944 to around 3 million in 1985. Relations with China

In Albania's Third Five-year Plan, China promised a loan of $125 million to build twenty-five chemical, electrical and metallurgical plants in accordance to the Plan. However, the nation found difficulty doing so, as Albania's poor relations with its neighbours and the distance between the two nations complicated matters. Unlike Yugoslavia or the USSR, China had less economic influence on Albania during <mask>'s leadership. The previous fifteen years (1946–1961) had at least 50% of the economy under foreign commerce. By the time the 1976 Constitution was promulgated, Albania had become mostly self-sufficient but lacked modern technology.Ideologically, Hoxha found Mao's initial views to be in line with Marxism-Leninism, due to his condemnation of Nikita Khrushchev's alleged revisionism and Yugoslavia. Aid given from China was interest-free and it did not have to be repaid until Albania could afford to do so. China never intervened in Albania's economic output, with Chinese technicians working for the same wages as Albanian workers. Albanian newspapers were reprinted in Chinese newspapers and read on Chinese radio, and Albania led the movement to give the People's Republic of China a seat on the UN Security Council. During this period, Albania became the second largest producer of chromium in the world, which was considered important to the country. Strategically, the Adriatic Sea was attractive to China, as it was hoped that more allies could be gained in Eastern Europe through Albania - which failed. Zhou Enlai visited Albania in January 1964.On 9 January, "The 1964 Sino-Albanian Joint Statement" was signed in Tirana. The statement said of relations between socialist countries:

Like Albania, China defended the "purity" of Marxism by attacking both US imperialism and "Soviet and Yugoslav revisionism", both equally as part of a "dual adversary" theory. Yugoslavia was viewed as both a "special detachment of U.S. imperialism" and a "saboteur against world revolution." These views, however, began to change in China, which was one of the major issues which Albania had with the alliance. Also unlike Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, the Sino-Albanian alliance lacked "... an organisational structure for regular consultations and policy coordination, and it was also characterized by an informal relationship which was conducted on an ad hoc basis." Mao made a speech on 3 November 1966 in which he claimed that Albania was the only Marxist-Leninist state in Europe and in the same speech, he also stated that "an attack on Albania will have to reckon with great People's Republic of China. If the U.S. imperialists, the modern Soviet revisionists or any of their lackeys dare to touch Albania in the slightest, nothing lies ahead for them but a complete, shameful and memorable defeat."<mask> likewise stated that "You may rest assured, comrades, that come what may in the world at large, our two parties and our two peoples will certainly remain together. They will fight together and they will win together." Shift in Chinese foreign policy after the Cultural Revolution
China entered into a four-year period of relative diplomatic isolation following the Cultural Revolution, at which point relations between China and Albania were generally mostly positive. On 20 August 1968, the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia was condemned by Albania, as was the Brezhnev doctrine. Albania refused to send troops in support of the invasion, officially withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact on 5 September. Relations with China began to deteriorate on 15 July 1971, when United States President Richard Nixon agreed to visit China to meet with Zhou Enlai. <mask> felt betrayed by this, with the Central Committee of the PLA sending a letter to the Central Committee of the CCP on 6 August calling Nixon a "frenzied anti-Communist".The letter stated:

The result of this criticism was a message from the Chinese leadership in 1971 stating that Albania could not depend on an indefinite flow of further Chinese aid, and in 1972 Albania was advised to "curb its expectations about further Chinese contributions to its economic development". By 1972, <mask> wrote in his diary Reflections on China that China was no longer a socialist country:

And in 1973, wrote that the Chinese leaders:

In response, trade with COMECON (although trade with the Soviet Union was still blocked) and Yugoslavia grew. Trade with Third World nations was $0.5 million in 1973, but $8.3 million in 1974. Trade rose from 0.1% to 1.6%. Following Mao's death on 9 September 1976, <mask> remained optimistic about Sino-Albanian relations, but in August 1977, Hua Guofeng, the new leader of China, stated that Mao's Three Worlds Theory would become official foreign policy. <mask> viewed this as a way for China to justify having the U.S. as the "secondary enemy" while viewing the Soviet Union as the main one, thus allowing China to trade with the U.S. He stated that:
 From 30 August to 7 September 1977, Tito visited Beijing and was welcomed by the Chinese leadership.Following this, the PLA declared

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