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<mask> (born September 30, 1967) is former head of research and innovation on the managing board of Areva, the French state-owned nuclear power conglomerate. One of a very few Americans in the upper ranks of French business, she has a professional background in environmental policy and engineering. A dual national (US and French) based in Paris, she joined Areva in March 2011 after three years as vice president for group research and development at Air Liquide, one of the top 40 private-sector companies in France. L'Oréal announced in March 2014 that as of  October <mask> would join the French cosmetics and beauty group as senior vice president in charge of advanced research and the Scientific Directorate, and member of the Research & Innovation Management Committee. Early life
Born in Tucson, Arizona, she grew up on a ranch north of Tucson and attended University High School, a public school for the academically gifted and talented. She studied ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Arizona in Tucson on an Arizona Board of Regents academic scholarship and a fellowship from the E. Blois du Bois Foundation of Phoenix, Arizona. After graduating in 1989 she worked as an environmental policy intern in the office of Senator Al Gore in Washington, D.C., then as adviser to the head of the Environmental Protection Authority in the republic of the Marshall Islands in Micronesia.She returned to the United States in 1992 to pursue her master's degree and PhD in environmental engineering at Harvard University (with master's coursework and PhD supervision in chemical engineering based at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology). She was awarded the PhD in 1997 and moved to Paris, where she received her Master of Business Administration degree from the Collège des Ingénieurs. Career

Early career
After working at Suez S.A. in Paris, in 1999 <mask> joined the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. She was an analyst and later principal administrator in the OECD Environment Directorate's program of environmental performance reviews of member and non-member countries, leading multinational teams of experts in evaluating how countries measured up to their own environmental commitments as defined in domestic legislation and international agreements. Air Liquide
In 2007 <mask> was named vice president of research and development for Air Liquide, where she was responsible for setting strategic direction and leading Air Liquide's R&D activities worldwide. Overseeing the Air Liquide group's eight main R&D centers in Europe, North America and Asia, she administered an innovation budget of over €230 million a year in areas including energy efficiency and industrial process optimization; renewable energy forms such as solar photovoltaics technology, biofuel and hydrogen fuel; and carbon capture and storage. Areva
At Areva, as a member of the Executive Operations Committee since early 2011, <mask> manages the group's R&D activities (including a €350 million annual budget and ten technical centers in France, Germany and the United States), its intellectual property portfolio, and technological communications and expertise.Areva's R&D areas range from uranium mining and chemical conversion to advanced nuclear reactors and the recycling of spent nuclear fuel. Under <mask>, the R&D portfolio has increased its emphasis on development of alternative energy technologies, including offshore wind power (5 MW turbines), concentrated solar power (Fresnel reflectors) and low-temperature electrolysis coupled with hydrogen fuel cells (Areva's "Green Energy Box"). Board memberships
<mask> serves on the boards of the following organizations:

Areva Med, a subsidiary of Areva producing radioisotopes that target specific types of cancer. The Areva Foundation, a charitable foundation supporting efforts to fight illiteracy and AIDS. The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France's premier public research agency. The Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA). The Agence nationale de la recherche, which awards funding to public and private scientific research projects.Other activities
A frequent public speaker in France, Germany and the United States, <mask> contributes in several countries to work on strategy to improve public-private cooperation for R&D and to strengthen education in the sciences and engineering. She is active in international women's networks and, in a country where a 2010 survey of major companies showed that women made up only 37% of the workforce and no women were CEOs, is one of relatively few women executives (and only a handful of Americans) at her level. In 2011, <mask> joined the advisory board of the European Professional Women's Network. Awards and honors
In 2010, largely because of changes made by <mask> to Air Liquide's global R&D operations, the global management consulting firm A.T. Kearney and the French economic newspaper Les Échos presented Air Liquide with their Best Innovator award, which recognizes companies that integrate strategy, organization, culture and performance into their innovation process. The jury cited the alignment of the Air Liquide innovation strategy with the overall strategy of the group, as well as its structured innovation process, which is shared and open to its partners. In 2011, <mask> was nominated as Woman of the Year in the Green Business category by the French financial newspaper La Tribune. <mask> was made a chevalier in the National Order of Merit (France) in May 2012.Personal life
<mask> was married in 1996 to <mask>, a Frenchman then studying law in the United States, with whom she had three children. The marriage was dissolved in 2012. A runner since her middle school years, <mask> continues to participate in long-distance running events in France and the United States. Selected bibliography
In addition to being lead author on 16 country volumes in the OECD Environmental Performance Review series from 1999 to 2008, <mask> has written or co-written, among other publications:

<mask>, M. (2011)  "Von natülichen Kohlen-wasserstoffen zu Produkten," Chapter 8 in Energie und Rohstoffe, Spektrum Adademischer Verlag, Heidelberg. <mask>, M. (2010) "Managing Expertise in a World-wide Technology Company," in Commerce in France, American Chamber of Commerce quarterly magazine (March). <mask>, M. (2009) "Air Liquide dévoile son réseau de R&D," in Innovation: L'Economie de la Croissance, 20:14-20 (March). Rogers, P., Heitzmann, M. et al.(1997) Measuring Environmental Quality in Asia. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. <mask>, M. and Wilson, R. (1996) "Low-Dose Linearity: The Rule of the Exception?" in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment International 2(2): 305-330. <mask>, M. (1993) "Sustainable Development in the Pacific Island Nations," in Environmental Science and Technology 27(12): 2286-2290. <mask>, M. J. (1992) Republic of the Marshall Islands National Environmental Management Strategy, Parts A & B.Developed with RMI National Taskforce on Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, Asian Development Bank. <mask>, M., Holthus, P. et al. (1992) Vulnerability Assessment to Accelerated Sea Leel Rise: Case Study of Majuro Atoll. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and South Pacific Regional Environment Program. References

Harvard University alumni
Living people
1967 births
American emigrants to France
American women in business
Businesspeople from Tucson, Arizona

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<mask>. (born September 25, 1951) is an American former professional basketball player and coach. He played 14 seasons in the  National Basketball Association (NBA), where he was a five-time NBA All-Star and named the NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 1975. He won two NBA championships with the Los Angeles Lakers during their Showtime era in the 1980s. In 2000, <mask> was inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame. He was named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team in 2021. <mask> played at the center for the majority of his career. In his 21-season playing career, he spent 14 seasons in the NBA and his final seven in the Lega Basket Serie A in Italy.<mask> is one of the few players who have won both NBA and the FIBA European Champions Cup (EuroLeague) titles as a player. He later won three more NBA titles in 2006, 2012 and 2013 as an assistant coach with the Miami Heat. Early life
McAdoo was raised in Greensboro, North Carolina. His mother, Vandalia, taught at his grade school, and his father, Robert, was a custodian at North Carolina A&T University. McAdoo attended Ben L. Smith High School, where he not only participated in basketball and track but was also in the marching band as a saxophone player. As a senior, he led Smith to the state basketball semifinals as well as to the state track tournament, where he set a new state high-jump record of 6'7", beating out future North Carolina teammate <mask>. College career
Out of high school, McAdoo initially lacked the academic test scores required by the Division I schools, so he chose to enroll at Vincennes University, then a junior college, in Vincennes, Indiana from 1969 through 1971.Vincennes University won the NJCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship in 1970, with McAdoo scoring 27 points in the championship game. His roommate was teammate Foots Walker. <mask> was named a Junior College All-American as a sophomore in 1971. At Vincennes, McAdoo averaged 19.3 points and 10 rebounds in 1969–70 and 25.0 points and 11.0 rebounds in 1970–71. McAdoo played for Team USA at the 1971 Pan American Games, in the summer of 1971, averaging 11.0 points per game. "We didn't really recruit him," Coach Dean Smith of North Carolina said. "His mother called us to start it.She said all the other schools were recruiting him. Why weren't we?" <mask> enrolled at the University of North Carolina in 1971, the only junior college player Dean Smith recruited in his career. <mask>, playing alongside <mask>, led the 1971–72 Tar Heels, coached by Dean Smith, to a 26–5 record and the Final Four of the 1972 NCAA University Division Basketball Tournament. <mask> averaged 19.5 points and 10.1 rebounds. He was named first-team All-American. He also earned MVP honors at the ACC Tournament.Citing family hardship, McAdoo sought and won early eligibility for the 1972 NBA draft under the "hardship" clause that existed until 1977. McAdoo consulted with Coach Dean Smith, who encouraged him to go to the NBA. McAdoo said, "When I left, a lot of people were very angry and upset. But Dean gave me his blessing. He told me, ‘If they’re going to offer you this kind of money, I think you should leave to help you and your family.’ I had his blessing. My mother was totally against it,” McAdoo added, “but my father and Dean Smith were the guys who got me to move.”

Professional career

1972 ABA and NBA drafts
McAdoo sought and won early eligibility in the 1972 NBA draft. However, it was rumored that McAdoo had signed with the Virginia Squires of the rival American Basketball Association after a "secret" ABA draft in which names of those drafted were not made public.Even though no contract was produced and <mask> denied, reportedly, NBA Commissioner Walter Kennedy advised NBA teams not to draft McAdoo. Other reports were that a contract was signed and voided, because <mask> was too young to have signed it and that Buffalo somehow knew this. Later, <mask> was indeed noted as the No. 1 pick of the 1972 American Basketball Association Draft. Buffalo Braves (1972–1976)

Buffalo acted anyway, and <mask> was selected with the No. 2 overall pick by the Buffalo Braves (now the Los Angeles Clippers), after rumors that contract talks between the Portland Trail Blazers and <mask> didn't come to fruition with the first pick. LaRue Martin was selected by Portland.<mask> signed with the Braves and quickly became one of the NBA's premier players. He won the 1973 NBA Rookie of the Year Award and was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. He earned the first of three consecutive NBA scoring titles in only his second season. <mask> was frustrated with Buffalo's losing in his rookie season, saying,  "Here I was sitting at Buffalo, we were on the way to losing 61 games and we didn't have any players. My wife could have outrun those people." His second season (1973–74) remains the last time an NBA player has averaged both 30.0 points and 15.0 rebounds per game. <mask> also led the NBA in field goal percentage in 1973–74, shooting 54.7 percent.That year he enjoyed his first of five All-Star selections. In 1974–75, he was awarded the NBA Most Valuable Player Award, averaging 34.5 points, 14.1 rebounds and 2.12 blocks per game, while shooting 51.2 percent from the field and 80.5 percent from the free throw line. He also led the league in fan voting for the 1975 All-Star Game with 98,325 votes. When Anthony Davis had a 59-point/20-rebound game 19 days before his 23rd birthday, <mask> was the only person to have had a 50-point/20-rebound game at a younger age. <mask>'s style was very modern for his time. Although a 'big man' at , he had no problems taking shots from the perimeter, which, in his prime, made him a nearly unstoppable force on offense. On December 9, 1976, <mask> was traded by the Buffalo Braves with Tom McMillen to the New York Knicks for John Gianelli and cash.In 334 games with Buffalo, McAdoo averaged 28.2 points, 12.7 rebounds, 2.6 assists, 2.4 blocks and 1.1 steals. New York Knicks (1976–1979)
In 52 games with the Knicks in 1976–77, McAdoo averaged 26.7 points, 12.7 rebounds, 2.7 assists, 1.3 blocks and 1.2 steals under Hall of Fame Coach Red Holtzman, as the Knicks finished 40–42 missing the playoffs. Joining the Knicks, McAdoo played alongside future Hall of Fame teammates Clyde Frazier, Earl Monroe, Spencer Haywood, Bill Bradley and Phil Jackson. In 1977–78, the Knicks, finished 43–39 under new Coach Willis Reed, as McAdoo averaged 26.5 points, 12.8 rebounds, 3.8 assists, 1.6 blocks and 1.3 steals in 79 games. The Knicks defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers 2–0 in the Eastern Conference Playoffs, before losing to the Philadelphia 76ers with Julius Erving 4–0 in the Eastern Conference semi-finals. McAdoo averaged 34.0 points, 9.0 rebounds and 2.0 assists in the Cavaliers series and 18.8 points, 10.0 rebounds, 4.8 assists 2.3 blocks and 1.5 steals in the 76ers series. In 1978–79, the Knicks fired Willis Reed and rehired Red Holtzman mid-season.After 40 games with the Knicks, <mask> was averaging 26.9 points, 9.5 rebounds and 3.2 assists when he was traded. On February 12, 1979, <mask> was traded by the Knicks to the Boston Celtics for Tom Barker, a 1979 1st round draft pick (Bill Cartwright was later selected), a 1979 1st round draft pick (Larry Demic was later selected) and a 1979 1st round draft pick (Sly Williams was later selected). In 171 games with the Knicks, <mask> averaged 26.7 points, 12.0 rebounds, 3.3 assists, 1.4 blocks and 1.3 steals. Boston Celtics (1979)
In 20 games with Boston under player/Coach Dave Cowens, Boston finished 29–53. <mask> averaged 20.6 points, 7.1 rebounds, playing fewer minutes in a frontcourt with Cowens, Cedric Maxwell, Marvin Barnes and Rick Robey. After the season Boston fired Cowens as coach, replaced him with Bill Fitch, and Larry Bird arrived from Indiana State. <mask> was traded to Detroit.On September 6, 1979 <mask> was traded by the Celtics to the Detroit Pistons for a 1980 1st round draft pick (Rickey Brown was later selected) and a 1980 1st round draft pick (Joe Barry Carroll was later selected). This exchange was arranged as compensation for Boston signing veteran free agent M.L. Carr on July 24, 1979. The number one pick Boston received was later traded to the Golden State Warriors who used it to select Carroll. In return, Boston received the #3 overall pick (used to select Kevin McHale) and center Robert Parish. Detroit Pistons (1979–1981)
In 1979–80, McAdoo joined a Pistons team that finished 16–66 under coaches Dick Vitale (4–8), who had encouraged the trade for McAdoo, and Vitale's replacement Richie Adubato (12–58). Playing alongside Hall of Famer <mask>, <mask> averaged 21.1 points and 8.1 rebounds in 58 games.On March 11, 1981, <mask> was waived by the Pistons after playing in only six games with the team in 1980–81, as Detroit finished 21–61. On February 19, 1981, <mask>, who had been injured,  claimed he was healthy and asked to be reinstated into the Pistons starting lineup. Coach Scotty Robertson denied his request, saying McAdoo had not practiced and wasn't in proper physical shape. McAdoo  asked to be allowed to go home and was allowed to leave. The next day Pistons general manager Jack McCloskey notified <mask> to not return for the rest of the season. <mask> was then waived. New

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 Jersey Nets (1981)
On March 13, 1981, <mask> signed as a free agent with the New Jersey Nets.He played ten games with the Nets, averaging 15 minutes per contest as the Nets finished 24–58. Los Angeles Lakers (1981–1985)
On December 24, 1981, <mask> was traded by the New Jersey Nets to the Los Angeles Lakers for a 1983 2nd round draft pick (Kevin Williams was later selected). <mask> had not played for the Nets in the 1981–82 season and Mitch Kupchak had become injured for the Lakers. "As the 1981–82 season began, I was in the middle of a contract dispute with the New Jersey Nets. However, I couldn’t even play since I was still recovering from off-season surgery to have bone spurs removed from my foot. There were times, standing around on crutches for months, when I thought my career was over." <mask> reflected, "But I got a call from the Lakers on Christmas Eve.They had just lost a key player, Mitch Kupchak, who blew out his knee. In the short term, they were hoping I could fill his void coming off the bench. In the long term, I think they were hoping I could help the team get headed in the right direction." <mask> had a memorable end to his NBA career, winning two NBA titles with the Los Angeles Lakers in 1982 and 1985 as a key reserve on the Showtime-era teams with Hall of Famers Magic Johnson, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and James Worthy. The former MVP was silently frustrated with not starting behind players such as Jim Brewer, Mark Landsberger, and Kurt Rambis, but sacrificed to be part of championship teams. “That championship is the one thing I don’t have I’ll do whatever I need to get it.” <mask> said in playing with the Lakers in 1982. In 1981–82, the Lakers won the 1982 NBA Championship, as Pat Riley had taken over coaching from Paul Westhead.Riley and <mask> thus began a professional relationship that continued for decades. In 41 games with the Lakers, <mask> averaged 9.6 points and 3.9 rebounds in 18.2 minutes in the regular season. In the 1982 NBA Finals, <mask> averaged 16.3 points in 27 minutes as the Lakers defeated the Philadelphia 76ers 4–2. In the entire playoffs, <mask> averaged 16.7 points and 6.8 rebounds. <mask> resigned with the Lakers for the 1982–83 season, declining a more lucrative offer from the Philadelphia 76ers in order to remain with the Lakers. Averaging 15.0 points in 1982-1983 and 13.1 points in 1983–84 for the Lakers in the next two seasons, the team finished 58–24 and 54–28. McAdoo played with a severely injured hamstring in the 1983 playoffs."If we could have had Mac (McAdoo) healthy, we might have had a shot," coach Riley said after the 1983 loss to the Philadelphia 76ers in the NBA Finals. <mask> averaged 12.5 points and 5.5 rebounds as the Lakers lost 4–3 to the Boston Celtics in the 1984 NBA Finals. McAdoo helped the Lakers to another NBA Championship in 1984–85, defeating Boston 4–2 in the NBA Finals. <mask> was the 6th man, averaging 8.2 points and 3.0 rebounds in the 1985 NBA Finals and 11.4 points in the entire playoffs. After the season, the Lakers did not re-sign McAdoo, instead offering a contract to veteran Maurice Lucas for the 6th man role. “It was a great opportunity for me to play with Kareem and Magic,” <mask> said of his tenure with the Lakers. “For the first time in my career, I had a chance to win a championship.But I had no thoughts at all in my mind about coming off the bench. It just happened. To me it was a wrap I would start. They didn’t have anyone who could stick with me at that position, but I dealt with it because I had never been on a championship team. And I’ve never been one to cause disruption or anything like that.”

Philadelphia 76ers (1986)
On January 31, 1986, <mask> signed as a free agent with the Philadelphia 76ers. He finished his NBA career with 29 games for the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1985–86 season, averaging 10.1 points alongside Julius Erving, Moses Malone and Charles Barkley. McAdoo averaged 10.8 points in the 76ers two playoff series.NBA career totals
In his NBA career, <mask> scored 18,787 career points. He averaged 22.1 points, 9.4 rebounds, 2.3 assists, 1.5 blocks and 1.0 steals in 852 games. He played for the Buffalo Braves (1972–1976), New York Knicks (1976–1979), Boston Celtics (1979), Detroit Pistons (1979–1981), New Jersey Nets (1980–1981), Los Angeles Lakers (1981–1985) and Philadelphia 76ers (1986). Italian League (1987–1992)
After his NBA career ended, <mask> played in Italy, first playing with Olimpia Milano, as one of the best American players ever seen in Europe, and the FIBA European Champions Cup (now known as the EuroLeague). <mask> played with Olimpia Milano from the 1986–87 season, to the 1989–90 season. He led the club to two straight FIBA European Champions Cup (EuroLeague) titles, in the 1986–87 and 1987–88 seasons, being named the EuroLeague Final Four MVP in 1988. With the same club, he also won the FIBA Intercontinental Cup (1987), two Italian League championships (1987, 1989), and the Italian Cup (1987).Later, he played with the Italian clubs Filanto Forlì (1990–92) and Teamsystem Fabriano (1992), before retiring from playing professional basketball, in 1992, at age 41. In his last season, he retired after playing in just 2 games. In seven seasons in the Italian League, McAdoo played in 201 games, and averaged 27.0 points and 8.9 rebounds per game. In three seasons in the EuroLeague, all as a member of Olimpia Milano, he averaged 25.8 points per game overall, averaging 21.8 points per game in 1986–87, 29.1 points per game in 1987–88, and 25.5 points per game in 1989–90. Coaching/scouting career
Beginning in 1995, <mask> has worked 25 years for the Miami Heat. He was an assistant coach for 19 seasons under Pat Riley (1995–2003, 2005–2008), Stan Van Gundy (2003–2005) and Erik Spoelstra (2008–2013), winning three NBA championships. He has since worked the last five seasons as a scout and community liaison for Miami.<mask> came to the Heat organization when Pat Riley, who had been his coach for two championship seasons with the Lakers in the 1980s, left the New York Knicks to become the Heat's head coach and GM in 1995. Riley quickly reached out to McAdoo to join his coaching staff. Personal life

<mask>'s wife, Charlina, died of cancer in 1991. They had four children together - sons Robert III and Russell and his daughter Rita live in New Jersey, while their other son, Ross, lives in Alaska. <mask> and his wife, Patrizia, whom he met while playing professionally in Italy, live in Boca Raton, Florida. They have two children. Their daughter Rasheeda graduated from Georgia Tech where she played on the tennis team and qualified for The 2017 NCAA Singles Championship.She plays professional tennis. Their son Ryan is a basketball player at the University of North Carolina. In 2010, McAdoo took part in the Basketball Without Borders program in Singapore, which uses sport to create a positive social change in areas of education, health and wellness. He also participated in the program in Beijing in 2009 and the NBA Legends Tour to South Africa in 1993, a goodwill mission to promote the NBA. <mask> was also the basketball technical adviser for the 1993 feature film, "The Air Up There", starring Kevin Bacon. In 2012, McAdoo was treated for a blood clot in his leg. <mask>'s second cousin, <mask>, is the father of James Michael <mask>, who also played for the Tar Heels basketball team and turned pro in 2014.Honors
 In 1993, <mask> was inducted into the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame. <mask> was inducted into the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame in 1995. <mask> still holds the Braves/Clippers record for most minutes played per game (40.1), field goals made per game (11.1), and field goal attempts  per game (22.1). <mask> was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2000. In 2006, <mask> was inducted into the College Basketball Hall of Fame. In 2008, he was named to the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors. <mask> was inducted into the Olimpia Milano Hall of Fame, in 2013,.In 2016, the gymnasium at Ben L. Smith High School (Guilford County School District) was named after McAdoo. In 2019, McAdoo was honored, along with seven others, by the University of North Carolina on a banner displaying UNC alumni who had been elected to the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame. McAdoo is a member of the Guilford County Sports Hall of Fame. In 2021, McAdoo was elected to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team. Lakers
| 41 || 0 || 18.2 || .458 || .000 || .714 || 3.9 || 0.8 || 0.5 || 0.9 || 9.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 47 || 1 || 21.7 || .520 || .000 || .730 || 5.3 || 0.8 || 0.9 || 0.9 || 15.0
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| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 70 || 0 || 20.8 || .471 || .000 || .803 || 4.1 || 1.1 || 0.6 || 0.7 || 13.1
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| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| †
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A.Lakers
|14||–||27.7||.564||–||.681||6.8||1.6||0.7||1.5||16.7
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|style="text-align:left;"|1983
|style="text-align:left;”|L.A. Lakers
|8||–||20.8||.440||.333||.786||5.8||0.6||1.4||1.3||10.9
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1984
|style="text-align:left;”|L.A. Lakers
|20||–||22.4||.516||.000||.704||5.4||0.6||0.6||1.4||14.0
|-
|

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<mask>ru Vaida-Voevod cabinet (December 1919 – March 1920), Minister of Communications and of Industry and Commerce in the Ion I. C. Brătianu cabinet (January 1922 – March 1926). Early life
Moșoiu was born in 1868 in the village Újtohán/Tohanul Nou, at the time in Austria-Hungary, now part of Zărnești, Brașov County. He was the son of Ana, née Răduțoiu, and Moise, a shepherd who later became mayor of Tohanul Nou. He went to the Andrei Șaguna High School in Brașov, then studied at the Ludovica Academy in Budapest and the Theresian Military Academy in Vienna. He graduated from the latter academy on 1 June 1889 with the rank of second lieutenant in the Austro-Hungarian Army, and was sent to the  Sibiu garrison. In 1891 he got into conflicts with fellow officers after he expressed frustration with the lack of equal rights for ethnic Romanians within the Habsburg Empire.As a result, he was arrested and imprisoned, but, with his father's help, he managed to escape. He then crossed the Bucegi Mountains into Romania, arriving in Sinaia, where he surrendered to the authorities, asking to join the Romanian Army ranks. Career in the Romanian Army
In April 1893 he became a second lieutenant with the 9th Infantry Regiment, garrisoned at Râmnicu Vâlcea, advancing to lieutenant the next year and to captain in 1900. On 27 July 1897 in Buzău he married Maria Furtunescu, a French teacher; they had two children, Tiberiu (b. 1898) and Mariana (b. 1903). Moșoiu commanded companies in the 19th Regiment Romanați (1901–1904) and the 9th Battalion Vânători in Ploiești, the 1st Infantry Battalion of the 20th Regiment Muscel, the 6th Regiment Mihai Viteazul in Bucharest, and the 7th Battalion Vânători in Galați.He was promoted to major in 1909. He saw action in the military campaign in Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War and on 1 October 1913, he was appointed commander of the 30th Regiment Vânători at Câmpulung, holding the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was promoted to colonel on 1 April 1916. World War I

Romania was neutral for the first two years of World War I, entering on the side of the Allied powers on 27 August 1916. The start of the Romanian Campaign of 1916 found Moșoiu as commanding officer of 2nd Regiment Vâlcea and commander of the military group assigned to the Olt–Lotru sector, when he played a decisive role in the Sibiu Offensive. From 26–29 September the 3rd Infantry Brigade under his command fought tenaciously in the Olt Valley with the 1st Army Corps led by General David Praporgescu, blocking an attempted breakthrough of the 9th German Army under the command of Erich von Falkenhayn. In October 1916 he took command of the 23rd Infantry Division.In January 1917 he was promoted to brigadier general and put in command of the 12th Infantry Division. For his bravery during the Battle of Transylvania in the fall of 1916 he was awarded on 2 January 1918 the Order of Michael the Brave, 3rd Class. On 3 March 1918, after the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks signed a separate peace with the Central Powers in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Romania was alone on the Eastern Front, a situation that far surpassed its military capabilities; therefore, on 7 May 1918, Romania sued for peace. On 10 November 1918 Romania re-entered the war on the side of the Allies. King Ferdinand called for the mobilization of the Romanian army and ordered it to attack by crossing the Carpathian Mountains into Transylvania. The end of World War I that soon followed did not bring an end to  fighting for the Romanian army; its mission continued into 1918 and 1919 in the Hungarian–Romanian War.The Hungarian–Romanian War

At the end of November 1918, the 7th Infantry Division under the command of Moșoiu crossed the Carpathians, coming from Piatra Neamț and advancing though the Prisăcani Valley towards Borsec, Toplița, and Reghin. On 1 December 1918, the Union of Transylvania with Romania was officiated by the elected representatives of the Romanian people of Transylvania. Later that month, Romanian units reached the line of the Mureș River, which was the demarcation line agreed upon by the representatives of the Allied powers and Hungary. On 10 December, a unified command of the Romanian army in Transylvania was established; its headquarters were at Sibiu, with Moșoiu in command. On 12 March 1919 he was appointed Military Governor of Transylvania. On 21 March Béla Kun led a successful communist coup d'état in Hungary; he formed a social democratic, communist coalition government and proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic. General Gheorghe Mărdărescu was in command of the Romanian army in Transylvania, with General <mask> in command of the Army Group North.By 18 April, the first elements of the Romanian offensive were completed and the Hungarian front was broken. <mask>'s troops took control of western Transylvania, including the cities of Șimleu Silvaniei and Beiuș. He entered Oradea on 20 April alongside General Ștefan Holban, and took control of the administration of the city that day. His troops then advanced to Salonta, Carei, and Satu Mare, pressing on to the Tisza River. The Hungarian forces retreated to Szolnok and from there across the Tisza, establishing two concentric defense lines. Between 29 April and 1 May, the Romanian Army broke through these lines, establishing control on the entire east bank of the Tisza. On 2 May, Hungary sued for peace, with Kun prepared to recognize all of Romania's territorial demands.General Moșoiu became the governor of the military district between the Romanian border and the Tisza River. After repelling attacks by the Hungarian Army in July 1919, the Romanian Army crossed the Tisza River at the end of the month and advanced towards Budapest. On 2 August, Kun fled Hungary towards the Austrian border and eventually reached the Soviet Union. On 3–4 August some 400 Romanian soldiers with two artillery guns took hold of the city. Soon after, the bulk of the Romanian troops arrived in the Budapest and a parade was held through the city center in front of their commander, General Moșoiu. Romanian forces continued their advance into Hungary, stopping at Győr; they occupied all of Hungary with the exception of an area around Lake Balaton. Moșoiu was named commander of the Romanian military garrison in Budapest and Military Governor of the Hungarian territory to the west of the Tisza River.Political career

In December 1919 he retired from the Army, joining the National Liberal Party after 1920. He served as Minister of War in the Alexandru Vaida-Voevod cabinet for 11 days in March 1920. From January 1922 to October 1923, he was Communications Minister, supporting administrative and fiscal autonomy for Căile Ferate Române railway. From December 1923 to March 1926, he was Minister of Public Works, in which capacity he promoted clean water. Elected Senator for Bihor County in 1922, he served a second term as ex officio member from 1926. During the 1922 campaign, his rival,  of the Romanian National Party, was detained for three hours while en route to a rally in Orăștie, for purposes of intimidation. Moșoiu died in Bucharest on 15 August 1932.He is buried at Bellu Cemetery, in Bucharest. Legacy

Streets are named after him in Arad, Bran, Brașov, Cluj-Napoca, Oradea, Ploiești, and Târgu Mureș. In 2006, the CFR railway station in Zărnești was named in his honor. A bust of him, sculpted by Teodor Zamfirescu, was unveiled in Oradea in 1992; the monument was rehabilitated in 2019, on the occasion of the centenary of Moșoiu's troops taking control of the city and establishing Romanian administration there. In 2007, on the 75th anniversary of his death, a bust of Moșoiu was erected in Bran, Brașov County; the inaugural ceremony was attended by then-President <mask> Băsescu. Notes

References

1868 births
1932 deaths
People from Zărnești
Andrei Șaguna National College (Brașov) alumni
Romanian Austro-Hungarians
Austro-Hungarian emigrants to Romania
Romanian Ministers of Defence
Romanian Ministers of Communications
Romanian Ministers of Public Works
Members of the Senate of Romania
National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
Romanian Land Forces generals
Romanian military personnel of the Second Balkan War
Romanian Army World War I generals
Romanian people of the Hungarian–Romanian War
Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave
Burials at Bellu Cemetery

masks:
Traian Moșoiuand
Moșoiu
Moșoiu
Traian


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<mask> (born Norman Fisher-Jones, 1 February 1962, in Bootle, Lancashire, England) is an English multi-instrumentalist musician, composer and producer, has formed and/or played with a number of bands primarily as a guitarist or bassist. In chronological order they were: Alvin the Aardvark and the Fuzzy Ants, The Umbrella, The Pete Shelley Group, The Cure, Luxuria, Apollo 440, Stealth Sonic Soul, Fast, Maximum Roach, James Maker and Noko 440 (also known as Frankenstein), Magazine, Raw Chimp, Levyathan, SCISM, Am I Dead Yet? and Buzzcocks (at the Pete Shelley Memorial concert at London's Royal Albert Hall in 2019). Biography
In 1980, he formed his first band called Alvin the Aardvark & the Fuzzy Ants, who played their first gig on 16 January 1981 on After All That…This, a Granada TV show presented by Nick Turnbull. Despite the DJ John Peel being a fan of their music, they never released any material, recording only an unreleased single at Open Eye Studios, in Liverpool and playing a few gigs in the North-West, most notably supporting Cabaret Voltaire at Nathan McGough's Plato's Ballroom in 1981, before disbanding the same year. In 1983, he became involved with three bands. He joined The Cure as bassist, playing for some European and UK live–TV dates, and formed two bands, Dynamo Futurista and The Umbrella.The latter group, consisting of <mask> (guitar and vocals), Simon Hoare (drums), Mark Sanderson (bass) and James Gardner, released a total of three songs before folding, which were released on an EP called Make Hell (For The Beautiful People). Founder Buzzcock and Magazine frontman, Howard Devoto, started writing with <mask> in 1986 with a view to putting a band together to play Factory Records' Festival of the Tenth Summer at the G-Mex arena in Manchester that summer to commemorate the tenth anniversary of Punk. They played a short set as Adultery, borrowing backline from The Smiths. (<mask> also played a set with Pete Shelley at the same gig in a line-up that also included ex-Magazine drummer John Doyle). The line-up for that Adultery show was: Howard Devoto – vocals, <mask> – lead guitar/viola, Leroy James – keyboards/2nd guitar, Pete Kinski – bass, Simon Hoare – drums. Signing to Beggars Banquet in 1987 and deciding on the name Luxuria, Devoto and Noko released two LPs: Unanswerable Lust (1988) and Beastbox (1990) and toured Europe and USA throughout 1988 with a line-up of Devoto and <mask> on vocals/guitars and viola as usual and Karl Leiker – bass, Mark Rowlett – Drums/Sequential Studio 440, James Gardner – keyboards, programming, Frog – guitar/keyboards. The final Luxuria gig at The Town & Country Club (now the London Forum) in London featured cameo appearances by Barry Adamson (bass) on a rendition of Magazine's "The Light Pours Out of Me" for an encore, and Morrissey, who read a passage of Marcel Proust's "A La Recherche Du Temps Perdu" over the intro of "Mademoiselle" before throwing the tattered book into the crowd as the band kicked into the song.(There is a bootleg recording of the gig in circulation). When Luxuria folded in 1990, <mask> got together with school friends, brothers Trevor Gray and Howard Gray, and James Gardner and formed Apollo 440. The band released a number of singles and EPs on their own StealthSonic Recordings label: "Lolita" (1990), "Destiny" (1991), "Blackout" (1992) and "Lolita/Destiny '92" (1992). Apollo 440 made four albums: Millennium Fever (1995), ElectroGlide In Blue (1997), Gettin' High On Your Own Supply (1999), and Dude Descending A Staircase (2003) on Sony Records. The band have been playing live in one form or another since their inception in 1990 to the present day and chronologically the touring line-ups are as follows:
1990–1992: The band featured all founding members on keyboards, sequencers and drum machines and MCs Stevie Hyper-D and Tigga-Max guesting from time to time on vocals. 1993–1995: James Gardner left for New Zealand where he has since established himself as a prominent composer writing music for his ensemble 175 East. <mask> moved over to electric guitar and lead vocals, Trevor Gray on keyboards, Howard Gray on bass, and ex-Modern Eon drummer Cliff Hewitt was added to the line-up first on electronic, then onto acoustic drums.(Kenny Cougar briefly replaced Rej on bass during 1999). 1996–2000: <mask> – guitar, Trevor Gray – keyboards, Howard Gray – vibe controller/live-mix, Cliff Hewitt – drums, Paul Kodish – drums, Reinallt Ap Gwynnedd – bass, Mary Byker (ex-Gaye Bykers on Acid) – lead vocals, Harry-K – DJ/vocals. Simeon Bowring from A1 People replaced Rej on bass for a number of European festivals in 2000. 2007–2008: <mask> – guitar, Trevor Gray – keyboards, Howard Gray – vibe controller/live-mix. Cliff Hewitt – drums, Reinallt Ap Gwynnedd – bass, Ewan MacFarlane – lead vocals, Ashley Krajewski – MPC/keyboards. 2008–present: Chuck Sabo briefly replaced Cliff Hewitt on drums in 2008 (and again in 2009) as Cliff had touring commitments with German artist Schiller; Steve Barney did the same in early 2010 and Mikey Cusick (who had previously played with Noko in Maximum Roach from 2004–2005) replaced Rej on bass in 2008 and remains the current Apollo 440 bassman. The current 2010 Apollo 440 touring line-up: <mask> – guitar, Trevor Gray – keyboards, Howard Gray – vibe controller/live-mix.Cliff Hewitt – drums, Mikey Cusick – bass/vocals, Ewan MacFarlane – lead vocals, Ashley Krajewski – MPC/keyboards/vocals. 2004 saw <mask> in a two-man band with James Maker which was at first called Frankenstein, but which was later renamed to James Maker and Noko 440. The band released only one EP via Morrissey's Attack imprint (I'm Unbearable/Born That Way) and the two musicians parted early 2005 after touring with a full band line-up on Morrissey's European and UK dates including his Meltdown festival appearance at the Royal Festival Hall supporting the newly reformed New York Dolls. That line-up included Paul Kodish on drums, Simeon Bowring on bass, and Ashley Krajewski on keyboards. In November 2008, <mask> was announced as the guitarist of the reformed Magazine, joining his former collaborators Howard Devoto, Barry Adamson, John Doyle and Dave Formula. In summer 2009, Magazine played "The Soap Show: Episode 2009" at the Royal Festival Hall. It was shown in two halves, the first of which was The Correct Use Of Soap LP in its original running order followed by the B-sides and the song "Upside Down" which had never been performed live before.They also played selected European festivals with a set culled from the "Real Life & Thereafter" tour. The band rounded off the year's activities with appearances on BBC TV's Later... with Jools Holland and the BBC Electric Proms. Magazine have released a brand new live DVD and CD, Real Life & Thereafter: Live at Manchester Academy 17.02.09. 2009 also saw the completion and release of <mask>'s first full movie score. Une Affaire D'etat, a French-language political thriller based on best-selling novel Nos Fantastiques Années Fric by Dominique Manotti was directed by Éric Valette and stars André Dussollier, Thierry Frémont and Rachida Brakni. European cinema release was in October of that year. A soundtrack CD is available on Milan Musique.2010 also saw the formation of Raw Chimp with <mask> (guitar/vocals), his wife Deborah Fisher-Jones (bass), and Constance Kaler (lead vocals). Raw Chimp played their live debut that same year at the Download Festival. <mask> also scored  Éric Valette's next movie, The Prey which was released in France in April 2011 with worldwide distribution to follow later in 2012. Another French-language thriller, it was written by Laurent Turner and the movie's producer Luc Bossi, The Prey stars Albert Dupontel, Alice Taglioni, Stéphane Debac and Sergi Lopez. It's a dark high-octane edgy chase movie starting in a prison and culminating in a tense mountain denouement. The score is essential orchestral with touches of electronica and a multitude of <mask>'s trademark guitar-textures. The soundtrack CD is again available on Milan Musique.Magazine completed their No Thyself LP at the end of 2011, the first new material from the band since 1981's Magic, Murder and the Weather, which was released on the Wire-Sound label. The band toured the UK in November. The LP and tour and BBC radio session were the first to feature new bass-player Stan White who replaced Barry Adamson. Apollo 440's fifth LP The Future's What It Used to Be was released at the beginning of 2012 and the group continue to play live. In 2012, <mask> stepped in on bass guitar and backing vocals with London neo-grunge trio Levyathan, alongside Simon Maxwell on drums and David Norris on guitar and lead vocals. The band recorded a Noko-produced debut LP later that year at Apollo Control but it was never released. In February 2013, <mask> and Brad Lee from Discoordinated performed at Matthew Glamorre's multi-media series of art-happenings, C.R.U.X.at Zero-One Gallery in Hopkins St. Soho, London W1. They revisited their 2-man version of Roxy Music's classic, "In Every Dream Home a Heartache", last performed in 2007. In March 2013, <mask> composed and performed his one-man live music score on electric guitar to Theatre Of Post Eroticism's production of BDSM Faust : an adaption of Johann Wolfgang Goethe's 1808 "Faust" (Part 1). There was another UK run of the production in June and the show was performed in Romania later in the year. In 2014, <mask> co-wrote/ co-produced some tracks for Japanese guitarist Tomoyasu Hotei's LP New Beginnings (released in Japan Virgin/Universal TYCT-60046). These were "Sons Of Sorrow", "New Chemical" and "Barrel Of My Own Gun". <mask> played bass guitar on "Sons Of Sorrow" and "Barrel Of My Own Gun" and vocals on "Barrel of my own Gun" and "New Chemical".When Hotei later signed to Universal's Spinefarm imprint, this LP was repackaged with some extra tracks for release outside of Japan as Strangers (SPINE663762) and included a re-worked version of "New Chemical" titled "Move It", featuring a lead vocal by Richard Z. Kruspe from Rammstein. It was at <mask>'s suggestion that Hotei approached Iggy Pop to sing two other tracks on the album, which became "How The Cookie Crumbles" and "Walking Through The Night". Hotei and <mask> have been friends since 1997, first meeting when Apollo 440 remixed one of Hotei's tracks. They share a birthday, having both been born on exactly the same day, 1 February 1962. Since 2014 <mask> has periodically toured with Hotei in Europe, U.S. and Japan, playing bass guitar in various line-ups, including drummers Steve Barney, Cliff Hewitt and Zachary Alford. Later in 2014, <mask> produced and mixed Pop Will Eat Itself's "Reclaim The Game (Funk FIFA)" unofficial Brazil World Cup 2014 theme featuring Brazilian rap artist

masks: Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko Noko


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 BNegão. <mask> went on to produce and mix some tracks for the band's 2015 Anti-Nasty League album (RUMJOINT0005): "Sacrifice And Pain", "Director's Cut" and "Mental Pollution" (to which he had a writing contribution), playing additional guitar, bass and various keyboard/programming enhancements along the way.This led to the band he formed with Brad Lee, $HirtLiftA supporting PWEI on their UK tour that summer: Brad Lee on vocals, <mask> on guitar and Frank Horovich on guitar and electronics. In 2016, <mask> reunited with Matthew Glamorre to form SCISM, the 'house-band' at his SCISM audio-visual, multi-media art-happening nightclub on EU Referendum night in London. They recorded and released "Dalston Bump" to coincide with a series of events at Vogue Fabrics in Dalston. In Summer 2017 SCISM played a set at Churchtown festival in Cornwall and again in September at The Bargehouse in London as part of Open London weekend. In April 2017, Magazine released the vinyl-only "Old World Charm" (WIRED42) : 6 tracks recorded at the BBC Electric Proms at Roundhouse, London in 2009. The Graeme Oxby pic on the rear of the sleeve featured <mask>'s MXR 'flanger-on-a-stick'. <mask> composed and produced the music score for director Darren Cavanagh's feature-length documentary Ex-Dominatrix, for release in December 2017.The movie opened the 2019 London Fetish Film Festival, at which it won Best Feature. In 2017, <mask> and Mary Byker started work recording a body of songs that would become the debut Am I Dead Yet? album, which was released on the Wire-Sound label in April 2019 (WIRED#48). A 5-track remix EP, “Never Mind The Bolex…Am I Dead Yet? reimagined on 35mm”(WIRED#49), which featured cinematic dub remixes of some of the album highlights, was released as a download only, free with advance-orders of the album during the crowd-fun run-up to the actual release. Live dates promoting the album saw the live line-up expanded with the addition of Cliff Hewitt from Apollo 440 on drums and Derek ‘Hoodlum Priest’ Thompson on bass guitar. Other appearances
The nature of the Apollo 440 remix and production process means <mask> has played on too many records by other artists to list usefully here.StealthSonicSoul was an alter-ego spin-off project by the three members of Apollo 440. One release "StealthSonicSoul" came out in 1992 on Scottish 23rd Precinct affiliated Limbo label. A further track "StealthSonic Sun In Her Hair" appeared on a Limbo compilation the following year. The EZ Drum & Bass Orchestra consisted of <mask> and Frederick Pasquan and made one commercially available EP "Beat Girl" b/w "EZ Beat Girl" and "Slow Beat Girl" on the Sliced label in 1996. The duo also remixed a number of other artists e.g. "Carrerra Rapida -EZ Drum&Bass Orchestra Remix" by Apollo 440 on Sony in 1997. <mask> played bass in 1991 on the Total Abandon EP and Jubilee Twist LP in 1992  by The Heart Throbs, a group from Reading who folded in 1993.<mask> played a number of gigs with the band in 1991 and was in the line up that was joined onstage on 25 October of that year by Only Ones frontman, Peter Perrett at Underworld, Camden Town,London, for a version of The Only Ones' "Lovers Of Today" along with a few other songs. In the same year, he played abstract guitar on the song "Ventriloquists and Dolls" from Momus's album Hippopotamomus. In 1992, <mask> produced the one and only LP by Hyperhead, Metaphasia, which came out on the Devotion label. The band was formed by Mary Byker. After Gaye Bykers on Acid split, Mary joined and toured with industrial supergroup Pigface before forming Hyperhead, which included contributions from his Pigface colleagues Martin Atkins (also formerly of PiL and Killing Joke) and William Tucker (also previously of Revolting Cocks and My Life With the Thrill Kill Kult), along with bassist Karl Leiker (who had previously played with <mask> in Luxuria) and guitarist Paul Dalloway. Also in 1992, <mask> collaborated with Stuart Crichton as Johnny Potatohead, releasing a single, "Johnny Potatohead" on Reverb Records. On 14 July 1998, Apollo 440 played "La Nuit Electronique" concert with Jean Michel Jarre, with whom they had collaborated twice that year : firstly on the single "Rendezvous '98"  (which became the ITV World Cup Theme in UK and reached #10 in the singles chart) and an @440 remix of "Oxygene 10".Apollo performed the two tracks live onstage with JMJ in front of the Eiffel Tower to an audience of over 600,000. It was Bastille Day and only two days before, France had won the World Cup. Immediately after they won on 12th, the Mayor of Paris asked Jarre to put together this impromptu free concert for the people of Paris to extend the euphoria. At the climax of the show, an enormous firework display went off on the Eiffel tower behind the stage. This was the largest concert <mask> has ever played. <mask> and both Gray brothers all played synthesiser and Jean Michel Jarre played theremin. From 2002–2004, <mask> was involved as Producer/Musical Director for The Prada Meinhof Gang, an all-female Art-Terrorist troupe active between 2002–2004, whose activities included performance/installations at the Venice Biennalle, Tate Britain, ICA etc.Their track "Want Is Your Master" was included on the free CD compilation that accompanied the "Music" issue of Modern Painters magazine. In March 2007, Apollo 440 played the "A Tribute To Billy MacKenzie" charity concert at Shepherd's Bush Empire alongside British Electric Foundation (their first ever live show),Glenn Gregory (Heaven 17), Claudia Brücken (Propaganda) and Paul Humphries (OMD) and Paul Haig, amongst others. It was 10 years after his death. Apollo, with Ewan MacFarlane on vocals closed the show with "Pain In Any Language" from their 2nd LP Electroglide In Blue. This collaboration was the last song MacKenzie finished before his tragic suicide only weeks later. The Apollo set also included their cover of The Smiths' "William, it was really nothing" - the only time it was ever performed live. <mask> made his feature-film debut with a brief cameo appearance as an accordion-playing Parisian street musician in Éric Valette's Une Affaire D'Etat movie in 2009.He also had a cameo in Éric Valette's next movie La Proie in 2011 as a harpsichord player in a music-recital scene set in a prison which culminates in a full-scale riot. In 2011, <mask> contributed guitar to two tracks on The Organ Of Corti, an LP by Magazine's Dave Formula and cellist Christine Hanson. After the passing of Pete Shelley in December 2018, <mask> was asked to perform with the current Buzzcocks, Steve Diggle, Danny Farrant and Chris Remington, at a special memorial concert at London's Royal Albert Hall on 21 June. The concert featured original Buzzcocks drummer John Maher and bassist Steve Garvey alongside a number of special guests, including Pauline Murray (Penetration), Captain Sensible (The Damned), Thurston Moore (Sonic Youth), Peter Perrett (The Only Ones), Richard Jobson (Skids), Dave Vanian (The Damned) and Tim Burgess (The Charlatans). <mask> played Pete Shelley's guitar parts and solos for the duration of the show, which was MC'd by Paul Morley and included tributes by original Buzzcocks manager and New Hormones label founder Richard Boon, original Buzzcock  Howard Devoto, who provided a short film featuring a world premiere of a Buzzkunst track that he'd recorded with Pete, but was never released and, to end the show, a eulogy and special thanks from Pete's wife Greta. Appropriately, <mask> played two songs, "Boredom" and "Time's Up" on a red 1960s Starway guitar - the same model made famous by Pete during the early Spiral Scratch days of the band, with its missing top-section. Equipment
For Apollo 440 live, throughout the late 1990s Noko used the following guitars: a green Parker Fly Classic, a blue Parker Fly Deluxe and a pink Fender 1962 reissue Stratocaster through a pair of Digitech 2112 rack FX units, an 1980s Roland GP-8 and Fender Twins, but whilst the guitars remain the same, the preamps have been upgraded to Digitech GSP 1101 units with Control 2 foot controller through either a Marshall JCM2000 TSL through a Marshall 1960AX 4x12" cab or a Marshall EL34 50/50 power-amp and a pair of 4x12"s

Noko's 2017 @440 rig was the same 3 guitars into a Kemper Powerack (Fender Tube Reverb tank in FX loop) into a Marshall 1936 2 x 12" cab with a pedalboard incorporating Kemper Remote, a Boss DM-3 and a Boss FT-2  in conjunction with 2 EV-5 expression pedals.While he was touring with Magazine in 2009, <mask> used a pair of green Yamaha SG1500 guitars with an MXR dyna comp, MXR flanger, Boss DM-3 and Boss PS-5. The flanger was stand-mounted as per John McGeoch and Robin Simon's setup with the band in the late 1970s. For amplification, <mask> used two late 1970s Marshall JMP 2x12" combos with Marshall 4x12'cabinets and a Fender Twin. A Variax 700 Acoustic was used for the intro of "I Want To Burn Again" through another late 1970s MXR flanger. <mask> used a 1978 Black Ovation Magnum II bass guitar with Levyathan through a Boss CE-2 and boss OC-2 into a Sansamp Bass Driver and EBS Fafner Bass rig. A jetglow '74 Rickenbacker 4001 was used for one or two gigs during his time with the band. Whilst on tour with Tomoyasu Hotei, <mask>'s bass rig was as follows : Ibanez Black Eagle(Reissue), 1978 Antoria Snow Eagle, 1982 G&L L-1000(natural), 1978 Ovation Magnum II (black)
into : EBS Fafner MkI through EBS Neo 210 and EBS Neo 115 cabs, with the top-end (up an octave through electroharmonix POG2) split through Kemper Powerack into Marshall 1936 cab.<mask>'s 2019 live rig for both Apollo 440 and Am I Dead Yet? is the same 3 guitars into the Kemper and either a Mission Engineering Gemini GM-2 FRFR system, or a Matrix GT800FX stereo power amp and stereo Marshall 1960 4x12"cab(s) for international shows. His pedalboard now includes an Xotic EP boost and the Boss FT-2 and Fender reverb tank have gone. Two Gretsch White Falcons (single and double cut-aways) were used extensively during the making of the Am I Dead Yet? album, but not live shows, so far. For the Pete Shelley Memorial show with The Buzzcocks at London's Royal Albert Hall, he used Pete's old Marshall JCM-900 and a sunburst late '70s Ibanez AR-300 Artist, his green Yamaha SG-1500 and a red 1960s Starway J-1. The only pedals were MXR Flanger, Xotic EP boost and Boss Hyper Fuzz.References

External links
The Stealthography (Apollo 440 and related discography)
Apollo 440 (official page)

Living people
1962 births
English rock guitarists
English male guitarists
English rock bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
English multi-instrumentalists
English new wave musicians
English record producers
Magazine (band) members
People from Bootle
Musicians from Liverpool
The Cure
Buzzcocks
Apollo 440


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<mask> is a Bangladeshi mountaineer, activist, environmentalist, social worker and writer. She is the first Bangladeshi and first Bengali to complete the Seven Summits on 18 November 2015. National Geographic recognized <mask> as one of their Adventurers of the Year 2014/2015. She was selected in honor of her activism and commitment to empowering women through her work in the field of adventure. She was again selected as one of their Explorers in 2016. becoming the only woman to hold the simultaneous titles of National Geographic Explorer and Adventurer. She was named by Outside as one of 40 women in the last 40 years who have advanced and challenged the outdoor world through their leadership, innovation, and athletic feats, and by Men's Journal as one of the 25 most adventurous women of the past 25 years. Nazreen is also known for her campaigns to raise awareness of animal rights, human rights situations in Tibet, environmental impacts, Bangladeshi women's rights (including of sex workers and garments factory workers) and Indigenous groups.<mask> is credited in Bangladesh history as the nation's inspiration and one of the legendary women to have made pioneering contribution. She is an icon for millions of Bangladeshis:
<mask> symbolises patience, endurance, and determination for conquering the Seven Summits against all odds. But statistics alone is an incomplete assessment of her strength which, surprisingly, lies also in her humility. She remains remarkably unchanged by the adulation and attention her victories have brought her. By reveling in the unusual distinction of boasting the world's best at something, she becomes an outstanding role model for a youthful nation that won freedom not too long ago. In hailing <mask>, Bangladesh today hails a symbol of what, as a nation, we collectively aspire to be. Her perseverance, we are sure, will be an inspiration to the youths of the country to achieve the challenging objectives in fulfilling the dream of the nation.In December 2019, Nazreen was featured in UN Women's "Generation Equality" campaign. In March 2021, Nazreen was one of the activists to launch UNESCO's worldwide Forum on Biodiversity. Early life and education

Early years
<mask> was born in Dhaka with the birth name <mask> <mask> Chowdhury. She is the youngest child and only daughter of Mahmuda Nahar (Ruby), a musician and teacher, and Nazmee Jahan Chowdhury, an executive at James Finlay Bangladesh. Nazreen lived in Khulna, where she studied at Sunflower Nursery school and then Coronation Girls’ High School. When she was still a child, the family moved to their previous home in Chittagong. There she studied in Bangladesh Mahila Samiti Girls' High School (BWA).In early 1996, when Nazreen was thirteen, her parents officially divorced following which she went to live with her aunt, Chobi Rouf, and uncle, NAT Rouf, in Dhaka where she was enrolled in the English medium Scholastica school. At this point, she was separated from both her parents as well as her only sibling and elder brother, Sarwar N. Chowdhury, who stayed in Chittagong with their father. Nazreen competed in volleyball and handball alongside studying theatre in high school. She was in the first batch of now popularly known Prachyanat School of Acting and Design. When <mask> went to the United States for college on her own, she took off her family last name from all official papers. She credits her childhood as the most impactful time of her life:
I may be the wealthiest and happiest person today, but I might wake up in the morning to find out that an earthquake took it all. Life is unpredictable and there will always be loss, and in fact, a myriad of joys and sorrows.If we can recognize difficulties as opportunities–as methods to improve ourselves, our perspectives–then I think we are able to bear it better. We then learn to identify loss as a blessing, and not as a curse. In one sense, it may be the most brutal and morbid experience—but it’s also the most basic teaching in life–that every thing, every being, every state, no matter how powerful they may seem—is impermanent. It’s when we take everything for granted, is when we suffer so much.I still remember the times when I barely had the money to eat, or the time when I didn’t have any guarantee about the place I’d be able to live in the following week. Because I experienced that, am able to appreciate loving homes and the families I chose, much more. Likewise, Khalamoni, my aunt who raised me, has firsthand accounts of depression and trauma that I battled as a child following my parents tumultuous divorce. But it’s because I experienced that so early on in life that I pursued true friendships and am able to appreciate the art of joy much more.Nazreen was trained in classical music and dance from a young age, but discontinued practice, after her mother, who was also her first teacher left the family.Education

Nazreen had to take care of herself from a very young age because of certain tragic circumstances in her childhood. This also made her realize early that the only way to set herself free, and to be independent, would be to educate herself. Throughout my life I have been told all the things that I couldn’t do instead of being encouraged to chase what I could do. Because of circumstances involving my parents’ divorce, I had to stand up on my own and think for myself from a very young age (twelve years to be precise!) From the very beginning, I have had more than a fair share of struggles raising myself and finding my true path. By the time I was thirteen years old, I had moved in with my aunty and her husband, in a completely different city and environment, and by nineteen, I left my motherland to pursue higher education and live the “American Dream.” Those formidable years, now that I look back, provided a strong foundation to tackle challenges when I grew up and went out into the world. But back then I didn’t know that obstacles are only opportunities.I grew up and functioned in an environment where success is measured by achievements only. With every setback comes great learnings and growth, and we have to be open to seeing it that way. The more we welcome the bitter events, the richer the experience. Nazreen received a scholarship to Agnes Scott College (ASC), a private women's college in Decatur, Georgia. Nazreen left Bangladesh with the intention to pursue a double major in Theatre and Aeronautical Science. In her first semester, Nazreen played in her university's volleyball team and toured for the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association), but she dropped volleyball in third year, when she struggled to keep up with her academic grades. By her second year, she switched to double majoring in Studio Art and Social Psychology.Outside the university, Nazreen was involved with African Dance Theatre part-time. Nazreen was a distant scholar at Samye Ling College of Scotland. While still in college, Nazreen received a grant to go to India and research how women were using art as therapy. In Dharamsala of Northern India, she started working with Tibetan women who had gone through torture in their lives at Chinese prisons. She describes it as a "life-altering experience" for her where "forgiving your enemies and really embodying that principle in your day-to-day life" was something that was very new to her. Following graduation, she decided to quit her work in the United States and moved to the Himalayas to work with refugees. Work, activism and climbing
Nazreen was chosen as the first Goodwill Ambassador of BRAC (NGO), an international development organization.She was also the youth ambassador for JAAGO Foundation and its concern Volunteer for Bangladesh. In 2011, Nazreen was part of the Indigenous Peoples delegates at the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII). She is part of the Save Sundarbans movement, and was a critical voice to pressure the GOB and other concerned bodies in cleaning up efforts following the disastrous oil-spill of 2013/4. Nazreen worked for the international humanitarian aid group CARE (relief agency). When the funding for one of CARE's projects dried up, Nazreen decided that while foreign support had its role in the developing nation, it was time for the Bangladeshi people to begin building aid organizations that were not headed by foreigners. She had begun mountaineering in 2006 while working in Tibet to stem human rights violations by the Chinese government. She decided to combine her two passions—activism and climbing.Since finishing climbing the seven summits, Nazreen has been hard at work on her Ösel Foundation, which she describes as an “educational institute set in the outdoors, which integrates the latest scientific findings about the development of the mind and combines it with mindfulness techniques and training in nature to empower adolescent girls.”

In 2016, <mask> became the brand ambassador for Grameenphone, becoming the highest paid female athlete of Bangladesh and one of the highest paid athletes of the nation. During her two year contract with Bangladesh's largest telecommunications network, she used the platform to challenge social responsibility and holistic development of the society through Grameenphone’s various social initiatives like online schools, easy internet education for the common people, women empowerment and other development initiatives. Nazreen represented Bangladesh in Nepal at the closing ceremony of the two Nation's first ever Business Forum in January 2016. Nazreen highlighted the power of youth and the importance of sustainability and respecting nature while developing infrastructure. The conference was closed with a recitation of her poem, written in Nepali, about the ancient connection of the rivers that criss-cross her motherland Bangladesh with the Himalayas. Free Tibet
Her work with Tibetan human rights took her to Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh, the exiled-capital of the Tibetans, where she lived for several years in her early twenties. Since 2007, Nazreen has been banned by the Chinese Government from returning to

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 Tibet after she was found with a photo of the 14th Dalai Lama.Nazreen was part of the international movement for greater freedom and better human rights conditions inside Tibet and some high-profile protests and uprisings, leading up to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, including the March to Tibet protest in solidarity with 2008 Tibetan Uprising and several concerts and other events throughout the globe. She was also an active member of Students for a Free Tibet (SFT) and the National Director of SFT in Bangladesh. In 2009, with pressure from the Chinese Embassy in Bangladesh, her photography exhibition titled "Into Exile: Tibet 1949-2009" in partnership with DRIK, was shut down in Dhaka. The exhibition was still shown online while riot-geared police barricaded the premises and audience waited in the streets and consequently, she was intimidated and harassed for months by authorities and intelligence in her country. Bangladesh on Seven Summits
On 26 March 2011, to celebrate 40 years of Bangladeshi independence, Nazreen launched the "Bangladesh on Seven Summits" Campaign. For the campaign she has climbed each of seven continental summits to mark 40 years of women's progress in Bangladesh. The campaign received widespread support from the mass and was run completely independent of any political support, contrary to various claims made in the media by a number of Ministers in the Bangladesh Government.Among notable civilians, cricketers from the Bangladesh national team supported by advocating in their own rights, most outspokenly Shakib Al Hasan, world's number one all-rounder and Mashrafe Mortaza, the captain of the Bangladesh national cricket team. Many other notable individuals including Sir Fazle Hasan Abed and Nobel Peace Prize recipients Professor Muhammad Yunus and the 14th Dalai Lama were her outspoken supporters throughout the campaign. Nazreen started trekking to base-camp of Everest on 26 March 2012 to mark Bangladesh's Independence day. On 18 November 2015, Nazreen reached the summit of Carstensz Pyramid, the summit of Oceania, completing a four years long journey to the Seven Summits. She became the first Bangladeshi and first Bengali in the world to do so. She dedicated it to the “Spirit of 1971 Liberation War of Bangladesh and all those who are fighting to protect it." Nazreen dedicated her successful Everest climb to the women of Bangladesh, saying: "We have achieved independence 41 years ago, but our women are yet to enjoy freedom".Nazreen became the first Bangladeshi to summit Aconcagua, South America’s highest peak and the highest peak outside of Asia. She is also the first Bangladeshi to summit Denali, North America’s highest peak, Mt.Elbrus, Europe’s highest mountain, Vinson Massif, Antarctica’s highest mountain and Carstensz Pyramid, Oceania's highest mountain. Nazreen has several more mountains and volcanoes under her belt which she summited as a first Bangladeshi. Patrick Morrow, the first person in the world to have climbed the highest peaks of all seven continents (in accordance with the Messner list) has overseen her training for seven summits. Nazreen was invited by the House of Commons in UK Parliament in 2014 to share her journeys with the British Member of Parliaments. Free Shahidul Alam
In 2018, Nazreen was a vocal activist in the international "Free Shahidul" campaign to free the renown jailed Bangladeshi journalist Dr. Shahidul Alam. One of the protests outside the Headquarters of the UN that she had organized were met by violent thugs and opposition.Nazreen managed to get a permit the following day and flew a plane carrying a message that had an image of Shahidul reading “#FreeShahidulAlam”, as well as a text banner saying “Free Our Teachers #Bangladesh #UNGA” in New York skyline, traversing the Statue of Liberty, while the United Nations General Assembly was in effect. This followed a weekend of demonstrations and talks held at various parts of the city calling for greater press freedom in Bangladesh, particularly addressing the case of Shahidul, who was picked up by plainclothes men in Dhaka, and sent to jail in a case filed under the notorious ICT Act. Personal
Nazreen is vegan and an advocate of animal-rights. She currently lives in Venice beach, Los Angeles. Nazreen likes to stay private and has often been quoted to say she shies away from social-media and the spotlight. She is dubbed in Bangladeshi media as a fashion icon and role-model. A long-time supporter of Tibet, Nazreen is close friends with the 17th Karmapa Ogyen Trinley Dorje and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso.She credits them in interviews as the two most important teachers in life who has shown her the way when she was derailed in life. <mask> openly discusses accounts of dealing with depression and trauma as a child following her parents divorce that made her homeless as a result. She credits such struggle at early life for giving her "abilities to bounce back after adversities and greet change and difficulties as an opportunity to welcome greater self-reflection, learning, and growth." She studied meditation with Tibetan teachers Dilgo Khyentse Yangsi Rinpoche and Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche. Life is meditation–it’s not a separate thing. The essence of meditation is recognizing awareness. If we’re not aware, we cease to exist.Yoga, meditation, mindfulness—these are like compasses when we’re lost at sea. Thanks to my mother, I was born into yoga. And then later in my adult life I have been extremely blessed not only to be directly guided by some of the most profound teachers of our times, but also to work in movements and environments led by HH the Dalai Lama and HH the Karmapa, and experientially learn how great beings like them who also went through so much atrocities in their personal lives—deal with it all, behind the limelight. Whenever I have (in the past) got derailed somehow, they’ve pulled me out, often in miraculous ways. So having this circle of family, and the particular purpose I have–I’m really blessed and I wouldn’t in my awakened mind for a second want to imagine it any other way. <mask> was diagnosed with COVID-19 in March 2020 and during her worst battle, she used the platform to send positive messages and advocated for mental health, by going on podcasts and live shows with notable personalities such as cricketers, actors and astronauts. She was one of the first Bangladeshis to have gotten diagnosed while being abroad.In 2020, in the Bruce Lee Podcast, she stressed about the importance of mental-health and ancestral trauma healing, and how individual mental-health is directly linked with the health of our planet. Relationship with nature
Nazreen is often quoted in TV and other media requesting against labeling her mountaineering expeditions as a "conquering" feat due to its colonial and patriarchal nature:
I have been extremely blessed this lifetime to be introduced to nature and wildlife from very early on in my life–whether that was through upbringing near the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world or living in Chittagong in close proximity with the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Growing up in Bangladesh, I witnessed natural disasters as long as I can remember–hurricanes, floods, typhoons, cyclones–you name it. As a child, one of my earliest memories is, having to wade out of our living room in boats when the floods came every year. All the pets and animals that lived on our land, would be struggling to swim across with us–the dogs would eventually be rescued out of water, and so on. Abbu, my father was in shipping so we also got to witness the wrath of raging Bay of Bengal a lot as kids. Even though all these experiences combined instilled the exposures required to realize firsthand who was the real boss–I think people in general in my region and culture, from time immemorial treated nature differently.For example the mountains are referred as gods and goddesses. So I always found it strange, when people so gallantly proclaim to have “conquered” an entire mountain, which is also a very patriarchal perspective if you think about it. Before summit bids on big mountains, the usual scene is that everyone’s praying and promising of things they’d do only if allowed for that one short window to open up just so we can stand on top in all her glory for a brief moment. Therefore, it’s really a process of surrendering to nature and then if it’s your time, she will most likely bless you. <mask> in books and documentary
 <mask> and her quests are subjects of HSC exam quiz and various other school textbook contents in Bangladesh. <mask>'s philosophy of life is featured among five of the most adventurous souls in National Geographic's Special Publication “Adventures of a Lifetime.”
 <mask> is the subject of the 2016 documentary <mask> made by Apple Inc. and produced by Academy Awards nominated RYOT Films. The documentary was shot on the iPhone 6s and premiered at the Telluride Mountainfilm festival same year.The documentary was on tour around the world and was shown as part of the National Geographic Shortfilm Showcase. It received critical acclaim internationally, including a nomination for the prestigious Tribeca-X award at the 2017 Tribeca Film Festival and The New York Times calling it a bait for the Academy Awards. <mask> is one of the subjects in Astronaut Ronald J. Garan Jr.'s book The Orbital Perspective.“What really struck me in <mask>’s description of her experience was that overriding feeling of gratitude, which in some way connected her to every single being. This was exactly what I experienced in space: immense gratitude for the opportunity to see Earth from this vantage, and for the gift of the planet we’ve been given. In some way I can’t explain, being physically detached from Earth made me feel deeply interconnected with everyone on it. I distinctly remember this feeling of profound thankfulness, but <mask>’s words helped me to process that awareness of interconnectedness with the inhabitants of the planet.”
 Nazreen is one of the twelve Women Explorers to grace National Geographic's 2020 Explorer

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<mask>-Zadeh (; ; born 23 April 1942) is an Iranian-German analytic philosopher of medicine. He was the first ever professor of philosophy of medicine at a German university and has made significant contributions to the philosophy, methodology, and logic of medicine since 1970. Life and career
Sadegh-Zadeh was born on 23 April 1942 in Tabriz, Iran. The fourth of eight children, he grew up in Tabriz and attended school from 1947 to 1959. His father was a craftsman and manufacturer and ran a minor terrycloth weaving mill. In the wake of severe political and economic crisis in the country caused by the U.S. and British coup d'état against the democratically elected government of Iran's Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in 1953, he went bankrupt and never recovered. At eleven years of age when entering the high school shortly after his father's bankruptcy, Sadegh-Zadeh told his parents he would become a professor of medicine in the future and provoked laughter from them.Upon finishing school education at the prestigious Ferdowsi High School in Tabriz, Sadegh-Zadeh came to Germany in March 1960 to pursue his goal as a working student and studied medicine and philosophy at the universities of Münster, Berlin, and Göttingen from 1960 to 1971 with Internship and residency 1967–1971. He earned a doctorate of medicine, Dr. med., from the University of Göttingen in November 1971. But immediately he left practical medicine to conduct theoretical research on clinical reasoning, for during his training in the hospital he had got the impression that in the foundations of clinical decision-making something was going wrong to produce about 38% errors of diagnosis and treatment. In an autodidactic way he specialized in the philosophy of medicine and was assistant professor and lecturer 1972–1982 and full professor of philosophy of medicine 1982–2004 at the University of Münster located in the city of Münster in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in northwest Germany. He is married since 1970 and has two sons. In the 1970s, Sadegh-Zadeh inaugurated a new direction in the philosophy of medicine that he based, like analytic philosophy, on the application of formal logic and dubbed analytic philosophy of medicine to distinguish it from the traditional philosophy of medicine,<ref name="Organism">Sadegh-Zadeh K. The organism as a cyclic-causal system.(In German.) Ärztekolloquium 1970; No. 1, pp. 26–39, edited by Duensing F. Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Göttingen.</ref> for he did not, and still does not, consider this traditional style of philosophizing on medicine a scientific endeavor, but "belles lettres". His international recognition came especially through his work on the logic and methodology of clinical reasoning, including artificial intelligence and fuzzy logic application in the theory of medical decision-making. He is the founding editor of two international journals, first Metamed founded in 1977 (renamed Metamedicine later. Current title: Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, published by Springer Verlag), and second, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine founded in 1989 (published by Elsevier).His extensive work includes the following innovative theories: a comprehensive theory of medicine presented in his monumental Handbook, theory of fuzzy biopolymers, the prototype resemblance theory of disease, the palimpsest theory of mind, and the theory of technoevolution and . Work
 Analytic philosophy of medicine
Sadegh-Zadeh conceives analytic philosophy of medicine as philosophy of medicine in the analytic tradition of philosophizing, i.e., philosophy of medicine by means of logical and conceptual analysis with its primary fields of inquiry being:

 Philosophy of medical language,
 Medical praxiology, i.e., philosophy, methodology and logic of medical practice,
 Medical epistemology,
 Medical deontics, i.e., analysis of medical morality, obligations, and law,
 Medical logic, and
 Medical metaphysics.Seising R, Tabacchi ME (eds. ), Fuzziness and Medicine: Philosophical Reflections and Application Systems in Health Care, A Companion Volume to Sadegh-Zadeh's Handbook of Analytic Philosophy of Medicine. Berlin: Springer, 2013. Philosophy of medical language
Sadegh-Zadeh considers medical language an ill-structured and ill-kept extension of everyday language by adding technical terms such as "angina pectoris", "appendicitis", etc. Sadegh-Zadeh claims that most of its terms are imprecise and ambiguous because they are either undefined or ill-defined. Since it has a significant impact both on medical knowledge and medical decision-making, he devotes himself extensively to the analysis of its nature and of its syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.He demonstrates and analyzes what he claims to be the inherent vagueness of medical terms and constructs techniques for dealing with this principally ineliminable feature by means of fuzzy logic. To this end, he introduces a comprehensive methodology of medical, including fuzzy, concept formation. Inspired by  Patrick Suppes's and  Carl Gustav Hempel's works,Hempel CG, Fundamentals of Concept Formation in Empirical Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1952. he bases this methodology on an explication and formalization of all methods of definition known today. Medical praxiology Medical, or clinical, praxiology is an old term introduced by Sadegh-Zadeh in 1977–1981 already to denote a wide-ranging inquiry into the foundations of clinical practice, particularly of clinical judgment and decision-making, with the aim of reducing diagnostic-therapeutic errors and of improving physician performance.Foundations of clinical praxiology. Part I: The relativity of medical diagnosis. Metamedicine, 1981;2:183–196.See the article here In the latter article referred to, he has defined the term explicitly as "analysis of clinical practice", "inquiry into clinical practice", and "theory of clinical practice", i.e., the philosophy, methodology, and logic of medical doing and acting. Central topics include everything related to concepts and theories that are basic to clinical practice, i.e., the concepts and theories of patient, suffering, health, illness, disease, diagnosis, etiology, prognosis, therapy, and prevention. This perspective, Sadegh-Zadeh claims, creates a fertile scientific field with a host of tasks ranging from conceptual analyses (like "what is disease? ", "what is a diagnosis? ", "what is differential diagnosis? ", etc.) to logical analyses – such as "is clinical decision-making computable or does it require human intelligence and intuition?"– to epistemology, ethics, and metaphysics of clinical decision-making and so forth. Over the past decades, Sadegh-Zadeh's clinical praxiology has developed further with increasing sophistication. One example of his theories is the  prototype resemblance theory of disease presenting a fuzzy-logical explication of the vague concept of disease:

 Medical epistemology
Medical epistemology is the philosophy of medical knowledge or simply theory of medical knowledge. Sadegh-Zadeh conceived it as a task or branch of the philosophy of medicine already in 1982 deploring that "The contemporary philosophy of medicine movement is mainly concerned with medical-ethical problems while unduly neglecting medical-epistemological ones". The category medical knowledge consists of statements of spatio-temporally localized facts, general hypotheses, and theories. Sadegh-Zadeh has proposed an elaborate systematics of all types of medical hypotheses and knowledge the latter ones including classificatory knowledge, causal knowledge, experimental knowledge, theoretical knowledge, practical knowledge, clinical knowledge, and medical metaknowledge. Most important among them is what is called practical knowledge or know-how in medicine.By a formally precise explication of this knowledge type he shows that medical-practical knowledge actually consists of conditional norms, i.e., deontic conditionals, mainly conditional obligations. This is one of the reasons why Sadegh-Zadeh considers medicine a deontic discipline. Specifically, he views clinical practice as practiced morality because clinical decision-making is nothing but the application of conditional obligations of which diagnostic-therapeutic rules of action primarily consist. And since clinical research pursues such rules of action and tries to improve the available ones, it constitutes explorative and normative ethics based on empirical research and experience. A central role in Sadegh-Zadeh's medical epistemology play medical theories. He analyzes the concept of "medical theory" in line with the so-called structuralist view of theories to represent their structure and content, according to Patrick Suppes and  Joseph D. Sneed's approach, as set-theoretic predicates. This enables him to show that a theory in medicine cannot be confirmed, supported, disconfirmed, verified or falsified simply because it is merely a conceptual structure and no epistemic entity to be true, probable or false.It does not make any empirical claims about the world. Such claims are made using the theory as a tool. The claims themselves, as empirical hypotheses, are something different than the theory. Not only medical theories, as non-epistemic entities, do not deserve the ascription of truth or falsehood. Regarding any other piece of general medical knowledge, Sadegh-Zadeh shows that apart from the Gettier problem, it does not fulfill the classical definition of knowledge as justified true belief. According to his detailed analysis, there are no justified true beliefs in medicine. Statements, hypotheses and theories in medicine and other fields are usually viewed as knowledge only because the ascription "this is knowledge", for example, that AIDS is caused by HIV is knowledge, is a performative conducted or affirmed by a scientific or professional community as a social group.This communitarian and social epistemology that goes back to the Polish physician and epistemologist Ludwik Fleck (1896–1961), is profitably utilized and extended by Sadegh-Zadeh. Medical deontics
Apart from the deontic nature of medical-practical knowledge referred to above, a second reason why Sadegh-Zadeh classifies medicine as a deontic field is his view that according to his prototype resemblance theory of disease, the concept of disease is inherently value-laden. This is so because prototype diseases upon which nosology is based are, as phenomena, disvalued by human beings and are therefore considered to be something "that ought not to be". That means that they are, and consequently all other diseases as their resemblants are, deontic entities. The deonticity of medicine and of disease as its basic concept necessitates, according to Sadegh-Zadeh, a specific inquiry by means of suitable tools and methods, i.e., deontic logic. This research field he terms medical deontics. It also includes medical ethics, medical metaethics, and medical law.Medical logic
Publications entitled "The Logic of Medicine" give rise to the question whether medicine has its own logic like quantum logic is argued to be the logic of quantum mechanics. To answer the question, Sadegh-Zadeh distinguishes between logic in