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 KCIA would extend its power to economic and foreign affairs. President Yun remained in office, giving the military regime legitimacy. After Yun resigned on 24 March 1962, Lt. General <mask>, who remained chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, consolidated his power by becoming acting president; he was also promoted to full general. <mask> agreed to restore civilian rule following pressure from the Kennedy administration. In 1963, he was elected president in his own right as the candidate of the newly created Democratic Republican Party.He appointed <mask>-keun, the Vice Leader of the party as the chief of the President's Office. He narrowly defeated former President Yun, the candidate of the Civil Rule Party, by just over 156,000 votes—a margin of 1.5 percent. <mask> would be re-elected president in 1967, defeating Yun with somewhat less difficulty. Presidency (1962-79)

Foreign policy
In June 1965 <mask> signed a treaty normalizing relations with Japan, which included payment of reparations and the making of soft-loans from Japan, and led to increased trade and investment between South Korea and Japan. In July 1966 South Korea and the United States signed a Status of Forces Agreement establishing a more equal relationship between the two countries. With its growing economic strength and the security guarantee of the United States, the threat of a conventional invasion from North Korea seemed increasingly remote. Following the escalation of the Vietnam War with the deployment of ground combat troops in March 1965, South Korea sent the Capital Division and the 2nd Marine Brigade to South Vietnam in September 1965, followed by the White Horse Division in September 1966.Throughout the 1960s, <mask> made speeches in which he blamed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the British for Japan's takeover of Korea. Vietnam War

At the request of the United States, <mask> sent approximately 320,000 South Korean troops to fight alongside the United States and South Vietnam during the Vietnam War; a commitment second only to that of the United States. The stated reasons for this were to help maintain good relations with the United States, prevent the further advance of communism in East Asia and to enhance the Republic's international standing. In January 1965, on the day when a bill mandating a major deployment passed the National Assembly (with 106 votes for and 11 against), <mask> announced that it was "time for South Korea to wean itself from a passive position of receiving help or suffering intervention, and to assume a proactive role of taking responsibility on major international issues." South Korean soldiers were not able to defeat Viet Cong and suffered heavy casualties. They also gained a reputation for brutality towards civilians. Although primarily to strengthen the military alliance with the United States, there were also financial incentives for South Korea's participation in the war.South Korean military personnel were paid by the United States federal government and their salaries were remitted directly to the South Korean government. <mask> was eager to send South Korean troops to Vietnam and vigorously campaigned to extend the war. In return for troop commitments, South Korea received tens of billions of dollars in grants, loans, subsidies, technology transfers, and preferential markets, all provided by the Johnson and Nixon administrations. North Korea

<mask> oversaw transitional changes between the two Koreas from conflict to consolidation. In 1961, the North Korean leader, Kim Il-sung secretly sent Hwang Tae-song, a former friend of <mask>-hee and a vice-minister in ministry of trade, to South Korea, hoping to improve inter-Korean relations. However, in order to dissipate the suspicions about his Communist leanings and assure Americans his firm stance as an ally, <mask> decided to execute Hwang as a spy. Beginning in October 1964, North Korea increased the infiltration of its intelligence-gatherers and propagandists into the South.More than 30 South Korean soldiers and at least 10 civilians had been killed in clashes with North Korean infiltrators by October 1966. In October 1966, <mask> ordered the Korean Army to stage a retaliatory attack without seeking the approval of General Charles Bonesteel. This action, which was in retaliation for ongoing South Korean losses, caused tension between <mask>'s government and the U.S. command in Korea, which wished to avoid violations of the armistice. Between 1966 and 1969 the clashes escalated as <mask>'s armed forces were involved in firefights along the Korean DMZ. The fighting, sometimes referred to as the Second Korean War, was related to a speech given by Kim Il-sung on 5 October 1966 in which the North Korean leader challenged the legitimacy of the 1953 Armistice Agreement. Kim stated that irregular warfare could now succeed in a way conventional warfare could not because the South Korean military was now involved with the ever-growing Vietnam War. He believed <mask>'s administration could be undermined if armed provocation by North Korea was directed against U.S. troops.This would force United States to reconsider its worldwide commitments. Any splits would give the North an opportunity to incite an insurgency in the South against <mask>. On 21 January 1968, the 31-man Unit 124 of North Korean People's Army special forces commandos attempted to assassinate <mask> and nearly succeeded. They were stopped just 800 metres from the Blue House by a police patrol. A fire fight broke out and all but two of the North Koreans were killed or captured. In response to the assassination attempt, <mask> organized Unit 684, a group intended to assassinate Kim Il-Sung. It was disbanded in 1971.Despite the hostility, negotiations were conducted between the North and South regarding reunification. On 4 July 1972 both countries released a joint statement specifying that reunification must be achieved internally with no reliance on external forces or outside interference, that the process must be achieved peacefully without the use of military force, and that all parties must promote national unity as a united people over any differences of ideological and political systems. The United States Department of State was not happy with these proposals and, following <mask>'s assassination in 1979, they were quietly buried. On 15 August 1974, <mask> was delivering a speech in the National Theater in Seoul at the ceremony to celebrate the 29th anniversary of the ending of colonial rule when a man named Mun Se-gwang fired a gun at <mask> from the front row. The would-be assassin, who was a Japanese-born North Korean sympathizer, missed <mask> but a stray bullet struck his wife Yuk Young-soo (who died later that day) and others on the stage. <mask> continued his speech as his dying wife was carried off the stage. Mun was hanged in a Seoul prison four months later.On the first anniversary of his wife's death, <mask> wrote in his diary "I felt as though I had lost everything in the world. All things became a burden and I lost my courage and will. A year has passed since then. And during that year I have cried alone in secret too many times to count." Economic policy

One of <mask>'s main goals was to end the poverty of South Korea, and lift the country up from being a Third World economy to a First World economy via statist methods. Using the Soviet Union and its Five Year Plans as a model, <mask> launched his first Five Year Plan in 1962 by declaring the city of Ulsan was a "special industrial development zone". The chaebol of Hyundai took advantage of Ulsan's special status to make the city the home of its main factories.<mask> is credited with playing a pivotal role in the development of South Korea's tiger economy by shifting its focus to export-oriented industrialisation. When he came to power in 1961, South Korea's per capita income was only US$72.00. North Korea was the greater economic and military power on the peninsula due to the North's history of heavy industries such as the power and chemical plants, and the large amounts of economic, technical and financial aid it received from other communist bloc countries such as the Soviet Union, East Germany and China. One of <mask>'s reforms was to bring in 24 hour provision of electricity in 1964, which was a major change as previously homes and businesses were provided with electricity for a few hours every day. With the second Five Year Plan in 1967, <mask> founded the Kuro Industrial Park in southwestern Seoul, and created the state owned Pohang Iron and Steel Company Limited to provide cheap steel for the chaebol, who were founding the first automobile factories and shipyards in South Korea. Reflecting its etatist tendencies, the <mask> government rewarded chaebol who met their targets under the Five Year Plans with loans on easy terms of repayment, tax cuts, easy licensing and subsidies. It was common from the late 1960s onward for South Koreans to speak of the "octopus" nature of the chaebol as they began to extend their "tentacles" into all areas of the economy.Some of the successful chaebol like Lucky Goldstar (LG) and Samsung went back to the Japanese period while others like Hyundai were founded shortly after the end of Japanese rule; all would go to become world-famous companies. Hyundai, which began as a transport firm moving supplies for the U.S. Army during the Korean War, came to dominate the South Korean construction industry in the 1960s, and in 1967 opened its first car factory, building automobiles under license for Ford. In 1970, Hyundai finished the construction of the Seoul-Pusan Expressway, which became one of the busiest highways of South Korea, and in 1975 produced the Pony, its first car that was designed entirely by its own engineers. Besides manufacturing automobiles and construction, Hyundai moved into shipbuilding, cement, chemicals and electronics, ultimately becoming one of the world's largest corporations. On 3 August 1972, <mask> made the so-called "Emergency financial act of August 3rd(8·3긴급금융조치)" which banned all private loans to make the foundation of economic growth, and supported Chaebols even further. A sign of the growth of the South Korean economy was that in 1969 there were 200,000 television sets in operation in South Korea, and by 1979 there were six million television sets operating in South Korea. In 1969, only 6% of South Korean families owned a television; by 1979 four of every five South Korean families owned a TV.However, all television in South Korea was in black and white, and the color television did not come to South Korea until 1979. Reflecting the growth of TV ownership, the state-owned Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) began to produce more programming, while private sector corporation MBC began operating in 1969. During the Yusin era, television productions were subjected to strict censorship with, for example, men with long hair being banned from appearing on TV, but soap operas became a cultural phenomenon in the 1970s, becoming extremely popular. South Korean industry saw remarkable development under <mask>'s leadership. <mask> viewed Japan's development model, in particular the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and the Keiretsu, as an example for Korea. <mask> emulated MITI by establishing the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) and the Economic Planning Board (EPB). Government-corporate cooperation on expanding South Korean exports helped lead to the growth of some South Korean companies into today's giant Korean conglomerates, the chaebols.The economic development of South Korea continued; however the government did not recognize a minimum wage or weekly leave, imposed periods of free work for its benefit and working days were of a duration of twelve hours. Trade unions and collective labor actions were prohibited. According to the Gapminder Foundation Extreme poverty was reduced from 66.9 percent in 1961 to 11.2 percent in 1979, making this one of the fastest and largest reductions in poverty in human history. West Germany
<mask>'s economic policy was highlighted by South Korea's relationship with West Germany. <mask> had an affinity for Germany due to its history of having strong leadership like that of Bismarck and Hitler, and wanted to create ties with West Germany to deal with the problems of increasing population growth and economic hardships and to receive an inflow of foreign capital for domestic development. Upon an agreement in 1961, South Korea sent labor forces to Germany, including more than 8,000 mine workers and 10,000 nurses, which continued until 1977. (See Gastarbeiter and Koreans in Germany)

Iran
<mask> was close friends with the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who had established diplomatic relations in 1962 and following a visit to Iran in 1969, developed a close relationship with the two countries.<mask> realized the importance of Iran in securing oil for South Korea's industrial development and by 1973, was their main and only source of oil during the Oil Crisis. Most refineries in South Korea were built to process Iranian crude and thousands of engineers and workers were sent to Iran to help develop their refining capability. The relationship eventually expanded beyond oil as <mask> promoted other industries to operate in Iran. Many Chaebol's went to Iran, including Hyundai Engineering & Construction, whose first Middle East Project were a series of shipyards in Bandar Abbas and Chahbahar to help develop Iran's maritime industry. <mask>'s favorite architect Kim Swoo-Geun and his office designed the Ekbatan Complex in Tehran and the South Korean Special Forces helped train the Imperial Iranian Navy Commandos. <mask> invited the Shah in 1978 for a special "South Korea-Iran" summit to further deepen relations but due to the Iranian Revolution, it never materialized. In preparation for that summit, Tehran and Seoul became sister cities and the two exchanged street names as well; Teheran-ro in Gangnam and Seoul Street in Tehran which both still remain.Domestic policy
Among <mask>'s first actions upon assuming control of South Korea in 1961 was to pass strict legislation metrifying the country and banning the use of traditional Korean measurements like the li and pyeong. Despite its strict wording, the law's enforcement was so spotty as to be considered a failure,

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 with the government abandoning prosecution under its terms by 1970. In the end, South Korea's traditional units continued until June 2001. After taking office for his second term in 1967, <mask> promised that, in accordance with the 1963 Constitution which limited the president to two consecutive terms, he would step down in 1971. However, soon after his 1967 victory, the Democratic Republican-dominated National Assembly successfully pushed through an amendment allowing the incumbent president —himself— to run for three consecutive terms. In the meantime, <mask> grew anxious of the shift in US policy towards communism under Richard Nixon's Guam Doctrine. His government's legitimacy depended on staunch anti-communism, and any moderation of that policy from South Korea's allies (including the US) threatened the very basis of his rule.<mask> began to seek options to further cement his hold on the country. In May 1970, the Catholic poet Kim Chi-ha was arrested for supposedly violating the Anti-Communist Law for his poem Five Bandits, which in fact had no references to Communism either explicitly or implicitly,
but instead attacked corruption under <mask>. The issue of the journal Sasanggye that published the Five Bandits was shut down by the government. One of the eponymous bandits of the Five Bandits is described as a general who began his career fighting for Japan in World War Two, and all of the bandits of the poem are described as Chinilpa collaborators who served Japan because of their greed and amorality. <mask> recognized the reference to himself in Five Bandits with the character of the general while the fact that all of the bandits have a Chinilpa background was a reference to the social basis of <mask>'s regime. In 1974, Kim was sentenced to death for his poem, and though he was not executed, he spent almost all of the 1970s in prison. Later in 1970, <mask> launched his Saemaul Undong (New Village Movement) that set out to modernize the countryside by providing electricity and running water to farmers, building paved roads, and replacing thatched roofs with tin roofs (the latter was said to reflect a personal obsession on the part of <mask>, who could not stand the sight of thatched roofs on farmers' homes, which for him was a sign of South Korea's backwardness).However, <mask> used Asbestos, which is harmful to human for fixing rustic houses. In 1971, <mask> won another close election against his rival, Kim Dae-jung. That December, shortly after being sworn in, he declared a state of emergency "based on the dangerous realities of the international situation". In October 1972, <mask> dissolved the legislature and suspended the 1963 constitution in a self-coup. Work then began on drafting a new constitution. <mask> had drawn inspiration for his self-coup from Ferdinand Marcos, President of the Philippines, who had orchestrated a similar coup a few weeks earlier. A new constitution, the so-called Yushin Constitution was approved in a heavily rigged plebiscite in November 1972.Meaning "rejuvenation" or "renewal" (as well as "restoration" in some contexts), scholars see the term's usage as <mask> alluding to himself as an "imperial president." The new Yushin constitution was a highly authoritarian document. It transferred the presidential election process to an electoral college, the National Conference for Unification. It also dramatically expanded the president's powers. Notably, he was given sweeping powers to rule by decree and suspend constitutional freedoms. The presidential term was increased from four to six years, with no limits on re-election. For all intents and purposes, it codified the emergency powers <mask> had exercised for the past year, transforming his presidency into a legal dictatorship.As per his new constitution, <mask> ran for a fresh term as president in December 1972, and won unopposed. He was reelected in 1978 also unopposed. Many of South Korea's leading writers were opposed to the <mask> regime, and many of the best remembered poems and novels of the 1970s satirized the Yushin system. <mask> argued that Western-style liberal democracy was not suitable for South Korea due to its still-shaky economy. He believed that in the interest of stability, the country needed a "Korean-style democracy" with a strong, unchallenged presidency. Although he repeatedly promised to open up the regime and restore full democracy, fewer and fewer people believed him. In 1975, <mask> ordered homeless people and children to be removed from the streets of Seoul.Thousands of people were captured by the police and sent to thirty-six camps. The detainees were then used as free labor by the authorities and subjected to degrading treatment. Many died under torture. <mask> abolished the usage of hanja or Chinese characters and established hangul exclusivity for the Korean language in the 1960s and 1970s. After a Five-Year Hangul Exclusivity Plan () was promulgated through legislative and executive means, from 1970, using hanja became illegal in all grades of public school and in the military. This led to less illiteracy in South Korea. The KCIA controlled the whole country, with more than forty thousand regular employees and one million correspondents.Striking workers, protesters or signatories of simple petitions faced long prison sentences and torture. The whole country was under constant surveillance. Final years of Presidency
During his final years of presidency, <mask> realized that his government was collapsing. He now knew that people were not satisfied with the government. Military
As president, <mask> tried to strengthen the military. He often said that if an independent country cannot protect itself with its military, it is not an independent country. <mask> ordered the development of missiles to attack Pyongyang.Since there were almost none technology of missile, the development of them was a hard job. Developers had to travel to the United States to learn the technology. After a painstaking development, on 26 September 1978, Nike Hercules Korea-1 had its successful first launch. But the development of missiles were stopped when Chun Doo-hwan reigned. <mask> also tried to make Nuclear weapons. He announced that the nuclear weapons would be made by 1983. This was never progressed after <mask>'s death in 1979.Final years and assassination

Final years

Although the growth of the South Korean economy had secured a high level of support for <mask>'s presidency in the 1960s, that support began to fade after economic growth started slowing in the early 1970s. Many South Koreans were becoming unhappy with his autocratic rule, his security services and the restrictions placed on personal freedoms. While <mask> had legitimised his administration, using the provisions laid down in the state of emergency laws dating back to the Korean War, he also failed to address the constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and the press. Furthermore, the security service, the KCIA, retained broad powers of arrest and detention; many of <mask>'s opponents were held without trial and frequently tortured. Eventually demonstrations against the Yushin system erupted throughout the country as <mask>'s unpopularity began to rise. These demonstrations came to a decisive moment on 16 October 1979, when a student group calling for the end of dictatorship and the Yushin system began at Busan National University. The action, which was part of the "Pu-Ma" struggle (named for the Pusan and Masan areas), soon moved into the streets of the city where students and riot police fought all day.By evening, up to 50,000 people had gathered in front of Busan city hall. Over the next two days several public offices were attacked and around 400 protesters were arrested. On 18 October, <mask>'s government declared martial law in Busan. On the same day protests spread to Kyungnam University in Masan. Up to 10,000 people, mostly students and workers, joined the demonstrations against <mask>'s Yushin System. Violence quickly escalated with attacks being launched at police stations and city offices of the ruling party. By nightfall a citywide curfew was put into place in Masan.Assassination

On 26 October 1979, six days after the student protests ended, <mask> was shot dead by Kim Jae-gyu, the director of the KCIA, after a banquet at a safehouse in Gungjeong-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul. Kim also killed <mask>'s chief bodyguard, Cha Ji-chul. Other KCIA officers then went to other parts of the building shooting dead four more presidential guards. Kim and his group were later arrested by soldiers under South Korea's Army Chief of Staff. They were tortured  and later executed. It is unclear whether this was a spontaneous act of passion by an individual or part of a pre-arranged attempted coup by the intelligence service. Kim claimed that <mask> was an obstacle to democracy and that his act was one of patriotism.The investigation's head, Chun Doo-hwan, rejected his claims and concluded that Kim acted to preserve his own power. <mask>, who was said to be a devout Buddhist, was accorded the first South Korean interfaith state funeral on 3 November in Seoul. He was buried with full military honors at the National Cemetery near the grave of former president Syngman Rhee who died in 1965. Kim Jae-gyu, whose motive for murdering <mask> remains unclear, was hanged on 24 May 1980. Personal life
<mask> was married to Kim ho-nam (having one daughter with her) and the two later divorced. Afterwards, he married Yuk Young-soo, and the couple had two daughters and one son. Yuk was killed in the assassination attempt against <mask> in 1974.<mask>'s eldest daughter from his second marriage (with Yuk Young-soo), <mask>-hye, was elected the chairwoman of the conservative Grand National Party in 2004. She was elected as South Korea's 11th president and first female president in 2012 and took office in February 2013. <mask>-hye's association to her father's legacy has served as a double-edged sword. She had previously been labeled as the daughter of a dictator; however she has been quoted as saying "I want to be judged on my own merits." Her presidency ended in her impeachment in 2016 and removal from office in 2017. She was sentenced to 24 years in prison on 6 April 2018. <mask> is currently held at Seoul Detention Center.Ancestry
<mask> was a member of the Goryeong <mask> clan (), and he was a 29th generation descendant of the clan; among its various family branches, <mask> was from the Jikganggong Branch (). One of his great-great-grandmothers was from the Jeonju Yi clan, the former ruling family of Joseon and the Korean Empire. Great-great-grandfather: <mask>-hwan ( ?-1838), courtesy name Hwaeon (). He was the son of <mask>-hyung and Lady <mask> of the Miryang Park clan. Great-great-grandmother: Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (1786-1849), daughter Yi Hyung-ho (). Great-grandfather: <mask>-chan ( ?-1846), courtesy name Muji (). Great-grandmother: Lady Lee of the Seongju Lee clan, daughter of Lee-Yi-jeong ().Grandfather: <mask>-gyu ( 1840-1914), courtesy name Munseo (). Grandmother: Lady Lee of Seongju Lee clan (1840-1915), daughter of Lee Bae-sik (). Father: <mask>-bin ( 1871-1938), courtesy name Hwaik (). However, his authoritarian rule saw numerous human rights abuses. Opinion is thus split regarding his legacy between those who credit <mask> for his reforms and those who condemn his authoritarian way of ruling the country (especially after 1971). Older generations who spent their adulthood during <mask>'s rule tend to credit <mask> for building the economic foundation of the country and protecting the country from North Korea, as well as leading Korea to economic and global prominence. Although <mask> was listed as one of the top ten "Asians of the Century" by Time magazine in 1999, the newer generations of Koreans and those who fought for democratization tend to believe his authoritarian rule was unjustified, and that he hindered South Korea's transition to democracy.He is also believed to be one of the main causes of regionalism which is a serious problem in Korea today. <mask>-hee remains a controversial figure in South Korea. The eighteen-year <mask> era is considered to be one of the most, if not the most, controversial topics for the Korean public, politicians, and scholars both at home and abroad. A large number of South Koreans, especially those from <mask>'s native Yeongnam region, consider <mask> to be one of the greatest leaders in the country's history and thus continue to hold <mask> in high regard in great part due to the industrial and economic growth experienced by South Korea under his regime. <mask> was accused of having pro-Japanese tendencies by some, but it is widely agreed that <mask> is responsible for the beginning of a normalized relationship with Japan and today Japan is one of South Korea's top trading partners, surpassed only by the People's Republic of China and the United States. He is often credited as being one of the major people responsible for bringing economic growth and development to South Korea. <mask> has been recognized and respected by many South Koreans as his country's most efficient leader, credited with making South Korea economically what it is today.However, <mask> is also regarded as a highly repressive dictator who restricted personal freedoms and was isolated from the people. At the very least, his actions put United States and South Korea foreign relations at risk, at least under Carter. Dissolving the constitution to allow him unopposed rule and a third term, blackmail, arresting, jailing and murdering opposition figures are well documented. The new constitution President <mask> implemented after declaring the state of emergency in 1971, gave him the power to appoint one third of the members of the National Assembly and even outlawed criticism of the constitution and of the president. There were also many economic feats established during <mask>'s regime, including the Gyeongbu Expressway, POSCO, the famous Five-Year Plans of South Korea, and the New Community Movement. On 24 October 2007, following an internal inquiry, South Korea's National Intelligence Service (NIS) admitted that its precursor, the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), undertook the kidnapping of opposition leader and future President Kim Dae-jung, saying it had at least tacit backing from then-leader

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<mask> (22 February 1932 – 29 March 2021) was a French automotive designer. He created or collaborated on numerous projects that became production cars for brands that included Simca, Renault, and Fiat. He is best known for his work at Citroën, which he joined in 1962 and where he became responsable de style (head of the design department) in 1964. Biography
<mask> was born in Amiens in Picardy, France. His father was in the military and received several postings to locations in French Colonial Africa, so <mask> grew up in places like Algeria, Mali and Abidjan. At 18 years old <mask> contracted tuberculosis, and had to spend time in a sanatorium. He returned to France in 1952 and enrolled in the École des Beaux-Arts in Amiens; one year later he transferred to the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris.He studied architecture under Auguste Perret. Altogether <mask> spent eight years studying architecture, painting, and sculpture. At age 21, he married Geneviève Mercier. In the early 1950s <mask>'s interest in aircraft led him to take up flying, including acrobatic flying. In 1952 <mask> began his professional career as a machine designer for the Compagnie Nationale des Sucreries in Ham in the Somme. In 1954 he was hired by aircraft builder Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautices du Nord. He specialised in cockpit design, and worked on the Nord Noratlas aircraft.<mask> began working at Simca in 1958 at age 26. Here he designed the Fulgur, a bubble-topped car with tail fins which was to be atomic powered and voice controlled. He also redesigned the Simca Vedette as a parade limousine for Charles de Gaulle. His department was eliminated in 1961, and Opron received a two-year severance payout, but with a non-compete clause that prevented him from moving to another automaker. Instead Opron went to Arthur Martin, a company that produced housewares and home appliances, where he became Director of Style. Opron returned to automotive design with Citroën in 1962. When Opron first applied to work for Citroën, the chief designer, Flaminio Bertoni, threw Opron's portfolio on the floor and told him her didn't think much of his work.Three weeks later it transpired that he was merely testing him, and he not only offered him a job, but also became his mentor. <mask> went on to design the SM coupé, the GS and the CX, all for Citroën. In 1964 he succeeded Bertoni as Citroën's chief designer. Over the course of his career <mask> became known for balancing a collaborative, team-based approach to design with creative input from individuals. He finally retired from design work in 2001. <mask> died from complications of COVID-19 on 29 March 2021, in Antony near Paris. Awards and recognition
<mask> was one of twenty-five designers nominated for the 1999 Car Designer of the Century competition.A celebration of his work, OPRON 50 Years of Style, was held on 11 May 2002 in Verrières-le-Buisson on the occasion of his 70th birthday. He received Car Design News' Lifetime Achievement Award in 2016. Design history

Simca
Having joined Simca in 1958, his first significant project for them was designing the 1959 Simca Chambord Présidence V8 cabriolet used by French president Charles De Gaulle. In 1959 Opron unveiled the futuristic Simca Fulgur concept car. This bubble-topped design was Opron's response to a challenge from the magazine Journal de Tintin to design a car for the 1980s. The magazine supplied a list of anticipated standard features that included radar obstacle detection and gyroscopic stabilisation. Opron consulted with an astrophysicist friend to help integrate these not-yet realised concepts into the car.While at Simca he sketched out a two-box hatchback that caught the attention of Fiat's designers. This sketch eventually led to the Simca 1100. Another sketch by Opron at Simca has been suggested to have been the original concept for what later became the Renault Espace. Others dispute this claim, and the design of the Espace is generally credited to Fergus Pollock. In the late 1970s Matra designer Antoine Volanis addressed the need for a replacement for the Matra Rancho by designing an MPV using Simca parts and with input from Opron. This design was presented to PSA management in 1979 as "Project P16", but did not reach production. Opron was at Renault throughout most of the Espace's development and for one year after sales started.Citroën
In 1962 Mme. <mask>-Mercier noticed an advertisement in Le Monde saying that an "Important industrial group" was looking to hire an experienced designer. Opron responded to the ad, and was directed to report to the Quai de Javel, the home of Citroën. The personnel manager asked Opron to return later that day to the Bureau d'Études on the Rue du Théâtre to meet with Flaminio Bertoni, Citroën's chief designer and originator of the 2CV and DS. When <mask> arrived for the meeting with Bertoni, the older man asked to see Opron's portfolio of drawings. <mask> recalled that Bertoni "threw them on the floor, poking them with his cane and stated that he did not think much of them." Opron collected his drawings and indicated that he found Bertoni's behavior unacceptable, to which Bertoni replied "I do find you interesting though!"<mask> left, vowing to never work for such a man. Three weeks later, he received a letter of appointment from Citroën. <mask> joined Citroën’s Bureau d’Études in 1962. For the first three months he worked in the "Méthodes" section. <mask> became Citroën's Responable de Style, or chief stylist, in 1964 following the death of Bertoni. Opron was tasked with developing a replacement for the 2CV, which evolved into the 1965 Citroën G-Mini design study. In 1965 Citroën launched new lines of  trucks; the 350 and 600 series that earned the nickname Belphégor for their unique cab design.The trucks were designed by Bertoni and Opron. Opron began working on the second restyling of the Citroën DS as early as 1963 with Projet D29. His "Nouveau Visage" (new face) front appearing on the 1968 model year DS was a four-headlamp design with two lamps on each side under glass covers that blended with the body's lines. The inner headlamp on each side pivoted with the steering wheel, while the outer lamps were self-leveling. In 1967, having abandoned the ambitious Projet F begun by Bertoni and taken over by Opron, Citroën initiated a competition for a new mid-range model that pitted Opron and the Bureau d'Études against Giorgetto Giugiaro and Italdesign. Both teams submitted designs for front wheel drive 3- and 5-door cars powered by flat-four engines. Opron's proposal carried the day, and his Project G eventually became the GS released in 1970.Some have claimed that Opron based the GS' shape on the Pininfarina Austin 1800 Aerodinamica Berline of 1967. Others assert that, while it may have been influenced by the Italo-English concept car, Opron's design was an independent work, and point out that Citroën has never acknowledged any link. Giugiaro's rejected design was taken up by Alfa Romeo and developed into the Alfasud. In 1968 Citroën opened a new Centre d'Études at Vélizy, France. Opron oversaw the arrangements for the move, which was completed progressively over several years. Opron refreshed the Ami 6 to create the Ami 8 of 1969. He also led the team that developed the Citroën M35, a two-door fastback based on the Ami 8 chassis that was powered by a single rotor Comotor engine.Production ran from 1969–1971, and although 500 M35s were planned to be built, the total number is believed to be just more than half that. The first completely new model of the Opron era, and the car he is most closely associated with, was the SM. Assigned the development name Projet S, the original goal was to produce a racing car suitable for Le Mans. Through the influence of Opron and Pierre Bercot, Citroën's managing director, it evolved from a racing car into a premium model in the old Grand Routier tradition. The SM team, which included Jean Giert, built a full-scale model in the Bureau d'Études workshops on the Rue du Théâtre, making the SM the last model developed in this location before the last of the style department moved to their new location in Vélizy. A design for a possible GS-based coupé progressed to the full-scale model stage. The car was to be built by Ligier when their contract to assemble the SM expired in 1974–75 but did not go into production.The project that was Opron's personal favorite was also his last design for Citroën. Initially called Projet L, the result was the CX, which debuted in 1974 as the successor to the DS. When Citroën declared bankruptcy in 1974, the French Government stepped in and arranged a merger of Citroën with Peugeot. Opron left shortly after this. Renault
In 1975 Opron started work at Renault after reportedly being the target of an executive search by them. For his new employers he led the redesign of the Alpine A310, a project that stylist Peter Stevens was also involved in. The original 4-cylinder A310 was modified to accommodate the V6 PRV engine, and to address some aerodynamic deficiencies of the original shape.Opron developed a design for an ultra-compact city car called the Véhicule Bas de Gamme (VBG), or Entry Level Vehicle. He was also involved in the Vesta II concept car of 1987, along with designer Gaston Juchet. Opron's designs at Renault included the Renault Fuego sports coupé of 1980, as well as the Renault 9 and 11, with the 9 sedan released in 1981 and the 11 hatchback in 1983. Opron worked with AMC's Dick Teague to adapt the 9 and 11 models to the American market, where they were sold as the Alliance and Encore respectively. Opron's tenure at Renault was marked by extensive collaborations with other well-known designers and carrosserie. Marcello Gandini influenced the shape of the 25 of 1983, and produced the shape for the Super Cinq in 1984. An association with Giugiaro and Italdesign resulted in the Renault Gabbiano of 1983, and later the Renault 21 of 1986 and Renault 19 of 1988.In May 1977 Opron sent a letter to director François Zanotti, director of Renault’s commercial division, with a proposal for a new line of commercial trucks, and included two sketches by designer Guy Greffier. Zanotti approved further development, and Greffier refined his original sketches. As the project progressed, Opron invited Gandini to join the design effort. The end result was the Renault AE Magnum truck line released in 1990, when it also won "European Truck of the Year". Opron wanted to establish a centre of advanced styling in the United States. He spent time in the States working to that end, but it did not materialise. When he returned to Europe he arrived to changes in the leadership of Renault.Opron left Renault in 1985. Fiat
After Renault Opron moved to Centro Stile at Fiat, where he was put in charge of advanced studies. He is credited with creating the earliest sketches for a design project called the ES 30, for Experimental Sportscar 3.0 litres. Opron's early concept, which won out against a competing proposal from Giugiaro, was fully developed by Antonio Castellana. The prototype was completed in just nineteen months – quickly enough to appear at the 1989 Geneva Motor Show. This highly controversial design went into limited production as the Alfa Romeo SZ coupé and the later RZ convertible, where the "Z" refers to coachbuilder Zagato. The model was also given the nickname "Il Mostro" (the monster) for its unusual appearance.In 1992 Opron left Fiat at sixty years of age, having reached mandatory retirement age. Independent consultant
From 1991 to 2000 he operated his own independent design consultancy in Verrières-le-Buisson in south Paris (Essonne). One of Opron's clients was Ligier, who had become a manufacturer of "voitures sans permis" or "voiturettes", a class of microcar in France that may be driven without an operator's license. For Ligier Opron produced the original Dué, which debuted at the 1998 Paris Motor Show. The Ligier Dragonfly shown at the 2000 Geneva Motor Show was also an Opron design. Opron also consulted for Piaggio. Design gallery

References

Further reading

1932 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in France
French automobile designers
People from Amiens

masks:
Robert Opron
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Dame <mask>  (born 17 January 1949) is a Barbadian politician, lawyer, and diplomat who is the first and current president of Barbados. She became the second woman to hold the office of Governor-General, and previously the eighth and final governor-general of Barbados from 2018 to 2021. <mask> was elected by the Parliament of Barbados on 20 October 2021 to become the country's first president and took office on 30 November 2021, when Barbados ceased to be a constitutional monarchy and became a republic. <mask> was a practicing attorney-at-law who has served as a High Court judge in Saint Lucia and a Court of Appeal judge in Barbados, and was the first woman admitted to the Bar in Barbados. She served as chair of the CARICOM commission to evaluate regional integration, was the first magistrate appointed an ambassador from Barbados, and was the first woman to serve on the country's Supreme Court. She was the first appointee from Barbados to the Commonwealth Secretariat Arbitral Tribunal. In 2017, she was appointed the 8th governor-general of Barbados, with a term beginning on 8 January 2018.Simultaneously with her appointment, <mask> was awarded the Dame Grand Cross in the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George. On assumption of the office of Governor-General, she became the Chancellor of the Order of National Heroes, Order of Barbados and the Order of Freedom. Early life and education

<mask> <mask> was born on 17 January 1949 in Saint Philip, Barbados. After studying at St. Catherine's Primary School until age nine, she attended secondary school at Queen's College, then began teaching at the Princess Margaret Secondary School in 1968. The following year, she worked at Barclays Bank as a clerk. <mask> enrolled in the University of the West Indies at Cave Hill, where she earned a Bachelor of Laws. <mask> was one of the first graduates of the Faculty of Law from UWI, Cave Hill, completing her education in 1973.In 1975 she obtained a Legal Education Certificate from Hugh Wooding Law School in Trinidad and Tobago, becoming the first woman attorney-at-law from Barbados to graduate from the school. She was admitted to the bar on 10 November the same year, becoming the first woman member of the Barbados Bar Association. She is a Soroptimist and Patron of SI Barbados. Early career and legal practice

Beginning in 1975, she worked in Trust Administration for Barclay's and transferred to several different posts within the Barclay's company until 1977. In 1978, <mask> began working as the Magistrate of the Juvenile and Family Court and simultaneously tutoring in family law at UWI. She stopped tutoring in 1983 and continuing as magistrate. In 1988, <mask> completed the Royal Institute of Public Administration in London's course on Judicial Administration.She served on the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child from its 1991 inception until 1999, holding the vice chair from 1993 to 1995 and chair from 1997 to 1999. Between 1991 and 1992, <mask> served as chair and was one of the two women appointed to the 13-member CARICOM commission charged with evaluating regional integration. She left the family court in 1992 to serve as an ambassador to Venezuela, and was the first woman magistrate from Barbados to serve in that position. Between 1993 and 1994 she also served as ambassador to Chile, Colombia and Brazil. Upon her return to Barbados in 1994, <mask> was appointed Chief Magistrate for Barbados, and in 1997 became the Registrar of the Supreme Court. In 2000, <mask> completed studies on Alternative Dispute Resolution at the University of Windsor in Windsor, Ontario, Canada, and then completed a Fellowship with the Commonwealth Judicial Education Institute in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 2001, as well as a course in Advanced Dispute Resolution at UWI. She continued to serve as Registrar of the Supreme Court until 2005, when she was appointed as Queen's Counsel to the Inner Bar of Barbados.In 2008, <mask> was sworn in as an Appeals Judge becoming the first woman to serve on the Barbados Court of Appeals. For three days in 2012, she became the acting Governor-General of Barbados and the following year was the first Barbadian appointed to membership in the Commonwealth Secretariat Arbitral Tribunal (CSAT). The Tribunal operates among members of the Commonwealth of Nations to resolve issues concerning contract disputes. With that appointment, Loop News named her one of the 10 most powerful women in Barbados. Governor-General of Barbados

In 2017, <mask> was appointed as the eighth Governor-General of Barbados, with a term beginning on 8 January 2018. Simultaneously with her appointment, <mask> was also appointed a Dame Grand Cross in the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George. In 2020, <mask>, in her official capacity announcing government policy in the Throne Speech, written by the government of Prime Minister Mia Mottley, stated that Barbados would become a republic, removing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state.She was then expected to be nominated as a candidate to be the first president of Barbados, then to be elected by the two houses of parliament, and to assume office on 30 November 2021. President of Barbados

On 12 October 2021, <mask> was nominated by Prime Minister Mia Mottley and Opposition Leader Joseph Atherley to become the first President of Barbados. On 20 October she was elected by both houses without opposition, although no national vote amongst the people was ever held. <mask> took office on 30 November 2021, the 55th anniversary of Independence. While she is nominally chief executive and is the sole head of state in Barbados, in practice her role is mostly ceremonial, much like her previous role as Governor-General.

masks:
Sandra Prunella Mason
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<mask> (; 14 November 1601 – 19 August 1680) was a French Roman Catholic priest and the founder of both the Order of Our Lady of Charity in 1641 and Congregation of Jesus and Mary also known as The Eudists in 1643. He was also a professed member of the Oratory of Jesus until 1643 and the author of the proper for the Mass and Divine Office of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus Christ and the Blessed Virgin. <mask> was an ardent proponent of the Sacred Hearts and dedicated himself to its promotion and celebration; the Masses he compiled for both Sacred Hearts were both first celebrated within his lifetime. He preached missions across France, including Paris and Versailles, while earning recognition as a popular evangelist and confessor. <mask> was also a prolific writer and wrote on the Sacred Hearts despite opposition from the Jansenists. <mask> was canonized as a saint in mid-1925 and his supporters are now petitioning to have him named a Doctor of the Church. Life

Education
<mask> was born on 14 November 1601 on a farm close to the village of Ri to <mask> (born circa 1566) and Martha Corbin; he had four sisters and two brothers, including the historian <mask>zeray (1610-10 July 1683).He made his First Communion on 26 May 1613 (Pentecost) and at age 14 took a private vow to remain chaste. <mask> studied under the Jesuits at Caen before he decided to join the Oratorians on 25 March 1623. His masters and models in the spiritual life were Pierre de Bérulle (who welcomed him into the order) and the contemplative and ascetic Charles de Condren. As a student of de Bérulle, he became a member of the French school that promoted a Christocentric approach to spiritual affairs. This was characterized by a strong sense of adoration, plus pursuit of a personal relationship with Jesus Christ which extended to the Holy Spirit. Bishop Jacques Camus de Pontcarré ordained <mask> to the subdiaconate on 21 December 1624. Priesthood
<mask> was ordained to the priesthood on 20 December 1625 and he celebrated his first Mass at Christmas.Almost immediately after his ordination, he came down with an illness that kept him bedridden until 1626. He was sent to Aubervilliers for his theological studies and returned to Séez in 1627. During severe plagues in 1627 and 1631, he volunteered to care for the stricken in his own diocese, administering the sacraments and ensuring the dead received a proper burial. He did this with the permission of his Oratorian superiors. To avoid infecting his colleagues during this time, he lived in a huge cask in the middle of a field. In 1633 he began preaching parish missions, eventually preaching over a hundred missions throughout his own region as well as in Ile-de-France and Burgundy and also in Brittany. Jean-Jacques Olier referred to <mask> as "the prodigy of his age."<mask> became a noted preacher and confessor with a flair for evangelization and his missions often lasted from several weeks to several months; he preached three in Paris and one in Versailles. <mask> even preached once for Anne of Austria, though her son King Louis XIV suspected that <mask> was hostile towards his Gallican policies. He was also quite concerned about the spiritual improvement of priests and realized that the seminaries needed improvement. He founded several seminaries in the region including in Rennes. In 1674 he received six papal bulls of indulgences from Pope Clement X for confraternities and seminaries dedicated to the Sacred Hearts. Religious congregations
In his work he became disturbed when he saw the inadequate shelters for those prostitutes who sought to escape that life. Madeleine Lamy – who had cared for some of those women – came up to him on one occasion and challenged <mask> to address the issue.In 1641 he founded the Order of Our Lady of Charity of the Refuge in Caen to provide a refuge for prostitutes who wished to do penance. Three Visitation nuns came to his aid for a brief period and in 1644 a house was opened at Caen. Other ladies joined them and on 8 February 1651 the Bishop of Bayeux gave the institute his diocesan approbation. The congregation received papal approval from Pope Alexander VII on 2 January 1666. It later also included a convent from which Mary Euphrasia Pelletier established the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, in 1829. With the support of Cardinal Richelieu and a number of individual bishops, he severed his connection with the Oratorians to establish the Eudists for the education of priests and for parish missions. This congregation was founded at Caen on 25 March 1643.<mask> also founded the Society of the Most Admirable Mother which acted as a sort of Third Order, and would later count among its members Jeanne Jugan and Amelie Fristel. <mask> was influenced by the teachings of the French school, Francis de Sales, and the revelations of Gertrude the Great and Mechtilde. Bérulle's devotion to the Incarnate Word won him over and he combined with it the gentleness and devotional warmth of Francis de Sales. He changed the somewhat individual and private character of the devotion into a devotion for the whole church when he wrote for the benefit of his communities an Office and a Mass which later received approval from several bishops before spreading throughout the church. For this reason Pope Leo XIII – in proclaiming <mask>' heroic virtues later in 1903 – gave him the title of "Author of the Liturgical Worship of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and Holy Heart of Mary". <mask> dedicated the chapels of the Caen and Coutances seminaries to the Sacred Heart. The feast of the Immaculate Heart of the Mother of God was celebrated for the first time on 8 February 1648 and that of the Sacred Heart of Jesus on 20 October 1672 each as a double of the first class with an octave.He composed various rosaries and prayers dedicated to the Sacred Hearts. His book Le Cœur Admirable de la Très Sainte Mère de Dieu is the first book ever written on the devotion to the Sacred Hearts. In 1671 there was a rumor that <mask> would be named as the Coadjutor Bishop of Evreux and that the king Louis XIV would support the nomination based on <mask>' reputation. Death
<mask> died at Caen on 19 August 1680. He had drafted up his last will in April 1671 when his health started to decline. <mask>' remains were exhumed and transferred in 1810 and again for the last time on 6 March 1884. Sainthood

The cause for canonization commenced in the Diocese of Séez in an informative process that commenced on 19 August 1868.The formal introduction to the cause came on 7 February 1874 under Pope Pius IX, who titled <mask> as a Servant of God. Pope Leo XIII later confirmed, on 6 January 1903, that <mask> had lived a life of heroic virtue and thus named him as Venerable. Pope Pius X later approved two miracles attributed to <mask>' intercession and beatified him on 25 April 1909 in Saint Peter's Basilica. The ratification of two more miracles enabled Pope Pius XI to preside over <mask>' canonization on 31 May 1925. Doctor of the Church

His supporters first proposed the idea to have <mask> named as a Doctor of the Church around the time of World War II, though the conflict and then the course of the Second Vatican Council caused the suspension of inquiries into such a path. But in January 2012, the General Assembly of the Eudists conceded that it was time for that path to be pursued once more, since there existed no impediments to pursuing such a path. In the course of 2014–15, the episcopal conferences of France, Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, Benin, Honduras, and Colombia gave their full support to this proposal.The plenary session of the French Episcopal Conference on 8 November 2014 confirmed its support for the cause of <mask> as a Doctor of the Church. On 3 December 2016 the then-Superior General of the Eudists Camilo Bernal Hadad and the Bishop of Le Puy-en-Velay Luc Crépy met with Pope Francis to discuss the idea. Those managing the process collected evidence needed to support the idea and compiled it into a Positio dossier, which included the reasons for the proposal as well as those spiritual works that would support it. This dossier was submitted to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in April 2017 for them to evaluate. Spirituality
<mask> taught about the mystical unity of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary and wrote:

The most striking characteristic of <mask>' teaching on Devotion to the Sacred Heart – as indeed of his whole teaching on the spiritual life – is that Christ is its centre at all times. Views of the Popes
Pope Benedict XVI – in his General Audience catechesis on 19 August 2009 – praised <mask> as a "tireless apostle of the devotion of the Sacred Hearts" noting that <mask> was an example for priests during the Year for Priests. The pope went on to describe <mask>' "apostolic zeal" in the formation of seminarians into priests as well as the fact that <mask> was a model for evangelization and witness to the "love for Christ's Heart and Mary's Heart".Statue
Saint Peter's Basilica features a statue portraying (and dedicated to) <mask> constructed by Silvio Silva in 1932. It is located on the right side of the central nave. Works
<mask> wrote a number of books. Berulle's Spiritual Theology of Priesthood. Munster, 2018. External links

 Saint <mask>. The Sacred Heart of Jesus
 Founder Statue in Saint Peter's Basilica
 Saint <mask> in Kingdom of Jesus (Part VI, Chapter XI
 Saints SQPN

Divine Mercy
1601 births
1680 deaths
17th-century Christian mystics
17th-century Christian saints
17th-century French Roman Catholic priests
Beatifications by Pope Pius X
Canonizations by Pope Pius XI
Burials in Normandy
Eudists
Eudist mystics
Eudist saints
Founders of Catholic religious communities
French Christian mystics
French Roman Catholic saints
Oratorians
People from Orne
Roman Catholic mystics

masks:
John Eudes
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Isaac Eudes
François Eudes de Mé
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<mask> (Russian: Михаил Владимирович Рева; March 13, 1960) is a Ukrainian artist, sculptor, architect, jewelry craftsman, a founder of a non-profit organisation - REVA Foundation, a co-founder of a charitable organisation " Buduschee" ('The Future'), the Rehabilitation center for children named after Boris Litvak. Biography

<mask> was born on March 13, 1960 in Kerch (Crimea). In 1966 he moved with his parents to Odessa (Ukraine). After high school he entered Odessa Higher Engineering Marine School and graduated in 1977. Then he served the army (1980-1982). On his return to Odessa, he worked in the sculpture art fund, where he met his future wife Tatyana Kushniruk. At the age of 25, <mask> entered the Higher School of Art and Design named after V. Mukhina, St. Petersburg.His academic tutors were Lyudmila Pavlovna Kalugina, Anatoly Gordeevich Dyoma (sculpture), Peter Izrailevich Puko (painting), Igor Pavlovich Shmelev (architecture and design). Michail Reva :"It was a happy time. The floodgate of information just started to open, and we were overwhelmed with a desire of creating our new "concord of the day", a new world. We were sitting till dawn talking about art, our souls were glowing in a sincere impulse. What a powerful aspiration it was - to work, to dream, to create...Today I remember that time as a time of hope, a time of discovery, of such an amazing thirst, that much as we reveled in art and in freedom, it was never enough. Five years of my student life passed in a blink of an eye. Trying to reminisce that time in detail, I recall all my Institute works.And everything else is remembered as one huge continuous cognitive moment. A moment, in which the entire Universe fell upon me!" Michail <mask> was graduated with summa cum laude in the field of architectural and decorative plastics in 1990. The Academy of Arts awarded him a scholarship and sent to Rome (Italy) to Villa Abamelec. On completion of his internship, he returned to Odessa. The fateful acquaintance with Ernst Neizvestny during the work of the monument "The Golden Child" (<mask> made bas-reliefs "Four Sides of the World"). <mask> was the creator of the "Angel of Grace" for the children's rehabilitation center "Future", founder of this unique complex was the famous Odessa activist Boris Davidovich Litvak."Do not refuse good deeds when your hand is able to do it"  written on the bay window, under the gold angel. The works of Michael Reva have a diverse nature and are presented in many central locations of Odessa, Ukraine. His art-objects have become a landmark of the city - a monument dedicated to I. Ilf and E. Petrov "The Twelfth Chair", "Love Tree", the fountain "Source of Life" next to Vorontsov Palace, art object "Odessa's Time" and many other works. Activities
 1984 Exhibition "Land and People" in the "Manege" Moscow, USSR. 1985-1990 Studied at the Academy of Decorative and Applied Art and Design (until 1992 - Higher Art and Industrial School named after VN Mukhina). St. Petersburg. 1986 Laureate of the competition to create the prize of the international film festival "Golden Duke", Odessa.1990 Received the Gold Medal of the Academy of Arts of the USSR for the best diploma in the field of architectural and decorative plastics. 1991-1992 Internship at the Roman Academy of Arts, Italy. 1992 Personal exhibition in the House of the Artist, Moscow, Russia. 1993 Joined the National Union of Artists of Ukraine. 1994 International exhibition of miniature sculptures, dedicated to Divine Comedy Dante. Ravenna Italy, participation in the UNESCO auction of UNICEF. Paris, France.1995 "Gateway to ..." - personal exhibition within the framework of the international conference dedicated to V.V. Kandinsky at Museum of Western and Eastern Arts, Odessa. 1996 "Dreams of Montezuma" - personal exhibition within a framework of international project "Communication" Caracas, Venezuela. 1997 Grand Prix of the International Festival of Arts "Golden Peretin" Kyiv, Ukraine. 1998 The 3-rd Prize of the 110th International Biennial "Libr'Art" Libramont, Belgium. 2000 Personal exhibition "Altar of children's dreams". Children's Rehabilitation Center, Odessa, Ukraine,
 2000 Participation in the exhibition "20 artists of Ukraine at the end of the 20th century".National Museum of Art, Kyiv. 2001 Participation in the exhibition "Ten Years of Independence of Ukraine" at Ukrainian Institute of America in New York, USA. 2003 Exhibition "Decorative and Applied Art of Ukraine of the ХХ century, 200 names". Ukrainian House, Kyiv
 2004 Awarded a title "The Honoured Artist of Ukraine" by the Ukrainian Government. 2005 Personal exhibition "7305". Museum of Western and Oriental art. Odessa, Ukraine.2007 Awarded the title of Professor of the Moscow Branch of the International Academy of Architecture MAAM, Russia
 2007 Laureate of the National Competition in Architecture "Creation", the first prize in the nomination "Public Interior" Odessa, Ukraine. 2010 First prize in the international competition for the creation of the memorial and museum complex "Babi Yar" Kyiv, Ukraine. 2013 The first prize in the international competition for the best idea for art installation in the atrium of the department store TSUM Kyiv, Ukraine. 2014 Participation in the exhibition "Ukrainian Breakthrough" at the Center for Contemporary Art, Odessa. 2015 Established Reva Foundation (Ukraine). 2017 Member of the Presidential Council  World Club of Odessites. 2018 Tender winner for creation a monument "Heroes of Heavenly Hundred", Odessa.2019 Winner of Jan Gelman Award for benefits and glory of Odessa, established by the Gentlemen's KVN team at Odessa University. Basic works
 1993 The fountain "Source of Life" dedicated to the 200th anniversary of Odessa
 1994-1995 Bas-reliefs "Four Sides of the World" to the monumental sculpture of Ernst Neizvestny "The Golden Child". Odessa. 1996 "Angel of Grace" - a monumental sculpture, bronze with gilding, installed over the entrance to the rehabilitation center for disabled children, Odessa. 1997 A complex of fountains on a biblical theme for the residence of the US ambassador to Kyiv, Ukraine. 1997 The project "Slavic shrines" for the National Treasury of Ukraine. 1988,1990,1994 Design of "Grand Award" for the International Film Festival "Golden Duke".Odessa. 1998 Peter Berg Prize "For overcoming the impossible", ordered by the National Geographic Society of Great Britain. 1999 "The 12th chair", bronze park sculpture, installed in the Central Park of Odessa,
 1999 Competition project of monumental sculpture "Adam Apple" commissioned by the Amsterdam municipality, Holland. 2001 Competition project of the monumental sculpture "Crystal Dream" for the public project "3 Acres on the Lake", Chicago, USA
 2003 Sculptures of the business center "Leonardo", Kyiv, Ukraine
 2005 Monument "In the memory of the victims of terrorism around the world" Kyiv, Ukraine
 2006 Sculptural composition "Tree of Love" Odessa
 2006 Sculptural composition "The Heart of the World" Children's Rehabilitation Center for Disabled Children, Odessa
 2007 Interior design of Intercontinental Hotel, Kyiv
 2007-2008 Sculpture "The Grain of Life" together with Angelo Farion (Moscow). 2009 Concept of architectural project for the memorial and museum complex "Babi Yar" Kyiv, Ukraine
 2009 Fountain (bronze, golden leaf) in the atrium of Intercontinental Hotel, Kyiv
 2011 Project of the fountain, sculptural compositions and design of the Swisshotel Odessa Hotel
 2011 Architectural project of the monument Isaac Babel sculptor Georgiy Vartanovich Frangulyan, Odessa
 2012 The project "Trilogy of Grapevine" (bronze, gilding) for the "Wine Culture Center of Shabo", Odessa region
 2012 Sculptural composition "City-Center" (steel, paint) Odessa, Ukraine
 2013 Sculpture "Stones" (sheet iron, pebbles)
 2013 Graphic project "Odessa series" (paper, ink)
 2014 Kinetic sculptural compositions (steel, plastic) the central avenue of Arcadia beach
 2015 Park sculpture "Odessa's Time"
 2016 The tomb of Bogdan Stupka (Kyiv)
 2017 Illustrations for Georgy Golubenko’s book “Odessa Decameron”
 2017 Sculpture "DOMUS SOLIS" on the beach Langeron, Odessa. 2017 Sculpture Greek Memorial Sign
 2018 Sculptural composition "Particles of Life" for the Odrex Medical House, Odessa. 2018 Fountain "Origin of Inception" Greek Park, Odessa.2018 Violin Soul Prize for The International Pedagogy Award of Honor 2018 Foundation Sion Violin Music -Switzerland
 2019 Prize for the IX International festival of clowns and mimes “Comedyad-2019”
 2019 Sculpture "More books, less fear", Odessa National Scientific Library. Gallery

References

External links
 RevaStudio
 REVA Foundation Ltd.
 Behance
 Press
 Interview in Odessa Review

Male sculptors
1960 births
Living people
People from Kerch
Ukrainian sculptors
Ukrainian architects
Ukrainian male sculptors

masks:
Mikhail Reva
Mikhail Reva
Mikhail
Reva
Mikhail
Mikhail


texts:
<mask>, PC (; 31 January 1944 – 29 July 1999) was a Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer, academic and politician. He was a Member of Parliament and Director of the International Centre for Ethnic Studies. On 29 July 1999, <mask> was assassinated. The militant Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam was widely blamed for the assassination, and the assassination received condemnation from around the world. In 2001 he was posthumously awarded the Law and Society Association first International Prize for "his distinguished scholarship in legal pluralism, human rights, constitutionalism, ethnic conflict, and the capacity of law to contain violence". He has also received posthumous recognition by the Train Foundation's Civil Courage Prize. Early life and family
<mask> was born on 31 January 1944.He was the son of M. <mask>, a leading lawyer, and Punithavathy. He was educated at Royal College, Colombo. After school he joined the Department of Law at the University of Ceylon, Colombo, graduating with a LL.B. degree. He then proceeded to Harvard Law School from where he received M.A. and J.S.D. degrees.Tiruchelvam married Sithie. They had two sons (Nirgunan and Mithran). Career
Tiruchelvam was called to the bar as an advocate in 1968. He took over his father's law firm Tiruchelvam Associates. He was a member of the Law Commission. He was made a President's Counsel in February 1998. Tiruchelvam held several academic positions in Sri Lanka and the USA.He was Fulbright Fellow (1969–71) and fellow in law and modernization at Yale Law School (1972–74). He was then reader at the Faculty of Law, University of Sri Lanka Colombo campus and Edward Smith Visiting Fellow and Lecturer at Harvard Law School. Tiruchelvam was director of the Colombo-based International Centre for Ethnic Studies (ICES). He became a member of the London-based Minority Rights Group International (MRG) in 1994 and was elected its chair in 1999. He had been an international observer in several countries, including Pakistan, Chile, Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, South Africa and Nigeria. On 1 August 1982 T. Thirunavukarasu, the Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) MP for Vaddukoddai, died and on 14 October 1982 the TULF nominated Kuttimani (Selvarajah Yogachandran), a leading member of the militant Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO), to be his replacement. Kuttimani was at that time in prison awaiting trial on charges related to the Neervely bank robbery.There was dispute as to whether Kuttimani was eligible to be an MP and on 24 January 1983 Kuttimani "resigned" from Parliament, never having taken oath. The TULF subsequently nominated <mask> to be Thirunavukarasu's replacement. <mask> took his oath in on 8 March 1983. <mask> and all other TULF MPs boycotted Parliament from the middle of 1983 for a number of reasons: they were under pressure from Sri Lankan Tamil militants not to stay in Parliament beyond their normal six-year term; the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka required them to swear an oath unconditionally renouncing support for a separate state; and the Black July riots in which up to 3,000 Tamils were killed by Sinhalese mobs. After three months of absence, <mask> forfeited his seat in Parliament on 22 October 1983. After the Black July riots many TULF leaders went into exile but <mask> stayed in Colombo. <mask> was appointed as the TULF's National List MP in Parliament following the 1994 parliamentary election.Tiruchelvam, along with G. L. Peiris, were the lead authors of President Chandrika Kumaratunga's 1995 constitutional reform and devolution plan (also known as the "GL-Neelan Package" or "The New Deal"). The plan involved turning Sri Lanka from a unitary state into a "union of regions", merging of the Northern and Eastern provinces, expanding the subjects devolved to provincial councils, establishment of a mechanism to resolve disputes between the central and provincial governments and greater recognition of Sri Lanka's many minorities. The plan went beyond the Thirteenth Amendment and was federalism in all but name. The plan, which was released on 3 August 1995, was generally welcomed both in Sri Lanka and abroad but was attacked by Sinhalese nationalists and Tamil militants. The plan was subsequently watered down so much that even the TULF refused to support it and the plan was never implemented. Assassination
On the morning of 29 July 1999 Tiruchelvam was on his way to office at Kynsey Terrace, Colombo when, around 9.10 a.m., a man threw himself onto Tiruchelvam's car near the Kynsey Road-Rosemead Place Junction, detonating an explosive which killed both Tiruchelvam and the assassin. Thiruchelvam's driver, bodyguard and three policemen in an escort jeep behind the car were also injured.The militant Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) was widely blamed for the assassination. The LTTE's spokesman Anton Balasingham confirmed to Erik Solheim that they had killed Tiruchelvam, and said it was due to him betraying Tamil interests by supporting the government's watered down devolution package, despite them giving him prior warnings to quit. The assassination received condemnation from around the world. Aftermath
In 2001 <mask> was posthumously awarded the Law and Society Association first International Prize for "his distinguished scholarship in legal pluralism, human rights, constitutionalism, ethnic conflict, and the capacity of law to contain violence". He has also received posthumous recognition by the Train Foundation's Civil Courage Prize. References

External links

 Amnesty International condemns killing of <mask> Thiruchelvam MP

1944 births
1999 deaths
Academics of the University of Sri Lanka (Colombo)
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Alumni of the University of Ceylon (Colombo)
Assassinated Sri Lankan activists
Assassinated Sri Lankan politicians
Ceylonese advocates
Harvard Law School alumni
Harvard Law School faculty
Members of the 8th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 10th Parliament of Sri Lanka
People from Colombo
People killed during the Sri Lankan Civil War
People of British Ceylon
President's Counsels (Sri Lanka)
Sri Lankan Hindus
Sri Lankan Tamil academics
Sri Lankan Tamil activists
Sri Lankan Tamil lawyers
Sri Lankan Tamil politicians
Tamil United Liberation Front politicians
Yale Law School faculty

masks:
Neelakandan Tiruchelvam
Tiruchelvam
Tiruchelvam
Tiruchelvam
Tiruchelvam
Tiruchelvam
Tiruchelvam
Tiruchelvam
Tiruchelvam
Tiruchelvam
Tiruchelvam
Neelan


texts:
<mask> (born May 22, 1950 in Villahermosa, Tabasco) is a Mexican photographer. Early life
In 1968, <mask> and her family moved to Mexico City, where she currently resides. <mask> attended the Visual Studies Workshop in Rochester, New York from 1976 to 1977. She began working as a photographer since 1977. During these years she worked as a photography professor at the Centro de la Imagen, Tecnologico de Monterrey, and the Escuela de Fotografia Nacho Lopez. While living in Rochester, she received the Guggenheim fellowship to create a photographic project about Mexico City, which would later be known as the Mexican Passion. This same year she began working as a still photographer for a Mexican film production company.Later on, she worked as an independent photographer for different types of magazines. Since she started working freelance, there was a moment were she began teaching the art of still photography at different schools to help her financial with the various projects she was looking into. The first couple of years as an independent photographer she spent her time specializing in black and white still photography. Then in 2003 she began exploring digital and color photography. The main focus of her work was to capture the relationship between the people and the city. Along with other grants that she earned, it helped her fund her collections among many different countries such as Mexico, United States, and Europe. With a shift in photography came a shift in the themes that she was capturing.Her black and white photos targeted more people while color photographs displayed more symbolic objects. Work
<mask> is most known for capturing what she describes as the "Mexican Passion", images that show the everyday life and culture of the people from Mexico: people mixing in celebration, tradition, and protest. For the majority of her time as a photographer, Andrade captured the "carnivalesque" world of Mexico City. She highlighted the cross between modernization, history, faith, and tradition which was the start of Mexico's culture. In her book titled Mexican Passion, some of the photographs being taken were of the hipster scene of the youth. She showcased the various protests that took place such as the LGBTQ parade in Mexico City to illustrate the modernization of the city that is moving towards a progressive era. The pictures taken do not show resistance, but rather pride and joy in each of the individual's faces.Along with being a photographer, <mask> is also an author of visual books showcasing her collection. She participates in various discussions and conferences about Latin American photography. She is a member of an art association called the Sistema Nacional de Creadores de Arte del FONCA (National System of Art Creators)  whose aim is to showcase artists in order to express  national identity and appreciation of Mexico. This is part of her activism work, in which she uses the photographs taken as a form of calling out the oppression done towards a group of people. Through her work, highlights how different groups of people come together as a united front but captured in a sense of celebration of identity. Photography
<mask> began taking pictures in 1976 in the streets of Mexico. These photographs taken were primarily in black and white.Her photographs were mainly centered around the Mexican culture and street life. Her work could be described as poetically documentary at this point. During this time she tried integrating popular arts and urban culture, something that was emerging in Mexican media. A few of the photographs that she has taken can be found in the website "Ciudad de Mexico" . These images are photographs taken in black and white, where they make a stand in what is being experienced in the streets of Mexico. Since these images were taken in the streets of Mexico, people were her main art subjects. In 2003, <mask> made the switch from black and white to color.She moved from using film to digital camera which she incorporated color to the photos she took. The change also came with a change in scenery. People were no longer her main focus of her photographs. Her work became more centered through composition and symbolism. Instead of only capturing photographs in Mexico City, she visited other countries as well. Some of these countries included Europe and India. This helped her obtain a new way of capturing the "youthful perspective", that is targeting a different audience in her works.In her photographs, she touches on the themes of cities, streets, pop culture, travel, and memory. She makes sure that her work targets representation and the real world and showing how everything around us can create a different way of experiencing our everyday interactions with the world. Her work is mainly targeting pop culture in the modern society of the city. Exhibitions
The majority of <mask>'s work is exhibited in Mexico, the United States, and Europe. She has more than twenty-five solo shows that display her photographs. Her work is exhibited in various locations. The locations are listed below.Collection locations
 Visual Studies Workshop (Rochester, NY)
 California Museum of Photography (Riverside, CA)
 Museum of Fine Arts (Houston, TX)
 Southwestern and Mexican Photography Collection (Texas State University- San Marcos)
 Kiyosato Museum of Photographic Arts (Japan)
 National Institute of Fine Arts (Mexico, D.F)
 Guangdong Museum of Art (Guangzhou, China)
 Museum of Modern Art, INBA (Mexico City)
 J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles, CA)
 Santa Barbara Museum of Art (Santa Barbara, CA)
 El Barrio Museum (New York, NY)
 Museum of Contemporary Photography (Chicago, IL)

Books
Black and White Photography:
 Los Velos Transparentes, Las Transparencias Velada (1988)
In this book, Andrade tried to capture the history taken of the streets of Mexico. These black and white photographs call on the culture that is found when roaming through the streets of Mexico City. The title means "transparent veils/ veiled transparencies" where some of the images captured are of religious statues that are covered up. She depicts this distinction with the people of Mexico of whose identity has been covered up and blended to meet up with societal standards. Pasión Mexicana = Mexican Passion (2002)
This book contains various images of Mexican life, culture, and traditions. It is one of the books that took her the longest to complete because it was a personal project of hers to capture the unique culture shown today. Melodrama Barroco(2007)

Color Photography:
 Fragmentos (2009)
 Parallel Visions (2009)
 Through the Glass (2009)
 A Mexican in Paris (2012)
This collection is exactly what its title is.Andrade photographed various people in the streets of Paris. This was to draw comparison that no matter where we are in the world, we are still the same people going through the same things. Las Vegas: Artificio y neón (2013)
This work captures the fireworks and neon lights that the city has to offer. She had no interest in mind to capture the casino life but rather focus on what this city had created for its visitors which was to offer and alternative world

Grants
Guggenheim Fellowship (1994), received for her photography project of Mexico City. Cultural Projects and Co-Investments Program of the FONCA (2000), received for the co-publication of the book Mexican Passion
 National Endowment for Culture and the Arts (1993,1997,2000, 2003)

References

1950 births
People from Villahermosa
Mexican women photographers
Living people
Visual Studies Workshop alumni
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education faculty
Street photographers
Fine art photographers
Artists from Mexico City

masks:
Yolanda Andrade
Yolanda
Yolanda Andrade
Andrade
Yolanda
Andrade
Andrade
Andrade


texts:
<mask> (born November 10, 1982) is a former American football wide receiver. <mask> played college football for the University of Florida, and thereafter, he has played professionally for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL) and the Jacksonville Sharks of the Arena Football League (AFL). As a member of the Steelers, he won Super Bowl XLIII against the Arizona Cardinals. He is currently the wide receivers coach at Baylor University. Early years

<mask> was born in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, and attended New Smyrna Beach High School, where he was a star wide receiver for the New Smyrna Beach Barracudas high school football team. In 2001, he set the single season Barracudas' record with seventeen touchdowns, 67 catches and 1,142 yards  He attended Northfield Mount Hermon School for a Post Graduate year. Dallas led NMH to the New England championship in football and was a standout player on NMH's basketball team.<mask> graduated from NMH in 2002. College career

<mask> accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, and played for coach Ron Zook and coach Urban Meyer's Florida Gators football teams from 2003 to 2006. He originally signed to play for the Gators in February 2001 as a member of what would become coach Steve Spurrier's final recruiting class at Florida, but due to NCAA academic eligibility issues, <mask> instead enrolled at Northfield Mount Hermon School, an elite preparatory school in Massachusetts, for one year. While at Mt. Hermon, <mask> led his team to the New England Championship game. After Spurrier left Florida for the NFL and Zook was hired to replace him, <mask> stuck with Florida and enrolled as a partial-qualifier in 2002. Urban Meyer's hiring at Florida three seasons later marked a turning point in <mask>'s career at Florida.In 2005, he made fifty-six receptions, doubling his total from the previous season. Afterward, <mask>'s college grades were good enough to earn back the year of eligibility lost to the partial qualification. As a senior team captain in 2006, <mask> delivered career highs for receptions (60), receiving yards (920), and receiving touchdowns (10), and was a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection. <mask>'s 25-yard touchdown catch provided the winning margin in the Gators' 21–14 victory over the rival Florida State Seminoles. The following week, the Gators defeated Arkansas to win the SEC Championship Game for the first time in six years. The Gators would go on to rout the heavily favored Ohio State Buckeyes and capture their second national championship, with <mask> catching a touchdown pass for the Gators first score in their 41–14 victory in the 2007 BCS National Championship Game. Throughout his college career, the college football analysts on ESPN called him "<mask>, Touchdown Maker," hearkening back to his nickname from his New Smyrna Beach High School days.He graduated from the University of Florida in December 2006 with a bachelor's degree in health and human performance. Professional career

Pittsburgh Steelers
The Pittsburgh Steelers chose <mask> in the seventh round (227th pick overall) of the 2007 NFL Draft, and he played for the Steelers from  to . He was cut by the Steelers on September 1, 2007, but quickly re-joined the organization as a member of the practice squad on September 2. <mask> made the Steelers' 53-man roster out of training camp in 2008. He played in eight games, recording one catch for six yards, before being waived on November 15 to make room for cornerback Roy Lewis; the Steelers' re-signed <mask> to their practice squad on November 19. <mask> signed a future contract with the Steelers in February 2009. He was released in final cuts on September 5, 2009.Jacksonville Sharks
<mask> joined the Jacksonville Sharks of the Arena Football League in the early part of the 2010 season, making his AFL debut in the third game of the season against the Orlando Predators. CFL
<mask> signed with the Montreal Alouettes of the CFL on April 5, 2011. On August 8, 2011, he was traded to the Saskatchewan Roughriders for Luc Mullinder. Coaching
<mask> was the Wide Receivers Coach at Warner University, a Christian college in Lake Wales, Florida. On March 10, 2017, <mask> accepted the position of Wide Receivers Coach at Marshall University in Huntington, WV. On May 15, 2021 Buffalo head coach Maurice Linguist hired <mask> as Wide Receiver's Coach. In January 2022, <mask> was hired as the wide receivers coach by Dave Aranda at Baylor.Football family

<mask> is the nephew of Wes Chandler, who is a former All-American Gator wide receiver, NFL standout and professional football coach. <mask>'s younger brother <mask> is a professional rugby sevens player and represented the USA in the 2016 Olympics. See also
 2006 Florida Gators football team
 List of Pittsburgh Steelers players
 List of Florida Gators in the NFL Draft
 List of University of Florida alumni

References

Bibliography

 Carlson, Norm, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007).  . External links
  Saskatchewan Roughriders profile

1982 births
Living people
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
African-American players of Canadian football
American football wide receivers
Buffalo Bulls football coaches
Canadian football wide receivers
Coaches of American football from Florida
Florida Gators football players
Jacksonville Sharks players
Marshall Thundering Herd football coaches
Montreal Alouettes players
Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni
People from New Smyrna Beach, Florida
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Players of American football from Florida
San Antonio Talons players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Sportspeople from Volusia County, Florida
Warner Royals football coaches
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Dallas Leon Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Dallas Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Perry Baker


texts:
<mask> (1962–2012) was an Eritrean-American artist who made colorful paintings in a series of styles including representational, abstract, and a surreal combination of the two. His paintings show influences of European and American art as well as the culture and scenery of his native country. Many are small works; others as much as mural-sized. One critic saw his work as "dynamic, complicated and textually rich." The critic added that the paintings, "form at the nexus of culture, history and memory, sprawling across the canvas, and flowing out into this and other worlds." <mask> showed infrequently in commercial galleries and his work achieved widespread recognition only after its appearance in posthumous exhibitions. Early life and training

<mask> was born on March 21, 1962, in Asmara, Eritrea.While still in his teens he joined the struggle for Eritrean independence. However, in 1978, at the urging of his family, he agreed to stop fighting and leave the country. For the next three years he moved among various Eritrean communities in Sudan, Italy, and Germany and then, in 1981, came to New York City where one of his sisters lived. He enrolled in Southern Connecticut State University and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 2000. He also studied at the Art Students League in New York and attended Robert Blackburn's printmaking workshop. He won admittance to the Yale School of Art in 2000 and received a Master of Fine Arts degree two years later. On graduating he received the Carol Schlosberg Prize for Excellence in Painting.Career in art

<mask> rarely signed, dated, or gave his works titles and he did not energetically seek to exhibit them in commercial galleries. He worked in New York before joining two of his brothers in 1992 as co-owners of a restaurant in New Haven, Connecticut. He later said that he made his first paintings on the kitchen table of a tiny apartment in Manhattan. In 1991 he participated in a group show at the Cinque Gallery, a New York gallery that specialized in works by African-American artists, and later that year he received a Red Tag award in a group exhibition held at the Art Students League. After the restaurant was opened in 1992, he displayed his paintings on its walls. That year he also showed paintings in the Ikenga Gallery, a New Haven gallery specializing in African arts, and received a talent scholarship for a year's study at the Art Students League. In the latter half of the 1990s, <mask> took a studio in the Erector Square building located in the Fair Haven section of New Haven.In 1995 he was given solo exhibitions at a nonprofit contemporary art gallery in New Haven called Artspace and in the offices of a book publisher in Lawrence Township, New Jersey, called Red Sea Press. While studying at Yale, Ghebreyesus showed in the school's first-year painting exhibition and its final-year thesis show and a few years after graduating he contributed paintings to a city-wide group exhibition held at various New Haven galleries. A year after his death a Yale graduate student, Key Jo Lee, prepared a retrospective exhibition of his works. Called "Ficre Ghebreyesus: Polychromasia" and held at Artspace, it displayed the range and depth of his art. A reviewer said the show was "bursting at the seams with chromatic energy, kinetic form, and optical intensity" and added, "His paintings, pastels, and photographs bear witness to multitudinous sites of inspiration." The Museum of the African Diaspora in San Francisco held another retrospective exhibition in 2018. It featured an enormous painting, "City with a River Running Through," which a reviewer called "a cartographical tour-de-force, depicting, from multiple perspectives, a cityscape made up of an abstract patchwork of colors, patterns, and shapes."The paintings shown ranged from pure abstracts to figurative works, some showing surreal juxtapositions and hinting at what the reviewer called "dreamlike fables." Two years later Galerie Lelong mounted the first solo exhibition of Ghebreyesus's works in New York City. Called "Ficre Ghebreyesus: Gate to the Blue," it featured mural-sized paintings along with many smaller works. A New York Times critic said many of the pieces in the show were "semiabstract, opaquely autobiographical" and had a "dreamlike cast." Writing in Hyperallergic, a critic saw in them "oceanic migration narratives" and "references to the 19th-century Amistad ship captives" as well as fishing and other maritime activities. This critic also noted paintings that recalled patterned textiles, musical instruments, and religious motifs and added that the works instilled a "sense of quietude" and provided a "glimpse into the intimate worldview of an artist dedicated to representing the abundance of his surroundings." A New Yorker magazine critic said the paintings "give order to the chaos of displacement, and communicate what it feels like to live in both natural and man-made worlds, in which bodies of water, airplanes, and lone brown figures coexist in a kind of dreamscape."Artistic style

<mask> was an eclectic artist whose paintings showed varied influences. He worked mostly in acrylic on canvas, but used oil on canvas early in his career. Critics saw the early work as more somber than his later work and date the change from his marriage to Elizabeth Alexander in 1997. His early paintings are often thickly painted nighttime scenes with a single source of illumination. "Boat at Night," shown at left, is an example of his style at this stage in his career. Another early work, Dream Poem I, shown at right, shows his use of muted colors in an abstract design. Critics have seen a biographic tendency in <mask>'s paintings.However Julie Mehretu, an Ethiopian-born American artist, saw the later works as "experiential paintings" or "explorations in paint." She wrote that he "created an autonomous universe through the flattened picture planes, in which figures, fish, trees and geometric patterns jostle against one another in freewheeling abandon." Saying he "he untethered himself." This attitude contrasts with the critic who believed Ghebreyesus drew upon his "multifaceted identity, bringing the sum of his life as an artist, activist, refugee" to his work," and other critics who saw "migration narratives" in his work, as well as a focus on loss and revolution, or a grounding in "chaos and displacement." One critic cited influences from the "land, cultures and social realities of the Horn of Africa," as well as sources in European and abstract American art. Another said, "Operating fluidly between abstraction and figuration, <mask>' matte acrylic and oil paintings suggest the non-linear form of dreams, memories, and storytelling." Another concluded simply, "Mr. Ghebreyesus absorbed everything he was exposed to," from modernist abstraction to classical European sources, to African motifs.A large painting of about 2002 called "Zememesh Berhe's Magic Garden" (shown at left) combines African motifs in brightly colored realist and abstract design elements. A critic said this work invokes "specific locations that Ghebreyesus renders abstract with precisely mapped shapes and colors." Early in his career he described himself as a "conscious syncretizer", saying he created art as a means of exorcising the pain of his exile from his war-torn homeland and of reclaiming his "sense of place," his "moral compass," and his "love for life." In 2013, a critic wrote: "Ghebreyesus achieves syncretic brilliance. Framed by Eritrean crafts, textiles and architecture; the polyglot influence of world literature and philosophies; BeBop, modern jazz and polyrhythms of the African diaspora; as well as the masterworks of paintings populating the museums Ghebreyesus frequented, [his paintings] offer a survey of the myriad styles, mediums and scales that he worked in over his career." A late painting, "Angel Musician II" (shown at right) suggests the many sources of influence in his work. Personal life and family

<mask> was born in Asmara, Eritrea, on March 21, 1962.His parents were Gebreyesus Tessema and Zememesh Berhe. He was the sixth of seven children. Gebreyesus Tessema, a judge, was banished from the capitol for resisting government decision-tampering. In his absence, Zememesh Berhe, a Coptic Christian, was the major caregiver during Ghebreyesus's childhood. Educated in the city's Catholic schools, he received "mangia libro" ("book-eater") as a nickname and later made a self-portrait with that title. The 30-year Eritrean War of Independence continued throughout his childhood. At the age of sixteen his mother convinced him to abandon his efforts to fight in a resistance group and, instead, to seek a better life abroad.In 1978 he began three years of travel in Sudan, Italy, and Germany and in 1981 came to New York City where one of his sisters was then living. There, while earning his living in restaurant kitchens, he became a humanitarian activist in support of Eritrean independence. In 1992, two of his brothers, Gideon and Sahle, convinced him to join with them in opening an Eritrean restaurant in New Haven. He served as co-owner and chief chef of the restaurant, called Caffé Adulis, until it closed in 2008. He devoted the remaining four years of his life to painting. He met Elizabeth Alexander in 1996. The two formed an immediate bond.They married and subsequently became parents of two sons, Solomon and Simon. He died of massive heart failure, age 50, April 4, 2012. His wife said his name was pronounced FEE-kray Geb-reh-YESS-oos. Notes

References

1962 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American painters
21st-century American painters
20th-century male artists
21st-century male artists
People from Asmara
Eritrean emigrants to the United States
Southern Connecticut State University alumni
Art Students League of New York alumni
Yale School of Art alumni

masks:
Ficre Ghebreyesus
Ghebreyesus
Ghebreyesus
Ghebreyesus
Ghebreyesus
Ghebreyesus
Ghebreyesus
Ghebreyesus
Ghebreyesus