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<mask> (born 1967) is a British composer, pianist and educator. His works include opera, piano and chamber music, choral and orchestral pieces. He has been described, by Judith Weir, Master of the Queen’s Music, as “one of Britain's most adventurous composers, utterly skilled, imaginative and resourceful”. Operas
<mask> has composed a number of operas and music theatre pieces which have earned him an international reputation. Several of these pieces have a community component, combining amateurs and young people with professionals in the tradition of Benjamin Britten's Noye's Fludde. <mask>'s first chamber opera, The Snow Queen, was composed for the British soprano Jane Manning and her virtuoso ensemble Jane's Minstrels. The Snow Queen was described by one reviewer as "music of distinctive beauty with disarming theatre sense."The opera Jonah (libretto by Michael Irwin (author)) was commissioned by the Canterbury Festival and first produced in Canterbury Cathedral in 1996; the dramatic cantata Gethsemane was premiered by Florilegium at the Spitalfields Festival in 1998; the Brunel (opera project), featured on BBC Radio 4's Setting Brunel to Music in October 2003; the community opera On London Fields (libretto by Alasdair Middleton), winner of a Royal Philharmonic Society Award in 2005, was described by Stephen Pettitt in the Evening Standard as "unafraid of complexity, even when writing for very young performers. Some of the clashing rhythms and textural layerings are mind-boggling. "; the dramatic cantata Hear our Voice (co-written with the British composer Jonathan Dove) was premiered in London, Nuremberg and Prague in 2006; the chamber opera Das Babylon Experiment (German libretto by Michael Kerstan) was produced in Nuremberg in 2008. <mask> composed an experimental dramatic cantata Schoenberg in Hollywood (libretto by Alasdair Middleton), premiered in Guildhall School of Music and Drama's Milton Court concert hall in 2015; the comic faux-Baroque cantata Il Pastorale, l'Urbano e il Suburbano (libretto by Alasdair Middleton) was first performed at Snape Maltings, Aldeburgh in 2015 and the chamber opera The Pied Piper (libretto by Michael Irwin (author)) was first produced at Stour Music Festival, with the British countertenor Michael Chance in the title role, in 2015. The Pied Piper was subsequently revived in a new revision with German translation (Was Bleibt) in productions in Salzburg and Nuremberg in 2018

Instrumental works
<mask> composed a range of instrumental works for a diversity of ensembles, some traditional, others much more unorthodox. His Robert Schumann in Three Pieces were recorded by the Avenue A ensemble and described, by one critic, as "rich and sumptuous, with some spine-tingling moments"; King has composed two string quartets (Quartet 2001 and Four Places in Yorkshire) both premiered by the Fitzwilliam String Quartet; his orchestral work Totentango was first performed in 2010 by the London Symphony Orchestra and a 'Hitchcockian tone poem’ called Velocity, for ensemble, chorus and big band, was premiered by the Aurora Orchestra in 2011. Blue, a rhapsody for piano and chamber orchestra, was written in 2011 for the Savant pianist Derek Paravicini with whom Matthew King had previously improvised on BBC Radio 4 in 2009.In 2018 <mask> composed a new three movement piano concerto for Derek Paravicini which was first performed at the Mainly Mozart Festival in San Diego conducted by Michael Francis (conductor)

<mask> has also experimented with unusual combinations of instruments, sometimes located in unconventional performing environments. The King's Wood Symphony (2007) for multiple horns with percussion and an electronic score by Nye Parry was composed for performance in a forest (originally King's Wood in Kent). Described as "a site-specific symphony, one that could never sound the same way twice", the work utilises the harmonic spectra of natural horns and electronically altered horn sounds calling to each other across a vast performing space. King's Wood Symphony also gave rise to two chamber works, a trio for violin, horn and piano, and a nonet of horns with electronics, both premiered in the Wigmore Hall in 2007. An ambitious community project in 2008 gave rise to the Odyssean Variations, premiered by the British cellist Natalie Clein and an orchestra of young musicians from the London Borough of Hackney, at LSO St Luke's in London. Una Piccolo Sinfonia (2011) is a miniature symphony in three movements for an ensemble of nine piccolos. <mask> embarked on a series of increasingly political protest pieces, including Fix This (2012) for piano, violin, cello, electric guitar and 2 percussionists, first performed at the Royal Northern College of Music in which theme tunes and catchphrases associated with Jimmy Savile are subjected to a brutal and surreal outpouring of musical rage.Piano works
As a pianist, <mask> has focussed his attention on a series of piano works: his short miniature, Sonatas (2005) takes only a minute to perform and contains a succession of 32 bars, quoting from all of Beethoven’s piano sonatas in chronological order. He composed sequences of nocturnes, polonaise (dance)s and Contemplations (after Erik Satie). He composed a cycle of single movement piano sonatas, in the tradition of Scarlatti, but inspired by a wide range of topics including Hildegard of Bingen, Duke Ellington, Bernard Herrman, Italian Opera, Irish Folk Music, Morton Feldman, Derek Jarman and Bill Evans among others. Educator
An alumnus of the University of York, <mask> is also an educator: from 1998 - 2001 he was head of composition at the Yehudi Menuhin School and is professor of composition at Guildhall School of Music & Drama. For over a decade he has led workshops for Hackney Music Development Trust. He has led workshops for Bridging Arts in Salzburg and guest-leads the Wigmore Study Group at the Wigmore Hall in London. He has presented a number of programmes on BBC Radio 4 and Radio 3.with words by Alasdair Middleton)
Ringing Changes (SATB, harp, piano and electronics) 2015 (commissioned by the University of Kent for its 50th anniversary, with words by poet Patricia Debney)
The Pied Piper (Chamber Opera) 2015 (commissioned by Stour Music) with libretto by Michael Irwin (author))
Il Pastorale, l'Urbano e il Suburbano (soprano, tenor and chorus, flute, violin, cello, harpsichord, theorbo, saxophone and electronics) 2015 (commissioned by the Brook Street Band, with words by Alasdair Middleton)
Rumi Songs (mezzo-soprano and piano) 2015
Piano Sonatas (Volume 1) 2018
Piano Concerto (Piano and chamber orchestra) 2018 commissioned by the Mainly Mozart Festival, San Diego

References

Sources
Maycock, Robert, King's Wood Symphony, Challock, Kent, Review of King's Wood Symphony, The Independent, 26 June 2007 (retrieved 29 April 2010)
Morley, Christopher Culture: Riches at the stroke of a baton, The Birmingham Post, 31 December 2003. (retrieved via subscription 3 March 2008)
Odam, George and Bannan, Nicholas (eds.

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<mask>  (10 July 1813 – 7 March 1875) was an English writer and dean of the Privy Council. He was a Cambridge Apostle and an early advocate of animal rights. Biography
The youngest son of London merchant <mask>, <mask> was born in Streatham in South London. He was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge, coming out thirty-first wrangler in the mathematical tripos in 1835. He was recognized by the ablest of his contemporaries there as a man of superior gifts, and likely to make his mark in later life. As a member of the "Conversazione Society", better known as the Cambridge Apostles, a society established in 1820 for the purposes of discussion on social and literary questions by a few young men attracted to each other by a common taste for literature and speculation, he was associated with Charles Buller, Frederick Maurice, Richard Chenevix Trench, Monckton Milnes, <mask> and Alfred Tennyson. Soon after leaving the university, <mask> became private secretary to Thomas Spring Rice (afterwards Lord Monteagle), then Chancellor of the Exchequer.This appointment he filled until 1839, when he went to Ireland as private secretary to Lord Morpeth (afterwards Earl of Carlisle), Chief Secretary for Ireland. In the meanwhile (28 October 1836) Helps had married Bessy Fuller, daughter of Captain Edward Fuller and Elizabeth Blennerhassett. Bessy's maternal grandfather, Rev. John Blennerhassett of Tralee, Co. Kerry, was the cousin of Harman Blennerhassett. He was one of the commissioners for the settlement of various claims relating to the Gunboat War dating as far back as 1807. In retaliation for the bombardment of Copenhagen, the Danish government had impounded British goods in warehouses, and merchant ships with their cargoes. Although the seizure of goods on land had been settled soon afterwards, the ship-owners were still fruitlessly pursuing their claims for compensation from the British Government as late as 1861.However, with the fall of the Melbourne administration (1841) Helps' official experience closed for a period of nearly twenty years. He bought the Vernon Hill estate near Bishops Waltham, Hampshire, and a private income allowed him to turn to writing books and plays, which he dictated to an amanuensis. He was not, however, forgotten by his political friends. He possessed admirable tact and sagacity; his fitness for official life was unmistakable, and in 1860 he was appointed Clerk of the Privy Council on the recommendation of Lord Granville. This appointment brought him into personal communication with The Queen and The Prince Consort, both of whom came to regard him with confidence and respect. In 1864 he received the honorary degree of DCL from Oxford University. In 1862 he established the Bishops Waltham Clay Company for the manufacture of bricks and terracotta.He was also involved with the Bishops Waltham Railway Company, set up to link the brickworks (and the town) with the main London-Southampton line. However, profits were small and he faced competition from the Staffordshire Potteries. Helps also financed the Coke and Gas works which lit the town from 1864. Helps was also affected by the banking panic of 1866, caused by the failure of Overend, Gurney and Company. It had invested heavily in long-term railway stocks rather than holding cash reserves. The brickworks went into liquidation in 1867, and Helps had to sell the Vernon Hill estate. Queen Victoria in a personal gesture (he had edited a volume of Prince Albert's speeches in 1862) offered him a grace and favour residence in Kew Gardens.He lived for the rest of his life in Queen Charlotte's Cottage, near the main gates. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1871 and a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the following year. He died of pleurisy on 7 March 1875. Animal rights
Helps was an early advocate of animal rights and was concerned about animal cruelty. He authored Some Talk About Animals and Their Masters in 1873. The book is notable for extending rights even to insects. Edward Nicholson dedicated his book Rights of an Animal (1879) to Helps.Writings
His first literary effort, Thoughts in the Cloister and the Crowd (1835), was a series of aphorisms upon life, character, politics and manners. One of these aphorisms is quoted by John Stuart Mill in On Liberty, Chapter Two: "The Deep slumber of decided opinion." His Essays written in the Intervals of Business had appeared in 1841, and his Claims of Labour, an Essay on the Duties of the Employers to the Employed, in 1844. Two plays, King Henry the Second, an Historical Drama, and Catherine Douglas, a Tragedy, published in 1843, have no particular merit. Neither in these, nor in his only other dramatic effort, Oulita the Serf (1858) did he show any real qualifications as a playwright. Helps possessed, however, enough dramatic power to give life and individuality to the dialogues with which he enlivened many of his other books. In his Friends in Council, a Series of Readings and Discourse thereon (1847-1859), Helps varied his presentment of social and moral problems by dialogues between imaginary personages, who, under the names of Milverton, Ellesmere and Dunsford, grew to be almost as real to Helps's readers as they certainly became to himself.The book was very popular, and the same expedient was resorted to in Conversations on War and General Culture, published in 1871. The familiar speakers, with others added, also appeared in his Realmah (1868) and in the best of its author's later works, Talk About Animals and Their Masters (1873). A long essay on slavery in the first series of Friends in Council was subsequently elaborated into a work in two volumes published in 1848 and 1852, called The Conquerors of the New World and their Bondsmen. Helps went to Spain in 1847 to examine the numerous manuscripts bearing upon his subject at Madrid. The fruits of these researches were embodied in a historical work based upon his Conquerors of the New World, and called The Spanish Conquest in America, and its Relation to the History of Slavery and the Government of Colonies (4 vols, 1855, 1857-1861). But in spite of his scrupulous efforts after accuracy, the success of the book was marred by its obtrusively moral purpose and its discursive character. The Life of Las Casas, the Apostle of the Indians (1868), The Life of Columbus (1869), The Life of Pizarro (1869), and The Life of Hernando Cortrés (1871), when extracted from the work and published separately, proved successful.Besides the books which have been already mentioned he wrote: Organization in Daily Life, an Essay (1862), Casimir Maremma (1870), Brevia, Short Essays and Aphorisms (1871), Thoughts upon Government (1872), Life and Labors of Mr Thomas Brassey (1872), Iras de Biron (1874), Social Pressure (1875). After the death of Prince Albert, Queen Victoria turned to Helps to prepare an appreciation of her husband's life and character. In his introduction to the collection (1862) of the Prince Consort's speeches and addresses Helps adequately fulfilled his task. Some years afterwards he edited and wrote a preface to the Queen's Leaves from a Journal of our Life in the Highlands (1868). References

External links

1813 births
1875 deaths
19th-century English male writers
19th-century English dramatists and playwrights
19th-century essayists
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Anti-vivisectionists
British male essayists
Clerks of the Privy Council
English animal rights scholars
English biographers
English dramatists and playwrights
English essayists
English male dramatists and playwrights
English male non-fiction writers
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
People educated at Eton College
People from Streatham
Male biographers

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Sir Arthur Helps
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<mask> (born July 2, 1979) is an American conductor. He previously served as music director of the Colorado Symphony from 2017-2021, Associate Conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra and Music Director of the Cleveland Orchestra Youth Orchestra from 2013 to 2017, Assistant Conductor of the Orchestre National de France from 2006 to 2009, Assistant Conductor of the Houston Symphony from 2007 to 2011, Music Director of the Moores Opera Center in Houston from 2012 to 2013, and Music Director of the Saginaw Bay Symphony Orchestra from 2010 to 2015. Biography

Born in Seattle, Washington, <mask> began piano studies at age 6, and studied piano, percussion, and saxophone throughout elementary, middle, and high school. He gave his first public performances as a conductor while at Lynnwood High School in 1995 at the age of 16, leading both orchestra and wind ensemble concerts, and served as music director for his first musical in the spring of 1996 while still a high-school junior. <mask> began undergraduate work on a degree in music composition at Western Washington University in the fall of 1997. During his four years there, he studied composition and conducting with Roger Briggs and piano with Margaret Brink and Jeffrey Gilliam. As a conductor, he organized many student performances, conducted the school's orchestra, collaborated with faculty in concerto performances, and served as music director for multiple summer stock and other music theater productions.As a composer, <mask> wrote both concert works and scores for local television and student films. He won numerous piano scholarships, and was named Presser Scholar and Outstanding Graduating Senior in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Upon completion of his Bachelor of Music in June 2001, he moved to Austin, Texas, to study orchestral conducting with Kevin Noe at the University of Texas at Austin. For the next four years, he would serve as Music Director of the University Orchestra and sometime cover conductor for the Austin Symphony. <mask> graduated from the University of Texas with a Master of Music in 2003 and a Doctor of Musical Arts in 2005. His work with Noe led to his employment with the Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble from 2002-06 as their Associate Conductor, where his responsibilities included leading subscription programs, many world and U.S. premieres, numerous multi-media productions, and several recording projects. In addition to his graduate work, <mask> also studied  with conductors outside the university, most notably Kurt Masur, with whom he began studies in 2004.In early 2008, Masur selected <mask> to receive the inaugural Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Scholarship, entailing intensive, one-on-one study with Masur, and assisting him with concerts in Europe and America. <mask> was also invited to conduct the National Symphony Orchestra and to study with Leonard Slatkin as part of the 2005 National Conducting Institute, and was invited by Slatkin to work with the NSO again in 2006. He studied with Lorin Maazel, David Robertson, Gerard Schwarz, Gunther Schuller, Marin Alsop, Jorma Panula, and Larry Rachleff. <mask> was the youngest of ten semifinalists from a pool of over 500 applicants in the Third International Conductors' Competition Sir Georg Solti in 2006. After completing his training, <mask> accepted a position as Director of Orchestras and Music Director of the opera program at Northern Illinois University from 2005 to 2007. He led the Philharmonic in six concerts each year, and led his first two opera productions during his tenure: Igor Stravinsky’s The Rake’s Progress and Mark Adamo's Little Women. The Philharmonic was also invited to perform at the Illinois Music Educators Association's All-State Conference for the first time in over a decade in January 2007.His tenure there saw the Philharmonic's first performance of a Gustav Mahler symphony in a dozen years (Symphony No. 1 in April 2006) and their return to the recording studio, recording Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2 in May 2007. <mask> ended his time at NIU with a week-long festival devoted to the music of Kevin Puts. While teaching at NIU, <mask> was invited by his mentor Kurt Masur to audition to become Assistant Conductor of the Orchestre National de France. In February 2006, <mask> successfully auditioned and was named to the post. During his three-year tenure, he conducted the orchestra and assisted Masur and guest conductors such as Seiji Ozawa and Daniele Gatti at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées and on tour.In February 2007, <mask> was appointed American Conducting Fellow of the Houston Symphony by Hans Graf. In that role, he led the orchestra in several dozen concerts—including on all subscription series—in Jones Hall and throughout the greater Houston area each season. His title was augmented to Assistant Conductor/American Conducting Fellow in June 2008; prior to his final season with the orchestra (2010–11), his title was modified again to Assistant Conductor, reflecting the end of his fellowship with the League of American Orchestras. During his four-year tenure with the Houston Symphony (which ended in May 2011), he led the orchestra in over one hundred performances, several of which were broadcast nationwide on SymphonyCast and Performance Today. Since that time, <mask> has returned frequently to the Houston Symphony as a guest conductor. In May 2010, after a two-year search including more than 150 candidates from around the world, <mask> was appointed the ninth Music Director of Michigan's Saginaw Bay Symphony Orchestra. He took the helm of the orchestra at the outset of its 75th-anniversary season in September 2010, and led the orchestra in its complete series of classical, pops, and education concerts throughout his initial three-year contract and the extension that followed.<mask> ultimately served as Music Director of the SBSO for five seasons, resigning at the end of 2014-15 season due to increased obligations with the Cleveland Orchestra and various guest conducting responsibilities. During his tenure in Saginaw, he briefly accepted a post as  Music Director of the Moores Opera Center at the Moores School of Music of the University of Houston for the 2012-13 season. In January 2013, <mask> was invited by Franz Welser-Möst to become Assistant Conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra, a position he assumed at the beginning of the 2013-14 season. At the conclusion of his initial two-year term, he was promoted to Associate Conductor — a title held by only four previous conductors in the Orchestra's 98-year history and not since Jahja Ling in the 1984-85 season—and his contract was extended for an additional two years through the 2016-17 season. Through his tenure with the Cleveland Orchestra, he concurrently served as Music Director of the Cleveland Orchestra Youth Orchestra, increasing the group's commitment to contemporary repertoire and leading them on a four-city tour of China in June 2015. <mask> concluded his tenure with both organizations in September 2017. After making a highly successful debut with the Colorado Symphony in July 2016, <mask> was named the orchestra's next music director in September 2016.<mask> held the title of Music Director Designate during the 2016-17 season, and began his four-season tenure as Music Director with the 2017-18 season. During his first two seasons as Music Director, <mask> collaborated with such celebrated soloists as Yo-Yo Ma, Renée Fleming, Itzhak Perlman, Bela Fleck, and Leslie Odom Jr. In recent seasons, <mask> has guest conducted the Cleveland Orchestra, Dallas Symphony Orchestra, Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Grant Park Symphony Orchestra, Houston Symphony, Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, Minnesota Orchestra, National Symphony Orchestra, New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, Oregon Symphony, Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra, Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra, San Antonio Symphony, and Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. He will make his debut with the San Francisco Symphony in July 2019  and the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Hollywood Bowl in September 2019. Recent summer festival appearances include the Grant Park Music Festival, National Repertory Orchestra, Strings Music Festival, Sarasota Music Festival, and Interlochen Center for the Arts. <mask> regularly collaborates with the world’s leading soloists, including Rudolf Buchbinder, Kirill Gerstein, James Ehnes, Augustin Hadelich, Leila Josefowicz, and Alisa Weilerstein. He made his European debut in 2004 in a series of three concerts with Romania's Brasov Philharmonic (to which he returned in February 2009), and made his Latin American debut in 2005 with the Orquesta Filarmónica de la UNAM in Mexico City as part of the Eduardo Mata Conducting Competition.<mask> is represented worldwide by CM Artists. References

External links
Official website

1979 births
American male conductors (music)
Living people
Western Washington University alumni
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians

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Brett Mitchell
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<mask>  (born June 10, 1976) is a Canadian politician who formerly served as the Minister of Industry in the cabinet of Prime Minister Stephen Harper. <mask> was the Conservative Member of Parliament from 2000 to 2015, representing Port Moody—Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam (2000-2004) and then Port Moody—Westwood—Port Coquitlam (2004-2015). He also served as Minister of Canadian Heritage and Official Languages and as the Secretary of State for Official Languages, Pacific Gateway and the Vancouver-Whistler Olympics before becoming Industry Minister. Prior to entering cabinet, he was the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Public Works and to the Minister for the Pacific Gateway & 2010 Olympics. <mask> did not run in the 2015 federal election, and in November 2015, it was announced that he would be the 6th Chancellor of the University of Northern British Columbia, starting May 2016. <mask> was born in New Westminster, British Columbia on June 10, 1976 and was raised in the city of Coquitlam. Following his graduation from Centennial Sr.Secondary, he pursued studies in economics and business administration at Douglas College. In 1996, he started working as a broadcaster at CKST AM1040 in Vancouver. In 1997, he moved to Ottawa to work as the Communications Advisor for the Official Opposition, which at that time was the Reform Party of Canada. In 1998, <mask> returned to broadcasting in Vancouver before moving to Prince George to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science at the University of Northern British Columbia. While in Prince George he continued in broadcasting by guest hosting at 550 CKPG and launching his own talk show entitled "’Behind the Headlines’ with <mask>." In 2011, <mask> earned his Master of Arts degree in Political Studies from the University of Saskatchewan. Political career

Opposition member
In the 2000 federal election <mask> was the Canadian Alliance candidate in the federal riding of Port Moody—Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam.At the age of 24 <mask> defeated Liberal Party incumbent Lou Sekora by a 20 percentage point margin. With his election win <mask> became the youngest member of Parliament ever elected in the province of British Columbia. As a member of the Official Opposition <mask> served as Deputy Foreign Affairs Critic and Deputy National Revenue Critic, and was later promoted to serve as the Senior Transport Critic and Vice-Chair of the Commons Transport Committee. In 2003, the Canadian Alliance merged with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada to form the Conservative Party of Canada. In the 2004 federal election <mask> was re-elected in the new riding of Port Moody—Westwood—Port Coquitlam, winning 41% of the popular the vote. Following his re-election he served as the Official Opposition Transportation Critic, as well as Amateur Sport Critic. In 2004, <mask> was one of the few members of his caucus to vote in favour of same-sex marriage.After taking a long time to study the issue he stated "In short, I believe in equality under the law for all Canadians for civil marriages, which in a perfect world would be termed civil unions". Government member
In the 2006 federal election the Conservative Party won a minority government and <mask> was re-elected in his riding over former Coquitlam mayor, Jon Kingsbury. On February 7, 2006, <mask> was appointed as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister Public Works and Government Services Canada and the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for the Pacific Gateway and the Vancouver-Whistler Olympics. <mask> was responsible for answering questions regarding Public Works and Government Services during Question Period due to the minister, Michael Fortier, being a senator as opposed to a member of Parliament. On June 25, 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper appointed <mask> as the Secretary of State for the 2010 Olympics, the Asia-Pacific Gateway and Official Languages. With his appointment he became the youngest Cabinet Minister in British Columbia's history and the fourth youngest Cabinet Minister in Canadian history. Less than three months later Harper called an election for October 14, 2008.<mask> was easily re-elected in the 2008 federal election and the Conservative Party won their second minority government. Minister of Canadian Heritage
On October 30, 2008, <mask> was appointed Minister of Canadian Heritage and Official Languages. <mask>'s appointment came after Harper had sparked controversy during the recent election campaign when he made comments that "ordinary people" didn't care about arts funding. The comments were negatively received, particularly in Quebec, and it is thought to have contributed to the Conservatives not winning a majority government. In the 2011 federal election <mask> was once again re-elected in his riding and the Conservative Party won their first majority government. It was speculated that <mask> could be promoted to a higher profile ministry when Harper shuffled his cabinet, however he remained Minister of Heritage when the new cabinet was sworn in. The resignation and defeat of several ministers did lead to his appointment as the senior regional Minister from British Columbia, he became the youngest person to ever hold the post.<mask> was seen as one of the most influential members within his caucus, and with Prime Minister Harper. Though Harper did not appoint a Deputy Prime Minister, Jason Kenney was seen by many as the de facto Deputy Prime Minister. Maclean's columnist Paul Wells wrote in 2011 that <mask>, whose views contrast with the more socially conservative Kenney, was a near-equal to Kenney within cabinet. <mask>'s portfolio was an important one to Quebeckers and, with only four Conservative members of Parliament in the province, <mask> became a central figure in the province for the party, despite hailing from British Columbia. CBC
As Minister of Canadian Heritage <mask> was nominally responsible for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), a Crown corporation. On November 19, 2008, <mask> warned CBC executives to rein in their spending practises after it was revealed that CBC's executive vice-president for French services, racked up more than $80,000 in 2006 on expenses such as theatre tickets, hotels, and catering. The information was revealed the same week that other Canadian broadcasters were announcing hiring freezes and layoffs.The President of CBC announced on November 21, 2008 that the corporation would be cutting spending and reviewing its major projects. <mask> has been a defender of the CBC and has spoken about its importance as a key cultural institution. This despite calls from some within the Conservative Party to stop funding or sell the CBC. Downsizing and decentralizing of the broadcaster is a goal for <mask> and the Conservative government. In December 2011, he stated that under his leadership staffing at the CBC had decreased by about 25%. Interim Minister of Aboriginal Affairs
On February 15, 2013, Prime Minister Stephen Harper appointed <mask> as acting Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development after the sudden resignation of John Duncan. Duncan resigned after improperly advocating to a tax court on behalf of a constituent in June 2011.<mask> remained interim minister until Bernard Valcourt was appointed on February 22, 2013. Minister of Industry
On July 15, 2013, <mask> was appointed Minister of Industry. As Minister of Industry, <mask> Chaired the Cabinet Committee on Economic prosperity, which was responsible for considering all economic proposals. Internal Free Trade
in 2014 <mask> made a major effort to open Canada's internal markets to greater free trade. Tabling a report entitled "One Canada, One National Economy," he outlined options for improving Canada's existing Agreement on Internal Trade or starting anew with default open market access across Canada for domestic goods and services. Digital Policy
While serving as Minister, <mask> successfully passed Bill S-4, also known as the "Digital Privacy Act," a sweeping set of changes to modernize Canada's online privacy laws, including the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA). He also implemented a series of spectrum auctions (700 MHz, 2500 MHz and AWS-3) to put as much spectrum into the market for use by wireless providers to create competition.He also established the "Connecting Canadians" program to bring internet connectivity to rural and remote communities, as well as the modernized "Computers for Schools" program for those without access to computers. He also implemented a new cell tower sharing policy to encourage competition and mandatory community consultations on cell tower placement and construction. Space Policy
As Minister, <mask> developed and implemented a new space policy framework for Canada, including funding and full participation in the James Webb Space Telescope, the international 30 Metre Telescope, renewed membership in the European Space Agency, and a commitment to the International Space Station through 2024 with funding for 2 Canadian astronauts to complete missions to space. On December 15, 2013 while commenting on a report that B.C. had the worst rate of child poverty in Canada, <mask> said, "Is it my job to feed my neighbour's child? I don't think so" to Vancouver radio station News1130 reporter Sara Norman. His comments were criticized as "dismissive" and Scrooge-like, especially given the Christmas season.Initially the minister denied making any such statement in a series of tweets. On December 16, <mask> issued a written apology on his website. Out of politics
On June 19, 2015, <mask> announced he was not running as a candidate in the 2015 federal election. In November 2015, it was announced that <mask> had been chosen to be the next chancellor of the University of Northern British Columbia, his alma mater, starting a three-year term in May 2016. He also works at the global law firm Dentons as a senior business advisor, and a policy advisor at the global firm Edelman. In September 2016, it was announced that <mask> joined the national board of the Canadian Cancer Society as vice chair. Election results

References

External links
<mask> official site

<mask> at PoliTwitter

Table of offices held

1976 births
Canadian Alliance MPs
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
People from Coquitlam
People from New Westminster
People from Port Moody
University of Northern British Columbia alumni
University of Saskatchewan alumni
Members of the 28th Canadian Ministry

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<mask> (born November 11, 1985) is a Canadian former professional gridiron football wide receiver. He was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL) in the fourth round (127th overall) in the 2009 NFL Draft. He played college football for the Brigham Young University Cougars. <mask> also played in the NFL for the New England Patriots and in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for the BC Lions. Early life
<mask> was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, to American parents Scott and <mask>. <mask> played football at Brigham Young University (BYU) from 1979 to 1982 and played professionally in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and briefly in the NFL for the San Francisco 49ers during the 1983 pre-season. His older brother, <mask>, also played receiver for the BYU Cougars from 2003 to 2006.<mask> served a mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was recruited by Stanford, Arizona, Arizona State, Washington State, Oregon State, Colorado, Utah, and UNLV, before choosing BYU. <mask> starred as a wide receiver at Oak Ridge High School and garnered many awards. He was a PrepStar and SuperPrep All-American as well as being voted Northern California's Most Valuable Player. During his senior season, he recorded 60 receptions for a total of 978 yards and 18 touchdowns. In 2004, <mask> became an Eagle Scout. In December 2009, <mask>'s hometown newspaper, The Sacramento Bee, named him Sacramento Area's Player of the Decade (2000–2009).College career
In 2004, <mask> was named MWC Freshman of the Year. He was also named the MVP of the 2007 Las Vegas Bowl and named to the All-MWC first team in 2008. <mask> set a series of records during his three-year career at BYU (2004, 2007–2008). Additionally, <mask> was also one of the highest rated wide receivers in College Football during his junior season in which he was selected to the college football All–American team. On January 9, 2009, <mask> announced in a press conference that he would forgo his senior year and enter the 2009 NFL Draft. The Indianapolis Colts drafted him in the fourth round, 127th overall. Professional career

Indianapolis Colts
<mask> impressed Indianapolis Colts Head Coach Jim Caldwell in the preseason and was placed third on the depth chart at the wide receiver position for the 2009 season, placing ahead of Pierre Garçon for the slot receiver position.However, Garçon soon jumped <mask> on the depth chart shortly thereafter. <mask> finished his rookie season in the NFL among the top statistical leaders for all rookies at the wide receiver position. <mask> started his second year strong, making numerous touchdown catches and establishing himself as Peyton Manning's "go-to guy" after Dallas Clark suffered a season-ending injury. However, on November 7, 2010, <mask> was involved in a collision against the Philadelphia Eagles, in which he was hit on both sides of his head by Quintin Mikell and Kurt Coleman. <mask> was taken off the field on a stretcher. According to a televised ESPN update, <mask> was seen sitting up and moving after several minutes working with medics. <mask> suffered a concussion as a result of the collision.Coleman was penalized for unnecessary roughness for the hit on <mask>, but neither player was fined, as the NFL later ruled that the contact that caused the injury was incidental as a result of Mikell's initial hit. On December 19, 2010, <mask> was hit in the head by Jaguars linebacker Daryl Smith and was down for several minutes. It was his second concussion-related injury that year and ultimately ended his 2010 season. Despite the fact that no fines were assessed, the highly visible injuries to <mask> have added to the debate about violent hits in football. On December 22, 2010, <mask> was placed on injured reserve. <mask> played in all 16 games, making 5 starts, during the 2011 regular season, but managed to only catch one touchdown pass among his 54 receptions. During a 2012 preseason game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> suffered his third concussion of his career.During the third game of the 2012 season against the Jacksonville Jaguars, <mask> suffered a ruptured patellar tendon in his right knee, causing him to miss the rest of the 2012 season. On February 15, 2013, <mask> was told he would not be re-signed by the Colts. San Francisco 49ers
On August 2, 2013, the San Francisco 49ers signed <mask> to a 1-year contract. He was released on August 31, 2013, during final roster cuts. New England Patriots
The New England Patriots signed <mask> as a free agent on October 3, 2013. He was signed for a one-year, veteran-minimum contract, which is $715,000 but prorated to $546,765. Due to <mask>'s previous injuries, the contract included an injury waiver, meaning the Patriots could release him if he was injured and only owe him a "split" (50%) of the contract.He was released November 5, 2013 because of a knee injury, after only 3 catches for 34 yards. He was re-signed by the Patriots on December 5, 2013 to add depth with rookie wideouts Aaron Dobson and Kenbrell Thompkins dealing with nagging injuries. He was released once more on December 27, 2013, only to be re-signed on January 2, 2014. The Patriots released <mask> again after the playoffs. BC Lions
On January 29, 2015, the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League announced they had signed <mask> to a contract. In his only CFL season, <mask> played in 16 games, catching 43 passes for 439 yards with 7 touchdowns. <mask> also recorded a touchdown as a passer, throwing a 21-yard score to quarterback Jonathon Jennings on a trick play.On April 8, 2016, <mask> announced his retirement from professional football. Career NFL statistics

See also
 List of NCAA major college football yearly receiving leaders

References

External links

 BC Lions bio
 NFL bio
 New England Patriots bio
 Indianapolis Colts bio
 BYU bio

1985 births
Living people
People from El Dorado Hills, California
Latter Day Saints from California
Sportspeople from Hamilton, Ontario
Players of Canadian football from Ontario
American football wide receivers
BYU Cougars football players
Indianapolis Colts players
San Francisco 49ers players
New England Patriots players
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football wide receivers
BC Lions players
American Mormon missionaries in Argentina
Canadian players of American football

masks:
Austin Kirk Collie
Collie
Collie
Nicole Collie
Scott Collie
Zac Collie
Austin
Collie
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<mask>'Dell (May 23, 1898 – October 15, 1989) was an American author of 26 novels for young people, along with three novels for adults and four nonfiction books. He wrote historical fiction, primarily, including several children's novels about historical California and Mexico. For his contribution as a children's writer he received the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1972, the highest recognition available to creators of children's books. He received The University of Southern Mississippi Medallion in 1976 and the Catholic Libraries Association Regina Medal in 1978. O'Dell's best known work is the historical novel Island of the Blue Dolphins (1960), which won the 1961 Newbery Medal and the 1963 Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in its German translation. It was also named to the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award list. He was one of the annual Newbery runners-up for three other books: The King's Fifth (1966), The Black Pearl (1967), and Sing Down the Moon (1970).Biography

<mask>'Dell was born O'Dell Gabriel <mask>, but after his name was incorrectly published on a book as "<mask>'Dell", he decided to keep the name. He was born on Terminal Island in Los Angeles, California, to parents May Elizabeth Gabriel and Bennett Mason <mask>. He attended multiple colleges, including Occidental College in 1919, the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1920, Stanford University in 1921, and the Sapienza University of Rome in 1925. During World War II, he served in the United States Army Air Forces. Before becoming a full-time writer, he was employed as a cameraman and technical director, as a book columnist for the Los Angeles Mirror, and as book review editor for the Los Angeles Daily News. He was married two times. His wives were Jane Dorsa Rattenbury, and Elizabeth Hall.In 1934, O'Dell began writing articles as well as fiction and nonfiction books for adults. In the late 1950s, he began writing children's books. His first children's book was Island of the Blue Dolphins. In 1984, he established the Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction, an award of $5,000 that recognizes outstanding works of historical fiction. The winners must be published in English by a U.S. publisher and be set in the New World (North, Central, and South America). In 1986, The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books awarded O'Dell this same award. <mask>'Dell died of prostate cancer on October 15, 1989 at the age of 91.Film adaptations

There have been several film adaptations of O'Dell's work. Island of the Blue Dolphins has been translated into a number of languages and was made into a movie in 1964, starring Celia Kaye, Larry Domasin, Ann Daniel, and George Kennedy. In 1978, Saul Swimmer produced and directed a film version of The Black Pearl with Gilbert Roland and Mario Custodio. The King's Fifth served as inspiration for the 1982 anime television series The Mysterious Cities of Gold, a Japan-France co-production that was aired in several different countries. (1990). Something About the Author Vol. 60.Gale Research Inc.: Detroit. External links
 Guide to the <mask> O'Dell papers at the University of Oregon

1898 births
1989 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American novelists
American children's writers
American historical novelists
American male non-fiction writers
American male novelists
American travel writers
American writers of young adult literature
American young adult novelists
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from prostate cancer
Hans Christian Andersen Award for Writing winners
The Mysterious Cities of Gold
Newbery Honor winners
Newbery Medal winners
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Writers from Los Angeles

masks:
Scott O
Scott O
Scott
Scott O
Scott
Scott O
Scott


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<mask> "J. R.<mask> (, born July 17, 1990) is a retired American short track speed skater, three-time Olympian, and three-time medalist in the Winter Olympics. <mask> has held a total of five combined Short Track World and Junior World Records throughout his career including the 500m and 5000m relay World Records as well as the 500m, 1000m and 3000m relay Junior World Records. <mask> was a part of the team that broke and currently holds the World Record in the 5000m relay established in Shanghai, China on November 12, 2017. On October 21, 2012, in Calgary, Canada, <mask> became the first person to skate under the 40 second barrier in the 500m event with a time of 39.937 seconds. ; He held the World Record for this distance for over 5 years from October 2012 to February 2018. At the 2010 Winter Olympics, <mask> won bronze in the 1500 m and the 5000 m relay. Five months before the Olympics, <mask> suffered a gruesome injury when he fell during a race and his right skate blade gashed his left thigh all the way to his femur bone and was uncertain if he would be able to skate again.<mask>'s breakthrough performance was at the 2009 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships where he won five medals (two gold, one silver, two bronze). Overall, <mask> has won three gold medals, four silver medals, and four bronze medals at the World Championships. He also has one bronze medal at the World Team Championships and four medals (two gold, two bronze) at the World Junior Championships. Career

2009 World Junior Championships

In the 500 m, <mask> won the final with a time of 41.462 breaking the previous Junior World Record. In the 1000 m semi-final, <mask> broke the previous Junior World Record with a time of 1:25.304. <mask> finished third overall with 58 points. <mask> then combined with Eduardo Alvarez, <mask>o, and <mask> in the 3000 m relay to finish first with a Junior World record time of 4:06.032.2009 World Championships

In the 1500 m, <mask> placed third with a time of 2:14.974. In the 1000 m, <mask> placed third with a time of 1:26.348. In his third event, the 3000 m, <mask> won with a time of 4:48.444. <mask> finished second overall with 65 points. <mask> then combined with <mask>, <mask>, and Apolo Ohno in the 5000 m relay to finish first with a time of 6:51.400. 2010 Winter Olympics

Trials

The U.S. Short Track Speed Skating Olympic Trials were held September 8–12, 2009 in Marquette, Michigan. <mask> finished second overall and was leading in points after the first two nights of the trials, but was injured during a crash in the semifinals of the 500 m race where his right skate sliced into his left leg; he did not skate in the second 1000 m races.His injury required emergency surgery, 60 stitches, and five months of rehabilitation with the help of Eric Heiden. Celski was unsure if he would ever compete again. During the 1000 m time trial, <mask> won with a personal best of 1:23.981. <mask>, along with Ohno, <mask>, <mask> and Simon Cho were the top five finishers at the trials. Afterwards, Ohno said about the nominated team: "This is the strongest team we've ever had. I feel really good about how we will do in the next Olympics". Games

At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, <mask> won a pair of bronze medals.One in the 1500 m and another in the 5000 m relay. In the 1500 m final, <mask> won the bronze medal after 2006 silver medalist Lee Ho-Suk crashed into fellow Korean skater Sung Si-Bak during the final turn of the last lap. <mask> was in fifth place leading into the crash and as a result moved into third place. Apolo Ohno moved into second place. <mask> was disqualified in the 1000 m semifinals. The 5000 m relay team for the United States finished with the bronze medal. The team, consisting of Apolo Ohno, Simon Cho, <mask>, <mask> and <mask>, was in the fourth position for the majority of the race.With a strong push from <mask> with two laps to go, Ohno as the anchor leg was able to pass the Chinese team for third place; Canada won the gold and South Korea took silver. 2010 World Championships

<mask> advanced to finals of the 1500 m after winning 1st place in the heats, quarterfinals, and semifinals. In the final, <mask> finished in 4th place, in front of teammate <mask>, who came in 6th. The next day, <mask> competed in the 500 m. During the semifinals, <mask> attempted a pass from fourth to third place, but during his pass, François-Louis Tremblay of Canada, in second place at the time, fell, tripping Celski on his way down. <mask> finished the race in 3rd, but was then disqualified, while Tremblay advanced. In the 1000 m, Celski finished third behind Lee Ho-Suk and Kwak Yoon-Gy with a time of 1:27.515. In the 3000 m, Celski again placed third behind Lee Ho-Suk and Kwak Yoon-Gy.<mask> finished fourth overall with 39 points. <mask> then combined with <mask>, <mask>, and Simon Cho in the 5000 m relay to finish second behind South Korea with a time of 6:46.205. 2014 Winter Olympics
At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, <mask> competed and placed 4th in the Men's 1500m, 6th in the 500m, and 13th in the 1000m. <mask> earned a silver medal in the short track men's 5000m relay. 2018 Winter Olympics
At the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, <mask> competed in the 1500m, 1000m, and the men's 5000m relay. Media appearances
On February 9, 2010, <mask> appeared on the TV show The Biggest Loser where he introduced a pop challenge to the contestants of the show. During the segment, Celski offered words of encouragement, and showed the contestants how to use a slide board.On February 5, 2014, <mask> was featured in a one-hour special on NBC television titled How to Raise an Olympian. The program, hosted by Meredith Vieira, chronicles the journeys of seven U.S. Olympians and features interviews from parents and coaches along with home video and photos from each athlete's childhood. The event was broadcast on television with live social media components to further each segment. Personal life
<mask> was born in Monterey, California, where his father was serving in the U.S. Army. He was raised in Federal Way, Washington. His father, <mask>, is of Polish descent and his mother, Sue, is of Filipino descent. <mask> has two older brothers, Chris and David; David serves as a major in the United States Army, and Chris is a salesperson at Nordstrom.<mask> attended Lakewood High School in Lakewood, California, as well as Todd Beamer High School in Federal Way, Washington, graduating from Lakewood with high honors in the Merit Scholars Program. Before switching to speed skating after seeing the 2002 Winter Olympics, <mask> was a national champion in-line skater. He missed the minimum age requirement for the 2006 Winter Olympics by 17 days. In September 2021, he was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame in Troy, Michigan. References

External links

 ISU profile

1990 births
Living people
American male short track speed skaters
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in short track speed skating
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in short track speed skating
Short track speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Short track speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Short track speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
American people of Polish descent
American sportspeople of Filipino descent
People from Federal Way, Washington

masks:
John Robert
" Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
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Celski
Jonathan Sermen
Robert Lawrence
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Ryan Bedford
Jordan Malone
Celski
Celski
Celski
Jordan Malone
Travis Jayner
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Travis Jayner
Jordan Malone
Celski
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Travis Jayner
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Jordan Malone
Travis Jayner
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Robert
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Celski


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<mask> (14 June 1949 – 24 April 2016), known professionally as <mask>, was a Congolese singer and musician who played Congolese rumba, soukous, and ndombolo. Dubbed the "King of Rumba Rock", he was one of the most popular musicians of his time in Africa and played an important role in world music. He was also a fashion icon who popularized the Sape look and style through his musical group Viva la Musica, with whom he performed on stages throughout the world. Musical history
<mask>'s road to fame and prominence began when he joined the music group Zaiko Langa Langa in the late 1960s. This was followed by his success as a founding member both of Isifi Lokole and then Yoka Lokole, along with a short stint as a member of Afrisa International for a few months. During these early stages of his career, he was establishing a style that included traditional Congolese rumba and soukous, infused with traditional African sounds, Caribbean rhythms, rock and soul. But <mask> gained international success and status with his band Viva La Musica, especially after he took them to Paris, France in the early 1980s.It was there that <mask> was able to achieve more of an "eclectic sound" in his work, influenced by western popular music that reflected a European flavor and style, referred to as "Europop." <mask> spoke about this transition in his music during a 2004 interview:

Zaiko Langa Langa
Papa Wemba was one of the first musicians to join the influential rock-rumba band Zaiko Langa Langa (ZLL) after it was created in December 1969 in Kinshasa, by many well-known Congolese musicians including Nyoka Longo Jossart and Bimi Ombale, among others. He remained with the group for four years. <mask> (then known as Jules Presley Shungu <mask>dio) helped contribute to the success of Zaiko Langa Langa so that, by 1973, it was one of the more successful Congolese groups. By that time, ZLL's shows and performances featured a string of their popular hits, some of them written by Wemba. The latter included "Pauline", "C'est La Vérité", "Chouchouna", and "Liwa Ya Somo". Zaiko Langa Langa had gained a strong and popular following even in a Congolese musical world that, in those days, was already dominated by various musical acts including Franco Luambo and his band TPOK Jazz, or Tabu Ley Rochereau's various ensembles.ZLL was also vying for an audience with other (at the time) new musical acts such as Bella-Bella and Empire Bakuba. Isifi Lokole
In December 1974, at the pinnacle of their fame (and just a month after the Rumble in the Jungle between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman in Kinshasa), <mask> (usually called 'Shungu <mask>' at this point in his career) along with Evoloko Lay Lay, Mavuela Somo and Bozi Boziana, left Zaiko Langa Langa to establish their own musical ensemble Isifi Lokole. Wemba later claimed that ISIFI was an acronym for "Institut du Savoir Ideologique pour la Formation des Idoles," a claim that has still not been given total credence. In July 1975, Shungu <mask> officially adopted the soon-to-be-well-known-worldwide name <mask>. The "<mask>" (father) part of his name had already been given to him as a traditional and cultural rite because he was his mother's first-born son. But in assuming a new name and public persona, "<mask>" was now re-emphasized as an allusion to the demanding family responsibilities that <mask> assumed at very young age, since both parents were now deceased: Wemba's father in 1966, followed by his mother in 1973. Isifi Lokole would only last a year together as a group, with the single "Amazone" (a Wemba composition) as its biggest commercial "hit" record.Yoka Lokole
In November 1975, <mask>, Mavuela Somo and Bozi Boziana left Isifi Lokole to create the group Yoka Lokole (also known as The Kinshasa's Wa Fania All-Stars). Yoka Lokole contributed to the African pop music wave with their hit songs including "Matembele Bangui", "Lisuma ya Zazu" (<mask>), "Mavuela Sala Keba", and "Bana Kin" (Mavuela Somo). Like Isifi Lokole, the electronic-instrument-driven Yoka Lokole would not last much longer than a year. After a year of modest success, controversies within Yoka Lokole over money and prestige were also complicated by <mask>'s arrest and brief incarceration in Kinshasa Central prison in December 1976 when he was suspected of having a relationship with army general's daughter. The band continued to tour without <mask>. For whatever reason (or reasons), whether it was personal or professional (with one source speculating that he was perhaps feeling diminished in the public's eye), by 1977 <mask> had formed a new group, and called it Viva la Musica. Viva la Musica
In 1977–78, back home now in the Matonge neighborhood of Kinshasa, <mask> set out to create his group Viva la Musica.This new band's name was suggested to him in 1974, when he attended a concert in Kinshasa that featured the New York-based Latinos, Fania All-Stars. During the concert, one of the singers would shout to the audience "Viva La Musica!" to an enthusiastic response. Wemba's vision was to structure Viva la Musica around young, talented but largely unknown artists, including the singers Prince Espérant, Jadot "le Cambodgien" Sombele, Debaba el Shabab, Pepe Bipoli and Petit Aziza, and various guitarists such as Rigo Star, Syriana, and Bongo Wende. The new group included the traditional instrument lokole. There was also an associated dance, the mukonyonyo, as well as a fashion style. The band achieved immediate success and, during their first year performing together, the Kinshasa newspaper Elima named the band "best orchestra" and their single, "Mère Supérieure," best song.During the following three years, Viva la Musica built on these initial accolades with more hit songs including "Moku Nyon Nyon", "Nyekesse Migue'l", and "Cou Cou Dindon". As time went by, it was revealed that Antoine Agbepa was the unknown writer of many of these songs, when <mask> said, "Ooh! l'homme idée" (Oh! the idea-man! ), thereby on-the-spot renaming the impressive young singer-songwriter Koffi Olomide – and the name stuck. After his success already with three influential groups, in 1977 <mask> established a kind of commune for musicians. To accomplish this, he used his family home (on Kanda-Kanda street) as a fashionable gathering place for Matonge youths.He named it "Village Molokai" and declared himself to be its tribal chief (chef coutumier). Move to Paris
Beginning in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Wemba (both by himself and with Viva la Musica) started traveling to Paris, believing there was a potentially wider audience for the music he had been helping to create during the preceding decade. As Wemba biographer Craig Harris put it:

By the late 1980s and early 1990s, Wemba's style was more readily identifiable even as it had become an amalgamation of rumba, soukous and ndombolo, Latin and rock, melded to a European-oriented pop style. But still wanting to expand their musical horizons, and move in new musical directions, Viva la Musica took on a dual-identity. Wemba now maintained one group in Kinshasa (called at times "Nouvelle Ecriture", "Nouvel Ecrita" and then again "Viva la Musica") and another one in Paris ("Nouvelle Generation," "La Cour des Grands" and now "Viva Tendance"). The group consistently maintained a high profile in world music with hits like "Le Voyageur" (1992), "Emotion" (1995), "Pole Position" (1996) and "Somo Trop" (October 2003). By this time, Wemba's use of African, Cuban and Western influences was not only one of Africa's most popular music styles, it was crossing cultural boundaries and attracting a more diverse audience outside of Africa.In 1993, Wemba joined with Peter Gabriel for the latter's Secret World Live tour, and this drew attention to Wemba's unique style and groundbreaking sound. The aforementioned Emotion album, released in 1995, showed that he was achieving a global following. This album appeared under Peter Gabriel's Real World record label, and sold more than 100,000 copies. Legal troubles
In February 2003, <mask> was suspected of being involved in a network that had allegedly smuggled hundreds of illegal immigrants from the Democratic Republic of the Congo into Europe. At that point he was arrested in Paris and held while awaiting a trial. He then spent three-and-a-half months in prison until a €30,000 bail was posted (some reports claimed it was paid by the Congolese government). In June 2003 <mask> was released from prison which was an experience that, upon his release, he declared had had a profound psychological effect on him.The singer claimed to have undergone a spiritual conversion in jail and even recounted this episode on his album Somo Trop (released in October 2003). On the song "Numéro d'écrou", he recalled the day "God" paid a visit to his cell. In 2004, he was convicted in France, fined, and given a suspended prison sentence. <mask> returned to the Congo in 2006. Cultural influence
In 1979, <mask> became the unofficial leader of La Sape (Société des Ambianceurs et des Personnes d'Élégance, literally translated as the "Society of Atmosphere-setters and Elegant People") which he promoted as a youth subculture in Zaire. Their style was influenced by the fashion centres of Paris and Milan. Wemba said:

The Sapeur cult promoted high standards of personal cleanliness, hygiene and smart dress, to a whole generation of youth across Zaire.When I say well groomed, well shaved, well perfumed, it's a characteristic that I am insisting on among the young. I don't care about their education, since education always comes first of all from the family. After <mask>'s death, Cameroonian saxophonist Manu Dibango told the BBC during an interview:

<mask>'s impact on the culture is also reflected by his influence on a new generation of musicians and performers. For example, Priyan Weerappuli (leader of the Sri Lankan group Pahan Silu) referred to Wemba as being among his greatest musical influences. Weerappuli claims that he was first introduced to Wemba's music in 2004 and was "deeply inspired by the free rhythms demonstrated by Wemba's Soukous style" and, from that point, "began experimenting with these rhythms in his own compositions." Many others paid tribute to <mask>'s legacy after his death in April 2016. Some of them included not only Koffi Olomide and Manu Dibango (both mentioned previously), but musicians King Kikii and Femi Kuti, along with soccer star Samuel Eto'o (among others) gave testimony to his lasting influence on them.Film work
<mask> got some attention as a movie actor, primarily because he played the male lead role in a very successful Zairean film La Vie est Belle (Life is Beautiful) [1987] by Belgian director Benoît Lamy and Congolese producer-director Ngangura Mweze. Wemba made another kind of contribution to cinema, thanks to his work on the soundtracks for Children of Men, Besieged, and Black Mic Mac. Wemba is also credited as "composer" of the scores for the films Identity Pieces, Macadam tribu, along with Life is Beautiful..

During his life, Wemba acted in a few more successful films, although he played only minor roles. As recently as 2012, he had a cameo role in the Belgian drama film Kinshasa Kids. Beyond the impact of his important role in Life is Beautiful, there are his many music videos and recorded band performances. Also, Wemba is featured (as himself) in many documentary films which were generally well received including; The Importance of Being Elegant, The Real World of Peter Gabriel and The African Rock 'n' Roll Years (all television) documentaries). Death
<mask> died at the age of 66 after collapsing on stage in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, during the FEMUA urban music festival on Sunday, 24 April 2016.On Monday, 25 April, it was reported that his widow, Mama-Marie Luzolo Amazone, flew to Abidjan "accompanied by family members and government officials." In <mask>'s hometown of Kinshasa, both fellow musicians and fans gathered together as a tribute to his legacy. Similar tributes also took place in Paris, London, Brussels and Nairobi. Selected discography

Note: <mask> participated in the recording of more than 35 albums. The following list is just a sampling from a 15-year time-span (1986–2001) during which Wemba solidified an international reputation in world music.

masks:
Jules Shungu Wembadio Pene Kikumba
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wemba
Wemba
Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wembadio
Wembadio
Papa Wemba
Papa
Papa
Wemba
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wemba
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba
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Papa Wemba
Wemba
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wemba
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Papa Wemba


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<mask> (; , spelt "<mask>" on her tombstone, see photo, Tangier 1817–5 June 1834, Fez) was a Moroccan Jewish heroine who was publicly decapitated when she was 17 years old. She was executed in 1834 for alleged apostasy from Islam—apparently without ever having converted to Islam. According to The Jewish Encyclopedia Hachuel "was a martyr to her faith, preferring death to becoming the bride of the sultan." She is considered a tzadeket (saint) by some Jews and is also revered by some Muslims. Jews call her <mask>kah ("the righteous <mask>"), while Arabs call her Lalla Suleika ("holy lady Suleika"). Hachuel's sacrifice served as an inspiration to painters and writers. One of the most detailed accounts, based on interviews with eyewitnesses, was written by Eugenio Maria Romero.His book El Martirio de la Jóven Hachuel, ó, La Heroina Hebrea (The Martyrdom of the Young Hachuel, or, The Hebrew Heroine) was first published in 1837 and republished in 1838. <mask>'s story was also the subject of a song by Françoise Atlan on the CD Romances Sefardies. In the 1860s, the French artist Alfred Dehodencq painted multiple versions of a work depicting the execution of a Jewish woman in Morocco; one of these paintings was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1861 under the title Exécution d’une juive, au Maroc. Some scholars say that Dejodencq was inspired by the story of <mask>, but the artist's friend and biographer, , states explicitly, in more than one book, that Dehodencq was an eye-witness to the execution he depicted, which took place in Tangiers. <mask> was born in 1817 in Morocco, to Chaim and Simcha <mask>, and had one older brother. Her father was a merchant and Talmudist. He conducted a study group in his home, which helped <mask> form and maintain her own belief in Judaism.<mask>'s mother was a housewife. Allegations of conversion to Islam
According to the account of Israel Joseph Benjamin, a Jewish explorer who visited Morocco in the middle of the 19th century, "never had the sun of Africa shone on more perfect beauty" than Hachuel. Benjamin wrote that her Muslim neighbors said that "It is a sin that such a pearl should be in the possession of the Jews, and it would be a crime to leave them such a jewel." According to Eugenio Maria Romero's account, Tahra de Mesoodi, a devout Muslim girl and Hachuel's friend and neighbor, falsely claimed she converted Hachuel to Islam; obtaining a convert is considered a particularly pious deed according to the Maliki madhhab. Arrest and execution
Based on a single and probably false claim of her conversion to Islam, Hachuel was brought to the court and told to kneel before the governor. If she promised to convert, she was promised protection from her parents, silk and gold, and marriage to a handsome young man. If she did not convert, the pasha threatened her as follows:

The girl responded:

True to his promise, the pasha imprisoned <mask> in a windowless and lightless cell with chains around her neck, hands, and feet.Her parents appealed to the Spanish vice-consul, Don José Rico, for help. He did what he could to free the girl, but his efforts were unsuccessful. The pasha sent Hachuel to Fez, where the sultan would decide her fate. The fee for her transfer (and eventual execution) was to be paid by her father, who was threatened with 500 blows of the bastinado if he did not comply. Eventually, Don José Rico paid the required sum because <mask>'s father could not afford it. In Fez, the Sultan appointed the Qadi to decide <mask>'s punishment. The Qadi summoned the Jewish sages of Fez and told them that unless <mask> converted, she would be beheaded and the community punished.Although the hakhamim urged her to convert to save herself and their community, she refused. She was convicted and sentenced to death, and the Qadi ruled that her father would bear the cost of her burial. The sultan's son, astonished by <mask>'s beauty, also tried to convince her to convert to Islam. She refused. <mask> was beheaded in a public square in Fez. Romero described the emotions of the citizens of Fez on the day of the execution: "The Moors, whose religious fanaticism is indescribable, prepared, with their accustomed joy, to witness the horrid scene. The Jews of the city...were moved with the deepest sorrow, but they could do nothing to avert it[.]"Apparently the sultan instructed the executioner to wound <mask> first, hoping that the sight of her own blood would frighten her into accepting conversion. But <mask> remained steadfast. The Jewish community of Fez was awestruck by Hachuel's heroism. They had to pay for the retrieval of her corpse, her head and the bloodstained earth for a Jewish burial at the Jewish cemetery. She was declared a martyr. The Jews called Hachuel "<mask> ha-Tzaddikah" (The righteous <mask>), and the Arabs called her Lalla Suleika (the holy lady Suleika). Her grave became a place of pilgrimage for both Jews and Muslims alike.While it might seem strange that Moroccan Muslims consider the girl to be their saint, Léon Godard explains the custom in his Description et histoire du Maroc:

Her headstone has inscriptions in both Hebrew and French. The French text reads, "Here rests Mademoiselle <mask> Hachuel born in Tangier in 1817 refusing to enter into [or 're-enter'; the French text reads rentrer] the Islamic religion. The Arabs murdered her in 1834 in Fez, while she was torn away from her family. The entire world mourns this saintly child." References

Works cited

External links

Hassine, Juliette: "The Martyrdom of <mask>el: Ridda in Morocco in 1834" in

L'autre juive – Lalla soulika, La tsadika by Saïd Sayagh
Soulika Morocco's Jewish Joan of Arc by Alma Rachel Heckman

1817 births
1834 deaths
19th-century Moroccan Jews
Jewish Moroccan history
Executed Moroccan people
Apostasy in Islam
Islamic criminal jurisprudence
Islam-related controversies
Jewish martyrs
People from Tangier
Antisemitism in Morocco
People executed by Morocco by decapitation
People executed for refusing to convert to Islam

masks:
Sol Hachuel
Solica Hatchouel
Sol Hadi
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Sol Hacueul
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<mask> (26 April 1905 – 5 July 1972) was the president of Venezuela from 1964 until 1969. He was a member of the Generation of 1928 and a charter member of the Acción Democrática party, and the first Labor minister of Venezuela (during El Trienio Adeco, 1945–48). <mask> was born in El Manteco, Bolívar State, son of <mask>, born in Corsica. He graduated at the Central University of Venezuela in Caracas as a lawyer. He was a member of the Generation of 1928, and the first Labor minister of Venezuela (during El Trienio Adeco, 1945–48). Presidency

<mask> took control of the presidency on 13 March 1964, succeeding Rómulo Betancourt; both were members of the Acción Democrática. One of the pillars of a political consolidation in Venezuela, the Pacto de Punto Fijo, was underestimated by Leoni, since in his opinion it reduced the "coherence and organization of the regime".Strictly, the pact mandated that the composition of the executive cabinet be limited to representatives of three of the more important political parties: Acción Democrática (AD), COPEI and Unión Republicana Democrática (URD). Leoni initially formed a cabinet with a few members of his party and a good number of independents. Later, in November 1964, Leoni initiated conversations with leaders of the involved parties to rescue the spirit of the pact. A new cabinet was formed, but it lasted for only 16 months. During his government, Leoni carried out important structural projects in Venezuela, specifically the development of heavy industry in Guayana (hydroelectric, iron and steel), inauguration of the Bank of the Workers, and construction of road infrastructure (highways, freeways, and bridges – the most important of which crossed the Orinoco). Important changes to labor and social programs also occurred; unions gained force and the Social Security law was modified. Leoni made an attempt at reforming tax structure, but was restrained by a coalition of left and right that openly served the interests of oil companies.During <mask>'s presidency the conflict with the leftist guerrilla movement Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN) intensified. <mask>'s government was unexceptional, but it was <mask> who had to liquidate the remnants of the communist insurrection for which he put the army in charge of the country with full powers to be as ruthless as needed. However, it was the communist guerrilleros themselves who brought about their own liquidation. They had no rural support whatsoever. Unlike guerrillas all over the world, they did not control villages and lived from hand to mouth. They knew that they were no match for the army and avoided confrontations. Castro had been hoping that Venezuela would be the second act of the Latin American revolution, and he tried to supply the Venezuelan guerrillas.That was in keeping with the theory of what could be called the "permanent agrarian revolution", which the French intellectual Régis Debray had expressed in the widely circulated book Revolution Inside the Revolution and Ernesto "Che" Guevara had been trying to carry out first in Africa and later, fatally for him, in Bolivia. In 1966, Castro selected a trusted officer, Arnaldo Ochoa, to assess the Venezuelan guerrillas. Ochoa with the Venezuelan guerrilla commander Luben Petkoff, took a boat to the shores of Falcon, Venezuela, one of his most secretive expedition. Along with 15 other members of the Cuban military went to Coro Sierra mountains to strengthen Douglas Bravo guerrillas who were fighting the government troops that ended in a major strategic loss at large human cost. In 1967, the invasion of Machurucuto occurred with 12 Cubans and Venezuelans revolutionaries attempted to help Venezuelan guerrillas in the Venezuelan Andes. Soon afterward, Leoni suspended constitutional guarantees and, in a press conference, denouncing Cuban aggression against Venezuela and showed two captured Cubans: Manuel Gil Castellanos, and Pedro Cabrera Torres. Cuba was denounced by Venezuela to the Organization of American States.Cuba did not recognize his action even if the investigation of the AK 47 in possession of the guerrillas had serial numbers matching weapons sold by the Czech Republic to Cuba. The government of Venezuela broke off relations with Cuba them until 1974. That effectively ended Cuba's intervention in Venezuelan affairs. By then, Venezuelan leftists had given up on violence and were seeking legalisation, but <mask> did not offer it. Ochoa was later tried and executed by Castro on an unlikely charge of drug-smuggling. Meanwhile, <mask> signed the Cartagena Agreement. The precursor to the Andean Community, it was a trade bloc in Bogotá between Venezuela, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador.On 11 March 1969, Leoni transferred power to Rafael Caldera, a member of the Christian Democratic Party COPEI and a signatory of the Pacto de Punto Fijo. That transfer definitively instituted the alternation of power between the important parties until the late 20th century in Venezuela. Personal life and death
<mask> <mask> was married to Carmen América Fernández, who served as First Lady of Venezuela from 1964–1969 and has one son named Álvaro. Leoni died on 5 July 1972 when he was 67 years old, at the Cornell Medical Center in New York City, where he was recovering from medical treatment after suffering a hemorrhage. See also

Presidents of Venezuela

References

Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent Spanish-language Wikipedia article. The following references are cited by that Spanish-language article:
 Polar Foundation
Biography of Leoni at Venezuela Tuya
Interview to <mask> Leoni by Miguel Otero Silva PDF format. People from Bolívar (state)
Venezuelan lawyers
Presidents of Venezuela
Venezuelan life senators
Venezuelan democracy activists
Venezuelan people of French descent
Venezuelan people of Corsican descent
1905 births
1972 deaths
Presidents of the Senate of Venezuela
Government ministers of Venezuela
Democratic Action (Venezuela) politicians
Prisoners and detainees of Venezuela
20th-century lawyers
Generation of 1928

masks:
Raúl Leoni Otero
Background Leoni
Clement Leoni Scribani
Leoni
Leoni
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Raúl
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Raúl


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Sir <mask> (;  (pronounced: Borough; c.1431 – 18 March 1496), KG was an English gentleman. In records, the peerage, and genealogy books he is shown as being created 1st Lord Burgh, of Gainsborough {England by writ} on 1 September 1487. He was several times summoned to Parliament, but never sat; whether he held a hereditary peerage is not clear; fifteenth century records treat him as a knight. His son was never summoned to Parliament (because he was found insane in 1510); his grandson was summoned and sat in the House of Lords, but sixteenth century records treat this as a new creation in 1529 after the death of his father. When the Burgh peerage was drawn out of abeyance in 1916, however, it was given precedence as of 1487. He had noble ancestors on both sides: his mother was one of the daughters of Sir Henry Percy, who was in turn grandson to Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, and to David of Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl, descended from the ancient Mormaers of Atholl. The Burgh family sprang from <mask>, younger son of <mask>, 1st Earl of Kent, and his wife Beatrice de Warrenne, daughter of William de Warrenne, Lord of Wormegay, and Beatrice de Pierrepont.The Burghs were rich, flamboyant and powerful people. <mask> was in great favour with the King as many offices, positions, land grants, and pensions were bestowed upon him. Career

<mask> was Esquire of the Body to King Edward IV of England and by Christmas 1462, <mask> was created a Knight by the King and a Privy Councillor. Sir <mask> slowly became the King's chief man in Lincolnshire where he held manors, land, tenements from Northumberland (from his mother's inheritance, which he shared with her sister Margaret, Baroness Grey of Codnor) through Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Lincolnshire, down to his wife's dower lands in Somerset. <mask> became a rich man who was backed by the King and soon found himself giving advice and legal help to the people of Lincolnshire as well as becoming their Sheriff in 1460 and their representative in Parliament. It was Sir <mask>urgh with Sir <mask> who rescued King Edward IV from the Earl of Warwick whom the Earl had kept prisoner in his castle of Middleham. In 1471, when Edward IV came to reclaim his throne it was Sir <mask> who was first to rally to his side.Sir <mask> fought at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. After the unexpected death of Edward IV, Sir <mask> was courted by King Richard III of England. <mask> initially support King Richard, but was more interested in securing the future of Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, who would become King in 1485. Although <mask> fought in the Battle of Bosworth, his role was kept secret by chroniclers and <mask> was soon in good standing with the new King. After his accession to the throne, King Henry confirmed <mask> as Knight of the Body and Privy Councillor. Gainsborough Old Hall

In 1460, Sir <mask> built the great Old Hall in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. Gainsborough Old Hall was not only their home, but also a demonstration of their wealth and importance.Sir <mask> was a great benefactor to Newark Church and also the founder of the Chantry and Alms House at Gainsborough. In 1470, the manor was attacked by Sir Robert Welles over a clash about lands, status, and honour, but it was not severely damaged. It was in 1484 that Sir <mask> entertained King Richard III in his hall. Today, the Hall with its elaborate timber roof survives as well as the kitchen—possibly the most complete medieval kitchen in England. The Hall is over five hundred years old and one of the best preserved medieval manor houses in England. Marriage
Sir <mask> married Margaret de Ros (1432–1488) widow of William de Botreaux, 3rd Baron Botreaux (1389–1462). Margaret was the daughter of Sir <mask> Ros, 8th Baron de Ros, and Lady Eleanor Beauchamp, second daughter of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, and Elizabeth Berkeley.Lady Eleanor was an older paternal half-sister of Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, and Anne Neville, Countess of Warwick. After the death of the 9th Baron Ros, Margaret's mother, Lady Eleanor, married Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, thus making Margaret a maternal half-sister of the Duke of Somerset. Sir <mask> and Margaret had the following children:
 <mask>, 2nd Baron Burgh, married Anne Cobham, daughter of <mask>, 5th Baron Cobham, and Lady Anne Stafford, and had issue. His grandson, Sir Edward Burgh, would marry Catherine Parr; later Queen consort of King Henry VIII. <mask> (d. 1 August 1507), married Richard FitzHugh, 6th Lord FitzHugh and secondly Sir Henry Willoughby. In his will, her father gave her "a book of gold enamelled" which had been her mother's. <mask> (d. before April 1493), married Sir George Tailboys.Like her brother Edward, Lord Burgh, her husband Sir George was found to be a lunatic, in 1531. <mask>urgh In his will, his father gave him a cross of gold with an emerald. Anne Burgh In his will, her father gave her a cross of gold set with precious stones and rubies. Death and succession
Lord <mask> died on 18 March 1496. He was buried next to his wife, Margaret, in the family vault in Holy Trinity Church, Gainsborough. See also
 Hubert de <mask>, 1st Earl of Kent (c.1170–1243) English nobleman and ancestor of the Burghs of Gainsborough

References

External links
<mask>, Lord Burgh's Retinue – Historical Interpretation and Living History from the Wars of the Roses 1460–1490, the household of Lord and Lady Burgh. Biography of Sir <mask> "Borough" Burgh *Note, there is no source and the information on the top part of the page is not entirely correct.Official Gainsborough Old Hall Website Official information on admissions, events and history
 Friends of Gainsborough Old Hall – published by Friends of the Old Hall Association. English Heritage, Gainsborough Old Hall – English Heritage
Pictures of Gainsborough Old Hall – published by the Lincolnshire Council. Year of birth uncertain
1496 deaths
People from Gainsborough, Lincolnshire
Knights of the Garter
Burgh, <mask>, 1st Baron
Members of the Privy Council of England
High Sheriffs of Lincolnshire
Thomas
<mask>squires of the Body

masks:
Thomas Bh
Hubert de Burgh
Hubert de Burgh
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Thomas Stanley
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Edward Burgh
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Elizabeth Burgh
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Louis-Auguste-Victor, <mask>snes <mask> (2 September 1773 – 27 October 1846) was a French general, diplomat and statesman who was named Marshal of France in 1830. A lifelong royalist, he emigrated from France soon after the outbreak of the French Revolution and fought with the counter-revolutionary Army of Condé for two years, then joined the insurrection in France for three more years before going into exile. He was arrested after assisting the Georges Cadoudal conspiracy, but escaped to Portugal. In 1807 he took advantage of an amnesty to rejoin the French army and served in several campaigns until 1814. He rose in rank to become a general of division. During this period, he was suspected of being an agent of the Comte d'Artois and passing information to France's enemies. Though he was notoriously anti-Napoleon and many officers did not trust him, he was employed again during the Hundred Days.Immediately after the campaign began, he deserted to the Prussian army with Napoleon's plans. King Louis XVIII of France gave him a command in the Spanish expedition of 1823. Promoted to Marshal of France, he was put in command of the Invasion of Algiers in 1830. However, after the July Revolution, he refused to recognize King Louis-Philippe of France and was sacked. After being involved in a plot against the new government, he fled to Portugal in 1832. He led the army of Dom Miguel in the Liberal Wars, and when the liberals won, he fled to Rome. He accepted another amnesty, this time in 1840, and died in France six years later.Early career
On the eve of the French Revolution, <mask> entered the Gardes Françaises of the French Royal Army but he emigrated in 1789. <mask> served in Louis Joseph <mask>, Prince de Condé royalist army in the campaigns of 1792 and 1793. Then he served as chief of staff in the civil war in lower Anjou from 1794 to 1796. After fleeing to Switzerland in 1796, he took part in another insurrection from 1798-1800. He was arrested in 1801 because of involvement with Georges Cadoudal, but three years later he managed to escape to Portugal. When Junot invaded Portugal in 1807, <mask> offered him his services and was employed as chief of staff of a division. Arrested when re-entering France in 1809, he was released upon the intercession of Junot and employed in the Imperial army.He served in Italy and on the staff of <mask> Beauharnais during the Russian campaign of 1812. Taken prisoner during the retreat from Moscow, he managed to escape and rejoin the French army. After the Battle of Lützen in 1813 he was promoted to general of brigade, he took part in the Battle of Leipzig and in 1814 he was promoted to general of division for defending Nogent-sur-Seine. After the fall of Napoleon, <mask> rallied to the Bourbons. During the Hundred Days, the government of Louis XVIII of France frantically tried to stop Napoleon's march on Paris. Marshal Michel Ney was ordered to report to Besançon where he was to receive his orders from Bourmont. It irritated the proud Ney, Prince of the Moskva, to take instructions from such a junior general, so he demanded to see the king.During his interview with Louis, Ney boasted to the king that he would bring back the ex-emperor in an iron cage. By the time Ney arrived in Besançon, he found that the royalist position was rapidly deteriorating and that <mask>'s assignment was to spy on him. On 11 March 1815, Ney told <mask> that he was going over to Napoleon's camp. Shortly afterward, the Bourbon cause collapsed and Louis fled to Belgium, followed by hundreds of royalists. According to historian David Hamilton-Williams, the Comte d'Artois asked <mask> to remain a royalist agent, so he requested to continue in command. The new Minister of War, Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout refused to employ <mask>, writing to Napoleon, "I cannot sit idly and watch this officer wear the uniform of this country; his treasonous statements concerning the Emperor are well known to all; the brigade and regimental commanders of the 14th Infantry Division despise him. Who would trust such a man?"Nevertheless, Étienne Maurice Gérard, leader of the IV Corps vouched for him so he retained his position. On the morning of 15 June, as the French Army of the North advanced into Belgium, the 14th Division led the IV Corps column of march. Near Florennes, <mask> halted his division. On the pretence of scouting ahead, he and his staff, rode ahead with a squadron of lancers. After gaining a suitable distance from French lines, he sent the lancers back with a letter for Gérard. In the missive, he explained that he was deserting but promised, "They will not get any information from me which will injure the French army, composed of men I love." He and his staff put the white Bourbon cockade on their hats and galloped for the nearest Prussian position.He immediately handed over Napoleon's operational plans to the Prussians. Gebhard von Blucher's chief of staff August von Gneisenau was pleased to receive this windfall. However, Blucher had no use for turncoats and called <mask> a traitor to his face. When Gneisenau noted that <mask> was wearing the white cockade, making them allies, Blucher screamed, "Cockade be damned! A dirty dog is always a dirty dog!" With Napoleon's orders in their hands, the Prussians were able to take the appropriate countermeasures to gather their army. <mask>'s defection enraged the French rank and file.Though their loyalty to Napoleon was absolute, they began to suspect treachery in their generals. Étienne Hulot, who became the acting division commander, was compelled to give a speech that pledged loyalty to Napoleon and the tricolor. Bourbon Restoration
After the Battle of Waterloo and Napoleon's fall, <mask> gave evidence that led to Ney's execution. After the Second Restoration, he was given command of the 16th infantry division in Besançon and took part in the Spanish campaign of 1823. King Charles X of France made him minister of war in 1829 and Marshal of France in 1830. He was commanding the Invasion of Algiers in 1830, involving the shipwreck of Dellys, when the July Revolution broke out in 1830. <mask> refused to give his allegiance to the new King Louis Philippe and was dismissed from service.In 1832 <mask> took part in the rising of <mask> Louise, duchesse de Berry and on its failure fled to Portugal. He commanded the army of the absolutist monarch King Miguel during the Liberal Wars and after the victory of the constitutional party he retired to Rome. At the amnesty of 1840 he returned to France, where he died on 27 October 1846 at Freigné in Maine-et-Loire. Notes

References

 Hamilton-Williams, David. Waterloo - New Perspectives: The Great Battle Reappraised. NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1994. 1773 births
1846 deaths
People from Maine-et-Loire
Politicians from Pays de la Loire
Legitimists
French Ministers of War
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Bourbon Restoration
Counts of Ghaisnes de Bourmont
Marshals of France
French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
French counter-revolutionaries
Field marshals of Portugal
Politicians of the Bourbon Restoration

masks:
Count de Ghai
de Bourmont
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Eugène de
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Marshal Bourmont
Caroline Ferdinande