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<mask> (, , )  ( 1488–1490 – July 17, 1588) also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ, ("<mask> the Grand Architect" or "Grand Sinan") was the chief Ottoman architect () and civil engineer for sultans Suleiman the Magnificent, Selim II, and Murad III. He was responsible for the construction of more than 300 major structures and other more modest projects, such as schools. His apprentices would later design the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul and Stari Most in Mostar. The son of a stonemason, he received a technical education and became a military engineer. He rose rapidly through the ranks to become first an officer and finally a Janissary commander, with the honorific title of Sinan. He refined his architectural and engineering skills while on campaign with the Janissaries, becoming expert at constructing fortifications of all kinds, as well as military infrastructure projects, such as roads, bridges and aqueducts. At about the age of fifty, he was appointed as chief royal architect, applying the technical skills he had acquired in the army to the "creation of fine religious buildings" and civic structures of all kinds.He remained in this post for almost fifty years. His masterpiece is the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, although his most famous work is the Suleiman Mosque in Istanbul. He headed an extensive governmental department and trained many assistants who, in turn, distinguished themselves, including Sedefkar Mehmed Agha, architect of the Sultan Ahmed Mosque and <mask> Hayruddin, architect of the Stari Most. He is considered the greatest architect of the classical period of Ottoman architecture and has been compared to Michelangelo, his contemporary in the West. Michelangelo and his plans for St. Peter's Basilica in Rome were well known in Istanbul, since Leonardo da Vinci and he had been invited, in 1502 and 1505 respectively, by the Sublime Porte to submit plans for a bridge spanning the Golden Horn. <mask> <mask>'s works are among the most influential buildings in history. Early years and background

According to contemporary biographer, Mustafa Sâi Çelebi, <mask> was born in 1489 (c. 1490 according to the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1491 according to the Dictionary of Islamic Architecture and some time between 1494 and 1499, according to the Turkish professor and architect Reha Günay) with the name Joseph.He was born either an Armenian, Cappadocian Greek, Albanian, or a Christian Turk in a small town called Ağırnas near the city of Kayseri in Anatolia (as stated in an order by Sultan Selim II). According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, <mask> had either Armenian or Greek origin. One argument that lends credence to his Armenian or Greek background is a decree by Selim II dated Ramadan 7 981 (ca. Dec. 30, 1573), which grants <mask>'s request to forgive and spare his relatives from the general exile of Kayseri's Armenian communities to the island of Cyprus; while Godfrey Goodwin stated that "after the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus in 1571, when Selim II decided to repopulate the island by transferring Rum (Orthodox Christian) families from the Karaman Eyalet, <mask> intervened on behalf of his family and obtained two orders from the Sultan in council exempting them from deportation." According to some scholars, this means that his family was Cappadocian Greek because the only Orthodox Christians (Rûms) of the region were Greek-speaking. According to Herbert J. Muller though, he "seems to have been an Armenian." Lucy Der Manuelian of Tufts University suggests that "he can be identified as an Armenian through a document in the imperial archives and other evidence."Several scholars have cited <mask>'s possible Albanian origin. According to the British scholar Percy Brown and the Indian scholar Vidya Dhar Mahajan, the Mughal Emperor Babur was very dissatisfied with the local Indian architecture and planning, thus he invited "certain pupils of the leading Ottoman architect <mask>, the Albanian genius, to carry out his architectural schemes.". <mask> grew up helping his father in his work, and by the time that he was conscripted would have had a good grounding in the practicalities of building work. There are three brief records (Anonymous Text; Architectural Masterpieces; Book of Architecture) in the library of Topkapı Palace, dictated by Sinan to his friend and biographer Mustafa Sâi Çelebi. In these manuscripts, <mask> divulges some details of his youth and military career. His father is referred to as "Abdülmennan" (literally "Servant of the Generous and Merciful One"), a title which was commonly used in the Ottoman period to define the non-Muslim father of a Muslim convert. Military career
In 1512, <mask> was conscripted into Ottoman service under the devshirme system.He was sent to Constantinople to be trained as an officer of the Janissary Corps and converted to Islam. He was too old to be admitted to the imperial Enderun School in the Topkapı Palace but was sent instead to an auxiliary school. Some records claim that he might have served the Grand Vizier Pargalı İbrahim Pasha as a novice of the Ibrahim Pasha School. Possibly, he was given the Islamic name <mask> there. He initially learned carpentry and mathematics but through his intellectual qualities and ambitions, he soon assisted the leading architects and got his training as an architect. During the next six years, he also trained to be a Janissary officer (acemioğlan). He possibly joined Selim I in his last military campaign, Rhodes according to some sources, but when the Sultan died, this project ended.Two years later he witnessed the conquest of Belgrade. Under the new sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, he was present, as a member of the Household Cavalry, at the Battle of Mohács. He was promoted to captain of the Royal Guard and then given command of the Infantry Cadet Corps. He was later stationed in Austria, where he commanded the 62nd Orta of the Rifle Corps. He became a master of archery, while at the same time, as an architect, learning the weak points of structures when gunning them down. In 1535 he participated in the Baghdad campaign as a commanding officer of the Royal Guard. In 1537 he went on expeditions to Corfu and Apulia and Moldavia.During these campaigns he proved himself an able architect and engineer. When the Ottoman army captured Cairo, <mask> was promoted to chief architect and was given the privilege of tearing down any buildings in the captured city that were not according to the city plan. During the campaign in the East, he assisted in the building of defences and bridges, such as a bridge across the Danube. He converted churches into mosques. During the Persian campaign in 1535 he built ships for the army and the artillery to cross Lake Van. For this he was given the title Haseki'i, Sergeant-at-Arms in the body guard of the Sultan, a rank equivalent to that of the Janissary Ağa. When Chelebi Lütfi Pasha became Grand Vizier in 1539, he appointed <mask>, who had previously served under his command, to the office of Architect of the Abode of Felicity.This was the start of a remarkable career. The job entailed the supervision infrastructure construction and the flow of supplies within the Ottoman Empire. He was also responsible for the design and construction of public works, such as roads, waterworks and bridges. Through the years he transformed his office into that of Architect of the Empire, an elaborate government department, with greater powers than his supervising minister. He became the head of a whole Corps of architects, training a team of assistants, deputies and pupils. Work
His training as an army engineer gave <mask> an empirical approach to architecture rather than a theoretical one. But the same can be said of the great Western Renaissance architects, such as Brunelleschi and Michelangelo.Various sources state that <mask> was the architect of at least 374 structures which included 92 mosques; 52 small mosques (mescit); 55 schools of theology (medrese); 7 schools for Koran reciters (darülkurra); 20 mausoleums (türbe); 17 public kitchens (imaret); 3 hospitals (darüşşifa); 6 aqueducts; 10 bridges; 20 caravanserais; 36 palaces and mansions; 8 vaults; and 48 baths. <mask> held the position of chief architect of the palace, which meant being the overseer of all construction work of the Ottoman Empire, for nearly 50 years, working with a large team of assistants consisting of architects and master builders. The development and maturing stages of <mask>'s career can be illustrated by three major works. The first two of these are in Istanbul: the Şehzade Mosque, which he calls a work of his apprenticeship period and the Süleymaniye Mosque, which is the work of his qualification stage. The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne is the product of his master stage. Şehzade Mosque is the first of the grand mosques created by Sinan. The Mihrimah Sultan Mosque, which is also known as the Üsküdar Quay Mosque, was completed in the same year and has an original design with its main dome supported by three half domes.When <mask> reached the age of 70, he had completed the Süleymaniye Mosque complex. This building, situated on one of the hills of Istanbul facing the Golden Horn, and built in the name of Süleyman the Magnificent, is one of the symbolic monuments of the period. The diameter of the dome, which exceeds the  of the Selimiye Mosque which <mask> completed when he was 80, is the most outstanding example of the level of achievement reached by <mask>. <mask> <mask> reached his artistic peak with the design, architecture, tile decorations and land stone workmanship displayed at Selimiye. Another area of architecture where <mask>m Paşa mausoleum is a very attractive structure in classical style.The mausoleum of Süleyman the Magnificent is an interesting experiment, with an octagonal body and flat dome. The Selim II Mausoleum with has a square plan and is one of the best examples of Turkish mausoleum architecture. <mask>'s own mausoleum, which is located in the north-east part of the Süleymaniye complex on the other hand, is a very plain structure. <mask> masterfully combined art with functionalism in the bridges he built. The largest of these is the nearly  long Büyükçekmece Bridge. Other important examples are the Ailivri Bridge, the Old Bridge in Svilengrad on the Maritsa, the Lüleburgaz (Sokullu Mehmet Pasha) Bridge on the Lüleburgaz River, the Sinanlı Bridge over the river Ergene and the Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge over Drina river in Bosnia and Herzegovina. While <mask> was maintaining and improving the water supply system of Istanbul, he built arched aqueducts at several locations within the city.The Mağlova Arch over the Alibey River, which is  long and  high, has two tiers of arches, and is one of the best examples of its kind. At the start of <mask>'s career, Ottoman architecture was highly pragmatic. Buildings were repetitions of former types and were based on rudimentary plans. They were more an assembly of parts than a conception of a whole. An architect could sketch a plan for a new building and an assistant or foreman knew what to do, because novel ideas were avoided. Moreover, architects used an extravagant margin of safety in their designs, resulting in a wasteful use of material and labour. <mask> would gradually change all this.He was to transform established architectural practices, amplifying and transforming the traditions by adding innovations, trying to approach perfection. The early years (till the mid-1550s) : apprenticeship period

During these years he continued the traditional pattern of Ottoman architecture, but he gradually began exploring other possibilities, because during his military career he had had the opportunity to study the architectural monuments in the conquered cities of Europe and the Middle East. His first opportunity to design a major building was the Hüsrev Pasha Mosque and its double medresse in Aleppo, Syria. It was built in the winter of 1536-1537 for his commander-in-chief and the governor of Aleppo between two army campaigns. It was built hastily and this is evident in the coarseness of execution and the crude decoration. His first major commission as the royal architect was the construction of the Haseki Sultan Complex for Hurrem Sultan, the wife of the sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent. He had to follow the plans drawn by his predecessors.<mask> retained the traditional arrangement of the available space without any innovations. Nevertheless, it was already better built than the Aleppo mosque and it shows a certain elegance. However, it has suffered from many restorations. <mask> is credited to have built a defensive tower in Vlorë, south Albania, in 1537, very similar to the White Tower of Thessaloniki, as well as Muradie Mosque, during Suleiman the Magnificent's stay in the town for the preparation of his expedition towards Italy. In 1541, he started the construction of the mausoleum (türbe) of the Grand Admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa. It stands on the shore of Beşiktaş on the European part of Istanbul, at the site where his fleet used to assemble. Oddly enough, the admiral is not buried there, but in his türbe next to the Iskele mosque.This mausoleum has been severely neglected since then. Mihrimah Sultan, the only daughter of Suleiman and Hurrem and wife of the Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha gave Sinan the commission to build a mosque with medrese (college), an imaret (soup kitchen) and a  (Qur'an school) in Üsküdar. The imaret no longer exists. This Iskele Mosque (or Jetty mosque) already shows several hallmarks of <mask>'s mature style: a spacious, high-vaulted basement, slender minarets, single-domed baldacchino, flanked by three semi-domes ending in three exedrae and a broad double portico. The construction was finished in 1548. The construction of a double portico was not a first in Ottoman architecture, but it set a trend for country mosques and mosques of viziers in particular. Rüstem Pasha and Mihrimah required them later in their three mosques in Constantinople and in the Rüstem Pasha Mosque in Tekirdağ.The inner portico traditionally have stalactite capitals while the outer portico has capitals with chevron patterns (baklava). When sultan Suleiman the Magnificent returned from another Balkan campaign, he received news that his son Şehzade Mehmed had died at the age of twenty-two. In November 1543, not long after <mask> had started the construction of the Iskele Mosque, the sultan ordered <mask> to build a new major mosque with an adjoining complex in memory of his favourite son. This Şehzade Mosque would become larger and more ambitious than his previous ones. Architectural historians consider this mosque as <mask>'s first masterpiece. Obsessed by the concept of a large central dome, <mask> turned to the plans of mosques such as the Fatih Pasha Mosque in Diyarbakır or the Piri Pasha Mosque in Hasköy. He must have visited both mosques during his Persian campaign.<mask> built a mosque with a central dome, this time with four equal half-domes. This superstructure is supported by four massive, but still elegant, free-standing octagonal fluted piers and four piers incorporated in each lateral wall. In the corners, above roof level, four turrets serve as stabilizing anchors. This coherent concept already is markedly different from the additive plans of traditional Ottoman architecture. Sedefkar Mehmed Agha would later copy the concept of fluted piers in his Sultan Ahmed Mosque in an attempt to lighten their appearance. <mask>, however, rejected this solution in his next mosques. Mid-1550s to 1570: qualification stage

By 1550, Suleiman the Magnificent was at the height of his powers.Having built a mosque for his son, he felt it was time to construct his own imperial mosque, an enduring monument larger than all the others, to be built on a gently sloping hillside dominating the Golden Horn. Money was no problem, since he had accumulated a treasure from the loot of his campaigns in Europe and the Middle East. He gave the order to <mask> to build a mosque, the Süleymaniye, surrounded by a külliye consisting of four colleges, a soup kitchen, a hospital, an asylum, a hamam, a caravanserai and a hospice for travellers (tabhane). <mask>, now heading a formidable department with a great number of assistants, finished this formidable task in seven years. Before Süleymaniye, no mosques had been built with half cubic roofs.

masks:
Mimar Sinan
Sinan Aa
Mimar
Mimar
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Sinan
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Sinan
Sinan
Sinan
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type: original

texts:
 He got the idea of half cubic roof design from the Hagia Sophia. Through this monumental achievement, <mask> emerged from the anonymity of his predecessors.<mask> must have known the ideas of the Renaissance architect Leone Battista Alberti (who in turn had studied De architectura by the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius), since he too was concerned in building the ideal church, reflecting harmony through the perfection of geometry in architecture. But, contrary to his Western counterparts, <mask> was more interested in simplification than in enrichment. He tried to achieve the largest volume under a single central dome. The dome is based on the circle, the perfect geometrical figure representing, in an abstract way, a perfect God. <mask> used subtle geometric relationships, using multiples of two when calculating the ratios and the proportions of his buildings. However, in a later stage, he also used divisions of three or ratios of two to three when working out the width and the proportions of domes, such as the Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque at Kadırga. While he was fully occupied with the construction of the Süleymaniye, <mask> or his subordinates drew up the plans and gave instructions for many other constructions.<mask> built a mosque for the Grand Vizier Pargalı İbrahim Pasha and a mausoleum (türbe) at Silivrikapı (Constantinople) in 1551. The next Grand Vizier, Rüstem Pasha gave <mask> several more commissions. In 1550 he built a large inn (han) in the Galata district of Istanbul. About ten years later he built another han in Edirne, and between 1544 and 1561 the Taṣ Han at Erzurum. He designed a caravanserai in Eregli and an octagonal madrasah in Constantinople. Between 1553 and 1555, <mask> built the Sinan Pasha Mosque at Beşiktaş, a smaller version of the Üç Şerefeli Mosque at Edirne, for the Grand Admiral <mask> Pasha. This proves again that <mask> had thoroughly studied the work of other architects, especially since he was responsible for the upkeep of these buildings.He copied the old form, pondered over the weaknesses in the construction and tried to solve this with his own solution. In 1554, <mask> used the form of the Sinan Pasha mosque again for the construction of the mosque for the next Grand Vizier Kara Ahmet Pasha in Constantinople, his first hexagonal mosque. By using a hexagonal plan, <mask> could reduce the side domes to half-domes and set them in the corners at an angle of 45 degrees. Clearly, <mask> must have appreciated this form, since he repeated it later in mosques such as the Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque at Kadırga and the Atik Valide Mosque at Üsküdar. In 1556, <mask> built the Haseki Hürrem Sultan Hamamı, replacing the antique Baths of Zeuxippus, which are still standing close to the Hagia Sophia. This would become one of the most beautiful hamams he ever constructed. In 1559, he built the Cafer Ağa madrasah below the forecourt of the Hagia Sophia.In the same year he began the construction of a small mosque for Iskender Pasha at Kanlıka, beside the Bosphorus. This was one of the many minor and routine commissions the office of Sinan received over the years. In 1561, when Rüstem Pasha died, <mask>m Pasha Mosque, as a memorial supervised by his widow Mihrimah Sultan. It is situated just below the Süleymaniye. This time the central form is octagonal, modelled on the monastery church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, with four small semi-domes set in the corners. In the same year, <mask> built a türbe for Rüstem Pasha in the garden of the Şehzade Mosque, decorated with the finest tiles Iznik could produce. Mihrimah Sultan, having doubled her wealth after the death of her husband, now wanted a mosque of her own.<mask> built the Mihrimah Mosque at Edirnekapı (Edirne Gate) for her on the highest of the seven hills of Constantinople. He raised the mosque on a vaulted platform, accentuating its hilltop site. There is some speculation concerning the dates; until recently this was supposed to be between 1540 and 1540, but now it is generally accepted to be between 1562 and 1565. <mask>, concerned with grandeur, built a mosque in one of his most imaginative designs, using new support systems and lateral spaces to increase the area available for windows. He built a central dome  high and  wide, supported by pendentives, on a square base with two lateral galleries, each with three cupolas. At each corner of this square stands a gigantic pier, connected with immense arches each with 15 large windows and four circular ones, flooding the interior with light. The style of this revolutionary building was as close to the Gothic style as Ottoman structure permits.In 1566 <mask> completed the Banya Bashi Mosque in Sofia, Bulgaria, currently the only functioning mosque in the city. His first mosque in Sofia was built in 1528; popularly known as Imaret Mosque or Black Mosque due to the dark colour of its building stone, it was damaged by an earthquake and abandoned in the 19th century. In the 1560s he built the Kirkcesme water supply system for Istanbul. It is seen as a masterpiece of his work. It spans 55 km and includes 35 aqueduct bridges, 4 of which are notable for their height (up to 35m) as well as their length (up to 700m). Between 1560 and 1566 <mask> built a mosque in Constantinople for Zal Mahmud Pasha on a hillside beyond Ayvansaray. <mask> certainly conceived the plans and partly supervised the construction, but left the building of lesser areas to less than competent hands, since <mask> and his most able assistants were about to begin his masterpiece, the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne.On the outside, the mosque rises high, with its east wall pierced by four tiers of windows. This gives the mosque an aspect of a palace or even a block of apartments. Inside, there are three broad galleries making the interior look compact. The heaviness of this structure makes the dome look unexpectedly lofty. These galleries look like a preliminary try-out for the galleries of the Selimiye Mosque. The period from 1570 to his death: master stage

In this late stage of his life, <mask> tried to create unified and sublimely elegant interiors. To achieve this, he eliminated all the unnecessary subsidiary spaces beyond the supporting piers of the central dome.This can be seen in the Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque in Kadırga, Istanbul (1571–1572) and in the Selimiye mosque in Edirne. In other buildings of his final period, <mask> experimented with spatial and mural treatments that were new in the classical Ottoman architecture. According to him from his autobiography "Tezkiretü’l Bünyan", his masterpiece is the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne. Breaking free of the handicaps of traditional Ottoman architecture, this mosque marks the climax of <mask>'s work and of all classical Ottoman architecture. While it was being built, the architect's saying of "You can never build a dome larger than the dome of Hagia Sophia and specially as Muslims" was his main motivation. When it was completed, <mask> claimed that it had the largest dome in the world, leaving Hagia Sophia behind. In fact, the dome height from the ground level was lower and the diameter barely larger (0.5 meters, approximately 2 feet) than the millennium-older Hagia Sophia.However, measured from its base the dome of Selimiye is higher. <mask> was more than 80 years old when the building was finished. In this mosque he finally realized his aim of creating the optimum, completely unified, domed interior : a triumph of space that dominates the interior. He used this time an octagonal central dome (31.28 m wide and 42 m high), supported by eight elephantine piers of marble and granite. These supports lack any capitals but have squinches or consoles at their summit, leading to the optical effect that the arches seem to grow integrally out of the piers. By placing the lateral galleries far away, he increased the three-dimensional effect. The many windows in the screen walls flood the interior with light.The buttressing semi-domes are set in the four corners of the square under the dome. The weight and the internal tensions are hidden, producing an airy and elegant effect rarely seen under a central dome. The four minarets (83 m high) at the corners of the prayer hall are the tallest in the Muslim world, accentuating the vertical posture of this mosque that already dominates the city. He also designed the Taqiyya al-Sulaimaniyya khan and mosque in Damascus, still considered one of the city's most notable monuments. He has also built Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge in Višegrad across the Drina River in the east of Bosnia and Herzegovina which is now UNESCO World Heritage Site. Conclusion

At the start of his career as an architect, <mask> had to deal with an established, traditional domed architecture. His training as an army engineer led him to approach architecture from an empirical point of view, rather than from a theoretical one.He started to experiment with the design and engineering of single-domed and multiple-domed structures. He tried to obtain a new geometrical purity, a rationality and a spatial integrity in his structures and designs of mosques. Through all this, he demonstrated his creativity and his wish to create a clear, unified space. He started to develop a series of variations on the domes, surrounding them in different ways with semi-domes, piers, screen walls and different sets of galleries. His domes and arches are curved, but he avoided curvilinear elements in the rest of his design, transforming the circle of the dome into a rectangular, hexagonal or octagonal system. He tried to obtain a rational harmony between the exterior pyramidal composition of semi-domes, culminating in a single drumless dome,  and the interior space where this central dome vertically integrates the space into a unified whole. His genius lies in the organization of this space and in the resolution of the tensions created by the design.He was an innovator in the use of decoration and motifs, merging them into the architectural forms as a whole. He accentuated the centre underneath the central dome by flooding it with light from the many windows. He incorporated his mosques in an efficient way into a complex (külliye), serving the needs of the community as an intellectual centre, a community centre and serving the social needs and the health problems of the faithful. When <mask> died, classical Ottoman architecture had reached its climax. No successor was gifted enough to better the design of the Selimiye mosque and to develop it further. His students retreated to earlier models, such as the Şehzade mosque. Invention faded away, and a decline set in.Constructions

During his tenure during 50 years of the post of imperial architect, <mask> is said to have constructed or supervised 476 buildings  (196 of which still survive), according to the official list of his works, the Tazkirat-al-Abniya. He could not possibly have designed them all, but he relied on the skills of his office. He took credit and the responsibility for their work. For, as a janissary, and thus a slave of the sultan, his primary responsibility was to the sultan. In his spare time, he also designed buildings for the chief officials. He delegated to his assistants the construction of less important buildings in the provinces. 94 large mosques (camii),
57 colleges,
52 smaller mosques (mescit),
48 bath-houses (hamam).He was buried near the tombs of his greatest patrons: Sultan Süleyman I and Sultana Haseki Hürrem, Suleiman's wife. Above the iron-grilled prayer window of his tomb is an epitaph written in Ottoman Turkish by the poet Mustafa Sai. It gives the year of his death and records that <mask>ni Sultan Suleiman bridge at Büyükçekmece. In 1935, his remains were exhumed by a group of Turkish scholars. Proponents of the racial science popular at the time, they claimed that measurements of <mask>'s skull proved that he was actually Turkish. As of 2016, the skull is missing and has not been refound. His name is also given to:
 a crater on the planet Mercury.A Turkish state university, the Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts in Istanbul. <mask>'s portrait was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 10,000 lira banknotes of 1982-1995
and a 7 500 000 lira coin of 2001 (in the "millennium" series), also on 6 postage stamps: 100 lira 1957 (400th anniversary of the opening of the Suleymaniye Mosque), 50 lira 1988 (400th anniversary of <mask>'s death) and a set of 4 issued on 14 November 2007 (60, 70, 70 & 80 Kurus - Sinan and his works). Elif Shafak's novel The Architect's Apprentice revolves around <mask> Sinan: "Filled with the scents, sounds and sights of the Ottoman Empire, when Istanbul was the teeming centre of civilisation, The Architect's Apprentice is a magical, sweeping tale of one boy and his elephant caught up in a world of wonder and danger." See also
Isa Muhammad Effendi
Sedefkar Mehmed Agha
<mask> (crater)
Mimar Sinan University
Atik Sinan
Mimar Hayruddin

Notes

Sources

Further reading
  Alboyajian, Arshag A. Պատմութիին հայ Կեսարիոյ (History of Armenian Kayseri). 2 vols. Cairo: H. Papazian, 1937. Çelebi, Sai Mustafa (2004).Book of Buildings : Tezkiretü'l Bünyan Ve Tezkiretü'l-Ebniye (Memoirs of <mask> the Architect). Koç Kültür Sanat Tanıtım

 De Osa, Veronica (1982). <mask> the Turkish Michelangelo. New York: Vantage Press
  Egli, Ernst (1954). Sinan, der Baumeister osmanischer Glanzzeit, Erlenbach-Zürich, Verlag für Architektur;

 Goodwin, Godfrey (2001). The Janissaries. London: Saqi Books.Güler, Ara; Burelli, Augusto Romano; Freely, John (1992). <mask>: Architect of Suleyman the Magnificent and the Ottoman Golden Age. WW Norton & Co. Inc.
 Kinross, Patrick (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire London: Perennial. Kuran, Aptullah. (1987). <mask>: The Grand Old Master of Ottoman architecture, Ada Press Publishers.Kuran, Aptullah; Ara Güler (Illustrator); Mustafa Niksarli (Illustrator). (1986) <mask> <mask>. Istanbul: Hürriyet Vakfi. Rogers, J M. (2005). <mask>. I.B. Tauris
 Saoud, Rabat (2007).<mask>: The Great Ottoman Architect and Urban Designer. Manchester: Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation. Sewell, Brian. (1992) Sinan: A Forgotten Renaissance Cornucopia, Issue 3, Volume 1. Sezgin, A. 'Dramatizing an Architect Hero: <mask> in Fiction' in The Meeting Place of British Middle Eastern Studies: Emerging Scholars, Emergent Research & Approaches (2009), p. 119-143. Turner, J.(1996). Grove Dictionary of Art, Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition;
 Van Vynckt, Randall J. (editor). (1993) International Dictionary of Architects and Architecture Volume 1. Detroit: St James Press. Vasari, G. (1963). The Lives of Painters, Sculptors and Architects.(Four volumes) Trans: A.B. Hinds, Editor: William Gaunt. London and New York: Everyman. Wilkins, David G. Synan in Van Vynckt (1993), p. 826. A Guide to Ottoman Bulgaria" by Dimana Trankova, Anthony Georgieff and Professor Hristo Matanov; published by Vagabond Media, Sofia, 2011

Tertiary Sources
  Zaryan, Armen. «Սինան» (<mask>). Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia.vol. x. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1984, pp. 385–386. Roux, Jean-Paul (1988). "Les Mosquées de Sinan", Les Dossiers d'archéologie, May 1988, number 127. Stierlin, Henri (1988). "Sinan et Soliman le Magnifique", Les Dossiers d'archéologie, May 1988, number 127.Topçu, Ali (1988a) "Sinan et l'architecture civile", Les Dossiers d'archéologie, May 1988, number 127. Topçu, Ali (1988b). "Sinan et la modernité", Les Dossiers d'archéologie, May 1988, number 127. External links

 <mask> <mask> founder of this Foundation - with a picture of his last will and proof of his original name
 Pictures of the city of Edirne, with many pictures of the Selimiye Mosque
 Pictures of some 30 mosques by Sinan in Istanbul
 A map and a short guide for Sinan's works in Istanbul
 Photos of some Sinan mosques in Istanbul
 Map of some Sinan mosques in Istanbul
 Master Builder of the 16th Century Ottoman Mosque
 Mimar Sinan Bridge in Büyükçekmece
 The Ottoman architect who linked East and West
 Peerless Turkish architect claimed to be headless in tomb
 <mask> <mask>'s life and works

Architects of the Ottoman Empire
1489 births
1588 deaths
Converts to Islam
15th-century people of the Ottoman Empire
16th-century people of the Ottoman Empire
Suleiman the Magnificent
Armenians of the Ottoman

masks: Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinanüste Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinannu Sinan Sinan Sinan Mimar Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Mimar Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Sinan Mimar Sinan Mimar Sinan


texts:
<mask> (aka  'Fessor) (October 15, 1902 – August 18, 1974 in Denton, Texas) was a US collegiate bandleader and music educator who founded and directed the Aces of Collegeland in 1927, the university dance band, pit orchestra and stage band of the University of North Texas College of Music. He also was a violinist. The Aces of Collegeland was the forerunner to the One O'Clock Lab Band. <mask> laid the groundwork at North Texas for what became the first college degree in jazz studies. Many of the Ace's band members and Saturday night participants became a "who's who" in the performing arts – as members of famous big bands, film, and singers. Notable Saturday Night Performers with the Aces

 Ann Sheridan
 Joan Blondell
 Louise Tobin
 Nancy Jane Gates
 Linda Darnell
 Pat Boone

Notable "Aces" Alumni

 Harry Babasin
 Bob Dorough
 Herb Ellis
 Jimmy Giuffre
 Charles W. LaRue
 William F. Lee III
 William Ennis Thomson
 JB <mask>

In 1971, the University of North Texas Student Government Association designated him as "Honor Professor," and upon retirement May 31, 1973, the regents awarded him the lifetime status of Professor Emeritus. He was the university's first professor emeritus.Education
<mask> earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of North Texas. <mask> earned a Teachers Certificate from Chicago Musical College in 1927 and a Bachelor of Music degree in violin from Chicago Musical College in August 1931. While attending Chicago Musical College, <mask> studied violin with Max Ignatz Fischel (1878–1937) (Head of the Normal Department), ear training with Harold Burnham Maryott (born 1878), music history with Herbert Witherspoon (1873–1935); harmony and counterpoint with Hans Franklin Madsen (1887–1971), and composition, counterpoint, and solfeggio with Wesley LaViolette (1894–1978). <mask> also earned a Master of Music degree from the American Conservatory of Music. At the American Conservatory of Music, <mask> had been a pupil of:

 Herbert Dalton Butler (1867–1946) – violin
 Leo Sowerby (1895–1968) – composition & counterpoint

In Texas, <mask> had been a pupil of:
 Carl Venth (1860–1938)

He also had been a pupil of:

 Fritz Mahler
 Ferde Grofé (1892–1972)

Family and growing up
<mask> was the son of Schyler Colfax <mask> (1869–1931), a Denton grocer, and Rockie <mask>  (1879–1954) Freeman. <mask> first exhibited his interest in music by experimenting with a cigar-box violin while in grade school. <mask> married Doris Patricia Howard on September 2, 1942.They had a daughter, Patricia (Pati) (<mask>) Haworth. 'Fessor Graham Award for Faculty
In 1958, the North Texas student body established the 'Fessor Graham Award, the highest honor bestowed by the students to a faculty member. The award recognizes one faculty member each year for outstanding and unselfish service beyond the call of duty to students. <mask>, Music, 1958
 Beulah Harriss, PE & Intercollegiate Women's Athletics, 1959
 Samuel B. McAlister, Government, 1960
 Arthur M. Sampley, Library Service, 1961
 William B. DeMougeot, Speech & Debate, 1962
 A. Witt Blair, Education, 1963
 Chester A. Newland, Government, 1964
 Leon Breeden, Music, 1965
 William R. Garner, Government, 1966
 Clovis Morrisson, Political Science, 1967
 Kendall Pinney Cochran (1924–2007), Economics, 1968
 Don E. Beck, Speech and Drama, 1969
Student government in transition, no recipients, 1970-71
 James Riddlesperger, Political Science, 1972
 Charles Foster, Business, 1973
 Leo Estrada, Sociology, 1974
 Ben Chappell, Speech Communications, 1975
 Milan J. Reban, Political Science, 1976
 T. Bullock Hyder, Economics, 1977
 Anshel Brusilow, Music, 1978
 Umesh C. Banerjee, Biology, 1979
 Tommie Collins Lawhon, Education, 1980
 Douglas P. Starr, Journalism, 1981
 David R. Fitch, Business, 1982
 Jerry Lee Yeric, Political Science, 1983
 John James Haynie, Music, 1984
 Lee Knox, Geography, 1985
 J. B. Spalding, Business, 1986
 John S. Gossett, Communication and Public Address, 1987
 Richard H. Wells, Journalism, 1988
 Ernest F. Crystle, Foreign Languages and Literatures, 1989
 Dan Haerle, Music, 1990
 Valerie D. Martinez, Political Science, 1991
 Fred Hamilton, Music, 1992
 Kenneth Godwin, Political Science, 1993
 Robert S. LaForte, History, 1994
 Norris D. Fox, Education, 1995
 Ann S. Windle, Education, 1996
 Donald E. Chipman, History, 1997
 P.R. Chandrasekaran, Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Law, 1998
 Juliet Getty, Merchandising and Hospitality Management, 1999
 William T. Waller, Biological Sciences, 2000
 Gladys H. Crawford, Biological Sciences, 2001
 Thomas P. Sovik, Music, 2002
 Richard Tas, Merchandising and Hospitality Management, 2003
 Brian L. Bowman, Music, 2004
 David W. Hill, Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, 2005
 Kimi King, Political Science, 2006
 Dee C. Ray, Counseling and Higher Education, 2007
 Donna Ledgerwood, Human Resources Management, 2008
 Lyndal M. Bullock, Education, 2009
 Gloria Cox, Political Science & Dean of the Honors College, 2010
 Armin R. Mikler, Computer Science and Engineering, 2011
 Shahla Ala'i-Rosales, Behavior Analysis, 2012
 Andrew Enterline, Political Science, 2013
 Brian Lain, Communications Studies, 2014
 Bethany Blackstone, Political Science, 2015
 Michael Thompson, Philosophy and Religion, 2016

Floyd Graham Memorial Scholarship
The College of Music offers a scholarship as a memorial to Floyd Graham, sponsored by the Floyd Graham Society. Recipients

 2007 — Sam Reid, Saxophone

North Texas Jazz Festival's Floyd 'Fessor Graham Award
The North Texas Jazz Festival established the Floyd 'Fessor Graham Award for the outstanding high school or middle school vocal group.The winner performs during one of the evening's "pro" concerts. Publications

 <mask> <mask>, Public relations in music education, a study, Exposition Press, New York (1954)
 <mask> <mask>, For Music Literature, (Unknown Binding) (1965)
 <mask> <mask>, For music appreciation; a course outline to supplement the teaching of music appreciation, Denton, Tex., Howard Pub. Co., Denton, TX (1960)

Notes and references

American music educators
1902 births
1974 deaths
American Conservatory alumni
Chicago Musical College alumni
University of North Texas College of Music faculty
American jazz educators
20th-century American musicians

masks:
Floyd Freeman Graham
Graham
Floyd
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Floyd Graham
Graham
Virginia Graham
Floyd Graham
Floyd Graham
Graham
Floyd Graham
Floyd Freeman
Graham
Floyd Freeman
Graham
Floyd Freeman
Graham


texts:
Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev (), better known by the pen name <mask> or Biely (;  – 8 January 1934), was a Russian novelist, Symbolist poet, theorist and literary critic. He was a committed antroposophist and follower of Rudolf Steiner. His novel Petersburg (1913/1922) was regarded by Vladimir Nabokov as the third-greatest masterpiece of modernist literature. The Andrei Bely Prize (), one of the most important prizes in Russian literature, was named after him. His poems were set to music and performed by Russian singer-songwriters. Life
Boris Bugaev was born in Moscow, into a prominent intellectual family. His father, Nikolai Bugaev, was a noted mathematician who is regarded as a founder of the Moscow school of mathematics.His mother was not only highly intelligent but a famous society beauty, and the focus of considerable gossip. She was also a pianist, providing Bugaev his musical education at a young age. Young Boris grew up at the Arbat, a historical area in Moscow. He was a polymath whose interests included mathematics, biology, chemistry, music, philosophy, and literature. Bugaev attended university at the University of Moscow. He would go on to take part in both the Symbolist movement and the Russian school of neo-Kantianism. Bugaev became friendly with Alexander Blok and his wife; he fell in love with her, which caused tensions between the two poets.During their wedding, Buagev was invited but was unable to attend due to his father's death. Nikolai Bugaev was well known for his influential philosophical essays, in which he decried geometry and probability and trumpeted the virtues of hard analysis. Despite—or because of—his father's mathematical tastes, Boris Bugaev was fascinated by probability and particularly by entropy, a notion to which he frequently refers in works such as Kotik Letaev. As a young man, <mask> was strongly influenced by his acquaintance with the family of philosopher Vladimir Solovyov, especially Vladimir's younger brother Mikhail, described in his long autobiographical poem The First Encounter (1921); the title is a reflection of Vladimir Solovyov's Three Encounters. It was Mikhail Solovyov who gave Bugaev his pseudonym <mask>. In his later years <mask> was influenced by Rudolf Steiner’s anthroposophy and became a personal friend of Steiner's. His ideas covering this philosophy included his attempts to connect Vladimir Solovyov's philosophical ideas with Steiner's Spiritual Science.One of his notions was the Eternal Feminine, which he equated it with the "world soul" and the "supra-individual ego", the ego shared by all individuals. He spent time between Switzerland, Germany, and Russia, during its revolution. He supported the Bolshevik rise to power and later dedicated his efforts to Soviet culture, serving on the Organizational Committee of the Union of Soviet Writers. He died, aged 53, in Moscow. There numerous poems written in Moscow in January 1934 and several of these were inspired by <mask>'s death. Major works
<mask> has started his literary career as the author of The Symphonies, a cycle experimental prose works, written from 1900 to 1908. In 1909 he published a symbolist novel The Silver Dove, which became his first novel.As critics note, it is notable for its skaz techniques and its unique ornamental prose, for its "ability to capture haunting, mesmerizing sense of apocalyptic doom". The novel is the first part of <mask>'s unfinished trilogy East or West. <mask>'s novel Petersburg (1913/1922), the second part of the unfinished trilogy, is generally considered to be his masterpiece. The book employs a striking prose method in which sounds often evoke colors. The novel is set in the somewhat hysterical atmosphere of turn-of-the-century Petersburg and the Russian Revolution of 1905. To the extent that the book can be said to possess a plot, this can be summarized as the story of the hapless Nikolai Apollonovich, a ne'er-do-well who is caught up in revolutionary politics and assigned the task of assassinating a certain government official—his own father. At one point, Nikolai is pursued through the Petersburg mists by the ringing hooves of the famous bronze statue of Peter the Great.There are scholars who cite that Petersburg included ideas from Sigmund Freud's therapeutic method such as how psychoanalysis was used as his interpretive tool for literary criticism and a source of creativity. After the Revolution, <mask> wrote two psychological autobiographical novels, highly influenced by Rudolf Steiner's antroposophy, Kotik Letaev (1918) and The Christened Chinaman (1921). He also wrote poems Glossolalia (1917), Christ is Risen (1918), in which he glorifies the Revolution, and The First Encounter (1921). His last novel is Moscow (1926—1932), an attempt to give an image of Russian intelligentsia during the World War I and Russian Revolution. It differs from The Silver Dove and Petersburg with complex, multi-faceted characters who experience a transformation of personality. It also continues <mask>'s linguistic experiments. The first part of Moscow, The Moscow Eccentric, was published in English in 2016.<mask>'s essay Rhythm as Dialectic in The Bronze Horseman is cited in Nabokov's novel The Gift, where it is mentioned as "monumental research on rhythm". Fyodor, poet and main character, praises the system <mask> created for graphically marking off and calculating the 'half-stresses' in the iambs. <mask> found that the diagrams plotted over the compositions of the great poets frequently had the shapes of rectangles and trapeziums. Fyodor, after discovering <mask>'s work, re-read all his old iambic tetrameters from the new point of view, and was terribly pained to find out that the diagrams for his poems were instead plain and gappy. Nabokov's essay Notes on Prosody follows for the large part <mask>'s essay Description of the Russian iambic tetrameter (published in the collection of essays Symbolism, Moscow, 1910). Selected bibliography

Novels
 The Silver Dove (Серебряный голубь, 1910)
 Petersburg (Петербург, 1913/1922)
 Kotik Letaev (Котик Летаев, 1918)
 The Christened Chinaman (Крещёный китаец, 1927)
 Moscow (Москва, 1926–1931)
The Moscow Eccentric (Московский чудак, 1926)
 Moskva pod udarom (Москва под ударом, 1926, not translated)
 Maski (Маски, 1931, not translated)

Poetry
 Gold in Azure (Золото в лазури, 1904)
 Ash (Пепел, 1909)
 Urn (Урна, 1909)
 Christ Has Risen (Христос воскрес, 1918)
 The First Encounter (Первое свидание, 1921)
 Glossolalia: Poem about Sound (Глоссолалия. Поэма о звуке, 1922)

Symphonies
 Second Symphony, the Dramatic (Симфония (2-я, Драматическая), 1902)
 The Northern, or First—Heroic (Северная симфония (1-я, героическая), 1904, written in 1900)
 The Return—Third (Возврат.III симфония, 1905)
 Goblet of Blizzards—Fourth (Кубок метелей. Robert A. Maguire and John E. Malmstad, Indiana University Press, 1978. David McDuff, Penguin 20th Century Classics, 1995. John Elsworth, Pushkin Press, 2009. The Silver Dove
George Reavey, Grove Press, 1974. John Elsworth, Northwestern University Press, 2000. The Symphonies
The Dramatic Symphony, John Elsworth, Grove Press, 1987.The Symphonies, Jonathan Stone, Columbia University Press, 2021. Kotik Letaev, Gerald Janecek, Ardis, 1971. The Complete Short Stories, Ronald E. Peterson, Ardis, 1979. Selected Essays of Andrey <mask>, Steven Cassedy, University of California Press, 1985. Reminiscences of Rudolf Steiner: <mask>, Aasya Turgenieff, Margarita Voloshin, Adonis Press, 1987
The Christened Chinaman, Thomas Beyer, Hermitage Publishers, (a publisher specializing in Russian writers in English translation, started and owned by Igor Yefimov), 1991. In the Kingdom of Shadows, Catherine Spitzer, Hermitage Publishers, 2001. Glossolalia, Thomas Beyer, SteinerBooks, 2004.Gogol's Artistry, Christopher Colbach, Northwestern University Press, 2009
The Moscow Eccentric, Brendan Kiernan, Russian Life Books, 2016. See also
 Alexander Blok
 Aleksey Remizov
 Fyodor Sologub
 Russian Symbolism
 Russian literature

References

Sources

External links

 Works by <mask> at Internet Archive
 The Silver Dove at the Internet Archive (translation by George Reavey, 1974)
 The Silver Dove at the Internet Archive (translation by John Elsworth, 2000)
 Translation of <mask>'s short story "The Yogi"
  English translations of 3 poems by Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky, 1921
  English translations of 4 poems
  English translation of Rus' (Russia)
 Mathematical Symbolism in a Russian literary masterpiece, by Noah Giansiracusa and Anastasia Vasilyeve published 7 September 2017, ArXiv. <mask> – A biography with selections translated from the Russian by Daniel H. Shubin

1880 births
1934 deaths
Writers from Moscow
Russian male novelists
Soviet novelists
Soviet male writers
20th-century Russian poets
20th-century Russian male writers
Russian communists
Russian male poets
Russian Marxists
Russian literary critics
Russian memoirists
Russian Marxist writers
Symbolist novelists
Anthroposophists
Symbolist poets
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Modernist writers
Imperial Moscow University alumni
20th-century memoirists
Deaths by intracerebral hemorrhage

masks:
Andrei Bely
Bely
Andrei Bely
Bely
Bely
Bely
Bely
Bely
Bely
Bely
Bely
Bely
Bely
Bely
Bely
Bely
Andrei Belyi
Andrei Bely
Andrei Bely
Andrei Bely


texts:
<mask><mask> (born May 26, 1953) is a Hong Kong American politician serving as a council member for the 1st district of the New York City Council. A Democrat, she and Queens Council member Peter Koo comprise the Asian American delegation of the city council. Her district includes all or parts of Battery Park City, Chinatown, Civic Center, East Village, Ellis Island, Financial District, Governors Island, Greenwich Village, Liberty Island, Little Italy, Lower East Side, NoHo, Nolita, SoHo, Tribeca, and the West Village. <mask> controversially retained the right to run a third term despite its unpopularity in 2010. Seven years later, she ran for re-election and won her primary with 46% of the vote against a newcomer, Christopher Marte, who received 44%. Early life and career
Born on May 26, 1954 in British Hong Kong as the third of five children and the only daughter in the family, <mask> immigrated to the United States in 1963. Her father, who arrived to the U.S. before his family, was an undocumented worker, working as a waiter in the Bronx; his experiences inspired his daughter to advocate for immigration reform during her political tenure.<mask> grew up in Chinatown in New York City and graduated from the Bronx High School of Science and the City College of New York with a degree in education. She worked for 14 years at LaGuardia Community College's Division of Adult and Continuing Education. She has been a member of several public service groups and organizations. In 1974, she was a founding member of Asian Americans for Equality, a group dedicated to "empowering Asian Americans and others in need", and she served as the board's president from 1982 to 1986. She was the chairperson of the New York Immigration Coalition, a policy and advocacy organization which works on issues concerning immigrants and refugees. She was a board member of the Association for Neighborhood and Housing Development, an affordable housing non-profit organization. <mask> was also a founding member of the Chinatown Partnership Local Development Corporation, a group that was formed in 2006 to "rebuild Chinatown following 9/11, and to preserve the neighborhood's unique culture while ensuring its vitality in the future."In local and state politics, <mask> was a member of Manhattan Community Board 1 and Manhattan Community Board 3, and was elected to the New York State Democratic Committee for two terms from 1986 to 1990. <mask> has stated that her ethnicity helped her win the district that includes Chinatown. In her words, many new immigrants and seniors do not speak English, and appreciated that they could speak to her directly and "talk to a City Council member without having to go through an interpreter." Hunter College professor and sociologist Peter Kwong, who has written books on Chinese Americans, said that <mask>'s election victory at the time was a "milestone in an increasingly active Asian American community" and a "special moment in Chinatown history". <mask>, head of Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, a national Asian American civil rights group, described her win as a "significant step forward for Asian American political representation". New York City Council
Prior to winning the 2009 city council election, <mask> had run and lost in the Democratic Party primary election for the District 1 seat in 1991, 1993, and 2001. In a primary with low voter turnout, she won the Democratic nomination with 39% of the vote, ousting two-term incumbent Alan Gerson.<mask> earned 4,541 votes to Gerson's 3,520; the other three candidates, PJ Kim, Pete Gleason, and Arthur Gregory won 1,927 votes, 1,293 votes, and 235 votes, respectively. Campaigning on the issues of affordable housing, improving infrastructure, immigration reform, and better services for senior citizens, <mask> won the general election held on November 3, 2009 against Republican candidate Irene Horvath in a landslide, carrying 86% of the vote. In 2013, <mask> ran for reelection. She received an endorsement from the Stonewall Democratic Club of New York prior to that year's September Democratic Party primary and received funding from REBNY for mailings. She was challenged in the primary by Democrat Jenifer Rajkumar, a Lower Manhattan District Leader, in a widely publicized race. <mask> won with 58.5% of the vote. The councilwoman retained the right to run a third term despite New Yorkers voting against the concept in 2010.In 2017, <mask> ran for re-election and won her primary with 46% of the vote against her main challenger, Christopher Marte, a newcomer, who received 44%. Marte ran against her again in the general election on the Independence party line, and <mask> won the general election with 49.8% of the vote. Election history

Criticism
In September 2017 The Villager endorsed her opponent Christopher Marte, saying  It wrote further, "<mask> has been both antagonistic and unresponsive to large segments of her community. She has dodged debates with her opponents — ours wasn’t the only one she avoided — and at the only town hall she has held during her time in office, the public’s cherished First Amendment right to express their views and disseminate information was stifled in a manner one would associate with a fascistic dictatorship." Critics in October 2019 also opposed her lack of clarity before the vote to expand the current jail in her district; more than 1,000 marched to get her attention on the matter. Personal life
<mask> is married to Alan Tung, a public school teacher. Their son, Kevin, also graduated from the Bronx High School of Science.He completed his studies at Syracuse University, and is now studying photography in Santa Barbara, California. References

External links
 Official New York City Council website

New York City Council members
Living people
Hong Kong emigrants to the United States
New York (state) Democrats
1954 births
American women of Chinese descent in politics
American politicians of Chinese descent
American politicians of Hong Kong descent
Asian-American people in New York (state) politics
Women New York City Council members
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Asian-American New York City Council members

masks:
Margaret S
. Chin
Chin
Chin
Chin
Chin
Chin
Chin
Chin
Margaret Fung
Chin
Chin
Chin
Chin
Chin
Chin
Chin
Chin
Chin


texts:
Ronald Grams (born July 26, 1982) is an American professional wrestler. He is known for his 18-year tenure with the Chikara professional wrestling promotion, under the name <mask> since 2002, where he is a former Grand Champion, Campeon de Parejas and King of Trios winner. He has also wrestled for Combat Zone Wrestling, Dragon Gate USA, Evolve Wrestling, Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla. Professional wrestling career
Grams received his initial training from Chikara founders Mike Quackenbush and Reckless Youth at the Chikara Wrestle Factory, where he was trained on the first term of the school alongside the likes of Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black. Grams and Hallowicked were childhood friends and entered the school with the intention of becoming a tag team. Chikara

Night Shift (2002)
Grams made his professional wrestling debut on May 25, 2002, at Chikara's first ever show as Ichabod Slayne, a masked member of the rudo (bad guy) stable Night Shift, with partners Blind Rage and Hallowicked. In their first professional wrestling match, Slayne and Hallowicked were defeated by Beauty and the Beast (Marshal Law and Love Bug) in a tag team match.When Hallowicked began gaining success as a singles wrestler, Slayne and Blind Rage were left to represent Night Shift in the company's tag team division. However, it wasn't long before problems rose between the two, culminating on June 28, 2002, in a ten-man tag team match, where Blind Rage's misstep caused Slayne to be pinned and as a result he was forced to wear a dress. On November 16 Slayne surprised his tag team partner by appearing as a member of the opposing tecnico (good guy) team in an eight-man tag team match, where he, Mike Quackenbush, Love Bug and DJ Skittlez defeated Blind Rage, Eddie Kingston, BlackJack Marciano and Jigsaw, when Slayne pinned Rage. On December 7, 2002, Slayne and Blind Rage faced each other in a Mask vs. Hair match, which Rage managed to win and as a result Slayne was forced to unmask. Team F.I.S.T. (2003–2004)
Slayne returned to Chikara, without his mask and now using the ring name Icarus, on March 29, 2003, defeating his former stable mate and the reigning Young Lions Cup Champion Hallowicked in a non-title match.<mask> received his shot at the Young Lions Cup on April 12, but was unable to dethrone Hallowicked. On June 13 <mask> defeated Hallowicked in another non-title match, this time contested under Sudden Death rules. On July 5, 2003, <mask> entered the first ever Tag World Grand Prix with a new tag team partner, the masked Gran Akuma, using the tag team name Team F.I.S.T. (Friends in Similar Tights). After defeating The Conundrum (Jigsaw and Rorschach) in the first round of the tournament, <mask> and Akuma were eliminated from the tournament by <mask>' former stable mates Hallowicked and Blind Rage of the Night Shift, who would go on to win the entire tournament. After the tournament Team F.I.S.T. began feuding with the Wildcards (Eddie Kingston and BlackJack Marciano).2003 ended with the Wildcards taking advantage of a hairline fracture in Akuma's ankle and defeating Team F.I.S.T. in a No Disqualification match on October 18. In 2004 the feud evolved with Jigsaw joining the Wildcards to form the Toxic Trio, which led to Mike Quackenbush coming to the aid of Team F.I.S.T. The feud came to an end on May 22, 2004, at Chikara's third anniversary show, when <mask>, Akuma and Quackenbush defeated the Toxic Trio in an Ultimate Jeopardy match and as a result both of the Wildcards were shaved bald. The Kings of Wrestling (2005–2007)
After a disappointing 2005 Tag World Grand Prix, where Team F.I.S.T. was eliminated in the second round and two draws and a loss against the tag team of Mister ZERO and Shane Storm, known collectively as Men@Work, <mask> and Akuma turned rudo by attacking Storm and ZERO after a match on May 20, 2005. The following day Chris Hero invited <mask> and Akuma to join him, Claudio Castagnoli and Arik Cannon in the stable known as The Kings of Wrestling.On July 22 <mask> entered the third Young Lions Cup tournament. After defeating Prophet in his first round match and Rorschach, Mickie Knuckles, Sabian, Arik Cannon and Ricky Reyes in the 6-way semifinal match, <mask> advanced to the finals of the tournament, where he was defeated by Shane Storm. On September 16 Icarus received a rematch for the Young Lions Cup, but was once again defeated by Storm. 2005 ended with <mask> witnessing at ringside how Storm defeated his tag team partner Gran Akuma in a Mask vs. Mask match. In 2006 Icarus targeted Jigsaw and started going after his mask on multiple occasions, which led to Chikara Commissioner Bob Saget booking the two in a Hair vs. Mask match.On July 22 Jigsaw defeated <mask> and afterwards Jolly Roger and Mister ZERO, both of whom were in kayfabe forced to retire the previous year thanks to assaults from <mask>, returned to shave him bald. Icarus bounced back on October 28 by winning the third annual torneo cibernetico match. On November 12 Icarus and Akuma defeated the teams of Silver Bullet #1 and Silver Bullet #2, Incoherence (Delirious and Hallowicked) and Cheech and Cloudy in a one night tournament to earn the right to challenge for the Campeonatos de Parejas, held by their stablemates Chris Hero and Claudio Castagnoli. F.I.S.T. cashed in their title match at the following event on November 17 and defeated Hero and Castagnoli two falls to one to become the second ever Chikara Tag Team Champions. After the match <mask>, Akuma and Hero kicked Castagnoli out of the Kings of Wrestling. 2007 began with <mask> and Akuma overthrowing Hero as the leader of the Kings of Wrestling, kicking him out of the stable and naming Chuck Taylor as their new third member.In February <mask>, Akuma and Taylor entered the first ever King of Trios tournament, where they made it all the way to the semifinals, before losing to the trio of KUDO, MIYAWAKI and Yoshiaki Yago, representing Kaientai Dojo. On May 27, 2007, at Chikara's fifth anniversary show, <mask>, Akuma and Taylor clashed heads with Chris Hero, Larry Sweeney and Claudio Castagnoli, who had been forced to re-join Hero after losing a match to him the previous month, over the rights to the name Kings of Wrestling. <mask>, Akuma and Taylor won the match, when Akuma pinned Sweeney, but after the match all six members decided to put their differences aside and united to re-form the Kings of Wrestling. During the rest of the year the six were also joined by Mitch Ryder, Shayne Hawke and Max Boyer. F.I.S.T. then began a feud with Los Ice Creams (El Hijo del Ice Cream and Ice Cream Jr.), which culminated in the fourth torneo cibernetico match, where the Kings of Wrestling (Icarus, Ryder, Hero, Castagnoli, Sweeney, Akuma, Taylor and Hawke) faced Team Mega Mucha Lucha (Lince Dorado, Incognito, Magno, Equinox, El Hijo del Ice Cream, Ice Cream Jr., Chiva III and Chiva IV). The Kings of Wrestling easily defeated Team Mega Mucha Lucha, but in the end Castagnoli emerged as the sole winner of the match by defeating both Hero and Ryder and as a result won his freedom from the stable.The following month at Bruised Icarus and Chuck Taylor, who replaced the injured Gran Akuma in the title match, lost the Campeonatos de Parejas to Incoherence (Delirious and Hallowicked), ending their reign at 343 days. The Kings of Wrestling disbanded in December, when Castagnoli defeated Hero in a feud ending match, after which Hero left the company and the rest of the Kings broke off into two separate trios; F.I.S.T. (<mask>, Akuma and Taylor) and the Fabulous Three (Sweeney, Ryder and Hawke). Chikara's most dangerous trio (2008–2010)
In March 2008 F.I.S.T. entered the 2008 King of Trios, where they defeated Sweet 'n' Sour Inc. (Bobby Dempsey, Sara Del Rey and Tank Toland) and Da Soul Touchaz (Acid Jaz, Marshe Rockett and Willie Richardson), advancing to the quarterfinals of the tournament, before losing to The Colony (Fire Ant, Soldier Ant and Worker Ant). After defeating The Colony in a rematch during Chikara's sixth anniversary weekend, Icarus, Akuma and Taylor dubbed themselves "Chikara's most dangerous trio" and defeated trios like Sami Callihan, Steve Weiner and Ultimo Breakfast, Lince Dorado, Chiva II and Chiva III, Player Uno, Player Dos and Ultimo Breakfast and Lince Dorado, Angel de Fuego and Chiva II to prove their point. On February 20, 2009, F.I.S.T.squared off once more with The Colony, this time in a 2009 King of Trios qualifying match. F.I.S.T. won the match, when Icarus pinned Worker Ant. After the match Taylor planted Worker Ant on the floor of the arena with the Awful Waffle; in kayfabe this was used to explain Worker Ant's retirement from professional wrestling following the match. On March 27 F.I.S.T. entered their third King of Trios, defeating The Death Match Kings (Brain Damage, Necro Butcher and Toby Klein) in the first round of the tournament. After defeating The F1rst Family (Arik Cannon, Darin Corbin and Ryan Cruz) in the quarter-finals, F.I.S.T.advanced to the semifinals of the tournament, where they would defeat the team of Equinox, Lince Dorado and Helios, the team known collectively as The Future is Now. On March 29, 2009, F.I.S.T. defeated Team Uppercut (Bryan Danielson, Claudio Castagnoli and Dave Taylor) in the finals, when Taylor forced Danielson to tap out, to win the 2009 King of Trios and solidify their spot as the top trio in Chikara. With the King of Trios over, Fire Ant and Soldier Ant of The Colony challenged F.I.S.T. to a match, in an attempt to avenge their fallen partner, but ended up once again being one upped, when <mask> and Taylor defeated them on April 25, following a low blow. After the match Chikara Director of Fun Leonard F. Chikarason booked the two teams to end their feud in a Double Mask vs. Double Hair match at Chikara's seventh anniversary show.On May 24, 2009, at Aniversario Yang F.I.S.T. ended their feud with The Colony, when <mask> and Taylor lost a Double Mask vs. Double Hair match against Fire Ant and Soldier Ant, and were both shaved bald. During the rest of 2009, <mask> and Akuma managed to pick up the three points needed in order to

masks: Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus


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 challenge for the Campeonatos de Parejas, held by Fire Ant and Soldier Ant, and during Chikara's winter break announced that they would be cashing in their title match on January 30, 2010, at the season nine premiere, titled A Touch of Class. <mask> and Akuma would however be defeated in the title match two falls to one. On April 23 F.I.S.T. entered the 2010 King of Trios tournament, attempting to become the first two-time King of Trios winners.After defeating The Throwbacks (Dasher Hatfield, Sugar Dunkerton and Matt Classic) in the first round, F.I.S.T. was eliminated in the quarter-finals by Team Osaka Pro (Atsushi Kotoge, Daisuke Harada and Tadasuke). During the tournament F.I.S.T. was observed by Johnny Gargano, a self admitted fan of the team, who managed to stir up problems between its members by suggesting that the team had a weak link, which led to Taylor, who had been pinned in the match against Osaka Pro, pointing out Akuma and Akuma retaliating by claiming that Icarus was and always had been the weak link. On July 26 at Chikarasaurus Rex: King of Show F.I.S.T. was defeated in a six-man tag team match by CIMA, Masaaki Mochizuki and Super Shenglong, when CIMA pinned Akuma. After the match Icarus and Taylor turned on Akuma, kicked him out of both F.I.S.T.and Chikara and gave his spot in the stable to Johnny Gargano. The new F.I.S.T. (2010–2013)
With Gargano as a member, the new F.I.S.T. ended their losing streak by defeating Da Soul Touchaz (Acid Jaz, Marshe Rockett and Willie Richardson) and 3.0 (Scott Parker and Shane Matthews) and Soldier Ant in six-man tag team matches on September 18 and 19. On September 28 UltraMantis Black announced that he had recruited <mask> to join his team of Chikara originals, consisting of both rudos and tecnicos, who would face the rudo stable Bruderschaft des Kreuzes in the seventh annual torneo cibernetico match on October 23. As a sign of unity between the Chikara originals, <mask>ne mask. He was eliminated from the match by BDK's Tim Donst.On April 15, 2011, F.I.S.T. entered the 2011 King of Trios, defeating Team Australia (Kabel, Percy T and Tama Williams) in their first round match. The following day F.I.S.T. defeated Team Osaka Pro (Atsushi Kotoge, Daisuke Harada and Ultimate Spider Jr.), avenging their loss from the previous year and advancing to the semifinals of the tournament. On April 17, F.I.S.T. scored a major upset in the semifinals of the King of Trios tournament by defeating Team Michinoku Pro (Dick Togo, Great Sasuke and Jinsei Shinzaki), when Icarus rolled up Sasuke for the win, after Taylor had blinded him with powder. Later that same day, F.I.S.T.was defeated in the finals of the tournament by The Colony (Fire Ant, Green Ant and Soldier Ant). In May, <mask> made his first tour of Japan with Osaka Pro Wrestling. In Chikara, <mask> started a rivalry with Gregory Iron, who defeated him in back-to-back matches on June 25 and September 18, leading <mask> to publicly accuse Iron of faking his cerebral palsy. On October 30, <mask> replaced stablemate Johnny Gargano, who was unable to attend an event due to traveling issues, and teamed with Chuck Taylor to successfully defend the Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas against the Throwbacks (Dasher Hatfield and Sugar Dunkerton). <mask> and Gregory Iron had what was billed as their final match against each other on November 13 at Chikara's first ever internet pay-per-view, High Noon, where <mask> was victorious following a low blow. Afterwards, <mask> was chased out of the ring by the returning Gran Akuma. On January 28, 2012, <mask> and Akuma had their first match against each other, which ended in a double countout.On February 25, <mask> again replaced an injured Gargano and teamed up with Taylor to successfully defend the Campeonatos de Parejas against the Spectral Envoy (Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black). On March 24, Icarus and Taylor lost the title to 3.0. On June 2 at Chikarasaurus Rex: How to Hatch a Dinosaur, <mask> was defeated by Gran Akuma in a ladder match; as a result, Akuma earned a Chikara contract. On August 2, Chikara's Director of Fun, Wink Vavasseur, named Sugar Dunkerton, who had announced his wish to join a stable, the fourth member of F.I.S.T. The other members, however, refused to accept Dunkerton as a full-fledged member, instead referring to him as their "water boy". On September 14, F.I.S.T., represented by Icarus, Gargano and Taylor, entered the 2012 King of Trios tournament, defeating Team Osaka Pro (Ebessan, Kikutaro and Takoyakida) in their first round match. The following day, F.I.S.T.defeated the all-female Team JWP (Command Bolshoi, Kaori Yoneyama and Tsubasa Kuragaki) to advance to the semifinals of the tournament. On the third and final day of the tournament, F.I.S.T. was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinals by the Spectral Envoy (Frightmare, Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black), who went on to win the entire tournament. Tecnico turn; Grand Champion (2013–2015)

In early 2013, <mask> began showing signs of a tecnico turn, when he started having problems with F.I.S.T. stablemates Chuck Taylor and Johnny Gargano. On May 3, <mask> turned on Gargano, hitting him with a spear, after Gargano had attacked Dunkerton, blaming him for a six-man tag team match loss against Frightmare, Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black. The turn led to Gargano quitting F.I.S.T.The following day, Dunkerton also severed his ties with <mask> and F.I.S.T., when <mask>, causing a disqualification. On June 2 at Aniversario: Never Compromise, <mask> received his first shot at the Chikara Grand Championship, however, the match ended in a no contest, when the arena was attacked by a group known as "Condor Security" just as <mask> had Kingston locked in a submission hold. When Chikara went inactive following the event, <mask> began holding fan gatherings and spearheaded a petition for the return of the promotion. The storyline culminated on February 1, 2014, during the second National Pro Wrestling Day, when the Chikara roster defeated the Flood, a united group of rudos from Chikara's past, in a mass brawl, leading to <mask> announcing the promotion's return. On May 25 at Chikara's return event, You Only Live Twice, <mask> defeated Kingston in a rematch to become the second Chikara Grand Champion. <mask> made his first successful title defense on August 17 against Juan Francisco de Coronado. In September, <mask> teamed up with the reigning Campeones de Parejas Dasher Hatfield and Mark Angelosetti as the Golden Trio for the 2014 King of Trios.They made it all the way to the finals of the tournament, before losing to the Devastation Corporation (Blaster McMassive, Flex Rumblecrunch and Max Smashmaster). On October 26, Icarus defeated Flood representative Jimmy Jacobs for his second successful defense of the Grand Championship. Chikara's 2014 season culminated with Tomorrow Never Dies, where Icarus defeated Flood leader Deucalion in the promotion's second ever steel cage match. At the next season premiere on January 25, 2015, <mask> made his third successful defense of the Grand Championship against former F.I.S.T. stablemate Chuck Taylor. His fourth defense took place on March 8, when he defeated Nøkken. On April 6, during Chikara's tour of the United Kingdom, Icarus lost the Chikara Grand Championship to Hallowicked.<mask> received a rematch for the Grand Championship at the season 15 finale on December 5 in a three-way match also involving Eddie Kingston, but was defeated by Hallowicked. The HeXed Men (2016)
On May 7, 2016, <mask> entered a storyline, where his mind was taken over by UltraMantis Black, adding him to a new rudo group which also included Frightmare, Hallowicked, Kodama and Obariyon. As part of the new group, <mask> became a servant of an entity known as "Nazmaldun" and was dubbed "The Morning Star". On September 2, Icarus entered the 2016 King of Trios representing the new group, alongside stablemates Hallowicked and Jigsaw. They defeated Bullet Ant, Missile Assault Man and Worker Ant in their first round match. The following day, Icarus, Hallowicked and Jigsaw defeated Major League Moustache (Dasher Hatfield, Trent Seven and Tyler Bate) to advance to the semifinals of the tournament. On the third and final day of the tournament, Icarus, Hallowicked and Jigsaw were eliminated after being disqualified in their semifinal match against Team JWP (Command Bolshoi, Hanako Nakamori and Manami Katsu).On December 3, The HeXed Men lost to Chikara's Mightiest Heroes in a Torneo Cibernetico match. After the match, Ophidian took the Eye Of Tyr from UltraMantis Black, and only some of the HeXed Men were free from the spell. Later career (2017–2020)
Since 2017, <mask> has been in some various storylines until Chikara close down in June 2020. Dragon Gate USA and Evolve (2009–2010)
On July 25, 2009, <mask> appeared on Dragon Gate USA's first pay-per-view Enter the Dragon in an eight-man tag team Chikara showcase match, where he, Gran Akuma, Amasis and Hallowicked were defeated by Mike Quackenbush, Jigsaw, Fire Ant and Soldier Ant. On January 16, 2010, <mask> made his debut for Evolve Wrestling, at the promotion's first ever show, teaming with Gran Akuma and Brodie Lee as Akuma's Army, in a six-man tag team match, where they were defeated by Hallowicked, Frightmare and Mike Quackenbush. Independent circuit (2020–present)

Championships and accomplishments

Chikara
Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas (1 time) – with Gran Akuma
Chikara Grand Championship (1 time)
King of Trios (2009) – with Chuck Taylor and Gran Akuma
One Night Tag Team Tournament (2006)
Torneo Cibernetico (2006)
 #1 Contendership Tag Team Tournament (2006) – with Gran Akuma
Excellence Professional Wrestling
Excellence Championship (1 time)
CATender Tournament (2018)
Pro Wrestling Entertainment
PWE Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Gran Akuma
PWE Tag Team Championship Tournament (2005) – with Gran Akuma
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #220 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010

Luchas de Apuestas record

References

External links

Online World of Wrestling profile

1982 births
Living people
American male professional wrestlers
Masked

masks: Icarus Icarus Icaruslay Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarusma Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus


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{{for|the wrestler Chief <mask>}}

<mask> (Cheyenne: Ó'kôhómôxháahketa, sometimes transcribed Ohcumgache or Ohkomhakit, more correctly translated <mask>yote''', 18201904) was a Northern Só'taeo'o Chief and Sweet Medicine Chief of the Northern Cheyenne. He was known as a great military tactician and led a dramatic escape from confinement in Oklahoma back to the Northern Cheyenne homeland in 1878, known as the Northern Cheyenne Exodus. Overview

Born in present-day Montana, by the mid-1840s, <mask> had become a prominent chieftain of the Northern Cheyenne, leading a group of warriors called the "Elk Horn Scrapers" during the Northern Plains Wars. He fought in Red Cloud's War, the war for the Bozeman Trail, which lasted from 1866 to 1868. As chief, he signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie. He was chosen one of the "Old Man" chiefs among the Council of Forty-four, a high honor in traditional Cheyenne culture. He was also chosen as Sweet Medicine Chief, bearer of the spiritual incarnation of Sweet Medicine, a primary culture hero and spiritual ancestor of the Cheyenne.Because of this honorary title, he was expected to be above anger, as well as concerned only for his people and not for himself. Battles

He was not present at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, but played a part before and after the battle. Some scouts from his camp apparently found some food left behind by Custer's attack force, and were observed by U.S. military scouts. This fact was reported to Custer, who incorrectly assumed he had been discovered by the main camp of Sioux and Cheyenne on the Little Bighorn, and urgently pressed on with his attack, trying to prevent the escape of the Indians. After the battle, <mask> arrived and was detained and almost killed by the angry Sioux, who suspected he was scouting for the whites. Only his fierce denial of complicity in the attack and the support of his fellow Northern Cheyenne present during the fighting saved him from harm. Defeat and exile

In November 1876, the bands of <mask> Wolf and Dull Knife camped on the Red Fork of the Powder River in Wyoming Territory.In the early morning of November 25, units of the Second, Third, and Fifth U.S. Cavalry commanded by Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie attacked. The Cheyennes were defeated, and <mask> Wolf and Dull Knife surrendered. In 1877, the Bureau of Indian Affairs decided to send <mask> Wolf, Dull Knife, and their people to the Darlington Agency in Indian Territory. Escape from Indian Territory

Following the defeat of Dull Knife and <mask> Wolf by Col. Ranald S. Mackenzie at the Dull Knife Fight in November 1876, <mask> Wolf and Dull Knife surrendered. They were forced onto a reservation in Oklahoma's Indian Territory. The Northern Cheyennes found life at Darlington Agency intolerable. Malaria and other diseases plagued them, and the agency failed to provide sufficient medical supplies, beef rations, or winter clothing.Forty-one people died that winter. <mask> and Dull Knife requested permission to return with their people to Montana, but agent John DeBras Miles and the Indian Bureau repeatedly denied their requests. In September 1878, <mask> and Dull Knife led almost 300 Cheyenne from their reservation near Fort Reno, Oklahoma, through Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakota Territory into the Montana Territory, their ancestral home. During the journey, they managed to elude the U.S. cavalry units which were trying to capture them. The two groups split up after reaching Nebraska, and while Dull Knife's party was eventually forced to surrender near Fort Robinson, those in <mask>'s group made their way to Montana where they were finally allowed to remain. Chapter 29, "Little Wolf and Dull Knife, 1876-79", pages 398 to 413 and Chapter 30, "The Fort Robinson Outbreak", pages 414 to 427, The Fighting Cheyennes, George Bird Grinnell, University of Oklahoma Press (1956, Scribner's Sons 1915), hardcover, 454 pages

Later life
<mask> would later become a scout for the U.S. Army under Gen. Nelson A. Miles.He was involved in a dispute which resulted in the death of Starving Elk. <mask> was intoxicated when he shot and killed him at the trading post of Eugene Lamphere on December 12, 1880. <mask> went into voluntary exile as a result of this disgrace. His status as a chief was revoked. In his later years, he lived on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, where he died in 1904. He is interred in the Lame Deer cemetery, alongside the gravesite of Morning Star. George Bird Grinnell, a close friend and ethnographer who documented <mask>'s life, called him, "the greatest Indian I have ever known."Timeline

Little Wolf
 1820 Birth
 1856 Involved in the affair of the 'stolen' horse at the Platte Bridge
 1866 Takes part in the Fetterman Fight
 1868 Signs a treaty with the U.S. Government at Fort Laramie
 1868 Burns Fort Phil Kearny
 1873 Visits Washington, D.C.
 1876 Takes part in the Dull Knife Fight
 1877 Ordered to go south to confinement in Oklahoma
 1878 Leads dramatic escape from reservation and returns to Montana
 1879 Scouts for the U.S. military
 1880 Kills Starving Elk; removed as Chief; goes into voluntary exile
 1904 Death

Cheyenne Timeline
 17th-18th century: Migrated from Minnesota to North Dakota
 1804: Visited by the Lewis and Clark Expedition
 1851: Ft. Laramie Treaty
 1859: Colorado Gold Rush
 1864: Colorado War
 1864: November, Sand Creek massacre
 1868: Battle of Washita River
 1876: Battle of the Little Bighorn
 1877: Moved to Indian Territory
 1884: New reservation established near the Black Hills

Errata

"Little Wolf" is a fairly common name among American Indians. More than one Cheyenne chief bore the name, an early example being a Southern Cheyenne chief who participated in a famous horse-stealing raid (c. 1830) on the Comanches with Yellow Wolf. See also
Eugene <mask>yote

Notes

 Fisher, Louise; Wayne Leman, Leroy Pine Sr., Marie Sanchez (2006) Cheyenne Dictionary. Lame Deer, Montana: Chief Dull Knife College
 Britannica Student Encyclopedia

Further reading
Berthrong, Donald J., The Cheyenne and Arapaho Ordeal: Reservation and Agency Life in the Indian Territory, 1875–1907, University of Oklahoma Press, 1976. Grinnell, George Bird, The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Ways of Life, Yale University Press, 1924. Grinnell, George Bird, Fighting Cheyennes, University of Oklahoma Press, 1915. Sandoz, Mari, Cheyenne Autumn, McGraw-Hill, 1953.Stands in Timber, John, and Margot Liberty, Cheyenne Memories, Yale University Press, 1967. Svingen, Orlan J., The Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation'', 1877–1900, University Press of Colorado, 1993. References

External links
 Cheyenne Honor Little Wolf: Chief led ancestors of today's tribe to homeland in 1879
 Little Wolf as Remembered by Ohiyesa (Charles A. Eastman)
 This Day in History: March 25, 1879, Cheyenne Chief <mask> surrenders

1820s births
Year of birth uncertain
1904 deaths
Native American leaders
Cheyenne people
People of the Great Sioux War of 1876
People of pre-statehood Montana

masks:
Little Wolf Ventura Tenario
Little Wolf
Little Co
Little Wolf
Little Wolf
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little Wolf
Little Wolf
Little Wolf
Little Wolf
Little Wolf
Little Wolf
Little Wolf
Little Co
Little Wolf


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<mask> (; born 13 March 1994) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Serie A club Udinese. Mainly a forward, he can also play as a winger on both flanks. He started his career with Barcelona, first appearing with the first team at the age of 17, and was loaned to Everton and Sevilla before joining the former on a permanent deal in the summer of 2015. After a successful loan spell at Italian side AC Milan, he was brought back to Barcelona in June 2017, before being loaned to Watford in January 2018; later that year, Watford signed him outright. <mask> was also a Spanish youth international, having represented the country over 80 times at under-16, under-17, under-19, under-20 and under-21 levels, being named the UEFA Under-19 Championship Golden Player in 2012. In 2014, he made his senior debut for the Spain national football team. Club career

Barcelona
Born in Riudarenes, Girona, Catalonia, Deulofeu joined Barcelona's youth academy in 2003 at the age of nine.In 2005, he was promoted to the U-13 team. On 2 March 2011, still registered with the junior team, he made his senior debut, appearing for the B team in a 4–1 away win against Córdoba in Segunda División by coming on as a substitute for Edu Oriol in the 75th minute. In late April 2011, <mask> was called up to the senior squad for the first time, for a La Liga match against Real Sociedad on 29 April, but did not leave the bench in a 2–1 away loss. On 29 October, he made his professional debut with the main squad, replacing Cesc Fàbregas in the 63rd minute of a 5–0 league home success against Mallorca. On 16 September 2012, Deulofeu scored his first goal for the B team, in a 2–1 away loss at Hércules. Deulofeu scored 18 goals for the B team in the 2012–13 season, joint-fourth in the second level competition. On 15 May 2013, he signed a professional contract with the Blaugrana first team, running until June 2017.Everton (loan)
On 10 July 2013, Premier League club Everton signed <mask> on a season-long loan. The Liverpool Echo also reported that any loan fee would be waived if he made appearances in more than 50% of his new club's games. He scored on his debut for his new club, a 2–1 home win over Stevenage in the second round of the League Cup on 29 August. On 30 November, <mask> scored his first league goal for the Toffees, netting the opener in a 4–0 home success against Stoke City. His second came eight days later, through an 85th-minute strike at Arsenal to earn a 1–1 draw. On 14 December 2013, <mask> suffered a hamstring injury during Everton's 4–1 victory over Fulham, which sidelined him for five weeks. He scored his third and last goal on 15 March of the following year, netting the opener in a 2–1 home win over Cardiff City.He helped his team to record its best ever Premier League points tally of 72 to finish fifth and, at the end of the campaign, Barcelona confirmed that he would not be returning for a second loan spell as he had been promoted to their first-team squad; he wrote an open letter thanking the staff, players and fans for their support during his stay. Sevilla (loan)

In May 2014, Deulofeu was granted a first-team place by new Barcelona manager Luis Enrique. However, on 14 August 2014, Sevilla reached an agreement with Barcelona for the loan of Deulofeu for the coming season, with the player admitting "surprise" at Enrique's decision. After being an unused substitute in a 1–1 home draw against Valencia, <mask> made his debut on 30 August replacing Vitolo in the 73rd minute of a 2–1 away win against Espanyol. He made his UEFA Europa League debut on 18 September, starting and providing assists for both goals in a 2–0 home victory against Feyenoord. On 24 September Deulofeu scored his first goal for the Andalusians (and also his first ever in the top flight in Spain), netting the game's winner in a home success over Real Sociedad. His loan was considered hugely unsuccessful, the Spanish newspaper Marca selected him in their La Liga 'Worst team of the season'.<mask> joined Everton permanently on 1 July 2015, for a transfer fee reported to be £4.2 million. He scored his first goal as a permanent Everton player, a free kick at the Madejski Stadium, as they came from behind to win 2–1 against Reading in the third round of the League Cup. His first league goal since his transfer came on 1 November, the opening goal in a 6–2 rout of Sunderland. AC Milan (loan)
On 23 January 2017, <mask> joined AC Milan on loan until the end of the 2016–17 season. Two days later, he made his debut with Milan in a Coppa Italia quarter-final match against Juventus, coming on as a substitute for Carlos Bacca in the 1–2 defeat. On 29 January, he made his league debut as a substitute for the injured Giacomo Bonaventura in a loss by the same score against Udinese. On 8 February, Deulofeu made his first assist, a low pass across the goalmouth towards Mario Pašalić, in a 0–1 away victory against Bologna, and 11 days later he scored his first goal for the Rossoneri in a 2–1 victory against Fiorentina at the San Siro.Return to Barcelona
On 30 June 2017, <mask> returned to Barcelona, as the club activated their buy-back clause for him. On 21 October, he scored his first goal for the club as he scored the opener in the 2nd minute in a 2–0 win against Málaga. Watford
On 29 January 2018, it was announced that <mask> was to join Watford on a loan deal until the end of the season. On 5 February 2018, he scored his first goal with Watford in a Premier League 4–1 win against Chelsea. On 11 June 2018, Watford signed <mask> on a permanent deal for a reported fee of €13 million. He was sidelined from the last game of his loan spell until being available for selection again in early October, owing to "foot and hip problems". On 22 February 2019, <mask> became the first Watford player to score a Premier League hat-trick, scoring three goals in a 5–1 win over Cardiff City.Udinese
On 5 October 2020, <mask> joined Udinese on a season-long loan. On 30 January 2021, Deulofeu completed a permanent transfer to Udinese, signing a three-and-a-half-year contract. International career

<mask> played for the Spanish under-17 team from 2009 to 2011, helping them finish runner-up at the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. In the latter year he was selected to the under-19s, winning two consecutive European Championships and being selected best player in the 2012 edition. <mask> was selected for the senior side for the first time on 30 May 2014, as part of a 19-man squad to play a friendly against Bolivia, being given the number 7. He played the last ten minutes of the 2–0 win in Seville as a substitute for Pedro, but the following day he was not included in the squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. On 12 November 2015, Deulofeu scored a hat-trick and captained the under-21 team in a 5–0 win over Georgia in Almería, for 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification.Winning his second senior Spain cap, <mask> scored his first goal for Spain against France in a friendly on 28 March 2017, after coming off the bench. However, the goal was initially ruled out for offside, but the referee consulted his video assistant, who after checking the TV replays decided the referee's assistant had made the wrong call in the first place. <mask> made two further appearances for Spain as a substitute in 2017, in a 2–2 friendly draw against Colombia and an 8–0 victory over Liechtenstein in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification: the latter match marked <mask>'s competitive international debut as well as his latest cap for Spain. Style of play
A quick and skillful player, gifted with pace, good technique and dribbling ability, Deulofeu is capable of playing as a winger or as a forward on either flank. He is also capable of playing in a central role, seemingly operating as a lone striker, but acting instead as a false-9; he has even been deployed as an out-and-out striker on occasion, or more frequently as a second striker, due to his ability to beat opponents in one on one situations and create chances for teammates, in addition to scoring goals himself. Despite citing Ronaldinho as his main inspiration, <mask>'s style of play is comparable to that of Cristiano Ronaldo, due to a shared direct approach. Regarded as a promising young player, in 2012, he was included by Don Balón in their list of the 101 most exciting prospects born after 1991, while in January 2014, he was named by The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe.Looking back in 2018, NBC Sports Daniel Karell said of Deulofeu: "In his younger days, the now 24-year-old winger was a dynamic and lightning-quick attacker with a central midfielder's technique to boot". Career statistics
Club

International

As of match played 5 September 2017
Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first

HonoursBarcelona BCopa del Rey Juvenil: 2011SevillaUEFA Europa League:  2014–15BarcelonaLa Liga: 2017–18WatfordFA Cup runner-up: 2018–19Spain U17
UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up: 2010Spain U19UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2011, 2012Spain U21UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up: 2017Individual'
UEFA European Under-19 Championship Golden Player: 2012
UEFA European Under-19 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2012

Notes

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
People from Selva
Spanish footballers
Footballers from Catalonia
Association football wingers
Association football forwards
FC Barcelona B players
FC Barcelona players
Everton F.C. players
Sevilla FC players
A.C. Milan players
Watford F.C. players
Udinese Calcio players
Segunda División players
La Liga players
Premier League players
Serie A players
Spain youth international footballers
Spain under-21 international footballers
Spain international footballers
Catalonia international footballers
Spanish expatriate footballers
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Italy
FA Cup Final players

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