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<mask> (born 1946 in Brooklyn, New York) is a lifelong trade union activist who participated in the Civil rights and Anti-war movements of the 1960s, the anti-nuclear/safe-energy, environmental movements of the 1970/80s and is currently part of the New Agriculture Movement of the twenty-first century. He has lived most of his life in Maine. His mother brought him to his first picket line in a baby carriage at a bank where workers were striking management for not recognizing their union. It was the bank Kellman’s Grandfather used, but not that day. His parents and their friends were the radical activists of their day:  communists, socialist and trade unionist. At the dinner table and family get togethers they talked the politics of a just and sane world. The Kellman family moved to Salem, NH in 1952 where he attended grade school and then on to Sanford, Maine in 1959 where he went to High School.In 1963 he attended the University of Maine where he played football and dropped out after finishing his freshman year. In the Fall of 1964 he worked for Helen and Scott Nearing on their homestead in Harbourside, Maine. In early 1965 he went to work for the Committee for Non-Violent Action (CNVA) in Voluntown, Connecticut where he participated in and organized demonstrations against the Vietnam War. When the US started bombing North Vietnam, CNVA sent Kellman to Washington, DC to organize demonstrations against the bombing. Shortly after returning from DC, CNVA sent Kellman to represent them on the civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery. On the March, Kellman directed a crew of 50 seminarians to set up the tent sites for the marchers. He stayed in Selma after the March and helped build a Free Library.Later in 1965 Kellman volunteered with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Alabama to help organize independent political parties out of which the call for Black Power came. Kellman worked in Sumter County, Alabama on that project. Returning North after his work for SNCC, Kellman helped organize the anti-draft movement and the Assembly of Unrepresented People in Washington, DC which was the first mass arrest demonstration against the Vietnam War. In 1967, Kellman went into exile in Canada and was arrested for violation of the Selective Service Act on his return to the United States in 1973. Charges against him were later dropped by the Federal Attorney prosecuting Kellman’s case. Labor movement activism

In 1976, Kellman was working in the rubber mill portion of the Converse shoe factory in North Berwick, Maine. He led the attempt to form a union among his 500 co-workers.The organizing effort was unsuccessful and <mask> was fired but later won a National Labor Relations Board case against the company. The effect the company's anti-union effort had on him was a radicalizing one and Kellman became more and more involved in the labor union activities. Kellman also became involved in the anti-nuclear/safe energy movement. In 1977, he worked with the Clamshell Alliance to build public support against the operation of commercial nuclear power plants in New Hampshire and Maine, and he participated in mass arrest demonstrations in opposition to construction of the Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant in New Hampshire. In 1979, Kellman went to work at the Laconia Shoe Shop in Sanford, Maine, where he was elected president of Local 82, Shoe Division, of the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union. As president of the local, he was ordered by the company to remove from the union bulletin board a leaflet asking workers to vote to shut down a nuclear power plant in Maine. Kellman and two other members of the local were arrested for refusing to leave the factory after being suspended.However, after the entire shop came out in support of the arrested workers, the company caved and brought the three of them back with pay and told Kellman hereafter they could put whatever they wanted on the union bulletin board. In 1980, Kellman became active with the Maine AFL-CIO. He was appointed the chair of the Maine AFL-CIO Committee on Run-Away Shops and worked on the implementation of, and improvement of, Maine’s first-in-the-nation run-away shop law under which Maine workers received notice of plant closing and severance pay. Kellman later joined the painter's union, where he held the position of steward. In 1984, he was the campaign manager on a congressional campaign in New Hampshire’s First District, after which he returned to Maine, and in 1986 he went to work for the Maine AFL-CIO getting union members involved in legislative races. In early 1987, the Maine AFL-CIO had Kellman work on the lockout of workers at the Simplex Wire and Cable Plant in Newington, New Hampshire, which employed many workers who lived in Maine. 1987/88 Strike Against the International Paper Company

Following the Simplex Lockout Kellman was assigned to work with the unions at the International Paper Companyin Jay, Maine who were instructed by their national union, the United Paperworkers International Union (UPIU), to prepare their 1250 members to strike when their contract ran out on June 16, 1987.At that time the Jay workers joined the locals locked out in Mobile, Alabama and struck with workers at IP mills in Lockhaven, Pennsylvania and De Pere, Wisconsin. Kellman's instinct for building solidarity and his organizational skills "turned a routine strike into a crusade marked by rallies, marches, and emotional meetings. "[1] in that strike. Local 14 of the UPIU faced demands which, on the face of it, seemed unbelievable. Among IP's demands were the elimination of overtime pay on Sunday, no more Christmas Day holiday, the elimination of 156 jobs, the contracting out of all maintenance work which would have eliminated 350 jobs and what amounted to the elimination of the grievance procedure. The local union, however, had little history of member activism outside of their executive board. But the Summer before the start of the strike Kellman had begun the process of educating and organizing the mill workers into a successful "class-based social movement."[3]  It is said that Kellman brought to the labor movement in Jay what he learned from the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s what the Civil Rights Movement got from the Labor Movement of the 1930s. Every week for 16 months the strikers held a mass meeting attended by over 1,000 people. During the first two months of the strike, International Paper Company permanently replaced the entire union workforce. However the strikers kept fighting. The strike by IP's workers in Jay generated international attention and they had a  bill introduced in Congress to ban striker replacement. President Clinton promised to sign the legislation if it passed Congress. The bill passed the House but the two Democrats in the Senate from Arkansas killed Labor’s chance to reverse its numbers by voting against it and the bill was defeated by two votes never making its way to the Presidents desk.Many in the labor movement, including Kellman, argued that UPIU had "sold out" Local 14. The strikers held out for 16 months until October 1988 when the UPIU’s International President, Wayne Glen, reversed his position and agreed to sign contracts at other IP locations, thus isolating the striking locals. To help explain the context in which the strike was lost, Kellman wrote a history of the unions in the paper mills called "Divide We Fall," published in 2004. INSERT: (Jay Strike Mural on Local 14 Union Hall in Jay, Maine. Kellman is fourth from the right in the red shirt and hat. Post Strike Work)

After the strike Kellman became director of the newly formed New Hampshire Coalition for Occupational Safety and Health. While working in New Hampshire Kellman was involved in a bad car accident after which he went back to college and received a BA in Labor Studies from the University of Massachusetts.Program on Corporations Law and Democracy

As a researcher for the Program on Corporations, Law, and Democracy,(POCLAD), Kellman researched and wrote about the history of the labor movement and the legal, political, economic, cultural and democracy killing effect of corporate power from a working class perspective. While at POCLAD he wrote a number of insightful articles which were published in their journal, "By What Authority", and their book "Defying Corporations, Defining Democracy". Other

Kellman initiated the "Jay-Livermore Falls Working Class History Project" out of which came the book "Pain on their Faces," a series of essays by participants in the Jay Strike of 1987/88. He taught several Labor History courses at Heartwood College of Art in Kennebunk, Maine and the University of Southern Maine in Portland, Maine. Kellman served as President of the Southern Maine Labor Council and was given the title of President Emeritus when he retired as President. Kellman represented the Council on the Executive Board of the Maine AFL-CIO. He is presently on the Executive Board of the Southern Maine Labor Council.Kellman helped develop the Workers Rights Platform of the Labor Party and his booklet, Building Unions was a product of his work with the Labor Party. Agriculture in the 21st century

Kellman and his wife Rebekah Yonan are currently engaged in trying to grow all their nutritional and caloric needs using primarily human labor. He is also studying and beginning to organizing around the cultural side of agriculture. In a way he has come full circle from 1964 when he worked for Helen and Scott Nearing, many consider the parents of the 1960s back-to-the-land movement. Memberships and awards

<mask> is a member of the National Writers Union, Local 1981 of the United Auto Workers, AFL-CIO. He has previously been in the following unions: International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades, the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, United Food and Commercial Workers, the American Federation of Teachers, the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union and Chaired the Labor Parties Maine Chapter. In 2002, Kellman was named a co-recipient of the 2002 Stringfellow Awards for Justice and Peace, given by the Chaplain's Office at Bates College in honor of peace activist, theologian and lawyer William Stringfellow.INSERT: His Portrait is part of the "Americans Who Tell the Truth" collection. Published works
<mask>, <mask>. Building Unions. Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Apex Press, 2001). .
<mask>, <mask>. Divided We Fall: The Story of the Paperworkers' Union and the Future of Labor. Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Apex Press, 2004. <mask>, <mask>, ed.Pain On Their Faces: Testimonies on the Paper Mill Strike, Jay, Maine, 1987-1988. Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Apex Press, 1998. Kellman, <mask> and Bruno, Ed. "Toward a New Labor Rights Movement." WorkingUSA. Spring 2001. Notes

 POCLAD is a project of the Council on International and Public Affairs (CIPA).References
"1,200 Maine Workers Strike International Paper Co. Plant." New York Times. June 17, 1987. Getman, Julius. The Betrayal of Local 14. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999.Minchin, Timothy J. " 'Labor's Empty Gun': Permanent Replacements and the International Paper Company Strike of 1987–88." Labor History. 47:1 (February 2006). <mask>, <mask>. Divided We Fall: The Story of the Paperworkers' Union and the Future of Labor. Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Apex Press, 2004.External links
Maine AFL-CIO
Program on Corporations, Law and Democracy (POCLAD)
Council on International and Public Affairs (CIPA)

1945 births
Living people
People from Sanford, Maine
Labor historians
American community activists
Leaders of American trade unions
American Federation of Teachers people
American anti-war activists
American civil rights activists
American non-fiction writers
Historians of Maine
Activists from New York City
Trade unionists from Maine

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Peter Kellman
Kellman
Peter Kellman
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Peter
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<mask> (November 20, 1898 – March 1, 1950) was an American physicist who later became an antiracist, civil rights activist, labor organizer, and communist. In the mid-1930s, he served as the secretary and southern-U.S. representative of the National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners. In September 1936, <mask> was kidnapped, beaten, and nearly killed by members of the Ku Klux Klan for his civil rights and labor organizing activities. After his recovery, <mask> continued his activism and cofounded the Southern Conference for Human Welfare and the National Committee to Abolish the Poll Tax. He collaborated closely with other activists including Lucy Randolph Mason and Virginia Foster Durr. Internal injuries sustained during his kidnapping and assault led to <mask>' death on March 1, 1950. Early life and education
<mask> was born November 20, 1898, in Birmingham, Alabama, to a family of German-Jewish descent.He was the son of Blanche Loeb, of Mississippi, and <mask>, a restaurateur and real estate businessperson. His elder sister was author <mask> Sterne, and his brother, <mask> Jr., was a New York architect. <mask> attended the University of Alabama for a year and a half before attending the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for a year. <mask> went back to Birmingham and joined the American Legion. He worked at several jobs including "third helper in an open-hearth furnace of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company." Gelders tried to operate an automobile dealership without success. In 1929, he returned to the University of Alabama and completed a bachelor's and master's degree.After graduating in 1930, <mask> worked at the university as an assistant professor of physics for five years and was also head of the physics laboratory. Activism
While working at the University of Alabama, <mask> became more aware of oppressive anti-labor actions. Interested in labor organizing, he joined the Communist Party during the Great Depression. The catalyst for his civil rights activism and labor organizing efforts was a 1934 ore-miner strike which led to the death of several black miners. <mask> and his wife Esther started hosting a weekly discussion group for students. In 1935, he assisted students in drafting a petition against a state anti-sedition bill. In May 1935, <mask> attended a southern conference on civil liberties hosted by left-wing groups in Monteagle, Tennessee.He was moved by the stories of communists, including Blaine Owen, about beatings and illegal raids. In August 1935, he joined the National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners (NCDPP). In fall 1935, <mask> resigned from the University of Alabama to pursue civil liberties advocacy fulltime. He moved to New York City to serve as secretary of the NCDPP. He established an Alabama committee to work on the Scottsboro Boys case. <mask> also investigated civil liberties denial at the RCA Corporation in New Jersey. In the summer of 1936, <mask> worked for the release of Communist Party organizer Jack Barton, who had been sentenced to 180 days in jail for being in possession of "communistic literature."In August 1936, he became the southern representative for the CDPP. Kidnapping and assault

At 11:30 pm on September 23, 1936, <mask> was on his way home from an International Labor Defense (ILD) meeting when he was kidnapped on a Birmingham street and flogged with a leather strap. The abductors read and mocked <mask>'s Scottsboro Boys–related documents, calling him a "dammed red" and "nigger lover." After a national outcry, Alabama Governor Bibb Graves, who had connections with the Ku Klux Klan, ordered a state police investigation and authorized a $200 reward (). Police found four suspects, three of whom Gelders positively identified. One was an employee of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company. Some accounts state that they were members of the Ku Klux Klan.Despite an additional investigation by the La Follette Committee, no indictments were filed. In a private letter to the governor, the chief detective, G. C. Giles, remarked that the economic considerations would prevent convictions. Continued activism
In the spring of 1938, <mask> went to Hyde Park, New York, to discuss his idea for the Southern Conference for Human Welfare (SCHW) with U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. With their support, the conference was open to people of all races and covered topics including social justice, electoral reforms, and improving race relations. Lobbyist Lucy Randolph Mason cofounded the SCHW and played a large role in its development. Gelders also obtained the support of William Mitch, the President of District 20 of the United Mine Workers, and the Alabama Director of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Eleanor Roosevelt attended the first SCHW on November 20, 1938.A continuing organization was established as an outcome of this conference, and <mask> was designated executive secretary of the Civil Rights Committee. In this role, he targeted poll taxes in the United States. Gelders and civil rights activist Virginia Foster Durr were prominent figures in the women's poll tax repeal movement, which brought widespread attention to the voter suppression caused by poll taxes. In 1941, <mask> and Durr led the creation of the National Committee to Abolish the Poll Tax (NCAPT). Durr and Gelders's diverse backgrounds proved effective. Gelders's experience in union organizing in the steel industry complemented Durr's network. She was a model of southern femininity and a member of a prominent family.Durr, Gelders, and their circle of southerners who supported New Deal liberalism believed that abolition of the poll tax was a necessary step in reshaping the Democratic Party in the South and defeating the conservative oligarchy of large planters and industrialists that kept most southern citizens disenfranchised and impoverished. Military career
On July 2, 1918, <mask> enlisted in the U.S. Army during World War I at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. He served in Coast Artillery Corps, First Company, in Mobile, Alabama, until transferring on October 1, 1918, to Fort Monroe for school. <mask> was promoted to corporal in September 1918. He was honorably discharged on November 25, 1918. Gelders never saw action, as the war had ended. During World War II, <mask> reenlisted on March 30, 1942, as a technical sergeant in the Western Signal Corps, at Camp Kohler.He was honorably discharged on July 24, 1944. Personal life

<mask> married <mask> Frank on November 19, 1919, at the Standard Club in Montgomery, Alabama. She worked as an official for the National Youth Administration. They had two daughters. Their older daughter, Marge Frantz, was an activist, feminist, and among the first generation of academics who taught women's studies courses in the United States. <mask>'s younger daughter, Blanche Hartman, was a Sōtō teacher. The internal injuries that <mask> sustained from his kidnapping and beating in 1936 eventually led to his death on March 1, 1950, in San Francisco.He was interred on March 7, 1950, at the Golden Gate National Cemetery. References

Further reading

1898 births
1950 deaths
Activists from Birmingham, Alabama
20th-century American physicists
Scientists from Alabama
University of Alabama alumni
University of Alabama faculty
Jewish American physicists
Jewish American activists
American civil rights activists
American communists
American anti-racism activists
Jewish anti-racism activists
Workers' rights activists
Kidnapped American people
Ku Klux Klan crimes in Alabama
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers
Jewish American military personnel
Military personnel from Birmingham, Alabama
American people of German-Jewish descent
American anti-poll tax activists
Murdered American Jews
Burials at Golden Gate National Cemetery

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Joseph Sidney Gelders
Gelders
Gelders
Gelders
Gelders
Louis Gelders
Emma Gelders
Louis Gelders
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<mask>. (born May 25, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. A professional from 2000 until 2011, he fought for the UFC, Bellator, the Maximum Fighting Championship, and the Seattle Tiger Sharks of the now defunct International Fight League. Background
At the age of 22 <mask> began boxing but soon transitioned to MMA after being persuaded to do so by his friends who trained. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> was a contender on the now defunct IFL before signing on to the UFC. He held a record of 15 wins, 9 losses, 1 draw, and 1 no contest before joining the UFC. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> made his UFC debut against James Giboo winning by TKO due to strikes on UFC Fight Night 14. He would later go on to defeat Ryo Chonan by unanimous decision and Edgar García by split decision.He then fought TUF 7 winner Amir Sadollah at UFC Fight Night 20 on January 11, 2010. In this fight, <mask> was rocked badly once in the first round and would go on to get rocked again in the third round by a knee. <mask> survived Sadollah's attacks going on to lose by unanimous decision. <mask> lost to DaMarques Johnson at UFC 112, and was subsequently released from the organization. Personal life
<mask> has two children, a son and a daughter.

masks:
Brad Lavale Blackburn Jr
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn


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<mask> (1 April 1926 – 21 November 2011) was an American-Irish writer known for the Dragonriders of Pern science fiction series. She was the first woman to win a Hugo Award for fiction (Best Novella, "Weyr Search", 1968) and the first to win a Nebula Award (Best Novella, "Dragonrider", 1969). Her 1978 novel The White Dragon became one of the first science-fiction books to appear on the New York Times Best Seller list. In 2005 the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named McCaffrey its 22nd Grand Master, an annual award to living writers of fantasy and science fiction. She was inducted by the Science Fiction Hall of Fame on 17 June 2006. She also received the Robert A. Heinlein Award for her work in 2007. Life and career
<mask> was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the second of three children of <mask>née McElroy) and Col. <mask>.She had two brothers: Hugh ("Mac", died 1988) and Kevin Richard <mask> ("Kevie"). Her father had Irish and English ancestry, and her mother was of Irish descent. She attended Stuart Hall (a girls' boarding school in Staunton, Virginia), and graduated from Montclair High School in Montclair, New Jersey. In 1947 she graduated cum laude from Radcliffe College with a degree in Slavonic languages and Literature. In 1950 she married Horace Wright Johnson (died 2009), who shared her interests in music, opera and ballet. They had three children: Alec Anthony, born 1952; Todd, born 1956; and Georgeanne ("Gigi", Georgeanne Kennedy), born 1959. Except for a short time in Düsseldorf, the family lived for most of a decade in Wilmington, Delaware.They moved to Sea Cliff, Long Island in 1965, and <mask> became a full-time writer. <mask> served a term as secretary-treasurer of the Science Fiction Writers of America from 1968 to 1970. In addition to handcrafting the Nebula Award trophies, her responsibilities included production of two monthly newsletters and their distribution by mail to the membership. <mask> immigrated to Ireland with her two younger children in 1970, weeks after filing for divorce. Ireland had recently exempted resident artists from income taxes, an opportunity that fellow science-fiction author Harry Harrison had promptly taken and helped to promote. <mask>'s mother soon joined the family in Dublin. The following spring, <mask> was guest of honour at her first British science-fiction convention (Eastercon 22, 1971).There she met British reproductive biologist Jack Cohen, who would be a consultant on the science of Pern. Writer
<mask> had had two short stories published during the 1950s. The first ("Freedom of the Race", about women impregnated by aliens) was written in 1952 when she was pregnant with her son Alec. It earned a $100 prize in Science-Fiction Plus. Her second story, "The Lady in the Tower", was published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction by editor Robert P. Mills and published again by editor Judith Merril for The Year's Greatest Science Fiction. <mask> said "she thought of the story when wishing herself alone, like a lady in an ivory tower". Judith Merril matched <mask> with her long-time literary agent Virginia Kidd (died 2003) and invited her to the Milford Writer's Workshop (to which she returned many times), where participants each brought a story to be critiqued.After her first Milford workshop in 1959 she worked on "The Ship Who Sang", the story which began the Brain & Brawn Ship series. At the story's end, the spaceship Helva sings "Taps" for her human partner. Decades later, <mask>'s son Todd called it "almost an elegy to her father". In interviews between 1994 and 2004, she considered it her best story and her favourite. "I put much of myself into it: myself and the troubles I had in accepting my father's death [1954] and a troubled marriage." <mask> then wrote two more "Ship" stories and began her first novel. Regarding her motivation for Restoree (1967), her son recalled her saying, "I was so tired of all the weak women screaming in the corner while their boyfriends were beating off the aliens.I wouldn't have been—I'd've been in there swinging with something or kicking them as hard as I could". <mask> explained that it did not require a sequel; it "served its purpose of an intelligent, survivor-type woman as the protagonist of an s-f story". Regarding her 1969 Decision at Doona (which she dedicated "To Todd Johnson—of course! "), her son recalled that he was directed to lower his voice in his fourth-grade school play when his mother was in the auditorium. That inspired the Doona story, which opens on "an overcrowded planet where just talking too loud made you a social outcast". As a settler on Doona, the boy talker has a priceless talent. <mask> made a fast start in Ireland, completing for 1971 publication Dragonquest and two Gothic novels for Dell, The Mark of Merlin and The Ring of Fear.With a contract for The White Dragon (which would complete the "original trilogy" with Ballantine), her writing stalled. During the next few years the family moved several times in the Dublin area and struggled to make ends meet, supported largely by child-care payments and meager royalties. The young-adult book market provided a crucial opportunity. Editor Roger Elwood sought short contributions for anthologies, and <mask> started the Pern story of Menolly. She delivered "The Smallest Dragonboy" for $154, and four stories which later became The Crystal Singer. Futura Publications in London signed her to write books about dinosaurs for children. Editor Jean E. Karl at Atheneum Books sought to attract more female readers to science fiction and solicited "a story for young women in a different part of Pern".<mask> completed Menolly's story as Dragonsong and contracted for a sequel before its publication in 1976. The tales of Menolly are continued in Dragonsinger: Harper of Pern, and Dragondrums as the "Harper Hall Trilogy". With a contract with Atheneum she was able to buy a home (named "Dragonhold" for the dragons who bought it). Her son wrote, 20 years later, that she "first set dragons free on Pern and then was herself freed by her dragons." Dragons
The first Pern story, "Weyr Search", was published in 1967 by John W. Campbell in Analog Science Fiction and Fact. It won the 1968 Hugo Award for best novella, voted by participants in the annual World Science Fiction Convention. The second Pern story, "Dragonrider", won the 1969 Nebula Award for best novella, voted annually by the Science Fiction Writers of America.Thus she was the first woman to win a Hugo for fiction and the first to win a Nebula. "Weyr Search" covers the recruitment of a young woman, Lessa, to establish a telepathic bond with a queen dragon at its hatching, thus becoming a dragonrider and the leader of a Weyr community. "Dragonrider" explores the growth of the queen dragon Ramoth, and the training of Lessa and Ramoth. Editor Campbell requested "to see dragons fighting thread [the menace from space]", and also suggested time travel; <mask> incorporated both suggestions. The third story, "Crack Dust, Black Dust", was not separately published, but the first Pern novel (Dragonflight, published by Ballantine Books in 1968) was a fix-up of all three. Agent Virginia Kidd and editor Betty Ballantine provided advice and assistance for its sequel Dragonquest. It was almost complete (and the contract for another sequel signed) before the 1970 move to Ireland.Both Ballantine and fellow writer Andre Norton made suggestions for the mutant white dragon. Readers waited a long time for the completion of the original trilogy. Progress was not made until 1974–1975, when the New England Science Fiction Association invited <mask> to its annual convention (Boskone) as guest of honour (which included publication of a novella for sale on-site). She wrote A Time When, which would become the first part of The White Dragon. The White Dragon was released with new editions of the first two Pern books, with cover art illustrated by Michael Whelan. It was the first science-fiction book by a woman on the New York Times best-seller list, and the cover painting is still in print from Whelan. The artists share credit for their career breakthroughs.Collaborations
<mask> said of her collaborations with son <mask> and Elizabeth Ann Scarborough, "While I would dearly love to have the energy to tell a tale all on my own, I really cannot say that I am not ably represented with my collaborations". In the Pern collaboration with Todd, she was mainly "making suggestions or being a sounding board". <mask> also gave Todd and his sister Gigi permission to write their own stories set in the Pern universe. McCaffrey also collaborated with author Mercedes Lackey to write The Ship Who Searched, the third of seven books in The Ship Who Sang series by <mask> and four other authors, and the only one by Lackey. She also wrote with Elizabeth Moon for the series 'The Planet Pirates' (3 volumes)

Death
<mask> died at age 85 on 21 November 2011 at her home in Ireland, following a stroke. Books

Classification
In August 1987, Locus: The magazine of the science fiction & fantasy field ranked two of the eight extant Pern novels among the "All-Time Best Fantasy Novels", based on a poll of subscribers; Dragonflight was 9th and The White Dragon 23rd. Commenting on the Locus list, David Pringle called them "arguably science fiction rather than fantasy proper" and named <mask> a "leading practitioner" of the planetary romance subgenre of science fiction.McCaffrey considered most of her work science fiction and enjoyed "cutting them short when they call me a 'fantasy' writer". All the Pern books may be considered science fiction, since the dragons were genetically engineered by the Pern colonists. Regarding science, she said "I don't keep up with developments, but I do find an expert in any field in which I must explain myself and the science involved".

masks:
Anne Inez McCaffrey
Anne McCaffrey
Anne Dorothy (
George Herbert McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
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texts:
 Astronomer Steven Beard often helped with science questions, and McCaffrey acknowledged reproductive biologist Jack Cohen several times. The Science Fiction Hall of Fame citation of <mask> summarises her genre as "science fiction, though tinged with the tone and instruments of fantasy", and her reputation as "a writer of romantic, heightened tales of adventure explicitly designed to appeal—and to make good sense to—a predominantly female adolescent audience." McCaffrey said in 2000, "There are no demographics on my books which indicate the readers are predominantly of an age or sex group. Dragons have a universal appeal"!Formerly, it was another matter:I started writing s-f in the late 50s/early 60s, when readership was predominantly male. And their attitudes unreconstructed. [... Women] began reading s-f and fantasy—and, by preference, women writers. My stories had themes and heroines they could, and did, relate to. I never had any trouble with editors and publishers. I had trouble getting male readers to believe I was serious, and a good enough writer to interest them. In 1999, the American Library Association gave <mask> the 11th Margaret A. Edwards Award for lifetime achievement in writing for teens.The librarians credited her with "over 50 novels for young adults and adults" and cited seven published from 1968 to 1979 for the "significant and lasting contribution to young adult literature" that the award features: The Ship Who Sang (1969) and the first six Pern books (those sometimes called the "original trilogy" and the "Harper Hall trilogy"). The panel chair observed that "<mask>'s focus on the personal and emotional need of human beings mirrors the quest of today's teens to find their own place in society." Restoree
<mask>'s first novel was Restoree, published by Ballantine Books in 1967. Unlike most science fiction books of the era, Restorees heroine is a strong-willed, intelligent woman who is willing and able to think for herself and act on her own initiative. <mask> was widely quoted as saying that Restoree was intended as a "jab" at how women were usually portrayed in science fiction. Federated Sentient Planets universe
Several of <mask>'s series (and more than half her books) are set in a universe governed by the "Federated Sentient Planets" ("Federation" or "FSP"). Although Pern's history is connected to the Federation, <mask> only used it as a backdrop for storytelling and did not consider her different "worlds" to be part of the same universe.Dragonriders of Pern series

<mask>'s best-known works are the Dragonriders of Pern series. After colonists from Earth make a decades-long journey to a new planet (which they name 'Pern', from the report of the initial exploration of the planet. Pern is an acronym for "Parallels Earth, Resources Negligible"), a volcanic eruption and an extra-planetary threat called Thread force the original colonists to retreat into caves in the northern hemisphere of the planet, abandoning most of their advanced technology in the process. Adopting an agrarian lifestyle, the survivors of the original expedition create genetically-engineered 'dragons' from a native species of reptiles, and use them to fight back the encroaching thread. The Brain & Brawn Ship series

The Brain & Brawn Ship series comprises seven novels, only the first of which (a fix-up of five previously published stories) was written by McCaffrey alone. The stories in this series deal with the adventures of "shell-people" or "Brains", who as infants (due to illness or birth defects) have had to be hard-wired into a life-support system. With sensory input and motor nerves tied into a computer they serve as starship pilots (or colony administrators), seeing and feeling the colony or ship as an extension of their own body.They perform this job to pay off their debt for education and hardware, and continue as free agents once the debt is paid. To compensate for the Brains' inability to move within human habitats they are paired with partners known as "Brawns", who are trained in a wide array of skills (including the protection of their Brain counterparts). It was considered impossible for a person to adjust to being a shell after the age of two or three. An exception, in The Ship Who Searched, was a shell-person who was seven when she became quadriplegic. The Ship books are set in the same universe as the Crystal Singer books; Brainship-Brawn pairings were also characters in the second and third volumes of that series. The Crystal series

The first book (and first of the trilogy), The Crystal Singer (1982) is a fix-up of four stories published in 1974–1975. The Crystal Singer series revolves around the planet Ballybran.Under a permanent biohazard travel restriction due to a potentially-fatal symbiotic organism on the planet's surface, Ballybran is the source of valuable crystals that are vital to a number of industries, and home to one of the FSP's wealthiest (and most reclusive) organisations: the Heptite Guild. The Heptite Guild is known to require absolute, perfect pitch in hearing and voice for all applicants (especially those seeking to mine crystal by song). Because Ballybran's weather is unpredictable and dangerous (Ballybran's windstorms will cause exposed crystal to 'scream' in a discordant, deafening cacophony), the Heptite Guild is prohibited from actively recruiting members. The Coelura series

'The Coelura' explores the theme of environmental abuse, as a precious animal is hunted to near extinction for the thread it spins for its net. The Lady Caissa must choose between protecting the Coelura or meeting her obligations to her father and mother. 'Nimisha's Ship' takes place in the same universe, as a woman in the First Families becomes a ship designer and on a test run her ship is captured by a wormhole. On exploring a nearby planet, she finds and befriends the remaining crew of a stranded ship who suffered the same fate years before, plus a new sapient species.Ireta

The Ireta series (as catalogued by the Internet Speculative Fiction Database) comprises five novels: two "Dinosaur Planets" by <mask> in 1978 and 1984 and three "Planet Pirates" co-written during the 1990s. They share a fictional premise, and some characters and events overlap. "Dinosaur Planets" follow the Exploration and Evaluation Corps team on the planet Ireta, which did not expect to find dinosaurs. In "Planet Pirates", all is not well in the FSP: pirates attack the spacelanes. Survivors on Ireta and the survivors of space pirate attacks join forces. The Talents universe

"The Talents Universe" (as catalogued by the Internet Speculative Fiction Database) comprises two series: "Talent" and "The Tower and Hive" and share a fictional premise. Eight books (all by <mask> alone) tell the story of telepathic, telekinetic individuals that become increasingly important to the proper function of interstellar society.Doona

Two civilisations in near-identical circumstances – an overlarge, lethargic population and a tragic history with sentient aliens – end up attempting to colonise the same planet by accident. What the humans do not know is that the people they have misidentified as nomadic natives are more technically advanced than themselves (and under no such illusions regarding the humans). The books are set prior to the formation of the Federation of Sentient Planets; in this series, the ruling body is the 'Amalgamated Planets'. Petaybee universe

The Petaybee universe comprises two trilogies (Powers and The Twins of Petaybee) by <mask> and Elizabeth Ann Scarborough. The Barque Cat series

This series introduces a new universe with space faring Barque Cats and their special telepathically linked humans. The Freedom series

The Freedom series (or the "Catteni Sequence") comprises one 1970 short story and four Freedom novels written between 1995 and 2002. Acorna universe

The "Acorna Universe series" comprises ten novels published between 1997 and 2007: seven sometimes known as Acorna and three sometimes known as Acorna's Children.The series involve a group of intergalactic miners who adopt a mysterious alien foundling with unicorn-like physiognomy and apparent magical abilities. The first two were written by <mask> and Margaret Ball, and the rest by <mask> and Elizabeth Ann Scarborough. Other works

McCaffrey also published two short-story collections, several romances and young-adult fantasies. Her nonfiction work includes two cookbooks and a book about dragons in general. Notes

 References Citations – books

 Interviews'''

  Self-published. Excerpts from interview published in the monthly Locus, November 2004. Further reading

 External links

 Bibliography

 Other
  – official website, <mask>
 Pern Home – official website, Pern and The Dragonriders of Pern™

 <mask> - Guest of Honour at Eurocon 2007
 Remembrances by Peter Morwood

 Interview with <mask> and Elizabeth Ann Scarborough about co-authoring two books, A DISCUSSION WITH National Authors on Tour'' TV Series, Episode #105 (1994)

1926 births
2011 deaths

American fantasy writers
American science fiction writers
Hugo Award-winning writers
Margaret A. Edwards Award winners
Nebula Award winners
SFWA Grand Masters
Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
Writers from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Montclair High School (New Jersey) alumni
People from Montclair, New Jersey
Radcliffe College alumni
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American emigrants to Ireland
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
People from Wilmington, Delaware
People from Sea Cliff, New York
American women novelists
Women writers of young adult literature
Novelists from Massachusetts
Irish science fiction

masks:
Anne McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
Anne McCaffrey
Anne McCaffrey
Anne McCaffrey


texts:
<mask> (; 614–666) was a chancellor of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. He became particularly powerful because of his support for Emperor Gaozong's second wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian) when her ascension was opposed by then-chancellors, and he had a reputation for treachery. He was also fully involved in the elimination of Empress Wu's political rivals and played an important role in it. In 663, on account of corruption, he was removed from his post and exiled, and in 666, after Emperor Gaozong had declared a general pardon but excepted the long-term exiles from the pardon, <mask> died in anger. Background
<mask> was born in 614, during the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui, and his clan was originally from what would become Ying Prefecture (瀛州, part of modern Cangzhou, Hebei), but as his grandfather served as the secretary to the county magistrate of Shehong County (射洪, in modern Suining, Sichuan), his family stayed in the area thereafter. In 634, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang, the official that Emperor Taizong sent to examine the region, <mask>iang, believing that <mask> was literarily capable, recommended him, and after an imperial examination, he served as a protocol officer at the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng). <mask> and Ma Zhou, two officials who were his supervisors (and who later served as chancellors), both praised him for his capability.Soon, he was made an assistant imperial censor and also made a member of the staff of Emperor Taizong son <mask> the Prince of Jin. In 643, after Emperor Taizong deposed <mask>'s older brother <mask>an the Crown Prince and replaced him with <mask>, <mask> continued to serve on <mask>'s staff, and among his staff members, he and Lai Ji were particularly known for their literary talent. <mask> was particularly complimentary of his semi-lyrical essay Chenghua Zhen (承華箴), and submitted it to Emperor Taizong. <mask>, for his talent, was also ordered to participate in the editing of the Book of Jin, the official history that Emperor Taizong commissioned for Jin Dynasty. Rise to power
After Emperor Taizong's death in 649, <mask> became emperor (as Emperor Gaozong), and sometime thereafter, <mask> became a mid-level official at the legislative bureau (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng). In 651, he took on additional responsibilities of assisting in editing the imperial history. Meanwhile, Emperor Gaozong's favor for his wife Empress Wang had been waning, and he particularly favored Consort Wu, who had designs on the empress position, and she falsely implicated Empress Wang in the killing of her daughter.By 655, Emperor Gaozong had wanted to depose Empress Wang and replace her with Consort Wu, but most of the chancellors were opposed. It happened at that time, the most powerful of the chancellors, Emperor Gaozong's uncle Zhangsun Wuji, who had not placed <mask> in high esteem, was set to send <mask> to Bi Prefecture (壁州, roughly modern Bazhong, Sichuan) to serve as the military advisor to the prefect. <mask> received the news in advance, and he requested advice from his colleague Wang Dejian (王德儉). Wang Dejian pointed out that Emperor Gaozong was favoring Consort Wu, and that if <mask> supported Consort Wu, his situation would be improved. <mask> agreed, and he submitted a petition to depose Empress Wang and replace her with Consort Wu. Emperor Gaozong and Consort Wu were pleased, and they promoted <mask> to be the assistant head of the legislative bureau. After Emperor Gaozong did depose Empress Wang and replace her with Consort Wu later that year, over the strenuous objections of the chancellors Chu Suiliang, Han Yuan, and Lai Ji and implicit disapproval of Zhangsun, <mask> was given the designation of Canzhi Zhengshi (參知政事), making him a chancellor de facto.He was also created the Baron of Guangping. Traditional historians, when discussing <mask>'s rise to power, stated that he appeared to be mild, humble, and respectful in his temperament, and he was often smiling, but in secret, he was full of treachery and machinations, and therefore, it was said that he had knives in his smile, and he was also referred to as "<mask>" (李貓), referring to his insincere smiles. In 656, after Empress Wu's son <mask> was created crown prince, <mask> was given an additional post as <mask>'s assistant, and he was created the Marquess of Guangping. That year, he had heard that a Lady Chunyu, from the eastern capital Luoyang, was beautiful, and had been arrested for an offense and held in custody. <mask>fu had the secretary general of the supreme court, Bi Zhengyi (畢正義), improperly find her not guilty and release her, with the intent that he would then take Lady Chunyu as a concubine. When this improper release was noticed by the chief judge of the supreme court, Duan Baoxuan (段寶玄), Duan reported to Emperor Gaozong, and <mask>, in fear, forced Bi to commit suicide. The assistant imperial censor Wang Yifang (王義方) then submitted an accusation against <mask>fu, but offended Emperor Gaozong by using language that Emperor Gaozong found obscene—language that implied that because of <mask>'s good looks, <mask> and Ma Zhou must have favored him after having sexual relations with him—and Wang was demoted to Lai Prefecture to serve as census officer, while Emperor Gaozong took no actions against <mask>.Later in 656, with Chu having been demoted out of the capital, <mask> had <mask>'s son <mask> (劉弘業) submit a petition claiming that his father was forced to commit suicide after false accusations by Chu. (<mask> had been forced to commit suicide around the new year 646 due to accusations that he had planned to kill a number of high level officials disagreeing with him if Emperor Taizong had died from a serious illness that he was suffering from at the time.) However, after Le Yanwei pointed out that revisiting <mask>'s case would imply that Emperor Taizong made improper decisions, Emperor Gaozong took no action on <mask>'s petition. In 657, <mask> was made Zhongshu Ling (中書令), the head of the legislative bureau and an office considered one for a chancellor. He was also created the Duke of Hejian. Later that year, he, and another ally of Empress Wu's, Xu Jingzong, falsely accused Chu, Han, and Lai of conspiring to commit treason, and both Han and Lai (who were still chancellors) were demoted out of the capital to be prefects, while Chu and Empress Wang's uncle <mask> were demoted to be prefects of exceedingly distant prefectures. Removal and restoration
By 658, <mask> was said to be so powerful due to favors that Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu showed him that even his young children were given official posts, and that his mother, wife, and sons were receiving bribes from officials to give them preferential treatment.His fellow chancellor Du Zhenglun, whose post was also Zhongshu Ling, had considered himself senior to <mask> and therefore was not willing to yield to <mask>fu, while <mask>fu was also not yielding to Du. The conflict between the two eventually erupted into an argument before Emperor Gaozong. Emperor Gaozong, rebuking both for their conflict, demoted both to be prefectural prefect—Du to Heng Prefecture (橫州, roughly modern Nanning, Guangxi), and <mask> to Pu Prefecture (普州, roughly modern Ziyang, Sichuan). (Du soon died at Heng Prefecture.) Despite <mask>'s demotion out of the capital, Empress Wu was still protecting him. Around the new year 659, <mask> (唐臨), the minister of civil service affairs, had submitted suggestions that Xu Hui (許褘) be made the examiner of the Jiangnan Circuit (江南道, region south of the Yangtze River) and Zhang Lun (張倫) be made the examiner of the Jiannan Circuit (劍南道, modern Sichuan, Chongqing, and Yunnan). The sensitive Empress Wu saw ulterior motives in this—because Xu was a friend of Lai Ji's, and Lai Ji's prefecture Tai Prefecture (臺州, roughly modern Taizhou, Zhejiang) was a part of Jiangnan Circuit, whereas Zhang was an enemy of <mask>fu's, and <mask>'s Pu Prefecture was a part of Jiannan Circuit.As a result, she had Tang Jian removed from his post. In fall 659, Emperor Gaozong recalled <mask> to the capital, to serve as the minister of civil service affairs and de facto chancellor. It was said that at this time <mask> carried out a revenge killing. <mask>'s ancestors were originally from Hejian Commandery (河間, i.e., Cang Prefecture), but after he had become chancellor the first time, he claimed that his ancestors were actually from Zhao Commandery (趙郡, roughly modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), as the Lis of Zhao Commandery, during Northern Wei and the subsequent dynasties, had been considered one of the most honored clans of the land. Many young officials from the <mask> clan, because they wanted <mask>'s favor, therefore claimed to be in fact of the same clan as <mask>fu; one of these junior officials was one <mask> (李崇德), who listed <mask> in his family tree. When <mask> was demoted to Pu Prefecture, <mask>de immediately removed <mask> from his family tree. When <mask> returned to the capital, he falsely accused <mask>de of crimes, and <mask> committed suicide.Later that year, <mask>, angry that he had previously sought to have his son married with a daughter of a traditionally prominent clan but had been unsuccessful in doing so, persuaded Emperor Gaozong that it was improper for these clans to be exclusive in their marriages and also demanding large amounts of dowry or bride price. Emperor Gaozong thus issued an edict forbidding the seven most prominent clans from marriage with each other and also limiting the amount of dowry and bride price they are permitted to receive. In 661, <mask>'s mother died, and he resigned to observe a period of mourning for her, but was recalled in 662 to again serve as minister of civil service affairs and chancellor de facto. He soon received permission to rebury his grandfather near the tomb of Emperor Gaozong's great-great-grandfather <mask> (李虎), and it was said that he conscripted seven counties' laborers for the task and that the reburial was so grand that no burial since the founding of Tang Dynasty could rival it. Final downfall
In 663, <mask> was made the head of the legislative bureau (by now known as You Xiang (右相)), but continued to be in charge of civil service. He was also made the secretary for Emperor Gaozong's (and Empress Wu's) youngest son <mask>lun (the later Emperor Ruizong). However, it was said that <mask> actually lacked talent for selecting officials, and instead generally ranked officials simply based on the bribes they gave him, drawing discontent from the officials.Eventually, Emperor Gaozong heard about this, and on one occasion, still calmly stated to <mask>: "Your sons and sons-in-law are careless, and they have committed many unlawful acts. I was forced to cover for you. You should be careful." <mask> unhappily responded, "Who told Your Imperial Majesty?" Emperor Gaozong responded, "If I am correct, why do you want me to tell you who the informant is?" <mask> did not apologize but instead walked out, drawing Emperor Gaozong's displeasure. Meanwhile, an astrologer <mask> trusted, Du Yuanji (杜元紀), informed him that there was an aura of imprisonment at his house, and that he could only suppress it by a large store of money.<mask> believed Du and redoubled his corruption. When this, in addition to <mask>'s and Du's observations of auras, as well as <mask>'s extortion of money from Zhangsun Wuji's grandson Zhangsun Yan (長孫延), were reported by the low-level official Yang Xingying (楊行穎), Emperor Gaozong ordered that <mask> be arrested, and then had the minister of justice <mask>o, as well as the imperial censor and the chief justice of the supreme court, investigate, reporting their findings to the chancellor <mask>. <mask> was found guilty, removed from his posts, and exiled to Xi Prefecture (巂州, roughly modern Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan). His sons and sons-in-law were also exiled. In 666, Emperor Gaozong offered sacrifices to heaven and earth at Mount Tai and, to celebrate the occasion, declared a general pardon—but specifically exempted from the general pardon anyone who was given a long-term exile. <mask>, in anger and fear, died of an illness. His wife and children were not allowed to return to the eastern capital Luoyang until 674.In 692, after Empress Wu had seized the throne from her son Emperor Ruizong and took the title of emperor for her own, she, in recognition of how <mask> and five other officials had supported her, posthumously awarded <mask> the title of commandant of Yang Prefecture, but the posthumous honor was again stripped in 710 after Emperor Ruizong returned to the throne. References
 Old Book of Tang, vol. 82. New Book of Tang, vol. 223.1. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 199, 200, 201.Chancellors under Emperor Gaozong of Tang
Tang dynasty poets
Tang dynasty historians
7th-century Chinese historians
614 births
666 deaths
Politicians from Suining
Poets from Sichuan
Tang dynasty politicians from Sichuan
7th-century Chinese poets
Historians from Sichuan
Writers from Suining

masks:
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Dal
Li Yifu
Liu Ji
Li Zhi
Li Zhi
Li Chengqi
Li Zhi
Li Yifu
Li Zhi
Li Zhi
Li Yifu
Li Zhi
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Cat Li
Li Hong
Li Yifu
Li Hong
Li Yi
Li Yifu
Li Yi
Li Yifu
Liu Ji
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Liu Ji
Liu Hongye
Liu Ji
Liu Ji
Liu Hongye
Li Yifu
Liu Shi
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yi
Li Yi
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Tang Lin
Li Yi
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li
Li Yifu
Li Yi
Li Chongde
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Chong
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Chong
Li Chongde
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Hu
Li Yifu
Li Xu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Liu Xiangda
Li Ji
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu


texts:
was a founder of the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) who worked for periods as a writer, editor, labor organizer, communist agent, politician, and university professor. He was the son of a wealthy Japanese merchant, and attended the prestigious Keio University. While in university, <mask> became interested in social movements, and joined a moderate labor organization after graduation, working as a research staff member, and as a writer and editor of the organization's magazine. He traveled to Britain in 1919 to study political economy, where he deepened his studies of Marxism and became a confirmed communist. <mask> was a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain, but his activity within British communist circles led to him being deported from Britain in 1921. After leaving Britain, <mask> traveled through the Soviet Union (USSR). He returned to Japan in 1922, where he co-founded the Japanese Communist Party (JCP).<mask> became a labor organizer, but was arrested twice by the Japanese government for his activities. After being released from prison a second time, <mask> secretly returned to the USSR in 1931, where he became an agent of the Comintern. He traveled to the West Coast of the United States, where he worked as a spy from 1934 to 1938. After leaving the United States, <mask> worked in China from 1940 to 1945, supporting the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) by encouraging and recruiting captured Japanese soldiers to support and fight for the Chinese communists against the Imperial Japanese Army, and coordinating a spy network that operated throughout Japanese-occupied China. After the surrender of Japan in 1945, <mask> returned to Japan with hundreds of other Japanese communists, where he led the Japanese Communist Party during the occupation of Japan. <mask> attempted to brand the JCP as a "lovable" populist party supporting Japan's peaceful transition to socialism, but his strategy was criticized within the party and within the Soviet Union. During the Korean War the JCP temporarily endorsed violence, and <mask> disappeared from public life and went underground.He re-emerged to lead the JCP again in 1955, after which he attempted to disrupt the US-Japan Security Treaty by organizing public demonstrations, but he generally supported the JCP's role as a peaceful party. In 1958 <mask> became Chairman of the JCP, a position he held until retirement at the age of 90, after which he was declared Honorary Chairman. <mask> joined the faculty of Keio University, and he was widely idolized among left-wing intellectuals until shortly before his death, when the fall of the Soviet Union exposed controversial aspects of his relationship with Stalin's Communist regime. Biography

Early life
<mask> <mask> was the son of a prosperous Japanese merchant and was raised in a bourgeois environment. As a young man <mask> was known for his fashionable taste in clothing and for the large dog that often accompanied him in public. He was quiet, serious, studious, introverted, and more comfortable in libraries than at public demonstrations. After his secondary education, <mask> attended Keio University, which was then considered a "rich boys school".At Keio, Nosaka became interested in the international labor movement, an interest that was largely supported by one of his professors, Kiichi Horie. <mask> decided to write his senior thesis on the moderate labor organization founded by Bunji Suzuki, "Yuaikai" ("The Friendly Society"). To research his thesis, <mask> contacted Yuaikai'''s head office, and acquainted himself with its senior leaders: Suzuki initially mistook Nosaka for a salesman the first time they met, but eventually grew fond of Nosaka. When <mask> graduated from Keio, in 1915, he joined Yuaikai and worked for the organization as a research staff member and as an editor of the organization's journal, Rodo Oyobi Sangyo (Labour and Industry). Nosaka became interested in communism after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. As a greater volume of leftist literature entered Japan from the West, <mask>'s political orientation moved farther from the center. The first Western texts on revolutionary social theory available in Japan were mostly on anarchism, but Nosaka also enjoyed Edward Bellamy's utopian novel, Looking Backward.In 1918-1919 <mask> read an English copy of The Communist Manifesto brought to Japan by his friend, Shinzo Koizumi. After reading The Communist Manifesto, Nosaka embraced the theories of Marxism. <mask> announced his intentions to go abroad to study social theory in the November 1918 issue of Rodo Oyobi Sangyo. He sailed out of Kobe harbor on July 7, 1919, and arrived in London on August 27. After his arrival, <mask> studied political economy at London University. Like many British intellectuals at the time, <mask> deepened his studies of Marxism, and became a confirmed communist at the university. While in London <mask> became active in communist circles.He affiliated himself with notable trade union leaders active in London, and attended the September 8–13, 1919 Glasgow Trade Union Congress as a correspondent for Rodo Oyobi Sangyo. <mask> was a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1920, and attended the Party's first session as a representative from London. <mask>'s activities within the Communist Party brought him to the attention of Scotland Yard, and <mask> was deported from Britain in 1921. After he left Britain, <mask> traveled through Europe to the newly formed Soviet Union. In Russia, with the help of friendly contacts in the communist hierarchy, <mask> became influential within the Communist Party. <mask> was suspected of being either a British or Japanese agent; but, because of his contacts among high-ranking Finnish and Russian leaders, <mask> was never purged. <mask> wrote A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan.It was published by the International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions in 1921

After attending the Far Eastern People's Conference in the Soviet Union, <mask> returned to Japan in 1922, and helped found the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) that same year. <mask> was more secretive about his relationship with the Communist Party than he had been in Britain, and kept his membership a secret from Bunji Suzuki and other moderate labour leaders. After his return, <mask> worked as a trade unionist and editor of the JCP's official newspaper, Musansha Shimbun. Because of his activities within the Communist Party (which was illegal in Japan), <mask>, like many communists in Japan, was arrested (twice in his case), interrogated, and tortured by the Kenpeitai, but he was released after short periods both times. <mask> was first arrested in 1923, and released within a year. After his release, <mask> became more active within the Japanese labor movement. In March 1928, the Japanese police began a campaign to harass and destroy the JCP, beginning with the May 15 Incident.After his second arrest in 1929, <mask> spent two years in jail. He was released in 1931 on the grounds of illness. The short lengths of <mask>'s arrests aroused suspicion among other Japanese communists that <mask> had given important information to the Japanese secret police, but these suspicions were never acted upon. Comintern agent
Upon his release, <mask> secretly returned to the Soviet Union, arriving in Moscow in March 1931. While there, <mask> served as a representative of the JCP, and worked as an executive member of the Comintern. While in Moscow <mask> helped to draft the "1932 Thesis", which became the guiding document of the JCP until 1946. Most of his colleagues active in the JCP, who were not able to go abroad, were subsequently arrested by the kempeitai by the fall of 1932.Ariyoshi, Beechert, and Beechert p. 124

One of Nosaka's friends was Kenzo Yamamoto, a legendary Japanese communist who had been in the Soviet Union with his common-law wife, Matsu, since 1928.Yamamoto had a reputation as a great womanizer; and, when rumors circulated that Yamamoto was engaged in an affair with <mask>'s wife, Ryu, Nosaka wrote a confidential letter to the NKVD (dated February 22, 1939) indicating that he believed Yamamoto and his wife were likely Japanese spies in the pay of the Kenpeitai. On Stalin's orders, both Yamamoto and Matsu were arrested as spies. A firing squad executed Yamamoto, and Matsu died in a gulag. Both Yamamoto and his wife were formally rehabilitated after their deaths by Nikita Khrushchev on May 23, 1956, recognizing the lack of any evidence that the two were actually spies. In his autobiography, <mask> later wrote that he had tried to save Yamamoto's life. In 1934, <mask> secretly traveled to the West Coast of the United States, where he became involved in intelligence work on behalf of the International Liaison Department of the Comintern against the Imperial Japanese government. Nosaka's activities included disseminating information to communists still active in Japan, infiltrating and making contact with the Japanese communities active in the United States, and establishing a number of communist front organizations in Seattle, Los Angeles, and other cities on the West Coast.<mask> worked to gain funding from the Comintern for his activities, and attempted to have other Japanese Communists secretly relocated to America. He planned to recruit American and Japanese agents to send  to Yokohama to establish a cell that would  operate as a communist front organization. Because the records from this period are incomplete, historians cannot be certain to what extent <mask>'s efforts in America were successful. <mask> worked as a Comintern agent in America until 1938, when he returned to Moscow. In 1940, the Comintern ordered Nosaka to aid communist forces in China. In May 1943, <mask> was the representative of the JCP in the case of the dissolution of the Comintern. Activities in China

From March 1940 to the end of 1945, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, <mask> resided at the Chinese Red Army base in Yan'an, in Shaanxi Province, where he headed the Japanese People's Emancipation League (JPEL).The JPEL engaged in the "re-education" of numerous Japanese prisoners of war (POWs) and created propaganda on behalf of the Chinese Communists. Japanese troops captured by the Communists were then used by the Communists in various civilian and military roles, and were especially valued because their level of technical expertise was generally greater than that of most Chinese soldiers. "Re-educated" Japanese troops were instrumental in a number of Communist victories after World War II, including the 1949 Pingjin Campaign, in which most of the artillery fielded by the Communists was manned by Japanese gunners. In general, the method of "re-education" devised and employed by Nosaka was highly effective. Initially, the Red Army was a purely guerrilla force without the facilities to imprison POWs. The policy of the Eighth Route Army, the main communist force active during World War II, was to interrogate prisoners and then release them. After reports surfaced that the Japanese were punishing Japanese prisoners after they returned, the Red Army's policy gradually changed to one of retraining POWs, and the communists began to implement this policy after Nosaka arrived in Yan'an.By the time of its war with China, the Japanese army was educating its officers and common soldiers to die rather than surrender. Injured soldiers were easily captured, and made up the bulk of Japanese POWs. Captured Japanese believed that they would be killed, but were instead fed and clothed, and began to develop a rapport with their captors. Besides Nosaka's regimen of psychological indoctrination, there were several reasons that Japanese POWs chose to join the Chinese communists. Communist guerrillas took care to develop an early rapport with their prisoners by treating them well. Captured Japanese soldiers were generally moved when they learned of the terrible conditions the war inflicted on the Chinese people, a perspective that they had not been exposed to before their capture. Closer to the end of  the war, the growing possibility of defeat created anxiety among the Japanese army.Because of the Japanese military's policy to never surrender, Japanese soldiers never received any training about how to act as POWs: upon returning to Japanese ranks, many would face disgrace, punishment, and starvation. Many Japanese soldiers committed suicide after their capture, but those who chose to live generally came to sympathize with the Chinese. The Japanese army was aware of the existence of Nosaka's Communist Japanese soldiers, and feared the phenomena out of proportion to their actual threat. Koji Ariyoshi, an American who met Nosaka in Yan'an wrote that Nosaka was "the Japanese national who undoubtedly contributed the most in the war against Japanese militarism". The Japanese army attempted to use numerous spies and assassins in order to eliminate <mask> (who used the name "Okano Susumu" for the duration of the war), but were unsuccessful. <mask>

masks: Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Sanzō Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka


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 maintained a network of agents throughout Japanese-occupied China, which he used to gather information about events within the Japanese Empire and about the war. From 1940 to 1943, <mask>'s presence in China was kept a secret.Under a Chinese name, Lin Zhe, he directed the work of the Research Office of the Japanese Problem. His work with the Research Office in Yan'an brought Yan'an's intelligence information about Japan up to date. Nosaka collected newspapers and other publications from Japan. To research the enemy, <mask> and his crew took care to analyze current events in Japan and China, which they did by stocking Japanese newspapers, magazines, journals, and diaries that were purchased or seized on the battlefield. Nosaka's Japanese "prisoner converts" fought freely for the Chinese communists once their re-education was complete. In Yan'an, the Japanese lived normal lives without guards, owned a cooperative store, and printed their own news bulletins and propaganda. Visiting American officers used Nosaka's Japanese soldiers to critique and improve their own methods of anti-Japanese psychological warfare.Shortly after Japan's surrender in 1945, Nosaka began to march with approximately 200 other Japanese Communists across northern China. They arrived at the coast after picking up hundreds of other Japanese along the way. Demanding immediate repatriation from the first Americans they found, they declared their intention to return and work "for the democratization of Japan and the establishment of peace in the Far East". Although there are no records of the exact number of Japanese "re-educated" by Nosaka who elected to remain in Communist-occupied China after 1945, it is estimated that "the number must have been considerable". <mask>'s contributions to the eventual victory of the Red Army were not forgotten by the leaders he had worked with in China. In 1965, on the twentieth anniversary of Japan's defeat, <mask> was publicly praised by name by the highest-ranking general in China at the time, Lin Biao. Postwar
Japanese political career

After the World War II, <mask>'s return to Japan was facilitated by E. Herbert Norman, the Canadian representative to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, who may also have been a Soviet spy.Before returning to Japan, <mask> gained Stalin's endorsement for the leadership of the Japanese Communist Party. <mask>'s re-entry to Japan was also aided by the American diplomat John S. Service, who had a history of being friendly to Chinese Communists. Before returning to Japan, <mask> advised Joseph Stalin to retain the position of the Japanese Emperor, but to replace Emperor Hirohito with Crown Prince Akihito if the Communists ever gained control of Japan. <mask> returned to Japan in January 1946, and received a hero's welcome by the JCP. He returned to China as a recognized protege of Mao Zedong, and enjoyed the informal recognition as a "roving ambassador" for Japanese communism. After his return to Japan, <mask> worked to organize Japanese communists. In the general elections of 1946, he and four other members of the JCP were elected to the Diet, and the party received 4% of the popular vote.The JCP made progress infiltrating Japanese labor associations and socialist parties; and, in the general elections of 1949, the JCP gained 10% of the popular vote. In May 1950, shortly after the United States entered the Korean War with the support of the United Nations, the Cominform criticized the JCP's gradualist policies, and directed the party to actively disrupt the American occupation. Throughout the 1950s, <mask>'s efforts were challenged by American occupying forces, as part of a broader effort to suppress leftists. In 1949, a Communist-led general railroad strike led to several attempted derailments, and Sadanori Shimoyama, the president of Japanese National Railways, was found lying across a set of train tracks in Tokyo with his arms and legs cut off. These and other incidents of terrorism were received poorly by the Japanese public, and cost the JCP most of its popular support. The American commander of occupied Japan, Douglas MacArthur, declined to outlaw the JCP, but held the Party's leaders responsible, and, in June 1950, ejected <mask> and the other Communist legislators who were elected in 1946. After losing his seat in the Diet, <mask> disappeared from public life and was forced to work underground.After <mask> went underground, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency reported that he had temporarily returned to China. His strategy of "peaceful revolution" was criticized by the Cominform, and the Party temporarily endorsed violent revolution until 1952. After working covertly for several years, <mask> re-emerged in 1955 as the First Secretary of the JCP. <mask> was briefly arrested after he resurfaced, but quickly released. In 1958, <mask> became the chairman of the JCP's Central Committee. He played a part in organizing the Anpo Protests in 1960 against the revised US-Japan Security Treaty. In May 1960, as the protests were reaching their height, <mask> published a lengthy essay in the Communist journal Zen'ei titled "We Will Not Accept the New Security Treaty."These massive demonstrations forced the American president, Dwight Eisenhower, to cancel a visit to Japan, and forced the Japanese Premier, Nobusuke Kishi, to resign, but failed to achieve their main goal of seriously disrupting US-Japan relations. In Japanese public opinion, the demonstrations were received as a national embarrassment, and the JCP received only 3% of the popular vote in the 1960 elections. After the bill was passed in spite of opposition, Inejiro Asanuma, the leader of the Japanese Socialist Party that was among the opposition, held a rally for an upcoming election, during which Otoya Yamaguchi, a far-right activist, rushed onto the stage and fatally stabbed Asanuma twice in the stomach with a wakizashi while Asanuma was taking part in a debate. After his arrest, Yamaguchi told police that he had hoped to assassinate <mask> as well. In Nov 1963, <mask> survived an assassination attempt while making a speech in Osaka. The perpetrator was 22-year-old Masahiro Nakao, a member of the rightist group Dai Nippon Gokuku Dan. Nakao, armed with a dagger, leaped on a platform where Nosaka was giving his speech.Nakao was subdued by Party members who turned him over to the police. Nosaka attempted to keep the JCP neutral during the Sino-Soviet Split of the 1960s, though the CIA interpreted that <mask>'s party remained somewhat more friendly with the Chinese. On <mask>'s seventieth birthday party in 1962, <mask> received extravagant praise from Beijing. Deng Xiaoping praised <mask> as an "outstanding fighter of the Japanese people and comrade-in-arms of the Chinese people". The Soviets sent <mask> a matter-of-fact confirmation of his status within the JCP, and within a month sent the JCP another letter scolding the Party for not adequately supporting Soviet positions. The Soviets' measured praise of Nosaka was consistent with earlier Cominform criticism of Nosaka's political theories, which advocated a peaceful transition into communism. After his re-entry into public life in 1955, <mask> was elected to the House of Councillors, a post that he held until 1977.<mask> joined the faculty of Keio University, and was one of many prominent communist intellectuals active in Japanese academic institutions in his time. <mask> remained the JCP's chairman from 1958 to 1982, when he stepped down at the age of 90 and took the role of "Honorary Chairman". Scandal
On September 27, 1992, two Journalists working for the magazine Shukan Bunshun, Akira Kato and Shun'ichi Kobayashi, publicly revealed evidence of <mask>'s involvement in the deaths of Kenzo Yamamoto and his wife. On a trip to Moscow, Kobayashi and Kato had managed to purchase a number of KGB documents, which had been kept secret since the Stalinist era. Among these documents was the letter that <mask> had written in 1939 denouncing Yamamoto and his wife. The revelations of <mask>'s involvement in Yamamoto's death shocked the JCP, already reduced to six seats in the Diet after the 1991 elections. Akahata ("Red Flag"), a prominent communist newspaper, sent a team of journalists to Moscow to investigate the allegations, and they confirmed the authenticity of the documents.After the allegations against <mask> became widely known, he checked himself into Yoyogi Hospital in Tokyo (a common tactic of Japanese politicians facing scandal). When a team of investigators sent by the JCP visited him, <mask> confessed that the letter was his, but refused to discuss the matter further. The JCP ordered <mask> to be present for a general Party meeting on December 27, 1992. After some deliberation, the party that <mask> helped found expelled him by unanimous vote. The Party newspaper reported that <mask>, when asked if he had any reply to the charges against him, would only state: "I have nothing to say". One year after being expelled from the Japanese Communist Party, <mask> <mask> died in his home of old age. Outside the JCP, <mask> was remembered for his gentle demeanor, good manners, and conservative sense of style, "just like a British gentleman".He was 101 years old. Legacy
The Chinese Documentary series "Today In The History Of Anti-Japanese War" dedicated an episode to <mask> <mask>. <mask> <mask> was featured in the "International Friends during the Anti-Japanese War". A show organized by the Beijing People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries. The show "features 160 pictures of 39 foreign friends who worked together with the Chinese people and made contributions to China's independence and freedom." Family
Yonago <mask> was the foster daughter of <mask> <mask>. She attended the 60th anniversary of the victory of the War against Fascism.She received a medal as a daughter of Sanzō <mask>. Names
Nosaka used the pen names of Okano and Lin Zhe. See also
Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period
Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan
Wataru Kaji
Hideo Noda
Hotsumi Ozaki

Works

Footnotes

References
 Ariyoshi, Koji, Alice M. Beechert, and Edward D. Beechert. From Kona to Yenan: The Political Memoirs of Koji Ariyoshi. United States of America: Biography Research Center. 2000.  .  Retrieved on August 14, 2011. Associated Press."Obituaries: Sanzo <mask>; Japanese Communist". Los Angeles Times. November 17, 1993. Retrieved August 14, 2011. "Sanzo Nosaka Ousted Communist". The Baltimore Sun. November 15, 1993.Retrieved September 25, 2011. "Nosaka Sanzo". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011. Gillin, Donald G. and Etter, Charles. "Staying On: Japanese Soldiers and Civilians in China, 1945-1949."The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 42, No. 3, May 1983. Retrieved on February 23, 2011. Inoue, Prof. Hisashi. "CCP/Eighth Route Army’s Policies Toward POWs and the Japanese Anti-War Movement in China".Harvard University. June 2002. Retrieved August 17, 2011. "Spy Against Japan: Letters Shed New Light on Nosaka's Espionage Acts". The Japan Times Online. October 22, 2000. Retrieved August 16, 2011.Kifner, John. "John Service, a Purged 'China Hand,' Dies at 89". The New York Times. February 4, 1999. Retrieved December 7, 2011. Kirkup, James. "Obituary: Sanzo Nosaka".The Independent. November 16, 1993. Retrieved August 14, 2011. Lin Biao. "Build a People’s Army of a New Type". Long Live the Victory of People’s War! Foreign Languages Press.September 3, 1965. Retrieved August 17, 2011. Lucas, Dean. "By the Sword". Famous Pictures: The Magazine. July 7, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2013.Miwa, Yoshiro & Ramseyer, J. Mark "The Good Occupation". Harvard: John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics, and Business. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law School. May 2005. Retrieved December 7, 2011. Pace, Eric."Sanzo <mask>, 101, Communist in Japan Ejected by the Party". The New York Times. November 15, 1993. Retrieved August 14, 2011. Scalapino, Robert A. The Japanese Communist Movement: 1920-1966. London, England: Cambridge University Press.1967. Retrieved December 8, 2011. Taylor, John. The Japanese Communist Party: 1955-1963. CIA/RSS. March 20, 1964. Retrieved August 16, 2011.Whitney, Maj. Gen. Courtney. "Lifting Up a Beaten People" LIFE Magazine. Chicago: TIME. August 22, 1955. Retrieved August 16, 2011. Universalium. "Nosaka, Sanso".Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias''. 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2011. Further reading

External links

1892 births
1993 deaths
Comintern people
Japanese centenarians
Men centenarians
Japanese Communist Party politicians
Japanese revolutionaries
Keio University alumni
Keio University faculty
Members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
Members of the House of Representatives (Empire of Japan)
Members of the House of Representatives (Japan)
Politicians from Yamaguchi Prefecture
People of the Second Sino-Japanese War
Japanese spies for the Soviet Union
Japanese expatriates in the Soviet Union
Political party founders
Japanese anti-fascists
Communist Party of Great

masks: Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Sanzō Nosaka Nosaka Sanzō Nosaka Sanzō Nosaka Nosaka Sanzō Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka


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<mask> (born 13 August 1943) is a Honduran politician who served as the interim de facto president of Honduras from 28 June 2009 to 27 January 2010 as a result of the 2009 Honduran coup d'état. The Honduran military ousted the President, and the National Congress read a letter of resignation, which was refuted two minutes later by Zelaya in conversation with CNN en Español; days later, the coup-plotters claimed that the Supreme Court had ordered to forcefully detain President Manuel Zelaya because "he was violating the Honduran constitution"; Zelaya was exiled rather than arrested. <mask>, constitutionally next in line for the presidency, was sworn in as president by the National Congress a few hours after Zelaya was sent into exile by the Honduran military. He was not acknowledged as de jure president by any government or international organization. The 2009 General Election took place as planned in November and elected Porfirio Lobo Sosa to succeed <mask>. Before serving as president, <mask> was the president of Honduras' National Congress. A deputy in Congress since 1982, <mask> is currently a member of the Liberal Party of Honduras.Family background
Born in El Progreso, Yoro Department, Micheletti was the eighth of nine siblings (6 boys, 3 girls). <mask>'s father was Umberto <mask>, who immigrated from the Bergamo province of Lombardy, Italy. His mother was Donatella Bain Moya, also born in El Progreso. He is married to Siomara Girón and they have 3 children. Political career
In 1963, <mask> was a member of the honor guard of President Ramón Villeda, who was toppled by the military; <mask> was arrested and jailed on 3 October and jailed for 27 days. In 1973 he moved to the United States, living in Tampa, Florida, then in New Orleans, Louisiana, for two years before returning to Honduras in 1976. While living in the USA he finished high school and started his own business.Deputy
<mask> won a Congressional seat in 1982 which he has held till June 2009, except for a brief period when he ran Hondutel, Honduras' state-owned national telephone company. In 1985 <mask> was part of a group of deputies who signed a motion calling for the National Congress to reseat itself as a National Constituent Assembly. A Venezuelan government webpage claims that the proposal was aimed at enabling then-President <mask> to run for re-election in the 1985 Honduras presidential election. Ultimately the proposal was dropped when most congressmen refused to support the motion. He has twice sought his party's nomination to run for president, both times failing to win the internal election for the nomination of his party, the latter occasion in 2008 to former Vice President Elvin Santos, who won the Liberal nomination for the November 2009 presidential election. President of the National Congress
<mask> presided over the National Congress of Honduras from 25 January 2006 until 28 June 2009. Although he was a member of the same party as Manuel Zelaya, there had been conflict between the two politicians before the constitutional crisis.Presidency (2009-2010)

The Ministerio Publico's office charged Manuel Zelaya with violations of the constitution, laws and court orders. The Supreme Court issued an arrest warrant. On the morning of June 28, 2009, the military arrested President Zelaya and deported him to Costa Rica. After a resignation letter from President Manuel Zelaya was read to the National Congress of Honduras, which Zelaya later denied writing, Zelaya was dismissed as president, by a show of hands in the National Congress, on 28 June. Congress, under Articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 205, 220, subsections 20, 218, 242, 321, 322 and 323 of the Constitution of the Republic, unanimously agreed to:
 disapprove Zelaya's repeated violations of the constitution, laws and court orders,
 remove Zelaya from the post, and,
 name the current President of Congress <mask> to complete the constitutional term ending January 27, 2010. The Honduran constitution mandated that the head of Congress, <mask>, act as the provisional head of state since Vice President Elvin Ernesto Santos had resigned in December 2008 to run for president. <mask>'s term in office saw demonstrations for and against him, although the demonstrations for him encountered none of the violent repression from the police.Domestically his government was supported by organizations such as Unión Cívica Democrática and opposed by the "Resistance". International support for the <mask> government was scant. Official reactions from many international leaders condemned the ousting of President Zelaya, many of them calling for his reinstatement. The Organization of American States (OAS) said it would not recognize any government other than that of Manuel Zelaya. The United States rejected the overthrow of Zelaya in statements by President Barack Obama, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Ambassador to Honduras Hugo Llorens. The European Union also condemned the ousting of Zelaya. Cuban president Raúl Castro asked for the return of democracy in Honduras.Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez stated that he had put his nation's armed forces on alert, and vowed to take military action if Venezuela's embassy or envoy to Honduras were harmed. <mask>'s 25-year-old nephew Enzo <mask> was abducted and found murdered in late October 2009 though no evidence linking this crime to the political events going on was discovered. Deaths that have been allegedly linked to the violence in the aftermath of the coup include 19-year-old Isis Obed Murillo Mencías, shot in the head on 5 July when Zelaya's plane was trying to land at Toncontin Airport; 40-year-old campesino leader and Democratic Unification Party member Ramón García on 12 July, after he was forced by unknown people to get off a bus; 23-year-old Pedro Magdiel Muñoz Salvador, allegedly detained by police during anti-coup protests and taken to an El Paraíso police station on 24 July, allegedly found at 6:30 am the following morning with 42 stab wounds and 38-year-old high school teacher Roger Abraham Vallejo Soriano, shot in the head allegedly by security forces during protests on 31 July, dying on 1 August. Costa Rican President Óscar Arias acted as a mediator in the talks between the Honduran government and Manuel Zelaya to try to find a political solution. He presented a seven-point agreement, which called for a unity government. Zelaya wanted to become president again and the Supreme Court warned that only Congress could grant amnesty to Zelaya. Zelaya's representatives accepted the Arias proposal "in principle" but <mask>'s representatives balked at the key point of Zelaya returning to power in Honduras.In an open letter to the Wall Street Journal published on 27 July 2009, <mask> listed the Honduran government's reasons and justification for ousting Zelaya. In it, <mask> claimed Zelaya's removal from office was supported by the Supreme Court (15-0), an overwhelming majority of Congress, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, the Administrative Law Tribunal, the independent Human Rights Ombudsman, the two major presidential candidates of the Liberal and National Parties and Honduras’ Catholic Cardinal. <mask> also stated that it was not a "military coup" since the military was following orders given by a civilian Supreme Court and Zelaya was replaced with a civilian from the line of succession prescribed in the Constitution. On 21 August 2009, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights dispatched a six-member delegation which reported accusations it received. The delegation was told of alleged violent confrontations and arbitrary arrests. Someone even accused the police of rape. Some alleged that judges were threatened "at gunpoint".Based on the statements it received, the delegation concluded that there was "an atmosphere of intimidation that inhibits the free exercise of freedom of expression". On March 11, 2010, the US Department of State released their annual report on Human Rights, in which they stated "On June 28, the military forcibly removed and sent into exile President Jose Manuel Zelaya, and Congress President <mask> Bain became the leader of a de facto regime. Until the June 28 coup d'état (June coup), the country was a constitutional, multiparty democracy with a population of approximately eight million..." and "Although the coup was bloodless, subsequent related events resulted in the loss of life as well as limitations by the de facto regime on freedom of movement, association, expression, and assembly". In an official press release published in their website, the US Embassy in Tegucigalpa stated that "Before the June 28, 2009 coup d'état, Honduras faced substantial challenges in the protection of human rights, had one of the Western Hemisphere's highest homicide rates, and some killings appearing to be politically motivated. The human rights climate deteriorated significantly following the coup, especially with regard to respect for the rights of women, members of ethnic communities and sexual minorities and other vulnerable groups. While the de facto regime was in power, there were incidents resulting in loss of life, disproportionate use of force, including beatings by security forces of protestors, sexual assaults, as well as other serious human rights abuses. The de facto regime engaged in substantial interference with freedom of movement, association, expression, and assembly."According to the US Embassy's website, they "expressed to the Honduran Attorney General, members of the security forces, and the Human Rights Ombudsman, among others, their serious concerns about reported human rights abuses". According to the latest Greenberg Quinlar Rosler Research opinion poll during October 9–13, 48% of Hondurans regarded <mask>'s performance as good or excellent. 50% regarded his performance as bad or poor. The 2009 General Election took place, as planned, on 29 November. The National Party candidate, Porfirio Lobo Sosa, was victorious over Liberal Party candidate Elvin Santos, winning the election with 56.56% of the vote. Lobo Sosa was inaugurated as president on January 27, 2010. Legislator for life
In January 2010 the Honduran Congress granted <mask> the status of "legislator for life".This appointment does not make him immune from prosecution, as some international media sources stated. Attack on his daughter
On 5 November 2013 a daughter of <mask> was shot at, but not seriously injured, while driving with her chauffeur and armed guards. See also
Adolfo Facussé, prominent Honduran businessman, supporter of <mask>

References

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1943 births
Honduran people of Italian descent
People of Lombard descent
Living people
People from Yoro Department
Presidents of Honduras
Presidents of the National Congress of Honduras
Deputies of the National Congress of Honduras
Leaders who took power by coup

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