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<mask> (born 14 August 1980) is an Australian politician, serving as leader of the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party and Leader of the Opposition following the 2018 state election. First entering state parliament as a member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 2015, he held Cabinet portfolios in the Weatherill Ministry from 2016, before moving to the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Croydon in 2018. Early life
<mask> was born in South Australia to Kathryn (Kate) née May and <mask> in 1980. Malinauskas' paternal Hungarian grandmother Eta survived World War II and escaped the post-war communist Hungarian state when she emigrated to Bathurst in New South Wales. She married <mask>., a Lithuanian refugee, and the couple moved to Adelaide, later opening a fish and chip shop. <mask>' mother's forebears were middle-class Irish. In his school years, <mask>' family resided in Colonel Light Gardens.Being from a Catholic family, <mask> was sent to Mercedes College where he displayed leadership potential in football and cricket, as well as excelling in his studies. He was a member of the student representative council and was school captain in year 12. Mercedes College principal <mask> recalled Malinauskas as being "a future leader". Additionally, Daw recalled Malinauskas as being "one of those kids involved in lots of things" and a "popular lad" with a "magnetic personality that appealed to teachers and students alike". Union figure
<mask> worked for Woolworths for seven years from age 15, first as a trolley boy and later a checkout operator and nightfiller. He  formed an early and enduring political relationship with Don Farrell through Woolworths workers' unionism. During his time at Woolworths, Malinauskas obtained a Bachelor of Commerce at the University of Adelaide.He became an influential union official who served from 2008 to 2015 as Secretary of the South Australian/Northern Territory branch of the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association (SDA), the major player in the dominant Labor Right faction of the South Australian branch of the Australian Labor Party. In August 2011, some media outlets claimed <mask> was the sole "faceless man" who informed Mike Rann he had lost the support of his party and to step down as Premier of South Australia in favour of Jay Weatherill. <mask> was elected in July 2015 to Labor's National Executive at the party's National Conference. Political views
Asked about progressive political issues in 2011 such as same sex marriage, stem-cell research, euthanasia and abortion, <mask> said his personal views would be "considered socially conservative" and went on to state "I didn't get involved in the Australian labour movement because of any of these issues. I believe in the fair go but I get frustrated with left-wing ideology that focuses more on imposing equality than providing for equality of opportunity. This is why I'm passionate about Australian education − universal access to quality schooling gives everyone the chance to succeed". Asked about nuclear power in South Australia, <mask> in 2014 said he was pro-nuclear despite Labor at the time remaining opposed to the establishment of a new nuclear waste repository or nuclear power plant in South Australia.<mask> stated "I believe climate change is a real challenge we need to face up to, and nuclear energy can be a safe source of base load power, with zero carbon emissions" and "we should have a mature debate based on science and economics to determine if a nuclear industry is viable in South Australia". In March 2015 Labor initiated a Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission, and in 2016 launched a "Get to know nuclear" campaign to further explore the commission's findings. In October 2016 at the South Australian Labor party conference, <mask> spoke of the protesters who had gathered outside in opposition to the establishment of new nuclear waste storage facilities. He told delegates: "The difference between us and them, of course, is that we take very seriously our obligation to make sure that our ideology is underpinned by evidence." Parliament

Following the parliamentary resignation of Bernard Finnigan on 12 November 2015, <mask> filled the Legislative Council casual vacancy in a joint sitting of the Parliament of South Australia on 1 December. Premier Jay Weatherill indicated that <mask> could enter the Cabinet of South Australia in an early 2016 ministerial reshuffle, with reports of media speculation and internal party talk suggesting <mask> could potentially become the next Labor Premier of South Australia, entering the House of Assembly through preselection as the next Labor candidate in Labor's safest lower house seat of Croydon with claims that incumbent Michael Atkinson "has long been willing to vacate his seat to Malinauskas if he ever wanted it". Atkinson announced in February 2017 that he would be retiring from parliament as of the 2018 election.Malinauskas confirmed he would be nominating for preselection. Malinauskas served in the Cabinet of South Australia in the Weatherill Ministry between January 2016 and March 2018, holding, at various times, ministerial portfolios with responsibility for
police (2016−2017), correctional services (2016−2017), emergency services (2016−2017), road safety (2016−2017), health (2017−2018), and mental health and substance abuse (2017−2018). <mask> won the seat of Croydon at the 2018 election. Labor leadership
Following the resignation of Jay Weatherill after the 2018 election, a caucus meeting on 9 April 2018 elected <mask> as Labor Leader. He consequently became Leader of the Opposition, with Susan Close as deputy. In April 2021, former Labor MP Annabel Digance and her husband were arrested and charged with attempting to blackmail Malinauskas. Police allege that the couple had threatened to make accusations against Malinauskas if he did not orchestrate Digance's return to politics by preselection for a safe seat or appointment to the Legislative Council or the Senate.In January 2022, <mask> was diagnosed with COVID-19 and announced that he would isolate at home. He said his wife and three children had returned negative results. Grant Stevens, the South Australia Police Commissioner and State Coordinator during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia was also diagnosed on the same day. A few days later, <mask> reported that his wife and three children had also caught the virus. He had recovered and was back in the community on 13 January 2022. See also
2022 South Australian state election

References

External links
  Retrieved 7 May 2020. Parliamentary Profile: SA Parliament website Retrieved 7 May 2020.|-

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1980 births
Living people
21st-century Australian politicians
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of South Australia
Australian people of Hungarian descent
Australian people of Irish descent
Australian people of Lithuanian descent
Australian trade unionists
Members of the South Australian Legislative Council
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly
University of Adelaide alumni

masks:
Peter Bryden Malinauskas
Malinauskas
Peter Malinauskas
Peter Malinauskas Sr
Malinauskas
Malinauskas
Malinauskas
Peter Daw
Malinauskas
Malinauskas
Malinauskas
Malinauskas
Malinauskas
Malinauskas
Malinauskas
Malinauskas
Malinauskas
Malinauskas
Malinauskas
Malinauskas
Malinauskas
Malinauskas


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born March 9, 1977) is a Czech former professional ice hockey right winger. Dvořák was drafted in the first round of the 1995 NHL Entry Draft, tenth overall, by the Florida Panthers. A veteran of 1,260 NHL games, <mask> has played for the Panthers, New York Rangers, Edmonton Oilers, St. Louis Blues, Atlanta Thrashers, Dallas Stars, Anaheim Ducks and the Carolina Hurricanes. Playing career

Florida Panthers
<mask> began his NHL career as an 18-year-old with the Florida Panthers in the 1995–96 season. In 77 games, Dvořák scored 13 goals and 27 points, as the Panthers reached the playoffs for the first time in club history. Dvořák helped the Panthers to the 1996 Stanley Cup Finals, earning four points in 16 games. He saw his numbers improve in his second season, scoring 18 goals and 39 points in 78 games to finish fourth in team scoring.He missed 18 games during the 1997–98 NHL season, but still scored 12 goals and 24 assists for 36 points. In his fourth season, Dvořák played in every game, scoring 19 goals and 43 points. He scored four shorthanded goals which placed him in a tie for fourth in the NHL. In 1999–2000, Dvořák scored 7 goals and 17 points in 35 games before being traded. On December 30, 1999, the Panthers traded him to the San Jose Sharks in exchange for Mike Vernon and the Sharks' third-round pick in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft, after which the Sharks traded <mask> to the New York Rangers for Todd Harvey and the Rangers' fourth-round pick in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. New York Rangers
Dvořák finished the 1999–2000 season with the Rangers, scoring 11 goals and 33 points in 46 games. In 2000–01, Dvořák was placed on a line with fellow Czechs Petr Nedvěd and Jan Hlavac and he would have a breakout season.In 79 games, Dvořák scored 31 goals and 36 assists for 67 points to finish fourth in team scoring. However, the Rangers would once again miss the playoffs. Dvořák saw his production fall during the 2001–02 season, scoring 17 goals and 37 points in 65 games. His production continued to fall during the 2002–03 season, as Dvořák had six goals and 27 points in 63 games with the Rangers. On March 11, 2003, the Rangers traded Dvořák and Cory Cross to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Anson Carter and Aleš Píša. Edmonton Oilers
Dvořák appeared in 12 games with the Oilers in 2002–03, scoring four goals and eight points, as Edmonton qualified for the playoffs. In his first playoff action since 1997, Dvorak scored a highlight reel goal in which he skated from end to end, scoring a game-winning goal.It would be his only point in four playoff games. <mask> returned to the Oilers in 2003–04, where he scored 15 goals and 50 points in 78 games, however, Edmonton failed to make the playoffs. During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Dvorak played with HC České Budějovice. He returned to the Oilers in 2005–06, where he had only eight goals and 28 points in 64 games. In the playoffs, Dvořák had two assists in 16 games, as the Oilers lost to the Carolina Hurricanes in the 2006 Stanley Cup Finals. He left the Oilers during the off-season, as he signed a one-year contract with the St. Louis Blues on September 14, 2006. St. Louis Blues
Dvořák spent the 2006–07 season with the Blues, where in 82 games, he scored 10 goals and recorded 27 assists for 37 points.The Blues failed to qualify for the playoffs, and <mask> left as a free agent after the season, returning to the Florida Panthers on July 1, 2007. Florida Panthers
<mask> returned to his original NHL team in the 2007–08 season. In 67 games with the Panthers, <mask> had only 8 goals and 17 points. He saw his numbers rebound in the 2008–09 season, with 15 goals and 36 points in 81 games. On July 1, 2009, <mask> signed a two-year, $3.4 million contract extension with Florida. In the 2009–10 season, he had 14 goals and 32 points in 76 games. On December 7, 2009, he played in his 1,000th NHL game against his former club, the Edmonton Oilers, at the BankAtlantic Center.During the 2010–11 season, the Panthers honoured <mask> for playing more career games as a Panther than anyone in franchise history on November 23 before a game against the Pittsburgh Penguins. In 53 games that year, Dvořák had 7 goals and 14 assists for 21 points. Atlanta Thrashers
On February 28, 2011, the Panthers traded <mask> (along with a fifth-round pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft) to the Atlanta Thrashers in exchange for Patrick Rissmiller and Niclas Bergfors. Dallas Stars
On July 1, 2011, Dvořák signed a one-year, $1.5 million contract with the Dallas Stars. On December 1, 2011, <mask> <mask> recorded his 350th career assist. Anaheim Ducks
During the 2012–13 NHL lockout, and as a free agent, Dvořák signed a contract with HC Davos of the Swiss National League A. He played in the final seven regular season games with Davos and contributed in their post-season campaign before he signed for the remainder of the shortened 2012–13 NHL season with the Anaheim Ducks on March 24, 2013.Carolina Hurricanes
On September 3, 2013, it was announced by Carolina Hurricanes general manager Jim Rutherford that <mask> would be invited to attend the Carolina Hurricanes' training camp. He subsequently signed a two-way contract with Carolina on October 2, 2013. He scored his first goal for the Hurricanes in the second period of a game against the Philadelphia Flyers. Retirement
<mask> retired from professional hockey on January 27, 2015, after 18 seasons and 1,260 games played in the NHL. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Transactions
July 8, 1995 — Florida Panthers 1st round draft choice, 10th overall in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. December 30, 1999 – Traded by the Florida Panthers to the San Jose Sharks in exchange for Mike Vernon. December 30, 1999 – Traded by the San Jose Sharks to the New York Rangers in exchange for Todd Harvey.March 11, 2003 – Traded by the New York Rangers, along with Cory Cross, to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Anson Carter and Aleš Píša. September 14, 2006 – Signed as a free agent with the St. Louis Blues. July 1, 2007 – Signed as a free agent with the Florida Panthers. July 1, 2009 – Signed a two-year, $3.4 million contract extension with Florida. February 28, 2011 – Traded by the Florida Panthers to the Atlanta Thrashers along with a fifth-round draft pick in exchange for Patrick Rissmiller and Niclas Bergfors. July 1, 2011 – Signed a one-year contract worth $1.5 million with the Dallas Stars. March 24, 2013 - Signed a one-year contract worth $675K with the Anaheim Ducks
October 2, 2013 - Signed a one-year contract worth $600K with the Carolina Hurricanes
January 27, 2015 - Retired from the NHL

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Anaheim Ducks players
Atlanta Thrashers players
Carolina Hurricanes players
Czech ice hockey right wingers
Dallas Stars players
Edmonton Oilers players
Florida Panthers draft picks
Florida Panthers players
HC Davos players
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Motor České Budějovice players
National Hockey League first round draft picks
New York Rangers players
Olympic ice hockey players of the Czech Republic
People from Tábor
St. Louis Blues players

masks:
Radek Dvořák
Radek
Dvořák
Dvořák
Dvořák
Dvořák
Dvořák
Dvořák
Dvořák
Dvořák
Dvořák
Radek
Dvořák
Dvořák
Dvořák


texts:
<mask> (born February 22, 1953) is an applied economist, educator, and political figure. She served on the Atlanta City Council and as a member of the Georgia State Assembly, as well as running as a candidate for Mayor of Atlanta. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Georgetown County, South Carolina near Murrells Inlet, South Carolina. She is the seventh of eight children born to Beatrice and <mask>, who were determined that their children would receive the high school education they never had. When she was four, her family moved to her parents' hometown, Plantersville, located in Georgetown County, South Carolina. Bromell graduated from Choppee High School in 1971. She was salutatorian and president of her graduating class.The first in her family to go to college, she attended the University of South Carolina in Columbia for her freshman year as a Herbert Lehman Scholar. She transferred to Howard University, where she earned a bachelor's degree in Fine Arts with honors in 1974. In 1976, <mask> married Soji <mask>, a Nigerian-born U.S. citizen who has a master's degree in civil engineering from Clemson University. They have four children and two grandchildren. Academia
Bromell decided on graduate studies, becoming the first African-American woman to earn an MS in Agricultural Economics (December 1977) from Clemson University. Her master's thesis addressed the problems associated with clouded title property, known as "heirs property". Her study was the first scientific documentation and measurement of the problem in South Carolina.Her findings were published in Progressive Farmer Magazine (1978), carried by many local newspapers throughout the State, presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association's annual meeting, and submitted to the South Carolina Legislature. State Rep. Herbert Fielding submitted a bill to correct problems identified by <mask> Tinubu. Briefly, freedmen after the American Civil War acquired parcels of property in coastal areas of the state, sometimes passing it on to heirs without much documentation. Parcels became divided with interests split among many heirs. Developers have sometimes persuaded an heir to seeka buyout of his or her share of the property ... Court action often followed to allow the individual to realize his or her share. Unfortunately, other family members were left out in the cold as the land was sold at sheriff's sales for pennies on the dollar. Through the years, millions of acres of heirs property have been lost by families that couldn't intervene.In 2006 the state passed its first law to provide more protection to families owning heirs property and who want to keep the family interest in the property. They have been given 10 days to inform courts that they need more time to contact family members and have a chance to buy out the person wanting to sell, and 45 days to raise the purchase price. Commentators believe these time periods need to be lengthened, given the complexity of many cases. <mask> <mask> continued with graduate work at Clemson, in August 1986 becoming the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in Applied Economics there. Her Ph.D. dissertation studied the financial stability of South Carolina's public water systems. She had started her college academic career as an associate professor of economics in 1986 at Spelman College (Atlanta, Georgia); she became chair of the economics department and earned tenure as full professor in 1992. Since her move to South Carolina, <mask> <mask> has worked as a teaching associate in the College of Business Administration at Coastal Carolina University in Conway.From 2001 to 2004, she was founder and CEO of Atlanta Cooperative Development Corporation, a community development business for home ownership. Beginning in July 2004, she served as the president of Barber–Scotia College, a historically black college in North Carolina. Political career
Entering politics in Georgia, <mask> <mask> was elected to the Georgia Board of Education. She was elected as a Democrat to the Georgia General Assembly (HD-60 Georgia General Assembly), where she served on its committees for intra-governmental relations, interstate cooperation, and small business/job creation. Previously she had served as a member of the Atlanta City Council and was a candidate for Atlanta mayor in 1997 and 2001. 2012 congressional campaign

Having joined the Democratic Party in South Carolina, in 2012 <mask> <mask> ran for the Democratic nomination in the newly created 7th congressional district. Having returned to South Carolina, she entered state politics.In 2012, she ran as a Democrat for Congress in South Carolina's newly established 7th congressional district against state representative Ted Vick and Myrtle Beach attorney Preston Brittain. Vick dropped out of the race prior to the primary. She had won the Democratic primary for the district seat with 73% of the votes. She is the first African-American woman in South Carolina to win her party's nomination for Congress. The South Carolina Election Commission declared <mask> Tinubu as the primary winner, but a judge ruled that the votes cast for Vick had to be counted. That dropped her percentage of the vote total below the 50 percent threshold needed to win the primary. Two weeks later, she beat Brittain in a primary runoff with 73 percent of the vote.Brittain had the endorsement of key Democratic leaders, including U.S. Rep. Jim Clyburn and former Gov. Jim Hodges. <mask> <mask> lost the election to Republican Tom Rice; he carried 56 percent of the votes to her 44 percent. 2014 congressional campaign

In 2014, she ran against Rice again, but she lost by bigger margins than in 2012. Rice won with 60% or 102,576 votes; <mask> Tinubu had 40% and 68,412 votes. References

External links
 Campaign site

1953 births
Living people
American women economists
American educators
Members of the Georgia House of Representatives
Women state legislators in Georgia (U.S. state)
African-American state legislators in Georgia (U.S. state)
African-American women in politics
Howard University alumni
Clemson University alumni
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
People from Murrells Inlet, South Carolina
Economists from South Carolina
21st-century American economists
20th-century American economists
Candidates in the 2012 United States elections
South Carolina Democrats
Candidates in the 2014 United States elections
Candidates in the 2020 United States elections
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American politicians

masks:
Gloria Bromell Tinubu
Gloria Bromell
Charlie Bromell
Bromell
Tinubu
Bromell
Bromell
Tinubu
Bromell
Tinubu
Bromell
Tinubu
Bromell
Tinubu
Bromell
Bromell
Tinubu
Bromell


texts:
<mask> (25 August 1905 – 29 July 1952) was an Indian writer and doctor known for her Urdu literature and trenchant social commentaries. She wrote short stories and plays and contributed to Angarey (1932), a collection of unconventional short stories written in collaboration with Sajjad Zaheer, Ahmed Ali, and Mahmuduz Zafar. During her lifetime, <mask> was an active member of the Progressive Writers' Movement and the Indian People's Theatre Association. <mask> has been called one of the first ever feminists and was a leading Indian Communist. These two schools of thought animated <mask>'s life and literary output. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on 25 August 1905 in Aligarh. She was the eldest of seven children born to Sheikh Abdullah and his wife <mask>.Her father was a leading pioneer of women's English-based education in India and established the Women's College, Aligarh at the Aligarh Muslim University. Sheikh Abdullah also ran the Urdu literary journal Khatun, which promoted women's emancipation and education, and to which <mask>'s mother was a frequent contributor. As <mask>'s future sister-in-law, Hamida Saiduzzafar, related in a 1973 interview, <mask> once said of her upbringing: ‘‘We have slept on the mattress of women's education and covered ourselves with the quilt of women's education from our earliest consciousness." Education
<mask> undertook her early education in Aligarh at the Muslim Girls' School and Hostel (which would later become the Women's College, Aligarh), where she studied until she was 16 years old. In 1921, she left Aligarh to join the Isabella Thoburn College in Lucknow, earning a degree in Inter-Science. <mask> wrote her first short stories for the Chand Bagh Chronicle, a publication of the Isabella Thoburn College. Three years later, in 1924, <mask> moved to Lady Hardinge Medical College in Delhi to study obstetrics and gynecology.As a medical student, <mask> organized literacy classes and free medical clinics for poor women. After graduating with an M.B.B.S. in 1929, <mask> joined the United Provinces Provincial Medical Service, and was posted to small towns across north India, from Bahraich to Bulandshahar and Meerut. Activism
In 1931, <mask> was posted to the Lady Dufferin Hospital (now the Dufferin Hospital) in Lucknow, the capital city of the United Provinces. In Lucknow, <mask> met Sajjad Zaheer, Ahmed Ali, and Mahmuduz Zafar. The following year, the quartet published Angaaray, a collection of short stories railing against the hypocrisies of Islamic orthodoxy and the British Raj. In 1933, <mask> joined the Communist Party of India and became a leading party figure in the United Provinces, adopting the moniker "Comrade <mask>."In October 1934, <mask> married Angaaray collaborator and noted Communist Mahmuduz Zafar. <mask> resigned from the United Provinces medical service and joined Zafar in Amritsar soon after. In 1935 and 1936, <mask> was intimately involved in the founding of the Progressive Writers' Association, organizing the First Progressive Writers' Conference in Lucknow during the April of 1936. In 1937, <mask> moved once again, this time to Dehradun, where she continued to be an active member of the Communist Party of India while working as a gynecologist and serving as the editor of the Communist newspaper-cum-literary journal Chingari. In early 1937, <mask> published a collection of plays and short stories entitled Aurat. In the summer of the same year, <mask> travelled to Vienna to seek medical aid for a thyroid problem. <mask>'s political, literary, and medical careers often intersected as she pursued wide-ranging feminist and socialist agendas in the 1930s.<mask> "offered women’s healthcare in lower caste and class communities, educated women in reproductive health and marriage rape in sweepers colonies, held adult education classes, ran her own gynecological medical practice, participated in trade union rallies and protest marches, [...] and authored and orchestrated political street theater." <mask>'s younger sister, Begum Khurshid Mirza, writes that <mask> "worked day and night, and most of her earnings went to the [Communist] party fund," from which she and her husband received a small sustenance allowance. Mirza further relates that <mask> became a sort of mother-figure for all the poor comrades and their families. According to Salman Haidar, <mask>'s nephew and former Foreign Secretary of India, <mask> was so extensively involved with Communist organizing that she was regularly followed by plainclothes policemen. <mask>'s organizing activities continued until March 1949, when she was jailed for three months for participating in a strike that paralyzed the United Provinces railway system. <mask> was released in May 1949 after participating in a hunger strike with her fellow prisoners, but cancer caused <mask>'s health to deteriorate by early 1950 and made <mask> unable to continue her lifelong activist projects. Death
On 2 July 1952, <mask> and her husband left India for the Soviet Union to seek treatment for <mask>'s uterine cancer.<mask> was admitted to the Kremlin Hospital but died on 29 July 1952, soon after arriving. <mask> is buried in a Moscow cemetery, where her tombstone reads, "Communist Doctor and Writer." Literary output
It is thought that <mask> wrote approximately 25-30 original short stories and 15-20 original plays in her lifetime. Two of these short stories appear in Angaaray and six appear in Aurat, while the rest have been lost to time for reasons of obscurity or limited initial circulation. The plays <mask> wrote were intended for radio, and were generally aired on All India Radio during her lifetime. <mask> also produced a number of translations of English, Russian, and Chinese short storiesamong them works by Anton Chekov, Maxim Gorky, and James Joyceand dramatized short stories written by other Urdu authors, such as Premchand. <mask>'s writings have appeared in Woh aur Dusre Afsane wa Drame (Maktaba Jamia, 1977) and A Rebel and Her Cause (Rakshanda Jalil, 2014).Angaaray
Published in December 1932 by Nizami Press, Angaaray (translated alternatively as "Embers" or "Burning Coals") was a volume of 10 short stories written by Sajjad Zaheer, Ahmed Ali, <mask>, and Mahmuduz Zafar. Zaheer contributed 5 short stories to the collection, Ali two, <mask> two, and Zafar one. The two pieces that <mask> contributed to Angaaray were Dilli ki Sair ("A Trip to Delhi") and Parde ke Peeche ("Behind the Veil"). Dilli ki Sair is a three page monologue told from the perspective of a Muslim woman, Malika Begum of Faridabad, who is telling her friends about her trip to Delhi with her husband. However, as her husband left her at the train station to meet one of his friends, the story largely consists of the narrator relating the happenings on the railway platform as she sits on her luggage, starving, and waiting for her husband to take her home. When her husband does return, he offers her a puri, leftovers from his meal in a restaurant, and becomes angry when she refuses. The narrator concludes her story by declaring that she would not want to take a trip even to paradise with her husband.As such, the story is considered to be a brief but penetrating meditation on life behind the veil and the blindness of male privilege towards the experience of women behind the purdah. Parde ke Peeche is a conversation between two women from affluent, sharif families. One of the women, Muhammadi Begum, has become sick due to multiple pregnancies, having given birth to a daughter every year that she has been married to her husband, who insists on a male heir. Her husband forces her to go through several operations on her sexual organs to make her more attractive and more capable of producing a boy, but Aftab Begum, Muhammadi's sister-in-law and interlocutor, eventually secures the services of a female doctor. This doctor warns Begum's husband that the continuous pregnancies are weakening the health of Muhammadi and suggests that the couple use birth control. This suggestion is clearly ignored, however, as by the end of the story, Begum has finally given birth to a boy, who is shown to mistreat his many elder sisters in the closing scene. Controversy
Angaaray railed against social inequity, hypocritical Mawlawis, and the exploitation of women in a deeply patriarchal society.These criticisms caused an uproar in the Indian Islamic community, and Angaaray was publicly condemned by the Central Standing Committee of the All-India Shia Conference in Lucknow as a "filthy pamphlet" that had "wounded the feelings of the entire Muslim community." Fatwas were issued against the book and the Urdu press called for its proscription. Demonstrations were held outside book stores and the publisher had to issue a written apology and surrender unsold copies to the government. In March 1933, the British colonial government banned the book for violating religious freedoms under Section 295A of the Indian Penal Code. The outcry was so severe that only five copies from the original press run still exist. Aurat
Aurat was a 1937 collection of six short stories and the titular play written by <mask>. A second edition was published posthumously in 1963 at the behest of <mask>'s father, Sheikh Abdullah.Bibliography
The literary works of <mask> include. Angarey (Nizami Press, Lucknow, 1932)
Dilli ki Sair
Parde ke peeche
Aurat aur digar afsane (Hashmi Book Depot, Lahore, 1937): collection of a play and six short stories
Aurat
 Mera ek safar
Sadak
Pun
Istakshara
Garibon ka Bhagvan
Salma
 Gosha-e-'afiyat (Corner of Prosperity), radio play produced in 1948
Sh'ula-e jvala (India Publisher, Lucknow, 1974) published posthumously under the editorship Dr. Hamida Saiduzzafar, and Naeem Khan
Iftari
Woh
Sauda
Asif <mask> ki Bahu
Chidda ki Ma
Andhe ki lathi

Legacy
In 1975, a memorial was held at the Ghalib Academy in New Delhi for the 70th anniversary of <mask>'s birth. The event was attended by a number of prominent Urdu and Hindi writers as well as numerous government officials. In 2004, Aligarh Muslim University stymied a proposed observance of <mask>'s centenary, fearing that "it would provoke political agitation." <mask>'s younger sister, Begum Khurshid Mirza (1918 – 1989), was a noted film actress in British India in the 1930s and 1940s, and later was an accomplished TV actress in Pakistan. Mirza's memoir was published in English in 2005 and includes a chapter on <mask> (pp. 86–104, A Woman of Substance: The Memoirs of Begum Khurshid Mirza, New Delhi: Zubaan, 2005).References

External links
 Angaaray (Penguin Books, 2014)
A Rebel and Her Cause (Oxford University Press, 2014)

1905 births
1952 deaths
Deaths from uterine cancer
Indian women short story writers
Women writers from Uttar Pradesh
Urdu-language short story writers
Indian communists
People from Aligarh
Deaths from cancer in the Soviet Union
20th-century Indian women writers
20th-century Indian non-fiction writers
Communist women writers
Indian political writers
Indian women political writers
20th-century Indian short story writers
Urdu-language writers from India
Progressive Writers' Movement
Female politicians of the Communist Party of India
Communist Party of India politicians from Uttar Pradesh

masks:
Rashid Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Rashid Jahan
Begum Wahid Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Rashid
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Rashid Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Rashid Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Rashid Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Jahan
Rashid Jahan
Jahan
Rashid Jahan


texts:
General Sir <mask>, 1st Baronet,  (7 May 1862 – 9 January 1946), known affectionately as Make-Ready (close to the correct pronunciation of his name), was a British Army officer. He served in senior staff appointments in the First World War and was the last British military commander in Ireland, and also served for two years as Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis in London. Early life
Macready was the son of the prominent actor <mask>. His father was 69 years old at Nevil's
birth. His paternal grandfather was <mask> (1755–1829), a famous Irish actor from Dublin. He was born in Cheltenham and was brought up in the bohemian circles frequented by his parents (his mother, Cecile, was the granddaughter of the painter, Sir William Beechey), and was educated at Marlborough College (for two years, before falling ill) and Cheltenham College. He later claimed that he was far too lazy to pursue an artistic career himself, and although he expressed an interest in a stage career, his father, who loathed his own profession, expressly forbade it (although he continued to be involved in amateur dramatics all his life and was also a talented singer).He therefore joined the Army, passing out from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and being commissioned into the Gordon Highlanders in October 1881. Regimental career
He joined the 1st Battalion Gordon Highlanders at Malta, and in 1882 went with them to Egypt, fighting at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir. This was the last battle in which the British Army fought in red coats. He stayed in Egypt, and in 1884 was appointed garrison adjutant and staff lieutenant of military police at Alexandria. In 1886, he married Sophia Geraldine Atkin (died 1931), an Irishwoman; they had two daughters and a son. Macready remained in Alexandria until early 1889, when he returned to England to rejoin his regiment, and then served in Ceylon and India. He was promoted captain in 1891.He was transferred to Dublin in 1892, and in 1894 became adjutant of the regiment's 2nd Volunteer Battalion in Aberdeenshire. In 1899, he was promoted major and returned to India to join the 2nd Battalion, which was sent to South Africa in September. Boer War and South Africa
Macready saw active service in the Second Boer War, serving in the besieged garrison at Ladysmith from October 1899 to February 1900. As a captain, returning from bringing in wounded, he first met Major-General John French on the battlefield of Elandslaagte, giving him a cup of coffee which he had looted from the Boers. He was mentioned in despatches twice and promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel in 1900, and in June 1901 headed a commission investigating cattle-raiding in Zululand. He stayed in South Africa in a series of staff posts, including Assistant Provost Marshal at Port Elizabeth (1901), Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General of the district west of Johannesburg (December 1901 – 1902), Assistant Adjutant-General and Chief Staff Officer of Cape Colony (1902–1905), and Assistant Quartermaster-General of Cape Colony (1905–1906). He was promoted colonel in November 1903.He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1906 and returned to Britain in October 1906. War Office
In 1907, Macready was appointed Assistant Adjutant-General in the Directorate of Personal Services at the War Office in London, and helped to form the Territorial Force. He commanded the 2nd Infantry Brigade at Aldershot from May 1909, being promoted to brigadier-general, and in June 1910 returned to the War Office as Director of Personal Services, responsible for a variety of personnel matters. Also having responsibility for military aid to the civil power, he played a large part in a series of labour disputes and in deploying troops to Ireland in anticipation of disturbances there. Unusually for an army officer of the time, he had marked liberal tendencies, believed in the right to strike, and supported Irish home rule. He was contemptuous of politics, socialism, communism, pacifism and capitalism (unless the employers treated their employees very well). He was promoted major-general in October 1910, and in November he took direct command of troops deployed to deal with a possible miners' strike, in the Rhondda Valley in South Wales, insisting that his troops remained subordinate both to the police and to the Home Office and not answerable to the panicking local magistrates.This policy probably helped to avert serious unrest in 1910 and again in a similar situation in 1912. A civil CB was added to his military CB in 1911 and, in 1912 he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB). After the Curragh incident in Ireland in March 1914, Macready was made General Officer Commanding Belfast District and was nominated as military governor-designate of Belfast in the event of civil war breaking out, something averted by the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. First World War, Ireland and Adjutant-General
On the outbreak of war in August 1914, Macready was immediately sent to France as Adjutant-General of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). In 1915, he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG). In February 1916, having carried out this job efficiently, he was recalled to London as Adjutant-General to the Forces, one of the most senior staff appointments in the British Army. In December 1915, Macready was warned by Special Branch of the impending violence and (Irish Nationalist) volunteer recruitment in Ireland, and from March 1916 was receiving warnings from daily police reports.At the War Office, civil servants as late as 10 April 1916, still believed there was no cause for concern in Nationalist Ireland:
 The British underestimated the intent of the Irish leaders. Macready advised General Maxwell (whose courts martial condemned the leaders of the Easter Rising to death) not to delay, and not to be afraid of overstepping authority. He was promoted lieutenant-general in June 1916 (although he was already temporarily in that rank). Macready was an enthusiastic proponent of the employment of female labour to free men to go to the front. He also abolished the compulsory wearing of moustaches by British soldiers, and immediately shaved off his own, which he had hated

During the final stages of the Third Battle of Ypres, Macready warned (4 October 1917) that the BEF could be kept up to strength if it suffered no more than a further 50,000 casualties before the end of the year, but the total exceeded this. The BEF suffered an alarming rise in drunkenness, desertions and psychological disorders; reports were gathered of soldiers returning from the front grumbling about "the waste of life" at Ypres. In 1918, Macready was promoted full general and appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG).He had been mentioned in despatches four times during the war, been made a Grand Officier of the Légion d'honneur of France (1915), and a member of the Order of the Crown of Belgium, the Order of the Crown of Italy, and the Order of the Sacred Treasures of Japan. Commissioner of Police
In August 1918, Macready somewhat reluctantly took the post of Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, head of the London Metropolitan Police, to which Prime Minister Asquith had intended to appoint him before war broke out in 1914. Morale was low, and many men were currently on strike over pay and trade union recognition. Macready got them back to work by granting a pay rise and promising the introduction of machinery for collective bargaining. He was popular among the constables and sergeants, whom he got to know far more than his predecessors had done. He abolished the system of punishment by deducting fines from men's pay over a period of months or even years. He also abolished the shilling a day deduction made from the pay of men on sick leave.He had an intense dislike of trade unions, and never took the short-lived National Union of Police and Prison Officers seriously, which partly led to the strike of 1919. Only a small percentage of the men went out on strike, and they were all dismissed, although Macready wrote a good reference for every one who asked. Ireland

Administration of justice and reform of the police
Macready disliked Ireland and the Irish. He had already written to Ian Macpherson on the latter's appointment as Chief Secretary for Ireland in January 1919: "I cannot say I envy you for I loathe the country you are going to and its people with a depth deeper than the sea and more violent than that which I feel against the Boche". In April 1920, Macready was sent to command the troops in Ireland as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) British forces operating in the counter-insurgency role against the Irish Republican Army in the Irish War of Independence (alongside Hamar Greenwood as the new Chief Secretary). He later stated in his memoirs that only loyalty to his "old Chief" Lord French (still Lord Lieutenant of Ireland at the time, although largely stripped of executive power in the spring of 1920) made him accept. Macready and Greenwood insisted on restoring proper authority, which was lax and enfeebled.Macready was experienced at crisis management. He demanded a higher pension than his predecessor and an increase in "table money" (entertainment expenses) from £500 to £1,400 as well as £5,000 "disturbance allowance". He was unimpressed by the administrative chaos in Dublin and the "crass stupidity which is so often found among police officers who have not been carefully selected". Nevertheless, he was a good and dynamic commander, increasing morale, improving policy and securing additional troops and equipment. He refused to also take command of the Royal Irish Constabulary, however, which reduced coordination between the police and Army. Major-General Hugh Tudor, a distinguished artilleryman, was appointed Police Advisor in May 1920, then Chief of Police in November 1920. A month after taking up official duties, Macready came to London to demand eight extra battalions of infantry and 234 motor vehicles.Sir Henry Wilson only learned of the request the evening before the Cabinet meeting and thought Macready "a vain ass" for not seeking his advice first. The cabinet agreed on 11 May 1920 to supply the vehicles and as far as possible the extra technical personnel requested, but on Wilson's advice agreed only to hold the extra battalions "in readiness". In July an argument with Catholic Archbishop Gilmartin, led him to exclaim that men could not be tried in Tuam, because nobody was willing to come forward for Jury service, "the people at least indifferent". With the army stretched very thinly by the deployment of two extra divisions to Iraq, and the threatened coal strike in September 1920, Macready warned that the planned withdrawal of ten battalions would make peacekeeping in Ireland impossible (unless the Army was given a free hand to conduct purely military operations, which the politicians did not want) and large portions of the RIC would probably change sides. Specials, Black and Tans and

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Cecil Frederick Nevil Macready
William Charles Macready
William Macready the Elder


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 reprisals
Macready opposed the formation of the Ulster Special Constabulary, announced by London on 20 October. The Specials were subsumed totally by Protestants clubs, such as the Cromwell Clubs. Dublin Castle wrote to Bonar Law, the Conservative Party leader, urging that the coalition government ban any recruitment from the Ulster Volunteer Force, an unreliable gang of paramilitaries.A military committee of review appointed by the Cabinet, which Macready chaired, opposed the recruitment of the Black and Tans and Auxiliary Division, and he continued to be a strident critic of these bodies. The government pressed ahead with recruiting auxiliaries, whose numbers would eventually peak at 1,500 in July 1921. Macready had been initially impressed by Tudor and thought he was getting rid of "incompetent idiots" from senior police positions. According to Tudor's Weekly Summary Joseph Byrne and Macready were concerned about frequently drunk on duty policemen. Macready and Wilson became increasingly concerned that Tudor, with the connivance of Lloyd George, who loved to drop hints to that effect, was operating an unofficial policy of killing IRA men in reprisal for the deaths of pro-Crown forces. However Macready also told Wilson that the Army was arranging "accidents" for suspected IRA men, but not telling the politicians as he did not want them "talked and joked about after dinner by Cabinet Ministers". The new 'Auxies' were following the bad example set by the local Irish police, the RIC, who had begun a process of reprisal killings for IRA attacks, which gave Macready considerable cause for concern."the RIC are not out of hand but are systematically left to reprise their officers." In Macready's view, shooting of suspects and dumping of bodies in the Liffey represented unavoidable "reprisals" for the death of a policeman. By 28 August, Macready knew that civil war was inevitable; as a consequence he would not tell the victims of the Lismore bombings not to resist. He was worried that release of political prisoners would anger the police; hanging became a matter of credibility. He rejected calls to spare the life of a young medical student, Kevin Barry, caught red-handed in the murders of several soldiers as young or younger than Barry was, in Dublin. Macready recruited Major Ormonde Winter, an intelligence expert, as head of police detectives, to train sergeants to build networks; but it was probably too slow a decision, and too little too late to win the war. The Barry case was thoroughly investigated at Macroom Station by Lt Crake of C company, of whom Macready thought well.Martial law
Macready came to support martial law as he was worried that army and police discipline might otherwise collapse. "They are hopelessly out of date", he warned "We are sitting on a volcano. If they were turned into an unarmed police force they would fulfill their functions in time of peace a good deal better than at present", he told Sir John Anderson. He advised that ad hoc reprisals by the Black and Tans were not stopping the "murders". After the killing of sixteen Black and Tans in an ambush at Macroom, County Cork, martial law was declared on 10 December 1920 in the four Munster counties of Cork, Tipperary, Kerry and Limerick. Three days later Auxiliary Cadet Peter Harte opened fire while on patrol at a young man and an old priest, killing them both. Lloyd George was furious, calling for court-martials and death by firing squad.But Macready stalled for time, and delayed justice, so that Harte eventually received a proper trial and was found guilty but insane. Mark Sturgis was angry because in the west, Sinn Féin was still very strong, so that the policy of shoot-to-kill was not working. On 23 December 1920, Irish Home Rule became law. Macready attended a special conference on 29 December along with Wilson, Tudor and Sir John Anderson, head of the Civil Service in Dublin, at which they all advised that no truce should be allowed for elections to the planned Dublin Parliament, and that at least four months of martial law would be required to 'break the Terror'. The date for the elections was therefore set for May 1921. In accordance with Wilson and Macready's wishes, martial law was extended over the rest of Munster (Counties Waterford and Clare) and part of Leinster (Counties Kilkenny and Wexford). Macready felt under a great deal of pressure.The officer class were not prepared and contemptuous of the enemy's intelligence network; they did not take the need to adapt to gathering seriously. The Anglo-Irish Treaty leads to civil war
By 1921, Macready had lost confidence in Tudor and thought the RIC had become unreliable. Macready was adamant that military jurisdiction in the Martial Law Area (MLA) trumped the civil courts. In a number of civil rights cases King's Bench writs were issued to reclaim bodies and damages. But Macready dismissed the conflict in actions, as an "anomaly". As the violence escalated he had suspended civilian jurisdictions by Proclamation in April. The Irish War of Independence reached a climax in the first half of 1921, with deaths of pro-Crown forces running at approximately double the rate of those in the second half of 1920 but with the IRA running desperately short of funds and ammunition and later described by one of its leaders Michael Collins as 'dead beat' and within 'six weeks of defeat'.Macready backed a policy of "deterrent effects" against the IRA; houses were ordered to be destroyed, tenants evicted to remove those who shot at patrols. The British were slowly getting the upper hand. In April 1921, the cabinet decided to withdraw four of Macready's 51 battalions to meet the possible Triple Alliance strike. Macready believed Ireland could be suppressed in the summer of 1921 with the elections out of the way, not least as troops would otherwise need to be replaced after the strain of guerrilla war. In May 1921, Lloyd George announced a surge of manpower; but Macready was concerned about low morale, and lack of specific training. An extra seventeen battalions were sent in June and July, bringing British strength up to 60,000, but the politicians drew back from the brink and opened secret talks with James Craig and Éamon de Valera (who had been born in New York of Spanish descent and whom Macready called Wilson's "Cuban Jew compatriot"). The policy of Official Reprisals proved counter-productive and was abandoned on 3 June 1921.Macready had no answer to the attacks on soft Unionist targets. Macready was instrumental in negotiating the truce in July 1921, although he suggested, perhaps in jest, that the entire Irish Dáil could be arrested whilst in session. He suffered the irritation of being found in contempt of court for refusing to obey an order of habeas corpus in the Joseph Egan case; but the Truce rendered the matter academic. Following the Anglo-Irish Treaty and creation of the Irish Free State in 1922, he withdrew the troops without great incident before the onset of the Irish Civil War. Possible role in the Civil War
It has been suggested that Collins had a hand in the assassination of Sir Henry Wilson. This has never been confirmed. Wilson was shot dead at the doorstep of his London home by two Irishmen, former British Army soldiers who had served in the Great War.The two were quickly captured and hanged. The murder precipitated a policy of "Official Reprisals", sparked by Rory O'Connor's anti-Treaty IRA occupation of the Four Courts, home of the Provisional Government's ministry. From 22 June 1922 there were six Cabinet meetings in 72 hours. They concluded that the Four Courts was a centre of "seditious activity". On 24 June the Cabinet ordered an assault for 25 June, to be carried out by the Army. <mask>, commander-in-chief, was in disagreement; Macready argued that escalation of violence would only unite the two factions of IRA and alienate the moderates. Britain pressurised Dublin to arm the National Army of Ireland (Free State Army) with British guns, giving an ultimatum for the rebels to leave on 28 June.In the event it was agreed with Richard Mulcahy that they should receive two 18-pounder field guns. These were used to pound the Four Courts garrison into surrender but they missed; the officers were so inexperienced that Emmet Dalton, the Chief of Staff required artillery training from Macready's men. Macready retired on 1 March 1923 and was created a baronet. He had been sworn of the Privy Council of Ireland in 1920. Later life
In 1924, he published his two-volume memoirs, Annals of an Active Life. Macready destroyed his own diaries and private papers after completing his memoirs, but 400 letters between Wilson and Macready survive, only ten of which predate his Irish appointment. He briefly returned to police service during the 1926 General Strike, when he served as a staff officer to the Chief Commandant of the Metropolitan Special Constabulary.Death
He died at his home in Knightsbridge, London, in 1946, aged 83. His son, Lieutenant-General Sir <mask> (1891–1956), was also a distinguished soldier and inherited the baronetcy on his father's death. In film
His character appears very briefly in the film Michael Collins (1996); he is played by Alan Stanford. Styles
1862–1881: Cecil Frederick <mask> Macready
1881–1891: Lieutenant Cecil Frederick <mask> Macready
1891–1899: Captain Cecil Frederick <mask> Macready
1899–1900: Major Cecil Frederick <mask> Macready
1900–1903: Lieutenant-Colonel Cecil Frederick <mask> Macready
1903–1906: Colonel Cecil Frederick <mask> Macready
1906–1910: Colonel Cecil Frederick <mask> <mask>, CB
1910–1912: Major-General Cecil Frederick <mask> <mask>, CB
1912–1915: Major-General Sir Cecil Frederick <mask> <mask>, KCB
1915–1916: Major-General Sir Cecil Frederick <mask> <mask>, KCB, KCMG
1916–1918: Lieutenant-General Sir Cecil Frederick <mask> <mask>, KCB, KCMG
1918–1920: General Sir Cecil Frederick <mask> <mask>, GCMG, KCB
1920–1923: General The Rt Hon Sir Cecil Frederick <mask> <mask>, GCMG, KCB
1923–1946: General The Rt Hon Sir Cecil Frederick <mask> <mask>, Bt, GCMG, KCB

Coat of arms

Footnotes

References
 Obituary, The Times
 Campbell, F, 'Who Ruled Ireland?' R, "Field Marshal Sir William Robertson", Westport Connecticut & London: Praeger, 1998,

External links
Portraits of Macready in the National Portrait Gallery

1862 births
1946 deaths
British Army personnel of the Anglo-Egyptian War
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army generals of World War I
British military personnel of the Irish War of Independence
Commissioners of Police of the Metropolis
People from Cheltenham
Commanders-in-Chief, Ireland
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
People educated at Marlborough College
People educated at Cheltenham College
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst

Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
English people of Irish descent
Gordon Highlanders officers
Military personnel from

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Gordon Macready
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Nevil
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N. K<mask> is an Indian neurosurgeon and the founder of ANSA Research Foundation, a non profit non governmental organization promoting research on neuroscience, neurological disorders, cancer biology, stem cells and tumor tissue repository. He is a recipient of Dr. B. C. Roy Award, the highest Indian award in the medical category and the Rajyotsava Prashasti, the second highest civilian award of the Government of Karnataka. Biography
N. K. Venkataramana graduated in medicine (MBBS) from the Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati and secured a master's degree (MCh) in neurosurgery after which he completed fellowship at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru. He also underwent advanced training at Nordtstud Krankenhause, Germany and secured a fellowship. His career started as an assistant professor at NIMHANS in 1986 where he stayed till 1991 to move to Manipal Hospital, Bengaluru as a consultant neurosurgeon. In 2001, he founded the Manipal Institute for Neurological Disorders, Neurosciences division of the hospital. In 2007, he moved to BGS Global Hospital as a director and established Global Institute of Neurosciences at Kengeri, a suburb of Bengaluru.He worked as the chief neurosurgeon of the institute and as the vice chairman of BGS Global Hospitals. He founded BRAINS (Bangalore Regenerative Advanced Institute of Neurosciences). BRAINS

BRAINS has established a 24/7 call centre to help people both in case of an emergency and to guide otherwise. The helpline 1062 addresses all the emergencies and 9148080000 works as a Neuro helpline to guide the patients and their families. 24/7 Emergency services is available at all the BRAINS centres. A technology driven E-ICU is created for the first time. This will enable us in the implementation of standards, and continuous real time monitoring ensuring quality as well as seamless connectivity of our patients across all the hospitals.BRAINS hospitals cater to every single neurological disease among all ages. We have also established dedicated trauma centre’s to deal with injuries, Stroke, most effectively within the golden hour. In addition, special clinics for Parkinson’s’ disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Epilepsy, Brain tumors, and Auto-immune Neurological disorders remains as our forte. Advocacy for prevention of Road traffic accidents and Stroke has been our major mission. BRAINS hospital also provides Comprehensive care for all the problems associated with spine. All our hospitals provide total care starting from developmental defects in children to degenerative diseases of spine in adults. Apart from holistic treatment, we do offer tailor made solutions to the individual needs.Brains operate from 5 hospitals located at SSNMC Hospital RR Nagar, Sparsh Hospital Infantry Road, MVJ Hospital Hosakote, Cytecare Hospital, New Airport Road, and Aveksha Hospital Singapura, Jalahalli. Of which Cyte care- Brains and MVJ - Brains further specialises as Oncology and Educational centres respectively. Hybrid operating room, Microdialysis for Neurocrical care, interventions for Stroke and Brain attack, 3D imaging of spine, Golden hour for head injury and Stroke awareness campaigns some of our unique initiatives. The magazine "Brain Voice" is yet another initiative to create awareness about brain, spine, spirituality and related issues to the people of all walks of life. This is a bilingual monthly magazine, both in English and Kannada with a huge readership. "Golden Hour" is a social initiative of BRAINS advocating timely and quality care in Emergencies with an access number 1062. Empowering people with first aid and life saving measures, awareness creation, advocacy, network of quick access clinics to treat within the first hour, protocol development, standardisation of care, training and preparedness initiatives are the main activities of Golden Hour.Professional associations
Venkataramana is a member of the Neurological Society of India, Indian Society for Cerebro Vascular Surgery, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, International Society of Paediatric Neurosurgery, New York Academy of Sciences, Asian Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Indian Society of Palliative Medicine, Stemcell Research Forum of India, Indian Society of Oncology and Common Wealth Association for Mental Handicap and Developmental Disabilities. He is the president of the Indian Society for Sterotactic and Functional Neurosurgery and the vice president of the Indian Society for Paediatric Neurosurgery. Legacy
Venkataramana is credited with over 25000 neurosurgeries over the past 30 years. Reports credit him with the first neuroendoscopic surgery, CT Guided stereotactic surgery, Deep Brain Stimulation surgery for Parkinson's disease and sacral nerve stimulation for neurogenic bladder dysfunction in Karnataka. He has performed the Disc Nucleoplasty for lumbar and cervical disc prolapse and the transplantation of autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells for Parkinson's disease for the first time in India. He is known to have introduced microdialysis of brain and stem cell therapy for cerebral palsy for the first time in Asia. Venkataramana has published over 75 papers in peer reviewed national and international journals and has contributed chapters in various text books on neurosurgery.He has also conducted several continuing medical education (CME) programmes and has delivered keynote addresses at many conferences. He is the founder of ANSA Research Foundation and Comprehensive Trauma Consortium, both non governmental organizations involved in research on neurological disorders. He has also founded the Dhanwantari Trust for providing free medical treatment to the poorer sections of the society and established a free ambulance service, CTC Sanjeevani, in Karnataka. His involvement has been reported in many medical emergencies in and around the state of Karnataka and his contribution is reported in the establishment of the first brain tumour bank in India. Awards and recognitions
Venkataramana is a recipient of the Silver Jubilee Award of NIMHANS for the best outgoing student in 1986. He has been felicitated by the Rotary International three times (2001, 2003 and 2006) and the Lions Club twice (2001 and 2005). In 2002, he received the Dr. B. C. Roy Award, the highest Indian award in the medical category, followed by Rajiv Gandhi Shiromani Award in 2006 and PRCI Chanakya Award in 2007.The Government of Karnataka awarded him Rajyotsava Prashasti, their second highest civilian award in 2008. He is also a recipient of NTR Award and the 2011 Sir M. Visvesvaraya Global Leadership Award. Karnataka Seva Puraskara Award, Sujayashree Award, Sadhana Rathna Prashasthi, Druvarathna Award, Trinity Vaidya Rathna Award and Dayananda Sagar Award are some of the other honours received by Venkataramana. See also

 Stereotactic surgery
 Deep brain stimulation
 Stem cell therapy
 Cerebral palsy
 Parkinson's disease

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Indian medical writers
Indian medical academics
Medical doctors from Karnataka
Indian neurosurgeons
Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners
20th-century Indian medical doctors
Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2008
20th-century surgeons


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<mask> (born 17 December 1945) is a British director of music videos and concert films. He was one of the most prolific directors of music videos in the 1980s. Career
<mask> rose to prominence in the late 1970s as a director of the then new format of music videos with the hugely successful enterprise MGMM, which he co-founded with Scott Millaney, Brian Grant and Russell Mulcahy. He is noted for his innovative work on hugely popular music videos in the 1980s, becoming one of the decade's most sought-after directors for this format. His work includes Iron Maiden's "Run to the Hills", <mask>'s "Ashes to Ashes" and "Let's Dance", Rush's "Distant Early Warning", and Queen's "Radio Ga Ga" and "I Want to Break Free" videos. He has directed numerous videos for AC/DC since the 1980s. He has also served as a producer on television programmes including The Kenny Everett Video Show.He is also known for directing some concert recordings of soprano Sarah Brightman and other major live music and spectacle events such as 46664 and Cirque du Soleil. He has also directed such prominent concerts as Pink Floyd's Pulse and U2's PopMart: Live from Mexico City. 1" (1999)
Rod Stewart: "Blue Skies" (2005)
AC/DC: "Rock 'n' Roll Train" (2008)
AC/DC: "Anything Goes" (2009)
AC/DC: "Shoot to Thrill" (2010)
AC/DC: "Play Ball" (2014)
AC/DC: "Rock or Bust" (2014)
AC/DC: "Rock the Blues Away" (2015)
AC/DC: "Shot in the Dark" (2020)

Long-form videos

Blondie: Eat to the Beat (1980)
Jethro Tull: Slipstream (1981; filmed 1980)
Asia: Asia in Asia (1984; filmed 1983)
<mask>: Serious Moonlight (1984/2006; filmed 1983)
Rush: Grace Under Pressure Live (1986/2006; filmed 1984)
Tina Turner: Break Every Rule (1986; live)
Tina Turner: Nice N Rough (1982; Live)
Tina Turner: Wildest Dreams Live in Amsterdam (1996; Live)
Tina Turner: "Celebrate 60th Birthday" (1999; Live)
Tina Turner: "One Last Time Live In Concert Wembley" (2000; Live)
Tina Turner: Tina Live! (2009; Live)
<mask>: Glass Spider (1988/2007; filmed 1987)
Madonna: Blond Ambition World Tour Live (1990)
INXS: Live Baby Live (1991)
AC/DC: Live at Donington (1992/2003/2007; filmed 1991)
Erasure: The Tank, the Swan and the Balloon  (1993; filmed 1992)
<mask> Bowie: "Black Tie, White Noise" (1993)
Queen+: The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert (1993/2002; filmed 1992)
U2: Zoo TV: Live from Sydney (1994/2006; filmed 1993)
Pink Floyd: Pulse (1995/2006; filmed 1994)
The Rolling Stones: Voodoo Lounge (1995; filmed 1994)
Tina Turner: 'What's Love? Live! (1995)
AC/DC: No Bull (1996/2008; filmed 1996)
Sarah Brightman: Sarah Brightman: In Concert (1997)
U2: PopMart: Live from Mexico City (1998/2007; filmed 1997)
Phil Collins: Live and Loose in Paris (1998; filmed 1997)
Cirque du Soleil: Quidam (1999)
Luis Miguel: Vivo (2000)
Sarah Brightman: La Luna Live in Concert (2000; filmed 2000)
Cirque du Soleil: Dralion (2001)
David Gilmour: David Gilmour in Concert (2002)
Sarah Brightman: The Harem World Tour Live From Las Vegas (2004; filmed 2004)
Rod Stewart: One Night Only! Rod Stewart Live at Royal Albert Hall (2004)
Queen + Paul Rodgers: Return of the Champions (2005)
Cirque du Soleil: La Nouba (2005)
David Gilmour: Remember That Night (2007; filmed 2006)
Michael Flatley: Lord of the Dance (2007, filmed 1996)
Elton John: Elton 60 – Live at Madison Square Garden (2007; filmed 2007)
Genesis: When in Rome 2007 (2008; filmed 2007)
Michael Flatley: Feet of Flames (2007, filmed 1998)
Queen + Paul Rodgers: Live in Ukraine (2009, filmed 2008)
Cher: Do You Believe?Tour (1999, filmed 1999)
Cher: The Farewell Tour  (2003, show filmed in 2002)
Barry Manilow: Music and PassionMichael Flatley: Celtic Tiger Live' (2007, filmed in 2005)
Cirque du Soleil: Delirium (2008)
AC/DC: Live at River Plate (Black Ice Tour) (2011, show filmed in 2009)
The Rolling Stones: Totally Stripped (2016, filmed 1995)

 Filmography
 Cats (1998)
 Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat'' (1999)

References

External links

<mask> at the Music Video Database

1945 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
British music video directors
British film directors
British television directors
People from the Borough of Guildford
Primetime Emmy Award winners

masks:
David Victor Mark Mallet
Mallet
David Bowie
David Bowie
David Bowie
David
David Mallet


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<mask> (April 23, 1936 – April 7, 2015) was a Soviet/Russian physicist, professor, and Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. Biography

<mask> was born in the village of Wołosate, currently Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland, in a clergyman's family. After graduating from the Odessa State University, <mask> started scientific studies in 1958 when academician Leonid Kirensky invited him to work in the Institute of Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Krasnoyarsk. After reporting his work at the Pyotr Kapitsa’s seminar followed by constructive discussion and feedback, he considered Kapitsa his main authority in science. In 1963, he defended Candidate Thesis on NMR studies of the mobility of water molecules in zeolites and  obtained a scientific degree as a Candidate of Sciences and, in 1970, he defended his PhD Thesis  "A study of weak interactions in crystals with the method of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging" and obtained a PhD degree of a Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. Since 1968, <mask> was the Head of the Laboratory of Kinetic Processes. In 1972, he received an academic rank of a Professor, and a year later he was appointed the Head of a new Radiospectroscopy Laboratory in  the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk, and headed the laboratory until 1991.From 1991 to 2015, <mask> worked in the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry as a Leading and Principal Researcher in the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Condensed Matter. <mask> died April 7, 2015 and is buried in Novosibirsk. Scientific activities

<mask>'s main scientific interests related to studying  electronic structure, molecular and ionic mobility, elementary electron transfer acts, and magnetochemical properties of condensed phases. He proposed a new approach to describe NMR spectra of molecular and ion mobility in solids based on the vacancy mechanism [1]. Further development of this approach led to a new direction in NMR spectroscopy associated with the problems of heterostructured systems such as highly porous crystals and minerals, metal organic sorbents,  biopolymers, etc. Having deep knowledge of various sorbents' properties, he succeeded in attracting the attention of Soviet authorities to natural zeolites as a means to overcome the consequences of Chernobyl accident in 1986. His ideas were also used by Novosibirsk research and production companies such as “Beauty Secrets" and "Siberia-Zeo" which are now actively developing.The nature of chemical bonding in coordination compounds was a special interest of <mask>'s studies. The results of theoretical and experimental work on the development of methods of spectroscopy and electronic structure of the NMR study of various substances and materials are summarized in his books published in Russia and abroad. <mask>'s scientific results were awarded by the State Prize of the Russian Federation for Science and Technology (together with a group of authors) in 1995 for the work "Radiospectroscopical and Quantum-Chemical Methods of Research in Solid State Chemistry". His last unfinished research was devoted to the problem of detecting and studying molecular transitions from  the racemic to the chiral ordered state in solids at low temperatures to simulate conditions of the "cold" scenario of life origin [2-4]. References

Organizational activities in science

<mask> <mask> was the founder and the leader of radiospectroscopy in the USSR and Russia for many years. He expanded NMR to many new areas of application and created a group of like-minded people across the country. He was Associate Professor of Physics of the Krasnoyarsk Branch of the Novosibirsk State University (NSU), NSU professor and lectured at the Department of Solid State Chemistry in Novosibirsk.He took an active part in the expert work, dissertation councils, was the supervisor of many diploma, Master's and Doctoral theses consultant. Thanks to his universal knowledge and a great range of interests, <mask> was a great populariser of science. He collaborated with many journals and newspapers such as the "Science in Siberia", "Novaya Gazeta" et al., was a member of editorial boards of scientific and popular book series, a member of the International Editorial Committee "Alternative energy and ecology", a constant reviewer of the Journal of Structural Chemistry and the journal Applied Magnetic Resonance. Books

 S.P<mask>, S.V. Zemskov. "Nuclear magnetic resonance in complex compounds" (Ed.: Prof. B.I. Peshchevitsky). Science, Novosibirsk, 1976. S.P<mask>, Yu.V. Gagarinskii, S.A. Polishchuk. "NMR in inorganic fluorides.The structure and chemical bonding". Atomizdat, Moscow, 1978. S.P<mask>, A.F. Rzhavin "NMR in crystalline and hydrated protein" ( Ed. : Prof. B.I. Peshchevitsky).Science, Novosibirsk, 1978. S.P<mask>. "Bound water. Facts and hypotheses "(Ed. : Prof. I.I. Yakovlev).Science, Novosibirsk, 1982. S.P<mask>, A.G. Lundin. "Internal mobility in solids" (Ed. : Prof. E.I. Fedin). Science, Novosibirsk, 1986.S.P<mask>, R.N. Pletnev, M.A. Fedotov. "Nuclear magnetic resonance in Inorganic Chemistry" (Ed. : Prof. V.A. Gubanov).Science, Moscow, 1988. S.P<mask>, R.N. Pletnev. "Application of NMR in solid state chemistry." Ekaterinburg, Publ.Ekaterinburg, 1996. A.A. Gaydash, V.G.Nikolaev, S.P<mask>. "Structure of the myocardium, liver, kidney and physico-chemical properties of the bone under the influence of natural zeolites and fluoride" Atlas electron mikroskopichesih photos, NMR spectra and Raman scattering. (Ed. : L.D. Zykova). Krasnoyarsk State Medical Academy, Krasnoyarsk, 2005.E.I. Yuryeva, S.P<mask>, R.N. Pletnev. "Quantum Chemistry and Nuclear Resonance Spectroscopy Data of Natural and Synthetic Nanotechnological Materials with nd-Metal Atoms Participations" Progress in Quantum Chemistry Research. (Ed. : E.O.Hoffman). Nova Science Publishers, NY, 2007. S.P<mask>, S.G. Kozlova. "Lone pairs and chemical bonding in molecular and ionic crystals". (Ed. : Acad.V.M. Bouznik). Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 2009. S.P<mask>, S.G. Kozlova. "NMR, Magnetic Behavior and Structural Effects of Spin-Orbit Interactions in PtF6 and in Related Octahedral Molecules and Fluorocomplexes". Chapter in the book "Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry Research" Series: Chemistry Research and Applications.(Ed. : D.A. Morrison.) Nova Science Publishers, NY, 2010. 1936 births
2015 deaths
Experimental physicists
Russian physicists
Odessa University alumni
State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates

masks:
Svyatoslav Petrovich Gabuda
Gabuda
Gabuda
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Svyatoslav
Gabuda
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. Gabuda
. Gabuda
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<mask> (born 15 July 1983 in Frankfurt) is a French actor. He has appeared in more than twenty feature films since 2000 as well as in French television films and series, and on stage. Career
The mother of <mask> was German and he spent much of his childhood in London. By four years of age he could speak in French, German and English. He took part in drama from primary school onwards; and in 1999 enrolled at the Cours Florent where he remained for three years. In 2002 and 2003, he was at the drama classes of the Conservatoire of the 10th arrondissement in Paris. From 2005, he was a member of the Pas de Dieux theatre company, while completing his academic studies which led to him obtaining a Masters in literary translation.Descours's first stage role was in La guerre de Troie n'aura pas lieu by Jean Giraudoux. After acting in some short films and minor parts, his first major screen role was as Tristan, a 17-year-old who has to look after his baby son after the death of his girlfriend, in a 2003 television film L'Enfant de l'aube (The child of the dawn), directed by Marc Angelo and based on the novel by Patrick Poivre d'Arvor, which attracted over 10 million viewers on TF1 for its broadcast on 14 January 2004. Around 2005 saw him in two films, as a French student in French for Beginners, and as a young man who meets a Moslem girl in the segment of Paris, je t'aime directed by Gurinder Chadha; on television he featured as Ben in several episodes of the first series of a popular drama Clara Sheller, opposite Frédéric Diefenthal and Mélanie Doutey, and as the drug-dealing son of a farmer in Joseph. He went on to appear in further historical drama series both on French television, and briefly in the American series John Adams, before featuring in the major French television drama Sa raison d'être (What love means), which traced 30 years of AIDS in France through the experiences of one family. Descours played leading parts in his following screen roles. In the dysfunctional family in the adaptation of Mark Haddon's 2006 novel A Spot of Bother as the contemporary comedy drama Une petite zone de turbulences (A small area of turbulence), he portrayed the son whose reluctance to let his partner attend his sister's wedding causes their relationship to break down. In Complices (Accomplices) he starred as the murdered male escort whose final weeks are shown interspersed with the investigation to find his killer; this gained Descours a nomination to the César Award for Most Promising Actor in 2011.He then co-starred as an athlete recently blinded in an accident and stifled by the continual compassion of those around him who tries to rebuild his life through his sport in Régis Wargnier's La Ligne droite (Straight line); for this role he trained alongside members of the French athletics squad and was filmed in front of 50,000 people during the Meeting Areva. He also co-starred in an adaptation of the 1956 novel Madame Solario, as the brother of the title character. As a young man who goes to Paris to pursue a singing career he starred in the 2011 TV film Le Chant des Sirènes (The Siren's song) which won the prize for best film at the La Rochelle film festival that year. 2013 brought another period drama Une femme dans la Révolution (A Woman during the revolution) where he played a young député of the Tiers-État, who has a passionate affair with a young peasant. In a short that year he played the lead singer in a pop group, Boys Band Théorie and also sang the theme song by Alex Beaupain. Leading and starring roles followed, in films - Ciel rouge (Red sky), shot entirely in Viet Nam, as Philippe Merlen, a French sergeant who deserts to save a Viet Minh prisoner, which results in a brief romance, Les Gardiennes (The care-taking women) as Georges - and television dramas such as Peur sur la base (On the base of fear) as a naval rating suspected of murder, Mystère au Louvre (Mystery at the Louvre) as Frédéric Delage, an acrobat who becomes involved in a daring jewel theft, the mini-series Laëtitia as Judge Martinot, and in another series De Gaulle, l’éclat et le secret (De Gaulle, the splendour and the secret) as Geoffroy Chodron de Courcel. In 2011 he featured with Emma Watson in a two-minute video advert for a new Lancôme perfume, filmed in Paris.Alongside screen work, Descours has continued in stage productions, in both classic and modern plays. In 2015 with three other actors (and musicians) he formed a group to practice non-verbal theatre skills on a regular basis; this resulted in productions seen in Paris and Barcelona. On radio he has appeared as Léon in Madame Bovary on France Culture in 2017. <mask> is a black belt in karate 2nd Dan, having started at the age of 12, and also practices swimming, roller skating, snowboarding, tennis and riding. He has co-authored two karate books for children. Filmography

Cinema
 2000 : Le Jour de grâce (short) by Jérôme Salle : Grandjean
 2004 : Troubles Sens by Anna Condo : le serveur / waiter
 2005 : Ming d'or (short) by Jennifer Devoldère
 2005 : Französisch für Anfänger by Christian Ditter : Matthieu
 2006 : Paris, je t'aime (collective film), in the segment Quais de Seine directed by Gurinder Chadha : François
 2007 : Silence ! of Edward Albee
 2003 : Romeo and Juliet of Shakespeare
 2004 : Tartuffe of Molière
 2005 : Les Caprices de Marianne of Alfred de Musset
 2005 : Demandes en Mariage of Michel Melki
 2006 : Don Qui of Leela Alaniz
 2007 : Palindromes of Leela Alaniz
 2017 : Õ Gilgamesh of Edgar Alemany (CAGE Compagnie)
 2019 : Edmond of Alexis Michalik (Théâtre du Palais-Royal) : Léonidas Volny (Christian)

References

External links

 <mask>urs sur Unifrance
 <mask>urs Vimeo channel
 <mask> performs Dorante's speech from Scene V of La Critique de L’École des femmes by Molière, 2020.French text = https://fr.m.wikisource.org/wiki/La_Critique_de_L%E2%80%99%C3%89cole_des_femmes/%C3%89dition_Quinet,_1663#Sc%C3%A8ne_VI

1983 births
Living people
French male film actors
French male television actors
French male stage actors
Actors from Frankfurt
Alumni of the Cours Florent
French male karateka

masks:
Cyril Descours
Cyril Descours
Cyril Descours
Cyril Desco
Cyril Desco
Cyril Descours


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<mask> ( 1523 – 7 February 1603) was a Mughal princess and the daughter of Emperor Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire. She is best known as the author of Humayun-Nama, the account of the life of her half-brother, Emperor Humayun, which she wrote on the request of her nephew, Emperor Akbar. Gulbadan's recollection of Babur is brief, but she gives a refreshing account of Humayun's household and provides a rare material regarding his confrontation with her half-brother, Kamran Mirza. She records the fratricidal conflict among her brothers with a sense of grief. <mask> was about eight years old at the time of her father's death in 1530 and was brought up by her older half-brother, Humayun. She was married to a Chagatai noble, her cousin, Khizr Khwaja Khan, the son of Aiman Khwajah Sultan, son of Khan Ahmad Alaq of Eastern Moghulistan at the age of seventeen. She spent most of her life in Kabul.In 1557, she was invited by her nephew, Akbar, to join the imperial household at Agra. She wielded great influence and respect in the imperial household and was much loved both by Akbar and his mother, Hamida. <mask> <mask> finds reference throughout the Akbarnama ("Book of Akbar"), written by Abu'l Fazl, and much of her biographical details are accessible through the work. Along with several other royal women, <mask> <mask> undertook a pilgrimage to Mecca, and returned to India seven years later in 1582. She died in 1603. Name
<mask> <mask>'s name means "body like a rose flower" or "rose body" in the Persian language. Early life
When Princess <mask> was born in  1523 to Dildar <mask>, her father, Babur, had been lord in Kabul for 19 years; he was master also in Kunduz and Badakhshan, had held Bajaur and Swat since 1519, and Kandahar for a year.During 10 of those 19 years he had been styled Padshah, in token of headship of the House of Timur and of his independent sovereignty. Two years later Babur set out on his last expedition across the Indus to conquer an empire in India. Gulbadan's siblings included her older brother, Hindal Mirza, and two other sisters, Gulrang <mask> and Gulchehra <mask>, while her younger brother Alwar Mirza, died in his childhood. Among her siblings, Gulbadan was very close to her brother, Hindal Mirza. At the age of seventeen, Gulbadan was married to a Chagatai noble, her cousin, Khizr Khwaja Khan, the son of Aiman Khwajah Sultan, son of Khan Ahmad Alaq of Moghulistan. In 1540, Humayun lost the kingdom that his father Babur had established in India, to Sher Shah Suri, a Pashtun soldier from Bihar. With only his pregnant wife Hamida Banu <mask>, one female attendant and a few loyal supporters, Humayun first fled to Lahore, and then later to Kabul.He was in exile for the next fifteen years in present-day Afghanistan and Persia. <mask> <mask> went to live in Kabul again. Her life, like all the other Mughal women of the harem, was intricately intertwined with three Mughal kings – her father Babur, brother Humayun and nephew Akbar. Two years after Humayun re-established the Delhi Empire, she accompanied other Mughal women of the harem back to Agra at the behest of Akbar, who had begun his rule. Writing of the Humayun Nama
Akbar commissioned <mask> <mask> to chronicle the story of his father, Humayun. He was fond of his aunt and knew of her storytelling skills. It was fashionable for the Mughals to engage writers to document their own reigns (Akbar's own history, Akbarnama, was written by the well-known Persian scholar Abul Fazl).Akbar asked his aunt to write whatever she remembered about her brother's life. <mask> <mask> took the challenge and produced a document titled Ahwal Humayun Padshah Jamah Kardom Gulbadan Begum bint Babur Padshah amma Akbar Padshah. It came to be known as Humayun-nama. Gulbadan wrote in simple Persian, without the erudite language used by better-known writers. Her father Babur had written Babur-nama in the same style, and she took his cue and wrote from her memories. Unlike some of her contemporary writers, Gulbadan wrote a factual account of what she remembered, without embellishment. What she produced not only chronicles the trials and tribulations of Humayun's rule, but also gives us a glimpse of life in the Mughal harem.It is the only surviving writing penned by a woman of Mughal royalty in the 16th century. There has been suspicion that Gulbadan wrote the Humayun-Nama in her native language of Turkic rather than Persian, and that the book available today is a translation. Upon being entrusted with the directive by Akbar to write the manuscript, <mask> <mask> begins thus:There had been an order issued, ‘Write down whatever you know of the doings of Firdous-Makani (Babur) and Jannat-Ashyani (Humayun)’. At this time when his Majesty Firdaus-Makani passed from this perishable world to the everlasting home, I, this lowly one, was eight years old, so it may well be that I do not remember much. However in obedience to the royal command, I set down whatever there is that I have heard and remember. From her account, we know that <mask> was married by the age of 17 to her cousin, Khizr Khwaja, a Chagatai prince who was the son of her father's cousin, Aiman Khwajah Sultan. She had at least one son.She had migrated to India in 1528 from Kabul with one of her stepmothers, who was allowed to adopt her as her own on the command of her father, the Emperor. After the defeat of Humayun in 1540, she moved back to Kabul to live with one of her half-brothers. She did not return to Agra immediately after Humayun won back his kingdom. Instead, she stayed behind in Kabul until she was brought back to Agra by Akbar, two years after Humayun died in a tragic accident in 1556. <mask> <mask> lived in Agra and then in Sikri for a short while, but mostly in Lahore or with the Court for the rest of her life, except for a period of seven years when she undertook a pilgrimage to Mecca. The Mughal Court even up to the early years of Shah Jahan's reign was never a confined thing, but a travelling grand encampment and there is no doubt that <mask> Banu <mask>, like most Mughal ladies, hated the confines living in buildings and no doubt, wholeheartedly agreed with the verses of Jahanara <mask>, the daughter of Shah Jahan, that the rot of the empire would set in when the Mughals confined themselves to closed houses. She appears to have been an educated, pious, and cultured woman of royalty.She was fond of reading and she had enjoyed the confidences of both her brother, Humayun, and nephew, Akbar. From her account it is also apparent that she was an astute observer, well-versed with the intricacies of warfare and the intrigues of royal deal making. The first part of her story deals with Humayun's rule after her father's death and the travails of Humayun after his defeat. She had written little about her father Babur, as she was only aged eight when he died. However, there are anecdotes and stories she had heard about him from her companions in the Mahal (harem) that she included in her account. The latter part also deals with life in the Mughal harem. She recorded one light-hearted incident about Babur.He had minted a large gold coin, as he was fond of doing, after he established his kingdom in India. This heavy gold coin was sent to Kabul, with special instructions to play a practical joke on the court jester Asas, who had stayed behind in Kabul. Asas was to be blindfolded and the coin was to be hung around his neck. Asas was intrigued and worried about the heavy weight around his neck, not knowing what it was. However, when he realised that it was a gold coin, Asas jumped with joy and pranced around the room, repeatedly saying that no one shall ever take it from him. <mask> <mask> describes her father's death when her brother had fallen ill at the age of 22. She tells that Babur was depressed to see his son seriously ill and dying.For four days he circumambulated the bed of his son repeatedly, praying to Allah, begging to be taken to the eternal world in his son's place. As if by miracle, his prayers were answered. The son recovered and the 47-year-old father died soon after. Soon after his exile, Humayun had seen and fallen in love with a 13-year-old girl named Hamida Banu the niece of Shah Husain Mirza. At first she refused to come to see the Emperor, who was much older than her. Finally she was advised by the other women of the harem to reconsider, and she consented to marry the Emperor. Two years later, in 1542, she bore Humayun a son named Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal rulers.<mask> <mask> described the details of this incident and the marriage of Humayun and Hamida Banu with glee, and a hint of mischievousness in her manuscript. Gulbadan also recorded the nomadic life style of Mughal women. Her younger days were spent in the typical style of the peripatetic Mughal family, wandering between Kabul, Agra and Lahore. During Humayun's exile the problem was further exaggerated. She had to live in Kabul with one of her step brothers, who later tried to recruit her husband to join him against Humayun. <mask> <mask> persuaded her husband not to do so. He, however, did so during her nephew's reign and, along with his son, was defeated and was expelled from court and from her presence for the rest of his life.He was not even allowed to be buried next to her. His grave is in one corner of the main quadrangle in which she is buried. If <mask> <mask> wrote about the death of Humayun, when he tumbled down the steps in Purana Qila in Delhi, it has been lost. The manuscript seems to end abruptly in the year 1552, four years before the death of Humayun. It ends in mid-sentence, describing the blinding of Kamran Mirza. As we know that <mask> <mask> had received the directive to write the story of Humayun's rule by Akbar, long after the death of Humayun, it is reasonable to believe that the only available manuscript is an incomplete version of her writing. It is also believed that Akbar asked his aunt to write down from her memory so that Abul Fazl could use the information in his own writings about the Emperor Akbar.The memoir had been lost for several centuries and what has been found is not well preserved, poorly bound with many pages missing. It also appears to be incomplete, with the last chapters missing. There must have been very few copies of the manuscript, and for this reason it did not receive the recognition it deserved. A battered copy of the manuscript is kept in the British Library. Originally found by an Englishman, Colonel G. W. Hamilton. it was sold to the British Museum by his widow in 1868. Its existence was little known until 1901, when Annette S. Beveridge translated it into English (Beveridge affectionately called her 'Princess Rosebody').Historian Dr. Rieu called it one of the most remarkable manuscripts in the collection of Colonel Hamilton (who had collected more than 1,000 manuscripts). A paperback edition of Beveridge's English translation was published in India in 2001. Pradosh Chattopadhyay translated Humayun Nama into Bengali in 2006 and Chirayata Prokashan published the book. Pilgrimage to Mecca
<mask> <mask> described in her memoir a pilgrimage she along with Hamida Banu <mask> undertook to Mecca, a distance of 3,000 miles, crossing treacherous mountains and hostile deserts. Though they were of royal birth, the women of the harem were hardy and prepared to face hardships, especially since their lives were so intimately intertwined with the men and their fortunes. <mask> <mask> stayed in Mecca for nearly four years and during her return a shipwreck in Aden kept her from returning to Agra for several months. She finally returned in 1582, seven years after she had set forth on her journey.Akbar had provided for safe passage of his aunt on her Hajj and sent a noble as escort with several ladies in attendance. Lavish gifts were packed with her entourage that could be used as alms. Her arrival in Mecca caused quite a stir and people from as far as Syria and Asia Minor swarmed to Mecca to get a share of the bounty. Later life
When she was 70, her name is mentioned with that of Muhammad-yar, a son of her daughter, who left the court in disgrace; again, she and Salima join in intercession to Akbar for Prince Salim; again, with Hamida, she receives royal gifts of money and jewels. Her charities were large, and it is said of her that she added day unto day in the endeavour to please God, and this by succouring the poor and needy. When she was 80, in February 1603, her departure was heralded by a few days of fever. Hamida was with her to the end, and it may be that Ruqaiya, Hindal's daughter, also watched her last hours.As she lay with closed eyes, Hamida Banu <mask> spoke to her by the long-used name of affection, "Jiu!" (live or May you Live). There was no response. Then, "Gul-badan!" The dying woman opened her eyes, quoted the verse, "I die—may you live!" and died. Akbar helped to carry her bier some distance, and for her soul's repose made lavish gifts and did good works.He will have joined in the silent prayer for her soul before committal of her body to the earth, and if no son were there, he, as a near kinsman, may have answered the Imam's injunction to resignation: "It is the will of God." It is said that for the two years after her death, Akbar lamented constantly that he missed his favourite aunt, until his own death in 1605. Gulbadan was also said to have been a poet, fluent in both Persian and Turkish. None of her poems have survived. However, there are references to two verses and a quaseeda written by her by the Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar in his collection of verses as well as some references by Mir Taqi Mir. It is unfortunate that a large collection of imperial Mughal archival material which had found its way to Lukhnow was destroyed by the Farangis to impose and lend substance to the myth of centuries of foreign rule over Hindustan instead of the ninety years which was actually endured. For much of history the manuscript of Gulbadan Begum remained in obscurity.There is little mention of it in contemporary literature of other Mughal writers, especially the authors who chronicled Akbar’s rule. Yet, the little-known account of <mask> <mask> is an important document for historians, with its window into a woman’s perspective from inside the Mughal harem. In popular culture
<mask> <mask> is a principal character in Salman Rushdie's novel The Enchantress of Florence (2008). References

Bibliography

 Humayun-Nama : The History of Humayun by Gul-Badan Begam. Translated by Annette S. Beveridge. New Delhi, Goodword, 2001, . Rebecca Ruth Gould "How Gulbadan Remembered: The Book of Humāyūn as an Act of Representation," Early Modern Women: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol.6, pp. 121–127, 2011
 Three Memoirs of Homayun. Volume One: Humáyunnáma and Tadhkiratu’l-wáqíát; Volume Two: Táríkh-i Humáyún, translated from the Persian by Wheeler Thackston. Bibliotheca Iranica/Intellectual Traditions Series, Hossein Ziai, Editor-in-Chief. Bilingual Edition, No. 11 (15 March 2009)

External links
 Complete text of Humayun Nama

 Selections from The Humayun Nama by Gulbadan Begam

1520s births
1603 deaths
Mughal princesses
Timurid princesses
Mughal nobility
16th-century Indian historians
Historians in the Mughal Empire
Persian-language writers
16th-century Indian women writers
16th-century Indian writers
Women of the Mughal Empire
Timurid dynasty
People from Agra
Women writers from Uttar Pradesh
Indian women historians
Scholars from Uttar Pradesh
Women educators from Uttar Pradesh
Educators from Uttar Pradesh
Educators from West Bengal
17th-century Indian women writers
17th-century Indian writers
17th-century Indian historians
Daughters of emperors

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