texts:
<mask> (born January 29, 1962), better known as <mask> or Aa Gym (lit: elder brother Gym), is an Indonesian Islamic preacher, singer, author, businessman and founder of the Da'arut Tauhiid Pondok Pesantren in Bandung. <mask> became popular by introducing a unique way of preaching by theatrical style with practical messages of Islamic propagation that can be commonly applied to everyday life. His sermons revolve around self-control, conscience, tolerance, and persistence of faith. <mask> is considered favored by its audience due to his construction of image as a religious figure different from other scholars. While conventional scholars preach about the virtues of prayers, fasting, and the splendor of heaven, Gymnastiar chooses to tell about the importance of sincerity, peace, and serenity (sakina) of family, using everyday language that is accessible and affectionate. At the peak, he had a substantial number of followings, and his media enterprise had regular audience of more than 80 million people. The topic of discussion about the family is concentrated on the housewives, to the point that he is referred as "ustad of the happy family."This image became controversial when the media announced <mask>'s polygamous marriage with Alfarini Eridani, also known as Teh Rini in December 2006, when he had been married to his first wife Hajjah Ninih Muthmainnah, also known as Teh Ninih, since the year 1988 and had seven children. Many fans were disappointed, stopped visiting Da'arut Tauhiid, and went down the street protesting against his polygamy. The controversy had a major impact on his popularity and business. He has been gradually regaining his popularity since then.<ref name="mu">AA Gym Gymnastiar. The Muslim 500'. Retrieved October 18, 2017.</ref>

Early life
Gymnastiar was born as one of four children, and he had worked from the ground up such as selling newspapers and driving public transportation to self-finance while attending the after schooling in electrical engineering before turning into an entrepreneur. His ability to appear in public was also honed as a debater at his university.During the 80s, under the guidance of Jujun Junaedi in Garut, West Java, he deepened the spiritual understanding of laduni (science without learning process). In 1982, he became the Commander of the Student Regiment at the General Achmad Yani Academy of Engineering. In 1987, he and his friends joined the Family of Muslim Student Entrepreneurs (KMIW), an institution pioneered in the entrepreneurial business in small business fields such as sticker making, shirts, key chains, and stationery with religious slogans. Career
In 1990, he founded Pondok Pesantren Da'arut Tauhiid (DT) through KMIW at Gymnastiar's parents' house which then moved to Gegerkalong Girang street, equipped with a 20-unit cabin and financed directly by its owner at Rp 100 million. The establishment of DT was inspired by the success of the Al-Arqam movement in Malaysia which became influential by meeting the needs of daily lives in an Islamic way. The difference between Al-Arqam and DT is the lesser exclusivity of DT and its availability to the public. In 1993, Pondok Pesantren Da'arut Tauhiid Foundation was built with a three-story building, which is used for the business activity.In 1994, <mask> established Cooperative Pondok Pesantren (Kopontren) DT to prop up his dawah. In 1995, about 50 meters from the mosque, a pilgrim bought a plot of land along with its building which was then used as the foundation's office, the residence of the cottage leader, kindergartens, meeting room, convention center, warehouse, and the dormitory for santris (student of pesantren). At the end of 1997, the four-story Kopontren Building across the mosque was built and used for Baitul Mal wat-Tamwil (BMT) offices for staff training and printing, supermarkets and mini markets, telecommunication stalls, and others. In 2000, after the incorporation of radio broadcasting among DT in 1999, <mask> began performing preaching on National TV. He became one of the permanent performers in the program Hikmah Fajar on RCTI. In 2001, Gymnastiar owned an independent program under a series of programs entitled Manajemen Qolbu (lit: Heart Management). In 2004, Gymnastiar presented a political theme titled Ada Aa Gym on RCTI in relations with the 2004 presidential election.During this time, Gymnastiar had 15 publishing businesses that have published 32 titles of books and dozens of tapes and CDs as a medium for dawah. He was also recorded receiving 1,200 invitations to be a speaker every month. Other businesses that he owned are radio broadcasting, mini-television studios, and other media businesses including offices of websites, supermarket co-operatives, mosques and boarding schools with a capacity of 500 students, two orphanages, a stopover house for visiting pockets and the holding of seminars, management training seminars. At the peak, he had a substantial number of followers, with several political parties nominating him as vice-president nominee and this scored approval rating of 91%. His media enterprise had regular audience of more than 80 million people. Ulil Abshar Abdalla of the Liberal Islam Network once called him a "Britney Spears in Islam". Time magazine once questioned whether he was merely a businessman who used religion as a means of profit.However, Solahuddin Wahid of Nahdlatul Ulama argued that <mask>'s strength lies in its sincerity. In 2017, he was listed on The 500 Most Influential Muslims list. Controversy
Polygamy
In December 2006, <mask> held a press conference announcing his polygamous marriage to a widow with three children who was a former model, Alfarini Eridani as his second wife.Isu Nikahi Janda: Aa Gym Langsung Gelar Jumpa Pers He stated that this polygamy was done as an emergency exit, yet it was mocked and faced the extensive protest by the public and his fans, among them quoting Gymnastiar's past statement of not advocating for polygamy.Indonesia Matters.com: Alfarini Eridani In the same month, the study program by Gymnastiar began to be deserted by visitors, and the two-story mosque was only partially filled. In May 2007, due to decreasing visitors at Pondok Pesantren Da'arut Tauhiid, the pesantren began to reduce its employees. Visits shrunk to 70 percent which affected operational costs, thus as many as 300 employees with casual employment and a total of about 40 percent of employees were laid off. In December 2010, Gymnastiar's first wife sued for divorce in the religious court. The divorce request was then officially granted in June 2011.In March 2012, the media reported that Gymnastiar reconciled with a reception at the home of his former first wife in the Sariwangi area of Bandung. In this event, Muhsin, the parents of Teh Nini who became his guardian after asking for permission from the religious court, also submitted the mandatory payment (mahr'') of Rp. 5 million. References

1962 births
21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Indonesian Muslims
Indonesian Muslim missionaries
Living people
Sunni clerics
People from Bandung
Sundanese people

masks:
Yan Gymnastiar
Abdullah Gymnastiar
Gymnastiar
Gymnastiar
Gymnastiar
Gymnastiar
Gymnastiar
Gymnastiar
Gymnastiar


type: original

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Lieutenant-General Sir <mask>  (17 March 1804 – 16 November 1884) was an officer in the British Indian Army. Early life
<mask>, third son of Lt.-Col. <mask> (1764–1835), was elder brother of both Sir <mask> and The 1st <mask>. His father, an Indian officer, led, with three other lieutenants, the storming of Seringapatam on 4 May 1799, and returned to England in 1809, after fifteen years' severe service. <mask> was born into a Protestant Ulster-Scots family at Trincomalee, Ceylon, on 17 March 1804, and was later educated at Foyle College in Derry. Both his parents were from Ulster, the northern province in Ireland, his father being from Coleraine in County Londonderry while his mother, Letitia Knox, was from County Donegal. His middle name, <mask>, derived from his birth on St Patrick's Day. In 1819 he entered Addiscombe Military Seminary, on 5 May 1821 was appointed a cavalry cadet, on 15 January 1822 joined the Second Bengal Light Cavalry in Bengal, and on 5 September 1825 was promoted to be adjutant of his regiment, a post he held until September 1834.With his regiment he took part in the Afghan War of 1838, and was present at the storming of Ghuznee (modern Ghazni) on 23 July 1839, and in the attempt to capture Dost Mohammad Khan in his flight in August through the Bamyan pass. Kabul

On returning to Kabul, <mask> became political assistant to Sir William Hay Macnaghten, the envoy of Afghanistan, and subsequently his military secretary, a post which he kept from September 1839 to the death of his chief. On the surrender of Dost Mahomed Khan, 3 November 1840, he was placed in the charge of <mask> until he was sent to Calcutta. In the revolution at Cabul, in November 1841, <mask> had many narrow escapes of his life, and on the surrender of the troops, he was one of the four officers delivered up on 11 December 1841 as hostages for the performance of the stipulations. On 23 December, when Macnaghten and others were treacherously murdered by Akbar Khan, he was saved by the interposition of Mahomed Shah Khan. In the retreat from Kabul, 6 January 1842, <mask> had charge of the ladies and children, with whom he remained until 8 January, when he was again given up to Akbar Khan as a hostage. With the ladies and children, he was imprisoned and remained with them until their release on 17 September 1842.He owed his safety during this period to the high opinion which Akbar Khan had of his character, and to his strict adherence to all the promises which he made to his captor. Ill-health obliged <mask> to return to England in August 1843, and shortly after that date the East India Company awarded him £600 in testimony of their sense of his services in Afghanistan. Return to India

On his going back to India in October 1846, he was appointed an assistant political agent in the Punjab, having charge over the important Rajputana district. In the autumn of 1847, with only two thousand troops, <mask> engaged and defeated on two occasions large numbers of the hill men of the tribes on the Swat border. On the breaking out of the second Sikh War in 1848, <mask>'s great personal influence at Peshawar for some time kept his regiments faithful, but at last they went over to the enemy, and, on 25 October 1848 he was a prisoner in the hands of Chuttur Singh, but was three times permitted to leave his captivity on parole. With his wife and children, he was released on 22 February 1849, in the peace following the Battle of Gujrat, and received the thanks of both houses of parliament and of the governor-general for remaining at his post with such devotion. On 7 June 1849, he was promoted to be brevet lieutenant-colonel and appointed deputy commissioner of Peshawar.The following November, in the capacity of political officer, he accompanied the forces sent under General Bradshaw into the Yusufzai country and was present at the capture of Pullee on the Swat border. Again in February 1850, in command of militia, he went with Sir Charles Napier to the forcing of the Kohat pass and guided him through that defile. In July 1850 he became political agent in Méwar, one of the Rajputana states, where he remained until 13 March 1857, when he succeeded his brother <mask> as resident or chief agent for the governor-general in the Rajputana states, and in April took up his residence in Abu. On the breaking out of the Indian rebellion of 1857 he was named brigadier-general of all the forces in Rajputana, and on the death of Colonel Dixon on 12 June 1857, he took chief military command. By his vigorous and decided action the arsenal of Ajmer was retained; a proclamation confirmed the native princes in their loyalty, and the Rajputana states were prevented from joining the revolt. Such outbreaks as did take place were successfully quelled, first by himself, and afterwards by Major-General Roberts. Retirement and later life
Up to this date <mask> had received no decoration beyond the medals for the Punjab and Indian campaigns, but on 18May 1860 he was created a Companion of the Bath (CB).On 25May 1861 he was gazetted major-general, and in December 1864 resigned his post in Rajputana thereby ending his Indian career after forty-three years service. Both Sir Charles Napier and Lord Dalhousie had expressed their high regard for his character and achievements. "He is a right good soldier," said the former, "and a right good fellow, and my opinion of him is high." On 11January 1865 he received a good-service pension of £100 a year; and on 24May 1866 was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India. He also held the third class of the order of the Dooranee Empire. He retired from the army on full pay on 29October 1866 and was advanced to honorary lieutenant-general on 11January 1867. He died at 20 Kensington Park Gardens, London, on 16November 1884, aged 80.Personal life
<mask> married Charlotte Isabella, daughter of Dr. Benjamin Browne (M.D. of the Bengal Medical Board), on 3 April 1830. She died on 12 May 1878, having borne him three sons and six daughters. Memoir
<mask> wrote a memoir, Forty-three Years in India, which was published in 1874, a decade before his death. References

Attribution

1804 births
1884 deaths
Alumni of Addiscombe Military Seminary
British autobiographers
British Indian Army generals
British military personnel of the First Anglo-Afghan War
British military personnel of the First Anglo-Sikh War
British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Sikh War
British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Companions of the Order of the Bath
People educated at Foyle College
British East India Company Army officers

masks:
George St Patrick Lawrence
Lawrence
Alexander Lawrence
Henry Lawrence
Baron Lawrence
George
St Patrick
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Henry Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence


texts:
<mask> (1909 – 14 June 1961), known as <mask>,  was an English physician and academic, specializing in nutrition. In 1938, he was elected as a Peabody Fellow of the Harvard Medical School and during the Second World War worked for the Rockefeller Foundation and as nutrition adviser to UNRRA. In 1945, shortly after the liberation of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, Meiklejohn was put in charge of administering a starvation diet to the camp’s severely malnourished and dying inmates. After the war, he became a lecturer in nutrition at the University of Edinburgh and in 1947, at the request of the Medical Research Council (MRC), assessed and reported on the state of nutrition of German civilians. He wrote a number of papers on nutrition, particularly on errors of metabolism, and with Sir Stanley Davidson and R. Passmore was co-author of the textbook Human Nutrition and Dietetics (1959). Early life
<mask> was born in Harpenden in 1909. He attended Gresham's School, where he was a contemporary of W.H.Auden, Stephen Spender, and John Pudney. From there, he was awarded a scholarship to Oriel College, Oxford, and in 1931 graduated BSc in physiology with first-class honours. He then gained admission to St Mary's Hospital, London, to study medicine, and in 1935 achieved his B.M., B.Ch. He was then a house physician in the St Mary’s Medical Unit, and in 1936 gained a Radcliffe Travelling Fellowship. In 1938, he was elected as a Peabody Fellow of the Harvard Medical School. For three years he worked with leading American physicians who included George Minot and William Bosworth Castle, and from 1939 to 1941 published papers in The New England Journal of Medicine on human nutritional deficiencies, writing often on errors of metabolism. In 1941, his paper "Is Thiamine the Anti-neuritis Vitamin?"was published in The Johns Hopkins Bulletin. In 1941, <mask> became a member of the Rockefeller Foundation Health Commission. He returned to live in England, and the 1942 edition of The Medical Directory gives his address as 15, Ox Lane, Harpenden, Hertfordshire. Second World War work
During the Second World War, Meiklejohn became nutrition adviser to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). Bergen-Belsen concentration camp

On 29 April 1945, Meiklejohn arrived at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after its liberation by British forces, with the responsibility of administering the starvation diet to the severely malnourished and dying inmates. He led one of two teams sent on behalf of UNRRA, the other team being led by Janet Vaughan. At the time, the death rate at the camp was estimated at 500 or 600 per day when he was sent either 95, 96 or 97 volunteer medical students from London medical schools, to assist him in camp I, at the request of Brigadier Hugh Glyn-Hughes and the War Office.Here, typhus and starvation were prevalent. They included Michael Hargrave, whose diary, later published as Bergen-Belsen 1945: A Medical Student's Journal, details his month-long experience at the camp and describes the introductory briefing on the challenges they would face, given by Meiklejohn. Other students included Alex Paton who published his memoirs of Belsen in the British Medical Journal in 1981 and David Philip Bowler who later had a career in community child health, for which he was awarded the Advance Australia Award for his work in the care of Aboriginal children. Some of the students memoirs were used by author Ben Shephard in the book After Daybreak: The Liberation of Belsen, 1945. On being questioned about the achievements of the students, Meiklejohn responded that "they had restored the moral order". Feeding in camp I of Belsen was a major problem. Generous rich food was not tolerated by inmates who had starved for so long.Despite a number of cookhouses and co-ordinating offices, simply handing out food was not enough. Meiklejohn wondered why a mixture that worked so well in Bengal was so disastrous in Belsen. It was, according to the rabbi Reverend Leslie Hardman, "revoltingly sweet". Meiklejohn postulated that the unpopular Bengal mixture, made of dried milk, flour, sugar and molasses which was used in the Bengal famine of 1943 likely halved the death rate from starvation. People in the students' hospital lived due to the work of the students and he commended them for their organisation. The mixture was much too sweet for eastern Europeans. <mask> also led the postmortems of some of those that died by starvation and his findings included extreme muscle wasting, swollen ankles and feet, small hearts and fluid around the heart.Almost all of those that had postmortems had tuberculosis (TB) of varying types including miliary tuberculosis and chronic TB. The stomach was sometimes found to be small from atrophy or large from gaseous distension and the large intestine could be atrophied or ulcerated. Later career
After the war, UNRRA wound down its activities, and in 1946 <mask> was appointed as a senior lecturer in nutrition at the University of Edinburgh, where he remained for fifteen years and became known for his well-prepared and entertaining lectures. Also in 1946, following a severe winter and restricted imports, leading to German demands for more food, the British Medical Research Council sponsored a number of nutritional scientists including Robert McCance, Elsie Widdowson, and Meiklejohn to report on the German state of health. All three came to the same conclusion that the Germans might have lost some weight due to food shortages but were generally not malnourished, and after examining more than 2000 Germans, Meiklejohn reported that "many adults are likely to have benefitted from losing excess weight and its complications of high blood pressure, diabetes and gall stones". He disagreed with German studies of the nutritional state of its civilians, stating the "Germans are now grossly over exaggerating the effects of the food shortage". In 1949, Meiklejohn received the degree of D.M.In the same year his publications earned him Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom. In 1954 he published a paper titled "The curious obscurity of Dr James Lind" in the Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences which contributed to the inspiration of research into James Lind following the bicentenary year of the Treatise he produced. In 1959 he co-authored the acclaimed textbook Human Nutrition and Dietetics with Sir Stanley Davidson and R. Passmore. Personal life
In 1950, Meiklejohn was on the electoral register for Edinburgh West at 9, St Bernards Crescent, with Margaret L. Campbell-Renton. In 1960, he was at 8a, Fountainhall Road, in Edinburgh South, with Jean S<mask>. Known as <mask>, and not <mask>, Meiklejohn was married to Jean, and they had two sons, who were small boys at the time of his death on 14 June 1961, in an accident while fishing in a Highland river. He was 51.His obituary in the British Medical Journal enumerated some of his quirks, saying; "He had many amusing and endearing foibles; there were his oddities of dress, his dilapidated motor-car, his inveterate snuff-taking, and his refusal to drink coffee at lunch as he said it disturbed his post-prandial nap-normally enjoyed on the floor of his room in the Department of Medicine with his head resting on a green velvet pillow specially designed for the purpose." Selected publications

Articles
“Is Thiamin the Antineuritic Vitamin“. The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 223, No. 8 (22 August 1940), pp. 265–273. "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Nutritional Deficiency".New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 222, 2 May 1940, pp. 760–765. “The Significance of Porphyrinuria in Lead Poisoning”. Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 1, 21 January 1942, p. 91. ,  (With Robert Kark)
"Condition of children in Western Germany". The Lancet, Vol.2, 16 October 1948, pp.619–23. .
"The curious obscurity of Dr. James Lind". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Vol. IX, 1 July 1954, pp. 304–310 . .
"Obesity and disease". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, Vol. 18, Issue 2 (2 September 1959), pp. 140–141.Books
Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh & London, 1959. . (With Sir S. Davidson and R. Passmore.) References

Further reading
Gresham’s School Honour Boards. Gresham's School

External links
"Belsen: Medical Aspects of a World War 11 Concentration Camp". Col E. E. Vella Journal 0/ the RoyaL Army Medical Corps (1984)
<mask> Meiklejohn papers
British Medical Journal Belsen
The Relief of Belsen Film directed by Justin Hardy (2007)

1909 births
1961 deaths
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Harvard Medical School faculty
People educated at Gresham's School
People from Harpenden
British nutritionists
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp

masks:
Arnold Peter Meiklejohn
Peter Meiklejohn
Peter Meiklejohn
Meiklejohn
Meiklejohn
Meiklejohn
. Meiklejohn
Peter
Arnold
Arnold Peter


texts:
David M<mask> (born July 31, 1970) is a New York Times-bestselling author, journalist, podcast host and award-winning former reporter for the Boston Herald. Career

Literature

As an author
<mask>'s first book, titled Boston Strong: A City's Triumph Over Tragedy and co-written with author Casey Sherman, was released in February 2015 by University Press of New England. Boston Mayor Martin J. Walsh wrote the foreword for the book, which is a non-fiction drama about the Boston Marathon bombing. Material from the book was used for the movie Patriots Day (2016), starring Mark Wahlberg, John Goodman and J.K. Simmons and directed by Peter Berg. The book was also part of a display on the Boston Marathon attacks at the National Crime Museum in Washington, D.C.

Wedge and Sherman teamed up again to tell the life story of Pete Frates, a Boston College baseball player with ALS who was the inspiration for the Ice Bucket Challenge social media phenomenon. The book, titled Ice Bucket Challenge: Pete Frates and the Fight Against ALS  features a foreword by Boston Bruins hall of famer Ray Bourque and was released in September 2017. In 2018, it was announced that Netflix is developing a film based on the book with actor/producer Casey Affleck.In February 2017, it was announced that <mask> and Sherman would be writing a book based on the saga of New England Patriots star Tom Brady and his improbable win in Super Bowl LI. The authors are working with screenwriters Paul Tamasy and Eric Johnson, who wrote The Fighter, The Finest Hours and Patriots Day. The book, titled 12: The Inside Story of Tom Brady's Fight for Redemption, came out July 31, 2018. It appeared on The New York Times  bestseller list in September 2018 . An updated paperback edition of "12," with new chapters about Brady's move to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, was released in September 2020. In May 2019, <mask> and Sherman co-authored their fourth book together, a non-fiction narrative about the Whitey Bulger case. The book, which focuses on Bulger's life on the run, capture, life in prison and 2018 murder, was released in spring 2020 via Harper Collins.In October 2019, it was announced that a TV series based on the book was in development with Double Nickel and Sky Studios. . The book was featured on CBS This Morning with Jeff Glor. In 2019, <mask> and Sherman teamed up with bestselling author James Patterson for The Last Days of John Lennon, a true crime story of Lennon's life and murder. The book was released by Little Brown on Dec. 7, 2020, the day before the 40th anniversary of Lennon's death. . The book debuted at number four on The New York Times  bestseller list. In 2022, <mask> co-authored Riding With Evil: Taking Down the Notorious Pagan Motorcycle Gang, a true crime story about retired federal agent Ken Croke's legendary two-year infiltration of the infamous biker gang. The book will be released March 15, 2022 by William Morrow.Kirkus Reviews called the book "a breathless, enthralling thrill ride." As a journalist
<mask> is a freelance journalist and has been a contributor to VICE, Noisey, and Ultimate Classic Rock , among other outlets. After working for a few years at small Massachusetts newspapers, he joined the Boston Herald in 1999 and covered such national news stories as the Boston Marathon bombing, the 1999 Worcester Cold Storage Warehouse fire, the 2000 Wakefield massacre, the September 11 attacks, and The Station nightclub fire. He also covered many local, state and national political stories, including the 2004 and 2008 presidential races. He has also been a contributor to Stratton Magazine, Where (magazine), Esquire, DigBoston, Newsweek, Boston  and Revolver, among other publications and websites. <mask> is a frequent TV and radio commentator who has appeared on CNBC, CNN, Fox News, CBS Early Show, ABC's Good Morning America, WEEI Sports Radio in Boston, and several other local and national stations. He hosted a weekly radio show on WRKO, and was a regular contributor on The Emily Rooney Show on WGBH-FM in Boston.As a music journalist
<mask> has also covered music for a variety of outlets, writing features and profiles on a wide array of heavy metal, rap, dance and rock artists. He's interviewed some of the music world's biggest stars, including Gene Simmons, Ozzy Osbourne, Lemmy Kilmister, Marilyn Manson, Notorious B.I.G., Ray Manzarek of The Doors, Everlast of House of Pain, Blink 182's Tom DeLonge, Geoff Tate of Queensrÿche, <mask> of Megadeth, Tiësto, Moby, Rob Zombie, Johnny Rotten, Daryl Hall, and Glenn Danzig. In addition to VICE, Noisey and THUMP, <mask>a was published at VICE.com and in its October print edition. In 2013, <mask> had an exclusive interview with rap pioneers The Geto Boys about their reunion that was the cover story for DigBoston. The piece featured a rare interview with eccentric dwarf rapper Bushwick Bill, in which he revealed that he was "drugged up" and incoherent when he was photographed being wheeled on a hospital gurney by his bandmates Scarface (rapper) and Willie D immediately after he was infamously shot in the eye by his girlfriend during a domestic dispute. "My eye was really sitting on my cheek.Now that I look back at it, every time I look at that album cover, it reminds me what not to do. Not to take matters into my own hands and leave it to God." - Bushwick Bill to DigBoston, June 19, 2013

In April 2014, <mask> was co-host of "Hardcore News" on DigRadio with singer/artist <mask>, and did one of the final interviews with GWAR frontman Oderus Urungus (aka <mask>) just days before Brockie died of a heroin overdose. In 2019, <mask> began writing for Ultimate Classic Rock. Broadcasting

In 2021, <mask> and his co-author Casey Sherman launched "Saints, Sinners & Serial Killers," a true crime podcast on the Muddhouse Media network. Season one included episodes about the Boston Marathon bombings, Whitey Bulger and the Boston Strangler case. <mask> is a frequent TV and radio commentator who has appeared on CNN, Fox News, CBS' The Early Show, ABC's Good Morning America, WEEI Sports Radio in Boston, and several other local and national stations.He hosted a weekly radio show called "Terror on Trial" on WRKO during the 2015 trial of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, was a regular contributor on The Emily Rooney Show on WGBH in Boston and hosted a news/music and pop culture show on the now-defunct DigRadio, a Boston online radio station. In 2013, <mask> was featured in "#TwitterRevolution," a two-hour documentary that explored the impact of Twitter on the media and American culture. In film
Boston Strong was acquired by 20th Century Fox in 2014 and was in development as a feature film at Fox before it merged with another project based on the 2013 Boston Marathon terror attacks. The two projects merged into Patriots Day a feature film starring Mark Wahlberg, John Goodman, Michelle Monaghan and J.K. Simmons and directed by Peter Berg. The film began shooting in Boston in February 2016 and was released in December 2016. In 2008, <mask> appeared in "THS Investigates: Cults, Religion and Mind Control," a two-hour documentary about the devastating impact of religious cults. <mask> spoke about his extensive work for the Herald investigating a cult in Attleboro, Mass.that starved a baby to death in 1999 to fulfill a bizarre religious prophecy. In 2013, <mask> had a small role in the independent film,  Angels Around Me, playing a bar patron. In 2018, it was announced that Wedge and Sherman's production company, Fort Point Media, partnered with Outside (magazine)'s film division to produce a feature based on the life story of extreme skier Doug Coombs. The film is based on the book Tracking the Wild Coomba: The Life of Legendary Extreme Skier Doug Coombs by author Robert Cocuzzo. .

Also in 2018, it was announced that Netflix is developing a film based on Wedge and Sherman's book, Ice Bucket Challenge: Pete Frates and the Fight Against ALS, with actor/producer Casey Affleck. In October 2019, Sky Studios and Double Nickel partnered with Wedge and Sherman's production company, Fort Point Media to adapt their forthcoming book, "Hunting Whitey," about the chase and murder of Boston Irish mob boss Whitey Bulger, for a TV series. <mask> has also been a panelist and a moderator at ITVFest (Independent Television Festival) in Vermont, including leading panels with director/producer Bobby Farrelly and producer Kris Meyer. In 2020, author James Patterson announced that a film is in development based on The Last Days of John Lennon, written with <mask> and Sherman.Communications strategy

In 2014, <mask> joined Boston communications firm Northwind Strategies, where he worked as a media consultant and adviser to a wide variety of corporate, political and non-profit clients. He was part of the team that worked on the Boston 2024 effort to bring the Olympics to Boston and also worked on the 2014 gubernatorial campaign of former Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley. In 2017, <mask> joined State6, a communications firm in Boston. In 2018, <mask> served as spokesman for Attorney Keith M. Davidson, who represented Stormy Daniels and Karen McDougal in cases involving President Donald Trump, as well as Shera Bechard, a Playboy Playmate reportedly involved with Republican fundraiser Elliott Broidy. Personal life
<mask> was born on July 31, 1970 in Brockton, Massachusetts. He is a 1988 graduate of Brockton High School and a 1993 graduate of Boston College. He is married to Boston Herald columnist Jessica Heslam and has two children.Awards and recognitions

<mask> has won several journalism awards throughout his career, including a 2001 award for breaking news while he was at the Sun Chronicle. In 2003, he and Herald reporter Tom Farmer won a New England Press Association award for religious reporting for their coverage of an Attleboro cult. In 2008, <mask> was part of a team of reporters who won a New England Press Association award in the "Right to Know" category for a series on public officials' salaries. The same series was also awarded first place in the "Right to Know" category by the New England Associated Press News Executive Association in September 2008. In 2009, <mask> won an investigative reporting award from the New England Associated Press News Executives Association for a report on criminals working in the taxpayer-subsidized film industry in Massachusetts.'' In April 2014, the staff of the Boston Herald, including <mask>, was honored with the Sigma Delta Chi Award by the Society of Professional Journalists for the paper's coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing. In 2015, <mask> was honored in his hometown with a commendation from the Brockton City Council.Murphy v. Boston Herald, Inc., et al. In 2005, Wedge and the Herald were named in the Murphy v. Boston Herald, Inc., et al. libel case filed by Massachusetts Superior Court Judge Ernest B. Murphy. In February 2005, the jury found that the Boston Herald and Wedge had libeled Judge Murphy. The jury awarded Murphy $2.09 million in compensatory damages, an award later reduced to $2.01 million. Shortly after the verdict, in an apparent attempt at "bullying" the Herald into a settlement, Judge Murphy wrote two letters on court letterhead to Herald publisher Patrick Purcell, demanding the publisher meet with him and deliver a $3.26 million check. The verdict was appealed to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.Though the SJC acknowledged errors in the trial, the verdict was upheld in a ruling on May 7, 2007. The Herald and Wedge maintained the stories were accurate and that the court rulings were flawed. In response to Judge Murphy's letters to the Herald, the Massachusetts Commission on Judicial Conduct recommended a 30-day suspension, a $25,000 fine, and a public censure for Murphy. In August 2008, Judge Murphy and the CJC reached an agreement that he was "permanently disabled" and he stepped down from the bench. Murphy applied for an early disability pension, but was denied by the SJC. References

American male journalists
Writers from Brockton, Massachusetts
Living people
1970 births

masks:
. Wedge
Wedge
Wedge
Wedge
Wedge
Wedge
Wedge
Wedge
Dave
Dave Mustaine
Daverikaata
Wedge
Dave
Dave Tree
Dave Brockie
Dave
Wedge
Wedge
Wedge
Wedge
Wedge
Wedge
Wedge
Wedge
Dave
Wedge
Wedge
Wedge
Dave
Wedge
Dave
Wedge
Wedge


texts:
Admiral <mask>, 10th Earl of Lauderdale   (10 June 1785 – 22 March 1863) was a British naval officer who served during the French Revolutionary War, Napoleonic Wars and War of 1812. He also participated in the Bombardment of Algiers. He served as Member of Parliament for Haddington Burghs between 1813-1818 and Berwickshire between 1826 and 1832. From 1830 until he was promoted to rear-admiral in 1841 he was a naval aide-de-camp to at first King William IV and then Queen Victoria. Early life
<mask> was born on 10 June 1785 as the second son of James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale and Eleanor, the only daughter of <mask>. Naval career

Early career
Maitland joined the Royal Navy on 2 October 1795 as an admiral's servant on the ship-of-the-line HMS Victory, being the flagship of Admiral Sir John Jervis in the Mediterranean Fleet. Maitland's name was born on Victory'''s books until June 1796.He was promoted to midshipman in October 1798 where he followed Admiral Jervis, now Lord St. Vincent, into the ship-of-the-line HMS Ville de Paris. In January 1801 Maitland transferred to the frigate HMS Triton under Captain John Gore in the English Channel, whom he then followed into the frigate HMS Medusa in April. While serving in Medusa Maitland distinguished himself in an action against the Boulogne Flotilla on 15 August. The boats of Medusa and the rest of the squadron under the command of Vice-Admiral Lord Nelson attempted under the cover of darkness to cut out the flotilla, however the French were prepared for the attack and repulsed it. The boats of Medusa attempted to board a brig but were stopped by nets rigged around the ship; they suffered fifty-five casualties, the most of any ship in the squadron, including Maitland who was severely injured. In December 1803 Maitland left Medusa to re-join Lord St. Vincent as a supernumerary on Victory, still part of the Mediterranean Fleet. In August 1804, still serving on Victory, Maitland was promoted to acting lieutenant in the brig-sloop HMS Childers; he was confirmed as a lieutenant on 2 February 1805 and transferred to the ship-of-the-line HMS Blenheim, flagship of Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Troubridge in the East Indies.On 6 August Blenheim participated in an indecisive action against the French ship-of-the-line Marengo and frigate Belle Poule. Maitland was promoted to commander on 6 May 1806 and took command of the ship-of-the-line HMS Arrogant, 'an old worn out 74', serving as the guard ship at Bombay. Post-Captain

Maitland was promoted to post-captain on 25 September of the same year, but his next command was not until 1 August 1811 when he was appointed to the frigate HMS Pique at Woolwich. His command of Pique resulted in some wide-ranging travel, including service on the Downs, Lisbon, South America, and Jamaica Stations. Maitland and Pique sailed for the Leeward Islands on 7 June 1812 to participate in the War of 1812. In August 1813 Maitland had Pique off the east coast of America; he successfully chased and captured the 5-gun American privateer Hawk which surrendered without a fight. On 13 and 19 January 1814 Pique took respectively the Swedish ships Bernat and Margaret and sent them in to Guadeloupe.Maitland and Pique sailed for Portsmouth at the end of 1814, but returned to the West Indies in the spring of 1815. On 19 February 1816 Maitland was given command of the large frigate HMS Glasgow, in which he joined the fleet of Rear-Admiral Sir Edward Pellew on 20 July off Portsmouth, for service against Algiers.Phillips, Glasgow (50) (1814). Michael Phillips' Ships of the Old Navy. Retrieved 16 May 2021. On 27 August the fleet began the Bombardment of Algiers, with Glasgow between the frigate HMS Severn and the Dutch frigate Melampus firing at the gun batteries of the town. When the ship-of-the-line HMS Impregnable signalled to the fleet that she had suffered one hundred and fifty casualties, Maitland volunteered to divert enemy fire from her. While Glasgow left her position in the line and attempted to close with Impregnable, the winds made movement very difficult and after an hour Glasgow had failed to move far from Severn, and was left open to fire from the Algiers fish markets that she had before been hidden from.Glasgow was heavily damaged during the engagement, having ten men killed and thirty-seven more wounded. Maitland was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 19 September for his service at the bombardment. He paid off Glasgow in November of the same year in order that she be repaired from her Algiers services, and recommissioned her again on 21 August 1817 for service in the Mediterranean Sea, where he served until March 1821 when he sailed Glasgow home and went on half-pay. On 26 February 1820 he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George. In August 1830 he was appointed as a naval aide-de-camp to King William IV and continued as such under Queen Victoria until his promotion to flag rank. Admiral
Maitland was promoted to rear-admiral as a rear-admiral of the blue on 23 November 1841 through seniority. He became a vice-admiral on 11 June 1851, and was promoted to admiral on 18 June 1857.He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 10 November 1862. He died as an admiral of the red, having never served at sea as an admiral. Political career

Maitland was a member of parliament for Haddington Burghs between 1813 and 1818, and Berwickshire between 1826 and 1832; he afterwards became a deputy lieutenant of Berwickshire. These seats were family seats, and when in parliament Maitland voted along the family line with the opposition. For his services Maitland was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 6 April 1832. He became Earl of Lauderdale on 22 August 1860 upon the death of his elder brother James; he was able to sit in the House of Lords as an English peer instead of as a Scottish representative peer because of the subsidiary title Baron Lauderdale that had been granted to his father in 1806.Syrett, Commissioned Sea Officers, p. 295 Upon his death, Maitland's Scottish titles were inherited by his cousin Thomas Maitland while his English titles became extinct. Death
Maitland died on 22 March 1863.Family
Maitland's uncle was Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Maitland, who served as Lieutenant-Governor of Portsmouth and then Governor of Malta. Maitland's younger brother Colonel John Maitland died in 1839, while much of the rest of his family also served in the navy, such as his cousin and successor as earl, Admiral Sir Thomas Maitland. Maitland never married. Notes and citations
Notes

Citations

References

 Burke, John (1864) A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. London: Henry Colburn. Syrett, David and R.L. DiNardo (1994) The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy 1660-1815.''Aldershot: Scholar Press. External links
Ships of the Old Navy

1785 births
1863 deaths
Royal Navy admirals
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the War of 1812

masks:
Anthony Maitland
Anthony Maitland
Anthony Todd


texts:
<mask> (born 1974) is a Turkish conscientious objector who has been subjected to continued arrest and conviction for his refusal to serve mandatory military service – in violation of Turkish law. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey (in the Cizre district of Şırnak province). Savda is a graduate of primary school. Conscientious objection to military service
When Savda involuntarily arrived at the Çorlu military base in late November 2004, he immediately refused to join his assigned military unit. Savda argued that he could not physically serve as a soldier because of the torture he endured in jail since 1993. He then wrote a letter to the Turkish commander declaring himself to be a conscientious objector - demanding that Turkey recognize the right to conscientious objection. On 26 November 2004 Savda was arrested at the Çorlu Military Prosecutor’s office where he declared once again that he would not “serve in the military as it contradicted his conscience and beliefs.”
On 16 December 2004 Savda appeared before the Çorlu Military Court.At trial, Savda argued “I believe that the responsibility of war does not only belong to those who wage it, but to everyone who condones it. With my conscientious objection, I would like to show that I do not want to bear this responsibility and that by refusing to be silent about militarism I am refusing to be a part of it.”  The Military Court found Savda guilty of “insisting on disobeying” his requirement as a Turkish citizen to serve the Turkish military. The court ordered his immediate arrest, and transferred Savda from the military unit to Corlu Military Prison. However, he was released from custody less than two weeks later. After being released, Savda began to publicly campaign against the Turkish law requiring military participation. On 23 October 2006, Savda announced the founding of the Conscientious Objection Platform (“COP”), declaring that its objective is “the legalization of conscientious objection” in Turkey. On 7 December 2006, less than two months after forming the COP, <mask> <mask> was arrested and detained once again when he attended a trial session in Çorlu Military Court on charges of “persistent disobedience” of Turkish law.A week after his arrest, attorney Kadriye Doğru went to visit him at the military prison but was refused access. According to Doğru, there was no reasonable justification for her being denied access, and that “her meeting was hindered on completely arbitrary grounds”. She asked the military prosecutor for justification for being denied admission, and the prosecutor responded that “he is not in the position to give (a justification)”. According to Doğru, “Neither the code of criminal procedure, the military criminal code, nor the code of military criminal procedure include any clause which could be used to hinder a detainee in prison from meeting a lawyer. This situation is an obstruction of the right to defense.”

On 25 January 2007, Savda’s trial attorney, Suna Coşkun, was able to get Savda released from custody while his trial was ongoing. However, upon being released, Savda was ordered to the Tekirdağ Beşiktepe 8th Mechanized Brigade. With knowledge of Savda’s beliefs, his 2004 conviction, and his ongoing trial, the brigade officer ordered Savda to wear a military uniform.Savda repeated that he was a conscientious objector and that he would not perform military service, which included wearing a military uniform. Upon this statement, <mask> was presented to the Çorlu military prosecutor with the charge of “insistent insubordination.” The prosecutor sent Savda back to the military unit where Savda would be subjected to severe harassment. At the disciplinary ward of the 8th Mechanized Brigade, a sergeant major, two guardians and an officer pushed Savda to the wall face-on, kicked his legs apart and began hitting him – causing his face to swell. Savda was placed in a room at the military base where he was forced to sleep without bed or blankets. In response, Savda protested his inhumane treatment by conducting a five day hunger strike. Savda was ultimately convicted by the Çorlu Military Court for disobeying orders (for refusing to wear the military uniform) and desertion (for failing to report to his military unit). On 15 March 2007 the court sentenced Savda to 15 months imprisonment.On 12 April 2007 the court sentenced him to an additional six months imprisonment, bringing his prison time up to 21 and ½ months. In accordance with Turkish practice, the court did not go into the reasoning for the sentence. The judicial justification for a second sentence may be released when the written judgment is made available. Nevertheless, even when he is released from prison, <mask> <mask> will likely not be set free. Based on historical practice, <mask> will either be sent back to his military unit, or be forced to live a clandestine life. Criticism of the military court ruling
The international community expressed concern with the manner in which the Turkish government and military have dealt with conscientious objectors. European Court of Human Rights
The Savda sentence arguably goes against the spirit of the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights from January 2006.At that time, the European Court of Human Rights found that Turkey had violated article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, specifically the prohibition of degrading treatment, in a case dealing with conscientious objector Osman Murat Ülke. The Court in Ülke's case noted: “The numerous criminal prosecutions against the applicant, the cumulative effects of the criminal convictions which resulted from them and the constant alternation between prosecutions and terms of imprisonment, together with the possibility that he would be liable to prosecution for the rest of his life, had been disproportionate to the aim of ensuring that he did his military service. They were more calculated to repressing the applicant’s intellectual personality, inspiring in him feelings of fear, anguish and vulnerability capable of humiliating and debasing him and breaking his resistance and will. The clandestine life amounting almost to “civil death” which the applicant had been compelled to adopt was incompatible with the punishment regime of a democratic society.”

Although the ECHR has found Turkey guilty in Ülke's conscientious objector case, no step has been taken by the government of Turkey to make legal changes to comply with the ruling. According to the COP, the treatment of Savda reasonably suggests that Turkey is ignoring the ruling made by the ECHR in 2006. Turkey continues to punish individuals concurrently for the same offense. It is arguable that unless there is a change in the law, or a change of heart on the part of the military and their courts, conscientious objectors in Turkey will be condemned to endlessly repeated convictions for the same act, an effective life imprisonment sentence.War Resisters’ International
According to War Resisters’ International, the 15 March 2007 sentence of Savda constitutes a violation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights, and Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights allowing for freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, both of which Turkey has signed and ratified. Furthermore, the WSI argues that the 12 April 2007 sentence violates not only the aforementioned articles, but also constitutes a violation of Article 14 paragraph 7 of the ICCPR, which states that “no one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an offence for which he has already been finally convicted or acquitted in accordance with the law and penal procedure of each country”. The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
The U.N. Working Group is of the opinion that “there is, since, after the initial conviction, the person exhibits, for reasons of conscience, a constant resolve not to obey the subsequent summons, so that there is ‘one and the same action entailing the same consequences and, therefore, the offence is the same and not a new one’”  The Working Group concludes that “to interpret such a refusal as being perhaps provisional (selective) would, in a country where the rule of law prevails, be tantamount to compelling someone to change his mind for fear of being deprived of his liberty if not for life, at least until the date at which citizens cease to be liable to military service.”

Amnesty International
In 2012, Amnesty International designated Savda a prisoner of conscience, "detained solely for the peaceful exercise of his right to freedom of expression". The group called for his immediate and unconditional release. Conscription in Turkey
In Turkey, compulsory military service, or conscription, is enshrined in Article 72 of the 1982 Turkish Constitution. According to Article 72, “Fatherland service is the right and duty of every Turk”.Mandatory service applies to all male citizens from 20 to 41 years of age, but the length of service varies depending on the individual’s education and occupation. Individuals without a higher education must serve 15 months (the amount Savda would have to serve). Those with a university degree either serve 12 months as a reserve officer or serve six months as a short term private. Those citizens who have worked outside Turkey for at least three consecutive years can pay a certain fee (approximately 5,000 Euros) and serve only 21 days of basic training instead of the typical 15-month service. Conscientious objection in Turkey
The issue of conscientious objection is a highly debated and controversial issue in Turkey. Turkey and Azerbaijan are the only two members of the Council of Europe that still refuse to recognize conscientious objection. Although Article 24.1 of the 1982 Constitution guarantees the right to freedom of conscience, it does not extend to the right to conscientious objection to military service.In 1991, the Turkish Constitutional Court explicitly ruled that the freedom of conscience mentioned in Article 24 does not include the right to conscientious objection to military service. Article 63 of the Turkish Military Penal Code punishes conscientious objectors for avoiding military service. Furthermore, Article 318 allows these individuals to be punished up to 2 years if they attract media attention or publish articles about their refusal to perform military service. Despite Turkey’s position on conscientious objection, a small number of individuals have publicly refused to perform military service for non-religious, pacifist reasons. The first known conscientious objector in Turkey was Ülke, a Turkish citizen who grew up in Germany and returned to Turkey. In 1995 he publicly declared that he was a conscientious objector and refused to perform military service. Ülke has been continuously subjected to recurring punishments related to his conscientious objector status.Since Ülke, dozens of others have followed. Between 1995 and 2004 approximately 40 men openly declared themselves as conscientious objectors, mostly by making a public statement or giving media interviews about their reasons for refusing military service. Among the most notable, aside from Ülke and Savda, were Mehmet Tarhan and Perihan Magden. Mehmet Tarhan, a gay anarchist and conscientious objector, was imprisoned for refusing military service in Turkey. He was sentenced to four years in a military prison but was unexpectedly released in March 2006. Journalist Perihan Magden was tried by a Turkish court for supporting Tarhan and advocating conscientious objection as a human right, but was acquitted. References

Other sources
http://www.refusingtokill.net/Turkey%20Halil/Halil%20index.htm
http://www.refusingtokill.net/Turkey%20Halil/HalilSavdaArrested.htm
http://www.refusingtokill.net/Turkey%20Halil/hastytranslation.htm
http://www.wri-irg.org/news/alerts/msg00082.html

1974 births
Living people
People from Cizre
Turkish conscientious objectors
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Turkey
Turkish prisoners and detainees

masks:
Halil Savda
Halil Savda
Halil
Savda
Halil
Halil
Savda
Savda


texts:
<mask>   (; 22 October 1919 – 17 November 2013) was a British-Zimbabwean (Rhodesian)  novelist. She was born to British parents in Iran, where she lived until 1925. Her family then moved to Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), where she remained until moving in 1949 to London, England. Her novels include The Grass Is Singing (1950), the sequence of five novels collectively called Children of Violence (1952–1969), The Golden Notebook (1962), The Good Terrorist (1985), and five novels collectively known as Canopus in Argos: Archives (1979–1983). <mask> was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature. In awarding the prize, the Swedish Academy described her as "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny". Lessing was the oldest person ever to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.In 2001, <mask> was awarded the David Cohen Prize for a lifetime's achievement in British literature. In 2008, The Times ranked her fifth on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". Life

Early life
<mask> was born <mask> Tayler in Kermanshah, Iran, on 22 October 1919, to Captain Alfred Tayler and Emily Maude Tayler (née McVeagh), both British subjects. Her father, who had lost a leg during his service in World War I, met his future wife, a nurse, at the Royal Free Hospital in London where he was recovering from his amputation. The couple moved to Iran, for Alfred to take a job as a clerk for the Imperial Bank of Persia. In 1925, the family moved to the British colony of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) to farm maize and other crops on about  of bush that Alfred bought. In the rough environment, his wife Emily aspired to lead an Edwardian lifestyle.It might have been possible had the family been wealthy; in reality, they were short of money and the farm delivered very little income. As a girl <mask> was educated first at the Dominican Convent High School, a Roman Catholic convent all-girls school in the Southern Rhodesian capital of Salisbury (now Harare). Then followed a year at Girls High School in Salisbury. She left school at age 13 and was self-educated from then on. She left home at 15 and worked as a nursemaid. She started reading material that her employer gave her on politics and sociology and began writing around this time. In 1937, <mask> moved to Salisbury to work as a telephone operator, and she soon married her first husband, civil servant Frank Wisdom, with whom she had two children (John, 1940–1992, and Jean, born in 1941), before the marriage ended in 1943.Lessing left the family home in 1943, leaving the two children with their father. Move to London; political views
After the divorce, <mask>'s interest was drawn to the community around the Left Book Club, an organisation she had joined the year before. It was here that she met her future second husband, Gottfried <mask>. They married shortly after she joined the group, and had a child together (Peter, 1946–2013), before they divorced in 1949. She did not marry again. Lessing also had a love affair with RAF serviceman John Whitehorn (brother of journalist Katharine Whitehorn), who was stationed in Southern Rhodesia, and wrote him ninety letters between 1943 and 1949. <mask> moved to London in 1949 with her younger son, Peter, to pursue her writing career and socialist beliefs, but left the two older children with their father Frank Wisdom in South Africa.She later said that at the time she saw no choice: "For a long time I felt I had done a very brave thing. There is nothing more boring for an intelligent woman than to spend endless amounts of time with small children. I felt I wasn't the best person to bring them up. I would have ended up an alcoholic or a frustrated intellectual like my mother." As well as campaigning against nuclear arms, she was an active opponent of apartheid, which led her to being banned from South Africa and Rhodesia in 1956 for many years. In the same year, following the Soviet invasion of Hungary, she left the British Communist Party. In the 1980s, when <mask> was vocal in her opposition to Soviet actions in Afghanistan, she gave her views on feminism, communism and science fiction in an interview with The New York Times.On 21 August 2015, a five-volume secret file on Lessing built up by the British intelligence agencies, MI5 and MI6, was made public and placed in The National Archives. The file, which contains documents that are redacted in parts, shows <mask> was under surveillance by British spies for around twenty years, from the early-1940s onwards. Her associations with Communism and her anti-racist activism are reported to be the reasons for the secret service interest in Lessing. Literary career
At the age of fifteen, Lessing began to sell her stories to magazines. Her first novel, The Grass Is Singing, was published in 1950. The work that gained her international attention, The Golden Notebook, was published in 1962. By the time of her death, she had published more than 50 novels, some under a pseudonym.In 1982 <mask> wrote two novels under the literary pseudonym Jane Somers to show the difficulty new authors face in trying to get their work printed. The novels were rejected by Lessing's UK publisher but later accepted by another English publisher, Michael Joseph, and in the US by Alfred A. Knopf. The Diary of a Good Neighbour was published in Britain and the US in 1983 and If the Old Could in both countries in 1984, both as written by Jane Somers. In 1984 both novels were republished in both countries (Viking Books publishing in the US), this time under one cover, with the title The Diaries of Jane Somers: The Diary of a Good Neighbour and If the Old Could, listing <mask> as author. <mask> declined a damehood (DBE) in 1992 as an honour linked to a non-existent Empire; she had declined an OBE in 1977. Later she accepted appointment as a Companion of Honour at the end of 1999 for "conspicuous national service". She was also made a Companion of Literature by the Royal Society of Literature.In 2007 <mask> was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. She received the prize at the age of 88 years 52 days, making her the oldest winner of the literature prize at the time of the award and the third-oldest Nobel laureate in any category (after Leonid Hurwicz and Raymond Davis Jr.). She was also only the eleventh woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature by the Swedish Academy in its 106-year history. In 2017, just 10 years later, her Nobel medal was put up for auction. Previously only one Nobel medal for literature had been sold at auction, for André Gide in 2016. Lessing was out shopping for groceries when the Nobel Prize announcement came. Arriving home to a gathering of reporters she exclaimed, "Oh Christ!""I've won all the prizes in Europe, every bloody one, so I'm delighted to win them all. It's a royal flush." She entitled her Nobel Lecture On Not Winning the Nobel Prize and used it to draw attention to global inequality of opportunity and to suggest that fiction writers can be involved in redressing those inequalities. <mask> wrote that "it is our imaginations which shape us, keep us, create us – for good and for ill. It is our stories that will recreate us, when we are torn, hurt, even destroyed." The lecture was later published in a limited edition to raise money for children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS. In a 2008 interview for the BBC's Front Row she stated that increased media interest after the award had left her without time or energy for writing.Her final book, Alfred and Emily, appeared in 2008. Illness and death
During the late-1990s Lessing suffered a stroke, which stopped her from travelling during her later years. She was still able to attend the theatre and opera. She began to focus her mind on death, for example asking herself if she would have time to finish a new book. She died on 17 November 2013, aged 94, at her home in London, predeceased by her two sons, but was survived by her daughter, Jean, who lives in South Africa. She was remembered with a humanist funeral service. Fiction

Lessing's fiction is commonly divided into three distinct phases.During her Communist phase (1944–56) she wrote radically about social issues, a theme to which she returned in The Good Terrorist (1985). <mask>'s first novel, The Grass Is Singing, as well as the short stories later collected in African Stories, are set in Southern Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) where she was then living. This was followed by a psychological phase from 1956 to 1969, including the Golden Notebook and the "Children of Violence" quartet. Third came the Sufi phase, explored in her 70s work, and in the Canopus in Argos sequence of science fiction (or as she preferred to put it "space fiction") novels and novellas. <mask>'s Canopus sequence received a mixed reception from mainstream literary critics. John Leonard praised her 1980 novel The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five in The New York Times, but in 1982 John Leonard wrote in reference to The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 that "[o]ne of the many sins for which the 20th century will be held accountable is that it has discouraged Mrs. Lessing... She now propagandises on behalf of our insignificance in the cosmic razzmatazz," to which Lessing replied: "What they didn't realise was that in science fiction is some of the best social fiction of our time. I also admire the classic sort of science fiction, like Blood Music, by Greg Bear.He's a great writer." She attended the 1987 World Science Fiction Convention as its Writer Guest of Honor. Here she made a speech in which she described her dystopian novel Memoirs of a Survivor as "an attempt at an autobiography." The Canopus in Argos novels present an advanced interstellar society's efforts to accelerate the evolution of other worlds, including Earth. Using Sufi concepts, to which Lessing had been introduced in the mid-1960s by her "good friend and teacher" Idries Shah, the series of novels also uses an approach similar to that employed by the early 20th century mystic G. I. Gurdjieff in his work All and Everything. Earlier works of "inner space" fiction like Briefing for a Descent into Hell (1971) and Memoirs of a Survivor (1974) also connect to this theme. Lessing's interest had turned to Sufism after coming to the realisation that Marxism ignored spiritual matters, leaving her disillusioned.<mask>'s novel The Golden Notebook is considered a feminist classic by some scholars, but notably not by the author herself, who later wrote that its theme of mental breakdowns as a means of healing and freeing one's self from illusions had been overlooked by critics. She also regretted that critics failed to appreciate the exceptional structure of the novel. She explained in Walking in the Shade that she modelled Molly partly on her good friend Joan Rodker, the daughter of the modernist poet and publisher John Rodker. Lessing did not like being pigeon-holed as a feminist author. When asked why, she explained:

Doris Lessing Society
The Doris Lessing Society is dedicated to supporting the scholarly study of <mask>'s work. The formal structure of the Society dates from January 1977, when the first issue of the Doris Lessing Newsletter was published. In 2002 the Newsletter became the academic journal Doris Lessing Studies.The Society also organises panels at the Modern Languages Association (MLA) annual Conventions and has held two international conferences in New Orleans in 2004 and Leeds in 2007. Archives
Lessing's literary archive is held by the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, at the University of Texas at Austin. The 45 archival boxes of <mask>'s materials at the Ransom Center contain nearly all of her extant manuscripts and typescripts up to 1999. Original material for <mask>'s early books is assumed not to exist because she kept none of her early manuscripts. The McFarlin Library at the University of Tulsa holds a smaller collection. The University of East Anglia's British Archive for Contemporary Writing holds <mask>'s personal archive: a vast collection of professional and personal correspondence, including the Whitehorn letters, a collection of love letters from the 1940s, written when <mask> was still living in Zimbabwe (then Southern Rhodesia). The collection also includes forty years of personal diaries.Some of the archive remains embargoed during the writing of <mask>'s official biography. Awards

 Somerset Maugham Award (1954)
 Prix Médicis étranger (1976)
 Austrian State Prize for European Literature (1981)
 Shakespeare-Preis der Alfred Toepfer Stiftung F. V. S., Hamburg (1982)
 WH Smith Literary Award (1986)
 Palermo Prize (1987)
 Premio Internazionale Mondello (1987)
 Premio Grinzane Cavour (1989)
 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography (1995)
 Los Angeles Times Book Prize (1995)
 Premi Internacional Catalunya (1999)
 Order of the Companions of Honour (1999)
 Companion of Literature of the Royal Society of Literature (2000)
 David Cohen Prize (2001)
 Premio Príncipe de Asturias (2001)
 S.T. Benson, 2002)

Short story collections
 This Was the Old Chief's Country (1951)
 Five Short Novels (1953)
 The Habit of Loving (1957)
 A Man and Two Women (1963)
 African Stories (1964)
 Winter in July (1966)
 The Black Madonna (1966)
 The Story of a Non-Marrying Man (1972)
 This Was the Old Chief's Country: Collected African Stories, Vol. 1 (1973)
 The Sun Between Their Feet: Collected African Stories, Vol. 2 (1973)
 To Room Nineteen: Collected Stories, Vol. 1 (1978)
 The Temptation of Jack Orkney: Collected Stories, Vol. (Page A1, 2013-11-17).

masks:
Doris May Lessing
Lessing
Lessing
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Doris May
Doris
Doris
Doris
Lessing
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Lessing
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Doris Lessing
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Doris Lessing
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Doris Lessing
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<mask><mask> (March 6, 1925 – March 10, 2011) was an American basketball player, coach, and university instructor. He was a World War II veteran who was a standout athlete at Western Michigan University. After playing professional basketball, he served as an instructor at the University for more than 30 years. In the 1980s, <mask> retired from his teaching duties but remained active in sporting circles and became involved in voluntary public service in his Michigan township. Early life and military
<mask> was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan in 1925. He was the second of four sons born to <mask> and Jessie Knapper. His parents were immigrants from the Netherlands, having come from Groningen.<mask> was raised on the north side of Kalamazoo and attended Lincoln Junior High School. He then developed into a successful athlete at Kalamazoo Central High School where he lettered in football, baseball, and basketball. He graduated from Central in 1943 and, after his graduation, enlisted in the United States Army to serve in Europe during World War II. He was a Gunnery Sergeant with the American Third Army and arrived at Omaha Beach on D-Day plus two. He also fought with the Third Army at the Battle of the Bulge. Following World War II, <mask> returned to Kalamazoo where he enrolled at Western Michigan University with the help of the G.I. Bill to study for a degree in education.College career
<mask> attended Western Michigan University from 1946 to 1949. He was an athletic standout while at Western and earned 11 varsity letters in football, basketball and baseball. In his final year at Western, he received the University's Academic-Athletic Excellence Honor Medal. On the basketball court at Western Michigan, <mask> set the career scoring record with 1099 points between 1946 and 1949, though this record has since been broken. He is remembered as having successfully competed against players that were much taller than he was, such as Bowling Green's <mask>. <mask> also remains among the top ten for free throws made and free throws attempted. As a junior, <mask> was named a second team All-American and in 1949, the senior was named a first team All-American.After college, <mask> received offers to play professionally from the Detroit Lions in football, the Chicago Cubs in baseball, and several professional basketball teams. He chose to play basketball and was selected by the Indianapolis Olympians in the 6th round of the 1949 BAA draft. Professional career

Waterloo Hawks (1949–1951)

<mask> began his career playing for the Waterloo Hawks in 1949. During his college and professional playing days, he stood 6'4" (1.93 m), weighed 210 pounds (95 kg), and played most of his career as a small forward. The team finished fifth in the NBA Western Division with a 19–43 record. <mask> averaged about 10 points and two assists per game and was in the top 20 in the league making 37% of his field goals. The following season, the Waterloo franchise left the NBA to join the original National Professional Basketball League during its only season in existence.<mask> led the entire league in scoring with 781 points. He was also named a member of the league's all-star team. More than half of the league's teams folded over the course of the year and no championship game was played. <mask>'s Hawks and the Sheboygan Red Skins made claims to being the champions, but the league was dissolved before the matter could be resolved. Waterloo finished the season with the most wins of any team behind <mask>'s scoring, but Sheboygan defeated the Hawks in 8 of their fifteen meetings. Milwaukee Hawks (1951–1953)
When the Waterloo franchise folded along with the NPBL, <mask> was signed with the Milwaukee Hawks for one season. This team finished fifth in the NBA's western division and <mask> put up numbers similar to his first year in the NBA.One lasting distinction came during that season. <mask> was tied for third most personal fouls in the NBA behind George Mikan and Vern Mikkelsen. He also set a league record by fouling out of six consecutive games that season. Though this record was nearly broken in 1982 and skirted by Shaquille O'Neal in 2007, it still stands as of 2016. Baltimore Bullets and Fort Wayne Pistons (1953)
For the 1952–53 season, <mask> was traded to the Fort Wayne Pistons by way of the Baltimore Bullets. Though his stats were slightly lower than his previous seasons, the Pistons made it to the playoffs after finishing with a record of 36–33. <mask> and the Pistons competed in the Western Division semifinals, beating the Rochester Royals two games to one.The Pistons then lost to George Mikan and the eventual NBA champion Minneapolis Lakers in the western division finals. This was <mask>'s last season in the NBA and he finished his professional career with averages of 10.2 points, 2.0 assists, and 4.2 rebounds per game. Coaching and later life

Western Michigan University
After retiring from professional basketball, <mask> began a long career as a coach and instructor at Western Michigan University. He initially taught sports and physical education classes while serving as assistant coach for the football, basketball, and baseball teams. During the 1958–59 season, <mask> was promoted to head coach of the Bronco's basketball team. Boven's first season was not very successful and the Broncos went 2–20. In 1959–60 Boven put together the first of two winning seasons (12–11).The other came in 1961–62 when the team went 13–11. <mask> coached at Western Michigan until 1966 ending his coaching career with a record of 75–112 (). His record in the Mid-American conference was 36–60 (). His relatively poor winning percentage has been explained by the fact that he scheduled his team to play the best competition available in order to improve their skills on the court. While he was working at Western, <mask> also earned a master of arts degree in education from the University. He also played semi-professional baseball during the summer months for the Sutherland Paper Company team until the late 1950s. After his semi-professional career ended, <mask> worked during the summers for the Kalamazoo Parks and Recreation Department as the director of the city's summer playground program.<mask> was inducted into Western Michigan's hall of fame in 1975, at which time the school's athletic director noted "He commands respect with the history he represents in our university. He was an outstanding teacher and coach who continued to support Western." Retirement and personal life
<mask> retired from Western Michigan University in 1985 after 32 years of working with the institution. After he had completed his professional basketball career, <mask> married Charlotte Kniese on April 25, 1953 and the couple had three children. The two had met while both were students at Western Michigan University. The family lived on a small lake near Mattawan, Michigan. He served as Texas Township Clerk for 12 years and was very active in his retirement.<mask> had remained involved in basketball in his later years, playing in reunion games with the Waterloo Hawks as late as 2004. He was also a member of the National Basketball Retired Players Association. <mask> died in June 2010 and <mask> died as a result of amyloidosis in his heart on March 10, 2011. He and his wife were buried at Fort Custer National Cemetery. References

External links

1925 births
2011 deaths
American men's basketball players
Baltimore Bullets (1944–1954) players
Baseball players from Michigan
Basketball coaches from Michigan
Basketball players from Michigan
Fort Wayne Pistons players
Indianapolis Olympians draft picks
Milwaukee Hawks players
People from Mattawan, Michigan
Players of American football from Michigan
Small forwards
Sportspeople from Kalamazoo, Michigan
Waterloo Hawks players
Western Michigan Broncos baseball coaches
Western Michigan Broncos baseball players
Western Michigan Broncos football players
Western Michigan Broncos men's basketball coaches
Western Michigan Broncos men's basketball players
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army non-commissioned officers

masks:
Donald E
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Thomas Boven
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Don Otten
Boven
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Brahmarshi Vishvamitra (, ) is one of the most venerated rishis or sages of ancient India. A near-divine being, he is also credited as the author of most of Mandala 3 of the Rigveda, including Gayatri Mantra. The Puranas mention that only 24 rishis since antiquity have understood the whole meaning of—and thus wielded the whole power of—Gayatri Mantra. <mask> is supposed to be the first, and Yajnavalkya the last. Before renouncing his kingdom and royal status, Brahmarishi Vishvamitra was a king, thus he retained the title of Rajarshi or 'royal sage'. Textual background

Historically, Viśvāmitra Gāthina was a Rigvedic rishi who was the chief author of Mandala 3 of the Rigveda. Viśvāmitra was taught by Jamadagni Bhārgava.He was the purohita of the Bharata tribal king Sudās, until he was replaced by Vasiṣṭha. He aided the Bharatas in crossing the Vipāś and Śutudrī rivers (modern Beas and Sutlej). In later Hindu texts, Viśvāmitra and Vasiṣṭha have a long-standing feud, and scholars have stated they historically had a feud regarding the position of the Bharata purohita. However, this view has been criticized due to lack of internal evidence and the projection of later views onto the Rigveda. In post-Rigvedic literature Viśvāmitra becomes a mythical sage. Most of the stories related to Vishvamitra's life is narrated in the Valmiki Ramayana. Vishvamitra was a king in ancient India, also called Kaushik (descendant of Kusha) and belonged to Amavasu Dynasty.Vishwamitra was originally the King of Kanyakubja (modern day Kannauj). He was a valiant warrior and the great-grandson of a great king named Kusha. Valmiki Ramayana, prose 51 of Bala Kanda, starts with the story of Vishvamitra:

His story also appears in various Puranas; however, with variations from Ramayana. Vishnu Purana and Harivamsha chapter 27 (dynasty of Amaavasu) of Mahabharata narrates the birth of <mask>. According to Vishnu Purana, Kushanabha married a damsel of Purukutsa dynasty (later called as Shatamarshana lineage - descendants of the Ikshvaku king Trasadasyu) and had a son by name Gaadhi, who had a daughter named Satyavati (not to be confused with the Satyavati of Mahabharata). Life and legends

Birth
Satyavati was married to an old man known as Richika who was foremost among the race of Bhrigu. Ruchika desired a son having the qualities of a Brahmin and so he gave Satyavati a sacrificial offering (charu) which he had prepared to achieve this objective.He also gave Satyavati's mother another charu to make her conceive a son with the character of a Kshatriya at her request. But Satyavati's mother privately asked Satyavati to exchange her charu with her. This resulted in Satyavati's mother giving birth to <mask>, and Satyavati gave birth to Jamadagni, father of Parashurama, a person with qualities of a warrior. Conflicts with Vashista

Maharshi Vasistha possessed a divine-cow  kamadhenu that was able to give everything that one wished for. Once king Kaushika (Vishwamitra) saw the cow and wished to possess her. He asked Vasistha to hand her over but Vasistha refused to do so saying she actually belongs to Devas and not him. King Kaushika became angry due to his arrogance and attacked Vasistha with all his forces.However, he was defeated by the power of Vasistha's penance and suraabhi/kamadhenu's created soldiers and was somehow rescued by Vamdeva. He asked Vamdeva how Vasistha could defeat him all alone. Vamdeva told him this happened due to Vasistha's position as"Brahmarishi" due his tapasya. Kaushika then wanted to gain "Brahmarishi" like Vasistha. Doing penance guided by Vamdeva, King Kaushika became Vishwamitra. In one encounter, Vishwamitra cursed the king Harishchandra to become a pauper. Vashista accompanied him by becoming a bird himself to help him.There were several such instances of violent encounter between the sages and at times, Brahma, god of creation, had to intervene. Alternative version
Vashista destroys Vishvamitra's entire army by the simple use of his great mystic and spiritual powers, breathing the Om syllable. Vishvamitra then undertakes a tapasya for several years to please Shiva, who bestows upon him the knowledge of celestial weaponry. He proudly goes to Vaśiștha's ashram again and uses all kinds of powerful weapons to destroy Vashista and his hermitage. He succeeded in the killings of Vashista's thousand sons but not Vashista himself. An enraged Vashista brings out his brahmadanda, a wooden stick imbued with the power of Brahma. It consumes Vishvamitra's most powerful weapon, the brahmastra.Vashista then attempts to attack Vishvamitra, but his anger is allayed by Devas. Vishvamitra is left humiliated while Vashista restores his hermitage. Seduction by Menaka

Menaka was born during the churning of the ocean by the Devas and Asuras and was one of the most beautiful apsaras (celestial nymph) in the world with quick intelligence and innate talent. However, Menaka desired a family. Due to his penance and the power he achieved through it, Vishwamitra frightened the gods and even tried to create another heaven. Indra, frightened by Vishwamitra's powers, sent Menaka from heaven to earth to lure him and break his meditation. Menaka successfully incited Vishwamitra's lust and passion.She succeeded in breaking the meditation of Vishwamitra. However, she fell in genuine love with him and a baby girl was born to them who later grew in Sage Kanva's ashram and came to be called Shakuntala. Later Shakuntala falls in love with King Dushyanta and gives birth to a child called Bharata. However, later Vishwamitra merely cursed Menaka to be separated from him forever, for he loved her as well and knew that she had lost all devious intentions towards him long ago. After succumbing to Menakā’s flirtations, and after having a daughter with her, Viśvāmitra then travels south to the Godāvarī to resume his austerities, settling down at a spot next where Śiva stood as Kālañjara. Vishwamitra was also tested by the Apsara Rambha. She, however was cursed by Vishwamitra.Rise to Brahmarishi
After cursing Rambha, Vishwamitra goes to the highest mountain of Himalayas to perform an even more severe tapasya for over 1000 years. He ceases to eat and reduces his breathing to a bare minimum. He is tested again by Indra, who comes as a poor Brahmin begging for food just as Kaushika is ready to break a fast of many years by eating some rice. Kaushika instantly gives his food away to Indra and resumes his meditation. Kaushika also finally masters his passions, refusing to be provoked by any of Indra's testing and seductive interferences. At the penultimate culmination of a multi-thousand-year journey, Kaushika's yogic power is at a peak. At this point, Brahma, as the head of Devas led by Indra, names Kaushika a Brahmarishi and names him Vishvamitra or Friend of All for his unlimited compassion.He then goes to meet Vashishta. It was customary that, if a sage was greeted by an equal or superior person, the sage would also greet the person. If the sage was greeted by an inferior person, the sage would simply bless them. Initially, when Vishwamitra greeted Vashishta with the pride of being a new Brahmarishi in heart, Vashishta simply blessed him. Suddenly all pride and desire left Vishwamitra's heart and he became a clean and clear Brahmarishi. When Vishwamitra turned back to leave, Vashishta realised a change of heart and proceeded to greet Vishwamitra. Vishwamitra is also embraced by Vashista and their enmity is instantly ended.Trisanku

Another story Vishvamitra is known for is his creation of his own version of Swarga or heaven, called Trisanku Swarga. When a proud King Trisanku asked his Guru Vashista to send him to heaven in his own body, guru responded that the body cannot ascend to heaven. King Trisanku then asked Vashista's hundred sons to send him to heaven. The sons, believing that Trisanku should not come to them after their father had refused, took outrage and cursed Trisanku to be a Chandala. Trisanku was transformed into a person with body smeared of ash, clothed in black and wearing iron jewelry. Unrecognizable to his subjects, he was driven out of the kingdom. In his exile, Trisanku came across the sage Vishvamitra, who agreed to help him.Vishvamitra organized a great sacrifice and ritual propitiating the Devas, pleading that they accept Trisanku into heaven. Not one Deva responded. Angered, Vishvamitra used his yogic powers and ordered Trisanku to rise to heaven. Miraculously, Trisanku rose into the sky until he reached heaven, where he was pushed back down by Indra. Enraged even more by this, <mask> commenced the creation of another universe (including another Brahma) for Trisanku. He had only completed the Universe when Brihaspati ordered him to stop. Trisanku, however, did not fully transcend through Trisanku Svarga created for him.He remained fixed and upside-down in the sky and was transformed into a constellation, which is now known as Crux. In the process of forming a new universe, Vishvamitra used up all the tapas he had gained from his austerities. Therefore, after the Trisanku episode, Vishvamitra had to start his prayers again to attain the status of a Brahmarshi and become an equal of Vashista. Harishchandra/Ambarisha's sacrifice
While undertaking a penance, Kaushika helps a boy named Shunashepa who has been sold by his parents to be sacrificed at Harishchandra/Ambarisha's yagna to please Varuna. The king's son Rohit does not want to be the one sacrificed, as was originally promised to Varuna, so young Sunashepa is taken. A devastated and terrified Sunashepa falls at the feet of Kaushika, who is deep in meditation and begs for his help. Kaushika teaches secret mantras to Sunashepa.The boy sings these mantras at the ceremony, is blessed by Indra and Varuna and Ambarisha's ceremony is completed. In another version of the story, Sunahshepa is lost son of <mask>. When <mask> was Prince of Bharats (Kaushik) - and his name was Vishwarath then, he was abducted by the enemy king Shambar. There, Shambar's daughter, Ugra, falls in love with Vishvarath. Ugra convinces Prince Vishvarath to marry her. Looking at the good character of Vishvarath, Shambar also agrees for the marriage. Soon after the marriage, the Bharatas win the battle against Shambar.When they found their Prince Vishvarath alive, they feel happy but they could not accept Ugra as their future queen as she is an Asura. To convert Ugra into an Sura, Vishvarath creates Gayatri Mantra, but people still refuse to accept her. Soon she gives birth to a son, but to save the son from the angry people, the greatest female sage Lopamudra sends the child to a hidden place. To Lopamudra and Vishvarath's sadness, people kill Ugra. But the son is saved, without the knowledge of Vishvarath. This child grows young and he comes to sacrifice himself in the ceremony of Ambarisha (or King Harishchandra). Teacher of Rama

In the Hindu epic Ramayana, Vishvamitra is the preceptor of Rama and his brother Lakshmana.Rama is prince of Ayodhya, and believed to be the seventh Avatar of god Vishnu . Vishvamitra gives them the knowledge of the Devastras or celestial weaponry [bala and ati bala], trains them in advanced religion and guides them to kill powerful demons like Tadaka, Maricha and Subahu. He also leads them to the Swayamvara ceremony for princess Sita, who becomes wife of Rama. Works

<mask> is said to have found Gayatri Mantra. It is a verse from a sukta of Rigveda (Mandala 3.62.10). Gāyatrī is the name of the Vedic meter in which the verse is composed. Gayatri mantra is repeated and cited very widely in Vedic literature and praised in several well-known classical Hindu texts such as Manusmriti ("there is nothing greater than the Savitri (Gayatri) Mantra.", Manu II, 83), Harivamsa and Bhagavad Gita. The mantra is an important part of the upanayana ceremony for young males in Hinduism and has long been recited by dvija men as part of their daily rituals. Modern Hindu reform movements spread the practice of the mantra to include women and all castes and its recitation is now widespread. Descendants
Vishwamitra had many children from different women. Madhuchhanda was also a composer of many hymns in the Rigveda. According to the Mahabharata, Sushruta, the father of plastic surgery, was one of his sons. Ashtaka, who was born from Madhavi, was successor to his kingdom.Shakuntala was born from the damsel Menaka. She was the mother of Bharata, who became a powerful emperor as well as an ancestor of Kuru kings. Rajput belonging to Kaushika or Vishwamitra gotra claim that they descended from Sage Vishwamitra. The distinction can be found from the respective pravaras,
Visvamitra, Aghamarshana, Kaushika
Visvamitra, Devarata, Owtala
Visvamitra, Ashtaka

In film and television
 Vishwamitra is shown in the Tamil movie Raja Rishi with Sivaji Ganesan playing the role of the Sage. Vishvamitra is shown in Telugu movie Brahmarshi Vishwamitra. The TV show Vishwamitra (1995) is made on the story of Brahmarishi Vishwamitra. The role of Vishwamitra is played by Mukesh Khanna.Vishwamitra is shown in the show Siya Ke Ram airing on Star Plus, starring Manish Wadhwa. The TV show Piya Albela is also based on the classic love story of Menaka and Vishwamitra, depicted as a modern-day love story revolving around Naren and Pooja. Vishwamitra also appears in Shani (TV series)

See also

 Hinduism
 Hindu mythology

References

. Brahmin gotras
Rishis
Sages in the Ramayana
Saptarishi

masks: Vishvamitra Vishvamitra Vishvamitra Vishvamitra Vishvamitra Vishvamitra Vishvamitra


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<mask> (born January 22, 1981) is an American mixed martial artist who last competed in 2016. A professional since 2004, he is perhaps best known for competing in the UFC, but has also fought for M-1 Global and the Maximum Fighting Championship. Background
<mask> grew up in St. Petersburg, Florida, attending Pinellas Park High School, where he participated in wrestling, winning a district title, while also practicing judo. He joined the Marines after graduating high school and was part of Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. Fioravanti started training in various martial arts such as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and kickboxing while stationed in California and Iraq with the Marines. After spending five months in Iraq, <mask> continued training and began his professional career in early 2004. Mixed martial arts career

Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> began his professional MMA career 7-0 before losing to UFC veteran Chris Leben via unanimous decision.<mask> would then rattle off four straight wins, including two in the UFC, before dropping two straight fights against Jon Fitch and Forrest Petz. <mask> would then split his last four fights in the UFC, before losing to Anthony Johnson and being cut by the UFC. Post-UFC
Fioravanti has seen improved results since leaving the UFC, going 10–6 in his last 16 fights since being released, including a five fight winning streak that was snapped when he lost a unanimous decision to Andrei Semenov. He faced Joe Doerksen at Score Fighting Series 1 on June 10, 2011. He lost via unanimous decision. <mask> faced former UFC welterweight contender Paul Daley at Ringside MMA 12 on October 21, 2011. He lost the fight via unanimous decision, putting him at three losses in a row.<mask> snapped his three fight losing streak on May 18, 2013, when he submitted Edwin Aguilar in forty-two seconds at Flawless FC 3. <mask> followed up with a TKO win over Joshua Thorpe at Shamrock Promotions on October 12, 2013. Fioravanti fought in the BattleGrounds MMA in a Single Night 8-Man Tournament. He lost his quarterfinal fight against Joe Ray via TKO in the first round. 7
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masks:
Luigi Fioravanti
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