texts:
<mask> (14 March 1908 – 19 February 2005) was an English writer and mountaineer. <mask> was born in Four Oaks, Birmingham and educated at Bishop Vesey's Grammar School in nearby Sutton Coldfield. His father <mask> was also born in Four Oaks, in 1882. Known to his friends as 'Pip', <mask>' childhood was spent in the hills of North Wales where he became an avid mountaineer and explorer. During the Second World War, <mask> joined the Royal Navy and was posted in the Mediterranean, but even there he walked and climbed as much as he could. An aspiring writer, <mask> already had articles published in Punch, before setting out to make his living as an author. His first novel, Traitor's Mountain, was a murder mystery set on and around Tryfan in Wales.He became a prolific writer with over 160 books published for children as well as adults. In addition to historic naval adventure fiction such as the Midshipman Quinn and Lieutenant Michael Fitton series set during the Napoleonic Wars, and non-fiction works on mountains and such as The Mountaineer's Weekend Book, he wrote detective fiction under the pseudonym of Glyn Carr, and humorous pieces as C.L. Inker. Coventry Herald, 14 January 1939Personalities of the Crumb Board. SMT Magazine & Scottish Country Life, March 1939The Battle of Camp Hill. Warwickshire Evening Despatch, 6 April 1939Hands off the Park. Birmingham Mail, 22 June 1939What's All the Fuss about?Warwickshire Evening Despatch, 5 July 1939Cheapest Way of Seeing the World''. Midland Daily Telegraph, 12 September 1939

References

External links
Obituary
Showell Styles Bibliography at  www.fantasticfiction.co.uk

1908 births
2005 deaths
English male novelists
English explorers
English children's writers
English crime fiction writers
People educated at Bishop Vesey's Grammar School
20th-century English novelists
Members of the Detection Club
20th-century English male writers
Nautical historical novelists
Royal Navy officers of World War II
People from Sutton Coldfield

masks:
Frank Showell Styles
Showell Styles
Alfred Thomas Styles
Showell Styles
Styles
Styles


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born  <mask>; July 24, 1934 – May 19, 2014) was an American criminal who was convicted of two murders, as well as robbery, forgery, violation of anti-slavery laws, and numerous other crimes. Many of these crimes were committed with the assistance of her son, <mask>. They were tried and convicted together for the murder of Irene Silverman, along with 117 other charges. Kenny made a plea deal in the murder of David Kazdin, pleading guilty and agreeing to testify against his mother in her trial for Kazdin's murder in return for her not facing a death sentence. <mask> was subsequently convicted of that murder. The pair were also suspected but never charged in a third murder in the Bahamas, to which <mask> confessed. Early life
According to court records, <mask> was born <mask> in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, one of four children of Mary Van Horn, a native of Illinois and of partial Dutch descent, and Prama Mahendra Singhrs (1889–1940), who was East Indian and came to the United States through Canada.<mask> <mask> gave numerous conflicting stories about her origins and numerous other accounts are difficult to confirm. Her son, Kent Walker, has said that her birth certificate might be forged. Walker, in his book Son of a Grifter, has reported a claim by an old acquaintance of his mother that Kimes was the daughter of a respectable family who was unable to cope with her aberrant, wild antics. Kimes herself has claimed that her father was a laborer and that her mother was a prostitute who migrated to Los Angeles during the Dust Bowl, where the young Kimes ran wild in the streets. Kimes attended high school in Carson City, Nevada, and graduated in 1952. She soon married a high school boyfriend, but the marriage lasted only three months. In 1956, Kimes reunited with another sweetheart from high school, Edward Walker.They married in 1957 and had one son, Kent. After a shoplifting conviction in 1961, <mask> separated and reconciled intermittently with Walker but their divorce was not finalized until 1969. In 1971, she met motel tycoon <mask>. They married in Clark County, Nevada on April 5, 1981. They had one son, Kenneth Karam <mask> (born 1975). Criminal behavior
Sante <mask> spent the better part of her life fleecing people of money, expensive merchandise, and real estate, either through elaborate con games, arson, forgery, or outright theft. According to Kent Walker, she committed insurance fraud on numerous occasions, frequently by committing arson and then collecting money for property damage.Kimes delighted in introducing her husband Kenneth as an ambassador, a ploy that even gained the couple access to a White House reception during the Ford administration, and would sometimes even impersonate Elizabeth Taylor, whom she resembled slightly. Walker also alleges that Kimes committed many acts of fraud that were not even financially necessary, such as enslaving maids when she could easily afford to pay them. Kimes frequently offered young, homeless illegal immigrants housing and employment, then kept them as virtual prisoners by threatening to report them to the authorities if they didn't follow her orders. As a result, she and Kenneth spent years squandering his fortune on lawyers' fees, defending themselves against charges of slavery. <mask> was eventually arrested in August 1985 and was sentenced by the U.S. District Court to five years in prison for violating federal anti-slavery laws and was successfully sued by Honolulu civil attorney David Schutter in civil court. Kenneth took a plea bargain and agreed to complete an alcohol treatment program. He and their son Kenny lived a somewhat normal life until <mask> was released from prison in 1989.Kenneth died in 1994. <mask> and Kenny were suspects in the 1995 abduction of 62 year-old Levitz Furniture heiress Jacqueline Levitz from her home in Vicksburg, Mississippi until a July 1998 announcement by the FBI that its investigations had concluded that, "There is nothing that would indicate that [they] had anything to do with Ms. Levitz." Murders

David Kazdin
David Kazdin had allowed <mask> to use his name on the deed of a home in Las Vegas that was actually occupied by Kimes and her husband Kenneth in the 1970s. Several years later, Kimes convinced a notary to forge Kazdin's signature on an application for a loan of $280,000, with the house as collateral. When Kazdin discovered the forgery through a letter sent from his commercial bank and threatened to expose Kimes, she ordered him killed. On March 9, 1998, Kenny murdered Kazdin in his Los Angeles home by shooting him in the back of the head.According to another accomplice's later testimony, all three participated in disposing of the evidence. Kazdin's body was found in a dumpster near Los Angeles airport in March 1998. The murder weapon was never recovered, having been disassembled and dropped into a storm sewer. Irene Silverman
In June 1998, <mask> and Kenny perpetrated a scheme whereby she would assume the identity of their landlady, 82-year-old socialite Irene Silverman, and then appropriate ownership of her $7.7 million Manhattan mansion. The pair began renting a room in Silverman's mansion in June 1998 before she was reported missing on July 5. The search for Silverman went as far as Mount Olive, New Jersey. Despite the fact that Silverman's body was never found, both mother and son were convicted of murder in 2000, in no small part because of the discovery of <mask>' notebooks detailing the crime and notes written by Silverman, who was extremely suspicious of the pair.Among other things the two suspects kept casually asking Silverman for her ID and Social Security number, looked away from security cameras in the building lobby as they walked past, and repeatedly refused to let housekeepers into their rented room for cleaning. During the trial for the Kazdin murder, Kenny confessed that after his mother had used a stun gun on Silverman, he strangled her, stuffed her corpse into a bag and deposited it in a dumpster in Hoboken, New Jersey. Syed Bilal Ahmed
Kenny also confessed to murdering a third man, banker Syed Bilal Ahmed, at his mother's behest in The Bahamas in 1996,<ref><mask>, Son Get Life Sentence in L.A. Murder (washingtonpost.com) <mask>, Son Get Life Sentence in L.A. Murder Reuters/Washington Post 3/22/2005]</ref> which had been suspected by Bahamian authorities at the time. but no charges were ever filed in that case. <mask> denied any involvement in or knowledge of the murders, and she claimed that Kenny confessed solely to avoid receiving the death penalty.Investigation and arrest
The investigation into the <mask>s began officially on March 14, 1998, when Kazdin's remains were found in a dumpster near LAX. The FBI and LAPD detectives assigned to the investigation focused on the mortgage loan application with the forged signature that falsely linked Kazdin to a house in Las Vegas which had been partly burned down in an attempted arson. The supposed homeowner turned out to be David McCarran, a homeless man who said <mask> and Kenny had lit the arson fire. He also claimed to have been forced to stay in the house by the <mask>s, who hoped to collect the insurance money from the loss of the house. Investigators also located Stan Patterson, a second man who confessed to selling a handgun to Kenny which he used to kill Kazdin. He was told of several potential felony charges stemming from the murder and mortgage fraud and reluctantly agreed to cooperate with the police in apprehending the pair to avoid prosecution. At the end of June 1998, Patterson got a call from <mask> about an expensive townhouse in New York's Upper West Side she wanted to sell for $7.7 million (the building owned by Silverman), and she needed his help with the paperwork.Patterson agreed to meet her in New York on July 5; he informed the FBI about the scheduled meeting before he left on July 3. Two days later, Patterson met <mask> at the New York Hilton around 6 p.m. that evening. Around 7 p.m., Kenny arrived at the Hilton and approached <mask>; upon his appearance FBI and NYPD officers quickly moved in to arrest both of them. The <mask>s had stolen a black Lincoln Town Car from a rental car dealership in Utah the previous May using a bounced check. When the police found the vehicle in the following day on July 6, they searched it and found what one officer called a "treasure chest" full of evidence: a stun gun case, forged Social Security cards, two hand guns, a pair of handcuffs, a folder full of various forms and applications related to Silverman's mansion, and a set of fifteen notebooks on which Sante had written detailed descriptions of mortgage fraud schemes involving many intended victims including both Silverman and Kazdin. Trials
Although the Kazdin murder occurred first, the <mask>s were tried in New York City first for the Silverman murder. Evidence recovered from their car helped establish the case for trying them for Kazdin's murder as well.The Silverman trial was unusual in many aspects, namely the rare combination of a mother/son team and the fact that no body was ever recovered. Nonetheless, the jury was unanimous in voting to convict them not only of murder but of 117 other charges including robbery, burglary, conspiracy, grand larceny, illegal weapons possession, forgery and eavesdropping on their first poll on the subject. The judge also took the unusual step of ordering <mask> not to speak to the media even after the jury had been sequestered, as a result of her passing a note to New York Times reporter David Rhode in court. The judge threatened to have Kimes handcuffed during further court appearances if she persisted and restricted her telephone access to calls to her lawyers. The judge contended that Kimes was attempting to influence the jury as they may have seen or heard any such interviews, and that there would be no cross-examination as there would be in court. Kimes had earlier chosen to not take the stand in her own defense after the judge ruled that prosecutors could question her about the previous conviction on slavery charges. During the sentencing portion of the Silverman trial, Kimes made a prolonged statement to the court blaming the authorities, including their own lawyers, for framing them.She went on to compare their trial to the Salem Witch Trials and claimed that the prosecutors were guilty of "murdering the Constitution" before the judge told her to be quiet. When the statement was concluded, the presiding judge responded that <mask> was a sociopath and a degenerate and her son was a dupe and a "remorseless predator" before imposing the maximum sentence on both of them. This amounted to 120 years for Sante and 124 years for her son Kenny, effectively sentencing both of them to life in prison. In October 2000, while doing an interview, Kenny held Court TV reporter Maria Zone hostage by pressing a ballpoint pen into her throat. Zone had interviewed <mask> at his prison once before without incident. Kenny's demand was that his mother not be extradited to California, where the two faced the death penalty for the murder of Kazdin. After four hours of negotiation, Kenny removed the pen from Zone's throat.Negotiators created a distraction which allowed them to quickly remove Zone and wrestle Kimes to the ground. In March 2001, Kenny was extradited to Los Angeles to stand trial for the murder of Kazdin. <mask> was extradited to Los Angeles in June 2001. During that trial in June 2004, while he was facing the death penalty, Kenny changed his plea from "not guilty" to "guilty" and implicated his mother in the murder in exchange for a plea deal that his mother should not receive the death penalty if convicted. Kenny then testified in trial against his mother, exposing every detail about their multiple crimes and describing how she indoctrinated him into becoming her accomplice. Kimes again made a prolonged statement denying the murders and accusing police and prosecutors of various kinds of misconduct, and she was again eventually ordered by the presiding judge to be silent. The sentencing judge in the Kazdin case called Mrs. Kimes  "one of the most evil individuals" she had met in her time as a judge.Imprisonment and death
<mask> was serving a life sentence plus 125 years at the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for Women in New York, where she died on May 19, 2014. Additionally, she and her son were each sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of Kazdin in California. Kenny is currently incarcerated at Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in California. In media
A 2001 made-for-TV movie, Like Mother, Like Son: The Strange Story of Sante and <mask>, starred Mary Tyler Moore as <mask>, Gabriel Olds as Kenny, and Jean Stapleton as Silverman. In 2006, another television movie based on a book about the case, A Little Thing Called Murder, starring Judy Davis and Jonathan Jackson, aired on Lifetime. <mask> was also featured in a 2009 episode of the television show Dateline and a 2015 episode of Diabolical Women. The Kimes' story was recounted on Oxygen's Snapped, in an episode that aired on August 30, 2020.Gary Indiana's novel Depraved Indifference (2009) is substantially based on the Kimes case. Also used in the TV Murder Series Aurora Teagarden How to Con a Con. The season 5 episodes of Cold Case "Thick as Thieves" is based on this case as is the Law and Order'' season 9 episode "Venom". See also
List of murder convictions without a body
List of serial killers in the United States

References

External links

 Sante and Kenneth Kimes: A Life of Crime – Court TV
 The Biography Channel – Notorious Crime Profiles Sante Kimes
 Archived Profile from Radford University Department of Psychology

1934 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American criminals
American female murderers
American people convicted of murder
American female criminals
American people convicted of robbery
American confidence tricksters
Murder convictions without a body
People convicted of forgery
People convicted of murder by New York (state)
People extradited within the United States
People from Oklahoma City
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New York (state)
Suspected serial killers

masks:
Sante Kimes
Sante Singhrs
Kenny Kimes
Sante Kimes
Kenny Kimes
Sante Kimes
Sante Singhrs
Sante
Kimes
Kimes
Kenneth Kimes
Kimes
Kimes
Kimes
Kimes
Sante
Kimes
Kimes
Kimes
Kimes
Kimes
Kimes
Kimese
Kimes
Kimese
Kimes
Kimes
Kimes
Kimese
Kimese
Kimes
Kimes
Kimes
Kimes
Kimes
Kenny Kimes
Kimes
Kimes


texts:
<mask> (born 1941) is an American radical feminist activist and author of The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm, a 1970 classic feminist work on women's sexuality. She was connected to the group New York Radical Women and was a founding member of New York Radical Feminists. Early life and family
Koedt was born in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1941. Her parents, <mask> (born <mask>) and <mask> had been members of the Danish Resistance during World War II, harboring Jews in their basement until the refugees could be smuggled to Sweden. Her father was an architect and photographer who forged passports for leaders of the Danish Resistance. Born in Riverside, California, Bobs grew up outside of Copenhagen. Bobs was arrested and interrogated by the Germans and sent to Nazi headquarters, but survived unharmed.Due to her father's American citizenship, the Koedt family was able to easily immigrate to the United States and settled in San Francisco. Her father, suffering from depression and seizures, died by suicide shortly before his 80th birthday. Her mother lived in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, for over 60 years. While having been raised Protestant, Inger was active with the Jackson Hole Jewish Community. In September 2011, Koedt married Ellen Levine, her partner for 40 years. In May 2012, Levine died. Inger died on 14 August 2021 at the age of 106.She was among the oldest residents of Teton County. Organizing
Koedt was a founding member of the New York Radical Women, an early feminist group begun in fall, 1967 which pioneered women's liberation through activism, such as disrupting the 1968 Miss America pageant, writing and publishing feminist work, and connecting personal issues to political oppression in the form of small-group consciousness-raising. By late 1968, she also co-founded The Feminists, a strict  feminist separatist group begun by Ti-Grace Atkinson after she left the New York City chapter of the National Organization for Women; other prominent members included Sheila Michaels, Barbara Mehrhof, Pamela Kearon, and Sheila Cronan. In 1969, Koedt left the Feminists to form the New York Radical Feminists (NYRF) with Shulamith Firestone. NYRF (not to be confused, as it often is, with the larger and older New York Radical Women, which was still meeting and whose membership was fluid and often overlapped with the smaller groups] was organized into small cells or "brigades" named after notable feminists of the past; Koedt and Firestone led the Stanton-Anthony Brigade. By 1970, conflicting factions within NYRF had driven both Koedt and Firestone out of the group they had founded and Koedt withdrew from organized activism, later commenting "I was done with groups after that." Writings

"The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm"

In 1968, <mask> published her most influential work, "The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm" in a radical-feminist journal from New York Radical Women's members, titled Notes from the First Year.In the article, Koedt frankly challenged the dominant understandings of female sexual pleasure held by most medical and psychoanalytic experts of the time, who were almost exclusively male. In particular, the article took issue with the predominant Freudian account of female sexuality that discounted the clitoral orgasm as "juvenile" and viewed orgasm achieved through the vagina as the only "mature" form. Women who failed to achieve orgasm through penetrative, heterosexual intercourse were therefore labeled as dysfunctional or frigid by the professional community. In Koedt's view, this approach placed unfair blame on women for their lack of satisfaction during straight sex, inaccurately pathologized normal female sexual function, and caused many women to seek unnecessary psychoanalytic treatment for a nonexistent ailment rather than exploring techniques that would lead to a more pleasurable sexual experience. In support of her position, Koedt marshaled up-to-date research on the female anatomy and sexual response, including recent work by Alfred Kinsey and Masters and Johnson, to demonstrate that the clitoris, rather than the vagina, is the primary site of erotic stimulation. Koedt went on to argue that male chauvinism and the urge to maintain women in a subservient role were the primary driving force perpetuating misconceptions surrounding female sexuality. The article was widely circulated in pamphlet form, inspiring many supporters to advocate for celibacy or to promote lesbianism as positive alternative to heterosexuality for women.Other feminist readers were more critical, taking particular issue with Koedt's assertion that women who testified to experiencing vaginal orgasms were either confused due to lack of education regarding their own bodies or "faking it " so as not to offend their male lovers' egos. "Women and the Radical Movement"
On February 17, 1968, Koedt delivered a speech regarding women's liberation and the role that radical women must play in the female revolution in order to change the overall fundamental concept of women. Koedt advocates for a systematic change, and urges radical women to challenge dominant/submissive dynamic that shapes the relationships between men and women. Koedt refers to women's issues and women's liberation as a social and political issue that has many similarities to the black power struggle. Koedt also touches on the topic of male supremacy and how to improve the condition of women as an oppressed group within society, highlighting the importance of fighting for women everywhere, not just within the radical movement. In her speech, Koedt calls for radical women to learn from history and from past revolutions in which women were a part of yet reaped none of the benefits, such as the American revolution and the Economic/Soviet revolution. The speech concludes that in order to change the basic structure of society which gives men power over women, women shouldn't support any revolution that aims to create change but does not care about the liberation of women from men's dominant position in society.It is not enough to improve secondary characteristics of freedom or to gain certain privileges, the real radical revolution must tackle the basic structure of female oppression within a patriarchal society. "Notes From the First Year"
New York Radical Women compiled a group of feminist texts and speeches from their work in 1968 called "Notes From the First Year," which was edited by Koedt. The compilation included texts from Shulamith Firestone, Jennifer Gardner, Kathy Amatniek, and Koedt herself. Koedt's writings included The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm and "Women and the Radical Movement," the speech she gave at the Free University in New York City on February 17, 1968. Other writings
Koedt's December 1969 Politics of the Ego, A Manifesto for New York Radical Feminists was first published in Notes from the Second Year and later in her anthology Radical Feminism. An excerpt from this manifesto continued to be circulated as part of the 1976 "Introduction to New York Radical Feminists" pamphlet until the NYRF post office box closed in 1989. Koedt became the editor of Notes From the Third Year replacing Shulamith Firestone in 1972.Some feminist groups felt that the more radical feminist positions that had been previously included were edited out of this third edition. Activism
In 1978, Koedt  became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). WIFP is an American nonprofit publishing organization. The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media. Selected Works
  Available online. And also as an article:
Reprinted as:

See also
 New York Radical Feminists

References

1941 births
Living people
American feminist writers
American socialists
American women writers
Danish feminists
Danish emigrants to the United States
Danish people of American descent
Danish women writers
New York Radical Feminists members
New York Radical Women members
People from Copenhagen
People from Palo Alto, California
People from San Francisco
Radical feminists
American socialist feminists
The Feminists members

masks:
Anne Koedt
Bobs Koedt
Andreas Peschcke Koedt
Inger Koedt
Anne Koedt


texts:
<mask> CBE (19 September 1882 – 25 April 1970) was a British railway and mechanical engineer best known as the Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the Southern Railway between 1937 and the 1948 nationalisation, developing many well-known locomotives. Early life and Great Northern Railway
He was born in Invercargill, New Zealand, to <mask> and his wife Marian Pugh, both British immigrants. On the death of his father in 1889, his mother returned to Llanfyllin, Wales, where the family home had been, with Bulleid. In 1901, after a technical education at Accrington Grammar School, he joined the Great Northern Railway (GNR) at Doncaster at the age of 18, as an apprentice under H. A. Ivatt, the Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME). After a four-year apprenticeship, he became the assistant to the Locomotive Running Superintendent, and a year later, the Doncaster Works manager. In 1908, he left to work in Paris with the French division of Westinghouse Electric Corporation as a Test Engineer, and was soon promoted to Assistant Works Manager and Chief Draughtsman. Later that year, he married Marjorie Ivatt, Henry Ivatt's youngest daughter.A brief period working for the Board of Trade followed from 1910, arranging exhibitions in Brussels, Paris and Turin. He was able to travel widely in Europe, later including a trip with Nigel Gresley, William Stanier and Frederick Hawksworth, to Belgium, in 1934, to see a metre-gauge bogie locomotive. In December 1912, he rejoined the GNR as Personal Assistant to Nigel Gresley, the new CME. Gresley was only six years Bulleid's senior. The First World War intervened; Bulleid joined the British Army and was assigned to the rail transport arm, rising to the rank of Major. After the war, Bulleid returned to the GNR as the Manager of the Wagon and Carriage Works. London and North Eastern Railway
The Grouping, in 1923, of Britain's financially troubled railways, saw the GNR subsumed into the new London and North Eastern Railway (LNER), and Gresley was appointed the CME.He brought Bulleid back to Doncaster to be his assistant. During this period, Gresley produced the majority of his famous locomotives and innovations, and Bulleid had a hand in many of them, including the P1 2-8-2 freight locomotive, the U1 2-8-0+0-8-2 Garratt freight locomotive, the P2 2-8-2 express locomotive and the A4 4-6-2 express locomotive. Southern Railway and British Railways
In 1937, Bulleid accepted the post of CME of the Southern Railway (SR) at an annual salary of £3,000, after Richard Maunsell retired. His first contribution to the SR was to oversee the construction of three 350 hp six-wheeled diesel-electric shunters ordered by Maunsell in 1936; three were built and proved effective, with an order placed for eight more, though this was cancelled owing to the onset of the Second World War. Between 1949 and 1952, a further 26 of Bulleid's amended version of these locomotives were delivered and later became British Rail Class 12. In 1938, Bulleid gained approval to build the Merchant Navy class of modern 4-6-2 "Pacifics", undoubtedly inspired by Gresley but also drawing on his experiences from across Europe and with all the most modern equipment: a partially welded boiler and firebox rather than traditional rivetted designs, thermic syphons and a high-pressure boiler. It also included chain-driven valve-gear immersed in an oil bath, a feature that was controversial and later caused problems if not maintained properly, which was difficult, due to conditions, after WW2.Bulleid, like other engineers, had long felt that it was not ideal to have working parts exposed to the elements, where they were subject to all the dirt thrown up from the track. He also thought that steam engines should get nearer to the internal combustion engine, which enclosed the working parts and used pump lubrication to keep it all running smoothly. Another advantage of enclosing the valve gear would be reduced day-to-day maintenance. Unfortunately, there were design errors in the casing used for the oil bath, which led to leaks. The first Merchant Navy, 21C1 Channel Packet, was built in 1941 and 29 followed, the last being 35030 Elder Dempster Lines. The West Country and Battle of Britain slightly smaller light Pacifics followed in 1945. 110 were built, of which 21C101 Exeter was the first.His other major steam locomotive design, the Q1 "Austerity" 0-6-0 freight engine, appeared in 1942. All steam locomotives designed by Bulleid for the SR had his BFB disc wheels, which gave more even tyre support. This did not eliminate the need for balance weights, but the set-up of the Bulleid valve gear enabled a locomotive with no hammer blow. When the locomotives were rebuilt with Walschaerts valve gear, balance weights were installed in the wheels to reduce hammer blow. Bulleid played a major role in the electrification of the SR, including infrastructure, electric multiple units and electric locomotives. He designed the bodies for the two electric locomotives CC1 and CC2 in 1941 and 1945. A third example was built by British Railways in 1948 and numbered 20003.Towards the end of his tenure at the SR, he was responsible for the design and construction of Britain's only double-deck passenger trains, the two units of the 4DD class. His final steam locomotive design for the SR was the unconventional Leader, appearing in 1949, after nationalisation. This had the boiler, coal and water supplies and everything else encased in a smooth double-ended body reminiscent of a diesel locomotive. The drive was through two six-wheel bogies, each with three cylinders. The axles on each bogie were connected by chains. The Leader was innovative but unsuccessful; after Bulleid had left British Railways, the project was cancelled. Bulleid also had responsibility for coaching stock, an area in which he had an active interest.SR coaches, the newest designed by Richard Maunsell, were solid but old-fashioned. Bulleid designs built on the best of the existing designs, while making improvements, and his coaches were known for their comfort and spaciousness. They were popular with the travelling public, and many of the design features such as the size and layout were used by British Railways for their standard Mark I passenger coaches. Bulleid was briefly the CME of British Railways Southern Region. During this period, his two prototype diesel electric locomotives appeared. Córas Iompair Éireann
In February 1950, Bulleid was appointed CME of Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ), the nationalised transport authority of the Republic of Ireland, having been a consulting engineer to CIÉ since 1949. He led the first major dieselisation programme, which involved the procurement of diesel multiple units from AEC of Southall (the 2600 class), 94 Crossley-engined diesel locomotives (60 CIE 001 Class and 34 CIE 201 Class) from Metropolitan-Vickers and 12 Sulzer-engined diesel locomotives (CIE 101 Class) from the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company.This began a transformation of railway traction in Ireland, although the locomotives proved unreliable until most were re-engined. Bulleid developed two prototype peat-burning steam locomotives, one a converted coal-fired traditional steam locomotive of 2-6-0 wheel arrangement and the other, CC1, new and fully enclosed, along the lines of the Leader design. CIÉ did not adopt peat-fired traction for widespread use. Recognition and retirement
Bulleid was elected president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers for 1946. He was also president of the Institution of Locomotive Engineers and of the Institute of Welding, and was elected to the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers. He was appointed CBE in the 1949 New Year Honours. Bulleid retired in 1958, moving to Belstone in Devon, then Exmouth.He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science by the University of Bath in 1967. Shortly after, he moved to Malta, where he died in 1970 aged 87. His obituary in The Times described Bulleid as "the last truly original and progressive mechanical engineer of the steam locomotive era in Britain". British Rail Class 73/1 electro-diesel locomotive No. 73128 is called "O. V. S. Bulleid CBE". Patents
 GB547156, published 17 August 1942, Improvements in and relating to locomotive steam engine valve gear arrangements
 GB547180, published 17 August 1942, Improvements in piston slide valves for engines
 GB616445, published 21 January 1949, Improvements relating to locomotive and like steam boilers
 GB819493, published 2 September 1959, Improvements relating to brake apparatus for railway vehicles

References

Further reading

External links

 Bulleid Society: O.V.S.Bulleid – Biographical timeline

1882 births
1970 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Locomotive builders and designers
British railway mechanical engineers
Southern Railway (UK) people
People from Invercargill
British Rail people
New Zealand emigrants to the United Kingdom
People educated at Accrington Grammar School
20th-century British engineers

masks:
Oliver Vaughan Snell Bulleid
William Bulleid


texts:
Field Marshal <mask>, 1st Baron <mask>,  (16 February 1778 – 17 April 1863) was a British Army officer and colonial governor. After taking part as a junior officer in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, Sir Ralph Abercromby's expedition to Egypt and then the War of the Third Coalition, he served as military secretary to Sir <mask> at the Battle of Corunna. He then commanded the 2nd Battalion of the 66th Regiment of Foot and, later, the 52nd Regiment of Foot at many of the battles of the Peninsular War. At the Battle of Waterloo, Colborne on his own initiative brought the 52nd Regiment of Foot forward, took up a flanking position in relation to the French Imperial Guard and then, after firing repeated volleys into their flank, charged at the Guard so driving them back in disorder. He went on to become commander-in-chief of all the armed forces in British North America, personally leading the offensive at the Battle of Saint-Eustache in Lower Canada and defeating the rebel force in December 1837. After that he was high commissioner of the Ionian Islands and then Commander-in-Chief, Ireland. Early career and the Peninsular War
Born in Lymington, Hampshire the only son of Samuel Colborne also from Lymington and Cordelia Anne Colborne (née Garstin), Colborne was educated at Christ's Hospital in London and at Winchester College.He was commissioned as an ensign in the 20th Regiment of Foot on 10 July 1794 securing all subsequent steps in his regimental promotion without purchase. Promoted to lieutenant on 4 September 1795 and to captain lieutenant on 11 August 1799, he saw action at the Battle of Alkmaar in October 1799, where he was wounded, during the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland. Promoted to brevet captain on 12 January 1800, he took part in Sir Ralph Abercromby's expedition to Egypt in August 1801 and was wounded again. Colborne was deployed with his regiment to Italy where he distinguished himself at the Battle of Maida in July 1806 during the War of the Third Coalition. He became military secretary to General Henry Fox in 1806 and then became military secretary to Sir <mask> with the rank of major on 21 January 1808. In this capacity he accompanied Moore to Sweden in May 1808 and to Portugal in 1808 and served with him at the Battle of Benavente in December 1808 and Battle of Corunna in January 1809. It was Moore's dying request that Colborne should be given a lieutenant colonelcy and this was complied with on 2 February 1809.He transferred to the 66th Regiment of Foot on 2 November 1809, and after returning to Spain with Sir Arthur Wellesley's Army, he witnessed the defeat of the Spaniards at the Battle of Ocaña later that month. He commanded a brigade at the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810 and then commanded the 2nd Battalion of the 66th Regiment of Foot at the Battle of Albuera in May 1811 where his brigade was virtually annihilated by the Polish 1st Vistulan Lancers Regiment of the French Army. After transferring to the command of the 52nd Regiment of Foot he took part in the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo in January 1812 where he was badly injured and had to be invalided back to England. After recovering in England, Colborne returned to Spain and commanded the 52nd Regiment of Foot at the Siege of San Sebastián in August 1813 before taking temporary charge of the 2nd brigade of the Light Division in late 1813 and commanding it at the Battle of the Bidassoa in October 1813, at the Battle of Nivelle in November 1813 and at the Battle of the Nive in December 1813. He returned to the 52nd Regiment of Foot and commanded it at the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and at the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814 and at the Battle of Bayonne also in April 1814. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815. Waterloo
Colborne became aide-de-camp to the Prince Regent with the rank of colonel on 4 June 1814, and, following Napoleon's escape from Elba, he managed to dissuade the Prince from attacking the French Army until the Duke of Wellington arrived.At the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815 during the Hundred Days, Colborne led the 52nd Regiment of Foot. At the critical moment of the battle, when the French Imperial Guard attacked Welligton's weakened centre, Colborne made a decisive intervention. On his own initiative, Colborne brought the 52nd Regiment of Foot forward, took up a flanking position in relation to the Imperial Guard and then, after firing repeated volleys into their flank, charged at the Guard so driving them back in disorder. As soon as General Sir Frederick Adam saw what Colborne was doing, he sent in extra troops to support him. Colborne drove forward towards La Haye Sainte, while Wellington rode back to the main line to order the general advance. He was appointed a Knight of the Austrian Military Order of Maria Theresa on 2 August 1815. After the War he remained with his regiment as part of the Army of Occupation.Guernsey
Colborne became Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey in July 1821 and was promoted to major-general on 27 May 1825. Canada

In August 1828 Colborne was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada. As Lieutenant Governor, Colborne increased the population of the province by 70% by initiating an organised system of immigration to bring in settlers from Britain. He also aided settlement by expanding the communication and transportation infrastructure through a campaign to build roads and bridges. He brought changes to the structure of the legislative council, increased fiscal autonomy and encouraged greater independence in the judiciary. In 1829 he founded Upper Canada College as a school based on the Elizabeth College, Guernsey model to educate boys in preparation for becoming leaders of the colonies. During Colborne's period of office as commander-in-chief, the Family Compact promoted resistance to the political principle of responsible government.At the end of its lifespan, the Compact would be condemned by Lord Durham as "a petty corrupt insolent Tory clique". In both Upper Canada, which was under Colborne's administration, and Lower Canada, which was under the direct administration of Colborne's superior, Governor General Lord Gosford, this resistance to responsible government, together with conflicts between the assembly and the executive over fiscal matters, as well as a difficult economic situation, led to the Rebellions of 1837. In January 1836 Colborne became commander-in-chief of all the armed forces in British North America. He was promoted to the local rank of lieutenant general on 8 July 1836. Colborne personally led the offensive at the Battle of Saint-Eustache in December 1837 defeating the rebel force which had become holed up in a church. Colborne was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 29 January 1838. Following Lord Gosford's resignation in February 1838, he became acting Governor General of British North America.In Lower Canada but not Upper Canada, the 1791 constitution was suspended at this time, causing the colony's bicameral parliament to be dissolved. To replace these bodies and assist in governing Lower Canada, Colborne established a 24-member Special Council. Colborne stepped aside as acting Governor General until the arrival of Gosford's formal successor, Lord Durham, on 27 May 1838. Colborne was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-general on 28 June 1838. Durham remained in Canada only for a few months, resigning on 9 October and leaving for London on the fifth-rate  on 1 November, after he learned that his policy of leniency towards the leaders of the prior year's rebellion had been repudiated by the British Government. Durham's departure caused Colborne to again become acting Governor General. Colborne put down a second revolt in November and was confirmed as Governor General of British North America on 14 December.He left Canada in October 1839 after the arrival of his successor, Charles Poulett Thomson (who shortly thereafter would be elevated to the peerage as Lord Sydenham). After arriving back in England, Colborne was himself elevated to the peerage as Baron Seaton, of Seaton in the County of Devon, on 5 December 1839. In recognition of the "important services" rendered by Colborne, and following a message from Queen Victoria, Parliament settled an annuity of £2,000 on him and the next two heirs male who would succeed to the title. Later life
Colborne became High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands in February 1843, and having been promoted to full general on 20 June 1854, he became Commander-in-Chief, Ireland, in 1855. After standing down from active service in Spring 1860, he was promoted to field marshal on 1 April 1860 and retired to his home at Beechwood House in Sparkwell. Colborne also served as honorary colonel of the 94th Regiment of Foot, as honorary colonel of the 26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot and then as honorary colonel of the 2nd Regiment of Life Guards. He was also colonel-in-chief of the Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own).He died at Valletta House in Torquay on 17 April 1863 and was buried in the churchyard of Holy Cross Church at Newton Ferrers. In November 1866 a bronze statue of Colborne, sculpted by George Adams and financed by public donations, was erected at Mount Wise at Devonport: it was moved to Seaton Barracks in Crownhill in the early 1960s and then to Peninsula Barracks in Winchester in the 1990s. A second statue of Colborne also sculpted by George Adams was erected at Upper Canada College. Colborne Street in London, Ontario is named after Colborne, as is the city of Port Colborne. Family
In 1813 Colborne married Elizabeth Yonge; they had three daughters and five sons. See also
 Port Colborne, Ontario
 Colborne Lodge, Toronto

References

Sources

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1778 births
1863 deaths
52nd Regiment of Foot officers
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
British field marshals
British Life Guards officers
Cameronians officers
Commanders-in-Chief, Ireland
Governors of British North America
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Lancashire Fusiliers officers
Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada
Lower Canada Rebellion people
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
People from Lyndhurst, Hampshire
People educated at Christ's Hospital
People educated at Winchester College
Recipients of the Army Gold Cross
Recipients of the Waterloo Medal
Military personnel from Hampshire
Royal Berkshire Regiment officers
Knights Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria

masks:
John Colborne
Seaton
John Moore
John Moore


texts:
<mask>, also known as <mask>, is a published author, singer–songwriter, actor and ordained interdenominational Minister, born in Pahokee, Florida. He is known for his gritty power soul vocals reminiscent of Bobby Womack. He has become an artist of public note through his 2008 independent release of the Soul and Gospel album Beyond Comprehension under the recording name of <mask>. He made his prime time acting debut as "DJ <mask>" on Channel 4's T4 Stars & Strikes and as a character in BBC2's Grumpy Guide to Work in 2011. He was also the voice for Bewiser Owl in the Bewiser Insurance TV commercial in 2012 and 2013. He established himself in the live entertainment industry with his choreographed costume Soul Tribute stage productions for theatres and resorts in 1991. These critically acclaimed shows include The Sounds of the Four Tops, The Sounds of the Drifters and The Sounds of the Temptations.<mask> <mask> is also a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, Delta Psi chapter..  <mask> was responsible for composing many Delta Psi Chapter fraternity anthems such as 'I Know I've Been Changed' written in 1985 while he was pledging. He was also a dancer and choreographer of the Delta Psi Chapter's 'Step Shows'. Stepping (African-American) or step-dancing is a form of percussive dance in which the participant's entire body is used as an instrument to produce complex rhythms and sounds through a mixture of footsteps, spoken word, and hand claps and a strong part of Black Greek Letter Fraternities. <mask> is the son of migrant workers originally from Georgia who came to Florida to pick crops for a living. He is of African and Seminole Indian heritage. His stepfather, James Elijah Jr., was the lead vocalist of the 1960s and 1970s gospel group, The Royal Lights. His sister Breyona Elijah is part of the gospel group James Smith & Nu Birth and they are both cousins of Gospel group Damali.His mother Bernice Bell is also a singer and as a child won a competition to write a song for Joe Tex, for which she was awarded concert tickets and a chance to meet her idol. Joe Tex went on to have a major hit with the song but Bernice remained uncredited. Bernice Bell has been more recently recognized for her charity work and ran youth programs in Pahokee's Padgett Island Community Center for 17 years and donating hot meals to Pahokee's underprivileged children. The community center was recently renamed "The Bernice Bell Community Center". Early life
<mask> grew up in Padgett Island one of a number of housing projects in Pahokee, Florida, US. As a child he began working alongside his family picking beans and oranges to support the family income. Like most children in the area he also attended Pahokee Elementary and Pahokee High School.Whilst in school <mask> became part of the Pahokee marching band OD Express and also part of the New Hope Missionary Baptist Church Choir. He also formed a High School band called High Society featuring James Smith, Ronald 'Buttermilk' Banks and twins Barlow and Peewee Bouie. <mask> was an exceptional high school student and gained a scholarship to attend Florida Memorial University, a historical black college based in Miami, Florida. He graduated with a double degree in Airway Science, Business Management and minors in Sociology, Psychology and Education. Whilst attending Florida Memorial University, he pledged to his fraternity Alpha Phi Alpha. He also formed the Florida Memorial Gospel Choir with Benjamin Carroll. During this time <mask> was part of the Soul and Gospel group 'Message' and he opened up for artists such as Howard Hewett, Betty Wright, Vanessa Bell Armstrong and Shirley Caesar.He also worked with Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine, providing backing vocals on their studio recordings. From 1985 to 1991, he served as the assistant Pastor at Greater New Hope Missionary Baptist Church, Pahokee, FL. He was certified for ministering by Reverend W. Bouyer and Church Secretary Ms Mary Jackson and served under Rev. Bouyer and his successor Dr. Rev. Bass holding Sunday service every fourth Sunday. From 1987 to 1991 he also studied Expository Preaching and Exegetical Preaching under his mentor Elder Rev. Kenneth Duke at New Jerusalem Primitive Baptist Church, Miami Florida.Upon graduating, <mask> was a qualified counselor working at the Miami Psychological Evaluation Center and a school teacher for the County. A career change came with a contract to produce a soul show in Spain. He and his colleagues in his singing group Message left the United States  for Europe. At this time <mask> also left his ministerial career in the church. Early career
After an initial audition in 1989, in which <mask> and the other members of 'Message' had to perform several choreographed soul tribute performances, <mask> delayed leaving the United States. He left for Spain in 1991 and began a new life as an entertainer and show producer. He created one of the earliest known soul tribute shows in Europe.In 1993, <mask> renamed the group from 'Message' to 'Aces' and he was responsible for costumes and show production as well as sharing lead vocals in the show. He was based initially in Madrid and then in Gran Canaria, touring all the live music venues. Aces featured on television, billboards and buses. They also toured England, Germany, France, Italy and the rest of Spain. Aces relocated permanently to London, England in 1998 and were the first American Soul Tribute show to be seen in the UK. They began touring and working 300 shows a year in theatre, clubs, resorts and festivals. They appeared several times on Capital Gold Radio Roadshows.<mask> was responsible for both costume and choreography for the national theatre show "Reach Out" produced by Pete Tobit. Homeless
It was in 2002 when <mask> found that one of his colleagues who had been appointed the group's business administrator has been stealing from their company account for a number of years. High tensions ensued, <mask> and the other group members were outraged enough to close down the group and they went their separate ways. The effects of this persons theft and the termination of their work contracts caused <mask> and his other two colleagues to lose their homes. It was during this time that out of pride and refusal to ask others for help, that he took to sleeping in his car in roadside service stations whilst restarting both his life and career over again. He has stated in interviews that the one or two friends he confided in about his situation who had previously enjoyed his five star live style, turned their backs on him. He also could not face returning home to his family in the US having lost everything he had worked for.It was during this time that his inspiration for writing much of the album Beyond Comprehension took place. Restarting his career
In early 2003, <mask> was signed up under management of Jessie Tsang who gave him some contracts to work as a solo artist. He showcased as a solo artist for The Stage newspaper and won rave reviews for his performance in Showcall 2003. By 2004, <mask> was back on his feet again and the show named the Sounds of The Four Tops, made its debut at the national Showcall Showcase 2004. During this time <mask> found fame in the live industry of the UK through producing in Soul Tribute Production shows and was frequently reviewed by The Stage in the UK for his production shows the Sounds of The Four Tops and The Sounds of the Drifters and later the 2009 Sounds of the Temptations show. These production show began touring 200 dates per year in the UK and Europe. Plagiarism of <mask>'s dramatic works
In 2009, <mask> discovered that the colleague who had stolen from him and the other group members had taken his original stage production and misappropriated the works as his own and contracted <mask>'s original dramatic works to "The Magic of Motown Theatre Show".Three former employees falsely claimed in the Herald newspaper that they had choreographed <mask>'s stage production in "How Sweet It Is" another British theatre show. His former employees were aged between 12–14 years old when <mask> then aged 23 – 27 years old first created and performed the works to the public between 1989-1994. <mask> has since taken legal action against both the show producer of "The Magic of Motown", his former colleague from his group 'Aces' and his former employees in "How Sweet It Is" via Leonard Lowy and Co Solicitors, former in house solicitor for Island Records. Both shows gave notice that they would desist from using <mask>'s works but did not do so until 2010. <mask> stated in interviews that he intends to still take the matter to the High Court to be acknowledged for his works and to seek compensation for the illegal use of his works. Unaffected by the plagiarism, <mask>'s production shows "The Sounds of The Four Tops" and "The Sounds of The Drifters" renowned for their dazzling signature choreography and costumes, continue to be the most heavily booked Soul Tribute Production Shows in the UK. These production shows enabled <mask> to independently finance the production and pressing of his first album Beyond Comprehension.The album went into production in early 2007 and was completed by the December of the same year. Beyond Comprehension
The Beyond Comprehension album was <mask>'s first critically acclaimed solo recording that established him as a recording artist and songwriter on radio and in the music press. In August 2008 <mask> flew a copy of Beyond Comprehension to be debut in the US by Radio DJ Dawn Brady on WSWN Sugar 900 Radio. <mask> chose Sugar 900 Radio because he grew up working in the surrounding sugar cane fields and orange groves. This made Dawn Brady the first DJ on radio in the US to play material from <mask>'s debut album. Stellar Award winning radio station WMBM Radio became the next station to support the album, with DJs MJ Smith and Jerry 'the disciple' Sawyer, interviewing <mask> on four occasions. Other radio stations such as WHQT, Hot 105FM have since followed suit.Chief Jimmie Brown interviewed <mask> for the first time alongside Walter Clyde Orange of the Commodores on Hot 105FM in September 2008. The first Radio station in the UK to play the song 'Brighter Days' from the album 'Beyond Comprehension' was Mike Rimmer on BBC Radio West Midlands in August 2008. The album Beyond Comprehension was produced by music heavyweights Tony Bean and Colin Bassett at 5am Productions for 5am Records, Birmingham, UK. 5am have been noted for their work with UK soul star Lemar, and US stars Kelly Rowland, Usher, Tyrese and Justin Timberlake. The PR behind the album was Michael Grant, formerly a child reggae star in the group Musical Youth, and Jessie Tsang. Beyond Comprehension was initially distributed independently through CD Baby and iTunes and has gained popularity through British soul clubs and specialist soul music radio stations such as Solar Radio, Starpoint Radio and 209 Radio. Most recently he was interviewed on mainstream FM stations by Tony Roots on New Style Radio 98.7FM and by Joe Aldred on BBC WM 95.6FM.On 16 June 2009, <mask> gave his first British television interview on the chat show Bright Talk on BEN Television, Sky TV channel 184. Following radio and club support by the UK's premier soul DJ's on November 23, 2009, the album was made available in independent UK music shops and hit the No.12 spot Solar Radio's album charts on December 14, 2009. Music from his album "Beyond Comprehension" has featured heavily on the Phil Driver Soul Unsigned radio show and the Gary Spence Soulchoonz radio show, giving <mask> airplay in the UK, US, Spain, Sweden and the Netherlands. Following this success <mask> is featured in the January 2010 edition of Blues & Soul, speaking to noted UK R&B writer Pete Lewis. <mask> also appears in a 3-page feature in the February edition of Soul Survivors magazine in an interview with journalist and DJ Fitzroy Facey. Towards the end of 2010 <mask> was featured in a small role in the feature film 'How Not To Be a Loser' with Richard E. Grant. He also made a guest appearance in the BBC 2 comedy series 'Grumpy Guide to...' screened in 2011.<mask> also released his first music video for "The Great I Am" from the album "Beyond Comprehension" in January 2011. The video was directed by Gratian Dimech and James Heath of Razor Edge Productions. He is also currently writing and producing with 5am Productions, his first artist - Clifton End. In February 2011 <mask> played the role of a comedy character creation on T4 (Channel 4). This was followed by small roles in various feature films from 2011 to 2012. Music
Three years after the release of his first album, <mask> released his new single "Searching" on May 1, 2011. This single is the first release from his forthcoming second album, My Soul Intentions, distributed via iTunes, Amazon and Nokia Music.On October 24, 2011 he released the single "Book of Love". As of July 2012, he released the single "Lover is Forever" with a B side "Brighter Days" (remixed). Over the course of 2013 <mask> wrote several compositions with <mask> Andrews. One of these compositions originally titled "If We Just Keep Holding On To Love" is performed by <mask> Andrews. The track has since been renamed "Hold On To Love". The method of collaboration was done via Andrews sending instrumental and vocal ideas via e-mail and <mask> returning verses, choruses and hooks via video and mp3 demos. The final production of "Hold On" was completed by Tony Bean and Colin Basset of 5am Productions who had produced Beyond Comprehension.Released in June 2014 was the single "So Far Away" performed by Dutch Caribbean star Clifton End, written by <mask>, Tony Bean and Ronald Banks. Once again the track is produced by Tony Bean and Colin Bassett of 5am Productions. <mask> had written and recorded the original version song "So Far Away" over 20 years ago but had been looking for the right artist to convey the emotion of the song. "So Far Away"  reached No. 2 on the Official UK Soul Chart as of August 2014. <mask> <mask> has been under the management of Jessie Tsang since 2003. Jessie Tsang became the CEO of Solar Records and Soul Train Records in 2018 according to Soul Survivors magazine.After a hiatus from the music scene, <mask> <mask> is set to return to the music scene with the single 'Freedom' written by Dana Meyers, and the late Kevin Johnson of the group Slave and Peterkin. Dana Meyers is famed for writing smash hits for the Gladys Knight, The Whispers, Shalamar, Glenn Jones and Janet Jackson. Return to the church
In 2012, <mask> re-dedicated his life to Christ and returned to the Church ministry as a member of the clergy. In early 2014 he embarked upon a ministerial tour of churches across the state of Florida, preaching his first sermons in eight years and visiting other churches. He became ordained in December 2014. He is once again known as Minister <mask> <mask>. His online ministry currently reaches an audience of up to 20,000 people each month offering psychological counsel, and spiritual guidance.He is a certified minister, originally licensed by Reverend W. Bouyer and Church Secretary Ms Mary Jackson in 1985 and ordained in December 2014. <mask>'s style of ministering is described as Expository Preaching and Exegetical Preaching which he had studied in 1997 to 1991, under his mentor Elder Rev. Kenneth Duke at New Jerusalem Primitive Baptist Church, Miami Florida. He is also a certified teacher and psychological counselor licensed by the State of Florida in 1989.

masks:
Freddie Lee Peterkin
Freddie Lee
Freddie Lee
Freddie Murphy
Freddie Lee
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Freddie
Freddie
Freddie
Freddie
Peterkin
Peterkin
Freddie
Freddie
Freddie
Freddie
Freddie
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Freddie
Freddie
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Freddie
Freddie
Freddie
Peterkin
Peterkin
David Lee
David Lee
Peterkin
Peterkin
Peterkin
Freddie Lee
Peterkin
Freddie Lee
Peterkin
Peterkin
Freddie Lee
Peterkin
Peterkin


texts:
<mask> (née Guy;  ; 1 July 1873 – 24 March 1968) was a French pioneer filmmaker. She was one of the first filmmakers to make a narrative fiction film, as well as the first woman to direct a film. From 1896 to 1906, she was probably the only female filmmaker in the world. She experimented with Gaumont's Chronophone sync-sound system, and with color-tinting, interracial casting, and special effects. She was artistic director and a co-founder of Solax Studios in Flushing, New York. In 1912, Solax invested $100,000 for a new studio in Fort Lee, New Jersey, the center of American filmmaking prior to the establishment of Hollywood. That year, she made the film A Fool and His Money, probably the first to have an all-African-American cast.The film is now preserved at the National Center for Film and Video Preservation at the American Film Institute for its historical and aesthetic significance. Early life and education
In 1865, <mask>'s father, Emile Guy, an owner of a bookstore and publishing company in Santiago, Chile and Valparaíso, Chile, married Marie Clotilde Franceline Aubert. The couple returned to Santiago after the wedding in Paris. In early 1873, Marie and Emile lived in Santiago, with <mask>'s four siblings. There was a devastating smallpox epidemic in Chile in 1872 and 1873. Emile and Marie Guy brought all four of their children back to Paris, where <mask> was born. In her autobiography, <mask> refers to this as her mother's attempt to make sure "her fifth child should be truly French".Her father returned to Chile soon after her birth, and her mother followed a few months later. <mask> was entrusted to her grandmother in Carouge, Switzerland. At the age of three or four, <mask>'s mother returned from Chile and took <mask> back to South America. At the age of six, <mask> was taken back to France by her father to attend school at Veyrier known as the Faithful Companions of Jesus on the French side of the Swiss border in Veyrier, France. <mask> and her sister Louise were moved to a convent in Ferney a few years later and then brought back to Paris. <mask>'s father died on 5 January 1891 of unknown causes. Following his death, <mask>'s mother got a job with Mutualité Maternelle which was founded on 20 May 1891  <mask>'s mother was unable to keep that job and thereafter <mask> trained as a typist and stenographer, a new field at the time, to support herself and her mother.She landed her first stenography-typist job at a varnish factory. In March 1894, she began working at the 'Comptoir général de la photographie' owned by Felix-Max Richard. Léon Gaumont later took over and headed the company. Career

Gaumont, France
In 1894, Guy-Blaché was hired by Felix-Max Richard to work for a camera manufacturing and photography supply company as a secretary. The company changed hands in 1895 due to a court decision against Felix-Max Richard who sold the company to four men: Gustave Eiffel, Joseph Vallot, Alfred Besnier, and Léon Gaumont. Gustave Eiffel was president of the company, and Léon Gaumont, thirty years Eiffel's junior, was the manager. The company was named after Gaumont because Eiffel was the subject of a national scandal regarding the Panama Canal.L. Gaumont et Cie became a major force in the fledgling motion-picture industry in France. <mask> continued to work at Gaumont et Cie, a decision that led to a pioneering career in filmmaking that spanned more than 25 years and involved her directing, producing, writing and/or overseeing more than 700 films. Although she initially began working for Léon Gaumont as his secretary, she began to become familiar with myriad clients, relevant marketing strategies, and the company's stock of cameras. She also met a handful of pioneering film engineers such as Georges Demenÿ and Auguste and Louis Lumière. Guy-Blaché and Gaumont attended the "surprise" Lumière event on March 22, 1895. It was the first demonstration of film projection, an obstacle that Gaumont, the Lumières, and Edison were all racing to solve. They screened one of their early films Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory, which consisted of a simple scene of workmen leaving the Lumière plant in Lyon.Bored with the idea of captured film only being used for the scientific and/or promotional purpose of selling cameras in the form of "demonstration films", she was confident that she could incorporate fictional story-telling elements into film. She asked Gaumont for permission to make her own film, and he granted it. <mask>-Blaché made her first film in 1896. Its original title may have been La Fée aux Choux (The Fairy of the Cabbages), or The Birth of Children, or it may have had no title at first. The scene <mask> described as her debut effort does not match either the 1900 version of La Fée aux Choux or the 1902 version, retitled Sage-Femme de première classe, both of which have been found in film archives. By comparing <mask>'s descriptions of her debut effort with the two films that are available for us to view, we discover differences that indicate there was a third film that came first. The 1896 film seems to be lost,[21]  however multiple points of confirmation indicate that there were three different La Fée aux Choux.< A 30 July 1896 newspaper describes a "chaste fiction of children born under the cabbages in a wonderfully framed chromo landscape," and provides other details that confirm <mask>'s description of her first film.[18][19][20] "Before very long," <mask> reported in 1912, "every moving picture house in the country was turning out stories instead of spectacles and plots instead of panoramas." From 1896 to 1906, Guy-Blaché was Gaumont's head of production and is generally considered to be the first filmmaker to systematically develop narrative filmmaking. She was probably the only female director from 1896 to 1906. Her earlier films share many characteristics and themes with her contemporary competitors, such as the Lumières and Méliès. She explored dance and travel films, often combining the two, such as Le Bolero performed by Miss Saharet (1905) and Tango (1905). Many of Guy-Blaché's early dance films were popular in music-hall attractions such as the serpentine dance films – also a staple of the Lumières and Thomas Edison film catalogs. In 1906, she made The Life of Christ, a big-budget production for the time, which included 300 extras.She used the illustrated James Tissot New Testament as reference material for the film, which featured 25 episodes and was her largest production at Gaumont to date. In addition to this, she was one of the pioneers in the use of audio recordings in conjunction with the images on screen in Gaumont's "Chronophone" system, which used a vertical-cut disc synchronized to the film. She employed some of the first special effects, including using double exposure, masking techniques, and running a film backwards. During her tenure at Gaumont, Guy-Blaché hired and trained Louis Feuillade and Étienne Arnaud as writers and directors, and hired set designer Henri Ménessier and art director Ben Carré. Solax

In 1907, <mask> married Herbert Blaché, who was soon appointed the production manager for Gaumont's operations in the United States. After working with her husband for Gaumont in the U.S., the two struck out on their own in 1910, partnering with George A. Magie in the formation of The Solax Company, the largest pre-Hollywood studio in America. With production facilities for their new company in Flushing, New York, her husband served as production manager as well as cinematographer, and Guy-Blaché worked as the artistic director and directed many of its releases.Within two years, they had become so successful that they invested more than $100,000 into new and technologically advanced production facilities in Fort Lee, New Jersey. Many early film studios were based in Fort Lee at the beginning of the 20th century. It was mentioned in publications of the era that Guy-Blaché placed a large sign in her studio that read: 'Be Natural'. In 1913, Guy-Blaché directed The Thief, the first script sold by future Wonder Woman creator William Moulton Marston. Guy-Blaché and her husband divorced several years later, and with the rise of the more hospitable and cost-effective climate in Hollywood, their film partnership also ended. Legacy

In the late 1940s, Guy-Blaché wrote an autobiography; it was published, in French, in 1976, and was translated into English a decade later with the help of her daughter Simone, daughter-in-law Roberta Blaché, and the film writer Anthony Slide. Guy-Blaché was tremendously concerned with her unexplained absence from the historical record of the film industry.She was in constant communication with colleagues and film historians correcting previously made and supposedly factual statements about her life. She crafted lengthy lists of her films as she remembered them, with the hope of being able to assume creative ownership and get legitimate credit for them. She was the subject of a National Film Board of Canada documentary The Lost Garden: The Life and Cinema of <mask>-Blaché by director Marquise Lepage, which received Quebec's Gemeaux Award for Best Documentary. In 2002, film scholar Alison McMahan published Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema. Guy-Blaché is considered by some to have been the first female filmmaker, and from 1896 to 1920, she directed over 1,000 films, some 150 of which survive, and 22 of which are feature-length. She was one of the early women, along with Lois Weber, to manage and own her own studio: The Solax Company. Few of her films survive in an easily viewable format.In December 2018 Kino Lorber released a six-disc box, Pioneers: First Women Filmmakers, made in cooperation with the Library of Congress, the British Film Institute and others. The first disc of the set is devoted to the films of <mask>-Blaché and includes Matrimony's Speed Limit (1913) which was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2003. The 2018 documentary film Be Natural: The Untold Story of <mask>-Blaché, directed by Pamela B. Green and narrated by Jodie Foster, which opened at the Cannes Film Festival (Cannes Classics), deals with Guy-Blaché's life, career, and legacy. Because of Be Natural: The Untold Story of <mask>-Blaché, many of Guy-Blaché's films were restored and preserved, and a pillar in her name will be featured at the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures. In September 2019, Guy-Blaché was included in The New York Times series "Overlooked No More". As reported by Deadline in 2021, Pamela B.Green is developing a feature biopic about <mask>-Blaché. Guy-Blaché was an early influence on both Alfred Hitchcock and Sergei Eisenstein. Hitchcock remarked, "I'd be over the moon with the Frenchman George Méliès, I was thrilled by the movies of D.W. Griffith, and the early French director <mask>." In his Memoirs, Eisenstein described an unnamed film he had seen as a child that continued to be very important for him. This film was identified as <mask>-Blaché's The Consequences of Feminism (1906) during the making of the documentary Be Natural: The Untold Story of <mask>-Blaché. Personal life

Guy-Blaché's marriage meant that she had to resign from her position working with Gaumont. The couple was sent by the Gaumont company to Cleveland to facilitate the franchise of Gaumont equipment.Early in 1908, the couple went to New York City where Guy-Blaché gave birth to her daughter, Simone in September 1908. Two years later, Guy-Blaché became the first woman to run her own studio when she created Solax in Gaumont's Flushing studio. In 1912, when she was pregnant with her second child, she built a studio in Fort Lee, New Jersey, and continued to complete one to three films a week. On 27 June 1912, Reginald, her son was born. To focus on writing and directing, Guy-Blaché took her husband into Solax in 1913 "for feature production and executive direction". Shortly after taking the position, Herbert Blaché started a film company named Blaché Features, Inc. For the next few years, the couple maintained a personal and business partnership, working together on many projects. In 1918, Herbert Blaché left his wife and children to pursue a career in Hollywood.Guy-Blaché almost died from the Spanish flu pandemic in October 1918 while filming her final film Tarnished Reputations. Following her illness, she joined Herbert in Hollywood in 1919 but they lived separately. She worked as Herbert's directing assistant on his two films starring Alla Nazimova. Guy-Blaché directed her last film in 1919. In 1921, she was forced to auction her film studio and other possessions in bankruptcy. <mask> and Herbert were officially divorced in 1922. She returned to France in 1922 and never made another film.Death
Guy-Blaché never remarried, and in 1964 she returned to the United States to live in Wayne, New Jersey, with her older child, her daughter, Simone. On 24 March 1968, at the age of 94, Guy-Blaché died in a nursing homein New Jersey. She is interred at Maryrest Cemetery. Accolades and tributes
On December 12th 1958, Guy-Blaché was awarded the Légion d'honneur, the highest non-military award France offers. On 16 March 1957, she was honored in a Cinématheque Française ceremony that went unnoticed by the press. In 2002, Circle X Theatre in Los Angeles produced Laura Comstock's Bag-punching Dog, a musical about the invention of cinema, and Guy-Blaché was a lead character. The musical was written by Jillian Armenante, <mask>, and Chris Jeffries.In 2011, an off-Broadway production of Flight premiered at the Connelly Theatre, featuring a fictionalized portrayal of Guy-Blaché as a 1913 documentary filmmaker. In 2004, a historic marker dedicated to Guy-Blaché was unveiled at the location of Solax Studio by the Fort Lee Film Commission. In 2012, for the centennial of the founding and building of the studio, the Commission raised funds to replace her grave marker in Maryrest Cemetery in Mahwah, New Jersey. The new marker includes the Solax logo and notes Guy-Blaché's role as a cinema pioneer. In 2010, the Academy Film Archive preserved Guy-Blaché's short film The Girl in the Arm-Chair. In 2011, the Fort Lee Film Commission successfully lobbied the Directors Guild of America to accept <mask>-Blaché as a member. She was subsequently awarded a posthumous "Special Directorial Award for Lifetime Achievement" at the 2011 DGA Honors.In 2013, Guy-Blaché was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. A square in the 14th arrondissement of Paris is named the  in her honor. In 2019, The re-edited and expanded version of Eisenstein's memoirs, Yo. Memoirs by Sergei Eisenstein mention <mask>'s The Consequences of Feminism and its influence on Eisenstein. In 2021, Yale University unveiled its new state-of-the-art screening room, named the Alice Cinema, after <mask>-Blaché. In 2022, Rowman & Littlefield published a new edition of The Memoirs of <mask> Guy Blache, edited by Anthony Slide and translated by Simone Blache and Roberta Blache. This memoir contains a new introduction by Slide.The Golden Door Film Festival gives an award named in her honor. Selected filmography
These films were produced by Gaumont (1896–1907), Solax (1910–1913), or others (1914–1920). (1916)
The Adventurer (1917)
 The Empress (1917)
The Great Adventure (1918)
Tarnished Reputations (1920)

See also
Women's cinema

Notes

References

Sources
 Contains one chapter about <mask> Blaché. Contains one chapter about <mask> Blaché. Updated as:

 See also:

Further reading
 This contains many passages and words not translated into the English editions. External links

Excerpt from Ephemeral Podcast about three different La Fée aux Choux https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnYopp6VuzQ
Ephemeral Podcast - <mask> https://www.ephemeral.show/episode/alice-guy
<mask> Blaché, Lost Visionary of the Cinema

Literature on <mask>-Blaché

The films of <mask>-Blaché, Hell Is For Hyphenates, January 31, 2014
<mask>; at kinotv(kinotv)

1873 births
1968 deaths
French cinema pioneers
French emigrants to the United States
French women film directors
People from Saint-Mandé
Silent film directors
Women film pioneers

masks:
Alice Ida Antoinette Guy Bché
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice Guy
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice
Alice Dodd
Alice Guy
Alice
Alice Guy
Alice
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy
Alice Guy


texts:
Queen <mask> (정순왕후 김씨; 2 December 1745 – 11 February 1805), of the Gyeongju Kim clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and second queen consort of Yi Geum, King Yeongjo, the 21st Joseon monarch. She was Queen consort of Joseon from 1759 until her husband's death in 1776, after which she was honoured as Queen Dowager Yesun (예순왕대비) during the reign of her step-grandson Yi San, King Jeongjo and as Grand Queen Dowager Yesun (예순대왕대비) during the reign of her step great-grandson Yi Gong, King Sunjo. Biography
On 2 February 1745, Queen <mask> was born to Kim Han-gu and Lady Wonpung of the Wonju Won clan. She was a scion of the Gyeongju Kim clan. Her hometown was Yeoju, Gyeonggi Province. She was born in the wealthy sector of Seosan, South Chungcheong Province during the reign of King Yeongjo, her future husband. She had one older brother and a younger brother.Queen
After the death of Queen Jeongseong in 1757, King Yeongjo held bridal selections to choose his second queen. His father had banned former concubines from becoming queen, so King Yeongjo could not elevate one of his concubines to queenship, as many former kings had done. On 9 June 1759, Queen <mask> was chosen as queen. During the bridal selections, Yeongjo allegedly asked the candidates what the deepest thing in the world was. Some cited the mountains or the sea, but she cited the human heart, capturing his attention. When asked about the most beautiful flower, she answered, "The cotton flower is the most beautiful flower, although it does not exude fashion and scent, but it is the most beautiful flower that warms the people by weaving thread." On 22 June 1759, Queen <mask> formally married King Yeongjo at Changgyeong Palace.This marriage was considered the oldest marriage in Joseon Dynasty history as Yeongjo was 66 years old, and the Queen was 15 years old at the time of the marriage. She was also 10 years younger than her husband's son and heir, Crown Prince Sado, and his daughter-in-law, Lady Hyegyeong. Queen <mask>'s father was given the royal title of "Internal Prince Oheung" (Hangul: 오흥부원군, Hanja: 鰲興府院君), and her mother was given the royal title "Internal Princess Consort Wonpung of the Wonju Won Clan" (Hangul: 원풍부부인 원주 원씨, Hanja: 原豊府夫人 原州 元氏). The Queen was known to be a little assertive towards her husband. When it had come to get measured for clothing, the palace maid had politely asked the King to turn his back. Yet, she also asked her husband in a decisive tone saying, "Can you turn around?". She and her husband shared a deep love for one another, but despite that, they had produced no princes or princesses.There was no record of the young queen bearing children, or having a miscarriage. Crown Prince Sado died in 1762 and his sister, Yi Yong-wan, Princess Hwawan, became protectress of Sado's son, Yi San. Yeongjo died on 22 April 1776 and Yi San ascended to the throne as the 22nd Joseon monarch (temple name: Jeongjo). As widow of a king, she was honoured as Queen Dowager Yesun. Hong Bong-han, Jeongjo's maternal grandfather, and Jeong Hu-gyeom, Princess Hwawan's adoptive son, protested this decision. Yesun's older brother, Kim Gwi-ju, advised his sister to wait for the right moment, but Jeongjo acted first. He dismissed Hong Bong-han and Jeong Hu-gyeom from office.However, Jeongjo later exiled Kim Gwi-ju to Heuksan Island on the grounds of disrespect towards the King's mother, Lady Hyegyeong, but the real reason was because of Kim Gwi-ju's involvement with Hong Bong-han's dismissal during Yeongjo's reign. This action caused unspoken tension and extreme confrontations between Yesun and Jeongjo. Regency
In 1800, Jeongjo died of an abscess on his back at age 49. He died 15 days after first being treated. His last words were 'Sujeongjeon Hall,' which was the residence of Yesun, giving rise to speculation to this day that Jeongjo was poisoned by the Queen Dowager. He was succeeded by his 10 years old son, Yi Gong (temple name: King Sunjo) and Yesun raised to the status of Grand Queen Dowager. As the most senior-generation member of the royal family, Yesun acted as regent for the young king and exerted the power until she voluntarily gave it up in 1803.She departed from the policy of the late King, enforcing the Catholic Persecution of 1801 and favoring the Noron Byeokpa faction. Yesun had purged a large number of conflicting Soron sects, executed Jeongjo's half-brother and maternal uncle, Prince Euneon and Hong Nak-im, abolished Jang Yong-young established by Jeongjo, and massively defeated the Catholic Church that Jeongjo had tolerated. It was repressed and expelled other people and the Soron faction. She also hired a large number of Noron Bukpa officials, such as Kim Gwan-ju and Kim Yong-ju, whom she had struck by Jeongjo. In 1802, in accordance with Jeongjo's law, she had Kim Jo-sun's daughter, the future Queen Sunwon, became the queen consort of Sunjo, and Kim Jo-sun was sealed to Internal Prince Yeongan (永安府院君) and was resigned from her rule. On 9 February 1804, after reaping the convergence and cleansing, when Sunjo's family was declared, most of the bureaucrats were purged by Kim Jo-sun, the father of Queen Sunwon, and the power of King Jeongjo. Her influence was weakened, and she had a futile last year of reign, and a year later, on 11 February 1805, she died in Gyeongbokjeon at Changdeokgung Palace.She was posthumous honoured as Queen <mask>. Death
Queen <mask> is buried with her husband King Yeongjo and his first wife, Queen Jeongseong, in the dynastic tombs at Donggureung, the royal tomb of Wonneung (원릉, 元陵), in the city of Guri, Gyeonggi Province. Portrayed by Kim Ja-ok in the 1991 KBS1 TV series The Royal Way. Portrayed by Lee In-hye in the 1998 MBC TV series The King's Road. Portrayed by Kim Yeong-ran in the 2000 KBS2 TV series Novel: Admonitions on Governing the People
Portrayed by Yeom Ji-yoon in the 2001 MBC TV series Hong Guk-yeong. Portrayed by Kim Ae-ri in the 2007 KBS TV series Conspiracy in the Court
Portrayed by Kim Hee-jong in the 2007 CGV TV series Eight Days, Assassination Attempts against King Jeongjo. Portrayed by Kim Yeo-jin in the 2007–2008 MBC TV series Lee San, Wind of the Palace.Portrayed by Yoon Min-ju in the 2007 musical King Jeongjo
Portrayed by Im Ji-eun in the 2008 SBS TV series Painter of the Wind. Portrayed by Geum Dan-bi in the 2011 SBS TV series Warrior Baek Dong-soo. Portrayed by Ha Seung-ri in the 2014 SBS TV series Secret Door. Portrayed by Han Ji-min in the 2014 film The Fatal Encounter. Portrayed by Seo Ye-ji in the 2015 film The Throne. Portrayed by Jang Hee-jin in the 2021 MBC TV series The Red Sleeve. External links
 http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/korea_heads.htm

18th-century Korean people
19th-century women rulers
1745 births
1805 deaths
Regents of Korea
Royal consorts of the Joseon Dynasty
Korean queens consort
18th-century Korean women
19th-century Korean women

masks: Jeongsun Jeongsun Jeongsun Jeongsun Jeongsun Jeongsun Jeongsun


texts:
<mask> (baptized August 12, 1626 – May 27, 1690) was an Italian composer of opera, vocal and instrumental music, and organist, of the Baroque era. He was one of the most prominent composers in Venice in the late 17th century, and extremely influential in the development of late Baroque idioms across northern Italy. <mask>  was born at Clusone, near Bergamo, then part of the Republic of Venice. His father, <mask>, was a professional violinist and, to some extent, a composer. We know Legrenzi had two brothers and two sisters, though one of the brothers, Marco, apparently a talented musician who performed with his father and brother in the 1660s, is not mentioned in Legrenzi's will: it is presumed that he died young. His remaining brother and sisters are both mentioned in his will. Legrenzi was probably taught largely at home, and his performance skills developed at the local church, and it can also be assumed there was music-making in the house.<mask> received his first appointment in Bergamo, as Organist at Santa Maria Maggiore, a magnificent church with a celebrated musical history. Following ordination as a priest in 1651, he was appointed as a resident chaplain at the church, though he continued to be actively involved in the music, and was given the title of First Organist in 1653, at about the time Maurizio Cazzati was appointed maestro di cappella. <mask>'s first publication, music for Mass and Vespers, appeared in 1654. His appointment as organist was not reconfirmed at the end of the year owing to his apparent involvement in a minor gambling scandal, though he was reinstated by mid-February 1655. Legrenzi resigned from his position at Bergamo towards the end of 1655, and in 1656 became maestro di cappella at the Academy of the Holy Spirit in Ferrara. The Academy was not a learned society, but a fraternity of laymen which presented predominantly liturgical services with music. It had a small but very good musical establishment with an impressive tradition, and effectively addressed the needs of the whole aristocratic community of Ferrara, with whom Legrenzi cemented relationships that, like those he had already established in Bergamo, would serve him well throughout his life.The position at the Academy of the Holy Spirit would have left <mask> with ample time for other pursuits. By the early 1660s he had already published eight volumes, and had broken into the elite world of opera, gaining his first performances in Venice in 1664. We know little of certainty about <mask>'s activities between approximately 1665 and 1670, a situation considerably exacerbated by the destruction of local records during World War II. He ended his association with the Academy of the Holy Spirit at some point, and does not appear to have had a permanent position of any sort for several years, though it is unlikely that he was in financial difficulty. He had land at Clusone and the proceeds from his publications, several of which had already gone into second editions, as well as performance fees. He also published his largest volume, the huge collection for double choir, during this period. <mask> seems to have been well settled in Venice by 1670.He took a position as a music teacher at Santa Maria dei Derelitti (commonly called the Ospedaletto), remaining until 1676, and was busy with further publications, musical commissions, especially oratorios, occasional performances, and more. In 1676 he was a finalist for appointment as maestro at San Marco in succession to Francesco Cavalli, losing by a single vote to Natale Monferrato. Later in the year he became maestro di coro of the Ospedale dei Mendicanti, where he remained until 1682 when he succeeded Antonio Sartorio as vice-maestro at San Marco. He was by this time (along with Carlo Pallavicino) the leading opera composer of his day, with ten commissions in the five years to 1685. Legrenzi succeeded Monferrato as maestro di cappella at San Marco in April 1685. He was by this time probably in failing health, and the last few years of his life were clouded by sickness. He took little part in the services at San Marco from the later part of 1687, where performances were increasingly in the hands of his vice-maestro, Gian Domenico Partenio.Legrenzi's death on 27 May 1690 from the "mal di petra" (a colic-related illness, probably kidney stones) was accompanied by excruciating pain. <mask>'s legacy lived on for some years after his death. His great-nephew <mask> inherited his music and books, and produced four posthumous publications. Music
Legrenzi was active in most of the genres current in northern Italy in the late 17th century, including sacred vocal music, opera, oratorio, and varieties of instrumental music. Though best known as a composer of instrumental sonatas, he was predominantly a composer of liturgical music with a distinctly dramatic character. The bulk of his instrumental music may also be included in this category, since it would have been used primarily as a substitute for liturgical items at Mass or Vespers. Legrenzi composed nineteen operas from 1662–1685, of which the most successful were Achille in Sciro (1664), La divisione del mondo, I due cesari (1683), Il Giustino (1683), and Publio Elio Pertinace (1684).His operas were immensely popular (and extravagantly presented) in their day, though, like his oratorios, few have survived. His later dance music was certainly connected with the operatic repertoire, though the function of an early collection (Op. 4, which is musicologically famous for its inclusion of six pieces designated sonate da camera) is less clear. <mask>'s music is steadily gaining interest as scores and transcriptions become more widely available. Early music groups are increasingly including the instrumental sonatas and selections of the devotional and liturgical music in concerts. There have been significant revivals of some of the surviving operas. Editions of La divisione del mondo and Il Giustino by the German conductor Thomas Hengelbrock have had performances at the Schwetzingen Festival, the Innsbruck Festival of Early Music and the Echternach Music Festival, and there was a major revival of La divisione del mondo in a co-production between the Opéra national du Rhin and Opéra national de Lorraine in February/March 2019.Published works
 Concerti Musicali per uso di Chiesa. Op. 1 (Venice, Alessandro Vincenti, 1654)
 Sonata a due, e tre. Op. 2 (Venice, Francesco Magni, 1655)
 Harmonia d'affetti Devoti a due, tre, e quatro, voci. Op. 3 (Venice, Alessandro Vincenti, 1655)
 Sonate dà Chiesa, e dà Camera, Correnti, Balletti, Alemane, Sarabande a tre, doi violini, e violone.Libro Secondo. Op. 4 (Venice, Francesco Magni, 1656)
 Salmi a cinque, tre voci, e due violini. Op. 5 (Venice, Francesco Magni, 1657)
 Sentimenti Devoti Espressi con le musica di due, e tre voci. Libro Secondo. Op.6 (Venice, Francesco Magni detto Gardano, 1660). A second edition was published in Antwerp in 1665. Compiete con le Lettanie & Antifone Della B.V. a 5. voci. Op. 7 (Venice, Francesco Magni detto Gardano, 1662)
 Sonate a due, tre, cinque, a sei stromenti. Libro 3. Op.8 (Venice, Francesco Magni, 1663)
 Sacri e Festivi Concerti. Messa e Salmi a due chori con stromenti a beneplacito. Op. 9 (Venice, Francesco Magni Gardano, 1667)
 Acclamationi Divote a voce sola. Libro Primo. Op. 10 (Bologna, Giacomo Monti, 1670)
 La Cetra.Libro Quarto di Sonate a due tre e quattro stromenti. Op. 10 (Venice, Francesco Magni Gardano, 1673, reprinted 1682)
 Cantate, e Canzonette a voce sola. Op. 12 (Bologna, Giacomo Monti, 1676)
 Idee Armoniche Estese per due e tre voci. Op. 13 (Venice, Francesco Magni detto Gardano, 1678)
 Echi di Riverenza di Cantate, e Canzoni.Libro Secondo. Op. 14 (Bologna, Giacomo Monti, 1678)
 Sacri Musicali Concerti a due, e tre voci. Libro Terzo. Op. 15 (Venice, Gioseppe Sala, 1689)
 Balletti e Correnti a cinque stromenti, con il basso continuo per il cembalo. Libro Quinto Postumo.Op. 16 (Venice, Gioseppe Sala, 1691)
 Motetti Sacri a voce sola con tre strumenti. Op. 17 (Venice, Gioseppe Sala, 1692)
 Sonate a 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 e 7 istrumenti con tromba, o senza, overo flauto Op. 18 (Venice, Gioseppe Sala, 1693) (no copy survives)
 Voci geniali, raccolte in duetti e terzetti Op. 19 (Venice, Gioseppe Sala, 1698) (no copy survives)

Note: Two collections were published as opus 10, Acclamationi Divote (1670) and La Cetra (1673). The printing of La Cetra as Opus 10 appears to be an error on the part of the Venetian publisher, who was presumably unaware of the collection published in Bologna in 1670: the correct numbering of the publications resumed with Opus 12.Unpublished works
A number of works survive in manuscript copies only. Most can be ascribed confidently to Legrenzi, though there are a few of less certain attribution. Among the most important of these works are:
 The Messa a cinque voci con stromenti, found at Oxford. The Missa quinque vocibus found at Loreto. This Mass, dated 1689 and surviving in a magnificently bound volume, may have been presented as a votive offering. The Messa a 16 for four choirs and organ continuo held in the Vatican Library. The Prosa pro mortuis, a complete setting for double choir and instruments of the sequence "Dies irae" from the Requiem Mass.A unique setting for double choir and instruments of Matins for Christmas Day, including the Invitatory, Psalms and Te Deum; and concluding with the Introit for the First Mass of Christmas. Intret in conspectu, a motet for 6 voices, known from a single source copied out by Handel, who drew on <mask>'s motet in the chorus 'To thy dark servant' in the oratorio Samson. Credidi propter quod locutus sum, a psalm setting for solo alto, strings and continuo, which appears likely to be a unique example of Legrenzi's own hand, as there is evidence that it is an autograph. Laudate pueri, a psalm setting for five voices, strings and continuo and, unusually, a trumpet. Spirate aure serenae, a motet for solo soprano, strings and continuo which provides for a theorbo to double or replace the violone. There are in addition a few more liturgical pieces, a number of cantatas and the unusual 'serenata' Notte, madri d’horrori. Operas
 Nino, il giusto (1662)
 Achille in Sciro

masks:
Giovanni Legrenzi
Life Legrenzi
Giovanni Maria Legrenzi
Legrenzi
Legrenzi
Legrenzi
Legrenzi
Legrenzi
Legrenzi
Giovanni Varischino
Legrenzi
Legrenzi