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 later, he went to visit Tebaldi, only to find her sitting by the speakers, listening intently to <mask>'s recording. She then looked up at him and asked, "Why didn't you tell me <mask>'s was the best?" <mask> visited Tebaldi after a performance of Adriana Lecouvreur at the Met in 1968, and the two were reunited. In 1978, Tebaldi spoke warmly of her late colleague and summarized this rivalry:
This rivality [sic] was really building from the people of the newspapers and the fans. But I think it was very good for both of us, because the publicity was so big and it created a very big interest about me and <mask> and was very good in the end. But I don't know why they put this kind of rivality [sic], because the voice was very different. She was really something unusual.And I remember that I was very young artist too, and I stayed near the radio every time that I know that there was something on radio by <mask>. Vocal decline
In the opinion of several singers, the heavy roles undertaken in her early years damaged <mask>'s voice. The mezzo-soprano Giulietta Simionato, <mask>'s close friend and frequent colleague, stated that she told Callas that she felt that the early heavy roles led to a weakness in the diaphragm and subsequent difficulty in controlling the upper register. Louise Caselotti, who worked with <mask> in 1946 and 1947, prior to her Italian debut, felt that it was not the heavy roles that hurt <mask>'s voice, but the lighter ones. Several singers have suggested that <mask>'s heavy use of the chest voice led to stridency and unsteadiness with the high notes. In his book, <mask>'s husband Meneghini wrote that <mask> suffered an unusually early onset of menopause, which could have affected her voice. Soprano Carol Neblett once said, "A woman sings with her ovaries—you're only as good as your hormones."Critic Henry Pleasants has stated that it was a loss of physical strength and breath-support that led to <mask>'s vocal problems, saying,Singing, and especially opera singing, requires physical strength. Without it, the singer's respiratory functions can no longer support the steady emissions of breath essential to sustaining the production of focused tone. The breath escapes, but it is no longer the power behind the tone, or is only partially and intermittently. The result is a breathy sound—tolerable but hardly beautiful—when the singer sings lightly, and a voice spread and squally when under pressure. In the same vein, Joan Sutherland, who heard <mask> throughout the 1950s, said in a BBC interview,
[Hearing <mask> in Norma in 1952] was a shock, a wonderful shock. You just got shivers up and down the spine. It was a bigger sound in those earlier performances, before she lost weight.I think she tried very hard to recreate the sort of "fatness" of the sound which she had when she was as fat as she was. But when she lost the weight, she couldn't seem to sustain the great sound that she had made, and the body seemed to be too frail to support that sound that she was making. Oh, but it was oh so exciting. It was thrilling. I don't think that anyone who heard Callas after 1955 really heard the <mask> voice. Michael Scott has proposed that Callas's loss of strength and breath support was directly caused by her rapid and progressive weight loss, something that was noted even in her prime. Of her 1958 recital in Chicago, Robert Detmer wrote, "There were sounds fearfully uncontrolled, forced beyond the too-slim singer's present capacity to support or sustain."Photos and videos of Callas during her heavy era show a very upright posture with the shoulders relaxed and held back. Of a television broadcast from May 1960 of a recital in Hamburg, The Opera Quarterly noted, "[W]e [can] watch ... the constantly sinking, depressed chest and hear the resulting deterioration". This continual change in posture has been cited as visual proof of a progressive loss of breath support. Commercial and bootleg recordings of Callas from the late 1940s to 1953—the period during which she sang the heaviest dramatic soprano roles—show no decline in the fabric of the voice, no loss in volume and no unsteadiness or shrinkage in the upper register. Of her December 1952 Lady Macbeth—coming after five years of singing the most strenuous dramatic soprano repertoire—Peter Dragadze wrote for Opera, "Callas's voice since last season has improved a great deal, the second passagio on the high B-natural and C has now completely cleared, giving her an equally colored scale from top to bottom." And of her performance of Medea a year later, John Ardoin writes, "The performance displays Callas in as secure and free a voice as she will be found at any point in her career. The many top B's have a brilliant ring, and she handles the treacherous tessitura like an eager thoroughbred."In recordings from 1954 (immediately after her 80-pound weight loss) and thereafter, "not only would the instrument lose its warmth and become thin and acidulous, but the altitudinous passages would to her no longer come easily." It was at this time that unsteady top notes first begin to appear. Walter Legge, who produced nearly all of <mask>'s EMI/Angel recordings, states that <mask> "ran into a patch of vocal difficulties as early as 1954": during the recording of La forza del destino, done immediately after the weight loss, the "wobble had become so pronounced" that he told Callas they "would have to give away seasickness pills with every side". There were others, however, who felt that the voice had benefitted from the weight loss. Of her performance of Norma in Chicago in 1954, Claudia Cassidy wrote that "there is a slight unsteadiness in some of the sustained upper notes, but to me her voice is more beautiful in color, more even through the range, than it used to be". And at her performance of the same opera in London in 1957 (her first performance at Covent Garden after the weight loss), critics again felt her voice had changed for the better, that it had now supposedly become a more precise instrument, with a new focus. Many of her most critically acclaimed appearances are from 1954–58 (Norma, La traviata, Sonnambula and Lucia of 1955, Anna Bolena of 1957, Medea of 1958, among others).<mask>'s close friend and colleague Tito Gobbi thought that her vocal problems all stemmed from her state of mind:
I don't think anything happened to her voice. I think she only lost confidence. She was at the top of a career that a human being could desire, and she felt enormous responsibility. She was obliged to give her best every night, and maybe she felt she wasn't [able] any more, and she lost confidence. I think this was the beginning of the end of this career. In support of Gobbi's assertion, a bootleg recording of <mask> rehearsing Beethoven's aria "Ah! perfido" and parts of Verdi's La forza del destino shortly before her death shows her voice to be in much better shape than much of her 1960s recordings and far healthier than the 1970s concerts with Giuseppe Di Stefano.Soprano Renée Fleming posited that videos of Callas in the late 1950s and early 1960s reveal a posture that betrays breath-support problems:
I have a theory about what caused her vocal decline, but it's more from watching her sing than from listening. I really think it was her weight loss that was so dramatic and so quick. It's not the weight loss per se—you know, Deborah Voigt has lost a lot of weight and still sounds glorious. But if one uses the weight for support, and then it's suddenly gone and one doesn't develop another musculature for support, it can be very hard on the voice. And you can't estimate the toll that emotional turmoil will take as well. I was told, by somebody who knew her well, that the way Callas held her arms to her solar plexus [allowed her] to push and create some kind of support. If she were a Soubrette, it would never have been an issue.But she was singing the most difficult repertoire, the stuff that requires the most stamina, the most strength. However, writing about dramatic soprano Deborah Voigt in 2006 shortly after her 135-pound weight loss after gastric bypass surgery, music critic Peter G. Davis brings up comparisons with <mask> and notes an increasing acidity and thinning in Voigt's voice that recall the changes in <mask>'s voice after her weight loss:
A change has also come over Voigt's voice lately, though it's hard to tell if it's from weight loss or normal aging—controversy still rages over whether <mask>'s drastic diets contributed to her rapid vocal decline. Not that Voigt as yet exhibits any of <mask>'s technical problems: Her voice continues to be reliably supported and under control. What is noticeable, however—earlier this season in Verdi's La Forza del Destino and now in Tosca—is a marked thinning of quality at the very center of the instrument, together with a slight acidity and tightening of the tone that has definitely taken the youthful bloom off, especially at the top. Voigt herself explained how her dramatic weight loss affected her breathing and breath support:
Much of what I did with my weight was very natural, vocally. Now I've got a different body—there's not as much of me around. My diaphragm function, the way my throat feels, is not compromised in any way.But I do have to think about it more now. I have to remind myself to keep my ribs open. I have to remind myself, if my breath starts to stack. When I took a breath before, the weight would kick in and give it that extra Whhoomf! Now it doesn't do that. If I don't remember to get rid of the old air and re-engage the muscles, the breath starts stacking, and that's when you can't get your phrase, you crack high notes. Callas herself attributed her problems to a loss of confidence brought about by a loss of breath support, even though she does not make the connection between her weight and her breath support.In an April 1977 interview with journalist , she stated,
My best recordings were made when I was skinny, and I say skinny, not slim, because I worked a lot and couldn't gain weight back; I became even too skinny ... I had my greatest successes — Lucia, Sonnambula, Medea, Anna Bolena — when I was skinny as a nail. Even for my first time here in Paris in 1958 when the show was broadcast through Eurovision, I was skinny. Really skinny." And shortly before her death, <mask> confided her own thoughts on her vocal problems to Peter Dragadze:
I never lost my voice, but I lost strength in my diaphragm. ... Because of those organic complaints, I lost my courage and boldness. My vocal cords were and still are in excellent condition, but my 'sound boxes' have not been working well even though I have been to all the doctors.The result was that I overstrained my voice, and that caused it to wobble. (Gente, October 1, 1977)

Whether <mask>'s vocal decline was due to ill health, early menopause, over-use and abuse of her voice, loss of breath-support, loss of confidence, or weight loss will continue to be debated. Whatever the cause may have been, her singing career was effectively over by age 40, and even at the time of her death at age 53, according to Walter Legge, "she ought still to have been singing magnificently". Fussi and Paolillo report
A 2010 study by Italian vocal researchers Franco Fussi and Nico Paolillo revealed <mask> was very ill at the time of her death and her illness was related to her vocal deterioration. According to their findings, presented at the University of Bologna in 2010, <mask> had dermatomyositis, a rare, connective tissue disease that causes a failure of the muscles and ligaments, including the larynx. They believe she was showing signs of this disease as early as the 1960s. Fussi and Paolillo cite an initial report by physician Mario Giacovazzo, who in 2002 revealed he had diagnosed <mask> with dermatomyositis in 1975.Treatment included corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents, which affect heart function. At an event hosted by the journal Il Saggiatore Musicale, Fussi and Paolillo presented documentation showing when and how her voice changed over time. Using modern audio technology, they analyzed live Callas studio recordings from the 1950s through the 1970s, looking for signs of deterioration. Spectrographic analysis showed that she was losing the top half of her range. Fussi observed video recordings in which <mask>'s posture seemed strained and weakened. He felt that her drastic weight loss in 1954 further contributed to reduced physical support of her voice. Fussi and Paolillo also examined restored footage of the infamous 1958 Norma "walkout" in Rome, which led to harsh criticism of <mask> as a temperamental superstar.By applying spectrographic analysis to that footage, the researchers observed her voice was tired and she lacked control. She really did have the bronchitis and tracheitis she claimed, and the dermatomyositis was already causing her muscles to deteriorate. Scandals and later career

The latter half of <mask>'s career was marked by a number of scandals. Following a performance of Madama Butterfly in Chicago in 1955, <mask> was confronted by a process server who handed her papers about a lawsuit brought by Eddy Bagarozy, who claimed he was her agent. <mask> was photographed with her mouth turned in a furious snarl. The photo was sent around the world and gave rise to the myth of <mask> as a temperamental prima donna and a "Tigress". In the same year, just before her debut at the Metropolitan Opera, Time ran a damaging cover story about Callas, with special attention paid to her difficult relationship with her mother and some unpleasant exchanges between the two.In 1957, <mask> was starring as Amina in La sonnambula at the Edinburgh International Festival with the forces of La Scala. Her contract was for four performances, but due to the great success of the series, La Scala decided to put on a fifth performance. <mask> told the La Scala officials that she was physically exhausted and that she had already committed to a previous engagement, a party thrown for her by her friend Elsa Maxwell in Venice. Despite this, La Scala announced a fifth performance, with <mask> billed as Amina. <mask> refused to stay and went on to Venice. Despite the fact that she had fulfilled her contract, she was accused of walking out on La Scala and the festival. La Scala officials did not defend

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type: original

texts:
 <mask> or inform the press that the additional performance was not approved by <mask>.Renata Scotto took over the part, which was the start of her international career. In January 1958, <mask> was to open the Rome Opera House season with Norma, with Italy's president, Giovanni Gronchi, in attendance. The day before the opening night, <mask> alerted the management that she was not well and that they should have a standby ready. She was told "No one can double Callas". After being treated by doctors, she felt better on the day of performance and decided to go ahead with the opera. A surviving bootleg recording of the first act reveals <mask> sounding ill. Feeling that her voice was slipping away, she felt that she could not complete the performance, and consequently, she cancelled after the first act.She was accused of walking out on the president of Italy in a fit of temperament, and pandemonium broke out. Doctors confirmed that <mask> had bronchitis and tracheitis, and the President's wife called to tell her they knew she was sick. However, they made no statements to the media, and the endless stream of press coverage aggravated the situation. A newsreel included file footage of Callas from 1955 sounding well, intimating the footage was of rehearsals for the Rome Norma, with the voiceover narration, "Here she is in rehearsal, sounding perfectly healthy", followed by "If you want to hear Callas, don't get all dressed up. Just go to a rehearsal; she usually stays to the end of those." <mask>'s relationship with La Scala had also started to become strained after the Edinburgh incident, and this effectively severed her major ties with her artistic home. Later in 1958, <mask> and Rudolf Bing were in discussion about her season at the Met.She was scheduled to perform in Verdi's La traviata and in Macbeth, two very different operas which almost require totally different singers. <mask> and the Met could not reach an agreement, and before the opening of Medea in Dallas, Bing sent a telegram to <mask> terminating her contract. Headlines of "Bing Fires Callas" appeared in newspapers around the world. Nicola Rescigno later recalled, "That night, she came to the theater, looking like an empress: she wore an ermine thing that draped to the floor, and she had every piece of jewellery she ever owned. And she said, 'You all know what's happened. Tonight, for me, is a very difficult night, and I will need the help of every one of you.' Well, she proceeded to give a performance [of Medea] that was historical."Bing later said that <mask> was the most difficult artist he ever worked with, "because she was so much more intelligent. Other artists, you could get around. But Callas you could not get around. She knew exactly what she wanted, and why she wanted it." Despite this, Bing's admiration for <mask> never wavered, and in September 1959, he sneaked into La Scala in order to listen to <mask> record La Gioconda for EMI. <mask> and Bing reconciled in the mid 1960s, and <mask> returned to the Met for two performances of Tosca with her friend Tito Gobbi. In her final years as a singer, she sang in Medea, Norma, and Tosca, most notably her Paris, New York, and London Toscas of January–February 1964, and her last performance on stage, on July 5, 1965, at Covent Garden.A live television transmission of act 2 of the Covent Garden Tosca of 1964 was broadcast in Britain on February 9, 1964, giving a rare view of <mask> in performance and, specifically, of her on-stage collaboration with Tito Gobbi. This has now been preserved on DVD. In 1969, the Italian filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini cast <mask> in her only non-operatic acting role, as the Greek mythological character of Medea, in his film by that name. The production was grueling, and according to the account in Ardoin's Callas, the Art and the Life, <mask> is said to have fainted after a day of strenuous running back and forth on a mudflat in the sun. The film was not a commercial success, but as <mask>'s only film appearance, it documents her stage presence. From October 1971 to March 1972, <mask> gave a series of master classes at the Juilliard School in New York. These classes later formed the basis of Terrence McNally's 1995 play Master Class.<mask> staged a series of joint recitals in Europe in 1973 and in the U.S., South Korea, and Japan in 1974 with the tenor Giuseppe Di Stefano. Critically, this was a musical disaster owing to both performers' worn-out voices. However, the tour was an enormous popular success. Audiences thronged to hear the two performers, who had so often appeared together in their prime. Her final public performance was on November 11, 1974, in Sapporo, Japan. Onassis, final years, and death

In 1957, while still married to husband Giovanni Battista Meneghini, <mask> was introduced to Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis at a party given in her honor by Elsa Maxwell after a performance in Donizetti's Anna Bolena. The affair that followed received much publicity in the popular press, and in November 1959, <mask> left her husband.Michael Scott asserts that Onassis was not sure why <mask> largely abandoned her career, but that he offered her a way out of a career that was made increasingly difficult by scandals and by vocal resources that were diminishing at an alarming rate. Franco Zeffirelli, on the other hand, recalls asking Callas in 1963 why she had not practiced her singing, and <mask> responding that "I have been trying to fulfill my life as a woman." According to one of her biographers, Nicholas Gage, <mask> and Onassis had a child, a boy, who died hours after he was born on March 30, 1960. In his book about his wife, Meneghini states categorically that <mask> was unable to bear children. Various sources also dismiss Gage's claim, as they note that the birth certificates Gage used to prove this "secret child" were issued in 1998, twenty-one years after <mask>'s death. Still other sources claim that <mask> had at least one abortion while involved with Onassis. In 1966, <mask> renounced her U.S. citizenship at the American Embassy in Paris, to facilitate the end of her marriage to Meneghini.This was because after her renunciation, she was only a Greek citizen, and under Greek law of that time, a Greek could legally marry only in a Greek Orthodox church. As she had married in a Roman Catholic church, this divorced her in Greece. The renunciation also helped her finances, as she no longer had to pay U.S. taxes on her income. The relationship ended two years later in 1968, when Onassis left <mask> for Jacqueline Kennedy. However, the Onassis family's private secretary, Kiki, writes in her memoir that even while Aristotle was with Jackie, he frequently met with <mask> in Paris, where they resumed what had now become a clandestine affair. <mask> spent her last years living largely in isolation in Paris and died of a heart attack at age 53 on September 16, 1977. A funerary liturgy was held at St. Stephen's Greek Orthodox Cathedral on rue Georges-Bizet, Paris on September 20, 1977.She was later cremated at the Père Lachaise Cemetery and her ashes were placed in the columbarium there. After being stolen and later recovered, they were scattered over the Aegean Sea, off the coast of Greece, according to her wish, in the spring of 1979. During a 1978 interview, upon being asked "Was it worth it to <mask>? She was a lonely, unhappy, often difficult woman," music critic and <mask>'s friend John Ardoin replied:
That's such a difficult question. There are times, you know, when there are people – certain people who are blessed, and cursed, with an extraordinary gift, in which the gift is almost greater than the human being. And <mask> was one of these people. It was almost as if her wishes, her life, her own happiness were all subservient to this incredible, incredible gift that she was given, this gift that reached out and taught us all – taught us things about music we knew very well, but showed us new things, things we never thought about, new possibilities.I think that's why singers admire her so; I think that's why conductors admire her so; I know that's why I admire her so. And she paid a tremendously difficult and expensive price for this career. I don't think she always understood what she did or why she did. She knew she had a tremendous effect on audiences and on people. But it was not something that she could always live with gracefully or happily. I once said to her, "It must be very enviable to be <mask>as." And she said, "No, it's a very terrible thing to be <mask>, because it's a question of trying to understand something you can never really understand."Because she couldn't explain what she did – it was all done by instinct; it was something, incredibly, embedded deep within her. Estate

According to several Callas biographers, Vasso Devetzi, a female Greek pianist near the same age as <mask>, insinuated herself into Callas's trust during her last years and acted virtually as her agent. This claim is corroborated by Iakintha (Jackie) <mask> in her 1990 book Sisters, wherein she asserts that Devetzi conned <mask> out of control of half of her estate, while promising to establish the Maria Callas Foundation to provide scholarships for young singers; after hundreds of thousands of dollars had allegedly vanished, Devetzi finally did establish the foundation. In popular culture
 Terrence McNally's play Master Class, which premiered in 1995, presents <mask> as a glamorous, commanding, larger-than-life, caustic, and funny pedagogue holding a voice master class. Alternately dismayed and impressed by the students who parade before her, she retreats into recollections about the glories of her own life and career, culminating in a monologue about sacrifice taken for art. Several selections of <mask> actually singing are played during the recollections. <mask> is mentioned in the R.E.M.song "E-Bow the Letter" from the album New Adventures in Hi-Fi and released as a single on August 27, 1996. In 1997, she was featured as one of 18 significant historical figures in Apple Inc.'s Think different advertisement. In 2002, Franco Zeffirelli produced and directed a biopic, Callas Forever. It was a fictionalized film in which <mask> was played by Fanny Ardant. It depicted the last months of <mask>'s life, when she was seduced into the making of a movie of Carmen, lip-synching to her 1964 recording of that opera. In 2007, <mask> was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In the same year, she was voted the greatest soprano of all time by BBC Music Magazine.The 30th anniversary of the death of <mask> was selected as the main motif for a high value euro collectors' coin: the €10 Greek <mask> commemorative coin, minted in 2007. Her image is shown in the obverse of the coin, while on the reverse the National Emblem of Greece with her signature is depicted. On December 2, 2008, on the 85th anniversary of <mask>'s birth, a group of Greek and Italian officials unveiled a plaque in her honor at Flower Hospital (now the Terence Cardinal Cooke Health Care Center) where she was born. Made of Carrara marble and engraved in Italy, the plaque reads, "<mask> was born in this hospital on December 2, 1923. These halls heard for the first time the musical notes of her voice, a voice which has conquered the world. To this great interpreter of universal language of music, with gratitude." In 2012, <mask> was voted into Gramophone magazine's Hall of Fame.Asteroid 29834 <mask>las was named in her memory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on January 31, 2018 (). In 2018, the documentary Maria by Callas was released, which depicts <mask>'s life and work in her own words by using her interviews, letters, and performances to tell her story. A number of non-operatic singers including Anna Calvi, Linda Ronstadt, and Patti Smith have mentioned <mask> as a great musical influence. Former opera singer turned pop singer Giselle Bellas cites <mask> as an influence; her song "The Canary" from her debut album Not Ready to Grow Up is inspired by the relationship between <mask> and Onassis. Other popular musicians have paid tribute to <mask> in their music:
Enigma released the instrumental "Callas Went Away" using samples of <mask>'s voice, on their 1990 album MCMXC a.D.
"La diva", on Celine Dion's 2007 French language album D'elles is about <mask>. The track samples the 1956 recording of La bohème.In the 2018–2019 season, BASE Hologram Productions presented Callas in Concert in the United States, Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Europe. In October 2021, a 1.8 metre-tall statue of <mask> at the base of the Acropolis in Athens, created by Aphrodite Liti, was "ridiculed in cartoons and generated a social media storm". Repertoire
<mask>'s stage repertoire includes the following roles:

Notable recordings

All recordings are in mono unless otherwise indicated. Live performances are typically available on multiple labels. In 2014, Warner Classics (formerly EMI Classics) released the Maria Callas Remastered Edition, consisting of her complete studio recordings totaling 39 albums in a boxed set remastered at Abbey Road Studios in 24-bit/96 kHz digital sound from original master tapes. Verdi, Nabucco, conducted by Vittorio Gui, live performance, Napoli, December 20, 1949
 Verdi, Il trovatore, conducted by Guido Picco, live performance, Mexico City, June 20, 1950. In the aria "D'amor sull'ali rosee", <mask> sings Verdi's original high D flat, likewise in her 1951 San Carlo performance.Like her later recording of Carmen, this was her only performance of the complete opera, as she never appeared onstage in it. Verdi, Un ballo in maschera, conducted by Antonino Votto, studio recording for EMI, September 1956
 Rossini, Il barbiere di Siviglia, conducted by Alceo Galliera, studio recording for EMI in stereo, February 1957
 Bellini, La sonnambula, conducted by Antonino Votto, studio recording for EMI, March 1957
 Donizetti, Anna Bolena, conducted by Gianandrea Gavazzeni, live performance, La Scala, Milan, April 14, 1957
 Gluck, Iphigénie en Tauride, La Scala Milan, Sanzogno, June 1, 1957 (Italian)
 Bellini, La sonnambula, conducted by Antonino Votto, live performance, Cologne, July 4, 1957
 Puccini, Turandot, conducted by Tullio Serafin, studio recording for EMI, July 1957
 Puccini,

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texts:
 Manon Lescaut, conducted by Tullio Serafin, studio recording for EMI, July 1957. Cherubini, Médée, conducted by Tullio Serafin, studio recording for Ricordi in stereo, September 1957 (Italian)
 Verdi, Un ballo in maschera, conducted by Gianandrea Gavazzeni, live performance, La Scala, Milan, December 7, 1957
 Verdi, La traviata, conducted by Franco Ghione, live performance, Lisbon, March 27, 1958
 Verdi, La traviata, conducted by Nicola Rescigno, live performance, London, June 20, 1958; considered by many critics to be <mask>'s most notable recording of Verdi's famous opera. Music critic John Ardoin wrote that in this performance "Callas' use of her voice to expressive ends amounts to an amalgamation of the best in previous Traviatas. For even though her voice betrays her at times, her intellect and spirit have now conquered the part in a manner that outdistances all others." Verdi Heroines (excerpts from Nabucco, Ernani, Macbeth, Don Carlo), conducted by Nicola Rescigno, studio recording for EMI in stereo, September 1958
 Mad Scenes (excerpts from Anna Bolena, Bellini's Il pirata and Ambroise Thomas's Hamlet), conducted by Nicola Rescigno, studio recording for EMI in stereo, September 1958
 Cherubini, Médée conducted by Nicola Rescigno, live performance at the Dallas Civic Opera November 6, 1958; considered to be Callas's most notable performance of Cherubini's opera. It is her only performance of the role, and her only performance of the complete opera; she never appeared in it onstage.The recording used the recitatives added after Bizet's death. <mask>'s performance caused critic Harold C. Schonberg to speculate in his book The Glorious Ones that <mask> perhaps should have sung mezzo roles instead of simply soprano ones. Puccini, Tosca, conducted by Georges Prêtre, studio recording for EMI in stereo, December 1964. Verdi Arias II (excerpts from I Lombardi, Attila, Il corsaro, Il trovatore, I vespri siciliani, Un ballo in maschera, Aida), conducted by Nicola Rescigno, studio recording for EMI in stereo, January 1964 – March 1969

Notes and references
Notes

References

Sources

 (2001). The Unknown Callas: The Greek Years. Amadeus Press , issue 14 of opera biography series, foreword by George Lascelles

Further reading
 Gagelmann, Rainer Benedict, International Maria Callas Bibliography  (includes almost 1,000 publications)
 Salazar, Philippe-Joseph, "Le Mausolée Callas", Liberation, September 26, 1977. Seletsky, Robert E. (2004), "The Performance Practice of <mask>as: Interpretation and Instinct", The Opera Quarterly, 20/4, pp.587–602. Seletsky, Robert E., "Callas at EMI: Remastering and Perception"; "A Callas Recording Update"; "A Callas Recording Update...updated", The Opera Quarterly (2000), 16/2, pp. 240–255; 21/2 (2005), pp. 387–391; 21/3, pp. 545–546 (2005). Stancioff, Nadia, <mask>: Callas Remembered. An Intimate Portrait of the Private Callas, New York: E. P. Dutton, 1987, .External links

 Maria Callas Museum

 Public domain music recordings

 <mask> performs arias from Barber of Seville, Carmen, Cavalleria Rusticana, Forza del Destino, La gioconda, Lucia di lammermoor, Mignon, Norma, Pagliacci, Rogolleto, Tosca, Traviata in recordings archived on Archive.org

1923 births
1977 deaths
20th-century Greek women opera singers
Greek sopranos
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Greek Orthodox Christians from the United States
Former United States citizens
People from Astoria, Queens
EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists
20th-century American women opera singers
American emigrants to

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Maria Callas


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<mask> (17 October 1891 – 24 May 1954) was a Scottish footballer who played in the Football League for Burnley and Stoke City with whom he later had a long spell as manager. McGrory played football with Dumbarton before joining English side Burnley in August 1920. After only making three appearances for the Clarets he signed for Stoke City in May 1921. He soon became an indispensable part of Tom Mather's first team and was made club captain, skippering the side to promotions in 1926–27 and 1932–33. He spent 15 seasons as a player for Stoke, racking up 511 appearances without scoring. He took over as Stoke manager in 1935, and in his first season in charge guided the team to a highest finish of 4th. World War II disrupted what could have been a successful spell for Stoke, but in the first season after the war they made their first real attempt to win the First Division, but an ongoing dispute with star winger Stanley Matthews saw him leave for Blackpool just before the end of the season and Stoke went on to lose their must-win match against Sheffield United.<mask> remained in charge until 1952 when he ended his 31-year association with the club. He spent a short spell in charge of Merthyr Tydfil, leaving after one season due to ill health and dying a year later. Playing career

Early career
Born in Bishopton, Renfrewshire, <mask> began work as an apprentice joiner on a shipyard in Clydeside. In 1914 he signed for Dumbarton, despite only previously playing boys brigade football. He missed only a dozen of a possible 224 Scottish Football League fixtures (the top division continued to be contested officially during World War I) across his six seasons with the Sons – even squeezing in a single wartime guest appearance for Partick Thistle – and began at attract interest from south of the border, also coming into international consideration when selected for the Home Scots v Anglo-Scots trial match in March 1920 along with clubmate James Scott. Burnley signed him in August 1920 for a fee of £3,500 but he failed to become a regular at Turf Moor, making three appearances in a season where the Clarets won the Football League championship. He joined Stoke on 23 April 1921, spotted by soon to be chairman Arthur Sherwin.Rumours has it that <mask> had reservations about joining Stoke as he did not like the look of the city. Whether this was true or not, he went on to spend 31 years living in Stoke-on-Trent. Stoke City
Solidly built at 6 ft, McGrory was frequently described as 'stout-hearted' and played with 'an absence of flurry' no matter what the situation. He acquired the reputation as a fearless man-marker, and if 'dour' described McGrory's approach on the field, it aptly summed up the non-nonsense Scot's personality off it. After an early 7–1 aberration at Hull City, Stoke, with McGrory a major influence at the back, lost only two of their next 27 matches, with the defence conceding just six goals in 16 matches. The run allowed Stoke to claim second spot in 1921–22 to gain promotion to the First Division. <mask> proved to be one of the few Stoke players to cope with the top-flight as Stoke were relegated back to the Second Division.He took over from Alec Milne as club captain in 1925 a position he did not lose for ten years. Stoke suffered relegation again in 1925–26 but <mask>'s drive helped Stoke win the Third Division North title in 1926–27. Famously consistent he played 101 consecutive league games from March 1926 to September 1928. From 1930, the now 39-year-old <mask> began to coach the Stoke reserve team as well as playing for them, His replacement in the first team was his long-time full-back partner Billy Spencer, who deputised during the 1932–33 title winning season. By Christmas 1933, with McGrory-less Stoke floundering in the top flight Tom Mather recalled his 'old war-horse' to add his experience to a somewhat leaky defence, and it worked as in the second half of the season Stoke picked up more than any other teams bar champions Arsenal and runner-up Huddersfield Town, finishing in a respectable 12th position. Promoted to assistant manager in 1934, <mask> appeared in all 42 league matches in 1934–35 at the age of 41. His career at Stoke the took a dramatic turn as Mather left to become manager of Newcastle United and chairman Sherwin offered the job to <mask> who accepted.<mask>'s club record of 511 appearances for Stoke would stand for 24 years. Managerial career
<mask>'s managerial style was abrasive, contrasting starkly with that of his predecessor. Aware of the financial problems that had dogged the club in the past, <mask> implemented a policy of blooding young talent. He replaced himself with Charlie Scrimshaw while Frank Soo displaced Harry Sellars is midfield and the emerging Freddie Steele edged out Tommy Sale. It was brave management and it paid off as the young players developed into one of the most exciting teams in the country in the 1930s and in <mask>'s first season in charge they finished a highest ever position of fourth with 47 points. Stoke's most well known player at the time was a certain Stanley Matthews who had become an England international and a very high-profile player however tensions soon surfaced between McGrory and Matthews. Under Mather, McGrory's roommate and best friend, <mask> lost his place in the side to Matthews and <mask> took every opportunity to avenge this injustice.In 1937 Matthews wanted the maximum signing-on fee of £650 rather than the normal £500. <mask> refused and as a result Stoke held him to his previous contract and Matthews was 21 days over the deadline before signing. Tensions between the pair simmered all through the season which came to a head in February 1938 when Matthews handed in a transfer request. Around 4,000 Stoke fans met with the directors at the King's Hall to see the board of directors come to the conclusion that Matthews must not leave. Matthews refused and reiterated his request to leave. Stoke rejected his request and Matthews wrote to the local paper thanking the fans for their support and he forged an uneasy truce with the management and board. Matthews pledged to do his best for his home town club and he did so until 1947 when he joined Blackpool.He was manager of Stoke during World War II during which time Stoke found a number of impressive younger players. After the war and league football resumed Stoke had their first real attempt to win their first English league title in 1946–47. However, with Stoke challenging for the title <mask>'s feud with Matthews resurfaced and he was allowed to join Blackpool for £11,500. Stoke then went into their final match of the season against Sheffield United knowing if they win they will be champions, they lost 2–1. McGrory tried in vain to re-establish Stoke as title contenders and after two consecutive relegation battles he left Stoke in May 1952 ending his 31-year stay at Stoke City. In 1953 Merthyr Tydfil, an ambitious non-league side seeking election to the Football League, tempted <mask> out of retirement, although ill-health meant his tenure lasted just one season. He died in Glasgow on 24 May 1954.Career statistics

Player
Source:

Manager

Honours
Stoke City
 Football League Third Division North champions: 1926–27
 Football League Second Division champions: 1932–33

References

External links
 Stoke City managers at stokecityfc.com

1891 births
1964 deaths
Stoke City F.C. players
Scottish footballers
Association football fullbacks
Burnley F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. managers
Merthyr Tydfil F.C. managers
English Football League managers
Dumbarton F.C. players
Partick Thistle F.C. wartime guest players
Scottish football managers
English Football League players
Scottish Football League players
Footballers from Renfrewshire

masks:
Robert Gerald McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
Bobby Liddle
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory


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Jean-Jacques Lefranc (also Le Franc), Marquis de <mask> (10 August 1709 – 1 November 1784) was a French man of letters and erudition, who published a considerable output of theatrical work, poems, literary criticism, and polemics; treatises on archeology, nature, travel and many other subjects; and a wide selection of highly regarded translations of the classics and other works from several European languages including English. His life and career, as well as his literary and other works are noteworthy today because of their location at the very center of the French Enlightenment; and although some of the positions he took are also considered to have been formative contributions to the counter-Enlightenment tendencies that were being articulated in parallel, he remains, in many respects, the typical Enlightenment man. The prolific volumes of literary works are now of academic interest only, mainly to flesh out aspects of the culture of the time, which embraced a period in which tensions that were to explode in the French Revolution five years after his death were still held in check. Lefranc is remembered today, if he is at all, as a consequence of the maiden speech he gave at the Académie française in 1760, which led to him becoming forever known and defined as "the enemy of Voltaire". His library of some 25,000 volumes was sold after his death by his son, and became founding collections for no less than three learned institution in Toulouse. He built a neo-classical chateau at Pompignan, and over a period of thirty-five years created one of the earliest and most extensive parcs à fabriques (or French landscape garden). The chateau stands in good order today, and although the park and its follies have been neglected, the extensive hydrological system still functions.In May 2011 the decision was taken to route the planned Bordeaux-Toulouse TGV and high-speed freight rail lines through the center of the Lefranc's landscape park. Biography

The Lefranc family were originally landlords of the Château de Cayx (or see Château de Caïx on French Wiki, which gives more detail), overlooking a bend on the Lot some 12 km northwest of Cahors. Successive Lefrancs had served since 1640 as hereditary presidents of the regional Cours des Aides, which was located in Cahors. When Louis XIV ordered the court to be moved to Montauban (some 60 km south of Cahors over difficult roads), during the presidency of Jacques Lefranc in the early years of the 18th century, the family built a town house in Montauban as their local residence. It still stands impressively today at 10 rue Armand Cambon (there is a Place Lefranc de Pompignan nearby). At the same time, lands were purchased at Pompignan (some 20 km to the southwest of Montauban) to provide a convenient rural retreat. Jean-Jacques' father, Jacques Lefranc, was the third of the name to become president of the Cour des Aides, and he was to be followed by his eldest son and grandson.The family retained the seat at Cayx, and the beautifully sited old chateau was where Jean-Jacques and his brother were reared; as a young man he styled himself Lefranc <mask>x. His mother, born <mask>moiselle <mask>, was of the same millieu, her father serving as a "president of the morter" - a judicial rank - at the Parlement de Toulouse, where Jean-Jacques was also to have a brief tenure. His education was entrusted to " ... the most skillful masters at the Capital, where he found himself among the disciples of the celebrated Pere Poré. The student made rapid progress, and was not slow in showing proof of a talent as rare as it was precocious. After successfully completing his classical studies [at the Collège de Louis-le-Grand], he remained in Paris to attend the School of Law." Voltaire, fifteen years older than Lefranc, attended this school from 1704 to 1711, and was also influenced by Pere Poré. He joined the staff of the Cours des Aides in 1730, during the presidency of his uncle, the abbé Louis Lefranc, who had succeeded his brother, Jean-Jacques' father Jacques, on the death of the latter in 1719.When Louis died in 1745, Jean-Jacques, who had by then served for fifteen years as a general advocate at the court, although expected to succeed him in turn, was not yet old enough to be awarded the position, and had to wait until early 1747 to take over its presidency. The same year he was also appointed conseiller d'honneur of the Toulouse parlement, but his opposition to the abuses of the royal power, especially in the matter of taxation, brought him so much trouble that he resigned almost immediately. Early works

His first play, Didon (1734), which owed much to Metastasio's opera on the same subject, was a great success, and gave rise to expectations not fulfilled by the Adieux de Mars (1735) and some light operas that followed. His reputation was made by Poésies sacrées et philosophiques (1734), later mocked by Voltaire, who punned on the title: "Sacrés ils sont, car personne n'y touche" ("They are sacred all right, because no one will touch them"). Lefranc's odes on profane (or worldly) subjects hardly reach the same level of quality, with the exception of his ode on the death of JB Rousseau, which achieved considerable renown. The Academie and the war with Voltaire

His marriage with a wealthy widow enabled him to devote himself fully to literature, and also funded his campaign for a seat in the Académie française, which was achieved in 1759. However, on his formal induction into the Academie in 1760, he made an ill-considered speech violently attacking the Encyclopaedists, many of whom were in his audience and had voted for him.Lefranc soon had reason to repent of his action, for the epigrams and stories circulated by those he had attacked made it difficult for him to remain in Paris, and he returned to his native town, where he spent the rest of his life gardening, writing poetry and translating from the classics. Jean-<mask> la Harpe, who is severe enough on Lefranc in his correspondence, does his abilities full justice in his Cours littéraire, and ranks him next to JB Rousseau among French lyric poets. With those of other 18th-century poets his works may be studied in the Petits poètes français (1838) of Prosper Poitevin. His Œuvres complètes (5 vols.) were published in 1781, selections (2 vols.) in 1800, 1813, 1822. The chateau and its "parc a fabriques"

Beginning in 1745, Lefranc rebuilt the manor house at Pompignan as the present neoclassical Chateau de Pompignan, and over a period of thirty-five years created a very extensive landscape garden, containing many follies, or architectural constructions to enhance the natural and created landscape.These included ruined temples, a gothic bridge, pleasure houses, and an extensive hydraulic and reservoir system which managed a lake and fishpond, streams, fountains and the water for the house. Family

Jean-Jaques' younger brother, Jean Georges Lefranc <mask>, rose through the hierarchy to become Archbishop of Vienne and a favourite of the king, whose eulogy he delivered. <mask> was also the alleged biological father of the French suffragist and playwright Olympe <mask> (1748-1793).

masks:
Pompignan
de Cai
Made
de Cet
François de
de Pompignan
Pompignan
de Gouges


texts:
Maureen Cathryn Harriet "<mask>" <mask> (11 July 1953 – date of death uncertain, between November 1984 and May 1985) was a Swedish television journalist who, together with her friend Lena Gräns, disappeared in Stockholm in 1984 while she was investigating a scandal involving the smuggling of weapons from Sweden to communist states in Eastern Europe. The dead bodies of <mask> and Gräns were later found at the bottom of the Hammarby Canal in Stockholm. The deaths remain unsolved but later reports claim that they were assassinated in a state-sponsored operation by agents from East Germany. <mask> was born in Enskede in Stockholm, Sweden. At the time of her disappearance, <mask> was employed as a reporter for the Swedish public service television news program Rapport. Prior to her disappearance, Falck had told her work-mates and her fiancé (the author Lasse Strömstedt) that she was about to reveal "something big". She also claimed that when the story broke, she would get Stora Journalistpriset, "The Swedish Grand Prize for Journalism".In retrospect, several fellow journalists have claimed it would be very strange for a journalist to not inform her superiors that she was onto something big. If she had informed them, she would have been given more time and resources to pursue the story. Disappearance
On 18 November 1984, <mask> and her friend Lena Gräns were last observed by witnesses as they left the restaurant Öhrns Hörn ("Öhrn's Corner") at the crossing of Folkungagatan–Borgmästargatan at Södermalm in Stockholm. Gräns' brother worked at the restaurant, and the Falk met a colleague. Both claim that the women shared a bottle of wine at their dinner. The two women left the restaurant at approximately 21.30 CET. <mask> and Gräns had planned to spend a night out with a friend of Gräns, named Ulla Jones (married Andersson).However Jones fell asleep and didn't wake up until approximately 10 PM. She immediately went to Cafe Opera and waited all night, but <mask> and Gräns never arrived. Search for the women
The disappearance sparked a great deal of interest from fellow journalists as well as the public. However, despite media coverage and countless tips from the public, both in Sweden and abroad, the police had no viable leads. After having left the restaurant, the women had seemingly evaporated. The police did find that Gräns's car, a white Renault, was missing. This led the police to think that the women might have left of their own accord, or that they had been in a car accident and ended up in the waters in Stockholm.Another theory was that the women had met with foul play and that they, along with the car, had been dumped in the water. Because of this the police conducted extensive searches of the waters in the area. On 29 May 1985, their bodies were found in the missing car on the bottom of the Hammarby Canal at Norra Hammarbyhamnen in southern Stockholm. The car was discovered by military divers during an exercise. The area had been searched at least six times by police divers. The women were found wearing the same clothes as when they vanished. Despite its being Gräns's car, <mask> was sitting in the driver's seat.Both women had their seatbelts still buckled. Police investigations
There have been two police investigations into the deaths of the women. Initial investigation
The Swedish police, who had been working on several hypothetical theories, closed the case as an "accident". The initial investigation has been criticized because very few technical investigations were carried out, and several things that were never investigated. Because <mask> had just recently taken her driver's license, the police concluded that Falck had been practicing her driving with Gräns. They theorized that the women had driven too fast down a slope and lost control of the car which hit a 15 cm high rail for a harbor crane and flipped into the water. The women had subsequently drowned.The autopsy revealed that Gräns had a broken nose but Falck had no broken bones or head injuries. It was noted that the women had pink water in their lungs but the water was never tested, and no reason was given as to the color. Color scrapings were found on the car but either no analysis was carried out, or the results of the analysis were never noted down. A piece of jewelry was found in the gravel at the harbour. Gräns's mother reported that a piece of jewelry was missing from her personal effects. It was never investigated if it was the same piece of jewelry. The theory of how the car ended up where it was in the water has also been debunked.If the car hit the rail and flipped into the water the way the police suggests, it would have to move some 550 m while on the bottom. According to harbour employees, the water in the area has no currents, which is why the harbour is placed there. The bottom is muddy and the car, which had broken windows, would have sunk into it. The legal limit for driving in Sweden is and was a blood alcohol content of 0.2 pro mille. After half a bottle of wine the women were likely over the limit. Both Falck and Gräns were wearing high heels. It is somewhat illegal to drive in high heels in Sweden; although there is no explicit law, a driver in high heels may be charged with a reckless driving offence.Second investigation
In 1997, new information that <mask> was murdered because she had come across information about illegal arms deals led to the police re-opening the case. Despite new interviews investigating some of the leads that were missed in the first investigation, the police again arrived at the conclusion that the death was an accident. Murder theories
At the time of her disappearance, <mask>, who was employed as a reporter for the Swedish public service television news programme Rapport, was investigating a major scandal comprising the Swedish company ASEA and smuggling of weapons to communist states in Eastern Europe. Another theory has been that Falck had information about the Swedish armaments company Bofors and that they sold weapons to countries with embargoes through intermediaries. On the 8th anniversary of the disappearance, Ulla Jones came in contact with someone who claimed to know a Säpo (Swedish Security Service) employee with information about the death. The man claimed that the women had been drowned prior to being put in the water, possibly using a hose. ASEA electronics smuggling
During the early 1980s, the Swedish company ASEA was selling American computers and software to the Soviet Union.It is known that Falck was investigating the case, but many people doubt that she had come across any sensitive information. According to the journalist Bo G Andersson, who has also written several of the articles used a sources in this article, Falck's work notes do not indicate that she had any unique information. Andersson has personally investigated the ASEA story and he has found no indications that Falck had any unique sources, or any information beyond what had already been publicised in other news. Andersson also claims that the police officer who led the initial investigation into the case, Eric Skoglund, had told him that if <mask> and Gräns were murdered, it was not because of the smuggling by ASEA, but rather because of information retaining to the gunpowder smuggling by Bofors. It is not known why Skoglund thought this was the case. Bofors gunpowder smuggling
The Swedish armaments company Bofors was involved in the smuggling of gunpowder to Iran and Iraq during the 1980s. Bofors sold the gunpowder to East Germans, who then sold it forward.The person responsible for monitoring all Swedish arms deals with foreign powers was Swedish weapons inspector Carl-Fredrik Algernon. In autumn 1984, Algenon contacted Christer Ekberg, one of the highest operatives at Säpo. According to Ekberg, Algenon told him that he had received information about Bofors's smuggling, but Algenon would not tell Ekberg where the information originated. The facts that Algenon provided were according to Ekberg written down into a PM, but if this is the case the PM has later gone missing. In April 1997, the Swedish Security Service received an anonymous letter sent from Germany in which it was claimed that the former East German secret police Stasi had carried out the killings. In the letter, which was written in English, two retired Stasi officials and four other East German government officials were named, while the purported death squad was said to have consisted of three persons. The alleged motive behind the assassination was that Falck had received sensitive information about a secret weapons affair between the Swedish weapons manufacturer Bofors and East Germany.In the letter, Stasi was further blamed for the death of the Swedish weapons inspector Carl-Fredrik Algernon, the chief investigator of the Bofors scandal, in the Stockholm Metro in 1987. The letter claimed that it was <mask> who had informed Algenon about weapons affair. In June 1997 the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter wrote a series of articles based on the new information from the letter, which prompted the Swedish police to take a new look at the case. The case also received much attention in German media and prompted the German Federal Police to open an investigation. In September 2003, a 53-year-old German citizen, named as "Jürgen G" in a press release from the German Prosecutor-General, was arrested in Berlin suspected of having been a member of a group that carried out a number of assassinations on orders from the East German government from 1976 to 1987. According to an article in the German newspaper Berliner Zeitung, the suspicions against the man also involved the murder of <mask> and Lena Gräns. According to the article, the alleged death squad had operated directly under the East German government and not under Stasi as it was claimed in the earlier letter.The group had entered Sweden on false passports via West Germany and Denmark and then sought contact with <mask> in Stockholm. There they had met up at the restaurant where Falck and Gräns were allegedly poisoned, placed in their car and then dumped into the Hammarby Canal. On 15 December 2003 the man was released from custody due to lack of evidence. The German investigation was closed in 2006. Other theories
An investigation made by reporter Christoph Andersson on behalf of Sveriges Radio, the Swedish public service radio broadcasting service, found that <mask> had been investigating the export of isostatic presses, which can be used in the manufacture of nuclear weapons, to Eastern Germany and the Stasi-controlled enterprise AHB Elektronik Import Export. See also
 Carl-Fredrik Algernon
 Claes-Ulrik Winberg

References

1953 births
1984 deaths
Journalists from Stockholm
Swedish television journalists
Assassinated Swedish journalists
Bofors scandal
20th-century Swedish women writers

masks:
Cats
Falck
Falck
Cats Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Cats Falck
Falck
Falck


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<mask>, Jr. (August 9, 1788 – April 12, 1850) was an American Congregationalist and later Particular Baptist missionary, who served in Burma for almost forty years. At the age of 25, <mask> was sent from North America to preach in Burma. His mission and work with Luther Rice led to the formation of the first Baptist association in America to support missionaries. At times mistakenly referred to as the first Protestant missionary to Burma, he was in fact preceded by James Chater and Richard Mardon (who both arrived in 1807) as well as by Felix Carey. However, since those predecessors did not remain long, and <mask> also translated the Bible into Burmese, as well as established a number of Baptist churches in Burma, <mask> is remembered as the first significant missionary in Burma, as well as one of the first missionaries from America to travel overseas. Early life

<mask> was born on August 9, 1788, in Malden, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. He was born to <mask>, Sr., a Congregational minister, and Abigail (née Brown).<mask> entered the College of Rhode Island & Providence Plantations (now Brown University) when he was sixteen, and graduated as valedictorian of his class at the age of nineteen. While studying at college, he met a young man named Jacob Eames, a devout deist and skeptic. <mask> and Eames developed a strong friendship, leading to <mask>'s abandonment of his childhood faith and parents' religious instruction. During this time, <mask> embraced the writings of the French philosophes. After graduating from college, <mask> opened a school and wrote an English grammar and mathematics textbook for girls. <mask>'s deist views were shaken when his friend Eames fell violently ill and died. Both had been sleeping in separate rooms at an inn, and <mask> heard the death throes of the person next door, only to learn from the clerk the next morning that his anonymous neighbor had been Mr. Eames, who had indeed died.The shock of learning the dying neighbor's identity – and that Eames had led <mask> away from the Christian faith into skepticism, but was now dead – returned <mask> back to the faith of his youth, although he was already attending the Andover Theological Seminary. In 1808, <mask> "made a solemn dedication of himself to God". During his final year at the school, <mask> decided upon a missionary career. In 1810, <mask> joined a group of mission-minded students who called themselves "the Brethren". The students inspired the establishment of America's first organized missionary society. Eager to serve abroad, <mask> became convinced that "Asia with its idolatrous myriads, was the most important field in the world for missionary effort". He, and three other students from the seminary, appeared before the Congregationalists' General Association to appeal for support.In 1810, impressed by the four men's politeness and sincerity, the elders voted to form the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Marriage

On September 19, <mask> was appointed by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions as a missionary to the East. <mask> was also commissioned by the Congregational Church, and soon married Ann Hasseltine on February 5, 1812. He was ordained the next day at the Tabernacle Church in Salem. On February 19, he set sail aboard the brig Caravan with Luther Rice; Samuel and Harriet Newell; and his wife, Ann (known as "Nancy") <mask>. Ministry background

Voyage to India
The <mask>s arrived in Calcutta on June 17, 1812. While aboard ship en route to India, he did a focused study on the theology of baptism.He came to the position that believer's baptism was theologically valid and should be done as a matter of obedience to the command of Jesus (). On September 6, 1812, he switched to the Baptist denomination along with his wife and they were baptized by immersion in Calcutta by an English missionary associate of William Carey named William Ward. Both the local and British authorities did not want Americans evangelizing Hindus in the area, so the group of missionaries separated and sought other mission fields. They were ordered out of India by the British East India Company, to whom American missionaries were even less welcome than British (they were baptized in September, and already in June, the United States had declared war on England). The following year, on July 13, 1813, he moved to Burma, and en route his wife miscarried their first child aboard ship. <mask> offered to Baptists in the United States to serve as their missionary. Luther Rice, who had also converted, was in poor health and returned to America where his work and William Carey's urging resulted in the 1814 formation of the first national Baptist denomination in the United States for Foreign Missions (commonly called the Triennial Convention) and its offshoot the American Baptist Missionary Union.Missionaries in Burma
It was another difficult year before the <mask>s finally reached their intended destination, Burma. Buddhist Burma, <mask> was told by the Serampore Baptists, was impermeable to Christian evangelism. <mask>, who already knew Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, immediately began studying the Burmese grammar but took over three years learning to speak it. This was due, in part, to the radical difference in structure between Burmese and that of Western languages. He found a tutor and spent twelve hours per day studying the language. He and his wife firmly dedicated themselves to understanding it. During this time they were almost entirely isolated from contact with any European or American.This was the case for their first three years in Burma. Four years passed before <mask> dared even to hold a semi-public service. At first, he tried adapting to Burmese customs by wearing a yellow robe to mark himself as a teacher of religion, but he soon changed to white to show he was not a Buddhist. Then, he gave up the whole attempt as artificial and decided that, regardless of his dress, no Burmese would identify him as anything but a foreigner. He accommodated to some Burmese customs and built a zayat, the customary bamboo and thatch reception shelter, on the street near his home as a reception room and meeting place for Burmese men. Fifteen men came to his first public meeting in April 1819. He was encouraged but suspected they had come more out of curiosity than anything else.Their attention wandered, and they soon seemed uninterested. Two months later, he baptized his first Burmese convert, Maung Naw, a 35-year-old timber worker from the hill tribes. "Burma Baptist Chronicle" stated that Maung Naw (Nai Naw) was an ethnic Mon. First attempts by the <mask>s to interest the natives of Rangoon with the Gospel of Jesus met with almost total indifference. Buddhist traditions and the Burmese world view at that time led many to disregard the pleadings of <mask> and his wife to believe in one living and all-powerful God. To add to their discouragement, their second child, Roger William <mask>, died at almost eight months of age. <mask> completed translation of the Grammatical Notices of the Burman Language the following July and the Gospel of Matthew, in 1817.<mask> began public evangelism in 1818 sitting in a zayat by the roadside calling out "Ho! Everyone that thirsteth for knowledge!" The first believer was baptized in 1819, and there were 18 believers by 1822. In 1820, <mask> and a fellow missionary named Colman attempted to petition the Emperor of Burma, King Bagyidaw, in the hope that he would grant freedom for the missionaries to preach and teach throughout the country, as well as remove the sentence of death that was given for those Burmese who changed religion. Bagyidaw disregarded their appeal and threw one of their Gospel tracts to the ground after reading a few lines. The missionaries returned to Rangoon and met with the fledgling church there to consider what to do next. The progress of Christianity would continue to be slow with much risk of endangerment and death in the Burmese Empire.It took <mask> 12 years to make 18 converts. Nevertheless, there was much to encourage him. He had written a grammar of the language that is still in use today and had begun to translate the Bible. His wife, Ann, was even more fluent in the spoken language of the people than her more academically literate husband. She befriended the wife of the viceroy of Rangoon, as quickly as she did illiterate workers and women. A printing press had been sent from Serampore, and a missionary printer, George H. Hough, who arrived from America with his wife in 1817, produced the first printed materials in Burmese ever printed in Burma, which included 800 copies of <mask>'s translation of the Gospel of Matthew. The chronicler of the church, Maung Shwe Wa, concludes this part of the story, "So was born the church in Rangoon–logger and fisherman, the poor and the rich, men and women.One traveled the whole path to Christ in three days; another took two years. But once they had decided for Christ they were his for all time." One of the early disciples was U Shwe Ngong, a teacher and leader of a group of intellectuals dissatisfied with Buddhism, who were attracted to the new faith. He was a Deist skeptic to whose mind the preaching of <mask>, once a college skeptic himself, was singularly challenging. After consideration, he assured <mask> that he was ready to believe in God, Jesus Christ, and the atonement. <mask>, instead of welcoming him to the faith, pressed him further asking if he believed what he had read in the gospel of Matthew that Jesus the son of God died on the cross. U Shwe Ngong shook his head and said, "Ah, you have caught me now.I believe that he suffered death, but I cannot believe he suffered the shameful death on the cross." Not long after, he came back to tell <mask>, "I have been trusting in my own reason, not the word of God…. I now believe the crucifixion of Christ because it is contained in scripture." The essence of <mask>'s preaching was a combination of conviction of the truth with the rationality of the Christian faith, a firm belief in the authority of the Bible, and a determination to make Christianity relevant to the Burmese mind without violating the integrity of Christian truth, or as he put it, "to preach the gospel, not anti-Buddhism." By 1823, ten years after his arrival, membership of the little church had grown to 18, and <mask> had finally finished the first draft of his translation of the entire text of the New Testament in Burmese. Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826)

Two irreconcilable hungers triggered the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824: Burma's desire for more territory, and Britain's desire for more trade. Burma threatened Assam and Bengal; Britain responded by attacking and absorbing two Burmese provinces into her India holdings to broaden her trade routes to East Asia.The war was a rough interruption of the Baptists' missionary work. English-speaking Americans were too easily confused with the enemy and suspected of spying. <mask> was imprisoned for 17 months during the war between the United Kingdom and Burma, first at Ava and then at Aung Pinle. <mask> and Price were violently arrested. Officers led by an official executioner burst into the <mask> home, threw <mask> to the ground in front of his wife, bound him with torture thongs, and dragged him off to the infamous, vermin-ridden death prison of Ava. Twelve agonizing months later, <mask> and Price, along with a small group of surviving Western prisoners, were marched overland, barefoot and sick, for six more months of misery in a primitive village near Mandalay. Of the sepoy British prisoners-of-war imprisoned with them, all but one died.The sufferings and brutalities of those 20 long months and days in prison, half-starved, iron-fettered, and sometimes trussed and suspended by his mangled feet with only head and shoulders touching the ground is described in detail by his wife, shortly after his release. Ann was perhaps the greater model of supreme courage. Heedless to all threats against herself, left alone as the only Western woman in an absolute and anti-Christian monarchy at war with the West, beset with raging fevers and nursing a tiny baby that her husband had not yet seen, she rushed from office to office in desperate attempts to keep her husband alive and win his freedom. The end of the war should have been a time of rejoicing for the mission. As soon as her husband was released by the Burmese, Ann wrote that one good result of the war could be that terms of the treaty which ceded Burmese provinces to the British might provide opportunity to expand the witness of the mission into unreached parts of the country. On October 24, 1826, Ann died at Amherst (now Kyaikkami), Burma, a victim of the long, dreadful months of disease, death, stress and

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 loneliness that had been hers for 21 months. Their third child died six months later.She died while her husband was out exploring the ceded province of Tenasserim. It was in the wild hills of that newly British province of Tenasserim that the first signs of rapid growth in Protestant Christianity in Burma began. Within a few years of the end of the war, Baptist membership doubled on an average of every eight years for the 32 years between 1834 and 1866. The collapse of Burma's armies brought <mask> out of prison, but his release was not complete freedom. In 1826, several months after the surrender, Burma pressed <mask> into service as a translator for the peace negotiations. Some have used <mask>'s acceptance of a role in the treaty negotiations as evidence of complicity in imperialism, but he first acted on behalf of the defeated Burmese as translator, not for the Western victors. Three significant factors had a part, though not the only part, in the rise of the Burmese Baptist churches.Most of the growth was in British-ruled territory, rather than the Burmese-ruled kingdom. It may also be significant that after an Anglo-Burmese war, the missionaries were American, not British. The most telling factor was religion. Most of the growth came from animist tribes, rather than from the major population group, the Buddhist Burmese. The first Burmese pastor he ordained was Ko-Thah-a, one of the original group of converts, who refounded the church at Rangoon. Karen apostle

While the nation was Burmese, a lost province of Great Britain, and the missionaries were American, the apostle of that first numerically significant evangelistic breakthrough was neither Burman, British, nor American. He was a Karen, Ko Tha Byu.Credit is due also to the three missionary pioneers to the Karen people, George Boardman and his wife, Sarah; and <mask> <mask>. The Karen people were a primitive, hunted minority group of ancient Tibeto-Burman ancestry scattered in the forests and jungles of the Salween River and in the hills along the southeast coast. <mask> was the first missionary to make contact with them in 1827, when he ransomed and freed a debt-slave from one of his early converts. The freed slave, Ko Tha Byu, was an illiterate, surly man who spoke almost no Burmese and was reputed to be not only a thief, but also a murderer who admitted killing at least 30 men, but could not remember exactly how many more. In 1828, the former Karen bandit, "whose rough, undisciplined genius, energy and zeal for Christ" (Sarah B <mask>) had caught the notice of the missionaries, was sent south with a new missionary couple, the Boardmans, into the territory of the strongly animistic, non-Buddhist Karen. Ko Tha Byu was no sooner baptized, when he set off into the jungle alone to preach to his fellow tribe members. Astonishingly, he found them prepared for his preaching.Their ancient oracle traditions, handed down for centuries, contained some startling echoes of the Old Testament that some scholars conjecture a linkage with Jewish communities (or possibly even Nestorians), before their migrations from western China into Burma perhaps as early as the 12th century. The core of what they called their "Tradition of the Elders" was a belief in an unchangeable, eternal, all-powerful God, creator of heaven and earth, of man, and of woman formed from a rib taken from the man (Genesis). They believed in humanity's temptation by a devil, and its fall, and that some day a Great Messiah would come to its rescue. They lived in expectation of a prophecy that white foreigners would bring them a sacred parchment roll. While the Boardmans and Ko Tha Byu were penetrating the jungles to the south, <mask> shook off a paralyzing year-long siege of depression that overcame him after the death of his wife and set out alone on long canoe trips up the Salween River into the tiger-infested jungles to evangelize the northern Karen. Between trips, he worked unceasingly at his lifelong goal of translating the entire Bible into Burmese. When he finished it at last in 1834, he had been labouring on it for 24 years.It was printed and published in 1835. In April of that same year, he married Sarah Hall Boardman, widow of fellow missionary George Boardman. They had eight children, five of whom survived to adulthood. Sarah's health began failing and physicians recommended a return to America. Sarah died en route at St. Helena on September 1, 1845. He continued home, where he was greeted as a celebrity and toured the eastern seaboard raising the profile of and money for missionary activity. Because he could barely speak above a whisper, due to pulmonary illness, his public addresses were made by speaking to an assistant, who would then address the audience.On June 2, 1846, <mask> married for the third time, to writer Emily Chubbuck, who he had commissioned to write memoirs for Sarah Hall Boardman. They had a daughter born in 1847. <mask> lived to approve and welcome the first single women as missionaries to Burma. A general rule of the mission had hitherto prevented such appointments. <mask> said it was "probably a good rule, but our minds should not be closed" to making exceptions. The first two exceptions were extraordinary. Sarah Cummings and Jason Tuma arrived in 1832.Cummings proved her mettle at once, choosing to work alone with Karen evangelists in the malaria-ridden Salween River valley north of Moulmein, but within two years she died of fever. In 1835, a second single woman, Eleanor Macomber, after five years of mission to the Ojibway Indians in Michigan, joined the mission in Burma. Alone, with the help of Karen evangelistic assistants, she planted a church in a remote Karen village and nurtured it to the point where it could be placed under the care of an ordinary missionary. She lived there five years and died of jungle fever. <mask> developed a serious lung disease and doctors prescribed a sea voyage as a cure. On April 12, 1850, he died at age 61 on board ship in the Bay of Bengal and was buried at sea, having spent 37 years in missionary service abroad with only one trip back home to America. A memorial to <mask> was built on Burial Hill in Plymouth, Massachusetts.Legacy

When <mask> began his mission in Burma, he set a goal of translating the Bible and founding a church of 100 members before his death. By the time of his death, he had accomplished those goals and more: leaving the translated Bible as well as a half-completed Burmese-English dictionary (discussed below), 100 churches, and over 8,000 believers. In large part due to his influence, Myanmar has the third largest number of Baptists worldwide, behind the United States and India. The majority of adherents are Karen, Kachin and Zomi People. <mask> compiled the first ever Burmese-English dictionary; missionary E. A. Steven completed the English-Burmese half. Every dictionary and grammar written in Burma in the last two centuries has been based on ones originally created by <mask>. <mask> "became a symbol of the preeminence of Bible translation for" Protestant missionaries.In the 1950s, Burma's Buddhist prime minister U Nu told the Burma Christian Council "Oh no, a new translation is not necessary. <mask>'s captures the language and idiom of Burmese perfectly and is very clear and understandable." Though the Bible has been translated numerous times into Burmese, <mask>'s translation remains the most popular version in Myanmar. Each July, Baptist churches in Myanmar celebrate "Judson Day," commemorating his arrival as a missionary. Inside the campus of Yangon University is <mask> Church, named in his honor, and in 1920 Judson College, named in his honor, merged into Rangoon College, which has since been renamed Yangon University. The American University named in his honor, Judson University was founded in Elgin, Illinois, in 1963, as the liberal arts Judson College was separated from the Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, which moved from Chicago to Lombard, Illinois. This American Judson College became Judson University in 2007 and now also has a campus in Rockford, Illinois.<mask>'s change to the validity of believer's baptism, and subsequent need of support, led to the founding of the first national Baptist organization in the United States and subsequently to all American Baptist associations, including the Southern Baptists that were the first to break off from the national organization. Publication of his wife Ann's letters about their mission inspired many Americans to become or support Christian missionaries. At least 36 Baptist churches in the United States are named after <mask>, as well as the town of Judsonia, Arkansas. Judson College in Alabama is named after his wife Ann and a dormitory at Maranatha Baptist University carries his name to inspire young ministers. Christian Union owns and operates a ministry center named after him at his undergraduate alma mater, Brown University. His seminary alma mater, Andover Theological Seminary, (now Andover Newton Theological School), named their prestigious annual award as The Judson Award. <mask> is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on April 12.<mask> Harmon, a former Governor of Ohio, was named after him. Free Will Baptist minister Devin Lyle Cominskie and wife Victoria Lynn Cominskie named their first son <mask> Deland Cominskie after him. Published works
 Burmese Bible, as well as portions published before the entire text was translated
 A Burmese-English dictionary (English-Burmese portion completed posthumously, see below)
 A Burmese Grammar
 Two hymns: Our Father, God, Who art in Heaven and Come Holy Spirit, Dove Divine

See also

 John Alexander Stewart (scholar), another first compiler (with C.W. Dunn) of a Burmese-English dictionary

References

Further reading
 Anderson, Courtney. To the golden shore: The life of <mask> <mask> (Little, Brown, 1956), The standard biography
 Brackney, William H. "The Legacy of <mask> <mask>." International Bulletin of Missionary Research 22.3 (1998): 122+ online
 Bradshaw, Robert I. "the life and Work of <mask> <mask>, Missionary to Burma."(1992). online

 Duessing, Jason G. 2012. <mask> <mask>: A Bicentennial Appreciation of the Pioneer American Missionary. B & H Academic. James, Helen. "<mask> <mask> and the Creation of a Missionary Discourse in Pre-Colonial Burma." Journal of Burma Studies 7.1 (2002): 1-28. online
 <mask>, Edward.The Life of <mask> <mask> (1883) online. Neill, Stephen. A History of Christian Missions (Penguin Books, 1986) pp 293–95
 Wayland, Francis. 1853. A memoir of the Life and Labors of the Rev. <mask> <mask>
 Torbet, Robert. 1955.Venture of Faith: The Story of the American Baptist Missionary Society
 Leonard, Bill J., editor. 1994.Dictionary of Baptists in America
 Encyclopedia of Southern Baptists, Norman W. Cox, editor
 Burmese Encyclopedia: Vol 12, p-444, printed in 1966

Primary sources
 Knowles, James D. 1829. Memoir of Mrs Ann H<mask>, 252–259
 Mason, Francis . 1843. The Karen Apostle, or, Memoir of Ko tha Byu, the First Karen convert H. P. Cochrane, Among the Burmans: A Record of Fifteen Years <mask>, Emily C. 1848. Memoir of Sarah Boardman <mask>, Member of the American mission to Burma. New York: Sheldon, Lamport & Blakeman.External links

 <mask> <mask> biographies
 Life and Work of <mask>
 SBHLA bio of <mask>
  Google E-text of an 1853 Biography Volume One
 Google E-text of an 1853 Biography Volume Two
 A memorial church to Adoniram and Ann Judson
 Online Burmese Bible
 Online Burmese Bible (Compatible with Burmese Wikipedia) — Translated from The Original Tongues by Rev. A<mask>, D.D. Hymn: "Come, Holy Spirit, Dove Divine"
 <mask>, Edward. The Life of Adoniram <mask>.'' New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Company, 1883
 <mask>'s Burmese-English dictionary, revised and enlarged by Robert C. Stevenson, Rangoon: Government Printing, Burma, 1893. The Judson Burmese-English dictionary, revised and enlarged by Robert C. Stevenson, revised and edited by F.H. Eveleth, Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press, 1921.''<mask> and <mask>' '

1788 births
1850 deaths
People from Malden, Massachusetts
American lexicographers
Baptist ministers from the United States
Baptist missionaries from the United States
Brown University alumni
People of the First Anglo-Burmese War
Translators of the Bible into Burmese
People who died at sea
Burials at sea
Baptist missionaries in Myanmar
American expatriates in Myanmar
American prisoners of war
Anglican saints
Baptist writers
American evangelicals
19th-century Christian clergy
19th-century Baptist ministers
Baptist missionaries in India
American expatriates in India
Andover Theological Seminary alumni
19th-century translators
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19th-century American clergy
19th-century

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<mask>,  (born 28 March 1956) is a British scientist who is internationally known for her contributions to the field of stem cell biology. In the 1980s, when the field was in its infancy, she highlighted key characteristics of stem cells and their environment that laid the foundation for much present day research. She is currently director of the Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine at King's College London, and Executive Chair of the Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) (MRC), the first woman to lead the MRC since its foundation in 1913. On 13 July 2021 she has been appointed as the new Director of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO). In December 2020 a whistleblowing investigation was triggered by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) to investigate claims that <mask> has acted in a bullying manner. The investigation, carried out by an independent organisation, was completed in May 2021 and the investigation concluded there was a need to take action against <mask>. UKRI said it accepted the investigation’s findings and that “appropriate action has been taken”.<mask> has offered written apologies for her behavior to multiple individuals. Following the whistleblowing investigation’s conclusion, <mask> remained in post until her current term as MRC Executive Chair ended in early 2022. She then took up her new position as director of the European Molecular Biology Organization. As a result of the outcome of this whistle blowing investigation, in December 2021 <mask> was blocked from applying to the biomedical research funder Wellcome for 12 months and is required to hand over management of her existing grants to colleagues. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 28 March 1956 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Her father was a dental surgeon who combined his clinical work with an active research programme. Her family were members of the Church of Scotland, and she attributes her commitment to public service to her Presbyterian upbringing.Her younger sister, Wendy, died in 1982. <mask> knew she wanted to be a scientist from a very young age. She is quoted as saying, "I think that being a scientist is in a sense hardwired, and there are people who just couldn't conceive of being anything else". <mask> obtained her Bachelor of Arts degree in Natural Sciences in 1976, and her master's degree in 1979, both at Murray Edwards College, University of Cambridge. She also obtained her Doctor of Philosophy degree from the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford in 1979, supervised by Henry Harris with a thesis on ''Microtubule-organizing centres in cells in culture and in hybrids derived from them'. Career
After her PhD, <mask> completed a two-year postdoctoral research positions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), US, with Dr. Howard Green. Two of her fellow postdocs, Bruce Spiegelman and Elaine Fuchs, were to remain lifelong friends.Upon returning to the UK, she founded her first lab at the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology in London where she became Head of the Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory. In 1987 she relocated to the Cancer Research UK London Research Institute (now part of the Francis Crick Institute) where she served as Head of the Keratinocyte Laboratory. From 2007 to 2012 she worked in Cambridge, where she helped to establish the Cambridge Cancer Research UK Institute and the Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research. She was a Fellow of St John’s College and the first Herchel Smith Professor of Molecular Genetics at Cambridge University. Moving to King’s College London in 2012, she set up the internationally renowned Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CSCRM) to promote collaboration between scientists and clinicians in order to progress the potential of stem cells into clinical reality for patients. By paying equal attention to architecture, infrastructure and recruitment she has created a unique research environment where research can flourish. Research
<mask>’s major research contribution has been to elucidate how the outer covering of mammalian skin, the epidermis, is maintained through self-renewal of stem cells and terminal differentiation of their progeny.Using cultured human epidermis and genetically modified mice, she pioneered the identification of stem cell populations and elucidated the roles of integrin, Notch, Wnt and receptor tyrosine kinase signalling in regulating their behavior. She identified the first marker, integrin extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors, that could be used to isolate epidermal stem cells – researchers have subsequently found that this marker enriches for stem cells in a wide range of tissues. In addition, others have amply confirmed her original concept that the ECM is a key component of the stem cell niche. Her lab's research has also shown that the interplay between diverse intrinsic and extrinsic signals is central to determining cell fate, identified different sensing mechanisms and downstream signalling pathways, and elucidated the nature of the switch between stem cells and differentiated cells. A pioneer of single cell gene expression profiling, she demonstrated that different human epidermal stem cell states are not stochastic but reflect the existence of stem cell subpopulations that had not been identified previously. By demonstrating the existence of functionally distinct skin fibroblast lineages she has opened the way for new strategies to treat scarring and fibrosis. <mask>’s work has resulted in new insights into how epidermal deregulation leads to tumor formation, including the roles played by differentiated cells, bacteria and immune cells.She uncovered new mechanisms by which integrins contribute to cancer, including the first tumour-associated integrin mutation. She also identified the first Wnt-inhibitory mutation that stimulates tumour formation. The generality of her observations has been confirmed in other solid tumours. In recent years she has become increasingly interested in the relationship between genetic variants and cellular behaviour. Leadership
<mask> has shown leadership in many aspects of academic life. She has played a key role in promoting UK government investment in stem cell research, for example as specialist adviser to the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee. She is past-president of the British Society for Cell Biology and the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR).She has long been passionate about scientist-led publication, serving as Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Cell Science for 20 years and then as a founding Deputy Editor of eLife. <mask> is a vocal advocate for women in science. In a series of articles and interviews with women scientists (2004-2005) she examined the struggles women face in ‘getting to the top’ and how personal lives shape careers. She has also written candidly about her own experiences and collaborated with the New York Stem Cell Foundation to define actionable strategies for advancing women in science, engineering, and medicine. She is active in public engagement and participates in a wide range of events, appearing regularly in the media. At the Medical Research Council she has launched a highly successful programme to enable full-time clinicians to participate in research; worked with and engaged Black and Minority Ethnic PhD students to identify new ways to support their academic careers; and developed new initiatives in multi-morbidity, adolescent mental health and pain. In 2020 <mask> spearheaded efforts to fund coronavirus research, helping to ensure that the first awards from UKRI/DHSC were made just as the scale of the pandemic was becoming apparent.During <mask>’s tenure as MRC Executive Chair, she oversaw the decision to close the Mammalian Genetics Unit. This strategic decision was decried by over 150 researchers and leading geneticists internationally, including Elizabeth Fisher and Robin Lovell-Badge. Following a Strategic Review in 2019, the MRC Council concluded that in light of scientific advances to create more complex clinically-related mouse models, it was timely to focus on new investments on targeted programmes that are integrated with human disease modelling. Professor Owen Sansom is Director of the new National Mouse Genetics Network. The Medical Research Council is investing more than £20 million in this new network to accelerate their understanding of human disease and improving diagnosis and treatments. It will bring together a package of challenge-focused research clusters distributed across the UK and a long term partnership with the Mary Lyon Centre at Harwell. Awards and honours
<mask> has received a number of awards and honours.She is a Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (1999), Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (2000) and a Fellow of the Royal Society (2003). She was elected an Honorary Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2008 and was awarded the Hunterian Society Medal in 2015. She is a Doctor Honoris Causa of the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (2016). She won the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) Women in Cell Biology Senior Award in 2008 and the FEBS/EMBO Women in Science Award in 2016. She was elected an Honorary Member of Society for Investigative Dermatology (2018) and Honorary Fellow, British Pharmacological Society (2019). She is a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (2019). She is a member of several advisory boards, including the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Medical Advisory Board.She won the inaugural Suffrage Science award in 2011. References

External links
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute
Stem Cells and Human Health

British women scientists
Female Fellows of the Royal Society
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Wellcome Trust
Place of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the Royal Society
1956 births
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Francis Crick Institute alumni

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