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Richard Anthony Monsour (May 4, 1937 – March 16, 2019), known professionally as <mask>, was an American rock guitarist. He was the pioneer of surf music, drawing on Middle Eastern music scales and experimenting with reverb. <mask> was known as "The King of the Surf Guitar", which was also the title of his second studio album. <mask> was one of the most influential guitarists of all time and especially of the early 1960s. Most of the leading bands in surf music, such as The Beach Boys, Jan and Dean and The Trashmen, were influenced by <mask>'s music, and often included recordings of <mask>'s songs in their albums. His style and music influenced guitarists such as Jimi Hendrix, Pete Townshend, Eddie Van Halen and Brian May. He has been mentioned as one of the fathers of heavy metal.Many credit him with tremolo picking, a technique that is now widely used in many musical genres (such as extreme metal, folk etc.). His speedy single-note staccato picking technique was unmatched until guitarists like Eddie Van Halen entered the music scene. Working together with Leo Fender, <mask> also pushed the limits of electric amplification technology, helping to develop new equipment that was capable of producing thick and previously unheard volumes including the first-ever 100-watt guitar amplifier. <mask> also pioneered the use of portable reverb effects. The use of his recording of "Misirlou" by Quentin Tarantino in the film Pulp Fiction led to his return in the 1990s, marked by four albums and world tours. He was also nominated for a Grammy in the Best Rock Instrumental Performance category for the song "Pipeline" with Stevie Ray Vaughan. In "Rolling Stone'''s 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time", <mask> was ranked 31st in 2003 and 74th in the 2011 revision.Early life
<mask> was born Richard Anthony Monsour in Boston, Massachusetts, on May 4, 1937. He was of Lebanese descent from his father, James, and of Polish-Belarusian descent from his mother, Sophia "Fern" (née Danksewicz). His family subsequently moved to Quincy, Massachusetts. He learned the piano when he was nine after listening to his aunt playing it. He was given a trumpet in seventh grade, and later acquired a ukulele (for $6 part exchange), after having become influenced by Hank Williams. The first song he played on the ukulele was "Tennessee Waltz". He was also influenced musically by his uncle, who taught him how to play the tarabaki and could play the oud.<mask> then bought a guitar from a friend for $8, paying him back by installments. He learned to play the instrument, using both lead and rhythm styles, so that the guitar filled the place of drums. His early tarabaki drumming later influenced his guitar playing, particularly his rapid alternate picking technique. <mask> referred to this as "the pulsation", noting all instruments he played derived from the tarabaki. He was raised in Quincy until he completed the eleventh grade at Quincy High School in 1954, when his father, a machinist, took a job working for Hughes Aircraft Company in the Southern California aerospace industry. The family moved to El Segundo, California. <mask> spent his senior year at and graduated from Washington Senior High School.He learned to surf at the age of 17. As a Lebanese-American, he retained a strong interest in Arabic music, which later played a major role in his development of surf rock music. Career
1960s
<mask> began playing in local country western rockabilly bars where he met Texas Tiny in 1955, who gave him the name "<mask>" because he thought it was a good name for a country singer. <mask> employed non-Western scales in his playing. He regularly used reverb, which became a trademark of surf guitar. Being lefthanded, <mask> initially played a right-handed model. However, he did so (like Albert King) without restringing the guitar, effectively playing the guitar upside-down (while Hendrix, by comparison, would restring his guitar).Even after he acquired a proper left-handed guitar, <mask> continued to use his reverse stringing. He often played by reaching over the fretboard, rather than wrapping his fingers up from underneath. He partnered with Leo Fender to test new equipment, later saying "When it can withstand the barrage of punishment from <mask>, then it is fit for the human consumption." His combination of loud amplifiers and heavy gauge strings led him to be called the "Father of Heavy Metal". After <mask> blew up several Fender amplifiers, Leo Fender and Freddie Tavares saw <mask> play at the Rendezvous Ballroom, Balboa, California and identified the problem arose from him creating a sound louder than the audience screaming. The pair visited the James B. Lansing loudspeaker company and asked for a custom 15-inch loudspeaker, which became the JBL D130F model, and was known as the Single Showman Amp. <mask>'s combination of a Fender Stratocaster and Fender Showman Amp allowed him to attain significantly louder volume levels unobtainable by then-conventional equipment.<mask>'s performances at the Rendezvous Ballroom in Balboa in mid to late 1961 are credited with the creation of the surf music phenomenon. <mask> obtained permission to use the 3,000 person capacity ballroom for surfer dances after overcrowding at a local ice cream parlor where he performed made him seek other venues. The Rendezvous ownership and the city of Newport Beach agreed to <mask>'s request on the condition that he prohibit alcohol sales and implement a dress code. <mask>'s events at the ballrooms, called "stomps," quickly became legendary, and the events routinely sold out. "Let's Go Trippin'" is one of the first surf rock songs. This was followed by more locally released songs, including "Jungle Fever" and "Surf Beat" on his own Deltone label. His first full-length album was Surfers' Choice in 1962.The album was picked up by Capitol Records and distributed nationally, and <mask> soon began appearing on The Ed Sullivan Show, and in films where he played his signature single "Miserlou". He later stated, "I still remember the first night we played it ("Misirlou"). I changed the tempo, and just started cranking on that mother. And ... it was eerie. The people came rising up off the floor, and they were chanting and stomping. I guess that was the beginning of the surfer's stomp." His second album was named after his performing nickname, "King of the Surf Guitar".<mask> later said "There was a tremendous amount of power I felt while surfing and that feeling of power was simply transferred into my guitar". His playing style reflected the experience he had when surfing, and projecting the power of the ocean to people. <mask> and the Del-Tones performed both sides of his Capitol single, "Secret Surfin' Spot" in the 1963 movie Beach Party, starring Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello. The group performed the songs "My First Love," "Runnin' Wild" and "Muscle Beach" in the 1964 film, Muscle Beach Party. Later career
Surf rock's national popularity was somewhat brief, as the British Invasion began to overtake the American charts in 1964. Though he continued performing live, <mask> developed colorectal cancer. In the liner notes of Better Shred Than Dead: The <mask> Dale Anthology, <mask> quoted Jimi Hendrix saying, "Then you'll never hear surf music again" in response to hearing he might be terminally ill. <mask> covered "Third Stone from the Sun" as a tribute to Hendrix.Though he recovered, he retired from music for several years. In 1979, he almost lost a leg after a pollution-related infection of a mild swimming injury. As a result, <mask> became an environmental activist and soon began performing again. He recorded a new album in 1986 and was nominated for a Grammy. In 1987 he appeared in the movie Back to the Beach, playing surf music and performing "Pipeline" with Stevie Ray Vaughan. The use of "Miserlou" in the 1994 Quentin Tarantino film Pulp Fiction gained him a new audience. The following year, John Peel praised his playing following a gig in the Garage, London.Peel later selected "Let's Go Trippin'" as the theme tune for his BBC Radio 4 series Home Truths. The same year, he recorded a surf-rock version of Camille Saint-Saëns's "Aquarium" from The Carnival of the Animals for the musical score of the enclosed roller coaster, Space Mountain at Disneyland in Anaheim, California. <mask> was inducted to the Hollywood Rock Walk of Fame in 1996. In 2000 the U.S. House of Representatives elected <mask> into the Library of Congress Hall of Records for outstanding achievements in music. In March 2005, Q magazine placed <mask>'s version at number 89 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks. In 2009, <mask> was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee. <mask> is also a 2011 inductee into the Surfing Walk of Fame in Huntington Beach, California, in the Surf Culture category.In June 2009, <mask> began a West Coast tour from southern California to British Columbia, with approximately 20 concert dates. "Forever Came Calling" (or FCC) featured <mask>'s then-17-year-old son, <mask> on drums, who opened for him. He was scheduled to play the Australian One Great Night On Earth festival to raise funds to benefit those affected by the Black Saturday bushfires and other natural disasters. <mask> said that he was forced to keep touring to the end of his life, because of his inability to afford his medical costs. He had many health issues, including diabetes, kidney failure, and vertebrae damage that made performing excruciatingly painful. At the time of his death, <mask> had tour dates scheduled into November 2019. Personal life
<mask> was married three times.His first wife Jeannie in the 1970s was a Tahitian dancer in Hawaii and provided backup
vocals for the 1975 release Spanish Eyes. Together, they created a musical revue and toured at resorts in Las Vegas, Reno and Lake Tahoe. From the proceeds, the couple made successful investments in nightclubs and real estate, allowing <mask> to purchase his three-story 17 room dream mansion at 'the Wedge' located in Newport Beach at the tip of the Balboa Peninsula and mouth to Newport Harbor. Jeannie toured with <mask> and his Deltones through the early '80s up until their very public and bitter divorce in 1984, which depleted much of <mask>'s accumulated wealth. He met his second wife Jill in 1986. Together they had a son, James (Jimmy), born in 1992. <mask> credits Jill for his transition from surf rock to a more raw and stripped-down style that consisted of just him and two other musicians.Jill provided back up vocals and drum tracks for <mask>'s 1993 Tribal Thunder album. <mask> married his third wife Lana in 2011. He said that he never used alcohol or other drugs for health reasons, and discouraged their use by band members and road crew. In 1972, he stopped eating red meat. He studied Kenpo karate for over 30 years. "At 80 and with myriad health issues, surf-rock legend <mask> plays through the pain " Pittsburgh City Paper, July 29, 2015. In early 2008, he experienced a recurrence of colorectal cancer and completed a surgical, chemotherapy, and radiation treatment regimen.<mask> died in Loma Linda, California on March 16, 2019, at the age of 81. He was treated for heart failure and kidney failure prior to his death. Discography
Studio albums
As <mask> & His Del-Tones
 Surfers' Choice (Deltone, 1962; Capitol, 1963; Sundazed, 2006)
 King of the Surf Guitar (Capitol, 1963; Sundazed, 2007)
 Checkered Flag (Capitol, 1963; Sundazed, 2007)
 Mr. Eliminator (Capitol, 1964; Sundazed, 2007)
 Summer Surf (Capitol, 1964; Sundazed, 2007)

As <mask>
 Tribal Thunder (Hightone, 1993)
 Unknown Territory (Hightone, 1994)
 Calling Up Spirits (Beggars Banquet, 1996)
 Spacial Disorientation (<mask> Dale/The Music Force, 2001)

Live albums
 Rock Out with <mask> & His Del-Tones: Live at Ciro's (Capitol, 1965; Sundazed [LP only], 2010)
 The Tigers Loose (Balboa, 1983; Rhino [LP only], 1987)
 Live on the Santa Monica Pier (Rockbeat, 1994/1996 [rel. 2014]) 2CD

Compilations
 Greatest Hits (GNP Crescendo [LP issue], 1975; GNP Crescendo [CD issue], 1992)
 King of the Surf Guitar: The Best of <mask> & His Del-Tones (Rhino [LP issue], 1986; Rhino [CD issue], 1989)
 Better Shred Than Dead: The <mask> Anthology (Rhino, 1997) 2CD
 Singles Collection '61–'65 (Sundazed, 2010) 2LP
 Guitar Legend: The Very Best of <mask> (Shout! Factory, 2010)
 King of the Surf Guitar (Rockbeat, 2012) 2LP; 1CD
 At the Drags (Rockbeat, 2012) 2LP; 1CD
 Misirlou: Dick Dale & His Del-Tones'' (Jasmine, 2018)

Singles

Soundtracks
 Pulp Fiction (soundtrack) (1994)
 Rocket Jockey (1996)

References

Further reading

External links

2-hour + audio interview with Dick Dale from 2012, includes biographical information, his philosophy on life, his health, his influences, people he influenced, Hendrix, his contributions to Fender amps, music, more. 1937 births
2019 deaths
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American people of Belarusian descent
American people of Lebanese descent
American people of Polish descent
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
Surf musicians
Lead guitarists
Dick Dale and the Del-Tones members
Musicians from Boston
People from Quincy, Massachusetts
People from El Segundo, California
Guitarists from Massachusetts
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male musicians
American Kenpo practitioners

masks:
Dick Dale
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DeAlva Eyvonnie Sibley (May 25, 1922 – July 20, 1998), better known by her ring name <mask>, was an American women's professional wrestler famous in the 1950s and early 1960s. She held the Women's World Championship for ten years and is a member of the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame. She is overall a three-time women's world champion. Early life
Born in Houston, Texas, the tomboyish Sibley grew up around wrestling. Her uncle, Ottoway Roberts, worked for local wrestling promoter Morris Siegel, and as she got older, she often hung around the wrestlers and asked them to teach her their moves. On one occasion while DeAlva was playing around in the ring, the women's wrestling promoter Billy Wolfe happened to see her and recognized her potential. Already divorced once and facing poverty, she accepted Wolfe's offer to be trained as a professional wrestler.Professional wrestling career
Taking her family nickname of "<mask>" and her ex-husband's last name of "<mask>" for her ring name, Sibley made her professional debut in 1944. She spent the first years of her career traveling the country in Wolfe's promotion, sometimes winning preliminary matches but regularly losing to the more established stars such as Mae Young and champion Mildred Burke. Slowly rising in the ranks, she first won gold in 1952 when she and partner Millie Stafford won the Tag Title over Young and Ella Waldek. That same year Mildred Burke had a bitter falling-out with husband Wolfe and departed the promotion, leaving the world title vacant. On June 14, 1953, a still relatively unknown <mask> won a 13-woman tournament in Baltimore to claim the belt. She quickly became a popular fan favorite champion, even appearing as a contestant on the popular game shows What's My Line? and I've Got A Secret on August 16, 1953.After a year of tense negotiation, Wolfe finally coaxed Burke into meeting <mask> in a definitive two out of three falls match on August 20, 1954 in Atlanta, Georgia. <mask> won the first fall, and then the match was called after an hour during the second fall. In the book The Queen of the Ring author Jeff Leen writes that despite battling injuries, Burke was able to hold Byers to a stalemate after dropping the first fall and thus deprive her of the second fall she needed to truly defeat Burke. Despite the inconclusive finish, the Atlanta Athletic Commission eventually awarded the match to <mask>. Burke angrily returned to her own promotion, the World Women's Wrestling Association, where she held its title and billed herself as world champion. She maintained later that she had dropped the first fall with the intent to compete stronger in the second, and it is noted that Wolfe used all possible connections to try to get a win for his new star (and daughter-in-law) <mask>. <mask>, for her part, stressed that "Mildred claims she wasn't defeated, but I pinned her in the first fall.During the second fall, she left the ring and refused to come back. Regardless of what she told people, it was a shoot." Whatever the truth, the match outcome was satisfactory enough for the media to discredit Burke and acknowledge Byers as the legitimate world champion. Jeff Leen's account in Queen of the Ring contradicts Byer's claims about Burke leaving the ring and refusing to return. Furthermore, Leen details how Billy Wolfe had a great deal to do with putting Byers over as the "winner" and he quotes the ring announcer following the match as saying, "Commissioner stops the bout. Mildred Burke is still officially champion of the world". As the face of women's wrestling for the next decade, Byers's athleticism and technical skills did much to open new markets for women's wrestling and improve its perception in the eyes of the public as being more than mere tawdry spectacle.Complementing her repertoire of scientific moves was her toughness in an age of very tough women, and she was known for working incredibly stiff against newcomers: one such wrestler recalled getting a broken nose and two black eyes from Byers intentionally punching her in the face. Byers wrestled many matches with Penny Banner, and the two had great respect for one another: Byers ranked Banner as among her toughest opponents, while Banner named Byers the greatest of all time. In 1956, the Baltimore Athletic Commission stripped <mask> of the NWA Championship when she announced her plans to retire as champion. A thirteen-woman battle royal was used to determine the new champion. After The Fabulous Moolah won the championship, <mask> came out of retirement to challenge her for the title, but Byers lost the match. On March 31, 2017, <mask> was posthumously inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as a part of the Legacy wing. Personal life
The Fabulous Moolah alleges that while traveling with Billy Wolfe's troupe of female wrestlers, Byers often slept with Wolfe (despite his marriage to Burke) in order to get better bookings.Upon Wolfe's death, <mask> moved to St. Louis to work for wrestling promoter, and later TV ring announcer, Sam Menacker, who became her third husband. In 1963, while attempting to drive after being hit in the head with a Coke bottle, Byers experienced quadruple vision and collided with a tree. The leg damage from the auto accident cut her career short at age 41 and forced her to retire on January 1, 1964. In her later life, she had double vision from the incident. <mask> returned to Texas after retirement from the ring, becoming a real estate agent. She had two children, Billy and Jewel. Her son was fatally electrocuted in an accident, and Byers was reportedly never the same afterward.She died of pneumonia at her Houston home in 1998. Championships and accomplishments
 Independent
 Women's World Championship (1 time)
 Women's World Championship Tournament (1953)

 American Wrestling Association
 AWA World Women's Championship (1 time)

 Championship Wrestling from Florida
 NWA Florida Women's Championship (1 time)
 NWA World Women's Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (2 times) - with Millie Stafford (1) and Mary Jane Mull (1)

 St. Louis Wrestling Club
 NWA World Women's Tag Team Championship (Missouri version) (1 time) - with Millie Stafford

 National Wrestling Alliance
 NWA World Women's Championship (1 time)
 NWA World Women's Tag Team Championship (7 times) - with Ethel Johnson (1), Millie Stafford (2), Mary Jane Mull (2), Mars Bennett (1) and Barbara Baker (1)

 Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
 Women's Wrestling (Class of 2006)
 WWE
 WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2017)

References

External links

<mask>rs at the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame

1922 births
1998 deaths
20th-century American actresses
American female professional wrestlers
AWA World Women's Champions
Deaths from pneumonia in Texas
People from Houston
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
WWE Hall of Fame Legacy inductees
Stampede Wrestling alumni
Infectious disease deaths in Texas

masks:
June Byers
June
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June Bye


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<mask> (September 16, 1857, Janesville, Wisconsin – 1944 Volusia, Florida) was an American electrical engineer and inventor known for his activism in the late 1880s against the use of alternating current for electric lighting in New York City and around the country (during the "war of the currents"). <mask> was mostly self-educated, working for several companies in the fledgling electrical field before striking out on his own, working on his own inventions as well as hiring himself out as a consultant. After several deaths were caused by alternating current arc lighting lines in New York City, <mask> came to prominence in June 1888, claiming in the press and then in public meetings that AC was more deadly than direct current and that the arc lighting companies were cutting corners and using AC to save money at the cost of public safety. He conducted public demonstrations (electrocuting animals with AC) then lobbied around the country trying to limit AC transmission line voltages to 300 volts, tactics which had him using the press to directly attack the country's largest AC equipment manufacturer, Westinghouse Electric. He also pushed to have the first electric chair, which was being developed by the state of New York, be powered with AC current, provided by Westinghouse generators he had surreptitiously acquired. His involvement in these events is controversial since he was working parallel with (some documents show colluded with) the Edison Illuminating Company, showing a preference for Edison's direct current power system and advocating for severe restrictions on AC power systems that would put Edison's competitors at a disadvantage. Biography
<mask> was born in Janesville, Wisconsin, on September 16, 1857, the son of General Theodore F<mask> and <mask>.His father was in the American Civil War and received an honorary rank of brigadier general for his role in the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain. <mask> graduated Chicago High School in 1876 and prepared to enroll in mining engineering courses at Harvard but was unable to since the great Chicago fire of 1871 had left his family in reduced circumstances. After high school he was employed at the Western Electric Manufacturing Company of Chicago working on development and manufacturing of electrical devices, including Edison's electric pen duplicating machine, from 1876 to 1879. From 1879 to 1884 he worked for Brush Electric Company in charge of designing and installing their arc lighting systems. From 1884 to 1887 he operated his own electrical consulting business, Brown Electric Company, where he worked in inventing improved arc lighting equipment. <mask> moved to New York in 1887 and worked as consultant for the New York and Westchester Railroad, Edison General Electric, and consulted on the development of the electric chair with Governor David B. Hill and the State of New York. He also did consulting work for the City of Newark, Dayton Ohio Buffalo Electric Rail Line, and the Louisville Electric Rail Line.Up through 1912 he invented and manufactured a plastic rail bond electric contact alloy and went on to invent and manufactured a method of applying concrete with compressed air or steam. <mask> was awarded the Edward Longstreth Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1899. Anti-AC crusade

After a series of deaths in New York caused by the tangle of pole mounted high voltage (up to 6000 volt) alternating current lines <mask> came to public prominence when he wrote a letter to the New York Post on June 5, 1888 describing the overhead lines as a public menace stating:

The only excuse for the use of the fatal alternating current is that it saves the company operating it [AC] from spending a larger sum of money for the heavier copper wires which are required by the safe incandescent systems. That is, the public must submit to constant danger from sudden death, in order that a corporation may pay a little larger dividend. His crusade brought him to the attention of inventor Thomas Edison who was becoming engaged in a propaganda campaign against alternating current companies including Westinghouse Electric Company in what would come to be called the War of currents. Edison lent <mask> the uses of his West Orange, New Jersey, laboratory to prove his claims against alternating current. After much experimentation killing a series of dogs, <mask> held a public demonstration on July 30 in a lecture room at Columbia College where he demonstrated that up to 1000 volts of DC would not kill a dog while 300 volts of AC would kill.He went on to support legislation to control and severely limit AC installations and voltages (to the point of making it an ineffective power delivery system). The legislation was unsuccessful but another bill to move AC lines underground in New York City, put forward before <mask>'s campaign, passed in 1889 after a further series of highly publicized deaths that year caused by alternating current. Involvement in the electric chair

At the same time that <mask> was campaigning against alternating current a New York state bill replacing hanging with electrocution was signed into law (June 4, 1888) and set to go into effect on January 1, 1889. A Buffalo, New York dentist named Alfred P. Southwick had been developing a method using a device similar to a dental chair, an execution device referred to as the electric chair. The law did not specify the type of current to use, or the means, so the New York Medico-Legal Society, an informal society composed of doctors and lawyers, was given the task of working out the details. Committee head <mask>, a neurologist who had assisted in the dog electrocutions at Columbia College, enlisted <mask>'s services as a consultant. <mask> set up an experiment at Edison's West Orange laboratory on December 5, 1888 with members of the press, members of the Medico-Legal Society, the chairman of the death penalty commission, and Thomas Edison looking on.<mask> used alternating current for all of his tests on animals larger than a human, including 4 calves and a lame horse, all dispatched with 750 volts of AC. Based on these results the Medico-Legal Society recommended the use of 1000-1500 volts of alternating current for executions and newspapers noted the AC used was half the voltage used in the power lines over the streets of American cities. Westinghouse criticized this test as a skewed self-serving demonstration by <mask>, who was again accused of being in the employ of the Edison company. <mask> refuted the claims and even challenged Westinghouse to an electrical "duel," with <mask> agreeing to be shocked by ever increasing amounts of DC power if Westinghouse would submit himself to the same amount of increasing AC power (first to quit loses). Westinghouse declined the offer. Neither Edison, Westinghouse, nor Westinghouse's chief AC rival, Thomson-Houston Electric Company, wanted their equipment to be used in an execution but <mask> colluded with Edison Electric and Thomson-Houston to surreptitiously acquire three Westinghouse AC generators to power the first electric chair. <mask> would continually claim he had no actual association with the Edison company although an August 1889 New York Sun story published letters stolen from <mask>'s office that seemed to show <mask> was receiving directions from, and being paid by, the Edison company as well as Thomson-Houston, including the story on the acquisition of the Westinghouse AC generators.Publications
 <mask><mask>'s "To The Editors Of The Evening Post:" letter from the New York Post June 5, 1888 (republished on page 860 of THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, August 1888) or easier
 "Electrical Distribution of Heat, Light and Power WITH PARTIAL LIST OF DEATHS FROM ELECTRICAL LIGHTING APPARATUS" by <mask> <mask>, John Murray Mitchell - 1889
 "The New Instrument of Execution" by <mask><mask>, The North American Review Vol. 149, No. 396 (Nov., 1889), pp. 586-593 (jstor.org)

References
 Electric Railway Review, Volume, 1895, "HAROLD P BROWN" page 742-743
 Mining and Metallurgy: Published Monthly by the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Issue 153, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers - 1919, page xlix
 Who's who in Engineering, Volume 1, edited by John William Leonard, Winfield Scott Downs, M. M. Lewis - <mask>, <mask>

1857 births
1932 deaths
19th-century American inventors
Capital punishment in the United States
History of animal testing

masks:
Harold Pitney Brown
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Harold Brown
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Frances Brown
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Frederick Peterson
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<mask> (born January 7, 1966) is a Turkish professional basketball coach. He is the current head coach of Anadolu Efes of the Turkish Basketball Super League and the EuroLeague. During his playing career which began in 1982, he played at Eczacıbaşı and Yeşilyurt basketball teams. Coaching career

Early years
<mask> began his managerial career in Eczacıbaşı Youth Team followed by a stint as the coach of Efes Pilsen Youth Team. Then, he coached the BSL teams Türk Telekom, Pınar Karşıyaka and Efes Pilsen respectively. He was the assistant coach of Turkish national team alongside Ercüment Sunter in EuroBasket 1997 in Spain. Turkey finished the tournament in the 8th place.He spent time at Stanford University in the United States as an observer during the 1998-99 season. After his return to Europe, he coached Italian side Montepaschi Siena and won with the club the very last Saporta Cup in 2002. Subsequently, he joined Ülkerspor (now Fenerbahçe Ülker); however, he had to quit his job due to personal issues. He stated that his resignation was voluntary. Subsequent to his departure from Fenerbahçe he returned to Italy and signed for Climamio Bologna and coached there until his return to Turkey as the head coach of Beşiktaş during the 2007–08 season. Beşiktaş Cola Turka
Ataman had a successful season with Beşiktaş which the team achieved EuroCup Quarter Finals held in Turin, Italy; after a stunning undefeated 10 in-a-row win performance in group B. This was the very first time that two Turkish teams played against each other.Beşiktaş lost against Galatasaray Cafe Crown and eliminated in quarters. In the league, team finalized the regular season on top place and been a part of Play-offs. After the elimination of Beşiktaş Cola Turka in the quarters, the declaration was released that <mask> <mask> no more coaching Beşiktaş Cola Turka. Efes Pilsen
A week later, he signed a two-years contract with Efes Pilsen, where he had worked from 1999 to 2001. Ataman have reached the major achievements in 2008–09 season with winning Turkish League, Turkish Cup, and Turkish President's Cup championships. On June 4, 2010, he left the Efes Pilsen. Return to Beşiktaş
He signed a two-years contract with Beşiktaş in the January 2011.In the 2010–11 season, he didn't win the cups with Beşiktaş. And next season, he won the Turkish Cup in February 2012. Subsequently, he won the EuroChallenge title against Elan Chalon in the final on April 29, 2012. And finally, he won the Turkish League championship victory against Anadolu Efes in the playoff finals on June 11, 2012. Galatasaray Odeabank
He signed a multi-year contract with Galatasaray Odeabank on June 22, 2012. He won the Turkish League championship victory against Banvitspor in the playoff finals on June 15, 2013. In the beginning of 2014–15 season, Galatasaray struggled financially and eventually in the results.Several players boycotted training and also some were injured, which led to frustration and conflicts in the team. On October 19, 2014, <mask> was involved in the incident with then-Galatasaray player Nolan Smith, who threw the towel while being subbed out from the game against Banvit. The player parted ways with the team the following week. On November 21, 2014, in the press-conference after the EuroLeague game against the Serbian team Crvena zvezda in Istanbul, Ataman got negative publicity in Serbia, for calling 300–400 Zvezda fans Delije the "terrorists". He also stated that they were "attacking our police and our fans with torches and stones" and that he was "worried as a citizen for his and others safety". All these comments came in line with the killing of Crvena zvezda fan by Galatasaray supporters in fan violence before the game. Even Serbian PM Aleksandar Vučić reacted to that comment, saying that "Ataman is no longer welcome in Serbia".<mask> later apologized for his comments, saying that "all the remarks [on Zvezda fans] were made before learning it [that this tragedy occurred before the game]". On June 6, 2015, he signed a two-year extension with the club, reportedly worth half million euros per season. On April 27, Ataman's team Galatasaray Odebank defeated Strasbourg in Abdi İpekçi Arena and won the EuroCup title. With this win he reached his 3rd European-wide championship as a head coach. Anadolu Efes
In December 2017, <mask> signed a contract with Anadolu Efes. In 2018–19 season, <mask> led Anadolu Efes to the 2019 EuroLeague Final Four, where they lost in the final game to the CSKA Moscow. On May 23, <mask> signed a two-year contract extension with the Anadolu Efes.In 2020-21 season, <mask> won the EuroLeague title where they played with Barcelona in the final game. <mask> became the first Turkish coach who won the EuroLeague title. And next season, he won the Turkish Cup in February 2022. |-
|- ! style="background:#FDE910;"
| align="left"|Anadolu Efes
| align="left"|2020–21
| 41 || 27 || 14 ||  || align="center"|Won EuroLeague Championship

|-class="sortbottom"
| align="center" colspan=2|Career||280||130||150||||

Domestic Leagues

|-
| align="left" |Anadolu Efes Pilsen
| align="left" |2018–19
|40||34||6||.8500 || align="center"| Won 2019 Turkish League Finals
|-
| align="left" |Anadolu Efes Pilsen
| align="left" |2019–20
|23||21||2||.9737 || align="center"| League cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. |-
| align="left" |Anadolu Efes Pilsen
| align="left" |2020–21
|38||37||1||.9737 || align="center"| Won 2021 Turkish League Finals
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="center" colspan=2|Career||101|||92|||7||.9109||

Achievements
 Türk Telekom 1
 Turkish President's Cup: (1997)
 Montepaschi Siena 1
 Saporta Cup: (2002)
EuroLeague Final Four: (2003)
 Ülkerspor 4
 Turkish Cup:(2004, 2005)
 Turkish President's Cup: (2004, 2005)
 Anadolu Efes 13
Korać Cup (1996) Assistant Coach
EuroLeague: (2021)
EuroLeague Final Four: (2000), (2019)
Turkish Super League: (2009, 2019, 2021)
 Turkish President's Cup: (2000, 2009, 2018, 2019)
 Turkish Cup: (2009, 2018, 2022)
 Beşiktaş Milangaz 3
 Turkish Cup: (2012)
 EuroChallenge: (2012)
 Turkish Super League: (2012)
 Galatasaray Odeabank 2
 Turkish Super League: (2013)
 EuroCup: (2016)

Personal life
Ataman studied at Italian High School in Istanbul. Then he was accepted by İstanbul University, where he studied at Business Administration Department.He is married to Berna <mask> and has a son named Sarp. See also
 List of EuroLeague-winning head coaches

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> at euroleague.net

1966 births
Living people
Anadolu Efes S.K. coaches
Basketbol Süper Ligi head coaches
Beşiktaş basketball coaches
EuroLeague-winning coaches
Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna coaches
Galatasaray S.K. (men's basketball) coaches
Istanbul University alumni
Liceo Italiano alumni
Mens Sana Basket coaches
Sportspeople from Istanbul
Turkish basketball coaches
Turkish men's basketball players
Türk Telekom basketball coaches
Turkey men's national basketball team coaches
Ülkerspor basketball coaches

masks:
Halil Ergin Ataman
Ataman
Ergin
Ataman
Ataman
Ataman
Ataman
Ataman
Ataman
Ataman
Ataman
Ataman
Ergin
Ataman


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; January 23, 1932) is an American actor, playwright, director, writer and composer, best known as the co-author, along with Gerome Ragni, of the 1967 musical Hair. He and Ragni were nominated for the 1969 Tony Award for best musical, and they won for best musical at the 11th Annual Grammy Awards. Early life
<mask> was born in Los Angeles and was raised in Rochester, New York and Washington, D.C. In college, <mask> majored in Speech and Drama and began writing songs. He co-authored two musical shows at the University of Maryland, Interlude and Interlude II. After graduation, followed by two years in the U.S. Navy, he returned to school in Washington, D.C. for graduate work at The Catholic University of America, where he co-authored a musical revue called Cross Your Fingers. He wrote the lyrics and music for all of his early songs.He then moved to New York where he studied acting with Lee Strasberg and also wrote pop songs which he recorded with his own band, <mask> and the Argyles. <mask>'s first Broadway show was Marathon '33 in 1963. In 1966, <mask> originated the Broadway role of Richard Lionheart in The Lion in Winter by <mask>, starring Robert Preston and Rosemary Harris. He met Gerome Ragni in 1964, when they acted together in the off-Broadway play Hang Down Your Head and Die. Later, both <mask> and Ragni were cast in the roles of Tom and Tolan in the Chicago company of Mike Nichols' production of The Knack, by Ann Jellicoe. <mask> and Ragni became friends and began writing Hair together in late 1964. <mask> explained, "We were great friends.It was a passionate kind of relationship that we directed into creativity, into writing, into creating this piece. We put the drama between us on stage." He recalled, "There was so much excitement in the streets and the parks and the hippie areas, and we thought if we could transmit this excitement to the stage it would be wonderful.... We hung out with them and went to their Be-Ins [and] let our hair grow." Hair premiered off-Broadway in October 1967 and opened on Broadway in April 1968. It became a sensation, running for 1,750 performances and spawning numerous productions around the world and a 1979 film adaptation. Some of the songs from its score became Top 10 hits, and numerous albums of the songs have been released. The 2009 Broadway revival earned the Tony Award for best revival and also opened in London's West End.Although he did not play the part of Claude when the show premiered Off-Broadway, <mask> originated the role of Claude on Broadway, performing opposite Ragni as Berger. He also played Claude in the later Los Angeles production. The main characters of Claude and Berger were autobiographical to a degree, with <mask>'s Claude being the pensive romantic. In a 2008 interview with The Advocate, <mask> publicly described himself for the first time as omnisexual and spoke openly of being Ragni's lover. After Hair
After the success of Hair, <mask> and Ragni went their separate ways for a period of time in the early 1970s. Rainbow
While Ragni and Hair composer Galt MacDermot collaborated on Dude, <mask> wrote a musical entitled The Rainbow Rainbeam Radio Roadshow, or Rainbow for short, collaborating on the book with his brother <mask> and contributing his own music and lyrics. Rainbow opened Off-Broadway at the Orpheum Theater in December 1972.The musical is a sequel of sorts to Hair with a character called Man who was killed in the Vietnam War and who now lives in Rainbow land. Clive Barnes gave it a positive review in The New York Times, writing "[Rainbow] is joyous and life-assertive. It is the first musical to derive from Hair that really seems to have the confidence of a new creation about it, largely derived from <mask>'s sweet and fresh music and lyrics." Since then, Rainbow has been revised numerous times, in some developments becoming more explicitly a sequel to Hair, as when it became Rainbow: The Ghost of Vietnam in the late Nineties, and in others becoming more abstract as in one version, titled Billy Earth: The New Rainbow and later as American Soldier: The White Haunted House. The latest version of the show, titled Supersoldier, was presented in a staged reading on October 14, 2013, by actor Sam Underwood's (who plays evil twins Mark and Luke on The Following) Fundamental Theater Project in collaboration with the New York Theatre Barn at the Manhattan Movement and Arts Center. The reading was directed by Joe Barros and featured Tyson Jennette, Debbie Andrews and Luis Villabon. <mask> previously collaborated with the Fundamental Theater Project in 2010, playing the role of Hamlet's Ghost in the company's benefit reading of Hamlet in which Alec Baldwin, Kate Mulgrew and Fundamental Theater Project Co-Artistic Director.Sam Underwood also starred. Sun
In 1974, <mask> reunited with Ragni to co-write Sun (Audio Movie), a show with music by Steve Margoshes based on a play by New York writer Joyce Greller with themes about pollution and the environment. The musical (then titled YMCA) was initially staged for backers in 1976, in a workshop directed by John Vaccaro, with appearances by Ruby Lynn Reyner and Annie-Joe Edwards. Sun was presented at the Howl! Arts Project in 2011. Another version of Sun, written with a score by Hair collaborator Galt MacDermot, was presented in concert form in 1998. Other shows
<mask> and Ragni would later write another musical together, again with Margoshes, entitled Jack Sound and His Dog Star Blowing His Final Trumpet on the Day of Doom.The show ran at La MaMa in the summer of 1978. Later years
Since Ragni's death in 1991, <mask> has been active in developing new productions of Hair, including the 11 city 1994 national tour which he directed, and the 2006 CanStage production in Toronto. Since 2011, <mask> has been creative consultant for the futuristic rock musical Barcode, written and workshopped at a downtown Manhattan rock club in 2012 by the members of New York indie band Gladshot, and premiered in August 2013 at the New York International Fringe Festival. On December 3, 2011, <mask> performed songs from Barcode at Occupy Wall Street's Occupy Broadway. References

External links
The official Hair the musical website by <mask>do

1932 births
Living people
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American film score composers
Bisexual male actors
Bisexual writers
Broadway composers and lyricists
Catholic University of America alumni
Male actors from Los Angeles
Male actors from Rochester, New York
Male actors from Washington, D.C.
American male film score composers
Military personnel from Rochester, New York
Musicians from Rochester, New York
Grammy Award winners
LGBT writers from the United States
LGBT dramatists and playwrights
LGBT people from California
LGBT people from New York (state)
LGBT people from Washington, D.C.
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
United States Navy sailors
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Writers from Rochester, New York
American bisexual actors

masks:
James Rado
James Alexander Radomski
Rado
Rado
James Alexander
Rado
Rado
James Goldman
Rado
Hair Rado
Rado
Rado
Rado
Rado
Rado
Rado
Ted Rado
James Rado
Rado
Rado
Rado
Rado
Rado
Rado
James Ra


texts:
<mask> (c. 1147–1204) was a Rus' prince (a member of the Rurik dynasty). His baptismal name was Feodosy. He was prince of Vshchizh (1166–before 1175), of Novgorod-Seversk (1200–1201), and of Chernigov (1201/1202–1204). His life
He was the second son of Grand Prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich of Kiev and Maria Vasilkovna of Polotsk. Under the year 1166, the chronicler reports that the daughter of Prince Andrey Yuryevich of Suzdalia, who had married Oleg, died. Circumstantial evidence shows that the Oleg in question was the son of Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. On an undisclosed date, Oleg remarried a Ryazan princess; his father-in-law Yury Rostislavich was the younger brother of Prince Gleb Rostislavich of Ryazan.In the spring of 1166, Prince Svyatoslav Vladimirovich of Vshchizh died, and his domain passed to the closest living relatives, the Olgovichi (the ruling dynasty of Chernigov). <mask>vichi, held the authority to allocate the dead prince’s domains, and he gave Vshchizh to one of his sons; one view is, probably correctly, that the son was Oleg. In 1175, his father accompanied Mikhalko and Vsevolod Yuryevich, who had been invited by the townspeople of Suzdal to be their prince, to the town. After his victory over the opponents of the Yuryevichi, Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich ordered Oleg to escort their wives from Chernihiv to Moscow. Shortly afterwards, Oleg went to his domain of Lopasna in the northeast corner of the Vyatichi lands. From there, he sent troops northeast to Svirilsk and captured it because it belonged to the Olgovichi. Gleb Rostislavich of Ryazan sent his nephew (Oleg’s brother-in-law) to recapture it, but Oleg defeated him.In the winter of 1177, Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich sent his sons <mask> and Vladimir to help Prince Vsevolod Yuryevich of Suzdal attack Prince Gleb Rostislavich of Ryazan. On 12 May 1185 the Cumans defeated the troops led by Prince <mask> of Novgorod-Seversk at the Kayala River. After learning of his cousin’s defeat, Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich sent Oleg and his elder brother, Vladimir to the Poseme region to serve as interim defenders of the Seversk towns. The information that he sent two sons suggests that he ordered them to occupy Rylsk and Putivl, which had recently lost their princes. Their main task would have been to close the “gates into the land of Rus’”. According to the chronicler, the Cumans assembled their entire nation to march against Rus’, but the khans argued, and because they obstinately stuck to their views, they split their horde into two. One of the hordes attacked Putivl but failed to take it; nevertheless, the Cumans set fire to its outer town, pillaged the district, and razed surrounding villages.After the Cumans pillaged the region, <mask> and Vladimir departed from Putivl and Rylsk. When, in 1188, his father and Prince Rurik Rostislavich of Belgorod waged war against the Hungarians who had occupied Halych, <mask> and his brothers rode with their father. <mask>’s father died during the last week of July 1194; his death changed the order of seniority among the Olgovichi: his only brother, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich became the new senior prince of the dynasty, and <mask> and his brothers became answerable to their uncle. When Vsevolod Yuryevich (accompanied by the princes of Ryazan, Murom, and the Cumans) attacked the principality of Chernihiv in 1196, <mask> was placed, together with his brother Gleb, in charge of defending Chernihiv against Rurik Rostislavich. In March 1196, his uncle sent troops to attack Prince Vasilko Bryacheslavich of Vitebsk and appointed Oleg as commander-in-chief. Before reaching Vitebsk, his troops pillaged the lands of Smolensk. Prince David Rostislavich of Smolensk retaliated by sending his nephew Mstislav Romanovich, the Smolensk militia, and other troops to confront the invaders.The two sides clashed and Mstislav Romanovich defeated <mask>’s troops; <mask>’s son David fell in the fray. Meanwhile, the Smolensk militia marched against the princes of Polotsk who had come to Oleg’s assistance; but the townsmen fled without engaging in the battle. On seeing that <mask> and his troops had been routed, the Polotsk forces hurried to his aid and defeated Mstislav Romanovich’s men. When the latter, who had left the battlefield to pursue Oleg, returned, the Polotsk princes took him captive; later, Mstislav Romanovich was handed over into Oleg’s custody. Oleg sent word to his uncle and advised him to set out for Smolensk, but Rurik Rostislavich sent messengers to intercept Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, who returned to Chernihiv after hearing Rurik Rostislavich’s threat. In autumn 1200 his brother, Vladimir Svyatoslavich died and thus Oleg became the second in precedence in the dynasty after <mask> (his father’s cousin), and it was also his turn to rule Novgorod Seversk. In the spring of 1201, <mask>, the prince of Chernigov died, and the office of senior prince passed to Oleg, and thus he occupied Chernihiv.Shortly afterwards, Grand Prince Rurik Rostislavich of Kiev summoned the Olgovichi to campaign against Roman Mstislavich of Volodymyr who had begun wreaking havoc on domains belonging to him. <mask> decided to cooperate with Rurik Rostislavich and pledged loyalty to him. The Kievans, however, opened the gates of the podol to Roman Mstislavich, who forced <mask> and Rurik Rostislavich to capitulate, and the Olgovichi returned to Chernihiv. Rurik Rostislavich and the Olgovichi captured Kiev on 2 January 1203; the former avenged himself against the Kievans for opening the gates to Roman Mstislavich, and he ordered his men to set fire to the podol where the townsmen had betrayed him. The troops plundered the Cathedral of St. Sofia, the Tithe Church, and all the monasteries. Rurik Rostislavich and Oleg seized the garments of the blessed first Christian princes of Rus’; their objective, undoubtedly, was to adorn their own cathedrals with them. By hanging the robes in their throne rooms, however, they may have also hoped to buttress their dynasties’ claims to the capital of Rus’.Nevertheless, Rurik Rostislavich had no intention of occupying Kiev, and thus <mask>’s younger brother Vsevolod Svyatoslavich occupied the town. Since Roman Mstislavich’s raids had provoked Rurik Rostislavich and the Olgovichi to despoil Kiev, he took it upon himself to restore peace; he therefore asked Vsevolod Yuryevich of Suzdalia to be pacified with the Olgovichi, which occurred in February 1203. On 16 February, after Roman Mstislavich himself also concluded peace with the Olgovichi, he marched against Rurik Rostislavich who submitted to him and to Vsevolod Yuryevich promising to sever relations with the Olgovichi and the Cumans. In 1203, Oleg defeated 1,700 Lithuanians; it is plausible that he attacked the Lithuanians in order to help the princes of Polotsk, but the possibility remains that he attacked them in defense of the Dregovichi domains. Under the year 1204, a number of chronicles state that Oleg died, while others add that his son died with him. They probably fell in battle against the Lithuanians. Marriages and children
<mask> <mask> married his first wife before 1166.She was a daughter of Prince Andrey Yuryevich of Suzdalia and his Cuman wife and may have been named Euphrosyne. <mask>'s second wife was a daughter of Prince Prince Yuriy Rostislavich of Ryazan and may have been named Euphrosyne. Oleg had three children: one whose name is unknown (died in 1204), a son named David (died in 1196), and a son named Ingor (died between 1211 and 1223). Footnotes

Sources
Dimnik, Martin: The Dynasty of Chernigov - 1146-1246; Cambridge University Press, 2003, Cambridge; . 12th-century princes in Kievan Rus'
Olgovichi family
Princes of Chernigov
Eastern Orthodox monarchs

masks:
Oleg III Svyatoslavich
Oleggo
Oleg
Igor Svyatoslavich
Oleg
Oleg
Olegs
Oleg
Oleg
Oleg
Oleg
Oleg
Igor Svyatoslavich
Igor Svyatoslavich
Oleg
Oleg
Oleg
Oleg
III
Oleg


texts:
<mask>Pat<mask> (September 4, 1929April 8, 2016) was an American astronomer and educator who specialized in astronomy with a particular focus on comets and minor planets. She was well-known for the recovery of lost comets, as well as for her discovery of two asteroids, the co-discovery of Jupiter's moon Themisto, and for the asteroid 1657 Roemera that was named in her honor. Life
<mask> was born on September 4, 1929 in Oakland, California, and was raised in Alameda, California, by her father and mother, Richard Quirin and Elsie B<mask>. From a young age, Roemer expressed interest in scientific reasoning and matters regarding astronomy. It was revealed by Roemer in an interview that while she was a freshman in high school many of her teachers lacked the proper qualifications. This was because she was a student during the Second World War, when many individuals were teaching on emergency credentials. One of her general science teachers had made remarks with astronomical implications that Roemer believed to be incorrect.One of these statements was that Polaris was the largest star. Despite not having books or sources that contained the correct answers, <mask> was encouraged to look for the right answers elsewhere. She got in touch with a teaching assistant in the Astronomy Department at Berkeley who helped her find the information she was looking for. This marked the beginning of her interest in other aspects of astronomy. <mask> graduated valedictorian of her high school class in 1946, and in that same year she won the National Westinghouse Science Talent Search. She became a serious amateur astronomer and was determined to pursue her interest in comets and asteroids. In 1950 she graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with a BA in astronomy.She graduated with honors as a Bertha Dolbeer Scholar. During her graduate studies at Berkeley, Roemer taught adult extension classes in Oakland to finance her tuition from 1950–1952. This was the experience that allowed her to develop a passion for teaching. From 1954–1955, she worked as an assistant astronomer and lab technician at UC’s Lick Observatory, and in 1955 she earned her PhD from Berkeley. After receiving her PhD, <mask> continued her time at UC as an assistant astronomer and conducted research at the University of Chicago’s Yerkes Observatory. <mask> received the title of astronomer in 1957 at the US Naval Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. She began to gain traction for rediscovering comets by using a high definition 40-inch reflecting telescope to photograph and analyze nuclei.Her groundbreaking research led to the recovery of dozens of short period comets–comets that take less than 20 years to orbit the Sun. Scientists at the time did not have methods or equipment that could easily track short period comets around the Sun, and these comets would become “lost” once the distance became too great. Roemer found these lost comets by searching the area they were predicted to be as they rounded the Sun and detected faint movement relative to surrounding stars. This was no simple feat, as predicting the position and brightness of the comet was extremely difficult, especially for comets that had been missing for extended periods of time. <mask>’s data and measurements of the brightness of these recovered comets at large distances has aided astronomers of her time and allowed for the tracking of many short period comets around the Sun until this day. In 1965, she became the acting director at the US Naval Observatory. She was then hired by the University of Arizona in Tucson as an associate professor in the lunar and planetary laboratory in 1966, and promoted to full professor by 1969.In addition, she was asked to chair the committee that would set up UA’s Department of Planetary Sciences in 1972. In 1980, while still a UA professor, she served as an astronomer at Tucson’s Steward Observatory. She served at the observatory until 1997. <mask> finally retired in 1998 but continued her research on comets and asteroids as astronomer and professor emerita. On April 8, 2016, <mask> died in Tucson, Arizona. International Astronomical Union
<mask> was noted as an exemplary member of the astronomy community and served on many astronomical commissions and organizations. She held various positions throughout the years, including president and vice-president of the International Astronomical Union's Commission 6 and Commission 20.Major accomplishments
In 1961, asteroid 1657 Roemera was named in Dr. <mask>’s honor. She discovered the asteroid 1930 Lucifer on October 29, 1964 and the asteroid 1983 Bok on June 9, 1975. She also co-discovered Jupiter’s moon Themisto with Charles T. Kowal in 1975. Themisto was lost soon after its discovery because it is an irregular moon of Jupiter. However, it was finally recovered in 2000. Throughout her career, Roemer detected the return of 79 periodic comets and computed the orbits of numerous comets and minor planets. Awards and recognition
Roemer received several awards and recognitions in the course of her lifetime and professional career.She was a recipient of the BA Gould Prize of the National Academy of Sciences, the NASA Special Award, and the Donohoe Lectureship of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. In 1960, Mademoiselle Magazine honored her work with comets and named her one of its Ten Young Women of the Year. Roemer expressed her hope that her Mademoiselle Merit Award would encourage others to explore the field of astronomy in a letter to the manager of Women’s News for Westinghouse. Death and legacy
<mask> was an active member of the astronomy community until her death in 2016. She became a member of the Friends of Lowell Observatory in 2006, as well as a member of the Percival Lowell Society. Before passing away, she made a donation that created what is known as the Elizabeth Roemer Foundation Donation. The money was used to create an instrumentation fund in the Lowell Observatory Foundation, supporting the acquisition, development, maintenance of, and access to improved technologies and materials within the observatory’s facilities.Her support created safe and effective organization and operation of the observatory's equipment and technology. References

1929 births
2016 deaths
American women astronomers
Discoverers of moons
Discoverers of asteroids

University of Arizona faculty

masks:
Elizabeth "
" Roemer
Roemer
. Roemer
Roemer
Roemer
Roemer
Roemer
Roemer
Roemer
Roemer
Roemer
Roemer
Elizabeth Roemer


texts:
<mask> (August 9, 1883 – March 10, 1965) was an American suffragist, civil rights activist, organization executive, and community practitioner whose career spanned over half a century. <mask>’s effective skills as an orator, fundraiser, organizer, and political activist guided the work being conducted by the National Association of Colored Women (NACW); National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); National Council of Negro Women and other leading civil rights organizations of the Progressive Era. Early life
Born on August 9, 1883, in Reading, Pennsylvania, <mask> was educated in Reading, Pennsylvania. She was the daughter of <mask>, born in Virginia, and of Rose Proctor born in 1860 in Charles County, Maryland. <mask>'s maternal grandparents were Joseph Jenifer Proctor and <mask>, free persons of color. After completing her formal education in the public school system, she relocated to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1909. In 1912, she married <mask>, a restaurateur in the Pittsburgh suburbs.It was during this time that she developed her passion for social justice and civic engagement. Those issues that initially resonated with her were connected to her life as an African-American housewife. Motivated by the suffragette movement of the early 20th century, <mask> began hosting local suffragist meetings at her home in 1912. After relocating within the city limits of Pittsburgh, <mask> became increasingly involved in the local leadership of the suffragist movement. She joined the New Negro Women's Equal Franchise Federation, which would later be renamed the Lucy Stone League. <mask>'s early career as a suffragist included assembling street-corner speeches and organizing other black housewives to actively engage in consumer groups. In 1915, her leadership and oratorical ability earned her the position of president of the Lucy Stone League, a post she maintained until 1955.It was also during this time that <mask> became intimately involved with the national framework of the black women's club movement. Her leadership within the women's club movement introduced her to the leadership circles within the federation of women's clubs, particularly the National Association of Colored Women (NACW), where she would eventually serve as National Board Chairwoman. During this period she developed collegial friendships with black women's movement leaders such as Addie Waites Hunton, Mary Church Terrell and Charlotte Hawkins Brown. Still her most noted partnership would come through her association and friendship with Mary McLeod Bethune, with whom she would later assist in founding the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) in 1935. Civil Rights Movement
Upon securing the right to vote, <mask> became increasingly involved in civic engagement and civil rights advocacy effort on both the local and national level. She served as Chairwoman of the Allegheny County Negro Women's Republican League, vice-Chairwoman of the Negro Voters League of Pennsylvania and vice-Chairwoman of the Colored Voters Division of the Republican National Committee. She established the first Red Cross chapter among black women and organized local chapters of both the Urban League and NAACP in Pittsburgh.Most notably, she was made a stockholder and subsequently vice-president of the Pittsburgh Courier, which she used to raise funds for social justice causes and events. In her role as writer, editor, and executive, the paper became the top African-American-run circulating paper in the world during the 1950s. <mask>'s influence in national politics would eventually take her to the White House to meet with then President Calvin Coolidge and other noted black leaders regarding racial equality in 1924. Reflective of both the period and <mask>'s position, she was the only woman in attendance at the meeting. Field Secretary of the NAACP
These efforts would eventually lead to then national secretary of the NAACP, Walter White recruiting <mask> as the first field secretary for the organization in 1930. Here <mask>'s efforts to organize and bolster the image of the NAACP nationally have become legendary. In 1931, <mask> single-handedly organized the NAACP's 1931 National Convention in Pittsburgh.Her fundraising and organizing skills so impressed NAACP leadership that in 1935, she was moved from regional to National Field Secretary of the organization. That same year, while continuing to establish local NAACP chapters and participating in fundraising efforts, <mask> along with White, spearheaded the organization’s drive to pass a federal anti-lynching bill in the United States Congress. <mask>'s direct involvement within the lobbying efforts on behalf of the bill far surpassed her collection of the $9,378 that she grossed through the button campaign during the Great Depression. In her description of opposition to the federal bill by white southern anti-lynching activist, Jessie Daniel Ames, because of its anti-states’ rights stance, notes: "Black women thoroughly disgusted by Ames's stance, called a meeting with her and some of her supporters, in Atlanta in 1935. <mask> who had been involved with the confrontation with the National Woman's Party and who was now a field secretary for the NAACP, began the discussion. The silence of the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL), she said, was strengthening the position of congressional opponents of the bill. They "[would] take new courage and they [would] use it to their advantage when they can stand on the floor and say that the…southern white women did not endorse the Costigan-Wagner Bill."While other black leaders such as Nannie Helen Burroughs and Mary Bethune proved to be more conciliatory in their understanding of southern white women's opposition to the anti-lynching law, <mask> continued to decry the lack of support amongst her supposed white peers. Such insistence garnered <mask> the image of the no-nonsense community activist that she was most known for during the era. Legacy
In addition to her lobbying, organizing and fundraising efforts, <mask> has also been credited with recruiting a young Baltimore attorney and future Supreme Court Justice, Thurgood Marshall to become a member of the NAACP's Legal Defense Committee in 1938. Marshall would go on to lead the organization in its successful litigation in Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka before the U.S. Supreme Court. She was credited with having the most substantial gains in membership among any of the organization's executive leadership. During her last year as National Field Secretary she raised over $1 million for the organizations. So dedicated was she to the NAACP and community organizing that has been said she to have crossed the country conducting 40 NAACP chapter meetings in one month.<mask> would eventually take on a renewed interest in black women's organizing; assisting the Delta Sigma Theta sorority with internal fundraising and the centralizing of its finances and records. She has been credited with advancing the organization's ability to have a presence in the policy-making center of the nation. She was inducted as an Honorary Member in 1947. Death
While she resigned as national field secretary in 1947, <mask> continued to serve on the organization's executive board. She suffered a stroke while at a NAACP membership drive in Camden, New Jersey, and died on March 10, 1965. A Pennsylvania State Historical Marker is Placed at 2519 Webster Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania commemorating her accomplishments. Her grave is at Homewood Cemetery, Pittsburgh.See also
List of suffragists and suffragettes
Timeline of women's suffrage

References

Sources
Axinn, J., &. Mark J. Stern (2008). Social Welfare: A history of the American response to need. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Giddings, P. (1988). In Search of Sisterhood: Delta Sigma Theta and the challenge of the black sorority movement. New York: HarperCollins.Giddings, P. (1984). When and Where I Enter: The impact of black women on race and sex in America. New York: HarperCollins. Hine, D. H. (2006). The African American Odyssey, 3rd edn. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc.
Houck, D. W. (2009). Women and the Civil Rights Rovement, 1954–1965.Oxford: University Press of Mississippi. Levin, Steve (1998, February 2). "<mask> was a dynamo for change". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. White, D. (1999). Too Heavy a Load: Black women in defense of themselves 1894–1994. New York: Norton.1883 births
1965 deaths
American suffragists
American civil rights activists
Women civil rights activists
Pennsylvania Republicans
Burials at Homewood Cemetery
African-American suffragists
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

masks:
Daisy Elizabeth Adams Lampkin
Lampkin
Daisy Elizabeth Adams
George Adams
Daisy
Elizabeth Swann
William Lampkin
Lampkin
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Lampkin
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Lampkin
Daisy Lampkin
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Daisy Lampkin


texts:
Anthony "<mask><mask> (born May 20, 1960) is an American actor, singer, producer, director, and political activist. He made his debut appearing as Darren in the slasher film Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (1986), and had his breakthrough for starring as Carl Bruner in the fantasy thriller film Ghost (1990), which earned him a nomination for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor. He went on to star as Harold Nixon in the biographical film Nixon (1995), which earned him a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination, and as Neil Armstrong in the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon (1998). <mask> voiced the main character in the Disney animated film Tarzan (1999), and portrayed Colonel Bagley in The Last Samurai (2003), Johnathon "John" Collingwood in the horror film The Last House on the Left (2009), Andrew Prior in the Divergent film series (2014–2015) and Paul Cohen in King Richard (2021), the latter of which earned him a second nomination for a Screen Actors Guild Award. He starred as Fitzgerald Grant III in the ABC legal/political drama Scandal (2012–2018) and directed a number of episodes for the series, for which he won a Peabody Award. Early life
<mask> was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of actress Jennifer Howard and film producer <mask>. <mask>'s paternal grandparents were mogul <mask>, a Polish Jewish immigrant from Warsaw, and actress Frances Howard, who was originally from Nebraska. His maternal grandparents were playwright Sidney Howard and actress Clare Eames.One of his maternal great-great-grandfathers was Maryland Governor and Senator William Thomas Hamilton. <mask> attended Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts (where he received his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree), and the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. He additionally studied acting at HB Studio in New York City. Career

Following his departure from drama school, <mask> began acting in guest star roles in the mid-1980s. <mask> had his breakthrough for playing Carl Bruner, friend-turned-betrayer of Patrick Swayze's character Sam Wheat, in the fantasy thriller film Ghost. The film earned positive reviews, and won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. For his performance, <mask> earned a nomination for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor.<mask> appeared on the comedy series Designing Women, in which he played a young interior designer named Kendall Dobbs, an HIV-positive man who was dying from AIDS and who asked the women of Sugarbakers to design his funeral. In the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, <mask> played astronaut Neil Armstrong, commander of Apollo 11. He also voiced the title character in the 1999 animated feature film Tarzan which was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and grossed over $400 million. He reprised the role in the video games Disney's Tarzan Untamed and Kingdom Hearts. <mask> had a recurring role on the NBC-Universal drama Law & Order: Criminal Intent as Frank Goren, brother of lead character Robert Goren, played by Vincent D'Onofrio. He also had acting and directing duties for the first season of Dexter for Showtime (brother <mask> is executive producer). As a stage actor, <mask> has appeared twice in Off-Broadway shows at Second Stage Theatre and on Broadway at Circle in the Square Theatre.At Second Stage Theatre he appeared in Theresa Rebeck's Spike Heels (1992) alongside Kevin Bacon and Julie White. In the summer of 2006 at Second Stage Theatre he starred opposite Kate Burton in another Rebeck play, The Water's Edge. <mask> played J. D. Sheldrake, the philandering business executive, in the Broadway musical Promises, Promises starring Sean Hayes and Kristin Chenoweth. The cast recording was released on June 23, 2010, with <mask> in three tracks. <mask> played Captain von Trapp (opposite Laura Osnes as Maria) in a concert performance of The Sound of Music at Carnegie Hall on April 25, 2012. The benefit included opera singer Stephanie Blythe as the Mother Abbess, Brooke Shields as Baroness Schraeder and Patrick Page as Max. As a director, <mask> has directed four feature films, A Walk on the Moon, Someone Like You, The Last Kiss, and Conviction.He has also directed many episodes of television series such as Without a Trace, The L Word, Dexter, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Grey's Anatomy and Scandal. In 2014, he directed the pilot episode of the WE tv series, The Divide, of which he also served as executive producer along with Oscar-nominated screenwriter Richard LaGravenese. <mask> starred as President Fitzgerald Grant III in the ABC legal/political drama Scandal from 2012 to 2018. In 2013, <mask> was cast in the Lifetime original movie, Outlaw Prophet, as Warren Jeffs. In 2014, he appeared in Divergent as Andrew Prior, Caleb (Ansel Elgort) and Tris' (Shailene Woodley) father. In 2015, he signed on to star in James Gunn's horror thriller film The Belko Experiment. In June 2018, <mask> was cast as Ben Lefevre in the Netflix supernatural series Chambers.On 20 January 2021 during the inauguration of Joe Biden, <mask> was the host of the Virtual Parade Across America aired on television networks, organized by the Biden Inaugural Committee. Also in 2021, <mask> appeared in King Richard, which was acclaimed and earned several accolades. Personal life
<mask> has been married to production designer Jane Michelle Musky (born 27 May 1954) since 1987. They have two daughters, Anna and Tess. Additionally, <mask>'s brother John is a former executive of Paramount Pictures and the executive producer of Dexter. His brother Peter is also a film producer and the current President of Samuel Goldwyn Films. A former president of the Creative Coalition, <mask> is also heavily involved with arts advocacy.He is also a spokesperson of the AmeriCares Foundation. He was an avid supporter of Hillary Clinton and in 2016 directed a commercial featuring his Scandal co-star Kerry Washington, as well as Viola Davis, Ellen Pompeo, and Shonda Rhimes to support Clinton's presidential campaign. Goldwyn also serves as an ambassador for The Innocence Project, a non-profit organization that works to exonerate the wrongfully convicted and reform the criminal justice system and on the Board of Governors for the Motion Picture & Television Fund (MPTF). Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Director

Audiobook

Stage

Discography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American male video game actors
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American television directors
Brandeis University alumni
Film directors from California
Tony
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
Jewish American male actors
Male actors from Los Angeles

masks:
Tony
" Howard Goldwyn
Goldwyn
Goldwyn
Samuel Goldwyn Jr
Goldwyn
Samuel Goldwyn
Goldwyn
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John Goldwyn
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<mask><mask> (born 1942) is the Alumni University Professor Emeritus in the Department of Philosophy at Carnegie Mellon University. He is also a senior research scientist at the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition. <mask> is the founder of the Philosophy Department at Carnegie Mellon University, a Guggenheim Fellow, a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences, a Phi Beta Kappa lecturer, and is a Fellow of the statistics section of the AAAS. <mask> and his collaborators created the causal interpretation of Bayes nets. His areas of interest include epistemology (particularly Android epistemology), machine learning, automated reasoning, psychology of judgment, and mathematical psychology. One of <mask>'s main contributions to the philosophy of science is in the area of Bayesian probability, particularly in his analysis of the Bayesian "problem of old evidence". <mask>, in collaboration with Peter Spirtes and Richard Scheines, also developed an automated causal inference algorithm implemented as software named TETRAD.Using multivariate statistical data as input, TETRAD rapidly searches from among all possible causal relationship models and returns the most plausible causal models based on conditional dependence relationships between those variables. The algorithm is based on principles from statistics, graph theory, philosophy of science, and artificial intelligence. <mask> earned undergraduate degrees in chemistry and philosophy. He did graduate work in chemical physics and obtained a Ph.D in History and Philosophy of Science from Indiana University in 1969. Publications

Books
Theory and Evidence (Princeton, 1980)
Examining Holistic Medicine (with D. Stalker), Prometheus, 1985
Foundations of Space-Time Theories (with J. Earman), University of Minnesota Press, 1986
Discovering Causal Structure (with R. Scheines, P. Spirtes and K.Kelly) Academic Press, 1987
Causation, Prediction and Search (with P.Spirtes and R. Scheines), Springer, 1993, 2nd Edition MIT Press, 2001
Thinking Things Through, MIT Press, 1994
Android Epistemology (with K. Ford and P. Hayes) MIT/AAAI Press, 1996
The Mind's Arrows: Bayes Nets and Graphical Causal Models in Psychology, MIT Press, 2001
Galileo in Pittsburgh Harvard University Press, 2010. Journal articles
"The Evaluation of Discovery: Models, Simulation and Search through “Big Data”", Open Philosophy, 2019. Available on-line (Open Access): https://doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2019-0005
 "When is a Brain Like the Planet?", Philosophy of Science, 2008. (with David Danks) "Reasons as Causes in Bayesian Epistemology", Journal of Philosophy, 2008. "Markov Properties and Quantum Experiments", in W. Demopoulos and I. Pitowsky, eds. Physical Theory and Its Interpretation: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey Bub, Springer 2006. (with Chu, T. and David Danks) "Data Driven Methods for Granger Causality and Contemporaneous Causality with Non-Linear Corrections: Climate Teleconnection Mechanisms", 2004. "Review of Phil Dowe and Paul Nordhoff: Cause and Chance: Causation in an Indeterministic World", Mind, 2005. (with Eberhardt, Frederick, and Richard Scheines)."N-1 Experiments Suffice to Determine the Causal Relations Among N Variables", 2004. (with F. Eberhardt and R. Scheines), "Log2(N) Experiments are Sufficient, and in the Worst Case Necessary, for Identifying Causal Structure", UAI Proceedings, 2005
(with Handley, Daniel, Nicoleta Serban, David Peters, Robert O'Doherty, Melvin Field, Larry Wasserman, Peter Spirtes, and Richard Scheines), "Evidence of systematic expressed sequence tag IMAGE clone cross-hybridization on cDNA microarrays", Genomics, Vol. 83, Issue 6 (June, 2004), 1169-1175. (with Handley, Daniel, Nicoleta Serban, and David G. Peters). "Concerns About Unreliable Data from Spotted cDNA Microarrays Due to Cross-Hybridization and Sequence Errors", Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vol. 3, Issue 1 (October 6, 2004), Article 25. "Comment on D. Lerner", "The Illusion of Conscious Will", Behavioral and Brain Sciences, in press."Review of Joseph E. Early, Sr. (Ed. ): Chemical Explanation: Characteristics, Development, Autonomy", Philosophy of Science, Vol. 71, No. 3 (July, 2004), 415-418. (with Spirtes, and <mask>). "Causal Inference", Encyclopedia of Social Science, in press
"We believe in freedom of the will so that we can learn", Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol.27, No. 5 (2004), 661-662. "The Automation of Discovery", Daedelus, Vol. Winter (2004), 69-77. (with Serban, Nicoleta, Larry Wasserman, David Peters, Peter Spirtes, Robert O'Doherty, Dan Handley, and Richard Scheines). "Analysis of microarray data for treated fat cells", (2003). (with Danks, David, and Peter Spirtes)."The Computational and Experimental Complexity of Gene Perturbations for Regulatory Network Search", (2003). (with Silva, Ricardo, Richard Scheines, and Peter Spirtes). "Learning Measurement Models for Unobserved Variables", UAI '03, Proceedings of the 19th Conference in Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, August 7–10, 2003, Acapulco, Mexico (2003), 543-550. (with Danks, David and Peter Spirtes). "The Computational and Experimental Complexity of Gene Perturbations for Regulatory Network Search", Proceedings of IJCAI-2003 Workshop on Learning Graphical Models for Computational Genomics, (2003), 22-31. (with Frank Wimberly, Thomas Heiman, and Joseph Ramsey). "Experiments on the Accuracy of Algorithms for Inferring the Structure of Genetic Regulatory Networks from Microarray Expression Levels", International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Workshop, 2003
"A Semantics and Methodology for Ceteris Paribus Hypotheses", Erkenntnis, Vol.57 (2002), 395-405. "Review of James Woodward, Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation", British Journal for Philosophy of Science, Vol. 55 (2004), 779-790. (with Fienberg, Stephen, and Richard Scheines). "Expert statistical testimony and epidemiological evidence: the toxic effects of lead exposure on children", Journal of Econometrics, Vol 113 (2003), 33-48. "Learning, prediction and causal Bayes Nets", Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 7, No.1 (2003), 43-47. (with Alison Gopnik, David M. Sobel, Laura E. Schulz, Tamar Kushnir, and David Danks). "A theory of causal learning in children: Causal maps and Bayes nets", Psychological Review, Vol. 111, No. 1 (2004). "Freud, Kepler, and the clinical evidence", in R. Wollheim and J. Hopkins, eds. Philosophical Essays on Freud'', Cambridge University Press 1982.
and many others dating back to 1970.References

External links
IHMC website
Carnegie Mellon Department of Philosophy faculty page
TETRAD Project

1942 births
Living people
American logicians
Philosophers of science
Indiana University alumni
Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition people
20th-century American philosophers
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

masks:
Clark N
. Glymour
Work Glymour
Glymour
Glymour
Glymour
Glymour
Peter Glymour


texts:
<mask> (c. 1547 – 7 January 1619) was an English goldsmith and limner best known for his portrait miniatures of members of the courts of Elizabeth I and James I of England. He mostly painted small oval miniatures, but also some larger cabinet miniatures, up to about  tall, and at least two famous half-length panel portraits of Elizabeth. He enjoyed continuing success as an artist, and continuing financial troubles, for forty-five years. His paintings still exemplify the visual image of Elizabethan England, very different from that of most of Europe in the late sixteenth century. Technically he was very conservative by European standards, but his paintings are superbly executed and have a freshness and charm that has ensured his continuing reputation as "the central artistic figure of the Elizabethan age, the only English painter whose work reflects, in its delicate microcosm, the world of Shakespeare's earlier plays." Early life and family

<mask> was born in Exeter in 1547. He was the son of <mask> (1519–1594) of Exeter, Devon, also spelt Hellyer, a goldsmith who became a staunch Protestant and was Sheriff of Exeter in 1568, by his marriage to Laurence, daughter of John Wall, a City of London goldsmith.He was one of four boys: two others became goldsmiths, and one a clergyman. <mask> may have been a close relative of Grace Hiller (Hilliar), first wife of Theophilus Eaton (1590–1657), the co-founder of New Haven Colony in America. He appears to have been attached at a young age to the household of the leading Exeter Protestant John Bodley, the father of Thomas Bodley who founded the Bodleian Library in Oxford. John Bodley went into exile on the accession of the Catholic Queen Mary I of England, and on 8 May 1557 <mask>, then ten years old, was recorded in Geneva as one of an eleven-strong Bodley family group at a Calvinist service presided over by John Knox. Calvinism does not seem to have struck with <mask>, but the fluent French he acquired abroad was later useful. Thomas Bodley, two years older, continued an intensive classical education under leading scholars in Geneva, but it is not clear to what extent <mask> was given similar studies. <mask> painted a portrait of himself at the age of 13 in 1560 and is said to have executed one of Mary, Queen of Scots, when he was eighteen years old.<mask> apprenticed himself to the Queen's jeweller Robert Brandon (d. 1591), a goldsmith and city chamberlain of London, and Sir Roy Strong suggests that <mask> may also have been trained in the art of limning by Levina Teerlinc during this period. She was the daughter of Simon Bening, the last great master of the Flemish manuscript illumination tradition, and became court painter to Henry VIII after Holbein's death. After his seven years' apprenticeship, <mask> was made a freeman of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths in 1569. He set up a workshop with his younger brother John; another brother was also a goldsmith, and the youngest a clergyman. He married Brandon's daughter Alice (1556–1611) in 1576 and they had seven children. Career

Royal limner

<mask> emerged from his apprenticeship at a time when a new royal portrait painter was "desperately needed". Two panel portraits long attributed to him, the "Phoenix" and "Pelican" portraits, are dated c. 1572–76.<mask> was appointed limner (miniaturist) and goldsmith to Elizabeth I at an unknown date; his first known miniature of the Queen is dated 1572, and already in 1573 he was granted the reversion of a lease by the Queen for his "good, true and loyal service." In 1571 he had made "a booke of portraitures" for the Earl of Leicester, the Queen's favourite, which is likely to be how he became known to the Court; several of his children were named after Leicester and his circle. Despite this patronage, in 1576 the recently married <mask> left for France "with no other intent than to increase his knowledge by this voyage, and upon hope to get a piece of money of the lords and ladies here for his better maintenance in England at his return", carefully reported the English Ambassador in Paris, Sir Amyas Paulet, with whom <mask> stayed for much of the time. Francis Bacon was attached to the embassy, and <mask> did a miniature of him in Paris. He remained until 1578–79, mixing in the artistic circles round the court, staying with Germain Pilon and George of Ghent, respectively the Queen's sculptor and painter, and meeting Ronsard, who perhaps paid him the rather double-edged compliment later quoted by <mask>: "the islands indeed seldom bring forth any cunning man, but when they do it is in high perfection". He appears in the papers of the duc d'Alençon, a suitor of Queen Elizabeth, under the name of "<mask>t, peintre anglois", in 1577, receiving a stipend of 200 livres. The miniature of Madame de Sourdis, certainly the work of <mask>, is dated 1577, in which year she was a maid of honour at the French court; and other portraits which are his work are believed to represent Gabrielle d'Estrées (niece of Madame de Sourdis), la princesse de Condé, and Madame de Montgomery.Money was a persistent problem for <mask>. The typical price for a miniature seems to have been £3 – which compares well with prices charged by Cornelis Ketel in the 1570s of £1 for a head-and-shoulders portrait and £5 for a full-length. A portrait of the Earl of Northumberland cost £3 in 1586. Around the year 1574 <mask> invested in a gold mine in Scotland with Cornelius de Vos and lost money. In 1599 <mask> secured an annual allowance from the Queen of £40, and in 1617 managed to obtain a monopoly on producing miniatures and engravings of James I, something Elizabeth had refused in 1584. Nonetheless, he was briefly imprisoned in Ludgate Prison that year, after standing surety for the debt of another, and being unable to produce the amount. His father-in-law evidently had little trust in his financial acumen; his will of 1591 provided for his daughter by an allowance administered by the Goldsmiths' Company.The same year the Queen gave him £400, a large amount, after he made a second Great Seal, and perhaps bearing in mind that he had not had an annuity. After his return from France he had invested in a scheme, or perhaps scam, for gold-mining in Scotland, which he still remembered bitterly twenty-five years later. During a low point in his finances, in July 1601 <mask> wrote to the Secretary of State Robert Cecil acknowledging the annuity of £40, but asking permission to retire from London and live more cheaply in the countryside. He explained that he had trained apprentices who now competed with him in the private painting market. <mask> asked that Cecil employ his son as a clerk, because he could not keep him in his own trade. 21st century research at Waddesdon Manor has transformed our understanding of his work as two large-scale paintings have been newly attributed to him. The portraits, of Sir Amyas Paulet and Elizabeth, are painted on French oak panels, not the Baltic oak commonly used in England, and are thought to date to <mask>'s time in France.The new data supports Sir Roy Strong's 1983 attribution of the portrait of Elizabeth to <mask>. Later career

After his return from France he lived and worked in a house in Gutter Lane, off Cheapside, from 1579 to 1613, when his son and pupil Laurence took it over, carrying on in business for many decades. <mask> had moved to an unknown address in the parish of St Martins-in-the-Fields, out of the city and nearer the Court. Strong describes the opening of the shop as "a revolution" which soon broadened the clientele for miniatures from the Court to the gentry, and by the end of the century to well-off city merchants. Apart from Laurence, who continued in a "feeble" version of his father's style, his pupils included Isaac Oliver, by far the most important, and Rowland Lockey. He appears to have given lessons to amateurs also; a letter from a young lady being "finished" in London in 1595 says: "For my drawing, I take an hour in the afternoon ... My Lady.. telleth me, when she is well, that she will see if <mask> will come and teach me, if she can by any means, she will". He continued to work as a goldsmith, and produced some spectacular "picture boxes" or jewelled lockets for miniatures, worn round the neck, such as the Lyte Jewel in the British Museum, which, typically, was given by James I (more generous in this respect than Elizabeth) to a courtier, Thomas Lyte, in 1610.The Armada Jewel, given by Elizabeth to Sir Thomas Heneage and the Drake Pendant given to Sir Francis Drake are the best known examples. As part of the cult of the Virgin Queen, courtiers were rather expected to wear the Queen's likeness, at least at Court. Elizabeth had her own collection of miniatures, kept locked in a cabinet in her bedroom, wrapped in paper and labelled, with the one labelled "My Lord's picture" containing a portrait of Leicester. His appointment as miniaturist to the Crown included the old sense of a painter of illuminated manuscripts and he was commissioned to decorate important documents, such as the founding charter of Emmanuel College, Cambridge (1584), which has an enthroned Elizabeth within an elaborate framework of Flemish-style Renaissance ornament. He also seems to have designed woodcut title-page frames and borders for books, some of which bear his initials. As a New Year's day gift in 1584, <mask> presented Queen Elizabeth wirh a picture of the story of five wise and foolish virgins. He was in high favour with James I as well as with Elizabeth, receiving from the king a special patent of appointment, dated 5 May 1617, granting him a sole licence for royal portraits in engraved form for twelve years; he had already been producing these, although probably usually using the immigrant Renold Elstrack to actually engrave the plates.James's more lavish presentation of portraits had its effect on the quality of the work from the <mask> workshop. When the Earl of Rutland returned from an embassy to Denmark, sixteen members of his party were given chains of gold with the king's picture, and others received just a picture. The esteem of his contemporaries for <mask> is testified to by John Donne, who in a poem called The Storm (1597) praises the work of this artist. He died on 7 January 1619 and was buried in the church of St Martins-in-the-Fields, Westminster, leaving in his will twenty shillings to the poor of the parish, thirty between his two sisters, some goods to his maidservant, and all the rest of his effects to his son, <mask>, his sole executor. By far the largest collection of his work is in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. The National Portrait Gallery and British Museum in London have several others. The conditions in which miniatures have been kept ensure that many remain in excellent condition, and have avoided the attention of restorers, although fading of pigments, and oxidization of silver paint are common.Style

He was the author of an important treatise on miniature painting, now called The Art of Limning (c. 1600), preserved in the Bodleian Library. Although it was once believed that the author of that treatise was John de Critz, Serjeant Painter to James I, from instructions by <mask> for the benefit of one of his pupils, perhaps Isaac Oliver, more recent scholarship holds that the Art "can be dated rather closely and established convincingly" as the work of <mask>. The masters mentioned in The Art of Limning are Hans Holbein the Younger, Henry VIII's court painter, and Albrecht Dürer, who he probably only knew from his prints. Both were dead by the time of <mask>'s birth, and in many respects he is more conservative even than Holbein. He also learned from French art, including their chalk drawings, and refers to the artist and theoretical writer Gian Paolo Lomazzo. English art was distinctly provincial, and <mask>'s art is a world away from that of the early-Baroque Italian artists of his time, or his close contemporary El Greco (1541–1614). In the Art of Limning he cautioned against all but the minimal use of chiaroscuro modelling that we see in his works, reflecting the views of his patron Elizabeth: "seeing that best to show oneself needeth no shadow of place but rather the open light ...Her Majesty .. chose her place to sit for that purpose in the open alley of a goodly garden, where no tree was near, nor any shadow at all ..."

He emphasises the need to catch "the grace in countenance, in which the affections appear, which can neither be well used nor well-judged of but by the wiser sort". So the "wise drawer" should "watch" and "catch these lovely graces, witty smilings, and these stolen glances which suddenly like lightning pass and another countenance taketh place". His normal technique (except for duplicates of royal images) was to paint the whole face in the presence of the sitter, probably in at least two sittings. He kept a number of prepared flesh-coloured blanks ready, in different shades, to save time on laying the "carnation" ground. He then painted the outlines of the features very faintly with a "pencil", actually a very fine pointed squirrel-hair brush, before filling these out by faint hatchings. He added to the techniques available, especially for clothes and jewels, often exploiting the tiny shadows cast by thick dots of paint to give a three-dimensionality to pearls and lace. A few half-finished miniatures give a good idea of his working technique.He probably made few drawings; certainly few have survived. His style shows little development after the 1570s, apart from developing some technical refinements, except that many of his later repetitions of James I and his family are much weaker than his early works. James did not like sitting for his portrait and <mask> probably had few sittings with him. From the 1590s on, his old pupil Isaac Oliver was a competitor, who was appointed as Limner to the new Queen Anne of Denmark in 1604, and then to Henry, Prince of Wales when he established his own household in 1610. Oliver had travelled abroad and developed a more modern style than his master, and was certainly better at perspective drawing, though he could not match <mask> in freshness and psychological penetration. Gallery

Panel portraits

Portrait miniatures

Elizabeth I

Drawing and illumination

See also
Artists of the Tudor court
List of British artists
Portraiture of Elizabeth I
Portrait of Sir Francis Drake wearing the Drake Pendant, 1591

Notes

References

 (now Yale History of Art series)

External links

The Heneage or Armada Jewel at the Victoria & Albert Museum site (also contains a miniature not shown)
Second Great Seal of Elizabeth I, designed by <mask> c. 1584
"Dangers Averted" medal, c. 1569, attributed to Hilliard

Power & Portraiture exhibition: painting at the court of Elizabeth I

1540s births
1619 deaths
People from Exeter
16th-century English painters
English male painters
17th-century English painters
English portrait painters
Portrait miniaturists
English medallists
English goldsmiths
Artist authors

masks:
Nicholas Hilliard
Hilliard
Richard Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Nicholas Belliar
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Lawrence Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard
Hilliard