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<mask> (; ; born 27 November 1965) is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament, representing Île-de-France. Prior to her election, she held the cabinet post of Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice. She was a spokesperson for Nicolas Sarkozy during the French presidential election of 2007. After his victory, Sarkozy appointed her to his Government on 18 May 2007. She was elected mayor of the 7th arrondissement of Paris on 29 March 2008. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 27 November 1965 in Saint-Rémy, Burgundy to a Moroccan father, a bricklayer named Mbarek, and an Algerian mother, named Fatima-Zohra. She was the second child of twelve in an impoverished family, and she spent her childhood in Chalon-sur-Saône in Burgundy.Even though Dati was raised in a devout Islamic environment, she attended Catholic schools; <mask>'s own personal religious beliefs have been described as "unclear. She studied at the University of Burgundy, where she received a master's degree in Economics, and at Panthéon-Assas University, where she received a  Law degree. Career

Early beginnings
At the age of sixteen, Dati started working as a paramedical assistant. She then worked for three years as an accountant at Elf Aquitaine while at university. After meeting Jean-Luc Lagardère in 1990, <mask> entered the audit management team of Matra Nortel communication. She later spent a year in London at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, in the records management and archiving department. In 1994, she was an auditing supervisor and secretary-general of the bureau of urban development studies at Suez (then Lyonnaise des Eaux).From 1995 to 1997, she worked as a technical advisor at the legal management division of the Ministry of Education. In 1997, <mask> was admitted to the École nationale de la magistrature, a public educational institution which offers courses necessary to become a magistrate. Upon leaving in 1999, she became a legal auditor at the Bobigny tribunal de grande instance (high court). She went on to become judge for collective procedures at the  in Péronne and eventually an assistant to the attorney general of the Évry tribunal. Career in politics
In 2002, <mask> became Nicolas Sarkozy's advisor, working for him on an anti-delinquency project. In 2006, she joined the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party. On 14 January 2007, she was named spokesperson for Sarkozy on the day he was chosen as UMP candidate for the presidential elections of April 2007.After Sarkozy's victory on 6 May 2007, she was appointed Minister of Justice. Her rationalization of the court system was publicly opposed by judicial professionals. Later on, it was recognised by the French Court of Auditors as one of the most ambitious reforms of the judicial institution. When the Sarkozys' marriage began to break up, <mask> frequently went on official presidential trips to accompany Nicolas Sarkozy. On 23 January 2009, Sarkozy announced that <mask> would take the second position on the UMP candidate list for Île-de-France constituency in the European Parliament election in June 2009, to which she was elected. She left her post as minister after being elected as a European deputy. Career in the private sector
Soon after she left the government, in summer 2009, <mask> switched to law, becoming a junior magistrate and assistant prosecutor.She also founded a consulting company called "La Bourdonnais consultant," which she had to dissolve at the beginning of 2010 to be able to resume the profession of lawyer, which she had to do by special dispensation (like other former magistrates). She sits on the editorial board of the French version of the Huffington Post, where she writes a weekly column about women's issues. On the local level, <mask> is the Mayor of the 7th district of Paris and Member of Paris City Council. On 9 February 2013, <mask> announced she was a candidate for mayor of Paris in the 2014 local elections but she later withdrew because "the press has already chosen Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet". Member of the European Parliament, 2009–2019
A member of the European People's Party group in the European Parliament, <mask> served on the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and on the parliament's delegations for relations with the Mashreq countries, to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean, and for relations with the Arab Peninsula. In parliament, <mask> was the Parliament's rapporteur on several texts dealing with countering terrorism and the prevention of radicalisation and recruitment of European citizens by terrorist organisations. Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in 2015, she drafted a report into how to prevent the radicalisation of young Europeans.Her parliamentary work also included dealing with the prison systems and conditions in the European Union, and finding solutions to face the migration crisis with an EU common list of safe countries of origin. In the UMP's 2012 leadership election, <mask> endorsed Jean-François Copé. In the Republicans’ 2017 leadership election, Dati endorsed Laurent Wauquiez. In early 2019, she announced her plan to run for the Paris municipal election in 2020. Controversy
In early 2009, <mask> received an anonymous death threat accompanied by a 9mm-calibre bullet. Soon after <mask> left the government in 2009 to stand for the European Parliament, she was hired by the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance as a legal adviser. In 2019, France's financial prosecutor launched an investigation into consulting fees she received from the alliance.In December 2013, French media reported that <mask> had received payments from French energy utility GDF-Suez. In early 2014, the President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz asked parliamentary services to look into conflict-of-interest concerns, but the inquiry was interrupted by the 2014 election campaign. At the same time, the French high authority for transparency in public life, France's anti-corruption watchdog, also opened a file on the case. In August 2021, <mask> was charged by France's financial crime unit with passive corruption and benefiting from abuse of power. on 27 September 2021, Arte TV reported how caviar diplomacy led to the rejection of the Aserbaidjan political prisoners report by the European Parliament in 2013. The rejection was due to bribed EU parliamentarians, and <mask> also stood out as one of the leading voices to reject the truth about a flawed democracy in Azerbaijan. Her Italian college Luca Volonté has already been sentenced for accepting bribes.Volontè received 2.4M Euro as bribes froma 30M bribe fund of the Aserbaidjan fund to thwart EU guidelines by bribing its institutions. Other activities
 PlaNet Finance, Member of International Advisory Board

Personal life
In September 2008, Dati announced that she was pregnant and would be a single mother. She revealed her pregnancy to a group of reporters who questioned her about mounting rumours. "I want to remain careful, because . . . I am still in the risky stage. I am 42", she was quoted as saying.Her daughter, Zohra, was born in early 2009. As the name of the father was not revealed, many names circulated in gossip magazines. However, in 2012, she started legal action against Dominique Desseigne, the chief executive of Groupe Lucien Barrière a casino market leader in France, Switzerland and Europe, to recognise paternity. In December 2012, a French court ordered Desseigne to undergo a paternity test to see if he fathered <mask>'s child. After Desseigne refused to undergo the test, a French court decision of 7 January 2016 ruled that Desseigne was indeed the father. In November 2016, she was listed as one of BBC's 100 Women. Distinctions
 : Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (April 2010)
  Two Sicilian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
People from Saint-Rémy, Saône-et-Loire
French Ministers of Justice
French people of Moroccan descent
French people of Algerian descent
MEPs for Île-de-France 2009–2014
MEPs for Île-de-France 2014–2019
21st-century women MEPs for France
Union for a Popular Movement MEPs
University of Burgundy alumni
French city councillors
Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University alumni
The Republicans (France) MEPs
Women government ministers of France
Female justice ministers
BBC 100 Women
Mayors of an arrondissement of Paris

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<mask> (born August 17, 1966) is an American professional skateboarder who practices freestyle skateboarding and street skateboarding. He is considered the most influential street skater in the history of the sport, being credited for inventing numerous tricks, including the flatground ollie, kickflip, heelflip, impossible, and 360-flip. As a result, he has been called the "Godfather of Street Skateboarding". <mask> won his first world skateboard championship at the age of 14; over the following decade, he won 34 out of 35 freestyle contests, thus establishing the most successful competitive run in the history of the sport. Over the following years, he transitioned from freestyle to street skateboarding, adapting his accumulated freestyle skills to street and inventing or expanding upon additional tricks in the process, such as primo slides, dark slides, and casper slides. Mullen has appeared in over 20 skateboarding videos and has co-authored an autobiography, entitled The Mutt: How to Skateboard and Not Kill Yourself, with writer Sean Mortimer. Early life
Mullen was born in Gainesville, Florida.As a child, Mullen slept in boots designed to correct a severe pigeon-toe condition. Despite <mask>'s condition, "He had an incredible dexterity with his feet," said Phil Chiocchio, former owner of the Florida skatepark, Sensation Basin. Mullen began skateboarding at the age of ten, on New Years Day of 1977, after a neighborhood friend introduced him to a skateboard. He promised his strict father that he would cease skateboarding the first time he became seriously injured:

My dad wouldn't let me have a skateboard. He thought I'd get hurt and never get good, and the culture was bums, and I'd turn into one. He was a dentist, but before that he was military, and there were times you'd call him, 'Sir.' New Year's Day he had a drink and felt better, and the skate shop was open.I learned to skate in our garage. We lived in the country in Florida, it was sort of farmish, and there was no cement anywhere else. Vert skating was the kind of skating that was done in pools, where you could get airborne and be weightless. The other style, which is what I did, was called free style, which was tricks you could do on flat ground. Mullen practice in the garage of the family home while wearing a comprehensive protective pads setup, a precaution that was part of the deal with his father. He also spent time with his sister's surfer friends who skated on weekdays. He became obsessed with the skateboard and practiced for many hours on a daily basis.Professional skateboarding

In 1978, even though he had owned a skateboard for only just over a year, Mullen placed fifth in the Boy's Freestyle category at the US Open Championships at Kona Skatepark in Jacksonville, Florida. Skateboard manufacturer Bruce Walker saw his performance and sponsored Mullen through Walker Skateboards from 1978 to 1980. Mullen's biggest influence in skateboarding at the time was a Walker professional skateboarder, Jim McCall, who was coached in his early years by Walker (Walker also coached a young Kelly Slater). Mullen was also influenced in a positive manner by professional skateboarders from Florida including Ed Womble, George McClellan, Clyde Rodgers, Tim Scroggs, and Kelly Lynn. In later years, Mullen was coached by Barry Zaritsky (also known as "SIO Barry"), who owned a company called SiO Safety Shorts. When his family moved to a farm in a remote part of Florida, Mullen began perfecting his flat ground techniques in the family garage; he has said that the isolation and lack of terrain naturally guided him towards freestyle skateboarding. Mullen cites July 1979–August 1980 as his "most creative time," a time when he was predominantly a loner who counted the cows of the family farm as his best friends.<mask> then proceeded to win thirty successive amateur competitive victories in the late 1970s, mostly in his home state of Florida, culminating in a win at the Oceanside Nationals in June 1979. In 1980, the 14-year-old <mask> entered the Oasis Pro competition, defeating the world champion, Steve Rocco. At Oasis Skatepark Mullen also spotted a 12-year-old skater who "introduced himself as Tony Hawk." Recalled Mullen, "Before Tony was sponsored, before anybody knew anything about him, he made an impression on me," and the two would go on to become good friends. Bones Brigade
Shortly thereafter, Mullen turned professional as a member of the renowned Bones Brigade team sponsored by Powell Peralta, based on the recommendation by Powell Peralta rider and fellow Floridian skateboarder Tim Scroggs of Mullen to company co-founder Stacy Peralta, whom Mullen highly admired. Mullen competed voraciously throughout the 1980s, often frustrating competitors and judges with his consistency and progressive ability. Like most skaters at the time, Mullen skated a mix of styles, including some vert, before skateboarding became more clearly delineated, as skaters who were more freestyle-oriented gravitated toward street and those who had skated more transition, bowls, and pools went into vert.Mullen enrolled in the chemical engineering program at the University of Florida, leaving during his senior year prior to completing his degree in order to take over management of World Industries with fellow Bones Brigade team member and company co-founder Steve Rocco. Invention of the flatground ollie
Among his most significant contributions to the evolution of modern skateboarding, <mask>llen adapted the ollie, first pioneered by Alan Gelfand on vert (where Gelfand would scoop off the back trucks to obtain more air off the wall, but without popping the tail of the skateboard in the process), to flat ground. This ability to pop the board off of the ground and drag it upward into the air, gaining significant altitude and air time, allowed ollieing onto rails and obstacles and opened the door to more complex flip tricks and other flat ground tricks. The invention of this trick alone, even apart from the numerous other tricks that he has invented and his design work, has ranked <mask> as one of the most important skateboarders of all time. In response to the praise that he has received for the flat ground ollie, Mullen stated in August 2012:

The origins of ollies—a guy named Alan Gelfand did it on vert…I had for a long time done a really simple movement, which was—it was just a transfer trick…and there are a ton of tricks where I needed to get to this side [demonstrates going from standing regular on his board to standing on the nose]. It's a transfer trick—I'd been doing that since the late seventies, so that I could, in turn, do things like this [demonstrates going from standing on the nose to a nose-stand and then landing back on his skateboard]. When I saw him [Gelfand] do it on the wall, I immediately—I'm thinking, the mechanics of it:  how do you get your board off the ground—how would you get your board off the ground like he did off the wall, 'cause I'm stuck on flat ground, not weightless.... [T]he first ones I did took about, I don't know, five, ten minutes....I realized, that's just the same motion I've been doing for years—it's a see-saw motion; that's how ollies work…it's just a punch and a little hop; and the real key to it was dragging your foot and leveling it out, which brings the board up.... In a back-handed way, people credit me with—in the documentary, Stacy [Peralta]'s Bones Brigade documentary, credit me with the importance of the ollie that gave the foundation for street skating, which is just skateboarding today, all that; and to me it was like, "Yeah, but, it's not a big deal." Took me ten minutes, fifteen, half an hour, an hour; and the next thing you know, you're getting 'em this high, and that's what laid the foundation for everything else. So, in a sense, the biggest innovation for street skating, which is what they credit me for—it's not a big deal! Throughout the 1980s, he invented the majority of skating's ollie and flip tricks, including the flat ground ollie, the kickflip, the heelflip, the 360-flip, and many others. These tricks are now considered essential building blocks of both modern vert skateboarding and street skateboarding. World Industries
In early 1989, <mask> left the Bones Brigade to join World Industries as a principal investor with longtime friend and former rival, Steve Rocco, in the formation of the very first skateboarder-owned company—professional skateboarder, Mike Vallely, later joined the company for a brief period of time.Mullen and Rocco had embarked on a very risky venture, as Powell Peralta was an established company and Rocco's upstart company had been struggling at the time. World Industries would later develop into the distribution company, Dwindle Distribution, which is the world's largest skateboard manufacturer in the 21st century. Transition to street and Plan B
As the popularity of freestyle skateboarding declined, <mask> was urged to transform his style to join the street skating trend that was becoming increasingly popular at that time; however, <mask> was very reluctant due to a fear of compromising his integrity, whereby the foundation of his skateboarding would be "sold out." Such pressure is alluded to in the World Industries video, Rubbish Heap, in which <mask>'s sequence ends with team member, Jeremy Klein, deliberately breaking his freestyle skateboard (which is also the first recorded focus of a skateboard) and then handing him a note from Rocco, accompanied by a street skateboard deck, in which the end of freestyle is declared. In 1991, <mask> joined the high-profile skateboarding team, Plan B Skateboards. Mike Ternasky, the owner of Plan B, influenced <mask> to transition from freestyle to street skating, and showcased his skills in the 1992 Plan B video, Questionable. His segment begins with traditional freestyle tricks executed on flat ground, but quickly transitions into Mullen skateboarding across public terrain to shift into street skating tricks and lines.<mask>'s video part signified a major transformation in relation to both his career and his skateboarding. Ternasky filmed <mask> as he sequenced tricks and mixed flip tricks with grinds and boardslides, while he also negotiated obstacles. <mask> also introduced two newly invented tricks in Questionable, the kickflip underflip and the Casper slide. <mask>'s Questionable performance might have marked the beginning of a new era in street skateboarding. His reluctant transition from freestyle to street skateboarding was a symbol that legitimized the technical direction street skating had taken over the previous few years. <mask> focused on the progression of this transition in subsequent Plan B videos, including 1993's Virtual Reality, in which Mullen showcases the newly mastered trick, the darkslide. <mask>'s participation in Plan B dissolved after Ternasky was killed in a car crash on May 17, 1994.<mask> later explained, "He was such a great person. He would lift you so high and that is why Plan B was what it was. And it was clear once Mike was gone that it was never the same." A-Team and Enjoi
In 1997, <mask> started company, the A-Team—along with Marc Johnson, Gershon Mosley, Dave Mayhew, and Chet Thomas—with the intention of forming a "super team." When A-Team folded in 2000, <mask> made the transition from company founder to company rider for Enjoi Skateboards. Former Maple rider, Marc Johnson, founded Enjoi Skateboards and also recruited riders Chris Cole and Bobby Puleo, with Jerry Hsu for the team. Stance erasure
As a result of injuries accrued over many years riding in a fixed regular stance, from 2007 onward Mullen made a conscious effort to "erase" his riding stance, re-learning tricks (and in many cases learning new tricks he was unable to do previously riding regular) goofy and endeavoring to re-learn riding a skateboard neutrally in the absence of any preferential "natural stance."In an interview with Tony Hawk, <mask> explained that he had developed problems in his right hip joint, with scar tissue having built up in his joint over years as a result of habitually hyper-extending his leg (e. g., doing the splits, a danger inherent in practicing riskier tricks such as darkslides) while skating. <mask> stated that through extensive stretching and the use of blunt objects he was able to break up the scar tissue in order to restore range of motion. <mask> further explained in an interview at Germany's Bright tradeshow in 2011:

For me, it was a grinding to a halt, until I could barely walk really…  I took about a couple of years, a year-and-a-half of breaking myself apart; pretty medievally. And as I did so, I realized that that was helping me unravel my stance; and so now, I've just been investigating, or pushing myself to try to, to, take apart my stance so that I no longer have one. And so it's not just doing everything switch, because everybody does whatever switch. It's to have no stance at a physical level. And so even what you did in your regular, native stance, it feels…new.2014–present
The Almost company celebrated its 10th anniversary with an event at the Berrics indoor skate complex in early March 2014, and <mask> attended the venue for the first time. As part of the celebration, <mask> completed an interview with the Berrics that is titled "A Beautiful Mind," in which <mask> explained his current relationship with skateboarding: "Because we all have that fear of judgment…yeah, that's true. I'm like that—I'm afraid of being judged. I don't necessarily want to be seen in public sucking, getting older; but, what I keep inside, that joy of feeling what I do, rolling around, playing around—that's something I'm going to do as long as I can. That's who I am…who I am." The first video footage of <mask> skateboarding in nine years was published on Tony Hawk's RIDE YouTube channel in July 2014. <mask> appears in the video skateboarding at musician Ben Harper's residence and Harper also performs a single trick at the video's conclusion.The part was filmed by Ben Fordham of the Gracias L.A. brand, which released the Gracias Skateboarding Volumen Uno video in 2014 that also features <mask>. Together with other members of the Almost team, <mask> appeared in a June 2015 photo retrospective of the Almost brand that was shot and curated by skateboard photographer Seu Trinh. Mullen was part of the Globe brand's "EUTrippin'" 2015 European tour, alongside other team members including Mark Appleyard and Haslam. Other ventures

<mask> vs. Daewon
Around 1997, <mask> also initiated discussions with friend and fellow professional skateboarder, Daewon Song, to plan the video <mask> vs. Daewon, released in 1997, which featured the two skaters "competing" with their respective video parts.. The concept developed into a series and, , three "rounds" have been produced. Tensor
Around 2000, <mask> engaged in the development of his own skateboard truck design, a concept that would later become the foundation for the company Tensor. In 2000, <mask> filed for a United States Patent in support of his innovative work in the area and submitted the following abstract to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office:

A skateboard having one or more truck

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 assemblies configured to eliminate undesired ride characteristics such as hanger-jiggle and wheel bite, without sacrificing the skateboard's steering responsiveness.Each truck assembly includes an axle assembly with a ring-shaped hanger that is confined on a kingpin using a pair of bushings, at least one of which includes an annular flange that projects into an annular gap defined between the hanger and the kingpin. This prevents the hanger from moving laterally relative to the kingpin and thereby eliminates undesired ride characteristics such as hanger-jiggle and wheel bite. In a separate feature of the invention, the skateboard truck assembly further incorporates a low-friction slider plate that enhances the rider's performance of certain maneuvers and at the same time protects other components of the truck assembly from undue wear. A subsequent advertisement was released, entitled "The Patented Tensor Design." Tensor recruited team riders such as Daewon Song, Chris Cole, Chris Haslam, Salman Agah, Ryan Sheckler, Kanten Russell, and Gailea Momolu. , the Tensor team consists of <mask>, along with Daewon Song, Ronnie Creager, Enrique Lorenzo,Manny Santiago, Zered Bassett, Felipe Ortiz, and Joey Brezinski. Almost and Dwindle Distribution

Mullen subsequently left Enjoi to co-found Almost Skateboards with Daewon Song, who had been unable to find success with the two preceding deck companies that he had founded, Deca and Artefact.Mullen and Song proceeded to recruit Cooper Wilt (a former Artefact rider), Chris Haslam (a former Deca and Artefact rider), Greg Lutzka, and Ryan Scheckler to form the initial basis of the company. After years of success and controversy, Steve Rocco decided to sell World Industries. In 2002, World Industries, under the holding name "Kubic Marketing," was sold to Globe International for US$46 million. Its owner Rocca and Mullen, a principal investor, both became instant multimillionaires. Kubic's management remained intact, and Mullen began working for Globe under the Dwindle Distribution brand. , Mullen remains the co-owner and a team rider for the Almost brand; his role at Almost also includes research and development on new designs and technologies, including Impact Support, Double Impact, and Uber Light. The Uber Light design was a collaborative effort between Mullen and the CL Composites company, utilizing a design that consists of "a deck inside a deck," whereby, "The internal carbon fiber foam deck is ultra light and nearly as stiff as metal.It acts like rebar, or a skeleton embodied by a standard 7-ply layup. It also vastly improved the lateral rigidity. The deck wears, slides, and looks like a normal 7-ply, but it's lighter and has a supernatural pop that lasts far longer than any normal deck." <mask> also contributes to the design of experimental and composite deck constructions for Dwindle's other brands, such as Blind and Darkstar. Video game appearances
<mask>'s popularity grew in 2000 when he made his first appearance in the Tony Hawk's video game series. <mask> has since appeared in various titles of the Tony Hawk's Pro Skater series including:

 Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2
 Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3
 Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4
 Tony Hawk's Underground
 Tony Hawk's Underground 2
 Tony Hawk's American Wasteland
 Tony Hawk's Project 8
 Tony Hawk'sProving Ground
 Tony Hawk'sRide
 Tony Hawk'sPro Skater HD
 Tony Hawk'sPro Skater 1 + 2
In 2019, he also voiced Jace Skell in the video game Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Breakpoint. Books
In 2015, <mask> wrote the foreword to the Dwindle and Globe history book Unemployable: 30 Years of Hardcore, Skate and Street reflecting upon his twenty-year involvement with those companies.In 2003, <mask> wrote and released his autobiography, The Mutt:  How to Skateboard and Not Kill Yourself. Public speaking
<mask> has completed numerous public speaking engagements and has been invited to present on topics such as his personal life, skateboarding, innovation, creation, and the concept of community. The Lemelson Center at MIT invited <mask> to visit the center, a part of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History to discuss invention and innovation from within the context of American society. The Lemelson Center exchanged ideas and views with <mask> about skateboarding, in addition to the manner in which creativity and innovation can contribute to the development of an improved society. <mask> was invited by the Sapling Foundation, as part of its TED (Technology, Entertainment and Design) public speaking series, to present at the University of Southern California (USC) in June 2012. <mask>'s talk was entitled, "How Context Shapes Content", and featured his perspectives on the manner in which the street-based context of skateboarding influences his practice, in addition to his view of the skateboarding community, whereby he compared the community to the open source and hacking movements. <mask> also spoke about resilience and creativity in a talk entitled "Getting Back Up" at the Pop!Tech "Sparks of Brilliance" event in October 2013.In the first half of 2014, <mask> was invited by the O'Reilly Media technology company to present at its "Strata" and "Velocity" conferences, both of which were held in Santa Clara, California. <mask>'s Strata presentation in February 2014 was titled "The Art of Good Practice" and consisted of an analysis of the nuanced way in which skateboarders practice their craft. <mask> then presented the "Build on a Bedrock of Failure" keynote in June 2014, in which he spoke of the way that "failure, pain, injury, recovery" are "embedded in the very notion of what it is to be a skateboarder." Film
In December 2010, <mask> stated in an interview that he was preparing to film a part for the upcoming Almost video, although he did not appear in the 2012 video, 5-Incher. In the 2011 Bright tradeshow interview, <mask> stated, "At first, I just wanted to be able to be alright and walk okay and run. And then it was like, okay, skate again and now it's like 'Yeah, I can do something new!'. So, if I can do that, then I'll film.If I can't, then I'll keep my skating private." Both the skateboard media and in responses from Almost indicate that a full part from Mullen is scheduled for release following 5-Incher—<mask> was in attendance at the premiere of 5-Incher. Awards, accolades and influence

In 2002, <mask> won the Transworld Skateboarding Readers' Choice Award for Skater of the Year. In 2003, he was voted as the all-time greatest action sports athlete on the Extreme Sports Channel's Legends of the Extreme countdown. Transworld also included Mullen in its "30 Most Influential Skaters of All Time" list, released in December 2011 and he was elected into the third position, behind Tony Hawk (second) and Mark Gonzales (first). In May 2013, <mask> was an inductee of the Skateboarding Hall of Fame and was present at the award ceremony that was held in Anaheim, California. Fellow professional skateboarder Steve Caballero and musician Ben Harper shared their experiences of Mullen prior to the presentation of the award, and Caballero credited Mullen with changing the "face" of skateboarding.Professional skateboarder Paul Rodriguez identified Mullen as one of his "top ten" professional skateboarders in July 2013. Rodriguez explained his selection on his personal website: If you really wanna know Gonz [Mark Gonzales]  and <mask> pretty much innovated damn near everything in street skateboarding. <mask> has always had the most mind-boggling most difficult tricks on top of having invented 50, 60, who knows how many tricks. Just about every modern day flat ground trick that we are doing today he invented. Transworld has characterized him as possibly the most significant skater of all time, "<mask>llen built the house skateboarding lives in. After inventing the flatground ollie—in itself perhaps the most influential trick ever—he went on to unveil kickflips, backside flips, heelflips, 360 flips, double flips, impossibles, darkslides, and onward. Without <mask>, skateboarding would still be in the dark ages."Anthony Pappalardo of The RIDE Channel unequivocally stated, "From almost singled-handedly creating the entire vocabulary of flip-based tricks to revolutionizing the boards below our feet, <mask>llen is the biggest influence on modern skateboarding." In Transworld Skateboarding "Skater's Favorite Skater" video series, both Tony Hawk and Daewon Song have cited <mask>llen as their favorite skater. Trick invention
Mullen has been credited with inventing the following tricks (years included):

Godzilla rail flip (1979)
540 shove-it (1979)
50/50 Saran wrap (1979)
50/50 Casper (1980)
Helipop (1980)
Gazelle flip (1981)
No-handed 50/50 (1981)
No-handed 50/50 kickflip
Kick flip (1982)
Heel flip (1982)
Double heelflip
Impossible (1982)
Sidewinder (1983)
360 flip (1983)
Switch 360 flip
360 pressure flip (1983)
Casper 360 flip (1983)
Half-cab kickflip (1983)
50/50 sidewinder (1983)
One-footed ollie (1984)
Backside flip (Backside 180 Kickflip) (1984)
Ollie Nosebone (1986)
Ollie finger flip (1986)
Ollie Airwalk (1986)
Frontside heel flip shove-it (1988)
Helipop heel flip (1990)
Kickflip underflip (1992)
Half-cab kickflip underflip (1992)
Casper slide (1992)
Half flip darkslide
Handstand flips

Reflections and perspectives
Mullen has publicly stated that an identification of his favorite skateboarders is an "endless" task. However, he has provided examples such as Chris Haslam, Bryan Herman, Paul Rodriguez, Antwuan Dixon, and Eric Koston. In 2010 Mullen stated that "skating is one of the greatest blessings I could have," but also expressed concern about the popularity of skateboarding "big stuff" due to the physical toll that it takes on the bodies of professional skateboarders: "So I think it is unhealthy and uncool… I see great skaters and their ankles and knees are ruined." Mullen expanded upon his perspective of skateboarding during his Lemelson Foundation interview:

Skateboarding is as much, or more, an art of mode of expression than it is a sport. What skateboarding has given me is precisely that: a form of expression that drew me to it, and, in so doing, I was able to express and be who I wanted to be through it, in a sense.And establish myself within a community that were all essentially outsiders like myself. And by doing that, it gave me a place, a sense of belonging and, in the end, I was able to contribute, at a foundational level, a lot of the tricks that the entire community uses to express themselves. Which, again, is one of the beauties of skateboarding, is that we all draw from the same pool, and give back; so that others can do the same and keep expounding. Very much like an open source community. During his attendance at the Biarritz international skateboard festival, <mask> was interviewed in relation to a used Mike Carroll skateboard deck from Carroll's time with the Plan B company. <mask> reflected on the personal influence of Plan B founder Mike Ternasky during the interview: "I miss Mike. And the day Jacob called me and goes, "Mike's dead."—I replayed that so many times…and how instrumental that was in driving me forward in a way that kind of honoring what he gave me: A second chance. And how real that is. And it goes back to Stacy [Peralta]'s film—it's not what you do; it's what makes you do what you do, is the thing that has to be protected and nurtured. As long as that's there, intact…you can do anything." In a June 2014 interview at O'Reilly Media's Velocity conference, <mask> stated that he does not believe that skateboarding can be categorized as a "sport". <mask> further explained that the self-expressive element of skateboarding shows that it is an art form, while the community element of skateboarding—whereby sharing of ideas occurs—distinguishes it as a "lifestyle" or "philosophy". <mask> also shared his perspective on goals and failure during the interview: "You focus so much on your failures and your weaknesses, it has a…paralyzing effect, where you're dwelling on stuff.For example, having goals: sometimes I have lofty goals, my friends do—we all do, we all have goals. But, if you fix yourself to that goal, and you don't see anything else on the horizon—which is natural, 'cos that what it takes, we all have that in our personality…but, sometimes, if you attach that to a goal that is out of your reach, and you continue to fail, it will just grind you into nothing. And if you dwell on that, it can end you." <mask>s says, "Just the enjoyment of doing what you want to do, all the way through—that's the beauty of skateboarding, that so many people actually never find their whole lives. And that's what skateboarding's given me:  I can't wake up—I can't wait to wake up in the morning to try something new; a lot of times I can't sleep because I can't wait to try something new… and how many people never really experience that feeling, often; and that's why I skate." Personal life
, Mullen resides in California with his girlfriend, Lori Guidroz. He describes himself as "juvenile" who prefers to skate during the night and on his own.He says, "Any eyes on me—a late-night street sweeper, some dude texting in his parked car, the homeless guy talking to himself—make me feel uncomfortable when I skate. Everyone expects me to do certain things. It puts a ceiling on your progress. You're blocked by your pride. To get good, you have to throw your board around and fall." <mask>'s interests extend beyond skateboarding and include mathematics, physics, engineering, and music. It has been publicly revealed that <mask> owns a pair of high-powered audio speakers, each weighing around , through which he plays a diverse range of music, including Sabaton and Beethoven: "Me and my neighbors, we have an understanding…and so I sit perfect, you know, triangle at the front.You sit there with the remote and you turn it up, just when it starts to hurt, and hit one more and then go like [presses his hands to his ears] that, and then you just feel it in your whole body for a while, as long as you can take it. And then you 'arrgh! ', and then you turn it off you know and [hold his hand to his heart and breathes heavily], and then I go skate [laughs]. It's awesome, but only if I'm really usually, like, just sometimes when you really need it, you know?" In 2013 musicians Ben Harper and Lee Hartney revealed a close friendship with <mask> and described the skateboarder as a "brother". <mask> has also assisted Harper to learn skateboarding, as the musician has undertaken intensive practice in the fifth decade of his life. <mask> has spoken publicly about his spiritual beliefs, explaining in 2010: "The term religion bums me out.I can't go to church, I've got issues. I've got issues of non-conformity built into me…It's a personal thing and I get so scared about talking about it in public. This guy at HBO once said to me, 'Your skating is like a prayer.' That was the coolest thing anyone's ever said to me. That's what it is for me." References

Further reading

1966 births
Living people
American skateboarders
Freestyle skateboarders
University of Florida alumni
People from Gainesville, Florida
American collectors
Artist

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<mask> (c. 1812–1882), also known as Juan Caballo, Juan Cavallo, <mask> (with spelling variations) and Gopher <mask>, was of mixed ancestry (African and Seminole Indian) who fought alongside the Seminoles in the Second Seminole War in Florida. He rose to prominence in the third year of what was to become a seven-year war when the first generation of Black Seminole leaders was largely decimated and the primary Seminole war chief, Osceola (Asi Yahola), fell into the hands of the American military commander, General Thomas Sydney Jesup. <mask> had been fighting alongside Osceola and acting as his interpreter by this time. When they were seized while under a flag of truce during negotiations with Jesup's emissary, Florida militia general Joseph Hernandez, <mask> found himself imprisoned along with Osceola and other members of his band at Fort Marion (Castillo de San Marcos), the old Spanish fort that formerly defended St. Augustine, the colonial capital of Spanish Florida. <mask> gained his initial fame for joining with a Mikasuki brave named Wildcat (Coacoochee), the son of the Mikasuki chief, King Phillip Emathla, in executing a daring escape from the fort which, until then, had been believed by American forces to be unbreachable. Wildcat and <mask> formed an alliance and went on to lead the remnants of the shattered Seminole bands, including members of the Mikasuki, Tallahassee, Appalachee and Yamassee bands (many of different ethnic backgrounds in what was by then a highly mixed grouping of Indians and Africans) to safety in the south-central part of Florida, ahead of Jesup's forces. In the Battle of Lake Okeechobee on Christmas Day in 1837, Halpatta Tustanagi (Chief Alligator), an ally of the captured Osceola, and the Seminole medicine man Abiaka (Sam Jones) led the escaping Seminole with Wildcat and <mask> Horse playing leading roles in holding off the assault of Zachary Taylor, then in hot pursuit.They successfully effected the escape of most of the fleeing Seminole who had joined with them by crossing Lake Okeechobee to take refuge in the Everglades. They fought Jesup himself on the Loxahatchee River the following January 1838, although the privations and losses they had suffered since their early victories in 1835 and 36 had taken their toll. Although General Jesup was wounded in the fight, the Seminole were forced to flee again. Offered a promise of peace and a new life west of the Mississippi with his family, <mask> finally agreed to surrender, although Wildcat refused to come in at that time and fought on until around 1840 when <mask> was brought back to Florida from his exile in Indian Territory. <mask> brought the offer of peace to Wildcat, contingent on his surrender and agreement to exile in Indian Territory, and Wildcat, by now the leading war chief of the remaining Seminole, finally accepted removal to the Territory (in present-day Oklahoma) which had been set aside for the eastern Indians in the early 1830s by Congress. Other bands still held out though and the war continued until August 14, 1842, when Colonel William J. Worth, finally declared "victory" and left the remaining fighters to their own devices deep in the Florida Everglades.<mask>, who was the son of a slave mother and an Indian father, was nominally a slave under both American and Seminole law until finally being freed by the American military for his service to the army in Florida after his return there at the military's request. He was later officially set free of any Seminole claims on his person by Chief Micanopy, titular head of all the Seminole bands, for his service to the Indians. When the Africans living among the Seminole continued to face threats of re-enslavement in their new home, thanks to the connivance of some American officials (despite Jesup's decree emancipating all surrendering escaped African slaves), <mask> would once again join forces with his old comrade, Wildcat, to lead a group of disaffected Seminole and former slaves across the Rio Grande to northern Mexico where they were granted land by the Mexican government in 1850 and where the Seminole blacks could finally be assured of their freedom, Mexico having abolished legal slavery in the 1820s. <mask> served as a captain in the Mexican army during this period and, after 1870, briefly with the US Army again as a scout. He disappeared several years later when, by now an old man, he made a trip to Mexico City to plead for reaffirmation of the land grant to his people which local Mexican landowners were seeking to overturn. It is generally thought that <mask> died in the course of this final errand to Mexico City. Early life and education

<mask>, called Juan as a child, was born around 1812 in Florida.He was a Seminole slave of Spanish, Seminole, and African descent. He lived initially in the region that came to be called Micanopy after the last head chief of the Florida Seminole in north central Florida. <mask> assumed the surname of his father and nominal owner, the Seminole trader Charley Cavallo, his surname "<mask>" being believed to have been a translation of Cavallo (or Caballo, the Spanish word for horse). His mother was likely of pure African descent, a slave acquired by Charley Cavallo in his travels. Charley was, himself, of possibly mixed descent (Indian-Spanish parentage.). The young <mask> also had a sister, Juana (sometimes spelled "Wannah" or "Warner" in some sources). Not much is known about Charley Cavallo although it does not appear that he treated either of his two mixed-race children as slaves.The War of 1812 broke out between the United States and Great Britain in the year <mask> is thought to have been born. At that time he and Juana were probably living with their mother in one of the black settlements affiliated with, and under the jurisdiction of, the Alachua band of Oconee Seminole along the Suwannee River. When the American General Andrew Jackson invaded the area, he scattered the tribal peoples and their black allies in the region, destroying settlements and seizing blacks from among the Seminole for removal to the north to be returned to plantation slavery. <mask> was probably displaced with his family by these actions since he first enters the historical record some years later as a young adolescent in the Tampa area. <mask> spent his formative years among the Oconee Seminole, living like other Indian boys, learning to hunt and fish and developing tracking skills. He also became proficient with bow and arrow and with a rifle, developing a reputation in later life as a keen marksman with a steady hand in combat. Unlike many of his fellows, however, he also learned to read and write and acquired linguistic skills in English, Spanish and the Hitchiti tongue spoken by the Oconee and many other Seminole bands.We can presume that he was also conversant with Muscogee, the tongue of the Upper Creek Indians from whom the great Seminole war chief, Osceola hailed because, in his adult years, he would be one of Osceola's main translators when dealing with the Americans (though Osceola, himself, spoke some English). Seminole Wars

The First Seminole War (1817–1818) occurred during <mask>'s childhood and the youngster, along with his sister and mother, was probably among those displaced blacks who fled south of the Suwannee River toward Tampa Bay. There young <mask> grew into adolescence and came into contact with American soldiers who had established an outpost, Fort Brooke, in the region with the formal annexation of Florida after the success of Jackson's incursions. <mask> first enters the written record in a short narrative by the officer in charge, Major George M. Brooke, who discovered the young Seminole black had been swindling his personal cook by selling him the same land turtle, or tortoise (a so-called "gopher"), multiple times for the major's personal mess. Discovering the young boy's fraud, Brooke opted for leniency and let <mask> go on condition he make good on the missing turtles which he apparently did. This began a lifelong relationship between <mask> and the American military and vouchsafed him his nickname in later life, Gopher <mask>. He would go on to fight against the American army, on the side of his fellow Seminole, and, eventually, to work with the Americans.During the Second Seminole War of 1835 to 1842, which began when American settlers pressured for Indian removal to free up their lands for white settlement, <mask> served as what would be called, today, a field officer on the Indian side. At first a translator for the Indian leaders (since few of them spoke English while their black allies did), he also became a lower level war chief. Because of his facility with languages and quickness of mind, <mask> eventually found himself in the midst of the Seminoles' negotiations with the U. S. Army as the war dragged on and open battles in the field gave way to guerrilla tactics and a long war of attrition. In the spring of 1838, after several pitched battles, <mask> finally decided the fight against the Americans was unwinnable and surrendered to US troops. This may have been prompted by the loss of his first wife, a Seminole woman said to have been a daughter of Chief Holatoochee, a brother or nephew of the chief Micanopy. The blacks in the war received promises of freedom if they would cease fighting as Indian allies and accept resettlement in the newly established Indian Territory west of the Mississippi. <mask> was later granted papers freeing him a second time by General William J.Worth for the services he subsequently rendered to the U.S. Army in the latter days of the Second Seminole War in Florida, as both translator and scout. But his initial decision to give up fighting had been in response to the offer of a prior general, Thomas Sydney Jesup, who had made the first promise of general freedom to all escaped slaves and their children willing to surrender and accept removal. Thus <mask>'s claim to freedom from slavery would rest on at least two legal claims, via decisions by two different American military officers. This would eventually be important as events unfolded a few years later in the west. Unfortunately, <mask>'s second wife and their children, who were removed to Indian Territory with him, did not gain freedom through his later service and had only the earlier declaration by Jesup to fall back on, thus remaining at risk from the increasingly aggressive activities of slave catchers in the new Indian Territory. With other Seminole, <mask> was shipped across the Gulf of Mexico from Tampa Bay to New Orleans and north from there by way of the Mississippi to Indian Territory. There he and his family joined with the other Seminole and Black Seminole who had accepted removal to take up residence at one of two locations assigned to the Seminole inside the Creek area.<mask> quickly rose as a leader among the Black Seminole because of his friendly relations with the Americans, his experience as a leader in the fighting, his linguistic skills and decisive cleverness. Life in Indian Territory

New conflicts and old issues
In the new territory, <mask> worked sporadically for the army as an interpreter and, sometimes, as an intermediary for the officers and the Indian leaders. Asked to help persuade the remaining Indian fighters in Florida to surrender and relocate to Indian Territory as he and others had done, he returned to Florida in 1839 to act as go-between with one of the last Seminole war chiefs, Coacoochee (Wild Cat), eventually convincing his old friend to accept the inevitable and come in, too. <mask> was sent back to Indian Territory in 1842, as part of a group of about 120 other exiles, once the army felt he had done what they needed. In Indian Territory again, the exiled Seminole leadership finally voted freedom for <mask>, too, around the year 1843 in light of his services to the Seminole during their lengthy war. At the time the main chief, Micanopy (Mico Nuppa), had nominal ownership over him. It was Micanopy, in concert with his council, who finally granted the black warrior his freedom from any claims of enslavement against him which the tribe still had.Thus <mask> had been freed three times: by Jesup's original declaration, by General Worth who was Jesup's last successor (for services rendered), and by the Seminole leadership. Only the first of these actions applied to <mask>'s second wife, Susan (daughter of the black leader July) and their children, however, and that action would soon come into serious question. Conflict arose in the Territory because the transplanted Seminole had been placed on land allocated to the Creek Indians since the U.S. government had failed to recognize the tribal distinctions between the two peoples (the Seminole were a loose amalgam of Creek bands which had detached themselves from the Creek Indian federation a century earlier and relocated to then Spanish Florida, although they had continued to maintain ethnic and some kinship ties with their northern Creek brethren in Georgia, Alabama and part of the Carolinas). Because the Creek had adopted the American institution of chattel slavery while the Seminole had not done the same (they lived in very different ways), the presence of free blacks among the Seminole on Creek land and under the nominal sovereignty of the Creek tribal council, caused friction between the two groups. The free blacks threatened the Creek slave-holding status quo, because their very existence tempted the Creeks' own slaves to challenge their status, and provided a tempting target for Creek and affiliated groups seeking to acquire more slaves. Creek slavers and those from other Indian groups, and some whites, soon began raiding the Black Seminole settlements to kidnap and enslave anyone they could get their hands on, and <mask> quickly became a focal point for organizing resistance to these encroachments as well as lead spokesman for his fellow Black Seminoles. In one case, when some slavers succeeded in capturing Dembo Factor,  a veteran of the Seminole War, <mask> Horse and his on-again, off-again ally, Coacoochee (Wild Cat), who had hopes of succeeding Micanopy as leader of all the Seminole and who opposed living under the Creek, protested.The Army, responding to their concerns, demanded and got Factor's release but neither they nor the Creek tribal council pursued charges of kidnapping against the suspected slavers. The slave raids continued as tensions mounted. Seeking a solution

In 1844 <mask> traveled to Washington, D.C. with a delegation of Seminole including Coacoochee to argue for a separate land grant for the Seminole on the grounds that they were and had been a separate people for at least a hundred years. Failing to secure the backing they needed, they returned to Indian Territory, but <mask> traveled once more to Washington, this time on his own (acting as servant to an officer's brother) to lobby General Jesup to live up to his earlier promises. Jesup was sympathetic and probably felt a

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 little guilty for having been instrumental in the treachery that took Osceola off the field and led to that chief's death. However he could not overcome political resistance in Washington where pressure was growing to reverse his grant of freedom to the blacks who came in voluntarily. Perhaps in response to <mask>'s advocacy, Jesup traveled to Indian Territory himself (he was now Quartermaster General for the entire U.S. Army) to arrange for the construction of new facilities at Fort Gibson, the army's headquarters in the Territory.While there he compiled a list of all those who had surrendered under his order and validated it. He also offered them work on the grounds of Fort Gibson on a construction project he had initiated. As a result, large numbers of Seminole blacks left the two Seminole settlements, Deep Fork and Little River, to re-settle outside the fort's walls under army protection. Once the work was done, however, the blacks chose to remain because of the ongoing predations of Creek, Cherokee and so-called half breed slave catchers, creating yet another flash point of contention with the army and the slaver gangs. <mask>, himself, was attacked by unknown assailants at one point, thought to have been members of the pro-Creek Seminole faction and came close to death from the bullet he took, but the would-be assassins were never located. After the incident, the officer in charge at Fort Gibson invited <mask> and his family to take up residence inside the fort, which he did, giving up the claim he had staked out in the Indian area. The tensions extended to the Seminole Indian sub-agent, Marcellus Duval, an Alabamian with land holdings back east and connections in Washington.His brother, William Duval, was also a connected attorney at nearby Fort Smith in Arkansas. The Seminole sub-agent hoped to profit with the restoration of the Seminole blacks' slave status and angled incessantly to bring it about. He also began objecting to what he deemed the army's unauthorized protection of the Seminole blacks, including allowing them to remain in their makeshift settlement under Fort Gibson's walls. Slavery again...? Some time after <mask>'s return from his second mission to Washington, and Jesup's own visit and subsequent return east, <mask>. Mason, US Attorney-General at the time, was designated by President James K. Polk to rule on the legitimacy of Jesup's emancipation of the former Seminole slaves. The demand for such a ruling was being pushed by Duval and his allies and urged by his brother, the attorney William Duval, who had been retained by the Seminole tribal council, at the sub-agent's urging, to reclaim their rights to their former slaves. <mask>, a southerner, ruled that, since most of the Black Seminoles were descendants of fugitive slaves and thus legally still considered born into slavery, Jesup's decree had illegally deprived their Seminole owners of their legal property and could not be endorsed by the government.Thus the very reason many of the blacks had agreed to come in peacefully, and which had so seriously undermined the Seminoles' fight to remain in Florida, was suddenly and retroactively revoked. Seminole practice in Florida had acknowledged slavery, though not on the chattel slavery model then common in the American south. It was, in fact, more like feudal dependency since slaves of the Seminole generally lived in their own communities, carried weapons and hunted and fought beside the Seminole they were nominally owned by. In fact, except for the obligation of the blacks to join in hunting and war parties, and to supply an annual tribute of crops to the tribal chief for the general welfare of the tribe, there was little effective difference between how the Seminole lived and the lives of their nominal slaves. This changed in the course of the Second Seminole War when the old tribal system broke down under the pressure of the fighting and the Seminole resolved themselves into loose war bands living off the land with no distinction between tribal members and their so-called slaves. But this changed yet again in the new territory when the Seminole were obliged to settle on fixed lots of land and take up settled agriculture. At that point the chattel slave model adopted by their Creek cousins and other displaced tribes in the region took on more attraction for many of the Seminole.Their increasing poverty, due to the poor land they had been given and their own farming inexperience also made regaining a source of slave labor attractive to them (since the blacks were generally better farmers and craftsmen than their "owners"). The Seminole sub-agent, Marcellus Duval, became a tireless advocate for restoration of alleged Seminole property rights over their former allies in the field, a restoration he apparently hoped to turn to his own benefit as much as to the Indians'. With Mason's reversal of Jesup's wartime decree, those who had been freed by Jesup now suddenly found their status reversed, as Duval and the pro-Creek Seminole demanded their return to Seminole service, only now as chattel slaves. A new open season by the raiders from nearby groups and towns was about to commence as more than 280 Black Seminoles, including <mask>'s own family, were now at risk again. Duval, who had slave interests of his own, then effectively procured a decision from Washington that would force the blacks living under the army's protection at Fort Gibson to return to the settlements of those Indians who were now deemed their legal owners. The Indian sub-agent had, in fact, already worked out an agreement with the pro-Creek faction within the Seminole tribal council to provide a large number of the re-enslaved blacks to his lawyer brother in payment for legal services rendered on their behalf in Washington in pursuit of their property rights over the Seminole blacks. He and his brother apparently hoped to turn a profit by claiming so many of the new slaves, either to work on their family holdings back in Alabama or for sale on the open market.The stage was thus set for a major crisis as the army received orders to evict the blacks then sheltering under Fort Gibson's walls and force their return to enslavement under the Seminole, now headed up by the pro-Creek faction who supported the institution of chattel slavery as practiced back east. <mask>, with all his options exhausted and even the government and its army turned against him, faced a decision. Migration
Although the army generals were friendly to <mask> and his interests, they were bound by their duty. The War Department, from whom the army took its direction, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs were now arrayed against the interests of the Seminole blacks. <mask> soon found himself allied with Coacoochee again as the two fought a rear guard action to halt the rise of the pro-Creek leadership among the Seminole and the loss of freedom for the Seminole blacks. The two men wrangled with the various generals who quickly succeeded one another while the generals, themselves, played a delaying game with their Washington superiors. Eventually, however, Micaonopy's death ended the stalemate and the army could no longer delay evicting the ad hoc black settlement around the fort and sending its people back to certain enslavement.<mask> took charge of the exodus from Fort Gibson but, instead of taking his people to the site Duval the Indian agent had selected for them close by his agency, <mask> and another ally, the black scout Toney Barnet, settled them at a place on the Little River he named Wewoka farther from the Creek and the Seminole agency than Duval had counted on. Settling in, they set up defenses against the gangs of slavers who quickly flocked around the black settlement. <mask> and Barnet settled on a plan which involved getting Marcellus Duval out of the way by inducing him to head off to Florida on a temporary mission which he thought would redound to his interest. To facilitate his agreement to make the trip, Barnet, also affiliated with the Seminole, offered to serve as scout and translator. (Barnet had reasons of his own for remaining behind since he was working to free his son who had been enslaved by two Cherokee brothers on Cherokee land within Indian Territory.) While Duval was gone with Barnet, <mask> speedily concluded a pact with his old friend Coacoochee (disaffected because of his failure to be selected to replace Micanopy) and the two of them led an exodus from Wewoka, and Indian Territory in general, in the dead of night. They led over a hundred blacks including men, women and children, and at least as many fleeing Seminole, out of the lands they had been placed on by the government, heading south across the Red River into Texas.There they began a dash across that vast state which would take them nearly a year, eventually incurring pursuit by Duval's slavers (dispatched after he had returned and discovered their flight) and the Texas Rangers who had been authorized by the Texas governor to recapture and return them to their Seminole owners (and to Duval who had placed a bounty on each man, woman and child). From October 1849 until the summer of 1850, <mask> and Coacoochee led the migration south, picking up a troop of disgruntled Kickapoo Indians along the way, and facing the war arrows of the Comanche who considered Coacoochee's presence in their territory an affront. The Comanche may have known of an agreement Coacoochee had concluded with representatives of the Mexican government to gain land on which to live once in Mexico in exchange for his service on the border repelling Texan and Comanche raiders. Racing to the border
After a pitched battle with the Comanche, the fleeing party had to cross a desert region, meeting up with an old adversary, Major <mask>. Sprague, at the springs of Las Moras just north of the Mexican border. That encounter is described in Sprague's own journals which he compiled to document an expedition of supply wagons he led across southern Texas to resupply the outpost at today's El Paso (then the town of Franklin). Sprague had been a young captain back in Florida and had known both <mask> and Wild Cat there, having been involved in the latter's initial and then his final surrender. The three men sat into the night reminiscing and drinking from a bottle of liquor Sprague had supplied.But some time in the early morning hours the Indians learned that someone from the army camp had secretly gone to a nearby town to alert the Texas Rangers of their presence. Whether Sprague, himself, was implicated remains unknown. In the pre-dawn hours <mask> and Coacoochee woke their people and secretly departed the camp at Las Moras to make a last desperate dash to the Rio Grande. There they built makeshift rafts to ferry their people across. They were still hard at it, only midway across the river, when the Rangers and their allies abruptly arrived. But it was too late and the Seminole and their black allies, with the Kickapoo who had joined them, got across and made contact with officials in the Mexican state of Coahuila. There, in return for a pledge to fight all invaders and raiding parties from Texas, they were given land for their people and captaincies in the Mexican army on or about  July 12, 1850.Older life
<mask> liked to drink and at one point after crossing back into Texas he allowed himself to get too drunk and was taken captive by some local whites who may have known him or had a grudge against him. They offered to ransom him back to his people and Coacoochee collected the gold they demanded and sent it to them for <mask>'s life. When they opened the bag they found the gold soaked with blood. It was Coacoochee's message to them and they fled. For several years <mask> and Coacoochee rode side by side in fulfillment of their contract with the Mexican government but Coacoochee soon died from smallpox and most of the Seminole and Kickapoo who had followed him drifted away. <mask> remained with his people and became the settlement's de facto leader. After the American Civil War and United States emancipation of slaves, the US Army recruited many of the Black Seminoles from Mexico to serve in the border states as scouts.<mask> was getting too old for that kind of active service although he remained titular leader of his people, still captaining their fights against the various raiding parties which descended on Mexico from the north. In one famous incident he returned with his men to find that a large Indian raiding party had attacked his settlement and captured many of his people in retaliation for his actions against them in his capacity of providing border security. Leading all the able bodied men he could find (about forty, including teenage boys) he took off after the Indians. The raiders tried to draw the Seminole blacks into a canyon but <mask>, sensing the trick, ordered a halt and dismounted his men. He had been a wily commander back in Florida and still possessed a well-developed perceptive faculty for this sort of thing. When the Indians lying in wait within the canyon saw that the blacks were not deceived by their ruse, they made a head-on frontal assault against the black force. <mask>'s men had only single load rifles, mostly of vintage type, and when they had discharged their first volley it failed to turn the Indians who just kept coming at them.As the men scrambled to reload their weapons, <mask> stepped out in front of his men and leveled his own empty weapon at the oncoming chief, taking deliberate and careful aim. He had always been a crack shot and the Indians knew it. When the chief saw <mask>'s rifle directed straight at him he lost his nerve and swerved his horse, all those behind following him, thus breaking the charge and giving <mask>'s men and boys time to complete their reload. In the end, the Indians fled and <mask>'s Seminole blacks retrieved their people. As <mask> aged, though, many of his people migrated back across the Texas border to work for the U.S. Army as scouts. These men and their families settled near Fort Clarke in what is now Brackettville. Death
In his seventies, <mask> faced another crisis when local land owners tried to take the land the Mexican government had originally given to the Seminole settlers.<mask>gos, still reside in Coahuila today. See also
Gaspar Yanga

Notes

References

Further reading
 Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr., Africans and Seminoles: From Removal to Emancipation (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2001)
 Katz, William Loren, "Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage" (New York City, New York: Atheneum, 1986)
 Turso, Betty, "<mask>: Florida's First Freedom Fighter", (Charleston, SC: CreateSpace,2014),

External links
 "<mask>", BlackPast.org
 <mask> website

Native Americans of the Seminole Wars
Black Seminoles
People from Micanopy, Florida
People of Spanish Florida
People from Kinney County, Texas
1812 births
1882 deaths
African-American military personnel
Native American military personnel
Fugitive American

masks:
John
John Horse
John
John Horse
John Y
John Mason
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
Horse
John Horse
John Horse
Horse
John T
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horsesco
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse


texts:
<mask> (born 1958, Washington, DC) is an American composer, musician, and sound artist active in the field of contemporary classical music and experimental music. Her work encompasses contemporary classical composition, improvisation, electroacoustic music, inter-disciplinary sound art, sound installation, traditional Japanese instruments, and performance art. She is based in New York City. <mask> often performs on a 21-string Japanese koto (musical instrument), which she extends with software processing, string preparations, and bowing. She has created performance works and installations incorporating plants, live insects, and sensor technology. Her full-length ballet was performed at the Venice Biennale 2004. She has been awarded the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship (2021), the Doris Duke Award (2013) and the Herb Alpert Award (2004), and a Fulbright Fellowship for advanced research for Noh, gagaku and the ichi gen kin.She is an associate professor in the MFA Visual Arts Department at Columbia University, and the director of the MFA Sound Art Program. Early life and education
<mask> began studying classical music at 8 years old. In her early twenties, she moved to Paris, France, and upon returning to the US, she enrolled at San Francisco State University, and received her BA in Music, magna cum laude, where she studied with Wayne Peterson and Eric Moe. She holds an MA from Mills College where she received the Faculty Award in Music Composition. Her teachers included Alvin Curran, Maryanne Amacher and David Tudor. Biography

<mask>'s work spans many genres and media. She has created works for voice, orchestra, installations, electronics and film shorts.She has sewn and soldered handmade responsive garments (LED KIMONO) and mapped the movement of insects and response of plants and brain activity to sound (Pieces For Plants, The Sound of Naked Men, Thinking Sounds)

Her works have been commissioned and premiered by Bang on a Can, So Percussion, Either/Or, Kathleen Supove, Joan Jeanrenaud, SF Sound, Volti, Rova Saxophone Quartet, Alonzo King’s Ballet, The Del Sol String Quartet and others. Her orchestral work “Other Mountain” was selected for a reading by JCOI Earshot for the La Jolla Symphony 2013. She founded and directed the San Francisco Gagaku Society (1989-1996) under the tutelage of Master Suenobu Togi, a former Japanese Imperial Court musician who traced his gagaku lineage more than 1000 years to the Tang Dynasty. Her love of nature and resonant outdoor space led her to record the migrating birds in the deep and naturally resonant canyons near the San Diego Airport, resulting in the work “For Birds, Planes and Cello,” written for Joan Jeanrenaud, formerly of Kronos Quartet. “While I Was Walking, I Heard a Sound” is scored for 120 singers, spatialized in balconies of the concert hall. During one movement, three choirs and 9 opera singers are making bird calls and environmental sounds. As a kotoist, she remains active in improvisation and has performed and recorded with Pharoah Sanders, Pauline Oliveros, Gerry Hemingway, Jon Rose, Fred Frith, Larry Ochs and Maybe Monday, Steve Coleman, Anthony Braxton, Reggie Workman, Dr. L. Subramaniam, Andrew Cyrille, George E. Lewis, Jin Hi Kim, Susie Ibarra, Vijay Iyer, Myra Melford, Zeena Parkins, Toshiko Akiyoshi, William Parker, Robert Dick, Lukas Ligeti, Earl Howard, Henry Brant and many others.<mask> describes herself, saying, “I am deeply moved by the sounds and kinetic energy of the natural world. People, history, memory, this geography and soundscape of nature and culture --from our human heart beat to the rhythms of the moon and oceans-- how infinitely complex yet so fundamental.”

She initiated and founded the San Francisco Electronic Music Festival in 1999. In 2004, <mask> received an Alpert Award in the Arts, and she previously was given a National Endowment for the Arts and a Wallace Alexander Gerbode Award. The New York Times describes her solo performances as “exploring the extremes of her instrument,”  and The Wire describes her own compositions as “magnificent…virtuosic…essential music…”

She has been a faculty member at the Milton Avery Graduate Program at Bard College in Music/Sound since 2002, and has taught music composition at NYU. She received the Doris Duke Performing Artist Award in 2013, and a Fulbright Scholarship for Japan, 2016. Works

Symphony orchestra
Other Mountain (2013)
Creative Orchestra
What is the Difference Between Stripping and Playing the Violin? (2 vlns, elec.bass, acoustic bass, elec. gtr, Asian instruments, turntable, electronics, saxophones, 2 drummers) (1997)
Off a Craggy Cliff, 2 large telematic ensembles (non-specific instrumentation) (2009)
Jagged Pyramid, large ensemble (non-specific instrumentation) (2009)
Choral works
While I Was Walking, I Heard a Sound…” 3 a cappella choirs, 9 soloists (2003)
Large ensemble: 7 or more players
Twenty Four Thousand Years is Forever, chamber orchestra and tape; 2 shengs, 2 saxophones, clarinet, percussion, 2 violins, cello, bass, koto (1997)
Dark Passages, a multi media oratorio, readers, string quartet, Buddhist chanters, actors, projected slides, video (1998)
It Creeps Along, clarinet, cello, guitar, percussion, bass, piano, Laser Koto (gestural controller) (2000)
What is the Sound of Naked Asian Men?, 8 musicians and streaming brain wave data, video projection (2001)
Chironomy, 5 players in 2 groups. clarinet, vocalist, synthesizer in group 1, 2 computers in Group 2, streaming audio and projected video of children's hands gesturing (2006)
Pieces for Plants, plants, EEG sensors, computer, (plant with sensors on leaves; data response is interpreted through sound (2007)
The Long Road, string quartet, percussion, koto, analog modular synthesis (2013)
Works for 2-6 players
Spirit of Goze, taiko, piano, koto (1990)
Ancient Art, tabla, flute, cello, 13 str koto (1991)
For Sho, Bassoon and Koto (1994)
The Wanderer and the Firefly; five hichi ricki and snare drum (1994)
Butterfly Logic, 4 percussionists, amplified metal percussion (2008)
LED Kimono, electronics, reader, dancer, custom designed and built responsive wearable electronics (2009)
Swimming Through Madness, duo 13 str. kotos (2010)
Warsaw, violin, cello, 2 vocalists, video projections, koto (2011)
Stemming, 1-4 players. Tuning forks, multi channel speakers (2011)
The Dust and the Noise, piano, percussion, violin, cello (2013)
Survival, string quartet (2013)
The Clattering of Life, string quartet and improvising trio (2013)
Tilt, string quartet #2 (2015)
Solo
Topaz Refractions, 21 str koto (1990)
Unearthed/Unbound, 21 str koto (1992)
Tripped, clarinet (1994)
Ritual for Giant Hissing Madagascar Cockroaches, performer, laser beams, interactive software, cockroaches. Farbe. Melodie (2004, 482 Music) (as a quartet with Biggi Vinkeloe, George Cremaschi, Gino Robair)
Fly, Fly, Fly (2004, Intakt Records) (as a trio with Larry Ochs, Joan Jeanrenaud)
Unsquare (Intakt 2008) Maybe Monday: Fred Frith, Larry Ochs, Carla Kihlstedt, Zeena Parkins, Ikue Mori and Gerry Hemingway
Duets with Accordion and Koto (2008, Deep Listening) (duets with Pauline Oliveros)
Spiller Alley (2008, RogueArt) (as a trio with Larry Ochs, Peggy Lee)
Masaoka, Audrey Chen, Kenta Nagai, Hans Grusel(2009, Resipiscent)
Humeurs (2013, RogueArt) (As the quartet East West Collective with Didier Petit, Sylvain Kasaap, Larry Ochs, Xu Fengxia)

As a performer

With Steve Coleman
Myths, Modes and Means, Mystic Rhythm Society (BMG/RCA 1996)

With Lisle Ellis
What We Live (Black Saint 1996)

With Toshiko Akiyoshi
Suite for Koto and Jazz Orchestra (BMG, 1997.The work was composed for <mask> <mask>)

With Ben Goldberg
Twelve Minor (Avant 1998)

With Dr. L. Subramaniam
Global Fusion (Erato 1999)

With John Ingle, Dan Joseph
Trancepatterns (Dendroica Music 2000)

With Christian Wolff
Burdocks (Tzadik 2001)

With Glen Horiuchi
Legends and Legacies (Asian Improv Records 2005)

With Alex Cline
Cloud Plate (Cryptogramophone 2005)

With George Lewis
Sequel (for Lester Bowie) (Intakt), 2006)

With David Toop
Sound Body (samadhisound 2007)

With Earl Howard, Granular Modality (2012, New World Records)"

In compilation

Tom Djll; Tribute to Sun Ra, Rastascan 1995
Radim Zenkl; Strings and Wings, Shanachie 1996
Sounds Like1996: Music By Asian American Artists, Innocent Eyes + Lenses. 1996
Halleluia Anyway: Tribute to Tom Cora. Tzadik 1999
Azadi! RAWA, Fire Museum + Electro Motive Records 2000
President’s Breakfast III C. Disc Lexia Records 2001
soundCd no. 1, San Pedro Schindler House. Curated by Cindy Bernard, SASSAS 2001
Music Overheard. Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, Curated by Bhob Rainey and Kenneth Goldsmith.Excerpt of “Ritual,” 2006

With Fred Frith and Maybe Monday
Digital Wildlife (Winter & Winter, 2002)
Unsquare (Intakt, 2008)

Films
1999 – L. Subramaniam: Violin From the Heart. Directed by Jean Henri Meunier. (Includes a scene with <mask> performing with L. Subramaniam.) 2010 – “The Reach of Resonance”. Directed by Steve Elkins. See also
Asian American jazz
Koto

References

Zorn, John, ed.(2000). Arcana: Musicians on Music. New York: Granary Books/Hips Road. .
Garrett, Charles Hiroshi, ed. (2013). The Grove Dictionary of American Music (<mask> Masaoka). Oxford University Press. .
Buzzarte, Monique, ed., Bickley, Tom, ed (2012). Anthology of Essays on Deep Listening.Deep Listening Institute. , . p 65
 Sewell, Stacey, (2009). Making My Skin Crawl: Representations and Mediations of the Body in <mask> <mask>’s Ritual, Interspecies Collaboration with Giant Madagascar Hissing Cockroaches. Radical Musicology, Vol. 4. ISSN 1751-7788
 Oteri, Frank J., (June 1, 2014).<mask> <mask>: Social and Sonic Relationships. NewMusicBox (a publication of New Music USA)

External links
Official site
<mask> <mask> biography from the Other Minds festival
<mask> <mask> Masaoka page on The Bay Improviser (incl. sound samples)
Golden, Barbara. "Conversation with <mask> <mask>." eContact! 12.2 — Interviews (2) (April 2010). Montréal: CEC.Composers of electroacoustic music. Living people
20th-century classical composers
Contemporary classical music performers
So players
American classical musicians of Japanese descent
1958 births
American women in electronic music
American women classical composers
American classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American electronic musicians
Women in classical music
American sound artists
Women sound artists
American contemporary classical composers
21st-century American composers
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American composers
21st-century American women musicians
Music & Arts artists
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers
Intakt Records artists
RogueArt artists
Columbia University faculty

masks:
Miya Masaoka
Masaoka
Masaoka
Masaoka
Masaoka
Masaoka
Miya
Masaoka
Masaoka
Miya
Miya
Masaoka
Miya
Masaoka
Miya
Masaoka
Miya
Masaokaya
Miya
Masaoka


texts:
<mask> (October 30, 1916 – March 26, 2007) was an Austrian-born conductor and composer, best known for his conducting appointments with American orchestras and for his teaching. He was also a prolific composer although little of his music survives in performance. His writings include two influential music text books. Early life

<mask> was born on October 30, 1916 in Vienna, Austria, son of Dr. <mask>, a well known heart specialist, and Marianne Ruzicka, a piano teacher. His grandfather was Alois Ruzicka, a prominent Viennese lawyer, originally from the same hometown as Gustav Mahler, and who had encouraged Mahler's father to further young Gustav's musical studies. After his academic studies in the "gymnasium", he graduated in 1935 from the Vienna Academy of Music where his mentors were Felix Weingartner and Joseph Krips in conducting, and Karl Weigl in composition. In 1936 <mask> was engaged as conductor and repetiteur for the German Theater in Brno, Czechoslovakia.The volatile politics of the period and the imminent Nazi invasion meant he was forced to leave Brno. Without a valid passport or job he spent two years living in exile in Switzerland and Italy until he received a US visa. Exile in America

 In 1938 he sailed for America with a letter of recommendation from Felix Weingartner, a tooth brush, $5.00, and a basic change of clothes. When he arrived in the US he supported himself by accompanying singers and instrumentalists, and playing for ballet classes. He toured with a small Ballet company in 1939-40 and in October 1940 he was hired as accompanist for the Ballet at the Metropolitan Opera. <mask> arranged for his parents to leave Nazi occupied Austria in 1940, and brought them to America; two years later he was inducted into the army and automatically became an American citizen. Following the end of hostilities in 1945, he returned to the Metropolitan Opera as a full-time staff conductor until 1950 working with Bruno Walter, George Szell, Fritz Reiner, Erich Leinsdorf, Ettore Panizza, and others.He also conducted at the San Francisco Opera, the Cincinnati Opera, the Central City Opera, and the Tanglewood Music Festival where he was assistant conductor to Leonard Bernstein. Post-Met years

He left the Met in 1950 to become professor of music and opera at Louisiana State University, first as conductor and teacher, then as head of the opera department in 1952. His responsibilities grew later in the decade when he became the conductor of the Baton Rouge Symphony Orchestra, an appointment he held for the next 16 years, and also conductor of the Birmingham Opera in Alabama and of the Beaumont Opera in Beaumont, Texas. In Beaumont he was conductor and stage director for 13 years. He also developed an international career and guest conducted in the Netherlands, Greece, Germany, Romania, Portugal, and in his native Austria, appearing with such orchestras the Tonkünstler Orchestra, the Aachen, the North German Radio Symphony Orchestra, and the Romanian National Opera, Bucharest. Louisiana State University awarded <mask> <mask> an honorary Doctorate when he retired in 1976, and he then became Music Director and Conductor of the Greensboro Symphony Orchestra where he remained until 1988 and was also Artistic Director and Conductor of the Greensboro Opera Company from 1981 to 1992. He died in Greensboro on March 26, 2007.Personal life

<mask> and his first wife Anna Louise <mask> (nee Granichstädten) have two sons, Roy Edward <mask> and John Robert <mask>. He was later remarried to Elissa Minet <mask> and they had a daughter, Deborah Porazzi. Writings

<mask> translated several operas from several languages into English for American editors, notably Verdi's A Masked Ball for the Metropolitan Opera. His writing included two notable books, The Musical Theater of Walter Felsenstein (W. W. Norton) and The Psychology of Conducting (MCA), which has become required reading in many universities. Compositions

He had been composing chamber music, symphonies and opera since he was a teenager in Vienna. In Baton Rouge in the 1960s he conducted his opera "Serenade at Noon" at Louisiana State University. Then, in the late 80s and early 90s, excerpts from his opera "White Agony" were produced at the Komische Oper in Berlin (where Felsenstein had directed).In 1992, the Greensboro Opera produced a staged version of "White Agony" staged by his wife, Elissa Minet <mask>, former ballerina of Ballet Russe and the Metropolitan Opera. As well as his three operas (Serenade at Noon, The White Agony, and The Heretic), his other compositions include a symphony, a Concertino for Piano and Orchestra, Inventions for Wind Instruments, string quartets, a violin sonata, works for piano, and many songs. (See this note by John McLaughlin Williams on <mask>' music). He directed many opera workshops notably at the Manhattan School of Music where, in 1962, he conducted the premier of Jan Meyerowitz's "Godfather Death". Both his daughter Debora Porazzi and son in law Arturo Porazzi work production roles on Broadway. Students

His conducting students included:
 Bill Conti, composer and conductor mostly active in Hollywood and television. Milton Crotts, former professor of music at Davidson College and the University of Guam and currently Music Director for the Blue Ridge Orchestra  and Music Director for the Upper School at Carolina Day School.Janet Galván, professor of music and conductor at Ithaca College, New York. Adrian McDonnell, conductor of the Orchestre de la Cité Internationale in Paris and professor of conducting at the Conservatoire Frederic Chopin. Associate Conductors

<mask> (conductor), the Gretchen B. Kimball Director of Orchestral Studies at Stanford University, was his Associate Conductor at the Greensboro Symphony Orchestra from 1984-86. Recordings

 Podcast of a private recording of <mask> <mask>' Five Miniatures for chamber ensemble. Sources

 Unpublished biographical notes by Elissa Minet <mask>

1916 births
2007 deaths
Austrian male composers
Austrian composers
Male conductors (music)
20th-century Austrian conductors (music)
20th-century Austrian male musicians
Austrian expatriates in the United States

masks:
Peter Paul Fuchs
Peter Paul Fuchs
Adolf Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Peter Paul
Fuchs
Peter
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Paul Phillips
Peter Paul
Fuchs
Fuchs


texts:
<mask> (27 March 1869 – 23 October 1949) was a British trade unionist and Labour politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for 35 years, and as Leader of the Labour Party (1921–1922), led the party in its breakthrough at the 1922 general election. He was the first Englishman to serve as leader of the Labour Party. Early life
The son of an Irish labourer named <mask>, he was born in Oldham, Lancashire, and began working in a local cotton mill when he was ten years old. Aged sixteen, he wrote a series of articles about child labour in the textile industry, and the following year; he helped form the Piercers' Union. He was mainly self-educated, although he went to night school after his day's work in the mill. His first book was a dictionary and then, by careful saving of coppers, he bought a Bible, Shakespeare's plays, and Bacon's essays.Later in life, he would amaze colleagues in meetings and in parliamentary debates by quoting verbatim from the Bible, Shakespeare, Milton and <mask>in. He married Mary Elizabeth Harper, a mill worker, in 1893. Trade union and political involvement
In 1892, Clynes became an organiser for the Lancashire Gasworkers' Union and came in contact with the Fabian Society. Having joined the Independent Labour Party, he attended the 1900 conference where the Labour Representation Committee was formed; this committee soon afterwards became the Labour Party. Clynes stood for the new party in the 1906 general election and was elected to Parliament for Manchester North East, becoming one of Labour's bright stars. In 1910, he became the party's deputy chairman. Parliamentary career
During the First World War, Clynes was a supporter of British military involvement (in which he differed from <mask>), and, in 1917, became Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Food Control in the Lloyd George coalition government.The next year, he was appointed Minister of Food Control and, at the 1918 general election, he was returned to Parliament for the Manchester Platting constituency. <mask> became leader of the party in 1921 and led it through its major breakthrough in the 1922 general election. Before that election, Labour only had fifty-two seats in Parliament but, as a result of the election, Labour's total number of seats rose to 142. He was held in considerable respect and affection in the Labour Party and, although lacking the charisma of MacDonald, was a wily operator who believed all resources available should be used to advance the material of the working classes. MacDonald had resigned as Labour leader in 1914, due to his wartime pacifism, and at the 1918 general election, he lost his seat. He did not return to the House of Commons for another four years. By that stage, MacDonald's pacifism had been forgiven.When the occupant of the Labour leadership had to be decided on through a vote of Labour parliamentarians, MacDonald narrowly defeated Clynes. Clynes was a critic of government policy towards the Irish population in the years after 1918, and attacked 'a recurring system of coercion' which had left Ireland “more angry and embittered . . . than ever’

Governmental office
When MacDonald became Prime Minister he made <mask> the party's leader in the Commons until the government was defeated in 1924. During the second MacDonald government of 1929–1931, Clynes served as Home Secretary. In that role, Clynes gained literary prominence when he explained in the Commons his refusal to grant a visa
to the Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky, then living in exile in Turkey, who had been invited by the Independent Labour Party to give a lecture in Britain. Clynes had then been immortalised by the scathing criticism of his concept of the right to asylum, voiced by Trotsky in the last chapter of his autobiography "My Life" entitled "The planet without visa". In 1931, Clynes sided with Arthur Henderson and George Lansbury, against MacDonald's support for austerity measures to deal with the Great Depression.Clynes split with MacDonald when the latter left Labour to form a National Government. In the 1931 election, Clynes was one of the casualties, losing his Manchester Platting seat. Nevertheless, he regained this constituency in 1935, and then remained in the House of Commons until his retirement ten years later, at the 1945 general election. Retirement and death
After retiring, Clynes was living in very straitened circumstances, with no other income than trade union pension of £6 per week. This pension debarred him from the Commons Ex-Members Fund. Doctors' and nursing fees in respect of his invalid wife had hit him heavily. MPs opened a fund to help and raised about £1,000.Thus, after a lifetime spent in advancing the material conditions of the people, he died in relative poverty in October 1949. His wife died a month later. Honours
 He was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 1918, giving him the Honorific Title "The Right Honourable" for Life. He was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Oldham on 9 January 1946. He received the Honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) from the University of Durham and the University of Oxford. <mask> Court, a social housing development in Putney, south west London, is named after him. Notes

References

Further reading
 <mask>, <mask>. Memoirs (1937)
 Edward, George From Mill Boy to Minister (1918)
 <mask>, Tony.J.R. Clynes: A Political Life (2016)

External links

1869 births
1949 deaths
People from Oldham
Lords Privy Seal
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
British Secretaries of State
Leaders of the Labour Party (UK)
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Independent Labour Party MPs
Independent Labour Party National Administrative Committee members
GMB (trade union)-sponsored MPs
Presidents of the GMB (trade union)
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1935–1945
Chairs of the Labour Party (UK)
Chatham House people

masks:
John Robert Clynes
Patrick Clynes
Rusk
Ramsay MacDonald
Clynes
Clynes
John Ces
Clynes
J R
Judge