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<mask>  (24 October 1843 – 10 March 1933), one of New Zealand's last land wars heroes, was awarded the rare New Zealand Cross for his acts of bravery at Ngatapa Pā, Gisborne in January 1869. Only 23 of these medals were ever awarded. <mask> was among the first to receive the award and was the last recipient to die. Origins
<mask> as he was commonly known, was born in Auckland, New Zealand on 24 October 1843, the son of an English regular soldier, <mask>, and his wife Anne Leach. The Biddles were originally from Alveston, Gloucestershire, England before migrating on the settlers ship, the Katherine Stewart Forbes on 1 February 1841 which arrived in New Zealand in June of the same year. Ben grew up on the shores of the Waitemata Harbour and worked on the Captain Jones cutters as a youngster, sailing between Auckland and the Bay of Plenty. Following his time at sea, he worked on a cattle farm where he broke in horses.(Evans 1998. p. 13). New Zealand land wars
As a 21-year-old, <mask> enlisted in the New Zealand Colonial Forces as a constable in the 1st Division of the Armed Constabulary (Military Police). He soon saw action and was involved in a number of notable conflicts. According to Cowan (1935) 'He made a name in the Hauhau wars for his enterprise and disregard of danger. He was sometimes in trouble with military officers who had incurred his contempt by their ignorance of bush warfare or their excessive caution, but when men were needed for the fighting line the call was always for <mask> and men of his kind.' (p. 223). Ngatapa

Following their defeat at Makaretu on 3 December 1868, Te Kooti and his followers withdrew to an ancient Māori pā, named Ngatapa, northwest of Gisborne, where they made a stand against the colonial forces and the kupapa, (colonial-aligned Māori).Ngatapa was a single cone-shaped mountain and was around 2,000 feet high with two sharp cliffs to the sides and a narrow precipice to the rear of the mountain. On 5 December an attempt to storm the pā was commanded by Major Wahawaha and Lieutenant Preece, but they were not successful owing to a lack of ammunition and the defection of a number of men. On 24 December Colonel Whitmore set out from Patutahi with a stronger and better prepared force of men, including the Armed Constabulary. By 31 December Whitmore's men had gained a position on the same ridge as the pā and two days later, began their assault upon Ngatapa. The colonial forces and the kupapa attempted to take the pā but Te Kooti's men succeeded in slowing them down and Whitmore ordered an artillery bombardment on the pā. The colonial and kupapa forces had only enough men to surround three of the four sides of the pā, but believed that this was adequate as the fourth side was a 200-foot cliff and that it was not possible for Te Kooti's forces to escape in that direction. In the late hours of 4 January  and early hours of 5  January, Te Kooti and a large number of his party escaped by tying blankets and flax ropes together and letting themselves down the unguarded section of cliff.After the pā was taken and a short pursuit was mounted, a number of Hauhau were stripped, shot and thrown from the cliffs atop Ngatapa. Te Kooti had escaped and would go on to cause more havoc for the colonial forces. <mask>'s citation reads:

"For his gallant conduct at the siege of Ngatapa, in January, 1869. The rear of the enemy's position was assigned to the attack under Major Fraser, consisting of Nos 1 and 3 Armed Constabulary and Hotene's Ngatiporous. The extreme right, on a scarped stony ridge, was commanded from the enemy's rifle-pits and works, and lodgement was only effected by cutting out standing room with a pick axe. The enemy made several determined sorties against this point, and it became extremely difficult to maintain the position - which was essential to the success of the operations. A party of twelve Volunteers were at length placed there, and they succeeded, with some loss, in holding the position till the end of the siege, and in repelling several resolute attacks.One of the most conspicuous for his bravery was <mask>." (Bowen 1870:3). Marriage and post war

While serving in the land wars, <mask> married a Māori woman called Mauri Poiakino (Pakohai) who was of Tuhoe and Ngati Pahauwera origins. Mauri accompanied her husband on a number of his military missions, acting as both a guide and cook. Following the land wars, <mask> and Mauri had a large family and lived in Wainui in the Bay of Plenty, an odd location as Ben's nemesis, Te Kooti, resided and built his marae there. One of <mask>'s sons, Robert 'Rapata' <mask>,  become a minister and  secretary within the Ringatu Church, set up by Te Kooti. <mask> also designed the Ringatu crest or logo in 1926.(Binney, 1995:421). Although <mask> found himself at odds with some of his superior officers and faced a court martial on one occasion, he got his own back by naming his most troublesome bullock "Lambert" after his equally troublesome former officer, Colonel Lambert. (Cowan 1935:224). <mask> died in Whakatane on 10 March 1933. References

 Evans et al. 1998. The Biddles: A Bicultural Family of Aotearoa/New Zealand.Auckland: Evagean Publishing. Cowan, J. 1935. Hero Stories of New Zealand. Wellington: Harry Tombs Publishing. http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-CowHero-t1-body-d31.html
 Cowan, J. 1956.The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume II: The Hauhau Wars, 1864–72. Wellington: R.E. Owen Publishing. http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow02NewZ-c37.html
 Kerehona, B. 2007. (Draft). Born for War: New Zealand's Military History - A Family Perspective (expected to be published in early 2011).The website can be viewed at http://tumatauenga.webs.com
 NGATAPA, SIEGE OF', from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, originally published in 1966. URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/1966/N/NgatapaSiegeOf/en
 Bowen, G.F. 1870. Roll of the New Zealand Cross. Wellington: Alexander Turnbull Library. Binney, J. 1995. Redemption Songs: A Life of Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki.Auckland: University Press. Gudgeon, T. W. 1887. The Defenders of New Zealand: Being a short biography of colonists who distinguished themselves in upholding her Majesty's supremacy in these islands. Auckland: H. Brett Printer/Publisher. People of the New Zealand Wars
People from Auckland
Recipients of the New Zealand Cross (1869)
New Zealand people of English descent
1848 births
1933 deaths
Ngāi Tūhoe
Ngāti Pāhauwera

masks:
Benedict Benjamin Biddle
Biddle
Ben Biddle
Edward Biddle
Biddle
Biddle
Ben Biddle
Constable Biddle
Biddle
Biddle
Biddle
Biddle
Robert Biddle
Ben Biddle
Biddle


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<mask>  (27 September 1918 – 14 October 1984) was an English radio astronomer who developed revolutionary radio telescope systems (see e.g. aperture synthesis) and used them for accurate location and imaging of weak radio sources. In 1946 <mask> and Derek Vonberg were the first people to publish interferometric astronomical measurements at radio wavelengths. With improved equipment, <mask> observed the most distant known galaxies in the universe at that time. He was the first Professor of Radio Astronomy in the University of Cambridge and founding director of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory. He was the twelfth Astronomer Royal from 1972 to 1982. <mask> and Antony Hewish shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974, the first Nobel prize awarded in recognition of astronomical research.In the 1970s, <mask> turned the greater part of his attention from astronomy to social and political issues which he considered to be more urgent. Education and early life

<mask> was born in Brighton, the son of Professor John Alfred <mask> and Miriam (née Scully) <mask>. He was the nephew of Oxford University Professor of Philosophy <mask>. After studying at Bradfield College, <mask> studied physics at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1939, <mask> worked with the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) on the design of antennas for airborne radar equipment during World War II. After the war, he received a fellowship at the Cavendish Laboratory. Career and research
The focus of <mask>'s early work in Cambridge was on radio waves from the Sun.His interest quickly shifted to other areas, however, and he decided early on that the Cambridge group should develop new observing techniques. As a result, <mask> was the driving force in the creation and improvement of astronomical interferometry and aperture synthesis, which paved the way for massive upgrades in the quality of radio astronomical data. In 1946 <mask> built the first multi-element astronomical radio interferometer. <mask> guided the Cambridge radio astronomy group in the production of several important radio source catalogues. One such catalogue, the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources (3C) in 1959 helped lead to the discovery of the first quasi-stellar object (quasar). While serving as university lecturer in physics at Cambridge from 1948 to 1959, <mask> became director of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory in 1957 and professor of radio astronomy in 1959. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1952, was knighted in 1966 (p 519 of) and succeeded Sir Richard Woolley as Astronomer Royal from 1972–1982.<mask> and Antony Hewish shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974, the first Nobel prize awarded in recognition of astronomical research. In 1968 <mask> served as professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London. Personality
According to numerous reports <mask> was quick-thinking, impatient with those slower than himself and charismatic (pp 502, 508, 510 of). He was also idealistic (p 519 of), a characteristic he shared with his father (p 499 of,). In an interview (p271 of) in 1982 he said "At times one feels that one should almost have a car sticker saying 'Stop Science Now' because we're getting cleverer and cleverer, but we do not increase the wisdom to go with it." He was also intense and volatile (p 327 of), the latter characteristic being associated with his mother (p 499 of, Folder A.20 of). The historian Owen Chadwick described him as "a rare personality, of exceptional sensitivity of mind, fears and anxieties, care and compassion, humour and anger."(Folder A.28 of)

<mask> was sometimes considered difficult to work with – he often worked in an office at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory to avoid disturbances from other members of the Cavendish Laboratory and to avoid getting into heated arguments, as <mask> had a hot temper. <mask> worried that Cambridge would lose its standing in the radio astronomy community as other radio astronomy groups had much better funding, so he encouraged a certain amount of secrecy about his aperture synthesis methods in order to keep an advantage for the Cambridge group. <mask> had heated arguments with Fred Hoyle of the Institute of Astronomy about Hoyle's steady state universe, which restricted collaboration between the Cavendish Radio Astronomy Group and the Institute of Astronomy during the 1960s. War, peace and energy

<mask> was a new physics graduate and an experienced radio ham in 1939, when the Second World War started. He played an important part in the Allied war effort, working mainly in radar countermeasures. After the war, "He returned to Cambridge with a determination to devote himself to pure science, unalloyed by the taint of war." In the 1970s, <mask> turned the greater part of his attention from astronomy to social and political issues which he considered to be more urgent.With publications from 1976 and continuing, despite illness until he died in 1984, he pursued a passionate and intensive program on the socially responsible use of science and technology. His main themes were:
 Warning the world of the horrific dangers of nuclear armaments, notably in his pamphlet Towards the Nuclear Holocaust. Criticism of nuclear power, as in Is there a case for nuclear power? Research and promotion of alternative energy and energy efficiency, as in Short-term Storage and Wind Power Availability. Calling for the responsible use of science and technology. "...we should strive to see how the vast resources now diverted towards the destruction of life are turned instead to the solution of the problems which both rich - but especially the poor - countries of the world now face." In 1983 <mask> responded to a request from the President of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences for suggestions of topics to be discussed at a meeting on Science and Peace.<mask>'s reply was published posthumously in <mask>'s Letter. An abridged version appears in New Scientist with the title <mask>'s Last Testament. The letter ends with "Our cleverness has grown prodigiously – but not our wisdom." Honours and awards
<mask> was awarded numerous prizes and honours including:

 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1952
Hughes Medal (1954)
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1964)
Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize (1965)
Henry Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences (1965)
Albert A. Michelson Medal of the Franklin Institute (1971)
Royal Medal (1973)
Bruce Medal (1974)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1974)
Ryle Telescope at Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory
 In 1965 <mask> co-delivered the Royal Institution Christmas Lecture on Exploration of the Universe. Personal life

In their early years <mask> and his elder brother received lessons at home in carpentry (p 498 of ) and manual skills became important for him throughout his life. This was for relaxation – he built boats to his own designs (p 498 of ) – and professionally. In his wartime radar work (), his post-war radio-telescope building (p 510 of ) and his late researches into wind energy (p 517 of ) he was a hands-on practical engineer as well as a scientist.<mask> also had a lifelong interest in sailing (p 498 of) and this matched his choice when in the 1970s he turned his research subject from astronomy to wind energy (pp 420–422 of)

Another practical skill acquired by <mask> in youth that later served him well in his professional career was as a radio 'ham'. While still at School (Bradfield College) he built his own transmitter and obtained a Post Office licence to operate it (pp 498–499 of), with the GB-Callsign G3CY. In 1936 the family moved to a house in Cambridge which became <mask>'s home after the war. In 1947 he and Rowena Palmer married and they lived in this house for rest of <mask>'s life. They had three children, born in 1949, 1951 and 1952. <mask> died on 14 October 1984, in Cambridge. He was celebrated on a first class stamp issued in 2009 as part of an Eminent Britons set.Lady <mask> died in 2013. <mask> was an amateur radio operator, and held the GB-Callsign G3CY. Sources

Notes

External links
  including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1974 Radio Telescopes of Large Resolving Power

1918 births
1984 deaths
People from Brighton
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Astronomers Royal
20th-century British astronomers
English physicists
British Nobel laureates
Knights Bachelor
Nobel laureates in Physics
People educated at Bradfield College
Royal Medal winners
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Radio astronomers
English Nobel laureates
Spectroscopists

masks:
Sir Martin Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Martin Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Gilbert Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Martin Ryle
Martin Ryle
Ryle
Ryle
Martin
Ryle
Martin
Martin
Martin
Ryle
Ryle
Ryle


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<mask> (born 17 October 1982) is a British writer, journalist, video editor, YouTuber, and a regular contributor to Radio Times and Doctor Who Magazine. He has also been published in The Daily Telegraph, TV Times, Filmstar, Cult Times, TV Zone and The Stage, and is the author of Doctor Who: The New Audio Adventures – The Inside Story. In 2008, BBC Books published Doctor Who: The Writer's Tale, based on a year-long email correspondence between <mask> and Doctor Who executive producer Russell T Davies. A revised and updated paperback edition, The Writer's Tale: The Final Chapter (featuring 350 pages of new material, extending the correspondence by another year), was published in January 2010. He is also known for writing and directing the short film The Imp of the Perverse, starring Dan Stokes, Jake Shiels and Myles Wheeler, as well as the documentary series Becoming YouTube. Early life
<mask> was born in Isleworth, London, England. He went to Orleans Park School in Twickenham from 1994 to 1999.At the age of 13, in 1996, he won a competition run by BBC children's news programme Newsround. In a 2008 interview, he explained:

The first thing I ever wrote was for Newsround'''s Press Packers... to enter a competition, and I won that, so I got to go to the BBC for the day – and work at Radio Times for a day, which now of course, a decade later, I'm doing regularly, and getting paid for it! – so that sort of sparked my interest.

He went to Richmond upon Thames College from 1999 to 2001, and then, from 2002 to 2006, attended Collingwood College at the University of Durham, where he studied English Literature. Radio Times
For Radio Times magazine, <mask> has written on E4 teen drama Skins ("The assertion that it's our job simply to reflect life is always a cop-out," co-creator Bryan Elsley told him. "But people who think it's our duty to educate young people on the correct way to live are just as bonkers"), ITV talent show The X Factor ("We weren't always fighting," Dannii Minogue confessed about ex-judge Sharon Osbourne, "but Sharon made it clear that she didn't like me, so she won't be missed. Not by me"), short-livedrama Demons ("I didn't entirely understand Demons," actor Richard Wilson told <mask> Djalili Show ("The first series was OK, but we all agreed it was there to be bettered," said Omid Djalili."It was a bit slapdash, to be honest"), Dan Cruickshank's Adventures in Architecture and Wild China, Comedy Central's Kröd Mändoon and the Flaming Sword of Fire, as well as BBC dramas Doctor Who, The Sarah Jane Adventures, Merlin, Little Dorrit and Spooks. In 2009, <mask> interviewed US boy band the Jonas Brothers for Radio Times, in which they spoke out about the controversy surrounding comedian Russell Brand's ridicule of their chastity rings at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards: "You know what? We were happy to see he recognised their value," reasoned Joe. "You have to learn to laugh," Kevin added. The next year, <mask> conducted the "first Twitter interview" with Stephen Fry, asking him how he accounted for (fellow 2010 National Television Award nominee) Piers Morgan's career: "It's pretty hard to imagine, isn't it?" replied Fry. "Biodiversity is the answer... Just as nature needs a few snakes and bugs, TV needs Piers Morgan and me!"Doctor Who Magazine
<mask> first wrote for Doctor Who Magazine (DWM) in March 1999. Since then, his catalogue of interviews for the publication ranges from David Tennant, Billie Piper, Kylie Minogue and Richard E Grant to Peter Kay, Charlotte Church and McFly, and the first ever major print interview with Matt Smith. <mask>'s regular back-page interview column, Who on Earth is..., has featured such diverse names as Bernard Cribbins, Timothy Dalton, Duncan James from Blue and Professor Richard Dawkins. <mask> has compiled six DWM Special Editions – published between 2005 and 2010, under the umbrella title In Their Own Words – providing a chronological commentary on the making of the TV series, from 1963 to 2009, by those involved in its production, collated from extracts of interviews previously published in DWM. In 2002, <mask> tracked down elusive Doctor Who scriptwriter Christopher Bailey and interviewed him for DWM. This inspired Robert Shearman to write Deadline, an acclaimed audio play starring Derek Jacobi as retired writer Martin Bannister (loosely based on Bailey) and Ian Brooker as journalist Sydney (loosely based on <mask>), reporter for the fictional Juliet Bravo Magazine. In a 2004 interview, Shearman explained:

I think Deadline is in some ways inspired by the idea that he [Martin Bannister] gets tracked down by, essentially, <mask>.Not called <mask> in the play, of course – but it was actually based on DWMs Christopher Bailey interview. Here was a writer who hadn't been interviewed for many years, and was obviously not bitter about it, but had [...] his own perspective of what he wanted to say and do. In February 2008, <mask> had a contentious interview with actor Clive Swift. "I'm quite aggrieved," Swift told him. "Why should I do this? I'm not getting paid, am I?" Swift refused to answer some of <mask>'s questions and replied brusquely to others.When <mask> asked Swift – best known for his portrayal of Richard Bucket in BBC sitcom Keeping Up Appearances – whether people shout "Richard" at him in the street, the actor replied: "Sometimes. I tell them to fuck off." The encounter ended with Swift insisting, "I know that you all think that this is a big world, this Who business. But it isn't. There are much bigger things than this." When <mask> replied, "Maybe, but it means a lot to a great many of us," Swift terminated the interview. In another controversial interview, in January 2010, outgoing Doctor Who star David Tennant told <mask>:

Clearly the Labour Party is not without some issues right now [...] but they're still a better bet than the Tories.I would still rather have Gordon Brown than David Cameron. I would rather have a Prime Minister who is the cleverest person in the room than a Prime Minister who looks good in a suit. I think David Cameron is a terrifying prospect. I think he's a regional newscaster who will jump on whatever bandwagon flies past. I get quite panicked at the notion that people are buying into his rhetoric, because it seems very manipulative to me... It's very weird that you can work in the arts – which tends to be about empathy, and understanding the human condition, and hopefully feeling some kind of sympathy for your fellow man – and vote for the Tories. I do find that inconceivable.Tennant's comments were widely reported, with Cameron offering a rebuttal on Richard Bacon's BBC Radio 5 Live show on 11 January:

Well, that's a pity, but there we are. You're never going to win over everybody. I definitely believe there's no point trying to win over everyone. Say what you think, say what you believe in, say what you believe needs to be done – and if people will come with you, they will come with you. I never give up, so maybe I'll have another go at convincing him. The Writer's Tale
In 2008, BBC Books published Doctor Who: The Writer's Tale, based on an in-depth email correspondence between <mask> and Doctor Who executive producer Russell T Davies, spanning February 2007 to March 2008, during production of the show's fourth series. Extracts were published in The Times on 16 and 17 September 2008, and the book itself met with positive reviews.Esther Walker of The Independent predicted that "the fans will adore it. Davies has engaged with the book totally and there is full disclosure from him about everything." The Daily Telegraph's Robert Colvile called the book "Remarkably open", adding: "Despite the self-deprecating bonhomie, there's a ruthless confidence to Davies." In a five-star review for Heat magazine, Boyd Hilton called it "a funny, revealing insight into the workings of the genius who puts the show together." In another five-star review, SFX Magazine said, "You can douse all the other books about new Who in lighter fuel and spark up your Zippo – this is all you need. It's the only one that opens a door into the brain of the series' showrunner." Darren Scott of The Pink Paper – which also awarded the book five stars – agreed: "If you're an uber fan of the show... or an aspiring (or even established) writer, this book will very, very quickly fall into the 'can't put down' category."Scott Matthewman of The Stage said, "I can't recommend The Writer's Tale highly enough... It's a genuine insight into the entire television production process." "The Writer's Tale is an enormous book, but consumed compulsively it doesn't last very long at all," said Thom Hutchinson of Death Ray magazine. "We learn, brilliantly, the difference between bellowing media personage Big Russell and the apprehensive, chain-smoking obsessive who exists alone and silent in the early hours." The Scotsman's team of arts writers said: "The Writer's Tale offers a fascinating insight into the writing of one of TV's biggest hits." Veronica Horwell of The Guardian called it "the Doctor Who Annual for adults", suggesting that 500-odd pages "is not nearly enough, should have been 1001 pages, because Davies doesn't need to be writing fiction, shaping stuff retrieved from the flux of his Great Maybe, to be a storyteller. He's the Scheherazade of Cardiff Bay."Horwell described Davies as "a total romantic about writing. It's his love, his drug, his force for change: over the year even invisible, unopinionated <mask> emerges as a proper companion who challenges Davies over the last image in the series. And wins. Brilliant." In the blogosphere, Sci-Fi Onlines Daniel Salter claimed that The Writer's Tale "could be one of the most important Doctor Who books you're ever likely to read, even if it's not always about Doctor Who." "Page after page of banter that's just as exciting and suspenseful as the show itself," enthused Sebastian J. Brook of Doctor Who Online. "<mask>'s fearless and intelligent approach to asking questions pave [sic] the way for some fantastic responses as he manages to temper Davies' fun, energetic and sometimes insecure narrative with good, solid and sometimes cheeky responses."Off The Tellys Graham Kibble-White concluded: "Candid, lucid and an all-too painful evocation of the challenges inherit in writing and running perhaps the most important show on the BBC". In November 2008, it was announced that Richard and Judy, the couple credited with revolutionising the reading habits of Britons, had selected The Writer's Tale for their Christmas Presents book strand – in the Serious Non-Fiction category – as part of the prestigious Richard & Judy Book Club. The couple described the book as "an absolute snapshot into the mind of a creative writer... It's a free flow of thought – a stream of consciousness. It's a great book." On 2 December 2008, inspired by The Writer's Tale, Charlie Brooker devoted an extended edition of his BBC Four TV show Screenwipe entirely to interviews with prestigious writers, including Russell T Davies. In June 2009, The Writer's Tale was shortlisted in the "Best Non-Fiction" category at the 2009 British Fantasy Awards, but ultimately lost out to Stephen Jones' Basil Copper: A Life in Books.Published in January 2010, the paperback edition, The Writer's Tale: The Final Chapter, updates Davies and <mask>'s correspondence to September 2009, to cover Davies' final year as Head Writer and Executive Producer of Doctor Who, taking in David Tennant's final few episodes as the Doctor. Critical reception was generally positive. SFX magazine's Ian Berriman described the book as "satisfyingly voyeuristic" and said, "It's well worth buying, even if you've already got the original edition." The Guardians Vera Rule called it "Far more than a ritual 'making of'" and the "Best masterclass in telly I've ever attended," adding: "Made me cry." Heat magazine included the book on its "Hot List" of "The Top Ten Things We At Heat Are Completely Obsessed With This Week." However, Private Eye criticised the tome for being "breathlessly self-congratulatory" – "a bring-your-own-extolment party in which readers are invited to bask in the outrageous genius of this bear-like TV demagogue." Asked, in a February 2010 interview, whether there were any plans to conduct a similar correspondence with Davies' successor as showunner, Steven Moffat, <mask> replied: Not at the moment.Well, not by me. Maybe Steven's e-mailing someone else! But look, e-mailing me isn't a prerequisite for taking the job of showrunner. I'm not handed down from head writer to head writer, like a soup recipe. Or a genetic disorder. The Writer's Tale sort of came about by accident, really, and it was quite an organic process, at a time when Russell already had three series under his belt...

 YouTube and other work
On 16 August 2012, <mask> released a trailer on his YouTube account ninebrassmonkeys for his project, Becoming YouTube, a 12-part "weekly" video series about the British YouTube community. Presented in a documentary style and incorporating sketch comedy and fantasy sequences featuring popular YouTube stars.The first episode was launched on 9 December 2012. After uploading the last episode of Becoming YouTube of the first series on 23 February 2014, he announced Project:Library, which is written by <mask>, Tim Hautekiet and Jack Howard. On 7 April 2013, <mask> was featured in The Guardian in an article about Britain's 20 most popular video bloggers and about his success with Becoming YouTube. <mask> is also involved with the development of Tofu, an 8-part sex-culture web series commissioned by Channel 4 to accompany the television productions Cucumber and Banana. On 8 January 2015, <mask> has uploaded a trailer for the 2nd season of his project, Becoming YouTube, claimed to be the last in the series. He also conducted interviews with a number of YouTube personalities including Charlie McDonnell, Emma Blackery, Jack Howard, Daniel Howell, Phil Lester, amongst others. Tofu

Tofu is a British online documentary series presented by <mask> released in 2015 on 4oD, Channel 4's video-on-demand service.The series complements two series by Russell T Davies, Cucumber and Banana. <mask> interviews the cast members and the public about modern sex, sexuality, and issues referenced or arisen in the 2 shows. Like Cucumber and Banana, the name of the series refers to the same urological scale of hardness of the male erection which starts at tofu, goes through peeled banana and banana, and ends at cucumber. <mask>, <mask> (2003). Doctor Who: The New Audio Adventures – The Inside Story. Berkshire: Big Finish. .
 Hickman, Clayton, ed. (2005), "<mask>, <mask>", Doctor Who Annual 2006, pp.47–52. Kent: Panini Books. .
 Davies, Russell T; and <mask>, <mask> (2008). Doctor Who: The Writer's Tale. London: BBC Books. .
 Davies, Russell T; and <mask>, <mask> (2010). Doctor Who: The Writer's Tale: The Final Chapter. London: BBC Books. .
 Hickman, Clayton, ed. (2010), "<mask>, <mask>", The Brilliant Book of Doctor Who 2011, pp.104–107. London: BBC Books. .
 Hickman, Clayton, ed. (2011), "<mask>, <mask>", The Brilliant Book of Doctor Who 2012'', pp. 10–14, 36–39, 64–67, 94–97, 154–159. London: BBC Books. .

References

External links
 Official website
 <mask> on Twitter
 <mask> (ninebrassmonkeys) on YouTube

1982 births
British atheists
British feminists
British video bloggers
Living people
English video bloggers
English male journalists
People from Isleworth
Alumni of Collingwood College, Durham
Alumni of Richmond upon Thames College

masks:
Benjamin Cook
Cook
Benjamin Cook
Cook
Cookd
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Ben Cook
Ben Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Benjamin Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Benjamin
Cook
Benjamin
Cook
Benjamin
Cook
Benjamin
Cook
Benjamin
Cook
Benjamin
Benjamin Cook
Benjamin Cook


texts:
<mask> (January 27, 1941 – August 15, 2016) was an American jazz vibraphone and marimba player. "Little B's Poem", from the 1966 Blue Note album Components, is one of his best-known compositions. <mask> influenced younger vibraphonists including Steve Nelson, Joe Locke, and Stefon Harris. Biography

Early life and career

<mask> was born in Los Angeles, California, to Eli, a master mason, and Esther, a hairdresser. <mask> was exposed to jazz by his brother Teddy, who listened to Art Blakey records in the family home with his friend Dexter Gordon. His older sister Peggy was a singer in Gerald Wilson's orchestra. <mask> went on to record on a number of Gerald Wilson's Pacific Jazz recordings as well as play in his orchestra.<mask>'s sister personally introduced <mask> to Eric Dolphy (her boyfriend at the time) and Billy Mitchell. <mask> was inspired to take up the vibraphone when at about the age of 12 he heard Milt Jackson with Thelonious Monk, Percy Heath, Kenny Clarke and Miles Davis playing "Bemsha Swing" on the Miles Davis All Stars, Volume 2 album (1954). Still in his teens, <mask> began his professional career in the late 1950s working with tenor saxophonist Curtis Amy and trumpeter Carmell Jones, as well as with Dolphy and tenor saxophonist Charles Lloyd at Pandora's Box on the Sunset Strip. He made his recording debut on August 3, 1960, cutting two songs for a 7-inch single with the Les McCann trio for Pacific Jazz (released in 1961), followed by the LP Groovin' Blue with the Curtis Amy-Frank Butler sextet on December 10 (also released by Pacific Jazz in 1961). In January 1962, <mask> joined the Billy Mitchell–Al Grey group for dates at The Jazz Workshop in San Francisco and Birdland in New York City (opposite Art Blakey). After touring with the Mitchell–Grey group for a year, <mask> settled in New York City (on 165th street in The Bronx) where he worked part-time as a taxi driver, before fully entering the jazz scene via his childhood friend, bassist Herbie Lewis. Blue Note Records
Lewis was working with The Jazztet and hosted jam sessions at his apartment.After hearing <mask> play at one of Lewis' events, Jazztet and Jackie McLean band member Grachan Moncur III felt that <mask> would be a good fit for McLean's group, which led to <mask>'s first recording for Blue Note Records on April 30, 1963, McLean's One Step Beyond. This was quickly followed by sessions for Blue Note with Moncur, Dolphy, Gordon, Andrew Hill, Tony Williams and Grant Green in 1963 and 1964, later followed by sessions with Joe Henderson, John Patton, Duke Pearson and Lee Morgan. In spite of the numerous post-bop, avant-garde, and free jazz recordings made during this period, <mask>'s first session for Blue Note as leader, The Kicker (recorded in 1963 but not released until 1999), demonstrated his background in hard bop and the blues, as did Idle Moments with Grant Green. <mask> won the "Talent Deserving of Wider Recognition" award in the 1964 Down Beat readers' poll, and Blue Note released <mask>'s Dialogue in 1965. The 1966 record Stick-Up!, featuring Joe Henderson, Herbie Lewis, and Billy Higgins, was the first of many recorded sessions <mask> made with McCoy Tyner throughout their careers. Stick-Up! was also the only album out of ten <mask> recorded as leader for Blue Note between 1965 and 1969 which did not feature drummer Joe Chambers or any of Chambers' compositions.Spanning the years 1963 to 1977, <mask> had one of the longest recording careers with Blue Note, second only to Horace Silver's. Return to the West Coast
<mask> lost his cabaret card and taxi driver's license in 1967 after he and Joe Chambers were arrested for marijuana possession in Central Park, so he moved back to California, but continued to record for Blue Note. This return to the West Coast resulted in an important partnership with Harold Land, with whom <mask> recorded seven albums for Blue Note, featuring a rotating lineup of pianists such as Chick Corea, Stanley Cowell, and Joe Sample, and usually Chambers on drums. The <mask>-Land group broke up in 1971, and that same year <mask> won the title of "World's Best Vibist" in the International Jazz Critics Poll. After the release of Knucklebean in 1977, <mask> recorded three albums for Columbia Records in the late 1970s. Land and <mask> reunited in the early 1980s for several recordings as the "Timeless All Stars," a sextet featuring Curtis Fuller, Cedar Walton, Buster Williams, and Billy Higgins which recorded four albums for the Dutch label Timeless Records. After switching between several labels in the early 1980s for his solo material, <mask> recorded eight albums for Landmark Records from the 1980s into the early 1990s, and continued to work steadily as a sideman during this time.His recorded output slowed somewhat during the past few decades, although he did release albums for Atlantic and Verve in the 1990s, three for the Swiss-based label Kind of Blue in the 21st century, and continued to tour. Later years
In 2004, <mask> became an inaugural member of the SFJAZZ Collective, featuring Joshua Redman, Miguel Zenón, Nicholas Payton, Renee Rosnes, and Eric Harland, among others. He toured with them for four years, and made an appearance at the SFJAZZ Center's grand opening in 2013. His 2007 quartet included Renee Rosnes on piano, Dwayne Burno on bass and Al Foster on drums. His 2008 quartet included Joe Gilman on piano, Glenn Richman on bass and Eddie Marshall on drums. In 2010 he received the lifetime Jazz Master Fellowship Award from the National Endowment for the Arts and performed at Birdland in a quintet featuring Gilman, Burno, Marshall, and Peter Bernstein. 2014 saw <mask> return to Blue Note Records with Enjoy the View, recorded at Ocean Way Studios in Hollywood with Joey DeFrancesco, David Sanborn, and Billy Hart.The quartet performed four sold-out shows at the SFJAZZ Center in February, prior to the album's release. Acting career
<mask>'s intermittent acting career included an appearance as the bandleader in They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969), and as Ace in Round Midnight (1986). Personal life
<mask> has a son, Barry, from his first marriage to Beth Buford. <mask> wrote the waltz "Little B's Poem" for Barry in 1962. Due to the success of "Ummh" from the album San Francisco, one of <mask>'s few entries in the jazz fusion style, he was able to buy an acre of land on which he built a house in Montara, California, in 1972. That same year, he married Rosemary Zuniga, a ticket taker at the Both/And club in San Francisco.The couple had a son, Teddy, who is a production manager for SFJAZZ. <mask> attended an African Methodist Episcopal Church as a youth and converted to Catholicism later in life. A heavy smoker all his life, <mask> had suffered from emphysema since 2007. He died from the condition in Montara, California, on August 15, 2016. Style and critical reception

AllMusic contributor Steve Huey stated that <mask>'s "free-ringing, open chords and harmonically advanced solos were an important part of Dolphy's 1964 masterwork Out to Lunch! ", and called Dialogue a "classic of modernist post-bop", declaring <mask> "one of jazz's greatest vibraphonists". Huey went on to say: "along with Gary Burton, the other seminal vibraphone talent of the '60s, <mask> helped modernize his instrument by redefining what could be done with it – sonically, technically, melodically, and emotionally.In the process, he became one of the defining (if underappreciated) voices in the so-called "new thing" portion of Blue Note's glorious '60s roster." In his liner notes to the 1980 release of Medina, record producer Richard Seidel (Verve, Sony Masterworks) wrote that "of all the vibists to appear on the scene contemporaneous with <mask>, none have been able to combine the rhythmic dexterity, emotive attack and versatile musical interests that <mask> possesses." Seidel concurred that <mask> was "part of the vanguard of the new jazz developments in the Sixties. He contributed mightily to several of the key sessions that document these developments." Interviewed by Jesse Hamlin for a piece on <mask> in the San Francisco Chronicle in 2012, collaborator Joshua Redman said that "We talk a lot about how music expresses universal values, experiences and feelings. But you don't often witness that so clearly and so profoundly as you do with <mask>. His music expresses the joy of living.He connects to the source of what music is about." In an April 2013 profile for Down Beat magazine, Dan Ouellette wrote that "<mask> took the vibes to a new level of jazz sophistication with his harmonic inventions and his blurring-fast, four-mallet runs... Today, he's the standard bearer of the instrument and has a plenitude of emulators to prove it." Ouellette quoted Joey DeFrancesco as saying "<mask> is the greatest vibes player of all time.... Milt Jackson was the guy, but <mask> took it to the next level. It's like Milt was Charlie Parker, and <mask> was John Coltrane." Discography

References

External links

Complete discography, news and reviews

1941 births
2016 deaths
Hard bop vibraphonists
Mainstream jazz vibraphonists
Free jazz vibraphonists
Post-bop vibraphonists
American jazz vibraphonists
Musicians from Los Angeles
Marimbists
American jazz composers
Timeless Records artists
Atlantic Records artists
Landmark Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Verve Records artists
Blue Note Records artists
Jazz musicians from California
American taxi drivers
African-American Catholics
SFJAZZ Collective members

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is a Japanese professional baseball player for the Chiba Lotte Marines of the Nippon Professional Baseball(NPB). He previously played with the Hanshin Tigers. <mask> was one of the most highly coveted position players in years as a senior for Waseda University in 2003. He holds the current NPB record for most consecutive games played without missing an inning as a shortstop, and appeared in every Tigers game for over 13 years from 2005 to May 27, 2018 (1,939 regular season games). Captain of the club since the start of the 2013 season. Early life and high school career
<mask> was born in Higashimurayama, Tokyo, the eldest of three brothers. He played for the Higashimurayama Junior Mets, Ozakudai Little League Club in his elementary school days in Higashimurayama and Hamura, and Mizuho Senior in his junior high school days in Hamura.He played both shortstop and pitcher at Seibō Gakuen Senior High School in Saitama. He played in the 81st National High School Baseball Championship in 1999, coming on in relief in Seibō Gakuen's first game against Hita-Rinkō High School (the Ōita champions) and clocking , but his team lost 5–3. College career
<mask> went on to enroll at Waseda University as a human sciences major. There, he was surrounded by an impressive collection of talent: his year included then-right fielder Norichika Aoki (Tokyo Yakult Swallows), third baseman Toshimitsu Higa (Hiroshima Carp) and center fielder Shintaro Yoshida (Orix Buffaloes), all three of whom would later go on to the pros. Left-hander Tsuyoshi Wada (Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks) was in the year above him, and second baseman Hiroyasu Tanaka (BayStars) and first baseman Shinichi Takeuchi (Swallows) would join the team one and two years later, respectively. In the spring of 2001, then-sophomore <mask> led the Tokyo Big6 Baseball League in all three Triple Crown categories (batting average, home runs, runs batted in), tying current Saitama Seibu Lions third baseman Taketoshi Gotoh as the fastest player (by academic year) to win Triple Crown honors in the history of the league. <mask> drew 19 combined walks and hit-batters in the spring 2003 season as a senior, a Tokyo Big6 record (later broken by then-Rikkyo University outfielder Yuichi Tabata in 2004).He won his second batting title that fall. He won five Tokyo Big6 Best Nine awards during his eight seasons (spring and fall) at Waseda, playing in 96 games and hitting .333 with 11 home runs and 71 RBI for his college career and leading Waseda to a record four consecutive league titles along with the likes of Aoki, Higa and Yoshida. He was one of the most highly touted position players in recent years in the months preceding the  and was said to be a complete five-tool player. The Hanshin Tigers signed him as a pre-draft pick in early November. Professional career

Hanshin Tigers
In 2004, amid much hype from both fans and members of the media, <mask> was named the Tigers' starting shortstop and No. 7 hitter in the Tigers' season opener as a rookie despite the presence of 26-year-old Atsushi Fujimoto, who had hit .301 at the same position the year before. He got the first base hit of his career off left-hander Yukinaga Maeda in the eighth inning of the opener against the Yomiuri Giants on April 2.However, struggling to make contact with the ball on a consistent basis, <mask> was replaced by Fujimoto in the sixth game of the season and saw most of his playing time at third base until Fujimoto left the team to play for Japan in the 2004 Athens Olympics, hitting his first career home run off then-Yokohama BayStars right-hander Kazumasa Azuma on May 27 and recording his first career stolen base against the BayStars on July 19. As luck would have it, Fujimoto struggled with his hitting upon rejoining the Tigers after the Olympic Games, and <mask> got most of the starts at shortstop for the remainder of the season. He hit just .251 with three home runs and 17 RBI in 235 at-bats, slugging a mere .345 in a disappointing rookie campaign. In 2005, Fujimoto was permanently moved to second base, and he and <mask> manned the Tigers' middle infield to begin the season. <mask> became the team's No. 2 hitter after Fujimoto and Kentaro Sekimoto, who had platooned in the 2-hole, struggled with their hitting. He played in all 146 games, hitting .278 with nine home runs and 52 RBI and even hitting two walk-off home runs in contributing to the Tigers' league championship.It was reported that he had married his high school sweetheart, who had been a year older than he was and the baseball team's team manager, on December 20 during the off-season. <mask> continued to make strides offensively, hitting .289 with 15 home runs and 58 RBI for the season in 2006. During one stretch from June 1 to 3, he hit a two-run home run to give his team the lead in the first game against the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles, a solo home run and an RBI double against Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks ace Kazumi Saito in the second, and a walk-off hit against Hawks right-hander Yoshiaki Fujioka in the third. He struggled on the defensive end, however, leading all of Japanese professional baseball with 21 errors. His wife gave birth to their first child (a boy) in September. <mask> replaced center fielder Norihiro Akahoshi as the team's leadoff hitter in 2007, but struggled with this new role, hitting .273 with 10 home runs and seeing declines in almost every offensive category. Despite this, he established a new NPB record for consecutive games played without missing an inning with 340 on July 24 in a game against the Chunichi Dragons.He extended this record to 398, but was taken out of the game early on September 29 to heal an injury he had suffered when hit by a pitch several days earlier. <mask> also made headlines when a Japanese tabloid reported that he had invited three women over to his hotel room while the team was staying in Tokyo during one away game stretch in September. The Tigers organization issued him a warning for his actions. In 2008, <mask> became the Tigers' No. 6 hitter, hitting over .300 for most of the year and even seeing time at the 3- and 5-hole (along with Sekimoto) while slugger Takahiro Arai was recovering from an injury. He returned to the No. 6 spot after Makoto Imaoka was promoted to the ichigun  (Japanese equivalent of "major league") level.<mask> was one of only three players in either of the Japanese leagues (along with teammate and left fielder Tomoaki Kanemoto and Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters second baseman Kensuke Tanaka) to play all 144 games without missing an inning. He finished the year with a .281 batting average, 13 home runs and a career-high 80 RBI, winning his first Best Nine Award. His wife gave birth to their second child on September 13. For 2009, <mask> was named the Tigers' No. 3 hitter by newly appointed manager Akinobu Mayumi, hitting .333 with three home runs and 14 RBI and scoring a league-leading 20 runs in front of cleanup hitter Kanemoto (who himself hit .379 with eight homers and 30 RBI) in the month of April. In 2014, <mask> informed Tigers' management of his wish to exercise his free agent right to transfer to Major League Baseball(MLB), but eventually re-signed with the Tigers. On December 2, 2019, he become free agent.Chiba Lotte Marines
On March 10, 2020, <mask> signed with the Chiba Lotte Marines of the NPB. Playing style

Hitting
<mask> is a left-handed spray hitter listed at 5 ft 11 in and 170 lb. He stands upright in the batter's box, employing an exaggerated open stance with his hands held shoulder-high away from his body. <mask> has gap power and can hit fairly evenly to all fields; though the majority of his extra-base hits were to the opposite field earlier in his career, he has gradually shown an ability to pull the ball for extra bases as well. He is a fast runner (his six triples in 2008 were the third-most in the league) and rarely makes mistakes on the basepaths, but is generally passive and does not look to steal unless given the sign to do so. <mask> has good range on the defensive end (he set a single-season Central League record for assists as a shortstop with 490 in 2006) and one of the strongest throwing arms of any NPB player at his position, routinely making plays from deep in the 5-6 hole (the area between third and short). However, he is somewhat error-prone, particularly on the throwing end of plays.His 15 errors in the 2008 season tied for most among Central League shortstops (Yomiuri Giants shortstop Hayato Sakamoto also committed 15). Career statistics

Bold indicates league leader; statistics current as of 2019

References

External links

 NPB.com
Japanese stats and info of Takashi Toritani

1981 births
Living people
Baseball people from Tokyo
Hanshin Tigers players
Chiba Lotte Marines players
Japanese baseball players
Nippon Professional Baseball shortstops
People from Higashimurayama, Tokyo
Waseda University alumni
2013 World Baseball Classic players

masks:
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<mask> (November 26, 1844 – April 28, 1914) was an Alabama lawyer and politician and military officer. He served in the Alabama legislature and as Governor of Alabama. He later became United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama and the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama. Family and early life
Born on November 26, 1844, in Vineville (now Macon, Georgia) to <mask> (1821–1861) and her husband, railroad builder <mask> (1815–1886), who had moved to Georgia in 1839 to become an assistant engineer on the Monroe Railroad, which soon declared bankruptcy. Despite financial problems around the time of <mask>'s birth, <mask> would become engineer on various other railroads in Alabama and Florida, one of Alabama's early industrialists, and briefly an Alabama legislator representing Lee County, Alabama. He also remarried during the Civil War to Aurora Serena Elmore, who was descended from Representative Joseph Brevard of South Carolina and would bear seven boys (<mask>'s step-brothers) during their marriage. Shortly before the war began, <mask> completed the Alabama and Florida Railroad, which supplied the Confederate Navy Yard in Pennsacola.He also helped establish the Chewacla Lime Works, the Montgomery and Talladega Sulphur Mines, and the Muscogee Lumber Company and completed a railroad line connecting Montgomery and Selma, Alabama, shortly before the Civil War ended, and then the Savannah and Memphis Railroad. The <mask>es, even more than the <mask> family, were among the First Families of Virginia. <mask> had arrived in Virginia via Barbados before 1661, and established a tobacco plantation in Henrico County. His descendant <mask>, of Chesterfield County, served as a lieutenant during the American Revolutionary War and as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and the US House of Representatives. His son <mask> (1787–1858), Martha's father, helped establish the Homestead European-style spa in Wythe County, Virginia. The <mask> traced their descent from Captain <mask>, who commanded a British naval vessel in Chesapeake Bay in 1680 and whose youngest son, <mask>, settled near Fortress Monroe in what became Brunswick County, Virginia. <mask>'s descendant <mask> represented Brunswick County in the Virginia House of Burgesses and became a captain in a Virginia regiment during the American Revolutionary War.His son Dr. <mask> <mask> (1788–1824) graduated from the University of North Carolina before he married Mary Armistead <mask>, and their eldest son, <mask> <mask>, studied at Williams College in Massachusetts and at Newark College (now the University of Delaware) before he married <mask>. In 1849, <mask> moved his young family to Montgomery, Alabama, while he was the engineer for the Montgomery and West Point Railroad. <mask> had a sister, Mary, who had been born in Atlanta in 1847 and would have five more siblings who survived infancy before the Civil War began and seven half-brothers from his father's second marriage. In any event, he was not educated at home but was instead sent to Charlottesville, Virginia, to study at a preparatory academy run by Charles Minor and Gessner Harrison. In the summer of 1860, he began to attend the Virginia Military Institute, and fellow cadets elected him as sergeant. During the Civil War, in winter quarters in Petersburg, Virginia, <mask> had begun studying William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England. After the war, he failed as a planter.He clerked for the Alabama and Florida Railroad, and thanks to his father, <mask> read law with John A. Elmore and then in a night class with Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Abram J. Walker. Military career

South Carolina seceded from the Union before the end of <mask>'s first semester. On May 1, 1861, after Virginia's secession vote, about 200 cadets (including <mask>) joined Professor and Major General Stonewall Jackson in fighting for the Confederacy. <mask> later recalled that his first duty was burying the dead after the Battle of McDowell. The cadets marched with Jackson's men until May 16, 1861, when the school summoned them back and later awarded them honorary degrees. Meanwhile, <mask> returned to Montgomery and enlisted as a private in the Partisan Rangers, Company K of the 53rd Alabama Regiment, but he was soon promoted to sergeant. The unit fought at the Battle of Thompson's Station, in Tennessee, and <mask> received a lieutenant's commission after he had led the unit despite his own battle wound; both the company's captain and lieutenant had been wounded and abandoned the field.<mask> was appointed aide de camp to General John Brown <mask> and accompanied the Army of Northern Virginia during the Gettysburg Campaign, including as a messenger when <mask> requested permission to attack Cemetery Ridge but was denied during the Battle of Gettysburg. <mask> also fought in the Siege of Petersburg, the Battle of the Wilderness, and the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. <mask> also fought with <mask> during Jubal Early's campaign that reached the outskirts of Washington DC and at the defeats during the Third Battle of Winchester and the Battle of Cedar Creek in late 1864. During the Battle of Cedar Creek, both sides respected <mask>'s courage for rescuing a girl caught in the crossfire between armies. He also received praise for rescuing a wounded Ohio soldier. Thus, <mask> fought in the Confederate States Army from 1862 to 1865, rising to the rank of major. On April 9, 1865, he physically carried the truce flag on his sword while under fire delivering Lee's surrender, and he witnessed the final ceremony at Appomattox Court House.Postwar career and politics
Returning from the Civil War, <mask> would claim an inheritance from his mother and purchased 750 acres in southern Montgomery County, Alabama in 1865, but he failed as a farmer and moved in with his mother-in-law in Montgomery by 1869. Crushing debts, low cotton prices, and Black Friday would cause him to lose the farm in 1870. Meanwhile, <mask> became editor of the Montgomery Daily Picayune and also read law in 1868, which helped his transition to his later career. Admitted to the Alabama bar in 1868, <mask> began a private legal practice in Montgomery. Until November 1868, <mask> worked with Judge Walker's brother, Hal Walker, both as a lawyer and as editor. The Daily Picayune allied with the Democratic Party, decried "Negro rule," and proposed racial segregation although, unlike more radical newspapers, it also advocated educating black children. <mask> also became children in the local Democratic Party, initially opposing groups allegedly trying to prevent counting of votes for Democrat Robert B. Lindsay for governor although others would characterize such efforts as intimidating black voters.Democrats ended Republican rule in Alabama in 1874, after an election in which <mask> led about 100 armed Democrats, who patrolled Montgomery on Election Day. <mask>' appointment as the reporter of decisions for the Supreme Court of Alabama by Chief Justice Elisha Peck also helped sustain his legal practice from 1870 to 1880. By 1874, <mask> joined a law firm with former Alabama Chief Justice Samuel F. Rice, despite Rice's alliance with the Republican Party during Reconstruction although he later resigned during a depot dispute between the Montgomery and Rice's client, the South and North Alabama Railroad. The Louisville and Nashville Railroad later became one of <mask>' major clients, as were the Capitol City Water Works Company, Western Union Telegraph Company, Southern Express Company, and the Standard Oil Company. By 1898, <mask> partnered with his half brother Charles Pollard <mask>. <mask> also wrote one of the earliest codes of legal ethics in 1887, adopted by the Alabama Bar Association and incorporated into the American Bar Association Code of Professional Ethics in 1907. After the war, <mask> helped organize the Alabama National Guard although his initial efforts to reorganize the Montgomery True Blues as the Governor's Guards ended up being disbanded by federal authorities in 1868.<mask> often spoke for reconciliation between North and South, first at a Memorial Day address in 1874 that became widely republished nationwide, and newly elected Governor <mask>. Houston named <mask> his aide-de-camp for military affairs by year's end. In 1877, the Grand Army of the Republic presented <mask> with a gold medal for his peace efforts, and he also spoke at Jefferson Davis's last visit to Montgomery in 1886 as well as gave Memorial Day addresses in Atlanta in 1887 and at the tomb of <mask> in New York City in 1902. In 1874, the Governor's Guards had offered their services to Governor Houston, and in 1881, they were officially organized as Alabama state troops. In 1876, <mask> resigned his position as aide de camp and became a captain of the Montgomery Greys. Four years later the Second Regiment elected <mask> as their commander, and he oversaw their use, including to save a black man from lynching during the Posey Riot of December 1883 and a white man in Birmingham in December 1888. <mask> ultimately sought political office as a Democrat. First he served on the Montgomery City Council, representing Ward 4 from 1874 to 1884, when he won election as a member of the Alabama House of Representatives where he served from 1884 to 1888, when he declined to seek re-election.During his second term, he became its speaker (1886 to 1888) and advocated funding the state militia and creating the state capital complex to house state government records. To the surprise of some, given his railroad clientele, <mask> also cast a tie-breaking vote making railroads liable for work-related injuries and opposed Governor Edward A. O'Neal's efforts to control the Alabama Railroad Commission. Instead of running for re-election to the legislature, <mask> returned to private practice to raise funds to campaign for governor, which was successful. He defeated the farmer Reuben Kolb and several others in the Democratic convention after several ballots and Republican candidate Benjamin M. Long handily in the general election. <mask> served as the Governor of Alabama from 1890 to 1894. In his first two-year term as governor, <mask> proposed a constitutional amendment to allow long legislative sessions as well as to allow local communities to levy taxes to finance education and internal improvements. He also opposed contrivances to disenfranchise blacks such as educational and property requirements, and he denounced proposals to limit tax revenues from white taxpayers for white schools as unconstitutional.Although by no means a racial egalitarian, <mask> also opposed Alabama's convict leasing system despite propaganda that it helped establish white supremacy as well as a frugal state government Ironically, <mask> both assumed office during a strike by coal miners who opposed unfair competition from leased convicts, which he initially resolved with the United Mine Workers by appointing a health and safety commissioner, and ended his second term dealing with a strike by Birmingham miners against the Tennessee Coal Iron and Railroad Company in which he called out state troops after hiring of black scabs provoked violence; the strike was widened by Eugene V. Debs to join the Pullman Strike. Despite Seay's boasts after cutting state taxes, the state was also nearly bankrupt, and the legislature, during his second term, refused to increase corporate taxes, as <mask> had suggested. Politics proved tumultuous, and <mask>'s attempts at replacing his former political rival Reuben Kolb as agricultural commissioner in his first term nearly proved pyrrhic. The Alabama Supreme Court approved the governor's new agricultural commissioner appointee when Kolb refused to vacate at the end of his term, and Kolb ran as an independent for governor in the next general election and narrowly lost to <mask>, just like in the Democratic primary, which Kolb attributed to <mask>'s over-representation in the state's Black Belt. <mask> would continue to dispute Kolb's contention that the 1892 election had been stolen until his death, and both Alabama House Speaker Frank L. Pettus and Senate President John C Compton were also from the Black Belt and ignored Kolb's request for investigations. Ironically, given his overt white supremist language, Kolb's attempts to link his Farmers' Alliance with the Populist candidate for President, former Union General James B. Weaver, may also have doomed his candidacy, many Alabamians refusing to support either the Republican presidential candidate, Benjamin Harrison nor the Union general, Weaver. Two weeks after <mask> announced that state troops would remain in Birmingham until the miners strike ended, on August 8, 1894, Kolb again lost his bid to become Alabama's governor, this time to Democrat William Calvin Oates, who, unlike <mask>, supported the convict leasing system.Expenses incurred during his gubernatorial term would haunt <mask> for the rest of his life. <mask>'s life insurance went to pay off the mortgage that had been incurred during his governorship. Thus, he did not challenge John Tyler Morgan for the US Senate seat but remained politically active in supporting US President <mask> Cleveland. <mask> became a Gold Democrat rather than supporting William Jennings Bryan, despite continued criticism from Kolb. However, the Gold Democrats got only 6,453 votes in Alabama, compared to Bryan's 107,137, and so <mask>'s political capital in the state also seemed to be finished. <mask> rehabilitated his political fortunes in 1897 by remaining in Montgomery, despite a yellow fever epidemic in the coastal South, his policies being fumigation, prompt burials, and a quarantine supported by armed guards. The 11 people who died in Montgomery were part at least 71 in the whole state.Federal judicial service
<mask> received a recess appointment from President Theodore Roosevelt on October 7, 1901, to a joint seat on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama and the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama vacated by Judge John Bruce. He was nominated to the same position by President Roosevelt on December 5, 1901. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 17, 1901, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on April 28, 1914 because of his death in Montgomery. <mask> was considered a moderate during his time on the bench. He opposed labor unions but supported the 14th Amendment and was a friend of black leader Booker T. Washington, to whom <mask> owed his appointment as a federal judge. Roosevelt, also friend of Washington, asked him to name a Southern Democrat who he thought would qualify as a federal judge.Washington endorsed <mask> for that position. During his tenure, Judge <mask> heard civil rights cases and took stands against lynching and refused to allow the state's convict lease system to become de facto slavery. Those stands became unpopular in the white community for holding that federal law permitted protection of black people. Death and legacy
His health deteriorated during the seven years while he oversaw a case in which railroads contested new rates set by the Alabama legislature. It was twice addressed by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, and had certiorari denied by the United States Supreme Court. In the winter of 1912–13, <mask> contracted pneumonia and recovered in Florida. Although he returned to his duties in Alabama by November 1913, he again soon took a leave of absence for reasons of health.He had been bedridden for weeks before he lost consciousness on April 26, 1914, and died two days later. Hundreds attended his funeral in Oakwood Cemetery, including many African Americans. References

Sources

 Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex, Random House, 2002, location 21341, Kindle Edition

1844 births
1914 deaths
People from Macon, Georgia
Politicians from Montgomery, Alabama
Governors of Alabama
Alabama Democrats
Montgomery, Alabama City Council members
Members of the Alabama House of Representatives
Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama
Judges of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama
United States district court judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt
20th-century American judges
Virginia Military Institute alumni
19th-century American politicians
Lawyers from Montgomery, Alabama
Military personnel from Montgomery, Alabama
People of Alabama in the American Civil War
Editors of Alabama newspapers
19th-century American judges

masks:
Thomas Goode Jones
Martha Goode
Samuel Jones
Thomas
Samuel Goode
Thomas
Samuel Jones
Good
Jones
John Goode
Samuel Goode
Thomas Goode
Jones
Roger Jones
Thomas
Thomas
John Jones
Thomas Williamson
Jones
Goode
Samuel Goode
Jones
Martha Goode
Samuel Jones
Thomas
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Gordon
Gordon
Jones
Jones
Gordon
Jones
Jones
Goode
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
George S
Jones
Jones
Ulysses Grant
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Grover
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
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Jones
Jones


texts:
<mask> (later Countess Rosenberg-Orsini; Venice, 21 January 1737Padua, 22 August 1791) was an Anglo-Venetian author. She is best known for her association with Casanova as well as her secret love affair with Andrea Memmo, one of the last statesmen of the Venetian Republic. Early life
Reputedly a beauty of her day, <mask>e was conceived out of wedlock but was legitimized by the marriage of her parents, Greek-born Venetian Anna Gazini and Englishman Sir <mask>. She was the eldest of the couple's five children, and was raised solely by her mother after Sir Richard's death. At the age of sixteen, <mask> met Andrea Memmo, the 24-year-old son of one of Venice's ruling families. The two fell in love and began a clandestine affair which lasted nearly seven years. Due to the difference in their social classes, marriage was not a consideration for them.Also, upon the discovery of Memmo's attentions to her daughter, Anna forbade them to see each other. This was to protect Giustiniana's virtue and reputation so as not to deter future suitors. These two factors led to the writing and exchange of hundreds of surreptitious letters between Giustiniana and Memmo, some written in a secret code devised by Memmo himself. After four years of secret meetings, stolen moments and public hand signals, Memmo finally urged his family to petition the Venetian authorities for permission to marry Giustiniana. As the process dragged on, the lovers grew hopeful that they would indeed be united; but just as the request was about to be approved, evidence surfaced about the dishonorable past of Giustiniana's mother, Anna. The ensuing scandal left the Wynnes no choice but to leave Venice. Anna and her five children then made their way to Paris with the hope of continuing to London where they thought to start a new life in Sir Richard's native land.Paris debacle
Following Memmo's advice to her, Giustiniana worked to become acquainted with Paris’ tax collection general, the wealthy but elderly widower Alexandre Jean Joseph Le Riche de La Pouplinière. She used her charms to attract his attentions, believing that a marriage to an elderly gentleman would help facilitate a future for her affair with Memmo. Just as the lovers had hoped, La Pouplinière did ask her to become his wife. During this time, Giustiniana was pregnant but hid it as best she could and told no one. It is possible the baby was conceived with Andrea Memmo but there is no proof of this. As the wedding neared she grew more and more desperate to rid herself of the fetus growing inside her. She eventually turned to her acquaintance, Casanova, who had escaped the prison in Venice and was in Paris the same time as she.Giacomo Casanova, notorious Venetian and famed lover of women, detailed his interaction with <mask> in his memoirs, The History of My Life. In it, he describes how he tricked her into allowing him sexual intercourse by convincing her that doing so (with saffron and honey smeared on his phallus) would discharge her unwanted fetus. Casanova's “remedy” was not successful however, and Giustiniana gave birth to an unnamed son in a convent outside of Paris. The baby was given up to a family capable of raising him. <mask>'s disappearance during this time sparked many rumors throughout Paris and then Venice, and eventually led to the end of any marriage plans with M. de La Pouplinière. End of the affair
The Wynne family finally arrived in London in 1760 and stayed for a year's time. Society there remained closed to them for the most part and the decision to return to Venice was made.During this time, letters between Giustiniana and Memmo continued. The latter had tried to go on with his life and asked her permission to take an official mistress. Their time apart had changed them and even Giustiniana conceded that she no longer had a taste for marriage. Upon the family's return to Padua, Giustiniana forbade Memmo to come to her. When eventually they did meet again, it was as fond friends. Later life
Settled again in Venice, Giustiniana accepted the hand of the Austrian ambassador to Venice, Philip Josef, Count Rosenberg-Orsini, and married him in a secret ceremony (probably) at the Embassy. Giustiniana lived with him in Palazzo Loredan until their return to Austria.She was never acknowledged by the Austrian government as a countess and after his death, she eventually made her way back to Italy. She never remarried and began to write stories, the first an account of a major celebration in Venice, the second a compilation, and the third a novel in French titled Les Morlacques. Her works were published in London and Venice and by 1786 she was considered a successful author. On 22 August 1791, <mask>, Countess Rosenberg-Orsini, succumbed to (probably) uterine cancer. Andrea Memmo (by that time a former Governor of Padua, former Ambassador to Constantinople, and then Procuratore di San Marco) visited her just before her death. She was buried in the Church of San Benedetto in Padua, where a tablet in her memory can be found above the entrance portal. A Venetian Affair
In the 1990s, stacks of Memmo's letters to Giustiniana were found bundled in the attic of Palazzo Mocenigo on the Grand Canal by Mocenigo descendant, Alvise di Robilant.Upon his untimely death his son, Andrea di Robilant, researched the letters and eventually wrote the historical work A Venetian Affair, originally published in 1963,  published by Knopf in 2003. Conversely, letters from Giustiniana to Andrea Memmo had been found previously but had only told one side of the story. With di Robilant's discovery, a clearer picture began to emerge. Works
Du sejour des comtes du Nord à Venise en Janvier MDCCLXXXII: Lettre de Mme la comtesse Douairière des Ursins, et Rosenberg à Mr. Richard Wynne, son frère, à Londres, Londra (1782)
Moral and Sentimental Essays on miscellaneous subjects, written in retirement, on the banks of the Brenta, in the Venetian state (2 voll. ), Londra, (1785)
Pièces morales & sentimentales de Madame J.W.C. Ècrites à une Campagne, sur le Rivages de la Brenta, dans l'Ètat venitien A Londre chez Robson, New Bond Street (2 voll. ), Londra (1785)
Il trionfo de' gondolieri; ovvero novella viniziana plebea scritta in idioma francese da Madame G. W. C-t-ssa di R-s-g. Recata nell'italiano da L(odovico) A(ntonio) L(oschi), In Venezia nella stamperia Graziosi in S.Apollinare.Venezia (1786)
Alticchiero, a Mr. Huber de Genève, J.C.D.R.(1786?) A André Memmo Chevalier de l'Etoile Dor et procurateur de Saint Marc, à l'occasion du mariage de sa fille Aineé avec Louis Mocenigo Venezia 30 aprile 1787: Stamperia Giuseppe Rosa. Venezia (1787)
Alticchiero. Par Mad.e J.W.C.D.R. à Padoue. ma Venezia, per i tipi di Nicolò Bettinelli. (1787).Les Morlacques, Modena (1788), in collaborazione con Bartolomeo Benincasa. Du sejour des comtes du Nord à Venise en Janvier MDCCLXXXII: Lettre de Mme la comtesse Douairière des Ursins, et Rosenberg à Mr. <mask>, son frère, à Londres, Elibron Classics. Chesnut Hill (2001)
Les Morlacques Jella: Oder Das Morlachische Madchen, Part. 1-2 (1797). Whitefish, MT (USA), Kessinger publishing (2009)

Sources
In English:
Andrea di Robilant A Venetian Affair, Knopf, 2003
Nancy Isenberg, Without swapping her skirt for breeches: The Hypochondria of Giustiniana <mask>, Anglo-Venetian Woman of Letters in The English Malady: Enabling and Disabling Fictions a cura di Glen Colburn. Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Press 2008, pp. 154–176.In Italian:
Bruno Brunelli, Un'amica del Casanova, Firenze, Sandron, 1923
Nancy Isenberg, Mon cher frère: Eros mascherato nell’epistolario di Giustiniana Wynne a Andrea Memmo (1758-1760), in Trame parentali/trame letterarie, a cura di M. Del Sapio, Napoli, Liguori, 2000, pp. 251–265. Andrea di Robilant, Un amore veneziano, Milano, Mondadori, 2003
Justo Bonetto Le case padovane di Giustiniana Rosemberg Wynne, in L'intermédiaire des Casanovistes, XXII, Genéve 2005, pp. 21–25. Federico Montecuccoli degli Erri Cammei casanoviani, cap. XIII Progetti matrimoniali e matrimoni segreti di Giustiniana Wynne, Genéve 2006
Nancy Isenberg, Seduzioni epistolari nell'età dei Lumi. L'equivoco e provocante carteggio amoroso di Giustiniana Wynne, scrittrice anglo-veneziana (1737-1791), in Quaderno del Dipartimento di Letterature Comparate.Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 2, 2006, pp. 47–70. Nancy Isenberg, editor, <mask> <mask>, Caro Memmo, mon cher frére, Treviso, Elzeviro editore, 2010. 1737 births
1791 deaths
18th-century Italian novelists
18th-century Italian women writers
Austrian countesses
Italian emigrants to the Kingdom of Great Britain
Italian letter writers
Women letter writers
Italian people of British descent
18th-century Venetian writers
18th-century Venetian women
18th-century letter writers

masks:
Giustiniana Wynne
Giustiniana Wynn
Richard Wynne
Giustiniana
Giustiniana
Giustiniana
Giustiniana
Richard Wynne
Wynne
Giustiniana
Wynne


texts:
Joseph Bolitho Johns ( February 1826 – 13 August 1900), better known as Moondyne <mask>, was an English convict and Western Australia's best-known bushranger. Born into poor and relatively difficult circumstances, he became something of a petty criminal robber with a strong sense of self-determination. He is remembered as a person who had escaped multiple times from prison. Biography

Early life
Born in Cornwall, UK, around 1826 and raised as a Roman Catholic, he was the third of six children of blacksmith Thomas Johns (1795–1833) and his wife Mary Bolitho (1804–1860). <mask> was a tall man with black hair and hazel-coloured eyes, and it is likely that he contracted smallpox in his youth as, later, records describe him as "pockmarked". His father died some time in 1833, and Johns and his three brothers took work as copper miners. In 1841 the family was living at Illogan, Cornwall, but by 1848 Johns had migrated to Wales, taking work as an iron ore miner, probably at the Clydach Iron Works.Prison
On 15 November 1848, Johns and an associate using the name William Cross, the pseudonym for the convict John Williams, were arrested near Chepstow for "stealing from the house of Richard Price, three loaves of bread, one piece of bacon, several cheeses, and other goods". Arraigned at the Brecon Assizes on charges of burglary and stealing, the pair pleaded not guilty. On 23 March, they were tried at the Lent Assizes before Sir William Erle. Newspaper reports of the trial suggest that the pair gave an unexpectedly spirited defence, but Johns was abrasive and "contravened the conventions of court procedure". The men were convicted and sentenced to ten years' penal servitude. W. J. Edgar (1990) observes that in several other cases brought before the same judge that day, guilty pleas to very similar charges resulted in sentences ranging from three weeks to three months. Johns and Williams were to spend the next seven months working on a government work party in the local area, before being transferred to Millbank Prison.On 1 January 1850, they were transferred to Pentonville Prison to serve their mandatory six months of solitary confinement. The pair were transferred to Dartmoor Prison on 21 October 1851, but shortly afterwards Johns was transferred to the Woolwich prison hulk Justitia, probably for disciplinary reasons. When the Justitia was destroyed by fire, he was transferred to the Defence. About a year later, he boarded the prison ship Pyrenees for transportation to what was then the British penal colony of Western Australia to serve out the remainder of his sentence. In turn, Williams was transported to Van Diemen's Land in March 1852. Australia bound

Pyrenees sailed for Western Australia on 2 February 1853, and arrived in Fremantle on 30 April. In reward for good behaviour, Johns was issued with a ticket of leave on arrival, and on 10 March 1855 he received a conditional pardon.He then settled in the Avon Valley, one of the most rugged and inaccessible places in the Darling Range. The Aboriginal name for the area was Moondyne. Johns made a living by partly fencing the springs in the area, and trapping escaped stock and horses. Often a reward was offered for the return of such animals. In August 1861, Johns caught an unbranded stallion and branded it with his own mark. This was effectively horse stealing, and when the police heard of this they arrested him at their first opportunity. The horse was taken as evidence, and Johns was placed in the Toodyay lockup.Sometime during the night, Johns broke out of his cell, and stole the horse once more, taking also the local magistrate's brand-new saddle and bridle. He was caught the next day but, while on the run, he had killed the horse and cut his brand out of the hide, thus destroying the evidence. Consequently, he received only a three-year sentence for jail-breaking, whereas a typical sentence for horse stealing was more than ten years. While Johns was serving his sentence, there was a rash of convict escapes and attempted escapes, but Johns remained well behaved. His good behaviour earned him a remission on his sentence, and he was released on a ticket of leave in February 1864. He then found work on Henry Martin's farm in Kelmscott. In January 1865, a steer named "Bright" belonging to William Wallace was killed, and Johns was accused of the deed.He was arrested on 29 March, found guilty on 5 July, and sentenced to ten years' penal servitude. Johns was to protest his innocence of this crime for the rest of his life. He was determined not to serve what he felt was an unjust sentence and, in early November, he and another prisoner absconded from a work party. They were on the run for nearly a month, during which time they committed a number of small robberies. It was during this time that Johns first adopted the nickname Moondyne <mask>. They were finally caught  east of York by a party of policemen that included Tommy Windich, an Aboriginal tracker. For absconding and for being in possession of a firearm, Johns was sentenced to twelve months in irons, and transferred to Fremantle Prison.Escape
In April 1866, Johns sent a petition to the Chief Justice, and received four years off his sentence. This was apparently unsatisfactory to him for, in July, he received a further six months in irons for trying to cut the lock out of his door. Early in August, he succeeded in escaping again. After cutting off his irons, he met up with three other escapees, and together they roamed the bush around Perth, committing a number of robberies and narrowly escaping capture on a number of occasions. Near the end of the month, one of the gang was captured by police. Realising that the gang could not elude the police forever, Johns formulated a plan to escape the colony by travelling overland to the colony of South Australia. This would be a long and arduous journey through extremely arid land, and the gang would have to be very well equipped if it were to stand any chance of success.On 5 September, Johns equipped his company by committing the biggest robbery of his career, stealing supplies and equipment from the Toodyay store of an old enemy, James Everett. The gang then started travelling east along the explorer Charles Hunt's established route. Their tracks were discovered by police on 26 September, about  east of York. A team of police then set out after them, and they were captured on 29 September 1866 at Boodalin Soak, about  north-west of the present-day site of the town of Westonia, approximately  north-east of Perth. Hard labour
As punishment for escaping and for the robberies committed while on the run, Johns received five years' hard labour on top of his remaining sentence. Extraordinary measures were taken to ensure that Johns did not escape again. He was sent to Fremantle Prison, and kept in the yard with his neck chained to the iron bar of a window, while a special "escape-proof" cell was made for him.The stone-walled cell was lined with jarrah sleepers and over one thousand nails, and was almost air-proof and light-proof. Johns was kept in the cell on a bread and water diet, with only one to two hours of exercise a day. In early 1867, due to his diminishing health, Johns was set to work breaking stone in the open air but, rather than permit him to leave the prison, the acting comptroller-general ordered that the stone be brought in and dumped in a corner of the prison yard, where Johns worked under the constant supervision of a warder. Governor John Hampton was so confident of the arrangements, he was heard to say to Johns: "If you get out again, I'll forgive you". However, the rock broken by Johns was not removed regularly, and eventually a pile grew up until it obscured the guard's view of him below the waist. Partially hidden behind the pile of rocks, he occasionally swung his sledgehammer at the limestone wall of the prison. On 7 March 1867, Johns escaped through a hole he had made in the prison wall.Despite an extensive manhunt, no sign of him was found, and he would not be recaptured for nearly two years. He did not return to any of his old haunts, and he committed no crimes, so the authorities received very little information about him. Also, many convicts were encouraged by Johns' audacious escape, and a number of escapes were attempted in the following months, so that he was quickly forgotten. On 25 February 1869, Johns tried to steal some wine from the cellars at Houghton Winery. By chance, the owner had been helping with a police search, and afterwards invited a group of police back to the vineyard for refreshments. When the owner entered the cellar, Johns assumed that he was discovered, and made a dash for the door into the arms of the police. He was returned to prison, sentenced to an additional 12 months, half to be in separate confinement, for absconding.On 22 March 1869, he was sentenced to an additional four years in irons for breaking and entering. Johns made at least one more attempt to escape, attempting in February 1871 to create a key for his cell in the carpenter's workshop, but was unsuccessful. Eventually, in April 1871, Comptroller General Wakeford heard from Johns of Hampton's promise. After verifying with Superintendent Lefroy that those words were spoken, Wakeford informed the current governor, Frederick Weld, who agreed that further punishment would be unfair. Johns was given a ticket of leave in May 1871. Later life
The remainder of Johns' life consisted of periods of good behaviour punctuated by occasional minor misdemeanors and brief jail terms. In January 1879, he married a widow named Louisa Hearn, and they spent some time prospecting for gold near Southern Cross.In 1881, while exploring the countryside around Karridale, he discovered Moondyne Cave. Final years and death
In 1893, Johns' wife Louisa died at the age of 40, and the death affected him greatly. Years after, he began acting strangely, and was eventually found to be mentally ill. He died of senile dementia in the Fremantle Lunatic Asylum (now the Fremantle Arts Centre building) on 13 August 1900, and was buried in Fremantle Cemetery. His tombstone bears the word "rhyddid", meaning "freedom" in Welsh. Cultural references

Literature and film

While Moondyne Joe was bushranging in 1869, an Irish political prisoner named John Boyle O'Reilly was working in a convict road party near Bunbury. Although it is very unlikely that O'Reilly knew Moondyne <mask>, he must have heard many stories of his exploits.In March 1869, O'Reilly escaped and was rescued by an American ship. After his arrival in the United States, he wrote a novel about convict life called Moondyne: An Australian Tale, whose central character was called Moondyne <mask>. The book is presented as fiction, and neither the character nor the plot bears much resemblance to the life of Joseph Johns. In 1913, O'Reilly's novel was made into a movie entitled Moondyne. Directed by W. J. Lincoln, it starred George Bryant, Godfrey Cass and Roy Redgrave. Randolph Stow wrote a humorous children's book, Midnite: The Story of a Wild Colonial Boy, in 1967 which told the story of an Australian bushranger based on the life and exploits of Moondyne <mask> and a Queensland bushranger Captain Starlight. In 2002, Cygnet Books published The Legend of Moondyne Joe, a work of juvenile fiction written by Mark Greenwood and illustrated by Frané Lessac.The book won the award in the Children's Books category at the 2002 Western Australian Premier's Book Awards. In 2012, Fremantle Press published a postmodern interpretation of Moondyne <mask>'s life, The Ballad of Moondyne Joe, including poems and prose by John Kinsella and Niall Lucy. In song and verse

In 1982 a musical/play was written by Roy Abbott and Roger Montgomery of the Mucky Duck Bush Band and performed by Mucky Duck and friends at various venues. Memorials
A railway siding on the Eastern Goldfields Railway in Johns' area of operations in the Avon Valley has been named "Moondyne", most likely after the man rather than the area. Festivals
On the first Sunday of May, the township of Toodyay celebrates the life and times of Moondyne Joe by holding the Moondyne Festival. This festival takes place in the main street with street theatre, market stalls, demonstrations and the entire town is generally transported back to earlier years. See also
Cornish Australians
List of convicts transported to Australia
List of convict ship voyages to Western Australia

References

External links

 M. Tamblyn, 'Johns, Joseph Bolitho (1827–1900)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, Johns, Joseph Bolitho (1827–1900), published in hardcopy 1972, accessed online 10 February 2014
 Family History site at dbolitho.co.uk

1826 births
1900 deaths
Australian escapees
Australian miners
British escapees
Burials at Fremantle Cemetery
Bushrangers
Convict escapees in Australia
Convicts transported to Western Australia
Australian people of Cornish descent
British emigrants to Australia
Criminals from Western Australia
Deaths from dementia
Escapees from British detention
Escapees from Western Australian detention
Fugitives
Neurological disease deaths in Western Australia
People from Illogan
People from Toodyay, Western Australia
Settlers of Western Australia

masks: Joe Joe Joe Joe Joe Joe Joe


texts:
<mask> (8 March 1926 – 29 August 2001), better known as <mask>, was a Spanish actor, director, and screenwriter born in Águilas, a town in the south-western part of the province of Murcia, Spain. Throughout his career, <mask> appeared in around 200 films working with directors including Francesc Rovira-Beleta, Luis Buñuel, José Luis Sáenz de Heredia, Carlos Saura, Pedro Almodóvar, William Friedkin, Michelangelo Antonioni, Claude Chabrol, Luchino Visconti, and Gillo Pontecorvo. <mask> was recognized both in his native Spain and internationally, winning the Award for Best Actor at the Cannes Film Festival for Los Santos Inocentes and a Goya Award for Best Actor for playing <mask> in Carlos Saura's Goya en Burdeos. One of Spain's most loved actors, <mask> also was known for his commitment to human rights and other social causes. Life and career
In 1936, after the Spanish Civil War broke out, <mask> and his family left Murcia and moved to Madrid. Young <mask> had to work as a street salesboy and in a chocolate factory. When he was 13 years old, he left school to work as an electrician at film studios Estudios Chamartín.<mask> got some sporadic jobs as an extra. Dámaso Alonso and other people advised him to try his luck with a career in theater. During the following years, he got some roles in theater companies such as Lope de Vega or María Guerrero. It was there that he met actress Asunción Balaguer; they married in 1951 and remained together for the rest of <mask>'s life. Their daughter, <mask>, is also an actress. In 1947, <mask> got some regular jobs in theater. He used his full name, <mask>, as his stage name.However, the people who knew him always called him Paco <mask> (Paco is the familiar form for <mask>.) "Paco <mask>" became his unofficial stage name. During the 1940s, <mask> began acting in movies as an extra, but it was not until 1950 that he was first cast in speaking roles, and played romantic leads and rogues. He starred in three films directed by Luis Buñuel - Nazarín (1959), Viridiana (1961) and Belle de jour (1967) - with whom he would develop a lifelong friendship. He was named best actor by the Círculo de Escritores Cinematográficos for El hombre de la isla in 1962. William Friedkin thought of <mask> for the French villain of his 1971 movie The French Connection. However, he could not remember the name of "that Spanish actor".Mistakenly, his staff hired another Spanish actor, Fernando Rey. Friedkin discovered that <mask> did not speak English or French, so he decided to keep Rey. <mask> had previously worked with Rey in Viridiana. <mask> did, however, work with Friedkin in the much less successful but Academy Award-nominated cult classic Sorcerer (1977), a remake of The Wages of Fear (1953). Throughout his career, <mask> worked in France, Italy and Mexico with directors such as Gillo Pontecorvo, Michelangelo Antonioni, Luchino Visconti, Valerio Zurlini, Jacques Rivette, Alberto Lattuada and Silvano Agosti. It is widely considered that <mask>'s best performances came after <mask>'s death in 1975. In the 1980s, <mask> starred in Los Santos Inocentes - winning the Award for Best Actor at the Cannes Film Festival - in El Disputado Voto del Señor Cayo and also in the TV series Juncal.In 1989, he was a member of the jury at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1999 he played the part of <mask> in Carlos Saura's Goya en Burdeos, winning a Goya Award for Best Actor. <mask>'s final movie was Dagon, directed by Stuart Gordon. The film, which was released after <mask>'s death in 2001, was dedicated to him. The dedication, which appears before the end credits, reads: "Dedicated to <mask>, a wonderful actor and even better human being." <mask> died in 2001 from compensatory dilating emphysema while on an airplane travelling to Bordeaux, returning from having received an Award at the Montreal Film Festival. His death happened only a few weeks before he was due to collect the lifetime Donostia Award at the San Sebastián International Film Festival.The award was accepted by his grandson, Liberto <mask>, also an actor. <mask> is the only Spanish actor to have received an honoris causa doctoral degree from the University of Murcia. Murcia's Film Library and Cinematheque, Filmoteca Regional Francisco Rabal, created in 2004 as a meeting point for movie lovers, was named after him. (1979)El buscón (1979) - MataUnder Siege (1980) - William LombardThe Rebel (1980) - TonyEl gran secreto (1980) - DomingoSpeed Driver (1980) - EspositoNightmare City (1980) - Major Warren HolmesBuitres sobre la ciudad (1981) - Bender (1981) - GiacomoSal Gorda (1982)La colmena (1982) - Ricardo SorbedoTreasure of the Four Crowns (1983) - SócratesVictòria! La gran aventura d'un poble (1983) - Coronel MárquezTruhanes (1983) - Ginés Jiménez ValeraVictòria! 2: La disbauxa del 17 (1983) - Coronel MárquezEscapada Final (1983)Epílogo (1984) - RocabrunoVictòria!

masks:
Francisco Rabal Valera
Paco Rabal
Rabal
Paco Rabal
Francisco de Goya
Rabal
Rabal
Francisco
Rabal
Rabal
Teresa Rabal
Rabal
Francisco Rabal
Rabal
Francisco
Rabal
Rabal
Rabal
Rabal
Rabal
Rabal
Rabal
Rabal
Francisco Franco
Rabal
Francisco Goya
Rabal
Rabal
Francisco Rabal
Rabal
Rabal
Francisco Rabal