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<mask> (born 1676 in Dresden; died 17 March 1734 Dresden), was a Royal Polish and Electoral Saxon Personal Physician of August the Strong. He was also a botanist and meteorologist in Dresden and Warsaw. Life

Family

<mask> (also Erndl, Erndtel) was the seventh of twelve children, born in 1676 in Dresden. His parents were Dr.  (born 17 June 1638 in Dresden, died 13 September 1693 in Dresden, buried in the Kirche zu unser lieben Frauen there), lord of the manors of  near Dippoldiswalde and Mulda near Freiberg, Royal Polish and Electoral Saxon Personal Physician, married since 4 September 1665 in Dresden to <mask> née Ratke (born 8 July 1642 in Dresden; died 10 June 1685 in Berreuth, a daughter of Martin Ratke, Privy Chamberlain of Johann Georg I, Elector of Saxony and Johann Georg II, Elector of Saxony. Having lost both his parents at a young age, his legal guardian was Johannes Seebisch (born 12 December 1634 in Zwickau; died 1700 in Dresden), who, in 1670, was the archdeacon of the Kreuzkirche and in 1697 the City Minister (Stadtprediger) in Dresden. <mask>'s paternal grandfather, Dr. <mask>. <mask> (born 7 April 1595 in Regensburg; died 25 July 1646 in Oschersleben, interred in the church there) was the Personal Physician to Johann Georg I, Elector of Saxony.Great-grandfather  (baptised on 15 July 1569 in Regensburg; interred on 15 July 1623 in the church in Wolfenbüttel), was the Personal and Court Apothecary in Prague to Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1612) and Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1619) who awarded him a Nobility Diploma in 1617. His sister Maria Erndl was the wife of Andreas Raselius Ambergensis and their father was Matthis 'Mattäus' Erndl, the Apothecary at the Kohlenmarkt - later known as the  in Regensburg. <mask>'s Poem of Mourning for his departed father read as follows:

“I have until now never seen anyone of this world die, And must - Oh! First see it happen to my Father!“

As an orphan, both he and his brother, destined to be a major-general, <mask> <mask>, were placed under the legal guardianship of  Johannes Seebisch (born 12 December 1634 in Zwickau; died 1700 in Dresden), in 1670 archdeacon of the Kreuzkirche and in 1697 City Minister (Stadtprediger) in Dresden. <mask>'s brothers-in-law were:
 Johann George Seidel (born 18 February 1658 at Zschopau; died 13 April 1739 at Meißen, interred in the  in Meißen, where he had been a Deacon for many years), husband of Maria Sophia née Erndel;
 the advocate Dr. jur. Caspar <mask> (born 9 July 1663 at Naumburg; died 11 September 1738 at Dresden), interred in the Church at Kötzschenbroda, where he owned a vineyard today known as the , first married to Johanna Sophia née Erndel;
 <mask> August Fischer (died September 1739), Royal Polish and Electoral Saxon State Bursar, Chamber Assistant and Mining Councillor, husband of Christina Sophia née Erndel;
 the Royal Polish and Electoral Saxon Appointed Coin-Minter of the Upper Saxony Region, Johann Georg Schomburg (born about 1672; died October 1745 at Dresden, interred on 9 October 1745 in the Sophienkirche in Dresden) husband of Magdalena Sophia née Erndel. Erndel's wife, Dorothee Salome, died in the Schloßgaße in Dresden and was interred in the Catacombs of the Frauenkirche on 7 September 1755.She was 48 years old and had been a widow for more than 21 years. The couple had no children. Career

Education

A year and two months after his father's passing, <mask> <mask> Dresdensis graduated on 16 November 1694 at Wittenberg University. Thereafter, he studied at Altdorf University, from which he graduated in 1699. On 10 February 1700 <mask>'s Leipzig University dissertation, written in Latin, Dissertationem De Usu Historiae Naturalis Exotico-Geographicae In Medicina, Consensu Inclytissimae Facultatis Philosophicae Lipsiensis, Ad d. X. Februarii A.R.S. M.DCC. Publicae Eruditorum Censurae subiicit, <mask>us Henricus Erndl/ Dresdensis ... Respondente Daniele Kießling/ Budissa-Lus.was published. In Leipzig, on 23 September 1701, he read pro loco for admission to the Faculty of Medicine: Disp. med. ex veneno salutem sistens. Thereafter, he graduated. Personal Physician
<mask> was a Personal Physician to the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony August the Strong. He worked in Dresden and Warsaw.European Tour

<mask> described his experiences during his travels to England and Holland in his book written in Latin: Relatio de itinere suo Anglico et Batavo 1706–7 (published in Dresden in 1710), which was later translated into English as The Relation of a Journey Into England and Holland, in the Years, 1706 and 1707. By a Saxon Physician. He wrote enthusiastically, including about a visit to his relative in Hamburg ,  (born 1664 in Hamburg; died 16 December 1717 in Hamburg), who was a judge at the Lower Court in Hamburg, the Senior Secretary of the free and Hanseatic City of  Hamburg and member of the Fruitbearing Society. In 1699 Hilcken was chosen to be an executor of the estate of Vincent Placcius (born 7 February 1642 in Hamburg; died 6 April 1699 in Hamburg; lawyer, librarian, pedagogue, philosopher author, Professor at the Akademischen Gymnasium) and in 1704 donated his collection of more than 4,000 books to the Hamburg City Library. Hilcken's wife, Christina Maria Hilcken née Daurer (born 4 October 1686 in Stockholm; died 9 July 1715 in Hamburg), was Erndel's 2nd cousin once removed. Through Hilcken, he met the Swedish King's personal physician Urbanus Hiarne during his stay. Naturalist

De flora Japonica, Codice bibliothecae Regiae Berolinensis rarissi was published by Erndel in Dresden in 1716.Thereafter, he moved to Warsaw. Parallel to caring for the monarch's health, Erndel ran a private practice in Warsaw and carried out research in to nature. Apart from his general description of the city, his special area of interest was the flora in the vicinity of Warsaw, especially those on the banks of the Vistula. He collated and published his many years of observations and descriptions of nature in his book, printed in Dresden in 1730, Warsavia Physice Illustrata, Sive De Aere, Aquis, Locis Et Incolis Warsaviae, Eorundemque Moribus Et Morbis Tractatus ; Cui Annexum Est Viridarium, Vel Catalogus Plantarum Circa Warsaviam Nascentium

Warsavia Physice illustrata was the first ever treatise on this subject. The index to plants which Erndel created included more than 900 species. One of the passages concerns the first documented palaeontological studies, which he performed on the banks of the Vistula. The fossils of prehistoric animals that were discovered then, were sent to Dresden, where they formed the core of one of the collections displayed in the Zwinger Palace.He also described his experiences in Warsaw in the accompaniment of  August the Strong. In 1733 <mask> published De plantis circa thermos Teplicenes crescentibus, in the third volume of the Processes of the Academy of the Curiosity of Nature, a catalogue of plants growing in the vicinity of Teplice in Bohemia. First Meteorologist in Warsaw

<mask> was also the first to introduce systematic weather observations in Warsaw. The daily measurements listed by him for air pressure, temperature, wind and clouds during the four-year period from 1725 to 1728, were the first statistics of this nature in the history of the city. Demise
<mask> left Warsaw in 1730, returning  to his place of birth, Dresden. On 17 March 1734 he died as a result of a haemorrhage and was interred on 21 March 1734 in the Fischer family's vault near the Wilsdruffer Tor in the  cemetery. Awards
In 1716 <mask> was elected to membership of the Leopoldina Academy of Sciences.Works
 Dissertationem De Usu Historiae Naturalis Exotico-Geographicae In Medicina, Consensu Inclytissimae Facultatis Philosophicae Lipsiensis, Ad d. X. Februarii A.R.S. M.DCC. Publicae Eruditorum Censurae... - Scholvinius: Lipsiae. 1700. Disputatio Medica [!] Ex Veneno Salutem sistens, Quam Indultu Gratiosissimæ Facultatis Medicæ, Pro Loco In eadem suo tempore otinendo, defendcet D. XXIII. Septembr.M. DCCI. ... <mask> Henricus Erndl, Dresdensis, Philos. & Medic. Doctor, Respondente Tobia Taut, Gedanensi., <mask> Erndtel; Wilhelm Ludwig Daser; Tobias Taut, Lipsiae Scholvien. 1701. C. H. E. D. De Itinere Suo Anglicano Et Batavo Annis MDCCVI et MDCCVII Facto Relatio Ad Amicum D. G. K. A. C. Erndtel, <mask>. [S.l.]: 1710 (The relation of a journey into England and Holland, in 1706, and 1707. 1711 By Ch. Ed. Physician in ordinary to the King of Poland). 1710. De flora Japonica, Codice bibliothecae Regiae Berolinensis rarissi. 1716.Warsavia Physice Illustrata, Sive De Aere, Aquis, Locis Et Incolis Warsaviae, Eorundemque Moribus Et Morbis Tractatus ; Cui Annexum Est Viridarium, Vel Catalogus Plantarum Circa Warsaviam Nascentium. 1730. De plantis circa thermos Teplicenes crescentibus. (Historisch-biographisches Handwörterbuch der denkwürdigsten, berühmtesten  und berüchtigsten Menschen aller Stände, Zeiten und Nationen. Von Karl Florentin Leidenfrost, Zweiter Band, Can–Gz. Ilmenau 1824, Gedruckt und verlegt bei Bernhard Friedrich Voigt. Seite 362) und (Biographie médicale, Band 2 von Antoine Laurent Jessé Bayle, Paris, 1841; Seite 377: Erndtel a publié en 1733, dans le troisieme volume des actes de l’Academie des Curieux de la nature, un catalogue des plantes qui croissent pres de Toeplitz.)1733. Literature
 : Geschichte der kaiserlichen Leopoldino-Carolinischen deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher während des zweiten Jahrhunderts ihres Bestehens. Friedrich Frommann, Jena 1860, S. 207. References

External links
 Warsavia Physice Illustrata
 De flora Japanica

18th-century German botanists
Polish botanists
Czech botanists
18th-century German physicians
18th-century Polish physicians
German meteorologists
Leipzig University alumni
Wittenberg University alumni
University of Altdorf alumni
1676 births
1734 deaths

masks:
Christian Heinrich Erndel
Christian Heinrich Erndel
Sophia Elisabeth Erndel
Erndel
Heinrich II
Erndel
Erndel
Christian Friedrich
Erndel
Erndel
Christian Kober
Christian
Christian Heinrich
Erndelius
Erndel
Christian
Erndel
Erndel
Erndel
Erndel
Erndel
Erndel
Christianus
Christian Heinrich
Christian Heinrich


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<mask> (January 3, 1817 – January 12, 1875) was the 23rd Governor of Kentucky. He was elected in 1863 and guided the state through the latter part of the Civil War and the beginning of Reconstruction. At the outbreak of the war, <mask> put his promising political career on hold and enlisted in the Union Army, raising and commanding the 3rd Kentucky Infantry. In 1862, President Abraham Lincoln appointed him district attorney for Kentucky. A year later, he was the Union Democrats' nominee for governor. Election interference by the Union Army gave him a landslide victory over his opponent, Charles A. Wickliffe. Within a year, however, federal policies such as recruiting Kentucky Negroes for the Union Army and suspending the writ of habeas corpus for Kentucky citizens caused <mask> to abandon his support of the Lincoln administration and declare that he would "bloodily baptize the state into the Confederacy".After the war, <mask> issued a general pardon for most ex-Confederates in the state. He opposed ratification of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and the establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau in Kentucky. Among his accomplishments not related to the war and its aftermath were the reduction of the state's debt and the establishment of the Kentucky Agricultural and Mechanical College (now the University of Kentucky). Following his term as governor, <mask> returned to his legal practice in Louisville. He died January 12, 1875 and was buried in Cave Hill Cemetery. Early life
<mask><mask> was born on January 3, 1817, at Elliott's Cross Roads in Cumberland (now Clinton) County, Kentucky. He was the son of Colonel Ambrose S. and Sarah (<mask><mask>.His father served two terms in the Kentucky Senate and several terms in the Kentucky House of Representatives. <mask> studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1837 at the age of 20, and began practicing in Louisville, Kentucky. In September of that year, <mask> married Sallie Travis, the first of his two wives. The couple had two children, <mask> and Corinne. <mask>'s political career began in 1841, when he was elected to represent Clinton County in the General Assembly. In 1848, Governor John J. Crittenden appointed <mask> Commonwealth's Attorney. He resigned the position in 1850 to continue his legal practice, relocating to Columbia, Kentucky in 1852.He was the Whig nominee for his district's seat in the House of Representatives in 1853, but was defeated by Democrat James Chrisman. In 1856, he was elected as a judge in Kentucky's 6th Judicial District, serving with distinction for five years. Military service
<mask> resigned his judgeship and accepted a commission as a colonel in the Union Army on August 7, 1861. In violation of Kentucky's agreement to remain neutral in the Civil War, he raised and commanded the 3rd Kentucky Infantry. On September 19, the 3rd Kentucky marched on Lexington to forestall a peace conference scheduled there on September 21 and to arrest the state's junior Senator, John C. Breckinridge. A delay allowed Breckinridge to escape before the arrest was made, and he enlisted in the Confederate Army shortly thereafter. <mask> resigned his military commission on July 13, 1862 at Decherd, Tennessee.He returned to Louisville to accept President Abraham Lincoln's offer to become United States District Attorney for Kentucky. During his tenure in this position, he vigorously enforced Kentucky's wartime laws against Confederates and Confederate sympathizers. Governor of Kentucky
Union Democrats chose Joshua Fry Bell as their candidate for governor of Kentucky in 1863, but Bell was skeptical of Kentucky's future with the Union and withdrew his name from consideration. The party's central committee chose <mask> to replace Bell, and <mask> declined a commission as a brigadier general in the Union Army to make the race. During the election, Union forces intimidated and jailed supporters of <mask>'s opponent, former governor Charles A. Wickliffe. As a result, <mask> carried the election by a margin of nearly 4-to-1. During his term, he turned down an offered seat in the U.S. House of Representatives as well as a nomination to become the Democratic candidate for Vice-President in 1864.Civil War
In December 1863, <mask> addressed the General Assembly, declaring that the state had fulfilled its quota of soldiers for the Union army. January 4 of the following year, he proclaimed that rebel sympathizers would be held responsible for all guerrilla raids in the state, and specified stiff fines and imprisonment for anyone found to be aiding the guerrillas. Although <mask> assumed the governorship as a staunch supporter of the Union cause, within a year he issued a proclamation that he would "bloodily baptize the state into the Confederacy". The reasons for <mask>'s reversal were many. He took issue with General Stephen Burbridge's decision to enlist for United States Colored Troops blacks from Kentucky for military service, asking that this measure only be taken if Kentucky failed to meet her quota. With the goal of enlistment of Kentucky blacks into the Union Army, Lincoln authorized a special census in 1863 which showed 1,650 freemen and 40,000 enslaved males of military age. Presented with this figure, by March 1864, <mask> reluctantly agreed to Black enlistment since white enlistment failed to meet quota.He stipulated that owners must consent and receive $300. By April, enslaved men, despite the stipulation of owner consent and motivated by the prospect for their emancipation,  fled to enlist. This led to a wave of violence towards those seeking enlistment. Given this onslaught, by June 1864 owners’ consent was no longer required, as ordered by Union Army Adj. Gen. <mask>. The situation worsened when on July 5, 1864, President Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus for citizens of the Commonwealth. Burbridge continually menaced Kentucky's citizens, interfering with the presidential election of 1864, and banishing Lieutenant Governor Richard T. Jacob from the state.When the General Assembly re-convened in January 1865, <mask> continued to voice his opposition to the Union's tactics. Nevertheless, he urged passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, maintaining that the institution of slavery was "irrevocably doomed". Reconstruction era
Despite his disagreements with the Lincoln administration, <mask> proclaimed a day of fasting and prayer upon receiving news of Lincoln's assassination. The General Assembly petitioned new president Andrew Johnson to call an end to martial law in the state. The tension between the state and federal governments remained, however. <mask> announced that every "white male citizen" twenty-one years of age who had resided in the Commonwealth for at least two years would be eligible to vote. Spurred on by the Democratic governor's actions, Kentucky gave control of both houses of the General Assembly and five of its nine congressional seats to Democrats.President Johnson received the message, ending martial law and restoring habeas corpus in Kentucky. When the General Assembly convened in December 1865, <mask> sought to restore harmony in the state by issuing pardons to most ex-Confederates. He and the majority of the General Assembly opposed passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments, and <mask> protested the establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau in the Commonwealth. <mask> was very proud of those of his accomplishments not related to the Civil War, including the reduction of the state's debt and the establishment of the Agricultural and Mechanical College (later, the University of Kentucky). He supported the construction of turnpikes financed by government bonds, the development of natural resources, and encouraged immigration to obtain adequate labor to support reconstruction efforts. Later life and death

Following his term as governor, <mask> conducted a failed campaign to become a U.S. Senator.He married Mary E. Graham Adams in 1874, two years after the death of his first wife. He returned to his law practice in Louisville, and became a patron of many charitable organizations. <mask> died in Louisville on January 12, 1875 following a brief illness. He is buried at Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville. See also

Kentucky in the Civil War

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Biography from Lawyers and Lawmakers of Kentucky

1817 births
1875 deaths
Burials at Cave Hill Cemetery
Governors of Kentucky
Kentucky Commonwealth's Attorneys
Kentucky Democrats
Kentucky lawyers
Kentucky state court judges
Kentucky Whigs
19th-century American politicians
Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives
People from Clinton County, Kentucky
Politicians from Louisville, Kentucky
People of Kentucky in the American Civil War
Southern Unionists in the American Civil War
Union Army colonels
Union state governors
United States Attorneys for the District of Kentucky
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers

masks:
Thomas Elliott Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Thomas E
. Bramlette
Elliott
) Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Thomas
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Lorenzo Thomas
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette
Bramlette


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<mask> (April 21, 1906 – October 5, 1993) was a Croat filmmaker who directed O Trapalhão nas Minas do Rei Salomão, one of the biggest cinematic hits in Brazil of all time. He also founded JBTV - J. B. Tanko Filmes Ltda. Biography
<mask> was born on April 21, 1906, in the Croatian city of Sisak. He was passionate about cinema from childhood. In the 1930s, he started working at Sascha-Filmindustrie AG and Wlen-Film GmbH in Vienna, Austria creating Yugoslavian versions of German and Austrian films. He also worked at Tobis Filmkunst, Terra Filmkunst, and UFA in Berlin as an assistant director, participating as part of a team in the 1937 Wien-Film, created by Goebbels.At the beginning of World War II, <mask> took over the Army Documentary Film Department in Belgrade. <mask> filmed the bombing of Belgrade when Yugoslavia was invaded by Germany, fleeing to Berlin with the film. In 1942, <mask> returned to Vienna. ; however, having lost his entire family during the war, he decided to emigrate to Brazil. In 1948, <mask> took up residence in the city of Rio de Janeiro, contributing to the professionalization of Brazilian cinema with his diverse experience. His first work was in Cinelândia Filmes, as assistant director and screenwriter of A Escrava Isaura, an adaptation of <mask>' novel. Without leaving Cinelandia, he also began to work in the Cinematographic Atlântida, where he played several roles, ultimately becoming a director.Having made some dramas that were not successful with the audience, he turned to comedies (chanchadas). In the 1950s, J. B<mask> worked with Watson Macedo and Roberto Farias. In 1955, he began working for Herbert Richers. He directed 18 films for Richers, including a series of comedies starring Ankito, Grande Otelo, Zé Trindade and Ronald Golias. <mask> also continued working on dramas, police films, and movies for children. In 1967, he directed Adoravel Trapalhão, where he met his longtime partner, Renato Aragão.He continued his work, directing eleven episodes for the TV series Os Trapalhões. In 1969, he founded JBTV - J. B. Tanko Filmes Ltda and directed several comedies for teenagers. Working with the team from Os Trapalhões, he directed the film,O Trapalhão nas Minas do Rei Salomão, one of the biggest box offices hits in Brazilian cinema of all time (about 6 million spectators). <mask> has also produced films of other genres, such as the erotic drama As Borboletas Também Amam, with the actress Angelina Muniz, and the musical Vamos Cantar Disco, Baby?, with the ensemble "As Melindrosas." In 1983, he produced the film Perdoa-Me Por Me Traíres, which was directed by the Braz Chediak and was based on the work of Nélson Rodrigues. When Dedé Santana, Zacarias and Mussum separated from Renato Aragão, creating the DeMuZa Produções, J.B. <mask> produced the comedy Atrapalhando a Suate. At the age of 81, he directed his last film, Os Fantasmas Trapalhões, before dying of a heart attack 6 years later, at 87. His son, <mask>, continued his father's craft until his death on July 12, 2006 at the age of 53. 1980 - Atrapalhando a Suate with Renato Aragão and Os Trapalhões
1981 - Os Saltimbancos Trapalhões with Renato Aragão and Os Trapalhões
1982 - Os Trapalhões na Serra Pelada with Renato Aragão and Os Trapalhões
1982 - Os Vagabundos Trapalhões with Renato Aragão and Os Trapalhões
1983 - Perdoa-me por Me Traíres (producer)
1987 - Os Fantasmas Trapalhões with Renato Aragão and Os Trapalhões

Awards
 Areias Ardentes (feature film) - Saci Award, 1952, SP, for Best Screenplay for J. B. <mask>. Sai de <mask>xo (feature film) - Special Award for <mask>, J. B. in the Special Governor Award of the State of São Paulo, 1956, São Paulo - SP.References

External links
 Book: Dicionário de Cineastas Brasileiros, author: Luis Felipe Miranda, publishing: Secretaria de Estado da Cultura, 1990, 408 pages (Google Books)
 Book: Cinema Televisão e Publicidade, author: <mask> Ortiz Ramos, Editora AnnaBlume (Google Books)
 Book: A Odisséia do Cinema Brasileiro, da Atlântida a Cidade de Deus, author: Laurent Desbois, publishing company: Companhia das Letras (Google Books)
 Book: Cinema Brasileiro Volume 1, author: Celso Marconi, publishing company: Edições Bagaço, 2000, 583 pages (Google Books)
 J. B. Tanko in Portal Cinemateca Brasileira
 J. B. Tanko on IMDb

1906 births
1993 deaths
Brazilian film directors
Brazilian film producers
Brazilian screenwriters
Brazilian people of Croatian descent
Writers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
People from Sisak
Croatian film directors
Croatian film producers
Croatian screenwriters
Croatian expatriates
20th-century screenwriters

masks:
Josip Bogoslaw Tanko
Josip Bogoslaw Tanko
Tanko
Tanko
Tanko
Tanko
Bernardo Guimarães
. Tanko
Tanko
Tanko
Tanko
Alexander Tanko
Tanko
Bai
Tanko
José Mario


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<mask>  () or <mask> (; born 13 May 1986) is a Belarusian-Norwegian singer-composer, violinist, pianist and actor. Though based in Oslo, Rybak extensively worked on television programmes and on tours in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Sweden throughout the early 2010s. Singing in mainly English and Russian, Rybak, in his early twenties, held on to a teen idol status in Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, and to a certain extent in Western Asia. His debut 2009 album, Fairytales, charted in the top 20 in nine European countries, including a top position in Norway and Russia. After two pop albums in 2009 and 2010, Rybak desired to be more of a family-orientated artist, focusing on children's and classical music alongside and frequently performed with youth orchestras throughout the world. Rybak is known for his extensive involvement in the Eurovision Song Contest. Representing Norway in the 2009 contest in Moscow, Russia, he won the competition with 387 points—the highest tally any country has achieved in the history of Eurovision under the then voting system—with "Fairytale", a song he wrote and composed.Winning at the age of 23, <mask> remains the youngest solo male winner of the contest and the only Belarusian-born winner. His win was celebrated all across Europe for crushing stereotypes about the contest, such as needing an over-the-top performance or the negative influence of neighbour voting. Since then <mask> has been involved several times in the contest. He represented Norway again in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 in Lisbon, Portugal, with the song "That's How You Write a Song", winning the second semi-final and finishing in 15th place in the Grand Final. He provided as an opening act to the Grand Final in 2010 and as an interval act in 2012 and 2016. <mask> has frequently provided commentary on the contest, working as a journalist in 2011, as once-off judge on the Belgian preselection in 2016 and as commentator on his personal social media. Early life
<mask> was born in Minsk, Belarus, which at that time was the Belarusian SSR in the Soviet Union.His parents and most of his other family hail from the town Vitebsk, in Northern Belarus. His father <mask>, a well-known classical violinist who performed alongside Pinchas Zukerman, defected to Norway in 1991 after a concert tour of a Belarusian chamber orchestra of which he was part of. Rybak's father lived with a musical family who gave him shelter and food in exchange for violin lessons for their son. <mask> and his mother <mask> (née Gurina), who worked as a music journalist and a piano teacher, arrived in Norway on a tourist visa and were initially refused a residence permit. Eventually, the <mask> family settled in Nesodden in the early 1990s. <mask> and his family received Norwegian citizenship after seven years of residing in Norway. At the age of five, Rybak began to play piano, but eventually picked up violin as his main instrument.He stated "I always liked to entertain and somehow that is my vocation". He became a student at the Barratt Due Institute of Music in Oslo at the age of 10. As a result of his success in the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest he took a break from his bachelor's degree studies at the institute, but in 2011 he returned to his studies and in June 2012 he graduated from the institute with a Bachelor of Music in violin performance. Career
In 2004, Rybak was awarded the Anders Jahre Culture Prize presented to him by Viktoriya <mask> at the annual culture festival in Madrid, Spain. In 2005, he entered the Norwegian version of Idol, Idol: Jakten på en superstjerne, reaching the semifinal. In 2006, Rybak won Kjempesjansen ("The Great Opportunity"), a talent competition hosted by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK), with his own song, "Foolin". Rybak has collaborated with artists such as a-ha's lead singer Morten Harket and Arve Tellefsen.In 2007, Rybak played the fiddle in Oslo Nye Teater's production of Fiddler on the Roof and won the Hedda Award for this role. Eurovision 2009

Rybak won the 54th Eurovision Song Contest in Moscow, Russia, with a record 387 points, singing "Fairytale", a song inspired by Norwegian folk music. The song was composed and written by Rybak and was performed with the modern folk dance company Frikar. The song received good reviews with a score of 6 out of 6 in the Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet, and, in an ESCtoday poll, he scored 71.3%, making him the favourite to get into the final. In the 2009 Norwegian national heats, Rybak achieved a clean sweep, gaining the top score from all nine voting districts and ending with a combined televote and jury score of 747,888, while the runner up, Tone Damli Aaberge, received a combined score of only 121,856 (out of a total population of less than 5 million)

The song then competed in the second semi-final and won the place in the Eurovision final. Rybak later won the Eurovision final with a landslide victory, receiving votes from all the other participating countries. Rybak finished with a total of 387 points, breaking the previous record of 292 points scored by Lordi in 2006 and scoring 169 points more than the runner-up, Iceland.After Eurovision, film and the first album

<mask>'s first album, Fairytales, was released after his Eurovision win. <mask> also co-stars as Levi in the film Yohan directed by Grete Salomonsen, which was released in March 2010. <mask> also went on a tour in Norway with former Norwegian Eurovision winner Elisabeth Andreassen, something that had been decided before his Eurovision win and participation. He and Frikar also toured Norway and Europe in 2009. In a December 2009 performance of his hit "Fairytale" at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert, held at the Oslo Spektrum, Rybak shared the stage with nine other acts. EMI Norway has just released a film entitled Fairytale, the movie, directed by acclaimed Norwegian director, Rune Langlo, documenting the journey of <mask> since claiming the top prize for Norway in Moscow. In 2009, he recorded the theme song, called "I Don't Believe in Miracles/Superhero", for the Russian action movie Black Lightning produced by Timur Bekmambetov.2010–2011

On 30 January 2010, <mask> performed one of his new singles, "Europe's Skies", in national final, Euroviisut 2010, to select the 2010 Finnish entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010. On 12 March 2010, <mask> performed his Eurovision 2009 winning song "Fairytale" on UK TV show Eurovision: Your Country Needs You. In April 2010, Rybak released a new song, featuring Opptur, called "Fela Igjen". On 8 June 2010, <mask> released the first single from his second album "Oah". A music video was made for the single. It was directed by Lars Kristian Flemmen, produced by Eirik Heldal and shot by Martin J. Edelsteen. It is filmed in a university or college.He also recorded and released a Russian version of this song called "Strela Amura" (Russian: Стрела Амура, Cupid's arrow). <mask> released his second album on 14 June 2010, called No Boundaries. It was not as successful as his first album, so far it has peaked at number 7 in Norway, number 8 in Sweden and 32 in Finland. On 7 January 2011, <mask> was one of twelve contestants on the next Swedish season of the dancing show Let's Dance (Swedish version of television franchise Strictly Come Dancing), in the show Rybak danced to win the competition against other Swedish celebrities. Rybak made it to the Top 4 before being voted off on 11 March, having received the lowest scores from both juries and the voting public. In 2011 he released the album Visa vid vindens ängar, a collaboration with Mats Paulson whom he describes as "a legend and a great friend"
On 11 December 2011, he appeared as musical guest on X Factor (Romania). 2012–2013
In 2012 he released a new music video for his Russian song "Strela Amura"."Strela Amura" is the Russian version of Oah which is one of his previous singles released in 2010. The music video was shot in Kyiv, Ukraine. <mask> said: "For me the main thing is what is going on inside a person, not the events around them. The video for the song "Strela Amura" is about me, about my life, which consists of the airports and hotels. You give happiness to others, and you are left alone yourself." On 30 May 2012 he released a duet with Paula Seling called "I'll Show You". Seling placed third at the 2010 Eurovision.The song had already been promoted on Romanian television and radio. The German label Capsounds has signed the song and will be promoting it throughout Europe. A new single by Rybak titled "Leave Me Alone" was released worldwide on 12 October 2012. The premiere of the music video was also released shortly after the single which was on 23 October. The release of the Russian version of the song "Dostala" was on 12 November "Leave Me Alone" is about a particular female fan from Israel (but speaks Russian like many others there) who has been stalking him in various ways for quite some time. The new track which will be released during the day is co-written by David Eriksen who is well known to fans of the Eurovision Song Contest for writing "Butterflies" for Tone Damli Aaberge which was the runner-up to Rybak in the 2009 Melodi Grand Prix. Rybak released a Christmas album on 23 November 2012 entitled Christmas-tales.Recording started spring 2012. Around the same time, it was revealed that <mask> wrote a song for Norwegian singer Annsofi for Melodi Grand Prix 2013. The entry "I'm With You" reached the final of the competition and finished fourth overall. In October 2013, he released a new music video called "5 to 7 Years". This was a gift he made for his fans after reaching 600,000 followers on Facebook. 2014–2015

Rybak performed a song for the 2014 How to Train Your Dragon 2 soundtrack, entitled "Into a Fantasy". "Into a Fantasy" was added as a European and Slavic bonus track to the album and was played during the closing credits in the European and Russian releases of the film.Rybak had sent in the track unsolicited to film company DreamWorks, which was charmed by the song and decided to include it in the soundtrack for the closing credits. On 4 May 2014, he released a song alongside another Eurovision winner, Marija Šerifović, titled "Gorka Hrabrost" meaning "Bitter Bravery". Rybak took part in The Hit, a live TV show on Norwegian broadcaster NRK on 10 October 2014. Rybak performed "What I Long For", a song written by Elisabet Mjanger. Despite it being the most played track ahead of the results show, it lost out to Trine Rein with "The Story of Love", which went on to eventually win the whole show. Rybak wrote two entries for national selections for Eurovision in 2015. Rybak wrote a song for Maltese singer Franklin Calleja titled "Still Here".The song was received well and finished fourth in Malta Eurovision Song Contest 2015. In Autumn 2014, Rybak travelled to Belarus to form a girlband to represent Belarus at Eurovision 2015, after having thought about the idea for over a year. Auditions were held in five different cities across the country. In early November, Rybak revealed his girlband MILKI and shortly after that premiered their track "Accent". The song quickly became the favourite to represent Belarus at Eurovision 2015 among fans and receiving positive feedback from former Eurovision participants Marija Šerifović and Philipp Kirkorov. On 26 December, MILKI finished fourth in the Belarusian national final, receiving the second-highest tally of votes from the public. The result led to great controversy and Rybak critiqued the jury for putting the entry fifth.In early 2015, <mask> took part in the Russian television show Odin v Odin!, in which the participants impersonated legendary artists. The premier episode was broadcast on

masks:
Alexander Igorevich Rybak
Alyaxandr Iharavich Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Igor Rybak
Alexander Rybak
Natalia Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Alexander Rybak
Rybak
Alexander Rybak
Rybak
Alexander
Rybak
Alexander
Rybak
Rybak


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 8 February in which he impersonated Elvis Presley. Despite initially refusing to portray female artists, Rybak impersonated Gloria Gaynor, Conchita Wurst and Russian folk singer Lyudmila Ryumina, for which he received top marks from the jury. After the fourteenth show, Rybak was placed 6th and therefore was not among the five who automatically went to the final. However, the judges said that he deserved a place in the final and made an exception. In the final results, he was the runner-up. With the televoting results, he took a clear second place with 32.1% of the votes, behind Ruslan Alehno.Rybak released a new Russian single entitled ""/"Kotik". The music video of this song which was filmed in Moscow, Russia, and it was released on 3 June 2015. "Kotik" quickly reached positive acclaim and its music video attracted a lot of views. It topped Belarusian Bel Muz-TV's charts. "Kotik" became one of the most watched Russian-language music videos in 2015. Despite it being a hit online, "Kotik" did not manage to crack the Russian radio charts. Rybak later declared that radio DJs refused to play the song as they felt it was a childish song and some DJs were asking Rybak for financial compensation for playing it.While announcing his desire to stay a children's musical in 2013, Rybak could not find the funds and support for this project. Instead, he decided to create a children's book with a CD with songs and an audio book attached to it. Rybak initially struggled to find a publisher for this, as most publishers were only interested in the physical book. Eventually, Rybak released Trolle og den magiske fela through Cappelen Damm. Quickly after that, the Danish rights were secured and the book was also complimented by Edward van de Vendel, who proof translated the book's first chapters into Dutch. On 12 June, a new Norwegian song "" (Among Mountains) was released. 2016–2017

In early 2016, Rybak was a one-off jury member in Eurosong, Belgium's selection for Eurovision 2016.Rybak also performed as a part of the interval act for the Eurovision Song Contest 2016, in a musical number satirising Eurovision songs. Shortly after that, he released his lead single "I Came To Love You", which music video was shot in Greece. In 2016, Rybak marked his ten-year's anniversary as an artist with re-releasing former singles such as his debut single "Foolin'" and "5 To 7 Years". Next to that, he held several concert shows under the title "Entertainer". Rybak sang "Fairytale" during the final of You Decide, the preselection of the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017. That same year, Rybak teamed up with German singer and violinist Franziska Wiese and had a duet with her on his singles "Fairytale" and "Kotik", while also performing the former at the annual Schlagerboom festival. During the Eurovision 2017, Rybak publicly supported Portuguese singer Salvador Sobral to win the contest.Sobral eventually won Eurovision with "Amar pelos dois", breaking <mask>'s 2009 record. <mask> released his own version of the song, including self-written English lyrics. This version was later covered by others including Eurovision 2018 contestants Sennek and Ari Olafsson. Although <mask> previously disliked the idea of returning to Eurovision, he revealed in late 2017 that he was thinking of returning to Melodi Grand Prix. Eurovision 2018

In January 2018, it was revealed that <mask> would be taking part in the Norwegian national selection Melodi Grand Prix 2018, to represent Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 in Lisbon, Portugal, with the song "That's How You Write a Song". The song initially received very mixed reviews. Rybak stated that he wanted to take part mostly for pleasure, rather than wanting to win the competition, stating that Norwegian singer Jahn Teigen, who participated fourteen times in the Norwegian selection and won three times, was his inspiration.<mask> was not the bookmakers and experts' favourite to win the selection, but topped several public polls ahead of the competition. To his own surprise and to the surprise of both of the presenters, <mask> won the selection. During the show, Rybak topped four international juries – Russia, Estonia, North Macedonia and Czechia – more than any other contestant. Rybak proceeded to the last four, where he first beat Aleksander Wallman in a duel and then proceeded to the final duel with singer Rebecca, which he also won. After the show, several news outlets claimed that Norwegian broadcaster NRK had favourised <mask>, putting him last in the running order. NRK denied this, pointing to the voting statistics that showed that Rybak had won with a large margin. He won his first duel with 94.3% of the votes and his final duel by 71% of the votes, receiving a total of 306,393 votes, the third-highest number of votes an entry ever reached in Melodi Grand Prix history.<mask> was drawn to perform first in second semi-final on 10 May and finished first overall, becoming the first ever Eurovision performer to win two semi-finals after he also won the second semi-final in 2009. In the final, on 12 May 2018, Rybak performed seventh in the running order and finished in fifteenth place, receiving a top jury score from Italy. 2019–present
In 2019, Rybak's children's musical Trolle og den magiske fela premiered in Kristiansand and received wide critical acclaim by reviewers. The show sold over 10,000 tickets and had to schedule extra performances to curb the demand. In 2020, <mask> co-wrote an entry for Melodi Grand Prix 2020 together with JOWST for singer Magnus Bokn called "Over the Sea". The song won the fourth-semi final of the selection show and proceeded to the final, where it eventually lost out to Ulrikke Brandstorp's "Attention". Rybak was set to appear as part of an interval act at Eurovision 2020, which was later cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.As a result of the contest cancellation, several countries organised a produced show or held a vote to determine their country's favourite Eurovision song of all times. <mask>'s "Fairytale" finished 3rd in Wallonia's Votre top 20, 17th in the Netherlands's NPO Radio 2 Songfestival Top 50 list, and 6th in the United Kingdom's special Eurovision: Come Together show. "Fairytale" therefore re-entered the UK sales chart at #65 in late May 2020. A year prior, the Norwegians had voted "Fairytale" as their all-time favourite Eurovision song. Artistry

Musical style and genres
About his own musical style, <mask> has said: "Generally, I do everything from writing folklore, children’s music, DreamWorks songs to arranging for symphony orchestra and making cover versions of Eurovision songs.(...) I do not make more albums, I like to publish one and a song on YouTube. It can be a classic piece, a pop song, a collaboration with Philip Cecil or just a cover song, but I will always have something visual to my songs, and maybe a music video."Voice
<mask> is often classified as having a tenore di grazia voice. Rybak has also been noted multiple times for having a strong natural vibrato in his voice. His voice has been appreciated for creating whole and clear sounds. Personal life
Rybak was raised in the Orthodox religion. In family circles and in his childhood, he used to be referred to as Sasha, the Russian diminutive for his first name. Rybak did not visit his country of birth for 17 years between his emigration to Norway and his first performance in Belarus in the Summer of 2009. Though he grew up as an only child, Rybak revealed that he had a sister from whom he was estranged, from an earlier marriage of his father's.In 2012, Rybak met his half-sister for the first time in many years. Rybak bought a new apartment and lives now at Aker Brygge (Oslo, Norway). Rybak speaks Norwegian, Russian and English fluently, and has performed songs in all three languages. Rybak has also performed in Belarusian and, with Elisabeth Andreassen, in Swedish. In 2010, Rybak was featured in the media negatively after a few incidents of uncontrolled anger. Both times, Rybak had a heated discussion with a sound technician. It resulted in Rybak breaking his fingers in May 2010, and during a later instance, also breaking his violin on stage.Rybak then said: "I never raised my voice before, and that's why I did what I did. I'm just a human being—and perhaps not the glossy image many believe. So it was good to get out frustrations so I could go on. It's only me that goes beyond the same." <mask> later blamed the behaviour on his hectic touring schedule, which led to him being overworked, also opening up about battling with depression due to his touring schedule, calling early 2011 the toughest moment of his life. He later stated he had to learn to say "no". In 2018 and 2019, Rybak struggled a lot with an unidentified illness, which led him to cancel several performances.To Ukrainian newspaper KP, <mask> said he was initially diagnosed with fatigue-related problems after his second Eurovision participation. In October 2019, Rybak declared he was hypochondriac, stating "all people above 20 have their own battle with something". Rybak stated working in a group for his children's musical Trolle og den magisken fela has helped him. For this production, he temporarily moved to coastal city Kristiansand. In May 2020, Rybak revealed that he had been addicted to sleep medications and antidepressants for 11 years, and had begun to recover after entering rehab in January. Discography

 Fairytale (2009)
 No Boundaries (2010)
 Visa vid vindens ängar (2011)
 Christmas Tales (2012)

Filmography

Awards
Winner of "Sparre Olsen – competition for young classical musicians", in 2000 and 2001. Winner of ”Anders Jahres Culture-Award"  2004.Winner of TV- talent-competition "Kjempesjansen" 2006. Winner of the ”Hedda-Award" to the "Newcomer of the year in Norwegian Theater", 2007, for the title role in ”Fiddler on the Roof" at Oslo Nye Teater. Winner of "Norwegian Melodi Grand Prix" 2009, with the highest score of all times. Winner of "Eurovision Song Contest" 2009, with the highest score of all times. Winner of "Australian Radio Listeners Award" for European musicians, 2009. Winner of the "Marcel Bezencon Press Award" at Eurovision 2009. Nomination - Emma-gaala (Best Foreign Artist), 2009
Winner of Russian Grammy for ”Newcomer of the year" 2010.Winner of Norwegian Grammy-awards: "Spellemann of the Year" 2010. Winner of ”International Russian Name Award" in Moscow 2011. Winner of ”Countrymen of the Year". Belarus 2013
Winner of Melodi Grand Prix 2018

Notes

The song "Into a Fantasy" is played during the ending credits to the movie How to Train Your Dragon 2 in European releases. Rybak provided the Norwegian voice-over for the animated character Hiccup. References

External links

Official homepage
Official Facebook Page
<mask>bak Official International Fan site (English, Russian, Spanish, Norwegian and German)
Alexander Rybak PR in Republic of Ireland

1986 births
Living people
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Norway
Idol (Norwegian TV series) participants
Melodi Grand Prix winners
Naturalised citizens of Norway
Norwegian male actors
Norwegian songwriters
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Norway
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2009
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2018
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Musicians from Minsk
People from Nesodden
Norwegian multi-instrumentalists
Barratt Due Institute of Music alumni
Norwegian fiddlers
Male violinists
Spellemannprisen winners
Soviet emigrants to Norway
Folk-pop singers
Norwegian people of Belarusian descent
21st-century Norwegian composers
21st-century Norwegian singers
21st-century Norwegian violinists
21st-century Norwegian male singers
English-language singers from

masks:
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Alexander Ry


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<mask>  (born May 1934) is Emeritus Professor of Infection at the University of Birmingham Medical School. In 1978, as the World Health Organization (WHO) was shortly to announce that the world's last case of smallpox had occurred a year earlier in Somalia, <mask> diagnosed a British woman with the disease in Birmingham, England. She was found to be the index case of the outbreak and became the world's last reported fatality due to the disease, five years after he had gained experience on the frontline of the WHO's smallpox eradication programme in Bangladesh in 1973. His early research included work on drug discovery and antibiotics, and the definitions and management of bacterial meningitis and pneumococcal disease. In 1975, he became Chairman of the first editorial board of the Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. In the same year he was co-editor of the best seller book titled Control of Hospital Infection, later known as Ayliffe's Control of Healthcare-Associated Infection: A Practical Handbook. Following the September 11 attacks, <mask> became an adviser on bioterrorism for the UK's Department of Health, his chief role being in the national smallpox plan and in biodefence training.In 2015, he retired from his position as Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, having served the journal for the previous 10 years. His recollections of smallpox in Birmingham inspired Mark Pallen to write The Last Days of Smallpox: Tragedy in Birmingham, published in 2018. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Fortrose, near Inverness, Scotland, in May 1934, to Angus and <mask>. His early education was at the Fortrose Academy, the local school. In 1957 he graduated in medicine from the University of Edinburgh, where his interest in antibiotics later originated. Medical career
He completed his early medical posts at the Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh and then in Perth, following which he spent two years completing National Service in the Royal Army Medical Corps, and rose to the rank of captain. Subsequently, he gained experience in infectious diseases and general medicine first at Edinburgh and then as a medical registrar at Aberdeen and began research on antibiotics, with publications in the British Medical Journal and The Lancet.After a visit to the United States, he returned to Britain and took up a post as one of two consultants in infectious diseases at the East Birmingham (now Heartlands) Hospital in May 1967, at the same time as the local smallpox hospital, Witton Isolation Hospital, was deemed unnecessary and therefore demolished by fire. <mask>, at the time, settled in Solihull. He later recounted that when "I told my friends in Edinburgh that I was going to work in infectious diseases, they thought I was a bit stupid. They said you’re mad, infectious diseases are disappearing, we have antibiotics and vaccines, why don't you do something more interesting!" Bangladesh (1973)
In 1973, the Department of Health assigned <mask> as a visiting fellow with the World Health Organization (WHO) smallpox eradication effort in Bangladesh, where he spent seven weeks under the leadership of Nick Ward, travelling through villages and gaining frontline experience in smallpox vaccination. He later recalled "I saw many cases of smallpox." In October 1973, as a consequence of the oil crisis, he was called to return to England.In the same year, he was designated Birmingham’s smallpox consultant. The following year, in an article in the British Medical Journal, he described signs and symptoms of smallpox and wrote that
the possibility of smallpox should be considered in every patient with unexplained fever who has recently visited the five countries of the world where this disease is still endemic-namely, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Ethiopia. The likelihood of smallpox re-appearing in countries other than these five should always be remembered. Writing
In 1975, <mask> became Chairman of the first editorial board of the Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. In the same year, he co-edited the best-seller Control of Hospital Infection, later known as Ayliffe's Control of Healthcare-Associated Infection: A Practical Handbook. In 1976 L. P. Garrod stated in his review of the book that it made much "of how to cope with a suspected case of smallpox. As the WHO claims that this disease is on the verge of extinction, even in Bangladesh, may future editions safely omit this?"Throughout his career, Geddes authored almost 200 scientific publications covering a wide range of infectious disease topics. Antibiotics
His early research included work on drug discovery and studies on the use of cephaloridine. Pertaining to trials of what became known as Augmentin, a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, he later recalled that “getting the right dose of amoxicillin proved important for efficacy and getting the right dose of clavulanic acid was key to tolerability”. In 1977, he published on the efficacies of cephamycins, including their parenteral administration, dosages and penetrations through normal and inflamed blood-brain barrier. He made comparisons of clindamycin with lincomycin against H. influenzae in vitro, and later demonstrated that clindamycin was active against Coxiella burnetti, the cause of Q fever. Other research has included studies on the antiviral aciclovir. Birmingham (1978)
In August 1978, five years after returning from Bangladesh, <mask> diagnosed smallpox in Janet Parker, a medical photographer working in the East Wing of the medical school in Birmingham.She had been admitted to Ward 32 at East Birmingham Hospital after being diagnosed with at first chicken pox and then a drug reaction. Several physicians saw her before Geddes was called to the hospital for an opinion. Aware that Parker also worked in a room above the regional smallpox laboratory, he in turn called upon virologist Henry Bedson and both confirmed their suspicions that same day when they examined fluid from Parker's blisters and saw brick-shaped particles under the electron microscope, compatible with smallpox. Until this time, all the call-outs he received for suspected smallpox cases were false-alarms such as erythema multiforme and Stevens–Johnson syndrome. With the WHO about to announce the eradication of smallpox, it was widely thought that the last ever case of smallpox had occurred the previous year, in 1977 in Somalia. Parker later died on 11 September 1978 and became the last reported fatality due to the disease. Later, in an interview in 2004, when asked if Parker's case had any link with the 1966 smallpox outbreak in Birmingham, he replied "it is probably significant that the initial case in the variola minor outbreak in the West Midlands in 1966 was, like Janet Parker, a photographer in the Birmingham Medical School, where research was being carried out on smallpox viruses."1980s
He was appointed professor of infectious diseases at Birmingham University in 1982. In chapter seven of the Report of a committee of inquiry into the future development of the Public Health Function, chaired by the then Chief Medical Officer Sir Donald Acheson and presented to parliament in the wake of the 1984 outbreak of Salmonella in Wakefield and the 1985 outbreak of legionellosis at Stafford, <mask> was noted to head a subcommittee to deal with control of communicable disease and infection. 1990s
In the 1990s, he was involved in tuberculosis (TB) research, leading the University of Birmingham team in the Glaxo Action tuberculosis programme that studied the molecular biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and new ways of delivering medicines into the TB infected cells. By studying how the human immune system responded to TB, Geddes hoped that the results would lead to a new vaccine, more effective than the BCG. In 1991 he became professor of infection at the University of Birmingham Medical School, where in 1994 he became its Deputy Dean then Associate Dean from 1999 to 2002. He has served as civilian consultant in infectious diseases and tropical medicine to the Royal Navy, Deputy Chairman of the Tropical Diseases Research Board of the UK Medical Research Council, and the Committee on Safety of Medicines and of the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. Later career
Following the September 11 attacks, <mask> became an adviser on bioterroism for the UK's Department of Health, his chief role being in the national smallpox plan and in biodefence training.In 2002, <mask> told the Global Health Security Initiative that the
diagnosis of a smallpox case must not be underestimated. Differential diagnosis against influenza, chickenpox, Eczema herpeticum, Eczema vaccinatum and drug eruptions/erythema multiforme is necessary. The last smallpox case in Birmingham, UK, caused by a lab infection in 1978, was initially misdiagnosed by 3 physicians, leading to a significant delay in treatment and containment measures. This fact underlines the importance of an appropriate education and training of physicians to diagnose disease caused by bioterroristic agents as part of the preparedness plans. With smallpox in the media again after 2001, and noting that Parker had previously received two smallpox vaccinations, he became interested in how long immunity lasts in those who have previously been immunised. It led him to study and publish in 2005 an article on the Edinburgh smallpox outbreak of 1942, where six of the 36 cases of smallpox had received previous vaccination. The following year he published "The history of smallpox".In 2015, after 10 years in the post, he retired from his position as Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. Awards and honours
<mask> is a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences. From 1996 to 1998 he was president of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. The following year, the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy awarded him the Garrod Medal, following which he delivered its accompanying lecture. In 2009, he received Honorary Membership of the International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. He received the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases award for excellence in clinical microbiology and infectious diseases in 2014. Subsequently in 2015 he received the Hamao Umezawa Memorial Award (HUMA) Award.His recollections of 1978 inspired Mark Pallen to write The Last Days of Smallpox: Tragedy in Birmingham, published in 2018. Selected publications

 (Joint author)
 (Joint author)

 (Joint author)

References

Further reading

External links
A<mask>, publications, University of Birmingham
ATV Today: 30.08.1978: Smallpox Alert in Birmingham

1934 births
Living people
20th-century British medical doctors
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
People from the Black Isle
Smallpox eradication
University of Edinburgh Medical School alumni

masks:
Alasdair Macintosh Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Alasdair
Geddes
Isabella Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
. Geddes


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<mask> (born 27 March 1971) is an English former footballer who played for Norwich City, Molde FK, AFC Bournemouth, Gillingham and Gravesend & Northfleet. He spent two years as Welling United manager before joining Stoke City to be first team coach. He left at the end of the 2012–13 season following the departure of Tony Pulis, and on 12 November 2013, he was appointed as a manager for Forest Green Rovers where he twice led them to record highest league finishes. He left his position as head coach of League One side Gillingham in September 2017, and was appointed as manager of National League club Barrow the following month, a post he held until the end of the 2017–18 season. He is currently coaching DPMM FC of Brunei, a team that plays in the Singapore Premier League. Playing career
Although born in Ipswich and having grown up supporting Ipswich Town, <mask> began his career with their fiercest rivals, Norwich City, where he progressed through the ranks to turn professional in 1989. He was only to manage one appearance for the Canaries' first team, however, and in 1992 he was allowed to move to AFC Bournemouth for a fee of £30,000.He was a regular for the Cherries until he suffered a knee injury in December 1995 and was unable to regain his place in the team. In October 1996 his former Bournemouth manager, Tony Pulis signed him for Gillingham for £25,000. <mask> spent over six years at Priestfield Stadium where he was a regular in the first team until a recurring knee injury took its toll. He developed a reputation as a practical joker whilst with Gillingham –  during one pre-season friendly he switched on the pitch sprinkler system during the match. He also scored a memorable own goal against Wigan Athletic in 2000 which spawned a recurring terrace chant of "He only scores own goals". Such was his affinity with the fans that he even acquired his own fan club. On the pitch, he was named captain for the play-off final in 2000 which saw the Gills promoted to the Football League First Division for the first time in their history.Injuries forced <mask> to retire from League football in 2003, after which he signed for Football Conference side Gravesend & Northfleet, where he was also assistant manager. In January 2006 he was involved in a dispute with Gillingham chairman Paul Scally over a testimonial match which <mask> alleged he was promised as part of his final contract at Gillingham but which never materialised. Managerial career

Welling United
In January 2005 <mask> was appointed manager of Welling United of the Conference South and by the end of the season had guided them to their best league position for six years. Stoke City (coach)
He left Welling at the end of the 2006–07 season to take up a coaching position at Stoke City, under his former Gillingham manager, Tony Pulis. He was initially appointed youth team boss at Stoke. In January 2010, <mask> expressed an interest in one day returning to management. In the summer of 2011 he made the step up to become first team coach at Stoke.He left the club at the end of the 2012–13 season. Forest Green Rovers
On 12 November 2013, <mask> was appointed as the new manager of Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers. He led the club to a 10th-place finish at the end of the 2013–14 season. In January 2015, he was linked with the vacant managerial role at Gillingham, however he issued a statement declaring his aim to remain at Forest Green. At the end of the 2014–15 season he led Forest Green to a record highest league finish of 5th in the Conference Premier, meaning that the club secured a place in the play-offs for the first time. Forest Green were knocked out in the semi-finals, losing 3–0 on aggregate against Bristol Rovers. On 4 September 2015, after leading Forest Green to seven straight wins in the renamed National League at the start of the 2015–16 season, he was named August Manager of the Month.On 5 September 2015, he led the club to an eighth straight league win at the start of the season with victory at Chester – a National League record. On 5 February 2016, he was named National League January Manager of the Month having guided Forest Green to six straight wins. Despite taking Forest Green to 2nd in the National League, which was another record highest finish, he was relieved of his duties on 27 April 2016, just one week before the play-offs, after a poor run of results that had failed to see his side win in seven games. In November 2016, he returned to Welling United after being appointed as a consultant to new manager Jamie Day, who had been his assistant at Forest Green. Gillingham
On 4 January 2017, <mask> was appointed as the new head coach of his former club and League One side Gillingham. Steve Lovell and Jamie Day were announced as part of his team of coaching staff. <mask> and Day left Gillingham by mutual consent on 25 September 2017, following a 3–0 defeat at Rochdale.Barrow
On 27 October 2017, <mask> was appointed Barrow manager. Barrow parted company with Pennock on 18 May 2018. Brunei DPMM FC
At the conclusion of the 2018 Singapore Premier League season, DPMM FC appointed <mask> as manager for the 2019 season. <mask> led the side to their second SPL title in his first season in charge. Career statistics

Player
Source:

A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Football League Trophy and Football League play-offs. Manager
As of match played 2 November 2019

References
Specific

General

External links

 Profile at ex-canaries.co.uk

1971 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Ipswich
English footballers
Association football defenders
Norwich City F.C.players
Molde FK players
AFC Bournemouth players
Gillingham F.C. players
Ebbsfleet United F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Eliteserien players
English football managers
Welling United F.C. managers
Forest Green Rovers F.C. managers
Gillingham F.C. managers
National League (English football) managers
English Football League managers
Expatriate football managers in Brunei
Stoke City F.C. non-playing staff
English expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Norway
DPMM FC managers

masks:
Adrian Barry Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock


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<mask> af Södermöre (; 1583–1654), Count of Södermöre, was a Swedish statesman. He became a member of the Swedish Privy Council in 1609 and served as Lord High Chancellor of Sweden from 1612 until his death. He was a confidant of King Gustavus Adolphus and then Queen Christina, of whom he was at first regent. Oxenstierna is widely considered one of the most influential people in Swedish history. He played an important role during the Thirty Years' War and was appointed Governor-General of occupied Prussia; he is also credited for having laid the foundations of the modern central administrative structure of the State, including the creation of counties (). Early life and education
Oxenstierna was born on 16 June 1583, at Fånö in Uppland, the son of Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna (1551–1597) and <mask>tter Bielke (1556–1624), as the oldest of nine siblings. His parents belonged to the ancient and influential high noble families of Oxenstierna and Bielke, both of which had held high offices in the state and the church for generations.After the death of her husband Gustaf, <mask>'s mother Barbro decided to let <mask> and his brothers Christer and Gustaf finish their studies abroad. Thus, the brothers received their education at the universities of Rostock, Wittenberg and Jena. On returning home in 1603 he took up an appointment as valet de chambre (kammarjunkare) to King Charles IX of Sweden. One of Oxenstierna's more unusual intellectual qualifications was his knowledge of the Scots language, reflecting the importance of the Scottish expatriate community in Sweden at that time. As Chancellor, he would regularly receive correspondence in Scots from his agent Sir James Spens, and he ventured into the language himself for an official letter to his Scottish counterpart, the Earl of Loudoun. Career

1606–1611: Diplomat and Privy Councillor
In 1606 he undertook his first diplomatic mission, to Mecklenburg and other German royal courts. While on diplomatic duty abroad, Oxenstierna gained appointment to the Privy Council (Riksrådet).Henceforth, Oxenstierna became one of the king's most trusted servants. In 1609 he travelled to Reval (present day Tallinn), on King Charles's behalf, to receive tributes from the city of Reval and the Estonian knighthood. Together with other councillors, Oxenstierna tried to warn the king of Denmark and the intentions of Danish King Christian IV. In 1610, Oxenstierna travelled to Copenhagen with the aim of preventing war with the neighbours, but unsuccessfully. The following year, Danish forces crossed the border, initiating the Kalmar War. In the fall of 1611, King Charles died. Around New Year 1611–12, the parliament had to deal with the situation.According to the rules, the 17-year-old Gustavus Adolphus had not reached the proper age to be considered adult enough to rule as king. However, the estates agreed to disregard those rules. In return, the young king agreed to ensure the nobles further privileges and appoint <mask>ierna Lord High Chancellor of Sweden. 1612–1629: Lord High Chancellor and Governor-General
On 6 January 1612 Oxenstierna became Lord High Chancellor (Rikskansler) of the Privy Council. His controlling, organizing hand soon became apparent in every branch of the administration. Sweden was at the time troubled by three wars against Denmark (Kalmar War), Poland-Lithuania (Polish-Swedish War) and Russia (Ingrian War). Oxenstierna's first big task as Chancellor was to achieve peace in some of the wars.The war against Denmark was considered the most dangerous of the three as the enemy-controlled parts of Sweden itself. Negotiations began in Knäred and Oxenstierna was first Swedish plenipotentiary. The negotiations led to the Treaty of Knäred in 1613. For his efforts regarding these negotiations, Oxenstierna received the title of district judge in the hundred of Snävringe and, eventually, the barony of Kimito. During the frequent absences of Gustavus in Livonia and in Finland (1614–1616) Oxenstierna acted as his viceroy. One assignment Oxenstierna received while the king was in Livonia, was the task to finalize the negotiations regarding the marriage of John Casimir and the king's sister, Princess Catharina. At the coronation of Gustavus Adolphus, in October 1617, Oxenstierna was knighted.In 1620 he headed the embassy dispatched to Berlin to arrange the nuptial contract between Gustavus and Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg. During the king's Russian and Polish wars he had the principal duty of supplying the armies and the fleets with everything necessary, including men and money. Oxenstierna's ways of carrying out his assignments apparently gained King Gustavus's appreciation, since the king, in 1622, asked Oxenstierna to accompany him to Livonia and appointed him Governor-General and commandant of Riga, a strategically important town during the ongoing war against Poland. His services in Livonia gained him the reward of four castles (among others Burtnieki and Valmiera) and the whole bishopric of Wenden. Entrusted with the peace negotiations which led to the truce with Poland in 1623, he succeeded in averting a threatened rupture with Denmark in 1624. The Polish-Swedish War was reinitiated in 1626, and on 7 October that year, Oxenstierna became Governor-General in the newly acquired Swedish possession of Prussia. In 1629 he concluded the advantageous Truce of Altmark with Poland-Lithuania.Prior to this, in September 1628, he arranged a joint occupation of Stralsund with Denmark to prevent that important fortress from falling into the hands of the Imperialists. Oxenstierna was not only highly successful within the diplomacy. During these years, he was entrusted with various important assignments in which he succeeded, such as gathering money and troops for the attack in Prussia in 1626. He played the leading organizational and administrational role in Prussia, as he had done earlier in Livonia. He was in charge of, for example, tolls, fortifications and the entire state grain trade. During the latter part of the 1620s, Elbląg (German: Elbing), where Oxenstierna resided and from where he governed the Swedish parts of Prussia, became a major Swedish centre of power, second only to Stockholm. 1630–1636: Oxenstierna in the Thirty Years' War
When Sweden entered the Thirty Years' War in the summer of 1630, tolls from Oxenstierna-controlled Prussia, as well as food supplies acquired by Oxenstierna, were pivotal assets.He had also obtained credits from foreign businessmen, ensuring large sums of money making it possible to hire mercenary soldiers to the army used in Germany. After the Battle of Breitenfeld on 7 September 1631, Oxenstierna received a summons to assist the king with his counsels and co-operation in Germany. During the king's absence in Franconia and Bavaria in 1632 he held the appointment of legatus in the Rhineland, with plenipotentiary authority over all the German generals and princes in the Swedish service. Although he never fought a battle, he frustrated all the efforts of the Spanish troops by using strategically successful regulations. He managed to conduct large reinforcements to King Gustavus through the heart of Germany in the summer of 1632. In the Battle of Lützen (1632), on 6 November 1632, Gustavus Adolphus died. This meant that Oxenstierna became supreme commander of the Swedish troops in Germany, although he let his subordinate generals be responsible for the military operations on a lower level.He moved his headquarters to Mainz, which in practice became the new Swedish capital. Oxenstierna was now absolute ruler of the significant area that the Swedish army had conquered in Germany. He was offered the position as prince-elector of Mainz, but, after serious considerations, the offer was turned down. When King Gustavus died in November 1632, his only legitimate and surviving child, Christina, was almost six years old. Until her declaration of majority at 18, a regency council ruled Sweden. This council was headed by Lord High Chancellor Oxenstierna, who wrote Instrument of Government (1634), a new constitution. During the years after the king's death, it became apparent that differences of opinion existed within the council.Some of Oxenstierna's colleagues recommended that Sweden should seek peace and withdraw from the war in Germany, not least after the defeat at Nördlingen in 1634. However, Oxenstierna's opinion, that Sweden should remain in the war to ensure compensation for the sacrifices made, prevailed. The, for the Swedish side, disastrous outcome at Nördlingen brought him, for an instant, to the verge of ruin and compelled him for the first time so far to depart from his policy of independence as to solicit direct assistance from France. But, well aware that Richelieu needed the Swedish armies as much as he himself needed money, he refused at the Conference of Compiègne in 1635 to bind his hands in the future for the sake of some slight present relief. In 1636, nevertheless, he concluded a fresh subsidy-treaty with France at Wismar. Swedish troops remained in Germany all the way until 1648 and the Thirty Years' War's end. Oxenstierna, however, left Germany and returned to Stockholm in 1636, after ten years duty as premier Swedish representative in Prussia and Germany.1636–1654: Back in Sweden
Oxenstierna more directly claimed his place within the regency of Queen Christina and became the young queen's teacher in statesmanship. His presence at home dominated all opposition, and such was the general confidence for Oxenstierna, that for the next nine years his voice, especially as regarding foreign affairs, remained omnipotent in the Privy Council. The Torstenson War
In May 1643, the Swedish Privy Council decided to attack Denmark. The Torstenson War was at large parts the work of Oxenstierna. The purpose was to gain territories from Denmark and be released from the Danish Sound Dues. Other factors might have been a will to revenge the tough peace Treaty of Knäred in 1613. Whatever the reason,

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Axel Gustafsson Oxenstna
Barbro Axelsdo
Axel
Axel
Axel Oxenst


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 Oxenstierna considered the time was right to finally settle the score with Denmark.Swedish troops led by Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson attacked Danish Jutland from Germany, while Field Marshal Gustav Horn was in charge of the troops that attacked Scania. The outcome of the war was decided in the naval battle of Fehmarn Belt in 1644 where the Royal Swedish Navy decisively defeated the Danish Navy. The defeat of the Danish Navy left the Danish isles open to a Swedish invasion, and Denmark sued for peace. Oxenstierna was personally involved in the negotiations leading to the Treaty of Brömsebro, with which Sweden gained Gotland, Saaremaa (Ösel), Jämtland, Härjedalen and for thirty years Halland. Shortly after the peace treaty, Oxenstierna was created Count of Södermöre. Queen Christina and her abdication
When Christina came of age, she tried to push Oxenstierna, her old mentor, aside. The relations between the two were not good and Oxenstierna always attributed the exiguousness of Sweden's gains under the Peace of Westphalia − Sweden gained only Western Pomerania, Usedom, Wollin, Wismar and Bremen-Verden − following the conference in Osnabrück to Christina's undue interference.When the queen, a few years later, wanted to abdicate, Oxenstierna at first opposed this because he feared mischief to Sweden from the unruly and adventurous disposition of her preferred successor, Charles X Gustav. The chancellor changed his mind about Charles Gustav, however, and gave Christina the help she needed to go through with her abdication. Oxenstierna died a couple of months after the ascension of the new king. Death

Oxenstierna died in Stockholm on 28 August 1654. He was interred in Storkyrkan, Stockholm on 18 March 1655. His body was then moved to Jäder Church close to the Oxenstierna estate at Fiholm, in present-day Eskilstuna Municipality, where a vault had been built in accordance with his wishes. In the vault, Oxenstiernska gravvalvet, several members of the Oxenstierna family have been buried, including <mask> and his spouse Anna.Personal life

Family

On 5 June 1608 <mask> married Anna Åkesdotter Bååt, the daughter of nobleman Åke Johansson Bååt and Christina Trolle. The wedding took place at Fiholm Castle, owned by the Oxenstierna family. They had 13 children, of which five survived their childhoods:
Gustaf (29 March 16091629), the oldest child, became a chamberlain. Johan (born and died 17 June 1610). Johan (24 June 16115 December 1657), named after his deceased brother, became a privy councillor. Christina (29 June 16128 August 1631), married Gustav Horn, Field Marshal and Lord High Constable. Catharina (29 June 161225 June 1661), twin with Christina, married Johan Jespersson Cruus.Beata (22 November 161315 January 1617). Barbro (12 February 161521 June 1617). Åke (March 16161617). Son (1617), either stillborn or died immediately after birth. Maria (born and died August 1618). Gabriel (born and died March 1620). Jakob (30 July 1621August 1621).Erik (13 January 162423 October 1656), served as a Lord High Chancellor after the death of his father <mask> in 1654. <mask>'s wife Anna died in 1649. Properties
Oxenstierna was in possession of large estates and many mansions. During his life he owned palaces in, among others, Estonian Otepää, in Latvian Burtnieki, Ropaži and Valmiera, in Finnish Nousiainen (Nousis) and in Stockholm (Oxenstiernska Palace). The foremost of the mansions was Tidö Castle in Västmanland. Impact and legacy

The modernization of Sweden
<mask> is perhaps most remembered for the establishment of a uniform administrative system. He was ever-present during the vast reforms of the 1610s and 1620s, when the Swedish government was hugely modernized and made more effective.This was necessary for the war policies that would build the Swedish Empire. Among the areas reformed were army and navy organization and recruiting, trade and industrial policies, regional and local administration, the system of higher education, and the judicial system. The boundaries of the administrative counties of Sweden still to a large extent follow the boundaries established by Oxenstierna in the 17th century. Relationship with King Gustavus Adolphus
Oxenstierna would not have had such an impact unless he had won the king's trust. From 1612, when Oxenstierna was appointed Lord High Chancellor, until 1632, when King Gustavus Adolphus died, the two men struck a long and successful partnership. They seem to have complemented each other. With Oxenstierna's own words, his "cool" balanced the king's "heat".More than once, the chancellor had to realize plans of the king, plans that sometimes were highly spontaneous and far from ready to be implemented in reality. When it came to entering the Thirty Years' War, Oxenstierna was not as enthusiastic as the king, but since the king's will was decisive, Oxenstierna accommodated himself to Gustavus's wish. At times, Oxenstierna stepped in to ease tense relations that the harsh behaviour of the king had caused. He regularly received the highest praise for his work from the king and there was almost no area in which King Gustavus did not consult his Lord High Chancellor Oxenstierna. The mind behind the Instrument of Government of 1634
The Chancellor made large contributions to the Standing orders of the House of Knights (riddarhusordning) of 1626. After the death of Gustavus Adolphus, Oxenstierna was the mind behind the Instrument of Government of 1634, in which, for example, the organization of the five Great Officers of the Realm was clarified. Five governmental branches, of which the Great Officers became heads, were established.Oxenstierna pushed through the Instrument of Government, but not without opposition. He claimed that the new form of government reflected the will of the late King Gustavus, making himself the interpreter of the king's thoughts and wishes, and leaving the opposition no possibility to control the truth in this. Opinions
Oxenstierna is regarded as a brilliant pragmatist, willing to reconsider his positions. There are examples of discussions within the Privy Council when Oxenstierna rejected laws he himself had earlier introduced, admitting that he knew better now. His way of examining, reconsidering, testing, and sometimes rejecting his earlier opinions constitutes his legacy more than his ideas on particular points of policy. When he discovered that there were too few young noblemen to staff governmental positions, he worked to make it easier for boys outside the noble families to gain higher education, and gave them the possibility, eventually, to be raised to the nobility themselves. He could therefore be considered the father of Swedish meritocracy.Oxenstierna was also a supporter of mercantilism and a believer in immigration and free enterprise. In Germany, Oxenstierna became a fear-evoking character in a derived version of the popular German lullaby Schlaf, Kindlein, Schlaf!, in which he is referred to as "Ochsenstern". Opinions about Oxenstierna
Dutch jurist and philosopher Hugo Grotius considered Oxenstierna "the greatest man of the century". French Cardinal Richelieu called him "an inexhaustible source of fine advice", while Richelieu's successor, Cardinal Mazarin, said that if all ministers of Europe were on the same ship, the helm would be handed to Oxenstierna. Pope Urban VIII claimed that Oxenstierna was one of the most excellent men the world had seen. Quotation
"Do you not know, my son, with how very little wisdom the world is governed?" (in a letter to his son Johan written in 1648; in the original Latin it reads: An nescis, mi fili, quantilla prudentia mundus regatur?).Although attributed to Cardinal Richelieu as well, this is probably the most famous Swedish quotation in the English-speaking world. The words were intended to encourage his son, a delegate to the negotiations that would lead to the Peace of Westphalia, who worried about his ability to hold his own amidst experienced and eminent statesmen and diplomats. Fictional portrayals

Film and TV
Oxenstierna has been portrayed on the stage and on the screen several times, mainly due to his role as mentor and guardian to the enigmatic Queen Christina. He was played by Lewis Stone in Rouben Mamoulian's 1933 Hollywood movie Queen Christina, with Greta Garbo as the female lead role, by Cyril Cusack in Anthony Harvey's The Abdication (1974) and by Michael Nyqvist in Mika Kaurismäki's The Girl King (2015). On stage
Samuel Ahlgren (1764–1816) played Oxenstierna in Drottning Kristina (1790), by the King Gustav III of Sweden who was an active playwright. In August Strindberg's 1901 play Kristina, Oxenstierna is portrayed as a cold realist criticising Christina's extravagant lifestyle and her gifts to favourites. The bass part of Oxenstierna was first performed by Giovanni Carlo Casanova in Jacopo Foroni's 1849 opera Cristina, regina di Svezia.Literature
Oxenstierna figures prominently in the Ring of Fire hypernovel by Eric Flint et al. until the fifth main sequence novel 1636: The Saxon Uprising in which he attempts to organize a counter-revolution to restore the supremacy of the aristocrats while Gustav II Adolf is incapacitated, but Gustav Adolf recovers and in chapter 52 Oxenstierna is properly rewarded for his treason, along with three of his staff officers who started to draw their guns. Games
The computer strategy game Europa Universalis IV has several in-game events related to Oxenstierna's reforms and regency. See also
Swedish Empire
Dominions of Sweden
<mask>ierna palace

Notes

External links

The Correspondence of <mask>ierna – at the National Archives of Sweden

1583 births
1654 deaths
People from Enköping Municipality
Axel
Swedish counts
Members of the Privy Council of Sweden
Swedish diplomats
17th-century Swedish politicians
University of Rostock alumni
University of Jena alumni
University of Wittenberg alumni
People of the Swedish Empire
Christina, Queen of Sweden
Swedish people of the Thirty Years' War
Court of Christina, Queen of

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Axel
Axel Oxenstna
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Axel Oxenst


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Appia <mask>, full name Appia <mask> (Greek: , 125–160), was a wealthy, aristocratic and influential Roman woman, who was a distant relative of several Roman emperors and empresses. She was the wife of the prominent Greek Herodes Atticus. Genealogy
<mask> was born into an aristocratic family of consular rank. She was a member of the gens Annia, of the venerable branch of the Annii Regilli. Regilli means "Little Kings". Her father was Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus, a distinguished Roman Senator and one of the serving consuls in the year 139. Her mother was a Roman aristocrat called Atilia Caucidia Tertulla.Regilla's brother, Appius Annius Atilius Bradua, served as an ordinary consul in 160. The paternal grandparents of Regilla were the senator Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus and his unnamed wife, while her maternal grandparents of Regilla was the Roman Senator, Governor Marcus Appius Bradua, and the aristocratic woman Caucidia Tertulla. Her mother's brother was Marcus Atilius Metilius Bradua Caucidius Tertullus...Bassus. Her uncle served as a polyonymous Proconsul of the Africa Province under the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161). Her grandfathers were consular colleagues for the year 108. Through her paternal grandfather, Regilla was related to the Roman Senator Marcus Annius Verus, who was a brother-in-law of Roman Emperor Hadrian and father of the Roman Empress Faustina the Elder, wife of the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius. Faustina the Elder was the mother of Roman Empress Faustina the Younger and aunt of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius.Regilla was related to the Roman Empress Lucilla, Roman Emperor Commodus, and 3rd-century Roman Empress Annia Faustina. Marriage and early life with Herodes Atticus
During her father's consulship, her father had betrothed <mask> to the prominent Greek Herodes Atticus. Herodes Atticus was a very wealthy, influential, aristocratic Athenian who was a friend to the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius and was a tutor to the Emperor's adopted son Marcus Aurelius. Herodes Atticus and <mask> married in 139. Regilla was about 14 years old and Herodes Atticus was 40 years old. When <mask> married Herodes Atticus, Annius Gallus gave his daughter a dowry. With this dowry Regilla bought with her husband a villa on the third mile of the Appian Way just south of Rome and together they controlled a large area of land, which was known as the "Triopio" (from Triopas, King of Thessaly), and later, in medieval times, as Capo di Bove.<mask> and Herodes Atticus only lived in Italy for a while. In a few years after their marriage, Herodes Atticus, <mask> and their children left Italy and moved to Greece. Although she was directly cut off from her immediate influential family, relatives and friends in Italy, Regilla became a part of the highest Greek circle of society, in particular in Athens. Greece and Olympia
Regilla spent her remaining years living and travelling around Greece. When she lived in Athens, she was awarded as a priestess of the goddess Tyche and the venerable, long-established office of priestess of Demeter Chamyne in Olympia, Greece in 153. As a priestess of Demeter Chamyne, Regilla was the only woman officially present at the Olympic Games. Regilla sat on or near the altar of Demeter Chamyne on the north side of the stadium in Olympia opposite on the stand of the judges to view the competitions.Being a priestess serving Demeter Chamyne, was a great honor and was quite physically demanding. Using her own considerable influence and wealth, Regilla erected a great nymphaeum (a monumental fountain) at Olympia. Her husband constructed an aqueduct that fed the nymphaeum. The fountain that Regilla built made the cool refreshing water available to the people in this hot, dusty area. In the centre of the nymphaeum stood a life-sized statue of a bull. On that bull there is an honorific inscription dedicated to Regilla stating: “Regilla, priestess of Demeter, dedicated the water and the things around the water to Zeus”. At Olympia, bulls were sacrificed at the Temple of Zeus, the chief divinity of Olympia.The fountain that Regilla built had two levels of niches bearing statues and a columnar façade. Statues have survived from the monument. The central niche on each level held a statue of Zeus, surrounding by portrait statues on each side. The lower level contained the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius and the ancestors and descendants of the emperor. These included the previous Roman emperor Hadrian; Hadrian's cousin-wife Vibia Sabina; the Roman empress Faustina the Elder; the daughter of the elder Faustina and Antoninus Pius, Faustina the Younger; and Antoninus Pius’ adopted son and son-in-law, the future Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius. This level also showed several children of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger, in particular their first daughter Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina (aged about 7 but shown as a young adolescent). On the upper level, paralleling the imperial family, were statues of <mask>, Herodes Atticus, Regilla's parents, Regilla's maternal grandfather and Herodes Atticus’ parents.There were four statues of the children of <mask> and Herodes Atticus, named Elpinice, Athenais, Atticus Bradua and Regillus. The life-sized statue of the bull and the statues from the fountain are on display at the Archaeological Museum of Olympia. <mask> is depicted in a traditional garment and pose that was suited for noble women, elite matrons and empresses. Due to the fountain's height and gleaming marble, the monument stood out among the surrounding buildings. This fountain brought great honor to <mask> and her family, in particular in emphasizing their links and relations to the ruling imperial family in Rome. It is not known for certain how her contemporaries and peers viewed Regilla and her magnificent donation to Olympia. In the year that <mask>'s brother was consul, Regilla was kicked to death in the abdomen by a freedman of Herodes Atticus named Alcimedon.Appius Annius Atilius Bradua brought charges in Rome against his brother-in-law, alleging that Herodes Atticus had been responsible for her death; Marcus Aurelius had exonerated his old tutor. Posthumous honors and legacy
After <mask> died, Herodes Atticus was stricken with grief. Herodes Atticus made various dedications to the memory of his wife. He offered Regilla's jewels to the goddesses Ceres and Proserpina. The building that is believed to be her tomb, known as the Temple of Rediculum, was built in the grounds of the villa she owned with Herodes Atticus, in what is now the Caffarella Park close to the Appian Way; the building is still well-preserved. Atticus also had raised on the boundary line of the property two columns bearing this inscription in Greek and Latin:

 “To the memory of Annia <mask>, wife of Herodes, the light and soul of the house, to whom these lands once belonged”. In an agricultural village located in the Datça Peninsula, a temple was dedicated to Faustina the Younger under the title of the New Ceres, a burial place for the family was placed under the protection of Minerva and Nemesis, and lastly a grove was consecrated to the memory of Regilla.In 161, Herodes Atticus erected a monument in Athens called the Odeon to honor her memory. From the 2nd century to the present day, <mask> and Herodes Atticus have continued to be considered as great benefactors in Greece, in particular in Athens. Two streets in Athens are named after them—Herodou Attikou Street and Rēgíllēs Street—as is a Square in downtown Athens. The residence of the Prime Minister of Greece is on Rēgíllēs Street, while the Prime Minister's official seat is 19 Herodou Attikou Street. <mask> and Herodes Atticus also have streets named after them in Rome; these are located in the Quarto Miglio suburb close to the area of the Triopio. Children
Regilla bore Herodes Atticus six children; three survived to adulthood. Their children were:
 Son, Claudius – born and died in 141
 Daughter, Elpinice – born as Appia Annia Claudia Atilia Regilla Elpinice Agrippina Atria Polla, 142-165
 Daughter, Athenais – born as Marcia Annia Claudia Alcia Athenais Gavidia Latiaria, 143-161
 Son, Atticus Bradua – born as Tiberius Claudius Marcus Appius Atilius Bradua Regillus Atticus, born 145
 Son, Regillus – born as Tiberius Claudius Herodes Lucius Vibullius Regillus, 150-155
 Unnamed child who died with <mask> or died even perhaps three months later in 160

Gallery

References

Sources

 Accessible on William P. Thayer's site Lacus Curtius.Σ. Θ. Φωτείνου, Ολυμπία - Οδηγός Αρχαιοτήτων, Συγκρότημα Γραφικών Τεχνών, Άνω Καλαμάκι Αθήνα, 1972
A. R. Birley, The Roman Government of Britain, Oxford University Press, 2005
S. B. Pomeroy, The murder of Regilla: a case of domestic violence in antiquity, Harvard University Press, 2007

Further reading
 Maud W. Gleason, "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla", July 2008

2nd-century Romans
2nd-century Roman women
Roman Athens
Annii
Atilii
Ancient Roman murder victims
Priestesses of the Roman Empire

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Annia Regilla
Annia Regilla Atilia Caucidia Tertulla
Regilla
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