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Ramón Luis Ayala Rodríguez (born February 3, 1977), known professionally as <mask>, is a Puerto Rican rapper, singer and songwriter. He is known as the "King of Reggaetón" by music critics and fans alike. <mask> is the artist who coined the word reggaeton in 1994 to describe the new music genre that was emerging from Puerto Rico that synthesized American hip-hop, Latin Caribbean music, and Jamaican reggae rhythms with Spanish rapping and singing. He is often cited as an influence by other Latin urban performers. Ayala was born in Río Piedras and was raised in the Villa Kennedy Housing Projects neighborhood. He aspired to be a professional baseball player and tried out for the Seattle Mariners of the Major League Baseball. Before he could be officially signed, he was hit by a stray round from an AK-47 rifle while taking a break from a studio recording session with reggaeton artist DJ Playero.Ayala spent roughly a year and a half recovering from the wound; the bullet was never removed from his hip, and he credits the shooting incident with allowing him to focus entirely on a music career. In 2004, <mask> released his international hit single "Gasolina", which is credited with introducing reggaeton to audiences worldwide, and making the music genre a global phenomenon. Since then, he has sold around 20 million records, making him one of the best-selling Latin music artists. <mask>'s album Barrio Fino made history when it became the top-selling Latin music album of the decade between 2000 and 2009. In 2017, <mask>, in collaboration with Latin pop singer Luis Fonsi, released the hit single "Despacito". It became the first Spanish-language song to hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 since "Macarena" in 1996. The single gained global success.The video for "Despacito" on YouTube received its billionth view on April 20, 2017, and became the most-watched video on the platform. Its success led <mask> to become the most-listened artist worldwide on the streaming service Spotify in June 2017, the first Latin artist to do so. As of 2017, <mask> has won 82 awards from 270 nominations since his rise to international fame in 2004. He has won five Latin Grammy Awards, two Billboard Music Awards, 14 Billboard Latin Music Awards, two Latin American Music Awards, eight Lo Nuestro Awards, an MTV Video Music Award, and six ASCAP Awards. He also received a Puerto Rican Walk of Fame star, special awards by People en Español magazine, and the Presencia Latina at Harvard University. He was named by CNN as the "Most Influential Hispanic Artist" of 2009, and included in Time 100 in 2006. Musical career

1994–1999: Career beginnings
Often considered to be one of the pioneers within the reggaeton genre, Ayala was originally going to become a professional baseball player but he was shot in his leg while taking a break from a studio recording session.The bullet was never removed and he credits this incident with allowing him to pursue a musical career. He first appeared on the 1994 DJ Playero's Mixtape, Playero 34, with the song "So' Persigueme, No Te Detengas". His first official studio project as a solo artist was No Mercy, which was released on April 2, 1995 through White Lion Records and BM Records in Puerto Rico. Early in his career he attempted to imitate the rap style of Vico C. He went on to emulate other artists in the genre, including DJ Playero, DJ Nelson, and Tempo taking elements from their styles in order to develop an original style with the Dembow rhythm. In doing so, he eventually abandoned the traditional model of rap and became one of the first artists to perform reggaeton. Throughout the 1990s, <mask> appeared in several of DJ Playero's underground mixtapes which were banned by the Puerto Rican government due to explicit lyrics; these songs would later be among the first reggaeton songs ever produced. DJ Playero and <mask> would later be credited for inventing the name "reggaeton" to describe their music on the album Playero 36 in 1994.2000–2003: Early music and El Cangri.com
In 1997, <mask> collaborated with the rapper Nas, who was an inspiration for Ayala, in the song "The Profecy", for the album Boricua Guerrero. He released two compilation albums with original material: El Cartel (1997) and El Cartel II (2001). Both albums were successful in Puerto Rico, but not throughout Latin America. Between those years, Ayala released a total of nine music videos, including "Posición" featuring Alberto Stylee, "Tu Cuerpo En La Cama" featuring Nicky Jam, and "Muévete Y Perrea". In 2000, <mask> formed an unofficial duo called "Los Cangris" with Nicky Jam and released several successful singles together. <mask> and Nicky Jam fell apart in 2004 due to personal issues and creative differences. In 2012, <mask> and Nicky Jam reconciled and performed in various concerts together.In 2002, El Cangri.com became Ayala's first album with international success, receiving coverage in the markets of New York City and Miami with hits including "Latigazo", "Son Las Doce", "Guayando" and other songs like "Enciende", which talks about different social problems of the era, mentioning 9/11, corruption and religion. In 2003, <mask> Yankee released a compilation album named Los Homerun-es, which contains his first charted single ("Segurosqui"), five new songs and 12 remakes of DJ Playero's albums songs. that was later charted, "Seguroski", being his first charted single after six of them. In 2003, Ayala collaborated for the first time with the prestigious reggaeton producers Luny Tunes on the album Mas Flow, with his commercial success song "Cógela Que Va Sin Jockey" (a.k.a. "Métele Con Candela"), and Mas Flow 2. 2004–2006: Barrio Fino and "Gasolina"

Ayala's next album, Barrio Fino, was produced by Luny Tunes and DJ Nelson among others and released in July 2004 by El Cartel Records and VI Music. It was the most highly anticipated album in the reggaeton community.Ayala had enjoyed salsa music since he was young, and this led him to include music of genres besides reggaeton in the album. The most prominent of these cross-genre singles was "Melao", in which he performed with Andy Montañez. The album was described as his most complete, and with it he intended to introduce combinations of reggaeton and other genres to the English-speaking market. Barrio Fino was followed up by an international tour with performances in numerous countries including the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Honduras, Spain, Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela, and the United States. The album has sold over 1.1 millions of copies in the United States alone, making it the seventh best-selling Latin album in the country according to Nielsen SoundScan. Also, It had sold over 2 million copies throughout Latin America and worldwide. During this same time, <mask> was featured in N.O.R.E.'s single "Oye Mi Canto" which hit number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart; a record for a reggaeton single at the time. Other successful featured singles included "Mayor Que Yo" and "Los 12 Discípulos". In 2005, Ayala won several international awards, making him one of the most recognized reggaeton artists within the music industry. The first award of the year was Lo Nuestro Awards within the "Album of the Year" category, which he received for Barrio Fino. In this event he performed "Gasolina" in a performance that was described as "innovative". Barrio Fino also won the "Reggaeton Album of the Year" award in the Latin Billboard that took place on April 28, 2005, where he performed a mix of three of his songs in a duet with P. Diddy. The album was promoted throughout Latin America, the United States, and Europe, reaching certified gold in Japan.Due to the album's success, Ayala received promotional contracts with radio stations and soda companies, including Pepsi. His hit single, "Gasolina", received the majority of votes cast for the second edition of Premios Juventud, in which it received eight nominations and won seven awards. Ayala also made a live presentation during the award ceremony. "Gasolina" received nominations in the Latin Grammy and MTV Video Music Awards. The commercial success of "Gasolina" in the United States led to the creation of a new radio format and a Billboard chart: Latin Rhythm Airplay. According to Nestor Casonu, CEO of Casonu Strategic Management, "Daddy Yankee and 'Gasolina' triggered the explosion of urban Latin music worldwide". The successful single, "Gasolina", was covered by artists from different music genres.This led to a controversy when "Los Lagos", a Mexican banda group, did a cover with the original beat but changed the song's lyrics. The group's label had solicited the copyright permission to perform the single and translate it to a different music style, but did not receive consent to change the lyrics; legal action followed. Speaking for the artist, Ayala's lawyer stated that having his song covered was an "honor, but it must be done the right way." On December 13, 2005, he released Barrio Fino en Directo, a live record and the follow up of Barrio Fino. The album sold more than in 800,000 copies in the United States, becoming the 13th best-selling Latin album in the US according to Nielsen SoundScan and over 3 million of copies worldwide. On April 30, 2006, Ayala was named one of the 100 most influential people by Time, which cited the 2 million copies of Barrio Fino sold, Ayala's $20 million contract with Interscope Records, and his Pepsi endorsement. During this period, Ayala and William Omar Landrón (more commonly known by his artistic name Don Omar) were involved in a rivalry within the genre, dubbed "tiraera".The rivalry received significant press coverage despite being denied early on by both artists. It originated with a lyrical conflict between the artists begun by Ayala's comments in a remix single, where he criticized Landron's common usage of the nickname "King of Kings". Don Omar responded to this in a song titled "Ahora Son Mejor", in his album Los Rompediscotecas. 2007–2009: El Cartel: The Big Boss and Talento De Barrio

El Cartel: The Big Boss was released by Interscope on June 5, 2007. Ayala stated that the album marked a return to his hip-hop roots as opposed to being considered a strictly reggaeton album. The album was produced in 2006, and included the participation of will.i.am, Scott Storch, Tainy Tunes, Neli, and personnel from Ayala's label. Singles were produced with Héctor Delgado, Fergie, Nicole Scherzinger and Akon.The first single from the album was titled "Impacto", and was released prior to the completion of the album. The album was promoted by a tour throughout the United States, which continued throughout Latin America. He performed in Mexico, first in Monterrey, where 10,000 attended the concert, and later at San Luis Potosí coliseum, where the concert sold out, leaving hundreds of fans outside the building. Ayala performed in Chile as well, and established a record for attendance in Ecuador. He also performed in Bolivia, setting another record when 50,000 fans attended his Santa Cruz de la Sierra concert. This show was later described as "the best show with the biggest attendance in history" and as "somehappy that his album had sold more than those of Juan Luis Guerra and Juanes, and that this was an "official proof that reggaeton's principal exponent defeated the rest of the genres". Between 2007 and 2008, Ayala made several guest appearances in famous reggaeton compilation albums including Caribbean Connection, Echo Presenta: Invasión, Mas Flow: Los Benjamins, and 20 Number 1's Now.He appeared on the 2008 Rockstar Games' video game Grand Theft Auto IV as the DJ of Radio San Juan Sounds, with spanglish lines. The radio includes reggaeton songs from Ayala's colleagues, like Wisin & Yandel, Hector "El Father", Tito El Bambino and Jowell & Randy. San Juan Sounds also featured <mask>'s hit "Impacto". In July 2008, Ayala announced that as part of his work, he would produce a cover version of Thalía's song, "Ten Paciencia". On August 17, 2008 his soundtrack album Talento De Barrio for the eponymous film was released. Prior to the album's release, Ayala scheduled several activities, including an in-store contract signing. The album was awarded as Multi-Platinum by RIAA on April 17, 2009.On February 27, 2009, he performed at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile. In this event, the artists receive awards based on the public's reaction. After performing "Rompe", "Llamado de emergencia", "Ella Me Levantó", "Gasolina", "Limpia Parabrisas" and "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó" over the course of two hours, Ayala received the "Silver Torch", "Gold Torch" and "Silver Seagull" recognitions. On April 24, 2009, he received the Spirit of Hope Award as part of the Latin Billboard Music Awards ceremony. The recognition is given to the artists that participate in their community or social efforts throughout the year. 2009–2013: Mundial and Prestige

The single, "Grito Mundial", was released on October 8, 2009, in order to promote his ninth album, Mundial. The song was going to be the official theme for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, but Ayala rejected the FIFA offer, which gave them 100% of the rights.Despite releasing "El Ritmo No Perdona (Prende)" more than a month before, that single was not considered the first official promotional single. The second single, "Descontrol", was released on January 12, 2010, and topped the Billboard Latin Rhythm Airplay. The music video was filmed in New York City and was released on May 17, 2010. "La Despedida" was the third single, released on August 4, 2010. The song reached #4 in both Billboard Top Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs. Other songs, like "Bailando Fue" (featuring Jowell & Randy) and "Échale Pique" (featuring Yomo) were not included in Mundial. In 2010, <mask> participated in the song "Somos El Mundo 25 Por Haiti", by providing the rap vocals alongside rapper Pitbull.<mask>'s sixth studio album, Prestige was released on September 11, 2012. It was scheduled to be released on November or December 2011, but a hurricane damaged El Cartel Records and half of the album was lost. The lost tracks had to be reworked and was finally released nine months later. The first single, "Ven Conmigo", featuring bachata singer Prince Royce, was released on April 12, 2011 and peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Latin Charts. The second single, "Lovumba", was released on October 4, 2011 and was a number one hit on the Billboard Latin Charts and the Latin Songs chart. It was also nominated for Best Urban Song at the 2012 Latin Grammy Awards. The third single, "Pasarela", was released on June 20, 2012.The album peaked at number 39 on the Billboard 200, number one on both the Billboard Latin Albums and Latin Rhythm Albums charts. It also peaked at number five on the Billboard Rap Albums chart. The fourth and last single, Limbo, was released with the album. The song had a great success, reaching three #1 Billboard charts (Hot Latin Song, Latin Pop Song and Latin Rhythm Airplay) and having more than 790 million views on YouTube. The album was certified as Gold by the RIAA on March 8, 2013. The year 2012 had one of the most important genre events of the year: the reconciliation between <mask> and Wisin & Yandel, after some years of rivalry. Six years after their last collaboration, <mask>n & Yandel collaborated in the remix of "Limbo". Later in 2013, the three artists performed songs like "Hipnotízame", "Mayor Que Yo" and "Noche De

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 Entierro" in two concerts (one in Puerto Rico and another in Colombia). On February 25, 2013, <mask> performed in the 2013 Viña del Mar International Song Festival, to a sold-out audience. He performed hits like "Limbo", "Gasolina", "Pose", "Ella Me Levantó" and "Descontrol". He won the Silver and Golden Torch and the Silver and Golden Seagull recognitions. In 2013, <mask> performed on his Prestige World Tour, touring several countries in Europe including, Spain, Germany, France and Italy. He has also toured in Colombia, Peru, Chile to sold-out audiences.In 2013 he released music videos of "El Amante" featuring J Alvarez, "Summertime" and "Noche de los Dos" featuring Natalia Jimenez, with millions of views on YouTube. 2013–2015: <mask>

On October 29, 2013, <mask> released a mixtape entitled "King Daddy", produced by Los De La Nazza (Musicologo & Menes), as part the Imperio Nazza Mixtapes series and was released as a digital-format only. The mixtape was made because of the high demand from the fans and is a return to his original reggaeton roots. It includes 11 tracks with collaborations from J Alvarez, Arcángel, Yandel, Farruko, and Divino. According to Ayala, "King Daddy" was recorded in two and a half weeks, because there was "a lot of inspiration". The song "La Rompe Carros" has garnered popularity among the public, but his hit single was "La Nueva y La Ex" which has been widely received all over South America, Europe, and North America. During a press conference earlier this year, <mask> announced the physical release of <mask> scheduled for later this year with 3 or 4 bonus tracks for a total of 14 or 15 songs included.From May 13 to June 22, 2014, Ayala performed on his King Daddy Tour, touring several cities in Europe. He has also toured in South and North American cities. In Spain, his concerts were on the 4º position in the box-office ranking, being the first Latin artist on the top 5 in this country, underneath Iron Maiden and The Rolling Stones, and over artists like Beyoncé, Miley Cyrus and Michael Bublé. On June 17, 2014 the single "Ora Por Mí" (Spanish for "Pray For Me") was released as part of the <mask>'s bonus tracks and uses the Scorpions' "Send Me An Angel" instrumental, with a rap sampler. The official video for "Ora Por Mí" was released on June 24, 2014. It was filmed in many locations in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and talks about Ayala's life and the dark side of fame. According to Ayala, it is the most personal song of his career.On September 2, 2014, it was released another single called "Palabras Con Sentido" (Spanish for "Words With Sentiments"), which defends reggaeton and urban music of all the accusations of being a "society poison". <mask> expressed that all music has something good to give, even urban music. On his single, he also says that urban music saves lives, like his own, and the solution would be that churches have to remain, journalists have to tell the truth, artists have to have more inspiration, and the rich people have to help the poor ones. On September 9, 2014 he released his first totally English single called "This Is Not A Love Song" featuring new rapper Duncan. 2016–present: El Disco Duro

On April 28, 2016, <mask> was awarded the "Industry Leader Award" during the 2016 Latin Billboard Awards. After a decade-long feud with longtime rival Don Omar for the "King of Reggaetón" title, in early 2016 <mask> and Don Omar announced in a Billboard press conference that they would perform together on stage in a concert series called The Kingdom Tour. The tour announcement left many fans in disbelief as it sold out in minutes in major cities like Las Vegas, Orlando, Los Angeles, New York.The concerts were structured like a boxing match, where the two artists got to trade off musical rounds, and fans voted for their winner in each city via an app designed for the event. "Two kings, one throne", said Pina Records founder Rafael Pina, who had a well-established relationship with both artists, and who also came up with the idea for the tour concept. Discussing the tour and his rivalry with <mask>, Don Omar said "Let me clarify: I am not his best friend, and he is not my best friend, but we respect each other. That desire to be the best is what has pushed us to be better." In 2017, <mask>, in collaboration with Latin pop singer Luis Fonsi, released the hit single "Despacito". It became the first Spanish-language song to hit number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 since "Macarena" in 1996. The single gained global success.The official video for "Despacito" on YouTube received its billionth view on April 20, 2017 after 97 days, becoming the second-fastest video on the site to reach the milestone behind Adele's "Hello". Its success led <mask> to become the most listened artist worldwide on the streaming service Spotify in June 2017, being the first Latin artist to do so. In early 2018, <mask> released his first latin trap singles with the song "Hielo", and on the single "Vuelve" on which he collaborated with Bad Bunny. In August 2018, <mask> collaborated with Janet Jackson on her return to music on the song "Made for Now". He released the 2019 single "Con Calma", a reimagination of Snow's 1992 hit single "Informer". Snow recorded new parts and the Spanish-language remake topped the charts of 20 countries and reached the top 10 of 10 others. Film and other career projects
Ayala has negotiated promotional deals with several companies outside of the music industry, releasing merchandise under his name.In 2005, he became the first Latin artist to sign a deal with Reebok, in order to produce accessories, including the licensed clothing line "DY", which was released in 2006. He also teamed up with the company to have his own shoes and sporting goods made, which were first distributed on May 23, 2006. Reebok continued the partnership with the introduction of the Travel Trainer collection in July 2007. In August 2007, Pepsi began an advertising campaign titled "Puertas", in which Ayala is depicted returning to his youth by opening a series of doors. Ayala has worked in the film industry as both an actor and producer. His acting debut was as an extra in the 2004 film Vampiros, directed by Eduardo Ortiz and filmed in Puerto Rico. The film premiered at the Festival of Latin American Cinema in New York, where it received a positive reaction.This led Image Entertainment to produce a DVD, internationally released in March 2005. Ayala played the main role, "Edgar Dinero", in Talento de Barrio, which was filmed in Puerto Rico and directed by José Iván Santiago. Ayala produced the film, which is based on his experience of growing up in a poor city neighborhood. While the film is not directly a biography, Ayala has stated that it mirrors his early life. Talento de Barrio's debut was scheduled for July 23, 2008, in New York's Latino Film Festival. After the premier, Ayala expressed satisfaction, saying that he had been invited to audition for other producers. On release, Talento de Barrio broke the record held by Maldeamores for the most tickets to a Puerto Rican movie sold in a single day in Caribbean Cinemas.Ayala has been involved in the administration of three organizations, the first being El Cartel Records which he co-owns with Andres Hernandez. He also created the Fundación Corazón Guerrero, a charitable organization in Puerto Rico which works with young incarcerated people. On April 26, 2008, he was presented with a "Latino of the Year Award" by the student organization Presencia Latina of Harvard College, receiving it for his work with Puerto Rican youth and creating Corazón Guerrero. On February 6, 2008, Ayala announced in a Baloncesto Superior Nacional press conference that he had bought part of the Criollos de Caguas' ownership. He has also been active with Cruz Roja Puerto Rico in several media campaigns. In March 2013, <mask> talked about a new movie production during an interview in Las Vegas. During an interview in a radio station in January 2014, Ayala announced the film, but he only mentioned that many reggaeton exponents would take part of it.In February 2014 it was confirmed that the movie will be about the boxer Macho Camacho's life. According to Ayala, he had the boxer's support to film the movie, but it remained in nothing after Camacho's death on November 24, 2012. The film was due for release in 2015. The most recent of <mask>'s non-music projects was the release of his game Trylogy, a 3D video game based in tower defense games. The game was presented at the New York Comic Con and was released on November 29, 2013. The game also features Ayala's songs like "Gasolina" and "Limbo". Personal life

Family
Ayala has kept most of his personal life private, rarely speaking about it in interviews.He has said that he avoids doing so because such details are the only aspect of his life that are not public and that they are like a "little treasure". In 2006 he spoke about his relationship with his wife Mireddys González and children in an interview with María Celeste Arrarás in Al Rojo Vivo. He stated that his marriage is strong because he and his wife are "friends above anything", and that he has tried to ignore other temptations because "weakness is the reason for the downfall of several artists". He met his wife when they were little and at just 17 years old they decided to get married. As a result of the union their first daughter Yamilette Ayala González was born. His first daughter was born when he was seventeen years old, which he described as confusing at first, adding that raising a daughter at that age was a hard experience. He has another son, Jeremy, born in 1998,  and another daughter, Jesaaelys, born in 1996.Political views
In 2008, Ayala participated in a campaign to promote voting in the 2008 general elections in Puerto Rico. This initiative included a concert titled "Vota o quédate callado" (Vote or Remain Silent). On August 25, 2008, Ayala endorsed Republican John McCain's candidacy for President of the United States in the 2008 election, stating that McCain was a "fighter for the Hispanic community". As part of this campaign, Ayala moderated a debate titled "Vota o quédate callado: los candidatos responden a los jóvenes", which was aired on October 9, 2008. In November 2019, Ayala inaugurated a museum of reggaeton at Plaza Las Américas, the first of its kind. Philanthropy
In 2007, <mask> became the spokesperson of the environmental organization "Yo Limpio a Puerto Rico" (I Clean Puerto Rico) founded by Ignacio Barsottelli. Yo Limpio a Puerto Rico, PepsiCo and Wal-Mart announced a joint effort to promote recycling in Puerto Rico among the general public and schools across the island with the campaign "Tómatelo en Serio, Recicla por Puerto Rico" (Take it seriously, recycle for Puerto Rico), in which Daddy Yankee became the main spokesperson.This campaign incorporated a recycling contest among public and private schools from around the island in the elementary, junior high, and high school categories. The program established 16 recycling centers located at Wal-Mart and Sam's Club stores across the island, where consumers were able to deposit recyclable items. In 2017, <mask> donated $100,000 to the Food Bank of Puerto Rico after the devastation caused by Hurricane Maria. The money provided food to roughly 9,000 families on the island. <mask> presented the HR Derby Champ medallion to Pete Alonso upon his winning the MLB HR Derby on July 8, 2019. Legacy

<mask> has been dubbed "King of Reggaetón" by media. Rachel Grace Almeida from Vice felt <mask> paved the way with his music to amplify and normalize the "marginalised" Latino identity.She also commented that <mask> played a vital part in "bringing glamour to the barrio and challenged the mainstream media's portrayal of Hispanic poverty in those neighbourhoods". He was highlighted by CNN and Time as one of the most influential Hispanics in the world. Roy Trakin from Pollstar considered his collaboration with Luis Fonsi in "Despacito" helped "turn his native Puerto Rico's music into a global phenomenon". <mask>'s third studio album Barrio Fino (2004) ushered reggaeton into the mainstream. Its single "Gasolina" "[altered] the business, sound and aesthetic of Latin music", stated Billboard, "the genre would revive sales of Latin music, usher in a new radio format in the U.S. (Latin Rhythm Airplay) and establish the urban base responsible for many Latin radio hits today." According to Nestor Casonú, president for Kobalt Music Latin America, "<mask> and 'Gasolina' triggered the explosion of urban Latin music worldwide." In 2006, a The New York Times article deemed him "The King of Reggaetón" while commenting on 2004's music revenue, "one bright spot for the music industry was Latin music: sales grew by 12 percent, according to Nielsen SoundScan.At least some of that success is owed to reggaetón and by extension to <mask>, its top-selling act." Multiple artists have cited him as an inspiration, including J Balvin, Ozuna, Bad Bunny, Lunay, Miguelito, and Natti Natasha. Achievements

<mask> has received several awards and honors, including 10 Guinness World Records and seven Billboard Music Awards (the most for any Latin artist). He was honored with the Icon Award by Latin American Music Awards, the Industry Leader Award from the Latin Billboard Awards and inducted into its Hall of Fame, and received the Lifetime Achievement Award in Lo Nuestro Awards from Balvin. J Balvin stated: "Reggaeton would not be what it is without <mask> and without <mask>, there would be no Balvin". Having sold 20 million records worldwide, <mask> is one of the best-selling Latin music artists. As of April 2020, <mask> is the most subscribed Latin artist on YouTube Music.He also is the first Latin act to be the most listened-to artist worldwide, and remains on Top 20 as of April 2020. In 2019, he set a new record in his country as the artist with the most shows at Coliseum of Puerto Rico, with 12 consecutive sold-out concerts. <mask> has multiple charts records. He is the artist with the most number one and most entries on the Billboard Latin Rhythm Airplay. He also has the most entries on the Latin Pop Airplay and the second most entries on Hot Latin Songs. Additionally, he achieved three and six top 25 and top 50 Spanish-language singles on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively, the most by any artist. Barrio Fino and Barrio Fino en Directo are two of the best-selling Latin albums in the United States.With "Despacito", both <mask> and Luis Fonsi achieved multiple worldwide records, including the most-viewed YouTube video (and it became the first video on the site to reach the milestones of three, four, five, six, and seven billion views) and the first Latin song to receive a diamond certification by Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Additionally, "Despacito" received thirteen-times platinum by RIAA for units of over 13 million sales plus track-equivalent streams, making it the highest-certified single of all-time in the United States. It also became the song with most weeks at number one in Switzerland and Germany, and the most weeks at number one on Hot Latin Songs. Discography

Studio albums
 No Mercy (1995)
 El Cangri.com (2003)
 Barrio Fino (2004)
 El Cartel: The Big Boss (2007)
 Mundial (2010)
 Prestige (2012)
 El Disco Duro (TBA)

Live albums
 2005: Ahora Le Toca Al Cangri! Live
 2005: Barrio Fino En Directo
 2020: 2K20 Pt. 1
 2020: 2K20 Pt. 2
 2020: 2K20

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Princess <mask>na of Leuchtenberg () (1 April 1845 – 4 May 1925) was a daughter of Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg and his wife Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia. Although she was a member of the French House of Beauharnais, she was born and raised in her mother's native country, Russia. In 1868, she married her distant cousin, Duke Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg. The couple had an only child, Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg. Princess Eugenia and her husband were particularly noted for their extensive philanthropy throughout Russia; so much so in fact that by 1914, a newspaper source could claim that "there [were] probably not two who are so universally beloved as the Duke and Duchess of Oldenburg". Early life

Princess <mask> of Leuchtenberg was born on  at the Mariinskiy Palace in Saint Petersburg. She was the fourth child and third daughter of Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg and his wife Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia.Eugenia's father, Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg, had traveled to St. Petersburg, eventually winning the hand of Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, Nicholas I's eldest daughter. Maximilian was subsequently bestowed with the style Imperial Highness and given the title Prince Romanowsky. As the daughter of a Russian grand duchess and an ennobled Russian prince, Eugenia and her siblings were always treated as grand dukes and duchesses, bearing the styles Imperial Highness. Princess Eugenia (She was called Eugenie, the French form of her name, by her family) spent her childhood in the Mariinsky Palace with her siblings. Both of her parents were interested in artistic and scientific endeavors so Eugenia  received a better education than most princesses of her time. She studied music, drawing, dancing and languages. As a girl she enjoyed horse-riding.Hunting with horses and riding became hobbies she enjoyed throughout her life. After their father's death in 1852, Grand Duchess Maria morganatically remarried to Count Grigori Stroganov two years later. As this union was kept secret from her father Emperor Nicholas I (and her brother Emperor Alexander II could not permit the union, preferring instead to feign ignorance), Maria was forced into exile abroad. Alexander felt sympathy for his sister however, and paid special attention to her children from her first marriage, who lived in St. Petersburg without their mother. Due to her rank, Eugenia often served in various court functions. In 1860 for instance Eugenia accompanied Dowager Empress Alexandra Feodorovna to France, where they were greeted by Napoleon III and Empress Eugenie. In 1866, the princess, Grand Duchess Maria, and other prominent royal figures officially greeted U.S.Ambassador Cassius Clay and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus Fox with a lavish banquet; Clay was given the honor of sitting between Eugenia and Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna. Clay and Fox had previously traveled to the country palace of Grand Duchess Maria, where they were officially presented to Princess Eugenia; they ate lunch together, and afterwards the two men journeyed back to St. Petersburg to carry out other visits of state. Marriage

As a young woman, various candidates were put forth as potential husbands. One such possibility was Crown Prince Umberto of Italy. Nothing came of this however, and Umberto later married Princess Margherita of Savoy. There were also planned for Eugenia to marry then Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, the nephew of King Otto of Greece, and have him convert to Eastern Orthodoxy to reassure the Greek people, but the plans came too late to help King Otto. On 19 January 1868 at the Winter Palace, Eugenia married Duke Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg, a son of Duke Peter Georgievich of Oldenburg.Alexander's grandfather had married Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna, daughter of Paul I of Russia, and their descendants had been raised in Russia ever since and become completely "Russianized", much like Eugenia's own family. Thus despite his German title, Duke Alexander, like his father before him, had grown up entirely in Russia, serving his military service for the czars. He was always considered a part of the Russian imperial family. The couple had one son, Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg (21 November 1868 – 11 March 1924). <mask> had a long-standing friendship with Empress Maria Feodorovna, and the two helped arrange the marriage of Eugenia's son to Marie's daughter Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna. Ramon estate

As a wedding gift, <mask>'s uncle Alexander II of Russia presented the couple the estate of Ramon, in southwestern Russia. in 1883 the couple hired architect Christopher Neysler to build Ramon Palace, a residence resembling an English castle of Gothic architecture; it was completed four years later.After marrying Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna, youngest daughter of Alexander III in 1901, their only son took residence at the palace, and eventually the couple purchased an adjacent estate to build their own home. In 1902, a mob of peasants, acting out of labor unrest, attacked and set fire to the palace, causing extensive damage. Fifteen years later, the estate was confiscated by the new Bolshevik regime, and turned into a barracks, school, hospital, and housing for a nearby factory. Later life

Duke Alexander was one of the richest princes in Russia, not only through his landed and funded property, but also because of the great wealth Eugenia had inherited from her grandfather Nicholas I. Alexander was also second-in-line to the throne of Oldenburg, as Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg had only one young son, Hereditary Grand Duke Nikolaus; were he to die before his father, Alexander would have become heir presumptive. Throne of Bulgaria
Alexander, Prince of Bulgaria abdicated on 7 September 1886, leading to various candidates being advocated by interested nearby nations; the two most concerned were Russia and Germany under the respective governments of Emperor Alexander III and German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Duke Alexander was subsequently recommended, at the Russian government's suggestion, for the Bulgarian throne. Not only was he married to a Russian princess, and was himself the grandson of a Russian grand duchess, but he also held the positions of Adjutant-General to Emperor Alexander, and was the Commanding General of the Imperial Guard.In several desperate attempts to prevent Russia from gaining control of Bulgaria however, the throne was offered to candidates who lacked Russian ties, such as a prince of Denmark or even the king of Romania. In the end, Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was chosen, becoming Ferdinand I of Bulgaria. Arts and philanthropy

<mask> was considered by contemporary sources to be the "most cultured and amiable women that could be met with", while Alexander was celebrated as a man with "much intellect and character". As a very popular and educated princess, <mask> hosted a salon that was the center of literary, philosophical, scientific activity in Russia. By 1907, she and her husband were widely known to devote "all their life and the greater portion of their wealth to philanthropy", according to one source. Their extensive donations helped fund and found technical schools, hospitals, orphanages, as well as other philanthropic institutions all over Russia. She was also instrumental in establishing the Red Cross in Russia.The Oldenburg Institute was one such organization founded by the couple; its purpose was to teach two thousand boys and girls trade and technical education, with more than half of them being lodged at the school at the prince and princess' expense. As she suffered from delicate health, Eugenia did not often venture out, instead preferring to quietly entertain in her house. While attending the opening of the St. Petersburg School of Experimental Medicine as its main benefactor in January 1907, a prominent government official, General von Launitz, was assassinated before <mask> and her husband's eyes. The general was standing a few steps away from her husband, so that <mask>, believing at first that Alexander had been the one killed, fell into a faint. Last years
By 1914, Alexander was almost an "invalid", traveling with the help of a nurse for his care. Later that year, while driving just outside Wiesenthal in Baden with his valet and nurse, Alexander was in an auto wreck, sustaining very grave injuries. His gentleman-in-waiting and others who were traveling with the duke, either in his car or another driving behind them, were also injured in the crash, as it involved both vehicles.Alexander survived the wreck. Later in the year 1914, Alexander was chosen by Emperor Nicholas to be supreme chief of medical services to the military and naval forces of Imperial Russia. Though his selection as a royal duke was unusual to hold such a high medical-related position, there had been another precedent in another royal house, Prince Louis Ferdinand of Bavaria, who at that time was serving as surgeon general to the German army. In exile due to the Russian Revolution, <mask> died on 4 May 1925 at Biarritz, France. Alexander would die seven years later, on 6 September 1932. Their philanthropy had become so well known, that by 1914, newspaper sources commented that of all the royal personages at St. Petersburg, "there [were] probably not two who are so universally beloved as the Duke and Duchess of Oldenburg". Ancestry

Notes

References
Belyakova, Zoia.Honour and Fidelity: The Russian Dukes of Leuchtenberg. Saint Petersburg: Logos Publishers. 2010

External links

 A photograph of Eugenia

1845 births
1925 deaths
Beauharnais
Duchesses of Leuchtenberg
House of Oldenburg in Oldenburg

masks:
Eugenia Maximilianov
Eugenia
Eugenia
Eugenia
Eugenia
Eugenia
Eugenia
Eugenia
Eugenia


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<mask> (born July 18, 1949) is an American performance poet and an avant-garde artist who labels her aesthetic as "American futurism". The term "performance poetry", a precursor to slam poetry, is attributed to her. It originated in press releases for experimental spoken word and conceptual theater Gorski created during 1979. She is a first-generation Polish American academic scholar and accomplished creative writer. The innovative poetry, prose, drama, and audio works are published and produced in a variety of media using standard and experimental forms. Biography
A first-generation American citizen, born in Trenton, New Jersey, Gorski's parents and sister emigrated to the United States from Galicia, Poland (present-day Ukraine) following World War II, where two aunts and a grandmother were murdered by Ukrainian partisans. Her father joined the Polish Underground when aged fourteen, and later the United States Army, arriving with his family in the U.S. in 1949 on the General Sturgis, which docked in New Orleans, Louisiana.Her father did electrical work in Napoleonville before moving to New Jersey. After receiving a Bachelor of Fine Arts in painting from the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design University in Canada, she moved with her first husband to Austin, Texas in 1977. She is married to her second husband, composer D'Jalma Garnier. Career
Her public career began in New Orleans during 1973, illustrating for the infamous NOLA Express underground newspaper and hawking the new issues on the corner. The archives of NOLA Express are now housed in the University of Connecticut. Gorski and Charles Bukowski are two of the most notable contributors to the NOLA Express. There, she befriended Delta blues musician Babe Stovall and often kept him company while he performed for tourists in Jackson Square receiving tips into his open guitar case.A video of them at New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival was made but lost. Soon after moving to Austin, she divorced and began her poetry and theater careers in earnest by falling into the "[a]tmospheric landscape of the town that summoned and intoxicated so many beloved ... artists of the time toward intense self-actualization." She completed, produced, and directed a one-act play script with the title Booby, Mama! that is an inventive form she named "neo-verse drama". The art memoir of the production states that the verse play was based on a conceptual art cut-up form of writing made famous by William Burroughs. The memoir titled Intoxication: Heathcliff on Powell Street details the events in 1978 that are described as the birth of performance poetry as an American regional avant-garde joining the activity of the body to the psychic power of utterance and intent. The conceptual process ... seems impossible to pull off.There was no money, and it used 'found' text and 'street' actors ... filled with existential angst living on the fringes of society. She never claimed close ties to the feminist movement, but feminists reportedly consider her work to contain powerful statements about the disparity caused by race and gender in the United States. The images in her poetry are womanly and challenge what is politically correct according to the feminist dictum of the time, and they reflect a protest against the complacency and inaction of artists and non-conformists. She had close ties with Gloria E. Anzaldúa, whose book Borderlands/La Frontera is considered a major work in Chicana feminist theory, Ricardo Sánchez, and raúlrsalinas, often performing with them at Resistencia Bookstore and elsewhere. During the Annual Polish American Historical Association (PAHA) conference in Washington, D.C. in 2008, Gorski read from "Mexico Solo", a long prose poem that she used to introduce how Polish Americans are more closely related to all 'hyphenated' minority cultures than to the majority American WASP culture. On the conference panel, Polish American poets Stephen Lewandowski and Joseph Lisowski discussed how blatant discrimination and negative stereotyping circulated by Polish jokes plagued their childhoods. She calls these persecuted groups "invisible minorities" in the United States because they are often of European heritage.Gorski's writing and career aligns with the struggles of all disadvantaged groups suffering from the hidden class warfare inside American society, and for this she has been called the "American Mayakovsky" from whom her motto "poetry is a hammer" is adapted. Performance poet
When Bob Holman first heard an audio cassette of Gorski with East of Eden Band, he told New York poet Michael Vecchio that it was the best band he had heard. Vecchio is one of those featured in the Poets Audio Anthology Project, Vol. II, along with Isabella Russell-Ides and many other performing poets Gorski collected and produced. Jazz writers and radio programmers were intrigued with poetry and music collaboration, but few practitioners dedicated their careers to doing only oral poetry and music, as did Gorski. Gorski has called herself a "performance poet" in press releases and interviews when describing what she did with East of Eden. She first coined the term "performance poetry" to name her style of writing poetry for oral presentation, instead of for print publication, in a 1981 press release.The term was widely adopted to name the new genre by later practitioners in the mid-1980s, which is distinct within and parallel to the following practices: spoken word, slam, poetry readings, performed poetry, and performance art. Populist writer
Gorski sees poets in American society as a disenfranchised minority group with a history of prosecution by the American government for obscenity when exercising the freedom of speech. "Experimental and avant-garde artists and poets were demonized during the early 1990s by the efforts of a conservative agenda to eliminate funding for the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) during the late 1980s and to remove art studies from primary education." She produced and funded projects to distribute works of performance-oriented literature outside the "mainstream". She also promoted and nurtured literature opposed to the establishment. She was a founding writer for The Austin Chronicle in 1980 initiating and naming the Litera column that discussed readings, books, and other matters of importance related to non-mainstream, alternative, and small press literature, especially poetry. Scholar
After her career in performance poetry during the 1980s, Gorski entered graduate school in the University of Louisiana at Lafayette and was awarded a doctorate, Ph.D. in Creative Writing, in 2001.In 2003–04, Gorski lectured on minority American literature at the University of Wrocław in Poland as a Fulbright Fellow and spent five months traveling to various locations, including Ukraine. While backstage at Bob Dylan's concert in Prague, she met Václav Havel. She made an appearance at the Cafe Krzysztofory in Kraków in 2004 for the United States Embassy and the French Institute in Kraków before returning to the United States. Accomplishments
She coined the term "Performance Poetry" in the early 1980s after initiating and writing the "Litera" column for the Austin Chronicle in an effort to distinguish her performed poetry from performance art. She was also one of the founding writers on the Austin Chronicle, which helped to promote the vibrant "music capital of the world" that Austin, the capital of Texas, had become. Along with the growth of the music scene, a multi-ethnic theater, literature, and art community began to coalesce during the 1970s. This is the environment from which Gorski's work grew from its mysterious underground, what she calls a "pedestrian avant-garde".Gorski's live broadcast performances on KUT-FM were recorded and distributed to radio stations internationally. They became part of the 1980s Indie audio cassette/radio station network offering alternatives to commercial music. Her literature-based broadcast audio increased the popularity of performance poetry, the genre she named to describe her own work: literature-based poetry written for performance only and not for print publication. East of Eden, formed of professional jazz musicians, was successful because the music and poetry were melded together exclusively for performance. Gorski's spoken vocals have been described as bringing her "eerie" voicing as close to singing as possible without actually singing. The compositions written for each poem by D'Jalma Garnier ranged from jazz to country and western to rock and roll

Style
Unlike the Beats, Gorski wrote her stylized narrative and moody lyrical poetry only for performance with the music composed by D'Jalma Garnier specifically for each poem. The poetry was meant for audio distribution only, especially for the radio (as opposed to print).Her radical art school background influenced her fondness for performance text and the concept behind the manner of distribution. Though she received a degree in painting from the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design (NSCAD) in Canada, she did not like the elitism of the gallery circuit. She transferred her love of images into a poetics that also incorporated the anti-capitalist, socialist un-doings found in performance art and conceptual art. <mask>, along with Vito Acconci, is considered one of the most notable graduates of NSCAD. She was directly influenced by Allen Ginsberg's "Howl". They had a friendly enmity after he jeered one of her early readings at Naropa University during the Jack Kerouac Disembodied Poetics Conference in the 1980s. One of her early idols was Bob Dylan because she admired the "surreal images and obscured meanings in a language that rolled off the tongue."The passion and flow in the vocals matched those she heard on reel-to-reel tapes by Dylan Thomas, the Welsh poet who initially inspired her. Bob Dylan came to Gorski's final reading/performance in Austin at the Mexic-Arte Museum's Acoustic Festival in late 1992 after his concert at the Austin Opry House. Publications and recordings
The first publication of her performance poems is titled Snatches of the Visible Unreal from Backyard Press, which is also the title of her first audio cassette recording. Another chapbook titled Polish Gypsy with Ghost contains a vinyl recording. The second audio cassette release is titled East of Eden Band, for which Gorski used the name Hedwig G-G. Her poems received music lyric awards, rather than literature awards, though she never sang. In a career that eschewed elitism, she used her own success to help produce and promote the recording of other non-academic vocal poets including raúlrsalinas, Roxy Gordon, and Joy Cole.Several other print collections of poetry were produced in limited additions, including Early breakfast with <mask> Gorski and The East of Eden Band Songbook. A remastered CD, containing a selection of radio recordings by Gorski and East of Eden from live broadcasts was released in 2009, called Send in the Clown. The archival and remastered recordings by Hedwig <mask>® and East of Eden Band along with a radio drama, Thirteen Donuts, which she wrote and directed for KRVS-FM and simulcast on the web, are available for download on iTunes. A more extensive listing of creative and scholarly publications and productions by the artist-poet is available online (see Hedwig Gorski's online CV with permission request from official website). Awards
 2011 Finalist in 2011 National Poetry Series
 2004 Southern Artistry Award
 2003 Fulbright Scholar at University of Wroclaw, Poland
 2002 Artist Fellowship in Audio Media, Louisiana Division of the Arts
 2001 Robert and Bernice Webb Award for Excellence in Graduate Teaching – Advanced Level. Department of English, University of Louisiana
 2001 National Audio Theatre Festivals Script Writing Competition, for Thirteen Donuts
 1994 Producer Fellowship from Corporation for Public Broadcasting at WWOZ, New Orleans
 1990 Commemoration of International Women's Day Certificate on the occasion of a University Co-Op Book Signing Honoring Women Authors
 1987 Best Use of Language Judges Award for performance poem "Mexico Solo" in Austin Music Umbrella Annual Songwriters Competition
 1986 Honorable Mention for performance poem "Glitter Streets" in Austin Music Umbrella Annual Songwriters Competition

Works

Audio recordings
 13 Donuts. CD.Original Broadcast Oct. 13, 2000 on KRVS-FM. Performed by Honors Players, U of Louisiana. Oct. 13, 2010. "Slow Paradise". Podcast by Mongo. Show Number 962. Wed., September 29, 2010.""To My Last Idol Bob Dylan". Podcast by Mongo. Show Number 714. Wed., June 9, 2010. "Mexico Solo". Podcast by Mongo. Show Number 623.Mon., November 9, 2009. Send in the Clown. Selected Performance Poetry from Live Radio Broadcasts. CD 2009
 East of Eden Band. KUT-FM Live Set. Recording and broadcast, University of Texas at Austin 1985
 "Intellectual Love", "Slow Paradise", "There's Always Something That Can Make You Happy", all from East of Eden's album Intimacies. KUT-FM Live Set.Recording and broadcast. University of Texas at Austin 1986
 Snatches of the Visible Unreal. Duets by <mask> <mask> and D'Jalma Garnier. Directed by Morgan Guidry, 1984

Video recordings
 "Teenager in Nova Scotia." Video Illustrated Poetry. Producer PerfectoMedia 2010
 "Rising Melodic Chords." Poem by <mask> Gorski Deconstructed by Composer D'Jalma Garnier 2008
 "Teenager in Nova Scotia."Dial-A-Poet Series. Dir. Karen Minzer. Fort Worth 1990

Theater
 Thirteen Donuts. By <mask> <mask>. Dir. William Davies.Perf. Honors Players. KRVS-FM Radio, Lafayette. LouisianaRadio.com. Oct. 13, 2000. Booby, Mama!. By <mask> <mask>.Dir. <mask> <mask>. Perf. Ex Troupe. InterArt Works, Austin. March–April 1977. Publications

Poetry
 Hi to Heaven: Best-Loved Performance Poems in English & Polish.Trans. by Janusz Zalewski. 2015. Poetique: Speak-Songbook. College Station: Slough P, Feb. 2010. . Semi-finalist for Balcones Prize (with CD). Deconstruction of Rising Melodic Chords, <mask> Gorski Poem. Composer, D'Jalma Garnier.Toxic Poetry. Second Issue. Exhibition No. 2. Jan. 2010. "Drunken Savior," "Mood Indigo." Toxic Poetry.Premier Issue. Exhibition No. 1. Aug. 2009. Karawane. No.10. Excerpts from neo-verse drama poem for voices Booby, Mama!2009. (PDF)
 "Mexico Solo." Polish American Historical Association Conference. Commemorative Broadside. Ed. Janusz Zalewski. 2008."White Colonnade Façade." Art Mag 29. Las Vegas: Limited Editions P, 2006. "Zawsze jest coś, co może uczynić cię szczęśliwym." Trans. Janusz Zalewski. Novo Okolica Poetów, 18–19.Rzeszow, Poland: 2005, 58–60. Polish Gypsy with Ghost. Austin: Shinebone P, 1993. "Slow Paradise." Poem Broadside. Photo by Mark Christal. Austin: Shinebone P, 1992.Early Breakfast with <mask> Gorski. Austin: Perfection Productions, 1992. Snatches of the Visible Unreal. Austin: Backyard P, 1991. Drama
 The Waste Land Scripted for 44 Voices. Jadzia Books. 2018.Beasts and Saints: One-Act Play. Jadzia Books. 2015. 13 Donuts: An Original Radio Drama with a Multi-Cultural Twist. Jadzia Books. 2015. Booby, Mama!: Surreal Cut-Up Spoken Word, 1977. Jadzia Books. 2015. Thirteen Donuts. National Audio Theatre Festivals Annual Scriptbook 2001. Ed. Brian Price.Hempstead: NATF, 2001. 87–105. Memoir
 Intoxication: Heathcliff on Powell Street. College Station, TX: Slough P, 2007, 2009. References

External links

 An Interview with artist-poet <mask> <mask>, a multifaceted avant-garde artist of "American futurism" Interview 2013 by Greece Blues site Michalis Limnios BLUES @ GREECE. Google Sites 1978 Women's Dada Theater Verse Drama

  Poem audio "From Box to Living Room to Box"
 Currently.com - AT&T Yahoo Email, News, Sports & More Intoxication: Heathcliff on Powell Street
 Hedwig Gorski Video excerpt from East of Eden available online
 HedwigAtBricolodge1 Mark Christal's Photos of Poets and Jack Kerouac Conference
 Hedwig Gorski IMDb movie/media data
 IndieFeed: Performance Poetry : Hedwig <mask> - Mexico Solo Podcast from Wess Mongo Jolley, The IndieFeed Performance Poetry Channel. 1949 births
American performance artists
American spoken word artists
Artists from New Orleans
American contemporary artists
Artists from Austin, Texas
Writers from New Orleans
American people of Polish descent
Postmodern writers
American radio writers
American women poets
Writers from Austin, Texas
Poets from New Jersey
Living people
NSCAD University alumni
University of Louisiana at Lafayette alumni
Outlaw poets
20th-century American poets
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American poets
21st-century American women writers
Women radio writers

masks:
Hedwig Irene Gorski
Gorski
Hedwig
Gorski
Hedwig
Gorski
Hedwig
Hedwig
Gorski
Hedwig
Gorski
Hedwig
Gorski
Hedwig
Hedwig
Hedwig
Gorski
Gorski


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<mask> (, ; 14 April 1920 in Straszewo, a village close to Gródek, Białystok County, Poland – 14 August 1992 in Grodno, Belarus) was a Belarusian writer and public figure. Between 1960 until 1960 he was a leader of the intelligentsia in Grodno and supported dissident writers in the USSR. Biography

<mask> was born into a family of farmers, his father was a supporter of the Communist Party of Western Belarus. He graduated from a Seven-Years-School in 1934 and studied at the Polish lyceum at Wilna from 1938–1939. After the lyceum was forcefully closed during the Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland on 17 September 1939, he studied at the pedagogic college of higher education in Navahrudak. After the German attack on the Soviet Union he joined a subversive group. He was imprisoned in 1942 during an act of sabotage against railroad tracks, first sent to a prison in Białystok, and later to the German concentration camp Stutthof, which later played an important role in his biography.In autumn 1943 he managed to escape. From this moment on he actively participated in partisan campaigns. In 1944 he became leader of the Kalinovski partisan unit near Grodno. From 1944–1945 Karpiuk served in the Red Army and participated in battles on Polish and German territory (Berlin, April 1945). He was wounded twice and remained a disabled ex-service man. In 1947 he joined the Communist Party of Belarus. In 1949 he graduated from the Pedagogical High School of Grodno in the subject of English Language.From 1949 to 1951 he worked in the Office for People's Education in Sapockino and was a director of the Biskup-Seven-Year-School in Vaŭkavysk district. 1953 he published his first work "At an Institute". Since 1953 he was a member of the Association of Writers of the USSR. 1953–1955 he worked in Grodno at the Pedagogical High School, 1955–1957 at the regional newspaper "Hrodnenskaya Prawda" and as correspondent of the newspaper "Literature and Art". In 1961 he attended advanced training courses for literature in Moscow and became director of the Inturist agency in Grodno. 1965 he became secretary of the Grodno branch of the Writers Association of the USSR, 1977-1971 he was director of the "Republican Museum for Atheism and History" in Grodno (one of the most national conscious museums of Belarus during soviet times). 1978 he was elected again as secretary of the Grodno branch of the Writers Association of the USSR.In the second half of the eighties he was actively engaged in the public and social life in Grodno. He was a supporter of the Belarusian Popular Front (BNF), one of the founders of the Society of Belarusians of the World "Backaushchyna" and maintained contacts to the club "Pahodnja". <mask> <mask> is known for his works about the life in the Western part of Belarus in the first half of the twentieth century – this topic allowed for a depiction of national history under the conditions of Soviet censorship (short story "Danuta", novel "Verschalainski Paradise" and others) In the Grodno of 1960–1970 a free thinking intelligentsia gathered around <mask> Karpiuk. Some of its members where (at various times) Vasil Bykau, Danuta Bichel-Zagnetava, Volga Ipatava, Branislau Rsheuski. <mask> <mask> himself actively distributed forbidden literature in the USSR, and had correspondence with Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (to whom he sent his works "Candle in the Wind", "Right Hand", "What a pity" for printing). Karpiuk had contacts to the family Genijush. Karpiuk's telephone conversations were wiretapped, his flat was secretly searched.Once he was warned on time and managed to destroy incriminating material – letters by Solzhenitsyn, Samizdat literature. As his wife recalled, "illegal literature was assembled at night time and drowned in water ... but some materials survived." Honors

Karpiuk was awarded the Order of the Red Flag, the Order of the Patriotic War (first and second class), various medals, the Golden Cross of the Polish order Wojenny Virtuti Militari and the Order of Cultural Merit of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) and in 1986 received the Literature-Ivan-Melesh award of the BSSR

Bibliography
 Two Pines (orig. : /Dzve sasny) (1958)
 Danuta (orig. : ) (1960)
 My Hrodna county (orig. : /Maja Hrodzenščyna) (1960)
 Forest odyssey (orig. : /Puščanskaja adyseja) (1964)
 What we are worth (Library of the journal "Voice of the homeland", 1970)
 Traces on Earth: Treasures and conquests of my Hrodna county (orig.: /Sled na zjamli: Skarby i zdabytki maëj Hrodzenščyny) (1972)
 Verschalainski Paradise (orig. : /Veršalinski raj) (1974)
 Olga Korbut (orig. : /Ol'ha Korbut) (1977)
 Fresh fish (orig. : /Svežaja ryba) (1978)
 Portrait (orig. : /Partrėt) (1983)
 Contemporary conflict (orig. : /Sučasny kanflikt) (1985)
 Two sisters (orig. : /Dzve sjastry) (Fairy tales, 1986)
Novels:
 Roots (orig.: /Karani) (1988)
 White lady (orig. : /Belaja dama)
 Requiem

Selected works were published in two volumes 1980 and 1990–1991. Selected works were also published in the "Belarusian Book Review" (/"Belaruski knigazbor") in 2007. Documents
 ANH. F-3 (Aliaksei Karpiuk/Аляксей Карпюк)
 Center for the Safe-Keeping of Modern Documentation (Центр Хранения Современной Документации; Фонд 5, опись 61, ед. хранения 8182; ролик № 009867)
 Decree of the regional committee of the KGB in Grodno "On the appeals and letters of war and labour veterans to the regional committee of the KGB regarding the publications of A.H.Karpiuk in the newspaper "Grodnyenskaya Pravda" (Постановление Бюро Гродненского обкома КПБ "Об обращении и письмах ветеранов войны и труда в обком КПБ на публикации А.Н.Карпюка в газете "Гродненская гравда") // Published in "Grodnenskaya Pravda" on 23 December 1989;

External links
 http://kamunikat.org/usie_knihi.html?pubid=11227 – essays, stories and diaries by Aliaksei Karpiuk on Kamunikat, a Belarusian online library (in Belarusian)

1920 births
1992 deaths
Belarusian writers
Soviet writers

masks:
Aliaksei Karpiuk
Aliaksei Karpiuk
Aliaksei
Karpiuk
Aliaksei
Aliaksei
Karpiuk


texts:
Eric Wilson "<mask><mask>. (February 11, 1967 – March 4, 1990) was an American college basketball player for the Loyola Marymount Lions in the West Coast Conference (WCC). As a junior in 1989, he became the second player in NCAA Division I history to lead the nation in scoring and rebounding in the same season. Gathers was a consensus second-team All-American as a senior in 1990. His No. 44 was retired by the Lions, who also placed a statue of him in his honor outside their home arena Gersten Pavilion. Gathers began his college career with the USC Trojans, but transferred with teammate Bo Kimble to Loyola Marymount after his freshman year. Playing under Lions coach Paul Westhead and his fast-paced system, Gathers was a three-time first-team All-WCC selection.In his first season at Loyola Marymount University (LMU), he earned the first of two consecutive most valuable player (MVP) honors in the WCC Tournament. As a junior, he was named the WCC Player of the Year and began receiving All-American recognition. Early in his senior year in 1989–90, Gathers was diagnosed with an abnormal heartbeat after he collapsed during a game. He was placed on medication and returned a few weeks later, but he initially struggled, which he attributed to his medication. The dosage was gradually decreased, and his play recovered. Gathers died at age 23 after collapsing for the second time that season during the semifinals of the 1990 WCC Tournament. Early life
Gathers was born to Lucille and <mask> Sr. in Philadelphia.Growing up in the Raymond Rosen Projects, one of the toughest neighborhoods in Philadelphia, he stayed out of trouble by playing basketball. Gathers played prep ball at Dobbins Technical High School, located among the housing projects in North Philadelphia. He was joined on the team by his younger brother, <mask>, Bo Kimble and Doug Overton. The Mustangs reached the Philadelphia Public League championship game in consecutive years, losing to a Pooh Richardson-led Benjamin Franklin High in 1984 before winning the title over Lionel Simmons' South Philadelphia High in 1985. College career

USC
Gathers and Kimble were not friends until their senior year at Dobbins. Both of them were recruited to the University of Southern California by head coach Stan Morrison and his top assistant David Spencer. During a visit to USC, the two recruits were told that the area around campus was deemed a slum.Gathers and Kimble, however, considered the area to be a suburb compared to their home of Philadelphia. Gathers made up his mind early that he would join USC, while Kimble decided independently and only after spurning Temple late. They were joined on the Trojans by high school All-American, Tom Lewis, and Rich Grande as the "Four Freshmen" star recruiting class. Following an 11–17 season in 1985–86, Morrison and Spencer were fired despite having won the Pac-10 Conference the previous year. It was reported that the players would not remain unless certain conditions were met, including having a say in the next coaching staff. USC hired George Raveling as the next head coach of the Trojans. Raveling gave the players a deadline to respond whether they would remain on the team.When they did not respond, he revoked the scholarships of Gathers, Kimble, and Lewis. Raveling's controversial statement was, "You can't let the Indians run the reservation," he said. "You've got to be strong, too. Sometimes you have to tell them that they have to exit." Kimble and Gathers transferred together from USC to LMU. Lewis transferred to Pepperdine. Grande remained at USC.Loyola Marymount
Due to NCAA regulations, Gathers and Kimble could not play in the season following their transfer. They helped lead the Lions to a 28–4 record in 1987–88. Gathers led the team that year in both scoring and rebounding (averaging 22.5 points and 8.7 rebounds per game), was named first-team All-WCC and was awarded the WCC Tournament MVP. In the 1988–89 season, Gathers became the second player in NCAA Division I history to lead the nation in scoring and rebounding in the same season, averaging 32.7 points and 13.7 rebounds per game. He was named WCC Player of the Year and again won the WCC Tournament MVP. On December 30, 1988, he scored a career-high 49 points along with 26 rebounds in a 130–125 win over Nevada. After the season, he decided against declaring for the NBA draft.As a senior in 1989–90, he was a candidate for national player of the year and projected as an NBA lottery pick. <mask>'s head coach while at LMU, Paul Westhead, had instituted an extraordinarily fast-paced game plan. On offense, the Lions took numerous three-point shots, and typically shot the ball within 10 seconds of gaining possession. Their defense was a full-court press designed to force their opponents into a frenzied up-and-down game. <mask>'s teams led Division I in scoring in 1988 (110.3 points per game), 1989 (112.5), and 1990 (122.4). LMU's 122.4 point per game in 1990 is still a record as of April 2012. As of April 2012, Loyola Marymount held the five highest combined score games in Division I history.Four of the five occurred during <mask>'s career, including a record 331 in the 181–150 win over United States International University on January 31, 1989. At  and , Gathers was Loyola Marymount's strongest inside player. He had a high field goal percentage because he seldom shot from beyond . He used his power and quickness for follow-up baskets and scoring on fast breaks. "I don't care much about the points," said Gathers. "In fact, I should lead the nation in scoring because of my rebounding. Anybody can score 30 points a night if that's what he's concentrating on.But rebounding is special because it comes from the heart." Heart condition and death
On December 9, 1989, Gathers collapsed at an LMU home game against UC Santa Barbara. He was found to have an abnormal heartbeat (exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia), and was prescribed a beta blocker, Inderal. However, Gathers felt that the medication adversely affected his play, and his dosage was gradually cut back. Originally prescribed at 240 milligrams per day, his Inderal dosage was cut to 40 mg per day over the next three months. Gathers returned after sitting out for three weeks and missing two games, and he averaged 29.3 minutes and 29.15 points in his 20 games through the remainder of the season. However, he struggled with his play for weeks after returning.His play recovered in a nationally televised game against LSU on February 3, 1990, when he scored 48 points along with 13 rebounds while being guarded by future NBA first-round draft picks Stanley Roberts and Shaquille O'Neal in a 148–141 overtime loss. The Lions won seven of their next eight games, and Gathers recorded a career-high 30 rebounds against Saint Mary's. On February 26, 1990, as the WCC Tournament neared, Gathers's medication was reduced one last time from 80 to 40 mg, on the condition that he undergo testing in a couple of days to determine if it was safe and effective at suppressing the arrhythmias. He did not show up for his test that week and avoided calls from his cardiologist's office. On March 2, he had a long talk with the cardiologist, who told him to play and come in for the testing after the tournament concluded. It was later suspected Gathers was not taking any dosage on game days. The following day in the WCC tournament quarterfinals in Los Angeles, he recorded 28 points and 11 rebounds in a 121–84 win over Gonzaga.On Sunday, March 4, <mask> collapsed again with 13:34 left in the first half of the semifinal game against the Portland Pilots. He had just scored a dunk on an alley-oop pass from point guard Terrell Lowery that put the Lions up 25–13. Thirteen seconds later while positioned around midcourt in the Lions' fullcourt press, he collapsed a yard or two away from Pilots point guard Erik Spoelstra. He attempted to get up, telling the athletic trainers, "I don't want to lay down!" Shortly after, he stopped breathing. Gathers was pronounced dead at a nearby hospital at 6:55 PM PST. He was 23 years old.Minutes after Gathers was taken to the hospital, the WCC commissioner suspended the game indefinitely. ESPN broadcast graphic footage of <mask>'s collapse on SportsCenter; the network was at the game recording advance footage for the championship game it was scheduled to televise the next night. Late that night, the WCC canceled the tournament and awarded Loyola the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament due to its WCC regular season title. Gathers was buried at the Mount Lawn Cemetery in Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania. An autopsy found that he suffered from a heart-muscle disorder, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. His family later filed a $32.5 million lawsuit charging negligence. Loyola Marymount settled out of court for $1.4 million, while the cardiologist who treated Gathers settled for $1 million.Legacy
Loyola Marymount was placed in the West Regional as the No. 11 seed in that season's NCAA tournament. Before the tournament, the right-handed Kimble vowed to shoot his first free throw of each game left-handed, in memory of Gathers. Though naturally right-handed, Gathers was a poor free-throw shooter and had switched to shooting them left-handed. The Lions advanced to the Elite Eight, including a victory over defending national champion Michigan, before falling to the eventual champions, UNLV. Kimble finished a perfect 3-for-3 on his left-handed free throws during the tournament. Both LMU's Cinderella story without Gathers and Kimble's left-handed tributes to him became part of NCAA tournament lore.<mask> was named a consensus second-team All-America and first team All-WCC selection for the season. He finished his career averaging 28.0 points and making 59 percent of his field goals, which were both school records as of 2010. He also averaged 11.1 rebounds for his career. He was voted WCC Player of the Decade for the 1980s. Gersten Pavilion, LMU's on-campus athletics facility, is known to Lions fans as "Hank's House", although that is not part of its official name. His No. 44 and Kimble's No.30 were retired by LMU in a joint ceremony in 2000. In 2005, the entire 1989–90 team was inducted into Loyola Marymount's Hall of Fame. On February 29, 2020, four days before the 30th anniversary of his death, a statue of Gathers was unveiled outside Gersten Pavilion. The statue was created by Rotblatt-Amrany, which designed multiple statues outside of the Staples Center in Los Angeles, as well as the Michael Jordan statue in Chicago. Gathers's life was dramatized in a 1992 TV movie, Final Shot: The <mask> Story, with Victor Love starring as Gathers. Gathers was part of the storyline in the ESPN film Guru of Go about Westhead, part of their 30 for 30 series. <mask>'s death reemerged in national news wires during the 2016 NBA Playoffs when Kimble, interviewed for the celebrity gossip website TMZ.com, urged that Miami Heat star Chris Bosh retire for health reasons.Bosh has been suffering from blood clotting issues that forced him to miss the last several months of both the 2014–15 and 2015–16 seasons, as well as the entirety of the 2016–17 season. While Bosh felt that he was healthy enough to continue playing, Kimble disagreed:There are so many other things he could do with his life. <mask>s had the same thing, <mask> could have been a comedian, and actor or did speaking engagements. It's not worth the risk. I would just say absolutely not, don't do it. If <mask> had the ability to do it again he wouldn't have paid the ultimate price ... I am sure [Bosh] has children and they are going to need their father around as much as possible.Crump received a reported $1.5 million from Gathers's wrongful-death lawsuits. He gained control of the money when he turned 18. It became a problem for Crump, who later described himself as a "young black male with no guidance" at that time. He pleaded guilty to aggravated assault with a weapon, and was in a state prison from 2007 until 2012. Crump became a salesperson. He also mentors children through the Hank Gathers Legacy Group that he founded. <mask>'s nephew, D. J. Rivera, played college basketball and led the America East Conference in scoring with the Binghamton Bearcats in 2008–09, when they won the conference for the first time and earned a bid to the NCAA tournament.Another nephew, <mask>, earned a bachelor's degree at St. Bonaventure University and played three seasons for their Bonnies basketball team from 2011 to 2014. He played a final season with Butler in 2015–16 as a graduate transfer. See also
Sudden cardiac death of athletes
List of basketball players who died during their careers
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball season rebounding leaders
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball season scoring leaders
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball players with 2,000 points and 1,000 rebounds

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

LMU Lions bio

Remembering a fallen Lion, 20 years later
Stan Hochman: <mask>s still touching friends, strangers 20 years after his death
Poole: <mask>s had heart until he died, 20 years ago Thursday
March 4, 1990: <mask>s collapses, a day I will never forget as a reporter
Twenty Years After: <mask>s Stirs Memories for His Family

1967 births
1990 deaths
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Philadelphia
Burials in Pennsylvania
Deaths from cardiomyopathy
Filmed deaths in sports
Loyola Marymount Lions men's basketball players
Power forwards (basketball)
Sports deaths in California
USC Trojans men's basketball players

masks:
Hank
" Gathers Jr
Eric Gathers
Derrick Gathers
Gathers
Gathers
Gathers
Gathers
Gathers
Gathers
Hank Gathers
Gathers
Hank Gather
Hank
Hank
Gathers
Jordan Gathers
Hank Gather
Hank Gather
Hank Gather
Hank Gather


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<mask>  (22 March 1885–21 October 1935) was an English designer, illustrator and painter, and husband of artist <mask>. He was actively involved with the Newlyn School, partner of the Harvey-Procter School and an instructor at the Glasgow School of Art. Personal life and education
<mask> was born into a Quaker family in Tynemouth, Northumberland. His father, <mask> was an eminent scientist and a Leeds University professor who specialised in leather chemistry. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Society. Edward painted his father's portrait. <mask>, like his father, attended school first in York at the Quaker Bootham School.From 1907 to 1910 he was a student of Stanhope Forbes at the Forbes' School of Painting in Newlyn, Cornwall. He contributed to the school's publication, The Paper Chase in 1908 and 1909, was an assistant to Stanhope and Elizabeth Forbes, and was a successful, well-respected student. At Forbes' <mask> met his future wife Doris "Dod" Shaw; They were "amongst the Forbes' star pupils." In 1910 and 1911 <mask> studied in Paris at Atelier Colarossi. Dod Shaw was also a student at Atelier Colarossi. <mask> and Dod were both influenced by Impressionism and Post-impressionism and the artists that they met in France, such as Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Paul Cézanne. In 1912 <mask> married Dod at the church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris.They had a son together named Bill and stayed in Paris until 1918. Influential artists' works

In 1918 <mask> and his wife returned to Newlyn, where they primarily lived from that point onward. On 21 October 1935, after years of high blood pressure, <mask> died of a cerebral haemorrhage in North Shields, County Durham, while travelling. First World War
During the First World War <mask> was a conscientious objector, serving with the Friends' Ambulance Unit in Dunkirk from April 1916 until February 1919. Career
After the war Dod and <mask> returned to Newlyn, where <mask> was a member of the Newlyn Society of Artists. In 1920 <mask> and Harold Harvey established the Harvey-Procter School. They taught painting of still life, figures and landscapes in watercolour and oil.He and his wife, accepted a commission to decorate the Kokine Palace, Rangoon, in 1919 and 1920. <mask> created in 1931 what he called Diaphenicons, which were "painted and glazed decorations that provided their own light source." Leicester Galleries exhibited these works. The Glasgow School of Art appointed him Director of Studies in Design and Craft in 1934. Works
<mask>'s works included portraits and landscapes. Paintings
 All the Fun of the Fair
 Aphrodite
 Delphiniums, 1907** Earth, Water, Fire, Air, 1928
 Feather leaves, 1934, a painted ceramic plate, Penlee House Gallery and Museum. Helston Flora Dance, 1926
 Mother & Child, 1924
 Malo Gate, Dunkirk, 1924
 Night and Evening
 Porthgwarra, oil on canvas, Penlee House Gallery and Museum.Rising Tide, 1936, Penlee House Gallery and Museum. Spring Hawthorn
 The Edge of the Shadow, 1921, for a Royal Academy Exhibition
 The Four Elements
 The Mischievous Boy
 The Road to Sancreed
 The Terrace, 1921
 The Zodiac, 1925, oil on canvas, Tate
 Those Who Dare
 Versailles, 1921

Portraits
 Sir Thomas Beecham, 2nd Bt
 Sir Thomas Beecham Conducting A Mass of Life at the Queen's Hall, 1929
Frederick Delius
 Group including Frederick Delius and Philip Arnold Heseltine
 Sir Landon Ronald

Church or other commissions
 St Mary's Church altar screen, Chapel Street, Penzance – which in 1985 was destroyed during a fire
 Kokine Palace decorations, Rangoon, 1920 with his wife Dod. St Hilary Church, Cornwall:
 Depicted St Mawes, St Kevin and St Neot for the St Hilary Church pulpit
 Reredos of the Altar of the Dead for the St Hilary Church
 Visitation, 1933, St Hilary Church
 Deposition, 1935, St Hilary Church
 Dod also made works for the St Hilary Church. <mask> and Dod's works are still on view at the church. World War I
 Étaples, The Convoy Yard, 1918, pencil and watercolour, Imperial War Museum, Gift of the British Red Cross Society and Order of St John of Jerusalem, 1920
 Nissen Huts, St Omer, chalk and gouache, Imperial War Museum, Gift of the British Red Cross Society and Order of St John of Jerusalem, 1920
 The Interior of a Garage, Boulogne, pastel drawing, Imperial War Museum, Gift of the British Red Cross Society and Order of St John of Jerusalem, 1920
 The Interior of the BRCS and Order of St John Garage, Boulogne, pastel drawing, Imperial War Museum, Gift of the British Red Cross Society and Order of St John of Jerusalem, 1920

Book illustrations and other works
 Crowns Mine, Botallack, pencil drawing. Penlee House Gallery and Museum. In Newlyn (untitled).Penlee House Gallery and Museum. No Breakfast for Growler, 1901, book illustrations. Penlee House Gallery and Museum. Young Witches at Play in the Night Sky, pastel drawing. Penlee House Gallery and Museum. Museums and galleries
His works are part of collections at the Imperial War Museum, Tate, Leeds, Newcastle, Penlee House Gallery and Museum, and Worthing / Adelaide.

masks:
Ernest Procter
Dod Procter
Ernest Procter
Henry Richardson Procter
Procter
Procter
Procter
Ernest
Procter
Procter
Procter
Procter
Ernest Procter
Ernest
Ernest
Procter
Procter
Ernest


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<mask>'Hegarty (Irish: Ó hÉigeartuigh; 1892–1958) was an Irish civil servant and revolutionary. O’Hegarty was a member of the Irish Volunteer executive (June 1916 – November 1921), IRA director of communications (July 1918 – March 1920), and director of Organisation (March 1920 – April 1921). <mask>’Hegarty was an extremely self- effacing man; he was described by Frank Pakenham as the ‘civil servant of the revolution’. Early life
<mask>'Hegarty (Ó hÉigeartuigh) (1892–1958) was born Jeremiah Stephen Hegarty on 26 December 1892 in Lowertown, Skibbereen, Co Cork, the eldest of seven children (four sons and three daughters). Both his father, Jeremiah Hegarty (1856–1934), and his mother, Eileen (née Barry), were teachers. <mask>’s father was also known as <mask>gh, and was a member of the Gaelic League. He collected stories and folklore from his grandmother later published as Is uasal ceird (1968) (edited by Stiofán Ó hAnnracháin); he also published Tadhg Ciallmhar (1934).Education
In common with many catholic revolutionaries of the period, <mask> O'Hegarty was educated at the Christian Brothers schools, at St Patrick's Place, Cork. <mask> O'Hegarty was a boyhood friend of Gearoid O’Sullivan. Dublin (1910 onwards)
He secured a job in the Dublin Civil service in 1910, aged eighteen, and was posted to the department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction, where he worked as the private secretary /assistant to T. P. Gill, the secretary of the department. Gaelic League
He became a member of the very active and influential Keating Branch of the Gaelic League in Dublin, where the Irish Republican Brotherhood influence was very strong, and which was closely associated with the Teeling Circle (named after Bartholomew Teeling) of the IRB. The membership of the Keating Branch comprised mostly civil servants and teachers, and members of the Branch included Michael Collins, Cathal Brugha, Fionán Lynch, Piaras Béaslaí, Gearóid O’Sullivan, Thomas Ashe, Richard Mulcahy, Sean O’Murthuile and <mask> Lynch. It was here that he first met and became firm friends with Michael Collins. O’Hegarty, along with Gearoid O’Sullivan and Fionan Lynch, subsequently became members of the Committee of the Branch and, almost from the day they joined, their services were requisitioned for teaching Irish classes.Na hAisteoirí
O'Hegarty's interests were academic and theatrical. In 1913 he became a member and then stage manager of a troupe of Gaelic players, called Na hAisteoirí , relating historical traditions of Irishness, cultural revivalism, and nationalism. The principal male parts were played by several who later became prominent revolutionaries: including Piaras Béaslaí, who also wrote a comprehensive of Collins life, Gearóid O'Sullivan, Fionán Lynch, and Con Collins. The Irish Volunteers and the Irish Republican Brotherhood
In the period prior to the Easter Rising, O’Hegarty and his younger brother, Dick O’Hegarty lived at 44 Mountjoy Street. On 25 November 1913 <mask> Ó Hegarty, together with Gearoid O’Sullivan and Fionan Lynch attended the meeting at the Rotunda Rink for the founding of the Irish Volunteers and they joined on that first night. With the formation of the battalion, <mask> Ó Hegarty was made second lieutenant under Captain Fionan Lynch in F Company, 1st Battalion. Easter Rising
As second lieutenant of F Company, 1st Battalion, Dublin Brigade, Irish Volunteers, during the Easter rising <mask> Ó Hegarty was in charge of barricades in Church St., Mary Lane, Mary's Abbey, and Jameson's distillery, an area which saw fierce fighting.<mask> O’Hegarty was arrested and, on 1 May, he was sent to Knutsford jail, Cheshire, England. A disheveled appearance revealed a somewhat nervous disposition: "rapid utterance, hair flopped on forehead...untidy look, careless in dress.". A question was asked about a John Hegarty in the House of Commons, who had been wrongfully arrested. The prison warder came to <mask> in prison. ‘Are you John Hegarty?’ he asked. ‘No, I’m not,’ replied <mask> O’Hegarty. ‘Well, what does <mask> mean in English?’ ‘It’s not John, anyhow.’ The warder went away.He returned. ‘Are you sure your name is not John?’ ‘Yes, I’m sure.’ He came back. ‘Well John or no John, pack up and get to hell out of this. Having failed to identify the importance of their prisoner, in error the authorities released him early, on 18 May, to return to his family and job in the civil service. When <mask> came back to the Department of Agriculture, T. P. Gill sent for him. He had known that <mask> had been out in the Rising. ‘Take your holidays first, Hegarty,’ he said, ‘and report back.I hope you enjoyed the time you were fighting.’    O’Hegarty remained in office until 1918, when he was dismissed from the civil service for refusing to take the oath of allegiance. Irish National Aid & Volunteer Dependent’s Fund
In the days after the executions, the Irish Volunteers Dependent’s Fund ("IVDF") was founded by Sorcha McMahon, Áine Ceannt and Kathleen Clarke, to provide for the dependents of those killed or imprisoned, as well as undertaking protests outside Mountjoy prison and Kilmainham gaol. Shortly after, the more moderate Irish National Aid Association ("INAA"), was founded by the Redmondites. O’Hegarty was a central member of the IVDF and, when in September 1916 the two organisations amalgamated, O'Hegarty's influence helped to ensure that the new body, the INA&VDF, was dominated by republicans. Whilst the INA&VDF’s primary task remained the support of prisoners and their dependents, as a national organisation, it quickly also became a vehicle for the regeneration of advanced nationalism. Reorganisation of the Irish Volunteers after The Easter Rising and the emergence of the IRA (1916 to 1917)
On his release, O’Hegarty was prominent in the re-organisation of the Irish Volunteers after the 1916 Easter Rising, subsequently becoming a member of the executive of the IRB's supreme council along with Michael Collins and Seán Ó Murthuile. Seán Ó Muirthile and <mask> O‘Hegarty began touring the country during the summer of 1916, establishing contact between the few leaders who had not been arrested, arranging for them to recommence meetings of the Volunteers and ensuring that the Volunteers being released from jail in 1916 and 1917 were able to return to organized units.On Cathal Brugha’s discharge from hospital in August 1916, Sean Ó Muirthile and O'Hegarty visited Brugha at his home in Rathgar and a provisional committee for the reorganization was established. In August 1916, a meeting was held in Minerva Hotel Parnell Square for the reorganization of the IRB, at which O’Hegarty attended. At Brugha's behest, Sean Ó Muirthile and O'Hegarty organized a first Convention of the Volunteers, which was held at Fleming's Hotel in Gardiner Street in October 1916. Although still severely injured, Brugha presided at the meeting and an executive was established to continue the reorganization, with Brugha as the head of the provisional committee. The committee was dominated, as the early Executive of the Volunteers had been, by members of the IRB and included O’Hegarty. Progress was slow for the next few months, but volunteer reorganization gained speed after most of the Rising prisoners were released from Frongoch internment camp in Wales on 23 December 1916. Early in August 1917, a meeting was held in the offices of Craobh Chéitinn of Conradh na Gaeilge in 46 Parnell Square.It was decided at this meeting that an Army Convention would be held to establish a National Executive of Óglaigh na hÉireann. The date of the Convention was chosen to coincide with, and to use the cover of, the larger gathering of republicans in Dublin on 25 and 26 October 1917 – the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis, when large numbers of republicans being in the city would not draw the attentions of the police, who'd presume they were still be around following the Ard Fheis. Nearly 250 people attended the convention, with internment preventing many more from attending. Those in attendance included Éamon de Valera, Cathal Brugha, Thomas Ashe, <mask> O'Hegarty, <mask> Lynch, Michael Collins, Michael Staines and Richard Mulcahy. The Sinn Féin and the Irish Volunteers conventions formalized their organizations and elected leadership, with each of Sinn Féin and the Irish Volunteers appointing Eamon de Valera as president. A national executive was also elected, composed of 26 provincial representatives (including Dublin). In addition, a number of directors were elected to head the various IRA departments.Those elected were: Michael Collins (Director for Organisation); <mask> Lynch (Director for Communications); Michael Staines (Director for Supply); Rory O'Connor (Director of Engineering). Seán McGarry was voted General Secretary, while Cathal Brugha was made Chairman of the Resident Executive, which in effect made him Chief of Staff. There were six co-options to make-up the full number when the directors were named from within their ranks, including <mask> O'Hegarty. Civil Service appointments (1918–1921)
Having been dismissed from the civil service for refusing to take the Oath of Allegiance to the Crown in 1918, his administrative talents found ample outlet in the secretariat of the revolutionary Dáil. <mask> O’Hegarty chose what must have been the tempting option of a permanent career in the emerging Irish civil service  and contributed in the service of the new state to such an extent that he has been called ‘the civil servant of the revolution’ (Longford, 102) and ‘the Grey Eminence of the Free State Government’ (de Vere White, 59). The First Dáil (1918–1921)
The December 1918 General Election resulted in the annihilation of the Irish Parliamentary Party, which won only six seats as opposed to Sinn Féin’s 73. In January 1919 the newly elected Sinn Féin MPs proclaimed themselves the independent parliament of Ireland, the Dáil.O’Hegarty was very close to Harry Boland, a constant companion, and  Michael Collins and, in 1918, this IRB triumvirate exercised considerable control in the nomination of Sinn Féin candidates for the General Election of December 1918. O’Hegarty used his administrative experience to influence the nomination of the Sinn Féin candidates but did not seek his own election to the Dail. The selection process was resented by those who had aspirations to enter the Dáil but who failed to be nominated and Páidín O’Keeffe, who was the full-time secretary of Sinn Féin from 1917 and had a fund of knowledge about the leaders, maintained that the vote against the Treaty was partly an anti-Collins vote, arising from the antagonism Collins, Harry Boland and <mask> O’Hegarty aroused by their choice of candidates for the December 1918 election. Republican loan 1919 and The Dáil Bonds film, 1919

Within days of being appointed Minister for Finance in 1919 Collins set about raising the funds necessary if Dail Eireann was to fulfil its stated ambition of providing an alternative government to the British one that was operating from Dublin Castle. The immediate needs were those associated with establishing independence – the military resources of the Irish Volunteers and IRB plus the diplomatic resources of the Irish delegation to the Paris peace conference. A short propaganda film was produced, shot outside St Enda’s, the school established by Pádraig Pearse, and it featured Michael Collins and <mask> O’Hegarty signing bond certificates to twenty-nine prominent subscribers. The symbolism of the film, such as the fact that the block which Collins used as a table was the block on which Robert Emmet was beheaded, was highly evocative.Harry Boland, upon seeing the film in America, wrote to Collins: ‘That film of yourself and Hegarty selling Bonds brought tears to my eyes. Gee Boy! You are some movie actor. Nobody could resist buying a bond and we having such a handsome minister of finance.’

Secretary to the First Dáil (1918–1921)
O'Hegarty was the organizational genius as secretary to the First Dáil (1919–21) and he was determined that the Dáil would demonstrate its worth by ‘functioning as any progressive government would be expected to function’. As clerk of the first Dáil and secretary to the Dáil cabinet (1919–21), he was largely responsible for its success, organising meetings of the clandestine parliament and coordinating the work of various departments from his offices on the corner of O'Connell St. and Abbey St. and later in Middle Abbey St. He recorded the minutes and handled all correspondence of the Dáil cabinet. As the conduit through which the Dáil's ministers communicated, his role was central to the effective operation of government on the run.The influence this gave him within the revolutionary movement was bolstered by his senior role within the IRB and the positions of military significance which he occupied. He was arrested by the British, tried, convicted of illegal assembly and jailed for three months in Mountjoy (November 1919 – February 1920). The offence of trespassory assembly effectively limited the size of a crowd to minimal number under the public order acts. Whilst in Mountjoy jail he became a dominant figure amongst the IRA prisoners, ordering Noel Lemass to end his self-imposed hunger strike. The War of Independence (1921 to 1922)

Military appointments (1916–1921)
O’Hegarty was a member of the Irish Volunteer executive (June 1916 – November 1921), IRA director of communications (July 1918 – March 1920), and director of Organisation

masks:
Diarmuid O
Diarmuid O
Diarmuid O
Diarmuid
Diarmuid Ó hÉigeartui
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid
Diarmuid