texts:
<mask> (born April 3, 1949 in Menard, Texas, United States) is an American writer and former Associated Press reporter and columnist. Since 1982, she has written more than ninety novels in genres including romance, horror, fantasy and mystery under the pen names <mask>, Jacqueline Topaz, Jacqueline Jade, <mask>, and <mask>. Biography

Personal life
<mask> was born on April 3, 1949 in Menard, Texas, United States. She is the daughter of <mask>, M.D., former chief of psychiatry at the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee, and ceramic sculptor <mask>. <mask> was married in 1978 to Kurt Wilson and has two sons. Career
<mask> graduated from Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts and received a Thomas J. Watson Fellowship to travel and write in Europe. After moving to Orange County, California, in 1972, she worked as a reporter and editor for The Orange Coast Daily Pilot and as a copy editor for The Orange County Register.She worked as a reporter and editor the Associated Press (AP) in Los Angeles from 1980–1983, and continued to write theater-related articles for the AP until 1999. In 1993–1994, she wrote a weekly television column for AP that was nationally distributed. She teaches short story, article and novel writing through Long Ridge Writers Group, and is the author of How to Write a Novel in One (Not-so-easy) Lesson. She sold her first in 1982. Her book publishers include Harlequin Enterprises Ltd, William Morrow, St. Martin's Press, Five Star Press, Walker and Company, DAW Books and Berkley Books. Since 2010, she has been reissuing her early novels, including Regency romances and mysteries, in digital editions. <mask> is a former national board member of Romance Writers of America and has also served on the board of the Orange County, California chapter.She is a two-time finalist for the Romance Writers of America's RITA Award and received a career achievement award from Romantic Times Book Club magazine. Bibliography

As <mask>

Historical romance novels
 Lady in Disguise (1982)
 Song for a Lady (1983)
 A Lady of Letters (1983)
 The Forgetful Lady (1984)
 The Day-Dreaming Lady (1985)
 A Lady's Point of View (1989)

Contemporary romance novels
 The Dream Never Dies (1984)
 Forgetful Day (1986)
 An Unexpected Man (1987)
 The Cinderella Dare (1988)
 A Ghost of a Chance (1988) aka The Ghost and Cheri
 Flight of Magic (1989)
 By Leaps and Bounds (1990)
 Old Dreams, New Dreams (1991)
 The Trouble With Terry (1992)
 A Dangerous Guy (1993)
 The Runaway Bride (1995)
 The Cowboy and the Heiress (1996)
 One Husband Too Many (1996)
 Yours, Mine and Ours (1996)
 Dear Lonely in L.A.... (1996)
 And the Bride Vanishes (1997)
 Daddy Warlock (1997)
 Million-Dollar Mommy (1997)
 Sandra and the Scoundrel (1997)
 Punchline (1997)
 A Real Live Sheikh (1998)
 His Secret Son (1999)
 Let's Make a Baby! (1999)
 Mistletoe Daddy (1999)
 Captured by a Sheikh (2000)
 Daddy, M.D. (2000)
 Kiss a Handsome Stranger (2001)
 Surprise, Doc! You're a Daddy! (2001)
 The Improperly Pregnant Princess (2002)
 Sheik Surrender (2004)
 The Stolen Bride (2004)
 The Baby's Bodyguard (2004)
 The Baby Scheme (2005)
 The Doctor's Little Secret (2007)
 Daddy Protector (2007)
 Touch Me in the Dark (2007)
 Twin Surprise (2007)
 The Bride's Surprise (2008)
 Doctor Daddy (2009)
 Sheikh Surrender (2012)
 Out of Her Universe (2012)

The Runaway Heiress Series
 Unlikely Partners (1987)
 Capers and Rainbows (1988)

Babies of Doctors Circle Series
 Diagnosis: Expecting Boss's Baby (2003)
 Prescription: Marry Her Immediately (2003)
 Prognosis: A Baby? Maybe (2003)

Downhome Doctors Series
 The Police Chief's Lady (2005)
 Nine-Month Surprise (2006)
 A Family at Last (2006)
 Dad by Default (2006)
 The Doctor + Four (2006)

Harmony Circle Series
 The Family Next Door (2008)
 Baby in Waiting (2008)
 Million-dollar Nanny (2009)

Safe Harbor Medical Series
 The Would-Be Mommy (2010)
 His Hired Baby (2010)
 The Holiday Triplets (2010)
 Officer Daddy (2011)
 Falling for the Nanny (2011)
 The Surgeon's Surprise Twins (2011)
 The Detective's Accidental Baby (2012)
 The Baby Dilemma (2012)
 The M.D.'s Secret Daughter (2012)
 The Baby Jackpot (2013)
 His Baby Dream (2013)
 The Surprise Holiday Dad (2014)
 A Baby for the Doctor (2014)
 The Surprise Triplets (2014)
 The Baby Bonanza (2015)
 The Doctor's Accidental Family (2015)
 The Would-Be Daddy (2016)

Brides Of Grazer's Corner Multi-author Series
 The Cowboy and the Shotgun Bride (1998)

The Wedding Party Multi-author Series
3. Assignment: Groom! (1999)

Maitland Maternity Multi-author Series
2. I Do! I Do! (2000)

Forrester Square Multi-author Series
9. Illegally Yours (2004)

Code Red Multi-author Series
11.The Trigger (2005)

Omnibus
 Cindy and the Fella / Calling All Glass Slippers (2002)

Collections in Collaboration
 Kidnapped / I Got You Babe (1999) (with Bonnie Tucker)
 The Bachelor Dads of Nowhere Junction (Designer Genes / Two for One!) (2000) (with Charlotte Maclay)
 The Doc's Double Delivery / Down-Home Diva (2001) (with Stephanie Doyle)
 Excuse Me?, Whose Baby? / Follow that Baby! (2001) (with Isabel Sharpe)
 More Than the Doctor Ordered / A Hitchin' Time (2001) (with Charlotte Maclay)
 Tyler Brides (2001) (with Heather MacAllister and Kristine Rolofson)
 Heaven Scent / Shotgun Nanny (2002) (with Nancy Warren)
 Paris or Bust! (2003) (with Kate Hoffmann and Jill Shalvis)
 The Third Twin / Sheikh Surrender (2004) (with Dani Sinclair)
 Secrets & Sons (His Secret Son / A Man of Secrets) (2004) (with Amanda Stevens)
 More Than the Doctor Ordered / Husband Hotel (2004) (with Darlene Gardner)
 Stolen Bride / Sudden Recall (2004) (with Jean Barrett)
 Surprise! Surprise! / I Do!I Do! (2005) (with Tina Leonard)
 A Bundle of Valentines!

masks:
Jackie Diamond Hyman
Jacqueline Diamond
Jackie Hyman
Jackie Diamond Hyman
Jackie Diamond Hyman
Maurice Hyman
Sylvia Hyman
Hyman
Hyman
Hyman
Jacqueline Diamond


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1953) is an American labour economist and the Thomas DeWitt Cuyler Professor of Economics at Yale University. His fields of interest include macroeconomics and applied econometrics and in particular labour economics, being ranked as one of the foremost labour economists worldwide. In 2018, his contributions to the analysis of labour supply, family economics and discrimination were rewarded with the IZA Prize in Labor Economics. Biography

<mask> received his B.A. and M.A. in economics from Yale University in 1975, followed by a Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1981. After his Ph.D., <mask> became an assistant professor of economics at Columbia University before moving to an associate professorship at Northwestern University in 1986, where he was promoted to professor in 1990.In 2002, <mask> moved back to Yale University as the Thomas DeWitt Cuyler Professor of Economics, a position he still holds as of 2019. Besides his academic appointments, <mask> has served as consultant to the Federal Reserve Banks of Chicago and Cleveland, has been a senior fellow at NCI Research, and a consultant to the Center for Naval Analysis. Since 2002, he has been a Research Fellow at the IZA Institute of Labor Economics. He is currently a member of the Federal Economic Statistics Advisory Committee and the NSF Social, Behavior and Economic Sciences Advisory Committee. His research has been acknowledged through fellowships of the Econometric Society and the Society of Labor Economists as well as a membership in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2018, <mask> won the IZA Prize for Labor Economics. Research

<mask>'s research interests include "labour market fluctuations, labour supply, consumption behaviour, the economics of education, economic links among family members, race and gender in the labour market, wage determination, and econometric methods".Altonji ranks among the top 1% of economists registered on IDEAS/RePEc in terms of research output. In 2021, a special issue of the Journal of Labor Economics was devoted to <mask>'s work. Research on labour supply

<mask>'s first field of research have been the economics of labour supply. In a seminal 1982 paper, he analysed whether aggregate fluctuations in (un-)employment can be explained as intertemporal substitution in labour supply, as hypothesized by e.g. Robert E. Lucas, and found the model to be rejected in the data. In another analysis of the sensitivity of the labour supply to intertemporal wage variation, Altonji uses either consumption data or a first-difference approach to control for wealth and wage expectations and finds the intertemporal elasticity of wage substitution for married men to be positive and small. Further work on the labour supply was later produced in the 1990s with Christina Paxson, with whom Altonji found that the effects of changes in the demographic structure of the family on wives' work hours are generally much larger for wives who change employers, supporting the perspective that job changes following shifts in labour supply preferences (e.g.due to motherhood) may provide the opportunity to reduce discrepancies between desired and actual working hours. In another study with Paxson on this topic, they find that workers require compensation to work in a job that, given the worker's particular preferences, offers unattractive working hours. Economics of education and training

Some of <mask>'s earliest work in the economics of education and training studied the effect of high school curricula. For instance, jointly with James Spletzer, he studied the link between the receipt of on-the-job training and the characteristics of workers and jobs in the U.S. in the 1970s, for which they found no relationship between high school curriculum and training, but instead - among else - a negative link between training intensity and duration, women to be more likely to receive training than men but overall receiving less training time, and post-secondary education to make subsequent training more probable. Subsequent work on high school curricula by Altonji found the return to additional courses in academic subjects to be small. Further research by <mask> on the demand for and return to high school and postsecondary by field of study is reviewed in his survey of the literature (co-authored with Erica Blom and Costas Meghir). In two studies with Thomas Dunn using the PSID and NLS, Altonji finds that teachers' salary, expenditures per pupil and a composite index of school quality indicators have a substantial positive effect on the wages of U.S. high school graduates, but mixed results regarding whether parental education has a positive impact on children's returns to education.Together with Todd Elder and Christopher Taber, <mask> has notably analysed the effect of attending a Catholic high school, finding that they substantially increase the likelihood of graduating from high school and possibly also of college attendance, though with scant effect on test scores. As part of this analysis, <mask>, Elder and Taber exploited a presumed link between selections on observed and on unobserved variables and later used their results to develop an assessment method for instrumental variable strategies. Finally, although most of <mask>'s return in education economics is empirical, he has also contributed to its theory, most importantly through his analysis of the demand for and return to education face to uncertain education outcomes. Research on family economics

Another field of research of <mask> is the economic analysis of the family, especially in joint work with Laurence Kotlikoff and Fumio Hayashi as well as with Thomas Dunn. Together with Hayashi and Kotlikoff, <mask> finds that, within the extended family in the U.S., the distribution of consumption is independent of the distribution of resources, suggesting that members of an extended family are not altruistically linked. Exploring the effects of income and wealth on time and money transfers between parents and children further, they find that money transfers tend to reduce inequality in household incomes but that income differences poorly predict time transfers, with richer siblings giving more to parents and receive less; overall, the results call for more sophisticated exchange models of transfers. Another finding is that risk sharing between or within U.S. American families is incomplete.In later work, <mask>, Hayashi and Kotlikoff renew their rejection of the altruism hypothesis, finding in their research on parental altruism and inter vivos transfers that redistributing one dollar from a recipient child to donor parents leads to a "trickle down" of only 13%, far less than what would be expected under altruism (100%). More recently, together with Dunn, <mask> has studied the relationships among the family incomes and labour market outcomes of relatives. Research on discrimination and migration

<mask> has also made substantial contributions to the field of labour market discrimination, especially through his comprehensive survey of the literature on race and gender in the labour market (with Rebecca Blank). Another seminal study is due to <mask> and Charles Pierret, who show that if firms statistically discriminate among young workers on the basis of easily observable characteristics, the coefficients on the easily observed variables should fall and the coefficients on hard-to-observe correlates of productivity should rise, as firms learn about workers' productivity. More recently, in work with Ulrich Doraszelski, <mask> has studied the role of permanent income and demographics regarding the wealth differences between blacks and whites in the U.S. Finally, besides his work on discrimination, <mask> has also analysed the effects of immigration on the labour outcomes of less-skilled natives in the U.S. (together with David Card), finding some evidence that less-skilled natives in high-immigrant cities have moved out of immigrant-intensive industries and that an inflow of immigrants equal to 1% may reduce the average weekly earnings of less-skilled natives by about 1.2%. Research on wages, income and consumption

In his research on wages, <mask> and Robert Shakotko finds that wages rise modestly with job seniority and that general labour market experience and "job shopping" account for most wage growth over a career, with the strong cross-sectional relationship between tenure and wages being mainly due to heterogeneity bias.A 2005 reestimation by <mask> and Nicolas Williams yielded an estimate of 10 years of tenure increasing the log wage by 0.11, suggesting that the return to tenure has likely grown over time. In a paper with Aloysius Siow, Altonji tests the rational expectations lifecycle model of consumption against a Keynesian model and the rational expectations lifecycle model with imperfect capital markets, finding the evidence to reject the Keynesian model but yielding inconclusive results as to whether the assumption of perfect capital markets is necessary or not. In a study with Paul Devereux, Altonji studies to what extent nominal wages are downwardly rigid and what effect such rigidities have on wage levels, wage changes, and labour market transitions. Most recently, <mask>, Anthony Smith Jr. and Ivan Vidangos used indirect inference to estimate a joint model of earnings, employment, job changes, wage rates, and work hours over a career, finding that human capital is responsible for most of earnings growth over a career, though with important roles for job seniority and mobility, and that unemployment shocks have substantial impacts on earnings in both the short and long run. Other research

Further major research by <mask> has addressed small-sample bias in GMM estimation of covariance structures (with Lewis Segal), cross section and panel data estimators for nonseparable models with endogenous regressors (with Rosa Matzkin), and the implications of changes in the characteristics of American youth for adult outcomes (with Prashant Bharadwaj and Fabian Lange). References

External links
 Professor <mask>'s webpage at Yale

1953 births
Living people
Yale University faculty
Fellows of the Econometric Society
21st-century American economists
Labor economists
Education economists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

masks:
Joseph Gerard Altonji
Joseph Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Joseph Altonji
Altonji
Joseph Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Joseph Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Altonji
Altonji


texts:
<mask> (February 16, 1931 – October 19, 2018) was an American football defensive tackle in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins, Pittsburgh Steelers, New York Giants, and the Cleveland Browns. He also served as interim head coach of the Browns in the final game of the 1977 season. Modzelewski was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1993. Early life
Growing up in West Natrona, Pennsylvania as one of six children, <mask> was a three-sport athlete at Har-Brack High School (now Highlands High School). College career
<mask> joined his brother, Ed, and played college football at the University of Maryland. Just as he was set to begin his sophomore season, <mask> moved into the starting lineup after an injury to the Terrapins' Ray Krouse. He would keep that status for the next three years, winning All-American honors as both a junior and senior, while also capturing the 1952 Outland Trophy.In a 1951 game against the University of North Carolina, Modzelewski paced a defense with 12 solo tackles, while the team held the Tar Heels to just 40 yards of offense. At the end of that season, Maryland was ranked third in the country and knocked off the top-ranked University of Tennessee Volunteers in the Sugar Bowl. Washington Redskins
The Washington Redskins took notice of Modzelewski's accomplishments and drafted him in the second round of the 1953 NFL Draft, signing him on April 10. In his two years with the team, Modzelewski showed promise as a rookie, then began having conflicts with Redskins' coach Joe Kuharich in 1954. As a result, Modzelewski signed with the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League, ready to play for former Maryland assistant coach Jack Hennemier. However, after the Redskins filed an injunction to stop the deal, the Stampeders signed an agreement to tear up the contract. Pittsburgh Steelers
With Modzelewski unhappy, the Redskins traded him to the Pittsburgh Steelers on March 1, 1955, once again reuniting him with brother Ed, a fullback on the team.The brothers would not play together though, as Ed was traded to the Cleveland Browns as a replacement for retiring Hall of Famer Marion Motley, with whom he won the NFL Championship. <mask> was once again traded, this time twice in a four-day span. On April 24, 1956, he was traded to the Detroit Lions, then was dealt three days later to the New York Giants. In an ironic twist, the player the Lions received was Krouse, whose 1950 injury at Maryland had led to Modzelewski's development. New York Giants
Over the next eight seasons, the Giants played for the NFL championship six times, but their only victory came during <mask>'s first season in 1956. Among a colorful group of defenders, <mask>'s low-key approach often saw him remain in the shadow of these players, but his presence helped the team remain a perennial title contender. Cleveland Browns
On March 4, 1964, <mask> was traded to the Browns, in exchange for wide receiver Bobby Crespino.Originally expected to be a supplement to starting defensive tackles Jim Kanicki and Frank Parker, <mask> was rushed into the lineup following an injury to Parker in the season opener on September 13. Over the course of the season, Modzelewski's veteran leadership helped lead the Browns to their first Eastern Conference title in seven years. In the NFL Championship game on December 27, he joined an aggressive defense in completely shutting down the Baltimore Colts offense, giving the Browns a 27–0 shutout victory. In his final two years as a player, the Browns again reached the title game in 1965, but fell short the following year. During his final campaign, Modzelewski was joined by another brother, Gene, who played one season before fulfilling a military commitment. Coaching career
Modzelewski served as a scout for the Browns in 1967, then joined the team's on-field staff the following year as defensive line coach. After two solid years in which the team again reached the NFL Championship game, the Browns' fortunes declined over the next five years, with a then-team-worst 3–11 record in 1975 forcing head coach Forrest Gregg to make changes.On February 13, 1976, <mask> was promoted to defensive coordinator and  the team responded with a six-game improvement. Midway through the 1977 season, the Browns had a 5–2 record and seemed destined for their first playoff berth in five years. However, a season-ending injury to starting quarterback Brian Sipe led to a tailspin that culminated with Gregg's dismissal on December 13. Modzelewski was named interim head coach for the team's final game, a 20–19 loss to the second-year Seattle Seahawks. As 1978 began, new Browns head coach Sam Rutigliano quickly announced he was eliminating the defensive coordinator position, and offered Modzelewski the job of defensive line coach. Seeing the offer as a demotion, <mask> resigned and returned to the New York Giants as their defensive coordinator. That position would last only one season after another wholesale coaching change, but he would resurface as defensive line coach with the Cincinnati Bengals in 1979 under head coach Homer Rice.After first being dismissed with the entire staff one day after the end of the 1979 season, <mask> was rehired by Gregg, who had been selected as the Bengals' new head coach. The team struggled to a 6–10 season in 1980, but then put together a memorable year in 1981, ending with the franchise's first-ever trip to the Super Bowl. Despite a 26–21 defeat to the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl XVI, the Bengals returned to the post-season the following year, but lost in the first round of the expanded playoff system. After a disappointing 1983 season, Gregg left to take over his dream job: head coach of the Green Bay Packers, then brought <mask> with him to again serve as defensive line coach. <mask> eventually served as the team's defensive coordinator, but after four frustrating years, Gregg resigned and Modzelewski landed with the Lions in 1988 as the defensive line tutor. He spent two years in that role until announcing his retirement. Legacy
In 1993, Modzelewski was honored for his college football exploits with his induction into the College Football Hall of Fame and in 1986, <mask> was inducted into the National Polish American Sports Hall of Fame.<mask>ki played and started in 8 NFL championship games. 1956, 1958, 1959, 1961–1963  with the New York Giants, and 1964 and 1965 with the Cleveland Browns. He was an NFL Champion twice with the 1956 New York Giants and 1964 Cleveland Browns. He has been a player in more NFL championship games than just about any player in NFL history. Tom Brady has also played and started in 8 title games, all Super Bowls. Hall of Fame Left Tackle and Place Kicker Lou Groza played in 9 NFL Championship games plus 4 AAFC Championship games (All American Football Conference 1946–1949). Lou Groza was back up Offensive lineman in 2 Championship games and starting Left Tackle for 2 in the AAFC title games.In the NFL Groza was starting Left Tackle in 7 NFL championship games (1950–1955 & 1957) and Place Kicker in 2 more (1964 & 1965). See also
 1952 College Football All-America Team

References

1931 births
2018 deaths
People from Harrison Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
All-American college football players
American football defensive tackles
American people of Polish descent
Cincinnati Bengals coaches
Cleveland Browns coaches
Cleveland Browns players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Detroit Lions coaches
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
Green Bay Packers coaches
Maryland Terrapins football players
National Football League defensive coordinators
New York Giants coaches
New York Giants players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area
Washington Redskins players

masks:
Richard Blair Modzelewski
Modzelewski
Modzelewski
Modzelewski
Dick
Modzelewski
Modzelewski
Modzelewski
Modzelewski
Modzelewski
Modzelewski
Modzelewski
Modzelewski
Modzelewski
Dick
Dick Modzelews


texts:
<mask>, born <mask> (August 1, 1906 – March 3, 1950), was an American journalist and editor, lifelong friend of Robert Cantwell and friend of Whittaker Chambers, both fellow editors at Time magazine. All three were either Marxist or communist during the 1920s and 1930s and then became anti-communists by 1939. Background

<mask> was born <mask> in Lyman, Idaho, on August 1, 1906, the son of Henry Martin Fix (1883–1971) and Maggie Priscilla Smith Fix (1888–1958). He had two brothers, Ford and Harley, and a sister, Georgia. He attended high school in Aberdeen, Washington, where he began a lifelong friendship with Robert Cantwell. He attended business school in Aberdeen briefly. Cantwell and Fixx dreamed of "escaping to New York".Career

In 1927, <mask> hitchhiked cross-country to New York City. He took a part-time job in a Greenwich Village bookshop and wrote freelance book reviews. He took other jobs, such as secretary to author Lyle Saxon. At this time, he added a second "x" to his surname because, he said, "a verb cannot be a name." He began to act informally as Cantwell's agent and helped him publish his first major short story. In 1929, he encouraged Robert Cantwell to come to New York City and they shared a flat in Greenwich Village. In 1936, he joined Time with Robert Cantwell, Robert Fitzgerald, and James Agee.In early 1939, Fitzgerald resigned. In April 1939, Chambers was hired by Henry Luce, and <mask> joined Chambers in the Books section. In 1940, William Saroyan lists Fixx among "contributing editors" at Time in Saroyan's play, Love's Old Sweet Song. In October 1942, while working in Time's "Back of the Book" section with Chambers, <mask> suffered a "severe heart attack", most probably brought on by the routine he and Chambers had adopted of "work[ing] a day and a half nonstop, stimulating themselves with six packs of cigarettes and a continual stream of coffee". Luce gave him a year's leave and salary to recover. (Wilder Hobson succeeded Fixx as assistant editor of Books.) Chambers also suffered a heart attack a month later and also went on leave.(Allen Weinstein notes that the FBI had visited Chambers in May 1942 to question him about his communist activities.) Upon <mask>'s return, in 1943, he gave up editorial work for "special projects" (as did Chambers). He also worked in the public relations department. Personal life and death

On October 31, 1930, <mask> married Marlys Virginia Fuller (1906–2004) of Detroit, Michigan, a graduate of the 1929 class at Northwestern University. They lived at 3328 81 Street, Jackson Heights, Queens, New York. According to Robert Fitzgerald, Fixx was a Mormon. <mask>'s wife Marlys was Anglican.After his death, she worked at Oberlin College as house mother/director of May Cottage. When son Jim Fixx died, he left his estate to her, worth several million dollars. <mask> died age 43 on March 3, 1950, of a second heart attack, in an Atlantic City hospital. Surviving him were his wife, both parents, son James, daughter Catherine, brothers Ford and Harley, and sister Georgia. His son, <mask>, would also die of a heart attack, at the age of 52 in 1984. <mask> is buried in Carmel, New York, in the Loudonsville Cemetery, in Putnam County, New York. Impact

T.S.Matthews staff

Fixx, close colleagues, and many staff members as of the 1930s helped elevate Time–"interstitial intellectuals", as historian Robert Vanderlan has called them. Colleague and best-selling author John Hersey described them as follows:  Time was in an interesting phase; an editor named Tom Matthews had gathered a brilliant group of writers, including James Agee, Robert Fitzgerald, Whittaker Chambers, Robert Cantwell, Louis Kronenberger, and <mask>xx ... They were dazzling. Time style was still very hokey—"backward ran sentences till reeled the mind"—but I could tell, even as a neophyte, who had written each of the pieces in the magazine, because each of these writers had such a distinctive voice. Colleagues

<mask>'s death at age 43 profoundly affected his close friends. His death helped take away all motivation in Cantwell to write. In his memoir, Chambers described Fixx as "my closest friend at Time.Chambers recorded the death in a letter to another friend:  This morning, at 7 o'clock, died the friend who knew most about me, a man on whom I built an absolute trust, and to whose wisdom, patience, courage, and humility I constantly repaired–<mask>xx. Chambers took his son John to Fixx's funeral. Fixx was in charge of novelist Sloan Wilson when Wilson joined Time. Communism and the Hiss case

In the 1930s during the popular front years, Fixx was either a member of the Communist Party USA or supportive of Marxism. By 1939 with the Hitler-Stalin Pact, he started toward anti-communism, following Cantwell and Chambers. In 1939, the triumvirate (Fixx, Cantwell, Chambers) challenged the communist-controlled Time chapter of the Newspaper Guild by making a motion to send aid to Loyalists (Republicans) in the Spanish Civil War at a time, following the Hitler-Stalin Pact, communists supported Nationalist (Falangists):  they were defeated 42 to 3. During the first months of the Alger Hiss case (1948–1950), Chambers, feeling unable to face Time offices, used to spend much time at Fixx's home.Supporters of Hiss used Fixx's 1942 heart attack and 1950 death to criticize his 1942 supervisor Whittaker Chambers. Ardent Hiss supporter Meyer Zeligs elaborated how Chambers "drew [Fixx] into the orbit of this killing [work] schedule". David Cort rewrote his own account:  A ghoulish episode occurred, instigated by that plausible Cagliostro on Time magazine, Whittaker Chambers. His totally unnecessary routine of working his foreign department through every night on black coffee reduced one willing colleague, <mask>, to a heart attack. Subsequent writers repeated this charge, often near-verbatim from Cort. Works

Time did not give bylines during Fixx's tenure, but he also published elsewhere, including these in The New Republic:

 "King Cole by W.R. Burnett" (1936)
 "The House of Tavelinck by Jo van Ammers-Kuller" (1938)
 "Dynasty of Death by Taylor Caldwell" (1938)
 "Meek Heritage by F.E. Sillanpaa" (1938)
 "Horns for our Adornment by Aksel Sandemose" (1938)
 "The Monument by Pamela Hansford Johnson" (1938)

See also

 Robert Cantwell
 Whittaker Chambers
 Robert Fitzgerald
 James Agee
 Wilder Hobson

References

External sources

 Find A Grave:  Marlys Virginia Fuller Fixx

1908 births
1950 deaths
American literary critics
Writers from Washington (state)
University of Washington alumni
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
American editors
People from Jackson Heights, Queens
People from Greenwich Village

masks:
Calvin Fixx
Calvin Henry Fix
Calvin Fixx
Calvin Henry Fix
Fixx
Fixx
Fixx
Fixx
Fixx
Fixx
Calvin Fixx
Jim Fixx
Fixx
Calvin Fi
Fixx
Calvin Fi
Calvin Fixx


texts:
<mask> () (born 14 March 1962) is a Sri Lankan filmmaker. He is considered one of the pioneers of the third generation of the Sri Lankan cinema. He has directed eight feature films including Death on a Full Moon Day (1997), August Sun (2003), Flowers of the Sky (2008) & With You, Without You (2012) and won many prestigious national and international awards and have also been commercially successful in Sri Lanka. In his early theatre work, he translated and produced plays by international writers, adapted works of world literature to film. He has battled against the censorship in Sri Lanka and worked as an educator of cinema who has conducted many Master classes in the subcontinent for young filmmakers and enthusiasts. Life and career

1980s–1997
<mask>ge became involved in theatre after leaving school. He translated and directed George Bernard Shaw's play, Arms and the Man, in 1986.In 1991, he translated and directed a production of Italian Dario Fo's Trumpets and Raspberries. In 1991, he directed his first film, Sisila Gini Gani (Ice of Fire). It won nine OCIC (Sri Lanka) awards, including Best Director, Best Actor and Best Actress. In 1996 he released his second feature Anantha Rathriya (Dark Night of the Soul) which he wrote and directed. It was based on Leo Tolstoy's last novel Resurrection. It was shown at several international film festivals and won a Jury's Special Mention in the First Pusan International Film Festival. The film won all the main awards at the 1996 Sri Lanka Film Critics' Forum Awards (affiliated with FIPRESCI), including awards for Most Outstanding Film, Best Director and Best Screenwriter.In 1997 his third feature, Purahanda Kaluwara (Death on a Full Moon Day), which he wrote and directed, was produced by NHK (Japanese Broadcasting Corporation). It won the Grand Prix at the Amiens Film Festival. Initially banned in Sri Lanka by the minister in charge of film industry, it was released after a year long legal battle. It was released by the ruling of the Supreme Court. It has become one of the most commercially successful films in Sri Lanka. Pawuru Walalu (Walls Within) was also released that year. It won the Best Actress Award for Nita Fernando in her role as Violet, at the 1998 Singapore International Film Festival.It won ten of eleven awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, at the Sri Lanka Film Critics' Forum Awards. 1998–2012
In 2003 <mask> completed Ira Madiyama (August Sun) as his fifth film. It won many international awards and was featured prominently in the world festival circuit. In 2008, Vithanage co-produced the hit film Machan a comedy about a group of working class con artists posing as a handball team, directed by Uberto Pasolini, who produced The Full Monty. Machan premiered at the 65th Venice Film Festival in 2008. It won 11 international awards. That year Vithanage's sixth feature film as director, "Akasa Kusum" (Flowers of the Sky) premiered at a festival in Busan.It was screened at more than 30 film festivals and won numerous international awards. A Tamil-dubbed version of Akasa Kusum titled Aagaya Pookkal was screened in Jaffna on 1 April 2011. It was the only movie premier of a Sinhala film director to have been held in Jaffna during the past 30 years. In 2012 his 7th feature film, Oba Nathuwa Oba Ekka (With You, Without You), had its world premier in the "World Greats" section at the 39th Montreal International Film Festival. Written by <mask>, Oba Nathuwa Oba Ekka is adapted from a novella by Fyodor Dostoyevsky (A Gentle Creature, a.k.a. The Meek One) and set in post-war Sri Lanka. On the international festival run, by late 2013 the film had won 5 international awards, including "best picture" in France and Italy.It earned a nomination for best picture at the 2013 Asia Pacific Screen Awards in Australia. 2013–2017
On 30 March 2013, <mask> founded the 'Prasanna Vithanage Academy of Acting' in Sri Lanka, for aspiring acting students. 2015 saw his first and only documentary feature Vithanage, titled "Usaviya Nihandai" (Silence in the Courts), an investigative docudrama chronicling the events followed, after a Wife of a robbery suspect was being raped by the presiding magistrate of the case and an alternative newspaper editor exposing that case, engaging in a prolonged legal battle that extended into a probable impeachment of chief justice of the country, but eventually accused parties getting away scot-free while denying justice to the victim. When asked "Why did you choose this story to explore social justice in Sri Lanka?, <mask> Vithanage replied saying, "The fairness of carrying out social justice is best judged by how judicial branch will act when one of their members is accused. My goal was to go into depth and unearth the real story from the original sources and a re-enactment of those incidents in the form of a docudrama." After its world premiere at Sakhalin International Film Festival in Russia in Fall 2015, Usaviya Nihandai had a successful theatrical run in Sri Lanka, despite being initially banned from public screening by the Colombo District Court of Sri Lanka. This marked the second instance where one of <mask> <mask>'s movies was banned from public screening.In both cases <mask> won the court ruling which overturned the initial ban of both movies, which ultimately resulted in successful theatrical runs in Sri Lanka. 2018
<mask> <mask> embarked on his dream project ‘Gaadi – Children of the Sun’. It premiered at the Busan International Film Festival, in October 2019 and had its European premiere at the Rotterdam International Film Festival, in January 2020. Personal life
Born in Panadura, Sri Lanka, a suburb outside Colombo, <mask> attended D. S. Senanayake College, in Colombo, a leading national school for his secondary education. In 1991 he married actress Damayanthi Fonseka, a younger sister of Malini Fonseka, arguably the most popular actress of Sinhala Cinema.

masks:
Udaya Prasanna Vithanage
Prasanna Vithana
Vithanage
Prasanna
Vithanage
Prasanna
Prasanna
Vithanage
Prasanna
Prasanna
Vithanage
Prasanna


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<mask> also Gewe (19 November 1827 – 14 January 1891) was an Angolan-born Jamaican Moravian pioneer educator, administrator and missionary who accompanied a group of 24 Caribbean mission recruits from Jamaica and Antigua and  arrived in the Danish Protectorate of Christiansborg, now Osu, Accra in Ghana in 1843. Mulgrave was a leading figure in pedagogy and the education programme for girls in both Jamaica and on the Gold Coast. She was the Basel Mission’s first female teacher active on the Gold Coast. Under the auspices of the society, she played a pioneering role in the Christian women's ministry of the Protestant movement in colonial Ghana. <mask> was also one of the first African woman teachers in the missionary educationalist system in Africa. Early life and education

Childhood and kidnapping
<mask> was born in Luanda, Angola, circa 1827. Some scholars such as the Swiss German church historian, Hans Werner Debrunner posited that Mulgrave may have been born earlier in around 1825 or in 1826.Other records list 1820 and 1822. However, records at the Basel Mission Archives list her exact date of birth as 19 November 1827. Her father was a prince, the son of an African traditional chief who worked as an assistant to a merchant in their port town. Other sources state that her father was a respected African Christian merchant with European influences. Her mother, Sophina was a baptised mulatress who belonged to a Christian family of Catholic origin – most likely Euro-African of Portuguese and indigenous African descent. Since the 15th century, circa 1450, the Portuguese had a long-established presence on the Angolan coast through commerce and trade with the BaKongo Empire. Mulgrave recalled her mother calling her by the Angolan name “Gewe” (pronounced "Geve") as a child.It is said that her European maternal grandfather had his entire family, including his eleven daughters, one son and grandchildren, both Portuguese and African, vaccinated against smallpox. The port town of Luanda was described as, “A seaside town with a large church, a school, two forts, great European houses. (...) The city itself has a governor, a bishop, monks [with] various cowls, vestments, choirboys, images of saints, holy water." When she was about five years old in April 1833, Gewe and her two cousins, while playing and fishing on the beach one early evening, were abducted by Portuguese slave traders on the coast of São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda, now Luanda. The slave traders arrived in a small boat with some sailors and attempted to lure the three children with sweets. One child managed to run away before she could be captured into the boat. The sailors paddled their boat to an anchored slave ship nearby, the Heroina where the two girls were greeted by a friendly captain, "Sabin from St. Thomas" who was also a slave trader.The two girl prisoners were kept in the captain's cabin. Hundreds of captives, estimated to be about 303, were in the ship and the two girls witnessed the brutality visited upon prisoners who tried to break free. That night, the ship sailed from the Angolan coast, heading for Havana, Cuba. After a few weeks, land came into view. British colonial authorities patrolling the high seas inspected the ship but they did not discover the slaves who were hidden in a basement. Near the southern Jamaican coast, a tropical storm alarmed and distressed everyone aboard the Portuguese schooner - the vessel crushed against a rock and began leaking before it eventually sunk. Some swam to safety on the shore while others clung to the wooden mast as they waited to be rescued.Gewe and her cousin were among the few survivors rescued from the wreckage and taken to Old Harbour, Saint Catherine Jamaica. The captain of the ship with his crew of kidnappers were arrested by the British authorities in Jamaica and jailed in Kingston as the system of slavery was already in the early phase of abolishment. The "apprenticeship act", granting immediate and full freedom to children six years of age and younger, and an intermediate status for those older, was also enacted 1833, kicking off the step-by-step abolishment of the system of slavery in Jamaica. The surviving captives aboard the Portuguese vessel were set free. Earlier in 1831/32, a bloody slave rebellion on the island had kicked off the struggle towards freedom. The official Act of Emancipation came into full force throughout the West Indies on 1 August 1834. Teenage years
The two girls were adopted by the then Governor of Jamaica between 1832 and 1834, Earl of Mulgrave (1797–1863) and his wife, Maria Liddell, Lady Mulgrave Maria Liddell (1798–1882) who later became Lady Normanby and had just returned from Britain on a short trip.The Earl of Mulgrave was created Marquess of Normanby in 1835 and was styled as Constantine Henry Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby. The Mulgraves gave the two girls their surname and Gewe was given her adoptive mother's name. In the first few months at the Governor's official residence in Spanish Town, they were home-schooled by the Governor's wife who was a devout Christian, most likely of Anglican faith. In 1833, the Earl and Lady Mulgrave were on an official visit to inspect the Female Refuge School in Fairfield, Manchester Parish. Between 1831 and 1837, the Moravian Church in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands increased its general operations in evangelism and educational initiatives in the West Indies. The Moravians sought to educate liberated slaves under the apprenticeship system. The refuge school had been established a year earlier in 1832 by English Moravian women missionaries.The school population had 24 orphan girls, who came from all over the island to attend the institution. <mask> and her cousin were sent to the boarding school. She spent five and a half years at the girls’ school. In January 1834, the Governor and Lady Mulgrave left Jamaica. They had wished to take <mask> and her cousin with them, but Lady Mulgrave suffered from sporadic illness and upon medical advice, the Mulgraves decided to leave them in Jamaica. Furthermore, the Clerk of the Mulgraves advised them against taking <mask> to England due to climatic conditions. They nonetheless maintained correspondence with <mask> and regularly remitted funds for her upkeep in Jamaica.After separation from her Victorian aristocratic foster family, <mask> was taken in by the Moravian mission in Fairfield, Manchester Parish. <mask> then proceeded to the Mico Institution in Kingston, Jamaica for teacher-training. Persistent illness forced her to leave the normal school after just nine months. Contributions to education

Teaching in Jamaica
She was recruited as a teacher by a mission school in Bethlehem a Moravian colony in Malvern, Jamaica, Jamaica where she stayed a Moravian missionary couple for three years, until 1842. At the Bethlehem Moravian school she taught at, it is estimated that enrollment was between 50 and 100 pupils. It was fairly customary then to use pupil teachers between 14 and 18 years to teach younger children. Work on the Gold Coast

In 1842, she joined 24 missionaries from Antigua and Jamaica recruited by Andreas Riis of the Basel Mission to aid the missionary entreprise on the Gold Coast.There were theological similarities between the Basel Mission and the Moravian Church due to their shared Lutheran heritage. The Basel mission group that came to Jamaica also included missionary, Johann Georg Widmann, Americo-Liberian and first African Basel missionary, George Peter Thompson as well as Riis’ wife, Anna Wolters Riis. The recruitment of Afro-descendants had been successfully carried out by other European missionary societies in Anglophone West African countries like Sierra Leone. In the view of the Basel Home Committee, Afro-West Indians were better suited to acclimatise to the West African climate in comparison to their European counterparts who often succumbed to death from tropical diseases. Furthermore, the presence of West Indians from the then British and Danish-controlled Caribbean islands, would prove to native Africans that there were indeed black Christians in the world. On arrival in the Gold Coast colony, the Caribbean recruits relocated to Akropong. Riis and Thompson had regular misunderstandings and it was decided by the mission station to transfer George Thompson, together with his young bride, <mask> to Christiansborg to establish and English-language school on the coast.On 27 November 1843, a boys’ boarding middle school, the Salem School opened at Christiansborg, the oldest existing school founded by the Basel Mission. The founding schoolteachers were George Thompson, <mask> and young Jamaican teacher, Alexander Worthy Clerk who was part of the same group of 24 Moravian Caribbean emigrants who had earlier arrived in April 1843. Salem's school curriculum was rigorous: It included English and Ga languages, arithmetic, geography, history, religious knowledge, nature study, hygiene, handwriting and music. There was also artisanal training, including pottery, carpentry, basket and mat weaving and practical lessons in agriculture in the school garden. The first batch had 41 pupils: 34 boys and 7 girls and the first classes were held in rented premises. The school later moved to the mission house originally owned by the Danish governor which stood at the centre of the Osu coastal village and contained ground floor rooms for the school and management. On the upper floor, there were missionary apartments, girls’ school and teachers’ quarters.Around the same time, <mask> became the founder, the first principal and director of the Basel Mission-operated girls’ school at the previously Danish-run Christiansborg Castle School in Osu, Accra. The Basel missionary, Andreas Riis initially opposed the handover of the castle school to the Basel mission as he claimed the school's alumnae would become “future concubines” for educated civil servants in the colonial administration. The Danes sold their forts to the British in 1850. The Christiansborg Castle School, as well as the British-owned Cape Coast Castle school, established in the eighteenth century by the Church of England’s Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG) largely served the mulatto population in both jurisdictions. The castle schools were approved by the European Governors to primarily educate the Euro-African children of European men and Gold Coast African women. The children often went on to become administrative assistants in the colonial civil service. Furthermore, a girls’ school had been founded in Cape Coast in 1821 and later on, Wesleyan Methodist missionaries set another female-only school in 1836 which is now the Wesley Girls’ High School.In around March 1847, the Committee of the Basel Women’s Association which had no previous contact with Mulgrave, contacted her first husband, George Peter Thompson - an acknowledgement of her singular effort, initiative and ingenuity to establish a thriving girls’ school in difficult circumstances. The school flourished academically and as school administrator, Mulgrave ran the school efficiently. It is apparent Mulgrave did not face prejudice in her leadership role which provided stability for the mission station at Christiansborg. Between 1843 and 1891, Mulgrave also established various specialist boarding schools for girls at Osu (1843), Abokobi (1855) and Odumase (1859) in spite of a scarcity of resources, with curricula that emphasised Christian training, arithmetic, reading, writing, needlework, gardening and household chores. Pupils were trained in practical skills such as vinegar making, soap making, starch and flour production. <mask> was an inspiration to and mentored several pioneering women educators such as Regina Hesse and Rose Ann Miller. As the matriarch of the mission station at Christiansborg, she also mentored numerous young single women in her school entreprise.<mask> mastered the Ga language, German and the southern German dialect, Swabian German or Schwäbisch, spoken in her second husband, Johannes Zimmermann’s hometown, Gerlingen. Women’s Christian ministry
As a missionary in her own right, <mask> became a Christian evangelist to the urban women population at Christiansborg. In 1848, she assembled girls and young women at Osu to form the first recorded group of the “Women’s Class” or “Women’s Fellowship” – a signature feature of the present-day Presbyterian Church of Ghana called the Presbyterian Women's Fellowship. The 1848 gathering was to learn more about Christianity, the sharing or exchange of spirituality and sisterhood of the faith. This women's fellowship was a model borrowed from the Moravian Church in Jamaica as believers of the denomination there referred to one another as brethren, which encompassed the sisterhood. The Moravians in Jamaica also practised an organisation of choirs or units in which Christian-based education was promulgated. Personal life

In 1842, when the Basel Mission recruitment team visited

masks:
Catherine Elisabeth Mulgrave
Catherine Mulgrave
Catherine Mulgrave
Catherine Mugrave
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine Mugrave
Catherine Mugrave
Catherine
Catherine Mugrave
Mulgrave
Catherine Mulgrave
Catherine Mulgrave
Catherine Mugrave


texts:
 Jamaica, Americo-Liberian, George Peter Thompson fell in love with the then 16-year old <mask>.Born in 1819, Thompson was orphaned as a child, he was taken to Europe by the Basel missionary, the Rev. J. F. Sessing. He was raised in a Beuggen mission house in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, from where the Pietist movement originated. Thompson had been educated as a mission assistant in Basel Mission training school and seminary in Basel, Switzerland. Upon the recommendation of the Moravian mission and the tacit approval of the Basel mission, Mulgrave though initially undecided accepted Thompson's proposal. It is on record that her patroness, Lady Mulgrave, who she was still in contact with, opposed to the union but before she could voice her concerns, the Basel team had already left for the Gold Coast, together with the recruited Caribbean missionaries and <mask> who had then married Thompson on 11 December 1842. <mask> had suffered a miscarriage on the voyage from the West Indies to Africa.Thompson and Mulgrave had their first child, a girl named Rosina in 1844. In 1846, she gave birth to her second child, a son baptised George. In December 1846, it was disclosed through mutual surveillance by another Basel missionary that Mulgrave's husband, Thompson was having multiple extra-marital affairs, allegedly with the schoolgirls at Mulgrave's institution and also with Ga-Dangme women at Christiansborg. Thompson had also become haughty and an alcoholic. The scandal was a huge embarrassment to <mask>. Thompson was effectively put on probation as a missionary for approximately 18 months and was stripped of his position as a schoolmaster at Salem and transferred to Akropong, under close supervision by Basel missionaries, Widmann, Roes, Dieterle, Mohr and others. Meanwhile, Mulgrave stayed on the coast where she continued to run the school and raise their two children.The Inspector of the Basel Mission, Wilhelm Hoffmann wrote to Mulgrave in 1847 to inquire about Thompson's lapses, to which she elicited sympathy for her husband, in spite of his infidelity. Thompson had another affair which was discovered in June 1849. After much probing, Thompson admitted to these affairs which violated his Basel Mission contract. He wrote his statement in the mission house, witnessed the Basel missionary Johannes Stanger. Thompson and Mulgrave officially divorced on 10 July 1849, in the presence of a Danish colonial government official. In the legal documentation for separation, it was recorded that she first filed for divorce and as stipulated by the mission won full custody of the children and could remarry if she desired. In the event of her death, the mission would take care of her children.As a single mother with young children to feed, she found it difficult to live on her meagre teacher's salary as her ex-husband had been expelled from the mission and had left the Gold Coast. The Basel missionaries on the Gold Coast petitioned the Home Committee on her behalf, detailing her financial difficulties and requesting for debt forgiveness for unpaid loans from the mission, relating to essential needs for her children. She wrote to the newly appointed Basel Inspector, Joseph Josenhans on 28 February 1850 asking him to intercede on her behalf, as the dissolution of her marriage had caused pain and distress in her heart. Ten months later in December 1850, she wrote a follow-up letter to the Inspector about her continuing financial challenges. A month earlier in November 1850, Josenhans wrote to the missionary Dieterle, stating his openness to Mulgrave marrying one of the unmarried European Basel missionaries, though he knew the Home Committee forbade such a union. In the letter, he also extolled Mulgrave's “gifted mind” and “decided piety.”

According to the German church historian and Lutheran pastor, Ulrike Sill, it is probable Mulgrave contemplated leaving the Basel Mission for the Wesleyan Methodist mission for higher pay. After her divorce, a Wesleyan Methodist missionary, possibly Henry Wharton, had expressed interest in <mask>lgrave through the missionary Johannes Stanger.Stanger discouraged the potential union, citing its possibility to generate malicious gossip. Stanger also wrote to the Home Committee on 10 October 1850, suggesting remarriage for Mulgrave. The European bachelor-missionaries living on the Gold Coast at the time included Akropong-based Johann Adam Mader as well as Wilhelm Locher and Johannes Zimmermann in Christiansborg. A resident on the Gold Coast since April 1850, Zimmermann was a linguist who was instrumental in the translation of the Bible into the Ga language. He had been critically ill shortly after his arrival from acute dysentery before receiving treatment from a traditional healer. On 5 June 1851, Johannes Zimmermann married <mask>. The marriage had the support of other Basel missionaries living on the Gold Coast.The Mission Society in Basel was shocked and displeased by this marriage because Zimmermann had not consulted with the Home Committee. Facing possible expulsion from the Basel Mission for marrying a divorced African woman, Zimmermann bragged, "I am marrying Africa...well, the African liana has climbed the German oak tree." He was essentially prepared to face any consequence for a decision he considered immutable. As punishment for willfully breaching his contract, the Home Committee, suspended Zimmermann from his official post as a European missionary, and restricted his privilege of going on his annual leave home in Europe, a benefit of being an expatriate missionary. The original contract for all Basel missionaries, drafted by Inspector Johann Christoph Blumhardt in 1837, stipulated that after seminary training in Basel for only unmarried men, the new missionary had to prove himself in the field for two years before asking permission from the Basel board to get married. Thus, Zimmermann became a local missionary on the Gold Coast for the next twenty-two years. In 1852, Johannes Zimmermann set up catechist-training seminary at Christiansborg.Zimmermann and Mulgrave made the Gold Coast their home. They had six children but only five, two daughters and three sons lived to adulthood. Their first child, Johanna was born in 1852. The second child, Johannes was born 1854. Their second daughter, Auguste Amalia, born in Christiansborg in 1858, was named after August and Amalie Steinhauser, a German missionary couple. Auguste Amalia was educated in Wurttemberg, Germany and became a teacher at the Basel Mission Girls’ Boarding School at Aburi. Between 1889 and 1892, she was a mission teacher at the Christiansborg Girls’ School.Mulgrave's son Gottfried, born in Odumase in 1861, later became an employee of the Basel Mission. Their last child Christoph was born in 1866. In 1871, Mulgrave's two eldest sons Johannes and Gottfried were sent to the mission house in Basel. Auguste Zimmermann was twice married to mission merchants. She first married Josua Leuze, a merchant with the company called Victor in 1883. Leuze joined the NMG in 1885 and was transferred to the Basel Mission in 1886 where he worked until his death in 1888. She then married the Basel missionary, Oskar Thal in 1892, becoming widowed for the second time in 1896.She returned to Germany and died in Korntal in 1923. Johannes Zimmermann's dream of creating a Germano-African agricultural settlement in Abokobi never came to fruition although his descendants still live in Ghana. Additionally, his own children and brother, Christoph, also married African spouses. A few Mulgrave-Zimmermann's descendants are still in Germany as some of their children remained in Gerlingen and Korntal after the death of Zimmermann. Later years

Missionary-wife

Mulgrave continued to manage the girls’ at Christiansborg she founded. She was later transferred to be a housemistress of a new girls’ boarding school in the same town. Upon the suggestion of Basel missionaries in Christiansborg, Mulgrave started a prayer meeting for women in Christiansborg in 1854.She also ran the missionary household which included her mentee, a Euro-African teacher, Regina Hesse and Zimmermann's Euro-African linguist assistant as well as their children. As the household matriarch, she was lauded for her culinary skills, specialising in cuisine from the Gold Coast, Germany and Jamaica. They often invited their neighbours to their home to share her freshly baked pancakes. After the 1854 bombardment of Christiansborg by the H. M. S. Scourge, following the riots against the British poll tax ordinance, Zimmermann sought refuge at the Methodist mission house in Accra. Together with his family and students, he was evacuated to Abokobi, 15 miles (24 kilometres) inland from Accra where, with the assistance of another missionary, August Steinhauser, he set up a small Christian village community. At Abokobi, <mask> established a girls’ boarding school before staying briefly at Akropong. In 1858, the Zimmermann-Mulgrave household returned to Christiansborg and <mask> became a missionary wife again and resumed leading the weekly women's prayer meetings, usually held on Tuesday evening.<mask> gained respect from other missionary wives like Amalie Steinhauser who was on friendly terms with her. Mrs. Steinhauser had within that period lost her husband, the Basel missionary, August Steinhauser. <mask> and Amalie jointly paid regular house visits to women congregants of the church in Christiansborg. Mulgrave challenged the edict of two European unmarried teachers who were co-heads at the girls’ boarding school, Wilhelmine Maurer and Katharina Ruedi who wanted to abolish the social system where pupils helped their teachers in doing household chores. In 1860, Mulgrave and her husband were posted to Odumase, where once again she started a girls’ boarding school. At Odumase, they lived in the heart of the town as they wanted to be closer to the indigenous people. Controversies
In 1871, the wife of missionary Klaiber died suddenly and <mask> was accused by the missionary of poisoning his wife.Another missionary, Weber also accused Zimmerman of financial irregularities, pertaining to disbursement of mission funds. Senior missionaries appointed by the Basel board exonerated them. From 1860s onwards, the Home Committee softened its stance and attempted to recall him for furlough in order to be re-socialised into European culture but like Jon Miller's “strategic deviant” concept, he rebuffed these calls. The Basel board felt he had become ‘too Africanised’ due to his marriage to Mulgrave and long stay on the Gold Coast. Life in Europe
In 1870s, <mask>'s husband began to have bouts of exhaustion and illness. In the spring of 1872, he went to Gerlingen with his whole family to recuperate for a year. On their return to the Gold Coast in 1873, they lived and worked at Abokobi until 1876, when they moved to Christiansborg.Shortly thereafter, Zimmermann fell ill again, and returned to Gerlingen, Germany with <mask> via Basel, Switzerland in September 1876, where he died at the end of the same year, on 13 December 1876, at the age of fifty-one. Accompanied by her three younger children, Mulgrave then returned to the Gold Coast in the spring of 1877 as a missionary widow and lived at Christiansborg, her longtime adopted home, until her death, fourteen years later, in 1891. Final years
She then permanently settled in Christiansborg where she continued to be active in women's evangelism and the women's class, visiting its members in their homes to share the Gospel. As a missionary, she witnessed the death-bed conversion and baptism of a former houseboy of Andreas Riis. Death and legacy
<mask> died of pneumonia in Christiansborg on 14 January 1891 and her body was buried at the Basel Mission Cemetery in Osu, Accra. Commenting on her pioneering role in women's empowerment through education and evangelisation in a largely patriarchal environment, the Gold Coast historian and Basel Mission pastor, Carl Christian Reindorf described her as “our spiritual mother.” Many of her pupils went on to become Christian wives to new African Christians who formed the nucleus of the emerging clergy and catechist class of the Gold Coast. Her second marriage also reflected the successful symbiosis of cultures, in this case, African-Caribbean and European, as well as religious traditions, Pietist and Jamaican Moravian which created a “golden bridge” for intercultural relations, in spite of a rigid or absolute system that separated the living arrangements of the two groups in nineteenth century colonial Ghana.References

1827 births
1891 deaths
Afro-Jamaican
Christian missionaries in Africa
Deaths from pneumonia in Ghana
Female Christian missionaries
Heads of schools in Ghana
Gold Coast (British colony) people
Jamaican Protestants
Jamaican Protestant missionaries
Jamaican people of the Moravian Church
Jamaican educators
Moravian Church missionaries
Protestant missionaries in Ghana
Women educators
Osu Salem School teaching staff
Alumni of Mico University

masks:
Catherine Mugrave
Mulgrave
Catherine Mugrave
Catherine Mugrave
Catherine Mu
Catherine Mugrave
Catherine Mugrave
Catherine
Catherine Mugrave
Catherine
Catherine Mulgrave
Catherine
Catherine Mulgrave
Catherine Mulgrave


texts:
<mask> (; 27 May 1960 – 17 February 1988) was a Soviet poet, singer-songwriter and guitarist, a performer in Russian rock music, included in the 27 Club. Early life
<mask> was born in Cherepovets, Soviet Union, the son of <mask> and <mask>a. In 1977, <mask> graduated from Cherepovets High School in Cherepovets, and worked as a painter at the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant with his father. In 1978, he resigned from the plant to enroll at the Ural State University in Yekaterinburg (then called Sverdlovsk) as a journalism major. <mask> graduated in 1983. Career
In early 1983, <mask> wrote "Griboyedov Waltz", which was the first song he had written. Throughout the 1980s, <mask> wrote and composed music.After he graduated at the Ural State University, <mask> left Sverdlovsk and returned to Cherepovets, where he worked for a year with the newspaper The Communist. There, he wrote articles about the power plant, and, later, about cafés. In May 1984, <mask> attended the Leningrad Rock Festival in Leningrad. There, he bought an acoustic guitar which he had taught himself to play. In September, he played some of his songs at his friend Leonid Parfyonov's apartment in Leningrad. Over the years, he would play several flat concerts. It is worth noting that rock music was censored in Russia during the 1970s and the 1980s.To get around this, musicians played for small audiences at their homes or at the homes of their friends. These gatherings were called "kvartirniks". In October, <mask> met music journalist Artemy Troitsky, who invited <mask> to Moscow to write and compose music. In December 1984, <mask> settled in Leningrad. In March 1985, <mask> along with Yuri Shevchuk played at the Leningrad Rock Festival. The two performed before an audience of six hundred concertgoers at the Leningrad Veterinary Institute in Leningrad. A recording of this concert was released under the title of "Kochegarka".Officially a worker at a coal boiler station, popularly known as Kamchatka (it also served as an underground rock venue), <mask> became a member of the Leningrad Rock Club. In June 1987 he performed at the Leningrad Rock Festival for the second and final time, and was awarded there Nadezhda (Hope) prize. Death

Shortly before his death, <mask> had difficulties with writer's block, rarely writing new songs and tending to avoid performing old ones. His last song, entitled "Cherry", was written in August 1987. He also became more isolated as his depression grew more severe. On 17 February 1988, <mask> died after falling from the window of the ninth floor of an apartment on Kuznetsov Avenue in Leningrad. The most likely cause of his death, though unverified, was suicide.He was buried at the Kovalevskoye Cemetery in the Leningrad Oblast. <mask>'s son, Yegor, was born to his girlfriend Anastasia Rakhlina a few months after his death. Discography

 Time of Bells (1989) – recorded in January 1986 during the second of two single-day sessions at the apartment of the administrator at the Moscow Rock Laboratory, <mask>. <mask> sang 24 songs. Everything Will Be Fine (1990) – recorded in January 1986 during the first of two sessions. <mask> sang 24 songs. Third Capital (1990) – recorded on 30 May 1985, in Leningrad in the home studio of .Taganka (1992) – recorded by Andrei Zachesov on 22 January 1986, in Taganka. Eternal Fasting (1994) – recorded in May 1986 in the studio of <mask>. Famously (1994) – recorded on 20 January 1986, in the home studio of <mask> (Moscow). VII (1994) — recorded by Oleg Kovriga at a concert at the home of Egor Egorov in Moscow on 14 January 1988, and at a home concert at the home of Marina Timasheva in Moscow on 29 January 1988. Entry is also known as "Last Concert". II (1996) — Recorded at the home of Marina Terganova and <mask> in Moscow on 14 April 1985. IV (1996) — Recorded by Oleg Zamovsky at his home in Vladimir in June 1986, Tatiana Nilova and Yuri Morozov in the studio of Radio House in Leningrad for the documentary, Petr Soldatenkov's studio in June 1987 and Igor Vasiliev's home in <mask> of Moscow on 20 January 1986.Kochegarka (1997) – underground concert with Yuri Shevchuk in Leningrad. Recorded on 18 March 1985. Moscow (1998) – recorded by Artemy Troitsky in Moscow on 20 October 1984, at the apartment of Sergei Ryzhenko. I (1998) – recorded at Viktor Alisov and Igor Vasiliev's home studio in Moscow on 17 to 19 September 1984, at a home concert at Cherepovets in the summer of 1984 and by Sergey Firsov at his home in Leningrad in September 1985. IV (1998) — recorded by Oleg at a concert at the home of Egor Egorov in Moscow on 4 October 1985. V (1998) — recorded by Igor Vasilyev at the house of <mask> in Moscow 20 January 1986, and by Mark Kopelev at a concert in Novosibirsk of Leningrad in December 1985 and July 1986. Chernobyl Loners at the Edge of the World (1999) – recording made by Sergei Firsov 15 August 1986, on household equipment.Personnel: <mask> – vocals, lead guitar; Andrew Shatalin – bass guitar; Pavel Kondratenko – piano, and Sviatoslav Zaderiy – percussion. VI (2002) — 1, 2, 7 – recorded by Oleg at a concert in Moscow in October 1986. 3–6 – recorded by Boris Pereverzev at a home concert at Artemy Troitsky's apartment in Moscow on 15 January 1986. 8—11 — recorded by Oleg at the home of Egor Egorov in Moscow on 14 January 1988. 12, 13 — recorded by Kirill Kuvyrdin at his home in Moscow on 5 July 1987. 14 — recorded at the Mitki exhibition in Leningrad in July 1987; harmonica – Boris Grebenshchikov. 15–20 – recorded by Sergei Firsov at his home in Leningrad on 22 August 1986.References

External links

 <mask>
 <mask> (Some of his poems in English translation)

1960 births
1988 deaths
People from Cherepovets
Russian male poets
Russian rock guitarists
Russian male guitarists
Russian rock singers
Soviet poets
Soviet male writers
20th-century Russian male writers
Suicides in the Soviet Union
20th-century Russian singers
20th-century guitarists
20th-century Russian male singers
Ural State University alumni
Suicides by jumping in Russia
1988 suicides

masks:
Alexander Nikolaevich Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Nikolai Bashlachev
Nellie Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Alexander Ageev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Alexander Lipnitsky
Alexander Ageev
Alexander Nesmelov
Alexander Ageev
Alexander Ageev
Alexander Bashlachev
Alexander Bashlachev
Alexander Bashlachev


texts:
<mask> (); born April 7, 1888 - died August 18, 1954) was a Korean Independence activist and politician, son of Yi Tjoune, famous for being Hague envoy. He used the pseudonym <mask>-song, avoiding oppression. Following the official proclamation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, he was appointed to the first Minister of Urban Management in the North Korean Cabinet led by Premier of North Korea, Kim Il-sung. Biography
Born in Bukcheong, South Hamgyong Province, the son of <mask> (李儁), famous for the Hague Secret Incident. He followed his father to Seoul and went to Boseong College, but when he heard that his father was self-determined, he dropped out of school. After the Japanese oppression made domestic activities difficult, he fled to Vladivostok in 1910. In August 1911, he went to the northeastern region of China and watched the secretary of the Korean People's Association of the Korean National Residents' Association.After graduating from the Zhejiang Physical Education School in Zhejiang Province, China, he graduated from the artillery department of the Army Military Academy in Zhejiang Province in 1918 and served as the 8th Regiment of the Zhejiang Province Army. did. In April 1919, he became a central member of the military division of the Shinmindan and the Korean Socialist Party held near Vladivostok. In 1920, he was appointed as the commander of the East Road by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea to prepare for the construction of a military academy under the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea while striving to integrate anti-Japanese armed forces in North Korea. He also participated in the Battle of Bong-O-dong and the Battle of Cheongsan-ri in October. The Japanese troops defeated in the Bong-O-Dong battle and the Cheongsan-Ri Battle colluded with the miracles, manipulated the “Hunchun Incident” and dispatched enormous troops with it. In response to the Gando attacks that led to the Japanese military's great battles and massacres, it passed to Russian territory in late 1920s.In January 1921, the Communist Party of Korea was appointed chairman of the Provisional Military Service by the Korean Ministry of Far East. In March, he was elected as a military member of the Korean Medical Corps at the Korean Medical Association held in Masanov, Amur, to converge the elderly and Manchurian Korean armed forces. At the time of the disarmament of the Korean Medical Corps in June (censored at the time of freedom), he was captured by Russian troops and escaped while being seized in Irkutsk in July and fled to the Iman province, the neutral region between the Far East and the Japanese interference forces. In October, in Iman, the Korean Medical and Jeonhan Military Committees were rebuilt by the Armed Forces Army and became the Commander of the Korean Medical Army. At the end of November, the White Guards of Mozanov, stationed south of the Ussuri Railway Bridge, flew over the neutral zone to occupy Khabarovsk, fought over the Neutral Zone, fought with the Korean Revolutionary Army and cooperated with the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic. From the end of November 1921 to February of the following year, he participated in the Battle of Imancheolgyo Bridge, the Battle of Notchgau, the Battle of Ulazimirovska, the Battle of Ingol, the Battle of Oligokt, and the Battle of Bolochaevsk. In September 1922, when the Korean Revolutionary Armed Forces Office, the reunification agency of the Korean Armed Forces, was established, it was designated as the Northern Commander of the General Branch of the Maritime Revolutionary Army.In 1925, he went to the Revolutionary Base of Guangdong, China with the Soviet Military Advisory Group, and worked at the Artillery Regiment in the National Revolutionary Army of Sandu. In April 1927, he fought against the anti-communist coup of the Chiang Kai-shek. At the time of the Gwangju uprising in December, he participated as the 1st military adviser of the uprising of the Uprising Army and participated in the construction of the land for the offshore wind after the uprising failed. In 1930, he went to Manchuria and joined the Korea Communist Party Construction Preparation Committee. In May, as a member of the Communist Party's Yanbian Special District, he participated in the 'Gando May 30th Uprising' and subsequent anti-Japanese peasant movements, trying to form the Red Guard and Self-Defense Forces. From October to September 1931, he served as the head of the Communications Department of the Special Committee of the East China. In November of that year, he was arrested by the Japanese police at Joyangcheon and served in the Seodaemun Prison and was subject to residence restrictions in Bukcheong.In November 1936, he entered the Motherland Liberation Society in Bukcheong and undertook underground activities. In November 1944, he formed the Northeast People's Liberation and Politics Committee in Changchun and participated in reconnaissance activities against Japanese military facilities. North Korea
After liberation of Korea following the Surrender of Japan, <mask> served as the first chairman of the Bukcheong-gun until 1946. In June 1946, along with Li Guk-ro, they opposed the establishment of a single-government government in South Korea. In 1947, he served as a candidate for the New Democratic Party and then voluntarily went north to participate in the April 1948 Inter-Korean Conference. Following the formal proclamation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, he was appointed as the first  in the North Korean Cabinet led by Premier Kim Il-sung. Then, in December 1951, he was appointed to the Justice Minister, and in 1953 he became a minister without portfolio.<mask> passed away on August 18, 1954, was awarded the National Unification Prize in 1990, and is currently buried in the Patriotic Martyrs' Cemetery. The Ministry of Veterans Affairs in the South does not advocate the use of independent activists who participated in the North Korean government. References

Members of the Supreme People's Assembly
Workers' Party of Korea politicians
Korean communists
1888 births
1954 deaths
Government ministers of North Korea
People from South Hamgyong

masks:
Lee Yong
Lee Jong
Lee Joon
Lee Yong
Lee Yong


texts:
Saint Mariña of Aguas Santas (Mariña of Ourense) (c.120–135 AD) is a virgin martyr associated with the town of Aguas Santas, in the province of Ourense. The story of her life as it has been preserved is a mixture of fact and fiction. There are two different legends concerning her. Legend
The traditional account of the life of Santa Marina points to the town of Xinzo de Limia as the place of her birth. At that time, the region of La Limia was a highly Romanized town (Forum Limicorum), through which the Vía Nova, which linked the towns of Bracara (Braga, Portugal) and Asturica (Astorga), passed. Her father, called Theudio or Teódulo, was a person of some importance; her mother, whose name is unknown, died in childbirth. Following the recommendations of the doctors, her father sought someone to be his daughter's nurse.He chose a woman named "Aya" from a farm in Pinnitus. The community was attended by the priest Teotimo. Educated by her nurse, within that community, she chose the Christian life and received baptism in the new faith, which causes an estrangement from her father Theudio, and his Roman views. She lived the ordinary life of a rural household, dedicated to farming and grazing. One day when she was about fifteen years old, while she was minding the cattle, in a place near the road, the young Roman prefect Olibrio saw her by chance and was attracted to the beautiful stranger. He wished to make her a wife, concubine or slave, depending on her social status. <mask> repeatedly refused his overtures and he decided to accuse her of being a Christian.She was imprisoned and subjected to various tortures. Since the Decree of Trajan was in force, the judges condemned her to die if she did not renounce her Christian beliefs. At the trial she neither denied her faith nor offered incense to the gods of Rome. She was condemned to death by beheading, as befitted a Roman citizen. She was taken to an open field the required distance from the town. When the executioner cut off her head, water flowed from where it touched the ground. Alternate account
She is also sometimes identified as one of nine sisters, including Quiteria and Liberata (Santa Librada) said to have been born in Braga, Portugal) to Lucius Catilius Severus, Roman governor of Gallaecia and Lusitania, and Calcia, his wife.Calcia, frightened that her husband would interpret this multiple birth as a sign of infidelity, ordered her servant Sila to drown the girls in the Miñor River. Instead, Sila, secretly a Christian, left Calcia's daughters in the care of several families. <mask> and her sisters were baptized by the Bishop of Braga Saint Ovidius (Ovidio) and brought up in the Christian faith. When they were twenty, they were accused of being Christians and brought before their father the governor. He recognized them as his own daughters, and asked them to renounce their faith, promising them luxuries. The sisters refused and were imprisoned. They managed to escape and were ultimately martyred for their faith.A spring of water gushed out of the spot where they were beheaded; the spot was called Aguas Santas ("Holy Waters"). Some versions combine both stories. Veneration

After the Edict of Milan (313), the burial site being near the Ribeira Sacra, it is probable that a group of anchorites or monks inhabited that place to preserve the memory of the saint and care for pilgrims to the martyr's tomb. Around the year 800, a cult began around the memory of Santa Marina that eventually resulted in the Romanesque edifice of the late of the twelfth century in Aguas Santas. The friar and historian Juan Muñoz de la Cueva was an ardent protector of the cult of <mask> of Aguas Santas, after consulting a manuscript by Fray Egidio de Zamora (13th century), who testified that the story of this saint was copied from a writing by the holy priest Teotimus, who is also cited by the Palencia breviary. <mask> would have suffered martyrdom in the vicinity of the city of Ourense, in the locality of Aguas Santas, where her remains are preserved in a church dedicated to her. The great diffusion of the cult is attested by the innumerable churches and sanctuaries dedicated to her in the dioceses of Galicia, Astorga and in others more distant, such as Cordoba and Seville.Baronius added her name to the Roman Martyrology of 1586, and since then her feast has been celebrated on July 18. The site remains a place of pilgrimage where the waters are believed to have healing properties. However, there is no reliable information about the time or life of <mask>. Her legend was sometimes also confused with that of Margaret of Antioch, who was sometimes also called <mask>. She is no longer found in the present Roman Martyrology. Patronage
<mask> of Aguas Santas is the patron saint of Ourense. The Church of Santa Marina de Aguas Santas is located in the town of the same name, about 15km from Ourense, not far from Allariz.It is believed that her relics lie here. She is celebrated in Córdoba at the Parish of Santa Marina de Aguas Santas. A church is dedicated to her in Fernán Núñez. She is also the patron saint of the Portuguese parish of Santa Marinha e São Pedro da Afurada in Vila Nova de Gaia. In Spain she is celebrated in Aracaldo (Vizcaya), Escurial de la Sierra, El Collado, Villarcayo de Merindad de Castilla la Vieja, Villandiego, Castrillejo de la Olma, Magán, Fontihoyuelo, Cigales, Izagre, , Rabé de las Calzadas, Valverde de Mérida (Badajoz), and Buelna (Llanes-Asturies). In Galicia there is a great devotion to this saint and there are many parishes that venerate her, such as Carracedo, in the municipality of Caldas de Reyes; she is also the patron saint of the municipalities of Rubiá, Teo, Ginzo de Limia, Cambados, Las Nieves and Maroñas. In Asturias is the patron saint of the village of Andeyes and in Aragon in the chapel of Santa Marina in Estopiñán del Castillo In Seville capital, on San Luis street, is the Church of Santa Marina, built in the thirteenth century and Gothic-Mudejar style.References

119 births
139 deaths
2nd-century Christian saints
2nd-century Christian martyrs
Saints from Hispania
Ante-Nicene Christian female saints

masks: Marina Marina Marina Marina Marina Marina Marina