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<mask><mask> (born September 6, 1944) is an American Professor Emerita in the History of Consciousness Department and Feminist Studies Department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, United States. She is a prominent scholar in the field of science and technology studies, described in the early 1990s as a "feminist and postmodernist". <mask> is the author of numerous foundational books and essays that bring together questions of science and feminism, such as "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century" (1985) and "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective" (1988). Additionally, for her contributions to the intersection of information technology and feminist theory, <mask> is widely cited in works related to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Her Situated Knowledges and Cyborg Manifesto publications in particular, have sparked discussion within the HCI community regarding framing the positionality from which research and systems are designed. She is also a leading scholar in contemporary ecofeminism, associated with post-humanism and new materialism movements. Her work criticizes anthropocentrism, emphasizes the self-organizing powers of nonhuman processes, and explores dissonant relations between those processes and cultural practices, rethinking sources of ethics.<mask> criticizes the Anthropocene because it generalizes us as a species. However, she also recognizes the importance of it recognizing humans as key agents. <mask> prefers the term Capitalocene which defines capitalism's relentless imperatives to expand itself and grow, but she does not like the theme of irreversible destruction in both the Anthropocene and Capitalocene. <mask> has taught Women's Studies and the History of Science at the University of Hawaii (1971-1974) and Johns Hopkins University (1974-1980). She began working as a professor at the University of Santa Cruz in 1980 where she became the first tenured professor in feminist theory in the United States. <mask>'s works have contributed to the study of both human–machine and human–animal relations. Her works have sparked debate in primatology, philosophy, and developmental biology.Haraway participated in a collaborative exchange with the feminist theorist Lynn Randolph from 1990 to 1996. Their engagement with specific ideas relating to feminism, technoscience, political consciousness, and other social issues, formed the images and narrative of <mask>'s book Modest_Witness for which she received the Society for Social Studies of Science's (4S) Ludwik Fleck Prize in 1999. She was also awarded the Section on Science, Knowledge and Technology's Robert K. Merton award in 1992 for her work Primate Visions:Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. In 2000, Haraway was awarded the Society for Social Studies of Science's John Desmond Bernal Prize for her distinguished contributions to the field of science and technology studies. Haraway serves on the advisory board for numerous academic journals, including differences, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Contemporary Women's Writing, and Environmental Humanities. Biography

Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on September 6, 1944, in Denver, Colorado. Haraway's father, Frank O<mask>, was a sportswriter for The Denver Post and her mother Dorothy Mcguire <mask>, who came from a heavily Irish Catholic background, died from a heart attack when Haraway was 16 years old.Although she is no longer religious, Catholicism had a strong influence on her as she was taught by nuns in her early life. The impression of the Eucharist influenced her linkage of the figurative and the material. Haraway attended high school at St. Mary's Academy in Cherry Hills Village, Colorado. Growing up around her father's adoration for sports writing is a major part of her love for writing. The two of them would have dinner conversations about words and their fascination with them. Another impact on Haraway's writing came from the wars she experienced throughout her life, considering she was born at the end of World War II and grew up during the Cold War. Education

Haraway majored in Zoology, with minors in philosophy and English at the Colorado College, on the full-tuition Boettcher Scholarship.After college, Haraway moved to Paris and studied evolutionary philosophy and theology at the Fondation Teilhard de Chardin on a Fulbright scholarship. She completed her Ph.D. in biology at Yale in 1972 writing a dissertation about the use of metaphor in shaping experiments in experimental biology titled The Search for Organizing Relations: An Organismic Paradigm in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology, later edited into a book and published under the title Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields: Metaphors of Organicism in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology. Later work

Haraway was the recipient of several scholarships. Alluding to the Cold War and post-war American hegemony, she said of these, "...people like me became national resources in the national science efforts. So, there was money available for educating even Irish Catholic girls' brains." In 1999, Haraway received the Society for Social Studies of Science's (4S) Ludwik Fleck Prize. In September 2000, Haraway was awarded the Society for Social Studies of Science's highest honor, the J. D. Bernal Award, for her "distinguished contributions" to the field.<mask>'s most famous essay was published in 1985: "A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the 1980s" and was characterized as "an effort to build an ironic political myth faithful to feminism, socialism, and materialism". In <mask>'s theses, "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective" (1988), she means to expose the myth of scientific objectivity. <mask> defined the term "situated knowledges" as a means of understanding that all knowledge comes from positional perspectives. Our positionality inherently determines what it is possible to know about an object of interest. Comprehending situated knowledge "allows us to become answerable for what we learn how to see". Without this accountability, the implicit biases and societal stigmas of the researcher's community are twisted into ground truth from which to build assumptions and hypothesis. <mask>'s ideas in "Situated Knowledges" were heavily influenced by conversations with Nancy Hartsock and other feminist philosophers and activists.Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science, published in 1989 (Routledge), focuses on primate research and primatology: "My hope has been that the always oblique and sometimes perverse focusing would facilitate revisions of fundamental, persistent western narratives about difference, especially racial and sexual difference; about reproduction, especially in terms of the multiplicities of generators and offspring; and about survival, especially about survival imagined in the boundary conditions of both the origins and ends of history, as told within western traditions of that complex genre". Currently, <mask> is an American Professor Emerita in the History of Consciousness Department and Feminist Studies Department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, United States. She lives North of San Francisco with her partner Rusten Hogness. In an interview with Sarah Franklin in 2017, Haraway addresses her intent to incorporate collective thinking and all perspectives: "It isn't that systematic, but there is a little list. I notice if I have cited nothing but white people, if I have erased indigenous people, if I forget non-human beings, etc. I notice on purpose. I notice if I haven't paid the slightest bit of attention ... You know, I run through some old-fashioned, klutzy categories.Race, sex, class, region, sexuality, gender, species. I pay attention. I know how fraught all those categories are, but I think those categories still do important work. I have developed, kind of, an alert system, an internalized alert system." Major themes

"A Cyborg Manifesto"

In 1985, <mask> published the essay "Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the 1980s" in Socialist Review. Although most of <mask>'s earlier work was focused on emphasizing the masculine bias in scientific culture, she has also contributed greatly to the feminist narratives of the twentieth century. For Haraway, the Manifesto offered a response to the rising conservatism during the 1980s in the United States at a critical juncture at which feminists, to have any real-world significance, had to acknowledge their situatedness within what she terms the "informatics of domination."Women were no longer on the outside along a hierarchy of privileged binaries but rather deeply imbued, exploited by and complicit within networked hegemony, and had to form their politics as such. According to <mask>'s "Manifesto," "there is nothing about being female that naturally binds women together into a unified category. There is not even such a state as 'being' female, itself a highly complex category constructed in contested sexual scientific discourses and other social practices". As stated, "In Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (1991), <mask> introduces the figure of the cyborg, an “impure” creature who scrambles orderly divisions between the natural and artificial/technical, and the human and the non-human/animal". A cyborg does not require a stable, essentialist identity, argues Haraway, and feminists should consider creating coalitions based on "affinity" instead of identity. To ground her argument, Haraway analyzes the phrase "women of color", suggesting it as one possible example of affinity politics. Using a term coined by theorist Chela Sandoval, Haraway writes that "oppositional consciousness" is comparable with a cyborg politics, because rather than identity it stresses how affinity comes as a result of "otherness, difference, and specificity".<mask>'s cyborg is a set of ideals of a genderless, race-less, more collective, and peaceful civilization with the caveat of being utterly connected to the machine. Her new versions of beings reject Western humanist conceptions of personhood and promote a disembodied world of information and the withering of subjectivity. The collective consciousness of the beings and their limitless access to information provides the tools with which to create a world of immense socio-political change through altruism and affinity, not biological unity. In her essay, <mask> challenges the liberal human subject and its lack of concern for collective desires which leaves the possibility for wide corruption and inequality in the world. Furthermore, the cyborg's importance lies in its coalition of consciousness, not in the physical body that carries the information/consciousness. A world of beings with a type of shared knowledge could create a powerful political force toward positive change. Cyborgs can see "from both perspectives at once."In addition, <mask> writes that the cyborg has an imbued nature toward the collective good. Haraway explains that her "Manifesto" is "an effort to build an ironic political myth faithful to feminism, socialism, and materialism." She adds that "Cyborg imagery can suggest a way out of the maze of dualisms in which we have explained our bodies and our tools to ourselves." Haraway is serious about finding future ways towards equality and ending dominating behavior; however, the cyborg itself is not as serious of an endeavor for her as the idea of it is. Haraway creates an analogy using current technologies and information to imagine a world with a collective coalition that has the capabilities to create grand socio-political change. Haraway's "Manifesto" is a thought experiment, defining what people think is most important about being and what the future holds for increased artificial intelligence. Gender, Work, & Organization's author Agnes Prasad's piece Cyborg Writing as a Political Act: <mask> <mask> in Organization Studies elaborates on how Haraway's writing contributes to the greater feminist community."This essay, almost immediately, became a watershed text for feminist theory and for, what was at the time, the inchoate field of feminist science studies. Interweaving ideas that were playful and imaginative with an incisive critique of the totalizing essentialism that was the ironic hallmark of the myriad strands of the second-wave feminist movement — encompassing, but not limited to, Marxist, psychoanalytic and radical feminist approaches — Haraway conscientiously articulates the politics of a monstrous creature of the post-gender world: the cyborg." Cyborg feminism

In her updated essay "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century", in her book Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (1991), Haraway uses the cyborg metaphor to explain how fundamental contradictions in feminist theory and identity should be conjoined, rather than resolved, similar to the fusion of machine and organism in cyborgs. The manifesto is also an important feminist critique of capitalism by revealing how men have exploited women's reproduction labor, providing a barrier for women to reach full equality in the labor market. "Situated Knowledges"

"Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective" sheds light on Haraway's vision for a feminist science. The essay originated as a commentary on Sandra Harding's The Science Question in Feminism (1986) and is a reply to Harding's "successor science". Haraway offers a critique of the feminist intervention into masculinized traditions of scientific rhetoric and the concept of objectivity.The essay identifies the metaphor that gives shape to the traditional feminist critique as polarization. At one end lies those who would assert that science is a rhetorical practice and, as such, all "science is a contestable text and a power field". At the other are those interested in a feminist version of objectivity, a position <mask> describes as a "feminist empiricism". <mask> argues for an epistemology based in "situated knowledges," which synthesizes aspects of these two traditions. <mask> posits that by acknowledging and understanding the contingency of their position in the world, and hence the contestable nature of their claims to knowledge, subjects can produce knowledge with greater objectivity than if they claimed to be neutral observers. Primate Visions

<mask> also writes about the history of science and biology. In Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science (1990), she focused on the metaphors and narratives that direct the science of primatology.She asserted that there is a tendency to masculinize the stories about "reproductive competition and sex between aggressive males and receptive females [that] facilitate some and preclude other types of conclusions". She contended that female primatologists focus on different observations that require more communication and basic survival activities, offering very different perspectives of the origins of nature and culture than the currently accepted ones. Drawing on examples of Western narratives and ideologies of gender, race and class, Haraway questioned the most fundamental constructions of scientific human nature stories based on primates. In Primate Visions, she wrote:
"My hope has been that the always oblique and sometimes perverse focusing would facilitate revisions of fundamental, persistent western narratives about difference, especially racial and sexual difference; about reproduction, especially in terms of the multiplicities of generators and offspring; and about survival, especially about survival imagined in the boundary conditions of both the origins and ends of history, as told within western traditions of that complex genre". Haraway's aim for science is "to reveal the limits and impossibility of its 'objectivity' and to consider some recent revisions offered by feminist primatologists". Haraway presents an alternative perspective to the accepted ideologies that continue to shape the way scientific human nature stories are created. Haraway urges feminists to be more involved in the world of technoscience and to be credited for that involvement.In a 1997 publication, she remarked:
I want feminists to be enrolled more tightly in the meaning-making processes of

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 technoscientific world-building. I also want feminist—activists, cultural producers, scientists, engineers, and scholars (all overlapping categories) — to be recognized for the articulations and enrollment we have been making all along within technoscience, in spite of the ignorance of most "mainstream" scholars in their characterization (or lack of characterizations) of feminism in relation to both technoscientific practice and technoscience studies. Make Kin not Population: Reconceiving Generations
Haraway created a panel called 'Make Kin not Babies' in 2015 with five other feminist thinkers named: Alondra Nelson, Kim TallBear, Chia-Ling Wu, Michelle Murphy, and Adele Clarke. The panel's emphasis is on moving human numbers down while paying attention to factors, such as the environment, race, and class. A key phrase of hers is "Making babies is different than giving babies a good childhood." This led to the inspiration for the publication of Making Kin not Population: Reconceiving Generations, by <mask> and Adele Clarke, two of the panelist members. The book addresses the growing concern of the increase in the human population and its consequences on our environment.The book consists of essays from the two authors, incorporating both environmental and reproductive justice along with addressing the functions of family and kinship relationships. Speculative fabulation
Speculative fabulation is a concept that is included in many of <mask>'s works. It includes all of the wild facts that won't hold still, and it indicates a mode of creativity and the story of the Anthropocene. Haraway stresses how this doesn't mean it isn't a fact. In Staying with the Trouble, she defines speculative fabulation as "a mode of attention, theory of history, and a practice of worlding," and she finds it an integral part of scholarly writing and everyday life. In <mask>'s work she addresses a feminist speculative fabulation  and its focusing on making kin instead of babies to ensure the good childhood of all children while controlling the population. Making Kin not Population: Reconceiving Generations highlights practices and proposals to implement this theory in society.Plantationocene
Together with scholar Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, Haraway coined Plantationocene as an alternative term to the proposed epoch Anthropocene that centers human activities in the transformation of the planet and its negative effect on land use, ecosystems, biodiversity, and species extinction. Tsing and Haraway point out that not all humans equally contribute to the environmental challenges facing our planet. They date the origin of the Anthropocene to the start of colonialism in the Americas in the early modern era and highlight the violent history behind it by focusing on the history of plantations. The Spanish and the Portuguese colonists started importing models of plantations to the Americas by the 1500s which they have previously developed a century earlier in the Atlantic Islands. These models of planation were based on migratory forced labor (slavery), intensive land usage, globalized commerce, and constant racialized violence, all have transformed the lives of humans and non-humans worldwide. Current and past plantations provide an important note of the histories of colonialism, capitalism, and racism which can't be separated from environmental issues that made some humans more at risk to warming temperatures, rising seawater levels, toxicants, and land disposition than others. The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness
The companion Species Manifesto is to be read as a “personal document”.This work was written to tell the story of cohabitation, coevolution and embodied cross-species sociality. <mask> argues that humans ‘companion’ relationship with dogs can show us the importance of recognizing differences and ‘how to engage with significant otherness'. The link between humans and animals like dogs can show people how to interact with other humans and nonhumans. Haraway believes that we should be using the term "companion species" instead of "companion animals" because of the relationships we can learn through them. Critical responses to <mask>

<mask>'s work has been criticized for being "methodologically vague" and using noticeably opaque language that is "sometimes concealing in an apparently deliberate way". Several reviewers have argued that her understanding of the scientific method is questionable, and that her explorations of epistemology at times leave her texts virtually meaning-free. A 1991 review of <mask>'s Primate Visions, published in the International Journal of Primatology, provides examples of some of the most common critiques of her view of science:

This is a book that contradicts itself a hundred times; but that is not a criticism of it, because its author thinks contradictions are a sign of intellectual ferment and vitality.This is a book that systematically distorts and selects historical evidence; but that is not a criticism, because its author thinks that all interpretations are biased, and she regards it as her duty to pick and choose her facts to favor her own brand of politics. This is a book full of vaporous, French-intellectual prose that makes Teilhard de Chardin sound like Ernest Hemingway by comparison; but that is not a criticism, because the author likes that sort of prose and has taken lessons in how to write it, and she thinks that plain, homely speech is part of a conspiracy to oppress the poor. This is a book that clatters around in a dark closet of irrelevancies for 450 pages before it bumps accidentally into its index and stops; but that is not a criticism, either, because its author finds it gratifying and refreshing to bang unrelated facts together as a rebuke to stuffy minds. This book infuriated me; but that is not a defect in it, because it is supposed to infuriate people like me, and the author would have been happier still if I had blown out an artery. In short, this book is flawless, because all its deficiencies are deliberate products of art. Given its assumptions, there is nothing here to criticize. The only course open to a reviewer who dislikes this book as much as I do is to question its author's fundamental assumptions—which are big-ticket items involving the nature and relationships of language, knowledge, and science.Another review of the same book, appearing in a 1990 issue of the American Journal of Primatology, offers a similar criticism of <mask>'s literary style and scholarly methods:

There are many places where an editorial hand appears absent altogether. Neologisms are continually coined, and sentences are paragraph-long and convoluted. Biography, history, propaganda, science, science fiction, and cinema are intertwined in the most confusing way. Perhaps the idea is to induce a slightly dissociated state, so that readers can be lulled into belief. If one did not already possess some background, this book would give no lucid history of anthropology or primatology. However, a review in the Journal of the History of Biology disagrees:

Primate Visions is one of the most important books to come along in the last twenty years. Historians of science have begun to write more externalist histories, acknowledging the possibilities of a science profoundly integrated with ongoing social agenda.Haraway's history of primatology in the twentieth century sets new standards for this approach, standards that will not be surpassed for some time to come. The book is important to students of science, feminists, historians, and anyone else interested in how the complex systems of race, gender, and science intertwine to produce supposedly objective versions of the "truth." This analysis of primatology is at once a complex, interdisciplinary, and deeply scholarly history and an imaginative, provocative analysis of the working of science in late twentieth-century Euro-America. Publications
 Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields: Metaphors of Organicism in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976. "Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s", Socialist Review,  80 (1985) 65–108. "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspectives", Feminist Studies, 14 (1988) 575–599. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science, Routledge: New York and London, 1989.Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, New York: Routledge, and London: Free Association Books, 1991 (includes "A Cyborg Manifesto"). "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies", Configurations, 2 (1994) 59–71. Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.FemaleMan©Meets_OncoMouse™: Feminism and Technoscience, New York: Routledge, 1997 (winner of the Ludwik Fleck Prize). How Like a Leaf: A Conversation with <mask><mask>, Thyrza Nichols Goodeve, New York: Routledge, 1999. The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness, Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2003. When Species Meet, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007. The Haraway Reader, New York: Routledge, 2004, .Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene, Durham: Duke University Press, 2016. Manifestly Haraway, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016. "Teddy Bear Patriarchy: Taxidermy in the Garden of Eden, New York City, 1908-36," Social Text, no. 11 (Winter 1984/1985): 19-64. "Signs of Dominance: From a Physiology to a Cybernetics of Primate Society, C.R. Carpenter, 1930-70," Studies in History of Biology 6 (1983): 129-219. "The Biological Enterprise: Sex, Mind, and Profit from Human Engineering to Sociobiology," Radical History Review, no.20, (spring/summer, 1979): 206-37. "The Biopolitics of Postmodern Bodies: Determinations of Self in Immune System Discourse," differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 1, no. 1 (1989): 3-43. "The Promises of Monsters: Reproductive Politics for Inappropriate/d Others," Larry Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula Treichler, eds., Cultural Studies (New York: Routledge, 1992), pp. 295–337. "Ecce Homo, Ain't (Ar'n't) I a Woman, and Inappropriate/d Others: the Human in a Posthumanist Landscape," Joan Scott and Judith Butler, eds., Feminists Theorize the Political (New York: Routledge, 1992), pp. 87–101."Otherworldly Conversations, Terran Topics, Local Terms," Science as Culture (London), 3, no. 1 (1992): 59-92. Making Kin not Population: Reconceiving Generations, <mask><mask> and Adele Clarke, Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2018.  .

See also
 A Cyborg Manifesto
 Cyborg anthropology
 Ecofeminism
 Postgenderism
 Posthumanism
 Postmodernism
 Sandy Stone
 Techno-progressivism
 Feminist technoscience
 Judith Butler

Sources
 Burow-Flak, Elizabeth, "Background Information on Cyborg Manifesto", 17 September 2000. Cachel, Susan. "Partisan primatology. Review of Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science", American Journal of Primatology, 22 (1990) 139–142. Campbell, Kirsten, "The Promise of Feminist Reflexivities: Developing <mask>'s Project for Feminist Science Studies", Hypatia, 19:1 (2004) 162–182.Cartmill, Matt. "Book  Review - Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the world of Modern Science", International Journal of Primatology, 12 (1991) 67–75. Carubia, Josephine M., "Haraway on the Map", Semiotic Review of Books, 9:1 (1998) 4–7. Clarke, Adele, and <mask>, editors. Making Kin Not Population. Prickly Paradigm Press, 2018. “<mask>.” The European Graduate School, https://egs.edu/biography/donna-haraway/.Elkins, Charles, "The Uses of Science Fiction", Science Fiction Studies, 17 (1990) 269–272. "Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science", in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, pub. 9 August 2000, rev. 5 August 2015. Ferguson, Anne and Hennessy, and Rosemary and Nagel Mechthild. “Feminist Perspectives on Class and Work.” Edited by Edward N Zalta, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, 2019, Author and Citation Information for "Feminist Perspectives on Class and Work". Franklin, Sarah.“Staying with the Manifesto: An Interview with <mask>.” Theory, Culture & Society, vol. 34, no. 4, July 2017, pp. 49–63, doi:10.1177/0263276417693290. Flanagan, Mary and Austin Booth, Reload: Rethinking Women + Cyberculture, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002. Delphine, Gardey, "The Reading of an Œuvre. <mask>: The Poetics and Politics of Life", Feministische Studien, 32 (2014) 86–100.doi:10.1515/fs-2014-0109
 Hamner, M. Gail, "The Work of Love: Feminist Politics and the Injunction to Love", in Joerg Rieger (ed. ), Opting for the Margins: Postmodernity and Liberation in Christian Theology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. <mask>, <mask>. “Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making Kin.” Environmental Humanities, Duke University Press, 1 May 2015, https://doi.org/10.1215/22011919-3615934. <mask>, <mask>, "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology and Socialist-‐Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century", in D. Bell and B.M. Kennedy (eds), The Cybercultures Reader, London: Routledge, 2000, pp. 291–324.<mask>, <mask>. The Haraway Reader. New York: Routledge, 2003. Print. Kunzru, Hari, "You Are Cyborg", in Wired Magazine, 5:2 (1997) 1–7. Lederman, Muriel. “<mask>.  <mask>; and Thyrza Nichols Goodeve.How Like a Leaf: An Interview with <mask><mask>.” Isis, vol. 93, no. 1, 2002, pp. 164–165., doi:10.1086/343342. Library of Congress, "Books and Pamphlets Including Serials and Contributions to Periodicals: Current Registrations A–L, January–June 1973", Catalog of Copyright Entries, 3rd ser., 1, pt. 1, no. 1 (1975) 674.Retrieved February 16, 2015. “Making Kin Not Population.” University of Chicago Press, 1 July 2018, Making Kin not Population. Mann, Douglas. Understanding Society: a Survey of Modern Social Theory. Oxford University Press, 2011. O'Riley, Patricia Ann, Technology, Culture, and Socioeconomics: A Rhizoanalysis of Educational Discourses, New York: Peter Lang, 2003. Packman, Carl, [ "God(desses) and the Jouissance of Woman, or The (Cyborg) Future of Enjoyment"].Russon, Anne, "Deconstructing Primatology? ", Semiotic Review of Books, 2:2 (1991): 9–11. Rua M. Williams and Juan E. Gilbert. 2019. Cyborg Perspectives on Computing Research Reform. In Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Paper alt13, 1–11.Sandoval, Chela, "New Sciences: Cyborg Feminism and the Methodology of the Oppressed", in C. H. Gray (ed. ), The Cyborg Handbook, New York: Routledge, 1995, pp. 407–422. Senft, Theresa M. "Reading Notes on <mask>'s 'Cyborg Manifesto'", October 21, 2001. Retrieved February 1, 2006. Truman, Sarah E. “SF! Haraway's Situated Feminisms and Speculative Fabulations in English Class.” Studies in Philosophy and Education, vol.38, no. 1, 2018, pp. 31–42, SF! <mask>'s Situated Feminisms and Speculative Fabulations in English Class. Vanderwees, Chris. “Companion Species under Fire: A Defense of <mask>’s The Companion Species Manifesto.” Nebula: A Journal of Multidisciplinary Scholarship. 6.2 (2009): 73-81.Weigel, Moira. “Feminist Cyborg Scholar <mask>: 'The Disorder of Our Era Isn't Necessary'.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 20 June 2019, Feminist cyborg scholar <mask>way: ‘The disorder of our era isn't necessary’. Young, Robert M, "Science, Ideology and <mask>way", Science as Culture, 2 (1992) 165–207. Citations

External links

 <mask>way Faculty Webpage at UC Santa Cruz, History of Consciousness Program
 <mask>: Storytelling for Earthly Survival, a film by Fabrizio Terranova

1944 births
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
American socialists
Colorado College alumni
American feminist writers
Feminist studies scholars
Historians of science
People from Denver
Primatologists
Posthumanists
Postmodern feminists
American socialist feminists
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
American women philosophers
Yale University alumni
Metaphor theorists
American women sociologists
American sociologists
Philosophers of science
Philosophers of technology
Philosophers of religion
Philosophers from Hawaii
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Philosophers of mind
American transhumanists
University of Hawaiʻi faculty
Johns Hopkins University faculty
American Book Award winners
American people of Irish descent
Zoology
Philosophers from Colorado
21st-century American women
20th-century American

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<mask>  (; 1 October 1842 – 5 December 1924) was an Indian lawyer, jurist and freedom fighter who, along with Annie Besant, founded the Home Rule Movement. He was popularly known as the "Grand Old Man of South India". On completion of his schooling in Madurai, <mask> qualified as a lawyer and went on to practice as a lawyer in Madurai and Madras, before being appointed a Judge of the Madras High Court, in 1891. He also served as the first Indian Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, before retiring in 1907. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Madurai in the Madras Presidency, British India on 1 October 1842. His father <mask> (1794–1844) was the legal agent of the Raja of Ramnad's zamindari, but died when <mask> was barely two years old. He had his early education at the English Mission School, Madurai, joining the Zilla School, Madurai, in 1856, from which institution he completed his schooling.As his mother was not willing to send him to Madras for a higher education, <mask> <mask> decided to join the administrative service. He served as a clerk in the Deputy Collector's Office, Madurai, Deputy Collector's Office, Ramnad, and the Collector's Office, Madurai. While working in the Collector's Office, he studied privately for the Pleader's Examination and stood first among the successful candidates. Though unable to secure a '<mask>ad' to practice, he was appointed the Public Prosecutor, when the Criminal Penal Code came into force, in 1862. Desiring to practice as a lawyer, he studied privately for the Matriculation Examination and passed the same in 1865, followed by the First Arts (F.A.) examination in 1866. Two years later, in 1868, he passed the B.L.examination from Presidency College, Madras, standing first (in the Second Class) among all successful candidates. He served as an apprentice under J. C. Mill, Barrister-at-Law, and thus qualified himself to practice as a Vakil. Professional career
Practising as a Vakil at Madura from 1869 to 1885, he appeared in some important cases, the most notable among them being the Ramnad Zamindar's Case and the Meenakshi Temple Funds Misappropriation Case. While at Madura, he also earned a reputation as a public worker, being appointed a Municipal Commissioner of Madura and a member of the Local Board, besides being elected a member of the Devasthanam Committee of the Meenakshi Temple at Madura. He presented an 'Address of Welcome', on behalf of the people of Madura, to the Prince of Wales, who visited Madura in 1875. In 1877, he gave evidence and pleaded for the necessity of protecting tenants from arbitrary eviction by the landlords, before the Famine Commission when it visited Madura. He also served as the Vice-Chairman of the Madura Municipality, from 1882 until his departure for Madras."After his wife, Lakshmi's death in 1884, he shifted to Madras, where he emerged as a formidable rival to the redoubtable lawyers Bhashyam Aiyangar and Eardley Norton. Recognising his merit, the Government appointed him Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor in 1888, the first Indian to be appointed so. As Government Pleader, he appeared in two sensational cases – the Nageswara Iyer Forgery Case and the Tirupati Mahant Case. He was appointed an Acting Judge in 1891 and continued in that position until being appointed a Judge of the Madras High Court in January 1895, succeeding Sir Muthuswamy <mask> to the bench of that Court. As Judge, amongst other cases, he presided over the insolvency court which investigated into the crash of a Madras bank, Arbuthnot & Co, in 1906. He also acted as the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court in 1899, 1903 and 1906, the first Indian to do so. After serving as a judge of the Madras High Court for 12 years, he resigned on 13 November 1907 due to failing sight, and was succeeded by Mr. Chettur <mask> Nair.He presented the Welcome Address to the Prince of Wales, in 1914, on behalf of the public of Madras. Political career

<mask> <mask> was nominated a member of the Legislative Council of Madras by the Government, in 1884 and left a creditable record as a non-official member of the Council although the rules did not permit non-official members to play a very useful role. Serving as a member of the Malabar Land Tenure Committee (1885), largely due to his initiative, an act was passed providing compensation for tenants' improvement in Malabar. Nominated for a second time, <mask> <mask> made his association with the council as useful as possible under the system extant then. One of the founding members of the Indian National Congress, he led the Madras delegation to its first session at Bombay, in December 1885, where he seconded a resolution proposed by K. T. Telang urging the increase of the elected element in the Legislative Councils and for councillors to be given real and effective powers, and where he made the following statement, as published in the annals of the Indian National Congress of 1885:

He used to attend sessions of the Congress until he became a Judge of the High Court and contributed in no small measure to the strengthening of the Congress's organisation in the Madras Presidency. He was close to Sir Arthur Lawley, whom he is held to have substantially influenced and assisted in his administration of the Madras Presidency, in a private capacity. As Chairman of the Reception Committee, he welcomed the delegates to the 29th session of the Indian National Congress held at Madras in 1914.He presided over a public meeting at Madras in 1915 organised to welcome Mr. M. K. Gandhi just then returned from South Africa. Welcoming Mr. Gandhi, he suggested the lines on which national work in India should proceed:

He agreed to serve as the Honorary President of the All India Home Rule League established in Madras on 1 September 1916, by Mrs. Annie Besant, whose arrest was ordered on 16 June 1917, by Lord Pentland, Governor of Madras. As President of the League, he took up the cause of Mrs. Besant and her colleagues and started a movement for their release, which occasioned his rupture with the Government. Immediately after Mrs. Besant was interned, Sir <mask> <mask> wrote a letter to Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States of America describing British Rule in India and appealing for the sympathy and support of the American Government and people, in which he stated:

Subjected to scathing criticism in the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the Secretary of State, Edwin Montagu, and the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford, rebuked him when he met them in Madras in 1918 to make a representation on the proposed political reforms. A few days later, Sir <mask> <mask> renounced his knighthood and returned the insignia to the Government. Academic interests and career
His interest in the scholarly aspects of law led to his residence, the Beach House on the Marina at Mylapore, being used for the "Saturday Club" that met at 11 a. m. every week, between 1888 and 1891, with all leading members of the Madras Bar participating, and cases being critically analysed. At one of these meetings it was decided to start 'The Madras Law Journal', which was inspired by the then recently established periodicals the 'Law Quarterly Review', started by Sir Frederick Pollock in England in 1885 and 'The Harvard Law Review' established by the Harvard Law School Association in 1887.During his tenure as Judge of the Madras High Court he introduced the practice of referring to American jurisprudence in addition to the English, which had been the sole point of reference until then. He was nominated Senator of the Madras University in 1885 and continued to be connected with that institution till 1907. As a member of the Senate, he advanced many reforms in education. He was a member of the Syndicate for the University for some time and was appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University in 1896. The Madras University conferred on him the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Law in 1908, making him the first recipient of an honorary degree from the University. He presided over the Madras Students' Convention in 1916 and delivered the Presidential Address. He also served as the Chairman of the Council of Native Education for two years.He delivered a series of lectures at Madras University on Ancient Indian Polity, in 1914 which were published in 1916. He extended his co-operation to Mrs. Besant in the establishment of the Central Hindu College at Benares which subsequently became the nucleus of the Benares Hindu University. Cultural interests
He was the President of the Dharma Rakshana Sabha, which he founded in 1908, and which sought to prevent the mismanagement of the funds of Hindu Religious Endowment and Charitable Trusts. He also worked for the promotion of Sanskritic study, and established two schools for Vedic Studies in Madura and Thiruparankundram. As the President of the Suddha Dharma Mandala, which he founded, he was instrumental in publishing several important Hindu religious works. Having been greatly interested in spirituality and the study of religion he became interested in the Theosophical Society which he formally joined soon after his retirement. He was also the Vice-President of the Theosophical Society between 1907 and 1911.As one of the prominent members his literary contributions were a regular feature of the Theosophical Society's publication The Theosophist right up to the 1920s. His participation in the activities of the Theosophical Society gradually drew him closer to Annie Besant and the Indian independence movement. The Suddha Dharma Mandala or 'Pure Religion Society' resulted in a rift between himself and the Theosophical Society, since he desired to provide a rival world leader to Jiddu Krishnamurti, the favoured champion of the Society. Honours
The Government awarded a Certificate of Merit to <mask> <mask> on 1 January 1877 as a mark of their appreciation of his services to the public, on the occasion of the Proclamation Durbar at Delhi. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire, in 1890, and was elevated to a Knight-Commander of the same order on New Year's Day, 1900. In 1893, he had the title of Dewan Bahadur conferred upon him. Death and progeny
He died on 5 December 1924 and was survived by three sons borne to him by his wife Lakshmi.Legacy
The Mani Iyer Hall in Triplicane was built by the Theosophists in his memory and named after him. He is also commemorated by a statue, unveiled in 1935, outside the Senate House of the Madras University. Notes

References

Splendid saga of TNSC Bank:Centenary of stellar growth  By: V SUNDARAM, News Today, 27 November 2007
Bibliographic Guides: Publications of Suddha Dharma Mandala  By: David Reigle, Eastern Tradition, 2007
 The Theosophist October 1911 – January 1912, Google Books
 Indian Judges: Biographical & Critical Sketches By Brojendra Mitter, 1932. Indian Politics Since the Mutiny By Sir Chirravoori Yajneswara Chintamani, 1940. Role of Tamil Nadu in the Freedom Movement, From India's Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) Text Book
 Founding of the Home Rule League

1842 births
1924 deaths
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Indian knights
Indian Theosophists
19th-century Indian lawyers
Presidency College, Chennai alumni
People from Madurai
Chief Justices of the Madras High Court
20th-century Indian judges
20th-century Indian lawyers
Vice Chancellors of the University of Madras

masks:
Sir Subbier Subramania Iyer
Subramania Iyer
Subramania Iyer
Sooravally Subbier Aiyer
Subramania Iyer
Subramania
Iyer
San
Iyer
Sankaran
Subramania
Iyer
Subramania
Iyer
Subramania
Iyer
Subramania
Iyer
Subramania
Iyer


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<mask>, 7th Baronet (6 November 1846 – 8 April 1919), was an Anglo-Irish landowner, the last of the Chapman baronets of Killua Castle in County Westmeath, Ireland. For many years he lived under the name of <mask>, taking the name of his partner, Sarah Lawrence, the mother of his five sons, one of whom was T. E. Lawrence, 'Lawrence of Arabia'. Early life and background
<mask> was born in 1846, the second of the three sons of William Chapman (1811–1889) and his wife Louisa, daughter of Colonel Arthur Vansittart (1775–1829), of Shottesbrooke, and the grandson of Sir <mask>, 2nd Baronet. The family belonged to the Anglo-Irish landowning class and for generations its members had married into families of a similar standing in England and Ireland. With regard to the family's origins, Debrett's Baronetage (1918) commented:

<mask> was brought up to lead the life of a country gentleman, at a house called South Hill, near the village of Delvin, County Westmeath, Ireland, a modest property of some 170 acres, and also at the family's town house in Dublin. He was educated in England, at Eton College. Life
As a younger son, it was expected that Chapman would run, rather than own, the family's estates, and from 1866 to 1868 he learnt about estate management at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.However, his elder brother, William Eden Chapman (born 1844), an officer in the 15th Hussars, died in May 1870, leaving Chapman as the heir. The third brother, Francis Vansittart Chapman, was then trained to manage the estates. On 24 July 1873, Chapman married Edith Sarah Hamilton (b ca 1847), daughter of George Augustus Rochfort-Boyd, JP, DL, of Middleton Park, County Westmeath, and they had four daughters, Eva Jane Louisa (born 1874), Rose Isabel (born 1878), Florence Livia (born 1880) and Mabel Cecele (born 1881). In the late 1870s, the Chapmans took on as a governess a capable and cheerful young woman known as Sarah Lawrence. By this time, Edith Chapman had become zealously religious, subjecting members of her household to frequent prayer meetings and disapproving of many of their pleasures, while Chapman himself had become a heavy drinker. He fell in love with Sarah Lawrence, who was younger than him by some fifteen years. One of Chapman's daughters later recalled that her father usually had a dour manner, but whenever Sarah Lawrence entered a room, he became "all gay".Lawrence, who had been born on 31 August 1861 in Sunderland, County Durham, had been registered at birth under the surname of her unmarried mother, Elizabeth Junner, who at the time was working as a servant in the house of <mask>, a Lloyd's surveyor, and his son John Lawrence is thought to have been Sarah Lawrence's father. In 1885, Lawrence became pregnant. She went to live in rooms in Dublin which Chapman got for her, and in December 1885 a son was born and christened Montagu Robert. Chapman stayed with his wife, while seeing Lawrence and his son, until Edith Chapman found out what had happened (the Chapmans' butler, while in a Dublin grocer's shop, heard a young woman give her name as Mrs <mask> – he recognised the woman as Sarah Lawrence). He then left his wife to live with Lawrence. He took her to live at Tremadog, Carnarvonshire (now Gwynedd), North Wales, and their second illegitimate son, christened <mask> and later known as 'Lawrence of Arabia', was born there in August 1888. The couple stayed only a short time in Tremadog, and soon moved on, to Kirkcudbright in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright in Scotland, then to Dinard in Brittany, the Isle of Wight, and the New Forest, choosing places where their English neighbours were unlikely to recognise him.They had nine children altogether, but three of them died young, leaving five sons and a daughter who survived infancy. In 1896, still unmarried and going under the name of Mr and Mrs Lawrence, the couple arrived in Polstead Road, Oxford. The purpose of this move was largely to enable them to educate their sons, despite limited means. Chapman lived a life of leisure and spent much of his time with his sons. He was a photographer, hunted, spoke good French, was interested in medieval architecture, taught his sons carpentry, and even in old age would quote from Homer and Horace. He bought smart new bicycles and liked to cycle long distances. In 1914, Chapman succeeded his cousin Sir Benjamin Rupert Chapman, 6th Baronet (1865–1914), to the baronetcy.He died on 8 April 1919 in Oxford and was buried at Wolvercote Cemetery. As he left no legitimate male heirs, the Chapman Baronetcy of Killua Castle became extinct. Chapman's son T. E. Lawrence had already become world-famous, following the Arab Revolt of 1916. Another of his surviving sons, A. W. Lawrence (1900–1991) became notable as an archaeologist and art historian. Money affairs in exile
On 30 March 1888, Chapman assigned his life interest in his father's estates to his younger brother Francis Chapman, in exchange for a life annuity of £200 (). Their father, William Chapman, died in 1889, leaving the bulk of his property to his son Francis. However, Chapman also had (or later inherited) some capital, which by 1916 was more than £20,000, producing at the time an annual income of some £1,000, a substantial figure.Chapman (otherwise Mr Lawrence) was probably disappointed when his brother Francis died unmarried in 1915, leaving him only £25,000 of his estate of £120,296, with £10,000 going to the Adelaide Hospital in Dublin and £25,000 being shared by Chapman's legitimate offspring, his four daughters, who were also the residuary legatees. When Chapman (Lawrence) received the £25,000, he shared part of it out among his sons. Chapman had a sister, Caroline Margaret Chapman, who in 1894 married her cousin, Montagu Chapman, later the fifth Chapman baronet, and Sir Montagu died childless in 1907. In 1911, his widow made a will which divided the Killua estate, leaving £20,000 to her brother, Chapman, and separate large amounts to his four daughters. However, when she died in 1920, the £20,000 went to the daughters, as her residuary legatees, as Chapman had himself died a few months before and she had not specified that the bequest was to go elsewhere in that event. The loss of the £20,000 may explain the bitterness of an allusion to the Chapmans which T. E. Lawrence added to Liddell Hart's biography of him: "The father's family seemed unconscious of his sons, even when after his death recognition of their achievement might have done honour to the name." What was left of the family's land in Ireland was sold in 1949 and then came to some .Descendants

Chapman had four daughters: Eva Jane Louisa (b. 1874); Rose Isabel (b. 1878); Florence Lina (b. 1880) and Mabel Cecele (b. 1881). Chapman's eldest son, Montagu Robert Lawrence (1885–1971), became a physician and was a medical missionary in China. His second son, Colonel <mask> Lawrence, died childless in a motorcycle accident in 1935, while his third and fourth sons, William George Lawrence (1889–1915) and Frank Helier Lawrence (1893–1915), also childless, were killed during the First World War.Second Lieutenant William George Lawrence died on 23 October 1915 while serving with the 13th Sqdn. Royal Flying Corps and the Oxford and Bucks Light Infantry; he is buried at St Souplet British Cemetery. Second Lieutenant Frank Helier Lawrence died on  9 May 1915 while serving with the 3rd Bn. attd. 1st Bn. Gloucestershire Regiment; he is commemorated on the Le Touret Memorial. His fifth son, Arnold Walter Lawrence (1900–1991), married Barbara Thompson in 1925 and had one child, Jane Helen Thera Lawrence (1926–1977).In 1947, she married James Macdonald Cassels (1924–1994), who became Lyon Jones Professor of Physics in the University of Liverpool in 1960, and they had two children,  Alistair Lawrence Cassels (1952) and Suzanna Kennedy Cassels (1958). Sarah Lawrence died in 1959, aged 98, in the Acland Nursing Home, Oxford. Notes

1846 births
1919 deaths
Alumni of the Royal Agricultural University
Baronets in the Baronetage of Ireland
People educated at Eton College
T. E. Lawrence
English landowners
19th-century British businesspeople

masks:
Sir Thomas Robert Tighe Chapman
Thomas Robert Lawrence
Thomas Chapman
Thomas Chapman
Thomas Chapman
Thomas Lawrence
Thomas Chapman
Thomas Edward
Thomas Edward


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<mask> (born February 26, 1969) is a leader of the Chinese democracy movement and was one of the most visible student leaders in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. He holds a Ph.D. in history from Harvard University, and from August 2009 to February 2010, <mask> taught cross-strait history at Taiwan's National Chengchi University, as a visiting scholar. He then taught at National Tsing Hua University until 2015. Besides conducting research on related topics, <mask> is still active in promoting freedom and democracy in China. Based in the United States, he travels the world to garner support from Overseas Chinese communities as well as from the public at large. He is a friend of fellow activists <mask> and Liu Gang. Biography
<mask> was born in 1969.He was a politically active student at the Peking University department of history, organizing "Democracy Salons" at his school. When he participated in the student movement that led to the 1989 peaceful protest, he joined the movement's organizing body as the representative from Peking University. As a result, after the Tiananmen Square protests, he immediately became the "most wanted" on the list of 21 fugitives issued. <mask> went into hiding but was arrested on July 2 the same year, and sentenced to four years imprisonment in 1991. After being released on parole in 1993, he continued to write publicly (to publications outside of mainland China) and was re-arrested in 1995 for conspiring to overthrow the Communist Party of China and was sentenced in 1996 to 11 years. However he was released early and exiled to the United States of America (see below). <mask> resumed his university studies, starting school at Harvard University in 1998 and completing his master's in East Asian history in 2001 and a Ph.D. in 2008.He also performed research on the development of democracy in Taiwan at Oxford University in 2009. He is currently the chairman of the Chinese Constitutional Reform Association. <mask> was interviewed and appeared in the documentary The Beijing Crackdown and the movie Moving the Mountain, about the Tiananmen Square protests. He also featured prominently in Shen Tong's book Almost a Revolution. He was banned from setting foot on mainland China with his passport expiring in 2003. He attempted to visit Hong Kong in 2004, but was rejected. At that time he was invited by the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China to talk about politics ahead of the 15th anniversary of the June 4 crackdown.Due to a typhoon, <mask> finally landed in Hong Kong for the first time, though he was confined to the airport's restricted zone as he had no Hong Kong visa. Arrest and incarceration
Following the People's Liberation Army's crackdown on the protests, <mask> was placed on a list of the 21 most wanted student leaders of the protests. Imprisoned on July 2, 1989, <mask> spent nearly two years in custody before his trial in 1991. <mask> was charged with spreading counterrevolutionary propaganda and incitement. He was sentenced to 4 years in prison; a relatively mild sentence compared to other political prisoners in China at this time. This short sentence was thought to be caused by two things: the government was unsure of what to do with so many students, and felt pressure due to their high-profile nature. While incarcerated, <mask> spent two years at Qincheng Prison, known for its high number of political prisoners.Despite the usual cramped conditions, because of his high-profile case, <mask> was given his own cell. <mask> was released in 1993, just months before the end of his sentence. <mask> himself has noted this was most likely related to China’s first bid for the Olympic Games since he and 19 other political prisoners were released only a month before the International Olympic Committee was to visit. Almost immediately after his release in 1993 <mask> began to promote democracy in China and contacted exiled political activists in the United States. He was arrested for a second time in May 1995, two months after an interview with the US based anti-communist periodical Beijing Spring. In this interview he states: "We should clear a new path and devote ourselves to building a civil society by focusing our efforts on social movements, not political movements, self-consciously maintaining a distance from political power and political organs." (document 3) <mask> was held in custody for 17 months before receiving the charge of "plotting to overthrow the government", and was sentenced to 11 years in prison.Instead of serving his entire sentence, he was released in 1998, ostensibly for "medical reasons" and was sent immediately to the US where he was examined in hospital, and quickly released to live in the United States as an exiled political activist. His release and move to the United States followed an agreement between the United States and China whereby the United States removed its support for a resolution criticizing China at the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, and in return China released political prisoners such as <mask>. Exile in the United States
Not long after <mask> arrived in the United States, he began to criticize the Chinese government once again. <mask> believes the CCP must change its ways, and in an interview with the US newspaper The Weekly Standard he states: "The key to democracy in China is independence. My country needs independent intellectuals, independent economic actors, independent spirits." <mask> received his PhD from Harvard University in 2008, and continues to be actively involved in fighting for change in China. Two of his works include: "20 years after Tiananmen" which takes a look at how economic change has affected the Chinese people, and contains suggestions for social and human rights changes.<mask> also wrote "Rebuild China with an Olympic Amnesty" after his arrival in the United States; the document has a more positive outlook, as he felt international events such as the Olympic Games could shed light on human rights issues in China. In 2007 <mask>'s second sentence expired and he was officially "released" and the certificate was issued to his parents on Oct 2, 2007. Activism and education work
<mask> has been productive in the years after his release from China. <mask> has been able to publish articles such as "Rebuild China with an Olympic Amnesty" and "20 years after Tiananmen" as well as give public interviews. His exile in the United States allowed him to attend Harvard University to finish his education, obtaining a history degree. He also became chairman of the Chinese Constitutional Reform Association. <mask> taught PRC history at National Tsing Hua University in Hsinchu, Taiwan from 2010 to 2015.While he was teaching a class in November 2010, a woman carrying a knife entered the room, intending to stab <mask>. He was able to remove the knife from the woman before she was able to stab him. He believes that "this was the first time he faced what looked like an attempt on his life". The woman had allegedly been stalking <mask> for three years. According to a Chinese language article from Radio Free Asia, as of July 2009, <mask> has a Facebook page that he hopes to use to communicate with people in mainland China. <mask> is a member of the WikiLeaks advisory board. <mask> sits on the Board of Advisors for the Committee for Freedom in Hong Kong (CFHK).Zoom blocking
An event hosted by <mask> on Zoom in the United States was interrupted on June 3, 2020, with his Zoom account being blocked. This led to US lawmakers asking Zoom Video Communications to clarify their relationship with China regarding freedom of speech. Zoom apologized, explaining that company was puzzled with requests from China regarding blocking, but they would not repeat the practice of blocking outside of China. Political positions

Looking back at Tiananmen
<mask> felt there were many things that could have been changed about the movement, and he has raised these issues, both during and after the movement. In an interview with The New York Times published 2 June 1989, <mask> states, "I think that the student movements in the future should be firmly based on something solid, such as the democratization of campus life or the realization of civil rights according to the Constitution,… Otherwise, the result is chaos." Another issue <mask> raises is the involvement of intellectuals in the movement, expressed in the Times interview as well as a 2008 interview titled "Tiananmen Remembered". In this source he believes that intellectuals were not used early enough in the movement, and their involvement may have changed the course of events.Despite pointing out failures, <mask> feels the protests affected the mentality of many Chinese people, arguing the hunger strike was necessary as it allowed greater attention on the movement. In addition to this, <mask> feels that the crackdown, and the promotion of democracy garnered the attention of the entire nation and educated people on democracy, which was a new idea for many Chinese people. On China's economic development
<mask> commented at a May 31, 2009, press conference in Toronto on the so-called "Beijing Doctrine": "For the sake of economic improvement, everything can be done, even killing people ... [such a doctrine shows that] the Tiananmen Massacre is still going on, only in different ways: it was the students' lives being taken physically in 1989, but it is the mind of the world being poisoned spiritually today." See also
List of Chinese dissidents

References

External links

 <mask>'s Facebook page
 <mask>'s Twitter account
 <mask>'s personal website (archived version from 2008)

 TIMEasia: The Exile and the Entrepreneur

1969 births
Living people
Chinese democracy activists
Chinese dissidents
Chinese human rights activists
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Peking University alumni
Prisoners and detainees of the People's Republic of China
1989 Tiananmen Square protesters
National Chengchi University faculty
National Tsing Hua University faculty

masks:
Wang Dan
Wang
Wang
Wang Juntao
Wang Dan
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang Dan
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang Dan
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang Dan
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang Dan
Wang Dan
Wang Dan


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<mask> (born 12 June 1988) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Negeri Sembilan in the Malaysia Super League. Club career

Middlesbrough
Goulon, in 2002, was selected to attend the famous Clairefontaine academy. After leaving the academy, he joined French champions Olympique Lyonnais. After spending a year in the reserves, playing in only 3 matches, he joined English side Middlesbrough agreeing to a three-year deal. Despite the hype surrounding the signing by Middlesbrough and their supporters, including comparing the youngster to the likes of Patrick Vieira, <mask> only featured in the reserves. After going through the duration of his contract, the English club released him, without the player ever playing a match in the Premier League. Le Mans
Goulon signed with Le Mans on the last day of the winter transfer window, and made his league debut on 7 March 2009, in a match against Nancy coming on as a substitute in the 83rd minute.The match ended in a 2–2 draw. <mask> went on to make eleven appearances for Le Mans. Despite interests from Süper Lig side Beşiktaş Goulon remained at the club and provided an assist for Thorstein Helstad, in a 2–1 win over Nancy on 22 August 2009. However, Goulon's second season at Le Mans was marred by injuries and suspension. At the end of the season, <mask> left Le Mans upon the expiry of his contract after refusing to extend his contract with the club. He attracted interest from Lille, Bordeaux, Grenoble, Napoli and Real Zaragoza. Blackburn Rovers
In late September 2010, it was revealed that <mask>, now a free agent, had begun a two-week trial with Premier League club Blackburn Rovers.On 22 October 2010, <mask> signed for Rovers on a two-year deal. <mask> made his Blackburn Rovers debut, where he came on as a substitute for Morten Gamst Pedersen in the 72nd minute, in a 2–0 win over Aston Villa on 21 November 2010. However, his time at Ewood Park was very unsuccessful, making just 4 league appearances and after a change of management at the club, it was indicated to <mask> that he would be free to talk to other clubs and was surplus to requirements. In May 2011, <mask> underwent a trial in Germany with Köln. On 23 November 2011, <mask> signed on loan for Doncaster Rovers until the end of January 2012. <mask> made his Doncaster Rovers debut on 26 November 2011, in a 0–0 draw against Watford. After making six appearances for the club, he eventually returned to Blackburn Rovers after his loan spell ended without extending the loan deal.At the end of the 2011–12 season, <mask> was released by the club, just weeks after being placed on a transfer list. After leaving Blackburn Rovers, <mask> went on trial at Segunda Division side Rayo Vallecano and Ligue 2 side Nantes, but did not get a contract either way. Zawisza Bydgoszcz
On 4 July 2013, <mask> signed a two–year contract with Ekstraklasa side Zawisza Bydgoszcz after a year out of football. <mask> previously went on trial with the club. <mask> later explained his decision to play in Poland, citing playing good football. <mask> made his Zawisza Bydgoszcz debut in the opening game of the season, where he made his first start, in a 1–0 loss against Jagiellonia Białystok. Weeks later on 2 August 2013, <mask> scored his first Zawisza Bydgoszcz goal, in a 1–1 draw against Pogoń Szczecin.Goulon's second goal came on 19 October 2013, in a 3–1 win over Wisła Kraków. However, <mask> was soon sidelined with injuries and suspension. <mask> suffered injury once again, but this time on his back. Because of this, <mask> undergo surgery on his back and did not play for the rest of the season. In his first season at Zawisza Bydgoszcz, <mask> made sixteen appearances and scored two times for the club. The second season at Zawisza Bydgoszcz saw <mask> rehabilitating his back and returned to training in early October. <mask> then made his first appearance of the 2014–15 season on 5 October 2014, in a 3–0 loss against Pogon Szczecin.Though he appeared in the first team since making his return from injury, <mask>'s future at the club became uncertain, as he attracted interests from clubs. It was announced on 14 January 2015 that <mask>'s contract with the club had come to an end. The son of the owner of Zawisza Bydgoszcz said signing <mask> was a mistake. AC Omonia
On 20 January 2015, he signed a contract with AC Omonia. <mask> made his AC Omonia debut on 14 February 2015, where he played eight minutes, in a 2–1 loss against Apollon Limassol. <mask> then scored his first AC Omonia goal on 17 May 2015, in a 7–1 win over Ermis Aradippou and scored again in the last game of the season against Apollon Limassol. In his first season at AC Omonia, <mask> made nine appearances and scored two times.However, at the start of the season, <mask> suffered an injury that kept him sidelined for months. <mask> then made his first appearance of the season since recovering from injury, in a 0–0 draw against Apollon Limassol. After being at the club for almost one year, it was announced on 9 January 2016 that <mask> had left the club by mutual consent. Viitorul Constanta
On 27 January 2016, <mask> signed for Romanian side Viitorul Constanța on a one and a half year contract. Upon joining the club, <mask> stated he could see the club being Champions as the reason he joined Viitorul Constanta. <mask> made his Viitorul Constanta debut on 12 March 2016, playing in the centre-back, in a 1–1 draw against Pandurii Târgu Jiu. After making four more appearances, which saw Viitorul Constanta finish in fifth place, <mask> was released by the club.Doxa Katokopias
On 31 December 2016, <mask> Katokopias. Pahang FA
In the beginning of Malaysian football season 2019, Pahang FA announced his signing. He helped Pahang FA as central defender, as opposed of his usual position, midfielder. He has scored three goals in Tok Gajah's jersey. In the first leg of the FA Cup semifinal, he scored from a freekick from his side of the field straight into Perak FA goal, leaving Perak's Goalkeeper, Hafizul Hakim helpless. International career
On 25 May 2009, <mask> was called up, for the first time, to the France under-21 team to participate in the 2009 Toulon Tournament. He made his debut in the tournament against Qatar on 5 June 2009.Personal life
In March 2010, <mask> was placed on probation after a complaint from his girlfriend when she accused him of attacking him. The following month, <mask> was convicted and given an eight-month prison sentence and a 2500 euro fine. Honours
Zawisza Bydgoszcz
Polish Cup: 2013–14

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Paris
French footballers
France under-21 international footballers
Association football midfielders
INF Clairefontaine players
Olympique Lyonnais players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Le Mans FC players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Zawisza Bydgoszcz players
AC Omonia players
FC Viitorul Constanța players
Doxa Katokopias FC players
Pafos FC players
Ermis Aradippou FC players
Sri Pahang FC players
Ligue 1 players
English Football League players
Ekstraklasa players
Cypriot First Division players
Liga I players
Premier League players
French expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Cyprus
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Malaysia
Expatriate footballers in Poland
Expatriate footballers in Romania
French expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
French expatriate sportspeople in England
French expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia
French expatriate sportspeople in Poland
French expatriate sportspeople in Romania

masks:
Darry Herold Goulon
Goulon
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<mask> (November 7, 1903 – February 5, 1991) was an American film, stage, and television actor who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Henry King's Twelve O'Clock High (1949). Early life
<mask> (or <mask>) was born in Columbus Grove or Lima, Ohio. Growing up on a farm, he wanted to act, and practiced oratory on cows while working. He later won several oratory competitions. At age 14, he worked as an orderly at a sanatorium. He dropped out of school several times before finally attending Wabash College. While there he was a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity and played football.He dropped out in his second year, realizing he was not suited to an academic life. At age 17, he taught all eight grades in a rural elementary school, before heading to Chicago. He studied at the Conservatory of Drama with Elias Day, and through him got a job on the Chautauqua circuit. Career

Early stage appearances
<mask> studied acting at Chicago's Lyceum Arts Conservatory. He eventually played Young Matt in a production of Shepherd of the Hills on the stage in Chicago. This experience resulted in him deciding to try his luck in New York City. He joined a stock company as Spencer Tracy's replacement.He performed in vaudeville, on the radio and on stage, making his Broadway debut in 1925 in a bit part in a George M. Cohan production. He was in a play Remote Control in 1928. Early films
<mask> visited Los Angeles on a vaudeville show with Irene Rich. While there, he made his film debut in The Woman from Hell (1929) with Mary Astor. "My good notices," he later recalled, "had a reverse effect on the industry, which was suddenly revolutionized by sound pictures. With the one film to my credit, I was considered part of that group of untouchables-silent film stars." He followed it with Handcuffed (1929).<mask> decided to move into film production, helping raise money to make a feature that ultimately never was released. He returned to New York City. Tobacco Road
<mask>'s big career break came when cast in a lead role in Tobacco Road in 1933. This was a huge hit, and ran until 1941 - though <mask> left the show in 1934 to appear in They Shall Not Die, which only ran 62 performances. Paramount
In April 1934, <mask> signed a contract with Paramount, for which he made You Belong to Me (1934) with Lee Tracy, then College Rhythm (1934) with Jack Oakie, Behold My Wife! (1934) with Sylvia Sidney, Wings in the Dark (1935) with Myrna Loy and Cary Grant, Home on the Range (1935) with Jackie Coogan, Randolph Scott and Evelyn Brent, Car 99 (1935) with Fred MacMurray and Ann Sheridan, People Will Talk (1935) with Charlie Ruggles, and Men Without Names (1935) with Fred MacMurray. Paramount gave him a lead role in the B Western Wanderer of the Wasteland (1935).He was back in supporting parts in It's a Great Life  (1935), Woman Trap (1936), and 13 Hours by Air (1936). Victor Halperin borrowed him to play the lead role in Revolt of the Zombies (1936). He went to 20th Century Fox for Pepper (1936) and Star for a Night (1936), then went to MGM for Under Cover of Night (1937). <mask> did Woman in Distress (1937) at Columbia, and Dangerous Number (1937) and Song of the City (1937) at MGM. <mask> went to Republic for Escape by Night (1937) and Exiled to Shanghai (1937). <mask> played Michael Drops In in summer stock and returned to Broadway to star in Missouri Legend (1938), which ran 48 performances. He was also in short runs for Everywhere I Roam (1938–39), Brown Danube (1939), Farm of Three Echoes (1939–40) with Ethel Barrymore, and Unconquered (1940) by Ayn Rand.Brigham Young
<mask> made his breakthrough with his portrayal of Mormon leader Brigham Young in Brigham Young (1940) at 20th Century Fox, alongside Tyrone Power for director Henry Hathaway. He was cast on the basis of his performance in Missouri Legend. According to George D. Pyper, a technical consultant on the film who had personally known Brigham Young, <mask> not only resembled Young, but he also spoke like him and had many of his mannerisms. Thirty-two years later, in 1972 he was baptized a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Fox signed him to a long-term contract and put him in Western Union (1941) for Fritz Lang. He was announced for the Biblical film The Great Commandment and a biopic of Lewis and Clark with Randolph Scott, but neither was made. Instead, <mask> did The Men in Her Life (1941) for Columbia, Valley of the Sun (1942) at RKO, and The Omaha Trail (1942) at MGM.King Brothers
<mask> had a rare lead role in I Escaped from the Gestapo (1943) for the King Brothers, then went back to supporting roles for The North Star (1943) for Sam Goldwyn. The King Brothers gave him top billing again with When Strangers Marry (1944). <mask> did Alaska (1944) at Monogram, which distributed to King films. <mask> went to England to appear in I Live in Grosvenor Square (1945) with Anna Neagle and Rex Harrison. He had good roles in Sister Kenny (1946) with Rosalind Russell and Pursued (1947) with Robert Mitchum. He did Driftwood (1947) for Republic and started appearing on TV shows such as The Philco-Goodyear Television Playhouse, Studio One, and The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre. <mask> returned to Broadway for Dr. Social (1948), but it had a short run.He had the lead role in 'C'-Man (1949). Twelve O'Clock High
<mask> received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Twelve O'Clock High (1949), made at Fox for director Henry King. In the film, he played the retread World War I veteran, middle-aged adjutant Major/Lt. Col. Harvey Stovall, who acts as an advisor to the commander, General Savage (Gregory Peck). <mask> stayed a supporting actor, though, appearing in Sierra (1950) with Audie Murphy at Universal, Dark City (1950) for Hal Wallis, Rawhide (1951) with Hathaway and Power at Fox, and Warpath (1951) at Paramount with Edmond O'Brien and directed by Byron Haskin. <mask> had a lead role in the strongly anti-Communist film My Son John (1952) at Paramount. He was in Denver and Rio Grande (1952), again with Haskin and O'Brien, and episodes of Gulf Playhouse, Lux Video Theatre, Cavalcade of America, Schlitz Playhouse, and Studio 57.He appeared in the biblical epic The Robe (1953) as the weaver Justus of Cana, and was in Private Hell 36 (1954). He played retired Army Major General Tom Waverly honored by Bob Wallace (Bing Crosby) and Phil Davis (Danny Kaye) in the musical White Christmas (1954), and an impotent local sheriff in the modern Western Bad Day at Black Rock (1955), starring Spencer Tracy for MGM. He was also in The Eternal Sea (1955) at Republic, It's a Dog's Life (1955) at MGM, On the Threshold of Space (1956) at Fox, and Red Sundown (1956) at Universal. For the 1956 British science-fiction film X the Unknown, <mask> refused to work with director Joseph Losey because Losey was on the Hollywood blacklist. Losey came off the project after a few days of shooting and was replaced by Leslie Norman. An alternative version is that Losey was replaced due to illness. Half the budget, $30,000, went to <mask>'s fee.<mask> was in The 20th Century Fox Hour, Three Brave Men (1956), The Great Man (1956) (second-billed to José Ferrer), Zane Grey Theatre, "Bernadine"  (1957) with Pat Boone, an episode of Playhouse 90, Forty Guns (1957) for Sam Fuller, and The Proud Rebel (1958) with Alan Ladd and directed by Michael Curtiz. <mask> also portrayed the father of Elvis Presley's character in 1958's King Creole, directed by Curtiz. <mask> was in The Nun's Story (1959), playing the father of Audrey Hepburn, and Cash McCall (1960), and was the traveling manager for an evangelist played by Jean Simmons in the acclaimed 1960 drama Elmer Gantry. He did two failed pilots, including The House on K Street. In the 1960s, <mask> increasingly worked on television appearing in The Twilight Zone ("Static"), Sunday Showcase,
Our American Heritage, General Electric Theater, Dr. Kildare, The Christophers, and The Alfred Hitchcock Hour. He also appeared in the films Parrish (1961), The Honeymoon Machine (1961) and Billy Rose's Jumbo (1962). Mr. Novak

<mask> achieved success with the television series Mr. Novak (1963–1965), receiving Emmy Award nominations for his role in 1964 and 1965, as well as the California Teachers Association's Communications Award, along with star James Franciscus, in 1963 for his portrayal of high-school principal Albert Vane.Before he left the show to have a major medical operation, though, he was less than happy with the series, clashing repeatedly with the writers and directors and describing "the Mr. Novak company" afterwards as "a mishmash of unbelievable amateurishness." "It is unforgivable how bad TV is today," he said in 1965. "The people doing it have succumbed to the cliché that there is no time to be good in TV, or that we doing it are lucky to get one good episode out of three. Why?" <mask> officially left the show in December 1964 because of an ulcer. <mask>'s appearances in the 1960s included episodes of The F.B.I. and The Fugitive, as well as films First to Fight (1967), Firecreek (1968), Day of the Evil Gun (1968), Smith!(1968) with Glenn Ford, The Lonely Profession (1969), Tiger by the Tail (1970), The Kremlin Letter (1970), Men at Law, The Brotherhood of the Bell (1970), again with Ford, and an episode of The Name of the Game. He had a semiregular role on the series Matt Lincoln (1970) as the father of the title character, and parts in Vanishing Point (1971), Bonanza, and Incident in San Francisco (1971). In 1971, <mask> appeared on The Partridge Family. He played a prospector named Charlie in the Christmas episode "Don't Bring Your Guns to Town, Santa". Later career
<mask> was in The Glass House (1972), Columbo, Kung Fu (<mask> appeared as Caine's grandfather, who wants little to do with him, but starts Caine on his series-long search for his half-brother Danny), Alias Smith and Jones, Medical Center, The Stranger (1973), The Delphi Bureau, The Lie (1973), Shaft, I Heard the Owl Call My Name (1973), Love Story, The Hanged Man (1974), The Great Lester Boggs (1974), So Sad About Gloria (1975), The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case (1976), Harry O, Hunter, End of the World (1977), and Evil Town (1977). He played the syndicate boss in Game of Death (1978) as the nemesis of Bruce Lee. <mask>'s later appearances included The Waltons, Gideon's Trumpet (1980) and Alligator (1980).He won a Daytime Emmy award for a guest appearance in the religious series This Is the Life. His last role was as Dr. David Domedion in the St. Elsewhere season-three finale "Cheers" in 1985. <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1523 Vine Street for his contribution to motion pictures. Personal life and death
When <mask> tried to marry his second wife, Gloria Ling, in 1947, they were denied a marriage license in California due to a state law "forbidding unions between Caucasians and Mongolians [sic]"; Ling's father had been born in China. Within two days, the couple had flown to Albuquerque, New Mexico, and were married under "New Mexico's more liberal statute". In later life, <mask> suffered from heart disease; he died in his sleep in Santa Monica, California.He was 87, and was buried in the small town of Hughson, California, at Lakewood Memorial Park. He was survived by his third wife, Etta, a daughter and two stepsons. <mask> joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints later in his life. Complete filmography

 The Woman from Hell (1929) as Jim Coakley
 Handcuffed (1929) as Gerald Morely
 Whoopee! (1930) as Deputy (uncredited)
 You Belong to Me (1934) as Military School Instructor
 College Rhythm (1934) as Coach Robbins
 Behold My Wife! Marshal John Masters
 I Live in Grosvenor Square (1945) (US title: A Yank in London) as Sgt. John Patterson
 Sister Kenny (1946) as Kevin Connors
 Pursued (1947) as Grant Callum
 Driftwood (1947) as Dr. Steve Webster
 C-Man (1949) as Cliff Holden - alias William Harrah
 Twelve O'Clock High (1949) as Major Stovall
 Sierra (1950) as Jeff Hassard
 Dark City (1950) as Capt.Garvey
 Rawhide (1951) as Yancy
 Warpath (1951) as Sam Quade
 My Son John (1952) as Dan Jefferson
 Denver and Rio Grande (1952) as Gen. William J. Palmer
 It Grows on Trees (1952) as Phil Baxter
 The Robe (1953) as Justus
 Executive Suite (1954) as Jesse Q. Grimm
 Private Hell 36 (1954) as Capt. Baseman
 Firecreek (1968) as Whittier
 Day of the Evil Gun (1968) as Jimmy Noble
 Smith!

masks:
Dean Jagger
Dean Jeffries Jagger
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<mask> (July 6, 1882 – June 30, 1971) was curator of archaeology at the Southwest Museum from 1928 to 1964 and discoverer of ancient Pueblo structures near Overton, Nevada and Little Lake, California. Early life
<mask> knew early the rigors and fascinations of academic life. The son of <mask> and <mask>, a professor of astronomy at the University of Michigan who also held appointments in botany, zoology and geology, he spent his childhood roaming the area around Ann Arbor, Mich., his hometown, learning tribal languages from Indian friends and, when his family moved to Mount Vernon, New York, excavating and collecting local artifacts, thus feeding an early and lifelong interest in Native American culture. Education and archaeological career
When his father's poor health and mental illness forced him to drop out of school, <mask> took some of his finds to Frederic Ward Putnam, then the curator in anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Putnam hired <mask> as an apprentice field archaeologist, a post that eventually allowed him to attend Columbia University, where he studied under the celebrated anthropologist Franz Boas. He earned a bachelor of science degree in 1907 and a Master of Arts in anthropology in 1908. That same year, he went to work for George Gustav Heye, the collector of Native American artifacts who later established the Museum of the American Indian in New York City.<mask> spent three years collecting artifacts and documenting tribes in the East and Midwest for Heye. He was assistant curator at the University of Pennsylvania museum from 1911 to 1915. In 1912, <mask> met Mabel Dodge Luhan and introduced her and a group of friends to peyote during an impromptu "ceremony" at her apartment in Greenwich Village. Among the participants were anarchist Hutchins Hapgood and his wife, <mask>'s cousin, author Neith Boyce Hapgood. This incident became legendary in counterculture circles. In 1915, <mask> found native Taíno villagers on eastern Cuba while conducting fieldwork. Later in the 1950s, '60s, and '70s, he brought anthropologists to record the skeletal structure, blood type, and other physical attributes of the villagers.In 1917, <mask> married Anna Alexander Johns, with whom he had a son, Johns Heye <mask>. He was born on September 5, 1918 and was named after his mother's maiden name and Gustav Heye. <mask> spent the next 13 years working for Heye as an archaeologist, ethnologist, field collector and curator in Arkansas, Tennessee, Missouri, Oklahoma, Nevada, Texas, Cuba, and Ecuador. Beginning in 1925, <mask> made some of his most significant discoveries, of ancient dwellings of Pueblo Indians and their precursors, known as “the Basketmakers,” in Nevada. One find was a set of 46 structures, the largest of which contained 100 rooms. <mask> estimated the earliest occupiers to have been there around 1500 BC. More recent studies have determined the artifacts from the site to be much more recent, from between 500 BC to 300 BC.Some of the stone and adobe dwellings appeared to have been made by Pueblo Indians, whose antiquity he also overestimated. Later study showed them to be from 700 to 1150 AD. Anna died on August 13, 1927 of an unspecified "brief illness." In December of that year, <mask> married Edna L. Parker, a descendant of the famous Seneca religious leader of the Iroquois, Handsome Lake. She was also the sister of Arthur C. Parker, an archaeologist, folklorist and expert on Native Americans whose Iroquois name was Gawaso Wanneh. Friends knew Edna as Nandaka or Endeka and she often assisted <mask> on excavations. Southwest Museum
In 1928, <mask> came to Los Angeles to be curator of archaeology at the Southwest Museum, beginning an association that would last until his retirement.During this time, he earned an honorary doctorate from Occidental College. He conducted excavations in Los Angeles, Nevada and other sites on behalf of the museum. He returned to the site, along the Muddy River, where he had made his earlier discoveries, to conduct a complete survey. In 1930, <mask> bought the dilapidated Andrés Pico Adobe, also known as the Rómulo Pico Adobe or Ranchito Rómulo, near the San Fernando Rey Mission in the San Fernando Valley. It is one of the oldest residences in Los Angeles. Partial walls still stood, but the floor, roof, a staircase, window and door frames required rebuilding. <mask> also built an addition to the north wing of the house, put a fireplace in the living room, rebuilt patio walls and added a garage.The couple lived there 15 years. At the time he undertook the Pico Adobe project, <mask> and a colleague also began to dig in Gypsum Cave in the Frenchman Range in Nevada, where they found Basketmaker artifacts. The archaeologist and ethnologist Bertha Parker (Abenaki, Seneca), who was also <mask>'s niece, served as expedition secretary and discovered the skull of an extinct ground sloth. Excavators also found dung along with other parts of the skeleton. <mask> came to the controversial conclusion that humans and the ground sloth had existed at the same time and dated them to 8500 BC. Later studies showed he was in the correct range for the animal bones, but badly mistaken about the human artifacts, which were dated to 900-400 BC. His dating for another site at Tule Springs, near Las Vegas, has equally been called into question.<mask> found a spear point in an apparent fire pit alongside the bones of several ancient animals, which led him to assert in a published article that they were contemporaries and that the site was between 10,000 and 25,000 years old. More recent scrutiny has put his dating in doubt, however. In 1933, on loan from the museum, <mask> went to work for the National Park Service under the Civilian Conservation Corps. He directed a project to salvage as much as possible of the Pueblo Grande de Nevada archaeological site, also known as Nevada's "Lost City," near Overton, Nevada. The site was about to be destroyed by the new Lake Mead, born of the construction of Hoover Dam. They found 17 new sites and dug until “there was literally water lapping at their boots.”

In 1947, <mask> learned from a friend of an ancient site located about 160 miles northeast of Los Angeles that contained artifacts attributed to the Pinto Culture, believed to have existed in the area as early as 3000 BC. <mask> excavated the location—dubbed the Stahl site for the composer Willy Stahl, its discoverer—for at least the next two years.During this time, on September 20, 1948, Edna died. He married a third time, to author Marie Toma Walsh, in April of the following year. <mask> published his report on the Stahl site in 1957. <mask> retired from the Southwest Museum in 1964. He died in 1971 and is buried at the San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Mission Hills. Publications
 Certain Caddo Sites in Arkansas. Indian Notes and Monographs.New York: Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 1920* “The Ozark Bluff-Dwellers.” American Anthropologist 26 (January–March 1924):1–21. "Lovelock Cave." University of California Publication in American Archaeology and Ethnology (1929) : 25(1); Loud, Llewellyn, and M.R<mask>
 The Ozark Bluff-Dwellers. Indian Notes and Monographs 12. New York: Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 1960. “Reminiscences of an Archeologist.” The Masterkey 36, no.2 (1962):138–142. Dickon among the Lenape Indians. Bell, 1938. Abridged as a Puffin Story Book: Dickon Among the Indians, 1949. The Iroquois Trail: Dickon among the Onondagas and Senecas. References

1882 births
1971 deaths
Archaeologists of California
Civilian Conservation Corps people
20th-century American writers
20th-century American archaeologists
Progressive Era in the United States
Columbia College (New York) alumni

masks:
Mark Raymond Harrington
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Mark Walrod Harrington
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