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<mask> (1749–1817) was an English cotton merchant and political radical. Life
He was the son of <mask>, a merchant in Bristol who moved to Manchester. An early influence was the teaching of James Burgh. He became a Manchester cotton merchant himself. He had a town house and warehouse on South Parade, adjacent to St Mary's Church, Manchester, and a country place at Barlow Hall, rented from William Egerton. Business campaigns
In 1784 <mask> led the successful local opposition to William Pitt's fustian tax. With <mask>, he testified to the Board of Trade committee in London in January 1785.After some confusion during the spring, the House of Commons voted to repeal the tax in April, and the Manchester men returned north as heroes. The same year he founded the General Chamber of Manufactures, set up to lobby against Pitt's measures on trade with Ireland. In 1787 <mask> opposed the Eden Treaty, a divisive position. In 1788, at a meeting of fustian manufacturers and calico printers about the East India Company, Robert Peel spoke, and the unpopular <mask> clashed physically with his brother Laurence. Connections
<mask> was well connected, through business, religious, political and family networks. Himself an Anglican of latitudinarian views, he supported the campaign against the religious disabilities of dissenters, and was a founder member of the Unitarian Society set up by Theophilus Lindsey. He took to heart comments of John Jebb that Pitt, after Lord North, was the most dangerous politician in the country.He married into the Shore family of Sheffield: Samuel Shore (1738–1828), his brother-in-law, was an ironmaster, dissenter, and activist of the Yorkshire Association. Among his friends and correspondents were Charles James Fox, the leading Whig Lord Derby, John Horne Tooke and <mask>. He took on as apprentices the sons of both Joseph Priestley and James Watt; other business connections were with Matthew Boulton and Josiah Wedgwood. At the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society he associated with like-minded men: John Ferriar the physician, Joseph Collier the surgeon, Samuel Jackson the merchant, and <mask> the barrister. Abolitionist
The Manchester committee against the slave trade was set up on 27 December 1787. <mask> was the chairman, Samuel Jackson the secretary, and there were 29 other founder members. Over the next four years members, including <mask>, then joined other committees, including that of the Manchester Infirmary.A commission was given to James Anderson of Hermiston, who wrote Observations on Slavery (1789). In 1790 <mask> and Cooper went to London, working with the abolitionists there to lobby Members of Parliament. <mask> was a pivotal figure for Manchester abolitionism, took shares in the Sierra Leone Company, and was in touch with the London Abolition Committee. By 1792, 15 of the committee members had joined the Literary and Philosophical Society; they included <mask> and Ferriar, George Lloyd the barrister, <mask> and <mask>. The committee, however, had by then shed some Tory members, including the prominent Loyalist Nathan Crompton, and others remained as nominal supporters only. There was also opposition, with Lawrence Peel taking a significant part in organising an anti-abolition petition. The Infirmary experienced a sharp dispute in the years 1788 to 1790, with reformers including Ferriar and <mask> arguing for expansion, while conservative surgeons including Charles White defended the status quo.A meeting at Michaelmas 1790 saw <mask> speak forcefully for expenditure on medical assistants. The measure passed, but William Roberts who was present took offence, and carried forward a vendetta. Borough-reeve for 1790–1
Partly by choice, Manchester in the 18th century, which by 1790 had a population of 75,000, lacked municipal structures beyond the legacy of the Middle Ages. It was not a parliamentary borough, meaning it avoided divisive national elections, as <mask>'s opponent Roberts had argued in 1788. The Tory establishment in Manchester, in particular the Peel family of manufacturers, grouped around the manorial institutions and Manchester collegiate church. The Whig and dissenter political leaders had little access to the manorial positions; the manor of Manchester ran in the family of the Mosley baronets, and in 1790 the title was held by a minor. In October 1790 <mask> was elected borough-reeve of Manchester.The electoral body was the jury of the court leet, a medieval survival summoned by the lord of the manor. The borough-reeve was the leading citizen of the town, and was elected with two Constables. The typical borough-reeve was a Tory merchant or textile manufacturer. The major power attached to the office was the calling of public meetings. Through deputy and special constables, the court leet also oversaw peacekeeping. <mask> was preceded in the annual post by Edward Place, and followed by Nathan Crompton. Place had called a public meeting on 3 February 1790, at which resolutions had been passed including one stating that Dissenter agitation should be viewed with "alarm".Nathan Crompton was a "Church and King" man. Radical politician
<mask> was also, with <mask>, dominant in Manchester radical politics. In 1790, while he was borough-reeve, <mask> founded the Manchester Constitutional Society. He belonged to the Society for Constitutional Information and edited the Manchester Herald. It was founded by Cooper and <mask>, as an alternative to the conservative Manchester Mercury run by Joseph Harrop, was abolitionist, and wrote positively about the French Revolution. It appeared from 31 March 1792, printed by Matthew Falkner and Samuel Birch, both Constitutional Society Members. Falkner had a printing house.After the Priestley Riots of July 1791, the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society was asked to send a message of support to Joseph Priestley, who had had to flee Birmingham, as had been done by the Derby Philosophical Society. The request was refused, however. On this, a group including Cooper and <mask> resigned en masse, with James Watt junior, Joseph Priestley junior, Samuel Jackson and others. On 4 November 1791 <mask> attended the Revolution Dinner at the London Tavern, with Priestley, Tom Paine, and Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve. When in April 1792  Cooper and James Watt junior went to Paris, they were ostensibly travelling on business for <mask>'s firm. They carried a letter from <mask> to Pétion, the mayor of the city, proclaiming a maturing English revolution. Loyalist resistance
In September 1792 a large group of Manchester public house keepers banned meetings of the local reform societies; <mask> reacted by holding the Constitutional Society and Manchester Reform Society meetings in his town house.The Manchester Constitutional Society was one of the parties to a joint address sent in November 1792 to the French Convention, the others being the London Corresponding Society, the Manchester Reformation Society, the Norwich Revolution Society and the Society of the Friends of the People. Archibald Prentice's account of these events regards the formation of a "Church and King Club" in Manchester as a result of the rejection in 1790 of nonconformist pressure to relax religious tests. The Manchester Constitutional Club was a reaction to it: and besides Cooper and <mask>, the members were James Darbishire, <mask>, George Lloyd and George Philips. The Manchester Herald was set up in March 1792, because the Manchester Chronicle and Manchester Mercury had ceased to give space to radical views. <mask>'s warehouse was attacked in December 1792 by a "Church and King" mob: he managed to drive them off. On <mask>'s published account, the violence that began on 10 December 1792 lasted for three nights, and occurred in four locations, with the constables not intervening. It affected his house, which was on South Parade; that of Joseph Collier; and that of Matthew Falkner, with the Manchester Herald office being broken up.It also was directed at William Gorse, of the Manchester Reformation Society, in Great Newton Street (in what is now the Northern Quarter). Richard Unite, the deputy constable, is considered to have connived at the rioting. In August 1793 Joseph Priestley was under the impression that both Cooper and <mask> would leave for America; in the event, Cooper went but <mask> stayed in Manchester. Birch and Falkner left for America in spring of 1793, and the last issue of the Manchester Herald appeared on 23 March. Treason trial
In 1794 <mask> was prosecuted for treasonable conspiracy; but the evidence was found to be perjured, and the charge was abandoned. At the trial he was defended by <mask>. Edward Law in 1793 was made king's sergeant and attorney-general for the County Palatine of Lancaster.He prosecuted <mask> for conspiracy to overthrow the constitution. The case began with evidence gathered by the Rev. John Griffith, a Manchester magistrate. A chaplain of the Manchester Collegiate Church, who became a fellow there in November 1793, he was later criticised for his role in <mask>'s prosecution. Summer of 1793 saw rumours circulate in Manchester about <mask>: words he had used against the king, armed men he was training. Griffith found an informer, <mask>, and investigated what evidence could be collected against <mask>. On the basis of Dunn's testimony, Griffith issued an arrest warrant for <mask>, on a treason charge.At that point, <mask> was in London: he asked his brother Richard and solicitor to make enquiries of Griffith, while he himself contacted Henry Dundas, the Home Secretary. Lesser figures in the reform societies were also proceeded against. The treason charge against <mask> was dropped; but he was brought to trial on a seditious conspiracy charge in April 1794 in Lancaster, before Judge John Heath. This was a major case, with ten defendants (eight only in the dock) including Joseph Collier, and large legal teams. Edward Law led for the prosecution, with four juniors; <mask> for the defence had four other counsel also, including Felix Vaughan. The jury heard testimony about the attack on <mask>'s warehouse, and his subsequent collecting of arms, which were later fired over the head of a crowd. Dunn on re-examination was found to be drunk, and his evidence on armed men was directly contradicted.Law gave up the case against <mask>, and the jury acquitted him; Dunn was later convicted of perjury. Later life
<mask> withdrew from political activity after the trial, but in 1795 was a signatory to a petition criticising government measures, with other members of the anti-slavery committee including Samuel Greg, Lloyd and Percival. After a dormant period, the reform societies became more active again in 1796, and by 1797 <mask> had again emerged as a local leader in Manchester. In personal terms, <mask>'s radicalism cost him dear. The cotton and fustian business he ran failed. (The economic context was a pause in Manchester's growth, in the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars.) Felix Vaughan, who died in 1799, left <mask> a property at Longford in Stretford (near Manchester), which became the family home.He died at Longford on 2 February 1817. He was buried at St Clement's church, Chorlton cum Hardy. Works
A Review of Some of the Political Events which Have Occurred in Manchester, During the Last Five Years, 1794

<mask> married Hannah, daughter of Samuel Shore, and brother of Samuel Shore (1738–1828). They had three sons and three daughters. The sons included <mask> (1784–1836) the author, and Charles James Stanley the magistrate. Notes

Attribution

1749 births
1817 deaths
English merchants
Businesspeople from Manchester
Politicians from Manchester

masks:
Thomas Walker
Thomas Walker
Walker
Thomas Richardson
Walker
Walker
Walker
Thomas Paine
Thomas Cooper
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Thomas Barnes
Thomas Henry
Thomas Percival
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Thomas Cooper
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Thomas Kershaw
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Thomas Erskine
Walker
Walker
Walker
Thomas Dunn
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Thomas Erskine
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Family Walker
Thomas Walker


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born December 29, 1965) is a Panamanian pianist, composer, educator, and a social activist. His music is a blend of Panamanian roots with elements of Latin American folk music, jazz, European impressionism, African, and other musical heritages that promote music as a multi-dimensional bridge between people. He has released eleven albums as a leader, and appeared on many recordings as a side man, which have earned him critical acclaim, numerous accolades, Grammy Awards wins and nominations. He is a recipient of the United States Artists Fellowship, and the 2009 Smithsonian Legacy Award. Biography
Born in Panama in 1965, <mask> started his musical studies at the age of three with his father, <mask>, an elementary and middle school educator and well known Panamanian singer. In 1967 his father wrote a university thesis which stated that the entire curriculum should be taught through music. He used these techniques to teach his son mathematics, science and other subjects through music, therefore rhythm and interconenctive learning became the foundation of Perez's youth.By age 10, <mask> was studying the European classical piano repertoire at the National Conservatory in Panama. In 1985 <mask> was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to study in the United States. After initially enrolling at[Indiana University of Pennsylvania], <mask> quickly transferred to the Berklee College of Music after being awarded the Quincy Jones Scholarship. While still a student, he performed with Jon Hendricks, Terence Blanchard, Slide Hampton, Claudio Roditi and Paquito D'Rivera. <mask> received a degree in jazz composition and upon graduation he began touring and recording with artists such as Jack DeJohnette, Steve Lacy, Lee Konitz, Charlie Haden, Michael Brecker, Joe Lovano, Tito Puente, Wynton Marsalis, Tom Harrell, Gary Burton, and Roy Haynes. In 1989, two events occurred that have proven of lasting influence on both <mask>'s creative practice as well as his thinking regarding music as a tool for social change. That year <mask> became the youngest member appointed to Dizzy Gillespie's United Nation Orchestra."He really showed me the power of music as a diplomatic tool, the power of music in intercultural dialogue", says <mask> of Gillespie, "He constantly asked me who are you, how are you and wanted a non-musical answer, he wanted to hear about your life where you come from. How you speak, and how you dance. He encouraged us to use music in a creative ways to respond to all these questions". He wanted to be remembered as a humanitarian. This was my first experience with jazz as something beyond a style of music. "I remember one time playing a solo, and I was very proud of playing in the bebop language, everybody was complimenting me, but Dizzy said: 'That's good young man, but you can bring some more of your Panamanian folklore into it. "I will never forget that."<mask> remained a member of the United Nation Orchestra until Gillespie's passing in 1992. In December, 1989 he returned to his native Panama to perform for the first time with his own ensemble made up of musicians from the United States and Spain. About the engagement <mask> says, "The concert got cancelled because two days after the band arrived, the US invaded Panama. The entire country was scared. We were fearful of the military intervention and the future was uncertain. But we all decided to improvise and face the unknown, as it happens in jazz, and we went forward with the concert, in the middle of the US invasion. With our musical shield, we were confident no bullets could enter our spirit.The club was packed with people for and against the invasion who got together and decided to celebrate life. We laughed, hugged, and cried. On that day we had a country (in a small club) without an invasion for 2 hours. I learned then that the power of music could be an antidote against war, misunderstanding, hate and suffering, and that music is one of the most effective tools to redirect humanity in the quest for peace". Music career
<mask> started on piano when he was three years old. At ten, he studied at the National Conservatory in Panama. By age 12, he was working professionally as a musician.He moved to the U.S. to study music, attending Indiana University of Pennsylvania and then switching to the Berklee College of Music in Boston. At Berklee, he worked with Jon Hendricks, Claudio Roditi, and Terence Blanchard. In 1989, <mask> became a member of Dizzy Gillespie's United Nation Orchestra. The album Live at the Royal Festival Hall won a Grammy Award. He remained with the band until Gillespie died in 1992. In October 1998, he told The Independent that "One of the things Dizzy taught me was to learn about my own heritage even more than I knew already. He said it was more important for jazz for you to get to what your own roots are, than to learn about other things."In 1993 <mask> turned his focus to his own work as a bandleader and composer and has gone on to release eleven albums as a leader. Perez released his first album, <mask> Perez, on the Novus label. In 1994, at the age of 27, Perez released what is considered his most personal album, The Journey, a musical account of the torturous trip enslaved Africans made across the oceans in the hulls of the slave ships. The album made it to the top ten jazz lists of New York's Village Voice, the New York Times, Billboard, and the Boston Globe. It also allowed Perez to become a recognizable name in the jazz community. Critics have hailed The Journey, Perez's second recording, for its quality of composition and incorporation of Pan-African influences into a jazz context. Perez set up the album as a dream series tracing the route of slaves, stolen or sold from their homes and transported across the sea.The Journey begins with "The Capture", makes its way through "The Taking", "Chains", "The Voyage", and finishes with "Libre Spiritus". According to Minstrel Music Network, "On The Journey, Perez ... seeks to blur the distinctions between musical styles, through his all-encompassing vision, and (by implication) to eradicate the distinctions between those people native to the Americas, and the Africans and Europeans who mixed with them to cast the alloy of multiculturalism." In 1995 <mask> was appointed to the faculty of the New England Conservatory. In the year 1996 he released Panamonk, a tribute to Thelonious Monk which DownBeat named "One of the most important jazz piano albums in the history". He also performed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta with Wynton Marsalis. Mr Perez also performed as a special guest at President Bill Clinton's Inaugural Ball. He also played the piano on the Bill Cosby TV show theme song, and participated in the Arturo Sandoval Grammy-winning album, Danzon.He received his first commission in 1995 from the Concorso Internazionale di Composizione. He immediately began applying the concepts he had been working on in the jazz setting of merging the multiple musical languages and the cultural traditions they represent to large scale compositions. The resulting work, Pan-American Suite, a double concerto for vibraphone, piano and orchestra combined the musical traditions of Panamanian folk music and western classical forms and was premiered by Gary Burton and the composer in the soloist roles. In 1998, his album Central Avenue, placed mejoranera music (a style of Panamanian folklore singing) within a contemporary jazz context and earned Grammy and Latin Grammy nominations. Both albums received the Boston Music Awards and was chosen as one of the 10 best recordings across genres by Time magazine in 1998. A subsequent commission from the Chicago Jazz Festival in 1999 for the saxophonist Steve Lacy, Suite for the Americas incorporated American and Latin American folk music with the traditional elements of jazz and was scored for jazz quartet and the American folk instruments of blues guitarist John Primer with the Latin folk singer Luciana Souza and bata drums. <mask> later recorded the piece for his 2000 release Motherland.That same year he received the first of two commissions from Lincoln Center. In 2000, he joined Wayne Shorter in a quartet with John Patitucci and Brian Blade. Performing with the group extensively since then, and appears on all four of the recordings Shorter has made during this period: Footprints Live! (2002), Alegría (2003), Beyond the Sound Barrier (2005), and Without a Net (2013). The ensemble has received the Jazz Journalists Association award for Small Ensemble of the Year six times, first in 2002, and as recently as 2015; a testament to both the innovative beginnings and the continued vitality of a group that continues to redefine the musical possibilities of the jazz chamber music setting. The ensemble's first release Footprints Live! received the "Album of the Year Award" in 2003 from the Jazz Journalist Association and the DownBeat Critics and Readers polls.The ensemble's second release Beyond the Sound Barrier received a Grammy award for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance Individual or Group. The ensemble's most recent release Without a Net received "Album of the Year" honors from the Jazz Journalists Association, the DownBeat and NPR Jazz Critics polls. The performance techniques of the ensemble have formed the basis of new pedagogy for the study of the relationship between improvisation and composition and is the subject of numerous research studies in jazz. Regarding Shorter, <mask> says, "Wayne has encouraged me to write what I hope for and what I wish the world to be." In 2003, <mask> founded Panama Jazz Festival with the stated mission of bettering the lives of people through shared musical experiences as listeners, on stage and in the classrooms. About the festival <mask> states, "By offering performances and educational activities of the highest order, as well as practical, hands on training in the music business, the Panama Jazz Festiva l aims to inspire and educate while providing tools and opportunities to build a better future for individuals and their communities." As such, while the festival annually offers a rich program of concerts by leading international jazz musicians, the emphasis is on music education.It has become the largest music education event in the region and includes classical programs as well as the Latin American Symposium on Music Therapy and an annual symposium on AfroPanamanian traditions. The festival also supports the year-round educational programs of Danilo <mask> Foundation, which brings art and music to children living in communities of extreme poverty throughout the Republic of Panama. In 2008 Berklee College of Music approached <mask> with opportunity to design a curriculum that could serve as a platform for his work as an artist and humanitarian that could be taught to generations of gifted musicians for years to come. In 2009 he was named the founder and Artistic Director for the Berklee Global Jazz Institute; a creative music institute with a progressive vision to develop the artist of the new millennium. About the Institute <mask> states, "the practice of sharing humanity through performance experience is the core of the curriculum and I work with gifted musicians to become leaders in the world community to affect positive social change with one common goal: to develop the creative cultural Ambassadors of the new millennium. In the year 2008 the album Across the Crystal Sea was released. A collaboration between <mask> Perez and the prolific composer and arranger Claus Ogerman.Praised by The Guardian as "So ultra-smooth it achieves something like a state of grace". Claus Ogerman said "This is a record I wanted to make before I leave the planet". In the 2010 Perez released Providencia, which was also nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of "Best Instrumental Jazz Album". Regarding <mask>'s 2014 release Panama 500, Harvard Professor David Carrasco remarked "<mask>'s musical vision says 'Presente' to the musical tones, timbres, lips and dedos who discovered what only this year we learn while listening to Panama 500, the truth that what we think of as modest, little Panamá, IS also the center of the world,' our becoming world of music, human dialogue, human possibility and pleasure." <mask> has received commissions from many chamber groups and his work often finds inspiration in the people, journeys and events that shaped the origins of the Americas. In 2011 the Imani Winds commissioned <mask> as part of their legacy commissioning for his composition Travesias Panameñas. In 2012 <mask> was commissioned by Carnegie Hall to compose an octet for members of the Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra of Venezuela.<mask> describes the work, Cuentos del Mar, as, "a brushstroke of the oceanic museum of life-the place where we see ourselves depicted, hopeful or mistaken. It is a story of ambition and colonization, a new world that is full of hope and ready to change the course of humanity. Another commission in 2013 by the Banff Center for his piece Camino de Cruces, written for the Cecilia Quartet. A three-movement crossover work for piano and string quartet. About this work <mask> states, "Camino de Cruces tries to create a personal journey that captures the different challenges the Spaniards, native Indians, and slaves may have faced during their journey from the Atlantic to the Pacific during colonization. At the base of the piece is folkloric counterpoint: native Indian, African, and European cultures blending their influences to create a hybrid form in order to represent Panama as a melting pot". Perez continues "This piece is based on my concept called three-dimensional music that combines jazz, Pan-American folklore, and classical music.It has melodic references to traditional Panamanian folklore mixed with North American blues and improvisations, fused with harmonic language from my background in classical music and jazz." - <mask> Perez. In 2015 <mask> was commissioned by the Museum of Biodiversity in Panama designed by architect Frank Gehry to compose a site specific work. For this occasion <mask> developed a tridimensional music concept where 3 different musical stories could be heard individually and/or together depending on where the listener stood in the gallery. The four-part composition was intended as a soundtrack for one of the museum's permanent exhibitions The Human Path. with each movement of the work corresponding to one of four key eras: the beginning of man, the development of the native culture, colonization, and modernity. Perez once dreamed of bringing a world-class jazz club to Panama and the dream became realized as the opening of Danilo's Jazz Club on Sunday, February 23, 2014.In 2015 <mask> premiered two brand new commissions. In July, his composition "Expeditions- Panamania 2015"  was performed at the Panamerican games in Toronto. The same year in September, he also premiered his "Detroit World Suite- La leyenda de Bayano at the Detroit Jazz Festival. Some of Perez's accomplishments include The Legacy Award from the Smithsonian Latino Center, the ASICOM International Award from the University of Oviedo and the Gloria Career Achievement Award from the International Latino Cultural Center of Chicago are among the significant acknowledgements he has received for his work. <mask> previously served as Goodwill Ambassador to UNICEF and currently serves as an UNESCO Artist for Peace and as Cultural Ambassador to the Republic of Panama. In 2016 <mask> received an honorary doctorate from the University of Panama. Mr Perez's work continues to receive recognition all around the world and in 2017 the Puerto Rico Heineken Jazz Festival  dedicated its edition in honor and the work of Panamanian pianist <mask> <mask>.In 2018 <mask> <mask> won the United States Artists Fellowship and the Victoriano Lorenzo Award. Recording as a leader
In 1992, he released his first solo album, <mask> <mask>, and then his second, The Journey, in 1994. He performed The Journey in concert with the Panamanian Symphony Orchestra the same year. The album is a musical account of the trip enslaved Africans made across the ocean, beginning with "The Capture", through "The Taking", "Chains", The Voyage", and ending with "Libre Spiritus". David Sanchez and Giovanni Hidalgo play on the album, which was recorded in two days at the Power Station in New York City. The album made it to the top ten jazz lists in The Village Voice, The New York Times, The Boston Globe, and Billboard magazine. It was named one of the best albums of the 1990s by DownBeat magazine.In 1998, Central Avenue, <mask>'s fourth album, received a Grammy nomination for Best Latin Jazz Album. Central Avenue is a blend of influences from blues, folk, and Caribbean and Middle Eastern genres. It was produced by Tommy LiPuma, who worked with <mask> on PanaMonk. <mask> arranged the ensemble of bassists John Patitucci and Avishai Cohen, and drummer Jeff "Tain" Watts. The songs were done in one take, except for "Panama Blues". For this song, <mask> recorded Raul Vital, a Panamanian folk singer, and a chorus of mejorana singers in Panama, then returned with the recording to New York City, where the ensemble contributed. Mejorana is an improvisational style of singing.<mask> told Graybow of Billboard, "[I heard] the blues in their voices, much like the blues down in Mississippi", and instantly wanted to record them. In 2015 Perez recorded Children of the Light. Children of the Light is the name of the album and also the name of the trio which features pianist <mask> Perez, bassist John Patitucci and drummer Brian Blade all rhythm section members of the Wayne Shorter Quartet. Awards

Commissioned work

Discography

As a leader

As a sideman

References

External links

 Mack Avenue Artist Page
 Podcast featuring "Galactic Panama" by <mask> <mask>

1965 births
Living people
Berklee College of Music faculty
GRP Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Impulse! Records artists
Latin jazz musicians
New England Conservatory faculty
Panamanian jazz musicians
Verve Records artists
20th-century Panamanian musicians
21st-century Panamanian musicians
Mack Avenue Records artists
ArtistShare artists
EmArcy Records artists
Concord Records artists

masks:
Danilo Pérez
Danilo Pérez
Danilo Enrico Pérez Urriola
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
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Pérez
Danilo
Pérez
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Pérez
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Danilo
Pérez
Danilo
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
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Pérez
Danilo
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Danilo
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Danilo
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Danilo
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Danilo
Danilo
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texts:
<mask> (born 29 March 1997) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for  side Swindon Town. McKirdy is a product of the Aston Villa and Stoke City academies. While in Aston Villa's academy he played on loan at English Football League sides Stevenage, Crewe Alexandra and Newport County. He played for Carlisle United on a permanent basis during the 2019–20 season and then signed with Port Vale in September 2020, though he would only stay there for one season. He joined Swindon Town in August 2021 on a one year contract. Career

Aston Villa
McKirdy was born in London and brought up in the Stoke-on-Trent area, where he attended St Joseph's College. He was on the books of Stoke City from the age of seven to fourteen, and then joined Aston Villa's academy.He signed a scholarship in 2013, and went on to sign a two-year professional contract with the "Villans" in 2016. He scored six goals in the 2016 HKFC Soccer Sevens tournament to win the golden boot, with one of his goals coming in the final as Villa beat West Ham United 2–0 to claim their sixth tournament title. He achieved this despite having only recently returned to fitness following a five-month lay-off with injury. McKirdy trained with the first-team in 2016–17 pre-season, and joined League Two club Stevenage on 31 August 2016, on loan until January 2017. He made his senior debut for "Boro" on 24 September, coming on as a substitute in a 2–0 defeat to Exeter City at Broadhall Way. He scored his first career goal in an EFL Trophy tie against Brighton & Hove Albion Under-23s on 4 October. He marked his first league start with the winning goal in a 2–1 victory at Mansfield Town on 29 October.Head coach Darren Sarll said that "it was a terrific finish, the temperament of the lad to go through on his debut and finish like that, top drawer, the lad's going to be a good player". In October 2017, McKirdy signed a contract extension to keep him at Villa Park until 2019. On 19 January 2018, he signed for Crewe Alexandra on loan to the end of the 2017–18 season. He scored on his debut after coming on as a second-half substitute in a 3–2 defeat to Wycombe Wanderers at Gresty Road on 20 January. Manager David Artell revealed that: "He even said that if money was an issue then he would look to pay his own way. That made me smile. That shows a real desire and hunger to come out on loan and play some football."McKirdy had been keen on the loan move with the "Railwaymen" and had consulted with Ashley Westwood and Steve Bruce before making up his mind. He scored three goals in 16 League Two games at Crewe Alex. On 31 January 2019, McKirdy joined League Two side Newport County on loan until the end of the 2018–19 season. He made his debut for the "Exiles" on 19 February as a second-half substitute in a 4–1 win at Notts County. He scored his first goal for Newport on 13 April in a 3–0 win against Cambridge United. He was part of the team that reached the League Two play-off final at Wembley Stadium on 25 May, although he was an unused substitute in the final, which ended in a 1–0 defeat to Tranmere Rovers. He was used primarily as a substitute by manager Michael Flynn, making 11 substitute appearances and only two starts during his time at Rodney Parade, scoring one goal.McKirdy was released by Aston Villa in May 2019. Carlisle United
McKirdy signed a one-year deal with League Two club Carlisle United on 11 June 2019. He scored a headed goal six minutes into his debut for the "Cumbrians", in a 2–1 win over Crawley Town on 3 August. Manager Steven Pressley said after the game that "I'm pleased for him because he’s a really good kid. He takes a bit of managing, but he's a good kid underneath that". McKirdy scored 11 goals from 38 games to finish as United's top-scorer for the 2019–20 season. However he was released in May 2020.Manager Chris Beech said that "I respect the skill sets he has got... [but] <mask>irdy signed a one-year contract with League Two side Port Vale on 11 September 2020 after impressing manager John Askey on trial. He scored his first goal for the "Valiants" on 10 November, in a 4–2 win over Liverpool U21 at Vale Park in the group stages of the EFL Trophy. He failed to establish himself in the first-team however and was transfer-listed in December. Interim manager Danny Pugh deselected him from the club's 22-man squad the following month. McKirdy played for Leicester City U23's in February. New Vale manager Darrell Clarke went on to state that his regret at being unable to play McKirdy in the second half of the 2020–21 season and that he was still working to improve the player's mindset to prevent McKirdy's confidence from hindering his relationship with his coaches.On 31 March, the club gained special dispensation from the EFL to register McKirdy back on the 22-man squad, in place of the injured Zak Mills. Nevertheless he was one of 15 players released from the club in May 2021. Swindon Town
McKirdy scored twice in a pre-season friendly for Swindon Town in July 2021 and signed a one-year deal with the League Two club on 4 August; Ben Chorley, the "Robins" director of football said that "his attitude in both training and across all three preseason games has been fantastic". He scored on his League Two debut for the "Robins", a 3–1 win at Scunthorpe United on the opening day of the 2021–22 season. On New Year's Day, McKirdy scored four of Swindon's goals in their 5–2 win over Northampton Town at the County Ground. In his post-match interview he reflected that "I just felt a little bit livelier out there... I need to try and get to a place where I'm like that every week."On 7 January, he scored against Premier League champions Manchester City in a 4–1 home defeat in the FA Cup third round. On 13 January, he extended his contract with the club beyond the end of the season. Style of play
McKirdy is a versatile attacker, able to play in any forward position, either centrally or out wide. Crewe boss David Artell called McKirdy "a natural goalscorer" and "one of those nuisance forwards, who gets under the feet of centre-halves". He has been criticised for his temperament, particularly in regards to his reactions to jeering by fans both on the pitch and on social media. Career statistics

References

1997 births
Living people
Footballers from Greater London
Footballers from Stoke-on-Trent
People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent
English footballers
Association football forwards
Stoke City F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C.players
Stevenage F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Newport County A.F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
English Football League players

masks:
Harry McKirdy
HarryK


texts:
<mask><mask> (September 2, 1928 – June 2, 2018) was an American journalist and a United States Marine Corps lieutenant general. He served in the Marine Corps for 39 years in both staff and command capacities. After retiring from the Marine Corps, he began working as the chief military correspondent for The New York Times. He was subsequently a military analyst for NBC. With Michael Gordon, he was the author of three accounts of American wars in Iraq, The Generals War (1995); Cobra II (2006); and Endgame (2012). Early life and military career
<mask> was born on September 2, 1928, in the Bronx, New York City. In 1946, <mask> enlisted in the United States Marine Corps after high school and served until his selection as a midshipman in the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) in 1947.He then attended the College of the Holy Cross, where he earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in history and was commissioned a Marine second lieutenant upon graduation in June 1951. He then went to The Basic School in Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia, and after completion in December 1951, he was assigned to the 1st Battalion 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division in Korea, where he served as an infantry platoon commander. Returning to the United States in September 1952, he served with the 8th Marines, 2nd Marine Division, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. In June, 1953, he was assigned duties aboard the heavy cruiser , where he served consecutively as executive officer and commanding officer of the ship's Marine Detachment. During this two-year tour of duty, he was promoted to captain. Following sea duty, <mask> was assigned to the Personnel Department at Headquarters Marine Corps until 1958. He was then assigned as an exchange officer to the British Royal Marine Commandos.After a period of training in the United Kingdom, he commanded a company in 45 Commando, 3 Commando Brigade, on Malta. Upon completion of the exchange tour in 1959, he reported for duties with the 1st Marine Division, Camp Pendleton, California, where he served consecutively as a company commander in reconnaissance, anti-tank, and infantry battalions. In 1961 he was ordered to duties as an instructor with the NROTC unit at the University of Colorado, where he would also complete a Master of Arts degree in history. He was promoted to major in November, 1961. His next assignment returned him to Quantico, where he was a student at the Marine Corps Command and Staff College. Ordered to the Republic of Vietnam in July 1965, General <mask> was assigned as an advisor to a Vietnamese special operations group. After a year in Vietnam, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and returned to Quantico, where he served for three years as an instructor at the Command and Staff College.In 1969, <mask> attended the Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. During his War College course he was awarded the Anderson Memorial Award for the "best paper dealing with politico-military thought" and designated a "Distinguished Graduate" upon completion of the course in June 1970. He then served another tour in the Republic of Vietnam, where he commanded the 1st Battalion 5th Marines, and later the 1st Reconnaissance Battalion of the 1st Marine Division. Following his return to the United States in 1971, <mask> was assigned to Headquarters Marine Corps, where he served as a plans officer. During this tour, he was promoted to colonel on January 3, 1972. From July 1974 through June 1975, he served as Deputy Director of the 1st Marine Corps District, headquartered in New York. On July 1, 1975, he assumed duties as Director and held this post until his advancement to brigadier general in April 1976.At this time, he assumed duties as assistant depot commander, Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina. On April 14, 1978, he assumed the duties of deputy for education/director, education center, Marine Corps Development and Education Command, Quantico. During this tour of duty, he was promoted to major general. He was subsequently transferred to Headquarters Marine Corps in April 1981 and assigned duty as director, Plans Division, Plans, Policies and Operations Department. Upon promotion to lieutenant general on June 15, 1983, he was assigned duty as the deputy chief of staff for plans, policies and operations, Headquarters Marine Corps. He served in this capacity until his retirement on July 1, 1985. Journalism career
General Trainor worked for The New York Times as chief military correspondent from 1986 to 1990, covering events in Central America and Africa.He then joined Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government as Director of the National Security Program from 1990 to 1996. Later, he was a Senior Fellow for National Security for the Council on Foreign Relations. During that time, Trainor appeared frequently on national news media as an expert on military and foreign affairs. He covered the invasion of Iraq for NBC and MSNBC. He and Michael R. Gordon have written three books together: The Generals' War, which covers the 1991 Gulf War, Cobra II, which covers the Iraq War begun in 2003 and concludes with The Endgame: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Iraq, from George W. Bush to Barack Obama. Awards and honors

Additional Awards
In addition to his military service awards, General <mask> received the Sanctae Crucis Award for Christian Leadership from the College of the Holy Cross in 2008. In 2013 the American Veterans Center chose him to receive the Andrew J. Goodpaster Award for military thought and performance.The Foreign Policy Research Institute established the Lt. Gen. <mask>. Trainor USMC Veterans Fellowship in 2017. In May 2018 the 1st Reconnaissance Battalion Association and the Marine Corps Gazette announced the Lt Gen <mask>. "Mick" Trainor Military Writing Award. Bibliography
The Endgame: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Iraq, from George W. Bush to Barack Obama (2013)
Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq (2006) (co-written with Michael R. Gordon)
The Generals' War: The Inside Story of the Conflict in the Gulf (1995)
A History of the Marine Corps (Rand McNally, 1968)

See also

References

"<mask><mask>, 89, General Turned Military Analyst, Is Dead" New York Times, 6/4/2018
"<mask><mask>, Marine lieutenant general turned journalist, dies at 89" Washington Post, 6/6/2018

External links

1928 births
2018 deaths
Military personnel from New York City
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
The New York Times writers
Harvard Kennedy School faculty
College of the Holy Cross alumni
University of Colorado Boulder alumni

masks:
Bernard E
. Trainor
Trainor
Trainor
Trainor
Trainor
Trainor
Trainor
Trainor
Bernard E
Bernard E
Bernard E
. Trainor
Bernard E
. Trainor


texts:
<mask> (July 18, 1901 – April 25, 1966) was a highly decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps with the rank of major general. He is most noted for his service as commanding officer of 1st Battalion, 1st Marines during Guadalcanal Campaign. <mask> later served as commanding general of Troop Training Unit, Atlantic Fleet and completed his career as Director of the Staff of the Inter-American Defense Board. Early career

<mask><mask> was born on July 18, 1901, in Lexington, Mississippi, and attended high school in Oxford, Mississippi, before he was transferred to Tupelo Military Institute. He graduated from the institute in summer of 1919 and subsequently enrolled the Mississippi State University in Starkville, Mississippi. <mask> graduated with bachelor's degree in summer 1924. <mask> was commissioned as second lieutenant in the Marine Corps on June 21, 1924, and ordered to the Basic School at Philadelphia Navy Yard for officer's training.He completed the school in June of the following year and was attached to Marine Corps Schools, Quantico as an instructor in Infantry Weapons School. <mask> remained in that capacity until November of that year and then was ordered to the Marine Barrack at Norfolk Navy Yard, where served until November 1926. While there, he met his future wife, Emilia Field <mask>, daughter of Norfolk Yard Commandant, Captain Reginald R<mask>. They were married on June 1, 1927, in Christ Church in Norfolk, Virginia. He was subsequently attached to the Marine detachment aboard the battleship USS Pennsylvania, where he served until April 1928. <mask> was then attached to the 4th Marine Regiment at Quantico and sailed for expeditionary duty to China in May 1929. He served three years with guard duties at Shanghai International Settlement and returned to the United States in July 1932.Upon his return, <mask> served with the Marine barracks at Brooklyn Navy Yard until May 1933, when he was ordered for Senior Course back to the Marine Corps Schools, Quantico. He then served as an instructor at the Basic School at Philadelphia Navy Yard until May 1939, when he was appointed commanding officer of the Marine detachment aboard the battleship USS Maryland. <mask> was stationed at Hawaii and took part in the several patrol cruises along the West Coast. World War II

At the beginning of July 1941, <mask> was promoted to the rank of major and transferred to the staff of 1st Marine Division as adjutant to commanding general, Philip H. Torrey. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, division began with the preparation for deployment to South Pacific and got the new division commander, Major General Alexander Vandegrift in March 1942. <mask> was subsequently promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel and appointed commanding officer of 1st Battalion, 1st Marines under Colonel Clifton B. Cates. The 1st Marine Division deployed to South Pacific in June 1942 and remained on New Zealand for few weeks, before moved to Koro Island, Fiji to rehearse for Guadalcanal Operation.The 1st Marines landed on Guadalcanal on August 7, 1942, and captured nearby airfield during the first day. During the night on August 21, Japanese troops launched a counteroffensive and attacked 2nd Battalion positions between Ilu and Tenaru rivers. Although dense jungle and difficult terrain made it impossible for the tanks assigned to his command to effect a crossing of the river, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> advanced with his battalion to the other side of the Tenaru and, by the skillful disposal of his men over a large area, attacked the rear of enemy's regiment, succeeded in annihilating the Japanese force between the Ilu and the Tenaru Rivers with a minimum loss to his unit. The Japanese lost almost 770 soldiers killed in action as they attempted to cross the Tenaru River to gain control of the vital Henderson Airfield. <mask> was decorated with the Navy Cross for his service on Tenaru. First Marine Division was ordered to Australia for rest and refit in December 1942, and <mask> was appointed executive officer of 5th Marine Regiment under Colonel John T. Selden in January 1943. His tour of duty in the Pacific ended in September of that year, when he was ordered back to the United States.His old superior, Clifton B. Cates, who was meanwhile promoted to the rank of brigadier general and now served as commandant of the Marine Corps Schools Quantico, requested for <mask> to be attached to his staff. <mask> was subsequently appointed commander of the Reserve Officers School, which trained and sent to combat duty all newly commissioned Marine Corps Reserve officers. He served in that capacity until January 1945, when he was appointed commander of Platoon Leaders School. <mask> also took part in the training of officers of the Royal Netherlands Marine Brigade and received Dutch Order of Orange-Nassau, rank Commander. In May 1945, <mask> returned to the Pacific Area and assumed command of 23rd Marine Regiment, 4th Marine Division again under General Clifton B. Cates. However regiment did not see combat anymore and <mask> served on Maui, Hawaii until the end of war. During October 1945, 23rd Marines relocated to Camp Pendleton, where they were disbanded during the following month.Later career

<mask> was subsequently ordered to Guam and appointed planning and ground forces operations officer on the staff of the commander, Marianas, U. S. Pacific Fleet. He returned to the United States in August 1947 and assumed duty as commanding officer of Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C. and director of Marine Corps Institute. He left Washington in July 1949 in order to attend the Senior Course at Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. Following his graduation in July 1950, <mask> was transferred to Camp Lejeune and appointed chief of staff, 2nd Marine Division under Major General Ray A. Robinson. However, the division did not go overseas and remained at Camp Lejeune as combat readiness force. <mask> was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in July 1951 and appointed 2nd Division assistant commander under his old friend from Guadalcanal, Edwin A. Pollock. During this time he was given temporary additional duty in command of a joint air-ground brigade which he organized and with which he executed a training maneuver of two months duration in the West Indies Area, culminating in a full-scale amphibious assault on the Onslow Beach Area.<mask> was detached from 2nd Marine Division in June 1952 and ordered to Naval Station Norfolk for duty as commanding general of Troop Training Unit, Atlantic Fleet. He participated in the amphibious training of personnel from all branches of the United States Military until July 1954. <mask> was then ordered to Washington, where he succeeded Brigadier General William S. Fellers as Director of the Staff of the Inter-American Defense Board. In this capacity, he took part in the development of collaborative approaches on common defense and security issues facing countries in North, Central, and South America. He retired from the Marine Corps on June 30, 1956, after 32 years of active service and was advanced to the rank of major general for having been specially commended in combat. Major General <mask><mask> died on April 25, 1966, in Annapolis, Maryland, and was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia. He was survived by wife Emilia and daughters May, Emilia and Julia.The housing building at his Alma mater, Mississippi State University was name in his honor – <mask> Hall. Decorations

This is the ribbon bar of Major General <mask>. Cresswell:

Navy Cross citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask> (MCSN: 0-3940), United States Marine Corps Reserve, for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service as Commanding Officer of the First Battalion, First Marines, FIRST Marine Division, during action against enemy Japanese forces in the Tenaru Sector, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, on the night of 21 August 1942. Although dense jungle and difficult terrain made it impossible for the tanks assigned to his command to effect a crossing of the river, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> advanced with his Battalion to the other side of the Tenaru and, by the skillful disposal of his men over a large area, succeeded in annihilating the Japanese force between the Ilu and the Tenaru Rivers with a minimum loss to his unit. His brilliant leadership and fine tactical judgment were decisive factors in the accomplishment of a vital mission and reflect the highest credit upon Lieutenant Colonel <mask> and the United States Naval Service. See also
Guadalcanal Campaign

References

1901 births
1966 deaths
People from Lexington, Mississippi
Mississippi State University alumni
Naval War College alumni
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Commanders of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

masks:
Leonard Baker Cresswell
Cresswell
Leonard B
. Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Belknap
. Belknap
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Leonard B
. Cresswell
Cresswell
Leonard B
Leonard B
. Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell


texts:
<mask> (born 25 January 1954) is a Singaporean professional darts player. He was the first player to hit a perfect nine-dart finish during the Embassy World Darts Championship, which he achieved in 1990 during his second round match against Jack McKenna. <mask> won £52,000 for his nine-darter, which was £28,000 more than Phil Taylor won for winning the tournament. His nine-darter remained the only nine-dart game to have been achieved in either version of the world championships, until Raymond van Barneveld hit one against Jelle Klaasen in the quarter-final of the 2009 PDC World Darts Championship. It was however the only nine-dart finish ever achieved at the BDO World Darts Championship as no other was achieved prior to the conclusion of the its final edition in 2020. <mask> represented four countries in darts; Singapore was not affiliated with the sport's governing body, the World Darts Federation (WDF), so <mask> played briefly for Papua New Guinea, but settled in California and represented the United States in international competition, before also playing for his native country when they became a WDF playing nation. <mask> has also represented Singapore at the PDC World Cup of Darts, and in the 2017 PDC World Cup of Darts, he and his teammate <mask>, reached the quarter-finals, defeating the top seeds Scotland (Gary Anderson and Peter Wright) in the first round.However, in the 2019 WDF World Cup he represented Hong Kong. Career

Early career
He made his World Championship debut in 1982, losing a first-round match to Dave Whitcombe. He failed to progress beyond the second round for the next seven years – losing to the likes of Cliff Lazarenko (twice), Bob Anderson, Mike Gregory, and John Lowe (three times). Then in 1990 he hit the headlines and jackpot as he achieved the first World Championship nine-dart finish against Jack McKenna in the second round on 9 January. The bonus prize of £52,000 was more than eventual tournament winner Phil Taylor claimed for becoming world champion. It was the only year that <mask> reached the quarter-finals of the event, losing again to Lazarenko. He continued to come up against the biggest names in the game in the world championship: Alan Warriner, John Part (en route to the 1994 title), and Lowe defeated him again in the years after his nine-darter.<mask> decided to switch to darts' other organisation, the World Darts Council (now PDC) later in 1994 and made his debut at the 1994 World Matchplay. <mask> never enjoyed any success in the PDC – he won only one match in the PDC World Championship, despite appearing in the tournament each year between 1997 and 2002. Although he no longer competes on the darts circuit full-time, <mask> still competes at tournaments in his home country. He reached the last 16 of the Las Vegas Open in January 2007. He won many titles in and around his native country including five Singapore Opens, five Malaysian Opens, and five Asian Cups, but his failure to reach the final stages of the British Darts Organisation and Professional Darts Corporation major tournaments has meant he will be best remembered for his 1990 nine-dart achievement. Later career
<mask> made his first appearance in the World Championships for 11 years after being awarded a place in the 2013 PDC World Darts Championship, as a result of being the World Soft Tip Champion. He beat Mohd Latif Sapup in the preliminary round 4–1 to set up a first-round match against second favourite for the tournament Michael van Gerwen.<mask> lost 3–0, despite hitting the tournament's first 170 finish as well as twelve scores of 140 or more during the match. <mask> qualified for the 2014 World Championship via the International Qualifiers. He was drawn against Japan's Morihiro Hashimoto in the preliminary round and was beaten 4–2. <mask> made his debut in the 2014 World Cup of Darts as he represented Singapore with Harith <mask> (no relation). They won five legs in a row in the opening round against Ireland to progress with a 5–3 win. In the second round <mask> lost to South Africa's Devon Petersen, but Harith beat Graham Filby to mean a doubles match was required to settle the tie. Singapore were edged out 4–3, but never had a dart for the match.<mask> lost in the final of the 2015 French Dartslive event to Leonard Gates, but won the Soft Tip Qualifier for the 2016 World Championship for the second time by seeing off Boris Krčmar 4–2 in the final. He went on to play Aleksandr Oreshkin in the preliminary round and missed two match darts in a 2–1 set defeat. <mask> and Harith made it to the second round of the 2016 World Cup, but lost their singles matches 4–2 to Austria's Mensur Suljović and Rowby-John Rodriguez. <mask> won the Soft Tip Dartslive events in Taipei and Korea during the year. In the first round of the 2017 World Cup <mask> and Harith met the number one seeds of Scotland represented by Gary Anderson and Peter Wright. A 100 finish from <mask> completed a huge 5–2 shock victory for Singapore and they then whitewashed Spain 4–0 in a doubles match to make it through to the quarter-finals of the event for the first time. <mask> lost 4–1 to Belgium's Kim Huybrechts (who averaged 121.97), but Harith defeated Ronny Huybrechts 4–2.Singapore's tournament was ended in the deciding doubles match as Belgium progressed 4–2. In the 2018 PDC World Darts Championship, he defeated Kai Fan Leung, and number 30 seed Mark Webster to set up a second round clash with Gary Anderson. He lost the match 4-1 and also missed double 12 for a nine dart finish. In the 2018 PDC World Cup of Darts, he again paired up with Harith, where they defeated New Zealand 5-3 to set up a second round clash with England. In the first round, <mask> defeated world champion Rob Cross 4-2 with an average of 102.29. However, Harith lost his singles match to Dave Chisnall, meaning a doubles match was required which they lost 4-1. <mask> qualified for the 2019 PDC World Darts Championship by finishing 5th on the PDC Asian Tour.He lost to Ross Smith in round 1, After a successful 2019 Asian Tour, finishing 3rd this enabled him to qualify for the 2020 PDC World Darts Championship

<mask> took part in the 2019 WDF World Cup representing Hong Kong instead of Singapore. He was the only player to achieve it at the BDO world championship. <mask> won £52,000 which was more than tournament winner Phil Taylor who received £24,000. References

External links
<mask> profile
<mask> DARTSLIVE PRO profile

1954 births
Singaporean darts players
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
Living people
British Darts Organisation players
Professional Darts Corporation associate players
Darts players who have thrown televised nine-dart games
PDC World Cup of Darts Singaporean team

masks:
Paul Lim Leong Hwa
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Harith Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Paul
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Paul
Lim
Lim
Lim
Paul Lim
Paul Lim


texts:
<mask> (; born 16 June 1952) is a Georgian film director, Theatre Director, Professor, Expert of National Endowment for Democracy (NED) and Head of International Relations at Georgian Film Academy. Biography
<mask> was born on June 16, 1952. Mother - Tina Bakhia, Doctor-Therapist (1921-1961); Father - Nikoloz Anasashvili, Educator (1920-1979). In 1969 She graduated from Tbilisi 42nd Ilia Vekua Mathematical School with honors (Gold Medal). While at high school, She became the author and proved mathematical theorem "Determining the last digit of a new number obtained by taking any number into any exponent". In 1975 she graduated from Tbilisi State Medical University with the degree of Doctor-Therapist. Concurrently with the medical school, She studied Art History at the Faculty of Arts at Tbilisi State University (graduated with honors in 1976).After finishing the medical school, she worked as a doctor during for several years. In 1981 <mask> <mask> graduated with honors from faculty of Theatre Directing at Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University (Lily Ioseliani's studio). Her diploma Stage Production at the Tumanishvili Film Actors Theatre, In The Dark Room (1982) had a very successful run and was periodically staged at the Tumanishvili theatre for 23 years (one of the longest theater production runs in Georgian theatre history). During 1981-2001 and 2003–2005, She worked as an assistant professor and then as a full professor at the Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University, leading courses of TV/Film Directing and Acting. During 1983-1985 and 1988-2001 periods she worked as a TV/director and the host of TV-show "Kinonostalgia" at the Georgian Public Broadcasting Company. Between 1985-2001 She worked at the Georgian Film Studio Kartuli Pilmi as a cast director and then as a film director. During this period, she worked as a cast-director for an 69th Academy Awards nominated film A Chef in Love by Nana Jorjadze.In 2003 She graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA with MA in Arts Administration. At the same time, she was leading the undergraduate course of Acting by Stanislavski at the same university. In 2005 She won Scholarship from Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of US State department of State and Bradley Foundation scholarship for faculty development program in Liberal Arts teaching methodology and spent one semester as a visiting scholar at the Johns Hopkins University, USA. The same time she was invited as a guest lecturer to teach Acting by Stanislavski at George Washington University, USA. Since 2005 she has been a professor of Michigan State University, Ilia State University and AGILE (American-Georgian Initiative for Liberal Education) Joint undergraduate program Free Sciences, leading several Interdisciplinary courses. In 2012 She has been consulting as an expert of the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) at the NED Youth for Democracy Project. Between 2013-2015 she was the Deputy Head of the Georgian Union of Cinematographers.Since 2019 <mask> Anasasjvili is heading the International Relations of Georgian Film Academy. Since June of 2020 She is a Public Speaking and Voice Trainer at Euronews Georgia. Publications

 The Peculiarities of Creative Thinking in the Television News, The Magazine of Researches in Arts Science; N 2 (31), 2008
 TV News in the Postmodern World, The Magazine "Theatre and Film Studies Works", N7 (26) Vol.2-2007
 Arthur Miller’s Last Play and the Contemporary Reality TV Show, The Magazine "Theatre and Life"; Vol.5-6/2006
 Postmodern Fragmentation in TV, The Magazine "Theatre and Life"; Vol.1/2007
 Liberal Education and the First Steps of American-Georgian Initiative for Liberal Education, The Magazine "Paradigm"; N 4, 2007
 Television in the Postmodern Discourse, The Magazine "Theatre and Film Study Works"; N 10 (29), 2006
 TV Adds within the Context of Postmodern Culture, The Magazine "Theatre and Life"; Vol. 4/2006
 Directing of the Video Version of the Theatrical Performance, The Magazine "Theatre and Life"; Vol.3.2/2006
 Postmodernism and Post modernity, The Magazine "Theatre and Life"; Vol.2/2006
 The Development of TV Technologies — The Base of Evolution of TV Directing, The Magazine "Theatre and Film Studies Works", N7 (26) Vol.7-2/2006
 The Well-Known Voices from Voice of America, The newspaper "24 Hours", Vol.4. N:100, 2003
 Host and Guest by Vazha-Pshavela Staged in Washington DC, The newspaper "24 hours", Vol.5. N 163, 2002
 World Premiere of the Arthur Miller’s New Play, The newspaper "24 Hours", Vol.4.

masks:
Manana Anasashvili
Manana Anasashvili
Manana
Anasashvili
Manana


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<mask> (20 February 1988 – 3 June 2013), better known as <mask>, was a British-American actress and singer who worked in Indian films. She appeared in three Hindi films from 2007 to 2010. Born in New York City to Indian parents, she was raised and educated in London. <mask> aspired to pursue a career in acting and moved to Mumbai for a film career. She made her film debut in the 2007 Ram Gopal Verma film Nishabd for which she was nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut. She was later noted for portraying supporting role of a modern, independent woman in Ghajini, which was the highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2008. After a two years absence from films, she received praise for her comic role in the romantic comedy Housefull, which was the fifth highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2010.On 3 June 2013, she was found hanging from a ceiling fan in her bedroom of her family's residence in Juhu, Mumbai. Deemed a suicide in 2013, and re-confirmed as a suicide in 2016 following an extensive investigation by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and a hearing at the Bombay High Court, <mask>'s mother continued to claim that <mask> had been murdered by her boyfriend, actor Sooraj Pancholi, leading the prosecution to make a failed attempt to lay charges of murder and sexual assault in 2017. On 31 January 2018, nearly five years after her death, a court in Mumbai charged Pancholi with abetting <mask>'s suicide. The case has not yet been settled. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in New York City, United States to Ali Rizvi <mask>, an Indian American businessman, and Rabiya Amin, a Hindi film actress in the 1980s from Agra, Uttar Pradesh. <mask>'s father left the family when she was 2 years old. Describing her father's absence she said "A man who left his daughter when she was two, should be hanged in public".She has two younger sisters Kavita and Karishma. Her paternal aunts are Pakistani actresses Hina Rizvi, Sangeeta (Parveen Rizvi) and Kaveeta (Nasreen Rizvi). <mask> grew up in London where she completed her Edexcel O level and A level with five As, before moving to Mumbai to pursue a career in Bollywood. She was inspired to enter Bollywood after watching Ram Gopal Verma's former protege Urmila Matondkar's movie Rangeela at the age of six. <mask> studied at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute in Manhattan, and she quit upon receiving a movie offer. She learned various dance forms, including belly dancing, kathak, lambada, jazz, samba and reggae. Career

In 2004, at the age of 16, <mask> was signed to act in Mukesh Bhatt's Tumsa Nahin Dekha but backed out when both she and the director felt the role was too mature for her; she was immediately replaced by Dia Mirza.Three years later, in 2007, at the age of 18, <mask> made her debut in Ram Gopal Verma's controversial romantic thriller Nishabd, as Jia, where she acted opposite Amitabh Bachchan. Despite the provocative content in the film, it performed poorly at the box office, and earned mixed reviews from critics. Nonetheless, <mask> received a mostly positive reception for her performance, with critics noting her confidence, attitude, and sex appeal. Raja Sen praised her portrayal of Jia, a seductive, free-spirited teenager, calling her performance "nuanced" and "impressive". Taran Adarsh agrees, saying that "Newcomer <mask> <mask> is supremely confident. Loaded with attitude and sex appeal, the newcomer carries off her part with flourish. Her scenes with Bachchan are superb!"Rajeev Masand adds that she is "perfectly cast" for the film. She was also nominated for a Filmfare Best Female Debut Award, however lost to Deepika Padukone for Om Shanti Om. The following year, she appeared alongside Aamir <mask> and Asin in A.R. Murugadoss's psychological thriller Ghajini, the Hindi remake of its namesake. She played Sunita, a medical student who investigates the history of Sanjay Singhania, portrayed by Aamir <mask>. The film gathered much appreciation from critics, and went on to become the highest grossing Bollywood film of 2008. <mask>'s performance attracted mixed reviews, with critics agreeing that her role was "sketchy".Despite this, Sukanya Verma compliments her performance, commenting that <mask> "continues to strike as an exquisite and expressive actress." In 2010, <mask> had almost completed the shooting of the dance film Chance Pe Dance opposite Shahid Kapoor when the director Ken Ghosh asked her to leave the film and was replaced by Genelia D'Souza. The director said that she got over-friendly with Kapoor and was not doing her job well. However, after the release of the film, <mask> said that she was asked to leave because the director had a bad eye on her. While Kapoor said that he got to know about the replacement when D'Souza came on the set for shooting. Kapoor further said that he has no hand in the replacement of <mask>. However, the film was a box office flop and <mask> said that she was happy for leaving the film.That same year, <mask> made her last film appearance in a supporting role as Devika K. Samtani, the ex-wife of Akshay Kumar's character, in Sajid <mask>'s Housefull with an ensemble cast including Arjun Rampal, Riteish Deshmukh, Deepika Padukone and Lara Dutta. Upon release, Housefull received negative reviews, though her performance was better received. Commercially the film did very well and became the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year. <mask> had signed a few movies including Udhas Singh's Aap Ka Saaya, in which she was supposed to play Ranbir Kapoor's wife. Unfortunately, this film couldn't be completed. Death
<mask> reportedly died after hanging herself on 3 June 2013, somewhere between 11:00 pm and 11:30 pm at her residence in Juhu, Mumbai. Her mother and sister were not at home at the time.An autopsy was performed at JJ Hospital in Byculla. Her body was then brought back to her residence around 7:00 am on Wednesday, 5 June 2013, following the post-mortem. On the same day her Namaz-e-janaza (funeral prayer) took place at Sonapur Kabar Walla Masjid and she was buried at Juhu Muslim cemetery after Dhuhr prayer per Islamic rites. Bollywood actors in attendance included Aamir <mask>, Kiran Rao, Riteish Deshmukh, Siddharth Mallya, Sophie Choudry, Urvashi Dholakia, Prem Chopra, Ranjeet, Deepak Parashar, Sanjay <mask> and Nagma. Bollywood stars reacted with shock at her death. On 7 June 2013, a six-page hand-written note was found at her residence by her sister, allegedly addressed to <mask>'s boyfriend Sooraj Pancholi. The note reportedly indicates that <mask> planned to end her life.A transcript mentioning a recent abortion was released by the family. However, her mother later said the purported events did not add up and that she suspected foul play. On 8 June 2013, <mask>'s memorial was held at Vile Parle Medical Club to pray for <mask> and her family. Bollywood actors in attendance included Aamir <mask>, Deepika Padukone, Randhir Kapoor, Prateik Babbar, Sanjay Kapoor, Shweta Pandit, Kiran Rao, Urvashi Dholakia, Ranjeet, Deepak Parashar, Sanjay <mask> and Nagma. Pancholi, who lived with <mask>, was taken into police custody during the investigation of her suicide on 10 June 2013. The Bombay High Court granted him bail on 2 July 2013. On 3 July 2014, a year after her death, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) was ordered by the High Court to further investigate the death.The High Court held a hearing on the matter, starting on 7 June 2016, following the Supreme Court's call to expedite the process. On 1 August 2016 the CBI ruled out murder in the case. As per its investigations, the cause of <mask>'s death was 'suicide by hanging'. <mask>'s mother, Rabia, independently hired British forensics expert Jason Payne-James, who concluded in a 20 September 2016 report that "<mask>'s hanging was staged and the marks on her face and neck indicate it was not simply suicide." In January 2017 the prosecution requested that charges of sexual assault and murder be laid against Pancholi. On 31 January 2018 a court in Mumbai charged Pancholi with abetting <mask>'s suicide. The CBI submitted a list of 69 witnesses, including <mask>'s mother Rabia, the complainant, with the case to begin in March 2018.Tributes and documentaries
An episode of the TV series Yeh Hai Aashiqui was loosely based on <mask> <mask>'s suicide, with Mihika Verma and Rithvik Dhanjani playing the central characters. On 11 January 2021, the BBC started airing a three-part documentary about <mask>'s death, Death in Bollywood. Filmography

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1988 births
2013 deaths
Female models from Mumbai
Indian women playback singers
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Singers from New York City
Actresses from London
Actresses from Mumbai
American actresses of Indian descent
American emigrants to India
British emigrants to India
Suicides by hanging in India
Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni
Method actors
British people of Indian descent
Indian Muslims
Female suicides
American Muslims
British Muslims
20th-century Indian singers
20th-century Indian actresses
American women singers of Indian descent
21st-century Indian women singers
21st-century Indian singers
20th-century Indian women singers
21st-century Indian actresses
Indian film actresses
2013 suicides
20th-century English women
20th-century English people
21st-century English women
21st-century English people
21st-century American women

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Hippocrates of Kos (; ; ), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician of the classical period who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is traditionally referred to as the "Father of Medicine" in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field, such as the use of prognosis and clinical observation, the systematic categorization of diseases, or the formulation of humoural theory. The Hippocratic school of medicine revolutionized ancient Greek medicine, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields with which it had traditionally been associated (theurgy and philosophy), thus establishing medicine as a profession. However, the achievements of the writers of the Hippocratic Corpus, the practitioners of Hippocratic medicine, and the actions of Hippocrates himself were often conflated; thus very little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote, and did. Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician and credited with coining the Hippocratic Oath, which is still relevant and in use today. He is also credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicine, summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Corpus and other works. Biography

Historians agree that Hippocrates was born around the year 460 BC on the Greek island of Kos; other biographical information, however, is likely to be untrue.Soranus of Ephesus, a 2nd-century Greek physician, was <mask>' first biographer and is the source of most personal information about him. Later biographies are in the Suda of the 10th century AD, and in the works of John Tzetzes, which date from the 12th century AD. <mask> is mentioned in passing in the writings of two contemporaries: Plato, in Protagoras and Phaedrus, and Aristotle's Politics, which date from the 4th century BC. Soranus wrote that <mask>' father was Heraclides, a physician, and his mother was Praxitela, daughter of Tizane. The two sons of Hippocrates, Thessalus and Draco, and his son-in-law, Polybus, were his students. According to Galen, a later physician, Polybus, was Hippocrates' true successor, while Thessalus and Draco each had a son named Hippocrates (Hippocrates III and IV). Soranus said that Hippocrates learned medicine from his father and grandfather (Hippocrates I), and studied other subjects with Democritus and Gorgias.Hippocrates was probably trained at the asklepieion of Kos, and took lessons from the Thracian physician Herodicus of Selymbria. Plato mentions Hippocrates in two of his dialogues: in Protagoras, Plato describes Hippocrates as "Hippocrates of Kos, the Asclepiad"; while in Phaedrus, Plato suggests that "Hippocrates the Asclepiad" thought that a complete knowledge of the nature of the body was necessary for medicine. Hippocrates taught and practiced medicine throughout his life, traveling at least as far as Thessaly, Thrace, and the Sea of Marmara. Several different accounts of his death exist. He died, probably in Larissa, at the age of 83, 85 or 90, though some say he lived to be well over 100. Hippocratic theory

Hippocrates is credited with being the first person to believe that diseases were caused naturally, not because of superstition and gods. Hippocrates was credited by the disciples of Pythagoras of allying philosophy and medicine.He separated the discipline of medicine from religion, believing and arguing that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors, diet, and living habits. Indeed there is not a single mention of a mystical illness in the entirety of the Hippocratic Corpus. However, Hippocrates did work with many convictions that were based on what is now known to be incorrect anatomy and physiology, such as Humorism. Ancient Greek schools of medicine were split (into the Knidian and Koan) on how to deal with disease. The Knidian school of medicine focused on diagnosis. Medicine at the time of Hippocrates knew almost nothing of human anatomy and physiology because of the Greek taboo forbidding the dissection of humans. The Knidian school consequently failed to distinguish when one disease caused many possible series of symptoms.The Hippocratic school or Koan school achieved greater success by applying general diagnoses and passive treatments. Its focus was on patient care and prognosis, not diagnosis. It could effectively treat diseases and allowed for a great development in clinical practice. Hippocratic medicine and its philosophy are far removed from that of modern medicine. Now, the physician focuses on specific diagnosis and specialized treatment, both of which were espoused by the Knidian school. This shift in medical thought since Hippocrates' day has caused serious criticism over their denunciations; for example, the French doctor M. S. Houdart called the Hippocratic treatment a "meditation upon death". Analogies have been drawn between Thucydides' historical method and the Hippocratic method, in particular the notion of "human nature" as a way of explaining foreseeable repetitions for future usefulness, for other times or for other cases.Crisis

An important concept in Hippocratic medicine was that of a crisis, a point in the progression of disease at which either the illness would begin to triumph and the patient would succumb to death, or the opposite would occur and natural processes would make the patient recover. After a crisis, a relapse might follow, and then another deciding crisis. According to this doctrine, crises tend to occur on critical days, which were supposed to be a fixed time after the contraction of a disease. If a crisis occurred on a day far from a critical day, a relapse might be expected. Galen believed that this idea originated with Hippocrates, though it is possible that it predated him. Hippocratic medicine was humble and passive. The therapeutic approach was based on "the healing power of nature" ("vis medicatrix naturae" in Latin).According to this doctrine, the body contains within itself the power to re-balance the four humours and heal itself (physis). Hippocratic therapy focused on simply easing this natural process. To this end, Hippocrates believed "rest and immobilization [were] of capital importance". In general, the Hippocratic medicine was very kind to the patient; treatment was gentle, and emphasized keeping the patient clean and sterile. For example, only clean water or wine were ever used on wounds, though "dry" treatment was preferable. Soothing balms were sometimes employed. Hippocrates was reluctant to administer drugs and engage in specialized treatment that might prove to be wrongly chosen; generalized therapy followed a generalized diagnosis.Generalized treatments he prescribed include fasting and the consumption of a mix of honey and vinegar. Hippocrates once said that "to eat when you are sick, is to feed your sickness". However, potent drugs were used on certain occasions. This passive approach was very successful in treating relatively simple ailments such as broken bones which required traction to stretch the skeletal system and relieve pressure on the injured area. The Hippocratic bench and other devices were used to this end. One of the strengths of Hippocratic medicine was its emphasis on prognosis. At Hippocrates' time, medicinal therapy was quite immature, and often the best thing that physicians could do was to evaluate an illness and predict its likely progression based upon data collected in detailed case histories.Professionalism

Hippocratic medicine was notable for its strict professionalism, discipline, and rigorous practice. The Hippocratic work On the Physician recommends that physicians always be well-kempt, honest, calm, understanding, and serious. The Hippocratic physician paid careful attention to all aspects of his practice: he followed detailed specifications for, "lighting, personnel, instruments, positioning of the patient, and techniques of bandaging and splinting" in the ancient operating room. He even kept his fingernails to a precise length. The Hippocratic School gave importance to the clinical doctrines of observation and documentation. These doctrines dictate that physicians record their findings and their medicinal methods in a very clear and objective manner, so that these records may be passed down and employed by other physicians. Hippocrates made careful, regular note of many symptoms including complexion, pulse, fever, pains, movement, and excretions.He is said to have measured a patient's pulse when taking a case history to discover whether the patient was lying. Hippocrates extended clinical observations into family history and environment. "To him medicine owes the art of clinical inspection and observation." Direct contributions to medicine

Hippocrates and his followers were first to describe many diseases and medical conditions. He is given credit for the first description of clubbing of the fingers, an important diagnostic sign in chronic lung disease, lung cancer and cyanotic heart disease. For this reason, clubbed fingers are sometimes referred to as "Hippocratic fingers". Hippocrates was also the first physician to describe Hippocratic face in Prognosis.Shakespeare famously alludes to this description when writing of Falstaff's death in Act II, Scene iii. of Henry V.

Hippocrates began to categorize illnesses as acute, chronic, endemic and epidemic, and use terms such as, "exacerbation, relapse, resolution, crisis, paroxysm, peak, and convalescence." Another of Hippocrates' major contributions may be found in his descriptions of the symptomatology, physical findings, surgical treatment and prognosis of thoracic empyema, i.e. suppuration of the lining of the chest cavity. His teachings remain relevant to present-day students of pulmonary medicine and surgery. Hippocrates was the first documented chest surgeon and his findings and techniques, while crude, such as the use of lead pipes to drain chest wall abscess, are still valid. The Hippocratic school of medicine described well the ailments of the human rectum and the treatment thereof, despite the school's poor theory of medicine.Hemorrhoids,

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 for instance, though believed to be caused by an excess of bile and phlegm, were treated by Hippocratic physicians in relatively advanced ways. Cautery and excision are described in the Hippocratic Corpus, in addition to the preferred methods: ligating the hemorrhoids and drying them with a hot iron. Other treatments such as applying various salves are suggested as well. Today, "treatment [for hemorrhoids] still includes burning, strangling, and excising." Also, some of the fundamental concepts of proctoscopy outlined in the Corpus are still in use. For example, the uses of the rectal speculum, a common medical device, are discussed in the Hippocratic Corpus. This constitutes the earliest recorded reference to endoscopy.Hippocrates often used lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise to treat diseases such as diabetes, what is today called lifestyle medicine. Two popular but likely misquoted attributions to Hippocrates are "Let food be your medicine, and medicine be your food" and "Walking is man's best medicine". Both appear to be misquotations, and their exact origins remain unknown. In 2017, researchers claimed that, while conducting restorations on the Saint Catherine's Monastery in South Sinai, they found a manuscript which contains a medical recipe of Hippocrates. The manuscript also contains three recipes with pictures of herbs that were created by an anonymous scribe. Hippocratic Corpus

The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin: Corpus Hippocraticum) is a collection of around seventy early medical works collected in Alexandrian Greece. It is written in Ionic Greek.The question of whether Hippocrates himself was the author of any of the treatises in the corpus has not been conclusively answered, but current debate revolves around only a few of the treatises seen as potentially authored by him. Because of the variety of subjects, writing styles and apparent date of construction, the Hippocratic Corpus could not have been written by one person (Ermerins numbers the authors at nineteen). The corpus came to be known by his name because of his fame, possibly all medical works were classified under 'Hippocrates' by a librarian in Alexandria. The volumes were probably produced by his students and followers. The Hippocratic Corpus contains textbooks, lectures, research, notes and philosophical essays on various subjects in medicine, in no particular order. These works were written for different audiences, both specialists and laymen, and were sometimes written from opposing viewpoints; significant contradictions can be found between works in the Corpus. Notable among the treatises of the Corpus are The Hippocratic Oath; The Book of Prognostics; On Regimen in Acute Diseases; Aphorisms; On Airs, Waters and Places; Instruments of Reduction; On The Sacred Disease; etc.Hippocratic Oath

The Hippocratic Oath, a seminal document on the ethics of medical practice, was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity although new information shows it may have been written after his death. This is probably the most famous document of the Hippocratic Corpus. Recently the authenticity of the document's author has come under scrutiny. While the Oath is rarely used in its original form today, it serves as a foundation for other, similar oaths and laws that define good medical practice and morals. Such derivatives are regularly taken today by medical graduates about to enter medical practice. Legacy

Although Hippocrates neither founded the school of medicine named after him, nor wrote most of the treatises attributed to him, he is traditionally regarded as the "Father of Medicine". His contributions revolutionized the practice of medicine; but after his death the advancement stalled.So revered was Hippocrates that his teachings were largely taken as too great to be improved upon and no significant advancements of his methods were made for a long time. The centuries after Hippocrates' death were marked as much by retrograde movement as by further advancement. For instance, "after the Hippocratic period, the practice of taking clinical case-histories died out," according to Fielding Garrison. After Hippocrates, another significant physician was Galen, a Greek who lived from AD 129 to AD 200. Galen perpetuated the tradition of Hippocratic medicine, making some advancements, but also some regressions. In the Middle Ages, the Islamic world adopted Hippocratic methods and developed new medical technologies. After the European Renaissance, Hippocratic methods were revived in western Europe and even further expanded in the 19th century.Notable among those who employed Hippocrates' rigorous clinical techniques were Thomas Sydenham, William Heberden, Jean-Martin Charcot and William Osler. Henri Huchard, a French physician, said that these revivals make up "the whole history of internal medicine." Image

According to Aristotle's testimony, Hippocrates was known as "The Great Hippocrates". Concerning his disposition, Hippocrates was first portrayed as a "kind, dignified, old country doctor" and later as "stern and forbidding". He is certainly considered wise, of very great intellect and especially as very practical. Francis Adams describes him as "strictly the physician of experience and common sense." His image as the wise, old doctor is reinforced by busts of him, which wear large beards on a wrinkled face.Many physicians of the time wore their hair in the style of Jove and Asklepius. Accordingly, the busts of Hippocrates that have been found could be only altered versions of portraits of these deities. Hippocrates and the beliefs that he embodied are considered medical ideals. Fielding Garrison, an authority on medical history, stated, "He is, above all, the exemplar of that flexible, critical, well-poised attitude of mind, ever on the lookout for sources of error, which is the very essence of the scientific spirit." "His figure... stands for all time as that of the ideal physician," according to A Short History of Medicine, inspiring the medical profession since his death. Legends
The Travels of Sir John Mandeville reports (incorrectly) that Hippocrates was the ruler of the islands of "Kos and Lango" [sic], and recounts a legend about Hippocrates' daughter. She was transformed into a hundred-foot long dragon by the goddess Diana, and is the "lady of the manor" of an old castle.She emerges three times a year, and will be turned back into a woman if a knight kisses her, making the knight into her consort and ruler of the islands. Various knights try, but flee when they see the hideous dragon; they die soon thereafter. This is a version of the legend of Melusine. Genealogy
Hippocrates' legendary genealogy traces his paternal heritage directly to Asklepius and his maternal ancestry to Heracles. According to Tzetzes's Chiliades, the ahnentafel of Hippocrates II is:

1. Hippocrates II. 2.Heraclides
4. <mask> I. 8. Gnosidicus
16. 32. Sostratus III. 64.Theodorus II. 128. Sostratus, II. 256. Thedorus
512. Cleomyttades
1024. Crisamis
2048.Dardanus
4096. Sostratus
8192. Hippolochus
16384. Podalirius
32768. Asklepius

Namesakes

Some clinical symptoms and signs have been named after Hippocrates as he is believed to be the first person to describe those. Hippocratic face is the change produced in the countenance by death, or long sickness, excessive evacuations, excessive hunger, and the like. Clubbing, a deformity of the fingers and fingernails, is also known as Hippocratic fingers.Hippocratic succussion is the internal splashing noise of hydropneumothorax or pyopneumothorax. Hippocratic bench (a device which uses tension to aid in setting bones) and Hippocratic cap-shaped bandage are two devices named after Hippocrates. Hippocratic Corpus and Hippocratic Oath are also his namesakes. Risus sardonicus, a sustained spasming of the face muscles may also be termed the Hippocratic Smile. The most severe form of hair loss and baldness is called the Hippocratic form. In the modern age, a lunar crater has been named Hippocrates. The Hippocratic Museum, a museum on the Greek island of Kos is dedicated to him.The Hippocrates Project is a program of the New York University Medical Center to enhance education through use of technology. Project Hippocrates (an acronym of "HIgh PerfOrmance Computing for Robot-AssisTEd Surgery") is an effort of the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science and Shadyside Medical Center, "to develop advanced planning, simulation, and execution technologies for the next generation of computer-assisted surgical robots." Both the Canadian Hippocratic Registry and American Hippocratic Registry are organizations of physicians who uphold the principles of the original Hippocratic Oath as inviolable through changing social times. See also
 Hippocrates Prize for Poetry and Medicine

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Further reading

 . Craik, Elizabeth M. (ed., trans., comm. ), The Hippocratic Treatise On glands (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2009) (Studies in ancient medicine, 36).Enache, Cătălin (2019), Ontology and Meteorology in Hippocrates''' On Regimen, Mnemosyne 72 (2), 173-96.

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 Pliny the Elder, Natural History: Book XXIX. '', translated by John Bostock. See original text in Perseus program. online free to borrow

External links

Works by Hippocrates at the Corpus Medicorum Graecorum
 The Harvard Classics Volume 38 with "The Oath of Hippocrates", project gutenberg
 Hippocrates collection, full works in English, at One More Library

 Hippocrates entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

 First printed editions of the Hippocratic Collection at the Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de Médecine of Paris (BIUM) studies and digitized texts by the BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris) see its digital library Medic@. List of works by Hippocrates, with digitized editions, manuscripts and translations. 460s BC births
370s BC deaths
5th-century BC Greek physicians
4th-century BC Greek physicians
Ancient Greek science writers
Ancient Greeks in Thessaly
Ancient Koans
Classical humanists
Ionic Greek writers
Longevity myths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death