texts:
<mask> (1952–1997) was a Zimbabwean guitarist, vocalist and composer, known particularly for the mbira-inspired style known as mbira-guitar or chimurenga music. Early life
<mask> was born in the province of Masvingo and grew up in the mining town of Zvishavane (formerly Shabani), where his older brother worked as a miner as well as a musician for the mining camp band. <mask> first picked up the guitar as a twelve-year-old. When his brother was at work, he would play his guitar, imitating the sounds that his brother practiced around the house. <mask> eventually moved to Bulawayo, where he attended Mpopoma High School until he was expelled in 1969, when he was a form 2 student. By then he was a decent guitar and bass player, so he followed his brother to Kwekwe and convinced him to admit him to his band, the Jairosi Jiri Kwela Kings, as a bass player. A few months later, in 1970, the band got a bar contract in Mbare, Harare and became known as the Delphans.<mask> became the band's rhythm guitarist. Professional career
When the Delphans got a contract to play in Gweru, <mask> decided to remain in Harare with the purpose of starting his own band. In 1971, just three months into his first stint as a bandleader, he was approached by Jackson Phiri, leader of the Limpopo Jazz Band, a soukous (also known as Congolese rumba) outfit, to be their guitarist. The Lipopo Jazz Band was anxious to break into the increasingly competitive bar music scene by having a band members who could sing in the local languages. While with the Limpopo Jazz Band, <mask> learned to play Congolese rumba guitar styles. He was particularly enthralled by the guitar stylings of rumba Franco Luambo, but he also began developing the more traditional mbira inspired guitar sound for the Shona songs. In 1974, the Lipopo Jazz Band recorded the song Ndozvireva, which was an adaptation of the mbira song Taisireva.Together with the Hallelujah Chicken Run band's Ngoma Yarira (based on the traditional Karigamombe) and the M.D. Success's Kumntongo (based on the mbira song Kuzanga), the song was one of the first to transcribe mbira progressions onto guitar. Soon after that, the foreign members of the Lipopo Jazz Band were deported, and <mask> found himself playing with a slew of hotel bands with no names: “Most of these bands did not have names. They just had contracts. They belonged to that place. It's only now people realize it's important to have names.”

<mask> played a short stint with the Great Sounds, another outfit that specialized in Congolese rumba, before moving to Mutare in 1974 to play with the Pepsi Combo. <mask> suggested a name change to Vibrations and then Drifters.They played at the Zimunya Hotel, just outside Mutare for about a year before the band moved to Harare determined to land a performing contract. He approached the owner of the Jamaica Inn, located just outside Harare, but a vocalist without a band, Thomas Mapfumo, recently fired from the Hallelujah Chicken Run Band, had talked his way into a contract and use of the hotel musical kit. Since <mask> had a band but no contract or equipment, the two decided to join forces. They performed together at the Jamaica Inn for about two months until they were approached by a Harare businessman to perform at the Mushandira Pamwe Nightclub in Highfield, Harare. At this time, <mask> and Mapfumo were playing an "afro-rock" rather than the mbira-based style for which they were to become famous. After about three months, <mask> was muscled out of the group, but a few months later he used his influence with a new nightclub owner to rejoin Thomas Mapfumo and form the Blacks Unlimited (1975). Later that year, financial difficulties forced <mask> to part ways with the Blacks Unlimited, and after a second stint with the Great Sounds, he moved back to Mutare and formed a new band, The Storm.In 1977, with The Storm, <mask> released his first single Sabhuku, which showcased <mask>'s unique approach to the mbira-guitar style. It was also during the period from 1976-77 that <mask> started specializing in mbira music (Turino, p. 300). It was the authenticity of his chimurenga sound that prompted Thomas Mapfumo to disband his Acid Jazz (with the exception of guitarist Leonard Pickett Chiyangwa) and approach <mask> in 1978 to reform the Blacks Unlimited. <mask> also played guitar on Thomas Mapfumo's first album, Hokoyo! (recorded in 1977)although he was not officially part of the Acid Band. As Thomas and <mask> moved towards a more mbira-based repertoire, Thomas felt that Leonard Chiyangwa was not improving quickly enough in this new style, largely because his heavy drinking left him struggling with the hours of rehearsal. Leonard Chiyangwa was dismissed from the Blacks Unlimited as a consequence.<mask> played with Thomas Mapfumo and The Blacks Unlimited until 1981, and during this period the two teamed up to craft some of the most inspired songs of the chimurenga genre, including such classics as Pfumvu Paruzevha, Kuyaura, Shumba, Chitima Cherusununguko, Bhutsu Mutandarika, Chauya Chiruzevha, Dangurangu and Chipatapata. It was also during this period that Thomas Mapfumo was incarcerated for three months by the Ian Smith regime for his subversive lyrics. <mask> managed to keep the band going by taking over the lead vocal duties and recruiting a young guitar prodigy by the name of Ashton “Sugar” Chiweshe into the band. In 1981, <mask> left the Blacks Unlimited to pursue a career as band leader with Deep Horizon.. His highlight single during that time was Kana Ndaguta (he recorded this song a decade later, but the lyric about assaulting his mother when drunk was conspicuously missing from the newer and more readily available version). In May 1985, Thomas Mapfumo was preparing to embark on his first European tour, and he asked <mask> to rejoin the Blacks Unlimited. <mask> stayed with the Blacks Unlimited until 1989, and this period saw him evolving his mbira-guitar sound to unreached heights. This was in part necessitated by the use, for the first time, of real mbiras in the Blacks Unlimited sound.Some of the highlights of this period include the classic albums Zimbabwe-Mozambique (1987) and Varombo Kuvarombo (1989, known outside Zimbabwe as Corruption). Many consider these two albums to be the Blacks Unlimited's best, and <mask>'s now mature guitar style plays a big role. <mask>'s signature sound is also reflected in massive singles such as Kariba, Ngoma Yekwedu, Nyamutamba Nemombe and Tongosienda. In 1989, <mask> left the Blacks Unlimited once more, and played as a session musician, notably with the Pied Pipers as well as with the famed 1950s era marabi singer Dorothy Masuka, who had recently returned to Zimbabwe. In 1992, <mask> formed a new band, the Deep Horizon. Sabhuku, a compilation album highlighting the signature tracks from their 1992 and 1993 releases was released internationally in 1996. In 1995, <mask> rejoined the Blacks Unlimited and performed on three albums;, the afro-rock venture Afro Chimurenga, Roots Chimurenga and the live-in-studio album Chimurenga: African Spirit Music which was recorded during a UK tour.<mask>'s health started rapidly failing him soon after. He appeared on only one song, Tipeiwo Mari, on the 1997 album Chimurenga Movement. He died of AIDS complications in August of that year. Personal life
<mask> was married to Gladys Maigurira. They had only two children; Tichaona <mask>, born in 1982 and Tendai <mask>, born in 1986. Tendai suddenly died in Birmingham, UK in 2006 and was buried in Harare. He was an aspiring artist like his father <mask> and won talent awards for best artist in his adopted home of Birmingham.Tichaona is also a music producer and has previously worked on projects with Zimbabwean artists like Jusa Dementor and Juss Russ. Guitar Style
While <mask> was fluent in many guitar styles, including rumba and afro-jazz, he is best known for his chimurenga guitar style, where he excelled in the “art of combining three- and four-beat rhythms in lyrical, flowing melodic lines.” <mask> set himself apart from other mbira-guitarists by the emotional expressiveness of his playing, which he achieved by using the mbira or vocalists to develop his guitar melodies rather that by merely accompanying the mbira or “filling in the gaps.” His album Sabhuku is filled with tracks that highlight his style (Sabhuku, Kusasana, Kana Ndaguta, Ereniya). With the Blacks Unlimited, <mask>'s evolution can be tracked by listening to the albums Gwindingwi Rine Shumba(1980), Chimurenga For Justice (1985), Zimbabwe-Mozambique (1987), Varombo Kuvarombo (Corruption, 1989), Chimurenga:African Spirit Music (1995) and Roots Chimurenga (1996). Various singles compilations also feature <mask>'s work from the mid-seventies until 1986. References

Zimbabwean guitarists
20th-century Zimbabwean male singers
People from Midlands Province
1952 births
1997 deaths
20th-century guitarists

masks:
Jonah Sithole
Jonah Sithole
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah
Sithole
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah Sithole
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah Sithole
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah Sithole
Jonah
Jonah Sithole
Jonah
Jonah Sithole
Saul Sithole
Sithole
Jonah Sithole
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah
Jonah Sithole


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born June 9, 1954) is an American novelist. He is the author of Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West, Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister, and several dozen other novels for adults and children. Many of <mask>'s adult novels are inspired by classic children's stories; Wicked transforms the Wicked Witch of the West from L. Frank Baum's 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its 1939 film adaptation into the misunderstood green-skinned Elphaba Thropp. The blockbuster 2003 Broadway musical Wicked was inspired by <mask>'s first novel for adults. Written by Stephen Schwartz and Winnie Holzman, the musical is currently Broadway's fifth longest-running show (surpassing Les Misérables on October 28, 2019), and at its peak nine companies ran simultaneously around the world. Biography
<mask>, born and raised in Albany, New York, is the middle child of seven. Schooled in Catholic institutions through high school, he  received a BA in English and Art from the State University of New York at Albany, an MA in Children's Literature from Simmons College, and a PhD in English and American Literature from Tufts University.His doctoral thesis was about English-language fantasy written for children between 1938 and 1988. He was a professor and co-director at the Simmons College Center for the Study of Children's Literature from 1979 to 1986. In 1987, <mask> co-founded a nonprofit educational charity, Children's Literature New England, Inc., and was co-director for twenty-five years. He has been  a board member of the National Children's Book and Literacy Alliance, and has served on boards at the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, the Board of Associates of the Boston Public Library, the Concord Free Press, among others. <mask> has lived in Dublin, London, and the greater Boston area. While he published his first novel for children at the age of 24, his professional life  includes commitments to literacy and literature education alongside his creative work. He met the American painter Andy Newman in 1997, and in 1999 they adopted the first of their three children.Two others followed in 2001 and 2002. <mask> and Newman were married in June 2004, shortly after gay marriage became legal in Massachusetts. The novelist is an occasional reviewer for the Sunday New York Times Book Review. He has contributed and performed original material for NPR's "All Things Considered" and has lectured widely around the world on literature and culture. <mask> and his family were featured on "Oprah" and he was the subject of a Sunday New York Times Magazine profile by Alex Witchel. His adult novels regularly make New York Times and national bestseller lists. Egg & Spoon (2014), a fantasy for young adults, was a Boston Globe-Horn Book Honor Book and is under option by Universal Studios; After Alice (2015), a novel for adults, is published on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.Personal life
<mask> was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa in 2008 at SUNY Albany. He is Catholic. )Fee, Fie, Foe et Cetera (2002), published in The Green Man: Tales from the Mythic ForestThe Oakthing (2004), published in The Faery Reel: Tales from the Twilight RealmChatterbox, published in I Believe in Water: Twelve Brushes With ReligionThe Honorary Shepherds (1994), published in Am I Blue?

masks:
Gregory Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire


texts:
<mask> (19 November 1914 – 22 August 1982), popularly referred to as <mask>, was a social activist and leader, motivated by the twin spirits of nationalism and spiritualism, and known for his great organisational abilities. Having joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) while still in school, he became an important organiser and leader for the organisation, rising through its ranks to serve as its general secretary from 1956 to 1962. <mask> was greatly influenced by the teachings of Swami Vivekananda, and compiled a book of Vivekananda's writings. During the 1963–72 period, Ranade played an instrumental role in the construction of the Vivekananda Rock Memorial and the Vivekananda Kendra at Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 19 November 1914 in Timtala, Amravati district in the western Indian state of Maharashtra. In 1920 his family moved to Nagpur and Ranade had his primary education in Pradanavispura School. In 1932 he passed his matriculation examination from the New English High School in Nagpur.After getting a Master of Arts degree in philosophy with honours, he went on to earn an L.L.B from Sagar University in Jabalpur in 1945. Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
<mask> served as an important activist, ideologue and leader for Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, a volunteer organisation espousing a philosophy of Hindu Nationalism. He was influenced during his schooling years by K.B. Hedgewar, who founded the RSS in 1925, which <mask> joined as a Swayamsevak (volunteer) in 1926. After working for the RSS in Nagpur, in 1938 Ranade moved to Mahakoshal, Madhya Pradesh as a Pranth Pracharak (Provincial organiser). Following the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi in 1948, the RSS was banned, and many of its senior functionaries faced arrest. Ranade went underground during this time to lead organizational efforts, earning the moniker of the Underground Sarsanghchalak.At the same time a Satyagraha was launched by the RSS under the direction of its leader M. S. Golwalkar to lift the ban. With Golwalkar arrested on 15 November, <mask> led the satyagraha and participated in secret negotiations with Home Minister Sardar Patel. As a condition for rescinding the RSS ban, Patel insisted that the RSS should be organised with a written constitution. A constitution was drawn up by <mask> in association with P. B. Dani and Balasaeb Deoras but it fell short of expectations of the Government and as a result it was redrafted to include clauses such as allegiance to the Indian Constitution and National Flag, shunning violence, enrolling under aged to the movement only with the permission of their parents, setting procedures for election of sarsanghchalak  and so forth. With these modifications which were accepted in June 1949 by the government the ban imposed on RSS was revoked on 11 July 1949. In 1950 he worked as a Kshetra Pracharak for Poorvanchal Kshetra comprising Bengal, Orissa, and Assam. In Calcutta, he established a Vastuhara Sahayata Samiti (lit.Committee to help the dispossessed) to aid refugees from Pakistan following the Partition of India. In 1953 <mask> became the Akhil Bharatiya Prachar Pramukh (lit. All-India Propagation Chief) From 1956 to 1962, <mask> served as RSS's general secretary. During this period he tried to refocus RSS towards the task of character-building, instead of a pursuing a more activist stance in co-ordination with affiliated organisations; these efforts met with resistance from other senior leaders in RSS. In 1962, he was selected as All India Baudhik Pramukh of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. On his death <mask> was honoured as a Karmayogi by RSS publication, Organiser. Vivekananda Memorial and Kendra

Ranade was deeply influenced by the teachings of Swami Vivekananda.In 1963, during the centenary year of Swami Vivekananda's birth, he published a selection of Vivekananda's writing under the title Rousing Call to Hindu Nation, as a personal tribute. The same year, <mask> conceived the idea of building a monument to Vivekananda at the mid-sea rock location near Kanyakumari, where Vivekananda had meditated for three days in December 1892. After receiving enthusiastic responses to the scheme from RSS chief M. S. Golwalkar and others, Ranade established the Vivekananda Rock Memorial Organising Committee and became its Organizing Secretary. Various branches of the committee were established across the country (with future BJP leader L. K. Advani serving as the organising secretary of the Delhi branch) to build support, and later raise funds, for the memorial. When the idea was initially rejected by the Minister of Education and Culture Humayun Kabir, Ranade drummed up support from over 300 members of the Indian Parliament, which led to the project receiving approval from Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. <mask> also managed to win endorsement for the project from a diverse section of the political and spiritual community, including sections traditionally in opposition to RSS. After the project was approved, <mask> led a cadre of volunteers to raise funds for construction from donors across the country; state governments and the central Government of India also contributed towards the Rs.12.5 million fund total.The Rock Memorial was completed in 1970, and inaugurated by President of India V. V. Giri on 2 September. During the birth centenary celebrations in 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi recalled the effectiveness of the Jan-Bhagidaari (Participation of people) scheme that was used by <mask>ji. This scheme encouraged every citizen of the country to pay 1 rupee as a donation so that everyone would be a part of this mission. Two years later, <mask> founded the Vivekananda Kendra, centred at Kanyakumari with branches elsewhere, as a Hindu spiritual organisation based on the principles of "Renunciation and Service" preached by Vivekananda. The Kendra is a "lay service organization" without a guru or propagation of a "guru culture" though it was influenced by the teachings of Vivekananda. It has 206 branches in various parts of the country. He did not endorse the status of an "avatar-hood" (god incarnate) to the Kendra.He therefore neither promoted himself or Vivekananda to the status of worship at the center but promoted the use of Omkara as its guiding principle. It was his view that by adopting Omkara as guru the entire class of gurus of the country are honoured. <mask> became the President of the Vivekananda Kendra in 1978, after serving as its general secretary. A documentary titled "Eknathji: One Life - One Mission" has been made by Vivekananda Kendra on his life. Death and legacy
<mask> died in Madras (now Chennai) on 22 August 1982. On 23 August 1982, he was cremated at Vivekanandapuram, Kanyakumari. Publications
Ranade's publications are the "Swami Vivekananda's Rousing Call to Hindu Nation, the "Sadhana of Service" (1985), the "Story of Vivekananda Rock Memorial" and the "Kendra Unfolds".See also
 Alasinga Perumal

Citations

References

Further reading

1982 deaths
1914 births
Activists from Maharashtra
People from Amravati district
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University alumni
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks

masks:
Eknath Ramkrishna Ranade
Eknathji
Ranade
Ranade
Ranade
Ranade
Ranade
Ranade
Ranade
Ranade
Ranade
Ranade
Ranade
Ranade
Eknath
Ranade
Ranade
Ranade


texts:
<mask> (born 1 September 1969), known professionally as <mask>, is an Australian musician, actor and writer, best known as the frontman of Australian rock band You Am I. He has also recorded solo albums with backing bands. As of July 2013, <mask> has released 12 albums with You Am I and five solo albums. Early life
Born in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, <mask> moved between towns multiple times during his adolescence, including Adelaide and Canberra. Following his primary school years in Applecross, a suburb of Perth, <mask> later became school captain at Sydney school Oakhill College. <mask> studied law at the Australian National University in Canberra, aged 18, though did not complete a degree. While at ANU, <mask> lived at Toad Hall residential accommodation, and worked part-time at Canberra Theatre.During this time, <mask> met Andy Kent, who later became the long-term bass player of You Am I. Music

Influences
<mask> regards Keith Richards (The Rolling Stones), Pete Townshend (The Who) and Paul Westerberg (The Replacements) as his three formative musical heroes, becoming aware of each of those artists as a teenager. Throughout his career, <mask> eventually supported all three of these heroes as a musician: You Am I supported The Rolling Stones in 2003, The Who in 2004, and The Replacements in 2015. <mask> regards Paul Westerberg as his favourite songwriter, The Replacements as his favourite band, and regards Bring the Family (1987) by John Hiatt as his favourite album, although he has listed other albums in similar lists at other times. The first band that <mask> joined which performed in front of crowds was Box the Jesuit, which he was a member of for roughly a dozen shows. <mask> later referred to Goose (real name: Stephen Gray) from Box the Jesuit as his 'mentor', with <mask> later writing the song "Paragon Cafe" about his experience travelling along the Hume Highway to attend Goose's funeral in 1993. You Am I

<mask> formed You Am I with school friend Nick Tischler and older brother Jaimme <mask> in 1989.Although the line-up regularly changed during the band's early period, Andy Kent and Mark Tunaley eventually settled on bass guitar and drums, respectively. Kent had previously been the band's sound mixer before joining as a musician. After the recording of their debut album Sound As Ever Tunaley was asked to leave the band and Russell 'Rusty' Hopkinson joined. Second guitarist Davey Lane, initially part of The Twin Set touring band, joined in 1999. Solo career
<mask> released his first solo album What Rhymes With Cars And Girls in 1999 after his relocation to Melbourne. <mask> later provided a brief background for an album that was recorded over a three-week period on an eight-track digital recorder: "I had some time alone and I found myself writing some songs and then I just thought, well it looks like You Am I's not going to be recording for a while, while we're waiting for albums to come out overseas, so I wanna make a record…" Recorded at the home studio of Weddings Parties Anything band member Jen Anderson, the album mostly consists of country/folk-style songs, even though <mask> hesitated at the idea of a country sound. <mask> used the name The Twin Set for his backing band, as well as for the corresponding tour.He later won an ARIA award for Best Male Artist for the album. On 29 September 2007, <mask> released his fourth solo album The Luxury of Hysteria, the first album for which his name is the sole performing credit, although The Temperance Union performed on the album. <mask> also created his own record label, Ruby Q, to release the album. Writing for The Age newspaper (Victoria, Australia), Michael Dwyer wrote in an October 2007 review:

<mask> never sounded as lost as on this strange, beautiful album .... The first three songs are troubled inner monologues. A Quiet Night In and When Yer Sad infuse the act of being alone with Shakespearean gravity. Much of the rest is like personal correspondence, written late at night when feelings are raw and references obscure.There's no mistaking the mood, though: regret and bewilderment bounce off each other like booze and smokes. Australian music writer Ed Nimmervoll described The Luxury of Hysteria as: "Reflective, brutally honest and painful- but never self indulgent …"

Ten years after the release of What Rhymes With Cars and Girls, <mask>, together with musicians from the original recording sessions, played several live performances in the Australian cities of Sydney and Melbourne during April 2009 for a limited tour that involved the album played live in its entirety. The concerts lacked Stuart Speed, the album's bass guitarist, who had died. Anderson reflected upon the album's significance prior to the commencement of the shows, "Moving to Melbourne for him [<mask>] was a fresh start. He didn’t choose to talk about it [the relationship] and I didn’t bring it up. It was a healing, moving on process for him. And it was best to leave it at that—let him work through what was going on in his life and introduce him to some new musical buddies in Melbourne."For <mask>'s fifth solo album, his second without a backing band, he signed with FOUR FOUR, an imprint of ABC Music. Entitled <mask> Sings Rogerstein, the album was released on 24 August 2012 and was produced by long-time collaborator Shane O'Mara. The album's title refers to Shel <mask>, an American whom <mask> met on a train in Southern France. <mask> revealed in 2013 that <mask> does not appear on the Google search engine and is averse to touring. In the corresponding press release for the album's launch, <mask> wrote, "Quite where the percentages lie in lyrical/musical contributions on this album is unclear ... Shel claims he's as baffled as to his contributions as I am to mine. Subjects are close to my bones, but as our lives within this loose ramble have become so confluent, quite who's leaning on whose shoulder is unclear." <mask> won the Double J Australian Artist of the Year award in 2015.Side projects
The initial release of You Am I's fifth album Dress Me Slowly also contained a bonus disc entitled The Temperance Union EP that consisted of eight songs <mask> had recorded and written, mostly in solo format. He later used the name of the EP, based loosely on that of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, to name his backing band for two subsequent albums, starting with Spit Polish in 2004. The release of the second Temperance Union recording, a double album entitled Dirty Ron/Ghost Songs, occurred in 2005, and the recording features various special guests, such as Missy Higgins, Donna Simpson and Rebecca Barnard. In 2006, <mask> collaborated with long-time friend Tex Perkins to form T'N'T, eventually releasing the album My Better Half, a collection of acoustic originals and cover versions. The album received mixed reviews for its minimal production values and "tongue-in-cheek" covers, such as Rod Stewart's "Tonight's the Night". In August 2021, it was announced that <mask> had become the Hard-Ons' new lead singer. <mask> first album with the band, I'm Sorry Sir, That Riff's Been Taken, was released in October 2021.Film
Along with a You Am I cameo appearance in the film Dirty Deeds, <mask> has made various forays into acting. His first acting experience was a small cameo role in Jane Campion's Holy Smoke!, while his television acting debut was released on 28 July 2005, an episode of ABC TV's medical drama series MDA in which <mask> played Joel Palmer, a rock star who donates a kidney to a daughter he did not know he had fathered. <mask> also acted in the Michael Weisler short film Hunter Finkelstein that was shown at the 2005 Melbourne International Film Festival. In January 2013, <mask> and Australian musician Megan Washington worked as actors on the musical/thriller film The Boy Castaways. Filmed in Adelaide, Australia, the film was directed by Michael Kantor, who also directed the 2009 theatre production Woyzeck (in which <mask> also starred). Filming took three weeks and the premiere occurred at the Adelaide Film Festival in October 2013. In 2013, <mask> also played Glendle in Drama Tracks directed by John Curran alongside with actors Mia Wasikowsa and Adam Driver.<mask> features in the music video of the Reels' "Quasimodo's Dream", produced by Sandpit, to coincide with the theatrical release of The Boy Castaways in late 2013. Theatre
In February 2009, <mask> made his professional stage debut at the Malthouse Theatre as the Entertainer in its production of Woyzeck, a play directed by Kantour, with music composed by Nick Cave and Warren Ellis. In 2012, <mask> composed the score for Marion Potts' production of Federico García Lorca's Blood Wedding at the Malthouse Theatre. During the production's run in August 2012, <mask> described the score as "impressionistic" in a media interview and revealed that his initial method involved producing large pieces of music and then discarding 95 percent of it: "If it's not needed to have music there, or complementary, just leave it out. So at times we have sounds emanating from the stage that are only vaguely tonal." In 2012, <mask> also acted in and composed the music for The Story of Mary MacLane by Herself, by Ride on Theatre's Bojana Novakovic (script adaptation) and Tanya Goldberg (director). <mask> performed original compositions for the play, accompanied by musicians Dan Witton and Andy Baylor.Sydney's Griffin Theatre production occurred in early 2012, while the Melbourne season was held at the Beckett Theatre of the Malthouse Theatre complex during November and December. In 2015, <mask> took his album What Rhymes with Cars and Girls to the stage with the Melbourne Theatre Company. The musical's script was adapted by Aidan Fennessy, while <mask> was musical director. Actors Sophie Ross and Johnny Carr performed in the show, which was nominated for a Helpmann Award for Best New Australian Work in 2015. In 2019, <mask> brought his radio show Liquid Lunch (Double J) onto the stage alongside with broadcaster Johnny Von Goes and sound designer Russell Goldsmith. Television
<mask> has frequently appeared as a television guest on programs such as RocKwiz, Rove Live, Talkin' 'bout Your Generation, The Fat and Hard Quiz. He appeared as himself in the second season of The Micallef Program and in the "Be a Rock Star" episode of Lawrence Leung's Choose Your Own Adventure, and also appeared in several episodes of the ABC television series MDA as a rock

masks:
Timothy Adrian Rogers
Tim Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Tim Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Tim Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogerstein
Rogers
Rogers
Rogerstein
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers


texts:
 musician.<mask>' interview on Andrew Denton's Enough Rope coincided with the September 2008 launch of You Am I's eighth studio album Dilettantes. In 2013, <mask> hosted the music performance/interview show Studio at the Memo during July and August. Guests on the show included Martha Wainwright, Tex Perkins, Kate Miller-Heidke, Bernard Fanning and Don Walker. The six-part series was produced by the Renegade company that also produces SBS Television's RocKwiz series. Writing for the Australian news outlet, Graeme Blundell concluded his review with the following sentiment:

There's no one else like him on TV and this show, like RocKwiz, should run for decades, especially as Foxtel has allocated a multi-million-dollar fund to record local performance. <mask> is seriously cool, in the sense that the word means calm, stoic, intriguing and impressive, and suggests reserved confidence, a self-conscious aplomb in behaviour that distances itself from authority rather than directly confronts it. A way of fitting in while standing out, maybe.Radio
Rogers presents the Liquid Lunch program on Double J digital radio each Friday afternoon (repeated Saturday afternoon)

Writing
<mask> has written for Australian publication The Monthly on two occasions: a review of Don Walker's musical memoir Shots from March 2009, and a small non-fiction piece in December 2010. <mask> also wrote the cover feature article of the inaugural edition of the Australian bicycle magazine Treadlie in 2010, in which he covers topics such as baskets, songwriting and cycling outfits: "Just as I festoon myself in full North Melbourne kit circa 1975 to challenge both my hamstrings and mid-life plight at footy training of a Wednesday and Sunday, so shall my treadling brethren furnish themselves for celerity." <mask> published his literary memoir titled "Detours" in 2017. Other projects
In late 2004, <mask> wrote a jingle called "Our Time Begins Again Today" for the Australian Cricket Board's summer promotional campaign "Long Live The Weekend". <mask> was the face of the Australian Football League (AFL)'s 2012 finals series, starring in a television commercial and print advertising campaign. The advertisements, featuring the slogan "This Is Greatness", consist of <mask> recounting some of the greatest final moments in AFL history. <mask> has been involved with soundtracks for Australian films over the course of his career: the Idiot Box soundtrack, together with Nick Launay, in 1999; the Dirty Deeds soundtrack in 2002; and Wish You Were Here, a 2012 film starring Joel Edgerton.Controversy
In 2003, a drunken <mask> taunted Australian Idol judge Mark Holden in an Adelaide airport terminal. He claimed that You Am I were told to "make way" by their record label for new Idol winners. A physical altercation ensued and both parties were reprimanded by airport authorities. At the 2004 Falls Festival, in Marion Bay, Tasmania, You Am I were one of the headline bands. However, <mask> apologised midway through the band's performance and walked off the stage. Guitarist Davey Lane tried to stop <mask>, but the lead singer became aggressive and continued on his way. The Age newspaper reported:

<mask> threw his guitar onto the stage mid-song, saying he couldn't continue, and stormed off, pushing another band member who also walked off-stage looking upset ... <mask> also was involved in an incident backstage with singer Missy Higgins which left her visibly upset ...But Higgins recovered and joined Melbourne band The Beautiful Girls on stage to entertain the crowd when <mask> stopped playing. Less than a week later, <mask> posted on the You Am I website, "I fucked up and take total responsibility for my actions. I've got some problems with intoxicants that I haven't dealt with in a long time and it's come back and bit me." <mask> returned to Tasmania two months later to perform in the A Day on the Green series at Tolosa Park, alongside the Waifs and Pete Murray. Personal life
<mask> has a daughter. He was married to Rocio Garcia Rodriguez, his daughter's mother, between 1999 and the early 2010s. They met in Madrid, Spain, and later lived together in Melbourne.Rodriguez worked as a Spanish philosophy teacher, and was the founding director of Melbourne's La Mirada Film Festival. In August 2012 <mask> reflected on their divorce by explaining, "To my great shame I took my marriage for granted." <mask> draws income from various artistic projects such as music, soundtrack composition and acting, as well as other ventures like gardening. <mask> experienced mental health issues such as anxiety during his twenties, including panic attacks. He chose to openly disclose this information from the 2000s onwards, to help others experiencing similar symptoms. <mask> revealed in 2012 that he is much happier at the age of 42 years than he was in his mid-twenties:

I’m far more excited about anything currently, I’m enjoying more, I’ve read more, I’ve seen more. No nostalgia at all.A couple of good records … that I heard. Did some great travelling, but I travel better now, I was really sort of medicined up. I didn’t enjoy touring as much, we were doing some touring through Europe and the States and I enjoy doing those tours more now. I enjoy everything about touring and being in the band more now. I don’t think back on it anything less than fondly, but I’m so much happier at 42 than I was at 26. <mask> has also been involved in relationships with Australian musician Megan Washington and Serbian-Australian actor Bojana Novakovic. In an August 2012 interview, <mask> revealed that a significant number of his relationships were broken due to attention from the press.<mask>' 2017 memoir Detours detailed his late 2010s relationship with a woman he referred to as "The Hurricane". <mask> named this partner as Rosemary in interviews surrounding the book. An avid sports fan since childhood, <mask> enjoys the game of Australian rules football, and played in the 2005 and 2009 Community Cup charity matches for Melbourne, Australia's Sacred Heart Mission charitable organisation. <mask> is a supporter of North Melbourne and joined in the resistance against the AFL's effort to relocate the club to the Gold Coast, Queensland. As part of the protest, <mask> hosted the "Roo-sistence" benefit concert that featured You Am I, T'N'T and other popular Australian rock bands. <mask> has been an avid Sturt Football Club supporter (in the SANFL) since about the age of five. He was made the official club ambassador in 2015, and attends games when possible.<mask> has lived in the Melbourne seaside suburb of St Kilda since 1999, and has referred to the "crepuscular ambience of St Kilda". In late 2012, <mask> briefly explained his perspective of St Kilda:

Winter is particularly great … Backpacker culture isn’t as obvious, so you tend to see folks you haven’t seen for the rest of the year all clamouring for hot toddies. I was away for two months doing theatre in Sydney and was then in the States for two months. It’s pretty good when you come home from a trip that’s been rather eventful and if you’re really excited to be home. Guitars and equipment

Over the course of his career, <mask> has been most associated with a series of Rickenbacker 360F copies made by Sydney luthier Piers Crocker, known as "Crockenbackers". <mask> owns four of the five Crockenbackers made, including a 12-string, bought after borrowing Brad Shepherd's Fender Coronado 12-string to record Hourly, Daily. <mask> bought his first Crockenbacker just before the recording of Hi Fi Way and has used them ever since.Prior to Hi Fi Way, his main guitar was a Gibson ES-345. <mask> has used various guitars in addition to the Crockenbackers, predominantly Fender Telecasters, including a '52 Reissue, a 70s Telecaster Deluxe and a '72 Thinline Reissue. The latter was given to Lane shortly after Lane joined the band. During the recording of Dilettantes, <mask> also began using Fender Jazzmasters, using them on all subsequent tours to date, in addition to the Crockenbackers. For acoustics, <mask> predominantly used a Guild JF30 and a custom-built Piers Crocker acoustic. He has also been seen playing Cole Clark Fat Lady and Maton acoustics at various times. While recording Sound As Ever, <mask> became enamoured with Lee Ranaldo's Fender Tonemaster amplifier, and shortly thereafter bought one for himself; he has used this amplifier for all You Am I work since the recording of Hi-Fi Way.For <mask>' work with the Temperance Union, he has used a Sunn combo amplifier. <mask> uses an overdrive pedal and a tremolo pedal, the latter custom made by Colin Bloxom, as well as a wah pedal and, occasionally, a Route 66 overdrive/compression pedal. <mask> also uses an overdrive pedal that was built by Ramblin' Guitars. <mask> has stated that one of his most important musical tools is a capo: "Probably 90 per cent of every song I've ever written involves a capo ... When first using one, the possibilities of things become realisations, and you could write in different keys and things. I think I want to be buried with one." Backing bands
Over the course of his solo albums, <mask> has utilised the support of two main backing bands; however, membership between the two has overlapped.The Twin Set
Formed from the recording of What Rhymes With Cars And Girls, The Twin Set was country and folk-influenced. The band featured Jen Anderson (from Weddings Parties Anything), Lane (who would shortly afterwards join You Am I on lead guitar), as well as Stuart Speed and Ian Kitney, who would go on to form the rhythm section for the Temperance Union. The Temperance Union
Consisting of The Twin Set's rhythm section, together with guitarist, Shane O'Mara (from Rebecca's Empire and Paul Kelly's band), the Temperance Union maintained the country influence of the Twin Set, but added a rock 'n' roll element. After the recording of Dirty Ron/Ghost Songs, Speed died and was replaced by Peter Lawler (a.k.a. "Dr Pump"). Discography

Studio albums

Movie soundtracks
 Idiot Box (1999)
 Dirty Deeds (2002)
 Wish You Were Here

References

External links

Official You Am I site
<mask> official site
<mask> at the Internet Movie Database
At Home with <mask> 2017 photo shoot inside <mask>' St Kilda home

1969 births
Living people
ARIA Award winners
Australian singer-songwriters
People from Kalgoorlie
Australian multi-instrumentalists
You Am I members
Australian male singer-songwriters
People educated at Oakhill

masks:
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Tim Rogers
Tim Rogers
Tim Rogers
Tim Rogers


texts:
<mask> (born Elizabeth Shaubell; October 12, 1924 – July 20, 1996), was an American actress in film and television. A familiar face in several popular films of the 1940s and 1950s, and later in western-themed television series, she is perhaps best remembered as Louise Carey, the wife of Scott Carey, played by Grant Williams, in The Incredible Shrinking Man (1957), a science-fiction classic named in 2009 as “culturally, historically or aesthetically” significant to be preserved for all time in the Library of Congress's National Film Registry. Early years
<mask>'s parents, John and Gladys Shaubell, were itinerant musicians in the American South and the Middle West. She was born in Iola in Allen County in southeastern Kansas, and made her stage debut at the age of three. The Shaubells relocated to Compton, California, where <mask> went to high school and Compton Junior College. <mask> was a regular on The Jack Carson Show in 1946. Film
A screen test in the play The Women led to <mask>'s being placed under contract at 20th Century-Fox.Her film debut was uncredited in the 1947 picture The Foxes of Harrow. <mask> played the birth mother of main character Stephen Fox in the film's initial scene. In 1948, she played Peggy, a knowing secretary (and collaborator with star Clifton Webb), in the comedy Sitting Pretty. She also appeared that year (sixth-billed) as the wife of a returning veteran in Apartment for Peggy with William Holden and Jeanne Crain. In 1949, she portrayed Lieutenant Eloise Billings, an object of desire for Cary Grant, in the Howard Hawks film I Was a Male War Bride, also starring Ann Sheridan. That same year, she appeared opposite Jose Ferrer in Otto Preminger's psychological noir Whirlpool. <mask> was billed on posters as a supporting player in the musical comedy Dancing in the Dark, starring William Powell and Betsy Drake.In 1950, <mask> was briefly in that year's Best Picture, All About Eve, as a telephone friend of Anne Baxter. (The same film featured Marilyn Monroe, a classmate of <mask>'s from dance training at Fox.) She had fourth billing in the noir comedy Stella, with Ann Sheridan and Victor Mature. In 1951, she appeared as Marge Boyd in I Can Get It For You Wholesale, in what might have been her breakout role. In 1952, <mask> teamed again with Grant and Drake in the comedy Room for One More for Warner Bros.

For Star in the Dust (1956), one of the scenes featured co-star Coleen Gray and <mask> fighting for possession of incriminating letters hidden in a suitcase. The seasoned actresses invited their husbands to watch the filming of the action scene, which lasted over 50 seconds of screen time and included both women punching and wrestling each other. At the conclusion of the choreographed scene, Gray recalled in a later interview, the women simply dusted themselves off, but the two husbands "were pale and clammy and weak in the knees," having watched their wives engage in a lengthy fistfight.After 1957's Incredible Shrinking Man, she was cast as Nancy Dawson in the 1958 western film, Man from God's Country, starring George Montgomery. She also guest-starred about that time in Montgomery's short-lived television western television series, Cimarron City. Television

<mask>'s TV career had a solid start with her co-starring role as Louise Baker, the wife of Cold War spy Alan Hale Jr., in the 26-episode filmed adventure series Biff Baker, U.S.A., which aired on CBS in the 1952-53 season (and was recently released on DVD). In October 1953, she co-starred with Richard Conte in the Ford Theatre production "Emergency." Following her last film role in 1958, <mask> appeared for several years in TV dramas (usually westerns), most of them produced by Warner Bros. Television for the ABC network. In 1959 and 1960, <mask> had a recurring role as Nellie Cashman in 11 episodes of the ABC series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, with Hugh O'Brian in the title role of Marshal Wyatt Earp. Nellie was briefly a romantic interest for Earp.From 1958 to 1961, <mask> guest-starred four times on Clint Walker's ABC/Warner Bros. western Cheyenne, including a role opposite Robert Colbert in the 1960 episode "Two Trails to Santa Fe". In another 1960 role, she played the mentally unbalanced Claire Russo in the episode "Tangled Trail" of Ty Hardin's ABC/WB series, Bronco, which rotated with Cheyenne. Her other western appearances were on Lawman (two appearances), Cimarron City, Colt .45, and Maverick. Her non-western appearances included the ABC/WB dramas 77 Sunset Strip (as Lucy Norton in the 1962 Cold War-themed episode "The Reluctant Spy", opposite Efrem Zimbalist Jr.), Bourbon Street Beat, The Roaring 20s, One Step Beyond, and Hawaiian Eye (two appearances). She also guest-starred on CBS fantasy-drama The Millionaire. <mask>'s NBC roles included an episode of top-rated Bonanza, "The Duke", directed by Robert Altman and first aired in March 1961, in which she played a saloon girl called Marge Fuller. Earlier, she appeared twice on the 1955-56 NBC comedy It's a Great Life, with Frances Bavier.After a hiatus of five years from television, <mask> returned in 1967 and 1968 as Eileen Gannon, wife of Harry Morgan's character Officer Bill Gannon on NBC's popular Dragnet. Her final TV appearance was as Miss Kallman in the 1975 episode "The Covenant" of ABC's Marcus Welby, M.D. '', with Robert Young in the title role. Later years
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, <mask> (known by her married name, Betty Wallis) was instrumental in developing the alumni program at Chaminade College Preparatory School in West Hills, California, from which her two youngest children had graduated. Personal life and death
<mask> was married to Kenneth Wayne Smith (1943-1945), Edward Charles George (1947-1954 (one child)), Lane Allan (1954-1968 (three children), and Ernest Deneen Wallis (1971-1982). The first three marriages ended in divorce, and the last ended with Wallis's death. <mask> died of lung cancer on July 20, 1996, at the age of 71 in Bakersfield, California.Filmography

References

External links

1924 births
1996 deaths
American television actresses
American film actresses
Actresses from Kansas
People from Iola, Kansas
People from Compton, California
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from Bakersfield, California
El Camino College Compton Center alumni
20th Century Fox contract players
20th-century American actresses
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from lung cancer

masks:
Randy Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Radio Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart


texts:
<mask>v () also known as «Kislyi» (Sour) (9 June 1984 – 18 May 2006) — was a Russian neo-Nazi and neo-Pagan, the organizer of two extremist groups "Mad Crowd" and "Combat Terrorist Organization" (; Boevaya Terroristicheskaya Organizaciya, BTO). He died from a wound when detained by operatives of the 18th (political) department of the UBOP on May 18, 2006. Biography
<mask> was born in Leningrad in the russian family of an employee of the criminal investigation department of the Admiralty police Department. He lived in house 4 in Boytsov Lane. After graduation, he entered the law Faculty of the Regional University, where he studied for 2.5 years. In the period from 1999 to 2006, <mask>v was detained several times by law enforcement agencies on suspicion of attacks on people of non-European appearance. So, he and his friend named Yan were detained on charges of attacking a Chinese man who was stabbed from behind.But in the end, Yan was the only one convicted. Schultz-88
<mask> met <mask> ("Schultz") as a 16-year-old teenager. For his love of heavy music and the band "Kiss", Borovikov received the nickname "Kislyi" (), to which he subscribed in online publications. In the summer of 2001, <mask>v joined Schultz-88, where he became the "right hand" of the leader. Borovikov was at the origins of "Schultz-88" and took an active part in all the significant actions of 2001-2002. Also while in "Schultz-88", Kislyi was actively engaged in propaganda. Many articles in the magazines «Made in St. Petersburg» and «Гнев Перуна» (The Wrath of Perun), such as «Жёлтая угроза» (The Yellow Threat), «Аргументы и факты» (Arguments and facts), «Советы начинающим штурмовикам» (Tips for novice stormtroopers), «Перунов день» (Perun's Day), «Стрижено?Нет, брито!» (Cut? No, shaved!) and many others belonged to him. The publication of the magazine «Гнев Перуна #5» was largely due to Borovikov. He published his own magazine "Straight Edge - A Storm of Pure Blood". In this group, Borovikov met , then their views with Schultz diverged, and they left Schultz-88. Mad Crowd
In 2002, Borovikov is at the origins of the Mad Crowd Firm group.The main difference of the new group was the emphasis on a healthy lifestyle, sympathy for the football movement and the desire to find foreign Nazis. In his magazine «Гнев Перуна», Kislyi once wrote: "We don't need you, but your children. It is from them that we will raise a new race. Because you can't be changed anymore. TV, family, poor entertainment, fashionable clothes, a clogged refrigerator... if this is all that white people are interested in today, then what kind of white people are they? They are meat and garbage. The white race must be created from scratch".From hooliganism to terror

By 2003, Borovikov realized that to achieve his goals, it was not enough to flaunt skinhead paraphernalia, a thorough conspiracy was needed. There were strict conditions, a person joining their new group must meet three criteria:
 Racism
 Paganism
 Health promotion

Interest in football at this stage cools down, there is an installation not for beating, but for killing. Journalists dubbed this group "Combat Terrorist Organization" (BTO). In total, the BTO consisted of 10 people. According to the employees of the 18th department of the Department of Internal Affairs, «at first, there were six of them, then nine, and at the end it seems to be eleven people. But only the managers themselves knew exactly how much. At Schultz and in "Mad Crowd", everyone bragged about their exploits right and left.By and large, this is where they all sat down. And here the conspiracy was so tough that it is impossible to get to the truth even now». Bloody 2004
Borovikov was detained in 2004 in the high-profile case of the "Tajik girl" Khursheda Sultonova, who was killed on February 9 near his home. Borovikov was detained three hours after the murder, but the traces of blood found on his clothes were thoroughly washed with gasoline, and therefore it was not possible to identify what was found with the blood of the deceased. It was suggested that Borovikov managed to evade responsibility, thanks to the connections of his father, a police officer. On June 7, Borovikov organized the execution of two of his former associates Rostislav Hoffman and Alexey Golovchenko in the forest near the village of Zahodskoye in the Vyborg district. They were wounded with a crossbow and finished off with knives.The direct perpetrators of the murder were Alexey Voevodin, Roman Orlov and Artem Prokhorenko. On June 19, the scientist Nikolai Girenko was killed by Borovikov's associates Andrey Kostrachenkov and Artem Prokhorenko. Presumably, <mask> was related to this crime, because he spoke unflatteringly about this expert:

In 2004, a criminal case was opened against "Mad Crowd". Then almost all the members of the group were arrested, except <mask>v and Ruslan Melnik. They were accused of creating an "extremist community". The investigation was able to prove only a few episodes of attacks. In hiding
Since April 25, 2005 Borovikov was put on the international wanted list for extremism with the note "especially dangerous" and "may actively resist during detention".While on the run, <mask> and other gang members, in order to support their financial situation, began to engage in robberies of post offices, and articles were added to the criminal case for robberies on post offices, banditry, robberies, kidnappings. At this time, magazines were released, in the creation of which <mask> directly participated: "Smell of Hatred","Kill or be killed","Grin". On December 18, <mask>v had a daughter, Anna Borovikova, born. On April 7, 2006, Borovikov organized the murder of Senegalese Samba Lampsar (1978-2006), a 5th-year student of the Bonch-Bruevich State University, one of the leaders of the "African Unity", who was returning from the "Apollo" nightclub (12 Izmailovsky Avenue). The murder was directly committed by Andrey Malyugin near the house 17 on the 5th Krasnoarmeyskaya Street. The murder weapon was a pump-action shotgun, which was left at the crime scene. A swastika and the phrases «skinhead weapon» and «death to Negroes» were scrawled on the butt of the gun.Death
On May 18, 2006, <mask> was sitting in the courtyard with a friend at the house No. 23 on Planernaya Street. When he saw that a group of people in civilian clothes (operatives) were approaching him, he realized that law enforcement officials had decided to detain him. There are several versions of the further development of events: according to one, Borovikov tried to escape; according to another, Borovikov attacked police officers with a knife. After trying to avoid arrest, the operatives shot at him (a warning shot was fired before that), as a result of which Borovikov fell to the ground, bleeding. Borovikov died almost immediately after the ambulance arrived. Borovikov was buried in the Northern Cemetery without a funeral service, since he was a neo-pagan.About 20 people gathered at the funeral ceremony. Borovikov's grave became a place of pilgrimage for Russian neo-Nazis. Beliefs
Borovikov considered himself to be a "Skin-movement" and professed the ideas of WP (White Power). The government in Russia, in his opinion, is a branch of ZOG. He calls his native St. Petersburg Nevograd, and calls the representatives of "colored" the main enemies: "khachiks" (russian ethnic slur for the native peoples of the Caucasus) and "churkas" (russian ethnic slur for the native peoples of Central Asia), who mix with "Russian stupid women" to produce mestizos. Direct action in the form of street attacks on "non-russians", in his opinion, contributes to the purification of the people from non-racial elements and the transformation of the Russian Federation into "White Rus". See also
 Combat Terrorist Organization

References

21st-century Russian criminals
Russian neo-Nazis
Terrorism in Russia

1984 births
2006 deaths
Russian people who died in prison custody
People shot dead by law enforcement officers in Russia
People from Saint Petersburg
Russian Modern Pagans

masks:
Dmitry Alexandrovich Boroviko
Dmitry Borovikov
Dmitry Boroviko
Dmitry
Dmitry Bobrov
Dmitry Boroviko
Dmitry
Dmitry Boroviko
Borovikov
Dmitry
Dmitry Boroviko
Dmitry


texts:
<mask> (8 June 1869 – 16 January 1947) was an English first-class cricketer who played 46 matches, mainly for Oxford University. Although his first-class record was not impressive, he scored 140 in the University Match of 1892 using an unorthodox batting method. He played a few matches for Middlesex but later went to work in India, in effect ending his English first-class career. He played first-class cricket in India for the Europeans and after a successful legal career, returned to England. His son Douglas went on to play cricket for Oxford, Surrey and England, captaining the latter two and being associated with the use of Bodyline bowling. Early life
<mask> was born in Simla, British India on 8 June 1869 to a family which had been connected with India for many years. He was the second son of <mask>, a barrister and later a judge in Allahabad who had a successful legal career before he died from cholera aged 32.He was educated at Fettes College, a boarding school in Edinburgh, making it into the school cricket team for four consecutive years. He established a good reputation and was appointed captain of the side in 1888. That year, his batting average was 77.70, and he took 24 wickets at an average of 6.30, coming top of both sets of averages for the school. First-class cricketer

Career at Oxford
In 1889, <mask> went to Balliol College, Oxford. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against the Gentlemen of England. In his third match, against Lancashire, he passed fifty for the first time. Although his next highest score in fifteen innings was just 33, and he failed to reach double figures eight times, he was awarded his Blue.He had some success with his bowling, taking five wickets for 78 in a Surrey total of 614. He played in the University Match but failed to score in either innings and Oxford lost heavily. In total, he scored 198 runs at an average of 13.20. The following season, <mask> scored more runs at a higher average, but failed to pass fifty in an innings. He scored 218 runs at an average of 14.53 and did not bowl. Although he was more successful in the University Match, scoring 3 and 24, Oxford lost again after being bowled out for 42 in their first innings. In 1891, <mask> was appointed captain of the university.He further improved his aggregate and average with 255 runs at an average of 18.21, and took two wickets for five runs in the only innings in which he bowled. In the second and third matches, he scored 62 not out and 70 in consecutive innings against the Gentlemen of England and H Phillipson's XI, but did not pass fifty again. Playing in the University Match, he scored a duck in the first innings and 15 in the second, and Oxford lost their third successive match, although they took eight wickets before Cambridge reached their target of 93. <mask>'s final season at Oxford was his most successful; he recorded his highest aggregate and average despite playing only four matches for the club. At the start of the season, Lionel Palairet took over the captaincy. <mask>'s studies preventing him from playing in any of Oxford's home games, and he did not appear in the team until June. He only took part in three games before the University Match, although in the last of these he scored 60 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Lord's.1892 University Match
In his final University Match, Oxford batted first and <mask>'s innings began after his team had lost two wickets without scoring any runs. He batted for 285 minutes, scoring 140. Before lunch, he played very carefully but increased his scoring rate afterwards. In total, he hit 21 fours and The Times described his innings as faultless. Wisden noted his strong defence and his powerful leg glance. Critics noted that he frequently hit Stanley Jackson to the leg side, a method of play which was unusual at the time. Players educated at Public School generally considered hitting to leg highly unorthodox and almost unfair.K. S. Ranjitsinhji, who was in the crowd at Lord's, would develop the leg glance and make it respectable within a few years, but he had not yet made his first-class debut in 1892. It is likely that <mask> was one of the first players to use this shot. Jackson refused to depart from the orthodox methods of the time, continuing to bowl with seven fielders on the off side and only two on the leg side, making it easier for <mask> to score runs. The Times commented that Cambridge "appeared a little slow to grasp the idea of putting a man on the leg side for [<mask>]". <mask> also hit 39 in the second innings as Oxford chased down a target to win for the only time in his University career. <mask>'s first innings remained his only first-class century. Other first-class cricket
In the remainder of the 1892 season, <mask> played for Middlesex.He played six matches, but scored just 102 runs and averaged 12.75 with the bat; hitting a highest score of 32 not out. Subsequently, <mask>'s work as a barrister took him to India, and he played just four more first-class matches in England. These were for the MCC at the beginning of the 1897 season, where he scored 185 runs at an average of 23.12 with two fifties and a highest score of 85. His only other first-class cricket was for the Europeans cricket team in India. He played in the annual Presidency Match against the Parsees between 1894 and 1902, only missing the 1899 and 1901 games. He scored just one fifty in eight matches, but his batting was admired by critics. Although <mask> did not have an impressive first-class record, critics including Ranjitsinjhi, and Plum Warner considered him a good batsman.C. B. Fry believed that if <mask> had played regular county cricket, he would have played for England. Fry described him as a superb fielder and as "a beautiful player, with a perfect back-stroke and a perfect cut and neat late off drive." He did not bowl regularly after 1889, saving his energy for fielding. In 46 first-class matches, he scored 1,439 runs at an average of 17.76, took 15 wickets at an average of 14.40 and held 42 catches. Legal career
In 1893, <mask> was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1893. He returned to India, where he practised at the Bombay Bar until 1916. At the time, British barristers dominated the Indian legal system, finding considerable financial reward, but causing resentment among the Indian legal profession.At the same time, <mask> held positions of increasing influence in India. He was Perry Professor of Jurisprudence and Roman Law from 1898 to 1902 and then Principal of the Government Law School until 1903. Subsequently, he was Clerk of the Crown, before being appointed Advocate General of Bombay in 1915 before retiring from India in 1916. In 1898, he married Alison Moir and they had one son, Douglas in 1900, who went on to play first-class and Test cricket for Surrey and England. Eventually, Douglas became a controversial England captain, introducing a form of hostile bowling known as Bodyline. The family lived in a wealthy area of Bombay and were well known in its social and sporting circle. With Douglas at Public School, <mask> and his wife returned to England in 1916.He took an interest in the Surrey team, becoming a member and later a vice-president. His wife died in 1936 while <mask> died in South Kensington on 16 January 1947. References

Bibliography

English cricketers
1869 births
1947 deaths
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Oxford University cricketers
People educated at Fettes College
Members of the Middle Temple
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
Europeans cricketers
Cricketers from Himachal Pradesh

masks:
Malcolm Robert Jardine
Jardine
William Jardine
Jardine
Jardine
Jardine
Jardine
Jardine
Jardine
Jardine
Jardine
Jardine
Jardine
Jardine
Jardine
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texts:
<mask> (February 6, 1971 in El Barraco, Spain - December 6, 2003 in Madrid) was a professional road bicycle racer. During his career he excelled as a climber, winning numerous mountain stages. His nickname was "El Chava". Career
After a four month spell as a stagiaire (trainee), <mask> turned professional at the beginning of the 1993 season with the Spanish team Banesto which he would be a part of for the rest of his career. In his first year, his teammates included Tour de France champions Pedro Delgado and Miguel Induráin. Even at an early point in his career, <mask> was considered a potential successor of Induráin. Vuelta a España
<mask> was particularly successful in the Vuelta a España, winning nine stages in total, the points classification in 2001 and the mountains classification in 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2001.His four triumphs in the mountains classification of the Vuelta places him behind only <mask> Laguía as the rider with the most wins in the competition in the history of the race. His best year in the Vuelta was 1998. Here, he took the overall lead for the first time in his career after winning stage 6. However, he acknowledged that the individual time trial on stage 9 would inevitably cost him the lead, as this was a weakness of his. As expected, Jiménez found himself just over three minutes down on his Banesto teammate Abraham Olano after the time trial. But <mask> then won stages 10, 11 and 16, before finally taking back the overall lead from Olano with just two stages remaining. However, the following stage was another time trial in which he lost 2.50 to Olano and consequently the overall victory.Kelme rider Fernando Escartín also bested <mask> by enough to knock him down into 3rd place overall, his final placing. <mask> would never again lead the Vuelta. His second best overall performance was in 1999, in which he was 5th. Prior to that he was 12th in 1996 and 21st in 1997. He concluded his Vuelta career with three stage wins on his way to 17th place overall in 2001. Other races
Of other noteworthy results, <mask> won the Spanish National Road Race Championships in 1997 and secured overall victories in the 2000 Volta a Catalunya and in the Vuelta a La Rioja in both 1994 and 1997. He also competed in both of the other Grand Tours, the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia.After a modest Giro d'Italia debut with 26th place in 1995, he was appointed leader of his Banesto team for the 1999 race and started off well by finishing 2nd after Marco Pantani on stage 8. However, a time trial and then a disastrous stage 14 followed, during which he lost over 20 minutes, making him drop to 38th overall. He eventually finished 33rd overall, never to return to the race. He had more luck in his Tour de France starts, finishing 8th overall in 1997 after a consistent performance which included four top 10 results on individual stages. He also challenged for stage wins in the 2000 edition, managing 3rd on the mountainous stage 10 and 2nd on stage 15, only beaten by Marco Pantani. Nonetheless, he finished 23rd overall, some 52 minutes down on winner Lance Armstrong. Style
Both on and off the bike, Jiménez was, with only a few exceptions, too erratic to ride consistently in stage races.He often attacked without considering the consequences, which however sometimes resulted in spectacular wins in the toughest mountain stages. A particularly memorable instance of this occurred during stage eight of the 1999 Vuelta a España. <mask> attacked the 23% gradient of the Angliru in rain and fog to catch Pavel Tonkov's long solo break at the line and take the stage in a two-man sprint. As he crossed the line, he did not have the energy for the victory pose. It was the first time in the history of the race that the Angliru was used. However, he would subsequently pay for his attacking style in the next stage, where he would often lose by 10 or more minutes. Death
Jiménez received psychological treatment for depression, and retired from professional cycling in 2002, at which point he got married.He died of a heart attack in a psychiatric hospital in Madrid at the age of 32, in December 2003. Spanish cyclist Carlos Sastre is <mask>'s brother-in-law. He dedicated his victory in the 2008 Tour de France to Jiménez.

masks:
Jose María Jiménez Sastre
Jiménez
Jiménez
Jiménez
José Luis
Jiménez
Jiménez
Jiménez
Jiménez
Jiménez
Jiménez


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<mask> (born 1955, Washington, D.C.) is a painter known for her layered landscape paintings that draw inspiration from nature in the Hudson Valley. Early life and education

<mask> grew up in Tidewater, Virginia. She received her BFA from Virginia Commonwealth University in 1978. Painting

<mask>'s first New York show, as well as her first solo exhibition, was in 1987. <mask>'s works tend to be landscape paintings that often feature woods and fields as well as roads. Many of her paintings are based on her photographs of woods and fields surrounding and in Scholarie County, where she rents a house. As Molly O'Neill notes in an essay on <mask> and her work, this area is "fifty miles northwest of the vistas that inspired the Hudson River School painters in the mid-1800s."<mask> focused in particular on the imagery of roads for the theme of her exhibition at Greenberg Van Doren, Divide. As the title implies, writes Lilly Wei in the exhibition's accompanying catalog, <mask> views the roads as "abstract marks in the landscape that divide and order space." Even with roads she has often traveled, <mask> finds something new on closer inspection that alters her perception of the familiar and mundane. <mask> explains that the roads "function as a metaphor for memory and displacement." In 2001, <mask> exhibited a number of seascape paintings. In her essay on the exhibition, art historian and critic Nancy Princenthal writes that, far from being an aberration from <mask>'s typically home-based scenes, the ocean paintings are "a return to childhood memories and life long inclinations. A native of Virginia, she spent her first summers at the Atlantic shore and on the Chesapeake Bay."Primarily, however, <mask>'s works focus on capturing the play of light and shadow. Art critic Eleanor Heartney notes that "Her paintings, like those of Monet, Pissarro, and Renoir, focus on the ephemeral moment and the fleeting impression, conjuring the flicker of sunlight through the trees, the shifting shadows of early evening, the reflections of clouds and foliage glancing across the rippling surface of a lake." O'Neill argues that <mask> additionally "has an innate sense of abstraction and she ranges happy as an uncaged chicken, pecking elements from the Impressionists' obsession with light; from modern photography; and the drip paintings of Jackson Pollock." <mask> is influenced by the use of light in the paintings of European Romantics such as J.M.W. Turner and John Constable as well as by the later work of George Inness. Her paintings also recall landscapes by Claude Lorraine, Albert Pinkham Ryder and Camille Corot. Process

<mask> is known for her use of spackle.She uses a long process of layering and sanding to create the "back-lit" effect found in her paintings. First, the paintings begin as photographs which she typically takes near her rented house in the Hudson Valley. Then, she uses these photographs, which serve as her "preliminary drawings," to aid in the painting process. She also paints from memory and direct observation. <mask> paints on square panels of plywood. <mask> considers rectangular pieces to be too horizontal and rife of implications already of landscapes and horizons. She sometimes paints on one of these square and sometimes paints on several square panels together.The seams between these adjoined panels are left visible. Next, <mask> applies layers of spackle. O'Neill remarks that "Inspired, perhaps, by her day job of painting houses, [<mask>] turned to more industrial media: damp vinyl spackle, a building compound that is applied to wooden panels to create a matte, fresco-like surface. Thinned oil pigments are poured, allowed to dry, and then the Sisyphean task of sanding begins." Initial layers generally correspond with the color of the light—varying from pinks, golds, blues, and oranges. Through this layering and sanding, she creates a luminous quality in her landscapes. Despite rigorous sanding, air bubbles within the spackle layers are revealed occasionally on the surface.Rather than disguise them, <mask> integrates them. Heartney writes that <mask> "allows these irregularities to become part of the painting so that the viewer's perception of the play of light  and shadow across the image cannot be separated from an awareness of surface itself." In later stages of painting, <mask> stands above panels to throw, dribble, and splatter paint with a hair dryer, recalling the techniques of Abstract Expressionists such as Jackson Pollock. <mask>: Moments of Grace. New York: DC Moore Gallery, 2010. Friesen, Andria. Speak for the Trees.Seattle, WA: Friesen Gallery, 2009. Wei, Lilly. <mask>: Divide. New York: Greenberg Van Doren Gallery, 2004. Princenthal, Nancy. <mask>: Land to Sea. New York: Joseph Helman Gallery, 2001.Heartney, Eleanor. <mask>. New York: BlumHelman Gallery, 1990. Scott, Sue. <mask>: New Paintings. New York: Blum Helman Gallery, 1992. References

1955 births
Living people
20th-century American painters
21st-century American painters
American women painters
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists

masks:
Katherine Bowling
Katherine Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Bowling
Katherine Bowling
Katherine Bowling
Katherine Bowling
Katherine Bowling
Katherine Bowling


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Pulakeshi II (IAST: Pulakeśi, r. c. 610–642 CE) was the most famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty of Vatapi (present-day Badami in Karnataka, India). During his reign, the Chalukya kingdom expanded to cover most of the Deccan region in peninsular India. A son of the Chalukya king Kirttivarman I, Pulakeshi overthrew his uncle Mangalesha to gain control of the throne. He suppressed a rebellion by Appayika and Govinda, and decisively defeated the Kadambas of Banavasi in the south. The Alupas and the Gangas of Talakadu recognized his suzerainty. He consolidated the Chalukya control over the western coast by subjugating the Mauryas of Konkana. His Aihole inscription also credits him with subjugating the Latas, the Malavas, and the Gurjaras in the north.The most notable military achievement of Pulakeshi was his victory over the powerful northern emperor Harsha-vardhana, whose failure to conquer the Chalukya kingdom is attested by the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang. In the east, Pulakeshi subjugated the rulers of Dakshina Kosala and Kalinga. After defeating the Vishnukundina ruler, he appointed his brother Vishnu-vardhana as the governor of eastern Deccan; this brother later established the independent Eastern Chalukya dynasty of Vengi. Pulakeshi also achieved some successes against the Pallavas in the south, but was ultimately defeated, and probably killed, during an invasion by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman I. Names and titles

Two variants of Pulakeshi's name appear in the Chalukya records: Pulikeshi (IAST: Pulikeśi) and Polekeshi (IAST: Polekeśi). "Ereya" appears to have been another of his names: the Peddavaduguru inscription calls him "Ereyatiyadigal" (or "Ereyitiyadigal"), and the Bijapur-Mumbai inscription mentions the variant "Eraja". Historian K. V. Ramesh theorizes that Ereya was the pre-coronation name of Pulakeshi.Satyashraya ("refuge of truth"), a hereditary biruda (epithet) of Pulakeshi, was commonly used as a substitute for his name in the dynasty's records. He was the dynasty's most celebrated ruler, because of which the subsequent rulers called their dynasty Satyashraya-kula ("family of Satyashraya"). The imperial titles of Pulakeshi include Bhattaraka and Maharajadhiraja ("King of great kings"). Besides, he also used the family epithets Shri-prithvi-vallabha, Vallabha, and Shri-vallabha. Pulakeshi also assumed the title Parameshvara ("Supreme Lord") after defeating Harsha, as attested by his Bijapur-Mumbai inscription. The Chinese traveler Xuanzang calls him Pu-lo-ki-she. The Persian historian Al-Tabari calls him Paramesa or Pharmis, probably a Persian transcription of his title Parameshvara.Early life

Pulakeshi was a son of the Chalukya king Kirttivarman I. When Kirttivarman died, Pulakeshi appears to have been a minor, as Kirttivarman's younger brother Mangalesha became the next king. The inscriptions of the later Chalukyas of Kalyani, who claimed descent from the Chalukyas of Vatapi, state that Mangalesha "took upon himself the burden of administration" because Pulakeshi was a minor. However, these inscriptions also wrongly claim that Mangalesha returned the kingdom to Pulakeshi when Pulakeshi grew up, praising the Chalukya lineage for such exemplary behaviour. This claim is contradicted by Pulakeshi's own Aihole inscription, and appears to be a late attempt to gloss over Pulakeshi's overthrow of Mangalesha. The exact details of the conflict between these two men are unclear, because the Aihole inscription describes it in a rather enigmatic way. It is possible that Mangalesha initially ruled as a regent, but later decided to usurp the throne.According to the Aihole inscription, Mangalesha was envious of Pulakeshi, because Pulakeshi was a favourite of Lakshmi (the goddess of fortune). Therefore, Pulakeshi, decided to go into exile. Subsequently, Mangalesha became weak "on all sides" as Pulakeshi applied his "gifts of good counsel and energy". Ultimately, Mangalesha had to abandon three things simultaneously: his attempt to secure the throne for his own son (or his ability to perpetuate his own descent), his kingdom, and his own life. The above description suggests that when Pulakeshi became an adult, Mangalesha rejected his claim to the throne and possibly appointed his own son as the heir apparent. Pulakeshi went into exile, during which he must have planned an attack on Mangalesha; he ultimately defeated and killed Mangalesha. The undated Peddavaduguru inscription records Pulakeshi's grant of the Elpattu Simbhige village after his subjugation of Ranavikrama.According to one theory, this Ranavikrama was Mangalesha, who bore the title "Ranavikrama", and who was defeated by Mangalesha in a battle fought at Elpattu Simbhige. However, another theory identifies Ranavikrama as a Bana king. Date of ascension

Pulakeshi's Hyderabad inscription is dated 613 CE (Shaka year 534), and was issued during the third year of his reign, which suggests that he must have ascended the throne in c. 610–611 CE. The exact year of his ascension is debated among modern scholars. The 610–611 CE Goa grant inscription, which refers to an unnamed Chalukya overlord titled Shri-prithvi-vallabha Maharaja, was probably issued during the reign of Pulakeshi's predecessor Mangalesha. It is dated to the Shaka year 532: assuming it was issued after 532 years of the Shaka era had expired, the date of issue was 4 January 611 CE. However, if we assume that it was issued when the 532rd year of the Shaka era was current, it can be dated to 5 July 610 CE.Based on this inscription, the end of Mangalesha's reign is variously dated to 610 CE or 611 CE. The matter is complicated by the Maruturu inscription, which is dated to Pulakeshi's 8th regnal year, and was issued on the occasion of a solar eclipse on the new moon day (amavasya) of the Jyeshtha month. According to modern calculations, this solar eclipse took place on 21 May 616 CE, which would mean that Pulakeshi ascended the throne in 609 CE. Military conquests

After Mangalesha's death, <mask> appears to have faced opposition from multiple rivals, including those who were loyal to Mangalesha and those who wanted to take advantage of the turmoil resulting from the Chalukya war of succession. The Aihole inscription declares that "the whole world was enveloped in the darkness that was the enemies". Pulakeshin subjugated these enemies, and established the Chalukyas as the dominant power in the Indian peninsula. Appayika and Govinda

The Aihole inscription suggests that two rulers named Appayika and Govinda rebelled against Pulakeshin.The identity of these rulers is uncertain, but they are said to have approached the core Chalukya territory from the north of the Bhimarathi (modern Bhima) river in present-day Maharashtra. According to historian K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, the way they are mentioned in the inscription suggests that they were military adventurers and not from a royal background. However, according to historian Durga Prasad Dikshit, their names suggest that they may have belonged to a Rashtrakuta branch, which was distinct from the imperial Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta. This branch may have become subordinate to the Chalukyas after facing invasions from the Nala and Mauryas of Konkan, and later rebelled taking advantage of the conflict between <mask> and Mangalesha. According to the Aihole inscription, Pulakeshin adopted the policy of bheda (divide and conquer), and bestowed favours upon Govinda while alienating Appayika. Govinda became his ally, and Appayika was defeated. Recapture of Banavasi

<mask>'s predecessors had subjugated the Kadambas of Banavasi, but the Kadambas no longer recognized the Chalukya suzerainty during his reign.<mask> marched against them, and besieged their capital of Banavasi. The Aihole inscription suggests that the Kadambas put up a strong resistance, but were ultimately defeated. The Kadamba ruler at this time was probably Bhogivarman. Pulakeshin ended the Kadamba dynasty, and annexed their territory to his empire. He divided this territory among his vassals: the major part of the Kadamba kingdom was granted to the Alupas under the name kadamba-mandala; the Nagarakhanda division of Banavasi was given to the Sendrakas. Alupas

According to the Aihole inscription, Pulakeshin subjugated the Alupas, who had earlier served as Kadamba vassals. However, according to the Chalukya inscriptions, the Alupas had already been subjugated by <mask>'s predecessors.Therefore, it appears that the Aihole inscription simply refers to Pulakeshin reaffirming the Chalukya suzerainty over the Alupas. Another possibility is that the Alupas had not been completely subdued by the Pulakeshin's predecessors. The location of the core Alupa territory during <mask>'s period is not certain. Alupas are known to have been ruling in the Dakshina Kannada region of Karnataka for several centuries, but some scholars believe that their capital was located at Humcha in the Shimoga district. After subjugating the Kadambas, <mask> assigned a major part of the former Kadamba territory to his Alupa vassal, who according to historian Moraes, may have been Kundavarammarasa. If "Aluka" is considered a variant of "Alupa", the Marutura inscription suggests that the Alupa vassals of Pulakeshin also ruled over the Guntur district in present-day Andhra Pradesh. According to this inscription, the Aluka ruler Gunasagara, who was a Chalukya vassal, was appointed to govern this region.The 692 CE Sorab inscription describes Gunasagara's son Chitra-vahana as an "Alupa", which suggests that "Aluka" is a variant of "Alupa". Gangas of Talakad

The Aihole inscription credits <mask> with subjugating the Gangas of Talakad, who had matrimonial ties with the Kadambas. The Mahakuta pillar inscription of his predecessor Mangalesha states his father Kirttivarman also subjugated the Gangas. It is possible that the Gangas accepted the Chalukya suzerainty during Kirttivarman's reign, but subsequently gave up this allegiance taking advantage of the war of succession between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin. After <mask>'s victory over the Kadambas, the Gangas again accepted the Chalukya suzerainty, possibly without any military conflict. The Ganga ruler Durvinita married his daughter to Pulakeshin; she was the mother of <mask>'s son Vikramaditya I. The Gangas probably hoped to gain Chalukya support against the Pallavas, who had captured the Kongunadu region from them.The Gangas subsequently defeated the Pallava ruler Kaduvetti of Kanchi. Mauryas of Konkana

Pulakeshin's father Kirttivarman had defeated the Mauryas of Konkana (modern Konkan), who ruled in the coastal region of present-day Goa and Maharashtra. The Mauryas acknowledged the Chalukya suzerainty during Mangalesha's reign, but seem to have declared independence during the Chalukya war of succession. After consolidating his power in southern Deccan, <mask> successfully besieged the Mauryan capital Puri, which is variously identified as Gharapuri (Elephanta) or Rajapuri (near Janjira). Latas, Malavas, and Gurjaras

The Aihole inscription states that Pulakeshin subjugated the Latas, the Malavas, and the Gurjaras, who were the northern neighbours of the Chalukyas. Historian Durga Prasad Dikshit theorizes that these kingdoms may have accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty without a military conflict, when faced with an invasion from the northern king Harshavardhana. Alternatively, it is possible that these three rulers accepted Mangalesha's suzerainty after his victory over the Kalachuris, and the Aihole inscription simply refers to Pulakeshin reaffirming the Chalukya suzerainty over them.The Lata region (present-day southern Gujarat) was formerly under the control of the Kalachuris, who had been defeated by Mangalesha. <mask>, who appears to have annexed Lata to the Chalukya kingdom, placed it under the governorship of a member of the Chalukya family. The rule of the Chalukya governor Vijaya-varma-raja over Lata is attested by his 643 CE Kheda copper-plate inscription. The Malavas ruled in and around the present-day Malwa

masks: Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin


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 (Malava) region in central India. According to the Chinese traveler Xuanzang, Malava ("Mo-la-po") was an independent kingdom, but the records of the Maitraka dynasty suggest that the Maitrakas controlled at least a part of the Malava territory. Thus, the Malavas may have been Maitraka vassals or independent rulers before they accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty. The Gurjaras were most probably the Gurjaras of Lata (or Bharuch), and the Gurjara ruler who accepted <mask>'s suzerainty was probably Dadda II.Victory over Harsha

The most notable military achievement of <mask> was his victory over the powerful emperor Harsha-vardhana, who ruled over much of northern India. The inscriptions of <mask>'s successors prominently mention this victory even when they ignore his other military achievements. Date

The date of the war between Harsha and Pulakeshin has been debated by modern scholars. The Kandalgaon copper-plate inscription, dated to <mask>'s 5th regnal year (c. 615 CE), mentions the conflict, but this inscription is regarded as spurious by modern scholars. Some scholars, such as K. V. Ramesh and K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, date the battle to c. 612 CE or before, based on the 612–613 CE Hyderabad inscription of Pulakeshin. This inscription boasts that Pulakeshin defeated a king who had fought a hundred battles (presumably Harsha). The later Chalukya inscriptions, dating from the reign of Vikramaditya I onwards, mention <mask>'s victory over Harsha using similar expressions.This early date for the war is also supported by the writings of Xuanzang, who states that Harsha fought wars for six years, and then ruled in peace for thirty years. Scholars Shreenand L. Bapat and Pradeep S. Sohoni date the battle to the winter of 618–619 CE. These scholars note that the Bijapur-Mumbai grant inscription, dated to 4 April 619 CE, mentions <mask>'s victory over Harsha, which proves that the conflict definitely took place sometime before this date. The earlier Satara inscription of <mask>'s brother Vishnu-vardhana, issued during his 8th regnal year (c. 618 CE) does not mention the conflict. Based on this, Bapat and Sohoni theorize that the conflict took place between November 618 CE and February 619 CE. Some earlier scholars, such as D. Devahuti dated the conflict to 630s CE, but this is no longer considered correct after the publication of the Bijapur-Mumbai inscription in 2017. Cause of the war

The cause for the war between Harsha and Pulakeshin is not certain.Historian K. A. Nilakanta Sastri suggests that Harsha's growing influence may have driven the Latas, the Malavas, and the Gurjaras to accept Pulakeshin's suzerainty. Historian Durga Prasad Dikshit adds that these three kingdoms are known to have been enemies of Harsha's father Prabhakara-vardhana, as attested by Harsha's court poet Bana: this enmity probably continued during the reign of Harsha. The Malava king played a role in the murder of Harsha's predecessor Rajya-vardhana, and also killed Harsha's brother-in-law, the Maukhari ruler Graha-varman. The Gurjara ruler Dadda II aided the Maitraka dynasty against Harsha. When Harsha decided to take action against these three kingdoms, their rulers probably sought protection of Pulakeshin. Pulakeshin may have granted asylum to Harsha's adversaries. According to scholars Shreenand L. Bapat and Pradeep S. Sohoni, the "Malavas" mentioned in the Chalukya record were the Later Guptas who controlled the Malwa region.The expansion of the Maitraka influence in the Malwa region must have attracted Harsha's attention. The Maitraka ruler Shiladitya I may have sympathized with <mask>'s cause during the latter's northern campaign against the Latas, the Malavas, and the Gurjaras. This situation ultimately resulted in a conflict between Harsha and Pulakeshin. Another possibility is that Harsha decided to take advantage of the turmoil resulting from the conflict between Mangalesha and <mask>, and invaded the Chalukya kingdom. During his march against Pulakeshin, Harsha advanced up to the Narmada River before being forced to retreat. Result

The Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin boasts the harsha (mirth) of Harsha melted away by fear, as his elephants fell in the battle. The only other inscription from his reign that mentions this battle is the Bijapur-Mumbai inscription.Harsha's court poet Bana does not mention this conflict in his biography Harsha-charita, presumably to avoid portraying his patron in a negative light. However, <mask>'s success against Harsha is confirmed by other independent sources. The Chinese traveler Xuanzang, who calls <mask>'s kingdom Mo-ho-la-cha (the Chinese transcription of "Maharashtra"), provides the evidence of <mask>'s success against Harsha. Xuanzang states that Shiladitya (that is, Harsha) had conquered the nations from east to west, and had marched with his army to remote parts of India: only the people of Mo-ho-la-cha had refused to accept his suzerainty. Xuanzang further states that Harsha gathered troops from different parts of his kingdom, summoned his best commanders, and himself led the army to punish the people of Mo-ho-la-cha, but could not subjugate them. The Rashtrakutas, who ultimately overthrew the Chalukyas several years after <mask>'s death, also boast that they defeated the dynasty that claimed victory over Harshavardhana, thus indirectly confirming Pulakeshin's achievement. The Aihole inscription poetically states that <mask>'s elephants had to avoid the neighbourhood of the Vindhya mountains beside the Narmada River, because they "by their bulk, rivalled the mountains".Historian K. A. Nilakanta Sastri interprets to mean that <mask> "did not send his elephant forces into the difficult Vindhya terrain", and guarded the passes with infantry. According to Shreenand L. Bapat and Pradeep S. Sohoni, the inscription suggests that <mask>'s army subsequently tried to cross the Vindhyas, in a bid to invade Harsha's kingdom, but was unsuccessful, which may explain why only two inscriptions from <mask>'s reign mention his conflict with Harsha. Dakshina Kosala and Kalinga

The Aihole inscription states that the rulers of Koshala and Kalinga accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty without offering any resistance. Koshala here can be identified as Dakshina Kosala (present-day Chhattisgarh and western Odisha), which was probably under the Panduvamshi rule. The Aihole inscription does not mention the name of the subjugated ruler, but historian D. C. Sircar theorizes that he may have been the Panduvamshi king Mahashivagupta Balarjuna. The name of the ruler of Kalinga, which includes parts of present-day Odisha and northern Andhra Pradesh, is not certain either. Historian Durga Prasad Dikshit suggests that he was probably a member of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.Historian K. A. Nilakanta Sastri suggests that he may have been a Vishnukundina feudatory. Vishnukundina dynasty

According to the Aihole inscription and the Maruturu inscription, <mask> invaded and captured Pishtapura (modern Pithapuram in Andhra Pradesh). The Maruturu inscription suggests that this event took place around or before 617–618 CE. The Aihole inscription states that subsequently, a fierce battle was fought near Kunala lake (identified with modern Kolleru Lake), whose water turned red with the blood of those killed in the war. These inscriptions do not name <mask>'s rival in these conflicts, but modern scholars identify him as a king of the Vishnukundina dynasty, which ruled in Andhra Pradesh. Pulakeshin probably subjugated Vishnukundina vassals during his eastern campaign in Kalinga, which may have brought him in conflict with the Vishnukundina dynasty. Pulakeshin conquered the Vishnukundina kingdom, located in the lower Godavari-Krishna valley, and appointed his younger brother 'Kubja' Vishnu-vardhana as the governor of the newly-conquered territory.The Chalukya conquest in this region is corroborated by Vishnu-vardhana's 631 CE Kopparam copper-plate inscription, which records a land grant in the Karma-rashtra region of present-day Andhra Pradesh. The Vishnukundina ruler defeated by Pulakeshin was probably Indravarman: he appears to have ultimately accepted <mask>'s suzerainty, and was allowed to rule as a Chalukya vassal. Pulakeshin assigned some of the newly-conquered territories to his own feudatories. For example, the Maruturu inscription states that the Aluka ruler Gunasagara, a Chalukya vassal, came from Mangalapura (identified with modern Mangalagiri in Guntur district) to Kallura after undergoing several hardships. Xuanzang's visit

The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited Pulakeshin's kingdom in 641–642 CE. He calls the Chalukya kingdom "Mo-ho-la-cha" (the Chinese transcription of "Maharashtra"), and corroborates Pulakeshin's success against Harsha (see above). He had visited the Pallava kingdom before arriving in the Chalukya kingdom, but he doesn't mention any conflict between the two kingdoms, presumably because he was not aware of major political changes or because his main interest was Buddhism rather than politics.Xuanzang describes <mask> ("Po-le-ke-she") as "a man of farsighted resource and astuteness who extends kindness to all". The king's subjects were "tall and sturdy in nature and... proud and carefree by nature... grateful for kindness and revengeful for injustice". They preferred death to disloyalty, and called for a duel if they or their families were insulted. According to Xuanzang, the king was war-like and loved "military arts", because he was a Kshatriya by birth. His well-disciplined troops comprised several thousands of men, and several hundreds of elephants. The elephants, who were intoxicated with wine before battles, were used to break the enemy's front line. When his generals were defeated, they were not punished, but were humiliated by being ordered to wear women's dresses.The soldiers who lost a battle would commit suicide as a matter of honour. According to Xuanzang, the kingdom's capital (not named by Xuanzang) was situated to the east of a large river, around 1000 li from Bharukachchha (modern Bharuch). This description does not fit the Chalukya capital Vatapi (modern Badami). Modern scholars identify the city mentioned by Xuanzang as Nashik, although this identification is not conclusive. It is possible that Xuanzang spent some time in Nashik, which was an important centre of Buddhism, and mistook it as the kingdom's capital. Xuanzang mentions that there were five stupas in and around the capital city: these stupas had been built by the earlier king Ashoka, and were several hundred feet high. Around 5,000 Buddhist monks lived in over 100 monasteries in the kingdom; in particular, Xuanzang describes a large monastery identified with the Ajanta Caves by modern scholars.Xuanzang adds that the kingdom also had temples of "heretics" who "smeared dust on their bodies". War with the Pallavas and death

The Pallavas were the southern neighbours of the Chalukyas. The Vishnukundins were their allies at the time, and <mask>'s subjugation of the Vishnukundins brought him in conflict with the Pallava king. The Chalukyas and the Pallavas fought several battles without conclusive results. The Aihole inscription states that the Pallava ruler opposed the rise of <mask>, who caused the enemy's splendour to be "obscured by the dust of his army" and forced the enemy to take shelter behind the walls of the Pallava capital Kanchipuram. The Kashakudi inscription of the Pallavas states that the Pallava King Mahendravarman defeated an unnamed enemy at Pallalura (modern Pullalur). These two accounts appear to refer to the same battle, which must have been inconclusive: the Pallava army was probably forced to retreat to Kanchipuram, but inflicted enough damage on the Chalukya army to force <mask> to retreat to Vatapi.The undated Peddavaduguru inscription records <mask>'s grant of the Elpattu Simbhige village in Bana-raja-vishaya ("Bana king's province") after the subjugation of Ranavikrama. Assuming that Ranavikrama was a Bana king, it appears that <mask> defeated the Banas. (An

masks: Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin Pulakeshin