texts:
<mask> (born August 8, 1958) is an American bankruptcy lawyer and the former United States Ambassador to Israel. He joined the law firm Kasowitz, Benson, Torres & Friedman (then known as Kasowitz, Hoff, Benson & Torres) in 1994, where he met and represented Donald Trump, then chairman and president of The Trump Organization. He was an advisor to Trump during his successful presidential campaign. In December 2016, President-elect Trump's transition team announced that <mask> was Trump's nominee for ambassador. He was narrowly confirmed by the Senate, officially sworn in by Vice President <mask> on March 29 and presented his credentials on May 15. Early life and education
<mask> was one of four children born to <mask><mask> (d. 2005), a Temple Hillel rabbi and <mask>, a high school English teacher. He grew up in North Woodmere, New York.His father was a rabbi at Temple Hillel, a Conservative synagogue in North Woodmere, and served as the head of the New York Board of Rabbis. He graduated from Hebrew Academy of Nassau County (HANC) high school in 1974, and earned his B.A. degree in anthropology from Columbia University, graduating in 1978, and his J.D. degree from New York University School of Law, graduating in 1981. He has been a member of the New York State Bar Association since 1982. Legal and philanthropic career
In 1994, he left the now-defunct law firm Mudge Rose Guthrie Alexander & Ferdon to form the bankruptcy practice at Kasowitz, Hoff, Benson & Torres. <mask> was promoted to name partner in 1995, and the firm was renamed Kasowitz, Benson, Torres & Friedman.As the head of the creditors' rights and bankruptcy practice group, <mask> advised and represented Donald Trump and The Trump Organization in bankruptcies involving his Atlantic City casinos. <mask> volunteered to head American Friends of Bet El Institutions, an organization that advocates against a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and provides around $2 million per year to the Israeli settlement Bet El. The organization also received donations from the family foundation of Jared Kushner, Trump's son-in-law. In 1999, <mask> dedicated the Friedman Faculty House. The settlement runs the Israeli news website Arutz Sheva, where <mask> was a columnist. In his writings and statements, <mask> repeatedly argued in support of Israeli settlements, declaring them legal. He has also contributed to United Hatzalah ("united rescue"), an Israeli organization that provides emergency medical services, and Aleh Negev, a village for disabled Bedouin and Jewish people in southern Israel.Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign
<mask> advised Trump on Israel-related and Jewish issues during his presidential campaign, co-chairing Trump's Israel Advisory Committee along with Jason D. Greenblatt, an executive vice president for The Trump Organization. During the presidential election, he donated a total of $50,000 to the Trump campaign and the Republican National Committee. Four days prior to the election, <mask> and Greenblatt released a joint statement promising to move the U.S. embassy in Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, one of Trump's campaign promises. Other presidential candidates, including Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Hillary Clinton, had also promised to move the embassy to Jerusalem during their campaigns. Moving the embassy would be a significant departure from U.S. policy. Since the end of the Six-Day War in 1967, the U.S. officially maintained that Jerusalem's final status should be decided by direct negotiations between the Israelis and the Palestinians; it did not recognize Jerusalem as Israeli territory. Relocation would be in accordance with the Jerusalem Embassy Act, passed by Congress in 1995, which required moving the embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem by May 31, 1999.The executive branch has consistently waived implementation of the act, arguing it would have a negative impact on national security. On June 1, 2017, in accordance with his predecessors, President Trump signed an executive order keeping the embassy in Tel Aviv instead of relocating it to Jerusalem. However, on December 6, 2017, President Trump reversed course and issued a "Presidential Proclamation Recognizing Jerusalem as the Capital of the State of Israel and Relocating the United States Embassy to Israel to Jerusalem." Nomination for U.S. Ambassador to Israel

Reactions

On December 15, 2016, the transition team of President-elect Donald Trump announced that <mask> had been selected to be the nominee as the United States Ambassador to Israel. <mask>'s nomination was controversial; some American Jewish, Israeli, and Palestinian individuals and advocacy groups argued against his nomination. Saeb Erekat, chief negotiator for the Palestinian Authority, said that moving the U.S. embassy to Jerusalem and annexing West Bank settlements would lead to the "destruction of the peace process" and send the region down a path of "chaos, lawlessness, and extremism".Although none of these predictions happened,  <mask> had said in an interview for Haaretz during the campaign that Trump would be open to Israel annexing parts of the West Bank. The U.S. has opposed Israeli settlements in the West Bank since 1967. The liberal advocacy organization J Street "vehemently opposed" <mask>'s nomination. During the presidential campaign, <mask> had attacked J Street supporters, writing in Arutz Sheva in May 2016:

Are J Street supporters really as bad as kapos? The answer, actually, is no. They are far worse than kapos—Jews who turned in their fellow Jews in the Nazi death camps. The kapos faced extraordinary cruelty and who knows what any of us would have done under those circumstances to save a loved one?But J Street? They are just smug advocates of Israel's destruction delivered from the comfort of their secure American sofas—it's hard to imagine anyone worse. When asked about his comments on J Street at the Saban Forum in early December, <mask> had stood by his statements, saying that J Street supporters were "not Jewish, and they're not pro-Israel". The advocacy organizations Americans for Peace Now, Ameinu, the Israel Policy Forum, and the New Israel Fund also opposed the nomination. Six Democratic members of the House of Representatives, including Jewish representatives Jan Schakowsky, Jerrold Nadler, John Yarmuth, and Steve Cohen, urged their colleagues in the Senate to vote against <mask>. Five former United States Ambassadors to Israel – Thomas Pickering, William Harrop, Edward Walker Jr., Daniel Kurtzer, and James Cunningham – signed a letter declaring <mask> unqualified. Other Jewish and Israeli groups and individuals supported <mask>'s nomination.Nathan Diament, executive director for public policy at the Orthodox Union, commended Trump for the nomination as a change in the relationship between Israel and the United States from the relationship under the Obama administration. <mask>, president of the Zionist Organization of America, said <mask> "has the potential to be the greatest US Ambassador to Israel ever". The Republican Jewish Coalition and Rabbi Yechiel Eckstein, founder and president of the International Fellowship of Christians and Jews, both supported the nomination. Israeli politicians Tzipi Hotovely, the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dani Dayan, the Consul General of Israel in New York, and Minister of Education Naftali Bennett all praised <mask> and welcomed his nomination. The Yesha Council, the umbrella organization governing West Bank settlements, also supported the nomination, saying <mask> had a "deep love for all of the land and people of Israel, including those in Judea and Samaria," referring to the Israeli-occupied West Bank as "Judea and Samaria". Senate confirmation

<mask>'s confirmation hearing was held on February 16, 2017. The hearing was contentious; protesters from Americans Muslims for Palestine and the Jewish group IfNotNow were arrested after interrupting the proceedings several times.<mask> said he believed a two-state solution is the best way to resolve the conflict. He had previously questioned the need for it, stating as a representative for the Trump campaign, "a two-state solution is not a priority ... A two-state solution is a way, but it's not the only way." He had also called it a "scam" and a "damaging anachronism" in a February 2016 column for Arutz Sheva. He also agreed to sell off his business interests in the region and end his support for the expansion of Israeli settlements. He apologized for his past language towards J Street, maintaining his differences of opinion with the organization. Yael Patir, the Israel director of J Street, did not accept the apology. Several Democratic members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee criticized <mask>'s fitness for the position, while the Republican members generally expressed their support.On March 9, 2017, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee approved his nomination in a 12–9 vote. All Republicans voted in favor, along with Democrat <mask> from New Jersey. <mask> was officially confirmed on March 23. All Democratic and independent senators except <mask> and <mask>, from West Virginia, voted against him. 50 out of 52 Republican senators voted for him; two Republicans did not vote. The Washington Post reported that this "sharply partisan vote was a notable departure from past votes to confirm ambassadors to Israel." On March 29, Vice President <mask> officially administered the oath of office, swearing in <mask>.He succeeded Leslie Tsou, who served as the interim chargé d'affaires after Daniel Shapiro left the position on January 20. Ambassadorship

<mask> became the U.S. ambassador to Israel on May 15, 2017 when he presented his credentials to Israeli President Reuven Rivlin. In 2019, The Jerusalem Post listed him as one of the world's 50 most influential Jews. The New York Times in January 2021 described <mask> "as one of America’s most influential envoys" and as someone "who drove the radical overhaul of White House policy toward the Israeli-Palestinian conflict." According to CNN, <mask> stated that Israeli settlements in the West Bank were not illegal and supported Israel to annex portions of the West Bank. For his work negotiating the Abraham Accords, <mask> was nominated alongside Jared Kushner for the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize. The nomination also names Kushner's aide Avi Berkowitz, and <mask>'s counterpart Israeli Ambassador Ron Dermer.Personal life
<mask> is an Orthodox Jew and is fluent in Hebrew. He has been married to his wife, Tammy Deborah Sand, since 1981. They have five children and seven grandchildren. <mask>'s daughter, Talia <mask>, immigrated to Israel and officially became an Israeli citizen on August 15, 2017. In 1984, <mask> met President Ronald Reagan when Reagan visited Temple Hillel and became the first sitting president since George Washington to visit a synagogue. <mask> became friends with Donald Trump in 2005, after Trump paid him a condolence call during shiva for his father. References

External links

 Appearances on C-SPAN

1958 births
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Ambassadors of the United States to Israel
American columnists
American foreign policy writers
American male non-fiction writers
American Orthodox Jews
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign
Jewish American attorneys
Jewish American writers
Living people
New York (state) lawyers
New York (state) Republicans
New York University School of Law alumni
People associated with the 2016 United States presidential election
People from North Woodmere, New York
Trump administration personnel
The Trump Organization employees
Writers from New York (state)
Kasowitz Benson Torres people
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American diplomats

masks:
David Melech Friedman
Friedman
Mike Pence
Friedman
Morris S
. Friedman
Addi Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Morton Klein
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Bob Menendez
Friedman
Bob Menendez
Joe Manchin
Mike Pence
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman
Friedman


type: original

texts:
<mask> (;  – 3 December 1976) was the chief marshal of aviation for the Soviet Air Force during the Soviet Union's involvement in the Second World War. Lauded as "the man who has piloted the Red Air Force through the dark days into the present limelight", and a "master of tactical air power", he was twice given the title of Hero of the Soviet Union as well as a number of other Soviet decorations. A gifted air force commander and one of the leading men of the Soviet armed forces, <mask> was involved in nearly all exploits of the air force during the war and was at the forefront of developments in command and control and of air combat techniques. After the war, <mask> was arrested by order of the Politburo, and was forced by the NKVD chief, Lavrentiy Beria, into a "confession" that implicated Marshal Georgy Zhukov in a conspiracy. <mask> was then imprisoned until the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953, whereupon he became an avionics teacher and writer until his death. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Kryukovo, a village in Nerekhta, in Kostroma Oblast. In 1919 he became an infantryman in the Red Army, and in 1920 became a party member.He served in the 384th regiment of the Russian 7th Army, helped put down the Kronstadt uprising in March 1921, and he served as a platoon commander during anti-guerrilla fighting in the Caucasus in 1922. Having graduated from the M. V. Frunze Military Academy in 1930, <mask> moved to the air force in 1933, and served as chief of operations until 1935, when he took command of a light bomber squadron. <mask> was expelled from the party and the armed forces in 1937; however, he was re-admitted by the Commissioner of the Belarussian Military District, A. I. Mezis, who was in turn arrested. <mask> served as chief of the air force staff of the Leningrad Military District prior to serving in the Soviet-Finnish War during 1939 and 1940. For his service in the conflict he was promoted to major general and earned the Order of Lenin. He continued to command the Air Forces of the Leningrad Military District until the outbreak of World War II. World War II

During the early setbacks of the Russian army at the hand of Nazi Germany, Novikov and the Leningrad air forces took part in a number of strikes against the advancing German armies, including the first Soviet air operation of the war, from 25 to 30 June 1941, which cost the Germans 130 aircraft.During this time, <mask> was noted for his skill in command and for his innovation, particularly the then unknown use of radio to coordinate bomber flights. In July 1941, <mask> expanded his command from Leningrad to include air forces of the Northern Front, Northwestern Front and the Baltic Fleet, and as the Germans approached Leningrad, <mask> and his forces flew 16,567 sorties. <mask> briefly held the position of first deputy to the air force commander from February until 11 April 1942. He then became commander of the Red Army Air Force – deputy to the people's commissar of defense of the USSR for aviation, a position from which he began to reorganize the Soviet air force. He worked specifically for the creation of separate divisions and air corps, as well as the improvement of front line coordination. During the siege of Stalingrad, <mask> successfully persuaded Georgy Zhukov and, in turn, Joseph Stalin that the air force was not ready for a planned counter-offensive, an argument to which both commanders eventually conceded. After a substantial period of development, <mask> was able to provide Zhukov with an aerial blockade of the German forces at Stalingrad, along with the destruction of 1,200 enemy planes.Later operations over Kuban destroyed another 1,100 planes. At the Battle of Kursk, <mask> introduced new innovations such as shaped-charge bombs, night fighters and ground-attack aircraft. The Battle of Königsberg saw 2,500 combat aircraft under <mask> being made available to the besieging armies, with the Soviet air marshal recommending low-level heavy night bombers being used. 514 of these dropped 4,440 tons of bombs on the beleaguered city. For his part in the operation <mask> was made Hero of the Soviet Union, and on 24 June 1944 the United States awarded him a Legion of Merit. <mask> then transferred to the Pacific Theatre to fight against Japan, where he was made Hero of the Soviet Union a second time for his Far Eastern efforts. Post-war career
On 16 January 1946 <mask> submitted to Stalin plans that would lay the groundwork for the modern Soviet air force and the industry that would supply it.On 22 April 1946, however, before these could be enacted, <mask> was stripped of his rank and titles and arrested. The reason for this was that at the Potsdam conference it was discovered that the United States had better spy planes than the Soviet Union. He was interrogated and tortured the next day, and again between 4 and 8 May 1946 by Lavrentiy Beria before being forced to read a confession to the Politburo implicating Zhukov. <mask> was tried by the Military Collegium and sentenced to fifteen years in a labour camp. <mask> was released on 29 June 1953, six years into his sentence following Stalin's death, and reinstated as chief marshal of aviation, where he was able to put his ideas into practice. A plan for using newly available jet aircraft and nuclear weapons to wage a possible future war with the United States was laid out by <mask> and shown to Nikita Khrushchev, who turned the proposal down in favor of ballistic missiles. Following his retirement in 1958, <mask> accepted an offer to become head of the Higher Civil Aviation School in Leningrad, where he worked for ten years.He became a professor and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner in 1961. In retirement, <mask> wrote a number of works on aviation and warfare, which were used to educate new Soviet air force pilots. He died, aged 76, on 3 December 1976. Novikov – His 100th Birthday

1900 births
1976 deaths
People from Nerekhta, Kostroma Oblast
Soviet Air Force marshals
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Frunze Military Academy alumni
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class
Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Tashkent Higher Tank Command School alumni

masks:
Alexander Alexandrovich Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov
Novikov


texts:
<mask> ("<mask> (July 14, 1939 – July 6, 2018) was an American marine biologist, oceanographer, professor, and distinguished research scientist, notable for early work on the communities associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and for his involvement in the creation of the Census of Marine Life and the first integration of marine biological data on a global scale, the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Cleveland, Ohio to parents <mask> and Norah Iris (Fleck) <mask>. He graduated from Bay Village High School in 1957 and went on to study Zoology at Yale University, receiving his degree in 1961; his studies included a summer internship at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) which led to his lifelong interest in oceanography and marine biology. He then studied for his doctorate at Duke University, receiving his Ph.D. in 1967 for a study entitled "Influence of environmental variation on species diversity in benthic communities on the Continental shelf and slope". He received a Fulbright Fellowship which he took up at the University of Queensland in Australia, studying animal succession on the reef crest at Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef. Career
In 1969, <mask> joined WHOI full time as an Assistant Scientist, working initially with Howard Sanders on deep-sea biodiversity. In 1977 he participated in the first biological expedition to survey the recently discovered hydrothermal vents at the Galapagos Rift, and contributed to the understanding of these unique ecosystems which are fueled by chemical energy from the Earth's interior rather than by sunlight.This expedition was documented in the National Geographic Society's documentary "Dive to the Edge of Creation". He remained with WHOI for 20 years, rising to the position of Senior Scientist, before moving to Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1989 where he would spend the remainder of his career. In his position at Rutgers, <mask> served as founding director that university's then new (1987) Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences (IMCS), where his work focused on near-shore continental shelf communities and the continued development of ocean observing systems, including an early cabled marine observing system deployed in 15 meters of water, the LEO-15 Long-term Ecosystem Observatory, that could be remotely monitored from Rutgers. He was best known for his deep-sea work, where he brought submersibles to the forefront as a sampling tool, brought experimental manipulative studies to the previously descriptive discipline of deep-sea benthic ecology, and generated debate in marine biodiversity with the first quantitative estimate of global deep-sea diversity. In 1996 he proposed the idea for a "Census of Marine Life" (initially entitled the "Census of the Fishes") to <mask> of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and in 1997, hosted a "Census of the Benthos Workshop" at the Rutgers Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, part of a series initiated by Ausubel and the Foundation which eventually led to the formal commencement of the Census of Marine Life in 2000. He also conceived the first effort to integrate marine biological data on a global scale over the internet, the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), which was adopted as the database for the Census, and continues to the present under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. He served as the inaugural chair of the international Scientific Steering Committee for the Census of Marine Life from 2000-2008, as Director of the OBIS Secretariat while this was based at Rutgers up until 2011, and also on the Steering Committee of the U.S.Global Ocean Observing System from 2001-2006. <mask> retired in 2012 after 23 years of service to Rutgers University; his career to 2009 was summarized in a paper by Paul Snelgrove et al. in the journal Deep-Sea Research. Following a period of poor health, <mask> died in his sleep at the Regency Jewish Heritage Nursing Center in Franklin Township, New Jersey in July 2018, aged 78. He was survived by his wife of 53 years, <mask> (<mask><mask>—also a colleague at IMCS and professor at Rutgers —and son <mask> <mask>, as well as a sister, Norah <mask> (<mask>) Bunts. On news of his death, Rich Lutz, a Rutgers Distinguished Professor and <mask>'s successor as Director of IMCS, wrote: "... in the span of two short decades, [Fred] put together one of the finest marine science programs in the world. In recognition of [what he had] accomplished, Thomson Reuters in 2011 ranked Rutgers fourth in the world among oceanographic research programs."In the above cited paper by Snelgrove et al., the authors wrote in 2009: "[Fred's] most influential and widely-cited papers focus on the diversity of shallow-water and deep-sea systems, but his tireless advocacy for expanded research in marine biodiversity, improved ocean observation, and metadata cooperation have led to major new programs that extend from microbes to leviathans, and from intertidal regions to the oceanic abyss." Accomplishments and honors

During his academic career <mask> authored over 80 scientific publications and was awarded many honors including the 2005 Grand Prix des Sciences de la Mer Albert 1er de Monaco, for "major contributions to the advancement of sciences throughout the world", the 2009 Benjamin Franklin Medal, the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography A.C. Redfield Lifetime Achievement Award (2011) and the 2013 Japan Prize. Between 1994 and 2002, he was president of the International Association for Biological Oceanography (IABO). He was a member of the Committee on Biological Diversity in Marine Systems which in 1995 produced a report entitled "Understanding marine biodiversity: a research agenda for the nation". He was a founder member and the initial chair (1999-2008) of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Census of Marine Life, which in 2010 named its summing-up science symposium after him; this Committee also received the 2011 International Cosmos Prize in recognition of its decade of international ocean research spanning multiple scientific disciplines. He has had six species and one genus of polychaetes, three species of mollusks, and three species of crustaceans named after him. References

External links
 J. <mask>le Curriculum Vitae with selected publications list
 Publications of J<mask> <mask> on Google Scholar
 Rutgers Magazine: Sea Worthy (article on J. <mask>le by Christopher Hann)
 Rutgers Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences: Mourning the passing of our leader, mentor and friend Fred Grassle

1939 births
2018 deaths
American oceanographers
American marine biologists
Scientists from Cleveland
Duke University alumni
Yale University alumni
Rutgers University faculty

masks:
John Frederick Matthews
Fred ) Grassle
Grassle
John Kendall
Grassle
Grassle
Grassle
Jesse Ausubel
Grassle
Grassle
Judith
Judy
) Grassle
John Thomas
Grassle
Jean
Grassle
Grassle
Grassle
Frederick Grass
. Frederick
Grassle
Frederick Grass


texts:
Nicolás Ladislao Fedor Flores (born 19 August 1985), commonly known as <mask>, is a Venezuelan professional footballer who plays for Spanish club Deportivo de La Coruña as a striker. He spent most of his career in Spain, having played for a host of clubs and starting with Valencia. In La Liga, he also represented Getafe and Rayo Vallecano, and won a Scottish double while on loan at Celtic in 2013. <mask> represented Venezuela in two Copa América tournaments. Early years
The son of a Hungarian father and a Venezuelan mother, <mask> was born in Caracas and received his nickname after Miklós, the equivalent of his first name in the Hungarian language, not the Vocaloid Hatsune Miku. Club career

Valencia
Having arrived in Valencia CF's youth system in 2001, <mask> turned professional three years later, going on to serve five consecutive loans afterwards, in both the second and third divisions. On 27 August 2009, having returned to the Che after a strong season with UD Salamanca (finishing as joint-fifth in the goal charts), he scored a hat-trick in a 4–1 home win against Stabæk Fotball in the play-off round of the UEFA Europa League.Getafe
However, clearly deemed surplus to requirements at Valencia – only third or fourth-choice striker – <mask> was sold in January 2010 to Getafe CF, signing a -year deal. He scored on his debut, a 2–1 away victory over RCD Mallorca in the quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey, as a second-half substitute. Benefitting from the absence of first-choice Roberto Soldado due to injury, <mask> began appearing regularly as a starter. On 28 March 2010 he netted twice in a 3–1 win at Deportivo de La Coruña, adding another brace three rounds later, in a 3–0 home defeat of Villarreal CF, also in La Liga. <mask> started the 2011–12 season as first choice, over veteran Dani Güiza and Adrián Colunga. He scored three goals in his first two league games, against Levante UD (1–1 home draw) and Real Madrid (4–2 away loss), and ended the campaign with 12 goals, best in the squad. On 31 August 2012, the last day of the summer transfer window, <mask> moved on loan to Celtic.He appeared in only 14 competitive matches during the season, and told Venezuelan media that he regretted his decision to join the Hoops. Al-Gharafa
On 30 September 2013, <mask> joined Qatar Stars League side Al-Gharafa Sports Club for an undisclosed fee. He scored five goals in 15 games in his debut campaign, in an eventual ninth-place finish out of 14 teams. Rayo
<mask> returned to Spain on 2 February 2015, signing a two-and-a-half-year deal with Rayo Vallecano. On 12 February 2016, after contributing to a 2–2 away draw against Sporting de Gijón, he became the first Venezuelan to score in four consecutive Spanish top flight matchdays; he was named February's La Liga Player of the Month for this feat. Bengaluru
In August 2017, 32-year-old <mask> joined Indian Super League franchise Bengaluru FC on a two-year contract. He scored his first goal for them on 26 November in a 4–1 rout of Delhi Dynamos FC, adding three braces in his first season, against FC Goa in a 4–3 away defeat, FC Pune City (3–1, away) and Kerala Blasters FC (3–1, also away).In the 2018–19 season, <mask> and his team won the competition after a 1–0 extra time defeat of Goa in the final. Later years
On 20 August 2019, Cypriot First Division club AC Omonia announced the signing of <mask> for one year. He returned to Spain on 25 September 2020, after agreeing to a contract with Deportivo La Coruña, recently relegated to the third tier. International career
<mask> made his debut with Venezuela on 16 August 2006, in a 0–0 friendly with Honduras. Later, he was an important member of the squads that competed in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, scoring in a 2–0 home victory against Colombia on 31 March 2009. On 9 September 2009, <mask> netted twice in a 3–1 home win over Peru; this brought Venezuela closer to its first-ever FIFA World Cup qualification, which eventually did not happen. He represented the nation at the 2011 Copa América, scoring in a 3–3 draw against Paraguay, helping his team to the second place in the group stage and an eventual fourth-place finish.Four years later, in the next edition of the competition in Chile, <mask> scored an 84th-minute goal in a 2–1 defeat to Brazil; a win would have sent his country through, but instead they were eliminated in last place in their group. Later that year, he was among 15 national players who threatened to quit the team after the president of the Venezuelan Football Federation accused them of conspiring to get the manager sacked. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Venezuela's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. Honours
Celtic
Scottish Premier League: 2012–13
Scottish Cup: 2012–13

Bengaluru
Indian Super League: 2018–19
Indian Super Cup: 2018

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Venezuelan people of Hungarian descent
Sportspeople from Caracas
Venezuelan footballers
Association football forwards
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
CD Alcoyano footballers
UD Salamanca players
Ciudad de Murcia footballers
Valencia CF Mestalla footballers
Gimnàstic de Tarragona footballers
Valencia CF players
Getafe CF footballers
Rayo Vallecano players
Deportivo de La Coruña players
Scottish Premier League players
Celtic F.C. players
Qatar Stars League players
Al-Gharafa SC players
Indian Super League players
Bengaluru FC players
Cypriot First Division players
AC Omonia players
Venezuela international footballers
2011 Copa América players
2015 Copa América players
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in football
Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Venezuela
Venezuelan expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Scotland
Expatriate footballers in Qatar
Expatriate footballers in India
Expatriate footballers in Cyprus
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in India
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus

masks: Miku Miku Miku Miku Miku Miku Miku Miku Miku Miku Miku Miku Miku Miku Miku Miku Miku


texts:
Elizabeth M<mask> (born February 8, 1977) is an American columnist and conspiracy theorist. <mask> grew up in Glenview, Illinois and graduated from New Trier High School. She attended the University of Iowa studying political science and journalism. While there, she was an organizer for Students for Bush, an organization supporting the George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign. She later interned at the U.S. State Department during Bush's first term and for conservative pundit Bill O'Reilly's show The O'Reilly Factor on Fox News. Career
<mask> began working in 2002 for the Chicago Tribune, before moving to their RedEye daily tabloid writing a column called "Liz in the Loop" (previously "Eye Contact") which covered celebrity news in the Chicago area. In 2010, Crokin moved to Los Angeles and began working as a freelance entertainment reporter for National Enquirer, Star, In Touch Weekly, US Weekly where she focused on celebrity breakups.Crokin returned to Chicago in 2012 to work for lifestyle magazine Splash, a Chicago Sun-Times publication at the time, writing a column called "LA LA Liz". In September 2012, Crokin developed a viral form of meningitis which progressed into meningoencephalitis and caused daily migraines, vertigo, and photophobia resulting from brain damage. Her health problems resulted in a loss of work, including being laid off in 2013 by American Media Inc., parent company of Star and National Enquirer. <mask> and others had previously accused AMI content officer Dylan Howard of sexual harassment, and has suggested that the layoffs were done in retaliation. <mask>'s column in Splash ended in February 2014. In 2015, Crokin resumed her career as a columnist by writing for Townhall. Though her columns for that magazine focused mostly on sex crimes, in 2016 she published a paper titled Trump Does the Unthinkable, which listed good deeds attributed to then-presidential candidate Donald Trump, mixing truths and untruths.That column became very popular on social media among Trump supporters. Also in 2015, <mask> self-published a semi-autobiographical novel, Malice. The book contained a thinly veiled portrayal of her relationship with a man whom she sued for alledgedly exposing her to herpes. Crokin's ex-boyfriend countersued her for his fictionalized portrayal in the novel. The matter was partially settled in 2018. Conspiracy theories
Crokin first  became an adherent of the discredited Pizzagate conspiracy theory, which she says "awakened" her to the evils of Democrats. Crokin continues to believe Pizzagate is true, as of 2020.She then became a follower of QAnon, another conspiracy theory whose wider scope includes that liberals and elites are running worldwide child sex-trafficking rings whom Donald Trump is secretly fighting. QAnon is derived from a belief the 4chan, then 8chan imageboards have been used by members of the Trump administration to disseminate top secret information about the presidency. The QAnon source making "intel drops" on 4chan and 8chan, she believed, was Trump himself or Stephen Miller. According to Crokin, she "immediately knew [QAnon] was legit" upon discovering the first "drop". She went on to become one of QAnon's most prominent QAnon "influencers". Crokin shares the QAnon beliefs that the Mueller investigation was a cover for a pedophile investigation and that the cabal of child abusers will ultimately be defeated and its members arrested en masse in an event known as "the Storm". In 2017, future congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene credited Crokin for making her discover QAnon.At the end of December 2017, <mask> claimed on Twitter that photographs posted on Snapchat by Chrissy Teigen, which showed the model with her one-year-old daughter, contained concealed messages suggesting Teigen was connected to Pizzagate. After Twitter removed her verification, Crokin went on to contend that Teigen might be under the CIA's Project MKUltra mind control program (long since scrapped). Other people possibly under MKUltra, according to Crokin, include Harvey Weinstein and Jeff Bezos. She featured in Out of Shadows, a documentary uploaded to YouTube in April 2020. For her, Jeffrey Epstein and the NXIVM scandal demonstrated the continuing validity of Pizzagate. Crokin was the original source for Roseanne Barr's deleted tweet in March 2018 claiming President Donald Trump had released hundreds of children from bondage each month. Crokin had used fake figures in a 2017 blog post for the conservative Townhall website entitled "Why the MSM Is Ignoring Trump's Sex Trafficking Busts" claiming a "staggering 1,500-plus arrests" of involved individuals in the first 30 days of Trump's presidency.Another thesis she has spread is that John F. Kennedy Jr. did not die in a 1999 plane crash, but faked his death, and is behind QAnon. According to Right Wing Watch, she predicted in March 2018 that the conspiracy theories suggesting "thousands of high-level political, business and entertainment figures are involved in cannibalistic satanic pedophilia" would be proven as true before President Trump leaves office. In February 2019, Crokin expressed disappointment that Trump had not yet conducted the "mass arrests" of the child sex ring members as promised by Q, and worried that Trump might lose support if he waited too long. She added that she was in favor of citizen's arrests against John Podesta and other people, and warned that people might lose patience and take the street to conduct "vigilante justice". During the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, she relayed the #FilmYourHospital hashtag, as an attempt to prove that the pandemic was a "lie" engineered by the "cabal" and China. Crokin was eventually banned by all mainstream social media platforms for her activism and misinformation campaigns. References

External links

1979 births
Living people
American conspiracy theorists
People from Glenview, Illinois
Journalists from Illinois
American women television journalists
21st-century American journalists
New Trier High School alumni
University of Iowa alumni
21st-century American women

masks:
. Crokin
Education Crokin
Crokin
Crokin
Crokin
Crokin
Crokin


texts:
<mask> (January 11, 1941 – August 12, 2000) was an American big band-style musician who most notably was the lead alto saxophonist and multireedist for the long running weekly television series, The Lawrence Welk Show from 1968 through 1979. Early life, education, and growing up in Alabama
Born in Opelika, Alabama, and reared in Tuskegee, he later moved with his family to Fairhope, Alabama. He attended Auburn University in Auburn, Alabama, where he played the saxophone and reeds (Multireedist) with The Auburn Knights Orchestra; <mask> would later try to complete his education at California State University, Los Angeles during the late-1980s while residing in Burbank. Out of school early from Auburn University (having played with The Auburn Knights Orchestra and singer Toni Tennille) he would play on the road with Richard Maltby and then with the Glenn Miller Orchestra before being drafted into the United States Army and stationed with the NORAD band in Colorado Springs, CO.

Armed Forces and NORAD band
While stationed at the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) during the 1960s, <mask> would serve in the United States Army and play in the American/Canadian, joint armed serves NORAD Commanders Jazz Band alongside future Lawrence Welk Show musicians Richard Maloof and Johnny Zell. Stationed in Colorado Springs,  this unit became one of the elite musical groups of the armed forces during the Cold War/Vietnam era due to the plethora of talented, young musicians being drafted into military service. <mask> would first meet longtime musical associates <mask>, Warren Luening, Bob Payne, and Larry Ford while stationed at Colorado Springs. He toured extensively with the NORAD musical groups to include appearances at Carnegie Hall (May 1966), the Hollywood Bowl and Disneyland (September 1966), Expo '67 - Montreal World's Fair, the Canadian National Exhibition in Toronto, Ontario, Canada (August and September 1967), the CBS The Mike Douglas Show, the Today Show, and NBC's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.The Lawrence Welk Show 1968-1979
After being discharged from the Army, he moved to Los Angeles and joined the Lawrence Welk Show orchestra in early 1968. In his first season with the show he replaced Mahlon Clark on 2nd alto sax in the reed section and then moved later to playing the lead alto/reed chair with Russ Klein moving to tenor. <mask> performed on The Lawrence Show while it was carried on ABC-TV (up to 1971) and then in syndication; he left in 1979, when he was replaced by reedman Skeets Herfurt. The sax/reed section for The Lawrence Welk Show would finally be settled into having <mask>-lead alto/Section Leader, Bob Davis-2nd Alto Sax/lead Flute/Piccolo, Henry Cuesta-2nd tenor/clarinet soloist, Russ Klein- lead tenor sax, and Dick Dale- baritone/bass clarinet. During this time <mask> proved to be one of the finest lead alto players for big bands and orchestras of a generation being able to fit any style, display incredible consistency, and having total command of playing lead piccolo/flute/clarinet/soprano sax/alto sax or even the oboe. The schedule for rehearsing and taping the show was rigid, constant, and sometimes hectic; the musicians were expected to play almost exclusively for the Welk television production rehearsals plus live taping (with studio audience) every week at the Hollywood Palladium from 1968 to 1976, 1976-77 at the Hollywood Palace, and CBS Television City from 1977 to 1979. Later professional work and style
<mask> was prominent on movie and T.V.soundtracks on shows such as the ABC Captain & Tennille Variety Hour; he is most well known for playing the credits theme (soprano saxophone) for the 1980s T.V. show Moonlighting. During this time he lived in Burbank, CA near NBC Studios. While working in Los Angeles during the late 1960s, 1970s and 1980s <mask> played and recorded with a wide range of artists to include Ernestine Anderson, Nat Pierce, Roger Neumann, Frank Capp,   Frank Sinatra Jr. and Madeline Vergari. Though his musical style could readily transform to the many venues or artists he played with, <mask>' personal saxophone playing was most heavily influenced by the alto saxophonists Charlie Parker and Cannonball Adderley. This style was much better shown when <mask> had the rare opportunity to be featured (at length) in 1987 on the premiere of Charlie Richard's Suite for Alto Sax and Jazz Orchestra. <mask> later relocated in the 1990s to the Orlando, Florida region (with his wife Phyllis and sons David and Charles) and continued to work for Disneyworld, several bands locally, and across the country.<mask> commented on the need to move away from the difficulties of living in the Los Angeles area and wanted to relocate back to the South. <mask> died suddenly on August 12, 2000, of cardiac arrest at the age of 59. Select discography
 1959: The Legend Of Bix, Metropolitan Jazz Octet (Argo Records)
 1966: The NORAD COMMANDERS, The NORAD Commanders Jazz Band (Columbia Records special issue)
 1977: Music from New York, New York,  Bill Tole
 1977: Come in from the Rain, Captain and Tennille (A&M Records)
 1987: In the Mood (original movie soundtrack)
 1987: Live at the Alley Cat, Frank Capp
 1994: Here's That Swing Thing, Pat Longo
 1994: Don't Stop Now, Louie Bellson
 1995: This Is My Lucky Day, Madeline Vergari
 2013: Hot Nights/Ready for Your Love, Buddy Greco

References

Bibliography
<mask>, <mask>. Alabama Music Office, 4810 Watermelon Road, Northport, AL 35473, Copyright © 2011
Fuqua, C. S.  <mask>  Alabama Musicians: Musical Heritage from the Heart of Dixie The History Press. 2011. External links
<mask>' discography can be obtained at <mask> (AMG discography)

<mask>' television credits can be obtained at the Internet Movie Database
<mask> and more about him with Lawrence Welk at Welk Musical Family

1941 births
2000 deaths
American saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American flautists
Auburn University alumni
People from Fairhope, Alabama
People from Opelika, Alabama
People from Tuskegee, Alabama
20th-century American musicians
Lawrence Welk
20th-century saxophonists
United States Army Band musicians
20th-century American male musicians

masks:
Dave Edwards
Edwards
Dave Edwards
Edwards
Dave Wolpe
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Dave
Dave Edwards
Dave Edwards
Dave Edwards
Dave Edwards
Dave Edwards


texts:
<mask> ( 1026 – 16 September 1087), born Dauferio, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 May 1086 to his death. He was the successor of Pope Gregory VII, yet his pontificate is far less notable than his time as Desiderius, the great abbot of Montecassino. His failing health was the factor that made him so reluctant to accept his pontifical election and his health was so poor that he fell to illness during his coronation. The only literary work of his that remains is his "Dialogues" on the miracles performed by Saint Benedict of Nursia and other saints at Montecassino. <mask> beatified him on 23 July 1887. Family
Dauferio was born in  1026. He was the only child of Prince Landulf V of Benevento, one of the last Lombard rulers in Italy.After his father died in battle with the invading Normans in 1047, Dauferio fled from an arranged marriage and, though brought back by force, eventually fled again. He went to Cava de' Tirreni, where he obtained permission to enter the monastery of S. Sophia at Benevento, where he changed his name from Dauferius to Desiderius. It was a decision that his mother vehemently opposed, as he was the sole heir. Abbacy

The life at S. Sophia was not strict enough for the young monk, who betook himself first to the island monastery of Tremite San Nicolo in the Adriatic and in 1053 to the hermits at Majella in the Abruzzi. About this time he was brought to the notice of St. Leo IX, and it is probable that the pope employed him at Benevento to negotiate peace with the Normans after the fatal battle of Civitate. Somewhat later Desiderius attached himself to the court of Pope <mask> at Florence. There he met two monks of the renowned Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino, with whom he returned in 1055.He joined the community and was shortly afterwards appointed superior of the dependent house at Capua. In 1057 Pope Stephen IX, who had retained the abbacy of Monte Cassino, came to visit and at Christmas, believing himself to be dying, ordered the monks to elect a new abbot. Their choice fell on Desiderius. The pope recovered, and, desiring to retain the abbacy during his lifetime, appointed the abbot-designate his legate for Constantinople. It was at Bari, when about to sail for the East, that the news of the pope's death reached Desiderius. Having obtained a safe-conduct from Robert Guiscard, the Norman Count (later Duke) of Apulia, he returned to his monastery and was duly installed by Cardinal Humbert on Easter Day 1058. Pope Nicholas II elevated him into the cardinalate the Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Sergio e Bacco on 6 March 1058.He opted to be the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Cecilia in 1059. Desiderius rebuilt the church and conventual buildings, perfected the products of the scriptorium and re-established monastic discipline, so that there were 200 monks in the monastery in his day. On 1 October 1071, the new Basilica of Monte Cassino was consecrated by Pope Alexander II. Desiderius' reputation brought gifts and exemptions to the abbey. The money was spent on church ornaments, including a great golden altar front from Constantinople adorned with gems and enamels and "nearly all the church ornaments of <mask> II, which had been pawned here and there throughout the city". Peter the Deacon gives a list of some seventy books Desiderius had copied at Monte Cassino, including works of Saint Augustine, Saint Ambrose, Saint Bede, Saint Basil, Saint Jerome, Saint Gregory of Nazianzus and Cassian, the histories of Josephus, Paul Warnfrid, Jordanes and Saint Gregory of Tours, the Institutes and Novels of Justinian, the works of Terence, Virgil and Seneca, Cicero's De natura deorum, and Ovid's Fasti. Desiderius had been appointed papal vicar for Campania, Apulia, Calabria and the Principality of Beneventum with special powers for the reform of monasteries.So great was his reputation with the Holy See that he "...was allowed by the Roman Pontiff to appoint Bishops and Abbots from among his Benedictine brethren in whatever churches or monasteries he desired, of those that had lost their patron". Within two years of the consecration of the Cassinese Basilica, Alexander II died and was succeeded by Hildebrand as Pope Gregory VII. Desiderius was able to call forth the help of the Normans of southern Italy repeatedly in favour of the Holy See. Already in 1059 he had persuaded Robert Guiscard and Richard of Capua to become vassals of St. Peter for their newly conquered territories: now Gregory VII immediately after his election sent for him to give an account of the state of Norman Italy and entrusted him with the negotiation of an interview with Robert Guiscard on 2 August 1073, at Benevento. In 1074 and 1075 he acted as intermediary, probably as Gregory's agent, between the Norman princes themselves, and even when the latter were at open war with the pope, they still maintained the best relations with Monte Cassino. At the end of 1080 Desiderius obtained Norman troops for Gregory. In 1082 he visited the Italian king and future Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV at Albano, while the troops of the Imperialist antipope were harassing the pope from Tivoli.In 1083 the peace-loving abbot joined Hugh of Cluny in an attempt to reconcile pope and emperor, and his proceedings seem to have aroused some suspicion in Gregory's entourage. In 1084, when Rome was in Henry's hands and the pope besieged in Castel Sant'Angelo, Desiderius announced the approach of Guiscard's army to both emperor and pope. Papacy

Though certainly a strong partisan of the Hildebrandine reforms, Desiderius belonged to the moderate party and could not always see eye-to-eye with Pope Gregory VII in his most intransigent proceedings. Yet when the latter lay dying at Salerno on 25 May 1085, the Abbot of Monte Cassino was one of those whom he recommended to the cardinals of southern Italy as fittest to succeed him. The Roman people had expelled the Antipope <mask> from the city, and hither Desiderius hastened to consult with the cardinals on the approaching election. Finding, however, that they were bent on forcing the papal dignity upon him, he fled to Monte Cassino, where he busied himself in exhorting the Normans and Lombards to rally to the support of the Holy See. When autumn came, Desiderius accompanied the Norman army on its march to Rome.However, when he became aware of the plot between the cardinals and the Norman princes to force the papal tiara on him, he would not enter Rome unless they swore to abandon their design. They refused to do that, and the election was postponed. At about Easter the bishops and cardinals assembled at Rome summoned Desiderius and the cardinals who were with him at Monte Cassino to come to Rome to treat concerning the election. On 23 May a great meeting was held in the deaconry of St. Lucy, and Desiderius was again importuned to accept the papacy but persisted in his refusal, threatening to return to his monastery in case of violence. On the next day, the feast of Pentecost, the same scene was repeated very early in the morning. The Roman consul Cencius now suggested the election of Odo, Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia (afterwards pope Urban II), but this was rejected by some of the cardinals on the grounds that the translation of a bishop was contrary to ecclesiastical law. Cardinal Desiderio, O.S.B., abbot of Montecassino, was elected successor to Gregory VII on May 24, 1086, in the deaconry of S. Lucia in Septisolis and took the name <mask> III.Four days later, pope and cardinals had to flee from Rome before the imperial prefect of the Eternal City, and at Terracina, in spite of all protests, <mask> laid aside the papal insignia and once more retired to Monte Cassino, where he remained nearly a whole year. In the middle of Lent 1087, the pope-elect assisted at a council of cardinals and bishops held at Capua as "Papal vicar of those parts" (letter of Hugh of Lyons) together with the Norman princes, Cencius the Consul and the Roman nobles. Here, <mask> finally yielded and "by the assumption of the cross and purple confirmed the past election". How much his obstinacy had irritated some of the prelates is evidenced in the letter of Hugh of Lyons preserved by Hugh of Flavigny. Under pressure from Prince Jordan I of Capua, to whom he had also rendered important service, he was elected on 24 May 1086, taking the throne name of <mask>, but his consecration did not take place until 9 May 1087 owing to the presence of the Antipope <mask> in Rome. After celebrating Easter of 1087 in his monastery, <mask> proceeded to Rome, and when the Normans had driven the soldiers of the Antipope <mask> (Guibert of Ravenna) out of St. Peter's, he was consecrated and enthroned on 9 May 1087. He only remained eight days in Rome and then returned to Monte Cassino, though with the help of Matilda and Jordan, he took back the Vatican Hill.Before May was out he was once more in Rome in answer to a summons for the countess Matilda of Tuscany, whose troops held the Leonine City and Trastevere, but when at the end of June the antipope once more gained possession of St. Peter's, <mask> again withdrew at once to his Monte Cassino abbey. In August a council or synod of some importance was held at Benevento, which renewed the excommunication of the Antipope Clement III and the condemnation of lay investiture, proclaimed a kind of crusade against the Saracens in northern Africa and anathematised Hugh of Lyons and Richard, Abbot of Marseilles. When the council had lasted three days, <mask> became seriously ill and retired to Monte Cassino to die. He had himself carried into the chapter-house, issued various decrees for the benefit of the abbey, appointed with the consent of the monks the prior, Cardinal Oderisius, to succeed him in the abbacy, just as he himself had been appointed by Stephen IX, and proposed Odo of Ostia to the assembled cardinals and bishops as the next pope. He died on 16 September 1087 and was buried in the tomb he had prepared for himself in the abbey's chapter-house. Odo was duly elected his successor as Pope Urban II. Writings
Pope <mask>'s only existing literary work "Dialogues," is on the miracles wrought by St. Benedict and other saints at Monte Cassino.There is also a letter to the bishops of Sardinia, where (since c. 1050 brought under Pisan and Genoan control) he sent monks while still abbot of Monte Cassino. In his "De Viris Illustribus Casinensibus", Peter the Deacon ascribes to him the composition of a "Cantus ad B. Maurum" and letters to King Philip I of France and to Hugh of Cluny, which no longer exist. Posthumous legacy

The cult of Blessed <mask> III seems to have begun not later than the pontificate of Pope Anastasius IV, about six decades after his death (Acta Sanctorum, Loc. cit.). In 1515, <mask>'s body was relocated to the main abbey church in Monte Cassino with many pilgrims visiting his tomb. In 1727 the abbot of Monte Cassino obtained from Pope <mask> permission to keep his feast (Tosti, I, 393). <mask> <mask> beatified <mask> in 1887, at which point his body was once again moved to the Chapel of St. Victor.During World War II, his body was removed and placed in Rome for safekeeping. The main abbey at Monte Cassino was destroyed in February 1944 by US bombing. <mask>'s body was moved back to the rebuilt abbey in 1963. See also

List of popes

References

1020s births
1087 deaths
People from Benevento
Popes
Italian popes
Abbots of Monte Cassino
Italian beatified people
Beatified popes
Benedictine popes
11th-century Lombard people
11th-century popes
Beatifications by Pope <mask>

masks:
Pope Victor III
Pope Leo XIII
Victor II
Victor
Clement III
Victor
Victor
Victor
Victor III
Clement III
Victor
Clement III
Victor
Victor
Victor
Victor
Victor III
Benedict XIII
Pope Leo
XIII
Victor III
Victor
Leo XIII


texts:
<mask> (Stuttgart, 9 July 1812 – 15 September 1890), was a German scientist, traveler and collector. Early life
He was an apothecary's apprentice and worked as a pharmacist for a while, but then took up the study of mineralogy, zoology and chemistry at Tübingen and Heidelberg, where he excelled academically and was awarded a PhD summa cum laude in 1836. South Africa

Cape Province 7 May 1838 - 2 June 1839
The following year Baron von Ludwig, famous for his garden in Cape Town, visited Germany and persuaded <mask> to visit South Africa. They sailed from Portsmouth aboard the 676-ton barque La Belle Alliance (the same vessel that had carried 1820 Settlers from England to the Eastern Cape) and arrived in Cape Town 81 days later on 7 May 1838. <mask> started collecting and studying the fauna, flora and geology of Cape Town and environs in earnest after a short trip to Tulbagh. He collected molluscs and crustaceans, marine algae and fish. Planning a trip to the interior, he ordered a wagon to be made.He set off with his ox-wagon, 14 oxen, a horse and two assistants, going over Sir Lowry's Pass and the Houhoek Pass to Genadendal. From here he visited Kogmanskloof by horse. Leaving Genadendal he travelled southwards to Caledon, to Walker Bay, Elim, Prinskraal, Cape Agulhas, along Struisbaai to De Hoop and Swellendam. From here he set out eastwards to Mossel Bay and George, spending some time in the extensive forests of the Tsitsikamma. He went on a small side trip from George across the Outeniqua Mountains to Oudtshoorn and the Cango Caves. Going further east from George, he crossed the Kaaimans River, but had to leave his wagon at the Diep River because of a dangerous crossing. Travelling further with Rev.Ballott and staying with Capt. Thomas Henry Duthie (friend of Charles Collier Michell) on the farm Belvidere, before joining George Rex at Melkhout Kraal. From here he touched at Plettenberg Bay and Keurbooms River, and on 19 February 1839 left Knysna to return to his abandoned wagon at Diep River and decided to tackle the difficult Devilskop pass into the Langkloof, where he found that the trip had so exhausted his oxen that they needed to be replaced. Travelling east along the Langkloof, he made an excursion lasting a week on horseback to Toorwater at the point where the Olifants River cuts through the Swartberg, returning over Antoniesberg and the Kouga Mountains and meeting up with his wagon, which had gone ahead, on 1 March. When he reached Jagersbos three days later, he turned south over the Kareedouwberg to the Moravian Mission station at Koksbosch (which is now known as Clarkson) and went on to Driefontein. He spent 3 weeks in this locality, referring to it as Tsitsikamma, before moving across the Gamtoos River and on to Uitenhage where he stayed with the pharmacist and plant collector Joachim Brehm. Here he sold his wagon and oxen to a Dr. John Jones who farmed north of the Groot Winterhoek Mountains.From Uitenhage he made several outings to Swartkops, Bethelsdorp, Port Elizabeth and Cape Recife, visiting the botanist and retired major <mask> Buchenröder on the Swartkops River. While in Port Elizabeth, <mask> heard many reports about Natal that piqued his interest. He determined to go there, but first ventured north into the Karoo. He followed the course of the Coega River to Elandshoorn and ascended the Groot Winterhoekberge. From there he went on to the Gamtoos River, following it to where it breaks through the Groot Winterhoekberge as the Grootrivier, and further north to the Springbokvlakte. At this point grazing was so poor that he returned on 20 May to Dr. Jones' farm in the Groot Winterhoekberge. On 2 June 1839 he sailed from Port Elizabeth to Natal on the "Mazeppa".Natal 2 June 1839 - 5 February 1840
<mask> enjoyed the company of 2 other naturalists for the eight-day voyage to Port Natal - the Swede Wahlberg and the Frenchman Adulphe Delegorgue. The first significant zoological exploration of Natal, with its adjacent territories of Kaffraria to the south and Zululand to the north, can be dated from 1839 with their arrival. <mask> stayed in a reed hut at Congella, going on daily excursions into the bush or along the seashore. He was delighted with the variety of species that he encountered. "I was surprised at the variety and colourfulness of the molluscs left in the little pools and puddles on the rocks after high tide. It was like a flower garden - lovely coloured actiniae and other coelenterata, the variously coloured sea urchins and sea stars, many one- or two-shelled molluscae, and between them bushes of algae, corallinae and zoophytae with great numbers of crabs of all shades disporting themselves, created a splendid picture." Many of his finds he later described in Die südafrikanischen Crustacean (1843) and Die südafrikanischen Mollusken (1848).<mask> next moved on to Pietermaritzburg and collected in the hills around the town before returning to Congella on 17 September. Twelve days later he moved his camp to Umlaas and spent about three weeks there, concentrating his collecting on the mouth of the Umlaas River. At this time he joined a Volksraad deputation under Landdrost Roos, sent to visit the Zulu chief Mpanda at his kraal between the Umdhloti and Umvoti Rivers. On his return <mask> again stayed at Congella. His geological interests sent him on a short excursion to some coalfields near Karkloof and lying between the Bushmans and Blaauwkrantz Rivers. He returned to Pietermaritzburg and delivered a report to the Volksraad. Back at the Umlaas camp on 19 January, he resumed his collecting and made preparations for his departure.He sailed from Port Natal on 5 February and was back in Cape Town two weeks later. Cape Town 19 February 1840 - 22 April 1840
In Cape Town Baron von Ludwig once again extended his hospitality. <mask> made some short daytrips into the mountains between Table Mountain and Muizenberg, and considered a journey to Namaqualand, but the offer of employment in Stuttgart could not be postponed. With his collections taking up 16 crates, he left Cape Town on 22 April 1840 aboard the "Vernon", a new type of ship sporting an auxiliary engine. Getting back to England, he sold 500 of his plant specimens to the British Museum. Germany
Back in Stuttgart, <mask> was appointed to the Natural History Museum of which he became director in 1856, partly because of the reputation he acquired from his published works. In 1880 he was honoured with a decoration entitling him to be called Dr. <mask> <mask>.His factual and rather dry accounts provided an accurate record of conditions in the Cape, in particular his description of the Zulus and their way of life has been found most reliable. Some of his collections were worked out and published by <mask> <mask> (1787–1860), Carl Daniel <mask> (1800–1874), Bernhardi, Buchinger, <mask> Klotzsch, Julius von Flotow (1788–1856) and Carl (Karl) Heinrich 'Bipontinus' Schultz (1805–1867) - his cryptogams were dealt with by Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm Bischoff, Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Bruch, Hering, Eduard von Martens, Gustav Kunze (1793–1851) and Johann Bernhard Wilhelm Lindenberg (1781–1851). From a summary given in Flora vol. 29 pp 216–19, <mask> collected 2,308 species (mostly flowering plants) of which 340 species and 34 genera were new to science. Not all were upheld, but many were named for him - Kraussia Harv., Combretum kraussii Hochst., Cussonia kraussii Hochst., Adenandra kraussii Meisn., Vernonia kraussii Sch.Bip., Pavonia kraussiana Hochst., Aspalathus kraussiana Meisn. and many more. In 1878 a species of African amphisbaenian, Cynisca kraussi, was named in his honor by German herpetologist Wilhelm Peters.<mask>' specimens are lodged with the British Museum, University of Cambridge, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze, Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Biozentrum Klein-Flottbek, and many more herbaria. See also
List of natural history dealers

References

Scientists from Stuttgart
Natural history collectors
19th-century German botanists
German malacologists
German phycologists
1812 births
1890 deaths

masks:
Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Krauss
Krauss
Krauss
Friedrich von
Krauss
Krauss
Krauss
Krauss
Krauss
Krauss
Krauss
Ferdinand von
Krauss
Christian Ferdinand
Friedrich Hochstetter
Friedrich Meisner
Johann Friedrich
Krauss
Krauss


texts:
<mask> "E.J.<mask> (born July 12, 1928) is an American organic chemist. In 1990, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis", specifically retrosynthetic analysis. Regarded by many as one of the greatest living chemists, he has developed numerous synthetic reagents, methodologies and total syntheses and has advanced the science of organic synthesis considerably. Biography
E.J<mask> (the surname was anglicized from the Lebanese Arabic Khoury, meaning priest) was born to Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christian immigrants in Methuen, Massachusetts,  north of Boston. His mother changed his name to "<mask>" to honor his father, who died eighteen months after <mask>'s birth.His widowed mother, brother, two sisters, aunt and uncle all lived together in a spacious house, struggling through the Great Depression. As a young boy, <mask> was independent and enjoyed sports such as baseball, football, and hiking. He attended a Catholic elementary school and Lawrence High School in Lawrence, Massachusetts. At the age of 16 <mask> entered MIT, where he earned both a bachelor's degree in 1948 and a Ph.D. under Professor John C. Sheehan in 1951. Upon entering MIT, <mask>'s only experience with science was in mathematics, and he began his college career pursuing a degree in engineering. After his first chemistry class in his sophomore year he began rethinking his long-term career plans and graduated with a bachelor's degree in chemistry. Immediately thereafter, at the invitation of Professor John C. Sheehan, <mask> remained at MIT for his Ph.D. After his graduate career he was offered an appointment at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he became a full professor of chemistry in 1956 at the age of 27.He was initiated as a member of the Zeta chapter of Alpha Chi Sigma at the University of Illinois in 1952. In 1959, he moved to Harvard University, where he is currently an emeritus professor of organic chemistry with an active Corey Group research program. He chose to work in organic chemistry because of "its intrinsic beauty and its great relevance to human health". He has also been an advisor to Pfizer for more than 50 years. Among numerous honors, <mask> was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1988, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1990, and the American Chemical Society's greatest honor, the Priestley Medal, in 2004. Major contributions

Reagents
<mask> has developed several new synthetic reagents:
PCC (pyridinium chlorochromate), also referred to as the Corey-Suggs reagent, is widely used for the oxidation of alcohols to corresponding ketones and aldehydes. PCC has several advantages over other commercial oxidants.One of these advantages is that the compound is available as an air-stable yellow solid that is not very hygroscopic. Unlike other oxidizing agents, PCC can accomplish single oxidations with only about 1.5 equivalents (scheme 1). The alcohol performs nucleophilic attack to the electropositive chromium(VI) metal displacing chlorine. The chloride anion then acts as a base to afford the aldehyde product and chromium(IV). The slightly acidic character of PCC makes it useful for cyclization reactions with alcohols and alkenes (Scheme 2). The initial oxidation yields the corresponding aldehyde, which can then undergo a Prins reaction with the neighboring alkene. After elimination and further oxidation, the product is a cyclic ketone.If this product is undesired, powdered sodium acetate can be used as a buffer to achieve only initial oxidation. The robustness of PCC as an oxidizing agent has also rendered it useful in the realm of total synthesis (Scheme 3). This example illustrates that PCC is capable of performing a Dauben oxidative rearrangement with tertiary alcohols through a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. t-Butyldimethylsilyl ether (TBS), triisopropylsilyl ether (TIPS), and methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM): are popular alcohol protecting groups. The development of these protecting groups allowed the synthesis of several natural products that did not have the functional group compatibility to withstand standard chemical transformations. Although the synthetic community is now moving away from the use of protecting groups it is still rare that a published synthesis of a natural product omits them. Since 1972 the TBS group has become the most popular silicon protecting group.TBS is stable to chromatography and labile enough for cleavage under basic and acidic conditions. More importantly, TBS ethers are stable to some carbon nucleophiles such as Grignard reagents and enolates. In the field of complex molecule synthesis, TBS has been widely used as one of the most versatile of the silicon-based protecting groups (scheme 4). The use of CSA provides selective removal of a primary TBS ether in the presence of tertiary TBS ether and TIPS ethers. Other means of TBS deprotection include acids (also Lewis acids), and fluorides. TIPS protecting groups were also pioneered by <mask> and provide increased selectivity of primary alcohol protection over secondary and tertiary alcohol protection. TIPS ethers are more stable under acidic and basic conditions, the disadvantage of this protecting group over TBS ethers being that the group is less labile for deprotection.The most common reagents used for cleavage employ the same conditions as TBS ether, but longer reaction times are generally needed. Usually TBS ethers are severed by TBAF, but the hindered TBS ether above survives the reaction conditions upon primary TIPS removal (scheme 5). The MEM protecting group was first described by <mask> in 1976. This protecting group is similar in reactivity and stability to other alkoxy methyl ethers under acidic conditions. Cleavage of MEM protecting groups is usually accomplished under acidic conditions, but coordination with metal halides greatly enhances lability via assisted cleavage (scheme 6). 1,3-Dithianes were pioneered by E.J<mask> in 1965 as a temporary modification of a carbonyl group in displacement and addition reactions.The formation of dithiane was the initial development that introduced Umpolung chemistry and is widely used for inversion of reactivity. The formations of dithianes can be accomplished with a Lewis acid (scheme 7) or directly from carbonyl compounds. The pKa of dithianes is approximately 30, allowing deprotonation with an alkyl lithium reagent, typically n-butyllithium. The reaction with dithianes and aldehydes is now known as the <mask>bach reaction. The dithiane once deprotonated serves as an acyl anion used to attack incoming electrophiles. After deprotection of the dithiane, usually with HgO, a ketone product is observed from the masked acyl dithiane anion. The utility of such reactions has expanded the field of organic synthesis by allowing synthetic chemists to use Umpolung disconnections in total synthesis (scheme 8).1,3-dithianes are also used as protecting groups for carbonyl compounds expressing the versatility and utility of this functional group. In addition, <mask> commenced detailed studies on cationic polyolefin cyclizations utilized in enzymatic production of cholesterol from simpler plant terpenes. <mask> established the details of the remarkable cyclization process by first studying the biological synthesis of sterols from squalene. Methodology
Several reactions developed in <mask>'s lab have become commonplace in modern synthetic organic chemistry. At least 302 methods have been developed in the <mask> group since 1950. Several reactions have been named after him:

 <mask>uno reduction, also known as the <mask>-Bakshi-Shibata reduction, is an enantioselective reduction of ketones to alcohols utilizing an oxazaborolidine catalyst and various boranes as the stoichiometric reductant. The <mask> group first demonstrated the synthesis of the catalyst using borane and chiral aminoalcohols.The reaction uses the chiral amino acid proline and in the presence of borane leads to the CBS catalyst (scheme 9). Later, <mask> demonstrated that substituted boranes were easier to prepare and much more stable. The reduction mechanism begins with the oxazoborolidine being only slightly basic at [nitrogen], coordinating with the stoichiometric borane of the boron amine complex(scheme 10). Lack of donation from the nitrogen to the boron increases its Lewis acidity, allowing coordination with the ketone substrate. The complexation of the substrate occurs from the most accessible lone pair of the oxygen leading to restricted rotation around the B-O bond due to the sterically neighboring phenyl group. Migration of the hydride from borane to the electrophilic ketone center occurs via a 6-membered ring transition state, leading to a four-membered ring intermediate ultimately providing the chiral product and regeneration of the catalyst. The reaction has also been of great use to natural products chemists (scheme 11).The synthesis of dysidiolide by <mask> and co-workers was achieved via an enantioselective CBS reduction using a borane-dimethylsulfide complex. <mask>chs alkyne synthesis is the synthesis of terminal alkynes through a one-carbon homologation of aldehydes using triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrabromide. The mechanism is similar to that of the Wittig reaction by the formation of a phosphorus ylide with triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrabromide. Reacting the phosphorus ylide with the aldehyde substrate yields a dibromoolefin. On treatment with two equivalents of n-buLi, lithium halogen exchange and deprotonation yields a lithium acetylide species that undergoes hydrolysis to yield the terminal alkyne product (scheme 12). More recently, a one-pot synthesis using a modified procedure has been developed. This synthetic transformation has been proven successful in the total synthesis (+)-taylorione by W.J.Kerr and co-workers (scheme 13). The Corey–Kim oxidation was a newly developed transformation for the conversion of alcohols into corresponding aldehydes and ketones. This process offers a less toxic alternative to chromium based oxidations with the use of N-chlorosuccinimidosulfonium chloride (NCS), dimethylsulfide (DMS), and triethylamine (TEA). The <mask> reagent is formed in situ when NCS and DMS are reacted to form dimethylsuccinimidosulfonium chloride species (scheme 14). The alkoxy sulfonium salt is deprotonated at the alpha position with triethylamine to afford the oxidized product. The reaction accommodates a wide array of functional groups, but allylic and benzylic alcohols are typically transformed into allylic and benzylic chlorides. Its application in synthesis is based on the mild protocol conditions and functional and protecting group compatibility.In the total synthesis of ingenol, Kuwajima and co-workers exploited the <mask> oxidation by selectively oxidizing the less hindered secondary alcohol(scheme 15). Corey-Winter olefination is a stereospecific transformation of 1,2-diols to alkenes involving the diol substrate, thiocarbonyldiimidazole, and excess trialkylphosphite. The mechanism has been narrowed down to two possible pathways, but the exact mechanism is unknown. Specifically, the reaction between the thionocarbonate and the trialkylphosphite proceeds either through the formation of a phosphorus ylide species or a carbenoid intermediate. Nonetheless, the reaction is stereospecific for most substrates unless the product would lead to an exceedingly strained structure. The formation of sterically

masks:
Elias James
" Corey
. Corey
Elias
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
. Corey
Corey See
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey Its
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey Fu
Corey Kim
Corey Kim


texts:
 hindered trans alkenes present in 7-membered rings was attempted by <mask> and coworkers, but was unsuccessful even when employing this new synthetic methodology incurring enormous ring strain. More importantly, stereospecfic alkenes are present in several natural products as the method continues to be exploited to yield a series of complex substrates.Professor T.K.M Shing et al used the <mask> olefination reaction to synthesize (+)-Boesenoxide (scheme 16). CBS enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction has been developed using a similar scaffold to the enantioselective CBS reduction. After the development of this reaction the CBS reagent proved to be a very versatile reagent for a series of several powerful synthetic transformations. The use of a chiral Lewis acid such as the CBS catalyst includes a broad range of unsaturated enones substrates. The reaction likely proceeds via a highly organized 6-membered ring pre-transition state to deliver highly enantio-enriched products (scheme 17). This transition state likely occurs because of favorable pi-stacking with the phenyl substituent. The enantioselectivity of the process is facilitated from the diene approaching the dienophile from the opposite face of the phenyl substituent.The Diels-Alder reaction is one of the most powerful transformations in synthetic chemistry. The synthesis of natural products using the Diels-Alder reaction as a transform has been applied especially to the formation of six-membered rings(scheme 18). <mask> macrolactonization provides the first method for preparing medium to large sized lactones. Previously, intermolecular outcompeted intramolecular lactonization even at low concentrations. One big advantage of this reaction is that it is performed under neutral conditions allowing the presence of acid and base-labile functional groups. To date rings of 7 to 48 members have been successfully synthesized using this method. The reaction occurs in the presence of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide and triphenylphosphine.The reaction is generally refluxed in a nonpolar solvent such as benzene. The mechanism begins with formation of the 2-pyridinethiol ester (scheme 19). Proton-transfer provides a dipolar intermediate in which the alkoxide nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbonyl center, providing a tetrahedral intermediate that yields the macrolactone product. One of the first examples of this protocol was applied to the total synthesis of zearalenone (scheme 20). Johnson-<mask>ykovsky reaction is useful for the synthesis of epoxides and cyclopropanes. The reaction forms a sulfur ylide in situ that reacts with enones, ketones, aldehydes, and imines to form corresponding epoxides, cyclopropanes, and aziridines. Two sulfur ylide variants have been employed that give different chemeoselective products (scheme 21).The dimethylsulfoxonium methylide provides epoxides from ketones, but yields the cyclopropanes when enones are employed.Dimethylsulfonium methylide transforms ketones and enones to the corresponding epoxides. Dimethylsulfonium methylide is much more reactive and less stable than dimethylsulfoxonium methylide, so it is generated at low temperatures. Based on their reactivity, another distinct advantage of these two variants is that kinetically they provide a difference in diastereoselectivity. The reaction is very well established, and enantioselective variants (catalytic and stoichiometric) have also been achieved. From a retrosynthetic analysis standpoint, this reaction provides a reasonable alternative to conventional epoxidation reactions with alkenes (scheme 22). Danishefsky utilized this methodology for the synthesis of taxol. Diastereoselectivity is established by 1,3 interactions in the transition state required for epoxide closure.Total syntheses
E. J<mask> and his research group have completed many total syntheses. At least 265 compounds have been synthesized in the <mask> group since 1950. His 1969 total syntheses of several prostaglandins are considered classics. Specifically the synthesis of Prostaglandin F2α presents several challenges. The presence of both cis and trans olefins as well as five asymmetric carbon atoms renders the molecule a desirable challenge for organic chemists. <mask>'s retrosynthetic analysis outlines a few key disconnections that lead to simplified precursors (scheme 23). Molecular simplification began first by disconnecting both carbon chains with a Wittig reaction and Horner-Wadsworth Emmons modification.The Wittig reaction affords the cis product, while the Horner-Wadsworth Emmons produces the trans olefin. The published synthesis reveals a 1:1 diastereomeric mixture of the carbonyl reduction using zinc borohydride. However, years later <mask> and co-workers established the CBS reduction. One of the examples that exemplified this protocol was an intermediate in the prostaglandin synthesis revealing a 9:1 mixture of the desired diastereomer (scheme 24). The iodolactonization transform affords an allylic alcohol leading to a key Baeyer-Villiger intermediate. This oxidation regioselectively inserts an oxygen atom between the ketone and the most electron-rich site. The pivotal intermediate leads to a straightforward conversion to the Diels-Alder structural goal, which provides the carbon framework for the functionalized cyclopentane ring.Later <mask> developed an asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction employing a chiral oxazoborolidine, greatly simplifying the synthetic route to the prostaglandins. Other notable syntheses:
 Longifolene
 Ginkgolides A and B
 Lactacystin
 Miroestrol
 Ecteinascidin 743
 Salinosporamide A

Publications
E.J. <mask> has more than 1100 publications. In 2002, the American Chemical Society (ACS) recognized him as the "Most Cited Author in Chemistry". In 2007, he received the first ACS Publications Division "Cycle of Excellence High Impact Contributor Award" and was ranked the number one chemist in terms of research impact by the Hirsch Index (h-index). His books include:

Altom suicide

Jason Altom, one of <mask>'s students, committed suicide in 1998. Altom's suicide caused controversy because he explicitly blamed <mask>, his research advisor, for his suicide.Altom cited in his 1998 farewell note "abusive research supervisors" as one reason for taking his life. Altom's suicide note also contained explicit instructions on how to reform the relationship between students and their supervisors. Altom was the third member of <mask>'s lab to commit suicide since 1980. <mask> was reportedly devastated and bewildered by his student's death. <mask> said, "That letter doesn't make sense. At the end, Jason must have been delusional or irrational in the extreme." <mask> also claimed he never questioned Altom's intellectual contributions."I did my best to guide Jason as a mountain guide would to guide someone climbing a mountain. I did my best every step of the way," <mask> states. "My conscience is clear. Everything Jason did came out of our partnership. We never had the slightest disagreement." The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP) cited The New York Times article on Altom's suicide as an example of problematic reporting, arguing that Altom presented warning signs of depression and suicidal ideation and that the article had scapegoated <mask> despite a lack of secondary evidence that the advisor's behavior had contributed to Altom's distress. According to The Boston Globe reporting, students and professors said Altom actually retained <mask>'s support.As a result of Altom's death, the Department of Chemistry accepted a proposal allowing graduate students to ask two additional faculty members to play a small advisory role in preparing a thesis. Corey Group members
As of 2010, approximately 700 people have been Corey Group members including notable students Eric Block,
Dale L. Boger, Weston T. Borden, David E. Cane, Rick L. Danheiser, William L. Jorgensen, John Katzenellenbogen, Alan P. Kozikowski, Bruce H. Lipshutz, David R. Liu, Albert Meyers, K. C. Nicolaou, Ryōji Noyori, Gary H. Posner, Bengt I. Samuelsson, Dieter Seebach, Vinod K. Singh, Brian Stoltz, Hisashi Yamamoto, and Jin-Quan Yu. A database of 580 former members and their current affiliation was developed for <mask>'s 80th birthday in July 2008. Woodward–Hoffmann rules
When awarded the Priestley Medal in 2004, E. J<mask> created a controversy with his claim to have inspired Robert Burns Woodward prior to the development of the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. <mask> wrote:

"On May 4, 1964, I suggested to my colleague R. B. Woodward a simple explanation involving the symmetry of the perturbed (HOMO) molecular orbitals for the stereoselective cyclobutene → 1,3-butadiene and 1,3,5-hexatriene → cyclohexadiene conversions that provided the basis for the further development of these ideas into what became known as the Woodward–Hoffmann rules." This was <mask>'s first public statement on his claim that starting on May 5, 1964 Woodward put forth <mask>'s explanation as his own thought with no mention of <mask> and the conversation of May 4. <mask> had discussed his claim privately with Hoffmann and close colleagues since 1964.<mask> mentions that he made the Priestley statement "so the historical record would be correct". <mask>'s claim and contribution were publicly rebutted by Roald Hoffmann in the journal Angewandte Chemie. In the rebuttal, Hoffmann states that he asked <mask> over the course of their long discussion of the matter why <mask> did not make the issue public. <mask> responded that he thought such a public disagreement would hurt Harvard and that he would not "consider doing anything against Harvard, to which I was and am so devoted." <mask> also hoped that Woodward himself would correct the historical record "as he grew older, more considerate, and more sensitive to his own conscience." Woodward died suddenly of a heart attack in his sleep in 1979. Awards and honors
E.J.<mask> has received more than 40 major awards including the Linus Pauling Award (1973), Franklin Medal (1978), Tetrahedron Prize (1983), Wolf Prize in Chemistry (1986), National Medal of Science (1988),  Japan Prize (1989), Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1990), Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1991), Roger Adams Award (1993), and the Priestley Medal (2004). He was inducted into the Alpha Chi Sigma Hall of Fame in 1998. As of 2008, he has been awarded 19 honorary degrees from universities around the world including Oxford University (UK), Cambridge University (UK), and National Chung Cheng University. In 2013, the E.J. Corey Institute of Biomedical Research (CIBR) opened in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China. <mask> was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1998. References

External links

Compiled Works of E.J.<mask>

<mask> <mask> Nobel Lecture (PDF)
Podcast interview with E.J<mask> about his Lifelong Pursuit of Learning - May 30, 2018

1928 births
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
20th-century American chemists
21st-century American chemists
Organic chemists
American people of Lebanese descent
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
American Nobel laureates
Harvard University faculty
Wolf Prize in Chemistry laureates
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
National Medal of Science laureates
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty
People from Methuen, Massachusetts
Lawrence High School (Massachusetts)

masks:
Corey
Corey Winter
Corey Nicolaou
Corey Cha
. Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
. Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Elias James
Corey
. Corey