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<mask> (born <mask>; 9 August 1973) is a Welsh musician, composer, arranger, multi-instrumentalist and record producer. He is known as the frontman of British alternative band Colorama, as a member of The Pretenders and as a long-time collaborator with Edwyn Collins. In 2014, they worked together on the soundtrack to the film The Possibilities Are Endless which won the Mojo 'Film of the Year' Award. <mask> has also recorded electronic music as Zarelli, releasing an album, Soft Rains in 2015 which featuring the voice of Leonard Nimoy narrating the Ray Bradbury short story There Will Come Soft Rains. In 2017 <mask> formed the Welsh folk group Bendith and their self-titled album was nominated for the Welsh Music Prize and went on to win the Welsh Language Album of the Year 2017 award at National Eisteddfod of Wales. Since 2016 <mask> has hosted a regular themed radio show on Soho Radio. In 2019, <mask> embarked on the first solo project under his own name, Carwyn <mask> & Rio 18.A collaborative project sung in Welsh and recorded mainly in Rio de Janeiro. The album, Joia! was nominated for the Welsh Music Prize. A documentary film on the making of the record, Carwyn Ellis: Ar Y Cei Yn Rio went on to win the Best Welsh language short Film award at the Wales International Documentary Festival. In 2020, <mask> releases Single Cherry Blossom Promenade and EP Ti to raise funds for personal protective equipment (PPE) for Welsh health and care workers. During lockdown in UK, <mask> released Chaos Wonderland under the Colorama project on 31 July 2020  and the follow-up to 2019’s Welsh Music Prize shortlisted Joia!, <mask> released Carwyn Ellis & Rio 18's second album Mas on 25 February 2021. The most recent album Yn Rio by the Carwyn Ellis & Rio 18 features the BBC National Orchestra of Wales was released on 22 October 2021, originally performed live and broadcast in March 2021 on BBC Radio Cymru and BBC Radio 6 Music.Career
After a nomadic early childhood moving from town to town, <mask>' family settled in Anglesey, eventually moving to London where he studied at the Royal Academy of Music and worked with numerous bands through a myriad of genres. Among the artists that <mask> has collaborated or performed with are The Pretenders, Edwyn Collins, Saint Etienne, Sarah Cracknell, Oasis, Shane MacGowan, UNKLE, North Mississippi Allstars, James Hunter, Roddy Frame, Thee Hypnotics, The 2 Bears, Tracyanne & Danny, Gemma Ray, Lay Low (Sri Lankan-Icelandic artist) and Quruli (Japanese artist). In 2008 <mask> moved to Cardiff, emerging as a frontman in his own right and calling his band Colorama. They released their Japan-only debut album Cookie Zoo on Noise McCartney in April 2008, and released their debut single Sound via Redbricks Recordings in July 2008. In 2009, Colorama announced that their double bass player, <mask>'s best friend David Fletcher, had died at the age of 37 on 29 June, from a heart attack suffered in his sleep, just days after Colorama's appearance at Glastonbury Festival. September 2009 saw the UK release of Colorama's album Magic Lantern Show on Redbricks Recordings, featuring songs in Welsh and English. Magic Lantern Show was enthusiastically received with extensive radio play on XFM, BBC 6 Music, BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio Wales, C2 and BBC Radio Cymru.Early in 2010, <mask> joined forces with Shane MacGowan, Nick Cave, Bobby Gillespie, Chrissie Hynde, Mick Jones, Glen Matlock, Paloma Faith, Cait O'Riordan, Johnny Depp, Robert and James Walbourne, to release a charity single covering the Screamin' Jay Hawkins hit I Put a Spell on You. All the proceeds from the single went to Concern Worldwide to provide assistance to the victims of the earthquake that devastated Haiti. In autumn 2010, <mask> released Colorama's third album BOX on Noise McCartney / Bad News Records (Victor Entertainment) in Japan and via See Monkey Do Monkey Recordings in UK. Shortly afterwards, they released a Christmas single, Cerdyn Nadolig (Christmas Card), which garnered them the Welsh Christmas Number 1 on the BBC Radio Cymru chart. BOX was also nominated for the inaugural Welsh Music Prize. Amid other projects, <mask> produced and arranged Italian artist Emma Tricca's album Minor White, which was released on Finders Keepers / Bird Records in the UK, and he worked with French artist Fabienne Delsol on her album ON MY MIND (Damaged Goods), also Dan Sartain's album Dan Sartain Lives (One Little Indian Records), The Keys' album - Fire Inside (See Monkey Do Monkey Recordings) and Edwyn Collins' album Losing Sleep (Heavenly Recordings). In October 2011, Colorama released Llyfr Lliwio (Colouring Book), which was their first predominantly Welsh-language collection.During this period <mask> was a member of Roddy Frame's touring band. August 2012 saw their fifth album release - Good Music, produced by Edwyn Collins and Sebastian Lewsley, and released on Collins's new AED Records label, followed by a 12-inch single, Hapus? (Happy? ), on Aficionado Recordings in November 2012. In autumn 2012, <mask> toured Asia playing keyboards, guitar and percussion with the Pretenders. In 2013, <mask> focused on studio work, recording with Edwyn Collins, Gemma Ray, Roddy Frame and in early 2014, Japanese artists Quruli. He also produced and arranged the second album, Relic for Emma Tricca, released by Finders Keepers / Bird Records in May 2014 and co-produced the first album by Nev Cottee, Stations (Roleplay Records).In 2014, Colorama released a new EP, Heaven's Hotel, a new album TEMARI, followed by a split single, Yn Rhydiau'r Afon / Forget Tomorrow with The Joy Formidable. A compilation of all of <mask>'s Welsh songs as Colorama was released in November 2014, entitled Dere Mewn!, on his own, new Agati label. <mask> collaborated with Edwyn Collins and Seb Lewsley on the soundtrack to the film The Possibilities Are Endless, composing much of its original score, which opened in October 2014 to great critical success, winning the Mojo 'Film of the Year' Award. February 2015 saw <mask> release his first album as Zarelli, Soft Rains on the Seriés Aphōnos label – a mostly instrumental synthesizer record, featuring the voice of Leonard Nimoy reading the Ray Bradbury short story There Will Come Soft Rains. Soft Rains received a nomination for the Welsh Music Prize 2015. In June 2015 the LP Red Kite by Sarah Cracknell of Saint Etienne was released, which was co-produced, co-written and arranged by <mask>. A single, Nothing Left To Talk About (featuring Nicky Wire of Manic Street Preachers) reached Number 1 in the UK vinyl singles chart on its release.A collection of instrumentals from the album, Kites, was released in September 2016, also on Cherry Red Records. Early in 2016, <mask> began presenting an ongoing weekly radio show, X Marks The Spot on Soho Radio in London. He also presented a series called Antur Sonig on the Welsh language station BBC Radio Cymru Mwy during the autumn of 2016. A Welsh language collaborative album, Bendith made by <mask> <mask> with the folk trio, Plu was released on <mask>'s Agati label in October 2016., followed by a five track EP which was released on the Aficionado Recordings label in February 2017. A documentary film about the making of the album, Bendith: Yn Fyw O Acapela was broadcast on S4C in November 2016. The Bendith album received a nomination for the inaugural Welsh Music Prize 2017 and went on to win the Welsh Language Album of the Year 2017 award at National Eisteddfod of Wales that same year. <mask>'s collaboration with Sarah Cracknell continued into 2017 with the release of Saint Etienne's critically acclaimed Home Counties album which featured two songs co-written and co-produced by <mask>.A single, Dive which was produced and co-written by <mask> was released in September 2017, and reached Number 1 in the UK vinyl singles chart on its release. He continued to work with Edwyn Collins through 2016 and early 2017 on new recordings, including a collaborative song, Fulmar released in August 2017 as part of the Avocet Revisited EP, commissioned by Earth Recordings as a companion piece to Bert Jansch's 1979 album, Avocet. In May 2017, <mask> resumed touring with The Pretenders, again playing keyboards, guitar and percussion. In October 2017, a special edition version of their album ALONE which included a live bonus disc was released. Some Things Just Take Time came out in September 2017 on the Wonderfulsound label, and showed the group taking a more acoustic, folk-influenced direction. 2018 saw the tenth anniversary re-issue of Colorama’s debut album, Cookie Zoo, made available for the first time outside of Japan via a new Madrid-based record label, Banana & Louie Records. In 2019, <mask> embarked on the first solo project under his own name, Carwyn <mask> & Rio 18.A collaborative project sung in Welsh and recorded mainly in Rio de Janeiro, it was produced by legendary Brazilian producer, Alexandre Kassin who was introduced to <mask> by Chrissie Hynde who suggested they work together during The Pretenders tour of South America in early 2018. Musicians who collaborated on the project include Alexandre Kassin, Domenico Lancellotti, André Siqueira, Shawn Lee, Nina Miranda, Manoel Cordeiro, Georgia Ruth and Gwion Llewelyn. A documentary film on the making of the record, <mask> <mask>: Ar Y Cei Yn Rio was shown on S4C (Channel 4 Wales) in March 2019 and went on to win the Best Welsh language short Film award at the Wales International Documentary Festival. The album, Joia! came out in June 2019. In 2020, <mask> releases Single Cherry Blossom Promenade & EP Ti to raise funds for personal protective equipment (PPE) for Welsh health and care workers. <mask> was initially inspired by his record label in Madrid, Banana And Louie Records, taking part in Music for Gloves and contributing a couple of songs himself to help provide PPE in Spain.During the UK lockdown, the eighth full-length album under the Colorama project Chaos Wonderland was released on 31 July 2020. The second album from his solo project Carwyn Ellis & Rio 18 called Mas was also released on 25 February 2021. Mas is a truly international project, featuring players from Wales, Brazil, Venezuela, Argentina, France, England and the USA. The most recent album Yn Rio by the Carwyn Ellis & Rio 18 with the BBC National Orchestra of Wales was released on 22 October 2021, originally performed live and broadcast in March 2021 on BBC Radio Cymru & BBC Radio 6 Music. Discography

Studio albums

Carwyn Ellis & Rio 18

Colorama

Carwyn Ellis

Bendith

Zarelli

Edwyn Collins & Carwyn Ellis

Edwyn Collins, <mask> <mask>, Sebastian Lewsley

With Edwyn Collins

With The Pretenders

With Saint Etienne

With Sarah Cracknell

With Tracyanne & Danny

With Gemma Ray

With The Rails

With Fabienne Delsol

With Raf Rundell

With Nev Cottee

With Emma Tricca

With Quruli

With Roddy Frame

With Shane MacGowan & Friends

With Dan Sartain

With The Keys

With Lay Low

With Pete Molinari

With James Hunter

With Simon Scott

With Bap Kennedy

With Proud Mary

With John's Children

With North Mississippi Allstars

With Southern Fly

With Unkle

Remixes

Saint Etienne

John Stammers

AM & Shawn Lee

Soundtracks / scores

The Guts of The Sea

The Possibilities Are Endless

The World Is Not Enough

References

External links
IN CONVERSATION: Colorama’s <mask> <mask> on new ‘Chaos Wonderland’ album
Fred Perry Subculture : <mask> <mask> Interview
Willwork4funk : <mask> <mask> Biography
BarKino #55 – A World with <mask> <mask> - 2021 interview with  with Pedro Montenegro on Soho Radio
PODCAST: Show Me Magic! Dydd Miwsig Cymru/Welsh Language Music Day special with Carwyn Ellis & Cath Holland - 2020 interview with Cath Holland on God Is in The Tv
Carwyn Ellis yn cyfri Bendith-ion - 2017 interview with Owain Schiavone at Y Selar (Welsh language music magazine)
In Conversation with Carwyn Ellis - 2015 interview with Graham Tomlinson at Wales Arts Review
The changing man - Carwyn Ellis at Western Mail (2013)
BBC's musical biography of Colorama
Playlists with Colorama
Carwyn Ellis discogs

1973 births
Living people
Welsh-language singers
Welsh singer-songwriters
Psychedelic folk musicians
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Welsh multi-instrumentalists
21st-century Welsh male singers
Place of birth missing (living people)
British male singer-songwriters

masks:
Carwyn Ellis
Carwyn Meurig Ellis
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<mask>, better known by his dynastic title of <mask> () was the Afsharid king (shah) of the western part of Khorasan (corresponding to the present-day Khorasan Province) from 1750 to 1796, with a two-month interruption. A grandson of the Iranian conqueror <mask> (), <mask> was the son of Reza Qoli Mirza Afshar and his Safavid wife Fatemeh Soltan Begom, who was the sister of Tahmasp II, the penultimate Safavid shah of Iran. <mask>h's half-Safavid descent made him stand out amongst his Afsharid relatives, and was used to bolster the legitimacy of his grandfather. After the assassination of <mask> in 1747, his nephew Ali-qoli Khan (who assumed the regnal name <mask>), ascended the throne in Mashhad and had all of <mask>'s descendants in fortress of Kalat massacred. <mask>h was spared in case his Safavid lineage would come to use, and was instead kept in the fortress as a prisoner. While <mask> was battling his rebellious younger brother Ebrahim Mirza, a party of Turkic, Kurdish and Arab tribal leaders took advantage of his absence and installed <mask>h on the throne. Both <mask> and Ebrahim were eventually defeated and killed, but <mask>h was not long afterwards overthrown by a party of dissident tribal leaders, who installed the Safavid pretender Mir Sayyed Mohammad (who assumed the regnal name of Suleiman II) on the throne.<mask> was soon blinded at the instigation of Mir Alam Khan Khuzayma and other leading nobles, much against Suleiman II's will. A group of conspirators lead by the Turkic tribal leader Yusuf Ali Khan Jalayir eventually deposed Suleiman II and restored <mask> to the throne. Name
The name of "<mask>rokh" (, "king-to-rook") was given to him by his grandfather Nader <mask> () in remembrance of the namesake son and heir of the Turco-Mongol ruler Timur (). This was done by Nader <mask> to publicly represent himself as a conqueror on the same level as that of Timur. Birth and lineage
After the coronation of the Safavid prince Tahmasp II as shah of Iran in 1730, Nader <mask> married one of the latters sisters, while his eldest son Reza Qoli Mirza Afshar married another of his sisters, Fatimeh Soltan Begom. In March 1734, <mask> was born from the union of Reza Qoli Afshar and Fatimeh Soltan Begom. The news reached the court in Isfahan on the day of Nowruz (Iranian New Year), with Nader <mask> subsequently appointing <mask>h the ruler of the city of Herat.With the birth of the half-Safavid Shahrokh, Nader <mask> was able to bolster his legitimacy. Early life

In 1740, after returning from his Indian campaign, Nader <mask> minted coins in the name of Shahrokh in Herat. In 1747, as Nader <mask> became increasingly paranoid, he had <mask>h sent to the fortress of Kalat. Nader <mask> was soon murdered afterwards, by mutinous officers, on June 21, 1747. His death led to a power vacuum, which resulted in his vast empire being divided by various sovereigns. The eastern parts of his domain were seized by Uzbek and Afghan sovereigns; a former Uzbek commander of Nader <mask> named Muhammad Rahim Khan Manghit, deposed Abu al-Fayz Khan and became the new ruler of Bukhara; Ahmad Khan, the leader of the Abdali tribe and formerly part of the Afghan cadre of Nader <mask>'s army, fled to the city of Naderabad in Kandahar. There he assumed the title of Durr-i Durran (Pearl of Pearls) and thus changed the name of his Abdali tribe to "Durrani."Ahmad Khan (now titled <mask>) then went on conquer what had originally served as the frontier region between the Safavid and Mughal Empire. In Mashhad, its civil governor and superintendent of the Imam Reza Shrine, Mir Sayyed Mohammad drove the Afghans out of the city, securing it for Nader <mask>'s nephew Ali-qoli Khan, who may have had a hand in his uncle's murder. The latter had accepted the assassins of Nader <mask> into his service, and had received an invitation to Mashhad by Mir Sayyed Mohammad. On 6 July 1747, Ali-qoli Khan ascended the throne and assumed the regnal name of Soltan Ali Adel <mask>. Around the same time, he sent a small force to capture Kalat; the fortress was nearly impenetrable, however, the army eventually breached it by using an abandoned ladder on the edge one of the towers, which demonstrates that they had help from the inside. Adel <mask>'s men massacred sixteen descendants of Nader <mask>, which included three sons of Nader <mask>, five sons of Reza Qoli Mirza and eight sons of Nasrollah Mirza. Two sons of Nader <mask>, Nasrollah Mirza and Imam Qoli Mirza successfully escaped together with <mask> (who was 14 at the time), but they were soon captured near the city of Marv.While the others were executed, <mask> was the only one that was spared, in case his Safavid lineage would come to use. He was instead sent back to Kalat, where he was imprisoned. False news regarding his death soon followed. Preferring to revel in Mashhad, Adel <mask> appointed his younger brother Ebrahim Mirza as the governor of Isfahan and its surroundings. Soon thereafter, Ebrahim declared independence and joined forces with his cousin Amir Aslan Khan Afshar, the governor of Azerbaijan. Adel <mask> eventually marched towards his brother, but lost a substantial amount of his men due to desertion, and was consequently defeated (in June 1748) and fled to the town of Tehran. There he was captured and blinded by its governor, Mirza Mohsen Khan, who then gave him over to Mir Sayyed Mohammad.The latter took Adel <mask> back to Mashhad, where a group of Turkic, Kurdish and Arab tribal leaders had taken advantage of his absence and declared <mask>h the new shah on 1 October. Adel <mask> was executed at the request of <mask>h and the mother of Nasrollah Mirza. <mask>h's compassionate behaviour and hospitality with his treasure helped with the stabilization of Khorasan. This, along with his Safavid ancestry, resulted in him gaining a large following. His political and religious ideology differed from that of his grandfather. Contrary to Nader <mask>, <mask>h represented himself as an ardent champion of Twelver Shi'ism in his coins, seals and documents. First reign

They summoned Ebrahim to acknowledge <mask>h in person, but he declined.Pretending to have rebelled in support of <mask>h, Ebrahim instead invited him to be crowned in Isfahan. The nobles of Khorasan, however, deciphered his true intentions and requested Ebrahim to appear at Mashhad as a token of goodwill. Seeing no further progress in the negotiations, Ebrahim revealed his real agenda and went to the city of Tabriz in Azerbaijan, where he was crowned shah on 8 December 1748. Following the counsel of the tribal leaders, <mask>h assigned Musa Khan Afshar Taromi with the task to defeat Ebrahim <mask>. A battle soon followed in June or July 1749 in the environs of Semnan, where Ebrahim <mask> was forced to withdraw as a result of turmoil amongst his troops. Some of his Afghan and Uzbek troops deserted to Shahrokh, while others fled. Ebrahim <mask> fled to the fortress of Qal'a-yi Qalapur, but was soon captured and given to Musa Khan Afshar Taromi, who had him blinded.He was then sent to Mashhad, but died en route. With both Adel <mask> and Ebrahim <mask> dead, <mask>h seemed to had been ridden of all his rivals. Although the Qajar chieftain Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar initially defied him, he eventually capitulated to one of <mask>h's commanders. However, <mask>h only served as a figurehead, with the real power in the hands of Kurdish, Arabic, and Turkic tribal leaders. These tribal leaders did not share equal power, with those being side-lined joining the opposition against <mask>h. These dissidents soon rallied around Mir Sayyed Mohammad, who due to his ancestry posed a serious threat to <mask>h. Mir Sayyed Mohammad's father was Mirza Dawud, who had occupied high offices under the Safavid shah Sultan Husayn (), and married his sister <mask> Begom, the mother of Mir Sayyed Mohammad.Accounts differ on the relationship between <mask>h and Mir Sayyed Mohammad; some portray <mask>h as a hypocrite, who sought to have Mir Sayyed Mohammad killed, while others portray Mir Sayyed Mohammad as a usurper and a trickster, who was willing to do anything to seize the throne. <mask>h promised Behbud Khan to make him vakil (regent) in exchange for killing Mir Sayyed Mohammad. Behbud Khan, however, declined, and was as a result arrested the following day in front of the court. As a result of this arrest, the Arab tribal leader Mir Alam Khan Khuzayma, along with sixteen other leaders approached Mir Sayyed Mohammad on 30 December 1749, where they offered him the throne, which the latter accepted. The conspirators later took advantage of the Turkic tribal leader Yusuf Ali Khan Jalayir's (the main supporter of <mask>rokh) absence from Mashhad, and imprisoned <mask>h, while installing Mir Sayyed Mohammad on the throne on 14 January 1750. Mir Sayyed Mohammad adopted the regnal name of Suleiman II as a claimant to the Safavid throne. Imprisonment

Mir Alam Khan (who had been appointed wakil) and the leading aristocrats soon decided that <mask>h could not be kept alive.Suleiman II, however, was against this and assigned the previous ishikaqasi bashi (chamberlain) Mohammad Reza Beg as the warden of the Chaharbagh palace where Shahrokh was imprisoned. However, when Suleiman II went out to hunt at Radkan, Mir Alam Khan summoned Mohammad Reza Beg, while Amir Khan Qara'i and Amir Mehrab Khan entered the Chaharbagh without facing any resistance, blinding <mask>h in the harem. Enraged, Suleiman II dismissed the plotters, only to restore them to their former offices a few days after. Suleiman II soon started to grow unpopular amongst his subjects; he was in conflict with many tribal leaders due to the deposal of Shahrokh and wealthy landowners were discontent with a decree that exempted the people from taxation for three years. Not much long afterwards, the rivals of Suleiman II, under the leadership of Yusuf Ali Khan Jalayir, took advantage of the funeral of Mir Alam Khan's relative Amir Mehrab Khan, storming the Chaharbagh and blinding Suleiman II, who was imprisoned in Kalat. The leading figure behind this coup was the Jalayir wife of <mask>rokh, who had convinced the conspirators that <mask>h had not been blinded. When the tribal leaders discovered that <mask>h was indeed blind, they put him on the throne anyway (on 20 March 1750), and made everyone believe that he was not blind and capable of ruling.Mir Alam Khan fled from Mashhad, while the other nobles accepted <mask>h's rule. Second reign
When the Qajar ruler Agha <mask> reached Mashhad, <mask>h, along with a prominent mujtahid named Mirza Mahdi, went to the Qajar encampment. There they were warmly received by Agha <mask>'s nephew Hossein Qoli Khan. Shortly afterwards, Agha <mask> sent a force of 8,000 soldiers under Suleiman Khan Qajar, followed by Mirza Mahdi, to conquer Mashhad and affirm its citizens of the <mask>'s generosity. A day later, Agha <mask>, followed the customary of the famous Iranian shah Abbas I the Great, and entered Mashhad by foot as a pilgrim to the Imam Reza shrine, whilst being teary eyed and kissing the ground. His pilgrimage continued for 23 days, where he seemed to be unaware of the politics of the country. However, things quite instantly changed after that—Agha <mask> ordered the digging up of Nader <mask>'s corpse, and had it sent to Tehran, where it was reburied alongside Karim Khan Zand's corpse.He then forced <mask>h to give any riches that originally belonged to Nader <mask>. <mask>h vowed that he did not possess any more of Nader <mask>'s riches. Agha <mask>, ruthless and revengeful, and with a desire for treasures, disbelieved him, and had him tortured severely to confess the hidden locations of the last gems passed down to him from his grandfather, Nader. <mask>h initially refused to speak, going through severe torture; however, eventually confessed the locations of the gems. <mask>h was sent to Mazandaran with his family, but died at Damghan due to the injuries he suffered from his tortures. Ancestry

References

Sources

Afsharid monarchs
Blind people from Iran
Executed monarchs
1734 births
1796 deaths
18th-century Iranian people
Ethnic Afshar people

masks:
Shahrokh Mirza
Shahrokh Shah
Nader Shah
Shahrokh
Shahrok
Nader Shah
Adel Shah
Nader Shah
Shahrok
Adel Shah
Shahrok
Adel Shah
Shahrok
Shahrokh
Shahrokh
Shah
Shah
Shah
Shah
Shahrokh
Shah
Shahrok
Shah
Shah
Shah
Shahrok
Shah
Shah
Shah
Ahmad Shah
Shah
Shah
Shah
Shah
Shah
Shah
Shah
Shahrokh
Shahrokh
Shah
Shah
Shah
Shahrok
Shah
Shahrok
Shahrok
Shah
Shahrok
Shahrok
Shahrok
Shahrok
Shah
Shah
Shah
Shah
Shah
Shahrok
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Shahrok
Shahrok
Shahrbanu
Shahrok
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Shahrok
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Shahrok
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Shah
Shahrok
Shahrok
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Mohammad Shah
Shahrok
Mohammad Shah
Mohammad Shah
Shah
Mohammad Shah
Mohammad Shah
Shah
Shahrok
Shah
Shahrok
Shah
Mohammad Shah
Shahrok
Shahrok


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<mask> (born April 20), is an American singer-songwriter and pianist known best by her stage name, <mask>. In 2008, <mask> released her self-titled debut album, which gained her success in Japan. Within six days of the release, <mask> became the most downloaded album on Japanese iTunes. From there, the album went on to become the number 1 Contemporary Jazz Album in Japan, with five of <mask>'s songs on the top 10 most downloaded Jazz songs on iTunes. In 2010, <mask> released the singles "Cigarette & Wine" and the Paul McCartney written song "My Love" on iTunes. The singles were songs taken from her second full-length album, The Open-Ended Fantasy which was released in September 2010, and also became the No. 1 Jazz album in Japan.In July 2011 an album of cover songs entitled Love, Pop & Soul (The Cover Session Vol. 1) was released and hit the No. 1 spot as well. In first week of September 2013, <mask>'s self-titled debut <mask> once again became the No. 1 Jazz Album in Japan. Simultaneously her album The Open Ended Fantasy became the No. 6 Jazz album in the country that same week giving her two albums in the Top Jazz Albums for the month of September.The <mask> debut album also peaked at No. 25 for the Top 200 albums in the country. <mask>'s album Silver Lining was released in November 2013, and not only became the No. 1 Jazz album in Japan, but also broke <mask>'s previous records with 8 of the 11 songs on the album included in the top 200 singles in the country. On March 26, 2016, the album Best Of <mask> was released by Village Again in Japan and included one new original song called "It's Time". The album became <mask>'s seventh consecutive release to reach No. 1 on the iTunes Jazz chart.Music career
<mask> was born in Queens, New York. While a student at New York University, she attended a monthly open-mic night. On one such occasion she met musician, producer and composer Caté. <mask> passed her demo on to him and after hearing it Caté agreed to produce some of her songs. These songs would later be put together in an EP, entitled Do It Again. <mask> was soon contacted by the Japanese label Uni-Village. Executives had heard her songs and wanted to sign her on their label for a full album.In 2008, Uni-Village released <mask>, which received extraordinary praise. The Soul Express (Finland) called it "A timeless masterpiece!" Adam Greenberg of Allmusic.com wrote that, "<mask> takes her inspiration from a wide array of classic female singers…she breaks loose with a subdued, smoldering style." <mask>'s first album toppled Norah Jones Come Away With Me as the number one Contemporary Jazz album in Japan – a spot <mask> would hold for eight months straight. It also became the number 1 most downloaded album on Japanese iTunes in September of that year, and five of its tracks made it to the Japanese Top 10 most downloaded Jazz songs. She was only 25 years old. On September 15, 2010 <mask>'s album The Open-Ended Fantasy was released exclusively in Japan.It became the No. 1 Contemporary Jazz Album in that country in less than 24 hours. It had five songs on iTunes Japan Top Ten Jazz Singles simultaneously including the No. 1 single "Cigarette & Wine" which was written by <mask>. The album was released in the U.S. the following year. In 2010, <mask> signed a Publishing deal with Universal Music Japan. In July 2011, <mask> released Love, Pop & Soul (The Cover Session Vol.1) on the Japanese label Village Again. An album
of cover songs she has again worked with her partner and producer, Caté. On July 28, 2011 it reached the No. 1 position on iTunes Japan and became <mask>'s 3rd consecutive album to reach number 1 in Japan. In August 2011 The Open Ended Fantasy was released in Korea with two songs from the album, the Paul McCartney written "My Love" and <mask>'s original composition "Cigarette & Wine", charted on the Korean Soul chart reaching the No. 5 and the No. 8 spot respectively.In first week of September 2013, <mask>'s self-titled debut <mask> once again became the No. 1 Jazz Album in Japan. Simultaneously her album The Open Ended Fantasy became the No. 6 Jazz album in the country that same week giving her 2 albums in the Top Jazz Albums for the month of September. The <mask> debut album also peaked at No. 25 for the Top 200 albums in the country. On September 11, 2013 <mask> released the single "Paint The Sky".The single reached #1 on iTunes Japan on November 14, 2013. Her next album Silver Lining was released in Japan on November 6, 2013. The album is a blend of jazz, world, soul and pop music and prominently features pedal steel guitar and harmonica. <mask> wrote nine out of the 11 songs on the album. The album was again produced by Caté. On October 23, 2013. In less than 12 hours it became the No.1 Jazz Album in the country. 10 of the 11 songs from the album charted in the Top 100 Jazz Singles in a 4-day period. On December 18, 2013 Village Again & CCG Recordings released the album Covers in Japan. It became the No. 1 Jazz Album in less than three hours giving <mask> her sixth No. 1 album and her second No. 1 album in 2 months.On March 26, 2016, Village Again released the album ’Best Of <mask>. The album featured one new song called "It's Time" written and produced by <mask>. It reached No. 1 album on iTunes Jazz Album chart in Japan in less than 5 hours making it her seventh consecutive No. 1 album in eight years. Recognition in Japan
The recognition <mask> received in her home country of the United States is trumped considerably by the esteem bestowed on her by the Asian audience. Starting in 2004, with the executives at Uni-Village records releasing her first album, and continuing to top the Japanese Billboard charts, <mask> owes a great deal of her success to Japan, Singapore, the Philippines and other Asian countries.Personal life
A frequent traveler to Asia and Europe, <mask> currently resides either in New York City and Spain. Sound and influences
<mask> is influenced by Soul, Jazz, and World music. She has been compared to: Jeff Buckley, Tracy Chapman, Amos Lee, Lizz Wright, Djavan, <mask>, Anita Baker, Sade, Antonio Carlos Jobim, and Fiona Apple. Collaborations
On her albums, <mask> collaborates with such artists as Lonnie Plaxico, Jean Caze, Jeff Haynes, Lee Hogans, and Jody Redhage. She was the featured vocalist on the song Moon Child by Japanese artist Kenichiro Nishihara. <mask> has collaborated with producer/composer Caté on most of her recorded work. Discography

Albums
Love, Pop & Soul (The Cover Sessions Vol.

masks:
Nina Simone Vidal
Nina Vidal
Vidal
Nina Vidal
Vidal
Nina Vidal
Vidal
Nina Vidal
Nina Vidal
Nina Vidal
Vidal
Nina Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Nina Vidal
Nina Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Nina Vidal
Nina Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Nina Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Vidal
Nina Simone
Vidal
Vidal


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Lafayette "<mask>" <mask> (; born August 18, 1960) is an American retired professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association. He later served as the director of player development for the Sacramento Kings of the NBA as well as a color analyst for Kings radio broadcasts. Early life
<mask> was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, to Elmer and <mask>. The second of three sons, he was nicknamed <mask> by his younger brother, Elmer Jr., who had problems saying all the syllables in his name. Their father never lived with the family. In 1970, their mother, Willie, went west to work, while the brothers lived with their grandparents. The kids joined their mom in Tucson, Arizona, a year later.Professional career

Portland Trail Blazers
Lever was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers as the 11th pick in the 1982 NBA draft out of Arizona State. While at ASU, his guard-tandem teammate was Byron Scott, who left school early (1983) to sign with the San Diego Clippers. In his debut, Lever recorded 9 points, 7 assists and 4 steals in a road loss over the Kansas City Kings. On January 20, Lever recorded his first career double-double as he puts up 14 points and 13 assists in a road loss over the Mavericks. Three days after, Lever recorded his second career double-double as he recorded 11 points and 10 assists in a road win over the Spurs. On March 20, Lever recorded a season-high 19 points to go along with 6 assists as the Trailblazers picks up the win over the Nuggets. During his rookie season, Lever averaged 7.8 points per game, 2.8 rebounds per game, 5.3 assists per game and 1.9 steals per game.Denver Nuggets
Lever was considered one of the NBA's best point guards in the late 1980s while playing for the Denver Nuggets. In his debut with the Nuggets, Lever recorded 14 points and 12 assists in a win over the Warriors. On November 6, Lever recorded a double-double of 24 points and 18 assists in a road win over the Lakers, the first time it happened in Nuggets history. On March 9 against the Pacers, Lever recorded his first career triple-double with 13 points, 15 assists and a career-high 10 steals. On April 10, Lever recorded a double-double of 26 points and 18 assists in a road loss against the LA Clippers. At that time, he joined Magic Johnson (in 1982-83) as the only players since the ABA-NBA merger to have at least 2 season games having recorded 24 points and 18 assists. In his first season with the Nuggets, Lever averaged 12.8 points per game, 5.0 rebounds per game, 7.5 assists per game, and 2.5 steals per game.The next season, Lever continued his impressive or stellar performance for the Nuggets. On November 12, 1985, Lever recorded his first 30-point double-double as he recorded 31 points, 12 assists, and 9 rebounds in a road loss to the Rockets. Despite his size (6 feet 3 inches), Lever regularly led the Nuggets in rebounding. He is the Nuggets' all-time franchise leader in steals and was 2nd in career assists. He is one of only three players in NBA history to record 15 plus points, rebounds, and assists in a single playoff game (the others being Wilt Chamberlain and Jason Kidd). Dallas Mavericks
Lever was traded by the Nuggets to the Dallas Mavericks in 1990 for the Mavs' #9 pick in the 1990 NBA draft plus Dallas' first-round pick in the following one. The Nuggets subsequently traded the #9 pick and their own #15 pick to the Miami Heat for the Heat's #3 pick in the 1990 draft, with Denver sending the Mavs' 1991 first rounder (which was originally the Detroit Pistons' pick they acquired in the Mark Aguirre/Adrian Dantley trade) to the Washington Bullets along with Michael Adams, for the Bullets' first round pick in the 1991 Draft.Lever sat out the entire 1992–93 season due to knee injury. He finished his career with the Mavericks in 1994 with career averages of 13.9 points, six rebounds, 6.2 assists and 2.22 steals per game. Career accomplishments
Among <mask>'s career achievements were making two NBA All-Star teams, an All-NBA Second Team in 1987, and an All-Defensive Second Team in 1988. As of the end of the 2020–21 regular season, he ranks 11th on the all-time list of most triple-doubles in the regular season with 43 over 11 seasons, ahead of players like Michael Jordan (28), Clyde Drexler (25) and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (21). He ended his career as the Nuggets second leading assists leader, behind teammate Alex English, third in terms of rebounds, behind Issel and English. On December 2, 2017, the Nuggets retired Lever's number 12 jersey during their home game against the Los Angeles Lakers, which they won 115–100.

masks:
Fat
Lever
Lever
Willie Lever
Fat
Lever


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<mask> (30 April 1825, Nantes - 19 May 1888, Paris) was a French journalist, novelist, poet and playwright, nicknamed "the king of the gastronomes" by his contemporaries. He specialised in comedic and romantic novels and his total output was around 40 volumes. Born at No. 16 rue Jean-Jacques-Rousseau in Nantes, a plaque bears witness to this on the facade, he lived in this city for the first nine years of his life, before his parents moved to Bordeaux. After growing up in Bordeaux, he returned to his hometown in 1852, before his literary career took place in Paris1. The death of his friend Baron Brisse, during a dinner, earned him this joke - probably apocryphal: "Let's go to the table all the same!" He never liked overcooked fricots2. "Literary snapshots, playful short stories, romance novels and detective stories, her bibliography includes around forty volumes full of color, gaiety and naturalness, in which women often play a central role, notably in La Franc-Maçonnerie des femmes (1856). A thick detective story set against a backdrop of sentimental intrigue. In the Paris of 1843, the young and ambitious Philippe Beyle falls in love with the beautiful singer Marianna, conquers her heart and then, having satisfied his vanity, abandons her. Humiliated, the singer uses her power within a female Freemasonry, a kind of parallel police headed by and for women, to launch the all-powerful secret society in the footsteps of her lover in order to satisfy his revenge. His poem Les Petites Blanchisseuses enjoyed great notoriety in the 19th century. It is very often mentioned by Parisian journalists in their articles about laundresses at the time of their feast: Mi-Carême. Of this libertine poem, they only quote the first quatrain3, very correct, which does not suggest the rest:

The little laundresses
That we see, every Monday,
To lazy practices
Wear the laundry at noon,

He is one of the authors of the pastiche, Le Parnassiculet contemporain4, and was a friend of Jean-Gabriel Capot de Feuillide, to whom he devoted a favorable review in La Lorgnette littéraire.Dictionary of large and small authors of my time 5. A particularly striking minute portrait of <mask>e adorns, among others, this amusing gallery of portraits. Editor-in-chief and founder of Le Gourmet newspaper. Eugène Chavette, wanting to prove that <mask> was not a gourmet, invited him one day in the company of Aurélien Scholl to the restaurant Brébant, and made him serve a meal where the dishes did not correspond to the printed menu: Les nests d 'swallows were in fact simple noodles with mashed flageolet beans, cod bream cooked on a comb, heather cock, a small turkey with absinthe, Château-Larose, Mâcon with a few drops of Grassot punch, etc. <mask> found the dishes and wines to be exquisite. The same year, he commits the Forgotten and the Dédaignés, picturesque rehabilitation of little-known authors of the eighteenth century, and, by comparison, points to the eclecticism of the stylistic schools of the middle of the Second Empire. He is buried in the Père-Lachaise cemetery (66th division).Prose (incomplete)

 Les Chemises rouges, 5 vol., 1850-1857) — réédité en 3 volumes ayant pour titre
 M. Le Duc s'amuse, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica ;
 François Soleil, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica ;
 La Fin de l'orgie, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica (1866). Statues et statuettes contemporaines, 1852. Histoire anecdotique du tribunal révolutionnaire (17 août-29 novembre 1792), 1853, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Rétif de la Bretonne. Sa vie et ses amours : documents inédits ; ses descendants ; catalogue complet de ses ouvrages, 1854, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Les Aveux d'un pamphlétaire, 1854. Figurines parisiennes, 1854, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica.Les Vignes du Seigneur, 1854. La Franc-Maçonnerie des femmes, 1856, 4 vol. — réédité aux éditions du Masque, coll. « Labyrinthes », no 190, 2011. Physionomies parisiennes. Acteurs et actrices, 1857. La Lorgnette littéraire.Dictionnaire de grands et des petits auteurs de mon temps, 1857, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Les Oubliés et les Dédaignés, 1857, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Les Ruines de Paris, 1857, vol., 1 [archive] sur Gallica ; 2 [archive] sur Gallica 3 [archive] sur Gallica 4 [archive] sur Gallica — réédité sous le titre L'Argent maudit, 1875. Monsieur de Cupidon, 1858, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. La Cuisinière poétique, avec d'autres auteurs (1859)
 Les Tréteaux, 1859, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Théâtre du Figaro, 1861, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Les Galanteries du xviiie siècle (réédité sous le titre Les Amours du temps passé, 1875), 1862, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica.Almanach des gourmands, 1862-1870, 6 vol. Fréron, ou l'Illustre critique, sa vie, ses écrits, sa correspondance, sa famille, etc., 1864. De Montmartre à Séville, 1865, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica — réédité sous le titre Les Souliers de Sterne. Récits et tableaux de voyage : France, Angleterre, Italie, * * * Belgique, Allemagne, Espagne, Portugal, 1874, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Le Plaisir et l'Amour, 1865, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Les femmes qui font des scènes, 1865, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Almanach des rues et des bois, citadin, champêtre et poétique, pour 1866, indispensable à tous les gens de bien, 1866.Portraits après décès, avec lettres inédites, 1866, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica — réédité sous le titre Les Ressuscités, 1876. Les Premières Représentations célèbres, 1867, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Les Créanciers, 1870. Le Musée secret de Paris, v. 1870, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Chanvallon, histoire d'un souffleur de la Comédie-française, 1872, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Les Frères Chantemesse, 1872, 2 vol., 1 [archive] sur Gallica. Les Marges du Code.La Belle Olympe, 1873, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Les Mystères du Boulevard des Invalides, 1873, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Panier fleuri, prose et vers, 1873, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Gastronomie, récits de table, 1874. Les Années de gaieté, nouvelles (1875. Scènes de la vie cruelle, 1876, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Lettres gourmandes, manuel de l'homme à table, 1877.Une troupe de comédiens, 1879, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Le Petit Paris, tableaux et figures de ce temps, 1879, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Les Poésies complètes de <mask>selet, 1880. Mon dernier-né, gaietés parisiennes, 1883. Encore un !, 1885, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Petits mémoires littéraires, 1885, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Jean de La Réole, roman (1888, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica.De A à Z, portraits contemporains, 1888, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Mes souvenirs littéraires, 1888. Promenades d'un homme de lettres. Nord, ouest, est, sud, 1889, lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica. Sous le manteau : nouvelles, 1889, [archive] sur Gallica — réédité sous le titre Petits péchés, 1893. Curiosités littéraires et bibliographiques, 1890. Fantaisies, 1895,  lire en ligne [archive] sur Gallica.References
 Kilien Stengel. Anthologie des Poètes de la bonne chère, ed.Table Ronde (groupe Gallimard), 2007. People from Nantes
1825 births
1888 deaths
19th-century French dramatists and playwrights
19th-century French poets
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
19th-century French journalists
French male journalists
19th-century French novelists
French male poets
19th-century French male writers

masks:
Charles Monselet
Charles Baudelair
Monselet
Monselet
Charles Mon


texts:
Sir <mask> (7 November 1528 – 3 November 1592) served as lord deputy to Queen Elizabeth I of England during the Tudor conquest of Ireland. It was speculated that he was an illegitimate son of Henry VIII. "Sir <mask>, was a figure of unusual power and influence in Tudor Britain and Ireland. Born near Haverfordwest in 1528, he inherited wealth and power – the Perrots had been accumulating both in west Wales for centuries – and gained more ingratiating himself with the English court. <p> His own son described him as a ‘very cholericke’ man, who ‘could not brooke any crosses’. He had already gathered many offices by the time he was sent to Ireland in 1571 as President of Munster to suppress a rebellion. His methods were characteristically violent – he hanged over 800 of the rebels – but he resigned after two years, having failed in his mission.<p>Back in west Wales he contented himself with self-enrichment and self-glorification, rebuilding in grand style his two main homes, Carew Castle and Laugharne Castle. He returned to Ireland as 1584 as Lord Deputy, with the task of crushing the Irish and colonising their land. Again unsuccessful, he returned, was falsely accused of treason by his many enemies, and died in the Tower of London in 1592, possibly of poisoning." Early life
<mask> was born between 7 and 11 November 1528, probably at the family seat of Haroldston Manor near Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire in Wales. He was the only son of <mask> (1504/5–1531) and Mary Berkeley (c.1511–c.1586), the daughter of James Berkeley (died c.1515) of Thornbury, Gloucestershire. He had two sisters: Jane, who married Sir <mask> of Picton Castle; and Elizabeth, who married <mask> of Gogerddan. Perrot resembled Henry VIII in temperament and physical appearance, and it was widely believed that he was the bastard son of the late King.The main source for this belief was Sir Robert Naunton (husband of <mask>'s granddaughter, Penelope), who had never known <mask> and used second-hand accounts to make his case. The case is weakened by the fact that <mask> was Mary Berkeley's third child, not her first, and that she and the King are not recorded to have been in the same place at the crucial time. Naunton claimed that Sir Owen Hopton, Lieutenant of the Tower of London, overheard <mask> say, "Will the Queen suffer her brother to be offered up as a sacrifice to the envy of his frisking adversaries? ", suggesting that <mask> himself asserted his royal paternity. However, Hopton had been removed from office by the Queen eighteen months prior to <mask>'s imprisonment, so he could not have overheard <mask> make the claim there. <mask> joined the household of William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester, and thereby gained his introduction to Henry VIII. His advancement faltered on the death of the King in January 1547, but in the following month he was knighted at the coronation of Henry's successor, Edward VI.In 1551 <mask> was appointed High Sheriff of Pembrokeshire, and in June of the same year he visited France in the train of William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton, who had been sent to arrange Edward VI's betrothal to Elisabeth of Valois, the infant daughter of Henry II of France. <mask>'s skill as a knight and in the hunt fascinated King Henry, who sought to retain him for reward. <mask> declined, but on his return to England his debts were paid by the French Crown. During the reign of Mary I <mask> suffered a brief imprisonment in the Fleet with his uncle, <mask>, on a charge of sheltering heretics at his house in Wales. Following his release he declined to assist the Earl of Pembroke in seeking out heretics in south Wales, but in 1557 was content to serve the same Earl at the capture of Saint-Quentin in France. <mask> inherited the castle and lordship of Carew. At the beginning of Elizabeth I's reign the naval defence of South Wales was entrusted to his care.His advancement continued in 1562, when he was elected Knight of Pembrokeshire. He served as member of parliament for Carmarthenshire in 1547, Sandwich in 1553 and 1555, Wareham in 1559 (presumably through pressure exerted on the Rogers family by the 2nd Earl of Bedford, his former commander), Pembrokeshire in 1563, and Haverfordwest in 1589. Munster
In 1570 <mask> reluctantly accepted the newly created post of Lord President of the Irish province of Munster, which was in the throes of the first of the Desmond Rebellions. He landed at Waterford in February of the following year and, in a vigorous and gruelling campaign, reduced the province to peace. The chief rebel, Fitzmaurice, eluded government forces for some time. In one grisly incident, after fifty rebels had been slain, <mask> sought to awe his enemy by cutting off the heads of the corpses and fixing them to the market cross of Kilmallock. Fitzmaurice still refused to come in, and <mask> issued him with a challenge to single combat, which the rebel declined with the comment, "For if I should kill Sir <mask> the Queen of England can send another president into this province; but if he do kill me there is none other to succeed me or to command as I do".<mask>'s challenge provoked mutterings from the more level-headed servants of the Crown, and his reputation for rash judgment was confirmed when he was ambushed by the rebels, who outnumbered his force ten to one, only to be relieved when the rebels mistook a small cavalry company for the advance party of a larger Crown force. But in 1572, after a second and successful siege of the rebel stronghold of Castlemaine, he was vindicated on Fitzmaurice's submission. During his presidency <mask> authorised over 800 hangings, most of them by martial law. After the rebellion he criticised the Crown's reinstatement of Fitzmaurice's superior, the Earl of Desmond, as chief nobleman of Munster. He requested his own recall, but this was in vain and in July 1573 he quit Ireland without leave. Upon presenting himself at court he was permitted to resign his office, and was succeeded by Sir William Drury. Wales
<mask> returned to Carew in Wales, where he intended, "to lead a countryman's life and to keep out of debt".He was appointed vice-Admiral of the Welsh seas and member of the Council of the Marches, and served as Mayor of Haverfordwest (1575–77). In his personal estates he converted several castles into mansions and improved his land, although there were continual complaints of his practice of rack-renting and enclosures. In 1578 <mask> was accused by his deputy-Admiral, Richard Vaughan, of tyranny, subversion of justice, and dealing with pirates. The accusations may have been exaggerated, and <mask> retained the confidence of the Crown: in the same year he was appointed commissioner for piracy in Pembrokeshire, and in the following year was given command of a naval squadron charged with the interception of Spanish ships on the Irish coast. In 1579, during a voyage to Ireland, he chased a pirate ship to the Flemish coast and captured the commander, Deryfold. On her approach to the Thames estuary <mask>'s ship was struck by a storm, and while all on board prepared for death <mask> said to his son, Thomas, "Well Boy, God bless you and I give you my blessing. I wish to God that you were ashore and the Queen's ship safe then I should care the less about myself".The ship was saved with the skill of the captive Deryfold, who was pardoned by the Queen on <mask>'s petition. In 1583 Thomas was married to Dorothy Devereux (daughter of Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, and step-daughter of the great royal favourite Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester). The match was no doubt intended to strengthen Perrot politically, but it had precisely the opposite effect: the Queen, whose consent  to the marriage had not been sought, took grave offence, suspecting a conspiracy between <mask> and Leicester's wife, Lettice Knollys, whom she detested. Lord Deputy of Ireland
In 1584 <mask> was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland, to replace Lord Grey de Wilton who had been recalled to England by the Queen two years earlier. His chief task was to establish the plantation of the southern province of Munster, a significant escalation of colonial policy. The Crown sought to parcel out lands at nominal rents from the confiscated estates of the lately defeated Earl of Desmond – some  — on condition that the undertakers plant English farmers and labourers to build towns and work the land. Before he had time to begin in the south, <mask> got wind of raids into the northern province of Ulster by the Highland clans of Maclean and MacDonnell at the invitation of Sorley Boy MacDonnell.He marched a contingent of the Royal Irish Army beyond the Pale to confront the invaders, but Sorley Boy escaped by crossing over to Scotland, only to return later with reinforcements. Elizabeth roundly abused her deputy for launching such an unadvised campaign, but by 1586 <mask> had brought Sorley Boy to a mutually beneficial submission. At about this time he also sanctioned the kidnap of Hugh Roe O'Donnell (lured to a wine tasting on a merchant ship and then sealed in a cabin and brought to Dublin), a move which gave the crown some leverage in western Ulster. <mask>'s northern strategy also secured the submission of Hugh Maguire, Lord of Fermanagh. The plantation of Munster got off to a slow start in the face of lawsuits brought by landowners associated with the Geraldine rebels. In the west Perrot did have success in 1585 by perfecting a composition of the province of Connaught, an unusually even-handed contract between Crown and landowners by which

masks:
John Perrot
John Perrot
Perrot
Thomas Perrot
John Philipps
John Price
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Robert Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
John Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot
Perrot


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 the Queen received certain rents in return for settling land titles and tenant dues. In the same year a parliament was convened at Dublin, the first since 1569, with great hopes expressed upon the attendance of the Gaelic lords.The sessions proved a disappointment: although the act for the attainder of Desmond (clearing the escheat of the rebel's estates to the Crown) was passed, the ambitious schedule of legislation ran into difficulty, particularly over the suspension of Poynings' Law. At the prorogation in 1587 <mask> was so frustrated with the influence of factions within both houses of parliament (orchestrated to a large degree by the Earl of Ormond) that he begged to be recalled to England. <mask>'s unsparing criticism of his associates in government made him numerous enemies. His plan for the conversion of the revenues of St. Patrick's Cathedral to fund two colleges led to a sustained quarrel with the Archbishop of Dublin, Adam Loftus, which <mask> wilfully aggravated by his interference with the prelate's secular authority as Lord Chancellor. He also interfered with Bingham's government of Connaught; caused the council secretary Sir Geoffrey Fenton to be imprisoned for debt; and in May 1587 was accused of striking the elderly Knight Marshal, Sir Nicholas Bagenal, in the council chamber,  an incident his enemies blamed on his drunkenness. In January 1588 Elizabeth granted <mask>'s request for recall. Six months later, at the height of the Armada emergency, he was succeeded by Sir William Fitzwilliam.Ruin
Upon <mask>'s return to England he was elected Member of Parliament in 1589 for Haverfordwest and appointed to the Privy Council, where he maintained his interest in Irish affairs through correspondence with several members of the council in Dublin. However his enemies were working against him. In the heated politics following the defeat of the Spanish Armada he was accused of treason, based on allegations made in Ireland by a former priest and condemned prisoner, Sir Dennis O'Roghan. The evidence was provided in letters allegedly addressed by <mask> as Lord Deputy (with his signature attached) to King Philip II of Spain and the Duke of Parma, in which certain treasonable promises were made on the future dominion of England, Wales and Ireland. Fitzwilliam started an investigation into the charges in Dublin, but O'Roghan's record of forging documents was quickly produced, and for a time it seemed the allegations would fail for lack of credible evidence. Rather than let the matter lie, it was decided (perhaps at <mask>'s urging) to inquire into the manner in which the allegations had been raised in the first place, a procedure likely to embarrass Fitzwilliam. The inquiry was held at Dublin by a commission that included several of <mask>'s favourites on the Dublin council: Nicholas White, (Master of the Rolls in Ireland), Charles Calthorpe (Attorney General),  and Nicholas Walsh (former Speaker of the House of Commons).O'Roghan alleged that he had been tortured by members of this commission, and Fitzwilliam was instantly directed on strict instruction from the Queen to resume his original investigation and forward the findings to the Privy Council in London. <mask> faced a moment of crisis when further allegations were made – most notably by his former secretary, Henry Bird – of his frequent use in private conversation of violent language against the Queen. He was also accused of having prior knowledge of the rebellion in 1589 of Sir Brian O'Rourke (later extradited from Scotland and hanged at London), which had occurred under the government of Bingham in Connaught. <mask> ended up in the Tower of London and in 1592 stood trial before a special commission on charges of high treason. O'Roghan's letters and the evidence concerning the O'Rourke rebellion played their part in the prosecution case, but the evidence most vividly presented was of <mask>'s remarks about Queen Elizabeth: "God's wounds, this it is to serve a base bastard pissing kitchen woman, if I had served any prince in Christendom I have not been so dealt withal." Further evidence showed he had disparaged her legitimacy on several occasions. <mask> protested his loyalty and, in reaction to a hectoring prosecution counsel, eloquently cried out, "You win men's lives away with words".But his defence descended into blustering, and the jury returned a verdict of guilty. Sentencing was put off for some months in the hope of a royal pardon, but <mask> died in the Tower in September that year. Whether Elizabeth actually intended to pardon him is uncertain,  although there are grounds to believe he was poisoned in anticipation of his release from custody. Following <mask>'s imprisonment some of his Irish favourites had been replaced in their council seats by English appointees, who fully equated the Protestant cause with the state and inclined to hard dealings with Gaelic Ireland. Fitzwilliam felt free to pursue a policy opposed in crucial aspects to <mask>'s, and the lords of Ulster (including Hugh O'Neill) suffered increasing government encroachment on their territories until the outbreak of the Nine Years War (1595–1603). Marriages and issue
<mask> married firstly Anne Cheyne (d.1553) (daughter of Sir Thomas Cheyne by his first wife, Frideswide Frowyk, daughter of Sir Thomas Frowyk), by whom he had a son and heir, Sir <mask> (d.1594). After the death of his first wife <mask> remained unmarried for a decade.In 1563 or 1564 he married Jane Prust (d.1593), widow of Lewis Pollard (d.1563) of Oakford, Devon, and daughter of Hugh Prust (d.1559) of Thorry, Devonshire. She had a son and two daughters by Perrot:

<mask> (d.1587), who died unmarried. <mask>, who married Sir <mask>, 1st Baronet, of Picton Castle, ancestor of the Viscount St Davids. Lettice, who married firstly Walter Vaughan of Golden Grove, Carmarthenshire, secondly <mask> of St Brides, and thirdly, on 8 April 1605, Arthur Chichester, Baron Chichester of Belfast and eventually Lord Deputy of Ireland. On appointment as Lord Deputy of Ireland, <mask> had made a deed of settlement entailing his estates on his sons and their male descendants, and in default on his cousin <mask> of Broke Co. Carmarthen. The settlement may have been a precaution against the hazards of office in Ireland. <mask>'s first son, Thomas, was imprisoned after his marriage to Dorothy Devereux, and she was banished from Court.In March 1593, four months after <mask>'s death, Thomas was restored in blood. Dorothy was not restored to favour until after her husband's death in 1594. <mask> fathered at least four illegitimate children, Sir <mask>, <mask> (born c.1565), <mask>, and another daughter whose name is unknown. Sir <mask> authored the manuscript The life, deedes and death of Sir <mask>, knight, published in 1728. <mask>'s name appears in the Inner Temple Register in an entry dated 5 June 1583: "<mask>, of Haryve, Co. Pembroke, 3rd son of <mask>, Knight". Elizabeth, who married Hugh Butler of Pembroke, was the granddaughter of Sir Christopher Hatton, a favourite of Elizabeth I and enemy of Sir <mask> (the source of their hostility being Sir <mask>'s relationship with Sir Christopher's unmarried illegitimate daughter, also named Elizabeth). Notes

References

Attribution:

Further reading

 A Critical Edition of Sir <mask>'s The Life, Deedes and Death of Sir <mask>t, Knight by Roger Turvey (2002)
 Sir <mask>, Knight of Bath, 1527–1591 by G. Douglas James (1962)
 Sir <mask> and the Irish Parliament of 1585–6 by V. Treadwell (1985)
 Richard Bagwell, Ireland under the Tudors 3 vols.(London, 1885–1890). <mask>'Donovan (ed.) Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters (1851). Calendar of State Papers: Carew MSS. 6 vols (London, 1867–1873). Calendar of State Papers: Ireland (London)
 Colm Lennon Sixteenth Century Ireland – The Incomplete Conquest (Dublin, 1995) . Nicholas P. Canny Making Ireland British, 1580–1650 (Oxford University Press, 2001) .Steven G. Ellis Tudor Ireland (London, 1985) . Hiram Morgan Tyrone's Rebellion (1995). Cyril Falls Elizabeth's Irish Wars (1950; reprint London, 1996) . Gerard Anthony Hayes McCoy Irish Battles (Belfast, 1989) . Dictionary of National Biography 22 vols. (London, 1921–1922). The Prust Papers, at the North Devon Record Office, supplied by Hartland Digital Archive 2007
Biography of <mask> at the History of Parliament Online.External links
 <mask>, Sir <mask> (1530–1592), Welsh Biography Online
 Trial of Sir <mask>, April 27, 1592- Google book facsimile of Cobbett's State Trials (p.188 ff.) The History of Sir <mask>rot by Sir James Rawlinson 1771.
, a ballad by Letitia Elizabeth Landon retelling an act of gallantry on Sir <mask>'s part. From The Keepsake annual for 1832. 1520s births
1592 deaths
16th-century English people
English army officers
English knights
English MPs 1547–1552
English MPs 1553 (Mary I)
English MPs 1555
English MPs 1559
English MPs 1563–1567
English MPs 1589
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales
English people of Welsh descent
English people who died in prison custody
High Sheriffs of Pembrokeshire
Illegitimate children of Henry VIII of England
Inmates of Fleet Prison
Knights Bachelor
Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
Mayors of places in Wales
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801)
Members of the Privy Council of England
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
People convicted of treason against England
People from Pembrokeshire
People of Elizabethan Ireland
John
Prisoners in the Tower of London
Prisoners who died in England and Wales

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<mask> (7 January 1891 – 19 April 1945) was a Nazi Party official and politician who served as the Gauleiter of the eastern Bavarian administrative region of Gau Bayreuth. Trained as a primary school teacher, he also became head of the National Socialist Teachers League (NSLB) in 1935. During World War II he held the honorary rank of SS-Obergruppenführer and was the Reich Defense Commissioner of Gau Bayreuth. Prone to alcoholic outbursts and unpopular with the local residents, he eventually ran afoul of Martin Bormann in a political intrigue. <mask> was executed on orders from Führer Headquarters near the end of the war on 19 April 1945. Early life
<mask> was born in 1891 in Triebes, in the Principality of Reuss-Gera (present-day Thuringia), the son of a watchmaker. He attended volksschule in Triebes and Erfurt, and between 1905 and 1911 he attended the Weimar Lehrerseminar, a special training academy for primary school teachers.After two years working as a teacher in Vippachedelhausen, he volunteered for military service in October 1913 as a "one-year volunteer" () with Infantry Regiment 94, "Grand Duke of Saxony." On the outbreak of World War I he was deployed to the western front. By August 1915 he had been promoted to Leutnant and served as the commander of a machine gun company with his original regiment and, later, Landwehr Infantry Regiment 7. In the spring of 1916 he was twice wounded in action and classified as unfit for front-line duty. However, in January 1918 he was returned to the front, serving there until discharged at the end of the war in November. During the war he received many decorations, including the Iron Cross, 2nd class. After discharge from the service, Wächtler returned to his teaching position in Vippachedelhausen, working as an educator until 1932.Nazi career
<mask> joined the Nazi Party (membership number 35,313) on 26 April 1926. He founded the local branch of the Party in Vippachedelhausen, becoming the Ortsgruppenleiter (Local Group Leader) there for the next two years. He also joined the Sturmabteilung (SA) becoming the SA-Führer for the Weimar-North district. From 1927 to 1932 he also became the Party Kreisleiter (District Leader) for Weimar-North. From 1928 to 1932 he served as the only Nazi member of the Kreisrat (District Council) in Landkreis Weimar. On 8 December 1929, <mask> was elected as a member of the Landtag of  Thuringia where he would serve until October 1933. From 1929 to 1932, he was the Business Manager and Training Officer for Gau Thuringia.Then on 15 June 1932, he was made the Organization Leader and Deputy Gauleiter there under <mask>. On 26 August 1932, <mask> was appointed Education Minister in the cabinet formed by Sauckel when he became Minister President of Thuringia. Following the Nazi Seizure of Power in 1933, Sauckel was made Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) of Thuringia. <mask> remained as education minister and, on 8 May 1933, was also named interior minister; on 13 May he was also made deputy to the new minister president, Willy Marschler. <mask> retained all these posts until 22 January 1936. As the powerful interior minister, he had control over all the police and security apparatus of the State. <mask> was elected a member of the Reichstag for electoral constituency 12, Thuringia, on 12 November 1933, and would remain a Reichstag deputy until his death.In November 1934, <mask> joined the Schutzstaffel (SS-Number 209,058) as an SS-Oberführer. By the end of January 1936 he was promoted to the rank of SS-Brigadeführer, in April 1937 to SS-Gruppenführer and, finally, on 1 August 1944 to SS-Obergruppenführer. He was assigned to the staff of the Reichsführer-SS from April 1937 until his death. Gauleiter
On 5 March 1935 the first Gauleiter of the Gau Bavarian Eastern March, Hans Schemm, died in an airplane crash. For an interim period the Gau was run by the Deputy Gauleiter Ludwig Ruckdeschel in an acting capacity. However, on 5 December Wachtler was appointed the permanent Gauleiter in place of Ruchdeschel. This would engender a rivalry between them that would have dire consequences for Wächtler.The Gau capital of Bayreuth was home to the family of Richard Wagner and the site of the annual Bayreuth Festival, supported and regularly attended by Adolf Hitler. As such, its Gauleiter was considered a high-profile posting. <mask> at the same time also succeeded Schemm as head of the National Socialist Teachers League (NSLB) and head (Hauptamtsleiter) of the Main Office for Education in the Party Reichsleitung (National Leadership). From January 1936 he also was the Expert on All School Questions on the Party headquarters staff of Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess. In this position he had supervisory authority over the Reichsschule Feldafing, an elite Party leadership school. At the 29 March 1936 elections, <mask> was returned as a Reichstag Deputy for electoral constituency 25, Niederbayern (Lower Bavaria). For a short period in 1938 he served as the acting Oberburgermeister of the city of Bayreuth.Unlike Schemm, <mask> was an outsider to Bavarians and enjoyed no popularity among the residents of his Gau or among the Reich leadership. He was brutal with subordinates and prone to uncontrolled alcoholic outbursts in public. One assessment of his character stated:

In place of the elegant, affable Schemm, a brilliant orator, there appeared the ungainly figure of the oratorically untalented and philistine Wächtler, whose dogged adherence to the Party line soon earned him the epithet ‘megalomaniac schoolteacher’. He rigorously put the increasingly draconian new laws into effect, above all those aimed at Jews and the churches, and as an outsider he made enemies in the area …

Even Winifred Wagner, daughter-in-law of Richard Wagner, complained repeatedly about his misconduct to her friend Hitler. However, she also frequently tried to intervene with Hitler on behalf of Jewish friends for clemency. This is probably why, while little appreciated by Hitler, Wächtler remained untouched until 1945. Wächtler was involved in organizing the anti-Jewish Kristallnacht riots of 9–10 November 1938 in his Gau.The next day, the Reich leadership in Berlin ordered cessation of further property destruction because they feared the riots they had instigated would lead to more radical actions not under their control. <mask> tried to use the opportunity to force public school teachers to sign a personal oath that they would no longer teach any religious subjects. Highly unpopular, Rudolf Hess had to order the directive rescinded. From 1938, <mask>'s district became home to the Flossenbürg concentration camp and its many subcamps. In February 1939, the Donau-Zeitung reported about <mask>'s visit in Hauzenberg, where the Gauleiter had dedicated a party district house. After seeing the condition of the school in Wegscheid, a new building was decided. In March 1939, when <mask> spoke at the Passau Nibelungenhalle, the Donau-Zeitung reported an audience of 12,000.In April 1939, <mask> purchased the Passau Haus, where Hitler had lived for two years. One year later, he donated it to the city of Passau. On 2 June 1942, <mask>'s Gau Bavarian Eastern March was renamed Gau Bayreuth, since due to Germany's territorial expansion it was no longer a borderland region. On 16 November 1942, <mask> was appointed Reich Defense Commissioner (Reichsverteidigungskommissar) for his Gau, and in September 1944 he became the commander of the Volkssturm units in the Gau. It was in these positions that he came to realize the war would be lost. This attitude became apparent to his superiors when he prevented the seizure of the historic Bayreuth Festspielhaus for use in defense of the city. By 1945 his additional failure to send daily situation reports to Führer Headquarters brought him to the attention and suspicion of Martin Bormann, Hitler's powerful Secretary and head of the Nazi Party Chancellery.Bormann had previously ordered the closing of the National Socialist Teachers League (NSLB) on 17 February 1943, together with all its Gau offices across Germany. Wächtler, fearing the loss of influence, complained that the NSLB was essential for the war effort in long rambling memos to Bormann, to no avail. Death
In 1945 Hitler declared the city of Bayreuth to be a fortress, which led to the destruction of over one third of the city by air raids. On 1 April 1945, Bormann issued a further order that all Gauleiters, Kreisleiters, and other NSDAP political leaders were to fight to the death in their districts. A particularly heavy air raid took place on 11 April. With much of the city in ruins and only 200 irregular defenders left, <mask> fled Bayreuth with his staff the next day as American forces approached. He reportedly left the bomb-ruined city in a convoy of “several lorries of food, spirits and cigarettes.” He set up offices at a hotel in Waldmünchen in the southern part of the Gau near the former Czechoslovakian border, some 140 kilometers from Bayreuth.On 14 April, Bayreuth surrendered to the US 3rd Army without a fight. It is unclear whether communications difficulties prevented Wächtler from informing Führer Headquarters of his location, however his Deputy Gauleiter and longtime political rival Ludwig Ruckdeschel used the opportunity to contact Bormann and accuse Wächtler of desertion. On 19 April <mask> was relieved of all his posts and expelled from the Party for cowardice and desertion. On orders from Führer Headquarters, Ruckdeschel appeared at the hotel with 35 SS troops, pronounced a death sentence and summarily executed Wächtler by firing squad. Ruckdeschel immediately replaced Wächtler as acting Gauleiter and Reich Defense Commissioner. A posthumous denazification proceeding was held in Ansbach, and on 17 February 1949 Wächtler was classified into Group I (Major Offender) resulting in the confiscation of his entire estate. See also
List SS-Obergruppenführer

Literature
 Joachim Lilla, Martin Döring, Andreas Schulz: Statisten in Uniform.Düsseldorf: Droste, 2004, . Erich Stockhorst: 5000 Köpfe. Wer war was im Dritten Reich. Kiel: Arndt, 2000, . Albrecht Tyrell: Führer befiehl … – Selbstzeugnisse aus der ‚Kampfzeit' der NSDAP, Gondrom Verlag Bindlach 1991 (© 1969 Droste Verlag Düsseldorf) , p. 385. External links
 <mask> in the database of members of the Reichstag

References

1891 births
1945 deaths
Executed German people
Gauleiters
German military personnel of World War I
German murder victims
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Nazi Party officials
Nazi Party politicians
Nazis executed by Nazi Germany
People executed by Germany by firearm
People from the Principality of Reuss-Greiz
People from Thuringia executed by Nazi Germany
People from Zeulenroda-Triebes
People murdered in Nazi Germany
Politicians from Thuringia
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
SS-Obergruppenführer
Sturmabteilung personnel
20th-century German educators
Volkssturm personnel

masks:
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Fritz Sauckel
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<mask>eung ( – ) was a notorious Hong Kong gangster also known as "Big Spender" (). He was a kidnapper, robber, arms smuggler and was wanted for murder. He was best known for having masterminded the abduction of Walter Kwok and Victor Li, son of Li Ka Shing. He was sentenced to death by a court in Guangzhou and was executed by shooting on . Biography
<mask> was born in Yulin, Guangxi province, and moved to Hong Kong with his family at the age of four. He acquired the nickname "Big Spender" for his love of lavish living. <mask> created a self-image for himself of a "likeable rogue with a heart of gold," and gave his friends and strangers gifts funded from a crime spree that brought in at least HK$2 billion.He was said to be a charming man with a taste for fine food and liquor. He reportedly gave away tens of thousands of dollars to a young street painter when in Bangkok. Just before he was arrested, he spent a month in a luxury hotel in Shenzhen during which he showered hotel staff with tips. Even in jail, he reportedly asked wardens for bird's nest soup. Criminal life

<mask> partnered with Yip Kai-foon in a series of armed robberies. On 22 February 1990, he raided Kai Tak Airport where he hauled a HK$30 million consignment of Rolex wristwatches. On 12 July 1991, <mask> returned to Kai Tak, where he robbed a security van, netting HK$167 million, <mask> was arrested in September 1991 and jailed for 18 years for the security van heist.However, he was acquitted and released after appeal in June 1995 when the judge ruled there was no case against <mask> as the evidence was filled with too many inconsistencies and the security guard who initially identified him recanted his testimony. His associate Yip, however, was sentenced to 41 years in jail. Kidnappings

On 23 May 1996, he kidnapped Victor Li Tzar-kuoi, son of Li Ka Shing, and on 29 September 1997, he kidnapped Walter Kwok, chairman of Sun Hung Kai Properties. He reportedly reaped HK$1.038 billion in ransom money from Li Ka-shing, and HK$600 million for Walter Kwok. <mask> admitted he followed Li Ka-shing, then held him hostage in the Li's own house for three days until the ransom was paid. It was believed at the time that these ransoms would merit an entry into the Guinness Book of World Records. <mask> fled to China in January 1998 after failing to kidnap Chief Secretary for Administration Anson Chan, in retaliation for the jailing of his associate, Yip Kai-foon.Acting on a tip-off, the police discovered 818 kg of explosives in Sheung Shui, a part of Hong Kong, in January 1998 which they attributed to a plan by <mask> to bomb government buildings. <mask> allegedly acquired 960 kg of explosives in 1997 for $200,000 from a man in Macau, the stock was transported to Hong Kong and buried in a deserted container parking area. <mask> had already fled to Guangdong province in January 1998 under an assumed name, having bribed the police there. He was arrested in August 1998, and his gang of 35 were rounded up by mainland police. Among his gang members were 17 Hong Kong residents and 14 mainlanders. It was reported at the time of his capture that <mask> planned to kidnap Macau gambling magnate, Stanley Ho. <mask> is known to have lost at least $200 million in Ho's Macau casinos, once losing over $25 million in just one session at the casino.Criminal trial
<mask> and his gang were tried in connection with a number of crimes including the kidnapping of two Hong Kong tycoons, who remained unnamed in the trial (some reports suggested one victim was Victor Li). The trial was held in Guangzhou even though the events occurred in Hong Kong. <mask>'s lawyer, and other constitutional experts, lobbied the government for the trial to be transferred to Hong Kong, but they were rejected. The Guangzhou Municipal People's Prosecutor formally charged <mask> and his 35 followers with a series of charges relating to "cross-boundary crime including illegal possession, transporting and smuggling explosives and firearms, robbery and kidnapping". The charges, which were denied by <mask>, included the abduction in 1993 for a four million yuan ransom of a Fujian merchant who had only come forward after <mask>'s arrest. The trial began on 8 October 1998. It was reported that <mask> made a full confession on the first day of the trial.On 12 November 1998, <mask> was convicted and sentenced to death. He was executed by shooting on 5 December 1998 in Guangzhou. Legal controversy
The trial of a Hong Kong resident in Mainland China engendered a crisis of faith in the judicial independence of Hong Kong, explicit in the Hong Kong Basic Law that had been implemented after the United Kingdom transferred sovereignty to the People's Republic of China in 1997. Grave concerns were expressed by the Bar Association that the Mainland had no jurisdiction over crimes committed in the territory by Hong Kong residents as a matter of Mainland law; the Hong Kong public were concerned that if they commit a crime in Hong Kong, they might have to stand trial in the mainland if arrested there. However, the Chinese Government argued that though the crimes were carried out in Hong Kong, they had been planned in the mainland, so the PRC was entitled to exercise jurisdiction over the case. Under the Chinese Criminal Code, a Chinese national can be tried by a mainland court for crimes committed outside China if the offence warrants imprisonment of three years or more. Officials believed that although a "meagre part" of <mask>'s case involved the mainland, it was right he be tried there.Grenville Cross, Director of Public Prosecutions of Hong Kong, said in a letter that the mainland judiciary could not return Hong Kong residents to Hong Kong before they had been tried for crimes allegedly committed on the mainland. <mask>'s lawyer suggested there probably would have been insufficient evidence to convict his client in Hong Kong without victims' statements. The failure of the victims to report the case to the Hong Kong Police had left them bereft of evidence to request the repatriation of <mask>. Hong Kong Secretary for Security Regina Ip regretted that the tycoons had reported the abductions to the PRC and not to the Hong Kong authorities. She said there was no formal cross-border agreement on the transfer of offenders, but said that it would not be unprecedented to do so. Legal experts suggested that Hong Kong courts would not be able to convict in the absence of witness or victims' testimonies or other evidence, even with a full confession, as confessions can be withdrawn. There were some who maintained that the Li and Kwok families could get their revenge on <mask> since a trial in the mainland could guarantee the death penalty, whereas capital punishment was not in force in Hong Kong.Cultural influences
Fictionalized accounts of <mask> Keung's kidnapping of the wealthy have been made into movies:
 Operation Billionaires (, 1998 film) starring Simon Yam. starring Ray Lui Leung-Wai. Trivisa (2016) portrayed by Jordan Chan
 Chasing the Dragon 2 () 2019
 Big Spender, starred by Tony Leung Ka Fai

References

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Bibliography

1955 births
1998 deaths
20th-century executions by China
Hong Kong gangsters
Executed Chinese people
People executed by China by firearm
Executed Hong Kong people
People from Yulin, Guangxi
Triad members
Executed people from Guangxi
Chinese gangsters

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<mask> (1714–1747), titular 7th Earl and 4th Duke of Perth, often referred to by his courtesy title Lord <mask>, was a Franco-Scottish nobleman, soldier and Jacobite. Drummond served as an officer in the French Army, but is perhaps best known for his participation in the Jacobite rising of 1745, during which he was one of the senior Jacobite staff officers in addition to leading the Jacobite Royal Scots, a regiment raised by him in France. Early life

<mask> was born in 1714 in France; he was the second son of James Drummond, 5th titular Earl and 2nd Duke of Perth, and Jane, daughter of George Gordon, 1st Duke of Gordon. His family were Catholics and committed Stuart loyalists: his grandfather the 4th Earl, the former Lord Chancellor of Scotland, had accompanied James II into exile in France before being created Duke of Perth in the Jacobite Peerage by James's son James Edward Stuart. <mask>'s father did not succeed to the earldom, having been attainted for participating in the Jacobite rising of 1715, though the Drummonds continued to style themselves using the family titles. <mask>'s father had preserved the family estates in Scotland by transferring them to his oldest son James before the 1715 rising. Both sons were brought up by their mother at Drummond Castle in Perthshire until their father's death in 1720, when they were sent to the Scots College, Douai.<mask> was said to have shown a preference for military subjects; he subsequently joined the French army as an officer, eventually reaching the rank of captain in the Irish Brigade's Regiment Roth, the lineal descendant of Dorrington's Irish Foot Guards. A return to Scotland during the 1730s rekindled his enthusiasm for the country. Drummond was a prominent figure in the Jacobite exile community at Saint-Germain, living on the first floor of the chateau during the winter of 1743–4. Along with his brother James, he is supposed to have partly inspired Charles Edward Stuart's interest in Scotland: he presented Charles with a complete set of Highland weapons and his brother gave him clothing and a book of Scottish dances. Charles, however, seems to have found Drummond disrespectful and hard to get along with: in May 1745 he wrote to his father James claiming that "it is impossible [Drummond] can escape sooner or later from having his throat cut, for he is dayly affronting people and doing durty things". Drummond's quarrels with another of the Paris exiles, Sir Hector Maclean, required the intervention from Rome of James himself; Jacobite agent Murray of Broughton later suggested Drummond harboured ambitions to be made the main Jacobite representative in France. The Regiment Royal-Ecossais

While service as a mercenary abroad had relatively neutral connotations in the period, many Scots disliked serving in the Irish Brigade regiments, making recruitment difficult.The French government accordingly gave Drummond a commission to raise a Scottish regiment, the Regiment Royal-Ecossais or Royal Scots, with a view to its possible employment during a future invasion of Britain. A report written by the British agent "A.M." or "Pickle the Spy", now thought to have been Alastair Ruadh MacDonnell of Glengarry, claimed that Sir Hector Maclean was originally intended to be Lieutenant-Colonel, but Drummond "got a stop to [his] obtaining the Commission". An ordnance to raise the regiment was issued on 3 December 1743, France declared war on Britain in March 1744, and the regiment's first commissions were issued on 1 August. Drummond's kinsman, Lewis Drummond of Melfort, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel while another relative, Viscount Strathallan, was given a captaincy. By December 1744 Drummond reported that the regiment had reached its full establishment: 12 companies of 55 men. While many were Scots or, like Drummond, from Scots exile families, the Royal-Ecossais also included English and Irish deserters from the British Army. 1745 rising

Drummond, the Royal Scots, the Irish Brigade picquets and a number of other French advisors and specialists were embarked at Dunkirk in late November 1745 to support the Jacobite Rising of 1745.Thanks to the Royal Navy blockade many were captured, but Drummond along with most of his regiment slipped past the blockade under the cover of a gale; the bulk landed at the Jacobite-held port of Montrose, with others reaching Stonehaven and Peterhead. On 2 December, Drummond issued a Declaration stating that they were "come to this Kingdom, with Written Orders, to make War against the King of England, Elector of Hanover, and all his Adherants"; he took over from Strathallan as the Jacobite Commander-in-Chief in Scotland, in control of a force of around 3,000. The main Jacobite Army was by then approaching Derby on its march southward into England. Despite Charles's desire to press on towards London most of the army's senior leaders were troubled by the lack of visible support from English Jacobites or of a French landing in England and by news of two large government armies in pursuit. A message from Drummond confirming his arrival and promising further French reinforcement to come seemed to strengthen the argument for consolidating their position in Scotland, and on 5 December the Jacobite 'Council of War' decided to return there. At least one Jacobite memoirist, <mask> of Ogilvy's Regiment, later substantially blamed Drummond for the decision; "If Lord <mask> [...] had advanced by forced marches, as he ought to have done [...] no-one of our army would have ever given his opinion of a retreat". <mask> added that Drummond's report that ten thousand additional French soldiers were expected to follow was "inexcusable", as "this false information [...] greatly influenced us".Despite Charles's orders that he march to England and join the main field army there, Drummond insisted that the Jacobite forces meet in the central Lowlands, citing French instructions that government-held fortresses should be reduced first. In the interim he sent some of his regulars to assist Lewis Gordon against the government's Independent Highland Companies, scattering them at Inverurie in late December. The two Jacobite armies eventually joined up on 4 January, forming a total force of some 9,500 men. For the remainder of the campaign Drummond, with the rank of lieutenant-general, acted as one of the army's brigade commanders alongside his brother James and Lord George Murray. At Falkirk on 17 January he was appointed to command the Jacobite left, with Murray leading the right; his absence on reconnaissance at the start of the action may have impacted on the support available for Murray's attack, leading to mutual recriminations between the two afterwards. Despite this Drummond made a substantial personal contribution during the battle: he took several prisoners with his own hand, had a horse killed under him, and received a musket-shot in the right arm. During March Drummond was tasked with defending the line of the Spey against a government advance, establishing his headquarters at Gordon Castle near Fochabers.Although personally courageous, Drummond was reputedly hot-tempered, arguing with both Murray and Charles himself. As a long-term exile he was occasionally insensitive to Scottish customs: when retreating through Aberdeen after Stirling, Drummond was said to have suggested hanging some Church of Scotland ministers "for examples". <mask> also claimed to be unimpressed with his military abilities, stating he had "little knowledge in the art of war [...] so much the more extraordinary that he was a general officer in the service of France". At Culloden Drummond commanded the centre regiments of the Jacobite line; during the battle Andrew Henderson recalled him walking across the front of the Jacobite lines "with a Fuzee in his Hand" to try and tempt the British troops into opening fire. Following the defeat at Culloden Drummond escaped Scotland on a French ship with several other senior officers, including his brother: James died on 13 May and was buried at sea. <mask> was accordingly styled as 4th Duke of Perth afterwards, though a government act of attainder deprived him of the Drummond family's Scottish estates. On his arrival in France in June he travelled to Versailles, giving the French court the first reliable account of the defeat at Culloden.Death

Drummond died at the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom on 28 September 1747 after falling sick with a fever. He had been brigadier in command of the picquets in the trenches; shortly before his death he was promoted to the rank of major-general. He was buried in the chapel of the English convent at Antwerp; the convent buildings were sold in the 1790s and a search in 1844 found his memorial had been lost. Successors

Drummond had no children, and was succeeded as titular Earl and Duke of Perth by his uncle <mask>, the son of James, first duke, by his second wife. |-

References

1713 births
1747 deaths
18th-century Scottish people
Earls of Perth
Place of birth missing
Dukes of Perth
Scottish Jacobites
Military personnel of the Jacobite rising of 1745
Scottish expatriates in France
French Army officers

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James Johnstone
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