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<mask> or <mask>  (, ,  – 21 February 1987) was a high-ranking Soviet Army commander of Ukrainian descent, who in his fifties became a dissident and a writer, one of the founders of the human rights movement in the Soviet Union. For 16 years, he was a professor of cybernetics at the Frunze Military Academy and chairman of its cybernetic section before joining the ranks of the early dissidents. In the mid-1970s <mask> helped to found the Moscow Helsinki Group and the Ukrainian Helsinki Group, before leaving the USSR for medical treatment in the United States. The Soviet government barred his return, and he never again returned to the Soviet Union. In the words of Joseph Alsop, <mask> publicly denounced the "totalitarianism that hides behind the mask of so-called Soviet democracy." Early life
<mask> was born in Borisovka village in Taurida Governorate, Russian Empire (in present-day
Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine). In 1939, he graduated with honors from the Kuybyshev Military Engineering Academy and the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia.He took part in the battles of Khalkhin Gol, against the Japanese on the Manchurian border in 1939, and in the Second World War. He commanded troops in initial battles following 22 June 1941. During the war, he also commanded an infantry division in the Baltic for three years. He went on a military career and reached high ranks during World War II. After the war, being a decorated veteran, he left active career and taught at the Frunze Military Academy, reaching the rank of a Major General. In 1949, <mask> defended his Ph.D. thesis on the theme "Features of the organization and conduct of combined offensive battle in the mountains." In 1960, he completed work on his doctoral thesis.Over 70 of his scientific works on military science were published. Dissident activities

In 1961, <mask> <mask> started to openly criticize what he considered the excesses of the Khrushchev regime. He maintained that the special privileges of the political elite did not comply with the principles laid down by Lenin. <mask> formed a dissident group — The Group for the Struggle to Revive Leninism. Soviet psychiatrists sitting as legally constituted commissions to inquire into his sanity diagnosed him at least three times — in April 1964, August 1969, and November 1969. When arrested, <mask> was sent to Moscow's Lubyanka prison, and from there for psychiatric examination to the Serbsky Institute where the first commission, which included Snezhnevsky and Lunts, diagnosed him as suffering from the mental disease in the form of a paranoid delusional development of his personality, accompanied by early signs of cerebral arteriosclerosis. Lunts, reporting later on this diagnosis, mentioned that the symptoms of paranoid development were "an overestimation of his own personality reaching messianic proportions" and "reformist ideas."<mask> was not responsible for his actions and was thereby forcibly committed to a special psychiatric hospital. While there, the government deprived him of his pension despite the fact that, by law, a mentally sick military officer was entitled to a pension. After six months, <mask> was found to be in remission and was released for outpatient follow-up. He required that his pension be restored. Although he began to draw pension again, it was severely reduced. He became much more active in his dissidence, stirred other people to protest some of the State's actions and received several warnings from the KGB. In 1968, after <mask> protested the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, he was expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, arrested and ultimately committed to a mental hospital until 26 June 1974 after 5 years of detention.As <mask> had followers in Moscow, he was lured to the far-away Tashkent. While there, he was again arrested and examined by a psychiatric team. None of the manifestations or symptoms cited by the Lunts commission were found there by the second examination conducted under the chairmanship of Fyodor Detengof. The diagnosis and evaluation made by the commission was that "<mask>'s [criminal] activity had a purposeful character, it was related to concrete events and facts... It did not reveal any signs of illness or delusions." The psychiatrists reported that he was not mentally sick, but responsible for his actions. He had firm convictions which were shared by many of his colleagues and were not delusional.Having evaluated the records of his preceding hospitalization, they concluded that he had not been sick at that time either. The KGB brought <mask> back to Moscow and, three months later, arranged a second examination at the Serbsky Institute. Once again, these psychiatrists found that he had "a paranoid development of the personality" manifested by reformist ideas. The commission, which included Lunts and was chaired by Morozov, recommended that he be recommitted to a special psychiatric hospital for the socially dangerous. Eventually, after almost four years, he was transferred to a regular mental hospital. On 17 January 1971 <mask> was asked whether he had changed his convictions and replied that "Convictions are not like gloves, one cannot easily change them". In 1971, Dr. Semyon Gluzman wrote an in-absentia psychiatric report on <mask>.Gluzman came to the conclusion that <mask> was mentally sane and had been taken to mental hospitals for political reasons. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Gluzman was forced to serve seven years in labor camp for defending <mask> against the charge of insanity. Amnesty International declared <mask> a prisoner of conscience. <mask> became the key defender of Crimean Tatars deported to Soviet Central Asia. He advised the Tatar activists not to confine their protests to the USSR, but to appeal also to international organizations including the United Nations. <mask> was one of the first who questioned the  official Soviet version of World War II history. He pointed out that just prior to the German attack on June 22, 1941, vast Soviet troops were concentrated in the area west of Białystok, deep in occupied Poland, getting ready for a surprise offensive, which made them vulnerable to be encircled in case of surprise German attack.His ideas were later advanced by Viktor Suvorov. After publishing Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov's book Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party: A Study in the Technology of Power, <mask> made and distributed its copies by photographing and typewriting. In 1976, <mask> helped found the Moscow Helsinki Group and the Ukrainian Helsinki Group. In the United States
On 20 December 1977, <mask> was allowed to go abroad for medical treatment. His health was ruined during forcible confinement in KGB-run mental hospitals. On 30 November 1977, <mask> arrived in the United States and was stripped of his Soviet citizenship. In <mask>'s words, Leonid Brezhnev signed the decree of depriving <mask> of Soviet citizenship on the ground that he was undermining the prestige of the Soviet Union.The 1970s marked a peak in the use of external exile as a punitive measure by the Soviet Union (as opposed to the internal type, which was highest between the mid-1930s and early 1950s); often the pattern was that a trip abroad for work or medical treatment was transformed into permanent exile. In the same year, <mask> became a U.S. citizen. Being in USA since 1977, <mask> took an active part in the activities of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group foreign affiliate. On 23 July 1978, <mask> made a statement condemning the trials of Soviet dissidents Anatoly Shcharansky, Aleksandr Ginzburg and Viktoras Petkus. In 1979 in New York, <mask> was examined by the team of psychologists and psychiatrists including Alan A. Stone, the then President of American Psychiatric Association. The team could find no evidence of mental disease in <mask> and his history consistent with mental disease in the past.Their findings were drawn up and publicized by Walter Reich. <mask>'s case confirmed accusations, Stone wrote, that psychiatry in the Soviet Union was at times a tool of political repression. <mask> <mask> described his life and views, and his assessment by Soviet psychiatrists and periods of incarceration in prison hospitals in his 1981 memoirs V Podpolye Mozhno Vstretit Tolko Krys… (In the Underground One Can Meet Only Rats…). In 1982, the book was translated into English by Thomas P. Whitney under the title Memoirs and reviewed by Alexander J. Motyl, Raymond L. Garthoff, John C. Campbell, Adam Ulam, Raisa Orlova and Lev Kopelev. In 1983, he said he considered the American political-economic system to be "the best that mankind has found to date." In 1983, a stroke he suffered left him partially paralyzed. <mask> died on 21 February 1987 in New York City.In 1991, a commission, composed of psychiatrists from all over the Soviet Union and led by Modest Kabanov, then director of the Bekhterev Psychoneurological Institute in St Petersburg, spent six months reviewing <mask>'s patient files. They drew up 29 thick volumes of legal proceedings, and in October 1991 reversed the official Soviet diagnosis of <mask>'s psychiatric condition. In 1992, an official post-mortem forensic psychiatric commission of experts met in Ukraine. They removed the stigma of being a mental patient and confirmed that there were no grounds for the debilitating treatment he underwent in high security psychiatric hospitals for many years. The 1992 psychiatric examination of <mask> was described by the Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal in its numbers 1–4 of 1992. Family

<mask> <mask> was married to Zinaida Mikhailovna <mask> and they had five sons: Anatoly, Georgi, Oleg, Viktor and Andrew. Two of them died as children.In 1975, Andrew, an electrical engineer, was declared to have inherited his father's insanity. He was expelled from the USSR to the US, two years before <mask> and Zinaida <mask> themselves travelled to the United States. Andrew was repeatedly told that since his father was mentally ill, then he was also mad. If he did not stop speaking out in defense of human rights and his father, they told him, he would also be sent to the psikhushka. Subsequently, <mask>orenko Foundation, dedicated to the study of his father's legacy. Name spelling versions
The different Latin spellings of <mask>'s name exist due to the lack of uniform transliteration rules for the Ukrainian names in the middle of the 20th century, when he became internationally known. The correct modern transliteration would be <mask> Hryhorenko.However, according to the American identification documents of the late general the official spelling of his name was established as <mask> <mask>. The same spelling is engraved on his gravestone at the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of St. Andrew in South Bound Brook, New Jersey, USA. The same spelling is also retained by his surviving American descendants: son Andrew and granddaughters Tatiana and Olga. Honours and awards

 Soviet Union

 Ukraine

In Kharkiv the local Georgy Zhukov Avenue was renamed to Petro Grigorenko Avenue to comply with decommunization laws (this was several times undone by the Kharkiv city council).

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<mask> (born 24 December 1937) is an American linguist-anthropologist, originally from Pauri (Uttarakhand, India), where he was raised in a priestly Brahmin family. Though his father and uncles broke their ancestral polygamous tradition he suffered from the aftereffects of polygamy. His father Satya Prasad was a World War II veteran of the Indo-British Army. He refused to shoot any Japanese soldier. The Indo-British army could have court-martialed him. Instead, they made him the Canteen Manager. He liked the job and thanked the Indo-British Army as he enjoyed whisky and cigarettes in the Canteen.However, his mother Kishori warned him not to drink and smoke! <mask> was educated at the Christian Messmore Intermediate College of Pauri. After completing a year of intermediate education he joined the D.A.V. College of Lucknow for his second and last year of Intermediate. Before moving to the United States in 1959, <mask> was educated at the University of Allahabad and graduated with a B.A. in Economics, Sanskrit, and English literature. From the University of Lucknow, he received an M.A.in Hindi literature. His training in linguistics started at the Indian School of Linguistics held at Deccan College, Pune, where he was taught Indo-Aryan linguistics by Professors Suniti Kumar Chatterjee and Sukumar Sen. He subsequently obtained an M.A. in linguistics from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of Chicago. He received a Ford Foundation Scholarship to study at the University of Chicago. As a graduate student at Berkeley and Chicago, he developed the Hindi teaching program with Professors John Gumperz and Norman Zide. Among his mentors are Professors Prabodh Pandit (Universities of Gujarat and Delhi), John Gumperz (UC Berkeley), Edward Dimock and Norman Zide (University of Chicago).The professors who taught him Vedic literature are Kshetresh Chandra Chattopadhyay (University of Allahabad), Murray B. Emeneau (UC Berkeley), and George Bobrinskoy (University of Chicago). While a graduate student at Chicago he claimed in his paper "Animal Commands and their Linguistic Implications" (Word, Issue 2, 203-207, 1963) that languages such as Garhwali contain peripheral linguistic features found in certain behaviors, such as communicating with domestic or wild animals. His Ph.D. dissertation (1965) presents the first syntax of Garhwali, a central Pahari language of the Indo-Aryan group. He is one of the founders of the Linguistics Program at the University of Arizona. At the University of Arizona, he developed a Hindi program where he taught Hindi with his new method of language teaching. He named this method "Language-Culture Lab" where students perform various native cultural activities speaking the native language only. He also taught Indo-European linguistics which he studied with Professors Madison Beeler and Murray B. Emeneau (of Berkeley), Sydney Allen (of Cambridge), and Eric Hamp (of Chicago).He learned the Garhwali folk music from the Dalit drummers, dancers, and singers of the Garhwal Himalayas. Thus came his seminal research of the Garhwali "pandau" ( a rap dance-music based on the ancient Mahabharata epic). His writings reflect his pro-Dalit (the socially suppressed classes) and pro-women stand. Religion is responsible for his stand. In his opinion religion is an alternate reality—a cultural construct for the purpose of "behavioral satisfaction." His another stand is for animal rights. He and his wife Sudha (author of the book "Entranced by the Goddess: Folklore in North Indian Religion") live in Tucson and also in Kent (near Seattle) with their granddaughter Prasha, and son Manjul Varn <mask> ( a Seattle/Tacoma lawyer).Career

Chandola has taught Indian literature, culture, mythology, and religion at several universities in India and the US, including Sardar Patel University, the M.S. University of Baroda, the University of California-Berkeley, University of Washington-Seattle, University of Texas-Austin, and University of Wisconsin–Madison. His basic training of Indian music in the U.S.A. comes from musicians Zakir Hussain (Tabla), Aashis Khan (vocal), and Rajeshwari Dutta (vocal). He is a member of the American Anthropological Association, Association for Asian Studies, Linguistics Society of America, and Linguistic Society of India. Though he retired as Professor Emeritus of East Asian Studies at the University of Arizona in 2003, his writing career continues. He is a frequent guest lecturer on Hinduism and related religions. He is listed in Marquis Who's Who as a recipient of Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award.<mask> has written scholarly books and articles primarily in the areas of linguistics, music, religion, and literature which includes extensive interdisciplinary and theoretical analysis. Publication of his seminal work "Folk Drumming in the Himalayas: A Linguistic Approach to Music" was supported in 1973-1974 by a grant from the National Science Foundation (Anthropology Program). This book and several papers advanced a new interdisciplinary field that he named "Musicolinguistics." Some of these papers include " Metalinguistic structure of Indian Drumming: a study in Musico-linguistics", Language and Style, II (4) : 288-295; "Some Systems of Musical Scales and Linguistic Principles", Semiotica, 2.135-150 (1970); "Aspects of Drum Knowledge amongst Musicians in Garhwal, North India", European Bulletin of Himalayan Research 63, p. 72; "Stress Behavior in Musicolinguistics", The Performing Arts (World Anthropology), Proceedings of IX International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, ed., The Hague: Mouton (1979); "Musicolinguistics in Literary Esthetics" (in the festschrift for Archibald Hill). His Hindi publications and citations are not listed here. His researches in Musicolinguistics have been favorably reviewed in the leading journals of anthropology, ethnomusicology, and linguistics. He holds that his use of the term "Musicolinguistics" containing the prefix "Musico-" before "-linguistics" also suggests the evolution of music, e.g.humming, before language. <mask> is also a novelist who covers multicultural themes. The motto of his novels is "inform and reform" (info-refo) with which he debunks harmful Indian religious traditions and advocates secular egalitarian society. An example is his latest novel "Mutilating Women", a Himalayan story predating the "Me-Too" revolution of abused women. Academic books
 "Hindi Newspaper Reader" With Colin P. Masica, C.M. Naim, John Roberts (University of Chicago)
 "The Poems of Surdas" With S. M. Pandey and Norman H. Zide (University of Chicago)
 "A Premchand Reader" With Norman H. Zide, Colin P. Masica, K.C. Bahl (East-West Center Press, Honolulu)
 Music As Speech: An Ethnomusicolinguistic Study of India (Published by Navrang Publishers, New Delhi)
 The Way to True Worship: Popular Story of Hinduism  (Published by The University Press of America, Lanham, New York City, London)
 Folk Drumming in the Himalayas: Linguistic Approach to Music  (Published by The AMS Press.

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Anoop Chandola
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<mask> (August 12, 1915 – December 23, 2007) was an American film and stage choreographer, dancer and actor, whose career spanned five decades, and staged some of the leading Broadway and film musicals of the 1940s and 1950s. <mask>, strongly influenced by Charlie Chaplin and Léonide Massine, was an innovator in what came to be known as the "integrated musical", in which dance movements are integral to the plot. He was probably best known for his athletic dance numbers in Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, a 1954 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical. Film critic Stephanie Zacharek called the barn-raising sequence in Seven Brides "one of the most rousing dance numbers ever put on screen". He was the first choreographer to win five Tony Awards, and was awarded an honorary Oscar in 1996 for advancing dance in film. Early life and dance career
<mask> was born Milton Greenwald, in New York City on the Lower East Side, the son of Abraham Greenwald, a barber, and his wife Lillian, who were Jewish refugees from Czarist Russia. He moved to Brooklyn with his family and attended New Utrecht High School.He became interested in dance after attending a modern dance performance, and went on to study under Blanche Evan, a dancer and choreographer. He studied chemical engineering at the City College of New York in 1936 and 1937, but left after being granted a scholarship to the School of American Ballet. He toured the country as a member of the corps de ballet of Lincoln Kirstein’s Ballet Caravan, and performed in roles that included the lead in Billy the Kid, choreographed by Eugene Loring, which featured an orchestral arrangement by Aaron Copland. He adopted the name <mask> in 1942. At the time he was performing with Ballet Caravan and all the dancers were urged to adopt "American" names. He chose Kidd because it was short, easy to remember, and evocative of the pirate Captain <mask>. In 1941, Kidd became a soloist and assistant to Loring in his Dance Players.He became a soloist for Ballet Theater, later known as the American Ballet Theatre. His performances there included Fancy Free (1944) choreographed by Jerome Robbins and with music by Leonard Bernstein, in which he played one of the three sailors. While at the ABT, he created his own ballet, On Stage! (1945). Although the play and his performance were well received, and the New York Times observed that Kidd was "hailed as one of the great hopes of postwar American ballet," he left Loring's company for Broadway in 1947 and never again worked in ballet. Broadway and Hollywood
Kidd's first choreography on Broadway was for E.Y. Harburg's Finian's Rainbow, a lyrical musical that explored racial prejudice.<mask> won his first Tony Award for that play. However, his next Broadway musicals were not successful. They were Hold It, a college musical, and the Kurt Weill/Alan Jay Lerner musical Love Life, directed by Elia Kazan, which both had short runs in 1948. Next came Arms and the Girl (1950), directed by Rouben Mamoulian, with Pearl Bailey and Nanette Fabray, also a flop. Frank Loesser’s Guys and Dolls (1950), his next play, cemented his reputation as a Broadway choreographer. It was based on Damon Runyon short stories, with book by Abe Burrows, and earned <mask> his second Tony Award. The play attracted the attention of movie producers, and he was lured to Hollywood.His first film was a 1952 film adaptation of Frank Loesser's 1948 Broadway musical Where's Charley?, starring Ray Bolger repeating his Broadway performance in the lead role. His first big film success came the following year with The Band Wagon, starring Fred Astaire and Cyd Charisse. The Band Wagon, which featured the music and lyrics of Howard Dietz and Arthur Schwartz, included an extensive dance sequence at the end, the "Girl Hunt Ballet" featuring Astaire and Charisse, which was a spoof of hard-boiled Mickey Spillane novels. <mask> was hired to stage the film's dances at Astaire's request because he was nervous about the ballet. Kidd said that he made Astaire comfortable by pretending that he was just making up the steps spontaneously. The film also featured "Shine on Your Shoes", set in a 42nd Street penny arcade and featuring Astaire and LeRoy Daniels, a real-life shoe-shiner, and "Dancing in the Dark" with Charisse, set in Central Park. <mask>'s work for the 1954 film Seven Brides for Seven Brothers brought him acclaim.The film was directed by Stanley Donen, with music by Saul Chaplin and Gene de Paul and lyrics by Johnny Mercer. It was written directly for the screen and based on the short story "The Sobbin' Women", by Stephen Vincent Benét, which was based in turn on the ancient Roman legend of The Rape of the Sabine Women. He initially turned down the assignment, recalling in 1997: "Here are these slobs living off in the woods. They have no schooling, they are uncouth, there's manure on the floor, the cows come in and out—and they're gonna get up and dance? We'd be laughed out of the house." The entire cast, even extras, consisted of a melange of dancers, acrobats and stuntmen, including the ballet dancers Jacques D'Amboise of the New York City Ballet and Marc Platt, formerly of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. Except for Howard Keel and Jane Powell, the roles of the brothers and their brides were all played by professional dancers at Kidd's insistence.Mercer said that the musical numbers were written at <mask>'s behest, as an example "of how a songwriter sometimes has to take his cue from his collaborators". For example, <mask> explained to Mercer and dePaul his conception of the "Lonesome Polecat" number, the lament of the brothers for the women, and the two worked out the music and lyrics. By the mid-1950s, Hollywood's output of movie musicals had begun to wane, and he worked on only two during that decade. He made his movie acting debut in It's Always Fair Weather (1955), directed by Gene Kelly and Donen, in which Kelly, <mask> and Dan Dailey played three ex-GIs meeting 10 years after the war, only to discover they had little in common. The film featured an exuberant number in which the three dance with garbage can lids fastened to their feet. The downbeat film was a critical success but was not heavily promoted by the studio, and failed at the box office. The film was originally designed to be a sequel to the 1949 film On the Town, but Frank Sinatra and Jules Munshin were unavailable, and the film lacked chemistry among the three actors.The production was marked by constant strife between Donen and Kelly, with much of it stemming from Donen's striving unsuccessfully to include "Jack and the Space Giants", a 10-minute dance solo by Kidd. Kelly rejected this, which Kidd took as a personal insult, and Donen went further, ending his collaboration with Kelly for the rest of their lives. The "Jack" number appears as a bonus feature on a DVD of the film, and one commentator suggests that Kelly's judgment was not wrong as the number was listless and did not advance the plot. <mask> was both director and choreographer for the musical comedy film Merry Andrew (1958), starring Danny Kaye. By then, the era of movie musicals was pretty much over, and Kidd turned his attention to Broadway, where he had continued to work while choreographing movies. At the same time that he was choreographing The Band Wagon, he was staging dances for Cole Porter’s Broadway musical Can-Can. In this show, he created dance numbers for Gwen Verdon that helped make her a Broadway sensation.His other Broadway shows during the 1950s included Li'l Abner in 1956, which he directed as well as choreographed. He won another Tony Award for his choreography, which was adapted for the film version in 1959. After Merry Andrew, however, he made no other films until Star!, with Julie Andrews, in 1968. Neither film was successful. On Broadway, he directed and choreographed Destry Rides Again (1959), with Andy Griffith, Wildcat (1960), which starred Lucille Ball, Subways Are for Sleeping (1961), a musical comedy about homelessness, and Ben Franklin in Paris (1964), starring Robert Preston. He also choreographed the famous Broadway flop Breakfast at Tiffany's (1966), a musical version of the Truman Capote novella with Mary Tyler Moore and Richard Chamberlain that never officially opened. He choreographed the 1969 film adaptation of the hit Broadway play Hello, Dolly!The film was beset by tension on the unhappy set, with Barbra Streisand clashing with her costar Walter Matthau and director Gene Kelly; Kidd also had conflicts with costume designer Irene Sharaff and Kelly to the point that he and Kelly were no longer on speaking terms. The film was not a success as a musical, with Kelly and Kidd making little use of the widescreen format of the film. Critic Tom Santopietro described their approach as "shoveling more and more bodies on screen with no apparent purpose". He went on to direct and choreograph the 1970 Broadway musical The Rothschilds, starring Hal Linden, and directed The Goodbye Girl, with Bernadette Peters and Martin Short, a 1993 adaptation of the 1977 Neil Simon film that was his final Broadway play. Although he was nominated for a Tony Award for best director, reviews were mixed. In The New York Times, Frank Rich wrote that "<mask>, who did much to define slam-bang Broadway and Hollywood musical-comedy style in the 1950s, directs The Goodbye Girl in a mechanical reduction of that style: Everything is fast, furious, loud and downstage center. Not that any director could overcome this musical's physical production."<mask> appeared in supporting roles as a character actor in the 1970s and 1980s, beginning with his performance as the faded, cynical choreographer for a cheesy beauty pageant in the satirical 1975 film Smile. Film critic Roger Ebert called <mask>'s portrayal of the pageant choreographer a "finely etched semiautobiographical performance". He acted in and staged the musical sequences in the 1978 film Movie Movie, which was directed by Stanley Donen, with whom he'd worked in Seven Brides for Seven Brothers and It's Always Fair Weather. Kidd directed an episode of the TV comedy Laverne and Shirley (1976) as well as scenes for Janet Jackson in two music videos: When I Think of You (1986) and Alright (1990). He conceived and choreographed the television special Baryshnikov in Hollywood, starring Mikhail Baryshnikov in 1982, for which he was nominated for an Emmy Award. Personal life
<mask> died of cancer at the age 92 at his home in Los Angeles, California. His marriage to the dancer Mary Heater in 1940 ended in divorce.At his death, he was survived by his wife Shelah Hackett, whom he married in 1969, two daughters from his first marriage, and a son and daughter from his second. Kidd was the uncle of filmmaker and political activist Robert Greenwald. His older brother was Harold Greenwald, a prominent psychotherapist and best-selling author of the 1958 book The Call Girl, who was an expert in the study of prostitution. Choreographic style
Kidd was unusually well-respected, and his judgment was granted deference by the leading dancers of his era. British critic and biographer <mask> said at the time of his death that "when Gene Kelly danced through the street with a dustbin lid tied to his feet in the 1955 film It's Always Fair Weather, the man who usually planned his own routines did it to Kidd's order". His realistic approach, designing dances that were inspired by the way ordinary people behaved, led one critic to observe that "Kidd is, in a way, the originator of the fantasy that if only your life shaped up and offered you the right moments, you too would be able to dance like a Hollywood star". Kidd believed that dance needed to derive from life, saying that his "dancing is based on naturalistic movement that is abstracted and enlarged", and that "all my movements relate to some kind of real activity".He always wanted dance to serve the story, and when beginning a new work he would write a scenario, explaining how the plot drove the characters to dance. His biggest influences were Charlie Chaplin, "because he expressed through movement the aspirations of the little man", and the dancer and choreographer Léonide Massine, "because he expressed more than just balletic ability—he was always a character on stage, an exaggerated character, which I do all the time: an exaggeration of ordinary movement". His distinct style was evident in his early days in ballet. Describing a rare film clip of his performance in On Stage, dance critic Anna Kisselgoff recounted that Kidd in one scene played a handyman consoling ballerina Janet Reed, playing a shy young woman at a ballet audition. "Classical technique was used to expressive purpose as the wonderful Miss Reed grew visibly exuberant and confident as Mr. Kidd, broom in hand, entertained her with his virtuosic performance." He once said that "in choreography, ordinary movements from real life are taken and extended, so they become dance movements, yet the relation to reality must always be there. It's important for me to know who the characters are and what their function is in the script.I must be able to illustrate either their activities, their emotions, or their changes in mood by the way they dance, all the while keeping the dance movements footed in reality and yet making the movements sort of odd and eccentric." This philosophy was reflected in the early scene from The Band Wagon, when Fred Astaire walks down a railroad platform singing "By Myself." His walk was not quite a dance, and epitomized Kidd's style. In a 2012 appreciation of his work, Dance Teacher stated that "Kidd drew from the vocabularies of ballet, modern, social dance and acrobatics. But above all, his choreography stemmed from realistic movements and gestures. Following in the tradition of Agnes de Mille and Jerome Robbins, who developed the integrated musical, Kidd created dances that helped to carry the plot and flesh out the characters. He put the story first, communicating it through dance."<mask> once said that "every move, every turn should mean something. Dancing should be completely understandable." In Seven Brides for Seven Brothers he employed leading ballet dancers, but insisted that his dancers avoid ballet dance moves, and instead focus on "work movements like ax wielding". In choreographing Seven Brides, <mask> once said that he "had to find a way to have these backwoods men dance without looking ridiculous. I had to base it all around activities you would accept from such people—it couldn't look like ballet. And it could only have been done by superbly trained dancers." Yet he was able to integrate into the cast Russ Tamblyn, a non-dancer MGM contract player who was assigned to the film, by using his talents as a gymnast and tumbler in the dance numbers.<mask>'s personal favorite of the films he choreographed, however, was not Seven Brides or Band Wagon but Guys and Dolls, which he felt was "the best, most inventive and best integrated musical I've ever seen". Although he came from the world of classic ballet, a Los Angeles Times critic noted at his death that he had "a healthy disdain for its pretensions". He staged a comedic ballet sequence for the 1954 Danny Kaye film Knock on Wood, in which Kaye is chased into a theater and hides on stage during a performance by a Russian ballet company. The sequence allowed Kidd to lampoon the stylistic excesses he'd observed as a dancer at the American Ballet Theater. As in his choreography for both the Broadway and 1955 film adaptation of Guys and Dolls, and in the "Girl Hunt Ballet", Kidd's choreography in Seven Brides exuded masculinity. One history of the musical theater observes that "Kidd forged dances, and shows, in which men were men, leaping high, stout hearted, and passionate about their dolls". He choreographed "for the little guy, the working guy, the guy defined by his job and the movement that job entailed".Although Kidd drove his dancers hard, partly because he himself was capable of doing all the dance steps that he required of them, his personal style was gentle. Nanette Fabray, who performed in Love Life, could only make dancing turns to the left side because of a hearing problem. Rather than insisting she turn to the right, as many choreographers would do, Kidd "found that fascinating, and he made all the other dancers turn to the left". Julie Andrews recalled that the "Burlington Bertie From Bow" number in Star! was physically demanding, and she balked when Kidd asked her for a retake, saying she had a bad back. Andrews recalled that "he looked crestfallen. Then he said 'I wasn't trying to be mean.I just knew that when you saw it on film, you wouldn't be pleased.' I always thought that was a nice way to say 'Once more. Awards
Kidd was the first choreographer to win five Tony Awards, and received nine Tony nominations. He was awarded an Academy Honorary Award in 1997 "in recognition of his services to the art of dance in the art of the screen". He was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1981. Film credits

Where's Charley? (1952) – choreographer
The Band Wagon (1953) – co-choreographer with Fred Astaire
Knock on Wood (1954) – choreographer
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954) – choreographer
Guys and Dolls (1955) – choreographer
It's Always Fair Weather (1955) – actor
Merry Andrew (1958) – director and choreographer
Li'l Abner (1959) – original choreography
Star!(1968) – choreographer
Hello, Dolly! (1969) – choreographer
Smile (1975) – actor
Actor (1978) (TV movie) – actor
Movie Movie (1978) – actor, musical staging
For the Love of It (TV Movie) (1980) – actor
Skin Deep (1989) – actor

Broadway credits

Filling Station (1939) – ballet – dancer in the role of "The Gangster"
Billy the Kid (1939) – ballet to the music of Aaron Copland – dancer
Pocahontas (1939) – ballet to the music of Elliott Carter – dancer cast as an "Indian Man"
Billy the Kid (1942 revival) – director and dancer
Interplay (1945) – ballet to the music of Morton Gould and choreography of Jerome Robbins – dancer
Fancy Free (1946) – ballet, with music of Leonard Bernstein and choreography of Jerome Robbins – dancer cast as a "Sailor"
Finian's Rainbow (1947) – musical – choreographer – Tony Award for Best Choreography
Hold It!

masks:
Michael Kidd
Kidd
Kidd
Michael Kidd
Kidd
Kidd
Kidd
Kidd
Kidd
Kidd
Kidd
Kidd
Kidd
Kidd
Kidd
Kidd
Kidd
Michael Freedland
Kidd
Kidd
Kidd


texts:
<mask> (May 10, 1911 – November 14, 1967) was a United States Marine Corps major general who was killed in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. He was the first and only Marine Corps division commander to be killed in any war. He was also the first American general officer to be killed in Vietnam, although U.S. Air Force Major General William Crumm had been killed on July 24, 1967, in a B-52 bomber collision over the South China Sea. Hochmuth, four other marines, and a South Vietnamese Army aide were killed when a UH-1E Huey helicopter they were riding in from VMO-3 exploded and crashed five miles northwest of Huế. Biography
Hochmuth was born on May 10, 1911, in Houston, Texas. He graduated from high school in 1930 and completed a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Education from Texas A&M University in June 1935. He was commissioned a Marine second lieutenant in July 1935, upon resigning a U.S. Army Reserve commission.After completing The Basic School at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, he joined the Marine detachment at the Texas Centennial in Dallas, Texas, in June 1936. In December 1936, he was transferred to 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines in San Diego, California. Departing for Shanghai, China, in August 1937, he served briefly with the 6th Marines, then served two and a half years duty with the 4th Marines. While overseas, he was promoted to first lieutenant in July 1938. He remained with the 4th Marines in China until 1940. Upon his return to the United States, Lieutenant Hochmuth was attached to the 7th Defense Battalion in September 1940. In February 1941, he embarked with the 7th Defense Battalion to American and Western Samoa.He was promoted to major in May 1942. He remained in the Pacific Theater for two years, returning to the United States in March 1943, where he was assigned to the Antiaircraft Artillery School at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, until June 1943. From June until May 1944, Hochmuth served as assistant director, Command and Staff School, Quantico, Virginia, prior to embarking again for the Pacific area. In May 1944, Major Hochmuth deployed again as assistant operations officer for the III Marine Amphibious Corps and participated in the Battle of Saipan and Battle of Tinian. He then commanded 3rd Battalion, 4th Marines during the Battle of Okinawa. For his service during Okinawa Campaign, Hochmuth received the Legion of Merit with Combat "V". Following the surrender of Japan he was the executive officer of the 4th Marine Regiment when they landed in Japan on August 29, 1945.As executive officer of the 4th Marines, he made the initial landing on Japan August 29, 1945, and on September 2 of the same year attended the formal surrender ceremony at Yokosuka. He then commanded the Marine Barracks at Yokosuka for almost two years. For his service there, he was awarded the Navy Commendation Medal. Returning to the United States in August 1947, he served at Headquarters Marine Corps for three years, then entered the Industrial College at Fort McNair in Washington, D.C. He graduated in June 1951, and returned to Camp Lejeune as commanding officer, 2nd Marines. In July 1952, he was named G-1 Officer, 2nd Marine Division at Camp Lejeune. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in August 1947 with rank from October 1942, and to colonel in January 1951.Ordered to Kingston, Ontario, in September 1953, he served as instructor, Canadian Army Staff College, for two years. He again went to the Far East in August 1955 and served as G-4 Officer, 3rd Marine Division, Japan and Okinawa. In August 1956, Colonel Hochmuth was assigned to Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia, as a member of the Advanced Research Group, Marine Corps Educational Center. In July 1957, he was transferred to the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego and served as chief of staff through October 1959. While stationed in San Diego, he was promoted to brigadier general in November 1959 and served briefly thereafter as commanding general of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot and, later, as commanding general of the Recruit Training Command. In January 1960, General Hochmuth reported to Headquarters Marine Corps, where he served as deputy chief of staff (research and development). While serving in this capacity, he was promoted to major general in August 1963.That November, he assumed duty as commanding general, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California. For meritorious achievement from November 1963 to February 1967, General Hochmuth was awarded a gold 5/16 inch star in lieu of a second Navy Commendation Medal. Vietnam and death
Beginning on March 19, 1967, Hochmuth served as commanding general, 3rd Marine Division, in the Republic of Vietnam. On November 14, Hochmuth and five others were riding in a helicopter on an inspection tour. The helicopter exploded and crashed soon after it took off. At the time of his death, he was the most senior U.S. military officer to be killed in the war. The details of his death were later described by his subordinate and commanding officer, 4th Marine Regiment, Colonel William L. Dick.Dick was located at his headquarters at Phu Bai, when he learned of the crash around 1400 on 14 November. Since he had a helicopter sitting on a pad at his headquarters, Dick, accompanied by his operations officer, Major James D. Beans, and the regimental sergeant major, quickly reached the crash scene. Colonel Dick described the rescue attempt:

For his service during this period, he was posthumously awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal and Purple Heart. Hochmuth was buried with full military honors at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery, San Diego, California, on November 18, 1967. Awards and decorations
A complete list of General Hochmuth's military awards includes:

Honors
Hochmuth Hall, MCIA headquarters building at Marine Corps Base Quantico is named in his honor. An avenue is named after him at MCRD San Diego. See also
James D. Beans
Edward B. Burdett
William Crumm

Notes

References

Further reading

1911 births
1967 deaths
People from Houston
Texas A&M University alumni
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
5 Hochmuth, <mask>
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1967
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Vietnam
Victims of helicopter accidents or incidents
Burials at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery
Military personnel from Texas

masks:
Bruno Arthur Hochmuth
Bruno Arthur


texts:
<mask> (January 21, 1815 – January 24, 1848) was an American dentist who pioneered the use of anesthesia in dentistry, specifically the use of nitrous oxide (or laughing gas). Early life
<mask> was the first of three children of <mask> and <mask>, born on January 21, 1815 in Hartford, Vermont. His parents were well-educated and affluent land owners, which allowed him to attend private schools in New Hampshire and Amherst, Massachusetts. At the age of 19 in 1834, <mask> began studying dentistry under a 2-year apprenticeship in Boston. The first dental school did not open until 1840 in Baltimore. At age 23, <mask> published a booklet "An Essay on Teeth" in which he advocated for his ideas in preventive dentistry, particularly for the use of a toothbrush. In his booklet, he also described tooth development and oral diseases, where he mentioned diet, infection, and oral hygiene as important factors.After obtaining a degree, <mask> set up a practice in Hartford, Connecticut, with an associate named William T. G. Morton, who would become famous for his use of ether as an anesthetic on October 16, 1846. Career
After he completed dental training in Boston, <mask> opened his own office in Hartford, Connecticut on April 4, 1836. Between 1841 and 1845, <mask> became a reputable dentist in Hartford, where he had many patients and attracted apprentices. Among his patients were respected members of society such as William Ellsworth, the governor of Connecticut. His three apprentices were John Riggs, C. A. Kingsbury, and William Morton. In 1843, <mask> and Morton started a practice in Boston and <mask> continued to instruct Morton. John Riggs later became a partner and Kingsbury became one of the founders of Philadelphia Dental College.<mask> first witnessed the effects of nitrous oxide on December 10, 1844, when he and his wife Elizabeth attended a demonstration by Gardner Quincy Colton billed in the Hartford Courant as "A Grand Exhibition of the Effects Produced by Inhaling Nitrous Oxide, Exhilarating, or Laughing Gas." The demonstration took place at Union Hall, Hartford. During the demonstration, a local apothecary shop clerk Samuel A. Cooley became intoxicated by nitrous oxide. While under the influence, Cooley did not react when he struck his legs against a wooden bench while jumping around. After the demonstration, Cooley was unable to recall his actions while under the influence, but found abrasions and bruises on his knees. From this demonstration, <mask> realized the potential for the analgesic properties of nitrous oxide, and met with Colton about conducting trials. The following day, <mask> conducted a trial on himself by inhaling nitrous oxide and having John Riggs extract a tooth.Upon a successful trial where he did not feel any pain, <mask> went on to use nitrous oxide on at least 12 other patients in his office. In 1844, Hartford did not have a hospital, so <mask> sought to demonstrate his new findings in either Boston or New York. He chose to go to Boston in January 1845 where he previously studied dentistry, and also knew William Morton, a former student and associate. <mask> and Morton's practice was dissolved in October 1844, but they remained on friendly terms. Morton was enrolled in Harvard Medical School at the time and agreed to help <mask> introduce his ideas, although Morton was skeptical about the use of nitrous oxide. He gave a demonstration to medical students at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston on January 20, 1845. However, the gas was improperly administered and the patient cried out in pain.The patient later admitted that although he cried out in pain, he remembered no pain and did not know when the tooth was extracted. It was later found that the gas is not as effective on both obese people and alcoholics – the patient was both  The audience of students in the surgical theatre jeered "humbug". After the embarrassment from his failed demonstration, <mask> immediately returned home to Hartford the next day. Shortly after, he became ill and his dental practice became sporadic. On February 5, 1845, <mask> advertised his home for rent. On April 7, 1845, <mask> advertised in the Hartford Courant that he was going to dissolve his dental practice, and referred all his patients to Riggs, the man who had extracted his tooth. In October 1846, Morton gave a successful demonstration of ether anesthesia in Boston.Following Morton's demonstration, <mask> published a letter accounting his successful trials in 1844 in an attempt to claim the discovery of anesthesia. His efforts in establishing his claim were mostly unsuccessful. Despite his advertisement for dissolving his practice in April 1845, <mask> sporadically continued his practice, with his last daybook entry being on November 5, 1845. Later years
<mask> closed his office nine times and relocated six different times between 1836 and 1847. He closed his office due to ill health, although his physician could not find any physical cause for his non-specific complaints. He mentioned his recurring illness in a letter to his sister <mask> Cole in April 1837. He also became ill shortly after marrying Elizabeth Wales in 1838 and having his only son Charles Thomas <mask>.During winter months, he would not write letters to any family or friends, except for his published letter in 1846 after Morton's ether demonstration. <mask> definitively ended his dental practice in late 1845 and began selling shower baths for which he received a patent for on November 4, 1846. He also planned to sail to Paris to purchase paintings to resell in the United States. He traveled to Paris in early 1847, where he petitioned the Academie Royale de Medicine and the Parisian Medical Society for recognition in the discovery of anesthesia. <mask> moved to New York City in January 1848, leaving his wife and young son behind in Hartford. He lived alone at 120 Chambers St in Lower Manhattan and began self-experimenting with ether and chloroform, and he became addicted to chloroform. The effects of sniffing chloroform and ether were unknown.<mask> rushed into the street on January 21, 1848, his 33rd birthday, and threw sulfuric acid over the clothing of two prostitutes. He was committed to New York's infamous Tombs Prison. As the influence of the drug waned, his mind started to clear and he realised what he had done. He asked the guards to escort him to his house to pick up his shaving kit. He committed suicide in his cell on January 24, slitting his left femoral artery with a razor after inhaling an analgesic dose of chloroform. He is buried at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, Connecticut. Legacy
Twelve days before his death, the Parisian Medical Society voted and honored him as the first to discover and perform surgical operations without pain.In addition, he was elected an honorary member and awarded an honorary MD degree. However, <mask> died unaware of these decisions. <mask> first voiced his concern for minimizing his patient's pain during dental procedures in 1841. He was known for caring about his patient's comfort. During his time as a dentist, <mask> advocated for regular check ups for dental hygiene, and also began the practice of pediatric dentistry in order to start dental care early. The American Dental Association honored <mask> posthumously in 1864 as the discoverer of modern anesthesia, and the American Medical Association recognized his achievement in 1870. A monument to <mask> was raised in the Place des États-Unis, Paris.Hartford, Connecticut, has a statue of <mask> in Bushnell Park. In popular culture
 The story of Dr. <mask>' self-experimentation with drugs was explored in an episode of Science Channel's Dark Matters: Twisted But True in a story entitled "Jekyll vs Hyde", comparing it to the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. A full-length theatrical production, entitled Ether Dome, written by Elizabeth Egloff and directed by Michael Wilson centers around the story of <mask>' discovery of nitrous oxide as an anesthetic, as well as the life of his protege and partner, William Morton. See also
 Dental anesthesiology
 Humphry Davy
 Crawford Long
 James Young Simpson
 Place des États-Unis

Gallery

References

Further reading

Musto, David F., "They Inhaled", New York Times, August 12, 2001 (review of Ether Day)

External links
 Dr <mask> (1815–1848) Accessed: 2008-06-17

 Vermont History – Horace Wells
 Herald (Scotland)

1815 births
1848 deaths
American anesthesiologists
American dentists
Burials at Cedar Hill Cemetery (Hartford, Connecticut)
People from Hartford, Connecticut
People from Hartford, Vermont
Suicides by sharp instrument in the United States
Suicides in New York (state)
1840s suicides
19th-century dentists

masks:
Horace Wells
Wells
Horace
Betsy Heath Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Mary Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Horace Wells
Horace Wells
Wells
Horace Wells
Horace Wells


texts:
<mask> (born 8 April 1989) is an Indian actress and singer who works primarily in Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil, and Kannada films. She has acted in more than 50 films and is a recipient of several accolades, including three Filmfare Awards South and two Nandi Awards. <mask> appeared first on-screen as a child, when she was eight, in the English film, The Monkey Who Knew Too Much (1998), playing the younger sister to Tabu's character. She started her acting career at the age of 16 by appearing in a supporting role in the Kannada film 7 O' Clock, which was released in 2006. She made her debut in leading roles in Malayalam with Aakasha Gopuram (2008), in Telugu with Ala Modalaindi (2011) and in Tamil with Nootrenbadhu (2011). In 2019, she made her Hindi debut with Mission Mangal. Early life
<mask> was born on 8 April 1989, in Bangalore to Malayali parents settled in Karnataka.Menen cannot read or write Malayalam and identifies herself as a Kannadiga. She was educated at Poorna Prajna Education Centre, Indiranagar and Mount Carmel College, Bangalore. She was educated at Poorna Prajna School and Mount Carmel College, Bangalore. She later studied journalism at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education. She once said in an interview that she never wished to become an actress but a journalist, but ultimately found journalism unappealing, so she pivoted to filmmaking, and enrolled in a cinematography course at the Film and Television Institute of India at Pune. During the school's entrance exam, she met B. V. Nandini Reddy, who convinced Menen to take up acting. Reddy would later turn director and sign Menen for a lead role in her first Telugu film.Career

1998-2001: Debut as child actress
As a child, Nithya had acted in an Indian English film named The Monkey Who Knew Too Much, at the age of 8, playing younger sister to Tabu's character. She also played the childhood stepdaughter role in the Hindi serial, Chhoti Maa...Ek Anokha Bandhan, a remake of the Tamil serial Chitti. 2006–2010: Debut in Kannada and Malayalam
In 2006, Menen started her acting career in a supporting role with the Kannada film 7 O' Clock directed by cinematographer Santosh Rai Pataje. The 2008 off-beat film Aakasha Gopuram, directed by National Film Award-winning director K. P. Kumaran, marked her Malayalam debut in a leading role in which she was paired with Mohanlal. She was in the midst of her 12th class exams when she was offered the role, after Mohanlal had spotted her on the front cover of a tourism magazine, Stark World Kerala. Her performance was well received, with critics writing that she shows "sparkle in her debut venture" and "makes her entry in an impressive role", though the film, based on the Norwegian play The Master Builder, got mixed reviews and was a financial failure. She next made a comeback into Kannada films with the super hit film Josh.She played a supporting role in the film, which received rave reviews, and became a commercial success as well, with her performance garnering her a nomination in the Best Supporting Actress category at the 57th Filmfare Awards South. In 2010, she starred in the Malayalam film, Apoorvaragam where she plays Nancy, a young girl who gets involved with two male students (Nishan and Asif Ali) who are later discovered to be con-artists. The film received mixed to negative reviews, but became a hit at the box office. 2011-2012: Telugu debut and breakthrough
In 2011, her first release was Nandini Reddy's romantic comedy Ala Modalaindi, which was <mask>'s maiden Telugu venture as well. The film opened to favourable reviews by critics and turned out to become a sleeper hit, while Menen received critical praise for her performance. Idlebrains Jeevi in his review cited that she "epitomized Nitya character with her fabulous performance", "looks beautiful in all kinds of dresses" and was "the best debut in recent years of Telugu cinema after Samantha in YMC", while another critic wrote that she was a "charming find" and "...quite the Genelia replacement that our cinema so badly needs right now." She eventually won the Nandi Award for Best Actress for her performance and received a nomination for Filmfare Award for Best Actress at the 59th Filmfare Awards South.Further more, she also sang two songs for the soundtrack album of the film, tuned by Kalyani Malik. Nandini Reddy, later, went on to describe Menen as "the discovery of the decade". Following Ala Modalaindi, she starred in Santosh Sivan's historical fiction Urumi as part of an ensemble cast. She portrayed a Chirakkal princess named Bala, playing the love interest of Prabhu Deva's character, which gained positive remarks, with a Sify review claiming that she "looks pretty and is a scene stealer". <mask> quoted that much of her character was based on "Santosh's perception of who I am", with Sivan stating that he had written that role for her and that only she could play it. She received a nomination for Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress at the 59th Filmfare Awards South She next appeared in ad-filmmaker Jayendra's bilingual venture Nootrenbadhu, which was made and released in Tamil and Telugu(as 180), in which she played a photo journalist named Vidya. She described the character as "bubbly, full of life, nosey, wide-eyed and innocent in life" and to be similar to herself.Later the year, she was seen in Sibi Malayil's Violin in Malayalam and the Gautham Vasudev Menon-produced Veppam in Tamil. She also featured in V. K. Prakash's Kannada anthology film Aidondla Aidu where she played a young bride who is obsessed with making payasam for her new husband much to his chagrin. She had sung and also choreographed one of the songs, titled "Payasa". Menen's first 2012 release was the Telugu romance film Ishq with Nitin Reddy. She received the CineMAA Award for Best Actress (jury) while receiving best actress nomination at the same event and at the SIIMA Awards. She was later seen in 5 Malayalam films: Karmayogi, V. K. Prakash's Malayalam adaptation of Shakespeare's Hamlet co-starring Indrajith Sukumaran, Poppins, the Malayalam remake of Aidondla Aidu in which she reprised her role from the original and sang the Malayalam version of "Payasa", T. K. Rajeev Kumar's Thalsamayam Oru Penkutty, in which she portrayed a village woman whose daily life is filmed and broadcast as a reality show for a month, Amal Neerad's Bachelor Party in which she played Asif Ali's wife and young mother to their baby and Ustad Hotel directed by Anwar Rasheed where she paired up for the first time with Dulquer Salmaan. 2013–2015: Critical acclaim
In 2013, she starred in three Telugu films, Okkadine, Jabardasth and Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde and one Kannada movie Mynaa.She played a character with two shades in Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde and she dubbed for herself as well as for the character of her co-star Isha Talwar. For this movie, she received her first Filmfare Award for Best Telugu Actress at the 61st Filmfare Awards South. Her Kannada film Mynaa which won the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada in which she plays a character of a physically challenged girl, became a huge blockbuster hit completing 100 days in many centers across Karnataka and her performance was well praised by the critics. She also sang the female version of "Modele Maleyante" which was well received. In 2014, she made a cameo in the Malayalam movie Bangalore Days, which became the highest grosser of that year. In 2015, Menen starred in numerous films which gave her more critical and commercial recognition. In the beginning of the year, she paired up with Sharwanand for the Telugu movie, Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju, a love story between a Muslim girl and a Hindu boy which is tragically separated by fate.Her performance as the young Muslim student in love who later becomes a successful businesswoman in Malaysia was well praised by the critics eventually receiving her Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress South, Nandi Special Jury Award and also receiving her second nomination at Filmfare. With this Menen became the first Telugu actress ever to win Critics Award & the Best Actress Award at Filmfare. She did minor roles in the films S/O Satyamurthy directed by Trivikram Srinivas, Kanchana 2 directed by and starring Raghava Lawrence and Rudhramadevi where she shared scenes with Anushka Shetty. She appeared opposite Dulquer Salmaan in two films in 2015, 100 Days of Love, a romantic Malayalam film and OK Kanmani, a Tamil film directed by Mani Ratnam which explored a live-in relationship between a male video game designer and a female architectural student. Dulquer and Menen's on-screen chemistry was praised in the reviews of both films. For OK Kanmani, she received near universal acclaim for her role as Tara and garnered her first Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actress nomination. 2016–present

In 2016, Menen starred in three Tamil films.Beginning the year was 24 where she was paired opposite Suriya for the first time. The film was opened to high critical acclaim, with critics praising her screen presence and garnered her a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil nomination at 64th Filmfare Awards South. She played the main heroine in K. S. Ravikumar's bilingual project titled Kotigobba 2 opposite Sudeep. Towards the end of the year, she starred alongside Vikram and Nayanthara in a science-fiction thriller Iru Mugan where she had a limited screen presence. In Telugu, she starred in two films, Okka Ammayi Thappa opposite Sundeep Kishan and Janatha Garage opposite Jr. NTR. In 2017, her only release was a Tamil film Mersal opposite Vijay, where she was praised for her role as a tough yet supportive wife and garnered her a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil at 65th Filmfare Awards South. In 2018, Menen's first release was Nani's Production venture, an anthology psychological thriller Awe, where she became the first mainstream South Indian actress to play a LGBTQ character who is a psychologist.In the film, she and Eesha Rebba portray a lesbian couple who try to get the latter's parents to approve their relationship. The film opened to unanimous critical acclaim with her performance garnering much praise. She reunited with V. K. Prakash after Karmayogi, Aidondla Aidu and its remake Poppins in the experimental film Praana which also marks her comeback to Malayalam industry after 2015's romantic flick 100 Days of Love. She plays an English writer named Tara Anuradha who battles intolerance in society and is the sole actor in the film. In 2019, she made her Hindi debut with Mission Mangal alongside Akshay Kumar and Vidya Balan. In 2020, she starred alongside Udhayanidhi Stalin and Aditi Rao Hydari in Mysskin's Psycho, where she played Kamala Das, a bitter, foul-mouthed quadriplegic ex-police officer who helps nab a psychopathic serial killer. She also made her OTT debut in the Amazon Prime series Breathe: Into the Shadows alongside Abhishek Bachchan and Amit Sadh which received mixed to negative reviews, however she was praised for her role as a desperate mother.She received her first nomination for 'Best Actor, Series (Female): Drama' at the Filmfare OTT Awards. In 2021, Menen starred in Ninnila Ninnila, written and directed by Ani Sasi, co-starring Ashok Selvan and Ritu Varma where she played Maya, a childlike, adventurous girl who tragically dies in an accident, but whose spirit is still alive in the main protagonist's mind. She made her producer debut in Skylab where she played a rebellious and outspoken daughter of a zamindar in a village near Karimnagar who seeks to discover her identity as a writer. Filmography

Films

Television

Short film

Voice artist

Discography

Playback singer

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

External links

Indian child actresses
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Living people
Actresses in Malayalam cinema
Nandi Award winners
Indian women playback singers
Kannada playback singers
Malayalam playback singers
Telugu playback singers
Actresses in Telugu cinema
Indian film actresses
Actresses from Bangalore
20th-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
Singers from Bangalore
1988 births
Women musicians from Karnataka
21st-century Indian women singers
Actresses in Kannada cinema
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Filmfare Awards winners
Filmfare Awards South winners

masks:
Nithya Menen
Nithya Menen
Nithya Menen
Menen
Menen


texts:
<mask>  (born 21 July 1966) is a Welsh novelist. She is best known for her novels set in Victorian society and featuring lesbian protagonists, such as Tipping the Velvet and Fingersmith. Life and education

Early life

<mask> was born in Neyland, Pembrokeshire, Wales in 1966. She later moved to Middlesbrough when she was eight years old. She grew up in a family that included her father Ron, mother Mary, and a "much older" sister. Her mother was a housewife and her father an engineer who worked on oil refineries. She describes her family as "pretty idyllic, very safe and nurturing".Her father, "a fantastically creative person", encouraged her to build and invent. <mask> said, "When I picture myself as a child, I see myself constructing something, out of plasticine or papier-mâché or Meccano; I used to enjoy writing poems and stories, too." She wrote stories and poems that she describes as "dreadful gothic pastiches", but had not planned her career. Despite her obvious enjoyment of writing, she did not feel any special calling or preference for becoming a novelist in her youth. <mask> was a supporter of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, joining as a result of her boyfriend at the time. Politically, she has always identified as a leftist. Education

After Milford Haven Grammar School, <mask> attended university and earned degrees in English literature.She received a BA from the University of Kent, an MA from Lancaster University, and a PhD from Queen Mary, University of London. Her PhD thesis, entitled Wolfskins and togas : lesbian and gay historical fictions, 1870 to the present, served as inspiration and material for future books. As part of her research she read 19th-century pornography, in which she came across the title of her first book, Tipping the Velvet. However, her literary influences are also found in the popular classics of Victorian literature, such as Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins and the Brontës, and in the contemporary novelists that combine a keen interest in Victoriana with a post-modernist approach to fiction, especially A.S. Byatt and John Fowles. Angela Carter's Nights at the Circus had a huge influence on her début novel as well, and <mask> praises her for her literary prose, her "common touch", and her commitment to feminism. Personal life
<mask> came out as lesbian in the late 1980s. She has been in a relationship with copy editor Lucy Vaughan since 2002.As of 2007, she lives in Kennington, south-east London. Career
Before writing novels, <mask> worked as an academic, earning a doctorate and teaching. <mask> went directly from her doctoral thesis to her first novel. It was during the process of writing her thesis that she thought she would write a novel; she began as soon as the thesis was complete. Her work is very research-intensive, which is an aspect she enjoys. <mask> was briefly a member of the long-running London North Writers circle, whose members have included the novelists Charles Palliser and Neil Blackmore, among others. With the exception of The Little Stranger, all of her books contain lesbian themes, and she does not mind being labelled a lesbian writer.She said, "I'm writing with a clear lesbian agenda in the novels. It's right there at the heart of the books." Despite this "common agenda in teasing out lesbian stories from parts of history that are regarded as quite heterosexual", she also calls her lesbian protagonists "incidental", due to her own sexual orientation. "That's how it is in my life, and that's how it is, really, for most lesbian and gay people, isn't it? It's sort of just there in your life." Her writing influences include Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Mary Shelley, the Brontës, John Fowles, A. S. Byatt, and Angela Carter. Tipping the Velvet (1998)

Her debut work was the Victorian picaresque Tipping the Velvet, published by Virago Press in 1998.The novel took 18 months to write. The book takes its title from Victorian slang for cunnilingus. <mask> describes the novel as a "very upbeat [...] kind of a romp". It won a 1999 Betty Trask Award, and was shortlisted for the Mail on Sunday / John Llewellyn Rhys Prize. In 2002, the novel was adapted into a three-part television serial of the same name for BBC Two. It has been translated into at least 24 languages, including Chinese, Latvian, Hungarian, Korean and Slovenian. Affinity (1999)

<mask>'s second book, Affinity, was published a year after her first, in 1999.The novel, also set in the Victorian era, centres on the world of Victorian Spiritualism. While finishing her debut novel, <mask> had been working on an academic paper on spiritualism. She combined her interests in spiritualism, prisons, and the Victorian era in Affinity, which tells the story of the relationship between an upper-middle-class woman and an imprisoned spiritualist. The novel is less light-hearted than the ones that preceded and followed it. <mask> found it less enjoyable to write. "It was a very gloomy world to have to go into every day", she said. Affinity won the Stonewall Book Award and Somerset Maugham Award.Andrew Davies wrote a screenplay adapting Affinity and the resulting feature film premiered 19 June 2008 at the opening night of Frameline the San Francisco LGBT Film Festival at the Castro Theater. Fingersmith (2002)

Fingersmith was published in 2002. It was shortlisted for the Booker Prize and the Orange Prize. Fingersmith was made into a serial for BBC One in 2005, starring Sally Hawkins, Elaine Cassidy and Imelda Staunton. <mask> approved of the adaptation, calling it "a really good quality show", and said it was "very faithful to the book. It was spookily faithful to the book at times, which was exciting." The novel was later adapted again by South Korean director Park Chan-wook into the 2016 film The Handmaiden, which set the story in Japanese-occupied Korea in the 1930s.Fingersmith was named by singer and artist David Bowie as one of his "top 100 books". The Night Watch (2006)

The Night Watch took four years for <mask> to write. It differs from the first three novels in its time period and its structure. Although her thesis and previous books focused on the 19th century, <mask> said that "Something about the 1940s called to me". It was also less tightly plotted than her other books. <mask> said,

The novel tells the stories of a man and three women in 1940s London. <mask> describes it as "fundamentally a novel about disappointment and loss and betrayal", as well as "real contact between people and genuine intimacy".In 2005, <mask> received the highest bid (£1,000) during a charity auction in which the prize was the opportunity to have the winner's name immortalised in The Night Watch. The auction featured many notable British novelists, and the name of the bidder, author Martina Cole, appeared in <mask>' novel. The Night Watch was adapted for television by BBC2 and broadcast on 12 July 2011. The Little Stranger  (2009)

Also set in the 1940s, The Little Stranger  also differs from <mask>' previous novels. It is her first with no overtly lesbian characters. Initially, <mask> set out to write a book about the economic changes brought by socialism in postwar Britain, and reviewers note the connection with Evelyn Waugh. During the novel's construction, it turned into a ghost story, focusing on a family of gentry who own a large country house they can no longer afford to maintain.The Paying Guests (2014)

This novel is set in the 1920s, in the social and economic aftermath of World War I. Households are in reduced circumstances and Frances Wray and her mother have to take in lodgers to keep going. The developing lesbian relationship between Frances and lodger Lilian Barber provides a complex backdrop for a murder investigation that takes up the latter half of the book. The Observer said: "The inimitable <mask> handles a dramatic key change with aplomb in her new novel set in 1920s south London". The Telegraph described it as "eerie, virtuoso writing". Honours and awards
<mask> was named as one of Granta's 20 Best of Young British Writers in January 2003. The same year, she received the South Bank Award for Literature.She was named Author of the Year at the 2003 British Book Awards. In both 2006 and 2009 she won "Writer of the Year" at the annual Stonewall Awards. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2009. She holds an honorary degree from Lancaster University. She has featured on the Pinc List of leading Welsh LGBT figures. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to literature. Each of her novels has received awards as well.Tipping the Velvet
 Betty Trask Award, 1999
 Library Journal's Best Book of the Year, 1999
 Mail on Sunday/John Llewellyn Rhys Prize, 1999
 New York Times Notable Book of the Year Award, 1999
 Ferro-Grumley Award for Lesbian and Gay Fiction (shortlist), 2000
 Lambda Literary Award for Fiction, 2000

Affinity
 Stonewall Book Award (American Library Association GLBT Roundtable Book Award), 2000
 Arts Council of Wales Book of the Year Award (shortlist), 2000
 Ferro-Grumley Award for Lesbian and Gay Fiction, 2000
 Lambda Literary Award for Fiction (shortlist), 2000
 Mail on Sunday/John Llewellyn Rhys Prize (shortlist), 2000
 Somerset Maugham Award, 2000
 Sunday Times Young Writer of the Year Award, 2000
 The Best Translated Crime Fiction of the Year in Japan, Kono Mystery ga Sugoi! 2004

Fingersmith
 Crime Writers' Association Ellis Peters Historical Dagger, 2002
 Man Booker Prize for Fiction (shortlist), 2002
 Orange Prize for Fiction (shortlist), 2002
 British Book Awards Author of the Year, 2003
 The Best Translated Crime Fiction of the Year in Japan, Kono Mystery ga Sugoi!

masks:
Sarah Ann Waters
Sarah Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Waters
Sarah Waters
Waters


texts:
<mask> (崔安潛), courtesy name Jinzhi (進之), was an official and general of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, who was a participant in Tang's campaigns against the agrarian rebels Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao. Background and early career
It is not known when <mask> clan of Qinghe (清河, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), which claimed ancestry from the ruling house of the Spring and Autumn period state Qi, and which traced its ancestry to officials of Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty, Cao Wei, Jin Dynasty (266–420), Later Zhao, Southern Yan, Liu Song, Northern Wei, Northern Qi, and Tang Dynasty. <mask>'s grandfather <mask> () served as a prefectural prefect, and his father <mask>g () served as a regional governor and was created the Count of Qinghe. He had at least three older brothers, <mask>fang (), <mask>u (who would later serve as chancellor), and <mask>shu (), and at least one younger brother, <mask>chong (). <mask>an passed the imperial examinations in the Jinshi class in 849, during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong. During the reign of Emperor Xuānzong's son Emperor Yizong, he would successively serve as the governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Jiangxi Circuit (江西, headquartered in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi) and then the military governor (Jiedushi) of Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Xuchang, Henan) as well as the prefect of Zhongwu's capital Xu Prefecture ().During Emperor Xizong's reign
During the reign of Emperor Yizong's son Emperor Xizong, the Tang realm became overrun by agrarian rebels. In 876, <mask> Anqian, pursuant to Emperor Xizong's orders, sent troops under his officer Zhang Zimian () to combat the major agrarian rebel Wang Xianzhi. In 877, however, Emperor Xizong ordered Zhang Zimian to transfer his 7,000 men to another Zhongwu officer, Zhang Guan (), who was to serve under the overall commander of the operations against Wang, Song Wei ()—who, for reasons lost to history, had long despised Zhang Zimian. The chancellor Zheng Tian objected, pointing out that giving the Zhongwu troops to Song would leave Cui and Zhongwu Circuit defenseless; as a result, Emperor Xizong had Zhang Zimian give 4,000 of his soldiers to Song, while allowing him to return to Zhongwu with 3,000 men. <mask> was subsequently transferred to Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan) to serve as its military governor and the mayor of its capital Chengdu Municipality. Once there, he tried to root out corruption that was rampant under the prior military governor Gao Pian and to revise improper regulations that Gao had imposed. He also tried to strengthen Xichuan's defenses by improving military training.In 878, when Dali, which had long been in intermittent warfare with Tang, made peace overtures through letters that its prime minister wrote to the Tang Office of the Chancellors, the chancellors did not respond directly but had <mask> author a response in his own name. Eventually, however, <mask>'s actions to try to rectify the problems that Gao left him offended Gao's ally, the chancellor Lu Xi, and Lu falsely accused <mask> of crimes. <mask> was thus removed from his office, given the honorary post of advisor to the Crown Prince (even though there was no crown prince at the time), and sent to the eastern capital Luoyang. After the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao captured the capital Chang'an around the new year 881 and established his own state of Qi as its emperor, Emperor Xizong fled to Chengdu. <mask> followed Emperor Xizong there, and was subsequently made senior advisor to the Crown Prince. In 882, with Gao, then titular overall commander of the operations against Huang, taking no real actions against Huang, the chancellor Wang Duo volunteered to oversee the operations against Huang. Emperor Xizong agreed, and further made <mask> Wang's deputy.(Gao, in anger, wrote an irreverent submission to Emperor Xizong that accused Wang of being a failed general and <mask> of being corrupt, and Emperor Xizong had Zheng author a harshly worded response.) In 883, however, after Wang was relieved of his command, <mask> was also relieved of his command and made the defender of Luoyang. In 886, when the warlord Zhu Mei supported Emperor Xizong's distant cousin Li Yun the Prince of Xiang as a competing claimant to the imperial throne, <mask>, who was then at Hezhong Circuit (河中, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), submitted a letter supporting Li Yun's claim, along with other imperial officials then at Hezhong. He appeared to suffer no reprisals after both Li Yun and Zhu were killed later in the year, however. During Emperor Zhaozong's reign
In 889, by which time Emperor Xizong's brother Emperor Zhaozong was emperor, Wang Jingwu the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong) died. Most of Wang's officers supported his son Wang Shifan as his successor, but one of his officers, Zhang Chan () the prefect of Di Prefecture (棣州, in modern Binzhou, Shandong), refused to support Wang Shifan. Emperor Zhaozong, trying to take initiative in this conflict, commissioned <mask> Anqian as the military governor of Pinglu, carrying the honorary chancellor title of Shizhong ().Zhang welcomed <mask> to Di Prefecture and planned a campaign against Wang Shifan. The campaign apparently lasted for more than a year, but in early 891, Wang Shifan, after killing the officer Lu Hong (), who had turned against him, used the momentum to attack Di Prefecture. Di fell, and Wang killed Zhang; <mask> fled back to Chang'an. Emperor Zhaozong subsequently commissioned Wang as the military governor of Pinglu. <mask> subsequently died, although the date is not known. He was given the posthumous name of Zhenxiao (貞孝, "faithful and filially pious"). Notes and references

Sources
 Old Book of Tang, vol.177. New Book of Tang, vol. 114. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258. 9th-century births
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhongwu Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Xichuan Circuit
Mayors of Chengdu
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Pinglu Circuit
Year of death unknown
<mask> clan of Qinghe

masks:
Cui Anqian
Cui Anqiui
Cui Anqian
Cui Yi
Cui Con
Cui Yan
Cui Shenyo
Cui Zhou
Cui Yan
Cui Anqi
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui


texts:
<mask>-<mask>-<mask>, Comte <mask> (10 May 1775, Metz6 July 1809, Wagram) was a French cavalry general during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, often called "The Hussar General". He first gained fame for his role in the Capitulation of Stettin. Over the course of his short career, he became known as a daring adventurer and was credited with many exploits. Eventually, he fought on every front and was killed at the Battle of Wagram. Early career

<mask> was born on 10 May 1775 in Metz, Lorraine province, into a family of minor nobility. His father was <mask> d’Augny, an officer in the French Royal Army and a knight of the Order of Saint Louis, and his mother was <mask>e. On his maternal side, <mask> was a descendant of <mask>, a Marshal of France.His military inclinations showed at an early age and, thanks to his family's status, when he was eleven years old he was able to join the Foreign Infantry Regiment of Alsace (German) as a second lieutenant replacement on 19 June 1786, rising to the rank of second lieutenant by the age of fourteen. When the French Revolution broke out, <mask> embraced it and was assigned as a second lieutenant to the 24th Cavalry Regiment on 25 May 1791. Being an officer in the French Army had always been a privilege of the nobility, but this was reversed by a government decree in 1792, to the point of forbidding people of aristocratic origins to have military command. As result, he lost his commission but he remained loyal to France. The incident did not deter his desire for a military career, so he enlisted as a private in 1792 and moved to Paris. He joined the Section des Piques, a group of radical Parisian revolutionaries in the National Guard. By 1793, he had joined the Army of the North in Italy as a volunteer in the 23rd Horse Chasseur Regiment.He was soon elected sergeant and led his company to attack and capture an enemy artillery battery. The general in command witnessed the fearlessness that <mask> had demonstrated, and proposed that he be made an officer. <mask> rejected this because it would separate him from his men. The Army of Italy
Through family friendship with François Christophe Kellermann, he won back his pre-Revolutionary grade of lieutenant and became Kellermann's aide-de-camp on 10 March 1795. Enjoying the challenges of staff work, he stayed with Kellermann when he transferred to the Army of Italy on 6 May 1795. He was employed as assistant to Kellermann's son, Adjutant-General François Étienne <mask> in May, 1796. <mask> was soon promoted to Captain on 7 November, the same year.Battle of Rivoli

He justified his rapid progress and reputation when, at the Battle of Rivoli, he spurred ahead with the entire cavalry26 horsemen of the 22nd Horse Chasseurs. A battery of 15 French guns blasted the Austrian dragoons, while two columns of infantry were led forward supported by cavalry under <mask> and <mask>. The packed Austrian soldiers in the gorge fled when their own dragoons began trampling on them in panic. As a result, an entire battalion of the Deutschmeister Regiment threw down its arms in panic and fled. Likewise, the dispersed infantry on the Trambasore Heights were unable to hold once <mask> and the French cavalry got in their midst. <mask> and his men continued to support Generals Lebley and Vial until the battle was over. There were 5,000 French casualties and 14,000 Austrian casualties.Eleven flags were captured, five of which were captured by <mask>. After the battle, all of the trophies were piled up before Napoleon and <mask> lay exhausted a few feet away on top of his five flags. Napoleon said, "Go to sleep on your flags, <mask>, for it was well-deserved!”

With 16 men from the new Corps of Guides, Lasalle charged the enemy's Uhlans, forcing them to evacuate the city and retreat to the Tagliamento. <mask> was the first to cross the river in pursuit of them. <mask> and his men successfully drove the enemy out of the Tagliamento, ending the campaign in Italy with an overwhelming French Victory. The invasion of Egypt
Napoleon Bonaparte personally asked <mask> to participate in the Campaign in Egypt. Excited about participating in this exotic expedition, he joined the Army of the East.They invaded Alexandria and from there marched to Cairo. On 21 July 1798, in the Battle of the Pyramids, the Turks, reassured by the easy refuge the village of Embabeh provided for them, resisted the efforts of the French Army. <mask>, at the head of 60 men, charged the village and routed the garrison, chasing them wildly. He cut off the retreating army by taking a secret route through the Giza Pyramids, allowing Napoleon to crush his opponents. Because of this bold move, Napoleon promoted <mask> to Lieutenant Colonel of the 22nd Horse Chasseur Brigade and 7th Hussars. He traveled back to the Nile with General <mask> and fought at the Battle of Salahieh on 11 August. While battling and besting a group of Mamelukes, the cord that attached his sabre to his wrist snapped, leaving the sabre on the ground.He calmly dismounted and picked it up in the middle of the fray, quietly mounted his horse and continued fighting. This fearlessness made him a popular companion for risky missions. Major battles
Two weeks later at the Battle of Remedieh, he chopped both hands off a Mameluke who was fighting General Davout, saving his life. He then overthrew several Mamelukes, broke his sword over the head of Osman Bey, broke a pair of pistols while defending himself, took the sword of a wounded dragoon, returned to the mêlée, rallied his troops, restored the fight, and drove the enemy to the desert. On 22 January, at the Battle of Samanhout, he executed some brilliant cavalry charges that led considerable losses for the enemy. Finally on 1 March 1799, at the Battle of Gehemi, he completely defeated a regiment of Arabs who had come from Yanbu' al Bahr to help the Mamelukes, and killed over 300 men. <mask> continued to follow his regiment and played a major role in General Desaix's subjugation of Upper Egypt against Murad Bey.The 22nd Horse Chasseurs returned to Cairo after the victory and were tasked to contain Egypt and to ensure communications between Salahieh and Cairo. <mask> successfully completed this mission. After the signing of the Convention of El-Arish on 24 January 1800, <mask> returned home to France. To advertise his recent adventures, he adopted the Mamelukes' baggy red trousers (saroual) as part of his uniform. On 5 August, after his return, he received pistols and a Sabre of Honour from Napoleon. On 25 August of the same year he received the command of the 10th Hussars as Colonel or chef de brigade. Interlude in France

He was one of the best commanders of light cavalry, as well as being intelligent, well-educated, and witty; yet, according to Divisional General <mask> Marbot, he posed as a libertine and ruffian who "might always be seen drinking, swearing, and smashing everything", carefully maintaining the hussar image and reputation.He also founded the "Society of Alcoholics", which shocked the high society of Paris (except for Napoleon). One evening <mask> made Paul Thiébault count all the empty wine bottles. Thiébault asked "Do you want to kill yourself?” which prompted the famous reply from <mask>: "My friend, any hussar who does not die by thirty is a blackguard..."

Affair and marriage
<mask> had been intimately connected with Joséphine Berthier, the wife of General Victor Leopold Berthier (Minister of War and Chief of Staff) and sister-in-law to Marshal <mask> Berthier. Joséphine and Berthier divorced and <mask> immediately proposed to her. Napoleon gave Lasalle 200,000 francs towards the nuptials. When they met at the Tuileries Palace, Napoleon asked, "When is the wedding?” <mask> replied, "Sire, when I have enough money to buy the wedding presents and furniture". Napoleon said, "But I gave you 200,000 francs last week, what did you do with them?".Lasalle replied, "I used half to pay my debts and have lost the rest gambling". Such a confession would have broken the career of any other soldier but, coming from Lasalle, it made the Emperor smile. Napoleon merely ordered his Grand Marshal of the Palace, and aide, General Géraud Duroc to give Lasalle another 200,000 francs. When a prefect asked why Napoleon didn't discipline Lasalle for his conduct, Napoleon responded that "It only takes a stroke of a pen to create a prefect, but it takes twenty years to make a Lasalle". Despite this extravagance, Lasalle apparently possessed a sense of duty and responsibility towards his new family and cared for Berthier's three boys, Alméric-Alexandre (b. 1797), Oscar (b. 1799), and Alexandre-Joseph (b.1802) as if they were his own. (In fact, Alméric-Alexandre and Oscar probably were his illegitimate sons. He and Joséphine had their own little girl, Charlotte-Joséphine, who was born in May, 1806.) On 14 June 1804 he was made a member of law in the 5th Cohort of the Legion of Honour as a Commander. He took up his post in Salamanca, Spain later that year. Duelling and boredom in Spain
Shortly after his arrival in Spain, <mask> found himself involved in a duel by sabre. He had been attempting to seduce the wife of the Captain of Engineering when the captain caught them in flagrante delicto.<mask> was generous (or cautious) enough not to attack and contented himself with parrying, but he did so with such vigor that it broke the engineer's wrist. As the engineer was doubled over with fatigue and pain, <mask> let down a hard blow with the flat edge of his sabre on the man's back. When it was obvious the engineer could take it no more, <mask> opted to end the battle by saying, "If you had known me better you would have attached less importance to the fact you have been injured, and if I had known better, I would have refrained from continuing to fight after you had been injured. Let us finish this fight for it is far too unequal, but because of your actions I now know you are a man of honor." This (and other) indiscretions didn't tarnish his reputation for handling light cavalry and, by 1 February 1805, he was promoted to Brigadier General. A month and a day later, he took command of the 2nd Brigade of Dragoons stationed in Amiens. He soon became sick of drilling and parades, but things changed when Napoleon set his sights on the new Austrian and Russian threats along the Rhine, sending <mask> and his men into action.On the Prussian Front

<mask> went into immediate action at the Battle of Austerlitz, with the 1st Dragoon Division, under the command of Divisional General <mask>, in the Cavalry Reserve of Marshal Joachim Murat. Because of his successes on the field, he was given command of a Light Cavalry Brigade consisting of the 5th and 7th Hussar Regiments, also under the command of Marshal Murat. <mask>'s star was high during the 1806 campaign for Prussia, where his hussars became known as the "Brigade Infernale" ("Hellish Brigade"), with Colonels François Xavier <mask>rz and Ferdinand-Daniel Marx as his regimental commanders. He then fought at Schleiz and Jena-Auerstedt, where he captured the King of Prussia's bodyguard and forced the Prince of Hohenlohe to retreat. On 26 October 1806, <mask> was in pursuit of Hohenlohe when he observed Prussian infantry northwest of his position, at the edge of the forest, near Zehdenick. Unconcerned about the enemy's huge numerical superiority, he charged. After fierce fighting, the Prussians managed to beat back <mask>'s hussars until cavalry reinforcements arrived.General Grouchy arrived at about the same time and the combined attacks destroyed the Prussian cavalry. The Prussian infantry moved into the woods and then withdrew. On 28 October, as they approached Prenzlau, they realized the Prussian Army had been inside the city for some time. Marshal Murat arrived at 10 a.m. and ordered <mask> to cut the road from Gustow and to storm the northern gates of the city. <mask> took his troopers right up to the city gates and burst them open. He continued on through the city and out the east gates where he could see Hohenlohe's army forming in a plain north east of the city. Capitulation of Stettin

The next day <mask> and his hussars marched to the fortress of Stettin, arriving well ahead of the main French force.He prepared to attack but decided to try a bluff instead. Pretending that the entire army had arrived, he demanded that Stettin surrender. General Romberg's reply was predictable:. "Tell your master that the town of Stettin was entrusted to my safeguard and that I shall defend it to my last man". Lasalle then resorted to threats: "If, by 8 a.m. you have not surrendered, the town will be bombarded by our artillery, stormed by 50,000 men, the garrison will be put to the sword and the town will be plundered during twenty-four

masks:
Antoine
Charles
Louis
de Lasalle
Antoine Lasalle
Pierre Nicolas de Lasalle
Suzanne Dupuy de la Gaul
Lasalle
Abraham de Fabert
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
de Kellermann
Lasalle
Charles Leclerc
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Louis Desaix
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Jean Antoine
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Louis Alexandre
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Louis Klein
Lasalle
de Schwa
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle
Lasalle