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<mask>. (March 27, 1917January 12, 2002) was an American lawyer and United States Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1980. Prior to serving in that position, he was the United States Deputy Secretary of Defense in the Johnson administration. During the Kennedy administration he was Secretary of the Army and General Counsel of the Department of Defense. As Secretary of State, <mask> approached foreign policy with an emphasis on negotiation over conflict and a special interest in arms reduction. In April 1980, he resigned in protest of Operation Eagle Claw, the secret mission to rescue American hostages in Iran. He was succeeded by Edmund Muskie. <mask> was the cousin (and adoptive son) of 1924 Democratic presidential nominee and lawyer John W. Davis.He was the father of Manhattan District Attorney <mask> Jr. Early life and family
<mask> was born on March 27, 1917, in Clarksburg, West Virginia. He was the son of John Carl <mask> and his wife Amy Roberts <mask>, and had an elder brother, John Carl <mask>. Following <mask>'s birth, his family relocated to Bronxville, New York, so that his father could commute to New York City, where he was an insurance broker. <mask>'s father was also a landowner and worked for a government agency during World War I. He died unexpectedly of pneumonia in 1922. <mask>'s mother was Amy Roberts <mask>, who had a prominent family history in Philadelphia and was active in civic affairs.Following her husband's death, she moved her family to Switzerland for a year, where <mask> and his brother learned French at L'Institut Sillig in Vevey. <mask>'s much older cousin (referred to as an "uncle" within the family) John W. Davis, an Ambassador to the United Kingdom and 1924 United States presidential candidate, became his mentor and adopted him. <mask> graduated from Kent School in 1935 and earned a bachelor's degree in 1939 from Yale College, where he was a member of the secret society Scroll and Key. He also earned three varsity letters in ice hockey at Yale. He graduated from Yale Law School in 1942. While there, his classmates included Sargent Shriver, William Scranton, Stanley Rogers Resor, and William Bundy, with all of whom he would later work. <mask> entered the military during World War II, serving in the United States Navy as a gunnery officer on the destroyer USS Hale (DD-642) until 1946.He saw sea action in the Battle of Tarawa, the Battle of Saipan, the Battle of Guam (1944), the Bougainville Campaign, and the Philippines Campaign (1944–1945). After the war, he worked for the Mead Corporation for a year before joining the law firm Simpson Thacher & Bartlett in New York City. At the age of 29, <mask> married Grace Elsie "Gay" Sloane on February 15, 1947. She was a Bryn Mawr College graduate and was the daughter of the board chairman of the W. & J. Sloane furniture company in New York City. They had five children:
 Elsie Nicoll <mask>
 Amy Sloane <mask>
 Grace Roberts <mask>
 Camilla <mask>
 <mask> R. <mask>. Political career
In 1957, Senator Lyndon B. Johnson asked <mask> to leave Wall Street to work for the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, where he helped draft the National Aeronautics and Space Act, leading to the creation of NASA. In 1961, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara recruited <mask> to become General Counsel of the Department of Defense.He was then made the Secretary of the Army by President John F. Kennedy. He was Secretary when Army units were sent to northern Mississippi in 1962 to protect James Meredith and ensure that the court-ordered integration of the University of Mississippi took place. In 1964, <mask> became the United States Deputy Secretary of Defense and now-President Johnson sent him to the Panama Canal Zone after student riots. After the 1967 Detroit riot, Johnson sent him to Michigan. <mask> next attempted to delay the Cyprus dispute. In 1968, Johnson sent him to South Korea to deal with the  hostage situation. <mask> first supported the Vietnam War but by the late 1960s changed his views and resigned from office, advising the president to pull out of South Vietnam.<mask> served as a deputy to W. Averell Harriman during the Paris Peace Accords, which were a failure due to the duplicity of the South Vietnamese. <mask> called the failed peace talks "one of the great tragedies in history". He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969. Secretary of State

President Jimmy Carter initially wanted to nominate George Ball to become  Secretary of State, but, fearing Ball was too liberal to be confirmed, nominated <mask> instead. <mask> played an integral role as the administration negotiated the Panama Canal Treaties, along with peace talks in Rhodesia, Namibia and South Africa. He worked closely with Israeli Ministers Moshe Dayan and Ezer Weizman to secure the Camp David Accords in 1978. <mask> insisted that the President make Paul Warnke Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, over strong opposition by Senator Henry M. Jackson.<mask> also pushed for closer ties to the Soviet Union, and clashed frequently with the more hawkish National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski. <mask> tried to advance arms limitations by working on the SALT II agreement with the Soviet Union, which he saw as the central diplomatic issue of the time, but Brzezinski lobbied for a tougher more assertive policy vis-a-vis the Soviets. He argued for strong condemnation of Soviet activity in Africa and in the Third World as well as successfully lobbying for normalized relations with the People's Republic of China in 1978. As Brzezinski took control of the negotiations, <mask> was marginalized and his influence began to wane. When revolution erupted in Iran in late 1978, the two were divided on how to support the United States' ally the Shah of Iran. <mask> argued in favor of reforms while Brzezinski urged him to crack down – the 'iron fist' approach. Unable to receive a direct course of action from Carter, the mixed messages that the Shah received from <mask> and Brzezinski contributed to his confusion and indecision as he fled Iran in January 1979 and his regime collapsed.<mask> negotiated the SALT II agreement directly with Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin, bypassing American Ambassador Malcolm Toon, who then criticized the agreement. In June 1979, President Carter and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev signed the treaty in Vienna's Hofburg Imperial Palace, in front of the international press, but the Senate ultimately did not ratify it. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan on December 27, 1979, <mask>'s opposition to what he had called "visceral anti-Sovietism" led to a rapid reduction of his stature. His attempt to surreptitiously negotiate a solution to the Iran hostage crisis with Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini through the Palestine Liberation Organization failed badly. Believing that diplomatic initiatives could see the hostages safely returned home, <mask> initially fought off attempts by Brzezinski to pursue a military solution. <mask>, struggling with gout, went to Florida on Thursday, April 10, 1980, for a long weekend. On Friday, the National Security Council held a newly scheduled meeting and authorized Operation Eagle Claw, a military expedition into Tehran to rescue the hostages.Deputy Secretary Warren Christopher, who attended the meeting in <mask>'s place, did not inform him. Furious, on April 21 <mask> handed in his resignation on principle, calling Brzezinski "evil". The only Secretaries of State who had previously resigned in protest were Lewis Cass, who resigned in the buildup to the Civil War, and William Jennings Bryan, who resigned in the buildup to World War I. President Carter aborted the operation after only five of the eight helicopters he had sent into the Dasht-e Kavir desert arrived in operational condition. As U.S. forces prepared to depart from the staging area, a helicopter collided with a transport plane, causing a fire that killed eight servicemen. <mask>'s resignation was confirmed several days later, and he was replaced by Senator Edmund Muskie. A second rescue mission was planned but never carried out, and the diplomatic efforts to negotiate the release of the hostages were handed over to Deputy Secretary Christopher.The hostages were released during the first inauguration of Ronald Reagan, after 444 days in captivity. Later career in law and as Special Envoy
In May 1970, <mask> was appointed to serve as a commissioner in a landmark panel known as the Knapp Commission, which was formed and tasked by New York City Mayor John V. Lindsay with investigating systemic corruption at the New York Police Department. The Knapp Commission held televised hearings into police corruption and issued a final report of its findings in 1972. The work of the Knapp Commission led to the prosecution of police officers on charges of corruption and culminated in significant, if short-lived, reforms and oversight in respect of the police department, including the appointment of a temporary special prosecutor to investigate and prosecute corruption committed by NYPD officers, district attorneys, and judges. From 1974 to 1976, <mask> served as president of the New York City Bar Association. <mask> returned to his law practice at Simpson Thacher & Bartlett in 1980, but was repeatedly called back to public service throughout the 1980s and 1990s, participating in diplomatic missions to Bosnia, Croatia, and South Africa. <mask> helped negotiate the dispute over the Nagorno-Karabakh region.In 1991, he was named Special Envoy of the Secretary-General of the United Nations for Croatia and proposed the <mask> plan for solution of conflict in Croatia. Authorities of Croatia and Serbia agreed to <mask>'s plan, but the leaders of SAO Krajina rejected it, even though it offered Serbs quite a large degree of autonomy by the rest of the world's standards, as it did not include full independence for Krajina. He continued his work as member of Zagreb 4 group. The plan they drafted, named Z-4, was effectively superseded when Croatian forces retook the Krajina region (Operation Storm) in 1995. In January 1993, as the United Nations Special Envoy to Bosnia, <mask> and Lord David Owen, the EU representative, began negotiating a peace plan for the ending the War in Bosnia. The plan was rejected, and <mask> announced his resignation as Special Envoy to the UN Secretary-General. He was replaced by Norwegian Foreign Minister Thorvald Stoltenberg.In 1997, he was made the original honorary chair of the American Iranian Council. Later life and death
In 1993, <mask> was awarded the United States Military Academy's Sylvanus Thayer Award. In 1995 he again acted as Special Envoy of the Secretary-General of the United Nations and signed the interim accord as witness in the negotiations between the Republic of Macedonia and Greece. <mask> was a member of the Trilateral Commission. <mask> also served on the board of directors of IBM, Pan American World Airways, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, U.S. Steel, and The New York Times, as a trustee of the Yale Corporation, as Chairman of the Board of the Rockefeller Foundation, and Vice Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations. <mask> suffered for several years from Alzheimer's disease, and died at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City on January 12, 2002, aged 84, of pneumonia and other complications. His funeral was held at the Church of the Heavenly Rest in Manhattan.His remains were interred at the Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. His wife Grace died in New York City on March 22, 2008, at the age of 89. Legacy
In 1980, <mask> received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. He received the Freedom Medal in 1993. The house of <mask>'s mother, which was known as the Stealey-Goff-<mask> House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It is home to the Harrison County Historical Society.In 1999, <mask> was presented the Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award by the American Foreign Service Association. In the 2012 movie Argo, he was portrayed by actor Bob Gunton. References

Further reading

 McLellan, David S. <mask>. Rowman & Littlefield, 1985. Scholarly biography. Sexton, Mary DuBois. The wages of principle and power: <mask><mask> and the making of foreign policy in the Carter administration (Ph.D. thesis, Georgetown University, 2009).Smith, Gaddis. Morality, Reason, and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (1986). Wallis, Christopher. The Thinker, the Doer and the Decider: Zbigniew Brzezinski, <mask> and the Bureaucratic Wars of the Carter Administration (PhD Thesis, Northumbria University 2018). Primary sources
 Talbott, Strobe, Endgame: The Inside Story of Salt II (New York: Harpercollins, 1979) online
 <mask>, <mask>. Hard Choices: Four Critical Years in Managing America's Foreign Policy (1983) memoir as Secretary of State. online
 "U.S. Foreign Policy: A Discussion with Former Secretaries of State Dean Rusk, William P. Rogers, <mask><mask>, and Alexander M. Haig, Jr." International Studies Notes, Vol.11, No. 1, Special Edition: The Secretaries of State, Fall 1984. (pp. 10-20)
 <mask>, <mask>. "The Human Rights Imperative". Foreign Policy 63 (1986): 3-19. . External links
Foreign Service Journal article on his Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award. , from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
 <mask><mask> and Grace Sloane <mask> Papers, 1957-1992, held at Yale University Library, Manuscripts & Archives

 : Cartes sur table, 31 March 1980 (40 minutes)

1917 births
2002 deaths
American adoptees
American athlete-politicians
Military personnel from West Virginia
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Ice hockey people from West Virginia
New York (state) lawyers
Kennedy administration personnel
Kent School alumni
Lyndon B. Johnson administration personnel
Mount Holyoke College faculty
Operation Condor
Politicians from Clarksburg, West Virginia
Lawyers from New York City
People of the Iranian Revolution
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
United States Deputy Secretaries of Defense
United States Navy officers
United States Secretaries of State
United States Secretaries of the Army
Yale Law School alumni
Presidents of the New York City Bar Association
Neurological disease deaths in New York (state)
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
Carter administration cabinet members
20th-century American politicians
Simpson Thacher & Bartlett
Urban Institute people
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
Yale College alumni
Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey players

masks:
Cyrus Roberts Vance Sr
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<mask> (born 2 December 1955) is an Irish hurling manager and former player. He is the manager of the Offaly senior hurling team. <mask> played for club side Lusmagh and was a member of the Offaly senior hurling team for 19 seasons, during which time he usually lined out at midfield. <mask> began his hurling career at club level with Lusmagh. He broke onto the club's top adult team as a 15-year-old in 1971 and enjoyed his first success in 1973 when the club won the Offaly Junior Championship. <mask> later won an Offaly Senior Championship medal in 1989 when Lusmagh won their first and only title. He ended his club career with the Lusmagh junior B in 2003.At inter-county level, <mask> began his career at minor level in 1973 before progressing onto the Offaly under-21 team. He joined the Offaly senior team in 1974. From his debut, <mask> lined out in a variety of positions, including midfield, half-forward, corner-forward and centre-back, and made a record 171 National League and Championship appearances in a career that ended with his last game in 1993. During that time he was part of two All-Ireland Championship-winning teams – in 1981, 1985. <mask> also secured seven Leinster Championship medals and a National Hurling League medal. He announced his retirement from inter-county hurling on 15 September 1993. <mask> won his first All-Star in 1980, before claiming a further All-Star in 1984.At inter-provincial level, <mask> was selected to play in several championship campaigns with Leinster, with his sole Railway Cup medal being won in 1979. As a manager, selector, coach and trainer, <mask> has previously worked with club sides Lusmagh, Loughmore-Castleiney, Kilcormac-Killoughey, Portumna, Shinrone and Coolderry, and inter-county teams Westmeath, Wexford and Roscommon. Playing career

Lusmagh

<mask> joined the Lusmagh club at a young age and played in all grades at juvenile and underage levels. He was still eligible for the minor grade when he joined the club's top adult team during the 1971 Offaly Junior Championship. On 26 November 1973, <mask> was at wing-forward when Lusmagh faced Ballinamere in the final of the Offaly Junior Championship. He top-scored with 3-01 in the 6-03 to 3-05 victory. On 10 October 1982, lined out at centre-forward when Lusmagh faced St. Rynagh's in their very first Offaly Senior Championship final.He scored a point from play but ended on the losing side following a 2-09 to 0-11 defeat. When Lusmagh qualified for their next final on 22 October 1989, <mask> was switched from the forwards to midfield as well as being player-manager. He remained scoreless throughout the game but collected a winners' medal following a 1-11 to 1-10 defeat of Seir Kieran. On 1 November 1992, <mask> lined out in a third and final Offaly Senior Championship final. He scored 0-02 but ended on the losing side following a 0-10 to 0-09 defeat by St. Rynagh's. Offaly

Senior

<mask> joined the Offaly senior team prior to the start of the 1974-75 National League. He made his first appearance for the team when he lined out at left wing-forward in a 5-03 to 3-08 defeat of Antrim on 13 October 1974.<mask> made his first appearance in the Leinster Championship on 22 June when he was selected at right corner-forward for the 6-06 to 4-12 draw with Kildare. On 13 July 1980, <mask> lined out at midfield when Offaly faced Kilkenny in what was only their second Leinster final appearance in 50 years. He scored a point from play in the 3-17 to 5-10 victory in what was Offaly's first ever provincial title. <mask> ended the season by claiming a first All-Star award. On 12 July 1981, <mask> won a second successive Leinster Championship following Offaly's 3-12 to 2-13 defeat of Wexford in the final. This victory gave Offaly a straight passage to the All-Ireland final against reigning champions Galway on 6 September. <mask> lined out at midfield and collected an All-Ireland winners' medal following the 2-12 to 0-15 victory.<mask> lined out in his by now customary position of midfield when Offaly qualified for a third successive Leinster final on 25 July 1982. Offaly suffered their first provincial defeat in three seasons following a 1-11 to 0-12 defeat by Kilkenny. On 10 July 1983, <mask> lined out at midfield in a fourth successive Leinster final. He scored a point from play in the 1-17 to 0-13 defeat by reigning champions Kilkenny. Offaly reached a sixth successive Leinster final on 8 July 1984, with <mask> once again lining out at midfield. He collected a third winners' medal following the 1-15 to 2-11 defeat of Wexford. Offaly subsequently qualified for an All-Ireland final-meeting with Cork at Semple Stadium on 2 September.<mask> was held scoreless from midfield in the 3-16 to 1-12 defeat. He ended the season with a second All-Star award. On 21 July 1985, <mask> lined out at midfield in his sixth successive Leinster final. He claimed a fourth winners' medal following the 5-15 to 0-17 defeat of Laois. <mask> retained his position at midfield for the All-Ireland final against Galway on 1 September 1985. He remained scoreless throughout the game but collected a second All-Ireland medal following a 2-11 to 1-12 victory. Offaly qualified for an eighth successive Leinster final on 13 July 1986.<mask> was again at midfield, however, he ended up on the losing side following a 4-10 to 1-11 defeat by Kilkenny. For the ninth successive season, Offaly qualified for the Leinster final on 2 August 1987 with <mask> lining out at midfield. Kilkenny ended that game as champions following a 2-14 to 0-17 victory. Offaly continued their dominance of the Leinster Championship by qualifying for a tenth successive final on 10 July 1988. <mask> claimed a fifth winners' medal overall - his first in three seasons - following a 3-12 to 1-14 defeat of Wexford. On 9 July 1989, <mask> lined out in his 11th Leinster final. He scored a point from midfield and collected a sixth winners' medal following the 3-15 to 4-09 defeat of Kilkenny.For the 12th successive season, Offaly qualified for the Leinster final on 1 July 1990 with <mask> lining out at midfield. He scored a point from play and collected a seventh winners' medal following the 1-19 to 2-11 defeat of Dublin. 1991 began well as Offaly captured their first National League title, however, Offaly surrendered their provincial crown to Kilkenny. <mask> played his final championship game for Offaly against Kilkenny in the Leinster semi-final of 1993. Leinster

<mask> also lined out with Leinster in the inter-provincial hurling competition. He won one Railway Cup title following a victory over Connacht in 1979. Managerial career

Early career

Four years before his retirement from inter-county hurling <mask> had already ventured into hurling management.He broke his leg in 1990 which ruled him out of playing for some time. To stay involved in the game he took charge of the Westmeath senior hurling team. In his first year in charge Westmeath won promotion to Division 2 of the National League. In <mask>'s second year in charge his team won the All-Ireland 'B' title in Croke Park. After his two-year stint with the Westmeath <mask> joined Éamonn Cregan's Offaly backroom team in 1995. He remained a selector for just over a year, having tendered his resignation after the Leinster final defeat to Wexford in July 1996. At club level <mask> had a two-year spell as manager of Loughmore-Castleiney in Tipperary.In 1997 he devoted his time to the management of Kilcormac-Killoughey. In 1999, he managed the Wexford senior hurling team for one season, ending in a heavy championship defeat to Offaly. In 2008 <mask> was announced as manager of the Offaly Junior Camogie Team which is their main team. In his first year they reached the All-Ireland Junior Camogie Final. They lost to Clare after a late late goal by Shonagh Enright. However just one year later in 2009 they did in fact capture the All-Ireland Camogie title. He has been announced as the trainer for Roscommon senior hurling team for 2014, working with manager Justin Campbell, a former Galway hurler.Coolderry

<mask> took over as manager of the Coolderry senior hurling team prior to the start of the 2018 Offaly Senior Championship. On 7 October, he guided the club to their 31st Offaly Senior Championship following a 2-17 to 0-17 defeat of Kilcormac/Killoughey in the final. Offaly

<mask> was appointed interim manager of the Offaly senior hurling team on 20 May 2019, following Kevin Martin's removal from the position. References

1955 births
Living people
Lusmagh hurlers
Offaly inter-county hurlers
Leinster inter-provincial hurlers
Hurling managers
Hurling selectors
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
Garda Síochána officers

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Inga DeCarlo Fung Marchand (born September 6, 1978), better known by her stage name <mask>, is an American rapper. After signing to Def Jam in 1996, she released her debut album, Ill Na Na, later that year on November 19, 1996. The album was certified platinum by the RIAA and has sold over 7 million copies worldwide. She was also part of the hip hop supergroup the Firm, along with Nas, AZ and Cormega (who was later replaced by Nature). The Firm's sole album arrived in 1997 and was released by Dr. Dre's Aftermath Records. In 1999, her second album Chyna Doll, debuted at the top of the Billboard 200, making her the second female rapper to top the chart after Lauryn Hill in 1998. Her third album Broken Silence, was released in 2001, which featured the Grammy-nominated track, "Na Na Be Like".In 2003, she left Def Jam and canceled the release of her Ill Na Na 2 album, but returned in 2005 once Jay-Z, then the label's president and CEO, signed her again to begin work on another unreleased album titled Black Roses. Her mixtape Brooklyn Don Diva was released in May 2008, and her visual album, King Soon Come, was slated for 2019 release but has been delayed indefinitely. Early life

1994–1995: Early career
While still a teenager, <mask> won a talent contest in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. Members of the production team Trackmasters who were working on LL Cool J's Mr. Smith album were in attendance that night and were impressed enough to invite <mask> to rap on "I Shot Ya." She followed this debut with appearances on several RIAA platinum and gold singles from other artists, including remixes of songs "You're Makin' Me High" by Toni Braxton. <mask> was also featured on the soundtrack to the 1996 film The Nutty Professor, on the songs "Touch Me Tease Me" by Case and "Ain't No Nigga" by Jay-Z. She became an instant sensation due to being very talented and rapping provocatively at such a young age.The immediate success led to a label bidding war at the beginning of 1996, and in March, Def Jam Records won and added the then 17-year-old rapper to their roster. Music career

1996–1997: Ill Na Na and The Firm
In 1996, <mask> released her debut album Ill Na Na to strong sales. The album sold over 128,000 copies in the first week, and debuted at No. 7 on the Billboard 200 album charts. The album was heavily produced by Trackmasters, and featured guest appearances from Jay-Z, Blackstreet, Method Man, and Kid Capri. The album was platinum and launched two hit singles: "Get Me Home" (featuring Blackstreet) and "I'll Be" (featuring Jay-Z). Following the release of Ill Na Na, <mask>, and Cormega (later replaced by Nature) to form the supergroup known as The Firm.The album was released via Aftermath Records and was produced and recorded by the collective team of Dr. Dre, the Trackmasters, and Steve "Commissioner" Stoute, then of Violator Entertainment. An early form of The Firm appeared on "Affirmative Action" from Nas' second album It Was Written. A remix of the song and several group freestyles were on the album Nas, <mask> <mask>, and Nature Present The Firm: The Album. The album entered the Billboard 200 album chart at No. 1. In March 1997, she joined the spring break festivities hosted by MTV in Panama City, Florida, among other performers including rapper Snoop Dogg, pop group The Spice Girls, and rock band Stone Temple Pilots. Later, she joined the Smokin' Grooves tour hosted by the House of Blues with the headlining rap group Cypress Hill, along with other performers like Erykah Badu, The Roots, OutKast, and The Pharcyde, the tour set to begin in Boston, Massachusetts, in the summer of 1997.However, after missing several dates in the tour, she left it. 1998–1999: Chyna Doll
Chyna Doll was released in January 1999 and debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 Album chart, selling 173,000 copies in its opening week, making her the second female rapper to accomplish this feat after Lauryn Hill. However, its sales quickly declined in later weeks. Chyna Doll has been certified platinum after surpassing one million copies sold in shipments. 2000–2003: Broken Silence and Ill Na Na 2: The Fever

In 2001, <mask> released Broken Silence. The single  "BK Anthem" showcased <mask>'s "street" image and giving a tribute to her hometown, Brooklyn, and to famous rappers such as The Notorious B.I.G.and Jay-Z. The first single from the album was "Oh Yeah", which featured her then-boyfriend, Jamaican dancehall artist Spragga Benz. The track "Na Na Be Like" was produced by Kenya Fame Flames Miller and Nokio from Dru Hill. "Na Na Be Like" was also on the Blue Streak Soundtrack. The album debuted on the Billboard Charts at No. 5, selling 130,000 units its first week. Like previous albums, Broken Silence also sold over 500,000 records and was certified gold by the RIAA.In the same year, <mask> recorded a song for the action-comedy film Rush Hour 2, Blow My Whistle, which is a collaboration with Japanese-American singer-songwriter Hikaru Utada, and was written by Utada herself alongside Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo. The song is included on Def Jam's Rush Hour 2 Soundtrack, which peaked the 11th spot on both the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and also the first on the Top Soundtracks. "Blow My Whistle" was produced by The Neptunes. In 2002, <mask> returned to the music scene with her single "Stylin'", whose remix featured rappers Birdman, her brother Gavin, Loon, and N.O.R.E. It was to be the first single from her upcoming album Ill Na Na 2: The Fever. The next year, she was featured on DJ Kayslay's single "Too Much for Me" from his Street Sweeper's Volume One Mixtape. She also appeared on Luther Vandross' final studio album Dance with My Father.That April, <mask> appeared on popular New York radio DJ Wendy Williams' radio show, and revealed the details of her relationships with Lyor Cohen, president of Def Jam Recordings at the time, and Sean "P. Diddy" Combs. <mask> accused both of illegally trading her recording masters. She also announced that Cohen had cancelled promotion for her fourth album Ill Na Na 2: The Fever over personal disagreements. Therefore, "Stylin'" was released on the compilation album The Source Presents: Hip Hop Hits Vol. 6 in December 2002. 2004–2007: Black Roses
Upon leaving Def Jam Recordings after her disappointment in the cancelled promotion of her studio album, Ill Na Na 2: The Fever, <mask> began recording in late 2004. Months after, she reunited with Jay-Z after performing dates on his Best of Both World Tours.After signing back to Def Jam under his regime, <mask> and Jay-Z began work on Black Roses with production by The Neptunes, Kanye West, Timbaland, Trackmasters, and Dave Kelly. <mask> confirmed guest appearances by Barrington Levy, Dido, Luther Vandross, Mos Def, Baby Cham, Spragga Benz, Shyne, Big Daddy Kane, Rakim, KRS-One, Roxanne Shante, and Jay-Z, although it was uncertain whether all would make the final cut for the album. After suffering from a hearing loss and pushing back release dates for the album, <mask> left Def Jam for the second time and launched an independent record label, Black Rose Entertainment, in a distribution deal with Koch Records. According to <mask>, two albums worth of material had been recorded between 2004 and 2007 and she planned to release some of the material onto the street album, Brooklyn's Don Diva. In November 2004, <mask> announced that the title for her upcoming album would be Black Roses, explaining, "My best friend Barrington Levy has a song called "Black Roses." He's been traveling all over the world and never seen a black rose in no other garden. When he found his black rose, he knew that shit was special.Y'all niggas can have all the female rappers in the world, but there's only one black rose. I feel that's me." In November 2004, <mask> announced that she would be the first artist signed to Jay-Z's upcoming imprint record label S. Carter Records. Rather than launching the imprint, though, Jay-Z became the new president and CEO of Def Jam Records, where he signed <mask> as one of the first artists on his new roster. On December 8, 2005, <mask> announced she had experienced severe and sudden hearing loss in both ears and she had not heard another person's voice in six months. <mask> put Black Roses aside during this time. In June 2006, <mask> said her hearing had been restored through surgery and she was planning to resume recording.Her label did not set a release date, but hoped the album would be out by the end of 2006. They were unsure if the title Black Roses would be kept. In November 2006, there was speculation that Jay-Z was disappointed in <mask> <mask>'s "lack of productivity on the album" and was planning to drop her from the Def Jam label. The planned December 2006 release of Black Roses was cancelled. On May 22, 2007, Black Hand Entertainment announced a management deal with <mask>, with Chaz Williams as her manager. No release date was set for Black Roses, but <mask> said the album was nearly complete. A release date of September 6, 2007, was announced two days later.<mask> signed to Koch Records in August 2007. On August 16, 2007, Black Hand Entertainment announced that <mask> would leave Def Jam to launch an independent record label, Black Rose Entertainment, distributed by Koch Records. A street album, Brooklyn's Don Diva, was eventually scheduled with a release date of December 4, 2007, but was delayed until the

masks:
Foxy Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
BrownsZ
Foxy
BrownZ
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Foxy
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown


texts:
 following year. 2008–2018: Brooklyn's Don Diva and other ventures
Brooklyn's Don Diva was released as a street album on May 13, 2008, after many delays triggered by her prison sentence. It contains two previously unreleased songs from her shelved album Ill Na Na 2: The Fever. The album peaked at No. 83 on the Billboard 200 chart, No.8 on the Independent Albums chart, and No. 5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. In 2012, <mask> released the diss track "Massacre", a response to Lil' Kim's "Black Friday". On August 14, 2012, <mask> <mask> appeared as a special featured guest on Nicki Minaj's Pink Friday Tour in New York City. Rapper AZ hinted that she was working on new material with Minaj. In August 2018, <mask> made her first official guest appearance since 2009 on "Coco Chanel" from Nicki Minaj's fourth studio album Queen. 2019–present: Upcoming fourth studio album
According to media sources, <mask> is currently back to work on her upcoming fourth studio album.In 2019, <mask> remixed Casanova's "So Brooklyn". In August 2020, <mask> reunited with her group The Firm for the song "Full Circle" from Nas' album King's Disease. Artistry

Musical style
<mask>'s lyrics have been described to be "raunchy" and "over-the-top" with "skimpy clothes to match." Her music is often centred around themes such as "fashion, sex, and the mafia" and is described as "intriguingly seductive" and having "a contemporary edge with a sleek and sexy soundscape." Her work for her debut album was described as "a heroine straight from the pages of a James Bond novel," selling over a million copies with the support of major male artists such as Nas and AZ. <mask>'s voice has been described as a "husky flow" with "dancehall swagger". Although her work was compared to rapper Lil' Kim, Highsnobiety writer David Opie said that,
Just because they were both the 'First Ladies' of their respective crews, doesn’t mean that <mask> or Kim were identical by any means, and it was hugely misogynistic to suggest otherwise [...] In an industry that still actively mocks vulnerability and weakness, hip hop needs more rappers who are willing to open up in this way, and the fact that Foxy did so such a long time ago speaks volumes about her artistry.Influences
<mask> has cited Nas, MC Lyte and Salt-N-Pepa as her influences. As seen in her album, Broken Silence, <mask>'s musical influences were "her most adventurous offering to date, dipping in and out of exotic sounds". Legacy
<mask>'s impact on the rap world has often been overlooked due to her legal run-ins, but it has been noted that "she's bright, talented, sexy and, most important, she's not afraid to take risks creatively" and that her "impact still stands." Her albums have been cited to harness "a winning formula of looping R&B songs into hip-hop hits, resulting in the genre-shifting record," Ill Na Na. The release of her album marked a monumental moment in hip-hop history, but was downplayed due to comparisons between her and rapper, Lil' Kim and although Foxy may not have achieved the "iconic status" Kim had reached, "her debut album was an essential part of a turning point in mainstream rap music." Rolling Stone author, Kathy Iandoli stated,

In seeing Foxy ... release [Ill Na Na] it was a reassurance that skills paid off; it didn’t really matter who was helping with the rhymes. It was the delivery and the content that was being said, and whose mouth it was coming out of.It was just a reassurance to me as a hip-hop head that this space might be opening up for women in a way that has never been done before. There was something about what [she] said and how [she was] saying it, that was hinting that a huge change was about to come. Cited as a fashion icon, Elle writer Janelle Harris wrote that <mask> celebrated "the beauty of her mahogany skin as the self-professed 'dark-skinned Christian Dior poster girl,' boasted about being 'dripped in Gabbana [...] starring in billboards as big as the pride of the Black girls who saw themselves in her likeness." Described as one of the "illest to ever do it - regardless of gender," Scott Glaysher of HipHopDX noted that "If those aforementioned male rappers epitomize the menacing New York City mobster of the late 90s then Foxy represents the mob wife that is even more sinister with weaponized sexuality." He stated that "the sheer confidence and astute rhyming Foxy brought to Ill Na Na, makes it one of the 90s most memorable albums and a catalyst for the fierce feminine rap wave that followed. In 2020, Spin ranked her at 20, as one of the 30 Best Female Rappers Ever. <mask>'s sophomore studio album Chyna Doll debuted at number one in 1999, making it only the second female rap album to debut at the top spot after The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill in 1998 by Lauryn Hill and eventually joined by Let There Be Eve...Ruff Ryders' First Lady in 1999, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded in 2012 and Invasion of Privacy in 2018 by Eve, Nicki Minaj and Cardi B respectively.Her work has been paid homage to by numerous artists including, Nicki Minaj, Kash Doll, Bia, Ivorian Doll, Megan Thee Stallion and Maliibu Miitch. Minaj has even gone so far to say that without Foxy she "may have never even started rapping" and that she is "the most influential female rapper." Personal life
Marchand is a Trinidadian-American of Dougla (mixed Afro-Trinidadian and Indo-Trinidadian) and Chinese-Trinidadian descent. Her uncle, Federico de la Asuncion, was one of 265 fatalities in the crash of American Airlines Flight 587 on November 12, 2001. From 1997 to 1999, she was engaged to a fellow rapper, Kurupt. Around 2001, she was engaged to Spragga Benz. In 2000, she announced that she was suffering from depression.She subsequently entered drug rehabilitation at Cornell University Medical College to receive treatment for opioid addiction, stating that she could no longer record or perform without resorting to morphine. <mask> <mask> suffered hearing loss from May 2005 to June 2006. She opted for a hearing aid, and, while recording music, had someone tap beats on her shoulder. She also has a substantial history of assault and menacing. On January 13, 2017, she gave birth to her first child, a girl. Comparisons between Lil' Kim and <mask>'s work led to fierce competition, which is noted to be the simplest way to describe the relationship between them. "Things got really personal when shots were fired outside a New York radio station."The two have not resolved the issue, with <mask> siding and collaborating with rapper Nicki Minaj in her feud with Kim in recent years. Following her release from prison, Kim does not acknowledge <mask>. <mask>, on the other hand, has consistently targeted Kim on a prime basis in her music and concerts since Kim's release. Legal troubles

Violation of probation; jail time
On September 7, 2007, New York Criminal Court Judge Melissa Jackson sentenced <mask> <mask> to one year in jail for violating her probation that stemmed from a fight in 2004 with two manicurists in a New York City nail salon. On September 12, 2007, representatives of the rapper disputed claims by her lawyer that she was pregnant. On October 23, 2007, <mask> was given 76 days in solitary confinement due to a physical altercation that took place on October 3, 2007, with another prisoner. According to the prison authorities, <mask>, the next day after the incident, was also verbally abusive toward correction officers and refused to take a random drug test.Prison authorities reported on November 27 that she was released "from solitary confinement...for good behavior", and <mask> was finally released from prison on April 18, 2008. Violation of order of protection
On July 22, 2010, <mask> was arrested and charged with one count of criminal contempt, which is a class E felony (the least severe), for violating an order of protection. The charge stems from an incident during the evening of July 21, 2010, in which it was claimed that <mask> swore at and then mooned her neighbor Arlene Raymond, at whom she had thrown her BlackBerry, in 2007. Following the BlackBerry incident, Raymond sought and received a restraining order against <mask>. Following her arrest, <mask> appeared in court where she pleaded "not guilty" to the charge and was released on a $5,000 bail. If convicted, she faced up to seven years' imprisonment. On July 12, 2011, the charges were dropped.Discography

Studio albums
 Ill Na Na (1996)
 Chyna Doll (1999)
 Broken Silence (2001)

Collaboration albums
 The Album with The Firm (1997)

Filmography

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> on ReverbNation

1978 births
Living people
American women rappers
American rappers of Caribbean descent
East Coast hip hop musicians
Def Jam Recordings artists
MNRK Music Group artists
American people convicted of assault
American rappers of Trinidad and Tobago descent
American rappers of Asian descent
Fugitives wanted by Jamaica
People from Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey

People from Park Slope
Rappers from Brooklyn
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
Hardcore hip hop artists
21st-century American rappers
The Firm (hip hop group) members
Hip hop models
American female models
People of Dougla descent
Models from New York City
20th-century women rappers
21st-century women rappers
American people of Chinese descent
African-American women

masks: Brown Foxy Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Foxy Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Foxy Brown Brown Foxy Brown Brown Foxy Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Foxy Brown


texts:
<mask> (c. 1470 – 26 July 1525) was an Italian Renaissance humanist: a neolatin author, a bibliophile, and a courtier of Isabella d'Este and Federico II Gonzaga. The National Gallery of Art describes him as "one of the Renaissance's most admired classical scholars". Life

Born at Alvito in or around 1470, <mask> was moved to Naples while still a boy. There he entered the Accademia Pontaniana as a young man. He later moved on to Florence, where he studied under Marsilio Ficino and adopted his teacher's neoplatonism, and then to Mantua, to the court of Isabella and Federico. In 1511 <mask> wrote Isabella that he was continuing a stay in Ferrara at the court of Duke Alfonso her brother in order to prepare in writing six fabule (fables) or istorie (histories) to be painted for the decoration of one of the duke's rooms, the camerino d'alabastro (alabaster chamber). These paintings, among them The Feast of the Gods and Bacchus and Ariadne, were executed by Giovanni Bellini and Titian.<mask>'s sources were extensive, both classical and contemporary; he may have been commissioned to allegorise the marriage of Alfonso and Lucrezia Borgia in 1501. <mask> expressed an interest in contemporary vernacular poetry. He was one of the first scholars to bring attention to the innovations of the troubadours and traced the origins of vernacular poetry to them. He also was one of the first scholars to praise women as exceeding men in their excellence in his little treatise De mulieribus (About Women). In 1517 he accompanied his patroness on a pilgrimage to Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume, which took them through Provence, where he availed himself of the archives of Aix. <mask>'s account of the trip survives. According to <mask>, what differentiated the troubadours from the Latin poets of antiquity was their respect for women: il modo de descrivere loro amore fu novo diverso de quel de antichi Latini, questi senza respecto, senza reverentia, senza timore de infamare sua donna apertamente scrivevano, "the mode of describing their [the troubadours'] love was new and different from that of the ancient Latins, who openly wrote without respect, without reverence, without fear of defaming their lady".In his most famous work, written in Latin between 1494 and 1496, but not published until 1525 at Venice and then in Italian, the Libro de natura de amore, <mask> studied the metaphysics of love and the nature of poetic courtly love. The poets which <mask> studied for this work, and the different names by which he knew them depending on their language, are indicated by the section he entitled "Como Latini et Greci Poeti, Ioculari Provenzali, Rimanti Francesi, Dicitori Thoscani, & trovatori Spagnoli habiano loro Amante lodato & le passioni di loro stessi descritto". This Aristotelian work received severe criticism for its unscholarly approach and lack of structure, coherence, and purpose, but it was still widely disseminated and widely used, though rarely acknowledged. His views on love were credited as an influence by such figures as Agostino Nifo (De pulchro et amore), Giuseppe Betussi (Dialogo amoroso), and Lope de Vega (El maestro de danzar), however. According to Nesca A. Robb in Neoplatonism of the Italian Renaissance (London: Allen and Unwin, 1956), "it was poor <mask>'s fate to be shamelessly pillaged by his fellow authors, and in the century after his death to be hounded from Parnassus by the irrepressible Boccalini." <mask> indicated that Occitan and French poetry were rare in Italy but Spanish poetry widely read, being accessible through several circulating Neapolitan chansonniers. He was less than enthusiastic about this.He criticised the Spanish poet Juan de Mena and followed Juan del Encina in arguing that rhyme entered Spain from Italy. Around 1505 <mask> penned Nec spe nec metu ("Neither in hope nor in fear"), a book analysing Isabella's favourite saying. He was an ally of Isabella's during the conflict with her son, Federigo, that erupted in her later years. He died at Mantua before its resolution. Works
Marii Equicoli Olivetani de mulieribus ad D. Margaritam Cantelmam. (circa 1501)
Nec spe nec metu. Dialogus ad Iulianum Medicem (Mantua: Francesco Bruschi, 1513)
Ad inuictissimum principem d. Maximilianum Sforciam ducem Mediolani (Rome: Marcello Silber, 1513)
In conseruatione diuae Osanne Andreasiae Mantuanae oratio ad d. Isabella estensem Mantuae principem (Mantua: Francesco Bruschi, 1515)
De bello Turcis inferendo (1519)
Chronica di Mantua (Manuta, 1521)
Libro de natura de amore di <mask>cola secretario del illustrissimo S. Federico 2.Gonzaga marchese di Mantua (Venice: Lorenzo Lorio da Portes, 1525)
Institutioni di <mask>cola al comporre in ogni sorte'di Rima della lingua volgare, con vno eruditissimo Discorso della Pittura, & con molte segrete allegorie circa le Muse & la Poesia (Milano: Francesco Minizio Calvo, 1541)
Dell'Istoria di Mantoua libri cinque. Scritta in commentari da <mask> D'Alueto. Nella quale cominciandosi dall’edificatione di essa citta, brevemente si raccontano le cose piu notabili succedute di tempo in tempo cosi in pace, come in guerra, (Mantua: Benedetto Osanna, 1607)

Notes

Further reading
Cherchi, Paolo. "<mask>cola". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, 43. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1993. Cherchi, Paolo."Ritocchi al canone di <mask>cola." Studi di Filologia italiana, XLIV (1986), pp. 209–222. Fahy, C. "Three early renaissance treatises about women" in: Italian Studies, Volume 11, 1956, pp. 30–55. Kolsky, S. <mask>: The Real Courtier. Geneva: Droz, 1991.Leone, A<mask> <mask>: aspetti della sua produzione storiografica Paliano: Albatros, 1995. Merlino, Camilla P. The French Studies of <mask>, University of California Publications in Modern Philology (UCPMP), Vol. 14, No. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1929. Rhodes, D. E. "Notes on the Chronica di Mantua of <mask>." Gutenberg-Jahrbuch (1957), pp.137–141. Santoro, Domenico. Della vita e delle opere di <mask>. Chieti: Jecco, 1906. Santoro, Domenico. Il viaggio d’Isabella Gonzaga in Provenza. Dall'Iter in Narbonensem Galliam e da lettere inedite di <mask>cola.Naples: Tip. Melfi & Joele, 1913. External links
 Querelle | <mask> Querelle.ca is a website devoted to the works of authors contributing to the pro-woman side of the  querelle des femmes. 1470s births
1525 deaths
People from the Province of Frosinone
Italian Renaissance humanists

masks:
Mario Equicola
Equicola
Equicola
Equicola
Equicola
Equicola
Equicola
Equicola
Equicola
Equicola
Equicola
Equicola
Mario Equi
Mario Equi
Mario Equicola
Mario Equi
Mario Equi
Mario Equicola
. Mario
Equicola
Mario Equicola
Mario Equicola
Mario Equicola
Mario Equi
Mario Equicola


texts:
<mask> AO (born 1 July 1949) is a British-born Australian singer. <mask> was a teen pop idol from 1967 until 1979, billed then as <mask>, but has since forged a career as an adult contemporary singer. His career has mostly been as a solo artist, although he replaced Glenn Shorrock as lead singer of Little River Band from 1982 to 1985. In September 1986, his solo single "You're the Voice" peaked at No. 1 on the Australian singles charts. The associated album, Whispering Jack, held the No. 1 position for a total of 25 weeks and is the second-highest-selling album in Australian history.Both the single and the album had top-ten success internationally, including No. 1 in Sweden. <mask> has become one of his country's best-known and most popular performers, and he is the only Australian artist to have a number-one record in five consecutive decades (echoing that of Sir Cliff Richard in the UK), with singles: "Sadie (The Cleaning Lady)" in 1967, "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head" in 1970, and "Age of Reason" in 1988; and albums: Whispering Jack in 1986, Age of Reason in 1988 Chain Reaction in 1990, Then Again... in 1993, 33⅓ in 2000, and The Last Time in 2002. Along with touring with numerous artists, including, The Seekers and international acts like Stevie Nicks and Lionel Richie, he released collaborative albums including with Tom Jones on Together in Concert (2005) and Olivia Newton <mask>, including Highlights from The Main Event (1998; also with Anthony Warlow), Two Strong Hearts Live (2015), and Friends for Christmas (2016). <mask> has been recognised by many honours and awards, including 1987 Australian of the Year, 1996 Officer of the Order of Australia, and 19 ARIA Awards, including his 2003 induction into the Hall of Fame. From 1969 he was voted by TV Week readers as the 'King of Pop' for five consecutive years. Aside from his recording career, <mask> performed on stage with lead roles in Australian productions of Charlie Girl, Pippin and 1992's Jesus Christ Superstar.He starred in his own TV series and specials, including It's Magic (With Colleen Hewett), Bobby Dazzler, and Farnham and Byrne (with Debra Byrne), and as a guest on numerous other popular shows such as The Don Lane Show, Countdown and Hey Hey It's Saturday. Australian rock historian Ian McFarlane described him as "the most successful solo artist in the history of Australian rock and pop ... <mask> has retained an affable sense of humour and a simple, unpretentious 'everyman' charm which also makes him one of the most respected celebrities in Australian entertainment history." Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Dagenham, England, on 1 July 1949, to <mask> <mask> Sr., and Rose (née Pemberton) <mask>. His sisters are Jean and Jaquiline, and his younger brother is Steven. <mask> spent his first ten years in the United Kingdom before his family emigrated to Australia in 1959 to live in Melbourne, Victoria. He attended school at Yarraman Park State School (now Yarraman Oaks Primary School), Lyndale Primary School and Lyndale High School. Musical career

1964–67: The Mavericks to Strings Unlimited
As <mask> he performed with local band The Mavericks on weekends, while still attending school, from 1964.The band had a five-song repertoire. In late 1965, he was asked to join band Strings Unlimited as lead singer; it was a band composed entirely of string-only instruments, and they had a regular booking at a local hotel. In 1966, after making the state finals of the Hoadley's Battle of the Sounds, they recorded a three-track demo tape with <mask> on vocals, Stewart Male on lead guitar, Barry Roy on rhythm guitar, Mike Foenander on keyboards, Joe Cincotta on bass and Peter Foggie on drums. On 29 April 1967, Strings Unlimited performed as a backing band for pop singer Bev Harrell in Cohuna. Harrell's manager and then-boyfriend, Darryl Sambell, was impressed with <mask>'s vocals and offered to become his manager. Initially performing in Sambell's home town of Adelaide, Farnham recorded a light advertising jingle "Susan Jones" for flight company Ansett-ANA and was offered a solo record contract working with EMI under house producer David Mackay. 1967–79: Teen pop idol
<mask>'s first commercially successful recording was a cover of British novelty song "Sadie (The Cleaning Lady)"; Sambell had disliked it, as the lyrics were so persistent.However, EMI's in-house producer, David MacKay, insisted, and so the single was released in November 1967. The B-side, "In My Room" was written by <mask>. By arrangement with Sambell, Melbourne radio DJ Stan Rofe pretended that he disliked "Sadie" before playing it. The song gave <mask> recognition in Australia. Rofe continued the ploy on TV's Uptight and viewers responded with calls to play the song. It hit No. 1 on the Australian singles charts in January 1968 and remained there for 6 weeks.Selling 180,000 copies in Australia, "Sadie" was the highest-selling single by an Australian artist of the decade and became the biggest-selling single in Australia at that time. Rofe was a writer for Go-Set, a teen-oriented pop magazine, another writer for the magazine, Ian "Molly" Meldrum, praised <mask>'s efforts. Go-Set ran a pop poll to determine the 'King of Pop', which was first won by Normie Rowe for 1967–1968. <mask>'s 1968 singles were "Underneath the Arches" and "I Don't Want to Love You"; each peaked at #6. In 1969, <mask> released his album Everybody Oughta Sing a Song, which peaked at No. 12 on the Australian albums charts. His next single was a cover of Harry Nilsson's "One"; <mask>'s version peaked at #4.When TV Week sponsored the 'King of Pop' awards, readers would forward their votes from coupons; <mask> won the most popular male award and was crowned 'King of Pop' five consecutive times from 1969 to 1973. He recorded a cover of the B.J. Thomas hit "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head", which became his second No. 1 hit in December 1969 and remained at top spot for seven weeks into January 1970. <mask>'s next album, Looking Through a Tear, was released in July 1970 and peaked at #11. "Comic Conversations", his single from October, peaked at #10. During 1971, <mask> teamed up with Allison Durbin, who had been chosen as 'Most Popular Female Performer' at the 'King of Pop' awards for 1969–71.They released an album, Together, in September and a single, "Baby, Without You". in November, both peaked into the top 30 of their respective charts. As well as his singing career, <mask> performed in stage musicals, starting with Dick Whittington and His Cat in 1971, and on television variety shows either as a guest performer or as a host. At 22, <mask> was appointed 'King of Moomba' in 1972, with Melbourne paper The Sun describing him as a "likeable English migrant" who is "King of Pop, King of Kids and today <mask> was King of Moomba." In 1972, <mask> had a top 5 national hit with a cover version of the title track from the David Cassidy international hit album, Rock Me Baby. Another stage musical for Farnham was Charlie Girl in 1971. Jillian Billman was one of the dancers, and <mask> married her on 18 April 1973.Meldrum announced their wedding plans in Go-Set but Sambell denied the early reports, and, despite being best man at the wedding, was against Billman marrying <mask>. The clean-cut pop star had made several more albums and singles, but by the mid-1970s his recording career had begun to dwindle and he turned more to stage musicals and television. <mask> and 'Queen of Pop' for 1972–1973, Colleen Hewett, combined on the 1973–74 stage musical, Pippin, and its associated show album released in 1974. Also in 1974, <mask> and Hewett were co-hosts of It's Magic, a children's TV series on Channel Ten. He became familiar to viewers of Countdown when hosting its first colour transmission in early 1975 and introducing Skyhooks' performance of "Horror Movie". Relations with Sambell became strained and in January 1976 they announced their split. <mask> first turned to Kenn Brodziak, producer of Pippin, for his management during 1976–78, and then to Danny Finley, Hewett's then husband, from 1978.<mask> starred in a situation comedy series Bobby Dazzler as the title character during 1977–78, and narrated documentaries including Survival with <mask>. <mask> was in financial trouble with unpaid taxes and the collapse of a restaurant venture with Hewett and Finley. <mask>'s singing career was now confined to the cabaret circuit and stage musicals. In 1979, he changed his stage name to <mask>. 1980–85: Little River Band era
<mask> had met Glenn Wheatley, who was bass guitarist of 1960s rock group The Masters Apprentices, when both acts were managed by Sambell. Wheatley was now managing Little River Band (LRB), and <mask> signed with Wheatley in 1980. They decided his comeback single would be a reworking of The Beatles' "Help!", which was produced by LRB's Graeham Goble, it peaked at #8. <mask> was utilising a more adult contemporary pop style and the associated album, Uncovered, also produced by Goble, peaked at #20. The B-side of "Help" was another of <mask>'s songwriting efforts "Jillie's Song", co-written with Goble. In recording the album, <mask>'s studio band were guitarist Tommy Emmanuel (ex-Southern Star Band), keyboardist Mal Logan (ex-Renée Geyer Band, LRB), drummer Derek Pellicci (LRB) and bass guitarist Barry Sullivan (ex-Chain). They became his tour band until Logan and Pellicci returned to their LRB commitments and were replaced by Sam McNally and David Jones, respectively. In 1980, Farnham also appeared in a TV series entitled Farnham and Byrne with former Young Talent Time teen star and 'Queen of Pop' Debra Byrne. Three other solo singles followed in 1981, but none of them charted into the top 50.In February 1982, after Glenn Shorrock had departed Little River Band, <mask> became their lead vocalist after recommendations by Goble and Wheatley. <mask> had initially resisted the idea of joining LRB, but Wheatley convinced him that Shorrock approved of the replacement. This continued <mask>'s move away from cabaret and into rock music. With <mask>, Little River Band recorded three studio albums, which had modest success, but it was not enough to pay back the advances the record company had provided. The first studio album, The Net, was already written, and <mask> had no say in the songs; he just had to record his lead vocals. In the US, charting albums with <mask>'s vocals included Greatest Hits (1982), The Net (1983), and Playing to Win (1984) on Billboard Pop Albums chart/Billboard 200. While charting singles were, "The Other Guy", "We Two", "You're Driving Me Out of My Mind" and "Playing to Win".<mask>'s biggest Australian hits with LRB were the 1982 single "Down on the Border" which peaked at No. 7 and The Net which peaked at No. 11 on the albums charts in 1983. During this time, <mask> started supplying vocal tracks for films, including Savage Streets (1984), The Slugger's Wife (1985), and Fletch (1985); he later continued with Rad (1986) and Voyage of the Rock Aliens (1987). "Justice for One" was co-written by <mask>, for Savage Streets and it was released as a solo single. Little River Band recorded a concert in Melbourne that aired in the United States on HBO. The concert video was only one hour long, and it highlighted some of the songs from The Net as well as reworked versions of Little River Band classics such as "Cool Change" and "Reminiscing"."Please Don't Ask Me", a song written by Goble, and a non-top 50 single for <mask> almost three years previously, was played during the "Australian-themed" opening of the show. Despite positive Australian and US reviews and responses, this performance has not yet been released on VHS or DVD. In an interview with Channel Seven, <mask> stated: "I'll be better off leaving, rather than putting myself under pressure that I've created." Through this matter, it became apparent to the band that <mask> was intending on leaving and Playing to Win'''s lead single "Playing to Win", a song believed by all to be the band's return to success, then started having authorship disputes. According to <mask>:

As a result, <mask>'s relationship with the band was further sullied. To date, the royalties for the song are meticulously divided with different shares to each of the song's contributors, including Goble, <mask>, Stephen Housden, David Hirschfelder and Wayne Nelson. By late 1985, LRB were in conflict again and <mask> left.In mid-1986, Little River Band released the third studio album, No Reins, but <mask> was already pursuing his solo career. 1986–97: Peak solo years
"You're the Voice" and Whispering <mask> had started collecting a songlist for a future solo album while still in Little River Band. He finished his vocals for their album, No Reins, and left in late 1985. <mask>'s first solo performances since 1981 were live shows with Brett Garsed on lead guitar, Sam See on guitar, Derek Pellicci on drums, Bruno Di Stanislo on electric bass and vocals. Sound engineer Ross Fraser suggested to Farnham's manager Glenn Wheatley that it was time to start working on the solo album. Wheatley searched vainly for a producer and record label willing to work with <mask>; Fraser took on the producer role, and Wheatley provided financial support after mortgaging his house. While visiting a jazz club in the US, <mask> was mistakenly introduced as Jack Phantom, and when he subsequently provided a running commentary for a local pool game he named himself Whispering Jack Phantom after the Pot Black commentator, "Whispering Ted Lowe".His work for the album, Whispering Jack, included expanding his songlist with Fraser's advice. "A Touch of Paradise" was written by Gulliver Smith and Mondo Rock's Ross Wilson, while "Pressure Down" was provided by Harry Bogdanovs. Two weeks before the album was due to be recorded a demo tape arrived from London with similar material as "Pressure Down", <mask> and Fraser listened to the demo of "You're the Voice" and knew they had found a once-in-a-lifetime song. Another song on offer was "We Built This City" but <mask> knocked it back, so it was later recorded by US band Starship. Initially, public interest in the re-branded former teen-idol was difficult to cultivate, and radio stations refused to play <mask>'s album. Things, however, started to change after Sydney radio station 2Day FM played its first single, "You're the Voice", which was released in September 1986. Henceforth, radio stations began receiving requests for the song.Its television debut was on Hey Hey It's Saturday with Skyhook's Greg Macainsh providing bass guitar. "You're the Voice", peaked at No. 1 in Germany, Sweden and Australia, as well as being a top ten hit in some European countries: #3 in Switzerland, #6 in the UK, and No. 6 in Austria. The song was written by Andy Qunta (ex-Icehouse), Keith Reid (Procol Harum), Maggie Ryder and Chris Thompson (ex-Manfred Mann's Earth Band).Whispering Jack, released in October, became the highest-selling album by an Australian act in Australia, at the time, and peaked at number one on the Australian Album Charts for a total of 25 weeks. As of 2006, it was 24× platinum indicating sales of over 1.68 million units in Australia alone. The album was released internationally on RCA/BMG and peaked at No.1 in Sweden, No. 3 in Austria, and Top 20 in Norway. In August 1988 it returned to the Australian Top Ten. It also was the first Australian made music CD released in Australia. Other charting Australian singles were December's "Pressure Down", which peaked at No. 4, March 1987's "Touch of Paradise" and October's "Reasons". After the success of the album, <mask> followed with Jack's Back Tour; an initial itinerary of eleven performances was thought to be enough considering they were up against tours by Michael Jackson and Billy Joel; however, after high ticket sales, it was extended by eight more shows and made use of larger venues.At that time, Jack's Back Tour was the highest-grossing tour by an Australian act. <mask> Band now consisted of Garsed on lead guitar, David Hirschfelder on keyboards (ex-Little River Band), Macainsh on bass and Angus Burchall on drums. <mask> also had three tracks featured on the Rad movie soundtrack released in 1986. <mask> won six of the inaugural 1987 ARIA Music Awards for 'Album of the Year', 'Single of the Year', 'Highest Selling Album', 'Highest Selling Single', 'Best Male Artist' and 'Best Adult Contemporary Album'. On 19 July 1987, TV series Countdown broadcast its last show, the 1986 Countdown Music and Video Awards with <mask> winning the 'Best Album Award' for Whispering Jack. In 1988,

masks:
John Peter Farnham
Farnham
Johnny Farnham
Farnham
John
Farnham
Farnham
Farnham
John Peter
Farnham
John Peter
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Johnny Farnham
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Johnny Farnham
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Johnny Farnham
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John Farnham
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texts:
 Australia's Bicentennial Year, <mask> was named 1987 Australian of the Year, although he was not yet naturalised—a hastily organised swearing-in occurred before the honour was bestowed. He was chosen due to: "his outstanding contribution to the Australian music industry over 20 years."Age of Reason and Chain Reaction

<mask>'s July 1988 single, "Age of Reason", which peaked at No. 1 on the ARIA singles charts, was written by Johanna Pigott and Dragon member Todd Hunter. The album, Age of Reason, produced by Ross Fraser, debuted at No. 1 in August and stayed on top for eight weeks. It was the highest-selling album in Australia from 1988, and, as of 1997, it was 11× platinum indicating sales of over 770,000 units. Renewed interest in Whispering Jack returned it to the Top Ten in August, nearly two years after its initial release. To date, "Age of Reason" remains <mask>'s last No.1 Australian single. Other charting singles from this album were, "Two Strong Hearts" which peaked at No. 6 and "Beyond the Call". Age of Reason had international success peaking at No. 4 in Sweden, and No. 9 in Norway. At the 1988 ARIA Awards, <mask> won 'Best Male Artist', 'Best Adult Contemporary Album' for "Touch of Paradise", and the 'Outstanding Achievement Award'.In March 1989, <mask> was in Moscow, USSR to promote Greenpeace album Rainbow Warriors, as part of an international ensemble including David Byrne (Talking Heads), Peter Gabriel, Chrissie Hynde (The Pretenders), Annie Lennox (Eurythmics), and The Edge (U2). <mask> found time to record a duet with Dannielle Gaha, "Communication", which peaked at No. 13 in August 1989. It was recorded as part promotion for the Australian government's program to control the drug epidemic happening in the mid-'80s entitled "The Drug Offensive". The Drug Offensive logo can be seen attached to a television camera in the video clip made to promote the song.Chain Reaction produced by Fraser, was released in October 1990, and also debuted at No. 1 on the Australian album charts, it provided three Top Ten hit singles, "Chain Reaction" in August, "That's Freedom" in September and "Burn for You" in December. Unlike the previous two albums, where most songs were written by outside writers, Chain Reaction saw <mask> write nine of its twelve tracks with Fraser and keyboardist/musical director David Hirschfelder (ex-Little River Band) along with Phil Buckle (Burn For You) and Joe Crighton (The Time Has Come).The sound was less electronic and more acoustic, it became the biggest-selling album in Australia for 1990, and was No. 1 on the ARIA End of Year album chart. At the 1991 ARIA Awards, <mask> won 'Best Male Artist', 'Song of the Year' for "Burn for You", and 'Highest Selling Album' for Chain Reaction. Full House to Anthology
<mask>'s live album, released in November 1991, was Full House, produced by Ross Fraser and <mask>, which peaked at No. 2 on the ARIA album charts. It contained concert material recorded from May 1987 to October 1990. "Please Don't Ask Me" was released as a single, which peaked into the top 30.At No. 1 on the ARIA album charts was Jimmy Barnes' album, Soul Deep, it included a duet with <mask>, "When Something is Wrong with My Baby", which peaked at No. 3 on the singles charts. In August 1992, <mask> joined the Australian production of Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber's stage musical Jesus Christ Superstar in the title role of Jesus. Fellow cast members included Angry Anderson as Herod, Kate Ceberano as Mary Magdalene, Russell Morris as Simon Zealotes, Jon Stevens as Judas and <mask> as Pontius Pilate. The stage soundtrack, Jesus Christ Superstar The Album, provided the single "Everything's Alright" by Ceberano, <mask> and Stevens, which peaked at No. 6 in September.<mask> released his next studio album, Then Again.., in October 1993, produced by Fraser and <mask>, which peaked at No. 1. Of its four singles only, "Seemed Like a Good Idea (At the Time)" reached the top 20. The album won "Highest Selling Album" at the ARIA Awards in 1994. <mask> never really wanted to try his luck overseas even though he had offers. In a TV Week interview promoting the Romeo's Heart album, he said that people had put pressure on him to live overseas but he had no intention of doing so. "I don't want to go to America to live", he said.He went on to say the pressures for him to relocate "come mainly from other people" but his manager, Glenn Wheatley, has never put this pressure on him. On Australia Day (26 January) 1996, <mask> was made an Officer of the Order of Australia, "In recognition of service to the Australian music industry and to charitable and community organisations, particularly those relating to youth." His single, "Have a Little Faith (In Us)", in March peaked at No. 3. The associated album, Romeo's Heart, produced by Fraser, was released in June and peaked at No. 2 and won "Best Adult Contemporary Album" at the ARIA Awards in 1996. <mask> collaborated with vocal group Human Nature to record "Every Time You Cry" which peaked at No.3 on the singles charts in October 1997. Also in 1997 he released a series of three compilation albums, Anthology 1: Greatest Hits 1986–1997, Anthology 2: Classic Hits 1967–1985 (Recorded Live) and Anthology 3: Rarities which all peaked in the top 20, with Anthology 1 reaching #1. 1998–present
The Main Event with Olivia Newton-<mask> and Anthony Warlow
For The Main Event Tour during October–December 1998, <mask> performed with Olivia Newton-<mask> and Anthony Warlow. The album Highlights from The Main Event peaked at No. 1 in December, sold 4× platinum, and won 'Highest Selling Album' at the 1999 ARIA Awards. The Main Event concert was broadcast on national TV and released on video. During April–May 1999, <mask> undertook the I Can't Believe He's 50 Tour, supported by Merril Bainbridge, Kate Ceberano, Human Nature, James Reyne, Ross Wilson, and Nana-Zhami containing his son, <mask>.Live at the Regent, recorded on 1 July 1999 (<mask>'s 50th birthday), was released in September and peaked at #7. On 21 December, <mask> performed a set for the Tour of Duty concert in Dili for the Australian troops serving with InterFET and East Timorese people. The concert included James Blundell, Dili Allstars, Gina Jeffreys, The Living End, Kylie Minogue, Doc Neeson and the RMC Band. Tour of Duty was the first of <mask>'s concerts to be webcast. For the 2000 Summer Olympics, <mask> and <mask> performed "Dare to Dream" during the Parade of Nations at the Opening Ceremony. Broadcast of the ceremony was viewed by an estimated 3.5 billion people around the world. <mask> appeared as himself in the final episode of the Australian television series The Games (2000).The Last Time to Tom Jones
On 1 January 2001, <mask> was awarded a Centenary Medal, "for outstanding service to Australian music", as part of Australia's celebration of a centenary of federation. In 2002, <mask> announced his decision to retire from full-scale national tours after his The Last Time Tour—he would still perform in concerts and record—which commenced on 6 November 2002 and finished on 15 June 2003. In conjunction with the tour, The Last Time was released in October 2002, it peaked at No. 1 and achieved 3× platinum sales. "The Last Time Tour" was a countrywide concert tour, taking a circus-style tent to smaller towns and filling large entertainment venues in capital cities, it became the biggest-grossing tour in Australian history. During July 2003, <mask> worked with Queen to produce a new version of "We Will Rock You" for the 2003 Rugby World Cup, released on his greatest hits album, "One Voice". Media reports of Queen asking <mask> to join the band were subsequently denied by both Queen's Brian May and <mask>.<mask> was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame on 21 October with a performance of "You're the Voice". <mask> also won 'Best Adult Contemporary Album' for The Last Time. 2002 Hall of Fame inductee was Olivia Newton-<mask>, while in 2004 Little River Band was inducted. Combining with singer Tom Jones, <mask> undertook the Together in Concert series during 2004 with ten shows in Perth, Sydney, Brisbane, and Melbourne. Duets started with "That Driving Beat" and "Mama Told Me Not to Come", solos from <mask> were "One", "Pressure Down", "That's Freedom", "Heart's on Fire", "Playing to Win", "Every Time You Cry", "Man of the Hour", "Age of Reason", and "Burn for You". The pair did five duets to close the show—Sam and Dave's "Hold On I'm Coming", Otis Redding's "Try a Little Tenderness", Ray Charles' "What'd I Say", Arthur Conley's "Sweet Soul Music" and AC/DC's anthem, "Long Way to the Top". The DVD release, Together in Concert – <mask> & Tom Jones, debuted at No 1.<mask>'s career resurrection following The Last Time, has entered the Australian consciousness as a touchstone for others who are seen to return from a strongly-declared retirement. The announcement of the Farnham/Jones Together In Concert tour triggered an unsuccessful claim for damages from a fan, angry that The Last Time tour was not in fact <mask>'s last, as purported in its marketing. Consumer watchdog the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission took no action following this complaint. <mask> made an appearance during the 2005 Melbourne Music Festival, raising funds for rebuilding after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake at the Tsunami Benefit Concert. I Remember When I Was YoungI Remember When I Was Young: Songs from The Great Australian Songbook was released in November 2005—it contains 13 covers of hits, written and performed by Australian artists—which peaked at No. 2 on the ARIA albums charts. In February 2006, <mask> performed four shows at the Sydney Opera House, with the Sydney Symphony, followed by shows at the Victorian Arts Centre's Hamer Hall, Melbourne.These shows were sponsored by Dairy Farmers and a percentage of revenue received from the 'I Remember When I was Young' concerts went to the Dairy Farmers 'Creating Greener Pastures' program to help farmers and their communities. A 2006 DVD of <mask> entitled <mask> with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra was released, it debuted at No. 2 on the ARIA DVD charts and then peaked at #1. From 18 February, <mask> embarked on a small Australian tour with Fleetwood Mac singer Stevie Nicks for a series of live shows. Both artists had equal billing but, unlike the Tom Jones shows, they did not sing together but individually. The same backup singers from the tour, however, were used by both Nicks and <mask>. On 26 March, <mask> sang at the 2006 Commonwealth Games Closing Ceremony, in Melbourne starting with his hit "Age of Reason", followed by "I Remember When I Was Young" from his most recent studio album, "Playing to Win" from his Little River Band days and finished with his anthem song, "You're the Voice".The twentieth anniversary of Whispering Jack in 2006 was marked by an "enhanced" commemorative CD re-release plus a DVD featuring an edited version of the tour that accompanied the album (the full concert was originally released on VHS in 1987). The original album was the first CD made in Australia and, as of June 2008, remains the highest-selling album in Australia by an Australian act. Jack and The Acoustic Chapel Sessions

On 27 May 2009, <mask> announced a new concert tour for September and October, "<mask> – Live By Demand". A new studio album, Jack, was released by Sony BMG on 15 October 2010. The album contains 11 tracks and is <mask>'s first studio album in over 5 years. Jack features covers of compositions by Ray Charles, Curtis Mayfield and Percy Sledge. The release of Jack coincides with a run of indoor and outdoor performances, under the title of "<mask>nham Live!", throughout October and November 2010. On 8 June 2011, it was announced that <mask> intended to embark on a nationwide tour of Australia throughout October and November 2011 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the release of the Whispering Jack album. In addition to this, the Whispering Jack Live video album was edited down by 20 minutes and re-released on DVD by Sony BMG. On 30 September 2011, <mask> released The Acoustic Chapel Sessions live album, recorded in Melbourne in July 2011 at Chapel Off Chapel. The album was released as a CD and DVD 2-disc set by Sony BMG. The CD contains eleven previously released Farnham songs recorded acoustically, while the DVD includes eight songs plus interviews with <mask> and the band as well as additional behind-the-scenes footage. Olympics, the Seekers and Olivia Newton-John tours
On 27 July 2012, <mask> performed live for the Australian Olympic team in London during the lead up to the 2012 Olympic Games.He performed a number of his best-known songs, including "Playing To Win", "Pressure Down", and "You're The Voice". He appeared in a special one-off show with the Seekers in 2014 as part of the "Decades Festival" commemorating the music, fashion and cars of specific era and coinciding with the Seekers' golden jubilee year. In 2015, <mask> joined Olivia Newton-<mask> on stage with a concert tour entitled "Two Strong Hearts Live", singing hits from <mask>'s film Grease, iconic Farnham numbers and renditions of popular classics such as Over the Rainbow and Tenterfield Saddler. An album was released in June 2015 and debuted at No. 1. Unauthorised music use
In 2015, <mask> and Wheatley spoke out against the use of his iconic signature song, "You're the Voice", being used by Reclaim Australia, an anti-Islamic group, and again in 2020 in regard to its use at anti-lockdown rallies during the stage 4 COVID-19 pandemic in Melbourne, Victoria which Wheatley described as offensive to <mask>. Band
, <mask>'s band members are musical director and keyboardist Chong Lim, Angus Burchall on drums, Brett Garsed on guitar, and Craig Newman on bass guitar.Backing vocalists are Lindsay Field, Lisa Edwards, Susie Ahern, and Rod Davies. Previously prominent long-serving members have included Venetta Fields and Stuart Fraser, from the band Noiseworks who regularly performed and toured with the band from 1992 until 2018 when his health deteriorated due to lung cancer. He died on 1 December 2019. Personal life
Farnham married Jillian Billman, a dancer he met when performing the stage musical Charlie Girl, on 11 April 1973. They have two sons, Robert and James. Farnham is a supporter of the North Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League. After years of performing at high-volume concerts, Farnham has tinnitus and hearing loss, and wears hearing aids.He lives on a farm near Bendigo, Victoria. Charity

<mask> has supported several charities over the years, including headlining the 2019 Hay Mate series of concert for Australia's farming community, which raised over 4.4 million dollars. Selected discography

 Sadie (1968)
 Everybody Oughta Sing a Song (1968)
 Looking Through a Tear (1970)
 Christmas Is... <mask> (1970)
 <mask> (1971)<mask> Sings the Shows (1972)
 Hits Magic & Rock 'N Roll (1973)J.P. <mask> Sings (1975)
 Uncovered (1980)
 Whispering Jack (1986)
 Age of Reason (1988)
 Chain Reaction (1990)Then Again... (1993)
 Romeo's Heart (1996)
 33⅓ (2000)
 The Last Time (2002)
 I Remember When I Was Young: Songs from the Great Australian Songbook (2005)
 Jack (2010)
 The Acoustic Chapel Sessions (2011)

Awards and nominations

<mask> has won and been nominated for numerous Australian music and entertainment awards. These include 21 ARIA Awards from 60 nominations including his induction into their Hall of Fame. Others are Countdown Music and Video Awards, Mo Awards and TV Week'' magazine's King of Pop Awards and their Logie Awards. In 2015, <mask>, along with AC/DC, <mask>, the Seekers, and Indigenous Australian artist Archie Roach, was inducted into the Music Victoria Hall of Fame. References

General
 Gazzo, Jane, "<mask>: The Untold Story", North Sydney, N.S.W.: Penguin Random House Australia, 2 November 2015. . Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality. Specific

External links

<mask> at the National Film and Sound Archive
<mask> in AusStage

1949 births
20th-century Australian  male  singers
21st-century Australian  male singers
ARIA Award winners
ARIA Hall of Fame inductees
Australian male singers
Australian male television actors
Australian of the Year Award winners
Australian plumbers
Australian pop singers
Australian soft rock musicians
English emigrants to Australia
Helpmann Award winners
Little River Band members
Living people
Logie Award winners
Naturalised citizens of Australia
Officers of the Order of Australia
People from Dagenham
Recipients of the Centenary Medal
Singers from Melbourne
Sony Music Australia

masks:
Farnham
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John Waters
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John
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John
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Robert Farnham
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Newton John
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Newton John
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John Farnham
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Johnny Farnham
Johnny
Johnny Farnham
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Newton John
John Farnham
John Farnham
John Farnham


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<mask>-Miller, 1st Baronet (11 March 1859 – 4 July 1947) was a British insurance company manager director. He was also a Liberal and later Liberal National politician. Although he was born in England, his chief associations were with Scotland and in particular the city of Perth. In 1936, he was created a Baronet with the title of Norie-Miller of Cleeve in the New Year's Honours List for political and public service in the County of Perth and for his local philanthropy. Family and education
Norie-Miller was born at Cheshunt in Hertfordshire, the son of Henry Miller, the Chief Statistical Officer for HM Customs and his wife Anne Norrie. Norie-Miller was educated privately and then trained for the law but he never practised and began a career in insurance instead. In 1884 he married Grace Harvey Day, the daughter of the vicar of Cheshunt.They had two sons, Claud, who was killed on active service in 1917 and Stanley who went on to succeed his father in the baronetcy and in business. They also had a daughter, Elwena. Norie-Miller's first wife died in 1931 and three years later he married his secretary Florence Jean Belfrage McKim, of Scone in Perthshire. Career
Norie-Miller began his insurance career in London, then moved to Glasgow and for practically the next sixty years he was a chief officer of a number of insurance companies. He was particularly associated with the General Accident, Fire and Life Assurance Association, which he joined soon after it was incorporated in 1885. He played a crucial role in developing its business base in the United Kingdom and later was central in the company's expansion overseas, most notably in the USA. Under his dynamic direction the company built up a worldwide business.He went on to be its chairman and managing director. The portrait of Norie-Miller which hung in the company board room in Perth bore the legend "Founder of the Company". One historian of the insurance industry has described Norie-Miller as one of ‘the great insurance autocrats of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries’. Although Norie Miller based his business in Scotland it would appear that he didn't recognise Scotland as a nation. Advertising posters for his company would read Perth, N.B. i.e. North Britain.Public service
Norie-Miller was intimately involved with the civic life of Perth for many years. He was a Justice of the Peace for the county of Perthshire for nearly 50 years. For over 21 years he was Chairman of the School Board of Perth or of Perth County Education Authority and he was for 32 years Director (15 years chairman) Perth Royal Infirmary. In 1907 he was made an honorary fellow of the Educational Institute of Scotland  and in 1933 he became a freeman of the city of Perth. Politics
Norie-Miller contested Perth as a Liberal at the 1931 general election. The Liberal Party, led by Sir Herbert Samuel had agreed to support the National Government of Ramsay MacDonald at the 1931 general election, with some reservations over the traditional Liberal policy of free trade and Norie-Miller fought the election publicly supporting the government . However the Conservatives also supported the National Government and neither party therefore had a clear advantage with the electorate in terms of identification with the National Government.Norie-Miller then stood down as prospective Liberal candidate for Perth and in 1934 the local Liberal Association selected James Scott, the former Liberal MP for Kincardine and Aberdeenshire West as their new representative. In 1935, when Lord Scone succeeded his father as Earl of Mansfield and Mansfield and went to the House of Lords, a by-election was called for Perth. However, instead of adopting James Scott as their Parliamentary candidate, the Perth Liberals invited Norie-Miller to fight the election as they learned that Perth Conservatives were willing not to oppose him at the by-election providing he stood as a National candidate. Scott was known as a strong supporter of Free Trade  whereas Norie-Miller favoured tariffs and protectionism. In a straight fight with the Labour candidate the former MP Adam McKinley, Norie-Miller won the by-election on 16 April 1935 by a majority of 9,532. Whether Norie-Miller simply did not take to political life, or found it clashed too greatly with his business responsibilities or if he just felt he was too old at 76 to give Parliament its proper attention, he decided not to contest the 1935 general election in November that year. There had clearly been some confusion about his candidacy and its joint support by local Liberal and Conservative Associations.Shortly before the election, a Captain Harry Houldsworth, looked set to contest the seat as a National Conservative but suddenly withdrew claiming he had misunderstood the local position and in the belief that Norie-Miller wished to continue. There was division in the Conservative ranks about whether to renew support for Norie-Miller. On 26 October, Norie-Miller did withdraw from the electoral race, citing medical reasons and the confusion of the position but the Unionists did not re-select Captain Houldsworth as their man, turning instead to Thomas Hunter, who was described in The Times newspaper as the Lord Provost of Perth and who could also rely on Liberal support. So no Liberal candidate of any stripe contested the 1935 general election in Perth which was won by the Unionists in a straight fight with Labour. Death
Norie-Miller remained active in the insurance business until the time of his death, as chairman of General Accident until 1944 and as its honorary governor from 1938 until his death in 1947. He died at his home at Cleeve, Cherrybank, near Perth, on 4 July 1947, aged 88 years, and was buried at St Ninian's Cathedral, Perth where he had been a worshipper. See also
 List of United Kingdom MPs with the shortest service

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1859 births
1947 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
Scottish Liberal Party MPs
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1931–1935
People from Cheshunt