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Amy Christine Dumas (; born April 14, 1975), better known by her ring name <mask>, is an American professional wrestler. She is currently signed with WWE. Often regarded as one of the greatest women's performers, she is also one of the most popular female superstars in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2014. Initially using the name of Angelica, Dumas started her wrestling career in Mexico with the Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) in 1998, followed by briefly working on the US independent circuit in early 1999, and then working for 6 months in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). Dumas then signed with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, later WWE) in August 1999, debuting in February 2000 as <mask>. Originally, she was paired with Essa Rios, but she achieved her greatest push alongside Matt and Jeff Hardy as Team Xtreme, and in 2005–2006 was a heel wrestler, including as a manager to Edge. She is a four-time WWE Women's Champion.After her first retirement in 2006, she formed the punk rock band The Luchagors. The band released their self-titled debut album on September 11, 2007. Early life
Amy Christine Dumas was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida to Christine and Michael Dumas on April 14, 1975. She attended many different schools around Florida throughout her childhood and adolescent years and managed to finish high school at Lassiter High School near Atlanta six months before graduation. She majored in education at Georgia State University, but dropped out in 1993 because she felt it was too much like high school. Later, in Washington, D.C., Dumas played bass guitar in several bands, and worked as a roadie for a band. Professional wrestling career

Early career (1997–1999)
Dumas first became interested in wrestling after watching Rey Mysterio Jr., a Mexican-American luchador, wrestle on an episode of World Championship Wrestling's (WCW) Monday Nitro.She traveled to Mexico in 1997 to learn more about the sport and how to wrestle. Dumas financed her training by dancing in a club under the pseudonym Misty. During her stay in Mexico, Dumas trained under numerous wrestlers, including El Dandy, Kevin Quinn and Ricky Santana. Following the completion of her training, Dumas made several appearances with the Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre in 1998, under the ring name of Angelica. After returning to the United States, Dumas continued working as a valet on the independent circuit as Angelica. She made her wrestling debut in a match against indie wrestler Strawberry Fields on January 9, 1999, where she won the match. She worked in Maryland Championship Wrestling (MCW), at one point managing Christopher Daniels.She also made appearances in NWA Mid-Atlantic, where she first met Matt and Jeff Hardy, who offered to train with her. Extreme Championship Wrestling (1999)

In April 1999, Dumas was approached by Paul Heyman, the owner and booker of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). Dumas debuted in ECW as Miss Congeniality, the on-screen girlfriend of Danny Doring. Dumas later began using the name Angelica once again and made her pay-per-view debut on July 18 at Heat Wave where Doring, as part of their storyline, proposed to her with a condom. Dumas was introduced to veteran wrestler Dory Funk, Jr. by ECW wrestler Rob Van Dam, and Funk invited her to attend his wrestling school, The Funkin' Conservatory. Dumas attended Funk's school alongside twenty-three men, graduated from the school in August 1999, and returned to ECW. Meanwhile, Funk and his wife compiled video footage of Dumas and sent it to the World Wrestling Federation.The Federation was sufficiently impressed, and on August 1, 1999, Dumas was signed to a WWF developmental deal. After six months with ECW, she made her final appearance on October 23, 1999, at Re-enter the Sandman. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment

Debut (1999–2000)

Dumas debuted on the July 5, 1999, episode of Raw Is War as part of The Godfather's Ho-Train. After honing her skills at the Memphis Championship Wrestling developmental territory, Dumas was given the ring name Lita and paired with luchador Essa Rios. <mask> and Rios made their WWF debut on the February 13, 2000, episode of Sunday Night Heat, where Rios was booked to win the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship from Gillberg (it was only by watching the episode that the two learned their new ring names, decided post-production). Lita mimicked his moves, notably the moonsault and hurricanrana, immediately after he had performed them on an opponent. Essa Rios and <mask> had a feud with Eddie Guerrero and Chyna which led to a European title match between Ríos and then-champion Guerrero at Backlash.In May 2000, a storyline was developed in which <mask> found Rios cavorting with The Godfather and his "hos", causing tension between them. Rios eventually turned on <mask> by powerbombing her after she inadvertently cost him a match with the Hardy Boyz coming to her rescue. Team Xtreme (2000–2002)
As a member of Team Xtreme, Lita developed a more "alternative" image, wearing baggy pants with a thong, which was hiked up high above her pants, clearly exposed- right after she joined Team Xtreme, her popularity skyrocketed. During her time with Team Xtreme, Lita became the only female to ever be physically involved in Tables, Ladders, and Chairs matches in the WWF, effectively interfering at TLC I at Summerslam and TLC II at WrestleMania X-Seven on the Hardy Boyz’ behalf- but her interference was often short lived as she was brutally Speared at ringside by Edge and 3-D’ed by the Dudley Boyz. In June 2000, Team Xtreme began a storyline with T & A (Test and Albert), with Lita engaging in a rivalry with their manager, Trish Stratus. The rivalry developed into an off and on long-term feud between the two women that lasted until Stratus retired in 2006. The storyline ended shortly after Fully Loaded, where Lita pinned Stratus in a six-person intergender tag team match.The two rivals were then part of the main event of the July 31, 2000, edition of Raw in <mask>'s hometown of Atlanta, which was a tag team match between <mask> & The Rock vs Stratus & Triple H, which <mask> and The Rock won. Subsequently, Lita began feuding with WWF Women's Champion Stephanie McMahon-Helmsley after winning the first-ever women's battle royal against the likes of Ivory, Jacqueline, Terri and The Kat. In the main event of the August 21, 2000, episode of Raw is War (her second main event in 3 weeks), Lita defeated Stephanie with a moonsault to win the Women's Championship for the first time, with The Rock as special guest referee. Lita held the Women's Championship for 73 days, which included retaining her title in a hardcore match against Jacqueline on October 9. In the course of her reign, Lita became embroiled in the storyline feud between the Hardy Boyz and Edge and Christian. In retaliation for her frequent interference in their matches, Edge and Christian cost Lita the Women's Championship by side-slamming her into the mat, helping Ivory to defeat her in a four-way match on the November 2 episode of SmackDown! Ivory was in a conservative-based stable named Right to Censor at that time, which targeted Lita for her attire and moves.<mask> attempted to regain the title on several occasions, wrestling Ivory in a match at Survivor Series where Ivory cut Lita's lower forehead open with her boot heel and she bled heavily, and then another match at Rebellion but Lita was thwarted on each occasion by Stevie Richards, Ivory's mentor. She spent the remainder of the year in a storyline with would-be suitor Dean Malenko, on one occasion unsuccessfully challenging him for the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship. Even after repeated rejections from Lita followed by savage beatings by the Hardy Boyz, Malenko was undeterred in his quest to win Lita's affections. Lita continued to feud with Dean Malenko in early 2001, and she defeated him in a singles bout on the February 19 episode of Raw is War with the assistance of Matt Hardy. Following the match, Hardy kissed Lita, beginning their on-screen relationship and turning their real-life romance into a storyline. On the April 9 edition of Raw is War, she took part in another WWF main event as part of Team Xtreme against a tag team of Stephanie McMahon-Helmsley and the Two Man Power Trip (Stone Cold Steve Austin and Triple H). They won the match, but Lita took a brutal beating after the match, where she was Pedigreed by Triple H, and Austin hit her 4 times in the back with a steel-folding chair and finished her off with a Stunner; Austin had just turned heel and this was an attempt to generate even more heat towards the ultra-popular wrestler by beating up the most popular female wrestler in the WWF at the time.In July 2001, <mask> and Trish Stratus joined forces to combat Stacy Keibler and Torrie Wilson, members of The Alliance: Extreme Championship Wrestling and World Championship Wrestling wrestlers who were invading the WWF as part of The Invasion storyline. At the Invasion pay-per-view on July 22, <mask> and Stratus defeated Keibler and Wilson in the first ever tag team bra and panties match by stripping their opponents to their underwear. Throughout The Invasion, <mask>, Stratus, and Jacqueline feuded with Alliance members Keibler, Wilson, Ivory, and Mighty Molly. The Invasion storyline ended on November 18 at Survivor Series, where <mask> took part in a six-pack challenge for the WWF Women's Championship, which had been vacated by Chyna earlier that month; Stratus won the match and the title. In late 2001, the Hardy Boyz began a storyline in which they were feuding with one another. <mask> refereed a match between them at Vengeance on December 9. Jeff won the match with a scripted finish that had <mask> failing to notice that Matt had placed his leg on the rope during Jeff's successful pin attempt.Continuing the storyline on the following episode of Raw, Matt defeated <mask> and Jeff in a handicap match, shortly after informing <mask> that both their relationship and the Hardy Boyz were finished. On the December 17 episode of Raw, both Jeff and <mask> were sidelined with storyline injuries following a hardcore title match between Jeff and WWF Hardcore Champion The Undertaker, when they were both tossed off the stage by The Undertaker. The injuring of both his brother and ex-girlfriend led to a reconciliation between the members of Team Xtreme, and on the December 20 episode of SmackDown!, Matt faced The Undertaker but was also injured. All three members of Team Xtreme were then removed from WWF television for several weeks. Team Xtreme returned at the Royal Rumble event in January, with the Hardys as participants and <mask> accompanying them. The trio attacked The Undertaker, but were unsuccessful in eliminating him. Lita resumed her pursuit of the WWF Women's Championship and made her in-ring WrestleMania debut at WrestleMania X8 on March 17, facing Stratus and WWF Women's Champion Jazz in a match in which Jazz retained her title by pinning Lita.Neck injury and return (2002–2003)
On April 6, Dumas suffered what appeared to be a stinger while filming a fight scene for a role in the season finale of the television program Dark Angel. The rehearsal required that she practice the hurricanrana that would be used in the episode, however, the stunt double Dumas was working with dropped her as she swung through the move, causing her to land on her neck and shoulders. After she underwent a CAT scan, it was revealed that she had suffered three cracks in her vertebrae, necessitating surgery. On April 30, Dumas underwent neck surgery under Dr. Lloyd Youngblood, during which he used a section of her hip to fuse her C5 and C6 vertebrae together. She spent the subsequent year rehabilitating, making appearances on Sunday Night Heat as a color commentator, beginning in October 2002. During her time recovering, Matt and Jeff split thus ending Team Xtreme; Jeff would leave the WWE the following year and Matt would move to Smackdown. On the April 21, 2003, episode of Raw, as part of a new storyline, she was fired from her position on commentary by general manager Eric Bischoff after she rejected his advances and his request that she follow in the footsteps of SmackDown!s Torrie Wilson and pose for Playboy.She returned to the ring after an absence of seventeen months on the September 15 episode of Raw, saving Trish Stratus from a beating at the hands of Molly Holly and Gail Kim. Co-general manager Stone Cold Steve Austin later explained to Eric Bischoff that he had rehired <mask>. <mask> and Stratus went on to defeat Holly and Kim in a tag team match on September 21 at Unforgiven. <mask> feuded with Holly into late 2003, unsuccessfully challenging her for the Women's Championship on November 16 at Survivor Series. On the November 17 episode of Raw, <mask> and Matt Hardy were reunited after Hardy was moved from SmackDown! to Raw. Continuing the storyline, Holly interrupted as Hardy was about to propose to <mask>, challenging the duo to face her and Bischoff in an intergender tag team match later that evening.Bischoff later added the stipulation that <mask> would earn a title shot if she won but would be fired if she lost. Hardy and <mask> lost the match after Hardy refused to tag in, with Hardy berating Lita for "selfishly" returning to Raw instead of SmackDown!, claiming that this showed that she cared more about the Women's Championship than about him. Lita was rehired later that evening when Christian informed her that he had used his Survivor Series favor to get Bischoff to reinstate her. One week later, Lita lost to Victoria in the first ever women's steel cage match in WWE history, due to interference from Hardy. As <mask> and Christian appeared to be developing an on-screen relationship, so did Stratus and Chris Jericho. Subsequently, Stratus and Lita participated in an intergender tag team match as partners on the December 1 episode of Raw. After the match, Stratus overheard Jericho talking to then-heel, Christian, about who could sleep with their respective woman first.One week later, Stratus and <mask> confronted the men about their real intentions, leading to a feud between the two men and women which resulted in a "Battle of the Sexes" match at Armageddon, which the women lost. A rematch ended in a no contest the next night. On February 23, 2004, <mask> was involved in a fatal-4-way elimination match for the Women's Championship which also included Molly Holly, Jazz, and Victoria, who won the match. Storyline with Kane and feuding with Trish Stratus (2004–2005)
Lita competed in the women's division throughout early 2004, winning a battle royal to become the number one contender for the Women's Championship on the April 5 episode of Raw. Victoria defeated <mask> to retain the Women's Championship at Backlash on April 18. The next night on Raw, Lita was reunited with Matt Hardy when Hardy attacked Kane in an attempt to prevent him from harming Lita, beginning a new storyline involving the trio. In the following weeks, Kane began repeatedly assaulting Hardy and attempting to seduce Lita.During the course of the storyline, he kidnapped <mask> and held her tied up backstage, and he persuaded Eric Bischoff to give her a title shot at Bad Blood on June 13, where she was defeated by Trish Stratus in a Fatal Four Way match that also included Gail Kim and defending champion Victoria. The next night on Raw, <mask> revealed that she was pregnant. One week later, it appeared that Hardy was going to propose to <mask>, but he was interrupted by Kane, who claimed to be the father of <mask>'s child. Two months later, it was revealed that Kane was, in fact, the father. Hardy and Kane feuded for several months, culminating in a "Till Death Do Us Part" match on August 15 at SummerSlam, with the stipulation that Lita would be obliged to marry the winner of the match. Kane won the match, leading to he and a reluctant Lita marrying one another on the August 23 episode of Raw. Despite being married to Kane, Lita thwarted him during his matches, constantly aiding his opponents.On the September 13 episode of Raw, <mask> miscarried after Gene Snitsky struck Kane with a chair, resulting in him falling on <mask>. The miscarriage led to <mask> and Kane joining forces in order to take revenge on Snitsky. With the pregnancy storyline over, <mask> returned to the women's division in November 2004. She began a feud with Trish Stratus, who had constantly degraded her during her pregnancy storyline. When Stratus referred to her as "chubby" because of her weight gain, she retaliated by attacking Stratus backstage due to no longer carrying a child. <mask> challenged Stratus to a Women's Championship match at Survivor Series, however, due to the months of humiliation and being verbally berated by Stratus, Lita was more concerned with doing as much damage as possible, and she broke Stratus's nose during the match and attacked her with a chair, leading to her disqualification. This intense and violent match involved levels of physicality that had not been seen before in the women's division.The feud continued, and on December 6, <mask> defeated Stratus in the main event of Raw to win her second WWE Women's Championship. During the course of the match, <mask> botched a suicide dive to the outside when she over rotated by a fraction, barely escaping serious injury. This move was later used in the buildup to the title rematch she was booked for at New Year's Revolution against Stratus, who claimed, "Lita had to practically kill herself, just to beat me". In the course of the match, <mask> legitimately tore her left ACL after executing a Thesz press off the ring apron, which left her unable to properly continue the match and led to a rushed finish, in which Stratus reclaimed the title.Ian Hamilton. Wrestling's Sinking

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 Ship: What Happens to an Industry Without Competition, 134. Lita returned to WWE television in March 2005, mentoring Christy Hemme, who was in the midst of a storyline with Stratus that featured a title match between them at WrestleMania 21. Despite <mask>'s coaching, Hemme was defeated by Stratus.<mask> continued to feud with Stratus by proxy over the following weeks, with Kane defeating Stratus' companion, Viscera, at Backlash on May 1. Relationship with Edge and first retirement (2005–2006)

The relationship between <mask> and Kane lasted until the May 16 episode of Raw, when <mask> turned on Kane, helping Edge defeat him in the finals of the Raw Gold Rush Tournament, turning heel. On the May 30 episode of Raw, <mask> announced that she had filed for divorce, and said things such as Kane was like a 4th grader in the bedroom, that she would not have to deal with things such as his sweaty body, the "stupid little" laugh he does, and their wedding ring being flushed down a toilet. She then attempted to marry Edge on the June 20 episode of Raw, but the marriage ceremony was interrupted by a vengeful Kane, who emerged from beneath the ring, destroyed the ceremony, and as Edge and <mask> escaped from the ring, Kane tombstoned their priest. The storyline with Kane ended shortly thereafter. Off-screen, at this time, Dumas had been involved with Matt Hardy romantically, but began an affair with Adam Copeland (Edge), who was one of Hardy's closest friends. WWE then began to use the real-life issues between the three as an on-screen storyline.In April, Hardy was released from WWE for revealing the entire incident on his blog, only to be rehired several months later under constant outcry from fans from shows and pay-per-views every week for months on end. <mask> had been one of the most popular performers in the WWE since the beginning of her association with the Hardy Boyz in 2000 and after Hardy was fired in April, her popularity had taken a massive dive. Starting with a RAW event at Madison Square Garden where after hobbling to the ring on a crutch to do a segment with heel Trish Stratus, she was booed heavily and fans chanted "You screwed Matt!" and "We want Matt! "- and Lita was still a face at this time. The booing and jeering got so bad that Stratus, angered by the abuse went off script and berated the crowd- and after the segment Dumas was shaken by the experience. Hardy was rehired in July (by which time Lita had turned heel) and would engage in a three-month feud with Edge, while <mask>, awkwardly watching and sometimes interfering in these matches from ringside continued to act as Edge's valet.On the October 3 episode of Raw, Edge, with the assistance of <mask>, defeated Hardy in a ladder match, and Hardy was obligated to leave Raw as a stipulation of the match, ending their feud. Hardy went to Smackdown!, and Edge defeated John Cena to win the WWE Championship on January 8 at New Year's Revolution. In an interview conducted after the event, on WWE.com, Edge announced that he and <mask> would have "hot, unbridled sex" in the middle of the ring on Raw the following night to celebrate his victory. On Raw that night in the family-friendly amusement park town of Hershey, Pennsylvania, Edge held up to that promise by engaging in foreplay with <mask> in a bed inside the ring until they were interrupted by Ric Flair, who called Edge a disgrace and "that he was horrible in the sack." Flair, however, ended up on the receiving end of a con-chair-to on the announcers' table until Cena came out to Flair's aid and performed an FU on Lita. The "Live Sex Celebration" segment earned Raw a 5.2 rating, the highest Raw rating in over a year, leading Edge to call himself the "most watched champion ever". In 2021, <mask> revealed that she was uncomfortable with the segment, but WWE threatened to fire her if she didn't do the segment.On the February 6 episode of Raw, Lita teamed with Edge in a loss to Cena and Maria. She continued to manage Edge into mid-2006, frequently interfering on his behalf during his feud with Mick Foley. In May 2006, Foley joined forces with Edge and <mask>, with the trio defeating Foley's ECW rivals Terry Funk, Tommy Dreamer, and Beulah McGillicutty in an impromptu six-person tag team match at One Night Stand. On the August 14 episode of Raw, Lita won her third Women's Championship by defeating Mickie James. She lost the title to longtime rival, Trish Stratus, at Unforgiven in Stratus's retirement match. At Cyber Sunday, Lita defeated James again in the finals of a tournament for the vacant Women's Title in a lumberjill match. In the three editions of Raw after Cyber Sunday, Lita faced James in three non-title handicap matches, the first where James had one hand tied behind her back, the second where James had her feet tied together, and the third with James being blindfolded.<mask> easily won the first (6 November) and third (20 November) of those matches, but on the November 13 episode of RAW James was able to defeat <mask> after D-Generation X squirted mustard in Lita's face. At Survivor Series, Lita had her last match before her retirement, where she lost the title against Mickie James. She had become so fed up with the continued negative intrusion WWE fans had on her personal life and insults for 18 consecutive months. Return to the independent circuit (2007, 2017)
Dumas made her debut for United Wrestling Federation (UWF) on April 21, 2007, where she served as a special guest referee for the match between Christy Hemme and April Hunter. The following day, Dumas made her in-ring debut teaming up with Jerry Lynn in a winning effort defeating Austin Starr and Christy Hemme. Dumas made her debut for Family Wrestling Entertainment on the April 28 episode of FWE Television, as a special guest referee for the match where Winter retained the FWE Women's Championship against Melina Perez. <mask> made her in-ring return, for the first time in five years as part of an eight-person tag match for MCW Pro Wrestling in Joppa, Maryland on March 3, 2017, where she teamed with The Bruiser, and The Hell Cats to defeat MCW champion Sean Studd, Andy Vineberg, Rayo and Jeremiah.Return to World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
 Sporadic appearances (2007–2012)
<mask> made a special appearance on December 10, 2007, on Raw's 15th Anniversary Special by teaming up with Trish Stratus to rid the ring of Jillian Hall. Later that night, she had a backstage reunion with Kane, her former on-screen husband. She appeared on the November 1, 2010, episode of Raw in a segment with Pee Wee Herman. On December 12, 2011, Lita presented a Slammy Award to Kelly Kelly for Divalicious Moment of the Year. Lita also appeared on the 1000th episode of Raw on July 23, 2012, defeating Heath Slater in an intergender no disqualification, no countout match with the help from the WWE legends who had defeated Slater during the past weeks, as well as the APA. WWE Hall of Fame and various roles (2014–2017)
On February 10, 2014, it was announced that <mask> would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2014. At the ceremony, she was inducted by her best friend and fellow wrestler Trish Stratus.The next night at WrestleMania XXX, she appeared during transmission while she was introduced as part of the 2014 Hall of Fame class. <mask> served as a trainer on the sixth season of Tough Enough, alongside Booker T and Billy Gunn. She appeared on the July 13, 2015, episode of Raw to introduce the Tough Enough contestants. From October 2015 to July 2016, Dumas was a creative writer and backstage producer for the WWE on a full-time basis. During the WrestleMania 32 pre-show on April 3, 2016, <mask> unveiled the new WWE Women's Championship belt, in addition to announcing the retirement of the WWE Divas Championship. Charlotte defeated Becky Lynch and Sasha Banks in a triple threat match later that night to win the title, becoming the first Women's Champion of the modern era. She was working as one of the pre-show hosts for Raw, SmackDown and pay-per-view events.By December 2016, <mask> was no longer with the company. Lita appeared during the WrestleMania 33 pre-show on April 2, 2017. She was a color commentator for the Mae Young Classic, alongside Jim Ross. Royal Rumble and WWE Evolution (2018)
On January 28, 2018, at Royal Rumble, Lita made a surprise entrance at number 5 during the first women's Royal Rumble match, in which she eliminated Mandy Rose and Tamina before being eliminated by Becky Lynch. On September 3, WWE announced that <mask> would make her in-ring return against Mickie James at WWE Evolution, the first ever all women's pay–per–view, however through October, James and her then ally Alexa Bliss started a feud with her and Trish Stratus (whom was scheduled to wrestle Bliss at the same event). This eventually led to the announcement of a tag team match between the two duos at Evolution. Just three days before the event, on October 25, it was announced that Bliss was pulled off the match due to a concussion she suffered beforehand and she was replaced by Alicia Fox, who along with James, got involved in a backstage brawl with <mask> and Trish.At the event on October 28, <mask> and Trish defeated James and Fox after Stratus pinned James. The next night on Raw, in a 10-women tag team match, <mask>, Trish, Natalya, Sasha Banks and Bayley defeated James, Fox and the Riott Squad. Royal Rumble Return and Elimination Chamber (2022-present)

Four years later on the January 7, 2022, episode of SmackDown, <mask> was announced to compete in the women's Royal Rumble match, then appeared the January 14, episode of SmackDown after 20 years. She had a confrontation with Smackdown Women’s Champion Charlotte Flair. She entered the 2022 Royal Rumble match at the number 26 spot and eliminated former rival Mickie James. Lita lasted a just over 10 minutes before being eliminated by Flair. Two days later on the January 31 episode of Raw, Lita challenged Raw Women's Champion Becky Lynch to a match at Elimination Chamber, where she lost at the event.KAYfABE (2020)
In March 2020, Dumas, along with Christy Hemme and Gail Kim, announced "KAYfABE", a new wrestling show which was inspired by true events and was to blend scripted drama with pro wrestling. The production launched a crowd-funding campaign on Kickstarter to raise money for the pilot episode, however they were only able to raise $62,919.96 of the $400,000 goal. Following the failure of the campaign, the team cited the financial impacts of the global COVID-19 pandemic as a reason for the campaign's difficulties and assured fans that the show would secure funding elsewhere at a later date. Legacy
Lita is cited as inspiration for several women, such as:  AJ Lee, Bayley, Deonna Purrazzo, Melina Perez, Taryn Terrell, Maria Kanellis, Paige, Emma, Mickie James, Maryse, Naomi, Becky Lynch, Zelina Vega, Liv Morgan and many more. Lita was involved in the first three Raw main events featuring women. She won all three matches- the first on July 31, 2000, in Atlanta being a mixed tag match pairing her and The Rock against Trish Stratus and Triple H, the second against Stephanie McMahon on August 21, 2000, with The Rock as the special guest referee in which she captured her first Women's Championship, and the third against Trish Stratus on December 6, 2004, where she won her second Women's Championship. This was the first time women had main evented Raw where no men were involved in any capacity.In November 2003, she faced Victoria in the first ever women's steel cage match in WWE. WWE mentions <mask> as "A Diva who always kept the WWE Universe on their toes. Whether she was flying high with The Hardy Boyz or shocking censors alongside Edge, the four-time Women's Champion knew how to elicit a reaction around the world." Her Women's Championship match against Trish Stratus on Unforgiven 2006 was ranked No. 3 by WWE in 2015 on the "10 greatest Divas Matches of all time" list. This match is also cited as one of the most unforgettable Divas matches along with her match against Mickie James at Survivor Series, and against Victoria in a cage match on Raw. Music career

Dumas formed the band The Luchagors in mid-2006, and they debuted in September 2006 at a rock n' wrestling event called Rock -N- Shock at The Masquerade in Atlanta.Dumas wore a top emblazoned with the symbol of the band during her final match in WWE. The band released their self-titled debut CD, The Luchagors, on September 11, 2007. Dumas contributed vocals to the song "From The Shadows" (appearing on the track alongside Dez Cadena of Black Flag/Misfits) from Recognise, the debut album from UK band JD & the FDCs, which was released in July 2012. A video for the song was released in March 2013. Other media

Lita was featured in the June 2001 video and DVD release Lita: It Just Feels Right. The video featured discussions of Lita's career to that point and showcased several of her matches. Dumas' autobiography, written with Michael Krugman, Lita: A Less Traveled R.O.A.D.– The Reality of Amy Dumas was released on September 16, 2003. The book covered topics such as her family, childhood years, wrestling career, relationship with Matt Hardy, and her neck surgery and subsequent rehabilitation. <mask> is considered to be a sex symbol. Dumas also appeared on a variety of television shows including Dark Angel, Fear Factor, and The Weakest Link's "WWF Superstars Edition" in 2002. In 2004, she appeared on an episode of Headbangers Ball. <mask> began hosting a radio show called Amy's Discordia in 2013. She is a playable character in WWF No Mercy, WWF SmackDown!2: Know Your Role, WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It, WWF Raw, WWE WrestleMania X8, WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth, WWE Crush Hour, WWE WrestleMania XIX, WWE Raw 2, WWE SmackDown! Here Comes The Pain, WWE WrestleMania 21, WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw 2006, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007, WWE '13, WWE SuperCard, WWE 2K14, WWE 2K16 (as downloadable content), WWE 2K17, WWE 2K18, WWE 2K19 and WWE 2K20.<mask> was interviewed and profiled for the 2016 Nine Legends movie. On May 9, 2018, Dumas debuted as the host of a series for the ASY TV web platform titled The UFO Sho where she visits UFO themed locations and examines the culture around them. On November 18, 2020, <mask> made an appearance on a TV show along with Tatiana Suarez of the UFC on The Bachelorette. Personal life
Dumas had breast augmentation surgery in late 1999.Amy Dumas. Lita: A Less Traveled R.O.A.D – The Reality of Amy Dumas, 124. Dumas is a known animal lover. In 2003, she founded the animal charity Amy Dumas Operation Rescue and Education (A.D.O.R.E.).Dumas' hair is naturally brunette, although she has dyed it red throughout her WWF/E career. She has a wide variety of tattoos: a three eyed green gargoyle on her upper right bicep, the word "Punk" on the inside of her lower lip, and the word "rebel" () written in Russian Cyrillic letters on her lower back neck, all of which she got in the 1990s. In 2007, she acquired a sleeve on her left arm, featuring Mexican skulls, one of which has the band 7 Seconds' logo on its forehead. She previously had two piercings in her tongue and another two in her nose. In 1999, Dumas began dating Matt Hardy.Ian Hamilton. Wrestling's Sinking Ship: What Happens to an Industry Without Competition, 150. They first met in January 1999 at a NWA Mid-Atlantic show, and began dating a few months later.In February 2005, it was revealed that Dumas had been romantically involved with fellow wrestler Adam Copeland for several months while still in a relationship with Hardy, who had been at home recovering from a knee injury.Ian Hamilton. Wrestling's Sinking Ship: What Happens to an Industry Without Competition, 152. Following a public revelation of the affair, Matt Hardy was released by WWE. Hardy was rehired several months later and the real-life situation was translated into a storyline. Dumas dated fellow band member Shane Morton from 2006 to 2008. Dumas also dated CM Punk from 2009 to 2010, and then again from late 2012 to September 2013. After retiring from wrestling, in 2009 Dumas bought a house in Nicaragua and splits her time between her home in Atlanta and her house in Nicaragua, where she enjoys surfing.Dumas was arrested on December 9, 2011, in Columbia County, Georgia for speeding and driving with a suspended license. After one night in jail, Dumas was released on a bail bond posted at $2,200. Dumas is a vegan. Championships and accomplishments

 American Chronicles Female of the Year (2006)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated Feud of the Year (2005)
 Woman of the Year (2001)
 Pro Wrestling Report Diva of the Year (2006)
 World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE WWE Women's Championship (4 times)
 WWE Women's Championship Tournament (2006)
 WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2014)
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter''' Worst Feud of the Year (2004)
 In May 2013, Diva Dirt held a WWE Diva of the Decade tournament for voters to determine the best WWE Diva from 2003 to 2013. Lita was the winner of the competition bracket of 16 WWE Divas. In August 2020, Digital Spy'' held a World Cup tournament to discover the greatest female WWE wrestler of all time. Lita was declared the winner from a list of 32 female wrestlers.See also
 Women in WWE
 Women's professional wrestling

References

Bibliography

External links

1975 births
American women heavy metal singers
American female judoka
American female professional wrestlers
American heavy metal singers
American punk rock singers
Women punk rock singers
Georgia State University alumni
Living people
People from Sanford, North Carolina
Professional wrestling announcers
Professional wrestling managers and valets
Sportspeople from Atlanta
Sportspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
WWE Hall of Fame inductees
WWF/WWE Women's Champions
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women

masks: Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita Lita


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<mask>. (born May 29, 1968) is an American politician who was the U.S. representative for  from 2009 to 2011. Elected in 2008, he was defeated in his bid for reelection on November 2, 2010. <mask> is a member of the Democratic Party. He previously served as State's Attorney of Queen Anne's County on Maryland's Eastern Shore, and he was appointed as a judge for the county's District Court by Governor Martin O'Malley in December 2011. Early life, education and career
<mask> was born in Lanham, Maryland, and spent his childhood in Prince George's County, Maryland. He is the son of <mask><mask>. and <mask>. <mask> attended high school at Queen Anne School in Upper Marlboro and graduated in 1986.<mask> received his bachelor's degree in 1990 from Western Maryland College. He joined Phi Delta Theta while there and played soccer, basketball and baseball. In soccer, he served as Captain for three years, was named to the Middle-Atlantic Conference All-Conference Team and received the Most Valuable Offensive Player Award and the Homer Earl Outstanding Player Award. Upon graduation, he was awarded the Bates Prize for the Most Outstanding Graduating Male, the Charles W. Havens Award, awarded to an intercollegiate athlete who "has shown by word and deeds the attributes of charity, altruism, benevolence, and a humane and compassionate concern for his fellow man", and the Carroll County Scholar-Athlete Award. <mask> then graduated with honors from University of Baltimore School of Law in 1994. He served from 1994 to 1995 as Law Clerk for Judge Darlene G. Perry of Prince George's County Circuit Court. From 1995 to 1997 he served as Assistant State's Attorney for Prince George's County, Maryland.In 1997, <mask> moved to the Eastern Shore and was appointed Assistant State's Attorney for Queen Anne's County, Maryland. During his tenure as Assistant State's Attorney he served as the county's only full-time Prosecutor and Community Prosecutor. He continued to serve as Assistant State's Attorney until 2001 when he was appointed as Deputy State's Attorney in Kent County, Maryland. He also served as the President of the Young Democrats of Maryland from 1997 to 1998, and in 1998 was selected to represent the United States on the American Council of Young Political Leaders' delegation to Taiwan. He was also a member and on the executive committee of the Queen Anne's County local management board. Queen Anne's County State's Attorney
In 2002, <mask> ran for the office of State's Attorney in Queen Anne's County and was elected after defeating four-term incumbent David Gregory in the primary and Republican Paul W. Comfort in the general election. <mask> assumed office at the age of 34 making him the youngest State's Attorney in Maryland.He ran unopposed for re-election in 2006. He was elected by his fellow State's Attorneys to be President of the Maryland State's Attorneys' Association (MDSAA) for 2005. During his time as President of the MDSAA, he pushed for stronger legislation to expand prosecution of gangs and increased awareness of growing problems with drugs and gangs in Maryland's rural areas. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

2008

On June 4, 2007, <mask> announced that he would run for Congress in Maryland's 1st congressional district. During the February 12 primary, <mask> defeated fellow Democrats Christopher Robinson, Steve Harper, and Joseph Werner. <mask> expected to face nine-term Republican incumbent Wayne Gilchrest, a leading Republican moderate, in the general election. However, Gilchrest was ousted in the Republican primary by a considerably more conservative Republican, State Senator Andy Harris.This significantly changed the race, as <mask> was now running for an open seat rather than against a long-term incumbent. <mask> was initially a heavy underdog due to the district's election history. Although Democrats and Republicans are nearly tied in registration, the district has a strong tinge of social conservatism that favors Republicans. It had been in Republican hands for all but 14 years since 1947, although <mask> received a significant boost when Gilchrest endorsed him over Harris. In June, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) decided to back <mask>'s campaign financially through their Red to Blue program. <mask>, who is considered a moderate, picked up a number of endorsements from local Eastern Shore Republicans as well as Democrats. He also received an endorsement from the Blue Dog Coalition, a group of fiscally conservative congressional Democrats.CQ Politics designated the race as "No Clear Favorite." The November election was close, as expected. On election night, <mask> led Harris by 915 votes. After two rounds of counting absentee ballots, <mask>'s lead grew to 2,000 votes. Forecasting that it would be nearly impossible for Harris to close the gap, most media outlets declared <mask> the winner on the night of November 7. Harris finally conceded on November 11. <mask>'s election dramatized the geographic split that characterizes the 1st District.An Eastern Shore resident, <mask> carried all nine counties on the Shore. However, he lost badly in the district's portion of Baltimore County, including most of Harris' base in Baltimore's more conservative eastern suburbs. He also lost the district's portions of Harford and Anne Arundel counties on the Western Shore. The district's voters are split almost evenly between the two regions. <mask> therefore became only the third Democrat to represent the 1st since 1947. Proving just how Republican this district still was, John McCain carried it with nearly 60 percent of the vote, which was his best showing in the state. 2010

Harris announced in May 2009 that he would seek a rematch against <mask>, citing <mask>'s vote for the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 in its final form.<mask> based his 2010 re-election bid on his independent streak in Washington. He was quoted as saying "We can send someone to Washington who is going to continue to be independent and put the interests of the people of his district first, or we can send people that are going to put their own extreme ideological views ahead of the best interests of the people of this district." He also pointed to his overall record in Congress as proof. He was ranked as being in the top ten of independent voting records in Congress by CQ Politics in 2009. A "Super PAC" group called The Concerned Taxpayers of America paid $150,000 for ads attacking <mask>, and $300,000 for ads attacking Peter DeFazio of Oregon. Mid-October 2010 quarterly FEC filings showed that the group was solely funded by $300,000 from Daniel G. Schuster Inc., a concrete firm in Owings Mills, Maryland, and $200,000 from New York hedge fund executive Robert Mercer, the co-head of Renaissance Technologies of Setauket, New York. According to Dan Eggen at The Washington Post, the group said "it was formed in September 'to engage citizens from every walk of life and political affiliation' in the fight against 'runaway spending.'"Its only expenditures were for these ads. Schuster was the top contributor to Harris. The district reverted to form, and <mask> was defeated, taking 42 percent of the vote to Harris' 54 percent. No Democrat has won more than 40 percent of the vote in the district since <mask> left office. Tenure
Despite the conservative nature of the district, analysis conducted by The Washington Post and others found <mask> voted with the House Democratic Leadership 85% of the time. Major Democratic priorities <mask> voted for included:

An analysis of major legislation only by Congressional Quarterly and Centerline.org concluded <mask> was one of the most centrist congressmen in the country. <mask> voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in March 2010, citing his district's overwhelming opposition to it  and "the overall cost, the deficit impact, and the negative impact that the bill's employer mandates could have on job creation."Committee assignments
 Committee on Agriculture
Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Energy, and Research
Subcommittee on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture
Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry
 Committee on Armed Services
Subcommittee on Readiness
Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces
 Committee on Natural Resources
Subcommittee on Insular Affairs, Oceans and Wildlife

Electoral history

Judicial career
In late December 2011, Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley appointed <mask> as a judge for the Queen Anne's County District Court. <mask> had been nominated by the Trial Courts Judicial Nominating Commission to fill a vacancy due to the retirement of Judge John T. Clark III. References

External links
 <mask> for U.S. Congress official campaign site

 Profile from the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC)
 Maryland State's Attorneys' Association (MSAA)
 National District Attorneys Association (NDAA)
 Queen Anne's County Community Partnerships for Children (Local Management Board)

1968 births
21st-century American politicians
American Episcopalians
American prosecutors
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Living people
Maryland Democrats
Maryland state court judges
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland
People from Kent County, Maryland
People from Lanham, Maryland
People from Stevensville, Maryland
People from Upper Marlboro, Maryland
State's attorneys in Maryland
University of Baltimore School of Law alumni

masks:
Frank Michael Kratovil Jr
Kratovil
Frank Kratovil
Frank M
. Kratovil Sr
Lynnda Kratovil
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<mask> (July 25, 1894 – September 21, 1974) was an American actor and singer. He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performances in Come and Get It (1936), Kentucky (1938), and The Westerner (1940), making him one of only three male actors to win three Academy Awards (the other two are Jack Nicholson and Daniel Day-Lewis), and the only male or female actor to win three awards in the supporting actor category. <mask> was also nominated for his performance in Sergeant York (1941). Other noteworthy performances were in To Have and Have Not (1944), My Darling Clementine (1946), Red River (1948), and Rio Bravo (1959). Early life
<mask> was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, less than two miles from his family's home in Swampscott, Massachusetts. His parents were both Irish immigrants. His father was an engineer and inventor, and young <mask> also studied engineering at Rindge Technical High School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.,

While in school, <mask> became interested in acting.He began to perform in vaudeville at the age of 15. While working as a bank clerk, he enlisted in the U.S. Army and served as a private with the 101st Field Artillery Regiment in France during World War I. He served in France for two years. "While there, he suffered an injury to his vocal cords from exposure to mustard gas that left him with his screen trademark: a distinctively reedy, high-pitched voice that became a favorite for celebrity impersonators for decades." After the war, he worked as a financial reporter for a newspaper in Boston. He intended to move to Guatemala and grow pineapples but only made it as far as Los Angeles. During the early 1920s, he made a fortune in the real estate market, but lost most of his money during the 1925 real estate slump.Career

Early work

Finding himself penniless, <mask> began taking parts as an extra in films at Universal Studios in 1925, starting at $7.50 a day. He wound up working at Universal off and on for the next ten years. His early appearances included Webs of Steel (1925), Lorraine of the Lions (1925), and The Calgary Stampede (1925), a Hoot Gibson Western. <mask> was also in Watch Your Wife (1926), The Ice Flood (1926), Spangles (1926), The Collegians (1926, a short), Flashing Oars (1926, a short), Sensation Seekers (1927), Tearin' Into Trouble (1927), The Ridin' Rowdy (1927), Alias the Deacon (1927), Blake of Scotland Yard (1927) (a serial), Hot Heels (1927), Painting the Town (1928), and The Ballyhoo Buster (1928). The latter was directed by Richard Thorpe who would use <mask> as an extra several times on films. <mask> could be glimpsed in The Racket (1928) from Howard Hughes, The Michigan Kid (1928), Silks and Saddles (1929), The Cohens and the Kellys in Atlantic City (1929), and Smilin' Guns (1929) and The Lariat Kid (1929) with Gibson. He also worked as a stand in.<mask> was in His Lucky Day (1929), Frank Capra's Flight (1929), One Hysterical Night (1929) (a bigger role), The Last Performance (1929), The Long Long Trail (1929) with Gibson and The Shannons of Broadway (1929). Other <mask> appearances included Dames Ahoy! (1930), Captain of the Guard (1930), King of Jazz (1930) (<mask> said he played nine parts but when he saw the film "I sneezed and I missed myself"), The Little Accident (1930), Parlez Vous (1930), (a short), See America Thirst (1930) with Harry Langdon and Slim Summerville and Ooh La-La (1930), (another short). The following year <mask> could be glimpsed in Hello Russia (1931, a short with Slim Summerville), Many a Slip (1931) with Summerville, Heroes of the Flames (1931) a serial with Tim McCoy, Honeymoon Lane (1931), Dancing Dynamite (1931), Grief Street (1931) directed by Richard Thorpe, and Is There Justice? (1931). <mask> had a decent-sized role in Neck and Neck (1931), directed by Richard Thorpe. His parts tended to remain small, however: A House Divided (1931) for director William Wyler, Scratch-As-Catch-Can (1931, a Bobby Clark short directed by Mark Sandrich), and Texas Cyclone (1931, a Tim McCoy Western featuring a young John Wayne).In 1932 <mask> was in Law and Order (1932) with <mask>, The Impatient Maiden (1932) for James Whale, The Airmail Mystery (1932, a serial), and Scandal for Sale (1932). He did another with John Wayne, Two-Fisted Law (1932) though the star was Tim McCoy. <mask> was in Hello Trouble (1932) with Buck Jones, Speed Madness (1932), Miss Pinkerton (1932) with Joan Bennett, Cornered (1932) with McCoy, The Iceman's Ball (1932, another short for Sandrich), Fighting for Justice (1932) with McCoy, The Fourth Horseman (1932) with Tom Mix, The All American (1932), Once in a Lifetime (1932), Strange Justice (1932), Women Won't Tell (1932) for Richard Thorpe, Afraid to Talk (1932) and Manhattan Tower (1932). <mask> was in Sensation Hunters (1933) for Charles Vidor, Man of Action (1933) with McCoy, Parachute Jumper (1933), Goldie Gets Along (1933), Girl Missing (1933), Rustlers' Roundup (1933) with Mix, The Cohens and Kellys in Trouble (1933) for director George Stevens, Lucky Dog (1933), and The Big Cage (1933). His scenes in William Wellman's Lilly Turner (1933) were deleted. <mask> did another serial, The Phantom of the Air (1933), then Strange People (1933) for Thorpe, Meet the Champ (1933, a short), Sing Sinner Sing (1933), One Year Later (1933), Sailors Beware! (1933, a short), Golden Harvest (1933), Ladies Must Love (1933), Saturday's Millions (1933), Curtain at Eight (1933), and My Woman (1933).James Whale gave him a bit part in The Invisible Man (1933), and he could be seen in King for a Night (1933), Fugitive Lovers (1933), Cross Country Cruise (1934), Beloved (1934), You Can't Buy Everything (1934), Paradise Valley (1934), Radio Dough (1934, a short), The Poor Rich (1934), The Crosby Murder Case (1934), George White's Scandals (1934), Good Girl (1934), Riptide (1934), Uncertain Lady (1934), I'll Tell the World (1934), and Fishing for Trouble (1934, a short). <mask> was in the Three Stooges short Woman Haters (1934), then did Half a Sinner (1934), The Life of Vergie Winters (1934), Murder on the Runaway Train (1934), Whom the Gods Destroy (1934), Gentlemen of Polish (1934, a short), Death on the Diamond (1934), Great Expectations (1934), Luck of the Game (1934), Tailspin Tommy (1934, a serial), There's Always Tomorrow (1934), and Cheating Cheaters (1934). <mask> was back with McCoy for The Prescott Kid (1934) and could be seen in The Painted Veil (1934), Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935), Helldorado (1935), Brick-a-Brac (1935) an Edgar Kennedy short, Northern Frontier (1935), The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1935), and Law Beyond the Range (1935) with McCoy. He also had a brief uncredited role in Bride of Frankenstein (1935) starring Boris Karloff as Frankenstein's monster. Around this time <mask> had what he later described as "the luckiest break in the world". He was taking part in a fight scene when an actor kicked him in the face and all his teeth were knocked out. He had to put in false teeth."I looked all right off the set", he said. "But when necessary I could take 'em outand suddenly look about 40 years older." <mask> did another Three Stooges short, Restless Knights, and a short called Hunger Pains in (1935). Work at MGM
An early break for <mask> came when he was cast in The Wedding Night (1935), produced by Sam Goldwyn, alongside Gary Cooper (it was actually their second film together). He was only an extra, but his part was expanded during filming and it resulted in <mask>'s getting a contract with Goldwyn. Goldwyn mostly loaned out <mask>'s services to other studios. MGM put him in West Point of the Air (1935).He was reunited with Whale in Bride of Frankenstein (1935), in which he had a brief speaking part and also worked as a stuntman. <mask>'s parts remained small in Party Wire (1935), Spring Tonic (1935), The Gay Lady (1935), Man on the Flying Trapeze (1935), and Welcome Home (1935). He did a short, The Perfect Tribute (1935) and was in George Stevens' Alice Adams (1935), but his scenes were deleted. He could be seen in We're in the Money (1935) and She Couldn't Take It (1935). Move to Supporting Actor
<mask> finally moved up to significant roles with a decent part in Goldwyn's Barbary Coast (1935), directed by Howard Hawks and an uncredited William Wyler. "That really set me up", he said later. He followed it with small appearances in Metropolitan (1935) and Seven Keys to Baldpate (1935).He had one of the leads in Three Godfathers (1936) playing one of the title outlaws. He had a small role in These Three (1936) with Wyler and a bigger one in <mask>'s The Moon's Our Home (1936) and Fury (1936), directed by Fritz Lang. First Oscar: Come and Get It (1936)
<mask>'s breakthrough part came when cast by Howard Hawks as Swan Bostrom in the period film Come and Get It (1936), playing the sidekick of Edward Arnold who eventually marries the girl Arnold abandons (played by Frances Farmer). Producer Sam Goldwyn fired Hawks during filming and replaced him with William Wyler. <mask>'s performance earned him the first Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. <mask> followed it with support parts in Banjo on My Knee (1936) at Fox, She's Dangerous (1937), and When Love is Young (1937). Goldwyn announced him for a role in The Real Glory in 1936, but he ended up not appearing in the final film.<mask> had his first lead role in Affairs of Cappy Ricks (1937) at Republic Pictures. He followed it with the co-starring part in Fox's Wild and Woolly (1937), billed second after Jane Withers. He was in The Buccaneer (1938), directed by Cecil B. DeMille. <mask> portrayed town drunk and accused murderer Muff Potter in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938). <mask> followed it with The Texans (1938), Mother Carey's Chickens (1938), and Goldwyn's The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) with Gary Cooper – the first time <mask> played Cooper's sidekick. Second Oscar: Kentucky (1938)
<mask> won his second Best Supporting Oscar for Kentucky (1938), a horse racing film from 20th Century Fox with Loretta Young. He supported Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers in The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939).<mask> also appeared in Melody of Youth (1939), and Stanley and Livingstone (1939) at Fox. At MGM he was in Joe and Ethel Turp Call on the President (1939). Throughout his career, <mask> was frequently called upon to play characters considerably older than he was. The loss of many teeth in the 1932 accident, rapidly thinning hair, thin build, and unusual vocal intonations all made him seem older than he was. He used these features to great effect. In many of his film roles, <mask> wore dentures; in MGM's Northwest Passage (1940) – a film set in the late 18th century – he wore a dental prosthesis which made him appear to have rotting and broken teeth. <mask> was billed third in Northwest Passage after Spencer Tracy and Robert Young.Zanuck at Fox announced he wanted to make The Man from Home, once a vehicle for Will Rogers, with <mask>. Instead <mask> was  top-billed in Fox's Maryland (1940), an attempt to repeat the success of Kentucky. <mask> said he had been working constantly since Christmas 1937. "I'm just plain punch drunk", he said. Third Oscar: The Westerner (1940)
<mask> had one of his best ever roles in Goldwyn's The Westerner (1940), playing the villainous Judge Roy Bean opposite Gary Cooper. William Wyler directed and the film earned <mask> another Best Supporting Actor Oscar. Goldwyn bought Trading Post to be a vehicle

masks:
Walter Andrew Brennan
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 for <mask> but it was never made.Instead he supported Deanna Durbin in Nice Girl? (1941), then Cooper again in Frank Capra's Meet John Doe (1941) and Hawks' Sergeant York (1941). Sergeant York, which earned <mask> a fourth Oscar nomination, was an enormous hit. He could also be seen in This Woman is Mine (1941), as a sea captain. <mask> played the top-billed lead in Swamp Water (1941), the first American film by the director Jean Renoir, a drama also featuring <mask> and starring Dana Andrews. He was in Rise and Shine (1941) then played the reporter Sam Blake, who befriended and encouraged Lou Gehrig (played by Cooper) in Pride of the Yankees (1942). <mask> was in some war films, Stand By for Action (1942) and Hangmen Also Die!(1943), in which he played a Czechoslovak professor. He was in Slightly Dangerous (1943), The Last Will and Testament of Tom Smith (1943, a short), and Goldwyn's Russia-set war epic The North Star (1943). He was top billed in a follow up to Kentucky and Maryland at Fox, Home in Indiana (1944). <mask> was particularly skilled in playing the sidekick of the protagonist or the "grumpy old man" in films such as To Have and Have Not (1944), the Hawks-directed Humphrey Bogart film which introduced Lauren Bacall. <mask> was a comic pirate in the Bob Hope film The Princess and the Pirate (1944). He was teamed with John Wayne for the first time since both men obtained stardom in Dakota (1945), directed by Joseph Kane. He supported Bette Davis in A Stolen Life (1946) and was in a musical at Fox, Centennial Summer (1946), where he played a family paterfamilias.Westerns roles
<mask> returned to villainy as Old Man Clanton in My Darling Clementine (1946), opposite Henry Fonda for director John Ford. <mask> followed this with parts in Nobody Lives Forever (1946) at Warners, and a girl-and-dog story at Republic, Driftwood (1947). He did another Americana film at Fox, Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! (1948), then was in one of the best films in his career, Red River (1948), playing John Wayne's sidekick for Howard Hawks. After supporting Robert Mitchum in Blood on the Moon (1948) he played another kindly father role in The Green Promise (1949). <mask> was billed second to Rod Cameron in Brimstone (1949), directed by Kane, and he supported Gary Cooper in Task Force (1949).<mask> focused on Westerns: Singing Guns (1950) with Vaughn Monroe, A Ticket to Tomahawk (1950), Curtain Call at Cactus Creek (1950), The Showdown (1950) with Wild Bill Elliot, Surrender (1950), Along the Great Divide (1951), Best of the Badmen (1951), and Return of the Texan (1952). The Wild Blue Yonder (1951) was a non-Western, a war film. So too was Lure of the Wilderness (1952), a remake of Swamp Water with <mask> reprising his role, though given less screen time on this occasion. <mask> was in Sea of Lost Ships (1953) with John Derek, Drums Across the River (1954) with Audie Murphy, The Far Country (1954) with James Stewart, and Four Guns to the Border (1954) with Rory Calhoun. He had a good part in Bad Day at Black Rock (1955) at MGM. Later work

Work on television
<mask> began to work on television, guest starring on episodes of Screen Directors Playhouse, Lux Video Theatre, Schlitz Playhouse, Ethel Barrymore Theater, Cavalcade of America, and The Ford Television Theatre. He played an old outlaw, Joe, in the 1956 episode, "Vengeance Canyon", on Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre.In the story line, Joe tries to convince a young  Clint Harding (Ben Cooper), that vengeance is not productive. Sheb Wooley played another outlaw, Brock, this episode. He appeared as himself as a musical judge in the 1953–1954 ABC series Jukebox Jury. <mask> later said he preferred doing television to movies because there were not "long lay offs between jobs." He continued to appear in movies such as Gunpoint! (1955) and The Proud Ones (1956) and was in a short about Israel, Man on a Bus (1955). <mask> was in "Americana" films such as Glory (1956), Come Next Spring (1956) and in Batjac's Good-bye My Lady (1956) with 14-year-old Brandon deWilde with whom he recorded The Stories of Mark Twain that same year.In the latter film he was top billed and directed by William Wellman but the film was not widely seen. He appeared in The Way to the Gold (1957) and was in a big hit playing Debbie Reynolds's grandfather in the romantic comedy Tammy and the Bachelor (1957). <mask> was given another lead role in God Is My Partner (1957), a low budget movie that was a surprise hit. The Real McCoys

<mask> had resisted overtures to star in a regular TV series but relented for The Real McCoys, a sitcom about a poor West Virginia family that relocated to a farm in Southern California. It was a hit and ran from 1957 to 1963. <mask> continued to appear in films and other TV shows during the series' run such as Colgate Theatre and another Howard Hawks' picture, Rio Bravo (1959), in support to John Wayne and Dean Martin. After five years on ABC, The Real McCoys switched to CBS for a final season.<mask> joined with the series creator, Irving Pincus, to form Brennan-Westgate Productions. The series was co-produced with Danny Thomas's Marterto Productions. It also featured Richard Crenna, Kathleen Nolan, Lydia Reed, and Michael Winkelman. For Brennan Productions, <mask> starred in Shoot Out at Big Sag (1962). He appeared as a villainous river pirate up against James Stewart in MGM's epic How the West Was Won (1963). Singing career
<mask>'s success with The Real McCoys led to him making a few recordings, the most popular being "Old Rivers", about an old farmer and his mule, which was released as a single in 1962 by Liberty Records with "The Epic Ride of John H. Glenn" on the flip side. "Old Rivers" peaked at number five in the U.S.Billboard chart, making the 67 year-old <mask> the oldest living person to have a Top 40 hit at the time, in fact, the oldest living person to have a top 5 hit. At age 68, <mask> reached the Top 40 again, this time with "Mama Sang a Song" on November 17, 1962. After The Real McCoys ended, <mask> provided the voice for a cartoon of The Shooting of Dan McGrew. Other TV roles and <mask> starred as the wealthy executive <mask> in the short-lived 1964–1965 ABC series The Tycoon, with Van Williams. <mask> had a support part in Those Calloways (1965), his first film for the Disney Organisation, where he was again paired with Brandon deWilde. He had a small role in The Oscar (1966). In 1967, he starred in another ABC series, The Guns of Will Sonnett (1967–1969), as an older man in search of his gunfighter son, James Sonnett, with his grandson, Jeff, played by Dack Rambo.It ran for two seasons. <mask> was top billed in Disney's The Gnome-Mobile (1967) and did a pilot for a TV series Horatio Alger Jones that was not picked up. After a support role in Who's Minding the Mint? (1967), he returned to Disney for The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band (1968). <mask> had a part as the villain in Support Your Local Sheriff! (1969) with James Garner. Later career
<mask> received top billing over Pat O'Brien in the TV movie The Over-the-Hill Gang (1969) and Fred Astaire in The Over-the-Hill Gang Rides Again (1970).He joined the second season of the CBS sitcom To Rome with Love (1969–1971), with John Forsythe. This was <mask>'s last television series as a member of the permanent cast, although he did make a number of appearances on Alias Smith and Jones. Around this time he also starred in the TV movies The Young Country (1970), Two for the Money (1972) and Home for the Holidays (1972). He was announced for a Western, One Day in Eden but it does not appear to have been made. He started filming Herbie Rides Again (1973) for Disney but fell ill and had to be replaced. <mask>'s last screen appearance was in the Western Smoke in the Wind (1975), directed by Joseph Kane. Personal life

In 1920, <mask> married Ruth Caroline Wells.They had three children in their 54-year marriage: Arthur, <mask>, and Ruth. Ruth's husband, Dixon McCully Lademan, was a captain in the U.S. Navy in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. <mask>'s son Arthur Wells "Big Mike" <mask> and his wife, Florence Irene (Whitman) <mask>, lived in Joseph, Oregon. In 1940, <mask> purchased the 12,000-acre Lightning Creek Ranch, 20 miles north of Joseph, Oregon. He built the Indian Lodge Motel, a movie theater, and a variety store in Joseph, and continued going there between film roles until his death. Some members of his family continue to live in the area. Religious and political views
<mask>, a Roman Catholic, did not publicize his own religious affiliation, but declared, "I'm too old not to be a religious fella.[...] It appears we are losing something a lot of people made a lot of sacrifices for." In 1964, <mask> spoke at "Project Prayer", a rally attended by 2,500 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. The gathering, hosted by Anthony Eisley, sought to flood Congress with letters in support of mandatory school prayer, following two decisions of the Supreme Court in 1962 and 1963 that had struck down the practice of mandatory prayer in public schools as being in conflict with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. According to his biographer Carl Rollyson, <mask> was fiercely opposed to Communism and  reportedly branded people as Communists if they supported John Fitzgerald Kennedy. "He thought that the Watts riots could have been stopped 'with a machine gun.'" and expressed satisfaction at the murder of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.  Rollyson also reported that <mask>'s home "included a bunker stocked with weapons and food in anticipation of a Soviet invasion."Death

<mask> spent his last years mostly in retirement at his ranch in Moorpark in Ventura County, California. He died of emphysema at the age of 80 in Oxnard, California. His remains were interred at San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Los Angeles. Legacy
Film historians and critics have long regarded <mask> as one of the finest character actors in motion picture history. While the roles he was adept at playing were diverse, he is probably best remembered for his portrayals in Western movies, such as Judge Roy Bean in The Westerner, trail hand Nadine Groot in Red River, and Deputy Stumpy in Rio Bravo. He was the first actor to win three Academy Awards and remains the only person to have won Best Supporting Actor three times. However, he remained somewhat embarrassed as to how he won the awards; in the early years of the Academy Awards, extras were given the right to vote.<mask> was popular with the Union of Film Extras, and since their numbers were overwhelming, he won every time he was nominated. His third win led to the disenfranchisement of the union from Oscar voting. Following this change, <mask> lost his fourth Best Supporting Actor nomination in 1941 for Sergeant York (the award went to Donald Crisp for How Green Was My Valley). In all, <mask> appeared in more than 230 film and television roles during a career that spanned nearly five decades. For his contributions to the film industry, he has a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6501 Hollywood Boulevard. In 1970, he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, where his photograph hangs prominently. Filmography

Film

Television

Radio

Discography
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masks:
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Walter Huston
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Disney Brennan
Walter Andrews
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Walter
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan
Brennan


texts:
Boleslaw III the Wasteful (; 23 September 1291 – Brieg, 21 April 1352), was a Duke of Legnica, Brzeg (Brieg) from 1296 until 1342, and Duke of Wrocław from 1296 until 1311. He was the eldest son of Henry V the Fat, Duke of Legnica and Wrocław, by his wife Elisabeth, daughter of <mask> the Pious, Duke of Greater Poland. Life
<mask>'s father died in 1296 when he was only five years old. His mother, the Duchess Elisabeth and his paternal uncle Bolko I became Regents. Both soon died, Bolko in 1301 and Elisabeth in 1304. Between 1301-02 the official guardianship of Henry V's sons was taken by Henry of Würben, Bishop of Wrocław, but after almost a year he was removed from this post for his alleged prodigality. By that time, King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia was determined to take advantage of the rich and strategically Duchy of Wrocław.In 1302 the young <mask> was sent to the court of Prague and was betrothed to the seven-year-old Princess Margareta (cs: Markéta; pl: Małgorzata), the King's youngest daughter, one year later(13 January 1303). The wedding took place five years later, in 1308. Bolesław was clearly favored by the King, threatening the closest male relatives of the King, who saw the young Duke of Legnica (Liegnitz) as a potential rival for the throne. When King Wenceslaus II died suddenly in 1305, his son Wenceslaus <mask> succeeded him. When Wenceslaus <mask> was murdered one year later, in Olomouc, Bolesław began his fight for the Bohemian throne taking the title of "haeres Regni Poloniae" (heir of the Polish Kingdom). Bolesław's forces, as Duke of Legnica-Wrocław (Liegnitz-Breslau) were inadequate to effectively compete with the other candidates for the Přemyslid throne: <mask> of Austria, Henry of Carinthia and John of Luxemburg. Bolesław lost his attempt to rule the Polish Kingdom after he failed to control Kalisz during 1306–1307, finally losing Kalisz to Duke <mask> of Głogów.Bolesław's only substantial gain was Opava (Troppau) in 1308 after Duke Nikolaus I surrendered to him. <mask> then renounced his claim two years later (11 June 1311) after a treaty in Olomouc, paying 8,000 pieces of silver. Opava was then merged with the Bohemian crown and restored to Nikolaus I's son and heir, Nikolaus II, in 1318. <mask>'s political ambitions exhausted his finances. In 1311, Bolesław was pressured into dividing his lands between his younger brothers Henry and Władysław. The Duchy was divided into three parts: Wrocław, Legnica and Brzeg (Brieg). As the eldest brother, Bolesław got first choice.He chose the smallest and least prosperous Brzeg (Brieg), surprising everyone. The monetary compensation offered by the prince who took Brieg would have allowed <mask> to continue his fight for the Bohemian throne. Bolesław tried to regain Wrocław (Breslau) from his brother Henry VI but was unsuccessful. Initially, Bolesław seemed to accept his fate, but one year later he managed to deprive his youngest brother Władysław from the Duchy of Legnica (Liegnitz) because Władysław wasn't able to pay his part of the monetary compensation for Brieg. In 1312 Bolesław and Henry VI entered into an alliance with the ruler of Lesser Poland, Władysław I Łokietek and with their combined forces began an expeditionary trip against the Dukes of Głogów, under the pretext that the late Duke <mask> was directly responsible for the premature death of Henry V, father of the Dukes of Legnica (Liegnitz) and Wrocław (Breslau). The war lasted five years, 1312–1317. Finally Władysław I Łokietek took most of Greater Poland, his allies taking the towns of Uraz (to Henry VI), and Wołów and Lubiąż (to Bolesław).After this victory, <mask> tried to reassert himself in the succession struggle for the Kingdom of Bohemia, then in the possession of John of Luxemburg. <mask> received his reward in 1321–1322 when King John appointed him Governor of Bohemia during his trip to Germany and Italy. In Silesia, <mask> and his brothers Henry VI, Bolko II of Opole and Władysław I Łokietek formed a coalition and went to war against the Dukes of Głogów (Glogau) in 1321. This time they were successful, primarily due to Bolesław. On 10 August 1323, a peace treaty was signed in Wrocław (Breslau). Duke Konrad I of Oleśnica ceded the Duchy of Namysłów with the fortresses of Namysłów, Byczyna and Kluczbork. By 1322, relations between Bolesław and his younger brother Henry VI began to deteriorate.Henry refused to support the aggressive politics of his brother when he signed a peace treaty with Konrad of Oleśnica regarding the possession of Wrocław (Breslau). <mask> offered to exchange his district of Legnica (Liegnitz) for Wrocław (Breslau). Henry VI refused, and the war between the brothers was imminent. Henry established contacts with the new King of Poland Władysław I Łokietek, promised him homage and was named his heir in exchange for aid. Władysław declined the offer because he feared a direct confrontation with the Kingdom of Bohemia. Henry then asked the help of Emperor Louis IV. On 20 April 1324, the Duke of Wrocław declared himself a vassal of the Empire.In return, Louis IV guaranteed the succession of Henry VI's lands to his daughters, prompting Bolesław to attack. Wrocław's defenses held, and Henry VI maintained control. In 1327 the situation changed completely. John of Luxemburg persuaded Henry VI to break his alliance with the Emperor to become a vassal of Bohemia. In exchange, he received the County of Glatz during his lifetime and a high pension, from the King. Bolesław made a final attempt to capture Wrocław in 1327-28, during King John absence from Bohemia. Once again, he failed.In 1329, <mask>'s youngest brother Władysław (who had been stripped of his Duchy of Legnica in 1312) unexpectedly returned to Silesia. Having been declared a vassal of Bohemia, Władysław took possession of Legnica in the name of King John, leaving Bolesław in a critical situation. Bolesław did not have the resources for a war against King John so, on 9 May 1329 in Wrocław, Bolesław declared himself a vassal of the Kingdom of Bohemia. After losing his independence, Bolesław ceased trying to gain territories. As a vassal of John of Luxemburg, he took part during 1329-31 in King John's military expeditions to Lusatia (Lausitz) and Głogów (Glogau). Bolesław's sumptuous lifestyle and constant travel (notably to the Congress of Visegrád of 1335) put him in a difficult financial situation. He continually increased taxes in his Duchy (towns of Chocianów and Chojnów).<mask>'s oldest son Wenceslaus I rebelled against his father, claiming his part of the inheritance. The Duke didn't want a conflict with his son, and in 1338 he gave Wenceslaus the Duchy of Namysłów. Four years later (1342), he finally gave his sons Wenceslaus I and Louis I the joint government of the Duchy of Legnica. In exchange, Wenceslaus returned to Namysłów, which Bolesław almost immediately sold to King <mask> the Great. After his abdication, <mask> retired to Brieg with his second wife Katharina Šubić, of Croatia, to Brieg, where he remained until his death on 21 April 1352. He was buried in Lubiąż Abbey. Although his coffers were now reduced, Bolesław didn't give up to his lavish lifestyle.He attended the marriage of King <mask> <mask> and Adelaide of Hesse in Poznań in 1341, and the coronation of Charles IV of Luxemburg, King of Bohemia, Bolesław to sell the town of Grodków to the Bishop of Wrocław, Preczlaw von Pogarell on 19 January 1344. Bolesław was twice excommunicated by the Church: for the delay in paying the tithing in 1337, and when he sequestered Church property in 1340. The excommunication was removed on his deathbed at the insistence of his sons. Bolesław was quite generous to the Church, despite their unstable relation, contributing to Lubiąż Abbey, and founding two monasteries (Franciscan and Dominican), in Brieg. Marriages and Children

By 1318, Bolesław married firstly Margareta (Markéta; b. Prague?, 21 February 1296 – d. Hradec Králové, 8 April 1322), daughter of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia. They had three children:
 Wenceslaus I (b. ca.1318 – d. 2 June 1364). Louis I <mask> Fair (b. ca. 1321 – d. 6/23 December 1398). Nikolaus (b. and d. Hradec Králové, 7 April 1322). In 1326, <mask> married secondly Katharina (d. bef. 5 March 1358), daughter of Mladen <mask>, Ban of Croatia. They had no children.In his will, <mask> left the Duchy of Brieg to his widow, who ruled until her own death. References

  BOLESŁAW III ROZRZUTNY (HOJNY, SZCZODRY, SZTYLET)

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1291 births
1352 deaths
Dukes of Brzeg
Dukes of Legnica
People temporarily excommunicated by the Catholic Church

masks:
Bolesław
Bolesław
Bolesław
III
III
Rudolph III
Henry III
Bolesław
Bolesław
Bolesław
Henry III
Bolesław
Bolesław
Bolesław
Bolesław
Bolesław
Bolesław
Casimir III
Bolesław
Casimir III
the Great
the
Bolesław
III Šubić
Bolesław


texts:
<mask>, Duke of Bourbon (1 December 1438 – 10 October 1503 in Moulins), was the son of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon, and Agnes of Burgundy, and a member of the House of Bourbon. He and his wife Anne of France ruled as regents during the minority of Charles VIII of France. Life, marriage, and royal favour
A loyal and capable subject of the crown, <mask> earned the grudging respect of Louis XI through his demonstration of the <mask> family's "meekness and humility". Initially he was betrothed to Marie d'Orleans, sister of Louis, Duke of Orleans (the future Louis XII); Louis XI, who wanted to prevent such an alliance between two of the greatest feudal houses in France, broke the engagement, and took measures to bind both families closer to the crown. A marriage between <mask> and the King's elder daughter, Anne, was arranged (as was another marriage between Louis of Orleans and Anne's younger sister, Joan); as a mark of his favour, the King forced <mask>'s older brother John II, Duke of Bourbon to grant the Bourbon fief of Beaujeu (Beaujolais) to <mask>, who was also given a seat on the royal council. <mask> and Anne were married on 3 November 1473. Regent of France and Duke of Bourbon

At the time of Louis XI's death in 1483, <mask> was one of the few royal servants to have remained consistently in favour during the King's reign, and it was to him that Louis, on his deathbed, granted guardianship over the new King, Charles VIII.<mask> and his wife Anne immediately took up their duties, and began to position themselves as leaders of a regency government. The King was swiftly crowned, preventing the need for a regency government; instead, the thirteen-year-old King undertook personal rule of the Kingdom—theoretically on his own, but in reality guided by the Beaujeus. Having assisted his wife in the governing of France, in 1488 both were able to begin building up a power-base of their own in the Bourbonnais. Anne was already Countess of Gien, and <mask> was Count of Clermont and La Marche, as well as Lord of Beaujeu; but the death of his eldest brother, John II, and the subsequent enforced renunciation of the family rights by his next eldest brother, Charles II, delivered the Bourbon inheritance (the Duchies of Bourbon and Auvergne, and the Counties of Forez and l'Isle-en-Jordain) into <mask>'s hands. The new Duke and Duchess of Bourbon then proceeded to add to these domains, adding Bourbon-Lancy in December 1488, and trading l'Isle-en-Jordain with the Armagnacs in June 1489 for Carlades and Murat. These domains were granted to them by the King in absolute right – they would not revert to the crown, and were not obligated to pass to the next heirs to the Bourbon inheritance, the Bourbon-Montpensiers – the Duke and Duchess could bequeath them to whomsoever they wished. On 10 May 1491, the pair finally acquired an heir of their own, a daughter, Suzanne (Anne had an earlier pregnancy in 1476, but about this existed contradictory accounts: some say the baby was miscarried or been stillborn, but others reported that a living son was born, Charles, styled Count of Clermont in 1488 as was customary for the heir of the Duchy of Bourbon, who died aged 22 in 1498 and was buried in the Abbey of Souvigny, Auvergne).By 1491, the Bourbon influence over the crown was waning; Charles VIII was an adult now, unwilling to accept tutelage from his family. Against the better judgement of Anne and <mask>, Charles chose to renounce his unconsummated marriage to Margaret of Austria, and instead marry Anne, Duchess of Brittany; he then went against them by returning Margaret's dowry – Artois and Franche-Comté – to her brother, Philip the Handsome. Nor were either able to prevent Charles' disastrous Italian expeditions, although both were left in control of France on several of his absences. Both continued to be major figures in the court for the rest of Charles VIII's reign, but restricted in power. After Charles VIII's death, and the accession of Louis XII, <mask> largely retired from court politics and devoted his few remaining years to his family, being particularly devoted to his daughter Suzanne. Succession to the Duchy of Bourbon
Without surviving male issue, the next heir to the Bourbon Duchy was Suzanne. It was in the question of the future of Suzanne and the Bourbon territories that <mask> and Anne found themselves opposing each another in his final years.With Charles VIII dead and the more cautious Louis XII on the throne, Suzanne needed a husband to support her in her inheritance, which risked being disputed by the crown and the Montpensiers. The Duke and Duchess had initially groomed the next Bourbon heir, Louis of Bourbon-Montpensier, as a son-in-law; but he mortally offended <mask> by condemning letters patent of Louis XII which confirmed Suzanne's rights of inheritance (having been wrung from him as the price of Bourbon support upon his accession). <mask> then decided to betroth Suzanne to Charles IV, Duke of Alençon, a favourite of Louis XII, and so likely to protect the duchy against royal encroachment and Montpensier challenges. This contract was signed on 21 March 1501 at Moulins, Charles being 11, Suzanne 9. Before this marriage could be completed, however, <mask> died of a fever. Following this, Anne arranged for Suzanne to marry the next Bourbon heir-male, Charles of Bourbon-Montpensier (Louis of Bourbon-Montpensier having died the year before), thereby averting a succession dispute over the Bourbon inheritance, which the young pair inherited jointly.

masks:
Peter II
Peter
Bourbon
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter


texts:
<mask> (December 20, 1847 – May 17, 1895) was an American civil engineer who wrote the 1877 book The Economic Theory of the Location of Railways. The saying that An engineer can do for a dollar what any fool can do for two is attributed to him. He was involved in the design and construction of new railways in Mexico. He was chief engineer of the Toledo and Canada Southern Railroad. He was the editor of the Engineering News. The pioneering effort of <mask> in engineering economics in the 1870s was continued by John Charles Lounsbury Fish with the publication of Engineering Economics: First Principles in 1923 and the first publication of the Principles of Engineering Economy in 1930 by Eugene L. Grant. Early life and works
He was born on December 25, 1847, in Waltham, Massachusetts.In 1878, he married Agnes Bates, and they had two children. <mask> was a descendant of <mask>, an early settler of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636 and <mask>. In 1863, <mask> graduated from the Boston Latin School and then studied engineering with John Benjamin Henck, a prominent civil engineer practicing in Boston. While his work with Henck took place during the American civil war, he studied mechanical engineering and passed the examination for an assistant engineer in the United States Navy but with the end of the War, never received an appointment. Surveyor and locating engineer
<mask> left Henck's office in 1866 to work as a surveyor in the engineers corps at the Brooklyn Parks department on the Prospect Park project under Frederick Law Olmsted. In 1868, he took a position as a surveyor on a locating party for the Blue Ridge railroad in South Carolina in charge of a series of explorations to find possible routes for the railroad. <mask> left the South Carolina road and went on to practice location engineering for the Dutchess & Columbia railroad in New York state.He left that road in 1870 to work on the Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia railroad as a division engineer for the next three years. He continued in this position until the financial panic of 1873 put a sudden stop to railway construction. He was appointed as Chief Engineer of the Toledo and Canada Southern Railway in 1872. He then went to work for the Buffalo and Erie Railroad, the West Farms Railway and the Canadian Great Western Railway. He was made engineer in charge of the Mexican National Railway in March 1881, and afterward, he became the Assistant General Manager of the Mexican Central Railway. He returned to Manhattan, New York City and became one of the editors of The Railroad Gazette in 1884. Honors
He then became editor and part owner of The Engineering News.In 1891, <mask> was elected a member of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers. Famous Quotation
The famous quotation, 'An engineer can do for a dollar what any fool can do for two," is a shortened version of this statement below, which appears in the introduction to his magnum opus, "The Economic Theory of the Location of Railways," published in 1877. "It would be well if engineering were less generally thought of, and even defined, as the art of constructing. In a certain important sense it is rather the art of not constructing; or, to define it rudely but not inaptly, it is the art of doing that well with one dollar, which any bungler can do with two after a fashion." Death
<mask> died on May 17, 1895, from heart failure following surgery in Manhattan, New York City, at age 47. He was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City. Partial bibliography

  and revised through six editions with the last published in 1910 by <mask>'s wife, <mask>.<mask> was chief engineer in charge of the 1881 survey. See also
  with an appendix containing the report descriptive of the recommended plan submitted to the Board of Experts Brooklyn Bridge (New York, N. Board of Experts. (1888). being a reprint of some of the articles which have appeared in Engineering News on pile driving and the safe load of piles and of the pamphlet. Patents
<mask> received three patents for his work:
 Patent No. 549,981 thru 549,983. Legacy
In 1921, the American Society of Civil Engineers instituted a prize, the Arthur M. <mask> Prize, in response to a proposal by the Engineering News-Record, which had endowed the award in honor of <mask> who was a former editor and part proprietor of Engineering News.In 1979, the then-named American Institute of Industrial Engineers, (now Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers or IISE) created the Wellington Award in honor of his work in engineering economy to recognize "...contributions and service in the field of engineering economy that enhance the visibility of the engineering economy division of IISE." Its first four recipients were Eugene L. Grant (1979), <mask> Jr (1980), W. Grant Ireson (1981) and H.G. Thuesen (1982). His book The Economic Theory of the Location of Railways was first published in 1877 by the Railroad Gazette and John Wiley New York. The subtitle was An analysis of the conditions which govern the judicious adjustment of gradients, curvature, and length of line to each other, and the character and volume of traffic. The 5th edition had the subtitle An analysis of the conditions controlling the laying out of railways to effect the most judicious expenditure of capital. He indicated the importance of the ruling gradient and its effect on train loads and running costs.By 1910 it was in its 6th edition and had also been printed in London. References

External links
 <mask> <mask>
 <mask> Obituary in Engineering News and American Railway Journal, Vol. 33, No. 21, May 23, 1895, pp. 886-888. American civil engineers
American engineering writers
American textbook writers
Textbook
Textbook
American surveyors
Engineering journalists
American railroad mechanical engineers
Canadian civil engineers
American mechanical engineers
American railroad pioneers
American people in rail transportation
Boston Latin School alumni
1847 births
1895 deaths
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Deaths from organ failure

masks:
Arthur Mellen Wellington
Wellington
Wellington
Roger Wellington
Benjamin Wellington
Wellington
Wellington
Wellington
Wellington
Wellington
Wellington
Agnes Wellington
Wellington
Wellington
Wellington
Wellington
Arthur Lesser
Arthur Mellen
Wellington
Wellington