texts:
<mask>, <mask>,  (born 30 January 1946) is a British social entrepreneur and life peer. He is best known as the co-founder of The Big Issue, a magazine that is edited by professional journalists and sold by street vendors who are homeless or vulnerably-housed. <mask> sits as an independent Crossbencher member of the House of Lords. Early life
<mask> was born in a Notting Hill slum to a poor London Irish family. He became homeless at the age of five, resided in an orphanage between the ages of seven and ten, and was often excluded from school. He became a butcher's boy after leaving the orphanage, and supplemented his income by stealing. Between work, he spent several spells in prison during his teens and twenties where he learnt to read, write and the basics of printing.<mask> attended Chelsea School of Art, but was homeless again by 1967, sleeping rough in Edinburgh while being sought by the police for petty offences. In the early 1970s, he started to build upon his prison education and set up a small-scale printing and publishing business in London. For two weeks in 1970, he worked as a dishwasher in the Houses of Parliament canteen, an institution he would later return to as a life peer. The Big Issue and work with the homeless
In September 1991, <mask> launched The Big Issue with Gordon Roddick, co-founder of The Body Shop. In November 1995, he launched The Big Issue Foundation to further support vendors of The Big Issue. He is currently on the Board of Directors for The Big Issue Group, which incorporates The Big Issue, Big Issue Invest (its social investment arm) and The Big Issue Foundation. The Big Issue magazine started as a London venture but expanded with specific editions and services to other British cities, and then to other countries.<mask> is also the founder of the International Network of Street Papers, which now incorporates over 100 street papers, and is published in 34 countries in 24 languages. In 2001, with The Big Issue Group chairman, Nigel Kershaw OBE, <mask> founded Big Issue Invest, a provider of finance for businesses, charities and NGOs with the aim of creating positive social change. It is the social investment arm of The Big Issue Group, and initially only dealt in loan finance. In 2009, Big Issue Invest launched a social investment fund, and has since invested more than £30 million in hundreds of social enterprises making a positive impact in communities across the UK. Political work
<mask> was a member of the Workers Revolutionary Party in the 1970s. In March 2007, <mask> announced his intention to stand for election to the post of Mayor of London as an independent candidate. In May 2007, he unveiled his election manifesto for the 2008 poll, but in October of that year, <mask> announced that he had decided not to stand and was instead going to launch a movement "to try and do what the CND did over the bomb, but over social injustice".In November 2016, <mask> suggested that he had been asked to stand as the Conservative Party candidate in 2007 - in place of future Mayor and current Prime Minister, <mask> - but turned the offer down. <mask> was a Social Enterprise Ambassador, a scheme was run by Social Enterprise Coalition to promote awareness of social enterprise - a business model used to address a social or environmental needs. The programme was supported by the Office of the Third Sector, part of the UK Government Cabinet Office, and ran between 2007 and 2010. <mask> revealed in 2010 that "my secret is that I'm really a working class Tory. I'd love to be a liberal because they're the nice people, but it's really hard work. I can't swallow their gullibility. I know this may destroy my reputation among middle-class liberals, but wearing the corsetry of liberalism means that every now and then you have to take it off."He has since stated that he has "been hurt by the left, and helped by the left. Just like I've been helped by the right and hurt by the right." <mask> was nominated for life peerage by the House of Lords Appointments Commission in October 2015 to become a non-party-political "people's peer". On 30 October, he was created <mask>, of Notting Hill in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, sitting as a Crossbencher. In his maiden speech he stated:

<mask>'s work is non-partisan and focuses on dismantling the root causes of poverty in the UK, with an emphasis on the well-being of future generations, early intervention and prevention. In the House, he also speaks on social enterprise, social mobility, literacy and the Arts. He co-chairs the All-Party Parliamentary Groups on Future Generations and Libraries, and is vice-chair of the Groups on Poverty, Ending Homelessness and Social Enterprise.He leads debates on poverty, literacy and social business, and is a member of the Lord Speaker's Advisory Panel on Works of Art. <mask> is currently working to promote his private member's bill, the Well-being of Future Generations Bill, as part of a cross-party campaign, Today For Tomorrow. Awards and recognition
<mask> was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for "services to homeless people" in the 1995 Birthday Honours; and in 2006, he received the Beacon Fellowship Prize for his originality in raising awareness of homelessness and his support of homeless communities worldwide. He accepted the UN-HABITAT Scroll of Honour in 2004 from Mwai Kibaki, President of Kenya (2002–2013) on behalf of The Big Issue. He is currently a Visiting Professor in the School of Journalism at the University of Lincoln and holds an honorary doctorate of business from Plymouth University and an honorary doctorate of letters from Oxford Brookes University. He is an honorary fellow at Liverpool John Moores University and Goldsmiths, University of London. <mask> was the British Society of Magazine Editors Editors’ Editor of the Year in 1993 and was awarded The Revd.Marcus Morris Award from the Professional Publishers Association in 2000. In 2018, <mask> was also inducted into the Professional Publishers Association hall of fame. In 2008, <mask> was named Entrepreneur of the Year by Ernst & Young. In 2015, he became a senior fellow of Ashoka and in 2017 he became a fellow of Social Enterprise UK. References

External links
 <mask>'s UK Parliament profile
 <mask>'s columns in The Big Issue

1946 births
English people of Irish descent
Living people
People's peers
Crossbench life peers
Street newspaper people
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Homelessness activists
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

masks:
John Anthony Bird
Baron Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Boris Johnson
Bird
Bird
Bird
Baron Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird


type: original

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<mask> (born September 16, 1983) is a Canadian professional wrestler, better known by her ring name <mask>, and is often referred to by her nickname "Girl Dynamite". She is best known for her work in Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide in Mexico and Shimmer Women Athletes in the United States. Professional wrestling career

Debut and early years (2004–2007)
<mask> made her first wrestling appearance in 2004 as a ring announcer. Following this, she transitioned into a managerial role and began acting as a valet for Derek Wylde and Cody Deaner, while receiving training from Deaner. Shimmer Women Athletes (2008–2010)
<mask> made her debut for Shimmer Women Athletes on April 26, 2008, where she teamed with Danyah to face the International Home Wrecking Crew (Rain and Jetta) in a losing effort. Later that night, <mask> and Danyah were defeated by The Experience (Lexie Fyfe and Malia Hosaka). On Volume 19 on July 5, she made her debut in singles competition in a losing effort to Allison Danger.Later in that night on Volume 20, <mask> and Danger lost to the Canadian NINJAs (Portia Perez and Nicole Matthews) in a tag team match. On October 19, she took part in a tag team tournament along with LuFisto. After eliminating the Canadian NINJAs, they were defeated by the International Home Wrecking Crew. Later in that night, she lost to Cheerleader Melissa in a singles match. On Volume 24 on May 2, 2009, <mask> gained her first victory in singles competition by defeating Amber O'Neal. As part of Volume 25, she lost to Rain. Later in the night, as part of the Volume 26, she was defeated by Jessie McKay in a four–way match, which also included Kellie Skater and Melanie Cruise.She was scheduled for the 4th anniversary on November 8, 2009, but was unable to appear due to the possibility to receive more training in Mexico. She returned to the promotion on April 11, 2010, when she teamed with Allison Danger to defeat Melanie Cruise and Annie Social in a tag team match. Wrestlicious (2009–2010)
In early 2009, <mask> took part in the tapings of Jimmy Hart's Wrestlicious, where she appeared as "The Ice Princess" Autumn Frost. On the edition of March 10, 2010 of Takedown, she competed in her first match for the promotion, defeating Paige Webb. On March 24, 2010, edition of Takedown she appeared in JV's Crib segment with Toni the Top and JV Rich. On the edition of November 4, 2010 of Takedown, she competed in the "Hoedown Throwdown" Battle Royal, but was eliminated by Alexandra the Great. Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2009–2014)

In 2009, <mask> branched out into Mexico, wrestling in the Extreme Air Wrestling (Lucha Libre Extrema Aérea, EAW) promotion.She made her debut on June 6, 2009 in Teziutlán, Puebla, teaming with Derrick Nikerson (Neikirk) in a losing effort against John Scott and Ericka del Rico. On June 20, she picked up her first victory by defeating Sensual Rain in San Juan de los Lagos, Jalisco. On August 21, 2009, at Verano de Escandalo she made her debut for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide, initially using the ring name <mask>, before returning to her <mask> ring name. In the promotion she is part of the heel stable La Legión Extranjera, led by Konnan. At the 2010 Rey de Reyes show her Legión stable mates Rain, Christina Von Eerie and Sexy Star faced off against Cinthia Moreno, Mari and Faby Apache, a match which Moreno won for her team by pinning Sexy Star. During a post Rey de Reyes interview Sexy Star claimed that the Apaches and Cintia Moreno were nothing but maids, which led to AAA booking a match between Cinthia Moreno, Faby and Mari Apache against Sexy Star, Rain and <mask> in a Triplemanía XVIII match where the person pinned or submitted would have to be the winning team's slave for a month. At Triplemanía La Legión defeated Moreno and the Apaches, when Blade pinned Mari, thanks in part to the biased refereering by Hijo del Tirantes.Following the match Konnan ordered Mari Apache to begin her maid duty right away by cleaning up their dressing room. The stipulation expired on July 6, 2010. On August 14, 2010 at Verano de Escandalo <mask> teamed up with Alan Stone, Mini Abismo Negro and Yuriko in a losing effort against Cynthia Moreno, El Elegido, Octagoncito and Pimpinela Escarlata in a Relevos Atómicos de locura match. On March 13, 2011, <mask> and her La Sociedad stablemate Alan Stone defeated Faby Apache and Pimpinela Escarlata to win the AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship. In June <mask> began accompanying the members of La Maniarquía to counteract Nanyzh Rock, the valet of their rival Heavy Metal. On July 31 at Verano de Escándalo, <mask> received her first shot at the AAA Reina de Reinas Championship in an eight-way elimination match, but was unable to win the title. After a seven month long hiatus from AAA, <mask> returned to the promotion on July 27, 2012, when she teamed with Mari Apache in a tag team match, where they were defeated by Faby Apache and Lolita.On October 7 at Héroes Inmortales, <mask> and Stone lost the AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship to Halloween and Mari Apache in a four-way match, which also included the teams of Atomic Boy and Faby Apache, and Fénix and Lolita. On November 27, <mask> made her Japanese debut, when she took part in the 2012 Reina de Reinas tournament co-produced by AAA and Pro Wrestling Wave in Tokyo's Korakuen Hall. <mask> was eliminated from the tournament in her opening match by Sexy Star. On February 3, 2013, <mask> turned technica for the first time in AAA, when she was attacked after a match by Mari Apache and Taya, before being saved by Faby Apache, La Jarochita and Lolita. On March 1, <mask> lost to her rival Taya in the first round of a tournament for the vacant AAA Reina de Reinas Championship, after interference from Mari Apache, Sexy Lady and Lufisto. Championships and accomplishments

 Canadian Wrestling Federation
 CWF Women's Championship (1 time)
 Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
 AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Alan Stone
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 38 of the best 50 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2009

References

External links

 Lucha Libre AAA profile
 GLORY Wrestling profile
 Online World of Wrestling profile
 Tha O Show Episode 157 <mask> Interview

1983 births
Canadian female professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Ontario
Sportspeople from Niagara Falls, Ontario
Living people
Expatriate professional wrestlers in Mexico

masks:
Jennifer Ykema
Jennifer Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Jennifer Blade
Jennifer Blake
Jennifer Blade
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Jennifer Blake


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<mask> (August 31, 1905 – February 2, 1997) was an American actor and acting teacher who developed an approach to acting instruction that is now known as the <mask> technique. While <mask> was exposed to method acting at the Group Theatre, his approach differed markedly in that he completely abandoned the use of affective memory, a distinct characteristic of method acting. <mask> maintained an emphasis on "the reality of doing", which was the foundation of his approach. Early life
Born in Brooklyn, New York City, <mask> was the oldest child of <mask>, a furrier, and Bertha Knoepfler, both Jewish immigrants who came to the United States from Hungary. His younger siblings were Jacob, Ruth, and Robert. To improve <mask>'s health during his youth, his family took a trip to the Catskills. However, while there his brother Jacob contracted bovine tuberculosis from drinking unpasteurized milk and died shortly thereafter.In an interview many years later, <mask> later identified this event as "the dominant emotional influence in my life from which I have never, after all these years, escaped." Blamed by his parents for Jacob's  death, the young <mask> became isolated and withdrawn, unable to cope with feelings of guilt for his brother's death. He found release in playing the family piano and eventually attended the Damrosch Institute of Music (now the Juilliard School) where he studied to become a concert pianist. When the Great Depression hit, <mask>'s father pulled him out of music school to help in the family business in New York City's Garment District. <mask> later recalled that the only way he could endure days spent lugging bolts of fabric was to entertain himself by replaying, in his mind, all the classical piano pieces he had studied in music school. <mask> believed this experience helped him develop an acute sense of sound, akin to perfect pitch. Later, as an acting teacher, he often evaluated his students' scene work with his eyes closed (and his head dramatically buried in his hands).This trick was only partly for effect; the habit, he explained, actually helped him to listen more closely to his students' work and to pinpoint the true and false moments in their acting. After graduation from high school, <mask> pursued acting professionally, which had interested him since his youth. He had acted at the Lower East Side's Chrystie Street Settlement House under the direction of Lee Strasberg, who was to play an important role in his development. At 19, <mask> heard that the Theatre Guild was hiring teenagers. After a brief interview, he was hired as an extra for They Knew What They Wanted. The experience deeply affected him and he realized that acting was what he had been looking for in life. He and Strasberg both appeared in the original Theatre Guild production of the Rodgers and Hart review The Garrick Gaieties, from which the song "Manhattan" came.Group Theatre

Despite his parents' misgivings, <mask> continued to pursue a career in acting, receiving a scholarship to study at the Theatre Guild of Acting. Here he encountered once again Harold Clurman and Lee Strasberg. Strasberg was to become another of the century's most influential acting theorists and the father of method acting, an acting technique derived, like <mask>'s own, from the system of Konstantin Stanislavski. The three became friends. In 1931, Clurman, Strasberg, and Cheryl Crawford (another Theatre Guild member) selected 28 actors (one of whom was <mask>) to form the Group Theatre. This company exerted an influence on the entire art of acting in the United States. <mask> summered with the Group Theatre at their 1936 rehearsal headquarters at Pine Brook Country Club in the countryside of Nichols, Connecticut.<mask>, along with a number of other actors in the company, eventually resisted Strasberg's preoccupation with affective memory exercises. In 1934, fellow company member Stella Adler returned from private study with Stanislavski in Paris and announced that Stanislavski had come to believe that, as part of a rehearsal process, delving into one's past memories as a source of emotion was only a last resort and that the actor should seek rather to develop the character's thoughts and feelings through physical action, a concentrated use of the imagination, and a belief in the "given circumstances" of the text. As a result, <mask> began to focus on a new approach to the art of acting. When the Group Theatre disbanded in 1940, <mask> continued as head of the acting program at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York, at which he had taught since 1935. In teaching he found a level of fulfillment similar to that which he had found in playing the piano as a child. At the Playhouse he developed his own form of method acting that was based on Stanislavski's system, <mask>'s training with Lee Strasberg, and on Stella Adler's revelations about the uses of the imagination. Today that approach is called the Meisner technique.It was during these early years at The
Neighborhood Playhouse that <mask> was briefly married to the young actress Peggy Meredith, who appeared in several Broadway productions. The Actors Studio was founded in 1947 by two ex-Group Theatre actors Elia Kazan and Robert Lewis, and Cheryl Crawford. Strasberg initially had not been asked to join the group, while <mask> was among the first instructors to teach at the studio. However, by 1951, after Kazan moved to Hollywood to focus on his directorial career, Strasberg became the group's artistic director. In the following years, many students of the Actors Studio became well known in the film industry. Strasberg's later insistence that he had trained them distressed <mask> enormously, creating an animosity with his ex-mentor that continued until Strasberg's death. Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre

In 1935, <mask> joined the faculty of The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre and continued as the Director of the Acting Department until his retirement in 1990, and served as Director Emeritus until his death in 1997.In 1928, The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre opened its doors. The first class of only nine students had the privilege of being taught by theatre luminaries Martha Graham, Louis Horst, Laura Elliott, and Agnes de Mille. Over his years of teaching at the Playhouse, this founding member of The Group Theatre developed and refined what is now known as the Meisner Technique: "To live truthfully under given imaginary circumstances." The Meisner Technique is a step-by-step procedure of self-investigation for the actor now widely recognized as one of the foremost acting techniques taught today. Notable students and alumni of The Neighborhood Playhouse under <mask>'s instruction include: Dylan McDermott, James Caan, Steve McQueen, Robert Duvall, Gregory Peck, Diane Keaton, Jeff Goldblum, Tony Randall, Sydney Pollack, David Mamet, Connie Britton, Brian Geraghty, Leslie Moonves, Sherie Rene Scott, Chris Noth, Tucker Smallwood, Mary Steenburgen, Betsy von Furstenberg, Allison Janney, Jennifer Grey, Ashlie Atkinson, Christopher Meloni, Alex Cole Taylor, and many more. Meisner/Carville School of Acting
In 1983, <mask> and his life partner James Carville founded the Meisner/Carville School of Acting on the Caribbean island of Bequia. Students from all around the world came every summer to participate in a summer intensive with <mask>.The Meisner/Carville School of Acting operated on the island and, beginning in 1985, also in North Hollywood. <mask> split his time between the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York and the two school locations. In spring of 1995, The Meisner/Carville School of acting was then succeeded by The Sanford Meisner Center for the Arts, a theater company and school in North Hollywood established by <mask>, James Carville and Martin Barter. Graduates from <mask>'s 2-year program could audition for the company. The company became a fixture on the Los Angeles theater scene for several years after <mask>'s death. <mask> attended every rehearsal and every performance until the very end. Notable students

Throughout his career, <mask> worked with, and taught, students who became well known.Sydney Pollack and Charles E. Conrad served as <mask>'s senior assistants. The technique is helpful not just for actors, but also for directors, writers, and teachers. A number of directors also studied with him, among them Sidney Lumet and John Frankenheimer, and writers such as Arthur Miller and David Mamet. At least 37 of the students who studied with <mask> were nominated for or won Academy Awards.</ref>

List of notable students

 Aaron Eckhart
 Alec Baldwin
 Alexandra Daddario
 Bob Fosse
 Christoph Waltz
 Christopher Lloyd
 Christopher Meloni
 Connie Britton
 David Duchovny
 David Rasche
 Diane Keaton
 Dylan McDermott
 Eileen Fulton
 Eli Wallach
 Frances Sternhagen
 Grace Kelly
 Gregory Peck
 Illeana Douglas
 Jack Lord
 James Caan
 James Doohan
 James Franco
 James Gandolfini
 Jason Priestley
 Jeff Bridges
 Jeff Goldblum
 Jennifer Sky
 Jessica Walter
 Joan Allen
 John Turturro
 Jon Voight
 Karl Urban
 Krysten Ritter
 Lee Grant
 Louise Lasser
 Leslie Nielsen
 Mark Rydell
 Mary Steenburgen
 Michael K. Williams
 Michelle Pfeiffer
 Naomi Watts
 Noah Emmerich
 Paul Sorvino
 Peggy Feury
 Peter Falk
 Renee O'Connor
 Robert Duvall
 Roger Bart
 Sandra Bullock
 Scott Caan
 Sean Astin
 Sherie Rene Scott
 Stephen Colbert
 Steve McQueen
 Susan Blakely
 Sydney Pollack
 Terry Stone
 Tina Fey
 Tom Cruise
 Tony Randall
 Ty Burrell
 Wil Wheaton

Film and television appearances
Though he rarely appeared on film, he performed in Tender Is the Night, The Story on Page One, and Mikey and Nicky. His last acting role was in the season one episode of the television medical drama ER, titled "Sleepless in Chicago". Actor Noah Wyle worked with him and referred to the experience as the highlight of his career. Personal life and death
<mask>'s two marriages, to Peggy Meredith (née Meyer) and Betty Gooch, respectively, ended in divorce.<mask>, who was bisexual, spent the remainder of his life with partner James Carville. In 1970 <mask> was diagnosed with throat cancer and underwent a laryngectomy. After that operation he lived for nearly three more decades, until February 1997, when he died in his sleep at the age of 91 at his home in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles. The <mask> technique

<mask>'s unusual techniques were considered both unorthodox and effective. Actor Dennis Longwell wrote of sitting in on one of <mask>'s classes one day, when <mask> brought two students forward for an acting exercise. They were given a single line of dialogue, told to turn away, and instructed not to do or say anything until something happened to make them say the words (one of the fundamental principles of the Meisner technique). The first student's line came when <mask> approached him from behind and gave him a strong pinch on the back, inspiring him to jump away and yelp his line in pain.The other student's line came when <mask> reached around and slipped his hand into her blouse. Her line came out as a giggle as she moved away from his touch. The goal of the <mask> technique has often been described as getting actors to "live truthfully under imaginary circumstances." See also
 Ion Cojar (1931–2009), Romanian acting teacher
 <mask>: The American Theatre's Best Kept Secret, 1990 documentary

References

Sources

External links

The Neighborhood Playhouse
The Sanford Meisner Center

1905 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American male actors
Acting theorists
Drama teachers
Bisexual male actors
Jewish American male actors
Juilliard School alumni
LGBT Jews
LGBT people from New York (state)
Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre
People from Brooklyn
20th-century American Jews
20th-century LGBT people
American bisexual actors

masks:
Sanford Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Hermann Meisner
Sanford
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Sanford Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Sanford Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Sanford Meisner


texts:
<mask> () was an Indian writer, a former teacher, social worker and political thinker. Personal life
<mask> was born in Kalimpong, Darjeeling district, India on 19 January 1931. His father's name was <mask>. He obtained his primary education from St. Michael Roman Catholic School, Kalimpong. Later, he went on to study at the Scottish Universities Mission Institution (SUMI). He was a very bright student from a young age. So immediately after finishing high school he was hired to work as a teacher in Tashi Namgyal Senior Secondary School (TNSSS) in Gangtok, Sikkim.After working for about 3 years he decided to go to college and completed his bachelor's degree which he received in 1956 from Darjeeling Government College. He then went on to complete his Masters of Arts (MA) degree from Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu Nepal. Once completing his education, he came back to work as a teacher in the Government of Sikkim for about 11 years quickly rising to the position of Deputy Director for the Department of Education of Sikkim in 1977. In 1988, he retired from his position in the Department of Education to pursue a full-time career in Nepali literature. Literary work
Known to be inspired by his own family and people surrounding him in his daily life, <mask> <mask> found a mentor in his own father Khadananda <mask>, who was a well-known Sanskrit scholar. The first poem <mask> <mask> wrote was titled Mitra Barga (which means My Friends). It was published in the school magazine of the Scottish Universities Mission Institution in 1952.He also wrote short stories, essays, travelogues and criticisms. His publications include Jhumra Ko Putali (1988), Hamra Kehi Lok Katha (1988), Shakespheare Ka Kehi Natya Katha (1996), Bichar Afnai Chhitiz Tira (1996), Chanda Ra Alankar (1988), Sanobhai, Shree Katha, Fulharu, Patiharu (2002) and Bhasha Sahitya Barha Bakhan. A complete list of his publications are as follows

Short stories
 Jhumra Ko Putali (collection of short stories)

Poems
 Mitra Barga, first poem published. Folktales collection
 Hamra Kehi Lokkatha (Folk tales)

Edited works
 Dhrubatara
 Sahitya Sankshep
 Parijaat
 Padya Saurav
 Gadya Saurav
 Sikkim ka Pratham Kawi Santabir Limboo-Krititwa Katipaya
 Kawi Narendra Kumai Krititwa Ewam Mulyankan

Translations
 Shakespeare Ka Kehin Natya Katha, (Nepali translation of Shakespeare’s dramatic stories)
 Sanobhai (Translation from Hindi)

<mask> <mask> has been an active contributor in many literary magazines and journals. In addition he has been the editor of various publications in the region. His association with some of the journals and publications include
 1954- Nav Prabhat, Bi monthly with Co editor Miss Sanumati Rai
 1955 – 56 Gorkha Weekly : Member of the editorial board
 1957 – Bulletin of the 'All Sikkim Student Association' Darjeeling
 1958 – 'Pole Star', a Tri lingual literary Bulletin of the 'All Sikkim Student Association' Darjeeling
 1956 – Co editor, Sahitya Sanket, Kalimpong (One of his works in his college days)
 1956 – Co editor 'Kanaka'
 1982 – 'Akashdeep' literary magazine of his own publication 'Akashdeep publication'. Chief Editor
 1984 – 86 – 'Bhanu Smarkia' Gangtok, Chief Editor
 1988 – 94 – 'Jan Pukar' {24 issues } News fort nightly.1994 Basundhara Literary magazine from Siliguri : Akashdeep publication. 2006 onwards – Chief Editor 'Sandhan' A high level literary journal

Given his contributions to the Nepali literature, <mask> <mask> himself has been a subject of many dissertation works for scholars of Nepali Literature. Some of them include:
 Mahananda Poudyal ko Jiwani Byaktitwa ra Krititwa ko Adhyan by Narayan Bhattarai, Tribhuwan University, Kathmandu 2007
 <mask> Poudyal ani unko Jhumra ko Putali, Katha Sanghra ko Kriti Parak ko Adhyan by Narmaya Dangal, Tribuhan University 2008
 Mahananda Poudyal ka Katha Kriti haroo ko Bislesanatkmak Adhyan ra mulyankan by Deepa Sharma, North Bengal University 2009
 A research work done by five eminent writers published by Karuna Devi Smarak Dharmartha Guthi , Gangtok (Mahananda Poudyal : Unka Wiwid Kriti harooma) 2008
 Mahananda Poudyal Abhinandan anka of Pardeshi, A literary magazine, published by Agam Singh Giri Pratisthan Saluwa, West Midnapur, West Bengal. 'Mahananda Poudyal: Unka Wiwid Kriti Haroo' published by Rachana Publications Gangtok. Special Issue of 'Pardeshi' by Agam Singha Giri Sansthan, Saluwa. Other works
Apart from literary activities, Manahanda <mask> was also engaged in various political and social activities in Darjeeling and its adjacent regions. He took active participation in the Gorkha identity and upliftment movement and has written several articles on the Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League.It can be safely assumed that some of his writings have been influenced by the political philosophy of the Gorkhaland movement. These writings drew the attention of the people towards the movement. He was associated with several social and literary organizations such as Gorkha Dukha Niwarak Sammelan, Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League, Bhanu Jayanti Samaroah Samiti, Sikkim Sahitya Academy, Kendriya Sikshya Parishad, Rashtriya Pathya Pustak Parishad, Kendriya Sahitya Academy and Purviya Parishad Sanskrit Kendra. See the list below :
 Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi (General Council) 1983 - 1988
 Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre, Kolkatta, (A Zonal unit of the Department of Culture, Government of India) 1993 – 1998
 President, Sikkim Akademi-1999
 Member: Golden Jubilee Celebration of India’s Independence, a state level Committee. Member: Textbook and courses of studies, C.B.S.E, New Delhi. State President, Vidya Bharati Sansthan, Lucknow on personal capacity. Awards
For his contributions to the Nepali literature, <mask> <mask> has been awarded multiple recognitions.See list below for some of them
 Nepali Sahitya Sammelan award 1998
 Bhanu Puraskar by Nepali Sahitya Parishad, Gangtok 1999
 Shiva Kumar Rai Smriti Puraskar by South Sikkim Sahitya Sammelan, Namchi 2004
 Dr. Parasmani Pradhan Puraskar by Nepali Sahitya Adhyayan Samiti, Kalimpong 2006. Basibiyalo Puraskar by Basibiyalo Pariwar, Kalimpong 2009

He has also been felicitated on numerous occasions including:
 Sahitik Patrakar Sanga, Kathmandu 2004
 Mahakavi Deokota Satabdi Samaroha Committee, Kathmandu 2010
 Sikkim Samman Sammilan by Dept. of Culture, Govt. of Sikkim Gangtok 2004
 Nepali Sammelan, New Delhi and Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi (Joint venture) 2009
 Bhasha Diwas Celebration, Nepali Sahitya Parishad, Darjeeling 2009
 Nepali Department of Sikkim University 2013
 Pakyong Palatine College foundation day celebration, Pakyong, East Sikkim 2013

See also
 Nepali literature

References

Nepalese male short story writers
Nepalese short story writers
Living people
People from Kalimpong district
People from East Sikkim district
Nepalese male poets
1931 births

masks:
Mahananda Poudyal
Mahananda Poudyal
Khadananda Poudyal
Mahananda
Poudyal
Poudyal
Mahananda
Poudyal
Mahananda
Poudyal
Mahananda
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Mahananda
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Mahananda
Poudyal


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<mask> (; 22 July 1804 – 25 December 1893) was a French abolitionist writer, politician and journalist, best known for his leading role in the abolition of slavery in France in 1848, during the Second Republic. Early life
<mask> was born in Paris on	22 July 1804. His father, <mask> (1766–1832), from Fessenheim in Alsace, was the owner of a porcelain factory. His mother, Victoire Jacob (1767–1839), from Meaux in Seine-et-Marne, was a laundry maid in Paris at the time of their marriage. He was baptized in Saint-Laurent Church on 9 September 1804. He enrolled in the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in 1818, but left one year later and began working at the family's porcelain factory in the rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis. In his teenage years Schœlcher became an opposer of the Bourbon monarchy while frequenting the literary and political salons of Paris.In 1820, at the age of 16, he joined Freemasonry, being initiated into the Parisian lodge "Les Amis de la Vérité" (Grand Orient de France), which was at the time very strongly politicized, not to say openly revolutionary. He later moved to another Parisian lodge, "La Clémente Amitié". Abolitionism

In 1828, <mask> was sent by his father on an eighteen months-long trip in America, as a business representative of the family's enterprise. While in the continent he visited Mexico, Cuba, and the southern United States. On this trip he learned much about slavery and began his career as an abolitionist writer, and returning to France in 1830 he published his first writing in the Revue de Paris, an article titled Des noirs ("Of the blacks"), in which he proposed a gradual abolition of slavery. <mask> inherited the family's business on his father's death in 1832, but sold it on order to dedicate himself to his abolitionist work. In the following years he traveled through Europe, and in 1840 went to the West Indies to further study slavery and the results of its abolition in the English colonies.Next he went to Egypt, Greece and Turkey, where he studied Muslim slavery, and finally to West Africa, traveling through Senegal and Gambia between September 1847 and January 1848. With the first-hand accounts and the knowledge on slavery acquired in his travels, <mask> became an advocate for the immediate emancipation of slaves, no longer supporting a gradual process. These ideas were published in his work Des colonies françaises: Abolition immédiate de l'esclavage ("Of the French colonies: Immediate abolition of slavery") in 1842, following his return from the West Indies. He was a member of the  Société française pour l'abolition de l'esclavage founded in 1834, modeled after contemporary British abolitionist societies. After the early 1830s he was also a republican activist in France, and was one of the founders of the progressive newspaper La Réforme in 1843, to which he was a regular contributor. <mask> elaborated on social, economic, and political reforms he believed would be necessary to the Caribbean colonies after the abolition of slavery. He thought that the production of sugar could continue, though it should be rationalized with the construction of large central factories, and defended the reduction of concentration of land.<mask> was the first European abolitionist to visit Haiti after its independence, and had a large influence on the abolitionist movements in all of the French West Indies. He was actively against the debt collected from the Haitians as French slave owners sought reparations for their property lost in the Haitian Revolution. In February 1848, a revolution in France overthrew the July Monarchy. Schœlcher arrived from Senegal shortly after, on 3 March, and quickly went to meet with François Arago, Minister of the Navy and Colonies of the provisional government of the new Republic. Arago appointed him under-secretary of state for the colonies, on 4 March, as well as president of a new commission charged with drafting the immediate abolition of slavery, with Louis Percin and Henri-Alexandre Wallon assigned as its secretaries. Schœlcher had convinced Arago not to wait until the election of the constituent National Assembly, which would be deeply occupied with organizing the republican institutions, to establish the abolitionist commission, arguing that any postponing of the emancipation could lead to revolt and bloodshed in the colonies. In his capacity as under-secretary of state and president of the commission, Schœlcher prepared and wrote the decree that was issued on 27 April 1848, through which the French government abolished slavery in all of its colonies and granted citizenship to the emancipated slaves.Later career

<mask>'s ultimate success in ending slavery gave birth to a new republican political movement in the Caribbean colonies. He was elected deputy to the National Assembly in 1848 by the department of Martinique. The next year he ran for reelection but lost to Cyrille Bissette, a former "free man of colour" and abolitionist, but won in Guadeloupe and was again elected for that department in 1850. He introduced a bill for the abolition of the death penalty, which was to be discussed on the day on which President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte seized power with a coup d'état, on 2 December 1851, dissolving the National Assembly. The next day <mask>, alongside Jean-Baptiste Baudin, was one of the few deputies present at the barricades in Paris to resist the coup. <mask> was then exiled by the new regime. He lived briefly in Belgium before moving to London, where he settled in 1852.In following years he became an specialist in the work of Georg Friedrich Handel, writing a biography of him in 1857. During the same period he published multiple writings criticizing Napoleon III, formerly president of France and now monarch of the Second French Empire, in works such as Dangers to England of the alliance with the men of the Coup d'Etat, which <mask> wrote in English and published in 1854. During this time he became a friend of fellow republican exile <mask>. Refusing to take advantage of the amnesty of 1859, <mask> only returned to France in late August 1870, after the declaration of war with Prussia. He was appointed staff colonel of the National Guard on 4 September, the day of the deposition of Napoleon III and the proclamation of the Third Republic. Organizing a legion of artillery, he took part in the defence of Paris. In 1871 he was again elected by Martinique for the National Assembly in Bordeaux, where he voted against the peace treaty.During the subsequent Paris Commune insurrection, <mask> tried unsuccessfully to mediate peace talks between the insurgents and the French government, and was briefly imprisoned by the  communards. Afterwards he continued serving in the National Assembly as a member of the Republican Union, and was elected senator for life in December 1875. In July 1876 he renewed his proposal for the abolition of capital punishment. In 1875 <mask> became a member of the Societé pour l'amélioration du sort de la femme ("Society for the improvement of women's condition"), and co-founded with Gaston Gerville-Réache, in 1882, the newspaper Le Moniteur des Colonies. He published his last work in 1889, a Vie de Tousaint Louverture ("Life of Toussaint Louverture"). After fighting for the abolition of slavery in French colonies and elsewhere for a large portion of the 19th century, <mask> died on 25 December 1893 in his house in Houilles, near Paris, at age 89. Having never married or left issue, in his will Schœlcher distributed his money and donated his collection to Guadeloupe, which is now housed in the Schœlcher Musem (Musée Schœlcher) in Pointe-à-Pitre.First buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, his remains were transferred on 20 May 1949 to the Panthéon on the initiative of Senator Gaston Monnerville from Guiana. <mask> had wanted to be buried with his father Marc, who was therefore also interred in the Panthéon. The ashes of Félix Éboué, the first black person to be buried in the Panthéon, were also transferred at the same time. In 1981, the newly elected President Francois Mitterrand placed a rose at his tomb in the Panthéon as part of his inauguration ceremony. Legacy

In homage to his fight against slavery, the commune of Case-Navire (Martinique) took the name of Schœlcher in 1888. The commune of Fessenheim turned his family's house into the <mask>lcher museum. The Place <mask> in Aix-en-Provence is named for him.A street created at the south-eastern corner of the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris was named Rue Schœlcher in 1894 and Rue Victor Schœlcher in 2000. Two ships of the French Navy have been named <mask>cher - an auxiliary cruiser during World War II, and a Commandant Rivière-class frigate in service 1962-1988. On 20 May 2020 two statues of Schœlcher were destroyed in Martinique as part of the ongoing consequences of the Black Lives Matter movement that originated in the United States. French President Emmanuel Macron criticized the acts. Another statue was destroyed in March 2021; their destruction was supported by activists from the separatist National Front for the Liberation of Martinique, and represents part of wider protests against "colonial memory". He was honored on a commemorative note of five thousand francs by the department of Réunion first issued in 1946. Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions 2004 James Chastain .External links

 List of works in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France database

Bibliography
 <mask>, <mask>. De la pétition des ouvriers pour l'abolition immédiate de l'esclavage, Paris, Pagnerre, 1844. Manioc
 <mask>, <mask>. Restauration de la traite des noirs à Natal, Paris, Imprimerie E. Brière, 1877. Manioc
 <mask>, <mask>. Evénements des 18 et 19 juillet 1881 à Saint-Pierre (Martinique), Paris, Dentu, 1882. Manioc
 <mask>, <mask>.Conférence sur Toussaint Louverture, général en chef de l'armée de Saint-Domingue, [s.l. ], Editions Panorama, 1966. Manioc
 Monnerot, Jules. <mask>, [s.l. ], Imprimerie Marchand, 1936. Manioc
 Basquel, <mask>. Un grand ancêtre : <mask> (1804-1893), Rodez, Imprimerie P. Carrère, 1936.Manioc
 Magallon Graineau, Louis-Alphonse Eugène. L'exemple de <mask>, Fort-de-France, Imprimerie officielle, 1944. Manioc

1804 births
1893 deaths
Writers from Paris
19th-century French journalists
19th-century French non-fiction writers
French biographers
Politicians from Paris
The Mountain (1849) politicians
Republican Union (France) politicians
Government ministers of France
Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly
Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic
Members of the National Assembly (1871)
French life senators
French abolitionists
French male writers
French Freemasons
French atheists
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Burials at the Panthéon, Paris
French anti–death penalty activists
Male feminists
French feminists
Handel scholars
French people of the Franco-Prussian War
Journalists from Paris

masks:
Victor Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Marc Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Victor Hugo
Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Victor Schœlcher
Victor Schœ
Victor Sccher
Victor Schœl
Schœlcher
Victor
Schœlcher
Victor
Schœlcher
Victor
Schœlcher
Victor
Schœlcher
Victor
Victor Schœlcher
Victor Schœlcher


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<mask> (born July 20, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was selected by the Utah Jazz as the 12th overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft. <mask> primarily plays the shooting guard position. He played for the Colorado Buffaloes men's basketball team during his college years, and was most notably the school's first-ever Big 12 Conference Freshman of the Year in 2010. As a sophomore, <mask> was statistically the eighteenth-best scorer in the Division I. With Colorado, he missed only a single college game. <mask> also gained national attention after being selected to the Big 12 First Team in his second season with the Buffaloes.He entered the 2011 NBA draft shortly after his sophomore year, projected to be a first-round draft pick despite playing just two seasons at Colorado. High school career
<mask> attended Grandview High School, where in 2009 he was named the Gatorade Player of the Year in the state of Missouri. As a senior, he averaged 23.0 points, 6.8 rebounds, 10.2 assists and 1.6 steals per game. He was also named the Kansas City Star and Metro Sports Player of the Year during his senior year. Prior to his senior year of high school, <mask> signed with Colorado during the November 2008 signing period. Considered a three-star recruit by 247Sports.com, Burks was listed as the No. 49 shooting guard and the No.196 player in the nation in 2009. College career
In his freshman year at Colorado, <mask> was awarded the 2010 Big 12 Conference Freshman of the Year, while also being named in the Big 12 All-Rookie team. In his sophomore year, he was named in the All-Big 12 first team. In April 2011, <mask> decided to forgo his two remaining eligible college years to enter the NBA draft. Professional career

Utah Jazz (2011–2018)
<mask> was selected with the 12th overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft by the Utah Jazz. On December 9, 2011, he signed his rookie scale contract with the Jazz. On October 25, 2012, the Jazz exercised their third-year team option on <mask>' rookie scale contract, extending the contract through the 2013–14 season.On October 29, 2013, the Jazz exercised their fourth-year team option on <mask>' rookie scale contract, extending the contract through the 2014–15 season. On January 13, 2014, Burks scored a career-high 34 points in a 118–103 win over the Denver Nuggets. On October 31, 2014, <mask> signed a four-year, $42 million contract extension with the Jazz. On December 30, he was ruled out for the rest of the 2014–15 season due to a shoulder injury. On December 27, 2015, <mask> was ruled out for six weeks with an ankle fracture. Two days later, he elected to undergo surgery on his fractured left fibula. On April 8, 2016, he returned to action after missing 50 games with the injury.In 13 minutes off the bench, he scored 11 points on 4-of-5 shooting in a 102–99 overtime loss to the Los Angeles Clippers. On November 1, 2016, <mask> was ruled out indefinitely after undergoing an arthroscopic procedure to debride his left ankle. On January 9, 2017, he spent a day with Utah's D-League affiliate, the Salt Lake City Stars. He was reassigned to Salt Lake City on January 11, and then recalled the next day after appearing in a game for the Stars. On January 21, 2017, he came off the bench for the Jazz and scored a season-high 13 points in a season-high 18 minutes in a 109–100 win over the Indiana Pacers. Seven days later, he set a new season high with 15 points in a 102–95 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies. On November 30, 2017, <mask> scored a season-high 28 points off the bench in a 126–107 win over the Los Angeles Clippers.On December 4, 2017, he scored 27 points in a 116–69 win over the Washington Wizards for his third straight game with 20 or more—his best string since three straight 20-point games in February 2014. Cleveland Cavaliers (2018–2019)
On November 29, 2018, <mask> was traded, along with two future second-round picks, to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Kyle Korver. On January 13, 2019, he had 17 points and 13 rebounds in a 101–95 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. Sacramento Kings (2019)
On February 7, 2019, <mask> was acquired by the Sacramento Kings in a three-team trade involving the Cavaliers and Houston Rockets. Golden State Warriors (2019–2020)
On July 11, 2019, <mask> signed with the Golden State Warriors. On January 30, 2020, <mask> switched his jersey from 8 to 20 out of respect following the death of Kobe Bryant. Philadelphia 76ers (2020)
On February 6, 2020, <mask> and teammate Glenn Robinson III were traded to the Philadelphia 76ers in exchange for 3 second-round draft picks.New York Knicks (2020–present)
On November 22, 2020, <mask> signed with the New York Knicks. He also has an older brother, Steve Jr.

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Missouri
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Colorado Buffaloes men's basketball players
Golden State Warriors players
New York Knicks players
People from Grandview, Missouri
Philadelphia 76ers players
Sacramento Kings players
Salt Lake City Stars players
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from the Kansas City metropolitan area
Utah Jazz draft picks
Utah Jazz players
21st-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Alec Burks
Burks
Burks
Burks
Burks
Burks
Burks
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Nogai, or Noğay (; also spelled Nogay, Nogaj, Nohai, Nokhai, Noqai, Ngoche, Noche, Kara Nokhai, and <mask>; died 1299/1300), was a general and kingmaker of the Golden Horde and a great-great-grandson of <mask>. His grandfather was Bo'<mask>, the seventh son of Jochi. <mask> was also a notable convert to Islam. Though he never formally ruled the Golden Horde himself, he was effectively the co-ruler of the state alongside whatever khan was in power at the time and had unrestricted control over the portions west of the Dnieper. At his height, <mask> was one of the most powerful men in Europe and widely thought of as the Horde's true head. The Russian chroniclers gave him the title of tsar, and the Franciscan missionaries in the Crimea spoke of him as a co-emperor. Name
French historian Paul Pelliot wrote that Nokhai meant "dog".Although in the Mongolian language, "nokhoi" (in Mongolian script: , nokhai) literally means a "dog", it does not necessarily mean a particularly negative and insulting name in its context, since people were called "dogs" among the Mongols at the time and sometimes presently as "nokhduud" as in "you dogs (guys/men/people)". Genghis <mask> also called his capable generals "dogs of war" or "men of war". This probably came about because Mongols had a lot of dogs, and dogs were very useful for people's lives in hunting and warnings. According to British historian J. J. Saunders, the name "Dog" was used to distract the attention of evil spirits (presumably, they would not be interested in a canine). The Mongols sometimes referred to the wolf as a "steppe dog". Early life under Batu and Berke
<mask> was born to Tatar (Tutar), a son of Terval who was a son of Jochi. He would rule his grandfather's appanage after his father died.After the Mongol invasion of Europe, Batu <mask> left <mask> with a tumen (10,000 warriors) in modern-day Moldavia and Romania as a frontier guard. He was a nephew of Berke <mask> as well as Batu <mask> and Orda <mask>, and under his uncle, he became a powerful and ambitious warlord. Second Mongol invasion of Poland

In his later years, Berke began to delegate more and more responsibility to his promising nephew. <mask>'s leading role first appears, along with Talabuga, under famous Mongol general Burundai as a battle commander in 1259/1260. He was a young sub-commander during the second major Mongol raid against Poland, undertaken to pay for Berke's war against Hulegu. Here Nogai distinguished himself and plundered Sandomierz, Kraków and other cities. Rise to power in Golden Horde and Europe: 1262–1266
Nogai's father Tatar died when he was serving under Hulegu.Berke–Hulagu War

In 1262, a civil war broke out between the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate, with Berke and Hulegu supporting separate claimants for the title of khagan. <mask> <mask> was given a high role in the army of the Golden Horde; Rashid Al-Din describes him as Berke's "commander-in-chief." He had a command of 30,000 men. He was first charged with raiding along the frontier into the territory of the Ilkhanate; Nogai made multiple reconnaissances in force into the Caucasus region, drawing Hulegu north with the bulk of his forces. He annihilated an advance guard under Shiramun, and raided as far as the Kur, but was himself repulsed near Shabran in December 1262, and forced to retreat. <mask> then took on the task of repelling Hulegu's attempted invasion, as the latter was emboldened; Hulegu marched north with his army to invade Berke's territory, attempting to envelope Nogai's army at the Terek, but found only an abandoned camp. While Hulegu's men were looting the camp, Nogai's troops surprised Hulegu's at the Terek River, cutting down a great many of them in an ambush.Hulegu rallied his men and a day-long battle ensued; the fighting was fierce, but the Golden Horde's initial advantage was too great. The Ilkhanate army was routed and many thousands of them were drowned while trying to flee, and the survivors fled back into Azerbaijan. This victory greatly enhanced <mask>'s reputation in the Horde, and he was already a trusted lieutenant of Berke. In August 1264, the war effectively ended when Kublai <mask> was crowned khagan with the acknowledgement of Berke, Hulegu, and Chagatai. However the war was renewed between the Golden Horde and Ilkhanate in 1265. <mask> was given the task of leading an invasion of the Ilkhanate, now ruled by Hulegu's successor Abaqa <mask>. He invaded Persia and plundered some areas before being met in battle by Abaqa on the Aksu.A fierce and severe battle ensued in which <mask> was personally injured (losing an eye) and his army was forced to retreat. Abaqa pursued <mask>'s army across the Kur, hoping to wipe it out, but Abaqa was forced to withdraw when Berke arrived with reinforcements. War against the Byzantines
In 1265, <mask> led his army across the Danube, leading 20,000 men into Byzantine territory. He routed the Byzantine forces before him, and devastated the cities of Thrace. In 1266, the Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, anxious to make an alliance, gave his daughter Euphrosyne Palaiologina to Nogai as a wife. He gave much valuable fabric to the Golden Horde as tribute, and became an ally of the Horde, principally dealing with it through Nogai instead of the official khan. He also gifted Nogai pearls, jewels, and valuable garments, temporarily causing Nogai to abandon the animal skins he usually wore outside of battle.Nogai did however slyly ask if the jewels and clothes could ward off lightning bolts, prevent headache, or promote good health, before praising the practicality of the dog skins his people wore. De facto rule: 1266–1294

Berke died sometime in 1266. Despite his influence, <mask> did not try to seize rulership of the Golden Horde, settling for serving Mengu-Timur Khan. However he managed to exercise de facto control, with near-total control over the lands west of the Dnieper. In addition to his Turkic subjects he ruled the Ruthenians of Galicia-Volhynia, the Ossetians and part of the Vlachs directly. He also undertook his own foreign policy, sending envoys to the Mamluk Sultanate, forming marriage alliances with Byzantium and the Il-Khanate, and raiding various European kingdoms. In 1282, Nogai sent 4,000 Mongol soldiers to Constantinople, to help his father in law Emperor Michael suppress the rebels headed by John I Doukas of Thessaly.But Michael died and Andronikos II used the allied troops to fight against Serbia. Invasions of Bulgaria and of Eastern Roman Empire

In 1271 and 1274, Nogai led raids against Bulgaria and Byzantium. In the first raid, the East Roman Emperor Michael VIII avoided the battle and offered his daughter as wife for <mask> In 1277, a popular movement led by Ivaylo of Bulgaria gained the support of many soldiers and nobles and defeated a column of Mongols raiding into their territory. In 1278-79 Nogai, annoyed by the uprising, personally led a force into Bulgaria. He defeated the Bulgarians, raided the country, and besieged Ivaylo in Silistra, however he withdrew after three months. Ivaylo subsequently escaped the Mongol blockade and led a Bulgarian force to victory over Nogai's Byzantine allies at the Battle of Devina. In 1280 Ivaylo began to lose support among his followers, who were not interested in unending wars with the Byzantines, sections of the Bulgarian nobility, and Mongol raiding parties.The nobles subsequently elected George Terter I as emperor. Ivaylo decided to appeal to Nogai, personally appearing before him with a small group of followers asking the khan to make Ivaylo emperor again; Nogai at first received him warmly and invited him to a feast. But at the feast, with Ivaylo and Ivan Asen III seated to his sides, Nogai pointed at Ivaylo and said "He is an enemy of my father, the Emperor Michael VIII, and does not deserve to live." Ivaylo was executed on the spot by Nogai's guards. Nogai considered executing Ivan as well, the second pretender to the Bulgarian throne, but his wife Euphrosyne requested he spare Ivan, and Nogai relented. Ivan was allowed to flee to Asia Minor. Nogai made the new Bulgarian Emperor George Terter his vassal.After George's flight to Constantinople, <mask> set his close associate Smilets on the Bulgarian throne, keeping Bulgaria a vassal of the Golden Horde. Second Mongol invasion of Hungary

In the winter of 1285, <mask> and Talabuga <mask> invaded Hungary with Mongol and Cuman troops, but unlike Subutai forty years earlier, they were defeated. They invaded on two fronts with a considerable army. <mask> had been told of the perilous political situation in Hungary by fleeing Cuman warriors (King Ladislaus IV's nobles were practically rebelling against him, and Hungary had just been weakened by a Cuman rebellion they had recently defeated), and planned to capitalize on it by launching a vast campaign against the apparently weakened kingdom. The invasion plan was devised by <mask>, with two columns led by him and Talabuga. Talabuga's troops devastated Transylvania and raided as far as Pest, but the Hungarians' newly constructed fortification network gave them much trouble. The Mongol forces were unable to take any major stone castles or fortified cities and suffered from supply shortages, sallies by local Hungarian forces, and stiff resistance in any castle or town they

masks:
Isa Nogai
Genghis Khan
al Baul Teval Khan
Nogai Khan
Nogai
Khan
Nogai
Khan
Nogai
Khan
Khan
Khan
Nogai
Nogai
Khan
Nogai
Nogai
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Nogai
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Nogai


texts:
 assaulted.Eventually they were beaten by the Hungarian royal army under Ladislaus IV of Hungary near Pest, and the retreating Mongol forces were ambushed by the Székelys, losing much of their invading force. <mask> was more successful than Talabuga, staying in Hungary into spring and retaining the bulk of his army, but still suffered several serious reverses at the hands of local Hungarian troops (primary Szekelys, Saxons, and Vlachs). He also failed to capture any major fortifications, with the exception of the Saxon castle of Ban Mikod. <mask>'s column never came into contact with the royal army, as his losses to the local Hungarian forces in the areas he operated in were sufficiently serious to convince him to retreat prematurely. His column was also ambushed by the Szekelys on the return. Overall the campaign was a severe defeat for the Golden Horde and one of Nogai's biggest setbacks; there would be no major incursions into Hungary after it, only raiding along the frontier. Ascension of Talabuga
Upon returning from their disastrous campaign in Hungary to the Horde's heartland in 1287, they found Tuda-Mengu <mask> sunk in religious torpor.Later in the year,
he relinquished the throne to his nephew, Talabuga. Eager to prove himself as a capable ruler and not a puppet of Nogai, and probably wanting to make up for his part of the loss in Hungary, Talabuga immediately launched an invasion against the Ilkhanate, attempting to seize the disputed territory of Azerbaijan. He failed, discrediting him and playing into the hands of his rival <mask>, who was still respected despite his own defeats in Transylvania. Nogai would remain a powerful ruler during Talabuga's brief term as khan of the Golden Horde. Third Mongol invasion of Poland

Nogai and Talabuga made a third raid against Poland in 1287/1288 but were defeated by a contingency of Eastern European armies. Raid on Circassia
Following the unsuccessful raid on Poland, Nogai and Talabuga made another expedition, this time into Circassia. There they pillaged and killed at will.However, on their return to their winter quarters, heavy snows caused Talabuga's army to get lost on the return and suffer greatly. Nogai's army made their way to winter quarters safe and sound. Talabuga blamed this on Nogai. Conflict with Talabuga
<mask> and Talabuga had never gotten along, and their quarrelling during the invasions of Poland and Circassia is held by 19th-century Russian historian Nikolay Karamzin to be major reasons for the heavy losses taken in those expeditions. In autumn of 1290 Talabuga, thinking Nogai was conspiring against him, decided to muster an army and march against his general. Nogai decided to feign ignorance, though he knew full well Talabuga's distaste for him; he also sent letters to Talabuga's mother, saying he had personal advice to give to the khan that he could only do alone, essentially requesting a formal meeting of princes. Talabuga's mother advised him to trust Nogai, and subsequently, Talabuga disbanded most of his forces and showed up for a meeting with Nogai with only a small retinue.According to Rashid Al-Din, <mask> received Talabuga warmly and feigned illness to appear more harmless. However Nogai was duplicitous; he had arrived at the designated meeting spot accompanied by a large group of soldiers and Tokhta, as well as three sons of Mengu-Timur. While <mask> and Talabuga met, <mask>'s men sprung out in an ambush, quickly capturing Talabuga and his supporters; <mask>, with the help of protégés, then strangled Talabuga to death. After this, he turned to the young Tokhta and said: "Talabuga has usurped the throne of your father, and your brothers who are with him have agreed to arrest you and put you to death. I deliver them up to you, and you may do with them as you will." Tokhta subsequently had them killed. For his role in placing Tokhta on the throne, Nogai received the revenues of the Crimean trade cities.<mask> then beheaded many of the Mongol nobles who were supporters of Talabuga, in order to consolidate the rule of his supposed puppet khan. Tokhta was declared khan in early 1291. Conflict with Tokhta and death: 1294–1300
However, Tokhta would prove a more headstrong ruler than either Tuda-Mengur or Talabuga. <mask> and Tokhta soon found themselves embroiled in a deadly rivalry; while they cooperated in raids against rebellious Rus' principalities, they remained in competition. Tokhta's father-in-law and wife often complained that Nogai seemed to consider himself superior to Tokhta, and Nogai repeatedly rejected any demands Tokhta made of him to attend his court. They also disagreed over the policy of trading rights for the Genoese and Venetian cities in Crimea. Two years after Nogai installed Tokhta, their rivalry came to a head and Tokhta set out to gather his supporters for a war against <mask>.Battle of Nerghi Plains
Tokhta, with more control over the eastern portions of the empire, managed to gather a massive force, larger than <mask>'s but reportedly less able at arms owing to the experience of <mask>'s men in their wars in Europe. Marco Polo, drawing from Mongol sources, states that Nogai assembled 15 tumens (150,000 men) and Tokhta assembled 20 tumens (200,000 men), but these numbers are likely exaggerated. The two khans made camp ten miles from each other on the plain of Nerghi in 1297, halfway between Nogai's lands and Tokhta's. One day's rest later, a hard battle ensued lasting most of the day, in which <mask> and Tokhta both personally distinguished themselves in battle (despite the former's age). In the end <mask> was victorious in spite of his numerical disadvantage. Reportedly 60,000 of Tokhta's men were killed (nearly a third of his army), but Tokhta himself managed to escape. Battle of Kagamlik
However, Tokhta was not yet finished.After a few years he managed to reform his army and raise a larger host with which he confronted Nogai deep within Nogai's own territory, at Kagamlik, near the Dnieper. Here in 1299 or 1300, Tokhta finally prevailed, with his army defeating <mask>'s. <mask>'s sons escaped the battle with 1,000 horsemen, while <mask> was found fleeing with 17 when he was wounded by a Russian soldier in the service of Tokhta. He said: "I am Nogai. Take me to Toqta, who is the Khan." The soldier killed Nogai and brought his head to Tokhta; the enraged Tokhta, angered that a Mongol prince's blood had been shed (he planned to execute Nogai in a bloodless manner in keeping with tradition), had the soldier put to death. <mask>'s sons were hunted down and executed soon after.Despite his power and prowess in battle, Nogai never attempted to seize the Golden Horde khanate for himself, preferring to act as a sort of kingmaker. He served under several Golden Horde Khans: Berke, Mengu-Timur, Tuda-Mengu, Talabuga, and Tokhta. Personality and character
Rashid Al-Din presents Nogai as both a capable general and as a wily old politician. He was content to remain a kingmaker and the power behind the throne, rather than seizing direct control of the Horde himself. Nogai self-consciously promoted Mongol ways, and took pride in his lineage. Despite this, his religious beliefs apparently followed his diplomatic needs; initially he was a devout Tengrist, like most of the Golden Horde, and remained one even after Berke's conversion to Islam. Later on, in a letter to Egypt in 1271, he claimed to have converted to Islam, and his name was included on a list of converts sent by Berke to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in 1263.Yet in 1288 he presented Buddhist relics to the <mask> Arghun. One of Nogai's wives, Yailaq, regularly visited a Franciscan convent in Qirim (Staryy Krym) and was baptized a Catholic. After Toqto’a ascended the throne, Nogai married his daughter Qiyat to Yailaq (no relation to Nogai's wife), a Buddhist and son of the tribe commander Salji’udai. Nogai's daughter Qiyat, after her marriage, converted to Islam (Nogai had evidently not raised her as a Muslim). Nogai's first wife was named Chubei, and his second was named Yailaq, along with the Byzantine princess Euphrosyne. Chubei was described by Rashid Al-Din as "clever and competent." Nogai had two sons by Chubei: Joge (the eldest) and Tige.He had one son named Torai by Yailaq. He also had a daughter named Quiyaq. He had another wife named Alaka with which he had another son, Chaka, who ruled as the tsar of Bulgaria from 1299 to 1300. He was also close friends with Mankus, a Byzantine merchant from Crimea, He arranged and held the marriage ceremony of Mankus's daughter Encona to Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria at his court, and his wife Euphrosyne became her god-mother. Notes

References
Saunders, J.J. The History of the Mongol Conquests, 2001
Ж.Бор Монгол хийгээд евроазийн дипломат шаштир Боть 2, 2003
Howorth, H.H. "History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part 2.The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Division 1"

Vernadsky, G. "Mongols and Russia", Yale University Press, Dec 1953
István Vásáry, Cumans and Tatars, Cambridge University Press 2005

Generals of the Mongol Empire
Year of birth missing
1299 deaths
Converts to Islam
Khans of the Golden Horde
13th-century rulers in Asia
13th-century Mongol rulers
Military personnel killed in action
Mongol Empire Muslims
Royalty and nobility with disabilities
Mongolian people with

masks:
Nogai
Nogai
Khan
Nogai
Nogai
Nogai
Nogai
Nogai
Nogai
Nogai
Nogai
Nogai
Nogai
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Il Khan


texts:
<mask>, together with her sister-in-law <mask>, was a pioneering educator in New Zealand. They established schools for Māori children and adults as well as educating the children of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. The Māori women called her Mata Wiremu (<mask>). Early life
<mask>, née <mask>, was born in Yorkshire, England  12 December 1793. <mask> was the oldest child of Wright and Anne Coldham. Wright Coldham and <mask> (<mask>'s father-in-law) were hosiers in Nottingham, and both were Sheriffs. The family had moved to Nottingham from Norwich.Her father, Wright Coldham, was an active member of the Presbyterian High Pavement Chapel in Nottingham. Wright Coldham received recognition as a Burgess of Nottingham in 1796;  as a Sheriff of Nottingham in 1798; and as the Mayor of Nottingham in 1809. In 1810 Anne Coldham died and at the age 16 <mask> took over raising her three sisters, Sarah, Maria and Anne, caring for her blind grandmother Mrs Temple, the running of the mayoral household and acting as Lady Mayoress at civic events. In 1815 Wright Coldham died. <mask> and <mask> were married on 20 January 1818 by Henry's cousin and brother-in law, the Rev. Edward Marsh, a member of the Church Missionary Society. <mask> and Henry shared a Christian faith and they joined the Church Missionary Society (CMS), with the decision eventually being made that Henry would become an ordained minister and CMS missionary in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand.In a letter to the Committee of the CMS of 6 August 1822, Henry said of <mask>: "she does not accompany me merely as my wife, but as a fellow-helper in the work". The early years in the Bay of Islands

On 11 September 1822 Henry and <mask> and three children embarked on the Lord Sidmouth, a convict ship carrying women convicts to Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australian. After a short stay with Rev. Samuel Marsden, he accompanied them on ship the Brampton from Sydney to the Bay of Islands, New Zealand where they arrived at Kerikeri on 7 August 1823. The CMS had an established mission at Kerikeri where they stayed while Henry and other CMS members and built a store of plank and timber and a raupo hut on Paihia beach. On 15 September 1823 the family moved into the raupo hut, which <mask> described as having the appearance of a beehive. In 1830 a more substantial house was built using lath and plaster.Chickens, ducks, goats and a horse were brought from Sydney. A garden was soon cultivated. Food was either cultivated or imported on the infrequent ships from Sydney. Pork and Kūmara could be traded from the Māori, however in the early days muskets were the item of barter which Māori wanted to trade, but <mask> refused to trade muskets. The supply of pork and other food was withheld in an attempt to pressure Henry to trade muskets for food. The protection of the mission by the chiefs of the Ngāpuhi
The members of the mission were under the protection of Hongi Hika, the rangatira (chief) and war leader of the Ngāpuhi iwi (tribe). The immediate protector of the Paihia mission was the chief Te Koki and his wife Ana Hamu, a woman of high rank and the owner of the land occupied by the mission at Paihia.In 1827 Hongi Hika lead the Ngāpuhi against the tribes at Whangaroa which caused anxiety amongst the missionaries as they feared they would be caught up in the fighting. The fears of the missionaries were increased when some of the warriors of Hongi Hika, acting contrary to his orders, plundered and burnt the Wesleyan mission at Whangaroa. During a skirmish Hongi Hika was shot in the chest by one of his warriors, which resulted in the missionaries fearing that they would suffer in the event that a muru occurred following his death (an attack launched out of respect for a deceased chief). On 6 March 1828 Hongi Hika spent his last moments "exhorting his followers to be valiant, and repel any force, however great, which might come against them - telling them this was all the utu, or satisfaction, that he desired". The death of Tiki, a son of Pōmare I (also called Whetoi) and the subsequent death of Te Whareumu in 1828 threw the Hokianga into a state of uncertainty as the other Ngāpuhi chiefs debated what revenge was required. Henry was asked to mediate between the combatants. As the Ngāpuhi chiefs did not want to escalate the fighting, a peaceful resolution was achieved.In 1830 there was a battle, at Kororareka (Russell), that is called the Girls' War, which also caused the missionaries to fear they would be caught up in the fighting. While there were misunderstandings and arguments between the missionaries and the Ngāpuhi, the CMS mission was never threatened. The Paihia mission

The missionary work of <mask> and his attempts to act as peacemaker in intertribal conflicts meant that he spent months at a time travelling through the North Island of New Zealand. <mask> shared mission responsibilities with her sister-in-law, <mask>, together they cared for and educated their families. Together with <mask>, <mask> set up a boarding school for Māori girls; and provided classes to the children of CMS missionaries in the morning with schools for Māori children and adults in the afternoon. Schools were established in the communities inland from the Bay of Islands. <mask> trained and supervised the teachers, who included the wives of other CMS missionaries, her daughters, nieces or future daughters-in-law.In 1832 <mask> and Janes <mask>, together with Mrs. Brown, Mrs. Fairburn, and Mrs. Puckey, continued in charge of the Native Girls' School, and of an Infant School at Paihia. The domestic responsibilities of <mask> extended beyond her large family and included Māori and Pakeha visitors to the mission as well as providing assistance to other CMS members in Paihia, Kerikeri and Waimate North. <mask> and Henry had eleven children:

 Edward Marsh (2 November 1818 – 11 October 1909). Married Jane Davis, daughter of CMS missionary the Revd Richard Davis. <mask> (28 April 1820 – 25 November 1919). Married CMS missionary the Revd Christopher Pearson Davies. Samuel (17 January 1822 – 14 March 1907).Married <mask>, daughter of William and <mask>. Henry (Harry) (10 November 1823 – 6 December 1907). Married Jane Elizabeth <mask> (also a daughter of William and Jane). Thomas Coldham <mask> (18 July 1825 – 19 May 1912). Married Annie Palmer Beetham, daughter of William Beetham. John William (6 April 1827 – 27 April 1904). Married Sarah Busby, daughter of James Busby.Sarah (26 February 1829 – 5 April 1866). Married Thomas Bidulph Hutton. Catherine (Kate) (24 February 1831 – 8 January 1902). Married the Revd Octavius Hadfield. Caroline Elizabeth (13 November 1832 – 20 January 1916). Married Samuel Blomfield Ludbrook. Lydia Jane (2 December 1834 – 28 November 1891).Married Hugh Carleton. Joseph Marsden (5 March 1837 – 30 March 1892). Life at Pakaraka
Henry and <mask> moved to Pakaraka when Henry refused to back down in an argument with Governor George Grey over the amount of land Henry had acquired so as to provide for his children. In this argument Bishop Selwyn took the side of Grey, and in 1849 the CMS decided to dismiss Henry from service. However, in 1854 Henry was reinstated to the CMS following representations to the CMS by Governor Grey, Bishop Selwyn and supporters of <mask>. Henry and <mask> lived in the house known as The Retreat, that still stands at Pakaraka. <mask> died at Pakaraka, New Zealand, on 16 December 1879 and was buried in the grounds of the Holy Trinity Church at Pakaraka alongside the grave of <mask>.Literature and sources

  (1874) - The life of <mask>, Archdeacon of Waimate, Volume I. Auckland NZ. Online available from Early New Zealand Books (ENZB). (1877) - The life of <mask>, Archdeacon of Waimate, Volume II. Auckland NZ. Online available from Early New Zealand Books (ENZB). Evans, Rex D. (compiler) (1992) Faith and farming Te huarahi ki te ora; The Legacy of <mask> and <mask>. Published by Evagean Publishing, 266 Shaw Road, Titirangi, Auckland NZ.(soft cover),  (hard cover),  (leather bound)
Fitzgerald, Caroline (2004) Letters from the Bay of Islands,  Sutton Publishing Limited, United Kingdom;  (Hardcover). Penguin Books, New Zealand, (Paperback)
 Fitzgerald, Caroline (2011) Te Wiremu - <mask>: Early Years in the North, Huia Publishers, New Zealand
 Gillies, Iain and John (1998) East Coast Pioneers. A Williams Family Portrait; A Legacy of Land, Love and Partnership. Published by The Gisborne Herald Co. Ltd, Gladstone Road, Gisborne NZ. Mitcalfe, Barry (1963) Nine New Zealanders. Christchurch : Whitcombe and Tombs. The chapter 'Angry peacemaker: <mask> – A missionary's courage wins Maori converts' (p. 32 - 36)
 Rogers, Lawrence M., (1973) Te Wiremu: A Biography of <mask>, Pegasus Press
 <mask>, William (1867) – Christianity among the New Zealanders.London. Online available  from Archive.org. <mask>, W. The Turanga journals, 1840–1850. Ed. F. Porter. Wellington, 1974 Online available  from ENZB
 Woods, S. M. <mask>, Christchurch, 1977

References

External links

 <mask> copy of the Treaty of Waitangi on New Zealand History online. The Early Journals of <mask>; Senior Missionary in New Zealand of the Church Missionary Society (1826–40).Edited by Lawrence M. Rogers. Pegasus Press, Christchurch 1961,  at NZETC
 some sketches made by <mask> at NZETC
 The Character of <mask> described by Hugh Carleton (1874) – The Life of <mask>
 Sarah <mask>. '<mask>, <mask> - Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand in Dictionary of New Zealand Biography (DNZB)
 Robin Fisher. '<mask>, Henry - Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand in Dictionary of New Zealand Biography (DNZB)

Gallery

1793 births
1879 deaths
New Zealand educators
English Anglican missionaries
Anglican missionaries in New Zealand
19th-century New Zealand people
Female Christian missionaries
Missionary educators

masks:
Marianne Williams
Jane Williams
Mother Williams
Marianne Williams
Marianne Coldham
Marianne
Thomas Williams
Marianne
Marianne
Marianne
Henry Williams
Marianne
Marianne
Marianne
Marianne
Henry Williams
Henry Williams
Marianne
Jane Williams
Jane Williams
Marianne
Marianne
Marianne
Williams
Marianne
Marianne
Marianne
Mary Williams
Jane Williams
Williams
Williams
Marianne
Henry Williams
Marianne
Marianne Williams
Henry Williams
Henry Williams
Henry Williams
Henry Williams
William Williams
Henry Williams
Henry Williams
Henry Williams
Williams
Williams
Marianne Williams
Henry Williams
Henry Williams
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Henry Williams
Marianne Williams
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texts:
<mask>si (, born October 7, 1937 in Shanghai) is the pseudonym of the Chinese author and poet Zhang Yan (). She was born in China and moved to Hong Kong at the age of twelve. She was formerly a teacher and is now a Hong Kong-based writer. Her works are also popular in Taiwan and mainland China. She has become a rather well known figure to many secondary school students in Hong Kong. This is due in particular to one of her essays, "Shops" (店鋪), which was adopted as reading material for the Chinese Language paper in the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination (HKCEE) by the Hong Kong Examinations Authority of the time. In 2019, <mask> was the recipient of the Newman Prize for Chinese Literature.Childhood

<mask>'s ancestors came from Zhongshan, Guangdong. She was born in Pudung, Shanghai, where she would go on to attend primary school. <mask> was born in 1937, though her Hong Kong identity card showed her year of birth as 1938. She thus believed that 1938 was her year of birth over the course of her life, until she consulted family documents following the death of her sister in the 2010's, and found out that she was actually born in 1937. In 1950, she immigrated to Hong Kong with her parents. Her father worked at Kowloon Motor Bus Company (KMB) as a ticket checker. Additionally, he had been a coach for a Division A football club, later becoming a referee since he was in Shanghai, thus <mask> developed an immense interest in football when she was young.<mask> was born as one of five children. Growing up, she had two brothers and two sisters. <mask> attended secondary school at Heep Yunn School, where lessons were taught in Cantonese; she started her English-instructed lessons from Form 4. As a junior secondary school student, she began to write for the local newspapers and magazines. Early writing career
<mask>'s first piece of published writing, a fourteen-line modern Chinese poem, was published in Everyone's Literature (人人文學) in the 1950s. When <mask> was studying in Form 3, she won the first prize in the senior section of a writing competition organised by Learn-Mates (學友). In 1957, she continued her studies at the Grantham College of Education (later merged with other constitute colleges to form the Hong Kong Institute of Education), and became a teacher at Farm Road Government Primary School after graduation.Besides poetry, novels, essays, fairy tales and translated literature, <mask> also wrote TV screenplays in the 1960s, like The Dark Green Age (黛綠年華) and The Window (窗), as well as numerous film reviews. She was a pioneer in the field of experimental film in Hong Kong. As well as contributing to multiple newspaper and magazine columns, she was the editor of Chinese Students' Weekly poetry section (1960s), as well as Thumb Weekly (大拇指周報) (1975–1977) and Plain Leaf Literature (素葉文學) (1981–1984), which was the 68-volume magazine first published in 1980 by Su Yeh Publications, a publishing company founded by <mask> and her friends. Su Yeh Publications dedicated itself to publishing works by Hong Kong authors. Up until 1984, the publishing company had produced books in 22 categories, including A Loafer Who Burnt His Guitar (焚琴的浪子), a collection of Ma Lang's (馬朗) poems; A Tour in Mirrors (鏡遊), a Chinese movie critic's collection by Lin Nian-Tong (林年同); and My Resplendence (我的燦爛), an essay and poem collection by Zhong Ling-Ling (鍾玲玲). The publishing company continued its paper-based publishing until 2015. Novels and short stories
My City was published in 1979.Originally a serial on the newspaper Hong Kong Express, she presented the world as seen through young people's eyes. She also illustrated the serial with her own drawings, attached along each publication on the newspaper. While the serial was not an attempt to critique on social issues, it nevertheless tackled issues such as overcrowded spaces and overloading academic pressure. It has now become a staple in Hong Kong literature, ranked 51st by Yazhou Zhoukan as one of the 100 best Chinese novels in the 20th century. It also became the inspiration for the 2015 documentary My City directed by Fruit Chan. Deer Hunt, published in 1982, was inspired by the history during the Qing Dynasty when Qianlong was emperor. The novel described a plan of assassinating the emperor, and the remembrance of the emperor to his grandfather Kangxi.It was reprinted twice in Taiwan, once in 1986 and once in 1999. <mask> enjoys travelling; she has been to many countries in Eastern Europe, as well as Turkey, Egypt, Greece, and, most frequently, mainland China. Travelling to these places has done much to inspire to her writing. In 1983, United Daily News published <mask>'s A Woman Like Me (像我這樣的一個女子), a collection of short stories written between 1976 and 1982, and it was the first time her works were introduced to Taiwanese people. The collection won <mask> the Recommended Novella Prize, the highest honour in the United Daily News 8th Novel awards. The 1992 novel Mourning a Breast (哀悼乳房) was written in order to document her feelings, thoughts, and encounters during her treatment with breast cancer, which she was diagnosed with in 1989. Due to the complications of her cancer surgery, she lost the function of her right hand by 1999 and had to write with her left hand.The novel was nominated by China Times in 1992 as one of the ten best books of the year. It also provided the inspiration for the 2006 movie 2 Become 1 starring Miriam Yeung. Later writing career
"Shops" is an essay written by <mask>, which was adopted as the reading material for the Chinese language paper of the HKCEE. This passage depicted the ageing buildings, squatters, and old-fashioned traditional shops in Central and Western District, particularly in Sheung Wan and Sai Ying Pun, as well as other activity in this hustling district. She expressed her nostalgia towards her childhood, and the reminiscence towards the disappearing old shops due to the drastic urban development. Flying Carpet (飛氈), a novel inspired from the history of Hong Kong in the past one hundred years, was published in 1999. In the novel, Hong Kong was given the name of Fertillia (肥土鎮), a town at the edge of Dragonland (巨龍國), a projection of China, and the novel described how the town transformed in three generations.In 2009, <mask> published the essay and photograph collection, The Teddy Bear Chronicles (). She donated the teddy bears sewn and photographed in the book to the Chinese University of Hong Kong Library in 2018. In 2016, a collection of poems by <mask> was published in English under the title Not Written Words, which received the Lucien Stryk Asian Translation Prize in 2017. In 2019, <mask> was awarded the Newman Prize for Chinese Literature and the Cikada Prize. List of works

Novels
 My City (1979)
 Deer Hunt (1982)
 Mourning a Breast (哀悼乳房) (1992)
 Flying Carpet (飛氈) (1999)

Short stories
 A Woman Like Me (像我這樣的一個女子) (1983)

Poetry collection
 Not Written Words

Newspaper and magazine columns
  A fairytale column in Tin Tin Daily (天天日報)
 "Movies and Me" (電影與我) in Chinese Students' Weekly (中國學生周報)
 "Bull's Eye and Me" (牛眼和我) in Express Daily (快報)
 "My Scrawling Room" (scrapbook) (《我之試寫室》剪貼冊) in Express Daily
 "Notes on Reading" (閱讀筆記) in Express Daily
 "The Flower Column" in Sing Tao Daily
 "Four Pieces of Jade" (四塊玉) in United Daily News
 "Siu Ming Chow" (小明周) in Ming Pao
 "Ear-man" (隨耳想) in Sing Tao Daily
 "How <mask> Xi Views Soccer" (西西看足球) in Ming Pao

Essays
 Shops
 The Teddy Bear Chronicles (縫熊志) (2009)

Further reading
 Chinese Writers on Writing featuring <mask>. Ed. Arthur Sze.(Trinity University Press, 2010). Not Written Words by <mask> (Author), Jennifer Feeley (Translator). (Zephyr Press, 2016).
. Eds. . (Chung Wa Books, 2018).
. (Chung Wa Books, 2018)

Portrait
 Xi <mask>. A Portrait by Kong Kai Ming at Portrait Gallery of Chinese Writers (Hong Kong Baptist University Library). References

External links

 Xi Xi City - a living exhibit devoted to Hong Kong, Xi Xi, and My City

1938 births
Living people
Pseudonymous women writers
20th-century pseudonymous writers
Chinese women poets
Chinese women educators
Hong Kong novelists
Hong Kong poets
Hong Kong women writers
Chinese women novelists
Writers from Shanghai
Poets from Shanghai

masks:
Xi Xi Hsi H
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi
Xi Xi
Xi Xi
Xi