texts:
<mask> (born Nirmala Nagpal; 22 November 1948 – 3 July 2020) was an Indian dance choreographer in Hindi cinema. She was born in Bombay State (present day Maharashtra), India. She was best known for Dance Form Mujra and the first woman choreographer in Bollywood. With a career spanning over forty years, she choreographed more than 3000 songs. She died on 3 July 2020 of a sudden cardiac arrest. Early life and career
She was born Nirmala Nagpal. Her parents, Kishanchand Sadhu Singh and Noni Singh, migrated to India after partition of India.She started her career as a child artist at the age of three with the film Nazarana as baby Shyama, and was a background dancer in the late 1950s. She learnt dance while working under film choreographer B. Sohanlal, whom she married at the age of 13 while he was 43 years and was already married with 4 children which she did not know at the time of marriage. After having three children (including one that died as an infant), the couple separated; after their separation, she married businessman Sardar Roshan <mask> in 1975 and changed her name after converting to Islam. The couple have one child together: a daughter, Sukaina khan, who is known to run a dance institute in Dubai. Later, she moved to choreography, first as an assistant choreographer and later getting her break as an independent choreographer, with Sadhana Shivdasani's Geeta Mera Naam (1974). However, she had to wait many years to receive acclaim, which came with her work with Sridevi; Hawa Hawai in Mr India (1987), Main Teri Dushman, Dushman Tu Mera in Nagina (1986) and Mere Haathon Mein in Chandni (1989), and later with Madhuri Dixit, starting with the hit "Ek Do Teen" in Tezaab (1988), Tamma Tamma Loge in Thanedaar (1990) and Dhak Dhak Karne Laga in Beta (1992). Thereafter, she went on to become one of the most successful Bollywood choreographers.In 2014, <mask> worked with Madhuri Dixit again in Gulaab Gang. She was on the advisory board of Rishihood University. Television appearances
<mask> <mask> appeared on a reality dance show as a member of the jury in 2005 Nach Baliye, which aired on STAR One along with two other judges. She also appeared in the second season of the same show. She has recently been a judge for the show Ustaadon Ka Ustaad, which is aired on Sony Entertainment Television (India). She appeared on the 2008 show Nachle Ve with <mask> <mask>, which was aired on NDTV Imagine. She choreographed for this show.She appeared on Sony's Boogie Woogie (TV series) show from December 2008 as one of the judges, along with Javed Jaffrey, Naved Jaffrey and Ravi Behl. She was a judge on the third season of a popular show – Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa, which began on 27 February 2009 and was aired on Sony Entertainment Television (India) alongside former Nach Baliye judge Vaibhavi Merchant and actress Juhi Chawla. She was judging the dance reality show Nachle Ve with <mask> <mask>. She has hosted and completed Nachle Ve with <mask> <mask>. In 2012, The <mask> <mask> Story, a documentary produced by PSBT and Films Division of India and directed by Nidhi Tuli was released. She appeared in Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah as a judge in a dance competition. She won three National Film Awards and eight Filmfare Awards, the most recognition of any choreographer.Death
<mask> <mask> was admitted to Guru Nanak Hospital at Bandra, Mumbai on 17 June 2020, because of breathing difficulties, and died of cardiac arrest on 3 July 2020 at the age of 71. Filmfare Best Choreography Award

<mask> <mask> was the first recipient of the filmfare Best Choreography Award. Filmfare instituted this award after watching the excellent choreography and audience response to <mask>'s song "Ek Do Teen" from Tezaab. <mask> <mask> went on to have a hat-trick at the Filmfare awards winning consistently for 3 years from 1989 to 1991. She also held the record for winning the most Filmfare Best Choreographer Awards, winning 8. Controversy
In April 2018, <mask> made statements defending the practice of casting couch, stating that the film industry provides people employment and "doesn't rape and abandon" them. Following an online backlash, she apologised for her comments.See also
 Indian women in dance

References

External links

1948 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Indian dancers
20th-century Indian women artists
21st-century Indian dancers
21st-century Indian women artists
Best Choreography National Film Award winners
Dancers from Maharashtra
Filmfare Awards winners
Indian choreographers
Indian female dancers
Indian film choreographers
Indian women choreographers
Sindhi people
Women artists from Maharashtra

masks:
Saroj Khan
Khan
Khan
Saroj
Khan
Saroj
Khan
Saroj
Khan
Saroj
Khan
Saroj
Khan
Saroj
Khan
Saroj
Khan
Khan
Saroj
Khan
Khan


type: original

texts:
is a professional Japanese baseball outfielder and first baseman for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He previously played in NPB for the Hanshin Tigers. Early baseball career
A native of Fukuoka, he began playing as a catcher for the Mikuni Honeys in grade school, then went on to join the Futsukaichi Lions in junior high where he got to participate in national tournaments. Upon entering high school, he secured the outfielder post for the Fukuoka Koudai Joto High School. He was elected as team captain in his second year, but his team never made it past the elimination rounds to summer Koshien. He attended the same high school as fellow Tiger's teammate Ryutaro Umeno who was a year ahead, and like Umeno, he started as an outfielder and graduated as a catcher. Professional career

Hanshin Tigers
Nakatani was selected as the Hanshin Tigers' 3rd round pick in the 2010 Nippon Professional Baseball draft.He signed as a catcher on a contract of 50 million yen and an annual salary of 6 million. He was given the jersey number 60. 2011

In 2011, Nakatani played in 23 Western League games (minors) and batted .261 with 4 RBIs. Because he played mostly as an outfielder and not as a catcher, they changed his training regimen from a catcher to an outfielder at the end of the season. 2012

Nakatani spent most of the 2012 season playing in the minors. He was selected to play in the mid-season Fresh All Star Game on July 18, and was selected as the game's MVP when he scored 2 hits and 3 RBIs. On August 23, he debuted in his 1st official game as the starting right fielder in the match against the Chunichi Dragons at the Kurashiki Muscat Stadium.He appeared in 5 more games, but he failed to record a hit in any of them. He finished the season in the minors, with a .225 batting average, 3 home runs and 27 RBIs. 2013

In 2013, the Tigers officially changed Nakatani's position from catcher to outfielder. He spent the entire season in the farm, and batted .201 in 100 games, with 31 RBIs and 2 home runs. 2014

Nakatani also didn't appear in any main squad matches in this year, and batted his worst at .190 in 93 minor league games. His home run count improved to 7. 2015

Nakatani's improved performance in the minors early in the season finally earned him a spot in the main squad in a match against the Hiroshima Toyo Carp on May 8.He recorded his first official hit as a pro on May 9, but when he went hitless in the next matches, he got sent back to the farm on May 15. He continued to perform well in Western League games, and even got selected as the League MVP of the Month in July. In all his 94-game appearances, he recorded an average of .290 with 9 home runs and 40 RBIs, and was named the Western League's MVP of the season. 2016

Nakatani spent the earlier half of the 2016 season in the farm, where new batting coach and Tigers legend Masayuki Kakefu helped him undergo training to improve his batting form. His efforts paid off when he got called to play with the main squad in June. He recorded his first career RBI on June 19, and his first career home run a few days after. His appearances gradually increased until October, mostly as a center fielder or as a pinch hitter, and he finished the season with 14 RBIs, 4 home runs and a batting average of .266 in 64 games.2017

Nakatani had a shaky start early in the 2017 season as he competed with young guns Shun Takayama and Fumihito Haraguchi for regular playing time in the outfield or at first base. His breakout performance started in May when he went on a hitting spree and reached 5 home runs by the 3rd week. He was rewarded by being assigned the clean up spot for the first time in a May 28 match against the Yokohama DeNA BayStars, and continued to be a regular starting player in the next couple of months. He went 5-for-5 against the Saitama Seibu Lions on June 15, and recorded two hits and two RBIs including a two-run home run against Yomiuri on July 9. This earned him the Sanspo Excellent Player Award for his performance during the Sanspo's Hanshin Tigers Gekirei Series (June 13 to July 12). By July 23, he was leading the team in home runs batted in (10 HRs). He continued to hit well, and even hit home runs in 3 consecutive matches against the Tokyo Yakult Swallows on August 22.In a September 18 match against the Hiroshima Toyo Carp at Koshien Stadium, he recorded his 20th home run of the season in the fourth inning against Yusuke Nomura. He became the first Hanshin right-handed hitting lifer (a player who has played with only one team) to reach 20 home runs since Osamu Hamanaka hit 20 in 2006 (Hamanaka was a lifer at the time he recorded twenty home runs). In 133 main squad game appearances, he led the team in RBIs and home runs (61 RBIs, 20 home runs), with 99 hits and an OPS of 0.697. His performance earned him a 12 million pay raise, making an estimated annual salary of 36 million yen for 2018. 2018

<mask> fell into a slump during spring camp in 2018 and batting only .143 during the exhibition games. Nakatanie failed to make it into the main squad when the season started. His slump continued in the farm, (39 games, .197 average, 3 home runs), but when the main squad needed batting reinforcement, he got called to play on May 22.In the 9th inning of a May 26 game against the Yomiuri Giants, with 2 outs and a runner on 2nd, Nakatani notched his 1st career walk off hit at Koshien. From June onwards however, his performance began to deteriorate, and with the improving performance of other outfielders, his starts gradually decreased. He only appeared in a total of 77 games, hit 26 RBIs with only 5 home runs. 2019

Nakatani played in 62 games for Hanshin in 2019, also playing in 43 games for the farm team. In 131 plate appearances, Nakatani posted a tepid .181/.264/.379 slash with 6 home runs and 19 RBI. 2020

In 2020, the season was delayed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nakatani spent the majority of the year with Hanshin's main team, logging a .215/.267/.304 batting line with 2 home runs and 16 RBI in 70 games.2021
Nakatani began the 2021 season with Hanshin's farm team after poor performance in the seasons prior. With the farm team, Nakatani posted a .266 average with 5 home runs and 26 RBI. Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks
On July 2, 2021, Nakatani was traded to the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks in exchange for Akira Niho. References

External links

 Career statistics - NPB.jp
 13 <mask> Nakatani PLAYERS2021 - Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site

1993 births
Living people
People from Ogōri, Fukuoka
Baseball people from Fukuoka Prefecture
Japanese baseball players
Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders
Hanshin Tigers players

masks: Nakatani Masahiro


texts:
<mask> (born 18 November 1977) is an English actress. Early life

<mask> was born in Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, on 18 November 1977. Her mother is <mask> (née Harvey). Her father, <mask>, is a jazz pianist who accompanied the BBC National Orchestra of Wales when Raison played a showgirl in the Doctor Who episodes "Daleks in Manhattan" and "Evolution of the Daleks". Raison's parents divorced when she was five years old. From a young age she attended five boarding schools, including Gresham's School, Felixstowe College and Stowe School; her education was paid for by her grandfather. It was at Felixstowe College where she developed an interest in acting; she moved there after experiencing bullying at her previous school.She trained at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. Career

Theatre
In 1999, she played the role of June Stanley in the play The Man Who Came to Dinner. In 2000, <mask> played Desdemona in William Shakespeare's Othello at the Theatre Royal, York. From 27 February to 7 April 2001, she performed in the role of Davina in the farce Don't Just Lie There, Say Something! (originally titled Whitehall Farce) at The Mill, Sonning. From 2002–3, she appeared as Ben-Hur's love interest in a minimalist production of the eponymous play at the Battersea Arts Centre. Later in 2003, she was featured in Pains of Youth, again at the Battersea Arts Centre, playing the death obsessed bisexual Desiree; Lyn Gardner of The Guardian described her performance as making "Desiree's death wish seem tragic rather than merely silly."In 2010 she played the title role in Anne Boleyn, a new play by Howard Brenton, who had also been involved in scripts for BBC's Spooks in which Raison went on to appear in 5 series, which premiered at Shakespeare's Globe on 24 July 2010 to high critical acclaim. In the same Shakespeare's Globe season <mask> also played Anne Boleyn in Henry VIII by William Shakespeare. In 2011, she appeared as Ann in the short play "Oliver Lewis" by Jack Thorne, part of the series of plays 66 Books performed at the Bush Theatre. In June/July 2012 she appeared in a production of The Physicists: A Comedy in Two Acts at the Donmar Warehouse, playing the roles of Lina Rose, the lead character's ex-wife, and Monika Settler, the lead's attending nurse. From October 2012 Raison starred in The River, a new play by Jez Butterworth, at the Royal Court Theatre (Jerwood) alongside Dominic West. Tickets became "the most sought-after theatre tickets in London" after rave reviews. In 2013–14 she played Anne Faulkner in the theatrical version of Strangers on a Train at the Gielgud Theatre, produced by Barbara Broccoli.From January to February 2015, she starred opposite Shaun Evans in Hello/Goodbye at the Hampstead Theatre. In August 2015 she joined the Kenneth Branagh Theatre Company in The Winter's Tale and Harlequinade which ran at the Garrick Theatre from October 2015 until January 2016. Raison played the wife of Kenneth Branagh's character in both plays. She stated that she enjoyed the experience and was grateful for the opportunity, given that previously she had a bad audition with Branagh for Macbeth in 2011. She also enjoyed learning from Judi Dench. Film and television
Raison's first film role in 2000 was playing Marianne Faithfull in Suzy Q alongside Carice Van Houten

In 2004, Raison was cast as 'Heather' in Match Point, the first Woody Allen film to be made in London. In 2005, she appeared in Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo, which she said "may as well have been the most brutal Lars von Trier film.Another actress and I actually spent a whole night just crying." She called the experience "regrettable from start to finish" and a "hideous, hideous moment and a great lapse of judgement on my part". <mask>'s breakthrough role was as Jo Portman (2005–2009) in the BBC One television drama series Spooks (also broadcast under the title MI-5). She requested that the production company let her go in 2009 as she felt that her character could not develop further and wanted to follow up on theatre opportunities. In April 2007 she appeared in the Doctor Who episodes "Daleks in Manhattan" and "Evolution of the Daleks" as Tallulah, a show girl whose opening scene involved singing to a musical number, for which <mask>'s father played the piano background as part of the BBC National Orchestra of Wales. In 2009, she was featured in the show Plus One. She was originally featured in the Comedy Showcase pilot in 2007, where she wore a fat suit.In 2010 after leaving Spooks, she played a model called Abbey in the ITV1 comedy-drama Married Single Other. She had a small role in My Week with Marilyn. She expressed pleasure in being able to work with great British talent and her fascination with Marilyn Monroe. In 2012 she played DI Georgina Dixon in the second series of Vexed, screened on BBC2. In 2013 she played 'Harriet Hammond' in the third series of the BBC legal drama Silk; her character was a practice manager who shook up the firm and a potential love interest for her former Spooks co-star Rupert Penry-Jones' character. In 2014, she had a small role in I Am Soldier, playing "Stella", the lead interrogator in the "Tactical Questioning" portion of the lead character's training. In July 2014 she was announced as a new cast member of Spotless, a (10 × 1 hour episode) drama produced by Canal+.In 2018, <mask> reprised her role as ‘Sylvie’ in 6 episodes of Dark Heart, played xenobiologist ‘Tessia’ in 6 episodes of Nightflyers and appeared in Artemis Fowl. In May 2019 it was announced that <mask> would be joining the main cast of Warrior for the second season. In September 2021 it was announced that <mask> had joined the first season of Sister Boniface Mysteries playing Ruth Penny, a main character across all ten episodes. Other works

In 2005 she appeared in the BBC radio comedy Deep Trouble. She has voiced several video game characters, including Cassandra Pentaghast in the Dragon Age series, Lieutenant Sandra Lansing in Apache: Air Assault and Natasha and other characters in Renegade Ops. BioWare also hired <mask> for providing several voices in Mass Effect: Andromeda. She voiced three characters in The Secret World and lent her voice for Dreamfall Chapters and Blades of Time.<mask> has also voice-acted in several Big Finish Doctor Who audios, including The Davros Mission and The Wreck of the Titan, and plays Constance Clarke, a regular companion to the Sixth Doctor. She also provides additional voices in other Big Finish audio productions, including other Doctor Who stories and The Avengers. In 2013 she joined the CGI series cast of Thomas & Friends and provides the voice of Millie (UK/US), first introduced in King of the Railway. Since July 2017 she has been narrating the BBC2 documentary Hospital. Personal life
She plays golf and is a member of the Aldeburgh Golf Club. While separated from her first husband, Raza Jaffrey, she began a relationship with her Married Single Other co-star Ralf Little in November 2009, which ended in February 2013. She married again in 2017 to Christopher Mollard and had a daughter in that same year.She speaks fluent French and is conversational in Italian and Spanish. Raison is distantly related to Jack Huston. Her cousin, <mask>, was a Chairman of Christie's. Filmography and voice over

References

External links

Living people
1977 births
People educated at Gresham's School
People educated at Stowe School
Alumni of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art
Actors from Norfolk
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
English video game actresses
English voice actresses
21st-century English actresses

masks:
Miranda Caroline Raison
Miranda Raison
Caroline Raison
Nick Raison
Raison
Raison
Raison
Raison
Raison
Raison
Raison
Raison
Raison
Paul Raison


texts:
<mask> (January 18, 1877—June 9, 1924) was an American journalist, explorer, cinematographer, and producer of numerous travelogues in the silent era. His most notable works are his films depicting Alpine landscapes and his mountain-climbing expeditions in Europe between 1913 and 1918, his explorations of Borneo in 1920, and his excursions to various sites in the United States and Canada in the early 1920s. He was also an accomplished still photographer and book author, publishing in 1914 How to Become an Alpinist, which is illustrated with his photographs. <mask> initially produced films while working in London for the British and Colonial Kinematograph Company, but he later developed his films independently and released them under contract with licensed distributors. Early life and journalism
Born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1877, <mask> was the second of four children of William and Lillian (née Brooks) Burlingham. The federal census of 1880 documents that the <mask>s were still living that year in Baltimore, where <mask>'s father worked as a mechanic or, as identified in that record, a "Pump maker". <mask>'s first jobs were as a grocery boy and a bookkeeper, and his musical talent as a pianist earned him a scholarship to Peabody Institute, a prestigious conservatory in Baltimore.By the late 1890s, <mask> began to focus on a career in journalism, which afforded him opportunities to write and, more importantly, to travel. He relocated to New York City, where he worked for the Evening Post, Commercial Advertiser, the American, and The Evening World. Then, following brief stints as a reporter and editor with other newspapers in Virginia and West Virginia, he sailed to London in 1904. There he obtained jobs with news outlets before moving to Paris, where he continued his career in journalism and where by 1909 he was described by some citizens in the French capital as "A 'Back-to-Nature' Tramp". Finally, after years of working for an array of newspapers, <mask> in 1912 turned away from traditional print media and decided to study cinematography, to use the motion-picture camera to record his travels and to share his experiences with audiences in a far more visual, dynamic way. Film career

<mask> left Paris near the end of 1912 and returned to London, where he was soon hired by the British and Colonial Kinematograph Company. In 1913 the company assigned him to travel to Switzerland to film ski-jumping, curling, sleighing, and other Alpine winter sports around St. Moritz.Equipped with a bulky hand-cranked movie camera, a half-plate still camera, and a set of tripods, he also recorded his trek at higher elevations through deep snow at the Bernina Path, as well as ascents of the Matterhorn, Mont Blanc, and the Jungfrau. He continued from those sites to southern Italy, capturing additional scenic footage as he traveled to Mount Vesuvius. There he filmed on December 21, 1913 a deep descent into the volcano's interior. <mask> and his three Italian assistants were nearly asphyxiated by sulphuric fumes as they used ropes to lower themselves down over 1200 feet "to the bottom of the cone". In addition to releasing <mask>'s films The Ascent of the Matterhorn and Descent into the Crater of Vesuvius, the British and Colonial Company between the latter half of 1913 and August 1914 distributed to English cinemas 21 much shorter travelogues shot by him. Most of those short subjects, which averaged only about seven minutes in running time, consisted of tourist-style depictions of the countryside and resorts in southern France, Switzerland, and in the lake district of northern Italy. At the time British and Colonial hired him, <mask> already had experience as a mountaineer.He had traveled to the Alps and was familiar with members of the French and Swiss mountain-climbing communities, which included his future wife Léontine, whom he met in Paris and married in London in 1912. He shared memories of some of his climbs in a volume he published in London in 1914, How to Become An Alpinist. In addition to being a basic guide on mountaineering, the book also features a chapter that introduces readers to the "galaxy" of women climbers in the sport and to their accomplishments in that period. Switzerland and return to the United States
In 1916, with World War I entering its second year, <mask> relocated to Montreux, Switzerland to continue the production of his films. The widening armed conflict, however, continued to restrict and disrupt European travel outside the neutral territory of Switzerland, so he launched return-expeditions to the Matterhorn, Mont Blanc, the Jungfrau, and to other Alpine locations far removed from the war's effects. After the United States entered the war in April 1917, <mask> returned to New York City by July 1918 with his personal film library of over 30,000 feet of master negatives from his European travels. In Manhattan he resumed his work as a producer of "educational" films, and he also registered there in September for American military service.The war in Europe ended just two months later, so the 41-year-old <mask> was never inducted to serve. Expedition to Borneo and final years

After World War I and until his death, <mask> continued to re-edit and release in the United States his past films like The Ascent of the Matterhorn, Mont Blanc, and Descent into the Crater of Vesuvius. He also traveled to new destinations to shoot footage for fresh releases. From late 1919 through 1920, he ventured to Southeast Asia to explore and film the landscapes and native peoples of that region, including the Dayak culture of Borneo and areas in that island's interior "never explored before" or documented by Westerners. <mask> was back in the United States by 1921. Later that year he began releasing bi-monthly through Truart Film Corporation installments of a series of 26 one-reel "Burlingham Adventures" produced from his most recent travels, beginning with The Wild Men of Borneo, The Lure of the South Seas, The Island of Surprise, A Borneo Venice, and Monkey Land Up the Barito River. Before and after his trip to Borneo, he also filmed excursions to various locales in the United States and Canada, to sites such as Niagara Falls and the Suwannee River that runs from southern Georgia into Florida.<mask> during the last three years of his life continued to produce and release more travelogues from his large film collection, presented lectures about his expeditions, worked on a book about Borneo, and wrote articles for The National Geographic and other science and film publications. Personal life and death
During his years living and traveling in Europe, <mask> met many fellow Alpine climbers and hiking enthusiasts, including "a wealthy French widow",  Madame Léontine Richard of Paris, whom he married in London in 1912. When <mask> died in New York City in June 1924 at "his home" at 13 Vandam Street in Manhattan, he and Léontine were still married, although newspapers reported she was in Geneva, Switzerland. The cause of <mask>'s death was attributed to a heart attack linked to complications from a severe kidney infection. His body was transferred to Cincinnati, Ohio, where his younger brother Prentice lived and is the city identified by <mask> on his passport applications as his "permanent residence" in the United States. <mask>'s gravesite is adjacent to those of his parents and siblings in Cincinnati's Spring Grove Cemetery. <mask>'s death was widely announced in leading American film-industry publications.The Film Daily on June 15, 1924 issued a distinctly personal tribute regarding the loss of their 47-year-old colleague "Burly". The trade paper also shared an anecdote about how his relaxed, unconventional personality once cost him a newspaper job in Paris in 1912:

Surviving films and photographs
Unfortunately, <mask>'s footage of his 1913 ascents of the Matterhorn and Mont Blanc were lost early on in his employment with British and Colonial. In October that year a fire at the company's Endell Street processing plant in London destroyed the original negatives before any copies of those films were printed. Nearly all of <mask>'s other travelogues are believed to be lost. Two of his films, however, are preserved in the British National Film Archives. An undocumented source also contends that another one of his films is held in the "Norwegian Archives", but online searches of the holdings of the Norwegian Film Institute and broader searches through the European Union's "Film Gateway" reveal none of <mask>'s films. A nearly complete copy of his 1913 release Ascent of the Matterhorn is preserved in Switzerland and is available for viewing on the YouTube video-streaming service.This film, the only known print copy, was found in 1953 in a cabinet in Zermatt, Switzerland. Recognized as "the first documentary filming of an ascent of an Alpine peak", its original negative reel was lost in a shipwreck in the Atlantic. Examples of Burlington's work in still photography survive as well as illustrations in period trade journals, papers, and books. His noted 1914 volume How to Become an Alpinist features 63 of his photographs.

masks:
Frederick Harrison Burlingham
Burlingham
Frederick
Burlingham
Frederick
Frederick
Burlingham
Burlingham
Burlingham
Burlingham
Burlingham
Burlingham
Burlingham
Burlingham
Burlingham
Burlingham
Burlingham
Burlingham
Burlingham
Burlingham
Frederick
Frederick
Burlingham
Burlingham
Burlingham
Burlingham
Burlingham


texts:
<mask> (born February 4, 1975) is an American multidisciplinary artist who works in photography, text, sculpture, and performance. Currently residing and maintaining a studio practice in New York City, <mask> has had work featured in the Venice Biennale (2015). In 2001, <mask> was selected as a Guggenheim Fellow. Early life and education
<mask> was born in New York City and attended Brown University, where she initially studied environmental studies before graduating with a degree in art semiotics. While at Brown, she enrolled in photography classes at the neighboring Rhode Island School of Design. She received her BA in 1997. Works

The Innocents (2002)
In 2000, <mask> was given an assignment by New York Times Magazine to photograph men who had been wrongfully convicted, which inspired her to explore photography's role in the criminal justice system.She applied for a Guggenheim Fellowship which allowed her to travel across the United States photographing and interviewing individuals who were wrongfully convicted. The Innocents depicts individuals sentenced to death or given life sentences largely due to mistaken identity, who were exonerated and released after DNA evidence proved their innocence. <mask> photographed the subjects at sites significant to their wrongful conviction, such as the scene of the crime, misidentificaton, alibi, or arrest. The series was published as a book and exhibited in galleries and museums such as MoMA PS1, the Museum of Contemporary Photography, Gagosian Gallery, and others. In <mask>'s foreword to the book she writes:

Photography's ability to blur truth and fiction is one if its most compelling qualities... Photographs in the criminal justice system, and elsewhere, can turn fiction into fact. As I got to know the men and women in this book, I saw that photography's ambiguity, beautiful in one context, can be devastating in another." Black Square (2006– )

<mask>'s website says of Black Square:

Black Square (2006–) is an ongoing project in which <mask> collects objects, documents, and individuals within a black field that has precisely the same measurements as Kazimir Malevich's 1915 suprematist work of the same name.It is about the consequences of man’s inventions. In an interview with Kate Fowle of the Garage Museum of Contemporary Art, <mask> described the first sculptural iteration of the project, Black Square XVII:

The goal was to construct a black square made from vitrified nuclear waste that would hold within it a letter that I had written to the future. The process of vitrification converts radioactive waste from a volatile liquid to a stable, solid mass resembling polished black glass. It is considered to be one of the safest and most effective methods for the long-term storage and neutralization of radioactive waste. The waste is stored in a steel container reinforced with concrete, at a radon nuclear waste disposal plant outside of Moscow. It will remain at the radon facility, <mask> explained, "until its radioactive properties have diminished to levels deemed safe for human exposure and exhibition—approximately one thousand years after its creation." An American Index of the Hidden and Unfamiliar (2007)

An American Index of the Hidden and Unfamiliar reveals objects, sites, and spaces that are integral to America's foundation, mythology, or daily functioning but remain inaccessible or unknown to a public audience.These unseen subjects range from radioactive capsules at a nuclear waste storage facility to a black bear in hibernation to the art collection of the CIA. <mask> has stated that she "wanted to confront the divide between public and expert access." The book has 70 colour plates and a foreword by Salman Rushdie. Ronald Dworkin wrote a commentary, while curators Elisabeth Sussman and Tina Kukielski of the Whitney Museum of American Art wrote an introduction. It was published by Steidl and exhibited at the Whitney Museum of American Art in 2006. In 2007 it was on view at the Museum für Moderne Kunst in Frankfurt, Germany. She discussed the project with photography historian Geoffrey Batchen for the 8th volume of Museo.Salman Rushdie wrote:

In a historical period in which many people are making such great efforts to conceal the truth from the mass of the people, an artist like <mask> <mask> is an invaluable counter-force. Democracy needs visibility, accountability, light… Somehow, <mask> has persuaded a good few denizens of hidden worlds not to scurry for shelter when the light is switched on, as cockroaches and vampires do, but to pose proudly for her invading lens…"

Zahra/Farah (2008/2009/2011)
Brian De Palma asked <mask> to take the photograph that is the last shot of his 2007 film Redacted. She traveled to Jordan to shoot a young Iraqi actress, Zahra Zubaidi, posed as if lying raped and burned, the victim of American soldiers. [...] Zubaidi has received death threats from family members, who consider Redacted pornographic, and is seeking asylum in the U.S. <mask> arranged for the photograph to be shown at [2011]’s Venice Biennale to draw attention to Zubaidi’s situation. De Palma and <mask> discussed their work and methods in a conversation published in Artforum:

De Palma: Look, the hard thing . . . is that once you have a project, you think about how you’re going to photograph the scene until you actually do it. I have always felt that the camera view is just as important as what’s in front of the camera.Consequently, I’m obsessed with how I’m shooting the scene. When you’re making a movie, you think about it all the time—you’re dreaming about it, you wake up with ideas in the middle of the night—until you actually go there and shoot it. You have these ideas that are banging around in your head, but once you objectify them and lock them into a photograph or cinema sequence, then they get away from you. They’re objectified; they no longer haunt you. <mask>: The haunting can be torturous. I don’t think I’ve ever enjoyed the making of my work. It’s a labor.A Living Man Declared Dead and Other Chapters (2008-2011)

<mask>'s website says of A Living Man Declared Dead and Other Chapters, I–XVIII:

was produced over a four-year period (2008–2011), during which <mask> traveled around the world researching and recording bloodlines and their related stories. In each of the eighteen 'chapters' that make up the work, the external forces of territory, power, circumstance, or religion collide with the internal forces of psychological and physical inheritance. The subjects documented by <mask> include: the Zionist and Jewish establishments in Pre-Israel Palestine, feuding families in Brazil, victims of genocide in Bosnia, the body double of Saddam Hussein's son Uday, and the living dead in India. Her collection is at once cohesive and arbitrary, mapping the relationships among chance, blood, and other components of fate. It probes complex narratives in contemporary politics and organizes this material within a system that connects identity, lineage, history, and memory. In The Washington Post, Philip Kennicott wrote:

<mask>’s chapters, although seemingly dry and archival, emerge as remarkably profound meditations on how we sort through the world, what ethical and moral impulses we honor and which ones we squelch. Her work insists on a more fundamentally rational relationship to photographs, and especially to photographs of people."Contraband (2010)
Contraband is "an archive of global desires and perceived threats, encompassing 1,075 images of items that were detained or seized from airline passengers and postal mail entering the United States" from abroad, "taken at both the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Federal Inspection Site and the U.S. Postal Service International Mail Facility at John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York." From November 16 through 20, 2009, <mask> "remained at JFK and continuously photographed items detained or seized from passengers and express mail entering the United States from abroad." <mask>’s images and lists embrace both order and disorder, and open up a third space within the cracks of these forms of control: a space of the surreptitious, the forgotten, the bizarre and the banal, exposed to the cold light of the camera…

Image Atlas (2012)
Created during rhizome.org's Seven on Seven conference, Image Atlas is a collaborative project between <mask> and the programmer and internet activist Aaron Swartz. Image Atlas "investigates cultural differences and similarities by indexing top image results for given search terms across local engines throughout the world. Visitors can refine or expand their comparisons from the 57 countries currently available, and sort by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or alphabetical order". In an extensive article on the Seven on Seven conference Ben Davis writes that "<mask> suggested that the site might cut against 'the illusion of flattening' on the Web, offering some way of recovering a sense of the local."Curator Lauren Cornell, Adjunct Curator and former Director of Rhizome stated, "The Image Atlas proposes a singular method of retrieving and comparing pictures, to demonstrate the difference in a world supposedly flattened by the forces of the global economy." Picture Collection (2013)

The Picture Collection (2013) was inspired by the New York Public Library’s picture archive, which contains "1.29 million prints, postcards, posters, and images", and is "the largest circulating picture library in the world", "[o]rganized by a complex cataloguing system of more than 12,000 subject headings". <mask> sees this archive as a precursor to Internet search engines. In The Picture Collection, she "highlights the impulse to archive and organize visual information, and points to the invisible hands behind seemingly neutral systems of image gathering". It was developed in response to the online database Image Atlas (2012), created by <mask> with computer programmer Aaron Swartz. Birds of the West Indies (2013–14)

<mask>’s Birds of the West Indies (2013–14) is a two-part work, whose title is taken from the "definitive taxonomy" of the same name by the American ornithologist James Bond. Author Ian Fleming, "an active bird-watcher living in Jamaica", used Bond's name for his novels’ protagonist."This co-opting of a name was the first in a series of substitutions and replacements that would become central to the construction of the Bond narrative." The first element of <mask>'s work is a photographic inventory of the women, weapons, and vehicles of James Bond films made over the past fifty years. This visual database of interchangeable variables used in the production of fantasy examines the economic and emotional value generated by their repetition. In the second element of the work, <mask> casts herself as the ornithologist James Bond, identifying, photographing, and classifying all the birds that appear within the 24 films of the James Bond franchise. <mask>’s discoveries often occupy a liminal space between reality and fiction; they are confined within the fictional space of the James Bond universe and yet wholly separate from it. A Polite Fiction (2014)

<mask>'s website says of A Polite Fiction (2014):

<mask> <mask> maps, excavates, and records the gestures that became entombed beneath – and within – the [Fondation Louis Vuitton's] surfaces during its five-year construction. Designed by Frank Gehry, [the Fondation] was built to house the art collection of Bernard Arnault, one of the world’s wealthiest individuals and owner of the largest luxury conglomerate in the world [LMVH].<mask> collects this buried history and examines the latent social, political, and economic forces pushing against power and privilege. . . . Items include copper and aluminum cables sold to scrap dealers; cement used by a father to build the walls of his daughter's bedroom; and an oak sapling that a worker took to Poland, planted, and named after his boss. The custody and movement of these objects transform their value, as they pass from employer to worker and, ultimately, to artist. Paperwork and the Will of Capital (2015)

The photographs and sculptures of Paperwork and the Will of Capital (2015) take as their subject matter the signings of political accords, contracts, treaties, and decrees in which powerful men flank floral centerpieces curated to convey the importance of the signatories and the institutions they represent. The signings that inform Paperwork and the Will of Capital involve the countries present at the 1944 United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, which addressed the globalization of economies after World War II. This led to the establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Teju Cole wrote for The New York Times Magazine:

<mask> noticed the ubiquity of floral displays at these occasions.To refocus attention on the workings of power at these signings, she took an oblique approach: a re-creation of the flower arrangements. The flowers were originally a decorative note, a reflex to signal the importance of the occasion. Reconstructed, they are not mere decorations. The people are gone. The documents are absent. The isolated arrangements are like secrets that can be parsed only with the help of their captions. An Occupation of Loss (2016, 2017)

According to <mask>'s website, in An Occupation of Loss (2016):

professional mourners simultaneously broadcast their lamentations, enacting rituals of grief.Their sonic mourning is performed in recitations that include northern Albanian laments, which seek to excavate “uncried words”; Wayuu laments, which safeguard the soul’s passage to the Milky Way; Greek Epirotic laments, which bind the story of a life with its afterlife; and Yezidi laments, which map a topography of displacement and exile. Within a monumental sculptural setting, An Occupation of Loss combines performance, sound, and architecture and:

considers the anatomy of grief and the intricate systems we use to manage contingencies of fate and the uncertain universe. . . The abstract space that grief generates is often marked by an absence of language. . . Results are unpredictable; the void opened up by loss can be filled by religion, nihilism, militancy, benevolence—or anything. An Occupation of Loss was co-commissioned by the Park Avenue Armory and Artangel.Jerry Saltz described his experience of the performance and installation:

After being admitted through a side second-story entrance, 50 or so viewers descend a long staircase to see 11 cement silos or circular towers almost 50 feet high, opened at the top and arranged in a semicircle. It's like a giant pipe organ. Long ramps lead to a slightly elevated oblong opening at the foot of each tower. Viewers may duck inside. There, in intimate quarters usually seated on a bench, are professional mourners from 11 different countries... He describes mixed feelings of intrusion and empathy as he listens to the mourners' expression of inconsolable grief. Publications
The Innocents.New York: Umbrage, 2003. 2nd ed., New York: Umbrage, 2004
An American Index of the Hidden and Unfamiliar. Exhibition catalogue, Whitney Museum of American Art. Göttingen: Steidl, 2007. 2nd ed., Göttingen: Steidl, 2008. 3rd ed., Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2012
Contraband. Göttingen: Steidl/New York: Gagosian Gallery, 2010.2nd ed., Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2015
A Living Man Declared Dead and Other Chapters I – XVIII. Exhibition catalogue, Tate Modern/Neue Nationalgalerie. Berlin/London: Nationalgalerie Staatliche Museen/Mack, 2011. 2nd ed., London/New York: Wilson Center of Photography/Gagosian Gallery, 2012
Birds of the West Indies and Field Guide to Birds of the West Indies. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2013
Rear Views, a Star-Forming Nebula, and the Department of Foreign Propaganda (Retrospective). London: Tate Publishing, 2015
Paperwork and the Will of Capital. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2016
The Picture Collection.Paris: Edition Cahiers d'Art, 2017
An Occupation of Loss. 2001: Guggenheim Fellowship in Photography, New York. 2007: KLM Paul Huf Award, Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam. 2008: Silver Medal Lead Award, Germany. 2008: International Center of Photography Infinity Award for publication, New York. 2009: Deutsche Börse Photography Prize Finalist. 2010: Discovery Award at Rencontres d'Arles, Provence, France.2011: Author Book Award at Rencontres d'Arles, Provence, France. 2011: Contemporary Book Award, Rencontres d'Arles, Provence, France, for A Living Man Declared Dead and Other Chapters. 2017: Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society, awarded to distinguished persons having, from their position or attainments, an intimate connection with the science or fine art of photography or the application thereof.. Personal life
<mask> has been married to director Jake Paltrow since 2010. The couple has two children. They live in New York's Greenwich Village. References

External links

 Image Atlas
 <mask> <mask>: “Behind Closed Doors”, New York Times Magazine, 17 December 2006
 An interview with <mask> <mask> on Charlie Rose, 16 March 2007
 “Lens Crafters”, Time Magazine, 29 May 2008
 Christy Lange: “Access All Areas”, Frieze, Issue 115, May 2008
 “Freedom Row”, New York Times, slideshow with photographs and text by <mask> <mask>, 24 January 2008
 <mask> <mask>, Interview Magazine
 "Secret Sites", <mask> <mask>'s talk at TED, July 2009
 An American Index of the Hidden and Unfamiliar, IMA Institute of Modern Art, Brisbane, Australia, 2009
 An interview with <mask> <mask> on Late Night Live, 9 November 2010
 TateShots: <mask> <mask>.The artist talks about her exhibition A Living Man Declared Dead and Other Chapters, 3 June 2011
 “Case Studies”, Art in America by Camille Xin regarding <mask>'s MoMA exhibition A Living Man Declared Dead and Other Chapters, 1 May 2012
 Another interview on Charlie Rose, about A Living Man Dead..., 25 June 2012
 "Profile: <mask> <mask>", in W Magazine, November 2011

1975 births
20th-century American photographers
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American photographers
21st-century American women artists
American women photographers
Jewish American artists
Jewish women artists
Brown University alumni
Living people
Photographers from New York City
Rhode Island School of Design alumni
20th-century women photographers
21st-century women photographers
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Taryn Simon
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Taryn
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texts:
<mask> is an American artist known for abstract paintings that reference the human figure and other discernible elements. Her works straddle representational and formalist art traditions, suggesting recognizable body parts, objects, and perspectival elements in an otherwise abstract field. <mask>'s distinctive use of contrasting style elements has been consistently noted by critics such as Hyperallergic's Cora Fisher, who described <mask>'s work as "whimsically overruling the left-right brain dichotomy as well as the traditionally gendered axis that divides geometric and decorative art." <mask> received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2015 and a Pollock-Krasner Foundation grant in 2017, among other awards. Her work has been covered in publications such as The New York Times, The Boston Globe, ARTnews, Hyperallergic and Forbes Magazine. Her paintings have been exhibited in major U.S. cities as well as internationally, in galleries and museums such as the Brooklyn Museum of Art and the Aldrich Museum. She lives and works in New York.Life and career
Born in Poughkeepsie, New York, <mask> has spent much of her life in and around New York City. She received a degree in Painting and Drawing from Bennington College in Vermont, which included one year of study at the New York Studio School in Manhattan. She began participating in area group shows by 1995, the first being "Ooze" at Black and Herron in Soho. Her first solo exhibitions were at Galerie du Tableau (Marseille, 1997 and 2000) and Clifford Smith Gallery (Boston, 1999). During this time she was also featured in pop, figurative-themed and other group shows at the Brooklyn Museum of Art, the Aldrich Museum, Hallwalls, and the Newhouse Center for Contemporary Art. Since then, <mask> has shown throughout the United States and in London, Milan, Brussels, Copenhagen, Istanbul and Prague, including solo shows at Michael Steinberg Fine Art and High Noon Gallery (New York), Julie Chae Gallery (Boston), and Jancar Gallery (Los Angeles). In addition to her artmaking, <mask> Mellon, Cuchifritos Gallery and Plus Ultra Gallery, receiving coverage in The New York Times, The New Yorker and Time Out. In 2003, she was invited to participate in a fashion-art collaboration project organized by the Italian luxury fashion house Fendi in partnership with the New Museum. Fendi commissioned <mask> and other contemporary artists to embellish its Chef handbag, to be auctioned at a benefit later that year. She also designed her own line of beachwear, Mandy Pants, based on her paintings. These designs were featured at the Bass Museum in Miami during the Art Basel fair in 2010. Work
<mask> is best known for essentially abstract oil-on-canvas paintings that allude to real-world elements, including—frequently—the human form. Her work bridges established art traditions, combining elements from representational movements such as Pop and Surrealism with an abstract modernist approach.Her post-pop, post-minimal style is noted by art critics for its layered, dialectical references, for example in the juxtaposition of biomorphic forms which are flesh-like in shape and color against more angular, purely abstracted shapes and lines. The paintings are flat in their use of color, with strong lines and frequent use of outlining. Ambiguity—visual and spatial, as well as semiotic—is a running theme in <mask>'s paintings, and her work is often described in dichotomous terms such as "distinct yet universal" or "distant yet familiar." A frequent subject of commentary is the emotional tension suggested by <mask>'s use of light-hearted elements, such as a cartoon-like aesthetic, to depict potentially unsettling scenes of distorted and disembodied limbs. Critic John Yau described <mask>'s paintings as "disarming and disturbing," while Adam Lehrer of Forbes Magazine called them "fun but simultaneously uncomfortable." Erotic elements are also prevalent, with <mask>'s use of line, color, narrative and even perspective connoting sexual suggestiveness for many observers. <mask> has described her artwork as "anthropomorphized pop extractions," and in her first decade of work, these often appeared as self-contained protozoan subjects set at some distance against flat, monochrome backdrops—for example in The High Life (1999), which she showed in an early solo exhibition at Clifford Smith Gallery in Boston.Cate McQuaid of The Boston Globe described <mask>'s works in that show as "funky, biomorphic geometries [that] squirm against flat, bright backgrounds, hinting at humanity." Some early subjects evoked creamy desserts for reviewers, including one that New York Times art critic Ken Johnson likened to abstracted ice cream. These scenes morphed over time into canvases with divided, multicolor backgrounds featuring an interplay of subjects with a greater number of protuberances, such as those displayed in "Three Strong Painters" (Maryland Institute of Art, 2002, curated by John Yau) and her solo exhibition, "Liquid Love" (Michael Steinberg Fine Art, 2006). Later works feature even more complex compositions of curvy, disembodied limbs and torsos together with geometric abstractions. For example, in the Copenhagen show, "Minimal Baroque" (2014), <mask> exhibited Man with a Big Heart (2010), which places a "mini-Mondrian grid" in a field of curvilinear, organic shapes, some resembling genitalia. The later works also take a cropped, closer view of their figurative subjects, mirroring the intimacy and abstraction inherent in viewing objects or people at close range. <mask>'s solo exhibition "Heads and Tales" (2015) at Espacio 20-20 in Puerto Rico featured shapes reminiscent—some simultaneously—of heads and buttocks at various close-up distances (e.g., Eggheads, 2014).In 2016, her contribution to the group show "Territory" at Crush Curatorial included close views of finger-like protuberances. Her solo exhibition "Recliners" (High Noon Gallery, 2019) featured magnified views of humanoid curves in geometric settings. With titles such as "Voyeurs" and "Bedheads," many of the paintings suggest erotic scenarios with what art writer Adam Simon called a "winking" subtlety. In his review, Simon wrote that "closely cropped curves and rectangles, architecture, and folds of flesh conjure a situation that is either very familiar or vaguely recognizable…The erotic close-up, the camera zoomed in on parts of bodies, flesh and furniture, cue your mind to complete the picture." Public Recognition
Church has received awards from the Pollack-Krasner Foundation and New York Foundation for the Arts (both 2017), the Guggenheim Foundation (2015), and the Danish Arts Foundation (2014), among others. Her work belongs to public and private collections, including the Bondardo Collection (Italy), Deutsche Bank, the Jiménez-Colón Collection and the New Jersey State Museum. References

External links
<mask> official website
<mask> Guggenheim Fellowship page
<mask> artist page, High Noon Gallery

21st-century American painters
American women painters
Artists from New York City
Bennington College alumni
New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture alumni
People from Poughkeepsie, New York
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women artists

masks:
Amanda Church
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<mask> (; born 13 June 1930) is a French archaeologist and historian, and a specialist of Ancient Rome. A former student of the École Normale Supérieure and member of the École française de Rome, he is now honorary professor at the Collège de France. Biography
Veyne was born in Aix-en-Provence. From a background which he described as "uncultured", he took up archaeology and history by chance, at the age of eight, when he discovered a piece of an amphora on a Celtic site close to the village of Cavaillon. He developed a particular interest in Roman civilization since it was the best-known in the environment in which he grew up. The family having moved to Lille, he assiduously studied the Roman collections of the archaeological museum there, where he received guidance from the curator. He maintains that his interest in the Greeks and Romans stems not from any humanist impulse or any specific admiration, but just from his chance discovery as a child.Having come to Paris for his khâgne, he had a sudden moment of political awakening in front of the bas-relief that celebrates the liberation of the city at the bottom of the Boulevard St. Michel and joined the Communist Party of France. He left the party four years later, without ever having had a true political conviction. On the other hand, the bad treatment of the Algerians at the hands of the colonials revolted him in equal measure to the atrocities of the Nazis. Once again, however, his shock was neither social nor political, but moral. <mask> studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris 1951-55. He was a member of the École française de Rome 1955-1957, whereupon he settled in Aix-en-Provence as a professor at the University of Provence. It was in his years in Aix that he published his provocative Comment on écrit l'histoire, an essay on the epistemology of history.At a time when the dominant trend in French historiography favored quantitative methods, <mask>'s essay unabashedly declared history to be a "true tale". Through his essay he became an early representative for the interest in the narrative aspects of scientific history. His monograph on Evergetism from 1975 (Le pain et le cirque), however, demonstrated that Veyne's concept of narrative somewhat differed from its common use, and that his differences with the hegemonic Annales school was smaller than what had seemed to be the case in 1970. The book is a comprehensive study of the practice of gift-giving, in the tradition of Marcel Mauss, more in line with the anthropologically influenced histoire des mentalités of the third Annalistes generation than with "old-fashioned" narrative history. In 1975 Veyne entered the Collège de France thanks to the support of Raymond Aron, who had been abandoned by his former heir apparent Pierre Bourdieu. However, Veyne, by failing to cite the name of Aron in his inaugural lecture, aroused his displeasure, and according to Veyne he was persecuted by Aron ever since this perceived sign of his ingratitude. Veyne remained there from 1975 to 1999 as holder of the chair of Roman history.In 1978 <mask>'s epistemological essay was reissued in tandem with a new essay on Michel Foucault as a historian: "Foucault révolutionne l'histoire." In this essay Veyne moved away from the insistence on history as narrative, and focused instead on how the work of Foucault constituted a major shift in historical thinking. The essence of the Foucauldian 'revolution' was, according to Veyne, a shift of attention from 'objects' to 'practices', to highlight the way the epistemological objects were brought into being, rather than the objects themselves. With this essay Veyne established himself as an idiosyncratic and important interpreter of his colleague. The relationship between the historian of antiquities and the philosopher also influenced Foucault's turn towards antiquity in the second volume of the History of Sexuality, as well as his reading of liberalism in his public lectures (1978-9). In 2008 Veyne published a full-length book on Foucault, reworking some of the themes from his 1978 essay, expanding it to an intellectual portrait. <mask>eyne now lives in Bédoin, in the Vaucluse.Honours
 1990 : Knight of the Legion of Honour
 2016 : Officer of the Legion of Honour
 2016 : Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

Awards
 1972 : Prize of the Académie française
 2006 : Chateaubriand Awards
 2007 : French Senate History Book Award
 2007 : Grand prix Gobert
 2009 : Prix Roger Caillois
 2014 : Prix Femina essai
 2017 : Prize of Bibliothèque nationale de France
 2021 : French Senate Medal

Main publications

In French

Comment on écrit l'histoire : essai d'épistémologie, Paris Le Seuil, 1970. Le pain et le cirque, Paris, Le Seuil, 1976. L'inventaire des différences, Paris, Le Seuil, 1976. Les Grecs ont-ils cru à leurs mythes ?, Paris, Le Seuil, 1983. L'élégie érotique romaine, Paris, Le Seuil, 1983. Histoire de la vie privée, vol. I, Paris, Le Seuil, 1987.René Char en ses poèmes, Paris, Gallimard, 1990. La société romaine, Paris, Le Seuil, 1991. Sénèque, Entretiens, Lettres à Lucilius, revised translation, introduction and notes, Paris, Laffont, 1993. Le quotidien et l'intéressant, conversations with Catherine Darbo-Peschanski, Paris, Hachette, 1995. Les mystères du gynécée, in collaboration with F. Frontisi-Ducroux and F. Lissarrague, Paris, Gallimard, 1998. Sexe et pouvoir à Rome, Paris, Tallandier, 2005. L'empire gréco-romain, Paris, Le Seuil, 2005.Foucault, sa pensée, sa personne, Paris, Albin Michel, 2008. Mon musée imaginaire, ou les chefs-d'œuvre de la peinture italienne, Paris, Albin Michel, Beaux livres, 2010. Et dans l'éternité je ne m'ennuierai pas, Paris, Albin Michel, 2014. Palmyre. L'irremplaçable trésor, Paris, Albin Michel, 2015
 La Villa des Mystères à Pompéi, Paris, Gallimard, coll. « Art et Artistes », 2016. Une insolite curiosité, Paris, Robert Laffont, coll.« Bouquins », 2020. In English

 Writing History: Essay on Epistemology, Oxford, The Wesleyan Edition, 1984
 History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium, Harvard, Harvard University Press, 1987
 Did the Greeks Believe in Their Myths? : An Essay on the Constitutive Imagination, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1988
 Bread and Circuses: Historical Sociology and Political Pluralism, London, Penguin Books, 1992
 The Roman Empire, Harvard, The Belknap Press, 1997
 Foucault: His Thought, His Character, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2003
 When Our World Became Christian: 312 - 394, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2010
 Palmyra: An Irreplaceable Treasure, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2017

References

This article is a translation of part of the article in French Wikipedia. External links

 <mask>ne on the site of the Collège de France

Collège de France faculty
École Normale Supérieure alumni
20th-century French historians
21st-century French historians
Historians of antiquity
French scholars of Roman history
University of Provence faculty
French male non-fiction writers
Prix Roger Caillois recipients
Prix Femina essai winners
People from Aix-en-Provence
1930 births
Living people
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

masks:
Paul Veyne
Paul Veyne
Veyne
Veyne
Paul V
Paul Vey


texts:
<mask> or Lascaris (;  1175November 1221) was the first emperor of Nicaea—a successor state of the Byzantine Empire—from 1205 to his death. Although he was born to an obscure aristocratic family, his mother was related to the imperial Komnenos clan. He married Anna, a younger daughter of Emperor Alexios III Angelos in 1200. He received the title of despot before 1203, demonstrating his right to succeed his father-in-law on the throne. The Fourth Crusade forced AlexiosIII to flee from Constantinople in 1203. <mask> was imprisoned by the crusaders (commonly referred to as "Latins" by the Byzantines), but he escaped. After crossing the Bosporus into Asia Minor (in present-day Turkey), he started to organise the local Greeks' resistance against the Latins in Bithynia in his father-in-law's name.He concluded an alliance with the Seljuq sultan of Rum, but he could not stop the Latins' expansion. Neither could he prevent a claimant to the imperial throne, Alexios Komnenos, from establishing a Byzantine successor state, the Empire of Trebizond, in northern Asia Minor. <mask>'s position consolidated only after Tzar Kaloyan of Bulgaria inflicted a crushing defeat on the Latins in the Battle of Adrianople (in Thrace) in 1205. Greeks fleeing from the Latin Empire—the crusader state that emerged in the Byzantine core territories—swarmed to Asia Minor to live under <mask>'s rule. The Latins captured <mask>'s father-in-law and made an alliance with <mask> of Trebizond, but <mask> routed their united troops. He secured the support of most Bithynian aristocrats and seized the domains of those who resisted him. In 1205, he assumed the traditional titles of the Byzantine emperors.Three years later, he convoked a Church council to elect a new Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople. The new patriarch crowned <mask> emperor and established his seat at <mask>'s capital, Nicaea. The Orthodox population of the Latin Empire regarded <mask> as the main defender of their Church, but the rulers of Epirus—a realm that developed in the western regions of the Byzantine Empire—debated the legality of his coronation. <mask>'s father-in-law did not abandon his claim to the throne. After being released from prison, AlexiosIII persuaded the Seljuqs to invade Nicaea, but <mask> defeated them in 1211. The Latin Emperor Henry of Flanders captured important fortresses in western Asia Minor in 1212, but he ran out of soldiers and could not place garrisons in them. Henry implicitly acknowledged the existence of the Empire of Nicaea in his peace treaty with <mask>.<mask> conquered western Paphlagonia on the Black Sea coast from AlexiosI of Trebizond. Around 1220, <mask> tried to persuade the Latins of Constantinople to acknowledge his rule, but they refused. <mask> established a powerful state, located in the vicinity of Constantinople, which enabled his successors to expel the Latins from the city and revive the Byzantine Empire in 1261. Early life

Parentage
<mask> <mask> was born to a noble, but not particularly renowned, Byzantine family around 1175. His parents' names are unknown. If <mask> followed the Byzantine custom of giving his father's name to his firstborn son, his father was called Nicholas. <mask>'s mother belonged to an unidentified branch of the imperial Komnenos family and he proudly adopted her surname.<mask> had no less than six brothers—Constantine, George, Alexios, <mask>, Manuel and Michael. Manuel and Michael must have been born to a different mother, as they bore the surname Tzamantouros instead of Komnenos. <mask> was also related to the aristocratic Phokas family, most likely through the marriage of one of his aunts. The Laskaris held estates in western Asia Minor. Both <mask> and his brother, Constantine, had a seal representing Saint George and bearing the inscription Diasorites. The seal expressed their connection to the monastery of Saint George Diasorites, located in Pyrgion in the valley of the river Kaistros. Early career
The contemporaneous historian Niketas Choniates introduced <mask> as a "daring youth and fierce warrior" in his chronicle.The slightly later historian George Akropolites recorded that <mask> was "small in body but not excessively so, quite dark, and had a flowing beard forked at the end". <mask> rose to prominence through his family ties with the Komnenoi. His first extant seal mentions his titles of sebastos and protovestiarites. The first one was a court title, originally reserved for the Byzantine emperors' relatives, but Emperor Alexios III Angelos () started to sell it to wealthy merchants. As protovestiarites, <mask> was the commander of a cadet unit of the guards of the imperial palace. Emperor <mask>I, who had no sons, wanted to solve the problem of succession by marrying off his two eldest daughters. Late in 1200, he gave his firstborn daughter, <mask>, in marriage to Alexios Palaiologos, and her younger sister, Anna, to <mask>.Palaiologos was elevated to the rank of despot, demonstrating his right to succeed his father-in-law on the throne. When Palaiologos died before 1203, <mask> received the title of despot. Fall of Constantinople

To seize the Byzantine throne, Emperor <mask>I had blinded and imprisoned his elder brother, <mask> II Angelos (). <mask>'s son, Alexios, fled from Constantinople to Germany to seek his Catholic relatives' assistance. He concluded an agreement with the leaders of the Fourth Crusade, promising a large sum, 800,000 hyperpyra, for their support. The crusaders reached Constantinople and captured Pera on the opposite coast of the Golden Horn on 6July 1203. <mask> conducted raids against the invaders, but they laid siege to the Byzantine capital.The walls of Constantinople were vulnerable, and <mask>I fled in panic to Thrace during the night of 17–18 July. He drained the treasury and took the imperial insignia with him. <mask>II was released and his son was crowned his co-emperor as AlexiosIV. <mask> was imprisoned after his father-in-law's flight, but he escaped in September 1203. The details of his escape are unknown, but Choniates stated that <mask> left Constantinople "armed only with practical wisdom and a brave spirit". For a while, <mask> was hiding in a church dedicated to Saint Michael. <mask> himself claimed that God "miraculously removed" him from the prison and guided him across the Bosporus to Asia Minor.His wife and daughters accompanied him. They reached Nicaea, but the burghers of the town only admitted his family, because they feared AlexiosIV's revenge. <mask>, as he later remembered, moved "from one region to another", avoiding the traps that his (unidentified) enemies laid for him. AlexiosIV could not pay off the crusaders. They refused to leave Constantinople and raided and plundered the nearby Thracian villages. The Byzantines blamed AlexiosIV for the crusaders' acts. The army rebelled and proclaimed the general Alexios Mourtzouphlos Doukas emperor on 28January 1204.<mask>II had already died, and the new emperor had AlexiosIV murdered, providing the crusaders with an excuse to lay siege to Constantinople again. When they breached the walls on 12April, AlexiosV fled. A group of burghers offered the imperial crown to <mask>'s brother, Constantine, but he rejected it. The crusaders captured Constantinople and plundered it completely. Although the Byzantine capital fell to the crusaders, neither <mask>I Angelos nor AlexiosV Doukas abandoned their claim to the throne. A third claimant soon appeared on the scene: a grandson of Emperor Andronikos I Komnenos (), Alexios, seized Trebizond on the Black Sea coast in Asia Minor and assumed the title of emperor. The crusaders elected one of their leader, Baldwin of Flanders, emperor in May 1204.Resistance

By the time of <mask>'s arrival, Asia Minor had been a centre of uprisings against the imperial government for decades. A rebellious magnate, <mask>s, held Philadelphia; another aristocrat, Sabas Asidenos, ruled Sampson; and Nikephoros Kontostephanos controlled the lands on the upper course of the Maeander River. <mask> appeared as his father-in-law's representative and secured the Bithynian towns' loyalty in <mask>I's name until the end of 1204. The local Greeks acknowledged him as the strategos (or military leader) of Bithynia. He established his seat in Prussa, but he made frequent journeys to attend assemblies and dinners, encouraging the local Greeks' resistance against the "Latins", as the crusaders were universally called. He also took control of state revenues, and he could offer money to the Seljuq Sultan of Rum, Rukn al-Din Suleiman <mask>, in return for his assistance against the Latins. <mask> died and his underage son, <mask> al-Din Kilij Arslan <mask>, succeeded him in June 1204.The crusaders set up a commission to distribute the Byzantine territories among them in September. In Asia Minor, the "duchy of Nicaea" was granted to <mask>, Count of Blois, and the "duchy of Philadelphia" to Stephen of Perche, although the Latins had not conquered these lands. The Venetians seized the port of Lampsacus on the Asian side of the Hellespont and a French knight, Peter of Bracieux, captured the nearby Pegai. Emperor <mask> of Trebizond's brother and co-emperor, David Komnenos, launched a military campaign into Paphlagonia and occupied the towns along the Black Sea coast. His conquest facilitated Bracieux's invasion of Bithynia. He routed <mask> at Poemanenum on 6December. After his victory, Bracieux seized Bithynian forts.The Latins captured and publicly executed AlexiosV in Constantinople. They also arrested <mask>I in Thessaly, forcing him to cede the imperial insignia to them early in 1205. A grandson of Emperor <mask> Komnenos (), Manuel Maurozomes, and Maurozomes's son-in-law, the deposed Sultan of Rum, Ghiyāth al-Dīn Kaykhusraw I, came to Nicaea. <mask> detained them, but he soon concluded an agreement with them. He lent money to Kaykhusraw to regain his throne in return for his promise of military support. Kaykhusraw and Maurozomes hurried to Konya, the capital of Rum. They dethroned the underage Kilij Arslan in Kaykhusraw's favor in March 1205.By the end of 1204, the Latins had captured Thrace, Thessaly and northern Greece. Emperor <mask>'s cousin, Michael Doukas, who organised the Greeks' resistance in Epirus, was forced to swear fealty to <mask> <mask> to secure his protection. Emperor Baldwin dispatched his brother, Henry, to conquer Asia Minor early in 1205. Henry defeated <mask>s and <mask>' brother, Constantine, in the Battle of Adramyttion on 19March 1205. The Latins could not follow up their victory, because Tzar Kaloyan of Bulgaria stirred up a rebellion in Thrace and invaded the province. Kaloyan's invasion forced Emperor Baldwin to withdraw his knights from Anatolia. Kaloyan inflicted a crushing defeat on the Latin army in the Battle of Adrianople on 14 April 1205.Louis of Blois and Stephen of Perche perished in the battlefield. Baldwin was captured and died in captivity in Bulgaria. <mask> emerged as the main beneficiary of Kaloyan's victory. The Latins' defeat revealed the fragility of their rule, and secured <mask>'s position. Taking advantage of the moment, he expelled the Latin garrisons from most Anatolian fortresses, and transferred his capital from Prussa to Nicaea. Greeks were swarming to his realm from the European territories under Latin rule. Mangaphas ceded Philadelphia to <mask>, and Asidenos's lands were also absorbed into <mask>'s realm.The local aristocrats supported <mask> against the rebellious magnates, and he awarded them with court titles. <mask> extracted an oath of fealty from <mask> of Epirus's brother, <mask> Doukas, who had settled in Asia Minor, before allowing him to leave for Epirus. Reign

Coronation

David Komnenos dispatched an army to Bithynia, but <mask> defeated the invaders and their Latin allies at Nicomedia. Sultan KaykhusrawI sent Seljuq troops to his father-in-law, Maurozomes, to invade the valley of the Maeander River in the spring of 1205, but they were soon defeated. <mask> made a peace with Maurozomes, allowing him to rule two fortresses, Chonae and Laodicea on the Lycus, as the Sultan's lieutenant. <mask> assumed the title of emperor early in 1205—either after his victory at Nicomedia or after his peace treaty with Maurozomes. His new title was an open challenge to the legitimacy of the Latin emperor in Constantinople; therefore, the Latins regarded him as an usurper, unlawfully ruling territories of their empire.Many Greeks also refused to recognize <mask>'s claim to the emperorship because only coronation by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople could legalize an emperor. <mask> approached Patriarch John Kamateros, who lived in exile in Thrace, offering to move him to Nicaea, but the elderly prelate refused. Byzantine aristocrats, who had lost their Thracian, Thessalian or Peloponnesian estates, came to Nicaea and <mask> gave asylum to them. He could only finance a simplified state administration, but he invited former high-ranking Byzantine officials to Nicaea. His wife's uncle, the blind Basil Doukas Kamaterosa former logothetes tou dromou (minister of foreign affairs)assisted him in setting up the new administrative system. He hired

masks:
Theodore I Laskaris
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
AlexiosI
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore Koos
Laskaris
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Isaac
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
AlexiosII
Irene
Theodore
Theodore
AlexiosII
Isaac
Isaac
Theodore
AlexiosII
Isaac
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Isaac
Theodore
AlexiosII
Theodore
Theodore Mangapha
Theodore
AlexiosII
II
SuleimII
Izz
III
Louis I
AlexiosI
Theodore
AlexiosII
Manuel I
Theodore
AlexiosIII
Pope Innocent
III
Theodore Mangapha
Theodore Laskaris
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Michael I
Theodore Komos
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore


texts:
 a Calabrian pirate, John Steiriones, to command his fleet in the Sea of Marmara. <mask> had great confidence in his brothers.He made them military commanders and rewarded them with court titles. Patriarch John Kamateros died in June 1206. The Orthodox clergy of Constantinople asked Pope <mask>I to authorize them to elect a new patriarch, but the Latin authorities opposed their plan. The new Latin Emperor of Constantinople, Henry of Flanders, made an alliance with David Komnenos against <mask>. <mask> decided to capture Heraclea Pontica from David, but the Latins attacked his army from the rear when he was marching towards the town, and he had to abandon the campaign to chase the Latin troops off. The Latins invaded Asia Minor and captured Nicomedia and Cyzicus during the winter of 1206–1207. <mask> in turn allied himself with Kaloyan, who launched an incursion into Thrace, forcing Emperor Henry to recall his troops from Asia Minor.After <mask> and his brothers had laid siege to Nicomedia, Henry agreed to sign a two-year truce, authorizing <mask> to destroy two fortifications at Nicomedia and Cyzicus. The Orthodox clerics' negotiations with the Holy See about the appointment of an Orthodox patriarch proved unsuccessful. <mask> addressed a letter to Pope <mask>I, requesting that he authorize the Orthodox clerics to elect the new patriarch. He also tried to persuade the Pope to acknowledge him as the supreme head of the Orthodox community, but the Pope ignored both requests. When the Latins broke the truce early in 1208, <mask> again approached the Pope and asked him to mediate a peace, proposing the Sea of Marmara as the permanent frontier between the Latin Empire and his realm. Orthodox clerics urged <mask> to hold an election to decide a new Ecumenical Patriarch. <mask> convoked a Church council in Nicaea in Holy Week 1208.The assembled prelates elected a high-ranking cleric, Michael Autoreianos, patriarch on 20 March 1208. Autoreianos was related to <mask>'s chief advisor, Kamateros. As his first act, the new patriarch crowned and anointed <mask> "emperor and autocrat of the Romans". The ceremony took place on Easter Sunday (6 April). <mask>'s coronation by the new Ecumenical Patriarch sanctioned his claim to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine monarchs. His legitimacy, however, could be challenged, because only a lawful emperor could appoint a legitimate patriarch and only a legitimate patriarch could crown a lawful emperor. <mask>'s opponents argued that the council electing Michael Autoreianos was just an assembly of randomly chosen bishops, not a properly convoked synod.In response, his supporters emphasized that the exceptional situation after the fall of Constantinople required a flexible interpretation of laws. Wars

Four realms developed from the ruins of the Byzantine Empire by 1209. <mask> and David Komnenos consolidated their Empire of Trebizond in northern Asia Minor; Henry of Flanders integrated Thrace and almost all of Greece into the Latin Empire; <mask> Doukas secured his rule in Epirus; and <mask> Laskaris emerged as the unrivaled ruler of western Asia Minor. The balance of power, however, remained unstable, because the four monarchs were rivals, always ready to form alliances against their neighbors. Emperor Henry concluded an alliance with Sultan KaykhusrawI against <mask>, while <mask> allied himself with Kaloyan of Bulgaria's successor, Boril. Henry's vassal, <mask> Doukas, paid off the ransom of <mask>'s father-in-law, <mask>I in 1209 or 1210. <mask>I avoided Nicaea and went to Konya, seeking asylum at the court of KaykhusrawI, his adopted son.Both Boril of Bulgaria and <mask> Doukas wanted to expel the Latins from Thessalonica, prompting Emperor Henry to visit the town regularly. Taking advantage of Henry's absence, <mask> sent his fleet to attack Constantinople in the spring of 1211. Boril invaded Thrace, but he could not prevent Henry from returning to his capital. KaykhusrawI and AlexiosIII invaded Nicaea, forcing <mask>'s troops to abandon the siege and hurry back to Asia Minor. The two armies met at Antioch on the Maeander in late spring or around 17 June. The Seljuq troops were close to winning the battle, but <mask> sought out Kaykhusraw and killed him in single combat. <mask>I was captured during the battle, and <mask> had his father-in-law imprisoned.He concluded a peace treaty with Kaykhushraw's son and successor, Kaykaus I.

<mask> sent letters to the Greeks under the Latins' rule to inform them of his triumph and to urge them to rise up against the "Latin dogs". However, he had only won a Pyrrhic victory, because his best troopshis Latin mercenariesperished in the battlefield. Emperor Henry led his army across the Bosporus and routed <mask>'s troops on the Rhyndakos River on 15October 1211. Henry captured Nymphaion and Pergamon. In a circular letter sent to the European monarchs early in 1212, he boasted of having subjugated the Greeks as far as the Seljuq frontier, save the garrisons of some fortresses. Henry had to end his military campaign because he did not have enough troops to garrison the captured fortresses. The two emperors made peace between 1212 and 1214 The peace confirmed the Latins' possession of the Troad region.The Latins also seized some strategically important Bithynian fortresses, taking control of the roads between the northern and southern territories of <mask>'s realm. <mask> adopted an intensive fortification program. New fortresses were built, and the old fortresses' walls were restored. He also urged local officials to settle colonists around the new forts, granting arable lands to them. <mask> quickly recovered from his defeat. Taking advantage of a conflict between the Latin Empire and Serbia, <mask> and Sultan KaykausI invaded the Empire of Trebizond simultaneously in 1214. <mask> forced David Komnenos to abandon Heraclea Pontica on the Black Sea.Whether he conquered eastern Paphlagonia during this campaign, or only years later, is unclear. His conquest of the region put a narrow strip of land along the Black Sea coast under Nicaean control, and thus removed the emperors of Trebizond from the competition for Constantinople. Consolidation

The Latin clerics wanted to compel the Orthodox population of Constantinople to adopt the Catholic liturgy and to pay the tithe, but they resisted. Pope <mask>I sent Cardinal Pelagius as his legate to Constantinople in 1213 to discipline the Orthodox population for their resistance. Pelagius closed Orthodox churches and ordered the imprisonment of the resistant monks, but the Greeks did not give in and many of them fled to Nicaea. The Greek aristocrats approached Emperor Henry, asking him either to stop the persecution of Orthodoxy or to allow them to move to Nicaea. Henry capitulated and ordered the re-opening of Orthodox churches in Constantinople.Pelagius entered into negotiations with <mask> about a possible Church union at Heraclea Pontica, but their discussions proved inconclusive. <mask> Komnenos Doukas was assassinated in late 1214 or in 1215. <mask> Doukas, who succeeded him, questioned <mask>'s claim to supremacy, ignoring his previous oath of fealty. In concert with Demetrios Chomatenos, the ambitious Archbishop of Ochrid, Doukas denied the right of the patriarch residing in Nicaea to appoint bishops to the Balkan episcopal sees under Epirote control. Doukas's expansionist policy forced Emperor Henry to launch a military campaign against him, but Henry died unexpectedly before reaching Epirus. The Latin barons elected his brother-in-law, Peter of Courtenay, as his successor, but he was captured and killed in Epirus during his journey towards Constantinople in 1217. A lasting vacancy followed his death, with his widow, Yolanda of Flanders, ruling the Latin Empire as regent.She gave her daughter, Maria of Courtenay, in marriage to <mask> who agreed to prolong his peace treaty with the Latin Empire. Yolande of Flanders died before October 1219. <mask> sent envoys to Constantinople to announce his claim to succeed her, but the Latin barons ignored it. <mask> proposed new negotiations about the Church union in 1219, taking advantage of the vacancy of the Latin patriarchate of Constantinople. He planned to convoke the Orthodox patriarchs of Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria to a synod in Nicaea, but the Orthodox clergy thwarted the idea. Jacopo Tiepolo, the Podestà (or head) of the Venetian community in Constantinople, convinced <mask> to spell out the Venetian merchants' privileges in a chrysobull in August 1219. The decree granted the Venetians the right to trade freely in the Empire of Nicaea and exempted them from taxation.The diploma also prohibited each party from copying or counterfeiting coins issued by the other. <mask> attempted to enforce his claim to Constantinople by force in 1220, but the Latins repelled his attack. The new Latin Emperor, Robert of Courtenay, came to Constantinople in March 1221. Peace between the two empires was soon restored. <mask> died in November 1221. A dynastic conflict followed because his two brothers, Alexios and <mask>, and his son-in-law, John Doukas Vatatzes, claimed the throne. The conflict ended with Vatatzes's victory; <mask>'s brothers were forced into exile.<mask> was buried next to his father-in-law and his first wife in the monastery of Saint Hyakinthos in Nicaea. Legacy

Western Asia Minor developed into an "empire in exile" during <mask>'s reign. As the Byzantinist Warren Treadgold concludes, "<mask> had built up a functioning [Byzantine] successor state ... from next to nothing". He revived the Ecumenical Patriarchate and other fundamental Byzantine institutions. He also borrowed from the Latins and the Seljuqsthe military offices of konostaulos (a hellenization of "constable") and tzaousios (from Turkish çavuş), are first documented during his reign. He introduced his own currency, issuing electrum and billon coins, but he did not restore the Byzantine system of gold and copper coins. He levied regular taxes from 1216 at the latest.Following Byzantine patterns, he rewarded the aristocrats with tax-collecting rights. The Latins and the Venetians made treaties with him, thus acknowledging that his realm was destined to lasting existence. The defence of the Orthodox faith was the central ideology of <mask>'s realm. Niketas Choniates compiled his Treasury of Orthodoxya treatise against heresyin the Nicaean court. He described the fall of Constantinople as a punishment for the Byzantines' sins and compared their exile into Asia Minor to the Israelites' Babylonian captivity. <mask> realized that he was unable to recapture Constantinople from the Latins, but located near the old Byzantine capital, Nicaea was ideally placed for its future reconquest. Historian Dimiter Angelov emphasizes that <mask>'s political success was "due, in no small part, to his sanguine and pragmatic approach".He had an itinerant court, travelling from place to place and discussing political issues with the local noblemen. He was not afraid of commanding his armies in person. He hired Latin mercenaries, offering them salaries higher than the rulers of the Latin Empire. Family

<mask>'s first wife, Anna Komnene Angelina, was the second daughter of Emperor AlexiosIII. Her first husband, sebastokrator <mask> Vatatzes, was a great-grandson of Emperor <mask> Komnenos. He died childless in 1196. <mask> and Anna had three daughters and two sons.<mask>na was first given in marriage to the general Andronikos Palaiologos, who died without fathering children in 1212. <mask> was married off to Constantine Doukas Palaiologos in 1216, but he also died childless. <mask>'s third husband, <mask> Doukas Vatatzes, succeeded <mask> on the throne. Maria Laskarina became the wife of King Béla IV of Hungary. Eudokia Laskarina's hand was offered to the Latin Emperor <mask> early in 1221, but the Orthodox patriarch's opposition prevented the marriage. Nicholas was declared his father's co-emperor in 1208, but he was not mentioned after 1210. John also died in childhood before 1213.Empress Anna died before 1213 and <mask> entered into negotiations about a new marriage with a daughter of <mask>, King of Armenia. LeoI sent his niece, Philippa, to Nicaea, and <mask> married her at Christmas 1214. Historian Michael Angold proposes that <mask>I promoted a marriage alliance between <mask> and Leo to secure <mask>'s support in his conflict with Emperor Henry during the War of the Antiochene Succession. <mask> repudiated Philippa for an unknown reason and disinherited her son. According to Angold, <mask> was informed only after the marriage that his wife was not Leo's daughter. Her son must have been born in 1214, because he was not yet eight years old when <mask> died. <mask>'s third wife, Maria of Courtenay, was the daughter of Yolanda of Flanders and Peter II of Courtenay.<mask> married Maria in the hope of intervening in the administration of the Latin Empire late in 1218 or early in 1219. See also

List of Byzantine emperors

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

1170s births
1221 deaths
<mask> 01
<mask> 01
<mask> 01
Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Seljuk wars
Despots (court

masks:
Theodore
InnocentII
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
InnocentII
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
AlexiosI
MichaelI
TheodoreI
Theodore
Theodore
MichaelI
Theodore
AlexiosII
AlexiosII
MichaelI
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
AlexiosII
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
InnocentII
Theodore
Michael I
Theodore Komnenos
Theodore Laskaris
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Isaac
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Isaac Komnenos
John II
Theodore
Irene Laskari
Irene
Irene
John III
Theodore
Robert I
Theodore
Leo I
Theodore
Pope InnocentII
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore


texts:
<mask> (born 12 January 1989) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays for Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund and the Belgian national team. <mask> broke into Belgium's first team as a right-winger, and can also play attacking midfielder, though his natural position is as a central midfielder. He began his career at hometown club Standard Liège, making 183 appearances and scoring 42 goals while winning five domestic trophies. He was awarded the Belgian Golden Shoe in 2008. After a season in Portugal with Benfica, he signed for Zenit Saint Petersburg for a €40 million fee in 2012. <mask> won four honours during his time in Russia, before leaving for Tianjin Quanjian in January 2017. He returned to Europe with Borussia Dortmund in August 2018.<mask> made his senior international debut in 2008 and  earned his 100th cap for Belgium on 15 November 2018. He represented the country at the FIFA World Cup in 2014 and 2018, and the UEFA European Championship in 2016 and 2020, helping them to third place in the 2018 tournament. Club career

Standard Liège
On 17 September 2006, a 17-year-old <mask> made his debut with Standard Liège during a competitive game against FC Brussels when he replaced Steven Defour in the 89th minute. Eleven days later, he made his European debut as a substitute. During the 2007–08 season, at 18 years of age, he was a key member in the squad of Standard Liège, winners of the Belgian League title that year. During this year, he formed a very young midfield together with other Belgian talents Defour and Marouane Fellaini. In the following season, he scored the winning goal from the penalty spot in a two-legged playoff to decide the championship.On 30 August 2009, <mask> sparked controversy when he broke Marcin Wasilewski's leg by stamping on his ankle during the match between Anderlecht and Standard. Following the tackle, <mask> protested the red card, claiming that it was an accident without intent, before being sent off the pitch. He soon apologised, but was the subject of criticism from several media outlets and numerous death threats from angry Anderlecht and Poland fans. The initial ban until 23 November by the Belgian Football Association, was later reduced on appeal to eight matches. Benfica
<mask> signed for Portuguese club Benfica on a five-year deal on 13 July 2011, including a €40 million buyout clause. <mask> scored twice in the 3–1 win against FC Twente, in the Champions League play-off second leg, on 24 August 2011, sending Benfica to the group stages with a 5–3 aggregate victory. He scored the opening goal in a 4–1 thrashing of Vitória de Guimarães in the Taça da Liga on 9 January 2012.He then assisted Nolito in a 4–1 league defeat of Vitória de Setúbal. <mask> scored his fourth goal against Santa Clara on 18 January in a Taça da Liga match. Benfica reached the final on 14 April against Gil Vicente and <mask> was awarded the Man of the Match award as Benfica claimed their fourth Taça da Liga title with a 2–1 victory. Zenit Saint Petersburg
On 3 September 2012, <mask> signed for Zenit Saint Petersburg for €40 million, after signing a five-year contract. <mask> made his debut in the Russian Premier League on 14 September, replacing Konstantin Zyryanov in the 70th minute as Zenit fell 2–0 to Terek Grozny. He scored his first two goals for the club on 30 November when Zenit brushed aside Spartak Moscow 4–2 at the Luzhniki Stadium. <mask> scored Zenit's winner against Terek Grozny on 30 March 2013, an eighth-minute strike, as his side cruised to a 3–0 league victory.In Zenit's first match of the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League group stage on 16 September 2014, <mask> scored Zenit's second goal in a 2–0 away victory over former club Benfica. After finishing third in their Champions League group, Zenit were parachuted into the Europa League knockout phase; in the first leg of their Round of 16 clash against Torino on 12 March 2015, <mask> scored on a rebound as Zenit defeated the Italian club 2–0. On 26 April, <mask> scored the game's only goal in the seventeenth minute as Zenit defeated Arsenal Tula in a league match at the Petrovsky Stadium. On Sunday 17 May, <mask> played the full 90 minutes as Zenit drew 1–1 with FC Ufa, earning the point they needed to secure the Premier League crown, the club's fourth overall and <mask>'s first with Zenit. In the 2015 Russian Super Cup on 12 July 2015, <mask> converted his penalty shot in a 4–2 penalty shoot-out victory over FC Lokomotiv Moscow after the match had finished 1–1. Tianjin Quanjian
On 3 January 2017, Zenit officially announced that <mask> has moved to Chinese club Tianjin Quanjian. On 4 March 2017, <mask> made his debut for Quanjian in a 2–0 loss to Guangzhou R&F.A week later he scored the club's first ever goal in the Chinese Super League during a 1–1 draw with Shanghai Greenland Shenhua. Borussia Dortmund
On 6 August 2018, <mask> signed for Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund and agreed a four-year contract which lasts until 30 June 2022. On 21 August, he scored an equalizing goal in the stoppage time to make it 1–1 after coming on as a substitute on his debut for the club against SpVgg Greuther Fürth in the DFB-Pokal first round match and later his side went on to win the match in the extra time with a 2-1 victory. <mask> scored his first Bundesliga goal on his league debut for the club with an overhead kick in a 4–1 victory over RB Leipzig on 26 August. International career
Prior to making his international debut for the senior side, he played for the under-21 side in 2007 earning nine caps as well as helping his side reach the semi-finals of the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship. On 26 March 2008, <mask> made his international debut during a friendly game against Morocco. The match resulted in a 1–4 loss, but <mask> scored his first goal for Belgium.<mask>'s first goal in an competitive international match came a day short of three years after the Morocco goal, in the sixth minute against Austria in Group A of the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying process, and his second would come in the second half. However, Belgian hopes of qualifying for UEFA Euro 2012 were dashed on 11 October 2011, by defeat to Germany coupled with Turkey's victory over Azerbaijan. On 13 May 2014, <mask> was named in Belgium's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He started in midfield in the team's first game of the tournament, a 2–1 win against Algeria in Belo Horizonte. <mask> also featured in the Belgian squad at UEFA Euro 2016, announced on 31 May 2016. He scored his first tournament goal during the Championships, in a Group E match against the Republic of Ireland. He scored twice in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification, both in wide victories over Gibraltar.Manager Roberto Martínez named him in the squad for the final tournament in Russia. Personal life
<mask> has three children. He is of Martiniquais descent through his father. He was a boyhood Arsenal fan. Career statistics

Club

International

As of match played 16 November 2021. Belgium score listed first, score column indicates score after each Witsel goal. Honours
Standard Liège
 Belgian Pro League: 2007–08, 2008–09
 Belgian Cup: 2010–11
 Belgian Supercup: 2008, 2009

Benfica
 Taça da Liga: 2011–12

Zenit
 Russian Football Premier League: 2014–15
 Russian Cup: 2015–16
 Russian Super Cup: 2015

Borussia Dortmund
 DFB-Pokal: 2020–21
 DFL-Supercup: 2019
Belgium
FIFA World Cup third place: 2018
Individual
 Belgian Young Footballer of the Year: 2007–08
 Belgian Golden Shoe: 2008
 O Jogo Team of the Year: 2012

See also

List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps

References

External links

Zenit profile
<mask> profile at Belgian FA
<mask> goals highlights

1989 births
Living people
Belgian people of French descent
Belgian people of Martiniquais descent
Sportspeople from Liège
Black Belgian sportspeople
Belgian footballers
Association football midfielders
Standard Liège players
S.L.Benfica footballers
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg players
Tianjin Tianhai F.C. players
Borussia Dortmund players
Belgian First Division A players
Primeira Liga players
Russian Premier League players
Chinese Super League players
Bundesliga players
Belgium youth international footballers
Belgium under-21 international footballers
Belgium international footballers
2014 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2020 players
FIFA Century Club
Belgian expatriate footballers
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in China
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Expatriate footballers in Russia
Expatriate footballers in China
Expatriate footballers in Germany

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