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<mask> (March 29, 1881 – August 14, 1934) was an American architect who worked in the Neo-Gothic and Art Deco styles. He is best known for his designs of the Tribune Tower, American Radiator Building, and Rockefeller Center. Through a short yet highly successful career, <mask> exerted an outsized influence on twentieth century architecture. Early life and education

Early life
<mask> was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island on March 29, 1881, to <mask> and Vella Mathewson. <mask> was the owner of J.N. Polsey & Co., a crate and box manufacturing company. The family lived at 107 Cottage Street in a house designed by <mask> and local architect Albert H. Humes.In a 1931 profile of <mask> in The New Yorker, writer Allene Talmey described the <mask> home as "the ugliest place in town." In 1893, the <mask> family visited the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, an experience that may have sparked <mask>'s interest in architecture. Education
In 1898, <mask> graduated from Pawtucket High School. Later that year <mask> enrolled at Brown University. At Brown he studied mathematics, rhetoric, French, and drawing. In 1899, seeking more opportunities to pursue an architectural education, <mask> enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. At MIT, <mask> studied under Constant-Désiré Despradelle, a prominent proponent of the Beaux-Arts style.<mask> excelled at creating meticulously rendered architectural drawings, and after graduating worked as a draftsman for Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson. During his time at Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson, <mask> purportedly worked on the 1899 design of the Classical Revival Deborah Cook Sayles Public Library.In June 1904, <mask> returned to Pawtucket before leaving for Europe with the intention of studying at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. <mask> failed his first attempt at the entrance exam in October 1904 though was accepted after his second attempt in 1905. His capstone diplôme project at the École was a city hall for Pawtucket, his hometown. The project, which was never realized, fused classical features with modern technology. Career

In 1911, <mask> returned to the US, taking a job at the office of Henry Hornbostel in Pittsburgh. In 1916, <mask> designed an ambitious plan for downtown Providence; the project's defining feature was a  civic tower, whose pedimented base occupied the entire southern edge of Exchange Place.The plan, which was likewise never realized, was published in The Providence Journal under the headline "A Striking Plan for Dignifying Civic Centre." Chicago Tribune Tower

In 1922, New York architect John Mead Howells, who had met him at the École des Beaux-Arts, invited <mask> to become his partner in the Chicago Tribune building competition in which Howells had been invited to compete. The neo-Gothic design submitted by Howells and <mask> won the competition beating the designs of prominent competitors, including Eliel Saarinen, Walter Gropius, and Adolf Loos. The design proved pivotal in <mask>'s career, catalyzing his emergence as a preeminent architect of the era. American Radiator Building

Among the commissions received by <mask> in the immediate wake of his design for the Tribune Tower, was a design for a new New York office tower for the American Radiator Company. In his 1924 design for the building, produced in collaboration with architect Jacques André Fouilhoux, <mask> moved towards a looser interpretation of Gothic architecture, cladding the structure in black brick. The design was additionally noted for its revolutionary use of lighting.According to art and architectural historian Dietrich Neumann, the design "helped to introduce a new age of color and light in American architecture." Approach
<mask> did not consider himself an artist, but saw himself as "manufacturing shelter", writing:

There has been entirely too much talk about the collaboration of architect, painter and sculptor; nowadays, the collaborators are the architects, the engineer, and the plumber. ... Buildings are constructed for certain purposes, and the buildings of today are more practical, from the standpoint of the man who is in them than the older buildings. ... We are considering effort and convenience much more than appearance or effect. <mask>'s design theory was aligned with that of the Bauhaus, in that he valued utility as beauty:

Beauty is utility, developed in a manner to which the eye is accustomed by habit, in so far as this development does not detract from its quality of usefulness. Despite this paean to utility, <mask>'s designs featured non-utilitarian aspects such as roof gardens, polychromy, and Art Deco ornamentation. As much as <mask> might insist that his designs were largely determined by the practicalities of zoning laws and the restraints of economics, each of his major buildings were different enough to suggest that <mask>'s design artistry was a significant factor in the final result.While a student at the École des Beaux-Arts, <mask> met John Mead Howells, with whom he later partnered. <mask> frequently employed architectural sculptor Rene Paul Chambellan both for architectural sculptures for his building and to make plasticine models of his projects. <mask> is believed to have coined the term "Architecture of the Night" in a 1930 pamphlet published by General Electric. <mask> died at age 53 and was interred at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York. Influence
<mask>'s buildings were featured in works by Georgia O'Keeffe (Radiator Building—Night, New York, 1927), Diego Rivera (Frozen Asssets, 1931), and Berenice Abbott (McGraw-Hill Building, 1936; Fortieth Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenue, 1938), and Samuel Gottscho (Rockefeller Center and RCA Building from 515 Madison Ave, 1933). Ayn Rand
Frank Heynick has argued from a study of the journal notes of Ayn Rand made in the late 1930s and of incidents in her 1943 novel The Fountainhead, that <mask>'s career and works provided fodder for her fictional architect Peter Keating. This major figure in The Fountainhead epitomized the "second-hander" who – in stark opposition to the uncompromising and innovative hero of the novel, Howard Roark, and exemplified in real life by Frank Lloyd Wright, whom Rand idolized – adapts the classicist and historicist Old World architectural styles to the new American medium of the skyscraper, and then goes on to adopt modernism as soon as this becomes safely fashionable.Certain specific incidents in the fictional Keating's career are pointed to by Heynick as having been drawn from <mask>'s real-life career, such as their both suddenly gaining national fame by winning the highly publicized skyscraper contest for a media corporation in the early 1920s with a design in the historicist style, and their both heading the committee for a "modernistic" World's Fair in the 1930s from which the hero architect (Howard Roark in the novel, Frank Lloyd Wright in real-life) was excluded. Nevertheless, with regard to the construction of Rockefeller Center (where <mask> was the chief designer), Rand was subsequently cited as having some good words for the RCA Building at 30 Rockefeller Plaza, despite her earlier negative comments in her journals. More intriguingly, as Heynick points out, Rand is quoted in a 1943 newspaper interview as referring to <mask>'s McGraw-Hill Building at 330 West 42nd Street as the most beautiful in New York, thus, apparently, seeing <mask> in a different light. This, Heynick argues, was justly so. Rand's creating of the negative fictional character of Peter Keating required her to draw exclusively upon the negative aspects of <mask>'s career as she perceived it. But particularly with reference to the Art Deco mode – a style which goes unmentioned in Rand's novel – <mask> in fact showed his creative versatility in designing two Deco skyscrapers so radically distinct from one another as the RCA and McGraw-Hill buildings. Curated by Carol Willis, the exhibit featured <mask>'s sketches and blueprints.In 2020, The David Winton Bell Gallery at Brown University, <mask>'s alma mater, held an online exhibition titled "<mask> and the American Skyscraper." The exhibition focused on a selection of <mask>'s built and unbuilt skyscrapers, and included about 70 of his architectural drawings, photographs, models, and books. References
Notes

Bibliography
 Duval, Jonathan and Dietrich Neumann, <mask> and the American Skyscraper. Providence, RI: Bell Gallery, Brown University, 2020. Frampton, Kenneth. "Storia dell'Architettura Moderna" 4a edizione, Zanichelli
 Gargiani, Roberto. Rem Koolhaas/Oma.Grandi Opere-Gli Architetti, editori Laterza
 <mask>, <mask>. (1931) Contemporary American Architects: <mask><mask>. New York: Whittlesey House, McGraw-Hill. Features a large collection of photographs of <mask>'s works. Kilham, Walter H. (1973). <mask>, Architect - Form Through Function in the American Skyscraper. Architectural Book Publishing Co Inc, New York. Kvaran, Einar Einarsson.Architectural Sculpture of America. unpublished manuscript

External links

 <mask><mask> architectural drawings and papers, circa 1890-1944.Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University. The <mask> Hood Photograph Collection at the New-York Historical Society

1881 births
1934 deaths
People from Pawtucket, Rhode Island
20th-century American architects
Architects from Pawtucket, Rhode Island
Architects from New York City
Art Deco architects
Brown University alumni
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery

masks:
Raymond Mathewson Hood
Hood
Raymond Mathewson Hood
John Parmenter Hood
John Hood
John Hood
Hood
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Raymond Hood
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Raymond M
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<mask> (c. 1210 – 6 September 1276) was an Italian cardinal. Family
Born at Piacenza, he was the nephew of Pope Gregory X, and had been married, with two children. When his wife died, he decided to enter the clerical state. His son Gregory became Provost of Grasse in 1269, and in 1275 he was named Provost of Marseille. The other son had died before 1257. Administrator in Provence
How he came to be in Provence is unknown, but it is on record that he was in the service of Count Raymond Béringuer V, and then of Charles of Anjou. He had a pension of 50 pounds tournois from Count Raymond, which was continued to him by a diploma of Charles and Beatrice, dated 7 May 1265.One can follow his developing career through a series of charters of Count Raymond. He was Canon of Clermont and Provost of Barjols in 1241. He was sent to Geneva by Count Raymond to strike a treaty of alliance with the Republic of Geneva; in those documents he is called Judge of the Curia of Count Raymond. In 1243, he had the same title and the same mission in Avignon, which at that time was a free city and not yet the possession of the popes. Count Raymond died in 1245. On 20 February 1251, he was Treasurer of the Church of Béziers and Chaplain of Pope Innocent IV, who granted him the privilege of holding pontifical dignities, even though he had been married and had children. On 1 May 1251, he went with Guy Foulques (Foucauld, Folcaldi), the future Pope Clement IV (1265-1269), to arrange a treaty of peace between Arles and Count Charles (Charles of Anjou).At the end of 1251 <mask> <mask>s was Provost of Grasse. On 6 June 1254, he was granted the privilege of holding several benefices at the same time: the Provostship of Grasse,  the Precentorship of the Church of Béziers, a Canonry at Clermont, a Canonry at Narbonne, and two parishes which involved the care of souls. Archbishop of Aix
On 22 July 1257, the election of <mask> <mask>inis to the Archbishopric of Aix was confirmed in Consistory by Pope <mask> IV. He required a dispensation, since he had been married and had one son surviving. He was not ordained a priest (it seems) or consecrated bishop, however, until 1258, in the meantime styling himself Archbishop-Elect. From the beginning of his tenure of the See, he was assisted by his relative, Grimier (Grimerius, Grimoard) de Vicedominis, whom he first appointed as an official of his curia, then Archdeacon and Canon supernumerary of the Cathedral, then Vicar-General. Finally, Grimier was Vicedomino's successor as Archbishop of Aix (1274-1282).Amazingly, his promotion was not without turmoil. The Canons of Aix elected Alain of Sisteron as their new Archbishop; Bishop Alain had been administering the Church of Aix while <mask> was serving at the side of Pope Gregory. But Gregory, residing at Lyons, did not want to confirm him, believing that he would do more usefully as Bishop of Sisteron—an odd judgment considering that Alain was working at Aix, not Sisteron. Pope Gregory therefore intervened directly and appointed Grimier. In 1265, Archbishop <mask> followed Charles of Anjou and his wife Beatrice, the youngest daughter of Raymond Berenguer, to Italy, where Charles had been invited to become Senator of Rome and also King of Sicily. In her testament dated 30 June 1266, Queen Beatrice of Sicily, the wife of Charles of Anjou, Comte de Provence and King of Sicily, named Vicedomino one of the executors. Cardinal Vicedomino
Then, on 3 June 1273, <mask> <mask>inis was one of five cardinals created by his uncle, Pope Gregory X (1271-1276).He was transferred from Aix to the Suburban Roman See of Palestrina. The creation took place during the Ecumenical Council of Vienne, and therefore <mask> did not proceed immediately to his new diocese, but instead participated in the Council. When the Council ended, and Pope Gregory began his return journey to Rome, Vicedomino was (unaccountably) not one of the travelling party. The Oath of Fidelity of the Emperor Rudolf mentions seven cardinals as present in Lausanne on 20 October 1275: Petrus Ostiensis, Ancherus Pantaleone of S. Prassede, Guglelmus <mask> of S. Marco, Ottobono Fieschi of S. Adriano, Giacomo Savelli of S. Maria in Cosmedin, Gottifridus <mask> of S. Giorgio in Velabro, and Mattheus Rosso Orsini of S. Maria in Porticu—but not <mask> <mask>, Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina. And when the Pope died at Arezzo on 10 January 1276, only three Cardinal Bishops were with him: Peter of Tarantaise, Peter Juliani and <mask> St. Martin—but not <mask> <mask>, Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina. Conclaves
Nonetheless Vicedomino and eleven other cardinals were present for the opening of the Conclave on 20 January 1276, the first to be held under the regulations promulgated by Gregory X at the Council of Lyons in 1274. The Conclave was held in Arezzo, the place where the pope died, and lasted one day.On 21 January, the Dominican friar, Cardinal Peter of Tarantaise in Savoy, was elected on the first scrutiny, and chose the name Innocent V. He was consecrated in Rome in the Vatican Basilica in February 1276. He died on 22 June the same year. The Annals of Verona report that he was poisoned on orders of King Charles I of Sicily. The second Conclave of 1276 opened in Rome at the Lateran on 2 July, and lasted for ten days. King Charles had been in the city of Rome since 9 February, and was therefore in a position to influence the direction of conclave politics. Since Innocent V had created no new cardinals, the participants were the same as those of the January Conclave. It may occasion little surprise that Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi, the leader of the faction of King Charles, was chosen pope on 11 July, after eight scrutinies, taking the name Adrian V. He was certainly supported by Vicedomino <mask>, a committed member of the French faction.Early in August, partly to escape the heat of Rome in the summer, and partly to deal with pressing problems with the Emperor Rudolph, Pope Adrian travelled to Viterbo. There, he died suddenly on 18 August 1276. He had reigned 39 days, but had not been ordained priest, consecrated bishop, or crowned. In those thirty-nine days, however, even before he left the Lateran for Viterbo, he did one important thing: he suspended Gregory X's Constitution that regulated the conclave. He intended, according to the all cardinals who were present, not including Vicedomino de Vicedominis, to make adjustments and improvements to the Gregorian document. The third Conclave of 1276 took place in Viterbo, the city where Pope Adrian V had died. Eleven cardinals participated, only Cardinal <mask> Brion being absent as Legate in France.The date of the opening is unknown, because the Constitution of Gregory X had been suspended. Had it been in operation, the Conclave would have begun on 28 or 29 August. It is known, however, that the Conclave did not open as expected, but had to be postponed for several days due to disorders on the part of the people of Viterbo. A subsequent investigation, led by Cardinal the Bishop of Sabina, <mask> Saint Martin, charged prelates and other members of the papal Curia with instigating the riots, probably because they did not want to see a repetition of the Conclave of 1268-1271. When things finally settled down and the Conclave began, on the first day of voting, 8 September 1276, the Cardinals elected the Dominican Cardinal Peter Julian of Lisbon, who chose to be called John XXI. Cardinal <mask> <mask>s did not participate in the scrutiny, since he had died on 6 September. Myths

Vicedomino is wrongly said to have become dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in July 1275.According to the later accounts, attested for the first time in the 17th century, in the papal election held after the death of Pope Adrian V he was elected to the Papacy on 5 September 1276 and took the name Gregory XI, but having died the following day early in the morning, his election was not recorded as he was never proclaimed. His death was noted in his home town of Piacenza, in the Necrology of the Cathedral, and on the correct day, 6 September, but it records him only as a cardinal, and makes no mention of his Papacy. This story is rejected by many modern historians, who point out that it is unsupported by any contemporary source, and unsupportable by the chronology of the Conclave of August–September 1276. It is also said that he became a member of the Third Order of S. Francis (Franciscan Tertiary), after he was already a Cardinal, and when he was suffering from a disease and in danger of death. But, if that is true, that he was in danger of death, it would seem to militate against the notion that the Cardinals chose <mask> as pope on 5 September 1276. The remains of his tomb, reconstructed several times, are in the church of San Francesco at Viterbo. References

Bibliography
J. S. Pitton, Annales de la sainte Eglise d'Aix (Lyon: Mathieu Liberal 1668), pp.151–157. <mask>, Memorie storiche de' Cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa  Tomo secondo (Roma: Pagliarini 1793), pp. 2–3. Francesco Cristofori, Le tombe dei pape in Viterbo (Siena 1887), 185-202. J.-H. Albanés, Gallia christiana novissima Tome premier: Aix, Apt, Fréjus, Gap, Riez et Sisteron (Montbéliard 1899),  pp. 70–73. 1210 births
1276 deaths
13th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina
Cardinal-nephews
Deans of the College of Cardinals
13th-century Italian cardinals
People from Piacenza

masks:
Vicedomino de Vicedominis
Vicedomino
de Vicedomini
Vicedomino
de Vicedom
Alexander
Vicedomino
Vicedomino
Vicedomino
de Vicedom
Vicedomino
de Bray
de Alatri
Vicedomino
de Vicedoms
Bertrand de
Vicedomino
de Vicedoms
de Vicedoms
Simon de
Bertrand de
Vicedomino
de Vicedomini
Cardinal Vicedomino
Lorenzo Cardella


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<mask> (born 27 July 1989) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward or winger for German club BSC Sendling. Born in Uganda, Nsereko represented Germany internationally at youth level. Club career

Early career
Nsereko was born in Kampala and started his career at 1860 Munich. He was signed by Brescia in the summer of 2005, aged 16, the minimum age limit allowed by FIFA for international transfer among European Union nations. He made his first team debut during 2005–06 Serie B season against Crotone, the last match of the season. He made 23 appearances for Brescia in all competitions, scoring three goals, before signing for West Ham. West Ham United
On 26 January 2009, <mask> signed for West Ham United for an undisclosed fee, thought to have been in the region of £9 million dependent on appearances and other factors, on a four and a half-year contract.He was given the number 10 shirt, following the departure of Craig Bellamy to Manchester City, which bore the name "<mask>". His English football, Premier League and West Ham debut came on 28 January 2009 in West Ham's 2–0 home win against Hull City. He played an important part in West Ham's win against Manchester City on 1 March 2009 by providing the assist for Jack Collison's 71st-minute goal. Fiorentina and loans
He failed to settle at West Ham, making just one start and failing to score in any of his ten appearances. He was sold to Fiorentina for €2.7 million cash, with Manuel da Costa going the other way as part of the deal for free. West Ham retain the rights to 50 percent of the player's sell-on fee. <mask> never broke into the first team and in January 2010 was loaned out to Bologna, in what proved to be another disappointing experience, with only two appearances with the Rossoblu.In July 2010, he was sent back to Germany, joining 2. Bundesliga side TSV 1860 München on a season loan; the loan agreement was however cancelled unilaterally on 23 October 2010, after the player was reported missing for a week before being found at his sister's place. In January 2011, Nsereko joined Bulgarian A PFG side Chernomorets Burgas on loan until the end of the season. After this loan spell, he was loaned again this time to Serie B side Juve Stabia. After only one game with the club, <mask> was reported missing once again in September 2011, leading his club to ask for unilateral rescission of the contract. He was successively reported being in London, and, after returning to Italy with a medical certificate only two weeks later, he was allowed to leave to Germany to deal with unspecified personal problems. In January 2012, Nsereko joined Romanian Liga I side FC Vaslui on loan until 31 December 2012.In July 2012, it was reported in Germany that <mask> joined 3. Liga side SpVgg Unterhaching on loan for a season. SpVgg Unterhaching
After months of speculation, Nsereko finally moved SpVgg Unterhaching of the third division in Germany on 3 September 2012 for free. In an interview on the club's website, <mask> cited his desire to play in his home town of Munich as one of the motivating factors for his move. He was released by Unterhaching after 2 months with the club. Fiorentina also stated in its financial report ending on 31 December 2012, that <mask> was released due to breach of contract on <mask>'s side. Fiorentina had rights to claim damages for <mask>'s residual contract which ending on 30 June 2016.It was reported that <mask> faked his own kidnapping in Thailand. FC Atyrau
On 24 December 2013, <mask> signed an 18-month contract with Kazakhstan Premier League side FC Atyrau. On 15 March 2014, he made his Kazakhstan Premier League debut and scored the winning goal for his team in the 1:0 away victory over FC Kairat. In June 2014 after 10 appearances for the club, <mask> executed a clause in his contract allowing him to leave Atyrau going on to have a trial with Anzhi Makhachkala at the end of the month. At the end of the 2014 season, <mask>'s only goal for Atyrau was voted as Goal of the Season by the club's fans. <mask> returned to Kazakhstan in December 2014, joining FC Irtysh Pavlodar on trial, but failed to win a contract, going on trial with Beroe of the Bulgarian A Group in late January 2015, eventually joining the club. In February 2016, <mask> went on trial with Kazakhstan Premier League side FC Shakhter Karagandy, but wasn't offered a contract.Lietava Jonava
On 17 March 2016, Lietava announced the signing of <mask>. Four months later, 18 July 2016, <mask>'s contract with Lietava was terminated by mutual consent. Later years
In May 2017 it was unveiled <mask> had been signed by German amateurs FC Pipinsried for the new season. His contract got terminated on 21 July 2017, because they couldn't agree on several terms. In January 2018, Nsereko went on trial with FC Vereya, signing with the club shortly after. He left the club in April. In the summer of 2018, Nsereko joined Armin München as a youth coach.During his time at SC Armin, Nsereko made two friendly appearances for the club, as well as training with the first team. On 10 March 2019, <mask> made his debut for the club, scoring twice in a 5–0 win against Fürstenri II. Nsereko finished the 2018–19 season with seven goals in as many games. Following 14 further goals in 12 games the following season, Nsereko joined BSC Sendling. Nsereko also joined BSC Sendling's second team as manager. International career
At international level, Nsereko won the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship with Germany. He made his U19 debut on 7 September 2007, beating the Netherlands.He has also featured for the Under-20 Germany youth team at 2008–09 and 2009–10 Four Nations Tournaments. The Ugandan authorities wanted <mask> to play for the Uganda national football team after a new law allowed dual citizenship for Ugandans. Personal life
In October 2012, <mask> was arrested by the police in the Thai resort of Pattaya on a false kidnap claim. He had reportedly attempted to extort €25,000 from his family by telling them he had been kidnapped and demanding a ransom. References

External links

 Gazzetta.it

1989 births
Living people
German people of Ugandan descent
German footballers
Germany youth international footballers
TSV 1860 Munich players
Brescia Calcio players
West Ham United F.C. players
ACF Fiorentina players
Bologna F.C. 1909 players
PFC Chernomorets Burgas players
S.S. Juve Stabia players
FC Vaslui players
SpVgg Unterhaching players
FC Viktoria Köln players
FC Atyrau players
PFC Beroe Stara Zagora players
FK Jonava players
FC Vereya players
German expatriate footballers
German expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Bulgaria
Expatriate footballers in Romania
Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan
Expatriate footballers in Lithuania
Premier League players
2.Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
A Lyga players
Serie B players
Kazakhstan Premier League players
Association football wingers
Association football forwards
Naturalized citizens of Germany
Ugandan emigrants to Germany
Sportspeople from Kampala
Association football coaches
German football managers

masks:
Savio Magala Nsereko
Nsereko
Savio
Nsereko
Savio
Nsereko
Nsereko
Savio
Savio
Savio
Savio
Savio
Savio
Savio
Savio
Savio
Savio
Savio
Nsereko
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Savio
Nsereko


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<mask> of Han (27 BCE – 15 August 1 BCE) was an emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty. He ascended the throne when he was 20, having been made heir by his childless uncle <mask>, and he reigned from 7 to 1 BCE. The people and the officials were initially excited about his ascension, as he was viewed by them (as well as Emperor Cheng) to be intelligent, articulate, and capable. However, under Emperor <mask>, corruption became even more prevalent and heavy taxes were levied on the people. Furthermore, Emperor <mask> was highly controlled by his grandmother Consort Fu (consort of his grandfather and his predecessor's father <mask>), who demanded the title of Grand Empress Dowager—even though she had never been an empress previously and therefore did not properly hold that title, and this led to the unprecedented and unrepeated situation of four women possessing empress dowager titles at the same time—Empress Wang (Emperor Cheng's mother and Emperor Yuan's wife), Empress Zhao Feiyan (Emperor Cheng's wife), Consort Fu, and Consort Ding (Emperor <mask>'s mother). Consort Fu's control of the political scene extended until her death in 2 BCE, including an episode where her jealousy of Consort Feng Yuan—another consort of Emperor Yuan's (and therefore her romantic rival) and the grandmother of the future Emperor Ping—resulted in Consort Feng being falsely accused of witchcraft and subsequently being forced to commit suicide. During Emperor <mask>'s reign, he also stripped the Wang clan (Empress Wang's clan), which had been powerful during Emperor Cheng's reign, of much of their power, and substituted members of the Fu and Ding clans in their stead (which, ironically, caused the people, who were not enamored with the Wangs initially, to long for their return to power as they associated the departure of the Wangs from power with Emperor <mask>'s incompetence in administration).In an unpopular act, Emperor <mask> had his prime minister Wang Jia (王嘉, unrelated to the Wang clan mentioned above) put to death for criticizing him, an act that made him appear tyrannical. Emperor <mask>'s shortcomings quickly led to the demoralization of the people towards the government and the acquisition of power by Wang Mang, in a backlash, after <mask> died in 1 BCE. Emperor <mask> was also famous for being the most effusive homosexual emperor of the Han dynasty. Traditional historians characterized the relationship between Emperor <mask> and Dong Xian as one between homosexual lovers and referred to their relationship as "the passion of the cut sleeve" (斷袖之癖) after a story that one afternoon after falling asleep for a nap on the same bed, Emperor <mask> cut off his sleeve rather than disturb the sleeping Dong Xian when he had to get out of bed. Dong was noted for his relative simplicity contrasted with the highly ornamented court, and was given progressively higher and higher posts as part of the relationship, eventually becoming the supreme commander of the armed forces by the time of Emperor <mask>'s death. Dong was afterward forced to commit suicide. Family background and early life as the Prince of Dingtao
Emperor <mask> was born to Liu Kang, Prince of Dingtao (劉康), the brother to then-reigning <mask> and son to Emperor Yuan, and his concubine Consort Ding, in 27 BCE, presumably at Prince Kang's principality (roughly modern Heze, Shandong).From birth, he was raised by his paternal grandmother, the domineering Consort Fu, and not by his mother. Prince Kang died in 23 BCE, and the four-year-old Prince Xin became the Prince of Dingtao. In 9 BCE, the then-18-year-old Prince Xin impressed his uncle <mask> when on an official visit to the capital Chang'an, when he brought three key officials of his principality—his teacher, his prime minister, and the commander of his capital's defense forces—to accompany him and cited the proper legal regulations that, in his opinion, required and allowed him to bring them with him (even though it was customary that princes would bring only their teachers). He also showed clear understanding of the Confucian classic Shi Jing, further impressing Emperor Cheng. At that time, the sonless <mask> was beginning to consider making either his younger brother Liu Xing, Prince of Zhongshan (中山王劉興) or his nephew Prince Xin his heir. Emperor Cheng became convinced that Prince Xin was more capable, and at the same time, Prince Xin's grandmother Consort Fu was endearing herself to Emperor Cheng's wife Empress Zhao Feiyan, her sister and Emperor Cheng's favorite Consort Zhao Hede, and <mask>'s uncle Wang Gen with lavish gifts, and so the Zhaos and Wang Gen both praised Prince Xin as well. Emperor Cheng therefore seriously considered making Prince Xin his heir.In 8 BCE, Emperor Cheng summoned several key officials to discuss with him who would be the more proper heir. The majority, perhaps seeing that Emperor Cheng was leaning toward Prince Xin, recommended him, citing the general rule of succession that when one lacked an heir, he should adopt a brother's child to be his own son and heir; one official recommended Prince Xing under the rationale that he was closer in bloodline with the emperor. Emperor Cheng, whose mind was fairly made up, created him Crown Prince Xin. In an act praised one as showing humility, Prince Xin declined the honor of living at the crown prince's palace, stating that he was only at the capital to serve Emperor Cheng until Emperor Cheng would produce an heir and that he should stay at the Dingtao mission in the capital. As crown prince
Whether Emperor Cheng was formally adopting Prince Xin would quickly become a major controversy. Emperor Cheng viewed his creation of Prince Xin as crown prince as formal adoption, and he believed that Prince Xin was now his son, no longer Prince Kang's. When he created a cousin to be the new prince of Dingtao to serve as Prince Kang's heir in winter 8 BCE, Prince Xin, grateful that his father would continue to be worshipped as an ancestor, submitted a formal note of thanksgiving—at which Emperor Cheng was highly offended, believing that Prince Xin should not be grateful any more for whatever is done for his birth father.Emperor Cheng's desire to have Prince Xin act as only his son extended to the arena of Prince Xin's relationship with his grandmother Consort Fu and his mother Consort Ding. Emperor Cheng decreed that Consort Fu (now princess dowager of Dingtao) and Consort Ding be required to remain in Dingtao and not be allowed to come to Chang'an to visit Prince Xin. Some time later, Emperor Cheng's mother Empress Dowager Wang, not wanting to continue these harsh regulations, decreed that Princess Dowager Fu be allowed to see Prince Xin, under the rationale that she, having raised him, was merely in the role of a wet nurse. Consort Ding, however, would continue to not be allowed to see Prince Xin. Emperor Cheng died suddenly in 7 BCE, apparently from a stroke (although historians also report the possibility of an overdosage of aphrodisiacs given to him by Consort Zhao Hede). Crown Prince Xin ascended the throne as Emperor <mask>. Empress Dowager Wang, as his step-grandmother (and "legal" grandmother) became grand empress dowager, and Empress Zhao became empress dowager.He created Consort Fu, the daughter of his grandmother Princess Dowager Fu's cousin Fu Yan (傅晏), empress. As emperor

Early reign—optimism
Emperor <mask>, aged 20 at his ascension, quickly ended Emperor Cheng's practice of delegating imperial authorities to his uncles and cousins of the Wang clan and appeared diligent in his rule. He also reduced spending greatly. Both the officials and the people thought that after the reigns of the indecisive Emperor Yuan and the impulsive and lavish spending Emperor Cheng, there would finally be a capable emperor. In 7 BCE, under Emperor <mask>'s auspices, a major proposal to reduce involuntary servitude was made by several officials—princes would be limited to 200 servants, marquesses and princesses to 100 servants, and other nobility and commoners to 30 servants, and that servants would be set free after a service of three years. However, after the proposal was leaked, many servant owners pushed to have the proposal tabled, and Emperor <mask> only issued a limited version of the proposal—freeing servants over age 50. Optimism shattered
The issue of the roles of Princess Dowager Fu and Consort Ding (and what honor, if any, to posthumously bestow on Emperor <mask>'s father Prince Kang), however, would quickly again erupt into a major controversy.Initially, Grand Empress Dowager Wang decreed that Princess Dowager Fu and Consort Ding see him periodically, every 10 days. However, Princess Dowager Fu quickly began to visit her grandson everyday, and she insisted that two things be done: that she receive an empress dowager title, and that her relatives be granted titles, like the Wangs. Grand Empress Dowager Wang, sympathetic of the bind that Emperor <mask> was in, first granted Prince Kang the unusual title of "Emperor Gong of Dingtao" (定陶共皇) and then, under the rationale of that title, granted Princess Dowager Fu the title "Empress Dowager Gong of Dingtao" (定陶共皇太后) and Consort Ding the title "Empress Gong of Dingtao" (定陶共皇后). Several members of the Fu and Ding clans were created marquesses. Grand Empress Dowager Wang also ordered her nephew Wang Mang, the commander of the armed forces, to resign and transfer power to the Fus and the Dings. Emperor <mask> declined and begged Wang Mang to stay in his administration. Several months later, however, Wang Mang would come into direct confrontation with now-Empress Dowager Fu.At a major imperial banquet, the official in charge of seating placed Empress Dowager Fu's seat next to Grand Empress Dowager Wang's. When Wang Mang saw this, he rebuked the official and ordered that Empress Dowager Fu's seat be moved to the side, which drew great ire from Empress Dowager Fu, who refused to attend the banquet. To soothe her anger, Wang Mang resigned, and Emperor <mask> approved his resignation. After Wang Mang's resignation, the Wangs gradually and inexorably began to lose their power. At Empress Dowager Fu's behest, the Fus and the Dings were installed in their place. Empress Dowager Fu was not satisfied with what she saw was her inferior title (as only empress dowager, not grand empress dowager, and with the qualifier "of Dingtao"). Several key officials who opposed her move were reduced to commoner status without any other fault—including the prime minister Kong Guang (孔光) and the prime inspector Shi Dan (師丹)—two of the top three officials of the administration.The third one, Empress Dowager Fu's cousin Fu Xi (傅喜), who also opposed Empress Dowager Fu's actions notwithstanding his relationship with her, was removed from his position and sent back to his march. In 6 BCE, Empress Dowager Fu would further display her power and at the same time cause the people to be even more disappointed in Emperor <mask>. Emperor <mask>'s cousin Liu Jizi (劉箕子), the Prince of Zhongshan (Prince Xing's son), had a congenital heart disorder, and his grandmother Feng Yuan, the princess dowager, cared for his treatment and often worshipped gods to pray for his healing. Emperor <mask>, up on hearing his cousin's illness, sent imperial physicians along with his attendant Zhang You (張由) to go to Zhongshan (roughly modern Baoding, Hebei) to treat Prince Jizi. Zhang, however, was himself afflicted with a psychiatric condition (probably bipolar disorder), and when he got to Zhongshan, he suddenly, in a rage, left there and returned to Chang'an. Once he did and was ordered to explain his conduct, he made up a false reason—that he had discovered that Princess Dowager Feng was using witchcraft to curse Emperor <mask> and Empress Dowager Fu. Empress Dowager Fu and Princess Dowager Feng were romantic rivals when they were both consorts to Emperor Yuan, and Empress Dowager Fu decided to use this opportunity to strike at Princess Dowager Feng.She sent a eunuch, Shi Li (史立), to serve as investigator, and Shi tortured a good number of Princess Dowager Feng's relations (including her sister Feng Xi (馮習) and her sister-in-law Junzhi (君之)), some to death, but still could not build a solid case against Princess Dowager Feng. Shi Li decided to show Princess Dowager Feng who was actually behind the investigation, by referring to an incident in which then-Consort Feng defended Emperor Yuan against a bear which had broken loose. Princess Dowager Feng, realizing that Empress Dowager Fu was behind the investigation, went back to her palace and committed suicide. In total, 17 members of the Feng clan died as a result of the investigations. This was immediately viewed as a political case, and officials and the people all became disappointed in Emperor <mask>. In 5 BCE, Empress Dowager Fu would finally get what she wanted. Emperor <mask> removed the qualification "of Dingtao" from his father's posthumous title (thus making him simply "Emperor Gong"), and then gave his grandmother a variation of the grand empress dowager title (ditaitaihou (帝太太后), compared to Grand Empress Dowager Wang's title taihuangtaihou (太皇太后)) and his mother a variation of the empress dowager title (ditaihou (帝太后), compared to Empress Dowager Zhao's title huangtaihou (皇太后)), and there were therefore now four official empresses dowager in the capital, each with a full budget.That year, the new Empress Dowager Ding died. During these years, other than the palatial infighting, what plagued Emperor <mask>'s administration (not unlike how it plagued his uncle <mask>'s administration) was the general situation where good proposals would be made to Emperor <mask>, and then he would approve of them personally but not take any actual actions on them. Further, he was harsh in his punishments of officials who disagreed with him—including, but not limited to, the issue of his grandmother and mother's titles. He would often backtrack in these punishments as well after some time, which also made him appear indecisive. He would also quickly promote officials that he saw as capable and honest and then, as soon as that capability or honesty offended him in some way, demote them. His temper might have been related to the fact that he was also constantly ill, although the nature of the illness is not known. The rise of Dong Xian

Circa 4 BCE, Emperor <mask> began to favor the minor official Dong Xian, and historians largely believe that they had a homosexual relationship.Both men were married, but that would not have been seen as conflicting with a homosexual love affair. <mask> came from a long line of emperors, all married of course, with male companions listed in their official histories. <mask> bestowed honors on Dong at a rate which alarmed the court. Dong and his wife moved into the palace, and Dong's sister became an imperial consort. Dong's father was made an acting marquess (關內侯). Emperor <mask> also ordered that a residence as luxurious as an imperial palace be built for Dong. All who opposed these honors for Dong were severely punished.In 3 BCE, against opposition by his prime minister Wang Jia (王嘉), Emperor <mask> created Dong the Marquess of Gao'an. The following year, the prime minister submitted a report to Emperor <mask>, in which he urged that the honors bestowed on Dong be curbed. This report was carefully worded to appear to be looking out for Dong. It warned that Dong might suffer the same fate of Emperor Wen's favorite Deng Tong (鄧通), who starved to death after his assets were confiscated by Emperor Wen's heir, or of Emperor Wu's favorite <mask> (韓嫣), who was executed by Empress Dowager Wang after being accused of improperly assuming imperial style. Later in 2 BCE, when Wang Jia opposed the expansion of Dong's march, Emperor <mask> had him accused falsely of crimes and forced him to commit suicide. Later that year, Dong was made the commander of the armed forces—at age 22—and effectively the most powerful official in the administration. Several members of the Dong clan became important officials as well, displacing the Fus and the Dings after Grand Empress Dowager Fu died in 2 BCE.Death

Emperor <mask> died in 1 BCE. It is not clear what the exact cause of death was, but he appeared to succumb to illnesses from which he had always suffered. On his deathbed, <mask> ordered that his throne be passed on to Dong Xian, but this was ignored by imperial counselors. The Grand Empress Dowager acted quickly to seize his seal and to take power back from Dong Xian, reinstating Wang Mang as the regent. Dong Xian and his wife committed suicide. Emperor <mask> would officially be succeeded by his cousin, Prince Jizi, as Emperor Ping, but this was merely a pretext for Wang Mang to seize the throne nine years later. Emperor <mask>'s abuse of power, first influenced by his grandmother and then by his love for Dong, caused the people and the officials to yearn for the return of the Wangs.Era names
Jianping (建平) 6 BCE – 3 BCE
Yuanshou (元壽) 2 BCE – 1 BCE

Family
Consorts:
 Empress Xiao'ai, of the Fu clan (), second cousin once removed, personal name Daijun ()
 Zhaoyi of the Dong clan, sister of Dong Xian

Ancestry

See also
Family tree of the Han Dynasty

References

 Book of Han, vols. 11, 80, 99, part 1. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 32, 33, 34, 35. 27 BC births
1 BC deaths
1st-century BC Chinese monarchs
LGBT royalty
LGBT people from China
Ancient LGBT people
Western Han dynasty emperors
LGBT heads of state

masks:
Emperor Ai
Emperor Cheng
Ai
Ai
Emperor Yuan
Ai
Ai
Ai
Ai
Ai
Ai
Ai
Ai
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Ai
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Emperor Cheng
Emperor Cheng
Emperor Cheng
Emperor Cheng
Ai
Ai
Ai
Ai
Ai
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Ai
Ai
Ai
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Emperor Cheng
Ai
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Han Yan
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texts:
<mask> (6 October 1947 – 11 August 2012), also known as <mask> (during her first marriage), was a South African journalist and author who had been involved in the journalism industry for over 30 years. She edited Illustrated Life Rhodesia, worked as a freelance writer on publications such as The Sunday Times, The Telegraph, International Herald Tribune, The New York Times and The Guardian, and had also worked on research projects for British television documentaries. She was the author of various books, such as Dinner with Mugabe, an account of her meetings with Robert Mugabe, president of Zimbabwe. Previously she released The Colour of Murder, a critical analysis of the 2002 van Schoor murder trials in South Africa. She also released a book based on the history of South Africa's ruling party, The Struggle: A History of the African National Congress. She was found dead of an apparent suicide in her home near Johannesburg. Life
<mask> was born in Johannesburg in 1947, the daughter of a British father and a Swiss mother.When she was three, the family moved to Southern Rhodesia, where she attended Lord Malvern High School in Salisbury, before becoming a journalist, working for Illustrated Life Rhodesia. <mask> returned to South Africa in 1982. Her first husband was Tony Hull, with whom she had a son, Jonah, a roving correspondent based in the London broadcast centre of Al Jazeera International. She also had a son, called Nick, with her second husband, George Patrikios, a surgeon. On 11 August 2012 she was found hanging from a tree at her house in Johannesburg. Her second husband predeceased her. Journalism
Earlier in her career, <mask> edited Illustrated Life Rhodesia.Later,
as well as freelancing for a number of international titles, she was a columnist for The Star, a South African broadsheet newspaper based in Johannesburg. Books

Dinner with Mugabe
The title Dinner with Mugabe relates to an encounter between <mask> and Robert Mugabe in 1975 when a friend brought him to her house for a secret dinner as he was about to leave the country to fight the white minority government of Rhodesia during the Bush War. Yet <mask> was significant as a white journalist to have secured a 2½-hour interview with Mugabe as Zimbabwean president in December 2007. It took 18 months to secure the interview. In the book <mask> explores the transformation of the man she met in 1975 with his present state. She also looks at his relationships with those such as his first wife, Sally, Lord Soames, the last British Governor; Denis Norman, a white farmer who held several portfolios in his early governments as well as with Ian Smith, the last Prime Minister of Rhodesia. She also questions the President on controversial issues such as Gukurahundi and land reform in Zimbabwe.Several excerpts of the book have appeared in the international press and it is published by Penguin South Africa. The Colour of Murder
In 2006, Holland released a South Africa-based true crime investigation of racism and violence in The Colour of Murder: One Family's Horror Exposes a Nation's Anguish. In the book she explores the controversial family dynamics and racial politics of the white South African Van Schoor family. She focuses on the patriarch Louis van Schoor, a former East London security guard who is alleged to have shot over a hundred black people during apartheid. Then there is his daughter Sabrina Van Schoor, who made friends in the coloured community as a child (to her parents' disapproval) and later gave birth to a coloured child, Tatum. In 2001 she ordered a hitman to kill her mother, Beverley, on the grounds that she was a racist. <mask> won many awards for this book, including a Pulitzer prize.African Magic
In 2001, Penguin published Africa Magic: Traditional Ideas That Heal a Continent. The book is an exploration of Sub Saharan Africa's natural philosophies looking at ways healers have used traditional belief systems to deal with things such as medical and marital issues. Born in Soweto
In 1994, Penguin published Born in Soweto: Inside the Heart of South Africa. The book is a description of life told by Soweto's residents. It is also illustrated. The Struggle
The Struggle: A History of the African National Congress was released by the George Braziller publishing company in April 1990. Holland explores the peaceful and violent protestations of the political party against racial discrimination.She also looks at the communist ties of the party as well as the roots of apartheid ideology. The book received favourable reviews, with The New York Times citing it as a 'concise' and 'informative' history of the political party. Controversy
In May 2009, <mask> was embroiled in a row with the leader of South Africa's largest opposition party, the Democratic Alliance. <mask> criticized comments made by Helen Zille about the president, Jacob Zuma, in the article 'A disservice to white citizens' published by The Star on 21 May 2009. <mask> said that Zille's possibly prejudiced criticism of Zuma, for allegedly endangering his wives by repeatedly having sex with an HIV-positive woman, had reflected badly on the white South African community. On 27 May 2009, the newspaper published Zille's reply. Zille accused <mask> of a "warped logic" concerning race issues.References

Audio and video

1947 births
2012 suicides
South African people of British descent
Rhodesian writers
Zimbabwean journalists
Zimbabwean women journalists
Zimbabwean women writers
Zimbabwean non-fiction writers
Zimbabwean expatriates in South Africa
Naturalised citizens of South Africa
South African non-fiction writers
South African journalists
South African women journalists
White South African people
White Rhodesian people
South African emigrants to Rhodesia
South African women writers
Suicides by hanging in South Africa
20th-century Zimbabwean writers
21st-century Zimbabwean writers
20th-century South African women writers
21st-century South African women writers

masks:
Heidi Holland
Heidi Hull
Heidi Holland
Holland
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Holland


texts:
<mask>. (born January 26, 1977) is an American former professional basketball player and current basketball analyst for ESPN. He primarily played the shooting guard and small forward positions, but he occasionally played power forward later in his NBA career. <mask> was an eight-time All-Star and a two-time All-NBA Team selection. He is the only player in NBA history to play 22 seasons and in four different decades from his debut in 1999 to his retirement in 2020. <mask> entertained crowds with his leaping ability and slam dunks, earning nicknames such as "Vinsanity", "Air Canada", and "Half Man, Half Amazing". He has been ranked as the greatest dunker of all-time by numerous players, journalists, and by the National Basketball Association (NBA). In addition to his dunking prowess, <mask> was also a prolific three-point shooter, having made the sixth most three-point field goals in league history at the time of his retirement.A high school McDonald's All-American, <mask> played college basketball for three years with the North Carolina Tar Heels and twice advanced to the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament. He was selected with the fifth overall pick in the 1998 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors, who traded him to the Toronto Raptors. <mask> emerged as a star in Toronto as he won the 1999 NBA Rookie of the Year Award and the Slam Dunk Contest at the 2000 NBA All-Star Weekend. He represented the United States in the 2000 Summer Olympics where he won a gold medal. In December 2004, <mask> was traded to the New Jersey Nets, where he continued his offensive success. <mask> also played for the Orlando Magic, Phoenix Suns, Dallas Mavericks, Memphis Grizzlies, Sacramento Kings, and Atlanta Hawks. He received the Twyman–Stokes Teammate of the Year Award in 2016.Off the court, <mask> established the Embassy of Hope Foundation, assisting children and their families in Florida, New Jersey, and Ontario. He was recognized in 2000 as Child Advocate of the Year by the Children's Home Society, and he received the Florida Governor's Points of Light award in 2007 for his philanthropy in his home state. Early life
Born in Daytona Beach, Florida, <mask> is the son of Michelle and <mask> Sr. His parents divorced when he was seven years old. <mask>'s mother remarried at least twice. <mask> attended Mainland High School in Daytona Beach. He played football as a quarterback until a broken wrist in his freshman year forced him to pick up volleyball instead. In volleyball, he was named the Volusia County Player of the Year as a junior and averaged 24 kills per match; for comparison, none of his teammates averaged more than one.<mask> was also offered a saxophone scholarship to attend Bethune–Cookman University in Daytona Beach. He led Mainland's basketball team to its first Class 6A state title in 56 years and was a 1995 McDonald's All-American. On January 31, 2012, <mask> was designated one of the 35 greatest McDonald's All-Americans,
In his senior year he averaged 22 points, 11.4 rebounds, 4.5 assists and 3.5 blocks per game. His career totals at Mainland are 2,299 points, 1,042 rebounds, 356 assists and 178 steals. <mask> was contacted by 77 NCAA Division I schools but ultimately chose North Carolina over Florida. College
<mask> attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity.He played three seasons of college basketball for the North Carolina Tar Heels under Dean Smith and later Bill Guthridge. During the 1997–98 season, he was a member of new coach Guthridge's "Six Starters" system that also featured Antawn Jamison, Shammond Williams, Ed Cota, Ademola Okulaja, and Makhtar N'Diaye. During his sophomore and junior seasons, <mask> helped North Carolina to consecutive ACC Men's Basketball Tournament titles and Final Four appearances. He finished the 1997–98 season with a 15.6 points per game average and was named second-team All-American, First-Team All-ACC, and to the fan's guide third-annual Coaches ACC All-Defensive Team. In May 1998, <mask> declared for the 1998 NBA draft, following his classmate Jamison, who had declared earlier that spring. During his NBA career, <mask> continued his coursework at North Carolina, and in August 2000, he graduated with a degree in African-American studies. Professional career

Toronto Raptors (1998–2004)
<mask> was initially drafted by the Golden State Warriors with the fifth overall pick in the 1998 NBA draft.He was then traded to the Toronto Raptors for the fourth overall pick, Antawn Jamison, <mask>'s college teammate and friend. The Raptors had struggled in their first three years as a franchise. <mask> was instrumental in leading the Raptors to their first-ever playoff appearance in 2000 before going on to lead them to a 47-win season and their first-ever playoff series win in 2001, advancing them to the Eastern Conference Semifinals. Due to the NBA lockout, <mask>'s rookie season did not start until January 1999. <mask> quickly became a fan favorite with a soaring offensive game that earned him the nickname "Air Canada". He won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award after averaging 18.3 points and throwing down countless highlight-reel dunks. <mask> ascended to full-fledged stardom in his second season — he averaged 25.7 points per game (fourth-highest in the league) and lifted Toronto to its first playoff appearance in franchise history.He subsequently earned his first NBA All-Star selection and was named to the All-NBA Third Team. During the 2000 NBA All-Star Weekend, <mask> showcased arguably the most memorable Slam Dunk Contest event in its history. He won the contest by performing an array of dunks including a 360° windmill, a between the legs bounce dunk, and an "elbow in the rim" dunk (also known as a "cookie jar" dunk or the "honey dip"). <mask> and his distant cousin Tracy McGrady formed a formidable one-two punch as teammates in Toronto between 1998 and 2000. However, McGrady was dealt to the Orlando Magic in August 2000, leaving <mask> as the Raptors' franchise player. In 2000–01, his third season, <mask> averaged a career-high 27.6 points per game, made the All-NBA Second Team, and was voted in as a starter for the 2001 NBA All-Star Game. The Raptors finished the regular season with a then franchise-record 47 wins.In the playoffs, the Raptors beat the New York Knicks 3–2 in the first round and advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals to face off against the Philadelphia 76ers. <mask> and 76ers star Allen Iverson both dominated in a seven-game series that see-sawed back and forth. <mask> scored 50 points in Game 3 and set an NBA playoff record for most three-point field goals made in one game. As the Sixers and Raptors increased their double team pressures on <mask> and Iverson respectively, <mask> missed a potential game-winning shot with 2.0 seconds remaining. Iverson said of the series in July 2011: "It was incredible. (<mask>) had great games at home and I had some great games at home, but both of us were just trying to put our teams on our back and win basketball games. It is great just having those memories and being a part of something like that."In August 2001, <mask> signed a six-year contract extension worth as much as $94 million. However, <mask> began showing the effects of what would become career-altering problems with his knees in the wake of his big contract. He earned a reputation as a fragile player after suffering a series of knee and hamstring injuries. <mask> missed the final 22 games of the 2001–02 regular season due to injury. He started in 60 games and averaged 24.7 points per game. On December 7, 2001, <mask> recorded 42 points, 15 rebounds, 6 assists and 5 steals against the Denver Nuggets. He joined Charles Barkley (1988) as just the second player ever to finish a game with 40 points, 15 rebounds, five steals and five assists, dating back to the 1973–74 season, when the league began officially tracking steals.He was voted into the 2002 NBA All-Star Game, but he could not participate due to injury. Without <mask> during the playoffs, the Raptors were defeated in five games by the Detroit Pistons in the first round. Following off-season surgery, <mask> only managed 43 games during the 2002–03 season. In February 2003, <mask> gave up his starting spot in the 2003 NBA All-Star Game to Michael Jordan to allow Jordan to make his final start as an All-Star. <mask> played in 73 games during the 2003–04 season, but the Raptors fell three games short of making the playoffs. Trade to the Nets
During the 2004 off-season, general manager Glen Grunwald and the entire coaching staff were fired following the team's failure to reach the playoffs. <mask> became frustrated with the Raptors' upper management, particularly Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (MLSE) and Raptors president Richard Peddie.In a private meeting, Peddie reassured <mask> that MLSE was serious in building a contender in Toronto. <mask> was also given the impression that Peddie would consider Julius Erving as a serious candidate for general manager; however, it was later disclosed that Erving was never really in the mix. Peddie instead hired Rob Babcock as general manager, whose first priority in rebuilding the Raptors was to "establish our philosophy", stating "we are not really worried about how many wins we get right away, or whether we make the playoffs within the first year or two." Consequently, much speculation arose over whether <mask> wanted to be traded. The Toronto Sun reported that <mask> felt misled and felt the Raptors would never be an elite team under the current MLSE structure with Peddie as Raptors president. Some fans raised money to fly a "Keep Vince, Trade Peddie" banner over the Air Canada Centre just before <mask>'s annual charity game. When Rob Babcock was questioned about the trade speculations, he denied <mask> asked for a trade but revealed <mask>'s agent had approached him with a trade request.On December 17, 2004, <mask> was dealt to the New Jersey Nets for Alonzo Mourning, Aaron Williams, Eric Williams and two first round draft picks. In his first game back in Toronto, on April 15, 2005, <mask> was heavily booed and jeered by Raptors fans; some fans burned <mask> jerseys, while many donned No. 15 baby bibs, 'FUVC' T-shirts, and other merchandise that labelled <mask> as "Wince" or as "immature", alluding to <mask>'s knee and ankle injuries and his dissent. <mask> would finish with 39 points in a 101–90 New Jersey victory. <mask> continued to receive similar treatment for years to come in the town that once embraced him. Despite this, he thrived on many occasions in Toronto as a Net. On January 8, 2006 after a missed free throw by the Raptors, <mask> hit a long three pointer at the other end with 0.1 seconds left to seal a 105–104 win to shock the Toronto crowd.Afterwards <mask>, who finished with 42 points, referred to it among his greatest shots ever saying "That's definitely number one. The atmosphere, the emotion, the hostility in the arena, it was a fun game." On November 21, 2008, <mask>'s late game heroics sent the game into overtime where he would hit another game winner doing so on an inbounds alley-oop dunk with 1.5 seconds left in a 129–127 victory. <mask> scored 39 points and regarding the continued booing he insisted he held no grudges to the fans "I know, deep down, that's just sports, that's the way it goes. I root for my team and I'm a terrible fan, also." In November 2011, <mask>, along with his cousin Tracy McGrady and Charles Oakley, addressed the Toronto audience in an interview on Off the Record with Michael Landsberg. When asked about being booed in Toronto, <mask> said, "They watched myself and Tracy grow up.And when we left they still got to see (us) flourish and become (who we are). For me, I looked at it as, a young child growing up into a grown man and moving on. And I get it. Leaving, hurt a lot of people. It hurt me because I tell you what... I accomplished a lot, I learned a lot, I became the person and player of who I am today because of that experience, through the coaches, players, and everything else. I get it... but regardless I still love the city.I have friends there and my heart is still there because that's where it all started." Later in the interview, when asked about any words to the Toronto fans, <mask> said, "I appreciate the fans and whether you cheer for me, boo me, or hate me, I still love you. Toronto's one of the best kept secrets... puts one of the best products on the floor and one of the top places to play in." On November 6, 2012, in an interview with TSN Radio 1050, <mask> reiterated his love for the city and his appreciation for the Toronto Raptors organization. The next day, Sam Mitchell and Rob Babcock revealed on Sportsnet 590, The Fan that the night before <mask> was traded to New Jersey, <mask> phoned Mitchell to express his desire to stay in Toronto and commit to their vision for the team. However, Babcock said it was too late and the trade had already been verbally agreed upon. Looking back on it, Mitchell feels he should have personally contacted the MLSE chairman, Larry Tanenbaum, but was reluctant because he did not want to break the chain of command.Raptors general manager Masai Ujiri referred to <mask> in April 2014 as "one of the symbols of the Toronto Raptors." To this day, <mask> remains the Raptors' all-time leader in points per game with 23.4, having amassed 9,420 points during his -year run in Toronto. On November 19, 2014, nearly a decade after the trade, as a part of the Raptors' 20th anniversary celebration, the team paid tribute to <mask> with a video montage during the first quarter of the Raptors–Grizzlies game. Leading up to the game, questions were raised about how Raptors fans would receive the planned video tribute. As the sellout crowd watched the video tribute featuring highlights of <mask>'s high-flying Raptors days, what began as the usual booing turned into an overwhelmingly positive standing ovation. An emotional <mask> used his warm-up shirt to wipe tears running down his face as he pointed to his heart and waved to the fans in appreciation. He later stated, "It was a great feeling, I couldn't write it any better."New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)
<mask> was acquired by the New Jersey Nets on December 17, 2004, playing five seasons for them before departing in June 2009. <mask> produced some of his highest numbers with the Nets, surpassing his 23.4 points per game with the Raptors to average 23.6 points per game over his tenure in New Jersey. He missed just 11 games in his four full seasons and helped lead the Nets to three straight playoff runs between 2005 and 2007. <mask> joined a Nets team with Jason Kidd and Richard Jefferson as the leading players. However, the trio never got to play together at full strength during the 2004–05 season. <mask> and Kidd carried a shallow roster on a 15–4 run to end the season to make the playoffs. In the 2005–06 season, the <mask> duo co-led the Nets to 49 wins, an Atlantic Division title, and the No.3 seed in the playoffs. <mask> helped lead the Nets to the second round of the playoffs before losing to the eventual NBA champions Miami Heat in five games. <mask> averaged 29.6 points, 7.0 rebounds and 5.3 assists in 11 playoff games. <mask> was named an Eastern Conference All-Star in 2006. On November 7, 2005, <mask> threw down a very memorable dunk against the Miami Heat, over defensive stalwart, Alonzo Mourning. On December 23, 2005, <mask> set an NBA record for the most free throws made in a quarter (4th quarter) with 16 against Miami. He tied his career-high of 51 points in the same game.In the 2006–07 season, <mask> was named as a reserve to the 2007 NBA All-Star Game, marking his eighth All-Star appearance. In a 120–114 overtime win over the Washington Wizards on April 7, 2007, <mask> and Kidd became the first teammates in over 18 years to record triple-doubles in the same game since the Chicago Bulls' Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen achieved this feat against the Los Angeles Clippers in 1989. <mask> finished with 46 points, a career-high 16 rebounds, and 10 assists. Kidd finished with 10 points, tied a career high with 16 rebounds, and tied a season high with 18 assists. <mask> finished the 2006–07 season playing all 82 games, averaging over 25 points with a 21 PER. In July 2007, <mask> re-signed with the Nets to a four-year, $61.8 million contract. During the 2007–08 season, Kidd was traded to the Dallas Mavericks.<mask> was credited for becoming a leader following the

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 All-Star break. He became captain of the Nets, and in 2008–09, he and teammate Devin Harris were the highest-scoring starting backcourt in the league. On November 21, 2008, <mask> scored a season-high 39 points, including a game winning two-handed reverse dunk, as the Nets battled back from an 18-point deficit to defeat the Toronto Raptors 129–127 in overtime at the Air Canada Centre. He hit a 29-foot, game tying three-pointer to send the game into overtime and then scored the winning basket in the extra period. On February 3, 2009, <mask> recorded his fifth career triple-double with 15 points, 12 assists and 10 rebounds in a 99–85 win over the Milwaukee Bucks. Orlando Magic (2009–2010)

On June 25, 2009, <mask> was traded, along with Ryan Anderson, to the Orlando Magic in exchange for Rafer Alston, Tony Battie and Courtney Lee. Orlando hoped <mask> would provide center Dwight Howard with a perimeter scorer who can create his own shot—something the Magic had lacked when they were defeated in the 2009 NBA Finals by the Los Angeles Lakers.On February 8, 2010, <mask> had a season-high 48 points, 34 in the second half, when the Magic rallied from a 17-point deficit to defeat the New Orleans Hornets 123–117. <mask> helped the Magic reach the Eastern Conference Finals, where they were defeated 4–2 by the Boston Celtics. This was the only time <mask> played in a conference finals series. Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)
On December 18, 2010, <mask> was acquired by the Phoenix Suns in a six-player trade with the Magic. On January 17, 2011, <mask> recorded 29 points and 12 rebounds in a 129–121 win over the New York Knicks. He reached 20,000 career points during the game, becoming the 37th NBA player to reach that plateau. On December 9, 2011, following the conclusion of the NBA lockout, <mask> was waived by the Suns, meaning the team only had to pay him $4 million of the $18 million he was due for the 2011–12 season.<mask> appeared in 51 games with 41 starts, averaging 13.5 points while shooting 42 percent. Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)
On December 12, 2011, <mask> signed a three-year contract with the defending NBA champion Dallas Mavericks. This move reunited <mask> with former Nets teammate Jason Kidd. On April 20, 2012, against the Golden State Warriors, <mask> became the eighth player in NBA history with 1,500 3-pointers when he made one in the closing minutes. While known early on in his career for his circus dunks, <mask> became known for his 3-point shooting with the Mavericks. On February 13, 2013, in a 123–100 win over the Sacramento Kings, <mask> scored 26 points to pass Larry Bird on the NBA's career scoring list, moving him into 29th place. <mask> turned aside a Sacramento rally in the third quarter by going 5 of 7 from long range and scoring 17 of Dallas' last 21 points in the period.He ended the night with 21,796 career points for 29th on the all-time list, five ahead of Bird. He also became the 11th NBA player with at least 1,600 3-pointers. He finished the season ranked 27th on the NBA's all-time scoring list with 22,223 career points. His 162 3-pointers tied his career high for 3s made in a season (162-of-397, .408, with Toronto in 2000–01). Over the course of the season, he advanced from 17th place to 11th place on the NBA's all-time 3-point field goals made list (passing Nick Van Exel, Tim Hardaway, Eddie Jones, Glen Rice, Jason Richardson and Kobe Bryant), finishing the year with 1,663 career 3-pointers. Prior to the 2013–14 season, <mask> established himself as the Mavericks' sixth man, after the departure of Jason Terry. He averaged just 10.5 points and shot 37.6% from the field during the first 22 games of the season due to increased responsibilities and pressure to be the team's lone scoring punch off of the bench.He saw his numbers improve in December, averaging 12.5 points and shooting 44.3% from the field during an 18-game stretch. On March 16, 2014, against the Oklahoma City Thunder, <mask> raised his career total to 23,010 points, becoming the 27th NBA player to pass the 23,000-point mark with a 3-pointer with 2:17 left in the third quarter. In Game 3 of the Mavericks' first-round playoff series against the San Antonio Spurs, <mask> drilled the game-winning 3-pointer with no time remaining on the clock to give the eighth-seeded Mavericks a 109–108 win and a 2–1 series edge over the top-seeded Spurs. The Mavericks went on to lose the series in seven games. Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)

2014–15 season
On July 12, 2014, <mask> signed a multi-year deal with the Memphis Grizzlies. On November 13, 2014, he made a game winning alley-oop assist from the sideline to teammate Courtney Lee at the buzzer to win the game 111–110 over the Sacramento Kings. On December 17, 2014, <mask> scored a season-high 18 points in a 117–116 triple overtime win over the San Antonio Spurs.<mask> moved into 25th in all-time NBA scoring during the game, passing Robert Parish (23,334). 2015–16 season
<mask> appeared in just one of the Grizzlies' first 12 games of the 2015–16 season. On February 24, 2016, with nine points scored against the Los Angeles Lakers, <mask> passed Charles Barkley (23,757) for 24th in career points scored. Two days later, he scored a season-high 19 points in a 112–95 win over the Lakers. For the latter half of April and the whole first round playoff series against the Spurs, <mask> was inserted in the starting lineup and played well. In Game 1 against the Spurs, <mask> scored a team-high 16 points in a 106–74 loss. The Grizzlies went on to lose the series in four games.After finishing second behind Tim Duncan in the 2014–15 season, <mask> was awarded with the Twyman–Stokes Teammate of the Year Award for the 2015–16 season. The award recognizes the player deemed the best teammate based on selfless play, on- and off-court leadership as a mentor and role model to other NBA players, and commitment and dedication to team. 2016–17 season
On November 1, 2016, <mask> played in his 1,278th NBA game, tying him with A. C. Green for 25th on the NBA's career list. He also became the 24th player in NBA history to surpass 24,000 career points. On November 8, he scored 20 points against the Denver Nuggets and became the oldest player in the NBA to post a 20-point game since Michael Jordan scored 25 for the Washington Wizards in April 2003, at age 40. It was also <mask>'s first 20-point game since April 30, 2014. On November 12, <mask> made seven field goals against the Milwaukee Bucks to pass Gary Payton (8,708) for 21st in NBA history.<mask> also passed Charles Oakley for 24th on the NBA's career games played list with 1,283. On November 14, in a win over the Utah Jazz, <mask> had his second 20-point game of the season, joining Michael Jordan and Patrick Ewing as the only players in NBA history to put up 20 points and 5+ rebounds off the bench at the age of 39, with <mask> being the oldest at 39 years and 287 days. <mask> missed seven games in early December with a right hip flexor strain. On January 11, <mask> hit his 1,989th career three-pointer to move ahead of Jason Kidd and into fifth on the all-time list. On February 1, in a game against the Denver Nuggets, <mask> hit his 2,000th career three-pointer, making him only the fifth player to ever reach that mark. On February 6 against San Antonio, <mask> joined Karl Malone, Dikembe Mutombo, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Robert Parish as the only 40-year-old players to record at least four blocks in a game. On February 15, in a game against the New Orleans Pelicans, <mask> passed Allen Iverson for 23rd on the NBA all-time scoring list.On March 13, <mask> made his first start of the season and made all eight of his shots, including six from beyond the arc, to score a season-high 24 points and lead the Grizzlies past the Milwaukee Bucks 113–93. He became the first 40-year-old in NBA history to hit six triples in one game. At 40 years, 46 days old, <mask> also became the oldest player to start an NBA game since Juwan Howard in April 2013. On March 29 against the Indiana Pacers, <mask> passed Ray Allen for 22nd on the NBA all-time scoring list. In the Grizzlies' regular-season finale on April 12 against the Dallas Mavericks, <mask> played in his 1,347th game and passed Kobe Bryant for 13th in regular-season games played. On April 22, <mask> became the first 40-year-old to make three or more 3-pointers in a playoff game during Game 4 of the Grizzlies' first-round series against the San Antonio Spurs. Sacramento Kings (2017–2018)

On July 10, 2017, <mask> signed a one-year, $8 million contract with the Sacramento Kings.On August 18, 2017, during the Players Voice Awards, <mask> was named by the NBA Players Association as the Most Influential Veteran. <mask> missed seven games early in the season with a kidney stone. On December 27, 2017, <mask> scored a season-high 24 points in a 109–95 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. It was the first time in NBA history that a 40-plus-year-old reserve scored at least 20 points in a game. He shot 10-of-12 from the field in 30 minutes off the bench, with his 83 percent shooting marking the second highest percentage of his career. On January 28, 2018 against the San Antonio Spurs, <mask> and Manu Ginóbili scored 21 and 15 points respectively; it was the first game in NBA history where two players over the age of 40 each scored at least 15 points. On March 19, 2018, in a 106–90 loss to the Detroit Pistons, <mask> had seven points to move past Patrick Ewing into 22nd place on the NBA's career scoring list.At the season's end, he was named the recipient of the NBPA's Backbone Award and Most Respected Award, as part of the Players Voice Awards. Atlanta Hawks (2018–2020)

2018–19 season
On August 24, 2018, <mask> signed with the Atlanta Hawks. In his debut for the Hawks on October 17, 2018, <mask> started at forward and scored 12 points in a 126–107 loss to the New York Knicks, becoming the second oldest player in NBA history to start a season opener at 41 years and 264 days old. Only Robert Parish (42 years and 65 days old) was an older opening-night NBA starter than <mask>. On November 21, he scored 14 points off the bench in a 124–108 loss to the Toronto Raptors, and became the 22nd player in NBA history to reach 25,000 career points. The milestone moment, which happened in the final seconds of the game, was made even more memorable for coming via a slam dunk and also for coming against his original team who joined in congratulating him on the court. On December 29, he scored an equal team-high 21 points in 111–108 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers.It was his first game with 20 points for Atlanta and became the oldest player in history to lead or tie for the team lead in scoring. He also became the oldest player in NBA history to score 20+ points at 41 years and 337 days old, breaking Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's record by 6 days. On February 7, 2019, against the Raptors, <mask> passed Jerry West for 21st on the NBA's all-time scoring list. On March 1, 2019, he logged the second-most minutes for the Hawks in a 168–161 quadruple-overtime loss to the Chicago Bulls. At 42, <mask> became the oldest player in NBA history to play at least 45 minutes in a game. On March 4, he scored 21 points, all on 3-pointers, in a 114–113 loss to the Miami Heat. He thus surpassed Reggie Miller for 20th on the all-time scoring list, passed Jamal Crawford for sixth on the all-time 3-point field goals made list, became the oldest player to shoot seven 3-pointers, and broke his own record of being the oldest player to score 20+ points in a game at 42 years old.On March 31, against the Milwaukee Bucks, <mask> passed Karl Malone for fifth place on the all-time games played list with his 1,477th game. 2019–20 season
In June 2019, <mask> stated that he was planning to retire at the end of the 2019-20 NBA season. On September 20, 2019, <mask> re-signed with the Hawks and played his first game on October 24, 2019, making his 22nd season official. Four of <mask>'s teammates were born after he was drafted in 1998. On December 10, 2019, he became the fifth player in NBA history to play at least 1,500 games. On January 4, 2020, during a 116–111 win over the Indiana Pacers, <mask> became the only player in NBA history to have played in four different decades. On January 22, 2020, <mask> moved past Alex English for 19th on the NBA all-time scoring list.On January 31, 2020, <mask> moved up to 3rd place in all-time NBA games played with 1,523 passing Dirk Nowitzki in the process. On March 11, 2020, against the New York Knicks, <mask> returned to the floor in the final seconds of the game, making a three-pointer in what would be his final game. The NBA suspended the season the same day due to the COVID-19 pandemic. <mask> officially announced his retirement from the NBA on June 25, 2020, over a month before the scheduled resumption of play on July 30, where the Hawks had not been invited to compete. National team career
<mask> played for head coach Kelvin Sampson on the United States men's national under-19 team at the 1995 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup in Athens. He and Samaki Walker tied for the team lead in blocks in the team's eight games. During the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, <mask> performed one of the most memorable dunks of his career when he jumped over  French center Frédéric Weis.Teammate Jason Kidd said "It was one of the best plays I've ever seen." The French media later dubbed it "le dunk de la mort" ("the Dunk of Death"). The U.S. team went on to win the gold medal that year and <mask> led the team with 14.8 points per game. <mask> admitted he channeled his frustrations in his personal life and Tracy McGrady leaving the Raptors before the Olympics. <mask> replaced Kobe Bryant on the USA roster for the 2003 FIBA Americas Tournament while Bryant was undergoing surgeries on his knee and shoulder. He wore Bryant's jersey number 8. Bryant was supposed to take his spot back in time for the 2004 Olympics, but would later withdraw due to allegations of sexual assault.<mask> was offered the Olympic spot but chose instead to take time off during the summer to rest and heal, as well as to get married. Other pursuits
<mask> opened a restaurant named for himself in Daytona Beach in 2010. His mother operated the restaurant. They sold it in January 2017 for $4.3 million (equivalent to $ million in ). <mask> signed a sponsorship deal with Puma prior to his first NBA season, and his first signature shoe, the Puma Vinsanity, was released. However <mask> broke his contract with Puma prematurely, citing the "shoes were hurting his feet" and played out the rest of the 1999-2000 NBA season in various brands. Prior to the 2000 Summer Olympics, <mask> signed with Nike as a 'signature athlete' and his first signature Nike Shox shoe, a Nike Shox BB4 PE, debuted and released publicly in 2000 to coincide with the Olympic games.Nike released five other signature Shox models bearing <mask>'s initials. During his final season, Nike commemorated <mask>'s 22 year NBA career by publicly re-releasing his first Nike signature shoe, the Shox BB4. On September 17, 2020, ESPN announced that <mask> had signed a multi-year contract with them, serving as an NBA and college basketball analyst. Awards and achievements
<mask> is the only player in NBA history to appear in a game in four different decades. He is one of six players in NBA history to average at least 20 points, 4 rebounds and 3 assists per game in 10 straight seasons. He is also one of six players in league history to record 24,000 points, 6,000 rebounds, 2,500 assists, 1,000 steals and 1,000 3-point field goals. Video game Barkley, Shut Up and Jam: Gaiden; <mask> has been turned into a cyborg by the evil terrorist organization B.L.O.O.D.M.O.S.E.S.Personal life
<mask> married Ellen Rucker, a chiropractor, in July 2004; the couple divorced in 2006. They have one daughter together. <mask> is now married to Sondi <mask>, an NASM trainer. They have a son and a daughter. <mask> has donated to his high school, Mainland High School, and he established charitable foundation, The Embassy of Hope, upon being drafted into the NBA in 1998. On February 3, 2007, a statue of <mask> was unveiled at Mainland. <mask> visited with the Duquesne University men's basketball team in Pittsburgh as a show of support after five of its players were shot in September 2006.<mask> is also the cousin of Tracy McGrady, who is a basketball player. They were teammates with the Raptors in 1998–2000. Both players were unaware of the relation until a family reunion in

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