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<mask> is the stage name of Dutch music DJ & producer Iason Chronis (born 17 January 1980). He had a number one on the UK Dance Chart in 2007 with his track "Exceeder". Exceeder had originally been an instrumental and had received a vinyl-only release in the UK in 2006. The new version of the track, "Perfect (Exceeder)", was a mashup with American rapper Princess Superstar's song "Perfect" and reached number 3 on the national British chart in January 2007. The track was a big hit in many countries worldwide. He also had chart success in 2011 with his song "Runaway", which was a modern version of "Runaway" by Eruption, and "Boadicea", featuring Róisín Murphy,  in 2016 with "Fashion Killa" (feat Stefflon Don), and with many club releases since. <mask> is the owner of the record label Animal Language.<mask> has released music on numerous electronic music labels, such as Island Records, Defected, Skint, Toolroom, Great Stuff Recordings and Fool's Gold Records, and remixed artists such as Moby, Steve Aoki, Hadouken!, Don Diablo, Mat Zo, 2Unlimited, Mylo, Metronomy , Tommy Trash, Martin Solveig, Robyn and Gabriella Cilmi. <mask> plays live shows as well as DJ sets and has performed at festivals such as Sensation White, Dance Valley, Tomorrowland, Nature One, Creamfields, Global Gathering and clubs such as Fabric, Ministry of Sound, Green Valley, Space Ibiza, Zouk, Octagon, Air and many others in more than 50 countries around the world. <mask> is the organiser behind several parties throughout the Netherlands, including the Animal Language Kafe Rave and Avondwinkel at Club Nyx in Amsterdam. He is also on the members board of Buma/Stemra. Biography
Iason Chronis was born in Amsterdam to a Dutch actress Adrienne Kleiweg and Greek sculptor Jorgos Chronis. Both his sisters have been TV actresses too. Chronis began learning the violin at age 6.In 1987, he sang in the eighth version of the Kinderen voor Kinderen choir and would continue to do so until the twelfth edition in 1991. In 1995, he started doing DJ performances, initially in and around Amsterdam but later abroad. In 1999, he took a four-year course in Music Composition and Performance, which he graduated with honours and for which he received an award from the Dutch Royal Family. He used his violin skills during his DJ sets between 1999 and 2005. During his world tour with Tiësto in 2004, he played the violin during a live performance of "Lethal Industry", as well as being Tiesto's warm up DJ. In 2006, Coen Berrier (born 17 April 1979) joined <mask> in the studio and during live shows, but left <mask> in spring 2014. Berrier has had earlier UK chart success with "Husan" by Bhangra Knights.In 2008, <mask> launched his own label Animal Language. In 2011, he released his debut album They Are Among Us, which featured collaborations with Róisín Murphy, DMC, Sam Sparro, Kurtis Blow and Aqualung. In 2014 the second <mask> album ZOA was released, featuring Jocelyn Brown, Zoot Woman, Rouge Mary (Hercules & Love Affair) among other featured artists. In 2015, his single "Papapapa" on Loulou Records reached the number 1 position on the online DJ store Beatport. In the same year, <mask> released his Nite Rite series, a collection of numbered Nite Rites, released on each full moon. Nite Rite Ten featured Danielle Moore from the UK indie band Crazy P on vocals. He also collaborated on releases with German house acts Moonbootica and Sharam Jey and remixed fellow Dutch acts Kraak & Smaak, Janne Schra and Arling & Cameron that year.In 2016, <mask> signed to Island Records and began work on material with US hip hop artist Azealia Banks. However, after racial and homophobic comments by her on Twitter, he ceased the collaboration and started to work with UK grime artist Stefflon Don, which led to the "Fashion Killa" single release, that reached a number 4 position on the UK dance chart. This song was also used for television ads for Boohoo.com, Deezer and America's Next Top Model. The song was widely supported on BBC Radio 1 and other UK national radio stations. He also mixed and compiled the Toolroom Miami Poolside album this year, which was released on Toolroom Records. In 2017, <mask> got signed to house label Defected Records, which released his single "Rhino", which got chosen as "hottest record in the world" on BBC Radio 1. He also collaborated with UK tech house producer Betoko and has remixed Sting and James Hype.Since 2018 <mask> released 'Dance Shake Move' via Skint/BMG records. This record got used for TV ads for brands like Colgate and Vodafone. He has also collaborated with Alex Clare the UK/US top 10 vocalist on Spinnin Records, released his second single for Island records featuring UK grime act The Manor as well as a collaboration with UK vocalist Jem Cooke and Shingai Shoniwa from The Noisettes. In 2019 he released '<mask> Remixed', a collection of his work remixed by artists such as Mike Mago, Junior Sanchez and Rex The Dog. In 2020 <mask> released his third artist album 'Frisky Biscuits' on Toolroom Records. Moonbootica"       (Animal Language)
"Nite Rite Two"     (Animal Language)
"Nite Rite Three"     (Animal Language)
"Papapapa"     (Loulou Records)
"Nite Rite Four"     (Animal Language)
"Diatonic / I Knocked For Days"     (Loulou Records)
"Nite Rite Five"     (Animal Language)
"Nite Rite Six"     (Animal Language)
"My Name Is feat. Sharam Jey "     (Bunny Tiger)
"Nite Rite Seven"     (Animal Language)
"Nite Rite Eight"     (Animal Language)
"Nite Rite Nine"     (Animal Language)

2016
"Bubblebath feat.Loulou Players"     (Loulou Records)
"Nite Rite Ten feat. Danielle Moore"     (Animal Language)
"Dance Bodies (feat. Plus Instruments)"     (Club Sweat)
"Do The Do"     (Toolroom)
"Wurrkit"      (Loulou Records)
"My Ritual / Let It Go"   (Animal Language)
"Fashion Killa"     (Island Records) UK)
"<mask> & Yolanda Be Cool - Xylophobia"   (Sweat It Out)
"Body Rock"   (Loulou Records)
"This Ain't No Disco EP"   (Bunny Tiger)
"Jigsaw"   (Bunny Tiger)
"Bubblebath feat. Loulou Players remixes"     (Loulou Records)
"I Like It"   (Animal Language)
"Live On Dreams"     (Kittball Records)

2017
"Everybody EP"     (Sweat It Out)
"Toucan"     (Animal Language)
"Rhino"     (Defected)
"Freaky Girlsss"     (Loulou Records)
"Mason & Betoko - Rumble In The Jungle / Amalia"     (Bunny Tiger)
"Chronology EP"     (Animal Language)

2018
"Take A Chance"     (Toolroom)
"Dance, Shake Move"     (Skint/BMG UK)
"Stop Start Slow Fast feat. The Manor"     (Island Records UK)
"Disruptor"     (Loulou Records)
"Reminders Of You" (featuring Alex Clare)    (Spinnin' Deep)

2019
"Banzai"     (Animal Language)
"Bang Bang"     (Animal Language)
"Drowning In Your Love feat. Jem Cooke"     (Another Rhythm)
"Amphibia EP"     (Reptile Dysfunction)
"Rhythm In My Brain"     (Toolroom)
"Take It Down feat Slang"     (Another Rhythm)
"Do I Look Ridiculous / Sparta"     (Loulou Records)

2020
"Mind Goes Off EP with DJ Glen"     (Animal Language)
"Nightwalker"     (Skint)
"Loosen Up"     (Toolroom)
"The Get Down"     (Toolroom)
"Drowning In Your Love feat. – Do The Clap (Mason Remix) (Discotexas)
 Jack Garratt – Worry (Mason Remix) (Island Records)
 Mat Zo – Sinful (Mason Remix) (Mad Zoo)
 Keljet ft. Holychild – What's Your Sign (Mason's Capricorn Remix) (Universal)
 Vanilla Ace & Neari – Watch Out Now (Mason's Favela Remix) (Mix Feed)
 Mighty Mi ft. Gran Puba – Shake With Me (Mason Remix) (Toolroom)
 Endor feat.Feral is Kinky – Fever (<mask> Remix) (Warner Music)
 Cowgum - We Love Amy (<mask> Remix)
 Falco Benz - Like Today (<mask> Remix)  (Magnetron Music)

2017
 James Hype - More Than Friends (<mask> Remix) (Warner UK)
 1Click featuring Sting - Running Down Again (<mask> Remix)
 Boy 8 Bit – Want You (<mask> Remix) (Eton Messy)
 Jean Bacarezza & Loulou Records – Get Up (<mask> Remix) (Bunny Tiger)

2018
 Beau Battant - Dance Alone (<mask> & Joost van Bellen Remix) (Drive In)
 Sharam Jey feat. Little Boots (<mask> Remix) (Bunny Tiger)

2020
 Girl Ray - Friend Like That (<mask> Moshi)
 Gettoblaster - Break Em Off (<mask> Remix)

References
General

http://www.musicofmason.com
https://www.facebook.com/musicofmason
https://www.twitter.com/musicofmason
https://soundcloud.com/musicofmason
https://www.youtube.com/user/MasonAnimalLanguage
https://www.instagram.com/musicofmason
https://www.discogs.com/artist/303220-<mask>
http://www.bigfishlittlefishmusic.com (<mask>'s manager)
http://www.amsbookings.com (<mask>'s booker)

Specific

Living people
Dutch dance musicians
Dutch house musicians
Dutch DJs
DJs from Amsterdam
Musicians from Amsterdam
1980 births

masks: Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Masonshi Mason Mason Mason Mason


type: original

texts:
<mask> (, ; c. 830 – 22 March 880) was a Frankish king of the Carolingian dynasty. He was the eldest son of Louis the German, king of East Francia, and Hemma, daughter of a Bavarian count. His father appointed him governor of Carantania in 856, and commander of southeastern frontier marches in 864. Upon his father's death in 876 he became King of Bavaria. He was appointed by King Louis II of Italy as his successor, but the Kingdom of Italy was taken by his uncle Charles the Bald in 875. Carloman only conquered it in 877. In 879 he was incapacitated, perhaps by a stroke, and abdicated his domains in favour of his younger brothers: Bavaria to Louis the Younger and Italy to Charles the Fat.Early life
Carloman's birth date is unknown, but was probably around 828 or 830. His naming can be connected to his father's push to rule Alemannia around the time of his father's assembly of Worms in 829. The first member of the Carolingian dynasty named Carloman had ruled Alemannia in 741–48, and subjugated it to the Franks. Carloman was old enough to participate in the civil war of 840–43, waged between his father and his uncles, Lothair and Charles the Bald. His first record public appearance is as the leader of an army of reinforcements from Bavaria and Alemannia which he brought to his father at Worms in 842. He subsequently led them in battle alongside his father and uncle (Charles the Bald) against his other uncle (Lothair). It was the beginning of a warlike career.Notker of Saint Gall, who bewailed the decline of the dynasty a generation later, called Carloman bellicosissimus (literally "most warlike", or in historian Eric Goldberg's words a "real ass-kicker"). In October 848, Carloman was present at his father's council in Regensburg, where the Slavic commander (dux) Pribina was rewarded for his service in defending the Bavarian frontier. In the charter confirming the grant, Carloman signed his name first among the secular magnates (after the ecclesiastics). In the 840s, Carloman had a liaison with Liutswind, daughter of the Bavarian count Ratolt and sister-in-law of Count Sigihard of the Kraichgau. This was Carloman's first politically independent action, and it confirms his close connexion to Bavaria. Around 850, Liutswind bore him a son, Arnulf. This name was chosen because it was distinctly dynastic (the founder of the Carolingian family was Bishop Arnulf of Metz), yet had never been used by a reigning king and was thus appropriate for an illegitimate eldest son.The choice of the name is the surest evidence that Liutswind and Carloman were not legally married. Around 860, Arnulf and his cousin, Hugh, the illegitimate son of Carloman's brother Louis, were both in Koblenz at the court of their grandfather, who was probably overseeing their military education and also holding them to ensure the good behaviour of their fathers. Guardian of the southeastern frontiers

In 856, Louis first associated Carloman with his rule by appointing him governor of Carantania. According to the Annales Fuldenses (863), he was given the title "prelate of the Carantanians" (). Since this was his first governorship, Louis did not give him rule over the entire March of Pannonia, with traditional seat of frontier governor (prefect) at Tulln. Instead, Carloman was given rule over the inner region (Carantania), in order do gain experience, and perhaps because his father wanted to keep him from trying to seize to much power. Gaining the first foothold of power in Carantania, Carloman moved to assume more prominent role in governorship over the frontier regions of his father's realm.Starting from 857, Carloman was occasional witnesses to his father's charters, and already in 858 he was appointed to lead a military expedition against the Great Moravia. In 861, Carloman came into conflict with several frontier commanders in southeastern regions, expelled them from their offices, and replaced them with his loyals. That move was made without his fathers consent, and by 862 an open conflict erupted, with Carloman siding with Rastislav of Moravia and taking control over all southeastern regions, advancing further into Bavaria, up to the river Inn. An attempted reconciliation and truce between father and son failed, and in 863 king Louis invaded his sons territory, forced Carloman into submission, and took him into custody. Replaced by count Gundachar, who was appointed governor of eastern marches by king Louis (863), prince Carloman remained in his father custody until 864, when he escaped and returned to Carantania. Welcomed by supporters, he assumed power in the province. At that time, king Louis was campaigning against Moravia, but ceased further operations and moved south, towards Carantania.Conflict was avoided by reconciliation. Father and son met and reached an agreement. Carloman submitted to his father and in return he was granted governorship over eastern marches. Carloman's letter to his father from 869 survives, describing conditions on the frontier. In 870, he succeeded in establishing Frankish domination over Great Moravia, through arrangement with Svatopluk, who captured his uncle Rastislav of Moravia, ruling prince of Moravia, and gave him over to Carloman. During the following Frankish invasion, Moravian archbishop Methodius was also captured and sent to Carloman. In 871, he managed to capture Svatopluk, thus establishing direct control over the entire principality, but soon decided to reinstall him, in order to pacify the country.That proved to be disastrous, since Svatopluk, as soon as reaching Moravia, turned against Carloman, inflicting severe losses on Frankish army. In 873, after several interventions of Pope John VIII, including those made to Carloman, a peace settlement was reached in Forchheim, between king Louis and envoys of Svatopluk, thus concluding the state of war on eastern borders. Division of Frankfurt
In order to prevent future dynastic conflicts, king Louis decided to regulate the position of his three sons within the government. In 865, an arrangement on the future succession was reached and promulgated in Frankfurt, thus becoming known as the Division of Frankfurt. Bavaria and southeastern marches were designated to Carloman, Saxony and Franconia to Louis the Younger, and Alamannia to Charles the Fat. Princes were to become rulers of designated domains only upon their father's death. None of them was given the title of a king during his father's lifetime, but their position within the state affairs was regulated in detail, with king Louis keeping all of the main prerogatives of royal power.At the same time, all of king's sons married into the local aristocracy of the regions marked out for them. Carloman married the daughter of a Bavarian military leader (dux) named Ernest, whom the Annales Bertiniani describe as "the greatest of all the king's great men". This marriage must have taken place before Ernest's disgrace and dismissal in 861, for Louis the German strongly disapproved of his second son's seeking a marriage with family that had likewise been disgraced in 858–59. By the 870s, according to the Annales Bertiniani, at the time being composed by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims, Carloman's mother, Emma, was encouraging her husband to favour Carloman over his brothers. This is the first recorded involvement of Emma in politics, and it may relate to Louis's illness during 869–70. On the other hand, historian Ernst Dümmler thought Carloman must have been a "mamma's boy" (Muttersöhnchen). Ruler of Italy

On 12 August 875, Louis II of Italy died and his kingdom was claimed by Louis the German for his sons Carloman and Charles and by Charles the Bald.Pope John VIII, dealing with the constant threat of raiders from Muslim Sicily, sided with Charles the Bald. Carloman led an army into Italy, where he granted a diploma to the monastery of San Clemente a Casauria, one of Louis II's most favored houses. In the diploma Carloman declared himself Louis's chosen successor. According to the Annales Fuldenses, Charles had to offer him "a huge sum in gold and silver and precious stones" to get him to leave Italy. On 28 August 876, Louis died and his sons became kings in their allotted kingdoms. On 6 October 877, Charles the Bald died and later that month Carloman succeeded in having himself elected King of Italy by the nobles assembled in Pavia. The lure of Italy was "the looting which was apparently acceptable when a king first took over a kingdom", providing rewards that could be shared out among followers and more than offset the cost of raising an army and crossing the Alps.Carloman was one of only two Carolingian kings of Italy—his brother and successor Charles being the other—who did not issue a capitulary at the beginning of his reign in order to proclaim his legitimacy and affirm his keeping to traditions of good government. In Italy, Carloman confirmed his predecessor's act that made bishops permanent missi dominici (royal representatives) in their dioceses. He added to the new regulation by expanding the jurisdiction of individual bishops to gain their loyalty. His grant to Bishop Wibod of Parma of the districtio, or temporal authority in the district outside the city walls, was the first grant of its kind to a bishop. By the time of Carloman's death, the confirmation of a predecessor's concessions to the episcopate and the negotiating of new ones in exchange for support had become an Italian tradition. In 876, Charles had granted Pope John jurisdictional rights in the duchies of Spoleto and Camerino. After his succession, Carloman supported the dukes, Lambert I and Guy III, who had always claimed the rights as royal representatives which Charles had offered the pope.In 879, Carloman donated land to the monastery of Santa Cristina by the royal palace at Olona. Although the monastery was reportedly built during the eighth century, the first record of its dedication to Cristina is found in Carloman's charter. In a letter of 7 June 879, Pope John, having failed to convince Louis the Stammerer, Charles the Bald's heir, to come to Italy for its defence, appealed to <mask>, whom he had previously rejected. It was too late; by then <mask> was incapacitated. Shortly before his abdication, he granted a complex of estates around Olona to the church of San Sisto, which had been founded by Queen Engelberga in Piacenza. In Italy, Carloman had denarii (pennies) minted at Milan and Pavia. Those minted at Milan generally bore the inscription CARLOMAN REX, while those of Pavia bore HCARLEMANNVS RE.All had a stylised temple on one side. Carloman did not issue coinage in Bavaria. Ruler of Bavaria

In Bavaria, Carloman re-founded the palace and monastery at Ötting. He dedicated it to the Virgin Mary and "numerous other saints whose relics we were able to collect with God's help". He appointed his father's friend, the linguistic scholar Baldo, as his chancellor. In 878, he may have been the object of an assassination attempt. According to the Annales Iuvavenses, the king "was surrounded by Count Ermenpert and some of his soldiers" at Ergolding, but the count apparently fled to West Francia, where he was received by Louis the Stammerer.Carloman groomed his illegitimate son Arnulf for the succession in Bavaria. In a charter issued at Regensburg, he called him "regal son" (filius regalis), a term similar to "the king's son" (filius regis), which was the standard title of a legitimate royal son. This policy had supporters, like Abbot Regino of Prüm and the monks of Saint Gall, but also detractors, who appealed to Carloman's brother Louis. In early 879, Carloman was incapacitated by illness, perhaps a stroke. Louis came to Bavaria to receive the recognition of the aristocracy as future king. By Easter he had left, and Arnulf took control of the kingdom in his father's name. He dismissed some prominent counts, who appealed to Louis to restore them.Carloman tried to legitimise Arnulf's actions by adding his son's name to the prayer provisions of his charters, but in November Louis came to Bavaria to force a resolution of the succession. He restored the deposed counts and Carloman formally abdicated his Bavarian throne to his brother. He also placed Arnulf under Louis's protection. His brother Charles dated his reign in Italy from November 879, so presumably Carloman abdicated that kingdom at the same time as Bavaria. Illness and death
Regarding Carloman's condition, the Annales Fuldenses (879) record that he lost his voice, but was still able to communicate by writing. Regino of Prüm, writing in his chronicle for the year 880, recalls that he was "erudite in letters" (litteris eruditus), which meant he could write Latin. Regino's entire encomium on Carloman goes:
That most excellent king was learned in letters, devoted to the Christian religion, just, peaceful, and morally upright.The beauty of his body was exceptional, and his physical strength was a wonder to behold. He possessed a very warlike spirit. He waged numerous wars against the Slavic kingdoms with his father, and even more without him. He always returned the victor in triumph and expanded the borders of his empire with glorious iron. He was mild to his own men and a living terror to his enemies. He was charming in speech, humble, and endowed with great cleverness for managing the business of the realm. He was so skilled that he was the very embodiment of royal majesty.Most sources place <mask>'s death in March 880, but the Annales Iuvavenses place it on 21 September. He was buried in the chapel of his palace at Ötting. <mask> left one illegitimate son, Arnulf, who continued as margrave of Carinthia during the reigns of Carloman's brothers, but in 887 became king of East Francia and in 896 emperor. Notes

Sources

830 births
880 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
9th-century kings of Italy
9th-century kings of East Francia
9th-century dukes of Bavaria
Kings of Bavaria
Frankish warriors
Carolingian dynasty
Carantania

masks: Carloman Carloman Carloman Carloman Carloman


texts:
<mask> (born July 16, 1952) is an Italian rock singer, songwriter, guitarist and keyboardist. Life
<mask> was born in Milan, Italy, on July 16, 1952, in a musical family: his father Enzo was an Italian music sound engineer and his mother Eloise an American opera singer; at age six Finardi made his first record, Palloncino Rosso Fuoco, a children song. Finardi became part of a thriving music scene in Milan in the late 1960s. Rooted in the blues, classic rock and roll and the hippy counter-culture, he was active in the left-wing youth movement of those years. In 1969 he formed his first rock band The Tiger. Soon he started playing with Alberto Camerini, a singer and guitarist born in Brazil, who a few years later would be instrumental in introducing American and British new wave and techno-pop to Italian pop music. Together they even emulated the US film Easy Rider by travelling on motorbikes from Milan to Amsterdam.The scene Finardi became part of included among others bands like Area and Stormy Six, Claudio Rocchi and female singer-songwriter Donatella Bardi. Finardi made a living by day teaching English, in which he was fluent because of his American mother, and as a musician by night, as singer, guitarist and piano-player. After forming the band Il Pacco with Camerini, Finardi recorded a single in English in 1973, Spacey Stacey/Hard Rock Honey for Numero Uno, the first Italian independent record label started by singer-songwriter Lucio Battisti and his writing partner Mogol, who had a long string of Italian and international hits under their belts, and who had introduced in Italian Pop music different styles from the US and the UK, from the Rock music of Bob Dylan, The Beatles and The Rolling Stones, to Blues and Soul. Finardi's single went largely unnoticed. Early career, the 1970s
Thanks to his friendship with the band Area and their singer Demetrio Stratos, in 1974 Finardi signed with the label Cramps, run by Gianni Sassi. 1975 saw the release of his first album Non Gettate Alcun Oggetto Dal Finestrino. The album was a mixture of the style of Italian singer-songwriters and Rock'n'Roll.Camerini on guitar, Lucio Fabbri on violin, Walter Calloni on drums were among the musicians who played on the record, which included a Rock version of traditional Italian protest folk-song Saluteremo Il Signor Padrone, and original songs by Finardi – one, Taking It Easy, in English – with social commentary about metropolitan alienation, against the compulsory national service in the Italian army, and political prisoners. The album was influenced by both progressive rock, which was extremely popular in Italy, and Hippie idealism. Finardi became known from playing at Milan's alternative Festival in Parco Lambro in 1976, introducing a Rock sound to the Italian genre of singer-songwriters who were often politically involved, and mostly somewhat derivative of Folk Rock, the early protest songs of Bob Dylan, and of the American West-Coast music of artists like Neil Young. Finardi looked to the more electric and up-tempo sound of Rock&Roll and The Rolling Stones, and his sound was also often influenced by Jazz Rock fusion, thanks to Area members Patrizio Fariselli and Ares Tavolazzi, and bass-player Hugh Bullen. Years of lead
<mask>'s sound and style became a success in 1976, with his second album  Sugo, and his third Diesel in 1977. The first included the counter-cultural youth anthem Musica Ribelle, and the hymn to pirate radio-stations La Radio; the second the love ballad Non e' Nel Cuore, which were all released as singles. <mask>, who had started performing live often on his own with an acoustic guitar and sitting down, was now touring with a four or five-piece Rock band.His introduction of Rock'n'Roll in the genre of socially and politically aware Italian singer-songwriters was what made Finardi stand out and endeared him to the counter-cultural youth of late 1970s Italy, which in 1976–78 was in the midst of political upheaval and almost civil war, with the occupations of factories, universities and high-schools, demonstrations which ended in pitched battles with the police – often with fatal casualties – and the rise of political movements like Autonomia, the Indiani Metropolitani and terrorist groups like the Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse). This eventful period of Italian contemporary history is known as the Anni di piombo (Years Of Lead) and also as the era of the Movimento '77, the youth movement for which 1977 was a pivotal year, somewhat an Italian equivalent of the Punk Rock upheaval in the US and Great Britain. The dramatic and eventful climate of the period was the result of the so-called Strategy of tension (Strategia della tensione): the confrontation between youth counter-culture and left-wing activists against an Italian government perceived as reactionary, repressive, corrupt, unstable, manoeuvred by the US, which disseminated disinformation and engaged in false-flag terror attacks blamed on the left to establish a more authoritarian regime. <mask> was a notable counter-cultural and musical protagonist of these years, with songs like "La C.I.A." about the American Secret Services' involvement in Italian politics, "Soldi" about consumerism, "Giai Phong" about the Vietnam War, "Scuola" about the education system, "Tutto Subito" about the confrontational street demos of Autonomia, and "Scimmia" which chronicled <mask>'s past heroin addiction and subsequent self-detoxification through 'cold turkey', a particularly relevant song for touching upon a subject that would become a growing social problem in Italy starting in the following decade, the 1980s. Songs like "Voglio" and "Oggi Ho Imparato A Volare" were optimistic hymns for the revolutionary youth of the Italian left, and "Diesel" celebrated both Finardi's life on the road as a musician and the life of everyday working-class Italians. Finardi started to make his transition from this turbulent period of Italian history and its cultural landscape with the album Blitz and single Extraterrestre in 1978, and Roccando Rollando (Rocking and Rolling) in 1979, which contained Legalizzatela, his song-manifesto for the legalization of cannabis.Other significant hits were Patrizia, and the bitter-sweet ballad Le Ragazze Di Osaka in 1981. From the 1980s to the present
Since then <mask> has lived periodically abroad, in London, UK, and in the United States. He has appeared at the Mecca of Italian commercial Pop music, the annual musical contest of the Sanremo Festival, which would have been unthinkable in the counter-cultural climate of the 1970s. Through many different collaborations, he has released regular albums: among them one made entirely of songs with English lyrics, Secret Streets in 1982; the live album  (1984), Dolce Italia (1987), the entirely acoustic  in 1993, for which he toured in the same 'unplugged' mode, the re-reading of songs from his back catalogue Cinquantanni in 2002, his exploration of spirituality Il Silenzio e Lo Spirito in 2003, and a return to his youthful love for the Blues with the album Anima Blues in 2005. <mask> <mask>'s most recent works have a large audience, as proven by the success of the album Un Uomo (2007), a compilation of a 30 years long career, celebrated also in the show Suono in Italian theatres – and released also on DVD – in which Finardi tells his story through a series of monologues. His last work Il Cantante Al Microfono saw him accompanied by a classical music sextet. <mask> <mask>'s albums from the 1970s are considered classics of Italian Rock, and he remains one of Italy's most successful and influential Rock singers and musicians.In 2012 he again entered the music competition of the Sanremo Music Festival with the song E tu lo chiami Dio. Discography

Albums
 Non gettate alcun oggetto dal finestrino (1975)
 Sugo (1976)
 Diesel (1977)
 Blitz (1978)
 Roccando rollando (1979)
 Finardi (1981)
 Secret streets (1982)
 Dal Blu (1983)
  (Live, 1984)
 Colpi di fulmine (1985)
 Dolce Italia (1987)
 Il vento di Elora (1989)
 La forza dell'amore (collection of remastered songs, plus 2 previously unreleased songs, 1990)
 Millennio (1991)
 Musica Desideria (1992)
  (1993)
 Occhi (1996)
 Accadueo (1998; re-released in 1999 with one 1 bonus track)
 La forza dell'amore 2 (2001)
 Cinquantanni (2002)
 Il silenzio e lo spirito (2003)
 Anima blues (2005)
 Un uomo (2007)
 Un Cantante Al Microfono (2008)
 Sessanta (2012)

Singles
 Spacey Stacey/Hard Rock Honey (1973)
 Soldi/Voglio (1975)
 Musica ribelle/La radio (1976)
 Non è nel cuore/Giai Phong (1977)
 E tu lo chiami Dio (2012)

References

External links
Official website

1952 births
Living people
Singers from Milan
Italian male singers
American people of Italian descent
Italian people of American descent

masks:
Eugenio Finardi
Eugenio Finardi
Finardi
Finardi
Finardi
Finardi
Finardi
Eugenio
Finardi
Eugenio
Finardi


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<mask>  (born December 28, 1943) is a Canadian former politician who served as the 20th premier of Ontario from 1985 to 1990. He was the first Liberal officeholder in 42 years, ending the so-called Tory dynasty. <mask> was born in Toronto, Ontario, to <mask> (1913–2009) and Laura Marie Scott (1913–2015), and has two siblings, former MPP <mask> and former MP <mask>. His parents were both born in Saskatchewan. His father was born to Norwegian immigrant farmers who had previously homesteaded in North Dakota. <mask> joined the newly-formed Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and was present at the conference where it adopted the Regina Manifesto. Looking for work during the Great Depression, he moved to Ontario and in 1936 was living in Toronto, where he found a job as a salesman with Union Carbide.The job eventually took him to London, Ontario where he worked for the company for several years before establishing a wholesale electronics business, C.M. Peterson Co. Ltd, in 1944. He was elected to city council as an alderman in the early 1950s and joined the Ontario Liberal Party, running as its candidate in the 1955 Ontario general election in London North, losing to future premier John Robarts, and ran again as a federal Liberal candidate in 1963 in London. <mask> grew up in London and earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Western Ontario in political science and philosophy and his law degree from the University of Toronto. He was called to the bar in 1969. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1980 and later was appointed to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada in 1992 on advice from Brian Mulroney. At the age of twenty-six, he became president of C.M.Peterson Company Limited, a wholesale electronics firm founded by his father. He holds four Honorary degrees including a doctor of laws from the University of Western Ontario and is a knight of the Order of the Legion of Honour of France and a member of the Order of La Pléiade. In 2009, he became a member of the Order of Ontario. <mask> married actress Shelley Matthews in 1974 and they have since raised three children. He is the younger brother of <mask>, formerly a federal Liberal MP and cabinet minister. Both his sister-in-law Deb Matthews and <mask>, a third brother, were elected to the Ontario legislature in the 2003 provincial election while Deb Matthews was re-elected in 2007, 2011 and 2014. <mask> was elected as the Liberal Member of Provincial Parliament for London Centre in the 1975 provincial election.Less than one year later, he campaigned for the leadership of the party following Robert Nixon's resignation. Despite his inexperience, <mask> nevertheless came within 45 votes of defeating Stuart Smith on the third and final ballot of a delegated convention held on January 25, 1976. Smith presented an image of an articulate intellectual who some delegates said reminded them of Pierre Trudeau while <mask> came across as similar to then Premier Bill Davis. Convention delegates also thought that <mask>, at 31 years old, was too young and his convention address which he later characterized as the "worst speech in modern political history" came across as stilted and over rehearsed. <mask> was re-elected in the provincial elections of 1977 and 1981. He ran for the Liberal leadership a second time after Smith resigned in 1982. The convention was held on February 21, 1982.This time his convention speech was better. Although not very inspiring, it was viewed as 'statesmanlike' and effective. He won on the second ballot defeating the more left-leaning Sheila Copps with 55% of the vote. In his acceptance speech <mask> said that he would move party to the 'vibrant middle, the radical centre', and stressed economic growth as a way to increase support for social services. Observers from the other parties felt he was trying to move the Liberal party more to the right, away from values that Smith promoted. Liberal leader
<mask> worked to pay off the party's debt from the 1981 election and accomplished that by the end of the year and was working on long-term debt. <mask> performed well as opposition leader and was popular in the press.The party started to use him as a label rather than 'Liberal' referring to '<mask>'s Ontario'. A by-election loss to the NDP was attributed to dislike of Federal Liberals. In 1984, a Liberal backbencher, J. Earl McEwen crossed the floor to join the Tories. Polling in late 1984 showed <mask>'s Liberals consistently trailing behind the Progressive Conservatives. Premier Davis still polled as the most popular leader. <mask>'s fortunes improved when Davis retired as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party in early 1985. His successor, Frank Miller, took the party further to the right, and was unable to convince the electorate of his leadership abilities.Though Miller's Tories began the election in 1985 with a significant lead, <mask>'s Liberals gradually increased their support throughout the campaign. To the surprise of many, <mask> won a narrow plurality of the popular vote. However, at the time rural areas were still slightly over represented in the Legislative Assembly. As a result, the Liberals won 48 seats, while the Progressive Conservatives 52 which was enough for a minority government. Shortly after the election, NDP leader Bob Rae called <mask> to negotiate. Rae also initiated talks with Premier Miller but the talks with the Liberals proved more fruitful. Rae and <mask> signed a "Liberal-NDP Accord" in which the NDP agreed to support a Liberal government in office for two years.The Liberals, in turn, agreed to implement some policies favoured by the NDP. Rae wanted to have a coalition with representation in cabinet but <mask> indicated that he would not accept a coalition. Premier of Ontario

Leadership style
The Liberals and NDP defeated Miller's government on June 18, 1985, on a motion of no confidence on the speech from the throne. <mask> was sworn in as Premier of Ontario eight days later. <mask>'s top three cabinet ministers were Robert Nixon as Treasurer, Sean Conway, and Ian Scott as Attorney General. After the expiration of the Liberal-NDP Accord in 1987, the Liberals called another provincial election, and won the second-largest majority government in Ontario's history, taking 95 seats out of 130, at the expense of the NDP and the Progressive Conservatives who dropped to third place in the legislature. <mask>'s Liberal party, regarded as a challenger in 1985, was seen by the end of the 1980s as a "juggernaut that became arrogant and didn’t listen to its critics".As the PC and NDP opposition parties were weakened after the 1987 election, it fell to the media and other special interest groups (particularly teachers’ unions and environmental groups) who were criticizing the Ontario government at a level not seen with past administrations. Domestic policy

<mask>'s government introduced several pieces of progressive legislation. It eliminated "extra billing" by doctors, brought in pay equity provisions, and reformed the province's rent review and labour negotiation laws. His government also brought in pension reform, expanded housing construction, and resolved a long-standing provincial controversy by honouring the Davis Tories promise to extend full funding to Catholic secondary schools. <mask> was also a vocal opponent of free trade with the United States in 1988. His administration was less activist in its later years, though it still introduced progressive measures on environmental protection, eliminated health insurance premiums, and brought in no-fault automobile insurance for the province. <mask>'s prominent role in creating and promoting the "Meech Lake" constitutional accord gained criticism from some.While initially popular, this attempt at revising Canada's constitution proved extremely divisive in most of English-speaking Canada. Many believed that it gave too many concessions to Quebec, while others believed that it weakened the federal government's authority in relation to the provinces. <mask>'s continued support for the accord, in the face of increased opposition, damaged his personal popularity in Ontario. The accord was not endorsed by Manitoba and Newfoundland, and did not pass. <mask> and the Liberals also faced controversy over the Patti Starr affair. Starr, a prominent Liberal fundraiser, was found to have improperly diverted money from a land development scheme and charitable organizations to the provincial Liberal Party. Several Liberal cabinet members were recipients of her largesse including Health Minister Elinor Caplan, Transportation Minister Ed Fulton and Revenue Minister Bernard Grandmaitre.She was eventually sentenced to six months' jail time. Although no-one in <mask>'s administration was accused of criminal activity, the scandal eroded public confidence in the integrity of the government. Polls showed that more than half of respondents felt that <mask> had poorly handled the matter and 61% felt that it revealed widespread corruption in the government. Fiscal policy

The <mask> administration also developed a reputation for fiscal prudence, under the management of Treasurer Robert Nixon. The Liberal government was able to introduce a balanced budget for 1989–90 following several years of deficit spending in Ontario, at a time when deficit spending was commonplace in most of North America. In the  early 1990s recession, Ontario faced a weakening North American economy. Productivity levels were falling throughout the United States and Canada during this period.While there was little that <mask>, or any other Ontario Premier, could have done to prevent this downturn, it weakened his government's reputation for fiscal competence. (Indeed, the government's projected surplus budget for 1990–91 ultimately yielded a deficit of at least three billion dollars.) <mask> "was getting a ton of advice to call an early snap election after less than three years" and "pundits warned <mask> he certainly didn’t want to call an election in 1991, in the middle of a deep recession". Defeat in the 1990 provincial election
Notwithstanding all of this, <mask>'s Liberal Party still retained a comfortable lead over the Progressive Conservatives and NDP in mid-1990 public opinion polls, as their party leaders Mike Harris and Bob Rae, respectively, were not expected to be strong challengers. The PC Party was broke after the 1987 election, and anticipating an early election call they held their leadership contest in May 1990 with a membership vote instead of a delegated convention, they still struggled due to newly minted leader Harris's inexperience as well as an association with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's growing unpopularity. The NDP having never won an Ontario election and Official Opposition leader Bob Rae was considering retiring from the legislature after one more term. As a result, <mask> decided to call a snap election, less than three years into his mandate.This proved to be his greatest mistake. During the first week of the campaign, then-attorney general Ian Scott, claimed that 'while the voters might be cranky at the moment, they ultimately would hold their noses and re-elect the Liberals. After all, he added, “They’re not going to vote for Mike Harris, and what are they going to do — vote NDP?”' However many voters saw the early election as a mark of arrogance, and a sign that <mask>'s Liberals had become detached from the electorate. There was no defining issue behind the campaign, and many believed that <mask> was simply trying to win re-election before the economic downturn reached its worst phase. Some Liberal cabinet ministers, most notably Greg Sorbara and Jim Bradley, were strongly opposed to the early election call. Sean Conway, a member of <mask>'s inner circle, would later acknowledge that most backbench MPPs also opposed the timing of the campaign. At the time the writ was dropped, the Liberals stood at 50% support in the polls.<mask>'s personal popularity rating based on his Meech Lake record was 54%. However, his luck turned immediately upon calling the election. One of the seminal moments in the campaign was at a press conference called to announce the forthcoming election. <mask> justified the early writ claiming "especially after the failure of the Meech Lake Accord, Ontario faced 'profound changes in this country and the world' and that he needed to protect the province in the event of a national-unity crisis", while denying "that he was being an opportunist and trying to capitalize on polling results that put Liberal support at 50 per cent". It was soon interrupted by Greenpeace activist Gord Perks, who arrived with a briefcase handcuffed to his arm, with a tape recorder inside playing a pre-recorded list of broken Liberal environmental promises. <mask> sat in front of the room full of reporters, awkwardly silent and clearly uncomfortable. Disappointed by high expectations as well as perceiving that the PC and NDP parties would not be strong opposition, groups representing various interests (such as teachers, doctors, and environmentalists), came out against <mask> on television, radio, in print, and at Liberal campaign events, despite the Liberals having worked cooperatively with these special interest groups prior to the election call.Protesters would follow the Premier throughout the campaign, and often received considerable media coverage. The media reported the election call as cynical, and the party appeared desperate when they unexpectedly proposed to cut the provincial sales tax halfway through the campaign. It did not help that the provincial election campaign was being run in the aftermath of the failed Meech Lake constitutional accord of Brian Mulroney's federal government, with which <mask> had significant media exposure in association with the other first ministers. <mask> felt that the Liberals’ fading poll numbers "reflected greater anxieties about the world and that the party had failed to successfully communicate his government’s accomplishments"; by contrast the NDP's hastily assembled platform called "Agenda for People" managed to escape heavy scrutiny due to their underdog status. As the NDP gained momentum, the Liberals panicked as "candidates removed <mask> from their campaign materials" while Treasurer Robert Nixon proposed a cut to the sales tax. The Liberal campaign slogan shifted from “Effective leadership for a strong Ontario” to “Warning: An NDP government will be hazardous to your health.” Toronto Sun columnist Michael Bennett summed up the divergent fortunes of the Liberals and NDP as campaign progressed, writing “As <mask> became more strident, Rae assumed an almost statesman-like attitude. He’d used up most of the venom early in the campaign.Now he didn’t need it.”

On September 5, 1990, the NDP scored one of the greatest upsets in Canadian political history, taking 74 seats for a strong majority government. Due to the nature of the first-past-the-post system as well as numerous fringe parties contesting this election, one third of NDP seats were won with less than 40 per cent of the vote. While the NDP only outpolled the Liberals by a narrow six-point margin, they managed to unseat many Liberal incumbents in the Greater Toronto Area. The Liberal caucus was decimated as they plunged from 95 seats to 36, at the time their worst showing ever. The 59-seat loss surpassed the 48-seat loss in 1943 that began the Tories' long rule over the province. This was also the second-worst defeat for a governing party in Ontario. <mask> lost his own seat, having been resoundingly defeated by NDP candidate Marion Boyd in London Centre by over 8,200 votes.The loss ended <mask>'s political career. He announced his resignation as Liberal leader on the night of the election. <mask>'s 1990 snap election has been compared to Alberta Premier Jim Prentice's 2015 snap election, drawing numerous parallels in polling, mid-campaign policy reversals, the impact of the leaders' televised debate, and the resulting defeat of the incumbent government. Overall voters in their respective provinces "saw these two premiers as people who put the interests of his party ahead of the interests of the public. The decision to call an early election helped to reinforce this belief". Post provincial politics
<mask> has continued to organize and fund-raise for the federal and Ontario provincial Liberals. In May 2005, he played the central role in persuading Belinda Stronach, a federal Conservative MP, to cross the floor to the ruling Liberal Party, days before a crucial confidence motion on the federal budget of Paul Martin's Liberal minority government.The defection proved critical to the survival of Martin's government, with the final outcome of the budget vote 153–152 in favour of the government. After Martin resigned the party leadership in the wake of the Liberal defeat in the 2006 election, <mask> planned to support former New Brunswick Premier Frank McKenna who chose ultimately not to run. <mask> then backed Michael Ignatieff, criticizing former political opponent Bob Rae's entry into the race due to the latter's record as provincial premier. <mask> insisted he did not hold a personal grudge against Rae. After politics
Since 2003, <mask> has been contracted by the federal government to be its chief negotiator in talks with the government of the Northwest Territories and aboriginal leaders to transfer federal powers over lands and resources. <mask> served as Chancellor of the University of Toronto for two terms from July 1, 2006 until June 30, 2012. In September 2013, <mask> was appointed chair of the Toronto 2015 Pan American Games Organizing Committee.In 2015, he was sued for alleged sexual harassment of a 34-year-old female Pan Am games manager Ximena Morris. <mask> denied any wrongdoing. The case was dismissed with Morris apologising for the lawsuit but not the allegations. <mask> was the founding chairman of the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association, and was a member of Toronto's Olympics Bid Committee. Since leaving politics, he has been a professor at York University in Toronto, a senior partner and chairman of the Toronto law firm Cassels, Brock & Blackwell LLP and has been director or member of several charitable, cultural, and environmental organizations. He is or has been a member on several corporate boards, being particularly associated with Rogers Communications where he has been a director since 1991. In 2006, <mask> was named to the board of Shoppers Drug Mart at the time of the firm's acquisition by Loblaws.In his legal practice he provides international advice to a wide range of clients about public policy issues and government affairs in Canada. In 1999, <mask> was at the centre of controversy due to his membership on the board of YBM Magnex, a firm which was discovered to have links to the Russian mafia. <mask> maintained that he was unaware of illegal activities at the company, and referred to the accusations against him as "guilt by association". A subsequent investigation by the Ontario Securities Commission found that <mask>'s actions met "the legal test of due diligence", but expressed disappointment that he had not shown more leadership on the board. A 2004 report from The Globe and Mail newspaper noted that <mask> was chastened by this experience, and had become "a cautious and more conscientious director" since that time. The same article further claimed that he has "no influence outside of Toronto". On May 26, 2020, a group of Toronto investors known as NordStar Capital, announced a proposal to acquire TorStar Corporation the parent company of the Toronto Star, for C$52-million.<mask> was announced as part of the NordStar team. The bid was later improved to $60 million and was approved by courts and shareholders by early August. <mask> will take a senior advisory role at the Toronto Star as vice-chair of the board of directors. References

External links

 <mask> fonds, Archives of Ontario

1943 births
Canadian Queen's Counsel
Canadian university and college chancellors
Chancellors of the University of Toronto
Commanders of the Order of St John
Lawyers in Ontario
Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party
Living people
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
Members of the United Church of Canada
Members of the Executive Council of Ontario
Members of the Order of Ontario
Politicians from London, Ontario
Politicians from Toronto
Premiers of Ontario
Rogers Communications
University of Western Ontario alumni
University of Toronto Faculty of Law alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians
Canadian people of Norwegian descent

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David Robert Peterson
Background Peterson
Clarence Marwin Peterson
Tim Peterson
Jim Peterson
Clarence Peterson
David Peterson
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Jim Peterson
Tim Peterson
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<mask> (born 18 October 1942) is an English-Australian writer and illustrator of children's books. He has had over 70 works published and also draws pictures for jigsaw puzzles. In 2004, <mask> was awarded the Aurealis Award in the children's long fiction category for his novel How to Live Forever. Early life and careers
<mask> was born on 18 October 1942 in Ealing, then in Middlesex and now in west London, United Kingdom. His mother changed his surname to <mask> when she remarried in 1953. <mask> states that he only met his father once, when he was nineteen. <mask> attended boarding school in Yorkshire and later a grammar school in West London.<mask> studied art for two years at college in Ealing and Hammersmith, where he met his first wife. He worked as a silk-screen printer and a graphic designer for a while, before attending London Film School and working on documentaries for the BBC. After a divorce, he married a second time and after living briefly in Mallorca in 1968, moved to the Outer Hebrides. He and his wife set up a business as ceramicists, continuing the profession after moving to Cumbria in 1975. <mask> has one daughter from his first marriage and two from his second. He moved to Australia in 1995 and gained Australian citizenship. In 1999 he married Anne, an Australian librarian who had arranged for him to visit a Sydney school.Writing and illustration career
<mask>'s career as a writer and illustrator began quite late in his life. He first took black-and-white illustrations to a publisher in 1990, assuming a story would be written by someone else to go with his images. He was, however, instructed to write the story himself and re-do his illustrations in colour. His first picture book was published in 1991. As of 2015, he has had over 70 books published. Many of them are books for children and are self-illustrated. He has also published a few series of novels for pre-teens and young adults.<mask>er and cross stitch kits by GeckoRouge. Awards
<mask>'s first literary recognition came in 1995 when Ruby was awarded the English 4–11 Picture Book Award by the English Association. In 1999 Staircase Cat was shortlisted in the picture book category for the Children's Book of the Year Award by the Children's Book Council of Australia. In the following years, <mask> had success in this category four more times, winning the award for best picture book in 2006 with The Short and Incredibly Happy Life of Riley. His titles that were finalists in other years are The Violin Man, Dust, and The Big Little Book of Happy Sadness, in 2004, 2008, and 2009 respectively. In 2004, <mask>'s novel How to Live Forever was awarded the Aurealis Award in the children's long fiction category. The Floods Family Files was a finalist in the best graphic novel category in 2008.<mask> was added to the International Board on Books for Young People honour list in 2002 for his illustrations in Falling Angels. Castles was awarded the Hampshire Illustrated Book Award in 2007.

masks:
Colin Edward Thompson
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<mask>,  (March 14, 1932 – December 4, 2007), also known as Copper Thunderbird, was an Indigenous Canadian artist from the Bingwi Neyaashi Anishinaabek First Nation. Known as the "Picasso of the North", <mask> created works depicting the legends of his people, the cultural and political tensions between native Canadian and European traditions, his existential struggles, and his deep spirituality and mysticism. His style is characterized by thick black outlines and bright colors. He founded the Woodlands School of Canadian art and was a prominent member of the “Indian Group of Seven”. Biography
An Anishinaabe, <mask> was born March 14, 1932, on the Sand Point Ojibwe reserve near Beardmore, Ontario. His full name is <mask>, but he signs his work using the Cree syllabics writing ᐅᓵᐚᐱᐦᑯᐱᓀᐦᓯ (Ozaawaabiko-binesi, unpointed: ᐅᓴᐘᐱᑯᐱᓀᓯ, "Copper/Brass [Thunder]Bird"), as his pen-name for his Anishnaabe name ᒥᐢᒁᐱᐦᐠ ᐊᓂᒥᐦᑮ (Miskwaabik Animikii, unpointed: ᒥᐢᑿᐱᐠ ᐊᓂᒥᑭ, "Copper Thunderbird"). In accordance with Anishnaabe tradition, he was raised by his maternal grandparents.His grandfather, Moses Potan Nanakonagos, a shaman, taught him the traditions and legends of his people. His grandmother, Grace Theresa Potan Nanakonagos, was a devout Catholic and from her he learned the tenets of Christianity. The contrast between these two religious traditions became an important factor in his intellectual and artistic development. At the age of six, <mask> was sent to a Catholic residential school, where students were educated in the European tradition, native culture was suppressed, and the use of native language was forbidden. After two years he returned home and started attending a local community school. At the age of 19, he became very sick. He was taken to a doctor but his health kept deteriorating.Fearing for his life, his mother called a medicine-woman who performed a renaming ceremony: she gave him the new name Copper Thunderbird. According to Anishnaabe tradition, giving a powerful name to a dying person can give them new energy and save their lives. <mask> recovered after the ceremony and from then on always signed his works with his new name. When he started painting, he was discouraged from sharing traditional stories and images outside of the First Nation, but he decided to break this taboo. <mask> contracted tuberculosis in 1956 and was sent to Fort William Sanatorium to recover. There he met his future wife Harriet Kakegamic with whom he had seven children, Victoria, Michael, Peter, David, Lisa, Eugene, and Christian. After being invited by Ontario Provincial Police Constable, Robert Sheppard, to meet the artist, the anthropologist Selwyn Dewdney became an early advocate of <mask>'s and was very interested in <mask>'s deep knowledge of native culture and myth.Dewdney was the first to take his art to a wider public. Jack Pollock, a Toronto art dealer, helped expose <mask>'s art to a wider audience in the 1960s. The two initially met in 1962 while Pollock was teaching a painting workshop in Beardmore. As Pollock did not drive, Susan Ross whom <mask> had met in 1961  and Sheila Burnford drove Pollock to visit <mask> at his home to view more of his works. Struck by the genius of <mask>'s art, he immediately organized an exhibition of his work at his Toronto gallery. One of <mask>'s early commissions was for a large mural in the Indians of Canada Pavilion at Expo 67, a revolutionary exhibit voicing the dissatisfaction of the First Nations People of Canada with their social and political situation. In 1972, <mask> was caught in a hotel fire in Vancouver and suffered serious burns.On that occasion, he had a vision of Jesus encouraging him to be a role model through his art. He converted to the apostolic faith and started introducing Christian themes in his art. A year later he was arrested for drunk and disorderly behaviour and was incarcerated for his own protection. He was assigned an extra cell as a studio and was allowed to attend a nearby church. <mask> was the founder of a Canadian-originated school of art called Woodland or sometimes Legend or Medicine painting. His work is influential on a group of younger Ojibwe and Cree artists, such as Blake Debassige, Benjamin Chee Chee, and Leland Bell. His influence on the Woodland school of artists was recognized in 1984 by the Art Gallery of Ontario exhibit <mask> <mask> and the Emergence of the Image Makers.He spent his youth in remote isolation in northern Ontario, near Thunder Bay, where his artistic style developed without the usual influences of other artist's imagery. As the sole originator of his "Woodland" style he has become an inspiration to three generations of artists. In 1978, <mask> was made a Member of the Order of Canada. He was a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. As <mask>'s health began to decline as a result of Parkinson's disease and a stroke in 1994, he was cared for by his adopted family Gabe and Michelle Vadas. In 2005 and 2006, the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa organized a retrospective of his work. This was the first time that the Gallery dedicated a solo exposition to a native artist.In the final months of his life, the artist used a wheelchair and lived in a residence in Nanaimo, British Columbia. He was unable to paint due to his poor health. He died of cardiac arrest—complications arising from Parkinson's disease on December 4, 2007 in Toronto General Hospital. He was buried after a private ceremony in Northern Ontario next to the grave of his former wife, Harriet, on Anishinaabe land. The National Arts Centre, urban ink co-production, Copper Thunderbird, premiered on the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network (APTN) on Monday, February 4, 2008. <mask> <mask> was honoured with a posthumous Lifetime Achievement Award during the NAAF Awards show in 2008. Style

<mask> was a self-taught artist.He developed his own techniques and artistic vocabulary that captured ancient legends and images that came to him in visions or dreams. He was originally criticized by the native community because his images disclosed traditional spiritual knowledge. Initially he painted on any material that he could find, especially birchbark, and also moose hide. Dewdney encouraged him to use earth-tone colors and traditional material, which he thought were appropriate to <mask>'s native style. The subjects of his art in the early period were myths and traditions of the Anishnaabe people. He is acknowledged to have initiated the Woodland School of native art, where images similar to the petroglyphs of the Great Lakes region were now captured in paintings and prints. His later style changed: he used more standard material and the colors became progressively brighter, eventually obtaining a neon-like brilliance.The themes also moved from traditional myth to depicting his own personal struggles. He also produced art depicting Christian subjects: during his incarceration, he attended a local church where he was struck by the beauty of the images on stained-glass windows. Some of his paintings, like Indian Jesus Christ, imitate that style and represent characters from the Bible with native features. After he joined the new age religion Eckankar in 1976, he started representing on canvas its mystical beliefs. <mask>, who was bisexual, also produced erotic works featuring sexuality between male figures and between male and female figures. Most of these works are now held in private collections. Other works explored Indigenous conceptions of gender fluidity, such as his massive work Androgyny (1983), which was formerly exhibited at Rideau Hall.The cover art for the Bruce Cockburn album Dancing in the Dragon's Jaws is a painting by <mask> <mask>. Fakes and forgeries

The prevalence of fakes and forgeries was of deep concern to <mask>, particularly during his later years, and he actively sought to remove these from the marketplace. In 2005, <mask> established the Norval Morrisseau Heritage Society (NMHS). The Society is currently compiling a database of <mask> <mask> paintings to discredit many prevalent Morrisseau forgeries. This committee, not affiliated with any commercial gallery or art dealer, comprises highly respected members of the academic, legal and Aboriginal communities working on a volunteer basis. It is charged with creating a complete catalogue raisonné of <mask> <mask> artwork. The NMHS is currently researching Morrisseau art, provenance and materials and techniques in order to complete the task assigned to them by the artist.The NMHS continue their work and in 2008, were in Red Lake, Ontario to research additional information and art by the artist. The Art Dealers Association of Canada (ADAC) issued the following directive in the Winter 2007 newsletter to their membership: "The Art Dealers Association of Canada is enacting a rule and regulation that no certificates of authenticity will be issued by any members of ADAC with respect to any works or purported works by <mask> <mask> and that the Norval Morrisseau Heritage Society is the sole authority for the authentication of works by <mask> <mask>." ADAC also revoked the membership of a dealer who failed to comply with this directive. <mask> also engaged in more direct intervention, identifying fake and forged works available for sale, particularly those purported to be painted by him in the so-called "70s style". He wrote to galleries and made sworn declarations identifying items being sold as "fakes and imitations". More than ten sworn declarations  were directed to at least seven dealers and galleries during 1993–2007, requesting that fake and forged works be removed or destroyed. These dealers were the Artworld of Sherway, Gallery Sunami, Maslak McLeod Gallery, Bearclaw Gallery, Gary Bruce Thacky (AKA Gary Lamont of Thunder Bay, Ontario) and Randy Potter Estate Auctions.Building on <mask>’s efforts, for the last 20 years, the battle to stop the proliferation of fakes has waged. Lawyers, doctors, <mask>’s friends, apprentice and estate, as well as leading native art scholars, government workers and many others, including musician Kevin Hearn of the Barenaked Ladies, have tried to help in <mask>’s battle by exposing the existence of a fraud ring manufacturing fake <mask> paintings. The 2019 documentary film There Are No Fakes, directed by Jamie Kastner, helped to bring this issue into the public view. Recently in 2019, after hearing testimony from people inside the fraud ring itself, the Ontario Superior and Appeal courts recognized the existence of that fraud. The courts also found that the Maslak-McLeod Gallery, a vendor of works attributed to <mask>, had acted fraudulently. :

“The (previous lower court) trial judge erred in failing to find that the Gallery’s provision of a valid provenance statement was a term of the purchase and a warranty, not mere puffery,” the new appeal decision states. Mr. McLeod’s assertion that the painting was genuine was only matched by his elusiveness in demonstrating that fact, which can only be explained as deliberate,” said the appeal panel.“With respect to the provenance statement, Mr. McLeod made a false representation, either knowing that it was false and without an honest belief in its truth, or he made the statement recklessly without caring whether it was true or false, with the intent that Mr. Hearn would rely upon it, which he did, to his personal loss.”
Gallery owner Joseph McLeod is no longer alive; McLeod’s estate has been ordered to pay Hearn $50,000 for breach of contract and breach of the Sale of Goods Act, plus punitive damages of $10,000." The debate concerning the authenticity of the "70s paintings" commonly found in the marketplace, continues with ongoing litigation. Law enforcement have launched an active investigation into the <mask> Morrisseau art fraud as confirmed by the National Post:

"However, police in Thunder Bay say they have now launched a criminal investigation into a possible art fraud ring involving <mask> paintings. Spokesman Scott Paradis said Friday investigators are “not prepared to speak about potential suspects or persons of interest.” "The criminal investigation is one of several major developments to take place after what’s shown in the film, which ends with the outcome of the lawsuit." <mask> <mask>: Life & Work. Toronto: Art Canada Institute, 2016. <mask> <mask>, Legends of my People, The Great Ojibway, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Toronto, 1977,
 Jack Pollock, Lister Sinclair, "The Art of <mask> Morrisseau", Methuen & Co., USA, 1979, .<mask> <mask>, Donald C. Robinson, Travels to the House of Invention, Key Porter Books Ltd, Canada, 1997, . Basil H. Johnston, The Art of <mask> <mask>, The Writings of Basil H. Johnston, The Glenbow Museum, Calgary, 1999. <mask> <mask>, Donald C. Robinson, Return to the House of Invention, Key Porter Books Ltd, Canada, 2005, . Greg Hill, <mask> <mask>: Shaman Artist, Douglas & McIntyre, Canada, 2006, . Marie Clements, "Copper Thunderbird", Talonbooks, Canada, 2007, . External links
 Boston Globe Obituary: <mask> <mask>, was native artist of Canada
 Canadian Encyclopedia
Life and Work by Carmen Robertson (Art Canada Institute)
 There Are No Fakes: A Documentary by Jamie Kastner
Paul and Mary Okanski fonds at the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
Nancy Robinson Villarroel fonds at the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario

1932 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Ontario
Members of the Order of Canada
Ojibwe people
People from Thunder Bay District
First Nations painters
Artists from Ontario
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
20th-century First Nations painters
Woodlands style
Indspire Awards
LGBT artists from Canada
LGBT First Nations people
Canadian male painters
20th-century LGBT people

masks:
Norval Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Jean Baptiste Norman Henry Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau


texts:
<mask> (15 October 1824 – 20 July 1909), full name <mask>, was a Danish physician and malacologist. He worked in Copenhagen. As a doctor his speciality was sexually transmitted diseases. In Copenhagen a hospital and a street are named after him. <mask> was also an active malacologist, i.e. a zoologist who studies molluscs, in particular the nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropods. He had well over 90 publications in this field and took part in a scientific expedition to Indonesia.He named and described numerous species of nudibranchs. Biography
<mask> was born in Copenhagen. His father was chief physician in the army Ludvig Anton Berg (1793–1853). His mother was Anne Sophie Kirstine (maiden name Pedersen). <mask> graduated from the Det von Westenske Institut in 1842, and received his medical degree in 1849. Dr. <mask> became an attending physician at what was then Almindeligt Hospital, the general hospital in Amaliegade, Copenhagen, in 1863. He worked in the department of skin diseases and venereal diseases.In 1886, he moved from there to Vestre Hospital, where he worked until 1903. <mask> died in 1909. One year after his death, Vestre Hospital was renamed Rudolph Bergh Hospital in honor of his memory. At that hospital, anyone who wished to could be tested for sexually transmitted diseases, and get advice on safe sex and birth control without any change and while retaining their anonymity. In 2000, some of these functions were transferred to Bispebjerg Hospital. There is a bust of <mask> in Copenhagen, in front of the eponymous "Rudolph Bergh's Hospital", on Tietgensgade. The bust was a gift from his colleagues and stood for years in his home.After his death <mask>'s widow donated it to the hospital. <mask> was awarded a knighthood of the Third Class Order (Ridder af Dannebrog) of Order of the Dannebrog and also the Dannebrogordenens Hæderstegn (Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog). In Copenhagen there is a street named in honor of him: <mask> Gade (in English: <mask>'s Street) in Ydre Østerbro. His son <mask> <mask> (September 22, 1859 - December 7, 1924) was a zoologist and a composer. As a physician
His medical specialization was sexually transmitted diseases. Among the many texts that <mask> wrote was About Tattoos in the public woman, which was published in the Hospital Journal in 1891. The work is about connections between prostitution, crime and tattoos.The article seems antiquated today and should not be taken as the sole expression of <mask>h great efforts to improve public health and in particular reduce the harmful effects of sexually transmitted diseases. <mask> was also one of the editors of the hospital magazine Hospitalstidende, where he published nearly all of his over 50 medical articles. Bergh R. (1891). "Om Tatoveringer hos de offentlige Fruentimmer". (in English: About Tattoos in the public woman) Særtryk af "Hospitals-Tidende". Copenhagen. As a zoologist
<mask> started to study molluscs when he was nearly 30, probably under the influence of Japetus Steenstrup, a Danish biologist who was 11 years older than he was and who was a professor of zoology at the University of Copenhagen.He wrote reports of the Challenger expedition (1884) and the Albatross expedition (1894). He took part in the examination of species that were collected during the "Siboga Expedition". Bergh became the world's leading expert on nudibranchs. He wrote his main malacological works as well as over 90 malacological articles and papers. Among other notable works are his work about the anatomy of the radula of the genus Conus (1896). His malacological drawing are considered to be "excellent". He was mainly anatomist and reached great progress in systematics based on anatomy of nervous system and of reproductive system of gastropods.Bergh was very active in naming and describing species of nudibranchs and other sea slugs. The species he named include:
 Armina semperi (Bergh, 1861)
 Chromodoris annae Bergh, 1877
 Chromodoris dalli (Bergh, 1879)
 Chromodoris elisabethina (Bergh, 1877)
 Chromodoris morchii Bergh, 1879
 Chromodoris punctilucens Bergh, 1890
 Thuridilla lineolata Bergh, 1905
 Phyllodesmium briareum (Bergh, 1896)
 Phyllodesmium longicirrum (Bergh, 1905)

The nudibranch genus Berghia was named after him by Salvatore Trinchese in 1877. His colleague and friend was German ethnologist and animal ecologist Carl Semper. See also
 Paul Mayer (zoologist)
 Jean Paul Louis Pelseneer
 Mattheus Marinus Schepman
 Edgar Albert Smith

Bibliography
  Bergh R. (1858). Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Coniden. Nova Acta der Ksl. Leop.-Carol.Deutschen Akademie der Naturforschen, Halle. Band 65, number 2, 214 pp., 13 tables. <mask> R. (1870). Malacologische Untersuchungen. In: C.G. Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen, Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Band 2, Heft 1: 1-30, Pls.1-8. <mask> L. S. R. (1877). Malacologische Untersuchungen. In: Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen von Dr. Carl Gottfried Semper. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Band 2, Theil 2, Heft 11, pp.429–494, pls. 54-57. Bergh L. S. R. (1879). Neue Chromodoriden. Malakozool. Blatt, N. E 1 : 87-116; pt. 3 (31 March 1879)
 Bergh L. S. R. (1879).On the nudibranchiate gasteropod Mollusca of the North Pacific Ocean, with special reference to those of Alaska. Part I. Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philadelphia 31: 71-132; pl. 1-8 (10 May 1879)
 Bergh L. S. R. (1879). On the nudibranchiate gasteropod Mollusca of the North Pacific Ocean, with special reference to those of Alaska.Part 1. Sci. Results Explor. Alaska 1: 127-188; pl. 9-16
 Bergh L. S. R. (1879). Gattungen nordische Doriden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 45(1): 340-369, pl.19. <mask> L. S. R. (1880). On the nudibranchiate gasteropod Mollusca of the North Pacific Ocean, with special reference to those of Alaska. Part 2. Sci. Results Explor. Alaska 2: 189-276; pl.1-8 (10 May 1879)
 Bergh, L. S. R.  (1881). Malacologische Untersuchungen. In: Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen von Dr. Carl Gottfried Semper. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Band 2, Theil 4, Heft 2, pp. 79–128, pls.G, H, J-L.
 <mask>, R. (1890). "Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877-78) and in the Caribbean Sea (1879-80), by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer “Blake”, Lieut.-Commander C. D. Sigsbee, U.S.N., and Commander J. R. Bartlett, U.S.N., commanding. Report on the nudibranchs". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 19(3): 155-181, 3 pls. <mask>, L. S. R.  (1892). Malacologische Untersuchungen. In: Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen von Dr. Carl Gottfried Semper.Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Band 2, Theil 3, Heft 18, pp. 995–1165. <mask>, R. (1898). Die Opisthobranchier der Sammlung Plate. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Supplement 4(3): 481-582, pl.28-33. <mask>, R. (1905). Die Opisthobranchia. Siboga Expedition Monograph 50: 1-248. Plates 1-20. <mask>, R. (1908). The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa.Marine investigations in South Africa. Cape Town. 5: 1-144. including 14 plates. (From the Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society 12.) References
This article incorporates Creative Commons (CC-BY-SA) text from Danish Wikipedia from 5 January 2010. Further reading
 Petersen J. & Colin J.(1888). "<mask>, Ludvig Sophus Rudolf, f. 1824". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, tillige omfattende Norge for tidsrummet 1537-1814, Kjøbenhavn. 2: 113-115. Dall W. H. (1909). "<mask> Sophus <mask>". Science 30(766): 304.Vayssière A. (1910). "Nécrologie. <mask>". Journal de Conchyliologie 58(1): 110-119. (include portrait and signature)
 Winckworth R. (1946). "On <mask>’s Malacologische Untersuchungen".Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 27(1): 20-22. Burn R. (1978). "Publication dates of <mask>’s 1879 papers describing American chromodorids". The Veliger 20(3): 198-299. Jensen K. R. (2006). "The type collection of specimens described by <mask> and housed in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen". 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Malacological Society, Abstracts and Program: 52.(abstract)

External links

 A list of those of his publications which include Western Atlantic sea slugs

Danish venereologists
Danish malacologists

1824 births
1909 deaths

masks:
Rudolph Bergh
Ludvig Sophus Rudolph Bergh
Bergh
Rudolph Bergh
Bergh
Rudolph Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Rudolph Berghs
Rudolph Bergh
Rudolph Sophus
Bergh
Rudolph Bergh
Rudolph Berg
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Ludwig Rudolph
Bergh
Rudolph Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Rudolf Bergh


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<mask> (born January 13, 1968) is an American academic of Indian descent. She was appointed the first-ever Special Representative to Muslim Communities in June 2009 by Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton. The position was made specifically for her after she briefed Secretary Clinton about her work in the Bush Administration. She had the rare distinction of being a political appointee for two Republican presidents and President Obama. When she was the Special Representative she traveled to almost 100 countries. After serving under both Secretaries Clinton and John Kerry, she left government. She said she came to Washington after 9/11 again and wanted to serve – she left after more than a decade in public service.She worked at USAID and then went to the National Security Council and then the U.S. Department of State. When she left in 2014, she returned to her home state of Massachusetts. <mask> Pandith is a senior fellow with the Future of Diplomacy Project at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School. Before that she had been a Spring fellow at the Institute of Politics. Right after leaving government she began working with the London-based Institute for Strategic Dialogue from outside of government. She is currently the Head of Strategy for ISD. She is an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations.Book
<mask> Pandith is the author of How We Win: How Cutting-Edge Entrepreneurs, Political Visionaries, Enlightened Business Leaders and Social Media Mavens Can Defeat the Extremist Threat. In, How We Win, she explains how government, the private sector, and civil society can help Muslim youth solve their identity crisis and in turn build a safer, more stable world. She introduces a concept called open power, which she defines as the ability to solve critical human challenges through peer-to-peer exploration, collaboration and ownership. She has received a lot of praise for How We Win. Career
As the first-ever Special Representative to Muslim Communities, <mask> Pandith was responsible for engaging with Muslims around the world both organizationally and individually. Reporting directly to the Secretary of State, Ms. Pandith traveled to nearly one hundred countries and launched youth-focused initiatives. In January 2013, she was awarded the Secretary's Distinguished Honor Award.Prior to her appointment as Special Representative, <mask> <mask> was senior advisor to the assistant secretary of state for European and Eurasian Affairs at the U.S. Department of State. From December 2004 to February 2007, Ms. Pandith served on the National Security Council staff as the director for Middle East Regional Initiatives. She re-entered government after the attacks on September 11, 2001, to serve as chief of staff of the Bureau for Asia and the Near East for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). In 2004, she spent two months in Afghanistan developing a public outreach strategy. She also served at USAID from 1990–1993 on the administrator's staff and as the special assistant to the director of policy. From 1997 to 2003, Ms. <mask> was Vice President of International Business for ML Strategies, LLC in Boston, Massachusetts, and served as a Commissioner on Governor Paul A. Cellucci's bi-partisan Asian Advisory Commission. <mask> <mask> has also consulted for organizations in the public, private, and non-profit sectors and has served in leadership positions on several boards with a focus on international affairs, women's empowerment, education, and cultural diplomacy.She sits on several boards including on the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy's Board of Advisors. She was a member of Secretary Jeh Johnson's Homeland Security Advisory Council where she chaired its task force on countering violent extremism from 2015-2017. Their task force report in 2016 presented a 50 state CVE plan to protect the homeland. From 2017, she also served as a Commissioner and Strategic Advisor on the Center for Strategic and International Studies CVE Commission. Tony Blair and Leon Panetta were the chairs of the commission. The final report is called Turning Point. Education
<mask> Pandith received a master's degree from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, where she specialized in International Security Studies, Islamic Civilizations and Southwest Asia, and International Negotiation and Conflict Resolution.She received an A.B. in Government and Psychology from Smith College, where she was president of the student body. She was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Mount Saint Mary's University in 2017 and an honorary Doctor of Laws from Tufts University in 2018. Farrah graduated from Milton Academy located in Milton, MA in 1986. Awards
<mask> <mask> is the recipient of many awards, including the Smith College Medal and the National Campus Leadership Council's Presidential Legacy Award. She has also been the recipient of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts Ring of Tolerance, the Tufts University Alumni Distinguished Achievement Award, the University of Massachusetts Lowell Public Service Award, the NDTV Profit Award for Excellence in International Governance, and a RUMI Peace and Dialogue Award for Extraordinary Commitment to Public Service. <mask> <mask> was named one of Boston Magazine’s top ‘Thinkers’ in 2014 and one of Washingtonian’s 100 Most Powerful Women in 2011.Media
<mask> Pandith appears regularly in the print and television media. She wrote a piece for the Washington Post in 2017 on how to fix democracy, advocating for a “Marshall Plan” type of program called the "National Civic Plan." She has been featured on CBS News, NPR, PBS, MSNBC, Bloomberg, CNN, The Cipher Brief, The Boston Globe, New York Times, Washington Post, among others. Personal life
<mask> <mask> was born in Srinagar, India, and was raised in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. She divides her time between Washington, D.C.; London; and Cambridge, Massachusetts. References

External links

 <mask> Pandith Website

Indian people
American diplomats
Obama administration personnel
Living people
1968 births
Smith College alumni
The Fletcher School at Tufts University alumni
People from Srinagar
Milton Academy alumni
American politicians of Indian descent

masks:
Farah Pandith
Farah
Farah
Farah
Farah
Pandith
Pandith
Farah
Pandith
Farah
Farah
Pandith
Farah
Pandith
Farah
Farah
Pandith
Farah


texts:
<mask> (; 18 August 1916 – 25 January 2018) was a Romanian historian, essayist, philosopher, journalist, novelist, and diplomat. Biography

Early life
A native of Bucharest, he was descended from an aristocratic Aromanian family. His father, Marcel, a graduate of the Technical University of Berlin and a captain in the Romanian Royal Army's Engineer Corps, died of the Spanish flu in 1918; his mother, Tinca, was the last descendant of the Grădișteanu family of boyar origins (according to Djuvara, she was related to all boyar families in Wallachia). Djuvara's uncles Trandafir and <mask> were notable public figures. <mask> was born during World War I; as an infant, he was taken by his family into refuge in Iași after the occupation of southern Romania by the Central Powers, and then, through Imperial Russia, into Belgium, where <mask> was Minister Plenipotentiary. He attended lycée in Nice, France, and graduated in Letters (1937) and Law (1940) from the University of Paris (his Law thesis dealt with the antisemitic legislation passed by the governments of King Carol II in Romania). <mask> later stated that, at the time, his political sympathies veered towards the far right: he became a supporter of the Romanian fascist movement, the Iron Guard, and took part in the February 1934 riot against the French Radical-Socialist government of Édouard Daladier.During World War II, he returned to Romania, where he married and fathered a daughter. He joined the Romanian Armed Forces and was stationed in Ploiești under the Iron Guard's National Legionary government. Following the establishment of Ion Antonescu's dictatorship and the start of Operation Barbarossa (see Romania during World War II), as an officer cadet, he fought on the Eastern Front, saw action in Bassarabia and Transnistria, before being wounded in the arm during the Battle of Odessa (1941). He stated that he gave up his interest in the far right after a 1943 dialog with fellow diplomat Victor Rădulescu-Pogoneanu, who convinced Djuvara to become "a supporter of parliamentary democracy". Diplomat
Subsequently, <mask> decided to apply for office in the diplomatic corps, won the competition, and was sent by Foreign Minister Mihai Antonescu as a diplomatic courier to Sweden, on the very day Ion Antonescu was toppled by a coup d'état and Romania pulled out of the Axis Powers to join the Allies (August 23, 1944). In this capacity, he was instructed to communicate to the Romanian Ambassador in Stockholm, Frederic Nanu, that he was to ask the Soviet representative Alexandra Kollontai whether earlier terms advanced by Joseph Stalin in regard to peace with Romania were still valid (Nanu was also told not to inform the Western Allies of these talks). Speaking in retrospect, he argued against claims made by Nanu, according to which Ion Antonescu had thus indicated his willingness to step down and hand leadership of Romania to King Mihai I.According to Djuvara, the last Soviet offer for Antonescu made only minor concessions – the entire country was to be occupied by the Red Army, with the exception of a random western county (to function as a provisional administrative center), and 15 days were given to the Romanian government to reach an armistice with Nazi Germany (<mask> considered this latter expectation particularly unrealistic, as it involved Germany consciously abandoning Romanian territory to its enemy). Furthermore, Djuvara indicated, "Neither I nor Nanu were mandated to sign any document, to launch into any peace process". Appointed Legation Secretary in Stockholm by the Constantin Sănătescu executive, <mask> was dismissed by the new Romanian Communist Party officials upon Ana Pauker's appointment as Foreign Minister (1947). Exile
Having been implicated in absentia in the series of show trials inaugurated in the wake of Communist Romania by the Tămădău Affair, accused of being a spy, he decided to remain abroad. He left for Paris and was subsequently involved in advocacy of anti-communist political causes and the rallying of exiled intellectuals. Briefly employed by the International Refugee Organization, <mask> became involved with the body of Romanian exiles, the Romanian National Committee, and helped organize American-assisted drops of voluntary paratroopers in support of the Romanian anti-communist resistance (most of whom were captured by the Securitate). He renounced his position by 1951, and subsequently worked for the exile magazine Casa Românească.In 1961, he settled in Niger, serving as an adviser for the country's Foreign Ministry (extending a two-year contract until 1984), and was a professor of International Law and Economic History at the University of Niamey. Djuvara was an acquaintance of President Hamani Diori, and notably accompanied him on official duty to Addis Ababa, attending the opening session of the Organisation of African Unity (1963). Having already begun to further his studies of Philosophy in Paris, he received a Sorbonne doctorat d'État in the Philosophy of history (with the thesis Civilisations et lois historiques, guided by Raymond Aron). He was later awarded a diploma in Philology from INALCO. After 1984, he returned to Europe, resuming his activities with Casa Românească and other Romanian cultural institutions in exile. <mask> was an active contributor to Radio Free Europe, and divided his time between Paris and Munich (occasionally traveling to Canada and the United States). Post-1989
Djuvara returned to his native country soon after the Romanian Revolution of 1989.Between 1991 and 1998, he was an associate professor at the University of Bucharest. During the early 1990s, he was a noted critic of Romanian political developments, and especially of the Mineriad and the National Salvation Front government. He later joined the National Liberal Party, and expressed his concern that President Traian Băsescu was unable to complete planned reforms in the wake of Romania's accession to the European Union, as well as his belief that the former Securitate was still in a position of power. He also took a conservative stance on European affairs, being a vocal critic of Europe's multiculturalism. In August 2016, Djuvara turned 100, and upon the occasion was made a knight of the Order of the Star of Romania. His last public appearance was on December 5, 2017, when in an interview, he expressed his grief over the demise of King Michael. He died from pneumonia in Bucharest on 25 January 2018, at the age of 101 years and 147 days, and was buried at Bellu Cemetery.Djuvara was survived by his daughter, granddaughters, and great-granddaughters. Most of his works in Romanian were published by Humanitas. Work as a historian
Most of Djuvara's work concerns the history of Romania and that of the Romanian people, although he published significant works pertaining to the philosophy of history, particularly questioning the existence of what he called "truthful history". Regarding Romanian history, Djuvara advocated continued and extensive research into what he believed was still unexplored territory. His views were often seen as undermining a Romanian national identity, mainly because of his expressing doubts on the scientific accuracy of most historic research done in Romania since the unification of 1918, and putting forward controversial hypotheses concerning the origin of the Romanians, such as advancing the theory that the vast majority of the nobility in the medieval states that made up the territory of modern-day Romania was of Cuman origin. He also published extensively regarding the relationship between his native Romania and Europe, placing the country politically and culturally "between East and West", citing it as the "last to enter what is commonly called the European concert", referring not to Romania's 2007 accession to the European Union, but to the country's change of orientation towards adopting a Western political and cultural model. He has voiced his concern regarding multiculturalism in Europe, a policy which he views as detrimental to stability within the EU.He was a critic of what he perceived to be an excessively pro-Western attitude in Romanian politics, suggesting that Romanian society and culture could not be classified as Western, citing Orthodoxy as the predominant religion, the presence of many non-Latin elements in the modern Romanian language and the country's history in the past centuries as arguments. He also wrote about what he called the "American hegemony" and its premises, analysing the influence which the United States and its foreign policy have had on the world and, more specifically, on Europe. He characterised the efforts of the United States to establish what resembles a hegemony in Europe and other parts of the world as a "Seventy-Seven Years' War" waged throughout most of the 20th century. <mask> can be seen as a populariser and "de-mystifier" of history, having published books aimed a younger audience as well as books seeking to explain the historical basis for mythical figures such as Dracula or Negru Vodă. He also published memories from his exile, recounting his life and work in Paris, France, and Niamey, Niger. <mask> has claimed that Romanian marshal Ion Antonescu, who ruled Romania during World War II, was in fact an Albanian of Romania or, as he called him, an . Romanian historian Ion Teodorescu agrees with this view.References

External links
 Page at the Humanitas site

1916 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in Romania
Aromanian people
Foreign relations of Niger
Knights of the Order of the Star of Romania
Male essayists
Men centenarians
Romanian male novelists
National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
Writers from Bucharest
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty people
Romanian activists
Romanian anti-communists
Romanian centenarians
Romanian children's writers
Romanian defectors
Romanian essayists
Romanian expatriates in France
Romanian journalists
Romanian Land Forces officers
Romanian memoirists
Romanian monarchists
Nobility from Bucharest
Romanian novelists
Romanian people of World War II
Romanian philosophers
Romanian political scientists
Romanian writers in French
University of Bucharest faculty
University of Paris alumni
Winners of the Prix Broquette-Gonin (literature)
20th-century Romanian historians
21st-century Romanian historians
Diplomats from Bucharest
Abdou Moumouni University faculty
Romanian generals
Burials at Bellu Cemetery

masks:
Neagu Bunea Djuvara
Alexandru Djuvara
Djuvara
Trandafir Djuvara
Djuvara
Djuvara
Djuvara
Djuvara
Djuvara
Djuvara
Djuvara
Djuvara