texts:
<mask> (born March 1, 1956) is an Israeli theatre designer and director of the Academy of Performing Arts, Tel Aviv, a translator of plays and prose into Hebrew, and a peace activist. Biography
<mask>i was born 1 March 1956 in Tel Aviv, Israel, to Dr <mask>, architect and Professor Emeritus of Hebrew Literature at Bar-Ilan University and Rina Itzhaki, educator at the Kibbutzim College of Education. She is married to Israeli Professor of theatre at the University of Haifa and translator of drama and poetry Avraham Oz. Education
Itzhaki earned a Senior Art Teacher degree from the HaMidrasha School of Art (now HaMidrasha – Faculty of the Arts of Beit Berl College), Israel (1977), where she studied (among others) under painters such as Raffi Lavie, Eliahu Gat, Yair Garbuz and Shlomo Vitkin; and a B.A. in theatre design (1982) from Tel Aviv University, where she studied under designers such as Lydia Pincus-Gani, Eli Sinai and Ben-Tzion Munitz. She is currently a PhD candidate in Theatre at Tel Aviv University

Career
<mask>i has been the director of the Academy of Performing Arts, Tel Aviv since its establishment in 2010. She taught at Tel Aviv University Theatre Department, at the WIZO Haifa Academy of Design and Education and served as Senior Lecturer at the Sapir Academic College.She founded the program of theatre design at the Department of Theatre at the University of Haifa which she headed for 9 years (1996-2004). Between 2003 and 2005 she was a visiting artist at Columbia University, New York, where she designed and produced, together with fellow director Amit Gazit, productions such as Hanoch Levin's Luggage Packers, and co-authored  "Neighbors", an adapted "contamination" collage of Levin's plays and "Xandra compelled to speak", a theatrical piece based on Euripides' Trojan Women and texts by 16 other authors, classical and modern. TV
Itzhaki also designed TV shows, among them "The Ya'acov Shabtai Songs Show," (1997); "Homage to Kibbutzim," (1997), and others. Other Activities
Together with fellow designer Moshe Sternfeld, playwright Hanoch Levin and others, Itzhaki was one of the initiators and founders of the first Fringe Centre in Tel Aviv. She served for many years the General Secretary of AMBI, the Israeli organization of stage designers, curated numerous stage design exhibitions in Israel and abroad, among them six exhibitions of Israeli stage design at the Prague Quadrennial (1991-2011)
and the pioneering and much acclaimed and attended "Fashion Show", a gigantic retrospective exhibition of the history of stage and costume design in Israel at the large foyers of the Jerusalem Theatre (2008-9). Itzhaki has published articles on scenography in professional and academic journals and books, and organized international conferences on the subject. She was the Israeli delegate on the professional committees of OISTAT, the International Organisation of Scenographers, Theatre Architects and Technicians, and was active in IFTR, the international federation of theatre research.Itzhaki lectured, led seminars and workshop and served as member of professional jury in international design competitions, all those in Prague, Amsterdam, United States, Antwerp, Lisbon, Ebora, Munich, Jaipur, Seoul, Gothenburg and elsewhere. She served twice as a juror at the Acco Festival of Alternative Israeli Theatre, where she, like many theatre personalities of her generation, started their professional careers. Translations
<mask> <mask> has translated numerous plays into the Hebrew, among them María Irene Fornés' The Conduct of Life, Sarah Daniels Neaptide, Jonathan Harvey's Beautiful Thing, David Hare's Secret Rapture, Caryl Churchill's Cloud Nine and Seven Jewish Girls, Arnold Wesker's Shylock, Bernard Slade's Same Time Next Year, Anne Devlin's Ourselves Alone, Nick Dear's The Art of Success, and many others. She has translated Winston Churchill's collection Never Give In. Awards and Citations
<mask> <mask> has designed sets, costume, puppets and masks for over 250 shows in theatres, dance companies, and theatre schools in Israel and abroad. Her work won several awards and citations. Her design for "Woman from the Earth" at the Acco Festival of Alternative Israeli Theatre, 1981, won her the First Prize for design."The fair, celestial set of <mask> Itzhaki, with sown angels, and silhouettes of Cherubim and Seraphim placed on stage, is wonderful", wrote critic Giora Manor at the daily "Al Hamishmar"; and Amir Orian writes in the weekly "Ha'ir":"The set of <mask> Itzhaki is simple and serves well the basic approach of the production. Yet it is also impressive in its beauty in the combined placement of the various figures of Lilith in shades of red against a white background." On her design for "The Pledge of Troth" at the Acco Festival of Alternative Israeli Theatre and The Library Theatre, Maariv (newspaper) reviewer Sarit Fuchs has written: " "The Pledge of Troth"... turned, owing to a beautiful classical stage fermentation, into a sensual experience, a dream experience... The sea of Jaffa – one of the central symbols of the story – the symbol of sub conscience, passion, lunacy, was created by designer <mask> Itzhaki as a beautiful backdrop, serving as a reflection of the mental world of the characters, who are gradually engulfed and imprisoned by their madness. The sea, like the entire stage, moves between a shining Israeli light of consciousness, and a Norwegian or Swedish darkening, of a sub conscience remindful of Ibsen, Bergman, or Edvard Munch"

And on the production of Inherit the Wind, which she designed for the Haifa Theatre, theatre critic Elyakim Yaron wrote in the same paper:  "It is impossible to imagine Gazit's direction of the play, especially in those parts in which a huge theatrical and spectacular momentum is required, without his fertile cooperation with his stage designer, <mask> Itzhaki. Her impressive stage design indeed enables a show of such theatrical extension. Her design managed to successfully create a magnificent integration of that atmosphere of distinct American background, and a clear conception of a huge and impressive space.The aesthetic neatness of the set, which wonderfully combines the brown wooden colors with the classical white structure of columns and banisters, is a delight for the eye. And indeed the director uses this framework well, when he sits on the upper balconies the town's citizents attending the trial. And this excellent stage picture is yet complemented by the beautiful costumes." Gallery

Selected works for the theatre: set, costume, puppets and masks

Select publications

 <mask> <mask>, Beyond Concrete, American Theatre 2008. <mask> <mask>,Ways of Unseeing: Glass Walls on the Main Stage, in: Susan Haedicke, Dee Heddon, A. Oz, E J Westlake (eds. ), Political Performances: Theory and Practice, New York & Amsterdam, 2009. <mask> <mask>, Theatre and Travel, Teatron 2010.(Hebrew)
 Tal Itzhaki Notes Concerning the PQ Changes, in: Sodja Lotker (ed. ), Transformations of Prague Quadrennial from 1999 to 2015, Prague, 2017

References

External links
 <mask> <mask>, Associate Professor (artist), University of Haifa (1996-2004)

1956 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
People from Tel Aviv

masks:
Tal Itzhaki
Tal Itzhak
Yedidya Itzhaki
Tal Itzhak
Tal
Itzhaki
Tal
Itzhaki
Tali
Tali
Tali
Tali
Tal
Itzhaki
Tal
Itzhaki
Tal
Itzhaki
Tal
Itzhaki


type: original

texts:
<mask>wu Brian "Ekene" <mask> (born July 19, 1985) is a Nigerian American professional basketball player who last played for Chorale Roanne Basket of the LNB Pro A. He played college basketball for the University of Maryland at College Park and represents the Nigerian national basketball team in international competitions. High school career
<mask> attended Carson High School in Carson, California. As a senior in 2002–03, he was a second-team Parade All-American after averaging 19.9 points, 10.2 rebounds and 4.4 blocks per game in leading his squad to a 23–4 record and a semi-final finish in the Los Angeles city championship. He also earned all-state honors and a first team "All-Dream Team" nod by the Long Beach Press-Telegram as a senior, while he was named to the All-L.A. city first team, the All-South Bay first team and his team's MVP as a junior and senior. College career
In his freshman season at Maryland, Ibekwe was the only freshman to play in all 32 games, drawing seven starts during his rookie season. He led the Terps in blocked shots with 44, an average of 1.4 per game, becoming the first freshman to lead the Terps in blocked shots since Joe Smith (1993–94).In those 32 games, he averaged 4.9 points and 3.9 rebounds per game. In his sophomore season, he played in 30 of 32 games on the season, starting 18 while finishing fifth on the team in scoring with 8.4 points per game and second in rebounding with 6.3 boards. He also led the team in blocks with 55, finishing fourth among ACC leaders with 1.83 blocks per game. On November 30, 2004, he recorded his first career double-double with a career-high 21 points on 10-of-13 shooting at Wisconsin. In his junior season, he appeared in 32 games and made 30 starts while averaging 11.1 points and 6.6 rebounds per game; also finished the year seventh in the ACC with 1.34 blocks per game. In his senior season, he earned ACC All-Defensive Team and All-ACC Honorable Mention honors. In 32 games, he averaged 10.4 points, 7.8 rebounds and 2.7 blocks per game.For his career, he accrued 1,107 points, 781 rebounds and 230 blocks, becoming the fourth player in school history (and the first since Lonny Baxter) to record 1,000 points, 500 rebounds and 200 blocks. Professional career

2007–08 season
Ibekwe went undrafted in the 2007 NBA draft. In August 2007, he signed with Hapoel Galil Elyon of Israel for the 2007–08 season. In October 2007, he was released by Galil Elyon and later signed with Hapoel Gilboa/Afula. In February 2008, he parted ways with Gilboa/Afula. The next month, he joined Besançon BCD of France for the rest of the season. 2008–09 season
In July 2008, Ibekwe joined the Phoenix Suns for the 2008 NBA Summer League.He later signed with Selçuk Üniversitesi of Turkey for the 2008–09 season. In May 2009, he joined Gigantes de Carolina for the rest of the 2009 BSN season. 2009–10 season
In July 2009, Ibekwe joined the Toronto Raptors for the 2009 NBA Summer League. He later signed with Antalya Kepez Belediyesi of Turkey but was waived before the start of the season. In December 2009, he signed with Iman Harbour of the Iranian Basketball Super League. In January 2010, he left Iman and signed with Genç Banvitliler of Turkey for the rest of the season. 2010–11 season
In July 2010, Ibekwe joined the Portland Trail Blazers for the 2010 NBA Summer League.In August 2010, he signed with the Artland Dragons of Germany for the 2010–11 season. On December 16, 2010, he parted ways with Artland. Three days later, he signed with Ironi Ashkelon of Israel for the rest of the season. In February 2011, he parted ways with Ironi and signed with Bayreuth of Germany for the rest of the season. 2011–12 season
On July 8, 2011, <mask> re-signed with Bayreuth for the 2011–12 season. 2012–13 season
In July 2012, Ibekwe re-joined the Portland Trail Blazers for the 2012 NBA Summer League. On August 16, 2012, he signed with Lagun Aro GBC of Spain for the 2012–13 season.2014–15 season
On August 18, 2014, Ibekwe signed with the New Zealand Breakers for the 2014–15 NBL season. In what was a great season for Ibekwe, he earned All-NBL second team honors and helped lead the Breakers to the NBL Grand Final. After winning Game 1 against the Cairns Taipans in Cairns, Game 2 shifted to Auckland where in the dying seconds of the game, it was tied up 81-81. Coming out of the timeout, Ibekwe hit a game-winning fade-away shot to lift the Breakers over the Taipans 83-81 and thus clinched the team's fourth title in five seasons. On March 18, 2015, he signed with Atenienses de Manatí of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional to replace center Jerome James. His stint with Manatí lasted just 11 games as he parted ways with the club in mid-April. In those 11 games, he averaged 9.1 points, 6.4 rebounds and 1.2 blocks per game.2015–16 season
On August 10, 2015, Ibekwe signed with Melbourne United for the 2015–16 NBL season. However, on September 18, Ibekwe was released by United on compassionate terms after he requested permission to return to Europe to be with his heavily pregnant girlfriend. Eight days later, he signed with the Gießen 46ers of Germany's Basketball Bundesliga. On November 22, he parted ways with Gießen. On January 2, 2016, he signed with the Russian club Krasny Oktyabr of the VTB United League. On May 2, 2016, Ibekwe signed with Hekmeh BC to replace the injured Todd O'Brien in the Final Four of the Lebanese Basketball League. 2016–17 season
On July 20, 2016, Ibekwe signed with ČEZ Nymburk of Czech Republic for the 2016–17 season.On October 20, 2016, he left Nymburk and signed a two-month contract with German club Skyliners Frankfurt. Following the expiration of contract, he left Frankfurt. On December 30, 2016, he signed with Turkish club Uşak Sportif. On May 1, 2017, Ibekwe signed with the French LNB Pro A club Élan Chalon for the rest of the 2016–17 Pro A season. 2017–18 season
On September 4, 2017, Ibekwe signed a three-month contract with German club Oettinger Rockets. On December 30, 2017, he signed with French club Champagne Châlons-Reims Basket for the rest of the 2017–18 Pro A season. 2019–20 season
On November 29, 2019, he has signed with Élan Béarnais of the LNB Pro A. Ibekwe averaged 8.7 points and 6.6 rebounds per game.2020–21 season
On August 7, 2020, Ibekwe signed with Champagne Châlons-Reims Basket. On February 11, 2021, he has signed with Chorale Roanne Basket of the LNB Pro A. International career
<mask> has been a member of the senior men's Nigerian national basketball team. He played at the 2006 FIBA World Championship, where he was one of the team's leaders in points (4th) and rebounds (1st). He also played at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. Personal
Ibekwe is the son of Nigerian parents, Agatha and <mask>. His brother, Onye, played college basketball for Long Beach State.He also has two sisters, Chinyere and Ify. Ify Ibekwe is also a professional basketball player, she represents the Nigerian women's national basketball team in international competitions.

masks:
Ekenechuk
Ibekwe
Ibekwe
Ibekwe
Ibekwe
Augustine Ibekwe


texts:
<mask> (4 March 1922 – 7 April 2019) was a French-born Australian engineer. Trained as a naval architect, he served in the French Navy during the Second World War and, after the Fall of France, as a spy for the French intelligence services. <mask> was captured twice by the Germans and imprisoned in concentration camps and successfully escaped both times. He was awarded the Croix de Guerre for his bravery and emigrated to Australia after the war. <mask> worked as a civil engineer and played a key role in designing the temporary works that allowed construction of the Sydney Opera House sails. This entailed making more than 30,000 manual calculations with an accuracy of . Subsequent computer checks showed that he had not made a single error.In later life he worked on wind turbine projects and as a mentor to young engineers. Early life and war service
<mask> was born in Corsica, France on 14 March 1922. His mother died soon after the birth and he was sent by his father to be brought up by an aunt and uncle. <mask> developed an interest in mathematics and studied naval engineering at Saint-Tropez. Following the outbreak of the Second World War he joined the French Navy. Whilst there <mask>'s intelligence was recognised and he was recruited as a spy. Shortly after he began his work in intelligence he was detected and captured by the Germans, who imprisoned him in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp complex in Austria.He was put to work as a forced labourer but managed to escape as a result of an administrative error made by the guards whilst he was being transported. <mask> resumed his work undercover but was arrested in Paris and sent to Buchenwald concentration camp. He was forced to make use of his technical skills, working in an underground factory producing V-1 flying bombs and V-2 rockets. Though he had little choice but to comply, <mask> remained ashamed of his role in producing these weapons for the rest of his life. The forced labourers received very little food, being lucky to receive a loaf of bread per day between five men. <mask> had a good metabolism and would often give his allocation to other prisoners, angering the SS guards. He was sometimes put to work on farms where he was designated a "carotenfuhrer", a prisoner with responsibility for guarding silos of carrots.The prisoners were prohibited from eating the crops they harvested, and during this time <mask> survived by eating boiled grass. As "carotenfuhrer" if <mask> allowed a prisoner to eat the carrots, which he did many times, both he and the prisoner would be stripped and flogged. Towards the end of the war, in 1945 with US forces approaching, the prisoners from Buchenwald were marched to the German-Czech border and loaded onto a cattle train. They were then taken to a remote spot to be executed by shooting. <mask> anticipated this and escaped the train in the company of another man. The two men endured ten days in the snow with no food and clad only in their thin camp uniforms. They survived to be rescued and became firm friends for the rest of their lives.<mask> was awarded the Croix de Guerre by the French government for his actions during this escape. Sydney Opera House

<mask> moved to  Australia in 1953 to work at the uranium mines at Rum Jungle, Northern Territory. At the time Australia operated a scheme that allowed European citizens permanent residency if they secured work in the country for two years. <mask> was given a job at Hornibrook, a construction company famous for its work on bridges, that satisfied this requirement. During the early 1960s <mask> worked on the construction of the Sydney Opera House. The building's design with a number of large "sails" made up of 22,194 pre-cast concrete segments proved challenging to construct. The segments were to be fixed in position with epoxy resin and <mask> determined that a temporary steel "erection arch" falsework would be required to support the structure in the temporary condition.Bertony settled on a mobile telescopic truss system and completed the 30,000 necessary calculations by hand in six months. The structure, which had no flat elements, was complex, and the margin of error required was . The calculations had to be checked for safety, and this was carried out by computer. The only machine in the country powerful enough to do so was the IBM 7090 at the Long Range Weapons Establishment at Woomera. This was only available during night time for one week in every month. One of <mask>'s colleagues, David Evans, operated the computer and reported that no errors were found in <mask>'s calculations. Evans later stated that <mask>'s work had greatly helped the construction programme and claimed that "it would have taken many minds and many rounds of trial and error, and a much longer time and a much bigger budget, to get those ribs in the air if <mask> hadn't been there".Sydney Opera House chief executive Louise Herron also stated "<mask> was a genius. Without him, the spectacular sails might never have become a reality". Later life
After the Opera House, <mask> worked on other projects in Sydney including the Roseville Bridge in the Middle Harbour and the Pheasant's Nest Bridge over the Nepean River. <mask> donated the calculation sheets from his time on the Opera House to the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, and they are now held as part of the Powerhouse Museum collection. <mask> later ran calculations to prove that an earlier, more ambitious model for the opera house, one which had flatter concrete sails, had also been technically possible. In the 1990s he worked with a Scottish company to design a vertical axis wind turbine design and at the time of his death was working on a Scottish wind farm scheme. Personal life
<mask>'s wife was a pianist and physiotherapist at Hornibrook.They had no children and she died in 2016. <mask> was a lover of French food and dined out regularly in Sydney's restaurants. He also held a keen interest in electric vehicles and helped to mentor young engineers. <mask> died at his home in Sydney on 7 April 2019. References

1922 births
2019 deaths
French spies
French civil engineers
Australian civil engineers
French Navy officers
French military personnel of World War II
French emigrants to Australia
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Buchenwald concentration camp survivors
Mauthausen concentration camp survivors

masks:
Joseph Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Joe
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony
Bertony


texts:
<mask> (24 November 1885 – 29 May 1955), better known as <mask>, was a German film actor, best known for playing sinister figures in films in the 1920s and 1930s as well as being a mainstay in director Fritz Lang's Weimar-era films. He is probably best known in popular culture, particularly to English-speaking audiences, for playing the archetypal mad scientist role of C. A. Rotwang in Lang's Metropolis and as the criminal genius Doctor Mabuse. Klein-Rogge also appeared in several important French films in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Biography
<mask> was born in Cologne, Germany on 24 November 1885. His father, <mask>, was a military lawyer who served as  (the equivalent of Judge Advocate General) for the 15th Division of the Prussian Army, garrisoned at Cologne. His mother, Maria Bertha Emma Rose, was the daughter of a prominent landowner () in Lichteinen, East Prussia. The elder Klein hoped his son would follow him into a military career and entered him in one of the elite Prussian cadet academies (possibly nearby Bensberg).These institutions were famous for their harsh discipline and dedication to Spartan ideals; many of Germany's most renowned 19th and 20th century military leaders attended such schools. On his deathbed, however, Klein-Rogge confided to a friend that when a teacher went after him () he ran away from school. Traveling by night and hiding during the day, the boy returned home only to be told by his father that he was a  and from henceforth he was the "black sheep" of his family. His father's premature death in 1896 ended Klein-Rogge's tenure at the cadet school and he entered a local humanistic gymnasium in Cologne. One of his childhood friends was future film composer Gottfried Huppertz, who was to write the scores for Lang's Die Nibelungen as well as Metropolis. Huppertz dedicated his first composition,  ["Climbing Roses"], to Klein-Rogge.) It was likely the actor who introduced his old friend to Lang.Klein-Rogge spent three years at the University of Bonn (then Rhein-Universität) and in Berlin, studying art history. He also began taking acting lessons from Hans Siebert, a veteran of Vienna's Burgtheater, and made his stage debut in 1909, playing Cassius in Julius Caesar in Halberstadt. As there was a contemporary actor named <mask>, the future film star added "Rogge" to his name. (Rogge was the surname of his mother's first husband and his half-siblings.) After his debut, Klein-Rogge went on to play in theaters located in Düsseldorf, Kiel and Aachen. In Aachen, Klein-Rogge wed actress Gerda Melchior, a cousin of the beloved silent film star Henny Porten, but the marriage ended when he met actress and novelist Thea von Harbou. The two married in 1914 and the following year, Klein-Rogge joined Nuremberg's Städtische Bühnen theatre as both an actor and director.In 1918, the pair moved to Berlin to capitalize on von Harbou's writing skills and her budding career as a scenarist and screenwriter, while Klein-Rogge was hired by Victor Barnowsky, director of Berlin's Lessing Theater. Klein-Rogge's film career began in earnest in 1919, although he may have made an uncredited screen debut in 1913's Der Film von der Königin Luise, directed by Franz Porten. It has been more widely stated that he appeared in an uncredited role of a criminal in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. However, recent research has found that the part was actually played by Ludwig Rex. The confusion may have stemmed from Klein-Rogge's skill in disguising his appearance with theatrical makeup, wigs and prosthetics, which has led at least one movie historian to dub him Germany's Lon Chaney. At this time, von Harbou was having an affair with director Fritz Lang and eventually left Klein-Rogge to marry Lang. Despite the split, Klein-Rogge made several films that were written by von Harbou and directed by Lang, including Destiny, Dr. Mabuse the Gambler, Die Nibelungen, Metropolis and Spies.Klein-Rogge's intense look led him to similar roles such as a tyrant in Fritz Wendhausen's Der steinerne Reiter, a pirate in Arthur Robison's Pietro der Korsar, and the Czar in Alexandre Volkoff's Casanova. Klein-Rogge's last film with Lang was The Testament of Dr. Mabuse in 1933. Klein-Rogge played the lead roles in two films written and directed by von Harbou: Elisabeth und der Narr and Hanneles Himmelfahrt. Klein-Rogge remarried twice, first to Margarete Neff, and lastly with the Swedish actress Mary Johnson in 1932, to whom he remained married until his death in 1955. Rotwang / The Inventor
The Gypsy Baron (1927) - Mehmed Ali
Der Herr der Nacht (1927) - Eugen Lascano
The Queen Was in the Parlour (1927) - General Kish
The Loves of Casanova (1927) - Le Tsar Peter III
Tingel Tangel (1927) - Don Fabio Coridon
Die raffinierteste Frau Berlins (1927) - William Pitts alias Francis Forest
The Girl from Frisco (1927)
Die Sandgräfin (1928)
Spies (1928) - Haghi
Mädchenschicksale (1928) - Lormand
Volga Volga (1928) - Kosak Hadschi-Ali
The Most Beautiful Woman in Paris (1928)
La faute de Monique (1928)
Eine Nacht in Yoshiwara (1928)
Tu m'appartiens!

masks:
Friedrich Rudolf Klein
Rudolf Klein Rogge
Friedrich Rudolf Klein
Hermann Rudolf Klein
Rudolf Klein


texts:
<mask> is an American agricultural historian, academic and author. He is a Professor of History at Purdue University. <mask> is known for his research on the Great Plains, Civil War, Native Americans, technology, and the American South, West, and Midwest, as well as the Green Revolution. His work places the economic and political aspects of agricultural history in an environmental and social context. <mask> is the author of numerous books including ’’The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720-1830’’, ’'The Great Plains during World War II’’, The Big Empty:  The Great Plains in the Twentieth Century, Agriculture and the Confederacy:  Policy, Productivity, and Power in the Civil War South, Food, Agriculture during the Civil War, and The Green Revolution: Science, Politics, and Unintended Consequences, among others. <mask> has served as the President of Agricultural History Society and as a Big XII Faculty Fellow. <mask> has also served on award committees for Ohio Valley History and the Indiana Historical Society.<mask> has served as the editor of the Missouri Historical Review, Ohio History, Agricultural History, and The Henry A. Wallace Series on Agricultural History and Rural Life. Education
<mask> studied at Fort Hays State University and received his Bachelors and Master's degree in 1969 and 1971, respectively. He then earned his Doctoral degree from Kansas State University in 1975. He has been a Smithsonian Postdoctoral-Fellow in the History of Science and Technology, 1976-1977. Career
Following his post-doctoral fellowship, <mask> held the position of a visiting assistant professor at Texas Tech University, 1977-1978. He then held concurrent appointments as a Curator of Agricultural History at the Ohio Historical Society and as an adjunct Associate Professor of History at the Ohio State University. From 1986 till 1989, he was the associate director of the State Historical Society of Missouri.He then joined Iowa State University as an Associate Professor in 1989 and was promoted to Professor in 1992. In 2003, <mask> left Iowa State University to become professor and head of the Department of History at Purdue University. He remained head of the Department until 2018. Research
<mask>'s research is focused on the Great Plains, Civil War, Native Americans, technology, and the American South, West, and Midwest, along with the Green Revolution. He has worked on placing the economic and political aspects of agricultural history in an environmental and social context. He also published a paper on the various possibilities and pitfalls regarding the museum studies for historians. Agricultural history of America
<mask>'s work on the agricultural and rural history of America resulted in a book titled American Agriculture: A Brief History which focused on the major economic, technological and scientific developments regarding American agriculture from the colonial period.<mask> also has analyzed various contributions and studies conducted on American agricultural history and reviewed the discipline of American agricultural history in scholarly publications. Agriculture and Slavery in Missouri's Little Dixie
In 1992, <mask> published his book titled, Agriculture and Slavery in Missouri's Little Dixie, for which he received the Theodore Saloutos Award by the Agricultural History Society, and the Missouri History Book Award by the State Historical Society of Missouri. The book was reviewed as “a welcome addition to the literature”. According to D. Clayton Brown, “students of agricultural history and antebellum history should know this book”. This  book has been  reviewed as “a solidly researched, informed account that fills a vacant niche in the historical literature”. In a review, David E. Schob stated that the book “may well be the best volume published in agricultural history in 1992”. The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720-1830
<mask> published his book The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720-1830 in 1996.The book gathered numerous reviews including a review by E. J. Fabyan, stating that “finally, after nearly twenty-five years, a high quality general history of the frontier period of the state of Ohio is now available”. The book is “a dynamic account of the Ohio frontier that should delight both trans-Appalachian frontier scholars and interested amateurs”. In another review, the book was stated as “extremely readable and exciting treatments of the region during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries”. Kay J. Karr noted that “readers who are looking for such a straightforward, no-nonsense approach will appreciate his (<mask>'s) clarity.”

The Great Plains during World War II
<mask>'s book, ‘’The Great Plains during World War II’’ received the Kansas City Star Noteworthy Book Award and the Choice Outstanding Academic Title in 2008. The book is reviewed as “a thorough analysis of the period from the war's beginning to its conclusion”. According to Greg Hall, “his best chapters are those that distinguish the Great Plains experience from that of the rest of the country”. Michael W. Schuyler reviewed that “This is an outstanding book that will be of interest not only to professional historians but also to general readers with an interest in the history and development of the Great Plains”, and stated that “This is history at its best—both scholarly and fascinating reading—and is indispensable for our understanding of the Great Plains experience during the Second World War”.Agriculture and the Confederacy: Policy, Productivity, and Power in the Civil War South
In 2015, <mask> published Agriculture and the Confederacy: Policy, Productivity, and Power in the Civil War South. According to David K. Thomson, <mask>'s “focus on an environmental history of the war with a decided fusion with the history of capitalism” sets apart his work from other authors. Louis Ferleger stated the book as “<mask>'s brilliant analysis” in which he “meticulously examines the pattern of southern agriculture and its impact on southern society”. <mask>'s book is also reviewed as “a well-reasoned narrative” and “the first comprehensive study of Confederate agriculture in fifty years”, along with “an impressive, and at times dizzying, assessment of all things Confederate agriculture”. In a review, Michael Todd Landis stated that “Agriculture and the Confederacy is truly a comprehensive book, and <mask> should be applauded for both the depth of his research and his easy narrative style”. Bibliography

Selected books
The Dust Bowl:  An Agricultural and Social History (1981)
Indian Agriculture in America: Prehistory to the Present (1988)
Agriculture and Slavery in Missouri's Little Dixie (1992)
The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720-1830 (1996)
Nathan Boone and the American Frontier (1998)
The Indian Frontier, 1763-1846 (2002)
American Agriculture:  A Brief History, rev. ed.(2002)
The Great Plains during World War II (2008)
The Big Empty:  The Great Plains in the Twentieth Century (2011)
Agriculture and the Confederacy: Policy, Productivity, and Power in the Civil War South (Civil War America) (2015)
Food and Agriculture during the Civil War (2016)
Documents of the Dust Bowl: Eyewitness to History (2019)
The Green Revolution in the Global South: Science, Politics, and Unintended Consequences (NEXUS) (2020)

Selected articles
<mask>, R. D. (2004). "Reflections on American Agricultural History." Agricultural History Review, 1-19. <mask>, R. D. (2004). "The Agricultural and Rural History of Kansas: Review Essay." Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains, 27, 194-217. <mask>, R. D. (2008)."Agricultural Politics in the Twentieth-Century West," in The Political Culture of the New West, 51-73. <mask>, R. D. (2013). "The Agricultural Power of the Midwest during the Civil War," in Union Heartland:  The Midwestern Home Front during the Civil War, 68-96. <mask>, R. D. (2016). "Teaching Agricultural History at Land-Grant Universities," in Service as Mandate:  How American Land-Grant Universities Shaped the Modern World, 1920-2015, 314-30. References

Living people
1946 births
Historians of agriculture
Purdue University faculty
Fort Hays State University alumni
Kansas State University alumni

masks:
Ray Douglas Hurt
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<mask> (22 February 1920 – 4 March 1995), often mononymously credited as <mask>, was an Indian actor who mainly worked in Hindi cinema. He is especially known for his roles as a police officer. Career
<mask> was born in Jalandhar and was the eldest among four brothers and a sister. After completing his matriculation, <mask> did a diploma course in painting from Lucknow College Of Arts. <mask> had a passion for singing and was impressed with the famous singer Kundanlal Sehgal. In his 20s, <mask> travelled to Calcutta for an audition conducted by the music composer Kamal Dasgupta, who was then serving for HMV. Dasgupta was so impressed by <mask>'s personality that he recommended his name to M. P. Productions as an actor.<mask> made his debut in the 1944 film Taqraar, which was made under the banner of Art Films-Kolkata. Many of <mask>'s close relatives, including his parents and siblings, migrated to Pakistan during the partition. He would have preferred to stay in India, but rioting forced him to leave Calcutta. Along with his wife and daughters, he moved to Bombay, where they struggled to make ends meet. <mask> had been introduced to actor Ashok Kumar during his time in Calcutta and contacted him in Bombay, gaining a role in the Bombay Talkies movie Muqaddar (1950). <mask> acted in over 400 films in a career that spanned from the 1940s through to the early 1990s. His brother, Imtiaz Ahmed, was a famous TV character actor of PTV, especially Afshan and Tanhaiyan .Like many of the older character actors who populated the Bollywood universe of the 1960s and 1970s, <mask> had been a lead actor in his youth during the "golden age" of Bollywood, in the 1940s and 1950s. His roles ranged from father, uncle, great-uncle, grandfather, police officer, police commissioner, courtroom judge and doctor. He also did negative roles in Bandini, Sawan Bhadon, Khel Khel Mein and Agent Vinod. In the 1960s and 1970s, <mask> graduated to playing uncle, father, and what came to be his speciality: police inspector roles, doctor or senior advocate. Generally he played "sympathetic" characters but, on occasion, he played the heavy. One of his most memorable roles as a heavy was as Amitabh Bachchan's corrupt industrialist mentor in Yash Chopra's classic Deewaar (1975). Another of <mask>'s classic roles was as the police inspector in Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer.It was a small part, but the scene where <mask> reprimands the near-hysteric Amitabh Bachchan for taking the law into his own hands is incredibly powerful. Another important role as a police officer was played by him in the 1978 hit film Don. Some of his major roles came in Rajesh Khanna films such as Joroo Ka Ghulam, Mehboob Ki Mehndi, The Train , Khamoshi, Safar, Raja Rani, Ittefaq, Rajput and Awam. Besides Deewaar and Zanjeer, Iftekar had character roles in many of the classics of 1960s, 1970s, 1980s Bollywood cinema: Bimal Roy's Bandini, Raj Kapoor's Sangam, Manoj Kumar's Shaheed, Teesri Manzil, Teesri Kasam, Johny Mera Naam, Hare Rama Hare Krishna, Don, The Gambler (1971 film), Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se (1978) and Sholay, to name but a few. Apart from Hindi films, he appeared in two episodes of the American TV series Maya in 1967 as well the English language films Bombay Talkie (1970) and City of Joy (1992). Personal life
<mask> married Hannah Joseph, a Jewish lady from Calcutta, who changed her religion and name to Rehana Ahmed. They had two daughters; Salma and Sayeda.Daughter Sayeda died of cancer on 7 February 1995. Gokhale
 Ghungroo Ki Awaaz (1981) - Dr. Dixit
 Raksha (1981) - Head of the Secret Service
 Raaz (1981) - Mr. Sharma
 Laparwah (1981) - Inspector
 Saath Saath (1982) - Mr. Gupta
 Yeh Vaada Raha (1982) - Dr. Sahni
 Rajput (1982) - Ram Avtaar Singh
 Sun Sajna (1982) - Karim
 Nikaah (1982) - Jumman Chacha
 Bezubaan (1982) - Amarnath (Kalpana's Father)
 Dulha Bikta Hai (1982) - Seth Daulatrai walia
 Dil Hi Dil Mein (1982) - Mr. Sahni
 Dard Ka Rishta (1982) - Head - Tata hospital
 Apradhi Kaun ? (1982) - Mr. Khanna (Public Prosecutor)
 Mangal Pandey (1983) - Police Superintendent R.P. Gupta (uncredited)
 Ganga Meri Maa (1983)
 Rachana (1983) - Doctor
 Sun Meri Laila (1983) - Abid Khan
 Mahaan (1983) - Police Commissioner (uncredited)
 Jaane Jaan (1983) - Mr. Kapoor
 Sadma (1983) - Train Passenger
 Mazdoor (1983) - Kundanlal Batra
 Qayamat (1983) - Retired Judge Sinha
 Mawaali (1983) - Public Prosecutor
 Rishta Kagaz Ka (1983) - Bhatnagar
 Main Awara Hoon (1983) - Dr. Rashid
 Haadsa (1983) - Police Inspector
 Dharti Aakash (1983, TV Movie) - Saddanand Chowdhury
 Prarthana (1984)
 The Far Pavilions (1984, TV Mini-Series) - Nakshaband Khan (as Iftekhar)
 Inquilaab (1984) - Bombay Police Commissioner
 Mashaal (1984) - Doctor
 Boxer (1984) - Rushie
Hanste Khelte (1984)-Lawyer Shanti Prasad Goel
 Maqsad (1984) - Doctor
 Ram Tera Desh (1984) - Police Commissioner
 Dharm Aur Qanoon (1984) - Dr. John
 Phulwari (1984) - Chowdhury
 Aaj Ki Awaaz (1984) - Judge V.V. Deshmukh
 Jagir (1984) - I.G. Praveen Singh
 Awaaz (1984) - Police Commissioner
 Yeh Ishq Nahin Aasaan (1984) - Akhtar Mirza
 Yaadon Ki Zanjeer (1984) - CBI Officer
 Mujhe Shakti Do (1984) - Jyoti's father - police commissioner
 Kanoon Kya Karega (1984) - Police Commissioner Samant
 Grahasthi (1984) - Karim
 Aaj Ka Daur (1985) - Wealthy Man
 Kabhi Ajnabi The (1985) - Pappa
 Tawaif (1985) - Lala Fakirchand
 Hum Dono (1985) - Seth. Male actors in Hindi cinema
Indian male film actors
1995 deaths
Indian Muslims
1920 births
20th-century Indian male actors

masks:
Sayedna Iftekhar Ahmed Sharif
Iftekhar
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<mask> (; ; born March 5, 1934) is an Israeli-American psychologist and economist notable for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making, as well as behavioral economics, for which he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (shared with Vernon L. Smith). His empirical findings challenge the assumption of human rationality prevailing in modern economic theory. With Amos Tversky and others, <mask> established a cognitive basis for common human errors that arise from heuristics and biases, and developed prospect theory. In 2011, he was named by Foreign Policy magazine in its list of top global thinkers. In the same year, his book Thinking, Fast and Slow, which summarizes much of his research, was published and became a best seller. In 2015, The Economist listed him as the seventh most influential economist in the world. He is professor emeritus of psychology and public affairs at Princeton University's Princeton School of Public and International Affairs.<mask> is a founding partner of TGG Group, a business and philanthropy consulting company. He was married to cognitive psychologist and Royal Society Fellow Anne Treisman, who died in 2018. Early life
<mask> was born in Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine, in 1934, where his mother, Rachel, was visiting relatives. He spent his childhood years in Paris, France, where his parents had emigrated from Lithuania in the early 1920s. <mask> and his family were in Paris when it was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1940. His father, Efrayim, was picked up in the first major round-up of French Jews, but he was released after six weeks due to the intervention of his employer, La Cagoule backer Eugène Schueller. The family was on the run for the remainder of the war, and survived, except for the death of <mask>'s father due to diabetes in 1944.<mask> and his family then moved to British Mandatory Palestine in 1948, just before the creation of the state of Israel. <mask> has written of his experience in Nazi-occupied France, explaining in part why he entered the field of psychology:

Education and early career
<mask> received his Bachelor of Science degree with a major in psychology, and a minor in mathematics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1954. He served in the psychology department of the Israeli Defense Forces. One of his responsibilities was to evaluate candidates for officer's training school, and to develop tests and measures for this purpose. In 1958, he went to the United States to study for his PhD in Psychology from the University of California, Berkeley. His 1961 dissertation, advised by Susan Ervin, examined relations between adjectives in the semantic differential and allowed him to "engage in two of [his] favorite pursuits: the analysis of complex correlational structures and FORTRAN programming." Academic career

Cognitive psychology
<mask> began his academic career as a lecturer in psychology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1961.He was promoted to senior lecturer in 1966. His early work focused on visual perception and attention. For example, his first publication in the prestigious journal Science was entitled "Pupil Diameter and Load on Memory" (Kahneman & Beatty, 1966). During this period, <mask> was a visiting scientist at the University of Michigan (1965–66) and the Applied Psychology Research Unit in Cambridge (1968/1969, summers). He was a fellow at the Center for Cognitive Studies, and a lecturer in cognitive psychology at Harvard University in 1966/1967. Judgment and decision-making
This period marks the beginning of <mask>'s lengthy collaboration with Amos Tversky. Together, <mask> and Tversky published a series of seminal articles in the general field of judgment and decision-making, culminating in the publication of their prospect theory in 1979 (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979).Following this, the pair teamed with Paul Slovic to edit a compilation entitled "Judgement Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases" (1982) that proved to be an important summary of their work and of other recent advances that had influenced their thinking. <mask> was ultimately awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 2002 for his work on prospect theory. In his Nobel biography, <mask> states that his collaboration with Tversky began after <mask> had invited Tversky to give a guest lecture to one of <mask>'s seminars at Hebrew University in 1968 or 1969. Their first jointly written paper, "Belief in the Law of Small Numbers," was published in 1971 (Tversky & Kahneman, 1971). They published seven articles in peer-reviewed journals in the years 1971–1979. Aside from "Prospect Theory," the most important of these articles was "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases" (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974), which was published in the prestigious journal Science and introduced the notion of anchoring. <mask> left Hebrew University in 1978 to take a position at the University of British Columbia.In 2021, <mask> and co-authors Olivier Sibony and Cass Sunstein contributed to the field with work on unwanted variability in human judgments of the same problem, what they term 'noise'. In Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment, they write that due to factors such as cognitive biases, group dynamics, mood, stress, fatigue, and differences in skill and tase between assessors/decision makers/judges, judgments that should ideally be identical in fact often differ a lot. This gives rise to injustices, hazards and costs of various types. Furthermore, it does so in a way that is distinct from statistical bias and which is affected by cognitive biases but not limited to their influence. In the book, which received much press, they explain what noise is, how it can be detected and how it can be reduced – which can also reduce bias. Behavioral economics
<mask> and Tversky were both fellows at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University in the academic year 1977–1978. A young economist named Richard Thaler was a visiting professor at the Stanford branch of the National Bureau of Economic Research during that same year.According to <mask>, "[Thaler and I] soon became friends, and have ever since had a considerable influence on each other's thinking." Building on prospect theory and <mask> and Tversky's body of work, Thaler published "Toward a Positive Theory of Consumer Choice" in 1980, a paper which <mask> has called "the founding text of behavioral economics." <mask> and Tversky became heavily involved in the development of this new approach to economic theory, and their involvement in this movement had the effect of reducing the intensity and exclusivity of their earlier period of joint collaboration. According to <mask> the collaboration 'tapered off' in the early 1980s, although they tried to revive it. Factors included Tversky receiving most of the external credit for the output of the partnership, and a reduction in the generosity with which Tversky and <mask> interacted with each other. They would continue to publish together until the end of Tversky's life, but the period when <mask> published almost exclusively with Tversky ended in 1983, when he published two papers with Anne Treisman, his wife since 1978. Hedonic psychology
In the 1990s, <mask>'s research focus began to gradually shift in emphasis towards hedonic psychology.According to <mask> and colleagues,
Hedonic psychology...is the study of what makes experiences and life pleasant or unpleasant. It is concerned with feelings of pleasure and pain, of interest and boredom, of joy and sorrow, and of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. It is also concerned with the whole range of circumstances, from the biological to the societal, that occasion suffering and enjoyment. (This subfield is closely related to the positive psychology movement, which was steadily gaining in popularity at the time.) It is difficult to determine precisely when <mask>'s research began to focus on hedonics, although it likely stemmed from his work on the economic notion of utility. After publishing multiple articles and chapters in all but one of the years spanning the period 1979–1986 (for a total of 23 published works in 8 years), <mask> published exactly one chapter during the years 1987–1989. After this hiatus, articles on utility and the psychology of utility began to appear (e.g., Kahneman & Snell, 1990; Kahneman & Thaler, 1991; Kahneman & Varey, 1991).In 1992, Varey and Kahneman introduced the method of evaluating moments and episodes as a way to capture "experiences extended across time". While <mask> continued to study decision-making (e.g., Kahneman, 1992, 1994; Kahneman & Lovallo, 1993), hedonic psychology was the focus of an increasing number of publications (e.g., Fredrickson & Kahneman, 1993; <mask>, Fredrickson, Schreiber & Redelemeier, 1993; Kahneman, Wakker & Sarin, 1997; Redelmeier & Kahneman, 1996), culminating in a volume co-edited with Ed Diener and Norbert Schwarz, scholars of affect and well-being. Focusing illusion
With David Schkade, <mask> developed the notion of the focusing illusion (Kahneman & Schkade, 1998; <mask>, Krueger, Schkade, Schwarz & Stone, 2006) to explain in part the mistakes people make when estimating the effects of different scenarios on their future happiness (also known as affective forecasting, which has been studied extensively by <mask>). The "illusion" occurs when people consider the impact of one specific factor on their overall happiness, they tend to greatly exaggerate the importance of that factor, while overlooking the numerous other factors that would in most cases have a greater impact. A good example is provided by <mask> and Schkade's 1998 paper "Does living in California make people happy? A focusing illusion in judgments of life satisfaction". In that paper, students in the Midwest and in California reported similar levels of life satisfaction, but the Midwesterners thought their Californian peers would be happier.The only distinguishing information the Midwestern students had when making these judgments was the fact that their hypothetical peers lived in California. Thus, they "focused" on this distinction, thereby overestimating the effect of the weather in California on its residents' satisfaction with life. Peak–end rule and remembered pleasure
One of the cognitive biases in hedonic psychology discovered by <mask> is called the peak–end rule. It affects how we remember the pleasantness or unpleasantness of experiences. It states that our overall impression of past events is determined for the most part not by the total pleasure and suffering it contained but by how it felt at its peaks and at its end. For example, the memory of a painful colonoscopy is improved if the examination is extended by three minutes in which the scope is still inside but not moved anymore, resulting in a moderately uncomfortable sensation. This extended colonoscopy, despite involving more pain overall, is remembered less negatively due to the reduced pain at the end.This even increases the likelihood for the patient to return for subsequent procedures. <mask> explains this distortion in terms of the difference between two selves: the experiencing self, which is aware of pleasure and pain as they are happening, and the remembering self, which shows the aggregate pleasure and pain over an extended period of time. The distortions due to the peak–end rule happen on the level of the remembering self. Our tendency to rely on the remembering self can often lead us to pursue courses of action that are not in our best self-interest. Happiness and life satisfaction
<mask> has defined happiness as "what I experience here and now", but said that in reality humans pursue life satisfaction, which "is connected to a large degree to social yardsticks–achieving goals, meeting expectations." Teaching
<mask> is a senior scholar and faculty member emeritus at Princeton University's Department of Psychology and Princeton School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a fellow at Hebrew University and a Gallup Senior Scientist.Personal life
<mask>'s first wife was Irah <mask>, an Israeli educational psychologist, with whom he had two children. His son has schizophrenia, and his daughter works in technology. His second wife was the cognitive psychologist Anne Treisman, from 1978 until her death in 2018. As of 2014, they lived part-time in Berkeley, California. As of 2021, he lives with Barbara Tversky, the widow of his long-time collaborator Amos Tversky. In 2015 <mask> described himself as a very hard worker, as "a worrier" and "not a jolly person". But, despite this, he said, "I'm quite capable of great enjoyment, and I've had a great life."Awards and recognition
 In 2001, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences
 In 2002, <mask> received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, despite being a research psychologist, for his work in prospect theory. <mask> states he has never taken a single economics course – that everything that he knows of the subject he and Tversky learned from their collaborators Richard Thaler and Jack Knetsch. <mask>, co-recipient with Tversky, earned the 2003 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Psychology. In 2005, he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society. In 2007, he was presented with the American Psychological Association's Award for Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology. On November 6, 2009, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the department of Economics at Erasmus University in Rotterdam, Netherlands. In his acceptance speech <mask> said, "when you live long enough, you see the impossible become reality."He was referring to the fact that he would never have expected to be honored as an economist when he started his studies into what would become Behavioral Economics. In both 2011 and 2012, he made the Bloomberg 50 most influential people in global finance. On November 9, 2011, he was awarded the Talcott Parsons Prize by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His book Thinking, Fast and Slow was the winner of the 2011 Los Angeles Times Book Award for Current Interest and the National Academy of Sciences Communication Award for the best book published in 2011. In 2012 he was accepted as corresponding academician at the Real Academia Española (Economic and Financial Sciences). On August 8, 2013, President Barack Obama announced that <mask> would be a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. On June 1, 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Arts at McGill University in Montreal.December 2018, <mask> was named a Gold Medal Honoree by The National Institute of Social Sciences. In 2019, <mask> received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. Notable contributions

 Anchoring and adjustment
 Attribute substitution
 Availability heuristic
 Base rate fallacy
 Cognitive bias
 Conjunction fallacy
 Dictator game
 Framing (social sciences)
 Loss aversion
 Optimism bias
 Peak–end rule
 Planning fallacy
 Prospect theory
 Cumulative prospect theory
 Reference class forecasting
 Representativeness heuristic
 Simulation heuristic
 Status quo bias

Books

  (Reviewed by Freeman Dyson in New York Review of Books, 22 December 2011, pp. 40–44.) Interviews
 "Can We Trust Our Intuitions?" in Alex Voorhoeve Conversations on Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2009.(Discusses <mask>'s views about the reliability of moral intuitions [case judgments] and the relevance of his work for the search for "reflective equilibrium" in moral philosophy.) Radio interviews
 All in the Mind, ABC, Australia (2003)
 All in the Mind, BBC, Great Britain (2011)

Online interviews
 Thinking about Thinking – An Interview with <mask> (2011)
 Conversation with Tyler – <mask> on Cutting Through the Noise (2018)
 The Knowledge Project Podcast – <mask>: Putting Your Intuition on Ice (2019)
 Lex Fridman Podcast #65 – <mask>: Thinking Fast and Slow, Deep Learning, and AI (2020)
The Jordan Harbinger Show #518 - <mask>: When Noise Destroys Our Best of Choices (2021)

Television interviews
 How You Really Make Decisions – Horizon (BBC TV series) – Series 2013–2014 No. 9

See also
 Fooled by Randomness
 List of economists
 List of Israeli Nobel laureates
 List of Jewish Nobel laureates
 List of Nobel laureates in Economics

References

Further reading

External links

  (at Princeton)

  including the Nobel Lecture Maps of Bounded Rationality

1934 births
Living people
Nobel laureates in Economics
Israeli Nobel laureates
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
American psychologists
Behavioral economists
Cognitive scientists
21st-century psychologists
20th-century psychologists
21st-century economists
20th-century economists
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Fellows of the Society of Experimental Psychologists
Financial economists
Framing theorists
20th-century French Jews
Harvard Fellows
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty
French emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Israeli economists
Israeli emigrants to the United States
Israeli people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Israeli scientists
Jewish American scientists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Tel Aviv
Positive psychologists
Princeton University faculty
University of British Columbia faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows
Russell Sage Foundation
Nancy L. Schwartz Memorial Lecture speakers
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy

masks:
Daniel Kahneman
Kahneman
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Daniel Kahneman
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Daniel Gilbert
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<mask>-<mask> (21 February 1923 – 5 June 2004) was a German general in the Bundeswehr. During World War II, he served as a fighter pilot in the Luftwaffe. A fighter ace, Obleser was credited with 120 aerial victories and was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. For his post-war service in the German Air Force, he received the Grand Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 21 February 1923 in Pottenstein in the district of Baden in Lower Austria in Austria. In 1940, he volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe. Following flight training, Obleser was assigned to 8.Staffel (8th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing), a squadron of III. Gruppe of JG 52. World War II
World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. In January 1943, Obleser arrived with 8. Staffel under command of Hauptmann Günther Rall at the Gigant airfield which was located in the vicinity of Salsk. At the time, the Red Army had launched Operation Koltso, the final phase of the Battle of Stalingrad. Rall made Obleser his wingman and also appointed him as technical officer of the Staffel, a position which was responsible for the overall readiness of the equipment and aircraft.<mask> flew his first combat mission on 12 January 1943 on the Eastern Front. There, he claimed his first aerial victory on 28 March over a Bell P-39 Airacobra. On 28 May 1943, <mask> was wounded when his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-4 (Werknummer 19284—factory number) was hit by anti-aircraft artillery resulting in a forced landing at Varenikovskaya. Following his convalescence, he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 8. Staffel of JG 52 on 6 July 1943, succeeding Rall who took command of III. Gruppe. Obleser at one point questioned the aerial claims made by Erich Hartmann.Hartmann asked Rall to have <mask> transferred to be Hartmann's wingman for a while. <mask> became a witness on some of Hartmann's claims and no longer questioned Hartmann's claims. On 21 July 1944, <mask> was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 87th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. On 12 December, III. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Zagórze, located  west of Kraków. The Gruppe flew relatively few missions at the time.Obleser toyed around with a Panzerfaust, a recoil-less anti-tank weapon, in an attempt to increase its firing range. On 30 December, Obleser was severely wounded when a Panzerfaust exploded in his hand. He did not see any further action before the end of the war in May 1945. He was temporarily replaced by Leutnant Karl Gratz until Leutnant Viktor Petermann officially succeeded Obleser on 7 January 1945 as commander of 10. Staffel. Later life
After Obleser was released from US captivity, he worked as a commissioner of a recycling company, which predominantly had to dismantle and dispose of bomber aircraft. He then became head of an industrial application department in the private industry.In 1956, <mask> continued his military career, joining the German Air Force of West Germany as a Hauptmann. Following multiple assignments to various fighter units, <mask> was appointed wing commander of Jagdgeschwader 72 in Leck, later known as Jagdbombergeschwader 43, and then commander of Jagdbombergeschwader 31 "Boelcke". <mask> then held the position of system officer for the multirole combat aircraft (MRCA) within the German Air Staff. He then was appointed general manager of the NATO MRCA Management Agency. <mask> then served as chief of the Air Force Office () and commanding general of the Air Force Support Command (). From 1 October 1978 until his retirement on 31 March 1983, he held the position of Inspector of the Air Force in the Bundeswehr, achieving the rank of Generalleutnant. In June 1981, the Federal Minister of Defence Hans Apel threatened Obleser with early retirement following Obleser's report to the Defense Committee of the German Bundestag ().Obleser had stated that, due to the latest defense budget cut, the German Air Force could only partially fulfill its obligations. Apel had viewed Obleser's statement as lack of loyalty towards his superiors. Earlier in March 1981, although skeptical of the proposal, Obleser had approved two budget cuts suggested by Inspector General of the Bundeswehr Jürgen Brandt. Obleser died of natural causes on 5 June 2004 in Neunkirchen-Seelscheid, at 81 years of age. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and state that Obleser was credited with 112 aerial victories, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front. In addition to these claims, Obleser claimed nine undocumented aerial victories over United States Army Air Forces aircraft, two heavy bombers and seven fighter aircraft. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 34 Ost 86724".The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size. Awards
 German Cross in Gold on 14 November 1943 as Leutnant in the III./Jagdgeschwader 52
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 23 March 1944 as Leutnant and Staffelführer of the 8./Jagdgeschwader 52
 Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 Officer's Cross (April 1973)
 Commanders Cross (26 September 1979)
 Grand Cross with Star (4 March 1983)

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

1923 births
2004 deaths
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
German Air Force pilots
Bundeswehr generals
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Lieutenant generals of the German Air Force

masks:
Friedrich
Erich Obleser
Obleser
Obleser
Obleser
Obleser
Obleser
Obleser
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<mask> (; born 8 May 1975) is a Spanish singer and songwriter. He started his recording career in the mid-nineties on the Mexican indie label Fonovisa and became the bestselling Spanish-language act of the decade. By the turn of the millennium, he made a successful crossover into the mainstream English-language market. He signed a multi-album deal with Universal Music Group for US$68 million with Universal Music Latino to release his Spanish albums and Interscope Records to release English albums. In 2010, <mask> parted with Interscope Records and signed with another Universal Music Group label, Republic Records, to release bilingual albums. In 2015, he parted ways with Universal Music Group after being there for over a decade. He signed with Sony Music and his subsequent albums were to be released by Sony Music Latin in Spanish and RCA Records in English.<mask> is one of the best-selling Latin music artists with estimated sales of over 70 million records worldwide. He has had five Billboard Hot 100 top five singles, including two number-ones. As of October 2020, <mask> holds the number-one position on the Greatest of All-Latin Artists charts. <mask> holds the record for the most number-one songs on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart with 27 songs, the Latin Airplay chart with 32 songs, and the Latin Pop Airplay chart with 24 songs. <mask> also has 14 number-ones on Billboards Dance charts, more than any other male artist. He has earned the honorific title King of Latin Pop. In December 2016, Billboard magazine named him the 14th most successful and top male dance club artist of all time.In October 2020, <mask> was awarded the "Top Latin Artist of All Time" at the 2020 Billboard Latin Music Awards. Early life and family
<mask> was born in Madrid, Spain, and is the third and youngest child of Spanish singer <mask> and Filipina socialite and magazine journalist Isabel Preysler. His father Julio is recognized as the most commercially successful continental European singer in the world. <mask> was raised with two older siblings, Chábeli and Julio Jr. One of his mother's aunts is actress Neile Adams, the first wife of American actor Steve McQueen, mother of actor Chad McQueen, and grandmother of actor Steven R. McQueen. His father's family is from Galicia and Andalusia; his father also claims some Jewish and Puerto Rican ancestry on his mother's side. <mask> found out later in life that he was born with a rare congenital condition known as situs inversus where some of the body's major organs, such as the heart, are situated on the opposite side of the body from normal. At first, <mask> and his two siblings stayed with their mother, but in December 1981, <mask>' grandfather, Dr. <mask> Puga, was kidnapped by the armed Basque group ETA.For their safety, <mask> and his brother Julio were sent to live with their father and his girlfriend at the time, Venezuelan top model Virginia Sipli, in Miami. There, they were brought up mostly by the nanny, Elvira Olivares, to whom <mask> later dedicated his first album. As his father's career kept him on the road, the young <mask> was raised by the family nanny. He attended the prestigious Gulliver Preparatory School and later went on to study business at the University of Miami. <mask> did not want his father to know about his plans for a musical career and did not want his famous surname to help advance his career. He borrowed money from his family nanny and recorded a demo cassette tape which consisted of a Spanish song and two English songs. Approaching his father's former publicist, Fernán Martínez, the two promoted the songs under the stage name '<mask>', with the backstory of being a singer from Guatemala.<mask> was signed on to Fonovisa Records. After dropping out of college, he traveled to Toronto to record his first album. Music career

1995–1996: <mask>
On 12 July 1995, <mask>ias, a collection of light rock ballads, including hits such as "Si Tú Te Vas" and "Experiencia Religiosa". This album, along with <mask>' next two, was released by the Mexican label Fonovisa. The record sold half a million copies in its first week, a rare accomplishment then for an album recorded in a language other than English, going Gold in Portugal within the first week of release, and sold over a million copies in the next three months. His song "Por Amarte" was included in Televisa's telenovela Marisol, but with a twist: instead of Por amarte daría mi vida (To love you, I'd give my life), the words were Por amarte Marisol, moriría (To love you, Marisol, I'd die). The CD also yielded Italian and Portuguese editions, with most of the songs translated into those languages.Five singles were released from the album, such as "Por Amarte", "No Llores Por Mí", and "Trapecista" all of which topped the Billboards Latin charts. The album still holds the record for producing the most number one singles on the Billboard's Hot Latin songs chart. The album went on to win <mask> the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Performance. 1997–1998: Vivir and Cosas del Amor
In 1997, <mask>' stardom continued to rise with the release of Vivir (To Live), which put him up with other English-language music superstars in sales for that year. The album also included a cover version of the Yazoo song "Only You", translated into Spanish as "Solo en Tí". Three singles were released from Vivir: "Enamorado Por Primera Vez", "Sólo en Ti", and "Miente", which topped the Latin singles chart as well as those in several Spanish-speaking countries. Along with his father and Luis Miguel, <mask> was nominated for an American Music Award in the first-ever awarded category of Favorite Latin Artist.<mask> lost out to his father, but performed the song "Lluvia Cae" at the event. Insisting on playing stadiums for his first concert tour, that summer, <mask>, backed by sidemen for Elton John, Bruce Springsteen, and Billy Joel, played to sold-out audiences in sixteen countries. Beginning in Odessa, Texas, the tour went on to play three consecutive nights in Mexico's Plaza de Toros, two consecutive nights at Monterrey's Auditorio Coca-Cola, and two at the Estadio River Plate in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to over 130,000 people, as well as 19 arenas in the U.S. In 1998, <mask> released his third album Cosas del Amor (Things of Love). Taking a more mature musical direction, the album, aided by the popular singles "Esperanza" and "Nunca Te Olvidaré", both of which topped the Latin singles chart, helped cement his status in the Latin music scene. <mask> did a short tour of smaller venues to accompany the release of the album, with one show being televised from Acapulco, Mexico. This was followed by a larger world tour of over eighty shows in even bigger venues.The Cosas del Amor Tour was the first ever concert tour sponsored by McDonald's. He won an American Music Award in the category of Favorite Latin Artist against Ricky Martin and Chayanne. The song "Nunca te Olvidaré" was also used as the theme music for a Spanish soap opera of the same name and he sang the song himself on the last episode of the series. 1999–2000: <mask>
In 1999, <mask> began a successful crossover career into the English-language music market. Thanks to other successful crossover acts, most notably Ricky Martin,  Latino artists and music had a great surge in popularity in mainstream music that year. After attending one of his concerts in March 1999, Will Smith asked <mask> to contribute to the soundtrack of his movie Wild Wild West. His contribution "Bailamos" was released as a single and became a number one hit in the US.After the success of "Bailamos", several mainstream record labels were eager to sign <mask>. Signing a multi-album deal after weeks of negotiations with Interscope, <mask> recorded and released his first full CD in English, <mask>. The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete. It contained the song "Rhythm Divine", a duet with Whitney Houston titled "Could I Have This Kiss Forever", and a cover of the Bruce Springsteen song "Sad Eyes". In 2000, <mask> performed at the Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show alongside Christina Aguilera and Phil Collins and Toni Braxton. Shock jock Howard Stern repeatedly played a tape of a supposedly very off-key <mask> on his radio show and accused him of not being able to sing live. On 8 June 2000, <mask> sang the song live on Stern's show with just a guitar accompanying him.After the performance, Stern remarked, "I respect you for coming in here; you really can sing". <mask> noted that the recording could have been him, but that it was probably a recording made during a television taping where he was required to lip sync and not sing properly. He would remark that the controversy was the best promotion he could have. The album's single "Be with You" became <mask>' second number-one single on Billboards Hot 100. 2001-2002: Escape and Quizas
In 2001, <mask> released his second English-language album Escape. Where most of the Latin crossover acts of the previous year experienced some difficulty matching the record sales of their first English-language albums, <mask> actually went on to sell even more with the album being certified Diamond for shipments of over 10 million copies. The album's first single, "Hero", became a number-one hit in the United Kingdom, and in many other countries.The entire album was co-written by <mask>. Escape is his biggest commercial success to date. The singles "Escape" and "Don't Turn Off the Lights" became radio staples, placing highly or topping various charts both in North America and elsewhere. A second edition of the album was released internationally and contained a new version of one of <mask>' favorite tracks, "Maybe", as well as a duet with Lionel Richie called "To Love a Woman". <mask> capitalized on the album's success with his "One-Night Stand World Tour" consisting of fifty sold-out shows in sixteen countries. Including Radio City Music Hall and three consecutive nights in London's Royal Albert Hall, the tour ended with a big show at Lia Manoliu Stadium in Bucharest, Romania. The concert launched MTV Romania, with the video for "Love to See You Cry" being the first to be shown on the channel.In 2002, <mask> decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizás (Perhaps). A more polished musical production than his previous Spanish albums and containing more introspective songs, the album's title track is a song about the strained relationship <mask> has with his famous father. The album debuted at number twelve on the Billboard 200 albums chart, the highest placement of a Spanish-language album on the chart at that period. Quizás sold a million copies in a week, making it the fastest-selling album in Spanish in five years. All three singles released from the album all ended up topping the Latin chart, giving <mask> a total of sixteen number ones on the chart. He currently holds the record for the most number-one singles on Billboards Latin Chart. With the song "Para Qué La Vida" <mask> reached a million spins on U.S. radio becoming the first Latin act to do so.The video to the song "Quizás" was the first Spanish-language music video to be added to the selection on MTV's popular show Total Request Live.The album went on to win the Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album. That year he embarked on an arena tour of the Americas. The "Don't Turn Off the Lights" tour was completed in the summer of 2002, with two sold-out nights in Madison Square Garden and another two in Mexico's National Auditorium. The tour finished with a single show in the Roberto Clemente Coliseum in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2003-2004: Seven
By 2003, <mask> released his seventh album, which he called 7, the second to be co-written by him. Among its more 1980s-inspired material, it features the song "Roamer", which he wrote with his friend and longtime guitarist Tony Bruno. The CD also contained the song "Be Yourself", a song about independence; the chorus talks about how <mask>' own parents did not believe he'd ever succeed in his singing career.The first single was the song "Addicted", and was followed closely by a remix of the song "Not in Love", featuring Kelis. With this album, <mask> went on his biggest world tour to date. The highly publicised tour started with twelve shows in the United States ending with <mask> playing at Houston Rodeo, and continued on to several countries, most of which he'd never previously visited, playing to sold-out arenas and stadiums in Australia, India, Egypt, and Singapore, before ending his tour in South Africa. 2007–2009: Insomniac, 95/08 Éxitos and Greatest Hits
After a two-year hiatus, <mask> released his new album Insomniac on 12 June 2007. The album was so named due to it being recorded mainly at night. The record had a more contemporary pop style than that of his previous albums. Its highlights include the songs "Push", with rapper Lil Wayne, as well as "Ring My Bells" and a cover of Ringside's "Tired of Being Sorry".The album's first single, "Do You Know? (The Ping Pong Song)", was released on 10 April 2007. It was <mask>' highest-charting song on the Billboard Hot 100 since "Escape". The song was also a hit throughout Europe, peaking in the top 10 in many countries. The Spanish version of the song, titled "Dímelo", was number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for eleven weeks, becoming his second best performing song on that chart at the time. <mask> followed up with the ballad "Somebody's Me", which was released as a single in North America. The song was played extensively on AC radio and peaked high on Billboards Hot AC.In Europe, the second single was "Tired of Being Sorry", which performed well in many countries; he recorded a version of the song with French singer Nâdiya, which was number one in France for eleven weeks. A solo version of "Push" was added to the soundtrack of the movie Step Up 2 the Streets. The song was regarded as the third single from the album. A music video was shot, which features the film's lead actors. Despite never being officially added to radio, the song has charted in several countries. On 4 July 2007, <mask> became the first Western artist to play a concert in Syria in three decades when he performed for a sold-out crowd of ten thousand in the capital Damascus and in the same week, he performed on Live Earth in Hamburg. The Insomniac World Tour was launched at the Coca-Cola Dome in Johannesburg, South Africa, the same venue he ended his last world tour, and took him to sold-out arenas throughout Europe.It was his first arena tour of the UK, with him playing venues such as Manchester's MEN Arena and Wembley Arena. The tour ended with <mask> performing at the newly opened L.A. Live. A second leg of the tour took him throughout Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina. <mask>'s song "Can You Hear Me" was chosen as the official song of the UEFA Euro 2008 football tournament. He performed the song live at the 29 June 2008 final in Vienna, Austria. The song featured on a re-issue of Insomniac, which was released in certain countries. <mask> released a Spanish greatest hits album titled 95/08 Éxitos on 25 March 2008, which included his seventeen number-one songs on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart plus two new songs.The first single was the song "¿Dónde Están Corazón? ", which was written by Argentine star Coti, and became <mask>'s eighteenth number-one single on Billboards Hot Latin Songs. The album debuted at number one on Billboards Top Latin Albums chart and number eighteen on the overall Billboard 200 albums chart. It was <mask>'s second Spanish album to debut in the top 20 of the Billboard 200 (Quizás debuted at number twelve in 2002). The album was certified double Platinum (Latin field) in the U.S. and in some Latin American countries. The record's second single, "Lloro Por Ti", also reached number one on the Hot Latin Songs chart and had an official remix featuring Wisin & Yandel. <mask> did a tour of the US to promote the compilation.Beginning in Laredo, Texas, and ending at the Izod Center in New Jersey, he was accompanied through most of the tour with bachata band Aventura, who also performed "Lloro Por Ti" with him at the 2008 Premios Juventud. <mask> was a surprise performer at the 2008 Lo Nuestro Awards, opening the show with a medley of "¿Dónde Están

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Enrique Miguel Iglesias Preysler
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Julio Iglesias
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 Corazón?" and "Dímelo". He also performed at the Billboard Latin Music Awards, where he received a special award. After the success of his Spanish greatest hits compilation, <mask> released a compilation of his English-language hits on 11 November. The album includes "Can You Hear Me" as well as two new songs. The first single, "Away", features Sean Garrett, and was followed by "Takin' Back My Love", featuring Ciara.The album debuted at number three on the official UK Albums Chart and sold over 80,000 copies in its first two weeks of release alone. <mask> was the winner of two World Music Awards in the categories of "World's Best Selling Latin Performer" and "World's Best Selling Spanish Artist" at the ceremony held in Monaco on 9 November 2008. 2010–2011: Euphoria
On 5 July 2010, <mask> released his ninth studio album Euphoria, his first work to be released under his new label Universal Republic. The album is <mask>'s first bilingual album, with seven original English songs and six original Spanish songs. It won the Billboard Music Award for Top Latin Album, the Billboard Latin Awards for Latin Album of the Year and Latin Pop Album of the Year, and was nominated for the Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year. <mask> worked with three producers whom he had collaborated with before: RedOne, Mark Taylor, and Carlos Paucar. The album features collaborations with Akon, Usher, Nicole Scherzinger, Sunidhi Chauhan, Ludacris, DJ Frank E, Pitbull, Juan Luis Guerra, and his third song together with Wisin & Yandel.In a joint venture with Universal Latino, Iglesias released different singles in both English and Spanish simultaneously to different formats. The first English single from the album, "I Like It", which features the rapper Pitbull, was released on 3 May 2010 in the U.S. and became a success, reaching No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was also featured in the MTV reality series Jersey Shore. "Cuando Me Enamoro" was released as the lead Spanish single from the album, and became the theme song of the Mexican telenovela of the same title, produced by Televisa. The song debuted at number eight and number twenty-five on the U.S. Latin Pop Songs chart and the U.S. Hot Latin Songs chart, respectively.It became his twenty-fifth top ten single on the U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart and after four weeks of its release date, it became his twenty-first No.1 song on this chart. In January 2011, the album's third English single, "Tonight (I'm Lovin' You)" broke into the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100, also reaching No. 4. The song was released only for digital download in the United States but was featured on some editions of Euphoria in Europe and some Asian areas. The song became <mask>' first number one on the U.S. Pop Songs and Radio Songs airplay charts.A remix version of the album track "Dirty Dancer" was released as the fourth English single and became his ninth Hot Dance Club Play chart topper, tying with Prince and Michael Jackson as the male with the most No. 1 dance singles. Further, "Ayer" served as the album's third Spanish single and seventh single overall. The Euphoria Tour took <mask> across the U.S., Canada, the U.K., and several European countries. One of the tour's legs took him to Australia, while fellow artist Pitbull joined him as an opening act. Prince Royce also served as opening act during the tour's second leg across North America. In August 2011, <mask> released the single "I Like How It Feels" to radio.This was planned to serve as the lead single from the Euphoria album's proposed re-issue that never came to fruition, Euphoria Reloaded. 2012–2014: Sex and Love
On 25 August 2012, <mask> unveiled his brand new single, "Finally Found You", a collaboration with American rapper Sammy Adams. It was released to the US iTunes Store on 25 September 2012. The song was released in UK on 9 December 2012. On 8 December 2012, <mask> performed at the Z100 Jingle Ball in Miami, and on the iHeartRadio Festival interview session before the show, <mask> stated he's working on some new music and – when asked about his time in the studio – he said, "It's kind of like going fishing, you never know when you're going to catch a big one." Continuing on to tell what fans can expect to hear, he said he's ready to try something new: "I come out with so many albums and I want to make sure that if I come out with an album it sounds new. At least to me."It was confirmed that <mask> would be working with Mark Taylor, The Cataracs, and Carlos Paucar for the new album. <mask> continued to tour during this period returned to India in October 2012 to perform another series of shows called Tri-City tour in Pune, Delhi, and Bangalore playing to sold-out arenas and stadiums. On 31 May 2013, <mask> performed at the Mawazine Festival in Rabat, Morocco. The show broke the highest attendance record as more than 120,000 fans gathered to watch the concert. <mask> released a number of singles prior to the album release, the first of which was "Turn the Night Up" followed by "Heart Attack" which was released to US Top 40 radio stations. Latin stations were served with the song "Loco", a smooth bachata duet with urban bachata superstar Romeo Santos. The single became <mask>' 24th No.1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart. A version of the song released in Spain featured Spanish Flamenco singer India Martinez and topped the charts in Spain. This was followed by El Perdedor, a duet with Mexican singer Marco Antonio Solis and was the theme to the telenovela Lo que la vida me robó. The song became his 24th #1 on the Latin charts. <mask> announced the title of his tenth studio album would be Sex and Love. The album was released on 14 March 2014.The release of the album was accompanied by the single I'm a Freak and featured Pitbull The album also featured a duet with Kylie Minogue called "Beautiful", which appears on her twelfth studio album Kiss Me Once. In addition to the previously stated collaborations the album featured guest appearances by Flo Rida, Yandel, Juan Magan, Jennifer Lopez and Gente de Zona.The next single to be released from the album was "Bailando", featuring Descemer Bueno, and Gente De Zona. "Bailando" was immensely successful becoming his 25th #1 on Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart. Bailando was #1 for 41 consecutive weeks on Billboard's Hot Latin songs chart becoming the longest reigning #1 in the history of the chart beating the record previously held by Shakira's 25 week run. This record was later broken in 2017 when "Despacito" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber spent 56 weeks on top of the Hot Latin Songs chart. Bailando was also a crossover success in part due to a Spanglish version of the song which featured rapper Sean Paul which saw the song peak at #12 on Billboard's Hot 100 and Top 10 on the airplay chart becoming the highest charting Spanish song since the Macarena in 1996. The original Spanish music video of the song was also YouTube's second most watched music video of 2014, behind Katy Perry's hit single, "Dark Horse" and was the first Spanish language video to reach a billion views on the platform. "Bailando" currently has over 3 billion views on YouTube.The song won three Latin Grammy awards including Song of the Year. In addition to the original Spanish version, <mask> also released two Portuguese versions of the song featuring the Portuguese singer Mickael Carreira and the Brazilian singer Luan Santana. Sex and Love was Spotify's 7th most-streamed album worldwide in 2014, and "Bailando" was the most-streamed song in both Mexico and Spain. <mask> was also called the King of 2014, due to his tenth album, Sex and Love, and his hit single "Bailando". Billboard called him "The Crowd Pleaser" of 2014. After more than a decade with Universal Music, <mask> left the record label in 2015 and signed on with Sony Music. 2015–present: Final

Since the release of his last studio album Sex and Love, <mask> continued issuing singles.In 2015, he collaborated with Nicky Jam on the reggaeton megahit "El Perdón" which topped the charts in several countries and has over 1.3 billion views on YouTube. In 2016 <mask> released his first single under that Sony "Duele el Corazón" featuring Wisin which also topped the charts in several countries including the US Latin charts and also has over 1 billion views on YouTube . In 2017, <mask> released "Súbeme la Radio", which features Descemer Bueno and Zion y Lennox. The song has over 1.3 billion views on YouTube. In 2018, <mask> released two songs, one called "El Baño" with Bad Bunny and the other called "Move to Miami" with Pitbull. During this period <mask> would feature on songs by other artists such as RedOne's "Don't You Need Somebody," Descemer Bueno's "Nos Fuimos Lejos", Matoma's "I Don't Dance (Without You)", Jon Z's "Después Que Te Perdí" and Anuel AA's "Fútbol y Rumba". In March 2020, it was announced that <mask> would embark on a tour with Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin.The tour was planned to start on 5 September 2020 in Phoenix, Arizona and end on 30 October 2020 in Atlanta, but the tour was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The song "Me Pasé" featuring Farruko was released on 1 July 2021 and became a hit on Latin radio topping the Latin Rhythm Airplay chart, as well as extended his record for most #1s on Latin Pop Airplay Chart and reclaiming his record for most #1s on the Latin Airplay Chart. During a chat with Ricky Martin and Sebastian Yatra, <mask> revealed that his next album would be released in two volumes, titled Final, as it likely would be his last album. <mask> claimed, "it's something that I have been thinking about for the past few years" but also insisted, "I'm never going to stop writing songs because I love writing songs, but I'm going to do it in a different way, meaning they don't necessarily have to be packaged as an album, so this project to me is important". On 17 September, <mask> released Final Vol. 1, alongside a new single, "Pendejo". Songwriting, producing, and acting

<mask> has collaborated with songwriter Guy Chambers to write "Un Nuovo Giorno", the lead single from Andrea Bocelli's first pop album.The song was later translated into English as "First Day of My Life" and recorded by Spice Girl Melanie C. The song has since gone to become a huge hit throughout Europe, and peaked in the number one spot in numerous countries. <mask> also co-wrote the single "The Way" for American Idol runner-up Clay Aiken. Four songs co-written by <mask> appear on the UK band The Hollies' 2006 album Staying Power. In 2010, Idol Allstars (Swedish Idol Series) released the song "All I Need Is You", co-written by <mask> with Andreas Carlsson, Kalle Engström, and Kristian Lundin. He also co-wrote Jennifer Lopez's song "Dance Again", released in 2012, which reached number-one position in the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs. In 2000, <mask> co-produced an off-Broadway musical called Four Guys Named Jose and Una Mujer Named Maria. In the musical, four Americans of Latin heritage possess a common interest in music and meet and decide to put on a show.The show contained many references and allusions to many classic and contemporary Latin and pop songs by the likes of Carmen Miranda, Selena, Ritchie Valens, Chayanne, Ricky Martin, and <mask> himself. <mask> starred alongside Antonio Banderas, Salma Hayek, and Johnny Depp in the Robert Rodriguez film Once Upon a Time in Mexico, in which he played the well-spoken gun-wielding Lorenzo. In 2007, he had a guest appearance in the TV comedy Two and a Half Men as a carpenter/handyman. He also guest-starred as Gael, an Argentinean guitar playing/surfer/massage therapist love interest of Robin in season 3 of the TV show How I Met Your Mother. <mask> also played the part of an evil Roman emperor in a Pepsi ad in 2004, as well as appearing in commercials for Tommy Hilfiger, Doritos, and Viceroy watches. Personal life

In late 2001, <mask> started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova. In 2008, he was quoted by the Daily Star as having been married to Kournikova but having split.They reportedly split in October 2013 but reconciled. The couple have a son and daughter, Nicholas and Lucy, who are fraternal twins born on 16 December 2017. On 30 January 2020, their third child, a daughter, Mary, was born. In 2003, <mask> received surgery to remove a circular mole from the right side of his face, citing concerns that over time it could become cancerous. Philanthropy
In 2010, <mask> was included in the project Download to Donate, run by Music for Relief, an organization started by American rock band Linkin Park. He co-produced Download to Donate for Haiti, a charity album for the 2010 Haiti earthquake, with the co-vocalist of the band Mike Shinoda. Both of them promoted the album at various venues, one of them being Larry King Live, where he and Shinoda explained the project.In 2013, <mask> urged his followers to donate money through the American Red Cross to help the victims of the deadly Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. The typhoon struck one month after the Philippines was hit by a 7.2-magnitude earthquake which destroyed homes and livelihoods of around 350,000 people. <mask> has supported City of Hope, Habitat for Humanity, Help for Heroes, Live Earth, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Special Olympics, Save the Children, The Salvation Army, and charitable causes like Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation and hunger relief. Discography

Studio albums
 <mask> (1995)
 Vivir (1997)
 Cosas del Amor (1998)
 Enrique (1999)
 Escape (2001)
 Quizás (2002)
 7 (2003)
 Insomniac (2007)
 Euphoria (2010)
 Sex and Love (2014)
 Final (Vol. 1) (2021)

Filmography

Film and television roles

Soundtrack and self appearances

Tours
Headlining
Vivir World Tour
Cosas del Amor World Tour
2000 Tour
One Night Stand Tour
Don't Turn Off The Lights Tour
Seven World Tour
Insomniac World Tour
Greatest Hits Tour
Euphoria Tour
Sex and Love Tour
All the Hits Live

Co-headlining
Enrique Iglesias & Jennifer Lopez Tour
Enrique & Pitbull on Tour
Enrique Iglesias And Pitbull Live! <mask> and Ricky Martin Live in Concert

Awards and nominations

<mask> has won more than 200 awards from various ceremonies including 23 Billboard Music Awards and 36 Billboard Latin Music Awards, as well as 8 American Music Awards, 1 Grammy (with 3 times nomination), 5 Latin Grammy Awards, 10 World Music Awards, 6 MTV awards, 19 Premios Lo Nuestro Awards (with 24 times nomination) and 15 Premios Juventud Awards (with 21 times nomination) etc. He has been nominated over 465 times for various awards.He also won an award for Best International Pop Act at the MTV India Awards, as well as being named "King of Latin Pop". In 2000, he was awarded Most Fashionable Artist at the VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards. In 2001, for the release of his second English studio album Escape, he received awards for Best-Selling Pop Male Artist and European Male Artist at the World Music Awards. And for the first time ever in the history of Billboard Music Awards <mask> was awarded with "Top Latin Artist of All Time" Title and Award at Billboard Latin Music Awards 2020. References

External links

1975 births
Living people
20th-century Spanish singers
21st-century American singers
21st-century Spanish singers
English-language singers from Spain
Fonovisa Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Gulliver Preparatory School alumni
Enrique
Interscope Records artists
Latin Grammy Award winners
Latin music songwriters
Latin pop singers
MTV Europe Music Award winners
Musicians from Madrid
Musicians from Miami
People from Madrid
RCA Records artists
Republic Records artists
Singers from Florida
Singers from Madrid
Songwriters from Florida
Sony Music Latin artists
Sony Music Spain artists
Spanish dance musicians
Spanish emigrants to the United States
Spanish expatriates in the United States
Spanish male singers
Spanish people of American descent
Spanish people of Filipino descent
Spanish people of Galician descent
Spanish people of Jewish descent
Spanish people of Kapampangan descent
Spanish people of Puerto Rican descent
Spanish philanthropists
Spanish pop singers
Spanish record producers
Spanish Roman Catholics
Spanish songwriters
Universal Music Latin Entertainment artists
University of Miami Business School

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