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is a Japanese left-handed pitcher. He played for the Hanshin Tigers and Orix Buffaloes of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) and New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB). He led all pitchers in the Central League for strikeouts in ,  and 2006. He also played in the 2006 Major League Baseball Japan All-Star Series. Although he has not announced his retirement, <mask> does not belong to any professional team. Professional career

Hanshin Tigers (1998–2006)
He was the number two draft choice of the Hanshin Tigers in . After a couple of years in the Hanshin minor league system, <mask> entered the starting rotation in .In his first full season as a starter, <mask> went 9-13 for the last-placed Tigers, but finished with a Central League second-best 2.67 ERA, behind only Chunichi's Shigeki Noguchi. In 2002, Hanshin improved to fourth, and <mask>'s record was 14-9. He finished third in ERA (2.49), trailing Masumi Kuwata and Kenshin Kawakami. He also led the Central League with 206 strikeouts. In , the Tigers won the Central League pennant. <mask> made a great contribution with his brilliant performance. He pitched very well and finished with a 20–5 record, a 2.80 ERA, and was third with 179 strikeouts.He was named to the Best Nine, won the MVP in the Central League and also won the Eiji Sawamura Award, the Japanese equivalent of the MLB Cy Young Award. <mask> saw a decline in performance in 2004 and . In 2004, despite leading the league at 228 strikeouts, he went 14-11 with a 3.73 ERA. In 2005, <mask> went 13-9 with a 3.86 ERA, fifth among his team's starters in ERA, and was briefly exiled to the minors. He was only tied for fifth in strikeouts (down significantly to 145) and 10th in ERA, but was still third in the circuit in victories. While still a productive hurler, <mask> became a target of enthusiastic fan criticism due to his inability to perform at his prior level. New York Yankees (2007–2011)

2007

In 2006, <mask> announced his intention to play in North America.On November 16, 2006, <mask> was posted by the Hanshin Tigers. On November 29, 2006, it was announced that the New York Yankees were the highest bidders at $26,000,194, with the last three digits representing his strikeout total for the 2006 season. He signed a five-year, $20 million contract on December 27, 2006. On January 8, , <mask> was officially announced at a Yankee Stadium press conference. On April 7, 2007, he made his major league debut, allowing seven earned runs in five innings, but received a "no decision" because of Alex Rodriguez's walk-off grand slam. <mask> later earned wins in relief appearances against the Cleveland Indians and Boston Red Sox. <mask> came to prominence in a game on April 28, in which starting pitcher Jeff Karstens left in the first inning after suffering a broken leg on a liner back to the mound.<mask> came in from the bullpen and pitched six innings of scoreless relief, allowing only two hits and striking out six batters before enjoying a standing ovation on his way to the dugout. He was the winning pitcher in the Yankees' 3-1 victory over their rival Boston Red Sox. However, the Yankees later saw flaws in his mechanics and, on May 7, optioned him to the Florida State League's Tampa Yankees to work with Nardi Contreras and Billy Connors. <mask> apparently made progress in mechanics and location at Tampa, and was subsequently called up to pitch for the Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes Barre Yankees. <mask> made his return start against the San Francisco Giants on June 22, 2007, allowing two earned runs in 4.2 innings. On July 27, 2007, <mask> was demoted to Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. He was claimed on waivers by the San Diego Padres in August 2007, but the Yankees pulled him back without making a trade.<mask> returned to the Yankees in September 2007 when rosters expanded. 2008–2009
After failing to make the team out of spring training, <mask> started the year with Scranton/Wilkes Barre. He was called up to replace Ian Kennedy, In <mask>'s first MLB start of the 2008 season, he gave up eleven hits and six runs in three innings. He was promoted again in June for one appearance before being optioned back to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre the next day. On July 26, 2008, <mask> cleared waivers and was removed from the 40-man roster. In 2009, <mask> was invited to Spring training as a non-roster invitee, the only Yankee with a guaranteed contract in that position. On March 23, 2009, the Yankees reassigned <mask> to minor league camp.With the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees, <mask> posted a 10–8 record with a 4.15 ERA, with 105 strikeouts. The 10 wins, 105 strikeouts, and the 4.15 ERA were team bests for the 2009 year. On July 27, 2009, <mask> set a Scranton/Wilkes-Barre franchise record for most career wins, with a 2-1 victory over the Columbus Clippers. During the 2008 and 2009 seasons, Yankee General Manager Brian Cashman twice attempted to sell <mask> to a Japanese team, but <mask> refused to return to Japan both times. 2010–2011
In 2010, <mask> was invited to spring training as a non-roster invitee. However, on March 13, <mask> was once again cut and sent to AAA. In 2011, <mask> played most of the season for the Yankees' AA affiliate, the Trenton Thunder, but did pitch four games in AAA for the Scranton/Wilkes Barre Yankees where he went 1-0 with a 2.78 ERA.<mask> had stated that he preferred to stay in the United States to play in MLB after his contract with the Yankees expired. He became a free agent after the 2011 season. Orix Buffaloes (2012–2014)

The Orix Buffaloes of NPB signed <mask> to a two-year contract worth ¥200M prior to the 2012 season. Injuries were a problem for <mask> in his return to Japan, he made only 29 starts from 2012 to 2014. Pitching style
<mask>'s fastball will usually stay in the 87-90 mph range, but he is able to reach back and throw harder when in need of a strikeout (tops out at 93 mph). <mask> also throws a changeup, which hovers in the 78-81 mph range, and a slider, which he uses primarily against left-handed batters. His changeup has a tendency to be belt-high and in the middle of the plate.This pitch drew a lot of swings and misses in Japan, but it did not have the same success in America. <mask> was known to possess above-average control in Japan, but has a very poor track record of control at the Major League level. <mask> is also known for his unique follow-through, in which he throws his left leg into the air and return his pitching arm to a high position. Since he does not do this with his off-speed pitches as often as his fastballs, it might become easier for batters to distinguish whether a pitch is off-speed or not. His record during day games in Japan was 4-5, 7.09 ERA. Considering the fact that <mask> pitches exceptionally better in night games, he wears sunglasses during day games to make the game environment closer to that of a night game. Personal life
In February 2007, <mask> announced on his Japanese blog that he had married recently.His wife and children visit New York for a couple months per year. <mask> enjoys playing shogi. In January 2007, the Japanese Shogi Association appointed <mask> as the "shogi goodwill ambassador" to popularize shogi outside Japan, and presented the diploma of the first grade and the letter of the commission of authority to him. <mask> is a great soccer fan, but he joined the baseball club because there was no soccer club in his junior high school. Originally, he was a fan of the Kashima Antlers, which is based near his hometown of Ibaraki, but he became a Gamba Osaka fan after joining the Hanshin Tigers. Awards in Japan
3-time All-Star (2001–2003)
2002 Strikeouts champion of the year
2003 Eiji Sawamura Award, Best Nine, Wins and ERA champion of the Central League, Central League MVP
2004 Strikeouts champion of the year
2006 Strikeouts champion of the Central League

References

External links

Official Website
Sports Illustrated interview
Japanese league stats and info of <mask> Igawa

1979 births
Hanshin Tigers players
Japanese expatriate baseball players in the United States
Living people
New York Yankees players
Nippon Professional Baseball MVP Award winners
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Japan
Orix Buffaloes players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees players
Baseball people from Ibaraki Prefecture
Tampa Yankees players

masks: Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Igawa Kei


type: original

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<mask> (4 February 1912 – 28 August 1984) was a Romanian multi-sport athlete that practiced through his career 14 sports. He was mostly known for his activity in basketball, where he was a player and coach. On 17 June 2005, he received post-mortem the Honorary Citizen of Moreni title. Early life
<mask> was born in Moreni from a family of six children. He had an attraction for sport while being a pre-school child, playing football at the  M.A.T.I.L.U.S. sports association. At the age of 10, he won a children athletics competition in Moreni, being first at all five disciplines (shot put, long jump, high jump, sprint run and long-distance running).Later he moved in Ploiești at the "Saints Peter and Pavel" High School where he continued exercising athletics and football, also starting to participate at gymnastics disciplines. In 1926 he moved to Brașov where he attended the Ioan Meșotă and Andrei Șaguna National Colleges where he continued to develop his multi-sport abilities, winning school inter-class decathlon competitions. In 1931, he became a student at the National University of Physical Education and Sport (ANEFS). Basketball career
<mask> <mask> played his first basketball game in 1934 for his college team ANEFS at the first ever National University Championship in a 4–27 loss against the University of Law School Bucharest team. Later he played for Telefon Club București who in 1950 merged with CFR București, forming Locomotiva PTT București, where <mask> was a player-coach, managing to win the 1951 Romanian League title. He also played 24 games for the national team, including appearances at EuroBasket 1947 where the team finished on the 10th position with Herold having a 6.6 average points per game scored. In 1952 he transferred to new founded club CCA București where he played until 1953 after which he retired from playing and became the team's coach.He coached CCA București from 1954 until 1968, winning 10 Romanian League titles (7 consecutive) and reaching the semi-finals of the 1960–61 FIBA European Champions Cup. He worked through the years with players like Andrei Folbert, Mihai Nedef, Liviu Naghy, Emil Niculescu, Alexandru Fodor, Florin Burada, Armand Novacek, Mihai Erdogh, Mihai Dimancea, Ioan Testiban, Theodor Nedelea, Ion Cimpoiaș and Valeriu Gheorghe, who nicknamed him "Uncle", the press nicknamed the team "The uncle and his nephews" or "The golden CCA". Herold coached the national team at EuroBasket 1959 (8th place) and EuroBasket 1961 (7th place). Multi-sports activity
During his years as a student at ANEFS, <mask> <mask> got a job as a sports instructor at Telefon Club București, where together with other colleagues from the firm he founded the volleyball, basketball and handball teams of the club. <mask> played football as a goalkeeper at junior level alongside Iuliu Bodola at  B.M.T.E. Brașov. He made his debut in an official match for the senior team at the age of 15 in a 2–1 loss against Colțea Brașov.He later played for Astra Brașov as a midfielder and forward, continuing his career at Telefon Club București, helping them promote from the lower leagues of Romanian football to the second division, being the team's top-goalscorer during the process. He retired from football in 1937. In his first year as student at ANEFS he broke the national junior records in the 110 metres hurdles, triple jump and pole vault disciplines at the National University Championships from Timișoara. In 1933 he became national champion at 110 metres hurdles, a performance repeated in 1934, when he also won the national decathlon title, establishing national records that would last until 1948. He retired from athletics after he represented Romania at the 1937 Balkan Championship at 110 metres hurdles, where he finished second. <mask> <mask> played handball in 11 for the national team, being part of Romania's squad at the 1937 World Cup from Magdeburg, Germany. In 1946, he won as player, captain and coach of Romania's national volleyball team the Balkan Championship, played in Bucharest.He played volleyball until the age of 43 at I.C.F.S. In 1954, <mask> <mask> received the title of "emeritus master of sports" for his multi-sport activity and in 1966 he received the title of "emeritus coach" for teaching and forming generations of players. <mask> <mask> practiced and competed in a total of 14 sports disciplines:
Athletics – school, junior, university and national champion in several events, national junior record breaker (110 metres hurdles, pole, triple jump), national champion in seniors (110 metres hurdles in 1933 and 1934), national decathlon champion (1934), record holder for 14 years in decathlon, member of the national team
Football – player at B.M.T.E. Brașov, Astra Brașov and Telefon Club București (from the establishment of the club until it reached the second division)
Handball in 11 – member of the national team and participant at the 1937 World Cup from Germany
Volleyball – player and captain of the national team
Basketball – player and captain of the national team
Shooting sports – the third place at the national rifle championships, with the performance of 391 points out of 400 possible
Alpine skiing – champion in the military patrol competition
Rowing – participant in the city championships of Bucharest as part of the Telefon Club București team
Water polo – goalkeeper at Telefon Club București in the city championship
Table tennis – trade union champion of the Capital in the mixed doubles event from 1946, together with Mariana Bunescu
Tennis – played in the second category championship and qualifiers of Bucharest for the C.C.A. and Justice team
Rugby – player at Telefon Club București
Fencing – university champion of Bucharest at foil and sabre in 1934
Gymnastics – member of the model team of ANEFS at the demonstrations from the student camp organized on the occasion of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. References

1912 births
1984 deaths
Romanian men's basketball players
Romanian basketball coaches
Romanian footballers
Liga II players
Romanian men's volleyball players
Romanian volleyball coaches
Romanian male handball players
Romanian male hurdlers
Romanian male sport shooters
Romanian male rowers
Romanian male water polo players
Romanian male table tennis players
Romanian male tennis players
Romanian rugby union players
Romanian male alpine skiers
Romanian male foil fencers
Romanian male sabre fencers
Romanian male artistic gymnasts
People from Moreni
Romanian decathletes
Andrei Șaguna National College (Brașov) alumni
Association footballers not categorized by position

masks:
Constantin Herold
Constantin Herold
Constantin
Herold
Herold
Constantin
Herold
Herold
Constantin
Herold
Constantin
Herold
Constantin
Herold


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<mask>. (born October 24, 1961) is an American lawyer and retired Republican politician from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. He was appointed as the first Solicitor General of Pennsylvania in March 2016, and also first deputy attorney general the following July. <mask> became acting attorney general less than a month later. He led for the defense of the second impeachment trial of Donald Trump along with American lawyer David Schoen. Statewide profile

After serving stints beginning in 1981 with, respectively, the Philadelphia District Attorney's Office, the Northampton County (PA) District Attorney's Office, as an LBJ Congressional Scholar (Washington, DC) and defending Federal prisoners at FCI-Alderson (WV), <mask> began his professional career as an assistant district attorney in 1985 before becoming district attorney of Montgomery County from 2000 to 2008. He next took a seat on the Montgomery County Board of Commissioners, an elected position he held until January 4, 2016, when he was succeeded by Joe Gale. <mask> was defeated for re-election as Montgomery County's District Attorney in November 2015.<mask> completed a nearly three-year term as a special assistant district attorney of Centre County, Pennsylvania on December 31, 2017, followed by an appointment as a special assistant district attorney of Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania on January 6, 2018. On March 29, 2016, Pennsylvania Attorney General Kathleen Kane announced <mask>'s appointment (back-dated to March 21, when he actually took office) to the newly created position of Solicitor General of Pennsylvania. While he operated freely as the de facto Attorney General and was widely recognized as such, <mask> formally became the state's Acting Attorney General, replacing Kane, who resigned on August 17, 2016, following a conviction of a third degree felony perjury charge and several related misdemeanors. Governor Tom Wolf later nominated <mask> to fulfill the remaining balance of Kane's term which expired in January 2017. Castor is the cousin of <mask>, who represented Trump during his first impeachment. Career

Montgomery County District Attorney
After serving in the office since 1985, <mask> was twice elected district attorney for Montgomery County, in which he is a lifelong resident, assuming office in January 2000. After his second term ended, he was succeeded by Risa Vetri Ferman.When she sought (and won) election as judge in November 2015, <mask> sought to return to that office, but lost to Ferman's first assistant, Kevin Steele, who ran an 11th-hour campaign contending Castor should have charged entertainer Bill Cosby in 2005. Castor countered that Steele could have arrested Cosby himself in the intervening years if he believed credible evidence existed to do so. A week before the election, Andrea Constand, who had accused Cosby of sexual assault in Montgomery County, sued <mask>, claiming he defamed her by intimating she was not credible. The Washington Post said that this suit contributed to <mask>'s defeat. In November 2017, <mask> sued Constand and her lawyers for defamation, charging that the lawsuit and its timing were retaliatory and ruined his political career. In 2017, Cosby stood trial, but the trial ended in a hung jury with jurors unable to agree on Cosby's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, as Castor had predicted in 2005 would happen if he had elected to charge Cosby. However at Cosby's retrial he was convicted on all three counts and he was sentenced to serve 3 to 10 years in prison.After two years of time served the Pennsylvania Supreme Court overturned the sentence, ruling that Castor's pledge to not prosecute Cosby was binding on all other prosecutors. Notable cases

Bill Cosby – Castor declined to prosecute Cosby for sexual assault in 2005 after he found "insufficient, credible and admissible evidence exists upon which any charge against Mr. Cosby could be sustained beyond a reasonable doubt". In November 2014 and through the November 2015 election, <mask>'s decision was heavily criticized, especially when other women came forward to accuse Cosby. Castor, however, assessed that none of these women known to him at the time would have been allowed to testify, making them legally irrelevant to the question of whether Castor should have arrested Cosby. On December 30, 2015, with the statute of limitations about to expire, Cosby was charged with felony sexual assault. At a preliminary hearing on February 2, 2016, Castor testified that he made a promise to never prosecute Cosby for the incident, but Judge Steven T. O'Neill ruled that the promise was not legally binding on the current district attorney, and ordered that the criminal case proceed. O'Neill further found that only <mask>’s word and no other evidence supported his contention and that the deal had never been memorialized in writing, and Castor was ultimately not a credible witness.O'Neill's ruling was reversed by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court on June 30, 2021, which held that Castor's non-prosecution pledge was in fact binding on Cosby's prosecutor; this ruling resulted in the overturning of Cosby's conviction and his release from prison. Dillon Cossey – Planned a Columbine-style attack on a local high school. Cossey was convicted in juvenile court. John Eichinger – The most prolific arrested serial killer documented in Montgomery County history. Eichinger murdered three young women and a small child. Two of the women had rejected his sexual advances and the other woman and child were witnesses. Eichinger received three death sentences and one sentence of life in prison.The case formed the basis for the production of a demo video for a proposed television show based on <mask>'s career called "Probable Cause," written and produced in 2007 by then Times Herald reporter Keith Phucas in Norristown, Pennsylvania. Caleb Fairley – Fairley sexually assaulted and murdered a mother and her child in his parents' shop, earning a double life sentence. The case was the first time DNA evidence was used to convict a killer in Montgomery County. The Fairley case formed the basis for the book Vampire Trap by Katherine Ramsland. <mask> is featured on the episode of Forensic Files ("Shopping Spree") devoted to the case. <mask> – Godschalk was convicted of rape in 1987 (before Castor was elected) and was freed in 2002 after DNA tests cast doubt on his guilt. Castor had fought against DNA testing, arguing that Godschalk did not have the legal right to it.Godschalk filed a lawsuit against the county, which was settled for approximately $1 million. In 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in a similar case that convicts did not have a constitutional right to DNA testing. Craig Rabinowitz – Rabinowitz murdered his wife, Stefanie Newman, for the life insurance money to pay debts arising from a pyramid scheme, and to leave him free to pursue his obsession with a stripper. The case was front-page news for months and became the subject of multiple television programs and a book by Ken Englade called Everybody's Best Friend. He pleaded guilty to first degree murder and is serving a life sentence. Rafael Robb – Robb, a University of Pennsylvania professor of Game Theory, was accused of murdering his wife in a rage. Pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter and was sentenced to 5–10 years in prison, a sentence many believe was too lenient, with Castor arguing for a 20-year prison term.Guy Sileo – Sileo murdered his business partner in the General Wayne Inn, serving a life sentence for first degree murder. A highly circumstantial case, the "General Wayne Inn murder" has been the subject of numerous television portrayals. Attorney General race

<mask> ran for the GOP nomination for Pennsylvania Attorney General in 2004 against Republican Tom Corbett. Furious that he had lost endorsements of the southeastern GOP chairmen, Castor attacked Corbett and the county chairmen with allegations of backroom deals with Bob Asher, the state's national GOP committeeman. <mask> and Asher had feuded for several years due to Asher's prior felony convictions for perjury, bribery, racketeering, and conspiracy in 1986 in the context of a political corruption scandal which also involved the State Treasurer, R. Budd Dwyer, leading to Dwyer's committing suicide at a press conference before his sentencing. Asher had been state GOP Chair during the scandal and was convicted for participating in the bribery of Dwyer. Asher's criminal past, connected to a political bribery scheme while he was the Republican state chair, became a subject of the campaign for the state's top law enforcement post.Castor was unable to produce proof of any conspiracy against him and ran without the party endorsement in all but two counties, his home base in Montgomery County and Monroe County. <mask> lost 52.8% to 47.2%, despite winning overwhelmingly the same southeastern counties whose chairmen had repudiated him, and his home in Montgomery County, where he took nearly 82.5% of the vote. Private practice
When his term as district attorney expired in January 2008, Castor took a position at the litigation firm of Elliott, Greenleaf & Siedzikowski in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania as a shareholder and director. One of his notable clients was professional basketball player Marko Jaric of the Memphis Grizzlies, who was accused of sexual assault in Philadelphia. Jaric was not charged in the case. In 2009, Castor represented Mark Sargent, who was investigated (but not charged) for patronizing a brothel while he served as dean of the Villanova University School of Law. In 2010, Castor represented his former boss, attorney Michael D. Marino, whose nephew accidentally shot and killed a man while hunting.Marino, a former Montgomery County D.A., was present when the shooting occurred, despite knowing that his nephew was prohibited from owning and using firearms, owing to a felony conviction. Marino was not charged in the case. On July 1, 2013, Castor joined the law firm of Rogers & Associates (subsequently renamed Rogers Castor) as a civil-litigation lawyer in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, with former Lower Merion Commissioner and former Republican state senate nominee, Lance Rogers. Castor and Rogers Castor, renamed as Rogers Counsel, parted ways on December 31, 2020, and Castor joined the personal injury law firm of van der Veen, O'Neill, Hartshorn, and Levin. In 2017, Castor led the investigation into the Death of Tim Piazza at Pennsylvania State University. Montgomery County commissioner
In 2007, Castor challenged incumbent County Commissioner Tom Ellis, a one-time friend who had chaired Castor's campaigns in 1999 and 2003 but endorsed Corbett in 2004. Early in the campaign, Castor commissioned a poll showing that Ellis, who had been hobbled by negative press surrounding alleged domestic violence incidents, would lose in a general election.Ellis released his own poll to try to refute <mask>'s charges that he was unelectable. In a six candidate field, <mask> won the party endorsement on the first ballot, but his preferred running mate, former State Representative Melissa Murphy Weber, was narrowly defeated by incumbent Jim Matthews on the second ballot. Initially, Castor was reluctant to run with Matthews saying he believed Matthews was "untrustworthy." However, amid widespread pressure that he would be splitting the party, <mask> relented and ran with Matthews against former Democratic Congressman Joe Hoeffel and incumbent commissioner Ruth Damsker in the general election. During the campaign, some of Castor's earlier criticism of Matthews was raised by the Democrats, including financial support to Matthews from Bob Asher. Over Castor's objections who would not accept funds from a convicted felon, Matthews set up a separate campaign account from the Matthews/Castor account in order to collect contributions from Asher. On election day, Castor won, taking first place in the general election setting an electoral record at the time for the position.His running mate placed third, giving the GOP control of the commission. This was the first time in at least 140 years that a Republican failed to capture both the first and the second spot. Castor and Matthews served with Hoeffel, who finished second. It was immediately a rocky relationship with all Castor's earlier predictions about Matthews being "untrustworthy" coming true. Matthews and Hoeffel sided against Castor shutting him out of setting county policy. Castor responded by repeatedly making allegations of corruption against his fellow commissioners charging mismanagement of county finances, the hiring of unqualified people, and in the conduct of county business. A subsequent grand jury report found questionable behavior on Hoeffel's part for his participation in discussing county business at private breakfast meetings held with Matthews and senior aides–an alleged violation of state "sunshine" laws.However, unlike Matthews, who was later arrested for allegedly perjuring himself while testifying to the grand jury, Hoeffel was never charged with criminal wrongdoing. Nevertheless, Matthews and Hoeffel were unable to achieve endorsement for re-election and dropped out of the race, while GOP voters easily re-nominated Castor who was thus vindicated in his allegations of government corruption and mismanagement by Hoeffel and Matthews. On November 8, 2011, St. Rep. Josh Shapiro, Whitemarsh Twp. Supervisor Leslie Richards, and Castor were elected, marking the first time in county history Democrats controlled two of the three seats on the Board of Commissioners. Shapiro was elected chairman unanimously on nomination from Castor. All three members of the commission later noted the improved level of civility and functionality on the board, with Castor expressing pride in working with Shapiro and Richards whom he considered "honest." The relationship amongst the three commissioners later prompted one columnist of The Philadelphia Inquirer to note that she owed Castor an apology for considering his complaints about the prior county administration "sour grapes".On November 3, 2015, Castor was defeated in his effort to return to the district attorney's post and Joe Gale was elected to succeed Castor as county commissioner. Upon retiring from county service after 30 years on January 4, 2016, Castor began practicing law full-time as a trial lawyer. Solicitor general and acting attorney general

On March 21, 2016, Castor took the oath of office as the first Solicitor General of Pennsylvania. Being summoned to her Scranton office by Pennsylvania Attorney General Kathleen G. Kane on March 4, 2016, without explanation, Castor met General Kane expecting her to request him to represent her in a private capacity. Instead, Kane offered him the newly created position of Solicitor General of Pennsylvania (later merged into the job of first deputy attorney general), and Castor accepted. The move was necessitated because the Attorney General had her license to practice law suspended by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Castor was supposedly subordinate to Kane in all matters except for making legal decisions on behalf of Pennsylvania, though most observers considered him the de facto attorney general, a fact later confirmed upon Kane's resignation.In practice, Castor operated as a bridge between Kane and the remainder of the office of attorney general, in addition to being the final word on legal matters, in order to make the executive portion of the office function properly. However, following Democrat Kathleen Kane's sudden resignation, Republican <mask> was sworn in as Acting Attorney General of Pennsylvania, no longer simply de facto attorney general, though later that week Democratic Governor Tom Wolf nominated Democratic Inspector General <mask> to serve the remainder of Kane's term. The Pennsylvania Senate confirmed the nomination quickly. After <mask> assumed the office of Acting Attorney General, he was the subject of criticism, and on August 30, 2016, <mask> succeeded <mask> as attorney general. <mask> resigned from the office of attorney general on September 9, 2016, reverting to first deputy attorney general and, finally, solicitor general. Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump

On January 31, 2021, Castor was appointed to take the lead for Donald J. Trump's defense team for his 2021 impeachment trial, alongside criminal law practitioner David Schoen. Castor's opening arguments on February 9, 2021, were widely reported to be confusing and rambling.Trump was reportedly "furious" about <mask>'s "rambling, almost somnambulant defense." Texas Republican U.S. Senator John Cornyn commented, "The president's lawyer just rambled on and on" and "I've seen a lot of lawyers and a lot of arguments, and that was not one of the finest I've seen." <mask> for his part suggested the former President did not criticize his performance. "Far from it," he said. References

External links
Montgomery County Commissioners

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1961 births
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
American prosecutors
Chestnut Hill Academy alumni
County commissioners in Pennsylvania
County district attorneys in Pennsylvania
Lafayette College alumni
Living people
Montgomery County Commissioners (Pennsylvania)
Solicitors General of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Attorneys General
Pennsylvania lawyers
Pennsylvania Republicans
People from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Washington and Lee University School of Law alumni
Second impeachment of Donald Trump

masks:
Bruce Lee Castor Jr
Castor
Castor
Castor
Castor
Castor
Castor
Bruce Beemer
Steve Castor
Castor
Castor
Castor
Castor
Castor
Castor
Castor
Castor
Castor
Bruce Godschalk
Castor
Castor
Castor
Castor
Castor
Castor
Castor
Bruce Beemer
Castor
Bruce Beemer
Castor
Castor
Castor
Castor


texts:
<mask> () (Würzburg, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire; 5 December 1901 – Munich, Bavaria, Germany; 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics. He published his work in 1925 in a breakthrough paper. In the subsequent series of papers with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, during the same year, his matrix formulation of quantum mechanics was substantially elaborated. He is known for the uncertainty principle, which he published in 1927. <mask> was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the creation of quantum mechanics". <mask> also made contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulent flows, the atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles. He was a principal scientist in the German nuclear weapons program during World War II.He was also instrumental in planning the first West German nuclear reactor at Karlsruhe, together with a research reactor in Munich, in 1957. Following World War II, he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which soon thereafter was renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He was director of the institute until it was moved to Munich in 1958. He then became director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics from 1960 to 1970. <mask> was also president of the German Research Council, chairman of the Commission for Atomic Physics, chairman of the Nuclear Physics Working Group, and president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Early life and education

Early years
<mask> <mask> was born in Würzburg, Germany, to Kaspar Ernst August <mask>, and his wife, Annie Wecklein. His father was a secondary school teacher of classical languages who became Germany's only ordentlicher Professor (ordinarius professor) of medieval and modern Greek studies in the university system.<mask> was raised and lived as a Lutheran Christian. In his late teenage years, <mask> read Plato's Timaeus while hiking in the Bavarian Alps. He recounted philosophical conversations with his fellow students and teachers about understanding the atom while receiving his scientific training in Munich, Göttingen and Copenhagen. <mask> later stated that "My mind was formed by studying philosophy, Plato and that sort of thing". and that "Modern physics has definitely decided in favor of Plato. In fact the smallest units of matter are not physical objects in the ordinary sense; they are forms, ideas which can be expressed unambiguously only in mathematical language". In 1919 <mask> arrived in Munich as a member of the Freikorps to fight the Bavarian Soviet Republic established a year earlier.Five decades later he recalled those days as youthful fun, like "playing cops and robbers and so on; it was nothing serious at all;" his duties were restricted to "seizing bicycles or typewriters from 'red' administrative buildings", and guarding suspected "red" prisoners. University studies

From 1920 to 1923, he studied physics and mathematics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich under Arnold Sommerfeld and Wilhelm Wien and at the Georg-August University of Göttingen with Max Born and James Franck and mathematics with David Hilbert. He received his doctorate in 1923 at Munich under Sommerfeld. At Göttingen, under Born, he completed his habilitation in 1924 with a Habilitationsschrift (habilitation thesis) on the anomalous Zeeman effect. In June 1922, Sommerfeld took <mask> to Göttingen to attend the Bohr Festival, because Sommerfeld had a sincere interest in his students and knew of <mask>'s interest in Niels Bohr's theories on atomic physics. At the event, Bohr was a guest lecturer and gave a series of comprehensive lectures on quantum atomic physics and <mask> met Bohr for the first time, which had a lasting effect on him. <mask>'s doctoral thesis, the topic of which was suggested by Sommerfeld, was on turbulence; the thesis discussed both the stability of laminar flow and the nature of turbulent flow.The problem of stability was investigated by the use of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation, a fourth order linear differential equation for small disturbances from laminar flow. He briefly returned to this topic after World War II. In his youth he was a member and Scoutleader of the Neupfadfinder, a German Scout association and part of the German Youth Movement. In August 1923 Robert Honsell and <mask> organized a trip to Finland with a Scout group of this association from Munich. Personal life
<mask> enjoyed classical music and was an accomplished pianist. His interest in music led to meeting his future wife. In January 1937, <mask> met Elisabeth Schumacher (1914–1998) at a private music recital.Elisabeth was the daughter of a well-known Berlin economics professor, and her brother was the economist E. F. Schumacher, author of Small Is Beautiful. <mask> married her on 29 April. Fraternal twins Maria and Wolfgang were born in January 1938, whereupon Wolfgang Pauli congratulated <mask> on his "pair creation"—a word play on a process from elementary particle physics, pair production. They had five more children over the next 12 years: Barbara, Christine, Jochen, Martin and Verena. In 1936 he bought a summer home for his family in Urfeld am Walchensee, in southern Germany. Academic career

Göttingen, Copenhagen and Leipzig
From 1924 to 1927, <mask> was a Privatdozent at Göttingen, meaning he was qualified to teach and examine independently, without having a chair. From 17 September 1924 to 1 May 1925, under an International Education Board Rockefeller Foundation fellowship, <mask> went to do research with Niels Bohr, director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen.His seminal paper, "Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen" ("Quantum theoretical re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations"), was published in September 1925. He returned to Göttingen and, with Max Born and Pascual Jordan over a period of about six months, developed the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. On 1 May 1926, <mask> began his appointment as a university lecturer and assistant to Bohr in Copenhagen. It was in Copenhagen, in 1927, that <mask> developed his uncertainty principle, while working on the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. On 23 February, <mask> wrote a letter to fellow physicist Wolfgang Pauli, in which he first described his new principle. In his paper on the principle, <mask> used the word "Ungenauigkeit" (imprecision), not uncertainty, to describe it. In 1927, <mask> was appointed ordentlicher Professor (professor ordinarius) of theoretical physics and head of the department of physics at the University of Leipzig; he gave his inaugural lecture there on 1 February 1928.In his first paper published from Leipzig, <mask> used the Pauli exclusion principle to solve the mystery of ferromagnetism. During <mask>'s tenure at Leipzig, the high quality of the doctoral students and post-graduate and research associates who studied and worked with him is clear from the acclaim many later earned. At various times they included Erich Bagge, Felix Bloch, Ugo Fano, Siegfried Flügge, William Vermillion Houston, Friedrich Hund, Robert S. Mulliken, Rudolf Peierls, George Placzek, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Fritz Sauter, John C. Slater, Edward Teller, John Hasbrouck van Vleck, Victor Frederick Weisskopf, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Gregor Wentzel, and Clarence Zener. In early 1929, <mask> and Pauli submitted the first of two papers laying the foundation for relativistic quantum field theory. Also in 1929, <mask> went on a lecture tour of China, Japan, India, and the United States. In the spring of 1929, he was a visiting lecturer at the University of Chicago, where he lectured on quantum mechanics. In 1928, the British mathematical physicist Paul Dirac had derived his relativistic wave equation of quantum mechanics, which implied the existence of positive electrons, later to be named positrons.In 1932, from a cloud chamber photograph of cosmic rays, the American physicist Carl David Anderson identified a track as having been made by a positron. In mid-1933, <mask> presented his theory of the positron. His thinking on Dirac's theory and further development of the theory were set forth in two papers. The first, "Bemerkungen zur Diracschen Theorie des Positrons" ("Remarks on Dirac's theory of the positron") was published in 1934, and the second, "Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Theorie des Positrons" ("Consequences of Dirac's Theory of the Positron"), was published in 1936. In these papers <mask> was the first to reinterpret the Dirac equation as a "classical" field equation for any point particle of spin ħ/2, itself subject to quantization conditions involving anti-commutators. Thus reinterpreting it as a (quantum) field equation accurately describing electrons, <mask> put matter on the same footing as electromagnetism: as being described by relativistic quantum field equations which allowed the possibility of particle creation and destruction. (Hermann Weyl had already described this in a 1929 letter to Albert Einstein.)Matrix mechanics and the Nobel Prize

<mask>'s paper establishing quantum mechanics has puzzled physicists and historians. His methods assume that the reader is familiar with Kramers-<mask> transition probability calculations. The main new idea, non-commuting matrices, is justified only by a rejection of unobservable quantities. It introduces the non-commutative multiplication of matrices by physical reasoning, based on the correspondence principle, despite the fact that <mask> was not then familiar with the mathematical theory of matrices. The path leading to these results has been reconstructed in MacKinnon, 1977, and the detailed calculations are worked out in Aitchison et al. In Copenhagen, <mask> and Hans Kramers collaborated on a paper on dispersion, or the scattering from atoms of radiation whose wavelength is larger than the atoms. They showed that the successful formula Kramers had developed earlier could not be based on Bohr orbits, because the transition frequencies are based on level spacings which are not constant.The frequencies which occur in the Fourier transform of sharp classical orbits, by contrast, are equally spaced. But these results could be explained by a semi-classical virtual state model: the incoming radiation excites the valence, or outer, electron to a virtual state from which it decays. In a subsequent paper <mask>–Sommerfeld model to explain the outstanding problem of the anomalous Zeeman effect, led <mask> to use the virtual oscillator model to try to calculate spectral frequencies. The method proved too difficult to immediately apply to realistic problems, so <mask> turned to a simpler example, the anharmonic oscillator. The dipole oscillator consists of a simple harmonic oscillator, which is thought of as a charged particle on a spring, perturbed by an external force, like an external charge. The motion of the oscillating charge can be expressed as a Fourier series in the frequency of the oscillator.<mask> solved for the quantum behavior by two different methods. First, he treated the system with the virtual oscillator method, calculating the transitions between the levels that would be produced by the external source. He then solved the same problem by treating the anharmonic potential term as a perturbation to the harmonic oscillator and using the perturbation methods that he and Born had developed. Both methods led to the same results for the first and the very complicated second order correction terms. This suggested that behind the very complicated calculations lay a consistent scheme. So <mask> set out to formulate these results without any explicit dependence on the virtual oscillator model. To do this, he replaced the Fourier expansions for the spatial coordinates by matrices, matrices which corresponded to the transition coefficients in the virtual oscillator method.He justified this replacement by an appeal to Bohr's correspondence principle and the Pauli doctrine that quantum mechanics must be limited to observables. On 9 July, <mask> gave Born this paper to review and submit for publication. When Born read the paper, he recognized the formulation as one which could be transcribed and extended to the systematic language of matrices, which he had learned from his study under Jakob Rosanes at Breslau University. Born, with the help of his assistant and former student Pascual Jordan, began immediately to make the transcription and extension, and they submitted their results for publication; the paper was received for publication just 60 days after <mask>'s paper. A follow-on paper was submitted for publication before the end of the year by all three authors. Up until this time, matrices were seldom used by physicists; they were considered to belong to the realm of pure mathematics. Gustav Mie had used them in a paper on electrodynamics in 1912 and Born had used them in his work on the lattice theory of crystals in 1921.While matrices were used in these cases, the algebra of matrices with their multiplication did not enter the picture as they did in the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics. In 1928, Albert Einstein nominated <mask>, Born, and Jordan for the Nobel Prize in Physics, The announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1932 was delayed until November 1933. It was at that time that it was announced <mask> had won the Prize for 1932 "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen". Interpretation of quantum theory

The  development of quantum mechanics, and the apparent contradictory implications in regard to what is "real" had profound philosophical implications, including what scientific observations truly mean. In contrast to Albert Einstein and Louis de Broglie, who were realists who believed that particles had an objectively true momentum and position at all times (even if both could not be measured), <mask> was an anti-realist, arguing that direct knowledge of what is "real" was beyond the scope of science. Writing in his book The Physicist's Conception of Nature, <mask> argued that ultimately we only can speak of the knowledge (numbers in tables) which describe something about particles but we can never have any "true" access to the particles themselves:We can no longer speak of the behaviour of the particle independently of the process of observation. As a final consequence, the natural laws formulated mathematically in quantum theory no longer deal with the elementary particles themselves but with our knowledge of them.Nor is it any longer possible to ask whether or not these particles exist in space and time objectively ... When we speak of the picture of nature in the exact science of our age, we do not mean a picture of nature so much as a picture of our relationships with nature. ...Science no longer confronts nature as an objective observer, but sees itself as an actor in this interplay between man and nature. The scientific method of analysing, explaining and classifying has become conscious of its limitations, which arise out of the fact that by its intervention science alters and refashions the object of investigation. In other words, method and object can no longer be separated. SS investigation
Shortly after the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932, <mask> submitted the first of three papers on his neutron-proton model of the nucleus. After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, <mask> was attacked in the press as a "White Jew" (i.e.an Aryan who acts like a Jew). Supporters of Deutsche Physik, or German Physics (also known as Aryan Physics), launched vicious attacks against leading theoretical physicists, including Arnold Sommerfeld and <mask>. From the early 1930s onward, the anti-Semitic and anti-theoretical physics movement Deutsche Physik had concerned itself with quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. As applied in the university environment, political factors took priority over scholarly ability, even though its two most prominent supporters were the Nobel Laureates in Physics

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 Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark. There had been many failed attempts to have <mask> appointed as professor at a number of German universities. His attempt to be appointed as successor to Arnold Sommerfeld failed because of opposition by the Deutsche Physik movement. On 1 April 1935, the eminent theoretical physicist Sommerfeld, <mask>'s doctoral advisor at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, achieved emeritus status.However, Sommerfeld stayed in his chair during the selection process for his successor, which took until 1 December 1939. The process was lengthy due to academic and political differences between the Munich Faculty's selection and that of the Reich Education Ministry and the supporters of Deutsche Physik. In 1935, the Munich Faculty drew up a list of candidates to replace Sommerfeld as ordinarius professor of theoretical physics and head of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Munich. The three candidates had all been former students of Sommerfeld: <mask>, who had received the Nobel Prize in Physics; Peter Debye, who had received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936; and Richard Becker. The Munich Faculty was firmly behind these candidates, with <mask> as their first choice. However, supporters of Deutsche Physik and elements in the REM had their own list of candidates, and the battle dragged on for over four years. During this time, <mask> came under vicious attack by the Deutsche Physik supporters.One attack was published in "The Black Corps", the newspaper of the SS, headed by Heinrich Himmler. In this, Heisenberg was called a "White Jew" who should be made to "disappear".<ref>{{harvnb|Hentschel|Hentschel|1996|pp=152–157 Document #55 'White Jews' in Science (15 July 1937)}}</ref> These attacks were taken seriously, as Jews were violently attacked and incarcerated. <mask> fought back with an editorial and a letter to Himmler, in an attempt to resolve the matter and regain his honour. At one point, <mask>'s mother visited Himmler's mother. The two women knew each other, as <mask>'s maternal grandfather and Himmler's father were rectors and members of a Bavarian hiking club. Eventually, Himmler settled the <mask> affair by sending two letters, one to SS Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich and one to Heisenberg, both on 21 July 1938. In the letter to Heydrich, Himmler said Germany could not afford to lose or silence Heisenberg, as he would be useful for teaching a generation of scientists.To <mask>, Himmler said the letter came on recommendation of his family and he cautioned <mask> to make a distinction between professional physics research results and the personal and political attitudes of the involved scientists. Wilhelm Müller replaced Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Müller was not a theoretical physicist, had not published in a physics journal, and was not a member of the German Physical Society. His appointment was considered a travesty and detrimental to educating theoretical physicists. The three investigators who led the SS investigation of <mask> had training in physics. Indeed, <mask> had participated in the doctoral examination of one of them at the Universität Leipzig. The most influential of the three was Johannes Juilfs.During their investigation, they became supporters of <mask> as well as his position against the ideological policies of the Deutsche Physik movement in theoretical physics and academia. German nuclear weapons program

Pre-war work on physics
In mid-1936, <mask>, W. (1937) Theoretische Untersuchungen zur Ultrastrahlung, Verh. Dtsch. Phys. Ges. Volume 18, 50, as cited by <mask>, W. (1938) Der Durchgang sehr energiereicher Korpuskeln durch den Atomkern, Nuovo Cimento Volume 15, 31–34; Verh.Dtsch. Phys. Ges. Volume 19, 2, as cited by  appeared in the next two years. In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to The Natural Sciences reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons and Otto Hahn concluded a bursting of the uranium nucleus; simultaneously, Hahn communicated these results to his friend Lise Meitner, who had in July of that year fled to the Netherlands and then went to Sweden. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted Hahn's and Strassmann's results as being nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939.In June 1939, <mask> traveled to the United States in June and July, visiting Samuel Abraham Goudsmit at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. However, <mask> refused an invitation to emigrate to the United States. He did not see Goudsmit again until six years later, when Goudsmit was the chief scientific advisor to the American Operation Alsos at the close of World War II. Membership in the Uranverein
The German nuclear weapons program, known as Uranverein, was formed on 1 September 1939, the day World War II began. The Heereswaffenamt (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) had squeezed the Reichsforschungsrat (RFR, Reich Research Council) out of the Reichserziehungsministerium (REM, Reich Ministry of Education) and started the formal German nuclear energy project under military auspices. The project had its first meeting on 16 September 1939. The meeting was organized by Kurt Diebner, advisor to the HWA, and held in Berlin.The invitees included Walther Bothe, Siegfried Flügge, Hans Geiger, Otto Hahn, Paul Harteck, Gerhard Hoffmann, Josef Mattauch and Georg Stetter. A second meeting was held soon thereafter and included <mask>, Klaus Clusius, Robert Döpel and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. The Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics) in Berlin-Dahlem, was placed under HWA authority, with Diebner as the administrative director, and the military control of the nuclear research commenced. During the period when Diebner administered the KWIP under the HWA program, considerable personal and professional animosity developed between Diebner and <mask>'s inner circle, which included Karl Wirtz and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. At a scientific conference on 26–28 February 1942 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, called by the Army Weapons Office, <mask> presented a lecture to Reichs officials on energy acquisition from nuclear fission. The lecture, entitled "Die theoretischen Grundlagen für die Energiegewinning aus der Uranspaltung" ("The theoretical basis for energy generation from uranium fission") was, as <mask> confessed after the Second World War in a letter to Samuel Goudsmit, "adapted to the intellectual level of a Reichs Minister". <mask> lectured on the enormous energy potential of nuclear fission, stating that 250 million electron volts could be released through the fission of an atomic nucleus.<mask> stressed that pure U-235 had to be obtained to achieve a chain reaction. He explored various ways of obtaining isotope  in its pure form, including uranium enrichment and an alternative layered method of normal uranium and a moderator in a machine. This machine, he noted, could be used in practical ways to fuel vehicles, ships and submarines. <mask> stressed the importance of the Army Weapons Office's financial and material support for this scientific endeavour. A second scientific conference followed. Lectures were heard on problems of modern physics with decisive importance for the national defense and economy. The conference was attended by Bernhard Rust, the Reichs Minister of Science, Education and National Culture.At the conference Reichs Minister Rust decided to take the nuclear project away from the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. The Reichs Research Council was to take on the project. In April 1942 the army returned the Physics Institute to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, naming <mask> as Director at the Institute. With this appointment at the KWIP, <mask> obtained his first professorship. Peter Debye was still director of the institute, but had gone on leave to the United States after he had refused to become a German citizen when the HWA took administrative control of the KWIP. <mask> still also had his department of physics at the University of Leipzig where work had been done for the Uranverein by Robert Döpel and his wife Klara Döpel. On 4 June 1942, <mask> was summoned to report to Albert Speer, Germany's Minister of Armaments, on the prospects for converting the Uranverein's research toward developing nuclear weapons.During the meeting, <mask> told Speer that a bomb could not be built before 1945, because it would require significant monetary resources and number of personnel.Prof. <mask> <mask> (I662) . Stanford.edu

After the Uranverein project was placed under the leadership of the Reichs Research Council, it focused on nuclear power production and thus maintained its kriegswichtig (importance for the war) status; funding therefore continued from the military. The nuclear power project was broken down into the following main areas: uranium and heavy water production, uranium isotope separation and the Uranmaschine (uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor). The project was then essentially split up between a number of institutes, where the directors dominated the research and set their own research agendas. ; see the entry for the KWIP in Appendix A and the entries for the HWA and the RFR in Appendix B. Also see p. 372 and footnote #50 on p. 372.The point in 1942, when the army relinquished its control of the German nuclear weapons program, was the zenith of the project relative to the number of personnel. About 70 scientists worked for the program, with about 40 devoting more than half their time to nuclear fission research. After 1942, the number of scientists working on applied nuclear fission diminished dramatically. Many of the scientists not working with the main institutes stopped working on nuclear fission and devoted their efforts to more pressing war-related work. In September 1942, <mask> submitted his first paper of a three-part series on the scattering matrix, or S-matrix, in elementary particle physics. The first two papers were published in 1943 as cited in  and the third in 1944. The S-matrix described only the states of incident particles in a collision process, the states of those emerging from the collision, and stable bound states; there would be no reference to the intervening states.This was the same precedent as he followed in 1925 in what turned out to be the foundation of the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics through only the use of observables. In February 1943, <mask> was appointed to the Chair for Theoretical Physics at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (today, the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). In April, his election to the Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Prussian Academy of Sciences) was approved. That same month, he moved his family to their retreat in Urfeld as Allied bombing increased in Berlin. In the summer, he dispatched the first of his staff at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik to Hechingen and its neighboring town of Haigerloch, on the edge of the Black Forest, for the same reasons. From 18–26 October, he travelled to German-occupied Netherlands. In December 1943, <mask> visited German-occupied Poland.From 24 January to 4 February 1944, <mask> travelled to occupied Copenhagen, after the German army confiscated Bohr's Institute of Theoretical Physics. He made a short return trip in April. In December, <mask> lectured in neutral Switzerland. The United States Office of Strategic Services sent agent Moe Berg to attend the lecture carrying a pistol, with orders to shoot <mask> if his lecture indicated that Germany was close to completing an atomic bomb. In January 1945, <mask>, with most of the rest of his staff, moved from the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik to the facilities in the Black Forest. Post-Second World War
1945: Alsos Mission

The Alsos Mission was an Allied effort to determine if the Germans had an atomic bomb program and to exploit German atomic related facilities, research, material resources, and scientific personnel for the benefit of the US. Personnel on this operation generally swept into areas which had just come under control of the Allied military forces, but sometimes they operated in areas still under control by German forces.Pash, Boris T. (1969) The Alsos Mission.Award. pp. 219–241. Berlin had been a location of many German scientific research facilities. To limit casualties and loss of equipment, many of these facilities were dispersed to other locations in the latter years of the war. The Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics) had been bombed so it had mostly been moved in 1943 and 1944 to Hechingen and its neighboring town of Haigerloch, on the edge of the Black Forest, which eventually became included in the French occupation zone. This allowed the American task force of the Alsos Mission to take into custody a large number of German scientists associated with nuclear research.On 30 March, the Alsos Mission reached Heidelberg, where important scientists were captured including Walther Bothe, Richard Kuhn, Philipp Lenard, and Wolfgang Gertner. Their interrogation revealed that Otto Hahn was at his laboratory in Tailfingen, while <mask> and Max von Laue were at Heisenberg's laboratory in Hechingen, and that the experimental natural uranium reactor that <mask>'s team had built in Berlin had been moved to Haigerloch. Thereafter, the main focus of the Alsos Mission was on these nuclear facilities in the Württemberg area. <mask> was smuggled out from Urfeld, on 3 May 1945, in an alpine operation in territory still under control by elite German forces. He was taken to Heidelberg, where, on 5 May, he met Goudsmit for the first time since the Ann Arbor visit in 1939. Germany surrendered just two days later. <mask> would not see his family again for eight months, as he was moved across France and Belgium and flown to England on 3 July 1945.1945: Reaction to Hiroshima
Nine of the prominent German scientists who published reports in Nuclear Physics Research Reports as members of the Uranverein were captured by Operation Alsos and incarcerated in England under Operation Epsilon. Ten German scientists, including <mask>, were held at Farm Hall in England. The facility had been a safe house of the British foreign intelligence MI6. During their detention, their conversations were recorded. Conversations thought to be of intelligence value were transcribed and translated into English. The transcripts were released in 1992. On 6 August 1945, the scientists at Farm Hall learned from media reports that the USA had dropped an atomic bomb in Hiroshima, Japan.At first, there was disbelief that a bomb had been built and dropped. In the weeks that followed, the German scientists discussed how the USA might have built the bomb. The Farm Hall transcripts reveal that <mask>, along with other physicists interned at Farm Hall including Otto Hahn and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, were glad the Allies had won World War II. <mask> told other scientists that he had never contemplated a bomb, only an atomic pile to produce energy. The morality of creating a bomb for the Nazis was also discussed. Only a few of the scientists expressed genuine horror at the prospect of nuclear weapons, and <mask> himself was cautious in discussing the matter. On the failure of the German nuclear weapons program to build an atomic bomb, <mask> remarked, "We wouldn't have had the moral courage to recommend to the Government in the spring of 1942 that they should employ 120,000 men just for building the thing up."Post-war research career

Executive positions at German research institutions
On 3 January 1946, the ten Operation Epsilon detainees were transported to Alswede in Germany. <mask> settled in Göttingen, which was in the British zone of Allied-occupied Germany. <mask> immediately began to promote scientific research in Germany. Following the Kaiser Wilhelm Society's obliteration by the Allied Control Council and the establishment of the Max Planck Society in the British zone, <mask> became the director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics. Max von Laue was appointed vice director, while Karl Wirtz, Carl

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 Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Ludwig Biermann joined to help <mask> establish the institute. Heinz Billing joined in 1950 to promote the development of electronic computing. The core research focus of the institute was cosmic radiation.The institute held a colloquium every Saturday morning. <mask> together with  was instrumental in the establishment of the Forschungsrat (research council). <mask> envisaged for this council to promote the dialogue between the newly founded Federal Republic of Germany and the scientific community based in Germany. <mask> was appointed president of the Forschungsrat. In 1951, the organization was fused with the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Association of German Science) and that same year renamed the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation). Following the merger, <mask> was appointed to the presidium. In 1958, the Max-Planck-Institut für Physik was moved to Munich, expanded, and renamed Max-Planck-Institut für Physik und Astrophysik (MPIFA).In the interim, <mask> and the astrophysicist Ludwig Biermann were co-directors of MPIFA. <mask> also became an ordentlicher Professor (ordinarius professor) at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. <mask> was the sole director of MPIFA from 1960 to 1970. <mask> resigned his directorship of the MPIFA on 31 December 1970. Promotion of international scientific cooperation
In 1951, <mask> agreed to become the scientific representative of the Federal Republic of Germany at the UNESCO conference, with the aim of establishing a European laboratory for nuclear physics. <mask>'s aim was to build a large particle accelerator, drawing on the resources and technical skills of scientists across the Western Bloc. On 1 July 1953 <mask> signed the convention that established CERN on behalf of the Federal Republic of Germany.Although he was asked to become CERN's founding scientific director, he declined. Instead, he was appointed chair of CERN's science policy committee and went on to determine the scientific program at CERN. In December 1953, <mask> became the president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. During his tenure as president 550 Humboldt scholars from 78 nations received scientific research grants. <mask> resigned as president shortly before his death. Research interests
In 1946, the German scientist Heinz Pose, head of Laboratory V in Obninsk, wrote a letter to <mask> inviting him to work in the USSR. The letter lauded the working conditions in the USSR and the available resources, as well as the favorable attitude of the Soviets towards German scientists.A courier hand delivered the recruitment letter, dated 18 July 1946, to <mask>; <mask> politely declined. In 1947, <mask> presented lectures in Cambridge, Edinburgh and Bristol. <mask> contributed to the understanding of the phenomenon of superconductivity with a paper in 1947 and two papers in 1948, cited in  one of them with Max von Laue. In the period shortly after World War II, <mask> briefly returned to the subject of his doctoral thesis, turbulence. Three papers were published in 1948 as cited in  and one in 1950., as cited in  In the post-war period <mask> continued his interests in cosmic-ray showers with considerations on multiple production of mesons. He published three papers as cited in  in 1949, two as cited in  in 1952, and one in 1955. In late 1955 to early 1956, <mask>ord Lectures at St Andrews University, in Scotland, on the intellectual history of physics.The lectures were later published as Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science. During 1956 and 1957, <mask> was the chairman of the Arbeitskreis Kernphysik (Nuclear Physics Working Group) of the Fachkommission II "Forschung und Nachwuchs" (Commission II "Research and Growth") of the Deutsche Atomkommission (DAtK, German Atomic Energy Commission). Other members of the Nuclear Physics Working Group in both 1956 and 1957 were: Walther Bothe, Hans Kopfermann (vice-chairman), Fritz Bopp, Wolfgang Gentner, Otto Haxel, Willibald Jentschke, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, Josef Mattauch, Wolfgang Riezler, Wilhelm Walcher and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. Wolfgang Paul was also a member of the group during 1957. In 1957, <mask> was a signatory of the Göttinger Manifest, taking a public stand against the Federal Republic of Germany arming itself with nuclear weapons. <mask>, like Pascual Jordan, thought politicians would ignore this statement by nuclear scientists. But <mask> believed that the Göttinger Manifest would "influence public opinion" which politicians would have to take into account.He wrote to Walther Gerlach: "We will probably have to keep coming back to this question in public for a long time because of the danger that public opinion will slacken." In 1961 <mask> signed the Memorandum of Tübingen alongside a group of scientists who had been brought together by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Ludwig Raiser. A public discussion between scientists and politicians ensued. As prominent politicians, authors and socialites joined the debate on nuclear weapons, the signatories of the memorandum took a stand against "the full-time intellectual nonconformists". From 1957 onwards, <mask> was interested in plasma physics and the process of nuclear fusion. He also collaborated with the International Institute of Atomic Physics in Geneva. He was a member of the Institute's scientific policy committee, and for several years was the Committee's chair.He was one of the eight signatories of the Memorandum of Tübingen which called for the recognition of the Oder–Neiße line as the official border between Germany and Poland and spoke against a possible nuclear armament of West Germany. In 1973, <mask> gave a lecture at Harvard University on the historical development of the concepts of quantum theory. On 24 March 1973 <mask> gave a speech before the Catholic Academy of Bavaria, accepting the Romano Guardini Prize. An English translation of his speech was published under the title "Scientific and Religious Truth", a quotation from which appears in a later section of this article. Philosophy and worldview
<mask> admired Eastern philosophy and saw parallels between it and quantum mechanics, describing himself as in "complete agreement" with the book The Tao of Physics. <mask> even went as far to state that after conversations with Rabindranath Tagore about Indian philosophy "some of the ideas that seemed so crazy suddenly made much more sense". Regarding the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, <mask> disliked Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus but he liked "very much the later ideas of Wittgenstein and his philosophy about language."<mask>, a devout Christian,Marganau, Henry (1985). "Why am I a Christian". Truth Journal, Vol. I wrote: "We can console ourselves that the good Lord God would know the position of the [subatomic] particles, thus He would let the causality principle continue to have validity," in his last letter to Albert Einstein. Einstein continued to maintain that quantum physics must be incomplete because it implies that the universe is indeterminate at a fundamental level. In lectures given in the 1950s and later published as Physics and Philosophy, <mask> contended that scientific advances were leading to cultural conflicts. He stated that modern physics is "part of a general historical process that tends toward a unification and a widening of our present world".When <mask> accepted the  in 1974, he gave a speech, which he later published under the title Scientific and Religious Truth. He mused:

Autobiography and death
<mask>'s son, <mask>, became a neurobiologist at the University of Würzburg, while his son Jochen <mask> became a physics professor at the University of New Hampshire. In his late sixties, <mask> penned his autobiography for the mass market. In 1969 the book was published in Germany, in early 1971 it was published in English and in the years thereafter in a string of other languages. <mask> had initiated the project in 1966, when his public lectures increasingly turned to the subjects of philosophy and religion. <mask> had sent the manuscript for a textbook on the unified field theory to the Hirzel Verlag and John Wiley & Sons for publication. This manuscript, he wrote to one of his publishers, was the preparatory work for his autobiography.He structured his autobiography in themes, covering: 1) The goal of exact science, 2) The problematic of language in atomic physics, 3) Abstraction in mathematics and science, 4) The divisibility of matter or Kant's antinomy, 5) The basic symmetry and its substantiation, and 6) Science and religion. <mask> wrote his memoirs as a chain of conversations, covering the course of his life. The book became a popular success, but was regarded as troublesome by historians of science. In the preface <mask> wrote that he had abridged historical events, to make them more concise. At the time of publication it was reviewed by Paul Forman in the journal Science with the comment "Now here is a memoir in the form of rationally reconstructed dialogue. And the dialogue as Galileo well knew, is itself a most insidious literary device: lively, entertaining, and especially suited for insinuating opinions while yet evading responsibility for them." Few scientific memoirs had been published, but Konrad Lorenz and Adolf Portmann had penned popular books that conveyed scholarship to a wide audience.<mask> worked on his autobiography and published it with the Piper Verlag in Munich. <mask> initially proposed the title Gespräche im Umkreis der Atomphysik (Conversations on atomic physics). The autobiography was published eventually under the title Der Teil und das Ganze (The part and the whole). The 1971 English translation was published under the title Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations. <mask> died of kidney cancer at his home, on 1 February 1976. The next evening, his colleagues and friends walked in remembrance from the Institute of Physics to his home, lit a candle and placed it in front of his door. <mask> is buried in Munich Waldfriedhof.In 1980 his widow, <mask>, published The Political Life of an Apolitical Person (de, Das politische Leben eines Unpolitischen). In it she characterized <mask> as "first and foremost, a spontaneous person, thereafter a brilliant scientist, next a highly talented artist, and only in the fourth place, from a sense of duty, homo politicus." Honors and awards
<mask> was awarded a number of honors:
 Honorary doctorates from the University of Brussels, the Technological University of Karlsruhe, and Eötvös Loránd University. Bavarian Order of Merit
 Romano Guardini Prize
 Grand Cross for Federal Service with Star
 Knight of the Order of Merit (Civil Class)
 Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1955
 Member of the Academies of Sciences of Göttingen, Bavaria, Saxony, Prussia, Sweden, Romania, Norway, Spain, The Netherlands (1939), Rome (Pontifical), the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (Halle), the Accademia dei Lincei (Rome), and the American Academy of Sciences. 1932 – Nobel Prize in Physics "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen". 1933 – Max-Planck-Medaille of the Deutsche Physikalische GesellschaftResearch reports on nuclear physics
The following reports were published in Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte (Research Reports in Nuclear Physics), an internal publication of the German Uranverein. The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies.The reports were confiscated under the Allied Operation Alsos and sent to the United States Atomic Energy Commission for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics. [English translation in: ] This is the first paper in the famous trilogy which launched the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. The paper was received on 27 September 1925. [English translation in: ] This is the second paper in the famous trilogy which launched the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. The paper was received on 16 November 1925.[English translation in: ] This is the third paper in the famous trilogy which launched the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. The author was cited as being at Leipzig. The paper was received on 21 June 1934. The authors were cited as being at Leipzig. The paper was received on 22 December 1935. A translation of this paper has been done by W. Korolevski and H. Kleinert: arXiv:physics/0605038v1. The substance of this article was presented by <mask> in a lecture at Harvard University.Published books

 (full text of 1958 version)

In popular culture
<mask>'s surname is used as the primary alias for Walter White, the lead character in AMC's crime drama series Breaking Bad throughout White's transformation from a high-school chemistry teacher into a meth cook and a drug kingpin. In the spin-off prequel series Better Call Saul, a character named <mask> directs the construction of the meth lab belonging to antagonist Gus Fring that Walt cooks in for much of Breaking Bad. <mask> was the target of an assassination by spy Moe Berg in the film The Catcher Was a Spy, based on real events. <mask> is credited with building the atomic bomb used by the Axis in the Amazon Prime TV series adaptation of the novel The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick. Atomic bombs in this universe are referred to as Heisenberg Devices. Daniel Craig portrayed Heisenberg in the 2002 film Copenhagen, an adaptation of Michael Frayn's play of that name. Heisenberg is the namesake of Resident Evil Village secondary antagonist <mask>.<mask>'s research on ferromagnetism served as inspiration for the character's magnetic abilities. See also

 List of things named after <mask>
 List of German inventors and discoverers
 The Physical Principles of the Quantum TheoryReferences
Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

 See also

 The author was cited as being at Leipzig. The paper was received on 21 June 1934. The authors were cited as being at Leipzig. The paper was received on 22 December 1935. A translation of this paper has been done by W. Korolevski and H. Kleinert: arXiv:physics/0605038v1. [This book is a collection of 121 primary German documents relating to physics under National Socialism.The documents have been translated and annotated, and there is a lengthy introduction to put them into perspective.] External links

 Annotated Bibliography for <mask> from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
 MacTutor Biography: <mask> Heisenberg
 Heisenberg/Uncertainty biographical exhibit by American Institute of Physics. Key Participants: <mask> Pauling and the Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History''
 Nobelprize.org biography
 <mask>nberg: Atomic Physics Mentorees

1901 births
1976 deaths
Scientists from Würzburg
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
German Lutherans
German mountain climbers
German Nobel laureates
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Humboldt University of Berlin faculty
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Max Planck Society people
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Nobel laureates in Physics
20th-century German physicists
Nuclear program of Nazi Germany
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Philosophers of science
Quantum physicists
Fluid dynamicists
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Scouting and Guiding in Germany
Theoretical physicists
University of Göttingen faculty
Leipzig University faculty
Burials at Munich Waldfriedhof
Winners of the Max Planck Medal
Niels Bohr International Gold Medal recipients
Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
Operation Epsilon
People associated with CERN
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Recipients of the Matteucci

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texts:
<mask> (born 22 February 1979) is a footballer who plays for North Leigh as a striker. A journeyman, he has played for 40 different clubs, being transferred 43 times over a 20-year career. He has played in the English Football League for Oxford United, Bristol Rovers and Mansfield Town and is a former Dominica international. In September 2020 he signed for his 40th club, joining Beaconsfield Town from St. Albans City. Early life
<mask> was born in Harrow, and raised in Harlesden, London. He and his mother moved to Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, when he was 17. He played football for local clubs Risborough Rangers, Aylesbury United and Thame United before, in 2001, he was convicted of dangerous driving while disqualified and sentenced to a year's imprisonment.He served six months before being released from Woodhill Prison. Club career
<mask> joined Oxford United on an initial trial basis in February 2002 and impressed suitably to be handed a Football League debut, as a 78th-minute substitute for Dave Savage, in the club's final game of the season: a 2–1 home defeat to Darlington on 20 April 2002. Retained by the club, the following season he attracted much media attention when, having scored the winner in Oxford United's televised FA Cup Second Round clash with Swindon Town, he was captured naked live on television joyously celebrating the U's draw with the club, Arsenal, he supported as a boy. The club would go on to lose the tie, at Highbury, 2–0 with <mask> appearing as a 54th-minute substitute. Despite the attention, his manager Ian Atkins felt that he failed to progress in the second half of the season and he was transfer listed at the season's end. On 31 July 2003 he agreed to join Woking on loan, the deal seeing him sign for one month with immediate recall, then two further months with the option of making the move permanent. He was recalled from the loan on 15 September 2003, and earned a recall to the first team.On 27 August 2004 he joined Gravesend & Northfleet on a month's loan, before being recalled from his loan period on 24 September 2004 to enable him to sign for Forest Green Rovers on a free transfer. <mask> left Forest Green Rovers for Woking on 3 December 2004, the latter paying a nominal fee for his services. He remained at Woking until the end of the 2004–05 season, scoring 3 times in 23 league matches. He made 10 league and cup appearances for Second Division side Bristol Rovers between May and September 2005. After brief spells at Worthing and Stevenage Borough, he signed for Yeading in January 2006. He remained with the club until January 2007 but played only a handful of matches for the club. <mask> then spent six months at Havant & Waterlooville and another six months at Weymouth.<mask> spent a brief spell with Maidenhead United before joining Mansfield Town in January 2008 on a three-month contract. He was released on 2 May 2008 and joined Wrexham the following month. His spell at Wrexham was a successful one, scoring 15 goals in 42 appearances in the 2008–09 season. After having his contract with Wrexham terminated by mutual consent, he joined Crawley Town on 24 May 2009. He joined Rushden & Diamonds on loan on 12 November. However, he limped off on his debut after 17 minutes. He did well at Nene Park, and in the last game of his original loan deal he scored twice against Barrow, prompting manager Justin Edinburgh to keep him till the end of the season.He joined Gainsborough Trinity in June 2010, but in October moved on to Conference National club Darlington on loan until January 2011, with the intention of the deal then being made permanent. The deal fell through, so <mask> returned to Gainsborough at the end of the loan. Released by Gainsborough, he played once for former club Weymouth, as a substitute in a 2–1 win at Hemel Hempstead Town, then returned to the Conference with Hayes & Yeading United. Released by Hayes & Yeading at his own request in March, he rejoined Maidenhead United the following day. After spending the first half of the 2011–12 season with Brackley Town, <mask> joined Lincoln City on 31 January 2012. In June 2012 he agreed a deal to rejoin his former Rushden & Diamonds manager Justin Edinburgh at Newport County. In November 2012 he joined Whitehawk on loan until his contract with Newport County expired on 1 January 2013.He then returned to Brackley Town, making his second debut at the turn of the year against Droylsden on 5 January 2013. By the end of the season he had scored 7 goals in 24 Conference North appearances, including the play-offs. He left Brackley at the end of the season and signed for Hendon in July 2013. In February 2014, <mask> joined Margate, before later playing for Lowestoft Town, his 30th team. <mask>' next club was Wealdstone, whom he joined in December 2014. He scored 18 goals for the club in 57 league matches. On 3 June 2016, Staines Town announced that <mask> had put pen to paper for them.On 13 October 2016, Oxford City manager Justin Merritt completed the signing of <mask>. Caretaker boss since December, Mark Jones, released <mask> at the end of the season after being appointed the permanent manager, and he subsequently joined local rivals Banbury United. During his time at United <mask> became the first ever Banbury player to score 6 league goals in his first 6 games, breaking a 50-year-old record previously held by United's all-time top goalscorer Tony Jacques. In December 2017 he moved to fellow Southern League Premier Division side Chesham United. He switched to Farnborough of the newly formed Southern Football League Premier South ahead of the 2018–19 season. On 15 September 2018 he returned to league rivals Chesham United for the 7th round of the season, as they were struggling at the bottom of the table. On 24 December 2019 he joined St Albans City.In the summer of 2020 he joined Southern Premier Division side Beaconsfield Town. In October 2021, he transferred to North Leigh. International career
<mask> represented Dominica in a 2010 World Cup qualifier against Barbados in March 2008, which Dominica lost 1–0. <mask> played up front with his cousin Richard Pacquette in this match. References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Harrow, London
English footballers
Dominica footballers
Dominica international footballers
Association football forwards
Aylesbury United F.C. players
Thame United F.C. players
Oxford United F.C.players
Woking F.C. players
Ebbsfleet United F.C. players
Forest Green Rovers F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Hemel Hempstead Town F.C. players
Lewes F.C. players
Worthing F.C.players
Stevenage F.C. players
Eastleigh F.C. players
Yeading F.C. players
Havant & Waterlooville F.C. players
Weymouth F.C. players
Maidenhead United F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C.players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Crawley Town F.C. players
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. players
Gainsborough Trinity F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Hayes & Yeading United F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C.players
Newport County A.F.C. players
Whitehawk F.C. players
English Football League players
Isthmian League players
Southern Football League players
National League (English football) players
English people of Dominica descent
Lowestoft Town F.C. players
Margate F.C. players
Hendon F.C. players
Brackley Town F.C. players
Wealdstone F.C.players
Staines Town F.C. players
Farnborough F.C. players
Oxford City F.C. players
Banbury United F.C. players
Chesham United F.C. players
Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C. players
St Albans City F.C.players
Beaconsfield Town F.C. players
North Leigh F.C. players

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