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<mask>. (June 11, 1911 – August 5, 1988) was a United States Marine Corps lieutenant general who during the course of his career served as a China Marine, fought in numerous battles in the Pacific during World War II and commanded units from platoon to division size. He received the Navy Cross for his actions during the Battle of Okinawa and was also a recipient of the Distinguished Service Medal during a military career that spanned the 35 years between 1933 and 1968. He died at his home in Washington, D.C. on 5 August 1988. Early life and education

<mask> (who was designated 'Sr.' after his namesake father died in 1936) was born 16 June 1911, in Atlanta, Georgia. When he was 12 years old, his grandfather (a one-time Confederate soldier in the 15th South Carolina Infantry Regiment) died, and his father moved his wife (<mask>) and three sons back to the family farm in Anderson, South Carolina. There, <mask> would frequently hunt his family's dinner.<mask> completed high school at Anderson in 1927 at age 16, delivering the valedictory speech when he was still only 16, saying, "If we fail to prepare for our role in society, we play falsely with our God, our country, and with the inner man, our conscience." Though he had appointments to both the United States Military Academy and the United States Naval Academy upon high school graduation, his father thought <mask> too young to enter immediately, and insisted that his son attend The Citadel for a year. A cousin, a Naval Academy graduate, encouraged him to attend Annapolis instead of West Point, which he did in 1929. His appointment before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 spared him from the business loss his father incurred. During his battleship cruise to the Azores, Halifax, and Bermuda in 1932, <mask> opted for the Marine Corps, observing "...that really made up my mind, because I’d read so much about Marine camaraderie. And I’d also observed it within Marine detachments on board ship, the close relationship between officers and men." He found a role model in Commandant of the Marine Corps John A. Lejeune, who had retired that year.Due to the Great Depression, the academy could only fund commissions for half of the graduating class in 1933, <mask> included. Marine Corps Career

Early career

<mask> was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 1 June 1933, then reported to The Basic School at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. The financial difficulties of the time reached him even there. One of <mask>'s instructors, Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr. (nicknamed "Bayonet Tony") took the young Marine under his wing to teach him in close combat. He graduated in May 1934 in the smallest-ever class: 20 academy graduates and one mustang. <mask> was then assigned to the Marine Detachment aboard the . Captained by John W. Reeves Jr. at the time, the ship was the flagship of the Pacific Fleet, and <mask> was soon qualified as a watch officer In July 1935, he joined the 1st Marine Brigade at Marine Corps Base Quantico.Thanks to the expiration of the then-mandatory marriage waiting-period (for two years after graduation), <mask> was free to marry his sweetheart Dorice "Dottie" <mask>, who was the sister of his Naval Academy classmate and also newly commissioned 2nd Lt. William A. Kengla, on 14 September 1935. <mask> and Dottie maintained a friendship with Tony Biddle and his wife, Cordelia. In 1937, Biddle wrote a combat manual entitled Do or Die, noting in the dedication: "During the period of his service as instructor, the writer enjoyed the able assistance of Lieutenant <mask><mask>, USMC, and Lieutenant William A. Kengla USMC. The two latter named gentlemen were formerly pupils of the writer in Individual Combat at the United States Marine Corps Basic School for Officers: they are both fine swordsmen. Being of inventive genius, Lieutenants <mask> and Kengla devised several excellent new forms of attack and defense, as shown in this treatise." Biddle's bayonet techniques can still be seen in skills taught in recruit training today. After the Fleet Landing Exercises, which saw the  landing 1st Battalion 5th Marines at Culebra, Puerto Rico, during January to May 1936, <mask> became Personnel, Intelligence, and Communications Officer for the 1st Battalion, 1st Marine Brigade.He was promoted to first lieutenant in July 1936. In August of that year, <mask> assumed duties in the Headquarters Company, and began to express his desire to grow in leadership. In December, he became an aide-de-camp to Brigadier General <mask><mask>, the brigade commander. The brigade was soon transferred to the West Coast of the United States, where <mask> was detached from the unit for reassignment to the Fourth Marine Regiment in China. China
In February 1937, <mask> and his wife departed from the Wilmington neighborhood of Los Angeles on the liner SS President Polk for Shanghai, a trip he shared with First Lieutenant Victor H. Krulak, Lieutenant Colonel William H. Rupertus, and their wives. Because Dorice and Rupertus's wife Alice had gone to school together, <mask> earned his senior's trust and was offered a position in the elder's future command: 1st Battalion 4th Marines. In 1937, Charles F. B.Price commanded the regiment in China; Price’s wife Dolly was godmother to Dorice, and this connection got <mask> a prime assignment. He worked for LtCol Francis I. Fenton in the regiment's deputy Athletic Officer and Club Officer, and became editor for the regiment's newsweekly magazine, the Walla Walla, purportedly meaning "much talk" in Chinese. <mask> and his wife enjoyed an active social life through the Spring and early Summer – in the company of other Marines and members of the English-speaking community in Shanghai. But, the lively social scene unraveled on 7 July 1937, when the Marco Polo Bridge Incident signaled the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. In mid-August 1937, the Chinese attempted a bombing raid on the Japanese Fleet. The raid was ineffectual, a few bombs even strayed into the Shanghai International Settlement, killing civilians. But it gave <mask> his first ‘taste’ of combat, and he soon arranged to be given a command: a platoon and later Company F, under 2nd Battalion commander Roswell Winans.Despite being stationed in the Suzhou Creek, his platoon never directly engaged Japanese troops, but witnessed the Defense of Sihang Warehouse. After defending Americans from Japanese harassment until September 1938, he was temporarily assigned to the , in Shanghai port to supervise the security during loading of the gold and silver bullion that belonged to Chase Bank. On 16 August 1939, Dorice gave birth to a son, <mask>., who earned the nickname "Champ" after a slightly-inebriated suggestion from Bruno Hochmuth. The following month, <mask>. was promoted to captain. Interim

In November, he returned to the United States, and was assigned to Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., again under William Rupertus until June 1940. In March 1940, he became a company commander in the Marine Guard detachment at President Franklin D. Roosevelt's personal retreat at Warm Springs, Georgia, under the command of LtCol Charles T. Brooks, and became close to the president during an extended retreat. At one point, the guards performed silent exhibition drill for the president and patients  at the Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation.In June 1940, <mask> served briefly again at MCB Quantico during the Officer Candidates School's Platoon Leaders Course. In September, he was assigned to Marine Corps Base, Parris Island in South Carolina, as a battery commanding officer with the 4th Defense Battalion. He and his family were transferred with the battalion to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba in February 1941. In November, they embarked on board the  with the battalion for Pearl Harbor, Hawaiithe week before the surprise attack there. World War II

The <mask> family arrived in Pearl Harbor on 1 December 1941. As the air attack raged on the Sunday morning of December 7, <mask> was slowed by gawking sight-seers on the road to Pearl, and couldn't make it to his post until the attack was over. President Roosevelt declared war the next day, and <mask> embarked aboard the  en route to and in command of the first reinforcements for Johnston Island on Christmas Day, not to see his family again for more than two years.<mask> would remain at Johnston Island until November 1942, receiving a Bronze Star for his service there, as well as a promotion to major in May. Shortly after <mask>' promotion, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz paid a visit to Johnston, boosting morale. <mask> then returned to Pearl Harbor to join the 10th Defense Battalion in November 1942. Later, as executive officer of the battalion, attached to the I Marine Amphibious Corps, he served in the Solomon and Russell Islands. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in April 1943. In August of that year, he commanded 2nd Battalion 1st Marines briefly in Australia prior to bringing the unit into combat again from December 1943 to February 1944 at the Battle of Cape Gloucester, again under the command of Rupertus, now the commanding general of the 1st Marine Division. New Britain
The Battle of Cape Gloucester was part of the larger New Britain campaign, named Operation Dexterity, in turn part of Operation Cartwheel of the Solomon Islands and New Guinea campaigns.While at Finschhafen preparing for the Cape Gloucester landings, General <mask> inquired of <mask>, "Young man, are you ready for this operation?" He replied, "More important, General, my troops are ready," which drew a grin from <mask>. <mask>' two-fold trail blocking mission was defensive in nature. Firstly, after landing at Green Beach (southwest of what is today Cape Gloucester Airport, near the western side of Mount Talawe), his battalion (code-named Stoneface Group) was to block attempts by enemy troops to retreat in a south-westerly direction from the main Japanese force at the airdrome. Secondly, in case the battle to capture the two airstrips was protracted, his command was to prevent Japanese reinforcements from the south. Once the airdrome was under Marine control, 2nd Battalion was to rejoin its regiment and link up with the rest of the 1st Division. On D-Day, the morning of 26 December 1943, the first wave of Landing Craft Mechanized landed as planned on Green beach.The landing was unopposed, and even after the Marines were ashore, no enemy resistance was encountered. By nightfall Stoneface Group had met all of its defensive position objectives and began patrolling vigorously inland to locate enemy troops. Except for a communication barrier due to mountainous terrain that made contact with division headquarters tedious, the first two days were without major incident, just a few skirmishes. As daylight faded on 29 December, the volume of Japanese fire from the jungle began to increase, signaling an imminent attack against Stoneface defenses. At about 2 AM the next morning, the Japanese made a Banzai charge, which cost the Marines 6 men killed at the point of attack. For a few moments, enemy troops occupied part of Stoneface Group's front lines, but were repulsed when Gunnery Sergeant Guiseppe [sic] Guilano Jr. stepped into the breach with a light machine gun. A second Japanese assault nearly overran Marine positions, but again it was beaten back, with Guilano (wounded seven times during the night) at the forefront.After the second failed assault, two further dispirited banzai attacks were stopped cold. As dawn broke, a casualty count found 6 Marines killed with 13 wounded, while enemy losses were counted by a burial detachment at 256 at the front lines (though another source indicates "at least 89 enemy dead,"). Five prisoners were captured, including a Japanese officer who spoke English. When <mask> learned of the captured officer, he sent a PT boat to deliver the prisoner to Finschhafen for interrogation. Later, <mask> sent a congratulatory dispatch indicating that the prisoner was the first Japanese officer of the war to be captured alive. <mask> recommended Guilano for the Medal of Honor for his heroics, but it was downgraded by Rupertus to a Navy Cross. Once the entire airdrome was firmly in Marine hands, General Rupertus raised the American flag there and dispatched the news to General Walter Krueger.No longer in need of the trail block west of Mount Talawe, General Rupertus ordered <mask> to secure his battalion and rejoin the division. After securing its wounded, equipment, and supplies, 2nd Battalion made a march from Green Beach into the division lines at the airdrome, at which point the Stoneface Group was disbanded on 12 January 1944. After a couple of days to rest, and attempts to dry out the "jungle rot" between rain squalls, <mask> and his battalion were reassigned to the 7th Marine Regiment, commanded by Julian 'Bull' Frisbie. When <mask> Lewis "Chesty" Puller, with whom he had served in China. Puller took the opportunity to indulge in some combat humor at the expense of <mask> (the junior officer) by belittling the 2nd Battalion's 'little fight' at the hands of the Banzai charging Japanese troops at Mt. Talawe. For his actions on Cape Gloucester, <mask> was awarded the Legion of Merit, somewhat unusual for a combat commander to receive, in place of the Silver Star.After 37 consecutive months overseas, he returned to the United States in March 1944 for duty at Headquarters Marine Corps with the Division of Plans and Policies, G-3. Upon seeing him for the first time in more than two years, his now-nearly five-year-old son didn't know who he was. In September, <mask> detached for duty at Pearl Harbor, and on Guam, Saipan, and Tinian. Okinawa
In November 1944, <mask> was transferred to the 7th Marine Regiment and began serving as executive officer at Pavuvu. From April to June 1945, he fought in the Battle of Okinawa, where he earned the Navy Cross for manning a vital observation post under heavy attack during the assault on Dakeshi Ridge. Post-war

<mask> returned to China in October 1945 as the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2 for 1st Marine Division at Tientsin until he returned to the United States in March 1946. He was again assigned to Headquarters Marine Corps where, in May 1946, he began a two-year assignment in the Inspection Division.In May 1948, he was ordered to the Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, serving as executive officer, and later, commanding officer of the Basic School. He was promoted to colonel in August 1949. In September 1950, he was transferred to Camp Lejeune in North Carolina, to assume command of the 8th Marine Regiment, 2nd Marine Division for 18 months. He attended the National War College from August 1952 to June 1953, then  became a member of the Joint Strategic Plans Group, for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, for two years. In August 1955, <mask> took command of the 4th Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division, at Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii until he was named Fleet Marine Force, Pacific Liaison Officer to the Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet in June 1956. While serving in this capacity, he was promoted to brigadier general in July 1957. He returned to Headquarters Marine Corps as assistant chief of staff, Marine Corps Intelligence G-2 in September 1957.He was assigned additional duty as Inspector General of the Marine Corps in June 1960, and was promoted to major general the following month. He continued in the post until July 1961. <mask> assumed command of 1st Marine Division at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, on 31 July 1961, until June 1962, when he became the commanding general of the base. He returned to Okinawa in May 1963 to command 3rd Marine Division. He then commanded Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island from 19 June 1964 to 15 June 1966. Promoted to lieutenant general on 1 July 1966, he was assigned duty as commandant, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico. In January 1968, Marine Corps Schools was redesignated Marine Corps Development and Education Command, and <mask>'s title was changed to "Commanding General".<mask> was presented the Navy Distinguished Service Medal by Commandant Leonard F. Chapman Jr. during his retirement ceremony at Quantico, 28 June 1968. He died at his home in Washington, D.C. on 5 August 1988.<mask> was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia. Awards & honors
A complete list of his medals and decorations includes:

Navy Cross citation
The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the Navy Cross to
<mask>. <mask>Lieutenant ColonelU.S. Marine Corps
for service as set forth in the following citation:
For extraordinary heroism as Executive Officer of the Seventh Marines, First Marine Division, in action against enemy Japanese forces during the assault on Dakeshi Ridge, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, from 10 to 12 May 1945. On 10 May, when the advance of the Regiment was checked by a strong hostile force, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> unhesitatingly went forward of the front lines on reconnaissance and obtained information concerning the Japanese and unfamiliar terrain which enabled a successful attack to be made the following day. On 11 May, he established an advanced observation post in the only possible position on the front lines from which the attack that day could be observed and directed and, despite unusually heavy casualties at the post from intense enemy mortar and small-arms fire, continued to man it and report information vital to the capture of desperately defended Dakeshi Ridge, Moving the observation post forward again on 12 May, he advanced under intense hostile fire to the Ridge before that ground had been completely seized by assault troops and, although the Japanese continued to inflict heavy casualties on his force, persevered in his mission to observe the enemy and terrain, thus securing information which aided materially in the formulation of successful plans for continuing the attack. His inspiring leadership, courage and unremitting devotion to duty throughout were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.See also

 List of notable United States Marines

Notes

References

 World War II: A Compact History, by Colonel R. Earnest Dupuy (1969) – Hawthorn Books, Inc. External links

1911 births
1988 deaths
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Anderson, South Carolina
People from Atlanta
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Naval Academy alumni

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James Marvin Masters Sr
James Marvin Masters
Cecilia Hale Masters
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Mary Kengla
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. Meade
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<mask> (born <mask>; 21 August 1978) is an Indian actress and a former model known for her work predominantly in Telugu, Hindi, and Tamil films. She made her film debut in the Telugu film Yuvakudu (2000). Her notable performances include appearances in films such as Kushi (2001), Okkadu (2003), Tere Naam (2003), Missamma (2003), Sillunu Oru Kaadhal (2006), Gandhi, My Father (2007), Anasuya (2007), Buddy (2013), M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story (2016 ), MCA (2017), and U Turn (2018). She has won four Nandi Awards, one Filmfare Awards South, one SIIMA award. Early life
Chawla was born in a Punjabi family in New Delhi, India and completed her schooling there. Her father is a retired Army officer.<mask> has two siblings, an elder brother and sister. She moved to Mumbai in 1997 and started her career with Ad films and Hindi music video albums. She appeared in the Zee TV series Hip Hip Hurray and Star Best Sellers - Fursat Mein. Career
Chawla started off her film career in the Telugu film industry, starring in the feature film Yuvakudu (2000) alongside actor Sumanth. Her second release, Kushi (2001), in which she starred opposite Pawan Kalyan was a box office success, winning her the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu following which she acted in several films in Telugu, including Okkadu (2003) opposite Mahesh Babu and Simhadri (2003) opposite Jr. NTR, which became two of the year's highest grossers in Telugu. Meanwhile, she made her debut in the Tamil film industry as well, starring in the film Badri (2001) opposite actor Vijay, which was followed by her second Tamil film Roja Kootam (2002). Her performance in Missamma (2003), as a businesswoman with cancer, was applauded.She was nominated for the FilmfareAward for Best Actress – Telugu and won the Nandi Award for Best Actress. After a number of critically and commercially successful films in the South, Chawla starred in her first Bollywood film, Tere Naam (2003), alongside Salman Khan. The film was one of the year's highest grossers. It was a critical success and her performance in the film won her many positive notices as well as several nominations for Best Debut at different award ceremonies. She was nominated for her first Filmfare Best Actress Award and won the Best Debut trophy at the Zee Cine Awards ceremony. Subsequently, she starred in a number of Hindi films including Run (2004), a remake of the same-named Tamil film, Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa (2004), again opposite Salman Khan, Silsilay (2005) and Dil Jo Bhi Kahey... (2005) alongside Amitabh Bachchan. She returned to Telugu, acting in the films Naa Autograph (2004) (a remake of the Tamil film Autograph) and Jai Chiranjeeva, alongside Chiranjeevi and Sameera Reddy.While <mask>'s performance in the former won her accolades and the CineMAA Jury Award for Best Actress, the latter became a super hit film. In 2006, Chawla appeared in the Tamil film Sillunu Oru Kaadhal, alongside real-life couple Surya and Jyothika which became a big hit worldwide, while playing a vital role in the Hindi film Family - Ties of Blood, in which she shared screen space with Amitabh Bachchan and Akshay Kumar, and starring in the Telugu fantasy film, Mayabazar. Following this, she acted in the Hindi film Gandhi, My Father as Gulab Gandhi and played the title roles in the Telugu films Sathyabhama, in which she played a woman who has Short-term memory loss, and Anasuya, a crime thriller, and in the Bhojpuri film, Gangotri (2007 film), a sequel to the successful 2006 Bhojpuri film Ganga, acting again alongside Amitabh Bachchan. Her performance in Anasuya (2007), as an Investigative journalist who covers the case of a serial killer, received critical acclaim. She was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu and won the Santosham Best Actress Award. In 2008, she made her debut in the Punjabi film industry, starring in Yaariyan, opposite Gurdas Maan, following which she debuted in Malayalam as well, starring in Bhramaram alongside Mohanlal. Currently, she is working on half-a-dozen films in Tamil, Telugu and Hindi, which include Thangar Bachan's Kalavadiya Pozhudugal opposite Prabhu Deva in Tamil, Yagam alongside Navdeep in Telugu .She also appeared in the 2016 movie M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story. She portrayed the character of MS dhoni's sister in the movie. She has done MCA in Telugu in the year 2017 for which she got the Best Supporting Actress SIIMA and Zee Apsara Best Supporting Actress. She also appeared in Telugu - Tamil U Turn which got great reviews. She marked her debut in Web Series with Bhram in 2018 alongside Kalki Koechlin and Sanjay Suri. She is currently working in two Telugu films, Seetimaar and Idhe  Maa Katha and Operation Majnu, which are due for release in 2021.<mask> will be next seen in her upcoming sports action movie 'Seetimaarr'. Directed by Sampath Nandi. The movie star cast also includes Gopichand, Tamannaah, Digangana Suryavanshi. Personal life
<mask> married her long-time boyfriend and yoga teacher Bharat Thakur on 21 October 2007 at Devlali, Nashik in a Gurdwara. She went regularly to Thakur's courses and is said to have dated him for four years before marrying him. The couple has a son born in February 2014.

masks:
Bhumika Chawla
Rachna Chawla
Bhumika
Chawla
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<mask> (November 30, 1921 – November 3, 2002) was a highly decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps, reaching the rank of major general. He served in three wars and concluded his career as commanding general of Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune. Biography

World War II

<mask> was born in Neenah, Wisconsin, on November 30, 1921, and, following high school, he graduated with a bachelor's degree from the University of San Francisco. During his university studies, <mask> enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve in August 1942 and following his graduation in April 1944, he was commissioned a second lieutenant on May 3, 1944. He was then sent to the Officer Candidates School at Quantico, Virginia, for officer training. After ten weeks of hard drill, Bohn sailed to the Pacific area to be assign to the Marine detachment aboard the light aircraft carrier USS Monterey. While aboard that vessel, his detachment took part in the support actions during the landings at Leyte and Mindoro in the Philippines in fall 1944.<mask> later participated in the support operations during Iwo Jima and Okinawa operations in early 1945 and received Navy Commendation Medal with Combat "V". Upon the end of the War, <mask> remained in active service and after his transfer to the United States, he spent some time with the Marine barracks in Boston, Massachusetts. He later reached the rank of first lieutenant and was appointed officer in charge of the District Headquarters Recruiting station in Omaha, Nebraska. <mask> returned to Pacific in 1949, when was attached to the Marine barracks at Guam. Korean War

<mask> was later transferred to the 3rd Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel <mask> and appointed commanding officer of "G" Company. With the outbreak of the Korean War, <mask> sailed to Korea with his company and took part in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter within 1st Marine Division under Major General Oliver P. Smith in August 1950 and his task was to lead his "G" Company up to the hill held by enemy in the vicinity of Kosong. Advancing under enemy rifle and machine gun fire, <mask> was wounded in the shoulder and neck, but refused to be evacuated and continued to personally lead and deploy his troops in an effective attack.Only until all enemy forces were annihilated did he allow himself to be taken to the rear and his wounds to be dressed. For this act of valor, Lieutenant <mask> was decorated with the Silver Star. Following his recovery from his wounds, <mask> returned to his "G" Company and later took part in the Battle of Inchon in September 1950, where he led his company up to the radio hill near Wolmido and subsequently secured the nearby Sowolmi-do. <mask> later participated in the Second Battle of Seoul at the end of September 1950 and reached the rank of captain. He was wounded again and succeeded by first lieutenant Charles D. Mize in command of "G" Company. <mask> was subsequently sent back to the United States for treatment. Post Korea service
In April 1952, <mask> was appointed to the prestigious capacity of naval aide to General Omar Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.He served in this capacity until July 1953, when he was ordered to the special course at Amphibious Warfare School at Quantico, Virginia. Upon graduation from the course in 1954, <mask> was attached as operations officer (S-3) to the Training Unit-I under Lieutenant Colonel Regan Fuller at Camp Pendleton, where he participated in the development of new combat tactics and techniques. While in that capacity, he received promotion to the rank of major in December 1954. <mask> was ordered to Okinawa, Japan in September 1956 and appointed Operations officer of 9th Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division under Major General Alan Shapley. While in Japan, 3rd Marine Division took part in defense of Far Eastern area in a tense situation after the Korean War. His tour of duty ended in December 1957, when he was ordered to the staff of the Marine Corps Schools Quantico as an Instructor of Tactics within Junior Course. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel on July 1, 1960.He left United States during 1961 and sailed to the United Kingdom as a student at Joint Services Staff College in Latimer, England. <mask> graduated in April 1962 and subsequently served as U.S. representative for Amphibious Warfare at British Ministry of Defence. Dominican crisis
Lieutenant Colonel <mask> returned stateside in October 1964 and assumed duties as commanding officer 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines, 2nd Marine Division at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Shortly before the outbreak of Communist-attempted coup in Dominican Republic in April 1965, <mask>'s unit was designated "Ready battalion" within 2nd Marine Division. That meant that battalion was brought up to full strength in both men and equipment. <mask> decided to take his battalion to conditioning march from Camp Lejeune to Fort Bragg, but division commander, Major General Ormond R. Simpson, disallowed it. <mask> argued vehemently in the favor of the march, but Simpson was unmoved.<mask> continued to argue and finally got his permission for the march. After two days of march, crisis in the Dominican Republic broke. <mask> as commander of "Ready battalion", constantly called the division headquarters and asked if he should return to Camp Lejeune. The Simpson's response was negative. Bohn called general Simpson several times during the march, but answer was still negative. After several days, the 2nd battalion reached Fort Bragg and <mask> was informed by division chief of staff, Colonel John R. Chaisson, that designation "Ready battalion" was switched to 1st Battalion, 6th Marines by general Simpson. The 1st Battalion already began with the preparation for the deployment to the Dominican Republic, and <mask>'s battalion stayed in the States.He was transferred to Washington, D.C., in October 1965 and assumed duties as a member of NATO Military Posture Study group, Joint Chiefs of Staff. While in Washington, <mask> attended George Washington University and graduated with a master's degree. He was promoted to the rank of colonel in June 1966 and ordered to the course at Industrial College of the Armed Forces. Vietnam War
<mask> graduated in June 1967 and received orders for deployment in Vietnam. He joined the staff of 1st Marine Division under the command of Major General <mask> J<mask> and was assigned to Division Operations Officer. His division took part in the combats in Quế Sơn Valley at that time and <mask> assumed command of 5th Marine Regiment on October 17, 1967. He led his regiment during Operation Auburn in December 1967 at Go Noi Island south of Danang.This search and destroy mission was launched on December 28 and <mask> assumed operational command of the operation. He came under enemy mortar fire, but remain calm and led his units during the attack on entrenched enemy positions. <mask> deployed his command in forward area and continued in operation until January 3, 1968. For his gallantry in action and leadership, <mask> was decorated with his second Silver Star. When enemy launched Tet Offensive at the end of January 1968, his regiment took part in the street fighting during the Battle of Huế. <mask> was transferred to the staff of 1st Marine Division at the beginning of May and appointed assistant chief of staff for operations. He took part in Operation Allen Brook in the summer of 1968 and received the Legion of Merit with Combat "V" for his service in this capacity.<mask> was ordered back to the States in July 1968 and appointed secretary of the general staff at Headquarters Marine Corps under Lieutenant General William J. Van Ryzin. While in this capacity, he was decorated with the recently established Meritorious Service Medal. <mask> was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on September 10, 1969, and appointed assistant division commander, 2nd Marine Division at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Brigadier General <mask> also served as temporary division commander from June 5 to September 28, 1971, when his superior, Major General Michael P. Ryan was appointed Deputy Commander Fleet Marine Force Atlantic. He was relieved by Major General Fred E. Haynes Jr. at the end of September of that year and subsequently ordered back to Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C., as assistant chief of staff for programs. He was promoted to the rank of major general on May 1, 1973, and assumed duties as commanding general of Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune on August 22 of that year.In this capacity, <mask> was co-responsible for the marine military training on the East Coast in the later part of Vietnam War. For his service in this capacity, he was decorated with his second Legion of Merit. Major General <mask><mask> retired from the Marine Corps service on September 1, 1974, after 32 years of service to his country. Retirement

Following his retirement from the Marine Corps, he was active in business and founded Courts Royal Racquetball Clubs. <mask> later lived in Alexandria, Virginia, before he moved to Falls Church, Virginia. Major General <mask><mask> died of pneumonia on November 3, 2002, at Fairfax Nursing Center. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery together with his wife Anna Marie Serocca.They had together two daughters, Barbara and Nancy. Decorations

Here is the ribbon bar of Major General <mask><mask>:

References

1921 births
2002 deaths
People from Neenah, Wisconsin
Military personnel from Wisconsin
University of San Francisco alumni
George Washington University School of Business alumni
Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni
United States Marine Corps generals
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

masks:
Robert Dewey Bohn
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Robert Taplett
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. Bohn
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. Bohn


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<mask> (24 February 1913 – 27 June 1945) was a Norwegian seaman, fur farmer and resistance fighter during World War II. When the leadership of Milorg was torn up by the Gestapo in 1942, he acquired a leading role in the organisation and participated in re-establishing the central leadership (Sentralledelsen, SL) of Milorg together with Jens Christian Hauge. Holst had to flee Norway in the autumn of 1943 and stayed in Sweden until the liberation of Norway in 1945. <mask> is remembered both for his work with the Norwegian resistance and for the circumstances surrounding his death in Stockholm in 1945. Holst's demise was so much talked of at the time that the Milorg leadership issued a statement in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten in July 1945. Swedish and Norwegian authorities officially concluded that Holst committed suicide, but his family and many of his friends and colleagues were of the opinion that Holst was murdered. Background

<mask> was born and grew up in the town of Lillehammer.He was the son of businessman <mask> and Inga <mask>, born Rasmussen, both originally from Stavanger. After elementary school Holst attended secondary school and vocational training in Lillehammer. A couple of years after his confirmation he found work as a seaman, and in the years 1930–1933 he sailed on MS Brageland, owned by the Norwegian shipping company Sydamerikalinjen, then transferred to , owned by the Norwegian shipowner Ditlev-Simonsen. In 1933 he finished working as a seaman and became a fur farmer in Mesnali, east of Lillehammer. Holst contracted tuberculosis and just before the outbreak of World War II he had a major operation related to his pulmonary tuberculosis. From December 1944 until his death he was married to Margarete Corneliussen, daughter of Ragnar Corneliussen, the president of Tiedemann's tobacco factory and a member of the board of Industriforbundet, and Monna Morgenstierne Roll. He was thus brother-in-law to Major General Ole Otto Paus, who was married to his wife's sister Else.Work with the resistance

Clandestine work in Norway

After Norway was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany Holst soon, despite his bad health, started working with the main Norwegian resistance organisation, Milorg. He was recruited in 1941 by his brother-in-law, the officer Lars Heyerdahl-Larsen and was soon given important tasks and gained a reputation as the most action-oriented man in the secretariat of the central leadership (Sentralledelsen). From 1942 Holst worked as a courier, established Milorg's system for hiding refugees (apartments where resistance fighters went into hiding before being "exported" to neutral Sweden) and had close contact with such central resistance figures as Ole Borge and Jens Christian Hauge. <mask>t was, according to professor Tore Pryser, instrumental in teaching Hauge the various skills needed: "In many ways it was actually Holst who trained the inexperienced Hauge." At this time Holst worked closely with Hauge and for half a year they shared an undercover apartment. Holst's girlfriend and wife-to-be cared for the two men and was herself deeply involved in work for the resistance. In his report about his work during the war Jens Christian Hauge was highly approving of "Kaka", as Holst was called informally, and especially recognised him among his colleagues.When Jomar Brun (known for his involvement in Norwegian heavy water production) and his wife had to flee to Sweden, it was <mask> who through Milorg's chief of communications, Salve Staubo, organised an undercover apartment in Oslo for the couple. It was also <mask> who through Staubo recruited Milorg's legendary chief of weapons, Bror With. Even though he never had any formal executive position in Milorg, <mask>t had an important role in the practical work in the organisation, and he was especially important for Milorg in the autumn of 1942 when several of the leaders were arrested by the Gestapo or had to flee to Sweden. Holst participated in the meeting at the turn of the year 1942 when Milorg was reorganised with Jens Christian Hauge as Inspector General (known as "big I"). In addition to being the link between the Milorg leadership and its district organisations, Holst was also the link to resistance groups independent of Milorg. They included Oslogjengen with Gunnar Sønsteby, XU, Asbjørn Bryhn' groups, 2A and the Osvald Group (also known as the Sunde Group after its leader Asbjørn Sunde). The cooperation with the communists and their inferior security almost resulted in Holst being caught by the Gestapo.Holst had an important role during the Osvald Group's fire-bombing of the work-service office in Pilestredet in Oslo on 20 March 1943, which Milorg hesitantly agreed to, whose aim was to destroy archives of people assigned to work service for the Nazi regime. In spite of his bad health Holst worked hard and took on several dangerous assignments, among them meetings with people who were suspected of working with the German security services. Holst also organised squads for liquidating dangerous German and collaborationist Norwegian agents. Holst was a skilled undercover operator, fully aware of the risks of being captured, and always carried a gun and a poison pill with him so that if he was caught, he could commit suicide and not reveal information about the organisation. Escape to Sweden

In the summer of 1943 Holst had to flee to neutral Sweden. After hiding at a fur-farm in Mesnali he was accompanied over the border by a border guide at Svinesund on 5 August. He was arrested on entering Sweden and explained that he had to flee as he had been in possession of a radio without permission, had listened to news from London, and had spread it to others.He did not say anything about his work with Milorg. After being questioned by the Swedish authorities in Strömstad, as a refugee from Norway he was sent to Kjesäter and after further questioning there given permission to travel to Stockholm. In Stockholm Holst was employed at the Norwegian legation, working with military office number 4 (Mi4) at an office at Skeppargatan 32 on Östermalm. He worked with supplies to the resistance forces in Norway and one of his tasks was to organise courier activities into and out of Norway. Part of Holst's work for the Norwegian resistance was illegal in neutral Sweden. At least once Holst were arrested by the Swedish police, but was quickly set free. The arrest was connected with a failed attempt by Holst to organise a courier route over Magnor, assisted by a Swede with local connections and another Norwegian.After the war it was revealed that the two were in the service of the German intelligence agency, the Abwehr. Holst was good at organising and acquiring equipment and had many contacts, one of whom was the Soviet ambassador to Sweden, Alexandra Kollontai, from whom he acquired several pistols. In November 1944 Holst was involved in an illegal weapons purchase and received a warning from the Swedish security police, Säpo. Around the same time Holst was mentioned by Säpo in connection with an espionage affair in which the Norwegian intelligence agent Finn Jacobsen was involved. It was however not possible for the Swedish authorities to interrogate Holst as he had diplomatic immunity. Finn Jacobsen was working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) and cooperated with Holst in supplying the British with intelligence from Norway, without the knowledge of the Norwegian legation in Stockholm, which the SIS did not fully trust. Holst was an activist and probably had sympathy with the action-connected resistance groups, such as 2A and the Osvald Group and the so-called sports office (Idrettskontoret) at the Norwegian legation, led by Harald Gram.Holst married Margarete Corneliussen on 19 December 1944 in Stockholm. Peace and death

After the German capitulation in May 1945, Holst was working on closing the various storage bases that Norwegian resistance fighters had established on Swedish soil, and travelling back and forth between Sweden and Norway. On 23 June, he arrived in Norway by car from Stockholm and early in the morning of 26 June he accompanied British and Norwegian forces in searches carried out at German military camps at the Wehrmacht headquarters in Lillehammer. The same day he unexpectedly travelled back to Stockholm and on the morning of 27 June was found dead at the top of the staircase in an apartment building at Rindögatan 42 on Gärdet. He was found by the porter's wife, shot in the right side of the head, lying in a pool of blood at the top of the staircase, outside the door to the elevator room. Some hours earlier she had found his rucksack and travel bag outside the entrance. The body was found with 1,200 NOK, a large sum at that time (equal to more than 20,000 NOK, or over $3,000 in 2012), something that seemed to rule out robbery as a motive for murdering him.According to the Swedish police Holst had rung the doorbell and had been let in by one of the tenants, but had not then visited that apartment. The policeman who first saw the body reported that the pistol (<mask>'s own, a Spanish Llama Colt 9mm) was in Holst's right hand, with his finger on the trigger. The gun was removed by the police officer before the criminal police came. There is no photograph or sketch of the body at the site, only photographs from the autopsy. Even though the case was investigated as a possible murder, the Swedish police quickly concluded that it was suicide. The criminal technicians test fired the weapon found in <mask>'s hand and found that it was the same as the one that fired the bullet found in the staircase where Holst had been found dead. Of the 28 tenants in the building, only three were questioned by the police during the investigation.In addition to limited questioning of possible witnesses, there were several other deficiencies in the investigation; there was no detailed description of the place he was found and information that was routinely collected during murder investigations was not recorded. <mask> Middelthon <mask> was buried at Vestre gravlund in Oslo. The grave is marked with a simple headstone on which his name, birth and death are carved. "The Holst

masks:
Kai Christian Middelthon Holst
Holst
Kai Holst
Christian Holst
Holst
Kai Hols
Holst
Holst
Kai Hols
Holst
Holst
Kai Christian
Holst


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 Case"

Suicide or murder? <mask>'s family, many of his friends and colleagues in the resistance movement, among them Hans Ringvold and Erik Myhre, held the opinion that Holst was murdered. Among the theories colleagues and friends put forward about a possible murder was liquidation by a foreign intelligence service, be it from Germany, Sweden, the Soviet Union or the US. Threats
Holst's family did their own research regarding his death.<mask>'s sister, Else Heyerdahl-Larsen, contacted Norwegian authorities, but was warned against looking into the case as it could be dangerous. Ole Otto Paus, then an army captain, later a major general, was married to the sister of <mask>'s widow and in 1945 in Oslo he saw the documents from the police investigation when he tried to check the case. Paus found it especially troubling that <mask> had bought sleeping car tickets from Stockholm to Oslo for his wife and himself for the day after he was found dead. When he wanted to check the documents again two years later, they were gone. Paus was warned by a high-ranking Norwegian police officer, the jurist Olav Svendsen, former chief of the juridical office (Norwegian: Rettskontoret, a Norwegian intelligence organisation in neutral Sweden) against continued research into <mask>'s death. The same police officer also threatened Holst's widow and wife to leave the case. Ole Otto Paus was also warned by the chief of defence, Lieutenant General Ole Berg (former chief of the military office Mi2 and Mi4 at the Norwegian legation in Stockholm), against any further research into the case, as he risked his life by doing so.Renewed research

In the 1990s, Holst relatives contacted the lawyer Jan Heftye Blehr. Blehr contacted Rettsmedisinsk institutt (the Norwegian forensic institute) in order to reexamine the autopsy of Holst. The pathologist Olving stated that: "from the findings at the autopsy there is nothing that speaks against that it could be a suicide. There is however nothing that rules out that it could be a murder". On the basis of Major General Paus' statements, the Ministry of Justice and Public Security took up the case and in 1995 the historian Trond Bergh was in Stockholm and got to see what material the Swedish security police Säpo had that was related to Holst's case. According to the Minister of Justice, Grete Faremo, no new information was found. Professor Magne Skodvin at Norway's Resistance Museum looked into the case the same year.The museum used material collected by retired Supreme Court judge Einar Løchen on behalf of Ole Borge, one of Milorg's leaders and veterans, who believed Holst had been liquidated. Borge and Løchen believed it was the communists who had murdered Holst, and the same view was held by the former XU agent Wiggo Ljøner. Professor Skodvin noted certain shortcomings in the police investigation, but concluded that from the material, it was clear that the cause of death was suicide. Questions
Among the strange circumstances of the case is that Holst's dossier at the Swedish security police has been removed from the archive. Professor Tore Pryser claims that with the level of detail Säpo went into in similar cases there must have been a dossier: "Everything points to the information about Holst having been destroyed." There is however some information relating to Holst in dossiers regarding three other persons. The witness statements regarding his whereabouts when arriving in Stockholm and who he was together with the night he died are also contradictory.Holst was found dead in an apartment building where the German intelligence organisation, the Abwehr, had a cover apartment, while a British SIS agent lived in the apartment building next door. The man who opened the door via intercom was Svante Holger Ahreson, an acquaintance of Holst's. According to Ahreson's statement to the Swedish police he had only heard mumbling, thought it was someone who had called the wrong apartment, and went back to bed when no one turned up at his apartment. According to Ahreson's daughter, Holst did however have an agreement with him to lodge Norwegian resistance fighters who were under threat, and Holst was therefore in close contact with Ahreson and not some distant acquaintance. According to her, contradicting what he told the Swedish police, Ahreson had recognised Holst's voice on the intercom, waited for him to arrive at the apartment, which did not happen, but registered that the elevator passed, heard voices and after that a gunshot. According to the Swedish police Holst was found with the pistol in his right hand, something that has been interpreted as a sign of suicide. Gun experts do however say that it is highly unusual for a handgun to remain in the dead person's hand, as the recoil combined with almost immediate loss of muscle firmness will result in the weapon falling out of the person's hand.That the body was found with the gun in its right hand is also something that provoked a strong reaction from the family, as according to them Holst was left-handed. In the Swedish police's 32-page report about the case the conclusion of suicide is written in only one place: on the front page, the forensic pathologist who performed Holst's autopsy wrote Suicidum, Latin for suicide. The same physician who in his autopsy report drew no conclusion concerning how Holst died, suicide or murder, signed the police report, but according to Swedish handwriting experts the signature has been forged. <mask>'s superior in Stockholm in 1945, Wladimir Mörch Hansson, said that Holst received death threats, and found the lack of Swedish assistance in solving the case impossible to explain. Odd Feydt, active in the resistance group 2A and in 1943 leader of Sambandskontoret (a Norwegian intelligence office in neutral Sweden) stated that Holst was followed (tailed) during his last trip from Lillehammer to Stockholm and that Holst's death might be connected with cooperation between the Norwegian Rettskontoret and the Swedish intelligence organisation C-byrån. The Swedish professor Ingvar Bergström, who had worked for C-byrån in Gothenburg during the war, was of the opinion that Holst had been murdered. He first stated that the liquidation had been ordered at "high levels within Milorg" but later on changed his opinion, in consultation with the retired landshövding and historian Per Nyström, to its having been done by the Swedes in cooperation with the Norwegians.Holst's close colleague during the war, the Milorg leader Jens Christian Hauge, has been criticised for refusing to assist in casting light on the case. In connection with the press coverage of the case in 1994 Hauge issued a press statement in which he stated that he did not have any specific knowledge of the case, and concluded with the following: "It would be a great relief for me and for all of <mask>t's remaining comrades if this sad case could be solved." Operation Claw

The question has been asked whether <mask>'s death could be connected with his task at Lillehammer, a hypothesis primarily put forward by the historian Tore Pryser. Holst might have had with him information from Lillehammer that could damage the operation later known as "Operation Claw" (in Norwegian Lillehammer-kuppet). Odd Feydt stated that when Holst travelled back to Stockholm, he was tailed from the moment he passed the Norwegian-Swedish border. The information about Operation Claw was secret in the years after the war and even today is not all available. A report in the British National Archives is classified until 2020.<mask> never received any decoration from Norwegian authorities for his wartime efforts, in spite of his superior Wladimir Mørch Hansson recommending one to the council of the resistance forces in January 1946. He was however posthumously commended by George VI of Great Britain on 24 June 1950 for Brave Conduct. The question has been raised of why Britain chose to honour <mask>, as he never officially worked for the British. Tore Pryser has put forward the thesis that <mask>, who in addition to his work for Milorg also was in the service of the British SIS, was killed by Swedish intelligence to prevent him from reporting Operation Claw to the SIS. Documentaries

 Göran Elgemyr: Den mystiska kofferten från Lillehammer and Liket på Gärdet i Stockholm, Sveriges Radio P-1, 17 and 20 April 1992
 Mysteriet Holst, Ekkofilm, 2012, aired by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) on 1 April 2013 and by the Swedish Broadcasting Corporation (SVT) in May 2013

Notes

References
 Göran Elgemyr: <mask>ts mystiska död : – Historien om en norsk motståndsman i Oslo och i Stockholm, Jure bokhandel, Stockholm, 2015
 Tore Pryser: Fra varm til kald krig: etterretningskuppet på Lillehammer i frigjøringsdagene 1945 og et mulig mord. Oslo, Universitetsforlaget, 1994
 Tore Pryser: Svik og gråsoner: Norske spioner under 2. verdenskrig, Spartacus forlag, Oslo 2010
 Tore Pryser: USAs hemmelige agenter. Den amerikanske etterretningstjenesten OSS i Norden under andre verdenskrig, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 2010
 Tore Pryser: Tyske hemmelige tjenester i Norden.Spionsaker og aktører 1930–1950, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 2012
 Espen Haavardsholm: Ikke søkt av sol. Forlaget Oktober, Oslo 1994
 Espen Haavardsholm: Taushetens pris, Oktober forlag, Oslo 1995
 Ole Kristian Grimnes et al. : Motstandskamp, strategi og marinepolitikk, Oslo, Universitetsforlaget, 1972
 Arnfinn Moland: Milorg 1941–43: fremvekst, ledelse og organisasjon, Norges Hjemmefrontmuseum, Oslo 1991,
 Arne Semb-Johansson: Fem år for fred og frihet : med Milorg 1940–1945, Cappelen, 1995 ISBN
 Jens Christian Hauge: Rapport om mitt arbeid under okkupasjonen, Gyldendal, Oslo, 1995
 Gunnar Sønsteby: Rapport fra «nr. 24», 1960, Orion Forlag,
 Olav Njølstad: Jens Chr. Hauge: fullt og helt, Aschehoug, Oslo 2008
 Per Helge Martinsen: Rød skygge over DI3: Kommunistene og Milorg i Stor-Oslo 1940–45, Happy Jam Factory, Bergen 2010

External links
 About <mask>, from Norsk biografisk leksikon (Norwegian)

1913 births
1945 deaths
People from Lillehammer
Norwegian sailors
Norwegian resistance members
Secret Intelligence Service personnel
Deaths by firearm in Sweden
Burials at Vestre

masks:
Holst
Holst
Holst
Holst
Holst
Holst
Kai Hols
Kai Holst
Kai Holst
Holst
Holst
Kai Hols
Kai Holst


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Princess <mask> () née Skavronskaya (7 December 1783 – 21 May 1857 or 2 June 1857) was a Russian princess, married to general <mask>. She was known for her beauty, love affairs and unconventional behaviour. Early life

She was the daughter of Count Pavel Martinovich Skavronsky, Chamberlain of the Royal Court and Minister Plenipotentiary to Naples, well known for his mental imbalance and extraordinary love of music, and Yekaterina von Engelhardt, niece and at the same time favorite of Prince Grigory Potemkin. She was educated at the court of the Empress <mask> and the Empress Maria Feodorovna, wife of her son Emperor Paul I; and later became a maid of honor for the Empress Maria. Marriage to <mask>
In 1800 the Paul I of Russia, who was well known for his caprices, found out that General <mask>i dynasty, was secretly in love with <mask>. The Emperor often used to marry members of his court off to each other, and one day at the Palace of Gatchina he suddenly announced that it was his intention to attend the marriage of General <mask> and Countess <mask>. The Countess was said to be in love with Count Peter von der Pahlen, and even the prospective groom was shocked.Nobody however dared to argue with the monarch, and the wedding took place on 2 September in the chapel of the Gatchina Palace, near St. Petersburg. This is what General Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langéron had to say about this union :
"<mask> married the young niece of the great Prince Potemkin. This rich and lustrous partner did not suit him. <mask> was a mere soldier, with the tone and manners of one, and he was extremely ugly. His wife was as white as he was black, and she was as beautiful as an angel, bright, the liveliest of the beauties of St.Petersburg; she would not be happy with such a husband for long...". The "Wandering Princess"

In the year 1805 the Princess finally broke up with her husband and went to Europe. The couple had no children.She traveled so extensively that she had a special carriage made, with an elegant ladder that allowed her to climb in and out of it comfortably. It had a bed inside, and all the luggage was placed on the outside. She called her carriage her dormez (дормез) or 'sleeper'; this was the time when she came to be known as "the Wandering Princess". <mask> called her back to Russia a number of times, and sent her so many letters that even her friends tried to persuade her to go; she remained abroad, however, using the excuse that she was sick and in need of medical treatment. In Europe Princess <mask> was a great success, and became well known in court circles. She became notorious everywhere and was called le Bel Ange Nu ("the beautiful nude angel") because of her passion for revealing dresses, and Chatte Blanche ("the White Cat"), because of her unlimited sensuality. Lord Palmerston noted in his memoirs that the Princess only wore translucent Indian muslin, which adhered closely to her figure.From her mother, however, she had inherited an angelic face, alabaster white skin, blue eyes, and a cascade of golden hair. Even when she was thirty it was said she still had the skin of a fifteen-year-old. Her husband the Prince, however, refused to hear a word said against her, insisting that the affairs of his household were his business alone; she was his wife and he would stand up for her. Her huge expenditure on receptions and clothes belied her claims of sickness, but he remained a generous husband and continued to pay her bills. The Prince even remonstrated with the Princess's mother, who had started to get irritated by her daughter's extravagance. In 1808, a military Order was awarded to the wives of those generals who had particularly distinguished themselves in the recent war. Princess <mask> was bypassed, and the pride of her husband was wounded.He argued that Ekaterina bore his name, and that was enough: "She should be rewarded, because she's my wife ...". The Prince paid thousands of roubles for debts Princess <mask> had accumulated from living in Vienna. There were rumors about her connection with the Saxon diplomat Count Friedrich von der Schulenberg, a Prince of Württemberg, Lord Charles Stewart and others. Goethe met her in Karlsbad, and admired her beauty; she had just started a new romance with Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, who ended his relationship with Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich for her. The Prince soon died in the Battle of Saalfeld, and the princess returned once more to Vienna. She then became the mistress of the very influential Prince Klemens von Metternich and had a daughter by him in Vienna on 29 September 1810, whom she named Marie-Clementine after the natural father. While <mask> was forced by the Tsar to officially acknowledge her paternity, Metternich, on his part, made no secrecy of his fatherhood and the girl even lived with the Prince's family from 1814 until getting married.Life in Vienna

Princess <mask> was an extremely emancipated lady for her age, and played like a man, choosing for herself which man to take as lovers, and which as just friends. After travelling for many years between one European capital and another, she settled in Vienna. Based  there the Princess made her home into one of the most brilliant salons of society, a distinctly pro-Russian, anti-Napoleonic salon. The Princess set up a covert diplomatic post without any official authorization. Her salon was  constantly filled with the rich and famous. She maintained a friendship with Goethe and corresponded with him. She boasted that she knew more political secrets than all the envoys put together.Under her influence, Austrian high society began to boycott the French Embassy. Napoléon found her to be a serious political opponent. As a result of her closeness to Prince von Metternich, she was later able to persuade him to let Austria join the anti-Napoleonic coalition. Death of Prince <mask>

Prince <mask>, despite his age, continued to fight for Russia in the Napoleonic War. Finally, at the Battle of Borodino on 26 August 1812, he was mortally wounded in the leg; he developed gangrene due to lack of treatment, and finally died sixteen days later on 12 September. Shortly before he died he had commissioned two portraits from Volkov, one of himself and the other of his wife. After his death his effects were carefully searched; the sister of Alexander I, <mask> (Ekaterina) Pavlovna had been passionately in love with <mask>, even Napoléon had proposed to her, but she refused because of her love for the Prince.He had refused her advances because he still adored his wife <mask>, and she quickly married her first cousin Wilhelm, later to become King William (Wilhelm) I of Württemberg. Her compromising letters were discovered among his papers, along with an oval miniature of his true love, <mask>. The End of the Napoleonic War

In 1815 the Princess <mask> greeted the victory of the Russian army over Napoléon, and during the Congress of Vienna she held a grand ball in honor of the Russian emperor Alexander I. She was not only his intimate friend but during, and after the war, she constantly supplied the Russian Emperor with information about the political mood in Europe. In the same year she moved to Paris, where the secret police kept her luxurious mansion at number 45 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré under surveillance. Informants hired to follow the princess constantly sent them reports. One informant wrote: "This lady is very well known in high society due to her political influence and coquetry.On Monday night, quite late, two Poles left her, and one of them, Count Stanislas Potocki returned. Such antics are frequent. ..  the Duchess is very fickle. " She counted many Parisian celebrities among her close friends: Stendhal, Benjamin Constant, the Marquis de Custine, even the Queen of Greece. The Princess's cook for a time was Marie-Antoine Carême, the founder of Haute Cuisine. The writer Balzac, despite his sloppy dress sense, had been a frequent visitor to Princess <mask>'s salon in Vienna, amusing the ladies with his stories, so naturally when she moved to Paris he became one of her friends. Balzac mentions in one of his letters that she was one of the two women upon whom he based the character Feodora, heroine of his first novel La Peau de Chagrin.Similarly Victor Hugo mentions her salon in Les Misérables. Second marriage, separation and death

In Paris on 18 January 1830 she married the British general and diplomat Sir John Hobart Caradoc, 2nd Baron Howden and Grimston; she was fifteen years his senior. For a while her married name became Caradoc. They had no children, and later broke up and filed for a formal separation. By 1849 she was on the move again and visited London, apparently for the first time. Even in her old age, when her limbs could no longer support her, she would rest with great elegance and a suggestive manner. Princess <mask> was the heiress to the fabulous jewelry collection of her great uncle, and it is possible that her finances were flagging at the end of her life.She sold some items, including the famous "Potemkin Diamond", which was purchased by the Emperor Napoléon III for his wife the Empress Eugénie, after whom it was subsequently renamed. She finally died during a trip to Venice, on 2 June 1857, and was buried in the San Michele Cemetery, which is also the last resting place of Diaghilev and Stravinsky. Her white headstone bears the French inscription: Princesse <mask> Décedée à Venise le II Juin MDCCCLVII (Princess <mask>, deceased in Venice 2 June 1857). Some sources give her date of death as 21 May, but this is the Russian Old Style. Sales of jewelry

The Empress Eugénie diamond, which she had sold to Napoléon III, was taken to England when the now ex-Royal Family went into exile. When their finances became tight it was auctioned by Christies and bought by the then Gaekwad of Baroda, India, Malhār Rāo. It remained in the Gaekwad princely family for some time, but at some point was sold again, and now seems to be in private Russian hands.In 1977, the Duke of Westminster purchased a diamond and spinel tiara and matching set of jewels reported to have belonged to <mask> as an engagement present for his future bride Natalia “Tally” Phillips. References

1783 births
1857 deaths
Austrian salon-holders
Salon holders of the Russian Empire
House of Mukhrani
Klemens von Metternich
Howden
Howden

masks:
Catherine Bagration
Pyotr Bagration
Catherine II the Great
Prince Bagration
Pyotr Bagrationgration
Catherine
Bagration
Catherine Skaronskaya
Bagration
Bagration
Prince Bagration
Bagration
Bagration
Catherine
Prince Bagration
Catherine
Bagration
Bagration
Catherine
Prince Bagration
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine Bagration
Catherine Bagration
Catherine Bagration


texts:
<mask> (; 6 May 1872 – 21 July 1922), also known as <mask> was an Ottoman military leader and one of the Three Pashas that ruled the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

<mask> was born in Mytilene, Lesbos. As a member of the II Army Corps of the Ottoman Empire he was stationed in Salonica where he developed political sympathies for the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) reformers. He was initially praised by Christian missionaries and provided support to the Armenian victims of the Adana massacres. In the course of his army career <mask> developed a rivalry with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, served in Salonica on the frontlines of the Balkan Wars and was given the military command of Constantinople after the Raid on the Sublime Porte. <mask>'s authoritarian three year rule in Syria alienated the local population who opposed Ottoman nationalism. During the Armenian genocide, his policies were not as deadly as other CUP leaders; <mask> favored the forced assimilation of Armenians. Biography
<mask> was born in Mytilene, Lesbos, to Mehmet Nesip Bey, a military pharmacist.Destined for the army, <mask> graduated from Kuleli Military High School in 1890 and completed his studies at the Military Academy (Mektebi Harbiyeyi Şahane), the staff college in Istanbul, in 1893. He was posted to serve with the 1st Department of the Imperial General Staff (Seraskerlik Erkânı Harbiye), and then he worked at the Kirkkilise Fortification Construction Department bound to Second Army. <mask> was assigned to the II Army Corps in 1896; being appointed two years later, the staff commander of Novice Division, stationed on the Salonica frontier. Meanwhile, he began to sympathize with the reforms of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) on military issues. It was in 1905 that <mask> was promoted to major and designated Inspector of Roumelia Railways. The following year he signalled his democratic credentials and joined the Ottoman Liberty Society. He became influential in the department of military issues of the Committee of Union and Progress.He was elected to the Board of the III Army Corps in 1907. Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 he became a member of the central committee (Merkezi Umum-i) of the CUP and later was deployed as a Kaymakam to Üsküdar, Constantinople. Between August 1909 and April 1911 was assigned as a Wāli to the Adana Vilayet. In Adana he was involved in providing support for the Armenian victims of the Adana massacres, and was praised by Christian missionaries in the region as a competent politician. In the III Army Corps, he worked with future Turkish statesmen Major Fethi (Okyar) and Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk), although Atatürk soon developed a rivalry with <mask> <mask> and his colleagues over their policies after they seized power in 1913. Between 1908 and 1918, <mask> was one of the most important leaders of the Ottoman government. Balkan Wars

In 1911, <mask> was appointed Governor of Baghdad.He resigned to rejoin the army in the Balkan Wars on the Salonica front line, attempting to bolster Turkey's European possessions from encroachment. In October 1912, he was promoted to colonel. At the end of the First Balkan War, he played an important role in the propaganda drawn up by the CUP against negotiations with the victorious European countries. He tried to resolve the problems that occurred in Constantinople after the Bab-ı Ali Attack (Coup of 1913). <mask> played a significant role in the Second Balkan War, and with the revolution of the CUP on 23 January 1913, he became the commander of Constantinople and was appointed Minister of Public Works. He was assigned the military command in the Constantinople Vilayet by Grand Visier Mahmud Sevket <mask> and by December 1913 he was given the title <mask>. In February 1914 he was promoted to Minister of the Ottoman Navy.World War I

When Europe was divided into two blocs before the First World War, he supported an alliance with France. He went to France to negotiate an alliance with the French, but failed and then sided with Enver and Talaat, who favoured the German side. <mask>, along with Enver and Talaat, took control of the Ottoman government in 1913. The Three Pashas effectively ruled the Ottoman Empire for the duration of World War I. After the Ottoman Empire declared war on the Allies in World War I, Enver <mask> nominated <mask> <mask> to lead the Ottoman army against British forces in Egypt, and <mask> accepted the position. In late 1914, he was assigned with the Governorship and the military command for the southern provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Previously snubbed by the Allies, <mask> switched his attention to an alliance with the Central Powers, although he had at first been opposed to a full alliance with Germany.Nevertheless, he agreed in early October 1914 to use his ministerial powers to authorise Admiral Souchon to launch a pre-emptive strike in the Black Sea, which led to Russia, Britain and France declaring war on the Ottoman Empire a few days later. Governor of Greater Syria

<mask> <mask> was appointed with full powers in military and civilian affairs as Governor of Syria in 1915. A provisional law granted him emergency powers in May of that year. All cabinet decrees from Constantinople concerning Syria became subject to his approval. His offensives on both his first and second attacks on the Suez Canal failed. Coupled with the wartime exigencies and natural disasters that afflicted the region during these years, this alienated the population from the Ottoman government, and led to the Arab Revolt. In the meantime, the Ottoman army usually commanded by Colonel Kress von Kressenstein pushed towards and occupied Sinai.The two men had a thinly disguised contempt for each other, which weakened the command. He was known among the local Arab inhabitants as al-Saffah, "the Blood Shedder", being responsible for the hanging of many Lebanese, Syrian Shi'a Muslims and Christians wrongly accused of treason on 6 May 1916 in Damascus and Beirut. In his political memoirs, the leader of the "Beirut Reform Movement" Salim Ali Salam recalls the following: <mask> resumed his campaign of vengeance; he began to imprison most Arab personalities, charging them with treason against the State. His real intent was to cut off the thoughtful heads, so that, as he put it, the Arabs would never again emerge as a force, and no one would be left to claim for them their rights … After returning to Beirut [from Istanbul], I was summoned … to Damascus to greet <mask> … I took the train … and upon reaching Aley we found that the whole train was reserved for the prisoners there to take them to Damascus … When I saw them, I realized that they were taking them to Damascus to put them to death. So … I said to myself: how shall I be able to meet with this butcher on the day on which he will be slaughtering the notables of the country? And how will I be able to converse with him? … Upon arriving in Damascus, I tried hard to see him that same evening, before anything happened, but was not successful.The next morning all was over, and the … notables who had been brought over from Aley were strung up on the gallows. During 1915-1916, <mask> had 34 political opponents executed as martyrs. At the end of 1915, <mask> with viceregal powers is said to have started secret negotiations with the Allies for ending the war; he proposed to take over the Ottoman administration himself as an independent King of Syria. These secret negotiations came to nothing, in part because the Allies reportedly could not agree on the future territory of the Ottoman Empire; France objected strongly, and Britain was unwilling to fund the Imperial operations. His most successful military exploit was against the British Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force, which had arrived in early 1915 from India. 35,000 British troops marched north on Baghdad, hoping to take the citadel with relatively few casualties. <mask> <mask> was appointed to command and marshalled a vast army, ultimately led by General Halil Kut, which by the time of the siege of Kut al-Amara numbered 200,000 Turks and Arab auxiliaries.The British could only evacuate their wounded with <mask>'s consent and attempted to send emissaries requesting permission to evacuate while the city was encircled on three sides. <mask> refused to compromise his advantageous position, and strafed enemy attempts by the Tigris Corps to take relief boats up river. They had underestimated <mask>'s considerable administrative capabilities and will to resist the Allied armies. The Ottoman troops fought hard at the Battle of Ctesiphon, but the subsequent fate of POWs and civilians later enhanced <mask> <mask>'s wartime reputation as a capricious and cruel general. Nonetheless, the successes impressed T. E. Lawrence to write a significant account of their diplomatic encounters when finally Kut fell in April 1916, which provides for "a colourful character". The ever-present threat of Arab Revolt fomented by British intelligence was rising throughout 1916 and 1917. <mask> instituted strict control over Syria Province against Syrian opponents.<mask>'s forces also fought against the Arab nationalists and Syrian nationalists from 1916 onwards. Ottoman authorities occupied the French consulates in Beirut and Damascus and confiscated French secret documents that revealed evidence about the activities and names of the Arab insurgents. <mask> used the information from these documents as well as from others belonging to the Decentralization Party. He believed that insurgency under French control was the main reason for his military failings. With the documents he gathered, <mask> moved against the insurgent forces which were led by Arab political and cultural leaders. This was followed by the military trials of the insurgents known as Âliye Divan-ı Harb-i Örfisi in which they were punished. Commander of Fourth Army

Gaza's head of garrison, Major Tiller, had 7 infantry battalions, a cavalry squadron, and some camel troops.The British under Colonel Chetwode already had 2,000 troops in front of the city. Reluctantly, <mask> marched with the 33rd Division to relieve Gaza. Kressenstein was delighted to have repelled the British assault and wanted to mobilise aggressively by driving into Shellal, Wadi Ghazze, and Khan Yunis, but <mask> absolutely forbade it. The British had a whole division in retreat, so <mask> apprehended that a two-battalion sortie would have been annihilated. One of <mask>'s associates in Iraq was engineer Colonel Heinrich August Meissner who had built both the Hejaz and Baghdad railways and who was employed on an ambitious project to construct a railway to the Suez canal at Bir Gifgafa. By October 1915, the Central Powers had already built 100 miles of track as far as the oasis of Beersheba. <mask> insisted that an extended railway would be needed to attack British Egypt.<mask> was completely committed to the Turko-German military machine, which he saw as necessary to resist the new wave of offensives launched by the British High Command. Kemal and <mask> became increasingly sceptical of German capabilities, but <mask> was not yet prepared to openly back the German allies. He insisted on the possibility of a planned allied assault behind the Yıldırım Army, as the Seventh Army gathered at the Turco-German Aleppo Conference. In the shake-up that followed, <mask> was demoted to a command of the Fourth Army under General Erich von Falkenhayn. They now adopted a plan similar to the Kress Plan for Gaza and sent the Yıldırım Army to Baghdad. It was not until October 1917 that the Seventh Army could march south to face the growing threat from Allenby, hampered by the limitations of the single-gauge railway, which was built away from the coastline to avoid Royal Navy salvos. On 7 November, the British captured Gaza, but <mask> had long since been forced to evacuate.Although chased, he managed to retreat at speed. In December, the Turks were driven out of Jaffa, <mask>'s army still in retreat, and the city fell without a fight. Falkenhayn had ordered an evacuation on 14th, and the British had begun to enter the same day. But now the Turkish Eighth formed a much stronger line of entrenchment; <mask>'s organized defence of Gaza had been amply anticipated by the British. His army delayed them further at the vital Junction railway station. But the British were probably unaware of its importance. The fighting in the hills was all but over by 1 December.On 6 December, <mask> <mask> was in Beirut to make a speech publicizing the allied deal to 'carve up' Syria-Palestine into partitioned spheres of influence in the Sykes-Picot agreement. At the end of 1917, <mask> ruled from his post in Damascus as a near-independent ruler of his portion of the Empire. But he had resigned from the 4th Army and returned to Istanbul. On 9 April and then 19 April 1918, <mask> ordered the evacuation of civilians from Jaffa and Jerusalem. The Germans were furious and rescinded the order, revealing the chaos in the Ottoman Empire. <mask>'s ambiguous attitude to the subject populations of the Ottoman Empire proved beneficial to the British colonial authorities. The Turkish line was solidified in readiness for the final onslaught at Nebi Samwell and Nahr-el-Auja.To the south of Nebi were the defences of Beit Iksa; the Heart and Liver Redoubts before Lifa; and Deir Yassin, two systems behind Ain Karim. In all, there were 4 miles of fortifications. Role in the Armenian genocide
<mask>'s role in the Armenian genocide has been contested by historians. His policies allowed some Armenians to survive in the territories under his control. German historian Wolfgang Gust states, "while preserving the lives of perhaps 150,000 Armenians—in terrible conditions—he helped kill another 150,000". In December 1915, he offered to the Entente powers that he would march to Constantinople, overthrow the CUP government, and end the genocide in exchange for the guarantee of the Ottoman Empire's territorial integrity in its pre-World War I borders. Historian Ümit Kurt argues that "The most fundamental difference between Cemal and the other two leaders [Talat and Enver] was the methods he wanted to employ to decrease the number of Armenians to a level that would no longer pose a threat to the Ottoman state."Instead of killing Armenians, he favored their forced conversion and assimilation to neutralize the perceived Armenian threat. Kurt furthermore argues: "Saving the lives of some fortunate Armenians does not exempt Cemal from the label ‘génocidaire’, for he was fully committed to the disappearance of Armenians from Turkish soil." Parliament

In the last congress of Committee of Union and Progress held in 1917, <mask> was elected to the Board of Central Administration. With the defeat of the empire in October 1918 and the resignation of Mehmed Talaat <mask>’s cabinet on 2 November 1918, <mask> fled with seven other leaders of the CUP to Germany, and then Switzerland. Military trial and assassination

A military court in Turkey accused <mask> of massacring Arab subjects of the Ottoman Empire and sentenced him to death in absentia. Later in 1920, <mask> went to Central Asia, where he worked as a military advisor, charged with modernising the Afghan Royal Army. Assassination
Due to the success of the Bolshevik Revolution, <mask> travelled to Tiflis to act as a military liaison officer to negotiate over Afghanistan with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.Together with his secretary, <mask> was assassinated on 21 July 1922 by Armenian Revolutionary Federation members Stepan Dzaghigian, Artashes Gevorgyan, and Petros Ter Poghosyan, as part of Operation Nemesis, a global plan to track down and assassinate all surviving perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide. <mask>'s remains were brought to Erzurum and buried there. Family
His grandson Hasan Cemal is a well-known columnist, journalist and writer in Turkey. Legacy
<mask> <mask> is known in the Arab world as Jamal Basha as-Saffah ("the Bloodthirsty") for his treatment of the local Syrian population during WWI. <mask> <mask> named a street in Damascus after himself, but the name was later changed to "al-nasr street". References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Hasan Kayali: Cemal Pasa, Ahmed, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.1872 births
1922 deaths
People from Mytilene
Kuleli Military High School alumni
Ottoman Military Academy alumni
Ottoman Military College alumni
Committee of Union and Progress politicians
Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars
Ottoman Army generals
Pashas
Ottoman military personnel of World War I
Ottoman governors of Damascus
1922 crimes
People sentenced to death in absentia
Assassinated people of the Ottoman Empire
People of the Ottoman Empire murdered abroad
People murdered in Georgia (country)
Deaths by firearm in Georgia (country)
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
People convicted by the Ottoman Special Military Tribunal
Greek genocide
Ottoman governors of Baghdad
Baghdad vilayet
People assassinated by Operation Nemesis
Arab Revolt

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Ahmed Djemal Pasha
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<mask> (born December 31, 1993) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 12 Ford Mustang for Team Penske. He is the son of former NASCAR driver <mask> and the grandson of modified dirt track legend <mask>. He is known for giving a young fan in the stands the checkered flag after a race win. Racing career

Early career

A third-generation racer and son of then-Cup Series driver <mask>, Blaney started his racing career in quarter midget racing, winning his first race at age 9; he also competed, and won, in Bandolero cars at a young age. Moving up to Legends cars at age 12, Blaney won the Lowe's Motor Speedway Young Lion's Winter Heat Point Championship, as well as in three divisions of the Carolina Fall Nationals in quarter midgets.At age 14, Blaney debuted in late model racing at Orange County Speedway, while in 2009, at age 15, he began competing in the Pro All Stars Series (PASS)-sanctioned South Super Late Model Series, finishing second in points and winning the series' Rookie of the Year award; he finished third in the PASS national points as well. In addition, he won the Eastern Grand Nationals quarter midget event in Huntsville, Alabama. Continuing to compete in the PASS South Super Late Model Series in 2010, Blaney scored his first career win in the series at Dillon Motor Speedway, adding wins at Greenville-Pickens Speedway and Newport Speedway on his way to a second consecutive second-place finish in the PASS South championship standings. Blaney also competed in the Champion Racing Association (CRA)-sanctioned Southern Six Pack series, winning the series championship for 2010. Returning to the PASS South Super Late Model Series in 2011, Blaney won two races in the series, at Dillon Motor Speedway and Ace Speedway, winning the series championship. He also made his debuts in the ARCA Racing Series and NASCAR K&N Pro Series West and East in 2011, scoring top ten finishes in every start in the three series; he won his first career NASCAR race in the K&N Pro Series West season finale at Phoenix International Raceway winning by over two seconds in his only series start. For 2012, <mask>, who had won praise from Tony Stewart and Kevin Harvick for his driving skills, returned to the K&N Pro Series East, running six races for family-owned DB Racing, driving the No.10, as well as to the PASS Super Late Model Series in the Carswell Motorsports No. 98. NASCAR

Xfinity and Trucks (2012–2015)
In addition, Blaney signed with Tommy Baldwin Racing to compete in six NASCAR Nationwide Series races, driving the No. 36 SealWrap-sponsored Chevrolet, starting at Richmond International Raceway in April. Blaney qualified in the Top 10 in his debut at Richmond International Raceway, and finished seventh in the race. In July 2012, <mask> announced that he had signed a contract to drive for Team Penske a minimum of three races in the 2012 Nationwide Series season, starting at Iowa Speedway in August. He also ran selected races in the Camping World Truck Series for Brad Keselowski Racing, finishing sixth in his debut in the series at Bristol Motor Speedway.<mask> won his first career Truck Series race on September 15, 2012, at Iowa Speedway; at the time, he was the youngest winner in Truck Series history at 18 years, eight months, and 15 days. The previous record was 20 years and 18 days set by Kyle Busch in 2005.Blaney returned to the Camping World Truck Series in 2013, driving the full schedule for Brad Keselowski Racing and competing for the series' Rookie of the Year award. Blaney won his first career pole in the series at Kentucky Speedway in June, then won his second career Truck Series race at Pocono Raceway in August. Blaney also competed in the Nationwide Series at Iowa Speedway in June, substituting for Joey Logano after a rainout created a schedule conflict; Blaney finished ninth in the event. Blaney competed in a second Nationwide Series race in 2013, at Kentucky Speedway on September 21, and led 96 of the race's 200 laps to win his first career race in the series, beating Austin Dillon and Matt Crafton. Blaney was the only race winner in the 2013 Nationwide season to not have any Sprint Cup experience. In January 2014, Blaney announced that in addition to a full Camping World Truck Series schedule with BKR, he would be running 15 Nationwide Series and two Sprint Cup Series races for Team Penske during the year.He made his debut at Kansas Speedway, finishing 27th. In August, it was announced that Blaney would be running in the Nationwide Series for Penske in 2015, and would also run twenty Sprint Cup Series races for Wood Brothers Racing in the No. 21 Ford during the 2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season. Blaney drove the No. 29 truck full-time for Brad Keselowski Racing. He had many Top 10 but failed to win in the spring. However his year's turning point was at Dover in late May 2014, when he came up short to Kyle Busch who beat him by 0.5 (one car length) seconds for the win.After the race, <mask> was one of the drivers who said that because Kyle was winning a lot in the truck series, that the Cup series drivers should no longer race in any division besides the Cup series. <mask> won his second career Nationwide race in August 2014 at Bristol Motor Speedway, beating Kyle Busch in a green-white-checkered finish. The next week, Blaney won his first Truck race of 2014 spectacularly at Ron Fellows' own Canadian Tire Motorsports Park raceway, edging German Quiroga by 0.49 seconds in a photo-finish. In 2015, <mask> began his Xfinity Series schedule at Las Vegas in the Boyd Gaming 300. After leading two laps, he was briefly in contention for the win. After spinning out fellow driver Erik Jones late in the race, Blaney restarted the final restart in eighth place. Despite this, he drove from eighth to second in the final 21 laps.Though he caught up to race leader Austin Dillon with three laps to go, Blaney was unable to force his way by Dillon. <mask> finished second to Dillon by a three-car-length winning difference. In the Cup Series, <mask> performed well for a rookie in the No. 21 for the Wood Brothers team. He picked up his first Top 10 at Talladega in the GEICO 500, running as high as second and finishing 4th. He didn't qualify for three races due to rainouts. He nearly won at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in the Xfinity race, finishing second to Kyle Busch after being passed on the final lap.He won at Iowa and nearly won at Road America in his debut at the track. He again won at the Kentucky standalone race in September beating Ty Dillon on a late-race restart. <mask> got his second top 10 of his career in Sprint Cup at Kansas for the Hollywood Casino 400 finishing seventh. Full-time Cup (2016–present)

Wood Brothers Racing (2016–2017)

Blaney began competing full-time in the Cup Series in 2016 with the Wood Brothers despite that the Wood Brothers were excluded from NASCAR's new Charter system implemented before the 2016 Cup series season. He got his third Top 10 of his career in Sprint Cup, finishing 6th in the Kobalt 400 at Las Vegas. Blaney picked up more top tens at Phoenix, Talladega, Kansas, Dover, and Pocono for a so-far successful half of the season with his best finish being a 5th at Kansas. Before the race at Auto Club Speedway, Blaney and close friend Darrell Wallace Jr. drove together from Phoenix to Fontana and stole the headlines one evening when they took over NASCAR's Snapchat and filmed themselves mimicking drivers such as Carl Edwards.At Chicagoland, Blaney ran well all day and for the final restart, he gambled and stayed out, and got the race lead. However, on the restart Martin Truex Jr. would get past him easily due to having fresher tires and would go on to get the win, and Blaney would finish 4th. In 2017, fellow single-car team Go Fas Racing announced that they would loan their charter to the No. 21 Wood Brothers team, guaranteeing Blaney a spot in every race of the 2017 season. During the Daytona 500, <mask>, despite being caught up in an early wreck, charged from 5th on the final lap to place second to Kurt Busch. <mask> had a better race in April at Texas Motor Speedway. He qualified second to Kevin Harvick.He then passed Harvick early in the race to lead the next 148 laps. However, a late-race pit stop error cost Blaney the race. He recovered from his mishap and finished 12th. At Kansas, <mask> won his first career Cup Series pole. The race was primarily a duel between him and Martin Truex Jr. After battling Truex for 3 restarts, Truex pulled away to win the race while <mask> finished fourth. In June, he won his first career Cup race at the Axalta presents the Pocono 400 at Pocono Raceway. After passing Kyle Busch with 10 laps to go, he held off Kevin Harvick to claim the victory, qualifying him for the playoffs.On July 26, <mask> announced he would be moving to Team Penske's No. 12 car for the 2018 season; Paul Menard was signed to take over the No. 21 car. At the end of the regular season, Blaney entered the playoffs as the ninth seed, courtesy of his win at Pocono and three stage wins. During his playoff run, Blaney made it into the Round of 8, highlighted by a third-place finish in the Round of 12 finale at Kansas, despite having to start last and at the rear of the field after his car failed post-qualifying inspection. <mask> then scored consecutive top-ten finishes at Martinsville and Texas, but despite winning the pole for the Round of 8 finale at Phoenix, he faded outside of the top ten by the end of stage one. He rebounded to secure eighth by the end of stage two, but could not improve his standing on the track, ultimately finishing the race in 17th and being eliminated from the playoffs.<mask> wound up finishing 29th in the season finale at Homestead-Miami Speedway, securing a ninth-place finish in the final Cup Series standings with his one win, four top fives, 14 top tens, four stage wins, and two poles. His ninth-place points finish was also the highest for a driver for the Wood Brothers since Morgan Shepherd finished sixth in the final Cup standings in 1994. Team Penske (2018–present)

For his tenure at Team Penske, it was announced that Penske would enter a primary sponsorship deal with John Menard Jr. and Menards, which sponsors the team's IndyCar operations. Blaney made the Playoffs with five top-fives and 12 top-10s in the regular season. He scored his first win with Team Penske in the Bank of America Roval 400 at the Charlotte Roval after leaders Martin Truex Jr. and Jimmie Johnson wrecked going into the chicane. The win advanced him to the Round of 12 Playoffs. <mask> was eliminated from the Round of 12 after the fall Kansas race and finished the season 10th in points.Blaney remained consistent within the top 10 in points in 2019. At Watkins Glen, he spun Jimmie Johnson out of contention, leading to an argument between the two after the race. The animosity between them lasted until Michigan a week later. At the Charlotte Roval, Blaney finished eighth to advance to the Round of 12. Blaney won the Talladega fall race in a photo finish of 0.007 seconds over <mask> and advanced into the Round of 8, despite an early spin onto pit road. Despite finishing third at Phoenix, he was eliminated in the Round of 8. <mask> lost the 2020 Daytona 500 to Denny Hamlin in the second-closest finish in Daytona 500 history.At the GEICO 500, he recorded his fourth Cup win, defeating Ricky Stenhouse Jr. by 0.007. He had transmission issues at the 2020 Quaker State 400, forcing him to drive through the turns one-handed because his car kept jumping out of fourth gear. Nonetheless, he held the lead for a small part of the final lap but hit a drain on the apron, finishing sixth. <mask> made the playoffs with his win at Talladega, but was eliminated in the Round of 16 following the Bristol Night Race. During the 2021 season, Blaney won at Atlanta and Michigan, scoring his fifth and sixth career wins in the series respectively. The Atlanta win was emotional for Blaney as it came 20 years after his dad almost won the same race, only to lose because of a broken wheel. For the first time in his career, Blaney had back-to-back wins after he won the last race of the regular season at Daytona International Speedway the following week.Both wins gave him his sixth and his seventh career wins. After only winning four races in the five seasons before 2021, Blaney captured three wins in the cup Series regular season. He went into the 2021 Cup playoffs as the second-seeded driver with three wins on the season behind Kyle Larson, who had five wins. Blaney made it to the Round of 8 before being eliminated after Martinsville. He finished the season 7th in the points standings. In media

In 2017, Blaney voiced <mask> "Inside" Laney in the Pixar film Cars 3. At the beginning of the 2017 season, Blaney began a NASCAR-supported podcast featuring former Miss Sprint Cup and current Motor Racing Network personality Kim Coon and NASCAR.com analyst Chuck Bush, called the Glass Case of Emotion podcast.In June 2017, Blaney became a member of Fox NASCAR Cup driver-only broadcast team for the Xfinity Series race at Pocono Raceway, working as a pit reporter alongside Erik Jones and Ricky Stenhouse Jr. He also interviewed race-winner Brad Keselowski; the next day, the roles were reversed as he won his first Cup race with Keselowski, still in his firesuit, interviewing him. The driver-only broadcast format returned for the 2018 Xfinity race at Talladega Superspeedway as Blaney returned to his pit duties. Blaney had a cameo appearance as a delivery boy in the 2017 film Logan Lucky. Blaney guest-starred in the TV show Taken in season 2 episode 12 "Imperium", as Special Agent Nathan Wood; the episode aired on April 20, 2018. Blaney had a cameo appearance as himself in the Netflix's television series The Crew. Personal life
Blaney is the only son and middle child of Lisa and <mask>.He has two sisters: Emma and Erin; Emma is married to driver Cale Conley. Blaney is of Irish descent. He is a close friend of fellow drivers and competitors Bubba Wallace, Erik Jones, and Chase Elliott, and an avid Star Wars fan. Blaney has multiple tattoos, including a Star Wars inspired piece on his right leg, a sprint car on his left side, and the #10 in red on the left side of his chest in tribute to the number he ran most often growing up. Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)Cup Series

Daytona 500

Xfinity Series

Camping World Truck Series

K&N Pro Series East

K&N Pro Series West

Whelen Modified Tour

 Season still in progress
 Ineligible for series points
 In 2012 Blaney switched from Nationwide to Truck Series points at Atlanta Motor Speedway in August. ARCA Racing Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) References
Notes

Citations

External links

 Official profile at Bodyarmor SuperDrink

Living people
1993 births
Sportspeople from High Point, North Carolina
Racing drivers from North Carolina
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
Team Penske
People from Trumbull County, Ohio
Team Penske drivers

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