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<mask>, BSc, DSc, MBE (22 December 1905 – 28 October 1998) was an English engineer with the British General Post Office. During World War II, <mask> designed and built Colossus, the world's first programmable electronic computer, to help solve encrypted German messages. Early life
<mask> was born at 160 Abbott Road, Poplar in London's East End on 22 December 1905, the son of a bricklayer. Whilst undertaking an apprenticeship in mechanical engineering at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, he took evening classes at the University of London to earn a degree in electrical engineering. In 1926, he joined the telecommunications branch of the General Post Office (GPO), moving to work at the research station at Dollis Hill in north-west London in 1930. In 1935, he married Eileen Margaret Green and the couple later had two children, John and Kenneth. From 1935 onward, he explored the use of electronics for telephone exchanges and by 1939, he was convinced that an all-electronic system was possible.A background in switching electronics would prove crucial for his computer designs. World War II
<mask>' first contact with wartime codebreaking came in February 1941 when his director, W. Gordon Radley, was asked for help by Alan Turing, who was working at Bletchley Park, the government codebreaking establishment,  north west of London in Buckinghamshire. Turing wanted <mask> to build a decoder for the relay-based Bombe machine, which Turing had developed to help decrypt German Enigma codes. The decoder project was abandoned but Turing was impressed with <mask>'s work, and in February 1943 introduced him to Max Newman who was leading the effort to automate part of the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. This was a high-level German code generated by a teletypewriter in-line cipher machine, the Lorenz SZ40/42, one of their  (secret writer) systems, called "Tunny" (tuna fish) by the British. It was a much more complex system than Enigma; the decoding procedure involved trying so many possibilities that it was impractical to do by hand. <mask> and Frank Morrell (also at Dollis Hill) designed the Heath Robinson, in an attempt to automate the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz SZ-40/42 cipher machine.Colossus computer
<mask> proposed a more sophisticated alternative, using an electronic system, which his staff called Colossus, using perhaps 1,800 thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) instead of 150 and having only one paper tape instead of two (which required synchronisation) by generating the wheel patterns electronically. Because the most complicated previous electronic device had used about 150 valves, some were sceptical that the system would be reliable. <mask> countered that the British telephone system used thousands of valves and was reliable because the electronics were operated in a stable environment with the circuitry on all the time. The Bletchley management were not convinced and merely encouraged <mask> to proceed on his own. He did so at the Post Office Research Labs, using some of his own funds to build it. <mask> had first met (and got on with) Turing in 1939 but was treated with disdain by Gordon Welchman, because of his advocacy of valves rather than relays. Welchman preferred the views of Wynn-Williams and Keene of the British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM) who had designed and constructed the Bombe and wanted Radley and "Mr <mask> of Dollis Hill" removed from work on Colossus for "squandering good valves".Despite the success of Colossus, the Heath Robinson approach was still valuable for solving certain problems. The final development of the concept was a machine called Super Robinson that was designed by <mask>. This one could run four tapes and was used for running depths and "cribs" or known-plaintext attack runs. On 2 June 1943, <mask> was made a member of the Order of the British Empire. <mask> gained full backing for his project from the director of the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill, W. G. Radley. With the highest priority for acquisition of parts, <mask>'s team at Dollis Hill built the first machine in eleven months. It was immediately dubbed 'Colossus' by the Bletchley Park staff for its immense proportions.The Mark 1 Colossus operated five times faster and was more flexible than the previous system, named Heath Robinson, which used electro-mechanical switches. The first Mark 1, with 1500 valves, ran at Dollis Hill in November 1943; it was delivered to Bletchley Park in January 1944 where it was assembled and began operation in early February. The algorithms used by Colossus were developed by W. T. Tutte and his team of mathematicians. Colossus proved to be efficient and quick against the twelve-rotor Lorenz cipher SZ42 machine. In anticipation of a need for additional computers, <mask> was already working on Colossus Mark 2 which would employ 2,400 valves. The first Mark 2 went into service at Bletchley Park on 1 June 1944 and immediately produced vital information for the imminent D-Day landings planned for Monday 5 June (postponed 24 hours by bad weather). <mask> later described a crucial meeting between Dwight D. Eisenhower and his staff on 5 June, during which a courier entered and handed Eisenhower a note summarising a Colossus decrypt.This confirmed that Adolf Hitler wanted no additional troops moved to Normandy, as he was still convinced that the preparations for the Normandy landings were a feint. Handing back the decrypt, Eisenhower announced to his staff, "We go tomorrow". Earlier, a report from Field Marshal Erwin Rommel on the western defences was decoded by Colossus and revealed that one of the sites chosen as the drop site for a US parachute division was the base for a German tank division, so the site was changed. Ten Colossi were completed and used during the Second World War in British decoding efforts and an eleventh was ready for commissioning at the end of the war. All but two were dismantled at the end of the war, "The remaining two were moved to a British Intelligence department, GCHQ in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, where they may have played a significant part in the codebreaking operations of the Cold War". They were finally decommissioned in 1959 and 1960. Post-war work and retirement
After the war, <mask> received little recognition for his contribution to cryptanalysis.<mask> was left in debt after the war after using his own personal funds to build Colossus. The government granted him £1,000 payment which did not cover <mask>' personal investment in the equipment; he shared much of the money amongst the staff who had helped him build and test Colossus. <mask> applied for a loan from the Bank of England to build another machine like Colossus but was denied the loan because the bank did not believe that such a machine could work. He could not argue that he had already designed and built many of these machines because his work on Colossus was covered by the Official Secrets Act. He remained at the Post Office Research Station where he was Head of the Switching Division. He and his group pioneered work on all-electronic telephone exchanges, completing a basic design by about 1950, which led on to the Highgate Wood Telephone Exchange. He was also involved in the development of ERNIE.In 1964, he became head of the advanced development at Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd., where he continued to develop electronic telephone switching including a pulse amplitude modulation exchange, retiring in 1969. It was not until the 1970s that <mask>' work in computing was fully acknowledged. His family had known only that he had done some 'secret and important' work. In 1976, he published Introduction to Exchange Systems, a book on the engineering principles of telephone exchanges. <mask> died in 1998 aged 92, leaving a wife and two sons. Honours
 1973: Became an honorary Doctor of Science by Newcastle University. 1983: The first winner of the Martlesham Medal in recognition of his achievements in computing.1993: Received a certificate from Hendon College, having completed a basic course in information processing on a personal computer. <mask> is commemorated at the Post Office Research Station site, which became a housing development, with the main building converted into a block of flats and an access road called Flowers Close. He was honoured by London Borough of Tower Hamlets, where he was born. An Information and Communications Technology (ICT) centre for young people, the Tommy Flowers Centre, opened there in November 2010. The centre has closed but the building is now the Tommy Flowers Centre, part of the Tower Hamlets Pupil Referral Unit. In September 2012, his wartime diary was put on display at Bletchley Park. A road in Kesgrave, near the current BT Research Laboratories, is named <mask> Drive.On 12 December 2013, 70 years after he created Colossus, his legacy was honoured with a memorial commissioned by British Telecom (BT), successor to Post Office Telephones. The life-size bronze bust, designed by James Butler, was unveiled by Trevor Baylis at Adastral Park, BT's research and development centre in Martlesham Heath, near Ipswich, Suffolk. BT also began a computer science scholarship and award in his name. On 29 September 2016, BT opened the Tommy Flowers Institute for ICT training at Adastral Park to support the development of postgraduates transferring into industry. The institute focuses on bringing ICT-sector organisations together with academic researchers to solve some of the challenges facing UK businesses, exploring areas such as cybersecurity, big data, autonomics and converged networks. The launch event was attended by professors from Cambridge, Oxford, East Anglia, Essex, Imperial, UCL, Southampton, Surrey, and Lancaster as well as representatives from the National Physical Laboratory, Huawei, Ericsson, CISCO, ARM and ADVA. In 2018, a room in the newly refurbished Institution of Engineering and Technology in London was named the Flowers Room.Colossus rebuild
A functioning Colossus Mark II was rebuilt by a team of volunteers led by Tony Sale between 1993 and 2008. It is on display at The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park. <mask> knew that Sale was rebuilding a MKII version, describing the design and construction which was instrumental in its reconstruction. See also
 List of pioneers in computer science

References

Bibliography

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External links
 Quotes about <mask>
 <mask> talking about Colossus
 Imperial War Museum Interview

1905 births
1998 deaths

Alumni of the University of London
British electrical engineers
British electronics engineers
British telecommunications engineers
Civil servants in the General Post Office
Computer designers
Computer hardware engineers
History of computing in the United Kingdom
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Bletchley Park people
People from Poplar, London
20th-century British engineers

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Thomas Harold Flowers
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<mask> (born November 9, 1981) is a professional racquetball player born in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Waselenchuk finished the 2018-19 season as the #1 player on the International Racquetball Tour  (IRT) for a record extending 13th time. Waselenchuk, a left-handed player, has dominated the IRT for the last decade, including a record 134-match unbeaten streak that lasted over three years. Professional career
Waselenchuk has won 118 IRT tournaments through the 2019 US Open, which is the most career IRT wins ahead of Cliff Swain with 71. Remarkably, <mask>'s won those 118 tournaments in only 172 tournament appearances for a  tournament winning rate of 68.6%. Waselenchuk has won 15 US Open Racquetball Championships, pro racquetball's most prestigious event, which is more than any other player (Sudsy Monchik is second with four US Open titles). He won it from 2003 to 2005 and from 2008 to 2019.<mask> was undefeated in completed matches between January 2009 and September 2013 with his only losses coming from defaults due to injury. The streak was ended by Jose Rojas in the semi-finals of the Kansas City Pro-Am - the first IRT tournament of the 2013-14 season. Early Seasons 2000-01 to 2002-2003
In his first tournament in April 2000 at age 18, Waselenchuk made it to the quarter finals before falling to Cliff Swain in five games. Then in October he played in his first US Open and upset defending champion Jason Mannino in the Round of 32 before falling in the quarters to Alvaro Beltran. <mask> won his first IRT tournament in October 2001 a few weeks short of his 20th birthday, defeating John Ellis in the final of the Chicago event. He finished #4 in his first full season on the IRT. <mask> improved to a #2 season ending ranking in 2002-03 (behind only Jason Mannino), winning 3 of the 5 finals he was in that season.Middle Seasons 2003-04 to 2005-2006
<mask> began to dominate the IRT in 2003-04, when he won 6 of 13 IRT events, including his first US Open title, and he finished as the #1 IRT player for the first time. In 2004-05, Waselenchuk continued his dominance of the IRT by winning 8 of the 12 tournaments he entered, including the 2004 US Open, the second of his career. In the US Open final he gave up only four points to former IRT #1 Cliff Swain, winning 11-1, 11-3, 11-0. The 0 or donut is the first time a player has held his opponent scoreless in a US Open final. Waselenchuk successfully retained the season ending #1 ranking on the IRT. In 2005-06, Waselenchuk won 4 of the 10 IRT main events this season, including a third straight US Open title, when he again beat Swain in the final, but this time by scores of 11-5, 12-10, 12-10, and finished #1 at season's end. Seasons 2008-09 to 2017-18
In 2008-09, Waselenchuk went 49-1, with the only loss to Alvaro Beltran in the semi-finals of the California Open in January 2009.He regained the US Open title - his fourth, although did lose some games on the road to the final, including two in a tie-breaker win over Beltran. <mask> finishes as the #1 IRT player for the fourth time, although he did miss three events. Waselenchuk won 9 of the 10 IRT events in the 2009-10 season - defeating Jack Huczek in six finals and Rocky Carson in two, and Ben Croft in another. He won 102 games and lost only 3, and did not face a tie-breaking 5th game in any match. The only tournament <mask> did not win was one he missed due to illness. In October, he won his 5th US Open title setting a new mark for most US Open titles by a man, passing Sudsy Monchik's 4 titles, and did not lose a game in winning the title. In 2010-11, Waslenchuk won 12 IRT events, including a 6th US Open victory.He played Mexican Alvaro Beltran in that final, and Beltran won the first game, which was the first time <mask> had lost a game in a US Open final. <mask> entered the 2011 New York City Pro-Am, but withdrew due to illness prior to his semi-final with Jack Huczek. Waselenchuk won nine tournaments in each of the 2011–12 and 2012-13 IRT seasons, including his 7th and 8th US Open, which is the most by any player. His only loss in 2012-13 came in the Denver Pro-Am, when he hurt his knee in the final against Rocky Carson and had to retire after the third game, with Carson leading 2-1. Waselenchuk won eight of the nine IRT tournaments he entered in the 2013-14 season. The loss came against Jose Rojas in the semi-finals of the Kansas City Pro-Am - the first IRT tournament of the season. He then won his 9th US Open, which set the career IRT tournament wins record.But in doing so he was injured, and missed the next two IRT events as a result. Upon his return, Waselenechuk won out the rest of the season: seven straight tournaments. In the 2014-15 season, Waselenchuk missed three events in the first part of the season due to a recurrence of the vestibular problems he'd had earlier in his career. He came back for the Garden City, Kansas event, but forfeited his quarterfinal match due to the problem. As result of these absences and the quarterfinal result, <mask> was the #2 ranked player for most of the second half of the IRT season behind Carson. But by winning the last event of the season in Fresno, California, <mask> passed Carson in the rankings to finish #1 for a 10th season. <mask> won 10 of the 14 Tier 1/Grand Slam events in the 2015-16 season to finish #1 by a fair margin over his competition and secure his 11th pro title.His record of 41-3 for the season includes two tournament withdrawals and one on-the-court injury forfeit in May 2016. He missed one tournament altogether. In the 2016-17 season, <mask> won 7 of the 9 events, missed the other two tournaments and was undefeated at 29-0 for the season to secure his 12th pro title. More impressively, <mask> was undefeated in GAMES for this season, finishing the year 85-0 in games played, part of an amazing streak of 113 consecutive games won by <mask> during this time period on tour. <mask> began the 2017-18 season in dominant fashion, winning the first four events, including his 13th US Open title in October, 2017. He suffered what appeared initially to be an innocuous looking knee injury in a semi finals win in January 2018's Canoga Park event, but it turned out to be a Grade 2 MCL sprain that cost <mask> most of the second half of this season. He made his return to the court for the season's final event, but was not able to secure enough points to retain the pro title.When Rocky Carson secured a place in the finals of the Sarasota, Florida pro event in April 2018, <mask> was guaranteed to finish no higher than #2 for the year. He still won the event, defeating Carson in the final and finishing the season 24-2 (with both losses being injury defaults). Retirement
Immediately after downing Carson for the final title of the year on 4/28/18, and hours after he was dethroned as champ after a decade on top, <mask> announces that he is "90% sure that he's retiring" in his post-game interview on the court (see the 46:30 point of the Facebook Live video link). He's going to "take the summer" to think about it but says that he "isn't enjoying playing as much as he used to" and he may just show up at the US Open to "play spoiler" next year. He qualifies his announcement with a quick Facebook post saying that his announcement had nothing to do with "his injury or travel." In a wide-ranging interview with Dylan Reid on The Racquetball Show in August 2018 <mask> remained noncommittal to playing the tour full time again, citing differences with the current tour management regarding his compensation model given his stature on the tour. International and Canadian competitions
<mask> has played for Canada eight times: at the 1998, 2000 and 2002 International Racquetball Federation (IRF) World Championships, 1999-2002 Pan American Championships as well as the 1999 Pan American Games.In those appearances, Waselenchuk won gold once (in singles at the 2002 Pan American Championships), silver twice (both at the Pan American Championships; one in singles in 2001 and one in doubles with Brian Istace in 1999), and bronze twice (both at the World Championships, in 2002 in singles and in 1998 in doubles with Mike Green). Waselenchuk won the Canadian Championship three consecutive years, from 1999-2001. He also won the doubles title in 2001 with Brian Istace. Waselenchuk would have won a fourth title in 2006, but following the final match in which he defeated Mike Green, Waselenchuk failed a drug test for "cannabis and cocaine metabolite" after winning the Canadian Nationals. That positive test led to a two-year suspension from racquetball, so Waselenchuk did not play in the 2006–07 and 2007-08 IRT seasons. Personal life
Waselenchuk resides in Austin, Waselenchuk is currently sponsored by Onnit, ProKennex, Nike, and Gemini. See also
 List of racquetball players

References

Canadian racquetball players
Living people
1981 births
Sportspeople from Edmonton
Pan American Games competitors for Canada
Canadian sportspeople in doping cases
Racquetball players at the 1999 Pan American Games

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Kane Waselenchuk
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<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (born January 24, 1949) is an American lawyer and former U.S. Representative for , serving from 1985 until 2011. The district includes several rural areas and fast-growing suburbs east of Nashville. He was Chairman of the House Committee on Science and Technology from 2007 until 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He announced on December 14, 2009, that he would not seek re-election in 2010. Early life, education, and early political career
<mask> was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, where he has lived all of his life. His father and grandfathers were farmers, and his mother was a teacher in the Rutherford County schools.He served in the United States Army Reserve in 1971 and 1972. He graduated cum laude from Middle Tennessee State University in 1971, where he was student body president, and earned a J.D. degree from the University of Tennessee College of Law in 1973. He is a member of the Kappa Alpha Order. He then entered private practice in Murfreesboro. Active in Democratic politics early on, he was briefly executive director of the Tennessee Democratic Party in 1979 and state party chairman from 1981 to 1983. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
When 6th District Congressman Al Gore announced in 1983 that he would run for the United States Senate in 1984, <mask> stepped down as state party chairman to run for the seat.He initially faced a hard-fought race against the brother of the publisher of Nashville's former conservative newspaper, the Nashville Banner. However, he won handily in November 1984, riding Gore's coattails in the midst of Ronald Reagan's landslide victory in that year's presidential election. <mask> is regarded as a moderate. He has favored the repeal of the inheritance tax and the "marriage tax penalty". <mask> was re-elected by huge margins until 1994, when his Republican opponent was attorney Steve Gill, a former basketball player at the University of Tennessee who is now a radio talk show host. <mask> only won by one percentage point, but managed to defeat Gill more handily in 1996. <mask> was re-elected in 1998 and 2000 by margins similar to those he scored in the 1980s and early 1990s.He faced no significant opposition in 2002, 2004 and 2006 and was unopposed in 2008. This is largely because the 2002 reapportionment by the Democratic-controlled Tennessee General Assembly removed Williamson County, a wealthy and heavily Republican suburban area south of Nashville, from the 6th District and added it to the already heavily Republican 7th District. From 2003 to 2019, that district was held by Marsha Blackburn, a Williamson County resident who was <mask>'s opponent in 1992–the first time since his initial run for the seat that he faced a reasonably well-financed Republican challenger. Even as <mask> continued to win reelection, the 6th began trending heavily Republican at the local level in the 1990s and 2000s. For instance, even with Gore atop the ticket as Bill Clinton's running mate in 1996 and as presidential candidate in 2000, the Republican nominee for president carried the district in both elections. In addition to Nashville's suburbs bleeding into the district, the more rural areas began shedding their "Yellow Dog Democratic" roots. The Republican trend in the district really manifested itself after <mask>'s retirement; his replacement as Democratic candidate, Brett Carter, only tallied 29.3 percent of the vote, barely half that of Republican State Senator Diane Black.No Democrat has crossed the 30 percent mark in the district since <mask>'s retirement. Tenure
During his tenure in Congress, <mask> "helped pass the COMPETES Act and the 2007 Energy Bill." In December 2008, <mask> came under fire from Tennessee conservatives for failing to vote on the auto bailout, stating that his failure to vote was due to a "technical glitch" in the voting system. In March 2010, <mask> announced that he would vote in favor of the Senate Health Care bill. <mask> has been the fastest runner of foot races in Congress for 20 years. Most recently, he defeated Congressman Aaron Schock, 33 years his younger at the Capital Challenge Charity Race. <mask> voted against the Affordable Health Care for America Act in November 2009 but voted for both the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 in March 2010.In April 2009, <mask> voted against the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act. Committee assignments
Committee on Energy and Commerce (1995–2011)
Committee on Science and Technology (1985–1987; 1997–2011) (Ranking Member, 2003–2007; Chairman, 2007–2011)
Committee on the Budget (1993–1995)
Committee on Rules (1987–1995)
Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs (1985–1987)
Permanent Select Committee on Aging (1985–1987)
Source: Rep. <mask>'s Previous Committee Assignments
Source: Rep. <mask>'s Committees and Subcommittees

Post-congressional career
<mask> is currently a partner in the global law firm K&L Gates and is a distinguished fellow at the Council on Competitiveness. He was appointed by President Obama to the U.S. Antarctic Program Blue Ribbon Panel, the panel traveled to the Antarctic in December 2011 and put out the report “More and Better Science in Antarctica Through Increased Logistical Effectiveness” in July 2012. He is a member of the Brookings Leadership Advisory Board and is a project member for the American Academy of Arts and Sciences' New Models for U.S. Science and Technology Policy. He is a Board Member of the U.S Association of Former Members of Congress, and the Middle Tennessee State University Foundation and he is on the Board of Counselors for the Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress. He also is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One.In 2012 <mask> was bestowed the insignia of Officer in the French Legion of Honor. He delivered the commencement keynote address and was awarded an honorary doctorate from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in May 2012. In May 2013, he received the first honorary doctorate given by his alma mater Middle Tennessee State University. References

External links

Diary at Daily Kos, about report on off-shoring jobs

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1949 births
21st-century American politicians
American lobbyists
American Methodists
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
Middle Tennessee State University alumni
People from Murfreesboro, Tennessee
Tennessee Democrats
University of Tennessee alumni

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Vice-Admiral <mask>, later <mask> (20 September 1768 – 12 January 1833) was a Royal Navy officer who rose to the rank of Vice Admiral and served with great distinction through the Napoleonic Wars. Eventually he inherited the house and estates of <mask>. Early life
<mask> was born in the village of Felbrigg, Norfolk on 20 September 1768. He was the son of the Rev. <mask> and Susan Katherine Doughty. His father was the rector of Felbrigg and Aylmerton. The Rev.<mask> was the half brother of <mask>. who was the local squire of Felbrigg Hall and one time member of parliament for Norwich and Secretary at War in the Cabinet. Windham had a special affection for all the children of the Rev. <mask> and in particular <mask> who would eventually become his heir. The young <mask> went to sea probably around 1781 at the age of 13. He appears to have been a keen seaman and a fast learner and survived the harsh life in the navy, and by 1786 he had become a midshipman. Promotion through the ranks
In 1793 <mask> had become a Lieutenant, and by 1795 he had been given command of , a 16-gun sloop.Soon after this appointment he was given the rank of Captain and with this promotion he was given , a vessel of 32 guns, which had been re-captured on 8 June 1796 from the French who had initially captured the ship in 1793. As Britain faced war with France, <mask>'s career began to rise steadily in the Royal Navy especially with a powerful patron like <mask>. Windham did all he could to assist <mask>'s rapid advancement within the Navy through his great friendship with Lord George Spencer, who was the First Lord of the Admiralty. Spithead mutiny
In April 1797 Captain <mask> found himself embroiled in the Spithead mutiny. Sixteen ships of the line of the Channel fleet refused to sail and mounted a collective mutiny at Spithead. Their demands were concerned with improved pay and conditions, and better treatment in general. Some officers considered to ill-treat their crews were sent ashore and their permanent removal demanded.<mask> was recorded as performing well in quelling the discontent and as a result helped the mutiny at Spithead to be resolved in a peaceful and organised manner and within a few weeks the seamans' demands had been met and a Royal Pardon granted. It was noted Captain <mask>'s vessel, HMS Thames was the first to be ready to resume its duties within the Royal Navy. War between Britain and France
On 18 May 1803 Britain declared war with France and one response to these events was that the Secretary at War, Charles Yorke introduced a bill in Parliament to increase the armed forces by creating reserve army of 30,000 men. At the behest of <mask>, <mask> was given the task of establishing a local militia in North East Norfolk. This role he embraced with great gusto and was successful in the task. Back to sea
Now the war with France had started, <mask> was given command of various warships with the most notable being the 74-gun third-rate ship of the line . Rochefort, Bay of Biscay
<mask> took the Mars into Action of 25 September 1806 in the naval battle fought off the French Biscay port of Rochefort.A French convoy of five frigates  and two corvettes, sailing to the French West Indies with supplies and reinforcements, under the command of Commodore Eleonore-Jean-Nicolas Soleil, was intercepted by a British squadron of six ships of the line that was keeping a close blockade of the port as part of the Atlantic campaign of 1806. The British ships, under the command of Commodore Sir Samuel Hood, spotted the French convoy early in the morning of 25 September, just a few hours after the French had left port, and immediately gave chase. Although the French ships tried to escape, they were heavily laden and the strong winds favoured the larger ships of the line, which caught the French convoy after a five-hour pursuit, although they had become separated from one another during the chase. Soleil had ordered his ships to split. One of the French ships, the Infatigable, a 40-gun Valeureuse class frigate, was heading north. <mask> took HMS Mars out of the British line and went in pursuit of Infatigable. Failing to outrun HMS Mars, Captain <mask> forced the Infatigable to surrender after a brief cannonade.Later in the action, Commodore Eleonore-Jean-Nicolas Soleil's flagship, the 44-gun frigate Gloire, which by now had sustained damaged, could not distance herself from the British flagship  sufficiently before support arrived in the form of HMS Mars. With his ship undamaged, <mask> was able to easily catch the fleeing frigate and opened fire at 14:30pm, combat continuing for half an hour before Soleil surrendered his badly damaged frigate. These deeds brought with them a considerable sum in prize money. Bombardment of Copenhagen

HMS Mars and Captain <mask> participated in the bombardment, which took place between 16 August and 5 September known as the Second Battle of Copenhagen (or the Bombardment of Copenhagen), which was a British preemptive attack on Copenhagen, targeting the civilian population in order to seize the Dano-Norwegian fleet. This action was taken because there was concern in Britain that Napoleon might try to force Denmark to close the Baltic Sea to British ships, perhaps by marching French troops into Zealand. The British believed that access to the Baltic was "vitally important to Britain" for trade as well as a major source of necessary raw materials for building and maintaining warships, and that it gave the Royal Navy access to help Britain's allies, Sweden and (before Tilsit) Russia, against France. After the Danes rejected British demands to surrender, the British fleet under Admiral Gambier bombarded the city from 2 to 5 September 1807.Captain <mask> and HMS Mars which had joined the fleet on 8 August, participated in this bombardment which resulted in Danish General Peymann surrendering both the city and the fleet on 7 September 1807. Final command
<mask>'s final command in the service of the Royal Navy was as captain of the 50-gun fourth rate ship of the line . This new command brought to a close the naval career of <mask>. He had served his country with reliability and efficiency throughout the Napoleonic wars with one or two outstanding actions. <mask> effectively left the navy in 1814 with the rank of vice admiral of the blue, just a year away from the end of the war; he saw no further active service. Felbrigg Hall

William Windham died on 4 June 1810, and was last of his line. His death effectively ended the hereditary succession of the Felbrigg estates which had run uninterrupted for 350 years.The Felbrigg estate was left to Windham's wife Cecilia Windham in the first instance for the remainder of her life. Thereafter, <mask>'s heir was Vice Admiral <mask>. <mask> was related to Windham as he was the grandson of <mask>'s mother by her first marriage. After his retirement from the Navy, <mask> settled back to north Norfolk, to a small estate farm at Metton which was close to Felbrigg. <mask> and his wife Anne settled into family life with their 12 children. With six sons and six daughters to raise the Lukins soon found finances were stretched and as a consequence in 1820 <mask> moved to Brussels with his family to save money. On 5 May 1824, Cecilia Windham died and <mask> inherited Felbrigg.At the same time he changed his name, assuming the name Windham along with the family coat of arms. The estate and house were finally woken from fourteen years of slumber. <mask> Windham, as he was now called, employed architect W. J. Donthorne to remodel, extend, and alter the house and stable block. The Admiral remained at the Hall and led a quiet life until his death in 1833. Two of his sons <mask> Windham (the eldest) and Charles Ash Windham represented East Norfolk in Parliament; the latter fought in the Crimean War and rose to the rank of General. A third son Cdr. John Henry Windham RN, followed him into the Navy.References

People from Felbrigg
Royal Navy admirals
British naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
1768 births
1833 deaths
William

masks:
William Lukin
William Lukin Windham
William Windham
William Lukin
George Lukin
George Lukin
William Windham
Lukin
William Lukin
William Lukin
Lukin
Lukin
William Windham
Lukin
William Lukin
Lukin
Lukin
William Windham
Lukin
William Lukin
Lukin
Lukin
Lukin
Lukin
Lukin
Lukin
William Lukin
Lukin
Lukin
William Windham
William Lukin
Lukin
William Windham
Lukin
Lukin
Lukin
William Lukin
William Lukin
William Howe


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<mask> (April 27, 1938 – August 14, 2001) was an American professional bowler who amassed records of 43 titles and six Player of the Year awards on the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) Tour. For over two decades, his career title count was listed as 41. The count was amended to 43 in 2008, when the PBA chose to retroactively award PBA titles for ABC Masters championships if won by a PBA member at the time. He is widely credited (along with Dick Weber) for having increased bowling's popularity in the United States. He was the first bowler to earn over $100,000 in a season (1975), and the first to reach $1,000,000 in lifetime PBA earnings (1982). His ten professional major titles—six PBA National Championships, two Firestone Tournament of Champions titles, and two ABC Masters (now USBC Masters) titles—are the second most all time, tied with Pete Weber and three behind Jason Belmonte. Never brash or flashy in a crew-cut and plastic-frame "marshwood" style eyewear (which he abandoned for more modern frames later in his career), <mask> was dubbed "Square <mask>" by fellow pro bowlers.A new biography of <mask> (focusing more on his bowling career but with a few personal insights) was published in October 2019 by Luby Publishing. Compiled by sportswriter Barry Sparks, it is titled <mask>: The Greatest Bowler of All Time. PBA career
<mask>'s bowling career began when he hesitantly joined his company's bowling league, West Coast Grocery, after serving in the United States Air Force. In his first season bowling, <mask> achieved an official league average of 165. By his third season, his average had surged to 217. In 1963, he bowled three PBA summer tournaments in the Pacific Northwest to get a feel for what it would take to successfully compete on the tour. Though he did not cash in any of the three events, he had succeeded in learning how much he would need to improve before he could entertain any idea of going out on the PBA Tour full-time.In order to prepare himself for the tour <mask> practiced between 300 and 350 games a week, up to eight hours day, and often without any pins (in order to save money). After six years of diligent practice, <mask> began his professional bowling career in January 1970 as a 31-year old rookie. He led that season's first tournament going into the televised finals at Crestview Bowl in Wichita, Kansas, but lost the championship match to Skee Foremsky, finishing in second place. <mask> won the first of his 43 PBA titles on June 7, 1970, when he defeated Allie Clarke at the Heidelberg Open in Seattle, Washington. His final PBA title was a major — the 1983 Toledo Trust PBA National Championship (until his 1984 ABC Masters title was added retroactively in 2008). Six of his titles were achieved by a pair of improbable "three-peats" in the PBA National Championship, the first three from 1973 to 1975 and the other three from 1981 to 1983. <mask> also finished runner-up to fellow lefty Mike Aulby in the 1979 PBA National Championship.After a nine-month layoff, <mask> won his second ABC Masters tournament in 1984, which at the time was not part of the PBA Tour. <mask> had also won the Masters in 1977. The PBA later added ABC Masters titles as PBA titles, giving <mask> at least one PBA title in 15 consecutive seasons (1970–84). That stood as a PBA record until Walter Ray Williams Jr. won at least one PBA Tour title in 17 consecutive seasons (1993 through 2009–10). <mask> joined the PBA Senior Tour in 1988 and accumulated another seven titles there, giving him 50 total PBA titles. By 1988 <mask> had 25 career 300 games. Sadly, not one was on television in the United States; he did, however, bowl two televised 299 games, leaving a solid 9-pin on the last shot in one and a 6-pin on the other.Although he didn't drop to the floor like Don Johnson, <mask> would remark about the 9-pin on a PBA telecast years later, saying, "to this day, I can't believe that pin stood." <mask> did shoot a televised 300 game on national TV in a PBA Tournament in Japan in front of over 50 million viewers. After retiring, <mask> moved to the broadcast booth as a color commentator and operated a bowling center in Dublin, California. Personal life and death
<mask> was born in Tacoma, Washington to <mask> and Laura Davis. He was a minor league baseball pitcher with the Baltimore Orioles organization before his days as a professional bowler. He was also an excellent golfer, achieving a near-scratch handicap at the age of 60. He once set the course record at Crow Canyon Country Club in Danville, California with a scratch score of 64.He was married to <mask>; and had a son, Mike, and two daughters, Tracy and Jeri. <mask> missed some time on the PBA Tour during the 1978 season after suffering a heart attack in June of that year. Less than three months later he was back on Tour, finishing third in the Waukegan (IL) Open. <mask> died in 2001 due to head injuries sustained from falling down a flight of stairs at his friend Ed Baur's home in New Berlin, Wisconsin. He was 63 years old. The "<mask> Memorial Scholarship Fund" was established through funding by the ABC Championship Tournament, in order to provide scholarships to young bowlers. It is now administrated by the Bowling Foundation.In January 2002, the PBA began the year with a tournament named after <mask>, "The Earl Anthony Memorial Classic." It was first held at TechCity Bowl in Kirkland, Washington. It was won by left-handed pro bowler Parker Bohn III, who beat Patrick Healey, Jr. in the final match 235 to 215. It later moved to Medford, Oregon and re-titled as "The Earl Anthony Medford Classic." In 2010 and 2011, the event took place in Dublin, California and was titled the <mask> Memorial. <mask> was voted into the PBA Hall of Fame in 1981 and the ABC Hall of Fame in 1986. In 2000 he was voted "Master of the Millennium" by a wide margin in a nationwide vote conducted by Bowling Magazine.In a Sports Illustrated Magazine national vote he was named the 2nd Greatest Athlete in the history of the State of Washington (behind only former Gonzaga and NBA star John Stockton). The late bowling legend Dick Weber dubbed <mask> "the greatest speed-control bowler ever." When <mask> won the 1978 Tournament of Champions to become the first bowler to ever reach 30 titles, Weber was in the broadcast booth and proclaimed <mask> to be "the undisputed King of Bowling." <mask>'s record of 41 titles stood for 23 years before it was broken by Walter Ray Williams Jr. in 2006, though it increased to 43 in 2008 when the PBA started including ABC Masters titles if they were won by a PBA member. In 14 seasons, <mask> made the top five for the televised final round a record 144 times. Said Bowlers Journal editor Jim Dressel, "When <mask> was in the house, everybody else knew there were only four other spots for TV." In 2008, the PBA celebrated fifty years in existence by commissioning a panel of experts to rank the "50 Greatest Bowlers of the Last 50 Years."<mask> was ranked #1 on the list over Walter Ray Williams Jr., despite the fact that Williams had broken many of <mask>'s records. However, Williams himself said, "I feel <mask>'s record is better than mine because it was more condensed. <mask> bowled 14 years and 400 or so events. I’ve bowled well over 600 by now, maybe 700." Williams also added, "When <mask> retired, he didn't have anyone to push him. He probably would have kept going to 50 if that were the case. It's hard to say what would've happened then."The United States Bowling Congress testing robot for bowling, similar to golf's "Iron Byron," is named "E.A.R.L." (Enhanced Automated Robotic Launcher). The name was given by USBC Junior Gold youth bowler Melissa Stewart of Roswell, Georgia, who said the name was based on <mask> and his "machine-like characteristics." Awards and recognition
 Six-time BWAA Bowler of the Year (1974–76 and 1981–83)
 Six-time PBA Player of the Year (1974–76 and 1981–83)
 Twelve-time First Team All-American (1972–83)
 Five-time George Young High Average award winner (1973–75, 1980, 1983)
 Established a record for most consecutive PBA seasons winning at least one tournament (15), which stood until 2008 when it was broken by Walter Ray Ray Williams Jr. Holds PBA record of 15 televised finals appearances in one season (1975, 1981)
 Holds a record six wins in the PBA National Championship among his ten major tournament titles
 Inducted into PBA Hall of Fame, 1981
 Inducted into ABC (now USBC) Hall of Fame, 1986
 Voted "Bowler of the Millennium" in a 2000 poll conducted by Bowling Digest
 Voted the greatest PBA player ever, when the PBA announced its "50 Greatest Players of the Last 50 Years" list in the 2008–09 season. References

External links

<mask>'s Dublin Bowl

 Biography Earl: The Greatest Bowler of all Time

1938 births
2001 deaths
American ten-pin bowling players
Bowling broadcasters
Sportspeople from Tacoma, Washington
Sportspeople from Oregon
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in Wisconsin

masks:
Earl Roderick Anthony
Anthony
Earl
Earl
Earl
Anthony
Earl
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Earl
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Earl Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Earl Anthony
Susie Anthony
Anthony
Earl Anthony
Earl Anthony
Anthony
Earl Anthony
Legacy Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Earl
Anthony
Earl
Anthony
Anthony
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Earl Anthony
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Earl Anthony


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<mask> (September 12, 1888 – May 19, 1974) chairman of the Department of Soils at the University of Missouri, was the foremost authority on the relation of soil fertility to human health and earned four degrees from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. As emeritus professor of soils at the University of Missouri, he saw a direct link between soil quality, food quality and human health. He drew direct connections between poor quality forage crops, and ill health in livestock and from this developed a formula for ideal ratios of cations in the soil, the Base Cation Saturation Ratio. While he did not discover cation exchange in the soil as is sometimes supposed, he may have been the first to associate it with colloidal clay particles. He served as 1939 President of the Soil Science Society of America. Twenty years before the phrase 'environmental concern' crept into the national consciousness, he was lecturing from coast to coast on the broad topic of agricultural ecology. (C. Edmund Marshall, In Memoriam, 'Plant and Soil' vol 48.)Early life
<mask> was born of German ancestry on a farm on the prairie of north central Illinois in the Mid-West United States. After attending the local school he progressed via preparatory school to the University of Illinois where he obtained a B.A. degree in liberal arts. This led to a position teaching Latin and other subjects at Bluffton University, Ohio. <mask> later returned to Illinois to gain a B.S. degree in biology and agricultural science. He then started graduate research in Botany whilst also teaching in the department of botany.This period was key to his lifelong devotion to scientific study of plant physiology and agriculture. It enabled him to take a microbiological view of plant structure whilst addressing the soil as a variable environment (either favourable or unsuitable). He presented his doctoral research in 1919, and it was published in the journal Soil Science in 1920 titled 'Symbiotic nitrogen fixation as influenced by nitrogen in the soil' His paper concluded that the nitrogen level in soil had no significant effect on fixation by legumes. <mask> was a devout agronomist, the foremost authority on the relation of soil fertility to human health and earned four degrees from the University of Illinois. He became emeritus professor of soils at the University of Missouri. Dr. <mask> saw a direct link between soil quality and food quality, drawing direct connection between poor quality forage crops, and ill health in livestock. From the late 1930s, as chairman of the Department of Soils at the University of Missouri, he began work at the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station investigating cation ratios and the growth of legumes.He had been investigating cattle nutrition, having observed that certain pastures seemed conducive to good health, and at some point he came to the conclusion that the ideal balance of cations in the soil was "H, 10%; Ca, 60 to 75% optimal 69%; Mg, 10 to 20% optimal 12%; K, 2 to 5%; Na, 0.5 to 5.0%; and other cations, 5%". While <mask> was a highly respected soil scientist, he discounted soil pH, stating that "plants are not sensitive to, or limited by, a particular pH value of the soil." Instead, he believed that the benefits of liming soil stem from the additional calcium available to the plant, not the increase in pH. This belief has continued to be held by followers to this day, despite opinions to the contrary. Like much of the early research into BCSR where soil pH was not controlled, it is difficult to draw solid conclusions from <mask>'s research in support of BCSR. Throughout his life, <mask> looked to nature to learn what optimizes soil, and attributing many common livestock diseases directly to those animals being fed poor quality feeds. He observed that :

<mask> was a prolific author of reports, books and articles that span several decades, starting with his reports on nitrogen fixation and soil inoculation in 1919.MVG

Soil depletion
Albrecht was outspoken on matters of declining soil fertility, having identified that it was due to a lack of organic material, major elements, and trace minerals, and was thus responsible for poor crops and in turn for pathological conditions in animals fed deficient foods from such soils. He laid the blame as:

Death and commemoration
On his death he left his research papers to his friend Charles Walters who promoted the ideas by founding the magazine Acres USA, which continues to be at the centre of the ideal soil movement, and is the current owner of the research papers.

masks:
William Albert Albrecht
William Albrecht
Albrecht
Career Albrecht
Albrecht
Albrecht
Albrecht
Albrecht
Albrecht


texts:
<mask>, , RNR (30 March 1874 – 8 December 1952) was a British merchant seaman and naval officer. He was the second officer on board the  and the most senior member of the crew to survive the Titanic disaster. As the officer in charge of loading passengers into lifeboats on the port side, Lightoller strictly enforced the women and children only protocol, not allowing any male passengers to board the lifeboats unless they were needed as auxiliary seamen. Lightoller served as a commanding officer in the Royal Navy during World War I and was twice decorated for gallantry. During World War II, in retirement, he provided and sailed as a volunteer on one of the "little ships" that played a part in the Dunkirk evacuation. Early life
<mask> was born in Chorley, Lancashire, on 30 March 1874, into a family that had operated cotton-spinning mills in Lancashire since the late 18th century. His mother, <mask> (née Widdows), died of scarlet fever shortly after giving birth to him.His father, Frederick James <mask>, emigrated to New Zealand when <mask> was 10, leaving him in the care of extended family. Early maritime career
At age 13, not wanting to end up with a factory job, <mask> began a four-year apprenticeship on board the barque Primrose Hill. On his second voyage, he set sail with the crew of the Holt Hill, and during a storm in the South Atlantic, the ship was forced to put in at Rio de Janeiro. Repairs were made in the midst of a smallpox epidemic and a revolution. Another storm, on 13 November 1889 in the Indian Ocean, caused the ship to run aground on an uninhabited four-and-a-half-square-mile island now called Île Saint-Paul. They were rescued by the Coorong and taken to Adelaide, Australia. Lightoller joined the crew of the clipper ship Duke of Abercorn for his return to England.Lightoller returned to the Primrose Hill for his third voyage. They arrived in Calcutta, India, where he passed his second mate's certificate. The cargo of coal caught fire while he was serving as third mate on board the windjammer Knight of St. Michael, and for his successful efforts in fighting the fire and saving the ship, Lightoller was promoted to second mate. In 1895, at age 21 and a veteran of the dangers at sea, he obtained his mate's ticket and left sailing ships for steamships. After three years of service in Elder Dempster's African Royal Mail Service on the West African coast, he nearly died from a heavy bout of malaria. Lightoller went to the Yukon in 1898 to prospect for gold in the Klondike Gold Rush. Failing at this, he then became a cowboy in Alberta, Canada.In order to return home, he became a hobo, riding the rails back across Canada. He earned his passage back to England by working as a cattle wrangler on a cattle boat and arrived home penniless in 1899. He obtained his master's certificate and joined Greenshields, Cowie & Co, for whom he made another trip on a cattle boat, this time as third mate of the Knight Companion. In January 1900, he began his career with the White Star Line as fourth officer of the . While on the Medic, on a voyage from Britain to South Africa and Australia, Lightoller was reprimanded for a prank he and some shipmates played on the citizens of Sydney at Fort Denison in Sydney Harbour. In 1903 he found himself in Sydney again, having been transferred to the SS Suevic — possibly as punishment for another indiscretion. During the voyage, he met Sylvia Hawley Wilson, a returning Australian whom he married in St James' Church, Sydney and took back to England on the return passage.He later joined the  under the command of Captain Edward J. Smith in the Atlantic. From there, he was promoted to third officer on the , the flagship of the White Star Line. He returned to the Majestic as first mate and then transferred back to the Oceanic in the same position. Titanic
Two weeks before the sinking, Lightoller boarded the  in Belfast, acting as first officer for the sea trials. Captain Smith gave the post of chief officer to Henry Wilde of the Olympic, demoting the original appointee William McMaster Murdoch to first officer and Lightoller to second officer. The original second officer, David Blair, was excluded from the voyage altogether, while the roster of junior officers remained unchanged. Blair's departure from the crew caused a problem, as he had the key to the ship's binoculars case.Later, the missing key and resultant lack of binoculars for the lookouts in the crow's nest became a point of contention at the U.S. inquiry into the Titanic disaster. On the night of 14 April 1912, Lightoller commanded the last bridge watch prior to the ship's collision with the iceberg, after which Murdoch relieved him. An hour before the collision, Lightoller ordered the ship's lookouts to continually watch for 'small ice' and 'particularly growlers' until daylight. He then ordered the Quartermaster, Robert Hichens, to check ship's fresh water supply for signs of freezing below the waterline, signs if present would indicate the ship was entering dangerous ice. Lightoller had retired to his cabin and was preparing for bed when he felt the collision. Wearing only his pyjamas, Lightoller hurried out on deck to investigate, but seeing nothing, retired back to his cabin. Deciding it would be better to remain where other officers knew where to find him if needed, he lay awake in his bunk until fourth officer Joseph Boxhall summoned him to the bridge.He pulled on trousers, and a navy-blue sweater over his pyjamas, and donned (along with socks and shoes) his officer's overcoat and cap. During the evacuation, Lightoller took charge of lowering the lifeboats on the port side of the boat deck. He helped to fill several lifeboats with passengers and launched them. Lightoller interpreted Smith's order for "the evacuation of women and children" as essentially "women and children only". As a result, Lightoller lowered lifeboats with empty seats if there were no women and children waiting to board, meaning to fill them to capacity once they had reached the water. Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Godfrey Peuchen has the distinction of being the only adult male passenger Lightoller allowed into the boats on the port side evacuation, due to his previous nautical experience and offer of assistance when there were no seamen available from the Titanic's own complement to help command one of the lowering lifeboats. There were fears from some of the officers that the davits used for lowering the boats would not hold the weight if the boats were full, but they were unaware that the new davits on the Titanic had been designed to do so.Under this misapprehension, Lightoller's plan was to fill the lifeboats from the waterline and sent 10 men to open the gangway doors in the ship's port so that passengers would have access. The men failed in this task and were never seen again (presumed drowned carrying out this final order). The under-capacity boats then pulled away from the ship as soon as they hit the water, rendering the plan a failure. At least one boat is confirmed as wilfully ignoring officers' shouted orders to return. When Lightoller attempted to launch Lifeboat 2, he found it was occupied already by 25 male passengers and crewmen. He ordered them out of the boat and threatened them with his unloaded revolver, allegedly saying: "Get out of there, you damned cowards! I'd like to see every one of you overboard!"He then passed the duty of loading Lifeboat 2 over to Fourth Officer Boxhall. While initial accounts varied, it is now believed there were only 17 people aboard the lifeboat, out of a capacity of 40. As the ship began its final plunge, Lightoller attempted to launch Collapsible B on the port side. This collapsible boat was one of the smaller Engelhardt lifeboats with canvas sides and was stowed atop the officers' quarters. The collapsible fell onto the deck upside down. Lightoller then crossed over to the starboard side of the roof, to see if there was anything further to be done there. As the ship sank, seawater washed over the entire bow, producing a large wave that rolled aft along the boat deck and washed over the bridge.Seeing crowds of people run away from the rising water, Lightoller realized it would be a futile move to head aft and dived into the water from the roof of the officers' quarters. Lightoller described the shock of the water as being like "a thousand knives being driven into one’s body". Surfacing, Lightoller spotted the ship's crow's nest, now level with the water, and started to swim towards it as a place of safety before remembering that it was safer to stay away from the foundering vessel. Then, as water flooded down one of the forward ventilators, Lightoller was sucked under. He was pinned against the grating for some time by the pressure of the incoming water, until a blast of hot air from the depths of the ship erupted out of the ventilator and blew him to the surface. The suction pulled him down again against another grating, but he resurfaced. He realized he couldn't swim properly because of the weight of the Webley revolver he was carrying in his coat pocket, so he swiftly discarded it.Following this, he saw Collapsible B floating upside down with several swimmers hanging on to it. He swam to it and held on to a rope at the front. Then the Titanics Number 1 (forward) funnel broke free and hit the water, washing the collapsible further away from the sinking ship. Lightoller climbed on the boat and took charge, calming and organising the survivors (numbering around 30) on the overturned lifeboat. He led them in yelling in unison "Boat ahoy! ", but with no success. During the night a swell arose, and Lightoller taught the men to shift their weight with the swells to prevent the craft from being swamped.If not for that, they likely would have been thrown into the freezing water again. At his direction, the men kept that up for hours until they were finally rescued by another lifeboat. Lightoller was the last survivor taken on board the . After the sinking, Lightoller published a testimony in the Christian Science Journal crediting his faith in a divine power for his survival, concluding: "with God all things are possible". Recommendations at inquiries

As the senior surviving officer, Lightoller was a key witness at both the American and British inquiries. In his autobiography he described the American inquiry as a "farce", due to the ignorance of maritime matters implicit in some of the questions. He took the British inquiry more seriously and wrote "it was very necessary to keep one's hand on the whitewash brush"  as he "had no desire that blame should be attributed either to the B.O.T.(British Board of Trade) or the White Star Line", despite his belief that "one had known, full well, and for many years, the ever-present possibility of just such a disaster". Lightoller blamed the accident on the seas being the calmest that night that he had ever seen in his life and on the floating icebergs giving no tell-tale early-warning signs of breaking white water at their bases. He deftly defended his employer, the White Star Line, despite hints of excessive speed, a lack of binoculars in the crow's nest, and the plain recklessness of travelling through an ice field on a calm night when all other ships in the vicinity thought it wiser to heave to until morning. Later, however, in a recounting he gave of the night's events on a 1936 BBC I Was There programme, he reversed his defences. Lightoller was also able to help channel public outcry over the incident into positive change, as many of his recommendations for avoiding such accidents in the future were adopted by maritime nations. Basing lifeboat capacity on the number of passengers and crew instead of ship tonnage,

masks:
Charles Herbert Lightoller
Charles Herbert Lightoller
Sarah Jane Lightoller
Lightoller
Charles
Charles


texts:
 conducting lifeboat drills so passengers know where their lifeboats are and crew know how to operate them, instituting manned 24-hour wireless (radio) communications on all passenger ships, and requiring mandatory transmissions of ice warnings to ships, were some of his recommendations at the inquiries which were acted on by the Board of Trade, its successor agencies, and their equivalents in other maritime nations. First World War
Lightoller returned to duty with White Star Line, serving as a mate on RMS Oceanic.He received a promotion from sub-lieutenant to lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve in May 1913. At the outbreak of the First World War, as an officer in the RNR, he was called up for duty with the Royal Navy, first serving as a lieutenant on Oceanic, which had been converted to an armed merchant cruiser (HMS Oceanic). He served on this ship as the ship's First Officer until it ran aground and was wrecked on the notorious Shaalds of Foula on 8 September 1914. He was the last man off the grounded ship, taking the navigation room's clock as a souvenir. In 1915, he served as the first officer during the trials of another former passenger liner, , which had just been converted into an aircraft carrier. In late 1915, he was given his own command, the torpedo boat HMTB 117. Whilst captain of HMTB 117 he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for engaging Zeppelin L31 in a prolonged night battle.With the assistance of a lightship, Lightoller and his crew laid an ambush at the mouth of the Thames Estuary, waiting until L31 was directly above the HMTB. Lightoller opened fire on the "Zepp" with tracer rounds eventually hitting its tail and forcing the airship's withdrawal. This action resulted in his being appointed captain of , a C-class torpedo boat destroyer and for the next two years Lightoller served with the Falcon on the "Dover patrol", protecting the Dover straits and engaging German destroyers conducting night time raids. Lightoller wrote that whilst in command of the Falcon, he kept the ship in a constant state of readiness; the ship's guns were loaded and cleared for action at all times. He expected his men to think and act for themselves in times of an emergency. Falcon was sunk on 1 April 1918 after a collision, in fog, with the trawler, John Fitzgerald, while both ships were acting as escorts to a convoy in the North Sea. Lightoller was quickly exonerated in a court martial for the loss of the ship, and he was commended for remaining on board the ship along with his first officer until the majority of the crew had been evacuated to the boats (apart from three officers who were left trapped in the stern and had to be rescued by a trawler).Lightoller was subsequently given command of the River-class destroyer . Sinking of UB-110
On 19 June 1918, the German U-boat UB-110, under the command of Kapitänleutnant Werner Fürbringer, was depth charged, rammed and sunk off the Yorkshire coast by Lieutenant Commander <mask> and the crew of . In his 1933 memoirs, Kapitänleutnant Fürbringer accused Garry of opening fire on the unarmed survivors of UB-110 with revolvers and machine guns. During the alleged ensuing engagement, Fürbringer claimed he had seen the skull of an 18-year-old member of his crew being split open by a lump of coal hurled by a Royal Navy sailor. When Fürbringer attempted to help a wounded officer to swim, he was told, "Let me die in peace. The swine are going to murder us anyhow." Fürbringer alleged that the shooting only ceased when the convoy the Garry had been escorting, which contained many neutral-flagged ships, arrived on the scene.Fürbringer later recalled, "As if by magic the British now let down some life boats into the water." Geoffrey Brooks, who translated Kapitänleutnant Fürbringer's memoirs into English, later commented, "Regarding the alleged atrocity committed against survivors of UB-110, the normal procedure would have been to report the matter to the German military legal authorities at the earliest opportunity. Depositions would then have been taken from all available witnesses. One can imagine how far it would have proceeded subsequently. It is not, and never has been, the practice of the British military authorities to try British service personnel for alleged war crimes committed against enemy belligerents in wartime no matter how strong the evidence." Lightoller does not go into detail of the incident in his memoir, but he does mention that he 'refused to accept the hands up air' business. "In fact it was simply amazing that they should have had the infernal audacity to offer to surrender, in view of their ferocious and pitiless attacks on our merchant ships.Destroyer versus Destroyer, as in the Dover Patrol, was fair game and no favour. One could meet them and take them on as a decent antagonist. But towards the submarine men, one felt an utter disgust and loathing; they were nothing but an abomination, polluting the clean sea." Lieutenant Commander <mask> was awarded a Bar to the Distinguished Service Cross for sinking SM UB-110. At the time of the engagement, UB-110 had two confirmed hits on British ships, and a total kill-count of 30 civilian seamen. Subsequent wartime service
On 10 June 1918, Lightoller was awarded the Reserve Decoration. He was promoted to acting lieutenant-commander in July and was placed on the retired list on 31 March 1919, with the rank of commander.Retirement
After the war, despite his loyal service to White Star Line and having faithfully defended his employers at Titanic inquiries, Lightoller soon found that opportunities for advancement within the line were no longer available. All surviving crewmembers would find that being associated with Titanic was a black mark from which they could not hope to escape. A disillusioned Lightoller resigned shortly thereafter, taking such odd jobs as an innkeeper, a chicken farmer, and later property speculator, at which he and his wife had some success. During the early 1930s, he wrote his autobiography, Titanic and Other Ships, which he dedicated to his "persistent wife, who made me do it". This book eventually became quite popular and began to sell well. However, it was withdrawn when the Marconi Company threatened a lawsuit, owing to a comment by Lightoller regarding the Titanic disaster and the role of the Marconi operators. Second World War

The retired Lightoller did not turn his back on sailing altogether, as he eventually purchased a private motor yacht, Sundowner in 1929.In early 1939 he was commissioned by the UK Admiralty to use Sundowner to tour the German coast to gather information and take photos of German naval installations. This was completed successfully despite nearly being caught out near the German naval base at Wilhelmshaven which he avoided by pretending to be drunk when intercepted by a German naval vessel. Dunkirk evacuation
In 1940, he, together with his son Roger and a young Sea Scout named Gerald Ashcroft, crossed the English Channel in Sundowner to assist in the Dunkirk evacuation. Rather than allow his motoryacht to be requisitioned by the Admiralty, he sailed the vessel to Dunkirk personally. In a boat licensed to carry 21 passengers, Lightoller and his crew repatriated 127 British servicemen. On the return journey, Lightoller evaded gunfire from enemy aircraft, using a technique described to him by his youngest son, Herbert, who had joined the RAF and been killed earlier in the war. Gerald Ashcroft later recalled "We attracted the attention of a Stuka dive bomber.Commander Lightoller stood up in the bow and I stood alongside the wheelhouse. Commander Lightoller kept his eye on the Stuka till the last second – then he sang out to me "Hard a port!" and I sang out to Roger and we turned very sharply. The bomb landed on our starboard side." At the time of the evacuation, Lightoller's second son, Trevor, was a serving second lieutenant with Bernard Montgomery's 3rd Division, which had retreated towards Dunkirk. Unknown to <mask> senior, Trevor had already been evacuated 48 hours before Sundowner reached Dunkirk. Subsequent wartime service
Following Dunkirk, Lightoller continued to serve with the Small Vessels Pool until 1946.He was placed in command of a "Small Armed Vessel", patrolling the River Blackwater, Essex during the threatened invasion of 1940–41. He then ferried arms and ammunition for the Royal Army Service Corps until the end of the war. For these services Lightoller was mentioned in despatches in December 1944. After the Second World War, Lightoller managed a small boatyard in Twickenham, West London, called Richmond Slipways, which built motor launches for the river police. <mask>'s parents were Frederick James <mask> and Sarah Jane Widdows. His siblings, Richard Ashton and Caroline Mary <mask>, both died of scarlet fever in early childhood. On an Australian run on board the  in 1903, Lightoller met Australian Iowa Sylvania Zillah Hawley-Wilson, known as "Sylvia", on her way home to Sydney after a stay in England.On the return voyage, she accompanied Lightoller as his bride. The couple had five children: Frederic Roger, Richard Trevor, Sylvia Mavis, Claire Doreen, and Herbert Brian. Their youngest son Brian, an RAF pilot, was killed in action on 4 September 1939 in a bombing raid over Wilhelmshaven, Germany, on the first night of Britain's entry into the Second World War. Their eldest son, Roger, served in the Royal Navy and was killed in March 1945 during the Granville raid whilst commanding a Motor Torpedo Boat. Trevor joined the army and gained the rank of lieutenant colonel, serving under General Bernard Montgomery's command for the duration of the war. Mavis served in the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry, and Doreen in the Political Intelligence Unit. His grandson, A.T<mask>, served in the Royal Navy, commanding the submarine  in the early 1970s.In the summer of 1952, Lightoller had been contacted by executives from 20th Century Fox to supervise their production in Los Angeles of Titanic. He refused due to declining health and his fear of flying on airplanes, now surpassing ships as the means of international travel. <mask> died of chronic heart disease on 8 December 1952, aged 78. A long-time pipe smoker, he died during London's Great Smog of 1952. His body was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at the Commonwealth "Garden of Remembrance" at Mortlake Crematorium in Richmond, Surrey. Portrayals
Herbert Tiede (1943) — Titanic (German film)
Edmund Purdom (1953) — Titanic (American film)
Neil North (1956) — Kraft Television Theatre : "A Night to Remember" (American TV)
Kenneth More (1958) — A Night to Remember (British film)
Malcolm Stoddard (1979) — S.O.S. Titanic (TV film)
Sigmar Solbach (1984) — Titanic (German film)
Malcolm Stoddard (1995) — No Greater Love (TV film)
Kevin McNulty (1996) — Titanic (TV miniseries)
John Bolton (1997) — Titanic (Broadway musical)
Jonathan Phillips (1997) — Titanic (Film)
Tim Curry (1999) — The Titanic Chronicles (TV film)
Jesse Baker (2003) — Ghosts of the Abyss (Documentary)
Steven Waddington (2012) — Titanic (TV series/4 episodes)
In the 2017 film Dunkirk, Mark Rylance plays "Mr. Dawson", a character inspired by Lightoller

Notes

References

Further reading

<mask>, C. H., Cmdr.(ca.1920). London: Grove Press. External links

 BBC Radio Interview with <mask> about Dunkirk Evacuation

1874 births
1952 deaths
British Merchant Navy officers
British people of World War II
English Christian Scientists
Military personnel from Lancashire
People from Chorley
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
RMS Titanic's crew and passengers
RMS Titanic survivors

Royal Navy officers of World War I
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War I
Pipe

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Family Lightoller
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. Lightoller
Death Lightoller
Lightoller
Charles Lightoller


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<mask> (born 1941) is an American philosopher, writer and editor. <mask> is currently director of the Research Center on Computing and Society at Southern Connecticut State University, where he is also a professor of philosophy, and visiting professor in the Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility in De Montfort University, Leicester, England. He is best known as a pioneer and historian in the field of computer and information ethics; for his achievements in that field, he was awarded the Barwise Prize of the American Philosophical Association, the Weizenbaum Award of the International Society for Ethics and Information Technology, and the 2011 Covey Award of the International Association for Computing and Philosophy. In addition, <mask> was the founder and longtime editor-in-chief of the philosophy journal Metaphilosophy (1968 to 1993); a key founding figure (1974–1980) and the first executive director (1980–1982) of the American Association of Philosophy Teachers; biographer of the philosopher/ mathematician Gottlob Frege, as well as a translator of Frege's early works in logic. Bynum's most recent research and publications concern the ultimate nature of the universe and the impact of the information revolution upon philosophy. Education

As a teenager with a home chemistry set, Bynum became interested in the ultimate nature of the universe, an interest that was reinforced by a high school chemistry teacher who taught "the new chemistry" of the 1950s, and also by an English teacher who assigned philosophical writing exercises to her students. After high school, <mask> studied chemistry at the University of Delaware (1959 to 1963), where, in 1961, philosopher Bernard Baumrin created the Delaware Seminars in Philosophy of Science  featuring lectures by world-famous philosophers of science, such as Carl Hempel, Adolph Grunbaum, and Ernest Nagel.Impressed by the Delaware Seminars, <mask> added philosophy as a second field of study, and Baumrin became his logic teacher and mentor. At that time, <mask> developed a strong interest in the life and work of philosopher/ mathematician Gottlob Frege. As an undergraduate at the University of Delaware, <mask> was surprised to learn that, although Gottlob Frege was considered by many to be "the greatest logician since Aristotle", very little was known about Frege's life, and some of his most important logical writings had never been translated into English. <mask> vowed to write Frege's biography and translate Frege’s most important logical works, if the opportunity arose to do so. In 1963, <mask> graduated from Delaware with a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry with Honors and Distinction and a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy with Honors and Distinction. His senior thesis derived a complex acid-base algorithm from the laws of thermodynamics using symbolic logic. In 1963–64, he was a Fulbright Fellow at the University of Bristol, England, studying philosophy of science with Stephan Körner.From 1964 to 1967 he was a graduate student, with a Danforth Fellowship and a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, in Princeton University's Program in the History and Philosophy of Science. In that program, he took courses that included, among others, history of science with Thomas Kuhn, philosophy of science with Carl Hempel, logic with Alonzo Church, and analytic philosophy with Richard Rorty. In 1966, he was awarded an MA in philosophy by Princeton. While still at Princeton, <mask> began writing a manuscript on Frege, which originally was to be a doctoral dissertation, but developed, instead, into the "Frege project". To complete his university education, <mask> entered the PhD Program in philosophy at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York in 1982. He was granted an MPhil in philosophy from CUNY in 1984 and a PhD in philosophy in 1986. His doctoral dissertation was entitled Aristotle's Theory of Human Action, and it was written under the direction of Bernard Baumrin.Frege Project (1962 to 1972)

As a graduate student in Princeton's Program in History and Philosophy of Science, <mask> chose to make Frege's philosophy of mathematics and groundbreaking logical achievements the center of his graduate school research. This "Frege project" began to flourish in summer 1965 when <mask> was in Europe. He interviewed Bertrand Russell, who had discovered the famous "Russell's paradox" in Frege’s logical foundation for arithmetic; and he also interviewed Rudolf Carnap, who had been a student of Frege's. Of special importance was a meeting that <mask> had with Ignacio Angelelli, who recently had visited Jena University in Germany where Frege spent his entire academic career. While in Jena, Angelelli had secured a photograph of Frege and a wealth of materials about Frege’s career and personal life. He generously shared those materials with <mask>. During 1966 and 1967, <mask> completed the bulk of the work on his biography of Frege, his English translation of Frege's Begriffsschrift and related articles, and his extensive annotated Frege bibliography.In 1972 the resulting Frege book was published by the Clarendon Press branch of Oxford University Press. In 2002, it was republished as an Oxford Scholarly Classic, which, according to the editors of that Oxford series, is a "great academic work" containing "some of the finest scholarship of the last century". Metaphilosophy

In the mid 1960s, while he was a graduate student at Princeton, <mask> attended Richard Rorty's seminar on the history of analytic philosophy, where Rorty was trying out various articles for possible inclusion in his forthcoming book The Linguistic Turn. According to <mask>, he and his fellow graduate students "were amazed at Professor Rorty's ability to 'stand back' from philosophy and describe how one branch of philosophy relates to another, how one school or method of philosophy compares to other schools and methods, how philosophy relates to other disciplines, and so on... [Rorty] had a remarkable ability to explain and compare an impressive diversity of philosophical movements, schools, methods and trends." <mask> believed that there should be a philosophy journal specializing in the publication of such metaphilosophical articles, and he was surprised to discover that no such journal existed. He vowed, at that time, to create such a journal himself in a decade or two after he had established his career in philosophy. Surprisingly, he created such a journal, instead, in 1968, just a year after leaving Princeton.This happened because he sustained a serious eye accident in August 1968 that left him flat on his back in bed for a number of weeks. As a result, he quickly became bored and tried to think of something constructive to do. He hit upon the idea of creating the journal Metaphilosophy, and sought the advice of his undergraduate mentor, Bernard Baumrin. Baumrin suggested that <mask> should persuade a number of famous philosophers to serve on a Board of Consulting Editors, then send a journal proposal to the publisher Basil Blackwell, who already published several important philosophy journals, such as Mind. <mask> followed Baumrin's advice and sent a proposal to Blackwell in late 1968. Blackwell accepted <mask>'s proposal, and the first issue of Metaphilosophy was published in January 1970. The journal flourished, and in 1977 the librarians' magazine Choice described it as "one of the top English-language philosophy journals".<mask> remained Editor-in-Chief of Metaphilosophy until 1993, when he turned it over to his colleague, Armen Marsoobian, at Southern Connecticut State University, because he had become very busy creating and running the Research Center on Computing and Society. American Association of Philosophy Teachers
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, during the Vietnam War, university students across America demanded that their university courses should be "relevant" to their lives and to the solution of urgent social problems. In this environment, as the Editor-in-Chief of Metaphilosophy, <mask> had begun (in 1969) to accept articles on topics, such as "applied philosophy" and philosophical analyses of social unrest, as well as articles on the improvement of the teaching of philosophy. By 1974, <mask> was convinced that there should be a national conference on the teaching of philosophy, not only to improve the teaching of traditional philosophy courses, but also to create new courses in applied philosophy in new environments, such as elementary schools, high schools, technical colleges, public libraries, prisons and "old folks' homes". He organized and headed a conference planning committee consisting of scholars and teachers from universities, colleges, technical schools, high schools, elementary schools, and a representative of the American Philosophical Association. The resulting conference was called The National Workshop-Conference on Teaching Philosophy, and it occurred on the campus of Union College in Schenectady, New York in August 1976. It lasted five days and attracted over 300 attendees from the United States, Canada and Japan.At the closing session, the attendees asked <mask> and his committee to put together a similar conference to be held two years later. In August 1978, the Second National Workshop-Conference on Teaching Philosophy, again headed by <mask>, occurred for a second time on the Union College campus. At the closing session, attendees asked <mask> and his committee to put together a professional organization to run such a workshop-conference every two years. <mask> appointed and headed a steering committee to create the new organization, which was to be called the American Association of Philosophy Teachers. In 1979, with advice from the steering committee, <mask> wrote the constitution and articles of incorporation and filed legal papers to make AAPT an official non-profit educational membership corporation of the State of New York. In August 1980, on the campus of the University of Toledo, the Third National Workshop-Conference on Teaching Philosophy became the first official conference of AAPT, and <mask> was selected as the first executive director, a position that he held for four years. He remained on the AAPT's board of officers until 1994, serving as vice-president in 1989 to 1990, president in 1991–1992, and past-president in 1993–1994.Since 1980, AAPT has continued to run Workshop-Conferences in August every two years. Research Center on Computing and Society

In 1978, <mask> attended a workshop on the topic of computer ethics conducted by Walter Maner, who was a member of the Philosophy Department of Old Dominion University. Maner had recently coined the name "computer ethics" and was teaching an experimental course on that subject at Old Dominion. That workshop was a career-changing event for <mask>, who became convinced by Maner that computer ethics was a vital subject that should be advanced and expanded. <mask> set himself the goal of spreading knowledge of computer ethics across America. With advice from Maner, he began to incorporate computer ethics components into his university courses, and he also started conducting workshops of his own. He encouraged Maner to publish his booklet, "A Starter-Kit on Teaching Computer Ethics", with the help of a small publishing company, Helvetia Press, that <mask> and his Swiss wife had created to disseminate applied-philosophy teaching materials generated by National Workshop-Conferences on Teaching Philosophy.(See the discussion of AAPT above.) Maner's "Starter Kit" was acquired by scores of schools and colleges across America in the early 1980s. Also in the early 1980s, to demonstrate to fellow philosophers that computer ethics was an important and viable new branch of applied ethics, <mask> decided to create an entire computer ethics issue of the journal Metaphilosophy (he was editor-in-chief of the journal at the time). To generate papers for the special issue, he arranged an essay competition on the topic of computer ethics, with a $500 first prize plus publication in the special issue for the best half-dozen submitted papers. Professor James Moor of Dartmouth submitted the prize-winning paper "What is Computer Ethics?" which became the lead article in the special issue. The issue had its own title (Computers and Ethics) and "book cover", and it was published as the October 1985 issue of Metaphilosophy.It quickly became the widest-selling issue of the journal and remained so for many years. In 1986 <mask> decided to find a university that would enable him to create a world-class research center on computer ethics. The following year he joined the faculty at Southern Connecticut State University, where he created, in 1988, the Research Center on Computing and Society. To generate a "critical mass" of scholars with whom his Center could work, <mask> decided to organize a national conference to which he would invite philosophers, computer scientists, and other academics, as well as public policy makers and journalists. He and Walter Maner decided to work together to plan the conference. In 1989, the National Science Foundation provided a conference-planning grant (grant # DIR-8820595) enabling <mask> and Maner to form a committee of 16 distinguished scholars and computer science leaders to plan the National Conference on Computing and Values (NCCV). In August 1991, NCCV (funded by NSF grant # DIR-9012492) was held at Southern Connecticut State University.It included 400 attendees from 32 states of the USA plus 7 other countries. It generated a wealth of computer ethics materials, including six printed monographs, six videotapes, and a set of computer ethics syllabi. After the conference, the staff of the Research Center on Computing and Society spent three years editing the NCCV materials and disseminating them to more than 300 universities worldwide. Publications

 <mask>, <mask> <mask> (2010), "Historical Roots of Information Ethics", in Floridi, Luciano, Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics, Cambridge University Press, pp. 20–38,
 <mask>, <mask> <mask> (2008), "Milestones in the History of Information and Computer Ethics", in Himma, Kenneth; Tavani, Herman, The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics, Wiley, pp. 25–48,
 <mask>, <mask> <mask> Wiener and the Rise of Information Ethics", in van den Hoven, Jeroen; Weckert, John, Information Technology and Moral Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, pp. 8–25,
 <mask>, <mask> <mask> (2006), "Flourishing Ethics", Ethics and Information Technology, 8, pp.157–173,
 <mask>, <mask> <mask>; Simon Rogerson, eds. (2004), Computer Ethics and Professional Responsibility, Blackwell,   (Chinese translation published in 2010 by Peking University Press )
 <mask>, <mask> <mask>; Moor, James, eds. (2002), CyberPhilosophy: The Intersection of Computing and Philosophy, Blackwell,
 Bynum, <mask> (2001), "Computer Ethics: Its Birth and its Future", Ethics and Information Technology, 3, pp. 109–118,
 Moor, James; <mask>, <mask> <mask>, eds. (1998), The Digital Phoenix: How Computers Are Changing Philosophy, Blackwell,
 Bynum, <mask> <mask>, ed. (1985), Computers and Ethics,
 <mask>, <mask> <mask>, ed., trans. (1972), Conceptual Notation and related articles, Oxford University Press

References

External links
 <mask> <mask>num, staff page at Southern Connecticut State University

American philosophers
Southern Connecticut State University faculty
Academics of De Montfort University
Living people
Princeton University alumni
Alumni of the University of Bristol
University of Delaware alumni
Graduate Center, CUNY alumni
1941 births

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<mask> (; ; born 20 May 1964) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a sweeper. Nicknamed the deer due to his elegant tackles, he spent the majority of his 19-year professional career with Steaua București (ten seasons), winning the European Cup with that team and Red Star Belgrade, thus becoming the first player (to play in the final) to win the trophy with two clubs and the only player to win the trophy with two different Eastern European teams. In 1991 he was nominated for the Ballon d'Or. Belodedici also played in Spain and Mexico. Belodedici won 55 caps with Romania, representing the nation at the 1994 World Cup and two European Championships. Club career

Early life and Steaua
<mask> was born in a family of Serbian ethnicity in the village of Socol, near the border with Serbia. He began playing organized football at the late age of 16.Belodedici spoke only Serbian until elementary school, and completed his first four grades in that language. In the fifth he began learning Romanian, which he eventually mastered with the help from his Romanian junior national team team-mates Gavril Balint and Gheorghe Hagi. He joined the youth squad of Minerul Moldova Nouă in 1978, aged 14, his first coach being Olimp Mateescu; three years later he moved to Luceafărul București, a team created by the Romanian Football Federation for the purpose of gathering all talented young players in the country in one squad. In the summer of 1982, Belodedici was signed by CSA Steaua București, being selected by the club's chairman Ion Alecsandrescu, who was in search for a high quality sweeper. He finished his first season with 17 Liga I appearances, then proceeded to become a first-team regular in the following seasons as the club won five consecutive national championships, including four doubles. Belodedici helped Steaua become the first Romanian – and Eastern Europe – club to win the European Cup in 1985–86, playing the full 120 minutes in the final against FC Barcelona in Seville. He also started in the subsequent UEFA Super Cup, won against FC Dynamo Kyiv.Red Star Belgrade
In 1988, when Nicolae Ceauşescu was still in power, Belodedici defected from his home country to the neighbouring Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He later gave an account of his escape to Belgrade: once he saw himself in the city, he contacted the president of Red Star Belgrade, but could not get through due to widespread commotion in the team over their defeat in the derby with FK Partizan. A Serbian friend attempted to have him agree to sign for Partizan instead, but the player insisted that he would only play for Red Star; the president interrupted their conversation and, when he realized that he was in fact the 1986 European Cup winner, he immediately signed him. However, during his first year, Belodedici had to play without a legal contract, and only in friendly matches, as the Romanian authorities forged his professional player contract, and UEFA suspended him for one year on the basis of data furnished. The Ceaușescu regime found him guilty of treason and sentenced him to ten years of prison in absentia; after the Romanian Revolution of 1989, all charges were dropped, and Belodedici returned to Bucharest. In 1989, Belodedici was given the green light to play for Red Star and, soon after, became a permanent fixture on the squad. In 1990–91 he won the European Cup for the second time, scoring in the final against Olympique de Marseille during the penalty shootout, and became the first player to conquer the tournament with two different clubs, by playing in both finals; amongst other accolades, he also won three Yugoslav First League championships in a row and one Cup.Spain
Belodedici signed with Valencia CF for the 1992–93 season, being a starter in his second year as the Che finished in seventh position, with no fewer than four managers being used during the campaign, including Guus Hiddink twice. He moved to Real Valladolid in 1994, with the team ranking 19th but avoiding relegation as La Liga was expanded from 20 to 22 clubs. He spent his last season in Spain with Villarreal CF from Segunda División, in a return to the Valencian Community. Later years
Belodedici spent two years in Mexico with Atlante FC. In 1998, aged 34, he returned to his main club Steaua, still being a relatively important defensive unit and winning two major titles, including the 2001 national championship. Belodedici retired from football in June 2001, having appeared in 235 games in Romania's top flight (21 goals) and winning 11 major titles. Subsequently, he worked with the Romanian Football Federation, coordinating national youth teams.International career
Belodedici made his debut for Romania on 31 July 1984 – aged 20 – in a 1–0 friendly win over China. In 1987, he scored three of his five international goals, one in the UEFA Euro 1988 qualifiers against Albania (5–1 win in Bucharest). Because of his escape to Yugoslavia, Belodedici was excluded from the national team during more than three years. He returned in time to be selected and play all the games at the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States as they exited in the quarter-finals, missing his attempt in the shootout against Sweden in the last-eight stage; additionally, he was selected for the Euro 1996 and Euro 2000 tournaments, totalling four appearances combined and reaching the quarter-finals in the latter. International goals
Scores and results list Romania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Belodedici goal. Honours
Steaua București
Divizia A: 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 2000–01
Cupa României: 1984–85, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1998–99
European Cup: 1985–86
UEFA Super Cup: 1986

Red Star Belgrade
Yugoslav First League: 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92
Yugoslav Cup: 1989–90
European Cup: 1990–91
Intercontinental Cup: 1991

Individual
Ballon d'Or: 1991 (8th place)

References

External links

CiberChe stats and bio

Romania stats at Eu-Football

1964 births
Living people
People from Caraș-Severin County
Romanian people of Serbian descent
Romanian footballers
Association football defenders
Liga I players
CSA Steaua București footballers
Yugoslav First League players
Red Star Belgrade footballers
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Valencia CF players
Real Valladolid players
Villarreal CF players
Liga MX players
Atlante F.C. footballers
Romania under-21 international footballers
Romania international footballers
1994 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1996 players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
Romanian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Yugoslavia
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Mexico
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Yugoslavia
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Romanian defectors

masks:
Miodrag Belodedici
Belodedici