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<mask>, Sardauna of Sokoto (12 June 1910 – 15 January 1966), knighted as Sir <mask>, was a conservative Nigerian statesman who masterminded Northern Nigeria through the independence of Nigeria in 1960 and served as its first and only premier from 1954 until his assassination in 1966, in which capacity he dominated national affairs for over a decade. He was also the leader of the Northern Peoples Congress, the ruling party at the time consisting of the Hausa-Fulani elite. He had previously been elected into the regional legislature and later became a government minister. A member of the Sokoto Caliphate dynasty, he made attempts at becoming Sultan of Sokoto before later joining politics. Early years
<mask> was born in Rabah c. 1910 to the family of <mask>. His father held the title of Sarkin Rabah. He is a descendant of Uthman dan Fodio founder of the Sokoto Caliphate, a great grandson of <mask> and a grandson of Sultan Atiku na Raba.He is a descendant of a Toronkawa (Torodbe) family that are partly  Arabs and partly Fulani as stated by Abdullahi dan Fodio, brother of Usman dan Fodio, the clan is claimed to descent from the Arabs through Uqba ibn Nafi who was an Arab Muslim of the Umayyad branch of the Quraysh, and hence, a member of the family of the Prophet, Uqba ibn Nafi allegedly married a Fulani woman called Bajjumangbu through which the Torodbe family of Usman dan Fodio descended. Caliph Muhammed <mask> writing in his book Infaq al-Mansur claimed descent from Prophet Muhammad through his paternal grandmother's lineage called Hawwa (mother of Usman dan Fodio), Alhaji Muhammadu Junaidu, Wazirin Sokoto, a scholar of Fulani history, restated the claims of Shaykh Abdullahi bin Fodio in respect of the Danfodio family been part Arabs and part Fulani, while <mask> <mask> in his autobiography written after independence replicated Caliph's Muhammadu <mask> claim of descent from the Arabs through Usman Danfodio's mother, the historical account indicates that the family of Shehu dan Fodio are partly Arabs and partly Fulani who culturally assimilated with the Hausas and can be described as Hausa-Fulani Arabs. Prior to the beginning of the 1804 Jihad the category Fulani was not important for the Torankawa (Torodbe), their literature reveals the ambivalence they had defining Torodbe-Fulani relationships. They adopted the language of the Fulbe and much ethos while maintaining a separate identity. The Toronkawa clan at first recruited members from all levels of Sūdānī society, particularly the poorer people. Toronkawa clerics included people whose origin was Fula, Wolof, Mande, Hausa and Berber. However, they spoke the Fula language, married into Fulbe families, and became the Fulbe scholarly caste.He received Islamic education at home, where he learnt the Qur'an, Islamic jurisprudence and the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad. He later attended Sokoto Provincial School and the Katsina Training College (now Barewa College). During his school days, he was known as <mask> Rabah. Some also called him Gamji growing up He finished school in 1931 and subsequently became the English teacher in Sokoto Middle School. In 1934, <mask> was made the District Head of Rabah by Sultan Hassan dan Mu'azu, succeeding his brother. In 1938, he was promoted to the position of Divisional Head of Gusau (in present-day Zamfara State) and became a member of the Sultan's council. In 1938, at the age of just 28, he made attempts to become the Sultan of Sokoto but was not successful, losing to Sir Siddiq Abubakar III who reigned for 50 years until his death in 1988.The new Sultan immediately made Sir <mask> <mask> the Sardauna (Crown Prince) of Sokoto, a chieftaincy title, and promoted him to the Sokoto Native Authority Council. These titles automatically made him the Chief Political Adviser to the Sultan. Later, he was put in charge of the Sokoto Province to oversee 47 districts and by 1944, he was back at the Sultan's Palace to work as the Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration. Early political career

In the 1940s, he joined Jamiyya Mutanen Arewa which would later become the Northern People's Congress (NPC) in 1951. In 1948, he traveled to England on a government scholarship to study Local Government Administration, which broadened his understanding and knowledge of governance. Young politician
After returning from Britain, he was nominated to represent the province of Sokoto in the regional House of Assembly. As a member of the assembly, he was a notable voice for northern interests and embraced a style of consultation and consensus with the major representatives of the northern emirates namely Kano, Bornu and Sokoto.He was selected among with others as a member of a committee that redrafted the Richards Constitution and he also attended a general conference in Ibadan. His work at the assembly and in the constitution drafting committee brought him appreciation in the north and he was asked to take on leadership positions within Jamiyya Mutanen Arewa. In the first elections held in Northern Nigeria in 1952, Sir <mask> <mask> won a seat in the Northern House of Assembly, and became a member of the regional executive council as minister of works. <mask> was successfully minister of Works, of Local Government, and of Community Development in the Northern Region of Nigeria. In 1954, <mask> became the first Premier of Northern Nigeria. Independence of Nigeria
In the 1959 independence elections, <mask> led the NPC to win a plurality of the parliamentary seats. <mask>'s NPC forged an alliance with Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe's NCNC (National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from Britain.In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the Nigeria, <mask> as president of the NPC, chose to remain Premier of Northern Nigeria and devolved the position of Prime Minister of the Federation to the deputy president of the NPC, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Premier of Northern Nigeria
<mask> originally embraced the Indirect rule system of colonial Nigeria before gradually embracing reforms. During his period of premiership, his biographer, John Paden described him as a progressive conservative, because he was an agent of change and also of the traditional elites. <mask>'s leadership characteristics was a blend of religious, traditional and modern values and his obligation in colonial and post-independence Nigeria was performing these different roles in the northern region. Northernisation
Due to a limited number of qualified graduates from the region, Sir <mask> <mask> instated the northernisation of the regions public service. Administration in the North was through indirect rule and Western education was not considered very important in many divisions. After the regionalization of the public service, political leaders in the region felt that the number of Northerners in the service was minimal in comparison to their counterparts in the South.Due to political considerations, leaders in the region limited the recruitment of Southerners into the Northern regional service and found ways to push up the ranks of northerners in junior and senior position. The leaders retained the services of expatriates,  because Northerners regarded expatriates as transients but feared southern domination of the regional civil service. Measures were put in place to train northerners; in 1949, a scholarship board provided grants to almost all Northerners with qualifications to enter universities. In 1957, administration courses were taught at the Institute of Administration in Zaria. Apart from trying to fill positions in the civil service with Northerners, political leaders in the zone also made it a priority to secure Northern representation in senior positions of the Federal service. Economy
Various institutions were created under Bello, including the Northern Nigeria Development Corporation (NNDC), Bank of the North and Northern Nigeria Investments Ltd (NNIL). NNDC was an holding company with capital sourced from the region's marketing board while NNIL was a partnership between the Commonwealth Development Corporation and NNDC created to assist in the industrial development in Northern Nigeria.Education
<mask> initiated plans to modernise traditional Koranic education in Northern Nigeria. He set up a commission to this effect and gave official recognition to the schools. The commission recommended the introduction of secular subjects in the schools and creation of different classes for pupils. Part of his educational objectives was building a school in each province in Northern Nigeria. Final years
<mask>'s final years were characterized by his earlier years. A major priority of his was making sure the region was at par politically and economically with the Western and Eastern regions. This contributed to the decision to replace both Southerners and Europeans in the Northern region's civil services with Northerners, a policy that received criticism from opposition leaders such as Ibrahim Imam.Coup warnings and predictions
Prior to the 1966 Nigerian coup d'etat, Bello received warnings from the Premier of the Western Region Samuel Akintola, and Brigadier Samuel Ademulegun. Assassination
On 15 January 1966, <mask> was assassinated by Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu an Igbo Nigerian Army officer in a coup which toppled Nigeria's post-independence government. He was still serving as premier of Northern Nigeria at the time. This was the first coup in the history of Nigeria, which heralded the rise of the military in the country's politics. Also assassinated in the coup was his long time friend Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa alongside many political elites in the north and in the west. Bello had three wives at the time of his death. Hafsatu, his senior wife, died alongside him.He had three surviving daughters with another wife, Amina (Goggon Kano). His eldest daughter was Inno, followed by Aisha and Lubabatu. Legacy and memory
<mask>'s greatest legacy was the modernization and unification of the diverse people of Northern Nigeria. Reputation
<mask> <mask> believed that every Nigerian, and all human beings are created equally, that they are endowed by God with rights among which are life, liberty, equal opportunity, blessings and the legitimate pursuit of happiness. Throughout his political career and before, he espoused high morality and intellectual virtues. Place names
A number of localities and monuments around the country have been named in Sardauna's honour. They include:

 The Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria is named after him.His portrait adorns the 200 naira banknote. Gallery

See also

 Nigerian First Republic

Further reading

<mask> <mask>; My Life, Cambridge University Press, 1962. References

Citations

Cited sources

External links
 200 Naira note
 Sir <mask> <mask>, and Muhammadu Sanusi I Visiting the United Nations, New York City, July 1960
 The Sardauna of Sokoto Hosting UK Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in Northern Nigeria, January 1960
Sardauna Hosts Princess Alexandra at Sokoto Durbar | Independence Celebrations | Oct. 1960

1910 births
1966 deaths
Nigerian recipients of British titles
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Politicians from Sokoto State
Nigerian knights
Nigerian Muslims
Nigerian royalty
Assassinated Nigerian politicians
People murdered in Nigeria
Northern People's Congress politicians
20th-century Nigerian politicians
People of colonial Nigeria
Dan Fodio family
1960s murders in Nigeria
1966 crimes in Nigeria
1966 murders in Africa
Nigerian Fula people
Nigerian people of Arab descent
African people of Arab descent
People of Arab descent
Fula people

masks:
Ahmadu Ibrahim Bello
Ahmadu Bello
Bello
Mallam Ibrahim Bello
Sultan Muhammad Bello
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello


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<mask><mask> (July 27, 1850 – April 24, 1900) was a minister and leader in the Baptist church from Savannah, Georgia. He was pastor of one of the largest churches in the country and was a prominent activist for black civil rights and anti-lynching laws. He played an important role in establishing separate black Baptist national organizations and advocating for black leadership of Baptist institutions, especially schools. Early life
<mask> was born a slave on July 27, 1850 near Marion, Alabama in Perry County. He was largely uneducated and worked on a farm until 1870 when he entered Lincoln University in Marion where he studied until 1872. He returned to farm work that year and November 17, 1872 he enrolled in the Augusta Institute (later renamed Morehouse College) in Augusta, Georgia under Reverend Joseph T. Robert. On December 12, 1875 he was ordained in the Baptist church.He graduated in 1877 and was appointed missionary for the state of Georgia by the American Baptist Home Mission Society of New York and the Georgia Mission Society. On July 1, 1879 he resigned to take charge of the First Baptist Church in Thomasville, Georgia. He resigned this post and returned to the position of missionary for the State on October 1, 1881, this time under the auspices of the American Baptist Publication Society. On October 1, 1885 he resigned to accept another charge, pastor to the First African Baptist Church in Savannah, Georgia. This church was one of the largest churches in the world at that time. About that time, he was appointed editor of the Centennial Record and the Georgia Sentinel a Baptist journal and a Baptist Newspaper. Black separatism in Baptist leadership
In the 1880s American Baptist leadership was dominated by white, segregationist leaders.<mask> saw this as unjust, and pushed for more publication of racial issues by the American Baptist Publication Society, and proposed a separate black Baptist publication group. In the late 1880s, <mask> and William J. White were leaders in the separatist factions and called for greater representation of black leaders in Baptist organizations, as well as for black presidents at the Atlanta Baptist College and Spelman College and more representation in the boards of trustees of the schools. In 1887, <mask>, White, and James C. Bryan were noted for calling for black leadership at the Atlanta Baptist Seminary. <mask>'s outspokenness led to his promotion to official leadership within the black Baptist church. In 1888, <mask> was elected president of the colored Baptist Foreign Mission convention in Nashville, Tennessee. Rev.M. W. Gilbert of Nashville was elected vice president, J. J. Spellman of Jackson, Mississippi secretary and J. E. Farrier of Richmond, Virginia treasurer. Also in 1888, <mask> was among the leaders of a group of 350 leading black Georgians met to push for education legislation and to opposed discrimination, particularly in chain gangs, Jim Crow laws on public transportation, lynch law, disenfranchisement, and jury selection. That year, he published a history of black Baptist churches in America. Baxley affair

In Thomasville and Savannah in the late 1870s and the 1880s, <mask> was lauded by the white Baptist community for his work. This support did not extend to the broader white community, nor did it continue in the late 1880s. In 1889, he  was among a delegation to travel from Georgia to attend the annual meeting of the black Baptist Foreign Mission Convention in Indianapolis. The train on the East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia Railroad had only a first-class car and a smoking car.The delegates opposed smoking and drinking and desired to sit in a first-class car. They had been promised that a segregated first-class car would be provided, but it was not, and the black men found seats for themselves in the white first-class car. White passengers and rail conductors were unhappy and sent a telegram down the line informing people about the infraction. A black porter notified <mask> about the spread of the news, and once the train stopped at the next stop in Baxley, Georgia, a mob boarded the train and demanded the delegation leave. When they refused, they were attacked and beaten and <mask> believed that they would have been killed without the interference of the conductor. Five of the delegates including <mask> and Rev. C. K. Spratling pushed on and went to Indianapolis.They also published an article describing the event which was republished widely. At the convention, <mask> was elected president and Solomon T. Clanton, J. E. Jones, and J. E. Farrer officers while vice presidents were selected from the various states. A committee of nearly twenty men were selected to go to Washington and demand protection for blacks in the South taking special notice of the attack on <mask> and Spratling. The Convention also succeeded at pressuring the American Baptist Publication Society to promise to publish articles by black leaders Walter H. Brooks, William J. Simmons, and <mask> in its journal, the Baptist Teacher. When white leaders in the society reneged on this promise, the group organized the National Baptist Publishing Board to publish the writings of black Baptist leaders. American Baptist Publication Society leader Benjamin Griffith claimed that no affront was intended and endeavored to expand black representation in the society and in its publications. For their outspokenness, <mask> and the two others were forced out of the American Baptist Publication Board in 1889.Conflicts in the 1890s

In 1890, <mask> and Richard R. Wright Sr. were in a dispute with William White, Judson Lyons, Henry A. Rucker, and especially John H. Deveaux, who was in control of Georgia's African American Republic Party machinery. The dispute centered around leadership of the party district nomination conventions. Lyons, Rucker, and Deveaux were all supported by patronage of Booker T. Washington of the Tuskegee Institute and were identified with light-skinned elites, while <mask> and Wright (and Charles T. Walker) represented a "black" or "darker-skinned" faction, although skin color was not as important as political allegiance and ideology. Dispute within the Baptist church continued as well, and by 1890, <mask> and Bryan were calling for blacks to stop participating in the American Baptist Missionary Society's educational programs, although White was more friendly, and in 1892, the dispute led to separatism at the state convention. In 1893, a group within <mask>'s congregation at the First African Baptist Church in Savannah sought to remove <mask>. They made several charges of immorality against him, but were unable to establish their case. At the 1893 black state Baptist convention, cooperationists supported Charles T. Walker for president of the group while separatists supported <mask>.The accusations against <mask> complicated the issue, but he still won the election. As a result of the conflict within his church, about 1,000 members left to form another branch - since the total size of the congregation was as many as 5,000, this did not cripple the church. About this time William E. Holmes, before an opponent of <mask> and White, changed his position and supported the separatist cause. <mask>'s leadership in the church continued, however. In 1895, he was corresponding secretary of the Colored Baptist Foreign Mission Convention, with E. C. Morris president and S. T. Clanton and J. L. Dart as fellow officers. In 1896, <mask> was president of the separatist General Missionary Baptist Convention and continued to advocate black decision makers in prominent positions, especially in leadership of schools for black students. However, he was no longer in accord with William White.White was working with American Baptist Home Missionary Society secretary, Thomas J. Morgan, to repair the strains, but their work only further alienated <mask>, who was becoming increasingly supportive of black nationalism. In 1897, White was editor of the Georgia Baptist and succeeded in isolating <mask> in <mask>'s call for a separate, black Baptist college, although <mask> did succeed in gaining support for the Publishing Board of the National Baptist Convention. Republican politics

In 1896, Alfred Eliab Buck was the leader of the Georgia Republican Party. Buck was the president of the Republican State Convention in late April and presided over the electing of delegates to the 1896 Republican National Convention. There was dispute over the delegates, which Buck attempted to preempt by passing a "harmony" slate of delegates outside of standard procedure - <mask> would call it a "lilly white" slate, although it did include blacks. However, the slate did not include <mask>'s friend, Richard R. Wright Sr., who many believed would be a delegate. The convention erupted in protest and a representative of Buck's attempted to adjourn the meeting and the Buck faction left the hall.The <mask> and Wright faction remained and <mask> took the chair, electing a new slate of delegates, now including <mask> (and Buck but still not Wright). Eventually Wright was not selected as a delegate, but did attend as an alternate. Other activities
<mask>'s work in Georgia was widespread. He wrote or edited three Baptist journals: the Centennial Record, the Georgia Sentinel, and the Baptist Truth as well as two secular papers, the Augusta Weekly Sentinel and the Albany Watchman. The Augusta Sentinel Newspaper was a Republican paper cofounded by Richard R. Wright St, Rev. Charles T. Walker, and <mask>. <mask> later pushed to have Wright installed as president of Georgia's first black college.As a part of his journalism, he helped found the publication group for the black National Baptist Convention. He was also president of the Missionary Baptist Convention of Georgia and together with William E. Holmes, was instrumental in founding the Baptist school, Central City College in Macon, Georgia. He strongly condemned violence against blacks and many of his sermons were reprinted and widely distributed. One example of both was the November 5, 1893, "Sermon on Lunch Law and Raping". At the time of his death in 1900, <mask> was editor of the Baptist Truth, president of the Baptist Missionary Society, and treasurer of Central City College at Macon. He was chairman of the committee which secured the Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youth for Savannah, now called Savannah State University. He was also a freemason.Death
<mask> died April 24, 1900. His funeral was at the First African Baptist church, where he was pastor, and he was buried at Laurel Grove cemetery. References

1850 births
1900 deaths
People from Perry County, Alabama
People from Savannah, Georgia
African-American Baptist ministers
Baptist ministers from the United States
Activists for African-American civil rights
Activists from Alabama
Baptists from Alabama
19th-century American clergy

masks:
Emanuel K
. Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love


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<mask> (Nôbonita <mask>) (13 January 1938 – 7 November 2019) was an Indian writer and academic. After studying arts and comparative literature, she moved to the USA where she studied further. She returned to India and taught at several universities and institutes as well as serving in various positions in literary institutes. She published more than 80 books in Bengali: poetry, novels, short stories, plays, literary criticism, personal essays, travelogues, humour writing, translations and children's literature. She was awarded the Padma Shri in 2000 and the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1999. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata) into a Bengali family on 13 January 1938. She was the only child of the poet-couple <mask> (Narendra Deb 7 July 1888- 19 April 1971, son of Nagendra Chandra Deb) and <mask>, who wrote under the pen name <mask>.She was given her name by Rabindranath Tagore. Her childhood experiences included World War II air raids, seeing people starving in the Bengal famine of 1943, and the impact of large numbers of refugees arriving in Calcutta after the partition of India. She attended Gokhale Memorial Girls' School and Lady Brabourne College. She received her BA in English from University of Calcutta, and was a student of inaugural batch of the Department of Comparative Literature at Jadavpur University, from where she obtained her MA in 1958. She obtained another MA (with distinction) in comparative literature from Harvard University in 1961 and went on to receive a doctorate from Indiana University in 1964. Personal life

In 1959, she married Amartya <mask>, an economist and academician and then a Lecturer of Economics at the Jadavpur University, who would be awarded the Nobel prize four decades later. She moved to Britain with him and they became the parents of two daughters, Antara <mask> and Nandana <mask>. She then completed her post-doctoral research at the University of California at Berkeley and Newnham College, Cambridge University.After her divorce in 1976, she returned to Calcutta with her daughters. She had one adopted daughter Srabasti Basu. Her hobbies included reading, records, and travelling. In addition to Bengali and English, she could read Hindi, Oriya, Assamese, French, German, Greek, Sanskrit, and Hebrew. Career

Academic
<mask> was a writer in residence at several international artists' colonies, including Yaddo and MacDowell Colony in the United States; Bellaggio in Italy; and the Mishkenot Sha'ananim in Jerusalem. She held the Maytag Chair of Creative Writing and Comparative Literature at Colorado College, 1988–1989. She was a visiting professor and a visiting creative writer at several universities including Harvard, Cornell, Columbia, Chicago (USA), Humboldt (Germany), Universities of Toronto, British Columbia (Canada), Melbourne, New South Wales (Australia), and El Collegio de Mexico.She delivered the Radhakrishnan Memorial Lecture series (1996–1997) at Oxford University on epic poetry. In 2002, <mask> retired as Professor of Comparative Literature at Jadavpur University, Calcutta. She was a University Grants Commission Senior Fellow at University of Delhi. From 2003 to 2005, <mask> was the J. P. Naik Distinguished Fellow at the Centre of Women's Development Studies in New Delhi. She represented herself and India in many international conferences, both academic and literary, and at the Festival of India USA in 1986. Associations

She held executive positions in the International Comparative Literature Association (1973–1979), and the International Association of Semiotic and Structural Studies (1989–1994). <mask> was the Vice-President of the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, an academy for Bengali literature.She was the founder and president of West Bengal Women Writers' Association. She was the founder secretary and later Vice-President of the Indian National Comparative Literature Association. She was a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain. She was a member of the Advisory Board for Bengali, Sahitya Akademi from 1978 to 1982, as well as the Member and Convenor, Bharatiya Jnanpith Award Language Advisory Committee from 1975 to 1990. She also served as Member of the Jury of important literary awards including the Jnanpith Award, Saraswati Samman, Kabir Samman, and Rabindra Puraskar. Literary career
<mask> published more than 80 books in Bengali: poetry, novels, short stories, plays, literary criticism, personal essays, travelogues, humour writing, translations and children's literature. She worked with the treatment of women in world epics; she wrote several short stories presenting Sita in a different way from how she appears in the Ramayana.Her first collection of poems Pratham Pratyay (First Confidence) was published in 1959. Her second poetry collection Swagato Debdoot was published 12 years later. Her first novel Ami Anupam (I, Anupam) was published in 1976 in the Puja Issue of the Ananda Bazar Patrika. It is about urban middle class intellectuals who lead the youth in revolution and later contradict them during the Naxalite movement. <mask> dealt with a wide variety of social, political, psychological problems like the role of the intellectuals in the Naxalite movement (Ami Anupam, 1976), the identity crisis of Indian writing in English (1977), that of second generation non-resident Indians (1985), breakdown of the joint family, life in old age homes (1988), homosexuality (1995), facing AIDS (1999, 2002), child abuse, obsession, and uprootedness. Her first short story collection was Monsieur Hulor Holiday (Monsieur Hulo's Holiday, 1980). Her essays, such as Nati Nabanita (Nabaneeta the Actress, 1983), are considered the best of her prose writing by critic Sanjukta Gupta.Her best-selling Karuna Tomar Kon Path Diye (The Path of Thy Grace, 1978) has an account of a solo woman on pilgrimage to Kumbh Mela. Her travelogue Truck Bahoney Mac Mahoney depicts her ride on a ration truck across northeast India and Tibet in 1977. Her other notable works included Bama-bodhini,  Srestha kabita, and Sita theke suru. She was a well-known children's author in Bengali for her fairy tales and adventure stories, with girls as protagonist, having first written for children in 1979. She was the chief editor of Bengali in the Macmillan's Modern Indian Novels in English Translation series. Recognition
<mask> received many national and international awards and honours, including: Gouridevi Memorial Award, Mahadevi Verma Award (1992), Celli Award from Rockefeller Foundation (1993), Sarat Award from Bhagalpur University of Bihar (1994), Prasad Puraskar, Sahitya Akademi Award (1999). She has also received Rabindra Puraskar, Kabir Samman, Samskriti Award, Kamal Kumari National Award (2004), Mystic Kalinga Literary Award (2017), and the Big Little Book Award for children's literature in 2017, when the award focused on Bengali writing.She was awarded the Padma Shri (2000), the fourth highest civilian award by the Government of India. Death
She died on 7 November 2019 in Kolkata following cancer. References

External links

1938 births
2019 deaths
Amartya Sen
Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Bengali writers
Indian women novelists
Indian women poets
Writers from Kolkata
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali
Jadavpur University alumni
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
20th-century Indian novelists
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian women writers
Women writers from West Bengal
21st-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian novelists
21st-century Indian poets
Poets from West Bengal
Novelists from West Bengal
Indiana University alumni
Indian children's writers
Indian short story writers
Indian travel writers
Indian humorists
Indian essayists
Indian literary critics
Indian dramatists and playwrights
Indian translators

masks:
Nabaneeta Dev Sen
Deb Sen
Dev Sen
Narendra Dev
Radharani Devi
Aparajita Devi
Sen
Dev Sen
Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen


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<mask> (23 September 1898 – 8 August 1980) was a Korean independence activist and a general of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Korean War, who later became a diplomat and politician in South Korea. Born in North Pyongan, he did his early schooling in China and Korea, and had a brief career as a teacher before his connections with the nascent Korean independence movement led to his imprisonment. He fled into exile in China in 1918, and served in the Kuomintang's National Revolutionary Army from 1926 to 1948, following which he moved to the newly independent South Korea to join the Republic of Korea Army. He commanded South Korea's I Corps during the first year of the Korean War, and was then sent to Taipei as South Korea's ambassador to the Republic of China, which by then had retreated to Taiwan. His assignment there ultimately lasted nine years. He returned to South Korea in 1960 following the April Revolution which ended the rule of Syngman Rhee, and served briefly as Minister of Foreign Affairs under the Park Chung-hee junta. He ran for the National Assembly, first unsuccessfully in 1960 and 1963, and was then elected in 1967 and became a major figure in the opposition New Democratic Party.Being one of the most experienced and high-ranked among the officer corps that commanded the early Republic of Korea Army, he was nicknamed the "Five-star General". Early life and military career in China
<mask> was born on 23 September 1898 in Ryongchon County, North Pyongan Province. At age 15, shortly after the beginning of Japanese rule over Korea, he went to Fengtian (today Liaoning), China to attend a primary school there. He returned to Korea and at the age of 18 entered the  in Chongju. He later became an instructor at the Gyeongsin School in Sinchon County, Hwanghae Province, but his involvement in agitation against Japanese rule as a member of the alumni association of the Osan School resulted in his imprisonment. After his release, <mask> fled into exile in China in 1918. There, he was able to enter the Guizhou Military Academy thanks to an introduction by .In China he used a variety of aliases, including the Korean name Choe Se-pyeong () and the Chinese names Wang Hsiung (), Wang Yi-shu (), and Wang Fu-kao (). After his graduation in 1920 he proceeded to the Russian Far East to try to gain Russian support for the Korean independence movement, but faced numerous setbacks: first the fratricidal killings of the  in 1921, and then the withdrawal of Russian support in 1922. As a result, he crossed back into Northeast China late that year. He remained there for a few years, and briefly returned to teaching to make a living, taking up a post at the  established by  in the village of Mingdong (Myeongdong) in Helong County, Jilin. His alias Choe Se-pyeong itself embroiled him in a minor scandal in the village: it was rumoured he wanted to court a woman there whose surname was also Choe, but romance between individuals with the same surname was not encouraged in traditional Korean society, due to the possibility of violating the prohibition on marriage between people belonging to the same bon-gwan (clan). As a result, he revealed his real name to several people. However, Japanese secret police were increasingly active in Northeast China hunting down Korean partisans, and for his own safety <mask> left the region and went to Shanghai.In 1926, he joined the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army. His second son <mask>-jai was born around this time. He participated in the Northern Expedition, and was later stationed at Wusong Fort and then the . While assigned to the latter post, at the request of <mask> of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, he provided Lee Bong-chang and Yun Bong-gil with the bombs used in 1932 in the Sakuradamon assassination attempt against Emperor Hirohito and the Hongkew Park attack on Japanese troops which killed General Yoshinori Shirakawa of the Shanghai Expeditionary Army. During the Shanghai War of 1932, he served as an intelligence officer with the 19th Route Army. In 1934, he was reassigned to the Luoyang branch of the Republic of China Military Academy, where he was in charge of a special course for Korean officer candidates in the ROC army. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, <mask> was promoted to the rank of major-general in 1939, and lieutenant general in May 1945.After the surrender of Japan, he continued to serve in the National Revolutionary Army for a few more years, and was assigned to the , in which capacity he organised the repatriation of Koreans from Northeast China to the Korean peninsula. In South Korea

Military career

In August 1948, <mask> moved to South Korea to join the newly formed Republic of Korea Army. He was assigned to be the principal of the Korea Military Academy. In 1949, he finished writing the Outline of National Defense, one of the earliest works of the new country's Ministry of National Defense regarding military strategy. After the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950, <mask> became the commander of the I Corps. During the First Battle of Seoul, the I Corps held a position at Kumchon, North Hwanghae, to the north of Uijeongbu. Once he learned of the North Koreans' 28 June capture of Seoul, <mask> had his forces retreat to the south bank of the Han River and set up a defensive line, which they were able to hold for six days until 3 July when North Korea had recovered sufficiently from the demolition of the Hangang Bridge to begin sending tanks across the river.Historian Jongsuk Chay credited the time earned by this operation with "saving the Republic of Korea from communism". <mask> went on to fight in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter later that year. However, his conflicts with President Syngman Rhee and American military officers led to his discharge in March 1951. As a diplomat

<mask> arrived in Taipei, Taiwan on 3 November 1951 to begin his service as ambassador to the Republic of China. He remained in the position until 13 June 1960. On the occasion of his departure, General  presented him with the Order of the Cloud and Banner in recognition of his wartime military service to the Republic of China, as well as the second rank of the civilian Order of Brilliant Star. <mask> was one of a large number of high-level diplomatic personnel who resigned in the aftermath of the April Revolution, along with ambassador to the U.S.  and ambassador to Japan .In the aftermath of Park Chung-hee's May 1961 coup, <mask> served a brief term as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 21 May until his resignation on 21 July. He continued to play a role in foreign affairs after his resignation, and was dispatched to Niger in December 1961 as South Korea's representative to the celebrations for Niger's fourth Republic Day. In politics
<mask> made his first foray into electoral politics in the 1960 elections as a candidate for the Senate. He announced his intention to run when he resigned from his ambassadorial post. He ran as an independent in the Seoul electoral district, facing off against multiple Democratic Party and Liberal Party candidates. He came in seventh place behind  (independent),  (independent), <mask>-o (Democratic),  (Democratic), Go Hui-dong (Democratic), and  (Democratic). In December 1961, <mask> was chosen as the ninth president of the .In 1962, he was awarded the Independence Medal of the Order of Merit for National Foundation. <mask> then ran again in the 1963 elections as one of six Korea Independence Party candidates. The party received 1.28% of all votes cast, and failed to secure any seats. <mask>'s objections to the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea later led him into further conflict with the Park regime. While the treaty negotiations were ongoing, <mask> co-authored a series of op-eds along with Association of Families of Patriotic Martyrs president Koo Sung-suh, former Minister of Justice , Christian philosopher Ham Seok-heon, former prime minister Byeon Yeong-tae, and linguist , which were published on the front page of the Kyunghyang Shinmun in February 1965. After the signing of the treaty in June, <mask> intensified his public activities in opposition to it. On 27 July, he became a founding member of the Citizens'  Council for the Protection of the Fatherland, which aimed to block ratification of the treaty.After he failed to achieve that goal, he issued a statement on behalf of the council calling for the National Assembly to be dissolved and a new general election to be held. Then on 27 August, <mask> and ten other Republic of Korea Reserve Forces officers issued another statement calling on the Armed Forces to "maintain political neutrality" in the face of increasing public turmoil relating to the treaty. Two days later, <mask> and three co-signers of that statement—former Minister of Defense , former Korean Central Intelligence Agency director , and former minister without portfolio Park Won-bin—were arrested and charged with criminal libel in relation to its contents, and were held at the Seoul Correctional Institute (the former Seodaemun Prison). Further charges of inciting rebellion were laid against the four on 7 September. <mask>'s three co-defendants were eventually released on ₩50,000 bail on 25 October, while <mask> himself was released on the official ground of severe illness. In 1967, <mask> became a founding member of the opposition New Democratic Party, and was elected to represent Mapo-gu in the National Assembly in the elections that year. In 1969 he was one of the founders of the , created in opposition to the constitutional referendum that year which allowed Park to run for a third term as president.He played a larger role in the May 1971 legislative elections, running as an at-large representative and also becoming the acting head of the New Democratic Party following the resignation of Yu Chin-san two weeks before the election. He won his election, and also became the official chairman of the New Democratic Party in July following its all-party convention. Throughout 1972, the New Democratic Party was riven by conflicts between <mask>'s faction, supported by party heavyweights <mask>-jung and , and the opposing pro-Yu Chin-san faction led by . Matters came to a head at the party convention in September, held in the absence of <mask>'s faction, which resulted in the return of Yu Chin-san as party chairman. <mask>'s faction issued a statement denouncing the results and declaring the convention illegal, but the National Election Commission refused <mask>'s application for an injunction against the Yu Chin-san faction. The following month, Park Chung-hee carried out his October Restoration self-coup and dissolved the National Assembly, and then just a month before the February 1973 elections, <mask>'s faction broke off from the New Democratic Party and established the . However, the Democratic Unification Party performed poorly, and only two of its candidates were elected, <mask> not among them.Following the election, Democratic Unification Party leaders expressed regret for participating, and <mask> pledged to dedicate the remainder of his life to fighting for the return of democracy. Later that year, he was one of thirty opposition politicians to sign a petition calling for constitutional reform and free elections, and in 1974 he became one of the founding members of the . Retirement and death
In 1977 <mask> was elected the sixth president of the , an organisation for Korean independence activists and their families. He was re-elected as the seventh president in 1979. <mask> died at his home in Hyochang-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul on 8 August 1980. He was survived by his wife Min Gyeong-ran and three sons. Although a public funeral had been planned, in the end <mask>'s family decided to hold a private funeral at their home, followed by a procession to the Seoul National Cemetery where he was buried.Pastor Kyung-Chik Han of Young Nak Presbyterian Church, the church of which <mask> had been a member, presided over the funeral. Roughly 1,500 people visited the family home to pay their respects, including Chun Doo-hwan, United States Forces Korea commander John A. Wickham Jr., and fellow independence activist . Works

Notes

References

External links

 Photo gallery of <mask>'s grave at Seoul National Cemetery
 News photo of <mask>'s second son <mask>-jai (left) in 1960

1898 births
1980 deaths
People from Ryongchon County
Korean independence activists
Korean expatriates in China
National Revolutionary Army generals
South Korean generals
Military personnel of the Republic of China in the Second Sino-Japanese War
South Korean military personnel of the Korean War
Ambassadors of South Korea to Taiwan
Recipients of the Order of Brilliant Star
20th-century South Korean politicians
Foreign ministers of South Korea
Recipients of the Order of Merit for National Foundation
Members of the National Assembly (South Korea)
Burials at Seoul National Cemetery

masks:
Kim Hong il
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Kim Young
Kim Koo
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Kim
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Kim
Kim
Kim Dong
Kim
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Kim Dae
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Kim Young


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<mask> (, Мұхтар Омарханұлы Әуезов, مۇحتار ومارحانۇلى اۋەزوۆ, ; , Muchtar Omarchanovič <mask>) (September 28, 1897 — June 27, 1961) was a Kazakh writer, a social activist, a Doctor of Philology, and an honored academic of the Soviet Union (1946). He was born on September 28, 1897 and raised in Semey (Kaskabulak). <mask>'s writings were influenced by the poet Abai. <mask>'s father and grandfather Omarkhan Auez both highly revered the poet, who was a neighbour and a friend of the Auezov family. His grandfather was a storyteller of folk tales, and taught his grandson to read and write. Life and family
Auezov was born in a nomadic Muslim family from an area known today as Abay District, in East Kazakhstan Province. His grandfather taught him how to read and write using both the Arabic and Cyrillic script for the Kazakh language.<mask> was educated at the Semipalatinsk Teacher's Seminary and Leningrad State University. <mask> is best known for his plays. The first play he authored was Enlik-Kebek, a story of two young lovers that resembles the story of Romeo and Juliet. He authored more than twenty plays that dealt with the issues relevant to Socialism in Kazakhstan. After writing plays, <mask> changed his focus to writing novels. Two novels – Abay and The Path of Abay – dealing with the life of Kazakh poet Abai Qunanbaiuly were the product of the last twenty years of his life. <mask>'s other projects included drawing and translating literature into the Kazakh language.Some translations made by him include Nikolai Gogol's The Government Inspector and Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew. <mask> first studied in Kaskabulak, then later a Muslim madrasa in Semipalatinsk. At age of eleven, he moved to a nearby, five-year grammar school. His father Omarkhan died in 1900, and his mother Nurzhamal in 1912. The young <mask> was raised by his uncle Kasymbek and his grandfather Auez and grandmother Dinas. In 1907, after a year of study in the madrasa, he was sent to the large Russian school in Semipalatinsk. <mask> Auezov attended the Semipalatinsk Pedagogical Seminary after graduating from the City College.In the 1912–1913 academic year, <mask> finished the first seminary class with an award and went on to complete his studies at the Semipalatinsk Seminary in 1919. Around this time he began his acquaintance with Russian and other foreign classics of literature. At the same time, Auezov wrote short stories, poems and articles that began to be published. "The young Auezov, according to the testimonies of the pedagogues, was marked for his impeccable attention, extraordinary gifts, slim build and aristocratic self-belief. He was an extraordinary sportsman and represented “Yarysh F C”, which at the time was the best football team in the city." <mask> <mask> joined the faculty of a large state school, and he also worked holding various positions in the local government in Semipalatinsk with the Kazakh Central Executive Committee and in Orenburg. In the summer of 1917, Auezov married a 15-year-old girl named Raihan.They had a daughter together in 1918 who they named Mugamilya (she lived until 2009), and a year later, in 1919, a son (who died in infancy). They got divorced in 1920. In 1928 <mask> <mask> graduated from the Philological Faculty of Leningrad State University and completed his PhD at the University of Tashkent. During the 1930s, his endeavors as a professional writer began to take off. <mask> <mask> died during an operation in Moscow on 27 June 1961. He was buried in the Central Cemetery, Almaty. On his grave there stands a bust created by Yevgeny Vuchetich.After his death in 1961, the Government of the Republic Kazakhstan decided to perpetuate the name of the writer. The Institute of Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences was renamed as the Auezov Institute of Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences. Kazakh State Academic Drama Theatre, a literary memorial museum, a school, a street and an urban area in Almaty also bear his name. Also the M. O. Auezov South Kazakhstan State University in Shymkent was named after him. Writings
Auezov wrote numerous essays, short stories, and plays (many translated into other languages) in different genres. In 1917, while he was studying at the seminary, he wrote “Enilik-Kebek" (a play based on folk legends). The "Enilik-Kebek" play and the story "Korgansyzdyn Kuni", which was written in 1921 demonstrated to the world his great talent as a writer.From 1923 he began to devote all his energy to the literary arts and to work productively. In the period 1923–1926 he authored stories such as "Okygan azamat", "Kyr suretteri", "Uilenu", "Eskilik kolenkesinde", "Kinamshil boizhetken", "Karaly sulu". During the period 1923–1928 years he studied and then graduated from Leningrad University in the Faculty of Language and Literature. During the last two years of his studies in Leningrad, he wrote two highly acclaimed novels: "Karash-karash" and "Kokserek". Auezov began working in depth with themes of Kazakh history. His fixation with history is demonstrated in his works "Enilik-Kebek", "Khan Kene", "Kily zmaan", "Aiman – Sholpan", and "Karakypshak Kobylandy." For 20 years he devoted himself to prose and plays, which have become classics of Kazakh literature.In the thirties, he wrote a series of stories, such as: "Kasennin kubylystary", "Izder", "Shatkalan", "Kum men Askar", "Burtkiwi", and plays like" Aiman-Sholpan", "Tas tilek", "Shekarada", "Tungi saryn". In 1936 he published a piece of prose called "Tatiananyn kyrdagy ani" in the Kazakh press "Kazak adebieti", that was a section from the future novel of the same name. Some years after that(around 1940), with the cooperation of Leonid Sobolev, he wrote the "Abai" tragedy. The great scientist and teacher, Auezov, worked on the history of Kazakhs literature, and the training of personnel. He was the founder of the Abai studies and the principal author and editor of the multivolume "Kazak adebiet Tarihy". He also wrote a monograph on the Kyrgyz epic Manas. After the Abai Joly epic, he began writing a new, large-scale epic that described a new era in the future.His first book of that period is called "Osken orken" and was first published posthumously in 1962. A period of blooming of Kazakh drama is associated with the works of Auezov. He wrote over twenty plays and translated such classic works of world and Russian drama as The Inspector by Gogol, Othello and The Taming of the Shrew by Shakespeare, Aristocrats by Nikolai Pogodin, Spring Love by Konstantin Trenyov, and Officer of the Navy by A. Kron. In 1960, together with a group of Soviet writers, he visited the United States. In the summer of 1960, he started work on the series of essays named “The American Impressions”. From mid-summer 1960, he began work on the novel named “The Young Tribe”. In March 1961, Auezov embarked on a visit to India that included participation in the work of the III International Congress for Peace in Delhi together with a delegation headed by Nikolai Tikhonov.In June of that same year, he planned to visit England, the land of Shakespeare, but his untimely death meant that his wish to travel to England did not occur. On June 3, 1961, he traveled to Moscow for medical tests. On June 27, 1961 – his heart failed during a surgical operation. "Abai Zholy" (The path of Abai)

In his formative years, <mask> listened to the memories of his grandfather that told of Abai and Kunanbay. The destiny of <mask> Auezov was linked by many threads to the life of Abai the hero great inspiration of his life. Abai himself graced family celebrations, arranged for Auez to mark the birth of his grandson. Nurganym, one of the wives of Kunanbai father of Abai, was the sister of Auez.<mask> later became friends with the son of Abai Turagulom and married Camille, granddaughter of the great poet, that is the daughter of Magauov. <mask> met Dilda, the first wife of Abai with whom he received a great deal of information. More information about Abai was forthcoming from Eigerim another of Abai’s life partners who survived her husband for more than a decade. <mask> Omarhanuly for 15 years wrote his famous four-volume epic historical novel called "Abai Joly". It was translated into Russian. In 1949 two books of the novel "Abai" received the first level award of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This epic, which ended with four books, was awarded the Lenin Prize.was translated into 30 languages, and received rave reviews from readers all over the world. "Abai Zholy" is one of the most popular and valuable novels written by <mask> Auezov. The first book of the series was published in 1942 and after five years in 1947 “Abai”, the second of the series was published, then came the third book in 1952 called “Abai aga” (Brother Abai). Finally, the fourth book was released in 1956. Later all of the books were repackaged and renamed as “Abai zholy” (The Path of Abai). The first book and second books each have 7 chapters and one epilogue. The third book has 6 chapters as has the Fourth and one epilogue entire epic is divided into 20 short chapters each of which includes uniquely interesting situations.Each chapter’s name precisely demonstrates the psychological state of the events within the story. If we compare there is much more drama, tragedy, sadness and sorrow than positive and happy moments. In the first book we can clearly see how the young and inexperienced boy grows up and at the end of the fourth book we see how he became an adult and changed and who ultimately fails. <mask> <mask> wrote the libretto of the opera Abai. Filmography
 "Raihan" – 1940, Film of 8 parts. Studio, "Thumbnail". Screenplay: M<mask>; Director: M.Levin.; Operator: H.Nazaryants Cast: E.Omirzakov, D.Bokeeva, S.Kozhamkulov. "Abai әnderі" – 1945. Film in 10 parts. Studio "Kazakhfilm". Screenplay: M.<mask>, G. Roshal. ; Director: G.Roshal; Operator: G.Pyshkova; Artist: K.Hodzhikov; Cast: K.Kuanyshpaev, K.Badyrov, Sh.Aymanov, S.Kozhamkulov."Shyndagy Shynar" – 1966. Film in 10 parts. Studio "Kazakhfilm". Screenplay: K.Muhamedzhanov; Director: S.Hodzhikov; Operator: A.Ashrapov; Cast: S.Panov, G.Adilova, N.Zhanturin, Y.Nogaybaev. "Caras-Caras" – 1969. Studio "Kazakhfilm" zhane "Kyrғyzfilm". Screenplay: Akim Tarazi; Director: B.Shamshiev; Cast: S.Chokmorov, S.Zhumadylov, M.Ryskulov, B.Kydykeeva
 "Kokserek" – 1973.Studio "Kazakhfilm". Screenplay: A.Mihalkov-Konchalovsky, E.Tropinin; Director: T.Okeev; Operator: K.Kydyraliev ;Cast: S.Chokmorov, K.Ualiev, K. Sataev
 "Caral sulu" – 1982.Studio "Kazakhfilm". Writer, director: E.Shynarbaev; Cast: N.Arynbasarova, N.Zhanturin
 "Abai" 1995. Studio "Kazakhfilm". Screenplay: A.Amirkulov, L.Ahynzhanova, A.Baranov, S.Aprymov; Director: A.Amirkulov. ; Operator: A. Suleev. Composer: Kuat Shildebaev; Cast: G.Turykbaev, T.Zhamankulov, B.Rimova, F.Zhantileuova

Awards

1945 – Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
1948 –The Medal "In Memory of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"
1949 – Order of the Badge of Honour
1955, 1959 – deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR
1957 – The title "The Honored Figure of Science of the Kazakh SSR"
1959 – The Lenin Prize for the novel-dialogue The Way of Abai.Diplomas and certificates

1946 – The Diploma of Doctor of Science (the scientific degree of doctor of science (philology)
1946 – The Certificate of Professor (Professor at the Chair of “Kazakh literature”)
1946 – The Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. 1953 – The Certificate of Professor of the Moscow State University after M.V.Lomonosov. References

External links

Almaty Expatriate Site Biography of Auezov
Authors' Corner Biography of Auezov
Site Biography of Auezov

1897 births
1961 deaths
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
20th-century male writers
20th-century novelists
20th-century short story writers
People from Abay District, East Kazakhstan
People from Semipalatinsk Oblast
Stalin Prize winners
Lenin Prize winners
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Kazakh-language writers
Opera librettists
Kazakhstani male writers
Kazakhstani dramatists and playwrights
Kazakhstani short story writers
Soviet male writers
Male dramatists and playwrights
Male short story writers
Soviet dramatists and playwrights
Soviet short story writers
Kazakhstani novelists
Soviet novelists
Male novelists

masks:
Mukhtar Omarkhanuli Auezov
Auezov
Auezov
Mukhtar
Auezov
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Auezov
Auezov
Mukhtar
Mukhtar
Mukhtar
Mukhtar
Mukhtar
Auezov
Mukhtar
Auezov
Mukhtar
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<mask> (December 5, 1931 – January 7, 2001) was an American football player and coach, government official, businessman, and broadcaster. He was the first African-American assistant coach in the National Football League (NFL), the first African American to broadcast an NFL game to a national audience, and Chrysler's first African-American plant manager. He was appointed as the Commissioner of the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) by President Gerald Ford, holding that position from 1975 to 1976. He later served as the director of the Michigan Department of Labor from 1990 to 1996. He also served on the board of the NFL Board of Charities. Early years
<mask> was born in Ypsilanti, Michigan. His father, Lawrence C<mask>, was a dentist who graduated from the University of Michigan in 1920.<mask> was the youngest of four children. He grew up in Ypsilanti, where his father maintained a dental practice and was a respected civic leader. University of Michigan

<mask> attended the University of Michigan where he studied history. He played at the end position for the Michigan Wolverines football team from 1950 to 1952. <mask> was a two-way player who was a safety on defense and also handled punt returns for the Wolverines. After the 1951 season, he was selected as a second-team All-American by the Central Press Association and a third-team All-American by the United Press. He was also rated as the best defensive back in college football during the 1951 season.He was also selected by the Associated Press as a first-team All-Big Ten Player and by the United Press as a first-team player on its All-Midwest team. In three seasons for Michigan, <mask> had 71 receptions for 1,261 yards and nine touchdowns. <mask>'s three-year career total of 1,261 receiving yards was not exceeded by another Michigan player for a decade until Jack Clancy totaled 1,917 yards in four years from 1963 to 1966. <mask>'s highest single-game total came against Indiana in 1951, with five catches for 165 yards. He had two additional touchdown catches against Indiana in 1952. His 165-yard game against Indiana was the Michigan single-game receiving record for 15 years, until Clancy had 197 yards against Oregon State in 1966. <mask> also returned 42 punts at Michigan for 351 yards, an average of 10.9 yards per return.Pittsburgh Steelers and military service
<mask> was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the eighth round (90th overall pick) of the 1953 NFL Draft. His professional football career was deferred due to Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) obligations. <mask> joined the United States Air Force, where he achieved the rank of second lieutenant. While serving in the Air Force, <mask> played on the Bolling Air Force Team that included Al Dorow, Tommy O'Connell, and Johnny Lattner. <mask> was named the outstanding football player in the military. In 1956, <mask> joined the Pittsburgh Steelers as an end. On his first play for the Steelers, <mask> ran 93 yards for a touchdown in a pre-season game against the Detroit Lions.In his first six NFL games, <mask> totaled 14 catches for 334 yards and two touchdowns, including a 75-yard touchdown catch against the Cleveland Browns. <mask> also returned 11 punts for 127 yards and nine kickoffs for 219 yards. In his sixth regular season game, <mask> sustained a fractured pelvis and dislocated hip that forced his retirement. Football writer Mark A. Latterman later wrote about witnessing <mask>'s career-ending injury:

A skinny 15 year-old boy and his dad were cheering the Pittsburgh Steelers new rookie star, <mask> as he roared whippet-like around the New York Giants' fabled 1956 defensive line and headed full-throttle for the open field. The boy's cheers turned to tears when Giants' star, Roosevelt Grier crunched <mask> from behind and linebacker Bill Svoboda hit him from the side simultaneously, filling the stadium with a sickening 'crack' which silenced the Steelers' faithful. I will never forget my sadness as the stretcher carried my new hero from the field. <mask>'s pelvis was fractured, his hip dislocated and he never played pro football again.<mask> was hospitalized at Pittsburgh's Mercy Hospital for 13 weeks after the injury. In June 1957, the Steelers hired <mask> as the team's ends coach, making him the NFL's first African American coach since Fritz Pollard in the 1920s. He worked as a scout for the Steelers in 1958. While working for  the Steelers, <mask> went to the Duquesne University law school. Government, broadcast, and business career
<mask> received a law degree from Detroit College of Law in 1960. That same year, he became a law clerk to U.S. District Court Judge Frank A. Picard (the Michigan Wolverines' quarterback from 1909 to 1910). In 1961, he accepted a job with the Chevrolet Division of General Motors in the personnel department of the gear and axle division.In 1962, he left Chevrolet to prosecute unfair labor practice charges for the National Labor Relations Board, a position he held until 1963. In 1963, <mask> began a 17-year career with Chrysler. He started as a personnel specialist. In April 1966, <mask> was hired as a color analyst for CBS Television to broadcast Steelers games alongside play-by-play man Joe Tucker. He was the first African-American to broadcast an NFL game to a national audience. After his stint as a television broadcaster, <mask> returned to Chrysler where he became a personnel manager in 1970. In 1973, he was appointed the plant manager of Chrysler's Eldon Avenue Axle Plant in Detroit.He was the first African American to hold the plant manager position at a U.S. automobile company. In 1975, <mask> was appointed by President Gerald Ford to be commissioner of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. At the ceremony in which <mask> was sworn in, President Ford spoke and made the following comments:

He first came to my attention when I saw his prowess on the gridiron at the University of Michigan. He made it and I didn't. He was really good and played not only exceptionally well at Ann Arbor but very well for the Pittsburgh Steelers. I have known <mask> over a period of time since then.I have always looked at his career, both in Government and with private employment, as an example of what a person can do who has got ability and the desire and the dedication. I think it's, in this instance, Government's gain to have <mask> with us, and Lynn Townsend probably is losing one of his very finest young people in his Chrysler organization. He served as EEOC commissioner until 1976. <mask> resigned from the EEOC after one year and returned to Chrysler. <mask> returned to government service in 1990 as director of the Michigan Department of Labor, a position he held for six years. In March 1996, Governor John Engler appointed him as the director of the Office of Urban Programs, a position that he held until his retirement in April 1999. Family and death
<mask> was married in January 1954 and had a daughter and two sons, one of whom is current New York Knicks basketball executive and former University of Michigan coach <mask>.<mask> died of cancer at a hospital in Southfield, Michigan, in January 2001. See also
 University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor

References

External links
<mask> Bio at Answers.com

1931 births
2001 deaths
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
Chairs of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Chrysler executives
Michigan Wolverines football players
National Football League announcers
Sportspeople from Ypsilanti, Michigan
Pittsburgh Steelers announcers
Pittsburgh Steelers coaches
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Players of American football from Michigan
United States Air Force officers
State cabinet secretaries of Michigan
Detroit College of Law alumni
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Military personnel from Michigan

masks:
Lowell Wesley Perry
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. Perry
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Lowell Perry
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Lowell
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Scott Perry
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<mask> (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American soldier, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, <mask> led the Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War, and presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which established the Constitution of the United States and a federal government. <mask> has been called the "Father of the Nation" for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the country. <mask>'s first public office was serving as official Surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia from 1749 to 1750. Subsequently, he received his initial military training (as well as a command with the Virginia Regiment) during the French and Indian War. He was later elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses and was named a delegate to the Continental Congress. Here he was appointed Commanding General of the Continental Army.With this title, he commanded American forces (allied with France) in the defeat and surrender of the British at the Siege of Yorktown during the American Revolutionary War. He resigned his commission after the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783. Washington played an indispensable role in adopting and ratifying the Constitution of the United States. He was then twice elected president by the Electoral College unanimously. As president, he implemented a strong, well-financed national government while remaining impartial in a fierce rivalry between cabinet members Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. During the French Revolution, he proclaimed a policy of neutrality while sanctioning the Jay Treaty. He set enduring precedents for the office of president, including the title "Mr. President", and his Farewell Address is widely regarded as a pre-eminent statement on republicanism.Washington was a slaveowner who had a complicated relationship with slavery. During his lifetime he controlled a total of over 577 slaves, who were forced to work on his farms and wherever he lived, including the President's House in Philadelphia. As president, he signed laws passed by Congress that both protected and curtailed slavery. His will said that one of his slaves, William Lee, should be freed upon his death, and that the other 123 slaves must work for his wife and be freed on her death. She freed them during her lifetime to remove the incentive to hasten her death. He endeavored to assimilate Native Americans into the Anglo-American culture but fought indigenous resistance during instances of violent conflict. He was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons, and he urged broad religious freedom in his roles as general and president.Upon his death, he was eulogized by Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee as "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen". <mask> has been memorialized by monuments, a federal holiday, various media, geographical locations, including the national capital, the State of Washington, stamps, and currency, and many scholars and polls rank him among the greatest U.S. presidents. In 1976 <mask> was posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States. Early life (1732–1752)

The <mask> family was a wealthy Virginia planter family that had made its fortune through land speculation and the cultivation of tobacco. <mask>'s great-grandfather <mask> emigrated in 1656 from Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, England, to the English colony of Virginia where he accumulated  of land, including Little Hunting Creek on the Potomac River. <mask> was born on February 22, 1732, at Popes Creek in Westmoreland County, Virginia, and was the first of six children of Augustine and Mary Ball <mask>. His father was a justice of the peace and a prominent public figure who had four additional children from his first marriage to Jane Butler.The family moved to Little Hunting Creek in 1735. In 1738, they moved to Ferry Farm near Fredericksburg, Virginia on the Rappahannock River. When Augustine died in 1743, <mask> inherited Ferry Farm and ten slaves; his older half-brother Lawrence inherited Little Hunting Creek and renamed it Mount Vernon. <mask> did not have the formal education his elder brothers received at Appleby Grammar School in England, but did attend the Lower Church School in Hartfield. He learned mathematics, trigonometry, and land surveying and became a talented draftsman and map-maker. By early adulthood, he was writing with "considerable force" and "precision"; however, his writing displayed little wit or humor. In pursuit of admiration, status, and power, he tended to attribute his shortcomings and failures to someone else's ineffectuality.<mask> often visited Mount Vernon and Belvoir, the plantation that belonged to Lawrence's father-in-law William Fairfax. Fairfax became <mask>'s patron and surrogate father, and <mask> spent a month in 1748 with a team surveying Fairfax's Shenandoah Valley property. He received a surveyor's license the following year from the College of William & Mary. Even though <mask> had not served the customary apprenticeship, Fairfax appointed him surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia, and he appeared in Culpeper County to take his oath of office July 20, 1749. He subsequently familiarized himself with the frontier region, and though he resigned from the job in 1750, he continued to do surveys west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. By 1752 he had bought almost  in the Valley and owned . In 1751, <mask> made his only trip abroad when he accompanied Lawrence to Barbados, hoping the climate would cure his brother's tuberculosis.<mask> contracted smallpox during that trip, which immunized him and left his face slightly scarred. Lawrence died in 1752, and <mask> leased Mount Vernon from his widow Anne; he inherited it outright after her death in 1761. Colonial military career (1752–1758)
<mask>'s service as adjutant general of the Virginia militia inspired his half-brother <mask> to seek a commission. Virginia's lieutenant governor, Robert Dinwiddie, appointed <mask> as a major and commander of one of the four militia districts. The British and French were competing for control of the Ohio Valley. While the British were constructing forts along the Ohio River, the French were doing the same—constructing forts between the Ohio River and Lake Erie. In October 1753, Dinwiddie appointed <mask> as a special envoy.He had sent <mask> to demand French forces to vacate land that was being claimed by the British. <mask> was also appointed to make peace with the Iroquois Confederacy, and to gather further intelligence about the French forces. <mask> met with Half-King Tanacharison, and other Iroquois chiefs, at Logstown, and gathered information about the numbers and locations of the French forts, as well as intelligence concerning individuals taken prisoner by the French. <mask> was given the nickname Conotocaurius (town destroyer or devourer of villages) by Tanacharison. The nickname had previously been given to his great-grandfather <mask> in the late seventeenth century by the Susquehannock. <mask>'s party reached the Ohio River in November 1753, and were intercepted by a French patrol. The party was escorted to Fort Le Boeuf, where <mask> was received in a friendly manner.He delivered the British demand to vacate to the French commander Saint-Pierre, but the French refused to leave. Saint-Pierre gave <mask> his official answer in a sealed envelope after a few days' delay, as well as food and extra winter clothing for his party's journey back to Virginia. <mask> completed the precarious mission in 77 days, in difficult winter conditions, achieving a measure of distinction when his report was published in Virginia and in London. French and Indian War

In February 1754, Dinwiddie promoted <mask> to lieutenant colonel and second-in-command of the 300-strong Virginia Regiment, with orders to confront French forces at the Forks of the Ohio. <mask> set out for the Forks with half the regiment in April and soon learned a French force of 1,000 had begun construction of Fort Duquesne there. In May, having set up a defensive position at Great Meadows, he learned that the French had made camp seven miles (11 km) away; he decided to take the offensive. The French detachment proved to be only about fifty men, so <mask> advanced on May 28 with a small force of Virginians and Indian allies to ambush them.What took place, known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen or the "Jumonville affair", was disputed, and French forces were killed outright with muskets and hatchets. French commander Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, who carried a diplomatic message for the British to evacuate, was killed. French forces found Jumonville and some of his men dead and scalped and assumed <mask> was responsible. <mask> blamed his translator for not communicating the French intentions. Dinwiddie congratulated <mask> for his victory over the French. This incident ignited the French and Indian War, which later became part of the larger Seven Years' War. The full Virginia Regiment joined Washington at Fort Necessity the following month with news that he had been promoted to command of the regiment and colonel upon the regimental commander's death.The regiment was reinforced by an independent company of a hundred South Carolinians led by Captain James Mackay, whose royal commission outranked that of Washington, and a conflict of command ensued. On July 3, a French force attacked with 900 men, and the ensuing battle ended in <mask>'s surrender. In the aftermath, Colonel James Innes took command of intercolonial forces, the Virginia Regiment was divided, and <mask> was offered a captaincy which he refused, with the resignation of his commission. In 1755, <mask> served voluntarily as an aide to General Edward Braddock, who led a British expedition to expel the French from Fort Duquesne and the Ohio Country. On <mask>'s recommendation, Braddock split the army into one main column and a lightly equipped "flying column". Suffering from a severe case of dysentery, <mask> was left behind, and when he rejoined Braddock at Monongahela the French and their Indian allies ambushed the divided army. Two-thirds of the British force became casualties, including the mortally wounded Braddock.Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gage, <mask>, still very ill, rallied the survivors and formed a rear guard, allowing the remnants of the force to disengage and retreat. During the engagement, he had two horses shot from under him, and his hat and coat were bullet-pierced. His conduct under fire redeemed his reputation among critics of his command in the Battle of Fort Necessity, but he was not included by the succeeding commander (Colonel Thomas Dunbar) in planning subsequent operations. The Virginia Regiment was reconstituted in August 1755, and Dinwiddie appointed <mask> its commander, again with the rank of colonel. <mask> clashed over seniority almost immediately, this time with John Dagworthy, another captain of superior royal rank, who commanded a detachment of Marylanders at the regiment's headquarters in Fort Cumberland. <mask>, impatient for an offensive against Fort Duquesne, was convinced Braddock would have granted him a royal commission and pressed his case in February 1756 with Braddock's successor, William Shirley, and again in January 1757 with Shirley's successor, Lord Loudoun. Shirley ruled in <mask>'s favor only in the matter of Dagworthy; Loudoun humiliated <mask>, refused him a royal commission and agreed only to relieve him of the responsibility of manning Fort Cumberland.In 1758, the Virginia Regiment was assigned to the British Forbes Expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. <mask> disagreed with General John Forbes' tactics and chosen route. Forbes nevertheless made <mask> a brevet brigadier general and gave him command of one of the three brigades that would assault the fort. The French abandoned the fort and the valley before the assault was launched; <mask> saw only a friendly fire incident which left 14 dead and 26 injured. The war lasted another four years, and <mask> resigned his commission and returned to Mount Vernon. Under <mask>, the Virginia Regiment had defended  of frontier against twenty Indian attacks in ten months. He increased the professionalism of the regiment as it increased from 300 to 1,000 men, and Virginia's frontier population suffered less than other colonies.Some historians have said this was <mask>'s "only unqualified success" during the war. Though he failed to realize a royal commission, he did gain self-confidence, leadership skills, and invaluable knowledge of British military tactics. The destructive competition <mask> witnessed among colonial politicians fostered his later support of a strong central government. Marriage, civilian, and political life (1755–1775)

On January 6, 1759, <mask>, at age 26, married Martha Dandridge Custis, the 27-year-old widow of wealthy plantation owner Daniel Parke Custis. The marriage took place at Martha's estate; she was intelligent, gracious, and experienced in managing a planter's estate, and the couple created a happy marriage. They raised John Parke Custis (Jacky) and Martha "Patsy" Parke Custis, children from her previous marriage, and later Jacky's children Eleanor Parke Custis (Nelly) and <mask> Parke Custis (Washy). <mask>'s 1751 bout with smallpox is thought to have rendered him sterile, though it is equally likely that "Martha may have sustained injury during the birth of Patsy, her final child, making additional births impossible."The couple lamented not having any children together. They moved to Mount Vernon, near Alexandria, where he took up life as a planter of tobacco and wheat and emerged as a political figure. The marriage gave <mask> control over Martha's one-third dower interest in the  Custis estate, and he managed the remaining two-thirds for Martha's children; the estate also included 84 slaves. He became one of Virginia's wealthiest men, which increased his social standing. At <mask>'s urging, Governor Lord Botetourt fulfilled Dinwiddie's 1754 promise of land bounties to all-volunteer militia during the French and Indian War. In late 1770, <mask> inspected the lands in the Ohio and Great Kanawha regions, and he engaged surveyor William Crawford to subdivide it. Crawford allotted  to Washington; <mask> told the veterans that their land was hilly and unsuitable for farming, and he agreed to purchase , leaving some feeling they had been duped.He also doubled the size of Mount Vernon to  and increased its slave population to more than a hundred by 1775. <mask>'s political activities included supporting the candidacy of his friend <mask> Fairfax in his 1755 bid to represent the region in the Virginia House of Burgesses. This support led to a dispute which resulted in a physical altercation between <mask> and another Virginia planter, William Payne. <mask> defused the situation, including ordering officers from the Virginia Regiment to stand down. <mask> apologized to Payne the following day at a tavern. Payne had been expecting to be challenged to a duel. As a respected military hero and large landowner, <mask> held local offices and was elected to the Virginia provincial legislature, representing Frederick County in the House of Burgesses for seven years beginning in 1758.He plied the voters with beer, brandy, and other beverages, although he was absent while serving on the Forbes Expedition. He won the election with roughly 40 percent of the vote, defeating three other candidates with the help of several local supporters. He rarely spoke in his early legislative career, but he became a prominent critic of Britain's taxation policy and mercantilist policies towards the American colonies starting in the 1760s. By occupation, <mask> was a planter, and he imported luxuries and other goods from England, paying for them by exporting tobacco. His profligate spending combined with low tobacco prices left him £1,800 in debt by 1764, prompting him to diversify his holdings. In 1765, because of erosion and other soil problems, he changed Mount Vernon's primary cash crop from tobacco to wheat and expanded operations to include corn flour milling and fishing. <mask> also took time for leisure with fox hunting, fishing, dances, theater, cards, backgammon, and billiards.<mask> soon was counted among the political and social elite in Virginia. From 1768 to 1775, he invited some 2,000 guests to his Mount Vernon estate, mostly those whom he considered people of rank, and was known to be exceptionally cordial toward his guests. He became more politically active in 1769, presenting legislation in the Virginia Assembly to establish an embargo on goods from Great Britain. <mask>'s step-daughter Patsy Custis suffered from epileptic attacks from age 12, and she died in his arms in 1773. The following day, he wrote to Burwell Bassett: "It is easier to conceive, than to describe, the distress of this Family". He canceled all business activity and remained with Martha every night for three months. Opposition to British Parliament and Crown

Washington played a central role before and during the American Revolution.His disdain for the British military had begun when he was passed over for promotion into the Regular Army. Opposed to taxes imposed by the British Parliament on the Colonies without proper representation, he and other colonists were also angered by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which banned American settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains and protected the British fur trade. <mask> believed the Stamp Act of 1765 was an "Act of Oppression", and he celebrated its repeal the following year. In March

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