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 sharp, with the latter accusing Quwatli of being out of touch from the realities of the revolt, and Quwatli accusing Shahbandar of treason for attempting to stop the insurrection. Role in the National Bloc
In late 1927, Quwatli headed the Istiqlal-dominated Executive Committee of the Syrian-Palestinian Congress, although Lutfallah headed a separate rival committee that also called itself the Congress's Executive Committee.Both were based in Cairo. Locally known then as the "apricot king", Quwatli used revenues from his agricultural lands to build up a network of support in the Old City of Damascus. In 1930, Quwatli was allowed to return to Syria under a general amnesty. Thereafter, he joined the National Bloc, the preeminent opposition movement in Syria—though tolerated by the French. Although he opposed the moderate stances of the Bloc's Damascene leaders, he determined he could only remain a major political player by joining the group. He sought to steer it towards a more determined nationalist course and worked to expand his support base, relying on his relationships with residents in some of Damascus' traditionally nationalist neighborhoods (al-Midan and al-Shaghour) and among the city's merchant and emerging industrialist classes. He also worked to draw support from the staunch pan-Arabists of the League of National Action (LNA) beginning in 1933.He managed to co-opt much of the LNA's members by 1935–36 by financing its land development company (which aimed to prevent land sales to Zionist organizations in Palestine) and assigning some of its leaders to the director boards of companies affiliated with the Bloc. In 1936, as a general strike was underway in the country to demand a renegotiation of the French role in Syria, Quwatli was appointed the Bloc's vice president of internal affairs, but was not part of the treaty negotiation committee which led talks with the French in Paris in March. A new treaty was established by the end of the month, although the French did not ratify it. Between then and fall, Quwatli spearheaded efforts to unify nationalists ranks in Syria, convincing LNA leader Sabri al-Asali to join the Bloc's highest governing body. By enlisting the support of many prominent pan-Arabists like himself, Quwatli strengthened his position within the Bloc, particularly in regards to his chief nationalist rival Jamil Mardam Bey. He was Minister of Finance from 1936 to 1938. On 20 March 1941, during World War II, when the Vichy French were in control of Syria, Quwatli called for immediate Syrian independence amid a period of food shortages, high unemployment and widespread nationalist rioting in the country.Vichy troops in the country were defeated by the Allied forces in July and Quwatli left Syria during the campaign. He returned in 1942. France officially recognized Syria's independence on 27 September. However, French troops were not withdrawn and national elections were postponed by the French Mandatory authorities. First presidential term

Election of 1943
Prior to the 1943 national elections in French Mandatory Syria, the French authorities attempted to negotiate with Quwatli as head of the National Bloc to issue a treaty that guaranteed an independent Syria's alignment and close military cooperation with France, in return for French help in securing Quwatli's election to the presidency. Quwatli refused, believing the Syrian people would view such negotiations negatively. He was also confident that the National Bloc would win the elections regardless of French support.Quwatli did win the vote, becoming Syria's president on 17 August 1943. Syrian independence

As president, Quwatli continued to press for Syrian independence from France. In a bid to garner American and British support for his government, he declared war against the Axis Powers, aligning Syria with the Allies. Growing countrywide unrest in response to French Mandatory rule led to French military assaults against Damascus and other Syrian cities in May 1945. More French troops were scheduled to land in Syria to aid the authorities, but at Quwatli's request for intervention, British troops invaded Syria from Transjordan, entering Damascus on 1 June. The French military campaign came to an immediate halt as a consequence; the UK and the US had viewed the French military action in Syria as a potential catalyst for further unrest throughout the Middle East and a detriment to British and American lines of communication in the region. As French troops began a partial withdrawal from the country, Quwatli instructed Fares al-Khoury, his envoy to the US and head of the Syrian mission to the United Nations, to bring the issue of Syria's independence to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), cabling Khoury to "Go to [US President Harry] Truman and tell him the French have ploughed the land in Syria, over our heads!"Khoury proceeded to petition the UNSC to force France's withdrawal from Syria. The US and UK backed Syria's request and informed Quwatli that British troops were in control of Syria, requesting Quwatli's cooperation in enforcing an evening curfew in the country. Quwatli complied and expressed his gratitude to the British government. At a summit between France, the UK, the US, Russia and China, France agreed to withdraw from both Syria and Lebanon in return for British promises to withdraw its military from the Levant region as well. Quwatli was angered that Syria was left out of the conference and requested a summit with Truman and Winston Churchill, which was rebuffed. The transfer of administrative powers to the Syrian government began on 1 August, the day in which Quwatli announced the establishment of the Syrian Army and his position as the commander in chief. Quwatli also asked Khoury to form a cabinet, which was established on 24 August.The French completed their withdrawal from Syria on 15 April 1946 and Quwatli declared Syria's independence day on 17 April. Post-independence politics
Following Syria's independence, the National Bloc was dissolved and replaced by the National Party. Quwatli's leadership, while supported by older politicians like Asali, Jabiri and Haffar, became increasingly challenged by emerging leaders such as Nazim al-Qudsi of the People's Party and Akram al-Hawrani of the Arab Socialist Party as well as the Baath Party, the Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party (SSNP), the Muslim Brotherhood and the Syrian Communist Party (SCP). Antagonistic relations between Quwatli and the Hashemite kings of Iraq and Jordan, Abdullah I and Faisal II, respectively, increased with the latter two seeking to unite Syria, Iraq and Jordan under Hashemite monarchical rule, and Quwatli countering that Iraq and Jordan join a republican Syria under his leadership instead. The Hashemites found support in the People's Party, which became an influential force in Aleppo, a major city and economic hub of Syria, particularly after the 1947 death of Jabiri, Quwatli's Aleppo-based ally. In early 1947, Quwatli and the National Party, the largest party in parliament, made an amendment to the constitution to enable Quwatli to seek re-election. The move was met by strong disapproval from rival Syrian parties and opposition politicians, and a campaign to unseat Quwatli in the next presidential election was commenced.Quwatli's allies won 24 out of 127 seats during the 1947 parliamentary election, the first in post-independence Syria, while the opposition won 53 seats and independents unaffiliated with any political party won 50. A number of Quwatli's allies defected from the National Party and former president Atassi retired from politics because of his frustration at Quwatli's handling of Syrian internal affairs. Quwatli tasked Jamil Mardam Bey to form a new cabinet in October, which included mostly pro-Western politicians. Despite the heavy presence of pro-American figures in the cabinet and Quwatli's initially warm ties with the US, relations between the two countries began to unravel amid the nascent Cold War and the view that Quwatli was becoming a detriment to US interests in the region. Quwatli developed close relations with the SCP and its head Khalid Bakdash, which was a contributing factor to the US Congress's rejection of Quwatli's arms request for the Syrian Army in late 1947. Quwatli also rejected the construction of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline in Syria (to connect the oilfields of Saudi Arabia to Lebanon). Quwatli feared construction of the pipeline would threaten the mostly British-owned Iraq Petroleum Company and upset the UK, as well as the Syrian public, who he believed would view the project "as a new form of indirect foreign economic control", according to Moubayed.US support for Israel, particularly under Truman, and Quwatli's adamant opposition to Zionism was a further source of tension. Second presidential term

Election of 1948
With the constitution amended to allow for a president to seek more than one term, Quwatli ran against Khalid al-Azm for another five-year term and won by a slim majority on 18 April 1948. 1948 Arab-Israeli War

Quwatli opposed the proposed partition of the British Mandate of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, arguing that the plan, which would allocate 56% of Palestine to the Jewish state, violated the rights of the Palestinian Arab majority. The proposal passed the UN vote and Syria made war preparations soon afterward, including co-founding the Arab Liberation Army (ALA). Quwatli had proposed the creation of the ALA as a volunteer force to attract fighters from throughout the Arab world and to take the place of Arab regular armies. The ALA's establishment was sponsored by the Arab League following the UN partition vote and Fawzi al-Qawuqji, a Syrian commander who played leading roles in the Great Syrian Revolt and the 1936 revolt in Palestine, was appointed its commander. Quwatli did not believe the armies of Syria and the Arab world were ready to successfully confront Jewish forces and as war drew near in early 1948, he petitioned Abdel Rahman Azzam, head of the Arab League, to not enter Arab armies into Palestine.Instead, Quwatli offered to provide local Palestinian Arab fighters arms and funding. Azzam was not swayed and continued his effort of rallying Arab governments to dispatch their armies. On 15 May, after the establishment of Israel was announced, Quwatli ordered the Syrian Army to enter Palestine immediately. The Syrian Army, which consisted of 4,500 soldiers, had been mostly repelled in their offensive during the first few days of the war, gaining control over a small area along the Syrian border. As a result of the army's poor showing, Quwatli pressed defense minister Ahmad al-Sharabati to resign his post, which Sharabati did on 24 May. He then replaced chief of staff Abdullah Atfeh with Husni al-Zaim during that same period of the war. Following the war, Quwatli accused Zaim of military incompetence and his officers of profiteering.In turn, Zaim accused Quwatli of mismanagement during the conflict. The Syrian public did not spare Quwatli blame for the army's poor performance, causing his popularity, built on his nationalist reputation, to erode further. The Syrian press was also sharply critical of Quwatli and Prime Minister Mardam Bey, urging them to leave their positions. Mardam Bey resigned on 22 August 1948 and was replaced by Khalid al-Azm. Mass demonstrations took place in Syria condemning US President Harry Truman for recognizing Israel. Synagogues were attacked in Damascus as were the offices of General Motors. US officials were frustrated at Quwatli for not attempting to stop the demonstrations.When Egypt, Jordan and Lebanon signed armistice agreements with Israel between February and April 1949, Syria under Quwatli did not do so and refused to send a delegation to attend truce negotiations in Rhodes in March. Coup d'état of 1949

On 29 March 1949, Zaim launched a coup d'état, overthrowing Quwatli. Zaim's troops entered Damascus and raided Quwatli's home. They disarmed his guard and confronted Quwatli in his night clothes before army officer Ibrahim al-Husseini arrested him. After being allowed to change his clothes, Quwatli was taken by the authorities to the city's Mezzeh Prison. Prime Minister al-Azm was also arrested. The coup had been backed and allegedly co-planned with the US Central Intelligence Agency.The US was the first country to recognize Zaim's government, followed by the UK, France, and the Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan. Quwatli's mother died of a heart attack about a week after his overthrow. Exile in Egypt
As a result of pressure from the Egyptian and Saudi governments to spare the life of their ally Quwatli, al-Zaim agreed to release Quwatli from prison in mid-April 1949. After officially resigning as President, Quwatli was exiled to Alexandria, Egypt. In Egypt he was respected as a guest of honor by King Farouk and after the July 1952 revolution, by the Free Officers who gained power. Despite his positive relationship with the ousted King Farouk, Quwatli developed a close friendship with the founder of the Free Officers, Gamal Abdel Nasser, who became Egypt's leader in 1954. Third presidential term

Elections of 1955

Quwatli returned to Syria in 1955, following the ouster of President Adib al-Shishakli and during the presidency of Hashim al-Atassi.Quwatli entered his candidacy in the August 1955 presidential elections, at the age of 63. Required to secure a two-thirds majority in the 142-member Syrian Parliament in order to win, Quwatli defeated his main opponent Khalid al-Azm 89 to 42 (a further six votes were cast as invalid) in the first round. This prompted a second round of voting, in which Quwatli won the presidency with 91 votes against Azm's 41 (a further five votes were blank and two invalid.) Quwatli's bid for the presidency was supported by the governments of Egypt and Saudi Arabia, both of which were allied in their opposition to the Baghdad Pact as was Quwatli. Prime Minister Sabri al-Asali resigned from his post on 6 September following the Ba'ath Party's withdrawal from the cabinet. As a result, Quwatli attempted to nominate Lutfi al-Haffar as Prime Minister, but reneged after opposition from the Ba'athists. Afterward, Quwatli asked Rushdi al-Kikhiya to form a cabinet, but the latter refused, citing that influence from the Syrian Army would deprive his government of real power.President Nasser of Egypt recommended the reappointment of Asali, but Quwatli refused, instead opting for Said al-Ghazzi, an independent. Ghazzi agreed and subsequently presided over a national unity government. Adoption of neutralism

Under Quwatli's leadership, Syria increasingly moved towards a neutralist policy amid the Cold War, despite the conservative views held by Quwatli. However, on 10 September, Quwatli first opted to make an official request for arms from the United States, but was eventually rebuffed despite support from US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. Starting in 1956,


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 Quwatli began to look towards the Eastern bloc for economic and military assistance. During the tenure of his administration, Quwatli furthered Syria's relations with other neutralist countries such as Yugoslavia, India and Egypt, but also with the Soviet Union (USSR) and the Eastern bloc. The pursuit of this policy was partially due to the support afforded to the leftist movements in Syria by the Saudi and Egyptian governments who viewed them as strong opponents of the Baghdad Pact, and the highly influential leftist factions of the Syrian Army.Quwatli and Nasser initiated the Egyptian-Syrian Agreement, a defense arrangement that would serve as a counterweight to the Baghdad Pact, in March 1955. The agreement stipulated that each country would assist the other in case of an attack, the establishment of numerous committees to coordinate joint military activities and the creation of a joint military command headed by Egyptian officer Abdel Hakim Amer. The agreement was concluded 20 October. Increasingly concerned at the growing leftist trend in the country, Quwatli called for a national unity government that would include parties from across the political spectrum on 15 February 1956. Despite opposition from the Ba'athists, Quwatli managed to preside over a "national covenant" which entailed a foreign policy of opposition to Zionism and imperialism as well as the adoption of neutralism amid the Cold War. Nonetheless, and against Quwatli's advice, Ghazzi resigned from his post in June 1956 as a result of pressure from the Ba'athists and the communists who had been leading protests against Ghazzi's decision to lift the ban on wheat sales to Western Europe. Faced with few options, Quwatli reappointed Asali as Prime Minister.Asali moved to further strengthen ties with Egypt, including a pledge to start unity talks, and appointed Ba'athists to the ministerial positions of economy and foreign affairs. Following the tripartite invasion of the Sinai Peninsula and the Suez Canal by British, French and Israeli forces in October 1956, Quwatli severed ties with Britain. Quwatli sent hundreds of army recruits to aid the Egyptian defense and made an emergency visit to Moscow to request Soviet backing for Nasser from Premier Nikita Khrushchev, telling the latter that the tripartite forces "want to destroy Egypt!" In response to public pressure, in late December Prime Minister Asali reshuffled his cabinet, removing several fellow conservatives and strengthening leftist influence in the government. Confronting leftist influence
In July 1957, relations between Quwatli's ally Saudi Arabia and the governments of Iraq and Jordan, rivals of Syria, warmed considerably to the protestations of the leftist current in Syria, which viewed the growing ties between the region's conservative monarchies with distress. After a series of public criticisms of King Saud by an array of Syrian political figures, including al-Azm, Michel Aflaq and Akram al-Hawrani, Saud froze Syrian assets in Saudi Arabia and withdrew his ambassador from Syria in protest. In response to the crisis between the two countries, an alarmed Quwatli ordered Asali to publicly distance his government from the anti-Saudi views of some in the Syrian Parliament and press, and to publicly apologize to Saud.In addition, Quwatli personally issued a government order to shut down the communist newspaper Al Sarkha. On 6 August, Quwatli established a long-term agreement with the USSR, entailing a long-term Soviet loan to fund development works in Syria and the Soviet purchase of a large portion of Syrian agricultural and textile surpluses. US fears that Syria was approaching a communist takeover had prompted an attempted CIA-sponsored coup to replace the Quwatli government with former president Shishakli. However, the coup plot was foiled by the head of Syrian intelligence, Abdel Hamid al-Sarraj, on 12 August and Syria consequently expelled the US military attaché from Damascus. The US, which denied the coup plot, responded by expelling the Syrian ambassador from Washington and recalling its ambassador from Syria. Leftist influence in Syria grew further in the immediate wake of the crisis; on 15 August, a high-ranking officer from Sidon, Lebanon with Marxist leanings, Afif Bizri, was appointed army chief of staff, and several mid-level officers were replaced with communist officers. Quwatli flew to Egypt amid apparent plans to resign from the presidency in favor of the Soviet-leaning Azm.However, he returned to Syria on 26 August. Tensions had been rising as rumors swept the region regarding a US-backed Turkish or joint Iraqi-Jordanian invasion of Syria to prevent a potential communist takeover. Quwatli's earlier success in repairing ties between Syria and Saudi Arabia proved particularly useful during this period. Saud immediately lent his full support to Quwatli, whom he viewed as a significant counterweight to the leftist movement, by rebuffing President Dwight D. Eisenhower's appeal to endorse the Eisenhower Doctrine, a policy aimed at containing communist and Arab nationalist influence in the Middle East. He also accepted an invitation to Damascus by Quwatli on 25 August, publicly stating that Saudi Arabia would support Syria in any aggression against it. Iraqi Prime Minister Ali Jawdat also proclaimed support for Syria when he visited on 26 August, in spite of support for an attack by the Iraqi monarchy. Both Saud and Jawdat privately criticized Syria's leadership for increasing dependence on the Eastern bloc.Nonetheless, the US and its allies in the Baghdad Pact genuinely feared that Syria was becoming a satellite of the Soviets and decided in a September meeting that Quwatli's government had to be removed. That same month Turkish troops massed along the border with Syria. On 13 October, Nasser, who had launched a radio campaign denouncing the Baghdad Pact countries, dispatched 1,500 Egyptian troops, a mostly symbolic force, to the port of Latakia in northern Syria in a show of Arab strength against Turkey, to the acclaim of the Syrian and pan-Arab public. The leaders of Jordan and Iraq promptly reassured Quwatli that they had no intention to interfere in Syria's internal affairs. Nasser had apparently bypassed his ally Quwatli, coordinating the deployment with officers Sarraj and Bizri instead. Quwatli related this fact to Saud, who had complained of not being consulted of the Egyptian move beforehand, an "admission ... of Quwatli's political irrelevance," according to contemporary historian Salim Yaqub. Sarraj and Bizri wielded substantial influence in Syrian politics, checking the power of the political factions and purging Nasser's opponents from the officer corps.This was a source of concern for Quwatli, but he kept both men in their posts, partially due to pressure from Nasser. Quwatli further solidified his ties with the latter by appointing Akram al-Hawrani, the prominent Arab socialist leader, as speaker of parliament, and Salah al-Din Bitar, the co-founder of the pan-Arabist Ba'ath Party, as foreign affairs minister. Unity with Egypt

Amid the euphoria generated by Egypt's military intervention, serious unity discussions commenced between Syria and Egypt. Towards the end of October, Anwar al-Sadat, the Egyptian speaker of parliament, visited the Syrian parliament in Damascus in a gesture of solidarity, only for the visit to end with the Syrian parliament voting unanimously to enter into a union with Egypt without delay. A Syrian delegation then headed for Cairo to persuade Nasser to accept unity with Syria, but Nasser expressed his reservations regarding unity to the delegates and Quwatli, who was in Damascus. Nasser was wary of the Syrian military's habitual interference in the country's political affairs and the stark difference in the countries' economies and political systems. The Syrian political and military leadership continued to press Nasser out of both sincere commitment to Arab nationalism and a realization that only unification with Egypt could prevent impending strife in the country due to increasing communist influence.In December, the Ba'ath Party composed a proposal entailing federal unity with Egypt, prompting their communist rivals to propose a total union. While the communists were less eager to merge with Egypt, they sought to appear before the Syrian public as the group most dedicated to unity, privately believing Nasser would reject the offer as he had the first time. According to historian Adeed Dawisha, "the communists ended up outmaneuvering themselves ... unprepared for the unfolding events spearheaded by a public driven to frenzy by all talk and promises of union." On 11 January 1958, the communist chief-of-staff, Bizri, led an officers delegation to press for unity with Cairo without consulting Quwatli beforehand. Instead, the Egyptian ambassador, Mahmud Riad, met and notified Quwatli of Bizri's move. Quwatli was angered at the military's move, telling Riad that it amounted to a coup and Egypt was complicit. To assert his influence over the unity talks, Quwatli sent Foreign Minister al-Bitar to Cairo on 16 January to join the discussions.Nasser, while still hesitant at the Syrian proposal and discouraged by members of his inner circle, became increasingly concerned with the communists' power in Syria as testified by Bizri's leadership and autonomy from Quwatli. He was further pressured by the Arab nationalist members of the delegation, including al-Bitar, who alluded to an impending communist takeover and urgently appealed to him not to "abandon" Syria. Nasser ultimately agreed to the union, but insisted that it be formed strictly on his terms, stipulating a one-party system, a merged economy, and Syria's adoption of Egyptian social institutions; in effect a full-blown union. Syria's political leaders, particularly the communists, the Ba'athists and the conservatives, viewed Nasser's terms unfavorably, but nonetheless accepted them in response to mounting popular pressure. Quwatli left for Cairo in mid-February to conclude the agreement with Nasser and on 22 February the United Arab Republic (UAR) was established. Quwatli resigned from the presidency and Nasser became the president of the new union. To honor Quwatli for his gesture and his longtime struggle in the Arab nationalist cause, Nasser accorded him the title of "First Arab Citizen."The announcement of the UAR was met with widespread jubilation and celebration throughout the Arab world, most prominently in Syria. Nasser arrived in Damascus on an unannounced visit on 24 February and went directly to Quwatli's home. According to al-Hawrani, as Nasser met with Quwatli, "a sea of colliding humanity gathered with astonishing speed" as residents left their workplaces and homes to meet the leaders at Quwatli's house. When the two decided to leave for the official guesthouse in an open-top automobile, it took them two hours to reach the destination, where it normally would have taken about five minutes. The commotion of the growing crowds surrounding the car caused Quwatli to nearly faint. Following the union's establishment, Quwatli retired from politics. Later life
By 1960, Quwatli had quarreled with Nasser and criticized his policies in Syria.In particular, he condemned the institution of land distribution and industrial nationalization in July 1961, stating it would harm the economy severely. He was also personally affronted that his son-in-law Fayez al-Ujl had much of his property seized by the government as part of the socialist measures. Resentment towards the union across the spectrum of Syria's political class, social elite and officer corps was on the rise, with these key groups chafing at the centralization of authority into Nasser's hands, domination by a vastly larger Egypt at the political, social and economic levels and the sidelining of these groups in the governance of Syria. The Syrian public also grew wary of the virtual police state set up in the country by Sarraj. A coup by secessionist officers was undertaken in Syria on 28 September, effectively breaking up the UAR. Quwatli lent his support toward the coup, aligning himself with the secessionist officers. On 23 October, he made a televised speech condemning the UAR and expressing his disappointment with Nasser, saying "unity does not mean annexation and the presidential system does not mean the separation of the ruler from the ruled."He also accused the Egyptian authorities of establishing a system of rule dependent on "1,001 spies" and responsible for sowing division in the republic. Quwatli told the Syrian people they controlled their own destiny, saying "Ranks and titles come and go, but you the people are immortal!" He concluded his speech with self-criticism, stating "I was able to serve your struggle as an ordinary citizen more than I was able to serve you when I was president." The secessionist officers, pleased at Quwatli's statements, discussed whether or not to have Quwatli serve another term as president or to finish the term he began in 1955, which was cut about one year short as a result of the UAR's establishment. The proposal did not manifest, largely due to Quwatli's relatively old age at the time. On 8 March 1963 a coalition of unionist officers consisting of Ba'athists, Nasserists and independent Arab nationalists overthrew the secessionist government of President Nazim al-Qudsi and Prime Minister Khalid al-Azm. Quwatli left Syria shortly after and moved to Beirut, Lebanon.Death

Quwatli had a heart attack shortly after the Six-Day War (5–10 June 1967). Feeling a pain in his chest he was taken to a hospital on 29 June. He died in Beirut on 30 June. According to Syrian historian Sami Moubayed, Quwatli died after learning of the defeat of the Syrian and Arab armies. The Ba'athist-dominated government refused to allow Quwatli's body to be buried in Damascus and only relented after diplomatic pressure from King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. An honorary funeral organized by the state was held for him on 1 July. Legacy
On the day of his funeral, Radio Damascus called Quwatli "one of the sons of this homeland who has sacrificed and struggled for the advancement, liberation and unity of the Arab nation."He was proclaimed a founding father of the Syrian Arab Republic. Historians and the Syrian population generally consider Quwatli to be one of the most "renowned Syrian leaders of the twentieth century," according to Moubayed. References

Bibliography

1891 births
1967 deaths
Ottoman Arab nationalists
Arabs of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Sunni Muslims
Leaders ousted by a coup
Presidents of Syria
Syrian ministers of finance
National Bloc (Syria) politicians
People from Damascus
Syrian torture victims
World War II political leaders
Syrian Arab nationalists
Syrian people of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
People of the Great Syrian Revolt
Syrian Sunni Muslims
Mekteb-i Mülkiye alumni
Arab independence activists
20th-century Syrian politicians
Syrian


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<mask> (May 6, 1926 – October 18, 2019) was an American abstract expressionist painter and one of the early experimenters with shaped canvas in the 1950s. <mask> stated:

..all great artists can only do what they esteem to be right. No matter how it appears at first, it will always be beautiful. Early life
<mask> was born May 6, 1926 in the Storyville section of New Orleans, Louisiana. He served during World War II in the US Air Corps, stationed in Guam. Studies
<mask> studied from 1947 to 1951 in The Art Institute of Chicago with Helen Gardner and Louis Ritman. Under the GI Bill of Rights which financed the higher education of recruits, <mask> took residence in Paris in 1952.He enrolled at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière where he studied until 1953. Selected solo exhibitions

 1951 YMCA, Chicago, Illinois
 1955: Galerie Creuze, Paris, France
<mask> returned to New York City in 1956. He and Ted Jones (painter) were the first Afro-Americans that actively participated in the New York City Tenth Street galleries. <mask> had his first one-man show in 1958 in the Brata Gallery. After the show he soon returned to Paris where he continued to show. 1966: Galerie Creuze, Paris, France
 1969: American Embassy, Paris, France
<mask> was the first Afro-American painter credited with working on a shaped canvas, an innovation that influenced contemporary art through the 1950s and 1960s. He was also known for his powerful brush stroke achieved with a push broom, large-scale canvases, and his vibrant use of color.He arrived in Paris each summer and returned to New York City. He had number of well received exhibitions in both continents. Recognition, critical response
In 2013, <mask> was presented with the Art Institute of Chicago's Legends and Legacy Award, in recognition of what it called his "pioneering paintings." In 2014, upon viewing an exhibit of <mask>'s work at the Tilton Gallery, New York critic Barry Schwabsky wrote in The Nation, "He is, simply, one of the best living painters." He continued, "Paint as a literal, physical presence and as a trace of the artist's mental and physical activity becomes inseparable from the evocation of the glory of light." Reviewing a Museum of Modern Art show in 2017, New York Times critic Roberta Smith wrote that in a gallery that also included paintings by Willem de Kooning, Elizabeth Murray, Alma Thomas and others, she was most taken by "an effortless, thrilling abstraction full of floating light," an untitled work by <mask>. She went on to say <mask> has "devoted most of his long career to handling large brushes and gorgeous color with the matter-of-fact, quietly flamboyant flair seen here."Since 2019, <mask> is exclusively represented worldwide by the Swiss gallery Hauser & Wirth. References

Books
 Kenkeleba Gallery (New York, N.Y.), The search for freedom : African American abstract painting 1945–1975 : May 19 – July 14, 1991, Kenkeleba Gallery, New York. Asake Bomani and Belvie Rooks, ‘’The Paris connections : African American artists in Paris’’
 Marika herskovic, American abstract expressionism of the 1950s : an illustrated survey : with artists' statements, artwork and biographies . p. 78–81

External links

1926 births
2019 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century male artists
Artists from New Orleans
Military personnel from Louisiana
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Alumni of the Académie de la Grande Chaumière
20th-century African-American painters
21st-century African-American artists

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Jamael Orondé "Rondé" <mask> (born April 7, 1975) is a former American football cornerback and former sports broadcaster. <mask> spent his entire 16-year professional career playing for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He is the identical twin brother of <mask>, a former running back for the New York Giants. <mask> grew up in Roanoke, Virginia and played college football for the University of Virginia. In the 1997 NFL Draft, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers selected <mask> in the third round as the 66th overall pick. Over the course of his career, <mask> was selected to five Pro Bowls, accumulated three first team All-Pro selections, two second-team All-Pro selections, and was selected to the National Football League 2000s All-Decade Team. Additionally, he led all NFL players in interceptions in 2001, is the Buccaneers all-time interceptions leader, and is one of the two members of the 40/20 club (40+ interceptions, 20+ quarterback sacks) alongside Charles Woodson.After the 2002 season, <mask> won Super Bowl XXXVII against the Oakland Raiders. He also holds the record for most consecutive starts by a defensive back. <mask> was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 2014. Early years
The <mask> twin boys were born five weeks premature. <mask> was born seven minutes before his identical twin brother Tiki <mask>. He was named Jamael Oronde which means "first born son". Tiki was a running back who played for the New York Giants.<mask> is the son of Geraldine and <mask>. James "J.B.<mask> was a star running back at Virginia Tech and later played in the World Football League. His roommate in college was Bruce Arians. His parents divorced when <mask> was very young, and his father never provided financial support and rarely saw his sons when they were growing up. His mother Geraldine worked two, sometimes three jobs to support her three sons. He and Tiki have an older brother, Tarik <mask>. <mask> graduated from Cave Spring High School of Roanoke, Virginia in 1993, and was a standout in football, wrestling, and track.In football, <mask> was a three-time All-District selection. In track, <mask> won the national title in the 55-meter hurdles as a senior in 1993, with a career-best time of 7.18 seconds. He was timed at 14.05 seconds in the 110-meter hurdles. He also won four Group AAA hurdles titles in indoor and outdoor track. College career
<mask> received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Virginia, where he played for the Virginia Cavaliers football team. He redshirted the 1993 season and played for the Cavaliers from the 1994 to 1996 seasons as a defensive back. He was also a kick returner in 1994 and 1996; in 1994, <mask> returned 10 kickoffs for 171 yards, and in 1996, he returned 3 for 36 yards.As a defensive back, <mask> made 15 interceptions returned for 112 yards in his career with Virginia: 8 for 56 yards in 1994, 4 for 18 yards in 1995, and 3 for 38 yards in 1996. The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) recognized <mask> as Freshman of the Year after the 1994 season, and <mask> earned first-team All-ACC honors in all his three seasons with Virginia. <mask> was part of the Virginia teams that won the 1994 Independence Bowl and December 1995 Peach Bowl. After his junior season in 1996, <mask> declared for the 1997 NFL Draft. <mask> graduated from Virginia in 1997 with a bachelor's degree in commerce with an emphasis in marketing. Professional career
On January 3, 1997, <mask> announced his decision to forgo his final season of eligibility and enter the 1997 NFL Draft. He became only the third player from the University of Virginia to enter the NFL draft with eligibility remaining.1997
The Tampa Bay Buccaneers drafted <mask> in the third round (66th overall) of the 1997 NFL Draft. <mask> was the third underclassmen selected in 1997 and was the tenth cornerback. His brother, Tiki <mask>, was drafted in the second round (36th overall) by the New York Giants. <mask> and Tiki <mask> became only the fourth set of twins to be selected in the same draft in NFL history, following Rich and Ron Saul (1970), Reggie and Raleigh McKenzie (1985), and Keith and Kerry Cash (1991). They also became only the seventh set of twins to play in the league. As a rookie, <mask> played only one game, in Week 5 (September 28) against the Arizona Cardinals. <mask> had three tackles.Tampa advanced to the divisional round of the playoffs but lost to the Green Bay Packers. 1998
In his second season, <mask> started nine games (three as left cornerback and six as right cornerback) and played in all 16 games, recording 68 tackles, 17 passes deflected, 3 sacks, 2 interceptions (returned for 67 yards), 2 forced fumbles, and 12 special teams tackles. 1999
In the 1999 season, <mask> again played in all 16 games and started 15 as right cornerback. Improving from his previous seasons, <mask> posted 74 tackles, two interceptions (60 yards), one sack, and 16 passes deflected. Making his postseason debut this season, <mask> also started both playoff games; the Buccaneers lost the NFC Championship game to eventual Super Bowl XXXIV champion St. Louis Rams. 2000
For the first time in his career, <mask> started all 16 games in a season in 2000. <mask> reached new career bests with 97 tackles, 20 passes deflected, and 5.5 sacks.With his 5.5 sacks, <mask> led all NFC defensive backs in sacks. He had two interceptions (46 yards), one forced fumble, one fumble recovery, and six special teams tackles. For the Week 2 (September 10) game, <mask> was NFC Defensive Player of the Week for 3 tackles, 2.5 sacks, a forced fumble, and a 24-yard fumble recovery for a touchdown against the Chicago Bears. Picking and returning for 37 yards a pass from former Tampa quarterback Vinny Testaverde, <mask> made his first career touchdown from an interception return in the Week 4 (September 24) 21-17 loss to the New York Jets. In the Wild Card game on December 31, a 21-3 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles, <mask> made 5 tackles. 2001
On April 9, 2001, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed <mask> to a six-year, $18.50 million contract. In 2001, <mask> started 16 of 16 regular season games and made 71 tackles, 1 sack, 14 passes deflected, and 10 interceptions (86 yards).<mask> returned an intercepted pass from Aaron Brooks 36 yards for a touchdown in the Week 15 (December 23) win over the New Orleans Saints. <mask> made his first Pro Bowl and All-Pro teams this season. 2002
Starting all 16 games again this season, <mask> made 79 tackles, 3 sacks, 17 passes deflected, and returned 2 interceptions for 9 yards. <mask> was part of a Tampa secondary that ranked first in total defense and passes defended. <mask> also started all three playoff games, including Tampa's Super Bowl XXXVII victory. In the NFC Championship game on January 19, 2003, <mask> picked off a pass from Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb and returned the interception 92 yards for a touchdown late in the fourth quarter to seal Tampa's 27-10 road victory and brought Veterans Stadium to near-silence. Bob Ford of The Philadelphia Inquirer labeled this game as "the most ignominious defeat of Andy Reid's head coaching career" because of <mask>'s interception return.In 2011, Tampa Bay Times sportswriter Rick Stroud ranked <mask>'s interception return for touchdown in the NFC Championship game as the greatest scoring play in team history. <mask> also deflected 4 passes in that game. In Tampa's 48-21 victory over the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XXXVII on January 26, 2003, <mask> made five tackles. 2003
For the fourth consecutive season, <mask> started all 16 regular season games. <mask> again continued to make more tackles annually with 97 this season. Additionally, <mask> deflected 3 passes, returned 2 interceptions for 53 yards, and forced 3 fumbles. In Week 5 (October 6), a 38-35 overtime loss to the Indianapolis Colts, <mask> returned an intercepted pass from Peyton Manning 29 yards for a touchdown.2004
Starting all 16 regular-season games, <mask> made 98 tackles, 3 sacks, 10 passes defended, 3 interceptions returned for 23 yards, and 2 forced fumbles. Chosen as a starter for the 2005 Pro Bowl, <mask> made his second career Pro Bowl appearance. This season, <mask> also earned first-team All-Pro honors from the Associated Press. For the second time since the 2002 Super Bowl championship season, Tampa's pass defense was number one in the league, and Tampa's total defense was in the top ten for the eighth straight season. 2005

<mask> had 99 tackles, 2 sacks, 15 passes defended, and 5 interceptions returned for 105 yards in 16 games (all starts) in 2005. <mask> intercepted three passes (returned for 70 yards) from Saints quarterback Aaron Brooks on December 4 (Week 13) in Tampa's 10-3 win over New Orleans, including one in the end zone in the Saints' final drive. On December 11, in the Week 14 game against the Carolina Panthers, he became the first cornerback in the history of the NFL to record at least 20 interceptions and 20 sacks in his career.Tampa lost the Wild Card game 17-10 to the Washington Redskins, and <mask> made 8 tackles that game. <mask> made his third career Pro Bowl appearance in the 2006 Pro Bowl. 2006

In 2006, starting 16 of 16 regular-season games, <mask> had 98 tackles and 13 passes deflected. He also returned 3 interceptions for 103 yards; two of those interceptions <mask> returned for touchdowns. On October 22 (Week 7) against Philadelphia, <mask> became the first player in Buccaneers history to return two interceptions for touchdowns in one regular-season game. After <mask> scored in the second quarter on a 37-yard return of an interception from Donovan McNabb, Tampa took a 17-0 lead late in the third quarter with <mask>'s 66-yard interception return of a McNabb pass. Despite a late comeback by the Eagles, Tampa won 23-21 on a last-second field goal by Matt Bryant.<mask> made his fourth career and third consecutive Pro Bowl in the 2007 Pro Bowl. 2007
Prior to the season, the team voted <mask> as defensive captain. In 16 games, <mask> made 58 tackles, one sack, 14 passes deflected, 2 interceptions returned for 32 yards (including a 29-yard touchdown run), and one forced fumble. On November 25, 2007, he took the record from Donnie Abraham for the most interceptions in Buccaneers team history by catching his 32nd against the Washington Redskins. In a 37-3 victory over the Atlanta Falcons on Week 15 (December 16), <mask> returned an interception of Chris Redman 29 yards for a touchdown. 2008
In 2008, starting 16 of 16 regular season games for the ninth straight season, <mask> made 75 tackles, 2 sacks, 12 passes defended, and 4 interceptions returned for 69 yards (including a 65-yard return for touchdown). Again a team defensive captain, <mask> made his fifth career and most recent Pro Bowl appearance in the 2009 Pro Bowl.In the Week 12 (November 23), a 38-20 win over the hosting Detroit Lions, <mask> intercepted Lions quarterback Daunte Culpepper twice and returned one interception 65 yards for a touchdown. 2009
In the 2009 regular season, <mask> made 77 tackles, 2 sacks, 6 passes defended, and 2 forced fumbles in 16 games (all starts). However, for the first time since his 1997 rookie season, <mask> did not intercept a pass the entire season. <mask> had some crucial plays on special teams: in Week 4 (October 4) against the Washington Redskins, <mask> blocked an extra point kick by Shaun Suisham. In the Week 9 win over the Green Bay Packers, <mask> returned a punt blocked by Geno Hayes 31 yards for a tying touchdown. Along with Tony Dungy, Derrick Brooks, and Warren Sapp, <mask> was voted to the NFL 2000s All-Decade Team prior to the 2010 Pro Bowl. 2010
<mask> made 82 tackles, defended 13 passes, and returned 3 interceptions for 98 yards in 16 games.With his 172nd consecutive start in Week 6 (October 17), <mask> surpassed Dick LeBeau for most consecutive starts by an NFL cornerback and played in his 200th career game two weeks later. On November 21, 2010, <mask> became the only player in NFL history with at least 25 sacks (26 total) and 40 interceptions with a 21–0 win over the San Francisco 49ers. 2011
Starting all 16 games as a right cornerback, <mask> had 79 tackles, 9 passes defended, 1 safety, and 3 interceptions returned for 12 yards. On October 23 (Week 7), in an NFL International Series game against the Chicago Bears held in London, England, <mask> recorded his first career safety when he tackled Matt Forte in the end zone. 2012
On May 15, 2012, <mask> officially switched positions to become a free safety. <mask> started all 16 games for the 13th straight season and had 91 tackles, 13 passes defended, 4 interceptions returned for 160 yards, and a forced fumble. On Week 6 (October 14) against the Kansas City Chiefs, <mask> intercepted a pass from Brady Quinn and returned the interception 78 yards for a touchdown during the third quarter and also blocked a punt.In this season's roster, <mask> was the only member of the Super Bowl XXXVII championship team still active with the team. Responding to media speculation about retirement, <mask> commented in December: "I’m not ready to make a decision on it. I’m pretty sure it will play itself out when the time comes." Retirement
On May 8, 2013, <mask> announced his retirement. At the time of his retirement, he was the active leader in defensive touchdowns scored, with 14. NFL career statistics

 <mask> returned a blocked punt for a touchdown, which is officially recognized as a punt return touchdown as the ball traveled past the line of scrimmage. <mask> did not start the Week 10 game vs the Kansas City Chiefs, as such his record streak of consecutive starts did not begin until the Week 11 game vs the Atlanta Falcons.NFL records
 Most consecutive starts by a defensive back: 215 (224 including playoffs), 1999–2012
 Most consecutive starts by a cornerback: 200 (209 including playoffs), 1999–2012
 Only player in NFL history with 45+ interceptions and 25+ sacks

Buccaneers franchise records
 Most interceptions in a single season: 10 (2001)
 Most interceptions in a career: 47
 Most pass deflections in a career: 197
 2nd most fumble recoveries in a career: 12
 Most non-offensive touchdowns in a career: 14
 Most starts in a career (any position): 232 (1997–2012)
 Most games played in a career (any position): 241 (1997–2012)
 Most sacks by a defensive back in a career: 28
 Most interceptions in a game: 3 (tied with Aqib Talib and Andrew Adams)
 Most fumble return touchdowns in a season: 2 (tied with Ndamukong Suh and Devin White)

Other work
In 2010, <mask> appeared on the satirical sports show The Onion Sportsdome. After his retirement, <mask> joined Fox Sports as an NFL color analyst. From 2013 to 2019 he called NFL on Fox telecasts with Chris Myers and Kenny Albert, and contributed to studio programming on Fox Sports 1. Since 2004, <mask> <mask> has co-written eight children's books with his brother Tiki:
By My Brother's Side (2004)
Game Day (2005)
Teammates (2006)
Kickoff! (2007)
Go Long! (2008)
Wild Card (2009)
Red Zone (2010)
Goal Line (2011)

Personal life
<mask> <mask> lives in Keystone, Florida. In Spring 2001 he married Filipino American Claudia Patron.She was a marketing and event planner. She is now with Diabetic Charitable Services. They have two daughters Yammile Rose and Justyce Rosina. References

External links
 Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio

1975 births
African-American players of American football
American color commentators
American football cornerbacks
American football safeties
American identical twins
Living people
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers
People with epilepsy
Players of American football from Virginia
Sportspeople from Roanoke, Virginia
Tampa Bay Buccaneers announcers
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Twin people from the United States
Twin sportspeople
Virginia Cavaliers football players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Barber
Barber
Tiki Barber
Barber
Ronde Barber
Barber
Barber
Barber
Barber
Barber
Barber
Barber
James Barber
" Barber
Barber
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Ronde
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texts:
<mask> (born 1967) is best known for extensive multi-media installations made of cut-out images which form collages. Life

Early Career
<mask> was born on Eagle Island, BC in 1967. His career as an artist was unplanned, but he attended an art class with his sister when he was 21 and became interested. He received his art training at the San Francisco Art Institute (1991-1992) and Emily Carr University (1993). Art practice
<mask> creates installation-based artworks to create intersections of personal and lived experiences. He uses a combination of a broad range of elements, including: drawing, photography, video, sculpture, performance, found materials, and sometimes sound, bronze casting and waterworks. His work offers a subtle take on the legacies of minimalist and postminimalist art.Minimalism emphasized the artwork's ability to instill in the viewer a powerful sense of their own presence; <mask>'s work begins with this idea of the art gallery as a site of phenomenological experience. Postminimalism represents a refinement of minimalism in the way it emphasizes the role the gallery context plays in creating the meaning of an artwork. <mask> adds to both traditions by focusing on the nature of meaning itself, emphasizing its fragility. He devises ways of fostering engagement with his work. Whereas minimalist artists, such as Donald Judd and Dan Flavin, were said by art critic Michael Fried to theatricalize the gallery-going experience, <mask> uses the idioms of theatre and performance as analogies of the process of meaning. This places him within the international trend, in which "installation art is a theatrical set without a stage play to give it meaning." For instance, <mask>'s piece Hunchback Kit (2000-7 at the Tate uses a hard shell case with custom foam insert to house props for staging performances of The Hunchback of Notre Dame.<mask> creates the art exhibition as a set of components made available for the viewer's interpretation. In this process, he casts himself in the role of the 'artist', continuing to add to and transform an exhibition during the time it is on view. In For Every Jetliner Used in an Artwork… (2006), for instance, <mask> presented a video in the exhibition of himself working to alter an installation during the night while the show is closed. By explicitly portraying the exhibition as being 'in process', <mask> ensures that "a degree of openness and instability is built in to his work." According to Mark Clintberg writing in The Drawing Room, London for Canadian Art International <mask>'s work The Last Two Million Years (2007), takes the ephemerality of time as its theme, making small delicate sculptures from the pages of an Encyclopedia. Creating hybrid figurative objects out of disparate historical time periods, <mask> undoes the fixity of museum display and the agreed sequence of historical events. In A Way Out of the Mirror (2017), he added bronze casting and waterworks to the list of materials he uses and transformed the site into an open-air stage.Work
His first figurative work was Trailer (2002), a large reproduction of a transport truck’s trailer, part reality (dirt covers the surface, and mud is splattered across the gas tank) and part artifice (the trailer looks like a movie prop). He followed this with many figurative works such as The Last Two Million Years (2007), The Idea and the Absence of the Idea (2008), The Surgeon and the Photographer (2009) (Vancouver Art Gallery), made of 365 three-dimensional collages, and Leaves of Grass (2012) (National Gallery of Canada), an installation 124 feet long, of more than 15,000 images cut from 50 years of Life magazine, arranged chronologically on stalks of dried grass. He viewed The Surgeon and the Photographer, along with The Last Two Million Years (2007) and Leaves of Grass (2012) as a trilogy of installations, based on the accumulation of images. Exhibitions
<mask>`s first group exhibition took place in 1995 in Mexico. His first solo exhibition took place in Vancouver at Or Gallery. Since then, his exhibition history has been extensive, with shows nationally, and abroad. For dOCUMENTA (13) in 2012, <mask> produced Leaves of Grass.In 2015, he had a large mid-career retrospective co-curated by himself and Daina Augaitis at the Vancouver Art Gallery in which he used items from the Gallery’s artist archives to create installations that filled the entire gallery space. The exhibition was titled How Do I Fit This Ghost in My Mouth. In 2017, he represented Canada at the 57th Venice Biennale, in Venice with a show titled A Way Out of the Mirror. In 2017, he also had a show titled The Care With Which The Rain Is Wrong, at the Schinkel Pavillon, Berlin, Germany in which he used art monographs and his own digital library of illustrations and collection of sounds for his installations. He is represented by Catriona Jeffries, Vancouver. Public Art Projects
Every Letter in the Alphabet, Vancouver (2009) This was a year-long project commissioned for the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics in Vancouver. Farmer's Every Letter in the Alphabet (2010) was located in a storefront space in the city.He commissioned twenty-six language-based works, one for every letter of the alphabet, including readings performances and poster projects to appear in the space, and throughout the city, during 2009-2010. Residencies
 Theatre of Erosion or I Hate Work That is Not a Play, lead faculty, The Banff Centre, Banff, Canada (2010)
 Kadist Art Foundation, Paris, France (2011)
Below Another Sky, commissioned by the Scottish Print Network, Edinburgh Printmakers, Edinburgh, Scotland (2014)

Awards
Viva Award, Jack and Doris Shadbolt Foundation for the Visual Arts, Vancouver, Canada (2003)
 Victor Martyn Lynch-Staunton Award, Visual Arts, Canada Council for the Arts (2008)
 The Hnatshyn Foundation Visual Arts Award (2011)
 The Gershon Iskowitz Prize, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Canada (2013) for his outstanding contribution to the visual arts in Canada

<mask> lives and works on Kauai, Hawaii, USA

References

Bibliography

External links
CV and bibliography, pdf
 <mask> at Catriona Jeffries Gallery
 <mask> at the National Gallery of Canada
 <mask> at the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal
 <mask>, Canadian Art, Winter, 2007
 <mask> at Kadist Art Foundation

1967 births
Living people
San Francisco Art Institute alumni
Canadian installation artists
Canadian contemporary artists
21st-century Canadian artists
Canadian multimedia artists

masks:
Geoffrey Farmer
Farmer
Geoffrey Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
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Geoffrey Farmer
Geoffrey Farmer
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Geoffrey Farmer
Geoffrey Farmer


texts:
<mask> RA (31 October 174011 March 1812), whose name is sometimes given in the French form of <mask>, the German form of <mask>, or with the English-language epithet of the Younger, was a French-born British painter who became known for his large naval works, his elaborate set designs for London theatres, and his invention of a mechanical theatre called the "Eidophusikon". He also had an interest in faith-healing and the occult, and was a companion of the confidence-trickster Alessandro Cagliostro. Early life

Loutherbourg  was born in Strasbourg in 1740, the son of an expatriate Polish miniature painter. Intended for the Lutheran ministry, he was educated at the University of Strasbourg. Paris
Rejecting a religious calling, Loutherbourg decided to become a painter, and in 1755 placed himself under Charles-André van Loo in Paris and later under Francesco Giuseppe Casanova. His talent developed rapidly, and he became a figure in the fashionable society of the day. In 1767 he was elected to the French Academy, although below the age required by the rules of the institution, and painted landscapes, sea storms, and battles, all of which work had a celebrity above those of the specialists then working in Paris.He made his debut with the exhibition of twelve pictures, including Storm at Sunset, Night, and  Morning after Rain. Travels
Loutherbourg then travelled through Switzerland, Germany and Italy, distinguishing himself as much by his mechanical inventions as by his painting. One of these, showing new effects produced in a model theatre, was the wonder of the day, with its use of lights behind canvas representing the moon and stars, and the illusory appearance of running water produced by clear blue sheets of metal and gauze, with loose threads of silver. London

Theatre
In 1771 he settled in London, where David Garrick paid him £500 a year to design scenery and costumes and oversee the stage machinery at the Drury Lane Theatre. His stage effects attracted the admiration not just of the general public, but also of artists, including Joshua Reynolds. He devised scenic effects in which, for instance, green trees gradually became russet and the moon rose and lit the edges of passing clouds: illusions achieved through the use of coloured lantern-slides and the ingenious lighting of transparencies. He continued to work at the theatre until 1785.He achieved an even greater success with an entertainment called the Eidophusikon, meaning "image of nature". This was a miniature mechanical theatre measuring six by eight feet, and described as  displaying "Various Imitations of Natural Phenomena, represented by Moving Pictures". It was presented at Loutherbourg's home from March 1781 in an auditorium seating about 130 people. He used Argand lamps to light the stage and stained glass to change colours. At Christmas, 1781, Loutherbourg mounted a spectacle at a party in the Egyptian Hall at Fonthill for William Beckford, promising (according to Beckford) to "present a mysterious something that the eye has not seen or heart of man conceived". Following this he attempted rather more fantastical subjects for the Eidophusikon, presenting a scene from Paradise Lost with "Satan arraying his troops on the banks of the Fiery Lake, and the rising of the Palace of Pandemonium". The Eidophusikon soon closed, however, as the income did not cover the costs and the audience demanded new productions faster than Loutherbourg could create them.He has been called the inventor of the panorama but, although  it first appeared about the same time as the Eidophusikon, the first panorama was painted and exhibited by the Scottish painter Robert Barker. Painting

Despite these other projects, Loutherbourg still found time for painting. Lord Howe's action, or the Glorious First of June (exhibited 1795) and other large naval pictures were commissioned to commemorate British naval victories, many of them ending up soon afterwards in the Greenwich Hospital Gallery (in whose successor, the National Maritime Museum, they still remain). His finest work was the Destruction of the Armada. He also painted the Great Fire of London and several historical works, including the Attack of the Combined Armies on Valenciennes (1793). He was interested in the industrial revolution and his 1801 painting Coalbrookdale by Night shows iron foundries at work. Seven of his paintings, including Lodore Waterfall and Skating in Hyde Park, are in the Government Art Collection.He was made a member of the Royal Academy in 1781. Publications

Two sets of drawings by <mask> were published, reproduced in aquatint, under the title Picturesque English Scenery in 1801 and 1805. He also contributed illustrations to a Bible published by Thomas Macklin in 1800. After his death Cadell and Davies published a volume of the Apocrypha. All 110 of his drawings for the vignettes (but not the Apocrypha) are pasted in the Bowyer Bible in Bolton Museum in Greater Manchester. Esoteric interests
In 1789 <mask> temporarily gave up painting, in order to pursue an interest in alchemy and the supernatural. He met Alessandro di Cagliostro, who instructed him in the occult.He travelled about with Cagliostro, leaving  him, however, before his condemnation to death. He and his wife also took up faith-healing. A pamphlet called A List of a Few Cures performed by Mr and Mrs De Loutherbourg, of Hammersmith Terrace, without Medicine was published in 1789. Written by a follower named Mary Pratt, it claimed that the Loutherbourgs had cured two thousand people between Christmas 1788 and the following July, "having been made proper recipients to receive divine manuductions". Death
Loutherbourg  died in Chiswick in 1812. There are paintings by him in the collections of many British institutions including, Tate Britain, The Victoria and Albert Museum, The National Portrait Gallery, The Royal Academy of Art, Leicester, Farnham and Derby Art Gallery. Loutherbourg was buried in Chiswick Old Cemetery, adjoining the graveyard of St Nicholas Church, Chiswick.Buried nearby are the artists William Hogarth and <mask> McNeill Whistler. Further reading
 <mask>, Michael. "The Making and Marketing of the Georgian Apotheosis:  Carter, Strange, Rebecca, Tresham, and de Loutherbourg". The British Art Journal, 22/1 (2021) pp. 10-17. Joppier, Rudiger (1973). <mask> <mask>, R.A., 1740-1812.London: Greater London Council. Dobson, Austin. At Prior Park and Other Papers. London: Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press, 1923. Print. References

External links

 Adventures in Cybersound: <mask> <mask>berg

1740 births
1812 deaths
18th-century English painters
English male painters
19th-century English painters
Landscape artists
People from Strasbourg
Royal Academicians
French emigrants to the Kingdom of Great Britain
History painters
Military art
French emigrants to England
French people of Polish descent
English people of Polish descent

masks:
Philip James de Loutherbourg
Philippe Jacques
Philipp Jakob
de Loutherbourg
Loutherbourg
James Abbott
Burden
Philippe Jacques
de Loutherbourg
Philippe Jacques
de Louther


texts:
<mask>  is an Australian science communicator and author. He was born in Wollongong in 1961, and is known for his creative writing and social research into public attitudes towards new technologies. He has lived mainly in Canberra, but has also in Iceland (1980–81) and Finland (1984–85). He has published 30 books of fiction and non-fiction, and numerous articles in refereed journals. He has been active in the Canberra writing community, teaching and editing, was Chair of the ACT Writers Centre from 2003 to 2008 and in 2006 was Writer in Residence at the University of Science in Penang, Malaysia. <mask>'s creative writing has appeared in most of Australia's literary journals including Southerly, Westerly, Island, Meanjin, The Phoenix Review, Overland, Scarp, 4W, Redoubt, Block, as well as in overseas publications including Silverfish New Writing (Malaysia) and Foreign Literature No 6 (China). He has previously been an editor of the radical arts magazine Blast, and his writing awards include the ACT Book of the Year Award in 1999 a Queensland Premier's Literary Award in 2006, a Victorian Community History Award in 2015,  the ACT Writing and Publishing Award in 2015 and the Tasmanian Writers' Prize in 2016.As a science communicator he has worked for the CSIRO, Questacon and the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, and has represented the Australian Government at many international science forums including Apec and OECD conferences, presenting on issues relating to public concerns about new technologies. In 2013 he was awarded the Unsung Hero of Science Communications by the Australian Science Communicators. Since 2019 he has been serving on the Advisory Board on Education and Outreach to the Nobel Prize Winning Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. <mask> was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) in the 2021 Queen's Birthday Honours "service to science, and to the community". Literary career

<mask> went on to study journalism and creative writing at the University of Canberra – both areas which he continues to work in – with stints at the Canberra School of Art, the University of Iceland and Helsinki University. He returned to the University of Canberra to study languages, public relations and sociology, undertake a Masters in Communications and then completed a PhD in Creative Communications at Deakin University in 2007. His first books were self-published or picked up by small presses until Unwritten Histories was published by Aboriginal Studies Press in 1998.The book subsequently won the ACT Book of the Year Award and received praising reviews. His work has a strong sense of satire, across themes that include exploration, isolation, duality and Ned Kelly (who appears at least once in each of his eight short story collections). He has written and published, on average, one book a year since 1998, including collections of short fiction, novels and non-fiction. He has published scholarly articles on public attitudes to new technologies in publications including: NanoEthics, the International Journal of Biotechnology Agricultural Science, Historia Ciencias Saude (Brazil) and Choices (USA). He also authored the Australian Government reports, Cloning Goes to the Movies, and What you really need to know about what the public really thinks about GM foods. In 2008 he fulfilled "a life's dream" and travelled to Antarctica as an Antarctic Arts Fellow, visiting the three Australian stations on the continent, Casey, Davis and Mawson, publishing his experiences as In Bed with Douglas Mawson: Travels around Antarctica, in 2011, which merges his two interests of science and creative writing. In 2014 and 2015 he published the acclaimed the Shadow Master series with Angry Robot books, in the US and UK, as was a guest author at the Convergence fan convention in Minneapolis, and at WorldCon in Helsinki in 2018.In 2015 he also took part in the Yale Writers Conference. Writing awards

  2019 Winner of the ACT Writing and Publishing Awards - non-fiction, for  Backseat Drivers, 2018. 2019 - Shortlisted for the ACT Writing and Publishing Awards - fiction for Years of the Wolf, 2018. 2019 Shortlisted for a Victorian Community History Award, for  Backseat Drivers, 2018. 2019 - Shortlisted for an Aurealis Award for Best Horror Book for Years of the Wolf, 2018. 2016 - Winner of the Tasmanian Writers' Prize 2016. 2015 – Winner of a Victorian Community History Award, for Ned Kelly under the Microscope, 2015.2015 – Winner of the ACT Writing and Publishing Award for Uncle Adolf, 2015. 2010 – Shortlisted for the ACT Writing and Publishing Awards for Futures Trading, 2010. 2006 – Winner of Queensland Premier’s Award for A Funny Thing Happened at 27,000 Feet (Steele Rudd Award for a collection of short fiction). 2004 – Short-listed for a Queensland Premier's Award for the Princess of Cups (Steele Rudd Award for a collection of short fiction). 2000 – Second Prize in the Age Short Story Contest. 2000 – Second Prize in the University of Canberra Short Story contest. 2000 – Nominated for ACT Artist of the Year.1999 – ACT Book of the Year Award for Unwritten Histories, 1998. 1999 – Highly commended in the Victorian Fellowship of Australian Writers Jim Hamilton Award. 1998 – First Prize in the Max Harris Literary Awards. 1998 – First Prize in the Arts West Writing Competition. 1998 – Second Prize in the Not the Premier's Literary Award. 1998 – Second Prize in the R Carson Gold Short Story Competition. 1998 – Shortlisted for the ANU/Anutech short story award.1997 – Canberra Critics Circle award for literature. 1995 – Shortlisted for the ANU/Anutech short story award. 1996 – Highly commended in the National Book Council Award. 1993 – Shortlisted for the Australian-Vogel Award for Of One Blood. Works

Books published
 On A Barbarous Coast(with Harold Ludwick), Allen and Unwin, 2020. . The Science of Communicating Science, CSIRO Publishing, 2019. .
 Years of the Wolf, IFWG Australia, 2018. . (Shortlisted for an Aurealis Award for Best Horror Book). Backseat Drivers, Ginninderra Press, 2018. . (Shortlisted for a Victorian Community History Award).The Seven Voyages of Captain Cook, Dimension 6, coeur de lion, 2017. . (Shortlisted for a 2017 Aurealis Award - Best Anthology). Valdur the Viking and the Ghostly Goths, Ford Street Publishing, 2016. . The Floating City, Angry Robot Books, 2015. .
 Ned Kelly Under the Microscope, CSIRO Publishing, 2014. (Winner of a Victorian Community History Award, 2015) . The Shadow Master, Angry Robot Books, 2014. .
 Uncle Adolf, Ginninderra Press, 2014. (Winner of an ACT Publishing Award, 2015). .
 Benji the Buccaneer (Children's book), New Frontier, 2014. .
 Time Vandals, Scholastic Australia, 2012. .
 Shipwrecks of the Southern Seas, Murdoch Books, 2011. . In Bed with Douglas Mawson, New Holland Press, 2011. .
 Futures Trading, Mockingbird Press, 2009.[*Shortlisted for the ACT Writing and Publishing Awards 2010]. . The Last Super: The creation and recreation of Alexander Pearce, the 'cannibal convict' of Van Diemen's Land, Lambert Academic Publishing, 2009. .
 Of One Blood, Australian Booksellers Association, 2007. [*As a manuscript, shortlisted for the Australian-Vogel Award in 1993, the National Book Council Award in 1996 and the Victorian Fellowship of Australian Writers Jim Hamilton Award in 1999]. . The Prince of Frogs, Mockingbird Press, 2007. /
 A Funny Thing Happened at 27,000 feet..., Mockingbird Press, 2005. [*Winner of the Queensland Premier's Award – Steel Rudd Award for short fiction, 2006]. . The Princess of Cups, Mockingbird Press, 2003.[*Short-listed for the Queensland Premier's Award Steel Rudd Award, 2004]. . DIG: the Unwritten History of Burke and Wills, Ginninderra Press, 2002. . The Queen of Aegea, Mockingbird Press, 2001. . When Angels Call, [Short fiction by <mask>, Poetry by Hal Judge and illustrations by Steve Harrison), Aberrant Genotype Press, 2001. .
 Kurikka's Dreaming, Simon and Schuster, 2000. [*featured on ABC Radio National's Australia Talks Books, May 2001]. . The King of Patagonia, Mockingbird Press, 1999. . Unwritten Histories  Aboriginal Studies Press, 1998.[*Winner of the 1999 ACT Chief Minister's Book of the Year Award]. .
 Pimplemania, MacMillan Educational, 1997. .

Books edited

 Snapshots, Oak Publications, Malaysia, 2006. .
 Co-editor of Meeting of Muses, Mockingbird Press, 2003. .
 Co-editor of The Circulatory System, Mockingbird Press, 2001. .
 Co-editor of Time Pieces, Mockingbird Press, 1999. [*Commended in the Victorian FAW Community Writer's Award, 1999]. .
 Protesting the Testing: Canberra Writers Speak Out Against Nuclear Testing in the Pacific, 1995, (Left Book Club (ACT) and PEN (ACT)). . Academic publications

Cormick. C., Nielssen. O., Ashworth. P., La Salle. J., & Saab.C., What Do Science Communicators Talk About When They Talk About Science Communications? Engaging With the Engagers, Science Communication 37(2):274-282. Cormick. C., and Romanach, L., Segmentation studies provide insights to better understanding attitudes towards science and technology, Trends in Biotechnology, Volume 32, Issue 3, March 2014, Pages 114–116. Cormick.C., and Hunter. S., Valuing Values: Better Public Engagement on Nanotechnology Demands a Better Understanding of the Diversity of the Publics, NanoEthics, April 2014, Volume 8, Issue 1, pp 57–71. Ten Big Questions on Public Engagement on Science and Technology: Observation from a Rocky Boat in the Upstream and Downstream of Engagement, in DEMESCI – the International Journal of Deliberative Mechanisms in Science, , Volume 1, number 1, August 2012.The Complexity of Public Engagement, in Nature Nanotechnology, , February 2012. Why Do We Need to Know What the Public Thinks about Nanotechnology? NanoEthics, August 2009. Piecing Together the Elephant: Public Engagement on Nanotechnology Challenges’, Science and Engineering Ethics, Volume 15 Number 3, 2009. What do the Public Really Think and Who do they Really Trust, in  Human Biotechnology and Public Trust, Centre for Law and Genetics, University of Tasmania, 2008. Public Attitudes Towards GM Crops and Foods, Agricultural Science, Volume 21, No 2 – September 2007. A clonagem vai ao cinema, Historia Ciencias Saude,  Manghinhos, Brazil, Volume 13, October 2006.Lies Deep Fries and Statistics,Choices, USA. 2005. Perceptions of Risk Relating to Biotechnology in Australia, International Journal of Biotechnology. Vol 5, No 2, 2003. Recent Changes in Public Attitudes Towards Biotechnology in Australia, Australian Biologist, Vol.15 (2), September 2002. Australian Attitudes to GM Foods and Crops, Pesticide Outlook, Royal Society of Chemistry, December 2002. References

External links
 New Holland Publishers: <mask> biography/photo
 Verity LA: An interview with <mask>
 ABC: <mask>ick interview with Margaret Throsby
 Deakin University: Research output for <mask>
 The story behind The Shadow Master – Essay by <mask> at Upcoming4.me

Australian science writers
Living people
People from Canberra
1961 births
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia

masks:
Craig Cormick
Cormick
Cormick
Craig Cormick
Craig Cormick
Craig Cormick
Craig Cormick
Craig Corm
Craig Cormick
Craig Cormick


texts:
<mask> ( 1400 – c. 1460) was a Portuguese monk and Commander in the Order of Christ, explorer (credited with the discovery of the Formigas, the re-discovery of the islands of Santa Maria and São Miguel in the Azores) and hereditary landowner responsible for administering Crown lands on the same islands, during the Portuguese Age of Discovery. Biography

Early life
He was son of <mask>, Lord and Alcaide of Veleda, and his wife <mask> (great-aunt of <mask>). His siblings <mask>, <mask>, wife of Fernão Soares de Albergaria, and <mask>, wife of Diogo Gonçalves de Travassos also established settlements in the Azores with their families. Although referenced as <mask> in most modern biographies, he is generally referred to as <mask> in historical documents. Explorer
In 1431, <mask> was in the Vila de Tancos, along the Tagus River, when he received a summons from the Prince Henry, Governor of the Order of Christ, who ordered him to depart from Sagres in a caravel, with instructions to navigate to the western sea, and to "discover some land, [and] return with notice". This first voyage was made to determine the location of "islands" first identified by the Portuguese pilot Diogo de Silves, in 1427. Although the noted chronicler Gaspar Frutuoso has attributed to <mask> the discovery of the seven islands of the Azores, modern historiographer contest this record, limiting his discoveries to the eastern islands alone.In 1431, with less than a few days of travel, <mask> <mask> discovered a scattering of rocky outcroppings, which he examined and were later named the "Formigas". He quickly returned to Sagres, probably due to bad weather. The following year, and during the reign of his brother (King D. Duarte) the Infante, D. Henrique, founded a nautical school in the provincial village of Sagres. <mask> <mask> <mask> was one of the mariners and monks, in the devotion to the Virgin Mary that worked for the Infante. On his orders, <mask> was sent, once again, to search the Ocean Sea to discover new territories for the Portuguese Crown, promising to name the first island to the Virgin. <mask> <mask> <mask> scanned maps and nautical charts for days while at sea, noting the currents and wind directions, during several nights, through storms and gales in search of these mythical lands identified by the Greeks outside the Pillars of Hercules. Finally, on the morning of 15 August (the Feast day of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary), a supposedly calm, warm and clear day, the mariners and seamen could see for large distances.In the distance, though, the mate in the Crow's nest could see along the horizon a cloudy form, which progressively grew in dimensions and darkened, taken on a distinctive form. Finally, when the seaman realized beyond doubt, he yelled down to the crew, Terra à vista! (Land in sight!). As was the custom, Gonçalo <mask> <mask> and his crew began their day with morning mass, benedictions and oratory to God and the Virgin Mary, to help them on their journey and to request their assistance in finding land. As the legend suggests, the seaman yelled out his discovery the crew was saying the Ave Maria and were just pronouncing "Santa Maria" when the cry was heard. The commander considered it a miracle and, remembering the promise he had made, named the island as Santa Maria. Donatary-Captain
With his crew he disembarked on a small beach in the north-western part of the island, which he named Lobos (later known as Ponte dos Cabestrantes) owing to the existence of many Eared seals (from the Portuguese for lobos-marinhos).As was the obligation, the Captain ordered the release of herd animals on the island for future colonization, a point that was later repeated in successive voyages through the archipelago's islands. His group circled and explored the island, examining the forested interior, before finally returning to continental Portugal. Cabral sent with him various canisters of earth and water to give the Infante, including examples of the woods unfamiliar to them in Europe. The Infante received these "gifts" in 1432, and immediately ordered that herds be sent to the island, while he organized a plan. For his discovery, <mask> <mask> was given the hereditary fief () of the island of Santa Maria. In 1432, the Infante Henry, upon receiving notice of a mystical island to the north of Santa Maria, sent orders to <mask> <mask> to explore the waters and relate any discovery. On 3 April 1443, King Afonso V of Portugal, on the request of the Henry the Navigator, had bestowed on <mask> <mask> the title of Commander of the Islands of the Azores.Cabral had organized a settlement of essentially familial relations, who would arrive on the island of Santa Maria in the summer of 1435. It was during Henry's encounter with <mask> <mask> that notice of the discovery to the north of Santa Maria was transmitted to the Prince. On his return, <mask> <mask> and his crew made port in Praia dos Lobos on Santa Maria before embarking; <mask> and his Algarvean sailors eventually discovered a large island on 8 May 1444. On this first expedition, the crew ported in the small islet (today near Vila Franca do Campo) naming the large island in honour of the apparition of the archangel Michael (or São Miguel. In a secondary expedition the captain investigated the northern coast of the island, before landing at the mouth of a large ravine in the southeast corner of the island, that settlers would eventually name Povoação Velha (old settlement). As with Santa Maria, he deposited herd animals on the island, and sent to Portugal tree branches, pigeons, a box of dirt and other signs of the new land. Settlement of Santa Maria and São Miguel began in earnest, and <mask> <mask> became the Donatary-Captain of both islands (Santa Maria was settled in 1439, and colonists started arriving on São Miguel in 1444).During this period, he ordered the burning/clearing of lands and donated vast tracts of lands to family members and loyal servants, who began to cultivate wheat, raised honey-bees and planted grapevines from Crete. At the same time the Infante Henry had ordered Moorish peoples () with Cabral to immediately settle the newly discovered lands of São Miguel, who found signs of attempted earlier settlement of the island. In 1445, Cabral returned to the waters of São Miguel with  nobles and settlers (bringing with them herd animals, birds, wheat and vegetables) in order to settle the island. Arriving in a period of seismic activity, his crew discovered floating pumice stone and tree trunks as arrived closer to their port. Making landfall on 29 September they encountered the Moorish settlers who, over time "perished" (but likely became intermingled in the ensuing population). Later life
Under his administration, São Miguel and Santa Maria remained a single Captaincy until 1474, when Velho <mask> sold São Miguel to Rui Gonçalves da Câmara. His sister Teresa's only child João Soares, a physician by profession, succeeded <mask> <mask> <mask> as second Donatary-Captain of Santa Maria and São Miguel; João Soares was married twice: to Brites Godins (d. 1474), with whom they had no heirs, and later Branca de Sousa Falcão (daughter of João de Sousa Falcão, Lord de Figueiredo and Lord of the Manor de Fataúnços) whose son inherited the Captaincy of Santa Maria.References

Notes

Sources

Donatary-Captains of the Azores
1400s births
1460s deaths
Portuguese explorers
Maritime history of Portugal
15th-century explorers
15th-century Portuguese people
Roman Catholic monks
Portuguese Roman Catholics

masks:
Gonçalo Velho Cabral
Fernão Velho
Maria Álvares Cabral
Pedro Álvares Cabral
Álvaro Velho Cabral
Teresa Velho Cabral
Violante Velho Cabral
Gonçalo Velho Cabral
Gonçalo Velho
Gonçalo Velho
Gonçalo Velho Cabral
Gonçalo
Velho
Gonçalo
Velho
Cabral
Cabral
Gonçalo
Velho
Cabral
Velho
Cabral
Gonçalo
Velho
Gonçalo
Velho
Gonçalo
Velho
Velho
Cabral
Gonçalo
Velho
Cabral
Gonçalo
Velho
Cabral
Gonçalo
Velho
Cabral


texts:
<mask> (born October 21, 1982) is a Canadian former professional baseball pitcher and current bullpen coach for the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball (MLB). He played in MLB for the Milwaukee Brewers and New York Mets. Early life
<mask> was born in Calgary, Alberta, to Marilyn and <mask>, an auto mechanic at the University of Calgary. <mask>'s father died as a result of Lou Gehrig's disease when <mask> was a teenager. As a high school student, <mask> played summer baseball for the Okotoks Dawgs in Calgary. He graduated from Central Memorial High School before playing two seasons at Midland College, a junior college in Texas, then moving on to Tennessee Wesleyan College and the Bulldogs of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. Playing career

Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals (2003–2006)
<mask> was drafted by the Montreal Expos in the 26th round of the 2003 Major League Baseball draft.He made his professional debut that summer pitching out of the bullpen for the Rookie League Gulf Coast League Expos and Class A Short Season Vermont Expos in the New York–Penn League. He played the entire 2004 season with Vermont and was promoted to the Class A Savannah Sand Gnats of the South Atlantic League in 2005. After opening the 2006 season with the Class A-Advanced Carolina League's Potomac Nationals, <mask> was sent back to Savannah for three games before returning to Potomac for the rest of the campaign. Chicago Cubs (2007–2008)
The Chicago Cubs selected <mask> in the 2006 Rule 5 draft. He played the majority of 2007 with the Double-A Tennessee Smokies in the Southern League except for eight games in the middle of the season with the Triple-A Iowa Cubs in the Pacific Coast League. He began the 2008 season at Tennessee but was promoted to Iowa after five games. He pitched three games at Triple-A Iowa before a shoulder injury ended his season and resulted in his release from the Cubs organization in March 2009.Milwaukee Brewers (2009–2015)

<mask> signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers before the start of the 2009 season. He played the majority of that year with the Class A Wisconsin Timber Rattlers in the Midwest League but was promoted to the Florida State League's Class A-Advanced Brevard County Manatees midseason and the Double-A Southern League's Huntsville Stars in August. Over 26 appearances for Wisconsin, <mask> held 1.07 earned run average (ERA) with 26 strikeouts in  innings, which earned him a spot in the 2009 Midwest League All-Star Game. He played the entire 2010 season with Huntsville after which he became a free agent. After re-signing with the Brewers, he split the 2011 campaign between Huntsville and the Triple-A Nashville Sounds in the Pacific Coast League. After ten years in the minors, <mask> earned his first promotion to MLB when the Milwaukee Brewers summoned him from Nashville on July 26, 2012, making his major league debut that night against the Washington Nationals, pitching one inning and striking out the first batter he faced, Roger Bernadina. At Nashville, he was selected for the Triple-A All-Star Game with a 1.69 ERA, 56 strikeouts, 4 wins, and 15 saves as the Sounds' closer.In 2013, <mask> replaced struggling fellow Canadian-born John Axford as the Brewers' closer. <mask> went 5–5 with a 2.70 ERA while collecting 28 saves in 32 opportunities. His fastball had high velocity, reaching up to , and he established his slider as a strikeout pitch, which established him as a strikeout pitcher, finishing the season with an 11.3 K/9. Francisco Rodríguez closed while <mask> was on the disabled list (DL) with a hamstring strain, but <mask> regained the role after Rodriguez was traded to the Baltimore Orioles. <mask> won the Brewers closer job for 2014 out of spring training despite experiencing a loss in velocity. This was later revealed to be caused by right shoulder inflammation, and he went on the 15-day DL in April after compiling a 7.15 ERA in 14 games pitched. <mask> was later transferred to the 60-day DL following a minor league rehab assignment, and he ended up missing the rest of the season after having shoulder surgery in August.Still seeking to reclaim his lost velocity after his 2014 shoulder surgery, <mask> was outrighted to the Triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox on May 21, 2015. He spent over a month on the DL at Colorado Springs and elected to become a free agent after the season. New York Mets (2016)
<mask> signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets for 2015 that included an invitation to spring training. He made the Mets' roster for Opening Day in 2016 after a spring training in which he posted a 1.69 ERA with 13 strikeouts over  innings beating out Sean Gilmartin for the last spot in the Mets' bullpen. On June 21, he was placed on the DL with tendinitis in his right biceps. After 14 minor league rehab appearances, mostly with the Triple-A Las Vegas 51s, he was activated from the DL and added to the active roster on August 20. He was outrighted to Triple-A after the season and elected free agency.Chicago Cubs (2017)
<mask> signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs for 2017 with an invitation to spring training, but he was released before the season's start. Milwaukee Brewers (2018)
In 2018, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers. He was assigned to the Double-A Biloxi Shuckers in the Southern League and placed on the 60-Day DL. He was released after the season without having appeared in any games. Coaching career
During the 2018 season, while he was on the Biloxi 60-Day DL, <mask> assisted in Milwaukee's scouting department and served as the bullpen coach for Milwaukee's Class A Short Season Helena Brewers in the Pioneer League. In 2019, he was the pitching coach with the Class A Wisconsin Timber Rattlers. Before the cancellation of the 2020 minor league season, he was slated to be the pitching coach for the Brewers' Triple-A San Antonio Missions.<mask> began serving as pitching coach for the Brewers' new Triple-A affiliate, the Nashville Sounds, in 2021. <mask> was promoted to Milwaukee to serve as their bullpen coach beginning with the 2022 season. International competition
<mask> was a member of the gold medal winning Canadian national baseball team at the 2011 Pan American Games. In recognition of the victory, the team was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 2012. References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Águilas del Zulia players
Arizona League Brewers players
Baseball people from Alberta
Baseball players at the 2011 Pan American Games
Binghamton Mets players
Biloxi Shuckers players
Brevard County Manatees players
Canadian baseball coaches
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Gulf Coast Expos players
Huntsville Stars players
Iowa Cubs players
Las Vegas 51s players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Canada
Milwaukee Brewers players
Minor league baseball coaches
Nashville Sounds players
New York Mets players
Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Potomac Nationals players
Savannah Sand Gnats players
Sportspeople from Calgary
St. Lucie Mets players
Tennessee Smokies players
Tennessee Wesleyan Bulldogs baseball players
Vermont Expos players
Wisconsin Timber Rattlers players
World Baseball Classic players of Canada
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2017 World Baseball Classic players
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
Canadian expatriate baseball players in Venezuela

masks:
James Duffy Henderson
Henderson
Neil Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson


texts:
<mask> or <mask> () (born Robert Karr Jackman, July 27, 1934) is one of the senior Western representatives of the Thai forest tradition of Theravada Buddhism. He was abbot of Amaravati Buddhist Monastery, UK, from its consecration in 1984 until his retirement in 2010. Luang Por means Venerable Father (หลวงพ่อ), an honorific and term of affection in keeping with Thai custom; ajahn means teacher. A bhikkhu since 1967, <mask> is considered a seminal figure in the transmission of the Buddha's teachings to the West. Biography
<mask> was born Robert Karr Jackman in Seattle, Washington, in 1934. During the Korean War he served for four years from the age of 18 as a United States navy medic. He then did a BA in Far Eastern studies and graduated in 1963 with an MA in South Asian studies at the University of California, Berkeley.After a year as a Red Cross social worker, Jackman served with the Peace Corps in Borneo from 1964 to 1966 as an English teacher. On break in Singapore, sitting one morning in a sidewalk café, he watched a Buddhist monk walk by and thought to himself, "That looks interesting." In 1966, he became a novice or samanera at Wat Sri Saket in Nong Khai, northeast Thailand. He ordained as a bhikkhu (Buddhist monk) in May the following year. From 1967 to 1977 at Wat Nong Pah Pong, he trained under <mask> Chah. He has come to be regarded as the latter's most influential Western disciple. In 1975, he helped to establish and became the first abbot of the International Forest Monastery, Wat Pa Nanachat in northeast Thailand founded by <mask> Chah for training his non-Thai students.In 1977, <mask> <mask> accompanied <mask> Chah on a visit to England. After observing a keen interest in Buddhism among Westerners, Ajahn Chah encouraged Ajahn <mask> to remain in England for the purpose of establishing a branch monastery in the UK. This became Cittaviveka Forest Monastery in West Sussex. <mask> <mask> was granted authority to ordain others as monks shortly after he established Cittaviveka Forest Monastery. He then established a ten precept ordination lineage for women, "Siladhara". Until his retirement, Ajahn <mask> was the abbot of Amaravati Buddhist Monastery near Hemel Hempstead in England, which was established in 1984. Amaravati is part of the network of monasteries and Buddhist centres in the lineage of Ajahn Chah, which now extends across the world, from Thailand, New Zealand and Australia, to Europe, Canada, and the United States.<mask> <mask> played an instrumental role in building this international monastic community. <mask> <mask>'s imminent retirement was announced in February 2010, and he retired in November of that year. His successor is the English monk <mask> Amaro, hitherto co-abbot of the Abhayagiri branch monastery in California's Redwood Valley. <mask> <mask> returned to  Amaravati Buddhist Monastery near Hemel Hempstead in England in 2020 and now resides there. Teachings

<mask> <mask> is a prominent figure in the Thai Forest Tradition. His teachings are very direct, practical, simple, and down to earth. In his talks and sermons he stresses the quality of immediate intuitive awareness and the integration of this kind of awareness into daily life.Like most teachers in the Forest Tradition, <mask> <mask> tends to avoid intellectual abstractions of the Buddhist teachings and focuses almost exclusively on their practical applications, that is, developing awareness and wisdom in daily life. His most consistent advice can be paraphrased as to see things the way that they actually are rather than the way that we want or don't want them to be ("Right now, it's like this..."). He is known for his engaging and witty communication style, in which he challenges his listeners to practice and see for themselves. Students have noted that he engages his hearers with an infectious sense of humor, suffused with much loving kindness, often weaving amusing anecdotes from his experiences as a monk into his talks on meditation practice and how to experience life ("Everything belongs"). Sound of Silence
A meditation technique taught and used by <mask> <mask> involves resting in what he calls "the sound of silence". He talks at length about this technique in one of his books titled The Way It Is. <mask> <mask> said that he was directly influenced by Edward Salim Michael's book, The Way of Inner Vigilance (republished in 2010 with the new title, The Law of Attention, Nada Yoga and the Way of Inner Vigilance and for which <mask> <mask> wrote a preface).The Sound of Silence is also the title of one of <mask> <mask>'s books (published by Wisdom Publications in 2007). Compilation of 108 mp3 talks or reflections given by Luang Por <mask> from 1978 until 2010. Collection of 1,298 mp3 talks or the entire collection of Dhamma talks given by Luang Por <mask> until 2014. Books by <mask> <mask> (online, in epub, mobi or pdf format)
Mp3 talks by <mask> <mask> at dharmaseed.org
 English with Portuguese sub titles. Ajahn <mask>'s eBooks in English and other Languages. <mask> <mask> Interviewed

1934 births
Living people
Converts to Buddhism from Christianity
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
20th-century Buddhist monks
21st-century Buddhist monks
American expatriates in Thailand
American scholars of Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism writers
Theravada Buddhist monks
American Buddhist monks
American Theravada Buddhists

masks:
Luang Por Sumedho
Ajahn Sumedho
Sumedho
Ajahn Sumedho
Ajahn
Ajahn
Ajahn
Sumedho
Ajahn
Sumedho
Ajahn
Sumedho
Sumedho
Ajahn
Sumedho
Ajahn
Sumedho
Ajahn
Ajahn
Sumedho
Ajahn
Sumedho
Ajahn
Sumedho
Ajahn
Sumedho
Ajahn
Sumedho
Ajahn
Sumedho
Ajahn
Sumedho
Sumedho
Sumedho
Ajahn
Sumedho
Ajahn
Sumedho
Sumedho
Ajahn
Sumedho