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 days later, in a 3–2 loss to Olympiacos, latching onto a Theo Walcott cross to head beyond Olympiacos goalkeeper Roberto. The following league match, the last match before the international break, <mask> scored for the third match in a row, scoring a brace in the first 20 minutes as Arsenal defeated Manchester United 3–0 at the Emirates Stadium and moved up to second place in the league. After the international break, <mask> carried on his fine goalscoring form by netting against Watford at Vicarage Road, through a Mesut Özil assist, in a 3–0 Arsenal win, keeping Arsenal in second-place and grabbing his sixth goal in three Premier League matches for the club. Following a brief period on the sidelines due to injury, <mask> returned to full first-team action on 30 January 2016 in the FA Cup fourth round tie against Burnley, scoring Arsenal's second goal of the game following a low cross from Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain.<mask> netted his first Premier League goal since October with a goal in the North London derby against rivals Tottenham Hotspur, equalising for Arsenal in the 76th minute and keeping the Gunners' title challenge alive. During April 2016, <mask> scored in four consecutive league matches, with goals against Watford, West Ham, Crystal Palace, and a brace against West Bromwich Albion. When launching their new kit for the 2016–17 season, Arsenal announced that <mask> will change squad number from 17 to 7, which was vacated by the departing Tomáš Rosický. <mask> scored his first goal of Arsenal's campaign and grabbed his first assist in Arsenal's 3–1 away win over Watford. <mask> scored his first Champions League goal of the campaign in a 1–1 draw with Paris Saint-Germain on 13 September 2016, latching onto Alex Iwobi's rebounded shot, to secure Arsenal a point in the French capital. <mask> kept up his spectacular run of form throughout September by netting against Hull, then scoring and assisting in a 3–0 victory over Chelsea. He scored a brace in a 4–1 win at Sunderland's Stadium of Light, bringing his total to 50 goals in 106 appearances across all competitions for Arsenal.He also scored a hat trick and provided an assist in a man-of-the-match display in a 5–1 win at West Ham on 3 December. On 22 January 2017, <mask> scored his first penalty for the club (having missed his previous two) against Burnley in an eventual 2–1 win, which put Arsenal into second place in the Premier League table. <mask> scored his first goal in the season's FA Cup, in a 5–0 quarter-final win over Lincoln City, taking his tally to 21 goals for the season in all competitions. <mask> scored the winning goal in Arsenal's 2–1 win over Manchester City, to send Arsenal through to their third FA Cup final, in four years. On 13 April, <mask> was included in the six player shortlist for the PFA Player of the Year. He also, in May 2017, won Arsenal's Player of the Season award. <mask> finished off the season by claiming the man-of-the-match award and scoring Arsenal's opening goal in an eventual 2–1 win over Chelsea in the FA Cup Final, ensuring that Arsenal secured a record 13th FA Cup and that manager Arsène Wenger won a record 7th FA Cup in the process.He finished as the club's top goalscorer with 24 Premier League goals, and 30 goals in all competitions, becoming the first player since Robin van Persie in 2011–12 to score more than 20 goals in the league. 2017–18: Final season
<mask> returned from the 2017 Confederations Cup with an injury, and therefore had to miss the team's victory over Chelsea in the 2017 FA Community Shield and the team's opening 4–3 win over Leicester City. <mask>' first start of the season came in the 4–0 away defeat to Liverpool. But throughout the transfer window, there was increasing speculation about his future, with a huge amount of reports stating his desire to leave, in order to play in the Champions League. A deadline day move to Manchester City was unsuccessful as Arsenal's deal for <mask>'s replacement Thomas Lemar was rejected. He scored his first goal for the season in Arsenal's 3–1 UEFA Europa League victory over German side Köln, in which he picked the ball up outside the penalty area and curled a shot past goalkeeper Timo Horn, to score Arsenal's second goal of the evening. <mask> also played in Arsenal's 1–0 win over Doncaster Rovers in the League Cup, in which <mask> provided his first assist of the season, by delivering a cross-field pass which Theo Walcott subsequently put past Doncaster goalkeeper, Ian Lawlor.<mask> scored his first Premier League goal of the season in a 5–2 win over Everton and he also provided an assist for Mesut Özil to put Arsenal ahead. <mask> followed up this by scoring the second in Arsenal's 2–0 win against Tottenham on 18 November, and a week later scoring a decisive and controversial injury-time penalty in a 1–0 win against Burnley. <mask> continued his fine goalscoring form by scoring Arsenal's third goal in a 5–0 rout of Huddersfield Town, his third goal in consecutive games. He also scored with a diving header in a 3–3 draw against Liverpool on 22 December. He scored his last two goals for Arsenal in a 3–2 away win against Crystal Palace on 28 December. Manchester United
On 22 January 2018, it was announced that <mask> had completed a transfer to Manchester United, in a swap deal that saw Henrikh Mkhitaryan move the opposite way. <mask> was given the number 7 shirt.He made his debut for the club in a 4–0 victory against Yeovil Town in the fourth round of the FA Cup. He became the first Chilean to play a competitive match for United. He scored his first United goal on 3 February 2018 in a 2–0 home win against Huddersfield Town, after netting the rebound from his penalty, which had been saved by Jonas Lössl. He scored his first goal of the 2018–19 season on 6 October, scoring a 90th minute winning goal to complete a 3–2 comeback win over Newcastle United, after the club initially went 2–0 down in the first ten minutes. Inter Milan
On 29 August 2019, <mask> joined Inter Milan on loan for the duration of the 2019–20 season. He said he did not regret signing for Manchester United, but did wish he had played more. On 14 September 2019, <mask> made his debut for Inter when he came on as a 79th minute substitute in a 1–0 win against his former club, Udinese.On 28 September 2019, <mask> scored his first Inter goal from a tap-in, before he was sent off after receiving a second yellow card for an apparent dive inside the box as the club won 3–1 against Sampdoria. On 6 August 2020, <mask> made the permanent switch to Inter, on a three-year deal, on a free transfer. On 4 March 2021, <mask> scored a brace in a 2–1 away win at Parma. On 12 January 2022, <mask> scored a late winner against Juventus in the Supercoppa Italiana to give Inter a 2-1 win. International career

<mask> made his international debut for the Chile national team against New Zealand on 27 April 2006. He was called up by the coach José Sulantay to represent the Chilean under-20 team at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup held in Canada, where they finished third. After his participation in the youth championship, <mask> scored his first senior international goal in a 2–1 loss against Switzerland on 7 September 2007.He scored three times during La Roja's successful 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign and appeared on every match during the tournament finals. He then participated in the 2011 Copa América, scoring once in a 1–1 group stage draw with Uruguay, as Chile reached the quarter-finals. On 15 November 2013, <mask> scored both goals as Chile beat England 2–0 at Wembley, repeating the achievement of national team legend Marcelo Salas in 1998. 2014 World Cup

<mask> scored four times in Chile's qualification campaign for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. On 13 June 2014, <mask> scored Chile's opening goal of the 2014 World Cup, and provided an assist, in a 3–1 defeat of Australia in Cuiabá. During the round of 16, <mask> scored the equalising goal in a 1–1 draw against the hosts Brazil. However, he was one of three Chileans to fail to convert their kicks in the penalty shoot-out, having his shot saved by Júlio César as Brazil prevailed 3–2.2015 Copa América
<mask> was a member of Chile's squad as they hosted the 2015 Copa América. He assisted Eduardo Vargas in Chile's 2–0 win over Ecuador in the tournament opener, then scored a header in their final group game, a 5–0 win against Bolivia which sent Chile through as group winners – he and Arturo Vidal were rested by being substituted at half time. <mask> was named man of the match in Chile's ill-tempered and highly controversial quarter-final win over defending champions Uruguay. In the semi-final against Peru, he created the opening goal for Eduardo Vargas as Chile progressed to the final with a 2–1 victory. On 4 July, <mask> converted the winning kick in the final as Chile defeated Argentina in a penalty shootout to win their first major title, executing it in the Panenka style. 2018 FIFA World Cup Qualification
In Chile's first match of 2018 World Cup qualification on 9 October 2015, <mask> scored in a 2–0 win over Brazil, Chile's first victory against the opponents since 2000. Four days later, he scored twice in a 4–3 win at rivals Peru.Copa América Centenario
In June 2016, <mask> was part of the Chile squad that defended their Copa América title at the Copa América Centenario in the United States. On 14 June, needing a draw to progress to the knockout rounds, Chile fell 1–0 behind to Panama before both <mask> and Eduardo Vargas scored twice in a 4–2 win in Philadelphia to qualify for the tournament quarter-finals. Four days later, he scored one goal and registered two assists at Levi's Stadium in a 7–0 rout of Mexico, who were previously on a 22-game unbeaten streak. In Chile's 2–0 semi-final victory over Colombia, he became only the second Chilean – after Claudio Bravo – to reach 100 caps. <mask> was involved in Chile's second goal when his shot rebounded off the inside of the post and across the goal, presenting a tap-in for José Pedro Fuenzalida. In a repeat of the previous Copa América final, Chile faced Argentina. Both teams had a player sent-off before half-time, and after a 0–0 draw, Chile were victorious via penalty kicks (4–2) to retain their title.<mask> was awarded the Golden Ball as the tournament's best player. 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup
In Chile's opening match of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup on 18 June, <mask>, who had been recovering from an ankle injury, came off the bench to set up Arturo Vidal's opening goal in an eventual 2–0 win over Cameroon. On 22 June 2017, <mask> became Chile's out-right all-time goalscorer when he scored the opening goal in an eventual 1–1 draw against reigning World Cup champions Germany in his team's second group match of the tournament, overtaking Marcelo Salas with his 38th international goal in 112 appearances, and also equalling Claudio Bravo as his nation's joint top appearance holder in the process. Chile defeated Portugal on penalties in the semi-final, before losing 0–1 in the final against Germany, with <mask> coming close to an equaliser with his injury time free kick saved by German goalkeeper Marc-André ter Stegen. 2019 Copa América
In Chile's opening match of the 2019 Copa América on 17 June, <mask> scored a goal in a 4–0 win against Japan. In the following group match against Ecuador on 21 June, he scored again in a 2–1 victory, which enabled Chile to advanced to the quarter-finals. In the quarter-finals against Colombia on 28 June, following a 0–0 draw after regulation time, he scored the winning penalty in the resulting shoot-out to send Chile to the semi-finals of the competition.He was injured in October 2019 whilst on international duty with Chile. 2021 Copa América

<mask> was set to miss Copa America group stage matches after suffering a foot injury in training. Style of play

<mask> is a quick, creative, intelligent and hard-working player with an eye for goal, who is known in particular for his energy, strength, skill and work-rate on the pitch. Although naturally right-footed, due to his ability with either foot, he is capable of playing anywhere along the front line, on either flank, or through the centre of the pitch: throughout his career, he has excelled as a supporting striker, as a winger, as a false-9, and even as an attacking midfielder; he has also been deployed in a more advanced, central role, as a main striker, due to his physicality and ability to score from powerful long-distance strikes. A talented forward, <mask> is gifted with remarkable dribbling skills, flair, finishing, vision and acceleration, which enables him to successfully take on opponents with feints in one on one situations, create space, and either score goals himself or set-up his teammates from through balls, long-range passes and perceptive one-twos. Owing to his ability to place shots, he is also effective from set-pieces. In his prime, he was arguably the best left winger in Europe, alongside Neymar and Eden Hazard.Personal life
<mask> had a statue erected in his honour within his native town of Tocopilla in March 2017. In October 2015, <mask> was named as a brand ambassador for Huawei. In February 2017, <mask> signed a sponsorship deal with Pepsi. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Inter Milan players
Chilean Primera División players
Serie A players
Argentine Primera División players
La Liga players
Premier League players
Chile under-20 international footballers
Chile youth international footballers
Chile international footballers
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2011 Copa América players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2015 Copa América players
Copa América Centenario players
2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2019 Copa América players
2021 Copa América players
Copa América-winning players
FIFA Century Club
Chilean expatriate footballers
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Argentina
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in Argentina
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in England
FA Cup Final

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<mask><mask> (; ; born 27 April 1970) is a Russian/Ukrainian political consultant. In the United States, he became a person of interest in multiple investigations regarding Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, particularly due to his ties with Paul Manafort, an American political consultant, who was a campaign chairman for Donald Trump. <mask> was reported by CNN, The New York Times and The Atlantic to be "Person A" listed in court documents filed by the Special Counsel against Manafort. He is also believed to be Person A in court documents filed in the criminal indictment of Alex van der Zwaan. The April 2019 Mueller Report concluded <mask> was connected to Russian intelligence agencies, while the August 2020 final report on 2016 election interference from the Senate Intelligence Committee characterized him as a "Russian intelligence officer". In 2017, <mask> denied having ties to Russian intelligence agencies. <mask> was indicted by Special Counsel Robert Mueller's grand jury on 8 June 2018 on charges of obstruction of justice and conspiracy to obstruct justice by attempting to tamper with a witness on behalf of Manafort.United States intelligence community analysis released in March 2021 found that <mask> was among proxies of Russian intelligence who promoted and laundered misleading or unsubstantiated narratives about Joe Biden "to US media organizations, US officials, and prominent US individuals, including some close to former President Trump and his administration" to benefit the 2020 Trump presidential campaign. In April 2021, the US Treasury Department sanctioned <mask> for providing Russian intelligence with "sensitive information on polling and campaign strategy" provided to him by Manafort from the Trump campaign, and for promoting the false narrative that Ukraine, rather than Russia, had interfered in the 2016 election. Early life
<mask> was born on 27 April 1970 at Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine, Soviet Union. Fluent in Russian and Ukrainian before his service in the Soviet Army, he became fluent in Swedish and English as a linguist at the Moscow Military Institute of the Ministry of Defense, which trained interpreters for the Soviet Union's Main Intelligence Directorate, known as the GRU of the Soviet Union. He was a translator in the Soviet Army and worked closely with its GRU. He took Russian citizenship after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He worked in Sweden as an interpreter for a Russian arms dealer.<mask> worked for the International Republican Institute (IRI) in Moscow from 1995 to early 2005; the IRI is an organisation which receives funding from the United States government to support democracy. According to anonymous sources, when applying for his position with the IRI, he responded to the question about how he learned English by stating that the "Russian military intelligence" taught him and he became known among Moscow political operatives as "Kostya, the guy from the GRU". In 1997, he traveled to the United States using a Russian diplomatic passport. The New York Times reported two former IRI colleagues said Kilminik was dismissed in April 2005 after the chief of Russian Federation's Federal Security Service gave a speech discussing internal private meetings at the Institute. Kilminik was suspected of leaking details of an IRI meeting in Bratislava, Slovakia. <mask> himself told The New York Times in April 2018 that he had been dismissed for having freelanced as an interpreter for Manafort, which was effectively confirmed by a spokesman for the IRI who said such an action ran counter to the organization's code of ethics. Nearly a year later, an IRI representative declined in February 2019, to say whether Kliminik leaving the organisation had any connection to <mask>'s alleged links to Russian intelligence.In the Mueller Report, a former colleague is reported to have told the FBI that Kilimnik was fired because of his strong links to Russian intelligence services. Employment by Manafort
Recruited by Philip M. Griffin as a translator for oligarch Rinat Akhmetov and seeking a better income than available at IRI, <mask> met Paul Manafort in 2005 and became an employee of Manafort's consulting firm. After the end of his association with IRI in April 2005, he lived and worked in Kyiv and Moscow while his wife and two children remained in Moscow living in a modest house near the Sheremetyevo International Airport. Some reports say <mask> ran the Kyiv office of Manafort's firm, Davis Manafort International, and was Manafort's right-hand man in Kyiv. They began working for Viktor Yanukovych after the 2004 Orange Revolution cost him the Presidency. With help from Manafort and <mask>, Yanukovych became President in 2010. <mask> told RFE/RL in February 2017 that he spent 90% of his time inside the Presidential administration, and assisted Manafort.From 2011 to 2013, with liaison to Viktor Yanukovych's chief of staff Serhiy Lyovochkin, Kilimnik, Manafort, Alan Friedman, Eckart Sager, who was a one time CNN producer, and Rick Gates advised  on an international public relations strategy. This effort supported the administration of  President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych. Yanukovych hired Manafort's company Global Endeavour, a St. Vincent and Grenadines based consulting and lobbying company, which during the end of Yanukovych's presidency transferred $750,000 out of Ukraine and also paid <mask> $53,000 during November and December 2013. When Yanukovych fled the country, Manafort and Kilimnik gained employment with the Ukrainian party Opposition Bloc which is backed by the same oligarchs who backed Yanukovych. At some point, Opposition Bloc ceased paying Manafort's firm but even though the non-payment forced Manafort's firm to shut down their Kyiv office, Kilimnik continued to advise the party while working to collect unpaid fees for Manafort's firm. Around 2010, <mask> collaborated with Rinat Akhmetshin when the Washington-based lobbyist was trying to sell a book disparaging one of Yanukovych's opponents. Kilimnik and Manafort actively assisted Ukrainian oligarchs and Russian oligarchs who are close to the Kremlin and Vladimir Putin.Also, they worked to ensure that Viktor Yanukovych and his Party of Regions would reduce and eventually sever Ukraine's ties to the United States and Europe so that Ukraine would become much closer to Russia, the Kremlin, and Vladimir Putin. In a February 22, 2017, interview with Christopher Miller of Radio Free Europe, <mask> explained the existence of a peace effort between Russia and Ukraine called the "Mariupol Plan" in which Viktor Yanukovych would return as president of Russia's illegally controlled regions and Crimea in Ukraine. Andriy Artemenko's peace plan was known as the "New initiative for Peace". In 2017, <mask> helped Manafort write an op-ed for a Kyiv newspaper. A journalist in Ukraine, Oleg Voloshyn, has disputed this assertion stating that he and Manafort wrote the op-ed and that he e-mailed the rough draft to Kilimnik. The op-ed may have violated a gag order issued against Manafort by a US court and may have been a breach of Manafort's bail conditions. In 2018, CNBC reported Kilimnik to be variously "described as a fixer, translator or office manager to President Donald Trump’s ex-campaign chairman, Paul Manafort.Prosecutor General of Ukraine investigation of Kilimnik

From August until December 2016, Prosecutor General of Ukraine Yuriy Lutsenko conducted an investigation into <mask> but did not arrest him. <mask> managed Davis Manafort International in Kyiv. <mask> left Ukraine for Russia in June 2016. Davis Manafort International in Kyiv had been accused of money laundering by Robert Mueller's Special Counsel investigation. Mueller considered <mask> a vital witness in the Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. The National Anti-Corruption Bureau informed the United States Department of State that Lutsenko had both thwarted Ukraine's investigation into Kilimink and allowed Kilimnik to leave Ukraine for Russia. Mentions in court filings

Kilimnik has been reported by The New York Times to be the "Person A" in Court filings in December 2017 against Manafort and Rick Gates.Court filings in late March 2018 allege that he knew that <mask> was a former officer with the Russian military intelligence service. These came after Gates reached a plea deal in exchange for cooperation in the investigation. The sentencing memo for Alex van der Zwaan filed by Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller states that Gates told van der Zwaan that Person A, believed to be <mask>, was a former intelligence officer with the Russian Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU). <mask> also featured in the documents filed by Mueller in early December 2018 that explained why he believed Manafort had lied to investigators during the investigation conducted by Mueller's team. Indictment
On 8 June 2018, <mask> was indicted by Mueller on charges of obstruction of justice and conspiracy to obstruct justice, in conjunction with Manafort, regarding unregistered lobbying work. According to their 2021 website, "The FBI is offering a reward of up to $250,000 for information leading to the arrest of <mask> <mask>." Connection to the Trump campaign

Through numerous regular email exchanges, <mask> conferred with Manafort after Manafort became Donald Trump's campaign manager in April 2016 and requested that Manafort give "private briefings" about the Trump campaign to Oleg Deripaska, a Russian billionaire and close ally to Vladimir Putin.On 2 August 2016, <mask> met with Manafort and Rick Gates at the Grand Havana Room at 666 Fifth Avenue. The encounter which, according to prosecutor Andrew Weissmann goes “very much to the heart of what the special counsel’s office is investigating,” included a handoff by Manafort of internal polling data from Trump’s presidential campaign to <mask>. Gates later testified the three left the premises separately, each using different exits. According Mueller's court filings, <mask> was still working with Russian intelligence when, during September and October 2016, he was known to be communicating with the Trump campaign. Both Rick Gates and Paul Manafort were in contact with him at the time. Manafort has said that he and <mask> discussed the Democratic National Committee cyber attack and release of emails, now known to be undertaken by Russian hacker groups known as Cozy Bear and Fancy Bear. <mask> and Manafort had been involved in the Pericles Fund together, an unsuccessful business venture financed by Oleg Deripaska.In July 2016, Manafort told Kilimnik to offer Deripaska private information in exchange for resolving multimillion-dollar disputes about the venture. In a 2018 classified State Department assessment, Ukraine’s former Prosecutor General Yuri Lutsenko allowed <mask> to escape from Ukraine to Russia after the US federal grand jury charged <mask> with obstruction of justice. The New York Times reported on 31 August 2018 that an unnamed Russian political operative and a Ukrainian businessman had illegally purchased four tickets to the inauguration of Donald Trump on behalf of Kilimnik. The tickets, valued at $50,000, were purchased with funds that had flowed through a Cypriot bank account. The transaction was facilitated by Sam Patten, an American lobbyist who had related work with Paul Manafort and pleaded guilty to failing to register as a foreign agent. <mask> attended Trump's inauguration. In January 2019, Manafort's lawyers submitted a filing to the court, in response to the Special Counsel's accusation that he had lied to investigators while supposedly co-operating with them.Through an error in redacting, the document accidentally revealed that while he was campaign chairman, Manafort met with <mask>, gave him polling data related to the 2016 campaign, and discussed a Ukrainian peace plan with him. Most of the polling data was reportedly public, although some was private Trump campaign polling data. Manafort asked <mask> to pass the data to Ukrainians Serhiy Lyovochkin and Rinat Akhmetov. Manafort also asked <mask> to pass polling data to Oleg Deripaska who is close to Putin. <mask>, Andrii Derkach, who is a member of the Russian intelligence community and very close to Rudy Giuliani, and Andrii Telizhenko, who is part of "Derkach's inner circle" and a close associate of Rudy Giuliani, supported Michael Caputo, who was producer, and Sergey Petrushin, who is a Russian co-producer that lives in Miami and a close associate of Caputo for over 25 years, making the documentary film The Ukraine Hoax: Impeachment, Biden Cash, and Mass Murder with guest host Michael Caputo which aired on the One America News Network (OANN) on 21 January 2020 only two weeks before the Senate's acquittal of Donald Trump after his first impeachment trial. In its August 2020 final report on the 2016 election interference, the bipartisan Senate Intelligence Committee characterized <mask> as a "Russian intelligence officer" who worked with Manafort while he was Trump campaign manager to deflect suspicions of interference away from Russia and onto Ukraine. The report mentions <mask> about 800 times, although most of the details about his intelligence connections were redacted.However, the sharing of intelligence with <mask> by Manafort and others "represented a grave counterintelligence threat". The committee acquired sufficient evidence to assert that Kilminik may have been involved directly in the plot, not only to hack the Democrats computers, but to pass on the information to WikiLeaks, the group that focuses on exposing U.S. secrects and spares Russia. This effort became a major element of conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal promoted by President Trump and his associates. Sanctions
In April 2021, the US Treasury Department sanctioned <mask> for providing Russian intelligence with "sensitive information on polling and campaign strategy" provided to him by Manafort from the Trump campaign, and for promoting the false narrative that Ukraine, rather than Russia, had interfered in the 2016 election. A Treasury spokesman declined to relay further information to NBC News about the new intelligence on the issue. The Associated Press reported it was the first occasion the United States government had made such a strong connection between campaign of Donald Trump and Russian intelligence. Russian residence
Since at least August 2018, <mask> and his wife have been living in a $2 million home in a heavily guarded elite gated community in Khimki, north-west of the Moscow Region outside the Moscow Ring Road (MKAD).The area is the base of the Moscow unit of the GRU unit accused by Mueller in a July 2018 indictment of tacking the lead in the hacking emails of the Democats in 2016. See also
Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal
Mueller Report
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Yuriy Lutsenko

Notes

References

Further reading

United States Department of Justice Superseding indictment

1970 births
Living people
Political campaign staff
Russians associated with interference in the 2016 United States elections
Russian individuals subject to the U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions

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Lopamudra, () also known as Kaushitaki and Varaprada,  was a philosopher according to ancient Vedic Indian literature. She was the wife of the sage Agastya who is believed to have lived in the Rigveda period (1950 BC-1100 BC) as many hymns have been attributed as her contribution to this Veda. She was not only the consort of Agastya but a Rishiki in her own right, as she was the well known Rishiki who visualized the "Hadi Panchadasi" mantra of the Srikul Shakta tradition of Hinduism. She was one of the prominent Brahmavadinis. There are three versions of Lopamudra's legend; one is in the Rigveda Hymns; the second is in the epic Mahabharata (Vanaparva: Tirtha-yatra Parva), where there is an elaborate version with a mention that Agastya Rishi did penance at Gangadwara (Haridwar), with the help of his wife, Lopamudra (the princess of Vidarbha). According to this legend, Lopamudra was created by sage Agastya with the most graceful parts of animals such as eyes of the deer etc. The third version is Giridhara Ramayana.The name Lopamudra signifies the loss (lopa) that the animals and plants suffered by giving their distinctive beauties (mudras) when Agastya created her. After creating her, Agastya gave Lopamudra to the King of Vidarbha who was doing penance seeking for a progeny. Agastya had created Lopamudra with the intention of marrying her. The king brought up Lopamudra as his daughter. When she grew up, Agastya demanded her hand in marriage. Lopamudra agreed to marry him and left the King's palace for his hermitage. However, after some time, she grew tired of Agastya's austerity.She wrote hymn in the Rigveda, asking for his attention and love. The hymn made Agastya realize his duties towards his wife. The couple had a son named Dridhasyu, who became a poet. Together with her husband she is also credited with spreading the fame of the Lalita sahasranama (the thousand names of the Divine Mother). It is also believed that Agastya learnt the hymns of Lalitha Sahasranama from Hayagriva who is an avatar of Lord Vishnu. In Rigveda
In Rigveda, hymns authored by 27 female rishis or rishikas reflect their success and progress as women intellectuals. These hymns are presented under three headings.The first group has hymns contributed by female rishis only such as by Vishwavara and Apale; Vishwavara's hymn is dedicated to Agni while Apale's hymn is about Indra. In the second group some are attributed to female rishis, particularly Lopamudra and Shashiyasi, wife of Taranta. Lopamudra's hymn has six verses in particular which have her name tag and are dedicated to Goddess Rati. Her hymns elaborate on the relationship between husband and wife in order to follow celibacy. Lopamudra is credited to have composed hymn number 179 in the Rigveda. The third group of hymns, though attributed to female rishis are not identified by any author and deal mostly with mythological characters and representation of theoretical qualities. In Rigveda Agastya and Lopamudra are considered as "mantra drashta" (seers who are discoverer of mantras).She is also mentioned in Yajurveda (17:11:36:20) Brihaddevtakara (4:57–59) and in Agama granthas, and hailed as "Mantradrika" (well versed in mantras) in Rigveda. In the translation of the Sanskrit text of the Rigveda by Ralph T.H. Griffith (1896), the hymns or sutras related to Agastya, Lopamudra and a disciple are titled "Rati" meaning love, which are six verses, two are by Lopamudra, two by Agastya, and the last two are to the credit of the disciple or Agastya. M. Bergaigne has commented that the hymn has mystical meaning, with Agastya identified as the heavenly Soma while Lopamudra represents her feminine attraction which fructifies in getting Agastya out of his "secret dwelling place". It is presented more as a dramatic dialogue between husband and wife with the student commenting his appreciation. The first two verses are expressions of Lopamudra's passion filled approach to her husband, highlighting his old age and his coolness towards her charms. Laurie L. Patton interprets Rigveda hymn 79 as representing Lopamudra in a state of "voracious sexuality".Initially resisted by Agastya, finally he is “overwhelmed.” Patton also states that "the final line of the hymn celebrates Agstya as having attained immortality both through children and through ascetic practice, while Lopamudra remains marked by sexual desire". According to Dr. Rameshchandra Mukhopadhyaya, Lopamudra's sutras say that men should go to women. Even the past rishis who attained knowledge of gods enjoyed women and "were never tired of it". Lopamudra's expression of frustration in this verse is a result of Agastya's abstinence from having sex with his wife. Her saying that she has become old is an expression of "pathos." Agastya explains in reply that this restraint was god created. Agastya succumbs to Lopamudra's entreaties and submits to her.In the last two verses the disciple of Agastya glorifies Agastya's "kindred points of love making and penance". In Mahabharata
The legend of Lopamudra, a mythological female, is the story of Agastya and Lopamudra narrated in the Aranyakaparvan of the epic Mahabharata. This version of the legend is said to be "the glorification of domestic life and family and demonstrates the incompleteness of a life based solely on asceticism." Background

The background to Agastya and Lopamudra's legend in Mahabharata starts with the asura brothers Illwala and Vatapi who lived in ancient times in Manismati. It is also said that they hailed from Badami in Karnataka, South India. Illwala requested a learned Brahmin to bless him with a son who would be as powerful as Indra. As this did not materialize Illwala and his brother Vatapi got annoyed with the Brahmins and started taking revenge against them by adopting magical tricks.Illwala's brother Vatapi would transform himself into a buffalo and after slaying the buffalo the cooked meat would be served to the Brahmins. Once the meal was consumed by the Brahmins then Illwala would call out for his brother to come out of the stomach of the Brahmins. Vatapi would then assume his normal human form and emerge from the stomach of the Brahmins killing them in the process. This aspect was made known to Agastya. At that time Agastya who had attained benefit of his long penance through asceticism went to the heaven where on his way he saw a few manes suspended with their legs up over a gorge. Surprised, Agastya asked them the reason for their such a plight. They told him that they were waiting for a son to be born to their descendant to get release from this curse.They also told him that they were his ancestors and it was now left to him (Agastya) to get married and soon beget a son, perform oblation rites to gods, and get them released from the curse so that they could go to heaven. Agastya promised the manes of his ancestors that he would fulfill their wish. In another version it is said that Agastya encountered his ancestors in a dream in the form of suspended manes with heels up over a deep ravine. Creation of Lopamudra
Agastya then started creating a woman of rare beauty and intelligence. He did this creation from most graceful parts of various creatures possessing such a beauty (drawn from "different birds, animal and flower, the eyes of the doe, the grace of the panther, the slenderness of the palm trees, the fragrance of the champak flower, the softness of the feather on a swan's neck"), who would eventually beget a son for him. At that time the king of Vidharbha, who was childless, was doing penance to gods seeking boon of a progeny. Agastya bestowed his creation of the women of his imagination to the king.As the girl child emerged into the world, in glowing beauty, the king called the Brahmins to bless the child. The Brahmins named her Lopamudra. As the creation was done due to the loss of parts of creatures (animals and plants) the girl was named Lopamudra, 'lopa' meaning "loss" and 'mudra' meaning "parts.". She grew up to be a very pretty, learned and devoted daughter and the King wanted to get her married when she attained puberty. <mask> marries Agastya
The King approached Agastya seeking his advice for the marriage of his daughter. However, Agastya who was responsible for her beautiful creation for begetting a son for him, asked the king for her hand in marriage. This caused anguish to the king and queen as to how their daughter who was brought up in princely comforts could be married to an ascetic, a forest dweller.They were also scared of the power of Agastya who they felt could curse them if they refused to give Lopamudra in marriage to him. Looking at the worried status of her parents, <mask> volunteered to marry Agastya and requested her father to perform the wedding. Once married and taken to the forest to live with him, Agastya told Lopamudra to discard all her royal attire and ornaments and wear clothes fit for an ascetic's wife. She obeyed her husband and wore rags, deer skins and bark for her clothes. She dutifully, respectfully, lovingly and willingly served Agastya in his religious practices and penance. Her asceticism through tapas matched Agstya's. Agastya was then not attracted to her beauty and did not cohabit with her and remained detached though she was beautiful and was his own creation.However, after a long lapse of time, Lopamudra was taking swimming in a naked state and her seductive figure attracted Agastya who then wanted to have sex with her to beget a son who would full fill his promise to his ancestors and relieve them of their curse. However, Lopamudra was not willing as she put a condition that she would sleep with him only if she got all the riches and the princely comforts that she enjoyed at her father's place. Agastya countered pleadingly that as he was an ascetic he could not break the laws of asceticism otherwise all his spiritual achievements of so many years of penance which were meant for the benefit of human beings would be lost. But Lopamudra persistently argued that with great acetic qualities Agastya could achieve anything in this world. As her child bearing biological cycle would not last long she urged him to agree to her conditions and go in search of riches. Agastya acquires wealth
Agastya then went out seeking wealth. He met three kings, Srutarvan, Vradhnaswa, and Trasadasyu, one after the other, who welcomed him with due respects offering oblations and requested him to state his wish.He then told them to give him a part of their wealth. They all told him that after meeting the expenditure related to their commitments to the well-being of their subjects, with due diligence of the status of their revenue, they would be happy to spare surplus, if any. Agastya, after considering this statement felt that they had no wealth to spare for him. On the advice of the three kings, he then approached Illwala, the King of asuras or danavas who was considered a very wealthy king. Illwala welcomed Agastya and the other three kings who accompanied him, within the limits of his city, with due honours. Once in his palace Illwala served Agastya and his entourage the magic potion of the meat of his brother Vatapi who had taken the form of a buffalo to be served as cooked meat so that the brothers could slay the Brahmins after they consumed the meat. The kings were scared to consume the meat but Agastya told them not to worry as he would consume all the meat served to them and will spare them from eating it.He then consumed the meat dishes served to him and straight away digested the meat and said "Vatapi Jeerno Bhava", meaning let 'Vatapi be digested'. Illwala then, as per past practice, called out for his brother Vatapi to come out. But Agastya only belched and gas came out of his mouth as Vatapi had been digested. With this turn of events then Illvala was sad but bestowed all the wealth that Agastya desired. The asura king gave away his golden chariot and gold and silver coins which Agastya and his three kings carried away with them. With the riches acquired, Agastya approached his wife who was pleased with the outcome. Agastya, who demonstrated his power in both the "secular and the sacred realms", approached Lopamudra's bedroom.Agastya then asked Lopamudra whether she would beget him 1,000 sons or just one son who could defeat a thousand. Lopamudra then told Agastya that she would prefer to have only one learned son as against 1,000 evil ones. Then they cohabited, she conceived and after a lapse of 7 years she delivered a baby boy. The son was named Idhmavaha (meaning "carrier of sacrificial wood") as he would serve his father in his sacrificial rites with wood. He was also called Drdhasyu. He was highly knowledgeable in Vedas and Upanishads. Agastya was pleased with his son.Following this, Agastya performed rites for his ancestors who were then relieved of their curse, and attained heaven. Laurie L. Patton, an indologist, has observed that "in the case of Lopamudra, both the retention of seed in asceticism and the making of progeny are goals of the rishi Agastya, ... she is portrayed more and more derivatively, almost anemically, as she helps her husband/creator to promote the abstract ideal of dharma." In another version of the story narrated by Vasudha Narayanan of the University of Florida, Lopamudra who is fully cognizant of Agastya's imperative necessity for a progeny to redeem the curse of his ancestors and the demon king Illvala's "intentions and machinations", she manipulates the sage which ensures his success. In Giridhara Ramayana
Giridhara Ramayana has a different story of Lopamudra. Agastya approached king of Kanyakubja who had many daughters seeking a girl in marriage. The king promised the sage a girl when they come of age and asked him to come back a few years later. By the time the sage returned, however, the king had married off all his daughters.He was so worried about getting cursed, that he dressed his son' Lopamudra as a girl and presented him to Agastya. Miraculously, Lopamudra was transformed and became a woman after the wedding. Other aspects
In the Hindu tantra tradition, Sri Vidya mantra devoted to the Devi which has twelve variations, each credited to a devote which included Lopamudra; the other devotees are Manu, Chandra, Kubera, Manmatha, Agstya, Surya, Indra, Skanda, Shiva and Krodhabattaraka (Durvasa). A version popular in South India during about the 6th century AD is called the Lopamudra mantra though now not practiced but it is also associated with traditions in Kashmir. The river Kaveri in Karnataka is called Lopamudra. The legend behind this is that Agastya had kept Lopamudra, whom he had married for her beauty, confined in his Kamandala or water pot. During one of his sojourns away from his hermitage he stayed away for a long time and lived with another woman with whom he had fallen in love.Noting this, Lopamdura started weeping. Then Ganesha who was passing by heard her cries and released her by overturning the vessel in which she was confined. She flowed out as the river Kaveri. Another version of Lopamudra being born as Kaveri is that she marries Sage Agastya on the condition that he would not leave her for too long or she would forsake him. One time, the sage was having a lengthy discussion with his disciples and he was prolonged in his absence from his wife. The Goddess angrily admonished her husband and turned away in such fury, that the pleats of her sari rearranged themselves to fall upon her right shoulder instead of her left (hence, why Kodava women have a unique way of wearing sari). As the sage pursued his wife, she jumped into a divine tank at the top of the Brahmagiri hill, being reborn as the Kaveri and disappeared underground before reappearing at Bhagamandala and flowing east towards the ocean.Goddess Kaveri is said to be dear to Shiva, Vishnu, Lakshmi and Parvati/Tripurasundari. The divine shrines of Ranganatha(Vishnu) and Nimishambika(Parvati/Kali) at Srirangapatna on the banks of the Kaveri are held sacred to the people of Karnataka and Srirangam is considered a Divya Desam of Vishnu and Lakshmi in Tamil Nadu. References

Bibliography

Ancient Indian philosophers
Ancient Indian writers
Rigveda
Indian women philosophers
Hindu philosophers and theologians
Rishis
Vidarbha
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Ancient Indian women writers

masks: Lopamudra Lopamudra


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<mask> (born 1952) is an English-born Australian artist. She has had a long career as a portrait artist and designer, painter and printmaker, teacher and lecturer. Her work is represented in private and public collections around Australia. Early life and education
<mask> was born in England in 1952 and emigrated to Australia in 1960. She studied at the National Art School in Sydney, completing a four-year Diploma in Art (Painting) in 1973. Career

Designer and lecturer
From 1974 to1983 <mask> worked at the Australian Museum in Sydney as a designer, a position which allowed her to travel to remote areas of Australia. In her private practice in her studio, <mask>’s screen prints captured those places, and established her reputation in the printmaking community.From 1976 to 1983 <mask> was also teaching part-time at Alexander Mackie College (subsequently renamed the City Art Institute). After leaving the Museum <mask> spent four years as a full-time lecturer at the City Art Institute (which became the College of Fine Arts, UNSW and is now called UNSW Art & Design). Career and early years
From the 1970s till the early 1990s <mask> worked as a fine art screen printer. She became recognised in the Australian printmaking community for bold and humorous depictions of Australian culture, landscape, flora and fauna, which were collected by private and State Galleries. These screen prints depicted iconic tourist destinations around the country such as Bondi Beach, Uluru (Ayers Rock), Kakadu, The Twelve Apostles. After receiving an Australian Antarctic Division Humanities Program Award in 1991, <mask> travelled to the Australian bases of Mawson, Davis and Heard Island. This voyage resulted in a series of ten silk screen prints documenting her response to the ice, history and wildlife of Antarctica.Mature career

In the late 1990s <mask> made a shift from silk screens back to painting, which was her first love, incorporating and adapting the stencil technique from printmaking to create dynamic, pixelated surface textures in acrylic on linen canvas. The stencil technique challenges the naturalism of the portrait, and fragments the surface with symbols, words, and pixels. The resulting portraits have garnered critical attention for the sensitivity of the portraits combined with the boldly fragmented surfaces. A deeply moving portrait of "The Artist’s Mother" in the final stage of terminal cancer won the Portia Geach Memorial Award in 2012. This portrait travelled to the Embassy of Australia in Washington DC as part of a group exhibition by Portrait Artists Australia. In the large abstract colour field paintings <mask> uses stencil layering to painstakingly build dynamic shapes in saturated colour fields. <mask> has received many portrait commissions, both private and institutional.Portrait commissions include Sir Keith Peters, Regis Professor of Physic (for Cambridge University UK), Sir Bruce Ponder, Emeritus Professor of Oncology at the University of Cambridge (for CRUK Institute, Cambridge, UK); Mary Gaudron, first woman High Court Judge of Australia (for NSW Law Society) and Professor Sir Keith Peters for the Academy of Medical Sciences, London. <mask>’s portrait of Brett Weymark, the conductor of the Sydney Philharmonia Choirs, was hung in a group exhibition by Portrait Artists Australia at the Australian Parliament House in Canberra in 2012. <mask>'s portrait of Tim Winton was hung in the 2019 Darling Portrait Prize in the National Portrait Gallery (Australia), and subsequently acquired for the collection. <mask> has created a series of penetrating self-portraits, one of which won the Portia Geach Memorial Award in 2019 – "Body in A Box". <mask> has exhibited her work in numerous solo and group exhibitions all around Australia during her 45-year career. <mask>'s studio and gallery are now located in the historic Astor building in Macquarie Street, Sydney. ; O.T.C.Sydney; CSR; Government Insurance Office; Warrnambool City Council; Botany City Council; Attorney Generals Department, ANZ Bank, Academy of Medical Sciences, London UK; School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK; CRUK Institute, Cambridge University, UK; Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney; Sydney Philharmonia Choirs, Sydney; Ascham Girls School, Edgecliff, NSW. Awards and recognition
<mask> has been the recipient of many art awards in Australia. In 2015, <mask> won the Gallipoli Art Prize for her painting "Boy Soldiers" commemorating the deaths of the youngest soldiers, stencilling their names across the image of the graveyard in Lone Pine Cemetery in Turkey. In 2016 <mask> won the Shirley Hannan National Portrait Award with her portrait "Ella Rubeli". The 2015 judge Dr Christopher Chapman discussed the merits of the work in an interview for the Bega Regional Gallery. <mask> has received the Portia Geach Memorial Award for Portraiture twice, in 2012 and in 2019. <mask> has been a frequent finalist in major art competitions including The Archibald Prize, The Doug Moran Portrait Prize, the Blake Prize, and the Darling Prize.References

External links
 Official website

1952 births
Australian portrait painters
21st-century Australian artists
Living people

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Sir <mask> FRS (24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001) was an English astronomer who formulated the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. He also held controversial stances on other scientific matters—in particular his rejection of the "Big Bang" theory, a term coined by him on BBC radio, and his promotion of panspermia as the origin of life on Earth. He also wrote science fiction novels, short stories and radio plays, and co-authored twelve books with his son, <mask>. He spent most of his working life at the Institute of Astronomy at Cambridge and served as its director for six years. He was one of the authors of the influential B2FH paper. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born near Bingley in Gilstead, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. His father, <mask>, who was a violinist and worked in the wool trade in Bradford, served as a machine gunner in the First World War.His mother, Mabel Pickard, had studied music at the Royal College of Music in London and later worked as a cinema pianist. <mask> was educated at Bingley Grammar School and read mathematics at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. In 1936, he won the Mayhew Prize (jointly with George Stanley Rushbrooke). In late 1940, <mask> left Cambridge to go to Portsmouth to work for the Admiralty on radar research, for example devising a method to get the altitude of the incoming aeroplanes. He was also put in charge of countermeasures against the radar guided guns found on the Graf Spee. Britain's radar project employed more personnel than the Manhattan project, and was probably the inspiration for the large British project in The Black Cloud. Two colleagues in this war work were Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold, and the three had many and deep discussions on cosmology.The radar work paid for a couple of trips to North America, where he took the opportunity to visit astronomers. On one trip to the US, he learned about supernovae at Caltech and Mount Palomar and, in Canada, the nuclear physics of plutonium implosion and explosion, noticed some similarity between the two and started thinking about supernova nucleosynthesis. He had an intuition at the time "I will make a name for myself if this works out." Eventually (1954) his prescient and ground breaking paper came out. He also formed a group at Cambridge exploring stellar nucleosynthesis in ordinary stars and was bothered by the paucity of stellar carbon production in existing models. He noticed that one of the existing processes would be made a billion times more productive if the carbon-12 nucleus had a resonance at 7.7 MeV, but the nuclear physicists did not list such a one. On another trip, he visited the nuclear physics group at Caltech, spending a few months of sabbatical there and persuaded them against their considerable scepticism to look for and find the Hoyle state in carbon-12, from which developed a full theory of stellar nucleosynthesis, co-authored by <mask> with some members of the Caltech group.After the war, in 1945, <mask> returned to Cambridge University, as a lecturer at St John's College, Cambridge. <mask>'s Cambridge years, 1945–1973, saw him rise to the top of world astrophysics theory, on the basis of a startling originality of ideas covering a very wide range of topics. In 1958, <mask> was appointed  Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy in Cambridge University. In 1967, he became the founding director of the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy (subsequently renamed the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge), where his innovative leadership quickly led to this institution becoming one of the premier groups in the world for theoretical astrophysics. In 1971, he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Astronomical Instruments and their Construction". <mask> was knighted in 1972.<mask> resigned his Plumian professor position in 1972 and his directorship of the institute in 1973, with this move effectively cutting him off from most of his establishment power-base, connections and steady salary. After leaving Cambridge, <mask> wrote many popular science and science fiction books, as well as presenting lectures around the world. Part of the motivation for this was simply to provide a means of support. <mask> was still a member of the joint policy committee (since 1967), during the planning stage for the 150-inch Anglo-Australian Telescope at Siding Spring Observatory in New South Wales. He became chairman of the Anglo-Australian Telescope board in 1973, and presided at its inauguration in 1974 by Charles, Prince of Wales. Decline and death
After his resignation from Cambridge, <mask> moved to the Lake District and occupied his time with a mix of treks across the moors, writing books, visiting research centres around the world, and working on science ideas that have been nearly universally rejected. On 24 November 1997, while hiking across moorlands in west Yorkshire, near his childhood home in Gilstead, <mask> fell into a steep ravine called Shipley Glen.Roughly twelve hours later, <mask> was found by a search dog. He was hospitalised for two months with pneumonia and kidney problems (both resulting from hypothermia), as well as a broken shoulder from the fall. Thereafter he entered a marked decline, suffering from memory and mental agility problems. In 2001, he suffered a series of strokes and died in Bournemouth on 20 August of that year. Views and contributions

Origin of nucleosynthesis
<mask> authored the first two research papers ever published on the synthesis of the chemical elements heavier than helium by nuclear reactions in stars. The first of these in 1946 showed that the cores of stars will evolve to temperatures of billions of degrees, much hotter than temperatures considered for thermonuclear origin of stellar power in main-sequence stars. <mask> showed that at such high temperatures the element iron can become much more abundant than other heavy elements owing to thermal equilibrium among nuclear particles, explaining the high natural abundance of iron.This idea would later be called the e Process. <mask>'s second foundational nucleosynthesis publication, published in 1954, showed that the elements between carbon and iron cannot be synthesized by such equilibrium processes. He attributed those elements to specific nuclear fusion reactions between abundant constituents in concentric shells of evolved massive, pre-supernova stars. This startlingly modern picture is the accepted paradigm today for the supernova nucleosynthesis of these primary elements. In the mid-1950s, <mask> became the leader of a group of very talented experimental and theoretical physicists who met in Cambridge: William Alfred Fowler, Margaret Burbidge, and Geoffrey Burbidge. This group systematized basic ideas of how all the chemical elements in our universe were created, with this now being a field called nucleosynthesis. Famously, in 1957, this group produced the B2FH paper (known for the initials of the four authors) in which the field of nucleosynthesis was organized into complementary nuclear processes.They also added much new material on the synthesis of heavy elements by neutron-capture reactions, the so-called s process and the r process. So influential did the B2FH paper become that for the remainder of the twentieth century it became the default citation of almost all researchers wishing to cite an accepted origin for nucleosynthesis theory, and as a result, the path-breaking Hoyle 1954 paper fell into obscurity. Historical research in the 21st century  has brought <mask>'s 1954 paper back to scientific prominence. Those historical arguments were first presented to a gathering of nucleosynthesis experts attending a 2007 conference at Caltech organized after the deaths of both Fowler and <mask> to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the publication of B2FH. Ironically the B2FH paper did not review <mask>'s 1954 supernova-shells attribution of the origin of elements between silicon and iron despite <mask>'s co-authorship of B2FH. Based on his many personal discussions with Hoyle  Donald D. Clayton has attributed this seemingly inexplicable oversight in B2FH to the lack of proofreading by <mask> of the draft composed at Caltech in 1956 by G.R. Burbidge and E.M. Burbidge.The second of <mask>'s nucleosynthesis papers also introduced an interesting use of the anthropic principle, which was not then known by that name. In trying to work out the routes of stellar nucleosynthesis, <mask> calculated that one particular nuclear reaction, the triple-alpha process, which generates carbon from helium, would require the carbon nucleus to have a very specific resonance energy and spin for it to work. The large amount of carbon in the universe, which makes it possible for carbon-based life-forms of any kind to exist, demonstrated to <mask> that this nuclear reaction must work. Based on this notion, <mask> therefore predicted the values of the energy, the nuclear spin and the parity of the compound state in the carbon nucleus formed by three alpha particles (helium nuclei), which was later borne out by experiment. This energy level, while needed to produce carbon in large quantities, was statistically very unlikely to fall where it does in the scheme of carbon energy levels. <mask> later wrote:

His co-worker William Alfred Fowler eventually won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1983 (with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar), but for some reason <mask>'s original contribution was overlooked by the electors, and many were surprised that such a notable astronomer missed out. Fowler himself in an autobiographical sketch affirmed <mask>'s pioneering efforts:

Rejection of the Big Bang
While having no argument with the Lemaître theory (later confirmed by Edwin Hubble's observations) that the universe was expanding, <mask> disagreed on its interpretation.He found the idea that the universe had a beginning to be pseudoscience, resembling arguments for a creator, "for it's an irrational process, and can't be described in scientific terms" (see Kalam cosmological argument). Instead, <mask>, along with Thomas Gold and Hermann Bondi (with whom he had worked on radar in the Second World War), in 1948 began to argue for the universe as being in a "steady state" and formulated their Steady State theory. The theory tried to explain how the universe could be eternal and essentially unchanging while still having the galaxies we observe moving away from each other. The theory hinged on the creation of matter between galaxies over time, so that even though galaxies get further apart, new ones that develop between them fill the space they leave. The resulting universe is in a "steady state" in the same manner that a flowing river is—the individual water molecules are moving away but the overall river remains the same. The theory was one alternative to the Big Bang which, like the Big Bang, agreed with key observations of the day, namely Hubble's red shift observations, and <mask> was a strong critic of the Big Bang. He coined the term "Big Bang" on BBC radio's Third Programme broadcast on 28 March 1949.It was said by George Gamow and his opponents that <mask> intended to be pejorative, and the script from which he read aloud was interpreted by his opponents to be "vain, one-sided, insulting, not worthy of the BBC". <mask> explicitly denied that he was being insulting and said it was just a striking image meant to emphasize the difference between the two theories for the radio audience. In another BBC interview, he said, "The reason why scientists like the "big bang" is because they are overshadowed by the Book of Genesis. It is deep within the psyche of most scientists to believe in the first page of Genesis". <mask> had a famously heated argument with Martin Ryle of the Cavendish Radio Astronomy Group about <mask>'s steady state theory, which somewhat restricted collaboration between the Cavendish group and the Cambridge Institute of Astronomy during the 1960s. <mask>, unlike Gold and Bondi, offered an explanation for the appearance of new matter by postulating the existence of what he dubbed the "creation field", or just the "C-field", which had negative pressure in order to be consistent with the conservation of energy and drive the expansion of the universe. This C-field is the same as the later "de Sitter solution" for cosmic inflation, but the C-field model acts much slower than the de Sitter inflation model.They jointly argued that continuous creation was no more inexplicable than the appearance of the entire universe from nothing, although it had to be done on a regular basis. In the end, mounting observational evidence convinced most cosmologists that the steady state model was incorrect and that the Big Bang was the theory that agreed better with observations, although <mask> continued to support and develop his theory. In 1993, in an attempt to explain some of the evidence against the steady state theory, he presented a modified version called "quasi-steady state cosmology" (QSS), but the theory is not widely accepted. The evidence that resulted in the Big Bang's victory over the steady state model included the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in the 1960s, and the distribution of "young galaxies" and quasars throughout the Universe in the 1980s indicate a more consistent age estimate of the universe. <mask> died in 2001 having never accepted the validity of the Big Bang theory. Theory of gravity
Together with Narlikar, <mask> developed a particle theory in the 1960s, the Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity. It made predictions that were roughly the same as Einstein's general relativity, but it incorporated Mach's Principle, which Einstein had tried but failed to incorporate in his theory.The Hoyle-Narlikar theory fails several tests, including consistency with the microwave background. It was motivated by their belief in the steady state model of the universe. Rejection of Earth-based abiogenesis
In his later

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 years, <mask> became a staunch critic of theories of abiogenesis to explain the origin of life on Earth. With Chandra Wickramasinghe, <mask> promoted the hypothesis that the first life on Earth began in space, spreading through the universe via panspermia, and that evolution on Earth is influenced by a steady influx of viruses arriving via comets. His belief that comets had a significant percentage of organic compounds was well ahead of his time, as the dominant views in the 1970s and 1980s were that comets largely consisted of water-ice, and the presence of organic compounds was then highly controversial. Wickramasinghe wrote in 2003: "In the highly polarized polemic between Darwinism and creationism, our position is unique. Although we do not align ourselves with either side, both sides treat us as opponents.Thus we are outsiders with an unusual perspective—and our suggestion for a way out of the crisis has not yet been considered." <mask> and Wickramasinghe advanced several instances where they say outbreaks of illnesses on Earth are of extraterrestrial origins, including the 1918 flu pandemic, and certain outbreaks of polio and mad cow disease. For the 1918 flu pandemic, they hypothesized that cometary dust brought the virus to Earth simultaneously at multiple locations—a view almost universally dismissed by experts on this pandemic. In 1982, <mask> presented Evolution from Space for the Royal Institution's Omni Lecture. After considering what he thought of as a very remote possibility of Earth-based abiogenesis he concluded:

Published in his 1982/1984 books Evolution from Space (co-authored with Chandra Wickramasinghe), <mask> calculated that the chance of obtaining the required set of enzymes for even the simplest living cell without panspermia was one in 1040,000. Since the number of atoms in the known universe is infinitesimally tiny by comparison (1080), he argued that Earth as life's place of origin could be ruled out. He claimed:

However, his calculations are not compatible with modern molecular evolution, including research on the RNA world and the evolution of proteins from simple peptides.Though <mask> declared himself an atheist, this apparent suggestion of a guiding hand led him to the conclusion that "a superintellect has monkeyed with physics, as well as with chemistry and biology, and ... there are no blind forces worth speaking about in nature." He would go on to compare the random emergence of even the simplest cell without panspermia to the likelihood that "a tornado sweeping through a junk-yard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the materials therein" and to compare the chance of obtaining even a single functioning protein by chance combination of amino acids to a solar system full of blind men solving Rubik's Cubes simultaneously. This is known as "the junkyard tornado", or "Hoyle’s Fallacy". Those who advocate the intelligent design (ID) belief sometimes cite <mask>'s work in this area to support the claim that the universe was fine tuned in order to allow intelligent life to be possible. Other controversies
While <mask> was well-regarded for his works on nucleosynthesis and science popularization, he held controversial positions on a wide range of scientific issues, often in direct opposition to the prevailing theories of the scientific community. Paul Davies describes how he "loved his maverick personality and contempt for orthodoxy", quoting <mask> as saying "I don't care what they think" about his theories on discrepant redshift, and "it is better to be interesting and wrong than boring and right". <mask> often expressed anger against the labyrinthine and petty politics at Cambridge and frequently feuded with members and institutions of all levels of the British astronomy community, leading to his resignation from Cambridge in September 1971 over the way he thought Donald Lynden-Bell was chosen to replace retiring professor Roderick Oliver Redman behind his back.According to biographer Simon Mitton, <mask> was crestfallen because he felt that his colleagues at Cambridge were unsupportive. In addition to his views on steady state theory and panspermia, <mask> also supported the following controversial hypotheses and speculations:
 The correlation of flu epidemics with the sunspot cycle, with epidemics occurring at the minimum of the cycle. The idea was that flu contagion was scattered in the interstellar medium and reached Earth only when the solar wind had minimum power. Two fossil Archaeopteryx were man-made fakes. This assertion was definitively refuted by, among other strong indications, the presence of microcracks extending through the fossils into the surrounding rock. The theory of abiogenic petroleum, held by <mask> and by Thomas Gold, where natural hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas) are explained as the result of deep carbon deposits, instead of fossilized organic material. This theory is dismissed by the mainstream petroleum geochemistry community.In his 1977 book On Stonehenge, <mask> supported Gerald Hawkins's proposal that the fifty-six Aubrey holes at Stonehenge were used as a system for neolithic Britons to predict eclipses, using them in the daily positioning of marker stones. The use of the Aubrey holes for predicting lunar eclipses was originally proposed by Gerald Hawkins in his book of the subject Stonehenge Decoded (1965). Nobel Physics Prizes
<mask> was also at the centre of two unrelated controversies involving the politics for selecting the winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics. The first came when the 1974 prize went, in part, to Antony Hewish for his leading role in the discovery of pulsars. Promptly <mask> made an off-the-cuff remark to a reporter in Montreal that "Yes, Jocelyn Bell was the actual discoverer, not Hewish, who was her supervisor, so she should have been included." This remark received widespread international coverage. Worried about being misunderstood and by British libel laws, <mask> carefully composed a letter of explanation to The Times.The second controversy came when the 1983 prize went in part to William Alfred Fowler "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe." The controversy arose because <mask> had been the inventor of the theory of nucleosynthesis in the stars with two research papers published shortly after WWII. So some suspicion arose that <mask> was denied the third share of this prize because of his earlier public disagreement with the 1974 award. British scientist Harry Kroto later said that the Nobel Prize is not just an award for a piece of work, but a recognition of a scientist's overall reputation and <mask>'s championing many disreputable and disproven ideas may have invalidated him. In Nature, editor John Maddox called it "shameful" that Fowler had been rewarded with a Nobel prize and <mask> had not. Media appearances
<mask> appeared in a series of radio talks on astronomy for the BBC in the 1950s; these were collected in the book The Nature of the Universe, and he went on to write a number of other popular science books. In the play Sur la route de Montalcino, the character of <mask> confronts Georges Lemaître on a fictional journey to the Vatican in 1957.<mask> also appeared in the 1973 short film Take the World From Another Point of View. In the 2004 television movie Hawking, <mask> is played by Peter Firth. In the movie, Stephen Hawking (played by Benedict Cumberbatch) publicly confronts <mask> at a Royal Society lecture in summer 1964, about a mistake he found in his latest publication. Honours

Awards
 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1957
 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1968)
 Bakerian Lecture (1968)
 Bruce Medal (1970)
 Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1971)
 Jansky Lectureship before the National Radio Astronomy Observatory
 Knighthood (1972)
 President of the Royal Astronomical Society (1971–1973)
 Royal Medal (1974)
 Klumpke-Roberts Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1977)
 Balzan Prize for Astrophysics: evolution of stars (1994, with Martin Schwarzschild)
 Crafoord Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, with Edwin Salpeter (1997)

Named after him
 Hoyle Building, Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge
 Asteroid 8077 Hoyle
 Janibacter hoylei, species of bacteria discovered by ISRO scientists
 Sir <mask> Way, a stretch of the A650 dual carriageway in Bingley. Institute of Physics Fred Hoyle Medal and Prize

Memorabilia
The <mask> Collection at St John's College Library contains "a pair of walking boots, five boxes of photographs, two ice axes, some dental X-rays, a telescope, ten large film reels and an unpublished opera" in addition to 150 document boxes of papers. Bibliography

Non-fiction
 The Nature of the Universe – a series of broadcast lectures, Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1950 (early use of the big bang phrase)
 Frontiers of Astronomy, Heinemann Education Books Limited, London, 1955. The Internet Archive.HarperCollins,
 Burbidge, E.M., Burbidge, G.R., Fowler, W.A. and <mask>, F., "Synthesis of the Elements in Stars" , Revs. Mod. Physics 29:547–650, 1957, the famous B2FH paper after their initials, for which <mask> is most famous among professional cosmologists. Astronomy, A history of man's investigation of the universe, Crescent Books, Inc., London 1962,
 Of men and galaxies, Seattle University of Washington, 1964,
 Galaxies, Nuclei, and Quasars, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, 1965,
 Nicolaus Copernicus, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., London, p. 78, 1973
 Astronomy and Cosmology: A Modern Course, 1975,
 Energy or Extinction? The case for nuclear energy, 1977, Heinemann Educational Books Limited, . In this provocative book <mask> establishes the dependence of Western civilization on energy consumption and predicts that nuclear fission as a source of energy is essential for its survival.Ten Faces of the Universe, 1977, W.H. Freeman and Company (San Francisco), ,
 On Stonehenge, 1977, London : Heinemann Educational, ;  San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company,  pbk. Lifecloud – The Origin of Life in the Universe, <mask>, F. and Wickramasinghe C., J.M. Dent and Sons, 1978. Diseases from Space (with Chandra Wickramasinghe) (J.M. Dent, London, 1979)
 Commonsense in Nuclear Energy, <mask> and <mask>, 1980, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.,
 The big bang in astronomy, New Scientist 92(1280):527, 19 November 1981.Ice, the Ultimate Human Catastrophe,1981,   Snippet view from Google Books
 The Intelligent Universe, 1983
 From Grains to Bacteria, <mask>, F. and Wickramasinghe N.C., University College Cardiff Press, , 1984
 Evolution from space (the Omni lecture) and other papers on the origin of life 1982,
 Evolution from Space: A Theory of Cosmic Creationism, 1984,
 Viruses from Space, 1986,
 With Jayant Narlikar and Chandra Wickramasinghe, The extragalactic universe: an alternative view, Nature 346:807–812, 30 August 1990. The Origin of the Universe and the Origin of Religion,1993,
 Home Is Where the Wind Blows: Chapters from a Cosmologist's Life (autobiography) Oxford University Press 1994,
 Mathematics of Evolution, (1987) University College Cardiff Press, (1999) Acorn Enterprises LLC.,
 With G. Burbridge and Narlikar J.V. A Different Approach to Cosmology, Cambridge University Press 2000,

Science fiction

<mask> also wrote science fiction. In his first novel, The Black Cloud, most intelligent life in the universe takes the form of interstellar gas clouds; they are surprised to learn that intelligent life can also form on planets. He wrote a television series, A for Andromeda, which was also published as a novel. His play Rockets in Ursa Major had a professional production at the Mermaid Theatre in 1962. Andromeda Breakthrough is a sequel to A for Andromeda and Into Deepest Space is a sequel to Rockets in Ursa Major.The four Ladybird Books are intended for children. Some stories of the anthology Element 79 are fantasy, in particular "Welcome to Slippage City" and "The Judgement of Aphrodite". Both introduce mythological characters. The Telegraph (UK) called him a "masterful" science fiction writer. References

Further reading
 Alan P. Lightman and Roberta Brawer, Origins: The Lives and Worlds of Modern Cosmologists, Harvard University Press, 1990. A collection of interviews, mostly with the generation (or two) of cosmologists after <mask>, but also including an interview with <mask> himself. Several interviewees testify to <mask>'s influence in popularizing astronomy and cosmology.Dennis Overbye, Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos: The Scientific Quest for the Secret of the Universe, HarperCollins, 1991. Second edition (with new afterword), Back Bay, 1999. Gives a biographical account of modern cosmology in a novel-like fashion. Complementary to Origins. Simon Mitton, <mask>: A Life in Science, Cambridge University Press, 2011. Douglas Gough, editor, The Scientific Legacy of <mask>, Cambridge University Press, 2005. Chandra Wickramasinghe, A Journey with <mask>, World Scientific Pub, 2005. .
 Jane Gregory, <mask>'s Universe, Oxford University Press, 2005.A Journey with <mask>: Second Edition by Chandra Wickramasinghe, World Scientific Publishing Co. 2013. External links

 <mask> Website
 <mask> and Chandra Wickramasinghe Website
 Obituary by Sir Martin Rees in Physics Today
 Obituary by Bernard Lovell in The Guardian

 <mask>: An Online Exhibition
 An Interview with <mask>, 5 July 1996

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Kalinga Prize recipients
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1915 births
2001 deaths
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Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society
20th-century British novelists
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20th-century atheists
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<mask> (17 February 1880 – 17 October 1920), was a traveller and plant collector. He published a number of books, although is best known for My Rock Garden. He travelled to Asia in search of a variety of plants, many of which he brought back to England and planted near his home village of Clapham, North Yorkshire. Life
<mask> was born in Marylebone, London into a well-to-do family who resided in Clapham, North Yorkshire. Due to a speech defect and numerous operations on a cleft palate, he was educated at home. He developed a passionate and lifelong enthusiasm for high places and the mountain plants that grow there. By 10 years of age he was a well-qualified field botanist with a "fair knowledge of plant anatomy."At 14 years he made his first rock garden in an abandoned quarry. He entered Balliol College, Oxford  at 17 years of age and graduated in 1902. During his time there he helped to make the rock garden at St John's. In 1902 <mask> embarked on the first of his expeditions to Eastern Asia, visiting China, Korea and, particularly Japan. He was there for eight months and influenced by Japanese gardening tastes and traditions, he developed his characteristically strong views on rock garden design, 'where naturalism superseded formal artificiality, and where alpine plants were to grow in surroundings which, though ordered by man, copied as far as possible their original habitats'. These travels resulted in The Garden of Asia (1904). Returning to England he attempted to become a novelist and poet.His first book was well received, but later publications less so. In 1907 he published My Rock Garden, which was a very popular and influential book and was kept continuously in print for more than 40 years. His next publications were Alpines and Bog Plants (1908), In a Yorkshire Garden (1909) and Among the Hills (1910). In 1913 he published The Dolomites: King Laurin's Garden, which deals with plant hunting in the Italian Dolomites. In 1913 he wrote The English Rock-Garden: Volumes 1 and 2 (1918), which was very popular with at least four impressions. At this time <mask> travelled widely in the mountains of Italy, France and Switzerland, walking and climbing with gardener friends, including fellow plantsman E.A. Bowles.He also visited Ceylon in 1908, becoming a Buddhist there. Later the same year appeared his book, In Old Ceylon. <mask> was attracted by the horticultural possibilities of the introduction of new hardy rock plants to the British gardening public. With this in mind, he founded the Craven Nursery in Clapham, which specialised in Asian alpines, an enterprise which foundered in the economic crisis of the 1920s. In 1914 <mask> and the Kew-trained William Purdom set out on an ambitious expedition to Qinghai Tibet and the Province of Kansu province of North-west China. He and Purdom found there numerous hardy specimens that today enrich British gardens. Many bear his name, though the list would have been longer if <mask> had not sometimes neglected to collect, as well as plants and seeds, the herbarium specimens necessary for classification and naming.These two years of exploring and plant collecting are described in <mask>'s On the Eaves of the World (2 vols) (1917), and in the posthumous The Rainbow Bridge (1921). <mask> drew many illustrations, often painted in the most uncomfortable of circumstances, which record, not an exact botanical resemblance, but Farrer's emotional reaction to the plant and its habitat. Many of these, and his landscape water-colours of Kansu and Tibet, were exhibited by the Fine Art Society in 1918. <mask>'s diary conveys the practical difficulties he faced, and provides a glimpse of his ebullient use of language: "June 2, 1919 ... I sat down to paint it (the most marvellous and impressive Rhododendron I've ever seen – a gigantic, excellent, with corrugated leaves and great white trumpets stained with yellow inside – a thing alone, by itself WELL worth all the journey up here and everything) and oddly enough I did not enjoy doing so at first... a first false start – a second, better, splashed and spoilt, then a mizzle, so that umbrella had to be screamed for and held up with one hand while I worked with the other. Then flies and torment and finally a wild dust storm with rain and thunder came raging over so that everything had feverishly to be hauled indoors and the Rhododendron fell over and all the lights and lines etc. were of course quite out of gear.However, I'd done as much as I could for the day by 5.30 but even then was so excited that I continued strolling in glorious meditation till dark and dinner. But one moral is – only paint when fresh or before the day's toils; as it is I must trench on tomorrow which ought to be wholly a rush of letters and articles for the next day's data that I mean to send off. June 3, 1919. The rhododendron gave me such a bad night... I set to however and satisfactorily finished it though it took till after 12." "<mask>'s illustrations, together with the field notes, botanical specimens and seeds which he collected, provided valuable information to the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh, where the Regius Keeper, Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour, took a special interest in Sino-Himalayan plants. Farrer's interest in sending back attractive new plants with horticultural potential, however, was sometimes at odds with Balfour's desire for a comprehensive inventory of all the plants of the region.<mask>'s collecting trips are particularly interesting when viewed in the context of the global plant exchanges which occurred during British Imperial rule. During this time crops and other plants were transplanted from then-native habitats to others throughout the Empire for a variety of economic, medical and scientific reasons. At a domestic level, too, while <mask> and other plant collectors introduced new species to British gardens, sentimental colonists took with them plants, and animals, which reminded them of home." Farrer brought back plants from Asia that could be grown in a naturalistic style – not just by the rich who could afford expensive hothouses and personal gardeners. In the words of <mask>'s biographer, Nicola Shulman, "He brought rock-gardening into the hearts of the British people." <mask> himself wrote:
You're on an uncharted mountainside and you have to first of all find the Plant in the summer on the way up the mountain. Then in the autumn, you have to find the same plant – if it hasn't been eaten or trodden on – hope it's set seed and that the seeds haven't fallen yet – and this is just the start.<mask> was known as an eccentric and in one famous incident, <mask> loaded a shotgun with seeds collected on his foreign travels, and fired them into an inaccessible rock cliff and gorge near the family home in Yorkshire. They did not root, however. He was a devotee of the novels of Jane Austen and wrote for July 1917 issue of The Quarterly Review an article in celebration of the centenary of her birth. Death
<mask>'s final voyage was to the mountains of Upper Burma. He took as his companion the mill-owner Euan Hillhouse Methven Cox, who recorded the trip in <mask>'s Last Journey, Upper Burma 1919–20 (1926). This expedition proved less horticulturally successful than <mask>'s earlier trip to Kansu, largely because the climate of the Burmese mountains had less in common with British conditions than that of Kansu. <mask> died in 1920 at Nyitadi in the remote  mountains on the Burmese/Chinese frontier at the early age of 40.Cox states that he died alone, but he was almost certainly accompanied by indigenous plant collectors from China and Burma who had been working with him. Cox also states that the probable cause of his death was diphtheria. A few years later, however, one of the plant collectors who had worked for Farrer during his last year told botanist Joseph Rock that he had died from alcohol poisoning. He was buried at Konglu, Burma. Legacy
Farrer's lasting legacy is a spectacular display of plants from the Himalayas, growing today in a wild display around Ingleborough. Himalayan rhododendron, bamboo and other unusual plants such as Lonicera syringantha and Rodgersia aesculifolia can be seen among Farrer's Ingleborough display while in Clapham village itself Viburnum farreri and Potentilla fruticosa flourish. In 2015 Historic England commissioned a measured survey and analytical assessment of the fabric, layout and history of Farrer's Clapham garden to inform the future repair and management of the site.Selected publications

 The Garden of Asia (1904)
 My Rock Garden (1907)

 In Old Ceylon (1908)
 Alpines and Bog Plants (1908)
 In a Yorkshire Garden (1909)
 Among the Hills (1910)
 The Dolomites: King Laurin's Garden (1913)
 On the Eaves of the World (1917)

 The Rainbow Bridge (1921)
 Mimpish Squinnies (2007)
 Shulman, Nicola. A Rage for Rock Gardening. Boston: David R. Godine, 2004. Plants named after Farrer
A number of plants are named after <mask>, Cox's book The Plant Introductions of <mask>, published in 1930 describes <mask>'s legacy of plants cultivated from seed collected by him. Allium farreri Stearn
 Amitostigma farreri
 Bulbophyllum farreri
 Codonopsis farreri
 Cypripedium farreri
 Gentiana farreri
 Geranium farreri
 Picea farreri
 Rosa farreri
 Viburnum farreri

References

Bibliography

External links

  Catalogue of the <mask><mask> Collection at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
 <mask>, <mask> (1880–1920) at ODNB

British garden writers
English gardeners
Botanists active in China
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Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
People from Marylebone
Writers from London

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