texts:
<mask> AIA, (August 19, 1843, Ithaca, New York – July 16, 1914, New Rochelle, New York) was a highly influential critic, journalist and editorial writer in New York City who wrote about and influenced art, literature, music and architecture during the city's "Gilded Age." He was active as a journalist for over forty years but is principally noted as a highly influential architecture critic, and advocate of modern designs and defender of the skyscraper. Early life
<mask> was born in Ithaca, New York, on August 19, 1843. He was the son of Eleanor (née Johnson<mask> (1818–1849) and the Rev. Dr. <mask> (1816–1900), one time rector of the Protestant Episcopal Church Grace Church in Orange, New Jersey, which is now known as the Church of the Epiphany. His siblings included <mask> (d. 1850), <mask> (d. 1854), <mask> (1841–1929). After his mother's death, his father remarried to Mary Hall Allen in 1860, with whom his father had another daughter and two sons, <mask>'s half-siblings, Rev.<mask> and <mask>, Jr.

His paternal grandparents were Alborn <mask> (b. 1788) and Caroline (née Butler) <mask>. The <mask>s were one of the oldest families in New York, descendants of Philip Pieterse <mask>, who settled in Beverwyck (now Albany, New York) in 1650, through his son Arent <mask> (1662–1730) and his son Casparus <mask> (1695–1754). His maternal grandparents were Ben Johnson (1783–1848) and Jane (née Dey) Johnson (1798–1881). <mask> entered Hobart College in 1858 but failed to graduate. He became a member of the Sigma Phi Society. Professional career
In 1865, at the end of the American Civil War, <mask> came to New York and worked as an editorial writer on The World before leaving to join the editorial staff of The New York Times in 1883.He worked as an editorial writer for The New York Times for twenty-four years. During his time at The Times, he wrote many articles, including articles about the architecture of Washington, D.C., about the 3,000 miles between New York and California, about the work of William Wordsworth, the work of Russell Sturgis, and the work of Henry James. In the 1870s, <mask> supported Frederick Law Olmsted, a friend, H. H. Richardson, whom he admired, and Leopold Eidlitz in the controversy surrounding the completion of the New York State Capitol buildings. In 1882, <mask>, who lived at the end of East 84th Street in Manhattan, proposed building a residential development project between East 81st Street and East 84th Street, along the East River just south of the East River Park (now known as the Carl Schurz Park). In 1883, <mask> wrote upon the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York:

"It so happens that the work which is likely to be our most durable monument, and to convey some knowledge of us to the most remote posterity, is a work of bare utility; not a shrine, not a fortress, not a palace, but a bridge." From 1885–1887, he was managing editor of Harper's Weekly, and from 1887 to 1894, was connected with the publishing department of Harper & Bros., serving both in an editorial capacity and as a writer. In the last few years of his career, <mask> was a contributor to The Sun, and also wrote for many magazines and periodicals, particularly on the subject of architecture, in which he specialized.He was a staunch advocate of the modern skyscraper, who believed that it was "a legitimate architectural expression of our times." In 1892, he published his seminal work, American Architecture Studies published by Harper & Brothers Publishers. In the book, similarly to Louis Sullivan's feelings in his 1892 book, Ornament in Architecture, he stated: "If you were to scrape down to the face of the main wall of the buildings of these streets, you would find that you had simply removed all the architecture, and that you had left the buildings as good as ever." Later life
He retired from the New York Times in 1907 and moved to New Rochelle, New York, "taking an active interest in local affairs, acting in an advisory capacity on questions of beautifying the city and the artistic and harmonious architectural development of the town." <mask> was a member of the American Institute of Architects, the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and the Century Club. Personal life
In 1876, he married Katherine Beeckman Livingston (1842–1914). Their families were previously connected as <mask>'s seven times great-aunt had married Katherine's ancestor, Robert Livingston, first Lord of the manor of Livingston (also ancestor of both Presidents Bush and Eleanor Roosevelt) in Albany in 1679.Together, <mask> and Katherine were the parents of:

 <mask>, Jr. (1877-1955), who was secretary to the U.S. legation in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1902, U.S. Consul General in Bangkok, U.S. Minister to Ecuador, U.S. Minister to El Salvador. Robert Livingston <mask> (1883–1966), who served as President of the American Historical Association. <mask>'s wife died on July 7, 1914. <mask> died of pneumonia shortly thereafter at his home at 250 Winyah Avenue, New Rochelle, New York, on July 16, 1914. He was buried alongside his wife at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. Published works
 Westward the Course of Empire
 Studies in American Architecture
 The Brooklyn Bridge (with W. C. Conant)
 Articles for Harper's Magazine
 "Recent Building in New York" (September 1883)
 "The Metropolitan Opera-house" (November 1883)
 "Glimpses of western architecture. III.—St.Paul and Minneapolis" (October 1891)
 "Glimpses of western architecture. Chicago.—II" (September 1891)
 "Glimpses of western architecture. Chicago.—I" (August 1891)
 American Architecture Studies (1892), Harper & Brothers Publishers

References

External links

Links to his books on Amazon.com
Review by James Early of Vassar College in the Society of Architectural Historians (1962) for the book William H. Jordy and Ralph Coe, eds.<mask>: American Architecture and Other Writings. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962)
<mask>'s quotes on American bridges

1843 births
1914 deaths
<mask> family
19th-century American architects
American newspaper journalists
American critics
American architecture writers
American male non-fiction writers
American people of Dutch descent
Writers from New Rochelle, New York
Writers from Ithaca, New York
The New York Times editors
Harper's Weekly editors

masks:
Montgomery Schuyler
Schuyler
) Schuyler
Anthony Schuyler
Eleanor Schuyler
Ben Johnson Schuyler
Charles Brother Schuyler
Montgomery
Hamilton Schuyler
Anthony Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Montgomery
Montgomery Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Montgomery Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler


type: original

texts:
Shubraveshti Ramaswamiah Seetharama Sharma (1 December 1933 – 5 June 1985), known popularly as S. R<mask>, was an Indian filmmaker known for his work in Kannada cinema. He is often considered one of India's most influential filmmakers. Background and personal life
<mask> was born to Ramaswamaiah and Subbamma in Kanagal, a village in the erstwhile Kingdom of Mysore into a poor family. As he hailed from a poor brahmin family, he had to endure hardships and struggled to get a decent job. He worked as a teacher, salesman and even as a cleaner. His job as a publicity boy brought him closer to theatre and subsequently to cinema. His association with films began when he started working for B. R. Panthulu as an assistant director and also as his driver.His first film as an assistant director was Rathnagiri Rahasya (1957). <mask> married Nagalakshmi at very young age and they had 5 children. However he fell in love with his protege and leading actress in 1970s Aarathi and they got married during 1976–77. They had a daughter Yashaswini, who was born in 1978. However, due to creative differences <mask> and Aarathi separated in 1981. In 1981 <mask>'s magnum opus Ranganayaki did not do as well as expected at the box office, even though it gained critical acclaim and later went on to become a cult classic. In addition to this, separation from Aarathi had impacted his health.He had no work in hand for 14 months starting from late 1980 to mid of 1982. Srinath whom Puttanna directed in blockbuster films like Shubhamangala and Dharmasere came to his help, and they made Maanasa Sarovara which became an average hit and helped Puttanna bounce back. His later films like Amruta Ghalige and Runamukthalu did reasonably well. <mask> died on 5 June 1985 in Bengaluru while shooting Masanada Hoovu. Starting his career as a publicity boy, <mask> was drawn into independent filmmaking after a stint in theatre and working with film director and producer B. R. Panthulu as his assistant. <mask>'s assistants include Tamil directors S. P. Muthuraman, Bharathiraja, and T. S. Nagabharana. Although a majority of <mask>'s films were on offbeat or taboo subjects, generally women-centric, he endeared himself to both the critics and ordinary film goers alike making "bridge films" between art and commercial cinema.His film in Kannada, Gejje Pooje, based on a novel of the same name by M. K. Indira is considered a landmark film. He would go on to direct other films such as Kappu Bilupu (1969), Sharapanjara (1971), Naagarahaavu (1972), Edakallu Guddada Mele (1973), Shubhamangala (1975) and Ranganayaki (1981), all of which are seen as milestones in Kannada cinema. He also directed a handful of films in Malayalam, Tamil Telugu and Hindi languages. As a director
Often credited as a movie-maker much ahead of his times, his first directorial venture was the 1964 Malayalam movie  School Master, a remake of his mentor B. R. Panthulu's Kannada classic of the same name. He then directed another Malayalam movie Poochakkanni (Cat eyed/Hazel eyed lady) based on the Kannada novel Bekkina Kannu by Triveni. <mask>'s first Kannada film as a director was Bellimoda (Silver Cloud) in 1967. Starring Kalpana and Kalyan Kumar, this movie was a critical and commercial success.Legend has it that <mask> scouted for a week to find the perfect location for the mellifluous song mooDala maneyaa. Belli Moda is credited as the first Kannada movie to be shot exclusively outdoors. He directed many masterpieces like Gejje Pooje, Sharapanjara, Naagarahaavu etc. '. His last film was Savira Mettilu, which never released during his lifetime. He also provided a platform for many actors such as Kalpana, Aarathi, Leelavathi, Jayanthi, Padma Vasanthi, Srinath, Rajinikanth, Vishnuvardhan, Ambareesh, Jai Jagadish, Chandra Shekhar, Gangadhar, Shivaram, Vajramuni, Sridhar, Ramakrishna and Aparna to showcase their talents. In devotion to Puttanna, Dr.Vishnuvardhan said,  "Puttanna Kanagal Sir was the God-sent teacher for me!And I have been made an actor. I am indebted to guru Puttanaji. He used to conceptualize scenes, narrate them to me, inspire me and extract the potential till then unknown to myself. Acting in a single movie under <mask>'s expertise is an experience of a lifetime." <mask> introduced most of the actors in the Kannada film industry. Tamil director Bharathiraja worked under him. Each of <mask>'s 24 Kannada movies had strong themes filled with unprecedented direction.Tamil legendary film maker K. Balachander, winner of the 2010 Dadasaheb Phalke Award had great regard for <mask>. In many of his interviews to the media, Balachandar has stated that he considered a much younger, <mask> <mask>, a director from Kannada(Karnataka) film industry to be his guru in film making. An excerpt from one such interview:

Q) You have stated in many interviews that you consider <mask> <mask> (Kannada filmmaker), though younger than you, as your guru in filmmaking. What is it that you learnt from him? A) Age has got nothing to do with learning. You can learn from anybody and everybody. I liked and admired <mask> <mask>, because, at the time when many of our filmmakers lacked the vision of filmmaking in terms of visuals he was the one who insisted on films being visual than oral.Apart from that his ability to churn out the human emotions from his actors was one of his kind. In fact Balachander, for most of the remakes of his Tamil films in Kannada (Benkiyalli Aralida Hoo, Mauna Geethe) has gone on to cast many of the talents like Ashwath, Sridhar, Jai Jagadesh, Ramakrishna, Srinath, nurtured in <mask>'s camp. Also, both <mask>'s and Balachander's films dealt with the issues on women – more so in <mask>'s films. The Visualiser
The Kannada film industry in the 1960s and the 1970s started moving from mythological and historical subjects to socially relevant themes. This metamorphosis was reflected in the rise of bandaaya sahitya or rebellious literature. The New Wave Cinema or Alternate Cinema movement spread across India, particularly in Karnataka, West Bengal and Kerala. Puttanna's movies, however, were seen as a bridge between commercial cinema and alternate cinema.While his plots, based on popular Kannada novels, revolved around strong characters and distinct themes, he added mandatory songs and emotions to distinguish from alternate cinemas. His mastery over symbolism is quite remarkable. He has effectively used effectively in almost all of his movies. <mask> was also considered as a pioneer in picturising songs. In general, his movies contained 4–5 songs. Even with respect to song picturisation, <mask> had a strong sense of colour and imagery. He would go to great lengths to select the locations and costumes for a song.The songs generally reflected the inherent mood of the film. For instance, the song from the movie Manasasarovara, Neene saakida gini, a poignant song, was shot amidst the dust-filled mining areas, thereby reflecting the agony of a man who has lost his true love. Similarly the song sandesha megha sandesha from the movie Sharapanjara was shot in the Madikeri, with innumerable oranges strewn around. He was well known for his effective use of freeze shots and negative images to heighten the introspective effect of key scenes. Although his films were accused of being too woman-centric, <mask> personally felt that such notions were wrong. He was the first director of the Kannada Film Directors Association after its inception in 1984. Poonam Theatre in Jayanagar, Bangalore was renamed in his honor after his last film debuted there.In 2004, the theatre closed until reopening after a 2011 campaign supported by Baraguru Ramachandrappa, V. Manohar and the Democratic Youth Federation of India and was scheduled for demolition in July 2012 but later saved and remodeled. In June 2015, the 30th anniversary of his death was honored with an event organized by the Karnataka Chalanachitra Academy and guests and speakers included Ambareesh, Leelavathi, S. Shivaram, Jai Jagadish, Ashok, K. S. L. Swamy and Rajendra Singh Babu. Awards and honours
<mask> received three National Film Awards, three Filmfare Awards South and multiple Karnataka State Film Awards. Karnataka state honours film directors and various personalities with Puttanna Kanagal Award in his memory every year during the Karnataka State Awards function. List of awards and honours

Filmfare Awards South

National Film Awards

Karnataka State Film Awards

Filmography

References

External links

1933 births
1985 deaths
Hindi-language film directors
20th-century Indian film directors
Kannada film directors
Writers from Mysore
Kannada screenwriters
Filmfare Awards South winners
Businesspeople from Mysore
Film producers from Karnataka
Film directors from Karnataka
Artists from Mysore
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Kannada film cinematographers
20th-century Indian photographers
Cinematographers from Karnataka
Screenwriters from Karnataka
Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners
20th-century Indian screenwriters

masks:
. Puttanna Kagal
Puttanna Kanagal
Puttanna
Puttanna
Puttanna
Kanagal
Kanagal
Kanagal
Kanagal
Puttanna
Puttanna
Puttanna
Puttanna
Kanagal
Puttanna
Puttanna
Kanagal
Puttanna
Kanagal
Puttanna
Kanagal
Puttanna
Puttanna
Puttanna
Puttanna
Puttanna
Puttanna
Kanagal


texts:
<mask> is an English actress. She played Lady Sybil Crawley in the ITV television period drama series Downton Abbey and Emelia Conan Doyle in the 2011 British comedy-drama feature film Albatross. In 2014, she appeared as Beverly Penn in the film adaptation of the Mark Helprin novel Winter's Tale. In 2015, she co-starred in Paul McGuigan's Victor Frankenstein as Lorelei, the Esmerelda-like acrobat. In 2016, she joined the cast of the biopic feature film, England is Mine, about the early life and career of English singer Morrissey, who co-founded the indie rock band The Smiths. <mask> portrayed Charlotte Wells, a madam's daughter and sex worker, in the three series run of Harlots (2017–2019), a period drama television series initially screening on ITV Encore in the UK and on Hulu Plus in the US. As of 2020, she is in the main cast of the series Brave New World.Early life
<mask> grew up in Cookham, Berkshire. Her father is a financial adviser and her mother is a teaching assistant. She told Vanity Fair in 2012, "I grew up there, as did my Mum. My Nan and Granddad are around the corner. It is a very familiar place and incredibly dear to my heart. It's sort of quiet, but wonderfully so." She trained with the National Youth Ballet and the Associates of the Royal Ballet, and at age 15 was invited to dance with the Kirov at the Royal Opera House for a summer season.She attended Furze Platt Senior School in Maidenhead. At the end of her GCSEs, she was accepted to a number of ballet schools, but chose to attend the Arts Educational School for the A-level courses it provided and its pastoral care. She was there for two years. In the second, she had three operations on her ankles, the last of which went wrong, preventing her from continuing as a dancer. After encouragement from an art teacher, she finished her education at Arts Educational School, Tring Park, then moved on to a fine art course at Central Saint Martin's College of Art and Design. In a 2012 interview with Vanity Fair, she said, "Growing up, I was completely in love and infatuated with ballet. Ballet was my life completely."She subsequently attended university in London, where she discovered the stage. She said, "Acting was the element from ballet that I actually loved and missed the most." Career
<mask> was cast in the lead role of 17-year-old Emilia Conan Doyle for Albatross, a 2011 British coming-of-age comedy drama film directed by Niall MacCormick, co-starring Julia Ormond, Felicity Jones and Sebastian Koch. Its premise is a teenage aspiring writer entering the lives of a dysfunctional family on the south coast of England, with bookish young women meeting up with a peer who lacks any boundaries or inhibitions. She was next cast in two episodes of the British science fiction comedy-drama television show Misfits, where she appeared in the first-season finale as a wholesome religious girl whose superpower is convincing everyone to abandon their delinquent behaviour in favour of celibacy. Almost immediately after her work in Albatross, <mask> was cast in the ITV period drama television series Downton Abbey as Lady Sybil Crawley, the youngest and most forward-thinking of the Grantham daughters. In a 2012 interview with Vanity Fair, she said, "I thought this character of Sybil was fascinating, and I liked her modern attitude to life."She was the second major cast member to leave the series when her character died from eclampsia after giving birth in the third series. During a 2015 interview, Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes discussed the plot twist: "<mask> <mask>, who played Sybil, had said she was going to leave right from the beginning. She said, 'I'm doing three years, then I'm leaving.' So that was all worked out." She next appeared as Abi in the Black Mirror episode "Fifteen Million Merits" with English actor Daniel Kaluuya. The episode imagined a dystopian future where people earn merits on exercise bikes and the only way to escape their slave-like existence is to audition for reality TV judges. In 2012, <mask> became the face of the Dominic Jones jewellery line.She was cast in Not Another Happy Ending by John McKay, and in the miniseries Labyrinth, based on the novel of the same name by Kate Mosse, portraying Alaïs Pelletier. In 2012, she was cast as Beverly Penn in the film adaptation of the novel Winter's Tale (2014) with Colin Farrell and Russell Crowe. In July 2015, she played emotionally conflicted stepmother Alice Aldridge in The Outcast, the BBC's two-part television adaptation of Sadie Jones’ novel. In May 2015, <mask> made her professional theatre debut at the Almeida Theatre,  London, as Electra in a new adaptation of The Oresteia, to positive reviews. The production subsequently moved to the Trafalgar Theatre in London's West End. Writer/director Robert Icke cast <mask> in his production of Uncle Vanya at the same venue in February the following year. In September 2016, it was announced that <mask> would play Ophelia in a new production of Hamlet at the Almeida Theatre in London.The production was critically acclaimed and also later moved to the West End, where it ran until September 2017 with award-winning "Sherlock" and "Fleabag" actor Andrew Scott as Hamlet. In 2016, <mask> joined the cast of a biopic feature film initially entitled Steven, about the early life and career of English singer Morrissey, who co-founded the indie rock band The Smiths. The film, renamed England is Mine, premiered at the Edinburgh Film Festival in 2017, with Dunkirk actor Jack Lowden in the lead role. <mask> starred as <mask> in This Beautiful Fantastic,  a 2016 British romantic drama film directed and written by Simon Aboud as a repressed foundling who forms a new life through her relationships with a curmudgeonly neighbour (Tom Wilkinson), a gifted cook (Andrew Scott) and an eccentric inventor (Jeremy Irvine). In 2017, <mask> portrayed Charlotte Wells, a brothel owner's daughter and famed courtesan, in Harlots, a period drama television series created by Alison Newman and Moira Buffini, and inspired by "The Covent Garden Ladies" by Hallie Rubenhold. It premiered on 27 March 2017 on ITV Encore in the UK and on 29 March 2017 on Hulu Plus in the US. It focuses on Margaret Wells, who runs a brothel in 18th century England and struggles to raise her daughters in a chaotic household.Also in 2017, <mask> voiced the character of Fay in the animated film Monster Family. In 2018, she starred as Elizabeth McKenna in The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society. In May 2019, it was announced that she would star as Lenina Crowne in the NBCUniversal series Brave New World, based on the classic 1932 novel by Aldous Huxley. It was subsequently moved to the Peacock network. In 2021, she starred as Pamela Legat in the Netflix film Munich: The Edge of War, describing events in England and Germany just prior to the start of World War II. Personal life
<mask> began dating actor Ziggy Heath in late 2016. They married on 12 September 2020.Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Living people
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from Berkshire
Alumni of Central Saint Martins
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
People educated at Tring Park School for the Performing Arts
People from Cookham
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Jessica Rose Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Jessica Brown
Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Bella Brown
Brown Findlay
Brian Findlay
Brown Findlay


texts:
<mask> (, November 12, 1528 – January 17, 1588), courtesy name Yuanjing, art names Nantang and Mengzhu, posthumous name Wuyi, was a Chinese military general and writer of the Ming dynasty. He is best known for leading the defense on the coastal regions against wokou pirate activities in the 16th century, as well as for the reinforcement of the Great Wall of China. <mask> is also known for writing the military manuals Jixiao Xinshu and Lianbing Shiji or Record of Military Training (), which he based on his experience as a martial educator and defensive planner in the Ming military forces. He is regarded as a hero in Chinese culture. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in the town of Luqiao in Shandong province to a family with a long military tradition. His forefather served as a military leader under the Hongwu Emperor and died in battle. When Zhu Yuanzhang became the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, he bestowed upon the <mask> family the hereditary post of commander-in-chief of Dengzhou Garrison, a district of the present day Penglai.<mask>ng's father <mask>tong () (1473–1544) was a skilled martial arts expert and an upright and devoted military general. Strongly influenced by his family, <mask>ng took an early interest in the military. As a child, he built ramparts from clay, piled up rubble to form barracks, and made flags from bamboo sticks and paper to play war games with his friends and himself as the commander. When his father died, <mask>ng took over the commandership of Dengzhou Garrison at the age of 17. As his siblings were still young, he married Lady Wang and left domestic affairs to her. Besides building up the naval defense at the garrison, he also led his troops in the defense of Jizhou (薊州, east of present-day Beijing) against Mongol raiders during spring time from 1548 to 1552. At the age of 22, <mask>ng headed for Beijing to take part in the martial imperial examination.During this time, Mongol troops led by Altan Khan broke through the northern defenses and laid siege to Beijing. Candidates participating in the martial arts exam were mobilized to defend the nine gates of the capital. <mask>ng twice submitted defense proposals to the emperor and was noted to have displayed extraordinary valor and military cunning during the battle, and saw the defeat of the invaders. Battles against the wokou pirates

In 1553, <mask>ng was promoted to Assistant Regional Military Commissioner () of Shandong's defense force against wokou pirates, which included Japanese, Portuguese, and Southeast Asians, but were mostly Chinese. When <mask>ng took over the commandership of Shandong's coastal defense, he had less than 10,000 troops at hand, though the recorded strength was 30,000. Furthermore, many of his soldiers who were young and strong men deserted to make a living elsewhere, leaving behind the old and the weak. The troops also lacked training and discipline, while the defense works were dilapidated due to years of negligence.In the fall of 1555, <mask> was sent to Zhejiang where the pirating situation had spiraled out of control. Together with two other generals, Yu Dayou and Tan Lun, <mask> led Ming forces to a decisive victory at Cen Harbor () in 1558. Henceafter, his troops continued to deal blows to the pirates at Taozhu (), Haimen Garrison and Taizhou. After the victory at Cen Harbor, not only was <mask> not credited for his valor, he was almost demoted over slander that he liaised with wokou pirates. With the situation in Zhejiang under control, <mask> shifted his focus to drilling his soldiers. He drafted mainly miners and farmers from the county of Yiwu because he believed these people to be honest and hardworking. He also oversaw the construction of 44 naval vessels of various sizes to be used against pirates at sea.The first trial for <mask>'s new army came in 1559. After a month-long battle with wokou pirate in Taizhou Prefecture, the pirates suffered over 5,000 casualties, while <mask>'s army established a name for itself among both the people of Zhejiang and its enemies. Partly as a result of <mask>'s military success in Zhejiang, pirate activities surged in the province of Fujian. More than 10,000 pirates had established strongholds along the coast from Fu'an in the north to Zhangzhou in the south. In July 1562, <mask>guang led 6,000 elite troops south into Fujian. Within two months, his army had eradicated three major lairs of wokou pirates at Hengyu (), Niutian () and Lindun (). However, his own army also suffered significant losses to fighting and disease.Seeing the pirate infestation in Fujian subdued, <mask> then returned to Zhejiang to regroup. The pirates took the opportunity to invade Fujian again, this time succeeding in conquering Xinghua (興化, present day Putian). In April 1563, <mask>ng led 10,000 troops into Fujian and reclaimed Xinghua. Over the next year, a series of victories by <mask>ng's army finally saw the pirate problem in Fujian resolved. In September 1565, a major battle against wokou pirates was fought on the island of Nan'ao, which lies near the boundary between the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong. There <mask> joined arms with his old comrade Yu Dayou again to defeat the remnant of the combined Japanese and Chinese pirate force. Years on the northern frontier

After eliminating the pirate threat, <mask>ng was called to Beijing in late 1567 to take charge of training the imperial guards.With the revolt against the Yuan dynasty in mid-14th century, the Hongwu Emperor drove the Mongols north beyond the Great Wall and founded the Ming dynasty. However, he did not manage to eliminate Mongolian power, which continued to pester the northern frontier for the next two hundred years. When <mask> was in Beijing in 1550, Altan Khan, ruler of the Tumed Mongols, broke through the northern defenses and nearly devastated Beijing. In 1571, the Ming dynasty bestowed the title "Lord Shunyi" () upon Altan Khan and established trade with the Mongols. Altan Khan then forbade his subordinates from raiding Chinese settlements. However, other Mongols led by Jasaghtu Khan continued to test <mask>'s defenses, though without much success. In the next year, he was given command of the troops in Jizhou to defend against the Mongols.<mask> oversaw the repair work on the segment of the Great Wall between Shanhai Pass and Juyong Pass. He also directed the construction of watchtowers along the wall. After two years of hard work, more than 1,000 watchtowers were completed, giving the defensive capability in the north a great boost. In the winter of 1572, <mask> also conducted a month-long military exercise involving more than 100,000 troops. Based on his experience with the exercise he wrote the Records of Military Training (), which became an invaluable reference for military leaders after him. During the early reign of the Wanli Emperor (1570s), the Mongol army led by Dong Huli, chieftain of the Duoyan tribe, continuously invaded the Ming territory. <mask>ng's troops defeated them many times and captured Dong Huli's younger brother Changtu.When Dong Huli brought his nephew and 300 clansmen to beg tearfully for mercy at the outpost, <mask>ng accepted their surrender. Dong released captives from his previous plunders and vowed to never invade Jizhou again. Death
In early 1583, <mask> was relieved of his duty. His wife left him soon after and he spent the rest of his years in poverty and ailing health. He died on 17 January 1588. Legacy

Books by <mask>ng
<mask>guang documented his ideas and experience in the form of two books on military strategy, the Ji Xiao Xin Shu () and the Lianbing Shiji () or Record of Military Training. He also wrote a great number of poems and proses, which he compiled into the Collection of Zhizhi Hall (), named after his study hall during his office in Jizhou.Guangbing
A type of hard pancake called guangbing (光餅, Foochow Romanized: guŏng-biāng, known as kompyang in Malaysia and Indonesia) was named after <mask>ng. Ships named in honor <mask>
The Republic of China Navy Cheng Kung class frigate Chi Kuang (FFG 1105) as well as the People's Liberation Army Navy Type 680 training ship <mask>ng are after him. In popular culture

A Taiwanese film 1978 <mask>ng () (English title Great General) depicts the conflict with the pirates. <mask>ng's late years in Shandong are the subject of the 1980 Hong Kong film, The Warrant of Assassination (). The 2008 Chinese television series The Shaolin Warriors provided a fictional account of <mask>ng enlisting the help of Shaolin Monastery's warrior monks in defending China from the wokou and other invaders. Malaysian actor Christopher Lee played <mask>ng. In 2017 the film God Of War is another fictional portrayal of the General and his wife, with Vincent Zhao in the leading role.A historical portrayal of <mask>ng by actor Yu Beng Lim is represented in the 2007-2008 joint Discovery Channel and Channel 4 special Behind the Great Wall/ The Great Wall of China. The documentary focuses on <mask>'s rebuilding of the Great Wall through his partnership with Senior Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng. References

Bibliography

External links

1527 births
1588 deaths
Chinese military writers
Generals from Shandong
Ming dynasty generals
Ming dynasty writers
Writers from Jining

masks:
Qi Jiguang
Qi
Qi Jiguang
Qi
Qi Jigua
Qi Jing
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi Ji
Qi
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi
Qi Jigua
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi
Qi Jigua
Qi Ji
Qi Jigua
Qi
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi


texts:
<mask> (; born 1963) is an Israeli advertising executive, marketer and author. He is the founder and chief creative officer of No, No, No, No, No, Yes, a creative boutique in New York and Tel Aviv. He also teaches at the School of Visual Arts in New York City. From May 1994 to November 2011, he acted as the Chief Creative Officer & Joint Managing Partner at Shalmor Avnon Amichay/Y&R, Tel Aviv, Israel. Biography
<mask> was born and raised in Holon, Israel. He served in the IDF as a graphic designer and a reporter in the IDF's weekly newspaper "Bamahane". In 1990 <mask> graduated with honors his visual Communication studies at the "Betzalel Art Academy" in Jerusalem, and School of Visual Arts in New York.In 2008, <mask> graduated with honors his EMBA studies for company leaders at the Berlin School of Creative Leadership. Career
<mask> began drawing cartoons for television and newspapers at the age of 14. <mask>'s cartoons and articles were published in many newspapers in Israel, including "Yediot Aharonot", "Globes", "Ha'aretz", "The Marker", "Calcalist" and "Ma'ariv", where he also started working as a cartoonist and journalist. Later, his cartoons were also published abroad, including in "The New Yorker" (1995). In 1990, <mask> started his journey in the world of advertising as a creative director at the "Warshavsky Froehlich Dover/Grey" advertising agency. In May 1994 he joined Rami Shalmor and Shlomi Avnon as a partner and they turned into the "Shalmor Avnon Amichay" agency, where he served as joint CEO and Chief Creative Officer. Later, the agency joined the international Young & Rubicam network.From July 2011, the company's founders, Rami Shalmor, Shlomi Avnon and <mask>, became active chairmen. Amichay gave many lectures in Israel, including in Tel Aviv University, IDC Herzliya, Hebrew University, Betzalel Art Academy, The Neri Bloomfield School, and Shenkar College. Some of Amichay's lectures were broadcast live on Israel's Channel 2 website. <mask> was also invited to be a keynote speaker abroad, including in Eurobest (2009), New York Festivals (2010), in Shanghai, in Cannes Lions Festival (2011), in The School of Visual Arts, in Berlin School of Creative Leadership (2018) and in the Israel Marketing Association convention (2021). <mask> was a committee member for the  and, together with Ze'ev Ravid, they led the museum's branding campaign. <mask> was a member of the Young & Rubicam creative board for 10 years. On September 11, 2011, Amichay has partnered with Aniboom and initiated a project to honor the upcoming 10th anniversary of September 11 attacks by bringing together animators from all over the world.<mask> envisioned that each participant would create a short animation inspired by the title: 9/11. It had been ten years. One of the videos was made by <mask> himself. In 2011, <mask> published his first book in Hebrew - "לא, לא, לא, לא, לא, לא, לא, כן" that translate to: "No, No, No, No, No, No, No, Yes", The English edition - “No, No, No, No, No, Yes. Insights From a Creative Journey” was published in the US in January 2014. The book can be found at the MoMA store in New York as well as other venues. In 2016 he published his second book in Hebrew - “נו, נו, נו, נו, נו, נו, נו, יס” - A Creative Journey in New York.In 2021 <mask> published his third book "אלף בית של גימל" ("Alef bet shel Gimel") - a creative journey in the stations of life. The book was printed and published in Hebrew with two different covers. In December 2012 <mask> gave a talk as a part of TEDx Jerusalem bearing the same name ("No, No, No, No, No, No, No, Yes")

In 2013 he founded No, No, No, No, No, Yes, a creative boutique in New York and later moved its office into Tel Aviv. Among its clients are Lion Brand Yarns DOGTV, Mercedes-Benz Israel, Hyundai Israel,  and others. In July 2013 the company created a content project for the Hebrew Wikipedia 10th anniversary, in cooperation with the Hebrew Wikipedia and Channel 2 news – Israeli News Company. In 2016 the agency created The Cyber Horse for The Blavatnik Interdisciplinary Cyber Research Center (ICRC) - Tel Aviv University. The Cyber Horse is a piece of work created with thousands of infected computer and cell phone components.It illustrates the increasing use of malware in making cyberspace a hostile environment. It was created in order to prompt national and international awareness of the dangers of cyber-attacks. The project earned impressions around the world such as CBS NEWS, The Times UK, The Economist, The Telegraph, Le Monde, Der Spiegel)

Awards and achievements

In his position of Chief Creative Officer at Shalmor Avnon Amichay, <mask> led the agency to win many awards, including:

19 Cannes Lions awards, the largest number of Cannes Lions awards for an Israeli agency (up to 2012). An internet campaign for Danone Strauss, which achieved a record number of votes- approximately 10,000,000, for a campaign voting for the pictures shown on yogurt cups. Archive magazine granted the main interview to Amichay in a 2011 edition (11-1). The agency won the One Show Silver Pencil Award for the Israel Aids Task Force "Get Tested Project" and is the only Israeli agency that won it (up to 2011). The UN granted a special award to the agency for the Israel Aids Task Force SDIA project (2010).The agency was awarded the title of agency of the year in the Young and Rubicam worldwide agency (from 184 agencies) and won the Jewel Award. The agency won 2nd Media Agency of the Year at the Cannes Lions Festival (2009)
The agency won the Grand Prix in London International Awards (LIA) (2009) for the radio campaign for the Israel Aids Task Force. The agency won the Grand Prix in the New York Festival (1999) for the radio campaign encouraging advertising through the radio. The agency won the Gold Clio twice, for "Internet Shutdown Project" (2008), and the Israel Aids Task Force's SDIA Project (2010), the agency is the only Israeli agency that won this award (up to 2011). The agency won the Grand Prix in the Golden Drum competition, for the Israel Aids Task Force SDIA project. During 2008, the Israeli Marketing Association granted <mask> the title of "Marketing man of the month" in Israel for excellence in marketing Israeli advertising worldwide
Under his leadership, the Agency won "Agency of the year" many times (2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, and 2007). The agency won 20 Effie Awards including a Platinum (2005) & a Grand Effie(2006).The first ever Grand Prix at PIAF was awarded to the Get Tested Project. (2011)

Jury member
Cannes Lions (Direct Lions Jury President)[2012]
Cresta (Grand Jury President)
AdPrint
Clio. Eurobest. New York Festival. Creative Heads. References

External links
 <mask>'s blog
 <mask>'s - at the Creative Heads competition
 <mask>'s "speech from the crowd" at Cannes Lions 2012 Ceremony - the Direct Lions Jury President speech. <mask>, The Modern Consumer, an article in the weekly Campaign Magazine
 an interview for BestAdsOnTV.com during Cannes Festival 2011

Advertising people
Israeli cartoonists
Israeli male writers
Jewish Israeli artists
Living people
1963 births
People from Holon
Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design alumni

masks:
Gideon Amichay
Gideon Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Gideon Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Gideon Amichay
Gideon Amichay
Gideon Amichay
Gideon Amichay


texts:
<mask> OBE (1 March 1920 – 22 June 1992) was a British track racing cyclist in the 1940s and 1950s. He won the world amateur sprint title in 1947, two Olympic silver medals in 1948, and the professional title in 1949, 1950, 1951 and 1954. His ferocious will to win made him a household name in the 1950s, but he also surprised many with a comeback more than 20 years later, winning a British title in 1974 at the age of 54. Early life

<mask> was born as <mask> at 7 Garden Street, Birtle, Bury, Lancashire,. His mother, Elsie Hargreaves, a cotton weaver, remarried and <mask> took the name of his stepfather, an engineer and businessman called <mask>. <mask> left school without qualifications and his first job was as an apprentice motor mechanic in Bury, soon moving from the workshop to the salesroom. During this period, at the age of 14, he bought his first bicycle, and entered a roller-racing competition organised by the Hercules bicycle manufacturing company.Amateur career and military service

His ability attracted the attention of other cyclists and <mask> joined the Bury section of the Cyclists' Touring Club and then its racing offshoot, the Lancashire Road Club. In 1935, he won his first race, a half-mile handicap event held on a grass track in Bury, and also started competing in individual time trials. <mask> moved from the motor mechanics job to a slipper factory, then, in early 1936, to a paper mill which he felt would pay him enough in the winter to spend the summer training and competing. During 1936, he raced on grass tracks in Lincolnshire, then competed in and won his first events in conventional competition at Fallowfield Stadium in Fallowfield, Manchester. In early 1937, he was confident he could support himself as an athlete, selling the prizes he won as an amateur, and left the paper mill to focus on the summer cycle racing season, returning to the mill the following winter (repeating the process the following year). He continued to win races and attract attention, and by the summer of 1938 was able to beat the existing British sprint champion. At the end of that season, he joined Manchester Wheelers' Club, and in 1939 won a major race in Coventry, leading to his selection for the world championship in Milan, Italy.He travelled to Milan and had familiarised himself with the Velodromo Vigorelli when World War II broke out and the British team was recalled to the UK. <mask> joined the 10th Hussars in the North African campaign as a tank driver but was wounded, transferred to the Royal Army Service Corps, and later invalided out of the services as medically unfit in 1943. He liked to joke that he was one of the few men to leave the army less fit than when he joined. Despite the judgment of the army medics, in 1944, he won the , quarter-mile and five-mile (8 km) national cycling championships. He retained the two shorter titles in 1945 and added the half-mile on grass. He was invited to race in Paris in 1945 and again impressed the crowds, and he was expected to do well in the 1946 world championships in Zurich, Switzerland, only to have his chances ruined by an over-enthusiastic pre-race massage. <mask>'s amateur world championship achievements were celebrated in 1947 when Cycling Weekly awarded him his own page in the Golden Book of Cycling.By the time <mask> won the world amateur sprint title in Paris in 1947, he was already employed and equipped by bicycle manufacturer Claud Butler and was testing the boundaries of amateurism. The cycling world expected that <mask> would take three titles in the 1948 Summer Olympics: the sprint, the tandem sprint and the kilometre time trial, but three months before the London Games, he broke two ribs in a road accident. After hospital, with a few weeks remaining to the games, training, competing and winning, he fell in a ten-mile (16 km) race at Fallowfield and fractured an elbow. Completing the rest of his preparation in a plaster cast, he had to be satisfied with two silvers, being beaten by Italy's Mario Ghella in the final of the sprint, and partnering Alan Bannister to second place in the tandem sprint (timetable constraints meant <mask>'s place in the kilometre was taken by another rider, Tommy Godwin, who won a bronze medal). Two weeks later, he claimed a bronze medal in the 1948 world championships sprint in Amsterdam. He was named sportsman of the year by a poll in 1949, winning by 7,000 votes over the football player, Billy Liddell. Professional career

On his return from Amsterdam, <mask> turned professional under sponsorship of the Raleigh bicycle company.He was paid £1 000 a year with a bonus of £100 if he won a world championship, £50 for every grand prix and £25 for every British record. <mask> was aware of his commercial attraction to race promoters and even as an amateur drove a Jaguar Mark IV. His earnings in the 1950s have been put at £12 000 a year. He dominated Raleigh's advertising for a decade and, despite coming from a sport with no great following in Britain, he was as familiar as Stanley Matthews and Stirling Moss. In 1949 he won the world professional sprint championship in Copenhagen – a victory he repeated the following two years in Belgium and Milan. He then won a fourth and final world professional title in Cologne in 1954. He won the Sports Journalists' Association's accolade of Sportsman of the Year in 1950, and was runner-up in 1949 and 1951.He retired in 1957 to devote himself to business interests, none of which suited his tastes or abilities. He managed Fallowfield Stadium, renamed the Harris Stadium; he was involved in various abortive ventures associated with Raleigh; and he started a 'Reg Harris' bicycle manufacturing business in Macclesfield which lasted three years before folding. He then worked in sales promotion for the 'Gannex' raincoat company, before working for two plastic foam producers. In the 1960s he owned and managed the Reg Harris Petrol & Motor Service Station on Wilmslow Road in Didsbury, Manchester, which is now the site of the Shell Petrol Station on the corner of Grange Road. In 1971, he returned to racing, winning a bronze medal in the British championship in Birmingham after little preparation. With more training behind him, he approached the British championship in Leicester in 1974 in more confident mood, and beat Trevor Bull to win the title at the age of 54. In 1975, he returned to Leicester, but was narrowly beaten by Bull in the final and had to settle for the silver medal.He continued to cycle almost to his death. Legacy

A memorial to his achievements can be found in the National Cycling Centre in Manchester. <mask>'s achievements are marked annually with the Reg Harris Sportive, organised by his family and friends. The inaugural event on 25 August 2013 raised money for charities. In popular culture, <mask> is referenced in the Hancock's Half Hour episode 'The Junkman'. Personal life

He was married three times. The first two marriages (in 1944 to Florence Stage (daughter of the former Bury F.C.captain Billy Stage), then to Dorothy Hadfield) ended in divorce. He married Jennifer Anne Geary in 1970. He died in Macclesfield, Cheshire, of a stroke, survived by his third wife, and was buried at St John's Church in the north Cheshire village of Chelford.

masks:
Reginald Hargreaves Harris
Harris
Reginald Hargreaves
Reginald
Joseph Harris
Reg Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris


texts:
<mask> (23 January 1908 – 10 November 1986) was a German SS-Standartenführer, Nazi official and convicted war criminal. He held numerous positions with the police and security services over the course of his career with the Schutzstaffel (SS). As a senior officer of the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) and Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service) in occupied-Poland, <mask> was directly involved in the destruction and liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto (1942) and the brutal suppression of both the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943) and the Warsaw Uprising (1944). Biography
The son of a prosperous farmer of the same name, <mask> was born on January 23, 1908 in the rural town of Eitzen, Uelzen district, Province of Hanover in what was then the German Empire. <mask> attended Volksschule as a youth and was then enrolled at the Lüneburg Realgymnasium, graduating in 1927. <mask> went on to study financial law at the University of Göttingen where he became a member of the National Socialist German Students' League. In February 1930 he joined both the Nazi Party (NSDAP Nr.194 463) and the Sturmabteilung (SA), where he would rise to the rank of Scharführer (corporal). After successfully defending his dissertation before the Faculty of Law at the University of Jena, <mask> obtained his doctorate of jurisprudence (Dr. jur.) in July 1932. He joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) in April 1933 (SS Nr. 65 823) and was assigned to the 17th SS-Standarte (regiment) in Lüneburg and later transferred to the 26th SS-Standarte in Hamburg. Early Nazi career
After attending the Nazi Party's State School for Leadership and Politics, <mask> joined the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) in May 1934 and was attached to the SS Regional Headquarters in Weimar as a member of the Stabswache.<mask> qualified as a lawyer after completing his legal clerkship in April 1935 and became a member of the National Socialist Association of Legal Professionals (NS-Rechtswahrerbund). That same year he married Charlotte Steinhoff, sister of the Luftwaffe fighter pilot Johannes Steinhoff, who later served as a senior General with the postwar West German Air Force and was also Chairman of the NATO Military Committee from 1971-1974. The couple would have four children. <mask> began his career with the Nazi security services in June 1935 when he was employed as a consultant (Referent) by the SD-Hauptamt in Berlin. The following year he served as Deputy Director of the Gestapo bureau in Hanover, before returning to Berlin in November 1936 to work as a legal counselor (Regierungsassessor) at Gestapo Headquarters. <mask> underwent military-training with the Wehrmacht in Brandenburg an der Havel and was subsequently reassigned to Weimar as Director of the city's Gestapo branch (Kriminalrat) and Deputy Chief of the Security Police (Stellvertreter Polizeiprasident). He would hold this position from April 1937 to August 1939.<mask> was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannfuhrer (major) in September, 1938. During the build-up to World War II he was transferred to Vienna, Austria in preparation for the looming invasion of Poland. He was assigned to Einsatzgruppe I under the command of Brigadeführer Bruno Streckenbach, and was given command of the sub-unit of Einsatzkommando 1/I. During the invasion of Poland in September 1939, <mask> and his unit were attached to the German 14th Army in the territories of Silesia and Malopolska. World War II
<mask> and his Einsatzkommando took part in the arrests and executions carried out as part of Intelligenzaktion, the Nazi extermination campaign targeting the Polish intelligentsia. Between September and November 1939 <mask> and Einsatzgruppe I were involved in the mass-killing of Polish public officials, activists, intellectuals and army officers in the cities of Katowice, Sanok and Podlesie. They also played a leading role in the expulsion of the Jewish population from the town of Dynow and managed their subsequent deportation into Soviet-occupied eastern Poland.Beginning in January 1940 <mask> took over as Commander of the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) and Sicherheitsdienst (SD) in the occupied city of Kraków. Here he would oversee Sonderaktion Krakau, an SS operation which involved the deportation of hundreds of professors and other academics from Jagiellonian University to various concentration camps in Germany. He also served as chief of the "Police Emergency Court" (Standgericht) at Montelupich Prison. In this capacity <mask> was instrumental in the implementation of the German AB-Aktion in Poland. In August 1940 <mask> was transferred to Bratislava, Slovakia where had been appointed Special Representative (Sonderbeauftragter) of the Reichsführer-SS. In this position <mask> served as SS leader Heinrich Himmler's personal emissary to the Nazi-allied government of the Slovak Republic under Jozef Tiso. From April to June 1941 <mask> was stationed in Athens, Greece where he commanded Einsatzgruppe Griechenland during the Balkan Campaign.Following the German victory in the offensive, he was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) and returned to his diplomatic post in Slovakia. Warsaw

In August 1941, <mask> returned to Poland and was appointed Commander of the SiPo and SD for the city of Warsaw. During his tenure <mask> was directly involved in the implementation of the Holocaust in Poland. While serving under SS and Police Leader Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg in the summer of 1942, <mask> collaborated with Brigadefuhrer Odilo Globocnik and other personnel associated with Operation Reinhard to carry out the destruction and liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto. Nearly 265,000 Jews perished in the operation, either in mass-shootings conducted by the SS or after being deported to the extermination camp at Treblinka. As a deputy officer to SS and Police Leader Jurgen Stroop, <mask> also had a leading role in the bloody suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in April and May 1943. The brutal pacification of the Ghetto by the SS resulted in the deaths of 13,000 Jews either killed in the fighting or executed.<mask> later orchestrated the deportation of another 56,000 Jews from Warsaw to Treblinka in the aftermath of the rebellion. In April 1944, <mask> was promoted to the rank of SS-Standartenfuhrer (colonel) and received the further title of Oberst der Polizei. During August/October 1944 Warsaw Uprising by the Polish Home Army <mask> fought with the Waffen-SS, leading a battalion of 700 men in the southern districts of the city and later in the downtown area. He also personally commanded the defense of Warsaw’s heavily fortified government district. Following the capitulation of the uprising, <mask>, acting on instructions from Himmler, ordered the mass-killing of Polish civilians in retaliation for the rebellion. Between August and September of 1944 an estimated 5 to 10 thousand men women and children were shot by the Gestapo, mainly in the ruins of the former General Inspectorate of the Armed Forces. <mask> was awarded the Iron Cross, 1st Class for his service in the Uprising.Later service with the SS
In November 1944, <mask> departed Warsaw and returned to Germany. He was stationed in the town of Cochem and was appointed commander of Einsatzgruppe L which was attached to the German Sixth Panzer Army during the Battle of the Bulge. After the failure of the Ardennes offensive, <mask> was transferred to Army Group Vistula on the Eastern Front to serve as a delegate for the SiPo and SD on the general staff of SS-Obergruppenfuhrer Carl Oberg during the Vistula-Oder offensive. In February 1945, he was reassigned to Dresden, where he briefly served as Stabsführer (chief of staff) to SS-Gruppenführer Ludolf von Alvensleben, the Higher SS and Police Leader for the Elbe. <mask> was next appointed Commander of the SiPo and SD for the city of Wiesbaden in March, 1945. However, he was quickly displaced from this position after the city fell to the Allies and instead took over as Commander of the SiPo and SD for Gau Westphalia-North. <mask> was also charged with overseeing the security detail for Gauleiter Alfred Meyer.During the final weeks of the war <mask> and his staff fled to Hessisch-Oldendorf to escape the Allied advance. He was taken prisoner by the British Army on April 12, 1945 but successfully escaped from custody shortly afterward. Postwar life
<mask> remained in Germany after 1945 and went into hiding in Bad Eilsen in the British occupation zone, working for several years as a laborer and farmhand. He later moved to Wuppertal where he worked as a salesman with the textile company of Scharpenack & Teschenmacher. He resumed using his real name in 1949. At a denazification hearing in 1950, <mask>'s wife Charlotte falsely claimed to British authorities that her husband had been taken prisoner by the Russians and deported, prompting the British Army to end its war crimes investigation of him. Afterward, <mask> would go on to pursue a successful postwar career as an insurance broker in West Germany.In 1951 his father-in-law arranged for him to take a position as Deputy Director for Organizational Matters with the Hanover branch of Karlsruher Lebensversicherung A.G. He rose to the office of branch manager in 1955. <mask> and his family relocated to Hamburg in 1958 where he had been hired as head of the life insurance division of Hans Rudolf Schmidt & Co. GmbH. The family settled in a comfortable home in the suburb of Bonningstedt. Trials and convictions

<mask>'s identity was uncovered by journalists in 1960. Following an inquiry by the Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes, <mask> was arrested by the West German federal police for his suspected involvement in the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto. He was held by West German investigators for a year, however no charges were brought and he was released in 1961.Following his release <mask> took a position with the Hamburg branch of Investors Overseas Service. He retired in 1967. He was again arrested by West German police in 1965 and again in 1966 but was only briefly held each time and never charged with any crime. It was not until May 1972 that <mask> was successfully charged with war crimes by the Higher Regional Court of Hamburg. The now 65-year-old <mask> was found guilty in connection with wartime atrocities committed at the Pawiak prison in Warsaw. <mask> was sentenced to 12 years in prison in June 1973 but petitioned the court for an appeal of the verdict. After a two-year review of the trial and the evidence, <mask>'s appeal was rejected by the West German judiciary and he entered prison in March 1975.During the appeals process, <mask> was also on trial in a different West German court; this case surrounded his alleged role in the deportation of an estimated 230,000 Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto to Treblinka. The proceedings opened in October 1974 and <mask> was again found guilty at trial. On 4 July 1975 <mask> was given a further sentence of life imprisonment. Suffering from cancer, <mask> was granted early release from prison in September 1983. He died in Ammersbek on 10 November 1986.

masks:
Ludwig Hermann Karl Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn


texts:
<mask> (born 19 June 1976) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder from 1994 to 2015. He played in the Premier League for Birmingham City, Charlton Athletic and Hull City as well as featuring in the Football League for Wrexham, Derby County, Burton Albion and Accrington Stanley, in the Conference for Grimsby Town, and for Icelandic club ÍBV Vestmannaeyjar. He finished his career at non-league club Scarborough Athletic. <mask> went into coaching, first as player-coach and joint manager of Scarborough Athletic, then at a York-based academy, and most recently as manager of Wrexham. Playing career

Wrexham
Born in Liverpool, Merseyside, <mask> initially made his name at Wrexham, guiding them to the FA Cup quarter finals in 1996–97 with the goals he scored on that cup run. It was his performances in the FA Cup for Wrexham that caught the attention of Birmingham City. <mask> scored against Colwyn Bay, Scunthorpe United, West Ham United and Birmingham before the Welsh outfit bowed out to Chesterfield.In March 1997, Trevor Francis paid £1,000,000 to take him to St Andrew's. Birmingham City
<mask> made a total of 293 appearances for the Blues, scoring 42 goals, and was an essential part of Steve Bruce's side's playoff-winning season in 2002, and their first and second seasons in the Premier League, before his switch to south-east London. While at Birmingham he played in the 2001 Football League Cup Final as a substitute; although he scored his penalty, Birmingham lost the shootout 5–4. Having rejected a new deal with Birmingham, in July 2004 he moved to Charlton Athletic, signing a three-year contract. Charlton Athletic
<mask> made his debut for Charlton against Bolton Wanderers on 14 August 2004, when he came on as a substitute for Matt Holland who was injured after twelve minutes. He bagged a brace in a 4–1 FA Cup win over Rochdale at The Valley in January 2005his first goals for the cluband scored for the Addicks in a victory over Yeovil Town in the fourth round. <mask> made 22 appearances for Charlton during the season, and scored his fourth and final goal of the season in the last game against Crystal Palace.In 2005–06, he became the man who caused José Mourinho to lose his first match at Stamford Bridge as Chelsea manager. Included in the side for the third round of the League Cup, <mask> scored the winning penalty in the penalty shootout. He made 40 appearances in total for Charlton, and scored five goals. On 30 December 2006, <mask> scored a last-minute winning goal against Aston Villa, providing new Charlton manager Alan Pardew with his first win for the club. However, he played less often for Charlton during the 2006–07 season, making 27 appearances and only scoring once as they were relegated from the Premier League. Hull City
<mask> joined Championship club Hull City on a free transfer from Charlton Athletic on a three-year deal on 29 June 2007, He made his Hull debut in a 3–2 defeat against Plymouth Argyle on 11 August, and scored his first league goal for the Tigers in a 5–0 win against Southampton on 15 March 2008. He made 39 appearances that season, including all three playoff matches, as Hull were promoted to the Premier League for the first time in their history.He did not play as often in the next season in the Premier League, making only eight appearances. <mask> signed for Derby County on a month's loan on 22 October 2009, and made three appearances before returning to Hull. His contract with Hull was mutually terminated before the close of the January 2010 transfer window. Burton Albion
After trials with Championship club Cardiff City, Huddersfield Town, and Walsall, <mask> signed a one-month deal with Football League Two club Burton Albion on 14 December 2010. He made his debut on 1 January 2011 in a 1–1 home draw with Shrewsbury Town in which he was substituted in the 56th minute by Aaron Webster. That was his only appearance for the club, and he left when his contract expired. Grimsby Town
After a trial with Conference National team Grimsby Town, in which he played in a behind-closed-doors friendly with Lincoln City, <mask> signed for the club on 31 January 2011 until the end of the season.He made his debut the next day in a 2–2 away draw with Southport. He only played three times for the club, and was among a number of players released at the end of the season by the club's new managerial duo Rob Scott and Paul Hurst. ÍBV Vestmannaeyjar
In 2011, <mask> joined Icelandic club ÍBV Vestmannaeyjar, who were playing in the UEFA Europa League that season. Accrington Stanley
On 27 October 2011, <mask> joined League Two club Accrington Stanley on non-contract terms. Assigned squad number 27, he made his Stanley debut in a 2–1 win over Bristol Rovers on 5 November. On 10 December, <mask> set up Pádraig Amond's opening goal as Stanley beat AFC Wimbledon 2–0. He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 victory over Torquay United on 17 Decemberhis first goal in English football since 2008and scored the winner against Morecambe on Boxing Day.His contribution to the club's 10 points from a possible 12 in December earned him the League Two Player of the Month award. He made 22 appearances for Accrington, scoring three times, and left the club at the end of the season after contract negotiations broke down. Scarborough Athletic
In March 2013, <mask> joined Scarborough Athletic of the Northern Counties East League Premier Division until the end of the season. He started his first game on 9 March against Pickering Town, and scored his first goal a week later in a 4–2 victory at Parkgate. In April 2014 he was appointed as one of manager Rudy Funk's joint assistant managers. Following Funk's resignation in November 2014, he was appointed joint manager alongside Paul Foot. In October 2015, alongside his role with Scarborough, <mask> took up the post of head of coaching at the i2i International Soccer Academy, a facility associated with York St John University.Two months later, <mask> and Foot left Scarborough by mutual consent after a series of poor results. Managerial career
On 6 February 2019, <mask> was appointed as manager of National League club Wrexham on a three-and-a-half-year deal. His team finished the season in fourth place but lost in the play-off quarter-final. After the team went eight games without a win and dropped into the relegation places, <mask> was sacked on 25 September 2019.

International career
He made one appearance for a Football League under-21 representative team in a friendly against an Italian Serie B under-21 team. Personal life
In 2014, <mask> was appointed as head of the UK footgolf academy scheme. Career statistics

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Liverpool
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C.players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Burton Albion F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Accrington Stanley F.C. players
Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja players
Scarborough Athletic F.C.players
English Football League players
Premier League players
National League (English football) players
English football managers
Wrexham A.F.C. managers

masks:
Bryan Hughes
Hughes
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<mask>f (1900 Berlin – 1981 New York City) was a dance theorist, dancer, choreographer, physical therapist, and a leading pioneer of dance therapy. A student of Rudolf Laban, she pursued cross-cultural dance analysis, and generated a new vision of possibilities for human movement and movement training. From her experiences applying Laban’s concepts of dynamism, three-dimensional movement and mobilization to the rehabilitation of people affected by polio in the 1940s, she went on to develop her own set of movement methods and exercises, known as Bartenieff Fundamentals. Bartenieff incorporated Laban's spatial concepts into the mechanical anatomical activity of physical therapy, in order to enhance maximal functioning. In physical therapy, that meant thinking in terms of movement in space, rather than by strengthening muscle groups alone. The introduction of spatial concepts required an awareness of intent on the part of the patient as well, that activated the patient's will and thus connected the patient's independent participation to his or her own recovery. "There is no such thing as pure “physical therapy” or pure “mental” therapy.They are continuously interrelated." Bartenieff’s presentation of herself was quiet and, according to herself, she did not feel comfortable marketing her skills and knowledge. Not until June 1981, a few months before she died, did her name appear in the institute’s title:  Laban/Bartenieff Institute of Movement Studies (LIMS), a change initiated by the Board of Directors in her honor. Biography
<mask> Bartenieff (born February 24, 1900 in Berlin, Germany, d. August 27, 1981 in New York City) was a dancer, physical therapist, cross-cultural scholar and pioneer in the field of dance/movement therapy. A Renaissance woman who enjoyed weaving disciplines together, she was always ready to investigate movement in a variety of fields—including child development, ethnic dances, nonverbal communication and physical rehabilitation. Laban
In her two-year program with Laban and his colleagues, Bartenieff studied Choreutics (Space Harmony) with Gertrude Loeser, Eukinetics (Effort) with Dussia Bereska, dance technique with Herman Robst and notation and composition with Laban. Between 1933 and 1936 when political restrictions in Germany limited her work, she made plans to emigrate.She and her second husband, who were Jewish, had a thriving dance company, but their dancers, threatened by the Nazis with expulsion from the union, were forced to resign. During the years when the company was disbanded, Bartenieff worked on modern and historical dance notations, constructing eighteenth-century dances recorded by Raoul Auger Feuillet. The Bartenieffs left Germany the first time for New York on visitor’s visas leaving her sons in the care of her family. The children left Germany in 1939 on the last peacetime ship before World War II began. Bartenieff brought the work of Laban and his colleagues to North America, where she created a setting for teaching and training the Laban theory. Furthermore she augmented Laban's work with what came to be known as Bartenieff Fundamentals™. Polio Patients
Her first appointment in the United States was as Chief Physical Therapist for the Polio Service of New York City at Willard Parker Hospital.She combined her Laban-based understanding of movement with her physical therapy training in the clinical setting. As Bartenieff observed her first polio patients she became intensely aware of their individuality in coping with the sudden loss of function and changes in self-image. "The unity of the functional and expressive aspects of movement behavior became increasingly clarified." Both aspects had to be dealt with in the rehabilitation setting. In the treatment process of polio, hot packs and hydrotherapy in Hubbard tanks was replacing bracing and casting. Passive stretching was also used to lengthen muscles that were developing contractures. "In stretching the stiff (polio) back, we found that by extending movement possibilities beyond forward flexion of the trunk to include lateral (sideward) flexion and rotation (twisting) we were able to establish full flexibility of the spine in all directions.We therefore moved the trunk passively in a sequence of lateral, rotary, flexion gradually into sitting up." In this way the normal length of the back muscles was restored. Bartenieff described her method in an article in 1955 on this mobilizing technique that she taught in many hospitals. From 1968, at Bellevue Hospital Center Bartenieff’s work involved cases of the control/restoration of movement patterns governed by the central nervous system rather than the treatment of peripheral problems in the affected muscles of polio patients (polio is a peripheral motor neuron disease). "My focus was on the restoration of Shaping (the body’s ability to adapt its form or shape) possibilities by restoring verticality, and the ability to support body-limb shaping from that verticality. This was in contrast to the more traditional focus on muscular activity without spatial reference." Handicapped Children
Seven years after her appointment at Willard Parker Hospital, she became chief therapist and coordinator of activity programs (1953–1957) at Blythedale Children's Hospital in Valhalla, New York under the direction of Dr. A.D. Gurewitsch.Blythedale was a small, private, residential treatment center for orthopedically and neurologically handicapped children (ages 5–14). Her job was to coordinate every aspect of the child’s long period of hospitalization that involved therapeutic, recreational and educational components. To the physical handicaps of the children were added the emotional impact of “the climate of stasis and regression” of the hospital itself. The patients were removed from their normal growing experiences: "Imagination, initiative, social development was suspended... My task... was to find ways of keeping alive the movement impulse — the root of all development of a thinking, feeling, acting human being... and foster the emotional climate. I had to stimulate their natural action potential... innate curiosity, a desire to change, the discovery of alternate ways of functioning, relating to others, taking initiative, resisting, asserting—all in both physical and emotional modes—and especially, enjoying play." This work led to developmental studies on newborns and infants at Long Island Jewish Hospital in collaboration with Dr. Judith Kestenberg. Connective Tissue Massage
Coincident with the Blythedale appointment, Bartenieff also worked at the Institute for the Crippled and Disabled.In this setting she learned connective tissue massage and continued her work with a whole-body focus: "We tried to replace wherever possible—and that means medically feasible—the conventional type of localized exercise by total movement patterns based on dance fundamentals." Back to Study
While maintaining an active practice in physical therapy, Bartenieff resumed study with Laban and his colleagues in England in the 1950s. There she added to her knowledge of Laban’s Effort theory and the emerging Shape theory of Warren Lamb. Back in New York, she applied these ideas in her own physical therapy practice and set up training programs for dance therapists and other movement professionals. Dance Therapy
She held a position of dance therapy research assistant (1957–1967) to Dr. Israel Zwerling at the Day Hospital Unit of Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Zwerling, a psychiatrist [...] was very receptive to further exploration of dance as a therapeutic tool for defusing aggression and anxiety. What particularly reinforced his interest in her was that she had a vocabulary and a notation for recording observations of movement.This became a vital factor in daily observations through the one-way screen, especially of family and therapeutic groups. Dance therapy was then an emerging field of adjunctive therapy. Bartenieff’s special contribution was in bringing Laban’s work to a field very much in need of movement documentation: [It] provided a method of movement analysis and a system of notation which placed dance therapists on their own professional ground, giving them a language for describing patients’ movements, and eliminating the need to rely on less accurate jargon borrowed from other disciplines. Laban-based Training Program
In her sixty-fifth year Bartenieff established the first North American training program in Laban-based movement theory at the Dance Notation Bureau. It was known as the Effort/Shape Certification program. Students learned a means of observing and describing the qualitative and spatial aspects of movement which Laban and his colleagues in England had been using in various applications since the 1940s. In her own teaching, however, Bartenieff found her students lacking the whole body integration, or “connectedness” as she called it, necessary to fully experience the range of Effort qualities.Thus, as a remedial measure she began to teach classes in “correctives” which eventually came to be known as Bartenieff Fundamentals. Choreometrics project
Another project of the 1960s was the Choreometrics project, which was a collaboration with Alan Lomax and Forrestine Paulay. This project took Bartenieff into cross-cultural studies of movement, expressed in work and dance activities. An educational film entitled “Dance and Human History” (1976) demonstrates the concepts of the Choreometrics team. This project was the first to adapt Laban-based movement analysis to observation of cultural/geographic differences. It is only one example of Bartenieff’s acute awareness of the differences among peoples of the world. In 1977–1978 she conducted a study of cross-cultural methods of movement fundamentals, presenting her findings in a major conference paper.It was the first demonstration of Fundamentals to Bartenieff’s peers in dance research. These projects contributed significantly to the theoretical development of Effort/Shape and Fundamentals. Laban Institute of Movement Studies (LIMS)
The Effort/Shape program outgrew its home at the Dance Notation Bureau, where the last year-long certificate program ran in 1977–1978. It was re-formed and relocated as the Laban/Bartenieff Institute of Movement Studies (LIMS). The founding board of directors created LIMS specifically as a place where Bartenieff, then in her seventy-eighth year, could continue her research, writing and teaching. In 1980 her book Body movement: coping with the environment, written with Dori Lewis, was published as a study of human movement from a whole-person perspective and a rich account of Bartenieff’s own experiences in movement work. “Up to the last six months of her life, when she became ill, Bartenieff maintained a private physical therapy practice and lectured and taught around the country."She died on 27 August 1981 of complications from Raynaud’s disease. Bartenieff Fundamentals
Bartenieff Fundamentals is not a system of set exercises. It is an approach to basic body training that deals with principles of anatomical body function within a context that encourages personal expression and full psychophysical functioning as an integral part of total body mobilization. <mask> Bartenieff said, “Body movement is not a symbol for expression, it is the expression. Anatomical and spatial relationships create sequences of Effort rhythms with emotional concomitants. The functional and the expressive are one in the human being.”

Bartenieff Fundamentals utilizes the entire Laban Movement Analysis (LMA) framework to develop movement efficiency and expressiveness. It emphasizes mobility process rather than muscle strength to achieve maximally efficient and expressive movement.References

General references
Folk Song Style and Culture. With contributions by Conrad Arensberg, Edwin E. Erickson, Victor Grauer, Norman Berkowitz, <mask> <mask>, Forrestine Paulay, Joan Halifax, Barbara Ayres, Norman N. Markel, Roswell Rudd, Monika Vizedom, Fred Peng, Roger Wescott, David Brown. Washington, D.C.: Colonial Press Inc, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Publication no. 88, 1968. Kabat, H. Studies on neuromuscular dysfunction: XV. The role of central facilitation in restoration of motor function in paralysis. (1952).Archives of Physical Medicine 33: 521-33, (September). Laban, R. Modern educational dance (1975). Third edition. L. Ullmann, ed. London: Macdonald and Evans. Valvano, J. and Long, T. Neurodevelopmental treatment: a review of the writings of the Bobaths. (1991).Pediatric Physical Therapy 3:3 (Fall)
Voss, D. E., Ionta, M. K. and Myers, B. J. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation: patterns and techniques (1985). Third edition. New York: Harper and Row. Woodruff, D. L. Bartenieff Fundamentals™:  A somatic approach to movement rehabilitation (1992). The Union Institute. Dissertation placed with University Microfilms International. 1900 births
1981 deaths
Dance research
Laban movement analysis
American physiotherapists
German physiotherapists
Massage therapy
Physical therapy
Dance therapists

masks:
Irmgard Bartenief
Irmgard
Irmgard
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<mask><mask> (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was an American politician who was the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953. A lifetime member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a US Senator from the State of Missouri from 1935 to 1945. He was chosen as incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt's running mate for the 1944 presidential election. <mask> was inaugurated as vice-president in 1945 and served for less than three months until President Roosevelt died. Now serving as president, <mask> implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established both the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain the expansion of communism. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the Conservative Coalition that dominated the Congress. <mask> grew up in Independence, Missouri, and during World War I fought in France as a captain in the Field Artillery.Returning home, he opened a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and was later elected as a Jackson County official in 1922. <mask> was elected to the United States Senate from Missouri in 1934 and gained national prominence as chairman of the Truman Committee, which was aimed at reducing waste and inefficiency in wartime contracts. Upon assuming the presidency, he was informed about the Manhattan Project. <mask> authorized the first and only use of nuclear weapons in war against the Empire of Japan. <mask>'s administration engaged in an internationalist foreign policy by working closely with British Prime Minister Clement Attlee.<mask> staunchly denounced isolationism. He energized the New Deal coalition during the 1948 presidential election and won a surprise victory against Thomas E. Dewey that secured his own presidential term. After the onset of the Cold War, <mask> oversaw the Berlin Airlift and Marshall Plan in 1948.When North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he lobbied for intervention from the United Nations in the Korean War. The <mask> administration deployed forces in Korean War without congressional authorization and as the war stalemated his popularity fell. Domestically, his administration successfully guided the U.S. economy through the postwar economic challenges; the expected postwar depression never happened. In 1948, he proposed the first comprehensive civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. Congress failed to pass these measures which prompted <mask> to issue Executive Orders 9980 and 9981 which ordered the desegregation of the armed forces and agencies of the federal government. Corruption in the <mask> administration became a central campaign issue in the 1952 presidential election. He was eligible for reelection in 1952, but with weak polls he decided not to run.Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower attacked <mask>'s record and won easily. <mask> went into a retirement marked by the founding of his presidential library and the publication of his memoirs. It was long thought that his retirement years were financially difficult for <mask>, resulting in Congress voting a pension for former presidents, but ample evidence eventually emerged that he amassed considerable wealth after leaving office. When he left office, <mask>'s administration was heavily criticized, though critical reassessment of his presidency has improved his reputation among historians and the general population. Early life, family, and education

<mask> was born in Lamar, Missouri, on May 8, 1884, the oldest child of John Anderson <mask> and Martha Ellen <mask>. He was named for his maternal uncle, Harrison "<mask>" Young. His middle initial, "S", honors his grandfathers, <mask> <mask> and <mask>.A brother, John Vivian, was born soon after <mask>, followed by sister Mary Jane. <mask>'s ancestry is primarily English with some Scots-Irish, German, and French. <mask> was a farmer and livestock dealer. The family lived in Lamar until <mask> was ten months old, when they moved to a farm near Harrisonville, Missouri. They next moved to Belton and in 1887 to his grandparents'  farm in Grandview. When <mask> was six, his parents moved to Independence, Missouri, so he could attend the Presbyterian Church Sunday School. He did not attend a conventional school until he was eight.While living in Independence, he served as a Shabbos goy for Jewish neighbors, doing tasks for them on Shabbat that their religion prevented them from doing on that day. <mask> was interested in music, reading, and history, all encouraged by his mother, with whom he was very close. As president, he solicited political as well as personal advice from her. He rose at five every morning to practice the piano, which he studied more than twice a week until he was fifteen, becoming quite a skilled player. <mask> worked as a page at the 1900 Democratic National Convention in Kansas City; his father had many friends active in the Democratic Party who helped young <mask> to gain his first political position. After graduating from Independence High School in 1901, <mask> enrolled in Spalding's Commercial College, a Kansas City business school. He studied bookkeeping, shorthand, and typing but left after a year.Working career

<mask> was employed briefly in the mailroom of The Kansas City Star before making use of his business college experience to obtain a job as a timekeeper for construction crews on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, which required him to sleep in workmen's camps along the rail lines. <mask> and his brother Vivian later worked as clerks at the National Bank of Commerce in Kansas City. In 1906, <mask> returned to the Grandview farm, where he lived until entering the army in 1917. During this period, he courted Bess Wallace. He proposed in 1911, but she turned him down. <mask> later said he intended to propose again, but he wanted to have a better income than that earned by a farmer. To that end, during his years on the farm and immediately after World War I, he became active in several business ventures, including a lead and zinc mine near Commerce, Oklahoma, a company that bought land and leased the oil drilling rights to prospectors, and speculation in Kansas City real estate.<mask> occasionally derived some income from these enterprises, but none proved successful in the long term. <mask> is the only president since William McKinley (elected in 1896) who did not earn a college degree. In addition to having briefly attended business college, from 1923 to 1925 he took night courses toward an LL.B. at the Kansas City Law School (now the University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law) but dropped out after losing reelection as county judge. He was informed by attorneys in the Kansas City area that his education and experience were probably sufficient to receive a license to practice law, but did not pursue it because he won election as presiding judge. While serving as president in 1947, <mask> applied for a law license. A friend who was an attorney began working out the arrangements, and informed <mask> that his application had to be notarized.By the time <mask> received this information he had changed his mind, so he never followed up. After the discovery of <mask>'s application in 1996 the Missouri Supreme Court issued him a posthumous honorary law license. Military service

National Guard
Because he lacked the funds for college, <mask> considered attending the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, which had no tuition, but he was refused an appointment because of poor eyesight. He enlisted in the Missouri National Guard in 1905 and served until 1911 in the Kansas City-based Battery B, 2nd Missouri Field Artillery Regiment, in which he attained the rank of corporal. At his induction, his eyesight without glasses was unacceptable 20/50 in the right eye and 20/400 in the left (past the standard for legal blindness). The second time he took the test, he passed by secretly memorizing the eye chart. He was described as 5 feet 10 inches tall, gray eyed, dark haired and of light complexion.World War I
When the United States entered World War I in 1917, <mask> rejoined Battery B, successfully recruiting new soldiers for the expanding unit, for which he was elected as their first lieutenant. Before deployment to France, <mask> was sent for training to Camp Doniphan, Fort Sill, near Lawton, Oklahoma when his regiment was federalized as the 129th Field Artillery. The regimental commander during its training was Robert M. Danford, who later served as the Army's Chief of Field Artillery. <mask> later said he learned more practical, useful information from Danford in six weeks than from six months of formal Army instruction, and when <mask> later served as an artillery instructor, he consciously patterned his approach on Danford's. <mask> also ran the camp canteen with Edward Jacobson, a clothing store clerk he knew from Kansas City. Unlike most canteens funded by unit members, which usually lost money, the canteen operated by <mask> and Jacobson turned a profit, returning each soldier's initial $2 investment and $10,000 in dividends in six months. At Fort Sill, <mask> met Lieutenant James M. Pendergast, nephew of Tom Pendergast, a Kansas City political boss, a connection that had a profound influence on <mask>'s later life.In mid-1918, about one million soldiers of the American Expeditionary Forces were in France. <mask> was promoted to captain effective April 23, and in July became commander of the newly arrived Battery D, 129th Field Artillery, 35th Division. Battery D was known for its discipline problems, and <mask> was initially unpopular because of his efforts to restore order. Despite attempts by the men to intimidate him into quitting, <mask> succeeded by making his corporals and sergeants accountable for discipline. He promised to back them up if they performed capably, and reduce them to private if they did not. In an event memorialized in battery lore as "The Battle of Who Run", his soldiers began to flee during a sudden night attack by the Germans in the Vosges Mountains; <mask> succeeded at ordering his men to stay and fight, using profanity from his railroad days. The men were so surprised to hear <mask> use such language that they immediately obeyed.<mask>'s unit joined in a massive prearranged assault barrage on September 26, 1918, at the opening of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. They advanced with difficulty over pitted terrain to follow the infantry, and set up an observation post west of Cheppy. On September 27, <mask> saw through his binoculars an enemy artillery battery deploying across a river in a position which would allow them to fire upon the neighboring 28th Division. <mask>'s orders limited him to targets facing the 35th Division, but he ignored this and patiently waited until the Germans had walked their horses well away from their guns, ensuring they could not relocate out of range of <mask>'s battery. He then ordered his men to open fire, and their attack destroyed the enemy battery. His actions were credited with saving the lives of 28th Division soldiers who otherwise would have come under fire from the Germans. <mask> was given a dressing down by his regimental commander, Colonel Karl D. Klemm, who threatened to convene a court-martial, but Klemm never followed through, and <mask> was not punished.In other action during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, <mask>'s battery provided support for George S. Patton's tank brigade, and fired some of the last shots of the war on November 11, 1918. Battery D did not lose any men while under <mask>'s command in France. To show their appreciation of his leadership, his men presented him with a large loving cup upon their return to the United States after the war. The war was a transformative experience in which <mask> manifested his leadership qualities. He had entered the service in 1917 as a family farmer who had worked in clerical jobs that did not require the ability to motivate and direct others, but during the war, he gained leadership experience and a record of success that greatly enhanced and supported his post-war political career in Missouri. <mask> was brought up in the Presbyterian and Baptist churches, but avoided revivals and sometimes ridiculed revivalist preachers. He rarely spoke about religion, which to him, primarily meant ethical behavior along traditional Protestant lines.Most of the soldiers he commanded in the war were Catholics, and one of his close friends was the 129th Field Artillery's chaplain, Monsignor L. Curtis Tiernan. The two remained friends until Tiernan's death in 1960. Developing leadership and interpersonal skills that later made him a successful politician helped <mask> get along with his Catholic soldiers, as he did with soldiers of other Christian denominations and the unit's Jewish members. Officers' Reserve Corps
<mask> was honorably discharged from the Army as a captain on May 6, 1919. In 1920 he was appointed a major in the Officers Reserve Corps. He became a lieutenant colonel in 1925 and a colonel in 1932. In the 1920s and 1930s he commanded 1st Battalion, 379th Field Artillery, 102d Infantry Division.After promotion to colonel, <mask> advanced to command of the same regiment. After his election to the U.S. Senate, <mask> was transferred to the General Assignments Group, a holding unit for less active officers, although he had not been consulted in advance. <mask> protested his reassignment, which led to his resumption of regimental command. He remained an active reservist until the early 1940s. <mask> volunteered for active military service during World War II, but was not accepted, partly because of age, and partly because President Franklin D. Roosevelt desired senators and congressmen who belonged to the military reserves to support the war effort by remaining in Congress, or by ending their active duty service and resuming their congressional seats. He was an inactive reservist from the early 1940s until retiring as a colonel in the then redesignated U.S. Army Reserve on January 20, 1953. Military awards and decorations
<mask> was awarded a World War I Victory Medal with two battle clasps (for St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne) and a Defensive Sector Clasp.He was also the recipient of two Armed Forces Reserve Medals. Politics

Jackson County judge

After his wartime service, <mask> returned to Independence, where he married Bess Wallace on June 28, 1919. The couple had one child, Mary Margaret <mask>. Shortly before the wedding, <mask> and Jacobson opened a haberdashery together at 104 West 12th Street in downtown Kansas City. After brief initial success, the store went bankrupt during the recession of 1921. <mask> did not pay off the last of the debts from that venture until 1935, when he did so with the aid of banker William T. Kemper, who worked behind the scenes to enable <mask>'s brother Vivian to buy <mask>'s $5,600 promissory note during the asset sale of a bank that had failed in the Great Depression. The note had risen and fallen in value as it was bought and sold, interest accumulated and <mask> made payments, so by the time the last bank to hold it failed, it was worth nearly $9,000.Thanks to Kemper's efforts, <mask> was able to buy it for $1,000. Jacobson and <mask> remained close friends even after their store failed, and Jacobson's advice to <mask> on Zionism later played a role in the U.S. Government's decision to recognize Israel. With the help of the Kansas City Democratic machine led by Tom Pendergast, <mask> was elected in 1922 as County Court judge of Jackson County's eastern district—Jackson County's three-judge court included judges from the western district (Kansas City), the eastern district (the county outside Kansas City), and a presiding judge elected countywide. This was an administrative rather than a judicial court, similar to county commissioners in many other jurisdictions. <mask> lost his 1924 reelection campaign in a Republican wave led by President Calvin Coolidge's landslide election to a full term. Two years selling automobile club memberships convinced him that a public service career was safer for a family man approaching

masks:
Harry S
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Young Truman
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Solomon Young
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John Truman
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Vivian Truman
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