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Huáng Yǒng Pīng (; February 18, 1954 – October 20, 2019) was a Chinese-French contemporary artist and one of the most well known Chinese avant-garde artists of his time. Born in Xiamen, he was recognized as the most controversial and provocative artist of the Chinese art scene of the 1980s. <mask> was one of the earliest contemporary Chinese artists to consider art as strategy. As a self-taught student, some of his earliest artistic inspirations came from Joseph Beuys, John Cage, and Marcel Duchamp. He later graduated from art school in Hangzhou in 1982, and formed Xiamen Dada (廈門達達) in 1986. <mask>'s oeuvre can be characterized by four periods: anti-artistic affectation (fan jiaoshi zhuyi), anti-self-expression (fan ziwo biaoxian he xingshi zhuyi), anti-art (fan yishu), and anti-history (fanyishushi). At the age of 35 in 1989, <mask> traveled to Paris to partake in the seminal exhibition Magiciens de la terre.He later immigrated to France and lived there ever since. As many of his pieces are very large, they are not suitable for auction. In 1999, <mask> represented France in the Venice Biennale. In 2016, his piece "Empires" was selected for the Monumenta biennial exposition at the Grand Palais in Paris. Xiamen Dada was a group formed by <mask> <mask> with Zha Lixiong, Liu Yiling, Lin Chun and Jiao Yaoming in 1986, as a postmodernist, radical avant-garde group. However, their works were often perceived as modern. The group publicly burned their works in protest, and <mask> stated, “Artwork to artist is like opium to men.Until art is destroyed, life is never peaceful.” The group later withheld from any other public showings. <mask> was represented by Gladstone Gallery in New York, Kamel Mennour in Paris, and Tang Contemporary in Beijing. He died of illness in Paris at the age of 65 on 20th October, 2019. Religion and its role
<mask> incorporated many different Chinese philosophies into his works, like Chan Buddhism, Taoism, some western philosophies and Dada, which led to the formation of the Xiamen Dada group. There are many similarities between Chan Buddhism and Dada as the common phrase suggests, “Chan is Dada, Dada is Chan." Both Chan and Dada are direct and reflective about aesthetic importance and the impossible reality of reality. However, Chan Buddhism and Taoism are constantly changing, and since Dada is Chan and vice versa, this should be the case for Dada.However, they are opposed to adding more movements making it a paradox and essential having this idea work against Dada's main ideas. The use of these philosophies are an example of “cross-cultural exchange” and manifest in many of his works such as “A Concise History of Modern Art” after Two Minutes in the Washing Machine and A “Book Washing” Project. Early artworks

Roulette-Series
Roulette-Series is a three series project from 1985–1988 including portable roulettes consisting of six turntables. In this piece, <mask> focused on chance, divination, and a non-subjective way of creating his art works. His finished abstract works were determined either by dice, a roulette wheel and other apparatuses that help create his pieces by chance or accident. This process determined anything from the color to the juxtaposition of each element. His theory is that one cannot escape destiny, and that destiny itself is not separate from accident or chance.<mask>'s artworks tend to diverge from their original ideas, as "his method always involve a deferring process," and this series is very much so a product of those ideas. As a stage in his anti-self-expression phase, <mask> let external forces influence his artwork and determine the final product based on the outcomes of inanimate objects, such as the roulette wheel or dice. Marcel Duchamp was a big influence on these pieces, as <mask> not only eliminated the aesthetic taste and added spontaneity, but also created the portable roulettes as did Duchamp. He also looked Wittgenstein's theory on ontology and representation. <mask> categorized it in three ways, as a process of art saying "work of art is bigger than the thought", conceptual art saying "the thought is bigger than the work of art" which is contradicting the first statement and then the last way to categorize it is the "Eastern Spirit" the Taoist and Chan Buddhist concept. The way <mask> went about creating his paintings were done in a specific order. The canvas he was working on was divided into eight sections, which corresponded to a turntable that also had eight sections.He determined what materials to use by rolling a dice, and the juxtaposition of the pieces were determined by the tables. <mask> said,
“every rule indicates an anti-rule, every motive indicates a kind of anti-motive, every choice indicates a kind of anti-choice. He therefore believes: ‘However much art there is so much anti-art exists’ ”. A Concise History of Modern Art after Two Minutes in the Washing Machine
A Concise History of Modern Art after Two Minutes in the Washing Machine is a simple project with a complex idea. It takes two famous textbooks on  Chinese art, one by the Chinese art historian Wang Bomin and the other by the English art historian Herbert Read, and puts them in a washing machine for two minutes. The finish product is a pile of pulp displayed on a wooden box. <mask> sought to essentially erase the clash between tradition and modernity, historically represented by the East and West respectively.The pulp represents breaking the division between these to contradictory themes of traditional and modern art. Making History states, according to <mask>, “this was his response to an enigmatic question that had preoccupied generations of modern Chinese intellectuals and artists: how to position oneself between tradition and modernity and between East and West?” "A Concise History of Modern Art" after Two Minutes in the Washing Machine has a simple premise but a complex idea. It is much like A "Book Washing" Project, a performance piece done in the artist's home in Xiamen, which came three years earlier than A Concise History of Modern Art. Often described as having a “radical anti-art history,” these works are a part of two of his early anti-art and anti-history periods. In A "Book Washing" Project, he took all the books from his bookshelf and put them in the wash to create a pulp like he did in A Concise History of Modern Art but on a larger scale. He took the pulp created by the washing process he then stuck it back on the wall. The two pieces share the same premise and concept, but the specific materials (i.e.which books) he used in producing the pieces were different. After leaving China

After Tiananmen Square massacre occurred while <mask> was in Paris for the Magicians of Earth (1989) exhibition, and he decided not to return to China. His works subsequently changed dramatically and focused prominently on Taoist and Buddhist philosophies. He suddenly was immersed in western ways. House of Oracles
The House of Oracles Retrospective on <mask>'s work was shown at the Walker Art Center, from October 16, 2005 through January 15, 2006, at the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art from March 18, 2006 to February 25, 2007, at the Vancouver Art Gallery from April 5 to September 16, 2007, and Ullens Center for Contemporary Art in Beijing from March 22 to June 8, 2008. The program to this retrospective describes <mask>'s work as:<mask>'s sculptures and installations—drawing on the legacies of Joseph Beuys, Arte Povera, and John Cage as well as traditional Chinese art and philosophy—routinely juxtapose traditional objects or iconic images with modern references. The House of Oracles features more than forty of <mask> <mask>'s works starting from his first exhibition Magicians of Earth (1989) up until this shows, showing the most significant ones of the past two decades.These works include: Bat Project II (2002), The Nightmare of King George V (2002), Python (2000) and many more. Renowned Curator, Fei Dawei says: "This first retrospective of <mask> originated at the Walker Art Centre in the United States. It was shown at Mass Moca, the biggest contemporary museum in America and then Vancouver Art Gallery, Canada, before traveling to its final venue, UCCA in Beijing. And even before the inauguration of UCCA, I've decided to put on this exhibition because as a Chinese Museum, we feel obliged to introduce the best Chinese artists. This is of great importance for the artist, as well as for the audiences in contemporary art and especially, for UCCA's image, as an institution in the art world." His art pieces show portray historical events and the influences of political powers.The Nightmare of King George V portrays a 1911 hunting excursion that King George V went on to poach game in the juggle. Bat Project II historical background was <mask> <mask> was going to recreate an exact replica of the U.S spy plane that crashed into a Chinese fighter, leading to controversy with in politics.100 Arms of Guan-yin

In 1996, <mask> participated in Manifesta, the European Biennial of Contemporary Art in Rotterdam, and in 1997, the "Skulptur.Projekte" in Münster, Germany with his sculpture "100 Arms of Guan-yin". The Guanyin figure is associated with Buddhism and has multiple arms. <mask> <mask> interprets this famous deity through his own 100 Arms of Guan-in by placing mannequin arms holding various objects on a metal structure which is itself an enlarged version of Marcel Duchamp's 1914 readymade Bottle Rack. During 2008, <mask>'s work was on display at the Astrup Fearnley museum of modern art in Oslo, Norway. This is his first solo show in Norway. For his first UK solo show in The Curve, Barbican Art Gallery, London, <mask> <mask> created a new installation that explores the imperial history between Britain and China in the 19th century, focusing on the Opium Wars. The exhibition takes its title Frolic from the name of a ship built to transport goods between British India, China and Great Britain.The exhibition was on from 25 June-21 September 2008. Controversy
Bat Project II (2002) was planned as a massive 20 x 15 x 6 m steel outdoor installation at the opening of China's First Guangzhou Triennial at the Guangdong Museum of Art. Two days before the show opening, on November 16, 2002, foreign ministry officials removed the work, then partially completed. The work, which was recreated in part in <mask>'s House of Oracles retrospective, was a full-scale model of the cockpit section and left wing of an American EP-3 spy plane, filled with taxodermically preserved bats. The plane modeled the one that collided with a Chinese fighter jet in March 2001, killing the Chinese pilot. The 2008 exhibition of his piece, Theatre of the World, at the Vancouver Art Gallery met with Animal Rights protests and legal threats due to its reliance on the violent interaction between insects in an enclosed space. The work was part of House of Oracles, his travelling retrospective exhibition.Exhibitions

Selected solo shows
2016
"Monumenta," Grand Palais, Paris;
"Wolfgang Hahn Prize,” Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany;
“Bâton Serpent III: Spur Track to the Left,” Power Station of Art, Shanghai. 2015
“<mask> <mask>: Bâton Serpent II,” Red Brick Art Museum, Beijing

2014
“Les Mues,” HAB Galerie – Hangar à Bananes, Nantes, France;
“<mask> <mask>: Bâton Serpent,” Maxxi, Rome. 2013
“Amoy/Xiamen,” Museum of Contemporary Art, Lyon, France;
“Abbottabad,” Hôtel de Gallifet, Aix-en-Provence, France. 2012
“Circus,” Gladstone Gallery, New York;
“Bugarach,” Galerie Kamel Mennour, Paris;
“Lille 3000, Fantastic,” Musée de l’Hospice Comtesse, Lille, France. 2011
“<mask> <mask>,” Nottingham Contemporary, Nottingham, England. 2010
“<mask> <mask>,” Musée Océanographique de Monaco, Monte Carlo, Monaco. 2009
"<mask> <mask>: Arche 2009,” Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris;
“<mask> <mask>: Tower Snake,” Gladstone Gallery, New York;
“<mask> <mask>: Caverne,” Kamel Mennour, Paris.2008
House of Oracles: A <mask> Ping Retrospective, UCCA in Beijing

2007
“<mask> <mask> Bernier and Eliades, Athens;
“<mask> <mask>ix, Paris. 2005
House of Oracles, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, U.S.A

2003
“<mask> <mask>,” Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art, North Adams, Massachusetts;
“<mask> <mask>,” Beacon Project Space, Beacon, New York;
“<mask> <mask>,” Fundacion NMAC, Cadiz, Spain;
“<mask> <mask>,” Groningen, The Netherlands;
“<mask> <mask>,” Musée Dominique Vivant Denon, Chalon-sur-Saône, France. 2002
Xian Wu, Art & Public, Geneva, Switzerland
"Om Mani Padme Hum," Barbara Gladstone Gallery, New York, U.S.A.

2000
"Taigong fishing, Willing to Bite the Bait," Jack Tilton Gallery, New York, U.S.A.

Bibliography
  Memorandum: Bat Project I, II, III, 2001-2004. Köln: Buchhandlung Walther König and Museum Ludwig, 2016. Wu Zei <mask> <mask> , Jérôme Alexandre, Marie-Claude Beaud, Marie-Laure Bernadac, Robert Calcagno, Fei Dawei, Jean de Loisy, <mask> <mask>, Arnaud Laporte, Richard Leydier, Jean-Hubert Martin, Jessica Morgan, Gilles A. Tiberghien, kamel mennour & Nouveau Musée National de Monaco, 2011. Myths Huang Yong Ping , Jean de Loisy, Gilles A. Tiberghien, Richard Leydier, kamel mennour, 2009.House of Oracles: a Huang Yong Ping Retrospective , Doryun Chong, Hou Hanru, <mask> <mask> and Philippe Vergne, Walker Art Center, 2005. Magiciens de la terre, Jean-Hubert Martin, Centre Georges Pompidou, 1989. Decorations
 Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters (2015)

References

External links
 kamel mennour – Huang Yong Ping
 Monumenta 2016 - <mask>ong Ping

Chinese contemporary artists
1954 births
2019 deaths
French contemporary artists
Chinese emigrants to France
People who lost Chinese citizenship
Naturalized citizens of France
People from Xiamen
Artists from Fujian
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

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<mask>  (7 November 1887 – 19 October 1958), sometimes known as "Teddy" or "Albert", was a radical politician in Grenada and considered the father of the West Indies Federation. Early life

Theophilus Albert Maricheau, was born in Grenada on 7 November 1887, the son of a small-scale cocoa farmer who reportedly disappeared the day his son was baptised. His mother died in 1890, and then Maricheau was brought up by his godmother. He initially attended a Roman Catholic primary school and, subsequently, a Methodist School. In 1903, he took a job with William Galwey Donovan, who was a newspaper publisher and printer. His company produced radical newspapers, advocating representative government and a West Indian federation. Marryshow, who at an early stage Anglicised his surname, advanced rapidly from delivering newspapers to being a competent journalist.Donovan, who was half-Grenadian and half-Irish, was known as the "lion" due to his red hair. Marryshow took on many of his ideas. Donovan also taught him about journalism and Marryshow became sub-editor of the St. George's Chronicle and Grenada Gazette in 1908. At the same time, he became active in local politics. Early career
Together with C. F. P. Renwick, Marryshow established a new paper, The West Indian, which advocated a Federation of the West Indies. The first issue (1 January 1915) promised that it would be "an immediate and accurate chronicler of current events, an untrammelled advocate of popular rights, unhampered by chains of party prejudice, an unswerving educator of the people in their duties as subjects of the state and citizens of the world". Marryshow was an outspoken opponent of the apartheid regime in South Africa and confidently predicted independence for British African colonies.At the same time, he also campaigned for West Indians to fight in World War One and for the establishment of the British West Indies Regiment. He was presented to the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VIII, during his 1920 visit to Grenada as "Grenada's leading journalist". However, according to Grenada's second prime minister, Maurice Bishop, it was more usual for the British to refer to him as “this dangerous radical”. In 1918 he set up the Representative Government Association (RGA) in Grenada, which petitioned the British Government to introduce elected members to the Legislative Council. In 1921 he went to London at his own expense to argue his case and this led directly to the establishment of the Woods Commission, which visited the Caribbean in 1922 and recommended five elected members out of a total of 16 in the Legislative Council, to apply both in Grenada as well as in the other Windward Islands, the British Leeward Islands and Trinidad and Tobago. Marryshow himself was elected representative for the St George's constituency, a position he retained for 33 years. He continued to participate in various activities designed to promote a regional Federation, including the first regional conference on integration, held in Barbados in 1929.In the 1920s the ideas of Marcus Garvey, who preached the eventual return of Black Caribbean people to Africa, took hold in the Caribbean. To restrict their circulation the British passed a Seditious Publications Bill, which was opposed by <mask> who believed strongly in the freedom of the press. He visited London again to lobby the British Colonial Office in favour of a Federation in 1931. A new constitution for Grenada was approved in 1935, adding additional elected representatives to the Legislative Council. Later career
<mask> co-founded the Grenada Workingmen’s Association in 1931 and in 1945 was appointed as the first president of the Caribbean Labour Congress, the first attempt to bring together regional labour unions. For reasons of ill-health he sold The West Indian newspaper in 1934. His financial situation was also poor and would remain so until his death.Towards the end of his political career, the status quo in Grenada was challenged by the more populist politics of Eric Gairy, who would go on to become the country’s first prime minister. In the first election under full adult suffrage in 1951, <mask> retained his seat, but Gairy's party took six of the eight available. However, <mask> was made Deputy President of the Legislative Council. In June 1953 he was invited to the Coronation of Elizabeth II in London. Having thus made the transformation from being a rebel to almost an establishment figure, Marryshow continued to work towards the establishment of a West Indies Federation, which eventually started in 1958 and which he described as his dream come true. He was nominated to represent Grenada as a Senator in the Upper House of the Federation's Parliament. He died in the same year and thus did not live to see the collapse of his dreams; the Federation was dissolved after just four years, in 1962.Death and heritage
<mask> died on 19 October 1958, aged 70. He had never married but fathered 17 children, including six with Edna Gittens. His large house in St George's, Grenada, now known as “Marryshow House”, hosts the Grenada Centre of the School of Continuing Studies of the University of the West Indies. Although far from wealthy he managed, when he was 30, to build a substantial house, which overlooks St George’s Harbour. He named it the "Rosery" as there was a popular song by that name when it was being built, and he went on to develop an impressive rose garden. The house, which was reputedly the first built in Grenada using cast concrete, was in a colonial style and was idiosyncratically and eclectically furnished, with people remembering best a life-sized ceramic bulldog, which became his political mascot. He would take it to political meetings, and encourage people to use the name of "The Bulldog" for him.The dining room was frequently used to host the many people Marryshow had become friendly with through his work, including the Trinidadian writer C. L. R. James and the singer Paul Robeson. Marryshow was himself a good singer and enjoyed singing Spirituals. Since being sold by Marryshow’s family the building has hosted many important events and has also been twice featured on postage stamps of Grenada. In the Caribbean he became known as the "Father of the Federation" while in Britain he was known as "The Elder Statesman of the Caribbean". In 1974 he was remembered at a "Marryshow Festival", with an exhibition of his achievements held in his former house. At the beginning of the 1980s schoolchildren in Guyana were still using Colonial-era textbooks showing illustrations of white children in English homes. A new series of primary-school textbooks was developed and these were called "Marryshow Readers".In 2010, the Government of Grenada officially recognised 7 November as Marryshow Day, in recognition of his contribution to Grenada and the region. It had been unofficially celebrated for many years before that. He also gave his name to the T.A. Marryshow Community College, which provides tertiary education in Grenada. Honours and awards
<mask> was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1943 Birthday Honours. References

Grenadian politicians
Grenadian journalists
1887 births
1958 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Federal Parliament of the West Indies Federation
20th-century journalists

masks:
Theophilus Albert Marryshow
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<mask> (born 1959) is an Australian photographer best known for his nature and panoramic landscape images. He hosted From the Edge with <mask>, which aired for one season on The Weather Channel. Early life
<mask> was born in Melbourne to Czech parents who emigrated to Australia after World War II. He took his first photo at the age of 8, after his parents gave him a Kodak Brownie box camera for his birthday. The shot was of a spider web in the garden of the family home. In his youth, Lik would bring his camera on family vacations and take photos of country scenes and the ocean. This practice continued when he took road trips out of the city and into the wilds of Australia, often accompanied by his friend and fellow photographer Michael Plumridge.As a photographer, <mask> is self-taught, learning mostly by trial and error. Career

Photography
In 1984, <mask> made his first trip to the United States, traveling around the country for a year in an old van. While in Alaska, he was introduced to panoramic cameras and learned about large format photography. Upon his return to Australia, he continued to experiment with the panoramic format. In 1989, <mask> returned to the United States, undertaking a project to photograph landscapes in all 50 states. He sold some of the photos for use in calendars and as postcards. Photos from the project were later collected in his 2003 coffee table book, Spirit of America.<mask> spent the early 1990s working for the tourism department of Queensland, Australia, traveling through the Outback and photographing little-seen areas. In 1994, he moved to Las Vegas, Nevada, where he opened Lik USA, which includes a facility for printing and framing his photos. He started his own publishing company, Lik Publishing, in the mid-1990s. The company has produced coffee table books, postcards and calendars of his work. In 1997, he published his first book, Australia: Images of a Timeless Land. In 2010, he published a 25-year retrospective coffee table book, 25th Anniversary Big Book, a 580-page leather-bound book weighing 40 pounds and containing over 500 images. In December 2010, Lik sold a photograph for  to an anonymous collector, his highest-priced sale at that time.The photograph, titled "One", was shot on the banks of the Androscoggin River in New Hampshire. <mask> has stated that only one print of the photo will ever be printed. According to BuzzFeed, as of 2011, the amount paid for "One" is the eleventh-highest price ever paid for a photo. After winning the Art in Nature category of the 2010 Windland Smith Rice International Awards from Nature's Best Photography, "Ghost" (taken in Antelope Canyon, Arizona) was selected as part of a May 2011 exhibition of nature photography at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. The photo was shot in a slot canyon with the sunlight coming in through a hole above, creating a ghostly aura. His "Inner Peace" won a 2011 Windland Smith Rice International Award, and was on display at the Smithsonian from April through September 2012. In December 2014, Lik claimed to have sold a photograph titled "Phantom" to an anonymous bidder for $6.5 million, making it potentially the highest price paid for a photograph.<mask>'s claim has been greeted with much scepticism. No details of the sale have been verified though a lawyer confirmed that the mysterious buyer does exist. Galleries
In 1997, <mask> opened his first gallery, in Cairns, Australia. He opened his first US gallery in Lahaina, Hawaii, in 2003, and his first in Las Vegas in Caesars Palace in 2005. <mask>k Fine Art Photography opened in the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan in November 2008, as part of the hotel's new high-end retail concourse. He went on to open another Manhattan gallery, in the SoHo neighborhood. Overall, he has four galleries in Las Vegas and nine others across the US.Television
From the Edge with <mask> debuted on The Weather Channel on 31 March 2011, running for one season, with <mask> as the host. The documentary series followed <mask> on his journeys across the United States searching for and photographing attractive landscapes, such as the volcanoes of Hawaii, mountains of Montana, Arizona's Grand Canyon, and Denali National Park and Preserve in Alaska. The show was The Weather Channel's first original programme. <mask> is best known for his panoramic photos, and the large size and overall quality of his prints. He typically shoots panoramas with a Linhof 617 Technorama camera, using Fuji film. He also shoots digital, primarily using Phase One and Nikon cameras. He prints most of his photos on FujiFlex silver-halide paper, which increases the light sensitivity and glow, and helps accentuate the vibrant colors in the print.Bibliography
 Australia: Images of a Timeless Land. Cairns, Australia: self-published, 1997. . Spirit of America. Cairns, Australia: self-published, 2003. .
 San Francisco. Cairns, Australia: self-published, 2003. .
 Hawaii: The Aloha Spirit. Self-published, 2003). .
 Las Vegas and Beyond. Las Vegas: self-published, 2006. .
 Maui: Hawaiian Paradise (2006). .
 Las Vegas: Beyond the Neon (2009)
 Equation of Time (2015)
 America (2015)
 New York (2015)
 Hawaii (2015)
 Las Vegas (2016)

Honors and awards
 Master of Photography, Australian Institute of Professional Photography, 2002
 Master of Photography, Professional Photographers of America, 2010
 British Institute of Professional Photography Fellow, 2010
 Royal Photographic Society Fellow, 2010
 Nature's Best Photography Windland Smith Rice International Award – Art in Nature Winner, "Ghost at Antelope Canyon", 2010
 Silver Medals, Epson International Pano Awards, for "Ancient Spirit", "Angel's Heart" and "Sacred Sunrise", 2011
 Nature's Best Photography Windland Smith Rice International Award – Plant Life Winner, "Japanese Maple", 2011
 American Aperture Awards, Best Landscape/Seascape/Nature, 2013

References

External links

 The Official From the Edge website

Australian photographers
Living people
1959 births
Landscape photographers
Australian expatriates in the United States

masks:
Peter Lik
Peter Lik
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<mask> (17 March 1946 – 18 October 2019) was a German historian and archivist. Life
Born in Nisterau, after elementary school, Menk attended the Städtische Realschule in Bad Marienberg and took his Abitur at the Staatliches Neusprachliches Gymnasium Altenkirchen in spring 1966. Starting from the summer semester 1966, he studied first at the Goethe University Frankfurt, then went to Geneva for the summer semester 1969, where he studied at the University of Geneva as well as at the Graduate Institute of International Studies. Here were next to Jacques Freymond (1911-1998), especially the former Czechoslovak Foreign Minister Jiří Hájek and Saul Friedländer his academic teachers. For the winter semester 1969/70 he moved to the University of Vienna, where his academic teachers were Gerald Stourzh, Heinrich Lutz and Herwig Wolfram. In the summer semester of 1970 he returned to the University of Frankfurt to take the first Staatsexamen for the teaching profession at grammar schools in 1971 (among others Jochen Bleicken and Friedrich Hermann Schubert). From the summer of 1971 Menk began his dissertation in Frankfurt under Friedrich Hermann Schubert, with a scholarship from the Fritz Thyssen Foundation allowing him to undertake extensive research trips to the Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, and finally to the United States.At the same time he was a research assistant and assistant at the History Department of the University with Notker Hammerstein. In 1975 he received his doctorate with the thesis: Die Hohe Schule Herborn in ihrer Frühzeit 1584-1660, which was published in 1981 by the Historical Commission for Nassau. In 1975 <mask> began an archival clerkship in the , which he completed with the Archivar Staatsexamen in September 1977 at the . Starting from October 1977 he registered for the Land Hessen files of the OMGUS in Washington D. C. At the beginning of 1978 he was taken over into the Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg. From 1979 he was a lecturer at the Archivschule Marburg and member of the examination board. In 1981, he participated in the three-month stage of the Archives Nationales in Paris, where he acted as spokesman. In 1981 he was appointed, as the only specialist historian, to co-editor of the Geschichtsblätter für Waldeck.He has left his mark on this magazine over two decades through numerous articles. In addition, he published several bio- and monographs on the history of the Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont. In particular, the most recently published studies on the Waldeck politician and student council Otto Hufnagel and on "Waldeck in the Third Reich" attracted a great deal of attention. In 1986 Menk took over a teaching position at the University of Gießen, in 2005 he was appointed honorary professor there; also in 2005 he received the science prize of the . As chairman of the branch association Marburg of the  (1998-2007), Menk conducted numerous colloquia, including on "The University of Marburg in the 1920s", on Hessian chronicles, the Greifswald professor and church historian from Waldeck Victor Schultze as well as on the Hessian Minister of Culture and judge at the Federal Constitutional Court Erwin Stein. On 31 March 2011 Menk retired as senior archivist and died in 2019 at the age of 73. Menk was a member of the , the  and the , besides being also a member of several scientific advisory boards.He has published on the history of science and education, church history, constitutional and administrative history as well as on the history of archives between the High Middle Ages and the 20th century. With his publications, which spanned a wide range of time and subject, he had a significant influence on historical research in Hesse, according to an obituary of the . Publications
 Die Hohe Schule Herborn in ihrer Frühzeit (1584–1660). Ein Beitrag zum Hochschulwesen des deutschen Kalvinismus im Zeitalter der Gegenreformation, Wiesbaden 1981 (publication of the Historischen Kommission für Nassau, 30). Georg Friedrich von Waldeck (1620–1692). Eine biographische Skizze, Arolsen 1992 (Waldeckische Historische Hefte, 3). Der Weg zur waldeckischen Residenz Arolsen.Arolsen 1996 (Waldeckische Historische Hefte, 5). Das Ende des Freistaates Waldeck – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen kleinstaatlicher Existenz in Kaiserreich und Weimarer Republik. Second considerably extended edition, Waldeckischer Geschichtsverein e.V., Bad Arolsen 1998, . Die "Denkwürdigkeiten" des Pfarrers Jonas Hefentreger-Trygophorus im Kontext. Bezugsfelder und Aussagekraft chronokalischer Überlieferung im 16. Jahrhundert, Bad Arolsen 2000 (Waldeckische Historische issue 6). as editor: Landgraf Moritz der Gelehrte von Hessen-Kassel.Ein Kalvinist zwischen Politik und Wissenschaft. Marburg 2000 (Contributions to Hessian history 15). Waldecks Beitrag für das heutige Hessen 2d considerably extended edition, Hessische Landeszentrale für Politische Bildung, Wiesbaden 2001, .
 as editor: Angus Fowler, ein Schotte mit europäischem Kultuarauftrag. Reden auf dem Festakt zur Verleihung des Bundesverdienstkreuzes I. Klasse im Historischen Rathaus der Universitätsstadt Marburg am 18. Dezember 2000, Marburg 2001. Gustav Könnecke (1845–1920). Ein Leben für das Archivwesen und die Kulturgeschichte.Marburg-Kassel 2004 (Schriften des Hessischen Staatsarchivs Marburg 13, sowie Hessische Forschungen zur geschichtlichen Landes- und Volkskunde 42). as co-editor (together with Andreas Hedwig): Erwin Stein (1903–1992). Politisches Wirken und Ideale eines hessischen Nachkriegspolitikers, Marburg 2004.
 as co-editor (together with Wilhelm A. Eckhardt): Christian Wolff und die hessischen Universitäten, Marburg 2004 (Beiträge zur hessischen Geschichte 18). Ein "antiquitätischer Herr." Leben und Werk des hessischen Denkmalpflegers und technischen Pioniers Ludwig Bickell (1838-1901). Marburg 2005; also in , <mask> (ed. ): Ludwig Bickell.Ein Denkmalpfleger der ersten Stunde, Stuttgart 2005. Vom Bismarckianer zum Liberalen. Der Politiker und Lehrer Otto Hufnagel (1885–1944) in Waldeck und Frankfurt am Main. 2 volumes, Marburg 2006. Landesgeschichte, Archivwesen und Politik. Der hessische Landeshistoriker und Archivar Karl Ernst Demandt (1909–1990), Marburg 2009. Waldeck im Dritten Reich.Voraussetzungen und Wirken des Nationalsozialismus im hessischen Norden, Wiesbaden-Korbach 2010. Zwischen Kanzel und Katheder. – Protestantische Pfarrer- und Professorenprofile vom 16. bis 20. Jahrhundert – Ausgewählte Aufsätze, Marburg 2011.
 as editor: Friedrich Uhlhorn: Geschichte der Grafen von Solms zwischen Reformation und Westfälischem Frieden. Darmstadt 2011. Politischer Liberalismus in Hessen zwischen Weimarer Republik und Nachkriegszeit – Rudolf Büttner, Margarete Grippentrog und die Deutsche Demokratische Partei Fuldas. Fulda 2012, .Articles and archival publications are listed on the website of the Justus Liebig University (see under Weblinks). Literature
 Andreas Hedwig: <mask> im Ruhestand. In  11/1, 2011, S. 69f. References

External links

 <mask> auf der Website der Universität Gießen with list of book publications, essays (in selection) and organization of conferences. Obituary of the Historischen Instituts der Universität Gießen

1946 births
2019 deaths
Writers from Rhineland-Palatinate
20th-century German historians
21st-century German historians
German archivists
University of Giessen faculty

masks:
Gerhard Menk
Menk
Gerhard Menk
Gerhard Menk
Gerhard Menk


texts:
<mask> FRSE (born 8 June 1958) is an Irish political scientist whose specialist field is the study of terrorism. In January 2016 she became the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, having formerly served as the Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of St Andrews, and as the executive dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. Early life and education
<mask> grew up in Tramore, County Waterford, one of seven children of Arthur and <mask>. After attending primary school at The Star of the Sea convent girls' school in Tramore, and St Angela's Secondary School, Ursuline Convent, Waterford, she studied at Trinity College, Dublin, where she obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in history, promoted in the usual way to a Master of Arts degree in 1982. In 1977, she received a Rotary Scholarship to study at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). She took an MA degree in political science from UCLA in 1981, followed by a move to Harvard, where she received a Master of Arts degree in government in 1984 and a PhD in 1989 on government, relating specifically to the Falklands War and Suez Crisis. Career
From 1989 to 2001 <mask> served as an assistant professor and then an associate professor in the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard.During this period she also served for eight years as Head Tutor and chair of the Board of Tutors (Director of Undergraduate Studies) in the School of Government Department. <mask> continued to serve in numerous administrative capacities at Harvard, including the Faculty Council and various committees concerned with undergraduate education, the status of women, and human rights. In July 2001, she was appointed executive dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. <mask>'s academic focus has been on international security with an emphasis on terrorist movements. She taught Harvard's large undergraduate lecture course, Terrorist Movements in International Relations, for which she won the
Levenson Prize, awarded by the undergraduate student body to the best teachers at the university. This class, along with a number of graduate courses on terrorist movements and European terrorism, were for many years the only courses offered on the subject at Harvard. In addition to the Levenson Prize, <mask> has received teaching awards from the American Political Science Association and Pi Sigma Alpha for outstanding teaching in political science; the Abramson Award in recognition of her "excellence and sensitivity in teaching undergraduates" and many awards from the Bok Center for Teaching Excellence.After her 2001 Radcliffe appointment, she continued to teach, both at Harvard College and Harvard Law School. In 2009, <mask> was appointed Principal of the University of St Andrews, succeeding Brian Lang. Her installation took place on 25 March 2009. She is the first woman, as well as the first Roman Catholic in modern times, to occupy the position. She was appointed Professor of International Relations at St Andrews in November 2010. Unlike previous principals, <mask> was not granted honorary membership to the Royal and Ancient Golf Club, which was all-male. <mask> spoke out about how the membership policies interfered with fundraising and the values of the university.In 2014, just before the referendum on Scottish independence, it was revealed that <mask> had resisted pressure by then First Minister Alex Salmond to tone down her comments on the impact of Scottish independence on research universities, and resisted pressure from an aide to Salmond to issue a statement praising the SNP government. On 28 May 2015, the University of Oxford announced that <mask> had been nominated as the next Vice-Chancellor, subject to approval, to take up the post on 1 January 2016. The nomination was approved on 25 June 2015, and <mask> became the university's first female Vice-Chancellor in January 2016. She is also an Honorary Fellow at Kellogg College, Oxford. In October 2017, <mask> claimed that Oxford University was in need of reform, stating that the current system gives rise to "a waste of resources" and a "duplication of bureaucracy". At her annual Oration, she stated, "We all know that change occurs slowly at Oxford…but the world is changing rapidly around us, and I believe that if we stand still we will enter a period of slow but definite decline." In late February 2018, the University of Oxford's support for cuts to the national lecturers' pension scheme triggered a 14-day strike.A resolution to revert the decision was spearheaded by six Oxford academics, including Karma Nabulsi and Robert Gildea. On Tuesday, 6 March 2018, <mask> used a technicality to upend a debate on the plans. At a meeting of Congregation, the governing body of Oxford, 20 members and supporters of <mask> stood up as the resolution was introduced, thereby blocking the debate. Academics then held an unofficial vote outside, which delivered a result of 442 for and 2 against. <mask> herself stated that she had been absent at the event due to having "scheduled a trip to New York". An initial offer on her part for a non-binding "town hall discussion" as a replacement for the debate was rejected. The following day, <mask> sent out an email to staff in which she stated that "In the light of the depth of feeling of so many colleagues, we will convene a special meeting of council today at noon" at which it would be recommended that the university's council "reverse its response to the UUK survey in line with the congregation’s resolution".In an interview with the Daily Telegraph in July 2019 <mask> addressed the issue of higher education funding in the UK, noting that "Our American competitors are so far ahead of us in fundraising". Her approach has been to explore alternative sources of funding, including a fundraising campaign, the Oxford Thinking Campaign, that raised £3.3 billion; a £4 billion partnership with Legal and General to provide staff housing and science facilities; securing a £150 million donation from US billionaire Stephen Schwarzman to fund humanities research at the University of Oxford; securing an £80 million donation from the Reuben Foundation to endow Reuben College (formerly Parks College); and a £750 million bond issuance in December 2017 (increased to £1 billion in 2020) - the biggest amount raised this way by a UK university. Amidst the 2019-20 Hong Kong protests, <mask> was recognized for her leadership and advocacy. <mask> was "admirably robust when threatened by the Chinese embassy with the withdrawal of Chinese students from Oxford unless she stopped its chancellor Chris Patten visiting Hong Kong", and was noted as having "more balls than any male [Vice-Chancellor]". As part of efforts to broaden access to the University of Oxford, <mask> committed the university to ensuring that by 2023, 25% of the British students admitted will be from underrepresented backgrounds – compared to 15% as of 2019. In November 2021, it was announced that <mask> would become the next president of the Carnegie Corporation of New York in January 2023, at the end of her 7-year term as Oxford vice-chancellor. Finances and criticism
<mask>'s salary was criticised as excessive in 2017 (quoted as £410,000).<mask> has separately been criticized for abuse of expenses, including claiming £70,000 in a single year on travel and dining as Vice-Chancellor. <mask> publicly lists her expenses on the university website. During the COVID-19 pandemic, she received further criticism for retaining her salary while University of Oxford staff were put on furlough. In September 2017, <mask> attracted criticism from students, academics, politicians, and the British press for remarks made in defence of academic freedom that were interpreted by critics as a defence of academics holding anti-gay views towards students. <mask> had previously been involved in debates around free speech and around attempts by university students to bar some speakers from campuses. At the University of St. Andrews, <mask> encouraged academics to share their views on the independence referendum and in her first few months at Oxford University she voiced the view that higher education was not meant to be a comfortable experience and that students ought to engage with views they found objectionable. <mask>'s comments in June 2020 during the Black Lives Matter protests attracted further public criticism.She suggested that Nelson Mandela would not have wanted the controversial statue of Cecil Rhodes removed. <mask> is the author of What Terrorists Want, an account of terrorism written after the September 11 attacks. Other publications include When Allies Differ: Anglo-American Relations in the Suez and Falkland Crises, The Roots of Terrorism (ed) and Democracy and Counterterrorism: Lessons from the Past (co-edited with Robert Art). She has also published many journal articles, book chapters, and reviews on the subject of terrorism. Between 2001 and 2008, in addition to her teaching and management roles, <mask> gave over 300 talks and lectures on terrorism and counter-terrorism to educational and private groups as well as policy makers, the military, intelligence, and business communities. She has testified before the United States Senate and has appeared on CNN, the BBC, PBS, NPR, Fox and a host of other broadcast outlets. Her work has been featured in numerous international periodicals.Published works

 What Terrorists Want: Understanding the Enemy, Containing the Threat (2006)
 The Roots of Terrorism, Routledge, New York (2006) ed
 When Allies Differ: Anglo-American Relations in the Suez and Falkland Crises (1996)
 Democracy and Counterterrorism: Lessons from the Past, United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC (2007) ed with Robert Art

Awards and honours
In 2009 <mask> received the Trinity College Dublin Alumni Award. In 2010 she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE), and in 2011 she was appointed to the Scottish Government's Council of Economic Advisers. In 2012, ahead of the centenary in 2014 of the outbreak of World War One, she was appointed to the Scottish Commemorations Panel. In 2013 Harvard University awarded <mask> The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Centennial Medal, and later in the year she received an honorary doctorate from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO). In 2015  <mask> received honorary doctorates from the University of Aberdeen and Queen's University Belfast. and was named an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy. In 2016 <mask> was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, named a fellow of the National Academy of Social Sciences, and awarded honorary doctorates by Trinity College Dublin and the University of St Andrews; she also received the inaugural Emily Winifred Dickson award from the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, which recognises women who have made an outstanding contribution to their field.In 2016 she was also elected to Honorary Fellowship of Trinity College Dublin. Additionally, <mask> serves as an elected member of the American Philosophical Society. In 2018, she received an honorary degree from the University of Notre Dame and spoke as the primary speaker at the Notre Dame Graduate School Commencement Ceremony. In October 2019, <mask> joined the board of trustees at The Sutton Trust. She serves on the boards of a number of other non-profit groups including the Central European University, the Carnegie Corporation and the EastWest Institute (to October 2015). She has served on the editorial boards of a number of journals and presses and been awarded numerous prizes including the Sumner Prize for work towards the prevention of war and the establishment of universal peace. She has lectured on the subject of terrorism and counter-terrorism to public, professional, media and education groups across the world.References

1958 births
Living people
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Honorary Fellows of Trinity College Dublin
International relations scholars
Irish political scientists
Principals of the University of St Andrews
People from County Waterford
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Terrorism theorists
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences
Women heads of universities and colleges
Women political scientists

masks:
Louise Mary Richardson
Richardson
Julie Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
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Richardson
Richardson
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Richardson
Richardson
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Research Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
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Richardson
Richardson
Richardson


texts:
<mask>  (14 February 1912 – 10 October 1988), also known as <mask>, was a Spanish spy who acted as a double agent loyal to Great Britain against Nazi Germany during World War II, when he relocated to Britain to carry out fictitious spying activities for the Germans. He was given the codename Garbo by the British; their German counterparts codenamed him Alaric and referred to his non-existent spy network as "Arabal". After developing a loathing of political extremism of all sorts during the Spanish Civil War, <mask> decided to become a spy for Britain as a way to do something "for the good of humanity". <mask> and his wife contacted the British Embassy in Madrid, which rejected his offers. Undeterred, he created a false identity as a fanatically pro-Nazi Spanish government official and successfully became a German agent. He was instructed to travel to Britain and recruit additional agents; instead he moved to Lisbon and created bogus reports about Britain from a variety of public sources, including a tourist guide to Britain, train timetables, cinema newsreels, and magazine advertisements. Although the information would not have withstood close examination, <mask> soon established himself as a trustworthy agent.He began inventing fictitious sub-agents who could be blamed for false information and mistakes. The Allies finally accepted Pujol when the Germans spent considerable resources attempting to hunt down a fictitious convoy. Following interviews by Desmond Bristow of Section V MI6 Iberian Section, <mask> was taken on. The family were moved to Britain and <mask> was given the code name "Garbo". <mask> and his handler Tomás Harris spent the rest of the war expanding the fictitious network, communicating to the German handlers at first by letters, and later by radio. Eventually the Germans were funding a network of 27 agents, all fictitious. Pujol had a key role in the success of Operation Fortitude, the deception operation intended to mislead the Germans about the timing, location and scale of the invasion of Normandy in 1944.The false information <mask> supplied helped persuade the Germans that the main attack would be in the , so that they kept large forces there before and even after the invasion. <mask> had the distinction of receiving military decorations from both sides of the war—being awarded the Iron Cross and becoming a Member of the Order of the British Empire. Early life
<mask> was born in Barcelona to <mask>, a Catalan who owned a cotton factory, and <mask> Guijarro, from the Andalusian town of Motril in the Province of Granada. The third of four children, Pujol was sent at age seven to the Valldemia boarding school run by the Marist Brothers in Mataró,  from Barcelona; he remained there for the next four years. The students were only allowed out of the school on Sundays if they had a visitor, so his father made the trip every week. His mother came from a strict Roman Catholic family and took Communion every day, but his father was much more secular and had liberal political beliefs. At age thirteen, he was transferred to a school in Barcelona run by his father's card-playing friend Monsignor Josep, where he remained for three years.After an argument with a teacher, he decided that he no longer wished to remain at the school, and became an apprentice at a hardware store. Pujol engaged in a variety of occupations prior to and after the Spanish Civil War, such as studying animal husbandry at the Royal Poultry School in Arenys de Mar and managing various businesses, including a cinema. His father died a few months after the Second Republic's establishment in 1931, while Pujol was completing his education as a poultry farmer. <mask>'s father left his family well-provided for, until his father's factory was taken over by the workers in the early stages of the Spanish Civil War. Spanish Civil War

In 1931, Pujol did his six months of compulsory military service in a cavalry unit, the 7th Regiment of Light Artillery. He knew he was unsuited for a military career, hating horse-riding and claiming to lack the "essential qualities of loyalty, generosity, and honor". Pujol was managing a poultry farm north of Barcelona in 1936 when the Spanish Civil War began.His sister Elena's fiancé was taken by Republican forces, and later she and his mother were arrested and charged with being counter-revolutionaries. A relative in a trade union was able to rescue them from captivity. He was called up for military service on the Republican side (in opposition to Francisco Franco's Nationalists), but opposed the Republican government due to their treatment of his family. He hid at his girlfriend's home until he was captured in a police raid and imprisoned for a week, before being freed via the Traditionalist resistance group Socorro Blanco. They hid him until they could produce fake identity papers that showed him to be too old for military service. He started managing a poultry farm that had been requisitioned by the local Republican government, but it was not economically viable. The experience with rule by committee intensified his antipathy towards Communism.He re-joined the Republican military using his false papers, with the intention to desert as soon as possible, volunteering to lay telegraph cables near the front lines. He managed to desert to the Nationalist side during the Battle of the Ebro in September 1938. However, he was equally ill-treated by the Nationalist side, disliking their fascist influences and being struck and imprisoned by his colonel upon <mask>'s expressing sympathy with the monarchy. His experience with both sides left him with a deep loathing of both fascism and Communism, and by extension Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. He was proud that he had managed to serve both sides without firing a single bullet for either. After his discharge from the Nationalist army, he met Araceli Gonzalez in Burgos and married her in Madrid; they had one child, Joan Fernando. World War II

Independent spying
In 1940, during the early stages of World War II, <mask> decided that he must make a contribution "for the good of humanity" by helping Britain, which was at the time Germany's only adversary.Starting in January 1941, he approached the British Embassy in Madrid three different times, including through his wife (though Pujol edited her participation out of his memoirs), but they showed no interest in employing him as a spy. Therefore, he resolved to establish himself as a German agent before approaching the British again to offer his services as a double-agent. <mask> created an identity as a fanatically pro-Nazi Spanish government official who could travel to London on official business; he also obtained a fake Spanish diplomatic passport by fooling a printer into thinking Pujol worked for the Spanish embassy in Lisbon. He contacted Friedrich Knappe-Ratey, an  agent in Madrid, codenamed "Frederico". The  accepted Pujol and gave him a crash course in espionage (including secret writing), a bottle of invisible ink, a codebook, and £600 for expenses. His instructions were to move to Britain and recruit a network of British agents. He moved instead to Lisbon, andusing a tourist's guide to Britain, reference books, and magazines from the Lisbon Public Library, and newsreel reports he saw in cinemascreated seemingly credible reports that appeared to come from London.During his time in Portugal, he stayed in Estoril, at the Hotel Palácio. He claimed to be travelling around Britain and submitted his travel expenses based on fares listed in a British railway guide. <mask>'s unfamiliarity with the non-decimal system of currency used in Britain at the time was a slight difficulty. At this time Great Britain's unit of currency, the pound sterling, was subdivided into 20 shillings, each having twelve pence. <mask> was unable to total his expenses in this complex system, so simply itemised them, and said that he would send the total later. During this time he created an extensive network of fictitious sub-agents living in different parts of Britain. Because he had never actually visited the UK, he made several mistakes, such as claiming that his alleged contact in Glasgow "would do anything for a litre of wine", unaware of Scottish drinking habits or that the UK did not use the metric system.His reports were intercepted by the British Ultra communications interceptions programme, and seemed so credible that the British counter-intelligence service MI5 launched a full-scale spy hunt. In February 1942, either he or his wife (accounts differ) approached the United States after it had entered the war, contacting U.S. Navy Lieutenant Patrick Demorest in the naval attache's office in Lisbon, who recognised <mask>'s potential. Demorest contacted his British counterparts. Work with MI5
The British had become aware that someone had been misinforming the Germans, and realised the value of this after the  wasted resources attempting to hunt down a non-existent convoy reported to them by Pujol. He was moved to Britain on 24 April 1942 and given the code name "Bovril", after the drink concentrate. However, after he passed the security check conducted by MI6 Officer Desmond Bristow, Bristow suggested that he be accompanied by MI5 officer Tomás Harris (a fluent Spanish speaker) to brief Pujol on how he and Harris should work together. <mask>'s wife and child were later moved to Britain.<mask> operated as a double agent under the XX Committee's aegis; Cyril Mills was initially Bovril's case officer; but he spoke no Spanish and quickly dropped out of the picture. His main contribution was to suggest, after the truly extraordinary dimensions of <mask>'s imagination and accomplishments had become apparent, that his code name should be changed as befitted 'the best actor in the world'; and Bovril became "Garbo", after Greta Garbo. Mills passed his case over to the Spanish-speaking officer Harris. Together, Harris and <mask> wrote 315 letters, averaging 2,000 words, addressed to a post-office box in Lisbon supplied by the Germans. His fictitious spy network was so efficient and verbose that his German handlers were overwhelmed and made no further attempts to recruit any additional spies in the UK, according to the Official History of British Intelligence in World

masks:
Juan Pujol Garcia
Joan Pujol Garcia
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Juan Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Joan Pujol
Mercedes García
Pujol
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texts:
 War II. The information supplied to German intelligence was a mixture of complete fiction, genuine information of little military value, and valuable military intelligence artificially delayed. In November 1942, just before the Operation Torch landings in North Africa, Garbo's agent on the River Clyde reported that a convoy of troopships and warships had left port, painted in Mediterranean camouflage.While the letter was sent by airmail and postmarked before the landings, it was deliberately delayed by British Intelligence in order to arrive too late to be useful. <mask> received a reply stating "we are sorry they arrived too late but your last reports were magnificent." <mask> had been supposedly communicating with the Germans via a courier, a Royal Dutch Airlines (KLM) pilot willing to carry messages to and from Lisbon for cash. This meant that message deliveries were limited to the KLM flight schedule. In 1943, responding to German requests for speedier communication, Pujol and Harris created a fictitious radio operator. From August 1943 radio became the preferred method of communication. On occasion, he had to invent reasons why his agents had failed to report easily available information that the Germans would eventually know about.For example, he reported that his (fabricated) Liverpool agent had fallen ill just before a major fleet movement from that port, and so was unable to report the event. To support this story, the agent eventually 'died' and an obituary was placed in the local newspaper as further evidence to convince the Germans. The Germans were also persuaded to pay a pension to the agent's widow. For radio communication, "Alaric" needed the strongest hand encryption the Germans had. The Germans provided Garbo with this system, which was in turn supplied to the codebreakers at Bletchley Park. Garbo's encrypted messages were to be received in Madrid, manually decrypted, and re-encrypted with an Enigma machine for retransmission to Berlin. Having both the original text and the Enigma-encoded intercept of it, the codebreakers had the best possible source material for a chosen-plaintext attack on the Germans' Enigma key.Operation Fortitude
In January 1944, the Germans told <mask> that they believed a large-scale invasion in Europe was imminent and asked to be kept informed. This invasion was Operation Overlord, and <mask> played a leading role in Operation Fortitude, the deception campaign to conceal Overlord. He sent over 500 radio messages between January 1944 and D-Day, at times more than twenty messages per day. During planning for the Normandy beach invasion, the Allies decided that it was vitally important that the German leaders be misled into believing that the landing would happen at the Strait of Dover. In order to maintain his credibility, it was decided that Garbo (or one of his agents) should forewarn the Germans of the timing and some details of the actual invasion of Normandy, although sending it too late for them to take effective action. Special arrangements were made with the German radio operators to be listening to Garbo through the night of 5/6 June 1944, using the story that a sub-agent was about to arrive with important information. However, when the call was made at 3 AM, no reply was received from the German operators until 8 AM.This enabled Garbo to add more, genuine but now out-of-date, operational details to the message when finally received, and thus increase his standing with the Germans. Garbo told his German contacts that he was disgusted that his first message was missed, saying "I cannot accept excuses or negligence. Were it not for my ideals I would abandon the work." On 9 June—three days after D-day—Garbo sent a message to German intelligence that was passed to Adolf Hitler and the  (OKW; German High Command). Garbo said that he had conferred with his top agents and developed an order of battle showing 75 divisions in Britain; in reality, there were only about 50. Part of the "Fortitude" plan was to convince the Germans that a fictitious formation—First U.S. Army Group, comprising 11 divisions (150,000 men), commanded by General George Patton—was stationed in southeast Britain. The deception was supported by fake planes, inflatable tanks, and vans travelling about the area transmitting bogus radio chatter.Garbo's message pointed out that units from this formation had not participated in the invasion, and therefore the first landing should be considered a diversion. A German message to Madrid sent two days later said "all reports received in the last week from Arabel [spy network codename] undertaking have been confirmed without exception and are to be described as especially valuable." A post-war examination of German records found that, during Operation Fortitude, no fewer than sixty-two of <mask>'s reports were included in OKW intelligence summaries. OKW accepted Garbo's reports so completely that they kept two armoured divisions and 19 infantry divisions in the Pas de Calais waiting for a second invasion through July and August 1944. The German Commander-in-Chief in the west, Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, refused to allow General Erwin Rommel to move these divisions to Normandy. There were more German troops in the Pas de Calais region two months after the Normandy invasion than there had been on D-Day. In late June, Garbo was instructed by the Germans to report on the falling of V-1 flying bombs.Finding no way of giving false information without arousing suspicion, and being unwilling to give correct information, Harris arranged for Garbo to be "arrested". He returned to duty a few days later, now having a "need" to avoid London, and forwarded an "official" letter of apology from the Home Secretary for his unlawful detention. The Germans paid <mask> US$340,000 over the course of the war to support his network of agents, which at one point totalled 27 fabricated characters. Honours
As Alaric, he was awarded the Iron Cross Second Class on 29 July 1944, for his services to the German war effort. The award was normally reserved for front-line fighting men and required Hitler's personal authorisation. The Iron Cross was presented via radio. As Garbo, he received an MBE from King George VI, on 25 November 1944.The Nazis never realised they had been fooled, and thus <mask> earned the distinction of being one of the fewif not the only oneto receive decorations from both sides during World War II. After the war

After the Second World War, <mask> feared reprisals from surviving Nazis. With the help of MI5, <mask> travelled to Angola and faked his death from malaria in 1949. He then moved to Lagunillas, Venezuela, where he lived in relative anonymity running a bookstore and gift shop. <mask> divorced his first wife and married Carmen Cilia, with whom he had two sons, Carlos Miguel and Joan Carlos, and a daughter who died in 1975 at the age of 20. By 1984, <mask> had moved to his son Carlos Miguel's house in La Trinidad, Caracas. In 1971, the British politician Rupert Allason, writing under the pen name Nigel West, became interested in Garbo.For several years, he interviewed various former intelligence officers, but none knew Garbo's real name. Eventually, Tomás Harris' friend Anthony Blunt, the Soviet spy who had penetrated MI5, said that he had met Garbo, and knew him as "either <mask> or <mask>". Allason's investigation was stalled from that point until March 1984, when a former MI5 officer who had served in Spain supplied <mask>'s full name. Allason hired a research assistant to call every J. <mask>—an extremely common name in Spain—in the Barcelona phone book, eventually contacting <mask>'s nephew. <mask> and Allason finally met in New Orleans on 20 May 1984. At Allason's urging, Pujol travelled to London and was received by Prince Philip at Buckingham Palace, in an unusually long audience. After that he visited the Special Forces Club and was reunited with a group of his former colleagues, including T. A. Robertson, Roger Fleetwood Hesketh, Cyril Mills and Desmond Bristow.On the 40th anniversary of D-Day, 6 June 1984, <mask> travelled to Normandy to tour the beaches and pay his respects to the dead. <mask> died in Caracas in 1988 and is buried in Choroní, a town inside Henri Pittier National Park by the Caribbean Sea. Network of fictitious agents
Each of <mask>'s fictitious agents was tasked with recruiting additional sub-agents. Popular culture

Literature and Music
 The Counterfeit Spy (1971), by the British journalist Sefton Delmer; <mask>'s name was changed to "Jorge Antonio" in order to protect his surviving family. The Eldorado Network (1979), by the British novelist Derek Robinson published six years before Nigel West's non-fiction account. Overlord, Underhand (2013), by the American author Robert P. Wells is a fictionalised retelling of the story of <mask> (Agent Garbo), double agent with MI5, from the Spanish Civil War to 1944;
 Quicksand (1971), a song by David Bowie on the Hunky Dory album makes reference to him ("I'm the twisted name on Garbo's eyes"). Film and television
 Garbo: The Spy ().Documentary film, directed by Edmon Roch. Production: Ikiru Films, Colose Producciones, Centuria Films, Spain 2009. The Man Who Fooled the Nazis. The 90-minute Spanish documentary retitled and narrated in English, shown as part of the Storyville series, first shown on BBC Four, 22 February 2011. Secret D-DayUS television, 1998portrayed by French actor Sam Spiegel. Garbo-Master of Deception. 1992 Columbia House and A&E 30-minute documentary

Garbo feature films have been attempted on several occasions, but none have reached production to date.See also
 Spain in World War II

References

Bibliography

External links

1912 births
1988 deaths
Double agents
Double-Cross System
Honorary Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Barcelona
People who faked their own death
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class
Spanish emigrants to Venezuela
Spanish spies
World War II spies for Germany
World War II spies for the United Kingdom
Spanish soldiers
Spanish people of World War II
Spanish anti-fascists
Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
Spanish anti-communists
Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War (National

masks:
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Juan
José García
Pujol
García
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Pujol
Juan Pujol


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<mask> (born 31 May 1987) is an Irish professional football coach and former professional footballer who is currently the goalkeeping coach at Ipswich Town. He has previously appeared in the Football League for Walsall, Watford, Yeovil Town, Crawley Town, Plymouth Argyle and Colchester United, and has also played for League of Ireland side St Patrick's Athletic. Gilmartin has played international football for the Republic of Ireland at under-19 and under-21 levels. Career
Having previous played for Malahide United F.C. and St. Kevin's Boys, Gilmartin joined English League One side Walsall in the summer of 2005. He made his Walsall debut on 17 September 2005 in a 3–2 home defeat to Chesterfield, and played two further first-team matches that season. He also made his international debut for Republic of Ireland under-19s in February 2006.At the end of the 2005–06 season, <mask>'s contract was extended, with Walsall taking up one-year option. After signing, <mask> said he expected to fight for the first choice goalkeeper ahead of a new season. Gilmartin did not feature for Walsall over the next two seasons, but played for Republic of Ireland under-21s in 2007, and completed his UEFA B coaching licence in April 2008. During 2007, he joined Worcester City and Hednesford Town, in order to gain first team experience. In May 2008 Gilmartin signed another new 12-month contract. During the 2008–09 season, in which he made 12 appearances, Gilmartin said he would consider leaving the club if first choice goalkeeper Clayton Ince stayed on. Ultimately, he signed another new 12-month contract at the end of the season.In the 2009–10 season, <mask> replaced Ince as a first choice goalkeeper. He credited the club's goalkeeping coach, Mick Kearns, for helping him improve as a player. In October 2009, he suffered a hamstring injury that would keep him out for three to four weeks. Despite the injury, Gilmartin played 24 times in 2009–10 season. <mask> was offered a new contract by Walsall on 10 May 2010, but joined Championship side Watford on 1 July 2010. He made his debut in a League Cup first round tie away to Aldershot Town, keeping a clean sheet in a 3–0 Watford win. Gilmartin struggled to displace Scott Loach as Watford's goalkeeper during the 2010–11 season, but did play in all four of the club's cup games.He also won the club's community ambassador prize at the end of season awards. Gilmartin displaced Loach to make his full league debut on 27 September 2011, in a 2–1 home victory over Millwall. He started the following game, a 3–0 defeat at Southampton, before Loach returned to the side. On 23 November 2011, <mask> was sent out on loan to League One side Yeovil Town until 3 January 2012. He returned to Watford on 19 January 2012, having made eight appearances for Yeovil. In February 2012 he joined League Two side Crawley Town on loan as back up to Michael Kuipers, following an injury to Scott Shearer. On 3 May 2012, Gilmartin was one of four players to be released by Watford after their contracts expired.<mask> signed a two-year contract with League Two side Plymouth Argyle in July 2012, and made 16 appearances in all competitions. He was transfer-listed by manager John Sheridan at the end of the 2012–13 season, and left the club by mutual consent in June 2013. Gilmartin returned to Dublin in July, having signed an 18-month contract with League of Ireland side St Patrick's Athletic. He made his Pats' debut later that month in a Dublin derby at Shamrock Rovers in the League of Ireland Cup. He made his league debut the following season, on 2 June 2014 against Drogheda United, when he came on as a half-time substitute for the injured Brendan Clarke. He continued Clarke's work and kept a clean sheet as Pats won 6–0. In total, he made 10 appearances for the Pats, with nine coming in cup competitions.Gilmartin returned to English football by re-signing with Watford on a one-year deal on 25 August 2014 as a back-up to Heurelho Gomes and Jonathan Bond, two years after he first left the club. He signed a new two-year contract in June 2015 as the club approached their first season back in the Premier League. Alongside his playing career with Watford he commentates on the club's away games for BBC Three Counties Radio, is taking further coaching qualifications and has taken training sessions for the club's academy. He left Watford at the end of the 2016–17 season. Following his release from Watford, <mask> signed for League Two club Colchester United as a player-coach. He made his debut for Colchester in the EFL Trophy against Reading U23 on 29 August. Gilmartin rejected the offer of a new contract in July 2019 and signed for Championship club Bristol City as a player with some Junior Coaching responsibilities.Coaching career
<mask> began his coaching career whilst still a player at Bristol City, coaching the club’s under-23 side. On 7 November 2019, it was announced that <mask> had taken up a role as goalkeeping coach for the Republic of Ireland under-21s under their new manager Stephen Kenny. On 1 June 2021, <mask> was appointed assistant manager of Swindon Town. When John McGreal was named interim manager of Ipswich Town in December 2021, <mask> joined his coaching team as an interim coach, having previously been McGreal’s assistant manager at Swindon. Later that month, following the appointment of Kieran McKenna, Gilmartin was named first-team goalkeeping coach at Ipswich. Career statistics

Honours
League of Ireland (1):
 St Patrick's Athletic – 2013
FAI President's Cup (1):
St Patrick's Athletic – 2014

Personal life
Gilmartin married his wife Emma Nugent in the summer of 2015. References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Association footballers from Dublin (city)
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland under-21 international footballers
Republic of Ireland youth international footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Walsall F.C.players
Worcester City F.C. players
Hednesford Town F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Crawley Town F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
St Patrick's Athletic F.C.players
Colchester United F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
English Football League players
League of Ireland players
Swindon Town F.C. non-playing staff
Ipswich Town F.C. non-playing staff

masks:
Rene Patrick Gilmartin
Gilmartin
Gilmartin
Gilmartin
Gilmartin
Gilmartin
Gilmartin
Gilmartin
Gilmartin
Gilmartin
Gilmartin
Gilmartin


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<mask> (born 7 November 1970) is a Northern Irish singer and songwriter. He is the creator and front man of the chamber pop group The Divine Comedy, and is the band's sole constant member. Hannon wrote the theme tunes for the television sitcoms Father Ted and The IT Crowd. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Derry, Northern Ireland, the son of <mask>, a Church of Ireland minister in the Diocese of Derry and Raphoe and later Bishop of Clogher. He spent some of his youth in Fivemiletown before moving with his family to Enniskillen, in County Fermanagh, in 1982. While there, he attended Portora Royal School. Hannon enjoyed synthesizer-based music as a youngster; he has identified the Human League and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) as "the first music that really excited [him]".In the late 1980s he developed a fondness of the electric guitar, becoming an "indie kid". Career
Hannon is founder and mainstay of The Divine Comedy, a band which achieved their biggest commercial success in the mid to late 1990s with the albums Casanova (1996), A Short Album About Love (1997), and Fin de Siècle (1998). Hannon continues to release albums under The Divine Comedy name, the most recent being Office Politics (2019). In 2000 he and Joby Talbot contributed four tracks for Ute Lemper's collaboration album, Punishing Kiss. In 2004 he played alongside the Ulster Orchestra for the opening event of the Belfast Festival at Queen's. In 2005, he contributed vocals to his long-time collaborator Joby Talbot's soundtrack for the movie version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. In 2006 it was announced that Hannon was to lend his vocal ability to the Doctor Who soundtrack CD release, recording two songs – "Love Don't Roam" for the 2006 Christmas special, "The Runaway Bride", and a new version of "Song For Ten", originally used in 2005's "The Christmas Invasion".On 12 January 2007, The Guardian website's "Media Monkey" diary column reported that Doctor Who fans from the discussion forum on the fan website Outpost Gallifrey were attempting to organise mass downloads of the Hannon-sung "Love Don't Roam", which was available as a single release on the UK iTunes Store. This was in order to attempt to exploit the new UK Singles Chart download rules, and get the song featured in the Top 40 releases. The same year Hannon added his writing and vocal talents to the Air album Pocket Symphony, released in the United States on 6 March 2007. He is featured on the track "Somewhere Between Waking and Sleeping", for which he wrote the lyrics. This song had been originally written for and sung by Charlotte Gainsbourg on her album, 5:55. Though it was not included in its 2006 European release, it was added as a bonus track for its American release on 24 April 2007. <mask> won the 2007 Choice Music Prize for his 2006 album, Victory for the Comic Muse.It was announced the following day that he had left EMI by 'mutual consent'. In 2015 he won the 2015 Legend Award from the Oh Yeah organisation in Belfast. When the band Keane played at the O2 Arena in London in July, "A Bad Dream" was introduced by <mask>. He introduced it by reading the poem "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death" by W. B. Yeats, upon which the song is based. He is credited with composing the theme music for the sitcoms Father Ted and The IT Crowd, the former theme composed for the show and later reworked into "Songs of Love", a track on The Divine Comedy's breakthrough album Casanova. Both shows were created or co-created by Graham Linehan. For the Father Ted episode, "A Song for Europe", Hannon co-wrote and sang "My Lovely Horse", the song Ted and Dougal enter in Eurosong (a parody of the Eurovision Song Contest).For the same episode, Hannon wrote "The Miracle Is Mine", the 'typical' Eurovision ballad sung by Ted's nemesis, Father Dick Byrne. A dream sequence in the episode shows Ted and Dougal in the song's pop video, with Hannon providing vocals. <mask> also wrote and performed "My Lovely Mayo Mammy", sung by Eoin McLove in the episode "Night of the Nearly Dead", and wrote "Big Men in Frocks", sung by Niamh Connolly in "Rock-a-Hula Ted". When a raffle is held in order to raise funds to repair the roof of the parochial house, the Kraftwerk-esque quartet of priests enlisted to perform play an electronic piece of music composed and performed by him. Both of the advertisements for telephone numbers; in The IT Crowd (the new emergency number) and Father Ted (Priest Chatback) have jingles composed by Hannon. In the episode "A Christmassy Ted", his name is mentioned by Mrs Doyle while she attempts to guess that of the mysterious guest. A new Divine Comedy album, Bang Goes the Knighthood, was released in May 2010.Hannon has also collaborated with Thomas Walsh, from the Irish band Pugwash, to create a cricket-themed pop album under the name The Duckworth Lewis Method. The first single, "The Age of Revolution", was released in June 2009, and a full-length album released the week after. The group's second album, Sticky Wickets, came out in 2013. Hannon contributed to a musical version of Swallows and Amazons, writing the music while Helen Edmundson wrote the book and lyrics, which premiered in December 2010 at the Bristol Old Vic. In April 2012 Hannon's first opera commission, Sevastopol, was performed by the Royal Opera House. It was part of a program called OperaShots, which invites musicians not typically working within the opera medium to create an opera. Sevastopol was based upon Leo Tolstoy's Sevastopol Sketches.<mask>'s second opera (book by Frank Alva Buecheler, English by Tim Clarke) for which he wrote music, In May, premiered in May 2013 in Lancaster and was shown in 2014 with overwhelming success e.g. in Glasgow and Brighton. The world premiere of To Our Fathers in Distress, in the words of the composer "a kind of oratorio" for chorus, strings and organ, was performed on 22 March 2014 at the Royal Festival Hall in London. It was inspired by Hannon's father, the Rt Rev <mask>, who suffers from Alzheimer's disease. Personal life
Hannon's partner is Irish musician Cathy Davey. The couple live in the Dublin area. He was previously married to Orla Little, with whom he has a daughter, <mask>.With Davey, Hannon is a patron of the Irish animal charity My Lovely Horse Rescue, named after the Father Ted Eurovision song for which he wrote the music. Politically, Hannon describes himself as being "a thoroughly leftie, Guardian-reading chap, but of the champagne socialist variety". Discography

The Divine Comedy

Fanfare for the Comic Muse (1990)
Liberation (1993)
Promenade (1994)
Casanova (1996)
A Short Album About Love (1997)
Fin de Siècle (1998)
A Secret History...

masks:
Edward Neil Anthony Hannon
Hannon
Brian Hannon
Hannon
Hannon
Hannon
Hannon
Brian Hannon
Willow Hannon


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<mask> (January 21, 1941 – October 15, 2005), commonly known as "<mask>," was an American political activist and a founding member of Social Democrats, USA. He supported  democracy and labor unions in the USA and internationally, and so was active in the civil rights movement, the labor movement, and the social-democratic opposition to communism. He founded organizations including Negotiations Now! and   Frontlash, and he served as director of the Committee for Democracy in Central America. <mask> was appointed to various government boards and institutions throughout the 1990s, eventually becoming the Acting Director of the U.S. Information Agency under President Bill Clinton. Biography

Early years

<mask> was born in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1941 and grew up in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He studied at the University of Colorado in the early 1960s, where he helped to organize a local branch of the Young People's Socialist League, the youth section of the Socialist Party of America.While at the University of Colorado, <mask> was influenced by the thinking of Alex Garber, a professor of sociology, who was a social democratic anti-communist. After moving to New York, <mask> stood out as a neatly dressed, muscular Protestant youth, in an urban political setting that was predominantly Catholic and  Jewish. He worked at The New York Times but was fired for refusing to cross a picket line during a typesetters' strike. A leader in the East River chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality, <mask> helped to organize a non-violent blockade of the Triborough Bridge during rush hour, to raise consciousness among suburbanites of the lives of Harlem residents. Political career

From the middle 1960s, <mask> was active in the youth section of the Socialist Party of America, the Young People's Socialist League (YPSL). In the Party, <mask>'s realignment caucus attained majority of the votes in 1968. His caucus included  Paul Feldman, editor of the party paper New America and Tom Kahn, chief of the League for Industrial Democracy.<mask> was elected as the National Chairman of the YPSL, thereby becoming an ex officio member of the National Committee of the Socialist Party. Following its July 1968 National Convention the governing National Committee elected <mask> the new National Secretary of the Socialist Party, replacing George Woywod. He was also active in the Congress of Racial Equality. <mask> was Executive Secretary of the Socialist Party of America from 1968-1970. <mask> was a founder of Negotiation Now!, a group which called for an end to the bombing of North Vietnam and a negotiated settlement of the Vietnam War. He was opposed to a unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam. In 1972, <mask> organized a protest of the Coalition for a New Foreign and Military Policy, featuring a picket line of 76 Vietnamese.<mask>'s protest infuriated its master of ceremonies, Bruce P. Cameron. In 1972, <mask> was a founder the Coalition for a Democratic Majority (CDM), an association of centrist Democrats that opposed the "new politics" liberalism  exemplified by Senator George McGovern, who suffered the worst defeat of a Presidential candidate in modern times, despite the widespread dislike of Nixon. <mask> was Executive Director of CDM from 1972–76, at which time he left to become a special assistant and speechwriter for Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan. He remained with Moynihan until 1979. Concerned about the direct and indirect role of the Communist Party USA and of sympathizers of Marxist-Leninist politics in the US Peace Movement and in the National Council of Churches, <mask> helped found the Institute on Religion and Democracy. From 1981 until 1988 was the President of the Committee for Democracy in Central America (PRODEMCA), which criticized Marxist–Leninists in Central America, especially the Sandinistas in Nicaragua and the FMLN in Central America; PRODEMCA was also referred to as "Friends of the Democratic Center in Central America". Beyond criticizing revolutionaries, <mask> lobbied Congress to support the Christian Democratic President of El Salvador José Napoleón Duarte, during the Salvadoran Civil War; he also argued that Congress should fund the Nicaraguan Contras, then engaged in an armed campaign against the Sandinistas, to pressure the Sandinistas to negotiate a peace treaty with more guarantees for the civic opposition.In his support of Congressional funding of the Contras, <mask> was one of the "Gang of Four" of prominent social-democrats or opponents of the Vietnam War; a second was a former antagonist during the Vietnam War, Bruce Cameron, and the others were Robert S. Leiken and Bernard W. Aronson. The Gang of Four differed from the Reagan Administration on some questions. For example, they supported efforts to transfer control of Contra funding from the CIA and Department of Defense to the Department of State's USAID; they also supported negotiations opposed by Reagan Administration "hard-liners" who wished to defeat the Sandinistas, according to Cameron. <mask>'s 1980s Central American politics were unpopular among liberals and democratic socialists in the Democratic Party. He supported the Bill Clinton's campaign for the Presidency. During the Presidency of Bill Clinton, <mask> served first in 1993 as the Deputy Director and then in 1999 as Acting Director of the U.S. Information Agency. He was also made a special representative of Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright to the Council for a Community of Democracies initiative.In 2001, <mask> was appointed to the Board of International Broadcasting by President George W. Bush. He also became the Washington, D.C. representative of Freedom House; in his last years, he was especially involved in supporting peace efforts in the Middle East. He declined several offers of official positions in the Bush administration. However, Secretary of State Colin L. Powell appointed <mask> to be the Chairman of the International Eminent Persons Group on Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan. Death and legacy
<mask> died on October 15, 2005, at his home in Washington, D.C. after a year-long battle with brain cancer. He was 64 years old at the time of his death and was survived by his wife, two sisters, and his brother. <mask> referred to himself as a social democrat throughout his life.Footnotes

References

External links

American democracy activists
Members of Social Democrats USA
Executive Secretaries of the Socialist Party of America
New York (state) Democrats
AFL–CIO people
Leaders of American trade unions
Workers' rights activists
Activists for African-American civil rights
American political activists
American social activists
American speechwriters
People from Worcester, Massachusetts
Writers from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
University of Colorado alumni
Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C. Deaths from brain tumor
1941 births
2005 deaths

masks:
Richard Penn Kemble
Penn
Kemble
Penn Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble
Kemble


texts:
<mask> (17 May 1889 in Monterrey, Nuevo León – 27 December 1959 in Mexico City) was a Mexican writer, philosopher and diplomat. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times. Biography
He was the ninth of the twelve children of Aurelia de Ochoa-Garibay y Sapién and <mask>, a general and politician killed in the assault to the National Palace during the Decena Trágica. His father held important political posts under the administrations of Porfirio Díaz, including the governorship of Nuevo León and the Secretary of War and Navy. <mask> was educated at various colleges in Monterrey, El Liceo Francés de México, El Colegio Civil de Monterrey, and later at the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria and graduated from the La Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia, which later became the law school at UNAM in 1913. In 1909, he helped to found the Ateneo de la Juventud, along with other young intellectuals including Martín Luis Guzmán, José Vasconcelos, Julio Torri, and Pedro Enríquez Ureña, to promote new cultural and aesthetic ideals and educational reform in Mexico. In 1911, <mask> published his first book, Cuestiones estéticas.The following year, he wrote the short story La Cena ("The Supper"), which is considered a forerunner of surrealism and Latin American magical realism. In that year he was also named Secretary of the Escuela Nacional de Altos Estudios at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. <mask> obtained his law degree in 1913, the same year that his father died while he was participating in an attempted coup d'état against the then president Francisco I. Madero. <mask> was posted to Mexico's diplomatic service in France in 1913. After Germany invaded France in 1914, he moved to Madrid, Spain, and pursued a literary career as journalist, investigator, translator, critic, and writer. In 1915, he wrote what is probably his best-known essay, Visión de Anáhuac (1519) with its famous epigraph, Viajero: has llegado a la región más transparente del aire, the source of the title of Carlos Fuentes's novel La región más transparente. Visión de Anáhuac is inspired by the “vitalist” philosophy of Henri Bergson and can be seen as a study on the metamorphosis in the process of creative evolution.<mask> was reinstated in the diplomatic service in 1920. He was the second secretary in Spain in 1920, was in Paris from 1924 to 1927, and then served as the ambassador to Argentina (1927–1930 and 1936–1937). He was the Mexican ambassador to Brazil from 1930 to 1935 and again in 1938. In 1939, he retired from the diplomatic corps and returned to Mexico, where he organized what is today El Colegio de México and dedicated himself to writing and teaching. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1950. Years in Spain

His time in Spain, where he resided from 1914 to 1924, was considered his best creative period when he became a great writer and master of literature. In Spain, where he experienced financial difficulties, he dedicated himself to literature and combined it with journalism.He worked at the Centro de Estudios Históricos (Historical Study Center) of Madrid under the direction of Ramón Menéndez Pidal. In 1919, he was named the Mexican
Commission Secretary "Francisco del Paso y Troncoso", the same year that Cantar de mio Cid was put into prose. Many of his friends insisted that he was a natural in Spanish and should pursue a career in politics, but he declined to do so. One time he was presented with an offer to teach, but he rejected it. He was more interested in the aesthetics of Benedetto Croce. He published numerous essays about poetry of the Spanish Golden Age, such as Baroque y Góngora; on top of that he was one of the first writers to study poetry of Juana Inés de la Cruz. From 1917 he produced Cartones de Madrid, his small masterpiece, Visión de Anáhuac, El suicida, and in 1921, El cazador.He was a collaborator of "Revista de Filología Española", Revista de Occidente and "Revue Hispanique". His works about Spanish literature, older classical literature and aesthetics are notable, and among the more notable of that time, "Cuestiones estéticas" (1911). In Spain he organized a ceremony on 11 September 1923 at the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (Real Botanical Garden of Madrid) to honor the memory of the symbolic poet Stéphane Mallarmé. After 1924 he developed a diplomatic and social life in Paris, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. He translated a Mallarmé and edited his own literary mail, "Monterrey," publishing it in 1930. He wrote to friends abroad in every part of the world and gave talks, spoke at conferences and contributed to homages and cultural events. He published among others, "Cuestiones gongorinas" (1927), "Capítulos de literatura española" (1939–195), "Discurso por Virgilio" (1931).His poetic works reveal a profound knowledge of the formal means, notably "Ifigenia cruel" (1924), "Pausa" (1926), "5 casi sonetos" (1931), "Otra voz" (1936) and "Cantata en la tumba de Federico García Lorca" (1937). <mask> worked as a translator of works from Laurence Sterne, G.K. Chesterton, Anton Chekhov and as an editor of works by Ruiz de Alarcón, Cantar del Mio Cid, Lope de Vega, Baltasar Gracián, Juan Ruiz, Francisco de Quevedo. Legacy
The Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges referred to <mask> as "the greatest prose writer in the Spanish language of any age". At least five avenues in Monterrey's metropolitan area, three in the municipality and one in Mexico City are named after <mask>. On 17 May 2018, Google Doodle commemorated <mask>' 129th birthday. Works

Nonfiction
Cuestiones estéticas
El suicida
Visión de Anáhuac
Vísperas de España
Cartones de Madrid
Simpatías y diferencias
Calendario
Homília por la cultura
Capítulos de literatura española
Pasado inmediato
Estudios helénicos
La filosofía helenística
La X en la frente
Memorias de cocina y bodega
Las burlas veras
La experiencia literaria

Fiction
Los tres tesoros
El plano oblicuo
Árbol de pólvora
Quince presencias

Poetry
Huellas
Ifigenia cruel
Yerbas del tarahumara
Minuta
Homero en Cuernavaca

The Fondo de Cultura Económica published his complete works in 26 volumes, titled Obras Completas de <mask>. See also
<mask> International Prize
 <mask> (Monterrey Metro)
Enrique Díez Canedo, a Spanish writer and translator, friend of <mask> who called his house in Mexico City "la Capilla Alfonsina"
Homero en Cuernavaca.Estudio preliminar de Arturo Dávila, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 2013. List of people from Morelos, Mexico

References

External links
The web page of <mask>' house in Mexico City, known as "la Capilla Alfonsina". Robb, James Willis Distinguished professor at The George Washington University and a published authority on <mask> left his research documents on Mr. <mask> to the university library for scholarly research. 1889 births
1959 deaths
Members of El Colegio Nacional (Mexico)
Mexican essayists
Male essayists
Mexican male poets
20th-century Mexican philosophers
Writers from Monterrey
Hellenists
Mexican translators
Members of the Mexican Academy of Language
Ambassadors of Mexico to Brazil
Ambassadors of Mexico to Argentina
20th-century Mexican poets
20th-century translators
20th-century essayists
20th-century Mexican male writers

masks:
Alfonso Reyes Ochoa
Bernardo Reyes Ogazón
Reyes
Reyes
Reyes
Alfonso Reyes
Reyes
Reyes
Reyes
Reyes
Alfonso Reyes
Alfonso Reyes
Alfonso Reyes
Alfonso Reyes
Alfonso Reyes
Alfonso Reyes
Alfonso Reyes
Reyes