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<mask> (November 10, 1808 – March 14, 1860) was an American politician, Know Nothing, and anti-Catholic social activist of the 1840s and 1850s. He served three terms in the United States Congress (U.S. House of Representatives, 1845–51), representing Pennsylvania's 1st District. <mask> is considered to have been the first Jewish Congressman, although David Levy Yulee served as a territorial representative from Florida prior to <mask>'s entering Congress. Though not Protestant himself, he supported the concept of nativist Americanism supported by northern Protestants ideologically against Catholics. <mask> was famous as a political orator and a mouthpiece of xenophobia: he played a leading role in inciting the Nativist Riots of 1844 in Philadelphia, which led to the killing of over 20 Irish Americans, the burning of many of their homes and the destruction of three Catholic churches associated with their community. Biography

<mask> was born in Charleston, South Carolina and graduated from South Carolina College (later the University of South Carolina) in 1828. He then briefly taught school in Woodville, Mississippi, but had to quit town after being wounded in a duel.<mask> then practiced law in Maryland and Kentucky. Philadelphia riots and election to Congress

By 1838 <mask> was in Philadelphia and giving public lectures on the evils of alcohol. He founded and edited a journal called the Temperance Advocate. In 1842 he staged an immense public "bonfire of booze" to draw attention to his campaign against taverns and for local control of liquor licensing. <mask>'s anti-alcohol crusade proved to be excellent preparation for his next cause, a campaign against Catholic political power, which he carried on in The Daily Sun. Initially, the main political issue was an 1843 public school ruling permitting Catholic children to be excused from Bible-reading class (because the Protestant King James Version was being used). <mask> became the leader and chief spokesman for a start-up political movement calling itself the American Republican Party (later the Native American Party).On May 3, 1844, nativists attempted to give a speech in the center of the Irish-Catholic neighborhood of the Third Ward, Kensington. The locals ended up chasing all of the protesters out of the neighborhood. The following Monday, May 6, <mask> returned with 3,000 protesters. The ensuing fighting led to several people killed and injured, and hundreds more left homeless as most of the neighborhood homes were burned by rioters. In addition the Catholic Churches St. Michael and St. Augustine were demolished completely by fire. New riots broke out in Southwark in July of that same year when a group of protesters threatened to destroy St. Philip Neri Catholic Church in the Southwark District. This time <mask> used his influence to prevent the mob from burning the Church.Following the July riots, <mask> and his colleague Samuel R. Kramer (publisher of the Native American) were arrested for "exciting to riot and treason" in inciting locals to invade and burn several Catholic churches and a convent. However, the case never went to trial. Shortly after the 1844 Philadelphia riots, <mask> ran for Congress and was elected on his party's platform: (1) to extend the period of naturalization to twenty-one years;
(2) to elect only native born to all offices; (3) to reject foreign interference in all institutions, social, religious, and political. <mask> was returned to Congress in 1846 and 1848. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Engraving during the Thirtieth Congress, 1847–48. Personal life
<mask>'s exact family tree is difficult to determine. He was the brother of Lipman Theodore (L. T.) <mask>, listed in 1861 as a member of the Richland Rifles.L. T.'s funeral in 1892 was attended by his brother, Nathaniel, thus showing <mask>., L. T., and Nathaniel to be brothers. They all appear to have been the children of the <mask> Sr., an immigrant from England, who died in 1817 and is buried in the Coming Street Cemetery of Charleston, and his wife <mask>. <mask> married Ann Christian Hays (b. 1812) of Virginia and Tennessee in January 1833. Ann was related by marriage to future Tennessee governor and US President James K. Polk (her uncle John Hays was married to Polk's younger sister Ophelia). Ann died a year later, in January 1834. <mask> thereupon married a young widow named Julia Ann Gist, née Hammond (1814–1881) in Baltimore.<mask> claimed to have met Julia while they were both shopping for tombstones for their late spouses. In addition to Julia's daughter from her first marriage, <mask> and <mask> had one child, a daughter called Louisa (1840–1919). (It is occasionally reported erroneously that there was a son named Louis.) Louisa married a Brazilian diplomat named Carlos de Barros in Washington City in 1862, and later lived in South America, Philadelphia, and New York City. One of their sons and two grandsons were institutionalized in the 20th century for insanity. Scandal, insanity, and death
After leaving Congress in 1851, <mask> continued to campaign for the Native American or Know-Nothing movement, as it became known. He attempted to campaign for U.S.Senator, which prior to the 17th Amendment was a seat elected by the state legislature rather than by popular vote. <mask> was accused of bribing members of the Pennsylvania Assembly and was subpoenaed by a state investigation in February 1855. The findings were inconclusive, but <mask> never again held office. <mask> and other Nativists helped tilt the 1852 Presidential election toward Democrat Franklin Pierce and away from the Whigs' candidate, the popular Mexican–American War leader General Winfield Scott. There were Catholics in Scott's family, and he was accused of papist connections. <mask> was an organizing speaker of the first Know-Nothing Party convention in March 1855. Though in notably failing health, he was a featured speaker at the American Order's rally that autumn in a New York City park.<mask> was enraged and disgusted by the new Republican Party's nomination of John C. Frémont for President at the convention in Philadelphia in June 1856. He wrote a lengthy diatribe against Frémont, which he delivered at a rally in Philadelphia's National Hall (now Independence Hall) shortly after Millard Fillmore had been nominated by both the Know Nothings and the Whigs. However, Frémont partisans pulled him off the stand. According to newspaper reports, <mask> suffered a complete mental collapse and became so "deranged" that he was placed in the Philadelphia Hospital for the Insane. Newspapers report him being committed on a later occasion in June 1859, after a visit to a brother in Columbia, South Carolina. <mask> is said to have become "dangerous and unmanageable" on the train to Richmond, whereupon friends and railway workers subdued him and detained him in the mail car. The nature of his madness is unclear, but one newspaper, expanding on a wire-service story, speculated, "His insanity is supposed to have been brought about by an immoderate use of opium."He was returned to the Philadelphia Hospital for the Insane and died there of "Insanity" in March 1860. <mask> was buried in Laurel Hill Cemetery, in Philadelphia. Legacy
<mask>'s role in a nativist party is sometimes deemed a paradox, despite the fact he was native-born himself (albeit first-generation). His opposition was not to immigration as such but rather to Catholicism; he eagerly sought support from non-Catholic immigrants. It is a mark of his skill that he was able to equate "nativism" with anti-Catholicism, and to do so in Philadelphia, where sectarian animosity had historically been minimal, and where native-born Catholics had lived side-by-side with Anglicans, Quakers, and others since the Colonial period. For that matter <mask> himself did not seem to have any personal sectarian animus, which suggests that his anti-Catholic activism was merely rhetorical and opportunistic. The explorer and soldier John Gregory Bourke (1846–1896), whose devoutly Catholic family were friends and neighbors of <mask>'s in 1840s and 1850s Philadelphia, recalled <mask> fondly and wrote that the Bourke and <mask> families were close for many years.Similarly, <mask> worked for <mask> when he was a boy, around 1845, and recalled <mask> as a kind, generous employer. A "printer's devil" for <mask>'s Daily Sun newspaper, Nordhoff really wanted to be a cabin boy on a US Navy ship going to China. <mask> first warned the lad that he'd end up as a "dirty, drunken old sailor," but relented at last, and intervened with Philadelphia Navy Yard commander, Commodore Jesse Elliot to get the boy a billet. Nordhoff's maritime and writing career was thereby launched. <mask> was one of the most popular public speakers of his era, often quoted and anthologized. In 1905 a veteran Pennsylvania journalist and politician, Alexander Kelly McClure, recalled <mask> as one of the shrewdest and most persuasive politicians of the period. In a book about the fraught history of religious freedom in the United States, the writer Steven Waldman recalled <mask> and his role in the nativist anti-Catholic agitation in the 1840s and 1850s.Referring to <mask>'s ostensible status as the first Jew elected to Congress, Waldman cited him for "proving that being part of a persecuted group does not necessarily bring sensitivity to the plight of other religious minorities." See also
List of Jewish members of the United States Congress
Lord George Gordon and the Gordon Riots

References

Further reading
 John A. Forman, "<mask> <mask>: Portrait of an American Demagogue," American Jewish Archives 12 (1960): 150–194. External links

WVU article
Florida International University
The Political Graveyard
The Philadelphia Bible Riots of 1844
New York Times Obituary of <mask><mask>, March 17, 1860

1808 births
1860 deaths
19th-century American newspaper editors
19th-century American politicians
19th-century male writers
American educators
American male journalists
American temperance activists
Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)
Critics of the Catholic Church
Deaths in mental institutions
American duellists
Jewish members of the United States House of Representatives
Know-Nothing members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Lawyers from Charleston, South Carolina
Pennsylvania Know Nothings
Pennsylvania lawyers
People from Woodville, Mississippi
Politicians from Charleston, South Carolina
Religiously motivated violence in the United States
University of South Carolina alumni
19th-century American lawyers
Right-wing populism in the United States
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania

masks:
Lewis Charles Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Lewis Charles Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Lewis C
Lewis Levin
Eliza Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Lewis
Julia Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Lewis Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Charles Nordhoff
Lewis Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Levin
Lewis Charles
Levin
Lewis C
. Levin


type: original

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<mask> (born August 6, 1985) is an American mixed martial artist who formerly competed in the Bantamweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Background
<mask> wrestled at Ventura High School where he placed second at the state championship for freestyle wrestling and was a CIF champion. <mask> then attended Junior College for two years, one year at Moorpark College and one year at Ventura College. He started training MMA in 2006 after watching a high school friend compete in a mixed martial arts fight. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> began his professional mixed martial arts career on July 3, 2009 against Andrew Dominquez at CA Fight Syndicate - Throwdown at the Showdown 1, where he won via decision. He then got a unanimous decision win against Vincent Martinez on October 2, 2009, at CA Fight Syndicate - Throwdown at the Showdown 2. BAMMA USA
<mask> made his BAMMA USA debut on August 20, 2011, facing Evan Esguerra at Badbeat 3.He won the fight via split decision. He then faced Jimmy Jones at Badbeat 4 on January 13, 2012. <mask> won the fight via split decision, extending his BAMMA record to 2–0. For his third fight in the promotion, <mask> faced Jose Morales at Badbeat 5 on March 16, 2012. He won via TKO due to elbows in the first round. In his next fight, <mask> took on Kana Hyatt on July 13, 2012, at Badbeat 6. He won the fight via unanimous decision.<mask> then faced Shad Smith at Badbeat 7 on October 12, 2012. He won the fight via unanimous decision, and would subsequently take a hiatus to take part on The Ultimate Fighter. After his brief stint on The Ultimate Fighter, <mask> returned to BAMMA USA at Badbeat 12 taking on Keith Carson. He won via TKO in the second round. The Ultimate Fighter
On August 15, 2013, it was revealed that <mask> would take part in the 18th season of The Ultimate Fighter, with coaches Miesha Tate & UFC Women's Bantamweight Champion Ronda Rousey. In the first episode, <mask> faced Sirwan Kakai to get into the house, defeating him via unanimous decision after two rounds. <mask> was chosen as the first male pick for Team Rousey.In his second bout on the show, <mask> faced Team Tate's #1 pick <mask>. <mask> was submitted in the first round via guillotine choke. Ultimate Fighting Championship
Despite being eliminated early on the show, <mask> was signed by the UFC. He made his promotional debut on April 26, 2014 at UFC 172 taking on fellow newcomer Patrick Williams. <mask> won the fight via knockout due to a flying knee in the second round, which earned Performance of the Night honors. For his second bout with the promotion, <mask> was expected to face Rob Font on September 5, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 50. However, Font pulled out of the bout citing an injury.Subsequently, <mask> was briefly paired with Dustin Kimura at the event. In turn, Kimura also pulled out of the bout and was replaced by Tateki Matsuda. <mask> defeated Matsuda via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Neil Seery in a flyweight bout on January 24, 2015 at UFC on Fox 14. He lost the back-and-forth fight by unanimous decision. <mask> next faced <mask> on August 23, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 74. He lost the fight via split decision.<mask> was expected to face Norifumi Yamamoto in a bantamweight bout on June 18, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 89. However, Yamamoto was scratched from the bout on May 26 for an undisclosed injury. He was replaced by Joe Soto. He lost the back and forth fight via submission in the third round and was subsequently released from the promotion. Team Tate
| (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:16
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
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|Win
|align=center|1–0
| Sirwan Kakai
| Decision (unanimous)
| The Ultimate Fighter: Team Rousey vs. Team Tate
| (airdate)
|align=center|2
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-

See also
 List of current UFC fighters
 List of male mixed martial artists

References

External links

1985 births
African-American mixed martial artists
American male mixed martial artists
Bantamweight mixed martial artists
Flyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing freestyle wrestling
Living people
Mixed martial artists from California
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Chris Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Chris Holdsworth
Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Beal
Chris Kelades
Beal


texts:
<mask> (January 16, 1903 – December 20, 1992) was an American screen and stage actor. He appeared in over 300 credits, notably Spartacus (1960) and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), during his career spanning over 60 years. Early years
<mask> was born in Reading, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Mr. and Mrs. <mask>. Career
<mask> acted on stage with the Walter Hampton Players. He debuted on Broadway in Centuries (1927); he also performed in The Merry Wives of Windsor (1938). <mask> appeared as a criminal type in several episodes of Adventures of Superman.He holds the distinction of having been killed off in two of them, a relative rarity for villains in the series. In the first, The Secret of Superman, he deduces that Kent is Superman, but is killed in a police shootout soon after. In The Clown Who Cried, he falls off a building and Superman is unable to save him. He also appeared as "The Spector" in The Phantom Ring, where the criminals developed a machine that can make them invisible. Finally, in that episode, he survives, albeit rather banged up by Superman. <mask> was also on two episodes of Combat!, "The Long Walk" in 1964 and "The Flying Machine" in 1966. He appeared as Claymare, an Organian council member, in the Star Trek episode "Errand of Mercy", which established the uneasy treaty of peace between the United Federation of Planets and the Klingon Empire.1969 he played a artist on the TV series Adam 12. <mask> displayed a comedic talent portraying <mask> Waiter for 8 episodes of The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show on CBS during its 1955–1956 New York City season. <mask> played Colonel Matterson, a patient who used a wheelchair and had dementia, in the Academy Award-winning One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975). He also appeared as the patient in the hospital, Mr. Eagane, in the Happy Days 1974 episode "Hardware Jungle". In 1983 he played Ali MacGraw's father in the epic TV miniseries The Winds of War. <mask> lived for some 40 years in Laurel Canyon, in a 1920s Spanish style home on Laurel Canyon Blvd. near the Country Store.He had his ceramics studio in the ground floor, a source of income when he was blacklisted for a while during the red scare of the early 1950s. <mask> died from a heart attack in Los Angeles on December 20, 1992, aged 89. Selected filmography

 Roar of the Dragon (1932) as Wireless Operator
 Devil and the Deep (1932) as Wireless Operator
 Stand By All Networks (1942) as Cab Driver
 The Return of Monte Cristo (1946) as Clerk
 Alias Mr. Twilight (1946) as Brick Robey
 The Lone Wolf in Mexico (1947) as Emil
 The Swordsman (1948) as Groom
 The Argyle Secrets (1948) as Scanlon
 The Vicious Circle (1948) as Dr. Georges Samosch
 The Saxon Charm (1948) as Cyril Leatham
 The Gallant Blade (1948) as Sgt. Jacques – Cadeau's Servant
 The Countess of Monte Cristo (1948) as Hotel Desk Clerk
 The Boy with Green Hair (1948) as Bit Part
 Appointment with Murder (1948) as Giuseppe Donatti
 Boston Blackie's Chinese Venture (1949) as Rolfe
 The Undercover Man (1949) as Johnny
 Search for Danger (1949) as Morris Jason
 Susanna Pass (1949) as Coroner Carter
 The Lady Gambles (1949) as Horse Player
 Flaming Fury (1949) as E.V. (1969) as Old Man #1
 The Comic (1969) as Minister
 Gaily, Gaily (1969) as Swami
 A Time for Dying (1969) as Seth
 Johnny Got His Gun (1971) as Ancient Prelate
 What's the Matter with Helen? (1971) as Old Man
 Fuzz (1972) as Man with Garbage
 Papillon (1973) as Doctor
 The Killing Kind (1973) as Louise's Father
 Homebodies (1974) as Mr. Blakely
 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) as Col. Matterson
 Raid on Entebbe (1976) as Mr. Scharf
 The One and Only (1978) as Autograph Hound
 Butch and Sundance: The Early Days (1979) as Old Robber
 Fighting Back (1982) as Donato
 Jekyll and Hyde...Together Again (1982) as Hubert Howes
 Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983) as Mr. Mute (Segment #2)
 Money to Burn (1983) as Harry
 Throw Momma from the Train (1987) as Old Man
 The War of the Roses (1989) as Elderly Mourner
 Other People's Money (1991) as Garfield's Office Valet

References

External links

1903 births
1992 deaths
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male stage actors
20th-century American male actors
Actors from Reading, Pennsylvania
Male actors from Pennsylvania

masks:
Carl Peter Brocco
Brocco
Peter Brocco
Brocco
Brocco
Brocco
Brocco
Peter The
Brocco
Brocco
Death Brocco


texts:
<mask><mask><mask>, or G<mask>, is an American tax consultant and entrepreneur. His firm, Ryan LLC, is based in Dallas. <mask> is the chairman and chief executive officer of Ryan LLC, which advises companies on tax matters. As of 2017, the company was the largest indirect tax and property tax practice in North America and the seventh largest corporate tax company in the United States, with annual revenues of nearly $500 million. Early life and education
<mask> was born <mask> in Big Spring, Texas. He is a seventh-generation Irish American and his ancestors fought in the American Revolutionary War. His first job was a newspaper carrier for the Big Spring Herald.He also worked at Safeway Inc. sacking groceries. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees in accounting with an emphasis in taxation from the University of North Texas. He was inducted into the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity in 1983. <mask> became house corporation president of the Epsilon Delta Chapter at the University of North Texas. Career

Ryan LLC
<mask> worked at Coopers & Lybrand, now PricewaterhouseCoopers, as a public accountant in 1989. He founded Ryan LLC as a CPA firm in 1991. By the end of 1997, <mask> had helped to grow the company to 75 employees, added new offerings, and increased the number of clients outside of Texas.By 2010, the company had grown to 42 locations across North America and the United Kingdom and recovered nearly $1.5 billion for its clients. While serving as CEO and chairman of Ryan LLC, he has received numerous awards. In 2011, <mask> was named one of Texas Monthly's 25 Most Powerful Texans. Irish America honored him on its Business 100 list for Irish-American leaders in 2013 and 2015. In 2014, he won a Stevie award for Executive of the Year in Accounting. In 2017, <mask> received the Wings of Eagles Presidential Award from the University of North Texas for his impact on the University. That same year, he was also ranked number 44 in the Glassdoor Highest Rated CEO's Employee Choice Rankings for a large company, and was included in the Dallas 500 list of most powerful business leaders in Dallas by D Magazine, and Irish America's Wall Street 50 list.In 2018, <mask> was named as one of Dallas Business Journal's Most Admired CEOs in North Texas. In 2019, <mask> was selected for membership to the Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans, Inc., a nonprofit educational organization honoring individual achievements and encouraging young people to pursue higher education. That same year, he was also named to the 2020 Dallas 500 List of Most Influential Business Leaders by D CEO Magazine. As of 2020, Ryan LLC has 74 locations, which includes operations in Singapore, Australia, Brazil, the United Kingdom and others, with an annual revenue of nearly $500 million. Settles Hotel Development Company
<mask> formed the Settles Hotel Development Company in 2006. He purchased the Settles Hotel in Big Spring, Texas for $75,000 and restored it. The restoration took six years and $30 million, opening in December 2012.<mask> used old photographs and blueprints to closely replicate the original design of the 15-story hotel. He also purchased four city blocks in Big Spring, including the Ritz movie theatre on Main Street and an old bus depot. <mask> is also involved in the planned restoration of the Baker Hotel in Mineral Wells, Texas. Public service and board appointments
<mask> serves on the executive committee of the board of directors of the Texas Association of Business, and the Texas Taxpayers and Research Association. He is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the Institute for Professionals in Taxation, the Texas Society of Certified Public Accountants, and the Dallas Citizens Council. He is on the affiliate board of the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Texas, the Junior League of Dallas Community Advisory Board, and the American Heart Association Board of Directors. He was appointed to serve on the Taxpayer Advisory Group by Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, Susan Combs.<mask> is the vice president of the Pi Kappa Alpha Foundation. <mask> served on the advisory council for Habitat for Humanity in Dallas and Dream Dallas. <mask> was a contributing editor to the Guidebook to Texas Taxes in 2013. He was appointed to the Texas legislature commission examining state economic development efforts by Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst. He was appointed to the University of North Texas Board of Regents by Governor Rick Perry in 2009. <mask> has served as the chairman of the Board of Regents since 2013, and was reappointed to the position in 2015 by Governor <mask> for a term expiring in 2021. Under his Chairmanship, the UNT Board of Regents unanimously approved a partnership between the UNT Health Science Center and Texas Christian University in 2015 to form a new medical degree program in Fort Worth.<mask> oversaw the selection of UNT Chancellor Lesa Roe in 2017 following the announced retirement of UNT Chancellor Lee F. Jackson. In 2015, <mask> was appointed to the Tax Policy Advisory Board by Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick. Politics
From 2000 through 2014, <mask> supported various political campaigns totaling more than $5 million, donating approximately $2.5 million to the Ryan Texas PAC, which has supported Texas politicians since 2000 and raised over $4.5 million towards their campaigns. <mask> co-founded a political action committee supporting Rick Perry's bid for the Republican presidential nomination in 2012. <mask> was chief fund-raiser for Governor Perry's presidential PAC. He also serves as finance chairman for all three super PACs supporting Perry's bid for the 2016 GOP presidential nomination which raised nearly $17 million. He and his wife have contributed over $4 million to state officials and political causes.He also belonged to the group TexasOne, which recommended companies for the governor to recruit for relocation to Texas. In 2015, <mask> was one of 56 business leaders selected by Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick to provide recommendations to the Texas Legislature. As part of the selection, <mask> was named chairman of his Tax Policy Advisory Board. In 2016, <mask> contributed more than $83,000 to the Republican National Committee. During his presidential campaign, Donald Trump invited <mask> to advise him on tax policy. In October 2017, <mask> helped to organize an event for the Kuehne Speaker Series that brought Donald Trump Jr. to the University of North Texas. In November 2017, it was reported that <mask> would serve as the campaign treasurer for Lisa Luby <mask>'s campaign for the Texas House of Representatives.In April 2020, Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick appointed a business task force to bolster the economy in Texas, with <mask> appointed to chair the task force. Philanthropy
<mask> is a Garnet and Gold Donor for the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. He has donated over three million dollars to the University of North Texas including one million to the athletic department, and was the first member of the UNT Dallas Founders Circle. <mask> donated $1 million to Dallas Habitat for Humanity. He and his wife support the Amanda and G. Brint <mask> “Leaders of Tomorrow” scholarship for the University. <mask> is funding the majority of a private-public park project in Big Spring, Texas between the Hotel Settles and the Big Spring City Auditorium.In December 2017, <mask> and his wife donated $300,000 to the Museum of the American Railroad to fund a permanent model train exhibit. In February 2019, <mask> and his wife Amanda donated $30 million to the University of North Texas, the largest gift in university history. The donation will help develop the G. Brint Ryan College of Business, which will provide ongoing support for business research through academic endowments, as well as funds to support strategic program initiatives to ensure the college is one of the nation's top providers of business higher education. In April 2019, The Ryan Foundation acted as a benefactor for the West Texas Centers (WTC), helping the mental health and intellectual developmental disability (IDD) center build its new administrative headquarters in Big Spring, Texas. The new building will be known as the Amanda and G. Brint Ryan Center. This investment in WTC allows the relocation of the facility and its services into a new, state-of-the-art building with more than 15,000 square feet along 4th Street, between Johnson Street and Nolan Street. Personal life
<mask> is married to Amanda Sutton.The couple has five daughters and lives in Dallas, Texas. <mask> is an executive producer of a film about life in the West Texas oilfields in the late 1930s, The Iron Orchard. The film is based on a book of the same title by Tom Pendleton. References

University of North Texas alumni
American consulting businesspeople

masks:
George Brinton "
Brint
" Ryan
. Brint Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
George Brinton Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Greg Abbott
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan


texts:
<mask> (October 10, 1921 – April 4, 1977) was an American jazz musician who played French horn. Described by AllMusic as "virtually the father of the jazz French horn", <mask> won the Down Beat critics poll in 1960 and 1961 for Miscellaneous Instrument. Life and career
<mask> was born in Detroit, Michigan, United States. He began playing the French horn when he was nine years old. <mask> began his career in jazz playing the trumpet in the Ernie Fields Orchestra from 1943 to 1946. By the late 1940s, he had played some French horn solos on recording sessions led by Kenny Clarke and Babs Gonzales. After moving to New York City, <mask> studied for three years at the Manhattan School of Music.He started appearing in small-group jazz sessions, including two led by Thelonious Monk, featuring on "Friday the 13th" on the album Thelonious Monk and Sonny Rollins (1954). <mask> recorded with many other jazz musicians, including John Coltrane, Freddie Hubbard, Charles Mingus, Miles Davis and Gil Evans, Phil Woods, Clark Terry, Johnny Griffin, Randy Weston, and with the Jazz Composer's Orchestra. He co-led, with Charlie Rouse, the group Les Jazz Modes from 1956 to 1959, and he toured with Quincy Jones and his band from 1959 to 1961. In 1969, <mask> played French horn for the beat poet Allen Ginsberg's album Songs of Innocence and Experience (1970), a musical adaptation of William Blake's poetry collection of the same name. Suffering from diabetes, liver and kidney problems, and chronic alcoholism, <mask> died from a heart attack in Short Hills, New Jersey, at the age of 55. From 1994 to 1998, an annual Julius Watkins Jazz Horn Festival was held in New York, beginning at the Knitting Factory,) honoring his legacy. After an eleven-year break, another Julius Watkins Festival was held on October 3, 2009, in Seattle, Washington, at Cornish College of the Arts.On September 29, 2012, the seventh Julius Watkins Jazz Horn Festival was held at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia. Discography

As leader/co-leader
 <mask> Sextet, Vol 1 & 2 (Blue Note, 1954, 1955)
 French Horns for My Lady (Phillips, 1962)
With Charlie Rouse as Les Jazz Modes/The Jazz Modes
Jazzville Vol. (Mercury, 1959)
The Great Wide World of Quincy Jones (Mercury, 1959)
Q Live in Paris Circa 1960 (Quest, 1960 [1996])
The Birth of a Band! Vol. 2 (Mercury, 1959-60 [1984])
I Dig Dancers (Mercury, 1960)
Around the World (Mercury, 1961)
Newport '61 (Mercury, 1961)
The Great Wide World Of Quincy Jones: Live! (Mercury, 1961 [1984])
The Quintessence (Impulse!, 1962)
Big Band Bossa Nova (Mercury, 1962)
Quincy Jones Plays Hip Hits (Mercury, 1963)
Quincy Plays for Pussycats (Mercury, 1959-65 [1965])
With Thad Jones and Mel Lewis
Consummation (Solid State, 1970)
Suite for Pops (Horizon, 1975)
New Life (Horizon, 1976)
With Beverly Kenney
Come Swing with Me (Roost, 1956)
With Stan Kenton
Cuban Fire! (Verve, 1962)
With Oscar Pettiford
The New Oscar Pettiford Sextet (Debut, 1953)
 Oscar Pettiford (Bethlehem, 1954)
The Oscar Pettiford Orchestra in Hi-Fi (ABC-Paramount, 1956)
The Oscar Pettiford Orchestra in Hi-Fi Volume Two (ABC-Paramount, 1957)
With Johnny Richards
Experiments in Sound (Capitol, 1958)
The Rites of Diablo (Roulette, 1958)
Walk Softly/Run Wild!

masks:
Julius Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Julius Watkins


texts:
<mask> (born February 1953) is an English art historian specializing in Chinese art, especially Chinese ceramics, on which she has written a number of books. After studying Mandarin and Chinese art at the School of Oriental and African Studies (1971-75), she worked at the Percival David Foundation (1976-78). She joined the Far Eastern Department of the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1978. She became the Keeper of the Far Eastern Department in 1987, a post she held until her retirement in 2003. In 2015, she was made an honorary citizen of Jingdezhen, China, the historic centre of Chinese porcelain production, in recognition of her academic research on Jingdezhen ceramics, and her promotion of cultural exchange between the United Kingdom and China. She was the first non-Chinese citizen to be so honoured. Early life
<mask> was born in February 1953.She graduated in Chinese studies from the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, and was one of a handful of British students to live and study in China during the last year of the Cultural Revolution in 1975-1976. <mask> was Keeper of the Far Eastern Department at the Victoria & Albert Museum until her retirement in 2003. Her work with professor Nigel Wood, Science and Civilisation in China Vol. 5 Part 12: Ceramic Technology ( ) is a major contribution to the seminal series of works on Chinese science begun by Joseph Needham. The volume on Ceramic Technology is a work of almost one thousand pages. It synthesizes information derived from historic texts, archaeological excavation and the principles of ceramic science. It covers the formation of clays and their relation to the underlying geologies of China, firing, manufacturing methods and sequences, glazes, pigments and gilding, and the impact of Chinese ceramic technology around the world from the 7th century onwards.The volume was unique in its coverage, and is a definitive source book for researchers. Her book Later Chinese Bronzes, ( ), published by the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1990, broke new ground in the study of Chinese bronzes, and remains an important work of reference. Based on the collection at the Victoria and Albert Museum, the book explored a subject which was at that time new to art history, namely the identification, dating and use of bronze vessels made in the Song-Qing dynasties. She is honorary associate of the Needham Research Institute at Cambridge University, and an honorary fellow at the University of Glasgow. She is a former chairman, and trustee, of the Great Britain-China Education Trust; a Trustee of the Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art; and Museum Expert Advisor for the Hong Kong Government. She is a former president of the Oriental Ceramic Society of London (2000-2003). <mask> visits Asia frequently and has undertaken sabbaticals at the National Palace Museum, Taipei, and the Shanghai Museum.She has taught at the universities of London, Sussex, Glasgow, and Oslo, and was a lecturer for the UK National Association of Decorative and Fine Art Societies for many years. Honours
In 2015, <mask> was created an honorary citizen of Jingdezhen, China, the historic centre of Chinese porcelain production, in recognition of her "outstanding contribution to academic research on Jingdezhen ceramics, and the promotion of cultural exchange between the UK and China", the first non-Chinese citizen to be so honoured. Selected publications

1980s
 Kiln Sites of Ancient China. Oriental Ceramic Society, London, 1980. (with P. Hughes Stanton)
 Guanyin: A Masterpiece Revealed. V & A Publications, London, 1985. (with John Larson)
 Chinese Ceramics: Porcelain of the Qing Dynasty.V & A Publications, London 1986. 1990s
 Later Chinese Bronzes. V & A Publications, London, 1990. Chinese Art and Design. V & A Publications, London, 1991. (Editor)
 Chinese Ceramics of the Middle Ming Period. Percival David Foundation, London, 1994.(with <mask>)
 英國維多利亞和阿薾伯特國立博物院藏中國清代瓷器 Qing Dynasty Ceramics in the Victoria and Albert Museum. Guangxi Fine Art Publishing House, Nanning, 1997. 2000s
 Blanc De Chine. Porcelain from Dehua. National Heritage Board, Singapore, 2002. (co-author)
 The World in Blue and White. An exhibition of Blue and White ceramics, dating between 1320 and 1820, from members of the Oriental Ceramic Society.Oriental Ceramic Society, London, 2003. (co-author and editor)
 Science and Civilisation in China Vol.5 Part 12 : Ceramic Technology. Cambridge University Press, Needham Research Institute, 2004. Song Dynasty Ceramics. V & A Publications, London, 2004. The World in Colours. An exhibition of ceramics with coloured decoration dating from 700 to 1920 belonging to members of the Oriental Ceramic Society.The Oriental Ceramic Society, London, 2006. (co-author and editor)
 今之眎昔:宋代燿州窯及青白瓷 Song Through 21st Century Eyes: Yaozhou and Qingbai Ceramics. Meijering Art Books, Netherlands, 2009. 2010s
 Chinese Export Ceramics. V & A Publications, London, 2011. (with Luisa Mengoni) Chinese edition published by Shanghai Guji, 2013. East Asian Ceramics.The Laura Collection. Umberto Allemandi, Italy, 2012. (with Manuele Scagliola and Luisa Mengoni)
 "The Porcelain City": Jingdezhen in the Sixteenth Through Nineteenth Centuries" in William R. Sargent (ed.) Treasures of Chinese Export Ceramics from the Peabody Essex Museum. Yale University Press, New Haven, 2012. Chinese Ceramics in the Leonora and Walter F. Brown collection. San Antonio Museum of Art, 2014.(with John Johnson)
 Asian Art in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, 2014. (various authors)
 Asian Ceramics in the Hallwyl Museum. Stockholm, 2015. Tankards and Mugs. Drinking from Chinese Export Porcelain. Jorge Welsh books, London and Lisbon, 2016.(with Maria Antonia Pinto de Matos)
 Chinese Ivory Carvings. The Sir Victor Sassoon Collection. Scala Publishing, 2016. (with Phillip Allen and Shih Ching-fei)
   Marvels of Celadon : The Shan Shan Tang Collection of Yaozhou Wares, The Art Institute of Chicago, Hong Kong, 2019. (co-author)
   宜興紫砂陶的海外效應 Overseas Effect of Yixing Zisha-stoneware, Yixing Ceramic Museum, Yixing, 2018. (co-author)
   Preface to 'Jingdezhen to the World: The Lurie Collection of Chinese Export Porcelain from the Late Ming Dynasty' by Teresa Canepa
2019

2020's
   'Song Dynasty Ceramics' 2nd Edition, in English and Chinese, CA Publishing, Hong Kong, 2020
   'The Edrina Collection of Tang to Qing Export wares', Spring Field Consulting, 2020
   ' Dazzling Official Jun Wares from Museums and Collections around the World' ACC Art Books/CA Publishing 2021
   ' 虚中为用。中国陶瓷的永宣之美 Voids in Clay. The Enduring Beauty of Chinese Ceramics, 3MER Publishing, The Netherlands, 2022
''
   ' Yaozhou Wares from Museums and Art Institutes Around the World, including Yaozhou Tribute Wares'; ACC Art Books 2021

References

1953 births
Living people
English art historians
Women art historians
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Chinese art historians
Historians of East Asian art
British women historians

masks:
Rose Kerr
Rose Kerr
Career Kerr
Kerr
Kerr
Rosemary Scott


texts:
<mask> (26 September 1593 – 4 February 1659) was an English essayist, known for his Advice to a Son, which became a very popular book soon after the English Restoration. Life
He was born, according to his epitaph, on 26 Sept. 1593, was fifth and youngest son of Sir <mask> of Chicksands Priory, Shefford, Bedfordshire, by his wife Dorothy, daughter and coheiress of Richard Barlee, esq., of Effingham Hall, Essex. Sir <mask> was son of <mask>. <mask> was educated privately at Chicksands. Coming to London as a youth, he hung about the court, and attracted the notice of William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, who made him his master of the horse. Subsequently, he was for a time employed in the office of the lord treasurer's remembrancer, which was presided over successively by his father and his eldest brother Peter. In politics and religion he sympathised with the popular party in parliament; but, although a close observer of public life, took no active part in it.After residing for a time at North Fambridge, Essex, he removed about 1650 to Oxford, to superintend the education of his son, John, and there printed a series of historical, political, and ethical tracts. He married Anna, sister of William Draper,  colonel in the parliamentary army, and a parliamentary visitor of the university. They had three daughters, as well as one  son John, to whom his Advice to a Son was written. Through Draper's influence <mask> obtained a small official employment under the Commonwealth. After the publication of his Advice to a Son in 1656, he gained a wide reputation, and paid many visits to London, he reckoned the philosopher Thomas Hobbes among his friends. He died at Draper's house at Nether Worton, near Deddington, Oxfordshire, on 11 February 1659, and was buried in the church there. His son <mask> moved to Ireland,  where he became Prime Serjeant, and died there  in 1692.Advice to a Son
<mask>'s chief publication was his Advice to a Son, in two parts, of which the first was published in 1656, 'printed for H. Hath, printer to the university for Thomas Robinson,' and the second in 1658. The first part, which was divided into five sections, headed Studies, Love and Marriage, Travel, Government, and Religion, appeared without an author's name; it became popular at once, and after it had passed through five editions within two years <mask> declared himself the author. In 1658 the second part appeared, and he dedicated it under his own name to Draper, at the same time issuing a new edition of the first part, with his name on the title-page. The warnings against women with which he plied his son give the book a misogynist character, and it was ridiculed by John Heydon in his Advice to a Daughter, in opposition to Advice to a Son, 1658. A defence of <mask> appeared in Advice to Balaam's Ass, by Thomas Pecke, whom Heydon castigated in a second edition of his Advice to a Daughter, 1659. In <mask>'s day his Advice to a Son found admirers among the young scholars at Oxford, but the clergy detected atheism in its vague references to religion, and denounced its evil influence. On 27 July 1658 the vice-chancellor, John Conant, accordingly summoned the Oxford booksellers before him, and told them sell no more copies of <mask>'s book; but this direction caused the Advice, according to Anthony à Wood, to sell far more copies.At a later date Samuel Pepys studied it, and Sir William Petty told him that the three most popular books of his time were <mask>'s Advice, Thomas Browne's Religio Medici, and Samuel Butler's Hudibras. Jonathan Swift wrote of <mask> in The Tatler as one who affected the phrases in fashion at court in his day, and soon became either unintelligible or ridiculous. James Boswell found the Advice shrewd, quaint, and lively; but Samuel Johnson told Boswell that <mask> was conceited: "Were a man to write so now, the boys would throw stones at him." Other works
His Traditional Memoirs of the Reigns of Q. Elizabeth and King James I, 1658, supplies court gossip. This tract was reprinted by Sir Walter Scott in his Secret History of James I (Edinburgh, 1811). Other works by <mask> were: 1. A Seasonable Expostulation with the Netherlands, declaring their Ingratitude to and the Necessity of their Agreement with the Commonwealth of England, Oxford, 1652.2. Persuasive to mutual Compliance under the present Government, and Plea for a Free State compared with Monarchy, 1652. 3. Political Reflections upon the Government of the Turks, with 'discourses' on Machiavelli, Luther, Nero's death, and other topics, 1656. 4. Miscellany of sundry Essays, Paradoxes, Problematical Discourses, Letters, and Characters, together with political Deductions from the History of the Earl of Essex,' London, 1659. All these works were subsequently bound together, and entitled <mask>'s Works.The collective edition of 1673 was brought to the notice of the House of Lords on 13 March 1676, on the ground that its incidental vindication of a republican form of government in England rendered it a seditious and treasonable publication. Reissues followed in 1682 (8th edit. ), 1689 (9th edit. ), 1701 (10th edit. ), and 1722, in 2 vols. (11th edit.) To the last are prefixed a memoir of <mask> and many previously unprinted letters addressed by him to Colonel Draper between 1653 and 1658.<mask> has also been credited, apparently wrongly, with Private Christian's non ultra, or a Plea for the Layman's interpreting the Scriptures, Oxford, 1650, (anon. ); with A Dialogue of Polygamy (London, 1657), translated from the Italian of Bernardino Ochino by 'a person of quality', and dedicated to the author of the Advice;  and William Sprigge's A modest Plea for an equal Commonwealth against Monarchy. Works
 Advice to a Son (1656–1658)
 Political Reflections of the Government of the Turks
 Historical Memoires on the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James (1658)

Notes

References

1593 births
1659 deaths
English essayists
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers

masks:
Francis Osborne
John Osborne
John Osborne
Peter Osborne
Francis
Osborne
John Osborne
Francis Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne


texts:
<mask> (24 July 1897 – 17 July 1967) was an Italian film and stage character actor. A theatre actor under Eduardo De Filippo in the 1950s in the Teatro San Ferdinando of Naples, with whom he was professionally closely associated, <mask> also appeared in several of his films, often co-starring Eduardo or/and brother, Peppino De Filippo, brothers who are considered to be amongst the greatest Italian actors of the 20th century. Petito played minor roles in some memorable commedia all'Italiana movies directed by the likes of Dino Risi and Mario Monicelli in the late 1950s and early 1960s, often appearing alongside actors such as Nino Manfredi, Alberto Sordi, Peppino De Filippo, Anna Maria Ferrero, and Totò. Although never a leading actor, he made a number of small appearances as character actors alongside Italy's leading film stars in films throughout the early to mid-1960s and is arguably best known in world cinema for his role as the store keeper in the Sergio Leone classic Spaghetti Western film The Good, the Bad and the Ugly in 1966. His roles ranged from storekeepers and cobblers to priests and homeless men. His role of most esteem, however, is perhaps as Napoleon in Sergio Corbucci's comedy Chi si ferma è perduto in 1963. Biography
His great grandfather was <mask> (1822–1876), also a Neapolitan, who was an esteemed stage actor, known for his roles as a Pulcinella in the commedia dell'arte theatrical scene.His first role in film was in Esodo Pratelli's comedy, A che servono questi quattrini?, in 1942, playing a notary alongside Eduardo De Filippo, Peppino De Filippo and Clelia Matania. The film was based on a play by Armando Curcio and adapted for the screen by Mario Massa. This role was significant as <mask> was later part of the successful theater company "La Scarpetta", at the Teatro San Ferdinando of Naples, which was directed by Eduardo De Filippo, and he featured alongside actors on stage such as Ugo D'Alessio, Pietro De Vico and Franco Sportelli throughout the 1950s. It is Eduardo De Filippo indeed which <mask> <mask> is most associated professionally with. In 1954, <mask> portrayed a boatswain in Luigi Capuano's Ballata tragica alongside Teddy Reno, Beniamino Maggio, Nando Bruno and Tina Pica. This was followed by a small role in Mario Mattoli's comedy Poverty and Nobility, which featured Totò as the central character and also starred Sophia Loren. In 1956, <mask> again appeared alongside Tina Pica in Siro Marcellini's Ci sposeremo a Capri, in a cast which also included Franco Sportelli, <mask> Turco, Lia Cancellieri and Franco Angeli.In 1959, <mask> then portrayed Giovanni in the film Sogno di una notte di mezza sbornia,  under his regular theatrical director Eduardo De Filippo who also starred as the main character in the film, with Pupella Maggio, Pietro De Vico, Graziella Marina and Nina De Padova supporting <mask> and De Filippo. Later in 1959, Petito starred as a shoemaker in Dino Risi's Il vedovo, alongside Alberto Sordi, Franca Valeri, Livio Lorenzon and Nando Bruno. In 1960, <mask> again featured under director Dino Risi in his comedy picture of that year, Il Mattatore, alongside Vittorio Gassman, Dorian Gray and previous co-stars Peppino De Filippo and Anna Maria Ferrero. However, <mask>'s role as "Il cavalier Pizzola-to" went uncredited. The film was nominated for best film at the 10th Berlin International Film Festival. Then, in 1961, <mask> appeared in Vittorio de Sica's comedy The Last Judgement, (Il giudizio universale). On set <mask> was around prominent actors such as Alberto Sordi, Vittorio Gassman, Nino Manfredi, Paolo Stoppa and Jack Palance.Later in 1961, Petito starred alongside Gérard Blain, Paola Borboni, Miranda Campa and Anna Maria Ferrero in Carlo Lizzani's L'oro di Roma. In 1962, <mask> starred in five films. He played a small role as Galliano Rubinace, Rossella's Father in Luciano Salce's drama picture La cuccagna alongside Donatella Turri, Luigi Tenco and Umberto D'Orsi, Padre Guardiano in Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia's I quattro monaci alongside Peppino De Filippo, Aldo Fabrizi and Nino Taranto, and also had roles in Renato Polselli's war drama Ultimatum alla vita, Luigi Zampa's comedy Roaring Years, and also portrayed a homeless man in Marcello Baldi's thriller Il criminale, again appearing opposite Jack Palance. In 1963, <mask> portrayed perhaps his role of most esteem as Napoleon in Sergio Corbucci's comedy Chi si ferma è perduto, also starring
Totò, Peppino De Filippo, and Aroldo Tieri. In 1965, Petito played The Usher in segment "4 'Cittadini, stato e chiesa', episode 1" of Made in Italy and then starred in Io, io, io... e gli altri in 1966 which featured Gina Lollobrigida, Walter Chiari, Nino Manfredi and Marcello Mastroianni, amongst others. His final role in cinema was as the feeble, helpless storekeeper in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly who is abused by the bandit Tuco Benedicto (Eli Wallach) and robbed. Petito utters lines such as "Colt, Remington, Smith & Wesson" and "It's all I have" with a sad expression on his face and Tuco memorably places the store's closed sign in Petito's mouth as he departs as a gesture to keep quiet.Filmography
A che servono questi quattrini? (1942) – Notary
Poverty and Nobility (1954)
 Tragic Ballad (1954)
Ballata tragica (1954) – Nostromo
Ci sposeremo a Capri (1956) – The Police Commissioner
Il vedovo (1959)
Sogno di una notte di mezza sbornia (1959) – Giovanni
Il Mattatore (1960) – Il cavalier Pizzola-to (uncredited)
Who Hesitates is LostChi si ferma è perduto (1960) -Napoleon
The Last Judgement (1961)
L'oro di Roma (1961)
Ultimatum alla vita (1962)
Roaring Years (1962)
Il criminale (1962) – homeless man
La cuccagna (1962) – Galliano Rubinace, Rossella's Father
I quattro monaci (1962) – Padre Guardiano
Made in Italy (1965) – The Usher (segment "4 'Cittadini, stato e chiesa', episode 1")
Io, io, io... e gli altri (1966)
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966) – Mr. Milton, the guileless store keeper robbed by Tuco (final film role)

References

Bibliography

External links

Italian male film actors
Italian male stage actors
Male Spaghetti Western actors
Male actors from Naples
1897 births
1967 deaths

masks:
Enzo Petito
Petito
Antonio Petito
Petito
Enzo
Petito
Petito
Petito
Enzo
Petito
Petito
Petito
Petito
Petito
Petito
Petito
Petito


texts:
General <mask> (born October 14, 1908 in Vannes, died June 15, 1994 in Toulon), was a French army general. Biography
After studying at the Collège Jules Simon between 1914 and 1925, he was accepted at age 18 at the French military academy of Saint-Cyr. Upon his graduation from the military academy and commissioning as an officer in 1928, Second Lieutenant <mask> was assigned to the 18th Senegalese Infantry Regiment (Régiment de Tirailleurs Sénégalais, RTS) based in southern Tunisia. The young Breton officer promptly adapted to and embraced the austere desert lifestyle of the Tiralleurs. He perfected his knowledge of Arabic, the study of which he had undertaken at Saint-Cyr, and was also introduced to local African dialects. He chose to serve with the French Camel-mounted Troops (Méharistes), whose distinctive military culture was characterized by a nomadic existence in order to remain in permanent contact with the local populations. He immersed himself completely in this lifestyle, as evidenced, for example, by the customary, "beautiful tattoos that went down to the fingers of his hands” he had drawn on his arms.Before the Second World War, apart from two brief stays in mainland France, he served three times in the most desolate and underdeveloped areas of the Sahara. From 1929 to 1933, he was posted north of Timbuktu in Arwan, French Sudan (present-day Mali). In 1933, he took command of the Groupe Nomade d’Arouan while still a lieutenant. He was cited for having successfully fought against looters at El Ksaib in 1932. Promoted to captain, he served from 1934 to 1937 in the Nema region, in the south-east of Mauritania. He commanded the Groupe Nomade du Hodh. In June 1935, he led a reconnaissance of more than 2,000 kilometers in inhospitable and previously unexplored areas of Nema.In 1938, he was assigned to northern Chad where he took command of the Groupe Nomade du Tibesti. Conversant in their language, he immersed himself in the local society and befriended the traditional chiefs. He became a confidant to Bey Ahmed, the spiritual leader of the Senoussis, as well as to the "Alifa" of Mao, who had authority over all the Kanem region. He maintained very close relations with them, and, in an unusual and unprecedented arrangement for a Roman Catholic officer of the French army, was authorized to sign "canouns"(legally binding judgments) rendered within the framework of Muslim civil law. When the war broke out, he was tasked with organizing a detachment of the Senegalese Infantry Regiment of Chad (Régiment de Tirailleurs Sénégalais du Tchad, RTST), destined to be sent as reinforcements to mainland France. <mask> was taken unaware by the armistice of June 1940, which was concluded while he was awaiting the transport which was to repatriate him to France in Douala, Cameroon. On August 27, 1940, he was the first French officer to join Colonel Leclerc who had been sent from London by De Gaulle to rally the troops of the French Colonial Empire.With the active participation of the unit commanded by Captain <mask>, Leclerc would seize Douala and then Yaoundé. With Gabon not willing to submit to Free France, <mask> was put in charge of the column which departed from Cameroon and seized Mitzic then Lambaréné, on November 5, 1940. Appointed major at the end of 1940, he was called to Chad by Leclerc. His comprehensive knowledge of the human and geographical environment of the north of this country, which was in contact with the forces of the Axis, was invaluable to Leclerc. Together they took the Italian fort at Kufra in Southern Libya on March 1, 1941. This was the first combat victory for the French army in World War II. Leclerc swore his famous "Kufra oath" there after the Italian defeat, pledging to continue the fight until the Tricolor again flew over Strasbourg Cathedral.During the fighting, Major <mask> was seriously injured while carrying out a night grenade assault on an Italian position. He was subsequently made a Companion of the Liberation by the head of Free France (decree of 7.12.1941). In 1942, he commanded the main unit of the Leclerc Column in the Fezzan, and gave the following instructions to his European troops: "the natives of Fezzan are our future citizens... the natives will be respected in their person and their property". At the beginning of 1943, with "Force L", he was first to enter Tripoli alongside British troops(January 26, 1943). In the summer of 1943, then a colonel, he took command of the Chadian Infantry (Marching) Regiment (Régiment de Marche du Tchad, RMT) which had recently been established and organized in Morocco by General Leclerc. In August 1944, he landed with this unit in Normandy and participated in the liberation of France within the 2nd (French) Armored Division, as commander of the Tactical Group Dio (Groupe Tactique Dio, GTD). He entered Paris on August 25, 1944 and subsequently continued to pursue the eastward offensive into Lorraine and Alsace.When he liberated Strasbourg on November 23, 1944, Leclerc said to him, "This is it, old Dio. Now we can both croak". The Tactical Group Dio ended the war in Berchtesgaden where, in early May 1944, its units were part of the conquest of Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest. In June 1945, faithful among the faithful, Colonel <mask> was personally chosen by General Leclerc to succeed him as commander of the 2nd (French) Armored Division. In October of the same year, at age 37, he became the youngest brigadier general in the French army. From 1946 to 1950, he commanded French forces in the territories of southern Tunisia, before serving in the Far East from 1950 to 1952 as commander of the land forces of Cambodia. Promoted to major general in 1955, he assumed command of the armed forces of the defense zone of French Equatorial Africa and Cameroon.He was opposed to the then  emerging operational doctrine of "revolutionary war" espoused by many high-ranking officers of the French army, because of the "psychological methods" which it incorporated. He believed such methods were neither relevant to nor likely to be successful in confronting "individuals with reflexes conditioned by a feudal or tribal sense of political and social relations and by an innate respect for absolute authority". <mask>, who had learned to love and respect the African peoples by sharing their lives during his years as méhariste, believed that this new doctrine of counter-revolutionary warfare, derived from the French experience of war in Indochina, was not applicable to Africans still steeped then in their ancient traditions. Considered to be the "conscience of the Colonial corps", he was appointed in 1961, as chief of the General Staff of the Land Forces Stationed Overseas, a temporary organization created to undertake the military planning needed in the era of the independence of the new African states. The main heads of state of French-speaking Africa relied on consultations with General <mask> for assistance and support in the establishment of their new armed forces. From 1962 to 1969, his military responsibilities now less burdensome, he agreed to assume the presidency of the Association of Free French at the request of General de Gaulle. On July 6, 1962, he gave the eulogy for General Edgard de Larminat at his funeral.In 1965, he was promoted to the rank of general of the army and assumed duties as Inspector General of the Army. General <mask>, having reached the statutory age limit for military service, was placed on the retired list of the cadre of general officers in 1969 and thereupon retired to Toulon. He led a simple and discreet life, never looking back on his past and seeking neither honors nor glory, as evidenced by his will, in which he specified: "I essentially want to be buried like an anonymous soldier, which I have never ceased being throughout my life in the deepest recesses of my heart". He died in 1994 and was buried in private, according to his wishes, in the Colonial officers' section of Toulon cemetery, where he rests in perpetuity with his brothers in arms. On July 1, 2010, the RMT (régiment de marche du Tchad), of which he had been the first commander, occupied the garrison at Colmar-Meyenheim Air Base 132, which was renamed Quartier Colonel Dio in his honor. References

External links
 Portrait of <mask> on the site of the Order of the Liberation (French)
 Fondation Maréchal Leclerc de Hautecloque (French)

1908 births
1994 deaths

masks:
Louis Dio
Dio
Dio
Dio
Dio
Dio
Louis Dio
Dio
Dio
Louis Dio
Louis Dio


texts:
<mask> (; born 1952 in Perth, Australia) is a mathematician and polymath known for his work on urban theory, architectural theory, complexity theory, and design philosophy. He has been a close collaborator of the architect Christopher Alexander, with whom Salingaros shares a harsh critical analysis of conventional modern architecture. Like Alexander, Salingaros has proposed an alternative theoretical approach to architecture and urbanism that is more adaptive to human needs and aspirations, and that combines rigorous scientific analysis with deep intuitive experience. <mask> published substantive research on Algebras, Mathematical Physics, Electromagnetic Fields, and Thermonuclear Fusion before turning his attention to Architecture and Urbanism. <mask> still teaches mathematics, and is Professor of Mathematics at the University of Texas at San Antonio. He is also on the Architecture faculties of universities in Italy, Mexico, and The Netherlands. Personal
Born to Greek parents, <mask> is the only child of the popular composer <mask>; he is also the nephew of the operatic baritone <mask> ().Education
<mask> began working in the arts as a painter, but soon switched to the sciences. He obtained a bachelor's degree in Physics from the University of Miami, Florida. He took his Master’s in 1974 and Doctorate  in 1978 at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. In 1982, he started a long-term collaboration with Christopher Alexander, becoming one of the editors of The Nature of Order, Alexander’s four-volume masterwork on aesthetics and the geometric processes of nature. Career
<mask> joined the Mathematics faculty of the University of Texas at San Antonio in 1983, where he remains today. In the 1990s, <mask> began to publish his own research on architectural and urban form. In 1997 he was recipient of the first award ever by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation for research on architectural topics.In 2003, he was elected to the Committee of Honor, International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture & Urbanism (INTBAU), and to the INTBAU College of Traditional Practitioners. Writings
<mask>' writings helped to introduce two key concepts in urban morphology, fractals and networks. His book Principles of Urban Structure has been compared to that of Michael Batty (United Kingdom) and Pierre Frankhauser (France) in describing cities as giant fractals, and the separate efforts of Paul Drewe (Holland) and Gabriel Dupuy (France) in describing cities as giant networks. His work links urban form to new concepts such as the Small-world network and the Scale-free network. Michael Batty, Bartlett Professor of Planning at University College London, wrote about <mask>' contribution: "He shows how networks which evolve from the bottom up lead to ordered (scaled) hierarchies that are both efficient and well adjusted. … This is the theory of the small world, but contained within, there is the germ of an idea which has barely been exploited. In connecting elements in cities, there is a natural ordering from many short links which aggregate to a lesser number of longer links which, in my view, could be linked to small worlds, to scale-free networks, to power law distributions and, more significantly, to changes in transportation technology.<mask> is the first to hint at this." Ref. A Theory of Architecture, a collection of previously published papers, describes a set of guidelines for design, giving scientific principles that link forms to human sensibilities. In it he describes a practical architectural system in a form that any practicing architect can use. The work incorporates <mask>’ observations of the greatest buildings of the past, which he defines as those that are the most responsive to human sensibilities. While this method and its theoretical underpinning support traditional architectural typologies, <mask> emphasizes that architects should be free to adapt their ideas to particular situations, leaving decisions to be influenced by the environment and needs of the project. He explores questions such as: How can ornament be justified, and why is it necessary?What are the ratios and hierarchies that promote neighborliness and beauty? What is it about our biological nature — perhaps even about the nature of matter itself — that makes us feel one thing in the presence of one kind of structure and something else in the presence of another? Speaking as a mathematician, he proposes a theoretical framework to answer these questions. Anti-Architecture and Deconstruction is a collection of essays written as a polemic against contemporary "star" architecture, and its supporters within architectural academia and the architectural media. It is an impassioned indictment against the "bad architecture" that he argues has been promoted by their actions. <mask> defines "bad architecture" as that which makes people uncomfortable or physically ill, and which pursues formal or ideological concerns instead of adapting to nature and to the needs of ordinary human beings. "Social Housing in Latin America: A Methodology to Utilize Processes of Self-Organization", by <mask> <mask>, David Brain, Andres Duany, Michael Mehaffy & Ernesto Philibert, outlined the role of socio-spatial relations in guaranteeing a successful built environment.The principal urbanist problem facing the world today concerns the socio-political processes in the planning and construction of social housing, as well as the large-scale renovation of favelas. This paper identified urban space that is loved by its inhabitants, enough to be defended against encroachment and degradation, as a crucial concept. The criterion is an emotional one, and arises from the correct satisfaction of the residents' emotional needs through the appropriate urban morphology, which is in turn created only through user participation (in a bottom-up process guided by an NGO representative). This successful type of urban space rarely arises from the typologies of post-war planning. Salingaros’ newer writings focus on biophilia as an essential component of the design of the human environment, thus joining the ideas of Edward Osborne Wilson to Sustainable design. Influence

Architecture
<mask> has had a significant theoretical influence on several major figures in architecture. Christopher Alexander, author of the seminal treatises A Pattern Language and Notes on the Synthesis of Form, describes Salingaros' influence: "In my view, the second person who began to explore the deep connection between science and architecture was <mask> <mask>, one of the four Katarxis editors.He had been working with me helping me edit material in The Nature of Order, for years, and at some point—in the mid-nineties I think—began writing papers looking at architectural problems in a scientific way. Then by the second half of the nineties he began making important contributions to the building of this bridge, and to scientific explorations in architecture which constituted a bridge." Prince Charles, an influential critic of contemporary architecture, expressed <mask>' influence in his own preface to <mask>’ A Theory of Architecture: "Surely no voice is more thought-provoking than that of this intriguing, perhaps historically important, new thinker?" Tall buildings
The End of Tall Buildings (2001), co-authored with James Kunstler, argued that the age of skyscrapers is at an end, and that 9/11 marks the beginning of the end of modernist typologies dominating urban form. While the world has not stopped building skyscrapers, this became one of the most cited and controversial essays on the topic. Referring to this essay, Benjamin Forgey of The Washington Post said: "What many are feeling today goes right to the marrow: the fear of being a target. And who today can deny that tall buildings such as the World Trade Center towers make ideal targets?"Urbanism
Salingaros contributed to the New Athens Charter of 2003, which is meant to replace the original 1933 Athens Charter written principally by the highly influential modernist architect-planner Le Corbusier. That blueprint segregated urban functions and contributed to generating post-war urban typologies such as monoculture and sprawl. Through this and other writings Salingaros sought to retrofit suburbia, and reconnect US and European cities at the human scale. This work can be seen as allied with the New Urbanism movement to replace sprawling development with compact, walkable cities and towns. Salingaros is involved in forming a community that applies analogous techniques of File sharing and Open-source software from computer science to urbanism. This movement, based upon Peer-to-peer principles, is aptly called P2P Urbanism, and combines user participation in design and the use of Design Patterns from Christopher Alexander with other methods found useful in handling complex software. A description, definition, and recent articles are published on the website of the Foundation for Peer to Peer Alternatives.Computer science
<mask> has never written a true software paper, yet two of his papers are quoted by the CS community. Both these papers were later included as chapters in the book Principles of Urban Structure. The Structure of Pattern Languages (2000) argues that patterns (a concept central to the design pattern movement in CS and introduced by Alexander) encapsulate information about recurring design solutions and human activities. Techniques for linking observed patterns validate a Pattern language, and dismiss stylistic rules and antipatterns as arbitrary. E. Todd, E. Kemp and C. Phillips commented: "<mask> shows that a loose collection of patterns is not a system, because it lacks connections, implying that the quality and nature of the connections between patterns is what determines whether a collection is a language or not. He identifies two forms of connectivity when discussing pattern languages: external connectivity and internal connectivity. These two forms of connection are central to validating a pattern language.<mask> implies that the richness of connections between levels and within levels in a pattern language is a factor in determining a language’s internal validity." The Information Architecture of Cities  (co-authored with L. Andrew Coward, 2004) Ref. describes cities as systems of informational architecture, in which high-level functionality separates the system into communicating modules. Information exchange in urban systems includes visual input from the environment, personal contact, telecommunications, and the movement of people. Journeys by residents through a city accomplish a primary information exchange (the interaction that is the intent of the journey). But ideally, journeys have secondary, serendipitous information exchange. For example, a pedestrian on the way to work visits shops, sees advertisements, buys a newspaper, encounters a friend and has a quick word.The virtue of cities is this dense, fractal, multilayered information exchange. It is closely related to the generation of economic wealth and culture within cities. In "The Information Architecture of Cities" <mask> also defined the useful notion of "fractal loading", later picked up by Richard Veryard, Phil Jones, and others in Computer Science. Complexity
Salingaros introduced a model of Complexity by using an analogy with thermodynamic quantities in physics, later developed in collaboration with the Computer Scientist Allen Klinger. This work adopted the notion of Herbert A. Simon that what is important is the organization of complexity, and it proposed a simple means to measure it. Christopher Alexander discussed Salingaros’ model in Book 1 of The Nature of Order: "I believe it is important to show this result simply to underline the fact that living structure is, in principle, susceptible to mathematical treatment, and may therefore be regarded as a part of physics." Philosophy
Salingaros has been a harsh critic of deconstructivism in architecture, and its uncritical application of the philosophy of post-structuralism.His essay "The Derrida Virus"  argues that the ideas of the French philosopher Jacques Derrida, applied in an uncritical way, effectively form an information "virus" that dismantles logical thought and knowledge. <mask> employs the meme model earlier introduced by Richard Dawkins to explain the transmission of ideas. In so doing he provides a model that validates earlier claims by philosopher Richard Wolin that Derrida’s philosophy is logically nihilistic. Even though <mask> uses Dawkins’ ideas, he nevertheless strongly disagrees with Dawkins’ evaluation of religion as just another meme, as expounded in Dawkins’ book The God Delusion. Supporting Alexander’s most recent work tying religion to geometry, <mask> argues for the important historic contribution of religious tradition to human understanding, both in architecture and in philosophy. General
<mask> has been included in "50 VISIONARIES who are changing your world", published in the November–December 2008 edition of Utne Reader. This is the first follow-up of the 2001 Utne Reader book "(65) VISIONARIES: people and ideas to change your life", which included Jane Jacobs, Andrés Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Muhammad Yunus, Fritjof Capra, Edward Goldsmith, and William McDonough.Bibliography
"The Derrida Virus". Telos 126 (Winter 2003). New York: Telos Press. Anti-Architecture and Deconstruction (2004; 2nd Ed 2007)
Principles of Urban Structure (2005)
A Theory of Architecture (2006)
The Future of Cities (in press 2007)

See also
Urban morphology#Morphogenetic School

References

External links
 <mask> A<mask>: Papers on Architecture, Complexity, Patterns, and Urbanism
 International Society of Biourbanism (ISB)
 Michael Blowhard interviews <mask> <mask>
 Manner of Man Magazine interview <mask> Salingaros
 <mask> <mask> interviews Leon Krier
 NPR panel discussion on saving the TWA terminal at Kennedy Airport
 International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture & Urbanism (INTBAU)
 Lakis Polykarpou interviews  James Howard Kunstler and <mask> Salingaros

Australian emigrants to the United States
University of Texas at San Antonio faculty
Australian architecture writers
Australian people of Greek descent
Living people
1952 births
New Classical architecture
Architectural theoreticians

masks:
Nikos Angelos Salingaros
Salingaros
Salingaros
Salingaros
Stelios Salingaros
Spyros Salingaros
Salingaros
Salingaros
Salingaros
Salingaros
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<mask> (, Dēmḗtrios B; died 125 BC), called Nicator (, Nikátōr, "Victor"), was one of the sons of <mask> I Soter. His mother may have been Laodice V, as was the case with his brother Antiochus VII Sidetes. <mask> ruled the Seleucid Empire for two periods, separated by a number of years of captivity in Hyrcania in Parthia, first from September 145 BC to July/August 138 BC, and again from 129 BC until his death in 125 BC. His brother Antiochus VII ruled the Seleucid Empire in the interim between his two reigns. Biography

Early life
When he was a young boy, <mask>'s father <mask> fought Alexander Balas for control of the Seleucid throne. Somewhat surprisingly, Balas won, and <mask>'s father, mother, and older brother were all killed. The young <mask> fled to Crete, where he was raised by his guardians.First reign (147–139 BC)

Victory over Alexander Balas
About 147 BC he returned to Syria with a force of Cretan mercenaries led by a man called Lasthenes, while Alexander Balas was occupied with a revolt in Cilicia. In 145 BC Ptolemy VI Philometor, king of Egypt, ostensibly in support of Alexander Balas, but he switched his support to <mask>, perhaps after receiving an offer to formalize the Ptolemaic occupation of Coele-Syria. Ptolemy sealed the alliance by divorcing his daughter Cleopatra Thea from Alexander and remarrying her to <mask>. Shortly after, Antioch surrendered to the Egyptian forces and offered the kingship to Ptolemy VI. However, he insisted <mask> would become king, believing that Rome would not tolerate the unification of Egypt and Syria. Ptolemy pledged to serve as "a tutor in goodness and a guide" to <mask> II. He probably intended for <mask> to serve as a puppet ruler.Alexander returned from Cilicia with his army, but Ptolemy VI and <mask> <mask> defeated his forces at Battle of the Oenoparas river. Alexander then fled to Arabia, where he was killed. Ptolemy was wounded in the battle and died three days later. With both his rival and his self-appointed guardian gone, <mask> took the opportunity to assert his control over his kingdom. By late 145, <mask> <mask> had expelled all Ptolemaic troops from Syria and reasserted Seleucid control by leading his own forces all the way down to the Egyptian border. Antiochene riots

However, new troubles soon arose. Once he had expelled the Egyptian forces, he demobilised a large portion of his army.It appears that his financial situation led him to cut the soldiers' wages and debase the coinage. <mask> had also punished the city of Antioch severely for having supported Alexander against his father and for speaking to him disrespectfully. He disarmed the citizens and the Cretan mercenaries under Lasthenes slaughtered those who resisted, including women and children. This led the Antiochenes to rise up and besiege Demetrios in his palace. Jewish troops violently restored <mask>' control, burning down a large portion of the city in the process. This left the city even more hostile to him. Rebellion of Diodotus
In order to secure his hold on power, Demetrius had eliminated officials associated with Alexander Balas.One of these officials, the general Diodotus, fled into Arabia, where he secured the infant son of Alexander Balas and proclaimed him king as Antiochus VI Dionysus. Many of <mask>' soldiers defected to Diodotus, out of anger at his conduct or the cuts to their pay. <mask> was defeated in battle and lost control of Apamea and Antioch to Diodotus. Numismatic evidence indicates that Apamea was lost in early 144 and Antioch in late 144 or early 143. Demetrius proved unable to retake the capital, instead establishing himself in Seleucia Pieria. Antiochus VI died in 142 or 141, but Diodotus made himself king as Tryphon, but the division of the kingdom between Demetrius in Seleucia and Diodotus in Antioch persisted. Initially, Diodotus succeeded in bringing the leader of the Jews, Jonathan Apphus, onto his side, but this relationship broke down; ultimately Diodotus captured and executed Jonathan.By means of adroit diplomacy and grants of extensive freedoms, Demetrios II was able to secure the Jonathan's brother Simon Thassi as a close ally. These grants were later seen by the Hasmonean Jewish state as the moment when they achieved full independence. Parthian war and captivity (139–130 BC)

Mithridates I, king of Parthia had taken advantage of the conflict between <mask> and Tryphon to seize control of Susa and Elymais in 144 and of Mesopotamia in mid-141 BC. In 139/8, <mask> journeyed east to reclaim these territories from the Parthians. He was initially successful, but was defeated in the Iranian mountains and taken prisoner in July or August of 138 BC. Parthian control of Mesopotamia was thus reaffirmed. In Syria, Tryphon was briefly left as uncontested ruler of the remaining Seleucid territories, but the Seleucid dynasty's grip was reestablished under Antiochus VII Sidetes, the younger brother of <mask>, who also married Cleopatra Thea.King Mithridates had kept <mask> II alive and even married him to a Parthian princess named Rhodogune, with whom he had children. However, <mask> was restless and twice tried to escape from his exile in Hyrcania on the shores of the Caspian Sea, once with the help of his friend Kallimander, who had gone to great lengths to rescue the king: he had travelled incognito through Babylonia and Parthia. When the two friends were captured, the Parthian king did not punish Kallimander but rewarded him for his fidelity to <mask>. The second time Demetrius was captured when he tried to escape, Mithridates humiliated him by giving him a golden set of dice, thus hinting that <mask> II was a restless child who needed toys. It was however for political reasons that the Parthians treated <mask> II kindly. In 130 BC Antiochus Sidetes felt secure enough to march against Parthia, and scored massive initial successes. Now Phraates II made what he thought was a powerful move: he released Demetrius, hoping that the two brothers would start a civil war.However, Sidetes was defeated soon after his brother's release and never met him. Phraates <mask> sent people to pursue <mask>, but he managed to safely return home to Syria and regained his throne and his queen as well. Second reign (130–125 BC)
However, the Seleucid kingdom was now but a shadow of its former glory, and Demetrius had a hard time ruling. Notably, his first wife Cleopatra Thea detested her returned husband. He was apparently unpopular, perhaps from memories of his humiliating defeat and general discontent with the decline of the Empire, and perhaps from resentment that he had lived while so many Seleucid soldiers and family members sent to Parthia had died. To the good luck of <mask>, however, Phraates <mask> was faced by an invasion from Sacaen nomads to his east. The Parthians attempted to use captured Greeks against the Sacaeans, but they mostly defected, and Phraates was killed in battle.The next Parthian king, Artabanus, also had a short and violent reign fighting in the east rather than to Parthia's west. This gave the Seleucid Empire a temporary reprieve from the Parthian threat. At the time in Ptolemaic Egypt, a power struggle developed between Queen <mask> and her brother king <mask>. Cleopatra had the support of the Greek administration in the capital Alexandria, while <mask> had the support of the countryside and native Egyptians. <mask> might have sent out a request for aid to <mask> II, or he might have gotten an impression from travelers and spies that <mask>'s government was weak. Around 128 BC, <mask> II mounted a military expedition to Egypt to "save" Cleopatra II. Ancient sources roundly condemn <mask> II for this action as foolish when so many problems were on-going for the Seleucid Empire.A modern historian, John Grainger, defends it as a reasonable gamble: small forces had set off waves of defections before in recent history, so if Ptolemy VIII was truly as unpopular as reported, it might work. More generally, the geopolitical situation for both the Seleucids and Ptolemys was desperate enough that uniting the remaining great Greek states might be the only way for them to maintain their relevance, given that Antigonid Macedonia had been crushed by Rome in the preceding decades. Regardless, the gamble backfired. <mask> II camped outside the fortress of Pelusium, the gateway to Egypt, but <mask>'s troops remained loyal; there was no mass defection. It was <mask>'s own troops that mutinied in the dry desert. King <mask> reacted by finding another potential Seleucid royal claimant to undermine the obviously hostile <mask> <mask>. He found and sent a man named <mask> Zabinas to fight a civil war against <mask>, backed by the Ptolemies.The remainder of <mask>'s reign would be spent fighting a slowly losing battle against Alexander II. He retained the loyalty of Coele-Syria and Cilica, but not the capital Antioch. In 126 BC, <mask> was defeated in a battle at Damascus. He fled to Ptolemais but his wife Cleopatra Thea closed the gates against him. He was captured and then killed on a ship near Tyre, after his wife had deserted him and he was denied temple asylum. He was succeeded by his queen Cleopatra Thea in co-regency with two of their sons, Seleucus V Philometor and Antiochus VIII Grypus. In opera
Incidents from the life of <mask> <mask>or and Cleopatra Thea are the basis of the libretto Demetrio by Pietro Metastasio.First set by the composer Antonio Caldara for the imperial court of Vienna in 1731, it was one of Metastasio's most popular librettos, eventually set by dozens of 18th-century composers up to the year 1790. See also
 List of Syrian monarchs
 Timeline of Syrian history

Notes

Bibliography

125 BC deaths
2nd-century BC Babylonian kings
2nd-century BC Seleucid rulers
Seleucid rulers
Ptolemaic dynasty
2nd-century BC rulers
Year of birth unknown
Demetrius 02
Prisoners and detainees of the Parthian Empire

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Demetrius II
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<mask><mask>) of Sebastia (born 1965) is the Archbishop of Sebastia from the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. He is often named in Western news sources as <mask>, Atallah and  both meaning "gift of God" in Arabic and Greek, respectively. <mask>, who was ordained on the 24 December 2005 at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, is the second Palestinian to hold the position of archbishop in the history of the diocese. Early life; education
Archbishop <mask> was born <mask> to Eastern Orthodox parents in the village of Rameh, Upper Galilee region of northern Israel. Archbishop <mask> studied Greek in Jerusalem, continuing his studies in Greece where he earned his Master of Theology from University of Thessalonica School of Theology in 1991. Ecclesiastical career
That same year, 1991, <mask> returned to Jerusalem, where he was tonsured a monk with the name <mask> and received ordination as a deacon. Also in 1991 he was elected a member of the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre.In 1992 <mask> was ordained a priest at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. A few days later he was elevated to the rank of archimandrite and placed in charge of the Arab section of the Patriarchate. Active in public life, he has served as the spokesperson and Director of the Patriarchate's Arab Department, has taught in local schools, and lectured on Christianity at the Haifa Arab Teachers' College. For his devotion to ministry in the Holy Land, <mask> was granted an honorary Doctor of Theology degree from the Sofia Theological Institute in Bulgaria. In 2001 <mask> was appointed by the late Patriarch Diodoros to serve as the official spokesperson for the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate in Jerusalem. In 2005, after the dethronement of Patriarch Irenaios and his replacement with Patriarch Theophilos III, <mask> was ordained Archbishop of Sebastia. Political positions and the response of the authorities

<mask> gained renown for his high-profile political activism, his outspoken denunciation of the occupation, and his stress upon the importance of Palestinian identity - positions that have made him popular with Arabs and unpopular with the Israeli authorities.Before being ordained archbishop, <mask> had been arrested, detained and interrogated more than once by the Israeli authorities under various allegations of 'incitement'. <mask> has served as a member of the Constitutional Consultative Committee that worked on the third draft of the Palestinian constitution of March 2003  and was awarded the Jerusalem Prize by the Palestinian National Authority's Ministry of Culture in 2004. He is also one of the authors of the Kairos Palestine document together with Patriarch Michel Sabah, Naim Ateeq, Rifat Odeh Kassis, Nora Qort and others. During the Second Intifada
<mask> represented Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem Diodoros as part of a Palestinian ecumenical delegation invited by the World Council of Churches (WCC) to present before the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. At the WCC's Geneva headquarters on 19 October 2000, he stated that Palestinian Christians "are suffering, because they are Palestinians and they want to stay in their homeland in Palestine". <mask> also accused Israel of practicing "ethnic cleansing against the Arabs, Muslim and Christian. Everyone thinks that there is a conflict between Arabs and Israelis.It is not a conflict between Arabs and Israelis, but an occupation by Israel." He called on all WCC churches to hold a special prayer for the Palestinian people and stated that they "should be enjoying all the rights of any other nation ... and should be enjoying their independence in their own state, the capital of which is Jerusalem." The following year, on 10 October 2001, <mask> participated with other Christian and Muslim leaders in a march from Jerusalem to the Bethlehem checkpoint to protest Israeli attacks on religious sites. <mask> explained that, "We intend to conduct special prayers inside the Church of the Nativity for the sake of our martyrs." Later that month, <mask> sent a message to the United Nations Human Rights Commission calling for "immediate and rapid intervention" by the United Nations "to save the Palestinian people from the terrible massacres being carried out by the occupation forces". He also called for the Commission to pressure Israel to lift its blockade of Palestinian towns and villages. On 21 January 2002, Israel requested that the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate take punitive action against Archimandrite Atallah <mask>, for criticizing Israeli policy in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.In March 2002, the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate in Jerusalem issued a statement expressing, "denunciation and condemnation over Israel's suspension of Archimandrite Dr. Atallah <mask> at King Hussein bridge between Jordan and the West Bank upon his return from Beirut, for five hours in a very racist and provocative way." The patriarchy also expressed its regret over the demand of the Israeli government that <mask> be fired from his position as church spokesperson, considering this measure to be "a grave violation to its sovereignty in running its affairs." In July 2002, two years into the Second Intifada, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem Irenaios I accused Theodosios of "supporting the Palestinian terrorism," after he refused to sign a document condemning Palestinian operations and he fired him from his post as spokesperson. The Arab Orthodox community responded by issuing an urgent statement calling on the Greek Foreign Ministry to intervene, stressing that Theodosios would remain the spokesperson for the church with or without Greek acceptance. Arab Orthodox figures urged the Orthodox Arab Christian communities in Palestine and Jordan to boycott the Greek Patriarch and the <mask> Atallah <mask> Defense Committee was formed to mobilize on his behalf. Arrest and confiscation of travel documents

Day of the arrest
On 22 August 2002, <mask> was arrested outside of his home in the Old City of Jerusalem by Israeli Border Police on the order of Attorney General Elyakim Rubinstein. He was taken to the police station at the Russian Compound where he was charged with 'suspicion of relations with terrorist organisations', 'illegally entering an enemy country' (i.e.Syria and Lebanon) and 'incitement'. Media were present at the site of his interrogation which lasted five hours. <mask> explained that he regularly visited Syria and Lebanon to attend religious and inter-religious conferences and dialogues using his Vatican passport. Israeli police confiscated <mask>' Israeli and Vatican-issued passports. <mask>' response to the arrest
Upon his release, <mask> claimed that his arrest had been unjustified since "he had only expressed opposition to Israel's military occupation of areas claimed by the Palestinians." In an interview with The Palestine Chronicle in September 2002, <mask> said that his arrest marked "the first time that a Christian religious leader and official is arrested in such an inhumane and non-acceptable manner that is devoid of all human ethics and without any prior notification." Sharing his view as to the reasons for his arrest, he explained that:In the past three months, a far-reaching defamation campaign was launched against me in a number of Israeli newspapers accusing me of supporting terrorism and violence and condoning suicide attacks.I have a strong conviction that the slander, assault and arrest are all part of a chain of accusations meant to deliver a message to me, and the rest of the Christian and Moslem religious leaders ... The Israeli authority has launched a campaign aiming at silencing all those nationalistic voices in Jerusalem and claiming that these voices support terrorism, violence, etc. I believe that the only concerned party is the Israeli authority. In my case there could be some elements involved from within the Church itself, and this is something that I cannot disregard, especially that there are those who do not share my stance on issues pertaining to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. <mask> further stated that:I believe that the act of ousting me from my position as the official spokesperson of the Church and the other measures taken are closely related to the pressure and blackmail exercised especially that the Patriarch confirmed to me months ago that I am targeted and that Israel has demanded that he oust me from my position. This is what actually happened later on based on the Israeli desire to conceal the Christian dimension of the Palestinian issue. Israel attempts to present this conflict as a Jewish-Moslem religious conflict, and it also attempts to neutralize the Christian position, and therefore it is irritated by the growing Christian voices raised on the Palestinian issue.We have always asserted that the Church in Palestine is there to serve all Palestinians for it is a church for the people. It is also a church that is deeply rooted in this land and the Arab Palestinian Christians and Moslems who live in it. We have always asserted our resistance to the Israeli pressure, and we believe that in the case of the arrest itself Israel has transgressed all borders. Responding to the charge of visiting "enemy states", Theodosios explained that: As to the case of the visit to Syria considered by Israel an enemy country, we say that we are not bound by the Israeli stance. The number of people who belong to the Greek Orthodox Church in Syria exceeds a million and the number in Lebanon exceeds half a million. Israel has no right of preventing us from visiting Syria and Lebanon under the claim that these are enemy countries especially that we maintain spiritual and nationalistic ties with these countries. When we visit these countries we meet with all political and religious officials with no exceptions whatsoever.We are open to everyone. Israel has no right of claiming that we maintain relations with terrorist organizations because what Israel calls terrorist maybe to us nationalistic, freedom fighters. We refuse to accept the terms that Israel dictates; therefore, what Israel condemns or what it elevates may not be necessarily as such to us. Legal advocacy to reclaim passports

On 28 October 2002, Adalah - The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel sent a letter to the Attorney General's office on <mask>' behalf demanding that they intervene to return both the Israeli and Vatican passports that had been confiscated from Theodosios by the Israeli police. Adalah noted that a few weeks earlier, the police had summoned Theodosios to collect his passports on the condition that he sign "a statement promising not to incite against the state or make statements in support of terrorist actions or organizations; not to visit states hostile to Israel without the permission of the Ministry of Interior; and not to contact enemy states (as defined under Israeli law) or terrorist organizations." <mask> refused, and the police refused to return his passports. Adalah argued that the police decision to withhold <mask>' passports had no basis in any law and did not serve any legitimate purpose, and that the document he was asked to sign also had no legal basis and violated the Israel's domestic laws on equality.On 28 October 2002, the Attorney General sent a letter to the police legal advisor requesting his urgent reply to Adalah's letter. As of February 2005, both passports belonging to Archimandrite <mask> had not yet been returned. Activism against sales of church property in Jerusalem

In 2005, Archimandrite <mask> was active in the movement to dethrone Patriarch Irenaios following allegations that land belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church had been sold to Zionist Jewish organizations. After election of new Patriarch Theophilos III in 2005 Archimandrite <mask> <mask> was appointed and ordained as Archbishop of Sebastia. See also
Palestinian Christians
Christianity in Israel

References

Bishops of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem
Palestinian bishops
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Israel
21st-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
Israeli Arab Christians
1965 births
Living people
Arab citizens of Israel
People from Rameh
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Palestine

masks:
Theodosios (
Hanna
Atallah Hanna
Theodosios
Theodosios
Nizar Hanna
Theodosios
Nizar Hanna
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Hanna
Hanna
Theodosios
Father Theodosios
Hanna
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Theodosios
Hanna