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 train to Canada.He first stopped in Montreal, where he had breakfast with the mayor of the city, and then visited Lachine, Quebec. He then passed through Ottawa and Toronto, finally reaching Clifton Hill, Niagara Falls on 22 December 1871 by the Great Western Railway. On his way, the train stopped in Hamilton, Ontario where he received a telegram from Queen Victoria, notifying him that the Prince of Wales had recovered from his illness. From Clifton Hill the party left by sleighs for a visit to the Niagara Falls. After having dressed in oil-skinned suits for fishermen at sea, the party also went under the falls. He then crossed the Niagara River over a new suspension bridge and then visited the United States part of the falls. Midwest
On 23 December 1871, <mask> left by train for Buffalo, New York, where he spent Christmas.On 26 December, he arrived in Cleveland where he visited the iron mills and other factories in Newburgh Heights, Ohio. He then reviewed the Cleveland Fire Department and visited the National Inventors’ Exhibition. He then stopped in Detroit on his way to Chicago, where he arrived on 30 December. The city was recovering from the great fire. Joseph Medill, mayor of Chicago, had written to the Grand Duke:

"We have but little to exhibit but the ruins and débris of a great and beautiful city and an undaunted people struggling with adversity to relieve their overwhelming misfortunes." He visited the destroyed part of the city and was impressed by the rhythm of the reconstruction. He gave US$5,000 (equivalent to $250,000 today) in gold to the homeless people of Chicago.<mask> also visited the stockyards and a pork processing plant. As the Tremont House Hotel had been burnt to the ground, he was accommodated in the New Tremont House which had opened on Michigan Avenue, where he was awarded the "Freedom of the City". On New Year's Day General Philip Sheridan initiated him into the American custom of making "New Year's calls upon the ladies". From 2 to 4 January he visited  Milwaukee and on 5 January he arrived in St. Louis, Missouri, where he stayed for over a week. In St. Louis, <mask> attended the burlesque show Blue Beard in which Lydia Thompson, a 36-year-old actress was singing a tune "If Ever I Cease to Love". It is claimed that he was fascinated both by the actress and the song. Supposedly, she had also sung the number privately for the duke during a rendezvous.Later, while in St. Louis, <mask> became particularly enamored of one of his dance partners, a lady called Sallie Shannon of Lawrence, Kansas. Finally on 12 January he arrived in Omaha, Nebraska

Trip to the hunting grounds
Preparations for the hunt were extensive and had been carried out under the command of General Joel Palmer. Two companies of infantry in wagons, two companies of cavalry, the cavalry's regimental band, outriders, night herders, couriers, cooks had been mobilized for the event. The Grand Duke in the company of General Philip Sheridan, General Edward Ord, and Lt. Colonel (Brevet Major General) George Armstrong Custer, the latter having been selected to be grand marshal of the hunt, arrived at Fort McPherson on 13 January 1872, by a special train provided by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. They were greeted by an enthusiastic crowd, headed by Buffalo Bill. After speeches, party set out for the hunting grounds lead by Buffalo Bill's partner Texas Jack Omohundro.The <mask> and General Sheridan rode in an open carriage, drawn by four horses. Buffalo Bill escorted the party with five ambulances, a light wagon for luggage, three wagons of "champagne and royal spirits" and fifteen to twenty extra saddle horses. The entire trip covered about 50 miles and took approximately eight hours. The camp consisted of two hospital tents (used as dining tent), ten wall tents and tents for servants and soldiers. Three wall tents were floored and the <mask>'s was carpeted with oriental rugs. Box stoves and Sibley stoves were provided for the tents. Cody had discussed the hunt with Spotted Tail, chief of the Brulé Lakota, who had agreed to meet the "great chief from across the water who was coming there to visit him."About 600 warriors of different Sioux tribes, led by Spotted Tail, War Bonnet, Black Hat, Red Leaf, Whistler and Pawnee Killer, assembled to greet <mask> at the hunting camp. They had been provided with ten thousand rations of flour, sugar, coffee, and 1,000 pounds of tobacco for their trouble - twenty-five wagon loads in all. At the start of the party, Spotted Tail, dressed in a suit, which didn't fit him, with an army belt upside down and an extremely awkward look was introduced to the Grand Duke. Then the Indian chief extended his hand, and greeted him in Lakota saying "How." For the amusement of <mask> the Indians staged exercises of horsemanship, lance-throwing and bow-shooting. Then there was a sham fight, showing the Indian mode of warfare, closing up with a grand war dance. It was noticed that <mask> paid considerable attention to a good-looking Indian maiden.Concerned that his mother, Empress Maria Alexandrovna, might receive reports of his flirtations, he wrote her from St. Louis: "Regarding my success with American ladies about which so much is written in the newspapers, I can openly say, that this is complete nonsense. They looked on me from the beginning as they would look on a wild animal, as on a crocodile or other unusual beast." . A dispute broke out, but <mask> was able to calm down the fight with gifts of red and green blankets, ivory-handled hunting knives and a large bag of silver dollars. A formal council took place in Sheridan's tent and a peace pipe was passed around. Spotted Tail seized the chance to press his demand for the right to hunt freely south of the Platte River and for more than one store in which to trade. Buffalo hunt
The big hunt took place on  <mask>'s 22nd birthday, 14 January 1872. He carried a Russian hunting knife and an American revolver bearing the coats-of-arms of the United States and Russia on the handle, which he had recently received as a present.The hunting party approached buffalo herd several miles up the Red Willow Creek. <mask> rode Buffalo Bill's celebrated buffalo horse "Buckskin Joe", which had been trained to ride at full gallop with a target so that the best shot could be made. As soon as a herd of buffalo was seen, some two miles away, <mask> wanted to make a charge but was restrained by Bill. The party moved to the windward and gradually approached the herd. Within a hundred yards of the fleeing buffalo, <mask>, not accustomed to shooting from a running horse, fired, but missed. Buffalo Bill rode up close beside him, handed him his own famed .48-caliber rifle, "Lucretia", the one with which he claimed to have killed 4,200 buffalo, and advised him not to fire until he was on the flank of the buffalo. When <mask> tried again, he brought down his game.The hide of the dead buffalo was carefully removed and dressed; <mask> took it home as a souvenir of his hunt on the western plains. Twenty to thirty animals were killed on the first day of the hunt. The party returned early to camp, where there was a liberal supply of champagne and other beverages provided, and the evening was spent in frontier style. The next morning Spotted Tail requested  the Grand Duke to hunt by the side of Two Lance, chief of the Nakota Sioux tribe, so that he could see a demonstration of the Indian way of hunting. Coming up to a herd of buffalo, Two Lance demonstrated his skill by killing a large animal with one arrow which passed entirely through the body of the running buffalo. The arrow was preserved and given to <mask>. He killed two buffalo, one of them at 100 paces distance, with a pistol shot.On the conclusion of the hunt, when returning to Fort McPherson, General Sheridan proposed that Buffalo Bill take the reins and show <mask> the old style of stage driving over the plains with the horses at full gallop. The heavy ambulance bounded over the rough prairie, while the occupants could hardly keep their seats. <mask> was pleased with his hunting trip. When he and Bill parted in Fort McPherson, <mask> presented him with a fur coat and expensive cuff links. From there the train continued to Denver where <mask> arrived on 17 January. While in Denver, he attended an honorary ball sponsored by the Pioneer Club and visited some mines. He apparently loved the new sport he had just learned and hunted buffalo again near Colorado Springs, on his return trip from Denver through Kansas to St. Louis.However, the horses used to hunt in eastern Colorado were cavalry mounts and unaccustomed to buffalo; several hunters were injured during the resulting confusion. <mask> was unhurt and succeeded in killing as many as 25 buffalo. He even shot a few more from the train on its way across western Kansas toward Topeka, which was reached on 22 January. It is claimed that, by the time they reached St. Louis, the party's supply of caviar and champagne had been exhausted. General Custer became one of the <mask>'s best friends. He accompanied him and his entourage through Kansas, to St. Louis, New Orleans, and finally to Florida. They continued to correspond with one another up until Custer's death.In the United States, the hunt is remembered as "The Great Royal Buffalo Hunt". Starting from the year 2000, Hayes Center, Nebraska organizes each year the "Grand Duke Alexis Rendezvous" featuring a reenactment of the buffalo hunt. <mask> received as a gift from chief Spotted Tail an Indian wigwam and a bow and arrows. He took them back to St. Petersburg. At present they are kept at the museum in Tver. In memory of his adventures in America, <mask> organized every year a special  entertainment. The actors arrived to a village of tents in old carriages drawn by heavy horses.On the palace's lake there were "Indian" pirogues. Men with swords and tomahawks danced with women dressed in long old skirts. The performance was supposed to give the attendance an image of the American Old West. Southern states
While in St. Louis, <mask> made a short visit to Cincinnati on 26 January  On 28 January he left by train for  Louisville, Kentucky, where he visited the  Mammoth Cave
 He continued his trip by steamer, arriving on 2 February 1872 in Memphis, Tennessee aboard the Great Republic. After visiting the city he left on 8 February aboard the James Howard and after a stop in Vicksburg he finally arrived in New Orleans

New Orleans
In New Orleans <mask> attended the 1872 Mardi Gras celebrations, where he was guest of honor reviewing the inaugural Rex parade. There are many legends related to the Grand Duke's visit to New Orleans. It has been claimed that local business leaders had planned the first daytime parade to honor him, but this was not true.New Orleans was struggling to recover from the lingering effects of the Civil War. At the same time, many city leaders saw the need to bring some order to the chaotic street parades of Mardi Gras day. They had planned the parade all along and took the opportunity to capitalize on <mask>'s visit. A new krewe of prominent citizens was formed, calling itself the School of Design, and its ruler was to be Rex (the organization is now known as the "Rex Organization"). The group of young men who founded the Rex Organization hoped not only to entertain the Grand Duke, but also to create a daytime parade that would be attractive and fun for the citizens of the city and their guests. They selected one of their members, Lewis J. Salomon, the organization's fund-raiser to be the first Rex, King of Carnival. Before he could begin his reign, he had to borrow a crown, scepter, and costume from Lawrence Barrett, a distinguished Shakespearean actor who was performing Richard III at the Varieties Theater.At the same time, Lydia Thompson's tour had reached New Orleans and the Bluebeard burlesque was staged at the Academy of Music on St. Charles Avenue. Rumours of the courtship between <mask> and the actress had reached New Orleans and were amplified mainly to ensure a full house. <mask> had already seen the performance and didn't attend, hanging out at the Jockey Club. Besides, his preferences had shifted and he was captivated by the diminutive actress Lotta Crabtree who had one of the main roles in the play The Little Detective. Though the encounter was brief, <mask> sent her a gift in Memphis, her next stop after New Orleans. <mask> attended the Rex parade. According to legend, the song "If Ever I Cease to Love", was chosen as anthem of the Rex parade, because it was claimed to be his favorite tune.Actually, the silly song had been written by George Leybourne and published in London in 1871. The song was already popular in New Orleans before the first Rex parade in 1872. the local adaptation of the lyrics was likely done local journalist E. C. Hancock whose newspaper had already published a spoof of the song in 1871. The lyrics of the song were adapted to the occasion and changed to:

The parade <mask> attended bears little resemblance to present day parades. Rex rode a horse, not a float and the parade that followed was made up largely of the informal maskers and marchers. There were however bands who stopped and played the Russian national anthem in honor of him. Many traditions such as the selection of Rex, the King of the Parade, the Rex anthem, the parade's colors date back to <mask>'s visit. The Russian fleet set sail from Pensacola, Florida of 22 February 1872.It is claimed that hundreds of pounds of iced buffalo meat were carefully stowed aboard. While Libbie Custer, General Custer's wife, believed <mask> was more interested in "pretty girls and music" than the country he was passing through, <mask> did spend most of his time trying to get an understanding of the country. Far East Tour
On its way home, the Russian squadron first stopped in Havana, Cuba, which it reached on 29 February 1872, before sailing on to Rio de Janeiro where it arrived on 3 June 1872.

masks: Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Duke Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Duke Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei Alexei


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 <mask> entertained Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and the imperial court aboard the Svetlana. Sailing to the Far East, the squadron also stopped in Cape Town, Batavia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Canton and Shanghai

Arriving in Japan on 15 October 1872, the Russian squadron cast anchor in Nagasaki harbour, where <mask> was greeted by the governor. The program included a ceremonial dinner in his honour, visits to the surrounding countryside and a tournament of the 60 best wrestlers of Japan. On 22 October <mask> and his staff visited the little village of Inasa where a Russian colony lived.The Russian delegation visited two hotels named "Kronstadt" and "Moscow" as well as the Russian cemetery. The Russian squadron left Nagasaki on 24 October, the next port of call being Kobe, where he was again greeted by the provincial governor. <mask> also attended a performance at the local theatre in Kobe. On 1 November, the Russian squadron set sail for Yokohama. On 5 November, the Grand Duke was officially received by Japanese Emperor Meiji and the following day, viewed a parade of the Japanese armed forces. After a few days, the Emperor, at <mask>'s invitation, went to Yokohama to see the Russian squadron. Following his intervention, 34 Japanese Christians were pardoned by the Emperor and released.On 26 November, the Russian squadron set sail for Vladivostok reaching the base of the Russian Pacific Fleet on 5 December nearly a year and a half after it had left Kronstadt. He then returned to St. Petersburg across Siberia. Visit to England
In 1874, <mask> accompanied his father to England to visit his sister, the Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna, recently married to Queen Victoria's son Prince Alfred. Palace of Grand Duke <mask>ich

After his return from America, <mask> was concerned about an appropriate residence. He purchased an older building located at 122 Moika River Embankment in Saint Petersburg. The building was completely redesigned and rebuilt by architect Maximilian Messmacher having a total surface of 9,200 sq.m. It is considered one of the most interesting examples of Saint Petersburg's eclectic architecture.The architect used a different style for each façade. The wrought iron and stone fence surrounding the palace and its gardens is also an interesting feature. The central gates are still ornamented with the Grand Duke's monogram, the meaning of which was overlooked by the Soviet authorities. In 1910, part of the gardens were sold for the construction of a candy factory. Though the palace was declared a national landmark in 1968, it remained in disrepair for many years. After a restoration in the early 2000s, it was reopened in 2008 as the St. Petersburg Music House. Military career

In 1873, <mask> was appointed head of the Imperial Naval Guards.He was also appointed member of the section for shipbuilding and naval artillery of the Russian Naval Technical Committee. During the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), he was promoted to commander of the Russian Naval Forces on the Danube. On 9 January 1878, he was decorated with the Order of St. George – Fourth Degree for "tireless and successful management of the naval forces and equipment on 14 June 1877 for the construction and maintenance of the pontoon bridges and crossings at Zimnicea, Pietroşani and Nikopol and for the successful measures for protecting these crossing from destruction by enemy forces." In 1880, he was promoted to general adjutant. In 1882, after the accession of his brother Alexander to the throne, <mask> was appointed head of the Naval Department, replacing Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaievich. In 1883, he was also appointed General-Admiral of the Russian Imperial Fleet. Though his control over the day-to-day affairs of the military was limited, <mask> was involved in naval and military planning.His influence over the Tsar gave him a powerful say in strategic decision-making. Besides being the head of Russia's fleets, <mask> was also in command of the naval cadet corps, the Moscow guard regiment, the 37th Ekaterinburg infantry regiment, the 77th Tenginsk infantry regiment, and the 17th Eastern Siberian infantry regiment. As commander in chief of the navy, he was charged with modernization of the fleet, taking into account the rapid technological progress. During his tenure, he ensured a fivefold increase of the navy's budget. He was able to launch a series of pre-dreadnought battleships that were replacing the old ironclad ships. Thus, he was instrumental in the equipment of the Russian navy with several battleships of various classes:

 The Peresvet class, inspired by the British battleship
 The Borodino class, based on a French design by the shipyards in La Seyne-sur-Mer
 The Petropavlovsk class designed at Galerniy Yard, St. Petersburg
 The Navarin class, on the British Trafalgar-class battleship

He also had older ironclads of the Imperator Aleksandr II class reconstructed by the French La Seyne yard. He also put new cruisers in service (among them the Aurora).<mask> was instrumental in the modernization of the Russian navy. He reconstructed and developed the military harbours of Sevastopol, Alexander III in Livada (now Liepāja, Latvia) and Port Arthur, increased the number of navy yards and extended the dry-docks in Kronstadt, Vladivostok and Sevastopol. He also reorganized the navy, defining the conditions for different naval qualifications, drafting rules for rewarding long-time service of first and second rank ship captains, restructuring the corps of mechanical engineers and naval engineers, increasing the number of officers and crew. When tensions mounted in the Far East, he ordered the transfer of additional ships to Port Arthur, including the battleship Petropavlovsk. Russian academician and naval engineer <mask> Krylov shows that, despite these achievements, there were severe drawbacks in the Grand Duke's activity. There was no strategic planning and ships were not built based on their intended role within the fleet. There were too many ships of different types.Ships were designed mainly by copying the ones of foreign navies and were therefore technologically 6–7 year old when they were launched. Their armour and equipment was often inadequate. <mask> seems to have become aware of some these deficiencies. He decided to have more battleships of a single type and to have them designed abroad to meet the needs of the Russian navy. However, though he was an admirer of the British navy, the new battleships were conceived in France and had a poor design. The new Borodino-class battleships had tumblehome hulls and were unstable, having a high center of gravity. The drawbacks proved to be fatal for the Russian navy.Disgrace and dismissal
The Grand Duke's reputation as a corrupt, spendthrift dilettante, who lavished fortunes on "ladies of no reputation", had worsened throughout the years. Having purchased a magnificent mansion in Paris, he built a new wing of his St Petersburg palace for his mistress, ballerina Elizabeth Balletta. According to Kaiser Wilhelm II, no ship in the Russian Fleet could be purchased "without the Grand Duke Alexis, the Commander-in-Chief of the Fleet, pocketing a quarter of a million roubles". In 1903, thirty million roubles – half of the budget of the Russian navy – had disappeared without a single new ship being launched. The Grand Duke was suspected of being involved in the misappropriation. At the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, the Russian First Pacific Squadron was able to resist the Japanese attack during the Battle of the Yellow Sea. However, the squadron was destroyed during the Battle of Port Arthur and the Baltic Fleet, sent for reinforcement, was completely defeated in the Battle of Tsushima.The Grand Duke had been a strong opponent of naval reform  and was considered partly responsible for the disaster. In 1904, the windows of his St. Petersburg place were smashed by a crowd. That same year, the audience of that city's French theatre "hissed him from the building". When Balletta appeared on the stage in 1905 bedecked in diamonds, the audience cried: 'She has our fleet in her ears! On her every finger there is a cruiser!’. On 2 June 1905 O.S., <mask> was relieved of his command and retired. Life at the Russian court

His critics talked of <mask>'s life as consisting of "fast women and slow ships", referring to his womanizing and the defeat of the Russian navy by the Japanese.Away from his desk, <mask> devoted his time to the good things of life. He entertained generously and collected fine silver and other works of art to adorn his palace. Sometimes he designed his own clothes. A womanizer, he spent his vacations in Paris or in Biarritz, each time in the company of a different lady. Around the late 1880s, he started a celebrated affair with the Duchess of Leuchtenberg, the morganatic wife of one of his cousins Eugène von Leuchtenberg. Born Zinaida Skobelyeva, "Zina" was a strikingly beautiful woman who had married Eugeni of Leuchtenberg as his second wife in 1870. Alexander II made her Countess de Beauharnais and Alexander III raised her to Serene Highness and Duchess of Leuchtenberg.<mask> was so besotted with her that he conducted an affair openly, under her husband's roof and in his full knowledge. Eugene Leuchtenberg initially resented that <mask> cuckolded him. One night, Leuchtenberg arrived home late and found his wife's room locked. He knocked on the door and insisted that she let him in; <mask> opened the door kicked him downstairs. Later that day, Leuchtenberg complained to Alexander III of Russia, who told him that if he was incapable of managing his wife himself he could not expect others to help him. From that day forward, Leuchtenberg slept in his study and apparently accepted the situation. Leuchtenberg drank away most of his fortune; for years, he and Zinaida lived off his cousin's generosity.Even after his wife's death in 1899, the Duke continued to live under <mask>'s roof. Beside his military duties, <mask> was also chairman of the Imperial Commission for the Promotion of Ballet. In 1904, he became one of the godparents of Tsarevich <mask>, the other godparents being the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, King Christian IX of Denmark, Grand Duke Ernest Ludwig of Hesse, Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna, Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich, and Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaievna. All soldiers serving in the military during the Russo-Japanese War were also declared godfathers to <mask>. Death
After the assassination of his brother Grand Duke <mask> of Russia in February 1905 and his retirement in disgrace from the navy in June that same year, <mask>ich spent most of his time in the Paris house he had bought in 1897. At his house in Avenue Gabriel, he kept an open door for writers, painters, actors, and especially actresses. He had always been less interested in the armed services than in art and fashion, and he had long since been recognized as a connoisseur of the social, artistic, and literary life of Paris.His massive frame was a familiar sight at restaurants and theaters, particularly on first nights. His last public appearance a week before his death was at the dress rehearsal of a new play at the vaudeville. Decades of comfort and good living eventually took their toll on his health. He died of pneumonia in Paris on 27 November (14 November O.S.) 1908. His death was said to have devastated Tsar Nicholas II, his nephew, who reportedly claimed <mask> as his favourite uncle. In 2006, <mask>ov funds.The journal, written in English, begins in 1862 and ends in 1907. It has not been published yet. Popular culture

The Adventure of the Seven Clocks (1952), part of The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes collection, deals with attempts of the Nihilist movement to assassinate the Grand Duke. In the 1959 episode "The Grand Duke" of the syndicated television anthology series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews, the French actor Alexander Davion (born 1929) plays <mask>, with John Lupton as William F. Cody. In the story line, Cody acts as guide for the Grand Duke who is on a western bison hunt. The two develop a close friendship. The 1973 Lucky Luke comic book Le Grand Duc features a Russian Grand Duke who visits the Wild West.In 1977, Christopher Lee played a Russian Grand Duke hunting buffalo in three episodes of the TV-series How the West Was Won. The western hunt is alluded to in the 1994 film Maverick, starring Mel Gibson. In the film, the Duke is hustled, after he has grown bored with hunting animals, into thinking that he is hunting a Native American. He appears as a character in Boris Akunin's novel The Coronation (2000) under the name Georgi Aleksandrovich. Honours

Ancestry

Notes

References
 Chavchavadze, David. The Grand Dukes. Atlantic, 1989.Ferrand, Jacques, Descendances naturelles des souverains et grands-ducs de Russie, de 1762 à 1910 : répertoire généalogique,1995. Nunes, Pepsi, "The Evolution of the Imperial Russian Navy and the Grand Dukes 1850–1917". Atlantis magazine, Vol.2, 2001 Nr3–4., Vol.3 2002, Nr.1
 Van Der Kiste, John. The Romanovs 1818–1959. Sutton Publishing, 1999. .
 Zeepvat, Charlotte. Romanov Autumn. Sutton Publishing, 2000.External links

1850 births
1908 deaths
People from Saint Petersburg
People from Saint Petersburg Governorate
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Russian grand dukes
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
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Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Deaths from pneumonia in France
Children of Alexander II of Russia
Sons of

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Alexei Alexandrov
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Alexei Alexandrovich
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Alexei Nikolaevich
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Alexei Alexandrov
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<mask> (January 27, 1752 – August 25, 1796) was an American slave owner, politician, and militia officer in the U.S. state of Virginia (now West Virginia). <mask> served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates representing Hampshire County from 1789 until his death in 1796. Following an act of the Virginia General Assembly in 1789, <mask> was appointed to serve as a trustee for the town of Romney. In 1790, <mask> began serving as a justice for Hampshire County. He served as a captain in command of a company in the Virginia militia during the American Revolutionary War and continued to serve as a captain in the Hampshire County militia following the war. <mask> operated a public ferry across the South Branch Potomac River, and later died from drowning in the river in 1796. <mask> was the grandfather of <mask> (1814–1862), who also represented Hampshire County in the Virginia House of Delegates and served as an officer in the Confederate States Army.Early life and family
<mask> was born on January 27, 1752, in Hampshire County, Virginia (now West Virginia). <mask> was the third son of <mask> and his wife Parthenia Baldwin (also spelled Bayldwin) <mask>. The <mask> family was a prominent family whose ancestors arrived to the Thirteen Colonies from England in 1635 and relocated to Hampshire County around 1740. <mask>' father settled on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in 1725 prior to relocating to Hampshire County, Virginia. Landholdings
Following the death of his father <mask> between the date of his will and testament on May 27, 1771, and his will's recording on March 10, 1772, <mask> inherited a plantation on Lot Number 16 of the "South Branch Survey" of Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron's Northern Neck Proprietary and other valuable lands in Hampshire County and in the present-day counties of Hardy and Grant. <mask> and his brother Baldwin also received land their father had acquired from Luke Collins, which was divided between <mask> and his brother by Nathaniel Kuykendall, John Foreman, and William Foreman. By 1778, <mask> owned  of Lot Number 16 and all of Lot Number 17 of Lord Fairfax's "South Branch Survey".By 1790, <mask> also owned the corner of Lot Number 1 within the town of Romney. In 1795, <mask> acquired an additional  along the South Branch Potomac River. <mask>' Lot 16 property along the South Branch Potomac River was later purchased by David Gibson in 1836, after which Gibson established his Sycamore Dale plantation there. Ferry service
<mask> petitioned the Virginia General Assembly to establish a public ferry across the South Branch Potomac River, thus connecting his property on both sides of the river. In October 1786, the Virginia General Assembly passed an act establishing the public ferry at <mask>' property near the present site of the U.S. Route 50 bridge west of Romney. The assembly's act set the ferry's toll at three pence and three farthings per man, and the same price per horse. By 1790, <mask> was continuing the operation of the ferry, which had become known as "Parson's Ferry".On December 26, 1792, the Virginia General Assembly passed an additional act for the settlement and regulation of public ferries. The assembly's act mandated that <mask>' ferry be "constantly kept" at its location, and established its toll amounting to six cents per man, and six cents per horse. Political and military careers
During the American Revolutionary War, <mask> served as a captain in command of a company under the charge of Major Vincent Williams in the Virginia militia. By December 11, 1788, <mask> was again serving as a captain in command of a company in the Hampshire County militia. <mask> served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates representing Hampshire County from 1789 until his death on August 25, 1796. <mask> represented Hampshire County, which was a multi-member electoral district, in the Virginia House of Delegates. During the October 19 – December 19, 1789, session, <mask> served alongside Elias Poston and <mask>.In the sessions between 1790 and 1793, <mask> served alongside Elias Poston. <mask> served alongside Francis White during the 1794 session. During the 1795 session, he again served alongside Elias Poston. <mask> died on August 25, 1796, before the November 8 – December 27, 1796, session of the Virginia House of Delegates, where he was to have served alongside Alexander King. <mask>' seat was filled by Fielding Calmes, who served out <mask>' term during this session. During his final two sessions in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1794 and 1795, <mask> was a member of the Federalist Party. By February 14, 1788, <mask> had been appointed as an appraiser of property in Hampshire County by an act of the Virginia General Assembly.On December 4, 1789, <mask> was again appointed by an act of the Virginia General Assembly to serve as a trustee of the town of Romney. <mask> served as a trustee alongside <mask>, Andrew Wodrow, Stephen Colvin, Jonathan Purcell, Nicholas Casey, William McGuire, Perez Drew and James Murphy. <mask> and his fellow trustees were given authority by the Virginia General Assembly to settle disputes regarding the town's land lots and to "open and clear" the town's "streets and lanes" in accordance with the original survey and plan for Romney. In 1790, <mask> was either elected or appointed as a justice for Hampshire County alongside Jonathan Purcell, James Martin, Cornelius Ferrel, Edward McCarty, Solomon Jones, and Elias Poston. <mask> died on August 25, 1796; according to tradition, he died from drowning in the South Branch Potomac River. Personal life
<mask> was married on April 23, 1772, to Mary E. Ellender Gregg. Mary E. Ellender Gregg was born on February 27, 1756.<mask> and his wife had two sons: James Gregg <mask> (1773–1847), married to Mary Catherine Casey in 1795, and <mask> (born 1775), married to Catherine Miller. References

Bibliography

1752 births
1796 deaths
18th-century American landowners
18th-century American politicians
Accidental deaths in West Virginia
American people of English descent
American planters
American slave owners
Deaths by drowning
Deaths by drowning in the United States
Farmers from Virginia
Farmers from West Virginia
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
Military personnel from West Virginia
<mask>, <mask> 01
People from Romney, West Virginia
Trustees of populated places in Virginia
Virginia Federalists
Virginia militiamen in the American Revolution
West Virginia colonial people

masks:
Isaac Parsons
Parsons
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Isaac Parsons
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<mask> (13 August 1926 – 14 May 2008) was a Guyanese writer who settled in the UK, where he lived for five decades, working as a schoolteacher as well as writing. His 1978 novel The Murderer won the Guardian Fiction Prize. He went on to become more noted for his "Georgetown Trilogy" of novels (also published in an omnibus volume as The Armstrong Trilogy, 1994), consisting of From the Heat of the Day (1979), One Generation (1980), and Genetha (1981). <mask> said that his writing was "intended to be a dramatic chronicle of twentieth-century Guyana". His work has been described as "marked by comprehensive social observation, penetrating psychological analysis, and vigorous, picaresque action." Biography
<mask> was born and grew up in Georgetown in what was then British Guiana, and "had African, Indian, European and Amerindian blood running through his veins". He was the second son and youngest of the four children of <mask> (d. 1928), head teacher of a primary school, and his wife, Jessie de Weever (d. 1991), music teacher.Educated at Central High School, Georgetown, <mask> worked as a Treasury clerk (1944–51) before leaving for the UK in 1951. He attended the University of London (1952–56), earning a B.A. Honours degree in Modern Languages. He also studied law and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1964 (and to the Guyana bar in 1973), although he never practised as a lawyer, pursuing a career since 1959 as a writer and a schoolteacher in London, where he lived until his death at the age of 81. In his later years he had suffered from Parkinson's disease. Rohan <mask>, founder of the band Urban Cookie Collective, is his son. Writing

Although <mask> left British Guiana in 1951, "it never left him.He only ever wrote about his mother's land, never his adopted home." As Mark McWatt notes: "Guyana is always the setting for his fiction, and its capital and rural villages are evoked in the kind of powerful and minute detail that would seem to require the author's frequent visits." However, "Although [<mask>'s] fiction has fed richly upon his obsessive and meticulous memories of Georgetown and the coastland, his novels cannot be called celebrations of the place and its people. They seem to reveal instead the failures and shameful inadequacies of individual and community." His short story "Miss Mabel's Burial" was published in 1972 in the Guyanese journal Kaie; another story, "The Wind and the Sun", appeared in the Jamaican journal Savacou two years later. <mask>'s first novel, A Man Come Home, was published in 1974 by Longman, where Anne Walmsley was Caribbean publisher, with a limited focus on the local educational market. When <mask> completed his next book, Walmsley "urged him to look elsewhere for a firm that could bring his work the acclaim, the wide sales, that it deserved.Who better than the then fledgling Allison and Busby?" Taken on by A&B, with Margaret Busby as editor, <mask>'s next novel, published in 1978, was The Murderer, which that same year won the Guardian Fiction Prize and was described by The Observer as "mysteriously authentic, and unique as a work of art". The Murderer was also listed in 1999's The Modern Library: 200 Best Novels in English since 1950 by Carmen Callil and Colm Tóibín. <mask> Combray was produced in Georgetown, Guyana, in 1972, in which year he won the Guyana Theatre Guild Award.In 1983, during a vacation to Guyana, <mask> delivered the Edgar Mittelholzer Memorial Lecture, entitled "Art and Experience", in Georgetown. In the lecture <mask> stated: "The price the artist pays for his egotism is a high one. On one level egotism obliges him to create, while the same egotism threatens to destroy him. Success not only goes to his head, it remains there, creating demands he cannot hope to satisfy. I am acutely aware of all of this and therefore try to shun gratuitous publicity." In 1989 he was awarded the Guyana Prize for Literature for his novel The Shadow Bride, which was also shortlisted for the 1991 Booker Prize, and about which Publishers Weekly said: "<mask>'s modest, unpretentious style undergirds a powerful realism as his subtle analysis of family conflicts builds to a tragic and moving climax." Reception
<mask>'s writings have been widely acclaimed and he has been called "truly one of the most brilliant story tellers ever", with reviewers at different times comparing his work to that of such great writers as D. H. Lawrence, R. K. Narayan, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Graham Greene, Joseph Conrad, V. S. Naipaul and others.Described by Salman Rushdie as "a beautiful writer" and by Edward Blishen as "simply one of the most astonishingly good novelists of our time", <mask> might have been better known outside literary circles had he not eschewed personal publicity, believing that his work should speak for itself. The Murderer
Winner of  the Guardian Fiction Prize in 1978, The Murderer was well reviewed on first publication and later reissues, being described by The Observer as "mysteriously authentic, and unique as a work of art" and by Publishers Weekly as "an impressive study of a man's descent into paranoia and madness." "What is impressive about The Murderer is the execution of a style that truncates emotion..." (Wilson Harris, World Literature Written in English)

The Armstong Trilogy
"A spare, bleak saga of two generations in the life of a Guyanese family struggling for respectability but unable to snatch any but the most fleeting moments of happiness. ... Like the early D.H. Lawrence, <mask> endows the familiar trials of this family with an elemental power, as if each were happening for the first time. The result is harrowing in its simplicity and cumulative force." (Kirkus Reviews)

"Mr. <mask> is a gentle social satirist with a concise, probing style; his prose is filled with ironies, both overt and subtle.... <mask>'s solid devotion to character, plot and emotion, to the minutiae of daily life and its buried tragedies, is not post-modern or even modernist. It is impossible, despite his work's affinities to Dostoyevsky and Hardy and the Joyce of 'Dubliners,' to put a date on it: the post-colonial world has its own unique time lines.To call this author old-fashioned, however, is nothing but praise." (The New York Times)

Kwaku; or, the Man Who Could Not Keep His Mouth Shut
"<mask> is a master of droll, understated comedy; his affectionate empathy with his characters is never for a moment compromised by condescension. He's a somewhat flintier R.K. Narayan, and there's more than whiff of Kipling in his avuncular fascination with scramblers and hustlers. A wonderful novel, which stands impressively both on its own and in tandem with its equally irresistible sequel. There's no longer any doubt that <mask> is one of the world's best writers." (Kirkus Reviews)

"Kwaku comes from a long line of literary buffoons who manage to triumph over the intelligent people around them. The language Mr. <mask> employs to describe this process is luxurious and densely baroque in places, sweetly comic in others.The hero's clowning conceals an essential wisdom and goodness. In the end, he is unable to become as hardened and corrupt as the people he tries so desperately to emulate, and in this lies his greatest success." (Mark Childress, The New York Times)

Orealla
"...this novel perhaps owes as much to Wilson Harris as to Mittelholzer, contrasting as it does the communal, spiritual and moral values of traditional Amerindian life" (Stewart Brown, Kyk-over-Al)

"<mask>'s novels are so imbued with local sights, sounds, smells, speech and unique features of the landscape that they offer rare and penetrating insight into the history and culture of twentieth century Guyana." (Frank Birbalsingh, Indo-Caribbean World)

The Shadow Bride
"The Guyanese-born <mask> (the superb Armstrong Trilogy, 1994, etc.) surpasses himself with this ambitious, vividly written, psychologically rich chronicle—set in his own colorfully multiracial native country—of compromised ambition and family conflict. ...And in the harrowing progression from mother's love through sexual enslavement to climactic violence and madness of Betta's larger-than-life mother, the author has achieved a masterly feat of characterization: This is a woman whom no reader will easily forget. <mask>'s brilliant novel—also distinguished for its flexible and lyrical prose, expert handling of its several native populations, varieties of pidgin English, and memorable use of figurative language—was shortlisted for the Booker Prize.It's hard to believe it didn't win." (Kirkus Reviews)

"<mask>'s modest, unpretentious style undergirds a powerful realism as his subtle analysis of family conflicts builds to a tragic and moving climax." (Publishers Weekly)

The Ministry of Hope
"A wonderful comic novel.... A dramatic display of character in action that has seldom been matched by any contemporary novelist. On all counts, a triumph." (Kirkus Reviews)

"With a fine ear for comic dialogue and an eye for the ironies of clashing personalities ... <mask> ably steers his charming ship of fools and knaves through a sea of picaresque corruption to a generous-hearted conclusion." (Publishers Weekly)

Shadows Round the Moon
"In his memoir-novel Shadows Round the Moon <mask> offers reminiscences of colonial life and Caribbean culture. His reproductions of Guyanese dialect, as well as his descriptions of the Creole (black), Hindu, and Muslim communities are noteworthy."(Raymond Williams)

Bibliography

Novels
 A Man Come Home (London: Longman, 1974). The Murderer (London: Allison & Busby, 1978; Guardian Fiction Prize). From the Heat of the Day (London: Allison & Busby, 1979). One Generation (London: Allison & Busby, 1980). Genetha (London: Allison & Busby, 1981). Kwaku; or, the Man Who Could Not Keep His Mouth Shut (London: Allison & Busby, 1982). Orealla (London: Allison & Busby, 1984).The Shadow Bride (London: Collins, 1988; New York: Persea Books, 1995). The Armstrong Trilogy (New York: Persea, 1994). The Ministry of Hope (London: Marion Boyars, 1997). Memoir
 Shadows Round the Moon: Caribbean Memoirs (London: Collins, 1990). Short stories
"Miss Mabel's Burial," in Kaie (Georgetown, Guyana), 1972. "The Wind and the Sun," in Savacou (Kingston, Jamaica), 1974. "The Writer of Anonymous Letters," in Firebird 2, edited by T. J.Binding (London: Penguin Books, 1983). "Sisters," in London Magazine, September 1988. "The Master Tailor and the Lady's Skirt", in Colours of a New Day: Writing for South Africa, edited by Sarah LeFanu and Stephen Hayward (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990)
"According to Marx," in So Very English, edited by Marsha Rowe (London: Serpent's Tail, 1991). Lecture
 Art and Experience – Eighth series, Edgar Mittelholzer Memorial Lectures (Georgetown, Guyana, Department of Culture, Ministry of Education, Social Development and Culture, 1983; 31 pp). Awards
 1972: Guyana Theatre Guild Award
 1978: Guardian Fiction Prize for The Murderer
 1989: Guyana Prize for Literature
 1991: Booker Prize shortlist for The Shadow Bride

References

Further reading
 Gafoor, Ameena, Aftermath of Empire: The Novels of <mask>. K<mask>, The University of the West Indies Press, Kingston, 2017. McWatt, Mark, "Wives and Other Victims in the Novels of <mask>. K<mask>", in Out of the Kumbla: Caribbean Women and Literatures, Trenton. NJ: Africa World Press, 1990.McWatt, Mark A., "<mask>. K. <mask>", in Daryl Cumber Dance, Fifty Caribbean Writers: A Bio-Bibliographic-Critical Sourcebook, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1986, pp. 207–16. McWatt, Mark, "Tragic Irony, the Hero as Victim: Three Novels of <mask>. K<mask>", in Erika Smilowits and Roberta Knowles (eds), Critical Issues in West Indian Literature, Parkersburg, Ia. : Caribbean Books, 1984, pp. 54–64. Akoma, Chiji, "<mask>. K. <mask> and Guyanese Anxiety Lore" (Chapter Two), in Folklore in New World Black Fiction: Writing and the Oral Traditional Aesthetics, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2007. Saakana, Amon Saba, Colonization and the Destruction of the Mind: Psychosocial Issues of Race, Class, Religion and Sexuality in the Novels of <mask>, London: Karnak House, 1996.External links
Review of The Shadow Bride. Mark Childress, "No Ordinary Idiot" (review of The Ministry of Hope and Kwaku; Or, The Man Who Could Not Keep His Mouth Shut), New York Times, 11 May 1997. Margaret Busby, "<mask> <mask>: Brilliant, gentle writer whose novels explored the subtle textures of Guyanese life" (obituary), The Guardian, 20 May 2008. "UK-based novelist <mask> dies at 82" (obituary), Kaieteur News, 16 May 2008. Ameena Gafoor, "The Arts Forum – A Tribute to <mask> (1926–2008)", Kaieteur News, 18 May 2008. <mask>. K<mask> biography
David Katz, "<mask>: A Man Goes Home", Caribbean Beat, Issue 93, September/October 2008. Al Creighton, "<mask>: ‘A writer of prodigious talent’", Stabroek News, 22 June 2008.Al Creighton, "Dissecting <mask> and Guyanese literature", Stabroek News, 22 July 2018. 1926 births
Guyanese writers
Guyanese novelists
Guyanese emigrants to England
2008 deaths
People with Parkinson's disease
Alumni of the University of London
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Guyanese short story writers
20th-century British short story writers
People from Georgetown, Guyana
20th-century male writers
20th-century Guyanese writers
Guyanese people of Indian descent
British male novelists
Schoolteachers from London
British memoirists
British people of Indo-Guyanese descent
20th-century British novelists
20th-century memoirists
20th-century novelists

masks:
Roy Aubrey Kelvin Heath
Heath
Roy Heath
Melrose Arthur Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath
Heathez
Heath
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Heath
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Heath
Roy Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath
Heath
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Roy A
. Heath
Roy A
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Roy Heath
Roy AK
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Roy Heath


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<mask>, artistic name of <mask>, known also as <mask> (Bozen, 24 December 1895 – Schwaz, 26 November 1944) was an Austrian painter and sculptor of the German Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) during the 1920s. Early years

In 1915 <mask> exhibited his first works - drawings, tempera and engravings - at the "Turn und Taxishof Galerie" in Innsbruck. During World War I <mask> fought on the French front at the Somme and Ardennes. After the war, from 1919 to 1924 he attended the Bayerische Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Munich, in the class of Prof. C. Becker-Gundhal. In 1920 <mask> attended the first collective exhibition "Ausstellung Junger Münchner - Graphische Kunstwerkstätten" in  Munich presented by George Jacob Wolf. In the following 1921 exhibition "Ausstellung Junger Münchner" at the Gemälde Galerie Sct. Martinus, also in Munich, he exhibited works alongside pieces by Florian Bosch, Adolf Hartmann, Siegfried Kühnel, Georg Liebhardt, Josef Nickl, Eugen Siegler, Bernhard Therhorst and the sculptors Lothar Dietz and Benno Miller.After his sister Emma moved to Sicily in 1924, <mask> made frequent trips to Italy, drawing inspiration from the colour and mediterranean light that he poured into his art. <mask> and the Juryfreie

In 1928 he became close to Max Beckmann until his exile. <mask> participated in the "Sommer Ausstellung des Deutschen Künstler Verbandes AUFBAU - E. V." in Munich and some of his paintings were shown in Berlin. In 1929 he joined the "Juryfreie" movement, becoming its leader until his ban in 1933 by the National Socialist regime. In "Aus meinem Künstnotizbuch", the art critic Wilhelm Hausenstein wrote: "Juryfreie reveals itself as a prominent artistic group... I notice <mask>, Josef Scharl, Fritz Burkhardt, Grassmann, Panizza and sculptors such as Spengler and Zeh". Art magazines published <mask>'s works: the Lipsian "Cicerone" published the painting "Am Strand" (On the beach); the Munich magazine "Jugend", official voice of the "Jugendstil" movement, published on the cover of the April 1930 issue the oil painting "Fischer mit roter Weste" (Fisherman with red jacket), central part of a triptych shown at the Secession exhibition.In the same year, the catalogue "Zweijahrbuch" (1929–30) presented by the critic Hans Eckstein, with essays by Franz Rho, Oskar Maria Graf and Wolfgang Petzet, published the paintings "Neptun" and "Matrosen" produced in Messina. <mask> frescoed the thermal bath in Oeynhausen (Westphalia). "Jugend" reproduced "Am Wasser", the central part of a triptych shown at the June Secession exhibition. On 6 June 1931, in the Munich Glaspalast fire, works by <mask> and other artists were burnt. For the "Juryfreie" artists an extraordinary exhibition was organised in the German Museum. In the same year <mask> was in Rome with his friend Karl Hofer. Back in Germany there began a movement of painters, sculptors and architects and in the exhibition "Bildhauer Maler Architekt" <mask> presented cartoons for the frescoes of a cinema with sound in Breslau.1932 was still a year of great artistic vitality. With the "Juryfreien" <mask> exhibited the painting "Wartesaal III Klasse in Bologna" (Monspreis London - Opus 30) and sculptures in the Munich "Lenbach Galerie" and in Düsseldorf. A season of exhibitions followed with the Deutscher Künstlerbund in Berlin, Nuremberg, Koenigsberg, Danzig and Rostock. The years of exile

The artistic ostracism practised by Nazism moved <mask> to a voluntary exile. In 1933, after the dissolution of Jurifreie, regarded by the regime as a "Bolshevik cultural union", he moved to Sicily. The following year he married the Swiss citizen Cecile Faesy with whom he left for Switzerland. There he had to work in difficult conditions because since 1935 Germans were not welcome.He ran some theatre direction, scenography and made some puppet engravings. Through some friends he was able to sell some unsigned paintings but in 1936 went back to Sicily with the wife that he divorced some months later. From friends still in Germany and Austria he knew that the political situation was worsening. He studied new techniques but depression brought him to the edge of suicide. Supported by his sister Emma he found the energy to go back north. In 1938 he was in Switzerland again, in Liestal, in the house of his close friend Jurg Spiller but he did not receive a residence permit. Then he moved to Germany where the cultural and artistic life was under the strict control of the regime.In 1939 he was hosted in Chiemsee by his friend Franz Saverius Gebhardt-Westerbuchberg. There he was able to paint and model sculptures. In Oberwössen, Bavaria, he frescoed the walls of a restaurant owned by the widow of his friend, the sculptor Oskar Zeh, who had committed suicide in 1935 in Munich. His health worsened. Seriously ill, he spent 1941 in Schwabing Hospital, then in Planegg Asylum. Once he was discharged, he went to the Tyrol, first to Axams and Innsbruck, then to Grinzens and to Zirl, where he painted frescos in the municipal offices. In 1942 he was back in Innsbruck.The Tyrolean Artistic Union ("Der Landsleiter der Reichskammer der Bildenden Künste beim Landskulturwalter Gau Tirol Voralberg") provided him with an atelier. After his last hospitalization he died on 26 November 1944, during an air raid on Innsbruck, where he is buried, in the Westfriedhof. Bibliography
 Zweijharebuch (1929–30) - Deutscher Künstlerverband die Juryfreien - München E.V. - 1930
 <mask> - Exhibition catalog - Palermo - 1974
 Christoph Stolzl, Die Zwanziger Jahre in München, München, Münchner Stadtmuseums, 1979
 Abbild und Emotion - österreicher Realismus -1914 1944 - Manfred Wagner et al. - Edition Tusch Wien - 1984
 Im Spiegel der Wirklichkeit - Matthias Boeckl - Museumsverein Bruneck - 2007
 <mask> 1895 1944 - Museum Rabalderhaus Schwatz - Stadtmuseum Bozen - Athesia BZ - 2008 -
 <mask>. Ein Tiroler in Sizilien. Edition Schütz, Wien 2012,

External links
 Christian Hess Cultural Association

1895 births
1944 deaths
19th-century Austrian painters
19th-century male artists
Austrian male painters
20th-century Austrian painters
20th-century male artists
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
Austrian civilians killed in World War II
Deaths by airstrike during World War II

masks:
Louis Christian Hess
Alois Anton Hess
Christian Hess
Hess
Hess
Hess
Hess
Christian Hess
Hess
Christian Hess
Hess
Hess
Hess
Hess
Hess
Hess
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Christian Hess
Christian Hess
Christian Hess


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<mask> (often called <mask>) (born 30 July 1985 in Cambridge, England) is one of England's leading ten-pin bowlers. He competes in world events and the PBA Tour, on which he has won nine titles. This total includes three PBA major titles: the PBA World Championship (2013), the U.S. Open (2018) and the Tournament of Champions (2022), which makes him the eighth triple crown winner in PBA history and the first European player to accomplish the feat. He has also been the ranking winner on the European Bowling Tour (EBT) in three seasons (2010, 2012 and 2013). He is nicknamed "The Dominator". For much of his PBA career, <mask> was sponsored by the Track division of Ebonite International. He is now a member of the Brunswick pro staff since Brunswick purchased Ebonite in late 2019.He is also sponsored by Turbo 2n1 grips and Dexter shoes. Perfect Games

To date, <mask> has bowled 65 perfect 300 games in professional competition, including 18 on the PBA Tour. Achievements

<mask> has 13 European Bowling Tour (EBT) titles to his name as of the end of the 2019 season, plus eight PBA titles through the 2019 season. 2008
<mask> was the EBT ranking runner-up in 2008. 2009
In the first stage of the World Tenpin Masters, <mask> won 2–0 against Guy Caminsky from South Africa. In the second stage of the tournament, <mask> won 2–0 against Paeng Nepomuceno from the Philippines. In the third stage, he defeated Finnish bowler Osku Palermaa 2–0.He then beat Chris Barnes in the semifinals with a two-game score of 490. In the end, <mask> won the World Tenpin Masters at the Barnsley Metrodome with a 505 over two games, beating his opponent Jason Belmonte of Australia. <mask> would also win the Weber Cup with Team Europe this year. 2010
<mask> was Ranking Winner on the EBT for the 2010 season. 2011

On November 19, 2011, in his American television debut (broadcast February 19, 2012), <mask> defeated American Sean Rash of Montgomery, IL, 247–204, to win the Professional Bowlers Association Scorpion Open at the South Point Casino and Hotel in Las Vegas. This was his first PBA Tour title. 2012
While unable to win a PBA title, <mask> was Ranking Winner on the EBT for the 2012 season.2013
<mask> won the Weber Cup XIV with Team Europe teammates Mika Koivuniemi, Martin Larsen and Stuart Williams. He captured the 2013 PBA World Championship for his second PBA Tour title and first PBA major. He then won the 2013 Qatar Open in Doha, Qatar, which qualified as his third PBA title in addition to a World Bowling Tour title. On the EBT, <mask> was Ranking Winner for the third time in his career in 2013. 2014
<mask> successfully defended his 2013 Qatar Open championship by winning the event again on 27 November 2014. He defeated Stuart Williams 395–388 over the two-game final in an all-England title match. This was his fourth PBA title.2015
<mask> finished runner-up at the 2015 Bowlmor AMF U.S. Open, defeating three opponents in the stepladder final before losing to Ryan Ciminelli in the final match, 236–223. In December, 2015, <mask> was the #1 seed for the PBA World Bowling Tour Men's Finals, held in Reno, NV, and defeated Mike Fagan in the final match. The three finalists for this non-title event were chosen and seeded based on a rolling points list of PBA International-World Bowling Tour tournaments held over the previous two years. <mask> made a career-high nine championship round appearances during the 2015 PBA season. 2016
Despite not winning a PBA Tour event in 2016, <mask> still had PBA earnings of almost $117,000 (USD), thanks to a third-place finish in the PBA World Championship and a second-place finish in DHC PBA Japan Invitational. 2017
<mask> topped a 345-player field at the Brunswick Euro Challenge on 26 March 2017, defeating Thailand's Jojoe Yannaphon in the final match to win the €12,500 first prize and his fifth PBA title. As one of the top eight PBA Tour money leaders from the start of the 2015 season through the 2017 USBC Masters, <mask> was invited to participate in the inaugural Main Event PBA Tour Finals in May, 2017.He placed seventh in the event. 2018
On January 28, 2018, <mask> won his sixth PBA title at the DHC PBA Japan Invitational in Tokyo, topping American Kyle Troup in the final match. On October 31, <mask> won his seventh PBA title and second PBA major at the U.S. Open, defeating top seed Jakob Butturff in the final match by a single pin, 207–206. Following this win, <mask> is now title-eligible for the PBA Hall of Fame (having two major championships with at least five total titles). <mask> was announced as a finalist for the 2018 PBA Player of the Year award, but the award was given to Andrew Anderson. 2019
<mask> qualified as the #14 seed for the inaugural PBA Tour Playoffs in 2019. He made it to the Round of 8 before being defeated by #6 seed Sean Rash.<mask> won his eighth PBA Tour title at the PBA-WBT Kuwait Open on November 8, 2019. Per tournament rules, <mask> had to beat the #1 qualifier, Iceland's Arnar Jonsson, twice to earn the title, which he did by scores of 289–235 and 278–277. <mask> also won the non-title World Bowling Tour Men's Finals during this same stop. 2022
After going through the COVID-shortened 2020 PBA Tour season and the 2021 season without winning, <mask> returned to the winner's circle on February 27, 2022, winning the PBA Tournament of Champions. After a convincing 279–201 semifinal match win over Shawn Maldonado, <mask> defeated top seed Kristopher Prather 210–189 in the final match. <mask>'s ninth PBA title gave him a win in all three of the PBA Tour's original major championships, making him the eighth triple crown winner in PBA history. PBA career statistics
Statistics are through the last complete PBA season.+CRA = Championship Round Appearances

PBA titles
Major championships in bold type. 2011 WSOB III Scorpion Open (Las Vegas, Nevada)
 2013 PBA World Championship (Las Vegas, Nevada)
 2013 PBA-WBT Qatar Open (Doha, Qatar)
 2014 PBA-WBT Qatar Open (Doha, Qatar)
 2017 PBA-WBT Brunswick Euro Challenge (Munich, Germany)
 2018 DHC PBA Japan Invitational (Tokyo, Japan)
 2018 74th U.S. Open (Wichita, Kansas)
 2019 PBA-WBT Kuwait Open (Kuwait City)
 2022 PBA Tournament of Champions (Fairlawn, Ohio)

Personal
<mask> now resides in Great Bentley, England. His wife Cassie gave birth to the couple's first child, a son named Colby Henry <mask>, on August 18, 2018. References

External links
 Industry profile of <mask>
 <mask>'s web site
 TalkTenpin.net news report

1985 births
Living people
British ten-pin bowling players

masks:
Dominic Simon Barrett
Dom Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
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Dominic Barrett
Dominic Barrett


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<mask> (born February 11, 1998) is an American professional ice hockey forward for the  Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Bruins selected him in the first round, 29th overall, of the 2016 NHL Entry Draft. Born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri, <mask> was a childhood fan of the St. Louis Blues NHL team, and his childhood coaches included former Blues players Keith Tkachuk and David Backes. After two seasons at De Smet Jesuit High School, he was recruited for the USA Hockey National Team Development Program in 2013, with whom he appeared in multiple international tournaments, including the World U-17 Hockey Challenge and IIHF World U18 Championship. While with the USA Hockey program, <mask> committed to join the Wisconsin Badgers college ice hockey program for their 2016–17 season. The Badgers lost the Big Ten Conference championships both seasons <mask> was there, but he scored 15 and 17 goals in those two seasons, respectively. After his sophomore year, <mask> chose to leave Wisconsin in order to sign with the Bruins.<mask>'s push to become the Bruins' third-line center in the  season did not work out: he had a chance at the role in February 2019, but was sent back down to the Providence Bruins of the American Hockey League (AHL) after 11 scoreless outings. <mask> remained with Providence for the  season, save for two NHL games in place of an injured Zachary Senyshyn, and had 32 AHL points by the time that the COVID-19 pandemic brought the season to a premature end. <mask> had a permanent position in the Bruins' NHL roster the following season until he contracted a mysterious illness in April, after which he was used only sparingly. Early life
<mask> was born on February 11, 1998, in St. Louis, Missouri, to Bob and Gaye <mask>, both lifelong fans of the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL). Raised a Blues fan, <mask>'s favorite hockey players as a child were Keith Tkachuk and David Backes, and as he began playing hockey himself, he would model his playing style after that of Backes. He played three sports throughout his childhood, all of which were coached by former professionals: <mask>'s hockey coaches were Tkachuk and Jeff Brown, the quarterback coach on his American football team was Gus Frerotte, and Mike Matheny coached him in Little League Baseball. <mask> spent two years as a three-sport athlete for De Smet Jesuit High School before October 2013, when the USA Hockey National Team Development Program noticed him at a minor ice hockey tournament and recruited him for their program.He spent two years in the development program, scoring seven goals and 12 assists for a total of 19 points in 58 United States Hockey League games. Playing career

NCAA
On April 18, 2014, <mask> committed to play college ice hockey for the Wisconsin Badgers beginning in the 2016–17 season. The summer before joining the Badgers, <mask>, who had previously been recruited by the Boston University Terriers, was selected by the Boston Bruins in the first round, 29th overall, of the 2016 NHL Entry Draft. Despite being drafted, <mask> committed to Wisconsin, and he scored his first collegiate goal on October 8, 2016, as part of a 6–5 defeat of the Northern Michigan Wildcats. With six points in his first four games, including a four-point game against the Boston College Eagles, <mask> was named the Big Ten Conference's Second Star of the Week for the week ending October 18. After breaking his hand in practice on November 17, the Badgers' goals per game dropped from 3.75 in the eight games he had played to 2.67 in the six games he missed. Centering a line with Cameron Hughes and Luke Kunin, <mask> was second to Kunin with 15 goals and 33 points in 30 regular season games.Although the Badgers lost the Big Ten tournament to Penn State in double overtime, thus keeping them out of the NCAA tournament, <mask> was named the Big Ten Men's Ice Hockey Freshman of the Year, as well as the recipient of the Spike Carlson–Chris Chelios Award for the Badgers' most valuable player (MVP). He was also named to both the All-Big Ten Second Team and Freshman Team. When Hughes was promoted to Badgers captain shortly before the 2017–18 season, <mask> became one of four alternate captains. He struggled in the first half of the regular season, dropping from 1.1 points per game during his freshman year to 0.76 as a sophomore, in part because his opponents were targeting him. In an effort to remedy this, coach Tony Granato dropped <mask> from the first to the third offensive line, where he centered Matthew Freytag and Sean Dhooghe. On February 7, after back-to-back three-point outings against the Michigan Wolverines, <mask> was named the Big Ten second star of the week. Although <mask> delivered two goals in the Big Ten tournament game, the Badgers lost to Michigan 7–4 and were kept once again from the NCAA tournament.<mask> had 17 goals and 32 points in 36 regular season games for the Badgers that year and was named an All-Big Ten honorable mention, but had two four-game scoring droughts as Wisconsin finished the season 14–19–4. After the 2017–18 season ended, <mask> signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the Bruins, ending his college hockey career. Professional
<mask>'s contract with the Bruins started during the  season, but he was able to finish out the  season with the Providence Bruins, Boston's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, on an amateur tryout contract. He played in 13 regular season games for Providence, recording five goals and eight points in the process, and contributed an additional assist in three postseason games. The offseason departure of Riley Nash to the Columbus Blue Jackets left the Bruins' third-line center position open for the  season, and <mask> entered training camp in contention with Jack Studnicka and Jakob Forsbacka Karlsson for the role. Veterans David Backes and Sean Kuraly were ultimately awarded the job, while <mask> and his competitors were sent back to Providence. Ultimately, however, the third-line center became a rotating position, and <mask> was called up from Providence on January 29 to try out the role.He made his NHL debut that night, skating alongside his childhood hero Backes, and received a five-minute major penalty for fighting with Winnipeg Jets forward Brandon Tanev. After 11 scoreless games for Boston, <mask> was sent back down to Providence on February 22, shortly before the trading deadline, in order to clear salary cap space for new acquisition Charlie Coyle. Ultimately, <mask> played in 15 NHL games during the 2018–19 season, with no goals or assists in any of them, but had 14 goals and 25 points in 55 games with Providence. Although he began the  season in Providence, injuries soon decimated the Bruins' offensive core, and <mask> was called up to Boston on November 14 to replace an injured Zach Senyshyn. He skated on the third line with Par Lindholm and Danton Heinen, playing on the left wing instead of his usual center. His call-up was short-lived, as <mask>, Paul Carey, and Urho Vaakanainen were all sent down to Providence on November 18 to make room for Jake DeBrusk, Patrice Bergeron, and Brett Ritchie, all of whom were returning from their respective injuries. Although he played in only two NHL games that season, <mask> made a much larger impact in the AHL, where he scored eight goals and 32 points in 59 regular season games, all while leading the league with 148 penalty minutes.By the time that the AHL season was canceled in March due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Providence Bruins were on a 12-game winning streak and were poised to take the No. 1 seed in the Eastern Conference. When the NHL returned to play for the 2020 Stanley Cup playoffs, <mask> was one of 31 players selected to join the team in the Toronto "bubble". He contracted the COVID-19 virus during the pre-playoff training camp, however, and could not play with the team during their postseason run. <mask> opened the  season as a member of the Bruins' taxi squad, ready to fill in for either Craig Smith or Brad Marchand as needed. After cementing his place on the Bruins lineup by way of fighting with P. K. Subban of the New Jersey Devils early in the season, <mask> finally picked up his first NHL point on January 23, an assist on Coyle's goal in a 3–1 defeat of the Philadelphia Flyers. His first NHL goal also came against the Flyers, a second-period shot past Carter Hart during the NHL Outdoors at Lake Tahoe game on February 21.What was poised to be a strong rookie season for <mask> was suddenly derailed aftar April 6, when he contracted a mysterious, non-COVID-19 illness. <mask> suffered a fever of over  that sidelined him for some time, and when the Bruins acquired Curtis Lazar and Taylor Hall in a late-season trade with the Buffalo Sabres, it was difficult for <mask> to find his way back into the lineup. After contracting the illness, he made only six more regular-season appearances for Boston. He scored four goals and one assist in 42 regular season games, but did not make an appearance in any of the Bruins' 11 games at the 2021 Stanley Cup playoffs, even when the fourth line wavered and Boston eventually fell to the New York Islanders. An impending restricted free agent after the 2020–21 season, <mask> signed a two-year, $2.1 million contract extension with the Bruins on June 25, 2021. Shortly thereafter, he was one of the seven forwards that the Bruins chose to protect in the 2021 NHL Expansion Draft. He was taken out of the Bruins'  lineup on November 9 after an unexpected hit from Josh Brown of the Ottawa Senators caused an upper body injury.International play

<mask>'s tenure with the National Team Development Program allowed him to represent the United States at a number of international tournaments, beginning with the 2014 World Under-17 Hockey Challenge, where he recorded one goal and one assist in six games of Team USA's silver-medal finish. The following year, <mask> helped the United States to a bronze medal with four goals and three assists in the 2016 IIHF World U18 Championships, including a hat-trick in the team's 12–1 opening-round rout of Latvia. Two years later, he won another bronze medal, this time contributing five goals in seven games for the United States junior team at the 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. Four of these goals came in the bronze medal game, where the US team defeated the Czech Republic 9–3. Fighting
Standing at  and weighing , <mask> has become a successful fighter in his NHL career. His penchant for fighting began as a child, when he and his brother Grant would practice hitting each other in a makeshift basement roller rink. Most of his fights have come from a self-professed desire to help his teammates, such as when he battled Tommy Cross of the Springfield Thunderbirds after Cross elbowed Cameron Hughes in the head.Boston coach Bruce Cassidy has praised <mask>'s discipline and control in picking his battles and has encouraged him to become an enforcer. Cassidy and teammate Brad Marchand, himself a notorious pest, have also praised <mask>'s ability to draw penalties from his opponents by agitating them into a fight or another infraction. Personal life
<mask>'s older brother Grant is also a hockey player, and the two would often face each other while <mask> played with the US national team and Grant was with the Green Bay Gamblers. Grant spent four years playing college ice hockey for the Miami RedHawks before signing with the Adirondack Thunder of the ECHL in 2020. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honors

References

External links

1998 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey centers
Boston Bruins draft picks
Boston Bruins players
Ice hockey players from St. Louis
National Hockey League first round draft picks
Providence Bruins players
USA Hockey National Team Development Program players
Wisconsin Badgers men's ice hockey players

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<mask> (23 May 1924 – 8 April 2014) was a German researcher and writer who achieved public attention in Europe for his trenchant and fiercely critical treatment of Christianity in general and the Catholic Church in particular, as expressed in several articles and books, culminating in his 10 volume Christianity's Criminal History (Kriminalgeschichte des Christentums, Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek). <mask>'s father Karl was a forester in Bamberg, Bavaria. His mother, Margareta Karoline (née Reischböck) grew up in Franconia and Lower Bavaria. Both of them were Roman Catholics, but the mother converted from Protestantism at some point. Karlheinz, the eldest of three children, attended elementary school in Trossenfurt (close to Würzburg) from 1929 to 1933. Afterwards he attended the Franciscan Seminary in Dettelbach. There he first lived with the family of his godfather and sponsor, the clerical councilor Leopold Baumann, afterward in the Franciscan monastery.From 1934 to 1942 he attended the Alte, Neue and Deutsche Gymnasium as a boarding school student with the Carmelite and English Sisters. In 1942 he passed his final exams. Like the rest of his entire class he reported immediately as a military volunteer for Nazi Germany and was wounded several times. He served as a soldier until the Third Reich's capitulation, in the final stages as a  paratrooper. Initially matriculating as a major in Forestry in the University of Munich, Deschner attended lectures on Law, Theology, Philosophy and Psychology during 1946/47 at the Philosophical-Theological College in Bamberg. From 1947 to 1951 at the University of Würzburg he studied Contemporary German Literature, Philosophy and History and graduated in 1951 with a doctoral dissertation entitled Lenau's Lyrics As an Expression of Metaphysical Despair. In the same year he married Elfi Tuch.They had three children: Katja (1951), Bärbel (1958) and Thomas (1959 to 1984). From 1924 to 1964, Deschner resided in a former hunting lodge of the prince-bishops of Tretzendorf (Steigerwald), then for two years in the country house of a friend in Fischbrunn (near Hersbruck, Franconian Jura). After that, he resided in Hassfurt am Main until his death. <mask> Deschner published novels, literary criticism, essays, aphorisms, and history critical of religion and the Church. Over the years he gave more than 2,000 public lectures. In 1971, he was called before court in Nuremberg, charged with "Insults against the Church", but was acquitted. Outside of Germany, his works remained largely unpublished until the eighties, when translated versions (where necessary) were published in Spain, Switzerland, Italy and Poland.(The fourth part of The Cock Crowed Once Again was translated into Norwegian and published in 1972). <mask> worked on his ambitious Criminal History of Christianity from 1970 to 2013. He had no official research grants, honoraria, stipends, emoluments or official positions, but had been financially supported by a few friends and readers. His friend and patron Alfred Schwarz was able to celebrate the appearance of Volume 1 in September 1986 but did not live to see Volume 2 reach publication. The German entrepreneur Herbert Steffen, founder of the humanistic Giordano Bruno Foundation has continued to support <mask>'s work. In 1989 German weekly news magazine Der Spiegel published a recension of the first two volumes. The article was written by Horst Herrmann, a former professor of Church law at Münster University who left the Catholic Church in 1981.During the summer semester of 1987 <mask> taught a course entitled Criminal History of Christianity at the University of Münster. <mask> <mask> was a member of the Yugoslavian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Department of Historical Sciences. Prizes
In a foreword of his The Criminal History of Christianity an overview of awards and prizes is presented:

<mask> was awarded the Arno Schmidt Prize in 1988, succeeding Wolfgang Koeppen, Hans Wollschläger and Peter Rühmkorf. In June 1993 he followed Walter Jens, Dieter Hildebrandt, Gerhard Zwerenz and Robert Jungk in winning the Alternative Büchner Prize and in July 1993, following Andrei Sakharov and Alexander Dubček, he was the first German to be recognized with the International Humanist Award. In September 2001 he received the secularistic Erwin Fischer Prize, to be followed in November 2001 by the Ludwig Feuerbach Prize. Works
The first of <mask>'s books that has been translated into English is God and the Fascists: the Vatican Alliance with Mussolini, Franco, Hitler, and Pavelic (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2013). The following translation of his titles is taken from the English version of his official website.Novels
Night Surrounds My House (1956)
Florence Without Sun (1958)

Critique of religion and the Church
What Do You Think of Christianity? (1957)
The Cock Crowed Once Again (1962)
With God and the Fascists (1965)
Images of Jesus from a Theological Perspective (1966)
The Century of Barbarism (1966)
Church and Fascism (1968)
Christianity in the View of Its Opponents, Volume 1 (1969)
Why I Left the Church (1970)
Church and War (1970)
The Manipulated Faith (1971)
Christianity in the View of Its Opponents (1971)
On the Cross of the Church (1974)
Church of the Unholy (1974)
Why I Am a Christian/Atheist/Agnostic (1977)
A Pope Travels to the Scene of the Crime (1981)
A Century of Sacred History, Vol. 1 (1982)
A Century of Sacred History, Vol. 2 (1983)
The Offended Church (1986)
Christianity's Criminal History, Vol. 1 (1986)
Opus Diaboli (1987)
Christianity's Criminal History, Vol. 2 (1988)
What I Believe In (1990)
Christianity's Criminal History, Vol. 3 1990)
The Politics of the Papacy in the 20th Century (1991)
The Anti-Catechism (1991)
God's Representatives (1994)
Christianity's Criminal History, Vol.4 (1994)
World War of the Religions: the Eternal Crusade in the Balkans (1995)Christianity's Criminal History, Vol. 5 (1997)Nobody on Top (1997)Christianity's Criminal History, Vol. 6 (1999)Between Subjection and Damnation. Robert Mächler (1999)Memento (1999)Christianity's Criminal History, Vol. 7 (2002)Christianity's Criminal History, Vol. 8 (2004)Christianity's Criminal History, Vol. 9 (2008)Christianity's Criminal History, Vol.10 (2013)

Literary criticismKitsch, Convention and Art (1957)Talents, Poets, Dilettantes (1964)

Social criticismWho Is Teaching in German Universities? (1968)The Moloch: A Critical History of the U.S.A. (1992)What I Think (1994)For a Bite of Meat (1998)

AphorismsOnly the Living Swims Against the Current (1985)Offences (1994)

MiscellaneousDreams of Sleeping Beauty and Stench from the Stall (1989)The Rhoen Region (1998)

Footnotes

External links

<mask> <mask>'s website (English part)
tele-akademie.de Information about <mask> <mask> at SWR educational television (German)
uaar.it Storia criminale del Cristianesimo'', article about Deschner's main book in Italian by Luciano Franceschetti

1924 births
2014 deaths
People from Bamberg
German atheism activists
German military personnel of World War II
Writers from Bavaria
Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Critics of Christianity
German male novelists
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German male writers
University of Würzburg alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Former Roman Catholics
Critics of the Catholic Church
Fallschirmjäger of World War II

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Karl Heinrich Leopold Deschner
Life Deschner
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General Sir <mask>B (1 June 1821 – 18 June 1904) was a 19th-century British military leader who commanded the Gordon Highlanders and several other important British regiments. A hero of the Siege of Lucknow he spent the second half of his life without his left arm. A favourite of Queen Victoria he served as her official aide-de-camp. Life

Early life and career

<mask> was born in Sholapur in India on 1 June 1821 the third son of Lt General <mask> CB of the Indian Army (son of <mask>), and his wife, Lavinia Brisbane, daughter of Sir Charles Brisbane. His younger brother was <mask>. He was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and trained as a military leader in the footsteps of his father and grandfathers. He joined the British Army in July 1838 as an Ensign in the 35th Royal Sussex Regiment.He was promoted to Lieutenant in April 1842 and served in both Cape Town and Mauritius. In 1846 he transferred to the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders. He was promoted to Captain in 1848. Crimean War
In April 1854 he was sent to Gallipoli to lead his troops in the Crimean War, reaching Varna in June. He was quickly promoted to Brevet Major in May 1854. He saw action at the Battle of Alma (20 September 1854) and the Battle of Balaklava (25 September 1854 onwards). During the latter he was one of the officers involved in the infamous action later depicted in the painting "The Thin Red Line" on 25 October, being in charge of the 6th Company of the regiment.His actions here saw his promotion to full Major in December 1854. On 6 November he was the first to inform :Lord Raglan of the Russian advance at Inkerman. He was also with Raglan at the dramatic death of General Strangways, killed by a shell (which also killed two horses beneath their riders). In May 1855 he led his command to the Sea of Azoff and aided in the capture of the town of Kertch and adjacent fortress at Yenikale. He then returned to join the Siege of Sebastopol, participating in the assaults on both 18 June and 5 September. After the war he was promoted to Brevet Lieutenant Colonel and was one of only four officers to receive the French Legion of Honour and the Turkish Order of Medjidie, and one of only three to receive the Piedmontese Silver Medal, the latter recognising service without one day of absence during the entire war. He returned to England in July 1856 and was based at both Aldershot and Dover.Indian Mutiny
In June 1857 he sailed with his troops heading to China to take part in the Second Opium War. However, at the Cape of Good Hope they received alternative orders and were instead dispatched to help to deal with the Indian Mutiny which had begun some months earlier but remained unresolved. The regiment were sent to Cawnpore and from there were dispatched to relieve the many trapped in the Siege of Lucknow including the original rescue party of the 78th Highlanders. On 2 November 1857 he captured the fortified village of Bunterah and on 5 December took supplies and ammunition to the town of Alumbagh relieving Sir Henry Havelock. On 13 November he captured the fort at Jalalabad. On 14 November he was joined by Sir Colin Campbell and 4000 further troops. Together they captured the forts of Dilkusha and Martiniere.On 16 November, alongside Lt Colonel Leith-Hay, they successfully captured Secunderabad. During this battle he had his bonnet shot off at distressingly short range and also received two sword wounds, one of which put his right arm in a sling. When they successfully infiltrated the fortress they killed all the defenders, leaving some 2000 dead. The following day they captured the Shah Nujjeef retiring to Martiniere on 22nd. On 27 November, with 3000 men, he escorted the evacuation of a large number of civilians in their crossing of the River Ganges. He then returned to aid General Wyndham at Cawnpore. In the evacuation beginning on 29 November, many persons were successfully got over the bridge on the Ganges, but on the third day, 1 December 1857, <mask> lost his left arm to cannon fire.His right arm at this time was still in a sling. The loss of the arm brought him close to death. Once sufficiently recovered in Cawnpore he sailed to England for full recuperation. On the death of Lt Colonel Adrian Hope at Fort Rohya <mask> officially became Lt Colonel in his place. In April 1859 Queen Victoria created him a Companion of the Bath and made him her personal Aide-de-Camp. He oversaw the Ross-shire Buffs until 1864 at the rank of full Colonel and in 1872 became a Major General. He was recommended for a Victoria Cross after the Relief of Lucknow but a decision was made to award only one VC to the three potential candidates.<mask> lost by one vote to Captain W. G. D. Stewart the third candidate being Captain W. A. Cooper. Later life and career
In March 1877 he became commander of the Indian region of Allahabad. In November 1879 he was promoted further to Lt General and returned to Britain. In January 1884 he became a full General and placed in charge of the Wiltshire Regiment. in March 1884 he was placed in charge of the 92nd Gordon Highlanders. In June 1895 he took over the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. At Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897 she raised him to Knight Commander of the Bath (KCB).He died peacefully at home in Dumfriesshire on 18 June 1904 a few days after his 83rd birthday. He is buried in the Old Town Cemetery at Stirling Castle in central Scotland. Family

In 1858 he married Frances Stone, daughter of <mask> Stone of Callingwood Hall. Their family home (which he rarely saw) was Craigclough Hall in Eskdale near Langholm. They had two sons who came to fame in their own right: Lt General <mask> <mask> aide-de-camp to King George V and Rear Admiral Arthur Wartensleben <mask>. Memorials

A memorial to <mask>, designed by Robert Lorimer, was erected in St Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh in 1905. Memorabilia

His sword and scabbard from the Battle of Alma is held in the National Army Museum in London.Publications
A Few Remarks about the British Army
The Story of a Soldier's Life (1881)

References

1821 births
1904 deaths
British Army generals
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
British amputees
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
35th Regiment of Foot officers
93rd Regiment of Foot officers
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders officers

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<mask> is a BAFTA and Ivor Novello Award winning composer and sound designer working in film and theatre. He read music at the University of Oxford, studied contemporary music theatre at the Banff Centre for the Arts and studied electro-acoustic composition and programming at the Centro Ricerche Musicali in Rome. Having explored various means of generating music algorithmically, he is the author of one of the earliest pieces of software for generating fractal or self-similar music. Career
His scores for feature films include Shadow of the Vampire (starring John Malkovich and Willem Dafoe), In Transit (also starring John Malkovich), Jericho Mansions (starring James Caan) and Menno Meyjes' Max (starring John Cusack), for which he received the Ivor Novello Award for Best Film Score 2004. He also scored Meyjes' follow up film Manolete (starring Adrien Brody and Penélope Cruz). He has written for all the major British television broadcasters and his work includes Sir David Attenborough's The Life of Mammals, the BBC series Strange, Pawel Pawlikowski's drama "Twockers", Charlie Brooker's Channel 4 horror series "Dead Set" and Francesca Joseph's "Tomorrow La Scala", Channel 4's three-part documentary " Visions of Heaven and Hell" shown in 1994. He collaborated with Sebastião Salgado, John Berger and Paul Carlin on the BBC Arena (television) special "The Spectre of Hope".He recently composed the music for the BAFTA Best Drama Serial Any Human Heart for Channel 4 which also won both BAFTA and Ivor Novello Best Television Score Awards. More recently, he composed the music for ITV's controversial Fred West drama, 'Appropriate Adult'. In 1997 he teamed up with British trip hop group Alpha producing orchestral arrangements for their albums ComeFromHeaven, The Impossible Thrill and Jarvis Cocker's cover of "This is Where I Came In" for Massive Attack's Melankolic label. He has also created music and soundscapes for large scale public artworks. He is the co-creator of Sky Orchestra where music is played from seven hot air balloons positioned over a city, making it one of the largest sound works in the world. After an initial informal performance in Bristol in 2003, Sky Orchestra was first successfully staged in Birmingham commissioned by Fierce! and was later re-commissioned by Fierce and the Royal Shakespeare Company as part of the Complete Works Festival.Sky Orchestra opened the Sydney Festival in 2007 and has also toured to Canada and Switzerland. He also produced the sound design for "Listening Posts, an art work by Daphne Wright to commemorate the Irish emigrants who left Cork's harbourside which produces an ever changing sound score throughout the year. His most recent work is Suburban Counterpoint subtitled "Music for Seven Ice Cream Vans" which was co-commissioned by London International Festival of Theatre (LIFT), Norfolk and Norwich Festival and The Sydney Festival. In an idea dating back to 2000 the work, as the title suggests, uses seven ice cream vans to produce a surround sound score which inhabits an entire neighbourhood at once. Other works include the score for the Rambert Dance Company's "Slippage" by choreographer William Tuckett. His music has been used by The European Space Agency and incorporated into Isaac Julien's Paradise Omeros which is exhibited at Tate Modern, London. He is founding member and co-artistic director of Sound and Fury Theatre Company whose productions pioneer the immersive use of experimental sound design.He recently co-directed and sound designed the theatre production "Kursk" which toured the UK after a sellout run at the Young Vic theatre in London. He was the first ever recipient of a special jury prize for sound design at the Prague Quadrennial for his work on Sound and Fury's production of Kursk alongside fellow sound designer Kathrine Sandys for her piece Hush.