texts:
<mask> (born March 15, 1967), also known by his stage name <mask>, is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist based in Memphis, Tennessee. He was a founding member of the garage bands The Compulsive Gamblers, and The Oblivians and currently fronts Jack O & the Tennessee Tearjerkers. <mask> has also been a member, or contributed to: The End, Johnny Vomit & The Dry Heaves, Andre Williams, The Knaughty Knights, South Filthy, The Cool Jerks, The Limes, '68 Comeback, King Louie & His Loose Diamonds, Greg Oblivian & the Tip Tops, <mask>vian & The Cigarillos, The Natural Kicks and Tav Falco's Panther Burns. Today, <mask> continues to write, record and tour as a solo artist. In January 2016, he released his seventh solo album, The Lone Ranger of Love. The record was released on his own label, Mony Records. Johnny Vomit and the Dry Heaves
<mask> began his professional music career in high school, appearing alongside high-school friend and future Squirrel Nut Zippers founder Jimbo Mathus in the Corinth, Mississippi, based Johnny Vomit & the Dry Heaves.<mask> played drums in the outfit, which credited him as Johnny Goopa. Johnny Vomit & the Dry Heaves would go on to be one of <mask>'s longest-running side projects, the song "Knick the Knife" on his latest Tennessee Tearjearkers album being a reworked version of a song performed in early Johnny Vomit jam sessions. The End
In the summer of 1987 (? ), <mask> moved to Memphis, Tennessee, to play music with his cousin. <mask> and his cousin played together using a number of band names, eventually releasing a new wave 7-inch under the name The End. The tracks "You Never Called" and "People Talk" (later covered by Cheap Time) were recorded in 1984 at Phillips Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. That vinyl single, released on the Erwin record label marked <mask>'s first appearance on record.By 1989 the two had diverged musically and <mask>'s cousin left town, effectively ending their partnership. The Compulsive Gamblers
Following the breakup of The End, <mask>'s encounter with fellow musician Greg Cartwright led to the formation of the Compulsive Gamblers. Despite recording two 7-inch albums and a handful of home recordings, the band was unable to garner record label interest until after the success of their next band, the Oblivians. The Compulsive Gamblers would reform in the late 1990s and early 2000s, releasing two studio albums and one live LP on Sympathy For the Record Industry. The Oblivians
The Oblivians formed in 1993 as a side project to the Compulsive Gamblers, and included former Gambler Greg Cartwright, as well as future Goner Records founder, Eric Friedl. The members of the Oblivians all shared writing and recording responsibilities. Each member supplied vocals, guitar work, and percussion on albums, and switched between instruments during live shows.The Oblivians lasted from 1993 until 1998, at which time <mask> and Cartwright left the band to reform the Compulsive Gamblers. The second incarnation of the Gamblers lasted from 1998 to 2003, when the bandmembers again went their separate ways. The Tennessee Tearjerkers
After pursuing a brief solo career, <mask> teamed up with Scott Bomar to form the Tearjearkers. As Bomar became more and more involved with film scoring, <mask> began to take a more active role in the band, ultimately taking over as lead songwriter after Bomar's departure. With <mask> in control of the group, the band was rechristened the Tennessee Tearjerkers. At the same time as <mask> was writing songs with the Tearjerkers, he was also contributing in various ways to a number of side projects including, the Knaughty Knights, the Limes, and South Filthy which included collaborations with longtime associates Walter Daniels, and Monsieur Jeffrey Evans. In 2007 <mask> released another solo LP, "The Flip Side Kid."The CD version was released by Sympathy For the Record Industry and Yarber self-released the vinyl under his own label, "Dirt Cheap Date." The Oblivians reunion
In 2008, The Oblivians and The Gories announced a dual reunion tour, which happened in the summer of 2009, mostly in Europe, but also a couple shows in Memphis and Detroit. Since then, the Oblivians have continued playing sporadic gigs and released a 2015 album via in the Red Records, Desperation. Discography

As <mask>blivian
Solo albums
 American Slang 12-inch EP/CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 1997, SFTRI 475)
 So Low LP/CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 1998, SFTRI 535)
 Bad Mood Rising LP/CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 2001, SFTRI 643)
 Don't Throw Your Love Away LP/CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 2005, SFTRI 735)
 Jack-O Is The Flip Side Kid LP/CD (Dirt Cheap Records/Sympathy for the Record Industry, 2006, BR-003/SFTRI 778)
 The Disco Outlaw LP/CD (Goner Records, 2009, 45 Gone)
 Rat City LP/CD (Big Legal Mess, 2011)
 Jack O & the Sheiks: Live! 7-inch (Goner Records, 2005, 18gone)
 "Running in a Rat Race" 7-inch (Solid Sex Lovie Doll Records, 2006, SSLD 008)

With the Compulsive Gamblers
Singles
 "Joker" 7-inch (Boiler Room, 1992, cat.no.?) "Church Goin'" 7-inch (Lemon Peel Records, 1992, LP001 – LP002)
 "Goodtime Gamblers" 7-inch (Boiler Room, 1995, BR 002)

Albums
 Gambling Days are Over CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 1995, SFTRI 372)
 Bluff City LP/CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 1999, SFTRI 570)
 Crystal Gazing Luck Amazing LP/CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 2000, SFTRI 572)
 Live & Deadly: Memphis-Chicago 2xLP/CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 2003, SFTRI 698)

With the Oblivians
Singles
 "Call The Shots" 7-inch (Goner Records, 1993, 2Gone)
 "Sunday You Need Love" 7-inch (Crypt, 1994, CR-044)
 "Now for the Hard Of Hearing From … 'Blow Their Cool'" 7-inch (Estrus, 1994, ES 756)
 "Static Party" 7-inch (In The Red, 1994, ITR 018)
 "Go!Pill-Popper!" CD (Death Valley Records, 2005, DV-010)

with the Natural Kicks
Albums
 Natural Kicks CD (Miz Kafrin, 2005, Miz Kafrin 007)

References
 Hurley, Rachael.Rock's Hero for the Rest of Us, "Scenestars.net". Retrieved June 9, 2007. Mehr, Bob. 2016 Lone Ranger of Love story

1967 births
Living people
Sympathy for the Record Industry artists
American male singers
Songwriters from Mississippi
People from Corinth, Mississippi
American male songwriters

masks:
Jack Yarber
Jack Oblivian
Yarber
Jack Obli
Yarber
Jack Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Jack O


type: original

texts:
<mask> (December 9, 1911 – April 26, 1986) was an American stage, film, radio, and television actor, often cast in tough-guy roles and best known for his Oscar- and Golden Globe-winning portrayal of Willie Stark in All the King's Men (1949) and for his starring role as Dan Mathews in the television series Highway Patrol (1955–1959). Until filming All the King's Men, <mask>'s career had been largely limited to "B films" in supporting or character roles. He realized he did not fit the role of a handsome leading man, once describing himself as looking like a "retired pugilist". Early life
<mask> was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to <mask> and <mask>, who were both vaudeville performers, as his grandparents had been. Lester appeared in films in the 1920s and 1930s. <mask> had a career in Hollywood comedies, including memorable appearances in the Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers musicals Top Hat and Swing Time. Young William joined his parents on the stage, working for producer Max Gordon.After graduating from preparatory high school Dean Academy (now Dean College) in Franklin, Massachusetts, <mask> was accepted by Harvard College where he enrolled. However, after only three weeks at Harvard he dropped out to work as a stevedore on the New York docks. Acting career

<mask> returned to vaudeville and radio, which included a period with the Marx Brothers in the radio comedy show Flywheel, Shyster, and Flywheel. He played his first serious character as a footballer in She Loves Me Not at the Adelphi Theatre, London in 1932. <mask> was originally stereotyped as a fast-talking tough guy early in his career and often played villainous parts. He gained fame in 1937 as Lenny in Of Mice and Men on Broadway. He moved to Hollywood and began working in films.Early films
<mask> made his film debut for Sam Goldwyn in Woman Chases Man (1937). He was in Start Cheering (1938) at Columbia but missed out on reprising his stage performance as Lenny in the film version of Of Mice and Men, losing it to Lon Chaney Jr.

Paramount
<mask> signed a contract with Paramount. He appeared in some "B" films: Ambush (1939), Sudden Money (1939) and Undercover Doctor (1939). He had a good role in the prestigious Beau Geste. After appearing in Island of Lost Men (1939), <mask> had a Beau Geste style role in The Real Glory (1939). He appeared in two films for Walter Wanger and Tay Garnett, Eternally Yours (1939) and Slightly Honorable (1939). Universal
<mask> moved over to Universal, where he was given his first starring role, in the "B", I Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby (1940).He had support parts in When the Daltons Rode (1940); Seven Sinners (1940), for Garnett; and Trail of the Vigilantes (1940). He went back to Paramount for Texas Rangers Ride Again (1940) then returned to Universal for The Black Cat (1941), Tight Shoes (1941), and Badlands of Dakota (1941). <mask> had one of the leads in South of Tahiti (1941) and North to the Klondike (1941). He supported Edward G. Robinson in Larceny, Inc. (1942) and George Raft in Broadway (1942), and co-starred with Robert Stack in Men of Texas (1942) and Constance Bennett in Sin Town (1942). During World War II, <mask> enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps. Assigned to the Armed Forces Network, he was sent to Britain in 1944 as a sergeant, he served as an announcer for the Glenn Miller American Band. He was one of two announcers on Miller's weekly program I Sustain the Wings, prior to Miller and the band being shipped to England.He returned to films with roles in Black Angel (1946), a film noir and Slave Girl (1947) with Yvonne de Carlo. Freelance actor
<mask> made The Flame (1947) for Republic, and The Time of Your Life (1948) for James Cagney's company. He went back to Paramount for Sealed Verdict (1948) and had a co-starring role in Bad Men of Tombstone (1949) for the King Brothers. At Warner Bros <mask> was in A Kiss in the Dark (1949) with David Niven and Jane Wyman and Night Unto Night (1949) with Ronald Reagan and Viveca Lindfors. He was also in Monogram's Anna Lucasta (1949) with Paulette Goddard. All the King's Men and stardom

In 1949, <mask> reached the pinnacle of his acting career when he was cast as Willie Stark, a character inspired by and closely patterned after the life of Louisiana politician Huey Long, in All the King's Men, a film based on the popular novel by Robert Penn Warren. The film was a huge hit, and <mask>'s performance as the bullying, blustering, yet insecure Governor Stark won him the Academy Award for Best Actor.The film was made by Columbia who put <mask> under contract. He co-starred with Glenn Ford in Convicted (1950), then starred in another hit 'A'-list production with William Holden and Judy Holliday, Born Yesterday (1950), directed by George Cukor. <mask> starred in The Mob (1951), a crime drama. Under the direction of Phil Karlson he starred in Scandal Sheet (1952), based on a novel by Sam Fuller. MGM borrowed him to play the villain in Lone Star (1952), opposite Clark Gable and Ava Gardner. He went to Warner Bros. to star in a comedy, Stop, You're Killing Me (1952). <mask> returned to Columbia to star in some Westerns, Last of the Comanches (1953), and The Last Posse (1954).20th Century Fox borrowed him to co-star with Gregory Peck in Nunnally Johnson's Night People (1954). <mask> was reunited with Glenn Ford in Human Desire (1954), directed by Fritz Lang. Edward Small used him in Down Three Dark Streets (1954) and New York Confidential (1955). In 1955, <mask> assumed the starring role as Rollo Lamar, the most violent of convicts in Big House, U.S.A.. In the film, <mask>'s character is a hardened convict so violent he commands the obedience of even the most violent and psychotic prisoners in the prison yard, including those portrayed by such famous tough-guy actors as Charles Bronson, Ralph Meeker, William Talman, and Lon Chaney Jr.

Stanley Kramer cast him in a good supporting role in Not as a Stranger (1955), which was a big hit. He received an offer in Italy to star in Il bidone (1955), directed by Federico Fellini. Highway Patrol
In 1955, television producer Frederick Ziv of ZIV Television Productions offered <mask> the lead role as "Dan Mathews" in the police drama Highway Patrol, which dramatized law enforcement activities of the California Highway Patrol (CHP).ZIV Television Productions operated on an extremely low budget of $25,000 per episode of Highway Patrol with ten percent of gross receipts going to <mask> as per his contract. While the show's scripts were largely fictional, the use of realistic, rapid-fire dialogue, stark film noir styled feel and <mask>'s convincing portrayal of a hard-as-nails police official helped make the show an instant success. Highway Patrol remained popular during its four years (1955–1959) of first-run syndication, and would continue in repeat syndication on local stations across the United States for many years after. For much of the period from 1955 until 1965 most of <mask>'s television roles involved ZIV Television, which was among the relative handful of producers willing to accept the frequent challenges inherent with working with the hard-living and hard-drinking <mask>. Years later, Frederick Ziv admitted in an interview, "To be honest, <mask> could be a handful!" Highway Patrol helped revive <mask>'s career and cement his tough-guy persona, which he used successfully in numerous movie and TV roles for the rest of his life. During the series' run he appeared in The Fastest Gun Alive (1956) with Ford at MGM, a successful Western; Between Heaven and Hell (1956) with Robert Wagner at Fox, directed by Richard Fleischer; and The Decks Ran Red (1958) with James Mason for Andrew L. Stone.Fed up with the show's hectic shooting schedule, <mask> quit Highway Patrol at the end of 1959 in order to make a film in Spain, and try to get his drinking under control. His follow-up role, as diamond industry security man John King in the 1961–62 Ziv series King of Diamonds was a failure, the show lasting only one season. Europe
<mask> relocated to Europe where he starred in Vittorio Cottafavi's La vendetta di Ercole (1960), known in the U.S. as Goliath and the Dragon. <mask>'s successful run as Dan Mathews in Highway Patrol earned him some two million dollars under his contract with ZIV, which eventually paid him in exchange for his agreement to sign for the pilot and subsequent production of a new ZIV production, King of Diamonds. Recently back from Europe, and having temporarily stopped drinking, <mask> was signed to play the starring role as diamond industry security chief John King. King of Diamonds was picked up for syndication in 1961, but ran for only one season before being cancelled. In 1962, after the end of King of Diamonds, <mask> returned to acting in motion pictures: Square of Violence (1962); Convicts 4 (1962); Javier Setó's The Castilian (1963); A House Is Not a Home (1964); Up from the Beach (1965); Kid Rodelo (1966); The Oscar (1966); The Texican (1966) with Audie Murphy; The Vulture (1967); Red Tomahawk (1967).1970s
After 1970, <mask> again returned to television. From 1970 to 1971, he played the role of Dr. Peter Goldstone in The Interns. In 1977, he starred as J. Edgar Hoover in The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover. He would eventually make a series of guest appearances on several TV programs, while starring in several made-for-TV movies. He wore the trademark fedora and black suit

masks:
William Broderick Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Lester Crawford
Helen Broderick
Helen Broderick
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Broderick
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford


texts:
 when he made an appearance as guest host of a 1977 episode of NBC's Saturday Night Live that included a spoof of Highway Patrol. In an episode of CHiPs <mask> appeared as himself, recognized after being stopped by Officer Poncherello, who presses a reluctant <mask> to give his trademark line from Highway Patrol ("Twenty-One-Fifty to Headquarters!"). Musician Webb Wilder's instrumental, "Ruff Rider" (on the album It Came From Nashville), is dedicated to <mask> <mask> in admiration of his Highway Patrol character's ability to solve any crime committed in California by setting up a road block.<mask> worked in 140 motion pictures and television series during his career and remained an especially durable presence in television. <mask> is referenced in the 1977 film Smokey and the Bandit in the scene where an Alabama State Patrol officer angrily confronts Sheriff Buford T. Justice (Jackie Gleason) and his damaged vehicle with its horn that won't stop blaring. When Justice starts to introduce himself, the trooper interrupts him and barks, "I don't care if your name is <mask> <mask>!" In 1979, <mask> had a cameo as himself in the film A Little Romance in which he referenced his hard-drinking persona. His last role was as a film producer who is murdered in a 1982 episode of the Simon & Simon television series. The actor who played the part of the suspected murderer was Stuart Whitman, who had played the recurring part of Sergeant Walters on Highway Patrol. Personal life
Throughout his adult life, <mask> was prone to bouts of heavy drinking, and was known for eating large meals.These habits contributed to a serious weight gain for <mask> during the 1950s. His weight and penchant for heavy drinking contributed to several injuries suffered on the set of Highway Patrol. It became particularly difficult for <mask> to perform certain scenes, such as when he had to enter and exit a police helicopter. In 1958, <mask> broke his ankle while exiting the helicopter and was forced to wear an ankle cast, which may be seen in some episodes. <mask>'s drinking increased during the filming of Highway Patrol, eventually resulting in several arrests and stops for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI), which eventually gained him a suspended driving license. While representing the California Highway Patrol as "Chief Matthews", <mask> was known with considerable embarrassment by the CHP as "Old 502" due to his habit of driving under the influence of alcohol ("Code 502" was the CHP police radio code for drunken driving). According to the show's creator, Guy Daniels, "We got all the dialogue in by noon, or else we wouldn't get it done at all.He [<mask>] would bribe people to bring him booze on the set." The show used their CHP technical advisor, Officer Frank Runyon, to keep <mask> sober: "I was told to keep that son of a bitch away from a bottle. I think his license was suspended. Some scenes had to be shot on private roads so that Brod could drive." Eventually the drinking strained the show's relationship with the CHP as well as <mask>'s relationship with ZIV. Fellow actor Stuart Whitman became a close friend of <mask>. In an interview Whitman said they both clicked upon meeting when cast in an episode of Highway Patrol.According to Whitman, who was going through hard financial times, they became fast friends. <mask> would ask Whitman to play his character whenever he was low on cash, so that Whitman would do the dialogue while he was drinking. Whitman said that later down the line he helped to cast <mask> in The Decks Ran Red (1958). Whitman promised the production that <mask> would stay sober throughout the shoot, and he did. <mask> married three times. His first marriage was to actress Kay Griffith in 1940; the couple had two sons together, <mask> <mask> (1947–2002) and Kelly Griffith <mask> (1951–2012). Through his elder son, Christopher, <mask> has one grandchild, Katherine Lee <mask> (born 1970).<mask>'s second marriage was to Joan Tabor in 1962; they divorced in 1967. His third and final marriage, which lasted until <mask>'s death in 1986, was to Mary Alice Moore in 1973. <mask> died following a series of strokes in 1986 at the age of 74 in Rancho Mirage, California. <mask> has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures at 6901 Hollywood Boulevard and another for television at 6734 Hollywood Boulevard. His popularity on "Highway Patrol" also led to him being memorialized in the poker game of Texas Hold 'em, in that a starting hand of a 10-4 (a common police radio code) is nicknamed a "<mask> <mask>". Filmography

Woman Chases Man (1937) as Hunk
Start Cheering (1938) as Biff Gordon
Ambush (1939) as Randall
Sudden Money (1939) as Archibald 'Doc' Finney
Undercover Doctor (1939) as Eddie Krator
Beau Geste (1939) as Hank Miller
Island of Lost Men (1939) as Tex Ballister
The Real Glory (1939) as Lieut. Larson
Eternally Yours (1939) as Don Burns
Slightly Honorable (1939) as Russ Sampson
I Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby (1940) as Michael G. 'Sonny' McGann
When the Daltons Rode (1940) as Bob Dalton
Seven Sinners (1940) as Little Ned
Trail of the Vigilantes (1940) as Swanee
Texas Rangers Ride Again (1940) as Mace Townsley
The Black Cat (1941) as Hubert A. Gilmore 'Gil' Smith
Tight Shoes (1941) as Speedy Miller
Badlands of Dakota (1941) as Bob Holliday
South of Tahiti (1941) as Chuck
North to the Klondike (1942) as John Thorn
Butch Minds the Baby (1942) as Aloysius 'Butch' Grogan
Larceny, Inc. (1942) as Jug Martin
Broadway (1942) as Steve Crandall
Men of Texas (1942) as Henry Clay Jackson
Sin Town (1942) as Dude McNair
Keeping Fit (1942) as Brod – Factory Worker
The Runaround (1946) as Louis Prentiss
Black Angel (1946) as Capt.Flood
Slave Girl (1947) as Chips Jackson
The Flame (1947) as Ernie Hicks
The Time of Your Life (1948) as Krupp (a bewildered policeman)
Sealed Verdict (1948) as Capt. Kinsella
Bad Men of Tombstone (1949) as William Morgan
A Kiss in the Dark (1949) as Mr. Botts
Night Unto Night (1949) as C.L. Shawn
Anna Lucasta (1949) as Frank
All the King's Men (1949) as Willie Stark
Cargo to Capetown (1950) as Johnny Phelan
Convicted (1950) as George Knowland
Born Yesterday (1950) as Harry Brock
Screen Snapshots: Hollywood Awards (1951) as Himself
The Mob (1951) as Johnny Damico
Scandal Sheet (1952) as Mark Chapman aka George Grant
Lone Star (1952) as Thomas Craden
Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder (1952) as <mask> <mask> (uncredited)
Stop, You're Killing Me (1952) as Remy Marko
Last of the Comanches (1953) as Sgt. Matt Trainor
The Last Posse (1953) as Sheriff John Frazier
Night People (1954) as Charles Leatherby
Human Desire (1954) as Carl Buckley
Down Three Dark Streets (1954) as FBI Agent John 'Rip' Ripley
New York Confidential (1955) as Charlie Lupo
Big House, U.S.A. (1955) as Rollo Lamar
Not as a Stranger (1955) as Dr. Aarons
Il bidone (1955) as Augusto
Man on a Bus (1955) as Bus driver
The Fastest Gun Alive (1956) as Vinnie Harold
Between Heaven and Hell (1956) as Capt. 'Waco' Grimes - 'G' Co. CO
The Decks Ran Red (1958) as Henry Scott
Goliath and the Dragon (1960) as King Eurystheus
Square of Violence (1961) as Dr. Stefan Bernardi
Convicts 4 (1962) as Warden
The Virginian (1963 episode "A Killer in Town") as George Wolfe
The Castilian (1963) as Don Sancho
No temas a la ley (1963) as Man in hotel (uncredited)
A House Is Not a Home (1964) as Harrigan
Up from the Beach (1965) as MP Major
Kid Rodelo (1966) as Joe Harbin
 Mutiny at Fort Sharpe (1966) as Colonel Lenox
The Oscar (1966) as Sheriff
The Texican (1966) as Luke Starr
The Vulture (1966) as Brian F. Stroud
Red Tomahawk (1967) as Columbus Smith
Ransom Money (1970) as Inspector Joseph Medford
Hell's Bloody Devils (1970) as Gavin
The Naughty Cheerleader (1970) as B.J Hankins
Gregorio and His Angel (1970) as Gregorio
The Yin and the Yang of Mr. Go (1970) as Parker
Embassy (1972) as Frank Dunniger
The Candidate (1972) as Jarmon as Narrator (voice, uncredited)
Terror in the Wax Museum (1973) as Amos Burns
The Phantom of Hollywood (1974) as Capt. O'Neal
Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) as Special Effects Man
Look What's Happened to Rosemary's Baby (1976) as Sheriff Holtzman
Mayday at 40,000 Feet! (1976) as Marshal Riese
Proof of the Man (1977) as Police Captain O'Brien
The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover (1977) as J. Edgar Hoover
The Hughes Mystery (1979)
A Little Romance (1979) as Broderick 'Brod' Crawford
Harlequin (1980) as Doc Wheelan
There Goes the Bride (1980) as Gas Station Attendant
Liar's Moon (1982) as Col. Tubman
 (1982) as Mike Carrady
The Creature Wasn't Nice (1983) as Max the Computer (voice, uncredited) (final film role)
Maharlika (1987; also known as Guerilla Strike Force) as Gen. Hadley

Radio appearances

See also

References

External links

 Watch Highway Patrol
 Broderick Crawford in Il Bidone
 Profile @ Turner Classic Movies

1911 births
1986 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male radio actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Harvard College alumni
Male Western (genre) film actors
Male actors from Philadelphia
Military personnel from Philadelphia
People from Freeport, New York
People from Rancho Mirage, California
United States Army Air Forces non-commissioned officers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Western (genre) television

masks:
Crawford
Crawford
Broderick
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Broderick
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Christopher Broderick
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Death Crawford
Legacy Crawford
Broderick
Crawford
Broderick
Crawford


texts:
<mask> (September 17, 1897 – July 2, 1974) was an American author and folklorist specializing in West Virginia. She was the sister of artist <mask> and niece of author John R<mask>. Biography

Youth and education
Born in Kirksville, Missouri, to <mask> and Zada (or Sadie) Goeghegan, Musick received a Bachelor of Science degree in Education from Kirksville State Teacher's College (now Truman State University) in 1919. From September 1919 to June 1921 Musick taught at Luana High School, Luana, Iowa, before moving to Garwin, Iowa in 1921, where she taught at Garwin High School until June 1922. She then continued her education at the State University of Iowa, graduating with a Master of Science in mathematics in 1928. Between 1923 and 1931, Musick taught at Logan High School, in La Crosse, Wisconsin. For five years beginning in 1931 she taught at Phoenix Union High School, Phoenix, Arizona, before returning to the Midwest in 1938 to begin her doctoral study at the State University of Iowa.It was here that her interest in folklore developed. She was granted a Doctor of Philosophy in English in 1943. Her dissertation was a never-published novel, “Hell’s Holler,” dealing with the primitive conditions of her native Chariton River Valley and its tensions with the college of osteopathic medicine in nearby Kirksville, Missouri. While the novel reflects in some measure her grappling with her brief and unhappy marriage to an alcoholic artist, which ended in divorce in 1941, it draws heavily on events, people, and folk beliefs that surrounded her in her childhood. Career
Musick began her college teaching career at Iowa's William Penn College, Oskaloosa, Iowa in 1942; two years later she became a member of the faculty of Iowa Wesleyan College. In 1946 she moved to West Virginia to accept a teaching position at Fairmont State College now Fairmont State University where she continued to teach until her retirement in May 1967. She felt that the Appalachian region surrounding the college was ripe for fieldwork in folklore, and the college in need of courses on folk literature.She laid out a program of research which was approved by college president George H. Hand, and the college’s first folklore course was inaugurated in 1948. In 1950 she revived the state’s folklore society, dormant since 1917 (two years after its founding), and in 1951 became the founding editor of West Virginia Folklore, serving in that capacity until her retirement in 1967. According to her eulogy by William Hugh Jansen, Folklore Professor at the University of Kentucky, she had become “a public relations agent for West Virginia Folklore.” At the same time, she wrote two folklore columns for West Virginia newspapers: “The Old Folks Say” for the Times-West Virginian in Fairmont and “Sassafras Tea” for the Allegheny Journal in Elkins and Marlinton, while making numerous conference appearances, publishing regularly in a wide variety of journals, offering workshops and public presentations, and giving talks on radio and television. She was also active as a poet, writer of short stories, and dramatist with community theater programs. Although little of her fiction was published, she continued writing this as well as collecting and publishing folklore. Her fiction (novels, stories, children's stories) weaves folk beliefs into the narrative. Throughout her life, Musick was a passionate activist on behalf of animals (she was a vegetarian from the age of six), justice for Native Americans, and environmental causes, activist in her writings against mountaintop removal mining, acid rain, and other issues.Dr. <mask> was diagnosed with spinal cancer on November 8, 1973, and died July 2, 1974 in Fairmont, West Virginia at age 76. In the interests of medical progress, she had allowed herself to be subjected to experimental treatments. Her papers are now archived in the West Virginia Folklife Center at Fairmont State. In 1980, the university library was renamed in her honor. Works

Books
Hell's Holler (2020), <mask>'s 1943 novel (and Iowa doctoral dissertation), based on folklore of Adair County MO, published as a special issue of the Missouri Folklore Society Journal, with illustrations by her brother, artist <mask>. Ballads, Folk Songs, and Folk Tales from West Virginia (1960), Morgantown:West Virginia University Library
The Telltale Lilac Bush and Other West Virginia Ghost Tales (1965), Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky
Green Hills of Magic, West Virginia Folktales From Europe (1970), Lexington: The  University Press of Kentucky
Coffin Hollow and Other Ghost Tales (1977), Lexington: The  University Press of Kentucky
 Mountain Mother Goose: Child Lore of West Virginia (posthumous: 2013) Fairmont: Fairmont State University

Short stories and articles
1946. “A Missouri Dance Call.” Journal of American Folklore, 59, 323-34.1946. “Three Folksongs from Missouri.” Hoosier Folklore, 5 (March 1946), 29-34. 1946. “Iowa Student Tales,” Hoosier Folklore, 5 (September 1946), 103-110. 1947. “Folklore from West Virginia,” Hoosier Folklore, 6 (June 1947), 41- 49. 1947.“The Old Album of William A. Larkin.” Journal of American Folklore, 60, 201-51. 1947. “A Snake Story from West Virginia.” Journal of American Folklore, 60, 301. 1947. Review of Ozark Folksongs, Vol. I, by Vance Randolph. Journal of American Folklore, *60, 434-36. 1948.“West Virginia Folklore.” Hoosier Folklore, 7 (March 1948), 1-14. 1948. “The Tune the Old Cow Died On,” Hoosier Folklore, 7 (December 1948), 105-106. 1949. Review of Ozark Folksongs, Vols. II-III, by Vance Randolph. Journal of American Folklore, 62, 453-55. 1950.“Children's Rhymes from Missouri.” (written in collaboration with Vance Randolph) Journal of American Folklore, 63, 425-37. 1950. “Skeletons from a Homespunner's Closet,” From the Manuscript of James S. Williams. Hoosier Folklore, 9 (October–December 1950), 111-116. 1951. “Folksong Hunters in Missouri.” (written in collaboration with Vance Randolph) Midwest Folklore, 1,23-31. 1951.“Juggin' Party Tales.” Southern Folklore Quarterly, 15 (September), 211-219. 1951. Review of Ozark Folksongs, Vol. IV, by Vance Randolph. Journal of American Folklore, 64, 442-43. 1952. “Indiana Witch Tales.” Journal of American Folklore, 65, 57-65. 1952.“Omens and Tokens of West Virginia.” Midwest Folklore, 2, 263- 267. 1956. “European Folktales in West Virginia.” Midwest Folklore, 6, 27- 37. 1957. “Ballads and Folksongs from West Virginia: Part I.” Journal of American Folklore, 70, 247-61. 1957. “Ballads and Folksongs from West Virginia: Part II.” Journal of American Folklore, 70, 336-57.1957. "The Man Who Could Ride Lightning." Colorado Quarterly,  6, 1 (Summer 1957), 17-29
1958. “West Virginia Ghost Stories.” Midwest Folklore, 8, 21-28. 1960. “The Trickster Story in West Virginia.” Midwest Folklore, 10, 125-132. 1963."Jesse James and the Mortgage Holders." Colorado Quarterly, 7, 2 (Autumn 1963), 129-139
1974. Witchcraft and the Devil in West Virginia.Appalachian Journal: A Regional Studies Review, 1974. 1, 271-76. Sources
Byers, Judy Prozillo, "<mask> Musick — The Show-Me Mountaineer: A Missourian Adopted by West Virginia', Missouri Folklore Society Journal, 1986-87. 8-9, 89-114. Prozzillo, Judy, "<mask> Musick", West Virginia Encyclopedia, Supplemental Vol.25.pp. 230–232. <mask>, Pat, niece of <mask> <mask>: letters and papers of <mask> <mask> and of her other nieces

1897 births
1974 deaths
People from Kirksville, Missouri
Truman State University alumni
University of Iowa alumni
Deaths from spinal cancer
Deaths from cancer in West Virginia
Neurological disease deaths in West Virginia
American folklorists
Women folklorists
William Penn University faculty
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American writers
Iowa Wesleyan University faculty
Fairmont State University faculty
Writers from Missouri
Writers from West Virginia
Schoolteachers from Wisconsin
American women academics

masks:
Ruth Ann Musick
Archie Musick
. Musick
Levi Prince Musick
Musick
Musick
Archie Musick
Ruth Ann
Ruth Ann
Musick
Ruth Ann
Musick
Ruth Ann
Musick


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<mask>Ted<mask> (September 23, 1911 – January 29, 2003) was an American lawyer and politician. A Democrat, he served as a United States Senator from Utah from 1959 to 1977. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Holladay, a suburb of Salt Lake City, Utah, as the youngest of seven children of James Edward and Maude (née Nixon) <mask>. His father, a well-known secondary school educator, was known as the "father of high school athletics" in Utah. In 1929, he graduated from Granite High School, where he had been freshman class president, editor of the school newspaper, two-time state debate champion, and center on the football team. <mask> then attended the University of Utah, where he was a double major in speech and history. During college, he was sophomore class president and coach of the varsity debate team.He graduated magna cum laude in 1933. The following year, he married Phyllis Hart (the daughter of Charles H. Hart), to whom he remained married until his death in 2003; the couple had one daughter and three sons. <mask> studied at the George Washington University Law School in Washington, D.C., where he was editor of The George Washington Law Review (1936–1937). While studying in Washington, he worked at the National Recovery Administration, the Resettlement Administration, and the Farm Credit Administration. He received his Juris Doctor degree cum laude in 1937. Early career
After his admission to the bar, <mask> was a member of the legal staff of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission from 1937 to 1939. He then returned to Utah, where he opened a private practice in Salt Lake City and became a law clerk to Utah Supreme Court justice James H. Wolfe.In his first run for public office, he was elected a judge of Salt Lake City's Municipal Court in 1940. During World War II, he served with the U.S. Army Air Forces in the judge advocate general's department in the European Theater (1942–1945). Following his military service, <mask> returned to Salt Lake City and was re-elected as city judge, serving in that position until his resignation in 1950. He served as county attorney for Salt Lake County from 1950 to 1959. During those years, he practiced law in the firms of Moss & Hyde (1951–1955) and Moss & Cowley (1955–1959). In 1956, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Utah, losing to City Commissioner L.C. Romney.U.S. Senate
In 1958, <mask> ran for the U.S. Senate against two-term incumbent Arthur V. Watkins, a close ally of both the Eisenhower administration and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (see also Mormon), and also against J. Bracken Lee, a non-Mormon and former two-term Utah governor (1949–57), who was running as an independent after losing to Watkins in the Republican primary. The Republican vote was split in the general election, largely over local dissatisfaction with Watkins's having chaired the committee that censured Senator Joseph McCarthy, and <mask> won election with less than 40 percent of the vote. <mask> was an original sponsor of laws to create Medicaid, a program to cover health care for low income people. <mask> was elected to a second term in 1964, defeating Brigham Young University President Ernest L. Wilkinson. He was elected to a third term in 1970 defeating four-term Congressman Laurence J. Burton. He gained national prominence with regard to environmental, consumer, and health care issues. <mask> became an expert on water issues and wrote The Water Crisis in 1967.He worked to secure additional national parks for Utah and started important investigations into the care of the elderly in nursing and retirement homes, and into physicians' abuses of the federal Medicaid program. In 1976, his capacity as chairman of the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Long-Term Care, Senator <mask> made a first-hand investigation of waste, fraud and mismanagement in the Medicaid program by posing as a patient and visiting the East Harlem Medical Center in New York City. Despite having no complaints of symptoms and having had his health checked by his own physician a month before, Senator <mask> "was given a costly series of tests" and then told to come back the next day for more unnecessary tests that were billed to the federal government. In 1974, <mask> joined Senator <mask> (D-Idaho) to sponsor the first legislation to provide federal funding for hospice care programs. The bill did not have widespread support and was not brought to a vote. Congress finally included a Hospice benefit in Medicare in 1982. In 1976 <mask> backed a constitutional amendment overturning Roe v. Wade and outlawing abortion.<mask> chaired the Consumer Subcommittee of the Senate Commerce Committee where he sponsored a measure, the Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1966, requiring detailed labeling on cigarette packages noting the health hazards of smoking and banning tobacco advertising on radio and television. He also sponsored the Consumer Product Warranty and Guarantee Act (known as the Magnuson-Moss Act), the Toy Safety Act, the Product Safety Act, and the Poison Prevention Packaging Act. He was also Chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences from 1973 to 1977. <mask> ran for a fourth term in 1976 against Republican Orrin Hatch. Among other issues, Hatch criticized <mask>'s 18-year tenure in the Senate, saying "What do you call a Senator who’s served in office for 18 years? You call him home." Hatch argued that many Senators, including <mask>, had lost touch with their constituents.Hatch won the election by an unexpectedly wide nine-point margin and proceeded to hold that seat for the next 42 years. Afterwards, <mask> returned to the practice of law in Washington, D.C. and Salt Lake City. To date, he is the last Democrat to represent Utah in the U.S. Senate. References

External links
 <mask> at the Utah History Encyclopedia

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1911 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
Democratic Party United States senators
District attorneys in Utah
George Washington University Law School alumni
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
United States senators from Utah
University of Utah alumni
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission personnel
Utah Democrats
Utah state court judges
Politicians from Salt Lake City
Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army
Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Air Force

masks:
Frank Edward "
" Moss
Frank Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Frank Church
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Frank Moss


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<mask> (, ca. 200–154 BC) was a Chinese philosopher, politician, and writer. He was a political advisor and official of the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), renowned for his intellectual capabilities and foresight in martial and political matters. He was an early advocate of revoking the heqin treaty with the Xiongnu nomads of the north. He compared the relative strengths and weaknesses of both Han Chinese and Xiongnu military tactics. In a written work of 169 BC, he advocated a systematic policy to populate and defend frontier zones. He proposed that civilian migrants supported by the government could simultaneously train as militia units while developing and cultivating remote regions which were under frequent attack by nomadic forces.He fell victim to execution when political rivalries at the imperial court convinced Emperor Jing that <mask>'s death would curtail or at least mitigate the Rebellion of the Seven States. <mask> took part in reviving from oblivion the Classic of History, one of the early canons of Confucian philosophy. Despite this, and despite being well aware of the failings of the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC), he was described by later Eastern Han scholars as a Legalist. <mask>'s intellectual background was steeped in the writings of Legalist philosophers such as Shang Yang (d. 338 BC) and Shen Buhai (d. 337 BC). The essays written by <mask> which are preserved in the 1st century AD Book of Han do not reveal any influence of Confucian social or ethical ideas. Career
<mask> was born in Yuzhou, Henan and served the imperial courts of Emperor Wen of Han (r. 180–157 BC) and Emperor Jing of Han (157–141 BC). While he served as a subordinate official in the Ministry of Ceremonies, he was once called upon by Emperor Wen to serve as a high dignitary in studying with the elderly Master Fu, or Fu Sheng, an academician (boshi 博士) who served the previous Qin Dynasty (r. 211–206 BC) and had hidden and partially recovered a copy of the Classic of History during the Qin regime's purge of opposition literature.However, since Fu was too old to give lectures, he had his educated daughter teach <mask> instead. The capstone of <mask>'s political career in the capital Chang'an was his appointment in 155 BC to the post of Imperial Secretary (variants: Grandee Secretary, Imperial Counselor)—one of the three most senior posts in the central government. He was well known for his knowledge about politics, warfare, agriculture, economics, border defense, and frontier management. Views on policies

Foreign policy stances

<mask> was one of the first known ministers to suggest to Emperor Wen that Han armies should have a cavalry-centric army to match the nomadic Xiongnu to the north, since Han armies were still primarily infantry, with cavalry and chariots playing a supporting role. He advocated the policy of "using barbarians to attack barbarians," that is, incorporating surrendered Xiongnu horsemen into the Han military, a suggestion that was eventually adopted, especially with the establishment of dependent states of different nomads living on Han's frontiers. Like Jia Yi (201–168 BC), he was an early proponent of terminating the heqin marriage alliance and tribute treaty with the Xiongnu, although he opposed it for practical reasons rather than Jia's staunch ideological position that superior sedentary Chinese culture should dominate over the northern nomads. The heqin agreement was supposed to guarantee peace and stability between the Han and Xiongnu.<mask> believed that the heqin agreement had been breached and ignored by the Xiongnu on so many occasions—with continuous raiding and plundering along Han's borders by Xiongnu tribe and clan leaders—that the treaty simply failed to live up to its goals and lost all practical use. It was not until after the Battle of Mayi (133 BC) during Emperor Wu's reign (141–87 BC) that the heqin treaty was finally abolished in favor of an offensive military strategy to break apart the Xiongnu Empire. Views on Han and Xiongnu military tactics

In a memorandum entitled "Guard the Frontiers and Protect the Borders" that he presented to the throne in 169 BC, <mask> compared the relative strengths of Xiongnu and Han battle tactics. In regards to the Han armies, <mask> deemed the swift-riding Xiongnu horsemen better prepared for rough terrain due to better stallions, better with horseback archery, and were better able to withstand the elements and harsh climates than Chinese soldiers. However, he viewed Xiongnu cavalry inferior when faced with Han infantry and chariots on flat, level plains. He emphasized the superiority of Han iron armor and weapons over the Xiongnu's leather armor and wooden shields. He deemed the Chinese composite crossbow and repeating crossbow superior to the Xiongnu's composite bow.When dismounted, he believed that the Xiongnu, untrained in infantry tactics, would be decimated by Han infantry. Frontier development and management

In his Rise of the Chinese Empire, historian Chun-shu Chang outlines the main points on frontier development embodied in <mask>'s "Guard the Frontiers and Protect the Borders" proposal of 169 BC. The following are excerpts from <mask>'s written memorandum (note: Xiongnu and other terms are spelled in Wade-Giles format). It is clear from historical records that Emperor Wen approved of <mask>'s proposal and immediately enlisted people for service on the northern frontier. <mask> wrote:

It is necessary to settle permanent residents in border regions since expeditionary soldiers from other parts of the empire do not understand the character and capacities of the Hsiung-nu...The government will provide houses and land for the immigrants. For the immigrants in such border areas, the government will construct walled cities, well protected by high walls, deep moats, catapults, and thorns. Each city, along strategic points and thoroughfares, will be designed to hold no fewer than one thousand households...Each walled city will have an inner wall and an outer wall 150 paces (about 209 meters) apart.Each residential area in the outer-wall area is to be surrounded by "sandy fields" (t'ien-t'ien, "heavenly fields") to detect the intrusion of enemies in the night (intruders will leave footprints in the fields). The Government will construct houses and provide farming tools before the arrival of the migrants. It will also provide winter and summer clothing and food to the migrants until they become self-supporting...The government will buy mates for those migrants without husbands or wives, for without a mate a migrant will not remain contented on the frontier. The government will reward anyone who stops a Hsiung-nu raid and will award him half of what he recovers from the enemy. First enlist ordinary and pardoned convicts, then slaves given by their masters to purchase aristocratic ranks, and then all those commoners who desire to go. The government will reward them with ranks, and their families will be exempt from taxation and service requirements. The government will build frontier communities that are rooted locally, tightly connected, mutually assisted, and militarily united against the "barbarians."This system will be much more efficacious than reliance on garrison soldiers from the interior. <mask> made some later amendments to his proposal, which Emperor Wen adopted as well. These included the following:

Frontier cities will be located close to water resources and an abundance of good arable land. Houses will each have two bedrooms and one living room and be fully furnished with furniture and necessary appliances. Trees will be planted in the living area. The government will hire doctors and shamans for each new frontier settlement to take care of the immigrants' medical and religious needs. In organization, five families will comprise a wu, to be headed by a wu-chang (head of the five-family unit); ten wu will comprise a li (ward), to be headed by a chia-shih (ward head); four li comprise a lien (company), to be headed by a chia-wu-pai (head of five hundred); ten lien comprise an i (city), to be headed by a chia-hou (magistrate).Each leader will be selected from among the migrants who are most talented, able, and familiar with local conditions and who best understand the minds of the people. All able men will receive military training in peacetime under their local unit leaders and will fight as groups under these leaders. All migrants will be forbidden to leave their localities without government permission. <mask>'s memorial to the throne had a major influence on later court policy under Emperor Wu after his officer Huo Qubing (140–117 BC) decimated Xiongnu forces inhabiting the Hexi Corridor. The Han then colonized this region that stretched from Lanzhou to the Jade Gate, a region which provided access to the Western Regions of the Tarim Basin and Central Asia. Views on the merchant and peasant classes

Like his fellow gentry, <mask>uo viewed the peasants with concern and the merchant class with a certain level of contempt. In regards to the burden of heavy taxes and corvée duties imposed on farming peasants, <mask> once pointed out that the average peasant family of five, including two adult males (old enough for labor service) would only be able to cultivate up to 100 mou (4.57 hectares or 11.3 acres) which produced roughly 100 shi (2,000 liters) of grain, yet during times of famine and drought the state's high taxes forced peasants to take high interest loans which led to debt, poverty, and new reliance on powerful landholding families.The historian Sima Qian (145–86 BC) noted in his Records of the Grand Historian (compiled 109 to 91 BC), successful merchants who became wealthy in trade often invested their capital in land, thus joining the elite landholding class. As <mask> makes very clear, the government's anti-merchant policies of raising taxes hardly affected those with great wealth while excessive taxation of peasants drove them from their plot of land and allowed merchants to move in:

Nowadays in a farming family of five members at least two of them are required to render labor service. The area of their arable land is no more than one hundred mou [11.3 acres]; the yield from which does not exceed 100 shih [about 2,000 liters]. Farmers plough in spring, weed in summer, reap in autumn and store in winter; they cut undergrowth and wood for fuel and render labor services to the government. They cannot avoid wind and dust in spring, sultry heat in summer, dampness and rain in autumn and cold and ice in winter. Thus all year round they cannot afford to take even a day's rest. Furthermore they have to welcome guests on their arrival and see them off on their departure; they have to mourn for the dead and inquire after the sick.Besides they have to bring up infants. Although they work as hard as this they still have to bear the calamities of flood and drought. Sometimes taxes are collected quite unexpectedly; if the orders are issued in the morning they must be prepared to pay by the evening. To meet this demand farmers have to sell their possessions at half price, and those who are destitute have to borrow money at two hundred percent interest. Eventually they have to sell fields and dwellings, or sometimes sell even children and grandchildren into slavery in order to pay back the loan. On the other hand great merchants get profits of two hundred percent by hoarding stocks of commodities while the lesser ones sit in rows in the market stalls to buy and sell. They deal in superfluous luxuries and lead an easy life in the cities.Taking advantage of the urgent demands of the government, they sell commodities at a double price. Though they never engage in farming and their women neither tend silkworms nor weave, they always wear embroidered and multicolored clothes and always eat fine millet and meat. Without experiencing the farmers' sufferings, they make vast gains. Taking advantage of their riches, they associate with kings and marquises. Their power exceeds that of the official and they try to surpass each other in using their profits. They wander idly around roaming as far as a thousand li; there are so many of them that they form long lines on the roads. They ride in well-built carriages and whip up fat horses, wear shoes of silk and trail white silk [garments].It is no wonder that the merchants take over farmers and farmers become vagrants drifting from one place to another. Of this passage, the late Nishijima Sadao 西嶋定生 (1919–1999), professor emeritus at the University of Tokyo, wrote: "This indictment reveals striking contrasts between the lives of farmers and merchants in Former Han and shows that severe taxation merely impoverished the former and enriched the latter." Downfall
<mask> helped orchestrate the central government's efforts to reduce in size and undermine the subordinate kingdoms in the Han Empire. When disaffected kings of seven different kingdoms plotted rebellion against central authority, <mask>'s political enemies at court (among them, Yuan Ang) used this as an excuse to persuade Emperor Jing to remove and eliminate <mask> to appease these kings. Therefore, Emperor Jing had <mask> executed in 154 BC. However, Emperor Jing soon realized the falsity of the claims of <mask>'s political enemies when the King of Wu, Liu Bi (ruling a semi-autonomous kingdom in northern Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu), and his monarchical allies made open revolt against the Emperor. Notes

References
 Chang, Chun-shu.(2007). The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. .
 Ch'ü, T'ung-tsu. (1972). Han Dynasty China: Volume 1: Han Social Structure. Edited by Jack L. Dull.Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. .
 Di Cosmo, Nicola. (2002). Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
Kramers, Robert P. (1986). "The Development of the Confucian Schools," in Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 747–756. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Loewe, Michael. (1986). "The Former Han Dynasty," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
Sadao, Nishijima. (1986)."The Economic and Social History of Former Han," in Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 545-607. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Yü, Ying-shih. (1967). Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations. Berkeley: University of California Press.154 BC deaths
2nd-century BC executions
Ancient Chinese military writers
Chinese economics writers
Chinese political writers
Executed Han dynasty people
Executed people from Henan
Han dynasty philosophers
Han dynasty politicians from Henan
Legalism (Chinese philosophy)
People executed by cutting in half
People executed by the Han dynasty
Philosophers from Henan
Politicians from Xuchang
Writers from Xuchang
Year of birth unknown

masks:
Chao Cuo
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao Cuo
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao C
Chao
Chao Cuo
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao


texts:
<mask>khi: ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pronunciation: ; 5 May 1479 – 1 September 1574), sometimes spelled as <mask>, was the third of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism and became Sikh Guru on 26 March 1552 at age 73. Before becoming a Sikh (Shishya from Sanskrit), on a lovely pilgrimage after having been prompted to search for a guru, he heard his nephew's wife, Bibi Amro, reciting a hymn by <mask>, and was deeply moved by it. Bibi Amro was the daughter of <mask>, the second and then current Guru of the Sikhs. <mask> persuaded Bibi Amro to introduce him to her father  and in 1539, <mask>, at the age of sixty, met <mask> and became a Sikh, devoting himself to the Guru. In 1552, before his death, <mask> appointed <mask> as <mask>, the third Guru of Sikhism. <mask> was an important innovator in The teachings of <mask> who introduced a religious organization called the 'manji system by appointing trained clergy, a system that expanded and survives into the contemporary era. He wrote and compiled hymns into a Pothi (book) that ultimately helped create the Adi Granth.<mask> <mask> remained the leader of the Sikhs till age 95, and named his son-in-law Bhai Jetha later remembered by the name <mask> <mask> as his successor. Biography
<mask> <mask> was born to mother Bakht Kaur (also known as Lakshmi or Rup Kaur)and father Tej Bhan Bhalla on 5 May 1479 in Basarke village in what is now called Amritsar district of Punjab (India). He married Mansa Devi and they had four children which they named as Mohri, Mohan, Dani and Bhani. <mask> had followed the Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism for much of his life. reputed to have gone on some twenty pilgrimages into the Himalayas, to Haridwar on river Ganges. About 1539, on one such Hindu pilgrimage, he met a Hindu monk (sadhu) who asked him why he did not have a guru (teacher, spiritual counsellor) and <mask> decided to get one. On his return, he heard Bibi Amro, the daughter of the Sikh Guru Angad, singing a hymn by <mask>.He learnt from her about <mask>, and with her help met the second Guru of Sikhism and adopted him as his spiritual Guru who was much younger than his own age. He is famous in the Sikh tradition for his relentless service to <mask>, with legends about waking up in the early hours and fetching water for his Guru's bath, cleaning and cooking for the volunteers with the Guru, as well devoting much time to meditation and prayers in the morning and evening. <mask> named <mask> his successor in 1552, instead of naming of his surviving son Shri Chand. He died in 1574, in Goindwal Sahib and like other Sikh Gurus he was cremated, with the "flowers" (remaining bones and ash after the cremation) immersed into  (flowing waters). Teachings
<mask> <mask> taught with His own life the meaning of <mask> Service, also known in Punjabi religious parlance as <mask>wa. <mask> <mask> emphasised both spiritual pursuits as well as an ethical daily life. He encouraged his followers to wake up before dawn, do their ablutions and then meditate in silent seclusion.A good devotee, taught <mask>, should be truthful, keep his mind in control, eat only when hungry, seek the company of pious men, worship the Lord, make an honest living, serve holy men, not covet another's wealth and never slander others. He recommended holy devotion with <mask> image in his follower's heart. He was also a reformer, and discouraged veiling of women's faces (a Muslim custom) as well as sati (a Hindu custom). He encouraged the Kshatriya people to fight in order to protect people and for the sake of justice, stating this is Dharma. Influence
Religious organization

<mask> <mask> started the tradition of appointing manji (zones of religious administration with an appointed chief called sangatias), introduced the dasvandh ("the tenth" of income) system of revenue collection in the name of <mask> and as pooled community religious resource, and the famed langar tradition of Sikhism where anyone, without discrimination of any kind, could get a free meal in a communal seating. He also started and inaugurated the 84-level step well called baoli at Goindval with a resting place, modeled along the lines of the Indian tradition of dharmsala, which then became a Sikh pilgrimage (tirath) center. Akbar
He met the Mughal Emperor Akbar.According to the Sikh legend, he neither received Akbar nor was Akbar directly ushered to him, rather the <mask> suggested that Akbar like everyone sit on the floor and eat in the langar with everyone before their first meeting. Akbar, who sought to encourage tolerance and acceptance across religious lines, readily accepted the suggestion. After the conclusion of the Langar, Akbar sat in the congregation with the rest of the sangat and asked the <mask> a question. The Sikh hagiographies called janam-sakhis mention that <mask> <mask> persuaded Akbar to repeal the tax on Hindu pilgrims going to Haridwar. Rituals in Sikhism: wedding, festivals,  funeral
Guru <mask> composed the rapturous hymn called Anand and made it a part of the ritual of Sikh marriage called "Anand Karaj", which literally means "blissful event". The Anand hymn is sung, in contemporary times, not only during Sikh weddings but also at major celebrations. Parts of the "Anand hymn" are recited in Sikh temples (Gurdwara) every evening, at the naming of a Sikh baby, as well as during a Sikh funeral.It is a section of the Anand Sahib composition of <mask> <mask>, printed on pages 917 to 922 of the Adi Granth and set to the "Ramkali" raga. <mask> <mask>'s entire Anand Sahib composition is a linguistic mix of Panjabi and Hindi languages, reflecting <mask> <mask>' upbringing and background. The hymn celebrates the freedom from suffering and anxiety, the union of the soul with the divine, describing a devotee's bliss achieved through the Guru with inner devotion and by repeating the Name of the Creator. The hymn states in stanza 19 that the Vedas teach "the Name is supreme", in stanza 27 that Smriti and Shastra discuss the good and the bad but are unreal because they lack a Guru and that it is the grace of the Guru which awakens the heart and the devotion to the Name. The hymn celebrates the life of a householder and constant  inner devotion to the One, ending each stanza with the characteristic "says Nanak". <mask> <mask> is also credited in the Sikh tradition to have encouraged building of temples and places where Sikhs could gather together on festivals such as Maghi,
Diwali and Vaisakhi. He required his disciples to gather together for prayers and communal celebrations in autumn for Diwali and in spring for Vaisakhi, both post harvest ancient festivals of India.Site of the Golden Temple
<mask> <mask> selected the site in Amritsar village for a special temple, that <mask> <mask> began building, <mask>jan completed and inaugurated, and the Sikh Emperor Ranjit Singh gilded. This temple has evolved into the contemporary "Harimandir Sahib", or the temple of Hari (God), also known as the Golden Temple. It is the most sacred pilgrimage site in Sikhism. Foundations and scripture
Scholars such as Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech and William McLeod state that <mask> <mask> was influential in introducing "distinctive features, pilgrimages, festivals, temples and rituals" that ever since his time have been an integral part of Sikhism. He is also remembered as the innovator who began the collection of hymns now known as Goindwal Pothi or Mohan Pothi, the precursor to what became the Adi Granth – the first edition of Sikh scripture – under the fifth Sikh Master, which finally emerged as the Guru Granth Sahib under the tenth Sikh Master.Pashaura Singh (1996), Scriptural Adaptation in the Adi Granth, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Oxford University Press, Volume 64, Number 2 (Summer 1996), pages 337–357 The nearly 900 hymns composed by <mask> <mask> constitute the third largest part, or about 15%, of the Guru Granth Sahib. In popular culture <mask>'' is a 1979 documentary film, directed by Prem Prakash and produced by the Government of India's Films Division, covering his life and teachings. See also

Bhakti
Bhakti movement
Dasam Granth
Japji

References

<mask>
1479 births
1574 deaths
Punjabi people
1552 in India

masks:
Guru Amar Dasmu
Guru Amardas
Guru Nanak
Guru Angad
Amar Das
Amar Das
Guru Angad
Guru Angad
Amar Das
Guru Amar Das
Guru Amar Das
Guru
Guru Amar
Das
Guru Ram
Das
Guru Amar
Das
Amar Das
Amar Das
Guru Nanak
Guru Angad
Guru Angad
Guru Angad
Amar Das
Guru Amar
Das
Guru
Guru Se
Guru Amar
Das
Amar Das
Guru
Guru Amar
Das Ji
Guru
Guru
Guru
Guru Amar
Das
Amar Das
Guru Amar
Das
Guru Amar
Das
Guru Amar
Das
Guru Amar
Das
Guru Amar
Das
Guru Ram
Das
Guru Ar
Guru Amar
Das
Guru Amar
Das
Guru Amardas
Amar Das


texts:
<mask> (; also known as Lao Wei (); born 16 June 1958) is a Chinese author, reporter, musician, and poet. He is a critic of China's Communist regime, for which he was imprisoned. His books, several of which are collections of interviews with ordinary people from the lower rungs of Chinese society, were published in Taiwan and Hong Kong but are banned in mainland China; some have been translated into Spanish, English, French, German, Polish and Czech. Life and career

Becoming a state writer
<mask> was born in 1958, the same year as The Great Leap Forward. During the famine of The Great Leap Forward, he suffered from edema and was close to dying. In 1966 his father was branded a counter-revolutionary during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. <mask>'s parents filed for divorce to protect the children.His mother was arrested for attempting to sell government issued coupons on the black market. After high school, Liao traveled around the country. In his spare time he read banned Western poets such as John Keats and Charles Baudelaire. He also started composing his own poems and was getting published in literary magazines. He failed the university entrance exams and began to work for a newspaper. When his poetry was noticed, the Chinese Ministry of Culture gave him a paid position as state writer. Criticism of the system and imprisonment

In Spring 1989, two magazine companies took advantage of the relaxed politics and carried Liao's long poems "The Yellow City" and "Idol."In the poems, he criticized the system, calling it paralyzed and eaten away by a collective leukemia. The poems were deemed anti-communist and he was questioned and detained and his home was searched. In June 1989, after hearing about the Tiananmen Square protests, Liao composed a long poem entitled "Massacre." Knowing that it would never be published, he made an audiotape and recited the poem by using Chinese ritualistic chanting and howling, invoking the spirits of the dead. <mask> and friends made a movie, the sequel of Massacre, "Requiem." He was arrested in February 1990 as he was boarding a train. Six friends and his pregnant wife were arrested separately.<mask> received a four-year sentence. He was placed on the government's permanent blacklist. While in prison, due to torture and abusive punishment, he suffered several mental breakdowns and twice attempted suicide. He was known as "the big lunatic." From a fellow prisoner, an elderly monk, he learned to play the Xiao. He then began to interview other prisoners about their lives. When he was released from prison, his wife and their daughter left him, and his former literary friends kept their distance.He lived for a while as a homeless street musician in Chengdu, collecting stories. Work after his release, and international success
<mask>ulein Hallo und der Bauernkaiser, appeared in 2009. In 2008 he signed the Charter 08 of his friend Liu Xiaobo, although he says of himself that he is not really interested in politics, just in his stories. In May 2008, after the Sichuan earthquake, Liao went to the disaster region and interviewed survivors fighting corrupt officials.This material was published as Chronicles of the Big Earthquake in Hong Kong in 2009. The French translation Quand la terre s’est ouverte au Sichuan : Journal d’une tragédie appeared in 2010. After having been denied permission to leave the country many times, he wrote an open letter to Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel in February 2010. Later that year he was allowed to leave the country for the first time. He visited Germany accepting invitations to literary festivals in Hamburg and Berlin as well as to an event in Cologne. He held numerous readings and gave interviews. On stage, he sang songs, played the flute and drank hard liquor.On 4 June 2010, the international literature festival berlin held a worldwide reading for <mask> <mask> in order to commemorate the massacre of Tiananmen Square, and to admonish China's human rights record. Prior to his departure from China, he lived under police surveillance with his wife in Chengdu, supporting himself with the royalties from his books published abroad. April 2011: Travel Ban for "National Security" Reasons, Arrival in Germany

<mask> <mask> in an email dated April 1, 2011 wrote:

Friends:

I originally planned to leave for the United States on April 4 in order to make a publicity tour for my book God is Red which will be published in English translation by Harper Collins and for my book The Corpse Walker which was published by Random House. Unexpectedly, on March 28th, the police issued an order forbidding me to leave China. I had originally planned to travel to San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, New York, Washington and other cities and to give lectures, readings and musical performances at Harvard, Yale and other universities as well as participate in the New York Literary Festival where I was to make a speech and perform, and to have a dialogue with writers from around the world on the theme "Contemporary Writer and Bearing Witness to History". Now all this has been canceled. My new book is also going to be published in Australia.My plan to travel from the United States to Australia has also been canceled. Ever since my return from Germany last year, I have been closely monitored. The police have "invited me to drink tea" many times. My writing has been repeatedly interrupted. I have once again been forbidden to travel abroad for national security reasons. Over the last ten or so years I have strived to get the right to travel abroad 16 times. I succeeded once and failed 15 times.Thank you all for your concern for me over the years. <mask> <mask>

<mask> arrived in Germany on July 6, 2011, having left China overland by crossing the border with Vietnam. Awards
In 2003, he was awarded a Human Rights Watch Hellman-Hammett Grant. In 2007, he received a Freedom to Write Award from the Independent Chinese PEN Center. Authorities prevented him from attending the award ceremony in Beijing. In 2011 he was awarded the German Geschwister-Scholl-Preis and in 2012 the Ryszard Kapuściński Award as well as the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade. In his address at the prize ceremony in the Paulskirche, <mask> <mask> described China as "the source of global disasters" and an "ever-expanding garbage dump".He concluded his speech with the wish that "for the peaceful well-being of all humanity, this empire (China) must break apart". List of works
Books

Bullets and Opium: Stories of China after the Great Massacre (Simon and Schuster: 2019)
For a Song and a Hundred Songs: A Poet’s Journey Through a Chinese Prison (2013)
The Corpse Walker (2002)
In English, The Corpse Walker: Real Life Stories: China from the Bottom Up, hardcover: Pantheon (April 15, 2008), 336 pages, ; trade paperback: Anchor; Reprint edition (May 5, 2009) 352 pages,
The Fall of the Holy Temple (1998)
Report on China’s Victims of Injustice
Testimonials (證詞) An expanded German translation was published by Fischer in June 2011 (by the title of Für ein Lied und hundert Lieder. Ein Zeugenbericht aus chinesischen Gefängnissen). Testimonials describes the horrific treatment of <mask> <mask> and other political prisoners in a Chongqing prison who were arrested after the June 4, 1989 crackdown. Interviews with the Lower Strata of Chinese Society 中國底層訪談錄 2 volumes, Changjiang Publishing House, China   (banned by the Chinese Communist Party Propaganda Department and the PRC Government's Publications Office)
Interviews with the Lower Strata of Chinese Society 中國底層訪談錄 3 volumes, Maitian Publishing House of Taiwan 台灣麥田出版社. China's Unjust Court Cases 中國冤案錄 Volume 1, Laogai Foundation, 2003, Washington, D.C.  (www.laogai.org) Black Literary Treasury, Edited by <mask> Tianqi. China's Petitioner Villages 中國上访村 Mirror Publishing Co., 2005, USA
 China's Unjust Court Cases 中國冤案錄 Volume 2, Laogai Foundation, Washington, 2005 D.C. Black Literary Treasury, Edited by Liao Tianqi.The Last of China's Landlords 最後的地主 (two volumes) printed in Hong Kong, published by The Laogai Research Foundation, Washington D.C. in April 2008. Website www.laogai.org
Earthquake Insane Asylum 地震瘋人院 in Taiwan 2009; French edition 2010. Forthcoming: Shepherds of the Far East 遠東牧羊 April 2011 in the U.S. and its English translation
God is Red scheduled for publication by Harper Collins in the United States in August 2011. Chinese  地震瘋人院 in Taiwan 2009; French edition 2010. God is Red collects accounts of the persecution of Christians in China since 1949
My Witness in German translation June 2011 which book discusses the experiences of <mask> <mask> and other political prisoners in a Chongqing prison in the early 1990s. Poems

"The Yellow City" (1989)
"Idol" (1989)
"Massacre" (1989)

References

External links and further reading

 Michael Day's collection of articles on and translation of the poetry of <mask> <mask> of the 1980s and early 1990s
 <mask> Yiwu 廖亦武 selected poetry translations, translations by Michael M. Day of selected poems by <mask> <mask> 1984 - 1994
 China's Second World of Poetry: The Sichuan Avant-Garde, 1982-1992, Michael M. Day's ebook on the Sichuan poetry scene from which <mask> <mask> emerged
 The Public Toilet Manager, interview by <mask> <mask>, The Paris Review, Summer 2005
 The Leper and the Corpse Walkers, interview by <mask> <mask>, The Paris Review, Winter 2006
 The Peasant Emperor and the Retired Official, interview by <mask> <mask>, The Paris Review, Winter 2007
 My Enemies, My Teachers by <mask> <mask>, The Paris Review, Winter 2007. Planned acceptance speech for the Freedom to Write award.The Survivor, interview by <mask> <mask>, The Paris Review, Summer 2008
 Nineteen Days by <mask> <mask>, The Paris Review, Summer 2009. Commemoration  of the 20th anniversary of the Tiananmen massacre. Dangerous Words by Brian Awehali, LOUDCANARY, Spring 2011. In-depth profile of <mask> <mask> based on a series of in-person interviews conducted in 2010. "Walking Out on China" opinion by <mask> <mask> in ''The New York Times September 14, 2011
 Writer as a Recording Device: Interview with <mask> <mask> by Christen Cornell at Artspace China, 29 November 2011

1958 births
Living people
Charter 08 signatories
People's Republic of China musicians
People's Republic of China poets
Chinese prisoners and detainees
Writers from Mianyang
Chinese dissidents
People's Republic of China journalists
Poets from Sichuan
Musicians from Sichuan

masks:
Liao Yiwu
Liao
Liao
Liao
Liao
Liaoä
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Yiwu
Liao
Yiwu


texts:
<mask> (December 6, 1903 – August 6, 1946) was an American professional baseball second baseman during the 1920s and 1930s, predominantly with the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball. He was part of the famed "Murderers' Row" Yankee batting lineup of the late 1920s (including the 1927 team), along with Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, and Bob Meusel. <mask> was born and raised in San Francisco, California. He dropped out of school to work with his father as a boilermaker, but at the age of 18, began to play baseball professionally. After playing in minor league baseball from 1922 through 1925, <mask> joined the Yankees in 1926. He was a member of the original American League All-Star team in 1933. He was nicknamed "Poosh 'Em Up" by Italian-speaking fans, from a mistranslation of an Italian phrase meaning to "hit it out" (hit a home run).<mask> is one of only 14 major league baseball players to hit for the natural cycle (hitting a single, double, triple and home run in sequence) and the only player to complete a natural cycle with a grand slam. He also holds the American League record for the most RBI in a single game, with 11 on May 24, 1936. In that same 1936 game, he became the first major league player to hit two grand slams in one game. <mask> was posthumously inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1991. Early life
<mask> was born on December 6, 1903, to Augustine and <mask>, who had emigrated from Italy. They lived in the Cow Hollow district of San Francisco. Augustine worked as a boilermaker.At age 15, <mask> was expelled from school. He began to work with his father, earning $4.50 a day ($ in current dollar terms). Lazzeri also played semi-professional baseball and trained to become a prizefighter. Minor league career
A friend of Lazzeri convinced Duffy Lewis, who managed the Salt Lake City Bees of the Pacific Coast League (PCL), to allow Lazzeri to try out for the team in 1922. Lazzeri made the team, earning $250 a month ($ in current dollar terms) as a utility infielder. He batted .192 in 45 games, and was demoted to the Peoria Tractors of the Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League in 1923 to gain more experience. <mask> batted .248 with 14 home runs in 135 games for Peoria, before being recalled to Salt Lake City.Starting at shortstop for the Bees in 1924, <mask> batted .285 with 16 home runs. However, Lewis gave the starting shortstop role to Pinky Pittenger, and sent <mask> to the Lincoln Links of the Western League, where he batted .329 with 28 home runs in 82 games. Returning to Salt Lake City under new manager Oscar Vitt in 1925, <mask> batted .355 with 60 home runs and 222 runs batted in (RBIs), the most RBIs in professional baseball history. That year he became one of what are today four Pacific Coast League hitters to have had a 30 home runs, 30 stolen bases season, along with Joc Pederson (2014), Frank Demaree (1934), and Lefty O'Doul (1927). Though Salt Lake City had a working agreement with the Chicago Cubs, the Cubs passed on <mask> due to his epilepsy. The Cincinnati Reds passed on <mask> as well. Bill Essick, a scout for the New York Yankees, convinced Ed Barrow, the Yankees' general manager, to sign <mask>.Barrow agreed after receiving confirmatory reports from other scouts, including Ed Holly and Paul Krichell, as well as ensuring that <mask>'s insurance policy would cover his illness. New York Yankees
After the 1925 season, Barrow purchased <mask> from Salt Lake City in exchange for the rights to Frank Zoeller and Mack Hillis and $50,000 ($ in current dollar terms). <mask> signed a contract with the Yankees worth $5,000 ($ in current dollar terms). <mask> debuted in the major leagues in 1926 as a member of the Yankees. Manager Miller Huggins moved <mask> from shortstop to second base. Huggins paired <mask> with Mark Koenig, also a rookie, as his double play combination. In his rookie season, playing all 155 games, <mask> hit 18 home runs and had 114 RBIs.He finished third in the American League (AL) in home runs behind Babe Ruth and Al Simmons, and tied for third in RBIs with George Burns, trailing only Ruth. The Yankees reached the 1926 World Series, losing to the St. Louis Cardinals. In a bases loaded situation in the seventh inning of the deciding game, Grover Cleveland Alexander struck out <mask> to save the series for the Cardinals. With the 1927 Yankees, known as "Murderer's Row" due to the strength of their batting lineup, <mask> batted .309 with 18 home runs and 102 RBIs. He finished third in the AL in home runs, behind only teammates Ruth and Lou Gehrig. The Yankees finished the season with a 110–44 win-loss record, and defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1927 World Series. Baseball experts solicited by Billy Evans named <mask> the consensus best second baseman in the AL.He suffered a muscle injury that threatened to end his season. Nevertheless, <mask> returned to the team, and hit a key double off of Alexander in the 1928 World Series, which the Yankees won. Despite the games he missed, <mask> tied Joe Judge for third place in Most Valuable Player voting, with the award being won by Mickey Cochrane. <mask> had his career-high batting average of .354 in 1929. He hit two home runs for the Yankees in their 1932 World Series victory. In 1933, <mask> was named to appear in the first MLB All-Star Game, representing the AL against the National League (NL). He suffered a knee injury during the 1934 season.<mask> set an AL single-game record on May 24, 1936, when he recorded eleven RBIs. That month, he also set records for most home runs in three consecutive games (6) and four consecutive games (7). He hit a grand slam during the 1936 World Series, only the second grand slam in World Series history. <mask> scored the deciding run in the 1937 World Series, as the Yankees defeated the New York Giants. As a member of the Yankees through 1937, he averaged 79 runs, 14 home runs, 96 RBIs and 12 stolen bases, including seven seasons with over 100 RBI and five seasons batting .300 or higher (including a high of .354 in 1929). During this period, the Yankees won six American League pennants (1926, 1927, 1928, 1932, 1936 and 1937) and five World Series championships (1927, 1928, 1932, 1936 and 1937). Later career
The Yankees released <mask> following the 1937 season.He signed with the Cubs as a player-coach for the 1938 season. Though he received little playing time, the Cubs won the NL championship and appeared in the 1938 World Series against the Yankees, which the Yankees won. The Cubs released <mask> after the season, and he signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers for the 1939 season. However, the Dodgers released him on May 13, after he batted .282 in 14 games. The next day, <mask> signed with the New York Giants, to replace George Myatt and Lou Chiozza at third base. <mask> received his release on June 7. <mask> then returned to minor league baseball, where he managed the Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League for the remainder of the 1939 season and entire 1940 season.He played for the San Francisco Seals of the PCL in 1941, and was released after the season. He played for and managed the Portsmouth Cubs of the Piedmont League in 1942. <mask> served as player-manager of the Wilkes-Barre Barons of the Eastern League in 1943, posting a .271 batting average in 58 games. He was asked to resign after the season. Personal life
Before the 1923 season, <mask> married Maye Janes. The couple had one child, David Anthony <mask> (1931–2013). Death
<mask> died in 1946 at age 42 from a fall that the coroner said was caused by a heart attack in his Millbrae, California home.Today, many believe <mask>'s fall was caused by an epileptic seizure rather than a heart attack. Legacy

Although his offensive production was overshadowed by the historic accomplishments of teammates such as Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig and Joe DiMaggio, <mask> is still considered one of the top hitting second basemen of his era. Koenig considered <mask> the team's most valuable player. He finished his career with a .292 batting average, 986 runs, 178 home runs, 1,191 RBI and 148 stolen bases. Despite his hitting 60 home runs in an extended PCL season in 1925, <mask> never hit more than 18 home runs in a major league season (a mark he reached four times). <mask> holds the American League record for most RBI in a game with 11, set May 24, 1936, as he also became the first major league player to hit two grand slams in one game. He holds the major league record of 15 RBI in consecutive games (one more than Rudy York in 1946 and Sammy Sosa in 2002).He also set major league records of six home runs in three consecutive games, and seven in four consecutive games. <mask> continues to share the consecutive-game American League record, but the three-game record was topped by Shawn Green of the Dodgers (seven in 2002) and the four-game mark was broken by Ralph Kiner of the Pittsburgh Pirates (eight in 1947). <mask> is also the only player in major league baseball to hit a natural cycle with the final home run being a grand slam on June 3, 1932. The Veterans Committee elected <mask> to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1991. See also

 List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders
 List of Major League Baseball runs batted in records
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
 List of Major League Baseball hitters with two grand slams in one game
 Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame
 List of members of the Italian American Sports Hall of Fame

References

Further reading

External links

1903 births
1946 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in California
American boilermakers
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American League All-Stars
Baseball players from California
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Chicago Cubs coaches
Chicago Cubs players
Lincoln Links players
Major League Baseball second basemen
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
New York Giants (NL) players
New York Yankees players
People with epilepsy
Peoria Tractors players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) managers
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Wilkes-Barre Barons (baseball) players
American sportspeople of Italian descent

masks:
Anthony Michael Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Julia Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
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Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri


texts:
<mask>, OFM (25 October 1916 – 26 July 2003) was a German Franciscan priest, a World War II veteran of the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS, and a member of the German Resistance against Adolf Hitler. Early life
Gereon <mask> was born on 10 October 1916 in Ziegenhain (now part of Schwalmstadt, Hesse) as one of seven children of <mask>, a veterinarian, and his wife, Margarethe. After his wife's death in 1924, <mask> remarried, and the family moved to Cologne. There, Gereon Goldmann joined the Bund Neudeutschland, a Catholic youth association run by the Jesuits. This group spent time doing charitable works in the city and countryside. Often they were engaged in vicious street battles against the Hitler Youth group. Goldmann entered a Franciscan seminary in October 1936.Military career

Goldmann was drafted into the Wehrmacht following the completion of his seminary education in philosophy, and was commissioned as a lieutenant. When World War II began, he was transferred to a Waffen SS training unit in Occupied Poland. In his memoirs, he vividly describes the Anti-Christianity rampant in the Waffen SS and the brutal hazing wreaked on his fellow Catholic recruits. Goldmann sent a protest directly to SS chief Heinrich Himmler, and in early 1942, he was transferred back to the Wehrmacht in disgrace. He spoke openly of his hatred for Nazism, and September 1942 he was charged with high treason. He was court martialled at Kassel, but was acquitted, escaping the death penalty. He was then transferred to the Eastern front.Goldmann was soon arrested again and spent the winter of 1943 in prison; he was then sent to Occupied France, and later to Sicily. The German Resistance

On a home leave in Germany, he was approached by Adam von Trott zu Solz, a career diplomat and member of the Kreisau Circle. To Goldmann's horror, von Trott zu Solz identified himself as a member of a secret organization formed to assassinate Hitler and dismantle Nazi Germany. In a deliberate attempt to recruit him, von Trott zu Solz told Goldmann, "You can help us to save Germany from its disgrace." The jurist informed Goldmann that his acquittal by the court-martial was due to the influence of the German Resistance. Goldmann responded that he had taken the soldier's oath and could not, as a Christian, go back on his word. Von Trott zu Solz responded, "I am also a Christian, as are those who are with me.We have prayed before the crucifix and have agreed that since we are Christians, we cannot violate the allegiance we owe God. We must therefore break our word given to him who has broken so many agreements and still is doing it. If only you knew what I know, Goldmann! There is no other way! Since we are Germans and Christians we must act, and if not soon, then it will be too late. Think it over till tonight." The next day, Goldmann informed von Trott zu Solz that his terms were acceptable.He then joined the 20 July Plot as a carrier of secret dispatches. One such assignment led him to Rome in January 1944. Baron Ernst von Weizsäcker, the German Ambassador to the Vatican, was sympathetic to the Resistance, and arranged an audience for Goldmann with Pope Pius XII. The Pope granted Goldmann special dispensation to be ordained to the priesthood without the customary three years of theology studies. Prisoner of war

Goldmann was captured by the British Army following the Battle of Monte Cassino, and sent to a POW camp in Morocco, and then later in French Algeria. On 24 June 1944, he was ordained a priest in the church of Notre Dame de Rivet, near the POW camp in Algeria. From August 1944 until the end of 1945, he served as a chaplain in a camp at Ksar es Souk, Morocco.According to Goldmann's memoirs, many of the inmates at Ksar es Souk remained convinced Nazis and therefore regarded their chaplain as a traitor. They falsely accused him of being the former commandant of Dachau concentration camp, alleging that he had attempted to escape prosecution by becoming a priest. The French authorities believed this accusation and arrested Goldmann at the end of 1945. At Meknes he was court-martialled by the French Army, and sentenced to death by firing squad. In February 1946, just before the scheduled execution, Pope Pius XII and several others interceded on Goldmann's behalf, declaring that the charges were false. As a result, Goldmann's execution was delayed and eventually his conviction was overturned altogether. Post-war life
After his release in 1947 he returned to Fulda.He was again investigated for war crimes by the United States Army, but the charges were dropped after he revealed his involvement in the 20 July Plot. He studied theology for a year before turning to work with  youth. Missionary

In early 1954, Goldmann went to Japan to head the parish of St Elizabeth in the poverty-ridden Itabashi district of Tokyo. Between 1954 and 1961, he turned to ragpicking to sustain his parish, but eventually collected enough money to establish a foundation for education. He built two churches, numerous houses, hospitals, a holiday centre for families, and a community centre. For his efforts, in 1965 he was honoured by Emperor Hirohito and business executive Tadashi Adachi with the Order of Good Deeds, the highest award bestowed by the state for social work. He continued his charitable works in Japan and eventually extended these to India as well.Later life and death
In poor health, precipitated by a chronic heart condition, Goldmann returned to Germany in 1994, where he remained until his death. Fr. Goldmann died on 26 July 2003 at the Franciscan monastery in Fulda, aged 86. Honours
 Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ("Bundesverdienstkreuz 1. Klasse")

See also

Sources
   (This Autobiography was republished by Ignatius Press in 2000 with an appendix describing Goldmann's later work in Japan.)
 . Notes

1916 births
2003 deaths
People from Schwalmstadt
German Friars Minor
Roman Catholic activists
Roman Catholics in the German Resistance
Members of the 20 July plot
German Army officers of World War II
People from Hesse-Nassau
Waffen-SS personnel
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
SS officers
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
20th-century German Roman Catholic priests

masks:
Gereon Karl Goldmann
Karl Goldmann
Karl Goldmann
Karl Goldmann