texts:
Roger Kynard "<mask>" <mask> (July 15, 1947 – May 31, 2019) was an American musician and singer-songwriter. He was a founding member and the leader of the 13th Floor Elevators and a pioneer of the psychedelic rock genre. Biography
<mask> was born in Dallas, Texas, to Roger and <mask>, and had four younger brothers. The nickname "<mask>", a contraction of his first and middle names, was given to him by his parents. His father, an architect and civil engineer, was stern and disapproving of Erickson's countercultural attitudes, once forcibly cutting his son's hair rather than allow him to grow it out Beatles-style. His mother was an amateur artist and opera singer, and encouraged Erickson's musical talent by taking guitar lessons herself so she could teach him. Erickson was interested in music from his youth, playing piano from age five and taking up guitar at 10.He attended school in Austin and dropped out of Travis High School in 1965, one month before graduating, rather than cut his hair to conform to the school dress code. Erickson wrote his first songs, "You're Gonna Miss Me" and "We Sell Soul", at age 15, and started a band with neighborhood friends which would evolve into his first notable group, the Spades. The Spades scored a regional hit with "We Sell Soul"; the song is included as an unlisted bonus track on <mask>'s 1995 album All That May Do My Rhyme and was adapted as "Don't Fall Down" by the 13th Floor Elevators for their debut album. The Spades' original version of "You're Gonna Miss Me", later a hit for the 13th Floor Elevators, was featured on the compilation album The Best of Pebbles Volume 1. The 13th Floor Elevators

In late 1965, at age 18, <mask> co-founded the 13th Floor Elevators. He and bandmate Tommy Hall were the main songwriters. Early in her career, singer Janis Joplin considered joining the Elevators, but Family Dog's Chet Helms persuaded her to go to San Francisco instead, where she found major fame.The band released their debut album The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators in 1966. It contained the band's only charting single, <mask>'s "You're Gonna Miss Me". A stinging breakup song, the single was a major hit on local charts in the U.S. southwest and appeared at lower positions on national singles charts as well. Critic Mark Deming writes that "If <mask> <mask> had vanished from the face of the earth after The 13th Floor Elevators released their epochal debut single, "You're Gonna Miss Me", in early 1966, in all likelihood he'd still be regarded as a legend among garage rock fanatics for his primal vocal wailing and feral harmonica work." In 1967, the band followed up with Easter Everywhere, perhaps the band's most focused effort, featuring "Slip Inside This House", and a noted cover of Bob Dylan's "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue". The album Live was released in 1968 by the band's record label, International Artists, with little to no input from the band. It featured audience applause dubbed over studio recordings of cover versions, alternate takes, and older material.Bull of the Woods (1969) was the 13th Floor Elevators' final album on which they worked as a group and was largely the work of Stacy Sutherland. Erickson—due to health and legal problems—and Tommy Hall were only involved with a few tracks, including "Livin' On" and "May the Circle Remain Unbroken". Mental illness and legal problems
In 1968, while performing at HemisFair, Erickson began speaking gibberish. He was soon diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and sent to a Houston psychiatric hospital, where he involuntarily received electroconvulsive therapy. The Elevators were vocal proponents of marijuana and psychedelic drug use, and were subject to extra attention from law enforcement agencies. In 1969, Erickson was arrested for possession of a single marijuana joint in Austin. Facing a potential ten-year incarceration, Erickson pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity to avoid prison.He was first sent to the Austin State Hospital. After several escapes, he was sent to the Rusk State Hospital in Rusk, Texas, where he was subjected to more electroconvulsive therapy and Thorazine treatments, ultimately remaining in custody until 1972. During his time at Rusk, he continued writing songs and poetry. Family and friends managed to smuggle out some of these poems and, in 1972, self published the book Openers, intending to use the proceeds to hire a lawyer. (Various sources claim approximately 1,000 copies of Openers were printed; how many copies were actually sold remains unknown.) Six tracks from the 1999 Erickson collection Never Say Goodbye were also recorded during his time at Rusk. Alien years
In 1974, after having been released from the state hospital, Erickson formed a new band which he called "Bleib Alien", Bleib being an anagram of Bible and/or German for "remain", and "Alien" being a pun on the German word allein ("alone") – the phrase in German, therefore, being "remain alone".His new band exchanged the psychedelic sounds of The 13th Floor Elevators for a more hard rock sound that featured lyrics on old horror film and science fiction themes. "Two Headed Dog (Red Temple Prayer)" (produced by The Sir Douglas Quintet's Doug Sahm and inspired by Vladimir Demikhov's 1950s head transplant experiments) was released as a single. The new band was renamed <mask> <mask> and the Aliens. In 1979, after playing with the Reversible Cords on May Day at Raul's, Erickson recorded 15 new songs with producer Stu Cook, former bass player of Creedence Clearwater Revival. These efforts were released in two "overlapping" LPs – <mask> <mask> and the Aliens (CBS UK, 1980) and The Evil One (415 Records, 1981). Cook played bass on two tracks, "Sputnik" and "Bloody Hammer". Roky performed with The Nervebreakers as his backup band at The Palladium in Dallas in July 1979.A recording was issued on the French label New Rose and was recently re-issued elsewhere. The Austin-based band the Explosives served as Roky's most frequent back-up band during the early Raul's era, between 1978 and the early 1980s. Billed as <mask> <mask> and the Explosives, they were regulars at Raul's, the Continental Club, and other Austin venues. It was this incarnation that contributed two live tracks to the first Live at Raul's LP, released in 1980, with other Raul's top bands: The Skunks, Terminal Mind, The Next, Standing Waves, and The Explosives (without <mask> Erickson). The <mask> Erickson tracks ("Red Temple Prayer" and "Don't Shake Me Lucifer") were not included on the initial release for contractual reasons, but were included on a later release. In 1982, Erickson asserted that a Martian had inhabited his body. He came to feel that, due to his being alien, human beings were attacking him psychically.A concerned friend enlisted a Notary Public to witness an official statement by Erickson that he was an alien; he hoped by declaring so publicly he would be in line with any "international laws" he might have been breaking. Erickson claimed the attacks then indeed stopped. Creative decline and renewed interest
Beginning in the 1980s, Erickson developed a years-long obsession with the mail, often spending hours poring over random junk mail he received and writing to solicitors and celebrities (dead or living). He was arrested in 1989 on charges of mail theft for gathering up mail from the mailboxes of neighbors who had moved; Erickson collected the mail and taped it to the walls of his bedroom. The charges were dropped when Erickson insisted that he had never opened any of the mail. In 1984 an observational documentary was produced in Austin for Swedish television, entitled Demon Angel: A Day and Night with <mask> Erickson. It featured Erickson in plugged and unplugged performances, solo and with local musician/producer Mike Alvarez on additional guitar, in an underground creek beneath the Congress Street Bridge on Halloween.Alvarez later released the film on VHS, updating it with interviews of some of <mask>'s friends and relatives; it was toured to several cities including Pittsburgh, where the screening was followed by a set of Erickson covers by Alvarez and others, as well as a performance by the Mount McKinleys with guest vocalist <mask>y's brother). A soundtrack of the film also was issued on CD, receiving positive reviews. Several live albums of his older material have been released since the mid-1980s, and in 1990 Sire Records/Warner Bros. Records released a tribute album, Where The Pyramid Meets The Eye: A Tribute to <mask> <mask>, produced by WB executive Bill Bentley. It featured versions of Erickson's songs performed by The Jesus and Mary Chain, R.E.M., ZZ Top, Poi Dog Pondering, Julian Cope, Butthole Surfers, Bongwater, John Wesley Harding, Doug Sahm, and Primal Scream, among others. According to the liner notes, the title of the album came from a remark Erickson made to a friend who asked him to define psychedelic music, to which Erickson reportedly replied "It's where the pyramid meets the eye, man", an apparent reference to the Eye of Providence and the Great Seal of the United States. Return to music and later life

In 1995, Erickson released All That May Do My Rhyme on Butthole Surfers drummer King Coffey's label Trance Syndicate Records. Produced by Texas Tornados bassist Speedy Sparks, Austin recording legend Stuart Sullivan, and Texas Music Office director Casey Monahan, the release coincided with the publication of Openers II, a complete collection of <mask>'s lyrics.Published by Henry Rollins's 2.13.61 Publications, it was compiled and edited by Monahan with assistance from Rollins and Erickson's youngest brother <mask>, a classical tuba player. Sumner was granted legal custody of <mask> in 2001, and established a legal trust to aid his brother. As a result, <mask> received some of the most effective medical and legal aid of his life, the latter useful in helping sort out the complicated tangle of contracts that had reduced royalty payments to all but nothing for his recorded works. He also started taking medication to better manage his schizophrenia. A documentary film on the life of <mask> Erickson titled You're Gonna Miss Me was made by director Keven McAlester and screened at the 2005 SXSW film festival. In September of the same year, Erickson performed his first full-length concert in 20 years at the annual Austin City Limits Music Festival with The Explosives with special guest and longtime associate Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top. In the December 30, 2005, issue of the Austin Chronicle, an alternative weekly newspaper in Austin, Texas, Margaret Moser chronicled Erickson's recovery, saying Erickson had weaned himself off his medication, played at 11 gigs in Austin that year, obtained a driver's license, bought a car (a Volvo), and voted.In 2007, <mask>y continued to play in Europe, performing for the first time in Finland at Ruisrock festival. According to the article in Helsingin Sanomat June 8, 2007, the performance was widely considered the highlight of the festival day. On September 8, 2008, Scottish post-rock band Mogwai released the Batcat EP. Erickson is featured on one of the tracks, "Devil Rides". Erickson performed alongside Austin-based indie rock band Okkervil River at the Austin Music Awards in 2008 and then again at the 2009 South by Southwest music festival. Erickson returned to the stage in 2008 to perform songs from the 13th Floor Elevators catalog that had not been performed in decades with fellow Austinites The Black Angels as his backing band.After months of practices and time recording in an Austin studio, they performed a show in Dallas followed by a West Coast tour. The Black Angels played a regular set and then backed Erickson as his rhythm section, playing 13th Floor Elevators songs as well as songs from Erickson's solo albums. On April 20, 2010, Erickson released True Love Cast Out All Evil, his first album of new material in 14 years. Okkervil River serves as Erickson's backing band on the album. In March 2012 Erickson toured New Zealand and Australia for the first time headlining Golden Plains Festival in Meredith as well as playing sold-out side shows in Sydney and Melbourne. On May 10, 2015, he performed with the reunited 13th Floor Elevators at Levitation (formerly Austin Psych Fest, the event was renamed "Levitation" after the song of the same title). The band consisted of original band members <mask>, Tommy Hall, John Ike Walton, and Ronnie Leatherman, joined by Roky's son Jegar <mask> on harmonica, Roky's lead guitarist Eli Southard, and rhythm guitarist Fred Mitchim.<mask> died in Austin on May 31, 2019. His death was made public through a Facebook post by his brother Mikel, who wrote, "My brother <mask> passed away peaceably today. Please allow us time." To date, no cause of death has been announced. Discography

 Bermuda/The Interpreter (1977 Rhino Records RNOR-003)
 Don't Slander Me (1986, Pink Dust Records)
 Gremlins Have Pictures (1986, Pink Dust Records)
 Casting the Runes (1987, Five Hours Back)
 Holiday Inn Tapes (1987, Fan Club)
 Click Your Fingers Applauding The Play (1988, New Rose Records)
 Openers (1988, Five Hours Back)
 Live at the Ritz 1987 (1988, Fan Club)
 Live Dallas 1979 (1992, Fan Club)
 All That May Do My Rhyme (1995, Trance Syndicate)
 Demon Angel: A Day and a Night with <mask> Erickson (1995, Triple X Records)
 Roky Erickson and Evilhook Wildlife (1995, Sympathy for the Record Industry)
 Never Say Goodbye (1999, Emperor Jones)
 Don't Knock the Rok! (2004, Norton Records)
 I Have Always Been Here Before (2005, Shout! Factory, 2 cd anthology)
 Halloween (2008, Norton Records)
 True Love Cast Out All Evil (2010, ANTI- Records)

<mask> <mask> and the Aliens
 <mask> <mask> <mask> and the Resurrectionists
 Beauty and the Beast (1993, Sympathy for the Record Industry)

Tribute albums
 Where The Pyramid Meets The Eye: A Tribute to <mask> Erickson (1990, Sire Records/Warner Bros. Records)
 We're Gonna Miss You: A Tribute to Roky Erickson (2020, Third Eye Stimuli Records)
 May the Circle Remain Unbroken: A Tribute to Roky Erickson (2021, Light in the Attic Records)

Filmography
 Demon Angel: A Day and Night with Roky Erickson (1984, Swedish television, documentary; 1999, VHS version, Amsterdamned Records)
You're Gonna Miss Me (2007, Palm Pictures, documentary)

Legacy and influence
Author Jonathan Lethem titled his 2007 novel You Don't Love Me Yet in honor of two (otherwise unconnected) songs of the same title by Erickson and The Vulgar Boatmen.Lethem called <mask>'s song "irresistible" and "one of those incredibly versatile songs." The X-Files episode "Jose Chung's From Outer Space" features a character named "<mask> Crikenson", in homage to Erickson. Crikenson, like the original <mask>, believes himself to be an alien abductee. A plotline in an episode of 1990s sitcom The John Larroquette Show revolved around a sighting of reclusive novelist Thomas Pynchon. Pynchon himself did not appear, but agreed to allow his name to be used on the condition that it was specifically mentioned that Pynchon was seen wearing a T-shirt showing a picture of Erickson. According to the Los Angeles Times, this spurred an increase in sales of Erickson's albums. The album It's Spooky by Daniel Johnston and Jad Fair features the song "I Met Roky Erickson", named after an encounter Johnston had with the artist.The song "White Faces" was covered by the Dutch occult rock band The Devil's Blood on their 2008 EP album Come Reap

The song "If You Have Ghosts" was covered by the Swedish heavy metal band Ghost on their EP album If You Have Ghost, leading to the title track becoming a common catchphrase and meme among Ghost fans. See also
 Music of Austin
 Outsider music

References

General sources
 Eye Mind: The Saga of <mask> <mask> and The 13th Floor Elevators, The Pioneers of Psychedelic Sound by Paul Drummond; foreword by Julian Cope (Process Media, December 2007),

External links

A Long, Strange Trip - Texas Monthly article
Austin Chronicle article (12/05)
Roky Erickson FAQ
Roky Erickson / 13th Floor Elevators Extensive Discography
Thirteenth Floor Elevators Discography
[ <mask> Erickson on AllMusic.com]
Review of You're Gonna Miss Me soundtrack
November 2008 interview with L.A. Record

1947 births
2019 deaths
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
Musicians from Dallas
Outsider musicians
Musicians from Austin, Texas
People with schizophrenia
Protopunk musicians
Psychedelic rock musicians
Sympathy for the Record Industry artists
Trance Syndicate artists
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Guitarists from Texas
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
Restless Records artists
American male singer-songwriters
Anti- (record label) artists

masks:
Roky
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Evelyn Erickson
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Erickson
Sumner Ericksonok
Roky
Erickson
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Sumner Erickson
Roky
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Ericksonok
Erickson
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Death Erickson
Roky
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Roky
Ericksonoky
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texts:
<mask> 葛思德 (November 22, 1894 – August 1, 1989), better known as B.A<mask>, was an educator, author, and executive administrator for several U.S. charities related to China. Early life

B.A<mask> was born in Stringtown, Oklahoma and spent most of his early life in the state, receiving his bachelor's degree from the University of Oklahoma. After serving in the U.S. Navy during the First World War, <mask> briefly served as the principal of Stringtown High School, before completing a master's degree at Columbia University in 1922. Life in China

In 1922, B.A<mask> became an education missionary in China under the direction of the Presbyterian Church.He studied the Chinese for one year, then accepted a post as a professor of professor of education at Cheeloo University in Jinan, Shandong province. He served in that role until 1926. From 1927 to 1932, <mask> served as secretary of the China Union Universities office in New York City. In his first year, <mask> assisted eleven Christian colleges in China reopen after they had shut due to political turmoil within the Kuomintang (KMT). Earlier that year, Communist influence in the KMT created conditions leading to closing of several of these schools. Chinese relief efforts

In October 1932, a new organization, the Associated Boards for Christian Colleges of China (ABCCC) was formed to coordinate fundraising efforts in the United States for the Protestant Christian colleges operating in China. The organization was renamed the United Board for Christian Colleges in China after the Second World War.B.A<mask> served as executive secretary of the new organization, a position he held until 1941. At the ABCCC, <mask> led efforts to promote and raise money to support these colleges, which in the 1932–1933 academic year had combined enrollments of 5,400 students and endowments of US$12 million. In 1935, <mask> received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from College of the Ozarks. Second World War

At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, eleven of the twelve member institutions of ABCCC were caught in the war zone, and most were forced to evacuate their campuses to western China. B.A<mask> joined the movement in the United States to raise awareness of the war and encourage other Americans to boycott Japanese goods.<mask> directed fundraising efforts for the evacuated Christian colleges, which by 1940 had grown to 13 colleges and enrolled over 7700 Chinese students. $250,000 U.S. dollars were raised by the end of that year. Many of these students and their professors were themselves evacuees from the war, and they would be destitute and unable to continue their education without financial support from the west. In March 1941, the ABCCC became joined the United China Relief (UCR), a new organization which raised money for several charities operating in China. Other organizations joining United China Relief were the American Bureau for Medical Aid to China (ABMAC), the China Emergency Relief Committee, the American Committee for Chinese War Orphans, the Church Committee for China Relief, the American Committee for Chinese Industrial Cooperatives (also known as INDUSCO), the China Aid Council, and the  American Friends Service Committee (AFSC). The new board for this organization included Pearl Buck, William Bullitt, Henry Luce, Robert Sproul, Wendell Willkie, John D. Rockefeller III, Theodore Roosevelt Jr., David O. Selznick, and Thomas Lamont. Eleanor Roosevelt served as honorary chairman.This board appointed <mask> as the executive director, and he set out to raise the money needed to help the refugees from the war. United China Relief was the largest humanitarian effort in the United States to aid the Chinese people up to that time. The organization, which was renamed United Service to China (USC) after the Second World War, raised over US$50 million in donations over ten years. <mask>'s skill in fundraising was shown by the receipt of over $500,000 by June 1941, a mere three months after the launch of the original campaign seeking $5,000,000. Cold War

In 1951, B.A<mask> was appointed as the executive director of the American Bureau for Medical Aid to China (ABMAC), and remained in that post until his retirement in 1979. In the 1950s, while still serving at ABMAC, <mask> also served as the executive director of the organization Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals, which provided financial and immigration assistance to refugees of the Chinese Communist Revolution.In 1959, <mask> and Lowell Thomas organized the American Emergency Committee for Tibetan Refugees, in response to refugee crisis during the 1959 Tibetan uprising. <mask> served on this committee until 1970. <mask> was a member of the China Lobby and actively supported the Nationalist China, serving on the Committee for Free China and One Million Against Admission of Communist China to the UN. <mask> received the Order of Brilliant Star and the Order of Auspicious Clouds from the Republic of China on Taiwan. Published works

<mask> wrote two books, both non-fiction. The first, published in 1948, was One Increasing Purpose: The Life of Henry Winters Luce, a biography of <mask>'s mentor and friend Henry W. Luce. Henry W. Luce was another education missionary at the Christian colleges in China, and father of the publisher Henry R. Luce, founder of Time magazine.The second was his memoirs, titled Within the Four Seas, which was published in 1985. Personal life

On September 21, 1921, <mask> married Margaret Cameron. They later had one daughter, Jean. <mask>'s wife died in 1981. References

Additional Sources

1894 births
1989 deaths
People from Atoka County, Oklahoma
20th-century American biographers
20th-century American educators
20th-century American memoirists
Presbyterian missionaries in China
University of Oklahoma alumni
University of the Ozarks alumni
American Presbyterian missionaries
American expatriates in China
Columbia University alumni

masks:
Bettis Alston Garside
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. Garside
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Garside
. Garside
Garside
Garside
. Garside
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texts:
Sir <mask>  (; 24 June 17976 October 1873), also known as <mask> and Sir <mask>, was a Polish explorer, geologist, humanitarian, environmentalist, nobleman, scientist, businessman and philanthropist who in 1845 also became a British subject. He is noted for his contributions to the exploration of Australia, particularly the Snowy Mountains and Tasmania, and for climbing and naming the highest –  – mountain on the continent, Mount Kosciuszko. Early years
Strzelecki was born in 1797, in Głuszyna (Glausche) near Poznań (Posen), in the Polish territory occupied by the Kingdom of Prussia. He was the third child of <mask> and Anna née Raczyńska, both from Polish nobility (szlachta), who leased the Głuszyna estate at the time. In Australia, Strzelecki was referred to as Count though there is no proof that he actually approved or used such a title himself. As Poznań was then under Prussian control, Strzelecki was a Prussian citizen. He left school without matriculating, then served briefly in the Prussian Army in the 6th Regiment of Thuringian Uhlans, at the time known as the Polish Regiment because the majority of the staff were Poles.<mask> submitted his resignation due to the strict Prussian discipline that he did not approve of. There are some suggestions that he deserted the Regiment but in the official history of the Regiment the name <mask> does not appear. Not long after, he became a tutor at a manor of local nobility. He fell in love with his young student, a girl of 15, Aleksandryn (Adyna) Turno, but was rejected as a suitor by her father, Adam Turno. There are stories that <mask> attempted unsuccessfully to elope with Adyna, but biographers find this unlikely. Adyna and <mask> exchanged letters over 40 years but they never married. Provided with funds by his family, Strzelecki travelled in Austria and Italy.He eventually came under the notice of the Polish Prince Franciszek Sapieha who placed him in charge of his large estate in the Russian-occupied part of Poland. <mask> was then about 26 years of age and carried out his duties very successfully. Some years later the prince died, and a dispute arose between his son and heir, Eustace, and <mask>. Eustace refused to pay Strzelecki the prince's bequest – a huge sum of money and a considerable estate – accusing him of bad faith and prevarication. After four years the dispute was settled. <mask> left Poland about 1829 and stayed some time in France, from where he travelled to Africa. He had no formal training in geology, a science then in its infancy in England, but was probably, like his English contemporaries, self taught.On 8 June 1834, he sailed from Liverpool to New York. He travelled widely in North America, analysing soil, examining minerals (tradition claims he discovered copper in Canada), and visiting farms to study soil conservation and to analyse the gluten content of wheat. In South America in 1836 he visited the most important mineral areas and he went up the west coast from Chile to California. During this time he became a strong opponent of the slave trade. He went to Cuba, Tahiti and the South Sea Islands, and came to New Zealand probably about the beginning of 1839. Australia

He arrived at Sydney on 25 April 1839. He visited the estate of his friend James Macarthur at Camden.He wrote about meeting the German vintners that the Macarthurs had brought to Australia from the Rheingau region. He wrote: "I had gone with my host to look at the farm, the fields, and the vineyard, — contiguous to which last stood in a row six neat cottages, surrounded with kitchen gardens, and inhabited by six families of German vine-dressers, who emigrated two years ago to New South Wales, either driven there by necessity, or seduced by the hope of finding, beyond the sea, fortune, peace, and happiness, – perhaps justice and liberty. The German salutation which I gave to the group that stood nearest, was like some signal-bell, which instantly set the whole colony in motion. Fathers, mothers, and children came running from all sides to see, to salute, and to talk to the gentleman who came from Germany. They took me for their fellow-countryman, and were happy, questioning me about Germany, the Rhine, and their native town. I was far from undeceiving them." His main interest was the mineralogy of Australia.In September he discovered gold and silver near Wellington (NSW) and in the Vale of Clwyd, in the vicinity of Hartley. He collected there numerous samples of Australian gold, which were sent to the eminent geologist Sir Roderick Murchison of London, and also to Berlin, but the Governor of New South Wales, Sir George Gipps, fearing unrest among 45,000 convicts, stifled the news about the discovery. Later in 1839 <mask> set out on an expedition into the Australian Alps and explored the Snowy Mountains with James Macarthur, James Riley and two Aboriginal guides: Charlie Tarra and Jackey. In 1840 he climbed the highest peak on mainland Australia and named it Mount Kosciuszko, to honour Tadeusz Kościuszko, one of the national heroes of Poland and a hero of the American Revolutionary War. On Victorian maps (but never on New South Wales maps) the name Mount Kosciusko was erroneously connected to the neighbouring peak, at present known as Mount Townsend and causing later many confusions, including the recent incorrect information on swapping the names of the mountains. From there Strzelecki explored Gippsland which he named after the governor. After passing the La Trobe River it was found necessary to abandon the horses and all the specimens that had been collected and try to reach Western Port.For 22 days they were on the edge of starvation and were ultimately saved by the knowledge and hunting ability of their guide Charlie, who caught native animals for them to eat. The party, practically exhausted, arrived at Western Port on 12 May 1840 and reached Melbourne on 28 May. The <mask> Ranges are named in his honour. From 1840 to 1842, based in Launceston, Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land), <mask> explored nearly every part of the island, usually on foot with three men and two pack horses. His friends, the Lieutenant-Governor, Sir John Franklin, and his wife, Lady Jane, afforded him every help in his scientific endeavours. <mask> left Tasmania on 29 September 1842 by steamer and arrived in Sydney on 2 October. He was collecting specimens in northern New South Wales towards the end of that year, and on 22 April 1843, he left Sydney after having travelled  through New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, examining the geology along the way.He went to England after visiting China, the East Indies and Egypt. In 1845 he published his Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. The book gained the praise of Charles Darwin and other scientists and was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. It was an unsurpassed source of knowledge on Australia for at least forty-five years. He also published the first map of Gippsland and its description which helped to open up this fertile part of Victoria. He produced the first large geological map of Eastern Australia and Tasmania. In 1845 he became a naturalised British subject.Philanthropy

During the autumn and winter of 1846–47 the disaster of the great famine came to Ireland. In January 1847, a group of English banking leaders combined to raise funds for famine relief via a private charity named the “British Relief Association” and entrusted <mask> to dispense them (£500,000). <mask> was appointed the main agent of the Association to superintend the distribution of supplies in County Sligo, County Mayo and County Donegal. In order to alleviate the critical situation of famished Irish families and especially children, <mask> developed a visionary and exceptionally effective mode of assistance: feeding starving children directly through the schools. He extended daily food rations to schoolchildren across the most famine-stricken western part of Ireland, while also distributing clothing and promoting basic hygiene. At its peak in 1848, around 200,000 children from all denominations were being fed through the efforts of the B.R.A., many of whom would have otherwise perished from hunger and disease. Despite suffering from the effects of typhoid fever he contracted in Ireland, <mask> dedicated himself tirelessly to hunger relief.His commitment was widely recognized and praised by his contemporaries. In recognition of his services, he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in November 1848. Strzelecki helped impoverished Irish families to seek new lives in Australia. He was, for many years, an active member of Family Colonisation Loan Society, originated by Caroline Chisholm and in 1854 was its chairman, fulfilling his duties with great zeal. He was also an esteemed member of Lord Herbert's Emigration Committee and of the Duke of Wellington's Emigration Committee. He was, additionally, a member of the Crimean Army Fund Committee. At the end of the Crimean campaign he accompanied Lord Lyons on a visit to Sevastopol.<mask> was also associated with Florence Nightingale and helped her in facilitating the publication of a series of her articles. He died of liver cancer in London in 1873 and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. In 1997 his remains were transferred to the crypt of merit at the Church of St. Adalbert in his hometown of Poznań, Poland. Awards and honours
<mask> was made a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and was awarded its Gold Medal for "exploration in the south eastern portion of Australia". The Society still displays his huge geological map of New South Wales and Tasmania for public viewing. He was also appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society, having gained widespread recognition as an explorer and philanthropist. He was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law from the University of Oxford, appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1849, and appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1869.In 1983 he was honoured on a postage stamp depicting his portrait issued by Australia Post. Named after him

In Australia
Strzelecki Ranges, Victoria, in which is located the township of Strzelecki. The Strzelecki railway line ran through the ranges to the township. Mount Strzelecki, Northern Territory
Strzelecki Peak, Flinders Island
Strzelecki Creek, South Australia
Strzelecki Highway, Victoria
Strzelecki Track, South Australia
Strzelecki Desert, east of Lake Eyre in South Australia
Strzelecki Scenic Lookout, Newcastle, New South Wales

In Canada
Strzelecki Harbour

Writing
 Physical Description of New South Wales. Accompanied by a Geological Map, Sections and Diagrams, and Figures of the Organic Remains (London, 1845). See also
 Poles in the United Kingdom

Notes

References

Sources
Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki. Reflections of his life by Lech Paszkowski, Australian Scholarly Publishing, 1997,
Kosciusko The Mountain in History by Alan E.J.Andrews Tabletop Press, Canberra 1991,
Paul Edmund <mask> and His Team. Achieving Together by Ernestyna Skurjat-Kozek & Lukasz Swiatek, FKPP, Sydney 2009,
Sir Paul E<mask>: A Polish Count's Explorations in 19th Century Australia by Marian Kaluski, A E Press, Melbourne, 1985,

External links

 Mt Kosciuszko Inc. an organisation of Polish emigrants, was established in Perth, Western Australia, in 2002 to raise public interest in the early history of Mount Kosciuszko and Strzelecki's cultural contributions. <mask> <mask>, Prominent Poles

Polish explorers
19th-century Polish geologists
Polish geographers
Explorers of Australia
Australian geologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Polish nobility
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
1797 births
1873 deaths
People from the Province of Posen
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Polish emigrants to Australia
People from Poznań

masks:
Paweł Edmund Strzelecki
Paul Edmund de Strzelecki
Paul Strzelecki
Franciszek Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
Strzelecki
. Strzelecki
Paweł
Edmund Strzelecki


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<mask> (April 5, 1939 – April 23, 2019) was an English-American  actor, dancer, choreographer, producer, distributor, director and screenwriter. At a young age, he acted in film and television projects such as Lux Video Theatre; Naked City; Mister Peepers; Rock, Rock, Rock; and Roogie's Bump. He received some attention in Broadway musicals for his roles in West Side Story (1957) and Gypsy (1959). In the film adaptation of West Side Story (1961) he was one of the few to be re-cast. It became the highest grossing motion picture of that year, and won 10 Academy Awards, including Best Picture. <mask> became a dance choreographer. On films, he choreographed several projects with Elvis Presley and Ann-Margret starting with Viva Las Vegas (1964).Other dance choreography credits include T.A.M.I. Show (1964), Send Me No Flowers (1964), Billie (1965), A Star Is Born (1976), etc. On television, he was frequently seen with his troupe on a variety of shows choreographing popular dances of the 1960s. At the Emmy Awards, for the television special Movin' with Nancy (1967), his choreography was nominated in the category Special Classification of Individual Achievements. In the 1970s, <mask> produced and directed television specials including Raquel! (1970), Once Upon a Wheel (1971), Timex All-Star Swing Festival (1972), etc. In films, he directed Alice Cooper: Welcome to My Nightmare (1976), The Last Horror Film (1982), Thrashin (1986), etc.From the 1980s to the 1990s, <mask> ran Action International Pictures where he would produce, distribute and sometime direct action oriented films. From the 2000s to his death in 2019, <mask> continued to produce and direct. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in London, England, the son of Jewish parents Sadie and Samuel Weizer. His family relocated to the United States in 1953. He became a naturalized United States citizen in 1956. <mask> was interested in dancing at an early age. Career

Early 1950s-1967: Early roles, stage musicals, and dance choreography
At age 12, <mask> was shining shoes to pay for dance classes afraid his mother would not approve.She eventually caught him and made a deal to make him stop: if he did his bar mitzvah, she would bring him to dance classes. That same year, <mask> was spotted by a talent agent while dancing in a Manhattan restaurant. From this point he began acting and dancing on television. By the age of 14 he had worked with Jackie Gleason, Martha Raye, Mindy Carson, Sarah Churchill, Wally Cox, George Jessel, Ella Raines, Paul Douglas, and Perry Como. He also was heard on radio plays with Donald Cook and Joseph Cotten. It led him to act in over 15 television shows during a span of 10 years, including Lux Video Theatre, Naked City, The Red Buttons Show, Mister Peepers, etc. In 1954, <mask> acted in the film Roogie's Bump.That year he performed in the first Broadway revival of On Your Toes, directed by George Abbott and choreographed by George Balanchine. It opened on October 11, 1954 at the 46th Street Theatre, where it ran for 64 performances. On November 23 of that year he acted in another Broadway play called Sandhog. In 1956 he acted in Rock, Rock, Rock!. In 1957, he acted in Shinbone Alley. The Broadway production opened on April 13, 1957 at The Broadway Theatre and closed on May 25, 1957 after 49 performances. Later that year, he played the role of Baby John in the original Broadway production of West Side Story.Conceived, directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins, it ran for 732 performances before going on tour. The production was nominated for six Tony Awards including Best Musical. On May 21, 1959, he starred as Yonkers in the original production of Gypsy. The show was produced by <mask> and directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins Critic Frank Rich has referred to it as one of the more influential stagings of a musical in American theatrical history. The original production received eight Tony Award nominations, including Best Musical. It closed on March 25, 1961 after 702 performances and two previews. In 1960, he acted in the Broadway musical One More River.In 1961, he appeared as A-Rab in the movie version of West Side Story directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. He and Carole D'Andrea, Jay Norman, Tommy Abbott, William Bramley and Tony Mordente were the only actors to have been cast in both the original Broadway show and the motion picture. The film was the highest grossing motion picture of that year, going on to win 10 Academy Awards, including Best Picture. During that time and moving forward to 1967, he acted regularly on television, he was seen in 77 Sunset Strip, Perry Mason, The Dick Powell Show, and more. In 1964, he choreographed George Sidney's Viva Las Vegas starring Elvis Presley and Ann-Margret. Ann-Margret, who was his student at the time, recommended him for the job. That year <mask> choreographed Norman Jewison's Send Me No Flowers, Don Weis' Pajama Party, and Steve Binder's  T.A.M.I.Show. He also had a role in the film The New Intern. On September 21, the variety show Shindig! premiered where <mask> served as a choreographer. In 1965, he choreographed two musicals starring Elvis Presley: Boris Sagal's Girl Happy and Norman Taurog's Tickle Me. He also choreographed two Ann-Margret films: Bus Riley's Back in Town and Kitten with a Whip. Another choreographer credit was Don Weis' Billie.That year, he started to perform on television with his troupe, named the <mask> Ball television special Lucy in London. Also that year he acted in The Crazy-Quilt by John Korty, and The <mask> Dancers also appeared in the television special MJ's. Finally he choreographed two more Ann-Margret films Boris Sagal's Made in Paris, and George Sidney's The Swinger. In 1967, <mask> directed two episodes of the television show The Monkees. He choreographed Elvis Presley in Easy Come, Easy Go.With the <mask> Dancers, he appeared on the television special Go. That year, he was an associate director for the Broadway play Of Love Remembered, directed by Burgess Meredith. Also in 1967, for his choreography on the Nancy Sinatra television special Movin' with Nancy, he received an Emmy nomination in the category Special Classification of Individual Achievements. 1968 to 1986: Subsequent choreography, producing and directing
In 1968, he co-founded the production company Winters/Rosen which specialized in television specials. He choreographed and directed The Ann-Margret Show. That year, separately from <mask>/Rosen, he choreographed and performed with his troupe on the television special Monte Carlo: C'est La Rose, hosted by Princess Grace Kelly. In 1969, <mask> directed and choreographed Ann-Margret: From Hollywood with Love (for which <mask> received an Emmy nomination for dance choreography).Also that year, he produced and choreographed The Spring Thing. On April 26, 1970 CBS released Raquel Welch's first television special Raquel!, <mask> produced, directed and choreographed. On the day of the premiere, the show received a 51% share on the National ARB Ratings and an overnight New York Nielsen Rating of 58% share. In 1971, he produced and directed Once Upon a Wheel, a documentary on auto racing. It is hosted and narrated by actor Paul Newman. That same year, he was an executive producer for The 5th Dimension's television special The 5th Dimension Traveling Sunshine Show. In 1972, he produced, directed and choreographed the television special The Special London Bridge Special, starring Tom Jones, and Jennifer O'Neill.That year, he produced Timex All-Star Swing Festival (which won the Peabody Award and a Christopher Award for <mask> as its producer), a live concert with performances by jazz musicians Ella Fitzgerald, Duke Ellington, Dave Brubeck, Benny Goodman, Gene Krupa, etc. In 1973, he directed, choreographed and produced the television movie Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, starring Kirk Douglas. At the Emmy Awards it was nominated for outstanding achievement in makeup, costume design, and music direction. In 1975, <mask> directed the Alice Cooper concert film Alice Cooper: Welcome to My Nightmare. That same year, he produced the comedy Linda Lovelace for President. In 1976, he choreographed Frank Pierson's A Star Is Born, starring Barbra Streisand. The following year he choreographed credits 22 episodes of TV show Donny & Mary.That year he also served as a creative consultant on Don Taylor's The Island of Dr. Moreau. In 1978, he choreographed Steve Binder's Star Wars Holiday Special. In 1979 <mask> directed the tennis sport comedy Racquet, starring Bert Convy. That same year, he choreographed Mark L. Lester's Roller Boogie. Also in 1979, Diana Ross In Concert premiered on television, <mask> conceived and directed the stage production. In 1980. <mask> directed and choreographed the stage show Goosebumps.In 1981, he choreographed and was creative consultant for the Diana Ross television special Diana. In 1982, he produced, directed, wrote, and co-starred in the horror comedy The Last Horror Film, starring Joe Spinell and Caroline Munro. It played in film festivals. At the Sitges Film Festival it was part of their official selection, and won best cinematography. At the Saturn Awards the film was nominated for Best International film and Mary Spinell was nominated for best supporting actress. In 1984 he directed the documentary That Was Rock, hosted by Chuck Berry,  and a television adaptation of Steadfast Tin Soldier. Also that year he worked as an artistic adviser on the film Blame it on the Night.In 1985, he directed Girls of Rock & Roll. In 1986, <mask> directed the sports film Thrashin, starring Josh Brolin, and Pamela Gidley. Set in Los Angeles, it's about Cory (Brolin), a teenage competitive skateboarder, and his romance with Chrissy (Gidley). With a notable soundtrack, the film maintains a following. Prior to the casting of Brolin, <mask> wanted Johnny Depp to play Cory. That same year, directed the action film Mission Kill, with Robert Ginty. 1987 to 2019: Later works
In 1987, <mask> opened the production company, Action International Pictures.He hired director <mask>. Prior, with whom he would work regularly moving forward. That year they released Deadly Prey, Aerobicide, and Mankillers. In 1988, he directed the action film Rage to Kill starring James Ryan. That year also saw the release of Space Mutiny. <mask> was assigned to produce and direct the science fiction film He had to drop out at an early stage of filming due to the death of a close relative, and most of the film was eventually directed by Neal Sundstrom. Both were un-happy with the final product, and <mask> attempted to have his name replaced with a fictional one, but due to his contract he was unable to do so.The film gained a cult status and was subject for a successful episode of the TV Show Mystery Science Theater 3000. That year, <mask> produced Dead End City, Death Chase, Night Wars, and Phoenix The Warrior. In 1989, the action film Code Name Vengeance was released, with <mask> directing and producing. Robert Ginty played the lead. <mask> would go on to produce The Bounty Hunter (1989), Order of Eagle (1989), Future Force (1989), Time Burst - The Final Alliance (1989), Deadly Reactor (1989), Hell on the Battleground (1989), Jungle Assault (1989), The Revenger (1990), Fatal Skies (1990), Future Zone (1990), Deadly Dancer (1990), Operation Warzone (1990), Rapid Fire (1990), The Shooters (1990), The Final Sanction (1990), Lock 'n' Load (1990), Born Killer (1990), Invasion Force (1990), Firehead (1991), Dark Rider (1991), Raw Nerve (1991), Maximum Breakout (1991), Cop-Out (1991), Presumed Guilty (1991), The Last Ride (1991), White Fury (1991), Center of the Web (1992), Armed for Action (1992), Blood on the Badge (1992), and Double Threat (1993). In 1993, AIP was re-branded as West Side Studios with the intent to take a mainstream direction. Under that banner, he produced Night Trap (1993), Raw Justice (1994), The Dangerous (1995), and Codename: Silencer (1995).In 1999, <mask> produced Rhythm & Blues. In 2002, he produced, directed, and co-starred the comedy film Welcome 2 Ibiza, which won the Bangkok Film Festival Audience Award. In 2003, he produced the horror film Devil's Harvest. In 2005, he produced period filmThe King Maker. In 2006, <mask> acted in Kevin Connor's mini-series Blackbeard. In 2012, <mask> acted in the art house film, Teddy Bear. In 2015, Dancin': It's On!, a dance film, premiered which <mask> directed.For this project, he said he reconnected with his original passion for dancing. The film stars winners and runners-up of the tv shows, So You Think You Can Dance, and Dancing with the Stars, with Witney Carson as its lead. In 2018, <mask> released his memoir Tough Guys Do Dance. Death
<mask> died on 23 April 2019 at the age of 80, from congestive heart failure. Personal life
Friends with rock singer Alice Cooper upon directing the Welcome to My Nightmare Tour in the mid 1970s, he hired ballerina Sheryl Goddard who became Cooper's wife. <mask> lived with Linda Lovelace as her boyfriend following her divorce from her first husband. Their relationship lasted until 1976.She credited him for bringing culture in her life. <mask> was married at least three times. He had a brother, a daughter, two sons, a stepson, and a granddaughter. Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1939 births
2019 deaths
American male child actors
American choreographers
American male dancers
American male film actors
Jewish American male actors
American film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American television directors
American television producers
Burials at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery
English male child actors
English choreographers
English male dancers
English male film actors
English film directors
English film producers
English male musical theatre actors
English male screenwriters
English male television actors
English television directors
English television producers
English-language film directors
English emigrants to the United States
English Jews
Male actors from London
20th-century English businesspeople
21st-century American Jews

masks:
David Winters
Winters
Winters
Winters
Winters
Winters
David Weizer
Winters
Winters
Winters
Winters
David Merrick
Winters
Winters
David Wintersille
David Winters
Winters
David Winters
Winters
Winters
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David A
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<mask> (born 17 June 1969) is a Kenyan former professional long distance runner. He became the first Kenyan man to set the world record in the marathon in 2003, with a time of 2:04:55, and is regarded as one of the most accomplished long-distance runners of all time. Runnerworld called him the "Most comprehensive runner of all time". Towards the end of his career he concentrated exclusively on the marathon. Tergat set several world records and won many titles on the track, in cross country, and on the road. He lives and trains in Eldoret. Early life
<mask> was born on 17 June 1969 in Riwo, Baringo District, in Kenya's Rift Valley Province.He attended Riwo Primary school and later joined Kapkawa Boys High School. Unlike many athletes, Tergat realised his talent after graduating high school. Career
Tergat won five straight IAAF World Cross Country Championships titles, 1995 to 1999, which was a record. Says Tergat, "Cross country is what I always liked most. It was my world, my passion. Before the IAAF introduced the short course in 1998, all the world class athletes from 1500 m to the marathon were in the same race." He won the Lisbon Half Marathon in 2000, setting a new course record and personal best of 59:06.He won the race again in 2005 with a time of 59:10. Tergat's achievements also include 5 victories in the traditional Saint Silvester Road Race, the most important event in Latin American street racing. He holds the record for the present 15 km distance, which he established in 1995. His performances in the Saint Silvester race have earned him celebrity status in Brazil. He has had an intense rivalry with his friend Haile Gebrselassie of Ethiopia. In the Olympic Games 10,000m finals of both 1996 Atlanta Olympics and 2000 Sydney Olympics, he was defeated by Gebrselassie by slim margins. In 2000, the margin of victory was only nine hundredths of a second.Tergat finished second to Gebrselassie in the 1997 and 1999 World Championships in Athletics at 10,000 m, and finished third in the 1995 version of that race, behind Gebrselassie and Moroccan Khalid Skah. On the track, Tergat broke Gebrselassie's 10,000-metre world record on 22 August 1997 in Brussels with a time 26:27.85 minutes. The record was broken again by Gebrselassie in 1998 (time 26:22:75), but <mask>'s time remains a Kenyan record (as of 2014). On the road, Tergat broke the half marathon world record on 4 April 1998 in Milan by running in 59:17 minutes. (Tergat had run 58:51 minutes at the Stramilano half marathon in 1996, but a misplaced cone made the course slightly too short and no record was allowed.) The previous record, 59:47 minutes was set by Moses Tanui in 1993. <mask>'s world record was broken in 2005 by Samuel Wanjiru, another Kenyan.When Tergat raced Gebrselassie in the London Marathon in 2002, it was <mask> who beat Gebrselassie; Tergat was in second place behind then world record holder Khalid Khannouchi. The three runners raced again in the 2007 version with <mask> being the only one of them to finish. He became an IOC member at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires in September 2013. Marathon career
<mask> finished second in his first three marathons: London Marathon in 2001 and 2002 and Chicago Marathon in 2001. He continued marathoning by two fourth places: Chicago 2002 and London 2003. He set the marathon world record of 2:04:55, on 28 September 2003 at the Berlin Marathon. That is an average pace of 0:02:57 per kilometre (20.3 km/h) or 0:04:46 per mile (12.6 MPH).In his world record race, Tergat badly abraded his foot. He later said it felt like the sole of his shoe fell off. He also took a momentary wrong turn near the finish. Tergat's countryman Sammy Korir, who was a pacesetter for the race, nearly caught up to him. Korir took second place in 2:04:56, then the second-fastest marathon performance in history. <mask>'s world record was broken in 2007 by Haile Gebrselassie of Ethiopia. <mask>'s time remained the Kenyan record until 2009, when winner Duncan Kibet and 2nd placed James Kwambai both timed 2:04:27 at the Rotterdam Marathon

Tergat won the New York City Marathon 6 November 2005, in a thrilling sprint finish through New York's Central Park, prevailing over defending champion Hendrick Ramaala 2:09:29.90 to 2:09:30.22.That year, Tergat inaugurated the Baringo Half Marathon, setting up the professional race on a course near his home town. A week prior to the London Marathon on 23 April 2006, Tergat pulled a calf muscle. Calling the injury "cruel," he was forced to withdraw from the star-studded race, which would have featured a long-awaited showdown with Haile Gebrselassie. The race was won by Felix Limo of Kenya. Marílson Gomes dos Santos won the 2006 New York City Marathon; Tergat finished third. Gomes made a move at mile 19 and Tergat did not respond, saying "I'll be honest, I didn't know exactly who he was." Tergat steadily closed the gap over the final five miles.<mask> finished sixth (2:08:06) at the 2007 London Marathon in April 2007. The entry list was competitive, including Ethiopian legend Haile Gebrselassie, who dropped out just past the 30-K mark. Kenya's Martin Lel won the race in a time of 2:07.42, after a dramatic, gutsy finish. On 30 September 2007 Ethiopian long distance runner Haile Gebrselassie broke <mask>'s record marathon time of 2:04.55, finishing the Berlin Marathon in 2:04:26. Moments after finishing the race, Gebrselassie apologised to his friend <mask> for breaking the record, during a congratulatory phone call. Gebrselassie later explained "I am sorry – this record belonged to <mask>t," Gebrselassie told a news conference when asked about the phone call. "<mask> is my friend."He expressed a desire to compete in 2008 Olympics, but was not selected to represent Kenya. He finished 4th in the New York Marathon later that year. In 2009, he won the Lake Biwa Marathon in Japan, timing 2:10:22. In October 2009, he was the guest of honour at the relaunch of the Belgrade Race Through History. Although he never won the competition in the late 1990s, he was the only competitor to run in all of the first four editions and never finished outside of the top three. He stated his desire to close his career at the race and praised the way it promoted Serbia's cultural heritage. He was named by New York Road Runners as the recipient of the 2010 Abebe Bikila Award in recognition of his long-distance achievements, becoming the first Kenyan male winner.In his acceptance he said "The history of marathon running is incomplete without the solid and indelible mark of the late Abebe Bikila's contribution, and I am so proud to be associated [with this]". International competitions

1995
 Gold medal, 1995 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
 Bronze medal, 1995 World Championships in Athletics 10,000 m
1996
 Silver medal, 1996 Summer Olympics 10,000 m
 Gold medal, 1996 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
1997
 Gold medal, 1997 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
 Silver medal, 1997 World Championships in Athletics 10,000 m
1998
Gold medal, 1998 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
Gold medal, IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
1999
 Gold medal, 1999 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
 Silver medal, 1999 World Championships in Athletics 10,000 m
 Gold medal, IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
2000
 Bronze medal, 2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
 Silver medal, 2000 Summer Olympics 10,000 m
 Gold medal, IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
2004
 10th, 2004 Summer Olympics Marathon

Personal bests
"+" indicates mark set en route during a longer race
"a" indicates course slightly downhill

Other activities

In January 2004 Tergat was named a UN World Food Programme (WFP) "Ambassador Against Hunger". When he was a child, <mask>t's family was too poor to send him to school with food. According to Tergat, he would not have gotten a full education were it not for the World Food Program, which provided lunch at his school. Tergat set up the Paul Tergat Foundation in 2005. It is meant to help disadvantaged Kenyan sportspeople. He runs a Sports Marketing and PR company known as Fine Touch Communications (organises the annual Sportsman of the Year Awards in Kenya in conjunction with Safaricom, a leading mobile telephony provider in Kenya.He's also considering launching a clothing line under the name "Tergat" in the coming months. Like many other Kenyan athletes, Tergat is enlisted to Armed Forces. He is based at the Moi Air Base in Nairobi. As of April 2015, Tergat was linked with the role of leading a new interim committee to oversee Athletics Kenya (AK) after rumours surfaced that the Sports Cabinet Secretary, Hassan Wario, would soon dissolve AK. References

External links

Marathoninfo profile
Rosa & Associati profile

<mask>t Versus Haile Gebrselassie – www.paul-tergat.net

1969 births
Living people
People from Baringo County
Kalenjin people
Kenyan male long-distance runners
Kenyan male marathon runners
Olympic athletes of Kenya
Olympic silver medalists for Kenya
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
World Athletics Championships athletes for Kenya
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Cross Country Championships winners
New York City Marathon male winners
International Olympic Committee members
Morans of the Order of the Burning Spear
World Athletics Half Marathon Championships winners
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Berlin Marathon male winners
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Ambassadors of supra-national bodies
World Food Programme people
Kenyan male cross country runners
Recipients of the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races Best Marathon Runner Award

masks:
Paul Kibii Tergat
Paul Tergat
Tergat
Tergat
Tergat
Tergat
Tergat
Tergat
Tergat
Tergat
Tergat
Tergat
Paul Terga
Paul
Paul Terga
Paul Terga


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<mask> (born 6 December 1988) is an Estonian singer, songwriter, and violinist. Recognized within Estonia for her genre-bending style, Nurmsalu has garnered success as both the lead singer of Urban Symphony and as a solo artist. Nurmsalu rose to prominence in Estonia during her participation in the 2007 edition of the Eesti Televisioon (ETV) talent competition Kaks takti ette. While competing on the show, she formed the band Urban Symphony, of which she became the lead singer from 2007 to 2010. With Urban Symphony, Nurmsalu won Eesti Laul 2009 and represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow with the song "Rändajad", placing sixth. After Eurovision, Nurmsalu competed in Eesti Laul twice more as a soloist: in 2014 and 2019, placing as a finalist both times. Early life and education
Nurmsalu was born on 6 December 1988 in Alavere, a small village in Harju County.She began experimenting with music as a student at a music school in Kose, where she learned how to play the violin. In her youth, Nurmsalu sang with the Kose-based children's folk group Pillipiigad for seven years, and then later the folk group Virre for three years. As a teenager, she was a member of the Estonian three-piece girl group Pink Tank. Nurmsalu attended Georg Ots Music School in Tallinn, graduating in 2008. Career

2007–2008: Kaks takti ette and formation of Urban Symphony
Nurmsalu began her professional solo career in 2007, competing in the Eesti Televisioon (ETV) singing competition Kaks takti ette. During a special week of the competition where contestants were told their performances must be as part of an ensemble, Nurmsalu formed the group Urban Symphony with other stringed instrument musicians from her music school. The group's performance of "Hungry" by Kosheen blended classical crossover with electronic music; this sound became associated with Urban Symphony and Nurmsalu for the rest of their careers.Nurmsalu ultimately placed fourth in Kaks takti ette. Following the competition, Nurmsalu was signed by Estonian songwriter and record producer Sven Lõhmus to his record label Moonwalk Records. 2009–2011: Further success, Eurovision, and hiatus

After signing to Moonwalk shortly after Kaks takti ette, Nurmsalu and Lõhmus decided that she would continue performing with Urban Symphony instead of pursuing a solo career. In December 2008, Urban Symphony was revealed to be taking part in the debut edition of Eesti Laul, the newly created program to select the Estonian representative in the Eurovision Song Contest. Their entry in the competition, "Rändajad", also served as their debut single as a group and was released on 5 January 2009; the song was written and produced by Lõhmus. Urban Symphony competed in the final of Eesti Laul 2009 on 7 March 2009, where they were ranked first by the professional jury and second by the Estonian public. As one of the top two total vote-getters, they advanced to the superfinal with Traffic.In the superfinal, Urban Symphony and "Rändajad" received over 82% of the votes cast, winning the competition and holding the record for the biggest win margin in Eesti Laul history. As the winners of Eesti Laul, Urban Symphony received the right to represent Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow, with "Rändajad". They competed in the second semi-final on 14 May 2009, placing third and qualifying to the final; this was the first time Estonia had qualified to the finals since the introduction of the semi-finals in 2004, and remains their best placement in the semi-finals of all-time. They later performed in the finals on 16 May, where they placed sixth with 129 points; this was the best result for Estonia since their third place finish at the Eurovision Song Contest 2002, and continues to be their best result since then as of . After Eurovision, "Rändajad" became a successful single internationally; it reached the top ten in Estonia, Finland, and Greece, the top twenty in Sweden, and also charted in Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Later that year, Nurmsalu was invited to perform as a special guest during season three of Eesti otsib superstaari, the Estonian version of Idols, performing "Rändajad" with eventual winner Ott Lepland during celebrity duets week; Lepland would later go on to represent Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, placing sixth in the final as well. Urban Symphony released two other singles in their career, "Päikese poole" and "Skorpion"; both of which peaked in the top ten in Estonia.In 2010, Urban Symphony announced that they would be disbanding. The announcement was due to Nurmsalu wishing to prioritize motherhood, while the group's other members wished to continue their studies and pursue other interests. 2012–present: Solo career

After a two-year hiatus in order to prioritize raising her child, Nurmsalu returned to music in 2012. She performed guest vocals on the single "Sel teel" by Estonian musician Sinine; the song went on to become a top ten hit in Estonia, and also received airplay in France and Germany. Nurmsalu later began performing traditional Estonian folk songs at various musical events and festivals throughout Estonia. In October 2012, Nurmsalu went on tour alongside several other Estonian musicians to celebrate 100 years of Estonian film and music, performing concerts at venues in Tallinn, Pärnu, and Tartu. Later that year, Nurmsalu announced the Rändajad concert tour.The tour played at several small venues in Harju County, where Nurmsalu was raised, including her hometown of Alavere. In December 2012, to coincide with her return to the music industry, Nurmsalu formed her own record label Muusikalind to promote her music. In 2013, Nurmsalu performed at the Estonian musical concert Öölaulupidu Järjepidevus where she debuted her first original single since returning to music, "Väike Eestimaa". On 26 September 2013, "Väike Eestimaa" was officially released by Moonwalk Studios and included an announcement that Nurmsalu was working on a new album with her former producer Lõhmus. In December 2013, Nurmsalu was announced as one of the semi-finalists in Eesti Laul 2014 with the song "Kui tuuled pöörduvad", written by Lõhmus. This marked her first return to the competition since winning its inaugural edition in 2009 with Urban Symphony. Nurmsalu advanced from the second semi-final on 21 February 2014, to the final, held in Tallinn on 1 March.In the final, Nurmsalu placed third with the Estonian public, but second-to-last with the professional juries, placing fifth overall and not advancing to the superfinal. Nurmsalu's placement was considered a shock, as many expected her to win the competition. Despite not winning, "Kui tuuled pöörduvad" became a top five single in Estonia and Nurmsalu's highest-charting hit since "Rändajad". After Eesti Laul, she planned to release the single "Mängurõõm" in early-2015, but the song was never released after Nurmsalu left Moonwalk Records and cut ties with her former producer Lõhmus. After leaving Moonwalk, Nurmsalu went on another hiatus from the music industry. She returned to music in 2017, releasing the singles "Jäälilled" and "Kevad on alati alles". She also developed a new working relationship with Estonian producer Priit Pajusaar."Jäälilled" was written by Nurmsalu's partner Tarmo Kask, while "Kevad on alati alles" was written by Estonian poet Aapo Ilves; the music for both songs was composed by Nurmsalu, Pajusaar, and Pille Piir. Nurmsalu returned to Eesti Laul once more, being announced as one of the semi-finalists for its 2019 edition in November 2018 with the song "Soovide puu"; the song became the first entry Nurmsalu had written, cowriting it with Pajusaar and Ilves. Nurmsalu qualified from the first semi-final on 31 January 2019 as a second-round qualifier; she did not receive high enough scores from the professional jury or Estonian public in the initial round, but was one of two entries saved by the public as a first semi-final wildcard. She then advanced to the final on 16 February, where she placed eighth in the competition. Personal life
Nurmsalu has been in a relationship with professional poker player Tarmo Kask since 2004. Kask is additionally a former physical education teacher, has composed songs for Nurmsalu and other musicians, and ran for leader of the Estonian Free Party. Nurmsalu and Kask have three daughters and one son.Outside of music, Nurmsalu is an animal rights activist who advocates for the prevention of animal abuse and abandonment. Discography

Urban Symphony

Solo

References

External links

1988 births
21st-century Estonian women singers
21st-century violinists
Eesti Laul winners
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Estonia
Estonian pop singers
Estonian violinists
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2009
Living people
People from Anija Parish


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<mask> (born January 18, 1980) is a former American football defensive end. He played college football at North Carolina, where he was recognized as a unanimous All-American, and was drafted by the Carolina Panthers second overall in the 2002 NFL Draft, and also played for the Chicago Bears from  through  and the Green Bay Packers from  to . After rejoining the Panthers for the 2017 season, he retired in 2019. <mask> was named to the Pro Bowl nine times, and both the first and second All-Pro teams three times each. In his rookie season, he was named NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year in , where he recorded 12 sacks, 5 forced fumbles, and an interception, all while playing in only 12 games. He was named to the 2000s and NFL 2010s All-Decade Teams. Early years
<mask> was born in Wilson, North Carolina, and raised in nearby Bailey.He attended Bailey Elementary School, Southern Nash Middle School, and finally Southern Nash Senior High School where he played football for Coach Ray Davis. By the time he was a senior at Southern Nash High School, Peppers had grown to , . When Peppers arrived at Southern Nash his Freshman year Davis felt that Peppers would be an asset on the gridiron for the Firebirds, despite the fact that Peppers had never played football before. Davis's gamble would pay off. During his high school career, Peppers played running back and defensive lineman, finished his career with 3,501 rushing yards and 46 touchdowns, and was one of the most dangerous defensive linemen in the state. He also lettered in basketball and was voted all-conference as a power forward for four consecutive years. In 1998, Southern Nash won the state championship in track for the first time in the school's history.Peppers contributed as a sprinter, winning the state championship in the 4×400 meter team relay (3:23.10 minutes) and finishing second as a triple jumper (14.05 meters). He was also rumored to have cleared 2.03 meters in the high jump. During his senior year (1997–98), he was named to the Parade magazine high school All-America team in football as an all-purpose talent and was also named Male Athlete of the Year by the North Carolina High School Athletic Association. In 2005, Peppers was named by the Rocky Mount Telegram newspaper as one of the 50 Greatest Athletes from the Twin County (Nash and Edgecombe) area. College career
<mask> attended the University of North Carolina, where he played defensive end for the North Carolina Tar Heels football team from 1998 to 2001. As a true freshman in 1998, he was redshirted. Peppers led the nation with 15 quarterback sacks during his sophomore season (2000), and earned first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) and second-team All-American honors.Following his junior season in 2001, he was a first-team All-ACC selection and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American. He also won the Chuck Bednarik Award as the nation's top defensive player and the Lombardi Award as the best collegiate lineman and the Bill Willis Trophy as the nation's best defensive lineman. In the three seasons at North Carolina, Peppers started 33 of the 34 games in which he played. He is currently ranked second all-time in UNC history with 30.5 sacks. He accumulated 53 stops behind the line of scrimmage, 167 tackles, 5 interceptions, 2 fumble recoveries, 5 forced fumbles, 13 passes deflected, and 42 quarterback pressures (hurries) and returned 2 interceptions and 1 fumble recovery for touchdowns. Basketball
While at the University of North Carolina, Peppers was also a walk-on member of the men's basketball team. The North Carolina football coach, Carl Torbush, said he could play football and then be a walk-on for Bill Guthridge on the North Carolina men's basketball team.He was a reserve on the 1999–2000 Tar Heels team that made it to the Final Four. Peppers was also a reserve on the 2000–01 men's basketball team. In the NCAA Tournament, Peppers scored 21 points and grabbed 10 rebounds in a loss to Penn State in the second round. After the season, Peppers decided to focus solely on football and did not play basketball in his final season. Awards and honors
 Sporting News Freshman All-American (1999)
 First-team All-ACC (2000)
 Second-team Associated Press All-American (2000)
 Second-team Football News All-American (2000)
 Division I-A sacks leader (2000)
 First-team All-ACC (2001)
 Consensus All-American (2001)
 Chuck Bednarik Award (2001)
 Bill Willis Trophy (2001)
 Lombardi Award (2001)

Professional career

Peppers was a highly regarded prospect coming into the 2002 NFL draft earning comparisons to Hall of Famer Lawrence Taylor for his ability to dominate a football game. Peppers would end up being selected number 2 overall in the 2002 NFL Draft by the Carolina Panthers behind number 1 overall pick, quarterback David Carr. Carolina Panthers

2002 season

On September 8, 2002 against the Baltimore Ravens, Peppers played in his first career NFL game, in which he made an impact by deflecting a pass by Ravens quarterback Chris Redman that was intercepted by linebacker Dan Morgan, who proceeded to race 22 yards down field with under two minutes remaining in the game to preserve the victory; the Panthers won the game by a score of 10–7.In <mask>' second career NFL game, which came on September 15, 2002 against the Detroit Lions, he lived up to his billing with three sacks and a forced fumble for Carolina. Peppers also had five tackles including one for a loss, and a deflected pass. <mask>, the second overall pick in the draft, got his first NFL sack early in the first quarter. He got another a few minutes later, and registered his third on the final play of the first half when he drilled Lions quarterback Mike McMahon from behind, knocking the ball loose and leaving McMahon motionless on the ground for several moments. The game ended up being a 31–7 rout of the Lions. Later that season, in a 14–13 loss against the Dallas Cowboys in week 6, Peppers produced three tackles, three sacks, one forced fumble, one pass defensed, and an interception of Cowboys quarterback Quincy Carter that he returned 21 yards, before lateralling the ball to linebacker Mark Fields, who gained an additional 30 yards. <mask>' second three-sack outing of the year tied the NFL rookie record for three-sack games in a season, set by Leslie O'Neal of the San Diego Chargers in 1986.<mask> during his rookie season also helped the Panthers boast the only defensive unit since the NFL merger in 1970 to improve from last in the league in total defense to second in one season. Peppers would finish his rookie season with 28 solo tackles, 7 assisted tackles, 12 sacks, 5 forced fumbles, 1 interception, 5 passes defensed, and 3 stuffs. For his efforts Peppers would earn the NFL Rookie of the Month Award in October 2002 and the 2002 Associated Press NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Award. With four games remaining in the season, Peppers was suspended for violating the NFL's substance abuse policy for taking a banned dietary supplement. Peppers would go on to say that he was given a dietary supplement by a friend to help him fight off fatigue. The pills contained an ephedra substance that was banned by the NFL. Peppers said it was an honest mistake on his part and that he would be more cautious in the future.2003 season
In Peppers second season, he was part of a defensive line that also included Brentson Buckner, Kris Jenkins, and Mike Rucker. Together, the unit would be a key cog that would help the Panthers reach the Super Bowl. Peppers would finish the season with 37 solo tackles, 7 assisted tackles, 7 sacks, three forced fumbles, 3 passes defensed, 4 stuffs, and 1 blocked kick. In the wild card round playoff game against the Dallas Cowboys, Peppers would make a couple of extraordinary highlight reel plays. In the first quarter, Peppers would chase down Cowboys Receiver Joey Galloway who was one of the fastest players in NFL history, and run him out of bounds after a 28-yard gain. And then later in the fourth quarter as the Cowboys were trying to mount a comeback, Peppers would intercept Dallas Quarterback Quincy Carter and return it 34 yards to the Cowboys 11 yard line. Peppers recorded 1 tackle, 1 interception, and 1 pass defensed in the game.The Panthers won the game 29–10. In the divisional round against the St. Louis Rams, <mask> would again have a dominant performance by recording a sack, 2 passes defensed, and 4 tackles, one of which came on a shuffle pass in the second quarter to running back Marshall Faulk. The game would go into double overtime, as the Panthers defeated the Rams 29–23. The next week in the NFC Championship game against the Philadelphia Eagles, <mask> would record 2 tackles in helping to lead a dominant defensive performance for the Panthers as they held the Eagles to just 3 points. Panthers would win by a score of 14–3. The Panthers reached the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history and matched up against the New England Patriots, the game would be an instant classic as both teams went back and forth throughout the game. Peppers would record 2 tackles and pressure New England QB Tom Brady all throughout the game.On the first defensive snap of the game for the Panthers, Peppers stormed into the Patriots backfield with a speed rush from his left Defensive End spot pressuring and hitting Tom Brady right as Brady released the ball for a completion to WR Deion Branch. Two plays later on the Pats opening drive Peppers was cut blocked by Patriots Offensive Tackle Tom Ashworth, but Peppers recovered quickly and nearly deflected the pass as it whizzed by. On the very next play Peppers again ripped into the Patriots backfield along with blitzing Panthers linebacker Dan Morgan hurrying Tom Brady into a rushed throw for an incompletion, and then again on the following play Peppers man handled Tom Ashworth with a hump move made famous by former great Defensive End Reggie White, as Peppers tossed Ashworth to the side like a rag doll, leaped into the air with both arms up and hit Tom Brady altering his hurried throw for an incompletion. The Patriots missed a field goal on their opening drive. On the next Patriots possession Peppers helped force a three and out by pushing Pats Running Back Kevin Faulk to the ground, who was assigned to block him on the third down play, and then leaped into the air to alter Brady's pass as it was completed short of the first down marker. On a play towards the end of the first half with 32 seconds remaining on the clock, Peppers exploded off the line of scrimmage exhibiting great speed and power, rushing against a double team, and drove both the tackle and guard back towards Brady narrowly missing out on a sack, as Brady just did side step him. On the Panthers first defensive snap of the second half, Peppers shrugged aside the New England Tight End Christian Fauria to tackle Running Back Antowain Smith after a gain of just one yard.On the Patriots second possession of the second half, on third down and 5, Peppers bull rushed Ashworth right at Brady and nicked Brady on the helmet with his left hand just after Brady released the ball, the pass was completed for a first down. After the play sports commentator Phil Simms commented that Peppers "was a star waiting to happen." On the same drive, second down and 6, on a running play by the Patriots Peppers tossed Ashworth to the ground as he was in good position defending against the run, the tackle was made by the Panthers defense for a short gain. In a play early in the fourth quarter, Peppers dropped into coverage and made a tackle on Receiver Troy Brown. On a third and goal play in the fourth quarter with 7:48 remaining on the clock, Patriots leading 21-16, Peppers bull rushed Ashworth and pushed him to the ground, as Peppers was closing in on Brady fellow Defensive End Al Wallace got to Brady sooner and forced Brady into a hurried throw that was intercepted by Cornerback Reggie Howard. On the first play of the next Patriots possession, Peppers dominated Ashworth yet again, bull rushing him back into Tom Brady nearly getting a sack on the play, as he and fellow Panthers Defensive End Mike Rucker hurried Brady into a quick throw which he completed for a 1 yard gain. On the Patriots final drive of the game near the end of the fourth quarter, on the Pats first snap Peppers used an outside speed rush to get around Ashworth and hit Tom Brady knocking him to the ground just as he released the hurried throw for an incompletion.<mask> was double team blocked for the remainder of the Patriots final possession. Peppers was a highly disruptive force all throughout Super Bowl XXXVIII. With 1:08 remaining in the game, and the score tied 29-29, the Patriots were given a short field when Panthers kicker John Kasay kicked the ball out of bounds on the kickoff, giving the Patriots the ball at their own 40 yard line with just over a minute left and three timeouts to use. Brady got the Patriots down the field into field goal range, and Pats kicker Adam Vinatieri kicked a 41 yard field goal through the uprights with 4 seconds remaining for the victory. It was a crushing defeat for Peppers and the Panthers but they fought hard until the final whistle. The Patriots went on to win their 2nd Super Bowl title in 3 years. <mask> and Donovan McNabb were the only people to ever play in both the NCAA men's basketball Final Four and the NFL's Super Bowl.2004 season
On October 10, 2004 versus the Denver Broncos, on third-and-3, he was fooled on the play at first but recovered in time to push Broncos quarterback Jake Plummer out of bounds on a bootleg after a 2-yard gain. Then on fourth-and-1, he intercepted Plummer's pass and ran it back 97 yards which was an NFL record for a defensive lineman. Peppers would record 4 tackles, 1 interception, and 1 pass defensed in a losing effort to the Broncos by a score of 17–20. In a game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 12, Peppers produced one of the NFL's most dominant performances of the season by blocking a 26-yard field goal attempt, recording a 46-yard interception return for a touchdown, which was Peppers first career touchdown scored and was the first interception returned for a touchdown by a defensive lineman in Carolina Panthers history. Also recorded 1 pass defensed, 1 sack and 4 tackles including one stop in which he chased down Bucs running back Michael Pittman from behind on a 68-yard screen pass in the second quarter. The Panthers would defeat the Bucs 21–14. Peppers would also make a memorable play in Week 15 against the Atlanta Falcons, which was a Saturday night game held on December 18, 2004, Peppers would grab a fumble in midair by Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick and race 60 yards the other way for a Panthers touchdown.Peppers also harassed and chased Michael Vick all over the field during the game as he recorded 3 tackles one being for a loss of yards, 1 pass defensed and the 60 yard fumble recovery for a touchdown. Peppers would also line up as a wide receiver in the red zone towards the end of the second quarter, and catch a pass just outside the end zone, that if thrown more accurately by Panthers quarterback Jake Delhomme would have resulted in a touchdown catch for Peppers. It was a hard-fought game with the Falcons but the Panthers would lose in the end by a score of 34–31. <mask> would also set an NFL record by recording 143 total interception return yards which is the most ever recorded in a single season by a defensive lineman. He also had a combined 203 interception and fumble return yards which is the most ever by a defensive lineman in a single

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