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<mask> (山口剛玄; January 20, 1909 – May 20, 1989), also known as <mask>, was a Japanese martial artist and student of Gōjū-ryū Karate under Chōjun Miyagi. He was one of the most well-known karate-dō masters from Japan and he founded the International Karate-dō Gōjū Kai Association. Prior to his death, <mask> was decorated by the Emperor of Japan in 1968 with the Ranjū-Hōshō, らんじゅほうしょう(藍綬褒章), the Blue Ribbon Medal of the fifth order of merit, for his enormous contribution to the spread worldwide of the Japanese martial arts. For many years he was listed in the Guinness Book of Records regarding his rank and achievements. According to an obituary:

Early years
According to his autobiographical work: Karate Gojū-ryū by the Cat Tokyo, Japan (1963), <mask> was born on January 20, 1909 in Miyakonojō Shonai, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan, near Kagoshima City on the island of Kyūshū. In his 5th year of primary school <mask> commenced his karate-dō training under the guidance of Takeo Maruta, a carpenter joiner from Okinawa. Maruta was a Gōjū-ryū practitioner.<mask> <mask> was named Jitsumi <mask> by his father Tokutarō who was a merchant and later a schoolteacher and superintendent; his mother was Yoshimatsu. Jitsumi was their 3rd son, and there were ten children in this very large Japanese family. "The Cat"
<mask> <mask> was also famously known in the world of karate-dō as ‘the Cat’; he was a very small man, just over five feet (1.52 meters) and a mere 160 pounds (73 kg); however, he projected the impression of great bulk and an aura reminiscent of the samurai era. He was first dubbed 'the Cat' by American GIs for his gliding walk and flowing hair. He alone was primarily responsible for the spread of Gōjū-ryū throughout the world today whereby hundreds of thousands of practitioners have experienced some form of training within traditional and non-traditional karate dojo. According to <mask> <mask> himself when interviewed by French magazine Karate journalist Rolland Gaillac, April 1977 edition, he stated: "Even today, young man, if you were to face me in combat, I would be able to determine in a second the strength of your Ki. Immediately I would know if you were a good opponent.It is this quality, and no other, which has given me the name of The Cat." Early training in Kyoto

Gōgen then began the serious study of karate-dō with Sensei Takeo Maruta after his family relocated to Kyoto. Maruta was also a carpenter or joiner by trade and was himself a student of the legendary Chōjun Miyagi of Okinawa. <mask> <mask> studied directly with Chōjun Miyagi later in 1929, after he and his then-current teacher and friend Jitsuei Yogi wrote to Chōjun Miyagi and invited him to come to Japan. Gogen meets Chōjun Miyagi
Chōjun Miyagi visited the university dojo of Kansai, Osaka, Ritsumeikan, Kyoto, and Doshisha Universities, whilst Gōgen was attending Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto. There he studied Law and in 1930 Yogi together with <mask> <mask> co-founded the , the first karate club at Ritsumeikan University. The Ritsumeikan Karate-dō Kenkyū-kai was the first university karate club in western Japan and was infamous for its hard style training and fierce karate fighters.Both Yogi and <mask> attended Ritsumeikan University during the time Chōjun Miyagi visited, and Chōjun Miyagi stayed in Yogi’s apartment. Chōjun Miyagi later gave <mask> <mask> the responsibility for spreading Gōjū-ryū in mainland Japan. In the early 1930s, <mask> designed what would become the legendary signature Gōjū-ryū fist. It is said to be modeled after the right fist of Chōjun Miyagi. Introduces Jiyū Kumite and Forms the All Japan Karate-dō Gōjū-kai Federation
After graduating from Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto in 1934, that same year <mask> designed and introduced Jiyū-kumite which has become known today as sport and tournament fighting kumite. In 1935 he officially formed the All Japan Karate-dō Gōjū-kai Association (which later split into the JKF Gojukai and the J.K.G.A.) Also in 1935 <mask> began his travels with the Japanese government as an intelligence officer and his first son Norimi Gōsei <mask> was born (Gōsei is the current leader of Gōjū-kai USA).World War II
During his military tour in Manchuria in World War II, <mask> was captured by the Soviet military in 1942 and incarcerated as a prisoner of war in a Russian concentration camp; it was here that he battled and defeated a live tiger according to his autobiography (cited above). <mask> <mask> was originally targeted for hard labour in the POW camp; however, he had impressed even these hard-nosed Russians and who discovered who he was and requested that he teach karate-dō to the Russian soldiers, it was then that, 'the prisoner became the master of the guards, who became his students'. In 1945, Gōgen returned to Japan where he re-opened his initial karate-dō dojo in Nippori, which was later destroyed by fire, and advertised with a sign outside reading Gōjū-ryū-kai. Many people thought his school was closed forever and that he had been killed in the war; accordingly Gōgen held large exhibitions in Tokyo, which showcased the various Chinese and Japanese martial arts that he had experienced. His school reopened and moved at a later date to the Suginami-ku area of Tokyo. Here he quickly expanded throughout a network of independent Gōjū-ryū dojo. The rapid growth and expansion was reinforced by Gōgen's energetic and forceful persona, which resulted in a worldwide network of karate schools, which he alone built into a powerful martial arts empire.Mention must be made here of <mask> <mask>'s legendary discussion noted in his autobiography regarding his military duty in Manchuria during World War II, whereby <mask> was a prisoner of War of the Soviet Army in 1942 and incarcerated at a Russian concentration camp; it was here that he admitted having battled and defeated a live tiger, after he was locked in a cell with the beast which his captors expected would devour him. Certainly this admission has created much controversy; however, Russian sources from the time would need to be located in order to verify the extent of the veracity of this event. Registers the name Gōjū-Kai, opens his Honbu Dojo
<mask> <mask> established the Gōjū-kai Headquarters in Suginami-ku, Tokyo, Japan, nearby to the busy shopping precinct of Roppongi. By 1950 Gōjū-kai Headquarters was officially relocated to the Suginami Tokyo school which contributed to an almost tripling of membership to 450,000 according to his autobiography. Five years later he officially chartered the I.K.G.A. Later in 1964, <mask> <mask> along with other founder members Ōtsuka Hironori from Wadō-ryū; Nakayama Masatoshi from Shotokan; Mabuni Kenei and Iwata Manzao of Shitō-ryū, unified all the karate dojo in Japan to form the All Japan Karate-dō Federation which is still in existence today as the Japan Karate Federation (JKF). Gōjū-Kai spreads throughout the western world
By 1966, his organization comprised more than 200 dojo and clubs and 60,000 members within the Gōjū-kai system.His most notable students included Yamamoto Gonnohyoue and <mask> Gosei. Another notatable student was Mas Oyama who attained 8th Dan under <mask> Gogen before starting his own style the Kyokushin-kai. In Australia, Paul Starling (the most senior Caucasian pupil graded by <mask> <mask> in his lifetime) had been training for four years with Gōgen's first Australian student Mervyn Oakley. Deena Naidu the only South African graduate has been teaching Jun Goju Kai - Gogen Ha from the time he graduated out of the college. Even after the death of his teacher he continues to teach his system. Deena Naidu now Hanshi has been spreading the teachings of Gogen Sensei throughout the world. In Goshin kan there are no competitions or tournaments.Gogen Sensei was not in favour of competitions. Only traditional teachings are seen in Goshin kan school. Contributions to Budō
<mask> <mask>'s contributions to Gōjū-ryū karate-dō and to karate-dō in general have been enormous. Under his leadership and guidance the International Karate-dō Gōjū-kai Association (I.K.G.A) has developed and thrived. The organization has increased in popularity both in Japan and other Asian and Western countries throughout the world. By 2008 there were approximately 60-70 countries teaching the Gōjū-kai karate-dō principles and training methods. <mask> <mask> succeeded in unifying all the karate schools in Japan into a single union which resulted in the formation of The Federation of All Japan Karate-dō Organization (F.A.J.K.O.)in 1964. The Kokusai Budō Renmei - (The International Martial Arts Federation) in Japan, whose chairman was Prince Higashikuni of the Japanese Imperial Family appointed <mask> as a Shihan - master of that organisation's karate-dō division. <mask> added to the Gōjū system the Taikyoku kata forms, - training methods for the beginner students to prepare them for the more advanced kata. It has been argued that 'never before has a single man had such profound effect on the development and propagation of karate-dō'. (De Jong, Ingo, 1989). Goju-Kai Karate-do Hard and Soft in Harmony - Volume 1. Sweden, Jakobsbergs Tryckeri AB.<mask> <mask> visited Sydney and Melbourne, Australia on two occasions, in 1970 and 1972. Family

<mask> <mask> Kaiso died on May 20, 1989. He had been married twice, firstly to Midori with whom he had four children: Gōsei Norimi <mask> (b. 1935), Gōsen Kishio <mask> (1940-1990), Makiko <mask>, and Gōshi Hirofumi <mask> (b. 1942). He and his second wife, Mitsue, had one child, Gōkyōko Wakako <mask>. All of his children practiced karate-dō and became masters in their own right.The names commencing with gō (剛) were their karate names. Gōsei Norimi <mask> has his own organisation in the United States and Gōshi Hirofumi <mask> is the President of the International Karate-dō Gōjū-kai, with branches in 60 countries. Gōsen Kishio <mask> was the Vice President of Japan Airlines. Kishio, who died in the early 1990s, was deeply involved in the running of the I.K.G.A whilst his youngest sister Wakako <mask> was an All Japan Kata Champion for a number of years. Makiko <mask> died from subarachnoid hemorrhage at a relatively young age during the late 1980s. References

Sources
 Alexander, George, The Cat, Gogen Yamaguchi 10th Dan Collectors Edition DVD, (2002). Bishop, Mark, Okinawan Karate: Teachers, Styles and Secret Techniques, (1999).Black Belt Magazine, College of Hard Knocks, Gogen <mask>'s Nippon Karate-dō Senmon Gakko. (Summer Edition 1974). Brennan, Kevin, Australasian Fighting Arts Magazine 1977 April Edition. Craig, DM, IAI: The Art Of Drawing The Sword
 De Jong, Ingo,Goju-Kai Karate-do Hard and Soft in Harmony Sweden, Jakobsbergs Tryckeri, (1989)
 Green, TA, Svinth JR, Modern Arts in the Modern World, (2003)
 Kanazawa, Hirokazu, Karate My Life, (2003). Kane et al., The Way of Kata: A Comprehensive Guide for Deciphering Martial Applications (2005)
 Kim, Richard, The Weaponless Warriors, (1974)
 Noble, Graham, The Life Story of Karate Master Gogen <mask>, Dragon Times. Palabrica, Sonny (1966), The "Cat". Gogen <mask>, Head of Gojuryu Karate, Has Become A Legend in His Time, Black Belt Magazine, 28-35
 Ratti, O; Westbrook, A, Secrets of the Samurai: A Survey of the Martial Arts of Feudal Japan, (1999.)Starling, Paul, The End of an Era, Gogen Yamabuchi- Obituary, Australasian Fighting Arts,Aug-Sept Issue, p.p. 68-70 (1989). Training in Japan, Ibid, 1977 April issue. Urban, Peter, The Karate Dojo, (reprint 1991.) Urban, Peter, The Karate dojo, (1967)
 Williams, Johnpaul, All Gojuryu Network: Chronological Timeline (1999) www.gojuryu.net. <mask> Gogen, Karate Gojū-ryū by the Cat. 1963 Rapid Print Co. Ltd Tokyo, Japan.<mask>, Gogen, Goju-ryū Karate do Kyohan, Rising Sun Productions (1999)
 <mask>, Goshi, Goju-ryū Karate A Visual Guide to Kumite Techniques Japan (1993)
 <mask> Gosei, Goju-ryū Karate do, Ohara Publications (1974)

External links
 Headquarters of IKGA Japan
 Headquarters of JKGA Japan
 Headquarters of IKGA Scandinavia and Europe
 Headquarters Sydney Australia
 Norimi Gosei Yamaguchi USA
 IKGA Brasil
 Article Graham Noble - Dragon Publications
 Goju-kai (IKGA) Fan Page
 剛柔会 Shuji Tasaki Hanshi Interview - www.gojuryu.net

1909 births
1989 deaths
Sportspeople from Kagoshima Prefecture
Japanese male karateka
Gōjū-ryū practitioners
Kansai University alumni
Ritsumeikan University alumni
Japanese military personnel of World War II
Japanese prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by the Soviet Union

masks:
Jitsumi Gōgen Yamaguchi
Gōgen Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Gōgen Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Gōgen
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Gōgen
Yamaguchi
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Yamaguchii


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<mask>, AC, KCMG, ED (29 July 1916 – 23 March 2004), generally known until he was knighted in 1982 as <mask>, was an Australian Liberal Party politician who served as the 39th Premier of Victoria from 1972 to 1981. Early years
<mask> was born in Melbourne to Elizabeth Anne McLuckie and <mask>, a solicitor. His three siblings all achieved success in their fields: his sister was Alison Patrick (1921–2009), an internationally known historian of the French Revolution; his brothers were <mask> (1923–2002), a federal Liberal politician, and Alan, a Rhodes Scholar, chemist and Managing Director of ICI Australia. Hamer was educated at Melbourne Grammar School and Geelong Grammar School and graduated in law from the University of Melbourne, where he was resident at Trinity College from 1936. He was a member, with his brother Alan, of the College First XVIII Australian Rules football team, and was Secretary of the Student Club. He joined the Melbourne University Regiment of the Australian Army in 1935 and served with them until 1939. He was commissioned as an officer in August 1940 in 2nd/43rd Battalion AIF and served at Tobruk, Syria, El Alamein, New Guinea and in Normandy.After the war he became a partner in his family's law firm and was active in the Liberal Party. In 1944 he married April Mackintosh, with whom he had five children. He continued his military service and remained active in the Citizens Military Force joining the Victorian Scottish Regiment in 1948, of which he was Commanding Officer from 1954 to 1958. Parliamentary career
<mask> was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for East Yarra Province in 1958. He was appointed to the cabinet of the long-serving Premier, Henry Bolte, in 1962, becoming Assistant Chief Secretary. He was Minister for Local Government from 1964 to 1971. After Deputy Premier Arthur Rylah was forced to retire due to a stroke, Hamer was elected in a by-election for Rylah's Legislative Assembly seat of Kew in East Melbourne.He immediately assumed Rylah's portfolios of Deputy Premier and Chief Secretary. Although he was loyal to Bolte, he had a reputation for being much more liberal than his rough-edged conservative leader. Premier of Victoria
By the 1970s, the Liberal government was losing its appeal to younger, urban voters in Melbourne. Realizing that the Liberals had a year at most to retool their image before a statutory general election, Bolte retired in 1972 and endorsed Hamer as his successor. Despite opposition from the conservative wing of the party, Bolte's support was enough for Hamer to prevail in the ensuing leadership ballot, and he was sworn in as premier on 23 August. Hamer represented such a sharp change from the Bolte era that he was able to campaign in the 1973 election as a new, reformist leader, despite the fact that the Liberals had been in power for 18 years. Employing the slogan "Hamer  Makes It Happen", he won a landslide against the Labor opposition under Clyde Holding, increasing his party's already large majority.He won an even larger victory in 1976, also defeating Holding. Hamer, assisted by key allies such as Planning Minister Alan Hunt, Conservation Minister Bill Borthwick, Attorney-General Haddon Storey, Social Welfare Minister Vasey Houghton, Housing and Youth Sport and Recreation Minister Brian Dixon and Community Welfare Services Minister Walter Jona moved to modernise and liberalise government in Victoria. Environmental protection laws were greatly strengthened, the death penalty was abolished, Aboriginal communities were given ownership of their lands, abortion and homosexuality were decriminalised and anti-discrimination laws were introduced. Hamer began the modernisation of Melbourne's moribund tramway system (now the world's biggest by route length), ordering 100 new trams immediately with further orders following, and approving the extension of the Burwood tram line from Warrigal Road to Middleborough Road. These were the first new trams and first new tram line since 1956, when Bolte stopped further expansion of the system and cancelled an order for 30 extra W7 class trams. Restrictions on shop trading hours, and on public entertainment on Sundays, were eased. A major new centre for the performing arts was built in the centre of Melbourne.These measures won the support of middle-class voters, and the Melbourne daily The Age, which had been critical of Bolte during his later years in power, strongly supported Hamer's government. Hamer was instrumental in the introduction of the Historic Buildings Act 1974 and made significant moves in 1977 which guaranteed the protection of several significant buildings including the Windsor Hotel and Regent Theatre in Melbourne and Shamrock Hotel in Bendigo. By 1979, however, the gloss was wearing off the Hamer image, as Victoria was beset by increasing economic difficulties, rising unemployment, industrial unrest and a decline in Victoria's traditional manufacturing industrial base. At the same time, the Labor Party was mounting a stronger challenge to the Liberals than it had in some time. Frank Wilkes had taken over as ALP leader from Holding in 1977, and took Labor into the 1979 election with a realistic chance of winning government for the first time since 1955. Ultimately, the Liberals suffered an 11-seat swing, losing many seats in eastern Melbourne. Their majority was reduced to only one seat, although they could also count on the support of the rural-based National Country Party.In spite of the setback, <mask> continued in office. He promoted some new younger ministers such as Lou Lieberman (Planning), Norman Lacy (Educational Services and The Arts) and Jeff Kennett (Housing) who continued to pursue a reformist liberal agenda particularly in human services, education, environment protection, planning and the arts. It reformed the administration of the highly centralised Department of Education in Victoria into a regionalised organisation with devolution of greater control to local schools. It established a Special Assistance Program to address illiteracy and innumeracy in primary schools. It introduced a Health and Human Relations Education curriculum and compulsory Physical Education in government schools. Also, it completed the construction of the Victorian Arts Centre, established the Australian Children's Television Foundation, established the Meat Market Craft Centre, acquired and established the Heide Museum of Modern Art, created Film Victoria and reconstituted the Victorian College of the Arts. However, during this period the conservative wing of the Liberal Party, which had always disliked Hamer's social liberalism, began to undermine his position.The leading conservative, Economic Development Minister Ian Smith, was sacked from Cabinet for disloyalty in March 1981. He was reinstated after pledging loyalty to Hamer, but resigned again in May. It was apparent by this stage that Hamer had lost the support of his party. He resigned in June, and was succeeded by Deputy Premier Lindsay Thompson. The following month he resigned from Parliament, and was knighted, becoming Sir <mask>. At the ensuing by-election, Prue Sibree retained his seat for the Liberals. At the election the following year the Liberals were defeated after 27 years in power.Hamer is the last non-elected Victorian Premier to have subsequently been elected in his own right. Later career
Hamer remained active in public and community affairs after his retirement. He was chairman of the Victorian State Opera from 1982 to 1995, president of the Victorian College of the Arts from 1982 to 1996 and a patron of the Public Transport Users Association from 1989. He died of heart failure in his sleep on 23 March 2004, and his family accepted the offer of a state funeral from the Labor Premier, Steve Bracks. Hamer was praised by Victorians of all political views. The former Labor federal president, Barry Jones (and was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly between 1972 and 1977 serving alongside then Premier Hamer), called him "the finest flower in the Victorian Deakinite tradition.". Despite being a knight, Hamer was a staunch republican and a member of the Australian Republican Movement's advisory committee.Hamer Hall
Shortly after his death in 2004, the main concert hall of the Melbourne Arts Centre, of which Hamer had played a significant role in its development and the arts in Victoria generally, known as the Melbourne Concert Hall, was renamed the Hamer Hall. References

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1916 births
2004 deaths
Premiers of Victoria
Deputy Premiers of Victoria
Treasurers of Victoria
People educated at Geelong Grammar School
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Politicians from Melbourne
People educated at Trinity College (University of Melbourne)
Melbourne Law School alumni
Companions of the Order of Australia
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian politicians awarded knighthoods
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian republicans
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Army officers

masks:
Sir Rupert James Hamer
Dick Hamer
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<mask>. (born 12 October 1940) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who has served as the Special Delegate to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta since 1 November 2020. He was the Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in Geneva from 2003 to 2016. He previously worked in the Roman Curia, became an archbishop in 1996, and represented the Holy See as an apostolic nuncio in Africa from 1996 to 2003. Pope Francis raised him to the rank of cardinal on 28 November 2020. Early life
He was born in Casoni di Mussolente, Italy. On 31 May 1965 he was ordained as priest of the Congregation of the Missionaries of St. Charles (Scalabrini).He earned his Ph.D. in sociology from Fordham University. From 1970 to 1974 he was assistant professor of sociology at the City University of New York and the New School for Social Research. He co-founded the Center for Migration Studies, a think tank based in New York, and he founded and edited the journal International Migration Review. In 1973 he told the New York Times that poor Italian immigrants in New York did not take advantage of government assistance programs fearing "humiliation". He also authored a book on the historic legacy of New York's Italian parishes. From 1983 to 1987, he was Director of the newly created Office for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Refugees of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. On 27 June 1989  Pope John Paul II appointed him Secretary of the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant Peoples.He was named titular Archbishop of Cercina and Apostolic Nuncio to Eritrea and Ethiopia on 27 June 1996, consecrated on 17 August 1996 by Cardinal Angelo Sodano, and named Apostolic Delegate to Djibouti on 1 October 1996. He was transferred to the titular see of Acelum on 24 April 1999. His title changed to Apostolic Nuncio to Djibouti on 23 December 2000. Geneva role
On 10 June 2003, <mask> was appointed Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in Geneva. He was widely criticised in September 2009 following a speech in which he praised the Church's record on child sex abuse in comparison with that of other organisations by arguing that "Of all priests involved in the abuses, 80 to 90 percent belong to this sexual orientation minority which is sexually engaged with adolescent boys between the ages of 11 and 17" and "As the Catholic church has been busy cleaning its own house, it would be good if other institutions and authorities, where the major part of abuses are reported, could do the same and inform the media about it." Tomasi "encouraged passage of an international protocol that would give children a direct line of communication to local and international authorities when they are victims of violence or their rights are violated.... Tomasi...said the measure "will become a significant instrument of the human rights system." The document would add to the protections provided in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.Speaking on 8 June 2011 at the U.N. International Labor Conference in Geneva, Archbishop Tomasi urged that all involved in "the burgeoning and mercurial economic system" work to foster fundamental principles that ensure respect for the common good and protection of the most vulnerable. In 2014 the U.N. Committee on the Rights of the Child issued a report described as "a scathing indictment of the Vatican’s handling of child sexual abuse cases involving clerics, releasing a report that included criticism of church teachings on homosexuality, gender equality and abortion" which was seen as an indictment of the Catholic Church's handling of child sexual abuse cases involving clerics, going beyond how the church managed abuse allegations to include criticism of its teachings on homosexuality, gender equality and abortion. Archbishop <mask> appeared before a U.N. committee in Geneva. Vatican officials said they were still studying the findings, but responded angrily to what they described as recommendations that were ideologically biased. Fr Thomas Rosica said that the U.N. report wrongly looked at Catholicism as a single organisation. Tomasi said that he suspected pro-gay rights NGOs had influenced the committee and "reinforced an ideological line" in the UN. No matter how sophisticated autonomous weapons systems are, they can never comply with international human rights law."Meaningful human involvement is absolutely essential in decisions affecting the life and death of human beings," Archbishop Tomasi, told experts meeting 13–16 May to discuss lethal autonomous weapons systems such as drones. Archbishop Tomasi said it was essential "to recognise that autonomous weapon systems can never replace the human capacity for moral reasoning, including in the context of war." "The development of autonomous weapon systems will ultimately lead to widespread proliferation," he said, and "the development of complex autonomous weapon systems which remove the human actor from lethal decision-making is short-sighted and may irreversibly alter the nature of warfare in a less humane direction, leading to consequences we cannot possibly foresee, but that will in any case increase the dehumanisation of warfare." Speaking to Vatican Radio in August 2014 Archbishop Tomasi commented that "Maybe military action is necessary at this moment" in Iraq. He told Vatican Radio that "what seems to be particularly important in the letter of the Holy Father to Ban Ki-moon is the expressions that he uses: the tragic situation 'compels' the international community. There is a moral imperative, so to (speak), a necessity to act." He added that the UN charter notes that at times "dialogue, negotiations, fail and large numbers of people find themselves at risk: at risk of genocide, at risk of having their fundamental, their basic human rights violated.In this case, when every other means has been attempted, article 42 of the Charter of the United Nations becomes possible justification for not only imposing sanctions of economic nature on the state or the group or the region that violates the basic human rights of people, but also to use force. All the force that is necessary to stop this evil and this tragedy." In 2015 <mask> said jihadists were committing "genocide" and must be stopped. He said: "What's needed is a co-ordinated and well-thought-out coalition to do everything possible to achieve a political settlement without violence. But if that's not possible, then the use of force will be necessary." He added: "We have to stop this kind of genocide. Otherwise we'll be crying out in the future about why we didn't so something, why we allowed such a terrible tragedy to happen."<mask> retired from the diplomatic service upon the announcement of the appointment of his successor in Geneva on 13 February 2016. He retains the title "Apostolic Nuncio". In the second half of 2016, <mask> managed the reorganization of several offices of the Roman Curia to form the new Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development, a "mammoth challenge" accomplished "with tact, diplomacy, trustworthiness and genuine affability". Cardinal
On 25 October 2020, Pope Francis announced he would raise him to the rank of cardinal at a consistory scheduled for 28 November 2020. At that consistory, Pope France made him Cardinal-Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere. On 1 November 2020, Pope Francis appointed <mask> his Special Delegate to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. See also
Cardinals created by Pope Francis

References

External links

 Interview (2016) at Zenit News

1940 births
Living people
People from Vicenza
Fordham University alumni
Scalabrinians
Officials of the Roman Curia
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
Apostolic Nuncios to Eritrea
Apostolic Nuncios to Djibouti
Apostolic Nuncios to Ethiopia
Permanent Observers of the Holy See to the United Nations
Cardinals created by Pope Francis
21st-century Italian cardinals

masks:
Silvano Maria Tomasi C S
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi


texts:
Rajah <mask>, sometimes referred to as <mask> (Sanskrit: स्ललैअह्, Arabic: سليمان, Abecedario: Suláimán) (1558–1575), was the Rajah of Maynila, a fortified Tagalog Muslim polity on the southern half of the Pasig River delta, when a Spanish expedition arrived in the early 1570s. <mask> – along with his co-ruler Rajah Matanda of Maynila and Lakan Dula, who ruled the neighboring polity of Tondo – was one of the three reigning monarchs during the Spanish conquest of the Port of Manila and the Pasig River delta. Spanish accounts describe him as the most aggressive of the three rulers – a characteristic chalked up to his youth relative to the other two rulers. He was the rajah in the Pasig River Delta era. His adoptive son, baptised Agustin de Legaspi upon conversion to Christianity, was proclaimed the paramount ruler of Tondo upon the death of Lakan Dula, but he along with most of Lakan Dula's sons and most of <mask>'s adoptive sons were executed by the Spanish after being implicated in the 1587–1588 Tondo Conspiracy. This action helped the Spanish Empire to further solidify its grip on Luzon and most of the Philippine archipelago. Names
Spanish documents note that <mask>'s subjects called him Raja Mura or Raja Muda, "Young Raja", a reference to the fact that he was Raja Matanda's nephew and heir apparent.The Spaniards also called him Raja Solimano el Mow. Ancestry
According to the genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955, and asserted by Majul in 1973, <mask> was the 14th Raja of Manila since it was founded as a Muslim principality in 1258 by Rajah Ahmad when he defeated the Majapahit Suzerain Raja Avirjirkaya. Spanish conquest of Manila (1570–1571)

Rajah <mask> was the ruler of Maynila along with Rajah Matanda when the invasion of Legazpi occurred. Manila was already influenced by neighboring Southeast Asian kingdoms. The area was already an entrepot of trade from China, Siam and other places. The Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi, searching for a suitable place to establish his capital after moving from Cebu to Panay due to Portuguese claim of the archipelago, sent Martín de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo on an expedition northwards to Luzon upon hearing of a prosperous kingdom there. Goiti anchored at Cavite and established his authority by sending a "message of friendship" to the states surrounding the Pasig River.<mask>, who had been given authority over these settlements by the ageing Rajah Matanda, was willing to accept the "friendship" from the Spaniards. However, he refused to cede his sovereignty, and had no choice but to waged war against the new arrivals' demands. As a result, Goíti and his army invaded the kingdoms in June 1570, sacked and burned the great city before returning to Panay. Tarik <mask> and the Battle of Bangkusay (1571)
Some controversy exists about the identity of the leader of the Macabebe people that initiated the Battle of Bangkusay in 1571. That chieftain is referred to by Filipino historians as Tarik <mask>. In some versions of the Battle of Bangkusay, Tarik <mask> of Macabebe and <mask> III of Manila are the same person, while other contend that they are two separate individuals. Spanish documents do not identify the leader of the Macabebe revolt by name, but record that he died during the 1571 Battle of Bangkusay, resulting in a Macabebe retreat and Spanish victory.<mask> III, on the other hand, is clearly recorded as participating in the Revolt of 1574, and thus cannot be the unnamed figure who died in 1571 at Bangkusay. The "Sulayman Revolt" (1574)
When López de Legazpi died in 1572, his successor, Governor-General Guido de Lavezaris, did not honour their agreements with <mask> and Lakan Dula. He sequestered the properties of both kings and tolerated Spanish atrocities. In response, <mask> and Lakan Dula led a revolt in the villages of Navotas in 1574, taking advantage of the confusion brought about by the attacks of Chinese pirate Limahong. This is often referred to as the "Manila Revolt of 1574" but is sometimes referred to as the "Sulayman Revolt" and the "Lakan Dula Revolt." Since it involved naval forces, the Sulayman Revolt is also known as the "First Battle of Manila Bay". Friar Geronimo Marín and Juan de Salcedo were tasked with pursuing conciliatory talks with the kingdoms.Lakan Dula and <mask> agreed to Salcedo's peace treaty and an alliance was formed between the two groups. Life after 1574
Some accounts from the American Colonial era claim that <mask> was killed during the revolt of 1574, but this once again seems to be the result of <mask> being confused with Tarik <mask> of Macabebe, who had died in the previous revolt in 1571. A review of genealogical documents deposited at the Philippines' National Archives notes that <mask> lived past the 1574 revolt, in which his son Rahang Bago was killed, and lived long enough to adopt the children of an unnamed sibling to be his descendants. <mask> is no longer mentioned in the accounts of events that took place from 1586 to 1588, which involved many members of his family. Descendants
According to Luciano P.R. Santiago's genealogical research, <mask> married his cousin, a princess from Borneo, and the two had at least two biological children: a son referred to as Rahang Bago (which means "new prince"; "Raxa el Vago" in the Spanish texts), and a daughter who would be baptized Doña María Laran. A legend cited by the government of Pasay in the 1950s also says <mask> had two children: a son named Suwaboy, and a daughter, Dayang-dayang (Princess) Pasay, who would inherit from her father the lands south of Manila now known as Pasay and Parañaque.However, Rahang Bago and his cousin Lumantalan were killed by the Spanish in November 1574, in the confusion that ensued during the attack of the Chinese Corsair, Limahong. According to Santiago's research, Doña María Laran had two daughters: Doña Inés Dahitim, the elder, who married Don Miguel Banal of Quiapo; and Doña María Guinyamat, who married a Don Agustín Turingan. Luciano P.R. Santiago theorizes that Don Miguel Banal was the son of the Don Juan Banal who was implicated in the Tondo Conspiracy of 1587. Santiago furthers that Don Miguel Banal and Doña Inés Dahitim are said to have begotten the second Filipino to be inducted into the Augustinian Order, Fray Marcelo Banal de San Agustín. The oral legend cited by the local government of Pasay, in turn, says that Dayang-dayang Pasay married a local prince named Maytubig and settled in the place called Balite. The legend says that they had a daughter named Dominga Custodio, who grew up to donate all her lands to the Augustinian Order just before her death.Santiago, however, claims that aside from his biological children, <mask> had descendants by adoption. Santiago's genealogical research suggests that <mask> had at least one male sibling, who remained unnamed in the records, and who had died prior to the death of Rahang Bago in 1574. <mask> chose to adopt the sons of this sibling, who were identified in records as Agustín de Legaspi, Don Gabriel Taumbasan, and Don Jeronimo Bassi. All three adopted children of <mask> participated in the Tondo Conspiracy of 1587, and only Taumbasan was not executed, having instead been sentenced to exile in Mexico for four years. Others
According to Meranau history
 Rajah <mask>
 Rajah Indarafatra
 Rajah Umaka'an

Legacy
In Rizal Park in Manila, the Philippines erected a statue to commemorate Rajah <mask> as a hero against Spanish invasion. Also, Rajah Soliman Science and Technology High School in Binondo, Manila (one of two science high schools) is named after him. See also

 Agustin de Legazpi
 Maginoo
 Rajah
 Sultan
 Datu
 Lakan
 Philippine revolts against Spain
 Lacandola Documents

References

|-

Filipino paramount rulers
Filipino datus, rajas and sultans
History of the Philippines (900–1565)
People of Spanish colonial Philippines
People from Manila
1558 births
1575 deaths
Filipino Muslims
Filipino people of Malay descent

masks:
Sulayman
Sulayman III
Sulayman
Sulayman
Sulayman
Sulayman
Sulayman
Sulayman
Sulayman
Sulayman
Sulayman
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<mask><mask>) Dexter (born September 17, 1976) is a Canadian sprint canoer who competed in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Rivard and her teammates finished ninth in the K-4 500 m event at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She has since become an entrepreneur in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and has held a number of positions in Canadian Olympic sport, Government Stewardship and in the Arts and Culture community. Sporting career
Born and raised in North Bay, Ontario, Rivard was a successful multisport athlete, especially as an alpine skier and swimmer. At one time she was ranked in the top ten in Canada in the 200m backstroke and 800m freestyle. She started her canoe-kayak career at the relatively late age of 19. She moved to Dartmouth, Nova Scotia shortly afterward to pursue her training.She was a member of the Canadian national kayak team for three years. Rivard's career highlights include a fourth-place finish in women's K-4 500m at the 1998 World Championships in Szeged, Hungary. In the 2000 World Cup events, she and her teammates won a pair of bronze medals, and also had a fourth- and a sixth-place finish. Her competitive career concluded with a ninth-place finish in the K-4 500 m event at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Rivard is a member of the North Bay Sports Hall of Fame and the 2000 North Bay Female Athlete of the year. Education
While still a national team athlete, Rivard completed a Bachelor of Recreation Administration degree at Dalhousie University in 2000. In 2003, she completed her Bachelor of Graphic Design at the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design (NSCAD University).She continues to pursue education in the field of communication with a specific interest in Semiotics and its application in international relations. Business
After graduation, Rivard founded an incubation center for independent creatives called Queen Street Studios in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. Queen Street Studios was a new business of the year finalist at the Halifax Chamber of Commerce's 2008 Halifax Business Awards, and was named one of the top ten Nova Scotia startups by the Nova Scotia Business Journal. In 2006 Rivard was nominated for the Globe and Mail's Top 40 Under 40. In 2008, Queen Street Studios merged with a successful web development firm called Norex.ca, a company that was founded in 1999 by Matt Rudderham, Farlan Dowell, & Brandon Kolybaba, taking on the position of Creative Director. Under <mask>'s leadership, developer Chris Troup led the Norex team in developing a medal counter widget for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The widget had over 3 million downloads during the games and was among the most successful Apple / Mac downloads during that period.Later, Norex designed a similar results application for the 2009 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships held in Dartmouth. The Norex group of companies was named the eighth fastest-growing company in Atlantic Canada by Progress Magazine in 2009, the sixth fastest-growing in 2010, and the second fastest-growing in 2011. Since then Norex re-branded to Code + Mortar  and <mask> currently sits on the board. <mask> was also a partner in Norex's sister company SheepDogInc.ca, Canada's first and most successful Google partner. In March 2010, SheepDogInc.ca  was one of only 40 partner companies to deploy a Google App, application called gTrax, in the launch of the Google Apps Marketplace. <mask> was brought in as Chief Executive Officer at SheepDogInc.ca and remained in that position until she sold her interest of the company in 2013. Today Norex is led by Managing Partner Jenelle Sobey with partners <mask> and Leah Skerry co-leading strategy as a members of the Board.Norex work has been recognized by the international Webby Awards for three years running representing their high standards and excellence in design and innovation. In addition to their websites, Norex has launched several successful innovation projects including SWELL a white-label crowdfunding platform for foundations, schools and not-for profits, Eyeread, a predictive assessment to help students learn how to read while offering teachers analytics to track their success and Pursu.it, a not-for-profit crowdfunding platform for athletes working to reach their dreams. In May, 2018 <mask> was recognized as one of the top 50 most influential Canadian women in STEM as a part of the Inspiring 50: Canada 2018. Most recently, <mask> co-founded Eyeread with a mission to raise global literacy through interactive video games designed to motivate learners to push their mastery of language learning. In 2016 Eyeread released Squiggle Park which later went on to be acquired and in 2019 they released Dreamscape which reached 3 million users in it first 24 months on the market. In February 2020, <mask> was elected as a member of the Board at Nova Scotia Power. Nova Scotia Power Inc. is a vertically integrated electric utility in Nova Scotia, Canada.It is privately owned by Emera and regulated by the provincial government via the Nova Scotia Utility and Review Board. Sport and community leadership
Since 2002 Rivard has continued her involvement in sport as a volunteer. She started at CanoeKayak Canada as athlete's representative on the Sprint High Performance Committee, and then moved onto the Executive Committee as Vice Chair Athlete Relations. She was Vice Chair of Marketing and a member of the CanoeKayak Canada Board of Directors for 13 years. She is a past Board member of Sport Nova Scotia and the Canadian Sport Centre Atlantic. She is currently a member-at-large (B Member) of the Canadian Olympic Committee. In an operational role, Rivard has been to both the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, and the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver as a Team Services Officer on the Canadian Mission Team.In that role she managed team operations at both Games. In 2008, Rivard accepted an appointment to the Board of Directors for the 2011 Canada Winter Games which were held in Halifax. As a member of the Board her primary responsibilities included the development of the Games Legacy Plan, which includes a uniquely successful Arts and Cultural legacy managed through the Nova Scotia Talent Trust focused on the support of outstanding young artists who display excellence in their field. Since 2011 Rivard has served as an alumni representative on the NSCADU Board of Governors. In 2013 <mask> was appointed to the position of the Vice-Chair of the NSCAD Board of Governors and throughout her term lead the strategic visioning and planning process. In 2012, Rivard was selected as a member of the Manitoba study group for the Governor General's Canadian Leadership Conference. In February 2013, Rivard was one of 41 Canadian Olympic builders honoured with a Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.These individuals were selected for their contributions "work[ing] tirelessly behind the scenes to advance sport excellence in Canada." In 2014 <mask> was presented with the BMO Award for Global Growth and Innovation and was selected as a Finalist for Halifax Business Person of the Year. Family
Rivard has four children: Oscar, born in 2002; Maximus, born in 2004; Phoenix, born in 2004; and Madeleine, born in 2014. <mask> is married to Steven Earle Dexter of Halifax, Nova Scotia. References

External links
 HIT Consultant: Top Promising Digital Health Companies to Watch
 Canada's East Coast Entrepreneurs Aim for Global Growth

1976 births
Canadian female canoeists
Canoeists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Information graphic designers
Living people
NSCAD University alumni
Olympic canoeists of Canada
Sportspeople from North Bay, Ontario

masks:
Julia (
Rivard
Julia
Julia
Rivard
Rivard
Julia Rivard
Julia
Julia
Julia
Julia
Julia
Julia


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<mask> (born March 17, 1979), is an American professional wrestler and color commentator, better known by the ring name <mask>. During his career, he has worked for WWE, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH). He established himself in ROH from the promotion's beginning in 2002, holding the ROH World Championship for a record 21 months from March 2003 to December 2004. Upon joining TNA in June 2005, he embarked on a 19-month-long undefeated streak, and went on to hold the TNA World Heavyweight Championship once, the TNA X Division Championship five times, the TNA World Tag Team Championship twice, and the TNA Television Championship once; completing the TNA Triple Crown and the TNA Grand Slam. He also wrestled internationally and on the independent circuit for various promotions, winning several titles, including the GHC Tag Team Championship with Magnus in Pro Wrestling Noah, and he was an inaugural NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Champion with Keiji Sakoda in Pro Wrestling Zero1. He left TNA in February 2015, briefly competing again in ROH and the independent circuit. <mask> officially debuted in WWE's developmental territory NXT in May 2015, and signed a full-time contract with the company in June; he went on to become the first-ever two-time NXT Champion, and the co-winner of the inaugural Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic (with Finn Bálor).After joining the main roster in January 2017 and being assigned to the Raw brand, he headlined several WWE pay-per-view events and contended for the Universal Championship, and later the WWE Championship during his time on the SmackDown brand. In March 2019, <mask> won his only title on the main roster, the United States Championship. Following several injuries, he became a color commentator on Raw. He was released from his contract in April 2021, but was re-signed just two months later to be an on-screen authority figure on NXT and shortly after would return to in-ring competition to win the NXT Championship for the third time in his career before he was released once again in January 2022. Early life
Seanoa was born on March 17, 1979, and raised in Orange County, California. He resided mainly in Huntington Beach and spent time during his childhood in ʻEwa Beach, Hawaii. His family founded a Polynesian dance troupe in the United States called Tiare Productions.Seanoa made his stage debut at the 1984 Summer Olympics opening at the age of five. He became a California State Junior Judo Champion and was an all league football player while attending Ocean View High School. Before becoming a wrestler, Seanoa worked as a mortgage broker. Professional wrestling career

Training and early career (1999–2000)
<mask> was the first graduate of the UIWA West Coast Dojo, training under Cincinnati Red, along with Johnny Hemp and, occasionally, John Delayo. He debuted in December 1999 in a match against "Uncle" Jess Hansen just three months after beginning training. Ultimate Pro Wrestling (2000–2003)
<mask> quickly signed with former WWF developmental affiliate Ultimate Pro Wrestling (UPW), where he feuded with John Cena and made an appearance on WWF Jakked against Essa Rios. He tagged with Mike Knox at UPW Proving Ground on December 12, 2000 in the Galaxy Theatre of Santa Ana, California and defeated the debuting Al Katrazz with Basil.He eventually captured the UPW Heavyweight Championship. He later became the longest reigning UPW Heavyweight Champion ever. When <mask> was in UPW, he met Bruce Prichard and Jim Ross, who told him that he would not have a future in pro wrestling. Pro Wrestling Zero-One (2001–2002)
In June 2001, <mask> made his way to Japan, wrestling for Shinya Hashimoto's Pro Wrestling Zero-One promotion, fighting in its Shingeki series of pay-per-views, as well as the annual Burning Heart tournaments. <mask> continued to work for the promotion throughout 2002, participating in a number of their biggest shows and tournaments. After forming a team with Keiji Sakoda, they became the inaugural NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Champions, though their reign is no longer officially recognized by the promotion. He worked as both <mask> and later <mask>, but ultimately chose to leave the promotion when he was asked to take on a more gimmicky character.Ring of Honor (2002–2008)
Back in the United States, <mask> joined the ranks of the East Coast-based Ring of Honor (ROH) promotion in 2002. He made his debut at "Glory by Honor" as Christopher Daniels's "hired assassin", brought in to take out Daniels's chief enemy, Low Ki. Originally booked for just the one match against Low Ki, <mask> impressed fans with his extremely stiff and hard-hitting style that resembled a mixed martial arts fighter more than a wrestler, which led to ROH booking him full-time. <mask> quickly rose through the ranks and became ROH Champion, defeating Xavier for the belt, which soon became the ROH World Championship on May 17, 2003 after defeating The Zebra Kid at "Frontiers of Honor" in London, England. He held that title for twenty one months before losing it to Austin Aries at "Final Battle 2004" on December 26, 2004. During this time, he had a trilogy of title defenses against CM Punk (the second match earning a 5 star rating from Dave Meltzer's Wrestling Observer Newsletter, the first American match in seven years to do so). Soon after losing the ROH World Championship to Austin Aries, <mask> became the promotion's fifth Pure Champion, defeating his on-screen protégé Jay Lethal for the belt on May 7, 2005 at "Manhattan Mayhem" in New York City.He held the title for over three months before losing it to Nigel McGuinness on August 27 at "Dragon Gate Invasion". In October 2005, when Japanese heavyweight superstar Kenta Kobashi made a "once-in-a-lifetime" trip to the United States, he was signed to two Ring of Honor shows. ROH officials selected <mask> to face him in a singles match on the first night and a tag match on the second. <mask> proved to be a formidable opponent for Kobashi, in a back and forth match, which Dave Meltzer again gave a five-star rating. The match went on to win the Wrestling Observer Newsletter award for "Match of the Year". In 2006, <mask> was one of the principal wrestlers representing Ring of Honor in their war against rival Philadelphia promotion Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW). The war culminated in a five-on-five Cage of Death match at "Death before Dishonor IV".<mask> helped ROH dominate in the match, until, after picking up CZW wrestler Chris Hero for one of his finishers, the Muscle Buster, he was attacked by fellow ROH wrestler Bryan Danielson. Danielson repeatedly hit his injured knee with a steel chair, forcing him to quit the match. <mask> was later replaced in the match by Homicide, who went on to win the match for ROH. <mask> later teamed with Homicide to fight against the Briscoes, and, like Homicide, found himself back in the ROH world title hunt. <mask>, however, came up short against champion Bryan Danielson in several matches, including a match that went to a 60 Minute Draw and the final one being a cage match on December 8. At the December 9 show, <mask> called out the Pro Wrestling Noah promotion, claiming "Ring of Honor is right here!" This was not his first encounter with NOAH; at the September 16, 2006 ROH show, after a speech by wrestling legend Bruno Sammartino, <mask> got into an argument and pull-apart brawl with Noah star Takeshi Morishima.Subsequently, a match was signed for February pitting <mask> against Morishima which <mask> won. <mask>ide in his final ROH match with a Muscle Buster from the second rope. On November 22, 2008, <mask> made a one night only return for Rising Above, defeating Tyler Black in a non-pay-per-view main event. Independent circuit (2003–2014)
From 2003 to 2007, <mask> made several appearances for Southern California promotion Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG), making his debut on November 15, 2003, when he defeated CM Punk in a singles match. During his time in the promotion, <mask> had a notable on-screen rivalry with Super Dragon and unsuccessfully challenged Dragon for his PWG Championship on February 12, 2005.After Dragon had lost the title, <mask> defeated him in a grudge match on August 19, 2005. <mask> received another shot at the PWG Championship the following November, but was this time defeated by Kevin Steen. <mask> made his to date final PWG appearance on April 8, 2007, when he defeated Low Ki in a singles match. From 2004 to 2006, <mask> also made several appearances for Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South (IWA-MS), where he most notably made it to the finals of the 2004 Ted Petty Invitational and, later that same year, won the Revolution Strong Style Tournament. On February 14, 2009, <mask> made debuted for the Puerto Rican International Wrestling Association (IWA) at Noche de Campeones, where he unsuccessfully challenged El Chicano for the IWA Undisputed World Unified Heavyweight Championship. On November 3, 2013, <mask> made his debut at Championship Wrestling From Hollywood, defeating Willie Mack. On November 3, <mask> defeated Mack in the Main Event.On November 15, 2014, <mask> appeared at JAPW 18th Anniversary Show, where he defeated Chris Hero. Throughout his career, <mask> has also wrestled in Europe for promotions such German Stampede Wrestling (GSW), International Pro Wrestling: United Kingdom (IPW:UK), and Westside Xtreme Wrestling (wXw). Total Nonstop Action Wrestling

Undefeated streak (2005–2006)
On June 14, 2005, <mask> signed a contract with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He made his official debut five days later at the Slammiversary pay-per-view, defeating Sonjay Dutt in a match that saw him dubbed "The Samoan Submission Machine" by announcer Mike Tenay. <mask> was a participant in the Christopher Daniels Invitational Super X Cup, defeating Sonjay Dutt and Alex Shelley to advance to the tournament finals at Sacrifice. <mask> won the tournament by defeating A.J. Styles, but only with help from Daniels.As a result of Daniels' interference, however, TNA Director of Authority Larry Zbyszko made Daniels defend his X Division Championship in a three-way match against both <mask> and Styles at Unbreakable. This match marked <mask>'s first title shot in the company, though Styles won the match. <mask>'s undefeated streak was still officially intact, as it was Daniels that had been pinned, not <mask>. This match is to date the only match in TNA's history to receive a rating of five stars from Dave Meltzer. At Genesis on November 13, he teamed with Daniels, Alex Shelley, and Roderick Strong (a team that Daniels called "The Ministry") against Sonjay Dutt, Chris Sabin, Matt Bentley, and Austin Aries in an eight man elimination match. Following the victory by Daniels and <mask> (Shelley and Strong were eliminated earlier in the match), <mask> attacked Daniels, beating him around the ringside area until he had busted him open. He then threw Daniels into the ring, and delivered a Muscle Buster.<mask> then went out to grab a steel chair from ringside and brought it into the ring, after which he gave Daniels a second Muscle Buster, this time onto the chair, supposedly giving Daniels a level-3 concussion. In response to these actions, Styles called <mask> out on an episode of Impact!, saying his attack of Daniels violated an unwritten code of respect in the X Division. Prior to Turning Point, <mask> attacked Styles, saying he did not respect the X Division code (a vast departure from his Ring of Honor persona, who is a stalwart defender of their written Code of Honor). <mask> defeated Styles at Turning Point and won the X Division Championship. <mask> could not injure Styles, however, Daniels came out and stopped him. Daniels was later slated to face <mask> at Final Resolution in 2006 for the X Division Championship. During the build-up to the match, <mask> stated that he intended to end Daniels' career.During the match, Styles came down to the ring to cheer for Daniels. Not long after making Daniels bleed from his head, <mask> stopped going for the pin, instead dropping knee after knee on Daniels' head. Styles, concerned about Daniels' health, signaled for the match to be stopped by throwing in the towel, allowing <mask> to retain the X Division title. <mask> proceeded to win the rematch of the three-way at Unbreakable, thus retaining his title. This three-way feud continued until Destination X, when he lost the title to Daniels in an Ultimate X match, a match in which there is no pinfall or submission, thus keeping his undefeated streak. <mask> was then taken out of the X Division and was scheduled to take on Sabu at Lockdown. Despite that, he still had a scheduled X Division title match, and, on April 13's Impact!(TNA's Thursday debut), <mask> regained the X Division title after delivering an Island Driver from the middle turnbuckle to Christopher Daniels. <mask> then successfully defended his X Division title against Sabu at Lockdown. At Sacrifice, <mask> partnered with Sting in a tag team match against Jeff Jarrett and Scott Steiner. <mask> and Sting were victorious, but after the match, <mask> left the ring and allowed Sting to be attacked. <mask> explained this by stating that he agreed to only watch Sting's back "from bell to bell" (implying that once the second bell rang, his duties were over), but still had issues with Steiner. <mask> added Scott Steiner to his undefeated streak, at Slammiversary. During the Impact!tapings on May 15, <mask> was injured as he performed a kick, and it was reported that he tore every knee ligament except the anterior cruciate ligament. He suffered a first degree tear to the posterior cruciate ligament and a second degree tear to the medial collateral ligament. <mask> would remain out of action for two weeks. After returning, <mask> lost his X Division Championship in a triple threat match with Sonjay Dutt and Senshi. Senshi pinned Dutt to win the championship after Steiner laid out <mask> with a steel chair. <mask> would have his chance at revenge when he participated in a four-way number one contender match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship along with Sting, Christian Cage, and Scott Steiner at Victory Road on July 16. <mask> lost this match when Sting pinned Steiner.<mask> beat Jeff Jarrett at No Surrender in a "Fan's Revenge Lumberjack match". After the match, he took Jarrett's NWA World Heavyweight Championship with him, telling Jim Cornette that if Jarrett or Sting (Jarrett's scheduled opponent at Bound for Glory) wanted the belt, they could take it from him. On the October 12 episode, <mask> agreed to return the belt to the Jarrett-Sting winner under one condition—the winner had to agree to give him a title shot. This offer was turned down, and finally <mask> was given the choice of giving back the title or be fired. Kurt Angle made his debut and got into a brawl with <mask> after he again refused to give back the belt, and during the brawl, Jarrett took the belt back. At Bound for Glory on October 22, <mask> defeated Raven, Brother Runt and Abyss in a Monster's Ball match. The match ended when special referee Jake Roberts performed a DDT to Raven, allowing <mask> to deliver the Muscle Buster to Raven for the pinfall.Later in the night, <mask> was involved in a pull-apart brawl with Kurt Angle after Jim Cornette announced that he would be fired if he interfered in the main event match that involved Angle as special enforcer. At Genesis, <mask> lost to Angle after submitting to Angle's ankle lock. This ended his eighteen-month undefeated streak. TNA World Heavyweight Champion (2006–2008)
Throughout the rest of 2006 into 2007, <mask> continued to feud with Angle and picked up a victory by submission in their rematch at Turning Point, before suffering a legit knee injury in a tag team match. On January 14, 2007 at Final Resolution, <mask> was defeated by Angle in a thirty-minute Iron Man match when Angle was put in the ankle lock but was saved from submitting another fall by the time expiring. On the February 14 edition of Impact!, <mask> won a gauntlet match to become the number one contender to Christian Cage's NWA World Heavyweight Championship at Destination X, but lost the match. He qualified to compete in the Match of Champions at Victory Road by defeating Jay Lethal and Chris Sabin for the X Division title on the July 12 episode of Impact!.At the Match of Champions, <mask> scored the winning pinfall on Brother Ray and won the TNA World Tag Team Championship from Team 3D, making him the first wrestler in TNA to hold multiple TNA championships. He opted to hold the title by himself. At Hard Justice, <mask> put up the X Division title and both Tag Team titles against Kurt Angle's TNA World title as well as the IGF's version of the IWGP World Championship. <mask>, however, lost all his titles thanks to interference by Karen Angle. <mask> then became the teammate of Kevin Nash and Scott Hall in their match against the Angle Alliance at Turning Point. Hall, however, no-showed the event. Before the match, <mask> was asked to cut a promo alleviating heat from the company and introducing Eric Young as Hall's replacement.<mask> went five minutes overtime and ranted against Hall, Nash and some other superstars, which legitimately upset Nash and TNA President Dixie Carter at ringside. <mask>, Nash and Young defeated the Angle Alliance when <mask> pinned Tomko. After the match, <mask> and Nash briefly argued and shoved one another backstage, with <mask> apologizing at a talent meeting the following day. On-screen, though, <mask> continued to direct his frustration towards TNA management, going as far as to trash a Christmas party organized by Matt Morgan. In storyline, after complaining to Jim Cornette that he did not have a match at Final Resolution, Cornette decided to team <mask> with Kevin Nash, who was to receive a title shot with Scott Hall when he returned. At Final Resolution, <mask> and Nash lost to the team of A.J. Styles and Tomko after Nash refused to tag himself into the match leaving <mask> to fend for himself.At Against All Odds, <mask> served as the special enforcer for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship match where Kurt Angle defended his title against challenger Christian

masks:
Nuufolau Joel Seanoa
Samoa Joe
Joe
Joe
Joe
Joe
Joe
Joe
Joe
Samoa Joe
King Joe
Joe
Joe
Joe
Joe
Joe
Joe
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Joemic
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 Cage. During the contest, A.J. Styles interfered and <mask> fought Styles to the back, but Tomko came out and attacked Cage giving Angle the win. On the February 14 edition of Impact!, <mask> formed an alliance with Cage and Kevin Nash, to compete with Kurt Angle's Angle Alliance. <mask> was also given the next TNA World Heavyweight Championship opportunity against Angle. At Lockdown, <mask> defeated Angle to win his first TNA World Championship and become TNA's third Triple Crown Champion. The stipulation of the match was if <mask> had lost, he would have had to retire from professional wrestling.<mask> was then challenged to a match by Booker T at Victory Road, which he accepted. At Victory Road the match went to a No Contest when Sting hit <mask> with a baseball bat and Booker pinned him while Sharmell made the three count. At Hard Justice, <mask> defeated Booker after a guitar shot, thus reclaiming physical possession of the title belt, which Booker had kept after Victory Road. At Bound for Glory IV, he fought Sting in a losing effort to defend the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, ending his reign at 182 days. On the October 30 edition of Impact!, <mask> and AJ Styles formed a faction of younger wrestlers also featuring Jay Lethal, Consequences Creed, Petey Williams, Eric Young, ODB and The Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin), calling themselves "The Frontline", to oppose The Main Event Mafia of Kurt Angle, Sting, Kevin Nash, Booker T and Scott Steiner. At Turning Point Nash defeated <mask> by pinning him with his feet on the ropes following a steel chair shot, a low blow and after ramming <mask>'s head to an exposed turnbuckle. At Final Resolution, The Front Line lost to The Main Event Mafia in a 4-on-4 tag match and Styles failed to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship.On the December 18 edition of Impact!, <mask> and Styles defeated Sting and Nash in a Six Sides of Steel match. Following the match, <mask> was attacked by the members of the Main Event Mafia and suffered injuries which would sideline him for the rest of the year. The Main Event Mafia and Nation of Violence (2009–2011)

On the January 29 episode of Impact!, a short video was shown in which <mask>, sporting a new buzzcut hairstyle, tribal facepaint, and much heavier frame stated he would like to introduce the Main Event Mafia to both the "real" <mask> and his "nation of violence". At Destination X, <mask> got himself disqualified in his return match against his old rival and Main Event Mafia member Scott Steiner. That same week on Impact!, <mask> once again got disqualified this time in a match with Sheik Abdul Bashir. The following week, he competed in a 20-man Six Sides of Steel match, where the last two men standing would be determined the captains of the Lethal Lockdown match at Lockdown. He entered last and won the match by pinning rival Kurt Angle via the Muscle Buster.He then later stated backstage that he did not wish to be captain, but would still be part of the team. His teammates were Jeff Jarrett, A.J. Styles and the returning Daniels. They faced off against The Main Event Mafia at Lockdown, and won the match. At this time he also revealed that he was taking orders from a "secret advisor" who he was seen talking to many times backstage although the person's identity was not revealed. He then feuded with Kevin Nash as his next victim of the Mafia and finally beat his old mentor at Sacrifice. At Slammiversary, <mask> turned when he help Kurt Angle win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship in the King of the Mountain match, and thus turned heel.On the June 25 episode of Impact!, <mask> officially joined The Main Event Mafia. At Victory Road, <mask> faced Sting in a grudge match. Late in the match, Taz made his TNA debut and helped <mask> beat Sting, thus revealing himself as his new adviser. At Hard Justice <mask> defeated Homicide to win the X Division title for the fourth time. After winning this title, <mask> feuded with his longtime rival Daniels and defeated him at No Surrender. On the October 8 edition of Impact! <mask> lost the X Division title to Amazing Red after Bobby Lashley interfered in the match.At Bound for Glory Lashley defeated <mask> in a submission match with a referee stoppage. The following month at Turning Point <mask> unsuccessfully challenged TNA World Heavyweight Champion A.J. Styles for the title in a three-way match, also involving Daniels. At Final Resolution <mask> took part in the "Feast or Fired" match and won the briefcase containing a shot at the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. After being off TV for several weeks, <mask> returned on the February 4 edition of Impact!, by attacking A.J. Styles, who had recently turned heel with Ric Flair, and declared that he would be using his "Feast or Fired" briefcase to get a shot at Styles' World Heavyweight Championship at Against All Odds. At the pay-per-view Styles retained his title against <mask> in a No Disqualification match refereed by Eric Bischoff.On the following Impact!, <mask> was abducted by masked men. On March 29 he resurfaced in a video package on an episode of Impact!. <mask> made his return on the April 19 edition of Impact! appearing as a surprise member of Team Hogan (Abyss, Jeff Jarrett and Rob Terry) in an eight-man tag team match against Team Flair (Sting, Desmond Wolfe, Robert Roode and James Storm), in which he scored the deciding pinfall by pinning Roode after a Muscle Buster. His abduction never was explained. According to <mask>, Vince Russo planned a big storyline with a psycho gimmick. However, Russo called him to return because he need more babyfaces and Russo never find the way to explain the abduction.In the following weeks <mask> went on to randomly attack wrestlers like Douglas Williams, Brian Kendrick and Matt Morgan, the last of whom lost the TNA World Tag Team Championship thanks to the attack. On the May 20 edition of Impact! <mask> was ranked number ten in the first ever TNA Championship Committee rankings for a World Heavyweight Championship title shot. He began his climb up the rankings by defeating Hernandez on June 17, number four ranked A.J. Styles on July 1 and by wrestling number two ranked Jeff Hardy to a ten-minute time limit draw on the July 22 edition of Impact!. After the match with Hardy, <mask> was upset with the production crew for starting a countdown to the time limit draw, when <mask> specifically requested not to start one because he thought it would reveal the ending of the match early. Because of his outburst, <mask> was suspended from TNA indefinitely.<mask> returned from his suspension on August 23 at the tapings of the August 26 edition of Impact! to defeat Orlando Jordan. The following week on Impact!, <mask> aligned himself with Jeff Jarrett and Hulk Hogan in their war with Sting and Kevin Nash. At No Surrender <mask> and Jarrett defeated Sting and Nash in a tag team match, when <mask> choked out Sting, after Jarrett had hit him with his baseball bat behind <mask>'s back. At Bound for Glory <mask> and Jarrett faced Sting, Nash and their newest ally D'Angelo Dinero in a handicap match, after Hulk Hogan, who was scheduled to team with <mask> and Jarrett, was forced to pull out due to a back surgery. At the end of the match Jarrett abandoned <mask> and left him to be pinned by Nash. Later in the night it was revealed that Hogan was in fact in the building as he helped Jeff Hardy win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship and formed a new heel alliance with Hardy, Eric Bischoff, Jeff Jarrett and Abyss.At Turning Point Jarrett defeated <mask>, after choking him out with a baton, following interference from Gunner and Murphy. The following month at Final Resolution <mask> faced Jarrett in a submission match. After a pre–match assault and later an interference by Gunner and Murphy, Jarrett managed to force <mask> to submit with an ankle lock. Earlier that same day it was reported that <mask>'s contract with TNA had expired. On December 17, 2010, <mask> re–signed with the promotion. <mask> returned on the January 6, 2011, edition of Impact!, confronting D'Angelo Dinero in a storyline where Okato was paired with <mask>. On February 13 at Against All Odds <mask> defeated Dinero in a singles match.and at Lockdown, in a steel cage match. <mask>'s next feud would be with the undefeated Crimson, whom he would abandon in the ring and the hands of Abyss on two occasions, claiming that he himself had not needed anyone's help during his own undefeated streak, becoming a tweener in the process. On June 12 at Slammiversary IX, <mask> was defeated by Crimson in a singles match, and afterwards shook Crimson's hand. Afterwards, <mask> began showing frustration as his losing streak continued with losses against Rob Van Dam, Devon, Kazarian and Bobby Roode. After losing all nine of his matches in the Bound for Glory Series to determine the number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, <mask> finally ended his long losing streak on the August 4 edition of Impact Wrestling by defeating D'Angelo Dinero via submission, but the decision was reversed after he refused to release his hold following the match. <mask> then accused TNA management of being against him and proclaimed that from now on the blood would be on their hands. After voicing his intention of ruining the Bound for Glory Series, <mask> attacked its participants Devon, D'Angelo Dinero and rankings leader Crimson, who was forced to pull out of the tournament following the attack, after suffering a storyline ankle injury.On the final week of the Bound for Glory Series, <mask> went to interfere in a match between Gunner and Rob Van Dam, but was stopped by guest color commentator Matt Morgan, who was sidelined with a torn pectoral muscle. This led to a brawl later in the evening, which ended with <mask> hitting Morgan in the arm with a steel chair. On September 11 at No Surrender, <mask> continued his losing streak as he was defeated by Morgan in a grudge match. On the following edition of Impact Wrestling, <mask> ended his losing streak by defeating Morgan in a submission match. After returning from his injury, Crimson scored two more victories over <mask>, first defeating him in a singles match on the October 6 edition of Impact Wrestling, and then in a three-way match, also involving Matt Morgan, at Bound for Glory on October 16. Teaming and feuding with Magnus (2011–2012)
On the January 5, 2012, edition of Impact Wrestling, <mask> and Magnus defeated A.J. Styles and Kazarian to win the four-week-long Wild Card Tournament and become the number one contenders to the TNA World Tag Team Championship.Magnus said that Vince Russo put them as a tag team because "we were both always pissed off, so we could be pissed off together". Three days later at Genesis, <mask> and Magnus failed to capture the TNA World Tag Team Championship from Crimson and Matt Morgan. Despite the loss, <mask> and Magnus remained together as a tag team, attacking Crimson and Morgan on the next two editions of Impact Wrestling. On the February 2 episode of Impact Wrestling, <mask> and Magnus defeated Crimson and Morgan in a non-title match to earn another shot at the TNA World Tag Team Championship. On February 12 at Against All Odds, <mask> and Magnus defeated Crimson and Morgan to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship. <mask> and Magnus then defeated Crimson and Morgan in two rematches, the first on the February 23 episode of Impact Wrestling and the second on March 18 at Victory Road, to retain the championship. On the March 22 episode of Impact Wrestling, <mask> and Magnus successfully defended their title against Mexican America (Anarquia and Hernandez).On April 15 at Lockdown, <mask> and Magnus defeated The Motor City Machine Guns in a steel cage match to retain the TNA World Tag Team Championship. During the first "Open Fight Night" on April 26, <mask> and Magnus successfully defended the TNA World Tag Team Championship against the team of Jeff Hardy and Mr. Anderson, after which they were attacked by Christopher Daniels and Kazarian, who had asked for a title shot earlier in the event. On May 13 at Sacrifice, <mask> and Magnus lost the TNA World Tag Team Championship to Daniels and Kazarian. On the May 31 episode of Impact Wrestling, <mask> had a run-in with X Division Champion Austin Aries, which led to <mask> costing Aries his match with Crimson the following week. On June 10 at Slammiversary, <mask> unsuccessfully challenged Aries for the X Division Championship. On the following episode of Impact Wrestling, <mask> entered the 2012 Bound for Glory Series, taking part in the opening gauntlet match, from which he was the last man eliminated by James Storm. On July 8 at Destination X, <mask> defeated old rival Kurt Angle via submission to become the new points leader in the Bound for Glory Series.When the group stage of the tournament concluded on September 6, <mask> finished second behind James Storm, thus advancing to the semifinals. Three days later at No Surrender, <mask> was eliminated from the tournament, after losing to Jeff Hardy in his semifinal match. On the September 27 episode of Impact Wrestling, <mask> defeated Mr. Anderson to win the vacant TNA Television Championship, making him TNA's third Grand Slam Champion. <mask> made his first successful title defense the following week, defeating Rob Van Dam. On October 14 at Bound for Glory, <mask> successfully defended his title against former tag team partner Magnus. <mask> continued making successful defenses the following weeks, defeating Robbie E on the October 18 episode of Impact Wrestling, and Robbie T the following week. <mask> then resumed his rivalry with former partner Magnus, defeating him via disqualification on the November 1 episode of Impact Wrestling, after being hit with a wrench.The rivalry culminated in a No Disqualification match on November 11 at Turning Point, where <mask> was again successful in retaining the title. The New Main Event Mafia (2012–2014)
On the December 6 episode of Impact Wrestling, <mask> lost the Television Championship to Devon after DOC of Aces & Eights hit him with a ball-peen hammer. Three days later at Final Resolution, <mask> teamed with Garett Bischoff, Kurt Angle, and Wes Brisco to defeat Devon, DOC, and two masked members of Aces & Eights in an eight-man tag team match. On the January 3, 2013, episode of Impact Wrestling, <mask> and Kurt Angle defeated Devon and a masked member of Aces & Eights in a steel cage tag team match. Afterwards, the returning Sting saved <mask> and Angle from a beatdown from Aces & Eights before revealing the mystery member as the debuting Mike Knox. On January 13 at Genesis, <mask> was defeated by Mr. Anderson in a singles match, following interference from Mike Knox. On March 10 at Lockdown, Team TNA, consisting of <mask>, Eric Young, James Storm, Magnus, and Sting defeated Aces & Eights, consisting of Devon, DOC, Garett Bischoff, Mike Knox, and Mr. Anderson in a Lethal Lockdown match.On the March 21 episode of Impact Wrestling, <mask> was defeated by Jeff Hardy in a four-way number one contenders match for the World Heavyweight Championship, which also included Kurt Angle and Magnus. On the April 18 episode of Impact Wrestling, Devon was scheduled to defend his Television Championship against Magnus, however, he was attacked by DOC and Knux before the match could start. <mask> was then awarded the title match in his place, but Devon retained the title after interference from Aces & Eights. <mask> returned on the May 23 episode of Impact Wrestling, saving former tag team partner Magnus from an attack by Aces & Eights. On June 2 at Slammiversary XI, <mask> teamed with Jeff Hardy and Magnus in a winning effort against Aces & Eights (Garett Bischoff, Mr. Anderson, and Wes Brisco). On the following episode of Impact Wrestling, <mask> defeated Robbie E to qualify for the 2013 Bound for Glory Series. During the June 27 episode of Impact Wrestling, <mask> was helped to a submission victory over Mr. Anderson in his Bound For Glory Series match after Kurt Angle and Sting took out Anderson's fellow Aces and Eights members, and was then named as the third member of their New Main Event Mafia.On October 10, 2013, he added himself to the Ultimate X match in Bound For Glory against Manik, Austin Aries, Chris Sabin and Jeff Hardy. At Bound for Glory, Sabin won the match. In November 7, The Main Event Mafia was "temporarily disbanded"  by Sting, and <mask> was put in the World Title Tournament. His first round matchup against former Main Event Mafia stable-partner Magnus will be a Fall Count Anywhere match on Turning Point PPV (which became a free-Spike TV event) on November 21. On November 14 episode of Impact, <mask> aired his grievances over the botched contract negotiations between Dixie Carter and AJ Styles, and will defend his title with Styles if he wins the title. At Turning Point, <mask> was defeated by Magnus in the first round of the tournament for the vacant TNA World Heavyweight Championship. On the December 12 edition of Impact Wrestling, <mask> was unsuccessful in grabbing any of the four cases in a Feast or Fired match against Austin Aries, Chris Sabin, Curry Man, Dewey Barnes, James Storm, Norv Fernum, Gunner, Chavo Guerrero, Zema Ion and Hernandez.On the January 1, 2014 edition of Impact Wrestling, <mask> talked to Dixie, telling her about what AJ said in regards to having a locker room full of friends. Dixie ignoring what <mask> previously said, told him to only focus on his match against her nephew, Ethan Carter III. Later on the show, <mask> is jumped backstage by EC3, only to fight back on their way to the ring to start the match. <mask> went on to win the match by disqualification after taking a hit from a wrench by EC3 after an interference by Rockstar Spud. On Day 1 of Genesis, <mask>, along with James Storm, Gunner, Eric Young, Joseph Park, and ODB, won a 12-man tag team match against The BroMans (Jessie Godderz, Robbie E, and Zema Ion), Bad Influence (Christopher Daniels and Kazarian) and Lei'D Tapa after Daniels submitted to his Coquina Clutch. On Day 2 of Genesis, <mask> defeated Rockstar Spud by submission after a Muscle Buster, followed by

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