texts:
 his own political skin. This latest action by the president is cowardly." Following the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan, <mask> told reporters while appearing at a fundraiser for Thomas Kean that criminals who use firearms should get the death penalty in the event someone is injured with the weapon. In September 1981, <mask> advised Reagan against succumbing to Wall Street demands and follow his own agenda for the economic policies of the US during an appearance on Good Morning America: "He shouldn't let the gurus of Wall Street decide what the economic future of this country is going to be. They are wrong in my opinion." On October 20, 1981, <mask> stated stopping the Reagan administration's Saudi arms package could have a large negative impact to American relations in the Middle East during a news conference. On March 24, 1982, Ford offered an endorsement of President Reagan's economic policies while also stating the possibility of Reagan being met with a stalemate by Congress if not willing to compromise while in Washington.<mask> founded the annual AEI World Forum in 1982, and joined the American Enterprise Institute as a distinguished fellow. He was also awarded an honorary doctorate at Central Connecticut State University on March 23, 1988. During an August 1982 fundraising reception, <mask> stated his opposition to a constitutional amendment requiring the US to have a balanced budget, citing a need to elect "members of the House and Senate who will immediately when Congress convenes act more responsibly in fiscal matters." <mask> was a participant in the 1982 midterm elections, traveling to Tennessee in October of that year to help Republican candidates. In January 1984, a letter signed by <mask> and Carter and urging world leaders to extend their failed effort to end world hunger was released and sent to Secretary-General of the United Nations Javier Pérez de Cuéllar. In 1987, <mask> testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee in favor of District of Columbia Circuit Court judge and former Solicitor General Robert Bork after Bork was nominated by President Reagan to be an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Bork's nomination was rejected by a vote of 58–42.In 1987, Ford's Humor and the Presidency, a book of humorous political anecdotes, was published. By 1988, <mask> was a member of several corporate boards including Commercial Credit, Nova Pharmaceutical, The Pullman Company, Tesoro Petroleum, and Tiger International, Inc. <mask> also became an honorary director of Citigroup, a position he held until his death. In October 1990, <mask> appeared in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania with Bob Hope to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the birth of former President Dwight D. Eisenhower, where the two unveiled a plaque with the signatures of each living former president. In April 1991, <mask> joined former presidents Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and Jimmy Carter, in supporting the Brady Bill. Three years later, he wrote to the U.S. House of Representatives, along with Carter and Reagan, in support of the assault weapons ban. At the 1992 Republican National Convention, <mask> compared the election cycle to his 1976 loss to Carter and urged attention be paid to electing a Republican Congress: "If it's change you want on Nov. 3, my friends, the place to start is not at the White House but in the United States' Capitol. Congress, as every school child knows, has the power of the purse.For nearly 40 years, Democratic majorities have held to the time-tested New Deal formula, tax and tax, spend and spend, elect and elect." (The Republicans would later win both Houses of Congress at the 1994 mid-term elections.) In April 1997, <mask> joined President Bill Clinton, former President Bush, and Nancy Reagan in signing the "Summit Declaration of Commitment" in advocating for participation by private citizens in solving domestic issues within the United States. On January 20, 1998, during an interview at his Palm Springs home, <mask> said the Republican Party's nominee in the 2000 presidential election would lose if the party turned ultra-conservative in their ideals: "If we get way over on the hard right of the political spectrum, we will not elect a Republican President. I worry about the party going down this ultra-conservative line. We ought to learn from the Democrats: when they were running ultra-liberal candidates, they didn't win." In the prelude to the impeachment of President Clinton, <mask> conferred with former President Carter and the two agreed to not speak publicly on the controversy, a pact broken by Carter when answering a question from a student at Emory University.In October 2001, <mask> broke with conservative members of the Republican Party by stating that gay and lesbian couples "ought to be treated equally. Period." He became the highest-ranking Republican to embrace full equality for gays and lesbians, stating his belief that there should be a federal amendment outlawing anti-gay job discrimination and expressing his hope that the Republican Party would reach out to gay and lesbian voters. He also was a member of the Republican Unity Coalition, which The New York Times described as "a group of prominent Republicans, including former President <mask><mask>, dedicated to making sexual orientation a non-issue in the Republican Party". On November 22, 2004, New York Republican Governor George Pataki named <mask> and the other living former Presidents (Carter, George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton) as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center. In a pre-recorded embargoed interview with Bob Woodward of The Washington Post in July 2004, <mask> stated that he disagreed "very strongly" with the Bush administration's choice of Iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction as justification for its decision to invade Iraq, calling it a "big mistake" unrelated to the national security of the United States and indicating that he would not have gone to war had he been president. The details of the interview were not released until after <mask>'s death, as he requested.Health problems
On April 4, 1990, <mask> was admitted to Eisenhower Medical Center for surgery to replace his left knee, orthopedic surgeon Dr. Robert Murphy saying "<mask>'s entire left knee was replaced with an artificial joint, including portions of the adjacent femur, or thigh bone, and tibia, or leg bone." <mask> suffered two minor strokes at the 2000 Republican National Convention, but made a quick recovery after being admitted to Hahnemann University Hospital. In January 2006, he spent 11 days at the Eisenhower Medical Center near his residence at Rancho Mirage, California, for treatment of pneumonia. On April 23, 2006, President George W. Bush visited <mask> at his home in Rancho Mirage for a little over an hour. This was <mask>'s last public appearance and produced the last known public photos, video footage, and voice recording. While vacationing in Vail, Colorado, <mask> was hospitalized for two days in July 2006 for shortness of breath. On August 15 he was admitted to St. Mary's Hospital of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, for testing and evaluation.On August 21, it was reported that he had been fitted with a pacemaker. On August 25, he underwent an angioplasty procedure at the Mayo Clinic. On August 28, <mask> was released from the hospital and returned with his wife Betty to their California home. On October 13, he was scheduled to attend the dedication of a building of his namesake, the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan, but due to poor health and on the advice of his doctors he did not attend. The previous day, <mask> had entered the Eisenhower Medical Center for undisclosed tests; he was released on October 16. By November 2006, he was confined to a bed in his study. Death and legacy

<mask> died on December 26, 2006, at his home in Rancho Mirage, California, of arteriosclerotic cerebrovascular disease and diffuse arteriosclerosis.He had end-stage coronary artery disease and severe aortic stenosis and insufficiency, caused by calcific alteration of one of his heart valves. At the time of his death, <mask> was the longest-lived U.S. president, having lived 93 years and 165 days (45 days longer than Ronald Reagan, whose record he surpassed). He died on the 34th anniversary of President Harry S. Truman's death; he was the last surviving member of the Warren Commission. On December 30, 2006, <mask> became the 11th U.S. president to lie in state in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol. A state funeral and memorial services were held at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., on Tuesday, January 2, 2007. After the service, <mask> was interred at his Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Scouting was so important to <mask> that his family asked for Scouts to participate in his funeral.A few selected Scouts served as ushers inside the National Cathedral. About 400 Eagle Scouts were part of the funeral procession, where they formed an honor guard as the casket went by in front of the museum. <mask> selected the song to be played during his funeral procession at the U.S. Capitol. After his death in December 2006, the University of Michigan Marching Band played the school's fight song for him one final time, for his last ride from the Gerald R. Ford Airport in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The State of Michigan commissioned and submitted a statue of <mask> to the National Statuary Hall Collection, replacing Zachariah Chandler. It was unveiled on May 3, 2011, in the Capitol Rotunda. On the proper right side is inscribed a quotation from a tribute by Tip O'Neill, Speaker of the House at the end of Ford's presidency: "God has been good to America, especially during difficult times.At the time of the Civil War, he gave us Abraham Lincoln. And at the time of Watergate, he gave us <mask>—the right man at the right time who was able to put our nation back together again." On the proper left side are words from <mask>'s swearing-in address: "Our constitution works. Our great republic is a government of laws and not of men. Here the people rule." <mask>'s wife, <mask>, died on July 8, 2011. Personal life

Family
When speaking of his mother and stepfather, <mask> said that "My stepfather was a magnificent person and my mother equally wonderful.So I couldn't have written a better prescription for a superb family upbringing." <mask> had three half-siblings from the second marriage of Leslie King Sr., his biological father: Marjorie King (1921–1993), Leslie Henry King (1923–1976), and Patricia Jane King (1925–1980). They never saw one another as children, and he did not know them at all until 1960. <mask> was not aware of his biological father until he was 17, when his parents told him about the circumstances of his birth. That year his biological father, whom <mask> described as a "carefree, well-to-do man who didn't really give a damn about the hopes and dreams of his firstborn son", approached <mask> while he was waiting tables in a Grand Rapids restaurant. The two "maintained a sporadic contact" until Leslie King Sr.'s death in 1941. On October 15, 1948, <mask> married Elizabeth Bloomer (1918–2011) at Grace Episcopal Church in Grand Rapids; it was his first and only marriage and her second marriage.She had previously been married and, after a five‐year marriage, divorced from William Warren. Originally from Grand Rapids herself, she had lived in New York City for several years, where she worked as a John Robert Powers fashion model and a dancer in the auxiliary troupe of the Martha Graham Dance Company. At the time of their engagement, <mask> was campaigning for what would be his first of 13 terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives. The wedding was delayed until shortly before the election because, as The New York Times reported in a 1974 profile of <mask>, "<mask> was running for Congress and wasn't sure how voters might feel about his marrying a divorced exdancer." The couple had four children: <mask>, born in 1950, John Gardner (known as Jack) born in 1952, Steven Meigs, born in 1956, and Susan Elizabeth, born in 1957. Civic and fraternal organizations
<mask> was a member of several civic organizations, including the Junior Chamber of Commerce (Jaycees), American Legion, AMVETS, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Sons of the Revolution, and Veterans of Foreign Wars. Freemasonry
<mask> was initiated into Freemasonry on September 30, 1949.He later said in 1975, "When I took my obligation as a master mason—incidentally, with my three younger brothers—I recalled the value my own father attached to that order. But I had no idea that I would ever be added to the company of the Father of our Country and 12 other members of the order who also served as Presidents of the United States." <mask> was made a 33° Scottish Rite Mason on September 26, 1962. In April 1975, <mask> was elected by a unanimous vote Honorary Grand Master of the International Supreme Council, Order of DeMolay, a position in which he served until January 1977. <mask> received the degrees of York Rite Masonry (Chapter and Council degrees) in a special ceremony in the Oval Office on January 11, 1977, during his term as President of the United States. <mask> was also a member of the Shriners and the Royal Order of Jesters; both being affiliated bodies of Freemasonry. Public image

<mask> is the only person to hold the presidential office without being elected as either president or vice president.The choice of <mask> to fill the vacant vice-presidency was based on Ford's reputation for openness and honesty. "In all the years I sat in the House, I never knew Mr. <mask> to make a dishonest statement nor a statement part-true and part-false. He never attempted to shade a statement, and I never heard him utter an unkind word," said Martha Griffiths. The trust the American public had in him was rapidly and severely tarnished by his pardon of Nixon. Nonetheless, many grant in hindsight that he had respectably discharged with considerable dignity a great responsibility that he had not sought. In spite of his athletic record and remarkable career accomplishments, <mask>y Chase on Saturday Night Live, cementing Ford's image as a klutz.Other pieces of the everyman image were attributed to his inevitable comparison with Nixon, his Midwestern stodginess and his self-deprecation. Honors

Foreign honors
:
 First Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (7 January 1997)
<mask> received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in May 1970, as well as the Silver Buffalo Award, from the Boy Scouts of America. In 1974, he also received the highest distinction of the Scout Association of Japan, the Golden Pheasant Award. In 1985, he received the 1985 Old Tom Morris Award from the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, GCSAA's highest honor. In 1992, the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation awarded <mask> its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent government service. In 1999, <mask> was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars. Also in 1999, <mask> was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bill Clinton.In 2001, he was presented with the John F. Kennedy Profiles in Courage Award for his decision to pardon Richard Nixon to stop the agony America was experiencing over Watergate. The following were named after <mask>:
 The Ford House Office Building in the U.S. Capitol Complex, formerly House Annex 2. Gerald R. Ford Freeway (Nebraska)
 Gerald R. Ford Freeway (Michigan)
 Gerald Ford Memorial Highway, I-70 in Eagle County, Colorado
 Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Grand Rapids, Michigan
 Gerald R. Ford Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan
 Gerald R. Ford Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan
 Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan
 Gerald R. Ford Institute of Public Policy, Albion College
 USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78)
 Gerald R. Ford Middle School, Grand Rapids, Michigan
 President Gerald R. Ford Park in Alexandria, Virginia, located in the neighborhood where <mask> lived while serving as a Representative and Vice President
 President Ford Field Service Council, Boy Scouts of America The council where he was awarded the rank of Eagle Scout. Serves 25 counties in Western and Northern Michigan with its headquarters located in Grand Rapids, Michigan. See also

 List of Freemasons
 List of members of the American Legion
 List of presidents of the United States
 List of presidents of the United States by previous experience
 Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

References

Bibliography

  short biography
 Cannon, James. <mask> R. <mask>: An Honorable Life (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013) 482 pp. official biography by a member of the Ford administration
  older full-scale biography
 Conley, Richard S. "Presidential Influence and Minority Party Liaison on Veto Overrides: New Evidence from the <mask> Presidency".American Politics Research 2002 30#1: 34–65. Fulltext: in Swetswise

 , the major scholarly study
 Hersey, John Richard. The President: A Minute-By-Minute Account of a Week in the Life of <mask>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1975. Hult, Karen M. and Walcott, Charles E. Empowering the White House: Governance under Nixon, <mask>, and Carter. University Press of Kansas, 2004.Jespersen, T. Christopher. "Kissinger, Ford, and Congress: the Very Bitter End in Vietnam". Pacific Historical Review 2002 71#3: 439–473. Online
 Jespersen, T. Christopher. "The Bitter End and the Lost Chance in Vietnam: Congress, the Ford Administration, and the Battle over Vietnam, 1975–76". Diplomatic History 2000 24#2: 265–293. Online
  latest full-scale biography
 Maynard, Christopher A."Manufacturing Voter Confidence: a Video Analysis of the American 1976 Presidential and Vice-presidential Debates". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 1997 17#4 : 523–562. Fulltext: in
 Moran, Andrew D. "More than a caretaker: the economic policy of <mask><mask>." Presidential Studies Quarterly 41.1 (2011): 39–63. online
 Schoenebaum, Eleanora. Political Profiles: The <mask> years (1979) online, short biographies of over 500 political and national leaders.Williams, Daniel K. The Election of the Evangelical: Jimmy Carter, <mask>, and the Presidential Contest of 1976 (University Press of Kansas, 2020) online review

Primary sources

 , by speechwriter
 , by chief of staff

  by Secretary of State

External links

Official sites
 Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum
 Gerald R. Ford Presidential Foundation
 White House biography

Media coverage

 "Life Portrait of <mask><mask>", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, November 22, 1999

Other

 <mask>: A Resource Guide from the Library

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<mask> (born 1941) is an American artist who works primarily in drawing and print media. She is known for the innovative raku art she created in collaboration with her husband <mask>. Biography
Born in Springfield, Massachusetts, <mask> received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Syracuse University in 1963; her teacher was Robert Marks. She studied at The Art Student's League, Woodstock, NY and at the University of Illinois, Champaign. In 1966 she received a Master of Arts degree from the University of Iowa; The following year she studied with Mauricio Lasansky and earned a Master of Fine Arts degree with honors. She received a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1973; among her awards are the Associated Artists of Pittsburgh award from Carnegie Mellon University Museum (1981, 1983, and 1987) and the Annual Ceramic and Small Sculpture Show award from the Butler Institute of American Art (1982). <mask> has lectured widely.The Canton Museum of Art, the Cincinnati Art Museum, the Erie Art Museum, and the Everson Museum are among the institutions holding examples of her work, as is the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution. In 2012 she was named Pennsylvania's Artist of the Year. She is married to the ceramist <mask>, with whom she lives in McKean, Pennsylvania. Her daughter, Maya was born in 1970. She is actively involved in her community, having served as President of Erie Art Museum 1985-88, Pennsylvania Council on the Arts Chair, 1997- 01, Advisory Council Erie Community Foundation Chair 2006-08, Erie Community Foundation Trustee 2008 -2017, and a long-time member of Garden Club of America / Carrie T. Watson Garden Club. She has also donated designs and works of art for public spaces in Maine and Pennsylvania. Work
Although she is primarily a graphic artist, Ms. <mask> made important contributions to American ceramics in the late 1960s and early 1970s, particularly in regard to experimental raku techniques.She explained in an interview, "He was doing a lot of ceramics and he hated doing the surfaces...so he said why don't you keep drawing on some of these pieces and this is how we started." <mask> stated that their interest in raku came out of practical considerations: “We [Steven and <mask>] were doing a variety of workshops in a variety of different media. Raku was always an official way of making pieces in a short period of time…In raku it seems to compress all the firings into one.”

For much of <mask>'s career, she has worked in tandem with her husband <mask>. In 1987 <mask> stated about their collaborative works: “Steven is the [sculptor], I am the drawer. These works would not exist if it weren’t for the sculpture; if it weren’t for the clay. 22 No. 4 Summer 1998, Cover & Page 34

Pennsylvania Council on the Arts - Fellowship Catalogue-Introduction, by <mask>, Harrisburg, PA 1997, 1998, 1999

References

External links

1941 births
Living people
American women ceramists
American ceramists
20th-century American artists
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American artists
21st-century American women artists
Artists from Springfield, Massachusetts
People from Erie County, Pennsylvania
Artists from Pennsylvania
Syracuse University alumni
University of Iowa alumni
20th-century ceramists
21st-century ceramists

masks:
Susan Hale Kemenyffy
Steven Kemenyffy
Kemenyffy
Kemenyffy
Steven Kemenyffy
Kemenyffy
Steven Kemenyffy
Susan
Kemenyffy
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Susan
Susan Kemenyffy


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<mask><mask> (; born April 17, 1943) is an American journalist and writer whose works present a liberal/progressive point of view. <mask> is the co-founder and current co-editor of The American Prospect, which was created in 1990 as an "authoritative magazine of liberal ideas," according to its mission statement. He was a 20-year columnist for Business Week and The Boston Globe. <mask> is also one of five 1986 co-founders of the Economic Policy Institute, and currently serves on its executive committee. Between 2007 and 2014, <mask> joined the liberal Demos research and policy center as a Distinguished Senior Fellow. Early life and education
<mask> was born in New York City. He attended Oberlin College, the University of California, Berkeley, and the London School of Economics.He currently holds the Meyer and Ida Kirstein Chair at Brandeis University as a professor of social policy. At different times throughout his career he has also taught at Boston University, University of Oregon, University of Massachusetts Boston, and Harvard's Institute of Politics. He has also been a John F. Kennedy Fellow at Harvard University, a Woodrow Wilson Fellow at UC-Berkeley, a Guggenheim Fellow, and a Radcliffe Public Policy Fellow. He holds honorary degrees from Swarthmore College and Oberlin College. Writer and editor
<mask> has had an extensive career as a writer and editor at various national publications. In addition to his early work at Pacifica Radio, including a stint as general manager of WBAI-FM in New York, he has served as Washington Editor of the Village Voice, editor of the journal Working Papers for a New Society, economics editor at The New Republic, and was a member of the national staff at the Washington Post. Between 1984 and 2005 he was one of five columnists for the "Economic Viewpoint" section (also titled "Economic Watch") of BusinessWeek.His first job was an assistant to the independent journalist I.F. Stone. His magazine writing has also appeared in The New York Review of Books, the New Yorker, the Atlantic, Harper's, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, Harvard Business Review, Columbia Journalism Review, the Washington Monthly, Dissent, and Political Science Quarterly. In the 1990s, he served as a national policy correspondent of The New England Journal of Medicine. Writings
<mask> is author of several books dealing with economics, politics, globalization and labor markets, as well as his political support for the revival of a robust labor-left agenda. His twelve books include The Revolt of the Haves: Tax Rebellions and Hard Times (1980), The Economic Illusion: False Choices between Prosperity and Social Justice (1984), The Life of the Party: Democratic prospects in 1988 and beyond (1987), The End of Laissez-Faire: National Purpose and the Global Economy After the Cold War (1991), Everything For Sale: The Virtues and Limits of Markets (1996),  and The Squandering of America: How the Failure of Our Politics Undermines Our Prosperity (Knopf, 2007). His 2008 book, Obama's Challenge: America's Economic Crisis and the Power of a Transformative Presidency, presented a vision of Barack Obama's opportunity to transform American politics.A 2010 sequel, A Presidency in Peril, warned that Obama was too close to Wall Street. His 2013 book, Debtors’ Prison: The Politics of Austerity versus Possibility, criticized austerity economics in the U.S. and Europe. In his book, Can Democracy Survive Global Capitalism (Norton, 2018), Kuttner describes the role of globalized deregulation of capitalism in undercutting economic security and feeding the rise of the far-right. His latest book is The Stakes: 2020 and the Survival of American Democracy. Commentator
<mask> has appeared as a commentator, usually offering a liberal view, on numerous public affairs and debate programs, including National Public Radio, the PBS Newshour, CNN, and MSNBC. Government service
<mask> has served in several capacities within the federal government, including as an investigator for the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, as well as serving as Executive Director of former President Carter's National Commission on Neighborhoods. Recognition
<mask> has been recognized by various organizations for his career as a journalist, such as by the Sidney Hillman Award, which he won twice, once for his 1997 book Everything For Sale and again in 2008 for Obama's Challenge.He has also been the recipient of the Paul Hoffman Award for Human Development of the United Nations, the Jack London Award for labor journalism, and the John Hancock Award "for excellence in business and financial journalism." <mask>'s wife, Joan Fitzgerald, is professor of urban policy and public affairs at Northeastern University, Boston. His first wife, the late Sharland Grace Trotter, was a psychotherapist and author. His daughter Jessica is a clinical social worker currently living in western Massachusetts, and his son Gabriel was a stage actor and director in Boston who died in October 2019. Bibliography
 Debtors' Prison: The Politics of Austerity Versus Possibility. New York: Vintage Books, 2013. Can Democracy Survive Global Capitalism, W.W. Norton & Company, 2018.The Stakes: 2020 and the Survival of American Democracy. W.W. Norton & Company, 2019. Notes

External links

 Obama's Challenge-- NOW on PBS
 SquanderingofAmerica.com Official website
 American Prospect biography
 American Foreign Policy as Political Failure Speech delivered before the New America Foundation
 TAP Robert Kuttner Column Archive
 Globalization and World Capitalism Epistolary debate between <mask> and Johann Norberg, overseen by the Cato Institute
 What sank Asia? Money sloshing around the world

 Booknotes interview with <mask> on The End of Laissez-Faire, February 24, 1991. 1943 births
People from Scarsdale, New York
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Alumni of the London School of Economics
American columnists
Economists from New York (state)
American economics writers
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
American magazine editors
American magazine founders
Boston University faculty
Brandeis University faculty
Harvard University staff
The New Republic people
Pacifica Foundation people
Oberlin College alumni
Living people
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
Scarsdale High School alumni
Economic Policy Institute
21st-century American economists

masks:
Robert L
. Kuttner
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Kuttner
Kuttner
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texts:
<mask> (born February 19, 1995) is an American football tight end for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Harvard University. Early years
<mask> was born in Englishtown, New Jersey, to Alex and <mask>. He is Jewish, and he and his family, including his brother Josh, belonged to Temple Shaari Emeth in Manalapan, where he celebrated his bar mitzvah. High school career
He was a multi-sport athlete at Manalapan High School. In basketball, Firkser played point guard, scoring 21.3 points and 7.6 assists per game. He finished his career second in school history with 1,362 points.In his senior year, the Shore Basketball Coaches named Firkser the Shore Conference Co-Player of the Year. He was also named the Shore Conference ‘A’ North Division Offensive Player of the Year and made the all-state team. He competed at the 2013 Maccabiah Games in Israel as a guard for the 18-and-under gold medal-winning Team USA basketball team, playing alongside Spencer Weisz. Firkser did not begin playing football until his sophomore year in high school. During Firkser's three-year high school career, the Manalapan football team went 30–6 and won three consecutive ‘A’ North Division titles. During one stretch, Manalapan had an 18-game winning streak within the division. After a semifinal visit in the state playoffs his sophomore year, Firkser and his teammates played for the NJSIAA Central Jersey title in his junior and senior years.While at Manalapan, Firkser set career school records in receptions (110), receiving yards (2,118) and touchdown receptions (19). After his senior year, he was named All-Shore Offensive Player of the Year as a senior wide receiver. Firkser also was a two-time All-Shore first-team selection. College career
Firkser was recruited by Harvard University and four other universities. Citing the university's academic program and the school's willingness to let him play both basketball and football, Firkser committed to play for coach Tim Murphy at Harvard on October 17, 2012. College statistics

<mask> saw his first collegiate action in 2014 as a sophomore. He appeared in 10 games for Harvard and made 32 catches for 485 yards.His four touchdown receptions tied for first on the team and he ranked second on the team in both catches and yards. After the season, <mask> was named to the All-Ivy second team. Firkser started nine games and caught 22 passes for 372 yards and three touchdowns in 2015 as a junior. For the second consecutive season, he was named to the All-Ivy League second team. As a senior in 2016, Firkser started all 10 games for Harvard and made 45 receptions for 702 yards and seven touchdowns. He was named to the All-Ivy League first team. At the conclusion of his collegiate career, Firkser ranked 12th all-time in school history in receptions, ninth all-time in receiving yards, and sixth all-time in touchdown receptions.He graduated from Harvard in 2017 with a degree in applied mathematics. During the 2018 offseason, Firkser participated in actuarial credential exams in hopes of potentially pursuing a post-football career as an actuary. Professional career
Coming into the 2017 NFL Draft, scouting reports projected Firkser to best fit with an NFL team in a role of a fullback/tight end hybrid player. Scouts believed Firkser was tough, intelligent, and relatively athletic. Scouts also praised him for his ability to quickly get into pass routes and adjust to errant throws. However, scouts negatively viewed him as possessing just average size and questioned his strength as a blocker. On March 19, 2017, Firkser participated in the Harvard Pro Day, an event at which Harvard football players demonstrate their skills to an audience of NFL scouts and coaches.Nearly half of the NFL teams attended this event. New York Jets
<mask> signed with the New York Jets as an undrafted free agent on May 5, 2017. He was waived by the Jets on September 2, 2017. Kansas City Chiefs
On November 29, 2017, <mask> was signed to the Kansas City Chiefs' practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Chiefs on January 8, 2018. He was waived on April 30, 2018. Tennessee Titans
On May 14, 2018, Firkser was signed by the Tennessee Titans.2018 season

In the preseason, <mask> was second on the team in both receptions (10) and receiving yards (108). On September 1, 2018, he was named to the Titans' initial 53-man roster. He was waived by the Titans on September 17, and was re-signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on October 8. On October 14, 2018, <mask> caught his first NFL reception in a Week 6 loss against the Baltimore Ravens. On December 2, <mask> scored his first NFL career touchdown on a 12-yard reception from Marcus Mariota in a 26–22 Week 13 victory against the New York Jets. Firkser finished the 2018 season with 19 receptions for 225 yards and a touchdown.2019 season

<mask> began the season as one of four tight ends on the Titans opening day roster along with veterans Delanie Walker, Jonnu Smith, and MyCole Pruitt. For the first six weeks of the regular season, Firkser played sparingly and was even a healthy inactive in Week 4. During that six-week span, he caught only one pass for 25 yards. After Walker was later placed on injured reserve, Firkser played a larger role in the Titans offense. During Week 10 against the Kansas City Chiefs, he caught three receptions for 36 yards and his only touchdown of the regular season as the Titans won by a score of 35–32. Firkser finished the 2019 season with 14 receptions for 204 yards and a touchdown. Ironically, Firkser's first two career touchdowns were against the Jets and Chiefs – the two teams that had previously waived him.The Titans finished the regular season with a 9–7 record and were the sixth seed in the AFC playoffs. <mask> played his first postseason game on January 4, 2020, against the defending Super Bowl champions, the New England Patriots. In that game, he caught two passes for 23 yards and a touchdown in the Titans 20–13 upset victory. With the touchdown, he became the first player from Harvard to score a touchdown in an NFL postseason game. <mask>'s final reception of the season was also the final touchdown of the Titans 2019 season. He caught a 22-yard touchdown pass in the fourth quarter of the AFC Championship Game in a 35–24 loss to the Chiefs. 2020 season
On February 13, 2020, Firkser signed a one-year extension with the Titans.On October 18, Firkser recorded his first career 100-yard receiving game and his first touchdown of the 2020 season in a 42–36 overtime victory against the Houston Texans. He caught eight of nine  targets from Titans quarterback Ryan Tannehill for 113 yards including a seven-yard touchdown in the first quarter. Firkser finished the 2020 season with 39 receptions for 387 yards and one touchdown. 2021 season
On March 17, 2021, <mask> re-signed with the Titans on a one-year deal. In the 2021 season, Firkser finished with 34 receptions for 291 receiving yards and two touchdowns. NFL career statistics

Regular season

Postseason

Personal life
Firkser volunteers with his former high school football coach to help train and give advice to aspiring young football players in his hometown community of Manalapan. He enjoys pencil drawings, jigsaw puzzles and playing online collectible card games.His brother, Josh, played football at Wagner. See also
List of select Jewish football players

References

External links
Tennessee Titans bio
Harvard Crimson bio

1995 births
Living people
American football tight ends
Harvard Crimson football players
Manalapan High School alumni
People from Manalapan Township, New Jersey
Players of American football from New Jersey
Sportspeople from Monmouth County, New Jersey
Tennessee Titans players
Jewish American sportspeople
Maccabiah Games basketball players of the United States
Maccabiah Games gold medalists for the United States
Jewish men's basketball players
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Anthony Paul Firkser
Firkser
Donna Firkser
Firkser
Firkser
Firkser
Firkser
Firkser
Firkser
Firkser
Firkser
Firkser
Firkser
Firkser


texts:
<mask> (Rio de Janeiro, born in 1959) is a Brazilian visual artist. Baltar works with actions, sculpture and drawings among other media. She is interested in capturing the ephemeral in her artwork. <mask> was born in 1959 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where she still lives and works. Her career began in the 1990s, often working with primordial elements, such as the material she took from her own house in the neighborhood of Botafogo. In recent years, Baltar’s work was shown in institutions throughout Brazil and in the United States, Japan and Argentina, and other countries. She also took part in important group shows, such as The Peripatetic School – Itinerant Drawing From Latin America (2011), which premiered at the Drawing Room in London, and then toured to several other venues.She participated in important Biennials, such as the I Biennial of the Americas, Denver (USA) (2010); 25a Bienal Internacional de São Paulo (2002); V Bienal de la Habana (1994); 12a Bienal do Mercosul (2020). Her work is featured in important public collections such as MOCA Cleveland (USA); Blumenthal Collection (Boston, USA); MIMA Museum (Middlesbrough, United Kingdom); Coleccíon Copel, CIAC (México); Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo (São Paulo, Brazil); MAC-USP, Museu de Arte Contemporânea USP (São Paulo, Brazil); Itaú Cultural (São Paulo, Brazil); Fundação Joaquim Nabuco (Recife, Brazil); Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Works
Baltar's artistic career began in the 1990s and crosses many different mediums. Brígida Baltar started from her home, where she would gather drops of rain seeping through openings in her roof, mixed with dusts from the clay bricks of her hpuse. In 2005, Brígida Baltar had to leave her house in the Rio de Janeiro district of Botafogo. During the fifteen years that preceded this event, the artist had lived and worked almost in a symbiosis with the old brick building. In Abrigo (1996), she carves the form of her body into the wall of the house and then entered that space.She ground up many of the red bricks from that house and used that as the medium for future drawings and sculptures. Baltar strives to return to a pre-industrial, childlike and primitive narration.’ Baltar's artistic production began in the 1990s with the so-called small poetic gestures, developed in her studio-home in Botafogo, a neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro. In her work, Collecting Mist (1998–2004), which was shown at the New Museum, Baltar photographically captures herself in the Sisyphean task of trying to capture mist. Baltar has had her work exhibited at LAMB Arts in São Paulo, Casas Riegner in Bogota, Bergamin & Gomide in São Paulo, Drawing Room in London, the Embassy of Brazil in London, Spencer Brownstone Gallery in New York, and Carbono Galeria in São Paulo. Her works are greatly influenced by the practices of the Brazilian Neo-Concrete artists Lygia Clark and Hélio Oiticica. According to her, Baltar wanted to criticize the contemporary world of productivity surplus, that allows little room for daydreaming, for contemplation, etc. Exhibitions
 2001
 Virgin Territory, the National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington.O Fio da Trama, El Museu del Barrio, Nova York / Museu de arte Latinoamericano Buenos Aires MALBA
 Get that Balance, Kampnagel KulturFabric, Hamburg, Germany
 Neue Kunst in Hamburg 2001, Kunsthaus, Hamburg, Germany
 Outra Coisa / Projeto Agora, Museu Ferroviário Vale do Rio Doce, Vitória,Brazil. Filmes de artistas / Cinema Capacete e FestRio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 Die Rio Video, curated by Hans Christian Dany- Kunstverein Hamburg, Germany. Espaço Agora / Capacete, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 Galeria Nara Roesler, São Paulo, Brazil
 2002
Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland, Ohio, USA
 Galeria Filomena Soares, Lisbon, Portugal
 Julia Friedman Gallery, Chicago, US
 Museu Dragão do Mar, Fortaleza, Brazil
 Artefoto, Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro/Brasília, Brazil
 Bienal Internacional de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
 Brígida Baltar / Michel Blazy, curated by Sabine Schaschal, Kunsthaus Baselland. C’est pas du cinéma, Studio Fresnoy Nacional des Arts Contemporains, France
 Air from the other planets, Film Festival Oberhausen, Germany
 Laura Marsiaj Arte Contemporânea, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 Caminhos do Contemporâneo, 1952/2002, Paço Imperial, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 Final Frontier, Spencer Brownstone Gallery, New York, USA
 Banca 2, Cinema Capacete e Festival de Inverno do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 Love’s House, lapa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 2003
 Art Basel Miami Beach, Diana Lowenstein Fine Arts, Miami, Florida, US
 Art unknown, Arco project room, Madrid, Spain
 Grande Orlândia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 Fotoarte 2003, Espaço Cultural Contemporâneo Venâncio ECCO, Brasília, Brazil.

masks:
Brígida Baltar
Brígida Baltar


texts:
<mask> (7 September 1886, Geneva – 6 December 1984, Geneva) was a Swiss nurse from a Patrician family background. She became a leading expert at the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) for relief actions to civilians. As only the fourth female member of the ICRC's governing body <mask> helped to pave the way towards gender equality in the organisation which itself has historically been a pioneer of international humanitarian law. During the Second World War she became an outspoken advocate inside the ICRC leadership to publicly denounce Nazi Germany's system of extermination and concentration camps. After her resignation as a member for age reasons in 1961 she was appointed as the first female honorary vice-president of the ICRC. Life

Family background and education

On the paternal side, <mask> hailed from a family of Huguenot background from Pont-en-Royans in the Dauphiné region of southeastern France, which was  a center of Protestantism in the 16th century. When the 1598 Edict of Nantes, which had restored some civil rights to the Huguenots, was revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, some 20,000 Protestants fled from Dauphiné in the following years, amongst them <mask>, Lucie's great-great-great-grandfather.As a teenager, he acquired the citizenship of the Republic of Geneva in 1714 where he started working as a merchant. Some of his descendants became politicians, amongst them Lucie's uncle Édouard <mask> (1844-1919), who was elected a member of the Council of States and of the National Council. Lucie's father was Albert Octave <mask> (1845-1928), a civil engineer working first at the Western Switzerland railways and then in a leading position at the municipality of Geneva. There he was responsible for the reconstruction of a number of bridges linking the Île de Genève and the Île Rousseau in the middle of the Rhone, which are still landmarks today. Lucie's mother Camille Jeanne Louise Chaponnière (1856-1927) came from Marseille, where Lucie's Genevan grandfather was a trader and judge at the commercial court. Lucie was the fifth of the seven children that Albert and Camille had. She was part of Geneva's patrician class which «turned to banking and philanthropic activities at the end of the 19th century, after losing control of the major public offices».The <mask> family played a particularly important role in Geneva's financial sector thanks to marriages with other Patrician families and especially since <mask> (1804–81) became associated with the bank Lombard, Bonna & Cie in 1830, which later became Lombard, Odier & Cie.However, numerous other members of the family became medical doctors and nurses. While <mask> <mask> attended Geneva's Ecole des Beaux-Arts in 1911, she subsequently followed in that medical tradition and obtained her nursing diploma in 1914 from the School of the Samaritans. World War I

Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War in July 1914, <mask> <mask> upon the recommendation of the Genevan orthopedist Alfred Machard (not to be confused with the namesake French writer and actor) started working in a leading position as a nurse in the military hospital Grand Cercle at Aix-les-Bains, a commune in the French department of Savoie, some 70 km south of Geneva. The auxiliary hospitals in the town not only provided care to French soldiers, but also to members of the U.S. Army. In December 1914, she went back to Geneva to treat those who returned there with war injuries, since thousands of Swiss volunteers had joined the French army. In addition, she tended to Prisoners of War, who were interned in Switzerland because they were either seriously ill or wounded or relatively old. She also took up tasks concerning the care for civilian refugees.After the outbreak of the Spanish Flu, she dedicated herself to the care of its victims as well. Between the World Wars

In 1920, <mask> was assigned to lead the social hygiene dispensary of Geneva's Red Cross section. It aimed to contain the spread of sexually transmissible diseases through sex education and the regulation of prostitution. Odier also engaged in child welfare for the poorest groups of Geneva's population. In addition, she led the visiting nurses service. From these activities she was obviously drawn to the ICRC to follow in the footsteps of her uncle Édouard <mask>. The jurist was one of its founding members, since he joined the organisation in 1874 barely a decade after its founding, eventually became vice-president of the ICRC and was also a personal friend of its president Gustave Ador:

During the first phase of the Chinese Civil War (1927–1936), <mask> directed the relief actions which the ICRC undertook in that conflict.In July 1929, she represented the ICRC at the congress of the International Council of Nurses – founded in 1899 as the first international organization for health care professionals and headquartered in Geneva – in Montreal. In early 1930, <mask> was elected as a member of the ICRC. She was only the fourth woman to be part of the governing body after Marguerite Frick-Cramer, Pauline Chaponnière-Chaix and Suzanne Ferrière. In October 1934, <mask> travelled along with Frick-Cramer and another fellow female ICRC-pioneer – Marguerite van Berchem – to Tokyo to represent the ICRC at the 15th international conference of the Red Cross Movement, where Frick-Cramer presented the draft text of a convention to grant civilian detainees at least the same protections as POWs. The conference accepted the recommendations and commissioned the ICRC to organise a diplomatic conference, which could not take place though due to objections from the British and French governments. <mask> also became an active member of the Florence Nightingale Foundation, soon after it was founded in 1934 to provide post-graduate education to nurses in commemoration of Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), the English social reformer and founder of modern nursing. During the Fascist war of aggression of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1937) <mask> was the only woman involved in the Ethiopia operations of the ICRC.When it received information in April 1936 from the delegate and medical doctor Marcel Junod about the use of Italian chemical weapons in Korem, <mask> was part of the group that pushed to denounce the chemical warfare publicly. She made preprations to do so, but at last the legalist faction of ICRC President Max Huber prevailed and only a «timid and excessively polite» letter was sent to the Italian Red Cross. A few days after the Anschluss – the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938 – <mask> received from the exiled Austrian Princess Nora von Starhemberg, who was a Jewish actress and married to former Vice-Chancellor Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg, a list with the names of 49 missing and/or detained people. However, President Huber stopped all efforts by <mask> and her colleague Suzanne Ferrière to request information about the disappeared from the German Red Cross. During the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), <mask> directed all the relief actions which the ICRC undertook in that conflict, working closely with Renée Bordier, who was likewise a nurse hailing from a prominent Patrician family of bankers (Bordier & Cie) and became the fifth-ever female ICRC-member in 1938. In June of that year, <mask> represented the ICRC at the 16th International Red Cross Conference in London,  where the two rival Spanish Red Cross Societies participated. World War II
At the beginning of the Second World War <mask> set up the and led the relief bureau and subsequently the relief division.In August 1940, Odier flew with Marcel Junod to London, risking their lifes in the middle of the Battle of Britain. There they toured for two weeks British camps for POWs and civilian detainees. Upon her return she reported that the British authorities lost all confidence in the effective application of the Geneva conventions by their Axis adversaries. Nevertheless, she managed to convince them to lift a blockade on foodstuffs destined to the POWs in Germany. In December 1940, Odier and fellow ICRC member Martin Bodmer travelled to Berlin to discuss principal issues with the German Red Cross, the Foreign Office and the High Command of the Wehrmacht

Odier was widely considered to belong to the idealists within the ICRC leadership who gradually lost influence vis-à-vis the "pragmatists". The latter were led by Huber, who at the same time did private business in the arms industry. In contrast, when it came to Odier,«Her colleagues appreciated her humanitarian spirit, devotion, common sense, courage and tenacity.These qualities made her not an accommodating but a rather challenging member. Carl Jacob Burckhardt considered her as 'unintelligent and dangerously obstinate in delicate affairs'. [..] Odier courageously questioned several times a line of action which did not seem right to her, especially when legal considerations were overriding general humanitarian concerns.»
According to the historian Jean-Claude Favez, <mask> was one of the ICRC members who were informed in August / September 1942 by Gerhart Riegner, the Secretary of the World Jewish Congress in Geneva, about alarming reports on Nazi Germany's intention to mass murder the European Jews. By autumn of that year, the ICRC leadership received more information about the systematic extermination of Jews by Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe, the so-called Final Solution. A large majority of the ICRC's about two dozen members at its general assembly on 14 October 1942 – especially its four female members Frick-Cramer, <mask>, Ferrière, and Bordier  –  was in favour of a public protest. <mask> stated:«if we do nothing, we will compromise our post-war activities, as our silence could be interpreted as acceptance»However, Burckhardt –  who went on to become the ICRC president in 1944 – and Switzerland's President Philipp Etter firmly denied that request. <mask> later admitted that each member of the Committee suffered from this silence.Subsequently, her standing inside the organisation was diminished: when the executive committee established a department for special assistance to civilian detainees, <mask> as well as her fellow experts Ferrière and Frick-Cramer were left out of it. In early 1943, <mask> and Ferrière conducted a joint mission to the Middle East and Africa to assess the situation of civilian detainees. Their tour of three months duration included stops in Istanbul, Ankara, Cairo, Jerusalem, Beirut, Johannesburg, Salisbury, and Nairobi. In the same year she visited Berlin, when the German capital was subject to one of the first large-scale air raids by the allied forces. In late 1944, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that it awarded the ICRC its second Nobel Peace Prize after 1917. As in World War I, it was the only recipient during the war years. While the then leadership of the ICRC was later sharply criticized for not publicly denouncing Nazi Germany, <mask> all the more made her distinct contribution to what the Nobel Committee credited the ICRC with, i.e.«the great work it has performed during the war on behalf of humanity.»

Post-WWII

Still in 1945, at the end of the Second World War, <mask> went to Northern Italy to provide assistance to hospitals for taking care of returning refugees.When thousands of former POWs and civilians, who had been taken to Germany as slave labourers, were caught in a sudden cold spell at the Brenner Pass while crossing the alps, <mask> mangaged to organise a convoy with medical help for them. In the following years, she continued to focus on issues concerning the recruitment and training of nurses and of voluntary nursing auxiliaries as well as on medical equipment, including editing a number of publications in several languages. In addition, she extended her commitment to questions on the rehabilitation of disabled people. In August 1948, Odier represented the ICRC at the Seventeenth International Conference in Stockholm. Four years later, in July and August 1952, she participated in the Eighteenth International Red Cross Conference in Toronto. And«She contributed much to strengthen the ICRC's links with nursing associations which looked upon her as a model and a guide.»In 1960, <mask> received the gold medal of the ICRC as only the third person ever, after Huber and Jacques Cheneviére. In the following year, she announced her resignation as a member of the ICRC for age reasons.She was subsequently elected not only as an honorary member of the ICRC but also as its honorary vice-president. In 1963, the ICRC received its third Nobel Peace Prize after 1917 and 1944, making it the only organisation to be honoured thrice. It may be argued that <mask> contributed to this award as well. <mask> lived in Geneva's affluent Rue de l'Athénée until her eighties and then moved into the mansion of the Bern deaconesses in Presinge, a municipality in the rural northeastern part of the canton of Geneva. When she died in her 99th year, the Journal de Genève called her the «grande dame» of the ICRC. The International Review of the Red Cross wrote in its obituary:«All who had the privilege of knowing and working with this great lady praised her dedication, perseverance, enthusiasm, unaffected manner and courage, and remember her with affection and gratitude.»On the occasion of the 100th birthday, the Journal de Genève published a tribute to <mask> which stressed her «extreme humility». <mask> is buried in Cologny – one of the most affluent municipalities in the Canton of Geneva – where also other former ICRC colleagues like Gustave Ador and Gautier-van Berchem have their graves.Her gravestone bears a verse from 1 John 2:10:CELUI QUI AIME SON FRÈRE DEMEURE DANS LA LUMIÈRE  ("Whoever loves his brother remains in the light")

Selected works

 Some advice to nurses and other members of the medical services of the armed forces, Geneva 1951
 Medical personnel assigned to the care of the wounded and sick in the armed forces (training, duties, status and terms of enrolment), Geneva 1953

External links

 Correspondence between <mask> <mask> and Carl Jacob Burckhardt - 17 letters written in French between 1941 and 1965 - from Burckhardt's bequest at the library of the University of Basel
<mask> <mask> in the Dodis data bank of the Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland

References

1886 births
1984 deaths
People from Geneva
Red Cross personnel
Huguenots
Nursing theorists
Swiss nurses

masks:
Lucie Odier
Odier
Odier
Antoine Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Charles Odier
Lucie
Odier
Lucie
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Odier
Lucie
Odier
Lucie
Odier


texts:
<mask> (May 16, 1917 – January 28, 1982) (Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate) was a U.S. Army National Guard combat veteran of both World War II and the Korean War. In 2008 he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for heroic actions during the Korean War. He was a full-blooded member of the people of the Lake Traverse Reservation, a federally recognized tribe of Dakota people. On March 3, 2008, following a long campaign by his family and the congressional delegations of both North and South Dakota, President George W. Bush posthumously awarded Keeble the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on October 20, 1951, in the Korean War. Keeble had previously been awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for these actions in 1952. He was wounded at least twice in World War II and three times in Korea, but he had received only two Purple Hearts for these injuries; later he was credited with four Purple Hearts. Early life
Keeble was born on May 16, 1917, in Waubay, South Dakota, to Isaac and Nancy (née Shaker) <mask>, members of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate.While still very young, he moved with them to Wahpeton, North Dakota, where his mother worked at the Wahpeton Indian School. (Since being transferred to the tribe in the 1970s, it is now called Circle of Nations School). She died when Keeble was still a child. Keeble's father, who was too impoverished to feed his family, permanently enrolled <mask> and his siblings in the school. Keeble excelled in sports, especially baseball. He pitched the Wahpeton amateur team to 10 straight victories. He was being recruited by the Chicago White Sox when his Army National Guard unit was called up to serve in World War II.Keeble was called to active duty with his National Guard unit on February 10, 1941. World War II
In World War II, Keeble served with I Company of the famed North Dakota 164th Infantry Regiment. After initial training in Louisiana, the regiment carried out various orders in several West Coast locations before being deployed to Australia in preparation for operations in the Pacific Theater. Keeble's unit was assigned to the United States Army's Americal Division (23rd Infantry Division). The 164th Infantry landed on Guadalcanal on October 13, 1942, to help the battered First Marine Division, which had suffered heavy losses while clearing the South Pacific island of Japanese. The 164th regiment provided the first replacements for the 1st Marines, and although the new boys were green, the exhausted men heartily welcomed the North Dakotans—and their supplies. Keeble's regiment of Dakotans was the first United States Army unit to conduct an offensive operation against the enemy in any theater.Largely because of transport constraints, the Americal Division arrived on Guadalcanal piecemeal, and was fed into combat alongside the battle-hardened Marines. In contrast to the way several U.S. Army divisions were deployed in the Pacific War, the soldiers of the 164th Infantry were able to learn the practical art of jungle warfare against the Japanese without suffering as many casualties as might otherwise have occurred. The battles on Guadalcanal were some of the most brutal of the war. Japanese troops adopted the Banzai charge, wildly attacking in human waves. Sometimes the hand-to-hand battles would last all through the night. During these battles, Keeble's reputation for bravery and skill grew. Nearly a head taller than most of his fellow soldiers, he was an expert with the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR).His other great weapon was his pitching arm, which he used to hurl hand grenades with deadly accuracy. James Fenelon (Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North & South Dakota), who fought with Keeble on Guadalcanal, once remarked, "The safest place to be was right next to <mask>." Despite its ad hoc formation, the Americal Division fought well at Guadalcanal, the 164th Infantry taking on a key role in the defeat of a major Japanese offensive in October 1942. The Dakotans performed so heroically on Guadalcanal in support of the Marines that they received a Navy Presidential Unit Citation. After the battles on Guadalcanal, Keeble and the rest of the regiment participated in combat campaigns on the islands of Bougainville, Leyte, Cebu, and Mindanao. Following the Japanese surrender, the entire Americal Division landed in Japan and took part in the occupation of the Yokohama region. Keeble was discharged from the Army on April 11, 1946, after more than five years of active duty.He had spent most of that period overseas. After the war, Keeble returned to Wahpeton and worked at the Wahpeton Indian School. On November 14, 1947, he married Nettie Abigail Owen-Robertson (born March 30, 1917). <mask>le on combat
Discussing the experience of being in combat for the first time, Keeble said,

Before I experienced the horror of that attack, I was quick to call coward or yellow anyone who showed fear under any circumstances. Nevermore. I don't know these things, but they speak truth to one. I am not a psychologist, nor a statistician, and less of a philosopher; but the depth of emotion, the dreads of fear, the referees of horrors, and the concentration of self that led me to make this observation, the fear impulse, or perhaps, better said, the (impulses caused) by fear, are stronger, more demanding than either that of love or hunger...He also wrote:
Fear in my opinion is a state of drunkenness. And when men are in that state when the fear impulse takes a hold... he loses all reason, sense of values, and is not liable, or at least should not be held accountable for acts perpetrated when thus possessed. Keeble continued:
During the 13 months (in the) almost continual and sustained combat in which I have ever participated, there were moments, and rare ones, I am sure; but they lose none of their terror or horror for which fear laid a relentless and a powerful hold on me, that the pull of cowardice was almost more than I could ward off. There were terrible moments that encompassed a lifetime, an endlessness, when terror was so strong in me, that I could feel idiocy replace reason. (Yet,) I have never left my position, nor have I shirked hazardous duty. Fear did not make a coward out of me. Korean War
The 164th Infantry Regiment was reactivated on January 16, 1951, during the Korean War; they trained at Camp Rucker, Alabama.When Keeble's commanding officer, Lieutenant E. Duane Holly, had to select several sergeants for deployment to the front lines, he decided to have his men draw straws. Keeble volunteered instead. Asked why, Keeble said, "Somebody has to teach these kids how to fight." Keeble was assigned to George Company, 2nd Battalion, 19th Infantry Regiment, 24th Infantry Division. His combat experience and a genuine gift of leadership brought him a quick series of promotions to the level of master sergeant, leading the 1st Platoon. The summer and fall of 1951 were particularly deadly for both sides as the war moved into its second year. The 24th Division was in the central area of the Korean peninsula when, on October 13, 1951, the Division was called upon to take a series of steep mountains protecting a major Chinese supply depot in the town of Kumsong.This push, called Operation Nomad-Polar, was to be the last major United Nations offensive of the war. Keeble, described as a gentle giant by his friends, was a ferocious warrior in battle, as evidenced by his heroic actions over the next six days. Official records confirm Keeble was initially wounded on October 15, and then again on October 17, 18 and 20 - for which he received only one Purple Heart. For his bravery on October 18, he was awarded a Silver Star. His heroism on October 20 made Keeble a legend - and 57 years later resulted in his posthumous Medal of Honor. George Company was in its sixth day of round-the-clock fighting. They were facing deeply entrenched Chinese soldiers on Hill 675–770, the last major Chinese stronghold between the UN forces and Kumsong.Keeble had thus far suffered two rifle gunshot wounds to his left arm, grenade shrapnel to his face that almost removed his nose, and a badly twisted knee; on the 19th, doctors reportedly removed 83 pieces of festering shrapnel Keeble had sustained from a concussion grenade the previous day. On the 20th, Medic Dale Selby told Keeble he should stay back because of his wounds, but Keeble refused to let his men go up the mountain without him. Keeble led all three platoons in successive assaults upon the Chinese who held the hill throughout the day. All three charges were repulsed, and the company suffered heavy casualties. Trenches were filled with enemy soldiers, and fortified by three pillboxes containing machine guns; additional Chinese surrounded the hill. Following the third assault and subsequent mortar and artillery support, the enemy sustained casualties among its ranks in the open trenches. The machine gunners in the pillboxes, however, continued to direct fire on George Company.After Keeble withdrew the 3rd platoon, he decided to attempt a solo assault. "He once told a relative that the fourth attempt he was either going to take them out or die trying," Hawkins said. Armed with grenades and his Browning Automatic Rifle, Keeble crawled to an area 50 yards from the ridgeline, flanked the left pillbox, and used grenades and rifle fire to eliminate it. After returning to the point where 1st Platoon held the company's first line of defense, Keeble worked his way to the opposite side of the ridgeline, where he took out the right pillbox with grenades. "Then without hesitation, he lobbed a grenade into the back entrance of the middle pillbox and with additional rifle fire eliminated it." Hawkins, Keeble's stepson, said one eyewitness told him the enemy directed its entire arsenal at Keeble during his assault. "He said there were so many grenades coming down on <mask>, that it looked like a flock of blackbirds."Even under heavy enemy fire,

masks:
Woodrow Wilson Keeble
Keeble
Woodrow
Woody
Woodrow Keeb
Woody


texts:
 Keeble was able to complete his objective. Only after he killed the machine gunners did Keeble order his men to advance and secure the hill. That day, Master Sergeant Keeble single-handedly destroyed three enemy machine-gun bunkers and killed an additional seven enemy soldiers in nearby trenches. His bravery in the face of enemy fire was so remarkable that a recommendation that he receive the Medal of Honor was twice submitted. In both cases, the recommendation was lost. When Keeble's men endeavored to submit the recommendation a third time, officials informed them they were too late; they were told regulations prevented them from submitting another recommendation. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross on December 20, 1952.The DSC was upgraded posthumously in 2008 to the Medal of Honor. <mask> was removed from front line duty to recover from his wounds and was discharged on August 26, 1952. Later life
<mask> returned to North Dakota after the Korean War. He resumed working at the Wahpeton Indian School. Soon after, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, which required that he undergo long-term treatment in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Surgeons ultimately removed one of his lungs. He suffered a series of strokes that rendered him speechless, partially paralyzed, and unable to work for the remainder of his life.Nettie, his wife of 14 years, died the following year, leaving Keeble to raise their young son, Earl, alone. Keeble fell on hard times and is said to have pawned his service medals. But despite his disabilities, Keeble persevered. In 1967, he married Blossom Iris Crawford-Hawkins (born July 18, 1926), the first Sioux woman to complete a Doctorate of Education. Keeble was a member of the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Post 4324 - Wahpeton, North Dakota. Keeble died January 28, 1982, and is buried in Sisseton, South Dakota. On May 17, 2008, his tombstone was replaced with a Medal of Honor headstone.Medal of Honor campaign
Keeble's family and friends remained dedicated to efforts to get him the Medal of Honor for which he was twice recommended. United States Senators Byron Dorgan (D-ND), Kent Conrad (D-ND) John Thune (R-SD) and Tim Johnson (D-SD) long urged that Keeble be posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Senator Conrad and North Dakota Adjutant General Michael Haugen presented Keeble's family with a duplicate set of his military medals on May 30, 2006, at the Wahpeton Armory. Moments before the event was to begin, word came that Secretary of the Army Francis Harvey was recommending that Keeble's Distinguished Service Cross be upgraded to the Medal of Honor. From there, Keeble's case moved up to the level of Secretary of Defense. In 2007, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, notified the four Dakota senators that a statute of limitations would prevent the Medal of Honor from being granted. The four Dakota senators immediately drafted legislation to remove the last barrier to the posthumous awarding of the medal.In May 2007, the congressional funding bill for Iraq included language to grant a waiver of the statute of limitations to award a Medal of Honor to <mask><mask>. The President could sign off on the recommendation, conditioned on the Secretary of Defense's recommendation for the upgrade of Keeble's DSC. President Bush signed the legislation on May 24, 2007. Senator Thune issued a statement on June 2, 2007, that read, in part,
Master Sergeant <mask>. Keeble served with bravery and dignity, going beyond the call of duty not for notoriety or recognition-but for the mission he believed in and the country he loved. Keeble's legacy is a great source of pride for his family, his fellow Dakota Sioux, and all Americans. The Secretary of the Army's recommendation is wonderful and long-awaited news. I began working with Master Sergeant Keeble's family and tribal officials on resolving this long overdue issue in the spring of 2002, and I will continue to work with Defense officials to ensure that this legendary soldier receives the final and most distinguished honor he deserves.Senator Johnson urged Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates to act quickly on the recommendation. " ... it is my hope that both you and the President can move forward on Master Sergeant Keeble's case as expeditiously as possible," Johnson said in a letter to Gates quoted in the Argus Leader of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. It would be another year before the President would finally award the Medal of Honor to Keeble. Despite failing health, Blossom <mask> was determined to live long enough to accept the Medal of Honor on her husband's behalf, but she died quite suddenly on June 3, 2007. In February 2008, the White House announced that Keeble would be awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously in a ceremony scheduled for March 3, with his family to receive it. "We are just proud to be a part of this for <mask>," Keeble's stepson Russell Hawkins said in a U.S. Army announcement. "He is deserving of this, for what he did in the Armed Services in defense of this country."Hawkins added that this victory is as important for the Sisseton-Wahpeton tribe and North and South Dakota as it is for Keeble and his family. "We are all extremely proud that <mask> is finally receiving this honor. He epitomized our cultural values of humility, compassion, bravery, strength and honor." Hawkins added that Keeble was the embodiment of woyuonihan ("honor"), always carrying himself in a way so that those who knew him would be proud of him. "He lived a life full of honor and respect." Hawkins said his feelings about Keeble echo those of all who knew him. "If he was alive today, I would tell him there's no one I respect more, and how he is everything a man should be: brave, kind and generous.I would tell him how proud I am of him, and how I never realized that all this time, I was living with such greatness." Awards and decorations

Medal of Honor citation

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, March 3, 2008, has awarded in the name of Congress the Medal of Honor to:

Master Sergeant <mask>. Keeble
United States Army

Citation:

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty:

Master Sergeant <mask>. Keeble distinguished himself by acts of gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with an armed enemy near Sangsan-ni, Korea, on October 20, 1951. On that day, Master Sergeant <mask> was an acting platoon leader for the support platoon in Company G, 19th Infantry, in the attack on Hill 765, a steep and rugged position that was well defended by the enemy. Leading the support platoon, Master Sergeant Keeble saw that the attacking elements had become pinned down on the slope by heavy enemy fire from three well-fortified and strategically placed enemy positions. With complete disregard for his personal safety, Master Sergeant Keeble dashed forward and joined the pinned-down platoon. Then, hugging the ground, Master Sergeant Keeble crawled forward alone until he was in close proximity to one of the hostile machine-gun emplacements. Ignoring the heavy fire that the crew trained on him, Master Sergeant Keeble activated a grenade and threw it with great accuracy, successfully destroying the position.Continuing his one-man assault, he moved to the second enemy position and destroyed it with another grenade. Despite the fact that the enemy troops were now directing their firepower against him and unleashing a shower of grenades in a frantic attempt to stop his advance, he moved forward against the third hostile emplacement, and skillfully neutralized the remaining enemy position. As his comrades moved forward to join him, Master Sergeant Keeble continued to direct accurate fire against nearby trenches, inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy. Inspired by his courage, Company G successfully moved forward and seized its important objective. The extraordinary courage, selfless service, and devotion to duty displayed that day by Master Sergeant Keeble was an inspiration to all around him and reflected great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army. Additional honors
On March 17, 2008, the South Dakota Governor Mike Rounds, before a joint session of the State Congress, officially proclaimed the date to be forever commemorated as Woodrow Wilson Keeble Day in the state of South Dakota. On July 23, 2008, North Dakota Governor John Hoeven posthumously presented Keeble with the Theodore Roosevelt Rough Rider Award.The award recognizes present or former North Dakotans who achieve national recognition in their fields of endeavor. In addition to these awards, numerous regional sites also pay homage to the memory of <mask>le. A section of U.S. Highway 12 near Keeble's birthplace in Waubay, South Dakota, is named in his honor. A special shelter in Chahinkapa Park in Wahpeton was built in his honor. Previous to the Medal of Honor ceremony, the gymnasium at the Wahpeton Indian School, now called the Circle of Nations School, was named for him. In May 2008, the school celebrated its 100th anniversary and named a new dormitory for Keeble. The State of North Dakota erected a Medal of Honor Memorial in Roosevelt Park in Minot.North Dakota has more Medal of Honor recipients, per capita, than any other state. A separate pillar was built for <mask>le. It was dedicated during a special celebration on July 4, 2008. A new Armed Forces Reserve Center in Sioux Falls has also been named for Keeble. References

Native American United States military personnel
Korean War recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Day County, South Dakota
Dakota people
1917 births
1982 deaths
United States Army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Silver Star
People from Wahpeton, North Dakota
Military personnel from North Dakota
Sisseton Wahpeton

masks:
Keeble
Keeble
Woodrow W
. Keeble
Woodrow W
Keeble
Woody
Woody
Woodrow W
Woodrow W
Keeble
Woodrow Keeb
Woodrow Keeb


texts:
Dorsey Wesley, better known by his stage name <mask>, is an American record producer, composer and songwriter. Vibe Magazine dubbed Megahertz one of music's "10 Most Valuable Producers", while About.com ranked him on its list of the "Top 50 Greatest Hip-Hop Producers". Described by Billboard Magazine as a "Powerful Producer", Megahertz has enjoyed commercial success producing music for television, film, video games, mixtapes & songs that have been certified gold, platinum and multiplatinum. Associated with artists such as P. Diddy, Snoop Dogg, Jay-Z, 50 Cent, R. Kelly, Busta Rhymes, Nas & Saturday Night Live's Robert Smigel – it has been said that Megahertz "..brings the wattage." Early career
Megahertz is a native of Willingboro, New Jersey. He was raised in a "Christian household that didn't allow rap music." Trying to keep his passion hidden, he would get "extra church time" if his mom heard him rapping.Despite his rigid religious upbringing, <mask> immersed himself in what his mother called "evil music". But as <mask> admitted to Billboard Magazine, "Not being able to listen to music only made me want to hear it more." Tired of rapping over other people's beats, Megahertz began to purchase his own equipment and secretly keep it at his friend's house. Before long, producing music took precedence over rapping. One of his first breakthrough hits was "Bad Boy for Life". According to Vibe Magazine, "...<mask>'s bionic rubber-band beat for 'Bad Boy for Life' put Diddy back in the winner's circle." Grammy nominated and certified four times platinum, it was the second single from P. Diddy's The Saga Continues, which peaked at number two on the US Billboard Mainstream Top 40.The "Bad Boy for Life" music video featured cameo's by actor Ben Stiller, rock drummer Travis Barker, NBA star Shaquille O'Neal and others. Commercial success
Described by Billboard Magazine as a "powerful producer", Megahertz has enjoyed commercial success producing music for television, film, video games, mixtapes & songs that have been certified gold, platinum and multiplatinum. Associated with artists such as P. Diddy, Snoop Dogg, Jay-Z, 50 Cent, R. Kelly, Busta Rhymes, Nas & Saturday Night Live's Robert Smigel – it has been said that Megahertz "..brings the wattage." Megahertz made history when he produced "Gotta Make It to Heaven" for the fourth highest selling U.S. rap album of all-time, 50 Cent's Get Rich or Die Tryin'. With over 12 million copies sold, it is on one of the best selling albums of the decade. Production style
Music writer Raqiyah Mays wrote, "There's power in Megahertz's name: a million cycles per second, to be exact. And when you buy his beats it's as if that power electrocutes whomever he's working with, shocking them into accelerating their skills."Megahertz's genre-bending production style uses original composition, in combination with the occasional use of sampled sounds or songs, performed over programmed drums. One such track was the Nas single "Got Ur Self a Gun", which used "Woke Up This Morning" – the theme song from HBO's The Sopranos. Referencing the music Megahertz created around that sample, MTV's Shaheed Reid wrote, "Megahertz molded pianos and strings that sound like they could've been played at the coronation ceremony for an 18th century king." Another example of his knack for reinterpreting popular music occurred when Megahertz created a track for Tony Yayo's debut album using a sample made popular by Britney Spears. In the words of one fan, "'Love My Style' is probably one of the album's craziest tracks as Megahertz flips the same sample used on Britney Spear's 'Toxic.' What was once sugar-sweet pop takes on a menacing and minister tone and Yayo takes full advantage as he attacks the beat with confidence." Megahertz's diverse production style, opened the door for collaborations with rock groups like P.O.D.& Linkin Park. Attracted to unusual musical pairings, <mask> told Source Magazine, "I like System of a Down and I wouldn't mind doing something with them....I'd work with Limp Bizkit and I'm a Björk fan. I'll do Calypso. I'll do some Indian music, whatever, just bring it on. I'll do it." Resolute that his music continue to evolve, <mask> said, "I'm not into repeat joints- I want to be re-discovered for new sounds each time." Performer
As a performer <mask> grew up rapping, a talent that blossomed into creating jingles, commercial spots and ultimately led to songwriting & singing.In one such performance, Megahertz drops a cameo on the chorus of "Superstar", a song that features Ice Cube, WC & Mack 10. Controversy
One of the most high-profile feuds in American hip hop history was the rivalry between Jay-Z & Nas. Vibe Magazine writer Dave Tompkins recounts, "When Jigga's (a.k.a. Jay-Z's) publicized beef with Nas reached nasty proportions, everyone waited on a response from God's Son (a.k.a. Nas). And he came out swinging with the Megahertz produced "Got Ur Self A Gun" – a killer cut laced with a violent harpsichord." The track was the second single on Nas' Stillmatic album, and just days after its release, Jay-Z retaliated by putting out "Supa Ugly", a combative freestyle, performed over "Got Ur Self A Gun" and Dr. Dre's song "Bad Intentions."Later years
At the height of his production career, he suddenly disappeared from the music industry. According to Megahertz, the reason was due to the death of his father around the time of his success.

masks: Megahertz Megahertz Megahertz Megahertz Megahertz Megahertz Megahertz


texts:
<mask> (or Colart, before 1440 – after May 1484) was a 15th-century Flemish scribe and printer who worked together with William Caxton. He is known as the first printer of a book with copper engravings, and as the printer of the first books in English and French. Biography
<mask> was a central figure in the early printing industry in Bruges. He was active as early as 1454 as a bookseller, and was also active as a scribe, translator and contractor for manuscripts, which meant entering into contracts with the clients, and organizing and sub-contracting the elements such as scribing, decorating and binding. From 1474 until 1476 he worked together with the early English printer William Caxton, and he continued the company on his own afterwards. Caxton probably learned the art of printing from <mask>, and it was from Mansion's press that the first books printed in English (Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye) and French came. He moved to the Burg, the commercial heart of Bruges at the time, in 1478.Mansion suffered heavily under the economic crisis in Bruges in the 1480s, and only one work was printed after the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482. Nothing is known with certainty about his life after 1484, although he may have moved to Picardy. Work
<mask> sold illuminated manuscripts to the aristocracy, and luxurious incunabula to the bourgeoisie, but he was one of the first to also publish smaller and cheaper books of only twenty to thirty pages, mainly in French. Nowadays, 25 editions of incunabula by <mask> alone are known, making him the most prolific of Bruges' early printers. Only two of these are in Latin, all others are in French, many of them first editions. Customers of Mansion include Charles de Croÿ, prince of Chimay, and Marie, the widow of Louis de Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol. Mansion has been called the first printer of luxury books.He collaborated with major manuscript illuminators, such as the Master of the Dresden Prayer Book, who were fast losing work to printing, or copyists of their work. In fact only two of his books are illustrated, the influential Ovide Moralisé with woodcuts, and a French translation of Boccaccio's De Casibus Virorum Illustrium, the first book to be illustrated with engravings, some of which have been claimed to be the work of the Dresden Prayer Book Master and other identified illuminators in the circle of the Master of Anthony of Burgundy. As intaglio prints, the nine engravings had to be printed separately from the relief text and then pasted in, and only three copies are known with the engravings. More copies are known without the engravings, several of which contain illuminations instead. It has been suggested that this was Mansion's original intention (other incunabula left spaces for manual illustration), but that this hybrid product did not attract the wealthy buyers of illuminations, so the engravings were an afterthought, aimed at a less exclusive market. Mansion is also known as the translator of at least five texts from Latin to French, including Le dialogue des créatures, printed by Dutch Gerard Leeu in 1482. Known works

1467: Romuleon (manuscript by Benvenuto Rambaldi da Imola, translated by Jean Miélot, dedicated to Philip the Good
1472 or later: Penitence d'Adam (Testament of Adam) (manuscript), dedicated to Lewis de Bruges
1474-1475: Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye, together with William Caxton and Johann Veldener
1475: The Game and Playe of Chesse, together with Caxton (who translated it from the French version), based on a work by Jacobus de Cessolis
1476: Le Jardin de dévotion by Petrus de Alliaco, Mansion's first book as an independent publisher
1476: De cas de nobles hommes et femmes (De Casibus Virorum Illustrium) by Giovanni Boccaccio, translated into French by Laurent Premierfait, was the first book to be illustrated with engravings, probably made by Marc le Bongeteur.1476: Controversie de Noblesse by Buonaccorso da Montemagno (or Surse de Pistoye), translated into French by Jean Miélot
1476-1477: an anonymous French prediction text
1477: La consolation de la philosophie by Boethius
1477: Estrif de Fortune et de Vertu (anonymous)
1477: Traité de l’espere, French translation of the Tractatus de Origine, Natura, Jure et Mutationibus Monetarum by Nicole Oresme in 26 chapters
1479: Le quadriloque invectif by Alain Chartier
1479: La somme rurale by Jean Boutillier
1479: Opera : De caelesti hyerarchia. De ecclesiastica hyerarchia. De divinis nominibus. De mystica theologia. Epistolae, a complete edition in Latin of the works of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, translated by Ambrosio Traversari
1480: Art de bien mourir (anonymous)
1480? : Guillaume Caoursin, Rhodiae Obsidionis descriptio
before June 1481: Valere Maxime (life of Saint Hubert), dedicated to Philippe de Hornes
1482: Dyalogue des creatures, translated by <mask> from the Latin Dialogus creaturarum
1484: Ovide moralisé, first edition of Ovid's Metamorphoses, illustrated with woodcuts, rearranged and partly rewritten by <mask> himself, published in May 1484. It is his last known work, and it has been speculated that the expensive book bankrupted the company.This book was reprinted as the Bible des poëtes (Poets' Bible) at least four times in Paris between 1493 and 1531. Afterwards, a purer version (with all allegorical additions by <mask> removed, but keeping his translations) under the title Grand Olympe des histoires poëtiques du Prince de poësie Ovide Naso en sa Metamorphose  was published repeatedly between 1532 and 1570. Unknown date:
the Distichs of Cato
Les Evangiles des quenouilles (anonymous, circa 1480)
La doctrine de bien vivre en ce monde (also called Donat espirituel) by Jean Gerson
La Danse des aveugles by Pierre Michault, secretary of Charles the Bold
Invectives contre la secte de Vauderie
Adevineaux amoureux (anonymous). Incunabula by <mask> are scattered throughout collections mainly in Western Europe. The largest such collection is in Paris, and the 16 copies of 10 different titles in the Public Library of Bruges form the second biggest collection. Notes

Sources
T Kren & S McKendrick (eds), Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe, Getty Museum/Royal Academy of Arts, 2003,
Biography at Historische Bronnen Brugge Last accessed at September 27, 2007
Short biography in English at the Dutch Royal Library Last accessed at September 27, 2007

15th-century births
15th-century deaths
Printers of incunabula
French calligraphers
Medieval European scribes
Flemish printers
Businesspeople from Bruges
Burgundian Netherlands businesspeople

masks:
Colard Mansion
Colard Mansion
Mansion
Mansion
Mansion
Mansion
Mansion
Mansion
Mansion


texts:
<mask> of Cesena (<mask> or Michele Fuschi) (c. 1270 – 29 November 1342) was an Italian Franciscan, minister-general of that Order, and theologian. His advocacy of Evangelical poverty brought him into conflict with Pope John XXII. Biography
Of his early life little is known. He was born at Cesena. Having entered the Franciscan Order, he studied at Paris and took the doctor's degree in theology in 1316. He taught theology at Bologna and wrote several commentaries on Holy Scripture and the Sentences of Peter Lombard. At the general chapter in Naples on 31 May 1316, he was elected minister general in absentia and went at once to Assisi, where he convoked a chapter to consider the revision of the Constitutions of the order.Returning to Bologna, he issued the document, Gravi qua premor (21 August 1316), which, together with several other ordinances regarding the matter of poverty, induced John XXII to publish the Bull, Quorumdam exigit (7 October 1317) whose purpose was to explain the decretals of Nicholas III, Exiit qui seminat (13 August 1279), and of Clement V, Exivi de paradiso (6 May 1312). John XXII ordered rebellious spirituals to stop arguing and obey their superiors. Initially, <mask> agreed with the pope in suppressing the Spirituals, whom he had been unable to persuade to conform. As the papal bull concerned the principal chapter of the Franciscan Rule, this action caused no little disturbance within the order. Earlier, in an effort to quell the disagreements between the conventuals and the zelanti, Pope Gregory IX had ruled that all property given to the Franciscans was vested in the Holy See, which granted the friars the mere use of it. This was later confirmed by Pope Nicholas III. John XXII reversed this.By the bull Ad conditorem canonum of 8 December 1322, he declared it ridiculous to pretend that every scrap of food given to the friars and eaten by them belonged to the pope, refused to accept ownership over the goods of the Franciscans in future and granted them exemption from the rule that absolutely forbade ownership of anything even in common, thus forcing them to accept ownership. This was opposed by Cesena and his supporters, who claimed that in adopting the strict poverty upon which Cesena had insisted in his letters, they were following the example and teaching of Christ and the Apostles. They held the view that since Christ and the Apostles held no property, neither should the Church. Thus the controversy finally shifted to a speculative theological question: whether or not it was consonant with Catholic Faith to hold that Christ and the Apostles had no property individually or in common, and while in the famous dispute at Narbonne in 1321 the inquisitor John of Belna claimed that it was heretical, Berengarius of Perpignan declared it a Catholic dogma in perfect accordance with the decretals of Nicholas III and Clement V.

The matter having been brought before John XXII, a further attempt to settle the controversy was made by distinguishing between dominion and simple use, so that both propositions, Christ and the Apostles had no property, i. e., dominion of property, and Christ and the Apostles possessed property, i. e., the use of property, were true. In the Bull Quia nonnunquam (26 March 1322) the pope declared that he intended merely to explain the decrees of his predecessors, and excommunicated anyone who attempted to misconstrue the meaning of the papal Constitution Quorumdam exigit. In June of the same year a general chapter of the order was convoked at Perugia and decided that to assert that Christ and His Apostles possessed no earthly goods was not only not heretical, but sound and Catholic doctrine. At the same time Bonagratia of Bergamo was commissioned to represent the chapter before the papal Curia, at Avignon.Summons to Avignon

The controversy continued unabated until, in 1327, Cesena was summoned to appear before the pope. The latter summoned him to Avignon in 1327 and Cesena eventually agreed to go, after feigning illness and delaying. He obeyed a subsequent summons and was forbidden by the pope under pain of grave censure to leave Avignon. He was thus unable to attend the chapter held at Bologna in May of the following year (1328). Despite his absence and the protest of the papal legate, he was reelected minister general, the chapter deeming the charges against him insufficient to deprive him of office. Cesena managed to win over William of Ockham to his cause. Several prelates and princes wrote to the pope on Cesena's behalf.In the following year, Cesena, Ockham, and a few other high-ranking Franciscans fled from the papal court. They had apparently wished to seek the protection of King Robert of Naples (who favored their views), but a storm on the Mediterranean forced their galley back to the port of Aigues-Mortes, where they transferred to another ship manned by agents of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and were taken to Pisa. Deposition

At Pisa they were received by the party of Louis and were joined by a number of other schismatics. John XXII was declared to be deposed by the Emperor. <mask> was excommunicated by the Pope. He published a solemn appeal from the pope to a council (12 December 1328), posting it on the door of the cathedral. In 1329 <mask> was deposed from the Franciscan leadership, now controlled by the Pope, and in 1330 left with his followers in the entourage of Louis, for Germany.The general chapter of Paris (11 June 1329), at which Cardinal Bertrand presided, had condemned the conduct and writings of Cesena and all who took part with him against John XXII, and had elected Gerard Odon minister general of the Franciscan Order. The pope issued the Encyclical Quia vir reprobus, warning the faithful against Cesena, and the latter answered in his Ad perpetuam rei memoriam innotescat quod ego, Fr. <mask> (25 November 1330) and in Christianæ fidei fundamentum, in which he accused the pope of heresy in the three Bulls, Ad Conditorem Canonum, Cum inter nonnullos, and Quia quorumdam. These and Litteras plurium magistrorum, and Teste Solomone which Cesena wrote in his own defence, are contained in Ockham's Dialogue. Later life

The chapter of Perpignan (25 April 1331) expelled him from the order and sentenced him to perpetual imprisonment. He continued to struggle for his understanding of evangelical poverty for the rest of his life, and issued an appeal against Benedict XII, who had succeeded John XXII, in 1338. He died in Munich, and was buried there in the Franciscan convent, the Barfüsserkirche.He was officially rehabilitated in 1359. <mask> of Cesena was one of the historical characters in Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose. See also
 The Name of the Rose

References

Sources

External links
Catholic Encyclopedia article

 A translation of <mask>'s Shorter Appeal against Quia vir reprobus  (a tract on Franciscan poverty) can be found online

1270 births
1342 deaths
People from Cesena
Italian Franciscans
13th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
14th-century Italian Roman Catholic theologians
14th-century Latin writers
14th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Ministers General of the Order of Friars Minor

masks:
Michael
Michele di Cesena
Michael
Cesena
Cesena
Michael
Michael
Michael