texts:
<mask> (21 January 18016 May 1839) was an Australian grazier, entrepreneur and explorer, best known for his role in the founding of Melbourne. Born and raised in the then-British colony of New South Wales, <mask> settled in Van Diemen's Land (modern-day Tasmania) in the 1820s, where he rose to prominence for hunting bushrangers and as a participant in the Black War. He later co-founded the Port Phillip Association and led an expedition which explored the Port Phillip area on the Australian mainland with the goal of establishing a new settlement. In 1835, <mask> negotiated a treaty with local Aboriginal peoples by offering them tools, blankets and food in exchange for thousands of hectares of land. The treaty resulted in the founding of Batmania, a settlement on the Yarra River which became Melbourne, eventual capital of Victoria and one of Australia's largest and most important cities. <mask> moved there with his convict wife, Elizabeth Callaghan, and their seven daughters, settling on what is now known as Batman's Hill. He died of syphilis shortly afterwards at the age of 38.<mask>'s Treaty was a matter of controversy in his day, and the colonial government in New South Wales refused to recognise it as legitimate. <mask>'s treaty stands as the only attempt by a European to engage Australian Aboriginal people in a treaty or transaction rather than simply claiming land outright. It remains an event of great historical interest and debate. Early life
<mask>'s English parents, William and Mary Bat(e)man, came to Sydney in 1797 aboard the ship the Ganges. William had been transported to the Colony of New South Wales for receiving stolen saltpetre (a precursor ingredient for making gunpowder), but Mary accompanied him as a free passenger, along with their children Maria and Robert. <mask>, the couple's second son, was born on January 21, 1801 at Rosehill, Parramatta, now a suburb of Sydney, but at the time one of the early farming settlements of the fledgling colony. After obtaining his ticket-of-leave, William started a timber-yard business that prospered, and he owned several properties and the licence for the Duke of Wellington hotel in Church Street, Paramatta.In 1810, William changed the family's surname from Bateman, perhaps to avoid convict stigma. William died in 1834, and Mary in 1840. Move to Tasmania

In 1821 <mask> (aged 20 years) and his younger brother Henry journeyed to Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania) to settle on land in the north-east near Ben Lomond. He acquired 'Kingston', a property said to be "...large in acreage and poor agriculturally,...". In early 1826, <mask> captured the notorious cannibal bushranger Thomas Jeffries and later on caught fellow bushranger Matthew Brady, resulting in an additional grant of land by the government. Brady had been wounded in the leg in a conflict with the authorities, but got away safely. <mask> went out unarmed on his own in search of Brady, and found him quite accidentally.He saw a man limping in the bush near a shallow creek, and hastened forward to him. It was Brady. He induced Brady to surrender and return with him. The outlaw was ill and suffering much pain, and did as he was asked. Brady was duly handed over to authorities at Launceston Gaol. Both Jeffries and Brady were sentenced to death. They both hanged together on the gallows in Hobart.<mask> became a grazier. He participated in the capture of Tasmanian Aborigines in 1829. He employed mainland Aboriginal people hired in Sydney, New South Wales, for 'roving parties' hunting Tasmanians. Between 1828 and 1830, Tasmanians in this region were shot or rounded up by bounty hunters like <mask>. As Tasmanian Colonial Governor, George Arthur, observed, <mask> "...had much slaughter to account for". Closer examination of this quote from Governor Arthur reveals a more complex picture of <mask>'s motives and actions on behalf of the government in these so-called "roving parties". For example, in September 1829, <mask> (aged 28), with the assistance of several "Sydney blacks" he brought to Tasmania, led an attack on an Aboriginal family group together numbering 60 to 70 men, women and children in the Ben Lomond district of north-east Tasmania.Waiting until 11pm that night before attacking, he "...ordered the men to fire upon them..." as their 40-odd dogs raised the alarm and the Aboriginal people ran away into thick scrub, killing an estimated 15 people. The next morning, he left the place for his farm, with two badly wounded Tasmanian men, a woman and her two-year-old boy, all of whom he captured. However, he "...found it impossible that the two former [the men] could walk, and after trying them by every means in my power, for some time, found I could not get them on I was obliged to shoot them." The captured woman, named Luggenemenener, was later sent to Campbell Town gaol and separated from her two-year-old son, Rolepana, "...whom she had faced death to protect." <mask> reported afterwards to British Colonial Secretary, <mask>, in a letter of 7 September 1829, that he kept the child because he wanted "...to rear it...". Luggenemenener died on 21 March 1837 as an inmate at the Flinders Island settlement. Later, Rolepana (aged 8 years), travelled with him as part of the founding party of Melbourne in 1835.After <mask>'s death in 1839, Rolepana would have been 12 years old. Boyce notes that Rolepana was employed by colonist George Ware at 12 pounds a year with board on <mask>'s death, "...but what became of him after this is also unknown." However, Haebich records Rolepana as having died in Melbourne in 1842 (he would have been about 15 years). She also says that:

<mask> openly defied Governor Arthur and [George Augustus] Robinson by refusing to hand over two Aboriginal boys in his employ: Rolepana (or Benny Ben Lomond) and Lurnerminer (<mask> or Jack Allen), captured by <mask> in 1828. He claimed the boys were there with the consent of their parents,....He also demonstrated a strong proprietorial interest in the boys, when he told Robinson they were 'as much his property as his farm and that he had as much right to keep them as the government'. Indeed <mask> was convinced that the best plan was to leave the children with the colonists, who clothed and fed them at no expense to the government and raised them to become 'useful members of society'. In a series of letters to Governor Arthur, he 'pleaded hard for the retention of youths educated by settlers and devoted to their service'.<mask> rose to prominence during the time of the Black War of 1830 (aged 29), during which he participated in the Black Line—the formation of a "human chain" across the island to drive Tasmanian Aborigines from their lands into a 'manageable' area. In February 1830, <mask> wrote to the British Colonial Secretary, <mask>, about his difficulty in 'coming up' with [i.e., capturing] the Tasmanian Aborigines. In the same letter, he asked in explaining his difficulty in capturing Tasmanians in the bush, "...if he could follow known [Aboriginal] offenders once they had made it 'to their own ground'. The 19th-century artist, <mask>, captioned one of his Tasmanian paintings Batman's Lookout, Benn Lomond (1835) "...on account of Mr <mask> frequenting this spot to entrap the Natives." <mask>'s neighbour in Van Diemen's Land, Glover said that he was "a rogue, thief, cheat and liar, a murderer of blacks and the vilest man I have ever known". <mask> was diagnosed with syphilis in 1833. By 1835, <mask>'s property, "...Kingston [near Ben Lomond], covered more than , had appropriate animals and buildings, and numerous hands; but it was too rugged to be highly productive."Foundation of Melbourne and Batman's Treaty

Batman sought land grants in the Western Port area, but the New South Wales colonial authorities rejected this. So, in 1835, as a leading member of the Port Phillip Association he sailed for the mainland in the schooner Rebecca and explored much of Port Phillip. When he found the current site of central Melbourne, he noted in his diary of 8 June 1835, "This will be the place for a village." and declared the land "Batmania". Batman's Treaty negotiations with Kulin peoples (Aboriginal peoples of now central Victoria) took place in June 1835 on the banks of the Merri Creek in present-day Northcote (an inner suburb of Melbourne), "...using legal advice from the former Van Diemen's Land attorney-general, Joseph Gellibrand, and with the support of his Aboriginal companions from New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land." However, <mask> did not visit the colonial camp that was later set up on the Yarra River (i.e., Melbourne) until November 1835. Debate has continued for more than a century over this moment in the birth of Melbourne.<mask> writes in his diary on Monday, 8 June 1835 that "... the boat went up the river I have spoken of, which comes from the east, and I am glad to state, about six miles up found the river all good water and very deep. This will be the place for a village. The natives on shore." The previous day <mask> and his party had returned from their meeting with the Kulin Elders along the hills bordering the northern banks of the Yarra. It remains quite unclear whether the party saw the 'place for a village' by the 'Falls'—a long-used homesite for the local peoples, and similarly unclear whether <mask> was in the boat that explored the Yarra on the 8th. But the site has already been noted for its virtues by numerous Britons including <mask> Wedge and <mask>'s Parramatta friend Hamilton Hume." <mask> negotiated a treaty (now known as <mask>'s Treaty but also known as the Dutigulla Treaty, Dutigulla Deed, Melbourne Treaty or Melbourne Deed), with Kulin peoples to rent their land on an annual basis for 40 blankets, 30 axes, 100 knives, 50 scissors, 30 mirrors, 200 handkerchiefs, 100 pounds of flour and 6 shirts.It is unlikely that Kulin people would have understood this as a transfer of land or agreed to it if they had, but, as Percival Serle wrote, "No doubt the blankets, knives, tomahawks, etc., that he gave them were very welcome". In any case, Governor Bourke deemed such a treaty invalid as the land was claimed by the Crown rather than the Kulin peoples and other colonists including the rival party of <mask> Fawkner arrived to settle Melbourne. Later life
<mask> and his family settled at what became known as Batman's Hill at the western end of Collins Street. Having sold his property "Kingston" in Tasmania and brought his wife, former convict Elizabeth Callaghan, and their seven daughters to Melbourne, he built a house at the base of the hill in April 1836. His son, <mask>, was born in November 1837. However, <mask>'s health quickly declined after 1835 as syphilis had disfigured and crippled him, leaving him in constant pain. By the end of 1837 he was unable to walk and was forced to give up squatting and move into trading and investment, but he greatly overstretched his finances and was left vulnerable by his reliance on delegating work to others.As the disease eroded his nose, forcing him to wear a bandage to conceal his ruined face, he became estranged from his wife. In his last months of his life <mask> was cared for by his Aboriginal servants, who carried him around in a wicker perambulator. Following <mask>'s death on 6 May 1839, his widow and family moved from the house at Batman's Hill and the house was requisitioned by the government for administrative offices. <mask>'s will, made in 1837, was out of date at his death as many of the assets bequeathed to his children had already been sold. Years of legal wrangling followed his death, led by <mask>, who had remarried in 1841 to <mask>'s former clerk, William Willoughby, and had only been left £5 in the will by her embittered first husband. The case dragged on, even after <mask>'s heir-at-law, his son <mask>, drowned in the Yarra River in 1845, and its costs absorbed what was left of <mask>'s estate. Legacy

<mask> was buried in the Old Melbourne Cemetery but was exhumed and re-buried in the Fawkner Cemetery, a cemetery named after his fellow colonist (and rival), <mask> Fawkner.A bluestone obelisk was constructed in 1922 which was later moved to Batman Avenue before being returned to the Queen Victoria Market site in 1992. The obelisk is inscribed with the Latin "circumspice" meaning "look around", the entire city of Melbourne being his legacy. The obelisk also states that Melbourne was "unoccupied" prior to <mask>'s arrival in 1835. Australian sprinter <mask> claimed to be a direct descendant of <mask>, although this claim is dubious, given that <mask>'s only son, <mask> <mask>, died aged just 8 or 9 years old by drowning in at Yarra Falls on 11 January 1845. <mask>'s legacy has been challenged in recent years, and most criticism has focused on his killings of Indigenous people in Tasmania. In 2016, Darebin Council voted unanimously to change the name of Batman Park in Northcote. It is now called Gumbri Park, after Gumbri (Jessie Hunter), great-niece of Wurundjeri leader William Barak and the last girl born on the Coranderrk Aboriginal Reserve in Healesville.In 2017, artist Ben Quilty called for <mask>'s statue to be removed from the Melbourne CBD, describing him as a mass murderer who "makes the American Confederates look friendly" and adding that "changing the inscription [on his statue] to 'mass murderer' might slightly appease my sense of justice." The Victorian electoral Division of Batman was abolished in 2018 and renamed the Division of Cooper after Aboriginal political activist William Cooper. Places named after <mask>

 <mask> Bridge (Tasmania)
 Division of Batman (Victorian electoral division; now known as the Division of Cooper)
 Batman Park (Melbourne CBD)
 Batman Park (Northcote, Victoria) – now renamed as Gumbri Park
 Batman's Hill (Melbourne CBD)
 Batman railway station (North Coburg, Melbourne, Victoria)
 Batman Avenue, Melbourne
 Batman Avenue, Keilor Park
 Batman Avenue, Sunbury
 Batman Avenue, Hurstbridge
 Batman Avenue, Shepparton
 Batman Close, Thornton, New South Wales
 Batman Lane, Surry Hills, New South Wales
 Batman Road, Eltham
 Batman Road, Indented Head – the original landing site of <mask> in Port Phillip Bay
 Batman Street, Burnside Heights
 Batman Street, Footscray
 Batman Street, Altona Meadows
 Batman Street, Aberfeldie
 Batman Street, Fitzroy North
 Batman Street, Portarlington
 Batman Walk, Parramatta
 John Batman Drive, Melton West
 John Batman Gardens, Sandringham

See also

History of Melbourne

References

Further reading
 Bell, Agnes Paton (1965). Melbourne: <mask>'s village. Melbourne: Cassell
 Billot, C. P. (1979). <mask>: the Story of <mask> and the Founding of Melbourne. Melbourne: Hyland House.Billot, C. P. (1985). The life and times of <mask> Fawkner. Melbourne: Hyland House. Campbell, Alastair H. (1987). <mask> and the aborigines. Malmsbury, Australia: Kibble Books. Harcourt, Rex (2001), Southern Invasion.Northern Conquest. Story of the Founding of Melbourne, Golden Point Press, Blackburn South. Prior, Wannan and Nunn (1968). A Pictorial History of Bushrangers. Melbourne: Paul Hamlyn
 Attwood, Bain (2009), Possession: Batman's Treaty and the Matter of History, Miegunyah Press, Melbourne, (xviii + 416 pages)
 Boyce, James (2008), Van Diemen's Land, Black Inc, Melbourne
 Boyce, James (2011), 1835: The Founding of Melbourne and the Conquest of Australia, Black Inc., Melbourne
 Reynolds, Henry (1995), Fate of a Free People: A Radical Re-examination of the Tasmanian Wars, Penguin, Melbourne , at page 50, onwards for role in removal of Tasmanian Aborigines. Jan Critchett, (1990), A distant field of murder: Western district frontiers, 1834–1848, Melbourne University Press (Carlton, Vic. and Portland, Or.)Ian D Clark (1990) Aboriginal languages and clans: An historical atlas of western and central Victoria, 1800–1900, Dept. of Geography & Environmental Science, Monash University (Melbourne),
Ian D Clark (1995), Scars in the landscape: A register of massacre sites in western Victoria, 1803–1859, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (Canberra),
 Ian D Clark (2003) That's my country belonging to me' – Aboriginal land tenure and dispossession in nineteenth-century Western Victoria, Ballarat Heritage Services, Ballarat. The Gunditjmara People with Gib Wettenhall (2010), The People of Budj Bim: Engineers of aquaculture, builders of stone house settlements and warriors defending country, em Press, Heywood (Victoria)

Online

 Transcript of <mask>'s journal at the State Library of Victoria. Batmania: a fun way to explore the people and events surrounding the foundation of Melbourne, images of the Batman Land Deed and other historical documents at the National Museum of Australia. Batman Land Deed – National Museum of Australia

1801 births
1839 deaths
Explorers of Australia
Australian explorers
Settlers of Melbourne
Australian people of English descent
19th-century Australian businesspeople
Deaths from syphilis

masks:
John Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
John
John
Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
John Burnett
Batman
Batman
Batman
John
Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
John Burnett
John Glover
Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
John Helder
Batman
Batman
Batman
John Pascoe
Batman
John
Batman
Batman
Batman
Batman
Eliza Batman
Batman
Batman
John
Batman
Batman
John Pascoe
John Batman
Daniel Batman
John Batman
Batman
John Charles
Batman
Batman
Batman
John Batman
Batman
John Batman
John Batman
John Batman
John Batman
John Pascoe
John Batman
John Batman


type: original

texts:
<mask> (July 31, 1810 – November 23, 1891) was a career United States Army officer, regimental commander and prisoner of war. A collection of his letters provide a rare view of military life, the War with Mexico, Indian conflicts, the Civil War, his fall from grace, recovery and post Civil War service. Despite his rough demeanor he was a religious man and reflective of the times he served. He was known for his discipline and blistering tongue-lashings directed at friend and foe who performed unsuitably in his eyes. In the later part of 1862, he saber-slapped (hit with the flat edge of his saber) an inattentive camp guard and loudly declared the soldier an "SOB." Because of his "abuse of the guard," he resigned his rank of colonel, his command and subjected himself to a rigorous religious revival then an active recruiting effort. Forgiven by the press and apparently by the Army, he rejoined the active military as a major in command of a cavalry regiment.He commanded the Cavalry Reserve Brigade briefly, but was denied the promotion and command when another officer his junior took command. He is noted for his July 1863 actions at the Battle of Fairfield where his small cavalry regiment took on two crack Confederate Cavalry Regiments reinforced with light artillery. He was severely wounded in the melee and his right arm had to be amputated while he was a prisoner of war. "Old Paddy" was exchanged on parole in September of that year. After a period of recovery he resumed his career to command the Cavalry Remount Camp in Maryland. Later he was a Special Inspector of Cavalry for the armies of the Potomac and the James where his insistence of doing things right contributed to a higher degree of quality and professionalism. During the post war period he served in Texas then retired as a full colonel on December 15, 1870.Early years
<mask> was born July 31, 1810, in Leyden, New York. He was the son of Benjamin John <mask> <mask> (1779–1852) and Achsah Maria Ely (1787–1864). <mask> had eights siblings. <mask> married Eliza Kurtz (1822–1900) from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 21, 1841 in Leyden Township, Lewis County, New York and had several children. Achsah Catharine (Kate<mask> (about 1843–?) in New York state. Kurtz <mask> (1846–1847) in New York.Annie Martha <mask> (about 1849–?) in Austin, Texas. Jo Ursula <mask> (about 1851–?) in Fort Graham, Texas. <mask> <mask> (1857–?) in Burlington, New Jersey. Military service

<mask> enlisted in the United States Army as a private on October 27, 1832 in Company G, 4th United States Artillery to October 26, 1837.On June 23, 1846 he enlisted with Company A, an engineer battalion during the Mexican War reaching the rank of sergeant and given a brevet promotion to second lieutenant on June 28, 1848 and he was discharged on July 13, 1848. He sent letters to his wife's home from Matamoros, Mexico in 1846. Other letters were sent from Victoria, Mexico dated January 12, 1847 and two from Tampico dated February 9 and 22, 1847. His nickname was "Paddy" reflective of his Irish ancestry. In one letter dated March 14, 1847, from an engineer camp near the city of Veracruz, he mentions some skirmishing near San Juan. His letter of March 30, mentions the surrender of Veracruz to American forces. Another letter dated April 22, 1847, describes following Mexican General Santa Anna to Xalapa.The letter was written from the "Castle of Perote." Other letters describe disease in the army (July 7), skirmishes during the approach to Mexico City and the Battle of Contreras (August 30). From the Halls of Montezuma (September 23) he provides a description of the Battle of Molino del Rey and the suffering of the casualties after that action. In many letters he paints a brief portrait of his life, the hardships of his men, the civilians and the defeated Mexican forces. In his last letter from "The City of Mexico" or Mexico City, his wife Eliza now resides in Rome, New York (May 8, 1848). He was appointed brevet second lieutenant, 2nd Dragoons, in June 1848. On July 13, 1848, he is commissioned a second lieutenant in the Regular Army.He sends a letter to his wife from West Point, Texas in Fayette County on June 25, 1848 where he mentions his promotion as a passing comment. From a camp at Towash Village (April 2, 1849), San Antonio May 20) he encourages his wife to consider coming to Texas. On November 10, 1851 he is promoted to first lieutenant. By January 18, 1852 his wife is at Fort Gates, Texas, while he is at Fort Mason. Then there is a strange letter (August 2, 1853) that is regarding the limits of <mask>'s arrest from Thomas J. Wood at Fort Mason, Texas. This is frustrating because it provides no clue to why he is on house arrest!The July 31 letter it refers to was not copied for the author. Several letters are then exchanged including a tender letter to his daughter Kate on September 22, 1853 and no mention of his "arrest." On March 4, 1854, he is at Fort McKavitt where he describes the needs of his wife for family to his daughter Kate. <mask> served in Texas from 1848 to 1854 and this time was hard for his wife. In 1855 he was in Fort Riley, Kansas. On July 20, 1855, he is at Fort Kearney, Nebraska Territory while his wife is in Burlington, New Jersey and the envelope indicates he is now a captain. He talks about his participation in chasing Native Americans on the plains and their way of life.Other letters mention the Sioux and Utah expeditions in 1855–1856 when he was at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Over the years he writes many letters home, mostly to his daughters. On May 19, 1856, while at Old Fort Cedar, Captain Augustus Pleasonton writes from the headquarters of the Sioux Expedition at Fort Pierre orders to return to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for recruiting duty. <mask> is there by July 17 and in a letter dated April 11, 1857, from the assistant adjutant general, L. Thomas, he is sent back West. In a June 26, 1857 letter he describes to his daughter Kate where he is and how things are going at the post. Then there is a letter (September 13, 1857) regarding an investigation into <mask>'s conduct to the Inspector General, Colonel J. K. F. Mansfield regarding irregularities of recruiting accounts. There is a series of letters to and from the Auditor's Office in the Treasury Department until at least August 1859.Apparently this is resolved because he is promoted to captain on June 14, 1858 and continues with the 2nd U.S. Cavalry until August 3, 1861. In 1861 he leaves the Western territories for the East. On May 16, he is in Washington, D. C. and his wife is now residing in Burlington, New Jersey. Civil War
During the Civil War, <mask> held a number of positions. He served as aide de camp to Brigadier General Joseph Mansfield, who was in command of the Department of Washington. On August 16, 1861, <mask> accepts his appointment as a colonel of the 5th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry from Governor C. S. Olden in Trenton, New Jersey. It is effective on August 24, 1861.On September 25, 1861, the Officers of the 5th New Jersey Infantry write to Brigadier General William R. Montgomery regarding of <mask>'s excess discipline and mistreatment of his men. By December 14, 1861, he was commander of the 3rd Brigade, Hooker’s Division, Army of the Potomac. His October 15 letter from Alexandria, Virginia to Eliza shows pride in his men. On May 4, 1862, he is breveted to major, Regular Army for gallant and meritorious service during the battle of Williamsburg, Virginia. He still held his volunteer rank of colonel. He writes a letter to wife Eliza only 22 miles from the Confederate Capital in Richmond, Virginia, on May 17, 1862. He provides a good description and some detail of his experiences during the Battle of Williamsburg.On May 27 he writes from Bottom's Bridge in Virginia. From the camp of "Seven Pines," six miles before Richmond, Virginia comes a report (June 5, 1862) of the killed and wounded from the 5th New Jersey Infantry during the Battle of Seven Pines in Virginia acknowledged by Colonel <mask>. Then there is a printed commendation from George McClellan to the soldiers of the Army of the Potomac in a letter dated July 1, from Governor Olden in Trenton to <mask> praising his men. "The regiment was brave, and I have reason to congratulate myself in having command of as gallant a regiment as any in the service." Fall from grace and redemption
<mask> had always been a strict taskmaster and disciplinarian typical of a pre-war army sergeant with a mouth that matched. To those who admired him, he earned the nickname of "Old Paddy" and to those that didn't "Old Nose Bag." The latter term comes from an old company punishment for transgression that required the offender mount astride a fence rail, with his arms secured behind him and with his feet tied together.The crowning came with a horse feed bag (the nose bag) placed over the face of the individual. Other forms of company punishment included being strapped to a wagon wheel or being forced to walk a post for hours in full uniform and gear. The harsh discipline was maintained for both officers and enlisted men. <mask> had been warned after the September 25, 1861 letter of complaint from his officers. The volunteers would not put up with the harsh discipline of the pre-war regulars. Due to a slapping incident, reticent of the future strict disciplinarian and vulgar lashing tongue of General George S. Patton, where <mask> "saber slapped" an inattentive guard on the head, <mask> resigned his commission in the volunteer service. A letter dated October 4, 1862 was forwarded General L. Thomas, Adjutant General in Washington, D. C. which was accepted on October 20.<mask> at Camp Kearney, Virginia sends a telegram to Governor C. S. Olden regarding his resignation on October 22 and in reply <mask> is encouraged to participate in recruiting efforts. In a letter dated January 16, 1863 he shows remorse for his actions and a desire for forgiveness to his wife. On February 20, 1863, <mask> writes to General L. Thomas, Adjutant General in Washington, D. C. regarding charges against him for improper recruiting.

masks:
Samuel Henry Starr
Samuel Starr
or Henry
Starr
Samuel
Starr
) Starr
Henry Starr
Starr
Starr
Samuel Benjamin
Starr
Samuel Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr


texts:
 After a period of remorse and religious inner-inspection he returned to the 2nd U.S. Cavalry (formerly the 2nd Dragoons) as a captain. On April 25, 1863, <mask> is promoted to major, Regular Army, with the 6th U.S. Cavalry Regiment. He was breveted lieutenant colonel for gallant and meritorious service in action at Upperville, Virginia on June 21, 1863. <mask> commanded the Cavalry Reserve Brigade briefly.He assumed he would be promoted, but his older age and reputation denied him continued command. Many felt his old school discipline, attitude and the rapidly changing venue of the Union cavalry was beyond him. Remarkably he held his tongue while fuming in outrage but soldiered on. Then for gallant and meritorious service in the Gettysburg Campaign he was breveted to colonel. However his new commander quickly makes a mistake that would be costly to <mask> and the 6th Cavalry. Gettysburg Campaign

The Gettysburg Campaign was a series of engagements before and after the Battle of Gettysburg. To better understand <mask>'s role within the military organization, the following brief is provided.For more details, see Gettysburg Union order of battle. The Army of the Potomac was initially under Major General <mask> then under Major General George G. Meade on June 28, 1863. The Cavalry Corps was commanded by Major General Alfred Pleasonton, with divisions commanded by Brigadier Generals John Buford, David McM. Gregg, and H. Judson Kilpatrick. The following list is the 6th US Cavalry Regiment's documented battles and engagements of June and July 1863. Beverly Ford, Virginia, June 9, at the Battle of Brandy Station. The 6th was under Buford's right wing.Benton's Mill, Virginia, June 17, an engagement near Middleburg. Middleburg, Virginia, June 21, at the Battle of Middleburg. Upperville, Virginia, June 21, at the Battle of Upperville
 Fairfield, Pennsylvania, July 3, at the Battle of Fairfield – This is where <mask> was wounded and taken prisoner. Williamsport, Maryland, July 6, an engagement. Funkstown, Maryland, July 7, a small engagement. Boonesboro, Maryland, July 8 and 9, at the Battle of Boonsboro. Funkstown, Maryland, July 10, at the Battle of Funkstown.Battle of Fairfield

On July 3, 1863, reports of a slow moving Confederate wagon train were reported in the vicinity of Fairfield, Pennsylvania and attracted the attention of newly commissioned Union Brigadier General Wesley Merritt of the Reserve Brigade, First Division, Cavalry Corps. He ordered the 6th U.S. Cavalry under (Brevet Colonel) Major <mask> to scout Fairfield and locate the wagons, resulting in the Battle of Fairfield. <mask> dashed forward under orders after the Confederate supply train. His scouts spotted the wagons and <mask> charged forward. When his forward units under Lieutenant Christian Balder encountered Virginia cavalry and came racing back, <mask> decided to fight. He deployed his men in a defensive posture with a portion of them mounted ready for offensive action on the road. Unknown to <mask> his small cavalry regiment was facing two crack Confederate Cavalry Regiments reinforced with light artillery.<mask> had his 400 troopers dismount perpendicular to the road in the adjoining fields and an orchard on a slight ridge near Fairfield, Pennsylvania. Union troopers directed by their officers took up hasty defensive positions along a fence and a row of trees. <mask>'s 6th Regiment halted a charge of the 7th Virginia Cavalry. <mask>, probably believing the Confederates were retreating charged forward with his mounted troopers. Confederate Chew's Battery unlimbered and opened fire on the Federal cavalrymen. The 7th quickly regrouped and supported by the 6th Virginia Cavalry, the 7th Virginia charged again. It was a cavalryman's worst nightmare of a roiling twisted fight with pistols and blades by an overwhelming mounted force.In the violent melee <mask> was struck by a saber in the head then hit in the arm by a pistol ball. He fell from his horse severely wounded. The Virginia cavalry cleared <mask>'s forces off the ridge inflicting heavy casualties and taking many prisoners. The 6th Cavalry had 6 men listed as killed in action, 5 officers and 23 men wounded and 203 officers and men missing out of 400. General "Grumble" Jones, outnumbering the Union forces by more than 2 to 1, pursued the retreating Federals for three miles to the Fairfield Gap, but was unable to eliminate his quarry. Small groups of the Starr's 6th Cavalry," ... reformed several miles from the field of action by Lt. Louis H. Carpenter," harassed the Virginia troopers giving the impression of the vanguard of a much larger force. Another of <mask>'s lieutenants, named Nolan, though wounded, assisted with the wounded not captured.The 6th Cavalry's stand was considered one of the most gallant in its history and helped influence the outcome the battles being fought around Gettysburg. While the 6th Cavalry regiment was cut to pieces, it fought so well that its squadrons were regarded as the advance of a large body of troops. The Confederate senior officer of those brigades was later criticized severely for being delayed by such an inferior force. Private George Crawford Platt, later Sergeant, an Irish immigrant serving in Carpenter's Troop H, was awarded the Medal of Honor on July 12, 1895, for his actions that day at Fairfield. His citation reads, "Seized the regimental flag upon the death of the standard bearer in a hand-to-hand fight and prevented it from falling into the hands of the enemy." His "commander" was an eyewitness and documented Private Platt's "beyond the call of duty" behavior that day. As a prisoner of war, <mask> was taken into Fairfield by the Confederates.He had his wounds attended to and unfortunately his right arm had to be amputated. He spent a few days in Fairfield until he recovered enough to be transported south. "Old Paddy" was later exchanged in the following September (not November). Post P.O.W. service
On September 3, 1863 after returning home to Philadelphia, <mask> wrote General Lorenzo Thomas, the U.S. Adjutant General, regarding his parole of honor and where he could be reached. On September 19, <mask> received a letter from W. T<mask>, Office of the Commissary General of Prisoners, informing him that his parole was invalid. By December 22, 1863, <mask> was on light duty in Columbus, Ohio as a mustering officer.In September 1864 <mask> was ordered to join Sheridan’s army in the Shenandoah Valley, arriving at Martinsburg, Virginia on October 19. In November 1864, <mask> was assigned as chief mustering and disbursing officer for the state of Ohio. He held this position until January 1865. On April 12, 1865 <mask> wrote to the editor of the "Richmond Whig" and included the "proper lyrics" to a Union song. <mask> then served as special inspector of cavalry for the Armies of the Potomac and the James from January to August 1865. <mask> was then reassigned back to the 6th Cavalry in Maryland. In October 1865, he received a brevet commission to lieutenant colonel in the regular army for his outstanding service.In the later part of October, he was ordered with his regiment to Texas where he took part in the occupation. The 6th was headquartered in Austin, Texas and he brought his family there. <mask>'s daughter Kate married William D. Price of Austin, Texas, in 1866. Price had served as a captain of the 1st Texas Cavalry Regiment (Union) during the Civil War. Following the war, he became a prominent lawyer and judge in Austin. Price died in 1877. <mask> and the 6th participated in various Indian Campaigns from 1867 to 1869 in Texas.His daughter Jo apparently stayed in Philadelphia as evidenced by a series of letters from January 1866 to January 1870. He described various incidents and events he believed she would find interesting. His last letter in the Missouri Historical collection to his daughter Jo dated August 15, 1870 is reflective of his service. During this period of relative quiet, Colonel <mask> retired from the army in December 1870. Retirement and legacy
Returning home to Philadelphia, he participated in the G.A.R. The Grand Army of the Republic was a fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army who had served in the American Civil War. Apparently he was concerned about the loss of his arm and had made an insert for his uniform jacket.To the casual passerby, it appeared as if his arm and hand was present, but limp at his side. His 1870 retirement picture in Philadelphia reflects this. Colonel <mask><mask>, U.S.Army retired, died on November 23, 1891, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia. <mask> left a legacy of many letters, correspondence, military papers regarding his service with various military units. This includes notes and comments from his daughters, especially Kate Price. They are part of the <mask><mask> Papers, 1846–1904 at the Missouri Historical Society Archives in St. Louis, Missouri.The collection is arranged into eight series: Personal Correspondence from <mask> to Family, Personal Correspondence to <mask> (includes letters from veterans regarding reunions and veterans' organizations), Military Correspondence of <mask> (Mexican War, the Civil War, and the Sioux Indian expedition), Military Papers of <mask> (includes forms for quartermaster stores, charges against <mask>, and lists of casualties. The series also includes three folders of General and Special Orders. ), Papers of Other Members of the <mask> Family, Papers of William D. Price, Papers of Other Members of the Price Family, and Miscellaneous. Notes

References

Further reading

External links

  <mask> <mask> at ArlingtonCemetery•net, an unofficial website
 Introduction to Civil War Cavalry
 Platt MOH webpage

1810 births
1891 deaths
Union Army colonels
United States Army officers
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
American military personnel of the Indian Wars
Cavalry commanders
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
American Civil War prisoners of war
Texas–Indian Wars
Burials at Arlington National

masks:
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Joseph Hooker
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
. Hartz
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr
Samuel Starr
Starr
Starr
Samuel H
. Starr
Samuel Starr
Samuel H
. Starr
Samuel Starr
Samuel Starr
Samuel Starr
Samuel Starr
Starr
Starr
Samuel Henry
Starr


texts:
<mask> (born 2 January 1979) is an English former footballer who played in midfield. He most recently played for Luton Town, a club where he spent eight years at in two separate spells. At the beginning of his second stint at Luton in 2008, in which he dropped two divisions to play, Nicholls stated that his main motivation for returning was his love for the club. A long-term knee injury sustained in 2009 led to him volunteering to be released from his contract on 27 August 2010 and he subsequently retired from professional football. Nicholls is one of Luton's most successful captains, having won two promotions and the Football League Trophy during his tenure. Club career

Charlton Athletic
Born in Upton Park, London, Nicholls began his playing career at Charlton Athletic, making his debut in the 1996–97 season as a substitute in a 2–1 loss to Ipswich Town. He scored his first and what turned out to be only goal for the club in a 2–2 draw at home to Barnsley on 15 February 1997.After a serious knee injury ruled him out of most of the 1997–98 season, he failed to break into the team in 1998–99 season and was loaned to Brighton & Hove Albion, who promptly sent him back after four games despite scoring on his debut against Leyton Orient. Wigan Athletic
After a short period back at Charlton, Nicholls was transferred to Wigan Athletic, then in the Second Division, in the summer of 1999 for £250,000, rising to £650,000 based on appearances. In the 1999–2000 season he was injured on his Wigan debut in October and would not play again for another six months, making a total of just 8 appearances over the course of the campaign. Nicholls played in 26 games in the 2000–01 season, scoring his only goal for Wigan in the 2–1 defeat to Reading in the play-off semi-final. Luton Town
In the summer of 2001, Joe Kinnear signed Nicholls for Luton Town for an initial fee of £25,000, rising to £150,000 depending on appearances. He was a pivotal player in Luton's promotion season of 2001–02, becoming the club captain and playing in 42 games. At Luton, Nicholls managed for several seasons to avoid the injuries that dogged him at previous clubs and became the "heart and soul of the team" according to Kinnear.In the 2003–04 season he became injured and missed 5 months of the campaign. After the injury he returned to his preferred central midfield position and contributed to Luton's 10th-place finish. In the 2004–05 season <mask> was voted Player of the Year by Luton supporters as the club won the League One championship. It was <mask> who lifted the championship trophy following a 4–2 victory against Brentford in April. He scored 14 goals, most of which came, crucially at times, from the penalty spot. Nicholls was a vital part of the Luton side that not only finished 10th in the Championship in their first season, but in the match against Liverpool in the FA Cup; a game in which the Hatters went into a 3–1 lead courtesy of Nicholls, once again, with a penalty. The Hatters eventually fell short of the quality to see out the game, losing 5–3, but many of the players, such as Nicholls, who had spent the majority of their careers in the lower leagues, were now in the public eye.Leeds United
On 26 July 2006, <mask> signed for Leeds United for a fee of £700,000. In his first training session with Leeds, he damaged his knee ligaments but hoped to be fit within three months. <mask>' quick rehabilitation allowed him to make his debut for the club as a substitute in Leeds' match against Sunderland on 13 September 2006, over a month before he was due back. <mask> picked up another injury on 30 September 2006 against West Bromwich Albion, which kept him out until December. On 26 October 2006, he was made the new captain of Leeds United by new manager Dennis Wise, with Shaun Derry being appointed his deputy. <mask> returned from injury on 16 December 2006, starting in the 1–0 loss against Ipswich Town. This was his first game as captain of Leeds and it ended with a red card in the dying minutes.Leeds manager Dennis Wise decided not to appeal against the decision, so <mask> missed Leeds' following three matches over the Christmas period. <mask> returned to the side once his suspension had been served in a 2–1 victory over Coventry City. On 3 March 2007, <mask> was dropped for Leeds' home match against Sheffield Wednesday. In his post-match interview, Wise stated that <mask> had asked to leave the club and return to his former club Luton Town. However, Wise demanded that he would not allow Nicholls to return to Luton unless the original fee of £700,000 was to be paid back to Leeds. It was also stated that <mask> had been stripped of the captaincy. He has since become somewhat of a hate figure amongst Leeds fans.He ended the season having made just 15 appearances in all competitions, with his last game for the club coming in late February. Preston North End
On 29 June 2007, <mask> left Leeds and agreed to sign a contract to move to Preston North End for a fee of £750,000. He officially moved to Preston on 5 July 2007, due to Leeds' administration status forcing them to delay all trading until that date. Nicholls' spell at Preston was initially successful. He was a regular fixture in the starting line-up under manager Paul Simpson in the first few months of the season, but featured little following the arrival of new manager Alan Irvine, falling behind Paul McKenna, Darren Carter and new signing Richard Chaplow. On 2 August 2008, it was announced that Preston North End and <mask> had come to an agreement to release him from his contract. Luton Town return
On 2 August 2008, Nicholls signed a three-year contract with former club Luton Town, stating that he will always support Luton and loves the club.He returned as club captain, taking over from Keith Keane. <mask> missed much of the 2008–09 season as a result of recurring injury problems, but returned fully fit in the final run-in of games. On 24 March 2009, he was given a five-game ban and £1,000 fine for supposedly applauding Luton fans for throwing missiles at the referee after a controversial 3–3 draw with Bradford City. On 5 April 2009, <mask> captained Luton to a 3–2 victory over Scunthorpe United at Wembley Stadium in the Football League Trophy final, picking up the man-of-the-match award for his performance in the heart of midfield. He played for Luton in their 0–0 draw with Chesterfield on 13 April, which saw them lose their Football League status and suffer relegation to the Conference Premier. Despite a recurrence of his knee problem, Nicholls played in 23 league games during the 2009–10 season. It was later revealed by Luton director Gary Sweet that Nicholls had deliberately downplayed the seriousness of this injury to lead the team, "playing through excruciating pain and ultimately risking his long term health".Surgery on this knee in early March 2010 ruled <mask> out for up to eight months. Ultimately, this injury proved to be the end of his playing career. On 27 August 2010, he left the club by "respectful, mutual consent" after volunteering to be released from his contract, citing that he did not want to take money out of the club while not contributing on the pitch owing to his injury. In a club statement, managing director Gary Sweet branded Nicholls a Luton Town "legend" and "arguably the club's most successful captain". Post-playing career
On 6 November 2010, it was confirmed by Rushden & Diamonds that <mask> had joined the club's coaching staff. Rushden manager Justin Edinburgh said of him: "He didn't feel his body could train and play anymore... I think he's got good knowledge and will probably give us a different perspective... the players will learn from him and I feel if I can give someone the opportunity it's the right thing to do."Rushden & Diamonds were liquidated in June 2011 after entering financial difficulty and <mask> left the club. He is works in player recruitment for a footballing agency, alongside former Luton defender Marvin Johnson. International career
He was capped once and then sent off for the England under-20 team. Honours
Luton Town
Football League Third Division runner-up (promotion): 2001–02
Football League One: 2004–05
Football League Trophy: 2008–09

References

External links

<mask> profile at the Luton Town website

1979 births
Living people
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Luton Town F.C.players
Leeds United F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Footballers from Upton Park, London
England youth international footballers

masks:
Kevin John Richard Nicholls
Nicholls
Nicholls
Nicholls
Nicholls
Nicholls
Nicholls
Nicholls
Nicholls
Nicholls
Nicholls
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Nicholls
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Nicholls
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Nicholls
Nicholls
Nicholls
Kevin Nicholl


texts:
<mask>n () (born November 14, 1993) is a Chinese professional basketball player for the Liaoning Flying Leopards of the Chinese Basketball Association and the Chinese national team. He is the first Chinese basketball player to sign with Jordan Brand. He is the nephew of former Chinese professional basketball player <mask>. Early life
In July 2009, <mask> attended LeBron James' Skills Academy in Akron, Ohio while already part of the Liaoning Hunters organisation, impressing some observers with his ball handling, dynamism and court vision. His international exploits over the 2010 summer (see below) pushed the league in creating a clause that allowed the then 17-year-old to play in the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA) despite being underage. He made his debut for Liaoning on December 12, 2010 against Qingdao DoubleStar with 10 points and 2 rebounds, finishing the season with averages of 10.3 points and 3.1 assists in 26 minutes per game. By the end of his rookie season, he was selected for the CBA All-star Rookie Challenge, posting 28 points and 6 assists on his way to a game MVP title.<mask> was a late addition to the April 2011 Nike Hoop Summit in Portland, Oregon. Struggling with communication (he reportedly spoke no English whatsoever) he impressed scouts in practice with his dedication and skill but had a quiet game against Team USA, going 1 for 5 from the field and committing two turnovers. Professional career
The 2011–12 CBA season ended with figures of 8.6 points, 3.2 assists and 2 rebounds in around 21 minutes per game for <mask> as Liaoning again failed to make the playoffs. For the second year running, he took part in the Rookie Challenge, leading all players with 30 points in addition to 6 assists on his way to a second game MVP award. Also during the CBA All-Star Weekend, he won the Skills challenge after completing it in 32.7 seconds. He was reportedly offered a contract by Greek League giants Panathinaikos over the 2012 summer. Though the player was said to be interested, his club and local sports administrators vetoed the putative move.Liaoning were vindicated in their decision as he then enjoyed a breakthrough 2012–13 CBA season, starting at point with 34 minutes per game on average as the team finished with its best record in several years and qualified for the playoffs. He scored a career-high 35 points in a December 7 regular season game against the Qingdao Eagles and then dished out a career-high 12 assists against Jiangsu Dragons a month later. Finishing the season with averages of 15.8 points, 4.2 assists and 2.7 rebounds, he equalled his earlier mark with 35 points in a losing effort to the Xinjiang Flying Tigers in Game 5 of the playoffs first round as Liaoning exited. Besides defending his skills challenge title with a 39-second time, <mask> was voted as a starter for the 2013 CBA All-star game. <mask>'s 2013–14 CBA season was severely hampered by a right-arm injury that restricted him to six games over the season. He returned to form during the 2014–15 CBA season, forming a destructive backcourt partnership with Lester Hudson, as Liaoning enjoyed one of their best-ever seasons with a second-place finish in the regular season before going on to reach the Playoffs finals against the Beijing Ducks. The point guard had 14 points—including 10 in the fourth quarter—as Liaoning won game 3 to take a 2–1 lead in the best of seven series, he later had 15 points in game 6 but could not prevent a loss that handed the title to Beijing.Finishing the season with figures of 13.5 points, 5.6 assists and 2.5 steals in nearly 33 minutes per game, he was among the season MVP candidates, besides again being voted as a starter for the All-star game. Despite issues with Liaoning over contractual talks, <mask> continued on that good form for the 2015–16 CBA season, he had a season-high 32 points as well as 10 assists, 6 rebounds and 4 steals to lead Liaoning to an avenging 108–96 win over Beijing in January 2016. He had 26 points (on 91.7% shooting from two) in the team's 16th consecutive win during the penultimate round against the Tianjin Gold Lions, thus guaranteeing the franchise a historic regular-season first place. Finishing the season with 15.5 points, 5.9 assists, 3.2 rebounds and 2.1 assists in 33 minutes per game, he was second in votes for the season's domestic MVP, behind perennial MVP Yi Jianlian. Again voted as starter for the All-star game, he posted 28 points and 8 assists in the North's blowout 172–145 win. In game 3 of the playoffs first round against the Zhejiang Golden Bulls, he had 15 points and a game-high 11 assists to help the Flying Leopards to a 127–111 win and a series sweep. Moving on to the semis against the Guangdong Southern Tigers, <mask> had 20 points, 6 assists and 4 rebounds in a 105–96 game 4 win that took Liaoning to the finals where they would face the unheralded Sichuan Blue Whales.Sichuan series and brawl
After losing game 3 of the series away in Chengdu on 16 March, <mask> was heavily involved in a brawl opposing Sichuan fans with members of the Liaoning organisation. The confrontation started when the Blue Whales fans—who were waiting for their team at the hotel they shared with Liaoning—were provoked by someone in the Liaoning camp when the away team arrived before the home team. This sparked a scuffle between the fans and the Liaoning delegation, the players were not involved until the fathers of <mask> and teammate He Tianju were allegedly attacked, prompting <mask> and some teammates to join the ruckus. <mask>, adamant that he only got involved to protect his father, was sent back to Liaoning along with He and another teammate to receive medical treatment the next day. They took a morning flight one day later. He was ruled out with an injury but <mask> was neither injured nor suspended as had been feared by some. Taking part in game 4 the same day, he had a team-second 18 points and 6 assists, but the visibly rattled Flying Leopards lost the game to go 3–1 down in the series.He then had 17 points, 7 rebounds, 5 steals and a single assist in a combative performance during game 5 that proved in vain as Sichuan won 94–91 to keep the series and the championship in Chengdu. 2017-18 season
Liaoning eliminated Zhejiang with 4-0, which earned Liaoning the first CBA championship. In game 4, <mask> played 35 minutes with 19 points, 8 rebounds, and 5 assists. 2018-19 season
<mask> played 49 games for Liaoning with average 34 minutes, 23.6 points, 4.9 rebounds, 5.8 assists, and 1.9 steals. 2019-20 season
On June 24th, <mask> moved past Eugene Jeter for seventh on the all-time assisting list of CBA. National team career
<mask> led the national representative side to the 2009 FIBA Asia Under-16 Championship title as they won all their games to qualify for the Under-17 World Championship. In the July 2010 event in Hamburg, <mask> led all Under-17s with 22.4 points (to go with 5.5 assists and 4.9 rebounds).At 16, he was a surprise inclusion with the senior Chinese national team at the 2010 FIBA World Championship, making him the youngest ever player to turn up for China. He played only 23 minutes in two games during the tournament, scoring two free throws in addition to 2 rebounds and 2 assists against 4 turnovers. In September of the same year, the youngster participated in a third tournament, namely the 2010 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship, where he made the All-tournament team as China took home the title. The Junior National Team captain was said to have been the leader of a player revolt to oust coach Fan Bin because of his abusive style in April 2011. Thirteen players (including <mask>) signed a letter demanding the Chinese Basketball Association replace Fan, the CBA criticised both the coach—who they suspended—and the players for their public actions. He next appeared at the May 2011 Nike International Junior Tournament with the Under-19s' national team, posting 14.3 points and 3.7 assists whilst drawing 5 fouls per game, on his way to an All-Tournament team selection. In the same age group, <mask> participated in the World Championship played in Latvia in June/July 2011, contributing team bests of 15 points and 2.8 assists per game over the tournament.He was cut from the senior side pegged to play in the 2011 FIBA Asia Championship, before disciplinary issues (such as tardiness and attitude problems during the U19 World Championship) led to him being handed a one-year suspension from the senior side. Recalled to the senior side in April 2012, the 18-year-old was the youngest basketball player at the 2012 Olympic Games where he was a peripheral figure, taking part in three out of the five Chinese losses for 3.3 points and 1 rebound on average. <mask>—now entrenched into the senior national team fold—entered the 2013 FIBA Asia Championship with high hopes, as did perennial title-favourite China. Both flattered to deceive, however; though <mask> had respectable figures of 8.1 points and 2.3 assists per game, he disappeared along with teammates in important games. He had only 7 points (on 3–11 shooting) against South Korea, Iran and Chinese Taipei against all of whom China lost to finish fifth, the lowest-ever finish for a full-strength side at the tournament. He participated in the 2014 Asian Games with China, scoring only 9 points in the quarterfinal round loss against Japan (an opponent that had never beaten them in Asiad history) as China made an early exit. Eager to impress in the 2015 FIBA Asia Championship played at home, <mask> shone, contributing 10.9 points (on 54.8% shooting), 4 assists and 3.2 rebounds per outing in making the tournament's All-Star Five.He earned his first career silverware when China won the title to qualify for the 2016 Olympics. That was helped by his commanding display in the final against the Philippines, outplaying his counterpart and fellow All-Star Jayson Castro to lead his team in scoring 19 points and grabbing 6 rebounds. On May 10, 2017, he became the first Chinese-born player to be signed by Jordan Brand Shoes. In 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup, becoming the best Asian team would won Chinese basketball national team a ticket for 2020 Olympic game. China national team was in the group A against Poland, Venezuela, and Ivory Coast. <mask> was selected as a starting shooting guard and people had high expectations for his performances. Against Korea, <mask> scored the team's highest 16 points, and his three-pointer at the last minute killed the game.Even so, <mask> did not meet people's expectations. His biggest problem stems from the huge ups and downs of his performance. Against Poland, <mask> only played 14 minutes because of too many fouls, and he only scored 6 points. Against Venezuela, <mask> only got one point, and he was abandoned by Li Nan, the head coach, most of the time in the second half. At the end of the qualifying match against Nigeria, <mask> had 2 points, 2 rebounds and 2 assists in 15 minutes. <mask> was included in China's squad for the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification. Career statistics

CBA

Regular season

Playoffs

2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup

Achievements

Personal life
His uncle is former Liaoning Hunters and Chinese national player <mask>ang; coincidentally, he is also Ailun's coach at Liaoning and with the Chinese national team (the latter as an assistant).<mask> is a graduate of Liaoning's Northeastern University. Filmography

Television shows

References

External links
Real GM profile Retrieved 11 August 2016
2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup Player Profile Retrieved 23 April 2021

1993 births
Living people
Basketball players at the 2014 Asian Games
Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Liaoning
Chinese men's basketball players
Liaoning Flying Leopards players
Olympic basketball players of China
Point guards
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from Liaoyang
2010 FIBA World Championship players
Asian Games competitors for China
2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup players

masks:
Guo Ailu
Guo Shiqiang
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo
Guo Shiqi
Guo


texts:
<mask> (5 November 1843 – 11 September 1913) was an English ceramic artist who worked for the Doulton factory at Lambeth from 1867 until his death. Birth and training
Born at 6 Milk Street, Walworth Common, South London, England, <mask> was the son of a greengrocer turned wheelwright and the family suffered extreme poverty. Brought up to follow in his father's footsteps, he spent his spare time carving off-cuts and soon showed a precocious talent for art. He had been impressed as a boy with so-called living statues who displayed themselves at fairs. He used to peek through the cracks of the tents. At home he began to "do the statues before the looking-glass." (Chums boys' annual, 1896, page 135).He started to carve butter stamps and a foreman plasterer in the next street suggested he went to art school to study anatomy. At nineteen he pawned his overcoat to pay for evening classes at the local Lambeth School of Art in Kennington Park Road. In Chums Boys Annual of 1896 <mask> explained: "I had to keep the whole affair dark from my father. Indeed, I went to Lambeth School of Art of a night for months before he knew anything about it. He used to ask my mother where I was, but happily for me she always refused to gratify his curiosity." (Chums, 1896). Before he sold any work he made money by mending cart wheels.He also worked in a fireworks factory earning half a crown per week. From there he moved to a hot presser's where for four shillings per week he worked from seven in the morning until nine at night. In the same year that he began study at Lambeth he created 'The Mocking of Christ', now on show at the Cuming Museum on the Walworth Road, Southwark. From the Lambeth School of Art (now the City and Guilds of London Art School) he went on to the Royal Academy Schools in 1864, winning various medals for his work. Doulton & Co
After the Royal Academy he got a job with Doulton, the Lambeth stoneware manufacturer, <mask> had previously been one of a group of students from the Lambeth School of Art who assisted its principal, John Sparkes in the making of a terracotta frieze for an extension to Doulton's premises. He began work at the Doulton factory making cases for water filters, but soon moved on to making the new range of salt-glazed stoneware that became known simply as "Doulton Ware". About thirty examples of his work were shown at the 1867 Paris Exhibition.His father died in the same year, and he was left as the main supporter of his mother and family. At Doulton, he produced vases, jugs, humorous figures and animals and larger pieces. Through his engagement with Doulton, <mask> also designed an altarpiece, a pulpit and a font for St. Alban's Anglican Church which was consecrated in 1887 in Copenhagen, Denmark. They were donations from the factory to the church and manufactured in terra cotta with salt glazed details to <mask> 's design. Notable work

The Cuming Museum, Southwark, has three examples of his life-sized clay heads and a terracotta scene entitled The Jews making bricks under Egyptian Taskmasters. This last was presented to the museum by Doulton and Co in 1914 as a memorial to <mask>; they seem not to have recognised that it could be interpreted as an allegory of the exploitation of his fellow clayworkers. Many of his pieces were shown at the Royal Academy where they were admired by John Ruskin, amongst others.The first to be exhibited there, in the year he joined the school, was a group of children fighting called "Peace and Wrath in Low Life". A large scale terracotta fountain, "The Fountain of Life", was donated to Kennington Park by Henry Doulton in 1872 (or 1869?). This was vandalised in the 1980s and The Friends of the Park are seeking funding for its restoration. Other pieces by <mask> are to be found in the Museum of Garden History in Lambeth; adjacent to the main entrance of St Bede's College, Manchester; in the panel above the entrance to the former Doulton Works in Black Prince Road, Lambeth; the Baptist Chapel in Wraysbury; in Truro Cathedral, Cornwall; in St Mark's Church in Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent; and in St Mary's Church in Burton, Wiltshire. In 1870, <mask> was commissioned to produce two stone friezes for the royal parish church at Sandringham, Norfolk. The works, entitled The Brazen Serpent and Descent from the Cross were later removed from the church and in 1930 were donated by The Royal Collection to St Gabriel's Church, North Acton, following a national appeal for assistance in completing the church, after its construction costs exceeded the available funds. They remain on public display in Acton.The Cuming Museum has <mask>'s major independent art project in storage. This is a  model of a project for an elaborate memorial to Southwark's connection with Shakespeare, made in 1904. Enough public donations were never achieved to realise it. Though this was <mask>'s most ambitious autonomous art project, he also made a number of complex figure compositions in relief, including The Release of Barabas and Saul attacking David. The Southwark Local Studies Archive has his manuscript (and unpublished) autobiography. At York Minster, the reredos of St Stephen's Chapel in terracotta is due to <mask>. It was added in 1937.Death
<mask> died in London on 11 September 1913 and was buried in his mother's plot at West Norwood Cemetery. The monument on the tomb was one of many destroyed by the London Borough of Lambeth, who reused the grave for new burials in the 1980s. After a legal protest by a descendant, Lambeth placed a simple plaque commemorating the people buried in the plot. His name is commemorated in Tinworth Street, Lambeth. Notes

Further reading
 Rose, Peter. <mask>, Harriman-Judd Collection, Vol 1. CDN Corps, USA, 1982 (including a chronology of principal works compiled by Desmond Eyles).External links

1843 births
1913 deaths
English sculptors
English male sculptors
People from Walworth
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
English potters
20th-century British sculptors
19th-century British sculptors
Alumni of the City and Guilds of London Art School

masks:
George Tinworth
Tinworth
Tinworth
Tinworth
Tinworth
Tinworth
Tinworth
Tinworth
Tinworth
Tinworth
Tinworth
Tinworth
Tinworth
George Tinworth


texts:
<mask> (born 20 November 1945) is an English former professional tennis player. He became Wimbledon Boys' Champion in 1962 and reached the second round of the French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. He is the son of former professional footballer Sir <mask>. Football career
<mask>' first foray in sport was via football, and, like his father, he played on the wing. "But I stopped playing soccer, as we call it in America, when I was 12," he explained in 2007. "I was fairly good, but whoever I played, they kicked the shit out of me. I came with a name, and the mentality was, 'We're going to get <mask>' son.'"

Tennis career
In 1958, <mask>' father arranged for him to attend the Lawn Tennis Association in London. He lived with the family of Charlie Chester, a friend of his father, in North Finchley. In the morning he would work with a private tutor; in the afternoon he would practise at Queen's Club. <mask> was British Junior Champion between 1960 and 1962, the only three-times winner of the title and last British male winner of the tournament. In 1962, <mask> won the Wimbledon Boys' Championship. He can remember the final point by point. "It was against Alexander Metreveli, who went on to be the top Russian and lost in the final of a Wimbledon senior."The match went the distance, and <mask> won 7–5 in the final set. However, despite <mask>' success in the junior ranks, his coach, John Barrett, stated that "ultimately, he just wasn't good enough". <mask>' father said "There is no doubt my reputation did put some pressure on him. I know it worried him a bit, being in my shadow. I hoped he might overcome it." <mask> junior concurs:  "Even though it wasn't football, it was a lot of pressure to live up to the name of <mask>. There would be pictures of my father and me in the papers, and they started to call me the next Fred Perry.Sure, being Dad's son opened some doors, but it also made things harder. Instead of being congratulated if I did well, I was expected to. And if I didn't do well, they'd say 'He's not as good as his father.' Unfortunately, that's how it is. It goes with the territory." In his short career, <mask> played 23 singles matches, winning six of them. Five of these were in Grand Slam tournaments, when he reached the second round of Wimbledon in 1963 and 1969; the second round of the 1967 and 1969 French Opens, beating Ilie Năstase in the first round of the latter; and the second round of the 1971 US Open.He qualified for the first round of Wimbledon for 11 consecutive years, from 1963 to 1973. He also partook in 17 doubles matches, winning four times. In 1967, <mask> won the Surrey Hard Court Championships, defeating Keith Wooldridge in the final. He beat his coach, John Barrett, in the semifinals. The following year, he defeated Wooldridge again in the final of the East of England Championships. In 1971, <mask> represented Britain in the Davis Cup, losing to Yugoslav Boro Jovanović in five sets. "Obviously, I would have liked to have done better, though I didn't have a bad career.But it was becoming more and more difficult to make a living out of tennis. Looking back, certain aspects were not as good as they should have been. I was a serve and volleyer with a weak serve. If I'd had a serve like Andy Roddick's, I would have done much better. I wasn't quite good enough to be one of the best." Matches
In May 1962, <mask> made his debut in a Grand Slam event at the French Open. He faced Ernesto Aguirre in the first round, losing in straight sets.In January 1963, he was knocked out in the first round of the Australian Open by Peter Harris. <mask> won the first set, but Harris came back to win three straight. In June 1963, he made it to the second round of Wimbledon. He defeated Sergio Tacchini in straight sets in the first round, but in round two, he was knocked out in four sets by Rafael Osuna. In January 1964, in his second and final appearance at the Australian Open, he was again knocked out in the first round. This time, it was at the hands of Barry Phillips-Moore in straight sets. In the summer he returned to Wimbledon, where Torben Ulrich ended his event at the first hurdle.The first set went to a tie-break, which Ulrich won 11–9. Into 1965, and <mask> made it to the fourth round of the Cannes Carlton tournament. He beat Gardet in round two. In the third round, he defeated Peter Pokorny, then lost to Jaime Pinto-Bravo in the fourth round. At Beaulieu the same year, he was knocked out in straight sets in the first round by Peter Pokorney. At Wimbledon, <mask> was knocked out in straight sets in the first round by Gene Scott. At 1966's Border Championships, Pat Cramer knocked <mask> out in the first round.At Wimbledon, his first-round match with Ismail El Shafei went to four sets, but the Egyptian won the final set 7–5. Post-retirement
In 1973 <mask> quit playing tennis and tried his hand in the business world, selling air bubbles to cover tennis courts; however, the growing popularity of squash meant that there were fewer and fewer outdoor courts. Aged 29, <mask> moved to the United States, and became a coach at Harry Hopman's Port Washington Tennis Academy and also in Norwalk, Connecticut. At the former, he worked with a promising 15-year-old John McEnroe. "I was still fresh off the tour at the time, so could give him a decent game." In 1976 he became manager at the Four Seasons Racquet Club in Wilton, Connecticut, and has been there ever since. Nine years later, he bought out the original owner."You can always say, 'Gee whizz, I could have done better' but in terms of how my life turned out, I'm very happy. I'm [at the time of interview] still the last British male to win a singles tournament at Wimbledon, and I'm proud of that. For the past 30 years I have considered myself an entrepreneur, and I've managed that in the States with no name recognition." In 1981, <mask> briefly picked up his racquet again after eight years to take part in the United States Tennis Association's National Men's 35 Clay Court Championships at the Palm Beach Polo and Country Club in Palm Beach, Florida. Personal life
<mask> was born to Betty and <mask> on 20 November 1945. He was the couple's second child after Jean, who was born six years earlier. He is married to Joy, with two stepchildren, Greg and Kristy Moran.Grand Slam singles performance timeline

Source

References

External links

 Pathé footage of the final of the 1962 junior lawn tennis championship of Great Britain between <mask> Jnr. & G.R. Stillwell
 "<mask> Back For The Fun Of It In Men's 35 Clay Court Nationals" – The Palm Beach Post, 23 September 1981

1945 births
Living people
English male tennis players
Wimbledon junior champions
Sportspeople from Connecticut
Sportspeople from Staffordshire
British emigrants to the United States
People from Weston, Connecticut
British male tennis players
Tennis people from Staffordshire
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles

masks:
Stanley John Matthews
Stanley Matthews
Matthews
Stanley Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Stanley Matthews
Stanley Matthews
Matthews


texts:
was a Japanese courtier and waka poet of the early Heian period. He was named one of both the Six Poetic Geniuses and the Thirty-Six Poetic Geniuses, and one of his poems was included in the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu collection. He is also known as Zai Go-Chūjō, Zai Go, Zai Chūjō or Mukashi-Otoko. There are 87 poems attributed to Narihira in court anthologies, though some attributions are dubious. Narihira's poems are exceptionally ambiguous; the compilers of the 10th-century Kokin Wakashū thus treated them to relatively long headnotes. Narihira's many renowned love affairs have exerted a profound influence on later Japanese culture. Legends have held that he had affairs with the high priestess of the Ise Grand Shrine and the poet <mask> no Komachi, and that he fathered Emperor Yōzei.His love affairs inspired The Tales of Ise, and he has ever since been a model of the handsome, amorous nobleman. Biography

Birth and ancestry
<mask> no Narihira was born in 825. He was a grandson of two emperors: Emperor Heizei through his father, Prince Abo; and Emperor Kanmu through his mother, Princess Ito. He was the fifth child of Prince Abo, but was supposedly the only child of Princess Ito, who lived in the former capital at Nagaoka. Some of Narihira's poems are about his mother. Abo was banished from the old capital Heijō-kyō (modern Nara) to Tsukushi Province (within modern Fukuoka) in 824 due to his involvement in a failed coup d'état known as the Kusuko Incident. Narihira was born during his father's exile.After Abo's return to Heijō, in 826, Narihira and his brothers Yukihira, Nakahira and  were made commoners and given the surname Ariwara. The scholar Ōe no Otondo was also a brother of Narihira's. Political career

Although he is remembered mainly for his poetry, Narihira was of high birth and served at court. In 841 he was appointed Lieutenant of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards, before being promoted to Lieutenant of the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards and then Chamberlain. In 849, he held the Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. Narihira rose to the positions of Provisional Assistant Master of the Left Military Guard, Assistant Chamberlain, Provisional Minor Captain of the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards, Captain of the Right Division of the Bureau of Horses, Provisional Middle Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards, Provisional Governor of Sagami, reaching the Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade. By the end of his life he had risen to Chamberlain and Provisional Governor of Mino.Literary historian and critic Donald Keene observed in his description of Narihira as the protagonist of The Tales of Ise:

Narihira combined all the qualities most admired in a Heian courtier: he was of high birth (a grandson of the Emperor Heizei), extremely handsome, a gifted poet, and an all-conquering lover. He was probably also an expert horseman, adept in arms, and a competent official. These aspects of his life are not emphasized in The Tales of Ise, but they distinguish Narihira from other heroes of Heian literature, including Genji. Romantic affairs
Narihira was known as a great lover; a third of his poems included in the Kokin Wakashū (Kokinshū) describe his various romantic affairs, and after his death the national history Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku (compiled 901) said of him: "Narihira was elegant and of handsome appearance, but he was unrestrained in his self-indulgence." The Tales of Ise portrays Narihira as falling in love with , a consort of Emperor Seiwa, and it is hinted that this was one of the reasons for his leaving the capital and travelling east. It has been speculated that this romantic affair with the consort of the emperor was the reason why the Sandai Jitsuroku describes his rank as going down from Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade to Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade, before again rising to Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade the following year. However, it has also been speculated that this may be an error in the Sandai Jitsuroku as a result of binding changing the order of events.Furthermore, Fujiwara no Takaiko reputedly had an affair with the monk , which may have formed the core of the otherwise fictional legend that she also had an affair with Narihira. Whether the affair was historical or not, the Reizei family's commentary on The Tales of Ise speculates that Emperor Yōzei was a product of this union, and not the previous emperor. One of Narihira's most famous affairs—the one that gave The Tales of Ise its name—was said to be with , high priestess of the Ise Grand Shrine and daughter of Emperor Montoku. The Tales of Ise describes the protagonist, presumed to be Narihira, visiting Ise on a hunt, and sleeping with the priestess. However, a passage in the Kokinshū describes the meeting ambiguously, in a manner that implies Narihira did not sleep with the priestess herself but rather another woman in her service. The 12th-century work  and the 13th-century work Kojidan claim that the product of this union was , who was later adopted by . Japanologist Helen Craig McCullough stated there was "no evidence" the affair between Narihira and Yasuko was "more than a romantic myth".A headnote to poems 784 and 785 in the Kokinshū connects Narihira to the daughter of . Medieval commentaries call her Narihira's wife, and some modern scholars, such as Katagiri, do the same, although the only early source that explicitly names her is the note in the Kokinshū. In the classical Noh play Izutsu, an adaptation by Zeami Motokiyo of  from The Tales of Ise, portrays Narihira and Ki no Aritsune's daughter as childhood playmates who eventually marry; Narihira is unfaithful to his wife, and her pining spirit appears to a monk after their deaths. It has been speculated, based in part on their being considered the most beautiful man and woman of their age, that Narihira and the poet <mask> no Komachi may have been lovers, but there is little evidence for this. Scholars of the 20th century such as  have held up this speculation, which can be traced back at least as far as the 14th-century historian Kitabatake Chikafusa. Chikafusa likely used Kamakura period Kokinshū commentaries such as the extant , which speculates that one of Komachi's poems was left for Narihira after a tryst. The Bishamondō-bon Kokinshū-chū in turn likely worked from a then-common belief that fictional Tales of Ise was a genuine historical work detailing the actual events in Narihira's life (see above).Kamakura period commentaries on The Tales of Ise therefore tried to insert the names of real women where the original text simply said "a woman", and thus inserted <mask> <mask>chi into several passages of the text. The literary scholar Yōichi Katagiri concluded, on the lack of surviving evidence, that, while it is possible that Narihira and <mask> no Komachi knew each other and were lovers, there was no usable evidence to say conclusively either way. Journey to the east
The Kokinshū, Tales of Ise and Tales of Yamato all describe Narihira leaving Kyoto to travel east through the Tōkaidō region and crossing the Sumida River, composing poems at famous places (see utamakura) along the way. The Tales of Ise implies this journey was the result of the scandalous affair between Narihira and Fujiwara no Takaiko. There are doubts as to whether this journey actually took place, from the point of view both that the number of surviving poems is quite small for having made such a trip and composing poems along the way, and in terms of the historical likelihood that a courtier could have gone wandering to the other end of the country with only one or two friends keeping him company. Death
According to the Sandai Jitsuroku, Narihira died on 9 July 880 (the 28th day of the fifth month of Tenchō 6 on the Japanese calendar). Poem 861 in the Kokinshū, Narihira's last, expresses his shock and regret that his death should come so soon:

Burial site

The location of Narihira's grave is uncertain.In the Middle Ages he was considered a deity (kami) or even an avatar of the Buddha Dainichi, and so it is possible that some what have been called graves of Narihira's are in fact sacred sites consecrated to him rather than places where he was actually believed to have been buried. Kansai University professor and scholar of The Tales of Ise  has speculated that the small stone grove on Mount Yoshida in eastern Kyoto known as  may be such a site. He further speculated that the site became associated with Narihira because it was near the grave-site of Emperor Yōzei, who in the Middle Ages was widely believed to have secretly been fathered by Narihira. Another site traditionally believed to house Narihira's grave is  in western Kyoto, which is also known as . Descendants
Among Narihira's children were the waka poets  () and  (), and at least one daughter. Through Muneyama, he was also the grandfather of the poet <mask> no Motokata. One of his granddaughters, whose name is not known, was married to Fujiwara no Kunitsune and engaged in a clandestine affair with Taira no Sadafun.Names
Narihira is also known by the nicknames ,  and . Zai is the Sino-Japanese reading of the first character of

masks:
Ono
Ariwara
Ono
Ono
no Koma
Ono
Ariwara


texts:
 his surname Ariwara, and Go, meaning "five", refers to him and his four brothers Yukihira, Nakahira, Morihira, and Ōe no Otondo. Chūjō ("Middle Captain") is a reference to the post he held near the end of his life, Provisional Middle Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards. After the recurring use of the phrase in The Tales of Ise, he is also known as . Poetry
Narihira left a private collection, the , which was included in the . This was likely compiled by a later editor, after the compilation of the Gosen Wakashū in the mid-10th century. Thirty poems attributed to Narihira were included in the early 10th-century Kokinshū, and many more in later anthologies, but the attributions are dubious.Ki no Tsurayuki mentioned Narihira in his kana preface to the Kokinshū as one of the Six Poetic Geniuses—important poets of an earlier age. He was also included in Fujiwara no Kintō's later Thirty-Six Poetic Geniuses. Of the eleven poems the Gosen Wakashū attributed to Narihira, several were really by others—for example, two were actually by Fujiwara no Nakahira and one by Ōshikōchi no Mitsune. The Shin Kokinshū and later court anthologies attribute more poems to Narihira, but many of these were likely misunderstood to have been written by him because of their appearance in The Tales of Ise. Some of these were probably composed after Narihira's death. Combined, poems attributed to Narihira in court anthologies total 87. The following poem by Narihira was included as No.17 in Fujiwara no Teika's Ogura Hyakunin Isshu:

As the karuta "name card" of the main character Chihaya Ayase, the poem is appears frequently in the manga and anime Chihayafuru and its history and meaning are discussed. Characteristic style
Although at least some of the poems attributed to Narihira in imperial anthologies are dubious, there is a large enough body of his work contained in the relatively reliable Kokinshū for scholars to discuss Narihira's poetic style. Narihira made use of engo (related words) and kakekotoba (pivot words). The following poem, number 618 in the Kokinshū, is cited by Keene as an example of Narihira's use of engo related to water:

The "water" engo are  ("brooding", but a pun on  "long rain"),  ("a river of tears") and  ("is soaked"). Narihira's poems are exceptionally ambiguous by Kokinshū standards, and so were treated by the anthology's compilers to relatively long headnotes. He was the only poet in the collection to receive this treatment. An example of Narihira's characteristic ambiguity that Keene cites is Kokinshū No.747:

Scholars have subjected this poem, Narihira's most famous, to several conflicting interpretations in recent centuries. The Edo-period kokugaku scholar Motoori Norinaga interpreted the first part of it as a pair of rhetorical questions, marked by the particle ya. He explained away the logical inconsistency with the latter part of the poem that his reading introduced by reading in an "implied" conclusion that though the poet remains the same as before, everything somehow feels different. The late-Edo period waka poet  took a different view, interpreting the  as exclamatory: the moon and spring are not those of before, and only the poet himself remains unchanged. A similar problem of interpretation has also plagued Narihira's last poem (quoted above). The fourth line, , is most normally read as "(I never thought) that it might be yesterday or today", but has been occasionally interpreted by scholars to mean "until yesterday I never thought it might be today"; others take it as simply meaning "right about now". But the emotion behind the poem is nonetheless clear: Narihira, who died in his fifties, always knew he must die someday, but is nonetheless shocked that his time has come so soon.Reception
Tsurayuki's preface to the Kokinshū describes Narihira's poems as containing "too much feeling and insufficient words. They are like faded flowers whose colour has been lost but which retain a lingering fragrance". <mask> Yoshimochi repeats this in his Chinese preface to the Kokinshū, though according to literary scholars Rodd and Henkenius, it may not be negative criticism, and may even "be seen as complimentary". It likely refers to the subjective, emotional nature of his poetry; they say that "'insufficient' may suggest that many of his poems are misleading or unintelligible without explanatory headnotes", and perhaps indicates that "even though Narihira approached the art in an unconventional manner, his poetry succeeds". Keene pointed out that this criticism likely reflected a change in literary tastes in the decades between Narihira's compositions and Tsurayuki's criticisms. His history of Japanese literature, Seeds in the Heart concluded its discussion of Narihira with the following:

Narihira was not a profound poet. His surviving poems are mainly occasional, and even when the expression suggests deeply felt emotion, its worldly manner keeps his poetry from attaining the grandeur of the best Man'yōshū poems in the same vein.He is nevertheless of historical importance as one who maintained the traditions of the waka during the long night of the dominance of poetry in Chinese. Poet and translator Peter McMillan says the large number of Narihira's poems included in the Kokinshū and later court anthologies is an indicator of the high regard in which his poetry was held. Connection to The Tales of Ise
The Tales of Ise is a collection of narrative episodes, centred on Narihira, and presenting poems he had composed, along with narratives explaining what had inspired the poems. Narihira was once widely considered the author of the work, but scholars have come to reject this attribution. Keene speculates that it is at least possible that Narihira originally composed the work from his and others' poems as a kind of inventive autobiography, and some later author came across his manuscript after his death and expanded on it. The protagonist of the work was likely modelled on him. The work itself was likely put together in something resembling its present form by the middle of 10th century, and took several decades starting with Narihira's death.Three stages have been identified in the composition of the work. The first of these stages would have been based primarily on poems actually composed by Narihira, although the background details provided were not necessarily historical. The second saw poems added to the first layer that were not necessarily by Narihira, and had a higher proportion of fiction to fact. The third and final stage saw some later author adding the use of Narihira's name, and treating him as a legendary figure of the past. The late 11th-century  refers to Ise by the variant name Zaigo Chūjō no Nikki ("Narihira's diary"). Influence on later Japanese culture
In later centuries Narihira has been considered the epitome of the amorous bel homme, and his romantic escapades have given rise to many later legends. He and his contemporary <mask> no Komachi were considered the archetypes of the beautiful man and woman of the Heian court, and appear as such in many later literary works, particularly in Noh theatre.It is believed Narihira was one of the men who inspired Murasaki Shikibu when she created Hikaru Genji, the protagonist of The Tale of Genji. Genji makes allusion to The Tales of Ise and draws parallels between their respective protagonists. Though not directly stated in the text, later commentators have interpreted The Tales of Ise as implying that Narihira's illicit union with the empress Fujiwara no Takaiko made him the true father of Emperor Yōzei; whether Murasaki interpreted the work this way is uncertain, but The Tale of Genji describes a very similar incident in which the protagonist, a former imperial prince made a commoner, has an affair with an empress and sires a son who ultimately becomes emperor as his true parentage is kept secret. Narihira appears in tales such as 35 and 36 of Book 24 of the late Heian-period Konjaku Monogatarishū. Along with his contemporary <mask> <mask>chi and the protagonist of The Tale of Genji, Narihira figured prominently in Edo-period ukiyo-e prints and was alluded to in the ukiyo-zōshi of Ihara Saikaku. The 16th-century warrior  used Narihira and the courtly world of The Tales of Ise as an ironic reference in a poem he composed about the severed head of his defeated enemy Tachibana Nagatoshi (), the lord of Tachibana Castle in Chikuzen Province, whom he killed 10 March 1550. Gallery

Notes

References

Works cited

Mabuchi Kazuo, Kunisaki Fumimaro, Inagaki Taiichi.2001 (6th ed. 2006). Konjaku Monogatarishū (3) in Shinpen Nihon Koten Bungaku Zenshū series . Tokyo: Shogakukan. Further reading

External links

List of Narihira's poems in the International Research Center for Japanese Studies's online waka database. The Narihira-shū in the same database. Ariwara no Narihira on Kotobank.825 births
880 deaths
9th century in Japan
9th-century Japanese poets
People of Heian-period Japan
Ariwara clan
Japanese nobility
Japanese male poets
Articles containing Japanese poems
Ise Monogatari
Hyakunin Isshu poets
Deified Japanese

masks:
Ki no
Ono
Ono
no Koma


texts:
<mask> (December 25, 1835December 24, 1916) was an American lawyer and Union Army officer throughout the American Civil War. He served in the famous Iron Brigade of the Army of the Potomac and was awarded an honorary brevet to brigadier general after the war. Early life
<mask> was born on Christmas Day, 1835, and ultimately died on Christmas Eve, 1916. He was the eldest of nine children born to <mask> and <mask> ( McKenzie) at Poland, Ohio. He received a common school education and read law; he was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1857, by Justice Thomas W. Bartley, with the endorsement of Jacob Dolson Cox. The following spring, he moved to Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, and began a legal practice. He quickly distinguished himself, and, in the 1860 general election, he was elected district attorney of Chippewa County.Civil war service
At the outbreak of the American Civil War, <mask> immediately resigned as district attorney, and set about gathering a company of volunteers from Chippewa County. He was offered a commission as captain of the company, but refused. He subsequently accepted commission as . His company became Company A of the 7th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment. The 7th Wisconsin Infantry mustered into service August 16, 1861, and went east to Washington, D.C., for service in the eastern theater of the war. He was promoted to captain in February 1863, and, at the time of the Battle of Gettysburg, he had been detailed from his regiment to serve on the brigade staff of General Solomon Meredith. During the first day of the battle, the Iron Brigade was one of the first two Union brigades to engage the enemy northwest of the town of Gettysburg.During the intense fighting on that first day of battle, Colonel Meredith was wounded, along with several of the other field officers of the brigade—Captain <mask> played an instrumental role in maintaining order and communication among the regiments during the critical retreat to Seminary Ridge. <mask> was effectively in command of the brigade until Colonel Robinson assumed command in the afternoon. General Lysander Cutler, who had previously commanded the Iron Brigade, and who was in command of the brigade next to the Iron Brigade on the first day of Gettysburg, wrote a commendation for Captain <mask>:

General James S. Wadsworth, who was in command of their division, also commended Captain <mask> in a letter to Governor Alexander Randall:

Captain <mask> carried orders along the line to various regiments. As the Union line began to falter in the afternoon, <mask> picked up the colors of a Pennsylvania regiment—which had collapsed in panic—and tried to rally the men to stand together. Unfortunately, the regiment did not re-form, and <mask> ultimately withdrew, still carrying the flag. <mask>'s actions on the first day of Gettysburg were specifically mentioned in General Abner Doubleday's account of the battle in the Official War Records, Series 1, Volume 27, Part 1, Item 29. During the evening after the first day of the battle, <mask>, moving alone between regiments, came upon a Confederate lieutenant and captured him.The lieutenant gave <mask> information about the Confederate plans for the second day of battle, and <mask> rushed to deliver the information to General Doubleday. Doubleday brought <mask> to the council of war, taking place that evening, where <mask> suggested locations for cannon placements. <mask> was promoted to acting lieutenant colonel on August 8, 1864, and took command of the 7th Wisconsin Infantry in December 17, 1864, following the resignation of Colonel Mark Finnicum. During the Battle of Five Forks, in the closing weeks of the war, <mask> personally saved the life of Major General Gouverneur K. Warren, and was wounded in the process. After the war, Warren offered to sponsor <mask> for a commission in the regular army, but <mask> refused. <mask> was mustered out of the volunteers on July 3, 1865. Throughout the war, he was wounded six times and received three honorary brevets, including his final brevet to brigadier general, nominated by President Andrew Johnson on January 13, 1866, and confirmed by the United States Senate on March 12, 1866.Postbellum years
After the war, <mask> remained in Baltimore for several years, restarting his legal career there. While there, he also was selected as a delegate to the 1868 Republican National Convention, and was an enthusiastic supporter of General Ulysses S. Grant's presidential campaign. He returned to Wisconsin in 1870, and maintained a successful legal practice at Chippewa Falls for the next twenty years. During the Spanish–American War he was commissioned as a major in the quartermasters department and served in the Philippines. He moved to the state of Washington in 1900 and established a home at Keyport, in Kitsap County. He died there after a brief illness in 1916, the day before his 81st birthday. Personal life and family
During the first winter of the Civil War, in 1861, <mask>'s commanding officer, Colonel William W. Robinson, brought his family to camp with the regiment in northern Virginia.While there, <mask> befriended Robinson's daughter, Leonora, and fell in love with her. Colonel Robinson objected to their relationship, saying that he did not want his daughter to become a war widow, but <mask> and Leonora defied Colonel Robinson and eloped at Washington, D.C., in the spring of 1862. Colonel Robinson refused to speak to his son-in-law for several months after the marriage, but the two later became close friends. After the war, Colonel Robinson came to live with <mask> and his wife. <mask> and Leonora had two daughters, both were still living at the time of his death in 1916. References

External links

 <mask> <mask> at Wisconsin Historical Society

1835 births
1916 deaths
People of Wisconsin in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
District attorneys in Wisconsin
Wisconsin Republicans
Maryland Republicans

masks:
Hollon Richardson
Richardson
Hollon
Clarissa Richardson
Richardson
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Richardson
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Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
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Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
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Hollon
Richardson