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<mask> (April 1, 1935 – September 1, 1983) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Georgia's 7th congressional district as a Democrat from 1975 until he was killed while a passenger on board Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down by Soviet interceptors. <mask> was active in numerous civic organizations and maintained one of the most conservative voting records in Congress. He was known for his opposition to communism. Remembered as a martyr by American conservatives, he was the chairman of the John Birch Society. Early life and career
<mask> was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, in the eastern part of the city that is in DeKalb County. General George S. Patton was a distant relation. As a child, he attended several private and parochial schools before attending a non-denominational high school.He spent two years at high school before graduating in 1951. He studied at Davidson College from 1951 to 1953, studying history. He entered the Emory University School of Medicine at the age of 17, graduating in 1957. He interned at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta. He trained as a urologist at the University of Michigan Hospital under Reed M. Nesbit. Following completion in 1966 he returned to Atlanta and entered practice with his father. From 1959 to 1961, he served as a flight surgeon in the United States Navy stationed at the Keflavík naval base in Iceland.<mask> married an Icelandic national, Anna Tryggvadottir, with whom he would eventually have three children: Tryggvi Paul, Callie Grace, and Mary Elizabeth. In Iceland, <mask> asserted to his commanding officer that the U.S. Embassy in Reykjavik was doing things advantageous to communists, but was told he did not understand the big picture. After his tour of service he practiced medicine at the McDonald Urology Clinic in Atlanta. He took an increasing interest in politics, reading books on political history and foreign policy. He joined the John Birch Society—a conservative, anti-communist organization — in 1966 or 1967. His passionate preoccupation with politics led to a divorce from his first wife. <mask> made one unsuccessful run for Congress in 1972 before being elected in 1974.In 1975, he married Kathryn Jackson, whom he met while giving a speech in California. <mask> served as a member on the Georgia State Medical Education Board and as chairman from 1969 to 1974. Political career
In 1974, <mask> ran for Congress against incumbent John W. Davis in the Democratic primary as a conservative who was opposed to mandatory federal school integration programs. <mask> criticized Davis for being one of only two Georgia congressmen to vote in favor of school busing. He also attacked Davis for receiving thousands of dollars in political donations from out-of-state groups which he said favored mandatory federal programs that used busing to achieve school integration. <mask> won the primary election in a surprise upset and was elected in November 1974 to the 94th United States Congress, serving Georgia's 7th congressional district, which included most of Atlanta's northwestern suburbs (including Marietta), where opposition to school busing was especially high. However, during the general election, J. Quincy Collins Jr., an Air Force prisoner of war during the Vietnam War, running as a Republican, nearly defeated him, despite the poor performance of Republicans nationally that year due to the aftereffects of the Watergate scandal.However, <mask> would never face another contest nearly that close. <mask>, who considered himself a traditional Democrat "cut from the cloth of Jefferson and Jackson", was known for his conservative views, even by Southern Democratic standards of the time. In fact, one scoring method published in the American Journal of Political Science named him the second most conservative member of either chamber of Congress between 1937 and 2002 (behind only Ron Paul). Even though many of <mask>'s constituents had begun splitting their tickets and voting Republican at the federal level as early as the 1960s, the GOP was still well behind the Democrats at the local level, and conservative Democrats like <mask> continued to hold most state and local offices well into the 1990s. The American Conservative Union gave him a perfect score of 100 every year he was in the House of Representatives, except in 1978, when he scored a 95. He also scored "perfect or near perfect ratings" on the congressional scorecards of the National Right to Life Committee, Gun Owners of America, and the American Security Council. <mask> was referred to by The New American as "the leading anti-Communist in Congress".<mask> admired Senator Joseph McCarthy and was a member of the Joseph McCarthy Foundation. He considered communism an international conspiracy. An admirer of Austrian economics and a member of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, he advocated tight monetary policy in the late 1970s against stagflation, and advocated returning to the gold standard. <mask> called the welfare state a "disaster" and favored phasing control of the Great Society programs over to the states. He also favored cuts to foreign aid, which he said "you could take a chainsaw to". <mask> co-sponsored a resolution "expressing the sense of the Congress that homosexual acts and the class of individuals who advocate such conduct shall never receive special consideration or a protected status under law". He advocated the use of the non-approved drug laetrile to treat patients in advanced stages of cancer despite medical opinion that such use was quackery.<mask> also opposed the establishment of a Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, saying the FBI had evidence that King "was associated with and being manipulated by communists and secret communist agents". A firearms enthusiast and game hunter, <mask> reportedly had "about 200" guns at his official district residence. In 1979, with John Rees and Major General John K. Singlaub, <mask> founded the Western Goals Foundation. According to The Spokesman-Review, it was intended to "blunt subversion, terrorism, and communism" by filling the gap "created by the disbanding of the House Un-American Activities Committee and what [<mask>] considered to be the crippling of the FBI during the 1970s". <mask> became the chairman of the John Birch Society in 1983, succeeding Robert Welch. At the time of his death, Western Goals was being sued by the ACLU for obtaining illegal Los Angeles Police Department Intelligence Files from 1975 that had been ordered destroyed and computerizing them in a database on a $100,000 computer in Long Beach at the house of an attorney connected to the U.S. intelligence community. Many of these files concerned individuals from Ronald Reagan's term as Governor of California, and it was speculated that Western Goals was using these files to blackmail figures in the Reagan Presidential Administration.<mask> opposed the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area in his own district because he did not believe the federal government could constitutionally own national parks. <mask> rarely spoke on the House floor, preferring to insert material into the Congressional Record. These insertions typically dealt with foreign policy issues relating to the Soviet Union and domestic issues centered on the growth of non-Soviet and Soviet sponsored leftist subversion. A number of <mask>'s insertions relating to the Socialist Workers Party were collected into a book, Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution, published in 1977. During his time in Congress, <mask> introduced over 150 bills, including legislation to:
 Repeal the Gun Control Act of 1968. Remove the limitation upon the amount of outside income a Social Security recipient may earn. Award honorary U.S.Citizenship to Russian dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Invite Russian dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn to address a joint meeting of Congress. Prohibit Federal funds from being used to finance the purchase of American agricultural commodities by any Communist country. Create a select committee in the House of Representatives to conduct an investigation of human rights abuses in Southeast Asia by Communist forces. Repeal the FCC regulations against editorializing and support of political candidates by noncommercial educational broadcasting stations. Create a House Committee on Internal Security. Impeach UN Ambassador Andrew Young.Limit eligibility for appointment and admission to any United States service academy to men. Direct the Comptroller General of the United States to audit the gold held by the United States annually. Increase the national speed limit to  from the then-prevailing national speed limit of . Abolish the Federal Election Commission. Get the U.S. out of the United Nations. Place statues of Booker T. Washington and George Washington Carver in the Capitol. Death

<mask> was invited to South Korea to attend a celebration of the 30th anniversary of the United States–South Korea Mutual Defense Treaty with three fellow members of Congress, Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, Senator Steve Symms of Idaho, and Representative Carroll Hubbard of Kentucky.Due to bad weather on Sunday, August 28, 1983, <mask>'s flight from Atlanta was diverted to Baltimore and when he finally arrived at JFK Airport in New York, he had missed his connection to South Korea by two or three minutes. <mask> could have boarded a Pan Am Boeing 747 flight to Seoul, but he preferred the lower fares of Korean Air Lines and chose to wait for the next KAL flight two days later. Simultaneously, Hubbard and Helms planned to meet with <mask> to discuss how to join <mask> on the KAL 007 flight. As the delays mounted, instead of joining <mask>, Hubbard at the last minute gave up on the trip, canceled his reservations, and accepted a Kentucky speaking engagement while Helms attempted to join <mask> but was also delayed. <mask> occupied an aisle seat, 02B in the first class section, when KAL 007 took off on August 31 at 12:24 AM local time, on a  trip to Anchorage, Alaska for a scheduled stopover seven hours later. The plane remained on the ground for an hour and a half during which it was refueled, reprovisioned, cleaned, and serviced. The passengers were given the option of leaving the aircraft but <mask> remained on the plane, catching up on his sleep.Helms meanwhile had managed to arrive and invited <mask> to move onto his flight, KAL 015, but <mask> did not wish to be disturbed. With a fresh flight crew, KAL 007 took off at 4 AM local time for its scheduled non-stop flight over the Pacific to Seoul's Kimpo International Airport, a nearly  flight that would take approximately eight hours. On September 1, 1983, <mask> and the rest of the passengers and crew of KAL 007 were killed when Soviet fighters, under the command of Gen. Anatoly Kornukov, shot down KAL 007 near Moneron Island after the plane entered Soviet airspace. Some families of the victims of the shootdown maintain that there is reason to believe that <mask> and others of Flight 007 survived the shootdown. This viewpoint has received some coverage in the conservative news agency Accuracy in Media and also the New American, the magazine of the John Birch Society. Aftermath
After <mask>'s death, a special election was held to fill his seat in the House. Former Governor Lester Maddox stated his intention to run for the seat if <mask>'s widow, <mask>, did not.<mask> did decide to run, but lost to George "Buddy" Darden. Tribute
There is a cenotaph placed for him at Crest Lawn Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia. On March 18, 1998, the Georgia House of Representatives, "to preserve the memory of the sacrifice and service of this able and outstanding Georgian and recognize his service to the people of his district", named the portion of Interstate 75, which runs from the Chattahoochee River northward to the Tennessee state line in his honor, the <mask> Memorial Highway. Bibliography
Articles
 “Why Does Spotlight Attack the Real Anti-Communists?” Congressional Record, September 9, 1981. Books

 We Hold These Truths: A Reverent Review of the U.S. Constitution. Seal Beach, CA: '76 Press, 1976. .
Revised edition: Larry McDonald Memorial Foundation, Inc., 1992. .
Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution. Introduction by M. Stanton Evans.Foreword by Marx Lewis. Washington, D.C.: ACU Education and Research Institute, 1977. Contributed works
 “Introduction.” The Rockefeller File, by Gary Allen. Seal Beach, CA: '76 Press, 1976. .
 “China in Africa.” Sino-Soviet Intervention in Africa, by Roger Pearson. Washington, D.C.: Council on American Affairs, 1977. . The Future of the United Nations: A Roundtable Discussion (Audiobook). Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1977. .Remarks on the UN, its past and future, and its relations with the United States. Articles by other authors
 Dorman, Zach. “The Congressman Who Created His Own Deep State. Really.”. Politico, 2 December 2018. See also

 Boll weevil (politics)
 John G. Schmitz
 John Rarick
 United States Congress members killed or wounded in office
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)

References

External links

<mask> on Crossfire in 1983

<mask><mask>, late a representative
Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Lawrence Patton <mask> congressional papers, circa 1974-1983

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20th-century American politicians
20th-century Methodists
American anti-communists
American Methodists
American urologists
American people murdered abroad
Davidson College alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Emory University School of Medicine alumni
Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats
John Birch Society members
Korean Air Lines Flight 007
Mass murder victims
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)
Old Right (United States)
Paleoconservatism
Politicians from Atlanta
United States Navy Medical Corps officers
Victims of aircraft shootdowns
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1983
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Soviet Union

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<mask> (30 August 1927 – 23 May 2009) was a British trade union leader. He was the General Secretary of the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section (TASS), from 1974 to 1988, when it merged with ASTMS to form the Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF). He was General Secretary of the MSF, 1988–1992, initially jointly with Clive Jenkins. A committed Communist, he was elected to the TUC General Council in 1974, and was a prominent figure in the militant industrial relations of the 1970s. From 1981 to 1987 he was a member of the Commission for Racial Equality. Background
<mask> was born in Melksham, Wiltshire, in 1927. <mask> was politicised when young, having experienced poverty in his childhood during the Great Depression.He attended a grammar school and was offered officer training during the Second World War, but refused this owing to a political opposition to the officer class. In 1943, aged 15, he became an apprentice draughtsman. During the war his family took in a lodger, a cobbler and communist who convinced the young <mask> of the cause of socialism. In 1945 he was a prominent campaigner for the local Labour candidate, who was elected as the first local Labour MP. In 1949, at the end of his apprenticeship, he moved to London. As a young communist at the height of the Cold War, he travelled to East Germany for the 1951 World Youth Festival, and was briefly arrested while journeying there by the US military police. By his early thirties <mask> had become a director of a successful small engineering firm.Trade union career

In 1962 <mask> stood for office in the Draughtsmen's and Allied Technicians' Association (DATA), being elected a regional official. The militancy of his Merseyside and Northern Ireland region saw <mask> leading workers in a series of industrial battles over pay and conditions. As a result of his success in this, he was elected as deputy general secretary of the union in 1968, bringing him back to London. "As former colleagues attest, <mask> was widely respected as a leader, winning people by persuasion rather than using his authority." DATA's successor, the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section (TASS), became part of the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers (AUEW) in 1971, although it remained quasi-autonomous. During the merger talks MI5 broke into <mask>'s South London home to bug discussions going on there. <mask> became the General Secretary of TASS in 1974, and that same year was the third communist to be elected on to the TUC General Council, with over 7 million votes.With the support of other left-wingers on the Council he helped lead a militant broad left grouping, which played a key role in the ideological and economic battles of the time. He was a leading member of the 'awkward squad' of trade union leaders which made the industrial relations of the nineteen seventies so difficult for successive governments, not least by consistently opposing an enforced incomes policy. He was a leading figure in union opposition to Barbara Castle's contentious 1969 bill on industrial relations, In Place of Strife. From the mid-1970s <mask> used his position on the TUC Council to push for more radical policies in support of equal opportunities. In 1976 he "famously told the TUC Woman's Conference ... that Britain was still a 'socially backward' country," since despite the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act women would still need a 50 per cent pay increase to achieve parity with men. In 1982 he warned against racial prejudice within trade unions, saying that black workers would form their own trade unions if prejudice prevented them from being elected to union posts. <mask> was also an internationalist, pushing within the TUC for more progressive positions internationally.<mask> and his union were among the earliest active supporters of the fight against South Africa's apartheid. On <mask>'s initiative, the union guaranteed the deposit for the 1988 stadium concert that celebrated Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday. When Mandela later visited the UK after his release from Robben Island, he chose the union's conference hall to meet and thank African National Congress exiles and activists. In 1984 <mask> became chairman of the People's Press Printing Society, the cooperative which publishes The Morning Star. <mask>, along with a group of so-called "Tankie" members, was later expelled from the Communist Party of Great Britain when the paper's editor refused to follow the new Eurocommunist party line. In 1985/86 <mask> became the only communist ever to become President of the Trades Union Congress, although by then, following the defeat of the 1984 miners' strike, militancy was in retreat. TASS demerged from the AUEW in 1985, and in 1988 merged with ASTMS to form the Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF), then Britain's fifth-largest union, with 600,000 members.<mask> was General Secretary of the MSF, 1988–1992, initially jointly with Clive Jenkins. <mask> retired as a full-time trade union official in 1992. "Despite being among the most prominent communists in the country, <mask> always saw himself first of all as a trade unionist." In 1993 he was voted the "Trade Unionists' Trade Unionist" in a survey carried out by The Observer newspaper. "<mask> never fitted the cliché image of a communist. While he could be forceful and committed, he was never dogmatic or unnecessarily aggressive." He believed that the Labour Party was central to radical social change.A lifetime supporter of the Soviet Union, he was expelled from the British Communist Party in 1985, when it broke with Moscow. Retirement
After his retirement, <mask> continued campaigning, including against the 2003 Iraq war. He also played a key role in the 1993 founding of the Cuba Solidarity Campaign in the UK, becoming its first chair, only stepping down in 2008. <mask> was also known for his caricatures of fellow trade unionists, and often made on scraps of paper during meetings and conferences. An exhibition of his work was held at Congress House in 2007, and a book of his caricatures was published in April 2009. Books
 <mask> (Author), John Green and Michal Boncza (Editors), 2009 – Hung, Drawn and Quartered, Artery Publications, . The book is a selection of <mask>'s caricatures.The <mask> Memorial Fund
A non-charitable trust was established in 2010 by <mask>'s family and close friends to commemorate <mask>'s life and to continue his life's work. Among its objectives are supporting the Morning Star newspaper, supporting the trade union movement and workers' rights through co-operation with the Institute of Employment Rights and to support solidarity with Cuba, working alongside the Cuba Solidarity Campaign. Trustees included Rodney Bickerstaffe, former general secretary of Unison, the UK's largest public services union. References

Further reading
 Bickerstaffe, Rodney. "<mask>, <mask> [<mask>]" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2013) https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/101722
 Mortimer, J. E.  A Life on the Left (1998)
Thomas, Brian. "'Red Ken' is Dead" (2009) in Melksham and St. Michael's in War and Peace (2014), The Well House Collection, Melksham pp59–60

External links
 The Ken Gill Memorial Fund

1927 births
2009 deaths
British caricaturists
Communist Party of Great Britain members
Communist Party of Britain members
General Secretaries of MSF
General Secretaries of the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section
People from Melksham
British communists
Members of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress

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<mask> (born July 21, 1979) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Houston Texans first overall in the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Fresno State. <mask> also played professionally for the Carolina Panthers, New York Giants, and San Francisco 49ers. He received a Super Bowl ring as a backup for the Giants after their victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI. He joined the NFL Network in 2016 as analyst. Early years
<mask> attended Valley Oak Elementary School in Fresno, California.He continued on to Clovis Unified's Kastner Intermediate School in Fresno, where he proceeded to break a number of California D-I middle school records as quarterback of the Thunderbirds. After moving to Bakersfield, California, <mask> attended Stockdale High School. College career
<mask> began as the starting quarterback at Fresno State during the 2000 and 2001 seasons after redshirting in 1999. While he was quarterback, the Bulldogs went 7-5 and 11-3. In his senior season the team beat Colorado, Oregon State, and Wisconsin, all members of BCS conferences. There was speculation about whether the Bulldogs would qualify for a BCS bid, something then unheard of for a BCS non-automatic qualifying conference team. They climbed to as high as number 8 in the polls, and <mask> was on the cover of Sports Illustrated.During his collegiate career, <mask> completed 565 of 901 passes for 7,849 yards and threw 65 touchdowns versus 22 interceptions. During his senior year, he won the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award and was a finalist for the 2001 Heisman Trophy, finishing fifth. On September 1, 2007, the Fresno State Bulldogs retired <mask>'s #8 jersey in his honor. Former Fresno State football player Robbie Rouse (a junior in 2011) was the last player allowed to wear the number. College statistics

Professional career

Houston Texans

With the first overall pick of the 2002 NFL Draft, the Houston Texans, a new expansion team, selected <mask>. His professional career began on a productive note. The Texans played their first regular season game on September 8, 2002, defeating the Dallas Cowboys, 19–10, at Houston's Reliant Stadium.Houston became just the second expansion team to win its first game. However, <mask> was sacked 76 times during that season, which set a league record. He also set the NFL record for fumble recoveries in a single season, recovering 12 of his own. Both records still stand as of 2022. He finished his rookie year of 2002 with 2,592 passing yards, 9 touchdowns, and 15 interceptions. He also rushed for 282 yards along with 3 rushing touchdowns. The Texans finished 4-12 in their first franchise year.In the 2003 season, <mask> played 12 games (11 starts) with 2,103 passing yards, 9 touchdowns, and 13 interceptions. He also rushed for 151 yards with 2 rushing touchdowns and was sacked only 15 times. The Texans finished with a record of 5-11 in 2003. <mask> started all 16 games in 2004 being sacked a league-leading 49 times. He passed for 3,531 yards with 16 touchdowns and 14 interceptions. The Texans finished 7-9 in 2004. The 2005 season began poorly as the Texans were 1-9 in their first 10 games, and plummeted to a 2–14 record to finish the season.Plagued by injuries and an ineffective offensive line that limited both the running and passing games, <mask> still threw for 2,488 yards while being sacked a league-leading 68 times. Despite the drop-off, the Texans exercised an option in <mask>'s contract that extended him for three years. The Texans finished the 2006 season at 6–10. For the season, <mask> posted a completion percentage of 68.9% (a career-high) and tied the single-game NFL record of 22 consecutive pass completions (against the Buffalo Bills). However, new Texans general manager Rick Smith decided to go in a different direction at quarterback. Thus, the Texans acquired Matt Schaub from the Atlanta Falcons and decided to release <mask>, making him a free agent for the first time of his career. He had been sacked a total of 249 times during his tenure in Houston.Carolina Panthers
<mask> agreed to terms with the Carolina Panthers on April 6, 2007, signing a two-year, $6.2 million contract. Following an injury to starting quarterback Jake Delhomme, <mask> was named the starter. He played in six games (started four games) and had three touchdowns and five interceptions, with a 53.7 completion percentage and a passer rating of 58.3. <mask> suffered a back injury during the fifth game of the season (a victory vs. the New Orleans Saints) on a sack by Will Smith, and saw limited action during the remainder of the 2007 season, being replaced by Vinny Testaverde and Matt Moore. He was released on February 27, 2008. New York Giants (first stint)
On March 12, 2008, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the New York Giants, reuniting with former Houston offensive coordinator Chris Palmer. Subsequently, the Giants released former backup quarterback Jared Lorenzen.<mask> backed up Eli Manning for two seasons. In the 2009 offseason, <mask> was re-signed to a one-year, $2 million contract on February 9, 2009. In his first two years with the Giants, <mask> saw action in seven games and threw three total touchdown passes. San Francisco 49ers

On March 7, 2010, <mask> agreed to terms with the San Francisco 49ers; he served as a back-up to Alex Smith. <mask> was put into the 49ers Week 7 game against his former team the Carolina Panthers after Smith suffered a shoulder injury. <mask> struggled completing only 5 of 13 passes for 67 yards and throwing a crucial interception late in the 4th quarter. He was released by the 49ers on July 28, 2011.New York Giants (second stint)
<mask> signed with the New York Giants on July 31, 2011, as the backup quarterback to starter Eli Manning. <mask> received his only Super Bowl ring in the 2011 season after the Giants beat the New England Patriots 21-17 in Super Bowl XLVI. He did not play a single snap during the 2011 regular season. <mask> re-signed with the Giants on March 14, 2012, to an additional one-year contract. He was waived by the Giants on August 31, 2013. <mask>'s status as a number one draft pick and subsequent career has led to him being considered a draft bust. In 2011, he was included in Foxsports.com's list of the ten worst No.1 overall picks in NFL Draft history. In 2015, NESN ranked <mask> as the 8th worst No. 1 overall pick in NFL Draft history. He is currently on NFL Network as an analyst. NFL career statistics

Coaching career
In 2015, <mask> became offensive coordinator at Bakersfield Christian High School, under head coach and younger brother <mask>. Personal life
<mask> married high school girlfriend Melody Tipton in March 1999. Together they have six children, three of whom have been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, which <mask> also suffers from.His brother, Derek is the starting quarterback for the Las Vegas Raiders. Derek states that <mask> was instrumental to the preparation and training that led up to the 2014 NFL Draft and has helped greatly with training and experience since being drafted by the Raiders. Lon Boyett, his uncle, played in the NFL as a tight end with the 49ers in 1978. See also
 List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders
 List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders

References

External links

 Fresno State profile

1979 births
Living people
Players of American football from Bakersfield, California
American football quarterbacks
Fresno State Bulldogs football players
National Football League first overall draft picks
Houston Texans players
Carolina Panthers players
New York Giants players
San Francisco 49ers players
High school football coaches in California
Alliance of American Football announcers

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Suzanne "<mask><mask> (; born February 8, 1952) is the former Chairwoman of the Nevada Republican Party and a former Nevada state senator. Lowden is a former businesswoman, television news anchor and kindergarten teacher. Lowden was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination in the 2010 United States Senate election in Nevada and the 2014 Nevada Lt. Governor election. A native of National Park, New Jersey raised by a single mother, <mask> is a graduate of American University and Fairleigh Dickinson University. She served as a state senator for Nevada from 1993 to 1997. During her four years in the state legislature, she held the senior leadership position of majority whip.Early life and career
Born Suzanne Parkinson Pluskoski, and raised in New Jersey, Lowden graduated in 1970 from Gloucester Catholic High School. At age 16, she became Miss National Park, New Jersey. She accumulated other local and regional titles, including Miss Gloucester County, Miss Cape May County, Miss New Jersey Apple Princess, and Miss Steel Pier in Atlantic City, New Jersey at age 19 in 1971. Lowden was Miss District of Columbia USA in 1971, and a semi-finalist at Miss USA. Changing her name to Suzanne Plummer, in 1973, she was Miss New Jersey on her second try, and was 2nd runner-up for Miss America having won the swimsuit portion. After a six-week USO tour, she completed a BA in education from American University in Washington, D.C., an MA in elementary education from Fairleigh Dickinson University in Rutherford, New Jersey, and was later granted an Honorary AA from then Community College of Southern Nevada. While finishing her degree, Lowden worked two years as a kindergarten teacher in Edgewater, New Jersey.Then, she moved to Los Angeles, California. Sending job applications to TV stations across the country, in 1978 she landed a job with KLAS-TV in Las Vegas, the local CBS affiliate for southern Nevada. She earned numerous awards for her work as a reporter and anchorwoman, such as the Associated Press and United Press International Award for Best Newscast. She became a member of the KLAS Channel 8 Hall of Fame. She left KLAS in 1987. Lowden became an Executive Vice President of Sahara Hotel and Casino, then President of Santa Fe Station. Having a Nevada gaming license, she currently serves as a Member of the Board of Directors and Secretary-Treasurer of Archon Corporation, a gaming and investment company.For her work, <mask> received a Women of Achievement Award from the Las Vegas Chamber of Commerce. According to statements filed with the Senate Office of Public Records, she and her husband have more than $50 million in stock holdings, much of it in Las Vegas gaming companies. State Senate career
In 1992, <mask> ran for the Nevada State Senate in Clark County District 3 (map), that usually elects members of the Democratic Party. She defeated longtime incumbent Jack Vergiels, who was then serving as the Nevada Senate Majority Leader. In the Nevada Legislature, <mask> served as the Senate Majority Whip and the Chairman of the Senate Taxation Committee. Her work in office earned her the Guardian of Small Business Award from the Nevada chapter of the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), Senator of the Year Award from the Clark County Republican Party, the Woman of the Year Award from the Republican Women of Las Vegas, and the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008 from the Republican Women of Henderson. The Culinary Workers Union representing hotel workers, then the most powerful labor force in Las Vegas, has criticized her for her votes to reform the State Industrial Insurance System and because her casino fought efforts by workers to organize there.She said the union harassed her by picketing her home and threatened her to the point where she had to transfer her children to another school. In 1996, she lost a re-election bid to Democrat Valerie Wiener, while most other incumbents held their seats. In 2007 she became Chairwoman of the Nevada Republican Party and held that position until 2009. 2010 U.S. Senate run

On October 1, 2009, <mask> announced her bid for the Republican nomination for US Senate. Her main opponents in the Republican primary were businessman Danny Tarkanian and former State Assemblywoman Sharron Angle. Had <mask> won the Republican primary, she would have run against U.S. Senator Harry Reid, the Senate Majority Leader.She earned endorsements from Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity,
Jeri Thompson, the Susan B. Anthony List, and former Nevada Governor Robert List. Politico named <mask>'s campaign one of "the worst" of 2010 stating "if Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid wins re-election in Nevada, it will likely be thanks to those 14 words spoken by Republican challenger <mask>", referring to <mask>'s statement regarding "bringing a chicken to a doctor." Politico also cited controversy over <mask>'s use of a campaign supporter's RV, and "an inept response to a question about the Civil Rights Act" as reasons. Tarkanian was her closest primary opponent in two surveys conducted as of April 2010,
but polling after <mask>'s infamous suggestion that people use the barter system to lower their health care costs showed Angle moving to first place. In general election polling, she once held the largest lead against Reid in aggregate polling conducted as of April 2010. But later May polls showed <mask> losing to Harry Reid by 5 percentage points (42-37). In primary election polling, <mask> held an even greater lead of 18 points over her closest primary opponent in two independent surveys conducted April 2010.Her numbers then declined by more than 20 points. Using data from a poll conducted by Mason-Dixon Polling & Research Inc.. the Las Vegas Review-Journal on May 28, 2010 stated that "Republican <mask> has the best chance of defeating U.S. Sen. Harry Reid". The poll predicted that <mask> would win 42 percent of the vote over Reid's 39 percent with a margin of error "plus or minus 4 percentage points." Sharron Angle went on to defeat <mask> by a margin of 13.98%. 2014 election
<mask> confirmed with Nevada political pundit Jon Ralston that she was mulling a run for Nevada Lieutenant Governor in 2014. Ultimately, she lost the primary election to State Senator Mark Hutchison by nearly 18% of the vote. Personal life
In 1983, she married <mask>, a Nevada businessman.At the time, he owned the Sahara and Hacienda casinos. They later built the Santa Fe Station casino and remain majority owners of the Pioneer Hotel & Gambling Hall. He had a boy and girl, and together they had two sons (her youngest died at 17), and have one granddaughter. She and her husband reside in Las Vegas. In 2016, <mask>, son of <mask> was sued by investors of Stoney's Rockin Country for fraud and racketeering. The Stoney' Rockin Country trademark is currently owned by Archon Corporation, which <mask> sits on the board, owns majority of the company stock, and serves an executive position. Appearance in media
Lowden had an impromptu appearance on The Tonight Show in 1978 where she was picked out of the audience by guest host Don Rickles who fawned on her as a result of her physical beauty.Rickles was struck by her beauty and joked towards the end of their discussion, "you've got a great a body, I'm not saying that in any kind of sexy way...I want to be with you so bad <mask>!" <mask> was accompanied by two acquaintances one of which was former professional NFL football player Edgar Chandler. References

External links
<mask> for Senate

|-

1952 births
Living people
American University alumni
Candidates in the 2010 United States elections
Candidates in the 2014 United States elections
Fairleigh Dickinson University alumni
Gloucester Catholic High School alumni
Miss America 1974 delegates
Nevada Republicans
Nevada state senators
People from the Las Vegas Valley
People from National Park, New Jersey
People from Wildwood, New Jersey
State political party chairs of Nevada
Washington, D.C. Republicans
Women state legislators in Nevada
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Beauty queen-politicians

masks:
Sue
" Pluskoski Lowden
Lowden
Lowden
Lowden
Lowden
Lowden
Lowden
Lowden
Sue Lowden
Lowden
Lowden
Lowden
Lowden
Lowden
Sue Lowden
Lowden
Lowden
Lowden
Paul Lowden
Chris Lowden
Sue Lowden
Sue Lowden
Sue
Sue
Sue Lowden


texts:
<mask> (also <mask>) (8 October 1551 – buried 10 December 1618) was an Italian composer, teacher, singer, instrumentalist and writer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He was one of the founders of the genre of opera, and one of the most influential creators of the new Baroque style. He was also the father of the composer <mask> and the singer <mask>. Life
Little is known about his early life, but he is thought to have been born in Rome, the son of the carpenter <mask>; he was the older brother of the Florentine sculptor <mask>. In Rome he studied the lute, the viol and the harp, and began to acquire a reputation as a singer. In the 1560s, Francesco de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, was so impressed with his talent that he took the young Caccini to Florence for further study. By 1579, <mask> was singing at the Medici court.He was a tenor, and he was able to accompany himself on the viol or the archlute; he sang at various entertainments, including weddings and affairs of state, and took part in the sumptuous intermedi of the time, the elaborate musical, dramatic, visual spectacles which were one of the precursors of opera. Also during this time he took part in the movement of humanists, writers, musicians and scholars of the ancient world who formed the Florentine Camerata, the group which gathered at the home of Count Giovanni de' Bardi, and which was dedicated to recovering the supposed lost glory of ancient Greek dramatic music. With <mask>'s abilities as a singer, instrumentalist, and composer added to the mix of intellects and talents, the Camerata developed the concept of monody—an emotionally affective solo vocal line, accompanied by relatively simple chordal harmony on one or more instruments—which was a revolutionary departure from the polyphonic practice of the late Renaissance. In the last two decades of the 16th century, <mask> continued his activities as a singer, teacher and composer. His influence as a teacher has perhaps been underestimated, since he trained dozens of musicians to sing in the new style, including the castrato Giovanni Gualberto Magli, who sang in the first production of Monteverdi's first opera Orfeo. <mask> made at least one further trip to Rome, in 1592, as the secretary to Count Bardi. According to his own writings, his music and singing met with an enthusiastic response.However, Rome, the home of Palestrina and the Roman School, was musically conservative, and music following <mask>'s stylistic lead was relatively rare there until after 1600. <mask>'s character seems to have been less than perfectly honorable, as he was frequently motivated by envy and jealousy, not only in his professional life but for personal advancement with the Medici. On one occasion, he informed the Grand Duke Francesco of two lovers in the Medici household— Eleonora, the wife of Pietro de' Medici, who was having an illicit affair with Bernardino Antinori—and his informing led directly to Eleonora's murder by Pietro. His rivalry with both Emilio de' Cavalieri and Jacopo Peri seems to have been intense: he may have been the one who arranged for Cavalieri to be removed from his post as director of festivities for the wedding of Henry IV of France and Maria de' Medici in 1600 (an event which caused Cavalieri to leave Florence in fury), and he also seems to have rushed his own opera Euridice into print before Peri's opera on the same subject could be published, while simultaneously ordering his group of singers to have nothing to do with Peri's production. After 1605, <mask> was less influential, though he continued to take part in composition and performance of sacred polychoral music. He died in Florence, and is buried in the church of St. Annunziata. Music and influence
The stile recitativo, as the newly created style of monody was called, proved to be popular not only in Florence, but elsewhere in Italy.Florence and Venice were the two most progressive musical centers in Europe at the end of the 16th century, and the combination of musical innovations from each place resulted in the development of what came to be known as the Baroque style. <mask>'s achievement was to create a type of direct musical expression, as easily understood as speech, which later developed into the operatic recitative, and which influenced numerous other stylistic and textural elements in Baroque music. <mask>'s most influential work was a collection of monodies and songs for solo voice and basso continuo, published in 1602, called Le nuove musiche. Although it is often considered the first published collection of monodies, it was actually preceded by the first collection by Domenico Melli published in Venice in March 1602 (stile veneto, in which the new year began on 1 March). In fact, the collection was <mask>'s attempt, evidently successful, to situate himself as the inventor and codifier of monody and basso continuo. Although the collection was not published until July 1602, <mask>'s dedication of the collection to Signor Lorenzo Salviati is dated February 1601, in the stile fiorentino, when the new year began on 25 March. This likely explains why the collection is often dated to 1601.Moreover, he explicitly positions himself as the inventor of the style when describing it in the introduction. He writes:

The introduction to this volume is probably the most clearly written description of the performance of monody, what <mask> called affetto cantando (passionate singing), from the time (a detailed discussion of the affetto cantando performance style can be found in Toft, With Passionate Voice, pp. 227–40). <mask>'s preface includes musical examples of ornaments—for example how a specific passage can be ornamented in several different ways, according to the precise emotion that the singer wishes to convey; it also includes effusive praise for the style and amusing disdain for the work of more conservative composers of the period. The introduction is also important in the history of music theory, as it contains the first attempt to describe the figured bass of the basso continuo style of the Seconda pratica. <mask> writes:

This passage is often overlooked, because it is brief, and located at the very end of the introduction. It is even indicated by <mask> as a "note"; an aside or addendum to the main purpose.It is important to observe, however, that the first explanation of this practice is in the context of an essay about vocal expression and intelligibility. Indeed, it was largely the aim of textual intelligibility that led to the development of this musical style, and to the music of the common practice period. Works
<mask> wrote music for three operas—Euridice (1600), Il rapimento di Cefalo (1600, excerpts published in the first Nuove musiche), and Euridice (1602), though the first two were collaborations with others (mainly Peri for the first Euridice). In addition he wrote the music for one intermedio (Io che dal ciel cader farei la luna) (1589). No music for multiple voices survives, even though the records from Florence indicate he was involved with polychoral music around 1610. He was predominantly a composer of monody and solo song accompanied by a chordal instrument (he himself played harp), and it is in this capacity that he acquired his immense fame. He published two collections of songs and solo madrigals, both titled Le nuove musiche, in 1602 (new style) and 1614 (the latter as Nuove musiche e nuova maniera di scriverle).Most of the madrigals are through-composed and contain little repetition; some of the songs, however, are strophic. Among the most famous and widely disseminated of these is the madrigal Amarilli, mia bella. A setting of Ave Maria written by Russian composer Vladimir Vavilov is often misattributed to Caccini. Recordings
Euridice. Scherzi Musicali with Nicolas Achten, conductor. 2009, Ricercar RIC 269

See also
 Ave Maria (Vavilov) - a popular composition misattributed to Caccini. References
Notes

Sources
Article "Giulio Caccini", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed.Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 2001. Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947.<mask> <mask>, Le nuove musiche, tr. John Playford and Oliver Strunk, in Source Readings in Music History. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1950. External links

1551 births
1618 deaths
People from Tivoli, Lazio
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian Baroque composers
Renaissance composers
Chitarrone players
Italian music theorists
17th-century Italian composers
17th-century male musicians

masks:
Giulio Romolo Caccini
Giulio Romano
Francesca Caccini
Settimia Caccini
Michelangelo Caccini
Giovanni Caccini
Caccini
Caccini
Caccini
Caccini
Caccini
Caccini
Caccini
Caccini
Caccini
Caccini
Caccini
Caccini
Caccini
Caccini
Caccini
Caccini
Giulio
Caccini


texts:
Thomas Woodley "<mask>" <mask> (October 16, 1908 – February 11, 1961) was a professional baseball player whose career spanned 13 seasons in minor league baseball. Over that time, Abernathy played for multiple teams in multiple leagues including the Class-D Vicksburg Hill Billies (1928) of the Cotton States League; the Class-B Montgomery Lions (1929–1930) of the Southeastern League; the Class-A Birmingham Barons (1931–1933) of the Southern Association; the Double-A Baltimore Orioles (1934–1937) and the Double-A Buffalo Bisons (1938) of the International League; the Class-A1 Knoxville Smokies (1939) of the Southern Association; and the Double-A Milwaukee Brewers (1940) and the St. Paul Saints (1940) of the American Association. During his career in the minors, Abernathy batted .315 with 1997 hits, 345 doubles, 106 triples and 210 home runs in 1713 games. For college, Abernathy attended Auburn University, where he played football. During his tenure in the International League, Abernathy ranked in the top-five in home runs hit in all of his four seasons in the league, including leading twice (1934, 1936). Although Abernathy never played in Major League Baseball, his contract was purchased by the Philadelphia Phillies from the Baltimore Orioles in 1935 and spent spring training with the Phillies in 1936. During the 1938 season, while playing with the Buffalo Bisons, Abernathy suffered a fractured skull after being stuck in the head by a pitch and was hospitalized for nearly a month.Abernathy batted left-handed and threw right-handed. Early life
Thomas Woodley "<mask>" <mask> was born on October 16, 1908, in Athens, Alabama, to Thomas H. and Hortence <mask> of Tennessee and Texas, respectively. Thomas H<mask> worked as a meat cutter in Jefferson, Alabama. <mask> attended Auburn University in Auburn, Alabama. While at Auburn, Abernathy was described as a "football star" by the Associated Press; however, he chose to play baseball professionally instead. Professional career

Early career
Abernathy began his professional career with the Class-D Vicksburg Hill Billies of the Cotton States League in 1928. With the Hill Billies, Abernathy batted .358 with 60 runs, 169 hits, 33 doubles, 16 triples, two home runs and six stolen bases in 123 games played.On the defensive side, Abernathy played 63 games at first base and 57 games in the outfield. He was second in the Cotton States League in triples, third in hits, sixth in doubles and ninth in batting average. In 1929, Abernathy began his tenure with the Class-B Montgomery Lions. With the Lions, he batted .339 with 172 hits, 30 doubles, 13 triples and three home runs in 138 games. <mask> was tied for third in the Southeastern League in triples, fourth in doubles, fifth in hits and tied for seventh in batting average. During the 1930 season, while playing with the Montgomery Lions, Abernathy batted .339 with 172 hits, 22 doubles, 11 triples and four home runs in 136 games played. He finished third in the Southeastern League in hits and fourth in hits.Southern Association
In 1931, Abernathy began playing for the Class-A Birmingham Barons of the Southern Association. In 118 games that season, Abernathy batted .311 with 133 hits, 17 doubles, 12 triples and 10 home runs. On the defensive side, Abernathy played 69 games at first base and 40 games in the outfield. Abernathy's play was noted as "some of the finest fielding and hitting in the Dixie Series" by the Associated Press after the Barons won the championship that season. During the 1932 season, with the Barons, Abernathy batted .320 with 91 hits, 12 doubles, six triples and eight home runs in 78 game. In his final season with Birmingham, 1933, Abernathy batted .322 with 186 hits, 35 doubles, 12 doubles and 10 home runs in 150 games. Abernathy played all of his defensive games (112) at first base.Abernathy was fifth in the Southern Association in hits during the 1933 season. International League
Abernathy began his tenure in the International League with the Double-A Baltimore Orioles in 1934. Before the season, The Gazette described Abernathy as a "straight away hitter". When the Orioles were playing the Montreal Royals in a double-header in July 1934, Abernathy hit two home runs in each games, giving him four combined home runs in one day. On the season, Abernathy batted .309 with 174 hits, 24 doubles, nine triples and 32 home runs in 151 games played. He led the International League in home runs, tied with Vince Barton. During the 1935 season, still with the Baltimore team, the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball's National League traded for the rights to Abernathy.In exchange, the Orioles received US$15,000 ($ in today's standards) and pitcher Harry Gumbert. Abernathy was to report to the Phillies in 1936 for spring training. At the end of the 1935 season, Abernathy batted .276 with 150 hits, 25 doubles, nine triples and 31 home runs in 149 games played. Abernathy was third in the International League in home runs. In 1935, Abernathy sustained a "severe charley horse", as described by The Milwaukee Journal, while playing with the Philadelphia Phillies during spring training. In April, still with the Phillies, it was noted by the Spartanburg Herald-Journal that Abernathy's stats repeated themselves. For instance, Abernathy batted .339 in 1929 and 1930.After spring training, Abernathy returned to the Orioles as he did not make the final 25-man roster. Abernathy batted .309 with 171 hits, 24 doubles, three triples and 43 home runs in 554 games played with the Orioles in 1936. He led the International League in home runs that season. Abernathy spent his final season with the Orioles in 1937. In 148 games, he batted .284 with 155 hits, 29 doubles, two triples and 21 home runs. Abernathy was tied for fifth in the International League in home runs. After the 1937 season, the Baltimore Orioles sold Abernathy to the Buffalo Bisons, also of the International League.During a game on August 5, 1938, while playing with the Bisons, Abernathy was stuck in the head by a baseball from the opposing pitcher and was sent to St. Joseph Hospital in Syracuse, New York, where he was initially in critical condition. The opposing pitcher who threw the injury-inflicting pitch, Jon Gee of the Syracuse Chiefs, went to the hospital after the game to see Abernathy. Abernathy, whose head was wrapped in bandages, told Gee that he knew he did not throw the pitch at him on purpose. Officially diagnosed with a fractured skull, Abernathy underwent surgery performed by Dr. Brooks McCain and was reportedly in an "improved" condition immediately afterwards. While recovering from his injuries, the Bisons and Chiefs played a benefit game for Abernathy and raised $4,000 ($ in today's standards) to pay his medical bills. On September 3, 1939, Abernathy left the hospital and returned home. During the 1938 season, Abernathy batted .323 with 121 hits, 27 doubles, five triples and 21 home runs.Despite being out of play after his injury in 1938, Abernathy still managed to hit the fourth most home runs in the International League. Later career
Abernathy made his return to the Southern Association, a league in which he played with from 1931 to 1933 with the Birmingham Barons, in 1939. With the Double-A Knoxville Smokies that season, who were affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates, Abernathy batted .332 with 161 hits, 32 doubles, four triples and 16 home runs in 135 games. On the defensive side, Abernathy played 129 games in the outfield and committed six errors in 273 total chances. Abernathy ended the season sixth amongst batters in the Southern Association in home runs. In December 1939, the Smokies traded Abernathy and sent cash considerations to the American Association's St. Paul Saints franchise in exchange for pitcher Sugar Cain and outfielder Bitt McCulloch. During the 1940 season, after playing for the Saints, Abernathy was acquired by the Milwaukee Brewers, also of American Association.On the season, between the two American Association teams, Abernathy batted .281 with 142 hits, 35 doubles, four triples and 10 home runs in 135 games. Abernathy finished fifth in the American Association in doubles. After staying out of baseball in 1941, Abernathy attempted to stage a comeback with the Brewers in 1942; however he never made an appearance. Legacy
Although Abernathy never played in Major League Baseball during regular season, he did play 13 seasons in the minor leagues. In 1713 career games played, Abernathy batted .315 with a .502 slugging percentage, 1997 hits, 345 doubles, 106 triples and 210 home runs in 1713 games. On the defensive side, Abernathy played 1218 games in the outfield and 244 games at first base. As an outfielder, Abernathy committed 61 errors in 2,600 total chances.He also made 2,439 putouts and 106 assists as an outfielder. <mask>'s fielding percentage in the outfield was .977. At first base, Abernathy finished his career with a .991 fielding percentage; and made 2,316 putouts, 125 assists and 23 errors. His career highs include 42 home runs (1936), 186 hits (1933), 35 doubles (1933, 1940), 16 triples (1928), .358 batting average (1928) and .590 slugging percentage (1936). Accomplishments

Pennant winner with the Vicksburg Hill Billies (1928)
Pennant winner with the Montgomery Lions (exact year unknown, circa 1929–1930)
Dixie Series champion with the Birmingham Barons (1931)
Two-time leader of the International League in home runs (1934, 1936)

<mask> was born on October 16, 1908, in Athens, Alabama. His mother's name was T. H<mask>. <mask> had a son named <mask> who is still living and resides in Austin, Texas.References
General references

Inline citations

External links

Abernathy in Baseball in Baltimore: The First 100 Years, James H. Bready (1998), JHU Press. 1908 births
1961 deaths
People from Athens, Alabama
Baseball players from Alabama
Vicksburg Hill Billies players
Montgomery Lions players
Birmingham Barons players
Baltimore Orioles (IL) players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
Auburn Tigers baseball players
Auburn Tigers football players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players

masks:
Woody
Abernathy
Woody
Abernathy
Abernathy
. Abernathy
Woody Abernathy
Abernathy
Abernathy
Personal Abernathy
. Abernathy
Woody Abernathy
Thomas Abernathy


texts:
<mask> (January 25, 1924 – November 29, 2000), nicknamed "the Toe", was an American professional football player who was a placekicker and offensive tackle while playing his entire career for the Cleveland Browns in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and National Football League (NFL). <mask> was professional football's career kicking and points leader when he retired after the 1967 season. He played in 21 seasons for the Browns, helping the team to win eight league championships in that span. <mask>'s accuracy and strength as a kicker influenced the development of place-kicking as a specialty; he could kick field goals from beyond  at a time when attempts from that distance were a rarity. He set numerous records for distance and number of field goals kicked during his career. <mask> grew up in an athletic family in Martins Ferry, Ohio. He enrolled at Ohio State University on a scholarship in 1942, but after just one year in college, he enlisted in the U.S. Army and was sent to serve in World War II.Groza deployed as an army surgical technician in the Pacific theater, where he stayed until returning in 1946 to play for the Browns. Helped by <mask>'s kicking and play at offensive tackle, the Browns won the AAFC championship every year between 1946 and 1949, when the league disbanded and the Browns were absorbed by the more established NFL. Cleveland won the NFL championship in its first year in the league on a last-minute field goal by <mask>. <mask> set NFL records for field goals made in 1950, 1952 and 1953. Sporting News named him the league's Most Valuable Player in 1954, when the Browns won another championship. The team repeated as NFL champions in 1955. <mask> retired briefly after the 1959 season due to a back injury, but returned in 1961.He was part of a 1964 team that won another NFL championship. <mask> retired for good after the 1967 season. Later in life, he ran an insurance business and served as a team ambassador for the Browns. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1974. In 1992, the Palm Beach County Sports Commission named the <mask> Award after him. The award is given annually to the country's best college placekicker. <mask> died in 2000 of a heart attack.Early life
Born in eastern Ohio in Martins Ferry, just north and across the Ohio River from Wheeling, West Virginia, <mask>'s parents were immigrants from Transylvania, Austria-Hungary (today in Romania). His Hungarian mother Mary and Romanian father John (Ioan) <mask> owned and ran Groza's Tavern on Main Street. <mask> was the smallest in stature of four boys in an athletic family; his brother Alex became a star basketball player at the University of Kentucky, a member of two national championship teams. <mask> lettered in football, basketball, and baseball at Martins Ferry High School. The Purple Riders won the state basketball championship in 1941, when <mask> was its captain. He was also captain of the baseball team. <mask> learned placekicking from his older brother Frank, and practiced by trying to kick balls over telephone wires when he and his friends played touch football in the street.College career and military service
<mask> graduated from high school in 1942 and enrolled on an athletic scholarship at the Ohio State University in Columbus, where he played as a tackle and placekicker on the Buckeyes' freshman team. Groza played in three games and kicked five field goals, including one from  away. In 1943, he enlisted in the U.S. Army as World War II intensified. He first went for basic training to Abilene, Texas, and then to the Brooke Army Medical Center at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio. After a stint with the short-lived Army Service Training Program, <mask> was sent with the 96th Infantry Division to serve as a surgical technician in Leyte, Okinawa, and other places in the Pacific theater in 1945. The day he landed in the Philippines, Groza saw a soldier shot in the face. He was stationed in a bank of tents about five miles from the front lines and helped doctors tend to the wounded."I saw a lot of men wounded with severe injuries", he later said. "Lose legs, guts hanging out, stuff like that. It's a tough thing, but you get hardened to it, and you accept it as part of your being there." While he was in the Army, he received a package from Paul Brown, the Ohio State football coach. It contained footballs and a contract for him to sign to play on a team Brown was coaching in the new All-America Football Conference (AAFC). He signed the contract in May 1945 and agreed to join the team, called the Cleveland Browns, after the war ended in 1946. <mask> got $500 a month stipend until the end of the war and a $7,500 annual salary.Professional career
Following his discharge from military service, <mask> reported to the Browns' training camp in Bowling Green, Ohio. He showed up in army fatigues carrying all his clothes in a duffel bag. There, he joined quarterback Otto Graham, fullback Marion Motley and receivers Dante Lavelli and Mac Speedie to form the core of the new team's offense. <mask> was mainly a placekicker in his first two years with the Browns, but he played a big part in the team's early success. In his first season, he set a professional football record for both field goals and extra points. The Browns, meanwhile, advanced to the AAFC championship against the New York Yankees. <mask> sprained his ankle in the game and missed three field goals, but Cleveland won 14–9.Behind a powerful offense led by Graham, Motley and Lavelli, the Browns finished the 1947 season with a 12–1–1 record and made it back to the championship game. <mask>, however, was injured and could only watch as the team won its second championship in a row. Further success followed for the Browns and <mask>, who was nicknamed "The Toe" by a sportswriter for his kicking abilities. <mask> led the league in field goals and the team won all of its games in 1948, recording professional football's first perfect season. As he grew into a star placekicker, <mask> began playing regularly at offensive tackle beginning in 1948. One highlight of that year for Groza was a 53-yard field goal against the AAFC's Brooklyn Dodgers that was then the longest kick in pro football history. With Groza, the Browns could attempt field goals at a range many other teams could not."Anywhere from , he was a weapon", Tommy James, Groza's holder for eight years, later said. Another championship win followed in 1949, but the AAFC dissolved after the season, and the Browns were among three teams absorbed by the more established National Football League (NFL). The war had shortened <mask>'s college career, so he continued to study at Ohio State in the offseason in his early years with the Browns. He graduated with a degree in business in 1949. <mask> married that year, to <mask> Robbins, a girl from Martins Ferry who was working as a model in New York City when they first dated. The Browns' debut in the NFL in the 1950 season was closely watched; while the team dominated the AAFC in its short existence, some sportswriters, NFL owners and coaches considered the league inferior. Cleveland put all doubts to rest in its first game against the two-time defending champion Philadelphia Eagles, winning 35–10.In a game against the Washington Redskins later in the season, <mask> broke a 24-year-old NFL record by kicking his 13th field goal of the season. He also scored the only touchdown of his career in that game on a reception from Graham. The Browns ended the regular season with a 10–2 record in the American Conference, tied with the New York Giants. That forced a playoff against the Giants in which <mask> kicked the winning field goal for the Browns with under a minute to play. The Browns next faced the Los Angeles Rams in the championship game. <mask> came into the game as the NFL's leading kicker, both in terms of points scored and accuracy. He had a success rate of 68.4% in an era when most teams made fewer than half of their attempts.The Rams went ahead early in the game on a touchdown pass from star quarterback Bob Waterfield and a scoring run by Dick Hoerner. But Graham and the Browns came back with four touchdowns, two to receiver Dante Lavelli. As time wound down in the fourth quarter, however, the Rams were ahead 28–27, and Cleveland had a final chance to win the game. Graham drove the offense to the Rams' nine-yard line and set up a <mask> field goal attempt. The 16-yard try sailed through the uprights with 28 seconds left, giving the Browns a 30–28 victory. It was the biggest kick of <mask>'s career. "I never thought I would miss", he said later.After the season, <mask> was named to the first-ever Pro Bowl, the NFL's all-star game. Cleveland again reached the championship game in 1951, but lost this time in a rematch against the Rams. <mask> had a 52-yard field goal in the game, a record for a championship or Super Bowl that stood for 42 years. He was again named to the Pro Bowl after the season. The same scenario was repeated in 1952 and 1953: the Browns reached the championship both years, but lost both times to the Detroit Lions. <mask> was playing with cracked ribs in the 1952 championship loss, and he missed three field goals. <mask> set a record in 1953 when he made 23 field goals and had an 88.5% success rate, a single-season mark that stood for 28 years.He made the Pro Bowl again in 1952 and 1953, and was a first-team All-Pro selection both years. The Browns came back in 1954 to win another championship. That year, <mask> was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player by Sporting News. Cleveland won the championship again in 1955, beating the Rams 38–14. <mask> was named to the Pro Bowl and sportswriters' All-Pro teams in 1954 and 1955. Hurt by Graham's retirement before the season, Cleveland had its first-ever losing season in 1956. <mask>'s kicking continued to be a strength through the ensuing three years: he reached the Pro Bowl in 1957, 1958 and 1959, and tied Sam Baker for league leader in points scored in 1957.Cleveland reached the championship game in 1957 but lost to the Lions. The Browns lost to the New York Giants in a single-elimination playoff in 1958, and failed to reach the postseason in 1959. <mask> sat out after the 1959 season due to a back injury and was presumed to be retired. While his kicking was his most visible contribution to the team, <mask> was also an offensive tackle up until his injury, when Brown replaced him with Dick Schafrath. "<mask> never got all the credit he deserved for his tackle play, probably because his great kicking skills got him more notoriety", Andy Robustelli, a defensive end who played against <mask>, later said. Groza took 1960 off and did some scouting for the team. He also focused on an insurance business he started."I was 36 and I thought I had retired", he said. The following year, however, he came back to the team at the urging of Art Modell, who bought the Browns that year. Not wanting to use a roster spot on a kicking specialist (<mask>'s back injury prevented him from playing on the line), Brown had signed Sam Baker to kick and play halfback. But <mask> was eager to return and Modell insisted. <mask> stayed with the team as a placekicker until 1967, and was on a Browns team that won the 1964 championship. <mask> scored the first points in that game on a third-quarter field goal. He also kicked four kickoffs more than  and out of the Baltimore Colts end zone, preventing a return.Cleveland won 27–0. When <mask> retired for good in 1968 after 21 seasons in professional football, he held NFL career records for points scored, field goals made and extra points made. He had 234 field goals, 641 extra points, and 1,349 total points in the NFL. Counting his AAFC years, his career point total was 1,603. He was the last of the original Browns still on the team. <mask>, who was 44 years old when he quit the game, said in his memoir that retiring was "the saddest day of my football life." His top salary was $50,000 in his final year.Later life and death
After <mask> retired, he entertained an offer to play for the San Francisco 49ers, but was reluctant to do so because he did not want to move his family and insurance business to the West Coast. He was offered a spot with the Browns as a kicking coach, helping mentor the young Don Cockroft, but he declined. Later in life, he became an ambassador and father figure for the Browns, inviting rookies over for dinner and helping them find apartments. He continued to run a successful insurance business and lived in Berea, Ohio near the Browns' headquarters and training facility. He and his wife Jackie were known as the team's First Family. Modell relocated the Browns to Baltimore in 1995 and renamed the team the Ravens, provoking a wave of anger and disbelief from fans and former players. <mask> was a leading critic of the move, saying it was "like some man walking off with your wife."In 1996, <mask> wrote a memoir titled The Toe: The <mask> Story. The Browns restarted as an expansion team in 1999. <mask> was hobbled in the late 1990s by back and hip surgeries and Parkinson's disease. He suffered a heart attack in 2000 after dinner with his wife at Columbia Hills Country Club in Columbia Station, Ohio. He was taken to a hospital in Middleburg Heights, Ohio, where he died. He was buried in Sunset Memorial Park in North Olmsted, Ohio. <mask> and his wife had three sons and a daughter.Following <mask>'s death, the Browns wore his number 76 on their helmets for the 2001 season. Kicking style

While field goals had long been viewed as an important part of football strategy, kicking specialists were a rarity before <mask>'s time. <mask>'s success from distances of  and beyond raised the bar for kickers across the league. He set single-season NFL records for accuracy, distance and number of field goals in his first three years in the league, marks that went unbeaten until kicking specialists became a common feature of the game in the early 1970s. <mask>'s kicking was the difference in 15% of the Browns' games during the AAFC years, and teams began to take notice when his field goals made the difference in both the NFL playoffs and the championship game in 1950. "Everybody started to pay attention to field goals when the Browns started to win games with them", Pat Summerall said. <mask> led the NFL in field goals made five times in his career.<mask> was a straight-ahead kicker. He approached the football in a straight line and booted it with the top of his foot, aiming for the middle of the ball. Early in his career, <mask> scraped the ground with his cleats in a straight line to help guide his kicks. Later he put down a piece of one-inch adhesive tape rolled up inside his helmet. The "Lou Groza Rule" in 1950 banned the use of artificial kicking aids, including the tape. The straight-ahead style used by <mask> and other kickers of his era has since been supplanted by soccer-style kicking with the side of the foot. "I don't know why all the kids kick soccer-style", he said in 1997."They kick the ball with the side of their foot, which is supposed to give them better control. I don't know, I never tried it." Legacy

<mask> was named to the National Football League 1950s All-Decade Team in 1969 and inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1974. The Browns retired his number 76; he is also in the team's Ring of Honor, a grouping of the best players in the club's history whose names are displayed below upper-deck seats at FirstEnergy Stadium. In 1992, the Palm Beach County Sports Commission established the <mask> Award, given to the best National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) kicker. One of his kicking shoes is part of the collection of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. In 2006, <mask> was inducted into the National High School Hall of Fame for his athletic exploits in baseball, basketball & football at Martins Ferry High School where he earned 12 varsity letters and led the football and basketball teams to State championships.In 1941 as a junior, <mask> led the Martins Ferry High School basketball team to the class A championship. He set a State record for points scored in the four tournament games with 51. In the State semi-final game against Xenia Central, he hit two free throws with no time left on the clock to secure the victory. In the title game, he was high scorer with 18 points. He was named tournament MVP, a member of the All-State Tournament Team, and first team All-Ohio center. In 1941 as a senior, he led the Martins Ferry High School football team to a share of the State championship tying Toledo Libbey 14-14. <mask> started as offensive and defensive tackle as well as being the place kicker.He was selected first team All-Ohio by both the Associated Press and United Press International. During his high school years, he was named Captain of the football, basketball and baseball teams. The city of Berea, Ohio (where <mask> settled down after his retirement), has honored him in numerous ways:

The street the Browns training facility is located was renamed 76 <mask> Boulevard
In 2012, <mask> Field was built in Berea. The above field is home of the <mask> Football program, serving middle school aged children in suburban Cleveland. In 2016, <mask> was honored with a statue in front of his namesake field. References

Bibliography

External links

The <mask>za Award

<mask>za Football website

1924 births
2000 deaths
Players of American football from Ohio
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
American football placekickers
American football offensive tackles
Cleveland Browns players
Cleveland Browns (AAFC) players
American people of Hungarian descent
American people of Romanian descent
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
People from Martins Ferry, Ohio
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers
National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners
National Football League players with retired numbers

masks:
Louis Roy Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Lou Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Lou
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
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Jackie Lou
Groza
Groza
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Groza
Groza
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Groza
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Groza
Groza
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Groza
Lou
Groza
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Groza
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Groza
Groza
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Groza
Lou Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Groza
Lou Groza
Lou
Lou
Lou
Groza
Lou Groza
Lou Groza
Lou Groza
Groza
Lou Gro
Lou Gro


texts:
<mask> (floruit 1111–1158/65), called el Velloso ("the Hairy"), was a Galician magnate who rose to prominence after the coronation of Alfonso VII as co-ruler of León in 1111. He served Alfonso at court in his early years, but was given increased responsibility in Galicia after the death of Alfonso's mother, Queen Urraca (1126). After about 1132 he became increasingly involved in the politics of Portugal, whose invasion of Galicia he supported in 1137. Even after León and Portugal made peace in 1141 <mask> was largely excluded from Leonese politics, with the notable exception of the military campaigns of 1147, until 1152. Thereafter until his death he was the dominant lay figure in Galicia. Political activities

Feudal affairs
<mask> was a younger son of <mask> and his second wife, Mayor Rodríguez. He is first mentioned in the Historia compostellana in connexion with the coronation of the young Alfonso VII on 17 September 1111 in Compostela.He took part in the ceremonies as the honorary alférez (armiger), alongside his father as steward. In the words of the Historia "the most esteemed count Pedro was royal steward and his son <mask>, as armiger, carried the sword of the king, the shield, and the lance." On 26 September 1119 he was still serving as alférez to Alfonso, then co-ruling with his mother, Queen Urraca. The post of alférez was typically reserved for younger nobleman in anticipation of higher office. In April 1126, after Urraca's death, <mask> travelled with his father and the other magnates of Galicia to Zamora to swear oaths to Alfonso as sole king. In the context of this episode the Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris refers to "the sons of Count Pedro Fróilaz, among whom [was] <mask>, who was later named count by the king." He was raised to the rank of count, the highest rank in the kingdom, on 2 April 1127, for he confirmed a royal donation to the Benedictine monastery at Sahagún that day as Comes dominus Rudericus Petriz in eadem die electus.<mask>'s elevation to comital status probably took place before a gathering of the entire court in León. On 3 August 1132 <mask> and his brother Martín granted a family estate at Palacios to Pedro and Arias Díaz. Among the Galician castles (castra) which the Historia compostellana names <mask> as holding are San Jorge, Traba (from which his family took its name), and a place called Ferraria (today Ferreira, a parish of Coristanco). These three castra are elsewhere called castellis by Alfonso VII in a donation to the Cathedral of Santiago in 1127, where they also appear clumped together. In the charter of donation <mask> is twice named "Count <mask> Traba" (Comes Rudericus de Traua), a name used again in a similar royal donation in 1131. These are the only instances in contemporary documents of <mask> using "Traba" as part of his name. Sometime before 5 December 1135 <mask> was granted the tenencia (fief) of the Limia in Galicia, which he continued to govern down to at least 13 March 1156, possibly until his death.By 31 January 1155 he had also received the important Galician tenencia of Monterroso, where he can be seen ruling as late as 1 June 1157, and probably until his death. In one of Alfonso VII's last donations to the Cathedral of Santiago, in 1155, <mask> styled himself "Count <mask> of Galicia", the last apparent use of the title "Count of Galicia". One document dated 13 February 1147, but corrected to 1148, refers to his holding Salamanca, an important Leonese city, jointly with Ponce Giraldo <mask> Cabrera, but this is the only citation of such a holding. Military affairs
<mask> was politically closely aligned with the County of Portugal, which his half-brothers Vermudo and <mask> were de facto ruling through the latter's adulterous liaison with Countess Theresa. He regularly visited their court from 1128 onwards, even after the Battle of São Mamede liquidated his relatives' power. On 28 September 1132 as a reward for loyalty and service he received the vill of Burral from Afonso Henriques, Theresa's son and successor. At least between August 1132 and 26 February 1135 he held the lordship of Porto, and in 1137 he and Gómez Núñez aided the Portuguese when they invaded Galicia.At the time of the invasion the Chronica notes that <mask> "had fortifications in Limia and other commissions from the Emperor." From at least November 1140 until as late as 1 February 1141 he was the dapifer (majordomo) of the new royal household of Portugal after Afonso declared himself king in 1139. In September 1141 Afonso Henriques and Alfonso VII finally came to terms, and both <mask> and Gómez "paid a severe political price as a result." According to the Chronica, they "proved themselves disloyal to their lord, Alfonso. They handed their castles and commissions over to the King of Portugal [who fortified them and returned to his country]. These acts of treason resulted in their own ruin, for indeed they were what most prejudiced these Counts for the rest of their lives." On only seven or eight occasions did <mask> pay a visit to the royal court between September 1141 and March 1152.During this period he continued to visit the Portuguese royal court also. Later, according to the Chronica, in a not unusual display of mercy, Alfonso invited the disgraced count to court and regaled him with gifts of gold and silver as he customarily did his regular courtiers, thus reconciling him to himself. In 1147 <mask> joined the royal army that marched to re-conquer Almería from the Muslims, but like many of the Galicians initially present he left in midsummer after taking part in the Siege of Oreja (at least until 25 July). Ecclesiastical relations
Sometime before 12 December 1155, at which time he was briefly governing Bubal, Castella, and Deza, <mask> had married <mask> <mask>, daughter of Fernando Núñez and Mayor, daughter of <mask>ñoz. She was thus a niece of Gómez Núñez. She gave <mask> a daughter, Guiomar, and a son, variously given as Álvar or <mask>. Guiomar married first Fernando Ponce <mask> el Mayor and secondly Diego Ximénez, by whom she was mother of <mask> <mask> Cameros.<mask> was a generous benefactress of the Cistercians in Spain, making donations to their foundations at Armenteira, Ferreira de Pallares, Meira, and Melón. In 1175 she made a donation to San Martiño de Fóra and helped found a convent at Ferreira de Pantón, which she placed in dependency on Meira. While his wife's religious devotion favoured the Cistercians, <mask>'s patronage lay solidly behind the Benedictines and the Praemonstratensians. On 20 December 1127 Alfonso VII donated some churches to the Benedictine monastery of Cines in Galicia "for the love of our most faithful count <mask> <mask>." The surviving charter recording this grant of largesse has been challenged as a forgery by at least one historian, but its authenticity has been defended by another. It contains the date 1133, but the list of witnesses suggests it more probably belongs to 1127. It names <mask> as a count, but he cannot be shown to have attained that rank before late 1128.On 28 October 1155 <mask> confirmed a royal donation of property to the abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos. On 15 December he made donations to the Praemonstratensian monasteries of Retuerta and San Leonardo. According to the Historia compostellana, in 1130 some of <mask>'s knights unlawfully imprisoned Arias Muñiz, the archdeacon of Trastámara in the Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela. When the archbishop Diego Gelmírez threatened to excommunicate <mask>, the count swore on the Gospels that he had no part in his knights' actions, that he would confiscate the fiefs he had bestowed on those knights, and that he would arrest and hand over to the diocese any peasants who had taken part in the outrage. The purpose of the public humiliation imposed by Diego was, according to the Historia, to instill fear in <mask>'s fellow magnates, so that they would not dare commit such acts again. For the remission of his sins, <mask> made a donation to the archdiocese of his castle at Faro. Alfonso VII's gift of the tenencia of the Limia towards 1135 was probably motivated by <mask>'s good relations with Diego.The Historia also describes how Alfonso VII granted the castle of San Jorge and its dependencies to the archdiocese, but allowed <mask> to retain its lordship as a vassal of the archbishop. <mask> also donated to the Cathedral of Braga on 28 October 1133. On 1 March 1143 and again twelve years later, on 20 March 1155, he made donations to the Benedictines of Sobrado dos Monxes, which had been founded by his half-brothers. His last recorded act of piety was a donation to the Benedictine establishment at Toxos Outos on 9 October 1157. According to one source he is last mentioned on 28 August 1158 in a document of the tumbo (cartulary) of the monastery of Castañeda, but another cites a document in the archive of Sobrado dated 24 December 1165, placing his death in early 1166. References

Further reading
Simon Barton. "Sobre el Conde <mask> ‘el Velloso’."Estudios Mindonienses, 5 (1989), 653–61. Esther Pascua. "South of the Pyrenees: Kings, Magnates and Political Bargaining in Twelfth-century Spain." Journal of Medieval History, 27:2 (2001), 101–20. Bernard F. Reilly. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.People of the Reconquista
12th-century nobility from León and Castile

masks:
Rodrigo Pérez de Traba
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Pedro Fróilaz de Traba
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo de
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo Pérez
de
Rodrigo
Fernando Pérez
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Fronilde
Fernández
Rodrigo Mu
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
de Cabrera
Rodrigo Díaz
de los
Fronilde
Rodrigo
Don Rodrigo
Pérez
Rodrigo Martínez
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo Pérez


texts:
<mask> (3 July 1874 – 29 October 1960) was a Swedish archaeologist, paleontologist and geologist, closely associated with the beginnings of Chinese archaeology in the 1920s. Early life and polar research
After studies at Uppsala University, and research in the polar regions, <mask> served as Director of Sweden's National Geological Survey. He participated in the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of 1901 to 1903 (on the ship Antarctic). His work on the Falkland Islands and the Bjørnøya, where he first coined the term solifluction, influenced Walery Łoziński create the concept of periglaciation in 1909. Chinese archaeology
In 1914, <mask> (V.K. Ting) and his colleague Wong Wen-hao (Pinyin: Weng Wenhao).During this time, <mask> helped train China's first generation of geologists, and also made numerous discoveries of iron ore and other mining resources, as well as discoveries in geology and paleontology. <mask> paid his first visit to Zhoukoudian in 1918 drawn to an area called "Chicken Bone Hill" by locals who had misidentified the rodent fossils found in abundance there. He returned in 1921 and was led by local quarrymen to Dragon Bone Hill where he identified quartz that was not local to the area. Realising that this may indicate the presence of prehistoric man he set his assistant, Otto Zdansky, to work excavating. Zdansky returned for further excavations in 1923 and a great deal of material was shipped to Uppsala for analysis. Eventually in 1926, on the occasion of a visit by the Swedish Prince to Beijing, <mask> announced the discovery of two human teeth. These were later identified as being the first finds of the Peking Man.In collaboration with Chinese colleagues such as Yuan Fuli and others, he then discovered prehistoric Neolithic remains in central China's Henan Province, along the Yellow River. The remains were named Yangshao culture after the village where they were first excavated, in 1921. This too was a highly important breakthrough, since the prehistory of what is now China had not yet been investigated in scientific archaeological excavations and the Yangshao and other prehistoric cultures were completely unknown (they had never been mentioned in any historical documents, and had never before been recognized and investigated). In the following years, 1923–24, <mask>, in his capacity as a staff member of China's National Geological Survey, conducted archaeological excavations in the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai, again in collaboration with Chinese colleagues, and published numerous books and scientific papers on Chinese archaeology, many in the Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, which he founded and launched in 1929, and where he published his most significant scientific reports on his own work. <mask>'s most well-known book about his time in China is Den gula jordens barn, 1932, translated into several languages, including English (as Children of the Yellow Earth, 1934, reprinted 1973), Japanese, and Korean. For an extensive bibliography of <mask>'s works, and a comprehensive discussion of his and his colleagues' archaeological research in China, see M. Fiskesjö and Chen Xingcan, China before China: <mask> <mask>, Ding Wenjiang, and the Discovery of China's Prehistory. Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities [Östasiatiska museet], 2004.In 1926, <mask> founded the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm, Sweden (in Swedish: Östasiatiska museet), a national museum established to house the Swedish part of the collections from these first-ever scientific archaeological excavations in China. <mask> served as the director of the MFEA until he was succeeded in 1939 by the famous Swedish Sinologist Bernhard Karlgren. Collection
Selections of the Swedish portion of the materials is on display at the MFEA in a new permanent exhibit launched 2004. The Chinese part of the Andersson collections, according to a bilateral Sino-Swedish agreement, was returned by him to the Chinese government in seven shipments, 1927–1936. The first shipments were sent by <mask> to Peking, and the last ones to Nanjing, which had become the new capital of China. An exhibit with these objects was mounted at the new National Geological Survey complex in Nanjing, where Andersson saw them in 1937, the last time they were reported seen by anyone. The last documentary evidence of these objects was a 1948 Visitors Guide to the Geological Survey museum in Nanjing, which listed <mask>'s Yangshao artefacts among the exhibits.The objects were long thought to be irretrievably lost in the civil war that followed, until 2002. After major renovations at the Geological Museum of China, the successor to the Geological Survey's museum, staff found three crates of ceramic vessels and fragments while re-organising items in storage. Following contact with the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (Östasiatiska Museet) in Stockholm, it was confirmed that these were indeed left from <mask>'s excavations. In 2006, these objects featured in an exhibition at the Geological Museum on the occasion of its 90th anniversary, celebrating the lives and work of Andersson and its other founders. In 2007, the Geological Museum of China published a documentary film (see review and discussion in Fiskesjö 2010). Still, as of 2010, the vast majority of the objects returned to China by Andersson remain lost. This includes a spectacular and unique human-faced ceramic shaman head (see illustration in Fiskesjö and Chen 2004, repeated in Fiskesjö 2010), and numerous spectacular painted ceramic vessels.Even though similar such ceramics have been excavated since <mask>'s time by Chinese archaeologists, these lost collections hold a special interest and value since they derive from the first scientific archaeological excavations in China. It is possible they remain in Nanjing, but despite investigations by several competent parties (<mask>'s sending lists have been copied by the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities to major institutions for cultural heritage and archaeology in China), they have not been relocated, and their whereabouts remains unknown. See also
Andersson Island
Andersson Nunatak

Notes, references and sources
Notes and references

Sources
Fiskesjö, Magnus and Chen Xingcan. China before China: <mask> <mask>, Ding Wenjiang, and the Discovery of China's Prehistory. Stockholm: Östasiatiska museet, 2004. . (With an extensive bibliography of <mask>'s works)
Fiskesjö, Magnus. "The Reappearance of Yangshao? Reflections on unmourned artifacts."(Review essay, on the 2007 Chinese documentary 'Cutting through the fog of history: The re-appearance of the Yangshao cultural relics'). In China Heritage Quarterly 23, (September 2010): http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=023_yangshao.inc&issue=023
 Fiskesjö, Magnus. "Science across borders: <mask> <mask> and Ding Wenjiang." In: Stevan Harrell, Charles McKhann, Margaret Swain and Denise M. Glover, eds., _Explorers and Scientists in China's Borderlands, 1880-1950_. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011, pp. 240–66. . (In-depth discussion of Ding Wenjiang's and <mask>'s lives and careers as they intersected with each other, with science in China, and in particular the introduction of modern scientific archaeology in China in the early 20th century.) External links
Notebooks 1914-1921 by <mask> <mask>, Archive of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, available on Internet Archive.The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm, publishes the annual Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (founded by <mask>), since 1929-

1874 births
1960 deaths
Swedish archaeologists
20th-century Swedish geologists
Swedish paleontologists
Swedish geomorphologists
Uppsala University alumni
Geological Survey of Sweden personnel
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Swedish expatriates in China

masks:
Johan Gunnar Andersson
Andersson
Anderssong Wenjiang
Andersson
Andersson
Andersson
Andersson
Andersson
Andersson
Johan Gunnar
Andersson
Andersson
Andersson
Andersson
Andersson
Andersson
Andersson
Andersson
Johan Gunnar
Andersson
Andersson
Johan Gunnar
Andersson
Andersson
Johan Gunnar
Andersson
Andersson