texts:
<mask> (born Brussels, 9 July 1935) is a Belgian poet, novelist and art critic. Career
Brussels-born <mask>man attended the Etterbeek Royal Atheneum and then studied economics at Ghent University. His journalistic career began in 1959 when he became  cultural editor of Het Laatste Nieuws, where he published articles on literature, visual arts and jazz. Between 1981 and 1993 he was deputy director and acting director of the Flemish Cultural Centre De Brakke Grond in Amsterdam, where he organized exhibitions of important Flemish artists and literary evenings with Flemish and Dutch authors. From 1982 to 1989, and again from 2006, he served as president of the Louis Paul Boon Society. He has also worked on the editorial boards of the literary magazines Diagram (1963-1964), Kentering (1966-1976), De Vlaamse Gids (1970-1992), Atlantis (2001-2002) and Boelvaar Poef (since 2006). In 1988 he was awarded the Order of Leopold II for his cultural work.<mask> received his first poetry award when he was 21 and a number of others have followed. His poetry up to 1985 was collected in Memoires and a further comprehensive selection appeared in De tijd hapert in de spiegel (2000). His poetry has been widely translated and he is a regular guest at international poetry festivals. He has also published two novels as well as several collections of articles on artists and highly regarded interviews with writers. Bibliography

Poetry
 Rhapsody in blue, 1958, De Sikkel, Antwerp  (ill: Maurice Wyckaert)
 Een (hinder) paalwoning, 1958, Uitgeverij Ontwikkeling, Antwerp (ill: Chris Yperman)
 De revolte der standbeelden, 1960, Ontwikkeling, Antwerp  (ill. Maurice Wyckaert)
 Bij wijze van schrijven, 1960, De Beuk, Amsterdam NL
 Baudelaire verliefd, 1963, Die Poorte, Antwerp (ill: Pol Mara)
 Incunabel, 1964 Colibrant, Deurle
 Het orakel van New York City, 1969, Manteau, Brussels/Den Haag
 Gedichten 1957-1970. Gedichten 1955-1985, 1985, Soethoudt, Antwerp (intro: Paul de Vree; ill: Yvan Theys)
 Fictieve winter, 1986, Marsyas, Amsterdam
 Het relaas van Ammanakth, 1987, Dilbeekse Cahiers, Dilbeek (ill: Maurice Haccuria)
 Al wie omkijkt is gezien. Jeanne Buytaert, illustration by Serge Vandercam, [French]
Le travail du poète 1979, Bruxelles, tr.Jeanne Buytaert, illustration by Jacky Duyck [French]
Die Arbeit des Dichters, 1982 Basel, tr. Heinz Schneeweiss [German]
The Revolution Begins in Bruges, 1983 Windsor, Ontario, tr. Dorothy Howard, Hendrika Ruger, [English]
A Vanishing Emptiness, selected poems, London 1989, ed. Yann Lovelock, illustrations by Pol Mara [English]
Cruth an Daonnai, de vorm van een mens, Dublin 1990, selected poems by <mask><mask>, translated into Irish by Gabriel Rosenstock [Irish]
L' invenzione della tenerezza, Faenza 1995, tr. Giovanni Nadiani [Italian]
Die Erfindung der Zärtlichkeit, Münster 1996, tr. Hienz Schneeweiss [German]
L’invention de la tendresse, Marseille 1997, tr. Evelyne Wilwerth, illustration by Mireille Ayakaluka [French]
L’utilité de la poésie, B-4540 Amay 2003,  tr.Evelyne Wilwerth
L' utile della poesia, Faenza 2004, tr. Giovanni Nadiani [Italian]
Les métamorphoses du poète, B-4540 Amay 2006, tr. Elisabeth Gerlache [French]
Blue Notebook : Poesie in jazz, Faenza, 2007, tr. Giovanni Nadiani [Italian]
A Splendid View on Words, 2010 Demer Press, Belgium, ed. Roy Eales [English], ill. Marc Mendelson
Hôtel Mélancolie B-4540 Amay 2010, poetry and theatre [French]
Poems and Portraits, 2012 tr. Dmitri Silvestrov, Moscow [Russian]

Literary awards
1963: Dirk Martens Prize of the city of Aalst for the poetry collection Baudelaire verliefd. 1974: The Louis Paul Boon Prize
1975: Prize of the city of Brussels for Sneeuwblindheid.1997: Premio Internazionale di Poesia Riccardo Marchi Torre for the poetry collection L'Invenzione della tenerezza
2007: Premio Tratti for the Italian translation of Blue Notebook
2010: Zeist (NL) Literature Prize for his poem Lichaamstaal
2012: Dilbeek Culture Prize, in conjunction with the publication of Hier wonen de wolken

See also
 Flemish literature

References

See also:
 Winkler Prins Lexicon van de Nederlandse Letterkunde (1986)
 <mask>geman
 Kunstbus

1935 births
Living people
Flemish writers

masks:
Willem Maurits Roggeman
Willem Rogge
Roggeman
Willem M
. Roggeman
Willem Rog


type: original

texts:
<mask> (c.1814 – 29 September 1879), born <mask>'Rourke, was an Irish poet, actor, theatre manager, songwriter and playwright, known for his keen wit and outstanding acting skills. Early life
<mask>'Rourke was born in Dublin around 1814. He entered the theatrical world as a child, however he did not achieve fame until he was over 40. The first half of his working life was spent playing in repertory theatre in Ireland and the provinces of England. While working as a jobbing actor, he published his first volume of poems – Man's Mission – in 1852. Midlife success
O'Rourke finally achieved success at the age of 41, when he performed two very diverse roles in Hamlet and the comedy Three Fingered Jack on the same night at the Adelphi Theatre in Liverpool in 1854. He received such rave reviews that he never had to tour the provinces again.Two years later he changed his stage name to <mask> and wrote his first successful play, The Cagot or Heart for Heart. It was the start of his second career, that of a London dramatist. Heart for Heart was performed with great success for the first time at the Lyceum Theatre, London, under Charles Dillon's management, on 6 December 1856. The Athenaeum newspaper commented that 'the dialogue is remarkable for noble sentiment, although the verse is not always correct' (13 Dec 1856). His next piece was A Husband for an Hour, produced at the Haymarket Theatre in June 1857. Writing and theatre management
The year 1858 saw <mask> translate Victor Hugo's Ruy Blas, which was performed at the Princess Theatre in late 1858. During that same year, he began a profitable collaboration with Michael William Balfe by writing the libretto for his much-loved opera The Rose of Castille.He was later to write librettos for several of Balfe's most successful productions, including Satanella, which was produced at Covent Garden on 20 December 1858, and the popular song Killarney, which remained a concert hall favourite well into the 20th century. <mask>, who was said to have had boundless energy, also turned his attention to theatre managing. It was on 26 August 1858 with F. B. Chatterton that he took over the Lyceum Theatre in London. Falconer was not above using his position to stage his own plays. The first was Extremes, a comedy of manners, which was performed on his opening night of 26 August. A reporter for The Times reviewed the show and said: "The characters are sharply defined and exactly of a kind to be perfectly intelligible to a large audience." Several more of Falconer's own pieces soon followed, including Francesca in March 1859.Falconer gave up his management of the Lyceum after just a couple of years, although he resumed the role once more in 1861. Yet more of his own plays soon followed, including Woman, Love Against The World in August 1861 and Peep o' Day in November 1861. It is for Peep o' Day, a stage-version of John Banim’s novels John Doe and The Nowlans, that Falconer is probably best remembered. It contained a scene in which the heroine is saved from live burial and ran until December 1862. Meanwhile, he contributed two comedies to the Haymarket Theatre, too, Family Wills and Does He Love Me?, both starring Amy Sedgwick. Acting success
It was not until 1860 that Falconer managed to dominate the London stage with his acting skills, rather than his writing. In the first production of Boucicault's The Colleen Bawn he played the part of Danny Mann, the villain of the piece.The melodrama, staged at the Adelphi Theatre in July 1860, proved hugely popular and ran for 231 nights. Indeed, the show has recently enjoyed revived critical attention. Falconer made £13,000 in profit during his time as manager at the Lyceum, which he used in 1862 to buy a joint lease for the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, with Frederick Balsir Chatterton. Between 1863 and 1865 he wrote and produced Bonnie Dundee, Nature's above Art, Night and Morning, and Love's Ordeal. He also wrote The O'Flahertys and Galway-go-bragh, a dramatization of Lever's Charles O'Malley, in which he took the part of Mickey Free. <mask>'s attempts, however, to popularise Shakespeare at the theatre proved a dreadful failure. Gambling on the Bard to turn a profit, he directed productions of Macbeth, As You Like It, Henry IV and Romeo and Juliet.Despite hiring good actors, audiences were small and, by February 1866, he had lost his money. Falconer was arrested for failing to pay his mounting debts later that month and, on 26 April 1866, he was declared bankrupt and sent to prison. He remained in custody for several weeks, with his debts thought to total around 7,000 guineas. Falconer attempted to revive his fortunes by penning a five-act drama, Oonagh, following his release, which was staged at Her Majesty's Theatre, London, in November 1866. It was such a failure, however, that it closed ten days later. By now desperately short of money, he decided to travel to America, where his play Peep o' Day had made him famous. Final years
Falconer spent three successful years in America, where he acted on Broadway and continued with his writing, creating three new dramas.One of his greatest fans was Mark Twain, author of Tom Sawyer, as can be witnessed in letters written by Twain. Such was his US success, that publications of his plays went through several editions. He also married an American woman, who was his third wife. <mask> eventually returned to London in 1871, following the success of another of his plays, A Wife Well Won, which was staged at the Haymarket Theatre, London, in his absence. A successful production of Eileen Oge at the Princess Theatre, London, followed later in 1871, which featured his song Killarney. Falconer retired from the stage and writing soon after. He died at his home at 28 Keppel Street, Russell Square, London, on 29 September 1879 and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery.In a report on his death, the Manchester Guardian newspaper revealed that although Falconer "had made what could be called a colossal fortune" out of Peep O' Day, the dramatist "died penniless." Members of his gentlemen's club, the Savage Club, opened a subscription to pay for his funeral and help out his young widow. Falconer's works
 1852: Man’s Mission: A Pilgrimage to Glory’s Goal (poem)
 1855-1860: The Power of Love (ballad) Words-Falconer/music by M.W. Balfe. 1856: The Cagot or Heart for Heart (play)
 1857: The Rose of Castille (libretto)
 1857: Killarney (song) Later recorded by John McCormack in early 20th century. 1862: Peep o'Day - otherwise known as Savoureen Deelish (play)
 1863: The Bequest of My Boyhood (poem)
 1865: O’Ruark’s Bride: The Blood Speck in the Emerald (poem)
 1866: Dramatised Lever's Charles O’Malley as Galway Go Bragh (play)
 1871: Eileen Oge - or Dark the Hour Before Dawn (melodrama)
 1880: The Deserted Village, opera in three acts to music by John William Glover (London: Duncan Davison, 1880). The International Broadway Database gives the following information for Falconer's performances in America:
 Heartsease: Original play written by <mask> - 12 Sep 1870
 Innisfallen: Original play written by <mask>er- 21 Feb 1870
 The Firefly: Original play written by <mask>er - 22 Nov 1869 (Mark Twain was a huge fan)
 Charles O'Malley: Original play written and performed by Falconer - 18 Oct 1869
 Fire Fly: Original musical written by <mask>er - 10 Aug 1868 – 5 Sep 1868
 The Rose of Castille: Revival of libretto by Falconer - 28 Jan 1867 – 31 Jan 1867
 Satanella: Original musical libretto by <mask>er - 23 Feb 1863 - 14 Mar 1863

James Joyce links
The opera The Rose of Castille, for which Falconer wrote the libretto, was very popular for several decades after his death.Indeed, it was a favourite of Leopold Bloom, the hero of James Joyce's Ulysses (1922) In the novel, Bloom thinks quite a lot about the opera, and it features as one of the motifs of the Sirens episode (Chapter 11). Joyce even thinks up a dreadful pun on the title; one of the characters asks which opera has the same name as a train's tracks, and the answer is 'Rows of Cast Steel'. The pun crops up at various points throughout the novel. Bibliography
 Irish Literature Companion. The Concise Oxford Companion to Irish Literature. Copyright © 1996, 2000, 2003 by Oxford University Press. References

External links

 The Bequest of My Boyhood
Details of Falconer's Adelphi days
New York Times article on Falconer from 19th century
 Drury Lane page
 Adelphi shows

1814 births
1874 deaths
19th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Irish male actors
Irish librettists
Irish male stage actors
Irish male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century male writers

masks:
Edmund Falconer
Edmund O
Edmund O
Edmund Falconer
Falconer
Falconer
Falconer
Falconer
Edmund Falconer
Edmund Falcon
Edmund Falcon
Edmund Falcon
Edmund Falcon


texts:
Sir <mask>  (born <mask>; 16 August 1939) is a Trinidadian-British newsreader and journalist, best known for his career as a news presenter with ITN. <mask> was knighted in 1999 for his services to journalism. Career

Early career
<mask> was born on 16 August 1939 in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago, to Josephine and <mask>. <mask> is of Dougla heritage, his mother being of African descent and his father being of Indian descent. After working as a print and broadcast journalist in Trinidad during the 1960s, in 1969, <mask> was employed by BBC Radio as a producer, based in London but still broadcasting to the Caribbean. In 1973, he began his long association with Independent Television News, first as a general reporter, later as a sports correspondent, but ultimately concentrating on international politics. In the 1980s, he spent some time with the ITN-produced Channel 4 News, but returned to ITV in 1989, presenting the early-evening news.News at Ten
<mask> was promoted in 1992 as the sole presenter of News at Ten and became a well-known face on British television screens. <mask> stayed with ITN when News at Ten was axed in 1999, moving to present the new ITV Evening News. News at Ten was briefly relaunched on 22 January 2001, to which <mask> returned as a presenter. He presented the ITV News at 10.30 following News at Tens second axing. Tonight

From 1999 to 2007, <mask> hosted ITV's flagship current affairs programme Tonight with <mask>. The show was revived in 2010 with presenter Julie Etchingham. First retirement

<mask> presented his last ITV News bulletin on 15 December 2005.He stepped down from his role as anchor after more than 30 years at ITN, but said he had no plans to retire completely from television. <mask> told his ITN colleagues that he wanted a low-key departure after having observed the departures of Tom Brokaw and Dan Rather in the United States. At the end of the final programme, he signed off with the words:

Over the closing titles of the last bulletin that <mask> presented, the November 1992 to March 1999 ITV News at Ten theme was played as a tribute to him. Return to News at Ten

On 31 October 2007, ITV announced that, early in 2008, <mask> would come out of retirement to present the relaunched News at Ten together with Julie Etchingham. Second retirement

It was announced on 30 October 2008 that <mask> would step down from News at Ten once the 2008 US presidential election was over, to be replaced by Mark Austin. His last bulletin was on 20 November 2008. It was reported at the time that he would continue to present links for The Tonight Programme.Documentaries

 In 2009, <mask> travelled to the Caribbean and hosted the three-part series The Secret Caribbean with <mask> for ITV. In 2011, <mask> travelled around the Mediterranean and hosted the four-part series The Secret Mediterranean with <mask> for ITV. In 2012, <mask> travelled along the route of the Mississippi River and hosted the three-part series The Mighty Mississippi with <mask>. In 2013, <mask> visited death row inmates in Indiana and hosted the two-part series Inside Death Row. In early 2015, <mask> travelled to New York City and hosted the two-part series The Mafia with <mask>. In late 2015, <mask> presented Las Vegas with <mask>, a two-part series for ITV. In September 2016, <mask> presented a two-part series called Inside Scotland Yard With <mask> for ITV.In February 2017, <mask> presented two-part documentary Mafia Women with <mask> for ITV. In late 2017, <mask> presented a documentary called An Hour to Catch a Killer for ITV. In February 2018, <mask> presented Death Row 2018 with <mask> for ITV. In February 2018, <mask> presented James Bulger: A Mother's Story with <mask> for ITV. In September 2018, <mask> presented To Catch a Serial Killer with <mask> for ITV. In February 2019, <mask> presented Fred & Rose West: The Real Story with <mask> for ITV. In January 2021, <mask> presented a two-part documentary called And Finally… with <mask> for ITV.In May 2021, <mask> co-presented a documentary called <mask> & Charlene White: Has George Floyd Changed Britain? for ITV. <mask> will present the upcoming ITV documentary The Killing of PC Harper: A Wife’s Story

Other work and media appearances

 In 1996, <mask> presented the "Hogmanay at the Palace"
 <mask> presented the TV series Undercover Customs, which created reconstructions of major HM Customs and Excise investigations in the UK. On 21 April 2006, <mask> presented an episode of Have I Got News for You; he delivered a number of autocue jokes, some of which were extremely risqué, in his usual somber newscaster manner, the juxtaposition of which prompted team captain Paul Merton, who usually maintains a straight face on the show, to laugh heartily in disbelief on numerous occasions. It was <mask>'s first appearance in any capacity on the show since 1992. <mask> was formerly Chancellor of London South Bank University. He also has intimate ties with King's College School in Wimbledon, a London day school, where he is now a governor.<mask> is the author of biographies of the cricketers Viv Richards and Clive Lloyd. <mask> has worked as an editor of poetry anthologies, and his autobiography Fortunate Circumstances was published in 1993. Lenny Henry's comic character <mask> is a parody of <mask>. <mask> once surprised Henry during a performance of "McDoughnut" on Tiswas by walking into the studio to sit with Henry. <mask> returned to Tiswas on two further occasions. First, a number of weeks after his original surprise appearance, he cropped up during a spoof edition of This Is Your Life to "reminisce" with Lenny Henry about the earlier event. The other appearance occurred during the Tiswas Reunited show (a reunion programme broadcast in June 2007) where <mask> joined Lenny on the sofa once again to look back at the old clips and comment on Henry's impersonation.<mask> performed live in Hyde Park in summer 1996 with the Who, as the newsreader in the group's staging of their Quadrophenia. In June 2007, <mask> hosted the new ITV version of This Is Your Life, Simon Cowell being the programme's "victim". In August 2010, <mask> conducted a live on-stage interview with Archbishop Desmond Tutu at Fairfield Halls in Croydon at an event entitled An Audience with Desmond Tutu. In 2014, <mask> presented a media training course entitled "Deal with the Media with Sir <mask>". <mask> presented a special edition of Countdown in September 2021 as part of Channel 4's Black To Front Day. In 2021, <mask> appeared as the titular character in E4's revival of GamesMaster

Awards
<mask> holds honorary degrees from the University of Plymouth and Liverpool John Moores University. He was appointed Knight Bachelor in the Queen's 1999 Birthday Honours for his services to broadcasting and journalism.He was awarded with "Special Recognition" at the National Television Awards in 2003 and with a BAFTA fellowship at the 2011 British Academy Television Awards. References

External links
 Vision Aid Overseas

Sir <mask> reads final bulletin BBC News, 15 December 2005
Newsworthy career of Sir <mask> BBC News, 15 December 2005
"Sir <mask> Reveals The Stand Out Moment in His Career | This Morning". YouTube, 23 October 2019. 1939 births
Knights Bachelor
BAFTA fellows
ITN newsreaders and journalists
ITV people
Living people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People associated with London South Bank University
British reporters and correspondents
Trinidad and Tobago television personalities
Trinidad and Tobago journalists
Trinidad and Tobago emigrants to the United Kingdom
Trinidad and Tobago knights
Black British television personalities
Trinidad and Tobago people of Grenadian descent
Trinidad and Tobago people of Indian descent
Trinidad and Tobago people of Dougla descent
Presidents of Surrey County Cricket Club
Black British journalists

masks:
Trevor McDonald
George McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
Lawson McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDoughnut
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
Trevor McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
Trevor
Trevor
Trevor McDonald


texts:
<mask><mask> (born 1947) is a professor of Sociology and Public Policy at Brandeis University and is the author The Hidden Cost of Being African American and the co-author of Black Wealth/White Wealth. <mask>'s current professional titles include the Pokross Professor of Law and Social Policy and the Director of the Institute on Assets and Social Policy. The primary areas of focus for <mask>'s research and publications are racial inequality and public policy. Early life and education

<mask><mask> was born in Los Angeles, California on April 24, 1947. He received his B.A. Degree from the University of Wisconsin in 1969. <mask> went on to receive both his M.A.degree (1971) and PhD (1978) from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. Writings

<mask>'s first book was Population Control Politics, published in 1985, which focused primarily on female sterilization, the welfare state, and public policy in the United States. <mask> co-authored Black Wealth/White Wealth with Professor Melvin L. Oliver, which was originally published in 1995; a tenth-anniversary edition was published in 2006. Black Wealth/White Wealth investigates racial inequality in the United States, however, what sets Black Wealth/White Wealth apart from the numerous other works on racial inequality from this time period is that <mask> and Oliver examine racial inequality through the lens of wealth. The book demonstrates that a huge wealth gap exists between white and black Americans (according to the book, black families have, on average, 10 cents of wealth for every dollar white families have). Although the income gap between whites and blacks has narrowed, <mask> and Oliver argue that the remarkable differences in wealth, and the impact that these differences have on housing, education, and more. Both also challenge the notion of growing equality between races in the United States.Great Divides: Readings in Social Inequality in the United States is a textbook on American social inequality compiled by <mask> with contributions from classical and contemporary writers. Great Divides has gone through three editions; the first was published in 1998, and the other two editions followed in 2001 and 2005. According to <mask>, the purpose of Great Divides is to examine the barriers between groups and individuals and to evaluate the impact that these barriers have had, and continue to have, on American society. Additionally, and unlike existing readers on social inequality, <mask> seeks to meld older, more famous texts (from authors such as Max Weber and W. E. B. Du Bois) with cutting-edge research on the subject of inequality, thereby creating a more comprehensive and challenging text for students. In his 2004 publication The Hidden Cost of Being African American, <mask> focuses on the importance of family wealth and the central role that it plays in passing down racial inequality from generation to generation in the United States. Drawing from interviews with 182 black, white and Latino families with school aged children in Boston, Los Angeles, and St. Louis, <mask> argues that there continues to be a substantial racial wealth gap in the United States.<mask> also claims that families lacking financial assets, characteristically the African American population, are hindered from becoming upwardly mobile in American society. 3/4 of the people that <mask> interviewed were middle class and 1/4 were working class or poor. These same inherited, transformative assets are leveraged by whites, enabling them to take fuller advantage of economic opportunities and accumulate additional wealth, what many refer to as White privilege. This vicious cycle, <mask> argues, has the effect of perpetuating and worsening racial inequality in the United States. <mask> focuses on the "big picture" of wealth dynamics in the United States and explores how family money effects racial inequality. His book is organized around the ideas that inheritance and racial discrimination are making inequality between whites and African Americans worse. He coins the term "transformative assets" as money that is acquired through family that allows for social mobility beyond what their current income level would allow for.He shows that different starting lines of wealth for different people has a huge impact on inequalities and that race plays a huge role in determining your starting place. In terms of racial equality, inherited wealth and housing discrimination limit educational and employment gains which have a huge impact on social mobility. More narrowly, <mask> also focuses on the advantages that transformative assets have on the value of housing and the subsequent quality of neighborhoods and schools, to the additional benefit of whites and disadvantage of blacks. In his 2017 book, Toxic Inequality: How America's Wealth Gap Destroys Mobility, Deepens the Racial Divide, & Threatens Our Future, <mask> argues that wealth disparities and racial inequities must be understood in tandem. Following nearly two hundred families of different races and income levels over a period of twelve years, <mask>'s research vividly documents the recession's toll on parents and children, the ways families use wealth to manage crises and create opportunities, and the real reasons some families build wealth while others struggle in poverty. Bibliography

Awards

 Residency Fellow, Rockefeller Study and Conference Center, Bellagio, Italy (2005)
 The Hidden Cost of Being African American named one of the Best Books of the Year, St. Louis Post-Dispatch (2004)
 Distinguished Scholarly Publication Award, American Sociological Association (1997)
 C. Wright Mills Award, Society for the Study of Social Problems (1996)

Personal life
<mask> is married to Ruth Birnberg,  and the couple has a son, Izak <mask>. See also
 Race and inequality in the United States

References

External links

American sociologists
Brandeis University faculty
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Living people
1947 births

masks:
Thomas M
. Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Thomas M
. Shapiro
Shapiro
Thomas Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Thomas Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro


texts:
<mask> (née Whitaker and formerly <mask>, born October 24, 1961) is an American politician, businesswoman, and lobbyist who served Palm Springs and most of central and eastern Riverside County, California, in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1998 to 2013. A member of the Republican Party, <mask> was first elected to Congress in 1998 to replace her late husband, <mask>, who had died in office months earlier. She sat on the Energy and Commerce Committee and was chairwoman of the Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing and Trade. In 1998, <mask> served on the House Judiciary Committee that approved articles of impeachment against President Bill Clinton. <mask> served in Congress until losing her 2012 re-election bid. In March 2013, <mask> became a senior vice president at the Washington, D.C.-based federal affairs firm Faegre Baker Daniels Consulting. In 2018, she founded the political affairs consulting firm Integritas by Bono.Early life and education
<mask> was born <mask> in Cleveland, Ohio, the daughter of Karen Lee (née Taylor), a chemist, and Dr. Clay Westerfield Whitaker, a physician and World War II veteran. In 1963, the family moved to South Pasadena, California. She graduated from South Pasadena High School in 1979. Whitaker graduated from the University of Southern California in 1984 with a Bachelor of Arts in art history. She was an accomplished gymnast in her youth. Whitaker worked as a cocktail waitress during her early twenties. In 1986, Whitaker married actor/singer <mask>.<mask> and <mask> moved to Palm Springs, where <mask> served as mayor from 1988 to 1992 before being elected to Congress in 1994. <mask> died in a skiing accident on January 5, 1998. Career

U.S. House of Representatives

In 1998, <mask> won the Republican nomination for the special election to succeed her late husband in what was then California's 44th congressional district. She was then elected to Congress on April 7, 1998. <mask> won election to a full term on November 3, 1998. That same year, <mask> was added to the House Judiciary Committee by the Republican leadership in anticipation of the consideration of impeachment proceedings against President Clinton, thus becoming the only Republican woman on the committee during the impeachment inquiry against Bill Clinton. <mask> voted along party lines on all four motions for impeachment in both the committee and on the House floor, despite other moderate Republican House members voting against Articles II, III, and IV.<mask>'s service on the House Judiciary panel increased her national profile considerably. <mask> served in Congress for 15 years. In 2011, her bill, H.R. 2715, was signed into law with bipartisan support to amend and improve the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008. The daughter of a veteran, <mask> also played a key role in creation of much-needed VA clinics in Blythe and Palm Desert, California. In December 2010, she was one of fifteen Republican House members to vote in favor of repealing the United States military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" ban on openly homosexual service members. After the 2010 United States census, <mask>'s district was renumbered as the 36th district and made somewhat more Democratic and Hispanic than its predecessor.In a significant upset, Democratic challenger Raul Ruiz, a physician, defeated her with 53 percent of the vote to <mask>'s 47.1 percent. In 2013, <mask> was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v. Perry case. Committee assignments
 Committee on Energy and Commerce
 Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing and Trade (Chairwoman)
 Subcommittee on Communications and Technology
 Subcommittee on Environment and Economy
 United States House Committee on Armed Services
 United States House Committee on the Judiciary
 United States House Committee on Small Business

Bono was chairwoman of the House Energy Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing and Trade. This committee debates legislation related to intellectual property, telecommunications, energy and healthcare. She was the first Republican woman to chair this subcommittee. She was co-chair of the Congressional Caucus on Prescription Drug Abuse. In 2012, she formed and chaired the House Women's Policy Committee, which included 24 female Republican lawmakers from 17 states.Caucus memberships
 America Supports You Caucus
 Intellectual Property Promotion and Piracy Prevention Caucus (Co-chair)
 International Conservation Caucus
 Recording Arts and Sciences Caucus (Co-chair)
 Congressional Hispanic Conference {associate member}
 Republican Main Street Partnership

Post-congressional career
In March 2013, <mask> became a senior vice president at the Washington, D.C.-based federal affairs firm Faegre Baker Daniels Consulting. In June 2013, a group of leading telecommunications firms announced formation of the 21st Century Privacy Coalition, which focuses on updating U.S. privacy and data security laws. <mask> and Jon Leibowitz, former Federal Trade Commission chairman, were named co-chairs of the coalition. Also in June 2013, <mask> helped lead expansion of Faegre Baker Daniels and Faegre Baker Daniels Consulting into Silicon Valley, in her home state of California. In August 2013, <mask> was a panelist at the National Journal'''s Women 2020 event. At that event, she discussed gender inequality and her experiences as a woman in Congress. In October 2018, following the Michigan State University sex abuse scandal, <mask> was named interim president and chief executive officer of USA Gymnastics.However, she resigned four days later following criticism over her previous role as a lobbyist for USA Gymnastics amid public concern that she had marked out the Nike logo on her sneakers in protest of Nike's support for NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick. Advocacy and causes
After attending a lecture by mountaineer-turned-humanitarian Greg Mortenson, Bono worked with him to aid his efforts to build schools for girls in the mountainous regions of Pakistan. <mask> is quoted in Mortenson's book Three Cups of Tea as saying "I've learned more from Greg Mortenson about the causes of terrorism than during all our briefings on Capitol Hill." Personal life
In March 1986, Bono married actor/singer <mask>. The Bonos moved to Palm Springs, where they owned and operated a restaurant. <mask> served as Mayor of Palm Springs from 1988 to 1992 before being elected to Congress in 1994. The Bonos had two children: Chesare and Chianna.<mask> died on January 5, 1998 in a skiing accident. After <mask>'s death in 1998, <mask> began dating Brian Prout, drummer of the country music band Diamond Rio. The two became engaged in 2001 but did not marry. In 2001, <mask> married Wyoming businessman Glenn Baxley about 18 months after they met in Mexico. They filed for divorce in 2005. On December 15, 2007, <mask> married Congressman Connie Mack IV (R-FL) in Asheville, North Carolina. In May 2013, the couple announced they had separated on amicable terms.They divorced later that year. In September 2015, <mask> married former astronaut and retired Navy rear admiral Stephen S. Oswald. See also
 Women in the United States House of Representatives

References

External links

 Congresswoman <mask> Mack official campaign site''

|-

1961 births
20th-century American women politicians
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
California Republicans
Florida Republicans
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Living people
Mack family
Members of the United States House of Representatives from California
Politicians from Cleveland
People from Palm Springs, California
People from Pasadena, California
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
<mask>
Spouses of California politicians
Spouses of Florida politicians
Spouses of United States mayors
University of Southern California alumni
Women in California politics

masks:
Mary Bono
Mary Bono Mack
Bono
Sonny Bono
Bono
Bono
Bono
Bono
Mary Whitaker
Sonny Bono
Mary
Sonny Bono
Sonny Bono
Sonny Bono
Mary Bono
Bono
Bono
Bono
Bono
Bono
Bono
Bono
Bono
Bono
Bono
Mary Bono
Bono
Bono
Bono
Bono
Sonny Bono
Sonny Bono
Sonny Bono
Sonny Bono
Bono
Bono
Bono
Bono
Mary Bono
Sonny Bono


texts:
<mask> (born February 19, 1981), known by her stage name <mask>, is an American singer-songwriter and actress most notable for her work with the indie rock band Gossip. Her voice has been compared to Etta James, Janis Joplin and Tina Turner. She disbanded Gossip to pursue a career in fashion, and has since started a solo career. Life and career
<mask> grew up in a poor family in Arkansas in the southern United States, with her mother, various stepfathers, and six siblingstwo older brothers, an older sister, two younger brothers and a younger sister. She grew up Southern Baptist and Pentecostal, but is now an atheist. At age 13, she moved out of her mother's house and went to live with her aunt. She moved to Olympia, Washington in 1999; then to Portland, Oregon in 2003, where she lives as of 2014.At 18, she discovered bands like Nirvana, Pearl Jam, The Raincoats and Siouxsie and the Banshees. She fronted the band Gossip from its formation in 1999 until its dissolution in 2016. In addition, she has been involved in other musical projects. In 2008, she contributed vocals to the Crisis charity single "Consequences", a collaboration between various artists. In 2009, she sang on Simian Mobile Disco's track "Cruel Intentions" for their album of collaborations Temporary Pleasure. In 2011, she released her own 4-track <mask> EP, produced by James Ford and Jas Shaw of Simian Mobile Disco, on the re-launched Deconstruction Records. She sang on Blondie's "A Rose by Any Name" from their 2013 album Ghosts of Download.Harrod Horatia, writing in The Telegraph, has said, "Where the stripped-down three-piece Gossip play propulsive, garage band blues, <mask>'s own stuff is melancholic, soulful dance music, inspired by 'Eighties disco soul jams' that she loves, and the up-tempo pop-R&B of I Wanna Dance With Somebody-era Whitney Houston." <mask>, who is openly lesbian, is well known for her outspoken support of both lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT), and feminist causes. She has been an advocate for large women being body-positive and has been regularly photographed as an editorial model. She is known for her stage dances and her unique and revealing image. She classes herself as a punk, and thus neither uses deodorant nor shaves under her armpits, having once remarked, "I think punks usually smell." She has cited Cyndi Lauper and Boy George as overall influences and Grace Jones and Peggy Moffitt as her beauty icons. She also stated: "Artists I love, like Siouxsie Sioux and Patti Smith, have such radically different ways of embodying femininity, but they're both amazing punk women.The true heart of feminism isn't about meeting other people's expectations around your body or your gender." She considers her favorite song to be "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" by X-Ray Spex. She courted mild controversy in 2006 when she claimed to have eaten squirrels as a child. In 2007–2008, <mask> contributed a fortnightly advice column on body image to The Guardian newspaper entitled 'What would <mask> do?'. In 2007 she was featured posed nude on the front cover of music magazine NME. Germaine Greer, writing in The Guardian, said the magazine had "enough courage to put the coolest woman on the planet on the cover" whilst acknowledging its limits.Greer also praised <mask> for her motives, saying her "intention is to force acceptance of her body type,  tall and , and by this strategy to challenge the conventional imagery of women". In February 2009 bi-annual British style magazine Love featured <mask> posed nude on the front cover of its premiere issue, with prominent public advertising. Emily Hill, writing in The Guardian, was cynical of Love magazine's intentions, writing that "<mask> on Love magazine is not evidence of fashion's new acceptance, but a diversion before emaciated normality returns". <mask> launched her first plus-size collection for women's clothing retailer Evans on July 9, 2009, in collaboration with head of design Lisa Marie Peacock. <mask> provided sketches and drew inspiration from her favourite vintage and charity shop clothes as well as bands like Blondie, The Slits and Grace Jones, and Art Deco movements. Her second collection for Evans launched in 2010 with just over 20 individual items. Marianne Kirby, writing in The Guardian, said the "collection struck a nerve with its iconic pieces" and that it was an "international success".She opened (modeled) and closed the Jean Paul Gaultier spring 2011 fashion show during Paris Fashion Week in October 2010. In June 2012 <mask> collaborated with MAC Cosmetics to create a make up collection. <mask> released her memoir in 2012 called Coal to Diamonds, which she co-wrote with Michelle Tea. It was positively reviewed in The Guardian and NME. In July 2013, <mask> married her girlfriend and best friend since she was 18, Kristin Ogata, in Maui, Hawaii. Both were outfitted entirely in white for the occasion; <mask> wore a gown by Jean Paul Gaultier and went barefoot while Ogata wore a jacket, a shirt, shorts, and shoes. In December 2014, seventeen months after the two first walked down the aisle in a wedding, the couple legally married in their home state of Oregon, having to wait until same-sex marriage became legal there to make their marriage official.<mask> confirmed the split of the band Gossip to pursue a career in fashion and her solo career in 2016. In an interview in March 2018, <mask> announced that she and her wife had split and she was dating musician Ted Kwo. Earlier that month, she addressed how her relationship with Kwo, who is an openly transgender man, has urged her to consider the privileges of being perceived as a straight woman. In particular, she spoke about the sharp difference in how she was treated when she was with Ogata: “I was always really afraid, I was always really protective. Straight privilege is real." In 2018, <mask> made her film acting debut in Gus Van Sant's Don't Worry, He Won't Get Far on Foot. The following year she was cast in On Becoming a God in Central Florida, a Showtime series starring Kirsten Dunst.Books

Books by <mask>
Coal to Diamonds: A Memoir Co-written with Michelle Tea. New York, NY: Spiegel & Grau, 2012. . Hardback. London: Simon & Schuster UK, 2012. . Hardback. London: Simon & Schuster UK, 2013. . Paperback. Books with contributions by Ditto
Riot Grrrl: Revolution Girl Style Now! by Nadine Monem.London: Black Dog Publishing, 2007. . <mask> contributes an introduction. Discography

Albums

Extended plays

Singles

Filmography

Awards and nominations
 2006 – NME – Cool List – Won
 2007 – Stonewall Awards – Hero of the Year – Nominated
 2007 – NME Awards – Sexiest Woman of the Year – Nominated
 2007 – Virgin Media Music Awards – Legend of the Year – Nominated
 2007 – PLUG Awards – Female Artist of the Year – Nominated
 2008 – Glamour Awards – International Artist of the Year – Won
 2017 – Gay Music Chart Awards – Best Lyric Video for "In and Out" – Nominated

References

1981 births
American dance musicians
Female models from Arkansas
American feminists
Women post-grunge singers
American women rock singers
Feminist musicians
Kill Rock Stars
Lesbian feminists
American lesbian musicians
LGBT singers from the United States
LGBT songwriters
LGBT memoirists
Living people
Singers from Arkansas
People from Searcy, Arkansas
Synth-pop singers
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
Songwriters from Oregon
Songwriters from Arkansas
LGBT people from Arkansas
LGBT people from Oregon
Singers from Oregon
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
American lesbian actresses
American atheists
Columnists
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT people

masks:
Mary Beth Patterson
Beth Ditto
Ditto
Beth Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Beth Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Beth Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto


texts:
<mask> (20 January 1907 – 11 May 2000) was an Austrian theatre and film actress. Die Wessely (literally "The Wessely"), as she was affectionately called by her admirers and fans, was Austria's foremost popular postwar actress. Biography
She was born in Vienna, the daughter of butcher <mask>, younger brother of the late Burgtheater actress <mask> (1860–1887). Like her adored aunt, <mask>y prepared for an artistic career. From 1922 she attended the Vienna State Academy of Music and Performing Arts and later the Max Reinhardt Seminar, while she made her debut as an actress in 1924 at the Volkstheater, followed by several minor roles of the boulevard repertoire, also performing at the Raimund Theater. Her career proceeded, when in 1926, she became a member of the New German Theatre ensemble in Prague, where she and her future husband Attila Hörbiger (1896–1987) performed in Les Nouveaux Messieurs by Flers and Croisset. In 1927, she returned to the Volkstheater, playing in Ibsen's The Lady from the Sea and Wedekind's Spring Awakening.After being denied the role of Jenny in Brecht's Threepenny Opera in 1929, she quit and joined the ensemble of the Theater in der Josefstadt under director Max Reinhardt. Strongly insisting on major roles, she performed in Der Gemeine by Felix Salten, together with Attila Hörbiger and Hans Moser. Supported by Reinhardt, she played in Schiller's Intrigue and Love at the 1930 Salzburg Festival. In  1932, she appeared in Hauptmann's Rose Bernd under director Karlheinz Martin at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin, acclaimed by the audience as well as by critics like Alfred Kerr and colleagues like Werner Krauss. On 23 December 1932, having taken singing lessons, she played the leading role in the premiere of Fritz Kreisler's Singspiel Sissy at the Theater an der Wien. From 1933 until 1938 she again performed at the Salzburg Festival as Gretchen in Goethe's Faust, together with Ewald Balser. In 1936, she made her first appearance on the Burgtheater stage in Shaw's Saint Joan.<mask>, who was not particularly photogenic, was passed over in favor of Magda Schneider for the role of Christine in Max Ophüls' 1933 filmization of Arthur Schnitzler's Liebelei, a part she had played at Theater in der Josefstadt. Her first major movie role was that of Leopoldine Dur in the 1934 film Maskerade directed by Willi Forst, together with Adolf Wohlbrück. Further appearances in films like Episode by Walter Reisch, for which she was awarded the Volpi Cup as best actress at the 1935 Venice Film Festival, finally made her a star. In 1938, she was the speaking voice of Snow White in the first German-dubbed version of Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Immediately banned by the Nazi authorities after the Austrian Anschluss in the same year, this version was re-released in 1948 in Austria and in 1950 in West Germany (the first public performance ever), for the last time performed in 1957. As Disney Germany re-dubbed this movie in 1966 and again in 1994, both older versions are no longer available — although they are archived at London. Like her brother-in-law Paul Hörbiger, Wessely had publicly acclaimed the Anschluss, after which she smoothly continued her film and theatre career.Her most notorious movie appearance was in the anti-Polish Nazi propaganda film Heimkehr ("Homecoming") by Gustav Ucicky in 1941. Heavily criticized by Austrian intellectuals after World War II, she later publicly regretted her involvement. On 23 November 1935, she married Attila Hörbiger at the Vienna Rathaus. They had three daughters: Elisabeth Orth (born 1936), Christiane Hörbiger (born 1938) and Maresa Hörbiger (born 1945). All three daughters went on to become actresses. After WWII, she was initially under a ban by the Allied authorities. She resumed her career in 1945 at the Innsbruck State Theatre with the role of Christine in Liebelei, and again at the Theater in der Josefstadt in Brecht's The Good Person of Szechwan the next year.She participated in the filming of Ernst Lothar's novel The Angel with the Trumpet in 1947, playing a half-Jewish woman. In 1957 she was again criticized  for her role in the homophobic film Anders als du und ich by Veit Harlan. She worked mainly as a theatre actress at the Vienna Burgtheater together with her husband for more than 40 years, performing in Raimund's Der Alpenkönig und der Menschenfeind and Der Diamant des Geisterkönigs, again as Gretchen in Goethe's Faust, in Schnitzler's Das weite Land, in Hofmannsthal's Der Unbestechliche with Josef Meinrad and as Ella Rentheim in Ibsen's John Gabriel Borkman. When Attila Hörbiger died of a stroke in April 1987, aged 91, Wessely, by then undisputed doyenne of the Burgtheater, retired at the age of 80. In her last years she lived a very secluded life in her hometown Vienna and suffered from major depression, caused by the death of her beloved husband. On 20 January 2000, she celebrated her 93rd birthday quietly, with only her three daughters and grandchildren at her home in Vienna-Grinzing. The following April she suffered an acute attack of bronchitis and was admitted to a hospital in Vienna.She died on 11 May 2000, aged 93, "peacefully in her sleep", as the Burgtheater management announced the following day. She was buried two weeks later at the side of her husband in an Ehrengrab of the Grinzing cemetery. Selected filmography

 Maskerade (1934)
 So Ended a Great Love (1934)
 Episode (1935)
 Harvest (1936)
 Such Great Foolishness (1937)
 Mirror of Life (1938)
 Maria Ilona (1939)
 Heimkehr (1941)
 Late Love (1943)
 The Heart Must Be Silent (1944)
 The Angel with the Trumpet (1948)
 Cordula (1950)
 Maria Theresa (1951)
 Walking Back into the Past (1954)
 Different from You and Me (1957)
 Die unvollkommene Ehe (1959)
 Jedermann (1961)

Awards and decorations
 1935: Volpi Cup for Best Actress for the film Episode (Venice Biennale)
 1949: Max Reinhardt Ring
 1960: Kainz Medal
 1962: Bambi Prize
 1963: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
 1967: Gold Medal of the capital Vienna
 1976: Grand Silver Medal for Services to the Republic of Austria
 1979: Alma-Seidler-Ring (female counterpart to the Iffland Ring and donated in 1978 by the Austrian Government to mark the death of Burgtheater-actress Alma Seidler (1899–1977); Wessely was the first recipient)
 1982: Honorary Ring of Vienna
 1984: Gold German Film Award for many years of excellent work in German films

References

Further reading
 Georg Markus: Die Hörbigers. Biografie einer Familie. Wien: Amalthea Verlag, 2006. Edda Fuhrich & Gisela Prossnitz (ed. ): <mask>, Attila Hörbiger.Ihr Leben – ihr Spiel. Eine Dokumentation. München: Langen Müller, 1985. André Müller: Entblößungen. München: Goldmann, 1979. Elisabeth Orth: Märchen ihres Lebens. Meine Eltern Paula <mask> und Attila Hörbiger.Wien: Molden, 1975. Maria Steiner: <mask>. Die verdrängten Jahre. Wien: Verlag für Gesellschaftskritik, 1996. External links

Photographs and bibliography
German Disney dubbings

1907 births
2000 deaths
20th-century Austrian actresses
Actresses from Vienna
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
Recipients of the Bambi (prize)
Recipients of the Grand Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Volpi Cup for Best Actress winners

masks:
Paula Anna Maria Wessely
Carl Wessely
Josephine Wessely
Paula Wessel
Wessely
Paula Wessely
Wessely
Paula Wessely


texts:
<mask> (1820–1904) was the first curator of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens at Gardens Point in Brisbane, Australia. Personal life
<mask> was born at Scotsdyke, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, on 31 December 1819, the son of <mask> and Elizabeth Beattie. Scotsdyke is virtually on the border of England and Scotland and is presumably a reference to the moat about  south of the village of Canobie (now spelled Canonbie). <mask> married Jane Smith, the daughter of John Smith and Jane Brunton, on 16 September 1849 at Holy Trinity Brompton Church, Middlesex, England. They had a daughter Ann (born 25 April 1850 in England, died 1 November 1871 in Brisbane). The family immigrated to Sydney, Australia in 1852 on the "Maitland", where <mask> initially tried his luck on the goldfields. In 1854,  <mask> undertook an expedition (as a botanist) to North Queensland in which most of the party were murdered by Aborigines.After this, <mask> accepted the position of superintendent of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens. The death of their only daughter, Ann, in 1871 was tragic for <mask> and Jane. She was buried in Toowong Cemetery, despite it not being opened for burials. However, Governor Samuel Blackall had already been buried there prior to its opening and Ann's burial was the 2nd of six burials that preceded the official openings. <mask> planted a hoop pine near Ann's grave and did a number of other plantings in the cemetery, despite having no apparent official role in connection with it. It appears he was simply motivated to make her burial ground a beautiful place. Until <mask>'s retirement in 1881, the family lived in the Curator's Cottage at the Brisbane Botanic Gardens.This cottage was washed away in the 1890s in a flood and was replaced by the Curator's Cottage which exists today as the City Gardens Cafe, a venue well-patronised by tourists and staff of the adjacent Queensland University of Technology's Gardens Point campus. After retiring, <mask> established a new home "Canobie Lea" at Eight Mile Plains, Queensland, which was (perhaps unsurprisingly) well known for its landscaping. Canobie is a village in Dumfriesshire close to <mask>'s birthplace of Scotsdyke. He died at his home "Canobie Lea" on 4 February 1904. He is buried in Toowong Cemetery together with his wife Jane (died 1888) in the same grave as their daughter Ann (died 1871). As his wife and only child pre-deceased him, <mask>'s niece, Mrs Mary Hamilton (daughter of <mask>'s brother David Hall) appears to have inherited "Canobie Lea". The Hamiltons restored the house, replacing the shingle roof with a tin roof.Mary died in 1921 and in 1931, the property was sold. Professional life in horticulture

Early career
<mask> started out as an apprentice to his brother, David, then head gardener at Balloch Castle, Dumbartonshire, Scotland. Later he worked at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and then in 1843 moved to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Brisbane Botanic Gardens
<mask> was the first Superintendent of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens located at Gardens Point from 1855 to 1881. After his appointment, he made rapid progress in establishing the gardens, which he organised into 34 separate areas, each with a specific purpose. In the spring of 1856, the newspaper Moreton Bay Courier urged the local citizens to come and enjoy the gardens and walkways, giving praise to <mask> for achieving so much so quickly. In late 1859, <mask> worked very diligently to prepare the gardens for the arrival of Sir George Bowen, Queensland's first governor, as the gardens had been chosen as the landing stage for the ship which conveyed the governor and his family and also as focus for many of the associated ceremonies and festivities.In 1861, he worked with the Governor's wife, Lady Diamantina Bowen, to organise Christmas festivities in the gardens, personally decorating the Christmas trees. Although his interests primarily lay in economic plants, he also took an interest in more decorative plants. In 1857, he exhibited a native water lily at the Australian Horticultural and Agricultural Show held in Sydney. He introduced the flowering trees, the jacaranda and poinciana, which are still popular garden plants in Queensland. Indeed, it is claimed that all jacaranda trees in Australia are descended from the original jacaranda tree that grew from a seed imported by <mask> in 1864. The tree is believed to the subject of the 1903 painting Under the Jacaranda by Richard Godfrey Rivers (Queensland Art Gallery); sadly the tree died in 1980 when it was blown over in a storm. Colonial botanist
When Queensland was separated from New South Wales in 1859, <mask> was appointed the first Colonial Botanist of Queensland in 1859, a role he held until his retirement in 1881.In this role, he conducted a number of expeditions to northern Queensland to collect native plants, including trips to Cape York Peninsula in 1862 and the north-east coast to Mossman and the Daintree River in 1873, climbing Mount Bellenden Ker. He sent many of the specimens he gathered to herbariums around the world (including the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in London). Although <mask> wanted to establish a herbarium in Queensland, he was unable to do so due to lack of a suitable building and the other demands on his time. However, on his retirement in 1881, <mask> gave his books to the Queensland Museum, which later became the nucleus of the present Queensland Herbarium library. <mask> also had a significant role in acclimatisation of exotic plant species into Queensland. He was also responsible for the introduction of mango, pawpaw, ginger, tamarind, arrowroot, cotton and mahogany. In particular, he introduced sugarcane and established through experiments that the juice of the Queensland-grown sugarcane could be successfully granulated, opening up a major new farming crop for Queensland.Conversely, he also cultivated an Australian native nut, the Queensland nut, which went on to become known as the macadamia. In 1862, <mask> was appointed as one of Queensland's Commissioners to arrange for produce and other articles to be exhibited in the Exhibition of Industry as part of the 1862 International Exhibition held in London. Retirement
<mask> frequently clashed with his superiors and, following a disagreement regarding his upkeep of the gardens, <mask> was forced to retire in 1881. However, he continued to experiment with fruit trees in his retirement. Memorials
Hill is memorialised in a number of ways, including the Walter Hill Fountain. The Walter Hill Fountain is located in the Brisbane Botanic Gardens and was built as a drinking fountain in 1867 when mains water was introduced to Brisbane. In 1972, the fountain was renamed to commemorate <mask>'s achievements.Botanical citation information

References
<mask>, Walter — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search

External links
 Biography of <mask>, Australian National Botanic Gardens
 Biography of <mask>, Australian Dictionary of Biography
 Photo of <mask>'s house in the Brisbane Botanic Gardens, taken about 1868
 Photo of Walter Hill, taken about 1880
 Photo of Canobie Lea, home of Walter Hill, taken about 1910
 Walter Hill fountain

Botanists active in Australia
People from Brisbane
Scottish botanists
1820 births
1904 deaths
Burials at Toowong Cemetery
People from Dumfries and Galloway
Scottish emigrants to Australia
Pre-Separation Queensland
19th-century Australian public servants
Public servants of Queensland

masks:
Walter Hill
Walter Hill
David Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Walter
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Walter Hill
Water Hill
Walter Hill


texts:
<mask> (born Antun Lučić; September 9, 1855 – September 2, 1921) was a Croatian-born American oil explorer. With Pattillo Higgins he organized the drilling of an oil well near Beaumont, Texas, that became known as Spindletop. This led to the widespread exploitation of oil and the start of the petroleum age. Early life
Count <mask> was the son of <mask>, a Croatian shipbuilder and shipowner, and Giovanna Giovanizio. Born in the Austrian Empire city of Split, his family moved to Trieste, where his father served in the Austro-Hungarian navy. At the age of 20, <mask> completed studies at the Polytechnical Institute (Technische Hochschule) in Graz, Austria, and became an engineer. After graduating from the Austrian Naval Academy of  Pula and Rijeka, <mask> was commissioned a second lieutenant in 1878.Move to the United States
In 1879, <mask> visited his uncle in Saginaw, Michigan, and started work in a sawmill, improving the design of a gang saw then in use. In 1883, he started working in the Colorado, California and North Carolina gold, copper, silver and iron mining industries. He changed his name to <mask> <mask>, receiving his naturalization papers on May 9, 1885, at Norfolk, Virginia. He married Caroline Weed Fitzgerald in 1887. They moved to Washington, D.C. in 1888, where <mask> worked as a mechanical and mining engineer, except for a two year break prospecting for gold in Colorado. Their son <mask>d was born on 21 July 1889. Career
In 1893, <mask> started to work as a salt mine superintendent for Myles and Company of New Orleans.The damaged mine was located at Petite Anse (Avery Island), and over the next three years, <mask> restored operations. <mask> drilled and explored for salt on Jefferson Island for Joseph Jefferson, and Belle Isle, where he discovered the relationship between salt deposits, sulfur, natural gas, and oil deposits. In <mask>' words, "This led me to study the accumulation of oil around salt masses, and I formed additional plans for prospecting other localities. Thus I began my investigations into the occurrence of oil on the Coastal Plain." In 1898, <mask> mined salt on Grand Côte, Weeks Island, and Anse la Butte, having by then become an expert on salt domes. <mask>her

In 1899, <mask> visited the Sour Spring Mound south of Beaumont, Texas, with Pattillo Higgins. This was the future site of Spindletop.<mask> noted, "This mound attracted my attention on account of the contour, which indicated possibilities for an incipient dome below, and because at the apex of it there were exudations of sulphuretted hydrogen gas. This has suggested to me, in the light of my experience at Belle Isle, that it might prove a source of either sulphur or oil, or both." <mask> then signed a lease agreement with the Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company, and a separate agreement with Higgins. Using a rotary drilling rig from Louisiana, <mask> began his well in August or September 1899, reaching a depth of  in Dec.  At a depth of , the casing collapsed, but only after a layer of oil sand was found. Short on money, <mask> sought funding from any source, including Henry Folger of Standard Oil, but to no avail. <mask> received an opportunity when Dr. William Battle Phillips, geologist for the University of Texas and the Texas State Mineral Survey, endorsed <mask>' dome theory, and wrote a letter of introduction to John H. Galey. Galey, with his partner James M. Guffey, put together financing with Andrew Mellon, allowing <mask> to drill three wells  deep.<mask> also retained 12.5 percent of the deal. Galey further recommended that the Hamill brothers, Al, Curt, and Jim, drill the well. After reaching the depth of , on 10 January 1901, mud and water erupted followed by a stream of crude oil reaching . The eruption lasted nine days, flowing between 70,000 and 100,000 barrels per day, before the Lucas Gusher was finally brought under control. Beaumont became a boomtown. Yet, tiring of his loss of privacy, in May 1901, <mask> sold his stock in the Guffey Petroleum Company, and continued his scientific search for oil in the United States and Mexico. Legacy
The <mask> Gusher helped revolutionize world fuel use and transformed the economy of southeast Texas.It helped further the development of the combustion engine automobile since significant amounts of energy were needed for fuel. The city of Houston become the national center of the oil industry, with the United States surpassing Russia as the world's leading producer. <mask> <mask> is considered to be the founder of modern petroleum reservoir engineering. He later served as a consulting engineer in Romania, Russia, Mexico, Algeria, as well as in the United States. As a successful businessman and expert in mining, <mask> was the lifelong chairman of the American Committee for Oil and Gas. Inventions and applications
A number of <mask> inventions and scientific or technical knowledge were used in early oil exploration and extraction, with most still being employed. Some are:
 overhead method of mining in salt mines
 surface exploration for underground mineral deposits
 application of steam-driven, hydraulic-rotary drilling rig and of mud in oil well drilling
 construction and application of back pressure valve
 construction of blowout preventers
 designing of well logs
 invention of the Christmas tree oil well

Heritage
<mask> died on September 2, 1921, in Washington, D.C.He was often mistakenly described as Austrian, sometimes even as a Trieste-born Italian. On his grave in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C., he is described as being of Illyric origin, which was the standard term for Croatian at the time. In 1936, the American Institute for Geological and Metallurgical Investigations founded the Anthony F. <mask> Gold Medal prize for development in the area of oil exploration. A museum with a granite obelisk was built to honor the explorer about which is inscribed: "On this spot on the tenth day of the twentieth century a new era in civilization began." A street and an elementary school in Beaumont, Texas, bear his name. Notes

1855 births
1921 deaths
American petroleum geologists
Texas Oil Boom people
Wildcatters
History of the petroleum industry in the United States
Austro-Hungarian Navy officers
Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the United States
People from Beaumont, Texas
Engineers from Trieste
Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery
19th-century American geologists
20th-century American geologists

masks: Anthony François Maria Vincent Giovanizio de Bertuchevich Lucas


texts:
<mask>, born on July 17, 1952 at Limoges is a chemistry professor at the University of California, San Diego. <mask> obtained his B.Sc. from the University of Montpellier in 1975 and his Ph.D. from the Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, in 1979. He was a postdoctoral researcher at Sanofi Research, France, in 1981. The research interests of <mask> and his co-workers lie mainly in the chemistry of with main group elements from group 13 to 16, at the border between organic, organometallic and inorganic chemistry; especially their use in stabilizing carbenes, nitrenes, phosphinidenes, radicals and biradicals, 1,3-dipoles, anti-aromatic heterocycles, and more. He has directed the synthesis of some original persistent carbenes, including bis(diisopropylamino)cyclopropenylidene, the first example of a carbene with all-carbon environment that is stable at room-temperature. <mask> is an honorific member or fellow of several scientific societies, such as the AAAS (2006), the French Academy of Sciences (2004), the European Academy of Sciences (2003), Academia Europaea (2002), and the recipient of various prizes and awards.Scientific work
Questioning the current dogma is a design feature of <mask>'s research program. He has made many important contributions to the chemistry of main group elements and new binding systems in inorganic, organometallic and organic chemistry. Throughout his career, he has isolated a variety of species that were supposed to be only transitional intermediates, and are now powerful tools for chemists. Its best-known contribution was the discovery in 1988 of the first stable carbene, a (phosphino)(silyl)carbene, three years before Arduengo's report on a stable N-heterocyclic carbene. <mask> is at the origin of the chemistry of stable carbenes. Since then, he has made several revolutionary discoveries that have allowed us to better understand the stability of carbenes. He was the first to isolate cyclopropenylidenes, mesoionic carbenes that cannot dimerize, resulting in a relaxation of steric requirements for their isolation More importantly, he discovered cyclic (alkyl) (amino) (amino) carbenes (CAACs), including the recently published six-membered version.CAACs are even richer in electrons than NHCs and phosphines, but at the same time, due to the presence of a single pair of free electrons on nitrogen, CAACs are more accepting than NHCs. The electronic properties of CAACs stabilize highly reactive species, including organic and major group radicals, as well as paramagnetic metal species, such as gold complexes (0), which were completely unknown. CAACs have also allowed the isolation of bis(copper)acetylide complexes, which are key catalytic intermediates in the famous "Click Reaction", and which were supposed to be only transient species. He also used CAACs to prepare and isolate the first isoelectronic nucleophilic tricoordinated organoborane from amines. These recent developments appear paradoxical since they consist in using carbenes long considered as prototypic reactive intermediates to isolate otherwise unstable molecules. Among the large-scale applications already known of CAACs are their use as a ligand for transition metal catalysts. For example, in collaboration with Grubbs, <mask> has shown that ruthenium catalysts bearing a CAAC are extremely active in the ethenolysis of methyl oleate.This is the first time that a series of metathesis catalysts have performed so well in cross-metathesis reactions using ethylene gas, with sufficient activity to make ethenolysis applicable to the industrial production of linear alpha-olefins (LAOs) and other olefinic end products from biomass. Today, hundreds of academic and industrial groups use <mask>'s CAACs and other carbenes in transition metal catalysis, but also for other purposes. The most recent developments cover a wide range from nanoparticle stabilization to the antibacterial and anti-cancer properties of silver (I) and gold (I) complexes. A CAAC-copper complex even allows OLEDs to be used with a quantum efficiency close to 100% at high brightness. The discovery of stable carbenes was a breakthrough for fundamental chemistry, a real paradigm shift, but its importance also comes, and perhaps more importantly, from applications. In his review article on "N-heterocyclic carbenes", a terminology that includes carbenes, Glorius et al. wrote: "The discovery and development of N-heterocyclic carbenes is undoubtedly one of the greatest successes of recent chemical research", "N-heterocyclic carbenes are today among the most powerful tools in organic chemistry, with many applications in commercially important processes", "the meteoric rise of NHC is far from over".<mask>'s contribution is not limited to carbenes. Recent highlights include the isolation of the first stable nitrenes and phosphinidenes. He showed that the first can be used to transfer a nitrogen atom to organic fragments, a difficult task for nitrido complexes of transition metals. For the second, it has recently demonstrated that it mimics the behaviour of transition metals, just like carbenes. Honours and awards
He was awarded the CNRS silver medal in 1998. He is a member of the French Academy of Technology (2000), the Academia Europaea (2002), the European Academy of Sciences (2003), the French Academy of Sciences (2004) and the American Association for Advancement of Sciences (2006). He was recently awarded the Sir Ronald Nyholm Medal from the SRC (2009), the Grand Prix Le Bel from the French Chemical Society (2010), the ACS Prize in Inorganic Chemistry (2014), the Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson Prize from the SRC (2016) and the Sacconi Medal from the Italian Chemical Society (2017).He is one of the associate editors of Chemical Reviews and a member of the editorial boards of several journals. He is Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur. References

University of California, San Diego faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Inorganic chemists
Organic chemists

masks:
Guy Bertrand
Bertrand
Bertrand
Guy Bertrand
Guy Bertrand
Guy Bertrand
Guy Bertrand
Guy Bertrand
Guy Bertrand


texts:
<mask> (; January 11, 1910 in Nikolsk-Ussuriysky – February 10, 1975 in Athens) was a Greek poet, writer and a sailor by profession. He used his travels around the world, the life at sea and its adventures, as powerful metaphors for the escape of ordinary people, outside the boundaries of reality. His poems are widely regarded as belonging to symbolism, and he has been characterized by some as a poète maudit. Early life and education

Kavvadias was born in Nikolsk-Ussuriysky (now Ussuriysk in the Primorsky Krai region of Russia), where his father was a merchant. He believed that this had established a permanent connection between him and the Far East as he wrote in one of his short stories titled "Li". His parents were Greek, originating from the island of Kefalonia and as a young child he had the opportunity to travel extensively. His family returned to their island of origin for a few years before finally moving to Piraeus in 1921.He wrote his first poems while in school. In 1928, after having graduated from high school he sat an entrance exam for medical school but as his father fell sick the same year, young Kavvadias was forced to get a job as an office clerk in a shipping company to help his family. He lasted only a few months and after his father's death, he went on board the freighter ship Agios Nikolaos (Saint Nicholas) as a sailor. For the following years he worked on freighter boats, returning home wretched and penniless. At that point he aspired to train as a captain but settled for a diploma as a radio officer instead, which he got in 1939. By that time however, World War II had started and he was sent to fight in Albania. During the German occupation of Greece, he joined the National Liberation Front (EAM) and became a member of the Communist Party.When the war ended in 1944, he embarked again and traveled continuously, this time as a radio officer, until November 1974. These experiences at sea and the exotic ports he visited became the material for his poetry. Returning from his last trip and as he was preparing the publication of his third collection of poems, he died suddenly from a stroke on February 10, 1975, after only three months off sea. Since his death, his poetry has been popularized in Greece, partly because of Thanos Mikroutsikos who released an album with Kavvadias's poetry set to his music in his very popular albums Σταυρός του Νότου (Southern Cross) [1979] and Γραμμές των Οριζόντων (Horizons' Lines) [1991]. Early writings

His first collection of poems, Marabou was published in 1933 when Kavvadias was in his early twenties and carries the spirit of a romantic young man, impressed with the marvels of the world. Most of the poems tell half-fictitious stories transpiring at sea and at the different ports Kavvadias visited during his journeys. The collection begins with a poem written in the first person about the writer's tragic love for a young wealthy girl he met on board and who later ended as a poor prostitute that he could barely recognise.Other poems recount the stories of a washed out Norwegian captain who died homesick watching a ship sailing to the Lofoten and of an enchanted dagger carrying the curse that its owner shall kill someone they love. Artistically, he was influenced by French literature and the poet Charles Baudelaire whom he cites in many of his works. Like a lot of Greek poetry, Kavvadias's work is characterized by a deep feeling of nostalgia. Later works

His other collections are titled Fog, published in 1947 and Traverso published after his death in 1975. His second short story titled "Of War", which was to be his last and was also published after his death in 1987, recounts the story of his rescue by a local during a storm. His experiences during World War II affected him profoundly and as a result, his later works became increasingly political and in support of both the communists in Greece and the general leftist movements throughout the world. One of these poems is about the death of Argentinian revolutionary Ernesto (Che) Guevara, written as an answer to the criticisms received by some of his more polemic comrades who thought that his poems over-romanticized the harsh and dangerous life of sailors who were potential symbols of class struggle.Another is about the execution of Andalusian poet and playwright Federico García Lorca by the Francoists which, in the poem, is compared with the destruction of the Greek village of Distomo and the executions at Kaisariani which were carried out by the Nazi forces that occupied Greece. His only novel The Shift was published in 1954 and recounts the stories told by the sailors on their night shift at the ship's bridge. Images from exotic places, prostitutes, captains gone mad and memories of the war blend together, to form a dreamy world of lucid forms, part fictional, part true. He is popular among Greeks and his best poems are taught at schools. He is considered by many to embody much of the "Greek soul" because of his romantic affiliation with the sea and its journeys and for his genuinely humane outlook. A selection of his poetry, with some of his shorter prose, translated into English by Simon Darragh, is available under the title Wireless Operator from the London Publisher Enitharmon. Set-to-Music Poems
Since 1967, many of Kavvadias' poems have been incorporated in the music of other Greek artists.Though, in most cases it was one or two of his poems that were set to music and released alongside other artists' songs, there were some major exceptions that involved multiple of Kavvadias' poems. Panos Savvopoulos was the first artist to set Kavadias' poems to music when he released his disk Episode in 1971. Thanos Mikroutsikos released his The Southern Cross album in 1979 where he set 11 of Kavvadias' poems to music, featuring other prominent Greek artists, such as Vasilis Papakonstantinou. The album was negatively received in the beginning. In 1986, record company Minos released the record Nikos Kavvadias, S/S Ionion set to music performed by Ilias Ariotis and Noti Chasapi. Thanos Mikroutsikos made a great comeback to the subject in 1991, when he released his record Lines of the Horizons which included a whopping 17 of Kavvadias' poems set to song. Though many of the songs were the same as in the 1979 album - only reperformed - the record was very well received.Some of the poems that have been set to music since 1967 are:

1979: Woman (Γυναίκα)
 1979: Esmeralda (Εσμεράλδα)
 1979: Cambay's water
 1979: Federico Garcia Lorca
 1979: Kuro Siwo
1984: Black and White
1986: Yara yara
1987: The Monkey (Η μαϊμού)
 1989: Letter to a Poet (Γράμμα σ’ έναν ποιητή)
1992: A bord de l΄ aspasia

Works

Poetry
 1933: Marabu (Μαραμπού, Marampou)
 1947: Fog (Πούσι)
 1975: Traverso (Τραβέρσο)
 1975: Mal du départ (Ιδανικός Κι Ανάξιος Εραστής, Idanikós Ki Anáxios Erastís)
 1979: Esmeralda (Εσμεράλδα)
 1987: The Collected Poems of <mask> Kavadias, tr. G. Holst-Warhaft [Greek and English texts]

Prose
 1954: The Shift (Βάρδια)
 1987: Li (Λί); on 1995 adapted to film
 1987: Of War/On My Horse (Του Πολέμου/Στ' άλογό μου)

References

External links
 A website with poems by Kavvadias (Greek originals & English translations)
 "The Affinity between Anthropology and Literature: Reflections on the Poetics of Ethnography in the work of <mask> Kavvadias" by Michelangelo Paganopoulos (LSE 2007)

1910 births
1975 deaths
People from Ussuriysk
Greek Resistance members
Modern Greek poets
Greek sailors
Maritime culture
20th-century Greek poets
National Liberation Front (Greece) members
Greek expatriates in the Russian Empire

masks:
Nikos Kavvadias
Nikos
Nikos


texts:
Sir <mask>  (born 29 February 1960) is the chairman and chief executive officer of Universal Music Group. Over the course of his career, he has worked with artists including Lady Gaga, Amy Winehouse, ABBA, Eurythmics, Rihanna, Shawn Mendes, Kanye West, Sam Smith, Take That, Psychedelic Furs, The Rolling Stones, Sting, Jamie Cullum and Andrea Bocelli. Grainge has worked in the music business for his entire career. Billboard magazine named Grainge as the most powerful person in the music business on four occasions in the 2010s, and the first-ever Executive of the Decade. Early life and career
<mask> grew up in North London. He was raised Jewish. Grainge left Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys at the age of 18, and began working as a runner at MPC, a talent scout company in 1978.After contacting several record label bosses, he was offered a job by Maurice Oberstein, chairman of CBS Records, working at publishing company April Music's A&R department. His first signing was The Psychedelic Furs. In 1982, he became the director of RCA Music Publishing. Two years later he became an A&R director for MCA Records. He set up PolyGram Music Publishing in 1986 and joined Polydor as general manager of A&R and business affairs in 1993. He was promoted to managing director of Polydor in 1997. Universal Music Group
Grainge became the chairman of the UK division of the Universal Music Group, and then in 2005 of Universal Music Group International.He served in this position until 2010. On 1 January 2011 he became CEO of Universal Music Group, and then chairman on 9 March 2011, succeeding Doug Morris. Within his first year as chairman & CEO of Universal, the company acquired EMI's Recorded Music operations. Grainge argued that selling to Universal was the only way to improve EMI, for the benefit of the entire industry. UMG subsequently attempted to revitalise former EMI labels including Capitol Records and Virgin Records. Commenting on the EMI acquisition, Buzzfeed commented that "Grainge will go down as the master architect of what is likely to be the last big deal in the music business". As chairman and Chief Executive of Universal, <mask> has also sought to increase the group's international digital expansion via distribution partnerships with technology companies, including Apple, Spotify, Facebook, Tencent, and YouTube.Grainge led the 2017 multi-year global license agreement between UMG and Spotify. Grainge led the acquisition of Bravado, then part of Sanctuary, and transformed it into UMG's entertainment merchandising and brand management division, Bravado. The company represents artists including Justin Bieber, Lady Gaga, and Kanye West, and has formed partnerships with retailers including Barneys, Bloomingdale's and Selfridge's. Grainge also oversaw the expansion of classical labels Deutsche Grammophon and Decca Classics, and agreed a global strategic partnership with entertainment company Live Nation. In 2017, UMG was worth $22 billion, triple what it was worth when Grainge took over at the company. In July 2018, JPMorgan said that UMG could be worth as much as $40 billion and then increased the valuation to $50 billion in 2019. In 2015, Vivendi announced that <mask> had agreed to extend his tenure as UMG's chairman and CEO until at least 2020, stating he was key to its strategy.Under his management, UMG experienced growth in annual revenue, digital recorded music revenue and EBITDA. Grainge successfully floated UMG into its IPO in 2021. Personal life
In January 1993, Grainge married his first wife, attorney Samantha Berg. That November, she experienced complications while giving birth to their son Elliot, and fell into a coma from which she never recovered. She died in England in 2007. Elliot is founder and CEO of independent record label 10K Projects. In 2002, Grainge married his second wife, Caroline.Their daughter Alice was born in 2001. They also have a daughter, Betsy. In November 2012 Grainge and his wife reportedly paid US$13 million for a house in Pacific Palisades. They had previously leased a Brentwood home from the owner of Rhino Entertainment. In 2020, <mask> was hospitalised after contracting COVID-19 and was later admitted from hospital. His older brother was <mask>, the founder of Ensign Records. Honours and awards
In 2008, Grainge received the Music Industry Trusts' Award, which recognises the world's most successful music executives.The award was presented by members of U2, and Take That performed at the ceremony. <mask> was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours for services to the creative industries. In 2012, he was appointed a British Business Ambassador by the UK Prime Minister David Cameron. He was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to British business and inward investment. He was inaugurated to appointment to the Order of the British Empire and Knight Bachelor by Prince William on 29 November 2016. <mask> is a trustee of the American Friends of The Royal Foundation of The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry. In 2013, he received the Humanitarian Award from The Foundation for Ethnic Understanding.That same year, UMG was honoured with a SAG-AFTRA American Scene Award, recognising the company's commitment to diversity as exemplified by its "entire catalog and roster of artists." In 2014, he was awarded the President's Merit Award ("Icon Award") by the Grammy Award in recognition of his significant contributions to the music industry. In 2015, he received the Spirit of Life Award from the City of Hope, awarded for outstanding achievements in business and dedication to philanthropic causes. Grainge serves on the boards of Lionsgate and Northeastern University. In 2015, Grainge was featured in Amy, a documentary film depicting the life and death of British singer Amy Winehouse. In October 2016, Variety presented Grainge with its 2016 Empowerment Award for overseeing a "noticeable shift in the demographics of the industry leader’s C-suites" with women occupying some of the highest executive positions at Universal Music Group. In May 2017, the Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity announced that Grainge would be honored as the 2017 Media Person of the Year, the first music executive to receive this honour.Philip Thomas, CEO of Ascential Events, organizers of Cannes Lions, praised his "bold investments in music and technology that helped return the industry to growth, while continuing to foster an environment that puts artists first". In June 2018, <mask> Richmond Hitmaker award. At the ceremony, Ariana Grande performed in his honor and Grainge was inducted by The Weeknd. He was awarded an honorary doctorate of music by the Berklee College of Music in May 2016 and an honorary doctorate of global commerce by Northeastern University in May 2017. In March 2019, Grainge received a PTTOW! Icon Award, which "honors trailblazers in their industries who have had an impact on culture around the world." In September 2019, Grainge received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Peter Gabriel.Billboard named <mask> as the first-ever Executive of the Decade after he topped the magazine's "Power 100" list as the most powerful person in the music business in 2013, 2015, 2016, 2019 and 2022. He is the only person to ever hold that distinction more than once and for consecutive years. Irving Azoff called him "'the great hope for the music business'" and Jimmy Iovine commented that Grainge "is working to restore [a] spirit of risk-taking and innovation" by being "'willing and open to entrepreneurship and that kind of thing the record industry has gotten depleted of.'" An interview feature in Billboard described Grainge as "a fierce and tireless advocate for the recorded-music business". In 2013, CNET wrote that "Grainge is positioning Universal to lead the pack" of major labels in their embracing of new digital opportunities. A 2014 front-page Los Angeles Times profile said that "if anyone can save the music business, it might be Grainge." In January 2020, Grainge was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame with UMG artists including Beck, Justin Bieber, Birdman, Lewis Capaldi, Tori Kelly, Sam Smith, and Hailee Steinfeld in attendance.Shawn Mendes and Lionel Richie were the ceremony's featured presenters. Ellen K of KOST Radio Morning Show host, the emcee of the event, said, "I've never seen so many stars show up to a Walk of Fame ceremony before." References

External links
 The Rise of <mask> Grainge
 Mandelson web cutoff plan 'potentially illegal'

Living people
1960 births
British Jews
British music industry executives
American music industry executives
Universal Music Group
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
People from Pacific Palisades, California

masks:
Lucian Charles Grainge
Grainge
Grainge
Grainge
Grainge
Nigel Grainge
Grainge
Grainge
Graingeie
Grainge
Lucian


texts:
<mask>, 1st Viscount <mask> (May 1619 – 29 November 1695), Scottish lawyer and statesman, was born at Drummurchie, Barr, Ayrshire. Biography
<mask> descended from several generations of a family inclined to the principles of the Reformation. He had ancestors among the Lollards of Kyleboth both on his father's and his mother's side. His father, <mask>, laird of the small estate of Stair in the District of Kyle, Ayrshire, died when he was an infant. His mother, Janet Kennedy of Knockdaw, is described as "a woman of excellent spirit", who took care to have him well-educated. From the grammar school at Mauchline he went, in 1633, to the University of Glasgow, where he graduated in arts on 26 July 1637. Next year he went to Edinburgh, probably with the intention of studying law, but the troubles of the times, then approaching a crisis, led him to change his course, and we next find him serving in the Earl of Glencairn's regiment in the War of the Covenant.What part he took in it is not certainly known, but he was in command of a troop when recalled in 1641 to compete for a regency (as a tutorship or professorship was then called) in the University of Glasgow. He was elected in March. Mathematics, logic, ethics and politics were the chief subjects of his lectures, and a notebook on logic by one of his students has been preserved. His activity and skill in matters of college business were praised by his colleagues, who numbered amongst them some of the leading Covenanting divines, and his zeal in teaching was gratefully acknowledged by his students. After nearly seven years' service he resigned his regency, and removed to Edinburgh, where he was admitted to the bar on 17 February 1648. This step had probably been rendered easier by his marriage, four years before, to Margaret Ross, co-heiress of Balneil in Wigtown. Stair's practice at the bar does not appear to have been large.His talents lay rather in the direction of learning and business than of oratory or advocacy. His reputation and the confidence reposed in him were shown by his appointment in 1649 as secretary to the commission sent to the Hague to treat with Charles II by the Scots Parliament. The negotiation having been broken off through the unwillingness of the young king to accept the terms of the Covenanters, <mask> was again sent in the following year to Breda, where the failure of Montrose's expedition forced Charles to change his attitude and to return to Scotland as the covenanted king. <mask> had preceded him, and met him on his landing in Aberdeenshire, probably carrying with him the news of the execution of Montrose, which he had witnessed. During the Commonwealth of England, <mask> continued to practise at the bar, but like most of his brethren he refused in 1654 to take the oath of allegiance to the Commonwealth. Three years later, on the death of <mask>, Lord Balcomie, <mask> was appointed one of the Commissioners for the Administration of Justice in Scotland, on the recommendation of Monk. His appointment to the bench on 1 July 1657, by Monk, was confirmed by Oliver Cromwell on the 26th.<mask>'s association with the English judges at this time must have enlarged his acquaintance with English law, as his travels had extended his knowledge of the civil law and the modern European systems which followed it. He thus acquired a singular advantage when he came to write on law, regarding it from a cosmopolitan, or international, rather than a merely local or national point of view. His actual discharge of judicial duty at this time was short, for after the death of Cromwell the courts in Scotland were shut—a new commission issued in 1660 not having taken effect, it being uncertain in whose name the commission ought to run. It was during this period that <mask> became intimate with Monk, who is said to have been advised by him when he left Scotland to call a full and free parliament. Soon after the Restoration <mask> went to London, where he was received with favour by Charles, knighted, and included in the new nomination of judges in the Court of Session on 13 February 1661. He was also put on various important commissions, busied himself with local and agricultural affairs, and, like most of the Scottish judges of this and the following century, acted with zest and credit the part of a good country gentleman. In 1662 he was one of the judges who refused to take the declaration that the National Covenant and the Solemn League and Covenant were unlawful oaths, and, forestalling the deposition which had been threatened as the penalty of continued non-compliance, he placed his resignation in the king's hands.The king, however, summoned him to London, and allowed him to take the declaration under an implied reservation. The next five years of <mask>'s life were comparatively uneventful, but in 1669 a family calamity, the exact facts of which will probably never be ascertained, overtook him. His daughter Janet, who had been betrothed to Lord Rutherfurd, was married to Dunbar of Baldoon, and some tragic incident occurred on the wedding night, from the effects of which she never recovered. As the traditions vary on the central fact, whether it was the bride who stabbed her husband, or the husband who stabbed the bride, no credence can be given to the mass of superstitions and spiteful slander which surrounded it, principally levelled at Lady <mask>. Sir Walter Scott took the plot of his Bride of Lammermoor from this incident, but he disclaimed any intention of making Lord <mask> the basis for Sir William Ashton. In 1670 <mask> served as one of the Scottish commissioners who went to London to treat of the Union, but the project, not seriously pressed by Charles and his ministers, broke down through a claim on the part of the Scots to what was deemed an excessive representation in the British parliament. In January 1671 <mask> was appointed Lord President of the Court of Session.In the following year, and again in 1673, he was returned to parliament for Wigtownshire, and took part in the important legislation of those years in the department of private law. During the bad time of Lauderdale's government <mask> used his influence in the Privy Council and with Lauderdale to mitigate the severity of the orders passed against ecclesiastical offenders, but for the most part he abstained from attending a board whose policy he could not approve. In 1679 he went to London to defend the court against charges of partiality and injustice which had been made against it, and was thanked by his brethren for his success. When, in the following year, the Duke of York came to Scotland <mask> distinguished himself by a bold speech, in which he congratulated the duke on his coming amongst a nation which was entirely Protestant. This speech can have been little relished, and the duke was henceforth his implacable enemy. His influence prevented <mask> from being made Chancellor in 1681, on the death of the Duke of Rothes. The parliament of this year, in which <mask> again sat, was memorable for two statutes, one in private law and the other in public law.The former, relating to the testing of deeds, was drawn by <mask>, and is sometimes called by his name. The other was the infamous Test Act, probably the worst of the many measures devised at this period with the object of fettering the conscience by oaths. <mask> also had a minor share in the form which this law finally took, but it was confined to the insertion of a definition of "the Protestant religion", by which he hoped to make the test harmless, but his expectation was disappointed. Yet, self-contradictory and absurd as it was, the Test Act was at once rigidly enforced. Argyll, who declared he took it only insofar as it was consistent with itself and the Protestant religion, was tried and condemned for treason and narrowly saved his life by escaping from Edinburgh Castle the day before that fixed for his execution. <mask>, dreading a similar fate, went to London to seek a personal interview with the king, who had more than once befriended him, perhaps remembering his services in the Netherlands, but the Duke of York intercepted his access to the royal ear, and when he returned to Scotland he found a new commission of judges issued, from which his name was omitted. He retired to his wife's estate in Galloway, and occupied himself with preparing for the press his great work, The Institutions of the Law of Scotland, which he published in the autumn of 1681, with a dedication to the king.He was not, however, allowed to pursue his legal studies in peaceful retirement. His wife was charged with attending conventicles, his factor and tenants severely fined, and he was himself not safe from prosecution at any moment. A fierce dispute arose between Claverhouse and <mask>'s son, John, Master of Stair, relative to the regality of Glenluce, and, both having appealed to the Privy Council, Claverhouse, as might have been expected, was cleared of all the charges brought against him and the Master was deprived of the regality. <mask> had still powerful friends, but his opponents were more powerful, and he received advice to quit the country. He repaired to Holland in October 1684, and took up his residence, along with his wife and some of his younger children, at Leiden. While there he published the Decisions of the Court of Session between 1666 and 1671, of which he had kept a daily record, and a small treatise on natural philosophy, entitled Physiologia nova experimentalis. In his absence a prosecution for treason was raised1 against him and others of the exiles by Sir George Mackenzie, the Lord Advocate.He was charged with accession to the rebellion of 1679, the Rye House Plot, and the expedition of Argyll. With the first two he had no connexion. With Argyll's unfortunate attempt he had no doubt sympathized, but the only proof of his complicity was slight, and was obtained by torture. The proceedings against him were never brought to an issue, having been continued by successive adjournments until 1687, when they were dropped. The cause of their abandonment was the appointment of his son, the Master of Stair, who had made his peace with <mask>, as Lord Advocate in place of Mackenzie, who was dismissed from office for refusing to relax the penal laws against the Roman Catholics. The Master

masks:
James Dalrymple
Stair
James Dalrymple
James Dalrymple
Stair
Stair
Stair
James Learmonth
Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair
James II