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<mask> (born January 9, 1938) is an American novelist. Early life
<mask> was born in Manchester, Georgia and graduated in 1959 from the University of Georgia, with a Bachelor of Arts in sociology. After graduation he enrolled in the Air National Guard, spending two months in basic training before moving to New York, where he began a career in the advertising industry. Towards the end of the 1960s, <mask> emigrated to England and lived in Knightsbridge, London while continuing to work in advertising. After three years in London, <mask> decided to write a novel, based on an old family story which had been told to him when he was a child, and moved to Ireland. He moved into a converted barn on the grounds of Lough Cutra Castle near Gort, County Galway, and lived a near-solitary existence, except for spending two days a week in Dublin writing television commercials and print adverts. Sailing
Soon after settling in Ireland in 1973, <mask> took up a new hobby of sailing, an activity that had interested him since the summer of 1966 in Castine, Maine when friends had taken him on their boat.He joined Galway Bay Sailing Club, and learned to sail in one of the club's Mirrors. <mask> purchased a Mirror for himself and named it Fred, after his dog. After tiring of cruising around bays he entered novice competitions around Galway Bay. Unable to find a reliable person to form his crew, <mask> recruited any passing teenager to join him. He entered the week-long National Championships at Lough Derg, and finished thirty-ninth out of a fleet of sixty. It was Wood's best result of the season. The following year, <mask> sailed in as many races as he could leading up to the Mirror National Championships in Sligo; After retiring from the first race, he finished in twenty-fifth place out of seventy boats in the second race, and finished eighth in the third race.The fourth race was canceled due to high winds and the number of teenaged entrants. He finished the event twenty-ninth out of seventy boats and he and his crewmate were given a special prize for being the oldest and heaviest crew. For the rest of the season he sailed around Ireland with a friend on a Snapdragon 24, and decided to compete in the 1976 Observer Single-handed Trans-Atlantic Race (OSTAR). In the fall of 1974, <mask>'s grandfather died and bequeathed him enough money to buy a yacht suitable for the race. He ordered a Golden Shamrock-based yacht from Ron Holland, and worked with him on designing the interior suitable for single-handeded racing and <mask>' personal needs. Since his previous sailing experience consisted of "racing a ten-foot plywood dinghy on Sunday afternoons against small children, losing regularly", <mask> spent eighteen months learning more about sailing and celestial navigation while his yacht was being built in Cork. He gained more boating experience by sailing from Ireland to England as part of the crew on STY Creidne, a training ship purchased by the Irish Government for the Irish Naval Service, Irish Mist II, Ron Holland's  Golden Apple, and as many other yachts that would accept him, amassing 1200 miles of offshore experience.He entered the August 1975 Multihull Offshore Cruising and Racing Association (MOCRA) Azores Race and asked fellow Galway Bay Sailing Club member Commander Bill King to join him. In order to finance his MOCRA Azores Race and the OSTAR, <mask> met with publishers about writing a book about his experience in the OSTAR, organized sponsorship for the races, and sent invitations and press releases about the launch of his yacht to the local and national Irish newspapers, RTÉ, The Observer, and Yachting Monthly. Golden Harp was launched June 4, 1975. "Golden" was chosen so it followed the naming tradition of Ron Holland's other designs, the Golden Apple, Golden Shamrock, and Golden Delicious, and "Harp" as it has long been used as a symbol of Ireland. <mask>, King, and their third crewmember, Shirley Clifford, left from Portsmouth, England for The Azores in August 1975. 85–98) Clifford, who had complained of feeling ill the day before the race began, continued to feel worse so <mask> and King dropped her off on a coastguard boat near Plymouth, England on the second day of the race. They arrived in Horta after sailing 1400 miles for fifteen-and-a-half days.They were the smallest and last boat to finish, other than four boats that had retired from the race, but were disqualified for not completing with the full crew complement that had begun the race. King returned to Ireland almost immediately, but <mask> spent a month in Horta before sailing Golden Harp the 1300 miles back to Ireland single-handedly in order to meet the OSTAR's qualifying cruise requirement of a minimum five-hundred miles. Upon his return to Ireland in the late fall of 1975, <mask> appeared on the Irish version of To Tell the Truth with Ron Holland and John McWilliam. All three men claimed to be <mask>, and a panel had to guess who out of whom was lying. Only one of the four panellists  guessed correctly. Preparing for his OSTAR race, he petitioned the OSTAR Committee to be considered an Irish entry, as although he is an American, he had been living in Ireland for some time, had learned to sail from Irish yachtsmen on Irish boats, and his yacht was Irish designed and built. The committee agreed to allow him to be entered under Irish colors.Becoming a published writer
<mask> wrote an account of his OSTAR experience, and was introduced to Stanford Maritime, a London-based publishing house specializing in nautical books, by Ron Holland. Blue Water, Green Skipper was published in 1977. The American publishing rights were sold to W.W. Norton. <mask>' second book was to be written about the 1977 Round Britain Yacht Race but the book was canceled because of light winds and calms during the race. He persuaded his publishers to allow him to change the scope of the book, and spent the summer driving 12,000 miles around Great Britain and Ireland writing a guidebook to country restaurants, inns and hotels. He visited over 150 establishments, and included one-hundred-thirty-eight in the book; ninety-one establishments in England, thirteen in Scotland, eight in Wales, and twenty-six in Ireland. The two places in the British Isles that he did not visit were Northern Ireland, saying that he did not feel comfortable recommending any place where he was afraid to visit, and the Channel Islands due to a lack of available time.Originally titled A Lover's Guide to the Country Inns of Britain and Ireland <mask> realised married couples may feel alienated, and changed it to A Romantic's Guide ..., defining a "romantic" as a person " who is susceptible to charm" in addition to The Concise Oxford Dictionary definition of someone "given to romance, imagination ... visionary ... professing grandeur of picturesqueness or passion or irregular beauty to finish and proportion." <mask>' first novel, Chiefs, was published in March 1981. The story was inspired by a police chief's badge <mask> had found in his grandmother's home. The badge was stained with blood and pockmarked by buckshot. It had belonged to his grandfather, who died wearing it 10 years before <mask> was born. He submitted the first one hundred pages and an outline to three publishers who all turned him down, before Norton bought the publishing rights for $7,500. He later stated it was a mistake to sell the book unfinished as he could have got much more money had it been completed.20,000 copies of the book were printed in hardback, but Norton did little to promote the book. He contracted with Bantam Books to print the paperback edition. In 1983 Chiefs was adapted into a television miniseries of the same name, starring Charlton Heston, Danny Glover, Billy Dee Williams, Stephen Collins and John Goodman. CBS broadcast the miniseries over three nights, and it was nominated for three Emmy Awards and one Eddie Award. Its success sparked interest in the paperback, and <mask> was awarded the Edgar Award in the "Best First Novel" category from the Mystery Writers of America. <mask>' most prolific series of novels focus on Stone Barrington, a former NYPD detective turned lawyer who is of counsel to a prestigious law firm and handles sensitive cases for the firm's prominent clients, but cases with which the firm nonetheless does not wish to be publicly associated. As such, Barrington commands exorbitant fees, and a strong cast of recurring characters such as his ex-partner Dino Bacchetti, frequent use of the New York restaurant Elaine's as a setting and Stone's frequent exploits with women, travel and fine dining.Stone, like <mask>, is also an experienced pilot and frequent references are made to his aircraft. In addition to Stone, <mask> has written several other character-focused series. These characters include Holly Barker, a retired Army major and Florida police chief recruited to become a CIA operative; Ed Eagle, a Santa Fe defense lawyer; William Henry Lee IV, a Georgia senator who is elected President of the United States; and Rick Barron, a police detective who becomes a security officer and later chief of production for a Hollywood movie studio in the 1930s. All of <mask>' novels take place in the same universe and characters frequently appear in other series. <mask> has published a memoir, a travel book and forty-four novels in a thirty-seven year career, and has now had twenty-nine consecutive New York Times best sellers in hardback. Two completed novels are awaiting publication in January and April, 2011, and he has just signed another three-book deal with Putnam. In the past he has written two novels a year and has increased that to three novels a year, at the request of his publishers.In 2014 he started publishing four times a year. He now publishes each year in January, April, June/July and October. Personal life
<mask> is a licensed, instrument-rated private pilot, and bought a new Cessna Citation Mustang, his first jet airplane. He was the launch customer of the Cessna Citation M2, taking delivery of the plane in December 2013. He owns a Hinckley T38 R power boat and is a partner in an 85-foot antique motor yacht, Enticer, built in 1935 and fully restored. Married to Jeanmarie (née Cooper) in January 2013, the couple live with a Labrador Retriever named Fred in Key West, Florida, on Mount Desert Island, in Maine, and Santa Fe, New Mexico. Bibliography

Will Lee novels
 Chiefs (1981) (Edgar Award Best First Novel) – A 229-minute TV miniseries, starring Charlton Heston, John Goodman and an all-star cast.(<mask> has a role in miniseries)
 Run Before the Wind (1983)
 Deep Lie (1986)
 Grass Roots (1989) – A four-hour TV miniseries, starring Corbin Bernsen and Mel Harris. . . reliably fun and intriguing." Citations

References

External links
<mask>'s official website

20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American mystery writers
American male novelists
Edgar Award winners
Novelists from Georgia (U.S. state)
University of Georgia alumni
Living people
1938 births
People from Manchester, Georgia
Irish male sailors (sport)
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers

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Stuart Woods
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<mask> (10 February 1880 – April 1963) was a German career lawyer who in 1919 became a separatist leader in the militarily occupied Rhineland, following German defeat in the First World War. The period was a confused one during which political objectives were not always firmly fixed, nor clearly set out, but it is understood that <mask>'s preference was for a Rhineland separated from "protestant" Prussia, and economically more closely aligned with France. At the end of 1923, a final attempt to establish an independent Rhenish state having failed, he escaped to Nice in France: here he resumed his legal career and worked on his memoirs. Life

Early years
<mask> was born in Endenich and attended primary and secondary schools in nearby Bonn. His father was the wealthy owner of a porcelain manufacturing company. On leaving school he went on to study Law at Heidelberg, Munich and Bonn, also receiving a Doctorate in Law in 1907 from Leipzig University. He had already, in August 1902, taken his "Civil Service Oath", and he also worked for a period at the District Prosecutor's Office in Düsseldorf.He then took a job at the district court in Waldbröl where, in 1912, he was appointed a junior judge. The early progression of his legal career was also broken by a period of military service, undertaken with the Second Field Artillery Regiment No.23, based in Koblenz. Ellis Island records disclose that on 22 December 1912 <mask> disembarked from the (recently refurbished and renamed) trans-atlantic cruise liner "Victoria Luise" on a visit to the United States, accompanied by his wife. He was recorded as a "non-immigrant", intending to visit Cleveland and San Francisco. First World War
<mask> was appointed State prosecutor in Berlin's District Court Number 3 with effect from 1 October 1914. Before he could take up his new appointment, however, war intervened:  the opening of August 1914 found Germany scrambling to react to the Austrian declaration, on 28 July, of war against Serbia. <mask>'s future career path was changed on 3 August 1914 when he was conscripted into the army.During the war he served in the 54th "Commando" Corps, ending up as a junior officer (Hauptmann). He was honoured with the Iron Cross Medal, Class I and then Class II. In 1918, he was put under military arrest for "violent criticism" of the Kaiser. The end of the war allowed him to avoid a court martial

On 2 December 1918 he was released from the army, and until July 1919 he spent his accumulated months of leave entitlement. A switch to politics in the aftermath of war
Early in 1919 the Dortens relocated to Wiesbaden. With the abdication of the Kaiser, <mask> turned his attention to politics during the socially and politically turbulent months that ensued. His agenda was anti-Socialist and pro-Rhineland.He financed his activities with his accumulated personal assets. He had married a very rich wife. <mask>'s political purposes were not always clear-cut to contemporaries, but in retrospect many historians believe that his defining political objective was a Rhenish Republic, to operate at least initially as a part of the emerging German state. Despite extensive contacts with local political committees and with leading Rhineland politicians from the political centre such as Konrad Adenauer, <mask> was unable to gain a position of leadership in the separatist movement, however. That was partly because of his own uncompromising rejection of any sort of accommodation with the (moderately left-wing residual majority) Social Democratic Party, and partly because he was calling for an economic rapprochement with France. <mask> continued to convene meetings of properly authorized officials and representatives in the Rhineland to try and obtain legitimacy and agreement from the towns and rural districts for the support of his objectives. His efforts met with some limited success in the southern part of the Rhineland.Not withstanding several setbacks, <mask> was able to find politically likeminded allies, including Dr. Franz Geueke, the publisher of the Rheinische Volkszeitung, the regional newspaper. It subsequently transpired that he also on various occasions during 1919, held talks at his home at Hilda Street 14 in Wiesbaden with officers from the French army of occupation, including General Mangin himself. The French made no secret of their enthusiasm the idea of peeling the Rhineland off from the rest of Germany, and they encouraged <mask> to create an independent Rhenish Republic, which from their point of view could become part of a larger solution to the "German problem". But rumours that <mask> might be "negotiating" with the French occupiers were costly in terms of support among the Rhinelanders. French military occupation and the massive economic burden blamed on reparations being paid to the French were causing real economic hardship, and a campaign of passive resistance ensued. <mask> openly opposed the passive resistance which he said was self-defeating, wrecking the economy and further impoverishing Rhinelanders. His pragmatic judgements regarding the economic interests of his region completely failed to capture the popular mood, however.<mask>'s regional nationalist objectives, as far as the matter can be judged from available sources, involved separating the Rhineland from the "Prussian state" which was widely blamed for the disaster of the war, but his goals always stopped short of complete independence for the Rhineland from the rest of the German state, for which he envisaged a more federal structure than was, at that time, on offer. Proclamation of the Rhenish Republic in Wiesbaden
The Rhenish Republic was proclaimed in Wiesbaden on 1 June 1919, with <mask> <mask> as its "president". After a week, it was impossible to deny that the "Putsch" had failed, in the face of large-scale popular protests, and opposition from all the municipal councils and other relevant organisations in the region. <mask> had expected backing from the French occupation forces, but they took a position of strict neutrality. The founders of the Rhenish Republic were unable to pursue their project in the face of combined opposition from the people and the municipalities. A warrant was issued by the Leipzig based Supreme Court for <mask>'s arrest, on a charge of treason; but the warrant could not be executed in the Rhineland due to the occupation. Separatist agitation after the failed "Putsch"
<mask> did not give up.26 August 1923 found him in Mönchengladbach, attempting to address a rally. The separatists were attacked by "nationalists loyal to the Berlin government", and <mask> had to pretend to be an American journalist in order to escape the mob. There was another attempt to establish a Rhenish Republic in October 1923, and <mask> again played a leading role. Together with Josef Matthes he set up a "provisional government of the Rhenish Republic" in Koblenz. Following differences, the next month he proclaimed a government for the southern part of the Rhineland in Bad Ems. This insurrection also failed because widespread popular opposition, and because of a falling off in support from the French military authorities. French exile
Following his latest failure to establish a Rhenish Republic, on the night of 31 December 1923/1 January 1924 <mask> <mask> made his way to France, settling at Nice in the south-east of the country.In 1927 he resumed work as a lawyer, and in 1928 he took French citizenship. His memoires were finished in 1937 under the title "La Tragédie Rhénane". The volume was published only in 1945, to be followed by a German language translation in 1979. References

German judges
French lawyers
Weimar Republic politicians
History of the Rhineland
Independence movements
Separatism in Germany
Rhenish nationalism
1880 births
1963 deaths
20th-century German lawyers
Politicians from Bonn
Leipzig University alumni
Heidelberg University alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
University of Bonn alumni

masks:
Hans Adam Dorten
Dorten
Hans Adam Dorten
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Hans Adam
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<mask> (, ; 3 January 1933 – 17 April 1975) was a Cambodian politician who served as the last prime minister of the Khmer Republic from 26 December 1973, to 17 April 1975. Highly regarded for his honesty, he tried unsuccessfully to negotiate a peace settlement with the Khmer Rouge during the Cambodian Civil War. He was later arrested by the Khmer Rouge and executed. He is one of two prime ministers to die in office, the other being Chan Sy. Early life
<mask> was born in Chbar Ampéou near Phnom Penh in Kandal Province, Cambodia, the son of <mask> and Neang Ieng Buth. He attended the prestigious Lycée Sisowath in Phnom Penh from 1946 to 1952, studied in France from 1953 to 1955, then returned to Cambodia to work in the Royal Treasury. Political career
In 1958 he was elected to parliament as MP for Stung Treng Province, and was the youngest MP in parliament.He served briefly in 1958 as Deputy Secretary of State for Labor and Social Action and was re-elected to Parliament in 1962. During this period he became known as the author of romance stories, many of which were serialized in newspapers. He was appointed State Secretary for Finance but he publicly opposed the decision in November 1963 by Norodom Sihanouk to nationalize banks and foreign trade, and was forced to resign. He retained his parliamentary seat in the 1966 elections. He was the Information Minister from 1971 to 1972 and the Foreign Minister from 1972 to 1973. Prime Minister of Cambodia
On December 9, 1973, he succeeded In Tam to become Prime Minister of Cambodia. On April 2, 1974, he became one of four members of an executive board composed, in addition to <mask>, of Lon Nol, Sisowath Sirik Matak and General Sosthene Fernandez.On April 8, 1975, he attempted unsuccessfully to negotiate a peace settlement in Bangkok with representatives of the Khmer Rouge. Arrest and execution
<mask> remained in office until the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh on April 17, 1975. US Ambassador John Gunther Dean recalls that, unlike many government officials who fled Phnom Penh, <mask> chose to remain behind despite being on a death list announced from Beijing by Norodom Sihanouk:

<mask> refused to be evacuated. He was a competent, able man, much younger than Lon Nol or Sirik Matak. When I personally went to see him on April 12, the very morning of our evacuation, to ask him to take his wife and himself and his young children out of Phnom Penh because I feared for his safety, he thanked me but [said he] thought his life was not in danger. General Sak Sutsakhan recalled that on the morning of April 17 <mask> decided to take his family and leave the city. Both General Sak and the journalist Jon Swain reported that <mask> and his family were unable to board the last helicopter flying out of the city.In his memoir, Danger Zones, Ambassador Dean stated that:

<mask> had stayed in Cambodia, thinking that he could have some kind of dialogue with the Khmer Rouge. When he realized that that was impossible, he raced to the airport with his family in a jeep to try and get out of the country. When they arrived at the airport, they got on a helicopter with some military officers. One officer brutally shoved him off the helicopter. The copter took off. The Khmer Rouge captured <mask> and his family and killed them all. <mask>ret was last seen by Jon Swain, Sydney Schanberg and Dith Pran outside the French Embassy.Swain reported:

...a black Citroën pulled up and <mask> got out, his eyes puffy and red, his face empty of expression. When we asked him how he was, he muttered a short, incoherent sentence. His thoughts were elsewhere. Dazed, legs wobbling, he surrendered to the Khmer Rouge and joined the line of prisoners. I could not fail to admire his courage. Schanberg gave a more detailed description of the scene:

<mask> arrives in a car driven by his wife...he looks wretched. His eyes are puffed.He stares at the ground. He...knows what faces him. I want to get away but I feel I must say something to him, and Pran understands. I take <mask>'s hands and tell him what a brave thing he has done for his country and that I admire him for it. Pran takes his hands too...<mask>ret tries to respond but cannot. Finally he mumbles 'Thank you.' And we must leave him.Soon after, Koy Thuon, a Khmer Rouge deputy front commander, organized the "Committee for Wiping Out Enemies" at the Hotel Monorom (). Its first action was ordering the immediate execution of Lon Nol and other leading government figures. <mask> was executed on the grounds of the Cercle Sportif in Phnom Penh. Khmer Rouge Radio subsequently reported that he had been beheaded but other reports indicate that he and Sisowath Sirik Matak were executed by firing squad. Key dates
Dec. 9, 1973 – <mask> becomes Prime Minister of the Khmer Republic: Dec. 9, 1973—April 17, 1975

April 1, 1974 – The High Political Council that dissolved a day earlier was replaced by a four-man executive council: Lon Nol, Sirik Matak, <mask> and General Sosthene Fernandez. June 17, 1974 – <mask> forms a new 16-member Cabinet. March 11, 1975 – President Lon Nol orders Prime Minister <mask> to form a new cabinet and eliminates the post of commander-in-chief of the armed forces.April 8, 1975 – PM <mask> holds unsuccessful peace talks with Khmer Rouge representatives in Bangkok. April 17, 1975 – <mask> surrenders to the Khmer Rouge in front of the French Embassy and is executed the same day. References

External links
LA CONSTRUCTION DU CAMBODGE EN DEBAT (1954-1959)
Interview with John Gunther Dean on his experience as US Ambassador to Cambodia, 1974-75. BBC News, "US Pulls Out of Cambodia," April 12, 1975. 20th-century Cambodian politicians
Khmer Republic
Executed prime ministers
People of the Vietnam War
People from Kandal province
1975 deaths
Executed Cambodian people
People executed by the Khmer Rouge
1933 births
Prime Ministers of Cambodia
Foreign ministers of Cambodia
Cambodian anti-communists
Cambodian republicans

masks:
Long Boret
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Long Meas
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Long Bo
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<mask><mask>  FMedSci FRCOphth FRCS FACS VR (born 14 November 1966) is a British ophthalmologist who has led pioneering work in the treatment of blindness caused by diseases of the retina. He is Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Oxford and Honorary Professor of Ophthalmology at the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology. He is a Consultant Ophthalmologist at the Oxford Eye Hospital and an Honorary Consultant Ophthalmologist at the Great Ormond Street Hospital. He is also an Honorary Consultant Vitreo-retinal Surgeon at the Moorfields Eye Hospital. MacLaren is an NIHR Senior Investigator, or lead researcher, for the speciality of Ophthalmology. In addition, he is a member of the research committee of Euretina: the European Society of Retina specialists, Fellow of Merton College, in Oxford and a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Early life

<mask> was born on 14 November 1966, at Epsom in Surrey.His father was a photographer, which prompted an early interest in optics. MacLaren was educated and trained at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, from 1985 to 1990, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine (MB) and a Bachelor of Surgery (ChB). Dr. MacLaren then earned an academic doctorate, between 1992 and 1995, at the University of Oxford, where the PhD is known as a DPhil. The doctorate was for his work on optic-nerve regeneration. As an undergraduate, he also attended courses at Yale University, in the United States. Ophthalmology
MacLaren was appointed Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Oxford in March 2009. In February of the same year, he was made Honorary Professor of Ophthalmology at the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology.He has been a Fellow of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (FRCOphth) since June 2003. MacLaren is a professor in the Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology (NLO), the academic ophthalmology outstation of Oxford University's Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, which is part of the Medical Sciences Division and based in the John Radcliffe Hospital. MacLaren is described as 'one of the stars' of the developing inter-disciplinary field of ophthalmic translational medicine (TM). This combines practical skills in eye surgery with clinical academic application in research, to investigate the diseases of the eye 'from bench to bedside': aiming to improve patient outcomes, at least by arresting or slowing the progress of a disease, or – ideally – by reversing the effects, partially or totally. Once the processes of the diseases are understood, new surgical technologies are furthering the options for a surgical solution and new ophthalmic technologies have created a variety of implants, such as electronic retinal devices for prosthesis. Furthermore, the enhanced precision of surgery allows additional interventions, with the application of gene therapy and stem-cell therapy to retinal dystrophies (inherited conditions). Surgery

MacLaren has been a Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon for the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (OUH) since March 2009.His surgical work is based largely at the Oxford Eye Hospital and the Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology [NLO], both located within the John Radcliffe Hospital, on Headington Hill in Oxford. He has also been Honorary Consultant Vitreoretinal Surgeon at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, in London, since May 2006. He has been a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (RCSEd) since July 1998 and was awarded their annual King James IV Professorship in 2007. He is one of the first surgeons in the world to have made a successful retinal implant for visual prosthesis, sometimes described as creating: a 'bionic eye'. He is also a pioneer in robot-assisted surgery for ophthalmic operations. Key events of his work at the Moorfields and John Radcliffe hospitals include:

2007 World's First Retinal Gene-Therapy Surgery
MacLaren was the assistant surgeon to (Professor) James Bainbridge and helped perform the world's first retinal gene therapy treatment. The operation was carried out at Moorfields in London.The patient was Mr. <mask>, a young man with Leber's Congenital Amaurosis (LCA). A faulty gene in the pigment layer, RPE65, prevented his photoreceptor cells from working, so a valid copy of the gene was implanted in one eye to 'patch' the blind-spot and restore function. The delicate operation required passing a needle through the eye, to lift the retina and insert the new gene-copy in the pigment layer. 2011 Choroideremia Gene Therapy Trial
This trial was funded by the Health Innovation Challenge Fund and the Oxford (OUH) BRC. It addressed the progress of the disease choroideremia, or choroideraemia, in which a faulty gene, CHM, leads to a loss of REP1 protein, affecting the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and causing progressive loss of vision. On 24 November 2011, Mr. Jonathan Wyatt, a Bristol barrister, received a 'good copy' of the REP1 gene, administered through an adeno-associated virus (AAV) – serotype 2 (AAV2) – as a vector, in fluid under the retina. By 2016, the results of the trial appeared both 'promising and lasting' and further work was authorised, with a view to seeing whether the process could eventually be applied to more common conditions, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD).2012/2015 Electronic Retinal Implant Trials
These trials, funded by the NIHR and the Oxford (OUH) BRC, tested the ability of an electronic retina to replace a retina that has become damaged, a development common in patients with the hereditary condition retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The implants were developed by German company Retina Implant AG. The devices also require a power-plant to be inserted behind the ear, in the manner of a cochlear implant. The pilot-trial of 22 March 2012 tested the Alpha IMS device. The supporting power-plant procedure was carried out by surgeon Mr. James Ramsden with Mr. Markus Groppe. The main operation was undertaken, at Oxford, by MacLaren with Mr. Tim Jackson, consultant surgeon at Kings College Hospital. The patient was Chris James, a council-worker from Wiltshire.MacLaren suggested that if the trial were successful, an electronic retina could become standard for patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). He warned that current devices were not suitable to treat age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or diseases of the optic-nerve, such as glaucoma. The following week, Mr. Jackson, with Prof. MacLaren, operated on Robin Millar, a music-producer,
in London; another four UK patients also received the device during that year. On 8 June 2015, the improved Alpha AMS device was implanted in the first patient, again with MacLaren carrying out the procedure, in Oxford. 2016 Robot-Assisted Surgery Trial
In the past, retinal diseases of the eye could be monitored to microscopic level – using laser scanners and microscopes – but interventions were not possible because the delicate nature of the eye meant that surgical operations were beyond the physiological limits of the human hand. On 9 September 2016, operating at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford, MacLaren and Dr. Thomas Edwards performed the world's first robot-assisted operation inside the eye. The patient was the Rev.Dr. William Beaver, a local priest. This operation was described as the 'R2D2 Trial', because it was testing the safety and efficacy of the Robotic Retinal-Dissection Device (R2D2), developed by Dutch firm Preceyes BV (pronounced: precise!). The operation involved lifting off a damaged membrane, 100th millimetre thick, from the retina, at the back of the eye; the robot's tolerance, however, would have allowed work to 1000th millimetre. The operation proved the efficacy of the new technologies available, allowing the possibility of exploiting their potential to new scientific and a medical ends: MacLaren said that with robotic systems, a whole new chapter of eye surgery had just begun. 2017 X-linked Retinitis Pigmentosa Gene Therapy Trial
Mutations in the X-linked RPGR gene are the most common cause of severe sight loss in retinitis pigmentosa. The RPGR gene contains a highly repetitive sequence of purine bases in the DNA with a large section comprising almost exclusively Guanine or Adenine nucleotides, which made it very difficult to clone it for gene therapy. Using a form of gene editing known as codon-optimisation, MacLaren and members of his research team were able to engineer a stable version of RPGR that was expressed highly efficiently in an AAV vector.This led to the first gene therapy trial for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa sponsored by Nightstar and with MacLaren as the surgeon. Research
The Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (OxBRC) is, as evidenced by NIHR funding allocation, one of England and the UK's leading centres for medical research. It is sometimes styled 'Oxford (OUH) NIHR BRC' since the establishment of a second BRC in Oxford: the Oxford Health NIHR BRC. The OxBRC's NHS Host is the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, where Mr. MacLaren is a Consultant Ophthalmologist and its Academic Partner is the University of Oxford, where MacLaren is also Professor of Ophthalmology. Additionally, in 2016, the NIHR appointed MacLaren to be a senior investigator, or lead researcher, for the speciality of ophthalmology. Between March 2001 and April 2006, Dr. MacLaren was a Resident Clinical Research Fellow at the Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust, in London. He was then a faculty member and a founding research-theme leader in the Moorfields – UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Biomedical Research Centre, which was then the specialist BRC for Ophthalmology.His current clinical and laboratory research efforts focus on the forms of blindness which are to date incurable. By understanding the causes of retinal degeneration, it may be possible to slow, arrest or ameliorate the processes. The ultimate aim is then to reverse such effects and to restore working vision. The research efforts concentrate on two areas of the eye in particular: the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and the photoreceptors. The NLO Clinical Ophthalmology Research Group ('the MacLaren Group') is looking at replacement methods for each, and for both, to improve patient outcomes. Electronic retinal implants have already been trialled to treat retinitis pigmentosa, and trials are now being conducted to treat choroideremia through gene-therapy: implanting missing or faulty genes to correct retinal dystrophies (inherited conditions). As well as retinal issues, research is undertaken to improve outcomes for conditions relating to the lens and to the optic nerve, such as improved intra-ocular lenses (IOL) for cataract operations and therapies for glaucoma.Teaching

In addition to his other duties, MacLaren has a full programme of teaching and tutoring. He is formally qualified, with a Postgraduate Diploma in Learning and Teaching in Higher Education (PGDipLATHE) from 2006. He has been a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy since June 2003. As a Bodley Fellow – the active staff of the college – at Merton, since October 2007, he is a stipendiary lecturer in human anatomy. He has held weekly tutorials in medical sciences for undergraduates since 1992: anatomy, genetics and cell biology for Year 1, and neuroanatomy and visual neuroscience for year 2; third year FHS topics relate to gene therapy, stem cells or visual neuroscience. As a mentor at the Academy of Medical Sciences, he supervises clinical academics. He also supervises junior doctors training in ophthalmic surgery and DPhil research students.Business
In 2014, with Oxford University, he co-founded the private bio-technology company NightstaRx Ltd., also known Nightstar, in which he remains a director, and which is based at the offices of the Wellcome Trust in London. The technology spin-out was developed with Oxford Innovation, Ltd. and Syncona Ltd. and the clinical-stage company now is backed by Syncona, NEA venture capital and Oxford Science Equity-Management (OSEM). The company has received four rounds of funding, including its IPO on NASDAQ in September 2017. Military

MacLaren is also a commissioned officer in Group A – the units intended for operational service – of the Territorial Army, now Army Reserve, of the British Army. As a qualified doctor, he served as a Medical Officer (MO) in the Royal Army Medical Corps. He achieved the rank of major. MacLaren was posted to the Honourable Artillery Company (HAC) and, in due course, became the Surgeon-Major: the Regimental Medical Officer (RMO).The term Surgeon-Major applied to all the unit's RMOs, most of whom were in General Practice (GP), and it was coincidental that Major MacLaren was primarily an occupational surgeon. Major MacLaren also served as locum RMO to the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, at Knightsbridge in London. In addition to serving as an RMO, Major MacLaren volunteered for an operational tour, in the former Yugoslavia, engaged in the field of military medicine, as part of 1st Mechanised Brigade, with case-work based more on occupational injury and trauma medicine, rather than disease and genetics. Having served as a member of the Volunteer Reserves for more than a decade, Major MacLaren, RAMC qualifies for the post-nominals: VR. Family life
<mask>n is married with three children: two boys and a girl. He is the grandson of the lawyer <mask> Newbery MC, great-great grandson of the Victorian actor/playwright James Roland MacLaren and great-great-great grandson of the engineer Sampson Moore. Honours and awards
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2005: Royal Society of Medicine prize meeting in ophthalmology.2005: Oxford Ophthalmological Congress Founder's Cup and medal. 2007: Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (RCSEd) King James IV 'Professorship' – a surgery prize with the courtesy title of professor for a year: this award was the first to be designated for ophthalmology. 2013: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) Foundation for Eye Research: Pfizer Ophthalmics-sponsored award in memory of Dr. Carl B. Camras for work on Translational Research (TR), or 'Pfizer Camras Transitional Research Award'. 2018: Fellowship of the Academy of Medical Sciences

Publications
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Medical Textbook

Papers

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Media
press and broadcast articles on MacLaren or his work:
(partial)
2011.10.28: BBC: gene therapy surgery – patient interview (PT: Mr. Jonathan Wyatt). (Pallab Ghosh – science)
2012.05.03: BBC: electronic retinal surgery – patient interview (PT: Mr. Chris James). (Fergus Walsh)
2012:gene therapy for blindness
2013.01.06: BBC: stem cell research – work on blind mice. (James Gallagher – health & science)
2014.01.15: Sky: gene therapy for blindness (Thomas Moore – health & science)
2014.01.16: BBC: gene therapy – patient interview (PT: Mr. Jonathan Wyatt).(Pallab Ghosh – science)
2014-01-31: EP Vantage: on Syncona's $20 M investment in NightstaRx. 2014-04-28: BioCentury: NightstaRx: correcting choroideremia. (Kai-Jye Lou)
2016-05-04: Leatherhead local press: gene therapy – patient interview, local school history-teacher (PT: Mr. Joe Pepper).

masks:
Robert E
. MacLaren
Robert MacLaren
Robert Johnson
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<mask> (born 4 March 1970) is a Spanish former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. In 1992 he became the first Spaniard to win a 500cc Grand Prix and, in 1999 he became the first Spaniard to win the 500cc World Championship. Biography
<mask> was born in Barcelona, Cataluña, Spain. He falsified his age in order to start racing at 14 in 1985, the minimum age for a license being 15 in Spain. In that year he won the Criterium Solo Moto, a national series for 75 cc Honda streetbikes. 80cc career

Derbi (1987–1988)
1987

<mask> started his international career in the now-defunct 80cc World Championship with the Derbi team. At his debut race in the class, he immediately impressed by qualifying third on Saturday and taking second place, as well as the fastest lap, on Sunday in Spain.He then participated in two more races, the Dutch and Portuguese rounds, where he qualified fifth and second respectively, but retired from both of them. <mask> finished eleventh in the championship with 12 points, 117 points behind the champion Jorge Martínez and 74 points behind runner-up Manuel Herreros. 1988

In 1988, <mask> continued to impress. In the Spanish and Expo grands prix, he finished third two consecutive times, taking the fastest lap on the first race. At the Nations round, he finished just off the podium in fourth but scored a second place podium in Germany. In the Netherlands, he retired but finished on a high note by taking two more third place podium finishes in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. <mask> finished second in the championship with 90 points, 47 points behind the champion Jorge Martínez.125cc career

Derbi (1988)
1988
Besides the 80cc, Crivillé also raced in the 125cc class, predominantly the races that were not held in the 80cc class. At the Belgian GP, he retired. At the British round, he scored his first points by finishing ninth but failed to score any more points when he retired from the Swedish race and only finished seventeenth at the Czechoslovak grand prix. <mask> finished thirty first in the championship with 7 points, 190 points behind the champion Jorge Martínez and 161 points behind runner-up Ezio Gianola. JJ Cobas (1989)
1989

For the 1989 season, <mask> moved to the JJ Cobas team of grand prix mechanic and constructor Antonio Cobas. While the team opted to skip the opening round in Japan, <mask> scored back-to-back wins in Australia and Spain, scoring his first ever podium in the latter. He retired at the Nations GP but took the fastest lap.Another win followed at round five in Germany, with a third place (and fastest lap) in Austria and a second place in the Netherlands as well. Another retirement followed at the Belgian GP, but <mask> responded with two consecutive second places in France and Great Britain and two poles in the last two races in Sweden and Czechoslovakia, which he went on to win. <mask> won the championship with 166 points to Spaan's 152, with Ezio Gianola third with 138 points. He clinched his first, and only, 125cc title. 250cc career

Yamaha (1990)
1990

In 1990, he stepped up to the 250 cc class to race for Giacomo Agostini's team. <mask> skipped the opening round in Japan for the second successive year, and started his year with a retirement in the United States. At the next round in Spain, he finished seventh, before recording another retirement in the Nations race.He finished eleventh in Germany but went on to score yet another retirement in Austria. He finished in seventh position in Yugoslavia but went on to register back-to-back retirements at the Dutch and Belgian rounds. <mask> finished the season on a high note by scoring a flurry of points on the closing rounds - eighth in France and Great Britain, ninth in Sweden, seventh in Czechoslovakia, his season best result of fifth in Hungary and sixth in Australia. <mask> finished eleventh in the championship with 76 points, 147 points behind the champion John Kocinski and 132 points behind runner-up Carlos Cardús. JJ Cobas (1991)
1991

After a lackluster season in Yamaha in 1990, <mask> went back to the JJ Cobas team for 1991. He did not start the season well, retiring twice in Japan and Australia. Only at round three in the United States did <mask> score his first points with an eighth-place finish.Two more retirements followed in Spain and Italy, with seventh and ninth-place finishes in Germany and Austria. Back-to-back retirements followed once again at the European and Dutch rounds. In France, <mask> finished seventh, two more retirements followed in Great Britain and San Marino. He scored his season best result of fifth at the Czechoslovak grand prix, retired again at the Vitesse du Mans round - his ninth retirement of the year - and finished sixth at the final round in Malaysia. <mask> finished thirteenth in the championship with 51 points, 186 points behind the champion Luca Cadalora and 169 points behind runner-up Helmut Bradl. He recorded nine DNFs - the highest amount in his career - and never managed to finish a race on the podium or win in his two years in the 250cc class. 500cc career

Honda (1992–2001)
1992

<mask> moved up to the 500cc class after two seasons in the 250cc in which he struggled, joining the newly formed Pons Racing team for the 1992 season.Initially he retired on the opening round in Japan, but scored his first points at the second race in Australia with a seventh-place finish. In only his third race in the class, he took his first podium at the Malaysian grand prix, behind Mick Doohan and Wayne Rainey. At the next race in Spain, he registered his first retirement but scored more points by finishing eighth in Italy. Another retirement followed in Europe, but <mask> finished off the podium in fourth after battling with Wayne Gardner for third at the German round. At the Dutch GP, <mask> made history by winning the race, becoming the first ever Spaniard to win a race in the 500cc class. After a battle with John Kocinski and Alex Barros in the final few laps, <mask> managed to stay ahead and cross the line 0.762 seconds ahead of Kocinski. After his win in Assen, his low point came at the next round in Hungary.<mask> was disqualified because he pitted to switch bikes on a drying track, something that was not allowed at the time. Two more retirements followed at the French and British rounds, with a sixth and seventh-place finish in Brazil and South Africa respectively. <mask> finished eighth in the championship with 59 points, 81 points behind the champion Wayne Rainey and 77 points behind runner-up Mick Doohan. 1993

In 1993, <mask> stayed with the Honda Pons team. In the first three races of the season - the Australian, Malaysian and Japanese rounds - he finished sixth once and fifth twice. At round four in Spain, he took his first podium of the season in the form of a third place. His first retirement of the season came in Austria, followed up by a fourth place in Germany and a second third place podium finish in the Netherlands, the same venue where he won his very first race a year earlier.Three consecutive retirements followed after his third place at Assen, namely at the European, San Marino and British rounds. The final four rounds were more positive, with <mask> finishing eighth in the Czech Republic, sixth in Italy, seventh in the United States and fourth at the final race of the season, the FIM round. <mask> finished eighth in the championship with 117 points, 131 points behind the champion Kevin Schwantz and 97 points behind runner-up Wayne Rainey. 1994
For the 1994 season, <mask> moved to the Factory Honda team, riding alongside Mick Doohan and Shinichi Ito. He became the first Spanish rider to ride for the Factory Honda team. <mask> started the season off well by taking an array of points in the opening rounds - sixth in Australia, eighth in Malaysia, seventh in Japan and fifth in Spain. However, he stood in the shadow of Doohan because he already had won two races and an additional second-place podium.At the fifth round of the season in Austria, <mask> scored his first podium of the season in the form of third place. At the German round, he finished fourth but took another third-place podium in the Netherlands. His first retirement arrived at the Italy but took his third and final podium of the year at the French GP. Further points came at the next two rounds in Great Britain and the Czech Republic in the form of sixth and fourth-place finishes. He did not start the United States grand prix due to a hand injury he sustained during practice. At the final two rounds - the Argentine and European rounds - he finished seventh and fourth. <mask> finished sixth in the championship with 144 points, 173 points behind the champion and teammate Mick Doohan and 30 points behind runner-up Luca Cadalora.1995

<mask> stayed with the Factory Honda team, who now found a new major sponsor: Repsol. He started off the season well, taking back-to-back podiums in the form of third-place finishes, at the opening round in Australia and at the second race in Malaysia. In Japan, he retired for the first time this season whilst his teammate Mick Doohan took second place. In Spain he went on to take another third-place podium. In Germany, he finished off the podium in fourth and at the Italy he finished fifth, whilst teammate Doohan won the race. At round seven in the Netherlands, <mask> took his first-ever 500cc pole position on Saturday. On Sunday, he battled hard with teammate Doohan and Alberto Puig in the closing stages of the race.On the last lap, <mask> overtook Puig by outbreaking him, moving him from third up to second. However, <mask> was never able to attack Doohan and thus he crossed the line, 0.114 behind him. After his second-place podium finish in Assen, <mask> retired once more in France. In Great Britain, he took his fourth third-place finish of the year. Further points came at the following rounds in the Czech Republic, Rio de Janeiro (sixth on both occasions) and Argentina, where he finished fourth. After his teammate Doohan already had clinched the title in Buenos Aires, <mask> won the last race of the season out in Europe, which was held at the Circuit de Barcelona-Cataluña|Circuito de Cataluña or his 'backyard'. On Saturday, bike problems prevented <mask> from posting a proper lap time with his main bike and he was forced to switch to his less optimal alternative one, pushing him back to seventh position whilst teammates Doohan started second and sixth on the grid.On Sunday, he moved up from seventh to fourth as the race went on. When he overtook another rider for third, he passed the grandstands where Spanish fans were cheering him on, shouting "Crivi, Crivi, Crivi!" in the process. After overtaking Loris Capirossi for then second place, he hunt down first place Carlos Checa who was suffering from tyre wear. While <mask> was closing down the gap, Checa slid out of contention when his tyres gave up, gifting the lead to the Catalan. However, <mask> himself began to suffer from the same tyre wear problems in the closing laps, allowing teammate Shinichi Ito and Capirossi to close the gap. On the final lap, Ito tried to attack but <mask> defended by outbreaking him.A second attack followed at turn 10, the "La Caixa" corner, with Ito taking the lead, running wide and so giving it back to Crivillé. <mask> eventually crossed the line 0.160 seconds ahead of Ito, becoming the first Catalan to win on home soil. <mask> finished fourth in the championship with 166 points, 82 points behind the champion and teammate Mick Doohan and 49 points behind runner-up Daryl Beattie. 1996

With <mask> performing well in 1995, expectations were high in 1996. Initially he retired on the opening round in Malaysia and had only finished fourth in Indonesia whilst teammate Mick Doohan won the race. However, at the Japanese race, he took his first pole of the season on Saturday and finished second on Sunday. In Spain however, he recorded his second retirement of the year.Initially taking the lead of the race from polesitter and teammate Doohan, as well as Luca Cadalora (who had a better start and thus led into turn one), Crivillé pulled a gap after a short battle with Cadalora, who's tyres began to fade. <mask> then led for much of the race but Doohan was closing in at the final laps. On the last lap, spectators who already thought the race had ended, invaded the track around turn nine (the "Curva Àngel Nieto"), distracting Crivillé enough to allow Doohan to get back right on his tail going into the last couple of corners. Going into the last hairpin before the start-finish straight, Doohan went to the inside, going side-by-side with Crivillé. The pair did not touch, but <mask> lost the rear whilst trying to accelerate, highsiding out of contention on the very last corner of the race, allowing Doohan to win the race as a result. After Jerez however, <mask> responded well by scoring three consecutive second-place finishes. In Italy, he battled with teammate Mick Doohan for much of the race but ultimately came short and finished 0.726 seconds behind the Australian.<mask> did take the fastest lap, his first of the year. In France, he took another pole position on Saturday but once again lost out to Doohan on Sunday, but managing to score back-to-back fastest laps in the process. In the Netherlands, <mask> took his second consecutive pole on Friday, but it was Doohan once more who prevailed in the Saturday race after a battle between the pair. At the German GP, <mask> took his third consecutive pole of the season on Saturday. On Sunday, <mask> finished behind Doohan once more after a battle between him, Doohan and Luca Cadalora ended in the Italian winning the race. In Great Britain, Doohan beat <mask> once more when he won the race, with the Catalan finishing second. Fortunes turned for Crivillé in the following two rounds, however.In Austria, Doohan lead in the closing laps, with <mask> closing in, but unable to make a move. At turn 8, Doohan made a small mistake, allowing Crivillé to pass him going into turn 9 (the "Jochen Rindt" corner). Doohan tried a late lunge to retake the place but failed and ran wide, allowing Crivillé to pass him going into turn 10 (the "A1" corner) to win the race with 0.500 seconds from his teammate. <mask> won the next race in the Czech Republic in a similar way. Doohan leads in the closing laps, but Crivillé was catching him. On the last lap, the pair battled for the lead, with <mask> making a lunge but failing, running wide and giving the lead back to Doohan. <mask> then shadowed him, taking different lines in the process.As they came out of turn 14 and went into turn 15, <mask> ran a wider line, allowing him to get more traction out of the corner, running side-by-side with Doohan until the finish. Both were confused because it was unclear who won, but once the scoreboard showed that <mask> had won, he started to cheer. <mask> beat Doohan by just 0.002 seconds, a record that still stands today. He also took the fastest lap on both venues. <mask> and Doohan continued to battle at the City of Imola grand prix, this time with Doohan winning the race by a margin of 0.104 seconds over <mask>. Tadayuki Okada completed the podium, making it a full Factory Honda podium. <mask> also took the fastest lap.In 1996 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Cataluña, his home GP, finished third after battling yet again with teammates Doohan and Tadayuki Okada, as well as Luca Cadalora in the closing stages of the race. His final podium came in the form of second place at the Rio de Janeiro round, losing out to Doohan again by 0.465 seconds. At the final round in Australia, <mask> took the final pole position of the season, as well as his final fastest lap of the year, but only managed to finish sixth after colliding with Doohan on the final lap after Crivillé tried to overtake him, causing both of them to fall in the process. Doohan later blamed his teammate for the incident, citing that "He tried to go around the outside but I shut the door on him. He left his move too late". <mask> finished second in the championship with 245 points, 64 points behind the champion and teammate Mick Doohan and 77 points ahead of Luca Cadalora. 1997

After finishing as runner-up in 1996, some speculated that there was a real chance that <mask> could win his first 500cc title in 1997.<mask> started his season off by taking back-to-back second places, albeit losing out to teammate Mick Doohan once more. At the Malaysia, he finished a distant second behind his teammate. In Japan however, it was a much closer affair. <mask> was closely following Doohan on the last lap but was not able to make a proper move. At turn 15 (part of the "Casio Triangle" set of corners), <mask> tried to lunge up the inside of Doohan but backed off at the last moment, finishing 0.431 behind the Australian. At round three in Spain, <mask> won his first race of the season. With teammates Doohan and Okada finishing second and third, the podium was an all-Factory Honda podium once again.<mask> also took the fastest lap, his first - and only one - of the season. At the next three races in Italy, Austria and France, <mask> finished fourth, fifth and fourth again respectively. At the seventh round of the season in the Netherlands, <mask> did not start the race. He crashed heavily during qualifying practice on Friday, losing control of his bike on a chicane, sliding over the tarmac with his arm trapped underneath the bike. He was treated at the side of the track for ten minutes before being taken away on a stretcher. As a result of the crash, an artery was torn and had to be taken to the hospital for surgery to restore his thumb, requiring skin

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Àlex Crivillé Tapias
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texts:
 and bone grafts for his hand as well. He suffered tendon and bone damage as well as lesions of the blood vessels in his left wrist.His left thumb was badly injured. Because of the surgery and subsequent recovery, he missed not only the round in Assen, but also the City of Imola, German, Rio de Janeiro and British rounds, all of which his teammate Doohan won. <mask> confirmed that he would not race until September of that year, with hopes that he could return for his home race in Cataluña, but that there was also a chance that he may never race again. <mask> however, returned one round earlier. At the Czech Republic race, he impressed by finishing in fourth position, battling with Nobuatsu Aoki and Norifumi Abe for third place. His good form continued when he took third in his home race in Catalunya, moving up from seventh to third place going into the first corner and battling with teammate Doohan and Carlos Checa for the lead throughout the race. Another distant third place podium followed at the penultimate round in Indonesia, with another all-Factory Honda podium due to the win of Okada and the second place of Doohan.In Australia, <mask> took his second and final victory of the season. Doohan started on pole but crashed out of the race, allowing Crivillé to win the race by 2.268 seconds from the second place Takuma Aoki. <mask> finished fourth in the championship with 172 points, 168 points behind the champion and teammate Mick Doohan and 25 points behind runner-up Tadayuki Okada. 1998

Despite losing out on a title chance in 1997, <mask> continued with the Repsol Honda team for 1998. Initially he started off with two fourth-place finishes in Japan and Malaysia. In Spain, <mask> scored his first win of the season. He battled with Max Biaggi, Carlos Checa and Alex Barros and, in the closing stages, with teammate Mick Doohan as well.After Doohan took the lead and led for about 15 laps, with Biaggi and Crivillé behind him. <mask> then overtook Biaggi for second and hunted down the Australian, who he eventually passed for the lead in the last remaining laps. Doohan tried to fight back but failed, allowing the Catalan to win by 0.393 seconds. He dedicated this victory to his father, who died during the winter. He also took the fastest lap. After his first victory of the season in Jerez, <mask>'s good form continued at the Italian GP where he finished third. In France, his second and final win of the year came after <mask> overtook then-leader Carlos Checa three laps before the end and then held off Doohan and Checa to win by a margin of 0.283 seconds.He took his second fastest lap of the year at this venue as well. At the Madrid, Dutch and British rounds, he finished fifth, sixth and fourth. In Germany, <mask> returned on the podium in third, albeit a distant 11.379 seconds behind race winner Doohan. At the next two races in the Czech Republic and the City of Imola, <mask> finished second twice. In Brno, he missed out on the victory (which went to rookie Max Biaggi) but took the fastest lap, and in Imola <mask> finished a distant 6.564 second behind teammate Doohan. At round twelve in Catalunya, <mask> took his first and only pole of the season on Saturday, but crashed out on Sunday on the opening lap, which meant that he retired for the first time this year. A final third place podium arrived at the Australian round but another retirement followed at the final round in Argentina.<mask> finished third in the championship with 198 points, 62 points behind the champion and teammate Mick Doohan and 10 points behind runner-up Max Biaggi. 1999

Few predicted that <mask> could win the title in 1999 after Doohan took yet another world championship in 1998, but Doohan's career-ending crash opened the door for <mask>, who now had a real opportunity at the title. At the opening round in Malaysia, <mask> immediately took a podium in the form of third place at the new Sepang circuit. In Japan he finished a distant fourth while his teammate Doohan finished second. When five-time 500cc world champion and teammate Mick Doohan broke his leg in several places, but also his collarbone and wrist when he crashed during a very wet qualifying session at the Spanish Grand Prix, <mask> immediately took the opportunity and set pole on Saturday. On Sunday, he battled with and held off Max Biaggi to take fastest lap and his first victory of the year by just 0.157 seconds in only his third race of the season. His good form continued in the next three races.In France, he took a commanding win ahead of John Kocinski and Tetsuya Harada, in Italy he held off Biaggi once again to score back-to-back wins and in Catalunya, he closed in on teammate Tadayuki Okada who was leading the race on the last lap, overtook him going into turn 10 (the "La Caixa" corner) and held off Okada (who had a better drive coming out of turn 13 or "New Holland") to claim a popular win by just 0.061 seconds. It was the first time Crivillé had won four races in succession in his career. At the Dutch GP, he registered his first retirement of the season, but followed it up with another win in his 100th 500cc start at Great Britain. With teammate Okada starting from pole, <mask> moved up from the middle of the field up to third as the race progressed. He then overtook second placed Roberts Jr. and went after leader Okada. After a failed overtaking attempt at turn 10 (the "Melbourne Hairpin") and a comeback from Okada on the same corner to retake the lead on the last lap, <mask> held on and won the race by 0.536 seconds. He took his second and final fastest lap of the year here as well.Two-second places followed in Germany and the Czech Republic. At the Sachsenring, <mask> lost out to Kenny Roberts Jr. by just 0.338 seconds and in Brno likewise happened when teammate Okada got the better of him and crossed the line 0.240 seconds ahead of the Catalan. At round eleven in the City of Imola race, <mask> took his second pole of the season on Saturday, outqualifying Kenny Roberts Jr. in the process. On Sunday, <mask> stayed ahead of Alex Barros and home hero Max Biaggi to win the race with a 0.265-second margin over Barros. This win extended his lead over Roberts Jr. by 66 points. After a string of good results, <mask> had a second retirement of the season at the new Valencian Community round. A few laps before the end, he had an accident which brought him out of contention.In Australia, <mask> had a crash during qualifying in which he suffered a cracked bone in his hand due to a highside, which launched him off his bike at high speed. He participated in the race on Sunday and finished fifth. In South Africa he finished third, that being his last podium of the season. Going into the penultimate round in Rio de Janeiro, <mask> had a 44-point lead over his teammate Okada and needed to finish tenth or higher to secure the title. However, he was still recovering from a broken wrist injury he sustained two races before at Phillip Island and thus started the race from eleventh place. During the race he fought with Anthony Gobert and Garry McCoy and finished in sixth, ahead of Okada, to win the title. He became the first Spaniard, as well as Catalan, to win a 500cc title.With the title already won, <mask> finished fifth at the last race of the season in Argentina. <mask> finished first in the championship with 267 points, 47 points ahead of Kenny Roberts Jr. and 56 points ahead of teammate Tadayuki Okada. He took six wins and clinched his first and only 500cc World Championship title and second overall championship at the penultimate race of the season in Rio, finishing in sixth place. 2000
With <mask> winning his first-ever 500cc title in 1999, expectations were high that Crivillé would do the same in 2000. However, the new NSR500 bike for 2000 proved to be worse than its predecessor last year, with <mask> frequently struggling all throughout the season as a result. A fifth place at the opening round in South Africa made him the best of the Repsol Honda riders, with Sete Gibernau and Tadayuki Okada both out of the race. A crash on the opening lap saw <mask> retire in Malaysia, with a sixth and fourth place following in the Japanese and Spanish GPs.At the fifth round of the season in France, <mask> scored his final win of his career. Despite starting from fifth on the grid on Saturday, <mask> made a relatively good start and slowly moved up the field, overtaking Carlos Checa and Kenny Roberts Jr. to take the lead. He then battled with and held off the hard charging Norifumi Abe and rookie Valentino Rossi to cross the line 0.321 ahead of the Japanese. After his win in Le Mans, two consecutive retirements followed in Italy and Catalunya. <mask> had an accident after eight and ten laps in Mugello and Cataluña, causing him to retire twice. In a wet-dry race in the Netherlands, <mask> took second behind Alex Barros after both passed Sete Gibernau and Régis Laconi, the Catalan unable to close the gap to Barros as he crossed the line 2.077 ahead of <mask>. In Great Britain, <mask> finished seventh but slid out of contention once more after twelve laps in Germany.More points followed when he finished in seventh and sixth place at the Czech Republic and Portuguese grand Prix. At round thirteen in the Valencian Community, Crivillé took his only fastest lap of the season but crashed after twelve laps, adding another retirement to his tally. Two more points finished followed in Rio de Janeiro, where he finished eleventh, and in the Pacific, where he finished sixth. <mask> then retired at the last race of the year in Australia, crashing out after nine laps - his sixth retirement of the season. <mask> finished ninth in the championship with 122 points, 136 points behind the champion Kenny Roberts Jr. and 87 points behind runner-up Valentino Rossi. After the season had ended, <mask> crashed on the second of the three post-season testing days at the Jerez circuit in November 2000. He lost the front when going into turn 6 (the "Dry Sack" corner) at around 100  km/h.His hand was trapped under the bike and he injured his right little finger as a result. After a first diagnosis done at the circuit's medical centre, he was flown to Barcelona to double-check his injury. Test rider Tohru Ukawa had to take over his test duties after his incident, for which he also required surgery. 2001
After <mask> lost the title to Kenny Roberts Jr., he changed his number from 1 to 28 for 2001, which was his final year with the Repsol Honda team. He signed a new contract with the team, extending it by one year in August 2000. Suzuki also approached him to partner Kenny Roberts Jr. in this year, but the Catalan refused the offer. <mask> started his season off with two points finishes in the form of ninth and sixth at the Japanese and South African rounds, still struggling with an underperforming and difficult bike.His first podium arrived at the Spanish race. Having qualified a lowly twelfth on Saturday due to set-up problems with his bike, he dropped to thirteenth on the opening lap, he fought his way back to eighth place by lap 10, which became seventh when he overtook Biaggi, who made a mistake when running wide on the same lap. On lap 12, he overtook Alex Barros for sixth, and did likewise to Kenny Roberts Jr. at the start/finish straight at the beginning of lap 13, promoting him to fifth place. He then charged after Shinya Nakano, closing in on him with each passing lap. On lap 15, Loris Capirossi went wide and lost third place, promoting <mask> up fourth and Nakano up to third place. At the beginning of lap 16, <mask> overtook Nakano in the same fashion as he did with Kenny Roberts Jr. at the start/finish straight, going up the inside of turn 1 (the "Expo '92" corner). He then closed the gap to second place Norifumi Abe and was close in the final laps, but ultimately was unable to overtake him and had to settle for third.After the race, the Catalan cited that "It's great to be on the podium again" and "I had so many problems this weekend, but for Honda and Repsol and everyone this is where we should be. It feels like 1999 again and I'm riding like I know I can. Last year was so bad that everyone said I was finished. This result means a lot." More points finish followed after Jerez - fifth in France, fourth in Italy and eleventh in Catalunya. <mask> had his first retirement at the Dutch GP when he crashed after only three laps. He finished seventh in Great Britain.<mask> did not start the German grand Prix after two hefty accidents in the same corner at the second qualifying session on Saturday. In the first, he collided with the Honda Pons of Loris Capirossi, who was on a hot lap and had the racing line, smashing into the side of his bike and crashing out. He walked away unharmed despite the incident looking severe. The second time he went off on his own and briefly lost consciousness because of it. He was taken to the trackside hospital and he felt dazed and confused. He also didn't remember the first fall, but after a few minutes rest, he regained his memory. As a result of the incident, the doctors decided to take him into the medical centre in Chemnitz to undergo a scan to check if everything was okay.He ended up with a broken left index finger, as well as numerous cuts on his face and his brow. After missing out the race at the Sachsenring, <mask> returned in the Czech Republic in the best way possible. Having qualified only eighth on Saturday, he climbed his way up to second, defending his position from a hard-charging Capirossi on the final lap, to take second place - his best result since he won the 2000 French Grand Prix. After the race, Criville cited that "After Germany, I never imagined I'd be on the podium here, this result is like a win for me," and "I had a good rest during the break and that helped a lot. The team worked well here and I've now shown that I'm not too old to race up front!" However, after his good result in Brno, two more retirements followed. In Portugal he crashed out on the opening lap and in the Valencian Community race, he did likewise on lap 7.At the final four races of the season - the Pacific, Australian, Malaysian and Rio de Janeiro rounds - <mask> finished eleventh twice, sixth and seventh. <mask> finished eighth in the championship with 120 points, 205 points behind the champion Valentino Rossi and 90 points behind runner-up Max Biaggi. Retirement

At a press conference before the 2001 Portuguese Grand Prix in September, the press asked him about rumours regarding his future with the Repsol Honda team, to which he replied "I don't know what's going on," and "We are in talks right now but I have options should there not be a suitable offer from Honda. ", hinting at possible alternatives if he were to not continue riding for the team. On November 12, 2001, <mask> announced that he had parted ways with the Repsol Honda team after ten years with the team and that he was considering his options for the 2002 season. "This week everything will be decided and it will be me and no one else that makes the decision," he said. Originally there were plans to ride a Factory Aprilia four-stroke bike in 2002.However the proposal deal he had hoped for did not appear and as a result, he started talking to Yamaha boss Luis d'Antin, owner of the Pramac d'Antin squad, for a chance to ride for the team and partner Norifumi Abe. <mask> also did not rule out retiring either, starting that "I am not going to close any door, and I could still go to Aprilia or even retire," and that "I alone will decide my future." However, <mask> was not able to start in 2002 due to undetermined health problems. He stated in a press conference in late 2001 that "I have been forced to take a break from my sporting career due to physical problems. Since 1999, I have had a condition whereby I temporarily lose consciousness from time to time. It is not serious, but after consulting the best specialists in the field I was advised to stop riding for a while, to take the time to relax and undergo the necessary tests." He stated that he did not intend to retire and that this was simply a necessary break from the sport for medical reasons.On May 5, 2002 however, the now thirty-two year old <mask> held an emotional press conference on the second day of official qualifying for the 2002 Spanish Grand Prix where he announced his retirement from the sport, citing his illness as a reason. He stated that "I would have liked to have carried on, but I have reached the conclusion that I should retire." and that "This is a very emotional day for me and I have decided to retire after thinking for a long time." He also stated that "I am now going to take a year off and after that I would like to return to the world of bike racing, but as to what role I would have I am not yet sure." After his retirement, he is still present in the MotoGP paddock and at the Repsol Honda squad along with Mick Doohan at special events of the team, such as Repsol's 20 and 25 years of collaboration with the team in 2014 and 2019. Career statistics

Grand Prix motorcycle racing

Points system from 1969 to 1987:

Points system from 1988 to 1992:

Points system from 1993 onwards:

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links

 Crash.net profile
 Interview following his 500cc championship victory

Motorcycle racers from Catalonia
Spanish motorcycle racers
500cc World Championship riders
250cc World Championship riders
125cc World Championship riders
1970 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Barcelona
80cc World Championship riders
People named in the Panama

masks: Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé


texts:
<mask> (1933–2019) was an Indian geologist with major contribution to the field of Geology. A 1958–1959 Technical Report of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research heralded the news that new developments had taken place in scientific matters led by a team of researchers at the Andhra University,

Even as a student of geology at Andhra University, Waltair, <mask> and his fellow researchers were already carrying out research in the field. During 1954–1958, <mask> had carried out research on geology in parts of Kurnool district. <mask>'s research articles began appearing in geological and other inter-disciplinary scientific journals for more than three decades and continue to be referred by the present generation of Geologists. <mask> stood witness to Christ and inspired many. During the Fifth National Convention of the Christian Businessmen's Committee in 1987 held in Hyderabad, he spoke on the theme You shall be witnesses unto me and shared dais with Archbishop Samineni Arulappa, Member of parliament, Lok Sabha Marjorie Godfrey and Policeman G. Alfred, IPS. <mask> also led honorary initiatives towards Christian missions by equipping the Laity not only with knowledge of the Gospel, but also a means of livelihood was recognised by Theologians, comprising the Missiologist, Roger Hedlund, SB, and Bishop <mask>, ECI.During the 2000s, the Christian artist P. Solomon Raj, AELC made an Empirical research highlighting the new and indigenous missions, and <mask>'s effort falls in such line of indigenous missions to equip the grassroot Evangelists, which even the Old Testament Scholar, Victor Premasagar, CSI appreciated such initiatives. Life and background
<mask> was born in 1933 in Giddaluru in erstwhile Madras Presidency during the colonial era to <mask> Joseph, an Evangelist and grew up in rural India in the drought-prone Rayalaseema zone in southern India. The Church made an impact in the life of <mask> as those were the days' of early Christians in the Telugu hinterland where the Catholic and the Protestant Missions had already set foot. Among the Protestant missions, the American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society, the London Missionary Society (LMS) and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) were the Christian missions at work in the Rayalaseema area. <mask> grew up in a Christian household in mission compounds of the Churches as his father was a Priest, Canon and later Bishop. When <mask> moved to Waltair in the 1950s, he also took part in the fellowship gatherings of the Canadian Baptist Ministries (Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars). Education and career

Education
After initial studies in schools across Andhra Pradesh, wherever his father (<mask>yan Joseph) was transferred, <mask> moved to Madras Christian College, Tambaram for a pre-University course (PUC).For undergraduate studies, he enrolled at Andhra University, Waltair, in 1953 and pursued graduate and postgraduate courses specialising in Geology. He was a direct student of Professor Calamur Mahadevan and U. Aswathanarayana and imbibed the subtle nuances for research which infused in him a flair for scientific research throughout his career in geological sciences. One of his companions during his study days at Waltair included the Theologian G. D. Melanchthon, AELC. <mask> was awarded with an M. Sc. in 1957. <mask> also pursued a Ph. D. programme during his early years at Osmania University, Secunderabad, on the topic Sedimentation in the upper proterozoic near Kurnool under the supervision of Prof. S<mask>a and was awarded a doctorate in the year 1965.He also spent time at Northwestern University, Evanston (United States) as a Postdoctoral researcher through the benevolence of Fulbright Program and also published a research article, Tectonic framework of sedimentation in the northwestern part of the San Andreqa fault zone at Park field, California on his return to India. Career
<mask> joined the ranks of Geological Survey of India in 1961. He then moved to academics and joined Osmania University, Secunderabad, A State-run university, where he also pursued a Ph. D. programme. In 1965 and became a lecturer in the same university. Over the years, he rose to the ranks of a reader and professor and in 1984, he became head of the Department of Geology and chairperson of the board of studies. Articles published
During the three decades, beginning with the 1960s, <mask> researched together with his fellow geologists and brought out different aspects of the Earth's rich resources to the fore.He was also managing editor of Journal of Indian Academy of Geoscience during the 1970s. 1960–1969

1970–1979

1980–1989

1990–1999

Other initiatives
In addition to his academic pursuits, <mask> was involved in founding entities as a means to bring in development in rural areas. <mask> himself hailed from a rural family and his career pursuits brought him to an urban setting. In spite of it, he chose to better the lives of those in special circumstances. Towards this end, he drew talent from universities as a matter of service and also sought the partnership of United Nations Development Programme, Government of India, and other funding agencies. In 1982, he also went to Bangla Desh to see the work of Social Entrepreneur and Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus. In 2012, two sets of researchers working independent of each other had written about the work of Vijayam beyond the portals of learning.A University of Hyderabad researcher, Gadde Peda Rattaiah referred to the work of Vijayam in the context of partnerships with United Nations Development Programme and writes,

Similarly, a group of Earth Scientists regarded the work of <mask> in connecting Geology with development and write,

MERIBA
During 1978 <mask> founded Mission to Encourage Rural Development in Backward Areas (MERIBA) as an entity to bring forth development in select areas of drought-prone Rayalaseema area of Andhra Pradesh amidst caste-ridden hegemony. The work of MERIBA was taken up in Kurnool district in the villages of Balapanuru, Kouluru, Neravada, Bhimaram and Yerraguntla. For organising Dalits through participatory management initiatives through Sarvodaya Sanghams, Vijayam's entity was also locked in horns with those oppressing the Dalits. There was indeed some resistance to the reformation that MERIBA ought to bring in and even the State executive was found to be in tandem with those oppressing the Dalits. It took judicial intervention to get the oppressors behind bars, but in no time they were freed and were ready to seek vengeance, but for the timely presence of Vijayam who sought reconciliation, an act which stunned the oppressors. Incidentally, Nagi Reddy, an advocate by profession, became MERIBA's first project director, and there was renewed activism in taking legal recourse in curbing atroticities on Dalits through SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. PROGRESS
By 1982, <mask> founded Peoples Research Organization for Grass-root Environmental Scientific Services (PROGRESS) as a platform to share the benefits of technological advancement with the rural poor.Select case studies and stories relating to the success of PROGRESS had been documented in 1994 by National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board and there also had been significant contribution by scientists working in PROGRESS to the environmental studies. In 1996, P. Sita Janki and K. Sumalini contributed a paper entitled Enhancement of seed germination in Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) by different growth regulator treatments that appeared in the Journal for Tropical Forestry. A 2007 report of the University Grants Commission (UGC) listed PROGRESS among those NGOs  supported by it in advancing Rural development. PROGRESS was a member in the National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee. TENT
The Theologians, F. Hrangkhuma and Sebastian Kim had recognised the efforts of Vijayam towards Tentmaking. At the same time, Roger Hedlund had acknowledged <mask>'s efforts towards founding TENT in equipping individuals with means of livelihood as well as basic theological principles.It was in 1985 that <mask> founded Training in Evangelism Needs and Technology (TENT), intertwining technology with theology for ministerial advancement, which the notable Entomologist P. Judson has also been associated. See also

 Prof. Dr. M. Abel, Ph. D. (California),
 Prof. T. D. J. Nagabhushanam, Ph. D. (IARI),
 Prof. P. A. James, Ph. D. (Osmania),
 Dr. J. A. Oliver, Ph. D. (ANGRAU),
 Prof. P. Judson, Ph.D. (Osmania)

Further reading

References

2019 deaths
Telugu people
Indian Christians
20th-century Indian scientists
Indian geologists
Andhra Pradesh academics
1933 births
Scientists from Hyderabad, India
Indian scientists
Church of South India
Osmania University alumni
Andhra University alumni
Madras Christian College alumni
Northwestern University alumni

masks:
Bunyan Edmund Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Ezra Sargunam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Bunyan
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Bun
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
. Balakrishn
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam


texts:
Frederick Peter "<mask><mask> (December 17, 1879 – April 15, 1961) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1903 to 1917 for the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League, the Washington Senators, Cleveland Naps, and Philadelphia Athletics of the American League and the Indianapolis Hoosiers, Newark Peppers, and Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League. Early life
<mask> was born on December 17, 1879, in Chicago, Illinois. He was the first of seven children born to Agnes and Frederick A<mask>, who had both immigrated to the United States from Norway. <mask> attended Northwest Division High School in Chicago, and played for the school's baseball team. He also played as a semi-professional in Chicago. Baseball career
<mask> attended the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, where he played college baseball for the Illinois Fighting Illini, coached by George Huff.His teammates included Jake Stahl and Carl Lundgren. <mask> graduated from the university in 1902. That year, the Worcester Hustlers attempted to sign Lundgren, but he signed with the Chicago Cubs of the National League. Worcester signed <mask> instead. He won 18 games for Worcester that season. After the 1902 season, the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League purchased <mask> from Worcester. He made his major league debut with the Pirates on April 21, 1903.Manager Fred Clarke allowed <mask> to make hs first start against the Cubs in Chicago. He was briefly sent back to Worcester, but was recalled at the end of July, when the Pirates released Ed Doheny. <mask> struggled in his first year in the majors, losing five of six decisions. He was released by Pittsburgh at the end of August. <mask> was reserved for the 1904 season by the Toronto Maple Leafs of the Eastern League, and though he initially indicated that he would not sign with Toronto, he returned his signed contract and pitched for Toronto in 1904 and 1905. When Huff was hospitalized in 1905, Stahl and <mask> coached the Fighting Illini baseball team. That year, he began to experiment with different ways to get break on his spitball, which he called the "pinch ball".He signed with the Harrisburg Senators of the Tri-State League, and Harrisburg reserved him for the 1906 season. In 1905, the Washington Senators of the American League purchased <mask> from Toronto. Stahl was the Senators' manager at the time. In 1906, the Washington newspapers began to refer to <mask> as "<mask>". That year, he walked 108 batters and threw 14 wild pitches, the most in the American League. Stahl was replaced as manager with Joe Cantillon in 1907, and newspapers reported during the season that Cantillon wanted to part with <mask>. However, Cantillon opted to keep <mask> during the 1907–08 offseason.In September 1907, the National Commission ruled that <mask> owed the Harrisburg club a refund on a $200 signing bonus ($ in current dollar terms) that he received from them because he joined Washington instead. When he did not promptly repay the debt, he was suspended by Ban Johnson in May 1908 until he repaid it, which he did a few weeks later. <mask> continued to pitch inconsistently for Washington, and his name resurfaced in trade rumors later in the season. On July 23, 1908, the Cleveland Naps of the American League purchased <mask> and Dave Altizer from the Senators for $10,000 ($ in current dollar terms). He continued to pitch for Cleveland through 1911. He missed time during the 1911 season due to illness and a broken thumb. After the 1911 season, Harry Davis became Cleveland's manager, and he released <mask> to the Toledo Mud Hens of the American Association.With Toledo in 1912, <mask> played with Earle Gardner, who had learned how to throw the emery ball from Russ Ford. Gardner taught the pitch to <mask>. <mask> had a 25–8 win–loss record in 1912, leading the American Association with a .758 winning percentage. Cleveland purchased <mask> from Toledo before the 1913 season. He won his first 10 games of the season, and finished the year with a 23–10 win-loss record and a 2.22 ERA, the second-most wins and eighth-best ERA in the American League. He led the American League with 13 wild pitches in 1913. Before the 1914 season, <mask> jumped from Cleveland to the Indianapolis Hoosiers of the outlaw Federal League.He signed a three-year contract worth $10,000 per season ($ in current dollar terms). In 1914, using the emery ball, <mask> led the Federal League with 43 games started,  innings pitched, and 236 strikeouts. He also had the third-most wins (25) and the fourth-best ERA (2.22). The Hoosiers moved to Newark, New Jersey, before the 1915 season, becoming the Newark Peppers. The emery ball was discovered during the 1914 season, and was outlawed. Without the emery ball, <mask> struggled in 1915, pitching to a 9–11 win-loss record for Newark. The Peppers traded him to the Brooklyn Tip-Tops for Tom Seaton in August.Frank LaPorte was also included in the trade, but he was not to report to Brooklyn until after the 1915 season. <mask> had a 3–3 win-loss record for Brooklyn after the trade. The Federal League collapsed after the 1915 season, and major league teams did not want to purchase <mask>'s sizeable contract. He signed with the Indianapolis Indians of the American Association for the 1916 season and re-signed with them for the 1917 season. After pitching well in an exhibition game against the Philadelphia Athletics of the American League, the Athletics acquired <mask> for Jack Nabors on April 29. However, <mask> struggled with Philadelphia, pitching to a 2–6 win-loss record, and was sold back to Indianapolis on July 5. <mask> returned to Indianapolis in 1918, but announced that he would not return to the American Association in 1919.Indianapolis sold his contract to the Seattle Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League (PCL). During the season, Seattle traded <mask> to the Oakland Oaks of the PCL for Lynn Brenton. On August 19, <mask> threw a no-hitter against Seattle. After the 1919 season, <mask> announced that he was retiring from professional baseball. Personal life
<mask> married Edna Russell, a telephone operator who he met in Washington, D.C., after the 1908 season. They had two children. <mask> enjoyed ten-pin bowling.He competed in tournaments hosted by the American Bowling Congress and managed bowling alleys. He averaged about 200 pins per game. After playing baseball in the PCL, <mask> moved his family to San Francisco, California, and managed bowling alleys in the San Francisco Bay Area. During World War II, <mask> worked in the tool room for the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation. <mask> died in San Francisco on April 15, 1961. He was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma, California. See also

 List of Major League Baseball annual shutout leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career ERA leaders

References

External links

1879 births
1961 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Cleveland Naps players
Indianapolis Hoosiers players
Newark Peppers players
Brooklyn Tip-Tops players
Philadelphia Athletics players
Indianapolis Indians players
Montreal Royals players
Oakland Oaks (baseball) players
Seattle Rainiers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Worcester Hustlers players
Worcester Riddlers players
Illinois Fighting Illini baseball players
Humboldt State Lumberjacks football coaches
Humboldt State Lumberjacks men's basketball coaches
Baseball players from Chicago
Basketball coaches from Illinois

masks:
Cy
" Falkenberg
Frederick Peter Falkenberg
. Falkenberg
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Cy
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