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<mask> () (July 9, 1933 – 28 July 2006) was an archeologist who spent more than fifty years excavating the Sogdian ruins at Panjakent, Tajikistan. Biography

<mask> was born in Luga, Leningrad Oblast, Russian SFSR July 9, 1933. He received an MA in archaeology from Moscow University in 1956, his PhD in archaeology from the Institute of Archaeology, Leningrad in 1965 and a doctorate of historical sciences from Moscow University in 1982. <mask> began his work at the Sogdian ruins, which date from the 5th-8th century, at Panjakent in 1954. He became director of the archaeological expedition in 1978, a position he held until his death. <mask> was a leading authority on the history of Panjakent, the archaeology and art history of Central Asia, and medieval eastern silverware. In 1979 he became head of the Department of Central Asia and Caucasus at the Hermitage, in Leningrad.After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 <mask>'s job became significantly more difficult. Funding for fieldwork dried up and he instantly became a foreigner in the new state of Tajikistan at a time when ethnic Russians were fleeing Central Asia in mass. Marshak stayed on as director of the excavation of the Panjakent ruins, even during the years of civil war in Tajikistan from 1992 to 1997, while other archeological sites in the former Soviet Union were plundered by looters. Through close cooperation with the government of Tajikistan Marshak insured protection and continued excavation of the Panjakent ruins. In the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century <mask> received numerous honorariums from international organizations and taught, lectured and conducted fellowships in Italy, the United States, Austria and elsewhere. <mask> died 28 July 2006 on the site of the Panjakent ruins. He was buried at the site, as requested in his will.Honorary awards and memberships

 2002 Foreign associate Member of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, (Institut de France). 1999 Order of Friendship, Tajikistan. 1998 Foreign Corresponding Member of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Institut de France). 1995 Honorary Member of the Archaeological Institute of America. 1991 Honorary Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of the Great Britain and Ireland. 1990 Corresponding Member of IsMEO (Institute of the Middle and Far East, Rome). 1989 Prix Ghirshman de L'Academie (Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Institut de France).Ferdousi premium – London. Order of Honor - Russia. Partial list of published works
Note that <mask>'s works were published under the names <mask> <mask>, <mask><mask>, B. I<mask>, and <mask>. Books

 "Legends, Tales and Fables in the Art of Sogdiana. " Persica Press. New York. 2002."Murals along the Silk Road: Combined Art-Historical and Laboratory Study" St. Petersburg. 1999. coauthor. "Sokrovishcha Khana Kubrata Pereshepinskii klad". St. Petersburg. 1997. coauthor. "The Treasures of Khan Kubrat". St.Petersburg.1997 coauthor. "Treasures from the Obf Basin". Exhibition Catalogue. St. Petersburg, 1996. coeditor. "Silberschätze des Orients". Metallkunst des 3-13. Jahrhunderts und ihre Kontinuität, Leipzig.1986. "The Painting of Sogdiana." Part One of the book: Azarpay G. Sogdian Painting. Berkeley. 1981. pp. 11–77. co author
 "Sogdian Silver. "Moscow, 1971. In Russian. Contributor

Articles

 “The Archaeology of Sogdiana.” The Silk Road, 1/2. December 2003. pp. 3–8
 “A Sogdian Silver Bowl from the Freer Gallery of Art.” Ars Orientalis XXIX, 1999. “L'Art Sogdien (IVe-IXe siecle)”. Les Arts de 1' Asie Centrale.Paris. 1999. pp. 114–163. “Sogd”. A chapter in “Istoriia tadzhikskogo naroda” [History of the Tajik People]. Dushanbe. 2000.“Sogd V-VIII w. Ideologiia po pamiatnikam isskustva" A chapter in "Arkheologija. Srednjaja Azija i Dal'nii Vostok v epokhu srednevekov'ia. Srednjaja Azija v rannem srednevekov'e. " G. Brykina ed. (Moscow: [Nauka], 1999). pp. 175–191.“Sogdian Art.” Chapters in "New History of World Art, ‘Shogakukan’." 1999. Vol.15. pp. 207-218, 386-395
 “Le mythe de Nana dans l'art de la Sogdiane.” Arts Asiatiques. 1998. pp. 5–18.coauthor. “The Tiger, Raised from the Dead: Two Murals from Panjikent.” "Bulletin of the Asia Institute. " Vol. 10. 1996. pp. 207–17. “Sughd.” Chapter in "History of Civilization of Central Asia", Vol.III. UNESCO Publishing. 1996. pp. 233–58. “On the Iconography of Ossuaries from Biya Naiman.” "Silk Road Art and Archaeology." Kamakura. Vol 4.1995. Issue 6. pp. 299–321. “Le programme iconographique des peintures de la "Salle des Ambassadeurs"  Afrasiab (Samarkand).” Arts Asiatiques. Tome XLIX. 1994. pp. 1-20.“The Historico-Cultural Significance of the Sogdian Calendar.” Iran. Vol. XXX. London. 1992. pp. 145–54. “Worshippers from the Northern Shrine of Temple II, Panjikent.” Bulletin of the Asia Institute Vol.8. 1994. pp. 187–207. coauthor. “Cultes communautaires et cultes prives en Sogdiane.”  "Histoire et cultes de 1'Asie Centrale preislamique. " Paris, CNRS. 1991. pp.187–195. coauthor. “A Hunting Scene from Panjikent.” "Bulletin of the Asia Institute." Vol. 4. 1990. pp. 77–94.“Les fouilles de Pendjikent.” [CRAI]. 1990. pp. 286–313. “Wall Painting from a House with a Granary. Panjikent, 1st Quarter of the Eighth Century A.D.” "Silk Road Art and Archaeology." Vol.1. 1990. pp.123–176. “Some Notes on the Tomb of Li-Xian and his Wife under Northern Zhou Dynasty at Guyuan, Ningxia and its Gold-Gilt Silver Ewer with Greek Mythological Scenes Unearthed There.” Cultura Antiqua. Vol. 4. No. 4. 1989. pp.49–57. coauthor. In Japanese with English subtitle. “Une image sogdienne du dieu-patriarche de I'agriculture.” Studia Iranica, Vol. 6. Issue 2. 1987. pp.193–199. coauthor. “Iskusstvo Sogda.” Chapter in ‘Tsentral'naia Aziia.’” Novye Pamiatniki pis'mennosti i iskusstva. Moscow. 1987. pp. 233-248. “Raskopki gorodishcha drevnego Pendzhikenta v 1977 g.”."Arkheologicheskie raboty v Tadzhikistane. " Vol. XVII. 1977. Dushanbe. 1984. pp. 187–229.coauthor. “Oriental Analogien zu den Bauwerken von Typus des eingeschriebenen Kreuzes: Pendzikent und Bamian, V-VII Jh.” Chapter in B. Brentjes, ed., "Probleme der Architektur des Orients, Halle." Saale. 1983. pp. 53–64. In Russian. “The Paintings of Sogdiana.” Chapter in G. Azarpay, "Sogdian Painting: The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art. "Berkeley, 1981. pp. 11–77. coauthor. “Sotsial'naya struktura naseleniya drevnego Pendzhikenta.” Chapter in B. Gafurov, G. F. Girs and E. A. Davidovich, eds., "Tovarno-denezhnye otnosheniya na Blizhnem i Srednem Vostoke v eµpokhu srednevekov'ya." Moscow. 1979. pp. 19–26.coauthor. “Drevneîshee izobrazhenie osadnoî mashiny v Sredneî Azii.” Chapter in V. G. Lukonin, ed., "Kul'tura Vostoka: Drevnost' i rannee serdnevekov'e. " Moscow. 1978. pp. 215–21. coauthor. “Stennye rospisi, obnaruzhennye v 1970 gody na gorodishche drevnego Pendzhikenta.”  "Soobshcheniya Gosudarstvennogo E˜rmitazha. "36. Leningrad. 1973. pp. 58–64. “L'art de Piandjikent aà la lumiére des derniéres fouilles (1958-1968).” Arts Asiatiques. Vol. 23.1971. pp. 3–39. coauthor. References

External links
 <mask>'s Biography
 Review of <mask>'s book "Legends, Tales and Fables in the Art of Sogdiana." Photo of Marshak from the Hermitage

1933 births
2006 deaths
People from Luga, Leningrad Oblast
Central Asian studies scholars
Russian archaeologists
Archaeology of Tajikistan
Soviet archaeologists
20th-century archaeologists

masks:
Boris Ilich Marshak
Boris Ilich Marshak
Marshak
Marshak
Marshak
Marshak
Marshak
Marshak
Boris Ilich
Marshak
Boris I
. Marshak
. Marshak
Boris Marshak
Marshak
Marshak


type: original

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<mask> (born 12 July 1996) is a Romanian professional kickboxer and Olympic boxer, and former kempo practitioner. He currently competes in the Colosseum Tournament, in which he is the reigning champion of the lightweight and super lightweight divisions. Căliniuc is also world kempo champion and multiple national boxing champion. Professional kickboxing career

Early career
Căliniuc practiced judo from 4 to 15 years old. He then started kickboxing at the age of 17, but not at a professional level. Căliniuc worked simultaneously as a casino security guard until he met coach and promoter Estéfano Tănăsescu Popescu who enrolled him to a gym. Wins over Milea, Salvador and Dzhaniev
With a background of being IKF world kempo champion, <mask> began his kickboxing career by winning his first four fights by decision.He initially fought for SAS Gym (a Bucharest-based kickboxing promotion), where he won the SAS Gym 01 and the SAS Gym 02 tournaments. Căliniuc faced Bogdan Costan on November 2, 2018, in the semifinals of the Lightweight Tournament at SAS Gym 01. Căliniuc won the fight via unanimous decision to progress to the final round of the tournament. He then faced Colosseum Tournament World Lightweight Champion Cristian Milea in the finals. <mask> defeated Milea via unanimous decision. Căliniuc faced former Glory lightweight championship challenger Dylan Salvador on June 13, 2019, in the semifinals of the Lightweight Tournament at SAS Gym 02. Căliniuc won the fight via split decision to progress to the final round of the tournament.He then faced Muay Thai standout Khayal Dzhaniev in the finals. <mask> defeated Dzhaniev via unanimous decision. Colosseum Tournament
In December 2020, it was announced that Căliniuc had signed a multi-fight deal with Colosseum Tournament. Căliniuc faced Colosseum Tournament world lightweight champion Andrei Ostrovanu on December 18, 2020, at Colosseum Tournament 22. <mask> defeated Ostrovanu via unanimous 3-round decision to become the inaugural Colosseum Tournament World Super Lightweight Champion. Two-division champion
In January 2021, it was officially announced that Căliniuc next bout would be against former ISKA world middleweight champion Gabriel Bozan for the vacant Colosseum Tournament World Lightweight Championship on 26 February at Colosseum Tournament 23. Căliniuc dominated the fight and won via unanimous 5-round decision to become the Colosseum Tournament World Lightweight Champion.In April 2021, Colosseum Tournament announced that <mask> would make his first defence of his lightweight title against former KOK lightweight champion Vitalie Matei at Colosseum Tournament 25 on 31 May in Cluj-Napoca. He won the fight via unanimous 5-round decision. <mask> vs. Koprivlenski
<mask> was scheduled to defend his title for the second time against former Glory Lightweight Contender Tournament Winner Stoyan Koprivlenski on September 20, 2021 at Colosseum Tournament 27. He retained his championship, being declared the winner via split decision. Personal life
<mask> is a Christian. He said his model is Daniel Ghiță. <mask> is inspired by Abdulrashid Sadulaev.He is a fan of Steaua București. Championships and accomplishments

Kickboxing
Colosseum Tournament
Colosseum Tournament World Lightweight Championship (One time, current)
 Two successful title defenses
Colosseum Tournament World Super Lightweight Championship (One time, current)

SAS Gym
SAS Gym 02 Lightweight Tournament Championship
SAS Gym 01 Lightweight Tournament Championship

Kempo
International Kempo Federation
2016 IKF World Kempo Championships Full-Kempo Rules  −75.0 kg
2017 IKF European Kempo Championships Full-Kempo Rules  −80.0 kg

Boxing
Romanian Boxing Federation
2021 Romania National Boxing Championships  −80.0 kg
2020 Romania National Boxing Championships  −75.0 kg
2020 Romanian Boxing Cup  −75.0 kg

Professional kickboxing record

|-
|-  bgcolor=
| 2022-04-08 ||  ||align=left| Dzianis Zuev || Colosseum Tournament 30: Căliniuc vs. Zuev || Malmö, Sweden || ||  ||  ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2021-09-20 || Win ||align=left| Stoyan Koprivlenski || Colosseum Tournament 27: Căliniuc vs. Koprivlenski || Oradea, Romania || Decision (split) || 5 || 3:00 || 8-0-0
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2021-05-31 ||Win ||align=left| Vitalie Matei || Colosseum Tournament 25: Căliniuc vs. Matei || Cluj-Napoca, Romania || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00 || 7-0-0
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2021-02-26 || Win ||align=left| Gabriel Bozan || Colosseum Tournament 23: Căliniuc vs. Bozan || Bucharest, Romania || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00 || 6-0-0
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2020-12-18 || Win ||align=left| Andrei Ostrovanu || Colosseum Tournament 22: Ostrovanu vs. Căliniuc || Bucharest, Romania || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 5-0-0
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2019-06-13 || Win ||align=left| Khayal Dzhaniev || SAS Gym 02, Final || Bucharest, Romania || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 4-0-0
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2019-06-13 || Win ||align=left| Dylan Salvador || SAS Gym 02, Semifinals || Bucharest, Romania || Decision (split) || 3 || 3:00 || 3-0-0
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2018-11-02 || Win ||align=left| Cristian Milea || SAS Gym 01, Final || Bucharest, Romania || Extra round decision (unanimous) || 4 || 3:00 || 2-0-0
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2018-11-02 || Win ||align=left| Bogdan Costan || SAS Gym 01, Semifinals || Bucharest, Romania || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 1-0-0
|-
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:

See also
List of male kickboxers

References

1996 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bucharest
Romanian male kickboxers
Middleweight kickboxers
Romanian male boxers
Middleweight boxers
Light-heavyweight boxers
Kenpō
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania

masks:
Sorin Mihai Căliniuc
Căliniuc
Căliniuc
Căliniuc
Căliniuc
Căliniuc
Căliniuc
Căliniuc
Căliniuc
Căliniuc


texts:
<mask>  (; 1 June 1878 – 12 May 1967) was an English poet and writer, and Poet Laureate from 1930 until 1967. Among his best known works are the children's novels The Midnight Folk and The Box of Delights, and the poems The Everlasting Mercy and "Sea-Fever". Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Ledbury in Herefordshire, to <mask>, a solicitor, and his wife Caroline. His mother died giving birth to his sister when Masefield was six and he went to live with his aunt. His father died soon afterwards, following a mental breakdown. After an unhappy education at the King's School in Warwick (now known as Warwick School), where he was a boarder between 1888 and 1891, he left to board , both to train for a life at sea and to break his addiction to reading, of which his aunt thought little. He spent several years aboard this ship, and found that he could spend much of his time reading and writing.It was aboard the Conway that <mask>'s love of story-telling grew. While he was on the ship he listened to the stories told about sea lore, continued to read, and decided that he was to become a writer and story-teller himself. <mask> gives an account of life aboard the Conway in his book New Chum. In 1894 <mask> boarded the Gilcruix, destined for Chile. This first voyage brought him the experience of sea sickness, but his record of his experiences while sailing through extreme weather shows his delight in seeing flying fish, porpoises and birds. He was awed by the beauty of nature, including a rare sighting of a nocturnal rainbow, on this voyage. On reaching Chile he suffered from sunstroke and was hospitalised.He eventually returned home to England as a passenger aboard a steamship. In 1895 Masefield returned to sea on a windjammer destined for New York City. However, the urge to become a writer and the hopelessness of life as a sailor overtook him, and in New York he jumped ship and travelled throughout the countryside. For several months he lived as a vagrant, drifting between odd jobs, before he returned to New York City and found work as a barkeeper's assistant. Some time around Christmas 1895 he read the December edition of Truth, a New York periodical, which contained the poem "The Piper of Arll" by Duncan Campbell Scott. Ten years later <mask> wrote to Scott to tell him what reading that poem had meant to him:

From 1895-1897 Masefield was employed at the huge Alexander Smith carpet factory in Yonkers, New York, where long hours were expected and conditions were far from ideal. He purchased up to 20 books a week, and devoured both modern and classical literature.His interests at this time were diverse, and his reading included works by George du Maurier, Dumas, Thomas Browne, Hazlitt, Dickens, Kipling, and R. L. Stevenson. Chaucer also became very important to him during this time, as well as Keats and Shelley. In 1897, <mask> returned home to England as a passenger aboard a steamship. In 1901, when <mask> was 23 he met his future wife, Constance de la Cherois Crommelin (6 February 186718 February 1960, Rockport, County Antrim, Northern Ireland), who was 35 and of Huguenot descent and they married 23 June 1903 St. Mary, Bryanston Square. Educated in classics and English Literature, and a mathematics teacher, Constance was a good match for him, despite the difference in their ages. The couple had two children, Judith, born Isabel Judith, 28 April 1904, London died Sussex, 1 March 1988, and Lewis Crommelin, born London in 1910, killed in action, Africa, 29 May 1942. In 1902 <mask> was put in charge of the fine art section of the Arts and Industrial Exhibition in Wolverhampton.By then his poems were being published in periodicals and his first collection of verse, Salt-Water Ballads, was published that year. It included the poem "Sea-Fever". <mask> then wrote two novels, Captain Margaret (1908) and Multitude and Solitude (1909). In 1911, after a long period of writing no poems, he composed The Everlasting Mercy, the first of his narrative poems, and within the next year had produced two more, "The Widow in the Bye Street" and "Dauber". As a result, he became widely known to the public and was praised by the critics. In 1912 he was awarded the annual Edmond de Polignac Prize. From the First World War to appointment as Poet Laureate
When the First World War began in 1914 Masefield was old enough to be exempted from military service, but he joined the staff of a British hospital for French soldiers, the Hôpital Temporaire d'Arc-en-Barrois in Haute-Marne, serving a six-week term during the spring of 1915.<ref><mask>'s Letters from the Front, 1915-17ed., Peter Vansittart (New York: Franklin Watts, 1985)</ref>   He later published an account of his experiences.At about this time <mask> moved his country retreat from Buckinghamshire to Lollingdon Farm in Cholsey. The setting that inspired a number of poems and sonnets under the title Lollingdon Downs, and which his family used until 1917. After returning home <mask> was invited to the United States on a three-month lecture tour. Although his primary purpose was to lecture on English literature, he also intended to collect information on the mood and views of Americans regarding the war in Europe. When he returned to England he submitted a report to the British Foreign Office and suggested that he should be allowed to write a book about the failure of the Allied effort in the Dardanelles that might be used in the United States to counter German propaganda there. The resulting work, Gallipoli, was a success. <mask> then met the head of British Military Intelligence in France and was asked to write an account of the Battle of the Somme.Although <mask> had grand ideas for his book, he was denied access to official records and what was intended to be the preface was published as The Old Front Line, a description of the geography of the Somme area. In 1918 <mask> returned to America on his second lecture tour, spending much of his time speaking and lecturing to American soldiers waiting to be sent to Europe. These speaking engagements were very successful. On one occasion a battalion of black soldiers danced and sang for him after his lecture. During this tour he matured as a public speaker and realised his ability to touch the emotions of his audience with his style of speaking, learning to speak publicly from his own heart rather than from dry scripted speeches. Towards the end of his visit both Yale and Harvard Universities conferred honorary doctorates of letters on him. <mask> entered the 1920s as an accomplished and respected writer.His family was able to settle on Boar's Hill, a somewhat rural setting not far from Oxford, where Masefield took up beekeeping, goat-herding and poultry-keeping. He continued to meet with success: the first edition of his Collected Poems (1923) sold about 80,000 copies. A narrative poem, Reynard The Fox (1920), has been critically compared with works by Geoffrey Chaucer, not necessarily to <mask>'s credit. This was followed by Right Royal and King Cole, poems in which the relationship between humanity and nature is emphasised. After King Cole, <mask> turned away from long poems and back to novels. Between 1924 and 1939 he published 12 novels, which vary from stories of the sea (The Bird of Dawning, Victorious Troy) to social novels about modern England (The Hawbucks, The Square Peg), and from tales of an imaginary land in Central America (Sard Harker, Odtaa) to fantasies for children (The Midnight Folk, The Box of Delights). In this same period he wrote a large number of dramatic pieces.Most of these were based on Christian themes, and <mask>, to his amazement, encountered a ban on the performance of plays on biblical subjects that went back to the Reformation and had been revived a generation earlier to prevent production of Oscar Wilde's Salome. However, a compromise was reached and in 1928 his "The Coming of Christ" was the first play to be performed in an English cathedral since the Middle Ages. Encouraging the speaking of verse

In 1921 <mask> gave the British Academy's Shakespeare Lecture and received an honorary doctorate of literature from the University of Oxford. In 1923 he organised Oxford Recitations, an annual contest whose purpose was "to discover good speakers of verse and to encourage 'the beautiful speaking of poetry'." Given the numbers of contest applicants, the event's promotion of natural speech in poetical recitations, and the number of people learning how to listen to poetry, Oxford Recitations was generally deemed a success. <mask> was similarly a founding member, in 1924, of the Scottish Association for the Speaking of Verse. He later came to question whether the Oxford events should continue as a contest, considering that they might better be run as a festival.However, in 1929, after he broke with the competitive element, Oxford Recitations came to an end. The Scottish Association for the Speaking of Verse, on the other hand, continued to develop through the influence of associated figures such as Marion Angus and Hugh MacDiarmid and exists today as the Poetry Association of Scotland. Later years and death
In 1930, on the death of Robert Bridges, a new Poet Laureate was needed. On the recommendation of the Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, King George V appointed <mask>, who remained in the post until his death in 1967. The only person to hold the office for a longer period was Alfred, Lord Tennyson. On his appointment The Times wrote of him: "his poetry could touch to beauty the plain speech of everyday life". <mask> took his appointment seriously and produced a large quantity of poems for royal occasions, which were sent to The Times for publication.<mask>'s modesty was shown by his inclusion of a stamped and self-addressed envelope with each submission so that the poem could be returned if it was found unacceptable. Later he was commissioned to write a poem to be set to music by the Master of the King's Musick, Sir Edward Elgar, and performed at the unveiling of the Queen Alexandra Memorial by the King on 8 June 1932. This was the ode "So many true Princesses who have gone". After his appointment <mask> was awarded the Order of Merit by King George V and many honorary degrees from British universities. In 1937 he was elected President of the Society of Authors. <mask> encouraged the continued development of English literature and poetry, and began the annual awarding of the Royal Medals for Poetry for a first or second published edition of poems by a poet under the age of 35. Additionally, his speaking engagements called him further away, often on much longer tours, yet he still produced significant amounts of work in a wide variety of genres.To those he had already used he now added autobiography, producing New Chum, In the Mill, and So Long to Learn. It was not until he was about 70 that <mask> slowed his pace, mainly due to illness. In 1960 Constance died aged 93, after a long illness. Although her death was heartrending, he had spent a tiring year watching the woman he loved die. He continued his duties as Poet Laureate. In Glad Thanksgiving, his last book, was published when he was 88 years old. In late 1966 <mask> developed gangrene in his ankle.This spread to his leg and he died of the infection on 12 May 1967. In accordance with his stated wishes, he was cremated and his ashes were placed in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. However, the following verse by <mask> was discovered later, addressed to his "Heirs, Administrators, and Assigns":

Legacy

The Masefield Centre at Warwick School, which Masefield attended, and <mask> High School in Ledbury, Herefordshire, have been named in his honour. Interest groups such as the John Masefield Society ensure the longevity of <mask>'s opus. In 1977 Folkways Records released an album of readings of some of his poems, including some read by Masefield himself. Recordings preserved include <mask>'s 1916 Good Friday. Song settings
In addition to the commission for Queen Alexandra's Memorial Ode with music by Elgar, many of <mask>'s short poems were set as art songs by British composers of the time.Best known by far is <mask>'s "Sea-Fever". Frederick Keel composed several songs drawn from the Salt-Water Ballads and elsewhere. Of these, "Trade Winds" was particularly popular in its day, despite the tongue-twisting challenges the text presents to the singer. Keel's defiant setting of "Tomorrow", written while interned at Ruhleben during World War I, was frequently programmed at the BBC Proms after the war. Another memorable wartime composition is Ivor Gurney's climactic declamation of "By a bierside", a setting quickly set down in 1916 during a brief spell behind the lines. Humour

E.V. Knox wrote a parody of "The Everlasting Mercy" called "The Everlasting Percy" about various forms of misbehaviour on the railway.It contains such thoughts as:

When I was young I was so wicked,

I used to ride without a ticket,

And travelled underneath the seat

Down in the dust of people's feet.... I have a flapper on the carrier. Some day I'm going to marry her. A Book of Discoveries (children's novel) (1910)
The Street of Today (1911)
Jim Davis (Wells Gardner, 1911). Sard Harker (Heinemann, 1924)
ODTAA  (1926)
The Midnight Folk (children's novel) (1927)
The Hawbucks (1929)
The Bird of Dawning (Heinemann, 1933). The Taking of the Gry (1934)
The Box of Delights: or When the Wolves Were Running (children's novel) (1935)
Victorious Troy: or The Harrying Angel (1935)
Eggs and Baker (1936)
The Square Peg: or The Gun Fella (1937)
Dead Ned (1938)
Live and Kicking Ned (1939)
Basilissa: A Tale of the Empress Theodora (1940)
Conquer: A Tale of the Nika Rebellion in Byzantium (1941)
Badon Parchments (1947)

Plays
The Campden Wonder (1907)
The Tragedy of Pompey the Great (1910)
Philip the King (1914)
Good Friday: A Play in Verse (1916)
The Tragedy of Nan (Originally known as Nan)
A King's Daughter: A Tragedy in Verse (1923)

The Trial of Jesus (1925)
The Witch (1926) (trans. from the Norwegian play Anne Pedersdotter by Hans Wiers-Jenssen)
Tristan and Isolt: A Play in Verse (1927)The Coming of Christ (1928)
Easter: A Play for Singers (1929)

Non-fiction and autobiographical
 Sea Life in Nelson's Time (1905)
Gallipoli (1916)
 The Old Front Line (1917)
The Battle of the Somme (1919)
 The Wanderer of Liverpool (1930)
 Recent Prose (1924)
 Poetry: a Lecture Given at the Queen's Hall in London on Thursday, October 15, 1931 The Conway: From Her Foundation to the Present Day (1933)
Some Memories of W. B. Yeats (1940)
 "In the Mill" (1941)
 The Nine Days Wonder (The Operation Dynamo) (1941)
 New Chum (1944)
 So Long to Learn (autobiography) (1952)
 Grace Before Ploughing (autobiography) (Heinemann, 1966)

References

Further reading
 Babington Smith, Constance (1978).<mask>: A Life. Oxford University Press. Spark, Muriel (1953). <mask>''. Lurie, Alison (2003) "<mask>'s Boxes of Delight", in "Boys and Girls Together". Penguin Books. Archival material at

External links

The John Masefield Society website
Essay: "<mask> 1878–1967" at the Poetry Foundation
Portraits at the National Portrait Gallery

Three plays by <mask> on Great War Theatre
 Finding aid to Helen MacLachlan papers, including <mask> correspondence, at Columbia University.Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Electronic editions

1878 births
1967 deaths
20th-century English male writers
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English poets
British male poets
British Poets Laureate
English children's writers
English male novelists
People educated aboard HMS Conway
People educated at Warwick School
People from Ledbury
Burials at Westminster Abbey

masks:
John Edward Masefield
Masefield
George Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
John Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
John Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
Masefield
John Ireland
John Masefield
John Masefield
John Masefield
John Masefield
John Masefield
John Masefield


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<mask> (March 15, 1803 – October 13, 1889) was an attorney, politician, judge, and diplomat from New York City. <mask> was active in the anti-slavery movement and, while in Congress in the 1840s, opposed the extension of slavery to Texas and the Oregon Territory. As an attorney, <mask> was part of a team that defended eight Virginia slaves in a freedom suit, Lemmon v. New York (1852), successfully gaining their freedom in New York City's Superior Court. <mask> was later elected judge of Brooklyn's City Court, serving from 1854 to 1861. In 1857 <mask> decided the well-known freedom suit of a fugitive slave named "Jeems" and set him free by ruling against the people who had detained him, including police officers who hoped to collect a bounty under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. From 1862 to 1866 <mask> served as Minister to Venezuela. He later returned to his former hometown of Greenwich, New York, where he was active in several business ventures until his death in 1889.Early life and start of career
<mask> was born in Champlain, New York on March 15, 1803. He graduated from the University of Vermont in 1826, taught school for a period, and read the law with an established firm. He was admitted to the bar in 1831 and commenced practice in Fort Ann, New York. He joined the Whig Party and became active in government and politics, including winning election as Fort Ann's Town Clerk and serving from 1833 to 1835. In 1836 <mask> moved to Greenwich, New York. He was elected the New York State Assembly in 1838 and 1841. Congressional career
In 1844 <mask> was elected to Congress, and he served one term, March 4, 1845 to March 3, 1847.He was an anti-slavery advocate in the House, and his first act as a Congressman was to present a petition from residents of New York, which asked for slavery to be abolished in the District of Columbia. He also drew attention for his speech opposing the extension of slavery to Oregon Territory and the Republic of Texas when they joined the United States. Judicial career
<mask> moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1850, where he established a law practice and became prominent as an advocate for New York City and Brooklyn abolitionists. Chester Alan Arthur studied law with <mask>, and later became a partner in Culver's firm. Together <mask>, Arthur and John Jay (grandson of the Chief Justice of the same name) successfully argued Lemmon v. New York (1852), a freedom suit. Virginia slave owners had brought slaves with them and stopped temporarily in New York, from where they intended to travel to Texas. The slaves were discovered to be in New York by an African-American activist, who petitioned the court by a writ of Habeas corpus.They were temporarily freed and <mask>, Arthur and Jay successfully argued that the slaves could not be considered property in New York, which had abolished slavery, and should remain free. <mask> became a Republican when the party was founded in the 1850s. In 1854 he was elected judge of Brooklyn's city court, and he served until 1861. One of <mask>'s prominent cases took place in 1857, soon after the decision in the <mask> Scott case, and as tensions over slavery were rising before the American Civil War. He ruled in a freedom suit in favor of a fugitive slave owned by James Stead of Georgia. The slave Jeems, described as "nearly white," had escaped and traveled by steamship from Florida to New York City. Upon arrival, Jeems was detained by  police officers (alerted by the ship's captain), who put him in irons and detained him at a house in Brooklyn, intending to return him under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and claim the bounty.Upon being detected and cited into court, the police officers and Stead's attorney argued that New York's laws against slavery did not apply because Stead and Jeems were residents of another state. <mask> disagreed and issued a writ of habeas corpus. Jeems was freed, and activists aided him in reaching the Underground Railroad and relocating to Canada. The steamship captain, the owner of the house were Jeems was held, and the two police officers were charged with conspiracy and kidnapping. Diplomatic career
<mask> was a popular orator. He was seated on the dais when Abraham Lincoln gave his 1860 Cooper Union speech and, by popular demand, he gave a speech after Lincoln's. In 1862 <mask> was appointed by President Lincoln as Minister to Venezuela, and he served until 1866.Upon arriving to begin his duties, <mask> unwittingly caused a diplomatic faux pas by presenting his credentials to José Antonio Páez, whose government was not recognized by the United States. <mask>'s instructions had not been clear, and after he provided de facto recognition of the Páez government by this action, Secretary of State Seward wrote to him with instructions to formally withdraw it. Official diplomatic relations were broken off, but <mask> had become friendly with Páez, who allowed him to remain. Later life
Upon returning to the United States, <mask> again took up residence in Greenwich, where he continued to practice law. He also became involved in several business ventures, including serving as president of the First National Bank of Greenwich and member of the board of directors of the Greenwich and Johnsonville Railway. Death and burial
<mask> lived in Greenwich during his retirement. He died there on October 13, 1889, and was interred in the Culver vault at Greenwich Cemetery.References

External links

1803 births
1889 deaths
New York (state) Whigs
New York (state) Republicans
New York (state) lawyers
New York (state) state court judges
University of Vermont alumni
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Members of the New York State Assembly
19th-century American diplomats
People from Fort Ann, New York
Ambassadors of the United States to Venezuela
Burials in New York (state)
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives
People from Champlain, New York
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers
American abolitionists

masks:
Erastus Dean Culver
Culver
Culver
Culver
Culver
Culver
Culver
Culver
Culver
Culver
Culver
Culver
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Dred
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Culver
Culver
Culver
Culver
Culver


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Eligio Sardiñas Montalvo (January 6, 1910 – August 8, 1988), better known as <mask>, was a Cuban boxer who enjoyed great success both in the boxing ring and outside it during the 1930s. Biography

Career

Early years

Sardiñas, also nicknamed The Cuban Bon Bon, learned how to fight by watching old fight films in Cuba. He later sparred with boxers such as Benny Leonard and Jack Johnson, all world champions, before beginning an amateur boxing career. Sardiñas had no fear and would actively engage in fights outside the ring with anyone who wanted it. His professional boxing debut, officially, occurred on December 8, 1927, when he beat Johnny Cruz in six rounds in Havana. Taking the World Jr. Lightweight Championship

After going up in weight class to the Junior Lightweight division, he started 1931 by winning four fights in a row. Then, on July 15, his dream of becoming Cuba's first world boxing champion finally came true, as he knocked out the defending world Junior Lightweight champion Benny Bass in seven rounds to take the world title.Five non-title wins followed, including a first-round knockout in a rematch with Scalfaro. He finished the year by going up in weight once again, and challenging world Lightweight champion Tony Canzoneri, losing by a decision in 15 in his first attempt to gain the Lightweight crown. He started 1932 by winning his first eight bouts, including a world title defense in Havana against Davie Abad, beaten in 15 by decision. Then, he faced "<mask>" Berg in a rematch, losing again, this time by decision in 15. He engaged in seven more bouts, including two decision wins over Johnny Farr, before fighting Lew Feldman on October 13. The fight was recognized as a world Featherweight title bout, but only by the New York state athletic commission. <mask> won by a knockout in 12 rounds, gaining the New York World title.He defended that world title twice, including a third fight with LaBarba, before relinquishing it while in the middle of a European boxing tour that took him to Madrid, Barcelona and Paris. He won all of his fights on that tour by decision. Upon returning to America, he lost by a knockout in two in a rematch with Canzoneri. Losing the World Jr. Lightweight Title to Frankie Klick

Before a crowd of 4,000, the <mask> lost the World Jr. Lightweight boxing championship to Frankie Klick, on December 25, 1933 at the Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a seventh-round technical knockout. The Ludington Daily News, wrote "The flashy Cuban "bon bon" (<mask>) was bereft of the title in the seventh round of a scheduled fifteen round Christmas Day bout by a whistling right smash to the chin and all he got in exchange was the second knockout of his career although the latest was of the technical variety." The bout had been fairly close until the seventh with <mask> showing stamina and style. The seventh round had gone two minutes and fifty-eight seconds when the knockout occurred."The Cuban waged a fast, aggressive fight in the early rounds that gave him a temporary lead." <mask> had landed rights "to the head and body." <mask> may have been suffering from the knockout he had received from Tony Canzoneri only a month previously. <mask> retained his featherweight championship at least in the state of New York. After that fight, it was revealed that he was suffering from syphilis. Later years

He retired shortly thereafter, but came back in 1934. He won 47 of his next 50 bouts.He never received another world title attempt and felt abandoned by boxing's elite. He retired again in 1938. <mask> enjoyed the city's nightlife. However, when he stepped out of boxing, he went back to Cuba and lived a quieter life. Legacy

<mask> boxed professionally between 1927 and 1938. His record was 135 wins, 10 losses and 6 draws, 51 wins coming by knockout and one no-decision bout, also making Ring magazine's list of boxers with 50 or more career knockout wins. He became a member of the International Boxing Hall Of Fame alongside Bass, Berg and Canzoneri.From 1959, <mask>'s fame in Cuba was overlooked by Fidel Castro and his revolutionary forces, and he almost became a forgotten champion. But, by the late 1970s, <mask>'s achievements were finally recognized by the Cuban government, who gave him a small pension. <mask> died in his own home - bought for his mother when he was champion - in 1988. He was the inspiration for the character <mask> in Clifford Odets' play Golden Boy. Former WBO middleweight champion Peter Quillin, an American of Cuban descent, carries the nickname "<mask>" in honor of Sardiñas. The highly acclaimed greatest pound for pound boxer of all time Sugar Ray Robinson was a big fan of <mask> and incorporated a lot of <mask>'s boxing style into his own: "Sugar Ray Robinson was a great admirer of <mask>," said Fausto Miranda, a former Cuban journalist who covered many of <mask>'s fights. Sugar Ray Robinson, went on record saying that he had never seen anyone box like <mask> before.Robinson studied the <mask> style and incorporated much of his slick movement and graceful flair into his own boxing style. Robinson in many ways was a combination of his boxing idols Joe Louis and <mask>. He mixed the concentration, masterful combinations and power punching of Louis with the stylish movement and balance of <mask>. Professional boxing record

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masks:
Kid Chocolate
Kid
Chocolate
Kid
Chocolate
Chocolate
Chocolate
Kid Chocolate
Chocolate
Kid Chocolate
Chocolate
Chocolate
Chocolate
Chocolate
Chocolate Drop
Kid Chocolate
Kid Chocolate
Chocolate
Kid Chocolate
Chocolate
Kid Chocolate
Chocolate
Kid Chocolate
Chocolate


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<mask> (; 29 May 1849 – 7 April 1921) was a German caterer, gastronomer and hotelier. Early life
<mask> (baptized Laurenz) was born in Mainz as Laurenz, the sixth out of nine children of a Catholic shoemaker, <mask>, and his wife Anna Maria Elisabeth (Schallot), an accoucheuse (midwife). His grandfather, <mask>, was a groom from the Spessart region. He was trained as a cabinet maker, finishing an apprenticeship in 1872 at the nationally leading Bembé cabinet-making workshop of Mainz. Indeed, Adlon would eventually request its services, for furnishing the future Hotel Adlon of Berlin. Private life
<mask> was married twice. His first wife was Susanne Wannsiedel (died 1878), the daughter of a hotel manager in Mainz, they had three boys and two girls from 1872 to 1877, including a daughter Anna Katharina and a son Ludwig Anton, who together, inherited the hotel after the death of Lorenz (two others died in childhood).<mask> married again, to Fanny Claus, a widow from a prosperous Stuttgart family, who died just short time after in 1893, in Berlin. Mainz
<mask> <mask> joined a fellow student, opening a wine store together, for selling what was produced by the many regional vineyards. During those years, <mask> couldn't resist the appeal, often visiting the Holländische Hof hotel near the bank of the Rhine, there taking note of the German aristocracy and its culinary customs. <mask> also was an athletic person, andreportedlyhe once catered his whole team, in a profitable experience which particularly fueled <mask>'s dream for a gastronomic career. <mask> <mask> got earnestly interested for gastronomy after a trip to France; after returning from the Franco-Prussian War, <mask> so started working as an innkeeper, in 1872. In 1876, <mask> accomplished his first big job in Mainz, catering the crowds during a regional shooting contest. In 1878, <mask> <mask> opened the Raimundigarten restaurant, a wooden building, built over an abandoned fortification of Mainz, at its northwest, over the bank of the Rhine.Basically oriented for the tourism, it soon became a successful endeavor. Adlon then started exporting Bohemian Pilsener beer abroad, to both The Netherlands and Belgium. Berlin
Late in the 1870s, Lorenz <mask> enthusiastically moved to Berlin, which was so attractive as the magnificent new capital of the German Empire. Once there, Adlon began in the business of selling wines. It became so successful, that Adlon's shop of the Wilhelmstrasse would store three million bottles at some point; the value of the investment skyrocketed after a vine pest of the late 1910s, andin generalalso overmastering the German inflation. Meanwhile, Lorenz <mask> kept managing the catering for international events, in 1881 for the festival of gymnastics of Frankfurt (Deutsches Turnfest), in 1882 for the Bavarian Trade exhibition, in 1883 for Amsterdam World's Fair. By then, Lorenz Adlon was enjoying a prosperous financial period.Subsequently, <mask> started acquiring several restaurants, one after the other. He acquired the Mille Colonnes hotel, at the Rembrandtplein in Amsterdam. By 1887, <mask> had already acquired a café at the 62/63 on the patrician Unter den Linden boulevard of midtown Berlin, to Carl Hiller. In 1896, <mask> <mask> together with two other businessmen, Hiller and Rudolf Dressel, managed the main restaurant facilities at the Neuer See, during the Universal Exposition of Berlin (Gewerbe-Ausstellung). During the event, <mask> got acquainted with the famous director of orchestra Benjamin Bilse, by whom <mask> got properly introduced to the high society of Berlin. <mask> <mask> then took over Hiller's restaurant at 55 Unter den Linden boulevard. The place already was leading because of its French dishes, and during Adler's management, it became the most exclusive restaurant in Berlin; <mask> then was a recognized socialite.In 1898, Adlon entered into partnership with Teilhaber Klicks, acquiring the 195-room Hotel Continental on the Georgenstraße, and so <mask> perfected his skills of hotel management. In 1889 <mask> <mask> acquired his first hotel, the Mille Colonnes, on the Rembrandtplein in Amsterdam. In 1899, Lorenz <mask> leased the until then decadent two terraces of the zoo of Mainz. Revamped by <mask>, the place started serving famous international treats, highlighting the Bouillabaisse specialty; daily yielding 6,000 Goldmarks, it once hosted William II, whose ensuing friendship meant Adlon's definitive belonging into the German high society. Hotel Adlon

See main article: Hotel Adlon
Shortly after the turn of the century, <mask> <mask> agreed with the young emperor William II, who disliked his own very traditional town palace, to establish a noble hotel in the town. By 1905, <mask> had invested all what he owned, 2 million Goldmark, for the ambitious 17-million-Goldmark project. <mask> managed the process, acquiring several available properties round the 1 Unter den Linden just besides the Brandenburg Gate, despite the protests of many Berliners.The luxurious Hotel Adlon opened on October 23, 1907. Emperor William inaugurated it, praising on that occasion the hotel's beauty being even superior to his own Royal Palace, he patronized it regularly for his unofficial residence. At the heart of Berlin, the Adlon Hotel became the center of the social life in the city, and it also hosted all its notable visitors. Before 1914, the aristocracy of all Europe was fond for gathering in it; thensharing the same area with the most important embassiesthe hotel hosted a series of international meetings, relevant to the historical development of the First World War. However, after the war the so supportive German monarchy was deposed, and so the magnificence of the Adlon Hotel started to dim. Death

After the war, <mask> <mask> remained reluctant about acknowledging the dethronement of the monarch. He refused to remove the monarch's bronze bust from the fireplace room when the emperor had already left for Holland and Philipp Scheidemann had proclaimed the republic.He refused driving through the Brandenburg Gate by the central line, which had once been reserved for the German nobility. In 1918 and 1921, he approached the middle vehicle lane in the attempt to cross the Pariser Platz. The central passage of the Brandenburg Gate was originally reserved for the emperor and therefore rarely frequented. In <mask>'s mind, it had remained a safe traffic island. <mask> had suffered a severe street accident in 1918 and in 1921, at the same place, <mask> suffered a second, fatal accident, being hit by a car. Ludwig Anton "<mask>, Sr."
His son Ludwig Anton, born on 3 October 1874 (he called himself "Louis"), had five children with his first wife Tilly. After almost 15 years of marriage, he met a hotel guest, a dancer, the German-American Hedwig Leythen (1889-1967), called Hedda, at a New Year's Eve party in the Hotel Adlon, left his wife and children, and in 1922 he married her.It was one of the biggest scandals of Berlin in the 1920s. Tilly moved with her daughter Elisabeth, then two, to the south of Germany, while the other children Susanne (mother of <mask>), Lorenz and the twins Carl and Louis (junior) were sent to boarding school and later all four emigrated to America. His son Louis continued managing the hotel until it was burned down by Soviet troops in 1945. Solveig Grothe on 2007-10-21 in Spiegel Online writes that on April 21, 1945 the first explosions hit the Unter den Linden and the hotel stopped and the Adlon became a hospital for a short time. Grothe quotes Hedda : "On the night of May 2, Russian tanks rattled through the Brandenburg Gate, and at eight o'clock in the morning the first Russian soldiers appeared in the Adlon. (...) The disaster began, however, when a troop of Red Army soldiers in search of valuables discovered the wine cellar,..."

Solveig Grothe on 2007-10-21 in Spiegel Online writes that one of the Russians threw his burning cigarette into the wood wool, which was stored in the wine cellar for packaging, flames spread from the cellar, but slow enough to be able to bring the wounded to safety. His wife Hedda <mask> relates in her autobiography that Louis himself was taken by the Soviets and shot, after they mistook him for a General, because a servant had called him by his title of "Generaldirektor".Solveig Grothe on 2007-10-21 in Spiegel Online writes that Louis survived the end of the war for only a few days. He was picked up by the Russians for interrogation, and he collapsed on his way home and died. <mask> died in May 1945 in a ditch near Velten. Hedda <mask> lived with her sister in Halensee, died on January 6, 1967. Berlin newspapers never published their deaths. Great-grandson <mask>, a German film and television director, created the film In der glanzvollen Welt des Hotel Adlon in 1996 about the history of the hotel. See also
 Hotel Adlon, Berlin, Germanybuilt by Lorenz <mask>
 <mask> (1908–1947), German-American film actor in Hollywood, grandson of Lorenz
 <mask> (born 1935, Munich), German film producer, cousin of Louis
 <mask> (born 1966), American actress, daughter-in-law of Percy
 <mask>, German film, from book by Louis's father's second wife

References

External links
 biography of Lorenz <mask> (German language translated)
 Berlin Hotel: The true story of the Adlon (German language translated)
 Hotel Adlon Germany's first address (German language translated)
 Lorenz <mask> (65th) - 100 greatest from rhineland-palatinate (German language translated) Südwestrundfunk
 http://adloninteraktiv.zdf.de/

1849 births
1921 deaths
Lorenz
Businesspeople from Berlin
German hoteliers
German restaurateurs
Businesspeople from Mainz
People from Rhenish Hesse

masks:
Lorenz Adlon
Lorenz Adlon
Jacob Adlon
Andreas Adlon
Lorenz Adlon
Adlon
Lorenz
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Lorenz
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Lorenz
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Lorenz
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Lorenz
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Lorenz
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Lorenz
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Lorenz
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Louis Adlon
Percy Adlon
Adlon
Louis Adlon
Adlon
Percy Adlon
Adlon
Louis Adlon
Percy Adlon
Pamela Adlon
Hotel Adlon
Adlon
Adlon


texts:
<mask> (2 August 1912 – 5 September 2001) was a Croatian economist and demographer who published a series of historical articles and books during the 1980s and 1990s on demographic losses in Yugoslavia during World War II and of Axis forces and civilians in the Yugoslav Partisan pursuit of Nazi collaborators shortly after the capitulation of Germany. From 1964 to 1982, he worked as an adviser for industrial development in the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Early life
<mask> was born in Križ, Zagreb County and graduated at the Faculty of Economics at the University of Zagreb. He was one of four siblings, having two sisters, Viktorija (1908–1993) and Darinka (1921–2009) and a brother, Slavko. After 1934 he worked in the private sector, and after 1945 in various institutions of SFR Yugoslavia. Between 1958 and 1982 he worked abroad as an industrial consultant. In 1964 he joined the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and later consulted the governments of various nations.Žerjavić's calculations regarding World War II in Yugoslavia
In the 1980s Žerjavić conducted a research on demographic losses in Yugoslavia during World War II, at about the same time as Bogoljub Kočović, a Serb statistician. Žerjavić's calculations of total victims in Yugoslavia are based on looking at pre- and post-war censuses. Zerjavić asserted that Yugoslavia lost a total 1,027,000 people in World War II. Of those, the vast majority, 623,000 people, died in the Independent State of Croatia - 295,000 in Croatia itself, and 328,000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina (both part of the Independent State of Croatia and under the Ustaše regime at the time), and another 36,000 from those countries died abroad. According to ethnicity and/or religion as needed, Žerjavić provided the following estimates of victims in the Independent State of Croatia, for both the war and immediate post-war period:

322,000 Serbs
192,000 Croats
77,000 Muslims
26,000 Jews
16,000 Roma

His claims include 153,000 civilian victims in Croatia and 174,000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and of that, 85,000 people from Bosnia and Herzegovina and 48,000 from Croatia died in concentration camps. As for the total casualties in Jasenovac concentration camp, he estimated that 85,000 were killed, of which 45–52,000 were Serbs, 13,000 were Jews, 10,000 were Roma, 10,000 were Croats and 2,000 were Muslims. With regard to Serbs, Žerjavić's calculation ended with a total of 197,000 Serbian civilian victims within the borders of the Independent State of Croatia: 50,000 at Jasenovac concentration camp, 25,000 of typhoid, 45,000 killed by the Germans, 15,000 killed by Italians, 34,000 civilians killed in battles between Ustaše, Chetniks and Partisans, 28,000 killed in prisons, pits and other camps, etc.Another 125,000 Serbs inside the Independent State of Croatia were killed as combatants, raising the total to 322,000. Regarding the Yugoslav Partisan pursuit of Nazi collaborators, when soldiers and civilians associated with the NDH and other Axis forces were killed by the Yugoslav Partisans, Žerjavić estimated that around 45–55,000 Croats and Bosniaks, 8-10,000 Slovenes, and around 2,000 Serbs and Montenegrins were killed. Žerjavić's opinions and statements

Žerjavić's investigations and statistical analyses, like others such as Kočović's examinations, aim to show that the original number of lives lost on all sides during World War II in Yugoslavia was considerably exaggerated, partly due to the war reparations claims by the Yugoslav government shortly after the war. An excerpt from Žerjavić's book Manipulations with WW2 victims in Yugoslavia reads:

Independent verification

Positive
Some international agencies and experts have accepted Žerjavić's (and almost equal data achieved by Serbian statistician Bogoljub Kočović) calculations as the most reliable data on war losses in Yugoslavia during World War II. A U.S. Census report from 1954 states: "Details of the (Yugoslav) 1948 census were kept secret but, in negotiations with Germany, it became apparent that the real figure of the dead was about one million. An American study in 1954 calculated 1,067,000." Following Tito's death in 1980, the 1948 census results became available for comparison with those of 1931.Allowances had to be made for the birth rates of the different communities and for emigration. Research was pioneered by Professor Kočović, a Serb living in the West, whose findings were published in January 1985. He assessed the number of dead as 1,014,000. Later that year a Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Conference heard that the figure was 1,100,000. <mask>'s and Kočović's calculations of war losses in Yugoslavia during World War II were accepted by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, together with other typically higher estimates:

Due to differing views and lack of documentation, estimates for the number of Serbian victims in Croatia range widely, from 25,000 to more than one million. The estimated number of Serbs killed in Jasenovac ranges from 25,000 to 700,000. The most reliable figures place the number of Serbs killed by the Ustaša between 330,000 and 390,000, with 45,000 to 52,000 Serbs murdered in Jasenovac.Concerning Žerjavić's calculations on the number of casualties linked to the Bleiburg repatriations, historian Ivo Goldstein writes that it is "difficult to speak of the overall number" and that "the only option is to rely on the research by <mask>, which has up to now shown itself to be the most reliable in overall estimates". Negative
Some Serb critics of Žerjavić consider his work to have been politically motivated, with the aim of downplaying Croatian nationalist atrocities during the war, such as at Jasenovac. Critics point out that Serbs in Bosnia and Croatia lived in rural areas and therefore had a much higher growth rate than others. Žerjavić used growth rates for Serbs in Bosnia as 1.1% (as for all nations together), while actual growth rate was 2.4% (1921–31) and 3.5% (1949–53). They posit he intentionally underestimated growth rate of Serbs to decrease the Serb death count, according to critics. Some, like Đorđević, claimed that Serbian losses were in fact 1.6 million, a number which goes in other direction compared to the official estimates that Žerjavić denied. The higher numbers was opposed by Bogoljub Kočović's book, published in 1997, which tries to refute Đorđević's efforts to "reinstate" the "great numbers" victims figures dominant in Communist Yugoslavia.The Simon Wiesenthal Center and Yad Vashem still use the old estimates given by the Yugoslav authorities. The Simon Wiesenthal Center cites the Yad Vashem document, the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. In a separate entry on the Ustasha movement in general, however, Yad Vashem cites the extermination of "over 500,000" Serbs in the entire NDH. Regarding Žerjavić's research on World War Two casualties, Croatian historian <mask> notes that individual researchers who assert the inevitability of using identification of casualties and fatalities by individual names have raised serious objections to <mask>'s calculations/estimates of human losses by using standard statistical methods and consolidation of data from various sources, pointing out that such an approach is insufficient and unreliable in determining the number and character of casualties and fatalities, as well as the affiliation of the perpetrators of the crimes. Žerjavić's calculations regarding the Bosnian war
According to Žerjavić's calculations, there were 215,000 victims in Bosnia-Herzegovina  in the Bosnian war of 1992–95, of which 160,000 were Bosniaks, 30,000 Croats and 25,000 Serbs. However, according to newer research done by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the number of people killed in the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina was around 102,000:  69.24% (70,625) Bosniaks, 25.35% (25,857) Serbs, and 5.33% (5,437) Croats. References

Sources

External links
Dinko Sakic trial, srce.hr; accessed 10 November 2015."Žrtve licitiranja "Sahrana jednog mita, Bogoljub Kočović", knjizara.com; accessed 10 November 2015. Human Rights Watch: "Šansa za pravdu? Procesuiranje ratnih zločina u bosanskoj Republici Srpskoj: Kontekst" (March 2006); accessed 10 November 2015. 1912 births
2001 deaths
People from Križ
People from the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
Croatian economists
Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb alumni
United Nations experts
Place of death missing
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
Yugoslav economists

masks:
Vladimir Žerjavić
Žerjavić
Žerjavić
Vladimir Žerjavić
Vladimir Geiger
Žerjavić


texts:
Federico "<mask><mask> (December 12, 1907 – January 16, 1979) was a Spanish Filipino classical and jazz pianist, composer, conductor, and bandleader, influential in the British dance band era. Biography
<mask> was born in Manila, Philippines, to <mask> and Carmen Díaz Moreau. He was a brother of diplomat Joaquín ("Mike"), Manuel ("Manolo"), Juan Miguel, Ángel and <mask>. At age seven  he entered the Madrid Royal Conservatory, winning the first prize in piano at age 14. He then studied at St. Joseph's College, London and went to study law at Stanford University in the 1920s. His musical interests prevailed and he left the university. He took composition lessons under Ernst Bloch at Stanford, and gave up law temporarily for music, leaving the school in 1926.He then embarked on a career as a jazz bandleader, leading the Stanford University Band at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, while he studied composition. He recorded with the Cinderella Roof Orchestra in 1926, then returned to England, where he entered Cambridge University in the autumn as a law student. This lasted only a year; soon after reaching England, <mask> formed a new band, the Quinquaginta Band, which became successful and influential on the development of British jazz music in the late 1920s. <mask> criticized British dance music for its Viennese qualities, and sought to bring more American principles of rhythm to the British scene. He recorded with his band in 1927 under several ensemble names for Brunswick and Decca, including the Cambridge Undergraduates. In his run at the Savoy Hotel in London, his band featured many of the best players in early British jazz, including Norman Payne, Jack Jackson, and Harry Hayes, as well as Americans such as Chelsea Quealey, Bobby Davis, Fud Livingston, Adrian Rollini, and Arthur Rollini. In December 1928, he released a short film Christmas Party, filmed in the DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process.The band was voted best popular dance orchestra in Melody Maker in 1928, but older guests at the Savoy were offended by his music, and controversial broadcasts over the BBC did not help his case. In July 1929, his contract expired and was not renewed." In the same period, <mask> composed works which melded jazz and European concert music elements, including "The Heart of a Nigger" (1927; produced in 1928 by Sergei Diaghilev) and "Bataclan" (1929). In 1928, he visited Germany and became closely associated with Siegfried Wagner. He also conducted orchestras in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. In 1928, he wrote the music for Pola Negri's final silent film, The Way of Lost Souls (1929; aka The Woman He Scorned). <mask> broke up his band in 1929, after a poorly received tour in Scotland and the onset of the Great Depression, which necessitated the return home of many of his American sidemen.He led a new group at the Duchess Theater in London in 1930, but later that year returned to Manila to accept a position as conductor of the Manila Symphony Orchestra. By now he had received his parents' permission to devote himself entirely to music (he was still only 23). He conducted in the 1930s in Biarritz, Paris, and Madrid, and recorded for the last time in 1933 on a brief return trip to Britain. His symphonic poems Jota, Spiritual and Moods were written in these years. In 1931-33 he was in Paris, where he was closely associated with Maurice Ravel and Darius Milhaud, and conducted the first performances of some of Milhaud's works. In 1932 he composed some songs for Conchita Supervía and incidental music for La pajara pinta by Rafael Alberti. While in Spain, <mask> studied under and spent much time with Manuel de Falla, who always regarded him as one of his best interpreters.On one occasion he conducted Falla's Harpsichord Concerto with the composer at the keyboard. He also set to music Titeres de Cachiporra and Don Perlimplin by Federico García Lorca, with whom he was also closely associated. In 1935 he was named as Spanish delegate to the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino. In 1936 he conducted his Sinfonia Concertante for piano and orchestra, with Leopoldo Querol as soloist. In 1936, he returned from France to enroll in the Requeti troops of Navarre, a Basque regiment, and fought under Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War until 1939. He was wounded and decorated during the war. He first emigrated to Manila then moved to France, where he lived under confinement in a house near Bayonne under the German occupation.During this time he composed extensively, his works including:
 an opera on the life of Paul Gauguin, to a libretto by Théophile Briant; it was broadcast in 1948 by Radiodiffusion Française to celebrate the centenary of Gauguin's birth
 a violin concerto; Ginette Neveu gave its premiere in Paris in 1944, and Christian Ferras gave its London premiere under the direction of Gaston Poulet, in the presence of the composer, and made the world premiere recording on November 7, 1947, when he was aged only 14
 a string quartet, and
 a piano concerto, premiered by Leopoldo Querol in 1947 in Paris; <mask> himself played the piano concerto at Besançon with the Colonne Orchestra under Gaston Poulet, and again with the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) in the Albert Hall. In 1948, he returned once more to Manila, where he again conducted the Manila Symphony Orchestra, founded the Manila Little Symphony Orchestra, and became president of the Manila Broadcasting Company. He did some conducting in Japan, and led the London Symphony Orchestra at the Royal Festival Hall during the Festival of Britain in 1951, but otherwise did little work outside the Philippines through until his 1974 retirement. He and Bob Stewart had a music show on television, The Maestro and Uncle Bob (GMA, 1978–1979). Outside of music, he was an excellent sharpshooter, and won gold medals as captain of the Philippines shooting team in the 1954 Asiad. References

External links

1907 births
1979 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Filipino classical composers
Filipino film score composers
Filipino jazz composers
Filipino conductors (music)
Filipino people of Spanish descent
Filipino people of Basque descent
Jazz bandleaders
Dance band bandleaders
Madrid Royal Conservatory alumni
Spanish composers
Spanish male composers
Spanish film score composers
Male film score composers
Musicians from Manila
20th-century Spanish musicians
20th-century Spanish male musicians
Male jazz musicians
Filipino pianists
20th-century jazz composers

masks:
Fred
" Díaz Elizalde
Elizalde
José Joaquín Elizalde
Carmenchu Elizalde
Elizalde
Elizalde
Elizalde
Elizalde
Elizalde
Elizalde


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<mask> (sometimes called Amenophis II and meaning Amun is Satisfied) was the seventh pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. <mask> inherited a vast kingdom from his father Thutmose III, and held it by means of a few military campaigns in Syria; however, he fought much less than his father, and his reign saw the effective cessation of hostilities between Egypt and Mitanni, the major kingdoms vying for power in Syria. His reign is usually dated from 1427 to 1401 BC. His consort was Tiaa, who was barred from any prestige until <mask>'s son, Thutmose IV, came into power. Family and early life

<mask> II was born to Thutmose III and a minor wife of the king: Merytre-Hatshepsut. He was not, however, the firstborn son of this pharaoh; his elder brother Amenemhat, the son of the great king's chief wife Satiah, was originally the intended heir to the throne since Amenemhat was designated the 'king's eldest son" and overseer of the cattle of Amun in Year 24 of Thutmose's reign. However, between Years 24 and 35 of Thutmose III, both queen Satiah and prince Amenemhat died, which prompted the pharaoh to marry the non-royal Merytre-Hatshepsut.She would bear Thutmose III a number of children including the future <mask> II. <mask> II was born and raised in Memphis in the north, instead of in Thebes, the traditional capital. While a prince, he oversaw deliveries of wood sent to the dockyard of Peru-nūfe in Memphis, and was made the Setem, the high priest over Lower Egypt. <mask> has left several inscriptions touting his athletic skills while he was a leader of the army before his crowning. <mask> was no less athletic than his powerful father. He claims to have been able to shoot an arrow through a copper target one palm thick, and that he was able to row his ship faster and farther than two hundred members of the navy could row theirs. Some scepticism concerning the truth of these claims has been expressed among Egyptologists.<mask> acceded to the throne on the first day of the fourth month of Akhet, but his father died on the thirtieth day of the third month of Peret. If an Egyptian crown prince was proclaimed king but did not take the throne on the day after his father's death, it meant that he served as the junior coregent during his father's reign. A coregency with Thutmose <mask> and <mask> II is believed to have lasted for two years and four months. When he assumed power, <mask> II was 18 years old according to an inscription from his great Sphinx stela:
 "Now his Majesty appeared as king as a fine youth after he had become 'well developed', and had completed eighteen years in his strength and bravery." After becoming pharaoh, <mask> married a woman of uncertain parentage named Tiaa. As many as ten sons and one daughter have been attributed to him. <mask>'s most important son was Thutmose IV, who succeeded him; however, there is significant evidence for him having many more children.Princes <mask>, Webensenu, Amenemopet, and Nedjem are all clearly attested, and Amenemhat, Khaemwaset, and Aakheperure as well as a daughter, Iaret, are also possible children. Papyrus B.M. 10056, which dates to sometime after <mask> II's tenth year, refers to a king's son and setem-priest Amenhotep. This Amenhotep might also be attested in a stele from <mask> II's temple at Giza, however the stele's name has been defaced so that positive identification is impossible. Stele B may belong to another son, Webensenu. Webensenu's name is otherwise attested on a statue of Amenhotep's chief architect, Minmose, and his canopic jars and a funerary statue have been found in <mask> <mask>'s tomb. Another Giza stele, stele C, records the name of a Prince Amenemopet, whose name is otherwise unattested.The same statue with the name Webensenu on it is also inscribed with the name of prince Nedjem, who is otherwise unattested. There are other references to king's sons from this period who may or may not be sons of <mask> II. Two graffiti from Sahel mention a king's son and stable master named Khaemwaset, but specifically which king is his father is unknown. A figure with the name Amenemhet is recorded behind a prince <mask> in Theban tomb 64, and assuming this <mask> is indeed the king's son from B.M. 10056, Amenemhat would also be <mask> II's son. Additionally, a prince Aakheperure is mentioned in a Konosso graffito alongside a prince Amenhotep, and if one again assumes that this Amenhotep was the same person as the one in B.M. 10056, Aakheperure would also have been <mask> II's son.However, in both these cases the figure identified as <mask> has been identified by some as possible references to the later King <mask> III, which would make these two princes sons of Thutmose IV. In addition to sons, <mask> II may have had a daughter named Iaret, but she could have also been the daughter of Thutmose IV. Two more sons had been attributed to <mask> II in the past; however, they have since been proven to be of other parentage. Gauthier catalogued one Usersatet, the "King's son of Kush,"  (i.e. Viceroy of Nubia) as a son of <mask> II, as well as one Re; however, both are now known to be unrelated to the royal family. Usersatet merely served as Amenhotep's chief official in Nubia and was not a blood relative of the king. Dates and length of reign

Amenhotep's coronation can be dated without much difficulty because of a number of lunar dates in the reign of his father, Thutmose III.These sightings limit the date of Thutmose's accession to either 1504 or 1479 BC. Thutmose died after 54 years of reign, at which time <mask> would have acceded to the throne. <mask>'s short coregency with his father would then move his accession two years and four months earlier, dating his accession to either 1427 BC in the low chronology, or in 1454 BC in the high chronology. The length of his reign is indicated by a wine jar inscribed with the king's prenomen found in <mask> II's funerary temple at Thebes; it is dated to this king's highest known date—his Year 26—and lists the name of the pharaoh's vintner, Panehsy. Mortuary temples were generally not stocked until the king died or was near death; therefore, <mask> could not have lived much later beyond his 26th year. There are alternate theories which attempt to assign him a reign of up to 35 years, which is the absolute maximum length he could have reigned. In this chronology, he reigned from 1454 to 1419.However, there are problems facing these theories which cannot be resolved. In particular, this would mean <mask> died when he was 52, but an X-ray analysis of his mummy has shown him to have been about 40 when he died. Accordingly, <mask> II is usually given a reign of 26 years and said to have reigned from 1427 to 1401 BC. Foreign affairs

<mask>'s first campaign took place in his third regnal year. It is known that the pharaoh was attacked by the host of Qatna while crossing the Orontes river, but he emerged victorious and acquired rich booty, among which even the equipment of a Mitanni charioteer is mentioned. The king was well known for his physical prowess and is said to have singlehandedly killed 7 rebel Princes at Kadesh, which successfully terminated his first Syrian campaign on a victorious note. After the campaign, the king ordered the bodies of the seven princes to be hung upside down on the prow of his ship.Upon reaching Thebes all but one of the princes were mounted on the city walls. The other was taken to the often rebellious territory of Nubia and hung on the city wall of Napata, as an example of the consequence of rising against Pharaoh and to demoralise any Nubian opponents of Egyptian authority there. <mask> called this campaign his first in a Stele from Amada, however he also called his second campaign his first, causing some confusion. The most common solution for this, although not universally accepted, is that this was the first campaign he fought alone before the death of his father and thus before he was the sole king of Egypt, and he counted his second campaign as his first because it was the first that was his and his alone. In April of his seventh year, <mask> was faced with a major rebellion in Syria by the vassal states of Naharin and dispatched his army to the Levant to suppress it. This rebellion was likely instigated by Egypt's chief Near Eastern rival, Mitanni. His stele of victory carved after this campaign records no major battles, which has been read a number of ways.It may be that this campaign was more similar to one of the tours of Syria which his father had fought, and he only engaged minor garrisons in battle and forced cities to swear allegiance to him–oaths immediately broken after his departure. Alternatively, it appears that the two weeks when Amenhotep would have been closest to Mitanni are omitted from the stele, thus it is possible that his army was defeated on this campaign. <mask>'s last campaign took place in his ninth year, however it apparently did not proceed farther north than the Sea of Galilee. According to the list of plunder from this campaign, Amenhotep claims to have taken 101,128 slaves. These numbers however are difficult to substantiate, leading some to question the accuracy of Amenhotep's court scribes. Others have suggested that such exaggerated figures may instead be simply due to compounded accounting mistakes. Examples include a possible recount of the 15,070 prisoners taken in his year 7 campaign in Nukhash being combined with the figures from his year 9 campaign.After the campaign in <mask>'s ninth year, Mitanni sought to make peace with Egypt, and from then on, their armies never fought again. <mask> records that the kings of Babylon, the Hittites, and Mitanni came to make peace and pay tribute to him after his ninth year, although this may be outlandish boasting. However, a second passage appears on the walls of Karnak, saying that the princes of Mitanni came to seek peace with Amenhotep, and this cannot be so easily explained away. The rising power of the Hittites eventually persuaded Mitanni to seek an ally, and there was definitely a treaty of some sort between Egypt and Mitanni by the time of <mask>'s successor, but it may be that it was enacted after Amenhotep's campaigns, to try to prevent any more campaigns of mass deportations. Whenever formal peace was enacted, an informal peace was maintained between Amenhotep and the king of Mitanni. The new peace ties between the two benefitted both nations. For Mitanni, relaxing military conflict with Egypt to its south allowed it to focus more on the rising powers of the Hittites and the Assyrians to its north.For Egypt, it was able to begin extracting significant amounts of resources from Syria and Palestine and it was also now able to access Mediterranean trade routes with the Aegean. Thereafter, Amenhotep concentrated on domestic matters, with one possible exception. A shrine of Amenhotep's Nubian viceroy shows Amenhotep receiving tribute after a Nubian campaign, but it is not possible to date when this happened. Construction projects

Since Thutmose III had devoted so much energy to expanding Karnak, <mask>'s building projects were largely focused on enlarging smaller temples all over Egypt. In the Delta, his father's Overseer of Works, Minmose, is attested from an inscription at Tura as overseeing construction of more temples. In upper Egypt, small shrines are attested at Medamud, el-Tod, and Armant. Karnak, despite not receiving the attention given it by his father, also was not totally neglected.He commissioned a column to stand in the courtyard between the fourth and fifth pylons commemorating the reception of tribute from Mitanni. In Nubia, <mask> built at Qasr Ibrim and Semna, and ordered the decoration of the Temple at Kalabsha. However, his most famous Nubian temple was at Amada. Thutmose <mask> had begun constructing a temple which, technically, was dedicated to Horus there, although the presence of Re-Harakhti and Amun-Re is easily observed. <mask> completed it and put in it the record of his year 3 campaign on a stele, which was until 1942 the source of most information about <mask>'s wars. He had a mortuary temple constructed at the edge of the cultivation in the Theban Necropolis, close to where the Ramesseum was later built, but it was destroyed in ancient times. Personality and later life

A stela from this pharaoh's final years highlights his openly contemptuous attitude towards non-Egyptians.The document, which dates to "Year 23 IV Akhet [day] 1, the day of the festival" of <mask> II's accession to power, is a copy of a personal letter which the king composed himself to Usersatet, his viceroy of Kush (Nubia). In it, <mask> <mask> reminded Usersatet of their military exploits together in Syria and proceeds to criticise the way this official conducted his office as Viceroy. <mask> writes:

Usersatet was so impressed (or fearful) of <mask>'s message that he ordered a copy of it to be engraved on a stela "that was once [located] at the Second Cataract [in Nubia] and is now in Boston." <mask> II did not openly record the names of his queens; some Egyptologists theorise that he felt that women had become too powerful under titles such as God's Wife of Amun. They point to the fact that he participated in his father's removal of Hatshepsut's name from her monuments and the destruction of her image. The destruction of Hatshepsut's images began during the co-regency of Amenhotep when his father was very old, but stopped during his reign. However, the king may have harboured his father's concern that another woman would sit on the throne.Despite his efforts however it is possible that a female co-regent of Akhenaten ruled as pharaoh before the end of his own 18th dynasty. <mask> II adopted a large number of Canaanite gods into the Egyptian pantheon, including Resheph, Hauron, Baal, Astarte, Qetesh, and a few others. Death and burial

<mask> II was interred in his KV35 tomb in the Valley of the Kings; his mummy was found there within his original sarcophagus when the tomb was discovered in March 1898 by Victor Loret. The tomb also housed a mummy cache containing several New Kingdom pharaohs including Thutmose IV, Seti II, Ramesses III, Ramesses IV, and Ramesses VI. They had been re-buried in Amenhotep II's tomb by the 21st Dynasty High Priest of Amun, Pinedjem II, during Siamun's reign, to protect them from tomb robbers. Mummy
The mummy of the king was first examined, described, and photographed in January 1902 by Gaston Maspero in the company of Howard Carter, Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing, and Pierre Lacau. The Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith examined <mask>'s mummy in 1907.During this examination the linen still adhering to the face was removed for an unobstructed view. He found the body to be  tall and noted a strong facial resemblance to his son, Thutmose IV. The wavy brown hair present on his head is "abundantly interspersed with white." The arms are crossed low over the chest, with the right hand tightly clenched and the left less so. Unusually, the skin all over the body is covered with small tubercles though Smith could not say if they were the result of the embalming process or disease. Resin on the body preserved the impressions of jewellery; several rows of a beaded collar were present on the upper back, and a diamond-shaped geometric pattern seen on the back of the hips. Smith estimated he was forty to fifty at death based on his worn teeth and greying hair.His cause of death is unknown. His mummy has the inventory number CG 61069. In April 2021 his mummy was moved from the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization along with those of 17 other kings and 4 queens in an event termed the Pharaohs' Golden Parade. See also
Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt Family Tree
List of pharaohs
History of ancient Egypt

References

Sources

External links

Amenhotep II - Archaeowiki.org (Dead Link)
Panorama view of the tomb of <mask> II

15th-century BC births
15th-century BC deaths
15th-century BC Pharaohs
14th-century BC Pharaohs
Ancient Egyptian mummies
Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Children of Thutmose III

masks:
Amenhotep II
Amenhotep
Amenhotep
Amenhotep
Amenhotep
Amenhotep
Amenhotep
Amenhotep
Amenhotep
III
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II
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<mask> (8 February 1794 – 20 October 1852) was a German Roman Catholic orientalist, biblical scholar and academic theologian. He was a professor at the University of Bonn and travelled extensively throughout Europe and the Near East in order to locate manuscripts of the New Testament. Life
Scholz attended secondary school at the Catholic gymnasium in Breslau and then studied at the University of Breslau. In 1817 he was granted the degree of Doctor of Theology by the University of Freiburg, where he had studied under <mask> (1765-1846). Scholz then went to Paris, where he studied Persian and Arabic under Silvestre de Sacy, and collated numerous codices (Greek, Latin, Arabic and Syriac) of the New Testament. From Paris he went to London, then travelled through France and Switzerland en route to Italy, the principal libraries of which he visited in order to conduct biblical research. In the autumn of 1821, upon his return from a journey through Egypt, Palestine and Syria, and having been ordained at Breslau (in October 1821), Scholz became professor of exegesis at the University of Bonn, a chair to which he had been called in 1820, and which he filled until his death, despite the fact that he was not an interesting lecturer.In 1837, <mask> was appointed canon of the Cologne Cathedral. Work
In addition to his major work, his Novum Testamentum Graece (a text edition of the Greek New Testament), <mask> was also known for his efforts in Bible translation, in which he continued the work begun by Dominikus von Brentano and Anton Dereser. <mask>'s work in textual criticism was particularly appreciated by the British. He was able to add to the list of Greek manuscripts of the New Testament 616 new minuscule manuscripts. His additions to the list of uncials comprise only Codex Sangallensis (Δ) and three fragments of the Gospels 0115 (formerly Wa), 054 (his Y), and the Vatican portion of N022 (his Γ). These manuscripts were partially examined and collated by him. Results of his work were published between 1830 and 1836.Scholz's accession of new witnesses to the lists of New Testament manuscripts was extensive. He was responsible for adding codices 260-469 of the Gospels, 110-192 of the Acts, 125-246 of the Pauline epistles, 51-89 of the Apocalypse, 51-181 of the Evangelistaria, and 21-48 of the Apostoloi. Scholz collated the entire text of five manuscripts: 262, 299, 300, 301 and 346. Other manuscripts he collated in large part: (260, 270, 271, 277, 284, 285, 298, 324, 353, 382 and 428). Scholz divided all New Testament manuscripts into five families: two African (Alexandrian and Western), one Asiatic, one Byzantine and one Cyprian. He was the first to emphasize the importance of ascertaining the geographical provenance of a witness. That point was elaborated by B. H. Streeter in 1924 ("theory of local texts").Scholz, after some tentative attempts at classifying manuscripts, rejected this theory and adopted <mask> Bengel's division into two families, which he called the Alexandrian and the Constantinopolitan. He initially favoured the Constantinopolitan (Byzantine) family of manuscripts, but in 1845 he retracted this preference for the Constantinopolitan . Select publications
 Curae criticae in historiam textus Evangeliorum: commentationibus duabus, Heidelberg 1820
 Reise in die Gegend zwischen Alexandrien und Parätonium, die libysche Wüste, Siqa, Egypten, Palästina und Syrien, Leipzig, 1822 (Reprint: Georg Olms Verlag, 2005)
 Biblisch-kritische Reise in Frankreich, der Schweiz, Italien, Palästine und im Archipel in den Jahren 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821: Nebst einer Geschichte des Textes des Neuen Testaments, Leipzig, 1823
 Die heilige Schrift des neuen Testaments übersetzt, erklärt und in historisch-kritischen Einleitungen zu den einzelnen Büchern erläutert, Barrentrapp, Frankfurt a. M., 1829. vol. I: Die vier Evangelien, Franz Barrentrapp, Frankfurt am Main 1829; vol. II: Die Apostelgeschichte und die katholischen Briefe, ebenda 1830; vol. III: Die vierzehn Briefe des heiligen Apostels Paulus, ebenda 1830; Bd. IV: Die Apokalypse des heiligen Johannes des Apostels und Evangelisten, ebenda 1828)
 Die heilige Schrift des alten Testaments., Frankfurt, 1830-1837
 Novum Testamentum Graece.Textum ad fidem Testium Criticorum recensuit, Lectionum Familias subjecit, Leipzig, 1830-1836 (2 volumes), a critical edition of the original text, full of erudition but marred by a defective classification of authorities and by numerous critical inaccuracies. De virtutibus et vitiis utriusque Codd. N. T. familiae (Leipzig, 1845), a sort of supplement to the preceding work. Handbuch der biblischen Archäologie, Bonn, 1834
 Einleitung in die heiligen Schriften des alten und neuen Testaments, Köln, 1845
Biblisch-kritische Reise in Frankreich, der Schweiz, Italien, Palästine und im Archipel in den Jahren 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821: Nebst einer Geschichte des Textes des N[euen] T[estaments]. Friedrich Fleischer, Leipzig und Sorau 1823 (Digitalisat bei Google Books)
Handbuch der biblischen Archäologie. Adolph Mareus, Bonn 1834 (Digitalisat bei Google Books)
Einleitung in die Schriften des A. u. N. T. (Cologne and Leipzig, 1845–1848, 3 vols, treating only of the Old Testament). To these works may be added <mask>'s own account of his travels: Reise in die Gegend; etc.(Leipzig, 1822); Biblisch-kritische Reise, etc. (Leipzig, 1823); his essays on the Holy Sepulchre (Bonn, 1825); on Jerusalem (Bonn, 1835); Curae criticae, containing a valuable description of Cod. K. Cyprius (Heidelberg, 1820); De fontibus historiae V. Test. (Bonn, 1830); and his discourse on the harmony of Divine revelation with science (Bonn 1845). References

External links
 Meyers Konversationslexikon, 4. Auflage, Leipzig und Wien, 1885-1892
 Bible Researcher

1794 births
1852 deaths
People from the Province of Silesia
German scholars
German orientalists
19th-century German Catholic theologians
German biblical scholars
Roman Catholic biblical scholars
New Testament scholars
University of Breslau alumni
University of Freiburg alumni
University of Bonn faculty
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers

masks:
Johann Martin Augustin Scholz
Johann Leonhard Hug
Scholz
Scholz
Scholz
Johann Albrecht
Scholz