texts:
is a Japanese serial killer who both defrauded and tortured his victims in what is collectively known as the Kitakyūshū Serial Murder Incident (). <mask> was convicted of six counts of murder and one count of manslaughter between 1996 and 1998 and sentenced to death. He murdered his victims with an accomplice, Junko Ogata, who received a life sentence. <mask>'s crimes were so atrocious that most Japanese media were not willing to report the details. The Japan Times reported that prosecutors said the case is without comparison in the criminal history of Japan. Several writers, including Ryūzō Saki, published the details of the crimes. Early life

<mask> was born in Kokurakita Ward of the city of Kitakyūshū in Fukuoka Prefecture, and grew up in Yanagawa.Matsunaga received good grades in school and had a charming personality, but tended to exhibit disciplinary problems. He was transferred to another high school after engaging in a relationship with a junior high school girl. He married at 19 and had a son. Despite being married, Matsunaga was involved with at least ten mistresses. In October 1982, during his marriage, he became involved with Junko Ogata, one of his former schoolmates from Yanagawa. In 1984, Matsunaga promised to marry Junko, but her mother, Shizumi Ogata, did not approve of the relationship because of Matsunaga's abuse of her daughter. Matsunaga raped Shizumi as a result.In 1985, Matsunaga convinced Junko that her family hated her because of a suicide attempt and persuaded her to move in with him. That same year, <mask> also purchased a building in which he could operate a futon business. Afterwards, he began to electrically shock employees on the third floor. Matsunaga would sometimes suddenly shout towards other men, saying things like, "There is a spirit behind you! It is sucking away your fortune!" He also made references to religious terms like saṃsāra and kami. By 1992, Matsunaga had stolen 180 million yen (about US$2.2 million) through fraud or blackmail.He and Junko evaded police capture and were put on Japan's most wanted list. Murders
<mask> lived in a condominium in Kokurakita-ku. His first victim was a married woman with three children. In April 1993, he convinced her to leave her husband and run away with him, telling the woman that Junko was his sister. One of her children died under mysterious circumstances in September 1993. Her two other children went to live with their father and grandfather the following month. During their relationship, Matsunaga defrauded the woman for 11.8 million yen (about US$145,510).She died mysteriously in March 1994, and the police were unable to prove that Matsunaga had killed the woman or her child. Later that year, Matsunaga began victimizing Kumio Toraya and his daughter. Kumio had previously confided to <mask> about his previous criminal history; Matsunaga used this information to blackmail Kumio. Kumio and his daughter were held captive in <mask>'s apartment, where Matsunaga tortured him with electric shocks, forced him to eat his own feces, and forced his daughter to bite her father. Kumio died as a result of this abuse on February 26, 1996. Matsunaga convinced Kumio's daughter that she had murdered her father. He told Junko and the girl to dispose of the remains, which were thrown into the sea near the Kunisaki Peninsula after being pulverized.Soon after, Matsunaga found another target in a female acquaintance of Kumio. He convinced the woman that he was a graduate of Kyoto University and promised to marry her. Instead, he defrauded her of 5.6 million yen (about US$69,066). As before, the woman and her daughter were confined to Matsunaga's apartment. The woman escaped by jumping from the second floor in March 1997. She was put into the care of a mental hospital and her daughter was released. The following month, Junko left for work and did not return.Matsunaga contacted her family, threatening them and blackmailing Shizumi over the 1985 rape. <mask> then faked his own suicide, prompting Junko to return, whereupon she was subjected to continued abuse. He also raped Junko's married sister, Rieko. Junko's family gave 63 million yen (about US$777,116) to Matsunaga, after which he held them captive and psychologically controlled them in ways similar to the methods of cult-leader Shoko Asahara. On December 21, 1997, Matsunaga coerced Junko to shock her 61-year-old father, Takashige, to the point of death. When Shizumi's mental state began to deteriorate, Matsunaga commanded Rieko and her husband, Kazuya, to strangle her on January 20, 1998. Several weeks later, he commanded Kazuya to strangle Rieko while their 10-year-old daughter, Aya, held her down.Matsunaga and Junko then confined Kazuya to a bathroom, where he starved to death on April 13, 1998. Matsunaga then forced Junko and Aya to kill Rieko's 5-year-old son, Yuki. During the trial, Kumio's daughter testified that <mask> and Junko had tortured Aya with electricity. Junko's testimony differed, saying the girl's recollections might have been inaccurate because of guilty feelings about committing her first murder. Kumio's daughter strangled Aya on June 7, 1998. <mask> and Junko dismembered and boiled their victims' remains in pots, then finally disposed of them in washrooms or into the sea. Matsunaga blamed the murders on Junko, who, with their two children, were the only survivors in her family.In July 2000, Matsunaga convinced another woman to go away with him, lured by the prospect of marriage. In August 2001, she gave her twin children to him and Junko. <mask> and Junko then convinced the woman to give them 20 million yen (about US$246,580), telling her that they would need the money to bring up her children. Arrest and trial
Kumio's daughter, who was being held captive, escaped from Matsunaga on January 30, 2002, but Matsunaga found the girl on February 15 and took her back into captivity. He then tortured the girl with electric shocks. On March 6, the girl escaped from Matsunaga again and reported the crimes to the police. She was 17 years old.The police arrested <mask> and Junko the next day when they tried to retrieve the girl. The twins and the couple's two children were taken into police protection. The media initially reported only that <mask> and Junko had held their victims captive, similar to the case of Fusako Sano, until details of the couple's murders emerged. The pair were charged with Aya's murder on September 18, 2002; Takashige's murder on October 12, 2002; Shizumi's murder on December 6, 2002; Yuki's murder on January 11, 2003; Kumio's murder on February 3, 2003; Rieko's murder on February 25, 2003; and Kazuya's murder on May 30, 2003. No murder charges were brought against Kumio's daughter. Junko calmly confessed to her part in the murders, but <mask> insisted that the women had fabricated their stories about him. Police never recovered any human remains and found no physical evidence, so they relied primarily upon the testimonies of Kumio's and Junko's daughters during the investigation.On September 28, 2005, a district court in Fukuoka sentenced <mask> and Junko to die by hanging. The court tried six cases, but considered that they had not killed Takashige directly, but had only injured him by electric shocks which later resulted in his death. The pair appealed the verdict. On September 26, 2007, the Fukuoka High Court upheld <mask>'s original sentence, but Junko's sentence was changed from death to life imprisonment because <mask> had exerted control over Junko to force her to kill the victims. Victims
  – The girl's father, 35 year-old, his daughter escaped from Matsunaga again and reported the crimes to the police. She was 17 years old. – Junko's father, 61 year-old
  – Junko's mother, 58 year-old
  – Junko's sister, 33 year-old
  – Rieko's husband, 38 year-old
  – Junko's nephew, 5 year-old
  – Junko's niece, 10 year-old

In film
In 2019, Sion Sono announced the making of his project The Forest of Love, which is based on Matsunaga's crimes.It was released by Netflix on October 11, 2019. See also
Milgram experiment – experiment using electric shocks
Murder of Junko Furuta – another high-profile torture murder in Japan
Capital punishment in Japan
List of serial killers by country

Further reading
Ryūzō Saki (2005)  (Naze kazoku wa koroshiatta noka, translation; Why did the family kill each other?)

masks:
Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Futoshi Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Matsunaga


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born Rudy McDaniel; June 11, 1956) is an American free jazz bassist born in Hempstead, New York. He was a bandleader on the Gramavision label and worked with Ornette Coleman during the 1970s and 1980s, mostly in Coleman's Prime Time band. Tacuma showcased a unique style of avant-garde jazz on Coleman's 1982 album Of Human Feelings, and became widely viewed as one of the most distinctive bassists since Jaco Pastorius. He formed his own group, and recorded albums that incorporated commercially accessible melodies while retaining Prime Time's elaborate harmonies. Biography
<mask>, raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, showed interest in music at a young age, performing with the organist Charles Earland in his teens. Through Earland, <mask> came to know the record producer Reggie Lucas, who introduced <mask> to Ornette Coleman in 1975 at age 19. As the electric bassist for Coleman's funky harmolodic Prime Time group, <mask> rose to prominence quickly; guitarist Bern Nix was another band member.While with Prime Time, <mask> relied mostly on traditional technique, picking with his fingers. His later work revealed a master improviser and showcased a more rhythmic, thumb-slapping funk approach. The first three Prime Time recordings (Dancing in Your Head, Body Meta, and Of Human Feelings, all recorded in the late 1970s) feature <mask>'s work on a Rickenbacker bass, a model popular among progressive rock musicians, but rarely used on jazz recordings. He switched to a Steinberger bass in the 1980s, an instrument that helped him create his readily identifiable sound. <mask>'s work with Prime Time landed him his most high-profile gig to date: an appearance with the band on Saturday Night Live on April 14, 1979, which <mask> later cited in Musician magazine as his "best live performance ever". Besides the work with such musicians as James "Blood" Ulmer, Walt Dickerson, Chuck Hammer, and David Murray, he collaborated with the upcoming artists of the New York Downtown scene like Kip Hanrahan, David Moss, Bill Laswell and Anton Fier (The Golden Palominos, 1983) that further heightened his reputation. <mask>'s first solo album, Show Stopper, came in 1983 on the Gramavision label; the album grew out of the jazz-funk style he developed in his work with Coleman.His other works as leader at Gramavision followed that formula. In the 1980s, he started to perform in a relatively straightforward funk/R&B setting with his group Cosmetic. He was frequently featured in music magazines thanks to his aggressive, driving playing style and his angular fashion sense. In 1981, <mask> received the highest number of votes ever for an electric bassist in the "talent deserving wider recognition" category of the DownBeat magazine critics poll. Since the early 1990s, he has remained active but has maintained a lower profile. He has made numerous solo and collaborative recordings, including several CDs of duets with saxophonist Wolfgang Puschnig. AllMusic cited Mirakle, a recording that features <mask>, drummer Grant Calvin Weston, and guitarist Derek Bailey as one of the "most important recordings of year 2000."In 2006, he returned to the jazz spotlight with an appearance on the World Saxophone Quartet's Political Blues. In 2007, he joined with Weston and guitarist Vernon Reid (known for his work in Living Colour and with Ronald Shannon Jackson) to form the power trio Free Form Funky Freqs. He has also recorded two albums with Basso Nouveau, a group that features multiple bassists playing together on a variety of instruments, including electric bass, upright bass and acoustic bass guitar, and that also includes bassist Gerald Veasley. He has received the following awards and fellowships : "Parallel Culture" Award 2009, Marcus Garvey Foundation 50th Anniversary Award 2011,  The Pew Fellowship in the Arts 2011 and The Uptown Theater Hall of Fame Award in 2014, Gerald Veasely's Bass Boot Camp "Living The Dream Award - 2016, The Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz Best Bassist 2017. He has received The MacDowell Colony 2011, Headlands Center for the Arts 2012 and Civitella Ranieri 2014 residency fellowship. In 2017 he received The Philadelphia Club Club of Jazz Best Bassist Award, in 2018 he received the City of Philadelphia's Benny Golson Award, The Benny Golson Award includes a City proclamation and the Liberty Bell award - one of the highest honors from the City of Philadelphia . Since 2015, Tacuma presents the annual Outsiders Improvised & Creative Music Festival in Philadelphia and continues to tour, produce and record worldwide.

masks:
Jamaaladeen Tacuma
Tacuma
Tacuma
Jamaaladeen
Tacuma
Tacuma
Tacuma
Tacuma
Tacuma
Tacuma
Tacuma
Tacuma


texts:
<mask> (March 28, 1857 – March 27, 1924) was an American businessman and diplomat. He worked in various executive positions at Carnegie Steel Company and later served as an ambassador for the United States. Early life
<mask> was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on March 28, 1857. He was the only son of Scots-Irish immigrants <mask><mask> (1827–1857) and Amelia Henderson (1832–1905). His father drowned in the Allegheny River the same year in which he was born. Leishman began a lifetime of work at age ten, as an assistant for a Pittsburgh physician. Over the next seventeen years, Leishman would rise to become a trusted confidant of both Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Carnegie.Career
Prior to his entry into the Carnegie service, <mask>man had been in the service of Shoenberger Steel Company, as what was termed a "mud clerk". Mud clerks were the steel industry's representatives on the river wharf, responsible for tracking the shipping of goods: the arrival of raw materials and the departure of finished products. To guarantee efficiency and success, mud clerks lived 24 hours a day in small sheds on the riverbank. This work led first to an unsuccessful venture as an independent steel broker and then a successful partnership with his friend and colleague from Shoenberger Steel, William Penn Snyder. As senior partner in Leishman and Snyder, Leishman caught the attention of Andrew Carnegie, who convinced Leishman to enter Carnegie's service on October 1, 1884, as Special Sales Agent. Carnegie saw more than a little of himself in the younger man; throughout his life, Carnegie continued to think of Leishman as one of his "boys" and included Leishman in the official "History of the Carnegie Veterans Association". Leishman occupied the following positions: Vice Chairman, Carnegie Brothers & Company, Ltd.; Vice President and Treasurer, Carnegie Steel Company and President, Carnegie Steel Company.The Leishmans' social and business connections provided entrée into an extraordinarily exclusive circle of sixty-odd families, called the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. It was conceived as an idyllic summer colony, bought and developed by Henry Clay Frick in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, a short, convenient train ride away from the smoke and soot of Pittsburgh's industry. To create the summer colony, an abandoned Pennsylvania Railroad earthen dam was rebuilt and increased in size to create a mountaintop reservoir for pleasure boating, which was named Lake Conemaugh. Among the Club's members were Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Mellon. The Club's earthen dam failed on May 31, 1889, contributing to the Johnstown Flood disaster. Many of the Pittsburgh members of the Club were hastily assembled in an ad hoc meeting and formed "The Pittsburgh Relief Committee." Two decisions were made at that meeting.One was to make immediate, generous and tangible gifts to help the flood relief efforts. The other was a pledge never to speak of the Club or the Flood in public or in private. All litigation was handled by attorneys Philander Knox and his partner James Hay Reed, of the firm Knox and Reed (now Reed Smith LLP), both of whom were themselves South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club members. On July 23, 1892, <mask>, a self-proclaimed anarchist, sought to destroy Henry Clay Frick, the man Berkman blamed for the carnage of the Homestead steel strike in the preceding weeks. Armed with a pistol and a sharpened rat-tailed file, Berkman gained easy access to the headquarters of Carnegie Steel and found his way into the second floor private office of the chairman, 43-year-old Henry Clay Frick. Berkman forced his way into Frick's private office on the heels of a porter who had taken in his card. He opened fire, and Frick fell to the ground with three bullets in his body.Berkman was fended off by <mask>, Frick's second in command, who was in Frick's office at the time. Amid the growing rancor between Frick and Carnegie, Leishman attempted to steer a middle course. This was thwarted when Frick engaged a stratagem to orchestrate the ouster of the man who had saved his life from the presidency of Carnegie Steel, and his removal from the Western Pennsylvanian business scene. Frick alerted Carnegie to Leishman's speculation in the stock market, a practice that Carnegie engaged in freely, but abhorred in his subordinates. Frick worked behind the scenes, with Philander Knox to see that Leishman would be offered the post as ambassador to Switzerland. Diplomatic career

Under pressure from both men, Leishman withdrew from Carnegie service in June 1897, to accept the appointment by President William McKinley as United States Ambassador to Switzerland. Thereafter, Leishman became United States Minister to the Ottoman Empire in 1900 (raised to Ambassador in 1906) , United States Ambassador to Italy in 1909 and United States Ambassador to Germany in 1911.Years later, as a board member of the Equitable Life Insurance Company, Frick used a similar scheme to arrange the removal of James Hazen Hyde (the founder's only son and heir) from the United States to France by seeking an appointment for him to become United States Ambassador to France. Unlike Leishman a decade before, Hyde rebuffed the offer. However, he did go to live in France, where he met and eventually married Leishman's eldest daughter, Marthe. While serving in the Ottoman Empire, Leishman was instrumental in effecting the safe release of missionary Miss Ellen Stone as well as bringing about the purchase of the first overseas property to serve as a United States embassy, the Palazzo Corpi. He also distinguished himself for diplomatic tact and dexterity in his negotiations with the Ottomans for full rights for American citizens and schools in that country, and in his pressing with equal success his insistence that the American minister should have access to the Sultan. His office was elevated to the rank of Extraordinary Ambassador and Plenipotentiary in 1906. While serving in Italy, Leishman purchased the much beloved and often reproduced painting called the Madonna of the Streets.The painting's current whereabouts is not known. Personal life
On September 9, 1880, at Homewood Chapel, Leishman married Julia Crawford (1864–1918), the daughter of Edward Crawford and Nancy Harriet (née Ferguson) Crawford of Pittsburgh. They were the parents of three children:

 <mask> (1882–1944), who later styled herself Marthe, married first Count Louis de Gontaut-Biron on June 27, 1904. In Switzerland in 1898 she was painted by the Swiss-born American portrait painter Adolfo Müller-Ury. As the Countess de Gontaut-Biron, Marthe was a society hostess and couturier Coco Chanel's first aristocratic client. Marthe was a favorite of <mask> and a close personal friend of Mr. and Mrs. Cole Porter and Francis Poulenc. After the death of her husband in 1907, she married James Hazen Hyde in Paris on November 25, 1913.Hyde was the only son and heir of Henry Baldwin Hyde and the AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company fortune. Their son was Henry Baldwin Hyde of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in World War II. Nancy Louise <mask> (1894–1983), who married Karl Rudolf, 13th Duke of Croÿ (1899–1974), amid extensive newspaper coverage in Europe and the United States of a notoriety not to be surpassed until the romance between Wallis Simpson and Edward VIII, because Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to give his official permission for their marriage; Nancy, being a commoner and an American, was not considered a good match for the prince who ranked among the highest nobility of titled Europeans. Karl's aunt, the formidable Princess Isabella of Croÿ, wife of Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen, was chief among the European nobility who vehemently protested the match. Nancy married secondly to Andreas d'Oldenberg, the Danish Ambassador to France. <mask>. A<mask> Jr. (1887–1942), who married to New York socialite Elizabeth Helene Demarest, daughter of Warren G. Demarest. They divorced and she remarried to Lord Alastair Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (son of the Duke of Sutherland), becoming the mother of Elizabeth Sutherland, 24th Countess of Sutherland.Leishman's daughters made European marriages that were much talked of at the time. The American press considered these notably brilliant matches even among the many monied American young ladies (those "lovely trans-Atlantic invaders" as Edith Wharton called them) who found suitable titled European husbands in the pre-World War I marriage market. However, some titled Europeans felt that the Leishman girls had wed above their social station. While serving abroad, the Leishmans were often in Paris, at Deauville, Monte Carlo, or in the Swiss or Italian lakes, always a part of a glittering circle of celebrated American and European friends. <mask> was instrumental in forming and serving as the first president of the Paris Skating Club; among her intimate friends who shared in this Paris innovation was the Baroness Henri de Rothschild. Later life
As a result of the impasse between himself and Kaiser Wilhelm II which was created by his daughter Nancy's marriage to Karl von Croy, Leishman left Berlin and retired to private life in 1914. His wife Julia died in 1918 in Monte Carlo.He died on March 27, 1924 in Monte Carlo. They are buried in the Cimetière de Monaco. References

External links

1857 births
1924 deaths
American manufacturing businesspeople
Ambassadors of the United States to Switzerland
Ambassadors of the United States to the Ottoman Empire
Ambassadors of the United States to Germany
Ambassadors of the United States to Italy
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
19th-century American diplomats
20th-century American diplomats

masks:
John George Alexander Leishman
John George Alexander Leishman
John B
. Leishman
John Leish
Alexander Berkman
Leishman
Martha Leishman
George V
Leishman
John G
. Leishman
Julia Leishman


texts:
<mask>  (Irish: Seosamh Máire Pluincéid; 21 November 1887 – 4 May 1916) was an Irish nationalist, republican, poet, journalist, revolutionary and a leader of the 1916 Easter Rising. <mask> married Grace Gifford in 1916, seven hours before his execution. <mask> was born at 26 Upper Fitzwilliam Street in one of Dublin's most affluent districts. Both his parents came from wealthy backgrounds, and his father, <mask>, had been made a papal count. <mask> contracted tuberculosis (TB) at a young age and spent part of his youth in the warmer climates of the Mediterranean and North Africa. He spent time in Algiers where he studied Arabic literature and language and composed poetry in Arabic. He was educated at the Catholic University School (CUS) and by the Jesuits at Belvedere College in Dublin and later at Stonyhurst College, in Lancashire, England where he acquired some military knowledge from the Officers' Training Corps.Throughout his life, <mask> took an active interest in Irish heritage and the Irish language, and also studied Esperanto. <mask> was one of the founders of the Irish Esperanto League. He joined the Gaelic League and began studying with Thomas MacDonagh, with whom he formed a lifelong friendship. The two were both poets with an interest in theatre, and both were early members of the Irish Volunteers, joining their provisional committee. <mask>'s interest in Irish nationalism spread throughout his family, notably to his younger brothers George and John, as well as his father, who allowed his property in Kimmage, south Dublin, to be used as a training camp for young men who wished to escape conscription in Britain during the First World War. IRB involvement

Sometime in 1915, <mask> joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood and soon after was sent to Germany to meet with Roger Casement, who was negotiating with the German government on behalf of Ireland. Casement's role as emissary was self-appointed, and, as he was not a member of the IRB, that organisation's leadership wished to have one of their own contact Germany to negotiate German aid for an uprising the following year.He was seeking (but not limiting himself to) a shipment of arms. Casement, on the other hand, spent most of his energies recruiting Irish prisoners of war in Germany to form a brigade to fight instead for Ireland. Some nationalists in Ireland saw this as a fruitless endeavour and preferred to seek weapons. <mask> successfully got a promise of a German arms shipment to coincide with the Rising. According to Ernest Blythe, <mask>'s republicanism did not prevent him from suggesting, at a briefing of Irish Volunteer organisers in January 1915, that in certain circumstances it would be in Irish interests for a German Catholic prince to be crowned king of Ireland, nor did anyone present object. During the Easter Rising, <mask> and Patrick Pearse argued in a conversation with Desmond Fitzgerald that it would be beneficial for Prince Joachim of Prussia to be crowned king. Easter Rising
<mask> was one of the original members of the IRB Military Committee that was responsible for planning the Easter Rising, and it was largely his plan that was followed.Shortly before the rising was to begin, <mask> was hospitalised following a turn for the worse in his health. He had an operation on his neck glands (probably goiter) days before Easter and had to struggle out of bed to take part in what was to follow. Still bandaged, he took his place in the General Post Office with several other of the rising's leaders such as Patrick Pearse and Tom Clarke, though his health prevented him from being terribly active. His energetic aide de camp was Michael Collins. Marriage and execution
Following the surrender, <mask> was held in Kilmainham Gaol, and faced a court martial. Seven hours before his execution by firing squad at the age of 28, he was married in the prison chapel to his sweetheart Grace Gifford, a Protestant convert to Catholicism, whose sister, Muriel, had married his best friend Thomas MacDonagh, who was also executed for his role in the Easter Rising. Grace never married again.Aftermath

His brothers George Oliver <mask> and <mask> joined him in the Easter Rising and later became important IRA men. His father's cousin, <mask>, was a Protestant and unionist who sought to reconcile unionists and nationalists. <mask>'s home was burned down by the Anti-Treaty IRA during the Civil War. <mask> named his sister, Geraldine, literary executor of his will. She published a volume of his poetry a month after his execution in June 1916. The main railway station in Waterford City is named after him as was <mask> Tower in Ballymun which has since been demolished. Plunkett barracks in the Curragh Camp, County Kildare is also named after him.In popular culture
The Irish ballad "Grace", written by Seán and Frank O'Meara, is a monologue of <mask> expressing his love to Grace and his love for the cause of Irish independence in the small hours before his execution. The ballad has been notably covered by
Jim McCann. He is also mentioned in the Irish rebel song “Seán South of Garryowen”. His religious poem "I See His Blood upon the Rose" is well-known in Ireland. References

Further reading
 Augusteijn, Joost (ed. ), The Irish Revolution 1913-1923 (Basingstoke 2002)
 Boyce, George D., Nationalism in Ireland (London 1982)
 Kee, Robert, The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism (London 1972)
 Kelly, Matthew, The Fenian Ideal and Irish Nationalism 1882-1916 (Woodbridge 2006)
 Mansergh, Nicholas, The Unresolved Question: The Anglo-Irish Settlement and its Undoing (New Haven and London 1991)
 Martin, F.X. (ed.), Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916 (London 1967)
 Novick, Ben, Concerning Revolution: Irish Nationalist Propaganda during the First World War (Dublin 2001)
 O Brolchain, Honor, <mask> (Dublin 2012)
 <mask> Dillon, Geraldine (edited Honor O Brolchain): All in the Blood (A. & A. Farmar)
 Townshend, Charles, Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion (London 2005)

External links

Grace – By Seán and Frank O' Meara
The Poems of <mask> <mask> (1916)

1887 births
1916 deaths
20th-century poets
Executed participants in the Easter Rising
Executed writers
Irish Catholic poets
Irish Esperantists
Irish nationalists
Irish poets
Irish republicans
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
People educated at Belvedere College
People educated at Stonyhurst College
People from County Dublin
Signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic
People educated at Catholic University School

masks:
Joseph Mary Plunkett
Joseph Mary Plunkett
Background Plunkett
George Noble Plunkett
Plunkett
Joseph Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Joseph Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Jack Plunkett
Horace Plunkett
Horace Plunkett
Plunkett
Joseph Plunkett
Plunkett
Joseph Plunkett
Plunkett
Joseph Mary
Plunkett


texts:
<mask> (9 March 1911 – 10 May 1998) was a Lithuanian classical violin prodigy and a virtuoso performer of the theremin, an electronic musical instrument. She was the sister of pianist Nadia Reisenberg. Life and career

Early years

<mask> was born in Vilnius, then in the Russian Empire, to a family of Lithuanian Jews. She had two elder sisters, Anna and Nadia. Early in her childhood she emerged as a violin prodigy. At the age of four, she became the youngest ever student at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, where she studied under the prominent violinist Leopold Auer. After the October Revolution the family moved back to Vilnius, and then to Warsaw, before obtaining visas and leaving for the United States in 1921.In America, <mask> enrolled at the Curtis Institute of Music. As a teenager, tendinitis affected her bow arm, attributed to childhood malnutrition, and resulted in her giving up the violin. However, after meeting fellow immigrant Léon Theremin and being introduced to his electronic instrument, the theremin, she became its most prominent player. She performed widely and helped Theremin to refine his instrument. Career
<mask> made orchestral appearances in New York and Philadelphia and went on coast-to-coast tours with Paul Robeson, but it was not until 1977 that she released a commercial recording called The Art of the Theremin. The album, which was produced by Bob Moog and Shirleigh Moog, featured <mask>'s theremin playing with piano accompaniment by her sister Nadia. <mask>’s approach to theremin playing emphasized physical and emotional control.As she described it herself in an interview: "You must not only hit a note, but you must hit the center of it. You cannot register any of your internal emotion at all. You cannot shake your head, for instance, or sway back and forth on your feet. That would change your tone." Personal life and death
Although Léon Theremin had proposed to her once, she married attorney <mask>, and thereafter used his name professionally. They had no children. She died in New York City on May 10, 1998, aged 87.Although her health had been in rapid decline for almost a year, she declared her determination to live to see the birth of her great-grandniece, who was born just two days before her death. Contributions to the theremin
<mask>'s classical training gave her an advantage over the many other theremin performers of the time. The intonation control she acquired as a violinist and her innate absolute pitch were both helpful in playing the instrument. She had extremely precise, rapid control of her movements, important in playing an instrument that depends on the performer's motion and proximity rather than touch. She developed a unique technique for playing the instrument, including a fingering system that allowed her to perform accurately fast passages and large note leaps without the more familiar portamento, or glide, on theremin. She also discovered that she could achieve a steadier tone and control the vibrato by keeping the tips of her right-hand thumb and forefinger in contact. Developmental influence
<mask> saw limitations of the original instrument and helped to develop the theremin to fulfill her needs.Working together with Léon Theremin her suggestions and changes included increasing the sensitivity of the theremin's volume control to facilitate rapid staccato, lowering the profile of the instrument so the performer is more visible, increasing the sensitivity of the pitch antenna, and increasing range from three octaves to five. Public influence
By the time Rockmore was playing large scale public concerts, such as New York City's Town Hall in 1938, she was becoming increasingly known for impressing critics with her artistry of the theremin during a time in which much of the general public had come to rather negative conclusions of what was possible on the instrument. These performances with world class orchestras were also critical in establishing “electronic and experimental music as a viable art form in the public imagination.”

<mask> owned an RCA theremin given to her and substantially modified by Theremin. Through his modifications, the instrument's normal 5 to 5.5 octave playable range was expanded by 1.5 octaves. Theremin made several other customizations including improvements to tonal quality and its responsiveness to hand movements. The tubes are also customized and labeled in Theremin's own writing. This instrument was later restored by Robert Moog in October 1998; it can be viewed at the <mask>more exhibit in the Artist's Gallery of the Musical Instruments Museum in Phoenix, Arizona and is on long-term loan to the museum by Peter Sherman of the Reisenberg family.Albums
 The Art of the Theremin (1977)
 <mask>'s Lost Theremin Album (2006)
Music in and on the air. (2011) Romeo Records. Music and Memories: <mask> (2020) Romeo Records. Music and Memories: <mask> (Bonus Album) (2020) Romeo Records. Film and video

In popular culture
The Irish electropop band The Garland Cult included the song "<mask>more" on their 2007 album Protect Yourself from Hollywood. Sean Michaels' novel Us Conductors, the winner of the 2014 Scotiabank Giller Prize, is a fictionalized account of the relationship between <mask> and Léon Theremin. <mask> was the subject of a Google Doodle on March 9, 2016, which would have been her 105th birthday.In Bill & Ted Face the Music, Bill's daughter Thea compliments Ted's theremin playing at Missy's wedding, saying that it rivaled <mask>. Ted admits she was an inspiration for him. See also
Electronic musical instrument
Léon Theremin
Synthesizer

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 The Official Nadia Reisenberg Clara Rockmore Foundation Website
 The <mask> papers at Special Collections in Performing Arts at the University of Maryland
 In <mask>'s Words – An interview <mask> gave to Bob Moog in 1977. In <mask>’s Home – Her Last Years, and the Summer of 1997 – An essay, written by Steve J. Sherman, <mask>'s great-nephew and Nadia Reisenberg's grandson, providing an in-depth account of <mask>’s life during her last decade, up until her death in 1998. A MySpace page devoted to <mask>
 Nadia Reisenberg / Clara Rockmore Foundation
 Streamable NPR "All Songs Considered" show featuring 'Summertime' performed by <mask>
 <mask>. La diva del éter (Spanish bio by Audionautas)
 Clara Rockmore's Lost Theremin Album, notes on sources and production

1911 births
1998 deaths
20th-century American musicians
Lithuanian emigrants to the United States
Jewish musicians
Lithuanian electronic musicians
Lithuanian Jews
Musicians from New York City
People from Vilensky Uyezd
Musicians from Vilnius
Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni
Theremin players
Women in electronic music

masks:
Clara Reisenberg Rockmore
Clara Reisenberg
Rockmore
Rockmore
Rockmore
Rockmore
Robert Rockmore
Rockmore
Rockmore
Clara
Clara Rock
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rock
Rockmore
Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara
Clara Rockmore
Clara
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore


texts:
<mask>Buck<mask> (May 2, 1849 – October 12, 1901) was an Old West photographer who is regarded by some as an early photojournalist and who captured the only known images of Native Americans while still at war with the United States. He took many other pictures of life in the silver-mining boom town of Tombstone, Arizona and the surrounding region. He recognized the value of his photographs to illustrate periodicals of the day and took his camera to the scenes of important events where he deliberately recorded them and resold pictures to editors nationwide. He was an eyewitness on October 26, 1881 to the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, which took place outside his photography studio. He took pictures of a number of Tombstone residents including Tombstone founder <mask>lin, pioneer surgeon Dr. George E. Goodfellow, Wyatt Earp's wife Josephine, and others. He served as Cochise County Sheriff from 1895 to 1897.Most of his negatives were destroyed by two fires that burned his studio to the ground. His widow, photographer Mary E. "Mollie<mask>, donated his remaining images to the Smithsonian Museum before she died in 1925. His photographs are legendary and highly prized. Early life
His parents were originally from Andrew County, Missouri. Shortly after Camillus' birth, his family migrated to California, eventually settling in Napa County. He became a farmer and on September 29, 1879, he married Mary ("Mollie") (née McKie) Goodrich in San Francisco. Both were skillful photographers.She had previously been married to <mask>. Goodrich but divorced him after two years of marriage. They left California and arrived in the booming mining town of Tombstone, Arizona Territory in December 1879. Life in Tombstone

In Tombstone they immediately opened a temporary photography studio inside of a tent. In July, 1880, they completed construction on a 12-room boarding house at 312 Fremont Street in Tombstone that housed their photography studio and gallery in the back, called the "Fly Gallery". Mollie <mask> actively managed Fly's Gallery when her husband was away. She was one of the few female photographers of the era, taking pictures of anyone who could pay the studio price of 35 cents. It's unknown how they divided photographic duties between them, although all known photographs are attributed to him.<mask> had a brother Webster who was also a photographer. Webster lived with Buck and Mary from June 4 1880 through to at least June 1882. In June 1880, <mask> partnered with C. A. Halstead in a studio at the Harshaw mining camp near the Mexican border. Veteran journalist Thomas Gardiner, publisher of The Arizona Quarterly Illustrated, was seeking contributions and welcomed <mask>'s photographs. The premier July 1880 issue featured two of <mask>'s photographs as engravings. On October 26, 1881, the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral occurred in an alley adjacent to his studio and boarding house.During the shootout, Ike <mask> ran away from the gunfight, telling Wyatt Earp that he was unarmed, and hid in their studio. <mask>, armed with a Henry rifle, disarmed <mask> as he lay dying against the house next door. On November 6, 1894, <mask> was elected Cochise County sheriff, and served until January 1897. <mask> and Mollie temporarily raised a girl named Kitty, though it's not known whether she was adopted or was from another relationship. Mollie ran the boarding house and studio while her husband traveled around the region taking photographs. Pictures of Geronimo

In March, 1886, Department of Arizona General <mask> received word that the Apache leader Geronimo would meet him in Cañon de los Embudos, in the Sierra Madre Mountains about  from Fort Bowie. <mask> learned of the meeting and on March 20, 1886, took his equipment and attached himself to the military column.During the three days of negotiations, <mask> took about 15 exposures on 8 by 10 inch glass negatives. One of the pictures of Geronimo with two of his sons standing alongside was made at Geronimo's request. <mask>'s images are the only existing photographs of Geronimo's surrender. He coolly posed his subjects, asking them to move and turn their heads and faces, to improve his composition. John Bourke described how <mask> took the historic photographs:

The Mayor of Tucson, C. M<mask>, was present. He later wrote that:

Geronimo, who was camped on the Mexican side of the border, agreed to the surrender terms. A soldier who sold them whiskey said that his band would be murdered as soon as they crossed the border.Geronimo and 25 of his followers slipped away during the night, costing <mask> his command. Earthquake study

<mask> became a heavy drinker and Molly briefly left him in Tombstone in 1887, taking Kitty with her to Florence. On May 3, 1887, a large earthquake struck Bavispe in Sonora, Mexico, destroying most of the adobe houses in Bavispe and killing 42 of the town's 700 residents. Tombstone Dr. George E. Goodfellow was fascinated by the earth movement and studied the earthquake's effects. He obtained a commission from the U.S. government to travel to the earthquake area, and on his second trip in July 1887 he brought C.S. <mask> with him to help study and record the effects. They traveled over  through the Sierra Madre mountains recording observations, mostly on foot.Goodfellow used <mask>'s images of the effects of the earthquake, the damaged and ruined buildings, and survivors to illustrate his report. As the Tombstone mines played out or flooded, <mask> traveled to Fort Huachuca and Bisbee to take photographs of soldiers on their payday. On December 17, 1887 he toured Arizona with his camera and photographs. When the Tombstone economy further deteriorated, <mask> made extended trips to Bisbee and Phoenix where he operated temporary studios. The Tombstone Epitaph noted his departure: "Mr. C.S<mask>, the well known photographer, leaves today for Florence, Phoenix and other points in the Territory … During his absence, Mrs. <mask> also an accomplished photographic artist, will conduct the gallery in this city as usual."In November, 1893, they moved to Phoenix and opened a studio there. When the business failed, <mask> returned to Tombstone in 1894, and <mask> accepted the Democratic nomination for Sheriff. Role as photojournalist

More than a century before the idea of photojournalism was born, <mask> apparently recognized the value of his images as illustrations and furnished high-quality prints to editors of journals, magazines, and newspapers. He sent 16 of his photographs of Geronimo and his Apache band to the popular publication Harper's Weekly, which published six of them in their April 24, 1886 issue, giving <mask> nationwide exposure. His photos of Geronimo and the other free Apaches, taken on March 25 and 26th, are only the known photographs taken of an American Indian while still at war with the United States. Unlike most of his contemporaries, he wasn't content to remain in his portrait studio, and took his camera to the scenes of important events, where he deliberately recorded them as candidly as his limited technology allowed. <mask> capitalized on the popularity of the images and hired assistants to fill orders for 50 cents each, or $4.00 per dozen.<mask> gained national attention again in 1888 when Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper published four more of his images taken during his trip to Mexico with Goodfellow. In 1891, <mask>'s Sons of New York published On the Border with <mask> by Captain John G. Bourke, who had accompanied <mask> on the expedition. It included the image of Geronimo's warriors lined up on a hill, but using the new halftone process, the first time a <mask> photograph was printed using this technique. Though his drinking was becoming more and more heavy, he was elected as the Cochise County Sheriff in 1894 and served for two years. He chose not to run for Sheriff a second time in 1896. The town of Tombstone continued to suffer from a poor economy and he and Mollie relocated to the more prosperous industrial copper mining town of Bisbee. He produced pictures to illustrate the Copper King Mining Company's brochure in 1898.In 1900, the Arizona Graphic press printed Souvenir of Bisbee, the first tourist brochure for Bisbee, including pictures by <mask>. The first image was <mask>'s picture of miner George Warren, the "discoverer of the Copper Queen Mine." Famous photographs

Death

<mask> ran a ranch in the Chiricahua Mountains for a period. Though <mask> and his wife had been separated for years, she was at his bedside when he died at Bisbee on October 12, 1901. She made arrangements to have his body returned to Tombstone, where it was buried in the new Tombstone Cemetery. <mask>'s Peak, the second highest named summit of the Chiricahua Mountains, is named in his honor. <mask> continues business
<mask> continued to run the Tombstone gallery on her own after her husband's death and in 1905, she published a collection of her husband's Indian campaign photographs entitled Scenes in Geronimo's Camp: The Apache Outlaw and Murderer.<mask>, a young girl who the Flys cared for after her parents died, described Mollie as "about five feet of pure dignity, very plainly dressed, but in manner Queen Victoria had nothing on her." In 1912, the boarding house burned to the ground for the second time. A replica has since been built. The fire prompted Mary to retire and she moved to Los Angeles. Before she died, she donated her husband's collection of images to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. She died in 1925. In popular culture

His images are very collectible and command premium prices today. A cabinet card of the image "Geronimo, Son, and Two Braves" was auctioned by the Heritage Auction Galleries in Dallas, Texas for $10,157.50 in 2010.A 6-5/8" x 9-1/2" albumen print photograph of "Geronimo and his warriors", taken in 1886, sold at auction on April 14, 2014 for $1,375. C.S. Fly appears in Elmore Leonard's western novel Gunsights (1979). References

Further reading
 "Ask the Marshall" in True West Magazine January/February 2009 issue, page 94

External links
 Article on C.S. Fly by Kathy Weiser
 1886 Geronimo photos at the Library of Congress
 Legendsofamerica.com
 Library.umkc.edu

1849 births
1901 deaths
People from Andrew County, Missouri
People from Tombstone, Arizona
Lawmen of the American Old West
Chiricahua Mountains
Cochise County conflict
People of the American Old West
Arizona pioneers

masks:
Camillus "
" Sydney Fly
Ed Schieffe
" Fly
Samuel D
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Clanton
Fly
Billy Clanton
Fly
Fly
George Crook
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
. Strauss
Crook
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
. Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Charles Scribner
Crook
Crook
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Camillus
Fly
Molly Fly
Mary Fly
Coral Henry


texts:
Terrance Quinn (born July 15, 1952), known professionally as <mask>'Quinn, is an American actor. He played John Locke on the TV series Lost, the title role in The Stepfather and Stepfather II, and Peter Watts in Millennium, which ran for three seasons (1996–1999). He has also hosted Mysteries of the Missing on The Science Channel. Early life
O'Quinn was born at War Memorial Hospital in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, one of 11 siblings, and grew up in nearby Newberry, Michigan. He is of Irish descent, and was raised Catholic. He attended Central Michigan University in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, and the University of Iowa in Iowa City.He changed his surname from Quinn to O'Quinn as another registered actor already had the name Terrance Quinn. In the 1970s, he went to Baltimore to act in the Center Stage production of Tartuffe. He remained at Center Stage for some years and often appeared with the late Tana Hicken, most notably as Benedick to her Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing. His first movie role was in Heaven's Gate. Career
O'Quinn began acting in the 1970s during his time at Central Michigan University. He not only was an actor but also playwright/director. He wrote and directed the musical Orchestrina.This musical featured five main characters: The Man (played by Jeff Daniels), The Boy (Harold Downs), The Woman (Ann O'Donnell), The Girl (Debbie Penwarden), and The Drunk (James Hilliker), plus a female and a male chorus. He was roommates at CMU with actor Brad Slaight. Starting in 1980, O'Quinn has appeared in various feature films such as Silver Bullet, Tombstone, Heaven's Gate, Young Guns, alongside Rutger Hauer in Blind Fury, and as Howard Hughes in The Rocketeer. O'Quinn also appeared in the Canadian horror movie, Pin (1988) alongside British-born Canadian actor, David Hewlett. His early television roles include guest appearances on Miami Vice (episode "Give a Little, Take a Little"), Moonlighting, Star Trek: The Next Generation (episode "The Pegasus"), The Twilight Zone (1985 revival; episode "Chameleon"), Homicide: Life on the Street (episode "Hate Crimes"), a recurring role on Earth 2, another recurring role as Captain (later Rear Admiral) Thomas Boone on JAG, as well as Colonel Will Ryan in episode 15 of season 1 on the JAG spin-off series NCIS (episode "Enigma"). Around 1995, O'Quinn made guest appearances in The X-Files and Harsh Realm, produced by Chris Carter, who also cast him in the film The X-Files: Fight The Future and then once again in the final season. In 1996 O'Quinn started acting in the television series Millennium as Peter Watts, also produced by Chris Carter.O'Quinn held this role for all three seasons of the series. O'Quinn holds the distinction of having played four different characters within the extended X-Files/Millennium continuum (the two shows being classed together since both Lance Henriksen's character of Frank Black and Charles Nelson Reilly's character of Jose Chung have appeared in both shows). The Stepfather films

O'Quinn made his breakthrough by starring as the title character in The Stepfather, a deranged serial killer going by the name "Jerry Blake" (his character's real name and identity are never revealed), who is obsessed with having an ideal family. When a widowed mother and daughter do not comport with his expectations, he spirals into a spell of madness and attempts to brutally murder them. O'Quinn was praised by critics, including Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun-Times, who commented, "The Stepfather has one wonderful element: <mask>'Quinn's performance." Ebert wrote, "He is a journeyman actor from TV and many movies, usually in supporting roles, and you may or may not recognize him. What's clear at once is that he is a strong actor, and given this leading role he brings all kinds of creepy dimensions to it.He has the thankless assignment of showing us a completely hateful, repellent character – and he approaches the task as an exercise in cloying middle-class good manners." O'Quinn was nominated for both a Saturn Award and an Independent Spirit Award for his performance. A sequel, Stepfather II, was released two years later, in which his character escapes from an insane asylum. It grossed almost a million dollars less at the box office. Not impressed with the second movie, O'Quinn declined to appear in the third installment, in which the stepfather character was portrayed by Robert Wightman. O'Quinn was approached by director of the 2009 reboot of The Stepfather, Nelson McCormick, to make a cameo appearance in the film, but according to the producers O'Quinn turned down the offer. Lost

After a string of recurring appearances on Alias (2002–2003), as the FBI Director Kendall, O'Quinn became a favorite of television producer J.J. Abrams.Following a seven-episode guest run on The West Wing in 2003–2004, O'Quinn received a call from Abrams indicating that the producer wanted to cast him in his new television drama Lost without any audition. In 2005 O'Quinn received an Emmy nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama for his work as John Locke on the series Lost. O'Quinn admitted on the TV Guide Channel that he did not have much faith in Lost at first, calling it "The Mysterious Gilligan's Island of Dr. Moreau". The show, however, became one of the most popular on television, and on September 16, 2007, he won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Drama Series for his role, and was nominated again for an Emmy for the role in 2010, which he did not win. In a TV.com interview O'Quinn commented that the reason he felt comfortable playing this character is because he's a bit like him. 2010–present
O'Quinn has made a number of television appearances since Lost. From 2012–2013, O'Quinn starred in the short-lived series 666 Park Avenue as Gavin Doran.In 2012, he appeared in the second season of Falling Skies. Additionally, O’Quinn starred for two seasons in Amazon Studios' Patriot. In 2016, it was announced that O'Quinn would be joining the second season of Secret and Lies. In 2019, O'Quinn starred in the only season of Perpetual Grace, LTD on Epix. In February 2021, it was announced that O'Quinn was cast as Martin Queller in the upcoming Netflix thriller series Pieces of Her, which is adapted from the Karin Slaughter novel of the same name. Volunteer work
<mask> joined the Cameo platform shortly after its launch in 2017. He has since been creating videos for fans and donating all of the proceeds to the Virginia Beach SPCA.<mask> has raised thousands of dollars on Cameo, and continues to create videos weekly. Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
People from Reistertown, Maryland
People from Newberry, Michigan
People from Mount Pleasant, Michigan
People from Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
American people of Irish descent
Male actors from Michigan
American male film actors
American male television actors
Central Michigan University alumni
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
University of Iowa alumni
Catholics from Michigan
Catholics from Maryland

masks:
Terry O
Terry O
Terry
Terry


texts:
<mask> (, 1908 – 14 October 1976) was a leftist Jordanian political figure who served as the 12th Prime Minister of Jordan in 1956–57. In October 1956 during the 1956 elections, the National Socialist Party headed by <mask> won a plurality of 16 out of 40 seats in the Jordanian House of Representatives. Subsequently, King Hussein asked him to form a government; it was the first elected government in Jordan's history. <mask>'s government was short-lived. His policies as Prime Minister frequently clashed with that of King Hussein's. <mask> wanted Jordan to move closer to Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser, but Hussein wanted it to stay in the Western camp. Disagreements between the monarchy and the leftist government culminated  after <mask> provided Hussein with an expanded list of officers in the army he wanted to dismiss.<mask> was forced to resign in April 1957, following an alleged coup attempt against Hussein. Early life
<mask> was born in Salt, Jordan in 1908, during the Ottoman period. The ancestors of the Nabulsi family were Arabs from central Syria who originally served as members of the elite Ottoman sipahi units that were sent on a 1657 expedition to bring Jabal Nablus under centralized Ottoman rule. The family soon became part of the merchant class in Nablus, hence their name Nabulsi ("from Nablus"). <mask> <mask> graduated from the American University of Beirut with a degree in law and social studies in the early 1930s. Afterward, he briefly served as a teacher in Karak where he generated a "feeling of Arab brotherhood," leading the first demonstration in the city condemning the Balfour Declaration. As a result, the British authorities in the country immediately transferred him to a secondary school in his hometown of Salt.He moved to Amman in 1932. He later joined the civil service and eventually became the director of the state-owned Agricultural Bank, a post he held until 1946. In 1945, British authorities accused him of agitating in Jerusalem against a concession to a Jewish company. Upon his return to Jordan, he was arrested at the Allenby Bridge, then forcibly moved to Shoubak in southern Jordan. Political career

In 1947, <mask> served as Minister of Finance, then again from 1950 to 1951. He was jailed for nine months in the Amman Prison for writing an article condemning the 1948 Anglo-Jordanian treaty. However, like most politicians of the time, his opposition activities did not hinder his political career.When he entered into the government as finance minister in 1950, King Abdullah bestowed him on the title of "Pasha." In 1953, he was appointed Jordan's ambassador to Britain until 1954 when he returned to Amman from London. His experience there turned him into a staunch Arab nationalist and anti-Zionist. His nationalism had alienated him from King Hussein who had him exiled from the capital Amman to a provincial town. At this time, he founded the National Socialist Party (NSP) and was elected its leader. He soon became known by many of his supporters as Za'im al-Watani ("The Nationalist Leader"). In July 1956, <mask> gave a speech commending Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser for nationalizing the Suez Canal and stressing the importance of Nasser's leadership of the Arab world.<mask> entered his party into an electoral alliance with the Jordanian Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party and Jordanian Communist Party to form the National Front (NF) which called for freeing Jordan of foreign influence, political, economic, and military cooperation with Arab nationalist states, and aiding other Arab states with their fight against imperialism. They failed in their attempt to gain a majority in the 40-member Jordanian parliament, allegedly due to poll rigging by King Hussein's allies. However, they did win twelve seats, making it the largest bloc, and as leader of the NF, <mask> managed to prevent Jordan from entering the Central Treaty Organization (Baghdad Pact) alliance in 1955, then succeeded in getting Hussein to dissolve the parliament. Prime Minister of Jordan

In the October 1956 parliamentary elections, the NF won 16 seats and <mask> was asked by Hussein to form a government. Thus, he became prime minister and as one of his first measures, he merged the Arab Legion with the Palestinian-dominated National Guard, creating a 35,000-strong Jordanian Army. Two days after his ascension to government, Egypt was invaded by a tripartite alliance consisting of Britain, France, and Israel. While an enraged King Hussein favored militarily assisting Egypt, <mask> called for a delay to wait for the results of the invasion.Eventually, Hussein agreed not to help militarily. <mask> also decided to establish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and allowed the Communist Party to publish a weekly newspaper. However, on 2 February 1957, the king warned against this in a speech directed to <mask>, saying "We want this country to be inaccessible to Communist propaganda and Bolshevik theories." Heeding to Hussein's request, <mask> ordered the Communist Party organ to be banned. <mask> was known to be an admirer of Nasser, and so called for Jordan to join an Arab federation with Egypt and Syria thereby reducing King Hussein to a figurehead. Relations between the cabinet and the king were further strained when Hussein dispatched personal envoys to Cairo, Damascus, and Jeddah in March 1957 with messages not vetted by the government. In response, <mask> presented the king with formal requests to retire senior public servants, threatening his cabinet would resign and take to the streets if the requests were refused.Hussein initially appealed, but after <mask> prepared a new list, Hussein sent him a letter warning him that he would be dismissed. On 8 April, an army brigade commanded by Nader Rashid, an Arab nationalist officer, departed from its garrison in Zarqa — under orders from the nationalist chief of staff, Ali Abu Nuwar, and without authorization from Hussein — and positioned itself to control the access road to the capital Amman. Upon hearing of the brigade's movements, Hussein ordered they retreat back to their base, to which they complied. Hussein viewed Nuwar and Rashid's actions as part of a conspiracy to topple him and enter a union with the United Arab Republic. Two days later, <mask> was pressured to hand in his resignation by senior royalist officials, which he did. On April 15, a new cabinet was formed by Fakhri al-Khalidi and <mask> was given the post of foreign minister. Tensions between Arab nationalist and royalist officers began to increase as did public unrest, with nationalists and leftists demanding the reinstatement of <mask> as Prime Minister and royalists and Islamists backing Hussein.On 22 April, <mask> attended the Patriotic Congress in Nablus, which brought together opponents of the monarchy. The conference called for a federation with the United Arab Republic, the establishment of a 16-member presidential council, a purge of "traitors and conspiratorial (sic elements)" and a general strike to pressure Hussein. Upon pressure from the army, under complete control of the royalists after Abu Nuwar's exile by Hussein a few days prior, <mask> handed in his resignation for a second time on 23 April. Mass protests in the West Bank and Amman ensued the next day demanding his return. Hussein declared martial law on 25 April; all political parties were banned and <mask> was put under house arrest without being charged. He was pardoned by Hussein and released on 13 August 1961. In 1968, the National Gathering party was formed in Jordan with <mask> as its leader.It included the members of banned political parties. On 28 April 1968, <mask> headed the Jordanian parliamentary delegation to Arab Parliament Conference in Cairo. See also
 Politics of Jordan
 <mask> <mask>'s cabinet

References

External links
 Prime Ministry of Jordan website

Bibliography

1908 births
1976 deaths
People from Al-Salt
Prime Ministers of Jordan
American University of Beirut alumni
Ambassadors of Jordan to the United Kingdom
Government ministers of Jordan
Finance ministers of Jordan
Economy ministers of Jordan
Foreign ministers of Jordan
Transport ministers of Jordan
Jordanian Arab nationalists
20th-century economists

masks:
Suleiman Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Suleiman
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Nabulsi
Suleiman
Nabulsi


texts:
<mask>, later <mask> (1 April 1881 – 6 January 1951) was a German journalist, politician, and interior minister of the Weimar Republic. In 1919, he was on the staff of the German delegation that was to receive the Treaty of Versailles. In 1933, he emigrated and eventually moved to the United States where he became an advocate for the peaceful resolution of conflicts. Life

Early life in the German Empire
<mask> was born on 2 April 1881 in , Saxe-Meiningen (today a part of Sonneberg, Thuringia). His father was <mask>, a brewer and farmer in Oberlind and after 1889 tenant of the Ratskeller at Coburg. His mother was Christiane Sollmann, inn keeper. After the move to Coburg, <mask> attended the Casimirianum gymnasium from 1891 to 1897, when he had to leave due to the family's financial difficulties.That year, his family moved to Cologne. There, he began work as an apprentice (kaufmännische Lehre). From 1901-11 he worked as a Handlungsgehilfe whilst attending night school at the Handelshochschule Köln. Originally rooted in Lutheran Christianity, he was a member of the Internationaler Guttempler-Orden and the CVJM. However, in 1902 he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and in 1907 co-founded the Workers' Youth at Cologne. He was also active in the temperance movement and was chairman of the Arbeiter-Abstinenzbewegung (workers' temperance movement, 1906–10). He was also a member of the Angestelltengwerkschaft (white-collar workers' union).In 1906, Sollmann married Anna Katharina (Käthe, Kate) née Grümmer (born 1883, died before 1975). They had one daughter, Elfriede (1912–97). In 1908, Sollmann became a Freidenker. In 1911, Sollmann became editor of the socialdemocratic newspaper Fränkischer Volksfreund at Würzburg, but soon returned to Cologne where he became editor (1912) and later editor-in-chief (1920–33) of the Rheinische Zeitung. During World War I, Sollmann was the chairman of the socialdemocratic union (Verein) of Cologne. German Revolution and Weimar Republic
During the German Revolution of 1918 he played a key role in the formed Workers' and soldiers' council of Cologne. From 1918-24, Sollmann was a member of the Cologne municipal parliament (Stadtverordneter).In 1919, he was elected to the Weimar National Assembly and held his seat until the new elections to the Reichstag in 1920. Working closely with Konrad Adenauer, whom he later described as "a personal friend and political enemy", Sollmann helped turn the Handelshochschule into the University of Cologne in 1919. He rejected an honorific doctorate in 1919 (and again in 1928) for personal reasons. In 1919, Sollmann also was a staff member of the German delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in Versailles, where he served as an expert on problems of the Rheinland occupation. He was a member of the Reichstag from 1920 until 1933. In 1921, he initiated the establishment of the Sozialdemokratischer Parlamentsdienst (after 1924: Sozialdemokratischer Pressedienst), a political news service. From 13 August 1923 until his resignation on 3 November, he served as Reichsminister des Innern (Reich Minister of the Interior) in the cabinets of Gustav Stresemann.In parliament, he served as a member of the Committee for Foreign Affairs, and as an expert on disarmament and adult education. Germany 1933 and emigration
In 1933, he was elected to the executive board of the SPD and as such persecuted by the Nazis after the Machtergreifung. On 9 March, he was taken into Schutzhaft ("protective custody") and tortured. After being released, he fled in May via Luxembourg to the occupied Saar. There he briefly worked as the editor-in-chief of the socialdemocratic Volskstimme. After the referendum he returned to Luxembourg, in 1936 went on to the United Kingdom and in 1937 emigrated to the United States. In America
In the U.S., Sollmann worked as a writer, speaker, radio announcer and faculty member (1937–1950) of the Pendle Hill Quaker Center for Study and Contemplation, a Quaker study center located in Wallingford, Pennsylvania.In the next years, Sollmann travelled through most of the United States, giving lectures on world affairs. He became a visiting professor of international affairs at Haverford, Bard, and Reed Colleges. Having lost his German citizenship in 1936, in 1943 he was naturalized and changed his name to William Frederick <mask>. That year, he also became a Quaker. A member of the SPD's right wing, in exile he was one of the leading proponents of the volkssozialistische Richtung within the party. At the request of the American Friends Service Committee, a Quaker organization, Sollmann briefly visited occupied Germany in 1948, where he held speeches and radio addresses. On another visit the following year he served as visiting professor at the University of Cologne.In 1949/50, the U.S. government consulted him on setting up a new German Civil Liberties Union (Bund für Bürgerrechte) and he worked for the Allied High Commission, but he had to return to the United States due to the onset of illness. During his visits, he met with politicians like Adenauer and Kurt Schumacher and also was Adenauer's guest of honour at the inaugural meeting of the Deutscher Bundestag. Sollmann was co-founder of the Carl Schurz-Gesellschaft, member of the Verbands deutscher Journalisten im Ausland and of the Legion for American Unity. On 6 January 1951, Sollmann died in Mount Carmel, Connecticut. A street in Cologne is named after him. Works
 "Zum Ausbau unserer sozialistischen Jugendbewegung", in: Die Neue Zeit, Wochenschrift der deutschen Sozialdemokratie, 1911
 Der Kölner Polizeiprozeß vom 7. – 17.1. 758–65
 Religion and Politics, 1941
 German Labour, Hitler's Nemesis, in: Peace Aim Leaflets 1, 1943
 Educational Reconstruction in Germany, in: Schoolmen's Week Proceedings, 1944
 Zwischen Krieg und Frieden, 1948

References

External links
 <mask>n papers at the Swarthmore College Peace Collection

1881 births
1951 deaths
People from Sonneberg
People from Saxe-Meiningen
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Interior ministers of Germany
Members of the Weimar National Assembly
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Bard College faculty

masks:
Friedrich Wilhelm Sollmann
William Frederick Sollmann
Wilhelm Sollmann
Johan Jakob Sollmann
Wilhelm
Sollmann
Wilhelm Sollman


texts:
<mask>Duck<mask> (born July 28, 1947) is an American blues musician and proprietor of the Blue Front Cafe on the Mississippi Blues Trail, the oldest surviving juke joint in Mississippi. <mask> is known as the last of the Bentonia bluesmen, as he is the last blues musician to play the Bentonia School. Like Skip James and Jack Owens and other blues musicians from Bentonia, Mississippi, <mask> learned to play the blues from Henry Stuckey, the originator of the Bentonia blues. <mask>' music is based in the Bentonia tuning utilizing open E-minor, open D-minor and a down tuned variant, and is noted for its haunting, ethereal, rhythmic and hypnotic qualities. His eighth album, It Is What It Is, on Blue Front Records has been praised by fans and music critics who have called it:  "addictive" and "obsession worthy," and "as gritty, stark and raw as one could imagine" and "absolutely hypnotic," and "an essential modern recording." Early life
<mask> was born in Yazoo County, Mississippi, United States, to Carey and <mask> at their home in Bentonia, Mississippi. <mask>' parents were sharecroppers, who opened the Blue Front Cafe in 1948, the year after he was born.They had ten children, but also raised four grandchildren when one of their daughters died. <mask> took over the Blue Front Cafe when his father died in 1970. Music and musical influences
<mask>' was first taught how to play the Bentonia School by Henry Stuckey, the man who created the unique style of blues after he returned to Bentonia, Mississippi after World War I.  Stuckey moved next door to <mask> and the young <mask> would hear Stuckey playing on his front porch. Around 1957, <mask> picked up Stuckey's guitar and started to learn. <mask> bought <mask> his first guitar, a yellow and black plastic toy guitar for Christmas. While <mask> would occasionally play with an uncle's electric guitar when he visited his uncle in New York City in the 1960s, it was not until the 1970s that <mask> bought his first guitar, a small acoustic guitar from Radio Shack. That original guitar is on permanent display at the Delta Blues Museum in Clarksdale, Mississippi.During the 1970s, Bentonia blues musicians, Jack Owens, Cornelius Bright, Tommy West, Adam Slater, Dodd Stuckey (Henry Stuckey's brother), and Jacob Stuckey, (Henry Stuckey's cousin), came to the Blue Front Cafe to play. Slater, Bright and West initially started to teach <mask> how to play, but it took the arrival of Jack Owens at the Blue Front Cafe on a regular basis in the 1980s, before <mask> fully grasped the style. Owens came to the Blue Front several times a week and <mask> sat outside with him and learned how to play such songs as "Hard Times Killing Floor Blues", "Devil Got My Woman", "Cherry Ball", and "Catfish." At the same time, Tommy West, a Hill country blues musician was also teaching <mask> how to play in that idiom. <mask> eventually incorporated some of the techniques he learned from  West into his own playing, including using the low E string for a droning bass line. <mask>' music is based in the Bentonia tuning utilizing open E-minor, open D-minor and a down tuned variant,  Acknowledging that he writes neither music nor lyrics and does not read music, <mask> says, ""I mean, I guess it's a divine thing. I don't know."Professional career
<mask> was initially recorded by several people in the late 1970s and early 1980s, including Alan Lomax and David Evans. The earliest known released recording of <mask> was "Devil's Blues" that he recorded with Cornelius Bright for Evans. It appeared in 1991 on a Wolf Records compilation album, Giants of the Country Blues Guitar - Vol. 2. In the 1980s, <mask> began performing at the Bentonia Blues Festival that <mask> and his mother, <mask>, started in 1972 as a community event that grew into one of the longest running blues festivals in the country. <mask> also started playing other blues festivals across Mississippi, the United States, Europe and South America including the Chicago Blues Festival, Waterfront Blues Festival, Mississippi Valley Blues Festival, Muddy Roots Music Festival, Briggs Farm Blues Festival, amongst others. In 2003, <mask> recorded his first album over the course of three days at the Pluto Plantation for Shade Tree Records.It was a blues label started by Peter Lee, although the company folded before it ever released the recordings. Then in October 2005, Jeff Konkel visited the Blue Front Cafe and returned on November 17, 2005, to record <mask>. Those recordings were released in 2006 as Back to Bentonia on CD as <mask>'s debut release and the first release by Broke and Hungry Records. The album featured some traditional Bentonia Blues songs as well as original compositions. <mask> was awarded two Living Blues Awards for Back to Bentonia, including Best Debut Blues Album and Best Acoustic Blues Album. Konkel was awarded Producer of the Year for 2006. In 2007, Broke and Hungry Records released <mask>' second CD entitled, Done Got Tired of Tryin' .The CD received additional critical acclaim and was named one of the top 10 Blues Albums of 2007 by WXPN, World Cafe and was nominated for a Blues Music Award. In 2008, Fat Possum Records released Gonna Get Old Someday consisting of those original tracks <mask> recorded in 2003 for Shade Tree Records. In 2010, Broke and Hungry Records released <mask>' fourth album, Ain't It Lonesome. Reception

Since <mask> started his recording career, he has appeared in documentaries, television programs and radio programs. In 2008, <mask> and the Blue Front Cafe were featured in the documentary M for Mississippi produced by Konkel and Roger Stolle. On October 22, 2012, <mask> appeared with Terry "Harmonica" Bean at World Cafe Live on WXPN as part of the Mississippi Blues Project. He appeared in the 2015 documentary film I Am the Blues.His 2019 recording, Cypress Grove, was chosen as a 'Favorite Blues Album' by AllMusic. On November 24, 2020, The Recording Academy nominated Cypress Grove for the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards presentation on March 14, 2021. <mask>' music is noted for its haunting, ethereal, rhythmic and hypnotic qualities. His eighth album, It Is What It Is, on Blue Front Records has been praised by fans and music critics who have called it:  "addictive" and "obsession worthy," "as gritty, stark and raw as one could imagine" and "absolutely hypnotic," and "an essential modern recording." Albums
Back to Bentonia, 2006
Done Got Tired of Tryin’, 2007
Gonna Get Old Someday, 2008
Ain't It Lonesome, 2009
All Night Long, 2013
Twice As Hard, 2014
Live at Briggs Farm Blues Festival, 2015
It Is What It Is, 2016
Cypress Grove, 2019

References

External links

1947 births
Living people
Delta blues musicians
Country blues musicians
Place of birth missing (living people)
American blues singers
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
People from Bentonia, Mississippi
20th-century American guitarists
African-American guitarists
20th-century African-American male singers
21st-century African-American male singers

masks:
Jimmy "
" Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Jimmy Charles Holmes
Mary Holmes
Holmes
Jimmy Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Carey Holmes
Jimmy
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Mary Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes


texts:
<mask> (born 9 January 1965) is a former Australian rules football player and American football punter in the National Football League. As an Australian rules footballer, he played for East Fremantle in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) between 1982 and 1987 and then in the Australian Football League (AFL) for the West Coast Eagles and the Melbourne Football Club. He was most successful at Melbourne, where he was named as one of the club's 150 Heroes of the last 150 years, kicking 208 goals from just 74 games for the club. As an American football player, following a three-club career in the National Football League he is regarded as one of the greatest players of the 1990s and a member of the NFL 1990s All-Decade Team. This combination made him notable as arguably the most successful of the Australian sportsmen linked to professional American Football in history. Australian rules football career
<mask> grew up in Perth, Western Australia where he began playing Australian rules football, first playing senior football with East Fremantle in the West Australian Football League. His career with the Sharks was severely affected by injuries to his knee, which kept him out for over a season during 1985 and 1986 – in the interim denying him a WAFL premiership.However, training with former star Harry Neesham allowed <mask> to be fit for the 1986 finals, and in the second semi he became the first player ever to score ten goals in a WA(N)FL final. As a consequence of his devastating late-1986 form, which included eleven goals in the last round against Claremont as well as his second semi effort, <mask> was recruited to be a member of the West Coast Eagles' inaugural squad in 1987. A serious knee injury curtailed his career with the Eagles after four games. Released by the Eagles, at the end of the 1988 season, he was drafted by the Melbourne Demons with the 13th selection in the 1988 VFL Draft. In both 1989 (34 goals) and 1990 (87 goals) <mask> led the Demons' goal kicking. <mask> was known for kicking long goals, torpedo punts and taking strong marks. <mask> was regarded as one of Melbourne's finest players in the early 1990s.But injuries caught up with him, and he played just two games in 1993. After the season, <mask> quietly retired from the Australian Football League, having totaled 78 games and 215 goals. <mask> participated in an exhibition match at SkyDome in Toronto in 1989; it is believed that he was first exposed to American football during that trip. Statistics

|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1987
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 19 || 4 || 7 || 5 || 24 || 0 || 24 || 17 || 1 || 1.8 || 1.3 || 6.0 || 0.0 || 6.0 || 4.3 || 0.3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1988
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 19 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1989
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 19 || 13 || 34 || 30 || 90 || 27 || 117 || 69 || 6 || 2.6 || 2.3 || 6.9 || 2.1 || 9.0 || 5.3 || 0.5
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1990
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 19 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 201 || 31 || 232 || 135 || 8 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 8.7 || 1.3 || 10.1 || 5.9 || 0.3
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1991
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 19 || 22 || 55 || 37 || 177 || 46 || 223 || 132 || 2 || 2.5 || 1.7 || 8.0 || 2.1 || 10.1 || 6.0 || 0.1
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1992
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 19 || 14 || 28 || 23 || 76 || 13 || 89 || 54 || 7 || 2.0 || 1.6 || 5.4 || 0.9 || 6.4 || 3.9 || 0.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1993
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 19 || 2 || 4 || 3 || 12 || 2 || 14 || 8 || 0 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 6.0 || 1.0 || 7.0 || 4.0 || 0.0
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 78
! 215
!152
! 580
! 119
! 699
! 415
! 24
! 2.8
!1.9
! 7.4
! 1.5
! 9.0
! 5.3
! 0.3
|}

NFL career
He married in 1993 and went on his honeymoon to California, where he contacted the coaching staff of the San Diego Chargers and asked for a tryout. He wound up impressing the Chargers sufficiently that he was placed on the team's practice squad for the 1994 season.During the spring of 1995, the Chargers sent him to the Amsterdam Admirals of NFL Europe, where he led the league in net punting average and earned all-league honours. That fall, he became the Chargers' regular punter. In his rookie season, he finished second in the NFL in punting average and made the AFC Pro Bowl team. He went on to establish himself as arguably the best punter in the NFL for the rest of the 1990s. Despite playing in the league for only half of that decade, he was named as the punter on the NFL's All-Decade Team for the 1990s. On 7 August 1999 <mask> returned home with his adoptive sport and took part in Australia's first American Bowl in Sydney's brand new Stadium Australia versus the Denver Broncos. <mask> was named to another Pro Bowl team in 2000, and continued to be one of the league's leading punters well into the 21st century.Going into the 2004 season, he had averaged 43.8 yards per punt, averaged 27 punts per season inside the 20-yard-line, and had only three blocked punts in his career (one of which happened when the Chargers had only 10 men on the field). As a former Aussie rules player, and considerably larger than most specialist kickers in American football (6'5"/1.96 m, 235 lb/106.5 kg), he did not shy away from physical contact on special teams. This willingness to hit, rare among kickers, was never more evident than when he knocked an opposing punt returner out cold in his rookie season. In 2004, after 144 games for the Chargers, he signed as a free agent with the Minnesota Vikings, where he spent one season until being injured in pre-season and then cut in September 2005. However, he was recalled by the team in December 2005, after starting punter Chris Kluwe (who had replaced him on the Vikings squad) was injured; <mask> was signed to a temporary contract. He played one game before being released by the Vikings, having made what was likely his final NFL appearance after 15 Vikings games and a total of 159 NFL games. <mask> is also credited for the introduction into the NFL of the "Aussie Rules kick" or "Drop punt" as it is known in Australia.The technique was instrumental in the advancement of Australians into the NFL, and currently half of the punters in the NFL make use of the Aussie Rules punt in pooch-punt situations. <mask> was named to the San Diego Chargers 50th Anniversary Team in 2009. He was inducted into the San Diego Chargers Hall of Fame in 2012, the first time the Chargers allowed fans to decide the newest member. Personal
<mask> and his wife Rosemary reside in San Diego and became US citizens in 2010. They have two sons, one of whom suffers from Duchenne muscular dystrophy; <mask> is deeply involved with charities associated with that disease. <mask> coaches high school kickers and punters in San Diego and mentors High School, NCAA and NFL players. References

External links

Official Minnesota Vikings profile
<mask>'s personal website
DemonWiki profile

1965 births
Living people
Australian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
People from Fremantle
American football punters
Melbourne Football Club players
West Coast Eagles players
Amsterdam Admirals players
San Diego Chargers players
East Fremantle Football Club players
Minnesota Vikings players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Australian players of American football
People educated at Applecross Senior High School
Footballers who switched code
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Sportspeople from Sydney
Australian rules football players that played in the NFL

masks:
Darren Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Darren Bennett


texts:
<mask> (July 25, 1937 – September 29, 2017) was a Belarusian composer, Honored Artist of Belorussian SSR (1975), laureate of the State Prize of BSSR (1980), National Artist of the Republic of Belarus (1987), laureate of the Order of Francysk Skaryna (2013), professor. <mask> was the father of Victor Smolski, guitarist of the German sympho metal band Almanac. Early life
<mask> was born on July 25, 1937, in Minsk in the family of a famous Belarusian musicologist Bronislaw Smolski. A musical environment surrounded him from early childhood contributed to an early demonstration of his musical talent (the first musical publication of the young composer refers to the age of 12). At the age of seven, <mask> began regular music lessons (violin), first in the Moscow Central Music School and then at the Music School of Belarusian State Conservatory, where he also started to learn composition under the leadership of a famous Belarusian composer Evgeniy Tikotski. In 1955, Smolski entered the Moscow Conservatory to the class of prof. Yuri Shaporin, but a year later he had to return to Minsk for health reasons. D. Smolski graduated from the Belarusian State Conservatory, where he studied in the composition class of prof. A. Bogatyrev (1960), followed by post-graduate studies in Moscow Conservatory under the guidance of prof. Nikolay Peyko (1967).Career
From 1962 till 2014 D. Smolski taught composition at the Belarusian State Academy of Music. The main facts of the biography of <mask> were illustrated in the Belarusian film "10 Revelations of <mask> Smolski" (author T. Dubkova). Creative path
Creative path of <mask>ki which began in the late 1950s is the brightest page in the history of modern music. He is one of those composers who created a completely new trend in the Belarusian music of the late 1960s – early 1970s and demonstrated a fundamentally new attitude to the art of composing. Brilliant talent and mastery in modern composing techniques (D. Smolski had a lively interest in European avant-garde of the 1960s) became the basis of a rare form of perfection in all his works. The unique author's nature of composing allows listeners and connoisseurs to talk about an outstanding “Smolski’s tone”. <mask> was not afraid to enter into a confrontation with the generally accepted semi-official style prevailing in the Belarusian art at that time.He created the original symphony "Oktofoniya" (1967) and chamber oratorio "Song of Hiroshima" on the poems by Japanese poets (1965). Both artworks were written in the serial technique. In those years Smolski often used elements of avant-garde style in his chamber music. We can’t help mentioning his great works with elements of humor (Concertino for violin, Variations for wind instruments and percussion). In the later works, this gentle humor turned into sarcasm with elements of tragic farce (Variations with the Belarusian mentality, 15th Symphony, parts of other symphonies, etc.). The main theme of Smolski’s works has always been philosophical understanding of human life and destiny in a totalitarian society, the depth of psychological state of the person in dramatic situations. Each of his 15 symphonies reflects dramatic, tragic or sarcastic aspects of the complex individual experiences in the interaction with aggression or indifference of the world.<mask> not only created his majestic symphonies but also enriched Belarusian musical history with his operas "Hoary Legend" (based on the novel by V. Karatkevich) and "Francis Skaryna"; monumental oratorios "My Motherland" (based on poems of Belarusian poets) and "Poet" (based on the work and life of famous Belarusian poet Yanka Kupala); instrumental concerts (for piano, violin, cello, cymbals); chamber instrumental and vocal compositions. Smolski’s music was played successfully in many countries (Germany, France, Italy, Russia, South Korea, USA, etc.). The CD with the recordings of his symphonies released by the British "Olympia" was the best on the CD Contest in the USA in 1992. <mask> was also a wonderful teacher. He worked in the Belarusian State Conservatory (now the Belarusian State Academy of Music) more than a half of the century. During that time he has taught several generations of famous composers, winners of national awards, associated professors - in short, those people whose works create the face of modern Belarusian music. <mask> died on September 29, 2017.Awards and ranks
Belarusian Lenin Komsomol Prize (1972)
Honored Artist of Belarus (1975)
State Prize of the Republic of Belarus (1980)
Professor (1986)
National Artist of the Republic of Belarus (1987)
Special Prize of the President of the Republic of Belarus (2003)
Cup "Pride of the Nation" (2012)
Order of Francysk Skaryna (2013)

Works
Stage works:

Operas: "Hoary Legend" (1978); "Francis Skaryna" (1988); concert opera "Apalon-zakanadautsa" based on Vardotsky’s opera (1991). Symphonic works:

Symphony №1 (1962), Oktofoniya (1967), Symphony №2 (1982), №3 with solo piano (1985), №4 with solo violin (1986), №5 for chamber orchestra (1987), №6 (1989), №7 (1990), №8 based on  poems by Joseph Brodsky (1992); №9 with solo electric guitar (1994); №10 "Ten revelations" with solo viola (1996); №11 (2003); №12 (2005); №13 (2007); №14 (2010); №15 (2014). Orchestral works:

Festive Overture (1963), music for stringed instruments, 2 pipes, accordion and orchestra (1965), poem "Belarus" (1968), Symphonic Picture (1974); Aria for chamber orchestra (1978), "Symon Musician" for violin, violin ensemble and chamber orchestra (1982). Instrumental concerts:

For piano and orchestra №1 (1960), №2 (1975), Concertino for violin (1972), for cello (1973); for cymbals and folk orchestra №1 (1961), №2 (1974), №3 (1983), Concerto for piano №2 (1996). For dance orchestra:

"Basso-ostinato" based on the Belarusian folk song "Chamu zh mnie nia piec’?" Instrumental chamber music:

For piano: Sonata №1 (1956), №2 (1959), Waltz (1964), Suite "Game of Light" (1964), three preludes and fugues (1982). For flute and piano: variations on the basso ostinato (1963), Sonata (1965).For horn and piano: Scherzo, impromptu (1980). For violin and piano: “Elegy and Toccata in memory of Dmitri Shostakovich" (1975), "Chant", “Dance” (1977). Variations for wind instruments and percussion (1971), Elegy and Rondo for viola and piano (1973), three pieces for cymbals and piano (1973), Rondo for cello and piano (1979), two pieces for solo cymbals (1981), String quartet (1983), "To the Question of Understanding" for flute and bassoon (1989). Vocal music:

Vocal cycles: "Girls’ lyrical” based on lyrics by A. Astreyko (1959), "Spanish triptych" on the poems by Federico García Lorca (1971), vocal cycle on the poems by Fyodor Tyutchev (1976), "Five lyrical intermezzos" on the poems by G. Heyne (1978), Triptych for voice, violin and piano on the poems by E. Pashkevich, "Three monologues" on the poems by Y. Polonski (1978), the vocal cycle on lyrics by A. Voznesensky (1979), the vocal cycle on the poems by Marina Tsvetaeva (1980), the vocal cycle on the poems by Anna Akhmatova (1980), the vocal cycle on the poems by Boris Pasternak (1983). Pop Songs: More than thirty. Choral works:

"The Partisan Triptych" on the poems by M. Tank (1971). "Pietrus" (1979), "My Motherland” on the poems by N. Gіlevіch  (1979).Music for theater performances:

"Konstantin Zaslonov" (1967), "The Tablet Under The Tongue" (1972), "The Thief" (1973). Music for films:
"Rechitskaya lyrical" (1966), "Peter Kupriyanov and others", "The Legend about Minsk" (1967), "There was a war" (1972), "Feedback" (1973), "Wolf Pack" (1975). References

References
 Yudenich N.N. Hope and doubt. Soviet music.1967, №5
 Auerbach L. Our composers. Dzmіtry Smolskі. Siarhei Kartes.Minsk, Belarus, 1973
 Rakova, E<mask> Smolski. Minsk, 1975
 Auerbach L. D. Smolsky. Belarusian composers. Moscow, 1978
 Dubkova T. <mask>lski. Moscow, 1980
 Mdivani T., Sergienko R. Belarusian composers. Minsk, Belarus, 1997

1937 births
2017 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Belarusian composers
Belarusian State Academy of Music faculty
Moscow Conservatory alumni
Male classical composers
20th-century male musicians

masks:
Dmitry Smolski
Dmitry Smolsky
Dmitry Smolski
Dmitry
Dmitry Smolski
Dmitry
Dmitry Smols
Dmitry Smolski
Dmitry Smolski
Dmitry Smolski
Dmitry Smolsky
. Dmitry
Dmitry Smo