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<mask> (born 25 March 1969) is a British singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. She was the vocalist for D Mob, which had the successful hit single "C'mon and Get My Love". After a successful international solo career, <mask>lo Awards. Notably, she co-wrote "Can't Get You Out of My Head" (recorded by Kylie Minogue), the Britney Spears song "Toxic", and Katy Perry's hit "I Kissed a Girl". In 2004, <mask> was listed 66th in the Q Magazine list of the top 100 most influential people in music and in 2006, she won the UK music industry's Woman of the Year Award. Early life

Educated at Taverham High School, as a teenager she was spotted recording Stevie Wonder-influenced demos at The Kitchen in Norwich with her father (himself an experienced musician and local restaurateur) on piano. At the time she was working for Norwich Union.In 1986, Simon Fuller signed <mask> when she was only 17 to his 19 Management company and to label Polydor, and this began a career-long association with the impresario, that has seen <mask> provide songs for many Fuller-related artists and projects. Performing career
<mask> achieved her first success as a vocalist with D Mob, when their single "C'mon and Get My Love" (which was credited as "introducing" <mask>) reached No. 15 in the UK Singles Chart and No. 10 in the Billboard Hot 100 in 1989. It is regarded as an underground classic in the dance music field, and a second collaboration with D Mob, "That's the Way of the World", was also a hit. It was followed by <mask>'s debut album, Move to This. She subsequently scored three solo hits, all of which reached the UK Top 20 and the US Top 10.She enjoyed considerable success in Japan in the early 1990s. The three solo hits were: "Just Another Dream" (UK No. 13, US No. 9, Australia No. 14), which featured D Mob on backing vocals; a cover of the Wish and Fonda Rae 1984 club hit "Touch Me (All Night Long)" (UK No. 5, US No. 2, Australia No.16), which is probably her most remembered hit to date; and "Too Many Walls" (UK No. 17, US No. 8, Australia No. 57). "Touch Me (All Night Long)" stayed at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks, and was kept out of the No. 1 spot by Hi-Five's "I Like The Way (The Kissing Game)" in the first week, and Mariah Carey's "I Don't Wanna Cry" in the second week.The song was a cover and lyrical reworking of a 1984 single by Wish featuring Fonda Rae, which had peaked at No. 70 on the US R&B chart that year. "Touch Me (All Night Long)" reached No. 1 on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart, and its follow-up, "Too Many Walls", which <mask> co-wrote with Anne Dudley of Art of Noise (who also co-wrote the ABC track "All of My Heart"), was a No. 1 Adult Contemporary hit in the United States. It was around this time <mask> agreed to join Club MTV's first tour, booked for six weeks. She dropped out on the third date, later publicly accusing one of Milli Vanilli's members (the tour's headline act) of sexual harassment.During this period, she recorded a song called "Find the Key to Your Life" with David Morales, for the soundtrack to the movie Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze. Subsequent releases were only minor hits. <mask> released her second album, Into the Skyline, in September 1992, written with a focus toward the US market. The album featured the singles "You Lied to Me", "Irresistible", "Moments of Love", "Falling", and "Why" – the latter was credited to D Mob with <mask>. The album got to No. 8 in the UK Albums Chart, whilst in the US Billboard Hot 100, "You Lied to Me" was a Top 40 hit - her final American Top 40 single as a performer - and "Irresistible" made the Adult Contemporary Top 10; however, the album descended the chart rapidly. <mask> experienced a brief peak of fame, making a cameo in Beverly Hills, 90210 singing the songs "Moments of Love" (a minor US Adult Contemporary chart hit), "Why" (in the episode, not to feature D Mob) and "Touch Me (All Night Long)".In Japan, the album was called Into the Skyline +1, and featured three extra tracks: "Nothing Moves Me", a previous B-side, and two tracks that were both released as singles, "It's My Style", and "Love's a Cradle". She also provided background vocals on PM Dawn's US Top 10 and UK Top 20 hit "Looking through Patient Eyes", released in 1993. <mask> began to record a third album, Inspiration. The title track was recorded with Todd Terry, along with another song "Is There Life After You". Only one song from the recording sessions was ever released, "S.O.S. ", which can be found on the Beverly Hills 90210: The College Years soundtrack. She wrote her first song for another artist by writing a song for Dannii Minogue called "Love's on Every Corner".In 1996, <mask> changed her musical style: away from the dance-pop sound of previous releases, to a more traditional singer-songwriter approach. The resulting album, Am I the Kinda Girl?, was more in keeping with the Britpop sound of bands such as Blur and performers such as Stephen Duffy, and featured collaborations with Guy Chambers of The Lemon Trees and Andy Partridge of XTC. Three singles from the album were released: "West End Pad" (UK No. 25), "Waterloo Sunset" - a cover of The Kinks' song (UK No. 11), and her last solo single, "When Your Dreams Turn to Dust" (UK No. 43). In 2001, Kylie Minogue had a worldwide hit with the <mask> and Rob Davis penned song "Can't Get You Out of My Head".The following year <mask> won the Best Dance Recording Grammy for writing "Come into My World". She followed that up with Britney Spears's hit song "Toxic" which also won the Grammy for Best Dance Recording. <mask> had a string of hits with S Club 7; she wrote almost all their hit singles such as "Never Had a Dream Come True", and also worked on the singles for the spin-off group S Club Juniors which was a younger version of S Club 7. <mask> wrote hit songs for Céline Dion, Delta Goodrem, and for Hear’Say and Bardot. She also wrote the fastest selling debut single in UK history for recording artist Will Young, the winner of the British music competition reality show Pop Idol, and his runner-up Gareth Gates. <mask> wrote the theme song to the television series American Idol. She wrote several songs for former S Club 7 member Rachel Stevens including "Sweet Dreams My LA Ex", and also two songs for Phil Roy, one of which was on the soundtrack for the film As Good as It Gets starring Jack Nicholson and Helen Hunt.According to news reports, <mask> was working on a new album under the name Sexcassettes, which she planned to release in 2008. She has collaborated with Mark Ronson on his album, The Business. As of 2015, <mask> became a vocal affiliate with Galantis by first performing, uncredited, on their debut album Pharmacy on the tracks "Runaway (U & I)" and "Louder, Harder, Better". She later co-wrote their song "Love on Me" from their second album The Aviary and sang on five songs from their 2019 album Church. In 2019, <mask> returned to performing. She celebrated her 30th anniversary in the music business with a performance at London's Mighty Hoopla Festival. In 2020 and 2021, <mask> wrote hits for Now United and collaborated with composer Will Gregory on the soundtrack for the BBC/Discovery Channel docuseries, Serengeti.Songwriting career

<mask> has written a number of award-winning songs and international hit singles. Her first success was with "Bumper to Bumper", the B-side to the Spice Girls' hit "Wannabe". <mask> continued this success by co-writing the Pop Idol theme (re-used for numerous international remakes of the show, including American Idol), and writing for Idol contestants, including Kelly Clarkson, Will Young, Gareth Gates, and Clay Aiken. Clarkson's single "Before Your Love" (a double a-side with "A Moment Like This") was <mask>'s first US No. 1. <mask>'s "Can't Get You Out of My Head" (recorded by Kylie Minogue) spent four weeks at number one in Britain, while also rekindling interest in Minogue in America, where it hit no. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100.With over three million copies sold worldwide, "Can't Get You Out of My Head" became the second highest selling single in 2001. <mask> also wrote the international hit "Toxic" by Britney Spears, which went to number one in the UK and worldwide. <mask>'s biggest success came in 2008 with Katy Perry's smash hit "I Kissed a Girl" co-written alongside Dr Luke, which ranks among the best-selling digital singles in history. <mask> co-wrote three tracks on the Galantis album Pharmacy, one of which, "Runaway (U & I)", reached No. 1 in the UK Dance Chart, No. 9 in the US Dance Chart, and was nominated for a Grammy Award. Personal life
<mask> dated Noel Fitzpatrick, and the relationship ended during the year that the Britney Spears song "Toxic", co-written by <mask>, was recorded.A 2019 article published in The Irish Times speculated that Fitzpatrick may be the subject of the song. Awards and nominations

World Music Awards Music Awards

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| 1991
| Herself
| No. 1 New Pop Female Artist
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Awards and nominations

Billboard Music Awards

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| 1991
| Herself
| No. 1 New Pop Female Artist
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Grammy Awards

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| 2004
| "Come into My World"
| Best Dance Recording
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| 2005
| "Toxic"
| Best Dance Recording
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Ivor Novello Awards

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| 2001
| "Never Had a Dream Come True"
| Best Song Musically & Lyrically
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| rowspan=4|2002
| rowspan=4|"Can't Get You Out of My Head"
| International Hit of the Year
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| Most Performed Work
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| The Ivors Dance Award
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| rowspan=2|Best Selling UK Single
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| 2003
| "Anything is Possible"
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| 2005
| "Toxic"
| Most Performed Work
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| 2018
| Herself
| Outstanding Song Collection
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Discography

 Move to This (1990)
 Into the Skyline (1992)
 Am I the Kinda Girl? (1996)

See also
List of number-one dance hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the US dance chart

References

External links
 Official web site
 Cathy <mask> Artist Profile on EMI Music Publishing

 2010 interview in The Gentlewoman

1969 births
Living people
English dance musicians
English house musicians
English women singer-songwriters
English record producers
English actresses
Grammy Award winners
Ivor Novello Award winners
Actors from Norwich
Musicians from Norwich
20th-century British musicians
21st-century British musicians
English women pop singers
20th-century English women singers
20th-century English singers
21st-century women musicians
British women record producers
Polydor Records artists
EMI Records artists

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<mask> (May 17, 1812 – April 20, 1880) was a career United States Navy and Army officer. Also serving in the Mexican Army, the grandson of <mask> is best known for being a Union Brigadier General during the American Civil War who was court-martialed after the Battle of Chancellorsville. Early life and career
<mask> was born 17 May 1812 and was a grandson of <mask>. His parents were Dr. <mask> and Lydia LeBaron Goodwin. He was named after General <mask>, the famous doctor and general in the American Revolution who was a close friend of his grandfather. In 1828 at age sixteen Revere joined the United States Navy. His tours of duty took him to Europe, the Pacific, and the Baltic States.<mask> traveled the globe and eventually reached the rank of lieutenant. <mask> served in the Second Seminole War but saw little action. He fought in the Mexican–American War and was commended for his bravery in battle. He was the one who pulled down the Bear Flag and raised the American Flag over Sonoma for the first time. He then resigned from the navy in 1850 after almost twenty years of service, and settled down first in California and later in Morristown, New Jersey. <mask> then joined the Mexican Army with the rank of colonel. He was ordered to reorganize the Mexican Artillery Corps and was honored by the Spanish and Mexican Governments.For his rescuing of 13 Spanish citizens Queen Isabella II knighted <mask> in the Order of Isabella the Catholic in 1851. In 1852 <mask> retired to Morristown, New Jersey. The home that he built there, The Willows at Fosterfields, contains several examples of <mask>'s paintings and is now part of the Morris County Park System. The years 1857 and 58 found <mask> touring Europe with his friend, Phil Kearny. He also went to India. He was awarded a British medal for Service in the Indian Mutiny Campaign of 1857–58. He was also present at the Battle of Sulferino during the Italian Campaigns of 1858–59.Civil War service
When the Civil War started in 1861 <mask> tried to join the Union Navy but was informed that there were no officer slots available for him. Having been appointed as head of the New Jersey Militia during the governorship of Rodman Price, he decided to enlist in the Union Army. <mask> was appointed Colonel of the 7th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry and led it into the Peninsula Campaign and the Seven Days Battle. <mask> then fought at the Second Battle of Bull Run where he was commended for his bravery. In October 1862 <mask> was promoted to brigadier general of U.S. Volunteers. At the Battle of Fredericksburg he led a brigade but saw little action.He was later named to command the Excelsior Brigade. <mask>'s most personally challenging moment of his Civil War career came after the Battle of Chancellorsville when 'blame' was being assigned for the Union Army's loss. After charging the Confederate line, division commander Maj. Gen. Hiram Berry was mortally wounded and the command devolved on <mask>. In the chaos of a battle with no clear front line, <mask>'s decision to regroup his men, commanding them to reform at a point set by compass led to controversy. This three-mile march, described by <mask> as a "regrouping effort" and not a retreat, led to his being court-martialed as ordered by General <mask>. Abraham Lincoln overturned the court's ruling and reinstated <mask> but accepted <mask>'s resignation at the same time. As a lifelong member of the Democratic Party, that was probably the best deal <mask> could expect from a Republican administration.In response to this situation, <mask> was voted the honor of the rank of Brevet Major General by the United States Congress in 1866. Postbellum career and death

After his resignation <mask> began traveling the globe and writing books but his health had been affected by his Civil War service. He had suffered from a severe case of rheumatic fever during the Peninsula Campaign and had been severely wounded at the Second Battle of Manassas. He wrote two books, the autobiographical Keel and Saddle: A Retrospect of 40 years of Military and Naval Service and A Tour of Duty in California, including a description of the Gold Region. In 1875 while touring near Vienne in southeast France by chance he visited the ruined chateau of his De Rivoire ancestors. He made a drawing of the coat of arms, Argent three fesses Gules, overall on a bend Azure three fleur-de-lis Or, from which he derived his differenced arms, displayed on his grave marker as Argent 'two' fesses Gules, overall on a bend Azure three flour-de-lis 'palewise' Or. After having bad health for some time, <mask> died on April 21, 1880, in Hoboken, New Jersey, at the age of 67.His name appears but lined through in the 1 June 1880 U.S. Federal Census for his family in the City of Morristown, Morris County, New Jersey. His entire family are buried at Holy Rood Cemetery in Morristown. Legacy
In 1881, his Morris Township, New Jersey farm was purchased by Charles Grant Foster, whose daughter Caroline Rose Foster bequeathed it to the Morris County Parks Commission in 1972 to be preserved as a "Historical Living Historical Farm" where a historical re-enactor portrays General <mask> at educational programs for the public. Although it was renamed Fosterfields, one of the houses on the property (pictured) still bears General <mask>'s name. See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Union)

References

Notes

External links

  General <mask> <mask>'s ancestry

1812 births
1880 deaths
American travel writers
American male non-fiction writers
American people of the Seminole Wars
American people of the Bear Flag Revolt
Mexican soldiers
People of New Jersey in the American Civil War
People from Morris Township, New Jersey
Union Army generals
United States Army officers
Excelsior Brigade
United States Navy officers
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy personnel of the Mexican–American War
Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Joseph Warren

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<mask> (born February 19, 1955) is an American actor, musician, and playwright. Known for his work in television, film, and multiple stage productions, he is the recipient of various accolades, including two Primetime Emmy Awards, in addition to nominations for three Tony Awards, five Screen Actors Guild Awards, and five Golden Globe Awards. He made his film debut in Miloš Forman's drama Ragtime (1981), and continued to work regularly throughout the 1980s to 1990s in James L. Brooks' Terms of Endearment (1983),  Woody Allen's The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985), Mike Nichols' Heartburn (1986), Arachnophobia (1990), as well as the war epic Gettysburg (1993) and the action film Speed (1994). He found great success in his role in the comedy Dumb and Dumber (1994) opposite Jim Carrey. He also starred in the live-action Disney film 101 Dalmatians (1996), and fantasy film Pleasantville (1998). During the 2000s, <mask> starred in critically acclaimed films such as Stephen Daldry's psychological drama The Hours (2002), Noah Baumbach's coming of age comedy The Squid and the Whale (2005), George Clooney's historical drama Good Night, and Good Luck (2005), and the Truman Capote drama Infamous (2006). He also appeared in the science fiction action film Looper (2012), Danny Boyle's drama Steve Jobs (2015), and Ridley Scott's science fiction film The Martian (2015).From 2012 to 2014, <mask> starred as Will McAvoy in the HBO political drama series The Newsroom, for which he won the 2013 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and received Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations. He won a second Primetime Emmy Award in 2018 for his supporting performance in the Netflix miniseries Godless (2017) and an additional nomination that year for his leading performance as John P. O'Neill in the Hulu miniseries The Looming Tower (2018). In 2020 he played FBI director James Comey in The Comey Rule for Showtime. <mask> has also received several award nominations for his work on stage, including Tony Award nominations for Best Actor for his roles in the plays Yasmina Reza's God of Carnage, David Harrower's Blackbird, and Aaron Sorkin's To Kill a Mockingbird. He is the founder and current executive director of the Chelsea, Michigan Purple Rose Theatre Company. Early life
<mask> was born in Athens, Georgia, to Marjorie J. (née Ferguson) and Robert Lee "Bob" <mask> (1929–2012).He spent the first six weeks of his life in Georgia, where his father was then teaching, before moving back to his parents' native Michigan, where he grew up in Chelsea. His father owned the Chelsea Lumber Company and was a one-time mayor of the town. <mask> was raised Methodist. He briefly attended Central Michigan University and participated in the school's theater program. In the summer of 1976, he attended the Eastern Michigan University drama school to participate in a special Bicentennial Repertory program, where he performed in The Hot l Baltimore and three other plays performed in repertoire. Marshall W. Mason was the guest director at EMU, and he invited <mask> to come to New York to work at the Circle Repertory Theatre, where he performed in Fifth of July by Lanford Wilson in the 1977–78 season. <mask> performed in New York in The Shortchanged Review (1979) at Second Stage Theatre.It was the first show of the inaugural season for Second Stage Theatre. Career

1980s
During the mid-1970s through to the early 1990s, <mask> starred in several New York productions, on and off Broadway. On Broadway, he has appeared in Lanford Wilson's Fifth of July (1980) alongside William Hurt, for which <mask> was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Best Supporting Actor. He also starred in A. R. Gurney's The Golden Age (1984) with Stockard Channing. <mask> made his screen debut in Miloš Forman's Ragtime in 1981. His next film was in James L. Brooks’s Terms of Endearment, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture. The film follows an emotional relationship between mother (Shirley MacLaine) and daughter (Debra Winger).<mask> plays Winger's callow and unfaithful husband, a role which would prove to be his breakthrough. In 1985, <mask> starred in Woody Allen’s The Purple Rose Of Cairo alongside Mia Farrow and Danny Aiello. The film was met with critical praise earning a 91% on Rotten Tomatoes with the consensus reading, "lighthearted and sweet, Purple Rose stands as one of Woody Allen's more inventive – and enchantingly whimsical – pictures." <mask> garnered a Golden Globe nomination for his performance It was the film that inspired the name for the theater company he established. In 1986, he starred in Jonathan Demme's Something Wild as an unassuming businessman swept up into a wild night by a mysterious woman (Melanie Griffith) and earned his second Golden Globe nomination. 1990s
During the 1990s, <mask> continued his work in the theater with Redwood Curtain (1993), Off-Broadway, he starred in Lanford Wilson's Lemon Sky with Cynthia Nixon where he received a Drama Desk nomination for and an Obie Award for his performance in the Circle Repertory Company production of Johnny Got His Gun. <mask> appeared in an Off-Broadway production of David Harrower's Blackbird alongside Allison Pill, with whom he would later reunite in Aaron Sorkin's The Newsroom.In 1991 <mask> founded the Purple Rose Theatre Company, a nonprofit stage company in Chelsea, Michigan, named after the 1985 Woody Allen movie, The Purple Rose of Cairo, which <mask> starred in. <mask> has written more than a dozen plays for the company. In 1990, <mask> starred in two films (Love Hurts and The Butcher's Wife). His next significant role was as Colonel Joshua Chamberlain in Gettysburg. <mask> reprised the role of Chamberlain 10 years later in the prequel film Gods and Generals. In 1994 <mask> would co-star with Jim Carrey in one of his most commercially successful films, Dumb and Dumber. It was a noted departure for <mask>, owing to his status as a dramatic actor.That same year <mask> appeared with Keanu Reeves in the action blockbuster Speed; the film was an enormous hit, grossing over $350 million at the box office. <mask> would then host Saturday Night Live a second time before the release of the 1996 Disney live-action remake of 101 Dalmatians. <mask> starred as the owner of a litter of dalmatians stolen by the evil Cruella De Vil (Glenn Close). The film was successful, grossing $320 million. Also in 1996 was the family hit film Fly Away Home with <mask> as the supportive single father of Anna Paquin's goose-raising preteen. <mask> then had a critical and commercial misfire with Trial and Error (1997). He would rebound, however, with 1998's Pleasantville as diner owner Bill Johnson, who learns to act as an individual and rebel against the norm at the urging of Tobey Maguire's David.Also starring Reese Witherspoon, Joan Allen, and Don Knotts, Pleasantville was nominated for three Academy Awards. <mask> starred alongside Christopher Lloyd in the critically and commercially unsuccessful film, My Favorite Martian. 2000s
<mask> starred in the TV films The Crossing, Cheaters, and the direct-to-video release Chasing Sleep. At this point, in the early 2000s, he began to focus more on his theater work at The Purple Rose Theatre as well as writing, starring, and directing the films Escanaba in da Moonlight and Super Sucker. <mask>'s next major film role would be in Clint Eastwood's Blood Work, which received mixed reviews and was a commercial failure. He would rebound later that year with Stephen Daldry's Academy Award-winning The Hours alongside Meryl Streep, Julianne Moore, and Nicole Kidman. The film was also a financial success, grossing well over $100 million.Gods and Generals followed in 2003, as did the action film I Witness, which co-starred James Spader. <mask> then starred in Imaginary Heroes and the 2004 television film adaptation of fellow Michigander and friend Mitch Albom's bestseller The Five People You Meet in Heaven. The year 2005 proved to be a strong year for <mask> as he garnered notice as the star of the lauded Noah Baumbach film The Squid and the Whale with Laura Linney. <mask> received his third Golden Globe nomination for the film, about a divorcing couple and the effect the split has on their children. That year <mask> also starred in the family film adaptation of Because of Winn-Dixie. He would round out the year with a supporting role in George Clooney's Oscar-nominated film Good Night and Good Luck, starring David Straithairn, Patricia Clarkson, Robert Downey Jr., and Frank Langella. In 2006, <mask> appeared in the Truman Capote biopic Infamous starring Toby Jones, Sandra Bullock, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Sigourney Weaver.The film was compared by critics to Bennett Miller's 2005 film Capote starring Philip Seymour Hoffman, Catherine Keener, and Chris Cooper. <mask> then starred in Barry Sonnenfeld's family film RV, alongside Robin Williams, as the redneck comic foil to Williams' uptight businessman. He also starred in two other independent films, Mama's Boy and The Lookout, for which he was nominated for a Satellite Award. He then took back-to-back supporting roles in political thrillers: Traitor with Don Cheadle and State of Play with Russell Crowe and Rachel McAdams. Also in 2009, <mask> appeared in the indie hit Away We Go. In 2009, after a 16-year-long absence, <mask> returned to Broadway in Yasmina Reza's original play God of Carnage alongside Hope Davis, James Gandolfini, and Marcia Gay Harden. The play centers around two sets of parents who agree to meet due to a fight among their

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 respective sons.Their meeting starts out civilized, however, as the evening goes on, the parents become increasingly childish, resulting in the evening devolving into chaos. The play debuted at The Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre in previews on February 28, 2009, and officially on March 22, 2009. Originally planned for a limited engagement to close July 19, 2009, the run was extended through February 28, 2010, before converting to an open-ended run. <mask> received his first Tony Award Nomination for Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his performance. The show won the Tony Award for Best Play. 2010s

In 2010, <mask> continued his theater work and had a starring role in the little-seen indie Howl, alongside James Franco as Allen Ginsberg. <mask> was featured on the cover of the April–May 2011 issue of Guitar Aficionado magazine as well as the July–August 2011 issue of Making Music, where he discussed his experiences with music.In 2012 <mask> became the new announcing voice for Apple with the iPhone 5 ads. <mask> had a career resurgence with his turn in Aaron Sorkin's HBO drama series The Newsroom (2012–2014) as fictional news anchor Will McAvoy. The opening scene of the pilot episode "We Just Decided To", in which <mask> gives a monologue on the state of American greatness, has been viewed more than 13 million times. While the show received mixed reviews, <mask> won the Primetime Emmy Award for Lead Actor in a Drama Series for the first season. The series ran for two more seasons, for which <mask> was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award. The show also starred Emily Mortimer, John Gallagher Jr., Sam Waterston, Olivia Munn, Alison Pill, Dev Patel, and Jane Fonda. In 2015, <mask> reunited with Sorkin in the biographical drama film Steve Jobs with Michael Fassbender, and Kate Winslet.He portrayed CEO John Sculley. <mask> starred alongside Michael Fassbender, and Kate Winslet, both of whom received Academy Award nominations for their performances. The film was directed by Academy Award-winner Danny Boyle and written by Academy Award winner Aaron Sorkin. The film was a critical success earning an 86% on Rotten Tomatoes with the consensus reading, "Like the tech giant co-founded by its subject, Steve Jobs gathers brilliant people to deliver a product whose elegance belies the intricate complexities at its core." Sorkin won the Golden Globe for its screenplay. He played David in The Divergent Series: Allegiant and was set to reprise the role in the planned The Divergent Series: Ascendant. In 2014 he reprised his role as Harry Dunne in Dumb and Dumber To reuniting with Jim Carrey.In 2016, <mask> returned to Broadway in the Revival of David Harrower's Blackbird alongside Michelle Williams. The play depicts a young woman (Williams) meeting a middle-aged man (<mask>), fifteen years after being sexually abused by him when she was twelve. The play ran at the Belasco Theatre on February 5, 2016 (37 previews), and opened officially on March 10 (through June 11, 108 performances) where it was directed by Joe Mantello and received widespread critical acclaim. <mask> was nominated for his second Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play. Williams received a Tony Award nomination as well. In 2017, <mask> starred in Netflix's western miniseries Godless where he portrayed the villain Frank Griffin. He starred alongside Michelle Dockery, Merritt Wever, and Sam Waterston.<mask> won critical praise for his performance and was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Supporting Actor in a Miniseries, which he won. In 2018, <mask>'s Hulu's miniseries The Looming Tower traces the rising threat of Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda in the late 1990s and how the rivalry between the FBI and CIA during that time may have inadvertently set the path for the tragedy of 9/11. <mask> played John O'Neill, the chief of the New York FBI's Counter-terrorism Center. The ensemble included Bill Camp, Michael Stuhlbarg, and Peter Sarsgaard. <mask> won widespread critical acclaim and received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Best Actor in a Limited Series. In 2018, <mask> starred as Atticus Finch, reuniting with Aaron Sorkin in his stage adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird. The play opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre.The production began previews on November 1, 2018, prior to its official opening on December 13, 2018. During the week ending on December 23, 2018, the production grossed over $1.5 million, breaking the record for box office grosses for a non-musical play in a theater owned by The Shubert Organization. <mask> received his third Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Play. The show received 8 other Tony Award nominations. In June 2019, producer Scott Rudin announced that <mask> would leave the production in November 2019 and would be succeeded by Ed Harris. <mask>' last performance was on November 3, 2019. 2020s
<mask> narrated the History Channel miniseries on George Washington titled Washington (2020).The 3 part documentary series premiered on February 16, 2020. On September 27, 2020, <mask> portrayed FBI director James Comey in the 2 part limited series, The Comey Rule which debuted on Showtime. The project is based on Comey's memoir, A Higher Loyalty (2018), and was written and directed by Billy Ray. The cast included Brendan Gleeson as Donald Trump, Jennifer Ehle as Patrice Comey, Holly Hunter as Sally Yates, and Michael Kelly as Andrew McCabe. <mask> won critical praise for his performance as Comey and received a Golden Globe Award nomination. In 2019, it was announced that Showtime has given a straight-to-series order to American Rust, a drama based on Philipp Meyer’s debut novel of the same name. <mask> is set to executive produce the project and star alongside Maura Tierney and Bill Camp.In June 2021, it was announced that <mask> would be returning to his role of Atticus Finch in the Broadway production of To Kill a Mockingbird starting in October. <mask> narrated the 9/11 documentary from Apple TV+ entitled 9/11: Inside the President's War Room which was released on September 1, 2021. Activism

Purple Rose Theatre Company

The Purple Rose Theatre Company (or PRTC) was founded by <mask> in 1991. Originally known as the Garage Theatre, The Rose takes its name from Woody Allen's 1985 film The Purple Rose of Cairo, which starred <mask> and Mia Farrow. The theatre provides resources for training actors, playwrights, and other theatre artists residing in the Midwest and develops new plays based on life in the Great Lakes Basin. The main performance space and administrative offices occupy a building in Chelsea, Michigan, once owned by <mask>' grandfather. The theatre produces four shows a year on a 3/4 thrust stage in a 168-seat house.The PRTC is a 501(c)3 not-for-profit organization and operates under a Small Professional Theatre (SPT) Agreement with the Actors' Equity Association (AEA). The Purple Rose offers a year-long apprenticeship program for young artists entering a career in theatre. Apprentices are paid a modest stipend and work as many as 80 hours per week gaining experience in lighting, sound, stage management, design, set construction, and administrative/box office work. The seven apprentices also maintain and clean the theatre's facilities. The program was inspired by <mask>' experience as an apprentice with the Circle Repertory Company in New York City. Personal life
In 1986, he moved back to his hometown of Chelsea, Michigan, and as of 2016, he still primarily resides there. In 1979, <mask> married his college sweetheart, a fellow Michigan resident also from Chelsea, Kathleen Rosemary Treado.The couple have three children: Benjamin (born 1984), Lucas (born 1987), and Nellie (born 1990). <mask> has appeared as the TV spokesman for the Michigan Economic Development Corporation, promoting Michigan's effectiveness in bringing in new companies, featured on CNBC. He was inducted into the Michigan Walk of Fame on May 25, 2006, in Lansing, Michigan, and delivered the winter commencement address at the University of Michigan on December 20, 2009, at which he was granted an Honorary Doctorate in Fine Arts. In 2020, <mask> endorsed Joe Biden in the presidential election against Donald Trump. He narrated a campaign ad for Biden titled, America Needs Michigan, focusing on the swing state of Michigan. In the ad <mask> states, "Michigan deserves a president who believes in things like decency, honesty and respect", adding that he voted for Biden. In 2022, a nematode parasite that kills tarantulas was named Tarantobelus jeffdanielsi to honour his role in Arachnaphobia.Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Discography
<mask> has written and recorded six full-length albums with proceeds benefitting The Purple Rose Theater. <mask> Live and Unplugged
<mask> Live at The Purple Rose Theater
Grandfather's Hat
Keep It Right Here
Together Again
Days Like These. Awards and nominations

References

External links

1955 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American United Methodists
Central Michigan University alumni
Living people
Male actors from Michigan
Michigan Democrats
Musicians from Athens, Georgia
Obie Award recipients
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Chelsea, Michigan
People from Athens,

masks:
Daniels
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<mask> (born January 12, 1960) is an American politician currently serving in the California State Senate. He is a Democrat representing the 35th district, encompassing parts of Los Angeles County. Prior to his election to the state senate, he was an assemblymember for the 62nd district of the California State Assembly. <mask> was elected to represent the 51st district in a special election held on September 1, 2009, after Curren Price resigned his seat to take a seat in the California State Senate. He was re-elected in 2010 and, with 72% of the vote, was elected once more to represent the brand new 62nd District, comprising the communities of Del Aire, Del Rey, El Segundo, Gardena, Hawthorne, Inglewood, Lawndale, Lennox, Marina del Rey, West Athens, Westchester, Westmont and Venice Beach. Before his election to the Assembly, <mask> served on the Gardena City Council. Early life and career
<mask> moved to Gardena with his family at age nine.He attended Purche Avenue Elementary School, Henry Clay Junior High School and Gardena High School. Following high school, he attended San Diego State University and California State University, Dominguez Hills, where he earned a bachelor's degree in political science and certificate in paralegal studies. <mask> was the first African American elected to the Gardena City Council, a post he held for over 12 years. He served one year as Mayor Pro Tem of the city. He also worked twelve years as a public affairs executive at Southern California Edison, seven years at IBM, and four years as a program director at the Los Angeles Conservation Corps. Assembly career
<mask>'s time in the assembly has been marked by his chairmanship of the Assembly Committee on Utilities and Commerce, which has legislative jurisdiction over electricity, natural gas, telecommunications, private water corporations and other issues related to commerce. Actions taken in this committee affect California homeowners and businesses, the economy, jobs, and the environment.In his role as chair, <mask> has garnered national attention presiding over important hearings investigating major power outages, and how federal, state, and local authorities might better respond to such events and prevent them from happening in the future. In October 2011, <mask> convened a joint legislative hearing with Assemblymember Bonnie Lowenthal, chair of the Joint Legislative Committee on Emergency Management, in San Diego to discuss the massive power outage that struck the Pacific Southwest region in September of that year. In February 2012 <mask> and Lowenthal convened another hearing in Alhambra to investigate another major power outage that struck the Los Angeles area as a result of a massive windstorm. Early in 2013, Assembly Speaker John A. Perez named <mask> the Chair of the Assembly Select Committee on the Status of Boys and Men of Color. The Select Committee is a bipartisan panel of legislators from around the state tasked with fact finding and making recommendations for addressing the issues facing young men in California, particularly black and Latino boys. In February <mask> accepted an invitation to the White House to attend President Barack Obama's announcement of "My Brother's Keeper," a federal investment in the lives of boys and men of color. The program follows the work Bradford's Select Committee on the Status of Boys and Men of Color has done to give young men of color the tools they need to succeed, while dismantling systemic injustices that stand in the way of their success.Legislation
In addition to his management of the Assembly Committee on Utilities and Commerce, <mask> has also authored several pieces of legislation on energy and utilities. In 2012 Governor Jerry Brown signed into law AB 1511, which requires property sellers to inform buyers of important information about natural gas pipelines near their homes. The law was authored in response to the deadly explosion of an underground pipeline in San Bruno, California. <mask> also authored AB 2201, which increases civil penalties on pipeline operators for safety violations. <mask>'s bill brings the cap on penalties under California law into line with those under federal law: $200,000 per day, and a maximum of $2,000,000. <mask> drew national attention for AB 2514, a bill requiring the California Public Utilities Commission to conduct a study examining the costs and benefits of California's net-energy metering (NEM) program. While NEM programs have helped develop solar power industries in countries around the world, <mask> believes they may shift costs unfairly onto homes without solar panels.Bradford closed the 2013 legislative year having 11 bills signed into law by Governor Edmund G. Brown, Jr. Among these were bills focused on public safety, solar energy, and criminal justice reform:

 AB 128: Following a recommendation made by the California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST), AB 128 reclassifies the Los Angeles World Airports police department under Penal Code 830.1. Officers with 830.1 status are considered full peace officers, equivalent to municipal police departments. Without 830.1 status, airport officers are prohibited from removing vehicles, seizing drugs or weapons, or other functions for which they may need to wait for backup to arrive. Bradford, whose district includes Los Angeles International Airport, introduced the bill ten years after the POST recommendation. Earlier versions of the bill died in the Legislature. AB 170: For purposes of obtaining an assault weapons permit, under current law a "person" is defined as an "individual, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, association, or any other group or entity."AB 170 limits the definition of a person to an individual. AB 217: Extends existing financial support for solar installations on low-income households. The California Solar Initiative (CSI) directs 10 percent of its funding to solar subsidies for low and very-low income households. AB 217 extends this component for another six years after the CSI sunsets. AB 651: Gives judges more discretion to grant an expungement of a low-level offense when the offender has completed supervision, paid restitution, and demonstrated a commitment to reentry. AB 721: Clarifies the existing drug trafficking statute, which allows prosecutors to add a felony transportation charge to a person found physically moving any amount of illegal drugs. AB 721 adds the words "with the intent to sell" to clarify the Legislature's intent to punish drug dealers.An individual may still be eligible for a drug possession charge, but prosecutors will now have to show an individual had the intent to sell in order to qualify for an additional trafficking charge. AB 1371: The Three Feet for Safety Act establishes a minimum three-foot buffer around bicyclists on public roads in California. Motorists wishing to pass a cyclist must keep a distance of at least three feet, or slow to a safe and prudent speed if there is not enough room to give three feet. <mask>'s version of the bill was the fifth attempt at a safe passing distance in California. Earlier versions died in the Legislature twice, and were twice vetoed by the Governor. The safe passing distance took effect September 16, 2014. By the close of the 2014 legislative year, <mask> had sent 15 bills to the governor's desk.As of September 21, he had already signed AB 2634, which gives courts "greater authority to issue injunctions against police departments that have a history of civil rights violations." Still awaiting gubernatorial action are bills including:
 AB 2673: Sponsored by City Attorney Mike Feuer and endorsed by the Los Angeles Times, this bill eliminates "the use of civil compromise in misdemeanor hit-and-run collisions that result in injury or death." Under current law, a hit-and-run driver may reach a civil compromise—usually a financial settlement—and have criminal charges dropped. This bill ensures that hit-and-run drivers face criminal responsibility for their actions. AB 1327: Jointly authored with Assembly Members Jeff Gorell and Bill Quirk, this bill establishes regulations for public agencies wishing to deploy unmanned aerial vehicles. Among those, agencies would need a warrant and to give public notice before deploying a drone; would be required to destroy any data and images collected from a drone within one year, unless part of an ongoing investigation; and would be expressly prohibited from arming a drone with weapons. This bill has been endorsed by Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti and the San Jose Mercury News.Electoral history
<mask> was elected in a 2009 special election, following the resignation of Curren Price, who had recently won election to the California State Senate. He was elected to his first outright term in 2010. Following the 2010 Census, California's legislative districts were redrawn. <mask> ran for the newly drawn 62nd district, which maintained many of the cities from the previous 51st district. <mask> was endorsed for election to the 62nd Assembly district by the local newspaper of the South Bay, the Daily Breeze. His electoral results are shown below. References

External links

 www.electstevebradford.com - campaign website
 Join California <mask>

African-American state legislators in California
California city council members
California Democrats
Members of the California State Assembly
California state senators
Living people
People from Gardena, California
1960 births
21st-century American politicians
Gardena High School alumni
21st-century African-American politicians
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Steven Bradford
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<mask> (born February 24, 1931) is an American attorney and politician who served as a United States Representative and United States Senator from South Dakota. He was the first Greek Orthodox Christian of Lebanese-Antiochite descent to serve in the United States Senate. He was generally viewed as critical of US foreign policy in the Middle-East and North Africa (MENA) area, particularly regarding Palestine and Israel. A Democrat, he represented South Dakota in the United States Senate from 1973 until 1979. He was the author of the Indian Child Welfare Act, passed by Congress in 1978 to try to preserve Indian families and tribal culture, by arranging for placement of Indian children in homes of their cultures, as well as to reunite them with families. It gives preference to tribal courts in custody of Indian children domiciled on reservations, and concurrent but presumptive jurisdiction in cases of children outside the reservation. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Wood, South Dakota, the son of Lena (née Mickel), a homemaker, and <mask>, an owner of two general stores.His parents were of Lebanese and Native American descent. He grew up near Wood on the Rosebud Reservation and has lived in South Dakota most of his life. Between 1948 and 1952, <mask> served in the United States Navy during the Korean War. After his military service, he earned a degree in civil engineering from the South Dakota School of Mines in Rapid City in 1961 and a J.D. degree from University of South Dakota School of Law in Vermillion in 1966. He began a legal practice in Rapid City, South Dakota. Political career
<mask> joined the Democratic Party and became active in South Dakota.He ran in 1968 for Attorney General of South Dakota but was defeated by Gordon Mydland. <mask> continued to seek opportunities. He was elected in 1970 as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives, and served from 1971 to 1973. In 1972 he was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served from 1973 to 1979. He declined to run for another term. In 1974, TIME magazine named Senator Abourezk as one of the "200 Faces for the Future". As a senator, Abourezk criticized the Office of Public Safety (OPS), a U.S. agency linked to the USAID and the CIA, and which provided training to foreign police forces.Officers they trained were used to suppress civilians in several countries in Central and South America during a period of military governments, dirty wars, and social disruption. <mask> also was instrumental in the creation of both the American Indian Policy Review Commission and the Select Committee on Indian Affairs. Deeply interested in representing the tribes in Congress to work toward better federal relations, he chaired the Policy Review Commission the entire time it existed. He took the gavel as chair of the Indian Affairs Committee from its creation in 1977 to 1979, when he retired. His signature legislation was the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA, 1978), designed to protect Indian children and families from being torn apart. Indian children have been removed by state social agencies from their families and placed in foster care or adoption at a disproportionately high rate, and usually placed with non-Indian families. This both deprived the children of their culture and threatened the very survival of the tribes.This legislation was intended to provide a federal standard that emphasized the needs of Indian children to be raised in their own cultures, and gave precedence to tribal courts for decisions about children domiciled on the reservation, as well as concurrent but presumptive jurisdiction with state courts for Indian children off the reservation. He also authored and passed the Indian Self Determination Act, which provided Indian tribes with greater autonomy. The BIA made grants to the tribes but they could manage contracts and funds to control their own destiny. That legislation also reduced the direct influence of the Bureau of Indian Affairs on the tribes. <mask> was an early supporter of a National initiative. With fellow Senator Mark O. Hatfield (R-OR), he introduced an amendment to support more direct democracy. However, this initiative failed.In 1978, <mask> chose not to run for re-election. He was succeeded in office by Republican Larry Pressler, with whom he has had a long-running political feud. Advocacy

Following his retirement in 1980, <mask> founded the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, a grassroots civil rights organization. In 1989, he published his Advise and Dissent: Memoirs of South Dakota and the U.S. Senate (). He is the co-author, along with Hyman Bookbinder, of Through Different Eyes: Two Leading Americans — a Jew and an Arab — Debate U. S. Policy in the Middle East (1987), (). In 2003, <mask> sued website ProBush.com for defamation. In 2007, <mask> gave an interview to the Hezbollah funded news channel Al-Manar TV.In this interview <mask> says that he believes that Zionists used the terrorists that perpetrated the 9/11 terrorist attacks as a way to sow Islamophobia, that Zionists control the United States Congress, and that Hezbollah and Hamas are resistance fighters. Since his retirement from the Senate, <mask> has worked as a lawyer and writer in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. He has continued to be active in supporting tribal sovereignty and culture. In July 2015 he spoke out against a suit filed against the ICWA by the Goldwater Institute of Arizona; it was one of three suits seeking to overturn the act. Some states and adoption groups, who make money off adoptions, have opposed any prohibitions on their placements of Indian children. <mask> has considered this his signature legislation and the new rules instrumental in protecting Indian children and preserving tribal families. He noted that the late Senator Barry Goldwater, his friend and colleague, had voted for the legislation in 1977 and had often consulted with him in tribal matters.Huffington Post writer <mask> in 2014 praised Abourezk as a "bold and courageous former Senator" for protesting to the FBI after the ABSCAM operation. See also
List of Arab and Middle-Eastern Americans in the United States Congress

References

External links

 American-Arab Anti Discrimination Committee official website

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1931 births
American politicians of Lebanese descent
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party United States senators
Direct democracy activists
Greek Orthodox Christians from the United States
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from South Dakota
Middle Eastern Christians
Military personnel from South Dakota
People from Mellette County, South Dakota
Politicians from Rapid City, South Dakota
Politicians from Sioux Falls, South Dakota
South Dakota Democrats
South Dakota lawyers
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology alumni
United States senators from South Dakota
University of South Dakota School of Law alumni
Writers from Sioux Falls, South Dakota
9/11 conspiracy theorists

masks:
James George Abourezk
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<mask> (1727 – 11 March 1794) was a Scottish bookseller, publisher, and printer. <mask> was the founding publisher of the weekly newspaper, the Edinburgh Advertiser. He was also known for selling cheap copies of books after their copyright had expired in disregard to London booksellers' opinions on literary property. Early years
<mask> was the son of Dr <mask> (died 1754), a textile manufacturer and Treasurer of Edinburgh. His mother was Elizabeth Weir (died 1768). He had an older brother, John. His paternal grandfather was Capt.<mask>, publisher of The Edinburgh Gazette. <mask> inherited approximately £10,000 from his father. In 1748, he opened a bookselling shop in Edinburgh. Two years later, on 29 August 1750, he was made a Burgess and Guild Brother of Edinburgh by right of his father in lieu of an apprenticeship. He married a merchant's daughter, Anna Marshall, on 10 January 1751 and may have received a substantial dowry. Career
Having the financial wherewithal, <mask> become a junior partner of <mask> from 1751–58. In its first year, Kincaid & Donaldson published Dr. Francis Home's  Essay on the Contents and Virtues of Dunse-Spaw and Henry Home's Essays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion.In 1752, Kincaid & Donaldson was the sole publisher David Hume's Political Discourses. After <mask> left Kincaid, his involvement with the Scottish Enlightenment's new books was essentially over, with the exception of his involvement with James Boswell. Kincaid went on to become Lord Provost of Edinburgh. <mask> joined the printing firm of Sands Donaldson Murray & Cochran in 1755–1759. He worked with John Reid at Castlehill from 1760 until 1765. In 1764, they began printing and publishing the Edinburgh Advertiser, though Reid remained with the newspaper for less than a year. <mask> maintained at least two book shops while publishing the twice-weekly Advertiser, one being at the Strand, London, and the other in Edinburgh.From 1765 until 1772, he had a shop at Castlehill. <mask> and his older brother John also owned a bookstore in London, selling books that were printed in Scotland until July 1773 at which time John remained at the Arundel Street shop, and <mask> moved to St Paul's Churchyard. In 1774, after ten years printing and publishing the Edinburgh Advertiser, <mask> turned it over to his 22-year-old son, James. Battle of the booksellers

<mask> was a notable "purveyor of cheap reprints" that were no longer protected by the Statute of Anne in a time known as the "Battle of the booksellers". His attitude towards copyright was not embraced by London merchants who stood to lose large sums of money over books printed in Edinburgh and sold in London. The English poet Samuel Johnson disliked <mask>, and criticised him, saying, "[<mask>] is a fellow who takes advantage of the law to injure his brethren..."

While he made a fortune in his reprint business, he and others also bore the expense of legal actions in this regard. These included Osborne v Donaldson (1765), against publisher Thomas Osborne, and Millar v Donaldson (1765); in 1769, <mask> sued Reid over printing-house practices.In 1773, London bookseller James Hinton and Edinburgh writer <mask>'Conochie sued <mask> and John Wood in Edinburgh, and John Meurose in Kilmarnock over copyright infringement of several titles. <mask> and his brother John were appellants in  <mask> v Beckett (1774), against the printers and booksellers Thomas Becket (or Beckett) (previously apprenticed to British publisher Andrew Millar), Peter Abraham de Hondt, John Rivington, William Johnson, William Strahan, Thomas Longman, William Richardson, John Richardson, Thomas Lowndes, Thomas Caslon, George Kearsley, Henry Baldwin, William Owen, Thomas Davies, and Thomas Cadell. The case resulted in a ruling by the British House of Lords on the issue of perpetual common law copyright and copyright as a statute that could have a limited duration. James Boswell was <mask>'s advocate in at least three of these lawsuits, Donaldson v Beckett, <mask> v Reid and Hinton v Donaldson. Boswell, best known as Samuel Johnson's biographer, referred to <mask> as "the prodigious Vendor of Literature", and the "Great <mask>". <mask> published several of Boswell's works. Personal life
It is unlikely that <mask> is the same <mask> mentioned as a founding member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh as that gentleman is described as a Professor of Oriental Languages at Edinburgh University.He retired in 1789 and bought Broughton Hall, located a mile to the northeast of central Edinburgh, which had been the residence of Archibald Stewart, Lord Provost of Edinburgh (1745). He died at Broughton Hall in 1794, leaving an estate valued at £100,000. He is buried in Greyfriars Churchyard. His surviving son, James (1751–1830), inherited the Edinburgh business. He, too, died at Broughton Hall, in 1830. James was the benefactor of Donaldson's Hospital after his death. Partial works

 – (1758).A catalogue of curious and valuable books, to be disposed of by way of sale, (the lowest price being marked at [sic] each book), at the shop of <mask>, ... Edinburgh. The sale to begin on Monday the 12th day of June 1758. Edinburgh: printed in the year. <mask>, A., Reid, J., & Guyse, J. (1761). The universal Bible: Containing the sacred text at large of the old and new testaments, with parallel scriptures. London: Printed for S. Crowder ... and J. Coote.– (1762). A catalogue of valuable books, In different languages and faculties, which will begin to be sold, by way of sale, at the Shop of Alexander Donaldson, Edinburgh, on Wednesday 16 June 1762, and to continue selling for three months. The lowest price, for ready money, is marked at each article in the catalogue. In this collection are the following books, all the best editions. Folio. Grv̆ius's the saurus ant. 45 vols Montfaucon's antiquities, 7 vols Churchill's voyages, 6 vols Harris's voyages, 2 vols Purchas's pilgrims, 5 vols Pocock's travels, 2 vols Bayle's dictionary, 5 vols biographia britannica, 5 vols De Lisle's atlas the general atlas Moh's geography, 2 vols -atlas major senex's atlas Bacon's works, 3 vols Causĭ musŭm Romanum, 2 vols Dictionnaire de Moreri, 8 tomes Johnson's English dictionary, 2 vols chambers's dictionary, 2 vols supplement to chambers, 2 vols Savary's dictionary of trade, 2 vols Miller's gardener's dictionary Ainsworth's large dictionary, 2 vols Calasio's Heb.concordance, 4 vols SuidL̆exicon, Kusteri, 3 vols Warner's church-history, 2 vols Boyle's lecture-sermons, 3 vols Patrick, Lowth, and Whitby, 6 vols Baxter's works, 4 vols Barrow's works, 2 vols Tillotson's works, 3 vols Dr. Scott's works, 2 vols Henry's commentary, 6 vols Dr. Clarke's large Bible (see the list continued on the other side.) As the books are now in order, they may be seen and bespoke every day betwixt and the time of sale. The first who speaks for a book, must always be preferred. Catalogues to be had, gratis, at the Shop of A. Donaldson; and it is intreated that gentlemen, in town or country, will call or send for them. Edinburgh: [s.n.]. – (1764). Some thoughts on the state of literary property Humbly submitted to the consideration of the public.London: printed for <mask>; sold at his shop. – (1768). A select collection of poems,: From the most approved authors. In two volumes. Vol. I [ -II]. Edinburgh: Printed by A<mask>, and sold at his shops in London and Edinburgh.– (1778). Books sold cheap: By Alexr <mask>, at No. 48, in St. Paul's Church-Yard, the corner next Cheapside, London. London: A. <mask>. References

1720s births
1794 deaths
Alexander
18th-century Scottish newspaper publishers (people)
Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard
Businesspeople from Edinburgh
Scottish booksellers
Scottish printers
Bookshops in London
18th-century Scottish businesspeople

masks:
Alexander Donaldson
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James Donaldson
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Alexander Kincaid
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<mask> (29 September 1851 – 28 May 1920) was an Anglican priest, poet, local politician and conservationist. He became nationally and internationally known as one of the three founders of the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty in the 1890s. <mask> was descended from a line of Church of England vicars, and after briefly considering medicine as a career he graduated from Oxford and took holy orders. In the mid-1870s he worked with the urban poor in London and Bristol, before being appointed in 1877 to a rural parish in Westmorland in the English Lake District. He soon became a vigorous activist in the campaign to preserve the region from excessive industrial development. In 1883 <mask> was appointed Vicar of Crosthwaite, Cumberland, in the north of the Lake District. He remained in the post for 34 years, becoming known locally and nationally for his energetic efforts to improve life for working people.He and his wife founded the Keswick School of Industrial Art, and he led campaigns to make access to the countryside available for everyone. Concluding that protests and legislation were not enough to protect the environment, he joined Robert Hunter and Octavia Hill in 1893 to found the National Trust to own land on the public's behalf. It grew to become one of Britain's largest and most important landowners, holding land and buildings in trust for the people of Britain. <mask> was a prolific writer, publishing more than 40 books, including verse, sermons, historical studies, travel accounts and biographies. He retired in 1917 and moved to the village of Grasmere, in the southern Lake District, where he died in 1920, aged 68. Life and career

Early years

<mask> <mask> – known to his family and intimates as "Hardie" – was born at the rectory, Shiplake, Oxfordshire on 28 September 1851. He was the second son and fourth of the ten children of the Rev Robert Drummond Burrell <mask> (1817–1882) and his wife, Catherine Ann, née Franklin (1818–1892).In 1862 <mask> accepted the post of vicar of Halton Holegate in the fen district of Lincolnshire. According to Hardwicke <mask>'s biographer Vivian Griffiths, "Observing the wildlife of the Fens, the construction of the Holbeach-to-Spilsby railway and watching the navvies building embankments were to be formative influences". Later in 1862, aged eleven, <mask> enrolled at Uppingham School, where his godfather, Edward Thring, was headmaster. Thring became a major influence on him: <mask> excelled at athletics and gymnastics, but Thring encouraged his aesthetic side, particularly his budding gifts as a poet. The historian George Bott writes:

In 1869 Thring introduced <mask> to the Lake District, staying in Grasmere village, where William Wordsworth had lived. <mask> quickly came to share the enthusiasm shown by Wordsworth and others for the Lake District landscape. In 1870 <mask> went up to Balliol College, Oxford, initially reading classics but switching after two years to natural sciences, with the intention of becoming a medical practitioner.He was at first an exuberant undergraduate, prominent in athletics and rowing, and not conspicuously conscientious about his studies. His outlook became more serious under the influence of the art critic and social campaigner John Ruskin. <mask> was one of a group of undergraduate volunteers – others were Oscar Wilde and Arnold Toynbee – who undertook manual labour under Ruskin's direction to improve the road and drainage between Oxford and the village of Hinksey. The project foundered after two months when Ruskin left for Venice, but for <mask> it was, in Griffiths's words, "life-changing, his social conscience awakened". He began to think that the Church rather than medicine was his vocation. In 1874 he graduated with a third class degree in natural sciences and the following year was awarded his Master of Arts degree. London and Bristol

After leaving Oxford, <mask> went to work among the urban poor in London.He was appointed lay-chaplain to the Newport Market Refuge, a hostel for the destitute, in the parish of St Mary's, Soho, an insalubrious part of London known for prostitution and poverty. Ruskin introduced him to Octavia Hill, the pioneer of social housing, and <mask> added to his workload the role of rent-collector for Hill's colleague Emma Cons. Under the strain of his various activities he suffered a nervous breakdown. At Hill's suggestion he went to the Lake District to recuperate, staying first with his cousins at Wray Castle, Westmorland, and then with Thring at Grasmere and finally with Hill's friends the Fletcher family at their house near Ambleside. The eldest daughter of his host and hostess was Edith Fletcher (1846–1916); she and <mask> were mutually attracted, with shared interests in art, literature and nature. In December 1875 <mask>, his health restored, was ordained deacon. On Thring's recommendation he was appointed to the new post of chaplain to the Clifton College mission, ministering to one of Bristol's poorest areas.At first there was no building in which services could be held, but <mask> secured a disused factory workshop and converted it into a chapel. The ecclesiastical authorities felt that he went too far in his efforts to attract young locals, not confining himself to religious services but organising a temperance club, regular football matches and weekend country walks. He campaigned to save the disused 14th-century St Werburgh's Church from demolition. It was taken down stone by stone and re-erected on a new site. His enthusiasms did not endear him to the conservative hierarchy of the Bristol church, but when he left his post in 1877 he was presented with a testimonial to his work by the mayor and other leading citizens. Vicar of Wray
In 1877 <mask> and Edith Fletcher became engaged to be married and he began making plans for their life together. His cousin <mask>'s estate at Wray Castle contained a parish church, St Margaret of Antioch, Low Wray.The post of vicar there became vacant and Edward offered it to <mask>, who was ordained priest in Carlisle Cathedral on 23 December 1877 and took up the appointment at Wray. <mask> and Edith were married in the Fletchers' local church at Brathay in January 1878, in a service conducted by <mask>. The couple's only child, Noel, was born at Wray in December 1880. According to the biographer Graham Murphy, "because of his parents' numerous activities and love of travel [Noel] suffered a somewhat solitary childhood". By this time, Ruskin had made his home in the Lake District; since 1873 he had lived at Brantwood on the shore of Coniston Water, 22 miles from Wray. He had already been involved in a conservation campaign, unsuccessfully opposing the damming of Thirlmere  to create a reservoir for the city of Manchester, nearly 100 miles away. <mask> visited Ruskin frequently, and in 1880 they discussed "how to add happiness to the country labourer's lot".The two agreed that "idle hands should have something found for them to do by other than the Devil … We must bring joy, the joy of eye and hand-skill to our cottage homes". Ruskin suggested reviving the old craft of hand-spinning and weaving wool; <mask>, considering this infeasible, opted for wood carving. He recorded that "a lady was engaged to come down from South Kensington to give a course of lessons in the three villages, and our humble home industry in the lake district was set on foot." Instruction also included techniques for metal repoussé, taught by the Swiss butler from <mask>'s family home. The young Beatrix Potter holidayed at Wray Castle with her parents in 1882. They met <mask>, who became a firm friend, particularly of Beatrix. His views on preserving the natural beauty of the Lake District had a lasting effect on her.He was the first published author she had met, and he took a great interest in her drawings, supporting her in her determination to have them taken seriously and later encouraging her to publish her first book, The Tale of Peter Rabbit. They remained close for the rest of <mask>'s lifetime, and <mask> maintained in his later years that Potter had been the real love of his father's life. Campaigning against railway development

In 1883 parliamentary approval was given for a scheme to build a railway line through the Newlands Valley to carry slate from quarries; the valley was, and is, regarded as one of the most beautiful and tranquil in the Lake District. A rival scheme was proposed, to run between Ennerdale Water and the coast. <mask> spearheaded a campaign to stop both. Ruskin gave his support, although after the failure of his Thirlmere campaign he was not optimistic about the outcome. <mask> held meetings, lobbied assiduously and wrote prolifically to legislators and newspapers.In a letter to The Standard he said:

<mask> founded the Derwentwater and Borrowdale Defence Committee and enlisted the support of the Commons Preservation Society and the Kyrle Society, two established campaigning conservation organisations headed by well-known figures including Octavia and Miranda Hill, George Shaw Lefevre, James Bryce and Robert Hunter. The public paid heed, and protests became so widespread and so strong that the schemes were dropped. Griffiths writes that although by no means solely responsible for the successful outcome of the campaign, <mask> "became a local and national hero almost overnight, and a new awareness of landscape preservation came to the fore". The success of the campaign led to the formation of the Lake District Defence Society (later to become The Friends of the Lake District). <mask> proposed the foundation of the organisation at a meeting of the Wordsworth Society in 1883. He maintained that for the sake of Wordsworth's literary heritage it was necessary to protect the landscape that had inspired him. The stated aim of the society was "to protect the Lake District from those injurious encroachments upon its scenery which are from time to time attempted from purely commercial or speculative motives, without regard to its claim as a national recreation ground".Besides <mask>, founder-members included Ruskin, Robert Browning, the Duke of Westminster and Alfred, Lord Tennyson, with whom <mask> had a family connection. As well as saving the landscape from insensitive development, <mask> and his colleagues aimed to protect rights of way and the use of common land. The new society gained support not only among local people but throughout Britain, including the cities; there was support from outside Britain, particularly from the United States. Vicar of Crosthwaite

During the time the Lake District Defence Society was being formed, the Bishop of Carlisle, Harvey Goodwin, offered <mask> the post of vicar of St Kentigern's, Crosthwaite and rural dean of Keswick. Goodwin said, "In my opinion the post which I offer you is as near Heaven as anything in this world can be". <mask> took up the appointment in July 1883. By contrast with the tiny parish of Wray, which had a population of about 100, Crosthwaite was substantial, with not only St Kentigern's but five outlying churches in the surrounding countryside.The parish was founded in the sixth century, and there was much to appeal to <mask>'s sense of history. He revived the traditional symbols of St Kentigern – a robin, a tree, a bell and a salmon with a ring in its mouth – incorporating them in the mosaic floor of the church. He threw himself vigorously into parish life, "friend to both landowner and boatman, tourist and local" in Griffiths's words. At the same time he continued to campaign on a large number of national issues, not only supporting conservation but opposing such practices as vivisection, rabbit coursing, the cruel trapping of animals, and what he called "murderous millinery" – the killing of birds to use their feathers in hats. "If there was a committee, he was on it; a church fete, he was opening it", commented Griffiths. One of his parishioners called him "the most active volcano in Europe". Both Murphy and Griffiths add that his reforming zeal sometimes made him "intolerably authoritarian"; his gardener referred to him as a "peppery old swine".In November 1884 <mask> and his wife began organising classes in metalwork and wood carving. There was considerable unemployment in Keswick and the surrounding area, particularly in the winter months, and the <mask>s aimed to provide productive and satisfying work. <mask> was mindful of advice given to him by William Morris:
 The classes, for men only, were held in the parish rooms near the centre of the town, under the supervision of <mask>, assisted by a local designer and another professional from the South Kensington School of Design. This led to the establishment of the Keswick School of

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 Industrial Art. It flourished and quickly gained a reputation for high-quality copper and silver decorative metalwork. By 1888 nearly seventy men were attending the classes. By 1890 the school was exhibiting nationally and winning prizes.To accommodate the increased numbers of students <mask> raised funds for a purpose-built home for the school, adjacent to the River Greta. It opened in 1894 and in 1898 a full-time head, Harold Stabler, was appointed, succeeded in 1900 by Herbert Maryon. The school was mainly financed from sales of its products, and continued in operation until 1984. For the women of Keswick and the district the <mask>s introduced spinning and weaving classes, led by Marion Twelves, a protégée of Ruskin. <mask> was proud that when Ruskin died in 1900, the pall for the coffin was handspun and handwoven in Keswick under Twelves's direction. In 1887 <mask> revived the moribund Keswick and District Footpath Preservation Society, with the principal aim of stopping landowners blocking public rights of way across their land. The owner of Fawe Park, Portinscale, had done so between the Derwentwater shore and the slopes of Catbells.When persuasion failed, <mask> led hundreds of demonstrators to demolish the barriers. Bott comments that this dispute roused local passions, but that the next confrontation between <mask> and local landowners earned national headlines. The owner of Latrigg, a fell overlooking Keswick, attempted to block access along two paths and challenged the objectors to trespass, with a view to bringing a test case in court. The barriers were torn down and more than 2,000 people marched to the Latrigg summit. The case came to trial and a compromise was reached: one path remained closed but the other was recognised as an inalienable public right of way. In addition to his post at Crosthwaite, <mask> was appointed as an honorary canon of Carlisle Cathedral in 1891. Within his parish, his interest in education led him to take a large part in founding Keswick High School, one of the first co-educational secondary schools in the country, which opened in October 1898.He was chairman of the school's board of governors, and Cumberland's director of education described him as "the real founder of the Keswick High School". To <mask>, education was not merely about the basic "three Rs"; it had to also incorporate culture, art, awareness of nature and responsibility to all living things. County Councillor
Of the three people who later founded the National Trust, <mask> was the only one who associated himself even loosely with a party political movement. Robert Hunter, as a civil servant, was not permitted to do so and Octavia Hill was wary of governments and parties in general. There were two main British parties at the time: the Conservatives, seen as defending the interests of the landed aristocracy, and the Liberals, generally more sympathetic to ideas about environmental protection and public access to the countryside. When English local government was reorganised in the late 1880s <mask> stood as an independent Liberal for the newly-formed Cumberland County Council in January 1889. He was elected as the member for Keswick.<mask> became chairman of the council's Highways Committee. He stood out against the construction of roads over lakeland passes, secured controls over mining pollution, and promoted adequate signposting of footpaths. As a councillor he was continually at odds with the brewing industry. He hated drunkenness, and opposed what he saw as excessive numbers of public houses and unduly lax alcohol licensing regulations. But he was never a prohibitionist: after returning from a tour of French vineyards he wrote to The Times protesting against Britain's high tax on the importation of French wine, which he saw as unfair and as contributing to rural poverty in France. Ruskin's emphasis on practical skills was a lifelong influence on <mask>, and as a county councillor he promoted a mobile dairy hygiene unit. Its horse-drawn dairies toured the farms and villages, showing how to produce butter and cheese to the highest standards.Griffiths comments that it not only improved life for local farm workers but also led to increased competition against Danish dairy imports. This initiative developed into the Newton Rigg Farm School, near Penrith, which opened in 1896 and (at 2020) continues as Newton Rigg College. <mask> was also instrumental in founding a sanatorium for tuberculosis patients on Blencathra, 900 ft (275m) above sea level, where the mountain air was believed to be beneficial. His concern for the health of the community prompted him to campaign against over-processed white bread, encourage fell running and above all strive to ensure that footpaths were kept open to allow walking. He lost his seat on the council in 1895, the vote probably tipped by objections to his firm stance on public houses and alcohol licensing. National Trust

By 1890 <mask> had become convinced that the surest means of protecting land for public enjoyment was not lobbying or legislation but ownership. There had been cases in which people wished to give or bequeath property to the public, but there was no suitable national body that was legally capable of owning it.In 1884 Hunter had proposed "the formation of a corporate company" to hold properties "with a view to the protection of the public interest in the open spaces of the country". Hill was in favour of the idea but the Commons Preservation Society was against it, fearing that such a body would compete with it for public support; the proposal was allowed to lapse. In 1893 several important properties in the Lake District came up for sale, and <mask> went to London to discuss with Hunter and Hill how the sites might be acquired for the public. They agreed to revive the proposal of a national trust. An inaugural meeting was convened at Grosvenor House, London, in July 1894; Hunter and <mask> were elected chairman and secretary respectively. The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty formally came into being in January 1895. Until his death, <mask> worked as honorary secretary to the Trust.He was responsible for the campaign to raise the £6,500 needed to buy Brandlehow Woods and Fell, a 105 acre property, the National Trust's first purchase in the Lake District. He was at the forefront of successful efforts to buy other properties in Cumberland and Westmorland: the 750 acre Gowbarrow Fell at Ullswater (1906); a large tract at the southern end of Derwentwater 1908, including a wooded knoll given by the <mask>s to mark their 25th year in the district (1908); extensive holdings in Borrowdale including the Bowder Stone (1910); and the site of the Castlerigg stone circle (1913). He was active elsewhere in the country on the National Trust's behalf. By the time of his death in 1920 the trust held 994 estates throughout England and Wales, including Waggoners Wells, Hampshire, acquired in memory of Hunter and Hydon's Ball, Surrey, in memory of Hill. Later years
<mask> was a frequent traveller. He and his wife made several walking and painting tours in the Alps, visited the Holy Land and went to Egypt when their son was working there in Sir Flinders Petrie's archaeological team. <mask> published accounts of his trips and books of poetry inspired by them.In 1896 he went to Russia as a newspaper correspondent to cover the coronation of Nicholas II, and three years later he toured the eastern states of the United States as ambassador for the National Trust. After the launch of the National Trust, <mask> continued to campaign on other issues about which he felt strongly. He took a leading role in the erection of monuments to Wordsworth (Cockermouth, 1896), Caedmon (Whitby, 1896) and Bede (Monkwearmouth, 1903). He turned his attention to the cinema, where he was strongly against the depiction of sex and violence. His loathing of indecency extended to an aversion to saucy seaside postcards. He encouraged young people not to attend "lurid crime films at kinemas", and turn instead to wholesome organisations such as the YMCA, Boy Scouts and Girl Guides. In 1898 <mask> was offered the bishopric of Madagascar, but declined it, feeling himself committed to his conservation work in the Lake District and, by then, in many other parts of the British countryside.In 1909 he was appointed a residentiary canon of Carlisle Cathedral, and spent three months a year staying in the Cathedral Close. A local controversy in 1911 made national news, when <mask> and Hunter successfully opposed the county council's proposal to demolish the medieval Portinscale bridge across the River Derwent near St Kentigern's and replace it with a modern structure. Proponents of a new bridge maintained that antiquity alone did not justify retaining an old structure: it must, they contended, have "historic associations". This argument was widely ridiculed and the council backed down, outmanoeuvred by <mask>, who, together with the owner of the adjacent property, offered to underwrite the cost of strengthening the old bridge. In 1912 <mask> was appointed to the honorary position of chaplain to the king, and he held the post of chaplain to the Border Regiment of the Territorial Force, with the rank of colonel. When the First World War began in 1914 <mask>'s views were straightforward: "The German envy and hate, which has been nursed against us secretly for the last 30 years, is now seen in all its open madness. It is the blackest and most devilish thing that has been heard of in history".He urged the young men of Cumberland to fight "for home and Empire". Among the volunteers was his son, Noel, who survived the war. <mask>'s confidence was shaken as the war went on and the lists of casualties grew longer and longer. When the war ended he was at the forefront of organising the peace celebrations. In 1915, with a view to eventual retirement, <mask> bought Allan Bank, Grasmere, a house in which Wordsworth had lived between 1808 and 1811. While he was staying at Carlisle in December 1916 his wife died at Crosthwaite from cardiac arrest brought on by influenza. <mask>, who had also caught influenza, was too ill to attend her funeral.In his absence the service was led by the Bishop of Barrow-in-Furness, Campbell West-Watson. <mask> felt unable to carry on without Edith's help, and the week after Easter 1917 he resigned from St Kentigern's after 34 years and retired to Allan Bank. He continued his work for the National Trust and remained an active Canon of Carlisle. In 1918 he married Eleanor "Nellie" Foster Simpson, a long-standing friend to him and Edith, who had for some years been his secretary. After the marriage the couple's honeymoon consisted of a tour of National Trust properties in Wales, a trip that was the basis of <mask>'s last book, a study of thirteen of the trust's properties in Wales and the West Country. <mask> suffered a heart attack and died at Allan Bank on 28 May 1920, after a brief illness. He was buried in the churchyard of St Kentigern's alongside Edith.He bequeathed Allan Bank to the National Trust, with a lifetime lease to Eleanor, who lived there until her death in 1959. Legacy
In its obituary notice, The Times wrote that "It is no exaggeration to say – and it is much to say of anyone – that England would be a much duller and less healthy and happy country if [<mask>] had not lived and worked." To commemorate him, the National Trust raised funds soon after his death to buy Friars' Crag, Lord's Island and other land bordering Derwentwater. A memorial stone is set in the wall alongside the path from the Keswick landing stages to the end of Friars' Crag. <mask> wrote a biography of her husband, published by his regular publisher, MacLehose, in 1923. <mask>in (1901) was described by The New York Times as "in many ways the best volume [of] his series of books upon some of the literary aspects of the Lake Country".Books by <mask>

  (by Giovanni Parenti, translated and edited by <mask>)

Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

Books

Journals

External links

Biography at Visit Cumbria
Beatrix Potter's Lake District (Liverpool Museums)
Poems, Ballads, and Bucolics, by <mask> <mask>
A Book of Bristol Sonnets, by <mask> <mask>in and the English Lakes, by <mask> <mask>
Sermons of Canon H <mask> at Cumbria Archive Centre, Kendal

1851 births
1920 deaths
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
British environmentalists
Church of England hymnwriters
English male poets
Members of Cumberland County Council
People educated at Uppingham School
19th-century English Anglican priests
20th-century English Anglican priests
National Trust people
People from Grasmere

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