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<mask> (; born 20 August 1952) is the CEO of Rostec Corporation. A former KGB agent and high-ranking general, Chemezov befriended Vladimir Putin when both were stationed in East Germany in the 1980s. Chemezov enriched himself when Putin became President of Russia. In 2007, Putin appointed him as CEO of Rostec. The Pandora Papers leaks revealed that <mask> and his family maintained a large network of offshore wealth, including a superyacht. Biography
<mask> was born on 20 August 1952 in the city of Cheremkhovo in Irkutsk Oblast. <mask> graduated with honours from Irkutsk Institute of National Economy (presently Baikal State University of Economics and Law) in 1975 and then completed his postgraduate education at the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia.<mask> has a doctorate in economics and is also a professor and full member of the Military Academy. At the Irkutsk Scientific and Research Institute of Rare and Nonferrous Metals, Chemezov provided economic assessment of deposits as an engineer, a research associate, and chief laboratory assistant for six months from 15 October 1975 to 28 April 1976 while he was waiting for his paperwork to process to enter the ranks of the KGB. From 1980 to 1988 as KGB, he worked at "Luch" Research-Industrial Association which was the KGB surveillance operation gathering scientific and technical intelligence in the communist controlled German Democratic Republic (GDR). From 1983 to 1988, <mask> served as the head of the Luch Association representative office in East Germany, where he met Vladimir Putin and Nikolay Tokarev. Nikolay Tokarev, <mask>, and Vladimir Putin worked for their KGB boss Lazar Matveev while in East Germany and both <mask> and Putin lived in the same block of flats in Dresden. There they became friends. From 1988 to 1996, <mask>, as the KGB controller with the 3rd department of the 11th department of the 5th department of the KGB, was deputy CEO of the "Sovintersport" Foreign Trade Association under the leadership of Viktor Galaev ().Sovintersport, which held a monopoly on Soviet sports with the West, is a portmanteau of Soviet, International, Export, and Sport formed by Vladimir Putin and Chemezov. In 2011, <mask>, Makarov, and Alexei Miller, chairman of Gazprom, were the supervisory board of Team Katyusha (), which was formed in 2008, and, along with Novikombank () and Transneft (), their companies, Rostec, ITERA, and Gazprom, respectively, were the major sponsors of Katyusha. During this time, <mask> was involved with Igor Makarov in forming the main subsidiary of the ITERA Group, the Itera Oil and Gas Company, founded in 1992 with headquarters in Jacksonville, Florida and originally owned by <mask>'s wife Iganatova. From 1996 to 1999, he was chairman of the Department for Foreign Economic Relations within the Office for Presidential Affairs, serving under Vladimir Putin. Later he transitioned to the position of chairman of the Department for Foreign Economic Relations of the Presidential Administration of Russia. During this time and although both Ukraine and Georgia objected, <mask> was pivotal in securing for Russia, Russia's correct share from the former USSR's state property, state archives and state debts. From September 1999 to November 2000, <mask> served as CEO of Promexport.In August 2000, he became a member of the Presidential Committee on Military and Engineering Cooperation between Russia and Foreign Countries. From November 2000 to April 2004, <mask> served as first deputy CEO of Rosoboronexport and then as its CEO from 2004 to 2007. After Rosoboronexport obtained an 66% stake in VSMPO-Avisma in October 2006, <mask> became chairman of VSMPO-AVISMA in November 2006. By a decree of the Russian President, on 26 November 2007, Vladimir Putin appointed <mask> as CEO of Russian Technologies Corporation, which was renamed Rostec in late 2012. At the 6th United Russia party convention held on 2 December 2006, <mask> was elected to the party's Supreme Council. At the 7th party convention on 26 May 2012, <mask> was reelected. On 28 April 2014, he was barred by the Obama administration from entering the United States.Through Serguei Adoniev's charitable contributions, <mask> had become an influence in Novaya Gazeta since 2014. <mask> is married to Yekaterina Ignatova, who is a trained planning engineer. She is a co-founder and seventy percent stockholder of Kate LLC, a company that develops and manufactures automatic gearboxes. Ignatova is also the majority shareholder (along with Gor Nahapetyan, the managing director of Troika Dialog) of Étage, a chain of nineteen restaurants in Moscow. She has an apartment at 28 on Povarskaya Street () in Moscow. <mask> has four children. According to information accessed in May 2009, <mask>'s eldest son Stanislav (born in 1973) has been working for the company Itera.He is a thirty percent shareholder of Medfarmtekhologia, a member of the board of directors of AvtoVAZEnergo, and chairman of the board of directors of Interbusinessgroup, which holds via structural companies such commercial organizations as Independent Insurance Group LLC, Oborontsement JSC, and Oborontsement-energo LLC. Since 2003, Stanislav <mask> has been the co-owner (together with Vladimir Artyakov's son, Dmitri) of the Meridian hotel facilities in Gelendzhik. Stanislav <mask> is the only founder of Interbusinessgroup LLC () which has the shares in several construction companies, Russian Industrial Nanotechnologies (), I.A.D. business industry () and shares in Natural and Organic Products LLC () which is one of several companies clustered around Andrey Dolzhich's () Virgin Islands firm Natural and Organic Products, Inc that sells soil improvers to Persian Gulf countries including the soil near Bahrain's Royal Palace which now have palm trees growing in soil improvers from Dolzhich's firm. According to other information accessed in May 2009, <mask>'s second son was studying in a medical institute. His youngest son <mask> was in primary school and his daughter was a graduate student at MGIMO University.

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<mask> (8 January 1941 – 4 October 1989) was an English actor, comedian and writer. He was one of the six members of the surreal comedy group Monty Python. He portrayed authority figures such as the Colonel and the lead role in two Python films, Holy Grail (1975) and Life of Brian (1979). <mask> was born in Leicester and was raised in Melton Mowbray. He enjoyed science, acting and comedy and, after graduating from Emmanuel College, Cambridge and St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, he turned down a career as a doctor to be a comedian instead. <mask> eventually established a writing partnership with John Cleese, which reached its critical peak with Monty Python during the 1970s. He subsequently left Britain for Los Angeles, where he attempted to be a success on American television, speaking on the college circuit and producing the pirate film Yellowbeard (1983), before returning to Britain in the early 1980s.In his personal life, <mask> was openly homosexual and a strong supporter of gay rights, and was in a long-term partnership with David Sherlock. He was an alcoholic during his time at Cambridge and the Python years; he quit drinking shortly before working on Life of Brian. He later became an enthusiast and patron of the Dangerous Sports Club. <mask> died in 1989, on the Pythons' 20th anniversary, of tonsil cancer which had spread to his spine. His life and legacy were commemorated at a private memorial service at St Bartholomew's with the other five Pythons. Early life and education

<mask> was born on 8 January 1941 at the Stoneygate Nursing Home, Stoneygate, Leicester, the son of policeman <mask> and Edith Towers. <mask> was a police constable at the time of <mask>'s birth; he ended his career as a chief inspector.He had been trained as a French polisher for a coffin-maker before entering the police force in the 1930s. <mask> had an elder brother, John, who was born in 1936. They had, according to <mask> and his brother, an "extremely poor upbringing". One of <mask>'s earliest memories was seeing the remains of Polish airmen who had suffered an aeroplane accident near Leicester, later saying the sight remained in his memory. <mask> was educated at Melton Mowbray Grammar School. He showed a strong affinity for science, sports and amateur dramatics and was singled out for attention when a local paper reviewed his performance of Mark Antony in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. <mask> and his brother John were both avid fans of radio comedy, being especially fond of The Goon Show and Robert Moreton's skill of telling jokes the wrong way round and reversing punchlines.Biographer Jim Yoakum said "the radio shows didn't necessarily make him laugh". In 1959, <mask> began to study medicine at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He joined the Cambridge Footlights, where he first began writing with John Cleese. Following graduation, <mask> joined the Footlights show Cambridge Circus and toured New Zealand, deferring his medical studies for a year. After the tour, he continued his studies at St Bartholomew's Medical College, but became torn between whether to pursue a career in medicine or acting. His brother John later said, "He [<mask>] wasn't ever driven to go into medicine... it wasn't his life's ambition." Career

Pre-Python career
Following their Footlights success, <mask> and Cleese began to write professionally for the BBC, initially for David Frost but also for Marty Feldman.Frost had recruited Cleese, and in turn Cleese decided he needed <mask> as a sounding board. <mask> also contributed sketches to the radio series I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again and wrote material on his own and with Bill Oddie. He wrote for The Illustrated Weekly Hudd (starring Roy Hudd), Cilla Black, This Is Petula Clark and This Is Tom Jones. <mask>, Cleese and Tim Brooke-Taylor later joined Feldman in the television comedy series At Last the 1948 Show. It was <mask>'s first significant role as a performer as well as a writer and he displayed a gift for deadpan comedy (such as in the sketch "The Minister Who Falls to Pieces") and imitating various British dialects. The series was the first to feature <mask>'s sketch of wrestling with himself. Despite the series' success, <mask> was still unsure about abandoning his medical career.In between the two series of At Last The 1948 Show, he completed his studies at St Bartholomew's and became professionally registered as a doctor. <mask> and Cleese also wrote for the long-running television comedy series Doctor in the House, and both appeared on a one-off television special, How to Irritate People alongside Brooke-Taylor and future Python member Michael Palin. One of Cleese and <mask>'s sketches, featuring a used car salesman refusing to believe a customer's model had broken down, became the inspiration for the Dead Parrot sketch. <mask> also co-wrote several episodes of Doctor in the House follow up, Doctor in Charge, with Bernard McKenna. Monty Python

In 1969, <mask> and Cleese joined the other Pythons, Michael Palin, Eric Idle, Terry Jones and Terry Gilliam, for their sketch comedy series Monty Python's Flying Circus. The group's writing was split into well-defined teams, with <mask> collaborating almost exclusively with Cleese. <mask> was particularly keen to remove stereotypical punchlines in sketches and created The Colonel, who would stop them in mid-flow by saying they were "too silly".Although the pair were officially equal partners, Cleese later thought that <mask> contributed comparatively little in the way of direct writing, saying "he would come in, say something marvellous and then drift off in his own mind". The other Pythons have said that <mask>'s biggest contribution in the writing room was an intuition for what was funny. Gilliam later recalled that "<mask> would do the nudge that would push it into something extraordinary". The series was an immediate success, and <mask> was delighted to learn that medical students at St Bartholomew's crowded round the television in the bar to watch it. <mask> was frequently late for rehearsing or recording, leading to the other Pythons calling him "the late <mask>". <mask>'s main contribution to the "Dead Parrot sketch", derived from the piece within How to Irritate People and involving a customer returning a faulty toaster, was "How can we make this madder? ", turning the toaster into a dead Norwegian Blue parrot.Cleese later said he and <mask> believed that "there was something very funny there, if we could find the right context for it". Cleese was in particular concerned that the Cheese Shop sketch simply was not funny, in that it was just mainly a man listing different makes of cheese. <mask> urged his partner to continue with it, telling him "Trust me, it's funny." When it was read out at the next script meeting, Cleese found that the others, particularly Palin, thought it was hilarious. The group felt that <mask> had the best acting skills among them. Cleese complimented <mask> by saying that he was "particularly a wonderful actor". <mask> played the lead role in two Python films, Holy Grail and Life of Brian.He was chosen to play the lead in Holy Grail because of the group's respect for his straight acting skills, and because the other members wanted to play lesser, funnier characters. <mask> did not mind being filmed fully nude in front of a crowd in Life of Brian, but the scene, filmed in Tunisia, caused problems with the female Muslim extras. Other work
In 1975, <mask> and Douglas Adams wrote a pilot for a television series, entitled Out of the Trees, but it received poor ratings after being broadcast at the same time as Match of the Day and only the initial episode was produced. In 1978, <mask> co-wrote the comedy film The Odd Job with McKenna and starred as one of the main characters. <mask> wanted his friend Keith Moon to play a co-lead role alongside him, but Moon could not pass an acting test, so the part went to David Jason who had previously appeared on Do Not Adjust Your Set with Pythons Idle, Jones and Palin. The film was moderately successful. <mask> guest-starred on several television series including The Big Show.In 1976, <mask> began writing a pirate film, Yellowbeard (1983), which came out of conversations between <mask> and Moon while in Los Angeles. Moon had always wanted to play Long John Silver, so <mask> began to write a script for him. Moon died in 1978 and the work stalled, eventually being rewritten by McKenna, then by Peter Cook. The film, which starred <mask> as the eponymous pirate, also featured appearances from Cook, Marty Feldman, Cleese, Idle, Spike Milligan and Cheech & Chong. It marked the last appearance of Feldman, who suffered a fatal heart attack in December 1982. The project was fraught with financial difficulties and at times there was not enough money to pay the crew. It was released to mixed reviews.David Robinson, reviewing the film in The Times, said  that "the Monty Python style of comic anarchy requires more than scatology, rude words and funny faces". <mask> published his memoirs, A Liar's Autobiography, in 1980, choosing the title because he said "it's almost impossible to tell the truth". He returned to Britain permanently after Yellowbeard was released. He became involved with the extreme sports club Dangerous Sports Club, which popularised bungee jumping. <mask> was scheduled to perform a bungee jump himself, but it was cancelled due to safety concerns. After reuniting with the other Pythons in the film The Meaning of Life (1983), <mask> began a lengthy series of US college tours, talking about The Pythons, the Dangerous Sports Club and his friend Moon, among other subjects. Saturday Night Live creator and Python fan Lorne Michaels persuaded <mask> to star in The New Show.In 1988, <mask>

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 appeared in the Iron Maiden video "Can I Play with Madness". The same year, he starred in a pilot of a proposed television series, Jake's Journey, but financial problems prevented a full series from being made. In 1988, he also appeared on stage with three other Pythons (Gilliam, Jones and Palin) at the 41st British Academy Film Awards where Monty Python received the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema. Broadcast in November 1989, the 20th anniversary television special, Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python, hosted by Python fan Steve Martin, was <mask>'s final onscreen appearance with the other five Python members. <mask> was intended to be cast in the Red Dwarf episode "Timeslides", but died before shooting could begin. Personal life

<mask> first met his long-term partner David Sherlock in Ibiza in 1966. He later described realising he was homosexual as "an important moment in my life".The following year, he told his close friends, including Cleese and Feldman, about his relationship. <mask> and Sherlock moved to Belsize Park in 1968, and the pair enjoyed visiting gay clubs in Central London. In the early 1970s, after <mask> had found fame with Monty Python, they moved to a house in Highgate, North London. In 1972, on a television show hosted by British jazz musician George Melly, <mask> first disclosed his homosexuality publicly, becoming one of the first celebrities to do so. He was a vocal spokesman for gay rights, supporting the Gay Liberation Front. In 1972, <mask> supported the newspaper Gay News, which listed him as one of the publication's "special friends" in recognition. During a college tour, <mask> mentioned that a television audience member had written to the Pythons to complain about them having a gay member, citing a Bible passage that said any man who lies with a man should be taken out and stoned.Idle replied jokingly that they had found the perpetrator and killed him. In 1971, <mask> and Sherlock adopted John Tomiczek as their son. <mask> met Tomiczek when Tomiczek was a 14-year-old run-away from Liverpool. After discussions with Tomiczek's father, it was agreed that <mask> would become Tomiczek's legal guardian. Both Sherlock and Tomiczek remained a constant in <mask>'s life. During the 1970s, <mask> became increasingly concerned about the Pythons' income and finances. He subsequently moved to Los Angeles to avoid British income tax.In the mid-1980s, he returned to the UK and moved to Maidstone, Kent, with Sherlock and Tomiczek. Tomiczek later became <mask>'s business manager, and got engaged, but died of a heart attack in 1992. <mask> took up pipe smoking aged 15, which became a lifelong habit. He began drinking heavily during his time at Cambridge and St Bartholomew's, favouring gin. By the time Monty Python went out on tour in 1973, <mask>'s drinking had begun to affect his performance, causing him to miss cues to go on stage. He was known to suffer from delirium tremens. He stopped drinking during Christmas 1977, concerned about being able to act in Life of Brian successfully, and remained sober for the rest of his life.Illness and death
In 1988, <mask> made a routine visit to a dentist, who found a small, malignant tumour on one of his tonsils, leading to both being removed via a tonsillectomy. The following year, the cancer had spread into <mask>'s spinal column, where another tumour was surgically removed. <mask> had several chemotherapy treatments and surgeries during the final months of his life, but ultimately the cancer was declared inoperable. According to his brother, <mask> was visibly upset by the death of his mother that July, by which time he was terminally ill. Shortly afterwards, <mask> filmed scenes for the 20th anniversary of the first broadcast of Monty Python's Flying Circus, the final time he appeared on television. <mask> died on 4 October 1989 in Maidstone Hospital. At the time of his death, he was being visited by Sherlock, brother John and his sister-in-law, and fellow Pythons Palin and Cleese, the latter of whom had to be led out of the room to deal with his grief.Peter Cook had intended to visit, but arrived too late and was visibly shaken by the news. <mask>'s death occurred on the eve of the twentieth anniversary of the Pythons' collective debut on British television, and Jones called it "the worst case of party-pooping in all history". Memorial service

The five surviving Python members had decided to stay away from <mask>'s private funeral to prevent it from becoming a media circus and to give his family some privacy. They sent a wreath in the shape of the Python foot, with the message: "To <mask> from the other Pythons with all our love. PS: Stop us if we're getting too silly". The Rolling Stones also sent a floral arrangement, saying "Thanks for all the laughs." A public memorial service for <mask> was held at St Bartholomew's on 3 December, two months after his death.The service began with a chorus of the hymn "Jerusalem" sung in Engrish with a mock Chinese accent. Cleese delivered a eulogy to <mask> with shock humour that he believed <mask> would have appreciated, and became the first person at a televised British memorial service to say "fuck". Palin also delivered a eulogy to <mask>, as did Idle, quipping that <mask> had decided to die rather than listen to Palin again. Idle led the other surviving Pythons and <mask>'s close friends and family in a rendition of the song "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life", from Life of Brian, and later closed his remarks by saying: "I'd just like to be the last person at this meeting to say 'fuck'." Ten years after <mask>'s death, his ashes were first rumoured to have been "blasted into the skies in a rocket" with assistance from the Dangerous Sports Club. In a second rumour, <mask>'s ashes had been scattered on the mountains of Snowdonia, Wales, where he had visited regularly as a climber. Legacy

Following <mask>'s death, reformations of the Pythons have included an urn said to contain his ashes.At the 1998 Aspen Comedy Arts festival, the urn, brought onstage by a stiff English butler, was "accidentally" knocked over by Terry Gilliam, spilling the "ashes" on-stage. The apparently cremated remains were then removed with a DustBuster. Idle recalled meeting Sherlock, saying "I wish he [<mask>] was here now" and Sherlock replied "Oh, but he is. He's in my pocket!" Asteroid 9617 <mask>an, named in <mask>'s honour, is one of six asteroids named after the Python members. In 1997, Sherlock allowed Jim Yoakum to start the 'Graham Chapman Archives'. Later that year, the novel Graham Crackers: Fuzzy Memories, Silly Bits, and Outright Lies was released.It is a semi-sequel to A Liar's Autobiography, with <mask>'s works compiled by Yoakum. A compendium of writings, Calcium Made Interesting: Sketches, Letters, Essays & Gondolas, also compiled and edited by Yoakum, was published in 2005 in association with the David Sherlock and John Tomiczeck trust. In 2000, <mask>'s play O Happy Day was performed by Dad's Garage Theatre Company in Atlanta, Georgia, with the assistance of Cleese and Palin. In 2006, the album and DVD release Looks Like Another Brown Trouser Job came out, featuring a college lecture recorded in April 1988. In June 2011, it was announced that Cleese, Jones, Gilliam and Palin would perform in a 3-D animated version of <mask>'s memoir A Liar's Autobiography: Volume VI. Co-director Jeff Simpson worked closely with <mask>'s estate and the surviving Python members to "get this exactly right". The film, titled A Liar's Autobiography: The Untrue Story of Monty Python's <mask>, was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2012 and premiered in the UK the following month as part of the BFI London Film Festival.The voices of Cleese, Gilliam, Jones and Palin were spliced into commentary recorded by <mask> reading from his memoir and taped shortly before his death. The film's official trailer quoted <mask> as saying, "This is the best film I've been in since I died." In September 2012, a British Comedy Society blue plaque commemorating <mask> was unveiled at The Angel pub in Highgate by Jones, Palin, Barry Cryer, Ray Davies and Carol Cleveland. Palin said, "Highgate was his patch, and he should be celebrated because he was a very good, brilliant, funny, nice, wise, kind man, who occasionally drank too much." In December 2014, a green plaque funded by Leicestershire County Council was placed on <mask>'s former home in Burton Road, Melton Mowbray. A year later, a blue plaque at the entrance of <mask>'s old school, King Edward VII School was reported as stolen but was later found inside the building. In March 2017, the plaque was moved to Melton Mowbray town centre.Filmography

References

Bibliography

External links

 <mask> at PythOnline Pythons Page

 <mask> at the BBC Comedy Guide
 <mask> at the Comedy Zone
 <mask> at Gay Greats

1941 births
1989 deaths
20th-century English medical doctors
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from oropharyngeal cancer
British male comedy actors
English comedy writers
English male film actors
English male comedians
English male television actors
English television writers
English gay actors
Gay comedians
English gay writers
LGBT rights activists from England
LGBT writers from England
20th-century LGBT people
Monty Python members
People from Leicester
People from Melton Mowbray
People from Wigston Magna
Male actors from Leicestershire
20th-century English male actors
20th-century British comedians
British male television writers
British surrealist artists
British surrealist writers
20th-century English screenwriters
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<mask> (September 15, 1890 – April 29, 1975) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from the 5th congressional district of Kansas from 1935 to 1943. He was also a member of the National Labor Relations Board from 1943 to 1953, originally appointed by Franklin Roosevelt. Early life and career
<mask> was born to Samuel J. and Sarah H. (Nieves<mask> on a farm near the small town of Formoso in Jewell County, Kansas, in September 1890. His father was a wealthy businessman who owned a lumber yard. He attended public school in Wichita, Kansas, from the first to fifth grade. He then entered St. John's Military School in Salina, Kansas, graduating in 1905 after two years. He graduated Fairmount College (now known as Wichita State University) in Wichita, Kansas, in 1906, having focused on business administration.From 1906 to 1912, he worked a series of odd jobs, but then became an actor on the theatrical stage with the Harry Frazee company. He was with the Frazee troupe from 1912 to 1917. At the outbreak of World War I, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps, and was one of 19 men selected to act as President Woodrow Wilson's honor guard. He also served as a Marine guard at the State, War and Navy Building in Washington, D.C., and for a few months was the military orderly for United States Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels. After the war, he returned to Kansas. He was manager of the Houston-Doughty Lumber Co. (the firm his father co-owned) from 1917 to 1935. During his tenure as manager of the firm, he also served a term as president of the Kansas Lumbermen's Association and as a member of the board of directors of the Kansas State Chamber of Commerce.He married Charlotte Stellhorn of St. Louis, Missouri, on May 28, 1919 (some sources say 1920). The couple had two children, Patricia (1922) and Robert (1925). <mask> was elected mayor of Newton, Kansas, in 1927, serving two two-year terms. He was elected secretary of the Kansas Democratic State Central Committee in 1934, serving for a year. <mask> was also active in the American Legion and in Freemasonry. Congressional career
<mask> was elected to the United States Congress by the voters of Kansas' 5th Congressional District in 1934. The incumbent, William Augustus Ayres, resigned from Congress on August 21, 1934, to accept an appointment to the Federal Trade Commission.Somewhat surprisingly, <mask> easily defeated Republican Ira C. Watson 57 percent to 36.2 percent. He won re-election two years later with 60 percent of the vote over Republican challenger J.B. Patterson. Houston barely defeated Republican Stanley Taylor in 1938, 43,990 to 43,480. In a rematch in 1940, Houston more handily defeated Taylor by a 5,500-vote margin (58,436 to 52,901). During his tenure in Congress, <mask> was a member of the House Committee on Appropriations. The 1940 census led to redistricting which pitted <mask> against Edward Herbert Rees, the incumbent Republican in Kansas' 4th congressional district. Rees easily defeated Houston, 55,612 to 44,333.Republican Clifford R. Hope, who had once held the 7th congressional district (it had been eliminated due to redistricting) won the new 5th district seat once held by Houston. NLRB career
Houston's strong support for Roosevelt in Congress was rewarded when President Roosevelt appointed him on March 5, 1943, to succeed William M. Leiserson on the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). His nomination was not well received. NLRB chairman Dr. Harry A. Millis had supported NLRB general counsel Robert B. Watts, and had urged Roosevelt repeatedly to appoint someone with extensive credentials in labor relations (which Houston lacked). Roosevelt also passed over Lloyd K. Garrison, Dean of the University of Wisconsin Law School and former chair of the National Labor Board (NLB) in the early 1930s; Dr. George W. Taylor, vice chairman of the National War Labor Board and a former NLB regional director; and Edward C. Witte, a noted professor of labor relations at the University of Wisconsin. Houston had no labor relations experience prior to his service on the NRLB. For the first several years of his first five-year term on the board, Houston relied heavily on his legal staff for advice.United States Department of Labor solicitor general Gerard D. Reilly was appointed to the NRLB in September 1942 to replace the departing Edwin S. Smith. Reilly was deeply conservative, and some staff at the NLRB considered him reactionary. Reilly also had a great deal of influence on Houston during Houston's first few years in office. But as Houston gained experience, he forged an alliance with the NLRB's moderate chairman, Harry Millis, who was a firm believer in collective bargaining and labor unions. In his second five-year term on the NLRB, Houston became the most consistently pro-labor member of the board. Reilly came to believe that NLRB Chief Trial Examiner Frank Bloom (a left-wing lawyer) heavily influenced Houston in these later years. Houston's renomination to the Board proved to be something of a watershed.In 1947, the Taft-Hartley Act expanded the NLRB's size from three to five members. President Harry S. Truman had appointed one relatively liberal and one relatively conservative member to the Board after the Act's passage. <mask> was renominated for the NLRB on April 12, 1948. His renomination was seen as something of a restoration of a "New Deal" (e.g., liberal) coalition on the NLRB, one which would interpret federal labor law more expansively and in favor of labor unions. <mask> was involved in several important votes during his tenure on the NRLB. Almost immediately after joining the board, he allied with Chairman Millis in voting to overturn a previous decision of the NLRB and deny plant foremen the right to join unions (as they were supervisors and not employees). But just two years later, he and Millis allied again to overturn their 1943 decision.Houston and new NLRB Chairman Paul M. Herzog again combined in 1946 to uphold the 1945 decision. In 1945, he again allied with Millis to force the resignation of Charles T. Douds, the board's controversial and liberal Northeast regional director. In 1947, he was embroiled along with the Board in a major dispute over the Taft-Hartley Act. The Act had become law over President Truman's veto in the summer of 1947, and among its many provisions was a requirement that all elected union leaders file an affidavit with the NLRB asserting that they were not now and never had been a member of the Communist Party USA and that they disavowed any future attempt to overthrow the United States government by force. The question before the NLRB was whether this applied to union leaders who were elected not to sit on the executive board of their home union but to serve on the board of directors of some other federation, organization, or body. The NLRB's general counsel ruled that members of the boards of directors of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations must sign these oaths. This was a concern, since many of these individuals had been communists in their youth (although they were no longer).Since they did not hold elected positions on their home unions, they had escaped the Taft-Hartley Act's anti-communist oath provisions, but the general counsel's ruling put their service in jeopardy. <mask>, along with three other members of the NLRB overruled the general counsel in a series of votes in September and October 1947. Retirement and death
<mask> retired from the NLRB on August 27, 1953. Having divorced his first wife Charlotte, <mask> married Ireta Robinson on November 16, 1945. <mask> moved to Laguna Beach, California. He died there April 29, 1975, after suffering a heart attack. He is interred in Melrose Abbey Cemetery, Anaheim, California.Footnotes

References
"Ayres Is Appointed to Succeed Landis." New York Times. July 2, 1934. "Board Vacancies Filled." New York Times. July 29, 1953. Connelley, William Elsey.History of Kansas State and People: Kansas at the First Quarter Post of the Century. Chicago: American Historical Society, 1928. "Douds Ouster Started by NLRB." New York Times. January 17, 1945. "Douds Will Fight to Keep NLRB Post." New York Times.January 16, 1945. "Foremen Demands Granted by NLRB." New York Times. March 27, 1945. Gross, James A. The Reshaping of the National Labor Relations Board: National Labor Policy in Transition, 1937-1947. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1981."J.M<mask> Renamed for NLRB." New York Times. April 13, 1948. "<mask>." New York Times. April 30, 1975
"Kansans in U.S.Congress." Kansapedia. Kansas Historical Society. 2010. Accessed 2010-11-18. Moore, <mask>; Preimesberger, Jon. P.; and Tarr, David R. Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S.Elections. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2001. "'New Deal' NLRB Is Seen." United Press International. November 6, 1948. "NLRB Discharges Douds." New York Times.February 20, 1945. Nomination of Albert Cummins Beeson to be a Member of the National Labor Relations Board. United States Senate. Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. 83d Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954. Rosow, Jerome M. American Men in Government: A Biographical Dictionary and Directory of Federal Officials.Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1949. "Rules Wagner Act Covers Foremen." New York Times. March 8, 1946. Stark, Louis. "Houston Named to Labor-Board." New York Times.March 6, 1943. Stark, Louis. "NLRB Cancels, 4-1, Denham Red Order for AFL, CIO Chiefs." New York Times. October 8, 1947. Stark, Louis. "NLRB Is Expected to Overrule, 4-1, Denham Red Stand."New York Times. October 2, 1947. Stark, Louis. "NLRB Now Rejects Foremen's Unions." New York Times. May 12, 1943. "Takes Trade Board Post."New York Times. August 22, 1934. "Text of the NLRB Announcement on Reversal of Non-Communist Affidavit Ruling." Associated Press. October 8, 1947. External links

1890 births
1975 deaths
Mayors of places in Kansas
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Kansas
People from Laguna Beach, California
People from Harvey County, Kansas
People from Jewell County, Kansas
Wichita State University alumni
National Labor Relations Board officials
United States Marines
Kansas Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel
Truman administration personnel
Eisenhower administration personnel

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<mask> (, , ; 1378 – 1 December 1455), born <mask>, was a Florentine Italian artist of the Early Renaissance best known as the creator of the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery, called by Michelangelo the Gates of Paradise. Trained as a goldsmith and sculptor, he established an important workshop for sculpture in metal. His book of Commentarii contains important writing on art, as well as what may be the earliest surviving autobiography by any artist. Early life

<mask> was born in 1378 in Pelago, a comune 20 km from Florence. It is said that <mask> was the son of Cione di Ser Buonaccorso <mask> and <mask>. However, there is some doubt about whether Cione was Ghiberti's actual father. At some point in their marriage, Fiore went to Florence and lived with a goldsmith by the name of Bartolo di Michele.Fiore and Bartolo maintained a common law marriage, so it is unknown who Ghiberti's biological father was. There is no documentation of Cione's death, but it is known that after his passing Fiore and Bartolo married in 1406. Regardless, Bartolo was the only father <mask> knew and they had a close and loving relationship. Bartolo was a clever and popular goldsmith in Florence, and trained <mask> in his trade. It was from this apprenticeship that <mask> learned the first principles of design. <mask> was interested in many forms of art and did not confine himself to gold-working. He delighted in modeling copies of antique medals and also in painting.<mask> received formal training as a painter from Gherardo Starnina, an Italian artist from Florence. He then went to work in the Florence workshop of Bartolo di Michele, where Antonio del Pollaiolo also worked. When the bubonic plague struck Florence in 1400, Ghiberti moved to Rimini. In Rimini he was fortunate enough to receive employment in the palace of Carlo Malatesta for the Lord of Pesaro, where he assisted in the completion of wall frescoes of the castle of Carlo I Malatesta. At the palace Ghiberti was given a room to paint in, and he spent much of his time here. It is believed that this is where he gained his deep love for the art of painting. However, shortly after his arrival he received word from his friends back in his home town of Florence that the governors of the Baptistery were holding a competition and sending for masters who were skilled in bronze working.Despite his great appreciation for painting, Ghiberti asked Malatesta for leave. In 1401 he headed back to Florence to participate in a competition that was being held for the commission to make a pair of bronze doors for the Baptistery of the Cathedral of Florence. Florence Baptistery doors

<mask>'s career was dominated by his two successive commissions for pairs of bronze doors to the Florence Baptistery (Battistero di San Giovanni). They are recognized as a major masterpiece of the Early Renaissance, and were famous and influential from their unveiling. <mask> first became famous when as a 21-year-old he won the 1401 competition for the first set of bronze doors, with Brunelleschi as the runner up. The original plan was for the doors to depict scenes from the Old Testament, but the plan was changed to depict scenes from the New Testament instead. However, the trial piece, which survives, depicts the sacrifice of Isaac.To carry out this commission, he set up a large workshop in which many artists trained, including Donatello, Masolino, Michelozzo, Paolo Uccello, and Antonio Pollaiuolo. When his first set of twenty-eight panels was complete, <mask> was commissioned to produce a second set for another doorway in the church, this time with scenes from the Old Testament, as originally intended for his first set. Instead of twenty-eight scenes, he produced ten rectangular scenes in a completely different style. These were more naturalistic, with perspective and a greater idealization of the subject. Dubbed "The Gates of Paradise" by Michelangelo, this second set remains a major monument of the age of Renaissance humanism. The Gates of Paradise had ten panels with several episodes from a particular story from the Old Testament portrayed on each of them. The list below shows where each story is placed on the Gates of Paradise.Gates of Paradise multiple descriptive panels

The Story of Adam and Eve (Panel)

In the beginning of Genesis, God created the Universe (shown on the top of the image). When he created the universe, he created “The Garden of Eden”. This is where he created the first humans Adam and Eve. Adam and Eve are eating an apple from the forbidden tree. Eve was tricked by Lucifer, God's fallen angel, the serpent from being told she would be like God if she ate the forbidden fruit (shown on left middle side). Lucifer, his most beautiful angel, became a fallen angel and the devil (shown on the bottom left). The Story of Cain and Abel (Panel)

Cain and Abel were the sons of Adam, the first man.Abel was younger than Cain. Out of jealousy, Cain was enraged with God preferring Abel's sacrifice over his (shown at the top of the photograph). Abel was known to be peaceful and is sitting peacefully with the herd (shown on the middle left side). Cain tricks Abel to follow him and murders him (shown on the bottom). The Story of Noah (Panel)

God did not like how the world was full of violence. He told Noah he was going to destroy the earth with a flood and that he needed to build an Ark (shown by the waves in the photograph). He was told to bring two of each kind of animal and his family (shown on the left, right, and on the middle area).There is a Moses laying next to a barrel signifying the drunks (shown on the bottom left). There is Moses offering a sacrifice (shown on the bottom right). The Story of Abraham (Panel)

Three men came to Abraham. He clothed them, fed them, and gave them drinks. The three men were angels and they revealed themselves as messengers of God (shown at the bottom left). They told him his wife Sarah, who was 80 years old, would bear a child. Once they had the child God order Abraham to sacrifice Isaac, but was ordered to stop by an angel (shown at the top).The Story of Isaac (Panel)

Isaac is the son of Abraham. He was going to be sacrificed before an angel stopped Abraham. Jacob is receiving Issac's blessing (shown on the right). Rebecca is listening to God tell her of her two sons who will have conflicts (shown on the rooftop). The Story of Joseph (Panel)

Joseph's father's name was Jacob and they lived in Canaan. Joseph was the second youngest of 11 brothers and his father spent more time with him because of it. Jacob had given Joseph a special robe, which his brothers became envious of.Joseph had two dreams he told his brothers about one where they were all killing him and the other was where they were bowing to him. They were enraged and were planning on killing him, but sold him to slavery and being owned by Egypt (shown at the bottom right). Joseph was imprisoned and told people their meaning of their dreams. The Pharaoh sought Joseph to explain his dream. The Pharaoh told Joseph of his dreams of his city becoming low in food resources. Joseph suggest putting food aside each year for the upcoming low harvest (shown with people having plentiful food). The Story of Moses (Panel)

Moses was hidden by his birth mother in a basket in the Nile River.The Pharaoh's daughter spotted Moses and took him from the basket (shown on the left with the river and people). Moses became a child of the Pharaoh of Egypt. He was born an Israelite and his people were enslaved by people of Egypt. The ten plagues hit Egypt and people are shown to be frightened (shown by the people on the right). Moses lead the Israelites out of Egypt to cross the Red Sea (shown on the right, people rejoicing) Moses receives the ten commandments from God on Mount Sinai (shown at the top). The Story of Joshua (Panel)

Moses died. Joshua was now the leader of the Israelites and had to lead them to the Promised Land (shown at the bottom).God's people, to cross the Jordan River (seen in the middle of a river stream). Joshua carries the ten commandments around the city of Jericho seven times then the wall collapsed. Joshua and his army then took over the city (shown at the top). They were victorious in taking the city (shown at the top). The Story of David (Panel)

Saul was the king of Israel. God said Saul was not the chosen king to lead God's people. Samuel, a prophet, who was sent by God to search for a new king.David was brought back to Saul like David and had become his armor bearer and had him carry his shield. A war was between Israel and Egypt (shown throughout the photograph). Goliath promised his armies work quit if someone could kill him. David was skilled at killing beast from protecting his sheep, as a herdsman, and hit Goliath with a rock and killed him with his own sword (shown at the bottom of the photograph). The Story of King Solomon (Panel)

King Solomon made an alliance with the Pharaoh king of Egypt and married his daughter (shown in the middle). God Solomon any wish. Solomon asked God to become a better leader and God rewarded him with wisdom.People acknowledged Solomon as a good and wise king (shown with the rejoiceful crowd). Two prostitutes came to the king. They both had a baby. One of the babies died. The mother of the dead baby claimed that the live baby was hers. Both women swore the live baby was theirs. King Solomon ordered the baby to be cut in half so they could share the baby.Its mother cried out for mercy on her baby, while the other shamelessly submitted. Solomon rewarded the one who cried out, since he believed she was truly the mother (shown on the middle left side, behind his wife). Earlier doors by Andrea Pisano

As recommended by Giotto, Andrea Pisano was awarded the commission to design the first set of doors at the Florence Baptistery in 1329. The south doors were originally installed on the east side facing the Duomo, and were transferred to their present location in 1452. These proto-Renaissance doors  consist of 28 quatrefoil panels, with the twenty top panels depicting scenes from the life of St. John the Baptist. The eight lower panels depict eight virtues: hope, faith, charity, humility, fortitude, temperance, justice, and prudence. Pisano took six years to complete them, finishing in 1336.In 1453, <mask> and his son Vittorio were commissioned to add a door case to Pisano's existing panels. <mask> died in 1455, eight years before the frame was finished leaving a majority of the work to Vittorio and other members of his workshop. There is a Latin inscription on top of the door: "Andreas Ugolini Nini de Pisis me fecit A.D. MCCCXXX" (Andrea Pisano made me in 1330). The South Doors were undergoing restoration during September, 2016. 1401 competition
In 1401, the Arte di Calimala (Cloth Importers Guild) announced a competition to design doors that eventually would be placed on the north side of the baptistry. The original location for these doors was the east side of the baptistry, but the doors were moved to the north side of the baptistry after Ghiberti completed his second commission, known as the "Gates of Paradise". These new doors would serve as a votive offering to celebrate Florence being spared from relatively recent scourges such as the Black Death in 1348.Each participant was given four tables of brass, and was required to make a relief of the “Sacrifice of Isaac” on a piece of metal that was the size and shape of the door panels. Each artist was given a year to prepare their panel, and the artist who was judged the best was to be given the commission. While many artists competed for this commission the jury selected only seven semifinalists which included <mask>, Filippo Brunelleschi, Simone da Colle, Francesco di Val d’Ombrino, Niccolo d’ Arezzo, Jacopo della Quercia da Siena, and Niccolo Lamberti. In 1402 at the time of judging, only <mask> and Brunelleschi were finalists, and when the judges could not decide, they were assigned to work together on them. Brunelleschi's pride got in the way, and he went to Rome to study architecture, thereby leaving the then 21-year-old Ghiberti to work on the doors himself. <mask>'s autobiography, however, claimed that he had won, "without a single dissenting voice." The original designs of The Sacrifice of Isaac by <mask> and Brunelleschi are on display in the museum of the Bargello in Florence.Differences between the Sacrifice of Isaac created by Brunelleschi and Ghiberti include the way that the panel was constructed and the overall efficiency of the panel. Brunelleschi's panel consisted of individual pieces of the figures of the artwork being placed onto the bronze framework. In contrast to Brunelleschi's method of creating the artwork on his panel, Ghiberti's casting of the art had all of the figures, with the exception of Isaac, created as one piece. The pieces of the figures themselves were all hollowed out on the inside. Due to the methods of how Ghiberti made the panel, it ended up being stronger, used less bronze, and had less weight than Brunelleschi's panel. By using less bronze, the panels were also more cost efficient. Including the aspect of the art itself, these differences were included on how the council of the competition decided on the victor.After the competition
After the competition, <mask>'s father Bartolo assisted him greatly in perfecting the design of his door before it was cast. This commission brought immediate and lasting recognition to the young artist. In 1403 the formal contract was signed with Bartolo di Michele's workshop, the same workshop he had previously been trained in, and overnight it became the most prestigious in Florence. Four years later in 1407, <mask> legally took over the commission and was prohibited from accepting additional commissions. He devoted much of his time to creating the gates, and was paid two-hundred florins a year for his work. To cast the doors, <mask> worked in a studio named the Aja or Threshing floor. The studio was located near the Hospital of Saint.Maria Nuova, the oldest hospital that is still active in

masks:
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Lorenzo di Bartolo
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Fiore Ghiberti
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Lorenzo
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Lorenzo
Lorenzo


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 Florence today. At the Aja, Ghiberti built a large furnace to melt his metal in an attempt to cast the doors, however his first model was a failure. After this trial, he attempted once more to make a mold. On his second try he was successful and ended up using 34,000 pounds of bronze, costing a total of 22,000 ducats. This was a large sum in this time period. It took Ghiberti 21 years to complete the doors. These gilded bronze doors consist of twenty-eight panels, with twenty panels depicting the life of Christ from the New Testament, and on April 19, 1424 they were placed on the side of the Baptistery.Twenty panels showing the life of Christ from the New Testament are depicted: the Annunciation, Nativity, Adoration of the Magi, Dispute with the Doctors, Baptism of Christ, Temptation of Christ, Chasing the Merchants Away, Christ Walking on Water, Transfiguration, Resurrection of Lazarus, Christ’s Arrival in Jerusalem, Last Supper, Agony in the Garden, Christ Being Captured, Flagellation, Christ on Trial with Pilate, Trip to Calvary, Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Pentecost. The eight lower panels show the four evangelists and the Church Fathers: Saint Ambrose, Saint Jerome, Saint Gregory and Saint Augustine. The panels are surrounded by a framework of foliage in the door case and gilded busts of prophets and sibyls at the intersections of the panels. Originally installed on the east side in place of Pisano's doors, they were later moved to the north side. They are described by the art historian Antonio Paolucci as "the most important event in the history of Florentine art in the first quarter of the fifteenth century". The bronze statues over the northern gate depict John the Baptist preaching to a Pharisee and Sadducee and were sculpted by Francesco Rustici. Rustici may have been aided in his design by Leonardo da Vinci, who assisted him in the choice of his tools.After completion of the doors
After the completion of these doors, <mask> was widely recognized as a celebrity and the top artist in this field. He was given many commissions, including some from the pope. In 1425 he got a second commission for the Florence Baptistery, this time for the east doors, on which he and his workshop (including Michelozzo and Benozzo Gozzoli) toiled for 27 years, excelling themselves. The subjects of the designs for the doors were chosen by Leonardo Bruni d'Arezzo, then chancellor of the Republic of Florence. They have ten panels depicting scenes from the Old Testament, and were in turn installed on the east side. The panels are large rectangles and were no longer embedded in the traditional Gothic quatrefoil, as in the previous doors. Ghiberti employed the recently discovered principles of perspective to give depth to his compositions.Each panel depicts more than one episode. "The Story of Joseph" portrays the narrative scheme of Joseph Cast by His Brethren into the Well, Joseph Sold to the Merchants, The merchants delivering Joseph to the pharaoh, Joseph Interpreting the Pharaoh's dream, The Pharaoh Paying him Honour, Jacob Sends His Sons to Egypt and Joseph Recognizes His Brothers and Returns Home. According to Vasari's Lives, this panel was the most difficult and also the most beautiful. The figures are distributed in very low relief in a perspective space (a technique invented by Donatello and called rilievo schiacciato, which literally means "flattened relief"). Ghiberti uses different sculptural techniques, from incised lines to almost free-standing figure sculpture within the panels, further accentuating the sense of space. The panels are included in a richly decorated gilt framework of foliage and fruit, with many statuettes of prophets and 24 busts. The two central busts are portraits of the artist and of his father, Bartolomeo <mask>.The Annunciation panel portrays the scene with an angel dressed in robe, wings, and a trumpet appearing to Mary, which was shown in an expression of shock leaving a doorway. The Nativity panel depicts the birth of Christ with an ox, a donkey, Joseph and Mary, an angel, and the shepherds. All the characters in the panel are all depicted near a cave while all but Mary are showing reverence towards her. The Adoration of the Magi panel shows the three magi giving praise to Christ and Mary, with Joseph and angels in the background. In the Christ Among the Doctors panel, Christ is depicted as a child sitting upon a throne-like chair surrounded by the doctors in discussion with him. The narrative of the doctors being shocked of how intelligently Christ spoke is demonstrated by how all the doctors are speaking to each other in intense discussion around Christ. The Baptism of Christ panel, Christ is shown surrounded by spectators, a dove, and his cousin, John the Baptist, being baptized in a river.The background includes intensely detailed trees with leaves, rocks, and a flowing river. The Temptation of Christ panel is shown with Christ surrounded by angels while facing the fallen angel, Satan, standing upon rocks. Satan is depicted as a human with bat-like wings and robes. The Chasing the Merchants Away panel depicts the scene with by Christ pushing away a group of merchants with his fists raised inside the temple. The temple in the background is depicted by columns and arches with complex designs, the merchants are also shown holding goods while being pushed away. The Christ Walking on Water panel displays Jesus standing on water and the disciples at sea while Peter is drowning. The panel shows a ship detailed with sails shown to have the individual ropes from the mast as well as the ship itself having artistic designs.The ocean is also detailed with the waves flowing and where Jesus stands on the water, it bends down to show him standing on it. The Transfiguration panel shows Jesus standing with the prophets Moses and Elijah over his disciples Peter, James, and John. The awe of the three disciples are expressed by them being on the ground and looking away from Christ and the prophets. The Raising of Lazarus panel shows Lazarus leaving his tomb being surrounded by Christ, his sisters, and disciples. The awe of the sisters of Lazarus are shown by one of them on the ground and the other grabbing Lazarus while kneeling. The Entry into Jerusalem panel shows Christ riding upon a donkey being greeted by a large crowd with the gates of Jerusalem in the background. Each individual of the crowd has a distinct face with different hairstyles and clothes.The Last Supper panel shows the well known scene in the New Testament of Christ eating with the twelve disciples. The background is decorated grapes on the columns and drapes in the background while Christ is at the head of the table and the disciples sitting in unison. The Agony in the Garden panel shows Christ praying towards an angle and disciples sleeping behind him. The imagery of the garden is detailed with highly detailed bushes, rocks, and trees. The Christ Being Captured panel shows Christ being marked by Judas to be arrested by the Roman soldiers while disciples are struggling against the soldier. The soldiers each have individualized armor and weapons like a spear, axe, and a sword. The Flagellation panel depicts Jesus being flogged by the Roman soldiers holding rods in a swinging motion.The Crucifixion panel of the North Doors depicts the scene with Mary and John at the foot of the cross mourning with angels next to Christ hanging. Mary is shown to be in mourning with her looking down away from the cross. Although the overall quality of the casting is considered exquisite, there are some known mistakes. For example, in panel 15 of the North Doors (Flagellation) the casting of the second column in the front row has been overlaid over an arm, so that one of the flagellators appears trapped in stone, with his hand sticking out of it. Michelangelo referred to these doors as fit to be the "Gates of Paradise" (It. Porte del Paradiso), and they are still invariably referred to by this name. Giorgio Vasari described them a century later as "undeniably perfect in every way and must rank as the finest masterpiece ever created".<mask> himself said they were "the most singular work that I have ever made". St. John the Baptist Bronze Statue

The St. John The Baptist statue sits in a niche of the Orsanmichele in Florence was built from 1412-1416. This statue based on the St. John the Baptist. <mask>'s masterpiece was commissioned by the Arte di Calimala guild, which was the wool merchants guild. They were one of the wealthiest in Florence. This statue was a technological advance for its time. Ghiberti had incredible casting skill to be able to bond this 8’ 4” statue made of bronze.<mask>'s statue was influenced by the gothic style in Italy, shown by the elegant curves from the sword and drapery. St. Matthew Bronze Statue

This statue was funded by the Arte Del Cambio guild, aka the bankers guild. The statue was built from 1419-1423. The Saint Matthew statue reached a height of 8’ 10” of bronze. It is also located in a niche in the Orsanmichele in Florence. The guild specified they wanted their statue as tall or taller than the St. John the Baptist statue. Later life, family, and death
By 1417 <mask> was married to Marsila, the 16- year-old daughter of Bartolommeo di Lucca, a worthy comb-maker.Together they had two sons. In 1417 they had Tommaso Ghiberti, and a year later they had Vittorio Ghiberti. Ghiberti was wealthier than most of his contemporary artists, with his success bringing him great financial rewards. A surviving tax return of 1427 shows and he owned a considerable amount of land in, and outside of Florence. He also had a substantial amount of money invested in government bonds to his credit. Over the years, his real estate and monetary holdings continued to grow. <mask>i lived to be seventy-five years old, and succumbed to a fever and died in Florence.He was buried on December 1, 1455, in Santa Croce. Vittorio followed in his father's footsteps as a goldsmith and bronze-caster, but never rose to great fame. Tommaso did join his father's business, helping as a collaborator with <mask>'s assistants. After his father's death it is unknown if he continued in the business, as he is not mentioned in any of the documents after 1447. Later, Vittorio had a son in which he named Buonaccorso who followed the paternal art. However, Buonaccorso had a different spin on his grandfather's work, with his metal castings taking the form of artillery and cannonballs. His manufacture of these weapons made him famous, mainly for supplying the wars of Sarzana and Pisa.Other works
<mask> was commissioned to execute monumental gilded bronze statues for select niches of the Orsanmichele in Florence, one of Saint John the Baptist for the Arte di Calimala (Wool Merchants' Guild) and one of St. Matthew for the Arte di Cambio (Bankers' Guild). Finally, he also produced a bronze figure of St. Stephen for the Arte della Lana (Wool Manufacturers' Guild). He was also a collector of classical artifacts and a historian. He was actively involved in the spreading of humanist ideas. His unfinished Commentarii are a valuable source of information about Renaissance art and contains what is considered the first autobiography of an artist. This work was a major source for Vasari's Vite. <mask>'s "Commentario" includes the earliest known surviving autobiography of an artist.He discusses the development of art from the time of Cimabue through to his own work. In describing his second bronze portal for the Florence Baptistry, he states: "In this work I sought to imitate nature as closely as possible, both in proportions and in perspective... the buildings appear as seen by the eye of one who gazes on them from a distance." The language Ghiberti used to describe his art has proved invaluable to art historians in understanding the aims Renaissance artists were striving for in their artworks. Paolo Uccello, who was commonly regarded as the first great master of perspective, worked in <mask>'s workshop for several years, making it difficult to determine the extent to which Uccello's innovations in perspective were due to Ghiberti's instruction. Donatello, known for one of the first examples of central-point perspective in sculpture, also worked briefly in Ghiberti's workshop. It was also about this time that Paolo began his lifelong friendship with Donatello. In about 1413 one of <mask>'s contemporaries, Filippo Brunelleschi, demonstrated the geometrical method of perspective used today by artists, by painting the outlines of various Florentine buildings onto a mirror.When the building's outline was continued, he noticed that all of the lines converged on the horizon line. Recent scholarship indicates that in his work on perspective, <mask> was influenced by the Arab polymath Alhazen who had written about the optical basis of perspective in the early eleventh century. His Book of Optics was translated into Italian in the fourteenth century as Deli Aspecti, and was quoted at length in <mask>'s "Commentario terzo." Author A. Mark Smith suggests that, through Ghiberti, Alhazen's Book of Optics "may well have been central to the development of artificial perspective in early Renaissance Italian painting." Gallery

References

Sullivan, Mary Ann. “Gates of Paradise, Florence Baptistry.” Images of the Gates of Paradise by <mask>, Florence Baptistry, Florence, Italy.Digital Imaging Project: Art Historical Images of European and North American Architecture and Sculpture from Classical Greek to Post-Modern. Scanned from Slides Taken on Site by Mary Ann Sullivan, Bluffton College. External links

Catholic Encyclopedia article
Golden Oldies With a New Sparkle, Review by Roberta Smith in the New York Times
Images of the Gates of Paradise by <mask>, Bluffton University. Italian Renaissance sculptors
Sculptors from Florence
Italian goldsmiths
1378 births
1455 deaths
Artist authors
Italian male sculptors
15th-century people of the Republic of Florence
Burials at Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
15th-century Italian sculptors
Catholic

masks:
Ghiberti
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Lorenzo Ghiberti
Lorenzo Ghibert
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<mask> (born July 19, 1983) is a former American football cornerback. He played college football at Shippensburg University and signed with the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent in 2006. <mask> was allocated to the Hamburg Sea Devils of NFL Europa in 2006 and was part of the team that won World Bowl XV. Professional career

Atlanta Falcons

2006
On May 16, 2006, the Atlanta Falcons signed <mask> to three-year, $1.08 million contract after he went undrafted in the 2006 NFL Draft. During training camp, <mask> competed for a roster spot as a backup cornerback and special teams player. He competed against Chris Cash, Allen Rossum, and Omare Lowe before sustaining a groin injury. He was subsequently waived by the Atlanta Falcons during training camp.2007
On January 10, 2007, the Atlanta Falcons signed <mask> to a reserve/futures contract and immediately allocated him to play overseas in NFL Europa. <mask> was initially acquired by the Amsterdam Admirals before becoming a part of the Rhein Fire and then joined the Hamburg Sea Devils. He started at cornerback for the Sea Devils and helped them achieve a 7–3 record and finish first in their division. On June 23, 2007, <mask> appeared in World Bowl XV and was part of the Hamburg Sea Devils team that defeated the Frankfurt Galaxy 37–28. After winning World Bowl XV, <mask> returned to the Atlanta Falcons and attended organized team activities and training camp. Throughout camp, <mask> competed against Antoine Harris and David Irons for a job as a backup cornerback and special teams player. On September 2, 2007, the Atlanta Falcons waived <mask> as part of their final roster cuts, but re-signed him to their practice squad the following day.On December 17, 2007, the Atlanta Falcons promoted <mask> to their active roster after cornerback Lewis Sanders tore his pectoral muscle and was placed on injured reserve. On December 12, 2007, head coach Bobby Petrino resigned from his position after only 13 games where the Falcons finished with a 3–10 record. Petrino decided to accept the vacant head coaching job at Arkansas after quarterback Michael Vick was arrested for operating an unlawful interstate dog fighting venture. Interim head coach Emmitt Thomas named <mask> the third cornerback on the depth chart, behind DeAngelo Hall and Chris Houston. On December 23, 2007, <mask> made his professional regular season debut and recorded a season-high 11 combined tackles (ten solo) during a 30–27 loss at the Arizona Cardinals in Week 16. He completed his rookie season in 2007 with 12 combined tackles (11 solo) in two games and no starts. 2008
Throughout training camp, <mask> competed to be a starting cornerback after DeAngelo Hall was traded to the Oakland Raiders.He competed against Von Hutchins, David Irons, and Chevis Jackson. <mask> quickly rose up the depth chart and surprised many analysts with his performances in training camp. The Atlanta Falcons' new head coach, Mike Smith, named <mask> a starting cornerback to begin the 2008 regular season, along with Chris Houston. He made his first career start in the Atlanta Falcons' season-opener against the Washington Redskins and recorded a season-high six solo tackles in their 34–21 victory. On September 21, 2008, <mask> made one tackle, two pass deflections, and made his first career interception off a pass by quarterback Tyler Thigpen during a 38–14 win against the Kansas City Chiefs in Week 3. The following week, he collected a season-high ten combined tackles (nine solo) and broke up a pass in the Falcons' 24–9 loss at the Carolina Panthers in Week 4. In Week 8, <mask> was benched in favor of Domonique Foxworth during the Falcons' loss at the Philadelphia Eagles.On November 6, 2008, head coach Mike Smith stated Domonique Foxworth would remain the starter for the rest of the season. He was inactive for a  Week 11 loss to the Denver Broncos due to an ankle injury. <mask> was sidelined for three more games (Weeks 13–15) after injuring his knee. He completed the 2008 season with 34 combined tackles (30 solo), six passes defensed, and an interception in 12 games and six starts. The Atlanta Falcons finished second in the NFC South with an 11–5 record and clinched a wildcard berth. On January 3, 2009, <mask> appeared in his first career playoff game as the Falcons lost 30–24 at the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Wildcard Game. 2009
During training camp, <mask> competed for a job as a starting cornerback against Chris Owens, Von Hutchins, Chevis Jackson, and David Irons.Head coach Mike Smith named <mask> and Chris Houston the starting cornerbacks to begin the regular season. On November 22, 2009, <mask> collected a season-high ten combined tackles (eight solo), two pass deflections, and an interception during a 34–31 loss at the New York Giants. In Week 15, he recorded six solo tackles, deflected two passes, and intercepted two pass attempts by quarterback Mark Sanchez in the Falcons' 10–7 victory at the New York Jets. The following week, <mask> collected a season-high nine solo tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception during a 31–3 win against the Buffalo Bills in Week 16. On December 29, 2009, it was announced that <mask> was selected to be an alternate for the 2010 Pro Bowl. On January 3, 2010, <mask> made two solo tackles, a season-high three pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by Josh Freeman in a 20–10 victory at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 17. His interception marked his third consecutive game with a pick.<mask> finished the 2009 season with 66 combined tackles (62 solo), 13 pass deflections, and a season-high six interceptions in 16 games and eight starts. 2010
During training camp, <mask> competed for a job as a starting cornerback against Chris Owens. Head coach Mike Smith named <mask> and newly acquired free agent Dunta Robinson the starting cornerbacks to begin the 2010 regular season. On October 17, 2010, <mask> collected a season-high 12 combined tackles (ten solo) and a pass deflection in the Falcons' 31–17 loss at the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 6. In Week 13, he made seven combined tackles, a career-high six pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by Josh Freeman during a 28–24 victory at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. On December 19, 2010, <mask> recorded five pass deflections, three solo tackles, and an interception in a 34–18 win at the Seattle Seahawks in Week 15. <mask> earned NFC Defensive Player of the Week for his performance.He recorded a career-high 87 combined tackles (76 solo), 23 pass deflections, and five interceptions in 16 games and 16 starts. The Atlanta Falcons finished first in the NFC South with a 13–3 record, clinching home-field advantage and a first round bye. On January 15, 2011, <mask> started in his first career playoff game and collected seven solo tackles in a 48–21 loss to the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Divisional Round. On January 24, 2011, it was announced that <mask> would play in the 2011 Pro Bowl as a replacement for Charles Woodson who was appearing in Super Bowl XLV. 2011
On July 25, 2011, the Atlanta Falcons placed a first round restricted free agent tender on <mask>. On August 4, 2011, <mask> signed his one-year, $2.61 million restricted free agent tender to remain with the Falcons for the 2011 season. Defensive coordinator Brian VanGorder retained <mask> and Dunta Robinson as the starting cornerback duo to begin the regular season.In Week 5, <mask> recorded a season-high seven combined tackles and deflected two passes during a 25–14 loss to the Green Bay Packers. In Week 12, he sustained a knee injury and underwent minor knee surgery that sidelined him for the next three games (Weeks 13–15). <mask> re-injured his knee and was inactive for the Falcons' Week 17  victory against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and during their NFC Wildcard Game at the New York Giants. He completed the season with 49 combined tackles (37 solo), 14 passes defensed, and an interception in 12 games and 12 starts. 2012
On March 2, 2012, the Atlanta Falcons applied their franchise tag to <mask> for the upcoming 2012 season. On April 24, 2012, <mask> signed his one-year, $10.60 million franchise tag after speculation that the Falcons were seeking a trade to acquire cornernack Asante Samuel. The Atlanta Falcons' new defensive coordinator Mike Nolan retained <mask> and Dunta Robinson the starting cornerbacks to begin the season, ahead of Asante Samuel.He started in the Atlanta Falcons' season-opener at the Kansas City Chiefs and recorded six solo tackles before exiting in the fourth quarter of their 40–24 victory with a calf injury. On September 11, 2012, the Atlanta Falcons placed <mask> on injured reserve for the rest of the season after it was discovered he would have to undergo surgery for a torn Achilles tendon. 2013
After the 2012 season, <mask> became an unrestricted free agent. The Atlanta Falcons did not offer <mask> a contract. During free agency, <mask> attended visits with the Cleveland Browns and Miami Dolphins. Miami Dolphins

On March 30, 2013, the Miami Dolphins signed <mask> to a one-year, $5.50 million contract with $2.75 million guaranteed. <mask> entered training camp slated as the No.1 cornerback on the depth chart and led a young core of cornerbacks that included Will Davis and Jamar Taylor. Head coach Joe Philbin named <mask> the starter to begin the regular season, alongside Dimitri Patterson. On September 15, 2013, <mask> recorded a season-high three pass deflections, five combined tackles, and intercepted a pass by Andrew Luck during a 24–20 victory at the Indianapolis Colts in Week 2. In Week 9, he collected five solo tackles, deflected a pass, and returned an interception for his first career touchdown in the Dolphins' 22–20 win against the Cincinnati Bengals. He intercepted a pass by quarterback Andy Dalton, that was originally intended for Marvin Jones, and returned it for a 94-yard touchdown in the third quarter. On December 22, 2013, he collected a season-high six combined tackles in the Dolphins' 19–0 loss at the Buffalo Bills in Week 16. On December 23, 2013, <mask> was voted to the 2014 Pro Bowl, marking his third Pro Bowl selection.<mask> completed the 2013 season with a total of 60 combined tackles (52 solo), 17 passes defensed, four interceptions, and a touchdown in 16 games and 16 starts. He ranked as the second best cornerback by Pro Football Focus and was ranked as the 95th best player by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014. 2014
On March 3, 2014, the Miami Dolphins signed <mask> to a four-year, $32 million contract that includes $16 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $6 million. The contract is only guaranteed for the first two seasons and includes an option for the Dolphins to opt-out of the contract in 2016 or 2017. Defensive coordinator Kevin Coyle retained <mask> as a starting cornerback, alongside Cortland Finnegan. <mask> and Finnegan drew comparisons for their small school pedigree as both entered the league in 2006, stood at 5'10", and became Pro Bowl cornerbacks. In Week 6, he collected a season-high seven solo tackles and broke up a pass in a 27–24 loss to the Green Bay Packers.On October 26, 2014, <mask> made three combined tackles, a pass deflection, and returned an interception for a touchdown during a 27–13 win at the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 8. <mask> intercepted a pass attempt by quarterback Blake Bortles, that was intended for wide receiver Cecil Shorts, in the third quarter. The touchdown marked his second career pick six. In Week 9, he made three solo tackles, broke up two passes, and intercepted two passes by Philip Rivers as the Dolphins routed the San Diego Chargers 37–0. He received the AFC Defensive Player of the Week for his performance. The following week, <mask> made two combined tackles, two pass deflections, and an interception during a 20–16 loss at the Detroit Lions in Week 10. He made an impressive one-handed interception off a pass attempt by Matthew Stafford that was originally intended for wide receiver Calvin Johnson in the second quarter.His interception was his fourth pick in the last three games. On December 23, 2014, it was announced that <mask> was selected to his second consecutive Pro Bowl. He finished the 2014 season with 57 combined tackles (47 solo), 12 pass deflections, five interceptions, and a touchdown in 16 games and 16 starts. On January 25, 2015, <mask> started in the 2015 Pro Bowl as part of Team Carter and recorded three solo tackles, five pass deflections, and an interception in their 32–28 victory over Team Irvin. 2015
Head coach Joe Philbin retained <mask> as the No. 1 cornerback to begin the regular season, along with Jamar Taylor and nickelback Brice McCain. On October 5, 2015, the Miami Dolphins fired head coach Joe Philbin after they began the season with a 1–3 record.Tight ends coach Dan Campbell was named the interim head coach for the remainder of the season. In Week 6, <mask> made a season-high four pass deflections, two combined tackles, and intercepted a pass by Marcus Mariota in a 38–10 victory at the Tennessee Titans. On November 8, 2015, <mask> collected a season-high seven solo tackles in the Dolphins' 33–17 loss to the Buffalo Bills in Week 9. He was inactive for the Dolphins' Week 10 victory at the Philadelphia Eagles due to a rib injury. He finished the 2015 season with 49 combined tackles (42 solo), 14 passes defensed, and four interceptions in 15 games and 15 starts. <mask> also had four punt returns for 59-yards (14.8 YPR). On January 24, 2016, <mask> was selected to play in the 2016 Pro Bowl after Chris Harris Jr. and Aqib Talib were unable to attend due to the Denver Broncos reaching Super Bowl 50.He earned an overall grade of 74.8 from Pro Football Focus in 2015. 2016
On March 7, 2016, <mask> was cut by the Dolphins after he refused to restructure his contract. Miami Dolphins' owner Stephen M. Ross later stated <mask> was released, in part, due to his wife's distracting behavior. His wife had multiple incidents during <mask>' tenure with the Miami Dolphins. Miko <mask> was arrested outside of Sun Life Stadium in September, threatened a Miami Herald reporter over a story questioning <mask>' future with the Dolphins, and publicly criticized quarterback Ryan Tannehill's performance. Regarding Ryan Tannehill, she posted on Twitter, "I knew this qb stunk the minute we signed to this team." <mask> later apologized to Tannehill and stated multiple times to the media his wife's thoughts are her own.After signing with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, his wife made a post on Instagram where she described the Miami Dolphins as "the dumpster fire of the AFC East." Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On March 11, 2016, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed <mask> to a two-year, $13.50 million contract that includes $7 million guaranteed. With extra incentives, the contract has a possible total value of $16.50 million. <mask> was reunited with Tampa Bay Buccaneers' defensive coordinator Mike Smith who was his head coach with the Atlanta Falcons. Head coach Dirk Koetter named <mask> and Alterraun Verner the starting cornerbacks to begin the regular season, ahead of Vernon Hargreaves, Josh Robinson, Jude Adjei-Barimah, and Johnthan Banks. On December 24, 2016, <mask> recorded a season-high nine solo tackles in the Buccaneers' 31–24 loss at the Indianapolis Colts in Week 16. The following week, <mask> made a season-high four pass deflections, recorded four combined tackles, and returned an interception for a touchdown during a 17–16 victory against the Carolina Panthers in Week 17.He intercepted a pass by quarterback Cam Newton, that was intended for wide receiver Ted Ginn Jr., and returned it for a 31-yard touchdown in the third quarter. The touchdown became <mask>' third career pick six. <mask> completed the 2016 season with 57 combined tackles (51 solo), a career-high 24 pass deflections, four interceptions, a forced fumble, and a touchdown in 16 games and 16 starts. <mask> earned an overall grade of 90.2 from Pro Football Focus. The grade was the highest overall grade of his career and ranked fourth among all qualifying cornerbacks in 2016. 2017
Head coach Dirk Koetter retained <mask> as the No. 1 cornerback to start the regular season, along with Vernon Hargreaves.<mask> was inactive for the Buccaneers' Week 3 loss at the Minnesota Vikings after injuring his shoulder. On October 15, 2017, <mask> recorded a season-high eight combined tackles, deflected two passes, and returned an interception by quarterback Carson Palmer for a 39-yard gain during a 38–33 loss at the Arizona Cardinals in Week 6. He aggravated his shoulder injury and was sidelined for another two games (Weeks 8–9) before returning in Week 10. He completed the 2017 season with 49 combined tackles (44 solo), 11 passes defensed, and three interceptions in 13 games and 13 starts. Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 82.0, which is considered above average and ranked 36th among all qualifying cornerbacks. 2018
On March 12, 2018, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers re-signed <mask> to a fully guaranteed one-year, $7 million contract. The agreement has a potential value of $10 million with incentives.NFL career statistics

Personal life
<mask> is the son of Pennsylvania resident Deborah "Debbie" Hall. <mask> is married to Miko <mask>, a former professional basketball player and former sports talk show host. They married in 2010, and their son, Aiden, was born that same year. References

External links
Atlanta Falcons bio

1983 births
Living people
Players of American football from Philadelphia
American football cornerbacks
Shippensburg Red Raiders football players
Atlanta Falcons players
Hamburg Sea Devils players
Miami Dolphins players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players

masks:
Brent Omar Grimes
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texts:
Sir <mask> (10 February 1609 – after May 1641) was an English poet, prominent among those renowned for careless gaiety and wit – the accomplishments of a Cavalier poet. He also invented the card game cribbage. He is best known for his poem "Ballade upon a Wedding". <mask> was born at Whitton, in the parish of Twickenham, Middlesex, and baptized there on 10 February 1609. His father, Sir <mask>, was Secretary of State under James I and Comptroller of the Household of Charles I. His mother was Elizabeth Cranfield, sister of Sir Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex. Life
The poet inherited his father's estate at the age of 18, having attended Trinity College, Cambridge from 1623 and enrolled at Gray's Inn in 1627.His intimates included Ben Jonson, Thomas Carew, Richard Lovelace, Thomas Nabbes and especially <mask> and Sir William Davenant, who later furnished <mask> with information about him. In 1628, <mask> left London for France and Italy, returning before the autumn of 1630, when he was knighted. In 1631 he volunteered for a force raised by the Marquess of Hamilton to serve under Gustavus Adolphus in Germany. He was back at Whitehall in May 1632, having taken part in the Battle of Breitenfeld and several sieges. <mask>'s poetic talent was one of many accomplishments, but commended him especially to Charles I and his queen, Henrietta Maria. He says of himself ("A Sessions of the Poets") that he "prized black eyes or a lucky hit at bowls above all the trophies of wit." Aubrey says he invented the game of cribbage and relates that his sisters came weeping to a bowling green at Piccadilly to dissuade him from play, lest he lose their portions.<mask> was so passionately fond of cards that he frequently spent a whole morning in bed with a pack, studying the subtleties of his favourite games. He was not only the most skilful card-player, but also the best bowler in England. <mask> is said to have sent numerous packs of marked playing cards to aristocratic houses in England and then travelled around playing cribbage with the gentry. He managed to win around £20,000. In 1634, scandal was caused in his circle by a beating he received at the hands of Sir <mask>, a rival suitor for the daughter of Sir <mask>. It has been suggested that the incident, narrated at length in a letter of 10 November 1634 from George Garrard to Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, had something to do with his beginning to seek more serious society. In 1635 he retired to his estates in obedience to an order of 20 June 1632 enforced by the Star Chamber against absentee landlordism, and employed his time in literary pursuits.In 1637 "A Sessions of the Poets" was circulated in manuscript, and about the same time he wrote a tract on Socinianism: An Account of Religion by Reason (printed 1646). In 1639, <mask> assisted King Charles I in his first Scottish war, raising a troop of a hundred horse at a cost of £12,000, and accompanying Charles on the Scottish expedition of 1639. Putnam's Monthly Magazine of American Literature states,

The amusing "pasquil" was "On Sir <mask>'s most warlike preparations for the Scottish war" in Musarum deliciae (printed 1656). <mask> was elected as member for Bramber in Sussex at a by-election on 30 April 1640, during the Short Parliament. It was complained he had won by "undue means", but the parliament was dissolved on 5 May in any case. That winter <mask> wrote a letter to Henry Jermyn, afterwards Earl of St Albans, advising the king to disconcert the opposition leaders by making more concessions than they asked for. In May the following year he was implicated in the First Army Plot, an attempt to rescue the Earl of Strafford from the Tower and bring in French troops to the king's aid.This was exposed by the evidence of Colonel George Goring. <mask> left London with Jermyn and others on 6 May 1641 to flee to France; they were found guilty of high treason in their absence by Parliament on 13 August 1641. The circumstances of his short exile are obscure and accounts of how he died vary. Alexander Pope, writing in the next century, stated he had died on arriving in Calais, of fever from a wound in his foot caused by a nail having been driven into his boot by a servant who absconded with his money and papers. He was certainly in Paris in the summer of 1641, when on 3 July Sir Francis Windebanke wrote to his son that Parliament had stopped pensions it had been paying to himself, <mask> and Jermyn. One pamphlet related a story of elopement with a lady to Spain, where he fell into the hands of the Inquisition. Generally accepted is Aubrey's statement that he committed suicide by poison in Paris, for fear of poverty.He was buried there at a Protestant cemetery. A pamphlet, An Elegy on the Renowned Sir <mask> (sic) was written in February 1642 or earlier. Dramatic works
As a dramatist <mask> is noteworthy for applying to regular drama the accessories being used in the production of masques. His Aglaura (printed 1638) was produced at his own expense with elaborate scenery. Even the lace on the actors' coats was of real gold and silver. The play, despite its felicity of diction, lacks dramatic interest. The criticism of Richard Flecknoe (Short Discourse of the English Stage) that it seemed "full of flowers, but rather stuck in than growing there," has some weight.The Goblins (1638, printed 1646) has some reminiscences of The Tempest; Brennoralt, or the Discontented Colonel (1639, printed 1646) is a satire on the Scots, disguised as Lithuanian rebels in the play. A fourth play, The Sad One, was left unfinished due to the outbreak of the Civil War. According to Samuel Pepys's diary (23 January 1666/67), he was persuaded to see "the dancing preparatory to to-morrow for 'The Goblins,' a play of <mask>'s, not acted these twenty-five years; which was pretty." Poetry

Among the best known of his minor pieces are the "Ballade upon a Wedding", for the marriage of Roger Boyle, afterwards Earl of Orrery, and Lady Margaret Howard, "I prithee, send me back my heart," "Out upon it, I have loved three whole days together," and "Why so pale and wan, fond lover?" from Aglaura. "A Sessions of the Poets", describes a meeting of contemporary versifiers under the presidency of Apollo to decide who should wear the laurel wreath. It is the prototype of many later satires.A collection of <mask>'s poems first appeared in 1646 as Fragmenta Aurea. The Selections (1836) published by Alfred Inigo <mask> is in fact a complete edition, of which WC Hazlitt's edition (1874; revised 1892) is little more than a reprint with some additions. The Poems and Songs of Sir <mask>, edited by <mask> and decorated with woodcut border and initials by Charles Ricketts, was artistically printed at the Ballantyne Press in 1896. In 1910 <mask>'s works in prose and verse were edited by A. Hamilton Thompson. For anecdotes of <mask>'s life see <mask>'s Brief Lives (Clarendon Press ed., ii.242). References

Sources

External links

17th-century English poets
17th-century English male writers
Knights Bachelor
Suicides by poison
1609 births
1642 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
17th-century English dramatists and playwrights
English male dramatists and playwrights
English male poets
17th-century suicides

masks:
John Suckling
Birth Suckling
John Suckling
John Hales
John Aubrey
Suckling
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John Digby
John Willoughby
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John Aubrey