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<mask> (; c. 1650 – 15 May 1715) was an English inventor and engineer, born at Shilstone, a manor house near Modbury, Devon, England. He invented the first commercially used steam-powered device, a steam pump which is often referred to as an "engine", although it is not technically an engine. <mask>'s steam pump was a revolutionary method of pumping water, which solved the problem of mine drainage and made widespread public water supply practicable. Career
<mask> became a military engineer, rising to the rank of Captain by 1702, and spent his free time performing experiments in mechanics. In 1696 he took out a patent for a machine for polishing glass or marble and another for "rowing of ships with greater ease and expedition than hitherto been done by any other" which involved paddle-wheels driven by a capstan and which was dismissed by the Admiralty following a negative report by the Surveyor of the Navy, Edmund Dummer. <mask> also worked for the Sick and Hurt Commissioners, contracting the supply of medicines to the Navy Stock Company, which was connected with the Society of Apothecaries. His duties on their behalf took him to Dartmouth, which is probably how he came into contact with <mask>n.Steam powered pump

On 2 July 1698 <mask> patented a steam powered pump, "A new invention for raising of water and occasioning motion to all sorts of mill work by the impellent force of fire, which will be of great use and advantage for draining mines, serving towns with water, and for the working of all sorts of mills where they have not the benefit of water nor constant winds." He demonstrated it to the Royal Society on 14 June 1699. The patent had no illustrations or even description, but in 1702 <mask> described the machine in his book The Miner's Friend; or, An Engine to Raise Water by Fire, in which he claimed that it could pump water out of mines. <mask>'s was a pistonless pump with no moving parts except from the taps. It was operated by first raising steam in the boiler; the steam was then admitted to one of the first working vessels, allowing it to blow out through a downpipe into the water that was to be raised. When the system was hot and therefore full of steam the tap between the boiler and the working vessel was shut, and if necessary the outside of the vessel was cooled. This made the steam inside it condense, creating a partial vacuum, and atmospheric pressure pushed water up the downpipe until the vessel was full.At this point the tap below the vessel was closed, and the tap between it and the up-pipe opened, and more steam was admitted from the boiler. As the steam pressure built up, it forced the water from the vessel up the up-pipe to the top of the mine. However, his pump had four serious problems. First, every time water was admitted to the working vessel much of the heat was wasted in warming up the water that was being pumped. Second, the next  stage of the process required high-pressure steam to force the water up, and the pump's soldered joints were barely capable of withstanding high pressure steam and needed frequent repair. Third, although this pump used positive steam pressure to push water up out (with no theoretical limit to the height to which water could be lifted by a single high-pressure pump) practical and safety considerations meant that in practice, to clear water from a deep mine would have needed a series of moderate-pressure pumps all the way from the bottom level to the surface. Fourth, water was pushed up into the pump only by atmospheric pressure (working against a condensed-steam 'vacuum'), so the pump had to be no more than about  above the water level – requiring it to be installed, operated, and maintained far down in the dark mines all over.Fire Engine Act
Savery's original patent of July 1698 gave 14 years' protection; the next year, 1699, an Act of Parliament was passed which extended his protection for a further 21 years. This Act became known as the "Fire Engine Act". Savery's very broad patent covered all pumps that raised water by fire, and it thus hindered the early development of steam machinery in the British Isles. The architect James Smith of Whitehill acquired the rights to use Savery's pump in Scotland. In 1699, he entered into an agreement with the inventor, and in 1701 he secured a patent from the Parliament of Scotland, modelled on <mask>'s grant in England, and designed to run for the same period of time. Smith described the machine as "an engine or invention for raising of water and occasioning motion of mill-work by the force of fire", and he claimed to have modified it to pump from a depth of 14 fathoms, or 84 feet. In England, Savery's patent meant that <mask>n was forced to go into partnership with him.By 1712, arrangements had been made between the two men to develop Newcomen's more advanced design of steam engine, which was marketed under Savery's patent, adding water tanks and pump rods so that deeper water mines could be accessed with steam power. Newcomen's engine worked purely by atmospheric pressure, thereby avoiding the dangers of high-pressure steam, and used the piston concept invented in 1690 by the Frenchman Denis Papin to produce the first steam engine capable of raising water from deep mines. When Denis Papin was back to London in 1707, he was asked by Newton, new President of The Royal Society after Robert Boyle, Papin's friend, to work with <mask>, who worked for 5 years with Papin, but never gave any credit nor revenue to the French scientist. After his death in 1715 Savery's patent and Act of Parliament became vested in a company, The Proprietors of the Invention for Raising Water by Fire. This company issued licences to others for the building and operation of Newcomen engines, charging as much as £420 per year patent royalties for the construction of steam engines. In one case a colliery paid the Proprietors £200 per year and half their net profits "in return for their services in keeping the engine going". The Fire Engine Act did not expire until 1733, four years after the death of Newcomen.Application of the steam pump
A newspaper in March 1702 announced that <mask>'s pumps were ready for use and might be seen on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons at his workhouse in Salisbury Court, London, over against the Old Playhouse. One of his pumps was set up at York Buildings in London. According to later descriptions this produced steam 'eight or ten times stronger than common air' (i.e. 8–10 atmospheres), but blew open the joints of the machine, forcing him to solder the joints with spelter. Another was built to control the water supply at Hampton Court, while another at Campden House in Kensington operated for 18 years. A few Savery pumps were tried in mines, an unsuccessful attempt being made to use one to clear water from a pool called Broad Waters in Wednesbury (then in Staffordshire) and nearby coal mines. This had been covered by a sudden eruption of water some years before.However the pump could not be 'brought to answer'. The quantity of steam raised was so great as 'rent the whole machine to pieces'. The steam pump was laid aside, and the scheme for raising water was dropped as impracticable. This may have been in about 1705. Another pump was proposed in 1706 by George Sparrow at Newbold near Chesterfield, where a landowner was having difficulty in obtaining the consent of his neighbours for a sough to drain his coal. Nothing came of this, perhaps due to the explosion of the Broad Waters pump. It is also possible that a steam pump was tried at Wheal Vor, a copper mine in Cornwall.Comparison with Newcomen steam engine
The Savery steam pump was much lower in capital cost than the Newcomen steam engine, with a 2 to 4 horsepower Savery pump costing from 150-200 GBP. It was also available in small sizes, down to one horsepower. Newcomen steam engines were larger and much more expensive. The larger size was due to the fact that piston steam engines became very inefficient in small sizes, at least until around 1900 when 2 horsepower piston engines were available. Savery-type pumps continued to be produced well into the late 18th century. Inspiration for later work
Several later pumping systems may be based on Savery's pump. For example, the twin-chamber pulsometer steam pump was a successful development of it.See also
 History of the steam engine
 Hollycombe Steam Collection
 Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont

Notes

Further reading

There are countless modern day reprints: , , . Reprinted in Appendix B of:

External links

1650s births
1715 deaths
English engineers
English inventors
History of mining
People from South Hams (district)
People of the Industrial Revolution
History of the steam engine
Steam engines

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<mask> (born October 15, 1928) is a retired American professional baseball player, scout and manager. Although his playing career lasted for 14 seasons (1948–61), he appeared in only 14 games in Major League Baseball as a right fielder and pinch hitter, all during the opening weeks of , for the  Pittsburgh Pirates. He batted left-handed, threw right-handed, and stood  tall and weighed . Playing career
Born in Wichita, Kansas, <mask> grew up in Los Angeles, where he graduated from Inglewood High School and attended the University of Southern California. As a sophomore, he starred for the 1948 national-champion USC Trojans baseball team, batting .400. He then signed a professional contract with the New York Giants. <mask> would never play for the Giants, however; after five years in their farm system, he was acquired by the Pirates via the Cincinnati Redlegs in October 1952 in a transaction that brought four-time National League All-Star Gus Bell to Cincinnati.<mask> made the 1954 Pirates out of spring training and appeared in 14 of the Bucs' first 22 games. After going hitless in his first four major league at bats, <mask> broke through on April 19 with a first-inning home run against his old team, the Giants, a key blow in a 7–5 Pirate victory. But <mask> was injured running into a wall during a game against Brooklyn, then ran afoul of general manager Branch Rickey when he went dancing at a nightclub as he was recovering from the head wound. When the rosters were cut from 28 to 25 men in May, he was sent to Double-A New Orleans and never returned to the majors. His nine MLB hits also included a double, and he drove in two runs, both RBI coming from his April 19 homer. Minor league manager and scout
<mask> remained in baseball for another 50 years as a player, manager and scout. He ran teams in the Detroit Tigers' minor league system from 1961–66.Then he joined the Los Angeles Dodgers as a scout based in Southern California, in addition to handling Rookie-level Dodger farm clubs for six seasons during the 1970s and 1980s. He later scouted for the Kansas City Royals, San Diego Padres and Tampa Bay Devil Rays. Teams managed
Montgomery Rebels (1961)
Thomasville Tigers (1962)
Lakeland Tigers (1963)
Duluth–Superior Dukes (1964)
Jamestown Tigers (1965)
Daytona Beach Islanders (1966)
Ogden Dodgers (1972–1973)
Lethbridge Dodgers (1977, 1979–1980, 1983)

References

Further reading

Articles
 Associated Press. "USC Outfielder Signs With New York Giants". The Spokane Spokesman-Review. June 28, 1948. Associated Press."Squad Games On Majors' Slates". The Kentucky New Era. March 7, 1949. Fullerton, Jr., Hugh. "Roundup: Stars From College Baseball Catch Eyes Of Seasoned Pros, Catch On". The Milwaukee Journal. March 17, 1949.Associated Press. "Home Steal Wins". The Milwaukee Sentinel. April 3, 1949. Associated Press. "Training Camp Briefs: Rookie Slugger". The Rome News-Tribune.March 13, 1952. Associated Press. "Stretch Hurler Down On Option". The Spokane Spokesman-Review. April 16, 1952. "Gus Bell Traded to Reds for Three Players: Bucs Get Abrams, Rossi and <mask>". The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.October 15, 1952. Hernon, Jack. "Haney Says Bucs Better Than Anticipated; Pirate Boss Raps Critics of His Club". The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 4, 1953. Hernon, Jack. "Henley's First Hit a Homer, Bucs Win, 7-5; Giants Victimized By 5-Run Third; Rookie Socks Two-Run Clout In First Inning Of His Debut".The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 20, 1954. "Teammate Goes to Aid of Fallen Pirate; Wall Wins; Scared Me, Pal". The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 26, 1954. McHugh, Roy. "Sports Week in Review".The Pittsburgh Press. May 1, 1954. Biederman, Les. "The Scoreboard: <mask> Becomes Part of 'New Orleans Story'". The Pittsburgh Press. May 13, 1954. Hernon, Jack."Roamin' Around: Toughest Time of the Year". The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 13, 1954. Biederman, Les. "The Scoreboard". The Pittsburgh Press. May 14, 1954.United Press. "Stars Sell Henley". The Pittsburgh Press. May 20, 1955. Butler, Vernon (AP). "Southern Association: <mask> in Barons' Win". The Florence Times Daily.April 26, 1960. "Lakeland Tigers Name Henley Pilot". The Lakeland Ledger. November 30, 1962. Slayton, Jack. "Slants on Sports". The Lakeland Ledger.March 14, 1963. Slayton, Jack. "Lakeland Tigers Appear Set for Season Opener". The Lakeland Ledger. April 14, 1963. Slayton, Jack. "Slants on Sports; Henley Offers Umpire Solution".The Lakeland Ledger. August 1, 1963. "Baseball: <mask> To Manage Islanders". The Daytona Beach Morning Journal. December 24, 1965. Willson, Brad. "Press Box".The Daytona Beach Morning Journal. February 18, 1966. Willson, Brad. "Shake-Up Slated For Islanders: 'Good, Kids, Bad Ballplayers'". The Daytona Beach Morning Journal. July 22, 1966. Willson, Brad."Press Box: Four New, Young Tigers Answer Cry For Help". The Daytona Beach Morning Journal. July 22, 1966. Hudson, Maryann. "Baseball Daily Report: Dodgers: Karros Gets Three-Year Deal". The Los Angeles Times. February 25, 1994.Books
 Genovese, George; Taylor, Dan. (2015). "The Unlikeliest Result". A Scout's Report: My 70 Years in Baseball. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. .
 Gmelch, George (2016). Playing With the Tigers: A Minor League Chronicle of the Sixties. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. .External links

1928 births
Living people
Águilas Cibaeñas players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Baseball players from Wichita, Kansas
Birmingham Barons players
Columbus Jets players
Hollywood Stars players
Jersey City Giants players
Kansas City Royals scouts
Lakeland Flying Tigers managers
Los Angeles Dodgers scouts
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball right fielders
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Montgomery Rebels players
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
San Diego Padres scouts
Sioux City Soos players
Baseball players from Los Angeles
Baseball players from Inglewood, California
Tampa Bay Rays scouts
Tigres del México players
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players
USC Trojans baseball players
Inglewood High School (California) alumni
American expatriate baseball players in Panama

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<mask> (June 21, 1882 – March 13, 1971) was an American painter, printmaker, illustrator, writer, sailor, adventurer and voyager. Biography
<mask> was born in Tarrytown, New York. <mask> was of English descent. He lived much of his early life in and around New York City, where he attended the Horace Mann School. <mask> studied with several influential painters and theorists of his day. He studied composition and design with Arthur Wesley Dow at the Art Students League in the fall of 1900, and he studied painting with William Merritt Chase each of the three summers between 1900 and 1902 at the Shinnecock Hills Summer School of Art, after which he entered in the fall of 1902 Robert Henri's class at the New York School of Art, which Chase had founded. During the summer of 1903, in Dublin, New Hampshire, <mask> was apprenticed to painter and naturalist Abbott Handerson Thayer.An undergraduate background in architecture at Columbia University prepared <mask> for occasional work in the 1900s and 1910s as an architectural renderer and carpenter. At Columbia, <mask> befriended future curator Carl Zigrosser, who became his close friend, supporter, and collaborator. <mask>'s early paintings of Mount Monadnock and New Hampshire were first shown at the Society of American Artists in New York in 1904, when Dublin Pond was purchased by Smith College. In 1905 <mask> ventured to Monhegan Island, Maine, and found its rugged and primordial beauty a source of inspiration for the next five years. His first series of paintings of Monhegan were shown to wide critical acclaim in 1907 at Clausen Galleries in New York. These works form the foundation of his lasting reputation as an early American modernist, and can be seen in museums across the country, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Seattle Art Museum, New Britain Museum of American Art, and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Among those critics lauding <mask> was James Huneker of the Sun, who praised <mask>'s athletic brushwork and daring color dissonances.(It was Huneker who deemed the paintings of The Eight as "decidedly reactionary".) In 1910, <mask> helped organize the Exhibition of Independent Artists, and in 1911, together with Arthur B. Davies he organized An Independent Exhibition of the Paintings and Drawings of Twelve Men, referred to as "The Twelve" and "Kent's Tent". Painters Marsden Hartley, John Marin, and Max Weber (but not John Sloan, Robert Henri, or George Bellows) participated in the 1911 exhibition. A transcendentalist and mystic in the tradition of Thoreau and Emerson, whose works he read, <mask> found inspiration in the austerity and stark beauty of wilderness. After Monhegan, he lived for extended periods of time in Winona, Minnesota (1912–1913), Newfoundland (1914–15), Alaska (1918–19), Vermont (1919–1925), Tierra del Fuego (1922–23), Ireland (1926), and Greenland (1929; 1931–32; 1934–35). His series of land and seascapes from these often forbidding locales convey the Symbolist spirit evoking the mysteries and cosmic wonders of the natural world. "I don't want petty self-expression", <mask> wrote, "I want the elemental, infinite thing; I want to paint the rhythm of eternity."In the late summer of 1918, <mask> and his nine-year-old son ventured to the American frontier of Alaska. Wilderness (1920), the first of <mask>'s several adventure memoirs, is an edited and illustrated compilation of his letters home. The New Statesman (London) described Wilderness as "easily the most remarkable book to come out of America since Leaves of Grass was published." Upon the artist's return to New York in March 1919, publishing scion George Palmer Putnam and others, including Juliana Force—assistant to Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney—incorporated the artist as "Rockwell Kent, Inc." to support him in his new Vermont homestead while he completed his paintings from Alaska for exhibition in 1920 at Knoedler Galleries in New York. Kent's small oil-on-wood-panel sketches from Alaska—uniformly horizontal studies of light and color—were exhibited at Knoedler's as "Impressions." Their artistic lineage to the small and spare oil sketches of James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834–1903), which are often entitled "Arrangements," underscores <mask>'s admiration of Whistler's genius. Approached in 1926 by publisher R. R. Donnelley to produce an illustrated edition of Richard Henry Dana, Jr.'s Two Years Before the Mast, <mask> suggested Moby-Dick instead.Published in 1930 by the Lakeside Press of Chicago, the three-volume limited edition (1,000 copies) filled with <mask>'s haunting black-and-white pen/brush and ink drawings sold out immediately; Random House also produced a trade edition. Less well known are <mask>'s talents as a jazz age humorist. As the pen-and-ink draftsman "Hogarth, Jr.," <mask> created dozens of whimsical and smartly irreverent drawings published by Vanity Fair, New York Tribune, Harper's Weekly, and the original Life. He also brought his Hogarth, Jr., style to a series of richly colored reverse paintings on glass that he completed in 1918 and exhibited at Wanamaker's Department Store. (Two of these glass paintings are in the collection of the Columbus Museum of Art, part of the bequest of modernist collector Ferdinand Howald.) In Rockwell Kent: The Mythic and the Modern, Jake Milgram Wien devotes an entire chapter to Hogarth, Jr. and reproduces several of the ink drawings and reverse paintings on glass. <mask> frequently crossed into the realm of illustration in the 1920s and contributed drawings for reproduction on the covers of many leading magazines.For example, <mask>'s pen, brush, and ink drawings were reproduced on the covers of the pulp magazine Adventure in 1927, leading Time magazine to say that "if it were distinguished for nothing else, Adventure would stand apart from rival 'pulps'... because it was once entirely illustrated by <mask> <mask>..." Decorative work ensued intermittently: in 1939, Vernon Kilns reproduced three series of designs drawn by <mask> (Moby Dick, Salamina, Our America) on its sets of contemporary china dinnerware. At the Art Students League in the 1920s or 1930s, <mask> met and befriended many artists, including Wilhelmina Weber Furlong and Thomas Furlong. Raymond Moore, founder and impresario of the Cape Playhouse and Cinema in Dennis, Massachusetts, contracted with <mask> <mask> for the design of murals for the cinema--including an extraordinarily expansive mural for the ceiling. The work of transferring and painting the designs on the  span was done by <mask>'s collaborator Jo Mielziner (1901–1976) and a crew of stage set painters from New York City. Ostensibly staying away from the state of Massachusetts to protest the Sacco and Vanzetti executions of 1927, <mask> did in fact venture to Dennis in June 1930 to spend three days on the scaffolding, making suggestions and corrections. The signatures of both <mask> and Mielziner appear on opposite walls of the cinema. In 1927, <mask> moved to upstate New York where he had acquired an Adirondack farmstead.Asgaard, as he named it, was his residence for the remainder of his life, and from his studio there he worked tirelessly on countless painting and drawing assignments. In the summer of 1929, <mask> sailed on a painting expedition to Greenland, and his adventures (and misadventures) are recounted in the best-selling N by E (1930). After meeting Danish Arctic explorers Peter Freuchen and Knud Rasmussen on this trip, <mask> determined to return to Greenland to paint and write. He spent two years (1931–32 and 1934–35) above the Arctic Circle in a tiny fishing settlement called Igdlorssuit (or Illorsuit), where he conceived some of the largest and most celebrated paintings of his career. Among his many cross-cultural encounters in Greenland was with Leni Riefenstahl, the famed German filmmaker/actor, who was briefly in Illorsuit with the film crew of S.O.S. Iceberg. Kent's own movie-making aspirations, including a quasi-documentary film featuring the Inuit, are documented in Rockwell Kent and Hollywood (Jake Milgram Wien, 2002), cited below.Many of Kent's historic photographs and hand-tinted lantern slides are reproduced for the first time in North by Nuuk: Greenland after <mask> <mask> (Denis Defibaugh, 2019), also cited below. As World War II approached, <mask> shifted his priorities, becoming increasingly active in progressive politics. In 1937, the Section of Painting and Sculpture of the U.S. Treasury commissioned <mask>, along with nine other artists, to paint two murals in the New Post Office building at the Federal Triangle in Washington, DC; the two murals are named "Mail Service in the Arctic" and "Mail Service in the Tropics" to celebrate the reach of domestic airborne postal service. <mask> included (in an Alaska Native language and in tiny letters) a polemical statement in the painting, apparently a message from the indigenous people of Alaska to the Puerto Ricans, in support of decolonization. As translated, the communication read "To the peoples of Puerto Rico, our friends: Go ahead, let us change chiefs. That alone can make us equal and free". The incident caused some consternation.<mask>'s patriotism never waned in spite of his often critical views of American foreign policy and his impatience with the promises of capitalism. He remained America's premier draftsman of the sea, and during World War II he produced a series of pen/brush and ink maritime drawings for American Export Lines and began another series of pen/brush and ink drawings for Rahr Malting Company which he completed in 1946. The drawings were reproduced in To Thee!, a book <mask> also wrote and designed celebrating American freedom and democracy and the important role immigrants play in constructing American national identity. In 1948, <mask> was elected to the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and in 1966 he became a full Academician. <mask> passed away at his home in the Adirondacks in 1971. Politics
Although he came from a relatively privileged background, <mask> formed radical political views early in life, joining the Socialist Party of America in 1904. He cast his first presidential vote for Eugene Debs that year, and for the rest of his life was ready to debate socialist ideas on any occasion.His respect for the dignity of labor, acquired through personal experience and the skills of his craft, also made him a strong supporter of unions. He briefly joined the Industrial Workers of the World in 1912 and belonged at various times to unions in the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations. <mask>'s political activism came to the fore in the latter part of the 1930s, when he took part in several initiatives of the cultural popular front, including support for the Spanish Republic and the subsequent war against fascism. Most notably, he participated in the American Artists' Congress at the time of its formation in 1936 and later served as an officer of the Artists' Union of America and then the Artists' League of America in their efforts to represent artists to boards, museums and dealers. In 1948 he stood for Congress as an American Labor Party candidate supporting Henry Wallace's Progressive Party presidential campaign as the best option for extending the legacy of the New Deal. In the changing postwar context, <mask> advocated nuclear disarmament and continued friendship with America's wartime ally, the Soviet Union. This placed him on the wrong side of American Cold War policies.The Soviet Union extensively promoted <mask>'s work, who was among hundreds of other prominent intellectuals and creative artists targeted by those in league with Joseph McCarthy, but he and William Gropper share the distinction of being the only graphic artists to be targeted. <mask> was not a Communist and considered his political views to be in the best traditions of American democracy. However, his participation in the Stockholm Appeal and the World Peace Council led to the suspension of his passport in 1950. After he filed suit to regain his foreign-travel rights, in June 1958, the U.S. Supreme Court in Kent v. Dulles affirmed his right to travel by declaring the ban a violation of his civil rights. Meanwhile, <mask> also came under attack as an officer of the International Workers Order, a mutual benefit and cultural society supported by leftists and immigrants. In 1951, <mask> defended his record in court proceedings and exposed the perjured testimony that

masks:
Rockwell Kent
Rockwell Kent
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 claimed he was a Communist. From 1957 to 1971, <mask> was president of the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship.After a well-received exhibition of his work in Moscow at the Pushkin Museum in 1957–58, he donated several hundred of his paintings and drawings to the Soviet peoples in 1960. He subsequently became an honorary member of the Soviet Academy of Fine Arts and in 1967 the recipient of the International Lenin Peace Prize. <mask> specified that his prize money be given to the women and children of Vietnam, both North and South. (The nature of <mask>'s gift is clarified by his wife Sally in the 2005 documentary Rockwell <mask>, produced and written by Fred Lewis.) Meeting with Soviet Ukrainian artists

<mask> <mask> traveled to the Soviet Union and found like-minded people there. In the preface to the second Russian edition of his book "Salamina", <mask> wrote:
"Recently… I’ve met two talented young artists from Kyiv   Ada Rybachuk  and Volodymyr Melnychenko. They lived and worked in the Soviet Arctic, just like me, they love the North and its inhabitants… Shouldn't art reveal the essence of Humanity?.. We who strive to create a better world for people must know the clay from which we form man." Legacy
When <mask> died of a heart attack in 1971, the New York Times published an extensive front-page obituary that commenced: "At various (and frequently simultaneous) periods of his long life the protean <mask> <mask> was an architect, painter, illustrator, lithographer, xylographer, cartoonist, advertising artist, carpenter, dairy farmer, explorer, trade union leader and political controversialist. "He is so multiple a person as to be multifarious," Louis Untermeyer, the poet, once observed." When a 1982 anthology of <mask>'s work was published in 1982, a reviewer of the book for the New York Times further described <mask> as "... a thoughtful, troublesome, profoundly independent, odd and kind man who made an imperishable contribution to the art of bookmaking in the United States." Retrospectives of the artist's paintings and drawings have been mounted,  by the Art Gallery of Newfoundland and Labrador in St. John's, Newfoundland, where the exhibition Pointed North: Rockwell Kent in Newfoundland and Labrador was curated by Caroline Stone in the summer of 2014. Other exhibitions include an exhibition in 2013 in Winona, Minnesota marking the centennial of <mask>'s time there; the Richard F. Brush Art Gallery and Owen D. Young Library at St. Lawrence University (Canton, New York) in the autumn of 2012; the Farnsworth Art Museum (Rockland, Maine) during the spring through autumn of 2012; the Bennington Museum in Vermont during the summer of 2012; the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the spring through summer of 2012; and the Portland Museum of Art, Maine for the major summer show of 2005 commemorating the centenary of <mask>'s arrival on Monhegan Island. 2018 through 2020 marked the 100th anniversary of Kent's Alaskan painting expedition, his stay on Fox Island, and the publication of Wilderness: A Journal of Quiet Adventure in Alaska.The letters he wrote and received during that time reveal a less than quiet experience beneath his book's narrative. Personal correspondence with his wife, Kathleen, and with Hildegarde Hirsch, his inamorata of that time, provide a fascinating glimpse into the backstory of his life. A more detailed account can be found at the blog Rockwell Kent "Wilderness" Centennial Journal. One of Kent's exemplary pen-and-ink drawings from Moby Dick appears on a U.S. postage stamp issued as part of the 2001 commemorative panel celebrating American Illustration, with other artistic examples by Maxfield Parrish, Frederic Remington, and <mask>. The year he spent in Newfoundland in 1914-1915 is fictionally recalled by Canadian writer Michael Winter in The Big Why, his 2004 Winterset Award-winning novel. Kent's work also figures in Steve Martin's 2010 novel An Object of Beauty and is the subject of a chapter in Douglas Brinkley's 2011 history The Quiet World: Saving Alaska's Wilderness Kingdom: 1879–1960. Columbia University is the repository of Rockwell <mask>'s personal collection of 3,300 working drawings and sketches, most of which were unpublished.The gift was made in 1972 by Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Berol, Corliss Lamont, Mrs. Arthur Hayes Sulzberger, and Dan Burne Jones. The Archives of American Art is the repository for Kent's voluminous correspondence. of 250 copies, signed by the author. Illustrated by <mask> <mask>
 The Seven Ages of Man, portfolio of 4 linecut reproductions after pen/brush and ink drawings, each signed and mounted, contained in paper cartridge wrappers with an illustrated cover label dated 1918, limited to 100 numbered copies;
 Rollo in Society, George S. Chappell (1922) Published by G. P. Putnam's Sons. of 750, numbered copies;
 City Child – poetry by Selma Robinson pen and ink drawings;
 The Mountains Wait – dust jacket only;
 Seed – novel by Charles Norris – dust jacket, binding;
 Zest – novel by Charles Norris – dust jacket, binding;
 Candy – novel by Lillie McMakin Alexander (1934) pen, brush, and ink drawings;
 Leaves of Grass – poetry by Walt Whitman (1936) pen, brush, and ink drawings;
 Erewhon – novel by Samuel Butler;
 The Bridge of San Luis Rey – novel by Thornton Wilder;
 Faust – by Goethe pen, brush, and ink drawings;
 Paul Bunyan – novel by Esther Shephard (1941) pen, brush, and ink drawings;
 A Treasury of Sea Stories – anthology edited by Gordon C. Aymar pen, brush, and ink drawings;
 Gisli's Saga – Mediaeval Icelandic saga;
 Autumn Leaves – social commentary by P W Litchfield;
 To Thee! - a centennial history of Rahr Malting Company and a paean to American freedom and democracy (1946) - pen, brush, and ink drawings
 Canterbury Tales  (1930) pen, brush, and ink drawings;
 The Decameron – novel by Giovanni Boccaccio translated by Richard Aldington, NY: Garden City Press (1949) pen, brush, and ink drawings;
  The Complete Works of Shakespeare. End papers for The Modern Library books under the editorship of Bennett Cerf.Murals by or designed by <mask> <mask>
 The Cape Cinema Murals, Dennis, MA (1930), designed by <mask> <mask>, executed by Jo Mielziner (1901–1976) and a crew of stage set painters from New York City, finished by Kent;
 United States Post Office Department Headquarters, Washington DC (1938);
 1939 World's Fair mural for the General Electric pavilion;
 America at Peace located in the House Committee on Natural Resources "Walter B. Jones" Hearing Room, 1334 Longworth House Office Building, US Capitol Complex, Washington D.C.

Other works designed by <mask> <mask>
 Snow Fields (Winter in the Berkshires) (1909, oil on canvas painting, located in Smithsonian American Art Museum)
 1939 Christmas Seal; National Tuberculosis Association

See also
 Rockwell Kent Cottage and Studio, Monhegan Island, Maine
 Kent Cottage, Brigus, Newfoundland

References

Wien, Jake Milgram, Book Reviews in ARCTIC (Calgary) 73, no. 3 (September 2020). Reviews of North by Nuuk: Greenland After Rockwell Kent by Denis Defibaugh (2019) and When the Colour Ceases To Be Just a Colour: Rockwell Kent’s Greenland Paintings by Erik Torm (2019). Rockwell Kent Review (formerly known as the Rockwell Kent Collector), Rockwell Kent Gallery, Plattsburgh State Art Museum, 1974–2021
Defibaugh, Denis, North by Nuuk: Greenland After Rockwell Kent. Rochester, NY: RIT Press, 2019. With a foreword by Gretel Ehrlich. Torm, Erik, When the Colour Ceases To Be Just a Colour: Rockwell Kent's Greenland Paintings.Uummannaq, Greenland: Uummannaq Polar Institute, 2019. Two editions—one with English and Russian translation and the other with Greenlandic and Danish translation. Gordon, Sarah, "A Call for Liberty: Rockwell Kent's Puerto Rico Mural," Archives of American Art Journal 58, no. 2 (Fall 2019). Chunikhin, Kirill, "At Home Among Strangers: U.S. Artists, the Soviet Union, and the Myth of Rockwell Kent During the Cold War," Journal of Cold War Studies 21, no. 4 (Fall 2019). Abrams, Matthew Jeffrey, "Inuit Encounters: The Going-Native of Rockwell Kent and the Shaming of Leni Riefenstahl," Apricota 1 (2018).Abrams, Matthew Jeffrey, "Illuminated Critique: the Kent Moby-Dick," Word & Image 33, no. 4 (2017). Rightmire, Robert with Lucy Grokhothov, "Rockwell Kent in Russian, The Exhibition and Publication of an American Artist in the Soviet Union," Rockwell Kent Review, Vol. XLIV, 2018–2019, pp. 11–23. Jones, Jamie L., "Print Nostalgia: Skeuomorphism and Rockwell <mask>'s Woodblock Style," American Art 31, no. 3 (Fall 2017).Wien, Jake Milgram, "Genius Loci: <mask> <mask>'s Lobster Cove (Ireland)," in Homann, Joachim, ed., Why Draw? 500 Years of Drawings and Watercolors at Bowdoin College (New York: Prestel, 2017). Bailey, Julia Tatiana, "The National Council of American-Soviet Friendship and Art in the Shadow of the Cold War," Archives of American Art Journal 56, no. 1 (Spring 2017). Ferris, Scott R., "In Review: Mr. <mask> Goes to Washington (Again): A Gift to the American People." A history on the gift of <mask> <mask>'s painting, 'Citadel," to the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Brock, Charles, "The Exhibition Game: Rockwell <mask> and The Twelve," in The World of William Glackens, Vol.II, The C. Richard Hilker Art Lectures & New Perspectives on William Glackens (New York: ARTBOOK/D.A.P., 2017). Ferris, Scott R., "In Review: Frozen Falls (Alaska)/Ice Curtains." Review of the oil painting, Frozen Falls, by <mask> <mask>: its history and sale at Christie's in November, 2016. March, 2017 online posting. Ferris, Scott R., "In Review: Gray Day." Review of the oil painting, Gray Day, by <mask> <mask>: its history and sale at Sotheby's in November, 2016. January, 2017 online posting.Ferris, Scott R., "In Review: Blue Day." Review of the oil painting, 'Blue Day,' by <mask> <mask>: its history and sale. 2017. <mask> <mask>: The Mythic and the Modern (illustrated chronology on pp. 162–68), Wien, 2005 (see Further reading, below)
Rightmire, Robert, "Valentines From Rockwell Kent",  Valentine Writer, Vol. 40, No. 2, Summer 2016, pp.2–5. Wien, Jake Milgram, "Rockwell Kent and Edward Hopper: Looking Out, Looking Within," The Magazine ANTIQUES, January/February 2016. Rightmire, Robert, Postmarked Art, The Postcards of Rockwell Kent, 1920s-1960s, Blurb.com, 2015
Ferris, Scott R., "In Review: Rockwell Kent in Newfoundland." A review of the exhibition and catalogue, "Vital Passage: The Newfoundland Epic of Rockwell Kent." The Rooms, St. John's, Newfoundland, 2014. Wien, Jake Milgram, Vital Passage: The Newfoundland Epic of Rockwell Kent, including a Catalogue Raisonne of Kent's Newfoundland Works. The Rooms, St. John's, Newfoundland, 2014.Rightmire, Robert, The Greeting Cards of Rockwell Kent. Picturia Press, Portland, ME, 2013. Ferris, Scott R., Rockwell Kent: The Once Most Popular American Artist. St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY. Autumn 2012. Ferris, Scott R., "In Review: The Other Rockwell Kents: An Introduction." 2018.Franklin, Jamie, "Rockwell <mask>'s 'Egypt': Shadow and Light in Vermont." Antiques & Fine Art (cover story), Summer 2012. Franklin, Jamie and Jake Milgram Wien, Rockwell Kent's 'Egypt': Shadow and Light in Vermont. Bennington Museum, Vermont, 2012. Komanecky, Michael, Jamie Wyeth, Rockwell Kent and Monhegan. Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, ME, 2012. O'Hara, Virginia, Intrepid and Inventive: Illustrations by <mask> <mask>, Brandywine River Museum, DE, 2009.Rightmire, Robert, A Descriptive List of the Greeting Card Art of Rockwell Kent, The Kent Collector, Vol. XXXIII, No. 1, Spring 2007 through current issue, a 15-part series. Wien, Jake Milgram, Rockwell Kent: Visionary Works from Greenland. Lighthouse Center for the Arts, Tequesta, Florida, March 3 – April 30, 2008 (color brochure with essay). Ferris, Scott R., "The Evolving Legacy of Rockwell Kent," FineArtConnoisseur, January–February 2008. Rightmire, Robert, " A Newly Discovered Rockwell Kent Porfolio" (The PON portfolio), The Kent Collector, Vol.XXX, No. 2, Summer, 2006, pp. 15–17
 Wien, Jake Milgram, "The Archetypal Landscapes of Rockwell Kent." Antiques & Fine Art, Late Summer 2005. Rightmire, Robert "Every American An Art Patron," The Kent Collector, Vol. XXIX, No. 3, Fall/Winter, 2003, pp.13–18. Ferris, Scott R., "In Review: <mask> <mask>: The Mythic and the Modern." Review of the exhibition and catalog, Rockwell Kent: The Mythic and the Modern, 2005. Wien, Jake Milgram, Rockwell Kent: The Mythic and the Modern.

masks:
Kent
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Norman Rockwell
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texts:
 Hudson Hills Press in association with the Portland (Maine) Museum of Art, 2005. Wien, Jake Milgram, "Rockwell Kent's Reverse Paintings on Glass," The Magazine ANTIQUES (cover story), July 2005. Wien, Jake Milgram, "Rockwell Kent's Canterbury Pilgrims" in Chaucer Illustrated: Five Hundred Years of The Canterbury Tales in Pictures, Oak Knoll Press and British Library, 2003.Ferris, Scott R., "In Review: The Prints of Rockwell Kent: A Catalogue Raisonné." Review of the 2002 revised edition of The Prints of Rockwell Kent: A Catalogue Raisonne, by Robert Rightmire. Roberts, Don. Rockwell Kent: The Art of the Bookplate. San Francisco: Fair Oaks Press, 2003
 Ferris, Scott R., "In the Presence of Light," included as foreword to new edition of Salamina, Wesleyan University Press, 2003. Rightmire, Robert, Dan Burne Jones, The Prints of Rockwell Kent, revised edition, Alan Wolfsy Fine Arts, 2002
 Wien, Jake Milgram, "Rockwell Kent and Hollywood," Archives of American Art Journal 42:3-4 (2002). Ferris, Scott R., "The Artistic Heritage of Rockwell Kent," American Art Review, October 2002.Rightmire, Robert, "Rockwell Kent's Author's Edition," The Kent Collector, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, Summer 2002, pp. 14–15
 Wien, Jake Milgram, "Rockwell Kent's First Print," Print Quarterly (London) 18: 3 (September 2001). Rightmire, Robert, "Going, Going, Gone, Rockwell Kent Soars at Auction," Portland (magazine), Vol. 15, No. 6, Sept. 2000, pp.11–13
 Ferris, Scott R., "The Stormy Petrel of American Art," Smithsonian, August 2000. Rightmire, Robert, "Rockwell Kent and the Modern Library," The Kent Collector, Vol. XXVI, No. 2, Summer, 2000, pp. 15–17. Rightmire, Robert, "The Drawings of Rockwell Kent, the Reproductions Reconsidered," The Kent Collector, Vol. XXIV, No.1, Spring, 2000, pp.10–12
 Ferris, Scott R. and Caroline M. Welsh, The View from Asgaard: Rockwell <mask>'s Adirondack Legacy, Adirondack Museum, 1999. Rightmire, Robert, "Godspeed, the Birth of the Kent Collector," The Kent Collector, Vol. XXV, No.3, Fall/Winter, 1999, pp.6–7. Ferris, Scott R. and Ellen Pearce, Rockwell Kent's Forgotten Landscapes, Down East Books, 1998. Rightmire, Robert, "Hogarth, Jr. Taken Seriously," The Kent Collector, Vol.XXIV, No.3, Summer 1998, p. 6
 Rightmire, Robert, "The Yearbook Art of Rockwell Kent," The Kent Collector, Vol. XXIII, No. 4, Fall, 1997, pp.10–13. Wien, Jake Milgram, "His Mind on Fire: <mask> <mask>'s Amorous Letters to Hildegarde Hirsch and Ernesta Drinker Bullitt, 1916–1925," Columbia Library Columns, Vol. 46, No. 2, Autumn 1997. Rightmire, Robert, "I Hated War" (The Seven Ages of Man), The Kent Collector, Vol. XXII, No.3, Spring, 1996, pp. 3–4.Rightmire, Robert "Rockwell Kent: The 'Best' Printmaker? ", The Kent Collector, Vol. XXII, No. 1, Summer, 1995, pp.12–13
 West, Richard V., "An Enkindled Eye": The Paintings of Rockwell Kent, Santa Barbara Museum of Art, 1985. Traxel, David, An American Saga: The Life and Times of Rockwell Kent. New York: Harper & Row, 1980. Johnson, Fridolf.Rockwell Kent: An Anthology of His Works. New York: Alfred K. Knopf, 1982. Johnson, Fridolf. The Illustrations of Rockwell Kent: 231 examples from Books, Magazines, and Advertising Art. New York: Dover Publications, 1976. Jones, Dan Burne. The Prints of Rockwell Kent: A Catalogue Raisonné.University of Chicago Press, 1975. Priess, David. "Rockwell Kent", American Artist 36, no. 364 (November 1972). American Book Collector Special Rockwell Kent Number, Vol. XIV, No. 10, Summer 1964.Arens, Egmont. "Rockwell Kent-Illustrator". The Book Collector's Packet. 1.9 (1932). Capra, Doug. "Foreword." Wilderness: A Journal of Quiet Adventure in Alaska by Rockwell <mask>.Middleton, CT: Wesleyan UP, 1996. Capra, Doug. "And Now the World Again: <mask> <mask> vs. Seward, Alaska", The Kent Collector. Vol. XII, No. 3, Winter, 1985, pp. 10.Capra, Doug. "Rockwell <mask>'s Final Alaskan Trip." The Kent Collector. Vol. XVI, No. 3, Winter, 1989, pp. 3–15.Capra, Doug. "Roasting the Mails Instead of the Horses." (Kent in Alaska). The Kent Collector. Vol. XII, No. 2, Fall, 1985, pp.1–7. Capra, Doug. "Pets and Paradise: Olson of the Deep Experience." (Kent in Alaska). The Kent Collector. Vol. XII, No.2, Fall, 1985, pp. 8–14. Capra, Doug. "Rockwell Kent's Northern Christmas." The Kent Collector. Vol. XI, No.2, Fall, 1994, pp. 3–8. Capra, Doug. "May the Waters of Resurrection Bay Caress Their Bodies." The Kent Collector. Vol. XXXI, No.2, Spring 2005, pp. 5–10. Capra, Doug. "A Frightened But Brave Boy: <mask> in Alaska." The Kent Collector. Vol. XXXIV, No.1, Spring 2008, pp. 5–11. The Biography of Wilhelmina Weber Furlong: The Treasured Collection of Golden Heart Farm by Clint B. Weber,
 Goodman, Helen. "Rockwell Kent." Arts Magazine'', March, 1977, p. 4. External links

 Annotated Checklist of Alaska Paintings by <mask> <mask> (1882-1971)
 Rockwell Kent papers at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
 Rockwell Kent papers at Columbia University. Rare Book and Manuscript Library
 Rockwell Kent Gallery and Collection at Plattsburgh State Art Museum at SUNY Plattsburgh

 Summer 2014 exhibition at The Rooms, St. John's, Newfoundland
 Autumn 2012 exhibition at St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY
 Adirondack Vistas in the Artist's Eye and in the Visitor's
 Rockwell Kent Artwork Examples on AskART.Bookplates by <mask> <mask> in the University of Delaware Library's William Augustus Brewer Bookplate Collection
 Photos of the Random House edition of Moby Dick Illustrated by Rockwell Kent
 Works by <mask> <mask>, The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts
 Mountain Lake, PBS, August 31, 2013
 Scott R. Ferris, author and specialist on the artwork of Rockwell Kent
 Works by <mask> <mask>, The State Hermitage Museum

 Appraisal of Land of Peace, PBS, August 13, 2011

1882 births
1971 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Landscape artists
American landscape painters
American realist painters
American illustrators
American printmakers
American people of English descent
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Students of Robert Henri
Lenin Peace Prize recipients
Art Students League of New York faculty
People from Tarrytown, New York
Section of Painting and Sculpture artists
1939 New York World's Fair artists
American

masks:
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<mask>, born <mask> (December 21, 1857 – August 11, 1916) was an American physician and abdominal surgeon noted for advocating early surgical intervention in appendicitis appendectomy, and several eponyms: <mask>’s button, <mask> drip, <mask>’s punch, <mask>’s test, and <mask> bone skid. He is best remembered for the eponymous clinical sign that is used in evaluating patients with acute cholecystitis. His career spanned general surgery, orthopedics, neurosurgery, and cardiothoracic surgery, which helped him to gain international prominence in the surgical profession. Mayo Clinic co-founder William James Mayo called him "the surgical genius of our generation". Over the course of his career he was renowned as a surgeon, a clinician, a teacher, an innovator, and an author. In addition to general surgical operations, such as appendectomy, cholecystostomy, bowel resection for intestinal obstruction, and mastectomy, he performed and described innovative procedures in neurosurgery, orthopedics, gynecology, urology, plastic surgery, thoracic surgery, and vascular surgery. He also ventured into techniques such as neurorrhaphy, arthroplasty, prostatectomy, nephrectomy, hysterectomy, bone grafting, and thoracoplasty.Life and death
<mask> was born in a log cabin in Appleton, Wisconsin. His parents, <mask> and Ann Grimes <mask>, were Irish immigrants who escaped from the Great Famine and who later raised him on their own farm. He was tall and strong with a red beard and mustache. <mask> died of heart disease in Mackinac Island, Michigan after having been ill for six months. He was staying at the Grand Hotel and was attended by his wife and Drs. L. L. MacArthur and James Keefe. After he suffered from angina pectoris for several years, his death was attributed to aortitis.Two days prior to his death he correctly predicted the findings of his own autopsy: "I think the necropsy will show plaques in my aorta." Education and training
<mask> attended public school in Appleton and graduated from Appleton High School in 1876. He obtained a doctorate from Rush Medical College in 1879 and entered an eighteen-month internship at Cook County Hospital. He then practiced there briefly. From 1882–1884 he performed practical work at universities and hospitals in Vienna, Munich, Berlin and Heidelberg. Most of this time was spent working in Vienna with Theodor Billroth, who introduced gastrectomy techniques that are still in use today. Academic career

After his sojourn in Europe, he returned to Chicago to start a general practice.He was quickly recognized as a leader in abdominal surgery and was appointed lecturer in surgery at Rush Medical College at the end of 1884. In 1890 he was elected Professor of Surgery. In 1892, he was named Professor of Clinical Surgery at the College of Physicians and Surgeons (currently University of Illinois College of Medicine). By 1899, he had become acclaimed for bone surgery. From 1901–1905 he held a position at the Northwestern University Medical School. From 1905–1908, he worked at Rush Medical College, and from 1908–1916 he returned to Northwestern University Medical School. Meanwhile, he also taught at the Graduate Medical School of Chicago, and from 1895 until his death in 1916, he was the surgeon-in-chief at the Mercy Hospital.From 1908 on he also held a commission in the Army Reserve Medical Corps. While at Mercy, he developed a following for his "wet clinics", in which he operated and lectured to an audience. Physicians from around the world attended these sessions. The only method for wider dissemination of these lectures and demonstrations was print publication. A secretary transcribed his words, and they were printed as "The Surgical Clinics of <mask><mask>, M.D., at Mercy Hospital, Chicago". This became 'The Surgical Clinics of Chicago", and, subsequently, the "Surgical Clinics of North America", which continue as of 2019. Experiences
Early in his career, on May 4, 1886, he was one of the doctors summoned to the scene of the Haymarket Affair in the Near West Side community area of Chicago.He dressed approximately 30 men while working until 3:30 AM. A bomb had been thrown at the Chicago Police officers leading to several deaths and a high-profile trial, in which <mask> was called to testify. The labor unrest leading up to and surrounding the events led to the tradition of May Day labor rallies. After an October 14, 1912 assassination attempt on former United States President Theodore Roosevelt in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Roosevelt was brought to Chicago's Mercy Hospital. When he asked Roosevelt about any fears he might have about his bullet wound he said that Roosevelt responded, "I've hunted long enough, Doctor, to know that you can't kill a Bull Moose with a short gun." Legacy

Although his surgical prowess was not questioned, his approach to practice was considered pretentious by a segment of his professional colleagues in the U.S., and his work was more highly regarded by his contemporaries in Europe than in Chicago. He was an early advocate of intervention via the removal of the appendix in all cases of appendicitis.His thoughts were controversial in a time of conservative management of appendicitis. Having been met with skepticism after his first presentation of appendectomy, he gathered evidence from 250 cases and presented his opinions again as an authority on the subject. A number of procedures and devices were named after <mask>, including <mask>’s button (a mechanical device used for intestinal anastomosis), <mask>’s punch (a punch tenderness at the costo-vertebral angle in cases of perinephric abscess), <mask>'s sign (a sign of inflammation of the gallbladder), <mask>’s test (a test for deep-seated tenderness and muscular rigidity in cases of perinephric abscess), <mask> drip for administration of fluids by proctoclysis in patients with peritonitis, and <mask> bone skid (a common commercial steel instrument used for femoral head procedures). <mask> developed his eponymous anastomotic button for a sutureless anastomosis of the gallbladder to the duodenum (his preferred treatment for acute cholecystitis), but it was equally suitable for intestinal anastomoses. He developed it in the experimental animal laboratory in a barn behind his house and first used it less than a week after developing it on a dog. The <mask> button can be credited as the forerunner of the modern end-to-end stapling instrument after having become the method of choice for operations at the Mayo Clinic and elsewhere in the United States for over twenty years. In 1896, <mask> was the first person to successfully unite a femoral artery severed by a gunshot wound.In 1898, <mask> was first in the United States to induce artificial immobilization and collapse of the lung (pneumothorax) in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. He pioneered bone grafting techniques and made inroads in the management of ankylosis, especially with reconstruction. He was also considered an innovator for surgical intervention for prostate cancer, performance of end-to-end anastomosis of hollow viscera. In 1912, he performed what was arguably the first biliary tract endoscopy. He was a founding member of the American College of Surgeons. Honors
He was knighted with the Order of St. Gregory the Great at the direction of Pope Benedict XV by Archbishop George Mundelein on June 16, 1916. He was awarded Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame in 1902, and a Doctor of Science by University of Sheffield, England in 1908.Although <mask>'s flamboyant demeanour and consequent unpopularity among his colleagues kept him from early membership in several professional associations, he was eventually elected President of both the Chicago Medical Society and the American Medical Association (AMA).The American Surgical Association realized their mistake and belatedly granted <mask> membership. The John B. <mask> Public School in the Irving Park community on the northwest side of Chicago, which opened in 1924, was named in his honor. Notes

External links

1857 births
1916 deaths
American surgeons
People from Appleton, Wisconsin
People from Chicago
Physicians from Wisconsin
Rush Medical College alumni
Northwestern University faculty
University of Illinois faculty
Laetare Medal recipients
Physicians from Illinois
19th-century American physicians
20th-century American physicians
Presidents of the American Medical Association
20th-century surgeons
Deaths from heart disease
American people of Irish descent
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Evanston, Illinois)

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John Benjamin Murphy
John Murphy
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texts:
<mask> ( Catherine Wilson Malcolm; 10 March 1848 – 13 July 1934) was the most prominent member of the women's suffrage movement in New Zealand and the country's most famous suffragist. Born in Liverpool, England, she emigrated to New Zealand with her family in 1868. There she became an active member of various religious and social organisations, including the Women's Christian Temperance Union New Zealand (WCTU NZ). In 1887 she was appointed the WCTU NZ's National Superintendent for Franchise and Legislation, a position she used to advance the cause of women's suffrage in New Zealand. <mask> promoted women's suffrage by organising petitions and public meetings, by writing letters to the press, and by developing contacts with politicians. She was the editor of The White Ribbon, the first woman-operated newspaper in New Zealand. Through her skilful writing and persuasive public speaking, she successfully advocated women's suffrage.Her pamphlets Ten Reasons Why the Women of New Zealand Should Vote and Should Women Vote? contributed to the cause. This work culminated in a petition with 30,000 signatures calling for women's suffrage that was presented to parliament, and the successful extension of the franchise to women in 1893. As a result, New Zealand became the first country to establish universal suffrage. <mask> was the first president of the National Council of Women of New Zealand, founded in 1896, and helped reform the organisation in 1918. In later life, she travelled to Britain and assisted the suffrage movement there. With failing health, she returned to New Zealand, after which she continued to be involved in writing on women's rights, although she became less politically active.She died in 1934, leaving no descendants. <mask> is considered to be an important figure in New Zealand's history. A memorial to her exists in Christchurch. Her portrait replaced that of Queen Elizabeth II on the front of the New Zealand ten-dollar note in 1991. Early life

<mask> was born Catherine Wilson Malcolm on 10 March 1848 in Liverpool, England, to Scottish parents Jemima Crawford Souter and Andrew Wilson Malcolm. Her father, born in Scotland in 1819, was described in various documents as either a lawyer, banker, brewer's clerk, or legal clerk; he married Souter in the Inner Hebrides on 14 July 1842. Catherine was named after her paternal grandmother, also Catherine Wilson Malcolm, but preferred to spell her name "Katherine" or to abbreviate it to "<mask>".She had an elder sister Marie, born in Scotland, and three younger siblings – Frank, born in Birmingham, and Isabella and Robert, both born in London; evidently, the family moved often during that period. Details of the children's education are unknown, though <mask>'s later writings demonstrate extensive knowledge of science and law, indicating a strong education. She was known for her broad knowledge and intellectual ability. Her father loved music and ensured that the family had good musical training. <mask>'s father died in 1862, while in his early forties, but left his widow with sufficient means to provide for the family. After her father's death, <mask> lived with her uncle, a minister of the Free Church of Scotland at Nairn; he, more than anyone else, instilled in her the values of Christian socialism. During this time, the rest of the family stayed with relatives in Dublin, where <mask> later joined them.George Beath, the future husband of <mask>'s sister Marie, emigrated to Melbourne in 1863, and later moved to Christchurch. After Marie joined him there, they were married in 1867, and their first child was born the following year. Marie's accounts of Christchurch motivated Jemima to move her family to New Zealand, as she was seeking better prospects for her sons' employment and wanted to see her granddaughter. They sailed on the Matoaka from Gravesend on 12 November 1868, arriving in Lyttelton Harbour on 8 February 1869. In Christchurch, most of the family, including <mask>, joined the Trinity Congregational Church. The minister was William Habens, a graduate of the University of London who was also Classics Master at Christchurch High School. <mask> became part of Christchurch's intellectual and social scenes, and spent time with Marie and George's growing family.<mask> married Walter Allen <mask>, a shop owner, at her mother's house on 21 July 1871. Walter had been elected to the Christchurch City Council in 1868, and may have impressed <mask> with his knowledge of local matters. They lived on Madras Street, not far from her mother's home, and within walking distance of the city centre. The Trinity Congregational Church raised funds for a new building from 1872 to 1874, and <mask> was most likely involved in this. She formed a friendship with Alfred Saunders, a politician and prominent temperance activist who may have influenced her ideas on women's suffrage. <mask> and her husband arrived in England in 1877 and spent a year there, then returned to Christchurch. Their only child, Douglas, was born on 8 December 1880.<mask> was an active member of various religious organisations. She taught Sunday school, and in 1884 was elected secretary of the newly formed Trinity Ladies' Association, a body established to visit parishioners who did not regularly attend church services. The association also helped with fundraising and did jobs for the church such as providing morning tea. <mask> wrote reports on the work of the Association, tried to recruit new members, and worked to retain existing ones. The following year she joined the Riccarton Choral Society. Her solo in a May 1886 concert was praised in the Lyttelton Times. She also served on the management committee of the YWCA.Women's suffrage movement

Early engagement
<mask>'s activism and engagement with politics began after listening to or reading about a talk by Mary Leavitt from the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) of the United States. In 1885 Leavitt toured New Zealand speaking not only about the problems caused by alcohol consumption, but also the need for women to have a "voice in public affairs". She spent two weeks in Christchurch, starting with a public speech at the Theatre Royal on 10 May. Journalists were impressed by the strength of public speaking displayed by a woman, something not witnessed often at that time in New Zealand. <mask> became involved in establishing a Christchurch branch of the WCTU NZ prior to the formation of a national organisation. Her initial involvement was in promoting petitions to Parliament to prevent women being employed as barmaids, and to outlaw the sale of alcohol to children. This marked the beginning of her collaborations with Alfred Saunders, who advised her on her negotiations with politicians and who wrote to the Premier, Sir Robert Stout, seeking to further her campaign.The barmaid petitions (including some from other parts of the country) were rejected by the Petitions Committee of Parliament later in 1885. <mask> decided that politicians would continue to ignore petitions from women as long as women could not vote. In 1879 universal male suffrage had been granted to all men over the age of 21 whether they owned property or not, but women were still excluded as electors. A limited number of voting rights were extended to female voters in the 1870s. Female ratepayers were able to vote in local body elections in 1873, and in 1877 women "householders" were given the right to vote in and stand for education boards. The New Zealand Women's Christian Temperance Union was formed under the leadership of Anne Ward at a conference in Wellington in February 1886. <mask> did not attend that conference, but at the second national convention in Christchurch a year later, she arrived ready to present a paper on women's suffrage, although there was no opportunity for her to do so.She was first appointed Superintendent for Relative Statistics, owing to her interest in economics. In 1887when more local Franchise departments were established within the WCTU NZshe replaced Mrs. G Clarke as National Superintendent for the Franchise and Legislation. Much of the support for moderation came from women, and the WCTU NZ believed that women's suffrage could advance their aim to prohibit alcohol while promoting child and family welfare. <mask> soon became prominent in the area of women's suffrage, but her interest in the cause went beyond practical considerations regarding temperance. Her views were made well known with her statement that "all that separates, whether of race, class, creed, or sex, is inhuman, and must be overcome." <mask> proved to be a powerful speaker and a skilled organiser, quickly building support for her cause. The WCTU NZ sent a deputation to Sir Julius Vogel, a Member of Parliament and former Premier, asking him to introduce a suffrage bill to parliament.He did so in 1887, with the Female Suffrage Bill, and <mask> campaigned for its support. In its third reading, the part dealing with women's suffrage was defeated by one vote, and the bill was withdrawn. During the general election campaign later that year <mask> encouraged WCTU NZ members to ask parliamentary candidates questions about suffrage, but few women did so. In 1888 <mask> was President of the Christchurch branch of the WCTU NZ, and presented a report to the national convention in Dunedin, where the convention decided that prohibition and women's suffrage would be the organisation's central aims. <mask> made public speeches on suffrage in Dunedin, Oamaru, and Christchurch, developing a confident speaking style. To reinforce her message, she gave audiences leaflets produced in Britain and the United States. <mask> then published her own single-sheet pamphlet titled Ten Reasons Why the Women of New Zealand Should Vote, which displayed her "dry wit and logical approach".A copy was sent to every member of the House of Representatives. Petitions
The government introduced an Electoral Bill in 1888 that would continue to exclude women from suffrage, and <mask> organised a petition requesting that the exclusion be removed. She wrote to, and later met with, Sir John Hall, a well-respected Canterbury member of the House of Representatives, inviting him to present the petition and support her cause. He did so, but no action resulted. <mask> then produced a second pamphlet, Should Women Vote?, which presented statements on suffrage from notable people in New Zealand and overseas. The Electoral Bill was delayed until 1890, when on 5 August, Hall proposed a motion "That in the opinion of the House, the right of voting for members of the House of Representatives should be extended to women." After vigorous debate, this was passed 37 votes to 11.On 21 August, Hall moved an amendment to the Electoral Bill to give women suffrage, but it was defeated by seven votes. Following the defeat, Hall suggested to <mask> that a petition to parliament should be the next step. She drew up the wording for the petition, arranged for the forms to be printed, and campaigned hard for its support. During the 1890 election campaign, WCTU members attempted to ask all candidates about their position on women's suffrage. The petition contained 10,085 signatures (according to WCTU minutes), and Hall presented it to Parliament in 1891 as a new Electoral Bill went into committee. The petition was supported in Parliament by Hall, Alfred Saunders, and the Premier at the time, John Ballance. Hall moved an amendment to the Electoral Bill to give women suffrage; it passed with a majority of 25 votes.An opponent of suffrage, Walter Carncross, then moved an amendment which would also allow women to stand for parliament; this seemed a logical extension of Hall's amendment but was actually calculated to cause the Bill's failure in New Zealand's upper house, the New Zealand Legislative Council. The Bill indeed failed in the Upper House by two votes. In 1890, <mask> was one of the founders of the Christian Ethical Society, a discussion group for both men and women, not limited to

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 the members of a single church. In their first few meetings the topics included selfishness, conjugal relations, and dress reform. The Society gave <mask> more confidence debating her ideas with people from diverse backgrounds. During 1891, <mask> began editing a page in the Prohibitionist on behalf of the WCTU. The Prohibitionist was a fortnightly temperance paper with a circulation around New Zealand of over 20,000.<mask> used the pseudonym "Penelope" in this paper. <mask> promised that a second petition would be twice as large and worked through the summer to organise it; it received 20,274 women's signatures. Using paid canvassers, the Liberal MP Henry Fish organised two counter petitions, one signed by men and the other by women; they received 5,000 signatures between them. An Electoral Bill in 1892 included provision for women's suffrage and again it easily passed in the House of Representatives, but the Upper House requested that women's votes be postal rather than by ballot. As the two houses could not agree on this, the bill failed. A third petition for suffrage, still larger, was organised by <mask> and presented in 1893. This time 31,872 women signedthe largest petition of any kind presented to Parliament at this point.1893 Electoral Bill
The Electoral Bill of 1893, which granted women full voting rights, successfully passed in the House of Representatives in August. Few MPs were willing to vote against it, fearing that women would vote against them in the general election later that year. Many therefore chose to be absent from the house during votes. Henry Fish attempted to delay the proposed statute by calling for a national referendum, but the Bill progressed to the Legislative Council. After several attempts to stymie passage failed, the legislation passed 20 votes to 18 on 8 September. The Bill now needed the Governor's signature, and although Governor David Boyle did not support women's suffrage and was slow to sign, he eventually did so on 19 September. <mask> was widely acknowledged as the leader of the women's suffrage movement.1893 general election and further women's advocacy
<mask> had no time to rest, as the  was only ten weeks away, and the newspapers were spreading rumours that an early election might be called to reduce the number of women enrolled. Along with the WCTU NZ, she was highly active in encouraging women to register as voters. The main meeting venue in Christchurch was the Tuam Street Hall. One of her largest detractors was the liquor industry, which feared for its continued business. Despite the short notice, 88 percent of women had enrolled to vote by election date (28 November), and nearly 70 percent ended up casting a vote. Although women had gained the vote they were not eligible to stand in parliamentary elections until 1919, and it was not until 1933 that the first woman was elected to parliament. In around 1892 <mask> had started bicycling around Christchurchone of the first women in the city to do so.She joined the Atalanta Ladies' Cycling Club, which existed from 1892 to 1897, and was a founding committee member. The club was the first women's cycling club in New Zealand or Australia and attracted controversy as some of its members advocated "rational dress"such as knickerbockers rather than skirts for female cyclists. In December 1893, <mask> was elected President of the Christchurch branch of the WCTU NZ. She chaired the first two meetings in 1894, before travelling to England with her husband and son. She was in great demand in England as a speaker to women's groups about the struggle for women's suffrage in New Zealand. In mid-1895, the WCTU launched a monthly journal, The White Ribbon, with <mask> as the editor, contributing to it from overseas. While in England <mask> experienced health problems, requiring an operation, possibly a hysterectomy.The family returned to New Zealand at the beginning of 1896. Later that year, <mask> was reappointed editor of The White Ribbon. Canterbury Women's Institute and the National Council of Women

The Canterbury Women's Institute was formed in September 1892, with <mask> playing a leading role and taking charge of the economics department. The institute was open to both men and women and worked to reduce inequalities between them. <mask> believed that enfranchisement was the first step towards achieving other reforms, such as reforming unfair laws on marriage, parenthood, and property, and towards eliminating the uneven treatment of the sexes in morality. The National Council of Women of New Zealand was established in April 1896 by the Canterbury Women's Institute and ten other women's groups from throughout New Zealand, and <mask> was elected president at its founding convention. The Council promoted the right of women to stand for Parliament, equal pay and equal opportunities for women, the removal of legal disabilities affecting women, and economic independence for married women.<mask>'s election as president, instead of fellow feminist Lady Anna Stout, had caused a rift. This, along with other disagreements such as whether the council should support New Zealand's involvement in the Second Boer War, contributed to the organisation going into recess in 1906. Later life

As editor of The White Ribbon and president of the National Council of Women, <mask> promoted many ideas related to improving the situation and status of women. In particular, she was concerned about establishing legal and economic independence of women from men. She was not only occupied with advancing women's rights, but also promoted political reforms such as proportional representation, binding referendums, and a Cabinet elected directly by Parliament. By 1902, <mask>'s marriage appears to have been under strain, and possibly had been for several years. Her husband sold their house and moved to England with their son, who wished to study in London.<mask> bought new furnishings and appeared to be planning for a new permanent residence in Christchurch, but sold them in 1903, stepped down from her positions at the National Council of Women, and moved to England without any fixed date to return. On the way she briefly stopped in Canada and the United States where she met the American suffragist Carrie Chapman Catt. In London, she was active in promoting women's suffrage, but her health deteriorated further, forcing her to stop this work. In November 1904, <mask> returned to New Zealand with her husband, but he went back to England in March the following year. She moved into the house of her long-time friends William Sidney Lovell-Smith and his wife Jennie Lovell-Smith; their third daughter, <mask> Lovell-Smith, had been given her middle name after <mask>. She remained relatively inactive in political circles, and stopped giving speeches, but continued to write. She prepared a display on the history of women's suffrage for the 1906 Exhibition in Christchurch, and wrote the pamphlet Woman Suffrage in New Zealand for the International Women's Suffrage Alliance in 1907.The following year she travelled to England for her son's wedding, visiting the headquarters of the WCTU in Chicago on the way, and meeting with suffrage groups after arriving in Britain. In 1912 and 1913, she travelled with the Lovell-Smiths through India and Europe. While she did not recover her former energy, her health had stopped declining, and she continued to be effective in influencing the New Zealand women's movement. She was the first to sign a petition to the Prime Minister, Sir Joseph Ward, in 1916, asking him to urge the British government to enfranchise women, and she revitalised the National Council of Women along with a group of other prominent suffragettes in 1918. <mask> was elected president of the National Council that year before stepping down in 1919. <mask>'s husband Walter died in England in 1915. Jennie Lovell-Smith died in 1924, and <mask> and William Lovell-Smith married in 1925.Lovell-Smith died only four years later, and <mask> herself died in Christchurch on 13 July 1934 at the age of 86. As her son Douglas had died of pernicious anaemia at the age of 29 in 1910, and her only grandchild, Margaret Isabel <mask>, had died of tuberculosis at the age of 19 in 1930, <mask> left no living direct descendants. She was buried at Addington Cemetery, Christchurch, in a grave with her mother and her brother Robert. Commemoration

<mask> is considered to be an important figure in New Zealand's history. Since 1992 her profile has featured on the New Zealand ten-dollar note. A 2005 television show New Zealand's Top 100 History Makers ranked <mask> as the second most influential New Zealander of all time. Similarly, The New Zealand Herald selected <mask> as one of their ten greatest New Zealanders in 2013.In 1972, Patricia Grimshaw's book Women's Suffrage in New Zealand identified <mask> as the leading figure of the suffrage movement. This was the first acclaimed book to do so and its publication marked a growth in recognition of <mask>'s life and activism. In 1993, the centenary of women's suffrage in New Zealand, a group of Christchurch women established two memorials to <mask>: the <mask> National Memorial, on the banks of the Avon River, and the <mask> Memorial Trust Award, an annual award to women in research. That year a special paeony-style white camellia was created at Camellia Glen Nurseries in Kaupokonui, Taranaki; white camellias were a symbol of the suffragists. It was named after <mask> and planted extensively throughout New Zealand. The Fendalton house at 83 Clyde Road, where the <mask>s lived from 1888 to 1902 and now known as the <mask> House, is registered by Heritage New Zealand as a Category I heritage building, in view of the many events relevant to women's suffrage that happened there. It was here that Sheppard pasted together the three main petitions onto sheets of wallpaper.<mask> House came into government ownership in 2019. New Zealand playwright Mervyn Thompson wrote the play O! Temperance! about <mask> and the temperance movement. It was first performed in 1972 at Christchurch's Court Theatre. In 2016 and 2017, the production That Bloody Woman, which re-imagined <mask>'s life as a punk rock musical, toured New Zealand. <mask> Place, located within Wellington's parliament precinct, is named in her honour; it is a short one-way street running from Molesworth Street opposite Parliament House to the intersection of Mulgrave Street and Thorndon Quay.There is a <mask> Avenue in the Auckland suburb of Northcross. In 2014, eight intersections near Parliament in Wellington were fitted with green pedestrian lights depicting <mask>. Several New Zealand schools have houses named after Sheppard. In 2014, Whangarei Girls' High School renamed a house that was named after Richard Seddon, an opponent of women's suffrage, to Sheppard House at the request of a student. On 8 March 2018, coinciding with International Women's Day and in celebration of the 125th anniversary of the women's suffrage movement, New Zealand Football renamed its premier women's knockout association football tournament the Kate Sheppard Cup. Works

  (Pamphlet)

See also
 List of suffragists and suffragettes
 National Council of Women of New Zealand
 Timeline of women's suffrage
 Women's Christian Temperance Union New Zealand
 Gender equality in New Zealand

Notes

References

Sources
Books and journals

News

Theses

Web

Further reading

1848 births
1934 deaths
Burials at Addington Cemetery, Christchurch
English emigrants to New Zealand
English people of Scottish descent
New Zealand feminists
New Zealand people of Scottish descent
New Zealand suffragists
New Zealand temperance activists
Politicians from Liverpool
19th-century New Zealand people
Woman's Christian Temperance Union people
20th-century New Zealand people
New Zealand Christian socialists
20th-century New Zealand women
19th-century New Zealand women
Female Christian

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<mask> is an American actress. She traces her ancestry to Shanghai and Shandong, she was raised in Queens, New York. Also known as <mask>, <mask><mask> and Wáng Xiànlíng (王憲苓). She has been profiled in Chinese-language media in the United States.</ref> She currently resides in the Los Angeles area. Biography

Early life and education
At seven years old, <mask> began modeling for Kodak film. Later, during her first year in high school, she auditioned for the part of Field Reporter in Pushing Hands. The Oscar award winning director Ang Lee told her she was just too young for the part.They spent half an hour talking about <mask>'s pen and ink artwork "Repeating" which at the time was being exhibited at the New York Transit Museum. However, <mask> stated Lee also gave her valuable advice on where to study and how to continue to pursue her acting career. Three months later, <mask> auditioned and was accepted to study for two years under the teen program with Herbert Berghof (co-founder, with wife Uta Hagen, of the HB Studio, NYC). She then went on to New York University, and studied at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Academy. Career

Film
<mask>'s Hollywood film career includes a heartbreaking role in Neal Hollander's controversial film Birds of Passage as "Fu Ling" opposite Stacy Keach. The film was banned in certain locations in China due to the One-Child Policy story line, and was instead filmed on location in the Philippines and South China sea. She also starred with actor Ernie Rivera in the Indie film Red Betta, directed by Allena Rennee.Additional notable appearances were in The Violent Kind, Scarred City, Dead Air, Dark City and What Ever Happened to Mason Reese? which was directed by Brett Ratner. Her off-screen film credit was in the 2008 comedy Tropic Thunder. <mask> had previously worked as a Chinese script translator for the producer and writer David Milch on several episodes of his HBO hit television show Deadwood. She had openly expressed her regrets for not standing up for her rights for screen credit for her work on Deadwood to Milch. <mask> was later recommended by Milch to one of the casting directors of the film Tropic Thunder and was immediately hired by producer Eric McLeod as the Chinese script translator to aid writers Justin Theroux and Etan Cohen during pre-production. She was asked to come back but would only work under the condition that she received screen credit for her work.McLeod agreed and <mask> went on to work as the on-set script translator for director Ben Stiller and dialogue coach for Robert Downey, Jr., as well as All actors with in the film such as Reggie Lee and Brandon Soo Hoo that had Chinese dialogue in the film. <mask> played an evil villain named Contessa Dell"Oro, a non-Asian role, as the leader of an army of commandos who plot to destroy all human life on earth with the devastating X-bomb Nuclear Missile in a dark comedy called Blonde Squad

<mask> was in the film Low Down, which won Best Cinematography Award in the US Dramatic category at the Sundance Film Festival in 2014. Written by: Amy Albany and Topper Lilien. Directed by: Jeff Priess. Stars: Elle Fanning, Glenn Close, John Hawkes, Peter Dinklage, Lena Headey, Taryn Manning, Caleb Landry Jones and Flea. (Cast by Justine Baddeley & Kim Davis-Wagner ) Intriguingly, <mask> had previously worked with Hawkes on the HBO series Deadwood as a Chinese translator and character during the show in 2004 to 2005. The award-winning film is about Joe Albany, a well-known jazz musician; the story line was told through the wise eyes of his young daughter, Amy Elle Fanning.Low Down chronicles the torrid, true life of jazz pianist Joe Albany. Born into her beloved father's unorthodox segment of society, Amy's improvisational adolescence evolves in the shadow of Joe's struggle between his musical genius and a suffocating heroin addiction. Low Down was also at the November 2015 Lineup of the Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival. The prestigious award is considered the Chinese Oscar. Elle Fanning Wins Best Actress Award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival for Low Down. <mask> was in Martin Scorsese's Revenge of the Green Dragons, which she shot in her home town Elmhurst, Queens, New York. The film had its world premiere on September 10, 2014, at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, and then went on to be screened at a number of other international film festivals.Written by : Michael Di Jiacomo. Stars: Ray Liotta, Harry Shum, Jr., Justin Chon, Kevin Wu and Jin Auyeung. Directed by the Dual Andrews -Andrew Lau and Andrew Loo (Cast by Avy Kaufman) <mask> played the mother of two boys drawn into the world of Asian gangs in Queens, New York. The film Revenge of the Green Dragons is close to heart to <mask> due to the fact that the lead characters including the victims and youth gang members all grew up with her from elementary school. Interesting fact; The film female character Tina Sham in  real life was <mask>'s best friend in junior high school who later was tragically murdered alongside Sham's boyfriend Tommy Mach in Sands points, Long Island, by the malicious Queens, New York gang The Green Dragons. <mask> was quoted saying in a recent interview: "The lead character Tina Sham was one of my real-life best friend. Unfortunately, she was tragically kidnapped, killed.Her disappearance and death broke my heart into a thousand pieces..." (Quoted from an article -Actress <mask> gives the lowdown on her role in the biopic drama 'Low Down' and her Life ... )

<mask> recently was just in a feature film My Favorite Five with Steven Williams, Rochelle Aytes and Brian White directed by Paul Hannah currently on Netflix, CENTRICTV and BET. Recently, <mask> was in a film "Girls on Film" in collaboration with as Kodak. Shot on Kodak 35mm and 16mm motion picture film and the new KODAK Super 8 Camera, stars Suki Waterhouse, Poppy Jamie, <mask> and Anya Varda which was filmed in Los Angeles, CA. Suki Waterhouse, Poppy Jamie, <mask>, Anya Varda all used their first name in the film. Television
<mask> has appeared on HBO's Deadwood, House M.D., Comedy Central’s The Naked Trucker & the T Bone Show, and the Spanish series Secretos. She also had a cameo role on 8 Simple Rules as David Spade's speed date. For several years, <mask> worked on numerous sketch comedy skits on NBC's Late Night with Conan O'Brien show,  most notably as the recurring masturbating bear's girlfriend.<mask> also appeared alongside Will Ferrell and Chris Kattan as the three Nagano Geishas on Saturday Night Live. She has also had roles in the soap operas One Life to Live, Port Charles, Another World, Guiding Light, As the World Turns, and Days of Our Lives. <mask> also made a guest appearance in children's television including Sesame Street and Mathnet. <mask> can be seen doing a skit with Tracy Morgan and Jimmy Kimmel on Jimmy Kimmel Live! <mask> will also be co-starring with John Schneider, Carmen Electra, Dennis Haskins and Miguel A. Núñez Jr on a New TV Pilot called Back Nine directed by Jason Filardi and written by Mark Perez for Spike TV. <mask> worked on Sports Show with Norm Macdonald, a pilot for Comedy Central with Norm Macdonald and Ben Hoffman. <mask>  appeared as officer Maria Lee in Secretos (Ep: Persa) a crime series, currently airing on Hulu Channel worldwide.<mask> recently was recurred on the TV pilot Dragon Palace

Theatre
<mask>'s theatre experience includes starring as Rose Choy in Serenade In Blue written by Tony Award-nominated playwright Jerome Coopersmith, and directed by the Emmy Award-winning director Yanna Kroyt Brandt at the prestigious Lincoln Center Theater, New York City. <mask> also starred as Pocahontas in an AEA stage production of Disney Friends around the World. For the past few years, you may seen a glimpse of <mask>'s 3-minute stand-up comedy act at the M Bar on Sunset Blvd. Voice-overs
<mask> Channing. She also provided the voice of "Sexy bathhouse girl" in the video game James Bond 007: Rogue Agent—GoldenEye among others.She also provided the voice of Ming in Amy Tan's  children's animated series Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat. Music videos
In 2007, <mask> appeared in the music video "Home" for the Irish pop group Westlife. In 2014 you will see <mask> in a film starring Flea of the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers called Low Down directed by Jeff Preiss which won the Best Cinematography award at the Sundance Film Festival 2014. Modeling
As a former Miss Teen Pola Asia, <mask> is the upcoming spokesmodel for Soho Sportswear for the Asian market. She was asked to design a few items under the <mask> Line. <mask> worked on a T-Mobile Commercial with Burt Reynolds and Paris Hilton in A Chinese Herb shop. She was quoted as saying Burt Reynold made faces when Paris Hilton was late on set.Reynold spoke about Viagra and working with Jackie Chan on the film The Cannonball Run. Having been previously a Pantene Pro-V hair model, <mask> has also been chosen as the first female hand-model for Scrabble in 75 years. Recently, <mask> was chosen to be Face Model on BIOLASE print ad worldwide., In summer of 2015 and 2016, <mask> did a campaign for Costco which will appeared in the Chinese section. <mask> completed an International UPS commercial for USA and China in 2018. Charity work
Since March 1997, <mask> has been a volunteer member promoting "Kids for Kids", the New York City Pediatric AIDS foundation benefit. In Los Angeles, <mask> participated in the VERB Campaigns for both Disney and Nickelodeon TV, a program designed to encourage children to take the hour gained from the fall time change to be more active physically. She also participates in various animal protection organizations' charitable events.In the summer of 2005 <mask> begin to Volunteer out of pocket to distribute bag called "A bag of smile" for the Homeless with in the City of Los Angeles and Orange County. This monthly program where <mask> pre-prepared individually a large size sandwich bag with a bottle of water,a pair of sox, banana, nut mix, mini sun block and tooth paste. "A bag of smile" program has reached over 10,000+ homeless people within the last 12 years. References

External links

<mask> on Myspace

Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from New York City
American female models
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
New York University alumni
Living people
People from Queens, New York
Actresses from Taipei
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American actresses
20th-century American actresses
American actresses of Chinese descent

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