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Admiral Sir <mask>,  (16 November 1867 – 29 April 1958) was an officer of the Royal Navy, who served during the Victorian era and had risen to the rank of rear-admiral by the outbreak of the First World War. He played a role in developing fleet communications and signalling methods prior to the war, but was hampered in effectively implementing them due to the disruption caused by the conflict. He had an active seagoing career during the war, commanding several of the cruiser squadrons, and later taking command of the British fleet in the Aegean. Promoted to vice-admiral after the end of the war and given command of the First Battle Squadron, <mask> oversaw the interned German High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow, and was away on exercises when the sailors began to scuttle their ships in June 1919. He attempted to salvage what he could, later accusing the German commander, Vice-Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, of a shameful breach of honour. <mask> rose to full admiral and commanded the naval base at Portsmouth, retiring in 1928. He wrote his memoirs, publishing them after the Second World War, and donated many of his papers to institutions before his death in 1958.Family
<mask> was born into a naval family on 1 January 1867, the eldest son of Admiral Sir Edmund Robert <mask> and his wife Barberina Rogers Isaacs. Prewar service
<mask> followed his father into the navy, joining up in 1881. He rose steadily through the ranks, being promoted to lieutenant in 1887, commander in 1889 and captain in 1903. By 1908 he was commanding the armoured cruiser  with the Mediterranean Fleet. <mask> joined the Admiralty in 1910 as the Head of the War Division, and by 1912, he was at Portsmouth as President of the Signal Committee. While in this role, <mask> was charged with overseeing the overhaul of the existing signal systems and books to incorporate the latest advances made possible through wireless telegraphy. He was promoted to rear-admiral in 1913, and though his suggestion for a dedicated communications department was overtaken by the outbreak of war, a Signals Division was established at the Admiralty in 1914, with <mask> as its head.First World War
<mask> became second-in-command of the Third Battle Squadron in 1915, followed by commander of the Ninth Cruiser Squadron in 1916, and the Second Cruiser Squadron in early 1917. He was next appointed Rear-Admiral, Second-in-Command, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron from February to July 1916. His next appointment was Rear-Admiral Commanding, British Aegean Squadron in August 1917, and in December advocated the resumption of raids on the Turkish coast, a proposal rejected by the Admiralty on the grounds that no significant benefits were anticipated. In January the following year, <mask> received a promotion to vice-admiral, and an appointment as Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff. As the war drew to a close, <mask> was one of the officers who advocated the surrender of the German High Seas Fleet as a condition for an armistice. In October 1918, he made the case for the Royal Navy, stating that the naval disarmament of Germany was necessary, lest they be tempted into a 'recommencement of warlike operations'. <mask>'s proposals did not find favour with the American planners, who were keen to limit British naval domination.He was mentioned in despatches during the war, and after its end, <mask> received a number of honours for his service, including several international ones. The United States awarded him the Distinguished Service Medal, France made him a Commander of the Légion d'honneur, while he was also made a Commander of the Greek Order of the Redeemer, the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun, and the Italian Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus. Postwar

Scapa Flow and the scuttling of the fleet

<mask> continued in the navy, becoming commander of the 1st Battle Squadron in May 1919. A large portion of the German fleet had by this point been interned at the Royal Navy's northern base at Scapa Flow, and <mask>'s task as commander of the First Battle Squadron was to keep a watchful eye on them. The deadline for the signing of the Treaty of Versailles was by then approaching, and concerns had begun to circulate about the possibility of the disgruntled German sailors scuttling their ships, rather than agreeing to hand them over as stipulated in the terms of the treaty. <mask> drew up orders for the ships to be seized on the expiration of the deadline for the signing of the treaty, and had them approved by his superior, Admiral Sir Charles Madden. The deadline, meanwhile, was extended from 21 June to 7pm on 23 June.<mask> decided to take his squadron to sea to carry out exercises on 21 June, and return in the afternoon of 23 June to commence procedures for seizing the fleet. Unbeknownst to him, the German commander, Vice-Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, intended to order the scuttling of the fleet on 21 June, unaware that the deadline had been extended. As Fremantle steamed out of Scapa Flow on the morning of 21 June, Reuter was completing his preparations. The scuttling of the fleet began just before midday. When the British realised what was happening, a message was immediately despatched to Fremantle, who returned to Scapa Flow at full speed. Fremantle had destroyers tow sinking ships ashore and beach them, while boarding parties attempted to reverse the scuttling or order the Germans aboard to do so. Those Germans who abandoned ship were picked up.Reuter was brought aboard <mask>'s flagship, , where he and <mask> engaged in a brief argument with the aid of an interpreter. The following day, <mask> assembled Reuter and his officers on the deck of Revenge, and through an interpreter informed them of their breaches 'of faith and honour' and accused them of recommencing hostilities by sinking their ships. The prisoners were then led into captivity. Later life
<mask> received a promotion to full admiral in 1922, and in 1923 was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth, a post he held until 1926. He retired from the Navy in 1928, having been appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, and a Member of the Royal Victorian Order. He eventually wrote his memoirs, entitled My Naval Career: 1880-1928, and published them in 1949. He married Lelia <mask> on 1 December 1896, and on 1 August 1931, he married for the second time, this time to Geraldine Margaret Cooke-Collis.He had three children by his first wife, one of whom, Edmund Seymour <mask>, also served in the Navy, receiving the Distinguished Service Order for service in the Second World War and twice being mentioned in despatches. Admiral <mask> died on 29 April 1958 at the age of 90. He donated most of his papers, which are held in the collections of the National Maritime Museum, and King's College London. References

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1867 births
1958 deaths
Royal Navy admirals of World War I
Royal Navy admirals
Lords of the Admiralty
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Royal Victorian Order
Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Commanders of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)

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<mask> (March 9, 1934 – March 4, 1999) was an American actor, writer, and teacher who coached many of the best-known comedians and comic actors of the late twentieth century. In addition to an acting career in television and film, he was one of the influences on modern improvisational theater. <mask> is co-founder of the iO, or iO Chicago, (formerly known as "ImprovOlympic"). Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born on March 9, 1934, in Manhattan, Kansas. He ran away from home at the age of 17 to work in a traveling side show, but returned to attend Kansas State University. At age 19 he performed in summer stock with the Belfry Players at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. At age 23 he became  a member of the Compass Players in St. Louis.When most of the cast—including Mike Nichols and Elaine May—moved to New York City, <mask> followed. He developed a stand-up comedy act, starred as the Yogi in the Broadway musical revue The Nervous Set, and performed briefly with an improv company in Greenwich Village with fellow Compass alumni Mark and Barbara Gordon. <mask> also worked with John Brent to record the classic Beatnik satire album How to Speak Hip, a parody of language-learning tools that purported to teach listeners the secret language of the "hipster". Chicago years
In 1960 <mask> moved to Chicago, his home base for much of the rest of his life, to perform and direct at Second City, but was fired due to substance abuse. He spent the latter half of the 1960s in San Francisco where he was the house director of improv ensemble The Committee, featuring performers such as Gary Goodrow, Carl Gottlieb, Peter Bonerz, Howard Hesseman and Larry Hankin. He toured with the Merry Pranksters, and he created light images for Grateful Dead shows. In 1972 he returned to Chicago and to Second City.He also directed and performed for Second City's troupe in Toronto, in 1977. Over the next decade he coached many popular comedians. In the early 1980s he served as "house metaphysician" at Saturday Night Live; for many years, a significant percentage of the show's cast were <mask> protégés. He spent the mid-to-late 1980s and 1990s teaching improv, collaborating with Charna Halpern at Yes And Productions and the ImprovOlympic Theater with Compass Players producer, David Shepherd. In 1987, <mask> mounted his first scripted show, Honor Finnegan vs. the Brain of the Galaxy, created by members of <mask> and Halpern's Improv Olympics from a scenario by <mask>, at CrossCurrents in Chicago. Running concurrently at the same theater was The TV Dinner Hour, written by Richard O'Donnell of New Age Vaudeville, featuring <mask>'s running routine as The Rev. Thing of the First Generic Church of What's-his-name.During this period, <mask> also appeared in several movies; he portrayed corrupt alderman John O'Shay in The Untouchables and an English teacher in Ferris Bueller's Day Off. He also co-authored the graphic horror anthology Wasteland for DC Comics with John Ostrander, and co-wrote several installments of the "Munden's Bar" backup feature for Ostrander's Grimjack. <mask> performed in the 1993 world premiere of Steve Martin's Picasso at the Lapin Agile at Chicago's Steppenwolf Theatre Company. Death and legacy
<mask> died of emphysema on March 4, 1999, at the Illinois Masonic Hospital (now the Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center) in Chicago, five days before his 65th birthday. He bequeathed his skull to Chicago's Goodman Theatre to be used in its productions of Hamlet, and specified that he be duly credited in the program as portraying Yorick. Charna Halpern, <mask>'s long-time professional partner and the executor of his will, donated a skull—purportedly <mask>'s—to the Goodman in a high-profile televised ceremony on July 1, 1999. A front-page article in the Chicago Tribune in July 2006 questioned the authenticity of the skull, citing the presence of dentition (<mask> was edentulous at the time of his death) and autopsy marks (<mask> was not autopsied), among other problems.Halpern stood by her story at the time, but admitted in a The New Yorker interview three months later that she had purchased the skull from a local medical supply company. Bill Murray organized an early 65th birthday party and wake, shortly before <mask>'s anticipated death as he lay on his deathbed in a Chicago hospital, memorialized in a two-part video. After <mask>'s death, his former students in the Upright Citizens Brigade founded the annual Del Close Marathon, three days of continuous improvisation by hundreds of performers at various venues in New York City. Notable students

Dan Aykroyd
Ike Barinholtz
James Belushi
John Belushi
Matt Besser
Stephen Burrows
Heather Anne Campbell
John Candy
Jay Chandrasekhar
Stephen Colbert
Andy Dick
Brian Doyle-Murray
Rachel Dratch
Ali Farahnakian
Chris Farley
Jon Favreau
Tina Fey
Neil Flynn
Aaron Freeman
Pete Gardner
Jon Glaser
TJ Jagodowski
Tim Kazurinsky
David Koechner
Shelley Long
Adam McKay
Tim Meadows
Susan Messing
Jerry Minor
Bill Murray
Joel Murray
Mike Myers
Joey Novick
Bob Odenkirk
Tim O'Malley
David Pasquesi
Amy Poehler
Gilda Radner
Harold Ramis
Andy Richter
Ian Roberts
Hugh Romney (Wavy Gravy)
Mitch Rouse
Horatio Sanz
Amy Sedaris
Brian Stack
Eric Stonestreet
Miles Stroth
Dave Thomas
Paul Vato
Vince Vaughn
Matt Walsh
Stephnie Weir
George Wendt
Ramon Charriez Jr. The Delmonic Interviews
In 2002, Cesar Jaime and Jeff Pacocha produced and directed a film composed of interviews with former students, friends, and collaborators of <mask>. The film documented not only <mask>'s life and history, but the impact he had on the people in his life and the art form he helped to create. It is not sold on DVD and was made as a thank you and a tribute to <mask>, "as a way to allow those that never got to meet or study with him, a chance to understand what he was like."The Delmonic Interviews includes interviews with: Charna Halpern (co-founder of Chicago's iO Theater), Matt Besser (iO's The Family; Upright Citizens Brigade), Rachel Dratch (iO; Second City; Saturday Night Live), Neil Flynn (iO's The Family; NBC's Scrubs), Susan Messing (iO; Second City; Annoyance Productions), Amy Poehler (Upright Citizens Brigade, Saturday Night Live), and Miles Stroth (iO's The Family; Del's "Warchief"). The film was shown at several national improv festivals, including the 2004 Chicago Improv Festival, the 2004 Phoenix Improv Festival, the 2002 Del Close Marathon in New York City, and the 2006 LA Improv Festival. In print
<mask> is featured in an extensive interview in Something Wonderful Right Away, a book about the members of the Compass Players and Second City written by Jeffrey Sweet. Originally published in 1978 by Avon, it is currently available from Limelight Editions. From 1984 to 1988, <mask> wrote comic book stories in First Comics' Grimjack. With regular writer John Ostrander, <mask> co-wrote Munden's Bar stories in Grimjack issues #3, 4, 8, 10, 17, 22, 25, 28, 35, and 42. (<mask> knew Ostrander from the Chicago theater scene.)From 1987 to 1989, also with Ostrander, <mask> wrote anthology-style horror stories in the DC Comics title Wasteland. Several of the stories are allegedly autobiographical; one recounts <mask>'s experiences while filming Beware! The Blob (1972), and another recalls an encounter with writer L. Ron Hubbard, author of horror and science fiction, and founder of Scientology. In 2004, writer/comedian R. O'Donnell wrote "My Summer With <mask>" for Stop Smiling magazine #17 Comedian Issue. The feature was an account of O'Donnell's visits at <mask>'s Chicago apartment as well as recounting highlights of their time spent at CrossCurrents, the theater that housed both their comedy groups. In 2005, Jeff Griggs published Guru: My Days with <mask> Close detailing their friendship during the last two years of <mask>'s life. Due to <mask>'s poor health (in part caused by long-term alcohol and drug use), Halpern suggested that Griggs run errands with <mask>.Guru gives a particularly detailed and complete picture of <mask> based on those shared hours. At the beginning of their relationship, Griggs was a student of <mask>'s, and the book includes several chapters in which Griggs depicts <mask> as a teacher. The book has been adapted into a screenplay, and as of 2006 Harold Ramis was attached to direct the script. Ramis (who died in 2014) wanted Bill Murray to play <mask>. <mask> co-authored the 1994 book Truth in Comedy: The Manual of Improvisation (with Charna Halpern and Kim "Howard" Johnson), which outlines techniques now common in longform improvisation and describes the overall structure of "Harold", which remains a common frame for longer improvisational scenes. In 2007, Eric Spitznagel wrote an article in the September issue of The Believer magazine reflecting on <mask>'s life and his propensity for storytelling. In 2008, Kim "Howard" Johnson published The Funniest One in the Room: The Lives and Legends of <mask>, a full-length biography.Johnson himself was a student of <mask>; the two remained friends until <mask>'s death. Filmography
Goldstein (1964)
Beware! The Blob (1972) as Hobo Wearing Eyepatch
Gold (1972) as Hawk
American Graffiti (1973) as Man at Bar (Guy)
The Last Affair (1976)
Thief (1981) as Mechanic #1
Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986) as English Teacher
One More Saturday Night (1986) as Mr. Schneider / Large Tattooed Man
Light of Day (1987) as Dr. Natterson
The Untouchables (1987) as Alderman
The Big Town (1987) as Deacon Daniels
The Blob (1988) as Reverend Meeker
Fat Man and Little Boy (1989) as Dr. Kenneth Whiteside
Next of Kin (1989) as Frank
Opportunity Knocks (1990) as Williamson
The Public Eye (1992) as H.R. Rineman
Mommy 2: Mommy's Day (1997) as Warden
For Madmen Only: The Stories of <mask> (2020) documentary footage

References

External links

 For Madmen Only 2020 documentary film
 Del Close Improv Marathon official site
 "Del Close Marathon", 2007 episode of The Sound of Young America
 Del Close at Improv/Comedy
 "As <mask> Lay Dying" an account of <mask>'s final days (April 3, 2008)
 "Comics scripter, comedy legend <mask> dies at 64" in Comics Buyer's Guide (March 26, 1999, p. 8)

1934 births
1999 deaths
Male actors from Kansas
Writers from Manhattan, Kansas
American comics writers
American male film actors
American theatre directors
Deaths from emphysema
20th-century American male actors

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<mask> (born 10 February 1990) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL Championship club Coventry City. As a youth player <mask> played for Milton Keynes Dons, but did not make a professional appearance before leaving in 2008. Following his departure he moved to Scotland to play for Kilmarnock where he stayed for 4 seasons until a transfer to EFL Championship club Bristol City. <mask> struggled with injury in Bristol, and only managed 21 appearances in two years with the team before moving to Oldham Athletic. He was made captain at Oldham and played there for two years until July 2016 when Leyton Orient made him their new club record signing. Orient finished bottom of League Two in <mask>'s first season, and he left the club in the summer to join Coventry. <mask> currently captains the Coventry side, having made over 100 appearances and contributed to two promotions during his tenure at the club.Club career

Milton Keynes Dons
<mask> began his career at Milton Keynes Dons. At the end of the 2007–08 season, he left the club with a number of other young players when a promised one-year contract was withdrawn, as the club could no longer afford them. Kilmarnock
<mask> made his first appearance for Kilmarnock as a substitute in a match against Hamilton Academical on 26 January 2010. This was quickly followed by his first start, in a 4–4 draw with Dundee United four days later. On 6 February, he scored his first professional goal in a 3–0 Scottish Cup fifth round win against Inverness Caledonian Thistle. On 24 March 2010, <mask> provide his first assist to let Chris Maguire score the only goal for Kilmarnock in the match as they lost 2–1 to Hamilton Academical. On 5 May 2010, <mask> scored his first professional league goal in the 69th minute of a 2–1 victory over Aberdeen.In the 2010–11 season, <mask> provided his first assist of the season for David Silva to score in a 2–1 loss against Hibernian. <mask> scored his first goal of the season and second league goal of his career in a 3–0 win over St Johnstone on 6 November 2010. <mask> signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Kilmarnock on 17 December 2010. A day later, <mask> scored both goals for Kilmarnock as they won 2–1 against Hibernian at Rugby Park. Following the match, manager Mixu Paatelainen praised his performance as showing "excellent work rate and willingness". <mask> scored further goals against Inverness Caledonian Thistle (twice), St Mirren and Motherwell. In his first full season, <mask> made league 32 appearance along with 7 goals and provided 4 assists.Later in the 2010–11 season, Paatelainen left the club to manage the Finland national team and was replaced by Kenny Shiels. In the 2011–12 season, Shiels played <mask> into the various position in midfield. On 18 March, <mask> played in the 2012 Scottish League Cup Final which Kilmarnock won after beating Celtic 1–0. Shortly before Kilmarnock were due to celebrate lifting the cup, <mask>'s father suffered a heart attack next to the Kilmarnock dugout and the player left the ground to go to hospital with him. <mask>'s father later died in hospital and his teammates, who had not been informed of the situation celebrated winning the trophy. They were informed as they presented the trophy to the fans in an open-top bus parade. Several players commented that this news had taken a lot of the joy of winning the cup final away, and that because they were a close group of players they all felt the effect of <mask>'s loss.Manager Kenny Shiels was visibly upset and said "I'm sounding a bit sombre because I've gone from one emotional high to a low. It's tough to go from one of the best moments of our lives to this. The dressing-room is very despondent. We are really thinking more about <mask> than our triumphalism." Shiels revealed he and the entire Kilmarnock squad would attend the funeral of <mask>'s father Jack the following week in <mask>'s home town of Milton Keynes. <mask> did not play for a while after the death of his dad. While not playing, many Kilmarnock players including Paul Heffernan, Gary Harkins and Dieter Van Tornhout wore a shirts saying "We Are All With You" in support of <mask> ahead of Kilmarnock's match against Motherwell which they won 2–0 thanks to a brace from Heffernan.<mask> made his return for Kilmarnock in a match against St Mirren coming on as a substitute for James Fowler in the 87th minute. Following this, both sets of fans gave <mask> a standing ovation given and both sets of fans were praised by Shiels. <mask> provided assist for Kenny Shiels's son Dean Shiels to score in a 89th minutes as Kilmarnock lost to St Mirren 4–2. After the match, St Mirren manager Danny Lennon expressed condolence for <mask>. On the final day of the season, <mask> scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 win over Dunfermline Athletic. The following season, <mask> maintained first team status in the first half of the season, having played all twenty two matches for Kilmarnock until leaving for Bristol City. <mask>, along with newly signed Cillian Sheridan, were on target as Kilmarnock won at Celtic Park for the first time since 1955, on 27 October 2012.After the match, Shiels praised <mask> performance's. <mask>, himself, says his teammates helped him to cope with his father death. <mask> soon added five more goals to his tally this season, including a brace in a 2–0 win over Aberdeen and a 1–0 win over Hearts. <mask> made his last appearance when he scored in a 1–1 draw against St Mirren on 2 January 2013. In December 2012, <mask> attracted the attention of clubs England and Scotland like West Ham United, Norwich City, Celtic and Derby County. Bristol City
<mask> signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Bristol City in January 2013, moving for an undisclosed fee. The manager who signed him, Derek McInnes, was sacked just two days later following <mask>'s debut, a 4–0 home defeat to Leicester City.<mask> made 19 appearances for Bristol City in the 2012–13 season, but then suffered a cruciate ligament injury in July 2013. As a result of this injury, <mask> only made two appearances during the 2013–14 season. Oldham Athletic

<mask> signed a three-year contract with Oldham Athletic on 27 June 2014 as part of the exchange to Korey Smith. Upon the move, <mask> said he was delighted to join Oldham Athletic and happy to link up with his teammate turned manager Lee Johnson and James Dayton. He was given number six shirt and was appointed as the new club captain. <mask> made his debut in the opening game of the season, a 2–2 draw against Colchester United. Oldham transferred <mask> to Leyton Orient for an undisclosed fee in July 2016.Leyton Orient
<mask> signed a three-year contract for a fee believed to be a club record £210,000 for Leyton Orient in July 2016. After Orient's 3–2 win in the League 2 match at Plymouth Argyle on 14 February 2017, Plymouth reported <mask> to the FA for allegedly pushing a ball boy to the floor during the match. Video footage showing <mask> pushing the ball boy to the ground was subsequently released. The FA charged <mask> with violent conduct, claiming that a three-match suspension would be "clearly insufficient". The player denied both the charge and the claim; however, following an Independent Regulatory Commission hearing on 17 February, the charge of violent conduct was found proven. The standard three-match ban was deemed insufficient and was doubled to a six-match ban. <mask> returned to the Orient starting line up for the 4–1 defeat at home to Doncaster Rovers on 18 March.At the end of the season Leyton Orient were relegated from League Two, ending their 112-year stay in the football league. Coventry City
On 22 May 2017 newly relegated Coventry City announced that they had agreed to sign <mask> on a two-year contract. He made 38 appearances in his first season, including starting the 2018 League Two Play-off Final, as Coventry secured promotion back to League One. After the end of the season, <mask> signed a new contract to keep him at Coventry until 2021. Following the departure of Michael Doyle in January 2019 he was named as the new club captain. Coventry finished their first season back in League One in 8th, 8 points behind the final play-off place. In 2019–20, his first full season as captain, <mask> led the team to 1st place in League One before the season was halted in March due to the COVID-19 pandemic.A formal vote by league members confirmed Coventry as league champions in June, meaning that they would be promoted back to the Championship. International career
He was selected for the Scotland national under-21 football team to play Belgium on 24 March 2011. <mask> received his first Senior Scotland cap in November 2012, for a friendly against Luxembourg. <mask> made his international debut, coming on for Charlie Mulgrew early in a second half, in a 2–1 win. Career statistics

Honours
Kilmarnock
Scottish League Cup: 2011–12

Coventry City
EFL League Two play-offs: 2018

EFL League One Champions: 2020

See also
 List of Scotland international footballers born outside Scotland

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
People from Milton Keynes
English footballers
Scottish footballers
English people of Scottish descent
Scotland youth international footballers
Scotland under-21 international footballers
Scotland international footballers
Association football midfielders
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players
Kilmarnock F.C. players
Bristol City F.C.players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Scottish Premier League players
English Football League players

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<mask> (; born 3 April 1971) is an American former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist. She won the super G at the 1998 Winter Olympics and the downhill at the 1996 World Championships, along with three other Olympic and World Championship medals. <mask> also won World Cup downhill season titles in 1995 and 1996, the first American woman to do so, along with nine World Cup downhill race wins. <mask> was inducted into the National Ski Hall of Fame in 2004. Early life
<mask> was born at home in Triumph, Idaho; her parents are Dee (a music teacher) and Roland "Stubby" <mask> (a stonemason). Her brother Roland, Jr. is one year older. Her parents decided to let Picabo choose her own name when she was old enough, so for the first two years of her life she was called "baby girl"  or "little girl".At age three she was required to have a name in order to get a passport. She was named after the nearby village of Picabo. She was raised on a small farm in Triumph, several miles southeast of Sun Valley, where she learned to ski and race. She attended Rowland Hall-St. Mark's School in Salt Lake City, Utah, and participated in its Rowmark Ski Academy for one year before returning to Sun Valley to race for the Sun Valley Ski Education Foundation. Before joining the academy, she was a member of the local Hailey Ski Team. Skiing career
<mask> joined the U.S. Ski Team in 1989 at the age of 17.She primarily competed in the speed events of downhill and super G, with her World Cup debut at age 21 in a slalom on 6 December, 1992. Two months later at the 1993 World Championships in Japan she won the silver medal in the combined event. 1994–1996
After her silver medal performance in the downhill at the 1994 Winter Olympics, a run was named after her at Sun Valley, on the Warm Springs side of Bald Mountain; the expert run formerly known as "Plaza" became "Picabo's Street." <mask> joined Christin Cooper and Gretchen Fraser as Sun Valley Olympic medalists (their named runs are on Seattle Ridge). By winning the 1995 downhill title, she became the first American to win a World Cup season title in a speed event. She repeated as downhill champion the following season, adding the title of world champion with her gold medal at the 1996 World Championships in Sierra Nevada, Spain. 1997–2002
In early December 1996, she suffered a knee injury training in Colorado after competing in just two races, and sat out the remainder of the 1997 season.A month after her gold medal win in the super G at the 1998 Winter Olympics, <mask> careened off course while racing at the final downhill of the 1998 season at Crans-Montana, Switzerland. She crashed, snapping her left femur and tearing a ligament in her right knee. She was in rehabilitation for two years following the accident. <mask> returned to ski racing in late 2000, and retired from international competition after the 2002 Winter Olympics in Utah, where she finished 16th in the downhill. Commercial endeavors
<mask> appeared on the TV shows Nickelodeon GUTS in 1994, and Pyramid (2002). She performed well on the show American Gladiators, where <mask> used her strength to defeat the gladiator character "Ice" in a couple of events. In the late 1990s, after her success at the 1998 Winter Olympics, <mask> became a spokeswoman for a variety of products, including the soft drink Mountain Dew and ChapStick-brand lip balm.In 1998 she signed with Giro Sport Design which was then developing its first winter sports helmet. In August she toured the company's headquarters/manufacturing facility, then located in Santa Cruz, CA. She spoke with the senior manufacturing engineer, a long-time skier himself, about the progression of equipment, signing a prototype helmet for him as she left. She also appeared on Celebrity Paranormal Project. She wrote an autobiography in 2001 titled Picabo: Nothing to Hide (). In it, <mask> revealed the pressure placed on her by her sponsors to succeed and win, which she maintains contributed to her devastating 1998 crash. She also described how she was able to transform from a rebellious tomboy into a world-class athlete.A feature film based on <mask>'s life story was in development as of late 2009, written by Eric Preston with director Charles Winkler slated to direct, and produced by Jeff Luini and Richard Weiner. Filming was slated begin in 2010 in Argentina. She appeared in two skits on Sesame Street with the character Elmo and Telly. In one, Telly was looking for a place called Peekaboo Street and met the real Picabo Street; in the other, Elmo insisted on introducing <mask> because he thought she was a world champion peek-a-boo player. Her name also appeared in the song "One Big Mob" by the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. <mask> was the runner up (with a time of 5:37) in the NBC celebrity reality competition series Stars Earn Stripes. Personal life
<mask> is retired and splits her time between homes in Alabama and Winter Park, Colorado.She has a son born in August 2004, with her former partner N. J. Pawley. On 25 October 2008, she married businessman John Reeser atop Prospect Mountain, near Hanceville, Alabama. On 3 August 2009, Picabo gave birth to her second son. On ESPN's College Game Day in Boise on 25 September 2010, <mask> stated that she was pregnant and expecting her third boy. She named her skis for people who were strong and meaningful to her. Among them are her "Earnies" (after Dale Earnhardt) and her "Arnolds" (after Arnold Schwarzenegger). World Cup results

Season titles

Season standings

Race podiums
 9 wins – (9 DH)
 17 podiums – (15 DH, 2 SG)

World Championship results

Olympic results

References

External links

 FIS-ski.com World Cup standings

 U.S.Ski Hall of Fame – <mask> <mask> – inducted 2004

Olympic gold medalists for the United States in alpine skiing
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in alpine skiing
American female alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
People from Blaine County, Idaho
1971 births
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Idaho
21st-century American women

masks:
Picabo Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Picabo
Street
Street
Picabo
Picabo
Street


texts:
<mask> (, born October 23, 1953) is a distinguished contemporary Greek lyrics author, a poet and a writer of novels. In the last thirty years he has written various poems, three novels and also lyrics for 525 songs (registered with AEPI) in the contemporary Greek rebetika, laïka (pop music) and elafra (light music) genres. He has collaborated with various music composers, and has occasionally worked as a record producer. Among those, he has often worked with Christos Nikolopoulos with whom he has had a number of popular records (including Μία είναι η ουσία - One matter counts, and Κάποια, κάπου, κάποτε - Some woman, somewhere, sometime). Together they also created and produced a CD with 12 songs (December 1986), for which they were able to assemble together 11 popular Greek performers, including Giorgos Dalaras, Haris Alexiou, Stratos Dionysiou, Giannis Parios, and Manolis Mitsias. Nikolopoulos performed one of the songs in the CD as well, his first public singing performance ever. The CD was launched as "Τραγούδια για τους φίλους μου" - Songs for my friends.Other quite well known performers of Hapsiadis pop songs were Stelios Kazantzidis, Glykeria and Manolis Aggelopoulos. Life
<mask> <mask> was born in October 1953 in Feres, and lived during his early life in Koila, both agglomerations located in the Greek Prefecture (Νομός) of Evros. This is the most north-eastern region of Greece, bordering with Turkey in the east, and with Bulgaria in the north. <mask> refers to Koila as his "Paradise on Earth", and nowadays he spends a major part of his life there. His family origin is from Pontos; this is the area in the north of present-day Turkey, along its Black Sea coast. To this day Hapsiadis has been loyal to his Pontos origins and he has often collaborated in various artistic initiatives to preserve the cultural heritage of the land of his ancestors. An example includes the production of three CD records in the Pontos dialect, performed by Kazantzidis and Xrysanthos (an authentic Pontos singer), in the late eighties, early nineties .<mask> is fairly knowledgeable of the Pontos Greek dialect that he learned from his parents and grandmother in Koila. He attended high school in Alexandroupolis, the administrative capital of Evros. For this purpose his entire family moved to town from Koila. During that period his father owned a kiosk, typical of Greek city landscapes, selling printed press items, like newspapers, magazines, pocket books, postcards, etc. Working at the kiosk as well gave him the opportunity to read a lot and grow his appetite for the Greek lyrics of rebetika, a.k.a. the songs of manges, members of a sort of inner city and urban slums gangs in the early 20th century. When most of his age peers enjoyed pop and rock, Hapsiadis was discovering little known events and details surrounding rebetika songs, their performers and lyrics.He developed a habit of collecting rebetika lyrics and writing them down in a notebook as his favorite pastime. That helped him a lot in being accepted in the circles of key rebetika industry players, in later years. For six months he attended college classes in Patras, in the department of Biology before he dropped out and got entirely absorbed inside the professional world of rebetika in the Greek capital, Athens. He met Giorgos Dalaras, and through him he later came close to quite a few key actors in the Greek pop music industry. Names include <mask> Papadopoulos, a widely known Greek lyrics writer, the composer Christos Nikolopoulos, and various popular Greek pop singers Stelios Kazantzidis, Stratos Dyonisiou and Manolis Aggelopoulos. He also became close friends with Vassilis Vassilikos, a prominent novels writer. Vassilikos became internationally known by his "Z" novel, a story about the assassination of Grigoris Lambrakis, a left-wing political activist in the mid-1960s.That novel was later made into a movie as part of a trilogy by Greek Director Costa Gavras, with Yves Montand  in the leading role. In his first novel, <mask> devoted a chapter to a dramatic period of Vassilikos' life, right after the loss of his spouse Mimi, in Rome, Italy. Songs
Per the generally accepted public opinion his most popular song lyrics were Mia einai i ousia (Μια ειναι η ουσία, "One matter counts") that he wrote upon a Nikolopoulos music score during the mid-80s. The song was originally performed by Haris Alexiou and later, following accrued popularity, by quite a few other performers, including Giorgos Dalaras. The lyrics playfully deal with immortality, whereby the author admits that nothing is "immortal" and begs Almighty God to eliminate Death for good, after the former had a few drinks first. The lyrics are used in a passage in his second book, when the author dies and struggles to get into Paradise, but comes across a rather annoyed St-Peter, who didn't seem to have liked his "Mia einai i Ousia" song at all. Another popular song of his, performed by Giorgos Dalaras, was Kappoia, kapou, kapote (Κάποια, κάπου, κάποτε).Among his songs there are two referring to the Prefecture of Evros, the towns of Alexandroupolis and Orestiada, in the far north. It is generally known in Greece that the border regions of the country, especially Greece's eastern border with Turkey, are the least desirable areas for young Greeks to serve their country during their military service. In addition, until recent years, Greek conscripts were treated as second rank citizens in the towns and villages of Evros, as many among them would admit to this day. Unless they enjoyed a military rank of some sort, conscripts wouldn't be typically admitted inside many public venues, and many local  businessmen would prefer to live without them entering their businesses. <mask> was inspired by this to write two emotional songs, Alexandroupoli meria, originally performed by Dimitris Mitropanos, and Oresteiada, performed by Stelios Dionysiou and Ploutarchos. Songs for my friends

(Tracks of the CD  Τραγούδια για τους φίλους μου)
by Nikolopoulos and <mask>, 1986

 (We resemble each other) with Manolis Mitsias
 (If life ended) with Stratos Dionysiou
  (How is it possible) with Eleni Vitali
 (I loved you this way) with Dionysis Theodosis
 (I'm afraid) with Dimitra Galani
 (Some woman, somewhere, some time) with Giorgos Dalaras
 (Better be free) with Yannis Parios
 (Little devil) with Haris Alexiou
 (Now that you've gone away) with Litsa Diamanti
 (The streets of the East) with Christos Nikolopoulos
 (With colors and odors) with Mary Vassou
 (When you're dancing, my love) with Manolis Aggelopoulos

Novels

In addition to poems and song lyrics Hapsiadis recently wrote three novels. He only lately decided to focus on writing novels and had his first three written after 2005, more than twenty years after he started writing lyrics.All of them are largely autobiographic with many details about events that actually took place and form part of the history of modern rebetika. His first two novels were "Η ζωη μου τραγούδι το τραγούδι ζωη" (My life (is) a song, the song (is) life) and "Ο αλήτης άγγελος" (An angel vagabond). In his second novel, although most of his writing describes real life events, locations and names of real persons, the author presents them as the building blocks of a "fiction" storyline. His third novel was presented to the public on October 23, 2010. It is called "13+1 Γιατί;" (Γιατί=why in Greek) completes a trilogy in which rebetiko holds a central role. As a self-taught author, Hapsiadis creates unusual plots wherein key Greek music industry players participate as personages. In all his novels to-date his heroes maintain their real life names; however, in his second novel, Hapsiadis uses the name Lelos instead of his own given Christian name of Lefteris to represent himself as the leading actor.All three novels are written in simple everyday spoken Greek. He usually places verses inside the text, often for reasons of historic significance to the context he describes. All his novels expose events with actual historic data. He often offers his own insights in the evolution of rebetika from the times of Markos Vamvakaris and Vassilis Tsitsanis (pre- and post-World War II) to the present day. The events he addresses, many of which he himself witnessed as participant, are presented in quite a bit of detail. With a few scarce exceptions, <mask> avoids criticism of his book personages, however, on occasions, he is being quite critical of himself and his own weaknesses. Honors
During his 25-year-long career as a lyrics writer, <mask> achieved a number of Golden and Platinum record awards  and occasionally he has been publicly recognized for his contribution to the Greek Popular Music by the Prefecture of Evros and Municipalities of Alexandroupolis and Feres with organized concerts dedicated to his song-lyrics successes.See also

Mangas
Rembetiko – a film by Costas Ferris

References

External links
 Stelios Kazantzidis: Ta zeibekika at Music Corner
 World News: Glykeria - Older Videos
 Thrakinea - 3 June 2009
 Interview with Nikolopoulos at Icona
 Lyrics of 158 of his songs
 Rebetiko On-line Brief introduction in Greek and English, and a large photo collection.] 1953 births
Living people
Greek male poets
Greek songwriters
People from Evros (regional unit)

masks:
Lefteris Hapsiadis
Lefteris
Hapsiadis
Hapsiadis
Hapsiadis
Lefteris
Hapsiadis
Hapsiadis
Hapsiadis
Hapsiadis
Hapsiadis


texts:
<mask>. (born February 4, 1940) is an American actor, primarily in stage, movies and television. He is best known for his role as Sgt. Charles Enright in the 1970s crime drama McMillan & Wife. He also played Herman Munster in the late-1980s/early 1990s sitcom The Munsters Today, in which he reprised the role originated by Fred Gwynne in the 1960s sitcom The Munsters. <mask> is also known for his work on Star Trek movies and television series, often playing a Klingon character, as well as his recurring roles as Draal on Babylon 5 and as Chief of Detectives Muldrew of the New York City Police Department in the Law & Order programs, especially Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Life and career
<mask>. was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Mary (née Hamilton) and <mask>, a professor at SUNY Buffalo. He is of English and German descent.He made his first theatrical appearances at Denison University, and after graduating continued his career at the Cleveland Play House, Baltimore's Center Stage, and finally the American Conservatory Theater, where he was discovered by Robert Altman. His first film appearance was the role of Capt. Walter Kosciuszko "Painless Pole" Waldowski in M*A*S*H (1970). As Painless, <mask> holds a place in Hollywood history as the first person to utter the word "f*ck[ing]" in a major studio film. He went on to appear in several more Altman films: Brewster McCloud (1970), McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971), and Thieves Like Us (1974). In 1970 he appeared as insurance salesman and former Minnesota Vikings 2nd string offensive lineman Frank Carelli in Episode 5 of the first season of The Mary Tyler Moore Show, "Keep Your Guard Up." From 1971 to 1977, Schuck appeared as San Francisco Police Detective Sergeant Charles Enright in the television series McMillan & Wife and also starred as an overseer in the miniseries Roots.In 1976, he played Gregory "Yoyo" Yoyonovich in the short-lived series Holmes & Yoyo; both it and McMillan & Wife had been created, and were produced, by Leonard B. Stern for what is now NBCUniversal Television. He starred in ABC's 1979 TV holiday special The Halloween That Almost Wasn't, a.k.a. The Night Dracula Saved the World, as the Frankenstein Monster. (He would again use the Universal International Frankenstein-monster makeup format in The Munsters Today; see below.) In 1979 <mask> starred in a short-lived TV series version of Turnabout, in which he and Sharon Gless played a couple named Sam and Penny, who swap bodies. Some installments from that comedy series were reedited into the made-for-TV film Magic Statue, named for the artifact which caused the two to exchange bodies. He was also a regular "guest celebrity" on game shows in the 1970s and 1980s, appearing as a guest on such programs as Pyramid, Hollywood Squares, Password Plus and Super Password, and The Cross-Wits.In the summer of 1979, during this period as a game-show guest celebrity, he made his Broadway debut playing Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks as a replacement in the role of the original Broadway musical comedy, Annie at the Alvin Theatre, for a special three-week engagement. In 1980, Schuck began appearing as a "regular replacement" for a year and a half, along with Allison Smith as Annie and Alice Ghostley as Miss Hannigan. Later work
In 1986, <mask> took the role of Klingon ambassador Kamarag in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home. He reprised the role in 1991 in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. Also in the 1980s, Schuck starred as Herman Munster in the syndicated situation comedy The Munsters Today, which co-starred Lee Meriwether as Lily Munster. In character as Herman, a role Fred Gwynne had originated in the 1960s, Schuck was made up as the Frankenstein Monster, according to the makeup format whose copyright NBCUniversal still owns, for the second time in his career; the first (see above) was in The Halloween That Almost Wasn't a.k.a. The Night Dracula Saved the World.He guest starred in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as Legate Parn, Star Trek: Voyager as Chorus #3, Star Trek: Enterprise as Antaak, and Babylon 5 as Draal in "The Long, Twilight Struggle" (1995). In 1994, he appeared as Ralgha nar Hhallas (callsign Hobbes) in Wing Commander III: Heart of the Tiger. He then guest-starred in several episodes of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as the NYPD Chief of Detectives Muldrew. Under his full name of "<mask> <mask>," he opened in the role of Daddy Warbucks in the Broadway revival of Annie in December 2006, and toured nationally in the role. He later appeared in the films Holy Matrimony and String of the Kite. In 2013, he appeared as Senator Max Evergreen in Nice Work If You Can Get It. Most recently, Schuck joined the cast of writer/director Chris Blake's (a.k.a.Christopher Blake <mask>) indie horror film, All Light Will End. Personal life
<mask> married actress Susan Bay, with whom he had a son, Aaron Bay-Schuck. The couple divorced in 1983. He married his current wife, painter Harrison Houlé, in 1990. Filmography
 1970 MASH Captain "Painless" Waldowski
 1970 The Moonshine War as E.J. Royce
 1970 Brewster McCloud as <mask>
 1971 McCabe & Mrs. Miller as Smalley
 1972 Hammersmith Is Out as Henry Joe
 1973 Blade as Reardon
 1974 Thieves Like Us as Chicamaw
 1979 Turnabout (TV Series) as Sam Alston
 1979 Butch and Sundance: The Early Days as "Kid" Curry / Harvey Logan
 1979 Just You and Me, Kid as Stan
 1981 Earthbound as Sheriff De Rita
 1984 Finders Keepers as Police Chief Norris
 1986 Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home as Klingon Ambassador
 1987 Outrageous Fortune as Agent Atkins
 1988 The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking as Captain Efraim Longstocking
 1989 My Mom's a Werewolf as Howard Shaber
 1989 Second Sight as Lieutenant "Noogie" Manoogian
 1990 Dick Tracy as Reporter
 1991 Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country as Klingon Ambassador
 1994 Holy Matrimony as Markowski
 1994 Pontiac Moon as Officer
 1995 Demon Knight as Sheriff Tupper
 2001 The Curse of the Jade Scorpion as Mize
 2014 Closer to God as Sydney
 2018 All Light Will End as Psychiatrist

References

External links

1940 births
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Denison University alumni
Living people
Male actors from Boston
Singers from Massachusetts
American Conservatory Theater alumni

masks:
Conrad John Schuck Jr
Schuck
Conrad John Schuck Jr
Conrad John Schuck
Schuck
John
Schuck
Conrad John
Schuck
Johnson
Schuck
Officer Johnson


texts:
<mask>Abe<mask> (1877–1934) was a Russian-born Jewish-American trade union organizer and left wing political activist. Shiplacoff is best remembered as a Socialist New York assemblyman and as a prominent target of prosecution for sedition under the Espionage Act in 1918. Biography

Early years

<mask><mask> was born December 13, 1877, in Chernigov, Ukraine, then part of the Russian empire. Shiplacoff emigrated to the United States in 1891, settling in New York City. Political career

In 1893, the 16-year-old Shiplacoff joined his first political organization, a socialist group known as "The Voice of Labor". Early in 1915, <mask> was named Secretary of the United Hebrew Trades, a municipal trade union federation based in New York City. He was also active in Jewish causes during the second decade of the 20th century.For instance, in September 1915, the National Workmen's Committee on Jewish Rights held a meeting at Cooper Union to advocate for Jewish emancipation in Russia. <mask> chaired the meeting, which resolved to ask U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to demand that Russia grant equal rights to its Jewish citizens at the end of World War I.

<mask> was active in the Socialist Sunday School movement. For a time he was the labor editor of The Jewish Daily Forward. 1916 legislative session

In 1915, <mask> became—after Herbert M. Merrill—the second candidate of the Socialist Party elected to the New York State Assembly, He was a member of the 139th, 140th and 141st New York State Legislatures from the 23rd District of Kings County, representing Brownsville, Brooklyn. Shiplacoff found his first experience in as the sole Socialist member of the Assembly to be trying, as he recalled in 1916:

Quite early in the session I realized that the chance for having any of my bills voted out of committee and presented on the floor of the Assembly were very scarce. This was not the result of any antagonistic feeling toward the 'lone red,' but almost entirely due to the fact that I was not open for bargaining; for the success or failure of getting one's bill out of a committee depends mainly on one's willingness to exchange courtesies... Having no concessions to make [in trading votes], I had no hopes of getting any in return. Shiplacoff therefore contented himself with what he described as "putting up a fight against the bills which were opposed to the interests of labor, or were otherwise of a vicious nature".Chief among these were a series of bills intended to exempt dairy workers from existing laws mandating one rest day in seven, which appeared approximately a dozen times before ultimately being passed in a watered-down form. <mask> was also the single assemblyman opposed to the 1916 Slater-Welsh bill, which established compulsory military training in New York State for unemployed boys between the ages of 16 and 19. Among the legislation proposed by <mask> during this inaugural session were bills which would have required any employer placing an ad offering jobs during a strike to make that fact clear in the advertisement, tightening regulations for exits on any factory building over one story in height, banning the use of armed guards during strikes, provision of compensation for workers suffering permanent disabilities on the job, and prohibition of the employment of children under 16 years of age in a factory. All of these bills died in committee. During his first two terms in the Assembly, <mask> managed to introduce only one successful bill, which banned the use of the third degree in interrogation. 1917 legislative session
<mask> won re-election to the assembly in 1916 (when he was joined by fellow socialist Joseph A. Whitehorn) and 1917 (9 other socialists were also elected at this time). During the 1917 session, <mask> introduced New York's first birth control bill, which would have allowed "the dissemination of printed articles describing means of birth control".He introduced the bill on January 24, while Margaret Sanger's sister Ethel Byrne was on a hunger strike in The Tombs to protest her arrest for distributing information about birth control from their clinic in Brooklyn. Shiplacoff did have occasional successes in the Assembly, although they were often more symbolic than substantive. For instance, on March 26, 1917, Joseph M. Callahan introduced a resolution urging the United States Congress to pass a measure, known as the Chamberlain bill, requiring the United States to prepare for entry into World War I. Shiplacoff objected on the procedural grounds that Assembly rules forbade resolutions to be introduced after March 1 except by the unanimous consent of the members, which caused the resolution to be returned to its proposer. The rules were amended, allowing the reintroduction of the resolution two days later. Supporters attacked Shiplacoff for his opposition, with assemblyman Martin G. McCue saying that:
It's you and your kind which have changed my views on the subject of compulsory military service. We tried conscription to make you and your kind do your bit. If I believed as you do I would turn in my citizen papers and resign from the Assembly."Shiplacoff replied:
You have no right to challenge my patriotism because I happen to disagree with you. At this point, Lieutenant Colonel and Assemblyman Wells added:
Your kind of patriotism is the kind that a yellow dog has. The resolution was then adopted, with only Shiplacoff and Whitehorn voting against it. On May 3, 1917, Shiplacoff introduced a resolution to request Woodrow Wilson to reconsider his appointment of Elihu Root as head of the United States Commission to Russia. He was "hooted down by the members of the Assembly" and a motion was then introduced and "uproariously carried" that no mention of the resolution be made in the official journal. 1918 and after
On February 11, 1918, <mask> and his 9 socialist colleagues in the assembly refused to support a resolution of admiration for <mask> because it included language expressing gratitude for American soldiers fighting in France. The Democratic Assemblyman who had introduced the resolution attacked Shiplacoff, stating:
Mr. Speaker, I have sat here long enough watching the tactics of some of the members of this House.As a true American I will refuse to sit here longer with members whose hearts are touched with treason. I come from the South, where the people sometimes take the law into their own hands. I do not approve of that, but when a man won't stand up for his country he is against it. If this thing happens again let the Lord have pity on their souls. During the same session, Assemblyman George R. Fearon accused the socialists of preaching free love, to which <mask> replied: "I am sure that if some of the Socialists preach free love, some of the Republicans practice it." <mask> was elected to the governing National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party in 1918, remaining in that post through the Emergency National Convention held in Chicago in 1919. In the fall of 1918 <mask> ran as a Socialist candidate for the United States House of Representatives.Because the Socialist Party had outpolled the Democrats (9228 to 8290) in the district's previous election, leading to the election of a Republican, <mask>'s candidacy led to calls for a Democratic-Republican "fusion candidate" to prevent his victory. The sitting Republican candidate, Reuben Haskell, offered to withdraw from the race should polls indicate that he had fewer votes than Democratic candidate George W. Martin. The plan was never put into action, however. Haskell did not withdraw and defeated <mask> and Martin in November 1918. 1918 prosecution

On September 23, 1918, <mask> was indicted for three counts of violation of the so-called Espionage Act for a speech against American intervention in Russia made in the Bronx 10 days previously. The first count charged that Shiplacoff "willfully, knowingly, and feloniously uttered and published disloyal, scurrilous, and abusive language about the military and naval forces of the United States, namely the armed forces of the United States now operating in Siberia". The second count charged that his words were "intended to bring [those forces] into contempt, scorn, contumely, and disrepute".The third count charged that his speech was intended to incite and encourage resistance to American forces. <mask> was released on $5,000 bail. The indictment against <mask>, along with similar charges against John Reed, William J. Robinson, and others, was quashed on April 4, 1919. Attorney General Alexander Palmer had decided that the 1918 end of the First World War obviated most such prosecutions. Later political career

<mask> remained a loyal member of the Socialist Party after its 1919 split into rival Socialist and Communist organizations. He was a New York City alderman in the early 1920s. In February 1920, he spoke out against the Treaty of Versailles and against the New York State Assembly's recent suspension of its Socialist members.He stated that the Assemblymen who had voted to suspend the Socialists were "poor boobs", and that his colleagues on the New York City Board of Aldermen were "a bunch of hypocrites". About Woodrow Wilson, in reference to the treaty, he said that "the little tin god in the White House has collapsed." He made some remarks on the injustice of the treaty, which led to rumors in the press that the Board of Aldermen might investigate and punish him for what they reportedly saw as pro-Germanism. By early 1920, <mask> was the manager of the New York office of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. In March 1923, Marks Arnheim, a New York City clothing manufacturer attempted to have the ACWA and its New York Joint Board dissolved as "unlawful combinations and conspiracies" which had "the intent and purpose generally of destroying the present industrial system of ownership by private persons, firms, and corporations." As part of this suit, <mask>, along with Sidney Hillman and other union officials, was interrogated by attorneys for Marks Arnheim. Shiplacoff ran in the 50th Aldermanic district in November 1923.His candidacy was endorsed by the Citizens Union. However, the Democratic candidate defeated him. In 1923 he was elected a delegate to the SPA's National Convention. At the 1924 New York State convention of the SPA, <mask> was one of only 5 delegates to oppose the successful motion to endorse Robert M. La Follette's candidacy for president of the United States. About the party's endorsement, <mask> told the New York Times that "the Socialist Party hasn't married La Follette, the Socialist Party has married a labor party. La Follette is only a sort of father-in-law." Death and legacy

<mask> died of uremic poisoning on February 7, 1934, in Israel Zion Hospital in Brooklyn, New York.He was 56 years old at the time of his death. <mask>'s papers are held by the Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives of New York University. The collection, gathered in six archival boxes measuring 3 linear feet, is open for research without restriction. Footnotes

Works

 מיין ארבייט אין דער אסעמבלי ( — My Work in the Assembly). New York: Ferlag fun der Idisher SP Federatsyon, 1916. Further reading

 William M. Feigenbaum, <mask>. Shiplacoff: The Spirit of Brownsville. New York, Rand School Press for the Shiplacoff Day Committee, n.d. [1930s].External links
 Barbara Hawes and Edmund Ryder, "Guide to the A. I. (<mask>) Shiplacoff Papers", Tamiment Library and Robert F. Warner Labor Archives, Bobst Library, New York University, 1981 and 1999. 1877 births
1934 deaths
Politicians from New York City
Members of the New York State Assembly
Socialist Party of America politicians from New York (state)
Jewish American state legislators in New York (state)
Jewish socialists
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Jewish American community activists
People acquitted under the Espionage Act of 1917
Activists from New York City
Jewish American trade unionists

masks:
Abraham Isaac "
" Shiplacoff
Abraham I
. Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Abraham Lincoln
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Abraham Shiplacoff
Shiplacoff
Abraham I
Abraham Isaac


texts:
<mask> (born April 28, 1950) is a Puerto Rican salsa musician and social activist. He began his career as a trombonist, and also sings, writes, produces, and acts. He is also involved in the politics of New York City. Early years
<mask> was born in the South Bronx, New York, to Puerto Rican parents. He picked up the trumpet from a young age, and later switched to trombone, inspired by the all-trombone sound of Mon Rivera and Barry Rogers. He spent some summers at his maternal grandmother's sister's farm in the outskirts of Manatí, Puerto Rico on the road to neighboring Ciales, Puerto Rico. At the age of 15, he was signed to Fania Records, and at 17, he recorded his first album, which ultimately sold more than 300,000 copies.The main record producer at Fania at the time, Dominican Johnny Pacheco, recommended Héctor Lavoe to him. He has also acted in films, including roles in Vigilante (1983), The Last Fight (1983), Miami Vice (in the  season 3 episode "Cuba Libre") (1987) and It Could Happen to You (1994). <mask> has been a civil rights, community, and political activist since the age of 16. He has served as a member of the Latino Commission on AIDS and President of the Arthur Schomburg Coalition for a Better New York, member of the Board of Directors of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute. In 1995, Mr. <mask> became the first person of color to serve on the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) national board, replacing Stephen Sondheim, and was also a member of the ASCAP Foundation. Music career
Beyond the trombone, he has also worked as a composer, arranger, and singer, and eventually as a producer and director. Combining elements of jazz, rock, and salsa, his work incorporates the rhythms of traditional music from African descendants in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Brazil, representing mostly a one-way flow from Puerto Rico to the New York-based diaspora."His life and music commute back and forth between his home turf in the Bronx and his ancestral Puerto Rico, with more than casual stop-offs in other musical zones of the Caribbean." <mask> "makes the relation between diaspora and Caribbean homeland the central theme of his work," particularly in his 1971 Christmas album, Asalto Navideño. The lyrics and music of the songs on this album "enact the diaspora addressing the island culture in a complex, loving but at the same time mildly challenging way." He went on to have many successful collaborations with other salsa musicians and singers, such as Ismael Miranda, Celia Cruz, Soledad Bravo, and singer-songwriter Rubén Blades. On his website, <mask> claims to hold the "all time record for sales in the Salsa genre, [having] created 40 productions that have sold more than thirty million records worldwide." One significant overarching theme in <mask>'s music, which draws from many cultures and several different styles, is an exploration of the competing associations that Puerto Ricans have with their home and with the United States. He uses his songs to depict and investigate the problems of living in the United States mainland as a Puerto Rican, and also to imply the cultural contributions that Puerto Ricans have to offer.In May 2007 Ruben Blades was sued by his former band mate, <mask> for breach of contract. This led to a series of suits and countersuits that lasted over five years. A book titled Decisiones detailing the inside story of this legal battle was written by Blades' former agent, Robert J. Morgalo  and published in 2016 in English and Spanish link. <mask> released two singles, "Amor de Internet" and "Corazón Partido" to promote for his album El Malo Vol II: Prisioneros del Mambo. In 2016, <mask> began his 50th Anniversary Tour. In 2017, <mask> announced his upcoming book titled Barrio de Guapos (The Secret Life of <mask>) and the launching of his record label Willie Colon Presents. For 2018 <mask> kicked off his "Rumba Del Siglo" (Jam of the Century) World Tour performing in U.S., Latin America and Europe to mostly sold-out venues.Because of the great success of his last tour, <mask> will continue "Rumba Del Siglo 2019" (Jam of the Century 2019). Politics

<mask> campaigned, and later became a special assistant and spokesperson for, New York City Mayor David Dinkins from 1989 to 1993. In 1994, in his first political run, <mask> challenged Representative Eliot Engel for the Democratic party primary for New York's 17th congressional district. He was defeated, 62% to 38%. In 2001, <mask> ran for New York City Public Advocate, receiving 101,393 votes. <mask> served for 12 years as Mayor Michael Bloomberg's representative advisor and liaison to the Latin Media Entertainment Commission. On April 16, 2008, <mask> announced his endorsement of U.S.Senator Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign. On April 25, 2010, <mask> appeared at The National Mall for The Earth Day Climate Rally, along with Sting, John Legend, The Roots, Jimmy Cliff, Passion Pit, Bob Weir, Joss Stone, Robert Randolph, Patrick Stump, Mavis Staples, Booker T, Honor Society and Tao Rodríguez-Seeger. In 2012 and 2013, <mask> campaigned against Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and the left-wing Bolivarian Revolution. Chávez responded scathingly to <mask> via Twitter. After Chávez' death, <mask> endorsed opposition candidate Henrique Capriles Radonski, vigorously using social media and composing a campaign theme,  "Mentira Fresca" (or "fresh lies", which became the nickname of regime's candidate, Nicolás Maduro); the song went viral throughout Latin America, garnering millions of plays and downloads. <mask> continued to be active in Venezuelan politics, having pressed for the release of journalist Leocenis García, and the release of political prisoner General Antonio Rivero.On May 26, 2014, after graduating from Westchester County Police Academy, <mask> was sworn in as a Deputy Sheriff for the Department of Public Safety. On December 13, 2017, <mask> became a Deputy Lieutenant.Awards and honors
In addition to serving as a visiting professor and receiving honorary degrees for music and humane letters at various universities, in 1991, <mask> received Yale University's Chubb Fellowship. In 1999, <mask> was a member of the Jubilee 2000 delegation to the Vatican, along with Randolph Robinson of Trans Africa, Harvard economist Jeffrey Sachs, Bono from U2 and Quincy Jones. This initiative received Pope John Paul II's endorsement and later prompted President Clinton to forgive the US portion of the debt owed by some developing countries. Jubilee 2000 resulted in the forgiveness of a total of $100 billion to debt-ridden countries. In September 2004, <mask> received the Lifetime Achievement Award from The Latin Recording Academy. Over the course of his career, he has collaborated with notable musicians such as the Fania All-Stars, Héctor Lavoe, Rubén Blades, David Byrne, and Celia Cruz. Siembra, his record with Rubén Blades, was the best selling album for its genre.<mask> was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame in 2000 and the Latin Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2019. In 2006, <mask> was portrayed by actor John Ortiz, along with Mark Anthony's Héctor Lavoe in the biopic El Cantante, also starring Jennifer Lopez. The movie is about the life of Héctor Lavoe and it covers his achievements with <mask> as the top salsa duo from the 1960s through the mid-1970s. In 2010, The "International Trombone Association" bestowed their Lifetime Achievement Award upon <mask>. In their journal they went on to say, "<mask> has probably done more than anyone since Tommy Dorsey to keep the trombone before the public. Stylistically they are poles apart, Dorsey representing an ultra-smooth approach, <mask> a Hard-edged roughness reportedly inspired by Barry Rogers. Unfortunately, <mask>'s public is largely Latino, so his music and contribution have gone unnoticed or ignored by the general press"- Gerald Sloan, professor of music University of Arkansas.On October 7, 2011, Westchester Hispanic Law Enforcement Association recognized <mask> for his social and community activism and support. In 2015 Billboard magazine named <mask> one of the 30 most influential Latin Artists of All Time. On May 12, 2018, The Ellis Island Honor Society awarded <mask> the Ellis Island Medal of Honor which are presented annually to a select group of individuals whose accomplishments in their field and inspired service to the nation are cause for celebration. The Medal has been officially recognized by both Houses of Congress as one of our nation's most prestigious awards and is annually memorialized in the Congressional Record. On October 31, 2018, <mask> was awarded the "Lunas Del Auditorio Award" by El Auditorio Nacional.A recognition granted by the National Auditorium to the best live shows in Mexico, the award is a replica of the sculpture of La Luna by sculptor Juan Soriano that is outside that enclosure. This award is transmitted by Televisa, TV Azteca, Channel 22 of the Ministry of Culture and Channel Eleven of the National Polytechnic Institute. <mask> has served as the chair of the Association of Hispanic Arts.Personal life
<mask> is married. On April 20, 2021, <mask> and his wife, <mask> were involved in a serious vehicle accident while driving a recreational vehicle through the Outer Banks of North Carolina. <mask> suffered lacerations and a head injury and was evacuated to a hospital in Virginia. Discography

References

External links
<mask>'s website

NewMusicBox cover: <mask> in conversation with Frank J. Oteri, January 28, 2009 (includes video)

1950 births
Living people
Fania Records artists
Latin jazz composers
Latin jazz singers
Latin jazz trombonists
People from the Bronx
Musicians from New Rochelle, New York
American male singers
American musicians of Puerto Rican descent
American salsa musicians
Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Latin music record producers
Latin music songwriters
Activists from New Rochelle, New York
21st-century trombonists
Male jazz composers
21st-century American male musicians

masks:
William Anthony Colón Román
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Willie Colon
Colón
Colón
Colón
Willie Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Willie Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Willie Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Willie Colón
Willie Colón
Willie Colón
Colón
Willie Colon
Colón
Julia Colón
Colón
Willie Colón
Willie Colón


texts:
<mask> (1932 - 2019)  was an English social anthropologist and philosopher. <mask> carried out specialised study in comparative religion since the 1950s where he challenged and expanded views in the study of the anthropology of religion. He is notable for his comparison of traditional thought systems (including religion) to Western science. This formed the basis for his analysis of African thought that he published in two instalments in 1967. His work continues to be viewed as important in understanding traditional African religious approaches. For more than four decades <mask> lived in Africa, where he conducted research on African indigenous religions, magic, mythology and rituals. During 40 years of residence in Africa, he worked as a researcher and a professor of philosophy and religion at several universities, including the University of Port Harcourt in Rivers State, Nigeria, and the University of Ife in Osun State, Nigeria.Family life
<mask> <mask> and his sister were born to <mask> <mask> and <mask>. His father was a Lieutenant Colonel of the Scots Guard who was also part of the British Bobsleigh at the 1924 Winter Olympics national team and his grandfather was the American impressionist painter <mask> <mask>. His mother, <mask>dolen Anna Le Bas <mask>, was the elder daughter of an iron merchant from St. Brelade, Jersey, and sister to Molly Brocas Burrows, the sculptor, and the painter Edward Le Bas (1904–1966).. <mask>'s sister-in-law is renowned Nigerian sculptor Sokari Douglas Camp, about whose work he has written. Theoretical contributions
<mask> viewed religion from an ethnoscience approach, where he linked religious understanding with scientific inquiry. He viewed the two as having a similar approach of methodically unveiling the complex to achieve order and understanding from chaos. <mask>'s analysis of African magic (paranormal) and mythology concludes that there is an overarching theory that lies behind the commonly accepted theory and that forms the basis of these beliefs. He sees mystical systems that drive "primitive" religions as theoretical structures that are dictated by concrete rules and are used to understand, in an interactive way, revealed anomalies, much like scientific endeavours theorise the physical world.This literal approach is a reflection of striving to have a concrete and thus scientific method of studying and explaining the world they live in. One of his classic works in the anthropology of religion and of other traditional knowledge systems is his 1968 essay in support of neo-Tylorians (followers of Edward Burnett Tylor), who took causal statements of someone in a pre-literate society at face value. <mask> notes that "the historian of ideas, operating on the premiss that 'things are what they seem', has been forging ahead most successfully with his interpretation of the European, thought-tradition; but the [orthodox] social anthropologist, operating on the premiss that 'things are not what they seem', has had little success in explaining why pre-literate peoples have the kind of ideas they do." He argued, for instance, that animism should be taken at face value without the rationalisation that it symbolically represents a social or political structure. <mask> maintained that a more useful approach would be to compare traditional thought to modern science. The fact that a traditional explanation may be shown to be mistaken in terms of modern science, by no means indicates that the explanation is held by a less intelligent group of people. <mask> was not willing to follow Tylor's view that holding theories that were mistaken is evidence of the childishness of traditional thought, pointing out that historians of science have shown that many rationally demonstrated scientific views were subsequently shown to be mistaken and were replaced.He attributes an intellectualist view to religion and rejects the symbolic, Durkheimian, understanding of religion, as patronising to the so-called "primitives" who have a literal approach to their beliefs. However, one of his critics who held to the symbolistic approach, anthropologist John H. Beattie, argued that traditional/primitive religions were symbolic because the cultures that held to these beliefs did so in cases where there was no empirical explanation to a phenomenon; thus it was attributed to the supernatural, such as spirits and any physical representations of such, were merely symbolic. When he lived in New Calabar among the Kalabari people, <mask> studied the processes that lead to social change. Professional career
Beginning in 1960s, <mask> published his theories of religion in several journal articles and books. His scientific approach to the understanding of "primitive" religion was groundbreaking in an era during which the prevailing view was a Western elitist conceptualisation of "primitive" religion as a construct of less intelligent "savages" and "barbarians" (terms now considered to be anachronistic and pejorative). <mask> conducted his fieldwork in Nike in northern Igboland, Nigeria and among the Kalabari people of the eastern Niger Delta. In 1965, under the commission of the Federal Republic of Nigeria's Department of Antiquities, <mask> produced a compilation of 72 Kalabari Ijo Art photographs accompanied by a booklet explaining the meaning and utility of these artistic objects within the Kalabari culture.The photographs provide a visual record of native art of the Kalabari people, serves as a reference for tradition practices that are continually subject to mutating influences through acculturation such as has happened in the region during the years that followed colonisation. Some of his photographs are archived at the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (RAI), labelled as MS 345, MS 349. <mask> worked as a senior research fellow and a lecturer in social anthropology at the Institute of African Studies for the University of Ibadan before moving to the University of Port Harcourt as a professor of philosophy and comparative religion. At the University of Ibadan he collaborated with Ruth Finnegan who, at that time (1965–69) was also lecturing at the university in socio-anthropology. This collaboration led to the co-edited volume Modes of Thought, which addressed the question of whether there were fundamental differences, either in content, logic, or formulation, between modern or Western thought on the one hand, and traditional or non-Western thought on the other. In the mid-1970s, Professor <mask> served as faculty on the Department of Sociology at the University of Ife now known as Obafemi Awolowo University in Nigeria. Published in 1997, his Patterns of Thought in Africa and the West: Magic, Religion and Science is a compilation of some of his classic essays published between 1960 and 1990.His work continues to influence new scholars in the field of anthropology of religion. As of 1 October 2012, Professor <mask>'s appointment as an Honorary Research Associate in the Department of Religious and Cultural Studies at the University of Port Harcourt was renewed for another five years. Honours
Named as a notable Nigerian historian in the City of Port Harcourt's 2012 bid for World Book Capital in 2014. Part of the editorial board of Kiabara Journal of Humanities, 1981. 1951 Recipient of Scholarship Award in Natural Sciences; New College, Oxford University
 2nd Lt. for the Scots Guards. Selected works
Patterns of Thought in Africa and the West: Essays on Magic, Religion and Science (1997),
Kalabari Sculpture. Dept.of Antiquities, Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1965
"Destiny and the Unconscious in West Africa". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 31, No. 2 (April 1961), pp. 110–116
"African Traditional Thought and Western Science". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 37, No.1 (January 1967), pp. 50–71; Vol. 37, No. 2 (April 1967), pp. 155–187
"The Kalabari 'Ekine' Society: A Borderland of Religion and Art". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 33, No.2 (April 1963), pp. 94–114
Ritual man in Africa. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 34, No. 2 (April 1964), pp. 85–104
"The Kalabari World-View: An Outline and Interpretation", Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 32, No.3 (July 1962), pp. 197–220
"African Conversion", Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 41, No. 2 (April 1971), pp. 85–108
"On the Rationality of Conversion. Part I", Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 45, No.3 (1975), pp. 219–235
"On the Rationality of Conversion. Part II", Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 45, No. 4 (1975), pp. 373–399
"The High <mask>: A Comment on Father O'Connell's Paper", Man, Vol. 62, (September 1962), pp.137–140
"Judaeo-Christian Spectacles: Boon or Bane to the Study of African Religions?" (Les lunettes juderbéo-chrétiennes: aubaine ou fléau pour l'étude des religions africaines?) Cahiers d'Études africaines, Vol. 24, Cahier 96 (1984), pp. 391–436

Co-author
<mask>, J. D. Y. Peel. Conversion and Confusion: A Rejoinder on Christianity in Eastern Nigeria. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, Vol.10, No. 3 (1976), pp. 481–498
<mask>, G. Dieterlen and <mask>. "Daryll Forde: Further Tributes". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 44, No. 1 (January 1974), pp.1–10. J. F. Ade Ajayi and <mask>. "Michael Crowder, 1934–88". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 59, No. 1, 1989, pp. 110–118

See also
Ethnoscience
List of anthropologists
Magic (paranormal)
Theories of religion
Magical Thinking

References

Bibliography
 <mask>, Kwasi (1996), "Cultural Universals and Particulars : An African Perspective".In African systems of thought. Indiana University Press. .
Carmody, Brendan Patrick. "Conversion and Jesuit Schooling in Zambia". Studies in Christian Missions. .
 R. W Hefner, ed. "Conversion to Christianity: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives on a Great Transformation" (Berkeley, 1993). Humphrey J. Fisher (1985), "The Juggernaut's Apologia: Conversion to Islam in Black Africa". Africa: Journal of the International Institute, Vol.55, No. 2, pp. 153–173. Cox, James L. (2001), "Missionaries, the Phenomenology of Religion and 'Re-Presenting' Nineteenth-Century African Religion: a Case Study of Peter McKenzie's Hail Orisha!" Journal of Religion in Africa, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp.336–353. Meyer, Birgit (2002), "Christianity and the Ewe Nation: German Pietist missionaries, Ewe converts and the politics of culture". Journal of religion in Africa, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 167–199. Klein, Martin A.(2001), "The slave trade and decentrialized societies". The Journal of African History Vol.42, No. 1, pp. 49–65
 Hubbell, Andrew (2001), "A view of the slave trade from the margin: Souroudougou in the late nineteenth-century slave trade of  the Niger Bend". Journal of African History, Vol. 42, No. 1,  pp.25 – 47. Kaplan, Steven (1992), "Indigenous Categories and the Study of World Religions in Ethiopia: the Case of the Beta Israel (Falasha)". Journal of religion in Africa, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 208–221. Ellis, Stephen; <mask> Ter Haar (1998), "Religion and politics in Sub-Saharan Africa".The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 175–201. Isichei, Elizabeth (1988), "On Masks and Audible Ghosts: Some Secret Male Cults in Central Nigeria1". Journal of Religion in Africa, Vol. 18, No.1, pp. 42–70. <mask>, Rosalinde G. (2002), "Commercial transactions and cultural interactions from the Delta to Douala and beyond". African Arts, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp 42–55, and 93–95. Allsworth-Jones, P. (1996), "Continuity and Change in Yoruba Pottery".Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 312–322. Searing, James F. (2003), "Conversion to Islam: Military recruitment and general conflict in a Sereer-Safèn Village (Bandia), 1920–38". The Journal of African History, Vol. 44, No.1, pp. 73–94. Alagoa, E. J. (1971), "The Development of Institutions in the States of the Eastern Niger Delta". The Journal of African History, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp.269–278. Ellis, Stephen (2008), "The Okije Shrine: Death and Life in Nigerian Politics". The Journal of African History, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp 445–466. Sieber, Roy; Barry Hecht (2002), "Eastern Nigerian art from the Toby and Barry Hecht collection". African Arts,  Vol.35, No.1, p. 56. External links

Social anthropologists
2019 deaths
University of Port Harcourt faculty
University of Ibadan faculty
Obafemi Awolowo University faculty
British emigrants to Nigeria
British expatriate academics
1932 births
Historians of Nigeria

masks:
Robin Horton
Horton
Horton
Robin William
Gray Horton
William Gray
Horton
Gwen Horton
William Samuel
Horton
Gwen
Horton
Horton
Robin Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
Robin Horton
God
Robin Horton
Max Gluckman
Robin Horton
Robin Horton
Wiredu
Gerrie
Wilcox


texts:
Empress <mask> (馬皇后, personal name unknown) (40 – August 16, 79), formally Empress Mingde (明德皇后, literally, "the understanding and virtuous empress"), was an empress during the Eastern Han Dynasty from the year 60 until her death. Her husband was Emperor Ming of Han. Family background and marriage to Crown Prince Zhuang
In 40, the eventual Empress <mask> was born to Emperor Guangwu's General <mask>, known for his expeditions against Vietnamese rebellions and his exhortations on personal living, and his wife Lady Lin (藺夫人). <mask> was a marquess, and Lady <mask> was therefore born into comfort and wealth, as a member of a noble family. In 49, however, things would change. <mask>, while on expedition against the Wulin tribes (in modern eastern Guizhou and northwestern Hunan), died during the campaign from a plague, which also killed a large number of his soldiers. After his death, <mask>'s deputy Geng Shu (耿舒), who had disagreed with <mask>'s strategy, and Emperor Guangwu's son-in-law Liang Song (梁松), who had prior grudges against <mask>, falsely accused <mask> of many crimes — most of which is unknown to us.Two specific accusations that are known are that <mask>, by the route he took against the Wulin tribes, was responsible for the plague, and that he had, while on campaigns, embezzled pearls and rhinoceros horns. (The later accusation was a misunderstanding in that one of <mask>'s favorite foods — which he considered capable of warding off plagues — was Job's tears (Chinese pearl barley), which was produced in southern China and northern Vietnam, which <mask> had transported in large quantities back to the capital Luoyang.) Guangwu believed these false accusations and posthumously stripped <mask> of his marquess title and fief, thus depriving the <mask> family of its major source of income. The other noble families began to look down on the <mask> family. Lady <mask> had been previously engaged to marry a son of another noble family, the Dous. The Dous began to have second thoughts of the marriage, believing that Lady <mask> was no longer worthy to marry their son. <mask>'s cousin <mask> (馬嚴) and mother Lady Lin were angered by the Dous' attitude, and resolved to dissolve the engagement and offer Lady <mask> to Crown Prince Liu Zhuang as a consort instead.As consort to the crown prince
As a consort to the crown prince, Consort <mask> was described to be excellent at serving her mother-in-law, Empress Yin Lihua, and she quickly became Empress Yin's favorite. She was also cordial and warm to her fellow consorts. As a result, she also became a favorite of Crown Prince Zhuang. One of her virtues was said to be her willingness, or indeed, eagerness, to find appropriate beautiful ladies in waiting for Crown Prince Zhuang to have sexual relations with, because at that point Crown Prince Zhuang had not had many sons. Consort <mask> herself was childless. Her older sister's daughter, Consort Jia, was also a consort to the crown prince, and Consort Jia bore a son named Liu Da (劉炟). Crown Prince Zhuang instructed Consort <mask> to adopt Prince Da as her son, and she did so.She raised him so carefully and lovingly that he never regarded anyone but her as his mother. As empress
In 57, Emperor Guangwu died, and Crown Prince Zhuang ascended the throne as Emperor Ming. Consort <mask> became an imperial consort. In 60, he created her empress and created Prince Da crown prince. As empress, Empress <mask> was described as humble and solemn, and she loved reading. She often wore the less expensive white silk without elaborate designs. The imperial consorts and princesses were all surprised by how thrifty she was and yet impressed by her.Emperor Ming often consulted her on important matters of state when he could not make a decision quickly. She would analyze the issues carefully and come up with good suggestions. One thing she was described of having never done was to request favors for her brothers and cousins. Because of this, Emperor Ming continued to respect and love her. In 71, as mass tortures and executions were being carried out as a result of a conspiracy engaged in by Emperor Ming's brother Liu Ying, the Prince of Chu, Empress <mask> interceded on the accused people's behalf, and as a result, Emperor Ming tapered off on his efforts to eliminate anyone who might be even remotely connected with the conspiracy. In 72, when Emperor Ming created his sons princes, he gave them relatively small principalities. Empress <mask> objected — she did not understand why these principalities were only half as large as the ones for Emperor Guangwu's sons.Emperor Ming responded that of course his sons could not be compared with his father's sons — a response that she would remember and agree with. In 75, Emperor Ming died, and Crown Prince Da ascended the throne as Emperor Zhang. Empress <mask> became empress dowager. As empress dowager
Empress Dowager <mask> continued to be known for her humility and good judgment as empress dowager. Emperor Zhang, who was close to his uncles – Empress Dowager <mask>'s brothers <mask> (馬廖), <mask> (馬防), and <mask> (馬光) – wanted to promote them quickly, but Empress Dowager <mask> did not urge it. They did all become important court officials, however. In 77, when Emperor Zhang wanted to further create his uncles marquesses, Empress <mask> refused, and issued an edict stating that – just as how Emperor Ming had told her that his sons could not be compared with his father's sons – the <mask>s could not be compared with the Yins and the Guos (the family of Emperor Guangwu's first empress Guo Shengtong).She further ordered the local governments not to accept improper requests from the <mask> family. If there were members of <mask> or other closely related families who live exuberantly, Empress Dowager <mask> would remove their names from the rolls of the nobles and exile them. Empress Dowager <mask> also established a textile factory and a mulberry garden for silkworms, which became a fairly productive industry for the imperial household. In her spare time, she often discussed important matters of state with Emperor Zhang and taught his sons the Confucian classics – particularly the Analects of Confucius. In 79, over Empress Dowager <mask>'s objection, Emperor Zhang created his uncles marquesses. However, under pressure from the empress dowager, the new marquesses, after their requests to decline the fiefs were denied by Emperor Zhang, resigned their government posts. Later that year, Empress Dowager <mask> died at the age of 39.She was buried with her husband. References

 Book of Later Han, vols. 10, Part 1, 24. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 44, 45, 46. Han dynasty empresses
40 births
79 deaths
1st-century Chinese women
1st-century Chinese people
Han dynasty empresses dowager

masks:
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Ma
Ma Yuan
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma Yan
Ma
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Ma
Ma
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Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma Liao
Ma Fang
Ma Guang
Ma
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