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is a Japanese scholar of political studies and area studies. He is now a professor at Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University, Japan. <mask> was born in 1966 in Higashiosaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. He studied at Kyoto University and received his L.L.D. in 2001 for his first book, Chosen/Kankoku Nashonarizumu to 'Shokoku-Ishiki''' (Korean Nationalism as a Small Nation). He became a Research Associate at Faculty of Law and Literature of Ehime University in 1993, and taught between 1994 and 1997 as a Lecturer at the same university. In 1997 he moved to the Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University as an associate professor, and became a full professor in April 2005.He was appointed to the Director of Center for Asian Academic Collaboration at Kobe University in 2017 too. He was also a Research Fellow of Korea Foundation in 1996-1997, a visiting scholar at Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University in 1998-1999, a visiting scholar at Asiatic Research Center of Korea University in 2001, a visiting scholar at Sejong Institute in 2006, and a visiting fellow at Faculty of Asian Studies of the Australian National University in 2008. He was also a visiting scholar of The Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies at University of Washington in Seattle from 2010 to 2011, a visiting professor at Graduate School of International Studies, Korea University in 2014. At academic societies, he is a vice-president of the Association for Contemporary Korean Studies in Japan, and a director of Japanese Association of Modern East Asian Studies. He was also a director of the Japanese Association for Comparative Politics, research collaborator of the sub-committee on the modern history at the First Japan-Korea Collaborative History Research Committee , which was established by the agreement between Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi and South Korean President Kim Dae-jung in 2001. He became a full committee member of the Second Japan-Korea Collaborative History Research Committee, which was established by another agreement of both governments in 2005. In local societies, he worked as a director of Hyogo International Center from 2006 to 2007, which is under Hyogo Prefectural Government, and successively held various posts of the center from 2001 to 2007.He was also appointed to the president of "the Pan-Pacific Forum", an NPO in Kobe for international cooperation established in the 1980s. Research

He studied comparative politics and area studies especially of East Asia. His principal interests are in relationships between modernization and ideology. His major research field is Korean Peninsula. He was awarded the Special Prize of the 13th Asian and Pacific Prize by the Asia Society and Mainichi Shimbun newspaper in 2001 for Chosen/Kankoku Nashonarizumu to 'Shokoku-Ishiki (Korean Nationalism as a Small Nation), the 25th Suntory Academic Prize by the Suntory Foundation in 2003 for Kankoku ni okeru 'Kenishugiteki' Taisei no Seiritsu (Authoritarianization in South Korea), and The Yomiuri Yoshino Sakuzo Prize by Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper and the Chuokoron Shinsha publishing house in 2015 for Nikkan Rekishininshiki Mondai towa Nanika (What the Historical Dispute between Japan and South Korea is). Books

2000 : Chosen/Kankoku Nashonarizumu to 'Shokoku-Ishiki (Korean Nationalism as a Small Nation) Kyoto: Minerva Shobo, in Japanese, won the 13th Asian and Pacific Prize. 2003 : Kankoku ni okeru 'Kenishugiteki' Taisei no Seiritsu (Authoritarianization in South Korea).Kyoto: Minerva Shobo, in Japanese, won the 25th Suntory Academic Prize. 2004 : Chosen Hanto wo Domiruka (Understanding Korean Peninsula). Tokyo: Shueisya, in Japanese. 2006 : Minshuka to Nashonarizumu no Genchiten (Democratization and Nationalism in the Changing World). co-ed with Yoshifumi Tamada, Kyoto: Minerva Shobo, in Japanese. 2007 : Posuto Kanryu no Media Shakaigaku (Social Studies on Post-Hallyu Trends in Japan and South Korea), co-ed with Saeko Ishita, Chie Yamanaka, Kyoto: Minerva Shobo, in Japanese. 2007 : Koso, Binhi (King Kojong and Queen Min: The Story of The Royal Family of the Chosun Dynasty from 1863 to 1919), Kyoto: Minerva Shobo, in Japanese.2007 : Joseon/Hangug Naesyeoneorijeom gwa Sogug-euisig (Korean Nationalism as a Small Nation, Korean Version), translated by Kim Saedog, Seoul: Sancheoreom, in Korean. 2008 : Minshuka no Kankoku Seiji: Paku Chonhi to Yato Seijika Tachi (Precondition of Korean Democratization: Park Chung-Hee and the Opposition Leaders from 1961 to 1979), Nagoya: Nagoyadaigaku Shuppankai, in Japanese. 2008 : Kankoku Gendaishi: Daitoryo Tachi no Eiko to Satetsu (History of South Korea: Rise and Fall of the Presidents), Tokyo: Chuokoronshinsha, in Japanese. 2009 : Kindai Kankoku no Nashonarizumu (Modern Nationalism of Korea), Kyoto: Nakanishuya Shuppan, in Japanese. 2009 : Popyurizumu Minshushugi Seijishido (Populism, Democracy and Political Leadership), co-ed with Yukinori Shimada, Kyoto: Minerva Shobo, in Japanese. 2012 : Tettei Kensho Kankokuron no Tsusetsu Zokusetsu (Criticizing Popular Believes on Korea in Japan), co-ed with Yuki Asaba and Daisuke Sato, Tokyo: Chuonkoronshisha, in Japanese. 2014 : Nikkan Rekishininshiki Mondai towa Nanika (What the Historical Dispute between Japan and South Korea is), Kyoto: Minerva Shobo, in Japanese.2019 :The Burden of the Past: Problems of Historical Perception in Japan-Korea Relations, University of Michigan Press, 2019. Major Articles in English

2004 : 'A Dangerous Current in Roh's South Korea'. Japan Echo, August 2004, pp. 44–48. 2005 : 'Historical Perceptions and South Korea's Changing Identity'. Japan Echo, October 2005, pp. 11–15.2006 : 'Why Did the Chosun Dynasty Fail to Modernize? : "Modernization from above" in Korea'. Political Science in Asia Vol.2 No.1, Winter 2006, pp. 115–134
2007 : 'Nationalistic Populism in Democratic Countries of East Asia'. Journal of Korean Politics Vol.16 No.2, October 2007, pp. 277–299
2009 : 'A Populist with Obsolete Ideas: The Failure of Roo Moo-Hyun', Kosuke Mizuno and Pasuk Phongpaichit ed., Populism in Asia , NUS Press, 2009, pp. 167–180
2010 : ‘How can we cope with historical disputes?The Japanese and South Korean experience', Marie Söderberg ed., Changing Power Relations in Northeast Asia '', Rutledge, 2010, pp.19-31
2011 : 'Why Are the Issues of “Historical Perceptions” between Japan and South Korea Persisting?’, "Journal of International Cooperation Studies" Vol.16, No.2, July 2011, pp. 1–28
2012 : 'Discovery of Disputes: Collective Memories on Textbooks and Japanese–South Korean Relations', "Journal of Korean Studies" Vol.17, No.1, Spring 2012, pp. 97–124
2013 : 'On Migration from Japan to Korea', Younghee Cho ed. "Emigration Trends and Policies of Major Sending Countries to Korea", IOM MRTC Special Issues in Migration Series. No. 4. IOM Migration Research and Training Centre.Goyang-si. Republic of Korea., pp. 183–210. 2014 : 'Democracy and diversionary incentives in Japan–South Korea disputes',  co-au with Koji Kagotani and Jeffry Weber, "International Relations of Pacific-AsiaJ" Vol.13, No.2, 2014, pp. 33–58. 2014 : 'Northeast Asian Trilateral Cooperation in the Globalizing World: How to Re-establish the Mutual Importance',  "Journal of International Cooperation Studies" Vol.21, No.2-3, Jan.2014, pp. 41–61.Education

1990 : LL.B. Faculty of Law, Kyoto University
1992 : LL.M. Graduate School of Law, Kyoto University
2001 : LL.D. Graduate School of Law, Kyoto University

Professional Experience

1993 : Research Associate at Ehime University (till 1994)
1994 : Lecturer at Ehime University (till 1997)
1996 : Research Fellow at Korea Foundation (till 1997)
1997 : Associate Professor at Kobe University (till 2005)
1998 : Visiting Scholar at Harvard University (till 1999)
2001 : Visiting Scholar at Korea University
2005 : Professor at Kobe University (till now)
2006 : Visiting Scholar at Sejong Institute
2008 : Visiting Fellow at Australian National University
2010 : Visiting Scholar at University of Washington (till 2011)
2012 : President of the Pan-Pacific Forum (NPO) (till now)
2014 : Executive Chief Researcher of Asia Pacific Institute of Research (till 2021)
2014 : Visiting Professor at Korea University

See also
Korean studies
Political Studies
List of political scientists

References

External links
  (in Japanese)
Official Home Page by Prof. <mask> <mask>
Official Page at the Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, at Kobe University
Official Page at the Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies of Syllabus of <mask> <mask>'s Lecture at Kobe University
Why Did the Chosun Dynasty Fail to Modernize? : Another experience of “Modernization from Above” in Korea (Author Version), in Kobe University Repository
"Relationship of Neighboring Countries Within Globalization: Focus on Japan-Korea Relations" (Summary of a lecture at Kokushikan University)
The Politics of History: the Case of Japan and Korea, lecture at The Stanford Korean Studies Program (KSP)

1966 births
Living people
Japanese political scientists
Japanese historians
Harvard University staff
People from Higashiōsaka
Kyoto University alumni
Kobe University faculty

masks:
Career Kimura
Kan
Kimura
Kan
Kimura


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<mask> (7 December 1863 – 2 August 1945) was an Italian composer primarily known for his operas. His 1890 masterpiece Cavalleria rusticana caused one of the greatest sensations in opera history and single-handedly ushered in the Verismo movement in Italian dramatic music. While it was often held that <mask>, like Ruggiero Leoncavallo, was a "one-opera man" who could never repeat his first success, L'amico Fritz and Iris have remained in the repertoire in Europe (especially Italy) since their premieres. <mask> wrote fifteen operas, an operetta, several orchestral and vocal works, and also songs and piano music. He enjoyed immense success during his lifetime, both as a composer and conductor of his own and other people's music and created a variety of styles in his operas. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born on 7 December 1863 in Livorno, Tuscany, the second son of Domenico and <mask>. His father owned and operated a bakery.Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti ("Nanni") was born the same year in the same city and became <mask>'s lifelong friend and collaborator. In 1876, at the age of 13, <mask> began musical studies with Alfredo Soffredini, who founded the Instituto Musicale di Livorno (later called Istituto Cherubini). Soffredini had just completed his musical studies in Milan. Also a native of Livorno, Soffredini was a composer, teacher and musical critic. <mask> started composing rapidly: between 1879 and 1880, he wrote several works: Sinfonia in do minore, Prima sinfonia in fa maggiore, Elegia, Kyrie, Gloria and Ave Maria. Musical career: 1880–1889
The premiere of <mask>'s first cantata, In Filanda, took place at the Istituto Cherubini on 9 February 1881. Performed at a musical contest in Milan, the cantata won the first prize.In the same year <mask> met the musicians Arrigo Boito and Amilcare Ponchielli in Milan. In 1882, he composed his Cantata alla gioia from a text by Friedrich Schiller, followed by La stella di Garibaldi for voice and piano, and La tua stella. On 6 May <mask> left Livorno for Milan. He passed the admission examination of the Milan Conservatory on 12 October. In Milan, <mask> met the noted composer Giacomo Puccini. On 9 January 1883, <mask>'s sister, Maria, died. The cantata In Filanda became Pinotta, and was proposed for the musical contest of the Conservatorio, but as his registration was late, it was not accepted.In 1884, he composed Ballata for tenor and piano; M'ama non m'ama, scherzo for soprano and piano; Messagio d'amore, and Alla luna. In 1885, <mask> composed Il Re a Napoli in Cremona, a romance for tenor and orchestra, on a text by Andrea Maffei. He left Milan without completing his studies. That year, he began touring as a conductor in the operetta companies of Vittorio Forlì, Alfonso and Ciro Scognamiglio, and, in Genoa, the company of Luigi Arnaldo Vassallo. <mask> met the impresario Luigi Maresca in 1886 and started working with him. That December, <mask> arrived in Cerignola with Maresca's company. He was accompanied by Argenide Marcellina Carbognani (Lina), his future wife.Helped by the mayor Giuseppe Cannone, <mask> soon left the company of Maresca, though not without problems. He was appointed as the master of music and singing of the new philharmonia of Cerignola. His reputation grew. He also gave piano lessons. In February 1888, he began work on the Messa di Gloria. In July, Casa Sonzogno announced in the Teatro Illustrato its second competition for a one-act opera. The following year, <mask> completed his composition of Cavalleria rusticana on 27 May and sent the manuscript to Milan.<mask> married Lina Carbognani on 3 February 1889. The next day their first son, <mask> ("Mimì"), was born. Their son Dino was born on 3 January 1891. A daughter, Emi, was born in 1892. 1890–1899

On 21 February 1890, <mask> was summoned to Rome to present his opera. The première of Cavalleria rusticana, winner of the Sonzogno contest, was held 17 May at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome. It had outstanding success, and the opera was soon performed in both the north and south of Italy: Florence, Turin, Bologna, Palermo, Milan, Genoa, Naples, Venice and Trieste.In December, Gustav Mahler conducted the opera in Budapest. Soon thereafter, the cities of Munich, Hamburg, St. Petersburg, Dresden and Buenos Aires welcomed the opera. In March 1891, it was sung in Vienna. At age 26, <mask> had become internationally famous. <mask> premiered his L'amico Fritz, his second most successful opera, on 31 October 1891 at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome. I Rantzau was premiered on 10 November at the Teatro La Pergola, in Florence, under his personal direction. The composer next completed Silvano  (1894).On 16 February 1895 he premiered  Guglielmo Ratcliff at the Teatro alla Scala of Milan. On 15 March Silvano was premiered at the same theatre. That year, <mask> accepted the directorship of the Liceo Rossini in Pesaro and moved his family there. On 2 March 1896, <mask> conducted the première of Zanetto at the Liceo. He continued his composing and directing. On 29 June 1898 in Recanati, <mask> conducted the première of a symphonic poem, A Giacomo Leopardi. <mask> began a collaboration with Luigi Illica, a librettist.Their first work, Iris, was premiered on 22 November at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome. <mask>'s father died in May 1899. 1900–1909

In 1900, <mask> toured Moscow and St. Petersburg and, on 17 January 1901, Le maschere was premiered in six Italian theaters. Giuseppe Verdi died on 27 January and the following month <mask> commemorated Verdi's passing. That same year, he conducted Verdi's Requiem in Vienna. <mask> composed the incidental music for Hall Caine's play, The Eternal City in August 1902; the première of the play with <mask>'s music took place in London on 2 October. In 1902 and 1903, he toured in Canada and in the United States, (in particular Montreal, New York City, Philadelphia, Boston and San Francisco), where he conducted many of his and other composers' works.The tour was mostly a fiasco, except for the visit to San Francisco where <mask> was extremely well received. In 1903, <mask> left Pesaro after problems with the authorities. He became director of the Scuola Musicale Romana, in Rome. In the same year he signed a contract with the French editor Paul de Choudens. Amica, based on a poem by Choudens with French libretto by Paul Collin, was premiered on 16 March 1905, in Monte-Carlo. That year, he had disputes with Ruggiero Leoncavallo and Giacomo Puccini. He also had the Livornese première of Le maschere.<mask> was director of the Costanzi for the season beginning in August 1909. 1910–1919

On 4 April 1910, <mask> began a relationship with Anna Lolli. In October he was reconciled with Puccini. <mask> ceased his activity as director of the Scuola Musicale Romana in 1911. That May he left for Buenos Aires, beginning a seven-month tour in South America. The première of Isabeau took place in Buenos Aires on 2 June. The Italian première of Isabeau was held simultaneously at La Scala in Milan (conductor Tullio Serafin) and at La Fenice in Venice (conductor <mask>) in 1912.On 28 March, he began to work on Parisina in Bellevue, near Paris, sometimes with his daughter Emi, his mistress Anna Lolli, and the librettist Gabriele d'Annunzio. Parisina was premiered in Milan on 15 December of that year. Almost all the important Italian composers of the time were present, among them Puccini, Umberto Giordano and Riccardo Zandonai. The new work was premiered in Livorno and Rome in 1914. On 28 July occurred the events that shortly led to World War I: Puccini and <mask> were against the involvement of Italy in this war, in which <mask>'s son Dino was later made a prisoner. In 1915 <mask> wrote music for Nino Oxilia's movie Rapsodia Satanica; the custom was for silent films to be accompanied live in a theater by organ, piano, or an orchestra, often using a prepared score (sometimes with original music) with cues for the conductor or musician. <mask> had a quarrel regarding the rights of Louise de la Ramée's Two Little Wooden Shoes (I due Zoccoletti), that inspired both Puccini and <mask>.The subject was retained by <mask> for Lodoletta. The latter opera was premiered on 30 April 1917 in Rome. The Livornese première of the opera was on 28 July with Beniamino Gigli as Flammen. Sì, <mask>'s operetta, which he had been manoeuvred into writing by the impresario Carlo Lombardo, was premiered on 13 December in Rome. 1920–1939
In 1920 <mask> composed Il piccolo Marat, which was premiered in Rome on 2 May 1921, following by a premiere in Buenos Aires in September. The composer returned to South America for a tour beginning in May 1922. In 1923, he composed Visione Lirica.He moved to the Grand Hotel Plaza in Rome in 1927, a place he would not leave until his death. In 1930, <mask> conducted La bohème in Torre del Lago, as a homage to Puccini, who had died in 1924. In 1931, Le maschere was performed at La Scala. Pinotta was premiered in San Remo on 23 March 1932. He joined the PNF (Fascist party), following the example of many contemporary musicians, including Giordano. Nerone was premièred in Milan on 16 January 1935, followed by the première in Livorno on 24 August. In June 1936, <mask>'s son Dino died in Somalia.Last years

In 1940, celebrations for the fiftieth anniversary of his most popular opera, Cavalleria rusticana, took place all over Italy, often with <mask> conducting. The opera was recorded for La Voce del padrone ("His Master's Voice") at La Scala under the direction of <mask>, who recorded a special spoken introduction. EMI later reissued the recording on LP and CD. In 1942, after an audience with Pope Pius XII, newspapers quoted <mask>, a Roman Catholic, as saying that his tuberculosis-stricken niece was cured after receiving a rosary and silver medal blessed by the pope. In April 1943, <mask> appeared for the last time at La Scala to conduct L'amico Fritz. By that time he had to conduct sitting on a chair. The last season of <mask> at the Rome Opera (Cavalleria rusticana and L'amico Fritz) was 1944–45.<mask> died on 2 August 1945 in his apartment at the Grand Hotel Plaza in Rome. The funeral ceremony was on 4 August. The Italian authorities were not present. In 1951, his body was transferred from Rome to Livorno, where <mask> finally received an official homage. On 7 December 1963, the centenary of <mask>'s birth, a plaque was erected in Rome on the Albergo del Sole where <mask> stayed during the premiere of Cavalleria rusticana. The following is an incomplete list of such projects, which never saw the light of day:

 Zilia, probably on a libretto by Felice Romani (c. 1877)
 Scampolo, probably on a libretto by Dario Niccodemi (c. 1921)
 I Bianchi ed i Neri, on a libretto by Mario Ghisalberti (c. 1938)

In other media

The sound track of the 1980 film Raging Bull uses the Intermezzo from Cavalleria rusticana, the Barcarolle from Silvano, and the Intermezzo from Guglielmo Ratcliff (known as Il sogno di Ratcliff). The 1990 film The Godfather Part III used a production of Cavalleria rusticana at the Teatro Massimo in Palermo as the setting for its climax, with Michael Corleone's son Anthony as Turiddu.The movie ends with the Intermezzo playing. The 1996 anime series Samurai X used Intermezzo from Cavalleria rusticana as the theme for Kenshin's departure and farewell to Kaoru on the episode 31. In 2001 Andrea Bocelli recorded a song entitled "Mascagni" on his Cieli di Toscana album that had an excerpt from "Cavalleria rusticana" incorporated into the music. See also
 List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s – 6 September 1926

Notes

References

Further sources

External links

Official Italian web site about <mask>gni
English web site about <mask>gni
Mascagni cylinder recordings, from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library. 1863 births
1945 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Italian male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian male musicians
Grand Officers of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian opera composers
Italian Roman Catholics
Italian Romantic composers
Male opera composers
Members of the Royal Academy of Italy
Milan Conservatory alumni
People from Livorno
Pupils of Amilcare Ponchielli
Commanders of the Order of the White Lion

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<mask>ung (; born March 2, 1971) is a South Korean actress. She debuted in the entertainment industry as a Miss Korea runner-up in 1989 and went on to star in Sandglass (1995), one of the highest-rated and critically acclaimed dramas in Korean television history. She retired after marrying chaebol Chung Yong-jin in 1995, then returned to acting after their divorce in 2003. <mask> has since regained her top star status in Korea, becoming the highest-paid actress on TV after the success of her series Queen Seondeok (2009) and Daemul (2010). Life and career

Early career and retirement
<mask>ung graduated from Dongguk University with a degree in Performing Arts. She was a runner-up in the Miss Korea pageant in 1989, which launched her acting career. Her big break came in the 1995 SBS drama Sandglass.The drama dealt with modern Korean history from 1970 to the 1990s and was one of the highest rated dramas in Korean television history, with average ratings of 50.8% and a peak of 64.5%. People would rush home just to see a new episode, saying “it's time to go home,” which meant they had to go home to watch Sandglass. However, following her marriage, <mask> announced her retirement from the industry. Television comeback and films
She staged a comeback in the 2005 melodrama Spring Day, which she followed up with May–December romantic comedy What's Up Fox? and police procedural H.I.T. Not content with her small screen success, <mask> began her late-blooming movie career by going against her image and taking pay cuts to star in non-mainstream films. She was part of the ensemble cast in arthouse films Woman on the Beach and Like You Know It All by auteur Hong Sang-soo.She then starred in Actresses, a semi-improvisational movie featuring six actresses each playing themselves. Director E J-yong, who was first inspired to make the film after going out for a drink with actresses Youn Yuh-jung and <mask> in 2007, said he focused on conveying the "reality" of the actresses' lives. Career resurgence
<mask> regained her reputation as Korea's top actress in 2009 after playing femme fatale  royal concubine Lady Mishil in the hit historical drama Queen Seondeok. She was not the titular lead character, but her interpretation of the power-hungry main rival to the queen was impressive enough to make viewers remember the show as Mishil's story. The drama reached ratings of over 40 percent and won her the highest award at the MBC Drama Awards and Baeksang Arts Awards. <mask> was named Gallup Korea's Television Actor of the Year for two consecutive years (2009–10). That same year, <mask> surprised fans not only by appearing on a TV entertainment show (popular talk show Golden Fishery hosted by comedian Kang Ho-dong) for the first time in 15 years, but also by very frankly addressing rumors surrounding her shrouded personal life.Once notorious for declining to appear on entertainment programs other than dramas or films, she maintained a mysterious image for a long time. Her new easy-going, and down-to-earth attitude seemingly reflected a philosophical view of the many ups and downs in life. In interviews with print and online magazines, <mask> has even expressed her feelings towards her ex-husband and children. Twenty-one years after making her acting debut, <mask> held her very first fanmeeting on June 13, 2010—she held a press conference beforehand, sang songs for the 500 fans present, answered questions, and prepared video clips. Though plagued with production issues prior to airing, <mask> returned to television ten months later in Daemul, which means "big shot" or "big thing" in Korean. In the drama, <mask> plays Seo Hye-rim, an anchorwoman who enters politics after the death of her war correspondent husband and becomes the nation's first female president. The 24-episode series revolves around an ordinary woman in extraordinary circumstances: how and why she became head of state and also the complicated schemes and plots surrounding her, her presidency, allies, and enemies.Besides its star-studded cast (<mask> starred opposite Korean Wave star Kwon Sang-woo), the show's ratings was helped by its controversial plot, which included events from Korea's recent past such as a presidential impeachment and the sinking of a Navy warship, and it topped its time slot for 11 consecutive weeks. <mask> repeated her feat by winning the top prize at the 2010 SBS Drama Awards. According to industry sources, <mask> was reportedly paid  () per episode, setting a new salary record for a Korean actress. <mask> also narrated the SBS documentary The Last Tundra - Movie Edition (also known as The Final Tundra - Cinema Edition) which offered a rare glimpse into the life of the Nenets, the last reindeer herding nomads living in the Siberian tundra. 2012's Miss Go (international title: Miss Conspirator) was her first commercial film, and the first film she headlined. The action comedy is about a nerdy, reclusive cartoonist with a severe case of sociophobia who somehow gets mixed up in a drug deal involving one of the biggest organized crime groups in Korea, and is forced to deal with her phobia and interact with others as she runs from the police. <mask> returned to television in 2013 with The Queen's Classroom, a remake of the 2005 Japanese drama Jyoou no Kyoushitsu.The story depicts the struggle between a ferocious and ruthless elementary school teacher and her class. In 2016, <mask> starred in the family melodrama Dear My Friends, playing a freelance translator, a complex and sometimes abrasive character, who observes the lives of the old people surrounding her. In 2017, <mask> announced her return to the big screen with A Winter Guest Scarier than a Tiger, by acclaimed indie filmmaker Lee Kwang-kuk. In 2018, <mask> starred in the legal thriller drama Return. The drama revolves around a murder case that involves powerful members of an elite class, with <mask> playing the role of a rags-to-riches lawyer with secrets. However halfway through the series, it was announced that she dropped out due to irreconcilable differences with the PD. In early 2019, <mask> starred in the second season of My Lawyer, Mr. Jo, alongside Park Shin-yang.In 2021, more than two years after her last project, <mask> returned to the small-screen with Reflection of You, a JTBC melodrama based on a novel by Jung So-hyeon. Other activities
In 2010, after her contract ended with De Chocolate E&TF, she set up her own talent agency with her brother, <mask>ung-cheol, as CEO, called IOK Company. In 2012, her Spring Day co-star and close friend, Jo In-sung, also signed on. She published a book on skincare titled <mask>-jung's Texture in 2011. The actress has always been admired for her youthful appearance, largely attributed to her healthy skin which had made fans wonder about her beauty secrets. The book, arranged in the format of a documentary, contains <mask>'s own philosophy on beauty classified under six themes—texture, color, light, line, formality, and scent—as well as her ideas on leading a sound and healthy lifestyle in general. The book is co-written by another writer who observed the actress's everyday life for six months, describing it in detail.The book became a bestseller, with all 30,000 copies of the first edition selling out in just two days of release. At the press event for her eponymously named talk show GO Show (which premiered on April 6, 2012), <mask> quipped, "I became an MC because I wanted to. I want to meet a lot of people and hear their stories. I have always wanted to do that and SBS gave me that opportunity." Given her reputation for saying what is on her mind (one that has won the actress many fans), concerns arose as to how her work as show host would affect the impressive image of flawless elegance and sophistication she has gained over the years. But <mask> harbored little anxiety over how her public image might change, saying, "I think I can afford to put a small dent in my image and have some fun." Co-hosted by singer-songwriter Yoon Jong-shin, and comedians Jung Hyung-don and Kim Young-chul, the talk show was cancelled after eight months on the air.In 2014, she began teaching acting at her alma mater Dongguk University, as an adjunct professor in the theater department. Back in 2006, she donated a  scholarship fund to the school. <mask> also launched her own fashion brand, atti.k, a label that sells clothes, shoes, and bags. In the following year, <mask> then launched her own cosmetics line, koY. In 2015, <mask> starred in her own reality show, which tracks her trip to Tokyo and films her preparation to launch a travel book. Personal life
In May 1995, at the peak of her career, <mask> married Chung Yong-jin, vice chairman and CEO of Shinsegae Group and grandson of Samsung founder Lee Byung-chul. The two first met in New York, purely by coincidence, when Chung had offered to help <mask> find her seat at the Winter Garden Theatre because her English was so bad.After the most talked-about wedding in Korea at the time, <mask> announced her retirement from acting to focus on her new role as a chaebol's wife. They had two children together, a boy (born in 1998) and a girl (born in 2000). After eight years of marriage, a messy divorce followed in November 2003, during which she lost complete custody of her children. Two years after the divorce, Shinsegae passed down a ruling stating that none of its department stores would be allowed to display any Go-related material, including any of her product endorsements. Filmography

Television series

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Film

Variety show

Discography

Book

Awards and nominations

Listicles

References

External links

<mask>-jung at IOK Company

Miss Korea delegates
South Korean film actresses
South Korean television actresses
Dongguk University alumni
Miss World 1990 delegates
Living people
1971 births
People from South Jeolla Province
South Korean Buddhists

masks:
Go Hyun j
Go
Go Hyun j
Go
Go
Go
Go
Go
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Go Hyun
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Go Hyun


texts:
<mask> MBE (born 28 June 1945) is a Scottish retired professional boxer from Edinburgh and the former undisputed world lightweight champion. Boxing career

Early career
Before turning pro, <mask> was the 1965 ABA featherweight champion. He started boxing professionally on 20 September 1965, beating Brian Tonks by a knockout in the second round in London. He spent much of the early parts of his career fighting undistinguished opponents in England. His Scottish debut came in his 17th fight, when he outpointed John McMillan over 10 rounds on 23 January 1967. Prior to that, he had also beaten Ivan Whiter by a decision in eight rounds. Lightweight challenger
<mask> extended his winning streak to 23 consecutive bouts before challenging Maurice Cullen on 19 February 1968 for the British lightweight title in London.He knocked Cullen out in the 11th round and became a world classified lightweight challenger. He continued his way up the world lightweight rankings by defeating Leonard Tavarez, Angel Robinson Garcia and Whiter (in a rematch) among others, but on 29 January 1970, he found his first stone on the boxing road when he challenged future WBC junior welterweight champion Miguel Velasquez in Madrid, for the European lightweight title. <mask> lost a 15-round decision to Velazquez, but nevertheless, he continued his ascent towards the number one spot in the rankings by beating Tavarez in a rematch, Chris Fernandez and Brian Hudson, the latter of whom was beaten by a knockout in five in a defence of the British lightweight title. World champion
In September of that year, <mask> travelled to Puerto Rico, where he would meet Ismael Laguna, the world lightweight champion from Panama, on 26 September 1970. Many experts believed San Juan's warm weather would affect <mask>, but he upset those who thought that way and beat Laguna by a 15-round decision to become world's lightweight champion. At that time, the WBA and the British Boxing Board of Control (BBBC), were in the middle of a feud, and <mask> was not allowed to defend the WBA title fight in Great Britain. He finished 1970 beating Donato Paduano by a 10-round decision in a non-title bout on 7 December 1970.<mask> defeated Rubén Navarro in Los Angeles on 12 February 1971, defended the WBA championship, and acquired the vacant WBC championship. And, he became the undisputed world lightweight champion. After that, <mask> was allowed to the world championship fight in Great Britain. <mask> defeated former world junior welterweight champion Carlos Morocho Hernández by knockout in round eight, in Wembley on 11 May 1971. Stripping of title
He was stripped of the WBC title for failing to defend against Pedro Carrasco on 25 June 1971. Despite this setback, he remained the WBA world lightweight champion. Then, he flew to New York to meet Laguna again, this time defending his world title.<mask> retained the title with another decision over Laguna on 13 September 1971. His next fights were a couple of non-title affairs, one in London and one in South Africa. The South African fight against Andries Steyn in Johannesburg was a mismatch with his opponent's corner throwing in the towel in the third round on 29 April 1972. His next defence came on 26 June 1972, against Panama's greatest, the then undefeated Roberto Durán at the Madison Square Garden (MSG) in New York, in a bout which had a highly controversial ending. Durán was ahead on all three cards at the end of the 13th round, when both fighters exchanged punches after the bell. <mask> went down, writhing in pain from a low blow, that <mask>'s trainer, Gil Clancy, said was caused by a knee to the groin. Referee Johnny LoBianco awarded the fight to Durán, insisting that the blow that took down <mask> was "in the abdomen, not any lower" and that he felt that <mask> would be unable to continue fighting.The New York Times columnist Red Smith wrote that LoBianco had to award the victory to Durán, even if the punch was a low blow, as "anything short of pulling a knife is regarded indulgently" in American boxing. Durán's refusal to honour the contract to face <mask>
In his next fight, <mask> beat former three-time world champion Carlos Ortiz by a knockout in six, also at Madison Square Garden on 20 September 1972. <mask> finished 1972 with a win over Chang Kil Lee on 4 December 1972. On 28 June 1972, Roberto Durán signed to defend it against <mask> on 20 October 1972. However, Durán broke that agreement when the Panamanian Government insisted he make his first defence in Panama. He did, knocking out Jimmy Robertson on 20 January 1973. Durán also had signed a second contract with the MSG on 25 October 1972, to defend against <mask> on or before 30 June 1973.Once again Durán broke the agreement, and subsequently had his licence suspended by the New York State Athletic Commission on 4 April 1973. The commission also warned Durán that his title recognition would be withdrawn. The New York State Athletic Commission had been attempting for two years (1972–1974) to get Durán to honour an agreement to fight <mask>. But Durán refused to honour the contract. Later career
In 1973, <mask> started out by beating future world lightweight champion Jim Watt by a decision after 15 rounds, to regain the British lightweight title. Soon, he embarked on another international tour that included more fights in the United States, several fights in Denmark, and one fight in Canada. He won each of those fights, leading towards a challenge of European lightweight champion Antonio Puddu in Italy, and <mask> added the European lightweight championship belt to his shelf by defeating Puddu by a decision in 15 rounds.He retained the title by beating Tavarez for the third time, this time by a knockout in 14 at Paris, and then he travelled to Japan to fight for the world title again. This time, however, he was defeated by a decision in 15 rounds by the WBC's world champion, Guts Ishimatsu. <mask> re-grouped once again, and won in a defence of the European lightweight title against Giancarlo Usai by a knockout in 12. But he retired from 1976 to 1978, leaving the European lightweight title vacant. When he returned to professional boxing in 1978, he won two straight bouts, but everything else started going backwards for him. Challenging Charlie Nash in Copenhagen, he lost by a decision in twelve. In 1980, he won two bouts in a row, but after that, he lost five bouts in a row, finally retiring for good after losing to George Feeney by a decision in eight on 25 January 1982.In 2000, he was elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame. In 2002 he was inducted into the Scottish Sport Hall of Fame. Professional boxing record

See also
 Lineal championship
 List of WBA world champions
 List of WBC world champions
 List of lightweight boxing champions
 List of The Ring world champions
 List of undisputed boxing champions

References

External links
 <mask> – A Look Back At a True Great - The Story of <mask>s Rise To Fame, ringnews24.com; accessed 20 August 2017. <mask> interview, stv.tv, 18 June 2007; accessed 20 August 2017. |-

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1945 births
Living people
Lightweight boxers
Boxers from Edinburgh
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Scottish male boxers
World Boxing Association champions
World Boxing Council champions
The Ring (magazine) champions
World lightweight boxing champions
World boxing champions
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Portobello High School

masks:
Ken Buchanan
Buchanan
Buchanan
Buchanan
Buchanan
Buchanan
Buchanan
Buchanan
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Ken Buchanan
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<mask> (born 1971) is an American author. He has co-edited and written a number of books, including Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility (2007), An Ecomodernist Manifesto (2015), and Apocalypse Never: Why Environmental Alarmism Hurts Us All (2020). A former public relations professional, Shellenberger's writing has focused on the intersection of climate change, nuclear energy, and politics. A self-described ecomodernist, he argues for an embrace of modernization, and technological development usually through a combination of nuclear power and urbanization. A controversial and polarizing figure, Shellenberger sharply disagrees with other environmentalists over the impacts of environmental threats and policies for addressing them. Shellenberger's positions have been called "bad science" and "inaccurate" by environmental scientists and academics. Education and career
Shellenberger graduated from the Peace and Global Studies program at Earlham College in 1993.After graduating from Earlham, Shellenberger moved to San Francisco to work with Global Exchange. He then founded a number of public relations firms, including "Communication Works," "Lumina Strategies," and "American Environics" with future collaborator Ted Nordhaus. Shellenberger co-founded the Breakthrough Institute with Nordhaus in 2003. While at Breakthrough, Shellenberger wrote a number of articles with subjects ranging from positive treatment of nuclear energy and shale gas, to critiques of the planetary boundaries hypothesis. In February 2016 <mask> left Breakthrough and founded Environmental Progress, which is behind several public campaigns to keep nuclear power plants in operation. Shellenberger has also been called by conservative lawmakers to testify before congress about climate change and in favor of nuclear energy. Shellenberger was a Democratic candidate in the 2018 California gubernatorial election.In a field of 27 candidates, he finished ninth, with 31,692 votes (the winner was Gavin Newsom with 2,343,792 votes). In the 2021 California gubernatorial recall election, he backed recalling Newsom and endorsed former Mayor of San Diego Kevin Faulconer. Writing and reception

"The Death of Environmentalism: Global Warming in a Post-Environmental World"
In 2004 Nordhaus and Shellenberger co-authored "The Death of Environmentalism: Global Warming Politics in a Post-Environmental World." The paper argued that environmentalism is incapable of dealing with climate change and should "die" so that a new politics can be born. Former Sierra Club Executive Director Carl Pope called the essay "unclear, unfair and divisive." He said it contained multiple factual errors and misinterpretations. However, former Sierra Club President Adam Werbach praised the authors' arguments.Former Greenpeace Executive Director John Passacantando said in 2005, referring to both Shellenberger and his coauthor Ted Nordhaus, "These guys laid out some fascinating data, but they put it in this over-the-top language and did it in this in-your-face way." Michel Gelobter and other environmental experts and academics wrote The Soul of Environmentalism: Rediscovering transformational politics in the 21st century in response, criticizing "Death" for demanding increased technological innovation rather than addressing the systemic concerns of people of color. Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility
In 2007 <mask> and Nordhaus published Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility. The book is an argument for what its authors describe as a positive, "post-environmental" politics that abandons the environmentalist focus on nature protection for a new focus on technological innovation to create a new economy. They were named Time magazine Heroes of the Environment (2008) after writing the book, and received the 2008 Green Book Award from the science journalist John Horgan. The Wall Street Journal wrote that, "If heeded, Nordhaus and Shellenberger's call for an optimistic outlook -- embracing economic dynamism and creative potential -- will surely do more for the environment than any U.N. report or Nobel Prize." However, academics Julie Sze and <mask> argued that Break Through continued the trend Gelobter pointed out related the authors' commitment to technological innovation and capital accumulation instead of focusing on systemic inequalities that create environmental injustices.Specifically Sze and Ziser argue that Nordhaus and Shellenberger's "evident relish in their notoriety as the 'sexy' cosmopolitan 'bad boys' of environmentalism (their own words) introduces some doubt about their sincerity and reliability." The authors asserted that Shellenberger's work fails "to incorporate the aims of environmental justice while actively trading on suspect political tropes," such as blaming China and other Nations as large-scale polluters so that the United States may begin and continue Nationalistic technology-based research-and-development environmentalism, while continuing to emit more greenhouse gases than most other nations. In turn, Shellenberger and Nordhaus seek to move away from proven Environmental Justice tactics, "calling for a moratorium" on "community organizing." Such technology-based "approaches like those of Nordhaus and Shellenberger miss entirely" the "structural environmental injustice" that natural disasters like Hurricane Katrina make visible. Ultimately, "Shellenberger believes that community-based environmental justice poses a threat to the smooth operation of a highly capitalized, global-scale Environmentalism." An Ecomodernist Manifesto
In April 2015, Shellenberger joined a group of scholars in issuing An Ecomodernist Manifesto. It proposed dropping the goal of “sustainable development” and replacing it with a strategy to shrink humanity’s footprint by using natural resources more intensively through technological innovation.The authors argue that economic development is necessary to preserve the environment. An Ecomodernist Manifesto was met with critiques similar to Gelobter's evaluation of "Death" and Sze and Ziser's analysis of Break Through. Environmental historian Jeremy Caradonna and environmental economist Richard B. Norgaard led a group of environmental scholars in a critique, arguing that Ecomodernism "violates everything we know about ecosystems, energy, population, and natural resources," and "Far from being an ecological statement of principles, the Manifesto merely rehashes the naïve belief that technology will save us and that human ingenuity can never fail." Further, "The Manifesto suffers from factual errors and misleading statements." Environmental and Art historian T.J. Demos agreed with Caradonna, and wrote in 2017 that the Manifesto "is really nothing more than a bad utopian fantasy," that functions to support oil and gas industry and as "an apology for nuclear energy." Demos continued that "What is additionally striking about the Ecomodernist document, beyond its factual weaknesses and ecological falsehoods, is that there is no mention of social justice or democratic politics," and "no acknowledgement of the fact that big technologies like nuclear reinforce centralized power, the military-industrial complex, and the inequalities of corporate globalization." Apocalypse Never: Why Environmental Alarmism Hurts Us All
In June 2020, Shellenberger published Apocalypse Never: Why Environmental Alarmism Hurts Us All, in which the author argues that climate change is not the existential threat it is portrayed to be in popular media and activism.Rather, he posits that technological innovation and capital accumulation, if allowed to continue and grow, will remedy environmental issues. According to Shellenberger, the book "explores how and why so many of us came to see important but manageable environmental problems as the end of the world, and why the people who are the most apocalyptic about environmental problems tend to oppose the best and most obvious solutions to solving them." Before publication the book received favourable reviews from the climate scientists Tom Wigley and Kerry Emanuel, and from environmentalists such as Steve McCormick and Erle Ellis, but reviews after publication were mixed. For example, Emanuel said that while he did not regret his original positive review, he wished that "the book did not carry with it its own excesses and harmful baggage.” In The Wall Street Journal, John Tierney wrote that "Shellenberger makes a persuasive case, lucidly blending research data and policy analysis with a history of the green movement", and favorable reviews were also published in the Financial Times and Die Welt. However, in reviewing Apocalypse Never for Yale Climate Connections, Environmental Scientist Peter Gleick argued that "bad science and bad arguments abound" in Apocalypse Never, writing that "What is new in here isn't right, and what is right isn't new." Shellenberger responded on his Environmental Progress foundation's website. In a review for the Los Angeles Review of Books environmental economist Sam Bliss said that while "the book itself is well written," Shellenberger "plays fast and loose with the facts" and "Troublingly, he seems more concerned with showing climate-denying conservatives clever new ways to own the libs than with convincing environmentalists of anything."Similarly, environmental and technological social scientists Taylor Dotson and <mask> have argued that as an "Environmental activist" and "ecomodernist," Shellenberger's writing in his books and on his foundation's website, "bombards readers with facts that are disconnected, out of context, poorly explained, and of questionable relevance," and ultimately, his "fanatic, scientistic discourse stands in the way of nuclear energy policy that is both intelligent and democratic." A 2020 Forbes article by Shellenberger, in which he promoted Apocalypse Never, was analyzed by seven academic reviewers and one editor from the Climate Feedback fact-checking project. The reviewers conclude that Shellenberger "mixes accurate and inaccurate claims in support of a misleading and overly simplistic argumentation about climate change." Zeke Hausfather, Director of Climate and Energy for The Breakthrough Institute, wrote Shellenberger "includes a mix of accurate, misleading, and patently false statements. While it is useful to push back against claims that climate change will lead to the end of the world or human extinction, to do so by inaccurately downplaying real climate risks is deeply problematic and counterproductive." San Fransicko: Why Progressives Ruin Cities
In 2021 Shellenberger published San Fransicko: Why Progressives Ruin Cities, a criticism of progressive social policies. Manhattan Institute fellow Charles Fain Lehman summarized Shellenberger's topic: "Many major municipalities are marred by violent crime, homelessness, uncontrolled mental illness, and general disorder.This all in spite of an ever-advancing cadre of progressive leaders, who promise their latest tax hike will finally target the 'root causes' of the breakdown." San Francisco journalist Benjamin Schneider described the book's thesis as "[P]rogressives have embraced 'victimology,' a belief system wherein society’s downtrodden are subject to no rules or consequences for their actions. This ideology, cultivated in cities like San Francisco for decades and widely adopted over the past two years, is the key to understanding, and thus solving, our crises of homelessness, drug overdoses and crime." Wes Enzinna, writing in The New York Times, charged that Shellenberger "does exactly what he accuses his left-wing enemies of doing: ignoring facts, best practices and complicated and heterodox approaches in favor of dogma.” Tim Stanley, writing in The Daily Telegraph, described it as "this revelatory, must-read book", but added "There is much in the argument for liberal readers to contest." See also
 Bright green environmentalism

References

External links
 Breakthrough Institute web site for Breakthrough Institute

 "Colbert Report: <mask>er" video interview with <mask>er
 Interview at Grist.org
 "Two Heretics Anger Their Brethren," Wired magazine

Interview at the Heartland Institute
Interview with Alex Epstein
Appearances on PragerU

1971 births
Living people
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
California Democrats
Candidates in the 2018 United States elections
Environmental skepticism
Radical centrist writers
American Mennonites
Mennonite writers

masks:
Michael Shellenberger
Shellenberger
Shellenberger
Michael Ziser
Michael Bouchey
Michael Shellenberg
Michael Shellenberg


texts:
<mask>i Kamakawiwoʻole (; meaning 'the fearless eye, the bold face'; May 20, 1959June 26, 1997), also called Bruddah or just simply IZ, was a Hawaiian musician, singer, songwriter and Hawaiian sovereignty activist. He achieved commercial success outside Hawaii when his album Facing Future was released in 1993. His medley of "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" was released on his albums Ka ʻAnoʻi and Facing Future, and was subsequently featured in several films, television programs, and television commercials. Along with his ukulele playing and incorporation of other genres, such as country, jazz and reggae, Kamakawiwoʻole remains influential in Hawaiian music, and is seen by many as the best Hawaiian musician of all time. He was named "The Voice of Hawaii" by NPR in 2010. Early life
Kamakawiwoʻole was born at Kuakini Medical Center in Honolulu to Henry "Hank" <mask>. and Evangeline "Angie" <mask>. His parents both worked at a popular Waikiki nightclub, his mother the manager, his father a bouncer; his father was also driver of a sanitation truck at the U.S. Navy shipyard at Pearl Harbor.The notable Hawaiian musician Moe Keale was his uncle and a major musical influence. Kamakawiwoʻole was raised in the community of Kaimuki, where his parents had met and married. He began playing music with his older brother Henry Kaleialoha Naniwa <mask> III ("Skippy") and cousin Allen Thornton at the age of 11, being exposed to the music of Hawaiian entertainers of the time such as Peter Moon, Palani Vaughn, and Don Ho, who frequented the establishment where Kamakawiwoʻole's parents worked. Hawaiian musician Del Beazley spoke of the first time he heard Kamakawiwoʻole perform, when, whilst playing for a graduation party, the whole room fell silent on hearing him sing. He remained in Hawaii as his brother Skippy entered the Army in 1971 and his cousin Allen moved to the mainland in 1976. In his early teens, he studied at Upward Bound (UB) of the University of Hawaii at Hilo and his family moved to Mākaha. There he met Louis Kauakahi, Sam Gray, and Jerome Koko.Together with Skippy, they formed the Makaha Sons of Niʻihau. A part of the Hawaiian Renaissance, the band's blend of contemporary and traditional styles gained in popularity as they toured Hawaii and the mainland United States, releasing fifteen successful albums. <mask>'s aim was to make music that stayed true to the typical sound of traditional Hawaiian music. His cousin, Bill Keale, is also a musician. Music career
The Makaha Sons of Niʻihau recorded No Kristo in 1976 and released several more albums, including Hoʻoluana, Kahea O Keale, Keala, Makaha Sons of Niʻihau and Mahalo Ke Akua. The group became Hawaii's most popular contemporary traditional group with breakout albums 1984's Puana Hou Me Ke Aloha and its follow-up, 1986's Hoʻola. <mask>'s last recorded album with the group was 1991's Hoʻoluana.It remains the group's top-selling CD. In 1982, Skippy died at age 28 of a heart attack related to obesity. Later the same year, Kamakawiwoʻole married his childhood sweetheart Marlene. Soon after, they had a daughter whom they named Ceslie-Ann "Wehi" Kamakawiwoʻole (born ). In 1990, <mask> released his first solo album Ka ʻAnoʻi, which won awards for Contemporary Album of the Year and Male Vocalist of the Year from the Hawaiʻi Academy of Recording Arts (HARA). Facing Future was released in 1993 by The Mountain Apple Company. It featured a version of his most popular song, the medley "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" (listed as "Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World"), along with "Hawaiʻi 78", "White Sandy Beach of Hawaiʻi", "Maui Hawaiian Sup'pa Man", and "Kaulana Kawaihae".The decision to include a cover of "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" was said to be a last-minute one by his producer Jon de Mello and Kamakawiwoʻole. Facing Future debuted at No.25 on Billboard magazine's Top Pop Catalogue chart. On October 26, 2005, Facing Future became Hawaiʻi's first certified platinum album, selling more than a million CDs in the United States, according to the Recording Industry Association of America. On July 21, 2006, BBC Radio 1 announced that "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World (True Dreams)" would be released as a single in America. In 1994, Kamakawiwoʻole was voted favorite entertainer of the year by the Hawaiʻi Academy of Recording Arts (HARA). E Ala E (1995) featured the political title song "ʻE Ala ʻE" and "Kaleohano", and N Dis Life (1996) featured "In This Life" and "Starting All Over Again". In 1997, Kamakawiwoʻole was again honored by HARA at the Annual Nā Hōkū Hanohano awards for Male Vocalist of the Year, Favorite Entertainer of the Year, Album of the Year, and Island Contemporary Album of the Year.He watched the awards ceremony from a hospital room. Alone in Iz World (2001) debuted at No.1 on Billboard World Chart and No.135 on Billboard Top200, No.13 on the Top Independent Albums Chart, and No.15 on the Top Internet Album Sales charts. Kamakawiwoʻole's Facing Future has become the best-selling Hawaiian album of all time. Support of Hawaiian rights
<mask> was known for promoting Hawaiian rights and Hawaiian independence, both through his lyrics, which often stated the case for independence directly and through his own actions. For example, the lyric in his song "Hawaiʻi '78": "The life of this land is the life of the people/and that to care for the land (malama ʻāina) is to care for the Hawaiian culture", is a statement that many consider summarizing his Hawaiian ideals. The state motto of Hawaiʻi is a recurring line in the song and encompasses the meaning of his message: "Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono" (proclaimed by King Kamehameha III when Hawaiʻi regained sovereignty in 1843. It can be roughly translated as: "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness").<mask> used his music to promote awareness of his belief that a second-class status had been pushed onto fellow natives by the tourist industry. Later life
In the 1990s, <mask> became a born again Christian. In 1996, he was baptized at the Word of Life Christian Center in Honolulu and spoke publicly about his beliefs at the Na Hoku Hanohano Awards. He also recorded the song "Ke Alo O Iesu" (). Death
<mask> suffered from obesity throughout his life, at one point weighing  while standing  tall, representing a body mass index of 97.2. He endured several hospitalizations because of his weight. With chronic medical problems including respiratory and cardiac issues, he died at the age of 38 in the Queen's Medical Center at 12:18am on June 26, 1997, from respiratory failure.On July 10, 1997, the Hawaiian flag flew at half-staff for <mask>'s funeral. His koa wood casket lay at the state capitol building in Honolulu, making him the third person (and the only non-government official) to be so honored. Approximately 10,000 people attended his funeral. Thousands of fans gathered as his ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean at Mākua Beach on July 12, 1997. According to witnesses, many people commemorated him by honking their car and truck horns on all Hawaiian highways that day. Scenes from the funeral and scattering of <mask>'s ashes were featured in official music videos of "Over the Rainbow", released posthumously by Mountain Apple Company. , the two videos, as featured on YouTube, have collectively received over 1.305 billion views.On September 20, 2003, hundreds paid tribute to Kamakawiwoʻole as a bronze bust of him was unveiled at the Waianae Neighborhood Community Center on Oʻahu. His widow, Marlene Kamakawiwoʻole, and sculptor Jan-Michelle Sawyer were present for the dedication ceremony. Legacy
On December 6, 2010, NPR named Kamakawiwoʻole as "The Voice of Hawaii" in its 50 great voices series. On March 24, 2011, Kamakawiwoʻole was honored with the German national music award Echo. The music managers Wolfgang Boss and Jon de Mello accepted the trophy in his stead. A 2014 Pixar short film, Lava, features two volcanoes as the main characters. <mask>'s cover of "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" and his style of music was James Ford Murphy's partial inspiration for the short film.On May 20, 2020, Google Doodle published a page in celebration of <mask>'s 61st birthday. It featured information about his life, musical career, and impact on Hawaii. Included was a two-minute cartoon video with <mask>'s cover of "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" playing as the background and imagery of Hawaii. The section of the page explaining the inspiration of the Doodle says that "The Doodle is full of places in Hawaiʻi that had special significance for Israel: the sunrise at Diamond Head, Mākaha Beach, the Palehua vista, the flowing lava and volcanic landscape of the Big Island, the black sand beach at Kalapana and the Waiʻanae coast." "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World"

<mask>'s recording of "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" gained notice in 1999 when an excerpt was used in the TV commercials for eToys.com (later part of Toys "R" Us). The full song was featured in the movies K-Pax, Meet Joe Black, Finding Forrester, Son of the Mask, 50 First Dates, Fred Claus, Letters to Santa and IMAX: Hubble 3D. It was also featured in TV series ER, Scrubs, Cold Case, Glee, South Pacific, Lost, Storm Chasers, the UK original version of Life on Mars, and in Modern Family, among others.In 1988, a friend of Kamakawiwoʻole called a Honolulu recording studio owned by Milan Bertosa at 3:00 am with a request that Kamakawiwoʻole be allowed to come in to make a recording. Bertosa was about to shut down, but told the friend that Kamakawiwoʻole could come if he was able to make it within 15 minutes. In a 2011 interview, Bertosa recalled, "In walks the largest human being I had seen in my life. Israel was probably like 500 pounds. And the first thing at hand is to find something for him to sit on." A security guard gave Kamakawiwoʻole a large steel chair. "Then I put up some microphones, do a quick sound check, roll tape, and the first thing he does is 'Somewhere Over the Rainbow.'He played and sang, one take, and it was over." "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" reached No.12 on Billboard's Hot Digital Tracks chart the week of January 31, 2004 (for the survey week ending January 18, 2004). It passed the two million paid-downloads mark in the US by September 27, 2009, and then sold three million in the US as of October 2, 2011. And as of October 2014, the song has sold more than 4.2 million digital copies. The song is the longest-leading number-one hit on any of the Billboard song charts, having spent 185 weeks on top of the World Digital Songs chart. On July 8, 2007, Kamakawiwoʻole debuted at No.44 on the Billboard Top200 Album Chart with "Wonderful World", selling 17,000 units. In April 2007, "Over the Rainbow" entered the UK charts at No.68, and eventually climbed to No.46, spending ten weeks in the Top100 over a two-year period.In October 2010, following its use in a trailer for the TV channel VOX and on a TV advertisementfor Axe deodorant (which is itself a revival of the advertisement originally aired in 2004)it hit No.1 on the German singles chart, was the number-one seller single of 2010 and was eventually certified 2× Platinum in 2011. As of November 1, 2010, "Over the Rainbow" peaked at No.6 on the OE3 Austria charts, which largely reflect airplay on Austria's government-operated Top40 radio network. It also peaked at No.1 in France and Switzerland in late December 2010. On October 24, 2016, The Healer premiered at the Heartland Film Festival in Indianapolis, which featured "Over the Rainbow". On December 21, 2020, the official music video for "Over the Rainbow" reached a billion views on YouTube. In the HBO comedy series Awkwafina Is Nora from Queens, the titular character and her father share an affinity for Kamakawiwoʻole. Radio host George Noory uses "Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" as bumper music on the overnight talk radio show Coast to Coast AM.In 2021, the song was inducted into the National Recording Registry as part of the heritage in American recorded sound. Discography

Studio albums
Ka ʻAnoʻi (1990)
Facing Future (1993)
E Ala E (1995)
N Dis Life (1996)

Compilation albums
IZ in Concert: The Man and His Music (1998)
Alone in IZ World (2001)
Wonderful World (2007)
Somewhere Over the Rainbow: The Best of Israel Kamakawiwoʻole (2011)

References

Sources

External links

1959 births
1997 deaths
American Christians
American male songwriters
American ukulele players
Burials at sea
Christians from Hawaii
Converts to Christianity
Deaths from respiratory failure
Mountain Apple Company artists
Na Hoku Hanohano Award winners
Native Hawaiian musicians
Native Hawaiian nationalists
Singers from Hawaii
Songwriters from Hawaii
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers

masks:
Israel Kaʻanoʻ
Kaleialoha Naniwa Kamakawiwoʻole Jr
Leinani Kamakawiwoʻole
Kamakawiwoʻole
Kamakawiwoʻole
Kamakawiwoʻole
Kamakawiwoʻole
Kamakawiwoʻole
Kamakawiwoʻole
Kamakawiwoʻole
Kamakawiwoʻole
Kamakawiwoʻole
Kamakawiwoʻole
Kamakawiwoʻole
Kamakawiwoʻole
Kamakawiwoʻole
Kamakawiwoʻole


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<mask> () is an architect, environmental scientist, and an urban and regional planner by trade. He is an author, powerlifter, and the first athlete to represent Palestine at the World Association of Bench Pressers and Dead lifters (WABDL) World Powerlifting Championships in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2006. In November, 2007, <mask> represented Palestine again in the WABDL World Championship, in Anaheim, California, where he won his division and set a new Palestinian world record. He set a new record for the state of Illinois in 2004, and holds many national and international records in powerlifting. The 10-year-old WABDL, one of a handful of international lifting organizations, recognized his lift as a national record for Palestine. "I think it was a groundbreaking experience," said Gus Rethwisch, the founder and president of the 4,200-member group. "He's not an activist.He's not political. He's just passionate," Rethwisch said. International/World records
Open and elite men's division -198 lbs weight class
 Squat: 630 lbs
 Bench Press: 610 lbs
 Deadlift: 705 lbs

Professional career
<mask> is currently working for Boeing in Digital Aviation. Previously, he served as senior director of GIS at Trimble Navigation Ltd, global director of product management at Pitney Bowes Software, Esri’s global industry manager for planning and community development and director of PLACES in California and a GIS manager and instructor at the University of Texas at Austin. He is keynote speaker in a number of areas including GIS solutions and strategic marketing in Planning and Community Development, Urban and Regional Planning, environmental science and sustainable development, and trans-boundary water resources management and Conflict Resolution. His expertise is focused on the geopolitical and hydropolitical aspects of water resources in the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the transboundary management of water resources, and multinational environmental policies in the Middle East. Early life
Born in the Palestinian city of Rafah, <mask> grew up in a world of environmental inequity.Being a native Palestinian from the Gaza Strip and raised during the Palestinian Intifada (uprising), he recognized the value of water as the sustainer of life and peace. <mask> holds a Ph.D. in community and regional planning from the University of Texas at Austin with a focus on water resources management and conflict resolution and mediation (alternative dispute resolution)  and a master's degree in urban and regional planning from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and a bachelor's degree in architectural engineering. Specialization
Through education and professional experience, he developed specialization in fields ranging from Planning Analysis and Geographic Information System (Esri), Geospatial analysis and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE), groundwater modeling, Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, to Conflict Resolution and Mediation. <mask> has authored numerous publications, served on governing and advisory boards, and received over 20 awards for his work. His recent book entitled Water as a Catalyst for Peace - Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution is a book that describes a water negotiation framework and provides an exposé of how equity can be linked into the process of international treaty negotiation and governance. Publications
 Palestine - Peace by Piece: Transformative Conflict Resolution for Land and Trans-boundary Water Resources [book], Springer International Publishing. TEDx Talk: Water for Peace: extinguishing the fire of war and conflict| TEDxBoulder.Water as a Catalyst for Peace: Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution [book], Taylor & Francis Group (Routledge). Interview: Operational Location Intelligence is critical, Geospatial World Magazine. Interview: Pitney Bowes, Autodesk, TomTom Team on GIS, Infrastructure and BIM Projects, Directions Magazine. Interview: Pitney Bowes Refocuses on the Operational Intelligence of Location, Informed Infrastructure Magazine - Vector1 Media. Interview: Autodesk and Pitney Bowes Partnership – Bridging the Gap…Meeting the Challenge, Geoinformatics Magazine. On the Cusp of Water War: a diagnostic account of the volatile geopolitics of the Middle East, Peace and Conflict Studies Journal, 17(2). Equity in the Context of Bilateral, International Water Allocation Treaties in Arid Regions - A Transformative and Interdisciplinary Approach to Conflict Resolution, University of Texas at Austin, (Publication Number: 3417449).Through the Eyes of the Indigenous Population: Innovative and Comprehensive Approaches to Mediation and ADR in the Middle East, Peace Conflict & Development Journal, June, issue 14. Rethinking planning theory and practice: a glimmer of light for prospects of integrated planning to combat complex urban realities, Journal of Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 2(11), pp. 64–79. Book Review: A Post-capitalist Politics, by: J.K. Gibson-Graham, Journal of Urban Studies, 46(2). Just add data: how software interoperability could expedite development, Engage Gov Today. Smarter Planning with Location Intelligence, Engage Gov Today. Location-enabled Smart Planning and Community Development, Informed infrastructure (Vector1 Media).Creating and Enabling a Smarter Enterprise with Location Intelligence, Informed infrastructure (Vector1 Media). Derecho storms raise important questions about emergency preparedness and response, Engage Gov Today. Economic Gardening: The Future of Economic Development Through GIS, Engage Today. Using Location Intelligence to Create and Enable a Smarter Enterprise, Engage Today. Harnessing the Power of Your Data Through Enterprise Location Intelligence, Engage Today. GIS-Based Community Risk Assessment- Tools for wildfire prediction and mitigation, ArcUser, Esri, Spring 2011. Planning 2.0: A Collaborative Platform for Actionable Intelligence, Next City Magazine.GIS for Planning and Community Development: Solving Global Challenges, Directions Magazine. Making Smart Growth Smarter with GeoDesign, Directions Magazine. Fostering citizen participation, GIS Development, Neogeography & Participatory GIS: Power to people, Vol.14 Issue 2. Effective Growth Management - Demonstrating the MCE capabilities of GIS, ArcUser, Esri, Spring 2008. Equity of Water Resources Allocation in the International Law, AMIN. De-mystifying the Conflict: Equity to Deter Hydro-hostility in the Middle East, AMIN. Water for Peace, Media Monitors Network.Story of Champaign’s Downtown: Planning for a Return to a Glorious Past, UpWords, Fall, Vol.7. References

20th-century births
Living people
American geographers
Businesspeople in software
Environmental scientists
Palestinian powerlifters
American powerlifters
Palestinian emigrants to the United States
American business executives
21st-century American architects
American urban planners
National Geographic Society
Palestinian strength athletes
Palestinian sportspeople
University of Illinois School of Architecture alumni
University of Texas at Austin School of Architecture alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Ahmed Abukhater
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<mask> (; 13 July 1841 – 11 April 1918) was an Austrian architect, furniture designer and urban planner. He was a leading member of the Vienna Secession movement of architecture, founded in 1897, and the broader Art Nouveau movement. Many of his works are found in his native city of Vienna, and illustrate the rapid evolution of architecture during the period. His early works were inspired by classical architecture. By mid-1890s, he had already designed several buildings in what became known as the Vienna Secession style. Beginning in 1898, with his designs of Vienna Metro stations, his style became floral and Art Nouveau,  with decoration by Koloman Moser. His later works, 1906 until his death in 1918,  had geometric forms and minimal ornament, clearly expressing their function.They are considered predecessors to   modern architecture. Education and early career
<mask> was born in 1841 in Penzing, a district in Vienna. He was the son of Suzanne (née von Helffenstorffer-Hueber) and Rudolf Simeon <mask>, a notary to the Royal Hungarian Court. He began his architectural studies in 1857 at the age of sixteen at the Vienna Polytechnic Institute. When he finished his studies there, in 1860 he traveled to Berlin and studied at the Royal Academy of Architecture under Carl Ferdinand Busse, a classicist and student of Karl Friedrich Schinkel, the leader of the German school of neoclassical and neo-Gothic architecture. He returned to Vienna in 1861 and continued his architectural education at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, under August Sicard von von Sicardsburg and Edouard von der Nüll, who had designed the neoclassical Vienna State Opera and the architectural monuments along the Vienna Ringstraße. In 1862, at the age of 22,  he joined the architectural firm of Ludwig von Förster, who studio had designed much of the new architecture along the Ringstraße.The first part of his career was devoted to the transformation of that boulevard into showcase of neo-Gothic, neo-Renassiance, and neoclassical styles. During this period, which lasted until about 1880,  he described his own style as "a sort of free Renaissance". His first realized major project was an Orthodox Synagogue on Rumbach Street in Budapest. His design was selected in a competition held in 1868, when he was twenty-seven years old. The octagonal hall of the synagogue was concealed behind a four-story structure facing the street. The hall was filled with light from stained glass windows on the octagonal lantern above, and large circular windows in each of the eight bays. On the first floor above the ground floor was an octagonal gallery reserved for women.The facade was made of brick of different colors, and was decorated with minarets and towers with a Moorish appearance, while the interior featured colorful patterns of mosaic slender on the walls and highly decorated columns which supported arches over each of the bays. He began to develop his own philosophy of architecture, based the need for buildings to be, above all, functional. He continued to develop this idea throughout his career. In 1896, in his book Modern Architecture, he wrote, "only that which is practical can be beautiful". Early projects, and the First Villa Wagner (1880s)
In the 1880s, he began to construct buildings of which he was both the architect and investor in the project, sharing in the financial benefits. In 1882 he designed a luxury apartment building on Stadiongasse in Vienna, close to the Parliament and the city hall. The facade was inspired by the Renaissance, but the interior was designed to be highly practical, luxurious, and constructed with the highest quality materials available.The benefits of this building allowed him to build several more similar apartment buildings. It illustrated his doctrine of the connection between beauty and function. His next major project was the headquarters of the Austrian Länderbank in Vienna. He won the design competition in 1882 and built it in 1883–84. It was built on a very irregular site, mostly at an angle to the street, which allowed him to be more creative. The five-story Renaissance facade gave little idea of the complexity of the building behind it, which had multiple diverging axes. The visitor passed through a circular vestibule, then turned at an angle into multi-storied semi-circular central hall with a glass skylight, where the banking function was located.He also used new materials, such as an enduit lisse, and much larger windows than were customary in the period, repeated the plan on each floor. He later described his approach to the building:  "The demands for air and light, the desire to assure easy circulation and orientation inside the space, and especially the fact that the activities of a bank can develop on one direction or another, made it desirable to be able to easily transform the work spaces." He was to follow the same concepts twenty years later when he designed the Postal Savings Bank in Vienna. The following project, in 1886, was the first Villa Wagner, a country house he built for himself on the edge of the Vienna woods. He called it his "Italian Dream", and it had neoclassical elements inspired by Palladio. it was surrounded by a park carefully designed to complement the architecture. The principal facade had a double stairway ascending to a portico with a colonnade, which was the entrance to the grand salon.The porch was decorated curving wrought iron, statuary, and a coffered ceiling. At either end of the main villa were pergolas with open colonnades. On either side of the main stairway to the entrance he placed plaques in Latin concisely stating his philosophy On one side, "Without art and love, there is no life";  and on the other, "Necessity is the sole mistress of art." In 1895,  he modified the house. One of the pergolas was transformed from a winter garden into billiards room, illuminated by floral stained glass windows on designed by the painter Adolf Böhm. The other pergola was made into his studio, also with colorful decorative windows. Two more of his buildings appeared on the boulevards of Vienna.The first, completed in 1887,  was a six-story apartment building on Universitätsstrase, which had a rigorous vertical facade divided by ornamental pilasters, divided horizontally by very ornate wrought iron balcony on the first floor and a sculpted cornice beneath the roof, dividing the facade into three distinct parts. The second was the Zum Anker building on Spiegelgasse, and the Graben, the historic boulevard in the heart of the city. This building, completed in 1894, combined apartments on the upper floors and stores on the street level, fearing large display windows. On top was another glass structure, like a small temple, which contained a photography studio. It was another notable example of <mask> skillfully adapting the design of the building to its practical functions. Urban planning and the Vienna Stadtbahn (1894–1900)
In the 1890s, <mask> became increasingly interested in urban planning. Vienna was a growing rapidly;  it reached a population of 1,590,000 residents in 1898.In 1890, the city government decided expand the urban transit system outwards to the new neighborhoods. In April 1894, <mask> was named artistic counselor for the new Stadtbahn and gradually was given responsibility for the design of the bridges, viaducts, and stations, including the elevators, signs, lighting, and decoration. <mask> hired seventy artists and designers for his transit stations, including two young designers who later became very prominent in the birth of modern architecture, Joseph Maria Olbrich and Josef Hoffmann. The government committee in charge of the project specified that the buildings should be covered in white plaster, for uniformity, and that the style should be Renaissance, also for uniformity. Working within these requirements, <mask> designed stations and other structures which combined utility, simplicity and elegance. The most notable station he designed was Karlsplatz station (1894-99). It had two separate pavilions for the two directions, and was constructed with a metal frame, and covered on the exterior with marble plaques and plaster plaques in the interior.The exterior was covered with designs in a sunflower pattern, which continue on the semi-circular facade. The carefully designed gilded decoration gives the building a remarkable combination of functionality and elegance. The Vienna Secession

In 1894, he became Professor of Architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, and increasingly expressed the necessity of leaving behind historical forms and romanticism and developing Architectural Realism, where the form was determined by the function of the building. In 1896 he published a textbook entitled Modern Architecture in which he expressed his ideas about the role of the architect; it was based on the text of his 1894 inaugural lecture to the Academy. His style incorporated the use of new materials and new forms to reflect the fact that society itself was changing. In his textbook, he stated that "new human tasks and views called for a change or reconstitution of existing forms". He wrote in his manifesto on Modern Architecture, "Art and artists have the duty and obligation to represent their period.The application here and there of all the previous styles, as we have seen in the last few decades, cannot be the future of architecture...The realism of our time must be present in every newborn work of art. In 1897, he aligned himself with Vienna Secession, a movement started by fifty Vienna artists formally known as the Association of Austrian plastic artists. Its founding members included Gustav Klimt, its first President, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser. The Secession declared war on the historicism and realism decreed by the Arts academies, and called for the abolition of the boundary between the fine arts and the applied and decorative

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 arts. of architecture and art. Its goal was proclaimed by <mask>'s student, Olbrich: "To each epoch its own art, and to each art its freedom." The most famous architectural work of the Secession, Olbrich's Secession Building (1897–98) showed <mask>'s influence.However, after the success of Secession works at the 1900 Paris Exposition, many of the members wanted to produce furniture and other Secession designs in series, and disputed the direction of the Secession. The dispute reached a head in 1905, when one of the prominent painters of the Secession, Carl Moll, proposed that the Secession purchase a prominent Vienna art gallery as an outlet for the Secession artists. This was opposed by the more traditional artists in the group. It was put to a vote of the members of the Secession, and Klimt's position was defeated by a single vote. Klimt, <mask>, Moser and Hoffmann promptly resigned from the Secession. <mask> had a strong influence on his pupils at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. This "Wagner School" included Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Karl Ehn, Jože Plečnik and Max Fabiani.Another student of <mask>'s was Rudolph Schindler, who said "Modern Architecture began with Mackintosh in Scotland, <mask> in Vienna, and Louis Sullivan in Chicago." Majolika-Haus and the Linke Wienzeile buildings (1898-99)
The Linke Wienzeile Buildings are three apartment buildings in Vienna, constructed in 1898–99. The most famous of these is the Majolica House, at 40 Linke Wienzeile. Its facade is entirely covered with majolica, or glazed earthenware tiles in the colorful floral designs which characterized the early Vienna Secession. The Art Nouveau floral design of its facade was made by his student . The other building, Linke Wienzeile 38, is known as House with medallions because of its decor of gilded stucco medallions by <mask>'s student and frequent collaborator, Koloman Moser. The roof, visible from far away, features several sculpted heads, called The Criers, or The Crying Women by Othmar Schimkowitz.He provided sculpture for two other Vienna Secession landmarks by <mask>, including the Angels on the roof of the Kirche am Steinhof church in Vienna, and sculpture for the Austrian Postal Savings Bank. The sculptures and other ornament were removed when the style was out of fashion, but have more recently been restored. <mask> had his own town apartment in a third building, at 3 Köstlergasse. It featured decoration based on Japanese floral prints, and furniture of his own design, but its most famous feature was the bathroom. A marble plaque on the wall supported the shower head, the sink was of marble on nickel legs, and the bathtub was of glass, mounted in a nickel frame. <mask> had the bathroom displayed at the 1900 Paris Universal Exposition. Church of St. Leopold (1902–1907)
The Church of St. Leopold was built to accompany a large new psychiatric hospital constructed on the edge of Vienna.He completed for the design of the hospital, but received a commission only for the church. <mask> had earlier written an academic study entitled The Modern style in Church construction and this was his opportunity to use his ideas in a building. The main feature of the church is a dome, and the facade was covered with marble plaques two centimeters thick, fixed with copper-headed bolts. The same white and gold design was maintained in the interior. The church could hold eight hundred worshippers, with seats for four hundred, divided into separate sections for men, women, and hospital staff. The ceiling was also white, divided into sections by y gilded lines. The altar, the central point, was covered with a lacelike gilded cupola, matching the dome overhead.The floor was made of white and black tiles, and sloped slightly, so those in the church had better view of the altar. The large stained glass windows were designed by <mask>'s frequent collaborator, Koloman Moser. It was one of the first and most celebrated examples of modern church architecture. Austrian Postal Savings Bank (1903–1912)
In his later years, <mask> experimented continually. He tried new materials, such as aluminum, which he used in the decoration of the entrance of the dispatch office the Die Zeit newspaper in Vienna. His most ambitious experiment was the Austrian Postal Savings Bank (1903–1912), which is often considered his most famous and most influential building. It was the prime example of his doctrine that form follows function.He wrote, "All modern creation should correspond to the new materials and the new demands of our time, if it is to harmonize modern man." <mask> conceived the building in 1903, when he was sixty-two years old, and continued working on it until it was completed, when he was seventy-one. The exterior was covered with marble plates with ornamental aluminium rivets in a purely geometric pattern. The most remarkable features were the interiors. The central banking room, where the cashiers were located, had a suspended steel and glass ceiling, and a floor of glass tiles. He made extensive use of new materials,  such as aluminum, for the door knobs, grills, lamps, and other details throughout the building. It had no decoration; every very element was designed to be clean, geometric, and functional.He designed the furniture to complement the style of the architecture. Later life and projects
By 1905, the year he left the Vienna Secession, Hoffman had achieved an international reputation. In that year he proposed a monumental plan for the Palace of Peace proposed by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie for construction of the Hague, but it was never realized. His continued to produce new editions of his book Modern Architecture,  and three volumes entitled Sketches, Projects, Constructions. He published a series of books on topics including theater architecture, hotel architecture, and a particularly forward-looking work,  "The Great City", published in 1911, devoted to urban planning, explaining how the expansion of large cities should be managed. He participated in the International Congress of Architecture in London in 1906, and traveled to New York to the International Congress of Urban Art in 1910. In the same year he became the Vice Rector of the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna.He was named Vice President of the Permanent Commission of Congress of Fine Arts in Paris in 1912. In 1912 he proposed a very modern municipal museum for Vienna dedicated to The Emperor Franz-Joseph. However, the final competition for this building was won by one of <mask>'s former students, Josef Hoffmann. The project was halted by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. In 1913, he became an honorary professor at the Academy and retired, but continued to teach students who had enrolled prior to his retirement. While he proposed many projects, only a few were actually built. These included a strikingly geometric and modernistic hospital for victims of Lupus disease in Vienna (1908).His last large-scale project, a building of thirty large apartments on Neustiftgasse and Döblergasse in Vienna. The building had a very modern white plaster facade with very discreet geometric decoration of blue ceramics (Döblergasse) and pieces of black glass (Neustifgasse). <mask> had his own apartment on the second floor of the Döblergasse building. He designed all the furniture, carpets and decoration in his apartment, as well as the towels and bathroom fixtures. The ground floor of this building also served as the offices of the Wiener Werkstätte architectural movement from 1912 until 1932. The Second Wagner Villa (1912)
Another of his last projects was the Second Wagner Villa on Hüttelbergstrasse in Vienna. It was located near to, and in sight of, his first villa, which he had sold in 1911.It was considerably smaller than his earlier villa. The building was designed to be extremely simple and functional, with a maximum of light, and a maximum use of new materials, including reinforced concrete, asphalt, glass mosaics, and aluminum. The villa is in the form of a cube, with white plaster walls. The primary decoration elements of the exterior are bands of blue glass tile in geometric patterns. The front door is reached by a monumental stairway to the first floor. The servant's quarters were downstairs, and the main floor was occupied by a large single room, which served as a salon or dining room. For the furniture, he selected many works designed and manufactured by one of his former students, Marcel Kammerer.<mask> intended the house as the main residence of his wife after his death, but she died before him, and he sold the house in September 1916. <mask> died on April 11. 1918, shortly before the end of the First World War, in his apartment on Döblergasse in Vienna. Furniture
<mask> often designed the furniture to complement the design of the building. His furnishings for the Postal Savings Bank were particularly notable for their simplicity and functionality, and combination of traditional materials with new materials, such as aluminum

Other buildings

From 1860 to 1890

From 1890 to 1918

Publications

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Otto Wagner Museum in Vienna
Images of several <mask> buildings
Majolica House in Vienna by <mask> (photos)
AEIOU - Das österreichische Kulturinformationssystem
 Vienna's tourist trail of plunder, Guardian (World News), 21 May 2002. <mask> Correspondence 1885–1915, Getty Research Institute
Digitized books from the architecture collection of AMS Historica, the digital library of the University of Bologna. Einige skizzen 1, Wien, 1905.Einige skizzen 2, Wien, 1905. Einige skizzen 3, Wien, 1905. Ecclesiastical architects
Modernist architects
People from Penzing (Vienna)
1841 births
1918 deaths
Historicist architects
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna faculty
Vienna Secession architects

19th-century Austrian architects
20th-century Austrian architects
Architects from Vienna
Austrian furniture

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