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<mask> (April 4, 1870) was an American politician and slaveholder, who served as a delegate from Arkansas to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1862. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the U.S. representative from  (1859–1861). He also served as a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded infantry in the Eastern, Western, and Trans-Mississippi theaters of the American Civil War. Early life and career
<mask> was born circa 1818 in Fauquier County, Virginia, to <mask> and his wife Elizabeth; his exact birth date is not known. He was admitted to the bar in 1836 and the following year moved from Virginia to Arkansas, settling in Union County, Arkansas. He bought land and a store near the river in 1837. By 1838, he held the U.S. government contract to survey land in the new state.In 1839, the county seat was moved present day Champagnolle. As he owned the only building suitable, so his storehouse also became the courthouse. <mask> then read law and was admitted to the Arkansas bar. In 1842, he won a seat in the Arkansas House of Representatives, where he was re-elected twice, and also elected 1852–1854. He ran in a special election for an open congressional seat in 1846. He won fourteen counties, yet got only third place. In 1852 he was elected Speaker Pro-Tempore of the Arkansas House of Representatives a very powerful position.Two years later. Democrats nominated him for United States Congress. He won the general election and went to Washington, D.C. In 1856, <mask> drew public attention for his efforts to oppose Nathaniel P. Banks of Massachusetts, who appeared likely to become Speaker of the House. Banks opposed further extension of slave territory, unlike <mask> and his constituents. According to the <mask> family history, He introduced something labeled a compromise resolution, which New York Tribune newspaperman Horace Greeley characterized <mask>'s as an attempt to make it appear that the contest over the speakership was about personal rivalries among the candidates and not about principles. Greeley believed its true purpose was to oppose Banks's candidacy.After Congress adjourned, on the day The Tribune reached Washington, <mask> accosted Greeley on the Capitol grounds and felled him with his cane. A few days later, <mask> again struck Greeley again on the streets of Washington. <mask> showed little interest other than in military matters. He was not renominated; Edward A. Warren succeeded him. After working to regain his political reputation, <mask> once again won a seat in the House of Representatives in 1858. His interest in military affairs continued in his second term. A supporter of Stephen A. Douglas in the 1860 Presidential election and strong advocate for Union, <mask> shifted his position after Lincoln's call for troops.In May 1861 Arkansas seceded from the Union, and he was named a delegate to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States. American Civil War

Returning to Arkansas, <mask> received a commission as  colonel on July 5, 1861, and assisted Van H. Manning in recruiting and organizing the 3d Arkansas Infantry Regiment. The Third Arkansas would become Arkansas's most celebrated Civil War regiment and the only Arkansas regiment to be permanently assigned to General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. In the fall of 1861, <mask> and the Third Arkansas traveled to Western Virginia and took part in the Battle of Cheat Mountain under Lee. During that winter, he and the regiment were under the command of General Stonewall Jackson. They would go on to serve in almost every major battle fought in the east, including the Battle of Gettysburg, although mostly after <mask>'s promotion and transfer from the regiment. On March 4, 1862, <mask> was promoted to brigadier-general and transferred back to Arkansas, where he was assigned to Lieutenant-General Earl Van Dorn's Army of the West.He led troops at the Battle of Hill's Plantation in July 1862. After the Battle of Pea Ridge, most Confederate States forces were removed from Arkansas and transferred east of the Mississippi River. <mask> fought at the Battle of Corinth, Mississippi in October. In April 1863, he was once again transferred back to Arkansas and placed under Major-General Sterling Price in the Trans-Mississippi Department. He later served under Major-Generals Thomas C. Hindman in Arkansas and John Pemberton and Richard Taylor in Louisiana. After his active military service, he moved to Austin, Texas to reunite with his family, who had abandoned their home in Arkansas during the Federal occupation and spent considerable time with his brother Dr. George W. <mask> in Virginia. Later life and death
After the war <mask> moved from his home in El Dorado, Arkansas, across the Arkansas River from Little Rock.He returned to Washington as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives and was even a Republican candidate for the U.S. Senate in 1869 before Congressional Reconstruction began and former Confederates were forbidden to hold elective office and he withdrew himself from candidacy. On April 3, 1870, he died in Pulaski County, Arkansas, from a brain abscess, while his wife and children were away visiting family in Virginia. His burial place is the subject of some dispute. Contemporary accounts state that he was buried at the historic Mount Holly Cemetery in Little Rock; his Congressional biography reports his "..interment in the Old Methodist Cemetery." but other accounts  indicate that he was buried in an unmarked grave next to the Confederate monument in Oakland Cemetery. A cenopath memorial stone is in the Oakland and Fraternal Cemetery. Personal life
<mask> married Jane Carrington (1824-1847) of Charlotte County, Virginia, on April 17, 1844, but she soon died, and was buried in Hervey Cemetery in Hempstead County, Arkansas.He then married Anne Bouldin Cabell, and at least three of their children (raised in Virginia during the American Civil War) would survive to adulthood: <mask> Tutwiler (1854-1923), Breckenridge Cabell <mask> (1855-1892) and author Pauline Carrington <mask> Bouve (1860-1928). See also
 List of Confederate States Army generals
 List of people from Fauquier County, Virginia
 List of speakers of the Arkansas House of Representatives

References

Further reading

 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. . External links

 <mask> at The Political Graveyard

Year of birth uncertain
1818 births
1870 deaths
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American politicians
3d Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Confederate States)
American Civil War prisoners of war
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
American planters
American slave owners
American surveyors
Arkansas Democrats
Arkansas lawyers
Burials in Pulaski County, Arkansas
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
Deaths from brain abscess
Infectious disease deaths in Arkansas
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Deputies and delegates to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Arkansas
Military personnel from Arkansas
Neurological disease deaths in Arkansas
People of Arkansas in the American Civil War
People from Desha County, Arkansas
People from Fauquier County, Virginia
People from Union County, Arkansas
Recipients of American presidential pardons
Speakers of the Arkansas House of Representatives

masks:
Albert Rust
Albert Rust
William Rust
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Julia Rust
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Albert Rust


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<mask><mask><mask> (born ) is an American businessman, financier, philanthropist and environmentalist who lives in Fort Worth, Texas. He financed the Biosphere 2 project, an artificial closed ecological system, which was built between 1987 and 1991. He is the chairman of Fine Line, an investment and venture-capital management firm in Fort Worth, and Chairman of the board of directors of the Sid W. Richardson Foundation, a philanthropic organization. He was listed as #239 on the Forbes 400 list of wealthiest Americans in 2012, with an estimated net worth of $2 billion. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Fort Worth, Texas to Perry R. (1914–2006) and Nancy Lee (née Muse) <mask> (1917-2013), the second-oldest of four sons; his brothers are <mask>, <mask>, and <mask>. His father, Perry, was an adviser and later partner of his own bachelor uncle, Sid W. Richardson (1891–1959), starting in the 1930s. When Richardson died, he left each of the <mask> brothers $2.8 million, and Perry managed the bulk of the family oil fortune, which was initially beset by legal problems.<mask> attended Phillips Academy, and graduated from Yale in 1967 with a bachelor's degree in administrative science. He served for a short time in the United States Coast Guard and returned to Yale, studying for a master's degree in architecture, which he did not complete. All four brothers attended Yale, from which their father had also graduated in 1937. He has one child Henry Richardson <mask> (January 1993). Early projects
After leaving Yale, <mask> "set out to explore the world". He moved to New Mexico and spent some time with "an unusual counterculture group at Synergia Ranch", run by John P. Allen. While in New Mexico, <mask> built the Llano Compound, a condominium in Santa Fe and began an association with Allen that focused on ecology projects.He later spent money on a hotel in Nepal, a  Australian ranch, a Puerto Rican rainforest, and the now-defunct Caravan of Dreams performing arts center in Fort Worth. Biosphere 2

In 1984, <mask> and Allen founded the Biosphere 2 project, which <mask> funded with an initial commitment of $30 million. The project was part of a  ranch in the Santa Catalina Mountains in Oracle, Arizona, near Tucson. The purpose of its 3 acre living space was to be an experiment in "recreating the earth" and as a possible way to settle Mars. The project began with eight people living inside in an attempt to be a self-contained settlement, raising food and recycling air and water. After the environment was sealed in 1991, noxious gases built up, and while some of the 4,000 species thrived, the water and crops failed in 1994. In April 1994 <mask> obtained a court order to "formally oust the key managers of the Biosphere and seize the premises," and he dissolved Space Biospheres Ventures, a partnership, which the Los Angeles Times called a "volatile blend of New Age idealism and corporate sophistication."The Biosphere project had in 1992 installed an independent Science Advisory Committee (SAC), chaired by Thomas E. Lovejoy, a senior official at the Smithsonian Institution, and the members came to be at odds with <mask> "on questions of scientific standards," and the science committee was dissolved in February 1993. <mask> attempted to make Steve Bannon the interim chief executive officer. The existing management, however, refused Bannon admittance to the property, according to an affidavit <mask> later submitted to a Fort Worth court, where he filed his dissolution suit. In 1995, it was turned into a research facility overseen by Columbia University, which declined to provide funding for continued research after June 2003. In 2007, <mask> sold some of the land adjacent to the project, and the building was leased to the University of Arizona. The total cost of the privately funded Biosphere project has been variously reported as $150 million to $200 million. The University of Arizona announced a full acquisition of the Biosphere buildings and grounds in June 2011.Conservation efforts
<mask> has funded numerous projects focused on environmental conservation, and has stated that he feels conservation "most effective when approached as an enterprise". His investment in Nepal also included conservation efforts for rhinos and tigers. He has supported and worked with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the New York Botanical Garden, the Jane Goodall Institute, and the National Environmental Education and Training Foundation. He is currently the vice chairman of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas and is the founder of the ecological nonprofit Philecology Trust, which he created in 1986. He additionally owns tens of thousands of acres of land in Kansas Flint Hills, and has been active in maintaining that the majority of the land is for conservation purposes and intends on donating much of it to the Nature Conservancy. Urban redevelopment
<mask> is a long-time supporter of downtown redevelopment, and has been described as a "leader in what is recognized as one of the most successful urban revitalization efforts in America". He and his family began the Sundance Square development in 1982.It combines commercial and residential space in the central business area of Fort Worth, and it received the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce's Spirit of Enterprise award in 2004. He led the development of Bass Performance Hall, financed without public funding, which opened in 1998. Philanthropy
2002: Established the Edward P. <mask> Distinguished Visiting Environmental Scholars Program at Yale
2006: $60 million donation to Yale (He and his family have donated more than $200 million to Yale.) 2007: $12 million to WWF
2017: $10 million to Yale University toward a state-of-the-art, 500-seat lecture hall to be named the O.C. Marsh Lecture Hall in honor of Othniel Charles (O.C.) Marsh, a pioneering professor of vertebrate paleontology at Yale
2017: $30 million to the University of Arizona to support Biosphere 2
2018: $160 million to renovate the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University

Current activities
Named as a Successor Fellow of the Yale Corporation, the governing body of Yale, in 2001. He no longer serves on the board of Yale and is now an emeritus trustee.References

1945 births
Living people
American businesspeople in the oil industry
Philanthropists from Texas
People from Fort Worth, Texas
Phillips Academy alumni
American billionaires
Yale University 1960s alumni
<mask> family

masks:
Edward Perry "
Ed
" Bass
Bass
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Lee Marshall Bass
Sid Richardson Bass
Robert Muse Bass
Bass
Ed Bass
Bass
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<mask> (3 June 1924 – 7 August 2018) was an Indian writer and politician who served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for almost two decades over five terms between 1969 and 2011. He was popularly referred to as Kalaignar (Artist) and <mask> (Tamil Scholar) for his contributions to Tamil literature. He had the longest tenure as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu with 6,863 days in office. He was also a long-standing leader of the Dravidian movement and ten-time president of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam political party. <mask> has the record of never losing an election to the Tamil Nadu Assembly, having won 13 times since his first victory in 1957. Before entering politics, he worked in the Tamil film industry as a screenwriter. He also made contributions to Tamil literature, having written stories, plays, novels, and a multiple-volume memoir.<mask> died on 7 August 2018 at Kauvery Hospital in Chennai after a series of prolonged, age-related illnesses. <mask> was born in the Tamil Nadu village of Thirukkuvalai on 3 June 1924. His parents were from the Isai Vellalar caste, a caste of musicians that perform at temples and other social gatherings. Growing up in a caste-ridden culture, Karunanidhi was learned about the crippling circumstances that arose from being born into a low caste. When he was 14, he formed a student movement against the imposition of Hindi as India's national language during the Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40. This served as a forerunner to <mask>'s wider anti-Hindi demonstrations in 1965. As a high school student, Karunanidhi created the Tamil Nadu Tamil Manavar Mandram, the Dravidian Movement's first student wing.He also started a news paper during his school days, which grew into the Murasoli, the DMK's official publication. <mask> began participating in theatrical productions at a young age, including composing plays. Later on, he started writing for movies. As a writer, he wrote  screenplays, historical novels, screenplays, biographies, poems and novels. He utilized his writing to propagate reformist ideals effectively. He wrote the script and dialogue for M.G. Ramachandran's (MGR) maiden film as a hero, Rajakumari.He also composed the dialogue for Sivaji Ganesan's debut film, Parasakthi which promoted the Dravidian Movement's socialist and rationalist ideas and criticised the exploitative caste structure which created a controversy and made the government to try banning the fim. He was critical of organized religion and superstition He was an atheist and a self-described rationalist. <mask> started his political career in 1957, when he was voted to the Madras state legislature. When the DMK first entered the state legislature the following year, he was named treasurer and deputy leader of the opposition. <mask> ascended quickly through the ranks. After the death of C.N. Annadurai in 1969, he became the DMK's leader and Chief minister of Tamil Nadu and led the party to a landslide win in the 1971 Assembly elections.He was influenced by the rationalist and egalitarian ideology of Periyar and DMK founder C N Annadurai. <mask> was among those who fought Indira Gandhi’s Emergency in 1975 which led to governments getting dismissed in 1976. In the 1976 Assembly elections, he gave the Congress 50 percent of the seats, but the partnership fell apart, and MGR prevailed. After MGR's death in 1989, he led the party to power. His administration was dismissed in 1991 for it's alleged links with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). He came to power in the state in 1996 after forming a partnership with the Tamil Maanila Congress and joined the United Front led by Deve Gowda in the center. His party allied with the BJP in 1999.He was arrested from his house in 2001 by the police on the orders of Jayalalitha as an act of vendetta over alleged losses in construction of fly-overs. In the Lok Sabha elections of 2004, he teamed up with the Congress and won by a landslide. He became a chief minister again in 2006. In the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, he contested alone and lost. In the Tamil Nadu Assembly, the DMK became the biggest opposition party in 2016. In 2016, he made the DMK become the Tamil Nadu Assembly's biggest opposition party. During his political career, Karunanidhi advocated for increased state autonomy and affirmative action to favour lower castes.He implemented a caste-based quota system for government employment and government school students, as well as subsidies to the poor. His initiatives were quickly adopted in other Indian states. His initiatives earned him popularity among the lower castes. He was frequently confronted with accusations of nepotism. He has also stirred controversies by publicly supporting the LTTE and other separatist groups in Sri Lanka. During his different tenures, he implemented a number of initiatives aimed at promoting the expansion of industry in the state. He was also instrumental in erecting a 133-foot monument of Thiruvalluvar in Kanyakumari and ensuring classical language status to Tamil language.Early life and family

<mask> was born on 3 June 1924, in the village of Thirukkuvalai in Nagapattinam district, Madras Presidency, to Ayyadurai (Grand father) <mask>uvel and Anjugam. He had two elder sisters, Periyanayaki and Shanmugasundari. There was some misconception that his birth name was Dakshinamurthy, later changed to <mask> as influenced by Dravidian and rationalist movements, <mask> himself stated that C.N. Annadurai asked him to keep his birthname "Karunanidhi", since it is already popular among the people. In his own writings <mask> said that his family were of the Devadasi (renamed as Isai Vellalar) caste, a small community that traditionally played musical instruments at ceremonial occasions; however his political rival M. G. Ramachandran and some observers contested that and said that he was of Telugu ancestry. <mask> started his education at a local school. <mask>'s father was eager to teach him music.His music teachers were from the Isai Vellalar group, and the lessons were conducted in temples where he was not allowed to cover his upper body, wear slippers, or wear a cotton cloth around his hips as a sign of respect for the upper caste people. He couldn't tolerate learning in an environment where he wasn't treated with respect which made his father agree to stop his music classes. His father also asked the local headmaster to set up special tutoring courses for Karunanidhi and paid a tuition fee of milk every morning and evening.My music lessons were actually my first political studies. I learnt about the oppression of humans based on their caste. I saw the delight with which certain individuals could humiliate others, and the self-righteousness of others in carrying out their customs without realizing that they were mistreating a large majority of the people. At the age of 12, he left to Thiruvarur to start his high school. Karunanidhi started to organize school students for the Anti-Hindi agitations.The deaths of two anti-Hindi agitators by the police made a profound impact on him. At the age of 13, he wrote his first Tamil historical novel titled Selvachandira. Entry into politics and early writing career
<mask> entered politics at the age of 14, inspired by a speech by Alagirisamy of the Justice Party, and participated in Anti-Hindi agitations. As a teenager he was captivated by the political writings of Tamil leaders including Panagal Arasar, Periyar and Pattukottai Azhagirisamy (after whom Karunanidhi later named one of his sons). <mask> joined the anti-Hindi protests sparked by the provincial government's legislation making Hindi-education mandatory in schools, and in 1938 organised a group of boys to hold demonstrations travelling around Tiruvarur on a cycle rickshaw. The law was rescinded in 1939. The taste for activism however stuck and in the ensuing years, after a brief flirtation with Communism, <mask> started following the work and speeches of leaders of Justice Party, Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam.According to Karunanidhi, he joined the Periyar's movement when he saw his father hurriedly rising and tied his towel to his waist from his head as a gesture of servitude when an upper caste landlord walked past him. At the age of fifteen, <mask> started his own magazine Maanavanesan (). He along with his friends would make fifty copies of the magazine and circulate it and also sometimes mailed them to the leaders of Self-respect movement. A political activist after reading his magazine asked him to lead the forum for peace, liberty equality and justice, he accepted and became its elected secretary. Later, he dissolved the forum after there was a blatant attempt to convert the forum into as a front of the Congress party. He refunded the subscription money many refused to take the refund. Using the rest of seventy five rupees, he started the Tamil Nadu Tamil students association in 1941.In 1942, the association held an annual function attended by Bharathidasan K.A Anbazhagan and K. A<mask>gan and student leaders from Annamalai university. He couldn't afford to pay for the invitees' and guest speakers' travels and expenditures, so he was forced to steal a gold necklace that his mother had made for him but which he rarely wore, pawned it for 50 rupees, and paid his invitees. As his writings were gaining popularity in Thiruvarur, he started <mask>oli to widen his publishing platform. Its writer and chief editor was <mask>, and its secretary was his friend Thennan. It had a large print run, was mailed to many Tamil political organisations, and was in the forefront of the fight against caste, social isolation, sophistry, and supremacy. He wrote a critical piece in <mask>oli titled "Varnama, Maanama?" in 1944 when a conference was organized by conservatives in support of varna system.He penned an article named 'Ilamaibali' (Youth Sacrifice) and sent it to C.N Annadurai's Dravida Nadu magazine. It appeared in the next issue. For a week, he wandered the streets of Thiruvarur with a print in hand, persuading many others to read it. He also penned an article that was never published. Within a week, Annadurai arrived in Thiruvarur for a public gathering and asked for Karunanidhi, he was stunned to find Karunanidhi as an 18-year-old school student. He instructed him to cease writing till he completed his education and asked him not to sent any more articles. Karunanidhi refused to go back as a school student.He failed three times in his final exams. During the result day, unable to face his family over his third consecutive failure, he left to Thopputhurai in search of his classmate Asan Abdul Kaathar who consoled him. He then started his passion of writing as a career. In Thiruvarur, he started writing and staging plays. These plays served as a channel for the Dravidian movement's ideology to spread. In Thiruvarur, he presented a play named Palaniappan to raise cash for his student association. The total amount collected was only Rs 80, despite the fact that the performance had cost him Rs 200 to stage.He had no idea how he was going to repay the debt he owed to the individuals who were now harassing him for it. He travelled with his friend Thennavan for Nagapattinam, keen to take his chances somewhere else and met with R. V Gopal, a local leader of the Dravidar Kazhagam. Gopal sympathised with his situation but was hesitant to lend him the money but Instead bought the play for Rs 100. The sale of his first play made his to write more ideological plays. His parents didn't approve of his writing career. They advised him to look for a job that would pay him at least Rs 50 per month. He was determined on not taking a regular job.<mask> then fell in love with a girl. He was certain that the girl was infatuated with him as well. When he and his family met the girl's parents, they demanded that if a wedding was to take place, it must be performed in the presence of Brahmin priests and vedic chanting. <mask> rejected, citing his belief in the Self-Respect movement as justification. After marriage, he worked as a play-wright through the help of R.V Gopal who help his earlier with his play. Their first camp for the troupe was at Villupuram where he was joined by his friends Thennan and C.<mask>. Their plays failed to bring people even after the attendance of Periyar and Annadurai.The failure was due to their comments against the caste prejudices, the troupe was named "Dravida Theatre group", the term "Dravida" was perceived to be a term for Dalits and hence non-Dalits boycotted it. The troupe started to play in Pondicherry which was a at the time a hub for social cultural and political change. His plays were an instant success and people started to call him as "Sivaguru", the name of his character. During his stay in Pondicherry, <mask> penned "That Pen!" a criticism of Gandhi and the Congress centred on a pen which was lost from the Sabarmati Ashram, which infuriated the congress workers. He followed up with a piece titled "What If Gandhi Became Viceroy?" Later, members of the congress attacked a public gathering in Pondicherry attended by Periyar, Annadurai, and Pattukottai Azhagirisamy.<mask> was chased down and beaten till he fell unconscious. They dropped his unconscious body into the sewers and departed, thinking he was dead. He was nursed back by an old women and taken to Periyar who applied medicines to him and took him to erode along with him where he worked as an assistant editor with Periyar's Kudi Arasu magazine in Erode for a year. Early political career
<mask> along with a group of young band of Tamil enthusiasts led by Annadurai dissented from Dravidar Kazhagam and formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) on 17 September 1949. Kallakudi demonstration

The first major protest that aided <mask> in gaining ground in Tamil politics was his involvement in the Kallakudi demonstration in Kallakudi in 1953 when he was 29. The original name of this industrial town was Kallakudi. Kallakudi was renamed as "Dalmiapuram" by the state administration led by Rajagopalachari to commemorate the North Indian business magnate Ram Krishan Dalmia, who owned a cement factory there.DMK wanted to change the name back to Kallakudi because Ram Krishna Dalmia depicted north Indian hegemonic power and predatory businesses. In the protest <mask> and his companions erased the name Dalmiapuram from the railway station and lay down on the tracks blocking the course of trains. Six people died in the protest and <mask> was arrested and was sent to jail for six months. MLA and deputy leader of opposition
At the age of 33, Karunanidhi entered the

masks:
Muthuvel Karunanidhi
Mutthamizh Arignar
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
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Karunanidhi
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Muth
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Karunanidhi
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. Mathiazha
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Karunanidhi
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T Murthy
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 Tamil Nadu assembly by winning the Kulithalai seat in Tiruchirapalli during the 1957 election among the 15 DMK legislators elected. During the 1959 elections of the Madras Municipal Corporation, he was managing the party campaigns, the party won 45 out of the 90 contested. He was elected as DMK treasurer on 25 September 1960. <mask> was elected to the state assembly for the second time on 21 February 1962, from the Thanjavur constituency.He defeated Congress candidate A.Y.S. Parisutha Nadar. In the same year, he became the deputy leader of opposition in the state assembly. During this time, <mask> recognised the necessity for a regular engagement with party cadres. He began sending daily letters to his party members, whom he referred to as udanpirappukal (blood brothers), a practice he followed for fifty years. 1965 Anti-Hindi Agitations and imprisonment

Anti-Hindi agitations in Tamil Nadu started when the Union government announced that Hindi would become the single official language. The DMK, led by CN Annadurai, planned to organise a series of rallies against the action and declared 26 January to be a day of mourning.Chants of 'Hindi Ozhiga, Tamil Vaazhga' (Down with Hindi, long live Tamil) were heard everywhere. Violence continued across the state and several set themselves on fire. <mask>, the leader of the DMK's anti-Hindi agitation, was arrested on 16 February 1965, and was sentenced to six months imprisonment at the Central Prison in Palayamkottai. He was later released at 15 April 1985. Minister of state

Annadurai declared Karunnanidhi as a DMK candidate for the February 1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election, at the DMK's State-level meeting at Virugambakkam, Chennai. <mask>, as DMK treasurer, raised 11 lakh rupees for the party's election campaign. For the first time, the DMK was elected with an absolute majority in February 1967 and Annadurai became the Chief minister.After being elected to the Saidapet Assembly constituency in Chennai in March 1967, <mask> was appointed as the Minister of Tamil Nadu Public Works Department. On 14 January 1969, under CN Annadurai's administration, Madras State was rechristened as Tamil Nadu. <mask> was in control of five ministries at the time: Transportation, Public Works, Highways, Ports, and Minor Irrigation. First term as Chief minister (1969 – 1971)

On 3 February 1969, the existing chief minister Annadurai died of cancer. On 9 February 1969, the DMK's MLAs chose <mask> to lead the party. He was also chosen as the DMK's legislative assembly leader. <mask> was appointed chief minister on 10 February 1969, the next day and was sworn in by Governor Sardar Ujjal Singh.Members of the DMK selected him as the leader of the DMK on 27 July 1969, a position that had been kept vacant during Annadurai's tenure in honour of Periyar. The six Ministers of Annadurai's Cabinet were kept by <mask>. In addition to his own ministries, <mask> took on the ministries of late Annadurai and Nedunchezhiyan, who had refused to join his cabinet. He once found himself in a difficult situation in the state Assembly when members of the Congress party and Rajagopalachari's Swatantra Party hammered him and his amateur ministers with hard questions. Swatantra Party MP HV Hande described his new government as 'third rate.' <mask> sprang up and exclaimed, 'Sorry, this is not third-rate government', This is a fourth-rate government." The house was startled for a few minutes.Some people believed Karunanidhi had admitted to the government's incompetence. Then <mask> indicated that his government of Shudras, the lowest caste in the caste hierarchy which enraged the opposition. <mask> started sending letters to his party members in Murasoli, opening with the words "Udan pirappe" (My blood brothers). These letters covered a wide range of themes, including the DMK's philosophy, his justifications for various party actions, and encouragements to party members to work very hard throughout electoral campaigns, among other things. <mask> sent around 7,000 of these letters to party leaders between 1969 and his death in December 2016. They were later published in seven volumes. <mask> sponsored and presided over a State Autonomy Conference in Madras on 12 September 1970, which included Periyar, West Bengal Chief Minister Ajoy <mask>, numerous Parliamentarians, and other dignitaries.During his tenure, he granted legal status to self-respect marriages and implemented a number of other programs aimed at protecting women and children. <mask>'s administration established the Sattanathan commission for backward classes in 1969 to recognize underprivileged groups and give them with representation in government employment and educational institutions. He implemented the "Manu Needhi Thittam", which mandated district officials to set aside a day every week to hear public grievances, and set up grievance redress procedures. <mask> founded the Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board in September 1970 to build permanent houses for those living in slums. His government gave free eye surgeries for the blind from the 'Kannoli Thittam" In 1970, he proposed the Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Reduction of Ceiling on Land) Act, which cut the maximum amount of land a family could possess to 15 standard acres, down from 30 acres under the previous Congress rule. Second term as Chief Minister (1971 – 1976)

In March 1971, <mask> formed an alliance with the Congress headed by Indira Gandhi, on the precondition that her party will not contest in any Assembly seats. In March 1971, the DMK contests for both the Assembly and the Lok Sabha.The DMK-Congress combination beat the Swatantra Party-Congress (Organisation) alliance led by Kamaraj and Rajagopalachari. The DMK won a landslide victory, with its candidates capturing 184 of the 234 seats on the ballot. <mask> is re-elected as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the second time. He was elected from Saidapet. Chief Minister M<mask> dismissed DMK's Treasurer M.G. Ramachandran from the party. He made this decision in response to a request from 26 of the executive council's 31 members.<mask> later described the decision as "painful" at a public platform. The DMK send him a requisition accusing him of breaking party rules. MGR said he was banned because he "demanded the party's finances, especially those connected to elections". But the finances were submitted to the party executive committee. There had been conflict in the past, with <mask> wanting to be Health Minister but Karunanidhi unwilling to satisfy him. On 18 October 1972, MGR founded the ADMK. <mask> in 1970 issued an order that he said would "eliminate the thorn in the heart" of social reformer Periyar.The decree made it possible for people of all castes to become priests in public temples. However, the Supreme Court overturned this decision in 1972. Until 1973, Governors raised the national flag in state capitals on both Republic Day and Independence Day. <mask> protested in February of that year that the Chief Ministers were "ignored" on Independence Day and Republic Day. In view of the Rajamannar Committee's report on Centre-State relations(1969-1971) being submitted at the time, he was reinforcing his call for State autonomy. In July, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi gave in to his demands, announcing that Chief Ministers would now hoist the flag on Independence Day, while Governors would do so on Republic Day. <mask> became the first Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu to raise the national flag at Fort St. George on 15 August 1974.<mask> launched the "Beggar rehabitation scheme" on his 48th birthday on 3 June 1971, and begged for funds for the scheme from shopkeepers near his residence, collecting Rs 3,000 and said "Begging is not an insult to the person doing the begging. But it is an insult to the country and society that made him a beggar." <mask> established the Government Servants' Family Benefit Fund Scheme to give financial compensation to an employee's relatives in the event that he loses his job owing to permanent complete disability, medical incapacity, or death. In 1971, His government increased reservation for BC from 25% to 31% and the reservation for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) from 16% to 18%. <mask> established a separate Ministry for the Welfare of the backward classs, the first such in the country. During 1973, women were first inducted into the police force. The Emergency and government dismissal

He resisted to let the Emergency's on Tamil Nadu for approximately seven months, until his administration was ousted on 31 January 1976.<mask> was a supporter of Jayaparakash Narayan's anti-Emergency campaign and was the first one to ally with his Janata Party. During an event at Don Bosco School, <mask> stated, "Most likely, this would be my final public function as Chief Minister." He was dismissed before he even got home form the function. This occurred just 50 days before his tenure ended. The DMK suffered a great deal of damage once it was dismissed. 25,000 members of the party including <mask>'s close relatives and friends were imprisoned. His maternal uncle <mask> <mask> and his son M.K Stalin suffered health issues from torture and C. Chittibabu died trying to save M.K Stalin in prison.He sent 200 rupees a month to their families of jailed DMK members through the party office. A one-man Sarkaria Commission was established in February 1976 under Supreme Court judge Ranjit Singh Sarkaria, shortly after the Indira Gandhi government ousted the DMK administration after allegations of corruption were made by opposition leader <mask>. DMK tried to make out that the investigation was an act of political vendetta. The Sarkaria commission described the evidence on the claims as "cogent, convincing, and reliable." Although none of the corruption charges against him were proved. Leader of the opposition (1977 – 1989)
AIADMK led alliance won 34 seats out of 39 seats in the 1977 Indian general election. Top party figures such as general secretary K. Rajaram, Nedunchezhiyan and S<mask> quit accusing <mask> for the DMK's failure in the general elections and demanded <mask> to resign as the party's leader.Later, DMK lost the 1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, Karunanidhi won from Anna Nagar consistency and became the leader of the opposition. On 29 October 1977, DMK supporters brandished black flags and yelled "Go back, Indira!" as she exited the Madras airport for dissolving the DMK government in1975. Indira Gandhi's vehicle was unable to pass through the black flag barrier in Madurai. <mask> violated the police prohibition in Madras and led protests in Guindy. <mask> and 28 other DMK leaders were detained the next day and were held in judicial custody. MGR offered a kind hand to the <mask> Desai government, while <mask> renewed his alliance with Indira Gandhi.When Indira returned to power following the untimely end of Desai's government, she lost no time in dissolving MGR's cabinet. In the 1980 Indian general election and 1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, the state voted in favour of the AIADMK. MGR was re-elected as Chief Minister. <mask> was elected from Anna Nagar consistency again. <mask> and DMK general secretary K. Anbazhagan resigned from the State Assembly soon after the 1983 anti-Tamil riots in Sri Lanka in protest of the union government and state's failure to defend the Eelam Tamils in Sri Lanka. In May 1986, <mask> established the Tamil Eelam Supporters Organisation (TESO) and held a major national conclave in Madurai to promote the Tamil aspiration for self-determination in Sri Lanka. In February 1982, <mask> embarked on a week-long padayatra from Madurai to Tiruchendur, spanning about 200 kilometres, in order to seek 'justice' for Subramania Pillai, a Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department (HR&CE) officer who was found dead in November 1980.There were allegations that he was assassinated to cover financial misappropriation in the Tiruchendur temple. While Chief Minister <mask> said the victim died by suicide, the DMK claimed it was an assassination. Karunanidhi walked over 30 kilometres during the day with a large crowd of cadres and leaders, stopping for lunch in small towns along the way. He gave public speeches in the evenings. The number of persons joining the padayatra grew by the day, and it became a topic of conversation in every family. The ruling government alarmed by the DMK's support, appointed a one-man committee chaired by retired judge C.J.R. Paul.The conclusions of the panel were never presented to the Assembly. <mask> was able to obtain a copy of the study and disclosed it to the public in 1982 which revealed the panel's conclusion that Pillai had not committed suicide. Soon after AIADMK's election win in 1980, Congress abandoned its ally DMK and allied with AIADMK. The 1984 elections took place against the backdrop of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's assassination. In December 1984, contested as allies in both Lok Sabha and the State Assembly which conducted together and were carried to victory by the sympathy generated for Indira Gandhi and MGR who was undergoing a Kidney transplant in New york. After being voted to the legislative council in April 1984, <mask> decided to skip the elections. In 1986, the MLC was however abolished by the then Chief Minister, the late <mask>.<mask> was instrumental in bringing the seven-party National Front together in Chennai in October 1988. With a plea for social justice, he backed Vishwanath Pratap Singh and his announcement of the Mandal Commission Report. Earlier on 17 September 1988, he organized a large rally in Chennai with largely DMK members and a public meeting to commemorate the National Front's formation. It was the largest rally Chennai has ever seen. It's inauguration was attended by 20 top national opposition leaders, including three non-Congress(I) chief ministers. Third term as Chief minister (1989 – 1991)

After a 13-year break, the DMK returned to power in 1989. Following MGR's death from a heart attack, the AIADMK split into two.The late Chief Minister <mask>n's wife Janaki Ramachandran led one faction, while J Jayalalithaa led another that helped the DMK. With about 33% of the vote, the DMK was able to secure a solid majority of 151 seats. Karunandihi was elected Chief Minister for the third time from Chennai's Harbour constituency. Karunanidhi allowed the LTTE to use Tamil Nadu as a rear base for its battle for Eelam Between 1989 and 1991, even after Prabhakaran took up arms against the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF). <mask> accused the Indian soldiers of rape and

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 massacre of Tamils in Sri Lanka and refused to receive the returning soldiers. The <mask> administration is then dismissed and placed under presidents rule by the Chandra Shekhar led union government after only two years of its five-year tenure due to its inability to act against Sri Lankan Tamil militants. Despite Governor S.S. Barnala's unwillingness to report to the Union Cabinet that Tamil Nadu's constitutional apparatus had broken down, the government has been dismissed.He enacted legislations which provided financial assistance to widows and inter-caste weddings. In 1989, <mask> passed a law giving equal rights to women in family properties. In 1989, Tamil Nadu became the first state to reserve 30% of government jobs for women. After announcing on 17 November 1990, that his government would give free power connection, he followed it up with a Government Order giving power connection to 12.40 lakh farmers. Women's self-help groups were first established in 1989 in Dharmapuri to integrate women and increase self-employment opportunities. In 1990, Karunanidhi separated reservation for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) which gave 1% separate quota for STs. Leader of the DMK (1991 – 1996)
Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi by the LTTE took place during the electoral campaign for the 1991 Indian general elections.The DMK was accused in the incident, mobs vandalised the properties of DMK members and functionaries. The allies AIADMK and the Congress campaigned together and spread propaganda claiming that the DMK was to responsible for Rajiv Gandhi's assassination and it worked. The AIADMK-Congress coalition won a decisive win in the Assembly elections on 24 June 1991, and Jayalalithaa is elected Chief Minister for the first time. Except for <mask>, all DMK candidates lost in the elections. Following the Demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992, the DMK began holding rallies and public gatherings criticizing the inrentions of Kar sevaks. On 5 December 1992, <mask> stated in <mask>oli: "What does Kar Seva mean? God's service?Or The service of planting the seeds of unrest?". Fourth term as Chief minister (1996 – 2001 )

In 1996, he formed an alliance with the Tamil Maanila Congress, led by G.K<mask>, and was elected Chief Minister for the fourth time in the state. At the centre, he joined the Deve Gowda-led United Front government. <mask>'s party, which had only two seats in the 1991 elections got 173 MPs, nine more than the AIADMK had the year before. In 1999, <mask> made his most significant ideological concession. The DMK joined the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance to fight the elections, portraying Vajpayee as a softer ideological character than LK Advani. The National Democratic Alliance won the elections.Following the DMK's support of the BJP, the TMC, CPI(M), and CPI withdrew. The alliance with the BJP put him under increased pressure from both within and outside of the party. Following the 2002 Gujarat riots, <mask> stated that both DMK and BJP were simply partners in the NDA and that the DMK had no intention of forming an alliance with the BJP. "We are not affiliated with the BJP." We are members of the NDA, and so is the BJP. That's it. So, where does the matter of forming an alliance with the BJP stand?".Later, A Raja said that <mask> told him that he regretted the alliance. He had to deal with caste animosity in numerous districts of Tamil Nadu throughout his tenure. In 1996–97, <mask> introduced the free bus pass system, which exempted government school and college students from paying for a ticket while giving private school and college students a 50% discount. <mask> devised the Uzhavar Sandhai plan in 1999, which aims to promote farmer-to-consumer communication and remove the middleman and helped farmers gain more remuneration. He opened the Samathuvapuram (Equality Village) schemes in 145 places in Tamil Nadu in 1998 in order to forget and to eliminate caste-based segregation. His administration was credited for accelerating the IT revolution, introducing mini-buses for connectivity. Karunanidhi renamed Madras to Chennai to reflect Tamil identity.He introduced initiative which gives free education for the first graduate in a family up to their graduation. His decision to phase out hand-pulled rickshaws was enthusiastically applauded, and the rickshaw-pullers were given alternative work. He introduced the marriage assistance scheme for impoverished women. His government introduced legislation establishing 33% reservation for women in local government. He was responsible for almost all of the state's major infrastructure projects which were implemented during this tenure including the Tidel Park, the Coimbatore flyover, the Koyambedu bus terminal, Gemini flyover in Chennai, the rehabilitation of Poompuhar, the Anna Centenary Library, and the grade separators in Chennai and the new Secretariat complex. Thiruvalluvar statue

On 31 December 1975, during a state cabinet meeting led by Karunanidhi, a plan was authorized to erect a statue for Thiruvalluvar at Kanyakumari. The DMK administration was dismissed a month later, and the state was placed under President's Rule.During his next term from 1989 to 1991, he resurrected the project. In March 1990, when presenting the Budget, he stated that a 133-foot-tall monument of Thiruvalluvar will be erected in Kanyakumari. He launched the project six months later. The project was restarted once he reclaimed power in May 1996. He unveiled the monument on New Year's Day, 2000. 2001 state elections
Jayalalitha, who was aligned with the Tamil Maanila Congress, the Congress(I), the Pattali Makkal Katchi, the Communist Party of India, and other parties in 2001 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly elections received 49.89% of the vote, defeating the ruling DMK-led alliance by a large majority. Karunanidhi assumption that the DMK will be re-elected on the grounds of its government's good performance proved incorrect.His government's performance was praised by voters but it was not transferred into votes. <mask> was elected from Chepauk constituency. Leader of the DMK (2001 – 2006 )
He served as the president of the DMK. K. Anbazhagan was made the leader of opposition. Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers

In the midnight 30 June 2001, he was arrested on the orders of J. Jayalalithaa as an act of Vendetta based on a First Information report over of alleged losses of ₹12 crore on construction of flyovers filed by Commissioner J. C. T. Acharyalu who Karunanidhi had earlier kept under suspension. He was arrested after a few hours after the complaint with no time for investigation. Sun TV broadcast these images live across the state, the cops stormed in, busted open his bedroom door, and hauled him out.The images of <mask> falling, being dragged, being lifted up and pushed by the police created a sympathy wave for him. T R Baalu and <mask> <mask>, two Union ministers, were also detained. <mask> told reporters "They didn't have a summons. They didn't have an arrest warrant. They claimed that these were unnecessary. They dragged me. They pushed me.They ripped my shirt. We treated her with respect when we arrested her." Union Law Minister Arun Jaitley claimed it was a case of 'personal agenda'. The Union ministers were freed and the allegations against them were dismissed. <mask> was later released on bail on humanitarian grounds. The police later dropped the case on 2006 citing it was a "mistake of facts". 2004 general elections
<mask>, on the other hand, left the BJP coalition in 2004 as the Union government refused to revoke the Prevention of Terrorism Act.He stood for the United Progressive Alliance led by the Congress party in the general elections, which won all 39 seats of the Parliament from Tamil Nadu. Fifth term as Chief minister (2006 – 2011)

On 8 May 2006, <mask>'s administration became the first minority administration in Tamil Nadu's history, and soon after declared a price cut for rice and the waiver of cooperative farmer loans, two of the DMK's main electoral promises. The DMK won 96 of the 234 seats and emerged as the single-largest party in the Assembly with the alliance of CPI-M, Congress and CPI. <mask> won from Chepauk constituency. <mask> in January 2009 threatened to resign from the ruling alliance if India does not assist in securing a cease-fire in the Sri Lankan civil war. In 2006, the DMK administration formed 30 special welfare boards entrusted with lobbying for the rights of disadvantaged and marginalised people ranging from transgenders to construction workers who may not have political influence or form voting groups and endure many forms of oppression. In 2006, <mask> introduced the 'Anaithu Grama Anna Marumalarchi Thittam,' which aimed for the establishment of a library in each village panchayat.In September 2006, he implemented the free land distribution scheme for the benefit of the landless poor. <mask> saw the value of the ramp as a wheelchair user. He mandated that all new government buildings, as well as existing ones, include a ramp and an elevator. He reserved 3% of government jobs for the physically challenged. He launched the free gas connection distribution scheme in mid-January 2007. In September 2008, he declared that 1 kg of rice will be offered at ₹1 at PDS stores, surpassing the campaign promise of ₹2. In 2009, he introduced a special quota of 3 percent reservations for the Arunthathiyar community.In 2019, the Arunthathiyars started building a temple "as a mark of thanksgiving to Kalaignar". <mask> launched the "Kalaignar Kapitu Thitam" in 2009 to give people from economically disadvantaged backgrounds receive quality medical treatments without discrimination. At least 3 out of 5 people in the state have medical insurance due to this scheme. In 2010, he introduced the "Kalaignar Veetu Vasathi Thittam" to convert thatched huts to concrete houses in the state. During this tenure he implemented the construction of new Collectorates in nine districts, many universities were established, and highways and flyovers were built. The bus terminal in Koyambedu in Chennai, which is the largest in Asia, was built. His health-care initiatives in the tenure, which included financial help for pregnant mothers, were well received by Jayalalithaa.Multiple medical camps were held around the state as part of the Varumun Kappom Thittam initiative, benefiting a huge portion of Tamil Nadu's population. Schemes were implemented to provide free color TVs to every family with ration cards and to provide gas stoves with free gas connection to the poor women who use wood stove-kerosene stove. Leader of the DMK (2011 – 2016)

During the 2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, the AIADMK alliance won 203 seats and the DMK alliance won 31. Karunanidi won by a huge margin of 50,249 votes Tiruvarur Assembly constituency. Following the defeat, M<mask> said, "People have given me proper rest," before congratulating the people of the state. On his 86th birthday, <mask> donated his Gopalapuram home to the Annai Anjugam Trust, which would manage a free hospital for the underprivileged after his and his wife's demise. During the 2016 Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections, which the DMK lost only by 1.5 per cent votes.<mask> won from Tiruvarur constituency with margin of 68,366 votes thereby recording his 13th straight victory since 1957. In January 2017, <mask>'s son M.K Stalin was made as the working president of the DMK at the general council meet due to his deteriorating health. Political policies

Sri Lankan Tamil issue
<mask> was known among his supporters as the "Tamil Inaththalaivar" (leader of the Tamil race) He was close to numerous Sri Lankan Tamil politicians. In 1956, <mask> issued a resolution at the DMK council in Chidambaram denouncing Sri Lanka's 'Sinhala Only policy'. He was acquainted with S.J.V. Chelvanayakam and was close with A. Amirthalingam, the head of the Tamil United Liberation Front. After 1977 anti-Tamil pogrom and 1983 anti-Tamil pogrom, the his administration was at the forefront of organizing protest demonstrations in Tamil Nadu.In protest at the 1983 riots, <mask> and DMK general secretary K. Anbazhagan resigned from the State Assembly. The DMK was thought to support the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO). After the LTTE started a war against its fellow Tamil militant group TELO in May 1986, <mask> was skeptical of the LTTE's strategy. <mask> founded the Tamil Eelam Supporters Organisation (TESO) and held a large national conference in Madurai in May 1986 to emphasize the Tamil aspiration for sovereignty in Sri Lanka, during which he urged the LTTE to cease murdering TELO cadre. The LTTE then proceeded to kill the majority of the TELO cadres. The infighting was criticized by Karunanidhi as Sagodhara Yudham’ (A Battle Between Brothers). Since the AIADMK and MGR were prepared to support the LTTE as the only representation of Sri Lankan Tamils, his constant attempts to convey the necessity for an unified front to the LTTE were ignored.<mask> was a vocal opponent of the decision to send Indian peace keeping forces (IPKF) to Sri Lanka as part of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord, and he was accused of being anti-national for his outspoken criticism of the atrocities perpetrated by the IPKF. He viewed the expulsion of Muslims from the North by the LTTE in 1990 as “ethnic cleansing.” His inaction against the LTTE in the state finally led to the Chandrasekhar government dismissing his cabinet in January 1991. After the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi by LTTE he was not friendly with the overt LTTE sympathizers in the state. He ordered a special investigation of the conditions in the Tamil refugee camps in 2006, and subsequently provided funds to repair deteriorating dwellings. In 2009, during the final stages of the war, <mask> was unable to convince the UPA alliance to intervene. Tamil language
Karunanidhi on multiple occasions, expressed his admiration for Thiruvalluvar. The DMK administration built Valluvar Kottam, a memorial in Chennai dedicated to Valluvar in the mid-1970s.However, the government was removed from power in 1976, just weeks before the memorial was to be opened. Karunanidhi awaited 13 years to visit the memorial, and when the DMK regained power in January 1989, he held the swearing-in ceremony there. <mask> built the Silappadikaram Art Gallery in Poompuhar and a special department for Tamil development as Chief Minister. His administration passed an order making Tamil obligatory in all schools until Class 10th a few weeks after he became Chief Minister in May

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 2006. <mask>, a supporter of the two-language formula, had stressed the need of retaining English as the sole additional language in educational institutions. After consulting with scholars, his government determined in 1972 that Thiruvalluvar was born in 31 BCE. Karunanidhi and Congress leader Sonia Gandhi were vital in ensuring classical language status to Tamil in 2004.World Tamil Conference

He delivered the special address on the inaugural day of 3rd World Tamil Conference held in Paris in 1970, and also on the inaugural day of 6th World Tamil Conference held in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) in 1987. He penned the song "Semmozhiyaana Tamizh Mozhiyaam", the official theme song for the World Classical Tamil Conference 2010, that was set to tune by A. R. Rahman. In June 2010,  his administration organized the World Classical Tamil Conference in Coimbatore. 'Ulaga Tamizh Manadu' (World Tamil Conference), was the first coined word for the conference in 2010, however the IATR organisation that had right to conduct the conference was not happy hence change in name. In the conference, <mask>  described Tamil as supreme among all classical languages. He reinforced the demand for Tamil to be recognized as a language of the Madras High Court. <mask> announced the foundation of the World Tholkappiyar Classical Tamil Sangam, that would include worldwide academics and will be based in Madurai, to hold World Classical Tamil Conferences at periodic intervals in the future.and to bring dispersed Tamil research centres and develop connections with Tamil organizations throughout the world. Screenwriting

<mask> began his career as a screenwriter in the Tamil film industry. His first movie as screenwriter was Rajakumari produced by Coimbatore-based Jupiter Pictures directed by A. S. A. Sami starring M. G. Ramachandran. During this period he and M. G. Ramachandran, then an upcoming actor and later day founder of AIADMK party started a long friendship eventually turning into rivals in later years politics. His stint with Jupiters Pictures then housed at Central Studios continued for another MGR starrer Abhimanyu, <mask>udhanaattu Ilavarasi (1950) starring M. G. Ramachandran and V. N. Janaki. Around late 1949, T. R. Sundaram of Modern Theatres Studio in Salem engaged <mask> as scriptwriter for the film <mask>thiri Kumari starring M. G. Ramachandran which would become be a blockbuster hit. Later T. R. Sundaram had Karunanidhi on permanent rolls at Modern Studio.<mask> chose to pen a script for a TV series based on the Vaishnavite philosopher-sage Ramanuja. He claimed that his party opposed Hindu fundamentalism, not Hindus. Parasakthi
His most notable movie was Parasakthi, a turning point in Tamil cinema, as it espoused the ideologies of the Dravidian movement and also introduced two prominent actors of Tamil filmdom, Sivaji Ganesan and S. S. Rajendran. The movie was initially marred with controversies and faced censorship troubles, but was eventually released in 1952. becoming a huge box office hit. The movie was opposed by orthodox Hindus since it contained elements that criticised Hinduism. The story contained condemnation of Tamil Nadu's severe social disparities, India's power difference between South and the North, and the moral corruption of the Hindu priestly caste. Upper caste Hindus sought to ban the movie.Two other movies written by Karunanidhi that contained such messages were Panam (1952) directed by famous comedian and political activist N. S. Krishnan and Thangarathnam (1960) produced and acted by S. S. Rajendran another popular actor and DMK activist. These movies contained themes such as widow remarriage, abolition of untouchability, self-respect marriages, abolition of zamindari and abolition of religious hypocrisy. Another memorable hit movie was Manohara (1954) starring Sivaji Ganesan, S. S. Rajendran and P. Kannamba known for its crisp dialogues. Writing and narration style
Through his wit and oratorical skills he rapidly rose as a popular politician. As his movies and plays with strong social messages became popular, they suffered from increased censorship; two of his plays in the 1950s were banned. He was famous for writing historical and social (reformist) stories which propagated the socialist and rationalist ideals of the Dravidian movement to which he belonged. Alongside C. N. Annadurai he began using Tamil cinema to propagate his political ideals through his movies.His compositions, which often chastised upper castes while it making heroes out of the poor and advocating secularism, were seen as revolutionary. Filmography
At the age of 20, <mask> went to work for Jupiter Pictures as a scriptwriter. His first film, Rajakumaari, gained him much popularity. It was here that his skills as a scriptwriter were honed, which extended to several films. He was active in screenwriting even during his later political career till 2011 when he last wrote for historic movie Ponnar Shankar. As a scriptwriter

Ponnar Shankar (2011)
Ilaignan (2011)
Pen Singam (2010)
Uliyin Osai (2008)
Pasa Kiligal (2006)
Kannamma (2005)
Mannin Maindhan (2005)
Puthiya Parasakthi (1996)
Madurai Meenakshi (1993)
Kavalukku Kettikaran (1990)
Paasa Mazhai (1989)
Nyaya Tharasu (1989)
Thendral Sudum (1989)
Poruthadhu Pothum (1989)
Ithu Engal Neethi (1988)
Paasa Paravaigal (1988)
Paadatha Thenikkal (1988)
Makkal Aanaiyittal (1988)
Ore Raththam (1987)
Veeran Veluthambi (1987)
Neethikku Thandanai (1987)
Sattam Oru Vilayaattu (1987)
Puyal Paadum Paattu (1987)
Palaivana Rojakkal (1986)
Kaaval Kaithigal (1984)
Thooku Medai (1982)
Maadi Veettu Ezhai (1981)
Kaalam Pathil Sollum (1980)
Aadu Paambe (1979)
Nenjukku Needhi (1979)
Vandikaran Magan (1978)
Pillaiyo Pillai (1972)
Thanga Thambi (1967)
Valiba Virundhu (1967)
Avan Pithana? (1966)
Marakka <mask>diyumaa (1966)
Mani Magudam (1966)
Poomalai (1965)
Poompuhar (1964)
Kaanchi Thalaivan (1963)
Iruvar Ullam (1963)
Thayilla Pillai (1961)
Arasilangkumari (1961)
Kuravanji (1960)
Ellorum Innaattu Mannar (1960)
Pudhumai Pithan (1957)
Pudhaiyal (1957)
Raja Rani (1956)
Rangoon Radha (1956)
Malaikkallan (1954)
Manohara (1954)
Ammaiyappan (1954)
Thirumbi Paar (1953)
Naam (1953)
Panam (1952)
Parasakthi (1952)
Manamagal (1951)
Devaki (1951)
Manthiri Kumari (1950)
Marudhanaattu Ilavarasi (1950)
Abimanyu (1948)
Rajakumaari (1947)

Television
Romapuri Pandian (Kalaignar TV)
Ramanujar (Kalaignar TV)

Lyrics

Literature
Karunanidhi is known for his contributions to Tamil literature.His contributions cover a wide range: poems, letters, screenplays, novels, biographies, historical novels, stage-plays, dialogues and movie songs. He has written Kuraloviam for Thirukural, Tholkaappiya Poonga, Poombukar, as well as many poems, essays and books. Apart from literature, <mask> has also contributed to the Tamil language through art and architecture. Like the Kuraloviyam, in which Kalaignar wrote about Thirukkural, through the construction of Valluvar Kottam he gave an architectural presence to Thiruvalluvar, in Chennai. At Kanyakumari, <mask> constructed a 133-foot-high statue of Thiruvalluvar in honour of the scholar. Books
The books written by Karunanidhi include Sanga Thamizh, Thirukkural Urai, Ponnar Sankar, Romapuri Pandian, Thenpandi Singam, Vellikizhamai, Nenjukku Needhi, Iniyavai Irubathu and Kuraloviam. His books of prose and poetry number more than 100.Stage plays
<mask>'s stage plays include: <mask>, Ore Ratham, Palaniappan, Thooku <mask>, Kagithapoo, Naane Arivali, Vellikizhamai, Udhayasooriyan and Silappathikaram. Personal life
<mask> married three times. <mask>'s parents were eager to marry him off to Padma, the sister of C.S Jayaraman. He made one condition that the bride side must accept a reformist wedding. He hoped they would call off the marriage as he was not earning and the bride's father was religious but their family agreed to their marriage also held the marriage of their son C.S Jayaraman the same day. He married Padmavathi Ammal on 13 September 1944, under the Dravidian movement's Self-Respect form of marriage where the bride and groom exchanged garlands, without a thaali (mangalsutra), and specifically without Brahmin priests presiding. They had a son M. K<mask>, who was briefly active in Tamil films and politics.Padmavathi died in 1948 soon after childbirth. In September of that year, <mask>'s marriage was arranged with Dayalu Ammal, with whom he had three sons, M. K. Alagiri, M. K. Stalin and M. K. Tamilarasu, and a daughter, M. K. Selvi. Alagiri and Stalin are active in state politics and competed to be their father's political successors, before Stalin prevailed. Tamilarasu is a businessman and film-producer and campaigner for his father and his party; Selvi campaigned for Karunanidhi elections too. With his third marriage with Rajathi Ammal, <mask> had a daughter, Kanimozhi. <mask>'s left eye got critically injured on 1953 when the vehicle in which he was travelling got involved in an accident near Tirupattur. An eye surgery was performed and doctors recommended him to wear sunglasses to protect his eyes from the sun.<mask> used regular spectacles, However, after American ophthalmologists recommended for his ongoing discomfort in his left eye, which he had been suffering from since the mid-1950s, he switched to his trade-mark dark glasses in 1971. Doctors determined that the dark glass frames were too hefty for him in November 2017 and advised a lighter frame. Since 2004, he has had to deal with his deteriorating health and struggled to stand when a spinal operation went wrong and became wheelchair-dependent. After a few years, he upgraded to a motorised wheelchair and a customized van with a hydraulic system to raise the chair into or out of the vehicle easily. Illness, death and reactions

Due to a drug-induced allergy, <mask> became unwell in October 2016. He was hospitalized in the first week of December 2016 for "optimization of nutrition and hydration" and subsequently for a throat and lung infections. He went through a tracheostomy surgery to improve his breathing.He has stayed out of politics since then, making just a few public appearances. His last public appearance was on 3 June 2018, when he turned 94. On 28 July 2018, <mask>'s health deteriorated and became "extremely critical and unstable", and he was admitted at Kauvery Hospital in Chennai for treatment. He died there at 6:10 p.m. on 7 August 2018 due to age-related illness, which led to multiple organ failure. The government of Tamil Nadu declared a public holiday on 8 August 2018 and a seven-day mourning after <mask>'s death. A national mourning on 8 August 2018 was announced by the government of India. The national flag flew half-mast in Delhi, all state capitals and across Tamil Nadu on 8 August 2018.The governments of Karnataka and Bihar announced one-day and two-days state mourning respectively. On 18 August 2018, the DMK said that as many as 248 party workers died, 'shocked' by <mask>'s demise, and announced a solatium of Rs 200,000 to their families. Awards and titles
 Annamalai University awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1971. He was awarded "Raja Rajan Award" by Tamil University, Thanjavur for his book Thenpandi Singam. On 15 December 2006, the Governor of Tamil Nadu and the Chancellor of Madurai Kamaraj University, Surjit Singh Barnala conferred an honorary doctorate on the Chief Minister on the occasion of the 40th annual convocation. In June 2007, the Tamil Nadu Muslim Makkal Katchi announced that it would confer the title "Friend of the Muslim Community" (Yaaran-E-Millath) upon M. <mask>. Elections contested and positions held
<mask> contested and won in all Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections (then Madras) since 1957 except 1984 when he didn't contest the election.He resigned immediately after being elected in 1991, due to the routing of his party (only 2 seats out of 234). Posts in legislature

Controversies

Ram Setu remarks
In September 2007, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) opposed Sethusamudram Canal project stating that it will demolish limestone shoals the party claimed to be remains of a bridge built by Rama to get to Lanka to save his wife Sita. He replied, "It is said that there was a God thousands of years ago called Ram. Do not touch the bridge built by him. I ask who is this Ram? Which engineering college did he graduate from?" His remarks caused a controversy.He then warned to union government of surrendering to communal forces and claimed Ramayana was a fictional piece representing the Aryan-Dravidian conflict and blamed Sri Lanka and communal elements for stalling the long-cherished dream of Tamils. BJP leader Ravi Shankar Prasad accused <mask> of religious discrimination when noting "We would like to know from Karunanidhi if he would make a similar statement against the head of any other religion;"  CPM general secretary Prakash Karat came to his support and said "in this country, there are individuals with religious views and people like us. It is not wrong to voice an opinion". Suspected Sangh Parivar activists attacked the house of Karunanidhi's daughter Selvi in Bangalore with petrol bombs and stones over his comments. A bus bound to Chennai was set on fire in Bangalore by a mob which burnt alive two people. The police blamed the attack on Hindu activists who were enraged over his comments. <mask> reiterated his statement and said the attacks showed the "true culture of Ram Sevaks."Connections with LTTE
In an April 2009 interview to NDTV, Karunanidhi made a controversial remark stating that "Prabhakaran is my good friend" and also said, "India could not forgive the LTTE for assassinating Rajiv Gandhi". An interim report of Justice Jain Commission, which oversaw the investigation into Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, had indicted <mask> for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers, who belonged to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). but the final report contained no such allegations. Allegations of nepotism
<mask> has been accused by opponents, by some members of his party, and by other political observers of trying to promote nepotism. Many political opponents and DMK party senior leaders have been critical of the rise of M. K. Stalin in the party. But some of the party men have pointed out that Stalin has come up on his own. Stalin was jailed under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) during the Emergency that a fellow DMK party prisoner died trying to save him.Books

 Sanga Tamizh
 Nenjukku needhi
 Thenpandi singam
 Thirukkural Urai
 Payum puli pandara vanniyan
 Sindhanaiyum seiyalum
 Nerukkadi neruppuaru
Pesum kalai Valarpom
Anaiya Vizhakku Anna
Yaaral? Yaaral?

masks:
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Mar
Karunanidhi
Man
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Mu
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Manimagudam
Medai
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
. Muu
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi
Karunanidhi


texts:
<mask> (ג'ו אלכסנדר; born December 26, 1986) is a Taiwanese-born American-Israeli professional basketball player who last played for Maccabi Rishon LeZion of the Israeli Premier League. <mask>, who at  plays both forward positions, was selected for the 2007 All-Big East squad during his collegiate career with West Virginia and was an All-American Honorable Mention. He was selected eighth overall in the 2008 NBA draft by the Milwaukee Bucks. He is the first-ever Taiwanese-born NBA player. Early life
Born in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, <mask> moved to Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S., when he was two. When he was eight, his family relocated to China when his father got a job working for Nestlé. His maternal grandfather was Jewish, which made him eligible for Israeli citizenship while playing for Maccabi Tel Aviv.<mask> lived in Hong Kong for six months and then in Mainland China for six years, becoming conversant in Mandarin. While <mask> lived in Hong Kong, he attended the Hong Kong International School in Tai Tam. <mask> and his family lived in a separated ex-pat community with other Americans in Beijing. There he attended the International School of Beijing from 1996 to 2002, where he first became acquainted with basketball. His brothers, John and Jeremy, became the first foreigners to win the Beijing High School basketball MVP award and did so in successive seasons. In 2010, the ISB Dragons basketball team officially retired <mask>'s jersey in an elaborate ceremony in the school gym, a ceremony where <mask> himself was present. <mask> then returned to the U.S. to live in Mount Airy, Maryland, where he spent his junior and senior seasons playing for Linganore High School.While he only played a minor role coming off the bench his junior year, his senior season he boasted averages of 14.8 points, 7.0 rebounds and 2.8 assists per game, which earned him first-team Monocacy Valley Athlete League Chesapeake conference honors. <mask> was named team captain his senior year and selected to the Frederick County all-star first team. He was named Mt. Airy Gazette player of the year, 2004 Frederick Gazette player of the year, earned first-team honors from the Frederick Gazette and Frederick News Post, and was on The Washington Posts honorable mention all-Met team. <mask> also set school records for blocks in a season (90) and season field-goal percentage (58.0). After high school, <mask> gained only limited attention from Division III schools (including Washington College, where his brothers were playing) and some Division II programs despite having a Very Solid Senior Season. At that point, <mask> was 6' 6" (1.98 m) and only ; a Division I athletic scholarship was out of the question.Determined to make his dream a reality, he opted to attend Hargrave Military Academy in Chatham, Virginia. Playing behind Pitt star Sam Young and Villanova's Shane Clark, <mask> saw limited playing time while at Hargrave. College career

Freshman season
<mask> enrolled at West Virginia University in 2005 after attending Hargrave Military Academy for the 2004–2005 season. As a freshman, he played in 10 games, while starters Kevin Pittsnogle and Mike Gansey led the starting senior class. On November 13, 2005, <mask> scored his first collegiate basket against Wofford. His best game his freshman year was against Washington & Jefferson College where he scored five points and blocked five shots on December 3. Sophomore season
<mask> finally started in the 2006–2007 season.Against DePaul on January 28, 2007, <mask> posted a career-high 23 points. With 90 seconds left in the game, West Virginia led 61–48 after <mask>'s shot-clock-beating 3-pointer and a three-point play. But from what looked to be a good season, <mask>'s season declined in the second half. After an 11-point performance versus Providence on February 2, <mask> went without scoring over double-digits for the rest of the regular season and the Big East Tournament. <mask> also only totaled 18 points in the Mountaineers' NIT run, which ended with a championship win over Clemson on March 29. <mask> scored no points and grabbed one rebound in 16 minutes. His performances included a 4-point game in a 74–50 victory over Delaware State on March 13, a 3-point game in a 71–66 win over North Carolina State on March 20, a 2-point game in a 63–62 win over Mississippi State on March 27.He averaged 10.3 points per game, 1.9 assists per game, and 4.3 rebounds per game for the season. Junior season
After the NIT championship, head coach John Beilein left the team for the head coaching job at Michigan. Afterwards, West Virginia alumnus Bob Huggins left Kansas State for the head coaching job at WVU. Huggins emphasizes strength training and as a result <mask> went from 210 pounds to 230 pounds and has often remarked that the training allowed him to avoid fatigue and weight loss. In the season-opening exhibition game against Mountain State, <mask> scored 19 points, grabbed 6 rebounds, totaled 5 blocks, and had one steal in the 88–65 win. In the 75–61 victory over New Mexico State, <mask> scored 16 points and grabbed 10 rebounds. The next game, a victory over UMES, <mask> scored 22 points with 8 rebounds.In the 70–53 victory over Winthrop, <mask> scored 19 points and again grabbed 10 rebounds. <mask> then scored 17 points in the victory over Auburn and a then career-high 26 points over Duquesne. <mask> scored 20 points and grabbed 8 rebounds against Maryland-Baltimore County on December 15, then followed up with 20 points and 6 rebounds against Canisius on December 22, 2007. In the 88–82 loss to Oklahoma on December 29, <mask> scored 21 points and grabbed 7 rebounds, and in the loss to Notre Dame he only scored 9 points. He then put up 19 points, 4 rebounds, and 5 assists in the victory over Marquette on January 6, 2008. However, in the January 10 loss to Louisville, <mask> scored 22 points, including 14 straight in the second half. In the 73–64 victory over St. John's on January 17, he scored 15 points.After dealing with injuries, <mask> bounced back on February 2, 2008, with 19 points and 8 rebounds in West Virginia's 77–65 away win against Providence. On February 14 in the 81–63 victory against Rutgers, <mask> totaled 15 points and 9 rebounds. Then in the 89–68 victory against Seton Hall on February 17, he registered 13 points and 9 rebounds. In the 78–56 loss to Villanova on February 20, <mask> scored 11 points with 4 rebounds and 3 assists. In the February 23 home game versus Providence, <mask> scored 21 points and grabbed 7 rebounds in West Virginia's 80–53 win. In the 85–73 victory over DePaul on February 27, <mask> scored 17 points to reach the 20-win mark for the season. In the 79–71 loss to Connecticut on March 1, he scored a career-high 32 points and added 10 rebounds for his third double-double of the season.The following game, on March 3, a 76–62 home victory over Pittsburgh, <mask> tied his career-high of 32 points (on 10 of 16 field goals) set the previous game and also added 6 rebounds. He began his performance with his team up 40–30, when he scored six consecutive points to raise the score to 47–30 in the second half. <mask> finished the regular season in the 83–74 overtime victory over St. John's at Madison Square Garden on March 8 with 29 points and 10 rebounds, including 7 in the extra period. For his efforts on the season—averaging team-highs of 16.2 points and 6.1 rebounds per game—<mask> was named to the first-team All-Big East squad. He was the sixth Mountaineer in school history to earn first-team All-Big East honors. In the start of the Big East Tournament, the Mountaineers beat Providence again, 58–53. <mask> contributed with 22 points and 6 rebounds.In the second round of the tourney, the Mountaineers upset the #15-ranked Connecticut Huskies on March 13, 78–72. <mask> contributed with a career-high 34 points, the most ever by a Mountaineer in a Big East championship. He also added 7 rebounds. The game marked his third 30-point game of the season. However, as the Mountaineers lost in the semifinal matchup against the No. 8 Georgetown Hoyas, <mask> finished the Big East Tournament with 12 points on 5-of-16 shooting, and 5 rebounds. The Mountaineers' run to the semifinal round of the Big East Tourney propelled the team to a #7 seed in the NCAA Tournament, with a first-round matchup against the #10 seed Arizona Wildcats.ESPN, in their West region breakdown, named <mask> the best player in the region next to UCLA's Kevin Love. In the first-round victory over Arizona, <mask> scored 14 points and grabbed 8 rebounds. In the second-round victory over the #2-seed Duke Blue Devils, he scored 22 points and grabbed 11 rebounds as the Mountaineers won 73–67. In the Sweet 16 75–79 overtime loss to No. 3 Xavier on March 27, <mask> scored 18 points and grabbed 10 rebounds for his second double-double of the tournament. <mask> finished his junior season leading the team with 16.9 points per game and 6.4 rebounds per game. <mask> was second on the team with 1.5 blocks per game and third with 2.4 assists per game and 31.6 minutes played per game.He finished the NCAA Tournament by averaging 18 points and 9.6 rebounds per game. Professional career

Milwaukee Bucks (2008–2010)
On April 9, 2008, <mask> declared himself eligible for the 2008 NBA draft, and later signed with an agent, forfeiting his remaining college eligibility. <mask> was described as the best athlete on paper at the draft overall, by having the second-most number of 185-pound bench reps (24), the second-highest max touch (12' ½") and the second-fastest three-quarter sprint time (2.99 seconds). He was drafted 8th overall in the NBA draft by the Milwaukee Bucks in June, and was signed by the team on July 8. In the 2008 NBA Summer League, <mask> averaged 9.2 points, 3.6 rebounds and 1.2 blocks per game while starting all five games. In a December 7, 2008 Bucks loss to the L.A. Lakers, <mask> led the team in scoring with 15 points. Following the All-Star break, <mask> saw a streak of four consecutive games where he did not play.However, he rebounded in a loss to the Miami Heat by totaling 13 points, 5 rebounds and 5 assists in 20 minutes of playing time. He averaged 5.8 points for the month of January, the most of his rookie season in a month. In a March 30, 2009 win over the New Jersey Nets, <mask> scored a career-high 16 points. <mask> finished the season averaging 4.7 points in his 12.1 minutes per game. In the offseason prior to the 2009–2010 season, starting forward Richard Jefferson was traded to the San Antonio Spurs, potentially freeing up playing time for <mask>. On October 30, 2009, the Bucks declined <mask>'s rookie contract option that would have added a third season to his rookie contract. After missing time because of a hamstring injury, <mask> was assigned to the NBA D-League's Fort Wayne Mad Ants on January 20, 2010.Chicago Bulls (2010)
On February 18, 2010, <mask> was traded to the Chicago Bulls along with Hakim Warrick for John Salmons. New Orleans Hornets (2010)
On September 20, 2010, <mask> signed with the New Orleans Hornets, but he was waived on November 13, 2010. Texas Legends (2010–2011)
On November 26, <mask> was signed by the NBA D-League's Texas Legends. He had a successful 2010–11 season with the Legends averaging 20.2 points and 8.9 rebounds per game and was awarded a spot at the D-League's 2011 All-Star game. He was in an Atlanta Hawks minicamp before the 2011 NBA lockout occurred. In June 2011, <mask> was listed as one of the NBA's "Biggest Draft Busts" by the New York Daily News, due to his struggles to transition from college to the NBA. Krasnye Krylia (2011)
In July 2011, <mask> signed with BC Krasnye Krylya Samara of Russia.He left in December 2011, after an X-ray revealed <mask> had a stress fracture in his left tibia. After a sabbatical year hoping the injury would heal itself, <mask> opted to fix his tibia through surgery in 2012. Santa Cruz Warriors (2013–2014)
On September 27, 2013, <mask> signed with the Golden State Warriors. On October 25, 2013, <mask> was waived by the Warriors. The reason was a magnetic resonance imaging showed his leg was not fully recovered yet. Instead <mask> was signed by team's D-League affiliate, the Santa Cruz Warriors, where treatment was administered to both his leg and overall muscle performance. A recovered <mask> played 13 games for Santa Cruz in the 2013–14 regular season.In the playoffs, <mask> appeared in 4 games through the Warriors' D-League runners-up campaign. In November 2014, he was reacquired by Santa Cruz. <mask> played 13 games through the 2014–15 NBA Development League season. Maccabi Tel Aviv (2014–2015)
On December 25, 2014, <mask> left Santa Cruz and signed with Maccabi Tel Aviv of the Israeli Premier League and the Euroleague for the rest of the season. <mask> won the 2015 Israeli State Cup with Maccabi, as well as reaching the 2015 EuroLeague Quarterfinals, where they eventually were eliminated by Fenerbahçe. Dinamo Sassari (2015–2016)
On August 3, 2015, <mask> signed a one-year deal with the Italian club Dinamo Sassari. On January 24, 2016, <mask> recorded a season-high 27 points, shooting 11-of-15 from the field, along four rebounds and two steals in a 78–86 loss to Red October Cantù.In 47 games played during the 2015–16 season, he averaged 12 points, 4.4 rebounds and 1 assist per game. Return to Maccabi (2016–2017)
On August 3, 2016, <mask> returned to Maccabi Tel Aviv for a second stint, signing a one-year deal with an option for another one. On May 6, 2017, <mask> recorded a season-high 25 points, shooting 10-of-11 from the field, along with three rebounds and two assists in an 88–74 win over Maccabi Rishon LeZion. <mask> won the 2017 Israeli State Cup title with Maccabi. Hapoel Holon (2017–2018)
On July 22, 2017, <mask> signed with Hapoel Holon for the 2017–18 season. On November 12, 2017, <mask> recorded a then career-high 29 points, shooting 12-of-16 from the field, in a 104–74 win over Maccabi Rishon LeZion. On November 30, 2017, <mask> was named Israeli Player of the Month for games played in November.On May 3, 2018, <mask> recorded a career-high 34 points, shooting 13-of-20 from the field, along with 8 rebounds in an 81–75 win over Hapoel Eilat. He was subsequently named Israeli League Round 28 MVP. <mask> won the 2018 Israeli State Cup title with Holon, as well as reaching the 2018 Israeli League Final, where they eventually were lost to his former team Maccabi Tel Aviv. In 50 games played during the 2017–18 season, he averaged 13.8 points, 5.2 rebounds, 1.4 assists and 1.4 blocks per game. On June 8, 2018, <mask> earned a spot in the All-Israeli League First Team. Beşiktaş (2018–2019)
On August 24, 2018, <mask> signed a one-year deal with Beşiktaş of the Turkish Basketball Super League. On April 21, 2019, <mask> recorded a season-high 26 points, shooting 10-of-19 from the field, along with eight rebounds in a 67–76 loss to Teksüt Bandırma.In 31 games played for Beşiktaş, he averaged 9.5 points and 4.3 rebounds, shooting 44.5 percent from three-point range. ESSM Le Portel (2019)
On November 11, 2019, <mask> signed with ESSM Le Portel of the French LNB Pro A. On December 23, 2019, he parted ways with Le Portel after appearing in five games. Return to Hapoel Holon (2019–2020)
On December 29, 2019, <mask> returned to Hapoel Holon for a second stint, signing for the rest of the season. Ironi Nahariya (2020–2021)
On August 13, 2020, <mask> signed with Ironi Nahariya of the Israeli Premier League. Jeonju KCC Egis (2021)
On March 25, 2021, <mask> signed with Jeonju KCC Egis of the Korean Basketball League. Third stint with Hapoel Holon (2021)
On May 24, 2021, <mask> signed for the third time with Hapoel Holon.Maccabi Rishon LeZion (2021–present)
On October 11, 2021, <mask> signed with Maccabi Rishon LeZion. The Basketball Tournament (TBT)
In the summer of 2017, <mask> played in The Basketball Tournament on ESPN for The Stickmen. He competed for the $2 million prize, and for The Stickmen, he averaged 6.0 points per game. <mask> helped take The Stickmen to the second round of the tournament, where they then lost to Team Challenge ALS, 87–73. players
Milwaukee Bucks draft picks
Milwaukee Bucks players
People from Mount Airy, Maryland
People from Silver Spring, Maryland
Power forwards (basketball)
Santa Cruz Warriors players
Sportspeople from the Baltimore metropolitan area
Sportspeople from Frederick, Maryland
Sportspeople from Kaohsiung
Sportspeople from Montgomery County, Maryland
Texas Legends players
West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball players
American men's 3x3 basketball players

masks:
Joe Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
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