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<mask> (2 November 1839 – 8 January 1915) was a German Catholic Priest regarded as the spiritual founder of a religious order, the Missionary Sisters of Queen of Apostles (SRA), founded 1923. A would-be missionary to India, he promoted inculturation, a method of evangelisation whereby the Christian message is presented within the culture of the indigenous people. In so doing, he was decades ahead of his time. Life of Fr Bodewig

Early life
<mask> was born on 2 November 1839 in Bonn, Germany, to Constantine and <mask>. He showed early promise and at age 17, after completing his gymnasium studies, entered the Society of Jesus in Muenster on 21 August 1856, taking vows in 1858. After noviciate, the young Bodewig studied philosophy in the province's formation house at Aachen, 1861–63. From 1864 to 1866 he attended a language course at the University of Bonn.1869-72 he taught in the Society's Stella Matutina College in Feldkirch, Austria. He was ordained priest on 3 May 1871 at Maria Laach by Bishop Matthias Eberhard of Trier. Completing his theological studies in 1872 at Maria Laach, he received the mandate to go to the mission field of the Bombay-Pune Mission, India. It was said that he knew 17 languages and had four doctorates. At this time, Bishop Leo Meurin was in charge of the vicariate of Bombay and, influenced by the thinking of Robert de Nobili, promoting the idea of a missionary endeavour among the Indians which would not attempt to impose western European cultural values. <mask> adopted his ideas with enthusiasm and in 1879 registered to learn Sanskrit, Marathi, English, Indian Philosophy and Mythology. However, his studies were cut short when Bishop Meurin sent Bodewig to Igatpuri.Following the methods of de Nobili, <mask> was advised to adopt the dress and lifestyle of an Indian Brahmin in an attempt at evangelizing high caste Hindus. Robert de Nobili
Nobili, an Italian Jesuit, had arrived in Madurai, South India in November 1606. He soon realised that the lack of success in the missions was due to the great differences in culture between European and Indian people. De Nobili understood that Western cultural standards of dress and behaviour are distinct from the core teachings of the gospel. For instance, eating beef, drinking alcohol, infrequent bathing and entering holy places with shoes on were considered barbarous and filthy by the indigenous people. De Nobili installed himself as a Hindu Sannyasi in a simple house of his own where he began to study Tamil and later Telugu and Sanskrit. His converts continued to wear Indian clothing and retain the traditional sandalwood ashes on their forehead – anything not connected with any religious tenet may be regarded as forms of Indian culture.De Nobili met with strong opposition although his method was approved by Pope Gregory XV in 1623, with certain provisions. The Igatpuri Experiment
On his arrival at Igatpuri, Fr <mask> began an ashram way of life as recommended by Bishop Meurin, becoming a strict vegetarian, which he found difficult. However, there were no high caste Hindus in Igatpuri and <mask>'s radical way of life divided local Christians. From Igatpuri, he moved to Nasik but met with little success. Recalled to Bombay, Fr <mask> taught at St Xavier's College in March 1875 and was asked to edit the newly formed periodical of the Bombay Debating Club, a pet project of the bishop. When this subsequently failed, <mask>, jobless, was moved to Deolali, near Igatpuri, as a military chaplain. The mercurial Bishop Meurin then recalled Bodewig and asked him to prepare lectures for the Bombay Debating Club which he himself gave, giving no credit to Bodewig.By September 1875 relations between the two had reached breaking point and <mask> returned to Europe in 1876. The Break with the Jesuits
Between 1876 and 1888 <mask> was transferred from one country to another. Frustrated by his experiences in India, he determined to initiate a concrete plan for the conversion of India via the ideas of De Nobili. The Jesuits, however, wanted him to teach in their schools and an impasse was reached. <mask> was sent to North America and told to forget all ideas about India. Finally, in frustration, <mask> left the Society of Jesus and moved to the Archdiocese of Cologne as a diocesan priest. Working as an assistant priest, Fr <mask> began to formulate ideas about a new missionary society for the conversion of India.He published Indien und Seine Heiden Missionen ("India and its Pagan Missions") in which he laid down his ideas for evangelising India. A gifted speaker, he began to lecture and publish widely, and soon gained a dedicated group of followers. At the time of his break with the Society of Jesus, Fr <mask> had a spiritual experience while saying Mass. It seemed to him that the sky was covered by thick black clouds obscuring everything from sight. He took this to mean that his path would henceforth be difficult and full of personal pain. This was to be the price for his vision of an Indian mission, and so Fr <mask> accepted it. The year 1888 was also the date of a papal encyclical exhorting the Brazilian bishops to oppose slavery in South America.The 37th German Catholic Congress passed several resolutions urging the German government to reject slavery in its African colonies. Archbishop Philipp Krementz took up the matter with zeal in the Archdiocese of Cologne. He looked for missionaries to send to Africa to fight against the slave trade and his eye fell on Fr <mask>'s group. When he instructed them to focus on Africa, Fr <mask> refused. As India was a British colony and Germany had colonies in Africa, there was some logic to Krementz' view. Fr <mask> was increasingly regarded as eccentric and a loose canon. Early Success
On 1 September 1892 Fr <mask> was released from pastoral ministry and founded a small community of enthusiastic young men in Cologne.The Archbishop raised no objection and soon the group expanded to include a community of young women who provided for themselves by nursing the sick of the town, with a view to eventual mission work in India. A second similar house of sisters was set up in 1893 in Munich. In 1894 Fr <mask> went to Rome to obtain Vatican approval of his new society and publicly lectured about India and his ideas for a mission. Greatly encouraged by a letter of commendation from Cardinal Ledóchowski of Propaganda Fide  and the approval of other prominent churchmen he returned to Cologne. <mask> was a guest speaker at the German Catholic Congress at Cologne on 30 September 1894. In his speech he presented his Missionary Society of the Immaculate Conception for the Conversion of Pagan India. After his speech the proposal was accepted unanimously: “The 41st General Assembly will bring to the knowledge of German Catholics the Missionary Society for India”.However, Rome had given no definite approval and news of Bodewig's independent actions reached Archbishop Philipp Krementz of Cologne who felt that his authority had been undermined. He may also have been offended that the second edition of Fr <mask>'s book appeared without his imprimatur. Setbacks and dark clouds
<mask> was to pay dearly for having offended Krementz. He was branded insubordinate and rebellious and ordered to give up his work for the Indian mission, which he refused to do. Accordingly, Card. Krementz suspended Bodewig a divinis, forbidding him to exercise his priestly ministries until the matter could be settled. Archbishop Krementz followed this by informing the Holy See of his actions, thus closing all doors in Rome to Fr Bodewig.There ensued a whispering campaign against Fr <mask> alleging, among other things, that he had obtained money fraudulently. His bank account was frozen, denying him access. Disgruntled ex-members of the society were encouraged to make allegations that are not now possible to verify. The Wilderness Years
Fr <mask> could no longer remain in Cologne and moved his members to Munich, planning eventually to settle in Belgium. In December 1895, fourteen sisters and eight brothers left for the mission in Dacca and Lahore, arriving penniless to hear that their group was not recognised and they must return home or join other congregations. Archbishop Krementz, working through the Holy See, ensured that ecclesiastical authorities were prejudiced against Fr <mask> in advance. The Belgian Archbishop of Mechelen ordered that the sacraments be denied to Fr <mask> and his group.<mask>'s group now had no funds and no supporters in the hierarchy. They were to remain six more years in the wilderness. In 1896 Pope Leo XIII dissolved the society. At this point Paulus Moritz, Fr Bodewig's right-hand man, reluctantly left and joined the Indian Mission as a Franciscan. Unable to function as an approved society, the group moved to Belgium and lived in common as private persons. Cardinal Krementz died in 1899 but it would be some years before the tide of opinion would change. A visit and petition to Rome in 1901 was unsuccessful, the group changed its name to ‘Philanthropic Association of the White Star’.By 1910 there were 18 brothers and 85 sisters living in five houses. The Tide Turns; Death of Fr Bodewig
Renewed attempts to gain official recognition met with limited success. Slowly, with the aid of Count Sacconi and Sister Xaveria Blas acting as mediators, the official attitude against Fr Bodewig began to soften. Many bishops were tacitly sympathetic but dared not give active support. Finally in December 1913, Cardinal Mercier of Mechelen accepted Fr Bodewig into his archdiocese and lifted all suspensions from him and his group. Full of joy, Fr Bodewig renewed plans for an audience with the Pope and the chance to re-establish a Missionary Society. Pope Pius X was reputed to be very favourable but again things were stalled by the outbreak of World War 1 and the death of the Pope on 20 August 1914.The Belgian authorities seized the group's house and land and ordered the deportation of the group. Fr <mask>, now in poor health, went to the Netherlands. The group was scattered for a while, but some of the sisters reached Vienna, where the future mother house would be established. The next Pope, Benedict XV, agreed to meet Fr <mask> in January 1915. The journey was too much for the increasingly frail Fr <mask> and he died in Rome on the eve of the scheduled audience. The Aftermath
The members of Fr <mask>'s society were scattered in different parts of Europe until the end of the War. Some lived in convents, some with private families; many tended sick and wounded soldiers.In the early years of the Missionary Sisters of the Queen of Apostles, the founder's name was hardly known, on account of his troubles with church authorities. It was to be the work of his followers, Paul Sonntag in association with Cardinal Theodor Innizer of Vienna and Mother Xaveria Blas, to establish the order and fulfil the dream of Fr <mask>. Vision of Fr Bodewig
It is important to understand that in Fr <mask>'s day, Roman Catholic missionaries were priests and the gospel was introduced in the context of western ways of worship and culture. Portuguese influence was strong in India due to an early papal decree that all mission territories would be under Portuguese control. Fr <mask>, influenced by Bishop Meurin and Robert de Nobili, understood that India has a deeply spiritual heritage and a very different cultural and religious expression. He felt that missionary priests should be supported by religious brothers as well as nuns who could relate directly to Indian women, especially as the higher caste ones lived in seclusion and apart from men. There was to be a particular focus on women who had very few rights at the time – incidence of widow burning and child brides were commonplace for instance.Fr Bodewig believed in what came to be known as inculturation – focusing on the gospel in the light of St Paul's advice to ‘be all things to all men’. Christ was a Jew and early Christians were Jews, and the connection with European culture was a later adaptation. Fr <mask> said: "An Indian culture and an Indian world are the gifts we want to give to the Church and to the Lord, the King of Love, to dedicate and lay at his feet, the gifts of the Orient". Despite his radical views on evangelization, Fr <mask>'s faith was traditional; he had a devotion to the Virgin Mary and to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. His chief influence was perhaps St Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits, the order Fr <mask> belonged to for over thirty years: all things for the greater glory of God. Fr <mask>'s vow in 1908 to build a worthy temple in Benares in honour of the Virgin Mary was not realised until 1992, the Archdiocese of Cologne being instrumental in achieving this. If Fr <mask>'s vision was not realised quite in the way he would have wished, he is nevertheless regarded as the spiritual founder of two religious organisations: The Congregation of the Missionary Brothers of St Francis of Assisi (founded by co-worker Paul Moritz) and the Missionary Sisters of Queen of Apostles."As to myself, I have long ago given up all other endeavours and concerns and devoted myself wholly with all that I am and have and can to the apostolic end of working for the evangelisation of India, in particular, Benares." Character of Fr Bodewig
From this distance in time it is not possible to build a complete picture of Fr Bodewig as a person. In life, he was capable of stirring very different feelings in people. Extremely intelligent and a born communicator, <mask> <mask> was single-minded, passionate and energetic in everything he did. There was undoubtedly a streak of stubbornness which prevented him from handling authority well, though towards the end of his life, Sr Xaveria Blas, an associate, was able to smooth his relations with authority, and also, perhaps, to encourage his religious superiors to appreciate his value. Bodewig attracted devoted followers even at the time when he was out of favour with Church authorities and his appealing and inspirational personality is still felt today. His portrait hangs in all the convents of the Sisters of the Queen of Apostles.As a motivator he was able to use his gifts of speaking to powerful effect and it is not hard to see why the Jesuits wanted him to remain teaching in their schools. Fr Paul Sonntag, in his memoirs, tells that as a young man considering a vocation he attended a fascinating lecture about India which caused him to decide then and there to become a missionary. From other information, it is almost certain that the speaker was Fr <mask>, who, in his haste to continue his lecture tour, left before the younger man could speak to him. Fr Sonntag would later edit the journal Licht und Liebe ('Light and Life') which promulgated Fr <mask>'s ideals and he was eventually able to fulfil Fr <mask>'s dream of founding a missionary order dedicated to being "Indians to Indians". References
Sr M Callista Panachickel SRA: The Fall and Rise of a Grain of Wheat, Origin and Development of Missionary Sisters of Queen of Apostles, Vienna, Missionary Sisters of Queen of Apostles, 1995
Sr M Imelda Kulapurathaze SRA: The Pilgrimage of a Visionary; From Rhine to Ganges, Vienna, Missionary Sisters of Queen of Apostles, 2008

External links
Sisters of Queen of Apostles (SRA)
Brothers of St Francis of Assisi (CMSF)

1839 births
1915 deaths
19th-century German Jesuits
20th-century German Jesuits

masks:
Antonius Maria Bodewig
Antonius Maria Paul Hubert Bodewig
Elisabeth Bodewig
Bodewig
Bodewig
Bodewig
Bodewig
Bodewig
Bodewig
Bodewig
Bodewig
Bodewig
Bodewig
Bodewig
Bodewig
Bodewig
Bodewig
Bodewig
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Antonius
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<mask> (October 12, 1901 – December 29, 1979) was an American journalist and congressman from Louisiana. He represented the New Orleans-based 1st congressional district as a Democrat for 18 consecutive terms, from 1941 until his retirement in 1977. He remains Louisiana's longest-serving U.S. representative. Early life and education
Hébert was born in New Orleans to <mask>, a streetcar conductor, and the former Lea Naquin, a teacher. As a boy he loved sports, but after a shooting accident left him blind in his left eye at the age of nine, he could not play. However, at Jesuit High School he compensated by becoming manager of all the athletic teams. He reported on prep-school sports for The Times-Picayune, becoming the paper's assistant sports editor before he was out of high school, and at Tulane University he was the first sports editor of the Hullabaloo.At Tulane he was a member of Delta Sigma Phi and the Young Men's Business Club of New Orleans. Journalism career
<mask> graduated from Tulane in 1924. He pursued a career in public relations for Loyola University in New Orleans and journalism for the Times-Picayune and the New Orleans States, a paper purchased by The Times-Picayune while <mask> worked there. As a front-page columnist and political editor, he covered the candidacy and election of Governor Huey Long, who was eventually elected to the United States Senate. "In 1939, after being promoted to city editor, Mr. Hebert broke the story of political corruption that became known as the “Louisiana scandals,” leading to the jailing of many Long associates and triggering Mr. Hebert's political career, reportedly at the urging of former Gov. James A. Noe, who had broken with the Long machine and reportedly supplied the tip that led to the expose. '— which put a spotlight on corruption among followers of the Long political family — contributed to the eventual convictions of Governor Richard W. Leche and James Monroe Smith, president of Louisiana State University.The Times-Picayune won the Sigma Delta Chi plaque for "courage in journalism", largely as a result  of <mask>'s work. "As a member of the Armed Services Committee. He joined the states rights Dixiecrat revolt in 1948, the only member of the Louisiana delegation to the Democratic National Convention to do so, kindling a feud with President Truman." In later life, <mask> said he never considered himself a politician. He described himself as "an old reporter on a long sabbatical". In 1969 he said, "I had no political ambition whatsoever. I never intended to enter public office; I had never been in public office.In this time, it looked to me like a pretty good chance to be a better reporter if I came to Washington. They got me on sabbatical leave for two years because I knew I would never be re-elected." Political career
<mask>'s work also led to his election in 1940 to the 77th United States Congress. <mask> served in the United States House of Representatives until the end of the 94th United States Congress, having chosen not to seek a nineteenth term in 1976. That longevity set a Louisiana record for the service in the United States House of Representatives. <mask> was temporarily succeeded by the Democrat Richard Alvin Tonry, who in turn was quickly replaced by Bob Livingston, the first Republican to represent the district since the Reconstruction Era. The seat has remained in Republican hands ever since, passing from Livingston to David Vitter to  Bobby Jindal to Steve Scalise.<mask> rarely had serious opposition. In 1952, the Republican George W. Reese Jr., a lawyer from  New Orleans, challenged him and drew a third of the general election vote. In 1954, Reese tried again, but in the low turnout off-year election, he polled only a sixth of the vote. In 1960, Reese, then the Republican national committeeman from Louisiana, was also the Republican standard bearer in the United States Senate election against Allen J. Ellender but secured only a fifth of the ballots cast, as John F. Kennedy won Louisiana's then ten electoral votes. <mask> opposed school desegregation and signed the Southern Manifesto in opposition to the United States Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision. House Committee on Armed Services, 1948-1975
He joined the United States House Committee on Armed Services and was named chairman of the committee's Special Investigations subcommittee. Chairmanship, 1971-1975
<mask> was the chairman of the Committee on Armed Services from 1971 to 1975.When Chairman L. Mendel Rivers died, on December 29, 1970, lame duck committee member Philip J. Philbin took his place; Philbin's term ran out three and a half days later, and <mask> took the post. <mask> brought millions of dollars in military investment to his district in Louisiana. He was removed from the chairmanship in a revolt of the increasingly young and liberal House Democratic Caucus against the seniority system. Many of the younger Democrats were not pleased when he addressed the new members from the Watergate Class of 1974 as "boys and girls". Governor <mask>, New Orleans Mayor Moon Landrieu and the Louisiana House delegation chided the caucus for ousting Hebert as his years of political experience had generated thousands of jobs and brought millions of dollars into the state. Personal life and family
On August 1, 1934, <mask> married Gladys Bofill. The couple had one daughter, Dawn Marie, who married a future judge of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, John Malcolm Duhé Jr., of Iberia Parish.<mask> was the first woman president of the Greater Iberia Chamber of Commerce. In 1975 he slipped on a piece of ice at a cocktail party and broke his arm. In 1979 he began to suffer congestive heart failure, and he died on December 29 in New Orleans at Hôtel-Dieu Hospital. A requiem mass was said for him at St. Louis Cathedral by Archbishop Philip Hannan. <mask> is entombed beside his wife in Lake Lawn Park Mausoleum in New Orleans. <mask> is responsible for founding the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland. That university's medical school, the F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, is named for him.On January 28, 2012, <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield. F. Edward Hébert Hall, Building 7 at Hébert's alma mater, Tulane University, houses Tulane's Center for Academic Equity, its Africana Studies Department and its History Department. In 2017 Tulane's Undergraduate Student Government resolved to request the board of administrators to allow <mask> Hall to be renamed. A student senator said, "What does it say about what side of history Tulane is on when its History Department is housed in a building named after a segregationist?" The students suggested "Guillory and Elloie Hall" for its new name, after Barbara Marie Guillory and Pearlie Hardin Elloie, the first two students of color to attend Tulane. The proposed renaming encountered significant resistance at Tulane, and Hébert Hall has yet to be renamed. See also
 List of members of the House Un-American Activities Committee

References

External links
 Oral History Interview with F<mask> Hebert, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
Who's Who in America, 1956-1957, p. 1141.1901 births
1979 deaths
American columnists
Jesuit High School (New Orleans) alumni
Journalists from Louisiana
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana
Politicians from New Orleans
Tulane University alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana
Louisiana Democrats
Louisiana Dixiecrats
Recipients of the Order of the Sword (United States)
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Writers from New Orleans
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American politicians
Burials in Louisiana
Catholics from Louisiana
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
American segregationists
20th-century American male writers

masks:
Felix Edward Hébert
Felix Joseph Hébert
Hébert
Hébert
Hébert
Hébert
Hébert
Hébert
Hébert
Hébert
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Edwin Edwards
Hébert
Dawn Hébert
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Legacy Hébert
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. Edward


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<mask> (1 December 1942 in Schweidnitz, Silesia – 22 April 2017 in Odense, Denmark) was a German sociologist and historian, teaching at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense. He became notable by his contributions to the philosophy of body culture and by his political radical writings on folk and nation. <mask> is the father of the composer <mask>. History of behaviour and philosophy of body culture

<mask> received his academic degrees in the field of history in Bochum and in sociology in Stuttgart. At the University of Stuttgart, he was a scholar and companion of August Nitschke :de:August Nitschke in developing the Historical Behaviour Studies (Historische Verhaltensforschung). In 1982, he became professor at the University of Odense, later at the University of Copenhagen, developing the Danish school of body culture studies. During the 1970s, Eichberg studied sport and popular culture in Indonesia and during the 1980s in Libya, paving the way for international comparative studies of body culture.He established the term of "body culture" in international anthropology and history. His methodological main contributions to this field were the configurational analysis (Konfigurationsanalyse) of movement cultures and the research in their inner contradictions, the so-called trialectics of body culture. He also initiated the so-called Eichberg-Mandell-Guttmann theory of the specific modernity of sport, understanding sport as a pattern of industrial productivity: "There were games and athletics in ancient Greece, but no sport." Eichberg contributed to the critical study of Olympism as a neo-colonial (→neo-colonialism) enterprise and promoted the study of popular games as alternative. Sociologists have placed Eichberg's "materialistic phenomenology" at the intersection of Norbert Elias, Michel Foucault, and the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory. In 1987, Eichberg co-founded the Institut International d'Anthropologie Corporelle (Rennes/France), in 2002 the Centre for the Study of Body Culture (Tsukuba/Japan), and in 2005 the International Network for the Marxist Study of Sport. Eichberg's contributions to "bodily democracy" got impact on the international study and politics of Sport for all.His body-cultural writings were translated and especially influential in Finland and East Asia. Besides the philosophy of sport and body culture, others of <mask>'s topics have also received international attention. History of military technology: Eichberg analyzed the fortification of the Early Modern bastionary type as a configurational expression of social geometry, characterizing the nascent territorial state. History of laughter: The cultural change of laughter and smile in industrial modernity followed the change of configurations from popular carnival to the seriousness of sportive strain under the premises of productive achievement. Labyrinth: Eichberg described the history of the labyrinth as a configurational change of folk running, play and game, contrasting the straight lines of modern sport facilities. Folk mythology: <mask> wrote the history of the Silesian mountain spirit Rübezahl, changing gestalt from shamanic spirit in early popular culture to modern social gift-bringer and revolutionary figure. Radical writing on folk and nationalism

In Germany, <mask> became known by his radical writings about nationalism and the philosophy of "the people" (German Volk, Nordic folk).In his youth, <mask> engaged on the radical right wing, contributing from 1961 currently to the neo-fascist monthly Nation Europa. Around 1970, he acted as founder and leading intellectual of the "New Right" and later on as a speaker of the "National revolutionary movement" in Germany. Regarding the "German question" (Deutsche Frage:de:Deutsche Frage) as open and potentially revolutionary, these circles opposed the dominating two-Germanies policy and propagated a "third way" (→Third Way (centrism), →Third Position) between East and West. Renouncing from the conservative and anti-democratic "Old Right", <mask> and the National Revolutionaries referred to anti-Nazi intellectuals of the Weimar Republic like Ernst Niekisch, Karl Otto Paetel :de:Karl Otto Paetel and A. Paul Weber :de:A. Paul Weber as well as to the anti-Hitler resistance of 20 July 1944. During the 1970s, <mask> dissociated himself from his earlier right-wing positions. He expressed self-critique against the "Eurofascism" of his youth and turned towards Third World studies and anti-colonial solidarity. Eichberg launched the concepts of "liberation nationalism" (→Types of nationalism) and "ethno-pluralism", opposing Western and European eurocentrism.Entering into discussions with the New Left, he commented: "National is revolutionary" and "Who does not want to talk about the peoples, should silence about the human being". <mask>'s contributions about national identity and the "Balkanization of everyone" were now published by periodicals from socialist, anti-authoritarian, and anarchist milieus. Towards ecology and socialism

During the mid-1970s, <mask> turned to ecological criticism and engaged in the nascent Green movement, among others by critical studies on the "automobile society" and on the "container architecture" of sports. This became influential for the critical study of social alienation in sport architecture. <mask> contributed between 1980 and 2002 to the journal Wir Selbst :de:Wir selbst, which tried to build bridge between right-wing national revolutionaries, New Left intellectuals and ecologists. Together with the peace researcher Alfred Mechtersheimer who was at that time member of the German Parliament for the Green party, he founded the peace committee Friedenskomitee 2000, launching the concept of "national pacifism". After his emigration to Denmark in 1982, <mask> engaged in Danish socialist milieus, held philosophical courses in socialist summer camps and contributed to left-wing periodicals.<mask> was appointed as member of the cultural commission of the Socialist People's Party (Denmark) (SF) and published program texts on socialist culture and sport. By studies on the socialist term of "folk" and "the people", he extended the study of popular culture towards a theory of "the people of democracy". <mask> was especially active in the milieu of Danish People's Academies (folke-højskoler), which relate themselves to the democratic revival of 1848 and the romantic populism (→romantic nationalism) of the poet N. F. S. Grundtvig. He was commentator in Højskolebladet and gave courses for foreign Folk Academy students. This influenced his "theory of the people", based on Grundtvig, Johann Gottfried Herder and Martin Buber. At the 60th anniversary of Eichberg, a Danish festschrift was published collecting critical contributions about "folk" and the "people". Critique and controversies

In the field of body culture studies, <mask>'s theory of the specific modernity of sport as a pattern of productivity was met by critique from the mainstream of sport history.German sociologists of the established "sport development aid" (Sporthilfe:de:Stiftung Deutsche Sporthilfe) also opposed his critique of "sport export" and his studies in popular games, the promotion of traditional games being described as Third World romanticism. In Germany, <mask> became politically controversial because of his involvement in the "New Right" of the early 1970s. Some authors doubted his change from the right wing to left-wing positions. They pointed to the reception of the term "ethnopluralism" in milieus of the extreme Right. <mask> was also distrusted for his meetings with Muammar al-Gaddafi. Eichberg was said to act as "godfather" for a certain anti-American and anti-capitalist left wing - German Social Democrats (SPD), Socialists and Greens -, who followed a hidden right-wing, nationalist agenda. This interpretation met, however, sharp critique from the side of left-wing anti-fascists.Critics from the right wing accused <mask> of overstating the structural contradictions between the state and the people. By giving priority to the "folk", the authority of the state (→state (polity), →nation state) would be damaged. In Denmark, leaders of the Olympic sport organisation opposed the sports critique raised by <mask> and of the Institute of Sport Research, where he was working, as "leftism" and "cultural radicalism". The Conservative minister of culture, Brian Mikkelsen, deprived the institute in 2003 of public funding, which it had received during 25 years, and entered into a sharp debate with <mask> in the media. Bibliography

Eichberg published about 50 books, most of them about the history and cultural sociology of body culture (physical culture) and sport. Others treat the history of early modern military technology (→fortification), Indonesian studies, and studies in democracy, ethnic minorities and national identity (→cultural identity). Main publications:

 Der Weg des Sports in die industrielle Zivilisation.[The way of sport into industrial civilization, German] Baden-Baden 1973
 Militär und Technik. [Military and technology, German] Düsseldorf 1976
 Leistung, Spannung, Geschwindigkeit. [Achievement, suspense, speed; German] Stuttgart 1978
 Nationale Identität. [National identity, German] München 1978
 Festung, Zentralmacht und Sozialgeometrie. [Fortification, central power and social geometry; German] Köln 1989
 身体文化のイマジネーション：　デンマークにおける「身体の知」 [Imaginations of body culture, Japanese] Tokyo 1997
 Body Cultures. London 1998
 The People of Democracy. Århus 2004
 Bodily Democracy.Towards a Philosophy of Sport for All. London 2010
 Minderheit und Mehrheit. [Minority and majority, German] Münster 2011
 身體文化研究 -由下而上的人類運動現象學。莊珮琪、李明宗譯。新北市：臺灣身體文化學會、康德出版社。 [The Study of Body Culture – Towards a Bottom-Up Phenomenology of Human Movement, Chinese] Taipei 2015
 Questioning Play. London 2016

1942 births
2017 deaths
German historians
German sociologists
Sports historians
People from Świdnica
People from the Province of Silesia
German male non-fiction writers
New Right (Europe)
Philosophers of sport

masks:
Henning Eichberg
Henning Eichberg
Søren Nils Eichberg
Eichberg
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Eichberg


texts:
<mask> (; born December 6, 1967) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher for the Kansas City Royals, Oakland Athletics, New York Mets, and Anaheim Angels. Appier's solid pitching during his first full season in the majors earned him several rookie accolades in . His fastball, tight slider and nasty forkball contributed to impressive pitching statistics, distinguishing himself as one of the American League's top right-handed starting pitchers throughout much of the 1990s. Appier enjoyed the most success with the Royals in the early to mid-1990s as one of the league's earned run average leaders, a Cy Young Award contender in  and culminating in  with a selection to the American League All-Star team. He was a starting pitcher on the World Series Champion Anaheim Angels in  before retiring four seasons later. Kansas City Royals
Appier had a strong rookie campaign for the Royals in 1990, going 12-8 and posting the league's fourth-best ERA (2.76), thus earning him Rookie Pitcher of the Year honors.In , he had 13 wins (tied for the team best), and pitched 3 shutouts, two of which were back to back against the Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees. He was the Opening Day starter in  and posted a 15-8 record with the league's second-best ERA (2.46) for a team that only went 72-90. Highlights of the season included a career-high nine-game winning streak and the American League Pitcher of the Month award for July, in which he went 4-0 with a 1.55 ERA. In , Appier posted an 18-8 record with an AL leading 2.56 ERA, set a club record of 33 consecutive scoreless innings, and finished third in Cy Young Award balloting. In , he was selected for his only All-Star team, pitching 2 perfect innings for the American League. He reached a career high in strikeouts in  with 207, and won his first of two Roberto Clemente Awards (the other in ). Appier suffered through his first sub-.500 season in 1997, despite posting a 3.40 ERA (7th best in AL)

Despite being one of the better pitchers in baseball during this time period, his accomplishments went largely unnoticed due to playing for the Royals, a small market team that was generally not in contention during Appier's tenure.In , under the promise of the team's improvement, he signed a long-term extension. During that offseason, he suffered a fall at his home resulting in a separated clavicle. Though he recovered from that injury, in March 1998 he needed surgery for an unrelated long-term progressing shoulder ailment, the repair of a torn labrum, causing him to miss nearly the entire 1998 season. In , after losing faith in the direction of the Royals organization and eager to play with a contender, Appier requested to be traded. In the middle of the 1999 season, Appier was dealt to the Oakland A's for three pitchers, Jeff D'Amico, Brad Rigby and Blake Stein. Oakland Athletics
As the Athletics made their surprising run winning the AL West title in , Appier provided a solid veteran arm in support of Oakland's developing young starters, making his 8th Opening Day start and winning 15 games for the fifth time in his career. Despite a good showing, he lost his only start in that year's ALDS when the Athletics were shut out.In Game 5, after the Yankees scored 6 runs in the first inning, <mask> (for the first time in 10 years) came in to relieve in the 2nd inning, pitching four innings and allowing one run. For the series, <mask> posted a 3.48 ERA with 13 strikeouts in 10.1 innings pitched. New York Mets
A free agent after the season, Appier signed a contract with the New York Mets, with which he tied for the team lead in wins, going 11-10 with a 3.57 ERA and went undefeated in his final 12 appearances, going 6-0 during that span. Making a playoff push, the Mets went 6-0 in his final six starts with Appier going 4-0 with a 1.87 ERA. Anaheim Angels
After the one season campaign in New York, Appier was traded to Anaheim for Mo Vaughn. During a solid season with the World Series winning Angels in , Appier went 14-12 with a 3.92 ERA. In Game Two of the ALDS, Appier went 5 innings, giving up 3 runs, and left the game leading 4-3, but received a no-decision in an Angels victory after a blown save by Francisco Rodríguez.In Game One of the ALCS, <mask> went 5 innings in a 2-1 loss against the Minnesota Twins. He also started Game Five, going  innings and leaving with the Angels leading 3-2 in the game that sent Anaheim to the World Series, though he once again did not receive the decision. He finished the ALCS with a 3.48 ERA. Starting Game Two of the World Series, <mask> did not factor into the decision after allowing 5 runs in two innings, as the Angels went on to win the game 11-10. With the Angels facing elimination, Appier started Game Six, pitching four innings of shutout ball before yielding a two-run home run in the fifth inning, and leaving with a man on base who eventually scored via stolen base and wild pitch off Francisco Rodriguez, leaving him with an 11.37 ERA for the Series, which the Angels won in seven games. Return to Kansas City
In , Appier was plagued with a previously undiagnosed flexor tendon injury and was eventually released at the end of July. He signed with the Royals, but after five starts needed surgery.After missing most of , <mask> briefly retired, but came out of retirement and re-signed with the Royals to a minor-league contract before the  season, failing to make the team in Spring training and retiring on March 29. In October, Appier applied for reinstatement with Major League Baseball and signed a minor-league contract with the Seattle Mariners. During 10 games with the AAA Tacoma Rainiers, Appier was 1-2 with a 4.54 ERA. On June 3, , <mask> asked for and was granted his release by the Mariners, officially retiring the next month. In 2011, <mask> was inducted into the Kansas City Royals Hall of Fame. During his 13 seasons with Kansas City, he accumulated an overall record of 115-92 with and ERA of 3.49 over the course of 287 games. See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
 List of Major League Baseball single-inning strikeout leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
Kansas City Royals players
Oakland Athletics players
New York Mets players
Anaheim Angels players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from California
American League All-Stars
American League ERA champions
Eugene Emeralds players
Baseball City Royals players
Memphis Chicks players
Omaha Royals players
Gulf Coast Royals players
Lansing Lugnuts players
Wichita Wranglers players
Tacoma Rainiers players
People from Lancaster, California
Antelope Valley High School alumni
Antelope Valley Marauders baseball players
Indios de Mayagüez players

masks:
Robert Kevin Appier
Appier
Appier
Appier
Appier
Appier
Appier
Appier


texts:
Sir <mask> (8 September 1902 – 29 May 1987) was one of four brothers who built one of New Zealand's biggest industrial and commercial enterprises. He was an important figure in the development of the New Zealand oil and gas energy industry and, incidentally, in the development of New Zealand tax law. Early life
<mask> was born in Heriot, Otago in 1902. His grandfather was <mask> (1834–1892), a Scottish immigrant who had arrived in New Zealand with his wife, Mary O'Sullivan, in 1870. Charles worked at wool-scouring in Milton and gold-mining at Table Hill, Blue Spur and then Bendigo, all in Otago. In 1884, Charles commenced a fellmongery business at Heriot, Otago. The Todd Group was commenced in Heriot when <mask>'s father, also named <mask> (1868-1942), from 1888 expanded the fellmongery into a successful stock and station business.He imported the district's first car in 1908 and in 1913 established a garage which later expanded into the Todd Motor Company. <mask> commenced his primary education at the local Heriot School. In February 1915 <mask>, his wife Mary Hegarty and their seven children (Charles Patrick (CP), Desmond, Kathleen, Moyra, <mask>, Andrew and Sheila) shifted to Dunedin where <mask> attended the Christian Brothers School. When he was older he was sent to Sydney to board at Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview. Business
By the 1920s three of Charles' four sons, Desmond, <mask> and Andrew, were running branches of the Todd Motor Company in Dunedin, Christchurch and Auckland, By 1934 <mask> had moved to Wellington to run a new Petone plant assembling Hillman and Humber cars and commercial vehicles. The Mitsubishi franchise was acquired in 1970 when planning for New Zealand's biggest assembly plant was under way, and in 1975 Todd Park was opened at Porirua. <mask> set the scene for the group's later diversification into a range of interests – which included oil distribution, refining, and exploration, natural gas, forestry, finance, aviation, ironsands export, and land and property development – when a 1929 Petrol price war in Christchurch saw supplies cut off to the Todd garages because the petrol companies were setting up their own tied garages selling only their own petroleum products.<mask> decided expanding world sources had created an opportunity for a fourth company to market petroleum products in New Zealand. In August 1931 the Associated Motorists' Petrol Company (AMPCO) was formed with the support of automobile clubs with his father <mask> as chairman. AMPCO marketed its products under the name "Europa Oil". By March 1933 bulk terminals had been built, a national retail network established and Europa petrol was on sale. Europa Marketing and Europa Refining were sold to British Petroleum in 1972. The group's participation in the oil business did not end with the sale of Europa. In 1954 it had acquired prospecting licences in the North and South Islands and entered joint venture exploration agreements with Shell and BP in 1955, 1956 and 1961.The consortium's successes included the Kapuni onshore field in 1959 and in 1969 the Maui off-shore gas-condensate field. The Todd group continues to be involved in these and other gas-condesate projects such as the Pohokura gas discovery in 2000 in which <mask> has a 26% share. However, <mask>'s dream of a major New Zealand oil discovery has never been fulfilled. Tax problems
Europa was always hampered by the fact it had to get its supplies from other companies, often themselves in competition with Europa in the New Zealand retail market. For this reason, <mask> searched to set up an independent refining operation either in New Zealand or overseas. In 1954 <mask> entered into an arrangement with Gulf Oil to acquire petroleum products. That company did not give Europa any reduction on "posted prices".However, an arrangement was entered into under which the two companies established a refining company in The Bahamas known as Pan Eastern Refining Company. It purchased crude oil from Gulf at the standard posted price, arranged to have the oil refined by Gulf at one of its refineries, for a fee of 47.5c per barrel, and sold the refined petrol to Europa and the other products ("heavy ends") to Gulf, all at the posted prices. Depending on various factors, Pan Eastern made a profit of 50c for every barrel of crude oil refined, or about 5c for every gallon of petrol Europa purchased. This profit was shared between Gulf and Europa. Under New Zealand tax law, dividends from Pan Eastern Refining were not counted as income of Europa itself; tax was only levied on Europa's dividends to its shareholders. However, the New Zealand Tax Department (Inland Revenue Department) ruled that the arrangements amounted to a discount off the posted price Europa paid for its supplies from Gulf. Its taxable profit was therefore correspondingly greater than had been declared by Europa, and its taxable income was therefore increased accordingly for all the tax years 1959–1965.The extra tax demanded from Europa was over £NZ2,000,000. Inland Revenue considered that the Pan Eastern arrangement amounted to an evasion of tax. Europa disputed this. After hearings in the High Court and the Court of Appeal the issue went to the Privy Council (at that time New Zealand's highest court) which decided in Inland Revenue's favour (in a split 3-2 decision). In 1971, on the basis of the Privy Council decision, the Inland Revenue claimed the extra tax and accrued penalties in respect of the tax years 1959-1965 (a total of $NZ6,714,829.34) which was paid and claimed for the tax years 1966-1971 (the latter years were not part of the case). Europa objected in respect of the years 1966–1971. After High Court and Court of Appeal decisions, the matter ended up again before the Privy Council.This time the Privy Council (split 4-1) decided for Europa Oil accepting that the arrangements for 1965-1971 were different from those for 1959–1965. (A new company, Todd Refining, had been interposed and had the obligation to purchase from Pan Eastern, Europa itself had no obligation to buy any product from Todd Refining, and the Privy Council did not go behind the corporate veil to look at the reality of <mask> family ownership interest in these entities.) This led to a different conclusion. Europa received a tax refund of $NZ4,000,000. "<mask> [<mask>] and his team ... had carried on the fight through 13 years and six court hearings". "As <mask> [<mask>] was fond of quoting, 'The meek and the humble of heart shall inherit the earth. But the strong and the brave are the ones you put your money on!'".Other interests
An active sportsman, <mask> was a director of Ruapehu Alpine Lifts, the company formed by skiing enthusiasts to develop the Whakapapa ski fields on Mount Ruapehu, and listed shooting, sailing and golf as other interests. A Wellington City Councillor from 1941 till 1946 and airport committee chairman from 1943 till 1946,

<mask> privately and anonymously supported many charities as well as publicly chairing the Todd Charitable Trust established in 1960 and the Todd Foundation which followed in 1972. Both bodies give annual support to medical research, youth organisations, cultural and educational groups, the elderly, disabled and handicapped and other worthy causes. In the 1976 Queen's Birthday Honours, <mask> was appointed a Knight Bachelor, for services to commerce and the community. Family and death
<mask> was married to Helen Ann Rollo Buddo, cousin and adopted daughter of David Buddo, a rich Canterbury run-holder. Buddo, whose station was at Fernside, Rangiora, was one of Canterbury's best-known farmer-politicians of the Liberal era. <mask> died on 29 May 1987.He was survived by his wife and three daughters. References

Bibliography

External links
Biography of <mask> (1868-1942)

1902 births
1987 deaths
New Zealand people of Irish descent
New Zealand people of Scottish descent
People educated at Kavanagh College
New Zealand Roman Catholics
20th-century New Zealand businesspeople
New Zealand Knights Bachelor
People from Heriot, New Zealand
People educated at Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview
Bryan
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
Todd Corporation
Wellington City Councillors

masks:
Bryan James Todd
Todd
Charles Todd
Bryan Todd
Charles Todd
Bryan Todd
Charles Todd
Bryan
Bryan Todd
Bryan
Andrew Todd
Bryan Todd
Bryan Todd
Charles Todd
Todd
Bryan Todd
Bryan Todd
Bryan Todd
Todd
Bryan
Todd
Bryan
Todd
Todd
Todd
Todd
Todd
Bryan Todd
Charles Todd


texts:
<mask> (; born 10 June 1942), known as <mask>ya (), is a French singer and actress. Goya started her career as a yé-yé girl, singing a catchy mid-1960s hybrid of girl-group pop and French chanson. She also enjoyed a career as a French New Wave actress; she had a starring role as Madeleine in the 1966 Jean-Luc Godard film  and in Jean-Daniel Pollet's  (Love is joy, love is sad). Since 1975, she has become mostly known as a singer for children. Together with her husband, songwriter and composer Jean-Jacques Debout, and with a talented team of designers and costume people, she does shows for and with children. The main themes are dreams and traveling. Her usual character is Marie-Rose, a mix between a maid and an older sister (reminiscent of Julie Andrews in both The Sound of Music and Mary Poppins).Personal life
<mask> was born in French Indochina in 1942 to French parents. During the Indochina war she moved to France with her family in 1954 and lived in the Vosges mountains, and at the beginning of the 1960s, she moved to Paris with her family. She met singer/composer Jean Jacques Debout when she was 18. The couple remain married. After having received her baccalaureat, <mask> started studying journalism in England. During this period in Paris, one of her friends took her to the reception of Eddie Barclay's wedding. Jean-Jacques Debout was one of the artists invited to this reception.At that time, he had been recording 45 rpm records since 1957, and had received some success, like "Les boutons dorés" (The golden buttons). He was a friend of the ye-ye girl Sylvie Vartan for whom he wrote and composed the hit "Tous mes copains" (All my friends). In 1963, Vartan was in a relationship with the ye-ye and rock-n-roll singer Johnny Hallyday and she would marry him in 1965. Debout, who was in love with Vartan, remained single in his personal life. At this reception, he saw <mask> who was sitting at the back of the living room, and he fell in love at first sight with her. He went to tell her that she would be famous by the age of 30, have two children, and singing at the Opera. <mask> didn't believe him and went to London to finish her studies.Upon her return in France, Debout was waiting for her at the station and sang to her a song he had written and composed when she was in England, called "Nos doigts se sont croisés" (Our fingers had been crossed), and <mask> fell in love with him. With this song, Debout participated in and won the Festival de la Rose d'Or d'Antibes (Music Festival of Antibes's golden rose). In 1964, <mask> first became a model for fashion photographers in the teenage girls' magazine "Mademoiselle Âge Tendre" (Little Miss Tender Age). That year, Debout decided to rename her <mask> <mask> because he thought that she looked like a little boy painted by the Spanish painter <mask>. Daniel Filipacchi was the owner of the magazine and also the record producer of the French division of RCA Records. He suggested that Debout write and compose songs in return for a record contract for her. The first 45 EP record of <mask> Goya released at the end of 1964 and it includes the song "C'est bien Bernard" (It's Bernard himself) which became her first hit success.In the fall of 1964, <mask> was invited to the TV show Rendez-vous sur le Rhin, presented by Albert Raisner, to sing her first song "C'est bien Bernard," which the influential film director Jean-Luc Godard was watching. At that time, he was writing the storyline of his movie "Masculin, féminin" (Masculine, feminine) and directly saw that she fit well with the role of Madeleine Zimmer in his movie. He offered the role to her, and though she was surprised by this proposition, she accepted the role alongside Jean-Pierre Léaud in the role of Paul, and Marlène Jobert in the role of Elisabeth. Although the movie was deemed unsuitable for audiences under the age of 18 upon its release on 22 March 1966, it sold 427,430 tickets at the box office in France. She had another success in France with the song "Une écharpe, une rose" (A scarf, a rose) which was also a success in Japan. But, afterwards, the records that she recorded had less success in France. She also played in less movies.But her husband Jean-Jacques Debout still wrote and composed songs for the TV-Shows produced by Maritie and Gilbert Carpentier. Also, in 1973, <mask> <mask> sang the duet Les petites filles modèles with Sylvie Vartan, song written and composed by Jean-Jacques Debout in the TV-show Top à produced by Maritie and Gilbert Carpentier and devoted to Sylvie Vartan. In 1975, Jean-Jacques Debout hosted, composed lyrics and music and sang in a TV-show Numero Un produced by Maritie and Gilbert Carpentier. He invited the French actress Brigitte Bardot to perform, however she fell ill and was unavailable on the day of recording. The closing number ended up being a song he wrote and composed called Adieu les jolis foulards, which was sung by <mask> <mask> and children. This song, in which she plays the role of a French teacher who teaches in a school in Martinique and must return to France, is her first song specifically for children. The performance resulted in many phone calls and letters to the TV station TF1 from people wishing to purchase the song.Maritie Carpentier convinced <mask> <mask> to make a record of Adieu les Jolis Foulards, certain it would be a big success. For months, <mask> <mask> and Jean-Jacques Debout pitched the song to record labels in Paris, with little success. Until they met François Dacla, the director of the French arm of RCA Records, at a José Féliciano performance. They performed the song in his office in Paris the next day. Moved by the song, François Dacla released and produced the single, and <mask> <mask> became a children's singer. Partial filmography
Charade (1963) (uncredited)
 (1966)
 (1967)
 (1969)
 (1969)
 (1971)
 (1974)
 (1975)
 (2001)

Selected discography

Albums
 (1977)
 (1978)
 (1979)
 (1980)
 (1981)
(1981)
 (1982)
 (1983)
 (1984)
 (1985)
 (1986)
 (1987)
 (1988)
 (1989)
 (1990)
 (1993)
 (1995)
 (1997)
 (2002)

Singles
 (1964)
 (1965)
 (1965)
 (1966)
 (1966)
 (1967)
 (1972)
"

Compilations (1998) (RPM Records 2013)

Songs
 ""
 ""
 ""
 ""
 ""
 "Davy Crockett"
 "Let's sing along with Mickey Mouse"
 ""
 ""
 "Sorrow"
 "Pandi-Panda, a lovely Chinese bear"
 "Snoopy"
 ""
 "Bravo Popeye"
 ""

References

External links

1942 births
Living people
French film actresses
French television actresses
French women pop singers
Vietnamese emigrants to France
French children's musicians
Yé-yé singers

masks:
Chantal de Guerre
Chantal Go
Chantal
Chantal
Chantal
Chantal
Chantal
Chantal
Chantal
Goya
Francisco Goya
Chantal
Chantal
Chantal
Goya
Chantal
Goya
Chantal
Goya
Chantal
Goya
Chantal
Goya


texts:
<mask> (6 June 1859 – 28 January 1935), also known as <mask>, was a bookmaker and philanthropist from Christchurch, New Zealand. In his retirement, he became well known in lawn bowls. He donated the statue of James Cook in Victoria Square to the city. His family dwelling, Wharetiki House, was a prominent landmark on Colombo Street in the Christchurch Central City until its demolition in July 2011, following a demolition order by the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority. Early life
<mask> was born in Avoca, Victoria, Australia, in 1859. He came from a large family and had ten siblings. His parents were <mask>, a merchant, and <mask> (née Mitchell).The family moved to Dunedin, New Zealand when <mask> was six as his father was attracted by the goldfields. He left school aged 13 or 14 and had a very brief employment as a photographer's apprentice, but did not like that profession. Instead, he was apprenticed to newspapers, first the Otago Guardian and later the Otago Daily Times. He worked in that profession for about five years. For the next four years, he worked in farming in Otago and South Canterbury. When he came to Oamaru, he became the proprietor of the 'Star and Garter Billiard Rooms', where he had his first exposure to betting on horse races. He returned to Dunedin for some time.From there, <mask>'s family returned to Melbourne for another two years. He worked as a swagman in Australia and then had employment as a tram driver in Melbourne for several months. In Melbourne, he married Mary Bridget <mask> (née Whelan) on 18 July 1888. <mask> (née Whelan)
Mary's father James Whelan (1836–1908) immigrated to Castlemaine, Victoria from Ireland as a teenager. He married in 1858, but his wife died only ten months later. In 1862/63, James Whelan spent nine months on Otago goldfields during the Central Otago Gold Rush. He returned to Castlemaine and married Margaret Roughan in June 1863.They knew each other from Kilkishen, County Clare, Ireland and met in Melbourne by chance. Soon after, James returned to Otago, with Margaret following him later that year. Their first child, Mary, was born in Gabriel's Gully in ca 1864. The family moved to nearby Wetherstons and when the goldfields were exhausted (when Mary was twelve years old), the family moved to Dunedin. Mary travelled to Melbourne to visit relatives of her parents. In that city, she married <mask> <mask>. Children

The <mask>s had six children; five girls and one boy:
 <mask> (19 Apr 1889 – 4 Apr 1945)
 <mask> <mask> (Olly) (23 Mar 1890 – 14 July 1977)
 Ivy Kathleen <mask> (15 Oct 1891 – 1965)
 Alice May <mask> (Topsy) (15 May 1893 – 1979)
 Kate Elizabeth <mask> (19 Jan 1900 – 26 September 1972)
 Tui <mask> (21 Dec 1903 – 12 Dec 1962)

Professional life
Some time after their wedding, the couple moved to Otago to farm.<mask>'s brother Thomas (Tom) had a business relationship with Peter Grant and they were placing racing bets together. <mask> joined them and for half a year, they worked together. After a substantial win, they dissolved their relationship and went on their own ways. Bookmaking
Betting and bookmaking in the 1890s need to be seen in the then climate of moral and social change in New Zealand. Women's suffrage, temperance and anti-betting were strong movements, and gaming houses were banned, which included betting shops. Bookmakers responded to the situation by giving themselves titles like 'commission agents' and 'turf accountants'. Parliament was strongly lobbied by the pro-betting faction and consequently left decisions to the local level.Beginning with the Canterbury Trotting Club in 1897, racecourses responded by banning bookmakers from their properties. Those not adhering to the ban were being arrested and fined. Christchurch City Council passed a by-law in 1899 and banned bookmaking in public. Legislation was finally passed in 1908, banning gaming in public places and making it illegal for racing clubs to accept bets by telephone. An amendment to the Gaming Act in 1910 banned bookmaking altogether. It was in this climate that <mask> formed a partnership 'Barnett and Grant'. It came about because Peter Grant had been banned from a racecourse for refusing to leave.<mask>, who had earlier been banned from the same course for life, but who had managed to get that decision overturned, offered to Grant to bet on a joint account. A win of £100 resulted and although the two never formalised their partnership, their further wins in this first year ran into the thousands. Luck left them, and after the second year they had lost all their earnings again. Luck was with them again, and some time after Grant's wedding in February 1896, they had sufficient capital to add a branch in Christchurch to their existing betting shop in Dunedin. Initially, the Dunedin business had to financially support the Christchurch branch, but under <mask>'s business leadership in Christchurch, the situation changed and Christchurch supported the Dunedin branch. The Christchurch premises were in the central city at 174 Hereford Street, and from 1905 on the opposite side of the road at 163 Hereford Street. <mask> and Grant were banned from racecourses, e.g.in Palmerston in 1892 and in Dunedin in 1894. They had frequent encounters with law enforcement, and they were arrested numerous times. Their Dunedin branch was searched by Police and Barnett, Grant and two employees arrested in September 1897. Between 1901 and 1904, they were arrested three times, including in January 1902, their Christchurch office was raided by Police, with the case going to court the following month. The case went to a jury trial, but all the witnesses refused to give evidence, as they would have incriminated themselves by doing so, as it was illegal to visit a gaming house. Without any witness statements, the jury delivered a not guilty verdict. For a 1906 raid of the Christchurch office, the Police had previously sent an undercover agent to the office to place a bet in order to have some evidence for a court case.In 1909, <mask> was convicted of having published horse betting details in his publication Daylight that violated the Gaming Act 1908. He appealed the conviction and it was overturned by Justice Sim as being erroneous in point of law. With the passing of the 1910 amendment to the Gaming Act, <mask> decided to officially retire as a bookmaker, but it is likely that he continued to work underground. <mask>'s weekly sport magazine Daylight was taken over by The Press. <mask>'s
<mask>'s younger brother had been apprenticed as a draper. In 1903, he established a drapery store Arthur Barnett in Dunedin. <mask> guaranteed a £900 loan to get the business going.It developed into the leading drapery store in Otago. <mask> retained a business interest and became chair of the board. At his death, his son Olly took that role, and he in turn passed the chairmanship to his son Gary. The Arthur Barnett department store developed into a national chain. At its peak in the 1980s, it had 19 stores and 1,200 employees. Wharetiki House

In 1901, <mask> bought a large section in the Christchurch central city, fronting onto Salisbury and Colombo Streets. A large family home, which he named Wharetiki, was built by 1904.The address was 854 Colombo Street, and his friend and business partner Peter Grant had a house built nearby at 901 Colombo Street two years later. Wharetiki was a large and representative dwelling, displaying the wealth of its owner. It had several servants and <mask>'s unmarried younger sister Maria (known as Polly) was in charge of them. Mary's father suffered a brain injury in 1888 and spent the remaining 20 years of his life at Seacliff Mental Hospital. When he died in 1908, his wife Margaret and the children who were still at home moved to a different house in Dunedin, but later on she and her second youngest child, Bill, moved to Christchurch to live at Wharetiki. Margaret Whelan made many spontaneous trips back to Dunedin when she got nostalgic and would stay there for a few weeks at a time, but she would otherwise live at Wharetiki for the rest of her life. <mask> fell ill in 1930 and was confined to a wheel chair.The back stairs of Wharetiki House were replaced with a lift at that stage, so that she could move around the house. After <mask>'s death, the remaining family members put the house up for auction in May 1935. It existed until 2011, when it was demolished after suffering significant damage in the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Wharetiki House was registered by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust as a Category II heritage building. Philanthropy

On journeys from Christchurch to Dunedin, <mask> would throw half-crowns to the swagmen working on the roads, as he would remember the hard times that he had when he worked on the roads in Victoria. Cook Statue
In 1928, <mask> funded an architectural competition for a statue commemorating the three journeys of James Cook to New Zealand. William Trethewey (1892–1956) won this competition and was chosen as the sculptor; this was his biggest commission in his career so far.A 12-ton block of Carrara marble was imported for this work. <mask> also funded the sculpture itself, which was unveiled on 10 August 1932 in Victoria Square by the Governor-General, Lord Bledisloe. This commission brought Trethewey much publicity, including coverage on Movietone News. The Cook Statue is registered as a Category II heritage item by Heritage New Zealand. <mask>
In his retirement, <mask> had started to play lawn bowls, and he became well known both as a player and administrator. In bowling circles, he was known as <mask>. The Canterbury Bowling Club was only 100 m down the road on Salisbury Street.Since the early 1900s, Canterbury and Wellington had an annual competition. In 1924, <mask> commissioned a tiki as a trophy for this tournament and he personally supervised the carving. The mahogany carving was presented at the Canterbury Bowling Club in February 1925. The first annual competition with the Barnett Tiki was held a few days later in Wellington and was won by Christchurch. Whilst it was decided that the winning team should hold the Tiki until the next competition, the trophy was left in Wellington after the first competition in 1925. Death
Margaret Whelan died on 24 February 1926 at Wharetiki, aged 89. She was buried at Bromley Cemetery in block number 27.<mask> died on 1 March 1931 at Wharetiki, aged 66. She was buried at Bromley Cemetery in block number 24 in plot 1 two days later. <mask> died on 28 January 1935, aged 75, also at Wharetiki. He was buried next to his wife the following day. There are white marble chippings scattered on their grave, which are remnants from the production of the Cook Statue. Through his will, <mask> left £35,000 to his brother Arthur as a guarantee for his business. References

External links

1859 births
1935 deaths
Burials at Bromley Cemetery
Australian emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand businesspeople
People from Christchurch

masks:
Matthew Frank Barnett
Mat Barnett
Matthew Barnett Barnett
William Barnett
Rachel Barnett
Matthew
Barnett
Barnett
Mary Barnett
Matthew Frank
Barnett
Barnett
Ethel Barnett
Matthew Oliver
Barnett
Barnett
Barnett
Barnett
Frances Barnett
Barnett
Matthew Barnett
Matthew Barnett
Barnett
Barnett
Barnett
Barnett
Barnett
Barnett
Arthur Barnett
Barnett
Matthew Barnett
Matthew Barnett
Barnett
Mary Barnett
Mary Barnett
Matthew Barnett
Barnett
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Barnett Tiki
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Mat Barnett
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Mary Barnett
Matthew Barnett
Matthew Barnett


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<mask> ( , born 31 January 1960 in Tehran) is an Iranian journalist, writer and a former member of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. He has been described as "Iran's preeminent political dissident", and a "wildly popular pro-democracy journalist" who has crossed press censorship "red lines" regularly. A supporter of the Islamic revolution as a youth, he became disenchanted in the mid-1990s and served time in Tehran's Evin Prison from 2001 to 2006, after publishing a series of stories on the murder of dissident authors known as the Chain Murders of Iran. While in prison, he issued a manifesto which established him as the first "prominent dissident, believing Muslim and former revolutionary" to call for a replacement of Iran's theocratic system with "a democracy". He has been described as "Iran's best-known political prisoner". Having been named honorary citizen of many European cities and awarded distinctions for his writing and civil, <mask> has won several international awards for his work, including the World Association of Newspapers' Golden Pen of Freedom Award, Canadian Journalists for Free Expression's International Press Freedom Award, the Martin Ennals Award for Human Rights Defenders, the Cato Institute Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty and the John Humphrey Freedom Award. Early life
<mask> grew up in a devout and impoverished family in Tehran.Active in the Islamist anti-Shah forces at a "relatively early age", he served in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps during the Iran–Iraq War. He holds a master's degree in communications. In 1994–5, <mask> became disenchanted with the government. "I saw a fascism and political tyranny emerging in Iran. Anyone who asked questions was branded 'anti-revolutionary' and 'against Iran'." <mask> quit the Guard to become an investigative journalist. Shortly thereafter, he gained fame and ran afoul of the authorities by "exposing the role of high officials in sanctioning the murder of liberal dissidents".Investigation of the Chain Murders of Iran
<mask> has written extensively as a journalist in a series of reformist newspapers, many of which were shut down by the Judiciary of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Possibly <mask>'s most famous work was a series of articles in Saeed Hajjarian's Sobh Emrouz daily about the 1998 murders of dissident authors known as the Chain Murders of Iran. <mask> referred to the perpetrators of the killings with code names such as "Excellency Red Garmented" and their "Excellencies Gray" and the "Master Key". In December 2000, after his arrest (see below), <mask> announced the "Master Key" to the chain murders was former Intelligence Minister Hojjatoleslam Ali Fallahian. He "also denounced by name some senior clerics, including Ayatollah Mohammad Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi for having encouraged or issued fatwas, or religious orders for the assassinations". Conservatives have attacked <mask> and denied his claim. Collections of his articles appeared in books, notably, The Dungeon of Ghosts and The Red Eminence And The Grey Eminences (Alijenob Sorkhpoosh va Alijenob-e Khakestari (2000)) focusing on the involvement of the former President of Iran, <mask> Rafsanjani, and his Minister of Intelligence, Ali Fallahian, in the chain murders.The Red Eminence and the Grey Eminences has been described by the Washington Post newspaper in the US as "the Iranian equivalent of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago". The one volume of his writings to appear in English translation is The Road to Democracy in Iran (MIT Press, April 2008). Arrest and imprisonment
<mask> took part in a conference in Berlin held by the Heinrich Boell Foundation under the title "Iran after the elections" held in the wake of the Majlis elections of February 2000, which resulted in a huge victory by reformist candidates. The gathering was termed "anti-Islamic" and "anti-revolutionary" by Iranian state TV, IRIB, which broadcast part of the conference on 18 April 2000. Returning to Iran from the conference, he was arrested on 22 April 2000, accused of having "damaged national security." Found guilty, in January 2001 he was sentenced to ten years followed by five years internal exile, which meant he would be kept in a specific city other than Tehran and could not leave the country. On 15 May 2001, an appeal court reduced his 10-year sentence to six months and overturned his additional sentence of five years' internal exile.However, the Tehran prosecutor, challenged the appeal court decision and brought new charges against him in connection with newspaper articles he had written prior to April 2000, and his possession of photocopies of foreign newspapers. On 16 July 2001, he was sentenced to six years imprisonment on charges of "collecting confidential information harmful to national security and spreading propaganda against the Islamic system". Like other political prisoners before him, <mask> took to writing from his prison cell. His political manifestos and open letters were smuggled out of jail and published on the internet, – two letters "to the free people of the world":. In his last year in prison <mask> went on a hunger strike for more than 80 days, from 19 May 2005 until early August 2005, except for a 12-day period of leave he was granted on 30 May 2005 ahead of the ninth presidential elections on 17 June 2005. His hunger strike ended after 50 days when "doctors warned he would sustain irreparable brain damage, and he relented." Many Iranians had not heard of the hunger strike due to press censorship and heavy security and information quarantine in Milad Hospital in Tehran.His hunger strike mobilized the international human rights community, "including eight former Nobel Peace laureates. Thousands of intellectuals and human rights activists around the world spoke out on his behalf. It is generally believed that the global support generated for Ganji during this period spared his life." He was represented by a group of lawyers, including Dr. Yousef Molaei, Abdolfattah Soltani (who was arrested and put in solitary confinement in 2005 on unknown charges), and the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, Shirin Ebadi. In his recent leave in June 2005, Ganji participated in interviews with several news agencies, criticizing Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of Iran, and asking for his office to be put to public vote. This led to a ruling by Saeed Mortazavi, the general prosecutor of Tehran, to arrest him again because of "illegal interviews". He returned to prison voluntarily on 11 June 2005 and started another hunger strike.Release
<mask> was released from prison in poor health on 18 March 2006, after serving the full term of his six-year sentence, according to his family and various count-downs set up on many Iranian weblogs. At the same time, the deputy prosecutor of Tehran, Mahmoud Salarkia, claimed that 10 days remained from his sentence due to unaccounted days of absence, and that he had been granted a leave for the Persian New Year. The claim has apparently been dropped since. In June 2006 <mask> left Iran. Since then he has been writing and giving talks in Europe and North America, speaking out for the movement for democracy in Iran, and against any U.S. military attack on his country. Views
<mask>'s writings in prison were smuggled out and widely distributed, especially on the web. Most notably he wrote a Republican Manifesto in six chapters in March 2002, laying out the basis of his proposal for a fully-fledged democratic republic for Iran.In particular, he argued that all elections in the Islamic Republic of Iran must be boycotted. He later wrote a second book of his Republican Manifesto in May 2005, ahead of the ninth Presidential elections in Iran, specifically arguing for a complete boycott of the presidential elections. In April 2008, <mask>'s first book in English appeared from Boston Review Books/MIT Press: The Road to Democracy in Iran, with an introduction by Joshua Cohen and Abbas Milani. Iraq War
Ganji opposed the United States 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent occupation. In 2006, <mask> started a tour to visit world leading philosophers, theorists, human rights activists. His goal has been said to be introducing Iranian intellectual movements and democratic circles to world leading thinkers. He met many famous figures as Richard Rorty, Noam Chomsky, Anthony Giddens, David Held and Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt.Despite repeated invitations he refused to meet with any member of the administration of US president George W. Bush, on the principle that the struggle for democracy in Iran must be waged from within the country, without foreign governmental support. He also refused to meet with White House officials, citing his belief that current US policies were not helping promote democracy in Iran. He was quoted as saying, "You cannot bring democracy to a country by attacking it". He also added that the war in Iraq was promoting Islamic fundamentalism and hurting movements towards democracy in the region. <mask> declared that his role was as a dissident and journalist, rather than the official voice for a specific opposition party or faction within Iran, which he explained was one reason for his refusal to meet with US political leaders and officeholders. During his visit he criticized the Iraq War, asserting that rather than undermining the current Iranian regime it had instead bolstered its capacity to repress and terrorize its population. We do not want the regime of the Islamic Republic of Iran.However, this is our problem. Any intervention by any foreign power would bring charges of conspiracy against us... What has happened in Iraq did not support our movement in any significant way. 2009 election protests
<mask> has strongly supported the 2009 Iranian election protests. He staged a hunger strike outside of the United Nations headquarters in order to highlight the plight of Iranian political prisoners, and to bring international attention to the oppressive conditions felt within Iran. Awards and honors
 PEN America, Honorary member (2000)
 Canadian Journalists for Free Expression, International Press Freedom Award (2000)
 The Middle East Studies Association of North America, MESA Academic Freedom Prize (2005)
 Press Freedom Award, Italy (2005)
 World Association of Newspapers, Golden Pen of Freedom (2006)
 Honorary citizen of the city of Florence, Italy (2006)
 Martin Ennals Award for Human Rights Defenders (2006)
 National Press Club, John Aubuchon Freedom of the Press Award (2006)
 John Humphrey Freedom Award, Rights & Democracy (2007)
 Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty (2010)
 World Press Freedom Hero, International Press Institute (2010)

See also

 2nd of Khordad Movement
 Defenders of Human Rights Center
 History of political Islam in Iran
 Human rights in Islamic Republic of Iran
 Abbas Amir-Entezam
 Abdolkarim Soroush
 Mehrangiz Kar
 Saeed Hajjarian

References

External links

  Freedom is not free – <mask>'s website (under construction)
 CJFE Calls for <mask>'s Release
 Ganji and other dissidents silenced ahead of elections, IFEX
 Ganji in hunger strike, Human Rights Watch: Leading Dissident's Life in Danger. Iran: Radio Farda Interview With Dissident <mask>
 Second Letter written on the 30th day of hunger strike
 BBC profile
 Iran activist 'snubs White House' BBC article on Ganji declining a White House invitation
 Ganji's Next Strike Likely at U.N. The View from Tehran from May/June 2007 Boston Review
 Regime intelligence official admits to fabricating opposition figures 13 August 2007
 The US and the Plight of the Iranians – A letter to Ban Ki-moon published in the NY Review of Books (Volume 54, Number 18)
 Conversations with History, Islam and Democracy
 Changing Iran: May 2008 Interview with Akbar Ganji (interviewed by Rebecca Tuhus-Dubrow, Associate Editor of Boston Review Books)
 islam

1960 births
Living people
Hunger strikers
Inmates of Evin Prison
Investigative journalists
Iranian activists
Iranian democracy activists
Iranian dissidents
Iranian journalists
Iranian prisoners and detainees
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps officers
People convicted of spreading propaganda against the system by the Islamic Republic of Iran
Recipients of John Aubuchon Press Freedom Award
Political prisoners

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Akbar Ganji
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The case of <mask>s is a high-profile criminal case in Lithuania centering on allegations of sexual molestation of a then four-year-old Lithuanian girl and a double homicide. In November 2008, <mask>s accused Laimutė Stankūnaitė of allowing Jonas Furmanavičius and Andrius Ūsas to sexually molest their underage daughter. Frustrated by lack of progress in the investigation, Kedys took the case public. He published a video with his daughter's testimony, sent out DVDs to politicians, and appeared in the media. Still no case was brought before trial. In October 2009, Jonas Furmanavičius, a district judge and accused pedophile, and Violeta Naruševičienė, aunt of his daughter and accused procurer, were found dead and Kedys became the main murder suspect. While Kedys went into hiding, some of the Lithuanian public sided with him, portraying Kedys as a desperate father trying to protect his daughter against pedophiles.In April 2010 his body was found near Kaunas Reservoir. His death was ruled an accident – choking on vomit after heavy drinking. The main suspect in the pedophilia case, Andrius Ūsas, was found drowned in a lake after a motorcycle accident in June 2010. In a posthumous trial Ūsas was found innocent. A separate court ruling restored the girl's custody to Stankūnaitė. Some Lithuanians disagreed with the ruling and began a vigil at the house of Kedys' relatives in Garliava, where the girl lived at the time. Officials were able to take custody of the girl with the help of riot police in May 2012.The Way of Courage, a political party founded by Kedys' sister and supporters, participated in the 2012 Lithuanian parliamentary election and received almost 8% of the votes. Pedophile scandal
<mask> <mask> (born 4 September 1972 in Garliava) and his former girlfriend Laimutė Stankūnaitė (born 1986) had a daughter in February 2004. Stankūnaitė was underage when she gave birth to <mask>' daughter. The couple split in 2006 and the parents got embroiled in a bitter custody battle. His former girlfriend, with the help from Andrius Ūsas, a politician and advisor to the former Speaker of the Seimas Viktoras Muntianas, obtained custody in November 2006. Kedys had visitation rights every other weekend. But later Stankunaite gave up her custody rights, giving them to the father.On 29 November 2008 Kedys submitted a formal complaint to the police, claiming Ūsas paid Stankūnaitė to sexually molest his daughter. On this basis, in December 2008, Kedys obtained full custody of his daughter with no visitation rights for Stankūnaitė. The courts repeatedly confirmed that Stankūnaitė had no case to answer, thus dismissing Kedys' allegations against his former girlfriend as unsubstantiated. The pre-trial investigation against Ūsas continued. In February 2009, Kedys further pressed accusations against Violeta Naruševičienė, Stankūnaitė's sister, claiming the former had participated with allowing men to molest her 4-year-old daughter. In July 2009, Kedys accused Jonas Furmanavičius, a district judge, and an individual known as Aidas of partaking in the molestation. All of those people (except for Aidas) professed their innocence, and accused Kedys of slander, criminal libel, and death threats.Frustrated with the apparent lack of progress in official investigations and convinced that the case was being deliberately stonewalled, Kedys sent out 200 DVDs to Lithuanian politicians, media outlets, and law-enforcement agencies, featuring homemade video footage of his daughter's explicit testimony against three "uncles". He promised to send the subtitled version to Members of the European Parliament. Many sources criticized Kedys, who acted as the cameraman, for asking his daughter leading questions and heavily editing the film (it contained 50 segments filmed across nine occasions). Double homicide
On 5 October 2009 Furmanavičius and Naruševičienė were shot dead in Kaunas. Kedys became the prime suspect. On the same day, a national search of Kedys was announced, soon followed by an announcement of an international search, as he was thought to have left the country shortly after the murders. Kedys' friends Raimundas Ivanauskas and Eglė Barauskaitė were charged with accessory to murder.As of December 2013, that court case is ongoing. The story caused an uproar in Lithuania, with much of the public siding with Kedys: in the public mind, the case was seen as largely a father's futile attempts in pursuing justice and trying to protect his daughter, and being driven to desperate measures by anger at the injustice. Others questioned whether the killings were in fact commissioned by Kedys himself. Death of Kedys

On April 17, 2010, 6:49 AM, after six months of the police search, <mask> Kedys' body was found near Kaunas Reservoir by an angler. An autopsy concluded he had died between an evening of April 15 and morning of 16th. According to the official report, the cause of death was "choking on the vomit" whilst being heavily intoxicated. However, his relatives were convinced that Kedys was murdered, pointing out wounds on his body.Kedys' relatives demanded a second opinion from independent experts. In April 2011, a report was received from the Swedish National Forensic Service (Rättsmedicinalverket) confirming Kedys had died from alcohol and drug poisoning, and that he choked on the contents of his own stomach. The Swedish report differed from the Lithuanian experts in determining "the injuries on the body appeared before his death" and that the "possibility of drowning is not excluded". On 24 April, Kedys was buried in Jonučiai cemetery. According to media reports, 6-10,000 people from across the country attended the ceremony. Death of Ūsas
Ūsas, the main suspect in the pedophilia case, was officially charged with the sexual molestation of a minor. However, he was found drowned in a swamp in June 2010.The death was ruled an accident. The court case against Ūsas continued. The court found him innocent in November 2012. Custody battle
On 17 May 2012, following a court order, Kedys' daughter, who was previously living with Kedys' relatives in Garliava, was forcibly reunited with her mother Stankūnaitė. Owing to the continuous presence of protesters disagreeing with the 5-month old court decision, the operation was carried out with the assistance of riot police, and 39 protesters were detained. Aftermath
The sister of <mask> <mask> Neringa Venckienė was elected to the Lithuanian Parliament, but fled the country for the United States after the Parliament removed her legal immunity in 2013. In November 2019, she was extradited back to Lithuania and is brought to the Court under four criminal charges.In popular culture
A children magazine Flintas created a comic named Gynėjas <mask> (<mask> the Defendor), inspired by the story of the deceased <mask> Kedys. The protest events in Garliava was depicted in a 2013 opinion journalism documentary movie "Lost. A political animal of the European Union". In 2013, the pedophilia case was recreated in a popular Korean mystery tv show "Surprise Mystery". Lithuanian director Jonas Vaitkus is currently building a play based on Kedys case, titled “Clan”. The case was portrayed in the Lithuanian television show "The Price of Courage". It was aired by TV3 and had 86 episodes.References

External links
My family is being persecuted... video of Karolis Venckienė describing how government officials are killing his family
 Video of the testimony of Deimantė Kedytė with English subtitles (removed)
 Drąsiaus kelias

Child sexual abuse in Lithuania
Murder in Lithuania
2010 deaths
1972 births
Garliava
2009 crimes in Lithuania
2010 crimes in Lithuania
2009 murders in Europe
2010 murders in Europe
2000s murders in Lithuania
2010s murders in Lithuania
Vigilantism

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Drąsius Kedy
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<mask> (born 1980) is a bestselling American writer and memoirist. Her debut, Smashed: Story of a Drunken Girlhood, was released in 2005 by Viking Penguin and became a New York Times bestseller. <mask> attended Nashoba Regional High School in Bolton, Massachusetts, Syracuse University and Bennington College. She is a 2014 recipient of the Alex Awards. Personal life
<mask> grew up in a middle-class family in the northeast. As a coping mechanism, she learned to "hide behind an open book." As she grew older, she got into the habit of sneaking out of elementary school classes to go and read in the bathroom or the school library.She began writing poetry at age ten, and continued throughout college. In a senior-year poetry writing workshop at Syracuse University she met mentor Mary Karr, who would later influence her memoirs. At the time, <mask> struggled for money on account of her father's unemployment, and Karr hired her to babysit her son. On September 1, 2008 <mask> was formerly married Eamon Hamilton, singer and songwriter of the band Brakes, whom she met on the social networking site Myspace, in Romainville, France. The pair had three children together before divorcing in 2016. <mask> is partnered with Pulitzer-prize winning investigative journalist and documentary filmmaker Gabe Johnson. Memoir Vs. Fiction
As a writer, <mask> says her writing is informed by memoirists Mary Karr, Nick Flynn, Tobias Wolff, as well as novelists T.C.Boyle, Jeffrey Eugenides, A.M. Homes, Richard Ford, Haruki Murakami, Amy Hempel, George Saunders and Lorrie Moore. She has also admitted she is heavily influenced by music and song lyrics. <mask> has been quoted as saying, "If you're a writer, there's a lot of inspiration to be found in lyrics. That's the first thing I do before I get to work in the morning: have a cup of coffee and put on a record." <mask> downplays the catharsis of memoir-writing, saying, "All said and done, I'm reluctant to say writing Smashed was cathartic. For one, I think we assign that term to women far more often than we assign it to men. All too often, men's works are deemed 'literature' and women's are dismissed as 'therapy.'On a personal level, sure, it's easier to discuss old indignities. Talking, for instance, about a horrifying blackout doesn't rattle me the way it used to. I'm not convinced I've come to term with old aches as much as I've had to numb myself to them for the sake of spreading the book's message. Ultimately, I think a memoir leaves its author with more terror than comfort, more questions than closure. More than anything, I feel a growing breach between 'me' and the 'me' on the page. It's an occupational hazard, I guess. I feel sort of exiled from my own experiences."Early in her career, <mask> said she found writing fiction more challenging than writing narrative non-fiction. "For me, fiction-writing is about escapism. Whereas memoir-writing is about facing cold, harsh realities. I'll let you guess which one is more of a party... Naw, in reality, there are challenges to both. In memoir, there's the burden of truth. And in fiction, there's the burden of fantasy. Me, I find fiction harder.There are so many possibilities in fiction. The story can go absolutely anywhere. And that overwhelms me. That strikes fear in my timid, little heart. I like being restricted to the cage of fact, the coop of reality. Without it, I feel a certain agoraphobia." Regardless, she switched to fiction writing in later life when she was troubled by the way some people take memoir as liturgy and the publishing industry often turns memoirists as self-help gurus.She is quoted as saying she has no desire to tell people how to live their "best lives." She also feels she can be more truthful in fiction and the medium allows her to provide more privacy for her children. She authored the novels "Mother, Mother," which won an Alex Award, and "The Drama Teacher," which was optioned by Amy Sherman-Palladino. Smashed
Smashed chronicles <mask>' decade-long struggle with alcohol abuse, beginning at fourteen, in an effort to explain the binge drinking phenomenon that plagues America's youth. Around the time she quit drinking, <mask> became preoccupied with an old memory, which involved a night that she had her stomach pumped when she was 16. According to <mask>, she had not thought about that night in a number of years, but she suddenly could not get it out of her head. Eventually, she sat down and wrote about it.The piece later became a chapter in her book. Around the same time, <mask> was hearing a lot in the news about "girls of her generation" and how they were drinking younger and more than all the generations of women who'd gone before them. The Harvard School of Public Health reported, between 1993 and 2001, there was a threefold increase in the number of women who reported being drunk on ten or more occasions in the previous month. Time magazine ran a cover story about female binge drinkers. <mask> did not agree with what the psychologists and the sociologists, the clinicians and the statisticians had to say, which was: "girls today are drinking more because they’re just so damn liberated, because they’re bursting with confidence and girl power, because they believe they can match boys everywhere, including the bar." In her own experience, the author says, she and her female friends drank largely because it was an expression of their unhappiness and lack of confidence. It occurred to <mask>, then 23, that she could offer a younger perspective.Smashed was <mask>' first attempt at writing prose. Before that, she had been a poet exclusively. Her poetic style was noted by New York Times critic Dwight Garner who called it "so elegiac that [Zailckas] comes off as the Norah Jones of her plastered generation." Alcoholism
<mask> has been challenged by some readers who want to dispute her assertion that she is "not an alcoholic." In interviews, <mask> maintains: "I’ve talked to a lot of addiction counselors who say alcoholism is made up of two things: abuse and addiction. God knows I had that abuse down pat. But I don’t know that I necessarily felt (or feel) that addiction.And so no, I don’t identify myself as an alcoholic. That identity didn’t feel true to me, so I didn’t write it. I also think the brand 'alcoholic' prevents a lot of people, especially young people, from seeking help or even reevaluating their relationship with alcohol. In my mind, the whole point of Smashed is to say, you don’t have to be a quote-unquote alcoholic in order to examine the underlying reasons why you're drinking." PTSD
Since writing Smashed, <mask> has said she did not realize that she had spent decades living with complex PTSD, brought about by her abusive childhood. She now identifies PTSD as one of the driving forces behind her college drinking. "I was drinking to dissociate: unwittingly or unconsciously putting myself in situations exactly like the one with my alcoholic father."Fury
In February 2010, <mask> announced a sequel to Smashed on her Facebook page. Her follow-up, Fury: a Memoir was published on September 7, 2010. It was published by Viking Penguin, who described it as relating her exploration with her feelings of anger, the effects of that anger and the psychological aspects of repression and the turmoil of her own life which caused it. The book combines psychological research with her personal story. Mother, Mother
In 2014, <mask> published her first debut novel "Mother, Mother." The book was heavily inspired by her experience growing up with a Borderline mother. The book won an American Library Association ALEX Award.The Drama Teacher
In 2018, <mask> published "The Drama Teacher," which tells the story of a female grifter and identity thief. Literary critics think it is also Zailckas' way of exposing her father as the truly abusive person in her damaging childhood. The book was optioned by 20th Century Fox and later by Amy Sherman-Palladino, who plans to turn it into a limited series. Trivia

George Saunders is said to be a big influence on Zailckas writing, inspiring her work and visa versa. Zailckas has a tattoo of a portion of a letter Saunders wrote to her son. She also named her Australian Shepherd "Saunders." Many believe Zailckas inspired Saunders' 2021 Story "The Mom of Bold Action."Zailckas partnership with Amy Sherman-Palladino was born after Sherman-Palladino became interested in writing and directing the 20th Century Fox adaptation. After the deal fell through, Zailckas wrote an email to Sherman-Palladino that began: "I plotted many Gracie Mueller-esque ways to get you to return to my Drama Teacher adaptation, but lucky for you and your social security number, divorcing my own con artist husband slowed me down. Funny how life imitates art." Zailckas' active community of upstate writers includes Owen King, Kelly Braffet and Rebecca Godfrey. Zailckas is a well-documented animal lover and owner of prolific rabbits. Owen King, Kelly Braffet and Mary Stuart Masterson have all adopted baby bunnies from her. Bibliography
Smashed: Story of a Drunken Girlhood.New York: Viking/Penguin Group (USA), 2005. Fury, 2010
Mother, Mother, 2014
The Drama Teacher, 2018

Appearances
As a journalist, she has contributed to The Guardian, U.S. News & World Report, Glamour, Jane, and Seventeen magazine. She has promoted her book on 20/20, Good Morning America, CBS Evening News with Katie Couric, Anderson Cooper 360, The View, Topic A with Tina Brown and The Tyra Banks Show, among others. References

External links
Author's official website
Amazon.com entry for "Fury"
Amazon.com entry for "Smashed"
Salon.com article on Zailckas and review of Smashed
review of Fury: A Memoir
An interview with <mask> <mask> at Hecklerspray
<mask> <mask> at Jane
Koren Zailckas at The Guardian
<mask> <mask> at U.S. News and World Report

1980 births
Living people
American people of Lithuanian descent
Syracuse University alumni
Writers from Massachusetts
People from Bolton, Massachusetts
21st-century American memoirists
American women memoirists
21st-century American women writers

masks:
Koren Zailckas
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