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 China, and commanded means of transport to almost any part of China and the adjoining archipelago. After much deliberation it was determined to advise the directors that Milne should proceed to establish himself at Malacca.In this year <mask> baptized the first convert on 14 May 1814 (seven years after his arrival). The first Protestant Chinese Christian was probably named Cai Gao. (His name was variously recorded by <mask> as Tsae A-fo, A-no, and A-ko.) <mask> acknowledged the imperfection of this man's knowledge and did not mention his own role in Cai's baptism until much later, but he claimed to rely on the words "If thou believest with all thy heart!" and administered the rite. From his diary the following was noted:

About the same time the East India Company undertook the cost of printing <mask>'s Chinese Dictionary. They spent £10,000 on the work, bringing out for the purpose their own printer, Peter Perring Thoms, along with a printing press.The Bible Society voted two grants of £500 each towards the cost of printing the New Testament. One of the Directors of the East India Company also bequeathed to <mask> $1000 for the propagation of the Christian religion. This he devoted to the cost of printing a pocket edition of the New Testament. The former edition had been inconveniently large; and especially in the case of a book that was likely to be seized and destroyed by hostile authorities, this was a serious matter. A pocket Testament could be carried about without difficulty. The small edition was printed, and many Chinese departed from Guangzhou into the interior with one or more copies of this invaluable little book secreted in his dress or among his belongings. <mask> was ordered to England, and she sailed with her two children, and for six years her husband was to toil on in solitude.In 1817 <mask> accompanied Lord Amherst's embassy to Beijing. His own knowledge of China was very considerably enlarged by this. He was sent by the company on an embassy to the Emperor at Beijing in the capacity of interpreter. The journey took him through many cities and country districts, and introduced him to some novel aspects of Chinese life and character. The object of the embassy was not attained, but to <mask> the experience was invaluable; and it served, not only to revive his health, but to stimulate his missionary zeal. Through all that vast tract of country, and among that innumerable population, there was not one solitary Protestant missionary station. Another accomplishment of <mask>'s, in which he proved himself a pioneer, was his establishment of a public dispensary at Macau in 1820, where native diseases might be treated more humanely and effectively than was customary in China.<mask> was profoundly stirred by the misery, the poverty, and the unnecessary suffering of the Chinese poor. The people were constantly persuaded to expend their all on Traditional Chinese medicine he considered useless. <mask> sought out an intelligent and skilful Chinese practitioner, and placed him at the head of his dispensary. This man, who had learned the main principles of European treatment, received great help from Dr. Livingstone, a friend of <mask>'s, who was much interested in this attempt to alleviate the sufferings of the poorer Chinese. <mask> and Milne also established a school for Chinese and Malay children in 1818. The school, named Anglo-Chinese College (later called Ying Wa College), was moved to Hong Kong around 1843 after the territory became a British possession. The institution exists today in Hong Kong as a secondary school for boys.Milne received the support of the English Governor at Malacca. He represented the extreme eastern outpost of Protestant missions in Asia, and <mask> assumed the name "Ultra-Ganges" mission. <mask> and Milne translated the Old Testament together; and although <mask> had the advantage of a far more intimate knowledge of the language, and was thus able to revise the work of his colleague, Milne also had made remarkable progress in his mastery of Chinese. The press was kept steadily at work. Tracts of various kinds were issued. <mask> wrote a little book called "A Tour round the World," the object of which was to acquaint his Chinese readers with the customs and ideas of European nations, and the benefits that had flowed from Christianity. As if his manifold activities in China were not sufficient to occupy him, <mask> began to formulate an even broader scheme for the evangelization of China.This was, to build at Malacca what he called an "Anglo-Chinese College". Its object was to introduce the East to the West, and the West to the East; in other words, to mediate between the two civilizations, and thus to prepare the way for the quiet and peaceful dissemination of Christian thought in China. The proposal was warmly taken up. The London Missionary Society gave the ground. The Governor of Malacca and many residents subscribed. <mask> himself gave £1000 out of his small property to establish the college. The building was erected and opened.Printing presses were set up, and students were enrolled. Milne was the president; and while no student was compelled to declare himself a Christian, or to attend Christian worship, it was hoped that the strong Christian influence would lead many of the purely literary students to become teachers of Christianity. Intense as were his Christian convictions, he could sanction nothing that would do deliberate violence to the convictions of another; and he had a faith that Christian truth would eventually prevail on its own merits, and need never fear to be set side by side with the truths that other religious systems contain. Eight or nine years after its foundation, Mr. Charles Majoribanks, M.P. for Perth, in a Government report on the condition of Malacca, singled out this institution for very high praise on account of its thoroughly sound, quiet, and efficient work. A settlement having now been established, under British protection, and in the midst of those islands which are inhabited by a large Malay and Chinese population, reinforcements were sent out from England. After a period in Malacca they were sent on from there to various centers: Penang, Java, Singapore, Amboyna, wherever they could find a footing and establish relations with the people.In this way many new stations sprang up in the Ultra-Ganges Mission. A magazine was issued, entitled The Gleaner, the object of which was to keep the various stations in touch with one another, and disseminate information as to progress in the different parts. The various printing presses poured forth pamphlets, tracts, catechisms, translations of Gospels, in Malay or in Chinese. Schools were founded for the teaching of the children: for the great obstacle to the free use of the printing press was that so few of the people comparatively could read. The missionaries had to be many-sided, now preaching to the Malays, now to the Chinese, now to the English population; now setting up types, now teaching in the schools; now evangelizing new districts and neighbouring islands, now gathering together their little congregations at their own settlement. The reports do not greatly vary from year to year. The work was hard, and seemingly unproductive.The people listened, but often did not respond. The converts were few. <mask> returned to China only to die in 1821; Mrs. Milne had died already. <mask> was 39. In 1822 William Milne died, after a brief but valuable missionary life, and <mask> was left to reflect that he alone of the first four Protestant missionaries to China was now left alive. He reviewed the history of the mission by writing a retrospect of these fifteen years. China was still as impervious as ever to European and Christian influence; but the amount of solid literary work accomplished was immense.Scholarly work

<mask>'s Dictionary of the Chinese Language was the first Chinese–English, English–Chinese dictionary, largely based on the Kangxi Dictionary and a Chinese rhyming dictionary of the same era. This meant that his tonal markings were those of Middle Chinese rather than those actually spoken in his age. Owing to the tutors available to him, his transcriptions were based on Nanjing Mandarin rather than the Beijing dialect. Works

This is a list of scholarly, missionary and other works by <mask> :

  Alt URL
  in six volumes:
 Part I, Vol. I -
 Part I, Vol. II -
 Part I, Vol. III -
 Part II, Vol.I -
 Part II, Vol. II -
 Part III -

 The Morrison Collection Bibliography

See also
 Morrison Academy
 Yung Wing
 Raffles Institution, the oldest school in Singapore, all-boys in Year 1-4 and co-ed in Year 5-6
 Ying Wa College, the world's first Anglo-Chinese school founded in 1818 by <mask>, now located in Hong Kong

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Uganda Sze Pui KWAN, "From Print to Spin, The Print and Portraitures of <mask>," in The Journal of the Chinese Studies, No. 69, 2019, pp. 63–121. Lai, John T. P. Negotiating Religious Gaps: The Enterprise of Translating Christian Tracts by Protestant Missionaries in Nineteenth-Century China (Institut Monumenta Sérica, 2012). .
 Hancock, Christopher (2008), <mask> and the Birth of Chinese Protestantism (T&T Clark). <mask>, Eliza (1839). Memoirs of the life and labours of <mask> (Vol.1) London : Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans.-University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives, China Through Western Eyes

 Ying, Fuk-tsang. "Evangelist at the Gate: <mask>'s Views on Mission." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 63.2 (2012): 306–330. Further reading

 The funeral discourse occasioned by the death of the Rev <mask> ..., delivered before the London Missionary Society at the Poultry chapel, 19 February 1835. By Joseph Fletcher [1784–1843]. London : Frederick Westley and A. H. Davis, 1835. 75 p. { CWML G429 ; CWML G443 ; CWML N294 }
 Memoir of the Rev <mask>, D.D., F.R.S., &c. By T.F.In The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register March 1835. { CWML O251 ; CWML N294 }
 Memoirs of the life and labours of <mask>. Compiled by his widow [<mask>, 1795–1874], with critical notices of his Chinese works, by Samuel Kidd [1804–1843]. London : Longman, Orme, Brown, and Longmans, 1839. 2 v : ill, port ; 23 cm. { CWML Q122 }
 The origin of the first Protestant mission to China : and history of the events which induced the attempt, and succeeded in the accomplishment of a translation of the Holy Scriptures into the Chinese language, at the expense of the East India Company, and of the casualties which assigned to the late Dr <mask> the carrying out of this plan : with copies of the correspondence between the Archbishop of Canterbury ... &c and the Rev W. W. Moseley ... To which is appended a new account of the origin of the British and Foreign Bible Society, and a copy of the memoir which originated the Chinese mission &c. By William Willis Moseley. London : Simpkin and Marshall, 1842.[ii], 116 p. { CWML O86 ; CWML N310 }
 <mask> : the pioneer of Chinese missions. By William John Townsend [1835–1915]. London : S.W. Partridge & Co., [ca.1890?]. 272 p. : ill, frontis. (port.) { CWML R427 }
 Cleaving the rock: the story of <mask>, Christian pioneer in China.By T. Dixon Rutherford. London: London Missionary Society, [ca.1902?]. 24 p. : ill., ports. [New illustrated series of missionary biographies No.14] { CWML U233 }
 <mask> and the centenary of Protestant missions in China : notes for speakers. London : London Missionary Society, 1907. [8] p. { CWML Q222 }
 Three typical missionaries. By Rev George J. Williams [1864–?].[London] : London Missionary Society, [ca.1908?]. 8 p. [Outline missionary lessons for Sunday school teachers No.2] { CWML Q202 }
 Four lessons on <mask>. By Vera E. Walker. [London] : London Missionary Society, [ca.1920?]. 15 p. : ill. { CWML Q244 }
 <mask>, a master-builder. By Marshall Broomhall [1866–1937]. London, Livingstone Press, 1924. xvi, 238 p. ; front.(port. ), 1 ill. (plan) ; 19 cm. { CWML U169 }
 <mask> : China's pioneer. By Ernest Henry Hayes [1881–?]. London : Livingstone Press, 1925. 128 p.
 The years behind the wall. By Millicent and Margaret Thomas.London : Livingstone Press, 1936. 126 p. : ill. (some col.), frontis., maps on lining papers ; 20 cm. { CWML R449 }
 <mask> : the scholar and the man. By Lindsay Ride [1898–1977]. Hong Kong (China) : Hong Kong University Press, 1957. vii, 48, [ii], 13, [12] p. : ill [Includes an illustrated catalogue of the exhibition held at the University of Hong Kong September 1957 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of <mask>'s arrival in China] { CWML M97 }
 The origins of the Anglo-American missionary enterprise in China, 1807–1840. By Murray A. Rubinstein [1942-]. Lanham, MD : Scarecrow Press, 1996. xi, 399 p. ; 23 cm.[ATLA monograph series no. 33]
 Chuan jiao wei ren Ma-li-xun 傳教偉人馬禮遜. Written by Hai-en-bo 海恩波著 [Marshall Broomhall, 1866–1937]; translated by Jian Youwen (簡又文). Xiang-gang 香港 : Jidujiao wenyi chubanshe 基督教文藝出版社, 2000. 178 p., [4] p. of plates : ill. ; 21 cm. [Translation of <mask>, a master-builder]
 <mask> and the Protestant Plan for China. By Christopher A.Daily. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2013. 276 p. [Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Book Series, distributed in N. America and Europe by Columbia University Press]

External links

Andrew West, The Morrison Collection
Andrew West, A Chronology of <mask>'s Life
In Memory of <mask> at the Robert Morrison Project
 The library of <mask> comprising around 1500 works is held by SOAS Special Collections. Digitised materials from the collection can be viewed online here. 1782 births
1834 deaths
19th-century Scottish people
Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
British expatriates in China
China–United Kingdom relations
Presbyterian missionaries in China
Christian writers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign relations of the Qing dynasty
People from Morpeth, Northumberland
Scottish Presbyterian missionaries
Persecution of Christians
Scottish Congregationalists
Scottish educational theorists
Scottish evangelicals
Scottish lexicographers
Scottish religious writers
Scottish translators
Translators of the Bible into Chinese
Presbyterian missionaries in Malaysia
Christian missionaries in Macau
Missionary linguists
19th-century

masks:
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Mary Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
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Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
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Morrison
Morrison
Mary Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Robert Morrison
Robert Morrison
Morrison
Robert Morrison
Robert Morrison
Morrison
Robert Morrison
Robert Morrison
Robert Morrison
Robert Morrison
Robert Morrison
Eliza Morrison
Morrison
Robert Morrison
Robert Morrison
Robert Morrison
Robert Morrison
Robert Morrison
Robert Morrison
Robert Morrison
Robert Morrison
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Robert Morrison
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Robert Morrison


type: original

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<mask>i is a Romanian writer, scriptwriter and theatre director. Biography
<mask>i was born in 1975, in Rădăuți, Suceava County. He is the Manager of The National Museum of Romanian Literature Iași and the Manager of the Iași International Festival of Literature and Translation (FILIT). He also works as senior editor of the Suplimentul de cultură weekly. Literary work
 Shortly before the Extraterrestrials Descended Among us (Cu puţin timp înaintea coborîrii extratereştrilor printre noi), novel, 1999
 The World Seen through a Hole the Width of a Spliff (Lumea văzută printr-o gaură de mărimea unei ţigări marijuana), short stories, 2000
 Our Circus Presents... (Circul nostru vă prezintă:), novel, 2002
 96-00. Short Stories (96-00. Povestiri), short stories, 2002
 Then I Clouted Him Twice (Atunci i-am ars două palme), short stories, 2004
 The Other Love Stories (Celelalte poveşti de dragoste), novel, 2009
 Matei the Brown (Matei Brunul), novel, 2011
 One + One (+ One...).Some Comedies (Unu + unu (+ unu...). Niște comedii), plays, 2014
 The One Who Calls the Dogs (Cel care cheamă câinii), novel, 2017

LTD made his literary debut in 1999, publishing his novel Shortly before the Extraterrestrials Descended Among us (Cu puţin timp înaintea coborîrii extratereştrilor printre noi), at the OuTopos Publishing House. The second revised and expanded edition was published by Polirom Publishing House, in Iaşi. In 2000, he went on to publish a collection of short stories entitled The World Seen through a Hole the Width of a Spliff (Lumea văzută printr-o gaură de mărimea unei ţigări marijuana), Tîrgu Jiu: Constantin Brâncuşi Foundation Press. Critical acclaim arrived in 2002, after Polirom published his novel Our Circus Presents... (Circul nostru vă prezintă:). The novel was translated into English, Spanish, Italian, Hungarian and Bulgarian. The main character of the book, a man of thirty, lives in a modest flat on the fifth floor of a housing block.Every Sunday, the protagonist performs a kind of ritual: he climbs onto the window ledge and waits for a suicidal urge, which, however, never comes. The events of the novel unfold over the course of three days. On the first day, the young man sets off to the town's railway station in search of prostitutes. On the way, he runs into another young man, known during the story as the "bloke with the orange braces", who has hanged himself from an old steam engine in an unused siding. The protagonist saves him and takes him to the station hospital, from where the bloke with the orange braces discharges himself on his own two feet. The main character will later find the man he saved in a railway workers’ bar. He is unwillingly embroiled in a fight provoked by the bloke with the orange braces, who breaks a chair over the head of one of the prostitutes in the bar, leaving her in a pool of blood.For the second time in the space of the same day, the protagonist saves the bloke with the orange braces, this time from the fury of the drinkers in the bar, and takes him back to his own flat. This is where the entire atmosphere of the story takes shape : a disabused world of strange neighbours and a building superintendent who is an old woman yearning for a relationship with a young man of thirty. During the other two days covered by the action of the novel, we discover that the young protagonist is a member of a kind of club for "professional suicides" – people in search of death, sometimes for the most stupid reasons and in the most bizarre ways: one wants to kill himself by sleeping with as many women of easy virtue as possible, in the hope of contracting a fatal disease; another wants to commit suicide by drinking huge quantities of the finest quality whiskey, until he falls into an alcoholic coma; etc. They are all "suicide artists", and it is into this strange group that the young man of thirty would now like to introduce his new friend. Parallel to these events, the two attempt to find out whether the prostitute in the bar has managed to survive being hit over the head with a chair. The answer will not be revealed until the end of the novel. The finale closes the circle of the tale: during a further visit to the railway station, the protagonist discovers that the prostitute has died.He does not tell his new friend about this. At the same time, however, frightened at the turn that events have taken, he comes up with a plan : he convinces the bloke with the orange braces to go to the station, to the locomotive where he first found him. And he proposes that they both commit suicide. The young man tells his companion that in this way the railway workers will understand that they both regret the incident with the prostitute – and they will be forgiven. In fact, the protagonist's plan is to free himself from the noose and to chase away anyone who tries to save the other, allowing him to die and thereby escaping from any legal consequences of his association with the prostitute's murderer. The plan fails, however, for various reasons – the protagonist does not allow his new friend to die, but rather tells him the truth about the prostitute and about what he has been planning. It all ends with a roar of laughter, an agonised roar of laughter which consecrates the general principle and theme of the book, according to which whoever has failed at everything else in life can only be consistent and fail at his own death.Same year, 2002, LDT published another collection of short stories, entitled 96-00. Short Stories (96-00. Povestiri), at LiterNet, an online publishing house, in Bucharest. Then I Clouted Him Twice (Atunci i-am ars două palme/ short stories, Iaşi: Polirom, 2004) is divided into three sections. In the first, the texts centre on the grotesque side of insignificant events, and the humour tempers the dramatic intensity of situations in which we all might find ourselves. The second, autobiographical section is in fact a short novel about childhood during the communist period, in which a cruel system is presented from the viewpoint of a child. Finally, the short stories of the third section have a social and sometimes political moral, displaying a dark, dry humour, which often borders on the absurd.The book was published into German in 2009 (Dann ist mir die Hand ausgerutscht, Ludwisburg: Pop Verlag). The next book of LDT, a novel entitled The Other Love Stories (Celelalte poveşti de dragoste), was published by Polirom in 2009, and it was translated into: Italian, French, Polish and Bulgarian. The Other Love Stories might be regarded as a modular novel. Its eleven sequences can function both as self-contained prose pieces and as episodes in a single narrative, whose central theme is failed love. This failure can unfold at a number of levels, with each "story" bringing with it an additional nuance, an additional idea to give shape to the whole. In the book, two central characters pass from one sequence to the next, namely the character of the narrator, who is a journalist for a local newspaper, and his wife. Their story takes shape not only by means of narratives from various periods in the narrator's life (childhood, adolescence, the present), but also in the tales of secondary characters, in which the narrator is involved in one way or another.One after the other and in surprising ways, all these sequences provide various angles from which love can be viewed, while failure, an idea that insinuates itself at the close of the volume, demands that each separate story and each choice made at one time or another by the central character should be re-evaluated. One of the sequences of the book, entitled Goose Chase, was published in the acclaimed American anthology Best European Fiction – 2011, ed. by Aleksandar Hemon, Dalkey Archive Press. A resounding success with public and critics alike, his latest novel, Matei the Brown (Matei Brunul), Iaşi: Polirom, 2011, was awarded numerous prizes and has been translated into French, at Gaïa Éditions, and it was very well received by the press. The novel has been translated also into Bulgarian, Hungarian, Polish, and is due to be translated into English and to be published by (Dalkey Archive Press). Matei The Brown is set in the period between 1945 and 1959. The novel's protagonist, Bruno Matei, a Romanian puppeteer of Italian ancestry, is presented from two different perspectives, on two narrative levels.In the first, which unfolds in Iași, over the course of the year 1959, he is suffering from partial amnesia following an accident, and is a free man, albeit constantly shadowed by Bojin, the secret policeman assigned to him. A relationship develops between him and the secret policeman, and a series of ‘mysteries’ regarding Bruno Matei's past life are placed in circulation. As a diversion, the Securitate invents dramatic events in the main character's past, events which obviously never took place, but whose sole purpose is to remould his present, to make him docile and obedient to the new totalitarian order. The second narrative, equal in length to the first, focuses on Bruno Matei's real past, spent in four communist prisons: the Uranus Penitentiary in Bucharest, the Valea Neagră Peninsula Penal Colony, Galaţi Penitentiary, and Iași Penitentiary. The two narratives unfold in parallel, so that the Securitate’s diversionary actions are one by one exploded by the often disarmingly innocent story of a man crushed beneath the juggernaut of the social and political changes that swept Eastern Europe in the second half of the twentieth century. Matei the Brown is the first purely fictional work to explore the communist prison system in Romanian literature. The blurb for the back cover of the English edition of the novel (in print) is written by the acclaimed writer and literary critic David Lodge.He wrote: "So many excellent novels have been written about life under communism in Soviet Russia and the countries of Eastern Europe that it difficult for any writer today to find an original way to depict the oppressiveness, inhumanity, and institutionalised injustice of those regimes before they began to collapse in 1989. But <mask> Teodorovici has succeeded in «Matei Brunul». [...] It is a remarkable achievement by a writer who was born in 1975 and had no personal experience of the era it describes, bearing comparison with classics of the genre such as Milan Kundera's «The Joke». Such books are salutary reminders to British readers of how lucky we are never to have lived in a totalitarian state". His most recent novel, The One Who Calls the Dogs (Cel care cheamă câinii), has been published in 2017 by Polirom Publishing House, and it is an autobiographical novel written while the author was struggling to fight against lymph cancer. This novel also has a great success in Romania, with many good reviews. Awards and recognition
 2011: The Contrafort "Book of the Year" award.2012: The Observator cultural National Award for Prose. 2012: The "Augustin Frăţilă" literary prize for the best novel of the year. 2012: The Ziarul de Iasi National Award for Prose. 2012: The Readers' Choice at the Romanian Book Market Awards. 2015: The Natalia Gorbaniewska Reader's Choice Award (The Angelus Prize for Literature, in Wroclaw, Poland). Screenplays
 Animat Planet Show (between 2005 and 2008 – 7 seasons), in coll. with Florin Lăzărescu, broadcast by the Antena 1 television channel.One Second of Life/ O secundă de viață (feature-length film adaptation of "Our Circus Presents..). I’m a Communist Old Lady/ Sînt o babă comunistă (feature-length film). Chocolates/ Bomboane de ciocolată (short film). A Good Day/ O zi bună (short film). Goose Chase/ După gâște (short film). Grasshopers/ Greieri (short film). References

External links
 The Author Page on the RomanianWriters' site
 Amazon’s <mask> Teodorovici page
 Author Profile on Goodreads
 Author Profile on Babelio
 <mask> Teodorovici's page at Polirom Publishing House, Romania
 <mask> Teodorovici's page at Dalkey Archive Press, USA&UK
 <mask> Teodorovici's page at Gaïa Éditions, France
 <mask> Teodorovici's page at Amaltea Publishing House, Poland

1975 births
Film people from Iași
Living people
Romanian editors
Romanian journalists
Writers from Iași
Romanian dramatists and playwrights
Romanian male novelists
Romanian novelists
Minimalist writers
Male dramatists and playwrights
Directors of museums in Romania
Romanian male short story writers
Romanian short story writers
Romanian screenwriters
Romanian theatre directors
Romanian writers in French

masks:
Lucian Dan Teodorovic
Lucian Dan Teodorovic
Lucian Dan
Lucian Dan
Lucian Dan
Lucian Dan
Lucian Dan
Lucian Dan


texts:
Abu al-<mask> (;  – 673), also known as <mask> ibn Abi Sufyan (), was an administrator and statesman of the successive Rashidun and Umayyad caliphates in the mid-7th century. He served as the governor of Basra in 665–670 and ultimately the first governor of Iraq and practical viceroy of the eastern Caliphate between 670 and his death. <mask>'s parentage is obscure, but he was raised among the Banu Thaqif in Ta'if, near Mecca. He arrived with his adoptive tribesmen in Basra upon its foundation in 636 as the Muslim Arabs' springboard for the conquest of the Sasanian Empire. He was initially employed by the city's first governor, <mask>zini, and was kept on as a scribe or secretary by his successors. Caliph Ali () appointed Ziyad governor of Fars to suppress a local rebellion and he maintained his loyalty to Ali's caliphate after the latter's assassination in 661 and the subsequent rule of Ali's enemy, Mu'awiya I (). The latter overcame Ziyad's opposition, formally recognized him as his own paternal half-brother and appointed him governor of Basra.<mask>'s inaugural speech, in which he announced his carrot-and-stick approach to governing the city's turbulent population, is celebrated in Arab history for its eloquence. After the death of Kufa's governor, Ziyad's mentor al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba, Mu'awiya made <mask> the first governor of a unified Iraqi province. He administratively reorganized the garrison cities and minted Sasanian-style silver dirhams in his own name. He firmly established Arab power and recommenced conquests in the Caliphate's easternmost province of Khurasan by relocating there 50,000 Arab soldiers and their families from Iraq and dispatching expeditionary forces against Tukharistan, Balkh and Quhistan. Although the mass resettlement improved Iraq's economic and political conditions by siphoning off Arab tribal soldiers from the overcrowded garrisons and creating new opportunities for war spoils, the move had major ramifications for the Caliphate as the descendants of these Khurasani Arab troops formed the army that toppled the Umayyads in 750. <mask> died near Kufa in 673, but his sons Ubayd Allah, Abd al-Rahman, Salm, Abbad and Yazid went on to hold posts as governors or deputy governors of Iraq, Khurasan and Sijistan. <mask> was the subject of early Arabic biographies and is remembered in Arab history as one of the four great wise men of his era and as a highly skilled administrator and orator.His administration in Iraq served as a model for his successors. Origins
<mask> was likely born in Ta'if in 622 or 623/24. His precise parentage is obscure, hence his frequent name in the sources as Ziyād ibn Abīhi ("Ziyad son of his father"). He was the illegitimate son of a certain Sumayya, his father being unknown. The origins of Sumayya are also obscure. The 9th-century historians al-Baladhuri and Awana ibn al-Hakam both relate that she had been a slave living in Kashkar, though the former asserts she belonged to a member of the Banu Yashkur, a branch of the Arab tribe of Banu Bakr, and the latter states she belonged to a Persian dehqan (landowning magnate). In the narrative of al-Baladhuri, Sumayya's Yashkuri owner embarked on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca seeking to cure his illness and was subsequently treated in Ta'if by al-Harith <mask>, a physician from the Thaqif clan resident in the city; as a reward for his services, Ibn Kalada was gifted Sumayya.In Awana's narrative, Sumayya was given to Ibn Kalada by the Persian dehqan after he treated him. In any case, she was ultimately given to Ubayd, a Greek or Syrian slave belonging to Ibn Kalada's wife. Though <mask> alludes to his Persian origin in a poem, his family claimed that Sumayya was not a slave, but the daughter of a certain al-A'war from the Zayd Manat clan of the Arab tribe of Banu Tamim. Early career in Basra

During the reign of Caliph Abu Bakr (), Ziyad embraced Islam, which "opened the world to him", according to historian Julius Wellhausen. He later became one of the first settlers of the Arab garrison town of Basra. Before the city's founding in 638, the Muslim troops fighting on the Iraqi front used as their military camp the ruined Persian village on the site. <mask> arrived there with the sons of Ibn Kalada, Nafi and Abu Bakra Nufay.The latter's family gained preeminence in the city, having acquired large landholdings there. Abu Bakra's brother-in-law Utba <mask> al-Mazini had established the initial camp at Basra in 635 and was the founder and first governor of the city. The administrative skills of Ziyad became apparent from the time of his adolescence and Utba charged him with minor tasks in the Basran dīwān (bureaucracy) during the reign of Caliph Umar (). In 635, Utba tasked him with distributing to the Arab troops the war spoils from the capture of al-Ubulla (Apologos), a town immediately east of Basra. According to the modern historian Isaac Hasson, Ziyad "distinguished himself as an intelligent and open-minded secretary, who was devoted to his master and to public service ... he showed an unusual aptitude for accounting and had an excellent command of epistolary art". His skills and his assignment by Basra's military governor Abu Musa al-Ash'ari as his acting replacement while he was on a military campaign gained the attention of Caliph Umar. He brought Ziyad to Medina, the center of the nascent Muslim state, where he further tested his skills; Ziyad's performance earned him a reward of 1,000 silver dirhams by Umar, which he used to purchase the freedom of his mother or his stepfather Ubayd.Soon after his return to Basra, <mask> was made Utba's kātib (scribe or secretary). After Utba's death, Ziyad continued his service as kātib under his successors Abu Musa al-Ash'ari and al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba, a member of the Thaqif who became Ziyad's mentor. When al-Mughira was recalled by Umar to Medina in 638 due to charges of adultery by three accusers, including Abu Bakra Nufay and a certain Shibl ibn Ma'bad al-Bajali, both of whom were Ziyad's maternal half-brothers, Ziyad was also recalled to give his own testimony. His statement was partial toward al-Mughira and as a result, the charges were dismissed and the accusers were flogged. During the reign of Caliph Uthman (), Ziyad served the caliph's appointee to Basra, Abd Allah <mask>. Uthman's successor Ali () appointed Abd Allah <mask> governor of Basra and entrusted Ziyad with collection of the province's kharāj (land tax) and supervision of the treasury. According to Hasson, "Ali's appreciation of Ziyad's talents were so great" that he mandated Ibn Abbas heed Ziyad's counsel.When Ibn Abbas left Basra in 657 to accompany Ali at the Battle of Siffin against the governor of Syria, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, he left Ziyad as his acting governor. During this period, he stamped out an uprising by the Banu Tamim, a major military tribal faction in the city, with critical assistance from another Basran faction, the Azd. After Ali returned from Siffin, his appointee to the district of Fars, Sahl <mask>f, was ousted by its inhabitants, after which he dispatched Ziyad. The people of Fars were satisfied with <mask>'s leadership and he was able to collect the district's kharāj. He remained in Fars through the remainder of Ali's rule, which ended with the caliph's assassination in 661 and the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate under Mu'awiya. Afterward, he remained headquartered in a fortress in the vicinity of Istakhr. Of Ali's appointees, he held out the longest from recognizing Mu'awiya's caliphate.Mu'awiya's agent, Busr <mask> Artat, pressured Ziyad by capturing and threatening to kill three of his sons in Basra. Ziyad's half-brother Abu Bakra interceded with Mu'awiya and Ziyad's sons were released. He finally surrendered to Mu'awiya's rule in 662/63 after the intercession of al-Mughira, who Mu'awiya had appointed governor of Kufa, the other main Arab garrison town of Iraq. In the deal reached, the revenues from Fars owed to the caliphal treasury were split between <mask> and al-Mughira, which Mu'awiya ignored. Ziyad moved to Kufa and maintained intimate ties with al-Mughira and his family. Governor of Basra

Mu'awiya formally recognized Ziyad as a son of his father Abu Sufyan. The motion was initiated when Ziyad sought clarification from the caliph about rumors of Abu Sufyan's biological paternity.According to Wellhausen, Mu'awiya summoned <mask> to Damascus and recognized him as his paternal half-brother, "so as to bind him in this way absolutely to himself and to his family". The decision was seen as scandalous by the Umayyad ruling family. Mu'awiya's son Yazid and members from other branches of the clan, namely the extended family of Marwan ibn al-Hakam in Medina and Abd Allah <mask>, the governor of Basra, protested or threatened action against the decision. Ibn Amir and the Marwanids were silenced as a result of threats of force or bribes. Yazid's relations with Ziyad remained strained and satirical poetic verses about the event were spread by Marwan's brother Abd al-Rahman. Muslim scholars generally viewed the episode as one of Mu'awiya's most disreputable actions. Realizing that Ziyad "had both the abilities and the all-important local connections to be his right-hand man in Basra", Mu'awiya appointed him governor of the province, according to the historian Hugh N. Kennedy.He entered office in June or July 665, issuing an inaugural carrot-and-stick speech to Basra's restless population. According to Hasson it was "considered a masterpiece of eloquence". Wellhausen describes it as "celebrated" and the one which was called a "[speech] without a preface" because it skipped the traditional introductions praising God and blessing the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The speech is translated as follows: Ye are putting relationship before religion, ye are excusing and sheltering your criminals, and tearing down the protecting laws sanctified by Islam. Beware of prowling by night; I will kill every one who is found at night in the streets. Beware of the arbitrary summons of relationship; I will cut out the tongue of every one who raises the cry. Whoever pushes anyone into the water, whoever sets fire to another's house, whoever breaks into a house, whoever opens a grave, him will I punish for it.I make every family responsible for those belonging to it. Hatred towards myself I do not punish, but only crime. Many who are terrified at my coming will be glad of my presence, and many who are building their hopes upon it will be undeceived. I rule you with the authority of God and care for your maintenance out of the wealth of God. From you I demand obedience, and ye can demand from me justice. In whatsoever I fall short, three things there are in which I shall not be lacking: at any time I shall be ready to listen to anyone; I shall pay you your pension at the proper time, and I shall not send you to war too far away or keep you in the field overlong. Do not let yourselves be carried away by your hatred and wrath against me ; it would go ill with you if ye did.Many heads do I see tottering; let each man see to it that his own remains on his shoulders! A number of punitive measures along the lines of those cited in his speech were taken by <mask> at the start of his term and largely gained for him the Basrans' respect. He established unprecedented levels of security in the city, its Iranian dependencies to the east, i.e. Fars and Kerman, and the Arabian Desert to the south. The Kharijites of Basra, many of whom were concerned more with banditry than politics, submitted to his authority. Under <mask>, Basra began to take shape as a proper Islamic city. His rule saw the crude mud bricks of the city's homes replaced by more

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Mughira Ziyad ibn Abihi
Ziyad
Ziyad
Uba ibn Gzwan al Ma
Ziyad
Ziyad
Ziyad
Ziyad
Ziyad
ibn Kalada
Ziyad
Ziyad
ibn Ghazwan
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ibn Amir
ibn Abbas
ibn Hunay
Ziyad
ibn Abi
Ziyad
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ibn Amir
Ziyad
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 durable baked bricks and he built a congregational mosque and residential palace.In the words of the historian Charles Pellat, <mask>, "to a certain degree, [may] be considered as the artisan of the town's prosperity". His effective rule cemented Mu'awiya's confidence in him. In the same year that <mask> was appointed to Basra, the province of Bahrayn (eastern Arabia) and its dependency, the Yamama (central Arabia), were attached to <mask>'s governorship. Viceroy of Iraq and the east
After the death of al-Mughira in 670, Kufa and its dependencies were attached to <mask>'s governorship, making him the practical viceroy over Iraq and the eastern half of the Caliphate. He was the first to serve as the dual governor of Kufa and Basra and divided his residence between the two towns. In the winter he stayed in Basra and left Amr ibn Hurayth as his deputy in Kufa, while he resided in Kufa in the summer, leaving Samura ibn Jundab as his deputy in Basra. His strong grip in Kufa marked a shift from al-Mughira's hands-off approach.A source of disturbance for him in Kufa was the agitation of the Alids, partisans of Caliph Ali, led by Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi, who disapproved of Umayyad rule and led the first open calls for the caliphate to be held by Ali's progeny. Though al-Mughira tolerated Hujr, Ziyad issued a number of dire warnings to cease his open dissent. He succeeded in turning most of Hujr's supporters among the Kufan troops against him. In 671, he had Hujr and thirteen of his loyalists arrested and sent to Damascus for punishment, where six, including Hujr, were executed in Adra for their refusal to condemn Ali. One of the men, Abd al-Rahman ibn Hassan al-Anazi, who was spared by Mu'awiya later insulted the caliph after refusing his invocation to condemn Ali and was sent back to Ziyad, who had him buried alive as punishment. To end the chaos in the amṣar (garrisons) of Basra and Kufa, Ziyad administratively reformed the two towns. From the reign of Caliph Umar, their garrisons consisted of soldiers from different tribes who were grouped together for the distribution of military stipends.There were seven such tribal groups in Kufa and Basra and at the head of each group was a chieftain chosen by its members who served as their representative to the government. Gradually, this system had become economically inefficient and politically turbulent. There was no control on Arab immigration into the amṣar, resulting in overpopulation and in turn, increased competition over fewer resources. Ziyad thus resolved to form larger divisions by unifying related clans and personally appointing their leader, which resulted in Kufa's reorganization into quarters and Basra into fifths. This measure enabled easier control of the two towns' inhabitants. Ziyad undertook further reforms in Kufa and Basra, including regularizing the timely payment of stipends, embarking on agricultural development schemes, including canal digging, and minting Sasanian-style dirhams that bore his name as "Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan". Consolidation of Khurasan

Ziyad's authority extended to Khurasan and Sijistan, the far eastern regions of the Caliphate which were considered dependencies of the Basra garrison.The Arab conquests of these areas in the 640s and 650s were akin to raids and did not firmly establish the Caliphate's power. Moreover, the political instability of the final years of Uthman's caliphate and the First Muslim Civil War saw local revolts which further weakened Arab authority. In 655, the Sasanian prince Peroz III, backed by the army of Tukharistan, attempted to reassert Persian power. Under previous caliphs, the vast region had been experimentally divided into separate provinces under the leadership of Arab tribal chiefs. Governance was largely left to local princes. Fearing a Persian resurgence, which a fragmentary division of Khurasan could afford, Ziyad centralized the administration of the province in the small Arab garrison at Merv. To relieve Basra's fiscal pressures, Ziyad recommenced the Muslim conquests in Central Asia.He organized the Arab military presence in Khurasan. In 667, he dispatched an army to the region under his lieutenant general al-Hakam ibn Amr al-Ghifari. The latter conquered lower Tukharistan and Gharchistan and temporarily crossed the Oxus river into Transoxiana, forcing Peroz to withdraw into Tang China. Meanwhile, <mask>'s removal of dead soldiers and input of new recruits to the Iraqi army registers led to numerous tribesmen being taken off the payrolls. He dispatched 50,000 Arab soldiers and their families from Basra and Kufa to permanently settle in the Merv oasis of Khurasan. The resettlement of these troops may have been a means "to defuse possibly dangerous developments" relating to the Arab tribal influx in the two garrison towns, according to the historian Gerald Hawting. As a result, the Merv oasis became home to the largest concentration of Muslims outside of the Fertile Crescent.Al-Hakam's successor, Ghalib <mask> Allah al-Laythi, was less successful in subduing Tukharistan and Ziyad sent another of his lieutenants, Rabi <mask> al-Harithi, to stamp out the revolts in the conquered areas in 670/71. Rabi proceeded to secure the capitulation of Balkh, whose inhabitants had revolted against Arab rule, in a treaty and then destroyed the army of the Hepthalite princes in Quhistan. In 673, Rabi's son Abd Allah extended Arab rule to the western banks of the Oxus and established tributary agreements with the fortress towns of Amul and Zamm. To solidify the territorial gains and supply the manpower for further conquests Ziyad intended for the Arab troops, initially concentrated in the Merv oasis, to colonize other parts of Khurasan. They were ultimately distributed between five regional garrisons under Ziyad's successors. Legacy and assessment
<mask> died in the village of al-Thawiyya near Kufa on 23 August 673. He was buried in a cemetery there that contained the graves of several Qurayshites and left an inheritance of 10,000 silver dirhams.During his governorship of Kufa in 675–678, al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri visited Ziyad's grave and recited an elegy: If nobility and Islam ever immortalized a human being,  They would certainly immortalize you. A year after his death, Mu'awiya appointed Ziyad's son Ubayd Allah as governor of Khurasan and then Basra. Under Mu'awiya's son and successor, Caliph Yazid I (), the governorship of Kufa was also handed to Ubayd Allah. Ziyad's sons Abd al-Rahman and Salm served successively as governors of Khurasan in 678–680 and 680–683/84, and two other sons, Abbad and Yazid, served successively as governors of Sijistan in 673–680/81 and 680/81. The Thaqif, which had maintained close ties with the Umayyads since the pre-Islamic era and played an integral role in the Muslim conquest of Iraq, provided the Umayyad dynasty with a series of viceroys in Iraq, including al-Mughira, <mask>, Ubayd Allah and al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (), and the Muslim traditional sources devote more attention to them than the caliphs on whose behalf they ruled. Along with his mentor al-Mughira, Ziyad and his family were part of what "some must have seen as a Thaqafi mafia" controlling Iraq and the east, according to Kennedy. Among "the most gifted governors of the Umayyad era", Ziyad "had a good understanding of his task as governor, and had a great influence on his successors concerning the conception of the duties of rulers", according to Hasson.According to Kennedy, Ziyad's settlement of Iraqi Arab troops in Khurasan had "extremely important consequences for Islamic history" as the descendants of those settlers, who were known as ahl Khurāsān, ultimately destroyed the Umayyad Caliphate as part of the Abbasid army in 750. The execution of Hujr and his six partisans, all of whom had been prominent men in their own right, also led to deep-seated resentment among their Kufan kinsmen. The incident would serve as a harbinger for future pro-Alid risings. The death of Hujr represented the first political execution in Islamic history, and he and his companions are viewed as martyrs by Shia Muslims. Ziyad was alleged to have ordered cruel acts against some Alid partisans, including crucifixions. Interest in <mask>'s biography emerged early on among the traditional Muslim historians, with works written about him by Abu Mikhnaf (d. 774), Hisham <mask>-Kalbi (d. 819) and Abd al-<mask> Yahya al-Jaludi (d. 943). He is considered a highly skilled orator among Arabs, with his inaugural speech and fragments of other speeches and sayings cited in Islamic literature and Arabic rhetoric, polemics and histories.He is counted alongside Mu'awiya, al-Mughira and Amr <mask>-As, the conqueror and governor of Egypt, as one of the four duhāt (i.e. "shrewds") among the Arab statesmen of his era. According to the medieval Syrian historian Ibn Asakir (d. 1176), Ziyad had expert knowledge of the Qur'an, its tenets and Islamic jurisprudence. A medieval Basran historian, <mask> Imran al-Abdi, related that Ziyad respected and enjoyed listening to the hadiths about Umar and proclaimed about them: "This is the truth we hear! This is the sunna!" Ziyad is credited by a number of sources for transmitting sayings by the Islamic prophet Muhammad through Umar as the original transmitter. In 777 the Abbasid authorities stripped Ziyad's descendants of their status as official members of the Quraysh (the tribe to which the Umayyads and Abbasids belonged) in the dīwān rolls, which entitled them to relatively high pensions, and declared them part of Thaqif, whose members were paid less.At some point afterward, they were reinstated as Quraysh as a result of bribing government officials. Family
Ziyad had numerous wives and ummahat awlad (slave women who bore children; sing. umm walad). He had twenty sons and twenty-three daughters, most of whom were the children of ummahat awlad. From his first wife, Mu'adha bint Sakhr of the Banu Uqayl tribe, Ziyad had four sons, including Muhammad and Abd al-Rahman, who respectively married daughters of Caliph Mu'awiya I and the latter's brother Utba. His other Arab wives were Lubaba bint Awf al-Harashiyya, the daughter of a Basran noble, whose brother Zurara was a prominent Muslim jurist and one-time qadi (Islamic head judge) of Basra on Ziyad's behalf; an unnamed daughter of al-Qa'qa' ibn Ma'bad ibn Zurara, a chieftain of the Darim clan of the Banu Tamim tribe who was credited for leading his tribe's first delegation to the Islamic prophet Muhammad; an unnamed daughter of Muhajir ibn Hakim ibn Taliq ibn Sufyan, a fifth-generation descendant of the Umayyad clan's progenitor Umayya ibn Abd Shams; and an unnamed woman from the Khuza'a tribe. Ziyad was also married for a time to a Sasanian Persian princess, Marjana (or Manjana), who mothered his son Ubayd Allah; she later remarried a Persian commander of Ziyad called Shiruyah al-Uswari.<mask>'s daughter Ramla was a wife of the Umayyad prince Umayya, son of Ziyad's deputy governor of Fars province or its Ardashir-Khurrah district and later his deputy governor of Kufa, Abdallah ibn <mask> Asid, who led Ziyad's funeral prayers and served as Kufa's governor until 675. Ziyad had successively appointed Umayya as the deputy governor of Khuzistan and al-Ubulla. <mask>'s daughter Sakhra was married to a noble of the Qurayshite Makhzum clan, Ubaydallah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Harith, a great-grandson of Hisham ibn al-Mughira. Notes

References

Bibliography

622 births
673 deaths
7th-century Arabs
7th-century Umayyad people
Banu Thaqif
Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate
People of the Muslim conquest of Persia
People of the Rashidun Caliphate
Umayyad governors of Basra
Umayyad governors of Iraq
Rashidun governors

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Ziyad
Ziyad
Ziyad
Ziyad
ibn Abd
ibn Ziyad
Ziyad
Ziyad
Ziyad
ibn al
Aziz ibn
ibn al
Muhammad ibn
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Khalid ibn
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<mask>. (born December 10, 1991) is a former American football safety. He played college football for Louisiana State University (LSU), and received consensus All-American recognition. He was selected in the first round of the 2013 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers, with whom he made the 2014 Pro Bowl. Early life
<mask> was born to <mask>. and <mask> in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He attended Dutchtown High School in Geismar, Louisiana, where he played football, basketball, and ran track. In football, he recorded 78 tackles, nine sacks, four interceptions, and three fumble recoveries as a junior. As a senior, he received Louisiana Class 5A All-state honors after registering 45 tackles and three interceptions.He played in the 2010 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. Also a standout track & field athlete, <mask> followed in his father's footsteps to excel in the hurdling events while at Dutchtown. His father was the 1987 NCAA Champion while at LSU. In sprints, he recorded a PR time of 6.69 seconds in the 55-meter dash at the 2009 LSU High School Indoor Classic. In the hurdling events, he placed 4th in the 55-meter hurdles at the 2009 High School Last Chance Qualifier, with a PR time of 8.00 seconds. He got a career-best time of 14.2 seconds in the 110-meter hurdles at the 2010 Dutchtown 4-way Meet, where he took gold. College career
<mask> enrolled at Louisiana State University, where he played for coach Les Miles's LSU Tigers football team from 2010 to 2012.As a freshman in 2010, <mask> played in 13 games with three starts. He finished the season with 32 tackles and two interceptions. As a first-year starter as a sophomore in 2011, <mask> recorded 76 tackles, two interceptions, and two forced fumbles. He was named a second-team All-American by Rivals.com and was a second team All-SEC selection by the Associated Press. As a junior in 2012, he started all 13 games at safety and finished third on the team in tackles with 91 (42 unassisted), two interceptions, and seven pass breakups. He was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American, having received first-team honors from the American Football Coaches Association, Football Writers Association of America, ESPN, and Scout.com, and second-team honors from the Associated Press, Walter Camp Football Foundation, Athlon Sports, CBSsports.com, and Sports Illustrated. He was also a first-team All-SEC selection.Professional career
Coming out of LSU, <mask> was projected to be a first- or second-round pick by a majority of NFL draft experts and scouts. He received an invitation to the NFL combine and completed all of the required combine and positional drills. On March 27, 2013, he opted to participate at LSU's pro day, and chose to perform positional drills, the 40-yard dash (4.50), 20-yard dash (2.60), and 10-yard dash (1.54) for the scouts and team representatives in attendance. He was ranked the second best free safety in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com, the third best safety prospect by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, and the fourth best safety in the draft by Sports Illustrated. San Francisco 49ers
The San Francisco 49ers selected <mask> in the first round (18th overall) of the 2013 NFL Draft. In order to select <mask>, the 49ers traded their first- (31st overall) and third-round picks (74th overall) in the 2013 NFL Draft to the Dallas Cowboys. He was the second safety selected behind Kenny Vaccaro (15th overall, Saints) and the second of six LSU players selected in the first three rounds, breaking the NFL draft record.A total of nine players from LSU were drafted in 2013, setting a new school record. 2013

On July 5, 2013, the San Francisco 49ers signed <mask> to a fully guaranteed four-year, $8.48 million contract that included a signing bonus of $4.54 million. <mask> was drafted to become the starting free safety after the San Francisco 49ers had lost Dashon Goldson, who opted to sign with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers during free agency. <mask> competed with veterans Craig Dahl and C. J. Spillman throughout training camp, in an effort to win the job as the starting free safety. Head coach Jim Harbaugh named him the starting free safety to start the  season. In his professional regular season debut and first career start in the San Francisco 49ers' season-opener against the Green Bay Packers, he recorded seven solo tackles and a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass attempt by Aaron Rodgers during the 34–28 victory. The following week he earned two solo tackles, defended a pass, and made his second career interception, picking off a pass attempt by Seattle Seahawks' quarterback Russell Wilson in the 49ers' 3–29 loss.Unfortunately, he was unable to finish the game after suffering a concussion. In Week 6, <mask> collected three combined tackles, deflected a pass, recovered a fumble, and intercepted a pass attempt by Carson Palmer and returned it 53 yards, as the San Francisco 49ers defeated the Arizona Cardinals 32–20. On December 29, 2013, he earned a season-high ten combined tackles and defended a pass during the 49ers' 23–20 victory over the Arizona Cardinals. He finished his rookie season with 77 combined tackles (62 solo), 11 pass deflections, and four interceptions in 16 games and 16 starts. <mask> was voted to be an alternate for the 2014 Pro Bowl. The 49ers finished second in the NFC West with a 12–4 record under Jim Harbaugh in 2013. On January 5, 2014, <mask> started in his first career playoff game and recorded nine combined tackles en route to a 23–20 victory over the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Wildcard game.On January 19, 2014, the 49ers played the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Championship and <mask> made four combined tackles in the 23–17 loss. On January 21, 2014, it was reported that <mask> would be replacing Kam Chancellor in the 2014 Pro Bowl. 2014
<mask> competed with rookie Jimmie Ward for the starting free safety position throughout training camp. <mask> was named the starting free safety to begin the  season. <mask> started the San Francisco 49ers' season-opener against the Dallas Cowboys and recorded four combined tackles, deflected a pass and intercepted a pass attempt by Tony Romo in the 28–17 victory. On November 9, 2014, he collected a season-high six combined tackles and defended a pass in the 49ers' 27–24 win over the New Orleans Saints. The next week, <mask> made three solo tackles, two pass deflections and intercepted a pass attempt by New York Giants' quarterback Eli Manning during a 16–10 victory by the 49ers.On December 14, 2015, he recorded three combined tackles, defended a pass and had a 73-yard return after intercepting Russell Wilson in a 7–17 loss at the Seattle Seahawks. The following game, <mask> suffered a concussion in a 35–38 overtime loss to the San Diego Chargers. He decided to sit out the following week as a precaution and stated that an additional factor in his decision was that the 49ers had missed the playoffs after finishing with an 8–8 record. <mask> finished the 2014 season with an impressive total of 42 combined tackles (34 solo), seven pass deflections and three interceptions in 15 starts. Head coach Jim Harbaugh was fired by the San Francisco 49ers immediately following the end of the regular season. On June 9, 2015, it was reported by the San Francisco Chronicle that <mask> had contemplated retirement due to concerns over concussions after having suffered three in just the first two seasons of his professional career. This stunning report of <mask>'s prospective early retirement was indeed distressing news to a 49ers fan base still smarting from the recent exodus of multiple players, including the surprise retirements of Chris Borland and Anthony Davis.<mask> immediately denied that he had ever seriously considered retirement, stating that his comments were taken "out of context" by reporter <mask>. He posted on Twitter, "The media always finds a way to twist your words...they just want you to click on their article." and further added, "Just to be clear, I NEVER SAID, I've given some thought to leaving the NFL!" 2015
<mask> remained the starting free safety to begin the  season under new head coach Jim Tomsula. On November 22, 2015, he recorded a season-high ten combined tackles in a 13–29 loss to the Seattle Seahawks. During a Week 14 contest against the Cleveland Browns, <mask> tied his season-high with ten combined tackles (9 solo) in a 10–24 loss. The following week, he made four solo tackles and had his first career sack on Cincinnati Bengals' quarterback Andy Dalton, as the 49ers suffered a 14–24 loss.He finished the season with 72 combined tackles (60 solo), seven pass deflections, and a sack in 16 games and 16 starts. The San Francisco 49ers fired Jim Tomsula after the 49ers finished with a 5–11 record. 2016
On May 2, 2016, the San Francisco 49ers picked up <mask>'s fifth-year option on his rookie contract. Under the agreement, he earned $5.67 million for the  season. With Jimmie Ward moving to cornerback, <mask> became the de facto free safety entering the regular season. On September 25, 2016, <mask> recorded a career-high 12 combined tackles in an 18–37 loss to the Seattle Seahawks. On November 13, 2016, he made five combined tackles, two deflected passes, and intercepted a pass from Carson Palmer in a 20–23 loss to the Arizona Cardinals.During a Week 11 matchup against the New England Patriots, <mask> collected seven solo tackles as the 49ers lost 17–30. He was unable to finish the game after suffering a torn bicep. He had an MRI and surgery to repair the tear the following day. On November 22, 2016, he was placed on injured/reserve. He finished with 62 combined tackles (48 solo), five pass deflections, and an interception in ten games and ten starts. Head coach Chip Kelly was fired after posting a dismal 2–14 record in his only season with the San Francisco 49ers. 2017
On February 6, 2017, former Atlanta Falcons' offensive coordinator Kyle Shanahan was hired as the new head coach of the San Francisco 49ers.This made him <mask>'s fourth different head coach in five years. Defensive coordinator Robert Saleh switched cornerback Jimmie Ward back to his natural position at free safety and moved <mask> to strong safety in training camp. On September 17, 2017, <mask> had seven combined tackles during the 49ers' 12–9 loss to the Seattle Seahawks. He suffered a knee injury that kept him from playing in Weeks 3–5. During that span, Jaquiski Tartt flourished in <mask>'s strong safety role. With Tartt now the starting strong safety, <mask> was moved to a hybrid safety/linebacker role after linebacker Navorro Bowman was granted a release and Malcolm Smith suffered a season-ending pectoral injury. Defensive coordinator Robert Saleh said the move was in response to having three starting-caliber safeties and getting the best 11 players on the field together.On October 22, 2017, he debuted in his new role and recorded four solo tackles in a 40–10 loss to the Dallas Cowboys. The following week, free safety Jimmie Ward suffered a fractured forearm during a 33–10 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles. This prompted the San Francisco 49ers' coaching staff to move Jaquiski Tartt to Ward's free safety role and move <mask> back to his strong safety position. On November 5, 2017, <mask> recorded four combined tackles, deflected a pass, and intercepted a pass attempt by Arizona Cardinals' quarterback Drew Stanton, as the 49ers lost 20–10. Carolina Panthers

2018
On September 27, 2018, after placing starting safety Da'Norris Searcy on injured reserve, the Carolina Panthers signed <mask> to a one-year deal. Despite a lot of speculation about new Panthers owner David Tepper's thoughts and agenda in contrast to those of the prior owner Jerry Richardson, Tepper and general manager Marty Hurney insisted that the signing was purely a football decision. <mask> refused to disclose more details about the circumstances leading to his signing in a press conference later that day, citing the fact that the information pertained to his collusion lawsuit.Head coach Ron Rivera announced on October 5, 2018 that <mask> would start at the free safety position in his season debut against the Giants on October 7, 2018. <mask> ended up taking a knee before the game, becoming the first Panthers player ever to do so, and totaled three tackles. He finished the season starting in 13 games, recording 71 tackles, one sack, five passes defensed, and an interception. 2019

On February 11, 2019, <mask> signed a three-year, $22 million contract extension with the Panthers. In week 5 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, <mask> forced a fumble on Gardner Minshew II and recovered the ball in the 34–27 win. In week 9 against the Tennessee Titans, <mask> recorded a team-high 11 tackles, sacked Ryan Tannehill once, and forced a fumble on running back Dion Lewis that was recovered by teammate Donte Jackson in the 30–20 win. In week 12 against the New Orleans Saints, <mask> recorded a team-high 15 tackles in the 34–31 loss.On March 18, 2020, <mask> was released by the Panthers. Mid-way through the  season <mask> was offered an opportunity to reunite with coach Ron Rivera on the Washington Football Team practice squad. <mask> declined the offer, stating "I just don't think playing on the practice squad is reflective or indicative of my career." NFL career statistics

Protest activities and collusion grievance against the NFL

In May 2018, <mask> filed an official grievance letter with the NFL alleging that team owners and the league, influenced by President Donald Trump, colluded to prevent his employment due to his protest activities. <mask> was the second NFL player after Colin Kaepernick to participate in
U.S. national anthem protests intended to highlight social awareness and racial injustice towards black people. <mask>'s lawyers also represent Kaepernick in a similar grievance case against the NFL. Trump, who publicly condemned the kneeling protests and urged that the protesting players be fired, had private conversations with NFL owners about the player protests during the time period.Team owners have said they are concerned about being in conflict with Trump in regards to the anthem protests. During a job interview with  Cincinnati Bengals owner Mike Brown, <mask> reportedly refused to say whether he would obey a rule against kneeling during the anthem. In <mask>'s introductory press conference with the Panthers on September 27, 2018, he wore a shirt that supported Kaepernick and stated that his collusion lawsuit would still proceed unimpeded. David Tepper, the new owner of the Panthers, was not named in the lawsuit since he was not yet a team owner when it was filed. Tepper also had been quite outspoken with his remarks about President Trump in the recent past and was more open to players expressing themselves and protesting than the rest of the team owners. Nonetheless, the Panthers organization said the <mask> signing was football-oriented only. When asked by reporters during the press conference about plans to protest now that he had signed with a new team, <mask> did not answer the questions and cited the fact that the information pertained to his grievance.<mask> did not directly say that he would no longer kneel prior to games but stated that he was "considering other ways" of protesting. In his season debut on October 7, 2018 at home in Charlotte against the Giants, he took a knee prior to the game. By the Panthers' Week 15 loss to the New Orleans Saints, <mask> claimed he had been drug-tested seven times during the 2018 season, even though he had played in only 11 games; accounting for a mandatory test, the probability of such an instance happening randomly is approximately 0.17%. <mask> saw this as evidence of being targeted by the league and planned on including these seven drug tests as part of his case file in the proceedings of his collusion grievance against the league. A joint investigation by the NFL and National Football League Players Association concluded that <mask>'s claims about the number of times he was drug-tested were inaccurate. Personal life
His brother, <mask>, is a safety who was picked by the Houston Texans in the third round of the 2018 NFL Draft. Since <mask> decided to protest with Colin Kaepernick in the 2016 NFL season, the two have been collaborating to address social justice issues and help communities and people in need.During his introductory press conference with the Panthers on September 27, 2018, <mask> said that the Players Coalition, which is seemingly devoted to addressing several issues he is focusing on, is an "NFL-funded subversion group" and that he and Kaepernick would continue going their separate ways from the coalition. References

External links

San Francisco 49ers bio
LSU Tigers bio

1991 births
Living people
Players of American football from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
People from Ascension Parish, Louisiana
Dutchtown High School (Louisiana) alumni
All-American college football players
American football safeties
U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present)
LSU Tigers football players
San Francisco 49ers players
Carolina Panthers players
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players

masks:
Eric Todd Reid Jr
Reid
Eric Reid Sr
Sharon Reid
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<mask> (, ; born 6 March 1953), is a Nepalese politician and former Prime Minister of Nepal. He served as Prime Minister of Nepal from 25 May 2009 to 6 February 2011 for nearly two years. He previously served as the Deputy Prime Minister along with the charges of important ministries like Foreign Affairs and Defence in the cabinet of Man Mohan Adhikari. He was previously the executive General Secretary of Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) for 15 years. Since 18 August 2021, he has been serving as the chairman of the CPN (Unified-Socialist), a new party formed through split in CPN (UML) citing arrogance and monopoly of the party president KP Sharma Oli. Early life
<mask> was born into a Brahmin family to <mask> and Durgadevi Upadhaya. He graduated in commerce from Tribhuvan University in 1973 and worked in banking and civil service before turning to full-time politics.He has two brothers, Binod <mask> and Saroj <mask> and three sisters, Kalika Bhandari, Indira Neupane and Basudha Pokharel. Political career

Early political activism
Nepal joined the communist movement in 1969 (2026 B.S.). During the underground struggle, he used party names such as 'Subodh', 'Sunil', 'Ranjan' and 'Bibek'. In 1971, he became a district committee member of the Nepal Revolutionary Organisation (Marxist-Leninist). At a conference held in Biratnagar June 7–8, 1975, Nepal was elected as a bureau member of the All Nepal Communist Revolutionary Coordination Committee (Marxist-Leninist). When the ANCRCC (ML) founded the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist) in 1978, Nepal was elected a politburo member of the new party. Multi-party democracy (1991–2006)
He was the Deputy Prime Minister in the CPN (UML) minority government in 1994-1995 as well as the leader of the opposition in the National Assembly during the 1990s.He argued for the Nepal Civil War to be solved through talks and did not believe that mobilization of the army was the solution and as the leader of CPN (UML), was one of the three key Nepali leaders, the other two being prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala and rebel Maoist leader Pushpa Kamal Dahal 'Prachanda', crucial in bringing the Maoists into the peace process and signing the 12 point peace accords that ended the decade long war. Nepal was arrested in 2001 during a crackdown on anti-government protest. Following the palace massacre he called for Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala to step down, though later joined forces with him to launch a campaign against King Gyanendra's assumption of executive powers. Transition period
On 12 April 2008, Nepal resigned as General Secretary of the CPN (UML), after having lost the  Kathmandu 2 seat to Maoist candidate Jhakku Prasad Subedi in the 2008 Constituent Assembly election. Subedi was a comparatively obscure candidate. Nepal was also defeated in Rautahat-6 constituency by Maoist candidate Devendra Patel. He later won both Kathmandu 2 and Rautahat 1 seats in the Second Constituent Assembly election of 2013.Nepal later chose Rautahat 1. He won the Kathmandu 2 constituency again in the 2017 general election by a margin of 14,000 votes. In June 2008, the CPN (UML) proposed that Nepal become the country's first President, following the declaration of a republic, though the idea did not materialise after disagreement with the ruling Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). Prime Minister of Nepal

He became the 34th Prime Minister of Nepal on 25 May 2009 after his predecessor Prachanda resigned over a conflict with the president over the dismissal of the army's chief of staff. Nepal himself resigned as prime minister on 30 June 2010 in an effort to help the government move past its deadlock and to pave the way for a national consensus government, as demanded by the opposition. Split in Nepal Communist Party and CPN (UML)
Nepal returned to CPN (UML) after the Supreme court decision to dissolve the party merger between CPN (UML) and CPN (Maoist Centre). Since 18 August 2021, he has been serving as the chairman of the CPN (Unified-Socialist), a new party formed through split in CPN (UML) citing arrogance and monopoly of the party president KP Sharma Oli.Major Political offices held
 1990: Member, Constitution Drafting Commission
1991-1999: Member of the National Assembly
1991-1994: Leader of Opposition, National Assembly
1993-2008: General Secretary of the Communist Party of Nepal (UML)
1994-1995: Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Defence and Minister of Foreign Affairs
1999-2002: Member of the House of Representatives from Rautahat-1
1999-2002: Leader of the Opposition, House of Representatives
 2008-2013: Member of the Constituent Assembly from CPN (UML) party list
 2009-2011: Prime Minister of Nepal
2013-2017: Member of the Legislative Parliament from Kathmandu-2
 2017–2021: Member of the House of Representatives from Kathmandu-2

Personal life
He is married to Gayatri Acharya. He has a son and a daughter, Saurav and Suman <mask>. There have been widespread rumorous claims that he adopted Christianity as his new faith and has been promoting conversion of Hindus to Christianity. However, he publicly and categorically denied any link with Christianity or having any role in expanding the activity of Christian Missionary in his country. Electoral history

2017 legislative elections

2013 Constituent Assembly election

2008 Constituent Assembly election

1999 legislative elections

See also

 2021 split in Nepal Communist Party
 2021 split in Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)

References

https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/uml-dismisses-14-of-its-lawmakers-including-madhav-kumar-nepal/ Myrepublica, August 18, 2021

Further reading
Busky, Donald F (2002). Communism in History and Theory. Praeger/Greenwood.Hutt, Michael (2004). Himalayan "People's War". C. Hurst & Co Publishers. External links

Official website of CPN (US)

|-

1953 births
Living people
Nepalese Hindus
Tribhuvan University alumni
People from Rautahat District
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist) politicians
Communist rulers
Bahun
Government ministers of Nepal
Members of the National Assembly (Nepal)
Prime ministers of Nepal
Nepal MPs 2017–
Nepal Communist Party (NCP) politicians
Foreign Ministers of Nepal
Nepal MPs 1999–2002
People of the Nepalese Civil War
21st-century prime ministers of Nepal
Nepalese political party founders

masks:
Madhav Kumar Nepal
Madhav Kumar Nepal
Mangal Kumar
Kumar Upadhyaya
Kumar Upadhyaya
Nepal


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<mask> (born March 16, 1948) is an author, speaker, corporate advisor and a board member. Currently he is on the board of Gail (India) Limited and serves as senior advisor at KPMG, a Maharatna company in the public sector. He is also advisor to Corporates and also a board member of Centre for Micro Finance, a company promoted by Sir Ratan Tata Trust. He is also on the governing board of National Institute Securities Market (SEBI). Earlier he retired as chairman and managing director of Bank of Baroda, a leading public sector bank and later was chairman of Baroda Pioneer Asset Management Company (2008–2011). Early life

<mask> was born in Agra, Uttar Pradesh. He completed his Bachelor of Science from Agra College in 1966, Agra.He then pursued a chemical engineering degree from Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur, in 1970. Later, he pursued his MBA with specialisation in HR from University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, and received first position. He also completed a postgraduate diploma in labor laws and personnel management from the University of Rajasthan and received first position. He also did a postgraduate diploma in training and development from Indian Society for Training and Development. He also completed his PhD in management, under Dr N R Sheth, director, IIM Ahmedabad

Career

<mask> started his career as a probationary officer in Bank of Baroda in 1971. From 1980 to 1992 he worked as senior core faculty (HR) in Banks Apex Staff College at Ahmedabad. In 1993 he was appointed principal of the college, and after a short tenure he moved to banks corporate office, Mumbai.After working as deputy general manager HRM, he shifted to banking operations and rose to the position of general manager, in charge of banks operation in West Bengal and north east, Kolkata. Based on <mask>'s extraordinary turnaround of this difficult territory, he was appointed by the Government of India as executive director (a board-level position), Bank of Baroda in September 2000. In 2004 he was appointed as chairman and MD, Dena Bank and after a brief stint of one year he was appointed as chairman and MD of Bank of Baroda, one of the largest public sector banks in India. <mask> has held important positions like president, Indian Institute of Banking and Finance, deputy chairman Indian Banks Association. He has also worked as UNDP consultant to banking commission, government of Tanzania (1989). He has also worked as visiting professor at the Asian Institute of Management, Manila, Philippines (2008). Awards and recognition
<mask> is a multi-awarded professional.He received:
 Lifetime Achievement Award by The Asian Banker, Singapore,
The only Indian receiving this award so far. This is the highest award available for lifetime achievement in the banking industry in the Asia Pacific & Gulf Region. Award given for <mask>'s contribution to financial services recognised with The Asian Banker award for Lifetime Achievement in Financial Services. <mask>'s reinvigoration of Bank of Baroda and his passionate appeal to staff and unions to help him turn the bank around from the back office up has made him a globally admired icon within the financial services industry. Rigorous selection process chaired by Mr David Eldon, chairman, board of directors, Dubai International Financial Centre Authority and former chairman of HSBC Asia Pacific. HRD Excellence Award Lifetime Achievement Award 2012
 Skoch Challenger Person of the Year Award 2008
 Outstanding Contributions to HRD National HRD Award – 2000

Transformation of BoB

<mask> holds the special distinction of transforming one of the largest public sector banks, Bank of Baroda, in the shortest possible time. He introduced many reforms that included introduction of modern technology, re-branding, establishing Gen-Next branches, retail revolution by introducing retail loan factories (one-stop-shop for retail loans) and SME loan factories.He totally rehashed the human resource system and introduced many employee-centric programmes like employee conclaves, Sampark (hotline to CMD), Samadhan (providing counselling services in metro centres) and Khoj (talent hunting exercise). He engaged staff by face to face interactions at several large and small centres and valued their ideas. He introduced idea-online at bankofbaroda.com to facilitate the flow of creative ideas from employees at all levels. The bank doubled its business in just three years and simultaneously successfully completed technological upgradation providing anytime, anywhere banking through online banking and expanding the ATM facility across the bank. The Bank of Baroda transformation story finds a mention in Harvard Business Review article Leadership Lessons from India, March 2010 and in the book The India Way by Wharton faculty. Based on the transformation of BoB, <mask> has authored Dare to Lead (Sage 2011). Khandelwal Committee

Khandelwal has been a crusader for introduction of modern HR policies and systems and public sector banks.In the year 2009, Government of India appointed a committee to look at the HR issues of the public sector banks under the chairmanship of Khandelwal. The committee made seminal recommendations to improve the HR in public sector banks. The committee is popularly known as The Khandelwal Committee and is often quoted for initiating reforms in PSBs. Later, in 2011–12, he was appointed chairman of advisory group on HRD by the ministry of Finance, Government of India. Books and articles

 HRD, OD, AND INSTITUTION BUILDING: Co - edited, Publication: SAGE (2016)
 CEO, Chess Master or Gardener Publication: Oxford university press (2018)
 Dare to Lead – The Transformation of Bank of Baroda Publication: SAGE Publications (2011)
 Alternative Approaches and Strategies of Human Resource Development Publication: Rawat Publications Jaipur (1987)
 Handbook on Personnel Management and Industrial Relations for Rural Banks Publication: Rawat Publications (1987)
 Human Resources Development in Banks (Edited) Publication: Oxford & IBH Publication, New Delhi
 Industrial Relations in Banks Co-Authored. Publication: OM-AMEYA PRAKASHAN (1986), Mumbai

 The Crucible Project (People Matters – 15 January 2013)
 Missing Link of HR (People Matters – 5 December 2012)
 Leading with Care (People Matters – 2 August 2012)
 CEO Morning Meeting (People Matters – 3 July 2012)
 CEO – Next Destination of the HR Professional (People Matters – 27 June 2012)
 The Reflective Leader (People Matters – 27 June 2012)
 CEOs- the first 100 days (People Matters – June 2012)
 Wisdom is in the field respect it (People Matters – May 2012)
 Board Leadership (People Matters – April 2012)
 The Disciplined Leader (People Matters – 7 February 2012)
 An HR Hero (LRP Publications – 25 June 2007)
 Splitting the Chair in PSU Banks – Public sector banks must be board-driven (The Economic Times)
 Human Resource Development International Enhancing performance, learning and integrity (Routledge Taylor & Francis Group – Vol. 10, No.2, pp. 203–213, June 2007)
 Microfinance Development Strategy for India (Economic and Political Weekly – Vol. XLII, No. 13, pp. 1127–1136, 13 March 2007)
 Universal Banking: Solution for India's Financial Challenges? (Economic and Political Weekly – Vol. XLI, No.11, pp. 969–974, 18 March 2006)
 Criticality of HR Reforms for Public Sector Banks in the New Era (Economic and Political Weekly – Vol. XL, No. 12, pp. 1128–1136, 19 March 2005)

References

Crisis in HR
 Twitter is a highway of freedom
 Govt banks get nod to hire 11 more EDs  Mint, 14 December 2011
 Govt Clears Creation of New ED Slot in PSBs  (ET- Mumbai, 14 December 2011)
 State-run banks may be allowed to revamp wages(Mint, 4 October 2011)
 The path for reforms in PSBs (Live Mint, 22 September 2011)
 My extraordinary focus on HR issues was unconventional  (The Hindu-Business Line, 9 May 2011)
 BoB Ex-Chiefs Brush With Colour Codes – current account (The Economic Times, 13 April 2011)
 Govt needs to take on Unions to save Banks (Mint – The Wall Street Journal, 2011)
 Govt Accepts Panel Report on HR Plan in PSU Banks (The Economic Times, 2011)
 Inspiring Success Stories (Money Life, 20 December 2007)

1948 births
Living people
People from Agra
University of Rajasthan alumni
Indian bankers
Businesspeople from Uttar Pradesh

masks:
Anil Khandelwal
Khandelwal
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