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<mask> (July 27, 1929 – November 12, 1993) was a Marine Corps staff sergeant when he led an eighteen-man reconnaissance patrol in a fierce battle against a battalion of Viet Cong in June 1966. As a result of his heroic actions, <mask> became the sixth U.S. Marine to be awarded the nation's highest honor for heroism in combat in Vietnam. The Medal of Honor was presented by President Lyndon B. Johnson in White House ceremonies on August 21, 1967. Biography
<mask> was born July 27, 1929, in Burlington, Iowa, and graduated from high school there in 1949. He attended the University of Iowa for one year prior to enlisting in the United States Marine Corps on July 12, 1950. He went through recruit training with the 1st Recruit Training Battalion, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California, and was promoted to Private First Class upon graduation from recruit training in January 1951, remaining at the Recruit Depot as a drill instructor until December 1951. In his book Hill 488, Ray Hildreth – who served alongside <mask> in Vietnam – remembered: "<mask> was a John Wayne type of guy.A hard slab of a man with a poker face … he walked into an area and you could almost hear the theme song from The Sands Of Iwo Jima." Korean War
After completing advanced infantry training in February 1952, he was ordered to Korea, where he was assigned duty as a forward observer with the 4.2" Mortar Company, 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division. For his service in Korea, he was awarded the Silver Star, the Purple Heart with Gold Star in lieu of a second Purple Heart, and the Navy Unit Commendation. He was a promoted to corporal in March 1952. Inter-war service
Upon his return to the United States in April 1953, Corporal <mask> served as Tactics Instructor, Headquarters and Service Company, 2nd Infantry Training Regiment, Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. While stationed at Camp Pendleton, he was promoted to sergeant in June 1953. In March 1954, Sergeant <mask> joined the Marine Detachment on board the , as a squad leader.The following January, he returned to Camp Pendleton and served as a squad leader, 1st Amphibious Reconnaissance Company. The 1st Amphibious Reconnaissance Company was redesignated as the 1st Force Reconnaissance Company, and Sgt <mask> remained with this unit until September 1957. He was promoted to staff sergeant in May 1956. From September 1957 until April 1960, he served as Special Services Chief and a military policeman with Headquarters Battalion, 1st Marine Division, Camp Pendleton. Transferred to San Francisco, California, Staff Sergeant <mask> was assigned to the 3rd Marine Division. He served as Special Services Noncommissioned Officer, Headquarters and Service Company, 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines and later, as a platoon guide and platoon sergeant with Company H, 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines. Reassigned to the Recruit Depot, San Diego, in August 1961, he joined Guard Company, Headquarters and Service Battalion and served as Guard Noncommissioned Officer, Company First Sergeant and administrative man, respectively.He later became Depot Special Service Assistant, Headquarters Company, Headquarters and Service Battalion there, and served in the latter capacity until October 1964. The following month, he returned to Camp Pendleton, and was assigned to the 1st Marine Division. He saw duty as Regimental Special Services Noncommissioned Officer with Headquarters Battery, 11th Marine Regiment and in January 1965, became an instructor, Counterguerrilla Warfare Course, Division Schools Center, Subunit #1, with Headquarters Battalion until March 1966. From April until June 1966, <mask> served as a platoon leader, with Company C, 1st Reconnaissance Battalion, 1st Marine Division. Vietnam War; Medal of Honor action

On the evening of June 13, 1966, <mask> and his platoon of 15 Marines along with two Navy corpsmen were dropped behind enemy lines atop Hill 488. The mission of this reconnaissance unit was to observe enemy troop movements in the valley and call in air and artillery strikes. Within days, the enemy descended on them in force; on the night of June 15, 1966, a full battalion of Viet Cong (over 300 men) engaged the squad of 18.After receiving severe wounds from an enemy grenade, <mask> distributed ammunition to his men and directed air strikes on the enemy. By dawn, his beleaguered platoon still held their position. During the 12 hours of combat, 200 enemy troops were killed as against the loss of six American lives. In addition to receiving the Medal of Honor for his actions on Hill 488, <mask> received a gold star in lieu of a third Purple Heart for wounds received on June 16, 1966. Members of <mask>'s platoon were decorated for their actions in this fight with four Navy Crosses and thirteen Silver Stars. Post-Vietnam War and retirement
Upon his return to the United States, he was assigned duty as Battalion Training Non-commissioned Officer, Service Company, Headquarters and Service Battalion, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California. <mask> retired from the Marine Corps on March 31, 1977, with the rank of first sergeant.Following his retirement, <mask> lived in San Diego, California and worked for the local Veterans Affairs office. <mask> became involved in coaching/volunteering for Point Loma High School. He was a coach for the Point Loma High School football team which went undefeated in 1987 and won the San Diego Section CIF championship. He was also a coach for the Point Loma High School football team which won the CIF championship again in 1991. When asked why he liked coaching, Coach <mask> stated the men he lost in combat were relatively the same age as the high school football players and it reminded him of them. <mask><mask> died on November 12, 1993, at his home in San Diego, California. He was buried in the Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego.Military honors
A list of his medals and decorations includes: the Medal of Honor, the Silver Star Medal, the Purple Heart with two Gold Stars in lieu of second and third awards, the Navy Unit Commendation, the Good Conduct Medal with three bronze stars, the National Defense Service Medal with one bronze star, the Korean Service Medal with four bronze stars, the Vietnam Service Medal with one bronze star, the United Nations Service Medal, the Korean Presidential Unit Citation, and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal. Medal of Honor citation
The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to

for service as set forth in the following CITATION:

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as a Platoon Leader, Company "C", First Reconnaissance Battalion, First Marine Division (Reinforced), Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, in action against communist insurgent forces in Quang Tin Province, Republic of Vietnam, on 16 June 1966. During the night Gunnery Sergeant (then Staff Sergeant) <mask>'s platoon of eighteen men was assaulted by a numerically superior force consisting of a well-trained North Vietnamese Battalion employing heavy small arms fire, automatic weapons and accurate weapon fire. Without hesitation he immediately organized his platoon to personally supervise the precarious defense of Hill 488. Utterly oblivious to the unrelenting fury of hostile enemy weapons fire and hand grenades he repeatedly exposed himself to enemy fire while directing the operation of his small force. As the enemy attack progressed and the enemy fire increased in volume and accuracy and despite his mounting casualties, Gunnery Sergeant <mask> continued to set an example of calmness and courage. Moving from position to position, he inspired his men with dynamic leadership and courageous fighting spirit until he was struck and painfully wounded by fragments from an enemy hand grenade.Unable to move his legs and realizing that the position was becoming untenable, he distributed his ammunition to the remaining members of his platoon and skillfully directed friendly aircraft and artillery strikes with uncanny accuracy upon the enemy. Dawn found the beleaguered force diminished by five killed and all but one wounded. When rescue helicopters proceeded to Gunnery Sergeant <mask>'s position, he directed them away from his badly mauled force and called additional air strikes and directed devastating small arms fire on the enemy thus making the landing zone secure as possible. His valiant leadership and courageous fighting spirit served to inspire the men of his platoon to heroic endeavor in the face of overwhelming odds, and reflected the highest credit upon Gunnery Sergeant <mask>, the Marine Corps and the United States Naval Service. /S/ LYNDON B. JOHNSON

Silver Star citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Corporal <mask> <mask> (MCSN: 1130610), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity while attached to the 4.2" Mortar Company, First Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), and serving as a Forward Observer of a rifle company in action against enemy aggressor forces in Korea from 12 to 15 August 1952. During the defense of an important hill position, Corporal <mask> called in and directed effective fire for friendly mortar and artillery positions, materially strengthening the defense of the position. Although occupied with the duties of forward observer, he participated in deadly hand to hand combat with the enemy to maintain his forward observation post and, although subsequently relieved for rest, sided in evacuating the wounded and in carrying vitally needed supplies to his comrades.Later, although knocked unconscious by the concussion from an enemy mortar shell, he recovered sufficiently to continue to perform his duties and, after being felled again by another mortar shell was evacuated on account of the severity of his condition. By his outstanding courage, initiative and unyielding devotion to duty, Corporal <mask> served to inspire all who observed him and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. Namesake

The  guide missile destroyer , named in honor of <mask><mask>, was christened on November 20, 1999, by 1stSgt <mask>'s widow, Theresa M. <mask>. See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

References

Further reading
Hildreth, Ray and Charles W. Sasser. Hill 488, New York: Pocket Books, 2003. ()

1929 births
1993 deaths
United States Marine Corps non-commissioned officers
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
Recipients of the Silver Star
Burials at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery

masks:
Jimmie Earl Howard
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Jimmie Earl Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
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Jimmie E
. Howard
Howard
Howard
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Jimmie Earl
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Jimmie E
. Howard
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texts:
<mask>. (born September 18, 1949) is a former United States Air Force officer, talk radio host, and political figure. Clovis is currently retired in Iowa. Clovis unsuccessfully ran for Iowa state treasurer in the 2014 elections. He was national co-chair of Donald Trump's campaign in the 2016 presidential election. In January 2017, Trump appointed Clovis a senior White House adviser to the USDA. In July 2017, Trump nominated Clovis as Under Secretary of Agriculture for Research, Education, and Economics in the United States Department of Agriculture. On November 2, 2017, Clovis withdrew from consideration for the appointment following news of his involvement in the 2017 Special Counsel investigation.He resigned from the USDA effective May 4, 2018. Early life and education
Clovis was born in Salina, Kansas, and grew up in Medora, Kansas. As a high school senior, he was accepted to the U.S. Military Academy and the United States Air Force Academy. He graduated from Buhler High School and went on to attend the Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, where he earned a bachelor's degree in political science. Clovis received an MBA from Golden Gate University in 1984, and attended the national security program at Georgetown University. He earned a doctorate in public administration (D.P.A.) from the University of Alabama in 2006.His dissertation concerned federalism and homeland security preparation. Career
Clovis served in the Air Force for 25 years (1971–96). He was a fighter pilot and instructor and served in The Pentagon, the Middle East, and as commander of the 70th Fighter Squadron. He rose to the rank of colonel and retired as the Inspector General of the North American Aerospace Defense Command and the United States Space Command. After retiring from the Air Force, Clovis worked for BETAC (1996–97) and Northrop Grumman (1997–2000). In 2000, he moved to Iowa and worked at William Penn University in Oskaloosa, until 2003. In 2003 he worked for Booz Allen Hamilton for a year; from 2004 to 2010 he worked for the Homeland Security Institute, now the Homeland Security Studies and Analysis Institute.In 2005 he began working at Morningside College in Sioux City, Iowa, as a professor, teaching classes on business, management and public policy. In January 2010, Clovis started hosting his own radio talk show Impact With <mask> on Sioux City, Iowa station KSCJ. About the same time, he became active in the Republican Party and served as a delegate to the state convention in 2010. In 2012, he supported and campaigned with Rick Santorum, who won the Iowa caucuses. He was chairman of the 4th District Republican convention as well as an alternate delegate to the 2012 Republican National Convention. In the fall of 2013, Clovis took a sabbatical from his professorship at Morningside College to pursue a political career. He was a candidate in the Republican primary for the Senate in Iowa, finishing second to Joni Ernst, with 19 percent of the vote, on June 3, 2014.Later in June, at the Iowa GOP state convention, <mask> was selected as the Republican candidate for the Iowa state treasurer, running against Democratic incumbent Michael Fitzgerald. Clovis then hired Matthew Whitaker, also an unsuccessful Republican Senate primary candidate, to chair his campaign for state treasurer. In November, Clovis lost to Fitzgerald, 53% to 44%. Trump advisor and administration official
On June 4, 2015, The Washington Post reported that Rick Perry, shortly after launching his  presidential campaign, hired Clovis to chair his campaign in Iowa. On August 24, 2015, nearly three months later, The Washington Post reported that <mask> resigned from the campaign, in part, over the campaign's failure to pay his salary. Clovis endorsed Donald Trump the next day, August 25, with an introduction at a rally held in Dubuque, Iowa. Clovis joined the campaign as a national co-chair and policy advisor.During this time, Clovis went on unpaid leave from Morningside College, before leaving permanently in late 2015. Clovis became national cochairman of Trump's campaign team and served as a frequent spokesperson on cable news. After Trump took office in January 2017, he appointed Clovis as senior White House adviser to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). In July 2017, Trump nominated Clovis to the post of Under Secretary of Agriculture for Research, Education, and Economics, the USDA's top science post. The nomination attracted attention because this post is traditionally filled by a scientist, and Clovis has no scientific background. A statute requires that nominees for the position be chosen from among "distinguished scientists with specialized training or significant experience in agricultural research, education, and economics." In October 2017, former Trump campaign advisor George Papadopoulos pleaded guilty to lying to federal agents about his contacts with the Russia government during the campaign.Papadopoulos was charged by special counsel Robert Mueller as part of his investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. election. According to court records, Papadopoulos had been recruited to join Trump's foreign policy advisor team in early March 2016 by a "campaign supervisor" later identified as Clovis. In a meeting on March 6, Clovis reportedly told Papadopoulos that "a principal foreign policy focus of the campaign was an improved U.S. relationship with Russia," but Clovis denies having said that. Over the next few months, Papadopoulos made repeated but unsuccessful attempts to arrange meetings or contacts between Russian officials and Trump or his campaign representatives. Clovis was identified as a campaign supervisor who encouraged Papadopoulos to travel to Russia and meet Russian officials to build relations with the Kremlin. It was reported that Clovis has spoken to investigators with the special prosecutor's office and has testified before the federal grand jury looking into the matter. He has since withdrawn from the nomination due to the ongoing investigation and questions about his role.On November 2, 2017, Clovis withdrew from consideration for the appointment for Under Secretary of Agriculture after he was linked to the special counsel investigation. His nomination was not formally withdrawn by President Trump but was instead returned unconfirmed to the President by the U.S. Senate on January 3, 2018, under Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XXXI, paragraph 6. Effective May 4, 2018, Clovis resigned from the USDA. In June 2019, the Republican and Democratic leaders of the Senate Intelligence Committee made a criminal referral to federal prosecutors regarding their belief that Clovis mislead them in his official testimony. Views

Barack Obama
In August 2017, CNN reported on the existence of a now-defunct blog that Clovis had maintained primarily between 2011 and 2012. In blog posts accessed via the Wayback Machine, Clovis was critical of President Barack Obama and the progressive movement, accusing Obama of being a socialist and writing that progressives were "liars, race traders and race 'traitors.'" A USDA spokesperson responded that Clovis "is a proud conservative and a proud American.All of his reporting either on the air or in writing over the course of his career has been based on solid research and data. He is after all an academic." In 2011, Clovis said that Obama "uses his self-identified race as a bludgeon to assault anyone who might disagree with him... The fact that he is a socialist, does not believe in Natural Law or Natural Rights, is incensed at the mere existence of the Constitution and cannot accept the exceptionality of this nation, probably has nothing to do with why so many people disagree with him and his value system." Climate change
Clovis has described climate research as "junk science", and said that the scientific consensus on climate change was "not proven". In 2014, he told Iowa Public Radio that he is skeptical about climate change. Education
In 2011, Clovis said that schools were indoctrinating students with concepts that go against the ideals of the founding of the United States, such as "environmentalism", "racism", "feminism" and "pacifism".He said that these are "isms" that "tend to warp and twist the logic and intellectual development of children." LGBT rights
Clovis has said that homosexuality is a choice and that the sanctioning of same-sex marriage could lead to the legalization of pedophilia. Personal life
<mask> lives in Hinton, Iowa, together with his wife Charlotte. He has two grown sons from a first marriage and one stepson, Khan. He is Roman Catholic. Awards
 Defense Superior Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster

See also
Mueller Report
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections (July 2016–election day)
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (July–December 2017)

References

External links

1949 births
21st-century American politicians
Iowa Republicans
Living people
Morningside College
Trump administration personnel
United States Air Force officers
United States Department of Agriculture officials
People from Plymouth County, Iowa
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
United States Air Force Academy alumni
Golden Gate University alumni
Catholics from Iowa

masks:
Samuel Harvey Clovis Jr
Sam Clovis
Clovis
Clovis
Clovis


texts:
<mask> ( ) is a San Diego, California-born American musician and author currently living on a farm in rural Kansas. In his bio he defines his music as "talking-songs", which he describes as mixing the spoken vocals of talking blues songs with country music, Appalachian folk, noise, psychedelic folk and drone music influences. His work is issued as a series of records and books, which continue the stories of each other's characters and further develop plot-lines. Considered a regionalist writer, he writes mostly about San Diego, a bordertown city in Southern California, namely the area around the US/Mexico border, though many of his stories take place to the south of San Diego in the city of Tijuana, Mexico. Gnade also writes stories that take places across the continental US but according to interviews he's done these stories always reflect the Californian's experience on the road. Biography
Originally from San Diego, California, and while living there, Gnade was an editor of the alt-weekly Fahrenheit San Diego. After leaving San Diego in 2005, he lived in Portland, Oregon where he was the music editor for The Portland Mercury while his former partner, Jesse Duke, worked for Microcosm Publishing.Career

Musician
In late 2005, Gnade signed to the California-based Loud + Clear Records, toured the US, and issued Run Hide Retreat Surrender, his first official full-length record after a series of self-released, extremely limited edition CDs and cassettes. In 2006, he issued a set of limited run experimental albums (We Are Ghosts and Bones Down Stone-Walled Wells and the 2 CD single) expanding on his "talking songs" idea before signing a UK label deal with Drowned in Sound (also home to collaborators Youthmovies). Drowned in Sound released Gnade's EP Shout the Rafters Down! in November 2006, after which he toured Europe in support of the record, alongside Oxford, England's Youthmovies and Brighton's Blood Red Shoes. Gnade also recorded a "talking song"-style track with Faux-Hoax in mid-2006, a side project band featuring Dave Allen, the bass guitar player of the 1970s British post-punk band Gang of Four, John Askew from Oregon indie rock group Tracker, and Danny Seim of Menomena and Lackthereof. The track, "Your Friends Will Carry You Home," was released on a 7" of the same name by Polyvinyl Record Co. in May 2009. The 7" also features members of Portland, Oregon's Modest Mouse and 31 Knots.As of 2007, recent U.S., European, Mexican, Canadian, and United Kingdom radio singles included "Hymn California," "Honey Slides," "Dance to the War," "The Winter/Their Apartment," "Room for Three and the Bayou Summer," "Palaces," "Lanterns, Rakes, and Shovels," "We're Unknowing in the Crosshairs," "The Old Lover," "Snake Lore," "It's Five O'Clock in America," "We Must Come Home Again," and "We Live Nowhere and Know No One." 2007 saw a two-month US tour, a five-week tour of England and Scotland (alongside Youthmovies, Jonquil, House of Brothers, Blanket, and Eugene McGuinness), and the release of Honey Slides, a collaborative EP with Youthmovies on the Try Harder Records label. There was also a tour-only novella, entitled Seasons Loving Nothing, that was available on the UK dates. His next full-length, Trailerparks, was released by Try Harder Records as a limited-edition, tour-only pressing in late 2008 in time for a three-week tour of Europe with Youthmovies. In November 2008, the experimental label Blast First (Petite) released a Youthmovies EP entitled Polyp which features Gnade contributing lead vocals to two tracks, "Sad Trash" and "Become an Island" which also features contributions from Joe Shrewsbury from 65DaysofStatic and Hugo Manuel of Jonquil. The resulting tour in November 2008 featuring both acts was called the Polyp Tour. On February 22, 2009, Gnade announced the release of a new EP.Island's Islands will be released on cassette and limited to just 100 copies. On his website Gnade revealed that each copy of the EP would be recorded separately and each would be completely different. Gnade's next record The Wild Homesick was released in May 2009 on the Punch Drunk Press label. In July and August 2009 Gnade joined the Van's Warped Tour for a book tour. His tour diaries were published on the Asthmatic Kitty Records website and by the Willamette Week newspaper. In August 2009, Punch Drunk Press, released a three-way split CD album featuring his songs and the songs of Ohioan and COASTS. It is called Hello America!In January 2010, a new cassette EP, Surrenderland, was released by Punch Drunk Press. On January 31, 2010 he announced the release of a collection of rare tracks, From Farmhouses to Tour Vans. In August 2011, it was announced via the Lungs, Dirt, and Dreams website as well as via assorted media outlets that Gnade would be touring alongside Atlanta experimental country band Damon Moon and the Whispering Drifters. On Gnade's website he announced there would be a special tour-only cassette featuring both acts as well as a split cassette featuring folksinger Megan Michelle. In June 2012, Gnade and folksinger Megan Michelle released a split album of acoustic songs via Punch Drunk Press. In May 2013, Gnade's recently recorded record, entitled AMERICANS, was released by the UK label Blessing Force. In September 2013, Punch Drunk Press released Gnade's latest EP, Greater Mythology Blues, recorded in Atlanta, Georgia with the help of his backing band, The Hot Earth All-Stars, featuring members of Brunch, Under White Pines, and Sydney Eloise and Palms.The record was released the following August. Two EPs, AMERICANS and Greater Mythology Blues and a single, the Locust House Excerpt featuring Three One G band Planet B (made up of members of The Locust, Retox, Head Wound City, Dead Cross), were released later in the summer. In March 2017, the Three One G label released Gnade's EP Life is the Meatgrinder that Sucks in All Things. His backing band was Gabe Serbian and Justin Pearson of The Locust and Head Wound City with Luke Henshaw of Sonido de la Frontera. There were several announcements in January 2018. It also announced that Gnade would be releasing his next record, Voicemails from the Great Satan,  via Justin Pearson's Three One G label and would be supporting the record with a short UK tour with the reunited Youthmovies. In August 2019, Gnade released a collection of acoustic demos entitled The Goddamn Marching Tide" and toured behind the songs with the writer Nathaniel Kennon Perkins.Author
In September 2008, DutchMoney Books released a novel of Gnade's writing that continues the stories of the albums' characters. It is called Hymn California. A novella of connected material entitled The Darkness to the West was released in December 2008 via Punch Drunk Press. In 2011, Gnade released three novellas. California was released by Double Suns studio as a hardback book and The Heat and the Hot Earth and Hey Hey Lonesome were released by Punch Drunk Press. Released in July 2012, Gnade's latest novella was entitled The Growling Mouth, and it was released on the Punch Drunk Press label. In late 2012, Punch Drunk Press released The Hard Fifty Farm, a split chapbook featuring writing by Gnade and Microcosm Distribution/Pioneers Press owner Jessie Duke.In spring 2013, Pioneers Press released Gnade's first work of nonfiction, The Do It Yourself Guide to Fighting the Big Motherfuckin' Sad, which topped Powell's Books small press bestseller list in May 2013. Since its initial release as a zine, The DIY Guide has seen several changes with each new edition. It is now available as a perfect bound book. In 2013, Gnade released The Do-It-Yourself Guide to Fighting the Big Motherfuckin’ Sad which was the top-selling small-press title at Powell's Books in 2013. In December 2013, Gnade's second novel, Caveworld was released Pioneers Press via its literary imprint Punch Drunk Press following a UK, including a series of All Tomorrow's Parties festival dates, with the temporarily reunited Youthmovies. In January 2014, it was announced that his Do It Yourself Guide to Fighting the Big Motherf**kin' Sad was Powell's Books No. 1 bestseller in the small press section.2014 saw the release of three new chapbooks, two new printings of Do It Yourself Guide to Fighting the Big Motherf**kin' Sad, and a month-long book tour. In early 2015 Powell's Books small press section buyer Kevin Sampsell announced that Gnade's Do It Yourself Guide to Fighting the Big Motherf**kin' Sad was the store's small press bestseller for 2014, an honor it was awarded with in 2013 as well. Winter and spring 2015 a 5th printing of the aforementioned book as well as releases of the chapbook series My Brain Was A Shark Eating Itself volumes 1 to 6 (as well as an e-book edition) and the chapbook And in My Dreams You're Alive and You're Crying.In January 2016 it was announced that Gnade's Do It Yourself Guide to Fighting the Big Motherfuckin' Sad was once again the small press bestseller at Powell's Books in 2015, this being the third year in a row at the No. 1 spot. A sixth printing of the book happened in mid-January. In April 2016, Three One G and Pioneers Press issued his latest book, Locust House. Powell's Books announced Gnade's Do-It-Yourself Guide to Fighting the Big Motherf**kin' Sad book was its #1 small bestseller in 2017.In June 2019 it was announced that his next book, This is the End of Something But It's Not the End of You, would be released February 14, 2020 via Pioneers Press and Three One G.Float Me Away, Floodwaters, a short novel, will be released by Three One G and Bread & Roses Press on January 5, 2021. During a West Coast tour in October 2022, Gnade announced his next book would be a novel entitled After Tonight, Everything Will Be Different. Its release date is set for January 5, 2022 via Three One G and Bread & Roses Press. Influences
<mask> has said in interviews and on his website that his music is influenced by Neutral Milk Hotel, Joanna Newsom, noise recordings, field recordings, and old country music. In interviews he has said that his writing is influenced by William Faulkner, Saul Bellow, James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, and Roberto Bolano. Tour
Gnade tours regularly and generally plays solo or backed by a band. Recent tour-mates have included Youthmovies, Jonquil, Blood Red Shoes, Eugene McGuinness, Blanket, and House of Brothers.He has performed on bills and festivals (including Plan-it-X Fest and various ATP dates) with Calvin Johnson, Starf*****, Fuck Buttons, Angelo Spencer Sonic Youth's Thurston Moore and Lee Ranaldo, Godspeed! You Black Emperor, Television, Tortoise, Múm, Les Savy Fav, Pharmakon, Ghost Mice, Ramshackle Glory, Har Mar Superstar, Wolf Eyes, Dinosaur Jr., Scout Niblett, Castanets, Levon Helm, Dark Hills, Damon Moon and the Whispering Drifters, Under White Pines, Sydney Eloise, Alana Amram, Virgin Forest, The Album Leaf, George Pringle, Foals, and many others. (2009, Punch Drunk Press, three-way split with Ohioan and COASTS)Honey Slides (2007, collaboration with Youthmovies Try Harder Records 2007 and Zankyo in Japan 2009)An Hour of Music with <mask>nade and Megan Michelle (2012, Punch Drunk Press)

Singles
"Prince of the Confederacy" (2006, split cassette release with Gang Wizard, DeathBombArc)Shout the Rafters Down! (2006, five-song digital EP single, Drowned in Sound's "Singles Club")2 (two song single, 2006)

CassettesIsland's Islands (2009, limited edition cassette EP, Punch Drunk Press)Surrenderland: You Could Quit Your Jobs and Run Away Like You Used to, Back When You Did Things Just Because, and Because it Felt Good to Run Away, and Because You Didn’t Worry so Much Like You Do Now… just Because and Leave the A**holes Behind and F*** ‘em Anyway, They Don’t Mean *S*** (2010, cassette, Punch Drunk Press)Live on Simple Folk Radio (2010, Punch Drunk Press)
Split cassette, side a The Wild Homesick EP by Adam Gnade. side b Upon Awakening EP by COASTS (2011, Punch Drunk Press)
Split cassette, side a Adam Gnade (various live tracks), side b Megan Michelle (various selected tracks.)

masks:
Adam Gnade
Gnade
Adam G


texts:
<mask> (21 October 1927 – 19 December 2021) was an American viol player, cellist, and performer on the medieval bowed instruments. She was considered "a master of the viola da gamba and other stringed instruments" and "a central part of the early-music scene." Her recorded performances reflect her wide range of repertoire and styles, including such works as Schoenberg's Verklaerte Nacht and 13th-century monody. She is responsible for the catalog of 20th- and 21st-century viol music. Musical education
<mask> began musical studies at age 7 and made her public debut at 12. A native of Boston, she was a graduate of Radcliffe College and the Longy School of Music, where she received a soloist diploma in cello. Long interested in folk music, she studied the Black Sea kemence and the saz in Turkey, and the erhu in Taiwan.In the fifties she took up the viol, which she studied privately with Alison Fowle. Ensembles
<mask> participated in a number of ensembles, performing viols, early strings (vielle, rebec, kemence), the baryton, and the baroque, classical and modern cello. She was a member of American early music ensembles, starting in the fifties with New York Pro Musica, which she joined as a viol and early strings player at the invitation of Noah Greenberg – which caused her to move from Boston to New York City. At the request of the then director of New York Pro Musica, Noah Greenberg, she created a viol consort, which became an independent ensemble in 1972, under the name of New York Consort of Viols, and performed uninterruptedly until 2015, during more than four decades. Under the artistic direction of <mask>, that ensemble presented concerts both in the United States and abroad, as well as offering workshops and outreach activities. The Consort commissioned new works for viols and produced numerous recordings, in its mission to familiarize audiences with the sound and repertoire of the viol. It also collaborated with early music ensembles such as Pomerium, Zephyrus, the Boston Viol Consort, the Yukimi Kambe Viol Consort, the Waverly Consort, the Ensemble for Early Music and Music For A While and Ensemble PHOENIX, Israel (2013).She performed also with the Boston Camerata (founding member – viols, early fiddles, baryton, tromba marina), the Waverly Consort (viols, early fiddles, baroque cello), Music for a While (viols, early fiddles), the Cambridge Consort,  and the Agassiz Trio (classical cello). As a modern cellist, she participated in the Helikon String Quartet (founding member), in the Brandeis University Resident Quartet and the Arioso Trio. Recordings
 Verklaerte Nacht, Music from Marlboro, Columbia Records 1961
 C. Monteverdi, Monteverdi Secular Vocal Works (LP). Hugues Cuénod, Daniel Pinkham, <mask>, Robert Brink. Music Guild Records – MS-109, 1962. Dietrich Buxtehude, Sonatas, op. 1 for violin, viola da gamba and harpsichord.Robert Brink, <mask>,  Daniel Pinkham. Music Guild Records 1965
 J.S. Bach, Six Sonatas For Violin And Harpsichord, Two Sonatas For Violin and Bass Continuo. Sonya Monosoff, James Weaver, <mask>. Cambridge Records CRS B 2822, 1970
 Marin Marais Pièces De Viole (from the second book, 1701), John Hsu, Louis Bagger, <mask>. (LP) Musical Heritage Society, Inc.	MHS 3078, 1974. Dances Of Three Centuries, LaNoue Davenport, <mask>, Susan Evans.(LP) Music Minus One MMO 20, 1974
 Eighteenth Century Recorder Music, LaNoue Davenport, Mark Davenport, <mask>, Edward Smith -  (LP) Music Minus One MMO 211, 1974
 Marin Marais, Pièces De Viole From Suitte d'un goût Etranger, Book Four, 1717 - John Hsu, Louis Bagger, <mask> . (LP)	Musical Heritage Society MHS 3298, 1975. Marin Marais, Pièces De Viole From Book Five, 1725, John Hsu, Louis Bagger, <mask> . (LP) Musical Heritage Society MHS 3356. 1976. Marin Marais,  Pièces De Viole (from the first book, 1686), John Hsu, Louis Bagger, <mask> -  (LP) Musical Heritage Society, Inc. MHS 1809. Las Cantigas de Santa Maria, Waverly Consort, Vanguard
 Trio by Eleanore Corey, CRI Records
 The King's Musicke, New York Pro Musica, Decca Gold Label
 The Play of Herod, New York Pro Musica, Decca Gold Label
 The Renaissance Band, New York Pro Musica, Decca Gold Label
 La Fontaine Amoureuse, Music For A While, 1750 Arch Records
 Cantatas and Arias of Alessandro Stradella with Pilgrim and E. Smith, MHS (Musical Heritage Society) 3242 (viol continuo)
 Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber, Eight Sonatas for Violin and Basso Continuo.Sonya Monosoff, <mask>, Peter Wof. PLEIADES RECORDS 2P107, 1982
 Francesco Geminiani, Four Sonatas For Violin And Continuo, Sonya Monosoff, James Weaver, <mask> . (LP) Musical Heritage Society MHS 3744. English Consort Music, New York Consort of Viols, Music Minus One MMO3359, 1975
 William Byrd, Music for Viols and Virginals, New York Consort of Viols & Edward Smith, Musical Heritage Society MHS 3460 [1976]
 Shakespeare, The Sweet Power of Musicke, New York Consort of Viols with actor Tom Klunis and soprano Sheila Schonbrun, Musical Heritage Society MHS 4123,1979
 Fantasias and Consort Songs by Orlando Gibbons, New York Consort of Viols, MHS 1983
 Instrumental Music by John Jenkins, New York Consort of Viols. Musical Heritage Society Inc., MHS Stereo 912047M, 1987 vinyl, also Chrome Cassette MHC 312047K, LC Catalog no. 87-743081
 Dances and Canzonas of Holborne and Brade, The New York Consort of Viols: Viola Da Gamba Society of America Project Recording Volume II (CD) Classic masters	CMCD-1014,1989
 Illicita Cosa – The Forbidden Thing, New York Consort of Viols, Musical Heritage Society MHS 3235M, 1993
 Music of William Byrd, New York Consort of Viols, Lyrichord LEMS-8015, 1995
 Jan DeGaetani in concert, Vol. 4 (live) - © 1999 Bridge Records with Paul O'Dette and Philip West © 1999 Bridge Records
 Sweet Power of Music, Music from Shakespeare's Time, The New York Consort of Viols with soprano Kristin Gould and lute player Grant Herreid.The New York Consort of Viols 2003. Music of Ellen Taafe Zwillich & Eleanor Cory - © 2007 Anthology of recorded Music, Inc. The Road From Valencia, New York Consort of Viols. New York Consort of Viols 2011
 The Silent Waterfall: Solo & Chamber Music by David Loeb, The New York Consort of viols and others. Vienna Modern Masters, 1st Nov 2011. Teaching
She taught at the New England Conservatory and the Longy School of Music while she was a Boston resident. As a New Yorker, she was a member of the music faculties at Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, NY (viol, Collegium Musicum) and Columbia Teachers College, New York, NY (viol).She taught also at Columbia University, Extension Division, at SUNY Purchase, Purchase, NY (Music History through Performance), at the Queens College School of Education, Queens, NY, and at Soochow University, Taipei, R.O.C. She was a faculty member of a number of workshops throughout North America, organized by the Viola da Gamba Society of America, the American Recorder Society, and had been the heart of the New York Consort of Viols one-day and weekend workshops and Children's Outreach workshops at the Riccardo O’Gorman Garden and Library, Harlem. She also gave workshops and masterclasses in Australia, Brazil, Israel, Sweden, Taiwan and Turkey. A number of professional viol players studied with <mask>, among them Lucy Bardo, Myrna Herzog, Fortunato Arico, Patricia Neely, Robert Eisenstein, Lesley Retzer, Cecilia Aprigliano. Articles and reviews
<mask> contributed two articles for the Journal of the Viola da Gamba Society of America: “Ann Ford: An Eighteenth-century Portrait” (vol. 30, 1993 p. 51) and “The New York Pro Musica and the Soviet Union: Personal Observations of a Viol Player” (vol. 2, 1965 p.30).Her Ph.D. Dissertation, The Waning and Waxing of the Viol: A Historical Survey and Twentieth-century Catalogue is available online at site of the Viola da Gamba Society of America

References

1927 births
2021 deaths
American cellists
American violists
Women violists
Longy School of Music of Bard College alumni
Radcliffe College alumni
Women cellists
Musicians from Boston

masks:
Judith Davidoff
Judith Davidoff
Davidoff
Davidoff
Judith Davidoff
Judith Davidoff
Judith Davidoff
Judith Davidoff
Judith Davidoff
Judith Davidoff
Judith Davidoff
Judith Davidoff
Judith Davidoff
Judith Davidoff
Judith Davidoff
Judith Davidoff
Davidoff


texts:
<mask>v (, Raqymjan Qoşqarbaev; Russian: Рахимжан Кошкарбаев) was the first soldier to raise the Soviet Flag at the Reichstag building in Berlin, having placed the flag by a staircase in the opera hall after sneaking into the building. After nightfall Qoshqarbaev and several of his comrades raised the flag on the roof. However, because they had raised the flag in the night when it was too dark to take a photo, none of them were part of the iconic photo of Soviet soldiers raising the flag on 2 May. After the raising of the flag on 30 April it was shot down by German snipers shortly before the Wehrmacht retook control of the building. However, by 2 May the Soviets retook control of the building and raised the flag again, bringing photographer Yevgeny Khaldei with them to capture a reenactment of the historic moment. Early life
Qoshqarbaev was born on 19 October 1924 in the village of Akmolinsk within the Kirghiz ASSR (later Kazakh SSR), currently located within the present-day city of Nur-Sultan. His mother died in 1928 and he was eventually sent to an orphanage at the age of 13 after his father was repressed and declared an "enemy of the people" during the Great Purge in 1937.After completing seven years of secondary school he worked in a factory until he was allowed to join the Red Army. World War II
Immediately after the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 Qoshqarbaev attempted to join the Red Army but was initially rejected because he was only sixteen years old at the time. He reapplied shortly before his eighteenth birthday in August 1942 and was sent for training in the city of Kokshetau, which he completed in 1943. He was then sent for officer training at the Tambov All-Commander Infantry School, which he graduated from with honors before being sent to the Eastern Front as a junior lieutenant in October 1944. In 1945 Qoshqarbaev distinguished himself while leading a platoon on an assault on enemy defenses, located on the Western bank of the Oder River; on April 17, one day after breaking through the enemy bridgehead, he led his unit towards a river channel to establish a new bridgehead and continued the advance despite heavy resistance from Axis forces. After Soviet forces opened fire on approaching enemy forces Qoshqarbaev entered the water, led his unit in the perilous crossing, and proceeded to storm a German trench after reaching the western bank of the canal. During the heavy fighting of that engagement over 40 German soldiers were killed after the platoon seized three machine guns in hand-to-hand combat and opened fire on the remaining German soldiers in the trench.After taking over the trench they established a firing point and gunned down the remaining enemy combatants in the area. After Qoshqarbaev's success in the Oder offensive, his platoon became the first unit to cross the Spree river, doing so under heavy enemy fire. From the time of Oder crossing to when he raised the flag over the Reichstag in Berlin, his platoon killed over 200 German soldiers and held 184 of them hostage, took 27 high-caliber machine-guns, and obtained many other weapons that were once in the hands of enemy soldiers. When the war ended Qoshqarbaev was a Lieutenant and the commander of a reconnaissance platoon belonging the 674th Infantry Regiment in the 150th Infantry Division. Raising the flag over the Reichstag
Qoshqarbaev initially placed the flag of the Soviet Union atop the staircase in front of the main entrance to the building on 30 April 1945 at 14:25 after sneaking into the building with another soldier, Grigory Bulatov. The flag was presented to the group of soldiers assigned to raising the flag over the building by a regimental commander; the meeting where the flag was given to them was held in Himmler's house. After Qoshqarbaev originally placed the flag in the entrance by the staircase under the watch of Ivan Klochkov they went on to place it atop the building; the soldiers then jumped out of a window and ran across the roof, but after coming under heavy fire they laid low on the roof for several hours and waited for the artillery fire to cease.While waiting for the opportunity to hoist up the flag Qoshqarbaev and Bulatov wrote their names and regiment numbers on the flag. After nightfall the artillery fire eventually died down and under the cover of darkness Mikhail Minin along with Aleksey Bobrov, Bulatov, and Qoshqarbaev raised the flag over the Reichstag. However, the flag was later shot down by German snipers. All participants in the event were nominated for the title Hero of the Soviet Union, but were instead awarded the Order of the Red Banner; none of them were present during the re-creation of the event in the photo Raising a Flag over the Reichstag taken on 2 May by Yevgeny Khaldei. Later life
After the war, Qoshqarbaev worked for the Ministry of Public Utilities until being appointed director of the Alma-Ata Hotel, remaining in the position for almost 20 years. Unlike another Kazakh hero of the war, Baurzhan Momyshuly, Qoshqarbaev was never awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, despite several petitions to Brezhnev from high-profile veterans of the war and other Kazakhs awarded the title of hero asking that Qoshqarbaev be declared a Hero of the Soviet Union. Many suspected the reason for his not receiving the award was the fact his father had been declared an enemy of the people, which was later proven by the release of the Republic of Kazakhstan President's Archives in 1994.<mask> passed away in August 1988. Over a decade after his death he was posthumously declared a Hero of Kazakhstan on 7 May 1999 by decree of the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev. See also

 Khiuaz Dospanova
 Bauyrzhan Momyshuly
 Raising a Flag over the Reichstag

Footnotes

References

1924 births
1988 deaths
Heroes of Kazakhstan
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Ethnic Kazakh people
People from Nur-Sultan
People nominated for the title Hero of the Soviet Union

masks:
Rakhimzhan Qoshqarbae
Qoshqarbaev


texts:
<mask> (died 325), courtesy name Shihui, was a Chinese military general and warlord of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was a wuzhu (塢主) during the Han Zhao conquest of northern China who took in fleeing refugees and held semi-autonomous control over his territory. With his nephew Guo Song and fellow wuzhu Guo Mo, <mask> traded blows with Han Zhao and Later Zhao near the Luoyang region, even managing to occupy the ancient capital for a brief period since its fall in 311. However, he had little support from the court in Jiankang and his position was being increasingly challenged as the barbarians continued to eliminate Jin's northern vassals. After a string of defeats in 324, he was forced to abandon his base and retreat to Jiankang, during which he died in a horse riding accident in 325. Early life
<mask> was a native of Pingyang Commandery (平陽; west of present-day Linfen, Shanxi). When he was a child, it was said that he displayed adult-like leadership whenever he played with the other children.After growing up, he became a local official and was later appointed by Sima Rong as a General of the Serrated Gates for escorting his county prefect to Chang'an. <mask> distinguished himself during the campaign against Qi Wannian in the late 290s, which earned him the title of Marquis of Dongming Village. When he returned to Pingyang, he was made the commandery's new Protector. It was then when an attempt on <mask>'s life was made. The Administrator of Pingyang, Song Zhou (宋胄), wanted to replace <mask> with his kinsman Wu Ji (吳畿). <mask> thus pretended to be ill to allow Wu to replace him. Wu received the position, but became afraid that <mask> may one day return to retake his office.For good measures, Wu sent an assassin after <mask> but with the help of a friend, he barely escaped with his life. As a wuzhu
Amidst the War of the Eight Princes, a Xiongnu noble named <mask> established his state of Han Zhao in 304. <mask> began his conquest of northern China, with Pingyang being one of his targets. Many of Pingyang's inhabitants fled while others went to <mask>, who they acclaimed as a wuzhu. Soon, refugees from other parts of the north affected by war flocked to <mask> due to his popularity. <mask> later shifted his base to Xingyang and then to Xinzheng. The Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue, took notice of him and made him Inspector of Ruyin (汝陰, in modern Fuyang, Anhui).In 307, <mask> was ordered by Sima Yue to fix the Qianjin Dam (張方) at Luoyang with Yuan Fu (袁孚) to improve supply routes. Conflicts with bandits and Shi Le
Luoyang and Emperor Huai of Jin were captured by Han Zhao in 311. The Grand Commandant, Xun Fan and Guard General Hua Hui (華薈) fled to Yangcheng and Chenggao respectively. However, these two areas were badly struck by famine, and bandit leaders such as Hou Dou (侯都) took to cannibalism and killed anyone they could find to eat them. Fortunately for Xun Fan and Hua Hui, <mask> campaigned against the bandits and crushed them. Afterwards, <mask> provided Xun Fan and Hua Hui's group with camps and houses as well as supplying them with grains. After Xun Fan set up a provisional government, he elected <mask> to become the Administrator of Xingyang.Meanwhile, another wuzhu named <mask> decided to visit Xun Fan and discuss military affairs. <mask> was invited to come as well but his subordinates warned him not to trust <mask> and not to travel at night. He told them, "Loyal ministers have the same mind, there should be no doubt." During the visit, Xun, <mask> and Wei formed a friendship and <mask> left the meeting unharmed. Later that year, the Han general Shi Le invaded Xingyang. <mask> devised a plan where he led the old and weak to hide in the hils and let the cattle and horses roam freely. When Shi Le's men arrived, they found no one to attack and decided to capture the animals their own use instead.However, this proved a difficult task, and the soldiers became disorganized as they try to capture as many animals that they could find. It was then when <mask> let out a cry and his troops came out from the hills to ambush the enemies. Shi Le was badly routed and forced into a retreat. For his victory, Xun Fan petitioned the Prince of Lanya, Sima Rui to make <mask> a Champion General and promoted him to Marquis of Yangwu County. The famine began to worsen, and a large group of bandits from Chang'an swarmed to <mask>'s territory. <mask> and his generals fought with them and managed to turn them away. These bandits had thousands of women under their captivity, so <mask> freed them all.His generals told him that they should keep the women for themselves, seeing that they were not a part of <mask>'s care. However, <mask> told them, "They are all wives of those who serve the state, what right do we have to hold them?" <mask> then returned the women to their respective homes. Saving Guo Mo
In 314, the wuzhu and Administrator of Henan, Guo Mo, came under attack from <mask>. Guo's city was running low of food, so he sent an envoy to <mask> asking if he could retreat to <mask>'s base in Xinzheng. <mask> allowed him and sent his nephew, Guo Song (not related to Guo Mo) to rescue him. Song, however, could not approach as he had little troops to face <mask>'s army.Coincidentally, Zhang Zhao (張肇), the Army Advisor to the Jin Inspector of Bingzhou <mask>n, was returning from Chang'an after failing to relief it. <mask> contacted him to send help, so Zhang led his Xianbei cavalry to attack <mask>. <mask> retreated without a fight, and Mo was safely escorted to Xinzheng. Battle with <mask>
In 317, the Han general <mask> (劉暢) marched his troops to Xingyang. <mask> camped himself at the rampart that had been built by a King of Han in ancient times. When <mask> was close by, he sent an envoy to <mask> provoking him to come out. <mask> had no time to prepare his defences and was caught by surprise.Thus, <mask> sent envoys to the Han general feigning surrender. Thinking that he had won, <mask> lowered his defences and celebrated with his men. <mask> planned for a night raid, but his soldiers were all unsure if it could work out. Because of this, <mask> had Guo Song pray at a shrine of Zichan, and Guo brought back a shaman who told them that Zichan will spiritually aid them in battle. Morale rose, and soon many of <mask>'s men volunteered to participate in the assault. Guo Song led the surprise attack on <mask>'s camp, killing many of the enemy troops while <mask> escaped with an inch of his life. Guo Mo also sent his younger brother Guo Zhi (郭芝) to help, so Song instructed him to chase after <mask>'s fleeing men.Zhi did so and captured many of the enemy soldiers before returning. War over Luoyang
Within <mask>'s abandoned camp, <mask> found an edict from the Emperor of Han <mask> Cong instructing <mask> to march to Luoyang, execute the general Zhao Gu (趙固) and have him replaced with Zhao's Chief Clerk Zhou Zhen (周振) after defeating <mask>. Prior to this, Zhao Gu was already on bad terms with Zhou Zhen, so when <mask> sent the edict to him, he had Zhou and his children executed. Zhao then personally met with <mask> to surrender, so <mask> ordered him to return to Luoyang to defend the city. Zhao Gu and Guo Mo raided Hedong Commandery and received thousands of refugees fleeing from Han Zhao. Later, Luoyang was attacked by <mask>ng (劉雅生), causing Zhao Gu to fall back to Mount Yangcheng (陽城山). In 318, <mask> sent Guo Mo and Guo Song to reinforce Zhao Gu from Luorui (洛汭, in modern-day Luonan County, Shaanxi).Guo Song ordered his generals led by Geng Zhi (耿稚) to cross the Yellow River and raid <mask>'s camp. Initially, Geng successfully attacked from all directions and captured many camps, but by dawn, <mask> realized how little troops Geng actually had, so he viciously led the counter-attack and neither side got the upper hand for the next few days. <mask> marched to support Geng, but <mask>'s forces formed a defensive line along the Yellow River that prevented him from crossing. Geng destroyed as many supplies as possible in the Han camps he captured before breaking through the lines and fleeing to Hulao. For his achievements, <mask> was made Chief Controller of Henan, Xingyang, and Hongnong. Later that year, <mask> died and was succeeded by <mask>. However, <mask> was killed in a coup led by <mask>n.Zhun sent an envoy to <mask> with a letter denouncing the Liu clan and informing him that the imperial coffins were being transported south to Jiankang. <mask> notified Sima Rui of this, who later sent his ministers to welcome the imperial coffins. However, <mask>n was eventually defeated by a coalition led by <mask> and Shi Le later that year. <mask> succeeded <mask> but in 319, Shi Le broke away and formed Later Zhao. Zhao Gu also died that year, leaving Guo Song to defend Luorui on his own. Song changed his base to Yangdi, where he faced multiple attacks from Shi Le's son, Shi Sheng. In all their encounters, Guo Song was the victor.In 320, the Han Zhao commanders guarding Luoyang, Yin An (洛汭), Song Shi (宋始), Song Shu (宋恕), and Zhao Shen (趙愼) all decided to surrender to Later Zhao. Shi Le sent Shi Sheng to support them, but the commanders changed their minds and surrendered to <mask> instead. Guo Mo was sent to reinforce Luoyang. Sheng felt that it would be risky to attack Luoyang on his own, so he settled with capturing Song Shi's army before retreating north. The people of Henan fled to <mask>, and Luoyang was practically emptied. Defeat and death
In 324, Shi Sheng attacked Guo Song, but was once again defeated. In response, Shi Cong and <mask> (石良) rushed to rescue him.Guo Mo was struggling against Shi Cong, so he sent his Army Advisor Zheng Xiong (鄭雄) to <mask> suggesting that they should surrender to <mask>, but <mask> rejected the proposal. Later, <mask> himself was defeated in an ambush set by <mask>. Guo Song's younger brother, Guo Yuan (郭元) had been captured by Zhao troops and was sent to deliver a demoralizing message to <mask>, offering him the chance to surrender. However, Guo Song encouraged <mask> to continue fighting. Shi Sheng camped in Luoyang and plundered Henan. The situation worsened for <mask> as his rations were beginning to run dry. Guo Mo once again asked him to surrender to <mask>, and this time he agreed.<mask> sent reinforcements in the form of <mask> (劉岳) and Huyan Mo (呼延謨), but they were severely routed by Later Zhao forces. Guo Mo was defeated by Shi Cong again, causing him to abandon his post and secretly make his way to Jiankang. When <mask> found out, he was furious. He sent Guo Song and his generals to chase after him, but not before telling his nephew, "Do you know the saying, "If the lips are gone, the teeth will grow cold"? It was because of you that I was able to welcome Guo Mo, but now he flees in the face of danger. You must stop him at once!" Guo Song pursued Guo Mo all the way to Xiangcheng, where Guo Mo abandoned his wife and children before continuing his flight south.Song could no longer catch up with Mo, so he took Mo's family back with him to <mask>. Nearly all of <mask>'s men were considering to defect to Later Zhao at this point. Thus, <mask> had no other choice but to retreat south and join up with the government in Jiankang. Along the way, many of his soldiers chose to abandon him, and only more than a hundred people chose to remain with him, including Guo Song. When <mask>'s party reached Luyang, he accidentally fell off his horse and died. <mask> was buried at Mount Xian (峴山) at Xiangyang. References

 Fang, Xuanling (ed.)(648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu). Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. Jin dynasty (266–420) generals
325 deaths

masks:
Li Ju
Li
Li Ju
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Liu Yuan
Liu
Li Ju
Li Ju
Li
Li Ju
Li Ju
Li
Li Ju
Wei Jun
Li
Wei Jun
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li Ju
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Liu Yao
Li Ju
Li
Li
Liu Yao
Liu Ku
Li
Liu Yao
Liu Yao
Liu Chang
Liu Chang
Li
Liu
Li
Li
Li
Liu
Li
Li
Li
Liu Chang
Liu Chang
Liu Chang
Liu
Li Ju
Zhao Liu
Liu Chang
Li
Li
Li
Li
Liu Yashe
Li Ju
Liu Can
Liu Can
Li Ju
Liu Can
Li
Liu Cong
Liu Can
Liu Can
Jin Zhu
Li Ju
Li
Jin Zhu
Liu Yao
Liu Yao
Liu Can
Li Ju
Li Ju
Shi Liang
Li Ju
Liu Yao
Li
Li
Shi Liang
Li
Li
Li
Liu Yao
Liu Yao
Liu Yue
Li Ju
Li Ju
Li Ju
Li
Li Ju
Li


texts:
<mask> is a German actor and singer. Biography

<mask> is a German-born actor/singer. He showed an interest in the performing arts from a very early age on. He participated in school and community theatre productions. <mask>'s first part in a production at a bigger theatre was the role of the bartender and prisoner Pudritzky in Der Hauptmann von Köpenick at the Saarländisches Staatstheater in Saarbrücken. While enrolled at the Universität des Saarlandes in Saarbrücken in German literature, linguistics and phonetics, he worked as an extra at the Saarländisches Staatstheater. He then studied Acting, Singing and Dancing at the Folkwang Academy in Essen, Germany from 1990 to 1994 and graduated with a Diplom as Bühnendarsteller.Having already worked for two years as performer with the dance theater group of Claudia Lichtblau (he was one of the lead performers in her pieces: Rothegang/Untergrund; Sequenzen; Chrom-Rauten; Gewoell; Rus-Rums-Ravas), he then enrolled in the dance department of the Folkwang Hochschule where he studied for another year with Jean Cébron. He worked with Claudia Lichtblau until 1999 while teaching tap dance at Musical Theatre Department of the Folkwang Hochschule. In 1998, he went to New York City where he studied voice at Manhattan School of Music, City College of New York, and finally at the Conservatory of Music at Brooklyn College, where he received his Master of Music in 2001. He was selected to participate in master classes with Walter Berry and Cord Garben. In New York he also studied acting with Bernice Loren in her "Expressions" Theater School and with Bennes Mardenn, who himself was trained be the famous Group Theatre. In 1999 he won 2nd prize at the Lotte Lenya Competition for Singers in the United States and became known as an excellent Kurt Weill interpreter (Three Penny Opera, Johnny Johnson, Wall to Wall Marathon Kurt Weill at Symphony Space New York) and was a member of the Kabarett Kollektif which won the 2006 Nightlife Award for Most Unique Cabaret Performance. His teachers include Judy Ann Bassing, Walter Nicks, Noelle Turner, Bennes Mardenn, Bernice Loren, Cornelius Reid, Ira Siff, and Ted Puffer.An active and versatile performer, he performed musical theater, opera as well as dramatic plays and cabaret shows in Germany, New York City, Australia and London. He was a founding member of thedramaloft, an entertainment incubator located in New York City, as well as an avid tap dancer and instructor. In New York, he has taught at the Alvin Ailey School (Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater), Steps on Broadway, and at the Bridge for Dance. He played among many other roles Macheath in the Three Penny Opera, Psychiatrist in Johnny Johnson, Danilo in The Merry Widow, Schaunard in La Bohème, Papageno in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozarts The Magic Flute, Dutch Schultz in theUS Concert Premier of Eric Salzmann's The True Last Words Of Dutch Schultz, als Understudy Dr. Dillamonth and The Wizard of Oz in Wicked, as Understudy Joey and Monsignore O'Hare in Sister Act, King Herod in Jesus Christ Superstar. Having worked between New York and London from 2006 to 2008, he then moved to London and lived there until 2009 from where he then went to Berlin. He is currently performing in theaters in Germany as actor and singer and works as freelance coach for actors and singers. Awards and Scholarships
 1999: 2.o. ); Musiktheater im Revier, Gelsenkirchen, 2017
Don Camillo and Peppone – Play (Jesus); Freilichtspiele Schwäbisch Hall, 2017/18
Die Wahlverwandtschaften – Play based on J.W. Mozart (Papageno); Brooklyn, New York 2001
La Bohème by G. Puccini (Schaunard); Casalmaggiore, Italy – <mask>ler IVAI scholarship 2001
The Merry Widow, Franz Léhar (Danilo); Brooklyn, New York 2001
Kurt Weill Symposium; Meredith College Raleigh North Carolina 2001
Die Dreigroschenoper Brecht/Weill (Macheath); Staged Concert Version, Manhattan School of Music in New York City 2001
Le Nozze di Figaro by W.A. Mozart (Count Almaviva); Brooklyn, New York, 2000
"Wall to Wall Kurt Weill"; 12 Hour Marathon Hommage to Kurt Weill, Symphony Space Broadway and 95th Street, NYC 2000
Winners Concert 92nd Street Y- Theatre; 2000
Tap Dance Teaching Videos; Tap Dance Instruction Videos as Tap Dancer und Assistant of Judy Ann Bassing, Miami und New York 1999
Claudia Lichtblau Dance Company, Essen, Rothegang/Untergrund, Sequenzen, Rauten, Chrom, Gewöll, Rus-Rums-Ravas 1992–2000

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
German male musical theatre actors
German male singers
German male stage actors
People from Neunkirchen, Saarland
Brooklyn College alumni

masks:
Dirk Weiler
Dirk Weiler
Dirk
Dirk Wei


texts:
<mask> (late 1081 – 1 August 1137), called the Fat () or the Fighter (), was King of the Franks from 1108 to 1137. Chronicles called him "King of Saint-Denis". <mask> was the first member of the house of Capet to make a lasting contribution to centralizing the institutions of royal power. He spent almost all of his twenty-nine-year reign fighting either the "robber barons" who plagued Paris or the kings of England for their continental possession of Normandy. Nonetheless, <mask> managed to reinforce his power considerably and became one of the first strong kings of France since the death of Charlemagne in 814. <mask> was a warrior-king, but by his forties his weight had become so great that it was increasingly difficult for him to lead in the field (hence the epithet ). Details about his life and person are preserved in the , a panegyric composed by his loyal advisor, Suger, abbot of Saint Denis.Early life

<mask> was born around 1081 in Paris, the son of Philip I and Bertha of Holland. Abbot Suger of Saint Denis, who wrote a biography of <mask>, tells us: "In his youth, growing courage matured his spirit with youthful vigour, making him bored with hunting and the boyish games with which others of his age used to enjoy themselves and forget the pursuit of arms." And "How valiant he was in youth, and with what energy he repelled the king of the English, William Rufus, when he attacked <mask>' inherited kingdom." <mask> married Lucienne de Rochefort, the daughter of his father's seneschal, in 1104, but repudiated her three years later. They had no children. On 3 August 1115 <mask> married Adelaide of Maurienne, daughter of Humbert II of Savoy and of Gisela of Burgundy, and niece of Pope Callixtus II. They had eight children.Adelaide was one of the most politically active of all France's medieval queens. Her name appears on 45 royal charters from the reign of <mask> VI. During her time as queen (1115–1137), royal charters were dated with both her regnal year and that of the king. Suger became <mask>'s adviser even before he succeeded his father as king at the age of 26 on 29 July 1108. <mask>'s half-brother prevented him from reaching Rheims, and so Daimbert, Archbishop of Sens, crowned him in the cathedral of Orléans on 3 August. Ralph the Green, Archbishop of Rheims, sent envoys to challenge the validity of the coronation and anointing, but to no avail. Challenges to royal authority

When <mask> ascended the throne, the Kingdom of France was a collection of feudal principalities.Beyond the Isle de France the French kings had little authority over the great duke and counts of the realm but slowly <mask> began to change this and assert Capetian power. This process would take two centuries to complete but began in the reign of <mask> VI. The second great challenge facing <mask> was to counter the rising power of the Anglo-Normans under their capable new king, Henry I of England. Struggles with the robber barons

From early in his reign (and during his father's reign) <mask> faced the problem of the robber barons who resisted the King's authority and engaged in brigandry, making the area around Paris unsafe. From their castles, such as Le Puiset, Châteaufort, and Montlhéry, these barons would charge tolls, waylay merchants and pilgrims, terrorize the peasantry and loot churches and abbeys, the latter deeds drawing the ire of the writers of the day, who were mostly clerics. In 1108, soon after he ascended the throne, <mask> engaged in war with Hugh of Crécy, who was plaguing the countryside and had captured Eudes, Count of Corbeil, and imprisoned him at La Ferté-Alais. <mask> besieged that fortress to free Eudes.The same year (1108), a seigneur named Aymon Vaire-Vache seized the lordship of Bourbon from his nephew, Archambaud, a minor. <mask> demanded the boy be restored to his rights but Aymon refused the summons. <mask> raised his army and besieged Aymon at his castle at Germigny-l'Exempt, forcing its surrender and enforcing the rights of Archambaud. In early 1109, <mask> besieged his half-brother, Philip, the son of Bertrade de Montfort, who was involved in brigandry and conspiracies against the King, at Mantes-la-Jolie. Philip's plots included the lords of Montfort-l'Amaury. Amaury III de Montfort held many castles which, when linked together, formed a continuous barrier between <mask> and vast swathes of his domains, threatening all communication south of Paris. In 1121, <mask> established the marchands de l'eau, to regulate trade along the Seine.In 1122, Aimeri, Bishop of Clermont, appealed to <mask> after <mask>, Count of Auvergne, had driven him from his episcopal town. When William refused <mask>' summons, <mask> raised an army at Bourges, and marched into Auvergne, supported by some of his leading vassals, such as the Counts of Anjou, Brittany, and Nevers. <mask> seized the fortress of Pont-du-Chateau on the Allier, then attacked Clermont, which William was forced to abandon. Aimeri was restored. Four years later William rebelled again and <mask>, though his increasing weight made campaigning difficult, marched again. He burned Montferrand and seized Clermont a second time, captured William, and brought him before the court at Orléans to answer for his crimes. Some of the outlaws became notorious for their cruelty, the most notable being Thomas, Lord of Coucy, who was reputed to indulge in torture of his victims, including hanging men by their testicles, cutting out eyes, and chopping off feet.Guibert of Nogent noted of him, "No one can imagine the number of those who perished in his dungeons, from starvation, from torture, from filth." Another notable brigand was Hugh, Lord of Le Puiset, who was ravaging the lands around Chartres. In March 1111, <mask> heard charges against Hugh at his court at Melun from Theobald II, Count of Champagne, the Archbishop of Sens, and also from bishops and abbots. <mask> commanded Hugh to appear before him to answer these charges, but Hugh evaded the summons. <mask> stripped him of his lands and titles and laid siege to Le Puiset. After a fierce struggle, <mask> took the castle and burned it to the ground, taking Hugh prisoner. Rashly, <mask> released Hugh, and while <mask> was engaged in war with Henry I of England and Theobald, Hugh raised another band of brigands and began ravaging the country again.When <mask> returned his attention to Hugh, he found Le Puiset rebuilt and Hugh receiving aid from Theobald. Hugh held out against the King until Theobald abandoned him. Once again <mask> razed Le Puiset and Hugh, who had sworn never to return to his brigandage, rebuilt the castle and resumed terrorizing his neighbours. At the third attempt, <mask> finally defeated Hugh and stripped him of his possessions for the last time. Hugh later died on an expiatory pilgrimage to the Holy Land. These were just some of the recalcitrant nobles <mask> contended with. There were many more, and <mask> was in constant motion against them, leading his army from castle to castle, bringing law and order to his domains.The result was increased recognition of the King's authority and the Crown's ability to impose its will, so that all sectors of French society began to see the King as their protector. War with Henry I over Gisors

After seizing the English Crown, Henry I of England deprived his brother, Robert Curthose, of the Duchy of Normandy and quickly took possession of the castle at Gisors, a fortress of strategic importance on the
right bank of the Epte, commanding the road between Rouen and Paris. This violated an earlier agreement between
Henry and the French King that Gisors should remain in the hands of a neutral castellan, or else be demolished. This move threatened the Capetian domain and <mask> was outraged, demanding Henry, as his vassal, appear
before him to account for his actions. The two kings met, in force, in March 1109 at the borders of their respective
territories at the bridge of Neauphle on the Epte. Henry refused to relinquish Gisors. <mask> challenged the English
King to single combat to settle the issue.When Henry refused, war was inevitable, a war which would last, on and off, for twenty years. The first years of the war went well for <mask> until the influential Theobald II, Count of Champagne, switched to Henry's side. By early 1112 Theobald had succeeded in bringing together a coalition of barons
with grievances against <mask>: Lancelin of Bulles, Ralph of Beaugency, Milo of Bray-sur-Seine, Hugh of Crecy, Guy of Rochfort, Hugh of Le Puiset and Hugh, Count of Troyes. <mask> defeated Theobald's coalition but the additional effort meant he could not defeat the English monarch as well
or force him to abandon Gisors, and in March 1113 <mask> was forced to sign a treaty recognizing Henry I as suzerain
of Brittany and Maine. Peace of sorts lasted three years until April 1116 when hostilities renewed in the French and
Norman Vexins, with each king making gains from his rival. By 1119, buoyed by several successes and the capture (through treachery) of Les Andelys, <mask> felt ready for a final
encounter to end the war. In the fierce Battle of Bremule, in August 1119, <mask>'s troops
broke and were routed, abandoning the royal banner and sweeping the King along with them in retreat to Les Andelys.A
counterattack through Évreux to seize Breteuil failed, and <mask>, his health failing, looked for peace. He appealed to Pope Calixtus II, who agreed to help and met with Henry at Gisors in November 1120. The terms of the
peace included Henry's heir, William Adelin, doing homage to <mask> for Normandy, a return of all territories captured
by both kings with the painful exception of Gisors itself, which <mask> was forced to concede to Henry. Intervention in Flanders

On 2 March 1127, the count of Flanders, Charles the Good, was assassinated in St. Donatian's Cathedral at Bruges. It was a scandal in itself but made worse because it precipitated a succession crisis. Soon a number of relatives raised claims, including William of Ypres, popularly thought to be complicit in the murder; Thierry of Alsace; and Arnold of Denmark, nephew of Charles who seized Saint-Omer; Baldwin, Count of Hainault, who seized Oudenarde, and Godfrey I, Count of Louvain and Duke of Brabant. <mask> had his own candidate in mind and marched into Flanders with an army and urged the barons to elect William Clito, son of Robert Curthose, who had been disinherited of Normandy by his uncle Henry I of England, as their new Count.He had no better claim to Flanders than being the King's candidate but on 23 March 1127 he was elected Count by the Flemings. <mask> then moved decisively to secure Flanders, apprehending the murderers of Charles the Good and ousting the rival claimants. On 2 April he took Ghent, on 5 April Bruges, on 26 April he took Ypres, capturing William of Ypres and imprisoning him at Lille. He then quickly took Aire, Cassel and all the towns still loyal to William of Ypres. <mask>'s final act before leaving for France was to witness the execution of Charles the Good's murderers. They were hurled from the roof of the church of Saint Donatian where they had committed their crime. It was a triumph for <mask> and demonstrated how far the Crown had come under his leadership, but it was a brief triumph.The new young Count William Clito fared badly, relying on heavy handed feudal ways not suited to the more socially advanced and mercantile Flemings. William's knights ran amok and the Flemings rebelled against <mask>'s candidate. Ghent and Bruge appealed to Thierry of Alsace and Saint-Omer to Arnold of Denmark. <mask> attempted to intervene again but the moment was gone. The people of Bruge rejected him and recognized Thierry of Alsace as their Count, and he quickly moved to enforce his claim. <mask> called a great assembly at Arras and had Thierry excommunicated but it was a gesture. <mask> abandoned William of Clito, who died during a siege at Alost on 27 July 1128, and after the whole country finally submitted to Thierry, <mask> was obliged to confirm his claim.Invasion of Henry V

On 25 November 1120, <mask>' fortunes against Henry I of England were raised when Henry's heir, William Ætheling, drunkenly perished aboard the White Ship en route from Normandy to England, putting the future of Henry's dynasty and his position in doubt. By 1123 <mask> was involved with a coalition of Norman and French seigneurs opposed to Henry. The plan was to drive the English King from Normandy and replace him with William Clito. Henry, however, easily defeated this coalition then instigated his son-in-law, Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, to invade France. Henry V had married the Empress Matilda, the English King's daughter and the future mother of Henry II of England, 9 years earlier, in hopes of creating an Anglo-German empire, though the couple remained childless. Like <mask>, Henry V had designs on the Low Countries and an invasion of Northern France would enable him to strengthen his ambitions in Flanders, as well as support his father-in-law. Thus in 1124, Henry V assembled an army to march on Rheims.It never arrived. In testament to how far <mask> had risen as national protector, all of France rose to his appeal against the threat. Henry V was unwilling to see the French barons united behind their King, who now identified himself as the vassal of St. Denis, the patron saint of Paris, whose banner he now carried, and the proposed invasion was abandoned. Henry V died a year after the aborted campaign. Alliance of the Anglo-Normans and Anjou

In 1128 Henry I married his sole surviving legitimate child, the dowager Empress Matilda, to <mask>, Count of Anjou. This would prove to be a dangerous alliance for <mask> during the reign of his successor, <mask> of France. Final years

As <mask> VI approached his end, there seemed to be reasons for optimism.Henry I of England had died on 1 December 1135 and Stephen of Blois had seized the English crown, reneging on the oath he had sworn to Henry I to support Matilda. Stephen was thus in no position to bring the combined Anglo-Norman might against the French crown. <mask> had also made great strides in exercising his royal authority over his barons, and even Theobald II had finally rallied to the Capetian cause. Finally, on 9 April 1137, a dying William X, Duke of Aquitaine appointed <mask> guardian of his fifteen-year-old daughter and heiress, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Eleanor was suddenly the most eligible heiress in Europe, and <mask> wasted no time in marrying her to his own heir, the future <mask>, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux on 25 July 1137. At a stroke <mask> had added one of the most powerful duchies in France to the Capetian domains. <mask> died of dysentery 7 days later, on 1 August 1137.Despite his achievements, it would be the growing power of the soon to be Angevin Empire that would come to overshadow his successor, its seeds sown in the marriage between the Empress Matilda and <mask> and realised through their son, Henry II of England. <mask> was interred in the Basilica of St Denis in Paris. Marriages and children

He married in 1104: 1) Lucienne de Rochefort — the marriage was annulled on 23 May 1107 at the Council of Troyes by Pope Paschal II. He married in 1115: 2) Adélaide de Maurienne (1092–1154)

Their children:
 Philip (29 August 1116 – 13 October 1131), King of the Franks (1129–31), not to be confused with his brother of the same name; he died as a result of a fall from a horse. <mask> (1120 – 18 September 1180), King of the Franks
 Henry (1121 – 13 November 1175), Archbishop of Reims
 Hugh (ca 1122 – died young). Robert (ca 1123 – 11 October 1188), count of Dreux
 Peter (September 1126 – 10 April 1183), married Elizabeth, Lady of Courtenay
 Constance (ca 1128 – 16 August 1176), married first Eustace IV, count of Boulogne, and then Raymond V of Toulouse
 Philip (c.1132 -1160), Archdeacon of Paris

With Marie de Breuillet, daughter of Renaud de Breuillet de Dourdan, <mask> was the father of a daughter:
 Isabelle (ca 1105 – before 1175), married (ca. 1119) Guillaume I of Chaumont in 1117

Notes

References

Sources

 .1081 births
1137 deaths
12th-century kings of France
Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
Nobility from Paris
French Roman Catholics
House of Capet
Counts of Vexin

masks:
Louis VI
Louis
Louis VI
Louis
Louis
Louis VI
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
William VI
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
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Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Geoffrey Plantagenet
Louis
Louis VII
Louis
Louis
Louis VI
Louis
Louis VII
Louis
Louis
Geoffrey Plantagenet
Louis VI
Louis VII
Louis VI


texts:
<mask> (born 1957) is a Latin Rite Catholic priest, a Franciscan friar, author, and former ecumenical advisor for over twenty-five years to the former archbishop of Westminster Cardinal Basil Hume then to Cormac Murphy-O'Connor. Seed is known for his involvement in helping several British celebrities, politicians, and a member of the Royal Family to decide whether to convert to Catholicism. Early life
<mask> was born as Steven Wayne Godwin in Manchester, 1957, to a young woman called Marie, and baptised into the Catholic Church as an infant. He was adopted in 1958 by Joseph and <mask>. During his early childhood he and Lillian were subjected to abuse at the hands of his adoptive father, resulting in a number of suicide attempts by his mother. Seed was subjected to relentless bullying during his school years, alongside the constant abuse he faced at home. Following the suicide of his mother in 1966 and the death of his father in 1968, he was raised by his maternal grandmother.In 1970 Seed became a pupil at Knowl View residential school in Rochdale, where he remained for four years. His 2007 autobiography, Nobody's Child, later became an important source for the Independent Inquiry into Childhood Sexual Abuse investigating the abuse of pupils there at this time. Seed, who was himself abused by one of the teachers, described the level of sexual abuse at Knowl View as "beyond horror". Vocation
In his youth, Seed was involved in several different Christian denominations, including Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, the Salvation Army and the Baptist Union. Eventually, at the age of 18, Seed joined the Society of African Missions in 1976 and spent a year at the novitiate in Cork (city) in Ireland. After the novitiate he went to the SMA's house in New Barnet in north London and attended the now-defunct Missionary Institute in Mill Hill along with members of several religious congregations which prepare men for a lifetime of service to the poor of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Seed struck up a relationship with the Franciscan Friars of the Atonement (the Society of the Atonement) who ran a library close to Westminster Cathedral and eventually left his missionary society and joined the Franciscans, taking his first vows in 1982.He was ordained a priest on 18 January 1986 and, in 1988, Cardinal Basil Hume assigned him the post of Secretary for Ecumenical Affairs at Westminster Cathedral. Whilst at Westminster Cathedral, Seed assisted numerous people, including MPs Ann Widdecombe, John Gummer as well as The Duchess of Kent, in their decision to enter the Catholic Church. He celebrated Masses for the then Prime Minister, Tony Blair, and his family, prior to Blair's conversion to Catholicism in December 2007. He also has many connections with celebrity figures such as Charles Kennedy, and Terry Wogan . In 2003 Seed was painted by artist Christian Furr who has done a portrait of the Queen. Activities
In 16 February 1991 Seed appeared on an After Dark television discussion programme about sexaholics. In 2007, it was rumoured that Seed was in trouble with Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor; allegedly, the Cardinal was upset that Seed had introduced wealthy businessmen to government officials in an attempt to secure financing for Labour's flagship academies.Some speculated that Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor saw this move by Seed as unwarranted support of specific Labour policies. The Cardinal was also reported as being annoyed at Seed's statement that the then Prime Minister, Tony Blair, would become a Catholic upon leaving Downing Street. As noted above, Blair did indeed become a Catholic shortly after leaving office. However, <mask> only vacated his long standing position as Ecumenical Advisor on the retirement of Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor in 2008 when he was succeeded by Cardinal Vincent Nichols as the Archbishop of Westminster. Catholic peer Lord Alton said: "I hope that any decision taken about his future will ensure that his wonderful gifts are used in the most productive way. Fr <mask> is hugely respected at Westminster where he has quietly undertaken very considerable pastoral work." Catherine Pepinster, editor of Catholic newspaper The Tablet, added: "Many Catholics are dismayed by the departure of Fr <mask>.He has been a fixture of Catholic life in London for many years and has done much to raise the church's profile." In 2004, Pope John Paul II awarded him a cross of honour for his work. <mask> has written several books including his autobiography "Nobody's Child" in 2008 which has had excellent reviews and has been described as a "blazing testament to one human's raw courage, and his remarkable ability to finally triumph over the horrors of a stolen childhood." Other books include "Thinking of Becoming a Catholic" (2007) and "I Will See You in Heaven" (1996), "Will I See You in Heaven" (1999), and "Letters from the Heart" (2000). One of his first books, "I Will See You in Heaven, Where Animals  Don't Bite" (1991) is a collection of letters about heaven by various famous people with a foreword by Mother Teresa of Calcutta. Cardinal Basil Hume was one of the book's contributors and enjoyed a very close relationship with <mask> who helped him raise funds for the homeless centre The Passage which is still going strong. One of these fund raising events arranged by <mask>d was the annual "A Night Under The Stars".On 15 July 2009, Seed launched the second volume of his autobiography, Sinners and Saints, at Stringfellows lapdancing club in London's West End. The book received mixed reviews: The Telegraph "enjoyed the strange tale of carnality and cardinals". Church Times referred to it as an "unpriestly book" and "careless talk" with A.N. Wilson of The Observer bluntly stating that "He has now left Westminster Cathedral but he will surely not have left the public stage. Where two or three Hello!-style celebs are gathered together, Father <mask>d will surely be there in their midst, managing to be both clumsily sycophantic and intrusive." Regarding the alleged claim, by Seed, that Alan Clark became a Catholic on his death bed, Wilson asks "Which of the two – the dead Clark or God – leaked the story of his deathbed conversion to a newspaper we shall never know." Others, such as Peter Stanford, writing in The Independent newspaper point out that if Seed were "...indiscreet, the queue of people wanting to sit where I am now would quickly disappear."Indeed, even regarding his celebration of the Mass in Downing Street Stanford writes: "<mask> is eager to portray this special treatment not as a privilege, but as a kind of torture. "Mrs Blair" – he never uses their first names – "absolutely hated it. She hated not being able to go to Mass with everyone else." In 2010 it was reported that Seed had a minor heart attack whilst conducting a retreat in Florida and subsequently told to have a complete rest
The following year, it was reported that, due to financial irregularities,Seed had been suspended by the Society of the Atonement. He does not appear in the Society's list of friars. In a 2007 article in the Telegraph an anonymous friend is quoted as saying, "I've seen him after he has drunk far too much white wine in Soho. And I've seen his deeply spiritual side.He really does care. He is an extraordinary, special chap. A party in my garden once attracted the attention of the noise abatement people. He charmed them to death - they thought he was in fancy dress - and they gave up and went away. He's always up to adventures and mishaps." Bibliography
Nobody's Child by <mask>d (John Blake Publishing Ltd. 2007)

References

External links
Website of the Franciscan Sisters of the Atonement
Website of the Franciscan Friars of the Atonement
Website of the Catholic National Library,London
Article on Paul of Graymoor: Founder of the Society of the Atonement and Father of the Church Unity Octave at Catholic.org
Article on Mother Lurana, Foundress of the Sisters of the Atonement at Catholic.org

1957 births
Living people
20th-century English Roman Catholic priests
21st-century English Roman Catholic priests
English Franciscans

masks:
Michael Seed
Michael Seed
Lillian Seed
Michael Seed
Michael
Seed
Michael Seed
Michael Seed
Michael See
Michael See
Father Seed
Michael See


texts:
<mask> (November 15, 1738 – May 18, 1808) was a Baptist preacher in Virginia, who became an educator and capitalist entrepreneur in the area of Virginia that later became the state of Kentucky. He has sometimes, although rather dubiously, been credited with the invention of bourbon whiskey. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Orange County, Virginia in 1738, the 5th child of Polly Hawkins and Taliaferro or <mask>, Sr. Converted by Baptist David Thomas in 1764, <mask> soon began holding meetings in his tobacco barn. In 1766, he convinced David Read to travel from North Carolina to baptize members of the new congregation, including himself. His older brother Lewis and younger brother <mask> also became Baptist preachers. In 1768 Lewis was imprisoned with John Waller, James Childs, James Reed and William Marsh in the Fredericksburg jail for several weeks, for preaching without licenses from the established Anglican Church.In 1771 <mask> was ordained and became the pastor of Blue Run church, halfway between Barboursville and Liberty Mills, Virginia. He was also jailed in Orange and Culpeper counties at least twice for preaching without the required Virginia license from the Anglican Church. Such preachers were considered a challenge to the entire social order of the colony, as the established state church received funding from the colony. In 1774, the convention of independent Baptists designated <mask> and John Waller as apostles (missionaries) to evangelize north of the James River. Although Virginia had adopted the principle of freedom of religion in its Declaration of Rights in 1776 and again in the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom in 1786, Baptists still faced persecution during the early statehood period, particularly when they preached to mixed congregations of freemen and slaves, white and black. In these years, Baptists encouraged planters to free their slaves; and numerous slaves were freed in the Upper South during the first two decades after the Revolution. Later, the Baptists reconciled with the slavery institution, encouraging planters to use Christian values to improve treatment of slaves.<mask> became politically active as the legislative liaison of the general convention and general association to Virginia's legislature as well as the ratification convention of 1788. As such, he worked with Patrick Henry and James Madison to protect religious freedom federally and in Virginia after the Revolutionary War. Ultimately, religious freedom became protected in Virginia by statute (and the Anglican Church was disestablished, i.e. lost government financial support), as well as in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Baptist membership grew, particularly among common planters with smaller holdings of land and slaves. Migration and settling in Kentucky area of Virginia
Seeking religious freedom and economic opportunity, in 1781 <mask>'s brother Rev. <mask> led an exodus of up to 600 people known as "The Travelling Church" (composed of his parents, younger siblings, and most of his congregation from Spotsylvania County) to the area of Virginia known as Kentucky County (they were the largest single group to so migrate).<mask> did not go with this group but followed a few years later. In 1782 (just after the Revolutionary War), <mask> led the immigration of his congregation from Orange Co., VA, and purchased  in what was then Fayette County of Virginia, where he planned and laid out a town originally called Lebanon, which was incorporated in 1784. (In 1790 the town was renamed Georgetown in honor of Gen. George Washington, first president of the United States.) <mask> preached at several churches with John Waller. In 1786 <mask> became pastor of the Great Crossing Church, which they had founded the previous year. Joseph Redding succeeded <mask> in 1793 after a controversy concerning some of <mask>'s economic activities, and the expulsion of <mask> and his party. In 1795 <mask> was among the 35 founding members of McConnell's Church, near McConnells Run (that later moved and became known as Stamping Ground Baptist Church).Both churches were part of the Elkhorn Association of Baptist churches. <mask> was active in education, establishing the first classical school in Kentucky in 1787. His advertisement in The Kentucky Gazette read:
Education. Notice is hereby given that on Monday, 28 January next, a school will be opened by Messrs. Jones and Worley, at the Royal Spring in Lebanon Town, Fayette County, where a commodious house, sufficient to contain fifty or sixty scholars, will be prepared. They will teach the Latin and Greek languages, together with such branches of the sciences as are usually taught in public seminaries, at twenty five shillings a quarter for each scholar. One half to be paid in cash, the other half in produce at cash prices. There will be a vacation of a month in the spring, and another in the fall, at the close of each of which it is expected that such payments as are due in cash will be made.For diet, washing and house room for a year, each scholar pays £3 in cash, or 500 weight of pork on entrance, and £3 cash on the beginning of the third quarter. It is desired that, as many as can, would furnish themselves with beds; such as cannot may be provided for here, to the number of eight or ten boys, at 35s a year for each bed. ELIJAH CRAIG. LEBANON, December 27, 1787. The school was later linked to the Rittenhouse Academy, which <mask> founded in 1798. <mask> also donated land for Georgetown College, the first Baptist college founded west of the Allegheny Mountains. The college continues today.<mask> became a businessman and local magnate. He built Kentucky's first fulling mill (for cloth manufacturing), its first paper mill, its first ropewalk (for manufacturing rope from hemp), and the first lumber and gristmill at Georgetown. <mask> played a major role in forming the Georgetown Fire Department and also served as Fire Chief. Distillery
In approximately 1789, <mask> founded a distillery. This last enterprise led to his subsequent dubious reputation as the inventor of bourbon whiskey. <mask> has sometimes been claimed to have been the first to age the distillation in charred oak casks, "a process that gives the bourbon its brownish color and unique taste". <mask> built his distillery in what was then Fayette County.The location later became part of Woodford County in 1789, and then Scott County in 1792. It was never in Bourbon County, as some have claimed. As it happened, both Fayette County and Bourbon County were named in honor of the noted Revolutionary War Gen. Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, a French aristocrat of the royal House of Bourbon. American whiskey authority Charles Kendrick Cowdery believes <mask> was making exactly the same kind of whiskey as most of his contemporaries, and historian Henry Crowgey calls his reputed invention of bourbon simply a "charming legend". By 1785, when Bourbon County was formed, dozens (if not hundreds) of small farmer-distillers west of the Alleghenies made corn-based whiskies, which they called 'bourbon', to distinguish them from the rye-based whiskies commonly distilled in the East. No historical evidence indicates that <mask>'s whiskey was unique in its time, nor that he practiced charring of the aging barrels. The first known publication potentially alluding to <mask> as bourbon's inventor was in 1874 (this includes a brief entry in a densely packed list without mentioning <mask> himself or providing any documentation of the claim, and without any elaboration as to what distinguished the product as the first bourbon).Death
<mask> continued to prosper, eventually owning more than  and enough slaves to cultivate it, and operating a retail store in Frankfort. He died in Georgetown in 1808. John Taylor wrote of him in A History of Ten Baptist Churches, "His preaching was of the most solemn style; his appearance as of a man who had just come from the dead; of a delicate habit, a thin visage, large eyes and mouth; the sweet melody of his voice, both in preaching and singing, bore all down before it." The Kentucky Gazette eulogized <mask> as follows, "He possessed a mind extremely active and, as his whole property was expended in attempts to carry his plans to execution, he consequently died poor. If virtue consists in being useful to our fellow citizens, perhaps there were few more virtuous men than Mr. <mask>." Legacy

<mask> may be most widely known by the bourbon brand <mask> produced by Heaven Hill Distilleries.<mask> bourbon whiskey is made in both 12-year-old "Small Batch" and 18-year-old "Single Barrel" bottlings. The 18-Year-Old Single Barrel Bourbon is touted by its producer as "The oldest Single Barrel Bourbon in the world at 18 years ..." made in oak barrels that are "hand selected by Parker and <mask>", losing nearly  of the barrels' contents in Angel's share. References

1738 births
1808 deaths
American people of Scottish descent
American religious leaders
American drink distillers
American slave owners
Papermakers
Bourbon whiskey
People from Orange County, Virginia
People from Frankfort, Kentucky
People from Georgetown, Kentucky
Virginia colonial people

masks:
Elijah Craig
Craig
Toliver Craig
Elijah Craig
Joseph Craig
Elijah Craig
Elijah Craig
Craig
Elijah
Lewis Craig
Elijah Craig
Elijah Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Elijah Craig
Craig
Elijah Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Elijah Craig
Elijah Craig
Craig Beam