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<mask> (; May 22, 1844June 14, 1926) was an American painter and printmaker. She was born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania (now part of Pittsburgh's North Side), but lived much of her adult life in France where she befriended Edgar Degas and exhibited with the Impressionists. <mask> often created images of the social and private lives of women, with particular emphasis on the intimate bonds between mothers and children. She was described by Gustave Geffroy as one of "les trois grandes dames" (the three great ladies) of Impressionism alongside Marie Bracquemond and Berthe Morisot. In 1879,  Diego Martelli compared her to Degas, as they both sought to depict movement, light, and design in the most modern sense. Early life

<mask> was born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, which is now part of Pittsburgh. She was born into an upper-middle-class family: Her father, Robert Simpson Cassat (later <mask>), was a successful stockbroker and land speculator.The ancestral name had been Cossart, with the family descended from French Huguenot Jacques Cossart, who came to New Amsterdam in 1662. Her mother, Katherine Kelso Johnston, came from a banking family. <mask>, educated and well-read, had a profound influence on her daughter. To that effect, <mask>'s lifelong friend Louisine Havemeyer wrote in her memoirs: "Anyone who had the privilege of knowing <mask>'s mother would know at once that it was from her and her alone that [<mask>] inherited her ability." A distant cousin of artist Robert Henri, <mask> was one of seven children, of whom two died in infancy. One brother, Alexander Johnston <mask>, later became president of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The family moved eastward, first to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, then to the Philadelphia area, where she started her schooling at the age of six.<mask> grew up in an environment that viewed travel as integral to education; she spent five years in Europe and visited many of the capitals, including London, Paris, and Berlin. While abroad she learned German and French and had her first lessons in drawing and music. It is likely that her first exposure to French artists Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Eugène Delacroix, Camille Corot, and Gustave Courbet was at the Paris World's Fair of 1855. Also in the exhibition were Edgar Degas and Camille Pissarro, both of whom were later her colleagues and mentors. Though her family objected to her becoming a professional artist, <mask> began studying painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia at the early age of 15. Part of her parents' concern may have been <mask>'s exposure to feminist ideas and the bohemian behavior of some of the male students. As such, <mask> and her network of friends were lifelong advocates of equal rights for the sexes.Although about 20% of the students were female, most viewed art as a socially valuable skill; few of them were determined, as <mask> was, to make art their career. She continued her studies from 1861 through 1865, the duration of the American Civil War. Thomas Eakins was among her fellow students; later Eakins was forced to resign as director of the Academy. Impatient with the slow pace of instruction and the patronizing attitude of the male students and teachers, she decided to study the old masters on her own. She later said: "There was no teaching" at the Academy. Female students could not use live models, until somewhat later, and the principal training was primarily drawing from casts. <mask> decided to end her studies: At that time, no degree was granted.After overcoming her father's objections, she moved to Paris in 1866, with her mother and family friends acting as chaperones. Since women could not yet attend the École des Beaux-Arts, <mask> applied to study privately with masters from the school and was accepted to study with Jean-Léon Gérôme, a highly regarded teacher known for his hyper-realistic technique and his depiction of exotic subjects. (A few months later Gérôme also accepted Eakins as a student.) <mask> augmented her artistic training with daily copying in the Louvre, obtaining the required permit, which was necessary to control the "copyists", usually low-paid women, who daily filled the museum to paint copies for sale. The museum also served as a social place for Frenchmen and American female students, who, like <mask>, were not allowed to attend cafes where the avant-garde socialized. In this manner, fellow artist and friend Elizabeth Jane Gardner met and married famed academic painter William-Adolphe Bouguereau. Toward the end of 1866, she joined a painting class taught by Charles Joshua Chaplin, a genre artist.In 1868, <mask> also studied with artist Thomas Couture, whose subjects were mostly romantic and urban. On trips to the countryside, the students drew from life, particularly the peasants going about their daily activities. In 1868, one of her paintings, A Mandoline Player, was accepted for the first time by the selection jury for the Paris Salon. With Elizabeth Jane Gardner, whose work was also accepted by the jury that year, <mask> was one of two American women to first exhibit in the Salon. A Mandoline Player is in the Romantic style of Corot and Couture, and is one of only two paintings from the first decade of her career that is documented today. The French art scene was in a process of change, as radical artists such as Courbet and Édouard Manet tried to break away from accepted Academic tradition and the Impressionists were in their formative years. <mask>'s friend Eliza Haldeman wrote home that artists "are leaving the Academy style and each seeking a new way, consequently just now everything is Chaos."<mask>, on the other hand, continued to work in the traditional manner, submitting works to the Salon for over ten years, with increasing frustration. Returning to the United States in the late summer of 1870—as the Franco-Prussian War was starting—<mask> lived with her family in Altoona. Her father continued to resist her chosen vocation, and paid for her basic needs, but not her art supplies. <mask> placed two of her paintings in a New York gallery and found many admirers but no purchasers. She was also dismayed at the lack of paintings to study while staying at her summer residence. <mask> even considered giving up art, as she was determined to make an independent living. She wrote in a letter of July 1871, "I have given up my studio & torn up my father's portrait, & have not touched a brush for six weeks nor ever will again until I see some prospect of getting back to Europe.I am very anxious to go out west next fall & get some employment, but I have not yet decided where." <mask> traveled to Chicago to try her luck, but lost some of her early paintings in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Shortly afterward, her work attracted the attention of Roman Catholic Bishop Michael Domenec of Pittsburgh, who commissioned her to paint two copies of paintings by Correggio in Parma, Italy, advancing her enough money to cover her travel expenses and part of her stay. In her excitement she wrote, "O how wild I am to get to work, my fingers farely itch & my eyes water to see a fine picture again". With Emily Sartain, a fellow artist from a well-regarded artistic family from Philadelphia, <mask> set out for Europe again. Impressionism

Within months of her return to Europe in the autumn of 1871, <mask>'s prospects had brightened. Her painting Two Women Throwing Flowers During Carnival was well received in the Salon of 1872, and was purchased.She attracted much favorable notice in Parma and was supported and encouraged by the art community there: "All Parma is talking of Miss <mask> and her picture, and everyone is anxious to know her". After completing her commission for the bishop, <mask> traveled to Madrid and Seville, where she painted a group of paintings of Spanish subjects, including Spanish Dancer Wearing a Lace Mantilla (1873, in the National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution). In 1874, she made the decision to take up residence in France. She was joined by her sister Lydia who shared an apartment with her. <mask> opened a studio in Paris. Louisa May Alcott's sister, Abigail May Alcott, was then an art student in Paris and visited Cassatt. <mask> continued to express criticism of the politics of the Salon and the conventional taste that prevailed there.She was blunt in her comments, as reported by Sartain, who wrote: "she is entirely too slashing, snubs all modern art, disdains the Salon pictures of Cabanel, Bonnat, all the names we are used to revere". <mask> saw that works by female artists were often dismissed with contempt unless the artist had a friend or protector on the jury, and she would not flirt with jurors to curry favor. Her cynicism grew when one of the two pictures she submitted in 1875 was refused by the jury, only to be accepted the following year after she darkened the background. She had quarrels with Sartain, who thought <mask> too outspoken and self-centered, and eventually they parted. Out of her distress and self-criticism, <mask> decided that she needed to move away from genre paintings and onto more fashionable subjects, in order to attract portrait commissions from American socialites abroad, but that attempt bore little fruit at first. In 1877, both her entries were rejected, and for the first time in seven years she had no works in the Salon. At this low point in her career she was invited by Edgar Degas to show her works with the Impressionists, a group that had begun their own series of independent exhibitions in 1874 with much attendant notoriety.The Impressionists (also known as the "Independents" or "Intransigents") had no formal manifesto and varied considerably in subject matter and technique. They tended to prefer plein air painting and the application of vibrant color in separate strokes with little pre-mixing, which allows the eye to merge the results in an "impressionistic" manner. The Impressionists had been receiving the wrath of the critics for several years. Henry Bacon, a friend of the <mask>s, thought that the Impressionists were so radical that they were "afflicted with some hitherto unknown disease of the eye". They already had one female member, artist Berthe Morisot, who became <mask>'s friend and colleague. <mask> admired Degas, whose pastels had made a powerful impression on her when she encountered them in an art dealer's window in 1875. "I used to go and flatten my nose against that window and absorb all I could of his art," she later recalled."It changed my life. I saw art then as I wanted to see it." She accepted Degas' invitation with enthusiasm and began preparing paintings for the next Impressionist show, planned for 1878, which (after a postponement because of the World's Fair) took place on April 10, 1879. She felt comfortable with the Impressionists and joined their cause enthusiastically, declaring: "we are carrying on a despairing fight & need all our forces". Unable to attend cafes with them without attracting unfavorable attention, she met with them privately and at exhibitions. She now hoped for commercial success selling paintings to the sophisticated Parisians who preferred the avant-garde. Her style had gained a new spontaneity during the intervening two years.Previously a studio-bound artist, she had adopted the practice of carrying a sketchbook with her while out-of-doors or at the theater, and recording the scenes she saw. In 1877, <mask> was joined in Paris by her father and mother, who returned with her sister Lydia, all eventually to share a large apartment on the fifth floor of 13, Avenue Trudaine, (). <mask> valued their companionship, as neither she nor Lydia had married. A case was made that <mask> suffered from narcissistic disturbance, never completing the recognition of herself as a person outside of the orbit of her mother. <mask> had decided early in life that marriage would be incompatible with her career. Lydia, who was frequently painted by her sister, suffered from recurrent bouts of illness, and her death in 1882 left <mask> temporarily unable to work. <mask>'s father insisted that her studio and supplies be covered by her sales, which were still meager.Afraid of having to paint "potboilers" to make ends meet, <mask> applied herself to produce some quality paintings for the next Impressionist exhibition. Three of her most accomplished works from 1878 were Portrait of the Artist (self-portrait), Little Girl in a Blue Armchair, and Reading Le Figaro (portrait of her mother). Degas had considerable influence on <mask>. Both were highly experimental in their use of materials, trying distemper and metallic paints in many works, such as Woman Standing Holding a Fan, 1878–79 (Amon Carter Museum of American Art). She became extremely proficient in the use of pastels, eventually creating many of her most important works in this medium. Degas also introduced her to etching, of which he was a recognized master. The two worked side by side for a while, and her draftsmanship gained considerable strength under his tutelage.One example of her thoughtful approach to the medium of drypoint as a mode for reflecting on her status as an artist is 'Reflection' of 1889–90, which has recently been interpreted as a self-portrait. Degas in turn depicted <mask> in a series of etchings recording their trips to the Louvre. She treasured his friendship but learned not to expect too much from his fickle and temperamental nature after a project they were collaborating on at the time, a proposed journal devoted to prints, was abruptly dropped by him. The sophisticated and well-dressed Degas, then forty-five, was a welcome dinner guest at the Cassatt residence, and likewise they at his soirées. The Impressionist exhibit of 1879 was the most successful to date, despite the absence of Renoir, Sisley, Manet and Cézanne, who were attempting once again to gain recognition at the Salon. Through the efforts of Gustave Caillebotte, who organized and underwrote the show, the group made a profit and sold many works, although the criticism continued as harsh as ever. The Revue des Deux Mondes wrote, "M. Degas and Mlle.<mask> are, nevertheless, the only artists who distinguish themselves... and who offer some attraction and some excuse in the pretentious show of window dressing and infantile daubing". <mask> displayed eleven works, including Lydia in a Loge, Wearing a Pearl Necklace, (Woman in a Loge). Although critics claimed that <mask>'s colors were too bright and that her portraits were too accurate to be flattering to the subjects, her work was not savaged as was Monet's, whose circumstances were the most desperate of all the Impressionists at that time. She used her share of the profits to purchase a work by Degas and one by Monet. She participated in the Impressionist Exhibitions that followed in 1880 and 1881, and she remained an active member of the Impressionist circle until 1886. In 1886, <mask> provided two paintings for the first Impressionist exhibition in the US, organized by art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel. Her friend Louisine Elder married Harry Havemeyer in 1883, and with <mask> as advisor, the couple began collecting the Impressionists on a grand scale.Much of their vast collection is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. <mask> also made several portraits of family members during that period, of

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 which Portrait of <mask> and His Son Robert Kelso (1885) is one of her best regarded. <mask>'s style then evolved, and she moved away from Impressionism to a simpler, more straightforward approach. She began to exhibit her works in New York galleries as well. After 1886, <mask> no longer identified herself with any art movement and experimented with a variety of techniques. Feminist Viewpoints and the "New Woman"

<mask> and her contemporaries enjoyed the wave of feminism that occurred in the 1840s, allowing them access to educational institutions at newly coed colleges and universities, such as Oberlin and the University of Michigan. Likewise, women's colleges such as Vassar, Smith and Wellesley opened their doors during this time.Cassat was an outspoken advocate for women's equality, campaigning with her friends for equal travel scholarships for students in the 1860s, and the right to vote in the 1910s. <mask> depicted the "New Woman" of the 19th century from the woman's perspective. As a successful, highly trained woman artist who never married, <mask>—like Ellen Day Hale, Elizabeth Coffin, Elizabeth Nourse and Cecilia Beaux—personified the "New Woman". She "initiated the profound beginnings in recreating the image of the 'new' women", drawn from the influence of her intelligent and active mother, <mask>, who believed in educating women to be knowledgeable and socially active. She is depicted in Reading 'Le Figaro' (1878). Although <mask> did not explicitly make political statements about women's rights in her work, her artistic portrayal of women was consistently done with dignity and the suggestion of a deeper, meaningful inner life. <mask> objected to being stereotyped as a "woman artist", she supported women's suffrage, and in 1915 showed eighteen works in an exhibition supporting the movement organised by Louisine Havemeyer, a committed and active feminist.The exhibition brought her into conflict with her sister-in-law Eugenie <mask>, who was anti-suffrage and who boycotted the show along with Philadelphia society in general. <mask> responded by selling off her work that was otherwise destined for her heirs. In particular The Boating Party, thought to have been inspired by the birth of Eugenie's daughter <mask>, was bought by the National Gallery, Washington DC. Relationship with Degas

<mask> and Degas had a long period of collaboration. The two painters had studios close together, <mask> at 19, rue Laval, (), Degas at 4, rue Frochot, (), less than a five-minute stroll apart, and Degas developed the habit of looking in at <mask>'s studio and offering her advice and helping her gain models. They had much in common: they shared similar tastes in art and literature, came from affluent backgrounds, had studied painting in Italy, and both were independent, never marrying. The degree of intimacy between them cannot be assessed now, as no letters survive, but it is unlikely they were in a relationship given their conservative social backgrounds and strong moral principles.Several of Vincent van Gogh's letters attest Degas' sexual continence. Degas introduced <mask> to pastel and engraving, both of which <mask> quickly mastered, while for her part <mask> was instrumental in helping Degas sell his paintings and promoting his reputation in America. Both regarded themselves as figure painters, and the art historian George Shackelford suggests they were influenced by the art critic Louis Edmond Duranty's appeal in his pamphlet The New Painting for a revitalization in figure painting: "Let us take leave of the stylized human body, which is treated like a vase. What we need is the characteristic modern person in his clothes, in the midst of his social surroundings, at home or out in the street." After <mask>'s parents and sister Lydia joined <mask> in Paris in 1877, Degas, <mask>, and Lydia were often to be seen at the Louvre studying artworks together. Degas produced two prints, notable for their technical innovation, depicting <mask> at the Louvre looking at artworks while Lydia reads a guidebook. These were destined for a prints journal planned by Degas (together with Camille Pissarro and others), which never came to fruition.<mask> frequently posed for Degas, notably for his millinery series trying on hats. Around 1884, Degas made a portrait in oils of <mask>, <mask> Seated, Holding Cards. A Self-Portrait (c. 1880) by <mask> depicts her in the identical hat and dress, leading art historian Griselda Pollock to speculate they were executed in a joint painting session in the early years of their acquaintance. <mask> and Degas worked most closely together in the fall and winter of 1879–80 when <mask> was mastering her printmaking technique. Degas owned a small printing press, and by day she worked at his studio using his tools and press while in the evening she made studies for the etching plate the next day. However, in April 1880, Degas abruptly withdrew from the prints journal they had been collaborating on, and without his support the project folded. Degas' withdrawal piqued <mask> who had worked hard at preparing a print, In the Opera Box, in a large edition of fifty impressions, no doubt destined for the journal.Although <mask>'s warm feelings for Degas were to last her entire life, she never again worked with him as closely as she had over the prints journal. Mathews notes that she ceased executing her theater scenes at this time. Degas was forthright in his views, as was <mask>. They clashed over the Dreyfus affair (early in her career she had executed a portrait of the art collector Moyse Dreyfus, a relative of the court-martialled lieutenant at the center of the affair). <mask> later expressed satisfaction at the irony of Lousine Havermeyer's 1915 joint exhibition of hers and Degas' work being held in aid of women's suffrage, equally capable of affectionately repeating Degas' antifemale comments as being estranged by them (when viewing her Two Women Picking Fruit for the first time, he had commented "No woman has the right to draw like that"). From the 1890s onwards their relationship took on a decidedly commercial aspect, as in general had <mask>'s other relations with the Impressionist circle; nevertheless they continued to visit each other until Degas died in 1917. Later life

<mask>'s reputation is based on an extensive series of rigorously drawn and tenderly observed paintings and prints on the theme of the mother and child.The earliest dated work on this subject is the drypoint Gardner Held by His Mother (an impression inscribed "Jan/88" is in the New York Public Library), although she had painted a few earlier works on the theme. Some of these works depict her own relatives, friends, or clients, although in her later years she generally used professional models in compositions that are often reminiscent of Italian Renaissance depictions of the Madonna and Child. After 1900, she concentrated almost exclusively on mother-and-child subjects, such as Woman with a Sunflower. Viewers may be surprised to find that despite her focus on portraying mother-child pairs in her portraits, "<mask> rejected the idea of becoming a wife and mother..."

The 1890s were <mask>'s busiest and most creative period. She had matured considerably and became more diplomatic and less blunt in her opinions. She also became a role model for young American artists who sought her advice. Among them was Lucy A. Bacon, whom <mask> introduced to Camille Pissarro.Though the Impressionist group disbanded, <mask> still had contact with some of the members, including Renoir, Monet, and Pissarro. In 1891, she exhibited a series of highly original colored drypoint and aquatint prints, including Woman Bathing and The Coiffure, inspired by the Japanese masters shown in Paris the year before. (See Japonism) <mask> was attracted to the simplicity and clarity of Japanese design, and the skillful use of blocks of color. In her interpretation, she used primarily light, delicate pastel colors and avoided black (a "forbidden" color among the Impressionists). Adelyn D. Breeskin, the author of two catalogue raisonnés of <mask>'s work, comments that these colored prints, "now stand as her most original contribution... adding a new chapter to the history of graphic arts...technically, as color prints, they have never been surpassed". Also in 1891, Chicago businesswoman Bertha Palmer approached <mask> to paint a 12' × 58' mural about "Modern Woman" for the Women's Building for the World's Columbian Exposition to be held in 1893. <mask> completed the project over the next two years while living in France with her mother.The mural was designed as a triptych. The central theme was titled Young Women Plucking the Fruits of Knowledge or Science. The left panel was Young Girls Pursuing Fame and the right panel Arts, Music, Dancing. The mural displays a community of women apart from their relation to men, as accomplished persons in their own right. Palmer considered <mask> to be an American treasure and could think of no one better to paint a mural at an exposition that was to do so much to focus the world's attention on the status of women. Unfortunately the mural did not survive following the run of the exhibition when the building was torn down. <mask> made several studies and paintings on themes similar to those in the mural, so it is possible to see her development of those ideas and images.<mask> also exhibited other paintings in the Exposition. As the new century arrived, <mask> served as an advisor to several major art collectors and stipulated that they eventually donate their purchases to American art museums. In recognition of her contributions to the arts, France awarded her the Légion d'honneur in 1904. Although instrumental in advising American collectors, recognition of her art came more slowly in the United States. Even among her family members back in America, she received little recognition and was totally overshadowed by her famous brother. <mask>'s brother, <mask>, was president of the Pennsylvania Railroad from 1899 until his death in 1906. She was shaken, as they had been close, but she continued to be very productive in the years leading up to 1910.An increasing sentimentality is apparent in her work of the 1900s; her work was popular with the public and the critics, but she was no longer breaking new ground, and her Impressionist colleagues who once provided stimulation and criticism were dying. She was hostile to such new developments in art as post-Impressionism, Fauvism and Cubism. Two of her works appeared in the Armory Show of 1913, both images of a mother and child. A trip to Egypt in 1910 impressed <mask> with the beauty of its ancient art, but was followed by a crisis of creativity; not only had the trip exhausted her, but she declared herself "crushed by the strength of this Art", saying, "I fought against it but it conquered, it is surely the greatest Art the past has left us ... how are my feeble hands to ever paint the effect on me." Diagnosed with diabetes, rheumatism, neuralgia, and cataracts in 1911, she did not slow down, but after 1914 she was forced to stop painting as she became almost blind. <mask> died on June 14, 1926 at Château de Beaufresne, near Paris, and was buried in the family vault at Le Mesnil-Théribus, France. Legacy
 <mask> inspired many Canadian women artists who were members of the Beaver Hall Group.The SS Mary Cassatt was a World War II Liberty ship, launched May 16, 1943. A quartet of young Juilliard string musicians formed the all-female Cassatt Quartet in 1985, named in honor of the painter. In 2009, the award-winning group recorded String Quartets Nos. 1–3 (Cassatt String Quartet) by composer Dan Welcher; the 3rd quartet on the album was written inspired by the work of <mask> as well. In 1966, <mask>'s painting The Boating Party was reproduced on a US postage stamp. Later she was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 23-cent Great Americans series postage stamp. In 1973, <mask> was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.In 2003, four of her paintings – Young Mother (1888), Children Playing on the Beach (1884), On a Balcony (1878/79) and Child in a Straw Hat (circa 1886) – were reproduced on the third issue in the American Treasures stamp series. On May 22, 2009, she was honored by a Google Doodle in recognition of her birthday. <mask>'s paintings have sold for as much as $4 million, the record price of $4,072,500 being set in 1996 at Christie's, New York, for In the Box. A public garden in the 12th arrondissement of Paris is named 'Jardin <mask>' in her memory. Gallery

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References

Bibliography

 (mentions family relationship to <mask>)

Further reading
 Adelson, Warren; Bertalan, Sarah; Mathews, Nancy Mowll; Pinsky, Susan; Rosen, Marc (2008). <mask>: Prints and Drawings from the Collection of Ambroise Vollard. New York: Adelson Galleries. .
 Barter, Judith A., et al.<mask>: Modern Woman. Exhibition catalogue. New York: Art Institute of Chicago in association with Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1998. Breeskin, Adelyn D. <mask>: A Catalogue Raisonné of the Oils, Pastels, Watercolors, and Drawings. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970. Conrads, Margaret C. American Paintings and Sculpture at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute. New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1990.Pinsky, Susan; Rosen, Marc; Adelson, Warren; Cantor, Jay E.; Shapiro, Barbara Stern (2000). <mask>: Prints and Drawings from the Artist's Studio. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. .
 Pollock, Griselda. <mask>: Painter of Modern Women. World of Art. London: Thames and Hudson, 1998. Stratton, Suzanne L. Spain, Espagne, Spanien: Foreign Artists Discover Spain 1800–1900.Exhibition catalogue. New York: The Spanish Institute in association with the Equitable Gallery, 1993. (see index)

External links

 Jennifer A. Thompson, "On the Balcony by <mask> <mask> (W1906-1-7)" in The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works, a Philadelphia Museum of Art free digital publication. <mask>'s Cat Paintings
 A finding aid to the <mask> letters, 1882–1926 at the Archives of Art, Smithsonian Institution
 <mask> at the National Gallery of Art
 <mask>att Gallery at MuseumSyndicate.com
 <mask> at the WebMuseum. <mask> prints at the National Art History Institut (INHA) in Paris
 The Havemeyer Family Papers relating to Art Collecting <mask> was a close personal friend of Louisine Havemeyer and acted as an art collecting advisor and buying agent for the Havemeyer family. This archival collection includes original letters from <mask> to Louisine and Henry Osborne Havemeyer. The foundation in France for the remembrance of <mask>, located in the village of Mesnil-Theribus, where <mask> lived and is buried
 Bibliothèque numérique de l'INHA – Estampes de Mary Cassatt

1844 births
1926 deaths
Artists from Pittsburgh
American Impressionist painters
American expatriates in France
American printmakers
American women painters
Painters from Pennsylvania
American women printmakers
American portrait painters
19th-century American painters
20th-century American painters
19th-century American women artists
20th-century American women artists
Color engravers
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
Alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Blind people from the United States
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Burials in

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<mask> is a Singaporean business executive and former lieutenant-general who served as the Chief of Defence Force between 2007 and 2010. He also served as the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Environment and Water Resource between 2010 and 2012, and the president and chief executive officer of the SMRT Corporation between 2012 and 2018. Education
<mask> studied in Anglo-Chinese School and Anglo-Chinese Junior College. He was awarded the Singapore Armed Forces Overseas Scholarship in 1982. He holds Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees in Engineering Science from the University of Oxford, as well as a Master of Public Administration degree (Macroeconomics and Statistics) from Harvard University. Career

Singapore Armed Forces (1981–2010)
<mask> was enlisted in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) in 1981. He attended the Infantry Officer Basic Course in Fort Benning, USA and was awarded the Distinguished Allied Leadership Graduate in 1985.He was the top student at the Army's Company Tactics Course in 1987 and Battalion Tactics Course in 1989, held in SAFTI, Singapore. He also attended the Command and Staff Course at Camberley Staff College in the United Kingdom in 1991. As a scholar, he rose rapidly through the ranks, receiving the following appointments:
 Commanding Officer, 41st Battalion Singapore Armoured Regiment;
 Head of Defence Studies Department, Ministry of Defence;
 Commander, 4th Singapore Armoured Brigade;
 Assistant Chief of the General Staff (Operations);
 Commander, 3rd Division;
 Chief of Staff, General Staff;
 Director, Joint Intelligence Directorate;
 Chief of Army (2003–2007). On 23 March 2007, he succeeded Ng Yat Chung as the Chief of Defence Force (CDF). <mask> relinquished his appointment as the CDF on 31 March 2010 and was succeeded by Neo Kian Hong. Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources (2010–2012)
After leaving the military, <mask> served as a Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources from 1 July 2010 to 30 September 2012. During his tenure, he co-chaired the Environment and Water Technologies (Clean Water) Executive Committee and the Steering Committee on CleanTech Park.SMRT Corporation Limited (2012–2018)
On 1 October 2012, <mask> was appointed President and Group CEO of SMRT Corporation Limited (SMRT), a transport company providing rail, bus, and taxi services. As group CEO, he was also responsible for taking the company private by selling it to Temasek Holdings on 29 September 2016. In a press statement on 18 April 2018, SMRT announced that former Chief of Defence Force (CDF) Neo Kian Hong will replace <mask> as group CEO from 1 August. <mask> led SMRT's rail transformation effort to renew and improve the ageing North-South and East-West Lines, Singapore's oldest, longest and most heavily-used MRT lines . The multi-year, multi-project renewal effort spearheaded by Singapore's Land Transport Authority (LTA) involves six major components and will stretch into the early 2020s. These are the six major components that SMRT has been working on together with LTA:

 Sleeper replacement: 188,000 wooden sleepers were replaced with concrete sleepers. Power rail replacement: Some 200 km of Third Rails (Power Rails) and insulators were renewed.Re-signalling project: The legacy Westinghouse fixed-block system (used since the late 1980s) was replaced by a communications-based train control system supplied by Thales. Power supply system renewal
 Track circuit replacement
 Introduction of new trains

Working in partnership with LTA, three of the six projects were completed under <mask>'s watch. These are the projects to renew the sleepers and power rails, and the re-signalling effort. A project with Otis Elevator Company to renew NSEWL escalators throughout the network began in August 2016 and is expected to be completed in the early 2020s. In his review of <mask>'s tenure, the Straits Times Senior Transport Correspondent Mr Christopher Tan noted that <mask> led SMRT "during what was probably its most tumultuous period". Tan wrote: "But even though his tenure was marred by incidents such as track deaths and tunnel flooding, he was part of the team – along with SMRT Trains chief Lee Ling Wee – which rebuilt the reliability of the North-South and East-West lines. As of the end of March this year, the North-South Line clocked an average of 604,000 train-km before a delay lasting more than five minutes; for the East-West Line, the figure was 272,000 train-km.These were some 10 times better than the lines' performance in 2011. The number of major breakdowns – those lasting more than 30 minutes – on Singapore's two oldest lines has also decreased to just one in the first quarter. At their worst, the two lines chalked up nearly one such breakdown each month. The Circle Line, which is likewise operated by SMRT, also posted a tenfold improvement in reliability over the same period to 1.8 million train-km between delays." Founder, Genium & Co (2018–present)
On 24 November 2018, the Straits Times reported that <mask> had founded a leadership consultancy called Genium & Co. The company is helmed by two former SAF officers, Mr Fred Tan and Mr Ang Yau Choon, who serve as managing directors. Mr Tan headed the Singapore Armed Forces' Centre for Leadership Development while Mr Ang, 51, served as commander of the SAF Commando Training Institute.Genium's principal activities are in organisational transformation, strategy execution, crisis leadership, experiential learning and performance excellence. UBS (2019)
<mask> joined Swiss investment bank UBS on 18 February 2019 as its Singapore-based divisional vice-chairman for global wealth management. UBS announced <mask>n Tentara (Kehormat), Malaysia in 2008. Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant, Thailand in 2008.Darjah Paduka Keberanian Laila Terbilang Yang Amat Gemilang Darjah Pertama, Brunei in 2007. Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Utama, Indonesia in 2006. References

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Alumni of the University of Oxford
Anglo-Chinese Junior College alumni
Anglo-Chinese School alumni
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Living people
Chiefs of Defence Force (Singapore)
Chiefs of the Singapore Army
Singaporean people of Hokkien descent
1963 births

masks:
Desmond Kuek Bak Chye
Kuek
Kuek
Kuek
Kuek
Kuek
Desmond Kuek
Kuek
Kuek
Kuek
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<mask> (; born September 21, 1967), known professionally as <mask>, is an American singer, record producer and actress. She is one of the most successful country music artists of all time, having sold more than 40 million albums worldwide. <mask>'s first two albums, Take Me as I Am (1993) and It Matters to Me (1995), were major successes and placed a combined three number ones on Billboard's country charts. She then achieved mainstream and crossover success with her next two albums, <mask> (1998) and Breathe (1999). <mask> spawned her first international success in early 1998, "This Kiss", while Breathe became one of the best-selling country albums of all time, led by the huge crossover success of the songs "Breathe" and "The Way You Love Me". It had massive sales worldwide and earned <mask> three Grammy Awards. In 2001, she recorded "There You'll Be" for the Pearl Harbor soundtrack and it became an international success and her best-selling single in Europe.<mask>'s next two albums, Cry (2002) and Fireflies (2005), were both commercial successes; the former spawned another crossover single, "Cry", which won <mask> a Grammy Award, and the latter produced the singles "Mississippi Girl" and "Like We Never Loved at All", which earned her another Grammy Award. <mask> has won five Grammy Awards, 15 Academy of Country Music Awards, six American Music Awards, and several other awards. Her Soul2Soul II Tour 2006 with Tim McGraw became the highest-grossing country tour of all time. In 2001, she was named one of the "30 Most Powerful Women in America" by Ladies Home Journal. In 2009, Billboard named her as the No. 1 Adult Contemporary artist of the 2000s decade and also as the 39th best artist. From 2007 to 2012, <mask> was the voice of NBC Sunday Night Football'''s intro song.<mask> received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2019. <mask> is married to American singer Tim McGraw, with whom she has recorded several duets. Early life and career beginnings
<mask> was born in Ridgeland, Mississippi, north of Jackson, Mississippi. She was adopted as an infant, and named <mask> Perry. She was raised in the nearby town of Star, 20 miles outside of Jackson. Her adoptive parents, Edna and Ted Perry, raised her with their two biological sons in a devout Christian environment. <mask>'s vocal talent was apparent early, and she had her first public performance, at a 4-H luncheon, when she was seven.In 1976, a few days before her 9th birthday, she attended a concert by Elvis Presley at the State Fair Coliseum, in Jackson, which impressed her deeply. By the time she was a teenager, <mask> was a regular performer at area churches, even those not in her own Baptist denomination. At 17, <mask> formed a band that played in local rodeos. She graduated from McLaurin Attendance Center in 1986, and briefly attended college at Hinds Junior College (now Hinds Community College) in Raymond, Mississippi. At times, she sang for prisoners at the Hinds County Jail, her song of choice being "Amazing Grace". At age 19 she quit school to move to Nashville and pursue her dream of being a country singer. In her early days in Nashville, <mask> auditioned to be a backup singer for Reba McEntire, but failed to secure the job.A few years later in 1991, the singer who beat out <mask> for the job was killed in a plane crash with 6 other members of Reba's band. After a stint selling T-shirts, <mask> became a secretary at a music publishing firm. <mask> also landed a job at a local McDonald's restaurant franchise, which she disliked intensely. "Fries, burgers, cash register – I did it all, I hated it," she has said. In 1988, she married music publishing executive <mask> (not to be confused with Canadian musician <mask>). A co-worker heard <mask> singing to herself one day, and soon the head of her music publishing company was encouraging her to become a demo singer for the firm. She supplemented this work by singing backup vocals for songwriter Gary Burr, who often performed his new songs at Nashville's Bluebird Cafe.During one of those performances, Martha Sharp, an executive from Warner Bros. Records was in the audience, and, impressed with <mask>'s voice, began the process of signing her to a recording contract. Shortly after the release of her album, she and <mask> divorced in 1994. Music career
1993–1997: Country music success
<mask>'s debut album was Take Me as I Am (1993); sales were strong, buoyed by the chart success of "Wild One". <mask> became the first female country singer in 30 years to hold Billboard number one position for four consecutive weeks when "Wild One" managed the feat in 1994. Her version of "Piece of My Heart", also went to the top of the country charts in 1994. The album sold a total of 3 million copies. Other singles from the album include "Take Me as I Am".The recording of <mask>'s second album was delayed by surgery to repair a ruptured blood vessel on her vocal cords. It Matters to Me finally appeared in 1995 and was another success, with the title track becoming her third number-one country single. Several other top 10 singles followed, and more than 3 million copies of the album were sold. The fifth single from the album, "I Can't Do That Anymore", was written by Alan Jackson. Other singles from the album include "You Can't Lose Me", "Someone Else's Dream", and "Let's Go to Vegas". During this period, <mask> appeared on the acclaimed PBS music program Austin City Limits. In spring 1996, <mask> began the Spontaneous Combustion Tour with country singer Tim McGraw.At that time, <mask> had recently become engaged to her former producer, Scott Hendricks, and McGraw had recently broken an engagement. McGraw and <mask> were quickly attracted to each other and began a relationship. After discovering that <mask> was pregnant with their first child, the couple married on October 6, 1996. The couple have three daughters together: Gracie Katherine (born 1997), Maggie Elizabeth (born 1998) and Audrey Caroline (born 2001). Since their marriage, <mask> and McGraw have endeavored never to be apart for more than three consecutive days. After the release of It Matters to Me, <mask> took a three-year break from recording to give herself a rest from four years of touring and to begin a family with McGraw. During her break, she joined forces with her husband for their first duet, "It's Your Love".The song stayed at number one for six weeks, and won awards from both the Academy of Country Music and the Country Music Association. <mask> has remarked that sometimes when they perform the song together, "it [doesn't] feel like anybody else was really watching." 1998–2003: Pop music crossover & career breakthrough
<mask> re-entered the music business in 1998 with her third album <mask>. The album showcased her progression toward a more mainstream, pop-oriented sound, although it retained a distinct country sound. "This Kiss" became a number one country hit, and was the first of her singles to place on the pop charts, peaking at number seven. More than six million copies of the album were sold. The album also delivered several other hits including another duet with McGraw, "Just To Hear You Say That You Love Me", "Let Me Let Go" and "The Secret of Life".To follow up this newfound success, <mask> immediately released Breathe in November 1999, which debuted at the top of the Billboard Country and all genre charts, ahead of albums by Mariah Carey and Savage Garden. Although the album had few overt country sounds, it "complement[ed] her vocal strengths." For the first time, the album consisted solely of songs about love and did not venture into the more somber territory that her previous albums had touched. The title track, "Breathe", reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. "The Way You Love Me" hit the top 10 as well, topping out at number six on the charts. The album won <mask> three Grammy Awards including Best Country Album, Best Country Collaboration With Vocals for "Let's Make Love" featuring Tim McGraw and Best Country Female Vocal Performance for "Breathe". It also marked a step away from her girl-next-door image, as the videos and promotional pictures all portrayed a much sexier image.Breathe has sold almost 10 million copies worldwide. 2000 was an especially busy year for <mask>; besides a successful tour with her husband, <mask> was featured in a CBS television special, VH1's Behind the Music, VH1 Divas 2000, and the Lifetime cable channel's Intimate Portrait series. She signed an endorsement deal with CoverGirl makeup, performed at the Academy Awards and the Grammy Awards, appeared on the cover of numerous magazines, and performed the national anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV. <mask> was also named to Mr. Blackwell's 10-best dressed women of 2000, the only singer listed among actresses and other celebrities. <mask> and McGraw also embarked on their first Soul2Soul tour, the "Soul2Soul Tour 2000". Musically, in 2000, <mask> recorded a song for the movie Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas, entitled "Where Are You Christmas" (written by James Horner, Will Jennings and R&B artist Mariah Carey). The song also appeared on the pop and country charts.<mask>'s success on the pop charts disturbed some country music insiders, who questioned whether she was trying to dismiss her country roots and move into the pop genre. Despite the grumbling, <mask> won the CMA Female Vocalist of the Year Award, and in her acceptance speech announced, "I love this business, and I love this industry... and my heart is here." In 2001, <mask> recorded a song for the Pearl Harbor soundtrack. The track, also titled "There You'll Be", which was originally offered to Celine Dion, has since become one of <mask>'s most critically acclaimed songs. Because of the single's international success, a compilation album There You'll Be: The Best of <mask> Hill, was released to international markets. The album featured dance mixes of "Breathe" and "The Way You Love Me" along with alternate versions of "Piece of My Heart" and "Let Me Let Go". "There You'll Be"  was nominated for a 2002 Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and for an Academy Award for Best Original Song in a motion picture.In 2002, <mask> released her fifth studio album, Cry. The album "spotlight[ed] her impressive set of pipes", and also marked the completion of her "transformation into a pop diva", containing few nods to her country roots. Though the album debuted at number one on Billboard magazine's pop and country album charts, the album's singles received much less country radio airplay than her previous hits, instead aiming to international and adult contemporary markets. The album also won a Grammy Award and over 3.7 million copies have been sold worldwide. An album track from the album "Baby You Belong", was used as the theme song for the movie Lilo & Stitch. The music video featured clips from the movie as well as performance clips. "When the Lights Go Down", the official second single from the album was used to promote an NBC television special which detailed the making of Cry and also featured intimate performances of <mask>'s hits.2005–2006: Return to country music

In 2005, <mask> returned with her new country album, Fireflies. The CD debuted on top of the Billboard Country and all genre album charts, placing her among only a handful of artists to have three consecutive albums debut at number one on both charts. The debut single, "Mississippi Girl", became <mask>'s highest-debuting single. The song was written specifically for her by John Rich (of Big and Rich) and Adam Shoenfield of MuzikMafia, and tells the abbreviated story of her life. <mask> recorded two other songs by Rich, "Sunshine and Summertime" and "Like We Never Loved at All", both of which became successful singles. The title track "Fireflies", "Stealing Kisses" and "If You Ask" were written by artist Lori McKenna and also appear on McKenna's albums. They appeared and performed the songs together on the Oprah Winfrey Show and an awards show.The album marked a return to <mask>'s country roots and succeeded in reestablishing her place on country radio. In 2006, after a six-year break from touring following the birth of her youngest daughter, <mask>

masks:
Audrey Faith McGraw
Faith Hill
Hill
Faith
Faith
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
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Hill
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Audrey Faith
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Daniel Hill
Dan Hill
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Daniel Hill
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Faith
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Faith Hill
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 and husband Tim McGraw embarked on their Soul2Soul II Tour 2006. The tour became the highest grossing country music tour ever with a gross of $90 million. It was named "Major Tour of the Year" by the prestigious Pollstar, beating out such heavyweights as Madonna and the Rolling Stones. 2007–2010: Love Will Always Win, The Hits, Joy to the World and NBC Sunday Night Football
In 2007, <mask> started work on her first domestic greatest hits package, titled The Hits, which was released on October 2. It contains two new tracks, "Lost" and "Red Umbrella", as well as 13 additional tracks. The album also features hits covering her entire career from 1993 to 2005.Included with the 2-Disc Special-Edition of The Hits is a DVD of 11 of <mask>'s music videos. The DVD substitutes the Tim McGraw duet "Just To Hear You Say That You Love Me" for their "I Need You" duet on the CD. <mask> is also featured on husband's 2007 album Let It Go where she sings two duets with him, "I Need You" and "Shotgun Rider". Both of these songs were performed during the couple's critically acclaimed Soul2Soul II Tour; this tour began in June 2006 and ran through to August 2007. The song I Need You was nominated for both the Best Country Collaboration with Vocals and Best Country Song awards at the 2008 Grammy Awards. At the beginning of the 2007 NFL season, <mask> replaced Pink as the signature voice of NFL on NBC's Sunday Night Football, singing the weekly game's introductory theme song; of which the show's producer said:

<mask> performed this opening theme until April 15, 2013. In September 2008, <mask> issued her first Christmas album, titled Joy to the World.The compilation was given positive reviews, including about.com, which gave the album four and a half out of five stars, calling the album, "a great collection of classic Christmas songs". <mask> continually worked on the album two years prior to its official release. The album included one original track, "A Baby Changes Everything", which was released as the album's only single in late 2008 and debuted at No. 24 on Billboard's AC chart, quickly rising to  the No. 1 position, becoming <mask>'s fourth number one on that chart. During the Super Bowl XLIII pregame show On February 1, 2009, <mask> performed "America the Beautiful". Other performers at the event were Jennifer Hudson and Journey, whilst Bruce Springsteen performed the Halftime show.To celebrate the induction of ABBA into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, <mask> performed "The Winner Takes It All", together with keyboardist Benny Andersson, at the event held  in New York City on March 13, 2010. <mask> also performed a rendition of "The Long & Winding Road" as part of a tribute to Paul McCartney which was held at the White House on July 28, 2010. Audience members included President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama. Following these performances, <mask> contributed a song titled "Give In to Me" which appears on the Country Strong soundtrack which was released in October 2010. The film also stars <mask>'s husband Tim McGraw. Further appearances followed, with <mask> featuring in Coal Miner's Daughter: A Tribute To Loretta Lynn, where she performs "Love Is The Foundation". <mask> also contributed her vocals to the Ryan Tedder penned song "All I Ever Wanted" for the 2010 film Life As We Know It.The song was used in trailers to promote the film and also appeared during the end credits of the film. 2011–2015: Unreleased studio album and Las Vegas Residency
Brendan O'Brien, known for producing projects for Bruce Springsteen, Pearl Jam, and Rage Against the Machine, began working with <mask> and producing her next album, originally set for release in 2011. <mask> also worked with pop producer Brian Kennedy in January 2011 to complete the album. <mask> returned to the studio in March 2011 for another round of recording. "I would like to have a record out," <mask> told Billboard.com, "but it hasn't been the right thing yet. I don't want it to be just another record. It's a lot of work to support a record, so I just want it to be ... really great.I want it to represent where I am as a woman. I don't want it to be fake. I want it to be authentic and real." In mid-2011, <mask> recorded a duet with George Strait on the song "A Showman's Life" which can be heard on Strait's album Here for a Good Time. During the CMA Awards held on November 9, 2011, <mask> performed the potential first single for her upcoming album titled "Come Home". This song is a re-working of the One Republic song heard on their "Dreaming out Loud" album. In June 2012, <mask> debuted the songs "Illusion" and "Overrated" during her set at the CMA Music Festival.Following the performance, <mask> confirmed that the album was done, but made no comment about when it would be released or whether the rumored title of Illusion was official. While a second single, titled "American Heart", along with its accompanying music video, was released on October 1, 2012, no further singles have since been released while an album also remains unreleased. Following a successful tour of Australia with their Soul2Soul tour throughout March and April 2012, <mask> and McGraw began an exclusive twenty show run of the Soul2Soul show at the Venetian in Las Vegas starting December 2012. A second leg of the show ran from October 2013, through to April 2014. The show was met with critical acclaim. During the Billboard Music Awards filmed on May 17, 2015, <mask> joined Little Big Town on a performance of their single "Girl Crush". 2016–present: New music and touring
<mask> was one of 30 artists selected to perform on "Forever Country", a mash-up track of the songs "Take Me Home, Country Roads", "On the Road Again" and "I Will Always Love You".The single was released September 16 and celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. On October 4, 2016, during a surprise show at Nashville's famous Ryman Auditorium, both <mask> and her husband announced that they would once again be going back on the road together with the Soul2Soul The World Tour 2017. The tour began April 7, 2017, in New Orleans, and will continue into Europe throughout 2018, including as part of the C2C: Country to Country festival. Following the new tour announcement, <mask> sent out a tweet via her official Twitter account announcing the release of a new compilation album. The album, titled Deep Tracks, is a montage of <mask>'s favorite songs that were previously included on her various albums but were not released as singles. The album also includes three previously unreleased songs entitled, "Boy", "Why" and "Come to Jesus". The album, which is <mask>'s last record to be released via Warner Bros. Records, was released November 18, 2016.It was reported on February 3, 2017, that <mask>, alongside McGraw, had signed a new deal with Sony Music Nashville, also indicating that a duet album between the couple, as well as multiple solo recordings would be produced. The new record label signing also preceded the release of "Speak to a Girl", the lead single from <mask> and McGraw's upcoming joint album, The Rest of Our Life, which was released on November 17, 2017. The release of the album coincided with the opening of an exhibit at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum titled Mississippi Woman, Louisiana Man, which celebrates the careers of both <mask> and McGraw. Other ventures
Film and television career
In 1997, <mask> guest starred in a three episode arc of popular television series Touched by an Angel and its subsequent  spin off series, Promised Land, which marked her acting debut. In 2002 it was rumored that <mask> had won the role of Julia Compton Moore, the wife of Hal Moore, played by Mel Gibson, in the 2002 movie We Were Soldiers. The role was ultimately played by Madeline Stowe. <mask> made her film debut in the summer of 2004, when she co-starred with Nicole Kidman, Matthew Broderick and Glenn Close in director Frank Oz's remake of the 1975 thriller The Stepford Wives.Although the film received mixed reviews, it went on to earn over $100 million. In 2015, <mask> appeared in the more critically acclaimed independent crime drama film Dixieland. The film was written and directed by Hank Bedford and also stars Chris Zylka, Riley Keough, Spencer Lofranco, and Steve Earle. Dixieland had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 19, 2015. The film was released in a limited release and through video on demand on December 11, 2015, by IFC Films. On October 14, 2015, it was announced that <mask> would be an executive producer for a new lifestyle television program  with former Oprah executive producer Lisa Erspamer. The show, called Pickler & Ben, debuted in mid-2017, features Kellie Pickler and Ben Aaron as hosts and is filmed in Nashville.In August 2021, it was announced that <mask> would co-star in Paramount+'s Yellowstone prequel 1883. <mask> also appeared in one episode of Yellowstone season four in a flashback scene. Fragrance
In October 2009, <mask> released her first fragrance titled Faith Hill Parfums. The fragrance is a blend of Southern Magnolia, Jasmine and Peach Pears. In 2010, <mask> released her second fragrance, titled True. Philanthropy
<mask> used her 1999 tour to support a national children's book drive, The Faith Hill Family Literacy Project. The charity was inspired by <mask>'s father, who faced challenges with literacy.Fans who donated books at one of her concerts were entered into a draw to meet her personally after the show. The effort resulted in the donation of 35,000 children's books, which were distributed to hospitals, schools, libraries, and daycare centers in 40 cities across the United States. In the days immediately following Hurricane Katrina, <mask> and her husband, Tim McGraw, who was raised in Louisiana, joined groups taking supplies to Gulfport, Mississippi. The two also hosted several charity concerts to benefit those who were displaced by the storm. Later in the year the couple established the Neighbor's Keeper Foundation, which provides funding for community charities to assist with basic humanitarian services in the event of a natural disaster or for desperate personal circumstances. In a special gesture, the couple also donated profits from their performance in New Orleans to Hurricane Katrina relief. In June 2010, <mask> and McGraw organized Nashville Rising, a benefit concert aimed to raise $2 million for The Community Foundation of Middle Tennessee in response to the flood in early May that killed 22 people and caused $2 billion in damage.DiscographyTake Me as I Am (1993)It Matters to Me (1995)Faith (1998)Breathe (1999)Cry (2002)Fireflies (2005)Joy to the World (2008)The Rest of Our Life (with Tim McGraw) (2017)

Tours
Headlining tours
This Kiss Tour

Co-headlining tours
Soul2Soul Tour
Soul2Soul II Tour
Australia 2012
Soul2Soul: The World Tour

Promotional tours
'94 Promo Tour

Residency shows
Faith
Soul2Soul

Opening act
No Doubt About It Tour
Waitin' on Sundown
Read My Mind Tour
Fruit of the Loom Comfort Tour
Easy Come Easy Go Tour
Spontaneous Combustion Tour
The Cowboy Rides Away Tour

Other shows
Chevy Truck Country Music Festival
Millennium Blast Show
Sam & Audrey

Concert specials
Faith! When the Lights Go Down
Fireflies
Love Will Always Win
Joy to the World
Greatest Hits
Tim & Faith: Soul2Soul

 Awards

 Country Music Association Awards
The Country Music Association Awards are held annually by the Country Music Association and celebrate excellence and achievements in the country genre. <mask> has won 3 awards from 22 nominations. <mask> has won 5 awards from 17 nominations. In addition, <mask> received the Samuel S. Beard Award for Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under in 2000, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. References

Further reading

External links

1967 births
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
American adoptees
American women country singers
Arista Nashville artists
Country musicians from Mississippi
Grammy Award winners
Hinds Community College alumni
Living people
Southern Baptists
Songwriters from Mississippi
Warner Records artists
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women

masks: Hill Hill Faith Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Faith Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Faith Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Faith Faith Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill Faith Hill Hill Hill Hill Hill


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Empress <mask> (韋皇后, personal name unknown) (died July 21, 710) was an empress of the Chinese Tang Dynasty. She was the second wife of Emperor Zhongzong, who reigned twice, and during his second reign, she tried to emulate the example of her mother-in-law Wu Zetian and seize power. She was in charge of the governmental affairs during her husband's reign. Emperor Zhongzong's death in 710—a death traditionally believed to be a poisoning she carried out together with her daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle—gave her the power to become the empress dowager and regent, but in short order was overthrown and killed in a coup led by Emperor Zhongzong's nephew Li Longji (the later Emperor Xuanzong) and Emperor Zhongzong's sister Princess Taiping. First stint as crown princess
It is not known when Empress <mask> was born. During the reign of her husband's grandfather Emperor Taizong, her grandfather <mask>o (韋弘表) served as the military advisor to Emperor Taizong's son Li Ming (李明) the Prince of Cao. When Emperor Zhongzong, then using the name Li Zhe, was crown prince, he married her as his second wife (his first wife, Princess Zhao, was starved to death when her mother Princess Changle offended Li Zhe's mother Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian)) and crown princess.At the time that they were married, Li Zhe's father Emperor Gaozong promoted her father <mask> (韋玄貞) from being the military advisor to the prefect of Pu Prefecture (普州, roughly modern Ziyang, Sichuan) (eighth rank, second class, second division) to be the much more important post of being prefect of Yu Prefecture (豫州, roughly modern Zhumadian, Henan) (fourth rank, first class, second division). In 682, she gave birth to their only son, Li Chongzhao. Sometime during her stint as crown princess, she also gave birth to at least one daughter (the later Princess Changning) and possibly another (Li Xianhui, the later Princess Yongtai). First stint as empress
Emperor Gaozong died in late 683, and Li Zhe took the throne (historically known as Emperor Zhongzong). However, actual power was in the hands of his mother <mask>, now empress dowager. In spring 684, Emperor Zhongzong made Crown Princess <mask> the empress. He soon wanted to promote <mask> to be Shizhong (侍中), the head of the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng) and a post considered one for a chancellor.This move, as well as another wish of his—to make the son of his wet nurse an official of the fifth rank—were opposed by the chancellor Pei Yan. As they argued, Emperor Zhongzong, in anger, remarked:

Pei, in fear, informed this to Empress Dowager Wu. Just less than two months after Emperor Zhongzong had taken the throne, Empress Dowager Wu summoned the officials and generals and issued an edict deposing Emperor Zhongzong and reducing to the title of Prince of Luling. She instead created his younger brother Li Dan the Prince of Yu emperor (historically known as Emperor Ruizong). Li Chongzhao, who had been given the title of Deputy Crown Prince by Emperor Gaozong, was reduced to commoner rank and <mask>, along with his family, were exiled to Qin Prefecture (欽州, roughly modern Qinzhou, Guangxi). Empress Dowager Wu soon ordered that Li Zhe and his family first be delivered to Fang Prefecture (房州, in modern Shiyan, Hubei), and then Jun Prefecture (均州, also in modern Shiyan), to be held under house arrest at the house that his uncle Li Tai had been placed after Li Tai was deposed in 643. In exile
Li Zhe was constantly in fear in exile, as Empress Dowager Wu had previously shown willingness to kill her own children—having forced his older brother Li Xián to commit suicide in 684 and having been rumored to have poisoned another older brother, Li Hong, in 675—and whenever there would be imperial messengers arriving from then-capital Luoyang, he would consider committing suicide, fearing that they brought orders for even worse fates.Princess <mask> would repeatedly tell him:

At this point, they were deeply in love with each other, and at another point, he told her:

While they in exile, she gave birth to their youngest daughter, Li Guo'er—whose name Guo'er meant, "child who was wrapped" and referred to how, when she was born, Li Zhe was required to take off his shirt and wrap her in the shirt. Li Zhe and Princess <mask> both greatly favored this child born in distress. Meanwhile, while Li Zhe and Princess <mask> were in exile, so were <mask> and his family. After <mask> died soon thereafter, a local tribal chief, Ning Chengji (寧承基), demanded to marry Princess <mask>'s younger sister. When Princess <mask>'s mother Lady Cui refused, Ning killed her and her four sons <mask>n (韋洵), <mask> (韋浩), <mask> (韋洞), and <mask> (韋泚). While Li Zhe and Princess <mask> were in exile, Empress Dowager Wu had, in 690, forced Li Zhe's brother Li Dan to yield the throne to her, interrupting Tang Dynasty and establishing her own Zhou Dynasty with her as "emperor" (thereafter known as Wu Zetian). She created the now-removed Li Dan as her crown prince, but constantly suspected him of secretly plotting against her, and in 693, she killed his wife Crown Princess Liu and concubine Consort Dou, and further investigated him for treason, stopping the investigation only when his servant, An Jinzang, cut open his own belly to swear that Li Dan would never commit treason.She nevertheless repeatedly considered replacing him with her nephews Wu Chengsi the Prince of Wei and Wu Sansi the Prince of Liang. By 698, however, the chancellor Di Renjie had convinced Wu Zetian that it was to her sons, not her nephews, that she should turn for support. Di's fellow chancellors Wang Fangqing and Wang Jishan, as well as Wu Zetian's lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong and her confidant Ji Xu also supported the idea of summoning Li Zhe from exile. In spring 698, Wu Zetian summoned Li Zhe and his family back to Luoyang. Second stint as crown princess
Once Li Zhe was back in Luoyang, Li Dan offered to yield the crown prince position to his older brother, and Wu Zetian agreed. In fall 698, she created Li Zhe crown prince and had him change his name back to the original name Li Xiǎn (note different tone than his brother) (although she soon also had him change his surname to her surname Wu—thus making him Wu Xiǎn). Princess <mask> again became crown princess.Her son Li Chongzhao—who had by now changed his name to Li Chongrun to observe naming taboo for Wu Zetian's personal name Zhao—was created the Prince of Shao. There are many glorious state paintings of this in the forbidden city. Meanwhile, Wu Zetian, in her old age, had entrusted much of the affairs of state to Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong—something that Li Chongrun discussed with his sister Li Xianhui and her husband, Wu Zetian's grandnephew Wu Yanji (武延基) the Prince of Wei (Wu Chengsi's son) at times. Zhang Yizhi found out and informed Wu Zetian. Wu Zetian, believing that she was being criticized, in fall 701, ordered Li Chongrun, Li Xianhui, and Wu Yanji to commit suicide. Li Chongrun's death would leave Crown Princess <mask> without a son, as his other sons Li Chongfu, Li Chongjun, and Li Chongmao were all born of concubines. In spring 705, with Wu Zetian being ill, the officials Zhang Jianzhi, Cui Xuanwei, Jing Hui, Huan Yanfan, and Yuan Shuji initiated a coup and killed Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong.They forced Wu Zetian to yield the throne back to Wu Xiǎn, and he returned to the throne, restoring Tang Dynasty. He created Crown Princess <mask> empress again. He also posthumously honored her father <mask> as the Prince of Shangluo and her mother Lady Cui as the Princess of Shangluo, reburying them in grand ceremonies. In addition, he posthumously honored Li Chongrun as Crown Prince Yide and Li Xianhui as Princess Yongtai, reburying them with ceremonies due emperors. Second stint as empress
After the reappearance of the emperor Zhongzong, Empress <mask> was able to seize power and quickly became highly extremely powerful and influential. Zhang Jianzhi and his colleagues next wanted to suppress the power of that the Wu clan princes had, but at this time, Emperor Zhongzong's concubine Consort Shangguan Wan'er, who had been Wu Zetian's secretary and who had carried on an affair with Wu Zetian's nephew Wu

masks:
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Wei
Wei Hongbia
Wei Xuanzhen
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Wei Xuanzhen
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 Sansi, helped kindle an affair between Wu Sansi and <mask> as well. (Emperor Zhongzong was either unaware of, or implicitly approved of, the affair.)Wu Sansi became a trusted advisor of Emperor Zhongzong. Meanwhile, <mask> disliked her husband's son Li Chongfu the Prince of Qiao (whose wife was Zhang's niece), and falsely accused him of being implicit in Li Chongrun's death; Emperor Zhongzong responded by exiling Li Chongfu to Jun Prefecture to serve as prefect. It was said that both <mask> and her daughter Li Guo'er (now with the title Princess Anle and who married Wu Sansi's son Wu Chongxun (武崇訓)) were very powerful and corrupt, offering offices for sale and influencing legal decisions. it was even said that Li Guo'er often wrote edicts in Emperor Zhongzong's name, and then covered up the contents and had him sign them—and that he would do so despite not reading the edicts. She also requested to be made his heir, as crown princess—which would be an unprecedented act in Chinese history, although he declined and created her brother Li Chongjun crown prince instead. Wu Sansi and <mask>, who despised Zhang and his colleagues, accused them of being overly arrogant in light of their achievements, and at Wu Sansi's suggestion, Emperor Zhongzong made Zhang, Jing Hui, Huan Yanfan, Yuan Shuji, and Cui Xuanwei princes, ostensibly to honor them, but instead intending to remove them from positions of power. (Emperor Zhongzong, for reasons unclear, also bestowed the surname of <mask> on Huan, "honoring" him by merging his clan with <mask>'s.)Soon, the five princes were made prefectural prefects and sent out of Luoyang. In spring 706, after Emperor Zhongzong's son-in-law Wang Tongjiao (王同皎), who despised <mask> and Wu Sansi, was accused of plotting to kill them, <mask> and Wu Sansi took this opportunity to implicate Jing, Cui, Huan (whose <mask> surname was then stripped), Yuan, and Zhang, of being involved in the plot, and had them further reduced to be prefectural military advisors in distant prefects. Wu Sansi then intentionally inflamed Emperor Zhongzong by having people publicly accuse <mask> of adultery and then accusing the five princes of this. Emperor Zhongzong responded by ordering the five of them permanently exiled; Wu then sent the official Zhou Lizhen (周利貞) to have the five of them killed cruelly (although Zhang and Cui were already dead by the time that Zhou reached them). Meanwhile, to avenge her mother's and brothers' deaths, Empress <mask> had Emperor Zhongzong order Zhou Rengui (周仁軌), the commandant at Guang Prefecture (廣州, roughly modern Guangzhou, Guangdong), to attack Ning Chengji and his brothers; Zhou defeated Ning and slaughtered his people. In gratitude, <mask> bowed to Zhou, honoring him like a father, and Emperor Zhongzong created Zhou the Duke of Ru'nan. Despite Li Chongjun's status as crown prince, Li Guo'er and her husband Wu Chongxun often humiliated and harassed him, sometimes referring to him as a slave.Further, Li Guo'er was continuing to try to persuade Emperor Zhongzong to depose Li Chongjun and create her crown princess instead. Li Chongjun finally erupted in anger in fall 707, rising with the ethnically Mohe general Li Duozuo and Emperor Zhongzong's cousin Li Qianli (李千里) the Prince of Cheng. Li Chongjun's forces killed Wu Sansi and Wu Chengxu, and next headed to the palace, hoping to capture Consort Shangguan and Empress <mask>. However, after Li Duozuo's son-in-law Ye Huli (野呼利) was killed by the eunuch guard commander Yang Sixu (楊思勗), Li Chongjun's army collapsed, and he was soon killed by his own subordinates. (Li Guo'er soon married Wu Chengxun's cousin Wu Yanxiu (武延秀).) It was said by 708, Empress <mask>, Li Guo'er, <mask>'s other daughter Princess Changning, Consort Shangguan, Empress <mask>'s sister Lady of Cheng, Consort Shangguan's mother Lady Zheng, along with senior ladies in waiting Ladies Chai and Helou, the sorceress Diwu Ying'er (第五英兒), and Lady Zhao of Longxi, were all powerful and corrupt, selling offices at will. They, along with Emperor Zhongzong's sister Princess Taiping, were often involved in partisan struggles, a phenomenon that Emperor Zhongzong was concerned about, but could do little to curb.Empress <mask>'s power was such that the emperor did not even dare to make decisions without her opinion and in around the new year 709, when Emperor Zhongzong offered to have her old wet nurse Lady Wang marry the widower chancellor Dou Chongyi, Dou, seeing the opportunity for even more power, gleefully agreed notwithstanding Lady Wang's otherwise low status. Meanwhile, Empress <mask> and the Princesses Changning and Anle were also building many Buddhist temples. By fall 710, it was said that Empress <mask> had been having affairs with the officials Ma Qinke (馬秦客) and Yang Jun (楊均), and Ma and Yang were concerned that if the affairs became known they would be killed. Meanwhile, Li Guo'er hoped that if <mask> became the sovereign she would be crown princess. They conspired to poison a cake, and after Emperor Zhongzong ate the cake, he died, on July 3, 710. Empress <mask> did not initially announce his death, but instead a number of her cousins in charge of the imperial guards, to secure power, before she announced Emperor Zhongzong's death two days after his death. By an edict that Princess Taiping and Consort Shangguan drafted (and later revised by Empress <mask>'s cousin <mask>), Emperor Zhongzong's son Li Chongmao the Prince of Wen was created crown prince, and Li Chongmao then took the throne (as Emperor Shang) on July 8.Empress <mask> retained power as empress dowager. As empress dowager and regent
Meanwhile, Empress Dowager <mask>'s clan members, along with the chancellor Zong Chuke, Wu Yanxiu, and other officials Zhao Lüwen (趙履溫) and Ye Jingneng (葉靜能) were advising her to take the throne, like Wu Zetian did, and they also advised her to eliminate Li Dan and Princess Taiping. The official Cui Riyong leaked their plan to Li Dan's son Li Longji the Prince of Linzi. Li Longji responded by conspiring with Princess Taiping, Princess Taiping's son Xue Chongjian (薛崇簡), as well as several low level officials close to him—Zhong Shaojing, Wang Chongye (王崇曄), Liu Youqiu, and Ma Sizong (麻嗣宗)—to act first. Meanwhile, Empress <mask>'s nephews <mask> (韋播) and Gao Song (高嵩), who had recently been put in command of imperial guards and who had tried to establish their authority by dealing with the guards harshly, had alienated the guards, and the guard officers Ge Fushun (葛福順), Chen Xuanli (陳玄禮), and Li Xianfu (李仙鳧) thereafter also joined the plot. Without first informing Li Dan, the conspirators rose on July 21, first killing <mask>, Gao, and Empress <mask>'s cousin <mask> (韋璿). They then attacked the palace.When Empress Dowager <mask> panicked and fled to an imperial guard camp, a guard beheaded her. Li Guo'er, Wu Yanxiu, and Lady Helou were killed as well. Li Longji soon slaughtered a number of officials in Empress Dowager's faction as well as her clan, while displaying Empress Dowager <mask>'s body on the street. At the urging of Princess Taiping, Li Longji, and Li Longji's brother Li Chengqi, Li Dan soon took the throne from Li Chongmao and again became emperor (as Emperor Ruizong). Empress Dowager <mask> was posthumously reduced to commoner rank. Emperor Ruizong still buried her with honors (so some historians refer this as an evidence that she never poisoned Zhongzong), but not with honors due an empress, rather with honors due an official of the first rank. In fiction and popular culture
 Portrayed by Michelle Yim in Deep in the Realm of Conscience (2018).Portrayed by Claire Yiu in The Greatness of a Hero (2009)

 Portrayed by Jia Ni and Hu Jing in Palace of Desire (2000). Portrayed by Lily Li in The Blood Hounds (1990). See also
 Women of the Tang Dynasty

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 51. New Book of Tang, 76. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 203, 208, 209.Tang dynasty empresses
Tang dynasty Buddhists
Regents of China
8th-century women rulers
7th-century births
710 deaths
8th-century rulers in Asia
Tang dynasty empresses dowager
Wei clan of Jingzhao
7th-century Chinese women
7th-century Chinese people
8th-century Chinese women
8th-century Chinese people
8th-century Chinese

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<mask> (4 December 1914 – 6 October 1969), usually cited as A. N<mask>, was a New Zealand–born logician and philosopher. <mask> (1957) founded tense logic, now also known as temporal logic, and made important contributions to intensional logic, particularly in <mask> (1971). Biography
<mask> was born in Masterton, New Zealand, on 4 December 1914, the only child of Australian-born parents: <mask> (1882–1967) and his wife born Elizabeth Munton Rothesay Teague (1889–1914). His mother died less than three weeks after his birth and he was cared for by his father's sister. His father, a medical practitioner in general practice, after war service at Gallipoli and in Francewhere he was awarded the Military Crossremarried in 1920. There were three more children, the first: epidemiologist, <mask>. <mask> grew up in a prominent Methodist household.His two Wesleyan grandfathers, the Reverends Samuel Fowler <mask> and Hugh Henwood Teague, were sent from England to South Australia as missionaries in 1875. The <mask> family first moved to New Zealand in 1893. While studying for his B.A. degree at the University of Otago, <mask> attended the seminary at Dunedin's Knox Theological Hall but decided against entering the Presbyterian ministry and began to focus on logic. He married Clare Hunter, a freelance journalist, in 1936, and they spent several years in Europe, during which they tried to earn a living as writers. Daunted by the prospect of an invasion of Britain, he and Clare returned to New Zealand in 1940. At this point in his life he was a devout Presbyterian, though he became an atheist later in life.After divorce from his first wife, he remarried in 1943 to Mary Wilkinson, with whom he would have two children. He served in the Royal New Zealand Air Force from 1943 to 1945 before embarking on an academic career at Canterbury University College in February 1946. His first position was a lectureship which had become available when Karl Popper left the university. After returning to New Zealand following a year at Oxford as a visiting lecturer he took up a professorship in 1959 at Manchester University where he remained until he was elected a Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford in 1966 and appointed a Reader. He continued his Manchester practice of accepting visiting professorships. <mask> went to give lectures at Norwegian universities in September 1969 and on 6 October 1969, the night before he was to deliver a lecture there, he died from a heart attack at Trondheim, Norway. Professional life
<mask> was educated entirely in New Zealand, where he was fortunate to have come under the influence of J. N. Findlay,  under whom he wrote his M.A.thesis on 'The Nature of Logic'. While <mask> was very fond of the theology of Karl Barth, his early criticism of Barth's adherence to Philosophical Idealism, is a mark of Findlay's influence on <mask>. He began teaching philosophy and logic at Canterbury University College in February 1946, filling the vacancy created by Karl Popper's resignation. In 1951 <mask> met J. J. C. Smart, also known as "Jack" Smart, at a philosophical conference in Australia and the two developed a life-long friendship. Their correspondence was influential on <mask>'s development of tense logic. Smart adhered to the tenseless theory of time and was never persuaded by <mask>'s arguments, though <mask> was influential in making Smart skeptical about Wittgenstein's view on pseudo-relations. He became Professor in 1953.Thanks to the good offices of Gilbert Ryle, who had met <mask> in New Zealand in 1954, <mask> spent the year 1956 on leave at the University of Oxford, where he gave the John Locke lectures in philosophy. These were subsequently published as Time and Modality (1957). This is a seminal contribution to the study of tense logic and the metaphysics of time, in which <mask> championed the A-theorist view that the temporal modalities past, present and future are basic ontological categories of fundamental importance for our understanding of time and the world. <mask> was several times warned by J. J. C. Smart against making tense-logic the topic of his John Locke lectures. Smart feared that tense-logic would get <mask> "involved in side issues, even straight philosophy, and not in the stuff that will do Oxford most good." <mask> was however convinced that tense-logic had the potential to benefit logic, as well as philosophy, and thus he considered his lectures an "expression of a conviction that formal logic and general philosophy have more to bring to one another than is sometimes supposed". During his time at Oxford, <mask> met Peter Geach and William Kneale, influenced John Lemmon, and corresponded with the adolescent Saul Kripke.Logic in the United Kingdom was then in a rather low state, being "deeply out of fashion and its practitioners were isolated and somewhat demoralized." <mask> arranged Logical a Colloquium which brought together such Logicians as John Lemmon, Peter Geach, Czesław Lejewski and more. The colloquiums were a great success and, together with <mask>'s John Locke lecture and his visits around the country, he helped revitalize British logic. From 1959 to 1966, he was Professor of Philosophy at the University of Manchester, having taught Osmund Lewry. From 1966 until his death he was Fellow and Tutor in philosophy at Balliol College, Oxford. His students include Max Cresswell, Kit Fine, and Robert Bull. Almost entirely self-taught in modern formal logic, <mask> published four major papers on logic in 1952, when he was 38 years of age, shortly after discovering the work of Józef Maria Bocheński and Jan Łukasiewicz, despite very little of Łukasiewicz's work being translated into English.He went so far as to read untranslated Polish texts without being able to speak Polish claiming "the symbols are so illuminating that the fact that the text is incomprehensible doesn’t much matter". He went on to employ Polish notation throughout his career. <mask> (1955) distills much of his early teaching of logic in New Zealand. <mask>'s work on tense logic provides a systematic and extended defense of a tensed conception of reality in which propositional statements can change truth value over time. <mask> stood out by virtue of his strong interest in the history of logic. He was one of the first English-speaking logicians to appreciate the nature and scope of the logical work of Charles Sanders Peirce, and the distinction between de dicto and de re in modal logic. <mask> taught and researched modal logic before Kripke proposed his possible worlds semantics for it, at a time when modality and intentionality commanded little interest in the English speaking world, and had even come under sharp attack by Willard Van Orman Quine.He is now said to be the precursor of hybrid logic. Undertaking (in one section of his book Past, Present, and Future (1967)) the attempt to combine binary (e.g., "until") and unary (e.g., "will always be") temporal operators to one system of temporal logic, <mask>—as an incidental result—builds a base for later hybrid languages. His work Time and Modality explored the use of a many-valued logic to explain the problem of non-referring names. <mask>'s work was both philosophical and formal and provides a productive synergy between formal innovation and linguistic analysis. Natural language, he remarked, can embody folly and confusion as well as the wisdom of our ancestors. He was scrupulous in setting out the views of his adversaries, and provided many constructive suggestions about the formal development of alternative views. Publications
The following books were either written by <mask>, or are posthumous collections of journal articles and unpublished papers that he wrote:
 1949.Logic and the Basis of Ethics. Oxford University Press ()
 1955, 1962. Formal Logic. Oxford University Press. 1957. Time and Modality. Oxford University Press.Based on his 1956 John Locke lectures. 1962. "Changes in Events and Changes in Things". University of Kansas. 1967. Past, Present and Future. Oxford University Press.1968. Papers on Time and Tense. Oxford University Press. 1971. Objects of Thought. Edited by P. T. Geach and A. J. P. Kenny. Oxford University Press.1976. The Doctrine of Propositions and Terms. Edited by P. T. Geach and A. J. P. Kenny. London: Duckworth. 1976. Papers in Logic and Ethics. Edited by P. T. Geach and A. J. P. Kenny.London: Duckworth. 1977. Worlds, Times and Selves. Edited by Kit Fine. London: Duckworth. 2003. Papers on Time and Tense.Second expanded edition by Per Hasle, Peter Øhrstrøm, Torben Braüner & Jack Copeland. Oxford University Press. See Also

 Nominative determinism

References

Further reading
The nearest thing to a biography of <mask> is:

 Copeland, B. J., 1996, "<mask>'s Life and Legacy," in his edited volume Logic and Reality: Essays on the Legacy of <mask>, New York: Oxford University Press (pp. 519–32 of this volume contain a complete bibliography of <mask>'s known writings as of date). An excellent survey of <mask>'s life and achievement is:
 A. J. P. Kenny 1970, "<mask> <mask> (1914–1969)," Proceedings of the British Academy 56: 321–349. Dr. <mask>'s (1922–2011) recollection of <mask>'s life and work

Ongoing research on the importance of <mask>'s philosophy and logic:
 Logic and Philosophy of Time: Themes from <mask>. External links

 Foundations of Temporal Logic The WWW-site for Prior-studies
 On <mask>'s Tense Logic by Patrick Blackburn
 Arthur <mask> Centenary Conference, Balliol College, Oxford, 21 – 22 August, 2014
 Prior's Nachlass

1914 births
1969 deaths
20th-century essayists
20th-century mathematicians
20th-century philosophers
Academics of the University of Manchester
Analytic philosophers
Epistemologists
Ethicists
Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford
Lecturers
Mathematical logicians
Metaphysicians
Moral philosophers
New Zealand emigrants to the United Kingdom
New Zealand essayists
New Zealand logicians
New Zealand philosophers
Ontologists
People from Masterton
Philosophers of ethics and morality
Philosophers of logic
Philosophers of mathematics
Philosophy academics
Philosophers of time
Philosophy writers
University of Canterbury faculty
University of Otago alumni

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Arthur Norman Prior
. Prior
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Norman Henry Prior
Ian Prior
Arthur Prior
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Arthur Prior
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<mask> () is a Pakistani academic and intellectual who serves as the inaugural dean of the Pardee School of Global Studies at Boston University, and previously served as vice-chancellor of the LUMS. Born in Rawalpindi, <mask> studied civil engineering at UET Lahore and received two Master's degrees and his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in international environmental policy. After graduating from MIT, <mask> joined Boston University in 1997 as an assistant professor, and moved to the Fletcher School in 2002 where he worked until 2007 as an associate professor of negotiation and diplomacy. He re-joined Boston University in 2007 as a tenured professor and the Director of the Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future. In 2011, <mask> returned to Pakistan to head the Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) as its third vice-chancellor. During his tenure at LUMS, he oversaw the launch of a major student financial aid program and brought in major philanthropic gifts to enable an expansion of the university. However, he faced criticism for not intervening over the controversial termination of Pervez Hoodbhoy by the University's School of Science and Engineering.<mask> left LUMS in June 2013, and returned to Boston University. A year later he was appointed the inaugural dean of Pardee School and continues till date. <mask> is a prominent member of the Pakistani intelligentsia. He was awarded Sitara-i-Imtiaz in 2008 by the President of Pakistan, and in February 2009, he was appointed to the Committee for Development Policy by the United Nations Secretary General. He is a senior fellow of the International Institute for Sustainable Development. He has also served as the Chair of the Boards of the South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics (SANDEE), of LEAD-Pakistan, and of the Luc Hoffmann Institute. He also serves as a Trustee on the International Board of the World Wide Fund for Nature and on the Board of The Asia Foundation.<mask> <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by the Information Technology University (ITU) in Lahore, Pakistan, in 2017, for his contributions in science, climate change and sustainable development. Publications

Scholarly work
<mask> has published widely in scholarly journals and is the author of over 100 scholarly papers and book chapters. He was amongst the early scholars working on impacts of and adaptation to climate change in developing countries. As a public intellectual, he has popularized the idea of living in the "Age of Adaptation" and conceptualizing water as being as important to climate adaptation as carbon was to mitigation. <mask> <mask> was the lead author for the 2018 Pakistan National Human Development Report, which focused on the topic of youth and included a first comprehensive district-by-district ranking in a national Human Development Index for Pakistan. The report and the district HDI index became a matter of much election campaign discussion during the 2018 Pakistani general election. Bibliography
His recent books include How Immigrants Impact their Homelands (co-editor, 2013), "The Future of South-South Economic Relations" (co-editor, 2012), "Envisioning a Sustainable Development Agenda for Trade and Environment" (co-editor, 2007), "Portrait of a Giving Community" (2007), "Environment, Development and Human Security" (editor, 2003), "Civic Entrepreneurship" (co-author, 2002), amongst others.He serves on the editorial boards of several scholarly academic journals, including Global Governance, Ecological Economics, and Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. Najam served as a lead author for the third and fourth assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The IPCC was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for its contributions to advancing the understanding of global climate change. Media
Early in his career Najam worked as a journalist (sports reporter and columnist) for various newspapers and magazines in Pakistan. He has been a frequent opinion contributor to major newspapers in Pakistan and in the international press. During the late 1980s and 1990s he also hosted various talk shows such as "Mehman-e-Khasoosi" on Pakistan Television (PTV). He was awarded the Pakistan Television Outstanding Achievement Award in 1990.In 2007 Najam launched the blog "All Things Pakistan (Pakistaniat)" which won the Brass Crescent Award for the best South Asian blog in 2010 and was judged the best current affairs blog by the Pakistan Blog Awards 2010. Quotes
 "Water is to climate adaptation what carbon was to climate change mitigation." "We are now living in the 'Age of Adaptation.' Climate change is no longer just a challenge of tomorrow that needs to be averted. For too many people, it is now a reality of today that has to be managed." "Global governance is the management of global processes in the absence of global government." "The Youth of Pakistan are not a problem to be solved, they are a resources to be nurtured."

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Adil Najam
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