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 hundred-acre farm in Hoosick Falls, NY where they established a studio and part-time residence. During the summers, <mask> was assisted by a steady stream of students including Gary Lawrence Sussman who stayed with him over the course of six and a half years and became a valued family friend.Working outdoors improved <mask>'s health and relieved the pulmonary difficulties he had developed from carving stone. In addition to the unique renovations and repairs he enjoyed making on his house, <mask> was also an avid woodsman, cutting, splitting and stacking all of the wood used for heating and cooking. It was there that he created the second portrait of his wife, Lorrie, carved directly from life in English Caen stone. Their daughter, Donna Maria, was born in New York City in 1948. <mask> became a founding member of the Artists Equity Association. In 1956 he joined the Contemporary Galleries, New York City, where he had solo exhibitions biannually until 1966, and in 1970 he joined the Kennedy Galleries, New York City, where he had solo exhibitions in ’72, ’73, ’74, and ’79. Commissions

1951 marked the beginning of a five years work on Poetess, an eight-foot granite figure, for the Ellen Phillips Samuel Memorial, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia.Working upstate during the summers, <mask> utilized his forging skills to sharpen and re-temper over two hundred points (tools) daily in the forge he built at his farm. He was awarded a commission in 1957 for a hammered-copper sculpture, Theme, for the Jewish Community Center, in White Plains, New York. He was commissioned to do the bronze Alice in Wonderland sculpture group by George T. Delacorte Jr. as a memorial for his wife, Margarita in 1956. The 12’ x 16’ bronze work, near East 74th Street in Central Park, was dedicated by Parks Commissioner Robert Moses during a gala public event in 1959. The sculpture was intended to be climbed on by children. <mask>'s daughter, Donna Maria was the model for the face of Alice. Alice sits on a large mushroom at a tea party held by the Mad Hatter (whose face is supposedly modeled on that of George Delacorte) with the March Hare, the White Rabbit, the Dormouse, the Cheshire Cat, the Caterpillar, and Alice's kitten Dinah in her lap.It was patterned on illustrations drawn by John Tenniel. It is favored by children who enjoy climbing on it, which was contemplated in its design. At the base of the statue, among other inscriptions, is a line from Lewis Carroll's nonsense poem "Jabberwocky". In 1995, the short film, The Making of <mask> de <mask>’s Alice In Wonderland Sculpture Garden – Narrated By Lorrie Goulet was produced and directed by J. D’Alba. Due to the amount of usage the piece received, the mold it was cast from was eventually stored by the Parks Department for future replacements. The monument, one of <mask>'s major works, gave him worldwide recognition. The City of New York awarded a commission to <mask>ft in 1961 for a mosaic mural at the Bronx Municipal Hospital Center, Nurses Residence and School, Bronx, New York which was completed in 1962.<mask> was also commissioned by the City of New York to create a bronze relief Medical Science – The Gift of Health, for the Public Health Laboratory of Bellevue Hospital in 1966. Later life
The Whitney Museum held the first major retrospective of <mask>'s work In May 1960, organized by the American Federation of Arts. The exhibition traveled for the next two years to thirteen museums throughout the United States. That summer, <mask> and his family spent three months driving through France, Italy and Spain, visiting the places where he had worked and lived, including the Fortaleza in Mallorca to survey the damages to his outdoor works that were inflicted during the Spanish Civil War. During the trip they had the occasion to visit his friend Salvador Dalí at his house in Cadaqués. In 1965, <mask> exhibited at The White House in the Festival of the Arts, where he and Goulet attended the opening dinner in the Rose Garden hosted by Lady Bird Johnson. Robert Hanson produced a documentary film in 1966, showing <mask> sculpting The Hand of Creation, from white Carrara marble (Collection of the Art Students League of New York).This is the only filmed record of <mask>ft carving directly. In the film he states: "I love the stones. I respect the stones like my grandfather.” <mask> and Goulet also purchased a four-story building on West 20th Street, New York City where they established a permanent residence and studio. <mask> became one of three American artists chosen to be represented in The Vatican Permanent Collection of Religious Art, Rome, Italy, when the museum purchased his work, The Baby’s Sleep in 1972. He was awarded the "Comendador" of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, Madrid, Spain in 1973. The following year a special exhibition of <mask>'s works from the collection of the Hirshhorn Museum, Washington, DC, was held in honor of his 90th birthday, including a display of his tools. A major retrospective exhibition of his work was held at the New School for Social Research, New York City.In 1976 he was honored by the Spanish Consulate in New York City, Alberto López Herce, who arranged an audience with King Juan Carlos I of Spain for <mask> and Goulet on the occasion of the King's first visit to the United States. In 1977 <mask> was named Hijo Predilicto (Honored Son) of Guadalajara, Spain. A street was named in his honor; and a plaque was placed on the house of his birth. He was awarded the keys to the city, but was unable to attend the ceremony. His wife, Lorrie Goulet gave the acceptance speech on his behalf. In 1981, La Aventura humana de José de Creeft, a major retrospective at the Fundació Joan Miró in Barcelona. was organized by Carles Fontseré.Though <mask> was unable to attend, he was represented by his wife, Lorrie Goulet. The exhibition was well received by the Spanish press and traveled to seven museums throughout Spain for two years. <mask> donated Le Picador, his 1925 metal assemblage, to the Fundació Joan Miró in honor of his father. In 1976, the town of Hoosick Falls, New York, passed a resolution for a memorial honoring <mask> to be placed in Wood Park. <mask> donated his granite sculpture The Guardian, and he designed the marble seating and pedestal on which it was placed. The citizens of the town raised the funds for this project. The Guardian, 1918, was produced as a demonstration for the French government showing his ability to carve granite for the commission of Le Poilu.Death
On September 11, 1982, <mask> <mask> died at the age of 97 in his home in Manhattan, New York City. His ashes were buried in Hoosick Falls, New York, at the foot of "The Guardian" in a granite urn carved by a group of his students, with the help of his son-in-law, Charles Perkins. The monument reads:
<mask> Creeft
November 27, 1884 - September 11, 1982                                                                 “Love and Respect One Another”

In addition to memorials held in the Great Hall at Cooper Union and the Art Students' League, a major retrospective honoring the life and art of <mask>ft, was held the following year at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC

“The Figure in American Sculpture – A Question of Modernity” was an exhibition organized by the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, and <mask>'s work The Cloud, was chosen for the cover of the catalog (University of Washington Press, 1995). Two Solo Exhibitions of <mask>'s work were held in 1997, an exhibition of drawings, at the MB Modern Gallery, and Sculpture and Drawings at The Child's Gallery, both in New York City. Recognition
 1906 - awarded the Grand Prix in the Concours de Sculpture for his piece in clay, Torso, at the Académie Julian. 1933 - awarded the Crowninshield Prize for sculpture at the Twenty-fifth Annual (Massachusetts) Art Exhibition. <mask> <mask> is elected to the Board of Directors for the New York Society of Independent Artists, and he installs the sculpture section of the Nineteenth Exhibition of Society of Independent Artists at Grand Central Palace, New York City
 1940 and 1941- wins a fellowship to spend the summer at Yaddo Art colony, Saratoga Springs, New York
 1941- elected President of the Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors
 1942 - at the "Artists For Victory" exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, he is awarded first prize and the purchase prize of $5,000.00 for Maternity.Art News selects Maternity as the best sculpture of the year. His show at the Passedoit Gallery is selected as one of the ten outstanding exhibitions of the year. 1945 - Gold Medal Recipient for Rachmaninoff, Beaten Lead, at the 140th annual of The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Is “Critics Choice” at the Seventeenth Regiment Armory Show, New York, New York
 1946 - elected to the National Sculpture Society. 1948 - elected Associate of National Academy of Design. 1951 - Les Adieux (The Farewell), beaten lead, is awarded top prize of $10,000 in the American Sculpture competition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
 1952 - becomes a member of Board of Directors of Audubon Artists. 1954 - Gold Medal for Young Woman, marble, at the twelfth annual exhibition of Audubon Artists.1956 - Acrobats, stone, wins Medal of Honor at the Audubon Artists. 1958 - elected Fellow of the National Sculpture Society
 1961 - elected first Vice-President, New York Chapter of the Artists Equity Association
 1969 - awarded the Therese and Edwin H. Richard Prize for Dream, pink Tennessee marble, by the National Sculpture Society. Elected to Chair at the American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York City. 1975 - Columbia University in New York City awards de Creeft the Florence Eickemeyer Award for Excellence on recommendation of the National Academy Museum and School
 1980 - receives a Merit Award from Artists Equity Association. Exhibitions
 1903 - first exhibition at El Círculo de Bellas Artes in Madrid
 1929 - first solo exhibition in the United States at the Seattle Art Museum, Washington
 1929 - December solo exhibition at the Ferargil Galleries in New York. 1932 - joint exhibition with etcher, Alphonse Legros, at the Philadelphia Art Alliance, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1943 - solo exhibition at the St. Paul Gallery, Minnesota.1961 - exhibition of drawings at the Louis Alexander Gallery, New York City
 1989 - solo exhibition of <mask>'s Sculpture and Drawings 1917–1940, at the Child's Gallery, New York City, and <mask> <mask> (1884-1982), a survey of drawings, is held at Louis Newman Galleries, Beverly Hills, California
 1992 - Snyder Fine Arts Gallery, New York City hosts a solo exhibition of his watercolors. Teaching
 In 1944, <mask> teaches during summer term at Black Mountain College, North Carolina
 From 1944 to 1948, teaches at The Art Students League of New York City
 From 1949 to 1950 he is a visiting Instructor at Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, Maine, during the summer, and in the winter he is visiting instructor at the Norton Gallery and School of Fine Arts, West Palm Beach, Florida. From 1957 to 1960 <mask>ft is on the faculty of The New School For Social Research, New York City
 From 1957- 81 he teaches at The Art Students League, New York City

Collections
 1938: The Brooklyn Museum, New York purchases Semitic Head, beaten lead; and Woman in The Sun, white marble, is purchased by Billy Rose for the Art Garden at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 1939: Maya, black Belgium marble, is purchased by Wichita University. 1940: Museum of Modern Art purchases Saturnia, beaten lead. 1941: Whitney Museum of American Art purchases The Cloud, limestone; the Metropolitan Museum of Art purchased Emerveillement, serpentine marble
 1943: Whitney Museum, New York, NY, purchases Himalaya, beaten lead
 1945: Atlantis, green serpentine marble is purchased by the University of Pennsylvania. 1951: Rachmaninoff, beaten lead, is purchased by the Pennsylvania Academy
1967: New Being, marble, is purchased by The Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas
 1976: Nude, walnut, is acquired by the Smithsonian Museum of American Art.1983: Marguerite, bronze on stone base, is acquired by Smithsonian American Art Museum, Luce Foundation Center as a Gift of Lorrie Goulet De Creeft and "Head of Gertrude Stein," ceramic and shell, 1931, was purchased by the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Luce Foundation. 1986: Continuite, marble, is acquired by the Smithsonian American Art Museum, as a gift of the Sara Ruby Foundation. Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art

Publications
 Campos, Jules. <mask> Creeft. Erich S. Herrmann, NY, 1945
 Cunningham, John J. <mask> Creeft. University of Georgia Press/National Sculpture Society, Athens, Georgia, 1950. Campos, Jules.The Sculpture of <mask> Creeft. Kennedy Graphics, Inc., NY, 1972

See also
 List of American artists

References

External links

 <mask> at Levis Fine Art, 20th Century Modern Masters
 <mask> <mask>ft on ArtNet
 Getty Images <mask> Creeft

1884 births
1982 deaths
Alumni of the Académie Julian
Art Students League of New York faculty
Modern sculptors
Spanish male sculptors
20th-century Spanish sculptors
20th-century male artists
People from Hoosick Falls, New York
20th-century American sculptors
American male sculptors
Sculptors Guild members
Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
People of Montmartre
Sculptors from New York (state)
Society of Independent

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<mask> (; <mask>, <mask> after 1932; 6 January 1861 – 8 September 1947) was a Belgian architect and designer, and one of the founders of the Art Nouveau movement. His Hôtel Tassel in Brussels, built in 1892–93, is often considered the first Art Nouveau house. The curving stylized vegetal forms that <mask> used influenced many others, including architect Hector Guimard, who used it in the first house he designed in Paris and in the entrances he designed for the Paris Metro. He is also considered a precursor of modern architecture for his open floor plans and his innovative use of iron, steel and glass. <mask>'s later work moved away from Art Nouveau, and became more geometric and formal, with classical touches, such as columns. He made a highly original use of steel frames and skylights to bring light into the structures, open floor plans, and finely-designed decorative details. His later major works included the Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis (1895–1899); Brussels' Centre for Fine Arts (1923–1929); and Brussels Central Station (1913–1952).In 1932, King Albert I conferred on <mask> the title of Baron for his services to the field of architecture. Four of the buildings he designed have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Life and early work
<mask> was born in Ghent, Belgium, on 6 January 1861. His father was a master shoemaker, who, as <mask> recalled, considered craftsmanship a high form of art. The young <mask> began by studying music at the Royal Conservatory of Ghent. He was expelled for misbehavior and went instead to study at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Ghent. At the Ghent Conservatory, an aula is named after him today.When he was seventeen, he moved to Paris and found work with the architect and designer Jules Debuysson. <mask>'s father died in 1880, and <mask> returned to Belgium. He moved to Brussels and married his first wife, with whom he later fathered two daughters. He began to study architecture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Brussels. He became friends with Paul Hankar, another early pioneer of Art Nouveau architecture. <mask> did well in his studies and was taken on as an assistant by his professor Alphonse Balat, the architect to King Leopold II. <mask> worked with Balat on the construction of the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken in northern Brussels, <mask>'s first work to utilise glass and iron.In 1884, <mask> won the first Prix Godecharle to be awarded for architecture for a proposed new building for the Belgian Parliament. On his graduation from the Royal Academy, he was awarded the Grand Prize in architecture. In the years that followed, <mask> joined the Central Society of Belgian Architecture, designed and completed three houses in a traditional style, and took part in several competitions. In 1892, he was named head of the Department of Graphic Design for Architecture at the Free University of Brussels, and promoted to professor in 1893. At this time, through lectures and exhibitions organised by the artists' group Les XX, <mask> became familiar with the British Arts and Crafts Movement, the developments in book design, and especially textiles and wallpaper, which influenced his later work. In 1893, <mask> built a town house, the Autrique House for his friend Eugène Autrique. The interior had a traditional floor plan, due to a limited budget, but the facade previewed some of the elements he developed into the full Art Nouveau style, including iron columns, and ceramic floral designs.In 1894, <mask> was elected President of the Central Society of Belgian Architecture, although he resigned the following year following a dispute caused when he was awarded the commission for a kindergarten on the / in the Marolles/Marollen district of Brussels, without a public competition. Throughout his life, <mask> was greatly influenced by the French architectural theorist Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, whose ideas he completely identified with. In 1925, he wrote: {{Blockquote|Since 1840, the theories of Viollet-le-Duc are a sharp, precise and constructive analysis of each element in architecture, bringing the whole of architecture to its absolute origin – a construction out of which any form of art can emerge.}} The Town Houses and the beginning of Art Nouveau

Hôtel Tassel (1892–1893)
The major breakthrough for <mask> came in 1892, when he was commissioned to design a home for the scientist and professor Émile Tassel. The Hôtel Tassel was completed in 1893. The stone facade, designed to harmonize with the neighboring buildings, was fairly traditional, but the interior was strikingly new. <mask> used the technologies of glass and iron, which he had practiced on the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken, to create an interior filled with light and space.The house was built around an open central stairway. The decoration of the interior featured curling lines, modeled after vines and flowers, which were repeated in the ironwork railings of the stairway, in the tiles of the floor, in the glass of the doors and skylights, and painted on the walls. The building is widely recognized as the first appearance of Art Nouveau in architecture.Space Time and Architecture, Sigfreid Giedion, 1941 In 2000, it was designated, along with three other town houses designed soon afterwards, as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In designating these sites, UNESCO explained: "The stylistic revolution represented by these works is characterised by their open plan, the diffusion of light, and the brilliant joining of the curved lines of decoration with the structure of the building." Hôtel Solvay (1898–1900)
The Hôtel Solvay, on the Avenue Louise/Louizalaan in Brussels, was constructed for Armand Solvay, the son of the chemist and industrialist Ernest Solvay. Horta had a virtually unlimited budget, and used the most exotic materials in unusual combinations, such as marble, bronze and rare tropical woods in the stairway decoration. The stairway walls were decorated by the pointillist painter Théo van Rysselberghe.<mask> designed every detail including the bronze doorbell and the house number, to match the overall style. Hôtel Van Eetvelde (1898–1900)
The Hôtel van Eetvelde is considered one of Horta's most accomplished and innovative buildings, because of highly original Winter Garden interior and the imaginative details throughout. The open floor plan of the Hôtel Van Eetvelde was particularly original, and offered an abundance of light, both horizontally and vertically, and a great sensation of space. A central court went up the height of the building, bringing light from the skylight above. On the main floor, the oval-shaped salons were open to the courtyard, and also received light from large bay windows. It was possible to look from one side of the building to other from any of the salons on the main floor. Horta House and Studio (1898–1901)
The Horta House and Studio, now the Horta Museum, was Horta's residence and office, and was certainly more modest than the other houses, but it had its own original features and equally fine craftsmanship and mastery of details.He made unusual combinations of materials, such as wood, iron and marble in the staircase decoration. The novel element in <mask>'s houses and then his larger buildings was his search for maximum transparency and light, something often difficult to achieve with the narrow building sites in Brussels. He achieved this by use of large windows, skylights, mirrors, and especially by his open floor plans, which brought in light from all sides and from above. Hôtel Aubecq (1899–1902)
The Hôtel Aubecq in Brussels was one of his late houses, made for the industrialist Octave Aubecq. As with his other houses, it featured a skylight over the central staircase, filling the house with light. Its peculiarity was the octagonal shape of the rooms, and the three facades with windows, designed to give maximum light. The owner originally wished to keep his original family furniture, but because of the odd shape of the rooms, <mask> was commissioned to create new furniture.By 1948, Art Nouveau was out of style, the house was sold to a new owner, who wished to demolish it. A movement began to preserve the house, but in the end only the facade and the furnishings were saved by the City of Brussels. The facade was disassembled and put into storage, and many proposals were made for its reconstruction, but none were carried out. Some of the furnishings are now on display at the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. Maison du Peuple (1895–1899)
While <mask> was building luxurious town houses for the wealthy, he also applied his ideas to more functional buildings. From 1895 to 1899, he designed and built the Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis ("House of the People"), the headquarters for the Belgian Workers' Party (POB/BWP). This was a large structure including offices, meeting rooms, a café and a conference and concert hall seating over 2,000 people.It was a purely functional building, constructed of steel columns with curtain walls. Unlike his houses, there was virtually no decoration. The only recognizable Art Nouveau feature was a slight curving of the steel pillars supporting the roof. As with his houses, the building was designed to make a maximum use of light, with large skylights over the main meeting room. It was demolished in 1965, despite an international petition of protest by over 700 architects. The materials of the building were saved for possible reconstruction, but were eventually scattered around Brussels. Some parts were used for the construction of the Brussels Metro system.Beginning in about 1900, <mask>'s buildings gradually became more simplified in form, but always made with great attention to functionality and to craftsmanship. Beginning in 1903, he constructed the Grand Bazar Anspach, a large department store, with his characteristic use of large windows, open floors, and wrought iron decoration. In 1907, <mask> designed the Museum for Fine Arts in Tournai, although it did not open until 1928 due to the war. Magasins Waucquez (1905)
The Magasins Waucquez (now the Belgian Comic Strip Center) was originally a department store specializing in textiles. In its design, <mask> used all his skill with steel and glass to create dramatic open spaces and to give them an abundance of light from above. The steel and glass skylight is combined with decorative touches, such as neoclassical columns. After Waucquez's death in 1920, the building began to languish away, and in 1970, the firm closed its doors.Jean Delhaye, a former aid of <mask>, saved the building from demolition, and by 16 October 1975, because of its connection to Horta, it was declared a protected historical site. Now a museum of a particular Belgian speciality, the comic strip, it also has a room devoted to <mask>. Brugmann University Hospital (1906)
In 1906, <mask> accepted the commission for the new Brugmann University Hospital (now the Victor Horta Site of the Brugmann University Hospital). Developed to take into account the views of the clinicians and hospital managers, <mask>'s design separated the functions of the hospital into a number of low-rise pavilions spread over the  park based campus, and work began in 1911. Although used during World War I, the official opening was delayed until 1923. Its unusual design and layout attracted great interest from the European medical community, and his buildings continue in use to this day. The First World War – travel to the United States
In February 1915, as World War I was underway and Belgium was occupied, <mask> moved to London and attended the Town Planning Conference on the Reconstruction of Belgium, organised by the International Garden Cities and Town Planning Association.Unable to return to Belgium, at the end of 1915, he traveled to the United States, where he gave a series of lectures at American universities, including Cornell, Harvard, MIT, Smith College, Wellesley College and Yale. In 1917, he was named Charles Eliot Norton Memorial Lecturer and Professor of Architecture at George Washington University. Later Projects – debut of modernism (1919–1939)
On <mask>'s return to Brussels in January 1919, he sold his home and workshop on the /, and also became a full member of the Belgian Royal Academy. The post-war austerity meant that Art Nouveau was no longer affordable or fashionable. From this point on, <mask>, who had gradually been simplifying his style over the previous decade, no longer used organic forms, and instead based his designs on the geometrical. He continued to use rational floor plans, and to apply the latest developments in building technology and building services engineering. The Centre for Fine Arts in Brussels, a multi-purpose cultural centre designed in a more geometric style similar to Art Deco.Centre for Fine Arts (1923–1929)
<mask> developed the plans for the Centre for Fine Arts beginning in 1919, with construction starting in 1923. It was completed in 1929. It was originally intended to be built of stone, but <mask> made a new plan of reinforced concrete with a steel frame. He had intended the concrete to be left exposed in the interior, but the final appearance did not meet his expectations, and he had it covered. The concert hall itself is in an unusual ovoid, or egg shape, and is accompanied by art galleries, meeting rooms, and other functional rooms. The building is placed on a complex hillside site, and occupies eight levels, much of it underground. It also had to be designed to avoid blocking the view from the Royal Palace, on the hill just above it.In 1927, <mask> became the Director of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Brussels, a post he held for four years until 1931. In recognition of his work, <mask> was awarded the title of Baron by King Albert I in 1932. Brussels Central Station (1913–1952)
In 1910, <mask> began working on drawings on his most ambitious and longest running project: Brussels Central Station. He was formally commissioned as the architect in 1913, but work did not actually begin until after World War II, in 1952. It was originally planned that the station would just part of a much larger redevelopment project, which <mask> had conceived in the 1920s, but this was never realized. The start of construction was seriously delayed due to the lengthy process of purchasing and demolishing over thousand buildings along the route of the new railway between Brussels' main stations, and then because of World War I. Construction finally began in 1937 as part of the plans to boost the economy during the Great Depression, before being delayed again by the outbreak of World War II.<mask> was still working on the station when he died in 1947. The station was finally completed, to his plans, by his colleagues led by Maxime Brunfaut. It opened on 4 October 1952.La rénovation de la gare de Bruxelles-Central – Passion-Trains

Furniture
<mask> typically designed not only the building, but also the furniture, to match his particular style. His furniture became as well known as his houses; a displays of his furniture were shown at the 1900 Universal Exposition in Paris, and the 1902 Turin Exposition of Modern Decorative Arts. It was typically hand-made, and the furniture for each house was different. In many cases the furniture lasted longer than the house. Its drawback was that, since it matched the house, it could not be changed to any other style, without disrupting the harmony of the room.Later work and personal life
<mask> and his first wife divorced in 1906. He married his second wife, Julia Carlsson, in 1908. In 1925, he was an architect of honor for the Belgian Pavilion at the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in Paris, the exposition which gave its name to Art Deco. In the same year, he became director of the Fine Arts section of the Belgian Royal Academy of Fine Arts. In 1937, he completed the design of his final work, Brussels Central Station. In 1939, he began editing his memoirs. He died on 8 September 1947 and was interred in Ixelles Cemetery in Brussels.Heritage
After Art Nouveau lost favor, many of <mask>'s buildings were destroyed, most notably the Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis, demolished in 1965, as mentioned above. However, several of <mask>'s buildings are still standing in Brussels up to this day and some are available to tour. Most notable are the Magasins Waucquez, formerly a department store, now the Belgian Comic Strip Center and four of his private houses (hôtels), which were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site:
 Hôtel Tassel, designed and built for Prof. Émile Tassel in 1892–93
 Hôtel Solvay, designed and built 1895–1900
 Hôtel van Eetvelde, designed and built 1895–1898
 House and Studio Horta, designed in 1898, now the Horta Museum, dedicated to his work

Honors
 1919
 Officer of the Order of the Crown. Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium
 1920: Officer of the Order of Leopold
 1925: Director of the Classe des Beaux-Arts of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium
 1932: Created Baron <mask> by Royal Decree and given a coat of arms

On 6 January 2015, Google Doodle commemorated his 154th birthday. 1979: Inventaris van het cultuurbezit in België, Architectuur, Stad Gent, Bouwen door de eeuwen heen in Vlaanderen 4NB Z-W, Brussel – Gent

External links

 UNESCO Word Heritage List entry
 <mask>rta
 Horta Museum
 Cupola's Art Nouveau Architecture Gallery One at www.cupola.com
 art-nouveau-around-the-world.org <mask>
 <mask> on BALaT - Belgian Art Links and Tools (KIK-IRPA, Brussels)

1861 births
1947 deaths
Architects from Ghent
Barons of Belgium
Art Nouveau architects
Flemish designers
Burials at Ixelles Cemetery
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
Victor Horta buildings
Belgian Freemasons
Flemish architects
Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts alumni
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Ghent) alumni
Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts faculty

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Victor Pierre Horta
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<mask> (born November 11, 1974) is a Canadian senator from Quebec. At the age of 34, he was and is the youngest member of the Senate during his appointment. From February 2006 until January 2009 he held the position of national chief of the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples. <mask> was expelled from the Conservative caucus following his February 7, 2013 arrest for domestic assault and sexual assault. On September 15, 2015, <mask> pleaded guilty to simple assault and cocaine possession as part of a plea deal in which other assault charges were dropped, and he was acquitted of sexual assault. On October 28, 2015, he was granted an absolute discharge by a Quebec court; he was thus not incarcerated and avoided having a criminal record. However, Brazeau remained suspended until September 2016, when separate charges of fraud and breach of trust related to his disallowed expense claims were withdrawn by the Crown.Life and career
Brazeau is an Algonquin from the Kitigan Zibi reserve near Maniwaki. He worked at , a Royal Canadian Naval Reserve unit based in Ottawa that operates under the Canadian Forces Maritime Command. Brazeau earned a Quebec Diploma of College Studies in social sciences from CEGEP Heritage College (Gatineau) and studied, but dropped out of, civil law at the University of Ottawa. Fluent in both official Canadian languages, English and French, Brazeau's language preference is French. Brazeau joined the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples (CAP) in 2001 and was elected vice-chief in April 2005. He acted as national chief from February 2006 until his election later in November of the same year. He is a member of CAP's affiliate, Alliance Autochtone du Quebec Inc. also known as the Native Alliance of Quebec, or the AAQ or NAQ.Brazeau pursued a very vocal strategy to obtain repeal of Section 67 of the Canadian Human Rights Act as his CAP vision. His position was that Section 67 impeded the individual human rights of aboriginals by its insistence that communal Indian Act rights superseded the CHRA. In this position he was supported by editorials of the National Post and the Globe and Mail. Brazeau endorsed passage of Bill C-21 as a step toward reform of Aboriginal governance, suggesting on 20 June 2008 that the extension of human rights protection “will ultimately lead to the dismantling of the Indian Act.”

On December 22, 2008, <mask> was appointed to the Senate on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper. He was sworn in as a senator on January 8, 2009. On March 31, 2012, Brazeau lost in a celebrity boxing match to Liberal MP (and future Prime Minister) Justin Trudeau. Brazeau has stated that he would like a rematch with Trudeau but Trudeau declined to participate in another boxing match.On May 30, 2015, Brazeau acted as a guest referee at a Great North Wrestling event at the Earl Armstrong Arena in Ottawa. Brazeau ended up getting bodyslammed through a table during the course of the match. In the early hours of January 19, 2016, Brazeau was admitted to hospital in critical but stable condition after he was found seriously injured in his home. The Quebec provincial police issued a statement indicating Brazeau's injuries did not appear related to criminal activity, and the Hull hospital released a statement saying his injuries were treated by successful surgery and were not considered life-threatening. On February 24, 2016, reports came out that Brazeau was hospitalized because of a suicide attempt in his house. Controversy

Two salaries
Brazeau was criticized for stating his intention to accept a seat in the Senate and concurrently remain national chief of the CAP thus collecting two publicly funded six-figure salaries; a decision from which he subsequently retreated by resigning as CAP chief. He has also come under fire over a sexual harassment complaint made against him to the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario and for allegedly condoning heavy drinking during business hours.<mask> resigned from his position of national chief of the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples on January 9, 2009, issuing the following statement on the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples' website:

Use of CAP funds
In addition, he has faced allegations regarding the spending of funds received by the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples for aboriginal health programs. The Globe and Mail reported on January 19, 2009, that Health Canada auditors rejected almost $260,000 in congress expenses out of a budget of $472,900 allocated to the congress by the ministry, alleging that much of the money had been spent on board meetings where health issues were not discussed. Conservative Party spokesman Kory Teneycke indicated that the alleged misspending occurred before Brazeau became chief of the organization, and that Brazeau took steps to address the problem once he took over the leadership. Senate attendance record
On June 26, 2012, Brazeau came under fire after attacking Canadian Press journalist Jennifer Ditchburn via his official Twitter account. Brazeau publicly called Ditchburn a "bitch" after she reported on his poor Senate attendance record. Brazeau did in fact have poor attendance on the Senate floor: the Senate attendance register showed that he was absent for 25% of the Senate's 72 sittings between June 2011 and April 2012. He was also absent for 31% of the meetings of the human rights committee, where he is deputy-chair, and for 65% of meetings at the Senate Standing Committee on Aboriginal Peoples, on which he sits.Residency controversy

Without the knowledge of his ex-wife's father, Brazeau used Daryl Tenasco's address at Kitigan Zibi, Quebec, for the purpose obtaining an aboriginal income tax exemption from 2004 to 2008. Kitigan Zibi Chief Gilbert Whiteduck said: “Normally you have income tax exemption when you live on a reserve and you are employed by a reserve.” Neighbours said it did not appear that Brazeau lived in the community. According to Jean Guy Whiteduck “I’ve never seen him, it’s right across from my place. I’ve never seen him there. He may have visited. That’s about it." On February 28, 2013, the Senate committee of Internal Economy announced that Brazeau, along with fellow senators Pamela Wallin, Mike Duffy, and Mac Harb, would be subject to a forensic audit to determine appropriateness of their expense claims.Deloitte accountants Timm and Stewart conducted an independent audit and came to the conclusion that Brazeau had made no false claims and reached no conclusions as to whether he met the Senate’s definition of primary residence because there was none. The audit document can be found in Senate papers dated 7 May 2013 and can be said to be an indictment of vague (to the point of meaningless) policies:
2.1.2. There is a lack of clarity in the terminology used for the different residences mentioned or discussed in the applicable regulations and guidelines. The following terms are used without being clearly defined: primary residence, secondary residence, NCR residence, provincial residence. In addition, the term registered residence is not defined. 2.1.3. The regulations and guidelines applicable during the period of our examination do not include criteria for determining “primary residence”.As such, we are not able to assess the status of the primary residence declared by Senator Brazeau against existing regulations and guidelines. Undeterred by the conclusions of Deloitte, the Senate's Subcommittee on Living Allowances, chaired by Senator Elizabeth Marshall with Senators Comeau and Campbell, then ignored selected parts of the Deloitte audit and wrote their own conclusions for the Internal Economy committee, who then recommended on 9 May to the entire Senate, after several secret sessions, that he be ordered to reimburse a minimum of $51,482 in expense money. "Liberal Senator Mac Harb and Independent Senator <mask>au must immediately repay inappropriately claimed expenses or the Senate will seize the funds," said Marjory LeBreton, the then-current Leader of the Government in the Senate. A spokeswoman from LeBreton's office said Brazeau's pay may be withheld as a means of recovering the funds. Brazeau challenged the internal economy committee's order. On August 1, 2013, in an affidavit filed in an Ottawa court, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police alleged that Brazeau inappropriately claimed his father’s home in Maniwaki as his primary residence in order to claim a $22,000 a year taxpayer funded housing allowance. The affidavit said that Brazeau actually resided in a rented Gatineau home right across the Ottawa river from his workplace, while claiming the housing allowance for living in Maniwaki.CTV news employee Robert Fife reported that the RCMP investigation revealed that Brazeau was being investigated for breach of trust. Brazeau later singled out Fife in his Senate farewell speech on 4 November 2013. Chief Theresa Spence
Brazeau was criticized for mocking Attawapiskat Chief Theresa Spence at a Conservative fundraiser in an Ottawa suburb on 29 January 2013. In an audio recording from the event provided to CTV News by Metroland Media, Brazeau is heard stating publicly "Oh, poor Theresa Spence. Oh, poor her," in regards to the six-week-long hunger strike that the aboriginal leader had recently ended. The hunger strike was aimed to force a meeting with Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Governor General of Canada David Johnston to discuss aboriginal treaty rights and socioeconomic issues. Brazeau was also critical of the Idle No More movement, saying that he felt many Canadian aboriginals simply expected to be supported by taxpayers.The recording also revealed <mask> stating "To sit back, wait for the government to give me handouts. Maybe be on welfare, maybe drink, maybe take up drugs", in regards to aboriginal Canadians. He later returned to the subject of dismantling the Indian Act when he added "The best way to get our land back is to buy it back. Just like every other Canadian." Brazeau also insinuated in the recording that Spence had actually gained weight during her "so-called hunger strike". Legal troubles and suspension from Senate
On February 7, 2013, scarcely nine days after the Spence incident, Brazeau was arrested for an incident relating to domestic violence. He was charged with assault and sexual assault in Gatineau court house the next day.After a short court appearance Brazeau was released on $1000 bail on the condition he not go within 150 metres of the victim's work or home. Government Senate Leader Marjory LeBreton later announced that, pending a resolution to Brazeau's legal situation, the Senator will be removed from the Conservative caucus and barred from taking his seat, although the Senator will still be paid his full salary. April 10, 2014, the day before a trial was to be set, police allege that he was intoxicated and got into an altercation with a woman. They arrested him on new charges of assault, cocaine possession, uttering threats and breach of bail conditions. He has pleaded not guilty. In October 13, 2014, Brazeau was charged with intoxicated driving. An officer investigated an unconscious Brazeau as he parked and was seated behind the steering wheel and he detected a strong scent of liquor.Brazeau tested for .16 BAC at the police station. He is officially charged with:violating bail conditions and intoxicated driving. A knife was found in his vehicle, and he was charged with weapons possession violating bail conditions. Brazeau was court ordered to two months of detox rehabilitation as he awaits trial. On September 15, 2015, Brazeau pleaded guilty to simple assault and possessing cocaine as part of a plea bargain in which he was acquitted of sexual assault. The simple assault plea was connected to the February 2013 assault, and the cocaine possession plea was connected to the April 2014, for which the assault charges were dropped after the plea deal. The October 2014 impaired driving charges are still outstanding as of the guilty plea.On October 28, 2015, he was granted an absolute discharge by the Quebec Court but remained suspended from the Senate, despite still facing a criminal trial for fraud and breach of trust arising from his Senate expenses. On July 13, 2016, the fraud and breach of trust charges were withdrawn by the Crown as there was no reasonable possibility of conviction, and as a result, his leave of absence from the Senate was ended. Suspension from and return to Senate
Since Brazeau was facing charges of assault and sexual assault, the Senate voted to suspend him on 12 February 2013. The motion stated that "in order to protect the dignity and reputation of the Senate and public trust and confidence in Parliament, the Senate order a leave of absence for the Honourable Senator Brazeau to last until this order is rescinded". On 5 November 2013, the Senate voted to suspend Brazeau, along with fellow Senators Mike Duffy and Pamela Wallin, for the remainder of the session, likely until the next federal election in 2015. The Senate also cut their salaries and use of office resources. The specific motion to suspend Brazeau without pay was voted on as follows: 50 yeas, 29 nays, and 13 abstentions.It marked the first time in Senate history that a senator had been sanctioned over expenses without being convicted of a criminal offence. With the early election call by Prime Minister Harper on August 2, 2015, Senators <mask>, Duffy and Wallen recommenced receiving their salaries and benefits. <mask> returned to his seat in the Senate in September 2016 after charges of fraud and breach of trust related to his expense claims were withdrawn by the Crown. Reflecting on his suspension two years later, Brazeau admitted to making "bad decisions" in the past, but felt vindicated by the courts, saying that the controversy surrounding his expenses was politically motivated. Work outside the Senate
Denied his salary as a Senator and without other means of support, Brazeau embarked on a very public search for employment following his suspension, resorting to soliciting work via Twitter. In December 2013, <mask> was hired as a freelance reporter for the Halifax edition of the satirical magazine Frank but was fired after writing one column. In January 2014, Brazeau wrote a column for the political website Loonie Politics where he outlines his argument why Prime Minister Stephen Harper is not serious about senate reform.<mask> was hired as day manager of an Ottawa strip club known as the Bare Fax in February 2014. "A job is a job", he was quoted by an Ottawa reporter as saying in regards to his new occupation. As day manager he was in charge of 25-30 staff members, including everything from hiring and firing to scheduling. Brazeau later described the move as an act of desperation, after being unable to find a job. He had also expressed interest in writing a book or starring in a reality show as means of earning an income, prior to his suspension being lifted. References

External links

Algonquin people
University of Ottawa alumni
Living people
Conservative Party of Canada senators
Canadian senators from Quebec
1974 births
Indigenous leaders in Quebec
People acquitted of sex crimes
People from Outaouais
Independent Canadian senators
21st-century Canadian politicians
Independent Senators Group
Indigenous Canadian senators

masks:
Patrick Brazeau
Brazeau
Brazeau
Brazeau
Brazeau
Patrick Braze
Brazeau
Brazeau
Brazeau
Brazeau
Brazeau


texts:
<mask> (in Middle Persian: 𐭌𐭀𐭍𐭉/𐭬𐭠𐭭𐭩/𐮋𐮀𐮌𐮈/𐬨𐬁𐬥𐬌/𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫏 Māni, New Persian:  Māni, Chinese:  Móní, Syriac Mānī, Greek , Latin ; also ,  Latin , from Syriac  Mānī ḥayyā "Living Mani", –2 March AD 274 or 26 February AD 277), of Iranian origin, was the prophet and the founder of Manichaeism, a religion of late antiquity strongly influenced by Gnosticism which was once widespread but is no longer prevalent by name. <mask> was born in or near Seleucia-Ctesiphon in Babylonia, at the time still part of the Parthian Empire. Seven of his major works were written in Syriac, and the eighth, dedicated to the Sasanian emperor Shapur I, was written in Middle Persian. He died in Gundeshapur. Etymology
The exact meaning of the name is a question still unsolved. It may have derived from Babylonian-Aramaic Mânâ [luminescence]. Mandaeans used the term, mânâ rabba meaning the "Enlightened Lord/King.".Ancient Greek interpretations were skeuos (σκεῦος, vessel, instrument) and homilia (ὁμιλία, intercourse, company, communion, instruction). The same slightly contemptuous "a certain" (Manes quidam) also appears in Hegemonius' Acta Archelai (4th century), however, Hegemonius contributes a detailed description of Mani's looks. Mani’s names became the object of uplifting transformation (Greek, Coptic Mannichaios, Latin Mannichaeus, i.e., Mannam fundens "pouring out Manna". Sources
In 1969 in Upper Egypt a Greek parchment codex dating to  was discovered. It is now designated Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis because it is conserved at the University of Cologne. Combining a hagiographic account of <mask>'s career and spiritual development with information about <mask>'s religious teachings, and containing fragments of his writings, it is now considered the most reliable source of information about the historical <mask>. All other medieval and pre-medieval accounts of his life are either legendary or hagiographical, such as the account in Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim, purportedly by al-Biruni, or were anti-Manichaean polemics, such as the 4th-century Acta Archelai.Among these medieval accounts, Ibn al-Nadim's account of Mani's life and teachings is generally speaking the most reliable and exhaustive. Notably, the (in other accounts prominent) image of the "Third Ambassador" is only represented through a brief mention of the name bašīr, "messenger of good news", and the topos of "Mani the Painter" (which in other Islamic accounts almost completely replaces that of "the founder of a religion") is completely absent. Life

This work and other evidence discovered in the 20th century establishes Mani as a historical individual. Early life
<mask> was born near Seleucia-Ctesiphon, perhaps in the town Mardinu in the Babylonian district of Nahr Kutha; according to other accounts in the town Abrumya. Mani's father Pātik (Middle Persian Pattūg; , ), a native of Ecbatana (now Hamadan, Iran), was a member of the Jewish Christian sect of the Elcesaites. His mother was of Parthian descent (from "the Armenian Arsacid family of Kamsarakan"); her name is reported variously, among others Maryam. Mani was raised in a heterodox environment in Babylon.The Elcesaite community was ostensibly Jewish Christian, though with some Gnostic features due to their Ebionite heritage, such as the belief in recurring incarnations of heavenly apostles, one of whom was a docetic Christ. At ages 12 and 24 Mani had visionary experiences of a "heavenly twin" of his (syzygos), calling him to leave his father's sect and preach the true message of Jesus in a new gospel. Travelling to India
<mask> then travelled to India (Sakas in present day Afghanistan), where he studied Hinduism and its various extant philosophies, including Buddhism. Al-Biruni says Mani only traveled to India after being banished from Persia, but this might be an error or a second journey. It is believed that his Christian roots might have been influenced by Marcion and Bardaisan. Return from India
Returning in 242, <mask> presented himself to Shapur I, to whom he dedicated his only work written in Persian, known as the Shabuhragan. Shapur was not converted to Manichaeism and remained Zoroastrian, but he favored Mani's teachings, which mixed Christianity, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism, and took him into his court.<mask> is said to have performed miracles, including levitation, teleporting and healing, which helped him to gain converts in the Iranian elite. He was also famed as a painter. Imprisonment and martyrdom
Shapur's successor Hormizd I, who reigned only for one year, continued to patronize <mask>, but his successor Bahram I, a follower of the intolerant Zoroastrian reformer Kartir, began to persecute the Manichaeans. He incarcerated <mask>, who died in prison within a month, in 274. According to sources, he passed his last days comforting his visiting disciples, teaching that his death would have no other consequence than the return of his soul to the realm of light. <mask>'s followers depicted <mask>'s death as a crucifixion in a conscious analogy to the crucifixion of Jesus; al-Biruni says that Bahram ordered the execution of Mani. There is a story which claims that he was flayed, and his corpse suspended over the main gate of the great city of Gundeshapur; however, there is no historical basis for this account.It is more plausible that his body was mutilated via post-mortem decapitation, and his head put on display, which may be the original source of the embellishment. Works
The canon of Mani included six works originally written in Syriac, and one in Persian, the Shapuragan. While none of his books have survived in complete form, there are numerous fragments and quotations of them, including a long Syriac quotation from one of his works, as well as a large amount of material in Middle Persian, Coptic, and numerous other languages. Examples of surviving portions of his works include:  the Shabuhragan (Middle Persian), the Book of Giants (numerous fragments in many languages), the Fundamental Epistle (quoted in length by Saint Augustine), a number of fragments of his Living Gospel (or Great Gospel), a Syriac excerpt quoted by Theodore Bar Konai, and his Letter to Edessa  contained in the  Cologne Mani-Codex. Mani also wrote the book Arzhang, a holy book of Manichaeism unique in that it contained many drawings and paintings to express and explain the Manichaeist creation and history of the world. Teaching

Mani's teaching was intended to succeed and surpass the teachings of Christianity, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. It is based on a rigid dualism of good and evil, locked in eternal struggle.In his mid-twenties, Mani decided that salvation was possible through education, self-denial, fasting and chastity. According to Al-Biruni, a 10th-century Iranian scholar, <mask> claimed to be the Paraclete promised in the New Testament, and the Last Prophet. However according to Lodewijk J. R. Ort, the term last prophet may "in all probability derived from the Quran by Al-Buruni in order to formulate Mani's pretensions and religious claims". Therefore Lodewijk J. R. Ort concludes that a definitive pronouncement about the final character of <mask>'s appearance is not mentioned in Manichaeistic scriptures.While his religion was not strictly a movement of Christian Gnosticism in the earlier mode, Mani did declare himself to be an "apostle of Jesus Christ", and extant Manichaean poetry frequently extols Jesus and his mother, Mary, with the highest reverence. Manichaean tradition is also noted to have claimed that Mani was the reincarnation of different religious figures including Jesus, Zoroaster, and the historical Buddha. Mani's followers were organized in a church structure, divided into a class of "elects" (electi) and "auditors" (auditores). Only the electi are required to follow the laws strictly, while the auditores care for them, hoping to become electi in their turn after reincarnation.Christian and Islamic tradition
Late Antique Christian accounts in the West
The Western Christian tradition of Mani is based on Socrates of Constantinople, a historian writing in the 5th century. According to this account, one Scythianos, a Saracen, husband of an Egyptian woman, "introduced the doctrine of Empedocles and Pythagoras into Christianity"; that he had a disciple, "Buddas, formerly named Terebinthus," who travelled in Persia, where he alleged that he had been born of a virgin, and afterwards wrote four books, one of Mysteries, a second The Gospel, a third The Treasure, and a fourth Heads. While performing some mystic rites, he was hurled down a precipice by a daimon, and killed. A woman at whose house he lodged buried him, took over his property, and bought a boy of seven, named Cubricus. This boy she freed and educated, leaving him the property and books of Buddas-Terebinthus. Cubricus then travelled into Persia, where he took the name of Manes and gave forth the doctrines of Buddas Terebinthus as his own. The king of Persia, hearing that he worked miracles, sent for him to heal his sick son, and on the child's dying put Manes in prison.Thence he escaped, flying into Mesopotamia, but was traced, captured, and flayed alive by the Persian king's orders, the skin being then stuffed with chaff and hung up before the gate of the city. According to Jerome, Archelaus wrote his account of his disputation with "Manichæus" in Syriac, whence it was translated into Greek. The Greek is lost, and the work, apart from extracts, subsists only in a Latin translation from the Greek, of doubtful age and fidelity,   probably made after the 5th century. By Photius it is stated that Heraclean, bishop of Chalcedon, in his book against the Manichæans, said the  Disputation of Archelaus was written by one Hegemonius, an author not otherwise traceable, and of unknown date. In the Latin narrative, "Manes" is said to have come, after his flight from court, from Arabion, a frontier fortress, to Caschar or Carchar, a town said to be in Roman Mesopotamia, in the hope of converting an eminent Christian there, named Marcellus, to whom he had sent a letter beginning: "Manichæus apostle of Jesus Christ, and all the saints and virgins with me, send peace to Marcellus." In his train he brought twenty-two (or twelve) youths and virgins. At the request of Marcellus, he debated on religion with bishop Archelaus, by whom he was vanquished, whereupon he set out to return to Persia.On his way he proposed to debate with a priest at the town of Diodorides. But Archelaus came to take the priest's place, and again defeated him, whereupon, fearing to be given up to the Persians by the Christians, he returned to Arabion. At this stage Archelaus introduces in a discourse to the people his history of "this Manes," very much to the effect of the recapitulation in Socrates. Among the further details are these: that Scythianus lived "in the time of the Apostles",  that Terebinthus said the name of Buddas had been imposed on him, that in the mountains he had been brought up by an angel, that he had been convicted of imposture by a Persian prophet named Parcus, and by Labdacus, son of Mithra. Furthermore, that in the disputation he taught concerning the sphere, the two luminaries, the transmigration of souls, and the war of the Principia against God, that "Corbicius" or Corbicus, about the age of sixty, translated the books of Terebinthus. He made three chief disciples, Thomas, Addas, and Hermas, of whom he sent the first to Egypt, and the second to Scythia, keeping the third with him. The two former returned when he was in prison, and that he sent them to procure for him the books of the Christians, which he then studied.According to the Latin narrative, finally, Manes on his return to Arabion was seized and taken to the Persian king, by whose orders he was flayed, his body being left to the birds, and his skin, filled with air, hung at the city gate. Medieval Islamic accounts

<mask> is described as a painter who set up a sectarian movement in opposition to Zoroastrianism. He was persecuted by Shapur I and fled to Central Asia, where he made disciples and embellished with paintings a Tchighil (or picturarum domus Chinensis) and another temple called Ghalbita. Provisioning in advance a cave which had a spring, he told his disciples he was going to heaven, and would not return for a year, after which time they were to seek him in the cave in question. They then came back there after a year and found him, whereupon he showed them an illustrated book, called Ergenk, or Estenk Arzhang, which he said he had brought from heaven. Whereafter he had many followers, with whom he returned to Persia at the death of Shapur. The new king, Hormisdas, joined and protected the sect, and built Mani a castle.The next king, Bahram or Varanes, at first favoured <mask>. After getting him to debate with certain Zoroastrian teachers, caused him to be flayed alive, and his skin to be stuffed and hung up. Thereupon most of his followers fled to India and China. See also
 Mar Ammo
 Arzhang
 Cologne Mani-Codex The Gardens of Light Gospel of Mani
 Mandaeism

References

Sources

 Asmussen, Jes Peter, comp., Manichaean Literature: Representative Texts, Chiefly from Middle Persian and Parthian Writings, 1975, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, . Alexander Böhlig, 'Manichäismus' in: Theologische Realenzyklopädie 22 (1992),  25–45. Amin Maalouf, The Gardens of Light'' [Les Jardins de Lumière], translated from French by Dorothy S. Blair, 242 p. (Interlink Publishing Group, New York, 2007). External links
 Manichaeist art - University of Washington
 "Mani and Manichaeism in the J.R.Ritman Library"
 The Book of the Giants by W.B.Henning, 1943
 Acta Archelai

Manichaeism
216 births
274 deaths
3rd-century Iranian people
3rd-century writers
Ancient occultists
Anti-natalists
Creators of writing systems
Founders of religions
Iranian painters
Iranian poets
Iranian prophets
Iranian religious leaders
People executed by crucifixion
People executed by flaying
People executed by the Sasanian Empire
Writers of lost works
Year of birth uncertain
3rd-century religious leaders
3rd-century theologians

masks: Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani


texts:
<mask> (4 October 1900 – 13 May 1978) was an Irish professional	footballer. He began his career with Irish Intermediate League side Crusaders as a half back before joining Cardiff City in 1925 where he converted to defence. He became a regular first team player during his debut season in the Football League and later played in the 1927 FA Cup Final, helping the side become the only team from outside England to win the competition. He made more than 100 appearances for Cardiff in all competitions until a cartilage injury cost him his place in the side. He returned to Ireland with Linfield, winning a league and cup double in his first season. He later returned to play for Crusaders before managing amateur side Whiteabbey, where he won the Irish Football Alliance in his first season. He later became a referee.<mask> also won a single cap for Ireland, in a match against Scotland in 1926, and played for representative sides of both the Irish Intermediate League and Welsh League during his career. Early life
<mask> was born in Belfast on 4 October 1900 to Janet and William James <mask>. His father worked as a caulker. Club career

Early years
<mask> began his football career as a youth player with Glenarm before joining Irish Intermediate League side Crusaders. His performances for the side led to him being selected to represent an Intermediate League XI in matches against their counterparts from other leagues, including captaining the side against a Yorkshire League XI in February 1925. Crusaders had previously sold Jimmy Nelson, a childhood friend of <mask>, to Cardiff City in 1921 where the Scotsman had impressed. Cardiff subsequently approached Crusaders to enquire "Have you any more players like Jimmy?".This correspondence ultimately led to <mask> and <mask> joining Cardiff. Cardiff City
<mask> signed for the Welsh side in August 1925 on a free transfer. During his time with Crusaders, he had played as a half back but on arrival at Cardiff, the club's coaching staff believed he would be more suited to a defensive role. He was trialled in the new position for several reserve matches and impressed the club enough for the change to be made permanent. He began the 1925–26 season as cover for club captain Jimmy Blair from the side. He made his debut for the club in a 1–0 victory over West Ham United on 7 September 1925 in place of Blair. Starting alongside Nelson, the Belfast Telegraph noted that the pair were "sorely tried".His second appearance came more than a month later in a 5–0 defeat to Arsenal again in place of the injured Blair. Despite the heavy defeat, <mask> earned praise in match reports and maintained his place in the side. Despite only appearing in one further match, <mask> was selected for a Welsh League XI to play their counterparts from the Irish League in Swansea on 31 October. He missed only three further games during the remainder of the campaign for Cardiff, making a total of 33 appearances in all competitions during the year as he formed a defensive partnership with Nelson. His form led the club to transfer list Blair in the first half of the season before selling him towards the end of the year. In his second season with Cardiff, <mask> made a further 45 appearances in all competitions, including playing in all seven matches of their successful FA Cup run. Ahead  of the final, <mask> was described as "one of the best tacklers playing this season" in the Daily Herald.The newspaper also noted that his partnership with Nelson formed one of the "best pairs of backs in the country." Cardiff defeated Arsenal 1–0 to become the only team from outside England to win the competition. He remained prominent during the first half of the 1927–28 season, missing only 2 of the first 20 league matches of the campaign. However, from late December, his season was blighted by injuries; he made only two appearances in the second half of the campaign, the second in a heavy 7–1 defeat against Derby County on 31 March 1928. He underwent knee surgery in October 1928 in attempt to rectify his cartilage injury problems, having not made an appearance during the new season. As such, he appeared only once during the 1928–29 campaign, returning in a 3–1 defeat to Manchester City in the final month of the campaign. His injury problems and the form of his replacement William Roberts led to his departure from the club as he was unable to regain his place.At the end of the season <mask> was placed on the transfer list, along with Sloan. <mask> received interest from Fulham and Derry City who both made approaches, with Cardiff seeking around £500 for the transfer. However, <mask> was instead transferred to Linfield along with Sloan. Return to Ireland
In his first year with Linfield, he helped the side to a double by winning both the Irish League and Irish Cup. In the final of the cup, on 29 March 1930, Linfield secured a 4–3 victory over Ballymena United. <mask> was involved in a clash of heads with Ballymena player Kilpatrick with the score tied at 3–3 which left the opposition player unable to continue. The Belfast News Letter reported that the incident had likely turned the game in Linfield's favour, writing "Had that accident not happened, Ballymena would, in all probability, have got the winning goal."The Irish Cup victory completed an unusual treble of winning the major cup competition in three countries after already having won the FA Cup and the Welsh Cup. He remained with Linfield until August 1932 when he returned to his first club Crusaders. International career
<mask> represented Ireland at youth level before receiving his first call-up to the senior side in February 1926, following a number of withdrawals due to injury, for a match against Scotland. Ireland lost the match 4–0. Later life
After retiring from playing, <mask> managed amateur side Whiteabbey and also served on the club's committee. In his first season in charge, he led the club to the Irish Football Alliance title. His success saw  him named on a three-man shortlist for the vacant managerial role at Bangor.He later became a referee in the Irish Junior League, officiating his first match in September 1938. <mask> married his partner Daisy and the couple had four children. He died at his home in Newtownabbey in May 1978 at the age of 77. Career statistics

Honours

Player
Cardiff City
 FA Cup winner: 1927
 Welsh Cup winner: 1927

Linfield
 Irish League winner: 1929–30
 Irish Cup winner: 1930

Manager
Whiteabbey
 Irish Football Alliance winner: 1934–35

References

Bibliography

Pre-1950 IFA international footballers
Association footballers from Northern Ireland
Cardiff City F.C. players
Linfield F.C. players
1900 births
1978 deaths
Association football fullbacks
Crusaders F.C. players
Association footballers from Belfast
NIFL Premiership players
English Football League players
FA Cup Final players

masks:
Thomas Houston Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Tom Sloan
Watson
Watson
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texts:
<mask> (born 2 March 1970) is a British broadcasting executive and former Labour Party politician who served as Work and Pensions Secretary and Culture Secretary in the Brown Government from 2007 to 2009. In October 2016, he became BBC's Director of Radio, in addition to his other role as the BBC's Director of Strategy and Digital, a job he had held since March 2013. In 2020 he left the BBC to become vice-chancellor of University of the Arts London. <mask> was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stalybridge and Hyde from the 2001 until the 2010 General Election. He served as Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport from 2007 to 2008 and Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from 2008 to 2009. He resigned from the Government on 4 June 2009, criticising the leadership of Gordon Brown. He became the director of the Open Left project for Demos in 2009.<mask> chaired the Institute for Public Policy Research until 2010, and was a senior advisor in the Public Sector practice of the Boston Consulting Group. He is also a film producer, and a former Senior Producer at Rare Day, who produced the film One Mile Away. Early life
<mask> was born in the City of London; he received most of his education in France before returning to study for his A Levels at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, and then read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Balliol College, Oxford. While a student, he worked during summer vacations as a researcher for Tony Blair between 1989 and 1992. After graduating from Oxford University with a first class degree, he worked as a research fellow at the Institute for Public Policy Research before moving to the BBC to become its Head of Corporate Planning. Between May 1994 and October 1995, he was a Labour councillor in Islington, representing Canonbury East ward. In 1997, <mask> returned to work as a special adviser at Number 10, remaining in the post until 2001.He has also served as a consultant at Hydra Associates, a board member of the Young Vic theatre as well as of the Royal National Theatre and the British Film Institute, and as a senior advisor to Boston Consulting Group. Member of Parliament
<mask> was selected as the Labour candidate for the seat of Stalybridge and Hyde in 2001, and won the seat in that year's general election with a majority of 8,859. While a Labour MP, he was a member of the Work and Pensions Select Committee in the House of Commons from 2001 to 2003, the Chair of the All-Party Group on Private Equity and Venture Capital between 2002 and 2003, and the Chair of Labour Friends of Israel from 2002 to 2004. In government

In 2003, <mask> became Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Ruth Kelly in the Cabinet Office, and in December 2004 he joined the Government as a Whip in the government reshuffle following the resignation of David Blunkett. After Labour was returned to power in the 2005 general election, he was appointed to the position of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Creative Industries and Tourism in the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, where he was in charge of preparing the legislation that liberalised the alcohol licensing laws of England and Wales and created tax breaks for the film industry. In May 2006, he was promoted to be Minister of State for Pensions in the Department for Work and Pensions, replacing Stephen Timms. In 2007, he was named Consumer Champion of the Year by Which?magazine for his work on pensions. Which? cited his "commitment to consumers in the development of the national pensions saving scheme", particularly for listening to stakeholders and for his contributions to the personal accounts for low and middle earners. In June 2007, <mask> entered the Cabinet as the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport; he was its youngest member. He was promoted to Work and Pensions Secretary after the resignation of Peter Hain on 24 January 2008. Faked photograph
In September 2007 Tameside General Hospital inserted Purnell into a photograph, as part of a press release for a Private Finance Initiative (PFI) deal. Tameside Trust claimed that he agreed to the insertion being late for the original photo call, <mask> denied this.Tom Levitt, a Labour MP who was present for the photoshoot, stated that he and other MPs left a gap for <mask> when the photograph was taken, knowing that <mask>'s image would be added. Interest on crisis loans proposal
In December 2008, <mask> proposed charging interest on crisis loans to the unemployed and pensioners made by the Department for Work and Pensions, which were interest-free, at a rate of up to 26.8% per annum. This was met with great hostility and was blocked by the intervention of the prime minister, Gordon Brown. Expenses scandal
<mask> was one of many MPs involved in political difficulties following the revelations of the 2009 expenses scandal. He told the parliamentary authorities that his main home was in Manchester and claimed the "second home" allowance for his flat in London. In October 2004, he sold his London flat but told HM Revenue and Customs it was his "principal home", not his "second home". A spokesman on behalf of <mask> said that "Any allegation that <mask> avoided capital gains tax is completely untrue.When he bought his constituency home, the sale of his London flat fell through, but it was sold within the period that HMRC continue to treat it as not being liable for CGT ... This would have been true for any taxpayer – there was no special treatment". Also in 2004, <mask> claimed £395 for an accountant's bill which included "tax advice provided in October 2004 regarding sale of flat". Whilst renting a flat between 2004 and 2006, <mask> claimed £100 a month for cleaning expenses and £586 for repairs. At the end of the lease, the landlord kept the £2,520 deposit, claiming the flat to have been in a poor state. A spokesman for <mask> stated: "<mask> felt frustrated that the landlord refused to return the deposit. He initially pursued the matter through legal channels but let it rest as the costs of fighting it further would far outweigh recouping the deposit".Allegation were made by a Sunday newspaper that <mask> claimed more than £1,500 a month rent for the flat although he was responsible for paying half of the £1,820 a month rent and his fiancée was paying the rest. A spokesman for <mask> said "Despite being entitled to claim in full for the whole rental cost incurred by him and his partner, <mask> claimed less than the amount he himself spent. The rules of the House of Commons make it clear that an MP is entitled to be reimbursed for the rent or mortgage paid by the MP and their partner. Nevertheless, <mask> went out of his way to ensure overall he claimed less for accommodation than he himself paid". <mask> also claimed £247 for 3,000 fridge magnets. Resignation from the Cabinet
On 4 June 2009, <mask> announced his resignation from the Cabinet, and called upon Gordon Brown to resign as Prime Minister. His resignation came only days after the resignations of Home Secretary Jacqui Smith, whose expenses had been the subject of negative comments, and Communities Secretary Hazel Blears, who had also avoided paying capital gains tax on her property.The news came just minutes after polls closed in the local and European elections, in which Labour performed badly. His letter to the Prime Minister, which was also sent to The Sun and The Times, read:

Post-parliamentary career
On 19 February 2010, <mask> announced he would be standing down as an MP later that year, saying "I have decided that I no longer wish to be an MP. I have spent all my working life in or about Westminster. And while this has been a huge privilege, I've realised I don't want to have spent all my life in frontline politics." He pointed to his work with Demos as occupying him in the immediate future. After leaving parliament, <mask> became the chair of the Institute for Public Policy Research. It was touted that he would stand for the Labour candidacy to become Mayor of London, but he decided against this option.He supported David Miliband in the 2010 Labour leadership election and worked for his campaign, although he was subsequently offered the job of chief of staff to the new leader of the Labour Party, Ed Miliband, a job he turned down. <mask> became linked with the Blue Labour movement within the Labour Party and in April 2011 he was appointed by the Boston Consulting Group as a Special Advisor to their Public Sector Group. In July 2011, he appeared on Newsnight with proposals for welfare reforms, as part of his involvement in Blue Labour. He called for a National Salary Insurance, a job guarantee and free universal childcare, but also said that "freebies" such as Winter Fuel Allowance and free bus passes should not become sacred. He did not rule out returning to Parliament in 2015, but declared his support for Ed Miliband and his leadership. BBC career
In February 2013 <mask> left the IPPR in order to rejoin the BBC as its Director of Strategy, on a salary of £295,000; he assumed this position on 20 March. As a senior BBC employee he had to resign his membership of the Labour Party.An Employment Tribunal for unfair dismissal was brought by the BBC's former Chief Technology Officer, John Linwood, when he lost his job in 2013 after the Corporation's £100m Digital Media Initiative failed. During the case an email from <mask> was cited in evidence, which read: "We need a clear line on [John Linwood] on whether he is resigning or being fired and why". The tribunal's response to this was: "It was notable that there was no third option in <mask>'s mind, such as a different disciplinary outcome." The tribunal found the BBC's processes to have given an "apparently cavalier disregard for any of the accepted norms of a fair disciplinary process", and that there was a "deeply ingrained cultural expectation within the organisation of sacrificial accountability". Linwood was awarded £80,000 in damages, and it was later revealed that the BBC had spent £498,000 defending the claim. In late September 2016, <mask> was appointed as the BBC's Director of Radio and Education, in succession to Helen Boaden. He took up his new position in late October 2016.The Daily Telegraph described a key facet of his role as attracting younger listeners and viewers to the BBC. In September 2020 the new director-general Tim Davie removed <mask> from his new smaller executive board. <mask> left the BBC that year to become president and vice-chancellor of University of the Arts London in spring 2021. References

External links
The Guardian: Purnell's progress
Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle: <mask> MP
TheyWorkForYou.com - <mask> MP

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1970 births
Living people
British atheists
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Labour Party (UK) officials
British special advisers
Councillors in the London Borough of Islington
Labour Party (UK) councillors
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Labour Friends of Israel
British Secretaries of State
People educated at Royal Grammar School, Guildford
Politics of Tameside
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
BBC executives
Secretaries of State for Work and Pensions
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Stalybridge and Hyde

masks:
James Mark Dakin Purnell
Purnell
Purnell
Purnell
Purnell
Purnell
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James
Purnell
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James
Purnell
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James
James
Purnell
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Purnell
Purnell
James Purnell
James Purnell


texts:
Major General <mask>,  (8 October 1902 – 9 March 1969) was a senior South African Army commander during the Second World War and later a diplomat. Early life
<mask> was born in Caledon, Cape Colony on 8 October 1902. He was the son of Major <mask>, previously of the 60th King's Royal Rifle Corps, and Constance van Breda, a member of one of the best-known Cape Colony families, who had married in October the previous year. As the first-born son, he was given Evered as his last name in accordance with age-old <mask> tradition. <mask> attended an Anglican private boys' school, St Andrew's College in Grahamstown, from 1911 to 1917 and the Diocesan College, informally known as "Bishops", Rondebosch in 1918. In 1927, <mask> married Elsie Irene van Boeschoten and had one daughter. After the dissolution of the marriage in 1951, he married Maureen Naish-Gray on 22 October 1951.Military career

Regimental service and peacetime commands
In 1920, while a public servant, <mask> joined the 9th Infantry Regiment (Cape Peninsula Rifles) of the Active Citizen Force as a private. <mask> transferred to the Permanent Force in 1922. He was placed first on the course for promotion to commissioned rank on 11 September 1923. He was next posted as a lieutenant to the 3rd Battery, South African Field Artillery and transferred to the South African Permanent Garrison Artillery at Cape Town in March 1925, when he again qualified in the first place on a garrison gunnery course. In 1927, he attended a staff duties course at the South African Military College at Roberts Heights and was attached to the South African staff Corps at the college in 1929, again passing out in the first place on a staff duties course of the Permanent Force in 1931. Appointed officer instructor to the Transvaal Horse Artillery for 1931–32, he qualified as a captain in the Field Artillery at the end of 1931. In June 1932, he was granted the temporary rank of captain as staff officer, 'A' and 'G', in Cape Town and transferred to the staff corps.<mask> was subsequently posted to the Special Service Battalion as second-in-command with the rank of major. He became the Officer Commanding of the battalion in February 1934. In June 1935, he was granted the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel and was attached to the British Brigade of Guards at Aldershot, in London, and at Pirbright until September 1935. For the rest of the year, he attended the Senior Officers' School at Sheerness. He returned to South Africa to resume command of the Special Service Battalion in 1936. In October 1937, <mask> was transferred to the South African Military College and became Commandant of the college on 16 March 1938. Following the Union's entry into the Second World War in September 1939, <mask> organised the greatly expanded facilities at the college, including the huge 'B' Mess dining halls seating 500 officer cadets.Second World War
<mask> was appointed General Service Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) of 1st Infantry Division, with the rank of colonel, on its formation in August 1940. However, when the 2nd Infantry Division was formed he became its GSO1 on 1 October 1940. In April 1941, <mask> was promoted to the temporary rank of brigadier. In June, he was transferred back to the 1st Division as brigadier to take command of the 2nd Infantry Brigade in Egypt. He saw active service with the brigade at Mersa Matruh, commanding 'Braforce' under the 2nd Division on the Egyptian frontier later in 1941, and then with the 1st Division on the Gazala Line from February to May 1942. He returned temporarily to South Africa as officer commanding Cape Fortress until rejoining his brigade at El Alamein in August 1942. There he commanded the brigade in the Second Battle of El Alamein in October–November 1942.He returned to South Africa as second-in-command of the 1st Division. <mask> assumed command, with the rank of major general, of the 6th Armoured Division on its formation in February 1943. He retained command throughout its training in the Middle East and subsequent service in Italy as part of the British Eighth Army. After the liberation of Florence, the division became part of the Fifth United States Army. At the end of the war, he became General Officer Administration of all South African troops in the Allied Central Mediterranean Force until their repatriation on 2 March 1946. During the Second World War, <mask> was twice mentioned in despatches, received the Distinguished Service Order, and was invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath and as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He was among the very few South Africans to be invested as a Commander of the United States Legion of Merit, and was invested as a Commander of the French Legion of Honour.He also received the French Croix de Guerre. Post-war and diplomatic career
In 1948, <mask> was passed over as Chief of Staff by the newly elected National Party government of Dr D. F. Malan and posted to Berlin to head the South African military mission there. After this he switched to a diplomatic career. He was subsequently appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Italy, Greece and Egypt, and in 1954 was transferred to Argentina and Chile. In 1960, he became ambassador to Greece. As a diplomat, <mask> was invested as a Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem. Whilst ambassador to Greece, he was decorated with the Order of King George I in 1964.St Andrew's College, Grahamstown, annually award the General <mask> <mask> Cadet Cup to the winning house in the inter-house cadet competition. In his last years, <mask> suffered from a lung ailment which forced his retirement in 1966. In retirement, he spent half the year at his home in Hermanus, Cape Province, and the other half in Greece, aboard the <mask>'s yacht Estrellita. He died on 9 March 1969. Awards and decorations

  War Medal 1939–1945 with Mention in Despatches

  Légion d'honneur (Commander – France)
   Order of King George I (Greece)
   Croix de guerre 1939-1945 (France)

References

External links
Personal Retrospects of Major AB Theunissen, MBE (formerly SA Staff Corps)
Tribute by Lt-Genl Geo. E. Brink, CB, CBE, DSO
The Generals of WWII

1902 births
1969 deaths
Alumni of St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown
Ambassadors of South Africa to Chile
Ambassadors of South Africa to Greece
Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Recipients of the Order of George I
South African military personnel of World War II
South African people of British descent
Western Desert campaign
White South African people

masks:
William Henry Evered Poole
William Henry Evered Poole
William John Evered Poole
Poole
Poole
Poole
Poole
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Evered
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