texts:
<mask> (born 24 September 1961), known professionally as <mask>, is an English stand-up comedian, actor, presenter and writer known for his sarcasm, irony and deadpan humour. He wrote and starred in the sitcom Lead Balloon and hosts the panel show I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue. His UK television appearances include being a team captain on Shooting Stars and hosting Jack <mask>: Live at the Apollo, which was nominated for a BAFTA in 2006. He also presented The <mask> Show, <mask>'s Saturday Night and <mask>'s Happy Hour. He won Celebrity Big Brother 1 in 2001. Early life and education
<mask> was the youngest of three children born to Rosemary (née Stamper) and <mask>, after <mask> and <mask>. He was born in the Municipal Borough of Bromley, Kent (now within the London Borough of Bromley) and grew up in Petts Wood before moving with his family to Winchester when he was young.His father was a printer and his mother was the daughter of two repertory actors, Henry Lionel Pope Stamper (1906–1985) and Edna May Howard Innes (1904–1969). <mask> was educated at both independent and state schools. His first school, The Pilgrims' School, a preparatory school in Winchester, was followed by the state Montgomery of Alamein School for his secondary education, and for a period he attended Frensham Heights School. He took his A-levels at Peter Symonds' College, and left with a D and an F grade. Following this, he planned to attend drama college, but his plans were scuppered when his mother persuaded him to get a vocation, and so he entered the catering industry and became a waiter. Career

<mask>'s first public act was an open-mic gig in 1986 at The Comedy Store, which he went to one evening after work. He was encouraged to write additional material and to tour the circuit.Since the 1990s he has performed sell-out acts at many high-profile venues (including the London Palladium and the Hammersmith Apollo). After he scooped the British Comedy Award for Best Stage Newcomer in 1991, <mask> was offered his own show; The Jack <mask> Show first went out on Channel 4 in February 1992, bringing him to a wider audience. His combination of stand-up routines on television continued with <mask>'s Saturday Night on ITV, <mask>'s Happy Hour in 1997 and later <mask> Live at the Apollo in 2004 on BBC One. In 1996, he starred alongside Jeremy Hardy in Jack and Jeremy's Real Lives, a collection of mockumentaries similar to their previous collaboration, <mask> and Jeremy's Police 4. Each episode would focus on the pair playing bizarre characters from a particular profession. Shot on film and featuring no laugh track, the show failed to catch on. After three episodes it was moved to air after midnight.The pilot featured Sacha Baron Cohen being electrocuted. Aside from his successful stand-up career, <mask> has played starring roles and guest appearances in television series. He played the part of Doug Digby in the Grimleys pilot (1997) before the role was recast for the series, and made guest appearances on such programmes as Silent Witness, Dalziel and Pascoe and Jonathan Creek. In 2001, he won Celebrity Big Brother (then linked to fundraising for Comic Relief). During evictions, he dressed up in a tweed jacket and cap and held his packed suitcase, hoping to be voted out. During the eviction of another housemate he briefly absconded to sneak a quick kiss with his wife. He also escaped for several hours at night-time.He has subsequently said that he dislikes the treatment of the housemates by the show and its producers, and has refused all permission for any of the clips to be shown again. In 2004, he played the role of Steven Sharples MP the self-styled 'Deputy Home Secretary' alongside Warren Clarke and Dervla Kirwan in The Deputy. <mask>'s performance was praised, though the film itself received a lukewarm response. Later that year he starred in another one-off drama, Tunnel of Love. He was the celebrity advocate in Britain's Best Sitcom for Fawlty Towers and presented an hour-long documentary about the series. In 2005, he co-hosted Comic Aid, a one-off gathering of comedians that aimed to raise money for the Asian Tsunami Appeal. In May of the same year he appeared on the "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car" segment of the BBC Two series Top Gear, achieving a lap time of 1:53.5 (52nd on the Suzuki Liana leader board).His series Lead Balloon, which he also co-wrote, began on BBC Four on 4 October 2006. Described as "Britain's answer to Curb Your Enthusiasm", Lead Balloon sees <mask> play the semi-biographical role of Rick Spleen. A second series of eight episodes was commissioned and was broadcast on BBC Two in 2007, with a third series debuting on Thursday 13 November 2008. A fourth series finished on the BBC on 5 July 2011. He also starred as Harry in the 2005 film Short Order. In February 2009, it was announced that <mask> would be one of a trio of hosts to replace the late Humphrey Lyttelton for the summer series of I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue (the others being Stephen Fry and Rob Brydon). He subsequently became the permanent host from the 52nd series onwards.He is also a frequent guest on QI and Have I Got News for You, which he has guest-presented ten times, and he hosts segments of the BBC's biennial Comic Relief telethon. He starred in advertisements for John Smith's Bitter in the 1990s, becoming known as "the midget with the widget". He made his stage debut in 1998, playing Yvan in Yasmina Reza's Olivier award-winning 'Art'. He later returned as Serge for a 13-week run at the request of the director. In 2008, <mask> took part in the 15th anniversary special of Shooting Stars where he replaced Will Self as captain of Team A. The show aired on 30 December 2008 on BBC2. <mask> returned as team captain in series 6 of Shooting Stars on 26 August 2009, and again for the 7th series.Over Christmas 2009, <mask> played the role of John Tweedledum in The News at Bedtime. In 2010, <mask> took part in Channel 4's Comedy Gala, a benefit show held in aid of Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, filmed live at the O2 Arena in London on 30 March. In 2013, <mask> joined Dara Ó Briain, Chelsee Healey, Greg James, Mel C and Philips Idowu in Through Hell and High Water, a Comic Relief challenge which involved British celebrities canoeing the most difficult rapids of the Zambezi River. They raised more than £1 million for the charity. In 2017 <mask> co-wrote and starred in Bad Move, a sitcom about a middle-aged man and his wife (played by Kerry Godliman) who move from the city to a country cottage in search of the rural dream, which becomes more of a nightmare. A second series was broadcast in 2018. Filmography

Personal life
<mask> met Susan Jane Hetherington in 1986, when he was working as a waiter in Fulham and she was a receptionist at a nearby hotel.They married in Winchester, Hampshire, in 1989. The couple divide their time between a family home in Wandsworth, London and a holiday house near Chichester, West Sussex. Together, they have four children. <mask> suffers from depression, and he has claimed that his work is the best therapy for his condition, saying "if you have the impulse to be creative, you ignore it at your peril". In his twenties, <mask> worked at the Ritz in Central London and started drinking heavily. He attended church and attempted to become a priest. After he realised that was not for him he gave it up, and never quit drinking, although he would later describe his condition as "alcohol abuse" rather than alcoholism, which was the diagnosis at the time.Since the 1990s, he has advertised John Smith's Bitter, becoming known as "the midget with the widget". Following his appearance on Celebrity Big Brother, he had a relapse, though did not attend AA meetings because he did not want paparazzi photographing him leaving the meetings. In 2007, the Daily Express reported that he was in negotiations with publishers to release his autobiography. He signed with Doubleday in 2008 and the book, Thanks For Nothing: The Jack Dee Memoirs, was released in October 2009, along with an audiobook of the same title which he narrates. According to <mask>, "it's really the story of how I got into comedy... It's kind of an autobiography but isn't, as it stops about 25 years ago. It goes right up to the first time I do stand up."In February 2009, <mask> and several other entertainers wrote an open letter to The Times supporting Baháʼí leaders, then on trial in Iran. <mask> is a director of Open Mike Productions, co-founded with Addison Cresswell, which produces shows for television and radio including Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow and Alan Carr: Chatty Man. Awards and nominations

Books
 Thanks For Nothing (Doubleday, 2009)
 What is Your Problem? (Quercus, 2021)

Stand-up VHS & DVDs
Live at the Duke of York's Theatre  (1992)
Live at the London Palladium (10 October 1994)
Live in London (10 November 1997)
Live and Uncut (13 December 1999)
Live at the Apollo (18 November 2002)
Live Again (14 November 2005)
So What? Live (18 November 2013)

References

External links
<mask> at Off the Kerb Productions

 Guide to Comedy
<mask> at the British Film Institute

1961 births
Living people
Big Brother (British TV series) winners
English male comedians
English stand-up comedians
English male television actors
People educated at Peter Symonds College
People from Petts Wood
People from Winchester
Male actors from Kent
People educated at Frensham Heights School
People from Bromley
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
English television writers
English male writers
20th-century English comedians
21st-century English comedians
British male television writers

masks:
James Andrew Innes Dee
Jack Dee
Dee
Jack Dee
Jack Dee
Jack Dee
Jack Dee
Geoffrey Dee
Joanna Innes Dee
David Simon Innes Dee
Dee
Dee
Dee
Dee
Jack Dee
Jack Dee
Jack Dee
Jack
Dee
Dee
Dee
Dee
Dee
Dee
Dee
Dee
Dee
Dee
Dee
Dee
Dee
Dee
Dee
Dee
Jack Dee
Jack Dee


type: original

texts:
Prince <mask> of Russia (7 July [O.S. 24 June] 1907 – 24 June 1989) was the sixth son and youngest child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia. He was a nephew of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Born in Imperial Russia during the reign of his paternal second cousin and maternal uncle Nicholas II, he was on vacation in Crimea at the fall of the Russian monarchy. He was joined there by his immediate family. They escaped the fate of many of his relatives killed by the Bolsheviks. He left Russia in April 1919, at age 11.In the late 1920s, he emigrated to the United States where he met Princess Natalia Golitsyna. They married in 1931. The couple had one daughter and lived for decades in Woodside, California. Early life
Prince <mask> <mask> Romanov was born at  Gatchina Palace on 7 July 1907, the sixth son and last of the seven children of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia. Although a grandson of Emperor Alexander III through his mother, he was not entitled to the title Grand Duke of Russia because he was only a great-grandson of Emperor Nicholas I in the male line through his father. He was a sickly child and after his birth there was some doubts that he would survive so he was baptized in the nursery. Shortly after his birth his parents started to live separate lives.Prince <mask> spent his early years in Imperial Russia during the reign of his maternal uncle Tsar Nicholas II. At the fall of Russian monarchy in February 1917 <mask>, aged ten, was on vacation in Ai-Todor, his father's estate in Crimea. By the end of March both of his parents, all his siblings and their grandmother Empress Maria Feodorovna were also in Crimea. After the Russian Revolution, when the Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917, Prince <mask> along with his parents, siblings and grandmother the Dowager Empress were placed under house arrest at Ai-Todor. On 11 March 1918 they were transferred with other Romanovs relatives to Dulber, the estate of Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich in Crimea. He escaped the fate of a number of his Romanov relatives imprisoned who were murdered by the Bolsheviks when he was freed with the Romanovs in his group by German troops in May 1918. He escaped from Russia on 11 April 1919 with the help of his great aunt Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom (née Princess Alexandra of Denmark), Dowager Empress Maria's sister.King George V of the United Kingdom sent the British warship HMS Marlborough which brought <mask>'s family and other Romanovs from the Crimea over the Black Sea to Malta and then to England. Prince <mask>, who was eleven years old at the time, spent the rest of his life in exile. Exile
During his first years in exile, Prince <mask> lived in England with his mother. In the late 1920s, he emigrated to the United States where he spent the rest of his life. <mask> earned a living by finding work as a cabin boy, shipyard worker, stockbroker, winemaker and a chicken farmer in northern California. <mask> married in New York City on 31 July 1931, Princess Natalia Golitsyna (Moscow 26 October 1907 – Woodside 28 March 1989), a fellow Russian exile – they met in the United States. Natalia was a distant cousin of Prince Rostislav's wife.Her sister, Princess Olga Golitsyna, married <mask>, who would become the second husband of <mask>'s niece, Princess Xenia Andreevna. Princess Natalia came from one of Russia's most aristocratic families, the noble Golitsyns. Her father, Prince Alexander Golitsyn, the son of the governor of Moscow, was a country doctor. Her mother belonged to the Lyubov family. Princess Natalia escaped revolutionary Russia with her family in 1920 through Siberia to China. In 1927, they moved to the United States. For a time, she pursued a career as an actress playing small parts in the theater and in silent films.<mask> met Princess Natalia Golitsyna in 1931, marrying her a few months later. The couple moved to Northern California in 1934. They lived for the rest of their lives in a house, 30 km. south of San Francisco. <mask> and his wife had one daughter:

 Princess Marina Romanov (born in San Francisco 22 May 1940); married in Woodside, California on 8 January 1967 (divorced) William Beadleston (born in Long Branch, New Jersey 31 July 1938) an art dealer. They had four children: Tatiana (b. 1968) Alexandra (b.1970) Nicholas (b. 1971) Natalie (b. 1976). Princess Marina Romanov is now married to Daniel Stanberry and lives in Aspen, Colorado. They have one daughter. In 1980, <mask> was appointed president of the Romanov Family Association in succession to his brother <mask> Alexandrovich. He remained president until his death in Woodside, California aged 81.He was buried at the Serbian Cemetery in San Francisco. Arms
It is often alleged that <mask>'s marriage with Princess Golitsyna would have been morganatic. However, Romanov biographer Pieter Broek holds that it was as acceptable dynastically as the Bagrationi marriage of <mask>'s cousin, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia. Since the extinction of the Korecki family in the 17th century, the Golitsyns have claimed dynastic seniority in the House of Gediminas. The Gediminids were a dynasty of monarchs of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that reigned from the 14th to the 16th century and Emperor Peter I had permitted the Golitsyns to incorporate the emblem of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into their coat of arms. Ancestry

References

Further reading
Van Der Kiste, John & Hall Coryne. Once a Grand Duchess: Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II, Sutton Publishing, 2002. .

About Prince <mask> of Russia

1907 births
1989 deaths
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
House of Romanov in exile
People from Gatchina
People from Tsarskoselsky Uyezd
People from Woodside, California
Princes of royal blood (Russia)

masks:
Vasili Alexandrovich
Vasili
Alexandrovich
Vasili
Vasili
Vasili
Vasili
Vasili
Vasili
Vasili
Prince Vasili
Geoffrey Tooth
Vasili
Prince Vasili
Prince Vasili
Prince Vasili
Prince Dmitry
Vasili
Vasili
Vasili


texts:
<mask> is an American film, stage, and television actress. She is best known for her roles as Lisa Miller on the sitcom NewsRadio (1995–1999), Abby Lockhart on the medical drama ER (1999–2009), and Helen Solloway on the mystery drama The Affair (2014–2019), the last of which won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film. Tierney appeared in numerous films, including Primal Fear (1996), Liar Liar (1997), Primary Colors (1998), Forces of Nature (1999), Insomnia (2002), Semi-Pro (2008), Baby Mama (2008), Beautiful Boy (2018), and The Report (2019). Early life
Tierney was born and raised in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, the eldest of three children in an Irish American Catholic family. Her mother Pat (née James) is a real estate broker, while her father, the late Joseph M<mask>, was a prominent Boston politician who served on the Boston City Council for 15 years. Tierney attended Mount Alvernia Academy Elementary School and Notre Dame Academy in Hingham, Massachusetts, where she studied  drama, which led to her appearance at the Boston Globe Drama Festival. After graduation, she attended New York University, where she majored first in dance and then in drama.Career
After appearing in several plays, <mask> moved to Los Angeles in 1987, earning her big break with a role in Disney's made-for-TV film Student Exchange. <mask>'s first starring role in a film was in a low-budget independent film called Dead Women in Lingerie, which was shot in 24 days. <mask> had a number of small roles in film and television and a co-starring role in 704 Hauser, a short-lived 1994 spin-off of All in the Family. She first received regular national exposure with her leading role in the sitcom NewsRadio from 1995 to 1999. While part of the NewsRadio cast, she also starred in several successful films of the late 1990s and early 2000s such as Primal Fear, Liar Liar, Primary Colors, Forces of Nature and Welcome to Mooseport. After NewsRadio was canceled, <mask> decided not to star in another sitcom:

From 1999 to 2008, <mask> played Nurse Abigail "Abby" Lockhart on ER, a character that began as a guest appearance in November 1999 and then expanded in February 2000 to a full-time regular role as an ER nurse and later after completion of medical school, a doctor. She was reunited with her NewsRadio co-star Khandi Alexander, who at that time also had a recurring role on ER.Within a year, <mask>'s work on ER earned her an Emmy Award nomination, a recognition she credits to a "juicy" story arc featuring Sally Field as Lockhart's mother Maggie Wyczenski, who has bipolar disorder. <mask> confirmed in April 2008 that she would be leaving ER shortly after the beginning of the show's fifteenth season. In October 2008, she made her final regular appearance on the series after nearly 10 seasons on the show. She returned to make a cameo appearance in one additional episode later in 2009 toward the end of the final season. <mask>'s highest-profile film while being part of the ER cast was the 2002 film Insomnia, which was directed by Christopher Nolan. That same year, she also starred in Scotland, Pa. where she portrayed a Lady Macbeth-like character written specifically for her by Billy Morrissette, her husband at the time. She was praised by critics for her performance.She also collaborated with NewsRadio writer Joe Furey for a special "Working with Joe Furey" featurette for Furey's film Love and Support. In 2004, Tierney won the second-season tournament of Bravo's Celebrity Poker Showdown against Lauren Graham, who had a guest role in the fourth season of NewsRadio. <mask> returned to the stage in May 2006 in an appearance opposite Eric McCormack in the Off Broadway premiere of Some Girl(s). She also appeared in the 2008 films Semi-Pro, Baby Mama, The Go-Getter and Finding Amanda. <mask> also played the role of Laurel in the Off Broadway play Three Changes with Dylan McDermott from September 16 to October 4, 2008. <mask> returned to television, playing the recurring character Kelly McPhee on the FX series Rescue Me in 2009 and 2011 during its final season. She replaced Joely Richardson as the female lead of the 2010 ABC television series The Whole Truth after Richardson left to spend more time with her family.<mask>'s role in the show, a legal drama produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, marked her return to television after recovering from breast surgery and cancer treatments. ABC canceled The Whole Truth after four episodes owing to low ratings. In 2010, <mask> became a member of the New York City-based experimental theatre company The Wooster Group. She performed along with  Frances McDormand in the Wooster Group's 2010 remounting of North Atlantic, directed by Elizabeth LeCompte. From 2016 to 2019, she played the feminist Germaine Greer in  The Town Hall Affair, also directed by LeCompte. <mask> herself conceived the idea for this play, which recreates a raucous debate on Women's Liberation that Norman Mailer organized with prominent feminists in 1971. In February 2011, <mask> made her debut at the Gate Theatre in the Dublin premiere of Yasmina Reza's God of Carnage (translation by Christopher Hampton) alongside Ardal O'Hanlon.Also in 2011, <mask> appeared in one episode of The Office (S8E9: Mrs. California) as Robert California's wife. In September 2012, <mask> began a recurring role on the CBS legal drama The Good Wife, playing Maddie Hayward. The role included scenes with the show's lead character Alicia Florrick, as played by Julianna Margulies; the two actors had previously worked together on ER, Margulies like <mask> having previously played a lead character on that show. In 2013, <mask> joined the cast of Showtime's The Affair, playing Helen Solloway, for which she won the Golden Globe Award in 2016. In 2018, <mask> co-starred with Steve Carell and Timothée Chalamet in the dark family drama film Beautiful Boy, based on the memoir of the same name by David Sheff. In 2019, <mask> appeared in The Report as "an intense, driven, somewhat vengeful Counterterrorism expert determined to get behind any program that promises to get the intel that will stop another attack from happening." In 2019, <mask> originated the lead role of Elizabeth in the West Coast premiere of Jen Silverman's play Witch at the Geffen Playhouse, directed by Marti Lyons.In March 2020, <mask> joined the cast of Showtime's American Rust. In October 2020, <mask> joined the cast of Showtime's Your Honor. Personal life
<mask> married actor-director Billy Morrissette on February 1, 1993, two days before her 28th birthday after the two met on the set of an unaired television series. She filed for divorce in 2006 due to irreconcilable differences. On February 1, 2009, <mask> officiated at the wedding of her friend and former ER co-star Parminder Nagra to photographer James Stenson. <mask> had surgery to remove a tumor from her breast in 2009. She had been cast in Parenthood but schedule conflicts with her cancer treatments led her to leave and she was replaced by Lauren Graham.<mask> finished treatment and returned to work in a stage play in 2010. Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American people of Irish descent
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Circle in the Square Theatre School alumni
Living people
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Actresses from Boston
People from Hyde Park, Boston
1965 births

masks:
Maura Therese Tierney
. Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney


texts:
<mask> (5 January 1891 – 28 October 1972) was an English dancer, suffragette, and winner of a French Red Cross medal for her service as an orderly in World War I. Early years
<mask> was born in Leicester in 1891, the eldest of five children born to <mask> (1867–1930), a carpenter-joiner, and his wife Mahalah (née Bee) (1864–1920), a housewife. On leaving school she trained to be a dancer, but, after hearing Emmeline Pankhurst speak, she " ... made up my mind that night that as soon as I was twenty-one and my own boss ... I would volunteer". On attaining that age, she joined the Women's Social and Political Union, and with fellow members took part in a window-smashing campaign in March 1912. She was jailed for two months under the alias "Ida Inkley". Notoriety

In early 1913, with Olive Wharry, she began a series of arson attacks in London, and was arrested in February 1913 on suspicion of having set on fire the Tea House at Kew Gardens.In Holloway Prison she held a hunger strike for two days before being forcibly fed, which caused her to become seriously ill with pleurisy caused by food entering her lungs. It took two doctors and seven wardens to restrain her. She was quickly and quietly released. Her case created an outrage among the public, made worse by the fact that the Home Secretary, Reginald McKenna, denied that she had been force fed and that her illness was actually caused by her hunger strike. However, Home Office papers show that she was force fed on 23 February 1913. A letter to The Times in 1913, from Victor Horsley, a leading surgeon, claimed "...the Home Secretary's attempted denial that <mask> was nearly killed by the forcible feeding is worthless...she was tied into a chair and her head dragged backward across the back of the chair by her hair. The tube was forced through the nose twice .. . after the second introduction when the food was poured in, it caused violent choking." To avoid more such political embarrassment, the Government rushed through its "Cat and Mouse Act" in April 1913, which stated that hunger-striking suffragette "mice" could be released on temporary licence to recover their health, when the security forces could re-arrest them. In June 1913 Lenton was arrested in Doncaster and charged as "May Dennis" with being on the premises of an unoccupied house which had been set on fire. She was released from Armley Prison in Leeds after several days; on this occasion there had been no attempt to force feed her. Her accomplice in the arson attack was an 18-year-old local journalist called Harry Johnson, who was sentenced to 12 months with hard labour in Wakefield Prison. In July 1913 the police in Leeds were searching for Lenton when an elaborate plot was hatched, while she way staying with Frank Rutter, Director of the Leeds Art Gallery, to enable her to escape in a delivery van, driven by Leonora Cohen dressed as a baker's man while Lenton swapped places with Nora Duval dressed as an errand boy reading a comic and eating an apple. Taxis took her to Harrogate, then Scarborough, from where she escaped to France in a private yacht.The Criminal Record Office issued a surveillance photograph of her (see above right) taken secretly in the exercise yard of Holloway Prison, in the accompanying details of which she is described as being 5 feet 2 inches tall with brown eyes and hair. Lenton later stated, "Whenever I was out of prison my object was to burn two buildings a week… The object was to create an absolutely impossible condition of affairs in the country, to prove it was impossible to govern without the consent of the governed." She was arrested in October 1913 while collecting a bicycle from the left luggage office at Paddington Station, and while on remand went on a hunger strike and a thirst strike, for which she was again forcibly fed. Her physical health again being seriously affected by this treatment, she was released on licence for 5 days into the care of a Mrs Diplock of London, but again absconded. <mask> was rearrested on 22 December 1913, on a charge of setting fire to a house in Cheltenham. She was recognised from her police surveillance photograph, and imprisoned, when she commenced another hunger and thirst strike, being released at 11 a.m. into the care of Mrs Impey of Birmingham, from whose home she absconded yet again, remaining at large until early May 1914 when she was rearrested at Birkenhead. Held on remand and awaiting trial at the Leeds Assizes for the arson committed at Doncaster, she again went on hunger and thirst strike until she was released on 12 May 1914.Because of the frequency of her escapes Lenton became known as the "tiny, wily, elusive Pimpernel". She received a Hunger Strike Medal "for Valour" from the WSPU. The Women's Social and Political Union suspended their militant campaign in 1914 at the outbreak of World War I to focus on the war effort. During this time women worked in jobs traditionally done by men, proving they could do them just as well and silencing one of the last arguments against women's suffrage. After the war the Representation of the People Act 1918 was passed awarding the vote to women householders, or the wives of householders, aged 30 and over. Lenton was unimpressed by this concession, later relating in a BBC documentary, "Personally I didn't vote for a very long time because I hadn't either a husband or furniture, although I was over 30." (She turned 30 in 1921.Women were given equal voting rights to men including lowering the voting age to 21, by the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 when she was 37.) Later years

Just before the First World War Lenton met author D. H. Lawrence when she fled from the police and escaped to the Lake District. He was introduced to her as "a man who's only got one subject, and that's sex". During World War I Lenton served in Serbia with the Scottish Women's Hospitals Unit and was awarded a French Red Cross medal. After the Russian Revolution she travelled in Russia with fellow suffragette Nina Boyle. Lenton later worked in the British Embassy in Stockholm. She was a speaker for the Save the Children Fund, and from 1924 to 1933 was a speaker and travel organiser for the Women's Freedom League, as well as the editor of the League's Bulletin for over 11 years.After working in Scotland in animal welfare Lenton became the financial secretary of the National Union of Women Teachers until 1953. In 1955 she appeared with other former suffragettes in a BBC News broadcast beside the statue of Mrs Pankhurst to mark the 37th anniversary of women getting the vote. She was again filmed in 1959 when she discussed the Cat and Mouse Act. This item was broadcast in January 1960. Finally, she was interviewed for BBC News in October 1961 when she discussed her meeting with D. H. Lawrence. She confessed during the interview that the only one of his books she had read since meeting him was Lady Chatterley's Lover, stating "it must have been an expurgated edition, because I don't remember anything special about it". In 1970, as Treasurer of the Suffragette Fellowship, Lenton unveiled a memorial in Christchurch Gardens, Westminster, dedicated to all the women who had fought to get the vote.<mask> <mask> died in 1972. She never married. See also
Suffragette bombing and arson campaign
List of suffragists and suffragettes

References

External links
BBC video clip of Lenton interviewed at a 1955 Suffragette anniversary
BBC audio clip of Lenton describing the Cat & Mouse Act
Lenton on www.her-stories.co.uk
Lenton on the National Portrait Gallery website
Roll of Honour of Suffragette Prisoners 1905–1914 in The National Archives
"Women, the bullet and the ballot box" The Times, 30 September 2006
Archive recording of Lenton on BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour, 11 May 2006

English suffragettes
People from Leicester
1891 births
1972 deaths
British feminists
British women's rights activists
British people of World War I
Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
British arsonists
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales
Hunger Strike Medal recipients

masks:
Lilian ( Lillie ) Ida Lenton
Lillie Lenton
Isaac Lenton
Miss Lenton
Lenton
Lilian
Lenton


texts:
<mask>, Baron <mask> (4 January 1747 – 27 April 1825) was a French artist, writer, diplomat, author, and archaeologist. <mask> was a diplomat for France under Louis XV and Louis XVI. He was appointed as the first Director of the Louvre museum by Napoleon after the Egyptian campaign of 1798–1801, and is commemorated in the Denon Wing of the modern museum and in the Dominique-Vivant Denon Research Center. His two-volume Voyage dans la basse et la haute Egypte ("Journey in Lower and Upper Egypt"), 1802, was foundational for modern Egyptology. Birth and name

Vivant <mask> was born at Chalon-sur-Saône to a family called "de Non", of the "petite noblesse" or gentry, and until the French Revolution signed himself as  "le chevalier de Non". Like many of the nobility, he revised his surname at the Revolution to lose the "nobiliary particle" "de". He seems to have consistently avoided using his baptised first name "Dominique", preferring his middle name "Vivant", and so is usually known as "Vivant <mask>".He was created "<mask>" by Napoleon in August 1812, at the age of 65. Early life
He was sent to Paris to study law, but he showed a decided preference for art and literature, and soon gave up his profession. In his twenty-third year he produced a comedy, Le Bon Pére, which obtained a succès d'estime, as he had already won a position in society by his agreeable manners and exceptional conversational powers. He became a favorite of Louis XV, who entrusted him with the collection and arrangement of a cabinet of medals and antique gems for Madame de Pompadour, and subsequently appointed him attaché to the French embassy at St. Petersburg. Diplomatic career

On the accession of Louis XVI, <mask> was transferred to Sweden; but he returned, after a brief interval, to Paris with the ambassador M. de Vergennes, who had been appointed foreign minister. In 1775 <mask> was sent on a secret mission to Switzerland, and took the opportunity of visiting Voltaire at Ferney. He made a portrait of the philosopher, which was engraved and published on his return to Paris.His next diplomatic appointment was to Naples, where he spent seven years, first as secretary to the embassy and afterwards as chargé d'affaires. He devoted this period to a careful study of the monuments of ancient art, collecting many specimens and making drawings of others. He also perfected himself in etching and mezzotinto engraving. While in Naples he met Sir William and Lady Hamilton and he etched Lady Hamilton 'posing'. The death of his patron, M. de Vergennes, in 1787, led to his recall, and the rest of his life was given mainly to artistic pursuits. On his return to Paris he was admitted a member of the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (1787). After a brief interval he returned to Italy, living chiefly at Venice.He also visited Florence and Bologna, and afterwards went to Switzerland. While there he heard that his property had been confiscated, and his name placed on the list of the proscribed, and with characteristic courage he resolved at once to return to Paris: his situation was critical, but he was spared, thanks to the friendship of the painter David, who obtained for him a commission to furnish designs for republican costumes. When the Revolution was over, <mask> was one of the bands of eminent men who frequented the house of Madame de Beauharnais. Here he met Bonaparte, to whose fortunes he wisely attached himself. Egypt and the Louvre

At Bonaparte's invitation he joined the expedition to Egypt as part of the arts and literature section of the Institut d'Égypte, and thus found the opportunity of gathering the materials for his most important literary and artistic work. He accompanied General Desaix to Upper Egypt, and made numerous sketches of the monuments of ancient art, sometimes under the very fire of the enemy. The results were published in his Voyage dans la basse et la haute Egypte (Journey in Lower and Upper Egypt), published as two volumes in 1802.The work crowned his reputation both as an archaeologist and as an artist, and sparked the Egyptian Revival in architecture and decorative arts. (See: Egyptian Revival architecture and Egyptian revival decorative arts)

On 19 November 1802, he was appointed by Napoleon to the important office of director-general of museums and head of the new Musée Napoléon, which he filled until the Allied occupation of Paris in 1814, when he had to retire. He was a devoted servant of Napoleon, on whose behalf he personally looted vast numbers of works of art in Italy, the Low Countries and Germany and, through agents (including Goya), in Spain, for the Musee Napoleon in Paris. Many of these remain in the Louvre, and elsewhere in France, today. In particular, <mask> was one of the first men to appreciate the importance of the Italian 'primitives'. The majority of those now in the Louvre were looted by <mask> during a sweep he made through Italy in 1812. They were publicly paraded, with elephants
and other wild animals, like a Roman triumph, through the streets of Paris, before being deposited in the Louvre.<mask> took full opportunity, while working for Napoleon, to assemble for himself an enormous collection of paintings, drawings, prints, books, statuary and objets d'art. This collection was sold at auction over several days after <mask>'s death. In 1810 he also assisted the Hermitage Museum in its acquisition of Rosso Fiorentino's Madonna and Child with Cherubs in Paris. Retirement and Death

At the Bourbon Restoration of 1814 <mask> was confirmed in place for a year, but was too closely associated with the former regime to keep the position for long, and was replaced by Auguste de Forbin in 1816. After his forced retirement he began an illustrated history of ancient and modern art, in which he had the cooperation of several skillful engravers. He died at Paris in 1825, leaving the work unfinished. It was published posthumously, with an explanatory text by Amaury Duval, under the title Monuments des arts du dessin chez les peuples tant anciens que modernes, recueillis par Vivant <mask> in 1829.<mask> was also the author of an erotic novel, Point de lendemain, published in 1777 (in 1812 as a separate work), and of a number of erotic etchings. He died in Paris and is buried in the world famous Père Lachaise Cemetery, where his grave is marked by a life-sized statue. Legacy

In Napoleon III's Louvre expansion in the 1850s, <mask>'s name was given to the central pavillon of the Nouveau Louvre's South Wing. In the Grand Louvre project of the late 1980s, the entire South Wing of the Louvre was named after him (aile <mask>, echoing Richelieu to the North and Sully to the East) as part of a signposting concept developed by the Carbone Smolan Agency. Works

  A note at the beginning of this book states 'Point De Lendemain, the authorship of which has also been attributed to <mask> <mask> was first published in 1777'. Hence the authorship being stated as Dorat in Sutton's translation. In fiction
Anthony O'Neill included the character of <mask> <mask> in his novel The Empire of Eternity.Lee Langley has written a biographical novel of <mask>'s life:

Ruth McKenney also includes the character of <mask> <mask> in her novel Mirage. Milan Kundera's Slowness (1995) includes a rewriting of <mask>-<mask>'s Point de lendemain. References and sources

External links

 The Louvre Dominique-Vivant Denon Research Centre

1747 births
1825 deaths
People from Saône-et-Loire
French archaeologists
French Egyptologists
Barons of France
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Directors of the Louvre
Commission des Sciences et des Arts members
Members of the Académie des beaux-arts

masks:
Dominique Vivant
Denon
Denon
Denon
Denon
Baron Denon
Denon
Denon
Denon
Denon
Denon
Denon
Denon
Denon
Denon
Denon
Denon
Denon
Vivant
Denon
Vivant
Denon
Denon
Vivant
Denon
Vivant
Denon


texts:
<mask> (Galician and Portuguese), or <mask> in the Spanish spelling (born c. 1565; fl. 1607), was a 16th- and 17th-century maritime explorer of a Spanish expedition noted for the first recorded European navigation of the strait that separates the Australian mainland from the island of New Guinea, and which now bears his name (Torres Strait). Origins and early life
Captain <mask> was recorded as being called a "Breton" by crewmen in reports of the 1606
–1608 voyage, which points to an origin in the northwest province of Spain, i. e., Galicia. Most contemporary historians accept this as evidence of his origins. The year and exact place of his birth are unknown; assuming him to have been in his late thirties or forties in 1606, a birth year of around 1565 is considered likely. <mask> has been presented by some writers as Portuguese, without any evidence other than his name. Galician spelling at the time was indistinguishable from Portuguese.Records never call <mask> Portuguese but note remarks made by crew members of the Portuguese origins of <mask> <mask>. <mask> entered the navy of the Spanish Crown at some point and found his way to its South American colonies. He first entered the historical record as the nominated commander of the second ship in an expedition to the Pacific proposed by the Portuguese born navigator <mask> <mask>, searching for Terra Australis. There is no known contemporary depiction of his face or person. The Queirós voyage
<mask> <mask> was a Portuguese-born navigator who commanded a party of three Spanish ships, San Pedro y San Pablo (60 tons), San Pedrico (40 tons) and the tender Los Tres Reyes Magos. The three ships left Callao in Spanish Peru, on 21 December 1605, with <mask> in command of the San Pedrico. In May 1606, they reached a group of islands that would later be known as the New Hebrides and  Vanuatu.Queirós named the group La Austrialia del Espiritu Santo: "Austrialia  of the Holy Spirit". A morphological derivation of Austria,  Queirós's neologism Austrialia was a reference to the Austrian origins of the House of Habsburg – to which the Spanish royal family belonged. The largest island in Vanuatu is still known officially by the abbreviated form, Espiritu Santo. Along with the ancient Latin name Terra Australis, Queirós's word Austrialia has often been regarded as one of the bases of the name of Australia. After six weeks, Queirós’ ships put to sea again to explore the coastline. On the night of 11 June 1606 Queirós in the San Pedro y San Pablo became separated from the other ships in bad weather and was unable (or so he later said) to return to safe anchorage at Espiritu Santo. In reality, the crew mutinied, with the unfavorable wind conditions just giving them an opportunity to do so.The captain on the San Pedro y San Pablo named Don Diego <mask>, aware of the crew's plans, had already transferred to <mask>' ship, and so did the expedition's surgeon. Queirós' ship, with Queirós being held in his cabin, then sailed to Acapulco in Mexico, where she arrived in November 1606. In the account by Prado, which is highly critical of Queirós, mutiny and poor leadership are given as the reason for Queirós’ disappearance. <mask>, in his account, says that whoever was in charge of San Pedro y San Pablo departed intentionally, saying "it was not possible for us to find them, for they did not sail on the proper course, nor with good intention". Later, although <mask>' crew was displeased with <mask>' decisions, a full-scale mutiny did not happen; <mask> says his "condition was different to that of Captain Queirós." <mask> assumes command
<mask> remained at Espiritu Santo for 15 days before opening sealed orders he had been given by the Viceroy of Peru. These contained instructions on what course to follow if the ships became separated and who would be in command in the event of the loss of Queirós.The orders appear to have listed Prado as successor to Queirós, as he was  (spare captain) on the voyage. However, there is overwhelming evidence <mask> remained in command, including Prado’s own account. The south coast of New Guinea and Torres Strait

On 26 June 1606 the San Pedrico and Los Tres Reyes Magos under <mask>’ command set sail for Manila. Contrary winds prevented the ships taking the more direct route along the north coast of New Guinea. Prado’s account notes that they sighted land on 14 July 1606, which was probably the island of Tagula in the Louisiade Archipelago, south east of New Guinea. The voyage continued over the next two months along the southeastern coast, and a number of landfalls were made to replenish the ships’ food and water. The expedition discovered Milne Bay including Basilaki Island which they named Tierra de San Buenaventura, taking possession of the land for Spain in July 1606.This brought the Spanish in close and sometimes violent contact with local indigenous people. Prado and Torres both record the capture of twenty people, including a woman who gave birth several weeks later. From these islands, <mask> sailed along the southern coast of New Guinea reaching Orangerie Bay, which he named Bahía de San Lorenzo because he landed on 10 August, the feast of Saint Lawrence or San Lorenzo. The expedition then sailed to the Gulf of Papua, exploring and charting the coastline. Prado drew a number of sketch charts of anchorages in the Gulf of Papua, several of which survive. <mask> then took a route close to the New Guinea coast to navigate the  strait that now bears his name. In 1980 the Queensland master mariner Captain <mask> proposed that it was more likely that <mask> took a southerly route through the nearby channel now called Endeavour Strait, on 2–3 October 1606.From this position, he would certainly have seen Cape York, the northernmost extremity of Australia. According to 19th-century Australian writer George Collingridge, <mask> "had discovered Australia without being aware of the fact". However, Willem Janszoon had made several landfalls on the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula 7 to 8 months prior, while <mask> never claimed that he had sighted the southern continent. "Here there are very large islands, and more to the south" he wrote. <mask> followed the coastline of New Guinea, and claimed possession of the island in the name of the King of Spain on 18 October 1606. On 27 October he reached the western extremity of New Guinea and then made his way north of Ceram and Misool toward the Halmahera Sea. At the beginning of January 1607 he reached Ternate, part of the Spice Islands.He sailed on 1 May for Manila arriving on 22 May. The expedition proved that New Guinea was not part of the sought-after continent. Results of the voyage
<mask> intended to personally present the captives, weapons and a detailed account to the king on his return to Spain. His short written account of the voyage indicates this. However, it appears there was no interest in Manila in outfitting his voyage back to Spain, and he was told his ships and men were required locally for the King’s service. On 1st June 1607, two ships arrived in Manila from South America, one being Queirós former flagship San Pedro y San Pablo, now under another name, but with some of her former crewmen still aboard. Learning that Queirós had survived, <mask> immediately wrote a report of his voyage to Queirós.Although that account no longer survives, Queirós himself referred to it in some of his many memorials to the king, agitating for another voyage. The official account was written by <mask> Prado and signed by <mask> and other officials in Manila 6 June 1608. <mask>, his crew and his captives disappear entirely from the historical record at this point, and their subsequent fate is unknown. Prado returned to Spain, possibly taking one of the captive New Guineans with him. Most documents of <mask>'s discoveries were not published, but on reaching Spain, filed away in Spanish archives, including Prado’s lengthy account and the accompanying charts. Some time between 1762 and 1765, written accounts of the <mask> expedition were seen by British Admiralty Hydrographer <mask>. Dalrymple provided a sketch map which included the Queirós - <mask> voyages to Joseph Banks, who undoubtedly passed this information to James Cook.The original official manuscript account reappeared in the collections of Sir Thomas Phillips during the 19th century. At the sale of some of Phillipps' manuscripts by Sotheby's, London, on 26 June 1919 it was purchased by booksellers Henry Stevens, Son and Stiles who sold it to English collector Sir Leicester Harmsworth. The State Library of New South Wales in Australia acquired it from Harmsworth's collection in 1932. It went on public display for the first time in August 1997. Accounts of the voyage
There are a number of documents describing the Queirós – <mask> voyages still in existence. Most significant are
 Queirós’ many subsequent Memorials to the King Philip III regarding the voyage and further exploration,
 <mask> brief account to the king (written July 1607),
 Prado’s narrative Relacion Sumaria (first written in 1608) and 4 charts of New Guinea,
 Juan Luis Arias <mask>’s memorial to King Philip IV  (written about 1630 and based on discussions between Queirós and Loyola). 1617 may be the date of the first English translation of one of Queirós’ memorials, as Terra Australis Incognita, or A New Southerne Discoverie.A short account of Queirós’ voyage and discoveries was published in English by Samuel Purchas in 1625 in Haklvytvs posthumus, or, Pvrchas his Pilgrimes, vol. iv, p. 1422-1432. This account also appears to be based on a letter by Queirós to the King in 1610, the eighth on the matter. See also
European maritime exploration of Australia

Notes

External links
Prado y Tobar - Relacion sumaria del del descubrimto. que enpeco pero fernandez de quiros...y le acabo El capan don diego de prado...con asistencia del capan luis baes de torres...1607, written ca. 1614-1615, catalogue record, contents description and digitised pages 1-32, State Library of New South Wales. Discovery of Australia by <mask> in the Year 1606 by Patrick F. Cardinal Moran, Archbishop of Sydney
Discoverer’s Website project
Hakluytus Posthumus - Purchas his Pilgrimes
 The First Discovery of Australia and New Guinea by George Collingridge, Chapter XI
 "New Light on the Discovery of Australia" edited by H Stevens, at Project Gutenberg Australia

1560s births
1600s deaths
People from Galicia (Spain)
Spanish explorers of the Pacific
Explorers of Australia
T
17th-century Spanish people
17th-century explorers
Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery

masks:
Luís Vaz de Torres
Luis Váez de Torres
Luis Váez de Torres
Torres
Torres
Pedro Fernandes
de Queirós
Torres
Pedro Fernandes
de Queirós
Pedro Fernandes
de Queirós
Torres
de Prado
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Brett Hilder
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Diego de
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Alexander Dalrymple
Torres
Torres
Torres
de Loyola
de Queirós


texts:
<mask>, SS.CC., (born <mask>; 22 February 1796 – 5 December 1837) was a Catholic priest best known for his tenure as the first Prefect Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands. In that role, he led the first permanent Catholic mission to the Kingdom of Hawaii. Bachelot was raised in France, where he attended the Irish College in Paris, and was ordained a priest in 1820. He led the first Catholic mission to Hawaii, arriving in 1827. Although he had expected the approval of then Hawaiian King Kamehameha II, he learned upon arrival that Kamehameha II had died and a new government that was hostile towards Catholic missionaries had been installed. Bachelot, however, was able to convert a small group of Hawaiians and quietly minister to them for four years before being deported in 1831 on the orders of Kaʻahumanu, the Kuhina Nui (a position similar to queen regent) of Hawaii. Bachelot then traveled to California, where he served as an assistant minister while pastoring and teaching.In 1837, having learned of Queen Kaʻahumanu's death and King Kamehameha III's willingness to allow Catholic priests on the island, Bachelot returned to Hawaii, intending to continue his missionary work. However, by Bachelot's arrival, Kamehameha III had again changed his mind and Bachelot was removed from the island and confined to a ship for several months. He was freed only after the French and British navies imposed a naval blockade on the Honolulu harbor. Although he was later able to secure passage on a ship to Micronesia, he died en route and was buried on an islet near Pohnpei. His treatment in Hawaii prompted the government of France to dispatch a frigate to the island; the resulting intervention is known as the French Incident and led to the emancipation of Catholics in Hawaii. Early life
Bachelot was born in Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière, Orne, France on 22 February 1796. In 1806, he left home for Paris, where he enrolled in the Preparatory Seminary of Picpus to pursue priesthood.In 1813, he professed at the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, taking the name <mask>. He studied at the Irish College in Paris before being ordained as a priest in 1820. As a priest, he initially served as the College's rector and later led the preparatory seminary at Tours. Hawaiian mission
In the early 1820s, Jean Baptiste Rives, a French adviser to the Hawaiian king Kamehameha II, traveled to Europe to attempt to convince European Catholics to organize a mission to Hawaii. Members of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary were receptive to his idea, and in 1825, Pope Leo XII assigned them the task of evangelizing Hawaii. Bachelot was appointed the Prefect Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands, and in this role led the first permanent mission to Hawaii. The expedition was organized by the influential Monneron family and funded by the government of France.Bachelot was assisted in his new position by fellow priests Patrick Short and Abraham Armand, as well as several lay brothers. The mission sailed from Bordeaux on La Comète in November 1826. The missionaries were initially accompanied by a group that planned to explore commercial trading opportunities but returned to France after reaching Mexico. Unbeknownst to Bachelot, political changes occurred in Hawaii prior to the mission's arrival. King  died in 1824 and his younger brother  became king. Because  was young at the time of his ascension, Queen Kaʻahumanu (their stepmother) ruled as Kuhina Nui. On the advice of Hiram —a Protestant missionary who had converted the Hawaiian royalty four years previously—Queen Kaʻahumanu took a hard stance against Catholicism.Rives' influence on the Hawaiian government had faded, and he never returned to Hawaii. La Comète arrived in Honolulu on 7 July 1827. The priests were faced with a situation of dire poverty owing to the absence of Rives' patronage. Furthermore, they had promised La Comète's captain that Rives would pay for their passage after they arrived in Hawaii, but by the time of their arrival, Rives had already left. Queen Kaʻahumanu refused to allow the missionaries to stay, suspecting them to be covert agents of the government of France. She instructed La Comète's captain to take the mission with him when he departed. The captain, however, refused to do so because he did not receive payment for their passage, so the party was able to remain.The priests began their missionary work, but encountered suspicion from most chiefs. The members of the party had great difficulty defending themselves, as none of them was fluent in English or Hawaiian. But, the group were favorably received by the high chief Boki, the royal governor of Oahu, and his wife Kuini Liliha. (The couple were Catholic converts and rivals of Queen Kaʻahumanu.) Boki welcomed the party and gave its members permission to stay. For several months, <mask> and his fellow missionaries lived in three small rented structures, saying their first mass on the island in a grass hut. They later built a chapel on a small plot of land they purchased, where the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace was dedicated in 1843.After settling on the island, the group avoided drawing attention to themselves and studied the Hawaiian language. During their mission's first two years, the group converted 65 Hawaiians and ministered to Hawaiians who had already been converted. They often held surreptitious night-time meetings with converts who feared persecution. The priests' vestments and rituals made their evangelism efforts more effective because they reminded Hawaiians of native religious customs. Bachelot introduced two plant species to Hawaii: Prosopis humilis and Bougainvillea. Prosopis humilis trees later covered thousands of acres there. He had obtained the seeds, which were originally gathered by Catholic missionaries in California, from the Royal Conservatory in Paris.Bachelot translated a prayer book into Hawaiian (O Ke A'o Ana Kristiano, "Christian Doctrine", c. 1831), authored a catechism in Hawaiian (He Ōlelo Ho'ona'auao, "A Word of Instruction", 1831), and wrote an introduction to Hawaiian grammar in French (Notes Grammaticales, "Grammatical Notes", 1834). Persecution

By 1827, Protestant Christianity, and in particular Bingham's teachings, had become the de facto state religion of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Queen Kaʻahumanu persecuted Catholics from 1829 until her death in 1832, by, for example, forbidding Hawaiians from attending masses and instructing Bachelot not to proselytize. In December 1831, Bachelot and Short were deported and forced to leave on a ship, the Waverly, bound for North America. Though Queen Kaʻahumanu steadfastly opposed his work, Bachelot viewed her as a good person who had been deceived by Protestant missionaries. The news of Bachelot and Short's expulsion caused controversy in the United States, where it was viewed as a violation of the rights appertaining to foreigners in the 1826 treaty signed by Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones of the United States Navy and King . U.S. Navy Commodore John Downes protested the expulsions while in discussion with chiefs during his 1832 visit to the kingdom.California

The Waverly landed at a vacant area near San Pedro, Los Angeles, in January 1832. Bachelot and Short traveled to the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, where they were welcomed by the Franciscans who staffed the mission. Bachelot later became the pastor of a church in Los Angeles, served as an assistant minister for the mission, and led the mission on an interim basis after its priest was reassigned in 1834. He also taught in Los Angeles schools during a teacher shortage. He ministered in California until 1837 and became popular with Angelenos. In 1833, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith reorganized the jurisdiction of Oceania. Hawaii became part of the newly created Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Oceania, which was split into northern and southern divisions.Bachelot remained as the Prefect Apostolic for the northern division. Etienne Jerome Rouchouze served as the Vicar Apostolic of Eastern Oceania and oversaw Bachelot's assignment in Hawaii. In 1835 and 1836, two representatives of the Catholic Church traveled to Hawaii in an attempt to ascertain whether Bachelot could return. Queen Kaʻahumanu had died in 1832, and the following year King  began making radical changes to Hawaiian law. Columban Murphy, a Catholic lay brother from the United Kingdom, visited King  in 1835 and discussed the possibility of Bachelot's return. Finding King  amenable to the idea, Murphy traveled to California to relay the news. He was unable, however, to locate Bachelot, who was absent from the area at the time.After Bachelot received Murphy's message, Bachelot and Short decided to return to Hawaii. The Ayuntamiento in Los Angeles, a municipal council, attempted to dissuade Bachelot and asked the Catholic leadership in Santa Barbara to prevent him from leaving, but he insisted on departing and the Catholic leadership did not prevent him. Final years

When Bachelot and Short arrived in Honolulu in May 1837, they spent only 13 days on the island. Notwithstanding the agreement he had signed with French Naval Captain Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars that allowed French citizens to live on the island, King  sought to deport the priests. Bachelot and Short were confined to the ship on which they had arrived, the Clémentine, on . However, the Clémentine'''s captain, Jules Dudoit, refused to transport them from Hawaii. Dudoit, a British citizen of French descent, met with Charlton, the British consul, and they publicly protested the priests' confinement.Their efforts to secure freedom for the priests to live on the island were unsuccessful until the British naval vessel HMS Sulphur and the French frigate the La Vénus arrived in Honolulu on . The ships were commanded respectively by Edward Belcher and Dupetit Thouars, who each tried to convince the authorities to allow the priests to return to the island. After negotiations proved futile, they blockaded the harbor, boarded the Clémentine, and brought Bachelot and Short ashore. The La Vénus sent 300 sailors to escort them from the harbor to the French mission. King  agreed to allow the priests to stay in Honolulu until they could find a ship to transport them elsewhere, under the condition that they refrain from proselytizing. That year, Bachelot, who suffered from a form of rheumatism, became very sick. By November 1837, he had recovered sufficiently to leave Hawaii.He purchased a ship and sailed toward Micronesia, intending to work on a mission. Bachelot's health significantly worsened after leaving Hawaii and he died at sea on 5 December 1837. He was buried on an islet off the coast of Pohnpei. In 1838, a small chapel was built near his grave. Owing to the persecution of Bachelot and his fellow priests, the government of France sent the frigate L'Artémise'' to Hawaii in 1839. Its captain, Cyrille Pierre Théodore Laplace, had been instructed to force the government to stop persecuting Catholics. In response to this show of force, King  granted Catholics freedom of religion.References

Bibliography

1796 births
1837 deaths
19th-century French Roman Catholic priests
Apostolic prefects
Burials in the Federated States of Micronesia
Roman Catholic missionaries in Hawaii
Roman Catholic missionaries in Mexico
Hawaii Catholic priests
Irish College, Paris alumni
People from Orne
People who died at sea
Picpus Fathers
French Roman Catholic missionaries
French expatriates in the Hawaiian Kingdom
19th-century American Roman Catholic priests
French expatriates in Mexico

masks:
Alexis Bachelot
Jean Augustin Bachelot
Alexis
Bachelot


texts:
<mask> (born 1946) is one of Canada's leading feminist writers, and the author of a dozen books of poetry, creative nonfiction, and lyric prose. She is most widely known for her best-selling collection of essays, Breathing the Page: Reading the Act of Writing (2010). Life
<mask> was born in Fort Dodge, Iowa, in 1946. She studied at Luther College in Decorah, Iowa, before immigrating to Canada in 1972. She became a significant figure in Canada's feminist writing scene after taking prominent roles in various literary events and organizations. She started the Toronto Women's Writing Collective (1973–1981), which hosted numerous events, including co-hosting (with the Toronto Women's Bookstore) Writers in Dialogue, featuring Adrienne Rich, Nicole Brossard, May Sarton, Audrey Thomas, Margaret Atwood, and Marge Piercy. She initiated and co-organized (with Victoria Freeman) the Women and Words/Les Femmes et les mots conference at the University of British Columbia (UBC) in 1983, which brought together, for the first and only time, 1,000 women working in all aspects of literature from across the country, and which was documented by the publication of the proceedings and of an anthology.From 1986 to 1987 <mask> was the executive director of the Federation of BC Writers, and she initiated Spring Rites, the annual competition for BC Writers. <mask> also sat on the Special Council Committee of the Arts for the Vancouver City Council. She co-founded the Creative Nonfiction Collective with Myrna Kostash in 2004 and served on its board. She also served on the National Council of the Writers' Union of Canada from 2009 to 2012. <mask> has worked with emerging writers for over 30 years as a teacher and editor. She has mentored writers such as Jónína Kirton. She designed the Writer's Studio program at Simon Fraser University in 2001 and served as its director until 2012, during which time she helped initiate the Thursdays Writing Collective in Vancouver's culturally rich but poverty-stricken Downtown Eastside.In 2007 she founded the Vancouver Manuscript Intensive program, for which she continues to serve as director. <mask> has led workshops in the UK at the Poetry School (London), the Poetry Library (London), and the Arvon Foundation (Devon) and in Canada at Sage Hill, Booming Ground (UBC), the Metchosin International School of the Arts, and Simon Fraser University, among others. Her focus on and support of writers of different cultures, races, countries of origin, educations, genders, and sexual identities has opened doors for numerous award-winning authors. An annual book award honouring Warland, The VMI Betsy Warland Between Genres Award, will be launched in 2021. Warland's personal documents, interviews, photographs, and manuscripts have been acquired by the literary archives at Library and Archives Canada. Writing
Much of <mask>'s literary output has been in the form of essays, memoirs, and poetry books relating to feminism, women's studies, and lesbian issues. Her work has appeared in Canadian and international journals and anthologies.<mask>'s first poem appeared in an issue of Waves in 1976, and she published her first volume of poetry, A Gathering Instinct, in 1981. Her books Bloodroot: Tracing the Untelling of Motherloss (2000) and Breathing the Page: Reading the Act of Writing (2010) are among her most popular titles. A forthcoming second edition of Bloodroot: Tracing the Untelling of Motherloss (2021), will include a new, long essay by the author on the subject of craft. Her memoir, Oscar of Between: A Memoir of Identity and Ideas (2016), was one of two books chosen to launch the Caitlin Press imprint Dagger Editions, dedicated to books about and by queer women. Between 2012 and 2017 she curated a new online publishing template called Oscar's Salon, which featured excerpts from Oscar of Between combined with the work of guest writers, artists, and composers, as well as readers' comments. Selected works
 Bloodroot: Tracing the Untelling of Motherloss. Second edition.Inanna Publications/York University, forthcoming
 Lost Lagoon/Lost in Thought. Caitlin Press, 2020
Oscar of Between: A Memoir of Identity and Ideas. Caitlin Press, 2016
 Oscar's Salon, an interactive online salon of excerpts from Oscar of Between in concert with guest writers, artists, and featured readers. BetsyWarland.com, 2012–2017
 Breathing the Page: Reading the Act of Writing. Cormorant Books, 2010
 Only This Blue: A Long Poem with an Essay. Mercury Press, 2005
 Bloodroot: Tracing the Untelling of Motherloss. Second Story Press, 2000
 What Holds Us Here.Buschek Books, 1998
 Two Women in a Birth (with Daphne Marlatt). Guernica Editions, 1994
 The Bat Had Blue Eyes. Women's Press, 1993
 InVersions: Writing by Dykes, Queers and Lesbians (editor). Press Gang, 1991
 Telling It: Women and Language across Cultures (co-editor with Daphne Marlatt, Lee Maracle, and Sky Lee). Press Gang, 1990
 Proper Deafinitions: Collected Theorograms. Press Gang, 1990
 serpent (w)rite: (a reader's gloss). Coach House, 1987
 Double Negative (with Daphne Marlatt).gynergy books/Ragweed Press, 1986
 open is broken. Longspoon Press, 1984
 A Gathering Instinct. Williams-Wallace, 1981

Awards
 The Vancouver Mayor's Arts Award for Literary Arts, October 2016
 Pandora's Literary Festival BC Writer Mentor Award, 2011

References

External links
 <mask>land
 Archives of <mask>land (<mask>land fonds, R11827) are held at Library and Archives Canada

1946 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian poets
American feminist writers
American women poets
Canadian feminist writers
Canadian women poets
Canadian women essayists
Lesbian feminists
Canadian lesbian writers
LGBT writers from the United States
Luther College (Iowa) alumni
People from Fort Dodge, Iowa
Poets from Iowa
Canadian LGBT poets
American women essayists
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian women writers
20th-century American poets
20th-century American essayists
21st-century American essayists
Canadian women non-fiction writers
LGBT people from Iowa
20th-century Canadian essayists
21st-century Canadian essayists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
21st-century LGBT people

masks:
Betsy Warland
Warland
Warland
Warland
Warland
Warland
Warland
Warland
Betsy War
Betsy War
Betsy War


texts:
<mask>, 1st Baronet, KCMG, LLD, FRSE (15 July 1817 – 20 November 1898) was an English civil engineer specialising in the construction of railways and railway infrastructure. In the 1850s and 1860s, he was engineer for the world's first underground railway, London's Metropolitan Railway, built by the "cut-and-cover" method under city streets. In the 1880s, he was chief engineer for the Forth Bridge, which opened in 1890. Fowler's was a long and eminent career, spanning most of the 19th century's railway expansion, and he was engineer, adviser or consultant to many British and foreign railway companies and governments. He was the youngest president of the Institution of Civil Engineers, between 1865 and 1867, and his major works represent a lasting legacy of Victorian engineering. Early life
Fowler was born in Wadsley, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England, to land surveyor <mask> and his wife Elizabeth (née Swann). He was educated privately at Whitley Hall near Ecclesfield.He trained under <mask> Leather, engineer of the Sheffield waterworks, and with Leather's uncle, George Leather, on the Aire and Calder Navigation and on railway surveys. From 1837 he worked for <mask> Rastrick on railway projects including the London and Brighton Railway and the unbuilt West Cumberland and Furness Railway. He then worked again for George Leather as resident engineer on the Stockton and Hartlepool Railway and was appointed engineer to the railway when it opened in 1841. Fowler initially established a practice as a consulting engineer in the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire area, but, a heavy workload led him to move to London in 1844. He became a member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1847, the year the Institution was founded, and a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1849. On 2 July 1850 he married Elizabeth Broadbent (died 19 November 1901), daughter of J. Broadbent of Manchester. The couple had four sons.Railways

Fowler established a busy practice, working on many railway schemes across the country. He became chief engineer for the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway and was engineer of the East Lincolnshire Railway, the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway and the Severn Valley Railway. In 1853, he became chief engineer of the Metropolitan Railway in London, the world's first underground railway. Constructed in shallow "cut-and-cover" trenches beneath roads, the line opened between Paddington and Farringdon in 1863. Fowler was also engineer for the associated District Railway and the Hammersmith and City Railway. Today these railways form the majority of the London Underground's Circle line. For his work on the Metropolitan Railway Fowler was paid the great sum of £152,000 (£ today), with £157,000 (£ today), from the District Railway.Although some of this would have been passed on to staff and contractors, Sir Edward Watkin, chairman of the Metropolitan Railway from 1872, complained that "No engineer in the world was so highly paid." Other railways that Fowler consulted for were the London Tilbury and Southend Railway, the Great Northern Railway, the Highland Railway and the Cheshire Lines Railway. Following the death of Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1859, Fowler was retained by the Great Western Railway. His various appointments involved him in the design of Victoria station in London, Sheffield Victoria station, St Enoch station in Glasgow, Liverpool Central station and Manchester Central station. The latter station's  wide train shed roof was the second widest unsupported iron arch in Britain after the roof of St Pancras railway station. Fowler's consulting work extended beyond Britain including railway and engineering projects in Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Egypt, France, Germany, Portugal and the United States. He travelled to Egypt for the first time in 1869 and worked on a number of, mostly unrealised, schemes for the Khedive, including a railway to Khartoum in Sudan which was planned in 1875 but not completed until after his death.In 1870 he provided advice to an Indian Government inquiry on railway gauges where he recommended a narrow gauge of  for light railways. He visited Australia in 1886, where he made some remarks on the break of gauge difficulty. Later in his career, he was also a consultant with his partner Benjamin Baker and with James Henry Greathead on two of London's first tube railways, the City and South London Railway and the Central London Railway. Bridges

As part of his railway projects, Fowler designed numerous bridges. In the 1860s, he designed Grosvenor Bridge, the first railway bridge over the River Thames, and the 13-arch Dollis Brook Viaduct for the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway. He is credited with the design of the Victoria Bridge at Upper Arley, Worcestershire, constructed between 1859 and 1861, and the near identical Albert Edward Bridge at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire built from 1863 to 1864. Both remain in use today carrying railway lines across the River Severn.Following the collapse of Sir Thomas Bouch's Tay Bridge in 1879, Fowler, William Henry Barlow and Thomas Elliot Harrison were appointed in 1881 to a commission to review Bouch's design for the Forth Bridge. The commission recommended a steel cantilever bridge designed by Fowler and Benjamin Baker, which was constructed between 1883 and 1890. Locomotives

To avoid problems with smoke and steam overwhelming staff and passengers on the covered sections of the Metropolitan Railway, Fowler proposed a fireless locomotive. The locomotive was built by Robert Stephenson and Company and was a broad gauge 2-4-0 tender engine. The boiler had a normal firebox connected to a large combustion chamber containing fire bricks which were to act as a heat reservoir. The combustion chamber was linked to the smokebox through a set of very short firetubes. Exhaust steam was re-condensed instead of escaping and fed back to the boiler.The locomotive was intended to operate conventionally in the open, but in tunnels dampers would be closed and steam would be generated using the stored heat from the fire bricks. The first trial on the Great Western Railway in October 1861 was a failure. The condensing system leaked, causing the boiler to run dry and pressure to drop, risking a boiler explosion. A second trial on the Metropolitan Railway in 1862 was also a failure, and the fireless engine was abandoned, becoming known as "Fowler's Ghost". The locomotive was sold to Isaac Watt Boulton in 1865; he intended to convert it into a standard engine but it was eventually scrapped. On opening, the Metropolitan Railway's trains were provided by the Great Western Railway, but these were withdrawn in August 1863. After a period hiring trains from the Great Northern Railway, the Metropolitan Railway introduced its own, Fowler designed, 4-4-0 tank engines in 1864.The design, known as the A class and, with minor updates, the B class, was so successful that the Metropolitan and District Railways eventually had 120 of the engines in use and they remained in operation until electrification of the lines in the 1900s. Other activities and professional recognition

Fowler stood unsuccessfully for parliament as a Conservative candidate in 1880 and 1885. His standing within the engineering profession was very high, to the extent that he was elected president of the Institution of Civil Engineers for the period 1866–67, its youngest president. Through his position in the Institution and through his own practice, he led the development of training for engineers. In 1865/67, he purchased the adjacent estates of Braemore and Inverbroom, near Ullapool in Ross-shire, Scotland, comprising 44,000 acres and becoming one of the premier Deer Forests (sporting estates) of the Highlands. He built the substantial Braemore House (since demolished), where he entertained at the highest levels of politics and society. He developed a hydro-electric scheme, fed from the artificial Home Loch, planted extensive woodlands on the steep valley sides, and created 12 km of recreational walks through them, including suspension footbridges over the Corrieshalloch and Strone Gorges (the former now an NTS property).He also developed a network of stalkerpaths. He was appointed a Justice of the Peace and a Deputy Lieutenant of the county. Lady Fowler here became a noted botanist. He listed his recreations in Who's Who as yachting and deerstalking and was a member of the Carlton Club, St Stephen's Club, the Conservative Club and the Royal Yacht Squadron. He was also President of the Egyptian Exploration Fund. In 1885 he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George as thanks from the government for allowing the use of maps of the Upper Nile valley he had had made when working on the Khedive's projects. They were the most accurate survey of the area and were used in the British Relief of Khartoum.In 1887 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Following the successful completion of the Forth Bridge in 1890, Fowler was created a baronet, taking the name of his Scottish estate as his territorial designation. Along with Benjamin Baker, he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Edinburgh in 1890 for his engineering of the bridge. In 1892, the Poncelet Prize was doubled and awarded jointly to Baker and Fowler. Fowler died in Bournemouth, Dorset, at the age of 81 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, Sir <mask> Fowler, 2nd Baronet (died 25 March 1899). The baronetcy became extinct in 1933 on the death of Reverend Sir Montague Fowler, 4th Baronet, the first baronet's third son.See also
Fowler baronets

Notes

References

1817 births
1898 deaths
British railway pioneers
History of Sheffield
People from Wadsley
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
British bridge engineers
Engineers from Yorkshire
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
People associated with transport in London
Transport design in London
19th-century English people
19th-century British businesspeople

masks:
Sir John Fowler
John Fowler
John Towlerton
John Urpeth
John Arthur


texts:
Princess <mask> of Lippe (30 August 1895 – 25 December 1993) was a socialite and author who was active in Nazi Germany. As the wife of Hanno Konopath, a prominent Nazi official, <mask> was a well known and ardent supporter of the Nazi regime. She was instrumental in the Nordic Ring, a forum for the discussion of issues concerning race and eugenics. <mask> also served as an aide to Minister of Food and Agriculture Richard Walther Darré, and produced numerous works of fiction, poetry, translations, and other books. After the end of World War II, she published translations of prominent Holocaust-denying works, such as Paul Rassinier's Le Drame des Juifs européens (The Drama of European Jews) into German in 1964. Family
Countess <mask> was born the youngest child and only daughter of Count Rudolf of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1856-1931), later Prince Rudolf of Lippe and his wife Princess Luise von Ardeck (a morganatic granddaughter of Frederick William, Elector of Hesse). Her father, a son of Count Julius Peter of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1812-1884) and Countess <mask> zu Castell-Castell, was an uncle of Prince Leopold IV, who ruled the small principality of Lippe from 1905 until the 1918 collapse of the German Empire in World War I. <mask> was also a first cousin once-removed of Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1911-2004) who, in 1937 became the prince consort of Juliana, future Queen of the Netherlands.<mask>'s family could be traced back to the twelfth century and were reigning monarchs until she was 23 years old. In 1905, her branch of the House of Lippe inherited one of the two thrones held by the family (the other was the principality of Schaumburg-Lippe, also within the German Empire) and <mask>id became a princess of Lippe, dropping the suffix "Biesterfeld". When Germany's various kingdoms and principalities were abolished, the dynasty lost its throne and rank as royalty, but the republic allowed them to retain much of their property, as well as their princely title in the form of a surname. Marriages
At the age of 24, <mask> wed, in the castle in which she was born at Drogelwitz, Prince Heinrich XXXII Reuss, J(unior) L(ine), a man seventeen years her senior, who was her cousin in the fourth degree (their shared ancestor being King Frederick William II of Prussia) and in the sixth degree (both being descendants of George II of Great Britain). He belonged to a dynasty which reigned over two German principalities (Reuss) until abdication in 1918 of the one reigning Prince over both principalities. By tradition, the princes of his house used "Reuss" as a surname without any nobiliary particle such as "von" (of) or "zu" (at), and all the males bore the sole given name of Henry (Heinrich), distinguished each from the other by Roman numerals. Heinrich XXXII was a son of Prince Heinrich VII Reuss J.L.(1825-1906) and his wife Princess <mask> of Saxe-Weimar, through whom he had, between 1894 and 1909, been near in the order of succession to the Dutch throne that was occupied by Queen Wilhelmina since 1890. Soon after the wedding on 19 May 1920 the marriage began to break down: <mask> would give birth to a son, Prince Heinrich V, on 26 May 1921 and, in order to marry the father before she delivered the child, she divorced Heinrich XXXII at Guben on 18 February and on 12 April married his younger brother, Heinrich XXXV Reuss J.L. (1887-1936) who, to be eligible for the elopement to Bremen, had divorced his wife of 10 years, Princess Maria of Saxe-Altenburg (1888-1947), on 4 March. When Heinrich V was two years old, on 23 June 1923, his parents obtained a divorce in Berlin. Thereafter, <mask> used the title Princess Reuss zur Lippe. <mask> married a third and final time to commoner Hanno Konopath (born surnamed "Konopacki"), a Nazi government official, on 24 February 1927. This marriage also ended in divorce nine years later in 1936, but not before it generated important contacts for her in the German regime.Issue
 Prince Heinrich V Reuss (b. 26 May 1921, d. 28 Oct 1980), married morganatically on 22 June 1961 with Ingrid Jobst. They had three children:
 <mask> Luise Hermine Dora Helene Reuss (b. 1 September 1963), married on 13 July 1985 to Eberhard, Count zu Erbach-Erbach. They had three children:
 Countess Felicitas Alexandra Magita Elena of Erbach-Erbach (b. 27 June 1987). Franz Georg Albrecht Wittekind Karl-Emich Raimund Kraft Carl, Hereditary Count of Erbach-Erbach (b.6 June 1989). Count Franz Konrad Ludwig Heinrich Gustav of Erbach-Erbach (b. 12 December 1991). Heinrich Ico Reuss (b. 18 October 1964), married on 17 July 1999 to Baroness Corinna von Elmendorff. They had one daughter:
 Henriette Josephine Viktoria Luise Reuss (b. 16 November 2000).<mask> Adelheid Freia Gabriele Elisabeth Reuss (b. 30 December 1968), married on 25 October 1995 to Sebastian Papst. A Nazi princess

Early years
Alarmed by the failure of their class to respond to the troubles occurring in Germany, many younger members of royal families joined the emerging Nazi Party and other radical right-wing groups. In the beginning, many of them were women. Like the Hesse family, the <mask> dynasty joined the Nazi Party in great numbers (ultimately eighteen members would eventually join). Some German states provided a proportionally higher number of SS officers, including Hesse-Nassau and Lippe, <mask>elheid's birthplace. As an ardent believer of the party's views, <mask> developed strong connections to the emerging Nazi regime, and became a leading socialite during that time.She embraced "blood and soil" notions with great enthusiasm, and belonged to the paganist sect of Nazism. In 1921, the same year of her divorce, <mask> published Gott in mir (God In Me) in Bremen. A small work of forty-one pages, its spacious layout and the exceptional quality of its paper is evidence that while Germany was suffering from an economic depression, the book was distributed in small quantities to a select, wealthy clientele. It is likely that soon after producing this work, <mask> was already moving in far-right circles or on the verge of becoming an ardent National Socialist; she became employed as an aide to the Nazi Minister of Food and Agriculture, Richard Walther Darré (a friend of her third husband's). Her cousin Ernst, Hereditary Prince of Lippe (son of Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe) was also employed under Darré. As he was her mentor (and referred to her as "little sister"), <mask> devoted her writing talent to promoting National Socialist ideals, in particular those of Darré. These essays included Nordische Frau und Nordischer Glaube [Nordic Women and Nordic Religion] (1934), Deutscher Hausrat [Setting up the German Household] (1936), two edited collections of writings by Darre, and two novels, Mutter Erde [Mother Earth] (1935), and Die Overbroocks [The Overbroocks] (1942).Nordic Faith Movement
In the late 1920s, <mask> regularly attended meetings for the paganist Nordic Ring, which was a forum for the discussion of issues concerning race and eugenics. Her third husband was a leader of this group. Konopath was a member of the Race and Culture Division in the Reich Leadership Office. The group was a great proponent of the "Nordic idea", in which they believed that the Occidental and Germanic cultures were a creation of the Nordic race. To them, the Nordic race had been "losing ground rapidly" in the new industrial age due to an influx of "inferior" races to the enlarging cities; their goal was thus to reverse this trend before Germany followed France, Italy, and Spain in racial decline. Through these meetings, <mask> emerged as a leader of the Nordic Faith Movement. At one meeting she presided over in March 1935, she stated that children should be forbidden from reading the Old Testament and asserted that there was not much sense in reading the New Testament."In the Old Testament, the greatest and most sacred things are treated as a variety of sin. One should not, therefore, place in children's hands the sort of tales of which the Old Testament is made up. However, the new Testament is not much better. Throughout the Old Testament woman is treated as something shameful. We read there that a woman who has borne a child should make a sacrifice". In the same meeting, <mask> also called on other Nordic pagans to remember that "thousands of blond-haired, blue-eyed women" had been burned as witches during the Middle Ages, a fact, she declared, that meant they should be avenged by bringing back to life the old Nordic faith. The Nordic Faith professed by Konopath and <mask>id soon declined in importance.Wilhelm Kube, the leader of the Nazi Party in the Prussian parliament and a fervent Christian, soon discovered that Konopath belonged to "a school of thought that even the most radical of Kube's group could no longer consider Christian". Soon afterwards, Kube had Konopath ejected from his DC responsibilities; he was additionally deprived of all his party offices on "grounds of immorality". Fall of Darré
As the war caused unwelcome developments, Darré's romantic "blood and soil" views suffered as new and more efficient plans were produced by important Nazi officials Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Göring. As Darré's influence declined, so did that of <mask> and her cousin, as their family lacked a viable power base. While Darré retired to his hunting lodge outside Berlin, she and Ernst continued their activities under the Nazi regime until the end of the war. Post-World War II
After World War II ended, <mask> continued her extreme right-wing activities, working as an author and translator, as well as being active in various neo-Nazi organizations. She translated Paul Rassinier's Holocaust-denying work, Le Drame des Juifs européens (The Drama of European Jews), into German in 1964, and also published two more volumes of poetry.She gave financial support to Die Bauernschaft, a periodical launched by neo-Nazi Thies Christophersen in 1969. As a result of his publications, Christophersen was threatened with imprisonment for spreading Nazi propaganda, and finally had to leave Germany for Denmark. In 1971, <mask> assumed the editorship and continued to keep the "blood and soil" ideas that had been so cherished under her and Darré in circulation. Death
<mask> died on Christmas Day 25 December 1993 in Tangstedt, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, aged 98. List of works
<mask> produced and published many different works under the names <mask>id Prinzessin Reuss-zur Lippe and <mask> Konopath throughout her life. All of these original works contained right-wing propaganda, both during and after the fall of the Nazi regime. Novels
 Mutter Erde [Mother Earth] (1935)
 Die Overbroocks [The Overbroocks] (1942)

Poetry
 Gott in Mir [God in Me] (1921)
 Weltfrommigkeit (1960)
 Freundesgruss (1978)

Essays
 Das bist du [That is you] (1924)
 Deutscher Hausrat [Setting up the German Household] (1936)
 Nordische Frau und Nordischer Glaube [Nordic Women and Nordic Religion] (1934)
 Feiern im Jahresring (1968)
 Small contributions to the monthly magazine Odal.Monatsschrift für Blut und Boden (1932–1942)

Translations
As a speaker of French, English, and German, <mask> produced translations of various works after the end of World War II. Along with Paul Rassinier's Holocaust-denying work The Drama of the European Jews, <mask> also translated Lenora Mattingly Weber's work My True Love Waits from French into German and Harry Elmer Barnes' Perpetual War For Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt from English into German, among others. Ancestry

References

Sources

1895 births
1993 deaths
German Holocaust deniers
German Modern Pagans
German people of World War II
German political writers
German princesses
House of Lippe
House of Reuss
Modern Pagan novelists
Modern Pagan poets
Modern Pagan writers
Nazi Party members
People from Głogów County
People from the Province of Silesia
Princesses of Reuss
Royalty in the Nazi Party
Women in Nazi Germany

masks:
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelhe
Marie Adelheid
Marie
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Alexandra
Caroline Marie
Lippe
Marie Ad
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelhe
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelhe
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid


texts:
<mask> (born March 28, 1930) is a Canadian-born film and television producer. Life and career
<mask><mask> was born to a Jewish family in Montreal and raised in New York City and in Miami Beach, Florida, by his mother, <mask>. Ruddy attended Brooklyn Technical High School before earning a scholarship to allow him to study chemical engineering at City College of New York. He graduated from the School of Architecture at the University of Southern California and then worked designing homes in the construction industry on the East Coast. After a short stint at Warner Brothers, brought about by a chance meeting with studio chief Jack L. Warner, Ruddy moved on to become a programmer trainee at the Rand Corporation in Santa Monica, California. Returning to entertainment, Ruddy was a television writer at Universal Studios, but left when <mask>., father of the legendary actor, hired him to produce Wild Seed (1965). With this one film completed, Ruddy co-created Hogan's Heroes (CBS, 1965–1971), which was a critical success and ran for six seasons.As the sitcom wound down its run, Ruddy returned to films, producing two comedies: Little Fauss and Big Halsy (1970), about two motorcycle racers, and Making It (1971), about a sexually triumphant high school student who beds the gerontophobic wife of his gym teacher. In 1972, he produced The Godfather and won his first of two Oscars for Best Picture. In 1974, Ruddy produced The Longest Yard, which has been described as "the first successful modern sports movie". The movie was very successful financially and was subsequently remade twice with Ruddy as executive producer (as Mean Machine (2001) and as The Longest Yard (2005)). The following year, Ruddy produced director and animator Ralph Bakshi's satirical film Coonskin (1975). The film was extremely controversial and initially received negative reviews, but it would eventually earn critical acclaim and develop a cult following with cinema devotees around the globe. It remains one of director Quentin Tarantino's favorite movies, which he regularly screens.In 1976, he produced a television western called The Machans, which was subsequently developed into the series How the West Was Won (1977–1979). Although hugely successful at the box office, The Cannonball Run (1981) received mixed reviews by critics. However today, this Burt Reynolds classic is a beloved film that enjoys regular reruns and a devoted following from followers of the famed Rat Pack. Ruddy next produced two action films, Death Hunt (1981) starring Lee Marvin and Charles Bronson, and Megaforce (1982). Ruddy returned to produce Cannonball Run II (1984), which was another commercial success for the Rat Pack prominent cast, which featured a guest appearance by <mask>. For some time, Ruddy worked with writer-philosopher Ayn Rand to produce her epic novel Atlas Shrugged as a movie, the rights to which he purchased in the mid-1970s, but the movie never moved beyond the planning stages. Rand demanded unprecedented final script approval, which Ruddy agreed to.However, her friends pointed out that Ruddy could shoot the approved script but still leave all her speeches on the cutting room floor. Rand asked for final editing approval, which neither Ruddy nor the director had the power to give her, so she responded by withdrawing her support from the film and vowing to ensure that Ruddy was never involved in any adaptation of her novel. In 1985, he and Andre Morgan set up the Ruddy/Morgan Organization, after leaving Golden Harvest, which films are budgeted for the $8.5-16 million range, and arranged the financing and developing of "high-visibility" pictures the company is placing up. In the early 1990s, he helped create the successful series Walker, Texas Ranger. Also in 1992, he licensed the rights from Kevin McClory to make a James Bond television show, but EON Productions blocked it, and winning the suit, ended any hopes of a television show. In 2004, he produced Million Dollar Baby, which earned him his second Oscar for Best Picture. He shared the award with Clint Eastwood, who had presented Ruddy with the Best Picture Oscar for The Godfather over 30 years earlier.In late 2015, it was announced that he had acquired the rights to Rand's Atlas Shrugged and would be making a movie for worldwide release. Personal life
<mask> was originally married to and divorced from Francoise <mask>, who was also Jewish. This was prior to her name change  to Ma Prem Hasya as part of the Rajneeshpuram Commune in Central Oregon. Francoise saw him through the production of "The Godfather," even lending her name to the production company title. <mask> is currently married to Wanda McDaniel, the mother of his two children, <mask> and <mask>. Currently, she serves as the Executive Vice President for the Italian design legend Giorgio Armani. Filmography
He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted.Film

As writer

Art director

Soundtrack

Thanks

Television

As writer

Miscellaneous crew

As an actor

Thanks

Awards
 Won: 1973 Academy Award for Best Picture: The Godfather
 Won: 1973 David di Donatello for Best Foreign Film: The Godfather
 Won: 1973 Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama: The Godfather
 Won: 1975 Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy: The Longest Yard
 Nomination: 1983 Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture: Megaforce
 Nomination: 1984 Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture: Cannonball Run II
 Nomination: 1985 Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay: Cannonball Run II (with Hal Needham and Harvey Miller)
 Won: 2005 Academy Award for Best Picture: Million Dollar Baby

See also
 Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood

References

External links

 "The Godfather Wars" Vanity Fair
 Profile from Mass Hysteria Entertainment
  "Ruddy Morgan Organization"

1930 births
Living people
Canadian film producers
Jewish Canadian filmmakers
20th-century American Jews
People from New York City
People from Montreal
Producers who won the Best Picture Academy Award
USC School of Architecture alumni
City College of New York alumni
Golden Globe Award-winning producers
Brooklyn Technical High School alumni
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Albert Stotland Ruddy
Albert S
. Ruddy
Ruth Ruddy Hertz
Marlon Brando Sr
Frank Sinatra
Ruddy
Ruddy
Ruddy
John Ruddy
Alexandra Ruddy