texts:
<mask> (24 August 1904 – 13 October 1997) was a British architect and textile designer. She specialized in carpet and rug designs producing over 90, often individually named, designs. She was an associate member of Royal Institute of British Architects, she held an Architectural Association diploma and featured on the National Register of Industrial Designers. Early life
<mask> was born in Sanderstead, Surrey, England, the daughter of the architect and subsequently town planner George Lionel (later Sir George) and <mask>. She was also the niece of (Douglas) <mask>, the founder of the Ditchling Press. The family lived in Surrey, and spent their holidays near Lulworth Cove in Dorset. <mask>'s background was a liberal one: it must have instilled in her a broad, even social sense of the importance of design, and the love of the country which is reflected in the natural earth colours of her rugs.Education

<mask> attended Croydon School of Art from 1922–1923, then the Froebel Institute in Roehampton for a year of teacher training, and finally, in 1924, entered the Architectural Association schools in Bedford Square, at her father's suggestion, to learn model-making. Instead she became so interested that she stayed on to qualify as an architect. On qualifying, in 1929, <mask> was one of the few women of the minority that were at the Architectural Association to decide that she wanted strongly to work and design. In 1930, <mask> enrolled on a short course at the London School of Weaving, at Bryanston Street, Mable Arch, where she learned to make a warp, set up a loom, and weave a rug. Career
In 1930, <mask> designed her first rug, Snowshill, a design of interlocking rectangles crossed by parallel lines of dots and crosses. Colour was also extremely important to her. <mask> describes colour as more than half the design, and visited the various firms who made her rugs to make sure they had matched the dyes exactly.The British carpet industry in the 1930s was in an extremely sluggish state, producing, because they could be sure of sales, designs that were either reproductions of Oriental carpets, or else the clichéd jazz patterns of what Pevsner called a deplorably mis-understood Continental cubism. The three firms who wove <mask>'s rugs were exceptions in an industry that was rarely prepared to take risks. During the 1930s, <mask> worked for Wilton Royal in two ways. Usually they paid her a royalty for each rug sold, and she retained the copyright. Such rugs were made on the whole, exclusively for Gordon Russell Ltd. Occasionally, however, she would sell copyright to Wilton Royal, receiving no royalty. The Russell company used many of her designs in their interiors over the years and for a short period from 1933 to 1935 she acted as a buyer for the firm's London shop at 28 Wigmore Street, quickly expanding her role to include Broadway as well.While she was mainly occupied with acquiring fabrics she also moved into other components of the interior including ceramics and glass. When illness forced her to abandon this role she was superseded by the architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner, who later described her work as possessing ‘a sensitivity and a quiet perfection not surpassed anywhere in Europe’ (The Independent, 25 Oct 1997). <mask> then became a consultant for the Gordon Russell firm, advising on furnishings and, in particular, colour. It was a role which she undertook again for her husband's practice after the war. Pepler's rugs were all characterized by soft, earthy colours and simple, abstract decoration. She used mostly fawns and browns in the early 1930s but moved to include blue, green, and yellow a little later. Aquamarine, a rug of 1932, for example, had wavy lines and circles on its surface and it combined aquamarine, yellow, raisin brown, and natural in its subtle colour scheme.Throughout her career she was inevitably compared with the more flamboyant rug designer Marion Dorn, but <mask>'s main purpose in designing a rug was to use it to bring together all the elements of the room and, for her, restrained colours did this more effectively. Her approach emanated from her training in architecture. In 1947 <mask> was elected a fellow of the Society of Industrial Artists, recognition that she had reached the peak of her profession. She continued to design, concentrating more and more on carpets. Post-war work of note includes rugs for the interior of the Oriana, produced in the mid-1950s. The designs of Russell and Pepler shared a common goal and achieved the same standards although, as with so many designer couples, the work of the former is much more widely recognized. The consistently high quality of her work which came through at an exhibition of their work which was held at the Geffrye Museum in 1983 surprised many people who had not realized her full artistic capacity, however.They both played a key role in formulating a peculiarly British brand of modernism in the middle years of the century and in ensuring that with the enthusiasm for all things new the past was not entirely forgotten. Personal life
<mask> met her husband R D Russell at the Architectural Association Schools where they both studied architecture. They got married on 1 December 1933. They moved to London, where they lived in Hanover Terrace Mews. Death
<mask> died on 13 October 1997 at Eynsham, Oxfordshire. See also
Women in architecture

References

Footnotes

Work in Public Collections
Cheltenham: The Wilson Cheltenham Art Gallery & Museum, Clarence Street. Museum no: 7117, Museum No: 7118, Museum No: 7125
London: Victoria & Albert Museum: Museum No: CIRC.568-1969
London: Geffrye Museum of the Home.Have a number of objects in their collection including: Museum No:  3/1983, Museum No: 18/1978-4, Museum No: 18/1978-4

Sources

"Richard Drew Russell", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
"<mask>ler", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

External links

1904 births
1997 deaths
Textile artists
British designers
Women textile artists
20th-century British women artists
Associates of the Royal Institute of British Architects

masks:
Marian Pepler
Pepler
Amy Pepler
Hilary Pepler
Marian
Marian
Marian
Marian
Marian
Marian
Marian
Marian
Pepler
Pepler
Pepler
Marian
Marian Pepler
Marian Pep


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1949) is the founder and chief executive officer of Mully Children's Family (MCF), a Christian, non-governmental organization based in Kenya that works with disadvantaged populations. Mully is the subject of the documentary film Mully, directed by Scott Haze, which was released in October 2017. Early life and family

<mask> was born in 1949 in Kathithyamaa Village in Kangundo, Machakos, Kenya. Abandoned by his family at age six, he spent his adolescence begging on the streets. Mulli attended the Kyamulendu and Kathithyamaa schools in Kangundo, Machakos. Completing his primary education in 1966, he was unable to enter secondary school because he could not afford it. At age 17, Mulli converted to Christianity after walking into a church and going through an experience that he believed had allowed him to attain salvation.<mask> walked  to Nairobi in search of employment. He found work at a private home where his duties included tilling the garden, washing clothes, cooking in the kitchen, and other domestic chores. A year later, <mask> was promoted to a farm assistant and transferred to Kakuzi Farm in Thika where he met his future wife, Esther Nthenya. They married on December 22, 1970, and had eight biological children. Career
In 1970, <mask> began working at Strabag Road Construction Company where he oversaw the company's supplies. He remained with the company until 1972. With the money he earned working for Strabag, Mulli bought a vehicle and began operating a public transport service running between Eldoret and Nyaru.He also began engaging in agricultural business ventures. Mulli founded the Mullyways Agencies, a transportation business conglomerate, in the 1970s, gaining assets valued in millions of shillings. He also served as chairman of the boards for several international schools in Kenya between 1970 and 1991, which included Kessup Girls Schools, Kaptagat Preparatory School and Chebisaas High School. In 1989, Mulli sold all his property and businesses, and dedicated the proceeds to helping street children through rescue, shelter, medical care, psychosocial support, and education. Currently, Mully Children's Family has just under 3,000 children in their centers in Ndalani, Yatta, Kitale, Kilifi, Lodwar and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. Since 1989, <mask> and Esther Mulli have taken in more than 23,000 abandoned children. Philanthropy
Mully's philanthropy has been recognized with awards by several organizations including: Robert W. Pierce Award (1999), World Vision International (Angel of Hope in 2002), The Jubilee Insurance Company Samaritan's Award (2007), Med Assets International USA (2008), Head of State Commendation of the Republic of Kenya (2009), and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 2010.In 2012, <mask> received the Family Philanthropy Award from the East African Grant Makers Association in recognition of his contribution to philanthropic work and its impact in initiating sustainable projects. In 2014, he received an award in education at the Transform Kenya Awards. Education
In 2009, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate in humanities by the United Graduate College and Seminary. In 2011, he was awarded an honorary doctorate in Social Work from Kabarak University. Books
He is the author of My Journey of Faith and the subject of Christian Heroes: Then and Now – <mask>lli: We are Family, and also the subject of two other biographies and a children's book written by Paul H. Boge: Father to The Fatherless, Hope for The Hopeless, and The Biggest Family In The World. Movie
In 2014, actor and filmmaker Scott Haze, along with Lukas Behnken and Elissa Shay and funded by Bardis Productions (John Bardis), traveled to MCF to document the story in film. Through re-enactments, historical and home footage, and present day interviews, the Mulli's story was told in the documentary, Mully.After various showings at film festivals around the nation, in 2016 For Good, LLC picked up the film for distribution, and after partnering with Focus on the Family and Fathom Events, announced a three-day special event in 700-800 theaters on October 3, 4, and 5, 2017. Starting the end of May 2019, Mully became available to watch for free for a limited time on Catalyst Movies. Beginning in February 2021, Mully became available to watch for free at MullyMovie.com. Mully Children's Family
Mully Children's Family (MCF) is a Christian charitable organization working with disadvantaged children and young adults. MCF has designed its services along the lines of social entrepreneurship by investing in income generating activities to sustainably fund and scale up charity work. It integrates child rescue, rehabilitation and reintegration while creating safety nets in the community to provide an environment conducive for child survival. Program areas
There are ten areas of intervention: child protection, education and life skills, future leaders program, health care, food security and agriculture, socio-economic empowerment, water and sanitation, promotion of social justice, climate change mitigation and partnerships.Child protection using holistic transformational development provides children with a home fit for human habitation, growth and development. This includes rescue, rehabilitation and reintegration, psychosocial support, and a sense of community. MCF offers a range of educational opportunities and experiences to children and youths of varied ages, backgrounds, interests and needs such as mentorship and coaching, vocational training, and kindergarten through college-level educational opportunity. The future leaders program provides youth mentoring and coaching teaching leadership and entrepreneurial skills through student internships, peer counselor training, and a volunteer program. MCF offers health care programs including free medical care, comprehensive HIV/AIDS treatment, and free medical camps. The charity works to provide children and communities they serve with sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs. It offers comprehensive nutritional care for children, a school feeding program, dryland farming, emergency relief food distribution, water harvesting/conservation for irrigation farming, distribution of milk goats to communities, livestock farming.and globally certified produce for export. MCF creates job opportunities for women and youth. The organization improves access to clean water and sanitation through water harvesting, conservation and distribution, and construction of pit latrines. MCF enhances access to justice for children, women and the vulnerable in the society through child/gender protection training, the establishment of child/gender protection units/desks in police stations, child rights education and school mentorship programs, community education initiatives, and participation in policy formulation and implementation. MCF promotes environmental conservation and the use of renewable energy as a means to mitigate the effects of climate change with activities such as tree planting and environmental conservation campaigns, promotion of green energy initiatives, water harvesting and conservation for dryland farming, and Adopt-a-Tree campaigns among children and youth in schools. The charity works with government and individuals/organizations to support programs, initiate services, and replicate best practices in child care, food security, climate change, community empowerment, and entrepreneurial income generating activities. References

External links

1949 births
Living people
Kenyan chief executives
Kenyan philanthropists
Date of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Charles Mutua Mully
Charles Mutua Mully
Mulli
Mulli
Mulli
Charles
Mulli
Charles Mulli
Charles Mu


texts:
<mask> (10  March  1818 – 12 January 1879) was a French medical doctor and the pre-eminent forensic medical scientist of the mid-19th century. The son of artist and mapmaker <mask>, he achieved his Doctorate in Medicine at the Faculté de Médecine of Paris. He was President of the French Academy of Medicine, as well as Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Professor of Legal Medicine at the University of Paris. <mask>'s specialties were forensic medicine and toxicology. Over his 23-year career, <mask> participated as a forensic expert in 5,238 cases, including many famous and notorious historical crimes. Using his cases as a statistical base, <mask> wrote over a dozen volumes of forensic analysis, covering such diverse areas as abortion, drowning, hanging, insanity, homosexuality, poisoning, suffocation, syphilis, and tattoos. In recognition of his first clinical descriptions of battered children, battered child syndrome is also known as <mask>'s syndrome.<mask>'s ecchymoses, subpleural spots of ecchymosis that follow the death of a newborn child by strangulation or suffocation, were first described by <mask> in 1859, and were so named in his honor. Scientific work on sexuality and child abuse

His most famous scientific works were a book on forensic toxicology that became a reference work in this field in the 19th century, and a book on the forensic examinations related to ”assault on decency”, a legal term covering indecent exposure, rape and homosexuality. He also wrote a pioneering study on maltreatment against children and he published on the terrible working conditions of young boys and girls in mines and factories. A study of copper workers (both child and adult) led to a radical improvement in their working conditions. Though <mask>’s textbook on the legal medicine of poisoning was the work that did most to establish him as an authority in his time, for the posterity he is most famous for his forensic study of sexual crimes: Etude Médico-Légale sur les Attentats aux Mœurs  The study consists of three parts: the first deals with indecent exposures, the second with rape and the third with "pederasty" (sexual relations between an older and a younger man). This third part is considered a classic study in the history of homosexuality. Written before the term homosexuality was coined, <mask> sought to identify external signs of committed ”pederasty” which may help the forensic expert present convincing evidence that a crime had been committed to the court of law.In so doing, <mask> discussed the causes of homosexuality, without making them the main purpose of his study. He presumed some of the ”pederasts” had an inborn inclination, but nevertheless considered the sexual practice in question to be a condemnable vice. According to <mask>, same-sex sexuality was often linked to crime, such as blackmailing and assassinations. The book was an important precursor to Krafft-Ebing’s Psychopathia sexualis, the most famous pre-Freudian study on same-sex sexual practices. For the modern reader this work is an important historical document, particularly valuable for the cultural history of sexuality by the glimpses it gives into some of the secret sexual cultures of his time. In the section on rape, Tardieu also deals with child abuse. According to his numbers over 75% of all the rapes or attempted rapes tried in French courts were committed against children under 16 years old, and most of those against girls under 12 years old.Additionally, he noted that incestuous rape was not uncommon (also see Sigmund Freud's Seduction Theory). This topic was also dealt with in a separate paper (Etude médico-légale sur les sévices et mauvais traitements exercés sur des enfants i.e. "A Medico-legal Study of Cruelty and Brutal treatment Inflicted on Children"), published in Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale in 1860). This latter work has been retrospectively recognized to be the first scientific or medical book about child sexual abuse. The findings in this study were later republished in the book Étude sur les Blessures, which was published in 1879, the year of <mask>'s death. In this, his last book, <mask> claimed to have been the first physician to publish on this subject. Nonetheless, <mask>'s research on the subject was largely either sharply criticized or ignored by legal authorities and other clinicians.Works

 1843: De la morve et du farcin chronique chez l’homme. 1849–50: Mémoire sur les modifications physiques et chimiques que détermine dans certaines parties du corps l’exercice des diverse professions, pour servir à la recherche médico-légale de l’identité. 1852: Voiries et cimetières. 1855: Études hygiéniques sur la profession de mouleur en cuivre, pour servir à l’histoire des professions exposées aux poussières inorganiques. 1855: Étude médico-légale sur le tatouage considéré comme signe d’identité. 1856: Étude médico-légale sur l’avortement, suivie d’observations et de recherches pour servir à l’histoire médico-légale des grossesses fausses et simulées. 1856: Étude historique et médico-légale sur les sur la fabrication et l’emploi des alumettes chimiques.1857: Étude médico-légale sur les attentats aux moeurs. 1852–54: Dictionnaire d’hygiène publique et de salubrité. 1860: Etude médico-légale sur les sévices et mauvais traitements exercés sur des enfants
 1864: Étude médico-légale sur les maladies provoquées ou communiquées comprenant l’histoire médico-légale de la syphilis et de ses divers modes de ransmission. 1867: Étude médico-légale et clinique sur l'empoisonnement. 1868: Étude médico-légale sur l’infanticide. 1870: Étude médico-légale sur la pendaison, la strangulation, les suffocations. 1872: Étude médico-légale sur la folie.1879: Étude médico-légale sur les maladies produites accidentellement ou involontairement. 1879: Étude sur les blessures. Legacy
His work Étude médico-légale sur les attentats aux moeurs, is still used by Egypt as a basis for medical tests to determine if a person is homosexual. References

Bibliography

External links
Etude médico-légale sur les sévices et mauvais traitements exercés sur des enfants, Par le Dr <mask> <mask> – Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale. – 1860: Pages 361–398

French pathologists
French forensic scientists
Child abuse
1818 births
1879 deaths

masks:
Auguste Ambroise Tardieu
Ambroise Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Ambroise
Tardieu


texts:
<mask> also <mask> (ca. 1840 – after 1863) was an American woman known for escaping slavery by disguising herself as a male carriage driver and escaping to Canada, where her family was settled with other slave fugitives. She and her younger sister were separated from her family at the age of seven, and her mother and brothers were sold in Alabama. Within a few months, her mother and two of her youngest brothers were manumitted and settled with their father in Washington, D.C. Then freedom for her sister, Catherine, was negotiated. The Weems had attained the money to pay ransoms through abolitionists in England and the United States. Unable to purchase <mask>' freedom, she ran away at the age of 15. She left her slaveholder in Rockville, Maryland and traveled through Philadelphia, Washington, D.C. and Brooklyn, New York before arriving in Dresden, Ontario.The journey, made more treacherous due to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, occurred over two months, six weeks of which she was in hiding and most of which she was dressed as a young man. Three books have been written about <mask> and her family member's struggle for freedom, entitled A Shadow on the Household, Stealing Freedom and The Underground Railroad: <mask> <mask>. Early life and pre-escape
<mask> <mask> was born in Maryland around 1840 to John, a freeman, and Arabella <mask>, an enslaved woman. Her mother was described as a woman of "superior culture and endowments". Arabella's mother, Cecelia Talbot, was also owned by Robb. They all lived in Montgomery County where Robb owned and operated a tavern and an inn. Rare for an enslaved women, Arabella married John on March 1, 1829, at the St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church in Rockville, Maryland.John, who worked on a small farm, purchased his freedom before their wedding and had Robb's promise that he could purchase his wife and children at "a reasonable price". Robb allowed the family to live together at times. Over the course of their marriage, John and Arabella <mask> had four daughters and six sons: Mary Jane (Stella), Catherine Ann, William Augustus, Thomas Richard (Dick), Charles Adam (Addison), <mask>, Joseph, John Lewis, Sylvester, and Mary. All of their children, except the youngest, Mary, were born into slavery. Arabella was a free woman when Mary was born. <mask> <mask> was baptized at St. Mary's. Robb died in 1847 when Weems was about five or seven years old.Robb's slaves were divided between his two daughters, Jane Robb Beall and Catherine Robb Harding, who was deeply in debt. John tried to raise money to buy his family members, but was not able to do so before his family was divided. Harding sold them to slave traders who puts two daughters in a slave pen and Arabella and her sons held in a Washington jail before they were sold and sent to Alabama in the Deep South. <mask> and her sister Catherine were sold to Caroline and Charles M. Price, a slave trader in Unity, Maryland. William Still described Charles Price as having been "given to 'intemperance,' to a very great extent, and gross 'profanity'" And his wife "is cross and peevish." In 1849 or 1850, abolitionist William L. Chaplin helped their eldest daughter, Mary Jane, and Arabella's sister Annie and her family escape. Mary Jane went to Geneva, New York, where she was adopted by Henry Highland Garnet, a former slave and an abolitionist.The three subsequently changed their names. Mary Jane became Stella. Her aunt and uncle took the names Annie Bradley and William Henry Bradley. Stella moved with the Garnets to Jamaica in the West Indies in November 1852. In 1850, Arabella was pregnant with their ninth child. Around that time, their fourth child, Richard, appears to have died. Having heard that the Weems family would likely be sold to different owners, the Weems Family Ransom Fund was created mostly from donations made by Henry and <mask>, Quaker abolitionists from England.with the objective to help John buy Arabella and their children's freedom. More than $5,000 was raised. Jacob Bigelow, a lawyer from Washington, D.C., negotiated to buy the freedom of Arabella and two of the boys for $1,600 after a few months. John, Arabella, and the two boys settled in Washington, D.C. Their daughter Catherine was freed after paying a $1,000 or $1,600 ransom and she accepted a position in Washington, D.C. There was not enough remaining money in the fund for an offer that Price would accept to sell <mask> Maria; For years, the Prices rejected any offers by Bigelow to sell Weems, getting up to $700 () at one point. When she was 10 or 15 years old, <mask> had to sleep in the Price's bedroom to prevent her escape. Escape
For more than two years, <mask> planned her escape from the Prices.Bigelow helped plan her escape with William Still, a conductor on the Underground Railroad and from the Philadelphia Vigilance Committee and Rev. Charles Bennett Ray of the New York Vigilance Committee. Conductors, like Still, aided fugitives in their travel between Underground Railroad stations, where they would get food and sleep before moving on to the next station. The trip would be very dangerous for her and those who helped her, even moreso after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which meant staying in Washington with her family or other places in the United States was very dangerous. So the goal was to escort her to the settlement in Dresden, Ontario, Canada where her aunt and uncle found safety. At the age of 15, Weems escaped the Price household in Rockville embarked on a 15-mile journey to Washington, D.C. on September 23, 1855. She may have stayed with family members in the city for a while before meeting up with Bigelow, who was an Underground Railroad conductor.An ad was posted in the newspaper about her escape and offered a $500 () ransom. She was described as "A bright mulatoo, some small freckles on her face; slender person, thick suit of hair, inclined to be sandy". Due to the amount of the ransom, <mask> was sequestered in Bigelow's house for six weeks. They organized a plan to disguise Weems as "Mr. Joe Wright", a male carriage driver, in a driver's uniform, cap and a bow tie. She was also taught how to carry herself like a young man. Bigelow's white physician, Dr. Ellwood Harvey ("Dr. H.") of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, helped her escape the city by driving his carriage to the White House, where he met up with Weems had been escorted by Bigelow. Weems took the driver's seat and drove out of Washington, D.C.Along the way, they came upon both a toll gate operator and a ferry operator who questioned whether to provide them passage. They stopped along a several day leg of her journey, during which they stayed at Dr. H's friend's homes, who were slaveholders. He managed jokes that "Joe" might be a runaway and then claimed to have dizzy spells that required "Joe" to sleep in his room, which provided safety for <mask>. On their second day, Harvey managed a disturbance by several men who tried to stop them after crossing the Susquehanna River. They made it to William Still's house in Pennsylvania on November 22, 1855, where a photograph was taken of her in disguise for her mother. In his station report for the Underground Railroad, he described Weems: "She is about fifteen years of age, bright mulatto, well grown, smart, and good-looking." <mask> stayed at the Still's house several days before she was then taken to New York.On November 28, she was escorted by Rev. Charles Bennett Ray to meet abolitionist Lewis Tappan and his wife, Sarah Tappan, in Brooklyn. She stayed for several days, during which Sarah purchased new clothes for her, using $63 () from the Weems Ransom Fund. The clothes were appropriate for the Canadian weather. She was then taken to the home of Rev. Amos N. Freeman, minister of the Siloam Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn. At the Freeman's house, "she received quite an ovation characteristic of the Underground Rail Road".Freeman took Weems to Canada by train, travelinh through Rochester, New York and Niagara Falls. Once in Canada, they traveled by train to Chatham. From there, they were taken to by carriage to the Dawn Settlement for former slaves in Dresden, Ontario, Canada where her aunt and uncle, William Henry and Ann Bradley, had escaped to as slaves. The Bradleys selected these new first names after gaining their freedom. The journey ended in December 1855, two months after it began. Free life and death

Under her aunt and uncle's leadership, she was educated at Buxton Mission at the Elgin Settlement (now Buxton National Historic Site and Museum), twelve miles south of Chatham, Ontario, was one of four settlements established in Canada for black people. The 9,000-acre settlement was located between Lake Erie and the Great Western Railway line.It provided education through the Buxton Mission School and religious services to its residents, most of whom had been enslaved. The land was divided into many 50-acre farms that could be paid for in installments over ten years. There was a brick-making plant, general store, grist mill, and a saw mill. The community grew to include a hotel, the Buxton post office, and a number of businesses. In 1856, there were 120 students who attended the mission school. The quality of the education afforded at the school is said to have made it "the most successful black settlement in North America." The local school for white children was closed and children transferred to the school at Buxton to improve their education.Students went on to enter politics, found the Freedmen's Hospital in Washington, D.C., and become teachers, doctors, and missionaries. She settled at Buxton. John and Arabella had a daughter, Mary, who was born free about 1855. They were able to reunite with their other children; the remaining two sons, James and Addison, who were enslaved were bought with money from the Weems Family Ransom Fund by August 1858. <mask>' mother said at the time in which her last child was freed, "I am expecting daily the return of Augustus, and may Heaven grant him a safe deliverance and smile propitiously upon you and all kind friends who have aided in his return to me." John and Arabella moved to the Dawn Settlement in 1861 with their two youngest children, just before the start of the Civil War. They stayed there for nine years before returning to the District of Columbia, where John, Arabella, their son John, and daughter Mary were living by June 1870.Significance
Historians such as Stanley Harrold have stated that the importance of gender is significant to the case of <mask>, as her disguise is what allowed her escape to be successful. He also argues that this case also "suggests that a number of aspects of the underground railroad remain worthy of investigation" such as the international and interracial cooperation between abolitionists and that this would help historians understand why all persons involved continued to help regardless of the potential consequences of being caught. Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 <mask> <mask>, YouTube
 Jenny Masur: Heroes of the Underground Railroad Around Washington, DC, YouTube

Fugitive American slaves
1840 births
Year of death unknown
People from Montgomery County, Maryland
Fugitive American slaves that reached Canada

masks:
Anna Maria Weems
Ann Maria Weems
Anna Maria Weems
Weems
Anna Maria
Weems
Anna Maria
Weems
Talbot Weems
Weems
Anna Maria
Anna Maria
Weems
Weems
Anna Richardson
Anna
Weems
Weems
Weems
Weems
Weems
Weems
Weems
Ann Maria
Weems


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; November 14, 1913 – June 29, 1993), also known as "<mask> Weasel", was an Italian-born American mobster who was acting boss of the Los Angeles crime family. After his arrest in 1977, Fratianno become an informant and entered the Witness Protection Program in 1980. He admitted to having killed five people. Later in life, he became a writer. Early life
Fratianno was born in Naples, Italy, in 1913, later immigrating with his family to the United States, settling near Cleveland, Ohio. He was first arrested at the age of 19, on suspicion of rape, but was not charged. Two years later, he was acquitted of robbery charges, but in 1937, was convicted of robbery and spent more than seven years in an Ohio state prison.Fratianno earned his nickname "Weasel" as a boy when from running from the police in the Little Italy section of Cleveland. A chase witness shouted "Look at that weasel run!" and the police quickly attached the nickname to his criminal record, falsely believing it was his alias. He was paroled in 1945, and moved to Los Angeles, California, where he associated with underworld figure Mickey Cohen. In 1951, he was arrested but later released in connection with the gangland-style killing of two mobsters believed to have plotted to kill Cohen. In 1954, Fratianno was convicted of attempted extortion; he served 6 years and 3 months, mostly at San Quentin State Prison. In 1968, he pleaded guilty to charges stemming from phony pay agreements with drivers at a trucking company he owned, and in 1971 he entered another guilty plea, this time for extortion.Fratianno married Jean in 1975, whom he had met in an airport in 1966.

International connections
Fratianno was known to have global connections. One such connection was with Australian organised crime figures. In 1976, Australian criminal Murray Riley met with Fratianno in San Francisco, allegedly, to organize drug shipments. The same year, Sydney businessman Bela Csidei also met with Fratianno in San Francisco. The FBI took photographs of this meeting. Fratianno also associated with Australian/Hungarian transport magnate and managing director of Thomas Nationwide Transport, Peter Abeles. Through Fratianno's connections with Teamsters and Longshoremen's unions, particularly with Rudy Tham, a San Francisco Teamsters leader, Abeles was able to use his company to smuggle drugs in and out of the U.S., as well as reduce industrial tensions on the waterfront.Acting Boss

In 1975, the boss of the Los Angeles family, Dominic Brooklier, was sent to prison, and Louis Tom Dragna was made acting boss. He accepted the position on the condition that he run the family together with Fratianno. Fratianno accepted the proposal with the understanding that he would carry the majority of the responsibility. Soon after, he was approached by Dragna in regards to having Frank Bompensiero murdered. Bompensiero was one of the few made men that Fratianno trusted, as they were old friends, and he was infuriated that the Los Angeles family would give him such a 'contract'. At this point Fratianno felt that he was tricked into becoming Acting Boss, a position which required him to be transferred from the Chicago Outfit back to the Los Angeles family. Because of his close relationship with Bompensiero, it was assumed that Fratianno could easily lay a trap and murder him.Fratianno stalled until the contract was given to other mob associates. Brooklier returned from prison in October 1976 after serving 16 months. After a transition period he called Fratianno to a meeting some time before February 11, 1977 and announced he was ready to resume his position as Boss. Fratianno was once again a soldier. Last stages of Mafia career
Some time between February 11 and May 16, 1977, Brooklier summoned Fratianno to a sit down and accused him running a separate 'crew' in the Los Angeles territory and saying, "<mask>, you've got a bad mouth, like [Bompensiero]..." In 1977 Brooklier started claiming that Fratianno was never Acting Boss and that Fratianno was misrepresenting himself. Fratianno began to suspect that Brooklier was trying to poison his reputation and lay the groundwork to have him killed. Then at the wake for Tony Delsanter, Fratianno learned that Cleveland crime family boss James Licavoli had a mole in the FBI, a female clerk, that was feeding the family documents.Licavoli also told Fratianno that the Family had the code numbers for two informants and that the FBI clerk was working on getting their names. Government witness and later life
On October 6, 1977, Irish mob boss Danny Greene, a secret FBI informant and mortal enemy of the Cleveland crime family, was killed by a car bomb outside his dentist's office in suburban Lyndhurst, Ohio. Soon after, Ray Ferritto, a soldier in the Cleveland and Los Angeles crime families, was arrested for the murder based on a detailed sketch by an eyewitness. Evidence found during a police search of his house further proved Ferritto's role in the murder. Upon hearing that Ferritto had been arrested, Cleveland Mafia boss James Licavoli immediately ordered the former's assassination. When Ferritto learned of this, he became a cooperating witness and testified against his co-defendants in the 1978 trial. The Cuyahoga County District Attorney indicted Licavoli, Angelo Lonardo, Ferritto, Ronald Carabbia and 15 other members of the Cleveland crime family for conspiring towards Danny Greene's murder.Ferritto also implicated Fratianno in the planning of Greene's murder, and Fratianno was indicted for charges related to the bombing. Similarly fearing for his safety, Fratianno also agreed to become a government witness against the Mafia. In return for his testimony, he pleaded guilty to multiple murder charges and received a five-year prison sentence, of which he served 21 months. In 1980, after his testimony resulted in the racketeering convictions of five reputedly high level Mafia figures, Fratianno entered the federal Witness Protection Program. Fratianno claimed that the Mafia had a $100,000 contract on his life. In 1987, after he published two biographies, The Last Mafioso (1980) with author Ovid Demaris and Vengeance is Mine (1987) with author Michael J. Zuckerman, Fratianno was expelled from Witness Protection after the Justice Department noted that it had spent almost $1 million on the Fratiannos in 10 years. On June 29, 1993, Fratianno died of natural causes at his home in an undisclosed U.S. city, believed to be Oklahoma City.His wife Jean said that he had suffered from Alzheimer's disease, as well as a series of strokes. <mask> is portrayed by Joseph Riccobene in Martin Scorsese's crime film The Irishman (2019). Murders
Fratianno had admitted to committing five murders:

Frank Niccoli - Niccoli was a bodyguard and collector for mob boss Mickey Cohen. Following Jack Dragna's orders, Fratianno tried to convince Niccoli to leave Cohen and join Dragna's mob, but Niccoli refused. In a few minutes, <mask> and Joseph Dippolito strangled Niccoli to death. (1949)
Frank Borgia - Borgia was a Los Angeles winemaker/former bootlegger and was a member of the Los Angeles crime family, according to Fratianno. Borgia was resisting an extortion attempt from Gaspare Matranga and Dragna.Bompensiero and Fratianno had a friend of Borgia's bring him to a house. Then Fratianno and Bompensiero strangled Borgia with a rope and other mobsters buried him. (1951)
Anthony Brancato - Brancato and his criminal associate Tony Trombino were two young mobsters who were performing robberies in Los Angeles and Las Vegas without the sanction of the Los Angeles family. Jack Dragna told <mask> they needed to be "clipped", and asked <mask> to set "something up". Within a few days, Fratianno set up the two Tonys and killed them in their car. (August 6, 1951)
Anthony Trombino - see Anthony Brancato. (August 6, 1951)
Louis Strauss - Louis (Russian Louie) Strauss was a former casino owner in Lake Tahoe, and a mob connected man who was trying to extort money from Las Vegas casino owner Benny Binion, a friend of Dragna's.Fratianno set Strauss up by befriending him in Las Vegas, and telling Louis he had $10,000 cash in Los Angeles he would loan him. After driving to Los Angeles with Fratianno, Strauss then walked into a house, where Bompensiero and Fratianno surprised him with a rope, and strangled him to death. (1953)

References

Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005. Sifakis, Carl. The Encyclopedia of American Crime.New York: Facts on File Inc., 2005. Demaris, Ovid. The Last Mafioso: The Treacherous World of <mask>. Bantam Books, 1981. The Sydney Morning Herald (16 September 1979). "Evidence Mafia already has a toehold in Australia". Includes photographs of <mask> meeting Bela Csidei.Further reading
Lewis, Brad. Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster. The Incredible Life and Times of Mickey Cohen. New York: Enigma Books, 2007. Moldea, Dan E. Dark Victory: Ronald Reagan, MCA, and the Mob. New York: Penguin Books, 1987. Neff, James.Mobbed Up: Jackie Presser's High-Wire Life in the Teamsters, the Mafia, and the FBI. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989. Pizzo, Stephen; Fricker, Mary; and Muolo, Paul. Inside Job: The Looting of America's Savings and Loans. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989. External links

1913 births
1993 deaths
American gangsters of Italian descent
American crime bosses
Italian crime bosses
Italian emigrants to the United States
People from Cleveland
Los Angeles crime family
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Cleveland crime family
American people convicted of robbery
American extortionists
American people convicted of murder
People who entered the United States Federal Witness Protection Program
Mafia hitmen
Organized crime memoirists
American writers of Italian descent
20th-century American memoirists
Non-fiction writers about organized crime in the United States
American male non-fiction writers
Federal Bureau of Investigation informants
People with Alzheimer's disease
20th-century American male writers

masks:
Aladena James Fratianno
Aladena Fratianno
Jimmy the
Jimmy
Fratianno
Fratianno
Jimmy Fratianno
Jimmy
Jimmy Fratianno
James Fratianno


texts:
<mask> (20 March 1883 – 31 July 1960) was a German university lecturer, composer and music writer. Life
Born in Dohna, <mask> was the son of the pastor <mask> (1852-1915) and his wife Cora († 1922), née Wittich. In 1910 in Heidelberg, he married  Aline (1881-1936), a daughter of  (1854-1907), pastor and writer. Together with his wife he had three daughters. Of these is known by name: <mask> (1913-2009), violinist, married to Wilhelm Stross (1907-1966), professor at the Munich Academy of Music. <mask> received his first musical instruction as Thomaner-Alumni in Leipzig. This was followed by practical musical training at the Leipzig Conservatory with Stephan Krehl, Adolf Ruthardt, <mask> and Arthur Nikisch.On <mask>'s recommendation, he continued his studies at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München with Max Reger and Felix Mottl; at the university there he listened to musicology with Hermann Kretzschmar and Hugo Riemann as well as lectures on history, philosophy and German studies. After a temporary activity as assistant to Philipp Wolfrum in Heidelberg and in Chemnitz as cantor, he became municipal music director in Bielefeld in 1910; in 1919, on his initiative, the  was opened. In 1919 he was appointed university music director and professor at the Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, where he founded the music institute and the musicological seminar. In 1923 he received his doctorate in musicology and in 1935 he became director of the Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln, his representative was Hermann Unger; <mask> held this office until his retirement in 1945. After his retirement he devoted himself to compositional work. <mask> died in Cologne at the age of 77. Activity
<mask> became known as a composer, conductor, educator, organizer and music writer.He has appeared in public with numerous symphonic compositions, suites, concertos, choral works, cantatas, songs, and piano and organ works. Following Max Reger's training, he almost always strived for a strict polyphony structure of the composition, which would result in a self-contained and uniform work of art. He was also instrumental in the German organ movement that began in the 1920s and led to the reconstruction of numerous old instruments. As a music writer he wrote books about Johann Sebastian Bach and Max Reger and published numerous essays on questions of style and daily problems of music culture. Memberships
 <mask> joined the Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur in 1932 and the National Socialist German Workers' Party in 1937. He also belonged to the National Socialist Teachers League. He took part in the Musicological Conference in Düsseldorf on 26 May 1938 and, with Joseph Goebbels participating, gave a lecture on The great masters of music and the German people.Work

Writings
 Vom deutschen Musikleben. Zur Neugestaltung unseres Musiklebens in Deutschland, ausgewählte Aufsätze. , Regensburg 1933. Max Reger. Mensch und Werk. Botze, Berlin 1938. Veröffentlichungen ... Herausgegeben von ... <mask>.Compositions
 Variationen für zwei Klaviere. J. Rieter-Biedermann, Leipzig 1908. Drei Fantasien und Fugen für Orgel. J. Rieter-Biedermann, Leipzig 1909. Publication / Editing
 Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar Hasse: Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: A Domino factum est istud.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Alleluia: Ich danke dem Herren. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Alleluia: Wohl dem, der den Herren fürchtet. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: An Wasserflüssen Babylon. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Benedicam Domino. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Christe, der du bist Tag und Licht. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Christ lag in Todesbanden.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Dies sind die heiligen zehen Gebot. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Durch Adams Fall ist ganz verderbt. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Ehr sei Gott in der Höh allein. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Erbarm dich mein, o Herre Gott. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Es ist das Heil uns kommen her.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Exaudiat te Dominus. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Gehe hin, bis das End komme. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Gott der Vater wohn uns bei. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Gott sei mir gnädig. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Haec est dies.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Herr Christ, der eining Gottes Sohn. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Herr Gott dich loben alle wir. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Ingrediente Domino. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Ist nicht Ephraim mein teuren Sohn. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Laeta redit Paschae lux. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Laetatus sum in his.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Lasset die Kindlein zu mir kommen. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Lobet den Herrn. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Mein Freund komme in seinen Garten. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Mitten wir im Leben sind. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar Hasse: Maria Magdalena.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Mein Freund komme in seinen Garten. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Nun freut euch, lieben Christen gmein. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Nun lob mein Seel den Herren. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: O Jesu Christe, Gottes Sohn. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: O Lamm Gottes unschuldig. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Quem quaeris, Magdalena? Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Quem vidistis pastores.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Sic Deus dilexit mundum. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Siehe, also wird gesegnet der Mann. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Singet fröhlich Gotte. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: So freue dich, Jüngling, in deiner Jugend. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Surge, illuminare Jerusalem. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Vater unser im Himmelreich. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Venite, exultemus Domino.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Verbum caro factum est. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Vom Himmel hoch da komm ich her. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Wer unter dem Schirm. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar Hasse: Wo Gott zum Haus nicht gibt sein Gunst.'' Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. References

External links

1883 births
1960 deaths
People from Dohna
German musicologists
20th-century musicologists
German writers about music
German music educators
20th-century German composers
German classical organists
German choral conductors
University of Tübingen faculty
Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln faculty
Militant League for German Culture members
Nazi Party members

masks:
Martin Karl Woldemar Hasse
Hasse
Martin Hasse
Ruth Hasse
Hasse
Karl Straube
Karl Straube
Hasse
Hasse
Hasse
Hasse
Karl Hasse
Martin Karl
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl
Hasse
Martin Karl


texts:
<mask> (February 10, 1946) is an American conceptual artist, installation artist and video artist. Biography

<mask> was born in Westfield, New Jersey in 1946 and graduated from Westfield High School in 1964. He received a scholarship in 1963 to the Interlochen Center for the Arts as a percussionist. The following year he was awarded the John Philip Sousa Band Award given to the school's most outstanding musician. After High School, <mask> attended York College of Pennsylvania for one year before transferring to Miami University in Oxford Ohio. At Miami University, he studied art under
Robert Wolfe Jr. and Crossan Curry. <mask> also played drums with the University band and orchestra, as well as professionally with jazz ensembles and a soul band.During his senior year of college, <mask> dedicated himself to an art career. His  influences included Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland and the shaped canvas paintings of Charles Hinman. In the summer of 1968 he won a scholarship to the Kent State University Blossom Art Program and studied under Op-Artist Richard Anuszkiewicz. In the fall of that year, <mask> had his first solo show of minimalist paintings at the Western College Art Museum in Oxford, Ohio. At the same time, he studied the Earthworks and Non-Sites of Robert Smithson and was also influenced by a personal meeting with conceptual artist Douglas Huebler. In 1969, <mask> began graduate studies at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in the sculpture department headed by James Zanzi. In his first year in Chicago, <mask> pursued new forms of art including Conceptual and Performance Art.One of his first student works was High Jump in which he invited a national champion high jumper to attempt a world record in the sculpture studio of the Art Institute. He also created Mississippi River Measure by measuring a frozen section of the river with lengths of his outstretched body. Both works were documented in the art publication Interfunktionen. In 1969, <mask> visited artist Dennis Oppenheim in his Brooklyn studio. The encounter formed the basis of a lifelong friendship. In 1970, <mask> received a scholarship to the Whitney Museum Independent Study Program in New York. That summer, he worked at the Parrish Art Museum in Southampton, New York where he organized an exhibition of Earthworks.As a result, <mask> met Robert Smithson and became friendly with Nancy Holt, Jonas Jonas and Richard Serra. Work

From 1971 to 1972, <mask> created performance works at 112 Greene Street and had his first significant one-person exhibition at 98 Greene Street, an alternative art space run by Holly Solomon. Among his friends and colleagues at this time were Bill Beckley, Les Levine, Gordon Matta-Clark, William Wegman, and Hannah Wilke. <mask> also began to work primarily in multi-media and created a three-channel video Passing On. In 1972, <mask> had solo exhibitions at Sonnabend Gallery in Paris, Konrad Fischer in Düsseldorf and Yaki Kornblit-Galerie 20 in Amsterdam. During his 1973 solo exhibition at the John Gibson Gallery in New York, <mask> produced a series of maps drawn from the childhood memories of four elderly people. On consecutive Saturday afternoons over the course of the exhibition, <mask> engaged in a dialogue with each person about her or his hometown while he created drawings and a map from their verbal recollections.Visitors could attend the sessions and view previously completed maps and drawings. This exhibit was followed by a solo show at the Milwaukee Art Museum which featured the Kitty Ewens Memory Map. The work was created from the childhood recollections of  Kitty Ewens, a 101-year-old resident of the Milwaukee area. The Memory Maps attracted the attention of social psychologists such as Stanley Milgram with whom <mask> collaborated in a 1975 exhibition at the Piltzer Gallery in Paris. Beginning in 1974, <mask> devised the video installation The Roger Woodward Niagara Falls Project also known as The Niagara Falls Project. The work was completed in 1975 and exhibited at the Steffanoty Gallery in New York. Two subsequent video installations, Preliminaries, exhibited in New York at the M.L.D'Arc Gallery in 1976 and the O. J. Simpson Project at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York extended his explorations in multi-media. In 2008, The O. J. Simpson Project was exhibited at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia in Madrid. At the beginning of the 1980s, <mask> created two film and sculpture installations, Drive-In, shown at MoMA PS1, Long Island City, New York, in 1980 and Drive-In: Second Feature shown at the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1982. John Hanhardt, Whitney Museum Curator of Film and Video, selected <mask>'s work to inaugurate The New American Film Makers Series. Drive-In: Second Feature has been exhibited in museums and public institutions in the United States, Europe and, in 2007, at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Shanghai, China. Drive-In is in the collection of the Tamayo Contemporary Art Museum in Mexico City and Drive-In: Second Feature is in the collection of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York. In 1985, <mask> was invited to participate in the Construction in Process II exhibition in Munich and created the video The Voice of Clint Eastwood in Germany.For this project, <mask> dialogued with German actors who dub English language films and shot additional video with sound engineers at the Bavaria Film Studio. While teaching at the University of Texas at Austin in 1990, <mask> created photo portraits of elementary school children in Austin on the theme of what each wanted to be when they grew up and their visions of the future. The Austin Children series was exhibited at the Liverpool Gallery in Brussels in 1991. In the mid-1990s <mask> made a series of photos with frames that structurally mimic the pose or movement of the subject. Of these works, his largest photo installation, The History of Design was completed in 2000 and exhibited at the Neuberger Museum of Art in Purchase, New York. The History of Design is a 48 ft. wide Parthenon-like pediment framing life-size photo images of young workers in the process of constructing a wall. Recent Work

Beginning in 2003, <mask> produced a series of sculptures, watercolors such as Yankee Stadium in Meteor Crater, and videos juxtaposing landscapes or combining geologic formations with contemporary man-made structures.For the HD video Laguna Sagaponack, <mask> shot Laguna Beach on the Pacific Ocean and Sagaponack, Long Island on the Atlantic. At each location, <mask> mounted a camera in a pre-determined position before dawn then shot selectively throughout the day and into the night. The real-time video is edited from several hours to a few minutes presenting the illusion of natural time. The two places were combined in a soft-split screen to appear as a continuous panoramic landscape. For the exhibition Domicile in 2006, French art critic Pierre Tillet wrote: <mask> deals with the visual and emotional closeness of distant spaces. The video Hudson River was exhibited at the Kinz Tillou Feigen Gallery, New York in 2008. Two Coasts was exhibited at the Musée d'Art Moderne, Saint-Etienne, France in 2006 together with watercolors and studies for future video projects.The Ground Under My Studio, a watercolor, was included in the Watercolor Worlds exhibition at the Dorsky Gallery in Long Island City, New York in 2004. The O. J. Simpson Project was exhibited at the Minneapolis Institute of the Arts in 2012. A portion of <mask>'s 1977 interview with O. J. Simpson appears in the first part of the 2017 Academy Award winning documentary O.J. : Made in America. References

 Interfunktionen #8, published by Friedrich Wolfram Heubach, Cologne, Germany, January 1972, pages 84–89
 Barbara Radice, "Story Art", Data Arte, July–August 1975, Milano, Italy, pp. 84, 107-109 ill.
 Joseph Jacobs, "When Video Was Young", Art in America, May 2007, pg. 119-121, ill. 121
 Pierre Tillet, Domicile Prive/Public, Musee d'Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne Metropole, France, pg.216-219, 2005
 Gerrit Henry, "<mask>", Art in America, December 2001, review of Neuberger Museum of Art exhibition, page 128 ill.
 Robert C. Morgan, "Intimate Art", Tema Celeste, May 2000, pg. 40-41ill. Lucy Lippard, The Lure of the Local, published by the New Press, New York, 1997, pg. 80-81 ill.
 Michael Archer, Installation Art, Edited by Nicolas de Oliveira, Michael Petry, Nicola Oxley, Thames and Hudson Ltd., London, 1994 p. 110, ill.
 William Zimmer, "A Genre Comes Into Its Own", The New York Times, Sunday, August 2, 1992 (NJ), pg. 11. Jeffrey Deitch, "Subconscious Sculpture", <mask>: Sculpture of Memory, (exhibit catalogue), Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City 1980, p. 9-12
 I. Michael Danoff, The Art of <mask>, <mask> (exhibit catalogue), Milwaukee Art Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1974, p.p. 2-7

Sources

 John Hanhardt, Image World, Exhibition Catalogue, essay by, pg.106 ill., Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY 1990. Andy Grunberg, Photography and Art: Interactions Since 1946, (Exhibition Catalogue), Cross River Press Ltd. and Abbeville Press, New York 1987, p. 140; ill p. 159. John Yau, "<mask>" (Review), Art Forum, Summer 1986, New York, p. 121. Wolfgang Längsfeld, Das Automovil in der Kunst 1886–1986, (Exhibition Catalogue) Haus der Kunst, Münich, Germany 1986, p. 206. John Hanhardt, "<mask>: Drive-In:Second Feature", The New American Filmmakers Series, Number 1, Whitney Museum of American Art 1982. Mary Delahoyd, A New Beginning: 1968–78, Exhibition Catalogue, Hudson River Museum, Feb. 3–May 5, 1985, Yonkers, New York, essay by Mary Delahoyd, p. 112, 113. San Francisco Video Festival Journal, <mask>, Antoní Muntadas, and Andy Kaufman (Exhibition Catalogue), pub.by San Francisco Video Festival 1984, The Video Gallery, San Francisco. Hal Himmelstein, Karen Nulf, and Larry Shirley "Personalized Television: Interview with <mask>" by Hal Himmelstein, Wide Angle: Film Quarterly, vol. 5, #3, 1983, pp. 70, 74–79. Ann-Sargent Wooster, "<mask>'s Drive In: Second Feature", AfterImage, Dec., 1982, vol. 10, #5, p. 17; pub. by Visual Studies Workshop, Rochester, N.Y.
 Shelley Rice "Drive-In", ArtForum, March, 1981, vo.XIX, #7, pp. 88–89. Roberta Smith, Four Artists and the Map, (Exhibition Catalogue), Spencer Museum of Art, the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 14, 15, 16, 32–35. Mary Delahoyd and Jackie Apple, Alternatives in Retrospect, Exhibition Catalogue, pp. 12, 20, 30, 35. Peter Frank, Mapped Art, (Exhibition Catalogue), pub.Independent Curators, Inc., New York and the University of Colorado Art Gallery. Carrie Rickey, "<mask>", Artes Visuales, #27–28 (double issue), March, 1981, Mexico City, pp. 75, 77, 78. Jeffrey Deitch, Lives, (Exhibition Catalogue), The Fine Arts Building, New York, published 1975. James Collins, "<mask>" (Welch film review), Artforum, April 1974, pg. 78- 79, ill. 79. George R. Collins, Unbuilt America, Allison Sky and Michelle Stone, Site Inc., Published by McGraw Hill Book Co. 1976, page 9, pg.250. Berta Sichel, First Generation: Art and the Moving Image (1963–1986), page 33, 344-347 ill., Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid, 2007. Frank Popper, Art-Action and Participation, New York University Press, New York, 1975, 261- 263 ill.
 Stanley Milgram, The Individual in a Social World, Addison Wesley pub. 1977. page 22. Helen Hsu, "Everything is Problemized", Art In America Now, Museum of Contemporary Art, Shanghai, China, 2007, pg. 25, 64-65 ill. External links
 <mask> Website

1946 births
American conceptual artists
American installation artists
American video artists
Artists from New York (state)
Artists from New Jersey
Living people

masks:
William Roger Welch
Roger Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Roger Welch
Roger Welch
Roger Welch
Roger Welch
Roger Welch
Roger Welch
Roger Welch
Roger Welch
Roger Welch
Roger Welch
Roger Welch
Roger Welch
Roger Welch


texts:
<mask> (December 18, 1913 – September 30, 1987) was an American science fiction author, TV and radio scriptwriter, magazine editor and scripter for comic strips and comic books. He is best remembered for his science fiction, including The Demolished Man, winner of the inaugural Hugo Award in 1953. Science fiction author Harry Harrison wrote, "<mask> was one of the handful of writers who invented modern science fiction." Shortly before his death, the Science Fiction Writers of America (SFWA) named Bester its ninth Grand Master, presented posthumously in 1988. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted him in 2001. Life and career
<mask> was born in Manhattan, New York City, on December 18, 1913. His father, James J<mask>, owned a shoe store and was a first-generation American whose parents were both Austrian Jews.<mask>'s mother, Belle (née Silverman), was born in Russia and spoke Yiddish as her first language before coming to America as a youth. <mask> was James and Belle's second and final child, and only son. (Their first child, Rita, was born in 1908.) Though his mother was born Jewish, she became a Christian Scientist, and <mask> himself was not raised within any religious traditions; he wrote that "his home life was completely liberal and iconoclastic." <mask> attended the University of Pennsylvania, where he was a member of the Philomathean Society. He played on the Penn Quakers football team in 1935 and, by his own account, was "the most successful member of the fencing team." He went on to Columbia Law School, but tired of it and dropped out.<mask> and Rolly Goulko married in 1936. Rolly <mask> was a Broadway, radio and television actress, originating the role of Lois Lane on the radio program The Adventures of Superman. She changed careers in the 1960s, becoming a vice president, casting director and supervisor at the advertising agency Ted Bates & Co. in New York City. The Besters remained married for 48 years until her death. <mask> was very nearly a lifelong New Yorker, although he lived in Europe for a little over a year in the mid-1950s and moved to exurban Pennsylvania with Rolly in the early 1980s. Once settled there, they lived on Geigel Hill Road in Ottsville, Pennsylvania. Writing career

Early SF career, comic books, radio (1939–1950)
After his university career, 25-year-old <mask> was working in public relations when he turned to writing science fiction.<mask>'s first published short story was "The Broken Axiom", which appeared in the April 1939 issue of Thrilling Wonder Stories after winning an amateur story competition. Bester recalled, "Two editors on the staff, Mort Weisinger and Jack Schiff, took an interest in me, I suspect mostly because I'd just finished reading and annotating Joyce's Ulysses and would preach it enthusiastically without provocation, to their great amusement. ... They thought "Diaz-X" [Bester's original title] might fill the bill if it was whipped into shape." This was the very same contest that Robert A. Heinlein famously chose not to enter, as the prize was only $50 and Heinlein realized he could do better selling his 7,000-word unpublished story to Astounding Science Fiction  for a penny a word, or $70. Years later, Bester interviewed Heinlein for Publishers Weekly and the latter told of changing his mind for Astounding. Bester says that he replied (in jest), "You sonofabitch.I won that Thrilling Wonder contest, and you beat me by twenty dollars." However, as Bester was the winner of the contest, Mort Weisinger also "introduced me to the informal luncheon gatherings of the working science fiction authors of the late thirties." He met Henry Kuttner, Edmond Hamilton, Otto Binder, Malcolm Jameson and Manly Wade Wellman there. During 1939 and 1940 Weisinger published three more of Bester's stories in Thrilling Wonder Stories and Startling Stories. For the next few years, Bester continued to publish short fiction, most notably in John W. Campbell's Astounding Science Fiction. In 1942, two of his science fiction editors got work at DC Comics, and invited <mask> to contribute to various DC titles. Consequently, <mask> left the field of short story writing and began working for DC Comics as a writer on Superman, and, under the editorship of Julius Schwartz, Green Lantern, among other titles.He created super-villain Solomon Grundy and the version of the Green Lantern Oath that begins "In brightest day, In blackest night". <mask> was also the writer for Lee Falk's comic strips The Phantom and Mandrake the Magician while their creator served in World War II. It is widely speculated how much influence Bester had on these comics. One theory claims that <mask> was responsible for giving the Phantom his surname, "Walker". After four years in the comics industry, in 1946 Bester turned his attention to radio scripts, after wife Rolly (a busy radio actress) told him that the show Nick Carter, Master Detective was looking for story submissions. Over the next few years, Bester wrote for Nick Carter, as well as The Shadow, Charlie Chan, The New Adventures of Nero Wolfe and other shows. He later wrote for The CBS Radio Mystery Theater.With the advent of American network television in 1948, Bester also began writing for television, although most of these projects were lesser-known. In early 1950, after eight years away from the field, Bester resumed writing science fiction short stories. However, after an initial return to Astounding with the story "The Devil's Invention" ( "Oddy and Id"), he stopped writing for the magazine in mid-1950 when editor John Campbell became preoccupied with L. Ron Hubbard and Dianetics, the forerunner to Scientology. Bester then turned to Galaxy Science Fiction, where he found in H. L. Gold another exceptional editor as well as a good friend. In New York, he socialized at the Hydra Club, an organization of New York's science fiction writers, whose notable members included Isaac Asimov, James Blish, Anthony Boucher, Avram Davidson, Judith Merril, and Theodore Sturgeon. The Demolished Man period: 1951–57

In his first period of writing science fiction (1939–1942), Bester had been establishing a reputation as a short story writer in science fiction circles with stories such as "Adam and No Eve". However, Bester gained his greatest renown for the work he wrote and published in the 1950s, including The Demolished Man and The Stars My Destination (also known as Tiger!Tiger!). The Demolished Man (1953)

The Demolished Man, recipient of the first Hugo Award for best Science Fiction novel, is a police procedural that takes place in a future world in which telepathy is relatively common. Bester creates a harshly capitalistic, hierarchical and competitive social world that exists without deceit: a society in which the right person with some skill (or money) and curiosity can access your memories, secrets, fears and past misdeeds more swiftly than even you. Originally published in three parts in Galaxy, beginning in January 1952, The Demolished Man appeared in book form in 1953. It was dedicated to Gold, who made a number of suggestions during its writing. Originally, Bester wanted the title to be Demolition!,  but Gold talked him out of it. Who He?(1953)
<mask>'s 1953 novel Who He? (also known as The Rat Race) concerns a TV variety show writer who wakes up after an alcoholic blackout and discovers that someone is out to destroy his life. According to Bester, the TV show elements were based on his experiences working on The Paul Winchell Show. A contemporary novel with no science fiction elements, it did not receive wide attention. It did, however, earn Bester a fair amount of money from the sale of the paperback reprint rights (the book appeared in paperback as The Rat Race). He also received a substantial sum of money from a movie studio for the film option to the book. Reportedly, Jackie Gleason was interested in starring as the variety show writer and licensed movie rights to the story; however no movie was ever made of Who He?Still, the payout from the film option was large enough that <mask> and Rolly <mask> decided they could afford to travel to Europe for the next few years. They lived mainly in Italy and England during this period. The Stars My Destination (1956)
Bester's next novel was outlined while he was living in Britain and then written mostly when he was living in Rome. The Stars My Destination (also known as Tiger! Tiger!) had its origins in a newspaper clipping that Bester found about Poon Lim, a shipwrecked World War II sailor on a raft, who had drifted unrescued in the Pacific for a world record 133 days because passing ships thought he was a lure to bring them within torpedo range of a hidden submarine. From that germ grew the story of Gully Foyle, seeking revenge for his abandonment and causing havoc all about him: a science fiction re-telling of Alexandre Dumas' The Count of Monte Cristo with teleportation added to the mix.It has been described as an ancestor of cyberpunk. First published in book form in the UK in June 1956 as Tiger! Tiger!, The Stars My Destination was subsequently serialized in Galaxy, where The Demolished Man had also appeared. It ran in four parts (October 1956 through January 1957) and the book was published in the USA later in 1957. Though repeatedly voted in polls the "Best Science Fiction Novel of All Time", The Stars My Destination would prove to be <mask>'s last novel for 19 years. A radio adaptation was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1991 and again in 1993. Film adaptations of The Stars My Destination have been frequently rumored.According to David Hughes' Greatest Sci-Fi Movies Never Made, Richard Gere owned the rights to this novel right after his success with Pretty Woman, and wanted to star in it. Later, NeverEnding Story producer Bernd Eichinger had the rights and hired Neal Adams to do concept art. Still later, Paul W. S. Anderson was set to direct it, but wound up doing Event Horizon instead. Since then, a number of scripts have been written, but nothing more has happened. Magazine fiction and non-fiction: 1959–1962
While on his European trip, Bester began selling non-fiction pieces about various European locations to the mainstream travel/lifestyle magazine Holiday. The Holiday editors, impressed with his work, invited Bester back to their headquarters in

masks:
Alfred Bester
Alfred Bester
Alfred Bester
. Bester
Alfred
Alfred
Alfred
Bester
Bester
Bester
Bester
Alfred Bester
Bester
Bester
Bester
Bester
Bester
Bester
Alfred
Bester
Bester


texts:
 New York and began commissioning him to write travel articles about various far-flung locales, as well as doing interviews with such stars as Sophia Loren, Anthony Quinn, and Sir Edmund Hillary. As a result of steady work with Holiday, Bester's science fiction output dropped precipitously in the years following the publication of The Stars My Destination.Bester published three short stories each in 1958 and 1959, including 1958's "The Men Who Murdered Mohammed" and 1959's "The Pi Man", both of which were nominated for Hugo Awards. However, for a four-year period from October 1959 to October 1963, he published no fiction at all. Instead, he concentrated on his work at Holiday (where he was made a senior editor), reviewed books for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (from 1960 to 1962) and returned to television scripting. Television: 1959–1962
During the 1950s, <mask> contributed a satiric sketch, "I Remember Hiroshima", to The Paul Winchell Show. His later story "Hobson's Choice" was based on it. In 1959, <mask> adapted his 1954 story "Fondly Fahrenheit" to television as Murder and the Android. Telecast in color on October 18, 1959, the hour-long drama took place in the year 2359 amid futuristic sets designed by Ted Cooper.This NBC Sunday Showcase production, produced by Robert Alan Aurthur with a cast of Kevin McCarthy, Rip Torn, Suzanne Pleshette and Telly Savalas, was reviewed by syndicated radio-television critic John Crosby:

Murder and the Android was nominated for a 1960 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and was given a repeat on September 5, 1960, the Labor Day weekend in which that Hugo Award was presented (to The Twilight Zone) at the World Science Fiction Convention in Pittsburgh. Bester returned to Sunday Showcase March 5, 1960, with an original teleplay, Turn the Key Deftly. Telecast in color, that mystery, set in a traveling circus, starred Julie Harris, Maximilian Schell and Francis Lederer. For Alcoa Premiere, hosted by Fred Astaire, he wrote Mr. Lucifer, which aired November 1, 1962, with Astaire in the title role opposite Elizabeth Montgomery. A light comedy, the story concerned the modern day Lucifer—whose offices are now on Madison Avenue—working with his beautiful secretary to try to corrupt a clean-cut American husband and wife. Senior editor of Holiday: 1963–1971
After a four-year layoff, Bester published a handful of science fiction short stories in 1963 and 1964. However, writing science fiction was at this stage in Bester's life clearly more of a sideline than the focus of his career.As a result, from 1964 until the original version of Holiday folded in 1971, Bester published only one science fiction short story, a 700-word science fiction spoof in the upscale mainstream magazine Status. Still, as senior editor of Holiday, <mask> was able to introduce occasional science fiction elements into the non-fiction magazine. On one occasion, he commissioned and published an article by Arthur C. Clarke describing a tourist flight to the Moon. <mask> himself, though, never published any science fiction in Holiday, which was a mainstream travel/lifestyle magazine marketed to upscale readers during an era when science fiction was largely dismissed as juvenilia. Later career: 1972–1987
Holiday magazine ceased publication in 1971, although it was later revived and reformatted by other hands, without Bester's involvement. For the first time in nearly 15 years, Bester did not have full-time employment. After a long layoff from writing science fiction, Bester returned to the field in 1972.His 1974 short story "The Four-Hour Fugue" was nominated for a Hugo Award, and <mask> received Hugo and Nebula Award nominations for his 1975 novel The Computer Connection (titled The Indian Giver as a magazine serial and later reprinted as Extro). Despite these nominations, <mask>'s work of this era generally failed to receive the critical or commercial success of his earlier period. Bester's eyesight began failing in the mid-1970s, making writing increasingly difficult, and another layoff from published writing took place between early 1975 and early 1979. It is alleged during this period that the producer of the 1978 Superman movie sent his son off to search for a writer. The name <mask> came up, but Bester wanted to focus the story on Clark Kent as the real hero, while Superman was only "his gun." The producers instead hired Mario Puzo, author of The Godfather, to write the film. Carolyn Wendell wrote, "I shall always remember the time I saw Alfie Bester in larger-than-life action, at an academic conference in New York City ten years before he died":

Bester published two short stories in 1979 and rang in the 1980s with the publication of two new novels: Golem100 (1980), and The Deceivers (1981).In addition to his failing eyesight, other health issues began to affect him, and Bester produced no new published work after 1981. His wife Rolly died in 1984. In the following years, Bester dated Judith H. McQuown [pronounced "McQueen"]. In 1985, it was announced that <mask> would be a Guest of Honor at the 1987 Worldcon, to be held in Brighton, England. As the event neared, however, <mask> fell and broke his hip. With his worsening overall health, he was plainly too ill to attend. <mask> died less than a month after the convention from complications related to his broken hip.However, shortly before his death he learned that the Science Fiction Writers of America would honor him with their Grand Master Nebula award at their 1988 convention. Two works by Bester were published posthumously. The first, Tender Loving Rage (1991), was a mainstream (i.e., non–science fiction) novel that was probably written in the late 1950s or early 1960s. The second, Psychoshop (1998), was based on an incomplete 92-page story fragment. It was completed by Roger Zelazny and remained unpublished until three years after Zelazny's death. When published, it was credited as a collaborative work. Upon his death, Bester left his literary estate to his friend and bartender Joe Suder.Legacy and tributes
 StarShipSofa described <mask> as "the godfather of modern science fiction", and made a two-part show about him. In Babylon 5, Psi-Cop <mask> is named after him (and the treatment of telepathy in Babylon 5 is similar to that in Bester's works). The time-traveling pest named "Al Phee" in Spider Robinson's Callahan's Crosstime Saloon series is based on Bester. F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre wrote a series of stories—beginning with "Time Lines" (published in Analog, 1999)—about a time-traveling criminal named Smedley Faversham, who constantly runs afoul of a scientific principle called "Bester's Law" (explicitly named after the phenomena in <mask>'s 1958 story "The Men Who Murdered Mohammed"). Firefly: Many of the names of off-camera and minor characters are drawn from the ranks of science fiction writers; under the character name "Bester," actor Dax Griffin played the original mechanic of the ship Serenity. Notable short stories
"Adam and No Eve"
"5,271,009"
"Fondly Fahrenheit"
"The Men Who Murdered Mohammed"
"The Rollercoaster"
"Time is the Traitor"
"The Disappearance Act"
"Hell Is Forever"

Awards
The Science Fiction Writers of America made Bester its ninth SFWA Grand Master in 1988 (announced before his 1987 death) and the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted him in 2001, its sixth class of two deceased and two living writers. Beside winning the inaugural Hugo Award, he was one of the runners-up for several annual literary awards.Hugo Award:

 The Demolished Man – 1953 novel

Hugo nominations:

 "Star Light, Star Bright" – 1954 short story (retro Hugo)
 "The Men Who Murdered Mohammed" – 1959 short story
 "The Pi Man" – 1960 short story
 "The Four-Hour Fugue" – 1975 short story
 The Computer Connection – 1976 novel

In the Best Novel categories, The Computer Connection was a finalist for both the Hugo and Nebula Awards and third place for the Locus Award. Works

Novels
 The Demolished Man (1953)
 Who He? (originally published in 1959)
 "The Flowered Thundermug" (originally published in 1964)
 "Adam and No Eve" (originally published in 1941)
 "And 3 to Go" (fragment – previously unpublished)
 "Galatea Galante" (originally published in 1979)
 "The Devil Without Glasses" (previously unpublished)
 Redemolished (2000) – Contains the short stories:
 "The Probable Man"
 "Hell Is Forever"
 "The Push of a Finger"
 "The Roller Coaster"
 "The Lost Child"
 "I'll Never Celebrate New Year's Again"
 "Out of This World"
 "The Animal Fair"
 "Something Up There Likes Me"
 "The Four-Hour Fugue"
 Also contains three fictional articles published in Holiday:
 "Gourmet Dining in Outer Space"
 "Place of the Month: The Moon"
 "The Sun"
 Also contains four essays:
 "Science Fiction and the Renaissance Man", originally delivered as a lecture at the University of Chicago in 1957. The other lecturers included Cyril Kornbluth, Robert A. Heinlein and Robert Bloch. "A Diatribe Against Science Fiction"
 "The Perfect Composite Science Fiction Author"
 "My Affair with Science Fiction"
 Also included are interviews with John Huston and Rex Stout, a conversation with Woody Allen, brief articles on Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein, two deleted prologues and an analysis of The Demolished Man, plus a memorial for Bester written by Isaac Asimov and an introduction by Gregory S. Benford. Non-fiction
 The Life and Death of a Satellite (1966)

Other short fiction
 "Ms. Found in a Champagne Bottle", collected in The Light Fantastic (1976)

See also

Citations

General sources

External links

 <mask> Bester Bibliography
 Contento bibliography
 Science Fiction Studies on Bester by Fiona Kelleghan
 SFWA directory of literary estates
 Alfred Bester interviewed at the 34th World Science Fiction Convention (1976), on YouTube

1913 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American short story writers
American comics writers
American male novelists
American male short story writers
American science fiction writers
Columbia Law School alumni
Golden Age comics creators
Hugo Award-winning writers
Jewish American writers
Novelists from New York (state)
Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees
SFWA Grand Masters
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Writers from New York

masks:
Bester
Bester
Bester
Bester
Bester
Bester
Alfred Bester
Bester
Bester
Bester
Bester
Alfred Bester
Bester
Alfred


texts:
<mask> (, ; died 1100) was the Count of Besalú and Ripoll in Catalonia, the brother, co-ruler (from 1052), and successor of William II, who was assassinated in 1066. The second son of William I of Besalú and his wife, Adelaide, <mask> married his first cousin Ermengarda, daughter of Ponç I of Empúries and Adelaide, sister of William I. He was suspected of involvement in the murder of his brother. He was also a strong proponent of the Gregorian reforms. Described as "piadós i versatil" (pious and versatile), he was the opposite of his brother, "iracund i violent de caràcter" (of an irascible and violent character). He almost certainly took the cross and joined the First Crusade. Coinage
During his co-reign with his brother, denarii and oboli were minted by the church bearing an effigy of Saint Raphael on the obverse, with the initials S-R, and an effigy of Saint Prim or perhaps Jesus Christ on the reverse.In 1075 <mask> recovered the right to mint coinage, which had been granted to the church of the Blessed Virgin Mary by his father. The coins he minted, weighing between 0.5 and 0.6 grams, were divided by a cross on the obverse, with the words SANC-TA CR-VX (sancta crux means holy cross) on the horizontal and vertical bars respectively, and with the letters BR-NR-DS-CO (<mask>us comes, meaning count <mask>) in the spaces remaining. The reverse bore the word BISIL-DVNO (Bisilduno, of Besalú). <mask> did grant to the church a tenth of the money minted in Besalú in perpetuity, whether of gold or of silver. Ecclesiastical politics
We beseech most carefully your lordships on behalf of the city or rather the church of Tarragona and we order you to make a vigorous effort to restore it in every possible way for the remission of sins. For you know what a great defence it would be for Christ's people and what a terrible blow it would be to the Saracens if, by the goodness of God, the position of that famous city were restored. If the knights of other provinces have decided with one mind to go to the aid of the Asian Church and to liberate their brothers from the tyranny of the Saracens, so ought you with one mind and with our encouragement to work with greater endurance to help a church so near you resist the invasions of the Saracens.No one must doubt that if he dies on this expedition for the love of God and his brothers his sins will surely be forgiven and he will gain a share of eternal life through the most compassionate mercy of our God. So if any of you has made up his mind to go to Asia, it is here instead that he should try to fulfill his vow, because it is no virtue to rescue Christians from the Saracens in one place, only to expose them to the tyranny and oppression of the Saracens in another. May almighty God arouse in your hearts a love of your brothers and reward your bravery with victory over the enemy.—Letter of Pope Urban II to <mask> and the other Catalan counts preparing to go on the First Crusade

He presided over synods held at Girona in 1068, 1078, and 1097, and was forced to act against his simoniacal relative, Wifred, Archbishop of Narbonne. Around 1068 <mask>, Wifred, and the bishops Berengar of Girona and William of Vic had to expel by force the simoniacal abbot of Ripoll, Miro. In 1070 he subjected the monasteries of Santa Maria de Ripoll, Sant Pere de Besalú, and Sant Martí de Les to that of Saint-Victor de Marseille. It was probably at the instigation of his relative Hunald, abbot of Moissac, that <mask> ceded Ripoll to the jurisdiction of the abbot of Saint-Victor, <mask> Rodez, at a meeting of the two on 27 December 1070. On 2 February 1071 a Marseillaise abbot, <mask>, is already recorded acting in charge of Ripoll.<mask> had granted the monastery of Cuberes to the Cluniac foundation of Moissac by 1073. In 1078 he joined his three monasteries of Sant Pere de Camprodon, Sant Pau del Fenollet (Valloles), and Santa Maria d'Arles de Tec to Moissac.<ref>Josep Puig i Cadafalch (2003), "Un cas interessant d'influència francesa a Catalunya: Sant Joan de les Abadesses," in Escrits d'arquitectura, art i política, ed. Xavier Barral i Altet (Institut d'Estudis Catalans), 277; translated from "Un cas intéressant d'influence française en Catalogne: Sant Joan de les Abadesses," Revue de l'Art Chrétien, 1 (1914).</ref>

In December 1077 in a synod was held in Besalú by the papal legate Amatus, Bishop of Oloron. <mask>, acting upon the advice of the legate, deposed and replaced the simoniacal abbots of his realm. He then issued a charter wherein he listed the payments (census) due the Holy See from seven religious houses in his lands, he declared an irregularly or simoniacally elected abbot deposed by papal authority, and he promised that he and his successors would incur a personal census of 100 gold mancuses annually in order that he might be considered a "special knight of Saint Peter" (pecularis miles sancti Petri). Despite the promises, there is no actual evidence of payment during the pontificate of Gregory VII. It is sometimes said that <mask>—following the example of Sancho Ramírez, who had done the same with the Kingdom of Aragon in 1068—surrendered his county to the Papacy and received it back as a fief.Richard W. Southern (1953), The Making of the Middle Ages (New Haven: Yale University Press), 123.The abbot of Saint-Victor de Marseille and papal legate to the council, Ricard de Milhau, and the monks of Ripoll pressed <mask> to join the abbey of Sant Joan de les Abadesses to Saint-Victor, perhaps by promising to restore Benedictine rule there. The cession was finalised on 4 January 1083. There is no contemporary record of this, however. Rather the legend dates from the 1115 house chronicle of Sant Joan. <mask> held his county directly from God. By a charter dated 26 September 1084, <mask> donated the church of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Besalú to the Abbey of Saint Rufus in Valence. This charter refers to a son, but <mask> was succeeded on his death by <mask> III, whose precise relationship with the previous counts of Besalú has not been discovered.Having taken the cross to join the First Crusade after the Council of Clermont (1095), <mask> was nonetheless counselled by Pope Urban II to instead remain in Spain and fight the Reconquista''. In a letter that must be dated between January 1096 and July 1099, Urban wrote to <mask>, his brother Wifred, Hugh II of Empúries, Giselbert II of Roussillon, and their followers, urging the recovery of the city of Tarragona and its vacant archdiocese. Secular politics
In 1097 <mask> ceded the lordship of Olot to Ripoll. In 1099 Dalmau Berenguer, viscount of Rocabertí, ceded the allodial castle of Hortal to <mask>, who bestowed it on him as a fief. Donald Kagay translates an example of the "transfer of castle by a lord to the son of a deceased vassal" taken from the surviving charters of <mask>:
This is a pact in commemoration of an agreement which Count Bernat of Besalú made with Bernat Terron. The aforesaid Count gives to aforesaid Bernat the castle of Fenollet and commends to him all of his father's fief after his father’s death. And because of this, he is his vassal who shall be faithful to him for all time and post the sureties for him which he must just as his other liege vassals do and must do for him.And Bernat after the death of his father must grant freely, faithfully, and without diminution to lord God and San Paulo de Vallsol all the village of Mauri with all of its appurtenances so that he shall be a vassal for all these things to lord God and Saint Paul and the aforesaid Count and his son who will be the Count of Besalú and his inhabitants of San Paulo without any deceit to him or theirs. It is possible that the last independent count of Besalú, the <mask> who married Ximena, daughter of Raymond Berengar III, Count of Barcelona, with the acknowledgement that if he died without heirs his county would pass to Raymond, was <mask> II. The very existence of a third count <mask>, succeeding <mask> II, has been called into question. External links
Nobility of Catalonia: Chapter 3. Besalú, Section A. Comtes de Besalú (988–1111) at the Medieval Lands Project. Charles Crowley, proj. ed.Notes

11th-century births
1100 deaths
Counts of Besalú
Christians of the First Crusade
11th-century Catalan people

masks:
Bernard II
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard de
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard