texts:
 justify the 2003 invasion of Iraq. <mask> wrote that the Administration went to war in Iraq "without requesting—and evidently without being influenced by—any strategic-level intelligence assessments on any aspect of Iraq. It has become clear that official intelligence was not relied on in making even the most significant national security decisions, that intelligence was misused publicly to justify decisions already made, that damaging ill will developed between [Bush] policymakers and intelligence officers, and that the intelligence community's own work was politicized". <mask>, writing on his blog in February 2006, agreed with <mask>'s assessment of politicization, but suggested that <mask> had mixed motives in limiting  "his criticism to the Bush administration during the time period leading up to the invasion in March 2003".<mask> criticizes <mask> for not mentioning "the issue of regime change and the role played by the CIA in carrying out covert action at the instruction of the White House (both Democratic and Republican) to remove Saddam Hussein from power. Because he was the former national intelligence officer for Near East/Middle East affairs, I find this absence both disconcerting and disingenuous. By failing to give due credence to the impact and influence of the CIA's mission of regime change in Iraq on its analysis of Iraqi WMDs, Mr. <mask> continues to promulgate the myth that the CIA was honestly engaged in the business of trying to disarm Iraq". Washington Post reporter Walter Pincus called <mask>'s critique "one of the most severe indictments of White House actions by a former Bush official since <mask>. Clarke" and noted that this article was "the first time that such a senior intelligence officer has so directly and publicly condemned the administration's handling of intelligence". In an interview with the Council on Foreign Relations, he elaborated on the politicization of intelligence on which he wrote in the Foreign Affairs article. <mask> said that the Silberman-Robb commission did not go into as much depth on the "differential treatment that different draft intelligence assessments get as they go through the procedure of being coordinated and approved.And you have to remember, anything that sees light of day as a published—published in the sense of a classified paper—intelligence assessment goes through usually multiple levels of review, various supervisors, branch chiefs and so on, weighing in, approving or disapproving, remanding, forcing changes. That can be a speedy process or it can be a long, very torturous process". He said the Commission found that assessments that tended to justify a casus belli with Iraq went through approval faster than those that did not support war. <mask> agreed, but said the Commission also should have asked why this occurred. According to <mask>, "I think the most important reason, besides the overall mind-set that turned out to be erroneous, was the desire to avoid the unpleasantness of putting unwelcome assessments on the desks of policymakers". 2007
In 2007,  Novak decried <mask>'s alleged leaking to the media of portions of a National Intelligence Estimate he viewed as supporting his policy path, though he acknowledged that Pillar denied leaking the report. The New York Times editorial page defended <mask>, noting that the Bush administration did not even ask the CIA for an assessment of the consequences of invading Iraq until a year after the invasion.When the administration did finally ask for an intelligence assessment, Mr. <mask> led the effort, which concluded in August 2004 that Iraq was on the brink of disaster. Officials then leaked his authorship to the columnist <mask> and to The Washington Times. The idea was that Mr. <mask> was not to be trusted because he dissented from the party line. Somehow, this sounds like a story we have heard before. A Wall Street Journal op-ed criticized <mask>'s choices in releasing information.Its author observed that "CIA officers on the cusp of retirement often enroll in a seminar that is supposed to help them adjust to life after the agency—teaching them, for example, how to write a résumé. I've begun to wonder if part of that program now includes a writing seminar on how to beat up on the Bush administration." The author, Guillermo Christensen, agrees <mask> was central in the CIA's analysis of Iraq. Regarding the Foreign Affairs article, Christensen questions if that was the place to publicize that he thought the war was a bad idea and the President and advisors ignored him. He makes the assumption that <mask> "actually did change his mind about all that work he'd done, and that he really did think the intelligence didn't support the case for war. If that was truly so, no one was better positioned to make the case against war within the government than Mr. <mask> himself".Christensen suggested that <mask> could have sent personal observations, with all relevant classified data, to senior Executive Branch officials. Further, Christensen suggested "that analysis with every single member of Congress by writing less-classified summaries of the conclusions, as is often done". Thomas Joscelyn, in the Weekly Standard, wrote, "<mask> demonstrates that he himself is a master of the art of politicizing intelligence. Far from being a dispassionate analyst, <mask> practices the very same 'manipulations and misuse[s]' he claims to expose". Joscelyn reasserted the conjecture that Saddam Hussein had a cooperative relationship with al-Qaeda. However, the official conclusions of investigations by the CIA, FBI, NSA, State Department, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, and the independent 9/11 Commission have all confirmed <mask>'s view that there was no collaborative relationship between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda. 2011
<mask>'s Intelligence and US Foreign Policy: Iraq, 9/11, and Misguided Reform was reviewed by Steve Coll in The New York Review of Books.Formal publications by Pillar

Books

Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy

<mask>'s interest in foreign policy resulted in a book Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy first published in 1999 and updated in 2004. The back cover of the book reads:

Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy is an essential guide to more effective coordination between conventional foreign policy and efforts to prevent terrorist attacks and activities. This paperback edition includes a new, extensive, and provocative post-9/11 introduction, along with the author's in-depth analyses of current terrorist threats, the status of terrorism in world politics, counterterrorism tools available to the United States, state sponsors of terrorism, and how best to educate the public about terrorist threats and counterterrorism. A review of the book in Foreign Affairs says: "The book's strength is its nuanced sense of how Washington's counterterrorism policy actually works, day in and day out." The Washington Times wrote: "[<mask>] offers a unique introspective of the breadth of radical islam and counterterrorism. ... <mask>'s documentations involving the improvement of  U.S.Homeland Security policy, such as observing the full range of capabilities of terrorist, as opposed to solely focusing on nuclear, biological or chemical warfare, and interrupting radical islamist operations worldwide, should be noted in the counterterrorism effort." Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy
<mask>'s interest in the relationship between intelligence and policy resulted in the 2011 book, Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy. According to the publisher, "<mask> confronts the intelligence myths Americans have come to rely on to explain national tragedies, including the belief that intelligence drives major national security decisions and can be fixed to avoid future failures". Articles and conference papers
<mask> emphasized that jihadist terror will continue to become more decentralized, but not wane, after the core of al-Qaeda is disrupted and pursued. with Al Qaeda waning, the larger terrorist
threat from radical Islamists is not. Al Qaeda-inspired or trained groups will operate locally, and both ad hoc groups (e.g., the organization that had been led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, as well as established groups such as the Iraq-centered Ansar al-Islam and the Southeast Asian Jemaah Islamiya). Even while having local focus, they tend to share anti-Americanism.Individuals may operate with limited help from organizations. In the past, ad hoc had been deprecated as a term for terrorist organizations, but that grows increasingly true. (See motivations of terrorists and a discussion of the nontraditional clandestine cell system used by such groups.) Participating in a 2006 conference at the Royal Institute of International Relations, he analyzed and assessed the threat of jihadist terrorism on a worldwide basis. He described the threat as being generated by three complementary factors:
In any beliefs or similar movements, the most unfortunate and indiscreet are the ones that garner the most headlines. Until a more suitable ideology emerges, jihadism may stay as a major focus of radical Islamist activists. It is energized by "energy from friction along the fault line between the Muslim world and the West."Themes causing friction including cultural imperialism, oppression of Muslims, and lack of respect for religion. Controversy accelerates polarization, as seen in the Danish disturbance over cartoons of the Prophet. Social, economic and political conditions contribute to terrorism, but there is much confusion here. <mask> argues with those that claim poverty must not (typo ... original quote?) a claim because the 9/11 hijackers, and Bin Laden himself, is wealthy. He argues there is a difference between a lack of wealth that does not generate terrorism, and "frustrated ambition for economic and social advancement, which is." We hear, for example, that economic hardship must not be a root cause of jihadist terrorism because terrorists such as the 9/11 hijackers were not conspicuously poor, and the most prominent jihadist of all, bin Laden, is conspicuously wealthy.In like manner, he argues that authoritarianism is not a cause, because terrorist acts often happen in liberal democracies. And we hear that authoritarian politics must not have much to do with it either because jihadist terrorism takes place at least as often as anywhere else within liberal democracies, in places like New York, Madrid, or London. <mask>'s explanation is that it is much easier to stage a terrorist attack in an open society than in the police states in the Middle East. In an article in the March/April 2008 issue of Foreign Affairs, <mask> is critical of two recently published books on purported systemic failures of the intelligence community and the necessity for organizational reform. In an article in the January/February 2012 issue of Foreign Policy, <mask> similarly cites political leadership, not the intelligence community, for most errors of foresight in policy-making. References

External links

Georgetown University faculty
Living people
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
Year of birth missing (living

masks:
Pillar
Scott Ritter
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Pillar
Ritter
Pillar
Pillar
Pillar
Richard A
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Pillar
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Pillar
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Robert Novak
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But Pillar
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type: original

texts:
<mask>  () (born <mask>; November 7, 1984) is a former Afghan Canadian politician. She first was elected to represent the riding of Peterborough—Kawartha as a Liberal member the House of Commons of Canada from 2015 and served until October 2021. A member of the 29th Canadian Ministry, she is the former Minister for Women and Gender Equality (previously known as the Minister of Status of Women), sworn in on January 10, 2017, and Minister of Rural Economic Development, sworn in on November 20, 2019. She was previously the Minister of International Development, until November 20, 2019, and Minister of Democratic Institutions and President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada until January 10, 2017. <mask> was defeated in her riding in the 2021 federal election. Family and education
<mask> was born at the Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad, Iran, to Hazara Afghan parents who had fled during the Soviet–Afghan War, and lived with her family there in childhood, together with periods in Herat, Afghanistan, in 1987–1988 and 1993–1996. Because Iran and Afghanistan (before 2000) followed the principle of jus sanguinis in their respective nationality laws, <mask> was born an Afghan citizen.Her father was killed on the Iran–Afghanistan border while travelling in 1988, although it is unknown whether he was killed by bandits or Soviet troops. Her uncle had, years earlier, vanished along with several roommates while attending the University of Kabul, in circumstances suggested to have been connected to anti-communist political activity. The family struggled in Iran because of low economic and social prospects for Afghan migrants, even though they had legal status as "involuntary migrants" (mohajerin) under Iranian rules in effect prior to 1992. In 1996, during their second return to Herat, her mother opted to move the family to Canada, and the resulting journey involved traveling through Iran, Pakistan, and Jordan. Upon arrival, the family took up residence in Peterborough, where <mask>'s uncle already lived. They relied on the support of several charity organizations, including the YMCA and the Salvation Army. <mask> has continued to raise money for humanitarian activities in Afghanistan.In 2003, <mask> enrolled at Trent University, from which she graduated in 2010 with a Bachelor of Science in Biology and Psychology. After graduation, from 2011 to 2014, she worked in several public sector positions in the Peterborough area. In 2019, she announced her engagement to former Liberal member of Parliament Matt DeCourcey. Political career
In 2014, <mask> had been offered a job in Afghanistan, but was unable to enter the country because of security concerns. She then went to Iran to work on relief efforts for Afghan refugees, which encouraged her to focus on political endeavours. Municipal politics
When <mask> returned to Canada, <mask> ran for Mayor of Peterborough in 2014, finishing a close second. Federal politics
Later that same year, she was elected as the Liberal Party candidate in the upcoming federal election.She was elected on October 19, 2015, with 43.8% of the vote. Cabinet appointments
<mask> was appointed as Minister of Democratic Institutions in Justin Trudeau's Cabinet on November 4, 2015. She has variously been referred to as the second- or fourth-youngest minister ever appointed to the Cabinet. According to The Hill Times, <mask> was named President of the Queen's Privy Council in Canada although it was unclear at the time whether she had been sworn into that office. <mask> has described this position as "largely ceremonial." The Parliamentary website subsequently indicated that she had assumed the position on November 4. Criticism and controversy

Handling of portfolio
On May 10, 2016, <mask> gave notice in the House of Commons of the government's plans for the composition of the Special Committee on Electoral Reform, which was to have ten members—six members of the Liberal Party, three members from the Conservative Party, and one member from the New Democratic Party.This attracted immediate controversy, as the government possessed a majority of the committee seats and thus could theoretically recommend alterations to the electoral system without the support of any other party. As well, the Green Party and the Bloc Québécois objected to their lack of voting representation on the committee, although they were invited to attend meetings. On June 2, 2016, the Liberal government reversed course, and both Trudeau and <mask> advised that they would support Nathan Cullen's motion for the composition of the committee, which would instead have twelve members—five Liberals, three Conservatives, two New Democrats, and one member from each of the Bloc Québécois and the Green Party. Following the release of the final report of the Electoral Reform Committee <mask> criticized the Members of the committee stating "On the main question on the hard choices that we had asked the committee to make, the members of the committee took a pass," and "We asked the committee to help answer very difficult questions for us. It did not do that." The remarks were considered inaccurate and offensive to the Members of the Committee. <mask> later apologized for her comments.In late 2016 the Government contracted Vox Pop Labs to create on online survey for Canadians on electoral reform at a website called mydemocracy.ca. The survey was condemned as unscientific and misleading by journalists for allowing unlimited entries from one person and failing to ask direct questions about electoral systems. It was also widely mocked by political observers and electoral reform advocates. Conservative M.P. Scott Reid and Green Party Leader Elizabeth May both claimed the survey looked more like an online dating survey. In early 2017 <mask> was replaced as Democratic Institutions Minister by Karina Gould and the Liberal campaign promise to replace the first-past-the-post electoral system was not pursued further. Place of birth
<mask> has been criticized for stating that she was born in Afghanistan, when in fact she was born in Iran.When this was revealed in September 2016, some commentators pointed out that this could lead to revocation of her Canadian citizenship and potential deportation, while others have criticized the absurdity of the present law or decried the importation of birtherism into Canadian politics. The Trudeau government has regularly revoked citizenship from individuals who had become citizens through fraudulent means – including individuals who came to Canada as children but whose parents had made false claims on their immigration forms. In an interview at that time, former MP Dean Del Mastro said that political workers in the 2014 municipal and 2015 federal campaigns knew she was not born in Afghanistan, but chose not to make an issue of it. <mask> made a request to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada to update her information. In October 2016, her office revealed that she had travelled to Iran with pilgrimage visas in an Afghan passport in 2010, 2013 and 2014 in order to visit the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad. As this type of visa is normally for a single entry to Iran and does not allow a holder to work, her previous admissions that she had crossed over to Afghanistan and back in 2014, together with working with an Iran-based charity at that time, have caught the attention of Iranian authorities. In a 2014 interview in Peterborough, <mask> admitted that she wanted the trip to "remain hush-hush."Open microphone incident

In November 2020 <mask> accidentally left her microphone on during vote in the House of Commons while participating virtually on Zoom. As result the camera showed her saying "The question they're going to ask me — how much do I make now? Like 250?" As a Cabinet Minister her annual salary at the time as $269,800.00. <mask> was criticized for the comments as her salary was more than four times the median wage in her riding and yet she was casually discussing her own salary without knowing it to the nearest $20,000. It was unclear what prompted <mask> to make the comment however her office later released a statement claiming "Due to a technical error a private conversation was broadcasted." Taliban comments
On August 25, 2021, during a press conference regarding the Taliban overthrow of the democratically elected government of Afghanistan, <mask> sparked controversy after she referred to Taliban militants as her "brothers."The Canadian government designates the Taliban as a terrorist organization, which has been responsible for the deaths of 158 Canadian soldiers since 2001. In response to widespread criticism, <mask> stated that Muslims around the world refer to non-family members as brothers and sisters, and that she "believe[s] deeply that the Taliban are a terrorist organization." Many Farsi speakers and Afghans debunked <mask>'s premise on the cultural context of calling the Taliban "brothers", and some have even attributed her defeat in 2021 Canadian election to that comment. Electoral record

Federal

Municipal

Notes

References

External links

 Official Site

 Bio & mandate from the Prime Minister
 <mask> <mask> Twitter account. 1984 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
People from Peterborough, Ontario
Women members of the House of Commons of Canada
Afghan Muslims
Trent University alumni
Canadian Muslims
Afghan emigrants to Canada
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
Members of the 29th Canadian Ministry
Women government ministers of Canada
People from Mashhad
People from Herat
Hazara politicians
21st-century Canadian women politicians
Applicants for refugee status in Canada

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Maryam Monsef
Monsefzadeh
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Maryam
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<mask> (born 4 January 1957) is an Italian cinema and theatre actor and screenwriter. Biography
<mask> was born in Milan (his father is Venetian). After only one season in the juvenile team of Inter, he left his sporting career because of an injury to his left knee and
attended the school of the Piccolo Teatro in Milan. He debuted on stage
acting in Timon of Athens by William Shakespeare and also pursued his artistic career in cinema. Continuing his studies in medicine, he then moved to Rome. With
Dario de Luca and in association with Studio Universal he founded the
Tipota Movie Company. With the band Piccola Orchestra Avion Travel he has staged the
show La guerra vista dalla luna.He has also filmed the short film Típota(1999) and has completed a tour performing his own songs. The soundtrack of Eternity and a Day (Italy/France/Greece, 1998) by Theo Angelopoulos contains the track "The Poet", with <mask>'s voice. (2007, also director) - Augusto Riverberi
Happy Family (2010) - Vincenzo
A Second Childhood (2010) - Lino
Easy!

masks:
Fabrizio Bentivoglio
Fabrizio Bentivoglio
Bentivoglio


texts:
<mask> (23 June 1796 in Florence, Italy – 23 March 1867 in Florence, Italy) was a composer, violinist, educator and Italian publicist. Life

Child prodigy and royal teacher

<mask>, a child prodigy, started studying violin with Giovanni Francesco Giuliani at five years old and continued on this path for 9 years. However, nothing is known regarding his education of composition, so it is most probable that he was self-taught. The publications from that time mention him as the private violin instructor of Carlo II of Borbone-Parma, but no specific dates are given. Rumors originate from the fact that <mask>, in 1840, dedicated a complex sacred oratorio for choir and a large orchestra, Le turbe nel deserto, to Carlo II. The frontispiece of the autograph (today found in Parma, see Sources) affirm being given to the prince «i primi elementi di musica e restommi scolpito mai sempre nel cuore» («I gave the Prince his first education in music, and he remained struck in my heart»). Research into the lives of both of them indicates that it is probable that the dates of their lessons were 1808, so, if this is in fact true, twelve-year-old Giorgetti taught the 9-year-old prince.First soloist experiences and paralysis

In 1811, Elisa Bonaparte hired him as her personal violinist («Chamber Violin of the Queen of Etruria»), and he traveled with her in Spain and France until 1814, the year in which two central occurrences took place in his life: the fall of Napoleon and the contraction of a mysterious disease affecting his nervous system which left him paralyzed from the hips down. Because of the loss of his job, and above all, his paralysis, he was forced to leave his career as a soloist and dedicate his efforts to composition, teaching, musical publicity, and the organization of events and performances. First success as a composer

It was from that moment in his life that he perfected counterpoint with Disma Ugolini (1755-1828)[1], learning the methods in practice, derived from the experienced didactics of Antonin Reicha, who was a classmate of Beethoven and teacher of not only Ugolini, but also Franck, Adam, Berlioz and Liszt. In 1817, despite his paralysis, he traveled to Germany to publish his compositions in Leipzig, at Breitkopf & Härtel publishers (their relation lasted until 1825). In 1818, he composed a concerto for flute, extraordinarily and curiously similar to the second concerto that Saverio Mercadante wrote for the same instrument in 1819. In 1825, he won (tied with <mask> Casamorata) a competition by the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze centered around the putting to music of the cantata Il Ciclope by Pietro Metastasio. Publicist and Fame: the union between German tradition and Italian singability

In 1828, the fame of Giorgetti as a composer, teacher, and publicist was established in Florence because he most furiously participated in a written debate regarding German influence in the didactics of Italian music.In the periodicals, space was given to the prevalent idea that there was an excessive penetration of German taste inside the classrooms of the conservatories, while Giorgetti, on the contrary, affirmed that the study of Germans of the Classical period (Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven) was instead essential in acquiring the necessary knowledge that permitted Italian singability to be expressed well. Giorgetti proposed a sort of union between German and Italian style, which in this era were considered to be incompatible. He pointed to Gioachino Rossini as the ultimate example of that union. Rossini was taught through German examples during his education in Bologna; indeed, he was given the nickname “"il tedeschino" (the little German). <mask> was given the nickname “il tedescone" (the big German) for his fondness of Teutonic artistry. That fondness found fertile ground in the Germanophile Tuscany, ruled by Habsburg-Lorraine. In 1827, on the frontispiece of Tre trj di una difficoltà progressiva (dedicated to Paganini) he indicates «first violin of the court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany», and thanks to the support of the court (members to which Giorgetti dedicated numerous compositions), he began promoting instrumental music and cultured European musical language, an activity to which he dedicated all of his energy as a composer, teacher and orchestral conductor.Preference for the quartet

The quartet was a privileged object of interest in his work, and was, at that time, used infrequently by Italian composers. He considered the quartet to be the maximum expression of the art of music (and believes to be heir of the great European approach to the quartet, which at the time a myth considered created in Italy). He promoted many performances of quartets (often for their first Italian performance ), as well as for private events organized by Giorgetti himself, which were often held at his house (in Via Ricasoli in Florence). In addition, he created incentives for popularized the genre with arrangements from the great German quartets, and he himself composed eight string quartets. However, Giorgetti didn’t disregard other genres of instrumental and symphonic music, and like many orchestral conductors (one of the last “director-violinists”, before becoming solely a conductor like Teodulo Mabellini, his compatriot and contemporary, and Angelo Mariani), performed sacred masterpieces by Haydn and Rossini in Florence in order to demonstrate that a same substance connected both German and Italian tradition. In addiction, Giorgetti rediscovered numerous composers of the past. Affinity to other composers

His commitment gained favor of many composers, from Louis Spohr to François-Joseph Fétis, from Antonio Bazzini to Giovanni Pacini, to Giuseppe Poniatowski, to whom Giorgetti dedicated works and offered hospitality in his villa in Via Ricasoli.He maintained sincere friendships with Niccolò Paganini, for whom he composed many pieces for violin, with Franz Liszt, who he met in Florence in 1838 and, above all, with Gioacchino Rossini. When he was a guest of <mask>’s in Florence, Rossini was at the mercy of his depression and nervous crises, which Giorgetti tried to help remedy by showing Rossini his own greater suffering caused by his paralysis. Refusal of opera

The national tendency of the public, however, remained that of developing a passion for lyric opera instead of for instrumental music, which was a fact that threw Giorgetti into a rage. He stigmatized the exaggerated patronage of opera of his compatriots, and believed that the young Giuseppe Verdi was a corruptor of Italian musical traditions, and that Ricordi publishers was a guilty accomplice (in 1856 Giorgetti also interrupted his fine and at that point good relations with the Milanese publisher because of his operatic inclination). Teaching

He continued to promote instrumental music throughout his life, both as a teacher and as a publicist. Some of his students were Luigi Bicchierai, Luigi Laschi, Carlo Verardi and Jefte Sbolci, to whom he dedicated many studies and for whom he wrote a few methods (the most famous is the method for viola written in 1854, and then printed again by Ricordi in 1902). The Rivista Musicale of Florence: influence on Basevi

In 1840, he founded the «Rivista Musicale di Firenze» (Musical Magazine of Florence), which was the first Italian periodical completely dedicated to music.He didn’t write critiques, but rather philosophical reflections of music, very similar to those of Giuseppe Mazzini expressed in Filosofia della musica (Philosophy of music) in 1836. <mask>’s opinions very much inspired the ideas of Abramo Basevi, one of the protagonists in the Florentine musical scene. Together, <mask> and Basevi created large instrumental organizations, among which were Mattinate beethoveniane (concerts that brought the Tuscan reception of Beethoven to the forefront and which were first performed in front of his house in Via Ricasoli, in 1859, and then at the Lemonnier Institute in via S. Egidio), Concerti popolari (created by Basevi and Teodulo Mabellini in 1863), and Società del quartetto (with the publisher Giovanni Gualberto Guidi), which in 1861 finally made <mask>’s dream of having a Florentine “house” for the quartet come true. In fact, he dedicated his last Settimo quartetto to the Società. Last years

Getting weaker and weaker from his paralysis, he became interested in the destiny of old musicians. He donated many of his earning to institutions that offer assistance. His involvement as a teacher and publicist continued almost until his death, but he almost completely ceased to compose after 1862.He died in his house in Via Ricasoli in 1867. Works and sources

Giorgetti mostly composed for violin (2 concerti) and for strings (eight quartets and numerous pieces for two violins, and violin and viola), but he also dedicated his time to sacred music with messe and oratorios, and some symphonic experiments. He arranged many themes by Vincenzo Bellini, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Louis Spohr for strings. He also composed songs for soprano, as well as compositions for harp, piano, clarinet and flute (the concerto

masks:
Ferdinando Giorgetti
Giorgetti
Giorgetti
Luigi Ferdinando
Giorgetti
Giorgetti
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 from 1818). Autographs

The institution that preserves the greatest number of his autographs is the Conservatory Luigi Cherubini in Florence followed by the Palatina Library in Parma, and the Royal Conservatory of Music in Brussels. In Brussels, at the Royal Library of Belgium, you can also find the autograph of the third quartet, which Giorgetti dedicated to Fétis. The autograph of the Ouverture I, dated 1840 and dedicated to Poniatowski, was found by the pianist Gregorio Nardi in Florence and today is looked after in his private Florentine archive.The Pacini Collection of the Carlo Magnani Library in Pescia, and the Conservatories of Brussels and Florence all look after an autographed copy of Dies Irae, the only piece that remains of the Messa da Requiem which Giorgetti dedicated to Giovanni Pacini in 1843: on the frontispiece of these documents, there is a note from the composer which indicated how counterfeit copies are made lacking his autograph. The Philharmonic Academy of Bologna preserves the autograph of the Gran quintetto, at one time dedicated by Giorgetti to the librarian Masseangelo Masseangeli, then published by Ricordi in 1847 and rededicated first to the students and then to Poniatowski. The Greggiati Collection in Ostiglia contains the autograph of the Ave Maria, op. 35 in a version arranged for orchestra (the autograph of the original version for piano, harp or quartet is at the Conservatory of Florence). The autograph of the seventh quartet for strings was only recently discovered at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Manuscripts

The majority of the contemporary manuscripts of his work are at the Conservatory of Florence and the Hofburgkapelle in Vienna. After which, manuscripts are found at the Noseda Collection of the Conservatory of Milan, the Capitolary Archive in Pistoia, the Sasso Collection at the Accademia Santa Cecilia of Rome, the Paganini Conservatory of Genoa, and Arezzo Historic Archive.A unique contemporary copy of <mask>’s works are preserved at the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana in Venice, in the Greggiati Collection in Ostiglia, at the Biblioteca Statale in Cremona, at the Biblioteca Domenicini in Perugia, at the Conservatorio San Pietro a Majella in Naples, and, abroad, at the Abteilung Musik, Theater, Film della Universitätsbibliothek «Johann Christian Senckenberg» in Frankfurt, at the Sibley Music Library part of the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester (New York), and in the Galeazzi Collection at the Irving Gilmore Music Library at Yale University in New Haven (Connecticut). Printed editions

The greatest number of first editions printed with the works of Giorgetti are at the Conservatory in Florence. Given Giorgetti’s longlasting relationship with Ricordi, many first editions of his works are also in Milan, at the  Giuseppe Verdi Conservatory.The Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana in Venice preserves 12 first editions of his. Following, by number of examples, are: the Greggiati Collection in Ostiglia, the Institute of music Vecchi & Tonelli in Modena, the Accademia Santa Cecilia in Rome, the Conservatory of Naples, the Conservatory of Brescia, the Conservatory of Pesaro, the National Library in Florence, the Conservatory of Bergamo, the Biblioteca Palatina in Parma, the Conservatory of Bologna, the Conservatory of Perugia, the Conservatory of Rome, the Capitolary Archive in Pistoia, the Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique in Bruxelles, the Conservatory of Liegi, the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Monaco and the Library of Congress in Washington D.C. The following preserve only one copy of a first edition of an opera: the Conservatory in Verona, the Accademia Filarmonica in Bologna, the Biblioteca Aurelio Saffi in Forlì, the Scuola di Musica di Fiesole, the Accademia Chigiana in Siena, the Historic Archive of Arezzo, the Biblioteca di Archeologia e Storia dell'Arte di Palazzo Venezia in Rome, the private archive of Claudio Paradiso in Latina, the Library of the University of Reading (England), the Liszt Ferenc Zenemüvészeti Föiskola Könivtára in Budapest, the Music Division of the Public Library in Lincoln Center in New York, and the Sibley Music Library in Rochester. The first edition from 1856 of his methods for viola is preserved at the Conservatories in Milan, Florence, Bergamo and Rome, at the Biblioteca Comunale in Finale Emilia and at the British Library in London. Discography
In 1968, the group Sestetto Chigiano d'Archi (Riccardo Brengola, Giovanni Guglielmo, violins; Tito Riccardi, Mario Benvenuti, violas; Alain Meunier, Franco Petracchi, cellos) performed Sestetto n. 3, op.25 by Georgetti (dedicated to Rossini and printed in Florence by Guidi in 1845; autograph conserved in Conservatoire de Musique de Bruxelles) in the concert hall of Palazzo Chigi-Saracini in Siena, during the local Musical Week. Performance was recorded and the original tape is conserved in the Italian National Discography Institute in Rome. The Institute published the recording in 1989, and now is available on-line on the official site. References

Further reading
 Eleuterio Pantologo, La musica italiana del XIX secolo. Ricerche filosofico-critiche, Firenze, Coen & Co., 1828. Partial modern edition in Carlida Steffan (ed. ), Rossiniana.Antologia della critica nella prima metà dell'Ottocento, Pordenone, Studio Tesi, 1992 (e 1995), pp. 121–134 (this anthology has a section for Giorgetti too, at pp. 135–146). Giancarlo Conestabile, Cenni sulla vita del professore di violino <mask> Giorgetti, in Vita di Niccolò Paganini da Genova, Perugia, Bartelli, 1851, pp. 242 ssgg. Carlo Andrea Gambini, Quarto quartetto per due violini, viola e violoncello del Cav. Ferdinando Giorgetti, Op.32, in «L'Armonia», I/20 (13 maggio 1856), Firenze, Guidi, 1856, p. 79. François-Joseph Fétis, <mask>, <mask>, in Biographie universelle des musiciens et Bibliographie générale de la musique, second edition, vol. 4, Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1862, p. 9. Digitalized on Internet Archive. Xavier van Elewyck, De l'état actuel de la musique en Italie, Paris, Heugel/Bruxelles, Roussel, Katto & Schott/Mainz [ecc. ], Schott/Milano [ecc. ], Ricordi, 1875, pp.35, 40. Digitalized on Internet Archive. Carlo Schmidl, Dizionario universale dei musicisti, vol. I, Milano, Ricordi, sd (1887), p. 627. Digitalized on IMSLP. Arnaldo Bonaventura, Storia del violino, dei violinisti e della musica per violino, Milano, Hoepli, 1933 (first edition: 1925), pp. 216 ssgg.Leonardo Pinzauti, Prospettive per uno studio sulla musica a Firenze nell’Ottocento, in «Nuova rivista musicale italiana», II/2 (marzo-aprile 1968), Roma, ERI, 1968, pp. 255–273. Giovanni Carli Ballola, Civiltà strumentali dell'Ottocento italiano, in «Chigiana», vol. XXVI-XXVII, serie 6-7 (1969-1970), Firenze, Olschki, 1971, pp. 593–597. Sergio Martinotti, Ottocento strumentale italiano, Bologna, Forni, 1972. Claudio Sartori, L'avventura del violino.L'Italia musicale dell'Ottocento nella biografia e nei carteggi di Antonio Bazzini, Torino, ERI, 1978. Marcello De Angelis, La musica del granduca. Vita musicale e correnti critiche a Firenze 1800-1855, Firenze, Vallecchi, 1978. <mask> <mask> (sub voce), in Dizionario enciclopedico universale della musica e dei musicisti, edited by Alberto Basso, serie II: Le biografie, vol. 3: FRA-JA, Torino, UTET, 1986, p. 210. Franco Dell'Amore (ed. ), Nicola Petrini Zamboni.Memorie di un violinista cesenatese (1785-1849), Cesena, Comune di Cesena, 1995, p. 148. Guido Salvetti (ed. ), Musica strumentale dell'Ottocento italiano, Lucca, LIM, 1997. Ennio Speranza, <mask>, <mask> (sub voce), in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 55, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2001. Available on-line in Italian on Treccani.it. Bianca Maria Antolini, Editori musicali italiani dell'Ottocento e concerti di musica classica: alcuni casi, in Bianca Maria Antolini, Teresa Gialdoni, Annunziato Pugliese (ed.), «Et facciam dolci canti». Studi in onore di Agostino Ziino in occasione del suo 65° compleanno, Lucca, LIM, 2003, pp. 1197–1221. Bianca Maria Antolini, La musica in Toscana nell'Ottocento, in Claudio Paradiso (ed. ), Teodulo Mabellini, il protagonista dell'Ottocento musicale toscano, Pistoia, Brigata del Leoncino, 2005, pp. 19–35. Ennio Speranza, Una pianta fuori di clima.Il quartetto per archi in Italia da Verdi a Casella, Torino, EDT, 2013. Claudio Paradiso (ed. ), Il cavalier <mask> <mask> musicista romantico a Firenze, Roma, Società Editrice di Musicologia, 2015. This book contains the catalogue of works by Giorgetti (pp. 203–213), an introduction by Marcello De Angelis (pp. 9–15), and the following essays:
 Claudio Paradiso, La vita e l'opera (pp. 17–79);
 Gregorio Nardi, «Mon cher monsieur Giorgetti»: l'incontro con Franz Liszt nel 1838 (pp.81–103);
 Franco Sciannameo, Riflessioni sul «Metodo per esercitarsi a ben suonare l'alto-viola» (pp. 105–124);
 Ennio Speranza, Il cavaliere del quartetto (pp. 125–134);
 Mariateresa Dellaborra, I sestetti (pp. 135–155);
 Ugo Piovano, Giorgetti nelle riviste musicali fiorentine (pp. 157–202). External links

 Musical Documentation Center of Tuscany

1796 births
1867

masks: Giorgetti Ferdinando Giorgetti Ferdinando Ferdinando Giorgetti Giorgetti Ferdinando Ferdinando Giorgetti


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<mask> (born October 18, 1971) is an American professional boxer. He has challenged twice for unified world heavyweight titles, in 2008 and 2012, both times against Wladimir Klitschko. Described by many observers and fighters as "awkward", <mask> was considered the gatekeeper of the heavyweight division during the Klitschko Era. <mask> was ranked by BoxRec among ten best heavyweights in the world from 2003 to 2012, reaching his highest ranking of world No.4 in 2005 and 2006. Early life
<mask> was born on October 8, 1971, in Washington, D.C., and has 10 siblings. Both his parents were drug addicts. <mask> and his only full-blood brother Keith, who was about 10 months older, grew up in an orphanage before they were taken to the foster home at pre-school age.The brothers spent most of their youth in Southeast, D.C., frequently moving from one relative to another, before members of child and family services took them back to the orphanage. Their mother had visited them there twice before dying of an HIV infection, while the father spent most of their lives in jail. When <mask> and Keith were in first grade, they were legally adopted by their paternal grandmother and lived with her family until she died of a heart attack at the age of 54. After their grandmother died, <mask> and Keith returned to foster care, then went to live with one of their aunts and her two sons in D.C. public housing. They eventually had a falling out with their aunt, and <mask> moved in with his girlfriend Sydnee. He was a father by age 17, and him and Keith never finished high school. According to Keith, the main things that helped them to survive were having each other and law abidance.The brothers were separated from each other in their 20s, when Keith joined the army. He would frequently send <mask> money earned in the military to support him. At the age of 23, <mask> became a police officer, fulfilling what he has called "his childhood dream". He was released from his job after an altercation with a member of the police, which resulted in the mentioned member having his ankle broken. According to <mask>, "[I] picked him off his feet, and threw him out the door". Soon after, Thomspon relocated to the Maryland suburbs, and eventually found work as a counselor at the National Children’s Center. Amateur boxing career

(<mask>, shortly after defeating David Price in what was considered a huge upset)

<mask> took up boxing at the age of 26, after meeting his car insurance agent, Gene Molowsky, who had a boxing gym in the back of his office.When recalling the memory, Gene said: "I saw this big six-foot-six, 250-pound guy. I figured, man — this is the heavyweight I’ve been waiting for." By <mask>'s own admission, he believed that starting with boxing at a relatively late age preserved him, because an average person has to let the body develop before getting into physical sports like boxing or american football. <mask> went 13-3 as an amateur before turning pro in 2000. Professional boxing career

2000–2004: Beginnings
<mask> made his professional debut at 28 years old on January 27, 2000, defeating DeShaun Harper by majority decision. He earned $300 for his first fight, which allowed him to cover household electric bill that month. In the early years of his professional career, <mask> was still doing regular 9-to-5 jobs alongside boxing, as <mask> viewed boxing as a source of a supplemental income.He often trained in the gym early in the morning before the start of a full work day. By <mask>'s own admission, he soon started viewing boxing as something more than "just a side gig" after piling up a couple of wins: "I won a couple of fights, but I knew I could be a lot better". On May 20, 2001, <mask> faced local hard-hitting prospect Chester Hughes, who had a 9–0 record (6 KOs) coming into the bout. It was the first fight in which <mask> faced someone who was both taller and had longer reach than himself. He won the bout by first-round TKO. Overall, <mask> had eight fights in 2000 and six in 2001, building up a record of 13 wins and a single decision loss, before facing his first notable opponent, Marion Wilson. Despite having a record of 11 wins, 36 losses and 3 draws, Wilson was recognized for his durability, having never been stopped in his entire career and occasionally pulling upsets, such as wins over Corey Sanders and Paea Wolfgramm or split draw against Ray Mercer.<mask> won the bout by a lopsided unanimous decision, with scores 58–49, 57–49 and 58–49. On August 31, 2002 <mask> was scheduled to face hard-hitting Ron Guerrero, who was looking to regain his stock after back-to-back losses to Attila Levin and Jeremy Williams. The fight was scheduled for five rounds. <mask> was declared the winner by unanimous decision (UD), with scores 50–45, 49–46 and 50–45. On October 20, 2002, <mask> faced another notable opponent, an experienced journeyman Zuri Lawrence. Lawrence was on a six-fight winning streak, coming off of an upset victory over undefeated Italian prospect Paolo Vidoz. <mask> won the bout by seventh-round TKO.The Thunderbox
The back-to-back wins over Guerrero and Lawrence allowed <mask> to participate in Thunderbox Heavyweight Tournament on November 30, 2002, promoted by Cedric Kushner. The tournament consisted of eight participants, which included two-time world heavyweight champion Tim Witherspoon, former and future world heavyweight title challengers Derrick Jefferson, Ray Austin and Jeremy Williams, experienced journeyman Maurice Harris, who had entered the tournament after knocking out future world champion Siarhei Liakhovich, and undefeated, hard-hitting Gerald Nobles. Each boxer, including <mask>, was guaranteed $5,000 and the purse for the tournament winner was $100,000. All bouts took place at Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City, New Jersey and were scheduled for three rounds. The bouts were aired in the UK on Eurosport. In the first round, <mask> faced Jeremy Williams. The bout was scored a draw, with <mask> being declared the winner due to landing more punches.In semifinals, <mask> defeated Derrick Jefferson on points, and advanced to the final. <mask> wasn't able to claim the $100,000 prize, as he was soundly beaten by Maurice Harris. 2004-2007: Title Contention
On March 27, 2004, <mask> faced undefeated Cuban heavyweight Yanqui Díaz in a fight scheduled for eight rounds. With a record of 8–0 with 6 KOs, Díaz was a highly regarded prospect due to his long and decorated amateur career, with prominent boxing manager Wes Wolfe predicting a bright future for Díaz in the heavyweight division, expecting him to become "a superstar among the Cubans". <mask> handed Díaz his first professional career loss, winning the bout by a wide unanimous decision, with scores 78–72, 77–73 and 79–71. Shortly after, <mask> agreed to face former world title challenger Vaughn Bean on September 11, 2004. It was <mask>'s second bout that took place outside of the United States.30-year old Bean, mostly known for his competitive bouts against Evander Holyfield and Michael Moorer and having only been stopped by Vitali Klitschko, had won 13 of his last 14 fights against mostly lackluster opposition coming into the bout, and was described by some observers as "fringe contender". The bout lasted full ten rounds, with <mask> being declared the winner by unanimous decision. The judges scored the bout 97–93 (twice) and 96–94. At the conclusion of 2004, <mask> was ranked No.7 heavyweight in the world by BoxRec. After winning another couple of fights, <mask> signed to face Dominick Guinn on March 18, 2006 in San Jose, California. Once described as a "hot prospect" and viewed as one of the top-rising American heavyweight contenders, Guinn was looking to return to the heavyweight title contention after losses to James Toney, Siarhei Liakhovich and Monte Barrett. Many observers viewed <mask> fight as an opportunity for Guinn to follow up on his win over Audley Harrison.The fight was the main event of the card aired live on ESPN2 as part of the Wednesday Night Fights series. It was the first 12-round bout in <mask>'s career. The first half of the fight was competitive, with Guinn aggressively coming forward, while <mask> fought behind the jab, landing cleaner punches. By the sixth round, Guinn started showing signs of fatigue. <mask> dominated the second half of the fight, patiently stalking tired Guinn and gradually accumulating the damage, hurting him on several occasions. Ultimately, <mask> was declared the winner by unanimous decision (UD), with scores 118–111, 119–109 and 117–111. <mask>'s wife Sydnee later claimed that she had heard Guinn talking to his trainer, Joe Goossen, in the dressing room after the fight, with Guinn saying: "[<mask>]’s nothing like the videos we watched.This guy is good". A high-profile win over Guinn appeared to have elevated <mask>'s stock. After staying inactive for almost eight months (the longest stretch of inactivity in <mask>'s career up to that date), he faced Uzbekistani heavyweight prospect Timur Ibragimov on February 16, 2007. Ibragimov was coming off of a decision loss to Calvin Brock, and viewed the <mask> bout as an opportunity to return to the heavyweight title picture. The bout took place at the Playboy Mansion in Beverly Hills, California. <mask>'s camp came to the bout unprepared – someone had stolen <mask>'s shoes, and he had to borrow a pair of basketball shoes from a Fox Sports Network producer. <mask> dominated Ibragimov, working behind the jab and gradually stepping up his aggression.The bout went the distance, with <mask> being declared the winner by unanimous decision, with scores 97–93 (twice) and 99–91. After the bout, <mask> called out Sultan Ibragimov: "[Sultan Ibragimov] keeps talking about looking for a worthy opponent, but doesn't do anything with it. He wants to fight for the interim title, but avoids fights with worthy opposition". After the win, <mask> entered WBA heavyweight rankings at No.12, and IBF rankings at No.13. The win over Timur Ibragimov lined him up against popular German boxer Luan Krasniqi in a WBO world heavyweight title eliminator on July 14, 2007. Krasniqi, who was 36 years old coming into the bout, was looking to return to the heavyweight title contention after a loss to Lamon Brewster, with German media expecting him to "fulfill his destiny" and become only the second world heavyweight champion from Germany after Max Schmeling. The fight took place at Color Line Arena in Hamburg, Germany and was aired on ZDF.This was the first <mask>'s bout that took place outside of North America. <mask> appeared to have the upper hand from the opening bell, frequently having Krasniqi pressed against the ropes and going back-and-forth between combinations to the head and body. In the third round, <mask> fractured Krasniqi's ribs. Inbetween the fourth and fifth rounds, the referee warned Krasniqi that he would stop the fight if Krasniqi continued absorbing punishment without firing back. <mask> continued his assault on Krasniqi in the fifth, prompting the referee to stop the fight. Krasniqi later described the fight as "the darkest moment of his career": "I'm still ashamed for what happened that night. I still can't explain it.I was stumbling around like I was drunk. My failure made [<mask>] a star." After winning the WBO world heavyweight title eliminator, <mask> was appointed the mandatory position in the organization's rankings, thus setting up a bout with then-WBO world heavyweight champion Sultan Ibragimov. The mandatory fight was delayed twice due to a scheduled unification showdown – first between Ibragimov and WBA world champion Ruslan Chagaev, which was ultimately cancelled, then after an agreement was reached between Ibragimov and then-IBF world champion Wladimir Klitschko. <mask> agreed for a stay-busy bout on September 27, 2007 against Cliff Couser, who was coming off of an upset second-round TKO win over Monte Barrett. <mask> defeated Couser by second-round technical knockout. At the conclusion of 2008, <mask> entered The Ring heavyweight rankings at No.9 and was ranked No.5 heavyweight by BoxRec.2008: <mask> vs. Wladimir Klitschko
<mask> finally received a shot at the world heavyweight championship when he signed to face the newly crowned WBO champion Wladimir Klitschko on July 12, 2008, in a fight where Klitschko's IBF world heavyweight title was also on the line. In the build-up to the fight, Klitschko praised <mask> for his defensive abilities, while Klitschko's trainer Emmanuel Steward described <mask> as "one of the most difficult fights we will have". In the pre-fight interview, <mask> promised that he wouldn't run away from Klitschko, and would fight him toe-to-toe. Many observes expected Klitschko to win by TKO in the second half of the fight, before the fighters would enter the championship rounds. The fight took place at the Color Line Arena in Hamburg, Germany, the same venue where <mask> had defeated Luan Krasniqi in a title eliminator almost a year prior. Coming into the fight, <mask> was a 7-to-1 underdog. <mask> weighed in at 247.5 pounds, 6.5 lbs heavier than Klitschko.The opening

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 rounds were tentative, with Klitschko seemingly struggling with <mask>'s awkward southpaw style. All three judges gave the first round to <mask>. In the second round, both fighters suffered a cut above the right eye after an accidental headbutt. Klitschko's eye began to swell after <mask> caught him with the right hook in the fifth round. After the sixth round, however, Klitschko appeared to have established his dominance in the ring, hurting <mask> with several straight right hands. After the seventh round, both fighter started showing signs of fatigue. In the tenth round, <mask> fell to the canvas during a clinch.It appeared as if <mask> fell down mostly due to being tired rather than being pushed by Klitschko. In the middle of the eleventh, <mask> was caught with the straight right hand which he did not see coming, falling to the canvas again, with the referee starting the count this time. <mask> beat the count but was unsteady on his feet, prompting the referee to stop the fight. At the time of the stoppage, <mask> was trailing on the scorecards, with scores 92–98 (twice) and 91–99. Despite the loss, <mask> was praised for making a solid account of himself, managing to land some punches on the dominant champion, who had seldom been hit clean by any of his opponents by that point. In the post-fight interview, Klitschko admitted that the fight turned out to be tougher than expected: "It is not so easy to defend all the titles and it has been a while since I last had a black eye so today I really look like a boxer. I did not expect the victory to come that hard."After the fight, <mask> expressed disappointment with the final outcome of the fight: "I was fatigued, I thought he was fatigued too. He did what a great champion did, he took advantage when I was vulnerable. The only thing that hurts on me is my heart – for losing." He reportedly earned $500,000 for the fight. 2009–2011: resurgence
<mask> stayed in Germany after receiving an offer to be a sparring partner for Vitali Klitschko in his preparation against Juan Carlos Gomez, and agreeing to face local journeyman Adnan Serin on the undercard of Klitschko vs. Gomez. <mask> defeated Serin by fifth-round TKO. <mask> then agreed to face Chazz Witherspoon on December 5, 2009, at the Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City.Coming into the bout, 28-year old Witherspoon had 26–1 record (18 KOs), with his only defeat being a third-round DQ loss to Chris Arreola. The fight was aired live on HBO on the undercard of the fight between Paul Williams and Sergio Martínez. <mask> dominated Witherspoon from the opening bell, ultimately winning by TKO after staggering Witherspoon with the right hand in round nine and following up with a barrage of unanswered punches, prompting the referee to waive it off. On April 16, 2010, <mask> faced former WBA world heavyweight title challenger Owen Beck, who was coming off of a 10th-round TKO loss to then-unbeaten Manuel Charr. The bout took place at The New Daisy Theatre in Memphis, Tennessee, after Beck's licence was revoked by several other commissions due to issues with his eyes, and was aired on ESPN2 as part of the Friday Night Fights series. <mask> knocked Beck down late in the first round after landing a right hand behind the ear, and proceeded to hurt Beck several times in the fight before Beck's corner threw in the towel in the fourth round, preventing battered and bruised Beck from continuing absorbing more punishment. Following this win, <mask> stayed inactive for almost seven months due to shoulder injury before returning to the ring on November 20, facing an American journeyman Paul Marinaccio on the undercard of the rematch between Paul Williams and Sergio Martinez.During his preparation, <mask> was one of the main sparring partners for then-WBA world heavyweight champion David Haye, who was training for his title defense against Audley Harrison. For the fight, Marinaccio had lost 17 pounds and weighed in at 228 lb, his lightest since 2005. <mask> made a quick work of Marinaccio, ultimately stopping him in the fourth round. Following that, <mask>, who was ranked No.7 by IBF, reached agreements to face No.6 ranked Maurice Harris in an IBF world heavyweight title eliminator for the No.2 spot. The fight was supposed to open an ESPN2 Friday Night Fights telecast headlined by Josesito Lopez vs Steve Upsher Chambers but was moved to the main event after Lopez pulled out due to injury. For the fight, <mask> weighed in at 255.5 lbs, the second heaviest in his career up to that date. <mask> defeated Harris by third-round TKO, moving to the No.2 IBF contendership spot.After the fight, Harris filed an official complaint against <mask>, claiming that he was hit with more than 20 illegal rabbit punches in the second and third rounds. Harris complained about his equilibrium was off after he was floored in the second round by a right hook that, according to Harris, landed behind the head. The replay, however, showed no signs of rabbit punching in the right hook that sent Harris down. <mask> was then scheduled to face Eddie Chambers on 28 October 2011 in a bout televised by Showtime, for what would have been a final eliminator for IBF world heavyweight title. However, the fight was cancelled after Chambers had to pull out due to spinal injury. After the withdrawal of Chambers, the No.1 contendership spot became vacant, and <mask>, who was ranked No.2, was nominated the mandatory IBF challenger. At the conclusion of 2011, BoxRec ranked <mask> as the 8th best heavyweight in the world.2012: <mask> vs. Wladimir Klitschko II
On 4 March 2012, then-unified world heavyweight champion Wladimir Klitschko stated that he would fight <mask> in a rematch from their first fight in 2008. At the time, he stated that the newly opened Barclays Arena in New York were interested in showcasing a Klitschko brother. A purse bid was set by the IBF, where Klitschko, upon request, would receive 85% of the purse split, meaning <mask> would only receive 15% compared to the usual 25%. The fight was confirmed to take place at the Stade de Suisse in Berne, Switzerland on 7 July. "So far I've always been better in rematches. However, I must not take this lightly as <mask> knows me better than any other fighter", Klitschko said in the build-up to the fight, "<mask> is a strong and difficult boxer-southpaw. [...] He has good technique, and he was one [of] the most difficult fighters I've ever faced.""I've been waiting for this rematch for so long", <mask> said during one of pre-fight press-conferences, "In Berne, I'm gonna finish what I've started 4 years ago - knock Klitschko out and take the belts back to the United States". <mask> weighed in at 244.75, dropping 10.75 lbs from his bout with Harris, while Klitschko weighed in at 249, the heaviest in his entire career. In the first round, both fighters were cautious, patiently studying each other. Klitschko became more dominant in the second, working mostly with his jab. <mask> unsuccessfully went for the attack and in the process fell to the canvas. The referee did not rule it a knockdown. In the third round, <mask> hurt Klitschko for the first time in the fight with a counter left hand but was still being outboxed by Klitschko.In the fifth round, <mask> was trapped in the corner and caught with a straight right hand, falling to the canvas to the count. <mask> beat the count but looked hurt, however he was able to survive that round. Klitschko continued his assault in the sixth, sending <mask> down again with a flurry of shots. <mask> got up but had to hold on to the ropes in order to stand, which prompted the referee to stop the fight, declaring Klitschko the winner by sixth-round TKO. "From the beginning, I had no doubt that I would successfully defend the titles. But it was hard to time an accurate shot. <mask> was elusive, he didn't lose an eye contact at any moment in the fight and was able to see most of my punches", Klitschko said in a post-fight interview.CompuBox stats showed Klitschko landed 51 of 121 total punches thrown (42%) and <mask> landed only 25 of 183 thrown (14%). 2013: <mask> vs. Price, Pulev
In December 2012, it was announced that <mask> would fight then-highly regarded British heavyweight, ESPN's Prospect of the Year David Price (15–0, 13 KOs) at the Echo Arena in Liverpool on 23 February 2013. This was regarded as a big step up for Price and a win would see him likely earn a future world title fight. Price's promoter Frank Maloney said, "This is the right fight at the right time for David and one where a win will propel him even higher. <mask> still has ambition and I am certain that he will come to win and score a major upset." <mask> was a heavy underdog among bookmakers and many were intrigued to see how David Price would fare against a common Wladimir Klitschko opponent. The bout was televised in the UK on Boxnation.Thomspon gave David Price his first professional career loss, scoring a second-round technical knockout in front of 6,000 fans in attendance. <mask> had been cautious and tentative throughout and it looked as though he was soon to be taken over and stopped, however to the crowd's shock <mask> threw a counter right hand that hit Price awkwardly behind the ear, sending him to the canvas. Price beat the count but the location of the punch behind the ear damaged his equilibrium and the bout was waved off. <mask> had scored what was regarded the heavyweight upset of the year at that point. After the post-fight press conference, Price's 60 year old promoter Frank Maloney collapsed. He was attended to by paramedics, given oxygen and then taken to hospital for further check-up. Maloney previously suffered a heart attack in 2009 after his fighter Darren Sutherland died.Frank Maloney claimed there was a rematch clause in place, but they wouldn't ask for it straight away and let <mask> enjoy his win. Upon hearing about the rematch clause, <mask> replied, "They can clause all the hell they want. I'm not coming back. They vastly underpaid me for this fight and I just took it for the opportunity. I've now created that opportunity and if they want to fight me again, then first of all they've got to come to my side of the Atlantic and then they've got to pay me what I'm worth." However, on 27 March, a rematch was confirmed to take place again at the Echo Arena on 6 July. According to Maloney, although there was a rematch clause in place, the fight was still hard to make as rival promotions were also interested in <mask>.David Price revealed that former undisputed world heavyweight champion Lennox Lewis advised him to take the rematch. <mask> weighed 259 pounds, 3 pounds lighter than the first fight and Price came in at 250 pounds. The fight was aired live in the United States on Wealth TV. <mask> suffered a heavy knockdown in round 2 after a powerful right hook, having attested afterwards that it was the hardest he'd ever been hit in his life. Both men traded shots in an exciting encounter, but <mask> grew with confidence and began to take over the latter part of the fight, sapping Price's energy with precise body shots. The body work seemingly paid off as Price appeared to have collapsed physically in the fifth round, at one point turning his back to <mask> after <mask> staggered him with a barrage of shots and retreating to the corner where the referee started a count. Price motioned as though he had given up and the referee stopped the fight, awarding <mask> a 5th-round TKO victory.Shortly after the fight it was announced that <mask> had failed a drug test and was subsequently banned by the British Boxing Board of Control for 18 months. <mask>'s team was furious over the failed drug test and in a statement they claimed <mask> was prescribed high blood pressure medication and it was disclosed prior to the fight with Price. In August, <mask> faced undefeated contender Kubrat Pulev in another IBF title eliminator, in an attempt to secure a third fight with Wladimir Klitschko. After a competitive first seven rounds, <mask> faded down the stretch and allowed Pulev to take advantage by out-boxing him, and landing the more cleaner and effective shots. Following this setback, at age 41, <mask>'s career at the top level was once again in doubt. After the bout, <mask> once again tested positive for the same substance found in his system during the Price rematch, receiving a 12-month ban from the Austrian Boxing Federation. 2014–2015: <mask> vs. Solis, Takam
In March 2014, <mask> resurrected his career again after defeating 2004 Olympic gold medalist and former heavyweight title challenger Odlanier Solís by split decision.He then went on to lose a fight via decision to Carlos Takam later that year. <mask> fought a rematch against Solís in February 2015, forcing him to retire in his corner in the eighth round. Professional boxing record

References

External links

Heavyweight boxers
1971 births
Doping cases in boxing
American sportspeople in doping cases
Living people
Boxers from Washington, D.C.
American male boxers
African-American boxers
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American

masks: Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson


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<mask>  (born Étienne de La Rigaudelle du Buisson; 21 October 1786 – 14 August 1864) was a French Catholic priest and Jesuit missionary to the United States. Born to a wealthy family in Saint-Domingue, <mask> fled the Haitian Revolution for France, where he entered the civil service and rose to senior positions in Napoleon's imperial court. In 1815, he decided to enter the Society of Jesus and sailed for the United States. He engaged in pastoral work in Maryland and Washington, D.C., before becoming the president of Georgetown College in 1825. An austere personality, his leadership of the school was not successful. He suffered a nervous breakdown and was sent to recover in Rome in 1826, where he met Jan Roothaan, the Jesuit Superior General. Upon returning to the United States, he acted as a close confidant of Roothaan.<mask> spent the next two decades engaged in pastoral work in Maryland, Virginia, and Philadelphia. He also traveled Europe, fundraising for the American Jesuits among the royalty and nobility. In 1841, he permanently returned to France and spent his later years as chaplain to the family and manor of Duke Mathieu de Montmorency in Borgo San Dalmazzo, and then as a parish priest in Toulouse. Early life
Étienne de La Rigaudelle du Buisson was born on 21 October 1786, in the town of Saint-Marc in the French Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue, where the La Rigaudelle du Buisson family owned two plantations that produced cotton and indigo dye. His mother was Marie-Elizabeth-Louise Poirer, who was born in Fort-Dauphin. His father, Anne-Joseph-Sylvestre de La Rigaudelle du Buisson, was born in Saint-Marc in 1748, at the family's home in the center of Saint-Marc. His family was wealthy and enjoyed the high social status of the grand-blancs; it also had connections to the French minor nobility.Du Duisson was the second son of his parents and was reared by one of the family's house slaves, who acted as his wet nurse. Étienne was named after his godfather, François-Étienne Théard, the French lieutenant governor of Saint-Marc. His mother died in December 1791, and his father married Adélaïde-Marie Favereau of Saint-Nicolas in May of that year. Their marriage produced several daughters. Escape to France
In light of the impending Haitian Revolution, du Buisson's father sent him (at the age of five) and his brothers, Noël-Marie and Joseph, to Nantes, France, sometime between March and May 1791. It would be many years before du Buisson would see his father again, who remained in Saint Domingue; he would never see his mother again. Though they were escaping impending violence in Saint-Domingue, the brothers soon encountered a very different kind in France.Arriving in the midst of the French Revolution, the boys survived the Reign of Terror, and the massacres of the War in the Vendée, including the occupation of Nantes by the Catholic and Royal Armies in 1792. Du Buisson never received a formal education in his youth, a fact that he lamented later in life. Nonetheless, he likely studied in secret under the tutelage of a non-juror priest who had not sworn allegiance to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. In addition, du Buisson studied literature and poetry on his own, and came to be fluent in English by the age of 15. He would eventually come to speak seven languages: English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Latin, and Ancient Greek, and have a working knowledge of Hebrew. French civil service

Du Buisson received some education at a military school in Paris, and in 1804 or 1805, du Buisson sat for and passed the agrégation (the French civil service exam) at the Congrégation de la Sainte-Vierge in Nantes. One of his assignments was in the receiver general's office of the French Army, where he was stationed in Germany during the Napoleonic Wars and worked in the Army of the Rhine from May 1809 to March 1810.He was then assigned to occupied Vienna from 1811 to 1814, first as assistant cashier of the special crown land and then as assistant cashier of the crown treasury. Du Buisson then returned to France, where he resided in an apartment in the royal Tuileries Palace in Paris, serving as the cashier-comptroller of the crown from December 1814 to June 1815. During this time, he befriended Baron François Roullet de La Bouillerie, a member of the Conseil d'État and the intendant of the treasury of the civil list. Du Buisson retained his employment in the civil service through the abdication of Napoleon and the restoration of Louis XVIII as King of France, which allowed him to support his family members. During this time, he would pay visits to the sick in Parisian hospitals alongside young nobles, including Viscount Mathieu de Montmorency and Count Alexis de Noailles. He also undertook independent study and learned to play the violin. Missionary to the United States
When du Buisson first expressed his desire to enter religious life at the age of 29, his family was staunchly opposed.Nonetheless, he decided to enter the Society of Jesus, whose suppression by the pope had been recently lifted. Unbeknownst to his family, Dubisson set sail for the United States with the Sulpician priest Simon Bruté, whose order was active in North America. He arrived in New York City on 21 November 1815 and then traveled south to Georgetown College in Washington, D.C., arriving on 1 December. From there, he proceeded to the Jesuit novitiate at White Marsh Manor in Prince George's County, Maryland, entering the Jesuit order 15 December 1815. At this time, he also began anglicizing his name as <mask> <mask>. Georgetown College

Before long, <mask> returned to Georgetown for his religious studies. <mask> found himself in the midst of tensions between the Anglo-American Jesuits, who adopted republicanism and American culture, and their Continental European counterparts who were more traditional and austere.For this reason, he was disliked by his Anglo-American peers, despite being considered refined; likewise, <mask> regarded them as irreverent. In 1816, he was appointed prefect by the president of the college, Giovanni Grassi; his appointment was renewed again for the 1817–1818 academic year under Grassi's successor, Anthony Kohlmann. In this role, Kohlmann charged him with enforcing stricter discipline among the students. The students were so incensed by this that in 1818 they plotted to ambush Dubuisson and kill him with penknives and stones. Kohlmann discovered the plot moments before it was to be carried out, causing a revolt during supper. Between six and eight students were expelled as a result. While prefect, Dubisson continued his study of Latin, English, logic, and metaphysics.He professed his first vows on 26 December 1817, and was made the director of the Jesuit scholastics. That year, he began his four-year course of theology at the Washington Seminary (later known as Gonzaga College High School), and on 7 August 1821, was ordained a priest at Georgetown College by the Archbishop of Baltimore, Ambrose Maréchal. Following his ordination, <mask> began his pastoral work, first at St. Patrick's Church, where he was made an assistant to William Matthews. During this time, he was involved in what some considered to be the miraculous cure of Ann Mattingly, an ill Washingtonian. He presented a sworn public statement of his account of the events and purported miracle, and published a pamphlet, whose French language version was circulated around Europe. <mask> also developed a reputation as an eloquent preacher among Washington's high society. Presidency
On 9 September 1825, <mask> was appointed to succeed Benedict Joseph Fenwick as the president of Georgetown College, despite the fact that he not only considered himself unsuited for administration but desired to leave Georgetown altogether.Concurrent with his presidency, <mask> served as the pastor of Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown. His reputation as a severe disciplinarian resulted in declining student enrollment, and he soon requested that the Jesuit Superior General, Luigi Fortis, relieve him of the office. During his short tenure, he experienced what one historian described as a nervous breakdown. While in the infirmary, <mask> reported hearing a voice that told him to draw strength from the Sacred Heart. After just seven months, in April 1826, Fortis allowed <mask> to resign as president, and named William Feiner as his successor. European interlude
Recognizing that <mask> was experiencing a crisis of faith, the Jesuit mission superior, Francis Dzierozynski, sent him to Rome at his own expense and without the permission of the Superior General in the hope that he could resolve his doubts there. As a pretext for his departure, Dzierozynski charged him with visiting various French cities to raise money to finance the return voyage of a group of Maryland Jesuits who had gone to Europe, and he resided in Marseille for a time.This fundraising effort was not successful. <mask> settled in Rome on 1 November 1826, to begin his tertianship. For the next year, he would also serve as an advisor to the Superior General on American affairs, before being sent to the University of Turin. Dubuisson became proficient in Italian and enjoyed the religious life in Turin. When Jan Roothaan succeeded Fortis as Superior General, he called <mask> to Rome, where Dubuisson professed his final vows in 1829, becoming a full member of the Jesuit order. Return to the United States

In August 1829, Roothaan sent <mask> back to the United States with the responsibility of keeping him informed about the affairs of the Jesuits' Maryland mission. During his travels through Europe on the way to America, he was successful in raising funds for the Maryland Jesuits among wealthy French and Italian nobles.On 23 October, <mask> departed Le Havre, France for New York City, from where he traveled to Frederick, Maryland. Soon thereafter, the Archbishop of Baltimore, James Whitfield, assigned him to Newtown Manor, from where he would oversee all the Jesuit parishes in St. Mary's County. <mask>'s assignment to rural Maryland did not last long, as by the following year, he again returned to Georgetown as the prefect of studies. He also taught French there, and became the de facto confessor of the nuns of the Georgetown Visitation Monastery and of the students at their school, the Georgetown Visitation Academy. With the arrival of Peter Kenney as visitor to the Maryland mission in 1830, Roothaan appointed <mask> as one of Kenney's four consultors. As the Jesuits debated whether to sell their farms in Maryland, which would significantly change the character of the order in the United States, <mask> argued against such a decision, believing landownership afforded them security in the event of economic disaster. <mask>'s position was also motivated by the fact that the farms were worked by slaves owned by the Jesuits.He believed that while the institution of slavery was not itself immoral, the Jesuits had an obligation not to sell their slaves to immoral slaveowners who would abuse them or deprive them of food, clothing, some degree of education, and the right to marry. He viewed abolitionism as dangerously idealistic and capable of producing a Reign of Terror similar to the one he lived through in France, while also ultimately harming the freed slaves. However, he would later oppose on moral grounds the Maryland Jesuits' sale of their slaves in 1838. <mask> also praised the racially integrated Masses he observed in parts of Maryland, where blacks and whites received the Eucharist and sang in the choir on equal status. Maryland and Pennsylvania pastoral work
Despite his experience in academia, <mask>'s primary talents were in pastoral work. Therefore, soon after arriving, Kenney sent <mask> back to Frederick, where he assisted John McElroy in running St. John's Literary Institution and in his pastoral work. This transfer was due in part to the fact that Kenney believed it improper for a Jesuit, especially a young one, to be the confessor of nuns and female students, as it created opportunity for sexual impropriety.His pastoral work took ranged from St. Patrick's Church in Washington to St. Francis Xavier Church on the rural Newtown Manor. As such, he ministered to a wide diversity of parishioners, including prominent, established Maryland families, white immigrants who fled Haiti, black slaves, and Protestant converts. Over time, Dubuisson became a close confidant of Kenney, and the visitor eventually sent Dubuisson to Philadelphia in 1831, where he was to organize the return of the Jesuits to Old St. Joseph's Church. In August of that year, <mask> was transferred back to Georgetown, once again becoming the pastor of Holy Trinity Church, where he replaced John Van Lommel. There, he revived the parochial school's Sodality of Our Lady. The parochial school had long suffered from sporadic funding, which forced it to intermittently close. Dubuisson secured a grant from Congress and raised additional funds, which put the school on stable financial footing.In 1831, <mask> also was made  to the superior of the Jesuits' Maryland mission, and continued as  to Peter Kenney, when he took over leadership of the mission as visitor. In February 1833, <mask> returned to Philadelphia as a priest at Old St. Joseph's Church, newly returned to Jesuit control; he became the pastor of the church in April of that year. He was succeeded at Holy Trinity Church by James F. M. Lucas. While assigned to St. Joseph's, <mask> also made a trip to Silver Lake, as the Catholics of northeastern Pennsylvania had few priests. During this time, with the support of Archbishop Whitfield of Baltimore, <mask> was nominated for several bishoprics. His name was first proposed to become the Bishop of Cincinnati, and then as the Archbishop of New Orleans; John England, the Bishop of Charleston then sought to convince him to become the Archbishop of Saint-Domingue or a missionary to Liberia. However, <mask> desired to remain a pastor, and appealed directly to Pope Gregory XVI.Fundraising abroad
<mask> returned to Maryland in 1835, for the Jesuits' provincial congregation, where he was elected as the Maryland province's delegate to a meeting of procurators from every Jesuit province in the world, the first such delegate from North America to attend a procurators' meeting. In anticipation of the congregation, he prepared a report on the state of affairs of the Maryland province, which he would present to the Superior General upon his arrival in Rome. After a long journey through Europe, he arrived in Rome on 23 November 1835. After the congregation, <mask> traveled extensively throughout Europe, paying frequent visits to the royal courts of Vienna, Munich, Milan, Turin, Lyon, and Paris, and became well acquainted with many of the royalty and nobility. To this end, he was the first of the American Jesuits sent to Europe to succeed in raising a substantial amount of money, and improved the European perception of the American Jesuits. Virginia ministry

In 1837, <mask> returned to the United States. The provincial superior, William McSherry, assigned him as the acting pastor of St. Mary's Church in Alexandria, Virginia, where he was to repair the divisions among parishioners that persisted from an attempted schism 20 years earlier.On 8 July 1837, McSherry made his appointment permanent, replacing John Smith, who McSherry considered to have poorly managed the parish. In addition to his pastoral duties, <mask> taught French at St. Mary's parochial school, three-quarters of whose students were Protestant, and held catechism classes for both the church's white and black parishioners. He was successful in reducing the church's debt that had accrued under Smith. He also returned to his position as confessor to the Georgetown Visitation Monastery. During his pastorate, he made trips to the small churches of rural St. Mary's County, Maryland. From 1837 to 1839, <mask> was also the principal of St. John's Academy in Alexandria, the only Catholic military school in the United States at the time. In 1838, <mask> contracted a severe case of laryngitis, which physicians in Washington and Philadelphia were unable to treat.Therefore, <mask> once again sailed for France, ending his tenure at St. Mary's on 1 January 1841. The French physicians recommended that a change of climate might improve his symptoms, and <mask> left for Rome later that year. His condition, however, would develop into laryngeal dystonia and remained with him for the rest of his life. Later years
In Rome, <mask> once again represented the Maryland province at the Jesuit procurators' meeting of 1841. After the meeting, he took up residence in Marseille, France. During this time, he sought the help of the Norman physician and Trappist monk . On 17 November 1842, <mask> arrived at the manor of his longtime friend, Duke Mathieu de Montmorency, in Borgo San Dalmazzo, where he became the chaplain to the ducal family and manor.During the 1848 revolutions that swept Europe, the Jesuits were expelled from Northern Italy. Despite persecution of the Jesuits, <mask> was able to remain due to the intervention of the American chargé d'affaires in Turin; therefore, he was likely the last remaining Jesuit in Northern Italy. With the death of Duke Mathieu in 1851, Dubuisson became the de facto interim mayor of the Montmorency manor. In November 1852, Roothaan granted <mask>'s request to rejoin a Jesuit community, and transferred him to the Jesuit province of Toulouse, where he became a parish priest. In October 1861, <mask> moved to the Jesuit retirement home in Pau, Basses-Pyrénées, where he died on 14 August 1864. Notes

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1786 births
1864 deaths
People of Saint-Domingue
19th-century French civil servants
19th-century French Jesuits
19th-century American Jesuits
18th-century Haitian people
Presidents of Georgetown University
Pastors of Holy Trinity Catholic Church (Washington, D.C.)
Catholic chaplains
French chaplains

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<mask> (born 19 December 1980) is a French retired ice dancer. With partner Nathalie Péchalat, he is a two-time World bronze medalist (2012, 2014), a two-time European champion (2011–2012), and a five-time French national champion (2009, 2011-2014). They have won five medals at the Grand Prix Final (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013) and thirteen other Grand Prix medals, including three golds at Cup of China and two at Trophée Eric Bompard. Personal life
<mask> was born 19 December 1980 in Nantes, France. He has two older brothers. As a child, he traveled extensively with his family due to his father's work, returning to France when he was seven. Bourzat studied osteopathy at the Higher Institute of Osteopathy of Lyon.Early years in skating
Bourzat began skating at the age of six or seven, from the start in ice dancing. Dominique Kernersson coached him in his early years. His early partners included Caroline Truong, Emeline Leroux and Albane Saillou. Partnership with Péchalat

In 2000, Bourzat was partnered with Nathalie Péchalat by then-coach Muriel Zazoui. The two did not get along well at first but became friends over time. In a 2011 interview, Péchalat said they had different personalities but that he was the ideal skating partner for her: "He is very gifted. He works through feeling and inspiration.As soon as he feels a move, he can reproduce it and interpret it. He does not need to intellectualize." According to Bourzat, "Nathalie is always pulling the couple ahead and pushing us to work. She brings her extraordinary capacity to work. She always wants to do everything perfectly." Péchalat/Bourzat were coached by Muriel Boucher-Zazoui and Romain Haguenauer from 2000 to mid-2008 in Lyon, France. From 2000 to 2003, they also worked with Pasquale Camerlengo.They skated as juniors for two years, winning two Junior Grand Prix medals. 2003–2006
Péchalat/Bourzat moved up to seniors at the beginning of the 2002–3 season. They won bronze medals at the 2003 and 2005 Winter Universiade. They made their Worlds debut in 2004, finishing 20th, and their Europeans debut in 2005, placing 12th. The duo competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics, where they came in 18th. 2006–2008
In the 2006–07 season, Péchalat/Bourzat won their first senior Grand Prix medal, a bronze at the 2006 Skate America. Péchalat lost around eight weeks of training in the winter due to a broken hand.The two missed the 2007 European Championships but were able to compete at the 2007 World Championships, where they finished in 12th place. In the 2007–08 season, Pechalat/Bourzat won silver at both Skate America and the Cup of Russia, and qualified for their first Grand Prix Final, where they finished 6th. They were forced to miss the 2008 French National Championships after Bourzat underwent knee surgery for a torn meniscus, but returned to the ice in time for the 2008 Europeans, finishing 5th. They were 7th at the 2008 Worlds. In July 2008, Péchalat/Bourzat moved to Moscow to train under Alexander Zhulin, with whom they had spent a few weeks in 2007, and his assistant Oleg Volkov. They said the move was difficult at first due to not knowing the Russian language and Moscow being a very expensive city to live in, however, from a skating perspective they felt it was a good move. 2008–2009 season
Péchalat/Bourzat's 2008–2009 Grand Prix events were Skate Canada and the NHK Trophy.They made some changes to their programs following their 3rd-place finish at Skate Canada, and finished a close second at the NHK Trophy, winning both the original dance and the free dance. They did not qualify for the 2008–2009 Grand Prix Final. In December 2008, Pechalat/Bourzat won their first national title. At the 2009 Europeans, they were second in the free dance and fourth overall, missing out on a medal by less than half a point. They finished 5th at 2009 Worlds. 2009–2010 season
For the 2009–10 season, Péchalat/Bourzat were assigned to the Trophee Eric Bompard and Skate Canada as their Grand Prix events. They finished in second place, behind Canadians Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir, in both events.These results qualified them for their second Grand Prix Final. Prior to the final, Bourzat suffered an ankle injury, but they were able to skate well enough to earn their first GPF medal, a bronze. Following a second consecutive 4th-place finish at Europeans and a 7th place at the Vancouver Olympics, Pechalat/Bourzat elected to return to their Circus free dance from the 2008–9 season. They then finished 4th at 2010 Worlds with new personal best scores in the compulsory dance, the free dance, and overall. They won the small bronze medal for the free dance. 2010–2011 season

Péchalat/Bourzat began the 2010–11 season with wins at the Nebelhorn Trophy and the Finlandia Trophy; the former was their first international gold medal at any level. They initially used Amélie for their short dance but replaced it with Doctor Zhivago prior to the 2010 Cup of China.Their programs scored well and they won their first Grand Prix by a large margin. They won their second Grand Prix title at 2010 Trophée Eric Bompard. They also set new personal best scores of 65.48 in the short dance and 96.34 in the free dance. Their results qualified them for the Grand Prix Final, where they won the silver medal. Their went on to French nationals, and won their second national title. At the 2011 European Championships they placed first in both the short dance and the free dance to win the gold medal, setting new personal bests in both segments of the competition. It was their first medal at an ISU Championship.They produced France's fifth ice dancing European title. In mid-February 2011, Péchalat/Bourzat performed in galas in North Korea along with other international skaters. Bourzat said, "Traveling there was not a political act at all. We came as open-minded people, who wanted to discover and exchange." At the 2011 Worlds, Péchalat/Bourzat set a new personal best in the short dance and were in bronze medal position going into the free dance. They dropped to fourth overall after Bourzat tripped and both fell during a step sequence. Following the event, reports surfaced that Péchalat / Bourzat would move to Michigan to train with Anjelika Krylova and Pasquale Camerlengo.2011–2012 season

In May 2011, Péchalat/Bourzat confirmed their move to the Detroit Skating Club in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan for the 2011–2012 season. They said that Camerlengo was the only coach they considered, based on their past experience of working with him during their time as juniors at Lyon, as well as wanting to continue the technique they learned under Zhulin: "[Krylova] is exactly in Zhulin's footsteps as she perpetuates the basics and technique he taught us." The French dancers remained on good terms with Zhulin and Volkov. In Michigan, they trained three hours a day on the ice and then did off-ice training. They lived close to the rink. They also spent time during the summer in Lyon to work with choreographer Kader Belmoktar on their Egypt-themed free dance. Péchalat/Bourzat took up the new option of competing at three Grand Prix events and were assigned to 2011 Skate America, 2011 Skate Canada, and 2011 Trophee Eric Bompard.Although Bourzat was ill with bronchitis, they were able to win the silver medal at Skate America. They withdrew from Skate Canada due to Bourzat's bronchitis. After winning the silver medal at the Trophee Eric Bompard, they qualified for their fourth Grand Prix Final. They set a new personal best in the free dance to win the bronze medal at the Final. Their next competition was the French Championships, where they won their third national title. At the 2012 European Championships, Péchalat/Bourzat were second after the short dance, but rallied in the free dance to win their second consecutive European title. Péchalat sustained a broken nose in training on 13 March.She said: "We just made a mistake during our twizzles, and I got knocked out." She began wearing a mask but decided to delay an operation until after the 2012 World Championships. On March 25, Péchalat/Bourzat confirmed they would compete at the event and said surgery would not be necessary. At the World Championships, they recorded a season's best score in the short dance and a personal best score in the free dance on their way to winning the bronze, their first World medal. 2012–2013 season

Péchalat/Bourzat won gold at both of their events, the 2012 Cup of China and 2012 Trophee Eric Bompard, and qualified for their fourth Grand Prix Final, where they won bronze. On 9 January 2013, Bourzat sustained a partial tear of the adductor muscle of his right leg, resulting in the team's withdrawal from the 2013 European Championships. The duo decided to compete at the 2013 World Championships, motivated in part by the desire to obtain two spots for French ice dancers at the 2014 Olympics.They finished 6th at the event. On 20 May 2013, at the French skating federation's suggestion, Péchalat/Bourzat announced a coaching change to Igor Shpilband in Novi, Michigan. 2013–2014 season
Péchalat/Bourzat won gold at the 2013 Cup of China ahead of Bobrova/Soloviev. They were bronze medalists at the 2013 Trophée Eric Bompard behind Virtue/Moir and Ilinykh/Katsalapov. At the Grand Prix Final in Fukuoka, Japan, the French won the bronze medal, their fifth medal at the event, and then ended 2013 with their fifth national title. They withdrew from the 2014 European Championships to focus on the Olympics. Péchalat/Bourzat placed fourth at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia.Although they initially planned to retire right after the Olympics, they ultimately decided to end their competitive career at the 2014 World Championships in Saitama, Japan. Ranked third in the short dance and second in the free dance, Péchalat/Bourzat ended the competition in third overall, 0.06 of a point behind Italy's Anna Cappellini / Luca Lanotte and 0.04 behind Canada's Kaitlyn Weaver / Andrew Poje. They came away with their second World bronze medal. They then retired from competition but said they would continue performing together in shows for one or two years. Bourzat also intended to pursue coaching in collaboration with Shpilband. Programs

(with Pechalat)

Competitive highlights
(with Pechalat)

References

External links

French male ice dancers
1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Nantes
French expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Olympic figure skaters of France
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
Season's world number one figure skaters
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Universiade bronze medalists for France
Medalists at the 2003 Winter Universiade
Competitors at the 2005 Winter Universiade

masks:
Fabian Bourzat
Fabian Bourzat