texts:
<mask> (born December 12, 1985), nicknamed "JT", is an American Muay Thai kickboxer. She is a two-time Pan-American Muay Thai Champion and trains out of Boxing Works. Currently, she competes for ONE Championship and is the reigning ONE Kickboxing Atomweight World Champion. As of January 2022, she is ranked as the ninth best pound for pound female kickboxer in the world by Combat Press. Background
<mask> was born in Hermosa Beach, California. Although born in the United States, her first spoken language was Japanese, taught by her mother. In her youth, <mask> trained and competed in gymnastics, but later gave up the pursuit due to wanting a balance with her personal life.<mask> attended California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo and completed a five-year master's program in aerospace engineering. After beginning kickboxing classes, <mask>'s then boyfriend, now husband, introduced her to a Muay Thai gym. Muay Thai career
<mask> first competed as an amateur in 2009. She won the bout by TKO but did not return to competition until 2013. In 2017, <mask> captured the bronze medal at the IFMA World Championships and World Games, subsequently winning an IFMA Pan-American Championship. She later won gold at the 2017 IFMA Pan American Championships at 51 kg. ONE Championship
On February 22, 2019, <mask> joined ONE Championship to compete for the ONE Atomweight Muay Thai world title against Stamp Fairtex.She lost by unanimous decision. She returned to ONE Championship on May 10, 2019, under kickboxing rules, defeating Wang Chin Long by TKO in the second round. On July 12, 2019, in another kickboxing match, <mask> defeated Chuang Kai Ting by majority decision at ONE Championship: Masters of Destiny. On October 13, 2019, fighting under Muay Thai rules, she defeated Ekaterina Vandaryeva by second-round knockout at ONE Championship: Century. She faced Stamp Fairtex a second time, fighting for the ONE Kickboxing Atomweight World Championship, at ONE Championship: King of the Jungle on February 28, 2020, winning by split decision. <mask> was scheduled to face former ONE Atomweight Muay Thai title challenger Alma Juniku in a non-title Muay Thai match at ONE Championship: Fists Of Fury 3 on March 19, 2021. She defeated Juniku by unanimous decision, scoring a knockdown in the second round.<mask> faced Anne Line Hogstad at ONE on TNT 2 on April 14, 2021. She won via a body kick that dropped Hogstad in the third round. style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2019-10-13|| Win ||align=left| Ekaterina Vandaryeva || ONE Championship: Century || Tokyo, Japan || KO (Head kick) || 2 ||2:20
|-
|-  style="background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2019-07-12|| Win ||align=left| Kai Ting Chuang || ONE Championship: Masters of Destiny || Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia || Decision (Majority) || 3 ||3:00
|-
|-  style="background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2019-05-10|| Win ||align=left| Wang Chin Long || ONE Championship: Warriors of Light || Bangkok, Thailand || TKO (3 Knockdown Rule) || 2 || 2:59
|-
|-  style="background:#FFBBBB;"
| 2019-02-22|| Loss ||align=left| Stamp Fairtex || ONE Championship: Call to Greatness || Kallang, Singapore || Decision (Unanimous)|| 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#FFBBBB;"
| 2018-02-25|| Loss ||align=left| Yumiko Kawano || Triumphant 3 || Oakland, California || Decision (Split) || 3 || 3:00
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:

|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2018-05-15|| Loss ||align=left| Josefine Lindgren Knutsson || 2018 IFMA World Championships, Quarter Finals || Cancun, Mexico || Decision (30:27)|| 3 || 2:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-11-05|| Win||align=left| Anne Lieberman || US Muay Thai Open East, Tournament Final || New York, United States || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-11-04|| Win||align=left| Mary Brulatour  || US Muay Thai Open East, Tournament Semifinal || New York, United States || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-11-04|| Win||align=left| Yasmeen Salhani  || US Muay Thai Open East, Tournament Quarterfinal || New York, United States || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-10-07|| Win||align=left| Valeria Ramirez Sanchez  || IFMA Pan American Championships, Tournament Final || Buenos Aires, Argentina|| Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-10-07|| Win||align=left| Paula Luna || IFMA Pan American Championships, Tournament Semifinal || Buenos Aires, Argentina|| Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-

|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-07-30|| Win||align=left| Gabriela Kuzawińska	  || 2017 World Games, Bronze Medal Fight || Wroclaw, Poland || TKO|| 3 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2017-07-29|| Loss||align=left| Apasara Koson || 2017 World Games, Semi Finals || Wroclaw, Poland || Decision (30:27)|| 3 || 2:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-07-28|| Win||align=left| Meriem El Moubarik  || 2017 World Games, Quarter Finals || Wroclaw, Poland || Decision (29:28)|| 3 || 2:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-05-27|| Win||align=left| Kennedy Maze || WBC Muay Thai Tournament, Tournament Final || Tacoma, Washington, United States || TKO || 2 ||
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-05-27|| Win||align=left| Chelsea Elexis Van || WBC Muay Thai Tournament, Tournament Semifinal || Tacoma, Washington, United States || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2017-05-07|| Loss ||align=left| Meriem El Moubarik  || 2017 IFMA World Championships, Semi Finals || Minsk, Belarus || Decision (30:27)|| 3 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-05-06|| Win ||align=left| Ekaterina Gurina || 2017 IFMA World Championships, Quarter Finals|| Minsk, Belarus || Decision (30:27)|| 3 || 2:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2017-03-11|| Loss ||align=left| Yumiko Kawano || SHEfights: Be Bold for Change || Ontario, Canada || Decision (Unanimous)|| 3 || 2:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-12-03|| Win ||align=left| Marlene de la Cuadra || 2016 IFMA Pan-Am Championships, Bronze medal match  || Lima, Peru || Decision || 3 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2016-12-01|| Loss ||align=left| Tristana Tola|| 2016 IFMA Pan-Am Championships, Tournament Semifinal|| Lima, Peru || Decision || 3 || 2:00
|-
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-10-21|| Win ||align=left| Susan Wallace || Lion Fight 32: Sasiprapa vs Nattawut || Las Vegas, Nevada, United States || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 2:00
|-
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-09-02 || Win ||align=left| Valeria Ramirez Sanchez  || Siam Fight Productions || Phoenix, Arizona, United States || TKO || 3 ||
|-
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-06-19 || Win||align=left| Deepy Sidhu || TBA-SA Muay Thai Classic || Des Moines, Iowa, United States || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-05-21 || Win||align=left| Thai-Ngan Le || IFS || Anaheim, California, United States || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-04-24|| Win||align=left| Angela Bahr  || US Muay Thai Open, Tournament Final || Phoenix, Arizona, United States || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-04-23|| Win||align=left| Yuko Shimoda || US Muay Thai Open, Tournament Semifinal || Phoenix, Arizona, United States || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2015-12-12|| Win||align=left| Victoria Engberson || MTAA || Los Angeles, California, United States || TKO|| 4 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2015-10-24 || Win||align=left| Krystal Khorge || WCK Muay Thai: Cali 11 Bad to the Bone || Inglewood, California, United States || Decision (Unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2015-08-|| Loss||align=left| Kristan Armstrong || 2015 IFMA Royal World Cup, Quarter Finals || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 3 || 2:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2015-08-|| Win ||align=left| Barbara Bontempi   || 2015 IFMA Royal World Cup, Round of 16 || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 3 || 2:00
|-
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2015-05-16 || Win||align=left| Sheila Adamos || Cali 8 || Inglewood, California, United States || Decision (Unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2015-03-07|| Loss||align=left| Natalie Morgan  || IFS 17 || La Puente, California, United States || Decision (Split) || 3 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2014-08-16|| Win ||align=left| Marie Choi || Cali 5 || Inglewood, California, United States || Decision (Unanimous) || 4 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2014-04-19 || Loss||align=left| Ariana Gomez || Cali 4 || Inglewood, California, United States || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 ||
|-
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2014-03-28 || Win ||align=left| Renee Rosas || Lion Fight 14 || Las Vegas, Nevada, United States || Decision (Split) || 3 ||
|-
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2013-12-? || Loss ||align=left| Natalie Morgan || WCK Cali Three || Los Angeles, California, United States || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 2:00
|-
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2013-10-19 || Win ||align=left| Renee Rosas || Muay Thai Ultimate II || California, United States || Points || 5 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2009-07-18 || Win ||align=left| Victoria Beltran ||  || Anaheim, California, United States || TKO || 2 ||
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:

See also

 List of current ONE fighters

References

External links

 Janet Todd at ONE Championship

1985 births
Living people
Female kickboxers
Flyweight kickboxers
American female kickboxers
American Muay Thai practitioners
Kickboxers from California
Female Muay Thai practitioners
People from Hermosa Beach, California
American sportspeople of Japanese descent
World Games bronze medalists
ONE Championship kickboxers
21st-century American women

masks:
Janet Todd
Todd
Todd
Todd
Todd
Todd
Todd
Todd
Todd
Todd
Todd


type: original

texts:
<mask> (floruit 1630) was the author of a eulogy to the deceased Queen Elizabeth published as A Chaine of Pearle, Or a Memoriall of the peerles Graces, and Heroick Vertues of Queene Elizabeth of Glorious Memory. Composed by the Noble Lady, <mask> (London, 1630). It is thought that this piece was written not only as a tribute to the 45-year reign of Elizabeth but as a criticism of the sometimes hot-headed King James, as well as a social criticism. The Chaine itself is made up of ten "Pearles" or short poems detailing virtues found in Elizabeth; some of these Pearles however are not qualities directly attributed to Elizabeth and thus it is considered that they may present a criticism of the then current ruler. Some have contended that the poet used an allegorical pseudonym, the concordance between the goddess <mask> (referred to in the text) and the author <mask> presents an interesting conflict. Upon closer observation, the author's name itself is a tribute to Elizabeth Tudor. <mask> as stated above often used as a symbol of Elizabeth and her fame as the virgin queen, <mask> being the flower of England.Elizabeth was often referred to as the rose of England, and as head of state that would make her the PRIME ROSE of England. Thus the primrose became a symbol of her monarchy. The symbolic nature of the author's name calls into question its potentiality for being a nom de plume. It is possible that the author used this name to add further emphasis on the queen, and that the real author is in fact another female writer of some renown. The <mask> family however, was well established; there is, however, no record of a "<mask>". In 1805 John Nichols identified Anne Clifford as the author, but while there is some circumstantial evidence, nothing definitive has come to light, considering a conflict with recorded publishing date (Nichols attributes the publication to 1603 rather than 1630) A Chaine of Pearle takes the first part of William Camden's Annals of Queen Elizabeth (1615) as its source, as well as Spenser's Faerie Queene and listing, as it does, the virtues of Elizabeth I—the "pearles" of the title—it is generally considered to have been a pointed criticism of James I. The entire piece is constructed as though it were a chain of pearls, each separate poem another pearl on the chain that reflects Elizabeth's own beauty of character as both a woman and a ruler, devoid of gender; the pearls representing qualities such as "Chastity", "Religion", "Prudence", and "Temperance" (Spenser).<mask> however also uses other qualities not attributed to Elizabeth such as "Patience" opening the possibility of criticisms of either Elizabeth's predecessors or more likely her successor James I (<mask>, A Chaine of Pearle). Works
A Chaine of Pearle, Or a Memoriall of the peerles Graces, and Heroick Vertues of Queene Elizabeth of Glorious Memory. Composed by the Noble Lady, <mask> | Dat Rosa mel apibus, qua sugit Aranea virus. London: Printed for Thomas Paine, and are to be sold by Philip Waterhouse at his shop at the signe of St. Paul's-head in Canning Street neare London-stone, 1630. The following is a short edition regarding "The Induction" to "A Chaine of Pearl", including footnotes, and specific to the symbology of the piece. Wildly symbolic, this introduction to the longer A Chaine of Pearle by <mask> was written to eulogise the deceased Queen Elizabeth the first, during the reign of James the sixth of Scotland (Castelli). It is thought that this piece was not only written as a tribute to the forty five-year reign of Elizabeth but as a criticism of the sometimes hot-headed King, as well as a social criticism.The Chaine itself is made up of ten Pearles or short poems detailing virtues that were found in Elizabeth, some of these Pearles however are not qualities directly attributed to Elizabeth and thus it is considered that they may present a criticism of the then current ruler. The use of the metaphor of a pearl chain sets the tone for the eulogy and illustrates from the beginning the symbolic nature of the peace. The pearl is the oldest known gem, found in the sarcophagus of a Princess of Persia who died in 520 BC (Anonymous, Pearls in Human History). Since its discovery the pearl has been a symbol of purity and perfection and has been recognised as the gem of royalty due to each pearl's unique design no pearl being exactly the same; its formation also signifies strength of character (Anonymous, The Rich History of Pearls). Images of Elizabeth show that the pearl adorned many of her garments, found in the intricate embroidery of her gowns and worn in long ropes around her neck, even attached to pins worn in her hair, and it is assumed that it was her favourite gem in addition to being a symbol of her purity and virginity, they effectively became her robes of state. The entire piece is constructed as though it were a chain of pearls, each separate poem another pearl on the chain that reflects Elizabeth's own beauty of character as both a woman and a ruler, devoid of gender; the pearls representing qualities such as “Chastity”, “Religion”, “Prudence”, and “Temperance” (Spenser). <mask> however also uses other qualities not attributed to Elizabeth such as “Patience” opening the possibility of criticisms of either Elizabeth's predecessors or more likely her successor James VI (<mask>, A Chaine of Pearle).It is here that the criticisms come into play more heavily. The regard that the people of England had for their Queen, transcended her gender, a fact exploited by <mask> in her blatant disregard for gender roles within her piece; By putting emphasis on sex as opposed to gender <mask> relies on the physical distinctions between men and women as opposed to societally imposed gender roles, roles which Elizabeth as an unmarried political ruler openly flouted. This carries over into “The Induction” of the piece itself as she compares Elizabeth to both male and female characters of classical Roman literature (<mask>, A Chaine of Pearle). <mask> uses the virgin queen as a reflection of the union between masculine and feminine natures. Beginning with a comparison to the Roman God of the sun Phoebus, and then to the Goddess of the moon and chastity, <mask> (Anonymous, UNRV History). These comparisons unite in records of Elizabeth's nature, and show that she is equal in strength to men, and yet retains her feminine charms. This edition includes only the opening two short pieces by <mask>, allowing the editor to focus on the emphasis of symbology evident throughout the entire piece, but most clear in “The Induction”.A Chaine of Pearle
“To All Noble Ladies and Gentlewomen”
To you, the honour of our noble sex,
I send this chain with all my best respects,
Which if you please to wear for her  sweet sake,
For whom I did this slender poem make,
You shall erect a trophy to her name,
And crown yourselves with never-ending fame . “The Induction”
As golden Phoebus  with his radiant face
Enthroned in his triumphant chair of state,
The twinkling stars and asterisms  doth chase
With his imperial scepter, and doth hate
All consorts in his starry monarchy
As prejudicial to his sovereignty,

Written for a female audience <mask> calls attention to women's ability to be involved in politics and offer criticisms similar to Elizabeth herself. <mask> uses “sex” not “gender” implying and emphasis on the physical difference instead of societal conventions. Queen Elizabeth I
  Make yourselves more noticeable and strong by being more like the Queen. The Roman God of the Sun, implying a strength and power equal to that of men. Implying a comparison to <mask>, Roman goddess of the moon. Implies equality between Phoebus and <mask> and thus equality between men and women.So great Eliza, England's brightest sun,
The world's renown and ever-lasting lamp,
Admits not here the least comparison,
Whose glories do the greatest princes damp,
That ever scepter swayed or crown did wear,
Within the verge of either hemisphere. Thou English goddess, empress  of our sex,
O thou whose name still reigns in all our hearts,
To whom are due our ever-vow’d respects,
How shall I blazon  thy most royal parts? Which in all parts did so divinely shine,
As they deserve Apollo's  quill (not mine). Yet, since the gods accept the humble vows
Of mortals, deign, O thou star-crowned queen
T’accept these ill-composed pearly rows,
Wherein thy glory chiefly shall be seen;
For by these lines so black and impolite,
Thy swan-like lustre shall appear more white . Thy imperial majesties eternal votary,
<mask>

  lessen
  Role model for all women
  Emphasis on physical sex not conventional gender. Refers to great acts, and burning them in the memory of the world. Roman god of truth, implying the piece does not do the Queen justice.Gods accept the prayers of lesser beings, so should Elizabeth accept this praise. Hearkens back to the chain of pearls
  The poem is so much less than what she deserves that it appears blackened and ruinous beside her. The darkness of the poem in comparison to Elizabeth will make her seem even more royal and divine. The vows of a nun, implying the author is worshiping of Elizabeth. Also speaks to Elizabeth's devotion to her people, shown through her unmarried state. Shows devotion of both Author and the Goddess. References

Resources
Greer, Germaine, et al., eds."<mask>." Kissing the Rod: an anthology of seventeenth-century women's verse. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988. 83–89. anonymous. "<mask>." Dictionary of Literary Biography 2008: 1–9.anonymous. "Given Names c.1450–1650." 2010. Ancestry.com. April 2010
Anonymous. "Pearls in Human History" 2010. American Museum of Natural History.April 2010
—. "The Rich History of Pearls" 2006. Pearl Oasis. April 2010
—. UNRV History. 2003–2010. April 2010 <>.Hopkins, Lisa. Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England. Shakespeare Studies (2001). Nichols, John. The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth. London: John Nichols and son, 1823. <mask>, <mask>."A Chaine of Pearle". Wynne-Davies, Marion. Women Poets of the Renaissance. London: J.M. Dent, 1998. 229–238, 328–337. <mask>, <mask>."A Chaine of Pearle". Helen Ostovich, Elizabeth Sauer. Reading Early Modern Women. London: Routledge, 2004. 380–381. Spenser, Edmund. The Faerie Queen.1590. Early English Books Online. 7 April 2010

External links

 http://0-eebo.chadwyck.com.library.albion.edu/search/full_rec?SOURCE=pgimages.cfg&ACTION=ByID&ID=99837015&FILE=../session/1272436265_14332&SEARCHSCREEN=CITATIONS&SEARCHCONFIG=var_spell.cfg&ECCO=N&DISPLAY=AUTHOR

17th-century English women writers
17th-century English writers
Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I
English women poets
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

masks:
Diana Primrose
Diana Primrose
Diana
Diana
Diana
Primrose
Primrose
Diana
Primrose
Primrose
Diana Primrose
Diana Primrose
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Primrose
Primrose
Primrose
Primrose
Primrose
Diana
Primrose
Primrose
Primrose
Diana
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Diana Primrose
Diana Primrose
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texts:
<mask> was a Bulgarian and Russian officer and Minister of War. He was one of the main organizers of the 1921 Bulgarian coup d'état, aimed at the dethronement of Prince Alexander Battenberg. During the First Balkan War, he commanded the Eastern Sector during the Siege of Adrianople, where the offensive that led to the capture of the city took place. Biography
<mask> was born on January 5, 1860, in Sopot. He is the 5th child in the family of merchant <mask> and <mask>. He is the brother of the writer <mask>, the doctor <mask>, lieutenant general <mask>, politician <mask>. He is the father of the director <mask> and the uncle of the politician <mask>.<mask> grew up in a relatively wealthy family. His father Mincho <mask> is a major merchant and entrepreneur, owner of some of the largest shops in the center of Sopot, trading in Wallachia. In 1866, the eldest brother of the Ivan family took young <mask> to the "mutual school" in Klisura with teacher Nacho Trufchev. <mask> <mask> reflects about the school as he comments:

In 1873 he graduated from the mutual school in his hometown, but due to the health problems his father had, he had to work in his fathers shop. In the autumn of 1874 he entered the 3rd high school class of the Aprilov High School in Gabrovo, but in 1876 due to a riot that he participated in, he was expelled from the high school and returned to Sopot. Sopot did not revolt during the April Uprising of 1876, but nevertheless the people of Sopot witnessed the atrocities of the Bashi-bazouk. After the suppression of the uprising in the autumn of the same year, Mincho <mask> decided to send his son Georgi to Oltenitza, Romania, to his brother Kiril.He stayed there for a year and studied at the Bulgarian school there. Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, <mask> <mask> worked as a clerk in the Russian administration in Svishtov. After the liberation (1878-1884)
In the spring of 1878, under the leadership of the governor of Svishtov, Naiden Gerov, a competition was held, thanks to which 10 boys had the opportunity to study at the Odessa Junker School in Russia. One of the ten lucky ones is <mask> <mask>. At the beginning of May, the group was assembled and the future cadets are preparing to leave for Odessa. They arrived there in June and began their three-month preparation for the entrance exams at the Military School. His military training passed as a "volunteer" in the 55th Podolsk Regiment of the Odessa garrison.<mask> passed his exam on September 1, 1878, and after being admitted he was enlisted in the 2nd Junker Company. Shows special inclinations towards military tactics and artillery. He completed his studies on September 1, 1880, with the ranksenior cadet cadet and returned to Bulgaria. Upon his arrival in Varna, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant, which equated him with the graduation of the second class of the Vasil Levski National Military University in Sofia. On October 8, 1880, Lieutenant <mask> in the 1st Company of Alexander of Battenberg with the position of subattler officer in the 2nd Company, and on September 9, 1881, he was appointed head of the garrison warehouse. The young officer did not like the position and with the help of his brother <mask>, who at that time resided in the capital of Eastern Rumelia, Plovdiv on November 26 of the same year he was transferred to the East Rumelia militia. In Plovdiv, <mask> <mask> was appointed on December 11, 1881, again as a subattler officer in the 1st Plovdiv Company.<mask>'s diligence and intelligence did not go unnoticed by the district 's governor-general, Aleko Bogoridi, and he was appointed his third adjutant. <mask> <mask> became part of Prince Bogoridi's retinue at his meeting with the Sultan in Constantinople in 1882. As an East Rumelia officer, on November 2, 1882, Lieutenant <mask> left for St. Petersburg, where he initially studied at the Engineering School, and on November 2, 1883, he continued his education in the junior class of the Nikolaev Military Academy, after successfully passing the exams. from the first year, on November 20, 1884, he was transferred to the senior class. As early as 1881, <mask> wrote his first monograph "On Military Gymnastics in Schools and Society", which was published in Sofia during his studies in Russia. On September 10, 1885, <mask> returned to Bulgaria to take part in the Serbo-Bulgarian War. Serbo-Bulgarian War
During the Serbo-Bulgarian War, Vazov performed various functions in the Pioneer Company and the artillery.He joined the avant-garde detachment of Major Petko Stoyanov and took part in the Battle of Tsaribrod on November 12. Conducts reconnaissance in the rear of the enemy, capturing enemy soldiers on ( November 14 * ). He was awarded the Order of Bravery, IV degree. After the war, water course fortification in the Military School in Sofia. In 1886 he was among the leaders of the 1886 Bulgarian coup d'état aimed at the dethronement of Prince Alexander I Battenberg, and after the counter coup he emigrated to Russia. In 1888 he graduated from the Nikolaev Military Engineering Academy, after which he remained in the service of the Russian army. Under his leadership, the Kushka fortress in Central Asia was rebuilt .After the thawing of Bulgarian-Russian relations in the late 1990s, in 1898 <mask> <mask> was returned to service in the Bulgarian Army . From 1899 to 1900 he worked in the Military Engineering Inspectorate, then he was commander of the 2nd Pioneer Company (1900-1903), chief of the engineering troops (1904-1905) and inspector of the engineering troops (1908). In 1906 he was promoted to the rank of Major General . He was later accused of corruption in the supply of explosives and in May 1908 was dismissed from the army. The Balkan Wars
At the beginning of the First Balkan War in the autumn of 1912, <mask> <mask> was mobilized and appointed chief of military communications and transport. On November 22, he became military governor of Lozengrad, and from February 1, he was chief of the Eastern Sector at Edirne, who also led during the Siege of Adrianople two months later, during which Edirne was captured. The first forts of Aivazbaba, Aijiolu and others were captured on his section .Participates in the capture of Shukri Pasha . For his participation in the war, General <mask> was awarded the Order of St. Alexander, II degree, which was awarded to him on June 25, 1913, in the Ministry of War. On March 12, 1913, at 8:30 a.m., Major General <mask> <mask>, commander of the Bulgarian troops besieging Edirne in the eastern sector, issued his remarkable order No. 2887 to attack and capture the forts of the fortress. Point 6 of it has remained in history, it reads:

After the beginning of the Second Balkan War, <mask> <mask> was appointed Minister of War in the government of Stoyan Danev and in the government of Vasil Radoslavov and was promoted to lieutenant general. He resigned due to political differences and resigned from the army. Public and Political Activity
In September 1914 he was accepted as a member of the "Slavic Society" - a society founded in 1899 by Bulgarian citizens to celebrate Slavdom and in particular to celebrate Russia and other countries that helped the Liberation of Bulgaria.He worked together with prominent Russian intellectuals to improve Russian-Bulgarian relations. On March 15, 1915, 115 members of the People's Party, including General <mask>, sent a letter requesting that Bulgaria not interfere in the First World War. On May 12, 1915, he was elected municipal councilor in Sofia, a position he held until 1919. On September 10, 1915, in the Sofia Military Club, the reserve general <mask>, in his capacity as chairman of the Sofia bureau of the People's Party, gathered all the chairmen of the opposition parties. There is a telegram to the government, in which the importance of Bulgaria's non-interference in the First World War is emphasized, or if such intervention is necessary, Bulgaria should side with Russia. The telegram was presented by Alexander Stamboliiski at an audience with Ferdinand, but he flatly rejected this course of action. In 1920, his health deteriorated and he was forced to go to Vienna for treatment at the end of the year.His illness necessitated a complex surgical operation, which was performed in February 1922. His rehabilitation lasted almost two years, which he spent in sanatoriums in Switzerland, Germany and Italy. In 1922 he wrote his Memoirs of the Balkan War in Geneva. <mask> <mask> returned to Bulgaria on May 24, 1924, and 4 days later the leadership of the volunteer "Edirne Society" organized a celebration in his honor, at which he was officially accepted as a member of the society. A survey conducted in 1926 by the Ministry of Defense shows that <mask> devoted himself to his work on historical and memoir works. At that time the manuscripts of the "Monograph on the Participation of the Bulgarians in the Liberation War", "Memories of the Union and the Serbo-Bulgarian War", "Strengthening the Northern Border of Bulgaria" and "The Bulgarian Flotilla" were ready. In 1919, General <mask> published his memoirs "In the Deserts of Central Asia."General <mask> is the author of dozens of articles in the field of military affairs. Lieutenant General <mask> <mask> died on August 13, 1934, in Sofia. His remains were placed on a gun carriage and he was buried in the Central Sofia Cemetery to the sounds of mourning military music. References

Bibliography

Rumenin, Rumen. The Officer Corps in Bulgaria 1878 - 1944. Vol. 1 and 2.Sofia, Publishing House of the Ministry of Defense "St. George the Victorious ”, 1996. p. 116. Mitev, T., General <mask> <mask>, Sofia, 1983, Military Publishing House
 Karastoyanov, G., General <mask> <mask>, Sofia, 1964, State Military Publishing House

 Memories of General <mask> <mask> from the website of the Military Publishing House
 "<mask> <mask> - the winner at Edirne", Lyudmila Gabrovska

Bulgarian generals
Bulgarian military personnel of the Balkan Wars
People of the Serbo-Bulgarian War
Bulgarian military personnel of World War I
1860 births
1934 deaths
20th-century Bulgarian politicians

masks:
Georgi Minchov Vazov
Georgi Vazov
Mincho Vazov
Saba Hadjinikolova Vazova
Ivan Vazov
Kiril Vazov
Vladimir Vazov
Boris Vazov
Alexander Vazov
Ivan Vazov
Vazov
Vazov
Georgi
Georgi
Vazov
Vazov
Georgi
Vazov
Georgi
Vazov
Vazov
Vazov
Ivan Vazov
Georgi
Vazov
Vazov
Georgi
Vazov
Vazov
Vazov
Vazov
Georgi
Vazov
Georgi
Vazov
Vazov
Georgi
Vazov
Georgi
Vazov
Vazov
Vazov
Georgi
Vazov
Vazov
Vazov
Vazov
Georgi
Vazov
Georgi
Vazov
Georgi
Vazov
Georgi
Vazov
Georgi
Vazov


texts:
<mask> (born December 8, 1979) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her first album, Slow the Rain, was released in 2005, and she has since released eight more albums: Girls and Boys, Be OK, Everybody, Human Again, Lights Out, It Doesn't Have to Make Sense, Songs for the Season, and her most recent, Stranger Songs. Her two highest-charting singles are "The Way I Am" (2007) and "Girls Chase Boys" (2014), at #37 and #52 on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively. Early life
Michaelson is half Swedish and was born in 1979 in New York City to artistic parents. Her father, <mask>, was a manager of copyrights for the publishing company Carl Fischer Music and a composer on the side ("The Praise of Christmas"). Her mother, Elizabeth Egbert, was a sculptor, of Dutch ancestry. As a child, Michaelson performed in a musical theatre group called Staten Island Kids On Stage.She took up piano at age 4, and trained until age 7 at Manhattan's Third Street Music School, continuing for many more years at the Jewish Community Center of Staten Island's Dorothy Delson Kuhn Music Institute. While there she met vocal coach Elizabeth McCullough, who worked with her through high school. Michaelson is a graduate of Staten Island Technical High School and Binghamton University, where she received a degree in theater. While at Binghamton University, she was a member of the Binghamtonics, a co-ed a cappella group, as well as the Pappy Parker Players, an improv comedy group, and the theatre repertory company under Sue Peters. Her time at Binghamton is mentioned in her song "The Hat." Musical career

2006–08: Girls and Boys
In 2006, Michaelson independently released her second album, Girls and Boys. The album, like her previous music, was streamed on Myspace.A music producer from the ABC drama Grey's Anatomy found her music online. After being contacted by the music producer, Michaelson began to be approached by several record companies. Wanting to retain all of the rights she had as an independent artist, Michaelson developed a deal with Original Signal Recordings, acting as the marketing and distribution arm for Michaelson's label. Through Original Signal, Michaelson re-released Girls and Boys into mainstream marketing on September 18, 2007. It peaked at #63 on the Billboard charts and received positive reviews from critics. Additionally, in 2007, "The Way I Am", a song from the album, was featured in an Old Navy commercial. The 30-second ad played on the major US networks and most prime-time shows for a few days.In less than 3 weeks, more than 65 appearances in prime-time had been made, including 17 season premieres. 2008–10: Be OK and Everybody

In 2008, Michaelson released her third album, and first compilation album, Be OK. The album debuted at #35 on the Billboard charts and received mixed to positive reviews. The album features the single "Be OK", which received a large amount of exposure on several shows and commercials. Michaelson joined the Hotel Cafe Tour that fall in support of the album, whose proceeds went toward cancer research. In 2009, Michaelson released her fourth album, Everybody. Everybody debuted on #18 on the Billboard charts and received positive reviews.It features the single "Maybe", which received positive reviews and was featured on several television programs. Her show in Sydney, Australia, at the Metro Theater is available online at MoshCam, a website that shows pre-recorded concerts. 2010–12: Parachute and Human Again

In 2010, Michaelson digitally released the single "Parachute", a song that she wrote but was recorded by Cheryl Cole on Cole's album 3 Words. The song has not been featured on any albums, but is available on both iTunes and Amazon. In 2012, Michaelson released her fifth album, Human Again. Human Again debuted at #5 on the Billboard charts and received very positive reviews, with critics praising the album's unique sound. Michaelson's first tour leg for the album, The Human Again Tour, was sold out almost every night of the tour.After the first tour, Michaelson continued to tour on 3 other legs, two in North America, and one across the world. The first leg of <mask>'s tour was held from April to May. The second leg, The Human Again Summer Tour, was held from June to August. The Third Leg, The Human Again Fall Tour, began in September. Michaelson also played 3 shows in Australia, where Human Again was the first formally released record of hers. In September 2012, she was featured in a campaign called "30 Songs / 30 Days" to support Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, a multi-platform media project inspired by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn's book. 2014–2015: Lights Out
On February 4, 2014, Michaelson released the lead single, "Girls Chase Boys", from her album Lights Out.The song reached #52 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Afterlife" and "Time Machine" were released as the second and third singles with moderate commercial success. On April 25, 2014, Lights Out was released. The deluxe edition, which was released in November later that year, contains an additional six bonus tracks. 2016–2017: It Doesn't Have To Make Sense and Alter Egos

On April 29, 2016, Michaelson released the song "Hell No". It serves as the lead single from her seventh studio album, It Doesn't Have to Make Sense, which was released on August 26, 2016, through Cabin 24 Records. In July she released a second video of "Hell No," which incorporates members of the Deaf West theater company performing the lyrics in American Sign Language.In support of the album, Michaelson embarked on the "Hell No Tour" beginning October 6, 2016, in Cincinnati, OH. On 12 May 2017, a 5-track EP titled Alter Egos was released. It consists of re-worked songs from It Doesn't Have to Make Sense with guest vocalists on each track. 2018–present: <mask>'s Songs for the Season and Stranger Songs
On 26 October 2018, Michaelson released a Christmas album called <mask>'s Songs for the Season. In January 2019, Michaelson announced she was composing the score for a musical adaptation of The Notebook. On May 10, 2019, she released "Missing You", which serves as the lead single off of her ninth studio album, Stranger Songs. Michaelson first announced the album via her Twitter in January 2018, writing that it would be inspired by the Netflix series Stranger Things.The album was released on June 28, 2019. In July 2020, Michaelson was nominated for her first Emmy Award in the Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics category for the song "Build it Up", written specifically for the finale of Hulu's hit miniseries Little Fires Everywhere. Collaborations

In 2006, Michaelson teamed up with William Fitzsimmons on his album Goodnight, which was released that same year. Michaelson and her friend Sara Bareilles co-wrote "Winter Song" which was featured on The Hotel Café Presents Winter Songs, a compilation of both original recordings as well as classic holiday tracks sung by a lineup of female singer-songwriters. Michaelson performed "Winter Song" with Bareilles for President Obama and his family as well as many spectators at the National Christmas Tree Lighting in December 2010. In 2011, "Winter Song" reached #2 on the Irish Singles Chart. Michaelson provided back-up vocals on two songs from PlayRadioPlay!'s album Texas, including "I'm a Pirate, You're a Princess" and the title track, "Texas". She provided back-up vocals on Greg Laswell's album, Take A Bow, which was released on May 4, 2010. Collaboration was done on the songs "Take Everything", "My Fight (For You)", and "Come Clean". Michaelson's bandmate, Allie Moss released a 2009 EP, Passerby. Its song "Corner" was selected by British Telecommunications in the UK for their BT Infinity television commercials. Other past and present band members include Chris Kuffner (bass), Bess Rogers (guitar), Saul Simon MacWilliams (keys), Billy Libby (guitar), Sarab Singh (drums) and Elliot Jacobson (drums). In 2010, Michaelson co-wrote the song "Parachute" with Marshall Altman which was covered by British singer Cheryl Cole on her debut solo album 3 Words; it peaked at #5 on the UK Singles Chart.Michaelson initially believed the track was "so poppy" that she could not release it herself. However, after the song was reworked by "Everybody" producer Dan Romer to make a more "interesting, funky production", Michaelson released the song as a personal single. There are two different music videos for the song. Of the release of "Parachute" and upcoming material, Michaelson explained in a 2010 interview with Billboard.com, "I just felt like I wanted to put something out. I'm not ready to put a full album out, so we thought we'd put this out and see how people take it or don't take it." She said that she expects to release her next album, "probably in the middle of next year". In 2012, <mask> and Laswell co-wrote and sang the duet "Landline", which appeared on his album of the same name.Her 2014 album, Lights Out, was a collaborative effort. "On all my previous records, I'd written all the songs myself. It was one producer and me locked in a room for months," she said. "Not that that was bad, but I think that everything has a season. I never wanted to kind of give up control. I think I'm letting go of a lot of things – embracing the idea of allowing people to help me in all facets of my life. I think that I was a bit of a control freak, and I'm just more open to letting people be part of things that they weren't part of before.It's really liberating. I had the best time ever on the last record. It was just really wonderful to be able to share the success with other people." Michaelson has also appeared on The Nerdist Podcast with Chris Hardwick. Broadway
Michaelson played the role of Sonya Rostova temporarily in the Broadway musical Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 from July 3 to August 13, 2017, while actress Brittain Ashford was on leave. In January 2019, it was reported that Michaelson was writing the music and lyrics for a musical adaptation of The Notebook. Film
Michaelson made her film debut in the comedy film Humor Me, which was released January 12, 2018.Personal life

Michaelson married fellow musician Greg Laswell in 2011. They divorced in 2015. In late 2015, Michaelson announced her relationship with film and stage actor Will Chase. Michaelson identifies as a feminist. Discography

 Slow the Rain (2005)
 Girls and Boys (2006)
 Be OK (2008)
 Everybody (2009)
 Human Again (2012)
 Lights Out (2014)
 It Doesn't Have to Make Sense (2016)
Songs for the Season (2018)
Stranger Songs (2019)

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Binghamton University alumni
People from Staten Island
Singers from New York City
American women singer-songwriters
American sopranos
American folk musicians
American people of Swedish descent
American people of Dutch descent
American ukulele players
American feminists
Feminist musicians
21st-century American women guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
American folk-pop singers
Guitarists from New York City
Indie folk musicians
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American women pianists
21st-century American pianists
LGBT singers from the United States
Universal Motown Records artists
21st-century American singers
Mom + Pop Music artists
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)

masks:
Ingrid Ellen Michaelson
Carl Michaelson
Michaelson
Ingrid Michaelson
Ingrid Michaelson
Michaelson


texts:
<mask> (December 18, 1904 – March 8, 1975) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter and cinematographer. Among his most notable films are Swing Time (1936), The More the Merrier (1943; for which he was nominated for the Best Director Oscar), A Place in the Sun (1951; for which he won the Best Director Oscar), Shane (1953; nominated for the Best Director Oscar), Giant (1956; won the Best Director Oscar), and The Diary of Anne Frank (1959; nominated for the Best Director Oscar). Biography

Film career
<mask> was born on December 18, 1904, in Oakland, California, the son of <mask> and Georgie Cooper, both stage actors. Drama critic <mask> and film director James W. Horne were his uncles. He also had two brothers, Jack, a cinematographer, and writer <mask>. He learned about the stage by watching his parents, and himself acted in plays in San Francisco. At the age of 10, his mother gave him a Brownie camera, and he began photographing the city and portraits of his mother.At the age of 17, Hal Roach Studios employed him as an assistant cameraman filming Rex the Wonder Horse in Utah. <mask> helped grant Stan Laurel a film career, as the studio had trouble getting the comedian's blue eyes to register on film, but <mask> made a successful test of him using panchromatic film. He worked as director of photography and a gag writer on 35 Laurel and Hardy short films, such as Bacon Grabbers (1929) and Night Owls (1930); according to <mask> he learned from this experience that comedy could be "graceful and human". In 1928, he met Yvonne Howell in Oliver Hardy's home; they were married on January 1, 1930. In the early 1930s, <mask> began to disagree with Roach's studio, wanting to flesh out characters rather than just make slapstick comedy. This led to a suspension and his departure from the studio. In 1933, he directed his first feature film, The Cohens and Kellys in Trouble, for Universal Pictures.In 1934, <mask> was hired by RKO Pictures, and he directed the slapstick film Kentucky Kernels. His big break came when he directed Katharine Hepburn the next year in Alice Adams; according to Hepburn, <mask> felt that she got him the job. He would subsequently make seven films for the studio in five years. In the late 1930s, he went on to direct several Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire movies, both together and separately. In 1939, <mask> directed Cary Grant in the large-scale Gunga Din, costing over $1 million as RKO's most expensive film to date; though the studio feared its ballooning budget, it ended up a profitable success. In 1940, he directed Carole Lombard in Vigil in the Night. In 1942, he reunited with Hepburn at her behest to film Woman of the Year.<mask> served as president of the Screen Directors Guild (SDG) from 1941 to 1943. After seeing the Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will (1935), he was provoked to join the Allied forces in World War II. He joined the U.S. Army Signal Corps and headed a film unit from 1943 to 1946, under General Dwight D. Eisenhower. His unit shot footage—including the only color film of the war in Europe (which remained archived for decades)—documenting the Normandy landings (D-Day), the liberation of Paris, the meeting of American and Soviet forces at the Elbe River, and the Allied discovery of both the Duben labor camp and Dachau concentration camp. <mask> helped prepare the Duben and Dachau footage and other material for presentation during the Nuremberg Trials; this was released as the hour-long Nazi Concentration and Prison Camps (1945). In 2008, <mask>'s footage was entered into the U.S. National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as an "essential visual record" of the war. In 1946, <mask> resumed his duties as president of the SDG, remaining so until 1948.As a result of his experiences during the war, his films became more dramatic. The drama I Remember Mama (1948) was only partly comedic. In 1950, during the McCarthyist scare and related Hollywood blacklist, <mask> defended Joseph L. Mankiewicz from Cecil B. DeMille's attempt to recall him as president of the SDG. <mask> went on to direct such classic films as the drama A Place in the Sun (1951), the Western Shane (1953), the epic Western drama Giant (1956), the biographical Holocaust drama The Diary of Anne Frank (1959), and his biblical epic of Jesus, The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965). He ended his directing career with the 1970 romantic comedy-drama The Only Game in Town with Warren Beatty and Elizabeth Taylor. That year, he was head of the jury at the 20th Berlin International Film Festival, which ended in scandal. In 1973, he was a member of the jury at the 8th Moscow International Film Festival.Personal life
During his time filming wild horses with Hal Roach Studios in Utah, <mask> bonded with the Comanche. A number of subsequent associates would speculate that he was part Native American. <mask> was the father of television and film writer-producer-director <mask>, Jr., the founder of the American Film Institute (AFI). <mask>. produced and directed the documentary about his father <mask>: A Filmmaker's Journey in 1984 and is the father of <mask>'s grandson <mask> (1966–2015), who was also a television and film producer-director. Death
<mask> died following a heart attack on March 8, 1975, on his ranch in Lancaster, California, north of Los Angeles. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles. Awards
As a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army, <mask> headed the Signal Corps unit that filmed D-Day and the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp.For these contributions, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1701 Vine Street. He won the Academy Award for Best Director twice, in 1951 for A Place in the Sun and in 1956 for Giant. He was also nominated in 1943 for The More the Merrier, in 1954 for Shane, and in 1959 for The Diary of Anne Frank. Archives
The moving image collection of <mask> is held at the Academy Film Archive. The film material at AFI is complemented by material in the <mask> papers at the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library. Filmography

Other work

Academy Awards

References

Further reading
 Cronin, Paul: <mask>: Interviews.Jackson, MS, University Press of Mississippi, 2004. Moss, Marilyn Ann: Giant: <mask>, a Life on Film. Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. Petri, Bruce: A Theory of American Film: The Films and Techniques of <mask>. New York, Taylor & Francis, 1987. Richie, Donald: <mask>: An American Romantic. New York, Taylor & Francis, 1984 (reprint of 1970 original).External links

 <mask>: Movie Movie
 <mask> papers, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

1904 births
1975 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Best Directing Academy Award winners
Presidents of the Directors Guild of America
Presidents of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Writers from Oakland, California
Western (genre) film directors
American cinematographers
American male screenwriters
Film producers from California
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Film directors from California
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Golden Globe Award-winning producers
Directors Guild of America Award winners
20th-century American businesspeople
Activists from California
Screenwriters from California
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters

masks:
George Cooper Stevens
George Stevens
Landers Stevens
Ashton Stevens
Aston Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
George Stevens
George Jr
George Stevens
Stevens
Michael Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens


texts:
<mask> (born 1929) is an educator who is notable as one of a handful of African-American members of the Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV), and for his controversial views, such as his support of the modern display of the Confederate flag. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Ripley, Tennessee, in the Mississippi Delta region, to Isaac and <mask>. His siblings included brothers Robert and Harold, and sisters Mary and Dorothy Jean. His family grew up in the house built in 1908 by his maternal grandfather <mask>. As <mask> lived until 1934, <mask> had a few years as a young boy to absorb his vivid first-person accounts of slavery and service with the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. <mask>, Grandfather
<mask> (1847-1934) was an enslaved cook and body servant during the American Civil War. In 1862, Louis was a 14-year old illiterate slave on James and Helen C. Oldham’s plantation in Lauderdale County, Tennessee.The Oldham's were a prominent Episcopalian family who owned over 40 slaves. <mask> was one of 19 enslaved children under the age of 16 on the plantation according to the United States Census (1860 Slave Schedule). James and Helen had 3 sons, E.R. (18), Sidney (16), and James (12). Experience during the Civil War
E.R. and Sidney enlisted in Company M, Tennessee 7th Cavalry (Duckworth’s) in April, 1862. At 14 years old, Louis' owner sent him to serve as a personal servant for his sons.Based on the memoir of a member of Company M, Charles Stephen Olin Rice, the Oldham sons brought along another slave named Auterick. As a Confederate slave, Louis was responsible for duties such as cooking breakfast, cleaning, brushing uniforms, taking care of horses, foraging for food, shaving, delivering messages or any other task the owner needed. Sometimes slaves were also allowed to hire out their services if their owner permitted. Company M was one of many Confederate cavalry formations that fell under the overall command of the noted slave trader, planter and Confederate cavalry Lieutenant General, Nathan Bedford Forrest. Louis later served as a cook for Company M, but there is no record of how this service came about. It is unknown whether Louis was hired out by E.R. Oldham to the Confederate Army or ever received pay for his labor during this time.Lore about Louis' Life
In <mask>'s speeches and writing he frequently discusses <mask>. <mask> claims that <mask> was allowed to serve as a rifleman and later as chaplain to both blacks and whites; he had already memorized the King James Bible by heart. In a 2007 Florida Today interview, <mask> stated that his grandfather served as a chaplain in 1862 after the Battle of Shiloh for 4 campaigns. There are no sources which corroborate any of these claims. The September 10, 1863 issue of The Religious Herald is often used to bolster Louis' bonafides as the first black chaplain of the CSA. The story, which was reprinted in several newspapers, notes that a Confederate Tennessee regiment did not have a chaplain, but instead had services lead by an "old negro" slave named "Uncle Lewis". <mask> would have been around 15 years old at this time.Company M is not named in the article. The CSA did not allow blacks to enlist and as a policy did not arm them. Confederate Army Regulations from 1861-1865 state that soldiers must be “free white males” and cannot be “the servant of a soldier”. The first black soldiers enlisted in the CSA in March 1865 just a few weeks before the war's end. Oldham and the rest of Company M surrendered in Gainesville, Alabama on May 12, 1865. Pension Records
E.R. Oldham served as a witness for Louis' pension application.E.R. Oldham wrote that Louis was there until the very end of the war and was “my cook, while I was a soldier”. All existing records classify Louis as a cook and servant. Louis' pension application and obituary were absent of any mention of duties as a chaplain, rifleman or soldier. His widow was denied pension as the State of Tennessee only paid a pension to veterans, their widows, and ex-servants, but not to the widows of ex-servants. As a descendant of <mask>, <mask> qualified for membership in the Sons of Confederate Veterans. He notes that his grandfather received a state pension from Tennessee for Confederate veterans beginning in 1921 according to his pension records.1921 was the first year that black cooks and servants were allowed to file. Legacy
Louis was one of more than 280 men who appeared before the Tennessee pension board to receive the pension created to "provide for those colored men who served as servants and cooks in the Confederate Army.”

Not every cook or servant qualified for a pension. Eligibility requirements included an inability to support oneself and proof they stayed in the war until the end. The pension paid $10 a month. White Confederate veterans received pensions in 1891 (about 26 years after the war) and their widows first received pensions in 1905. The majority of former Confederate slaves died before the pension bill passed in 1921, which was about 56 years after the war ended. The average age of black pensioners in Tennessee in 1921 was 79.9 years old.At 74, Louis was one of 195 men to receive a pension for being a cook or servant. Family
Both <mask>'s mother Ganelle and his maternal grandmother were teachers, and education was prized in their family. <mask> and his siblings all earned college degrees and some, like his sister Mary, also earned graduate degrees. She became a teacher and principal. <mask> married Naomi Daniel of Mound Bayou, Mississippi. Mrs. <mask> passed in 1999. They have two children, five grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.Career
<mask> became a teacher and later an assistant principal, having a career in education like his mother and grandmother. In 1955, he moved with his family to Florida where the public school system resisted integration and retained segregated schools for years past the US Supreme Court ruling of Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that declared them unconstitutional. <mask> earned an undergraduate degree in science and a master's degree in physics education. Opinions on Confederate history
In 1991, after the NAACP began a campaign against the Confederate flag being celebrated on public buildings, <mask> disagreed with such sentiment and efforts, and decided to join the Sons of Confederate Veterans. He is a member of the SCV's Jacob Summerlin Camp #1516 in Kissimmee, Florida. As an adult, he had learned more about his grandfather and his military service, and <mask> came to honor his support for the Confederacy. With his retirement from teaching, <mask> felt ready to speak out on public issues.For instance, unlike many other African Americans, he considers the Confederate flag part of Southern heritage and appropriate for public display. He has said that the South seceded from the Union because of states' rights, not slavery. "He denies that President Lincoln freed the slaves, explaining that the Emancipation Proclamation affected only the Confederate states, which were no longer under his authority." <mask> has traveled widely, visiting various SCV camps and other organizations willing to listen and consider his views about the Civil War and his heritage. He has been known to sing a Confederate song including the line, "....Black is nothing other than a darker shade of rebel gray." In 1998, <mask> participated in making a video on Black Southern Heritage, directed by Dr. Edward Smith of American University, who is also an African-American SCV member. The video covers his grandfather's Confederate military service and qualification for a Confederate pension after the war, as well as elements of other African-American heritage.The NAACP and similar organizations have criticized <mask> for his support of what they believe are neo-Confederate causes; they think he misunderstands the history of the South. See also
Black Confederate soldiers
H. K. Edgerton, African-American activist for Southern heritage and an African-American member of the Sons of Confederate Veterans

References

External links
Aaron Jerome Martin, Behind the Dixie Stars, 7-minute video on YouTube about re-enactors and use of the Confederate flag; includes comments by <mask>

1929 births
20th-century African-American activists
African Americans in the American Civil War
Living people
People from Ripley, Tennessee
Black Confederates
21st-century African-American people

masks:
Nelson Wyman Winbush
Winbush
Ganelle Nelson Winbush
Louis Napoleon Nelson
Nelson
Winbush
Louis Napoleon Nelson
Louis Napoleon Nelson
Nelson
Winbush
Nelson
Winbush
Nelson
Winbush
Louis Nelson
Nelson
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Nelson Winbush


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<mask> ( ; September 7, 1912 – March 26, 1996) was an American electrical engineer and co-founder, with Bill Hewlett, of Hewlett-Packard (1939), serving as president (1947–64), CEO (1964–68), and Chairman of the Board (1964–68, 1972–93) of HP. He served as U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1971 during the Nixon administration. <mask> served as President of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) from 1976 to 1981 and chairman of its Board of Regents from 1973 to 1982. He was a  member of the Trilateral Commission. <mask> was the recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1988 and is noted for many technological innovations and philanthropic endeavors. Personal life
<mask> was born in Pueblo, Colorado, the son of Ella (Graber) and <mask>, an attorney. He attended Centennial High School, where early on he showed an interest in science, engineering, sports, and leadership.<mask> earned his B.A. from Stanford University in 1934, where he earned letters in football and basketball and attained membership in the Phi Beta Kappa Society and was a Brother of the Alpha Delta Phi Literary Fraternity. Stanford is where he met two people who were important to his life, Lucile Salter and Bill Hewlett. <mask> briefly attended the University of Colorado at Boulder before taking a position with the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York. In 1938, he returned to Stanford, where he earned a master's degree in electrical engineering later that year. In the same year, he married Lucile Salter, with whom he had four children: <mask>, Nancy, Susan, and Julie. Lucile <mask> died in 1987 (age 72).Hewlett-Packard
In 1939, Packard and Hewlett established Hewlett-Packard (HP) in Packard's garage with an initial capital investment of $538 (). Packard mentions in his book The HP Way that the name Hewlett-Packard was determined by the flip of a coin: HP, rather than PH. Their first product was an audio frequency oscillator sold to Walt Disney Studios for use on the soundtrack of Fantasia. The company grew into the world's largest producer of electronic testing and measurement devices. It also became a major producer of calculators, computers, and laser and ink jet printers. HP incorporated in 1947, with Packard becoming its first president, serving in that role until 1964. He was then elected Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, holding those positions through 1968.<mask> left HP in 1969 to serve in the Nixon administration until 1971, at which time he returned to HP and was re-elected Chairman of the Board, serving from 1972 to 1993. In 1991, <mask> oversaw a major reorganization at HP. He retired from HP in 1993. At the time of his death in 1996, Packard's stake in the company was worth more than $1 billion. <mask> was criticized for expanding into South Africa, where HP equipment was used to implement apartheid. In 1980, he presided over the groundbreaking ceremony for HP's headquarters in Johannesburg. When Nebraska became the first state government to divest from South Africa, <mask> remarked "I'd rather lose business in Nebraska than with South Africa."At Packard's instruction, the domain name "HP.com" was registered on March 3, 1986, and as such was one of the earliest to be registered. Department of Defense
Upon entering office in 1969, President Richard M. Nixon appointed Packard U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense under Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird. <mask> resigned in December 1971 and returned to Hewlett-Packard in 1972 as Chairman of the Board. While serving in the Department of Defense (DoD), he brought concepts of resource management used in business to the military, as well as establishing the Defense Systems Management College. In 1970,  <mask> issued a memorandum that contained a number of major reforms designed to address "the real mess we have on our hands." A key reform was elimination of Robert MacNamara's Total Package Procurement  except in rare situations. Near the end of his time at DoD, <mask> wrote the "Packard Memo" or "Employment of Military Resources in the Event of Civil Disturbances".Enacted in February 1972, the act describes exceptions to the 1878 Posse Comitatus Act, which limited the powers of the federal government to use the U.S. military for law enforcement, except where expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress — noting that the Constitution provides an exception when needed "to prevent loss of life or wanton destruction of property and to restore governmental functioning and public order when sudden and unexpected civil disturbances, disasters, or calamities seriously endanger life and property and disrupt normal governmental functions to such an extent that duly constituted local authorities are unable to control the situations" and "to protect Federal property and Federal governmental functions when the need for protection exists and duly constituted local authorities are unable or decline to provide adequate protection". § 214.5 states that "employment of DoD military resources for assistance to civil authorities in controlling civil disturbances will normally be predicated upon the issuance of a Presidential Executive order or Presidential directive authorizing", with exceptions "limited to:
Cases of sudden and unexpected emergencies as described in §215.4(c)(1)(i), which require that immediate military action be taken. Providing military resources to civil authorities as prescribed in §215.9 of this part." According to Lindorff, these exceptions reinstate the possibility of martial law in the U.S., prohibited since 1878. In the 1970s and 1980s <mask> was a prominent advisor to the White House on defense procurement and management. He served as chairman of The Business Council in 1973 and 1974. From 1985–86, he served as chairman of The Packard Commission.Philanthropy
From the early 1980s until his death in 1996, <mask> dedicated much of his time and money to philanthropic projects. In 1964, <mask> and his wife had established the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. In 1986, they donated $40 million toward building what became the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford University; the new hospital opened in June 1991. Prompted by his daughters Nancy and Julie, in 1978 <mask> and Lucile had created the Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation. The couple eventually donated $55 million to build the new aquarium, which opened in 1984 with <mask> as its executive director. In 1987, <mask> gave $13 million to create the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. <mask> and Hewlett made a combined donation of $77 million to Stanford in 1994,  for which the university named the <mask> Electrical Engineering Building in his honor.<mask> was a member of the American Enterprise Institute's board of trustees. He died on March 26, 1996 at age 83 in Stanford, California, leaving approximately $4 billion (the bulk of his estate) to the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, including large amounts of valuable real property in Los Altos Hills. All three <mask> daughters sit on the Foundation's board of trustees. <mask> <mask>, his son, serves as president of the Packard Humanities Institute. Honors
 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1969)
 IEEE Founders Medal along with  William R. Hewlett. (1973)
 Vermilye Medal from the Franklin Institute (1975)
 Sylvanus Thayer Award from the United States Military Academy (1982)
 Francis Boyer Award from the American Enterprise Institute (1986)
 Vannevar Bush Award (1987)
 Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame (1988)
 National Medal of Technology (1988)
 Presidential Medal of Freedom (1988)
 Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences (1989)
 Lemelson-MIT Prize (1995)
 Bower Award in Business Leadership, both from the Franklin Institute (1996)
 Heinz Award Chairman's Medal along with William R. Hewlett. (1997)
 Member of the California Hall of Fame (2006)
 Entrepreneur Walk of Fame (2011)
 The "<mask> Packard" Lecture at USUHS
 David Packard Hall at USUHS

Packard's old home and garage in Palo Alto, California were placed on the California registry of historic places as "The Birthplace of Silicon Valley".He also had an oil tanker named for him. The <mask> Packard, built in 1977, was operated for Chevron, had a capacity  and was registered under the Bahamian flag. See also
 Committee on the Present Danger
 David and Lucile Packard Foundation
 List of wealthiest foundations
 Trilateral Commission

Notes

References
Articles
 “<mask>” (Biography). Engineering and Technology History Wiki (ETHW)
 “<mask> (1912-1996), Co-founder”. (Former Executive Bios). Hewlett-Packard. Bruskiewich, Patrick.“The HP Way—Know Your Institution First Hand”. Graduate Magazine, January 2006. (pp. 7–8)

Books
 <mask>, <mask>. HP Way: How Bill Hewlett and I Built Our Company. Collins, 1995. Interviews
 “Larson Collection Interview”.15 March 1984. Interview by Clarence Larson. “One Step Forward: Interview with <mask>. War and Peace in the Nuclear Age”. WGBH Open Vault, 10 November 1986. External links

The HP Way — by <mask>, c. 1992
Lucile Packard Children's Hospital
Last will and testament of <mask>

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1912 births
1996 deaths
American billionaires
American computer businesspeople
American electrical engineers
American Enterprise Institute
American electronics engineers
Hewlett-Packard people
Lemelson–MIT Prize
National Medal of Technology recipients
People from Pueblo, Colorado
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Silicon Valley people
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Vannevar Bush Award recipients
United States Deputy Secretaries of Defense
American technology company founders
American chairpersons of corporations
American technology chief executives
Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area
20th-century American businesspeople
Stanford University trustees
Henry Laurence Gantt Medal recipients

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<mask>, also known as "The Chinaman" (September 18, 1938 − December 21, 1997), was a powerful Caporegime in the Cleveland crime family who was once accused of plotting the assassination of then mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, Dennis J. Kucinich in 1979. Kucinich later became a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2004 and 2008 elections. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on Woodland Ave in Cuyahoga county, Ohio. His Father was a maternal cousin of the convicted corrupt Cleveland municipal prosecutor, <mask> who represented the Bedford, Highland Hills and Chagrin Falls townships and was a candidate for the Bedford Municipal Judgship in May 1997. <mask> was the nephew of (Giuseppe Antonio Berardinelli) Joey Maxim by marriage, the legendary Italian-American boxer who became the 1952 Lightweight Boxing Champion of the World. <mask> married Irene B. Mitroff in 1960 and they had two children. In 1990, Irene died in a Lake Erie boating accident.After divorcing Irene, <mask> took a second wife, Kristine, with whom he had a daughter. Early association with the Cleveland family
<mask>'s involvement with the Cleveland family Capo, Angelo "Big Ange" Lonardo began when he worked as a bartender at Angelo's Highlander Restaurant and Lounge on Northfield Road. Prior to this acquaintance, he had served many years as an errand boy for the mob, tending various vending machine routes. Later, Sinito had several of his own ventures, including part ownership in a Valley Forge, Pennsylvania amusement park. This amusement park provided an ingenious way to launder money undetected, which came from various gambling, drug trafficking and loansharking pursuits, through the amusement park's cash flow. Sinito had a wide assortment of interest and investments in both legitimate as well as illegitimate businesses. Sinito cautiously invested in many illegitimate business holdings, and greatly profited from the investments he made.Locally, he entered the vending machine business with lucrative washer and dryer accounts at numerous apartment buildings. <mask> also ran some coin-operated vending machine routes, from which he derived a significant bulk of his earnings. His business front was a gift basket company, on Chagrin Boulevard, once a favored area for Mob business and socialization. In addition to the gift basket shop <mask> opened in Beachwood, Ohio, he also co-owned the Appliance Mart with his brother Chuck. The Appliance Mart was a business front for the Cleveland family. The mart, which opened in 1972, had two locations, one in Euclid, Ohio and the other in Bedford, Ohio on Northfield Road. The Bedford store soon became a major base of operations for <mask>, from which he regularly met with Lonardo and other mobsters, discussed various illegal activities, short term as well as long term criminal plots, schemes and scams, and operated various illegal activities.Detailed plans for drug trafficking, conspiracies to kill police informers and other violent measures were conceived and acted on from meetings in the back rooms of Appliance Mart. <mask> was a talented extortionist and operated a lucrative loansharking scheme out of Appliance Mart. Appliance Mart would extend credit to customers it knew weren't credit-worthy and then use forceful extortion tactics to make good on the payment. One of the victims of this loansharking scheme included a small-time career criminal named Carmen "Jinglebells" Zagaria, who would later become a partner with <mask> and manage a major drug trafficking ring. Zagaria owed <mask> a large amount of money, the interest on which, grew larger and larger. <mask> and the other mob leaders controlled Zagaria as a result of the high interest on his loan shark debts. The nickname
There are many stories on how <mask> acquired the nickname "The Chinaman".One version said that nickname derived from his eyes, which allegedly look slanted "like a Chinaman’s". Another version stated that the nickname described his silent, calm, stoic, disciplined and inscrutable demeanor, the stereotypical qualities of a Chinese man. Another version cited a resemblance to actor David Carradine to the television show Kung Fu, and to a claim that <mask> made karate chops when angry. However, the most popular story was that in either 1973 or 1974 <mask> allegedly threw 10 to 30 people out of a bar on Cleveland's West Side during a brawl. Cleveland’s Model Cities scandal
<mask> was a minor figure involved in the 1973 Cleveland's Model Cities scandal. In August 1973, Robert Doggett was the director of the Model City program, which was a federal initiative created under President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society Program during the 1970s. The program funneled millions of dollars into major cities in an effort to help the poor.Local Cleveland area civic and community groups were to determine how to use these funds. Originally the first planned amount was to be $45 million. A federal audit later undertaken by the GAO showed much of the Federal funds were wasted. The General Accounting Office's audit showed at least as much as $9.2 million were misspent on fraud and waste. A prominent Cleveland mobster and drug trafficker Ronald Bey was hired by then Mayor Ralph J. Perk, into a high level administrative staff position, for the purpose of conducting a drug control feasibility study. An investigation of the corruption and graft in the Model Cities program lead to Mayor Perk’s administration.Bey worked in Mayor Perk’s administration, and appeared in several photographs alongside Mayor Perk. In spite of Perk’s protests that he didn’t know Bey worked for the City of Cleveland, the photographs of both men decorated city hall. The mob wanted its front companies to receive the biggest contracts. While walking to his office on St. Clair, Doggett was shot in the stomach and nearly died. His would-be assassin was found a few days later, floating facedown in the Ohio River. The shooter's name was Gerald "Chick" Johnson, a former employee of a shady contractor who was seeking a city contract. Bey became a suspect in the Robert Doggett shooting.Cleveland Police investigators uncovered information, that three days earlier, Doggett had refused to pay Bey's $3,111 fee on his service contract. A Special Grand Jury was convened to Investigate the Model Cities shooting. Its purpose was to investigate Doggett's shooting and how the Model Cities program was administered. <mask> was one of the witnesses subpoenaed to testify. According to Sgt. Edward Kovacic, of the Cleveland Police intelligence unit, Johnson's car was leased from a dealership where <mask> worked. Although <mask> was granted immunity from any charges that might result from this Special Grand Jury's findings, he refused to cooperate, and testify before a grand jury.No individuals, including Bey, were ever indicted from the results of this Special Grand Jury. Conflict with Danny Greene
In 1975, the legendary Irish-American mobster, Danny Greene began asserting himself in the vending machine racket, which had traditionally been a Mafia racket, and began muscling into many of the Cleveland Mafia's gambling operations. This greatly angered the Cleveland family leadership. According to a mob informant, this move brought him into conflict with <mask>. <mask> considered Greene an extortionist and felt that Greene's coined operated laundry contracts with their excessive fees were nothing more than extortion. Danny Greene controlled some of the more lucrative laundry contracts which <mask> was competing for. <mask> and mob associate, Joseph "Joey Loose" Iacobacci soon murdered one of Greene's associates.Greene's response was to have one of his gang, possibly his cousin Kevin McTaggart, wire a bundle of dynamite to the frame of <mask>'s car. <mask> found the bomb in his car, attached to the frame. He removed the bomb, disarmed it and later destroyed it. This act of war by Greene drew <mask> into the Mafia war with Greene in Cleveland during the 1970s, where he would play a significant role. Kucinich assassination plot
As the Cleveland family waged its gang war against Danny Greene, newly elected Mayor Dennis J. Kucinich fought hard to sever the Mafia's old ties to local government. In 1977, Kucinich mandated that all city contracts Cleveland had with various companies would be re-evaluated. In an effort to save money for the financially strapped city, he would have these contracts re-bid on, with the contracts going to the lowest bidder.This decision put him at odds with the Cleveland Mob. That same year, Kucinich refused to sell Municipal Light, Cleveland's public power plant, to private interests that stood to financially gain from the purchase. The Cleveland family didn't care whether or not Kucinch sold the Municipal Light system to the highest bidder, its sale didn't affect them. Re-bidding on the city contracts they held through various front companies would, however, adversely affect the Cleveland family's interests. The most coveted deal was the garbage-hauling contract once held by Danny Greene, before an associate of his named James Palladino took it over. Palladino made no secret of his contempt for Kucinich, after the mayor awarded the contract to another businessman not directly connected to organized crime. Some city contracts, especially in garbage hauling, had been under total mob control since the late 1940s.When Kucinich announced in both daily papers, the Plain Dealer and the now defunct Cleveland Press, that he planned to review all city held contracts and open them to the lowest outside bids, it greatly infuriated the Cleveland family hierarchy. Kucinich also began reviewing all of the garbage hauling contracts after coming to office. Every mob-held front company having any city contracts were to be investigated and criminal charges brought against the racketeers. This meant being convicted on federal racketeering charges under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, with its stiff penalties, such as long jail sentences. These aforementioned reasons propelled mob boss, James Licavoli, with the advice of Lonardo to order a hit on Kucinich in 1978. In face of some opposition by lower level associates, <mask> stubbornly defended Licavoli's decision and it was then decided to use the services of an outsider professional hitman, since using local associates for the job could trace back to them. <mask>'s uncle Joey Maxim, who worked in an Atlantic City casino helped him contact a contract killer.However, the supposed killer was, in fact, an undercover Maryland State Police officer using the name Gene, who specialized in posing as a contract killer. The two met in the Atlantic City casino where Maxim worked. Gene walked into the casino's lounge where he'd been told to meet <mask>. During the meeting, <mask> introduced himself only as Tommy and successfully hired Gene for the Assassination plot. Gene was initially paid $25,000 for his services. After the meeting, Gene informed Cleveland Police who soon made a connection to <mask>, after checking police records. Several bizarre plans were discussed.One was to kill Kucinich as he left Tony's Diner on West 117th and Lorain Avenue. Gene would perch on an outside steel fire escape across the street, armed with a sniper rifle and shoot Kucinich when he came out of the diner. A second plan was to shoot Kucinich as he marched down Euclid Avenue in the 1979 Columbus Day Parade. But the hit didn't happen because an ulcer inside Kunicich's stomach burst before the event, and the mayor was rushed to the hospital. The assassination plot continued for three long years, but never came to fruition. When Cleveland Trust called in long-standing debts in retaliation for Kucinich's refusal not to sell Municipal Light, the city went into default and Kucinich's popularity plummeted. The hit was eventually called off when Kucinich did not win reelection in 1979.Gene returned to Maryland. In 1984, the Kucinich plot would result in a probe into the Cleveland Mafia's part in the assassination plot. The plot to kill Kucinich was not made public until 1984. Even Kucinich had been kept in the dark. In the past, Kucinich has implied he believes it was divine

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Thomas James Sinito
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 intervention that kept him from the parade that day. Made man
Due to his business savvy and tremendous money-earning abilities, <mask> soon acquired a reputation as an earner and gained a high level of trust in the Cleveland Family. His refusal to testify in the Model Cities scandal, as well as his active role in the Mafia's war with Danny Greene helped to cement this solid reputation within the family.Like many of the old time mafioso, he was very cautious in his dealings with others and extremely low profile. These factors caused him to slip away unknown and undetected from the attention of local law enforcement for a short period of time. Unlike many of his fellow mobsters such as Carmen Zagaria, Kevin McTaggart and the Graewe brothers, <mask> was not a psychopath. Ever the diplomat, Sinito always preferred to primarily use reason rather than violence, when dealing with a problem. He saw murder only as a means of preventing treachery and protecting their interests and profits from their criminal enterprises. However, <mask> would never shy away from using violence or committing a murder to protect his or the family's interest, when the situation deemed it necessary. He was strictly Machiavellian in his decisions, using and manipulating others as he saw fit.During the 1970s, <mask> became a regular at Jackie Presser’s restaurant "The Forge". These frequent visits to this notorious mob hangout brought him under Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) surveillance. Throughout this period, <mask> and his mob cohorts never realized that Presser, along with his business partner, Tony Hughes, were FBI informants. Presser had been feeding information to the FBI about Mafia activities since 1968. When Lonardo was promoted to underboss in 1976, <mask> was given control over Lonardo's crew. Upon his promotion, <mask> also received a share of the profits which were regularly being skimmed from the Stardust, Fremont, and Desert Inn casinos in Las Vegas by the Chicago Outfit and the various mid-western Mafia families. The Cleveland family received a total of about $40,000 a month from the skim.In the midst of the Mafia's war with Greene, Licavoli gained permission from  Anthony Salerno, head of the Genovese crime family, to initiate ten new official members, including <mask> in 1977. In 1979, <mask> together with his mob colleague, Joseph Gallo, was eventually made into the Cleveland family. The induction ceremony took place in a small private back room at the Italian-American brotherhood Club in Cleveland's Murray Hill district, on Mayfield Road. The sacred Mafia vow of Omerta was administered to the duo by the Underboss, Angelo "Big Ange" Lonardo. Also present in the ceremony was mob boss, James T. Licavoli, and Charlie Casra, a retired member of the Cleveland Family. Involvement in the Zagaria drug trafficking network
After the assassination of Greene, <mask> became heavily involved in the drug trade. The underworld war with Greene and his subsequent assassination resulted in a massive federal crackdown that proved to be very costly and disastrous for the Cleveland family.Many high ranking mobsters were incarcerated and convicted for crimes related to the war, and the Cleveland family was losing a lot of money and potential profits due to these incidents. Determined to recover most of the profits lost, the Cleveland family soon turned to the previously taboo rackets of Narcotics trafficking. In spite of the official "no drugs" policy, <mask> engaged in drug trafficking for the family, and did so with the tacit approval of the imprisoned mob boss, James Licavoli. However, Licavoli's underboss, Angelo Lonardo, was totally opposed to drug dealing and unsuccessfully tried to steer Licavoli against it. During this period, the Cleveland family was involved in a large-scale narcotics network that distributed and sold marijuana, cocaine, quaaludes, and other controlled substances. The narcotics network was overseen by Cleveland mobster, Carmen P. Zagaria, who was controlled in the operation by <mask> and another Capo, Joseph Charles Gallo. In spite of his Italian-American heritage and deep involvement in business dealings with the Cleveland family, Zagaria refused Gallo's offer to be "made" into the family, with the rank of a Caporegime.It is estimated that in 1981 alone, Zagaria's drug network brought in approximately $15 million and was considered the largest narcotics network in northeast Ohio. Years later, while testifying in front of the US Senate, Lonardo testified that <mask> was running a major narcotics trafficking network for the Cleveland family in the late seventies. The profits were delivered up to Licavoli, with <mask> taking a cut. He also stated that, at that time, <mask> was known for organizing hits on anyone who crossed him, not only other drug dealers stepping on his turf, but friends, too. The massive drug ring operation created by the merger of the smaller drug rings in the 1970s continued to operate and generate profit for the mob. It operated until the FBI arrested and got convictions to imprison the drug kingpins running it. Cocaine, marijuana, repackaged illegally obtained prescription drugs, hashish, LSD, PCP and heroin were sold through Zagaria's ring.Drug mules made regular deliveries of raw drugs to safe stash houses in Cleveland. The raw drugs would then be processed for street sales. Zagaria recruited new street level workers to keep the drug operation running, money counting, distribution, mules, processing raw drugs for sale and selling the drugs. Some of these new recruits, Keith Ritson and Greene's cousin, Kevin McTaggart, were former members of the Celtic Club. The Gallo, Sinito and Zagaria drug operation flourished, a triumph for all of its managers. The Zagaria, Gallo and Sinito drug ring accounted for 40% of illegal drug sales in Cuyahoga County. The drug ring's activities drew the attention of the FBI and it began a two-year investigation of the drug ring's activities.After becoming the focus of an FBI investigation codenamed "Operation Busmark", Carmen Zagaria was convicted in state court of selling drugs, and sentenced to 10 to 30 years in prison. He became a fugitive while out on bail, but gave himself up to the FBI at Holy Cross Cemetery on September 23, 1982. Facing the original conviction and sentence, additional federal drug charges, weapons charges, and potential indictments against his family members, Zagaria became a government witness and admitted to leading a drug enterprise and over 19 murders committed by the network. With his near photographic memory, Zagaria's testimony would prove incriminating and quite damaging to his former crime associates. He would go on to testify against <mask>, Angelo Lonardo, Hans Graewe, Joseph C. Gallo and Kevin McTaggart for vast narcotics dealings and the 19 murders. The Perrier and Bonarigo murders
<mask> was involved in the murder of a Cleveland gangster named Joseph Bonarigo. After supposedly hearing of a murder threat against the Cleveland family hierarchy from Bonarigo, <mask> went to Licavoli and Lonardo and informed them of the threat.<mask> was then given permission to contract for Bonarigo's murder, which was given to Joe Iacobacci. Iacobacci used the help of a Hell's Angels member in the murder of Joe Bonarigo. However, after finding out that <mask> was in the dope business with Zagaria, Lonardo assumed that <mask> wanted Bonarigo out of the way for his dope business, and not because of any real threat to them. David Perrier had been a collector of loanshark debts for <mask>. Perrier had a drug problem and would get drunk and get into fights at the local bars. <mask> had told Lonardo that he was worried about Perrier, as he thought Perrier had already talked to law enforcement about <mask>'s illegal activities. One time, Perrier created a scene at a bar in Mayfield Heights, Ohio, when he made statements against Licavoli and slapped Licavoli's friend, Steve "Darby" Calcavecchio.Later, Perrier met Licavoli and got on his knees and begged Licavoli's forgiveness. Perrier continued his erratic behaviour. Around 1981, Perrier was found shot to death. Suspecting that Perrier was talking to the feds, <mask> killed him. He and another mobster picked Perrier up and drove him to an area near Warren, Ohio. After repeatedly shooting Perrier four to five times in the head, Perrier didn't die and continued to struggle with them. According to Lonardo's testimony to the Committee on Governmental Affairs in 1988, Perrier told <mask>, "You son of a bitch.I thought we were brothers." Perrier lived for a short while, then died. They then dumped the body from the car. <mask> then disposed of the car by burning it, as it was soaked with blood. Arrest and imprisonment
After Mafia boss James Licavoli was indicted for racketeering in connection with the murder of Danny Greene in 1982, Angelo Lonardo, took control of the Cleveland crime family. He led the family until 1984. During that year, Lonardo was convicted of running the Zagaria drug trafficking network, and was sentenced to life in prison.He then became an informant, making him the highest ranking Mafia turncoat up to that time. He informed on powerful Mafiosi from numerous families while in prison, and caused serious damage to the Cleveland family's infrastructure. On October 16, 1981, <mask> was convicted of conspiring to conduct a racketeering activity, engaging in a racketeering activity, making extortionate extensions of credit, making collections of extensions of credit by extortionate means, attempting to evade income tax, and filing false and fraudulent income tax returns. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio sentenced him to eighteen years imprisonment and a $20,000 fine. <mask> began serving his sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution in Ashland, Kentucky on November 19, 1981. On July 2, 1986, <mask> pleaded guilty to charges of engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise, and possession with intent to distribute; cocaine. He was sentenced by the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, to a term of imprisonment of twenty-two years, and a concurrent term of imprisonment of five years, with a special parole term of three years.This sentence was to run concurrently with the federal sentence <mask> had been serving. On July 17, 1986, <mask> plead guilty to voluntary manslaughter in connection with the 1981 execution murder of David Perrier, in Trumbull County. He received a sentence of seven to twenty-five years for manslaughter from an Ohio state court. Even while incarcerated, <mask> remained a major influence in the Cleveland Mafia. Angelo Lonardo warned the FBI, that <mask> was one of the few made members who possessed the strong will and determination necessary to revive the Cleveland family after being released from prison. From prison, <mask> recommended two new members, Russell Papalardo and Joseph "Loose Lips" Iacobacci, Jr, be inducted into the Cleveland crime family in 1983. He was seeking early release from the state parole board, when he died of a heart attack in the exercise yard, at the Belmont Correctional Institution near St. Clairsville, Ohio.He was 59 years old at the time of his death. During <mask>'s funeral service, on December 23, 1997 at St. John's Cathedral, his former defense lawyer, James Willis summed up <mask>'s life by calling him "courageous and honorable." Of <mask>, Willis said; "If he told you something you could take it to the bank. He wasn’t a cry baby.... He was from the old school." <mask> is buried in Knollwood Cemetery in Mayfield Heights, Ohio. Citations

References
Porrello, Rick.To Kill the Irishman: The War that Crippled the Mafia. Novelty, Ohio: Next Hat Press, 2004. External links
Tommy James <mask>: The Early Years, Part 1
Tommy James <mask>: The Mafia Years, Part II
Dicing and Drugs: Carmen Zagaria and <mask>, Part III

1938 births
1997 deaths
Mafia hitmen
American gangsters of Italian descent
Cleveland crime family
People convicted of racketeering
American people convicted of tax crimes
American people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in United States federal government detention
Burials at Knollwood

masks:
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