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<mask> (born September 12, 1978) is an American singer and actor. He rose to fame as winner of the second season of American Idol and received a Grammy Award nomination in 2003 for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for his recording of "Superstar." In the years following Idol, Studdard has released seven studio albums, including his platinum-selling debut, Soulful, and the top-selling gospel follow-up, I Need an Angel. He is most well known for his recording career, which has produced hits including "Flying Without Wings," "Sorry 2004," and "Change Me," but he has also segued into television and stage work. Most notably, he starred as Fats Waller in a national tour revival of Ain't Misbehavin', which spawned a Grammy-nominated soundtrack. In 2013, <mask> appeared as a contestant on the fifteenth season of weight-loss competition show The Biggest Loser. He later signed to Verve Records and collaborated with the label's chairman, David Foster, on Studdard's sixth studio album, Unconditional Love, in 2014.That album received strong reviews as a return-to-form and included a tour with Lalah Hathaway. In 2018, <mask>, who has long been compared to R&B singer Luther Vandross, released a cover album called Ruben Sings Luther and launched his Always & Forever national tour. He made his Broadway theatre debut in December 2018 in Ruben & Clay’s First Annual Christmas Carol Family Fun Pageant Spectacular Reunion Show (aka Ruben & Clay’s Christmas Show) at the Imperial Theatre. Early life
<mask> was born in Frankfurt, West Germany, to American parents, while his father was stationed there with the U.S. Army, and grew up in Birmingham, Alabama. The youngest son of two teachers, at the age of three, he sang for the first time at the Rising Star Baptist Church in his hometown of Birmingham. He continued singing gospel in church, performing solos as a child while his mother sang in the local choir. While at Huffman High School, he played football for which he received a scholarship to Alabama A&M University.While at Alabama A&M, he joined the Omicron Delta chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the men's music fraternity of America. After growing up listening to his mother's Donny Hathaway albums, Fred Hammond, and gospel music, Studdard began to pursue a career in the music industry, majoring in voice studies at Alabama A&M. He sang with Just a Few Cats, a popular local Birmingham jazz and R&B band founded by members of Ray Reach's UAB Jazz Ensemble, along with other local musicians. Years later, Studdard stated: "A lot of people don't realize how hard I was trying to get into the business before American Idol. I was making demos and just working so hard." A back-up singer from Just a Few Cats asked him to accompany her to Nashville, Tennessee for an audition on the 2003 second season of American Idol. American Idol
When auditioning, Studdard sang Stevie Wonder's "Ribbon in the Sky."This guided him to being one of the local finalists. On American Idol, he impressed viewers with his performances of the Leon Russell/Bonnie Bramlett song "Superstar" and the Peabo Bryson/Regina Belle duet "A Whole New World." During his time on the show, Studdard received praise from music legends such as Lionel Richie, Neil Sedaka, Robin Gibb of the Bee Gees, Luther Vandross, and Gladys Knight. During the televised competition, Studdard gained the nickname "Velvet Teddy Bear" and was noted for his shirts printed with "205," the telephone area code of his hometown of Birmingham. He won the contest over runner-up Clay Aiken by only 134,000 votes out of 24,000,000 cast in the May 2003 finale, becoming the second American Idol winner. Alabama Governor Bob Riley declared March 11, 2003 as "Ruben Studdard Day." Performances and results

Career

2003–2004: Soulful
<mask> released his first single, a cover of Westlife's "Flying Without Wings" (which he had sung on the American Idol finale), produced by The Underdogs and Babyface.Fueled largely by sales, it debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot 100. In December 2003, advance orders for his album Soulful topped the one million mark before it was released into stores. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart that month, selling over 400,000 copies in its first week and attaining the second highest first-week sales of any American Idol winner. The single "Sorry 2004" from this album found substantial airplay, reaching number nine in the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Billboard R&B singles chart. <mask> received a Grammy Award nomination in December 2003 for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for "Superstar", nominated alongside his idol Luther Vandross, who ultimately won the category. In March 2004, <mask> won the NAACP Outstanding New Artist award. 2004–2005: I Need an Angel
Studdard released the gospel album I Need an Angel on November 23, 2004.The title track and first single "I Need an Angel" was a cover of a 2002 single performed by R&B singer Daniel DeBourg and written by R. Kelly. The album sold over 96,000 copies in its first week, entering the Gospel charts at number one and at number twenty on the Billboard 200 chart. It since has sold over 500,000 copies, securing Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America. It was also number one on the 2005 Billboard Year-End Gospel Albums Chart. In March 2005, <mask> filed a lawsuit against his godfather and business advisor Ronald Edwards. The suit alleges that Edwards ran up $156,000 on Studdard's credit cards and stole $90,000 from his checking account. Edwards filed a countersuit.On June 15, 2006, <mask> was awarded $500,000 for personal losses and another $1.5 million in punitive damages. Between his second and third albums, Studdard began a diet and fitness program to deal with his weight, out of concern for a family history of diabetes and hypertension, resulting in his losing over 70 pounds on a vegetarian diet. In 2004, <mask> made a cameo in the film Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, singing a cover of Earth, Wind & Fire's "Shining Star". He also made guest appearances on TV shows including Life on a Stick, 8 Simple Rules, One on One, All of Us and Eve. 2006–2008: The Return
<mask>'s third album, The Return, was released in October 2006. Returning to R&B music on this album, Studdard collaborated with a variety of producers, including Scott Storch, Stargate, and Ne-Yo. <mask> also co-wrote several songs on the album.The Return sold 71,000 copies in its first week to open at number eight on the Billboard 200 album chart. The lead single, "Change Me," reached number one on Billboard's Urban Contemporary chart, while the follow-up track, "Make Ya Feel Beautiful", also made a strong impression on the R&B charts. <mask> continued to tour, saying he would play a variety of music: "Coming out to my show is like coming to my house. I'll play the songs I love. It's like a party. For me, a party has all different types of music happening." <mask> appeared on the finale of American Idol season 6 in May 2007.He spent a few weeks touring with Robin Givens in the comedy-drama Heaven I Need a Hug and prepared to take on the role of Fats Waller in a national tour of Ain't Misbehavin' in 2008. The tour is scheduled to begin November 17, 2008 in Atlanta, GA and end May 14, 2009 in Syracuse, NY. In December 2007, <mask> had been dropped from his record company, J Records, due to poor sales of The Return and "[falling] short of expectations". He remained under contract with 19 Recordings  and was assigned the high-profile position of performing the American Idol season 7 farewell song, a recording of Kenny Loggins' "Celebrate Me Home", in a new version produced by Terry Lewis and Jimmy Jam. Studdard performed "Celebrate Me Home" live on May 20, 2008, at the Nokia Theatre for the first night of the two-night grand finale of American Idol's seventh season. In 2008, <mask> also collaborated with gospel singer Deitrick Haddon and duo Mary Mary on the hit gospel song "Love Him Like I Do". 2009–2010: Love Is
<mask> announced that his next album, to be released May 19, 2009, would be released on Sony Music offshoot Hickory Records.The new album, entitled Love Is, was produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. The album spawned the singles "Together" and "Don't Make 'Em Like U No More". Love Is was released on May 19, 2009, to positive reviews. The album, which features a mix of covers and original songs, sold 15,200 units in its first week to debut at number 36 on the Billboard 200, number five on Independent Albums and number eight on Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Studdard appeared with the "David Foster and Friends" ten-city tour beginning October 21, 2009, in Chicago, Illinois and ending November 8, 2009, in Vancouver, Canada. A compilation album, Playlist: The Very Best of <mask> <mask> was released on January 26, 2010 by Sony's Legacy Recordings. Studdard returned to the American Idol stage on March 31, 2010 to perform "Don't Make 'Em Like U No More".In his on-camera interview with Ryan Seacrest after his performance, he announced that he would be touring with Clay Aiken in the

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 summer. <mask> and Aiken brought their Timeless tour to cities in the US and Canada beginning in Asheville, North Carolina on July 23, 2010 and ending in Biloxi, Mississippi on August 14. Instead of a concert focusing on each singers recordings, <mask> and Aiken opted for a variety show format covering medleys of songs from the 1960s to the 1990s, with a few solos and interspersed with comedy bits. 2010–2013: Letters from Birmingham
In 2011, <mask> signed with Shanachie Entertainment. His first album for the label and fifth studio release overall, Letters from Birmingham, was released in March 2012. A concept album that traces a relationship through a series of romantic letters, Letters from Birmingham received mostly positive reviews, especially for his duet with Chrisette Michele, "Do It Right", which was praised as "sublime" and "tantalizing". The album also included covers of Bobby Brown's "Rock Wit'cha" and "Pure Imagination" from Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, recast as a love song.Since its release, "Letters from Birmingham" has sold 22,000 copies, and the lead single, "June 28 (I'm Single)", which referenced his marriage and subsequent divorce, reached the top 20 of Billboard's urban charts. 2013–2014: The Biggest Loser and Unconditional Love
Studdard joined the cast of fifteenth season of the NBC weight loss competition show The Biggest Loser, and was credited as its first ever celebrity contestant. At 6'3 and 462 pounds, Studdard had the highest starting weight and BMI of the entire cast. A member of the show's Red Team, <mask> was first eliminated in the fourth week after he failed to make his weight loss goal. However, because opposing coach Jillian Michaels had given her team caffeine pills in violation of the rules, Studdard's elimination was voided and he returned before once again being eliminated during the competition's eighth week. At the show's finale on February 4, 2014 (which coincided with the release of Studdard's newest album, Unconditional Love), it was revealed that he had lost a total of 119 pounds for an ending weight of 343 pounds. Studdard credited the weight loss for improving his ability to perform onstage.During the finale, <mask> also performed his new album's lead single, "Meant to Be", accompanied by the song's cowriter and producer, David Foster, on piano. Unconditional Love is <mask>'s sixth studio album and first with his new label, Verve Records. Foster, who has won 16 Grammy Awards, was the executive producer of the disc, which primarily consists of covers of love songs along with two originals, including "Meant to Be". <mask> has called it "the album that everybody expected from me when I won American Idol." The album features collaborations with Stevie Wonder, Lalah Hathaway, and Eric Benet, and includes covers of songs originally performed by artists such as Paul McCartney, Donny Hathaway, Bonnie Raitt, Marvin Gaye, and Peabo Bryson. Since its release, the album has received some of <mask>'s best reviews of his career. According to critics, the album "finds Studdard at the top of his game vocally" and he hits his stride, "exuding grace, confidence and class" as he successfully positions himself as a "stylish crooner."Unconditional Love debuted at #46 on the Billboard 200 and #7 on Billboard's R&B Albums chart. Studdard supported the release of Unconditional Love with the national Born Again Tour with his collaborator Lalah Hathaway. 2015-present: <mask> Sings Luther and Broadway debut
<mask> continues to appear regularly on American Idol, including mentoring and performing with contestants in its farewell season on Fox. He released a new single, "Can't Nobody Love You," on April 8, 2016, and appeared on several talk shows to promote the song. In 2017, he released a cover of "A Change Is Gonna Come" and guested on Patti LaBelle's holiday album, performing "Your Presence with Me" and "Ave Maria." In 2018, <mask>, who had long been compared to Luther Vandross, released a tribute album, <mask> Sings Luther, on the SEG Music label. He supported the album with the Always & Forever national tour.In an interview with People Magazine, <mask> said that, “Since I won American Idol, people have been asking for me to sing Luther songs for a long time. I thought, ‘OK. You want to hear it? I might as well do it. I thought it was the perfect time to pay homage to one of the greatest song interpreters of all time.”

Both the album and tour received strong reviews, with Variety noting that "<mask> truly took wing and made the music of Vandross his own" on tour and The Philadelphia Inquirer calling the album a "full-on lush-and-funky tribute". <mask> made his Broadway theatre debut in December 2018, reuniting with Clay Aiken in Ruben & Clay’s First Annual Christmas Carol Family Fun Pageant Spectacular Reunion Show (aka Ruben & Clay’s Christmas Show) at the Imperial Theatre, with previews beginning December 7 and the show officially opening December 11. The show continued through December 30, with a portion of ticket sales benefitting the National Inclusion Project.Acting
Studdard has worked as an actor in several roles, including single-episode appearances on the television series 8 Simple Rules, Life on a Stick, All of Us, Eve, and One on One, as well as a cameo appearance in the film Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed. He has also appeared on a television commercial for a Birmingham-area Kia dealer. Studdard headlined the revival tour of Ain't Misbehavin', starring alongside fellow American Idol alumni Trenyce and Frenchie Davis. Starring as Fats Waller, Studdard received positive reviews and was part of the cast recording album released by Rhino Records on January 13, 2009. The album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album. Advocacy
<mask>'s love of music led him to create The Ruben Studdard Foundation for the Advancement of Children in the Music Arts. The foundation's mission statement says their aim is "to promote the essential role of the arts in education through learning initiatives for the development of students in the Greater Birmingham Area."Studdard also signed on as an official spokesperson for "Be Sickle Smart", a nationwide grassroots health-education program aimed at increasing awareness of iron overload among people living with sickle-cell disease. Personal life
<mask> met Surata Zuri McCants in October 2006, when he was signing CDs at a Wal-Mart in Atlanta. On June 28, 2008, <mask> married McCants in a short, private ceremony in Mountain Brook, Alabama. On November 16, 2011, Studdard's attorney announced that Studdard was in the process of a divorce. <mask>'s divorce was finalized in April 2012. Studdard received an honorary Master of Arts degree from his alma mater of Alabama A&M University, where he received a bachelor degree in Vocal Studies, at its December 2015 commencement ceremony. He is a member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity.In 2022, it was announced that Studdard would teach a masterclass for performing arts majors at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Awards and nominations

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Singles

Single certifications

Other albums
 American Idol Season 2: All-Time Classic American Love Songs (2003)
 "What the World Needs Now"  (with Season 2 Finalists)
 "God Bless the U.S.A. (Proud to Be an American)" (with Season 2 Finalists)
 "Superstar"
 American Idol: The Great Holiday Classics (2003)
 "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
 "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" (American Idol Ensemble)
 "This Christmas"
 Genius & Friends (2005)
 "Imagine" with Ray Charles and The Harlem Gospel Singers
 Revealed (2008)
 "Love Him Like I Do" with Deitrick Haddon and Mary Mary
 Ain't Misbehavin': The 30th Anniversary Cast Recording (2009)
 "Honeysuckle Rose" duet with Frenchie Davis
 "The Jitterbug Waltz" with Patrice Covington & Company
 "Lounging At The Waldorf" with Frenchie Davis, Trenyce Cobbins & Patrice Covington
 "Your Feet's Too Big"
 Hit Man Returns: David Foster & Friends (2011)
 "Home" with David Foster

 Unbelievable (2011)
 "Saturday Love" with Keke Wyatt
 Sing Pray Love, Vol. 1: Sing (2014)
 "Back 2 Love" with Kelly Price
 Patti LaBelle Presents: Home for the Holidays with Friends (2017)
 "Don't Save it All for Christmas"
 "Your Presence with Me"
 "Let It Snow"
 "Ave Maria"

Filmography
 One on One (2004)
 Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004)
 8 Simple Rules (2005)
 Life on a Stick (2005)
 All of Us (2005)
 Natural Born Komics (2006) (direct-to-DVD)
 Eve (2006)
 Lifted (2011)
 The Perfect Gift (2011)

See also
 List of Idols winners

References

External links

 Official Foundation site

1978 births
Living people
Alabama A&M Bulldogs football players
American football offensive linemen
American gospel singers
American Idol winners
American male pop singers
American contemporary R&B singers
Baptists from Alabama
Musicians from Birmingham, Alabama
Urban contemporary gospel musicians
19 Recordings artists
J Records artists
Hickory Records artists
Shanachie Records artists
Verve Records artists
21st-century African-American male

masks: Studdard Studdard Studdard Studdard Studdard Studdard Studdard Studdard Ruben Studdard Studdard Ruben Studdard Studdard Studdard Studdard Studdard Studdard Studdard


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<mask> (; born 24 December 1969 in Nevinnomyssk, Stavropol Krai, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a Russian engineer and cosmonaut. In 2011 he was in space serving as an Expedition 25/26 crewmember. On 12 April 2011, <mask> was awarded the titles of Hero of the Russian Federation and Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation for courage and heroism in the implementation of long-duration space flight on the International Space Station. Education
He was born into a soldier's family and lived in Nevinnomyssk in the North Caucasus, in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the Russian Far East and in Zaporizhia in Soviet Ukraine. <mask> entered the Bauman Moscow State Technical University after graduating from high school in Zaporizhia in 1987. He graduated in 1993 from the university with a diploma of mechanical engineer in rocket construction. <mask> worked as a test-metal worker between 1987 and 1991 and as a Technician between 1991 and 1993 in the scientific-industrial association project bureau at Energia.After graduating from the Bauman Moscow State Technical University, from August 1993 to August 1997 he worked as an engineer in Energia RSC project bureau on the development of transport and cargo vehicles. Roscosmos career

In 1997, <mask> was selected as a test cosmonaut and from January 1998 to November 1999, he studied the advanced space training course. From April 2007 to April 2008, he trained as an ISS Expedition 17 backup crewmember (Soyuz TMA and ISS flight engineer). From August 2008 he trained as an ISS Expedition 25/26 and Soyuz TMA-M flight engineer. Expedition 25/26
Skripochka was a member (Flight Engineer) of the ISS Expedition 25/26, that was launched on 7 October 2010 from Baikonur Cosmodrome, aboard Soyuz TMA-01M spacecraft, together with cosmonaut Aleksandr Kaleri and NASA astronaut Scott Kelly. <mask> arrived at the ISS after the Soyuz spacecraft linked up with the space station at 00:01 UTC on 10 October 2010. He stayed on board the ISS till March 2011.During their mission, <mask> and the rest of the Expedition 25/26 crew participated in a wide array of research, including fundamental physics, biometric experiments and investigations of crystal growth in space, as well as education outreach. After spending 159 days in space, Skripochka returned to Earth on 16 March 2011. The Soyuz TMA-01M spacecraft carrying <mask>, Kaleri and Kelly undocked from the Poisk module at 4:27 GMT. Following a nominal re-entry, the Soyuz capsule touched down on its side at 7:54 GMT near Arkalyk in north central Kazakhstan. A few minutes later, <mask> and his two crew members were pulled from the capsule and placed in reclining chairs. The weather at the landing side was harsh with high winds and viciously cold temperatures. At one point in his live landing commentary, NASA spokesman Rob Navias said "You would think that was a scene out of the North Pole," to explain the extreme climatic conditions.Spacewalks

<mask> participated in three spacewalks during his stay aboard the space station as an Expedition 25 and 26 Flight Engineer. Russian EVA #26
On 15 November 2010, <mask> participated in a spacewalk with fellow Russian cosmonaut and Expedition 25 Flight Engineer Fyodor Yurchikhin. At 13:25 UTC, he and Yurchikhin ventured into space outside the ISS from the Pirs airlock to conduct Russian EVA #26. The spacewalk lasted six hours and 27 minutes. It was the first for <mask>, who was in the spacesuit marked with blue stripes (Orlan-MK #5). The two cosmonauts removed Kontur and Expose-R scientific experiments. The Kontur experiment studied remote object control capability for robotic arms and the Expose-R experiment is a European Space Agency experiment designed to expose organic material to the extreme environment of space.During the spacewalk, Skripochka and Yurchikhin also installed a portable multipurpose workstation on the Zvezda service module and installed handrail extensions between
the Poisk Module and both Zvezda and Zarya modules. They performed an experiment called Test, which is aimed at verifying the existence
of micro organisms or contamination underneath insulation on the Russian segment of the ISS. Skripochka and Yurchikhin removed a television camera from the Rassvet module, however they were not able to relocate the camera due to interference with insulation where it was to be installed. Russian EVA #27
During the second spacewalk (Russian EVA #27), conducted on 21 January 2011, Skripochka and cosmonaut Dmitri Kondratyev focused to complete installation of a new high-speed data transmission system. Skripochka was designated as Extravehicular 2, and had a blue stripe on his spacesuit. Skripochka also wore a NASA-provided wireless television camera system and helmet lights to provide live point-of-view video to Mission Control-Moscow. Kondratyev and Skripochka began the five-hour, 23-minute spacewalk at 9:29 a.m. EST when the two cosmonauts opened the Pirs hatch and began exiting the Russian segment of the space station.The spacewalk ended at 2:52 p.m EST. They deployed the antenna for the Radio Technical System for Information Transfer, an experimental system designed to enable large data files to be downlinked using radio technology at a speed of about 100 MB/s from space station's Russian segment. During the spacewalk, Kondratyev and Skripochka also removed the plasma pulse generator on the port side of the Zvezda module that was part of an experiment to investigate disturbances and changes in the ionosphere from space station impulse plasma flow. The generator, was covered, removed and returned inside the Pirs airlock. They also removed the commercial Expose-R experiment from the port side of Zvezda. The joint Russian and European Space Agency package contains a number of material samples that were left open to space conditions. Working inside the Pirs airlock, Kondratyev and Skripochka grabbed the new docking camera for the Rassvet module (MRM1) and carried it to the worksite on Rassvet.They installed the camera and mated the camera's cable to a pre-wired connector that will route the video into the space station. Russian EVA #28
On 16 February 2011, Skripochka and Kondratyev participated in a spacewalk (Russian EVA #28) outside the ISS. The tasks for Skripochka and Kondratyev included to install a radio antenna, deploy a nano satellite, install two experiments and retrieve two exposure panels on a third experiment. The experiments they installed are the Molniya-Gamma experiment, which measures gamma splashes and optical radiation during terrestrial lightning and thunder conditions, and a high-speed data transmission system experiment that uses radio technology. The exposure panels retrieved are part of the Komplast experiment. Expedition 47/48
Skripochka returned to space on Soyuz TMA-20M at 19 March 2016 03:09 UTC, as part of the Expedition 47/48 crew

Expedition 61/62
Skripochka launched to the International Space Station on board Soyuz MS-15 on 25 September 2019, as a member of Expeditions 61 and 62. He returned to Earth April 17, 2020.References

External links

 Spacefacts biography of <mask> Shripochka
 Spaceflight101 biography of <mask> Shripochka

1969 births
Living people
Bauman Moscow State Technical University alumni
Commanders of the International Space Station
Heroes of the Russian Federation
People from Nevinnomyssk
Russian cosmonauts
Russian people of Ukrainian descent
Spacewalkers

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<mask> (; 9 November 1890 – 24 August 1950), a Ukrainian Soviet military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union, served as chief of the Red Army's Main Artillery Directorate from 1935 until June 1941. Known as an incompetent commander with a knowledge of military technology "frozen in 1918", he dismissed innovations such as tanks, anti-tank guns, and the Katyusha rocket launcher; only his personal friendship with Stalin (dating from service together in the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922) protected him from criticism. He had a reputation as a buffoon and a bully, who would shriek at subordinates who disagreed with him: "Prison or a medal!" On Stalin's orders, he was dismissed from his posts in 1946, arrested in 1947, and executed for treason in 1950. Early life
<mask> was born into a peasant family near Poltava in Ukraine. A soldier of the army of the Russian Empire in World War I, he served as a non-commissioned officer in the artillery. In 1917 he joined the Bolshevik Party and the Red Army during 1918.Civil war
At the beginning of the Russian Civil War, his friendship with the Bolshevik Kliment Voroshilov caused him to join the Red Army, resulting in an introduction to Stalin and the command of the artillery of the 1st Cavalry Army (co-led by Stalin and Voroshilov) at the Battle of Tsaritsyn during 1918. The position was almost entirely political in nature, a reward for <mask> joining the Reds and his loyalty to Voroshilov; <mask> himself did not have any experience with gun laying or commanding artillery crews, and the whole Bolshevik artillery force in Tsaritsyn consisted of 3 obsolete artillery pieces. Despite having little to no perceivable effect on the outcome of the battle, <mask>'s performance greatly impressed Stalin. After the Civil War, <mask> continued as one of Stalin's favored and most politically reliable generals during Poland's 1919 invasion of the Soviet Union, which he commanded personally. His poor performance resulted in him being replaced by the former cavalry NCO Semyon Budyonny. Unfazed, Stalin promoted <mask> to the post of First Deputy People's Commissar for Defense directed by Voroshilov. Artillery Directorate Chief
In 1935, <mask> was appointed chief of the Main Artillery Directorate, making him responsible for overseeing the development and production of new tanks, tank guns and artillery pieces.<mask> retained his opinions of the Red Army as it was during 1918, the last time he had had a field command. He denounced Marshal Tukhachevsky's campaign to redevelop the Red Army's mechanized forces into independent units like the Wehrmacht's Panzerkorps; the creation of separate divisions allowed them to use their greater maneuverability for Deep Battle-style maneuver warfare, rapidly exploiting breakthroughs rather than simply assisting the infantry. Correctly sensing that Stalin considered these new ideas as potential threats to his authority, <mask> successfully argued against the change. In an anonymous section of a report on the Spanish Civil War, <mask> noted that tanks not facing anti-tank weaponry were effective on the battlefield. He and Voroshilov argued that Tukhachevsky's theoretical style of warfare could not yet be carried out by the Red Army in its pre-war state, even if those theories were effective. Though Tukhachevsky was purged in 1937 because of Stalin and Voroshilov's dislike for him, his theories were at that time already widely influential in the Red Army. Though <mask> and Voroshilov's reforms moved the Red Army further away from deep operations doctrine, which had fallen out of favor due to many of its proponents being purged, as well as a lack of officers able to carry out the complicated operations required, the adjustment of Soviet military theory to better reflect the Red Army's actual operational capability would have a positive impact of the performance of the army in the opening days of WWII.Marshal Georgi Zhukov's use of deep operations techniques to great effect in Manchuria against the Japanese would eventually convince Stalin of their value, after which they were used effectively during Operation Bagration. <mask> criticized Marshal Voroshilov's endorsement of the production of the T-34 tank and his namesake KV-1 tanks, both of which would prove instrumental to the survival of the USSR. After <mask> was overruled by Stalin and ordered to produce the tanks anyway, he began deliberately delaying the production of ammunition and guns, resulting in a drastic shortage of 76.2mm shells. At the start of the war, no more than 12% of the T-34 and KV-1 tanks had a full ammunition load; few had any anti-tank rounds, most had no more than a few high explosive shells, and a shocking number had to rely solely on their coaxial machine guns, having no 76.2mm rounds at all. Many T-34 and KV-1 tanks were sent into battle underarmed and eventually had to be abandoned by their crews when they ran out of ammunition. Prior to and during the early period of the war with Germany, <mask> interfered with the armament of the T-34 and KV-1 tanks. Though it was both more effective and cheaper than the L-11 gun then in use, <mask> opposed the adoption of the F-34 gun designed by Vasiliy Grabin's workshop at the Joseph Stalin Factory No.92, as he was a political patron for the Leningrad Kirov Plant, which manufactured the L-11. Due to his status, the relevant armament bureaucrats failed to approve the newer gun for fear of retaliation. This eventually necessitated a rushed retrofit of the KV-1 and T-34's gun in the midst of the German invasion when it became apparent that the L-11 could not reliably penetrate even the lightly armored Panzer III, which was arriving in large numbers. This was facilitated by Grabin's disobedience; with the endorsement of <mask>'s political enemies, he had secretly ordered the manufacture of a reserve stock of F-34 guns, predicting that they would soon be needed and that his decision would be lauded by Stalin once the gun had proven itself in battle. Grabin was correct; <mask>'s objections were outweighed by the many letters from Soviet tank crewmen to Stalin endorsing the new gun. <mask> also disparaged the use of minefields as a defensive measure, considering this to be at odds with a properly aggressive strategy and terming minefields "a weapon of the weak." This decision allowed for the essentially free movement of German forces across Russian defensive lines during Operation Barbarossa, with static defensive strongpoints being bypassed easily by Panzer spearheads and surrounded by infantry, forcing the defenders to surrender.He also zealously endorsed Stalin's exhortations against retreat, allowing whole divisions to be encircled and annihilated or starved into surrendering en masse. Eventually, after <mask>'s demotion, the laying of multiple layers of anti-tank mines proved instrumental for both the successful defense of Leningrad during the German siege and the successful defensive actions against much stronger German armored forces at the Battle of Kursk. <mask> similarly scorned the German issue of the MP-40 submachine gun to their shock troops, stating that it encouraged inaccuracy and excessive ammunition consumption among the rank and file. He forbade the issue of the submachine gun PPD-40 to his units, stating that it was only suitable as a police weapon. It was not until 1941, after widespread demand for a weapon to match the MP-40 again overruled <mask>'s restrictions, that a simple modification of the manufacturing process for the PPD-40 produced the PPSh-41, which proved to be amongst the most widely produced, inexpensive and effective small arms of the war, considered by many German infantrymen to be superior to the MP-40, with whole companies of Russian infantrymen eventually being issued the weapon for house-to-house fighting. <mask> refused to endorse the production of the innovative Katyusha rocket artillery system, stating "What the hell do we need rocket artillery for? The main thing is the horse-drawn gun."Although it could have been produced much earlier in the war without his meddling, the Katyusha rocket artillery system eventually proved to be one of the most effective Soviet inventions of the war and a major advance in artillery technology. In 1939 he became Deputy People's Commissar of Defense, also participating with the Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland in September. He commanded the Soviet's artillery attack on Finland at the start of the Winter War, which quickly foundered. On 5 May 1940, <mask>'s wife, <mask>-Simonich, was kidnapped on Stalin's orders. She was subsequently executed by NKVD executioner Vasili Blokhin in June 1940. It appears that Stalin then ordered the modern equivalent of a damnatio memoriae against the hapless woman; although she was described as very pretty, no photographs or other images of her survive. Two days later, on 7 May 1940, <mask> was promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union.He soon married again. Years after his appointment as Chief of Artillery (and his poor performance in two separate wars), Nikita Khrushchev questioned his competence, causing Stalin to rebuke him angrily: "You don't even know <mask>! I know him from the civil war when he commanded the artillery in Tsaritsyn. He knows artillery!" Wartime command
When Germany invaded the USSR during June 1941, <mask> was given command of the 54th Army on the Leningrad front. Here he presided over Soviet defeats that resulted in the city of Leningrad being surrounded and General Zhukov being rushed to the front in order to stabilize the defenses and take over <mask>'s command. Zhukov states <mask> "was relieved of his command, and the Stavka placed the 54th Army under the Leningrad Front" on 29 September 1941.On June 22, the Defense Industries and the Artillery Directorate were transferred away from <mask> to a 32-year-old factory director, Dmitriy Ustinov. During March 1942 <mask> was court-martialed and demoted to the rank of Major-General. His status as one of Stalin's cronies saved him from the firing squad that was the fate of other defeated Soviet generals. During April 1943 he became commander of the 4th Guards Army. From 1944 to 1945 he was Deputy Head of the Directory of Mobilization, and deputy commander of the Volga Military District. Katyn Massacre
<mask> is positively known for his successful advocacy for the lives of more than 150,000 enlisted Polish POWs captured during the September 1939 Invasion of Poland. Stalin, concerned by invasion from Nazi Germany, had ordered all of the captured Poles to be executed as potential fifth-columnists; his decision was supported by Polish Front Commissar Lev Mekhlis and NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria.<mask>, commander of the Polish Front, twice argued with Stalin for their release, eventually extracting the concession that only the 26,000 officers would be executed, while the more than 150,000 common enlisted men would be released. Despite Mekhlis and Beria's protests, the enlisted men were duly released. The 26,000 officers were executed less than a month later by Stalin's order (many by Blokhin) in the Katyn Massacre. Downfall
After a respite during and immediately after the war, Stalin and his police chief Lavrentiy Beria began a new round of military purges due to Stalin's jealousy and suspicion of the generals' public standing. <mask> was dismissed from his posts during 1946 after NKVD telephone eavesdroppers overheard him grumbling that politicians were stealing the credit from the generals. Arrested during 1947, he remained in prison until 1950, when he was condemned to death and executed for treason. His memory was rehabilitated by Nikita Khrushchev during 1956 and he was posthumously restored to the rank of Marshal of the USSR.References

Bibliography

1890 births
1950 deaths
People from Poltava Raion
People from Poltava Governorate
Bolsheviks
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
First convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Marshals of the Soviet Union
Russian military personnel of World War I
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Soviet people of the Spanish Civil War
People of the Soviet invasion of Poland
Soviet military personnel of the Winter War
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Ukrainian people of World War II
People executed for treason against the Soviet Union
Executed Soviet people from Ukraine
Ukrainian people executed by the Soviet Union
Soviet rehabilitations
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Burials at Donskoye Cemetery
Frunze Military Academy alumni

masks:
Grigory Ivanovich Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kira Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik
Kulik


texts:
<mask> (24 March 1880 – 12 April 1972) was an English-born ornithologist and malacologist who had a long association with Australia, where he lived for most of his life. He was an autodidact who never went to university and lacked formal training. This was reflected in his later work; he never revised his manuscripts and never used a typewriter. Early life
<mask> was born at Stainburn, Workington in Cumberland, England. He was apprenticed to a pharmacist from 1899 to 1901, and used to go bird watching and egg collecting in the Lake District with fellow chemist William Carruthers Lawrie. New Zealand
Iredale emigrated to New Zealand following medical advice, as he had health issues. He may possibly have had tuberculosis.According to a letter to Will Lawrie dated 25 January 1902, he arrived in Wellington, New Zealand in December 1901, and travelled at once on to Lyttelton and Christchurch. On his second day in Christchurch, he discovered that in the Foreign Natural History Gallery of the Museum and Public Library, 2 of 16 English birds' eggs were wrongly identified – Red Grouse egg labelled as Sandpiper, and Moorhen labelled Water Rail. Iredale became a clerk in a New Zealand company at Christchurch (1902–1907). On 16 April 1906 he married Alice Maud Atkinson in New Zealand, and they had one child, Ida. Kermadec Islands
In 1908 Iredale joined an expedition to the Kermadec Islands and lived for ten months on these remote islands northeast of New Zealand. Living among and studying thousands of birds, he became a bird expert. He survived by shooting and eating the objects of his study.He also collected molluscs on the island and developed an interest in malacology. As a keen naturalist in those times, he already had a broad interest in nature, but this marked a new turn in his career. Queensland
In 1909 he visited Queensland, Australia, collecting about 300 species of chitons and other molluscs. His reputation among his peers was growing, despite the fact that he had no university degree. Britain
<mask> returned to Britain and became a freelance worker at the British Museum of Natural History in London (1909–1910). There he worked as the assistant of Gregory Mathews on the book Birds of Australia (1911–1923). He wrote much of the text, but the work was credited to Mathews.Whilst working in London he lived with Jane Davies, a concert singer, whom he met at a Rothschild's soiree in 1910. The relationship was affected by his explorations abroad although a son and four daughters were born between 1910 and 1917. The son died in infancy. Iredale continued his work in natural history under the patronage of wealthy naturalists such as Charles Rothschild, for whom he travelled to Hungary to collect fleas from birds. He married Lilian Marguerite Medland (1880–1955) on 8 June 1923. She illustrated several of his books and became one of Australia's finest bird artists. New South Wales

Iredale returned to Australia in 1923 and was elected a member of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU) in the same year.He was a RAOU Councillor for New South Wales in 1926, and served on the RAOU Migration Committee 1925–1932. He took up a position as a conchologist at the Australian Museum in Sydney (1924–1944). <mask> was originally appointed to assist Joyce Allan, the temporary head of the Conchology department. However their positions were reversed in 1925. He worked tirelessly on publications on shells, birds, ecology and zoogeography. He lectured frequently and wrote many popular scientific articles in newspapers. Due to his efforts (and those of later curators), the Mollusc Section at the Australian Museum now maintains the largest research collection of molluscs in the Southern Hemisphere with over 6,000 specimens.He was an Honorary Associate from his retirement in 1944 until his death. Taxa
Iredale recorded a list of around on thousand systematic names he had published by 1932, chronologically arranged and indexed to the relevant work, this unpublished list became the basis for the one produced for the Australian Museum and published in The Australian zoologist (1956). detailing the works of <mask>'s fifty-year career. This list, produced as tribute to the still active author, brought the total number of names to over two and a half thousand, and noted his other publications and collaborators. Many species and several genera in conchology, ichthyology and ornithology were also named in honour of Iredale, including:
 The molluscan genus Iredalea W. Oliver, 1915
 Cryptoplax iredalei  E. Ashby, 1923

Iredale was made a Fellow of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales in 1931; was awarded the Clarke Medal of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1959; and was President of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales in 1937–38. Selected works
A selection of publications written by Iredale include:

 <mask>, T., 'Solander as an Ornithologist', Ibis, 1913, pp. 127–135
 Iredale, T., 'John Brazier 1842–1930', Nautilus, vol.44, 1931
 <mask>, T., 'J. R. and G. Forster, Naturalists', Emu, vol. 37, 1937, pp. 95–99
 Iredale, T. 1940. Book review. The fishes of Australia. Part I by G. P. Whitley.Proceedings of the RZS of NSW 1939–40: 41. <mask>, T. 1941. Book review. The molluscs of South Australia. Part II by B. C. Cotton & F. K. Godfrey. Proceedings of the RZS of NSW 1940–41: 35. Iredale, T. 1942.Book review. Australian Insects. An introductory handbook by Keith C. McKeown. Proceedings of the RZS of NSW 1941–42: 33–34. Iredale, T. 1947. Book review. Gliders of the gum trees.The most beautiful and enchanting Australian marsupials by David Fleay. Proceedings of the RZS of NSW 1947-47: 5. <mask>, T. 1951. Book review. Australian shells by Joyce Allan. Proceedings of the RZS of NSW 1949–50: 73–74. Iredale, T. 1958.Book review. Cowry Shells of World Seas by Joyce Allan. Proceedings of the RZS of NSW 1956–57: 95–96. Birds of Paradise and Bower Birds (1950)
 Birds of New Guinea, 1956 (Vol.1, 2), Illustrated with 35 plates in colour figuring 347 birds by Lilian Medland
 <mask>, T., 'John (William) Brazier', Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1956, p. 105
 <mask>, T., 'Broinowski's Birds and Mammals of Australia', Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1956
 <mask>, T., 'Scientific Societies in Australia. The Sydney University Chemical Society', The Royal Australian Chemical Institute Proceedings, vol. 27, 1960, pp. 216–217
 <mask>, T. and Whitley, G.P., 'Sir William Dennison as a Conchologist', Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1964, pp.27–30
 <mask>, T., 'Charles Hedley', Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, vol. 88, 1967, pp. 26–31

References

 McMichael D. F. & Whitley G. P. (1956). "The published writing of <mask> with an index of his new scientific names". Australian Zoologist 12: 211–250. Ponder W. F. & Whitley G. P. (1972). "<mask> (1880–1972)".The Nautilus 68: 60-62. External links

1880 births
1972 deaths
People from Workington
Australian ornithologists
English ornithologists
English naturalists
English malacologists
Conchologists
Teuthologists
20th-century British zoologists
20th-century naturalists

masks:
Tom Iredale
Iredale
Iredale
Iredale
Iredale
Iredale
Iredale
Iredale
Iredale
Iredale
Iredale
Iredale
Iredale
Iredale
Tom Iredale
Tom Iredale


texts:
<mask> (born May 8, 1947) is an American soccer coach. He has coached youth soccer, high school, college and professional teams. He won Coach of the Year honors in 1984 in the United Soccer League, 1991 American Professional Soccer League and 1998 (Eastern Indoor Soccer League). He won the 1993-94 National Professional Soccer League championship with the Cleveland Crunch. His overall coaching record in professional, collegiate and scholastic soccer is 433-307-28 (.585). Player
In 1965, <mask> graduated from Wall High School in Wall Township, New Jersey, where he was the first captain of the boys' soccer program team. In 2002, he was inducted into the Wall High School Hall of Fame and enshrined in the school's Soccer Hall of Fame in 2009.He then attended Trenton State College (now called the College of New Jersey), where he played on the men's soccer team from 1965 to 1968. In 1965, <mask> and his teammates won the NAIA national men's soccer championship, finishing runner up in 1966. In addition to his four-year soccer career, Hindley spent one season on both the basketball and gymnastics teams and three seasons as an infielder on the baseball team. He graduated in 1969 with a bachelor's degree in education and earned his master's degree in 1970. He was inducted into the school's Athletic Hall of Fame in 2008. He played briefly in the American Soccer League in 1969 and 1971. Coach
In 1970, Hindley became an assistant coach at Middlebury College.In 1974, Trenton State College hired <mask> to coach both the men's soccer and baseball teams. He spent eight seasons at Trenton State, compiling a 92-48-12 record with the soccer team and a 134-123-4 record with the baseball team. In 1982, he left Trenton State to become an assistant coach with the Pennsylvania Stoners of the American Soccer League. At the end of the 1983 season, <mask> was hired as an assistant coach with the Los Angeles Lazers of the Major Indoor Soccer League. In 1984, <mask> became head coach of the Houston Dynamos of the United Soccer League. He took the Dynamos to the championship game, losing to the Fort Lauderdale Sun. Hindley was named the USL Coach of the Year.In 1985, the Dynamo withdrew from the USL and played as an independent team under <mask>'s direction. In 1986, the expansion Memphis Storm of the American Indoor Soccer Association hired <mask> as the team's first head coach. The Storm fired him on Dec. 9, 1986 after a 3–6 start. He then returned to the Lazers where he remained until hired by the Chicago Sting as an assistant coach on Jan. 14, 1987. On Feb. 22, 1988, the Sting fired Erich Geyer and elevated <mask> to head coach. The Sting withdrew from the league and folded after the season. <mask> remained in Chicago where he ran youth soccer camps.In February 1989, the Orlando Lions of the American Soccer League hired <mask>. In 1990, the ASL merged with the Western Soccer League to form the American Professional Soccer League. <mask> and the Lions played the 1990 season in the new league. When the Lions merged with the Fort Lauderdale Strikers in January 1991, the combined team released <mask> who then signed with the Maryland Bays on March 15, 1991. <mask> took the Bays to the top of the league standings and was named the 1991 APSL Coach of the Year. The Bays folded during the off-season and Hindley ran soccer camps in Florida until hired by the Cleveland Crunch of the National Professional Soccer League on Sept. 30, 1992. He guided Cleveland to playoff series wins over the Buffalo Blizzard and Harrisburg Heat before losing the championship to the Kansas City Attack in the final game of a five-game series.In 1994, <mask> coached the American Conference in the NPSL All-Star Game, then took the Crunch to the NPSL championship, defeating Buffalo and Harrisburg and beating the St. Louis Ambush, three games to one for the title. <mask>'s contract with the Crunch ended in 1995 and on April 19, 1995, he was hired by the expansion Cincinnati Silverbacks. In September 1996, he moved to coach the Buffalo Blizzard. The team fired him in March 1997. In February 1998, he became head coach of the Mississippi Beach Kings of the Eastern Indoor Soccer League. He was the 1998 EISL Coach of the Year. Both the Beach Kings and the EISL folded at the end of the season.On Nov. 10, 2000, he was named head coach of the expansion Toronto ThunderHawks of the NPSL. His overall record as a head coach in 14 seasons at the professional level was 433-305-30. In February 2002, <mask> was named Director of Coaching and Player Development for the Knoxville Football Club. In 2008, he moved to the Bay United Soccer Club in Panama City, Florida as coaching advisor and goalkeeper coach. Referee
<mask> was a much noted referee for nearly 25 years and assigned some of the highest level games. As a noted member of the NISOA National Ref Program, he had consistent requests to work the ACC Tournament finals, NCAA and NAIA tournament contests, and as a center for the HS Final Four in Florida. In 1991, he was selected by the Florida Intercollegiate Soccer Coaches Association as the Referee of the Year.High School
From 2009 until 2014, <mask> was head coach of both the boys and girls varsity teams at 1A Port St. Joe High School in Florida. His inexperienced squads compiled a 91-54-13 (.627) record overall with tournament successes at the District and Regional levels of the Florida State Championship series. Since 2018, he has stayed active by coaching the Gulfview HS (Naples, FL) boys for one season and Marco Island (FL) Middle School girls for two seasons, compiling a 14-11-0 (.560) record and one league championship. References

1947 births
Living people
American Indoor Soccer Association coaches
American Professional Soccer League coaches
American soccer coaches
American soccer players
American Soccer League (1988–89) coaches
American Soccer League (1933–1983) coaches
American Soccer League (1933–1983) players
Eastern Indoor Soccer League coaches
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) coaches
National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) coaches
United Soccer League (1984–85) coaches
Association football goalkeepers
People from Wall Township, New Jersey
Soccer players from New Jersey
Sportspeople from Monmouth County, New Jersey
Wall High School (New Jersey) alumni
High school soccer coaches in the United States
TCNJ Lions men's soccer coaches
Middlebury Panthers men's soccer coaches
TCNJ Lions men's soccer players

masks:
Gary Hindley
Hindley
Hindley
Hindley
Hindley
Hindley
Hindley
Hindley
Hindley
Hindley
Hindley
Hindley
Hindley
Hindley
Hindley
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Hindley


texts:
<mask>, <mask> of Birmingham,  (born 28 October 1955), known as <mask> between 2005 and 2007, is a British businessman and politician who has served as Director General of the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) from 2000 to 2006, and Minister of State for Trade and Investment from 2007 to 2008. He sat in the House of Lords as a non-aligned active crossbencher until 2020. Career

Education and Business Career
<mask> was born on 28 October 1955 in Birmingham, England. He was educated at Bromsgrove School where he was Head Boy. From 1974 until 1977, <mask> served in the Royal Navy. While there he read Law at University College London as a Sub-Lieutenant on a University Cadetship, graduating with upper second class honours. After graduation, <mask> worked for 20 years at Edge & Ellison, a firm of lawyers based in Birmingham, culminating in serving as Senior Partner from 1995 to 1998.<mask> was Chairman of the West Midlands Regional Council of the Confederation of British Industry (CBI), and became the first serving regional chairman to be appointed CBI's Director-General, serving from 1 January 2000 to 30 June 2006. He was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 2005 New Year Honours for services to Business. He then acted as an adviser to Barclays Capital, Ford Motor Company, Deloitte and JCB. In November 2006, <mask> was appointed "Business Adviser" to the Duke of York, receiving £1,000 a month from the royal payroll for working one day a month. This position ended upon his appointment as a Minister in July 2007. <mask> was a non-executive director for the IT contractor iSOFT from 2000 until his resignation in July 2005, when he stayed on for one year as an adviser. Government appointments and peerage
<mask> served as the unpaid UK Skills Envoy from 2006 to 2007, before taking up the role of Minister of State for Trade and Investment 29 June 2007.The post was situated in both the newly created Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform and the Foreign Office. He was appointed as a Government Minister in a move to create a government "of all the talents". As he was not a parliamentarian at the time, <mask> was made a life peer, and became a member of the House of Lords. It was suggested that he was taking the Labour whip in the House of Lords, but he chose not to join the Labour Party. He was gazetted as a peer on 10 July 2007 as <mask> of Birmingham, of Alvechurch and of Bromsgrove in the County of Worcestershire, and took his seat in the House of Lords that same day. Formally styled The Lord <mask> of Birmingham, he sat as a Crossbencher in the House of Lords. <mask> had considered running for Mayor of London after being encouraged by a group of prominent businessmen.He was also approached by the Conservative Party about becoming its candidate, but rejected this idea. In April 2008, <mask> announced his intention to resign as Minister of Trade and Investment later in the year. He resigned in October 2008 and was appointed to be a UK Business Ambassador for UK Trade & Investment. In testimony to the Public Administration Committee he said that his time as a junior minister was "one of the most dehumanising and depersonalising experiences" anyone could have and that he had been amazed by how many civil servants he thought deserved the sack. Subsequent political career and retirement
On 20 September 2013, <mask> spoke at the UK Independence Party conference in London as a guest speaker, addressing the conference on business and economic matters. On 29 September 2014, it was rumoured that <mask> might defect to the Conservative Party after he introduced the Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, before his keynote speech at the Conservative Party conference in Birmingham. He said that Osborne "deserves a personal pat on the back" for having "stuck to your guns and did what was right for our country."In response to any rumour regarding a possible defection, <mask> stated: "I don't do party politics" and "business is my constituency." In March 2020, <mask> moved permanently to Guernsey, serving as Chairman of the Guernsey Policy & Economics Group. Shortly thereafter, on 31 August 2020, he retired from the House of Lords. Views on trade unions
In 2006, <mask> said of trade unions: "They are in danger of withering on the vine of irrelevance. They are backward looking and not on today's agenda. The trade unions put their members first and not the country. Labour is always in thrall to the unions.People keep banging on about cash for peerages, but the unions have bunged money to the government for years." Brexit
In July 2016, shortly after the  Brexit referendum, <mask> – a vocal supporter of Brexit – argued that the process of exiting the European Union would have minimal impact on the economy and employment, stating: "There's not going to be any economic pain. If there are job losses, they will be very few." He later contradicted this statement, in January 2019, declaring that he had "made it very clear in every speech I gave we would be economically worse off." Media appearances
<mask> was the guest on BBC Radio's Desert Island Discs, broadcast on 21 May 2006. He won BBC One's Celebrity Mastermind with a 9-point margin finishing on 33 points on 5 January 2011. <mask> nominated Winston Churchill on BBC Radio 4 Great Lives.He presented the BBC Two programme The New Troubleshooter where he "helps businesses realise their potential, ruffling feathers and bruising egos along the way as he gets stuck in and delivers his analysis and advice", taking over the mantle of John Harvey-<mask> who presented the original series Troubleshooter. In July 2014 he presented a programme on BBC Radio 4, The Business Covenant. In 2020 presented a programme looking at how businesses are getting ready for Brexit on Times Radio. Books
In 2011 <mask> published his first book, Fixing Britain: The Business of Reshaping Our Nation (Wiley), which was shortlisted for the 2012 CMI Management Book of the Year. In 2017 Fixing Business: Making Profitable Business Work for the Good of All, was published in April 2017, also with Wiley. Honorary fellowships and doctorates

<mask> is an Honorary Fellow of Cardiff University and University College London (2004); and an Honorary Doctor of the University of Central England (2002), the University of Birmingham (2002), the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (2003), the University of Hertfordshire (2004), Middlesex University (2005), Sheffield Hallam University (2005), Aston University (2006), the University of Hull (2006), Queen's University, Belfast (2006), Warwick University (2006), Bradford University (2006), Thames Valley University (2006), Wolverhampton University (2006), the University of Nottingham, Loughborough University (2007) and Honorary Fellow of Cardiff Metropolitan University (2013). Personal life
<mask> is married to Pat and the couple live in Guernsey.<mask> is a supporter of Leicester Tigers (officially Leicester Football Club), Aston Villa FC and a member of the Reform Club. <mask> is also Patron of the Triumph Owners’ Motorcycle Club. Registered Interests
<mask> has registered interests, supplied by the UK parliament. Category 1: Directorships
 Non-executive Chairman, Triumph Motorcycles Ltd
 Non-executive Chairman (formerly Non-executive Director), Thatchers Cider Ltd
 Non-executive Chairman, On Logistics Ltd (warehousing and storage facilities)
 Director, Croft Property Development Limited
 Non-executive Chairman, ProBuild 360 Ltd (construction company) (interest ceased 30 March 2020)
 Chairman, Elonex Ltd (consumer electronic products) (interest ceased 31 December 2019)
 Chairman, Metalfloor UK Ltd
 Chairman, Argentex plc (foreign exchange specialists)
 Non-executive Director, DRP Holdings Limited

Category 2: Remunerated employment, office, profession etc.

masks:
Digby Marritt Jones
Baron Jones
Sir Digby Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Baron Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 11 October 1902  – 1 June 1988) was a Russian-American actor and musician who had a 60-year career in film and television from the 1920s to the 1980s, appearing in more than 100 films. Musical career
Born in Odessa, Russian Empire, <mask> attended St. Joseph College in Yokohama, Japan, and trained as a musician in Japan and Manchuria. He was briefly the concertmaster of the Japanese-Russian Symphony Orchestra, a predecessor of the NHK Symphony Orchestra. When he moved on his own to California in 1921 (leaving his parents and brother behind in Harbin, Manchuria), <mask> found occasional work in Hollywood. He made his film debut in 1926 in the silent film The Best People. To supplement his income, he played the violin. Later he formed his own band, which mainly performed in hotels in and around New York City.The Andrews Sisters were introduced through his band. In 1933, <mask> and his orchestra were heard on the Oldsmobile Program on CBS radio. Film career

During a season break from a hotel engagement, he returned to Hollywood, first appearing in Broadway Serenade and Topper Takes a Trip (1938). He acted in 13 films in 1942, including Holiday Inn, Casablanca, Yankee Doodle Dandy, and Road to Morocco. He appeared with the Marx Brothers in their last film together, Love Happy (1949). Being able to speak Russian, he was a dialogue director in Norman Jewison's 1966 comedy The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming. <mask> often played eccentric or befuddled European and ethnic characters.He also played heavier roles in espionage dramas. On radio, he played a thieving informant in The Man Called X. His best-known television role was as Appopoplous the landlord in My Sister Eileen (1960). His last film was Superdad (1973), and his final television movie was Woman of the Year (1976). Television career
Beginning in 1953, <mask> appeared in a variety of television shows, including Maverick (1961), Twilight Zone (1963), My Favorite Martian,(1965) The Lucy Show (1963), The Beverly Hillbillies (1964-1967), My Three Sons (1966), The Dick Van Dyke Show (1966), The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1966), Little House on the Prairie (1978) and Trapper John, M.D. (1980).On his death in 1988 in Orange, California, <mask> was cremated, and his ashes scattered.

masks:
Leon Belasco
Leonid Simeonovich Berladsky
Belasco
Belasco
Belasco
Belasco
Belasco
Belasco


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<mask> (; May 9, 1909 – April 1, 1972) was an American philosopher and political activist best known for his theory of "fusionism" –  a political philosophy that unites elements of libertarianism and traditionalism into a philosophical synthesis which is posited as the definition of modern American conservatism. <mask>'s philosophy was presented in two books, primarily In Defense of Freedom: A Conservative Credo (1962) and also in a collection of his essays, The Conservative Mainstream (1969). Fusionism has been summed up by E. J. Dionne, Jr. as "utilizing libertarian means in a conservative society for traditionalist ends." Personal life
<mask> was born to a prominent business family of German Jewish descent in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Helene (Straus) and Jack F<mask>. He attended Princeton University for one year and then transferred to Balliol College at Oxford University, where he earned his B.A. in 1932 and his M.A. in 1934.He later studied at the London School of Economics and became the student union's president before he was expelled and deported in 1933 for his communist activism. Like a number of the founding senior editors of National Review magazine, <mask> was first a Communist Party USA apparatchik before he converted to political conservatism. His experiences as a communist are reported in his book The Moulding of Communists: The Training of the Communist Cadre in 1961. He began an "agonizing reappraisal of his communist beliefs" after he had read F. A. Hayek's The Road to Serfdom while he served in the US Army during World War II, and he made a complete break in 1945, after 14 years in active leadership service to the Communist Party and its cause. Following the war, he contributed articles to the early free market periodical The Freeman, and he later joined the original staff of National Review in 1955. After completing his turn to the right, <mask> became a close adviser to and confidant of William F. Buckley, Jr., the founder and editor of National Review, who, in the introduction to Buckley's book Did You Ever See a Dream Walking: American Conservative Thought in the 20th Century (1970), gave <mask> the credit for properly synthesizing the traditionalist and libertarian strains in conservatism, starting at the magazine itself. <mask> wrote a column "Principles and Heresies," which appeared in each issue of the magazine; was its book review editor; and acted as a major spokesman for its principles.<mask> married the former Elsie Bown. They had two sons, John Cornford <mask>, a lawyer, and then Eugene Bown <mask>, who became a president of the Federalist Society. Both sons hold international titles in chess. John is a FIDE Master, and Eugene holds the rank of International Master, just below Grandmaster. <mask> converted to Catholicism just before he died of lung cancer in 1972. <mask> was known in conservative and libertarian circles for his nocturnal lifestyle. Buckley and others has recalled in Miles Gone By: A Literary Autobiography that <mask> would sleep the day and be on the phone at night on behalf of his journalism and activism.His bright intellect and passionate presentation won him a broad following among conservative intellectuals in the 1960s and 1970s, who promoted it individually and through the organization he cofounded, the American Conservative Union, and through other modern conservative institutions and thinktanks influenced by him, including The Heritage Foundation,  The Fund for American Studies, the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, and Young America's Foundation. Philosophy of history
The most important place to begin placing <mask> in context is his article "Western Civilization: The Problem of Political Freedom," which closed his 1996 In Defense of Freedom and Related Essays. As a thinker in what F. A. Hayek called the "critical rationalist" philosophical school, which is more empirical than the "constructivist rationalism" of a priori deductivism, <mask>'s understanding of world history is central to his philosophy. <mask>'s essential argument is explicitly based upon the philosopher Eric Voegelin's multivolume Order and History that all world history until more modern times was composed of "cosmological" societies that unified all social activity under one controlling myth subsuming society and the state into one common understanding and power monism. <mask> labeled the societies "tightly unified" in their mores, culture, economies, religion, and government by suppressing all contradictory understandings. Following Lord Acton's "Liberty in Ancient Times," <mask> found only two historical "stirrings" in which that cosmological unity was even temporarily breached. In Athens, Socrates used his vision of the cave to discover a reality behind its cosmological reality as interpreted by its democratic authorities, which challenged them by viewing ideal forms as the real repository of truth beyond the myths of its culture.The unity was challenged so fundamentally that society turned upon the prophet, killed him, and returned to its previous unity. Abraham likewise rejected the cosmological unity of Ur and claimed a God that was independent of and more powerful than its myth, which Moses reinforced years later by rejecting Egyptian cosmological society to establish a Jerusalem whose prophets would likewise challenge state and society, with Nathan even forcing the monarch to admit evil and to repent. Still, the representatives of state power generally ignored or restricted the challengers, and in any event, a new cosmological state, Rome, ended both stirrings and established an even stronger cosmological unity. Caesar became the "sanctified symbol of the cosmos," in <mask>'s terms, and came to dominate the known world. About the same happened in China, India, Persia, the Americas, and the rest. Modern times did not break the unity until a small voice in Rome's hinterlands cried out, "Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's and to God the things that are God's." The Incarnation, the "flash of eternity into time" as <mask> labeled it, effectively severed the unity by its concrete effects and proved even more empirically enduring in Europe than Caesar.However, it created not a new unity but a "tension" between empirical power and a mystical power sourced from another world but energizing this world. In Europe are "two sets of tensions" of church and state contested and later added other tensions from cities, towns and estates that culminated in a Magna Carta that demanded for no single force to unify the rest, which created the conditions for freedom under agreed upon law, rather than a single state-enforced cosmological way. The idea of dividing power to allow freedom within its tradition was only partially realized in medieval Europe and was later challenged fundamentally by the rise of national monarchies and parliaments, which claimed a divine or popular right and power to reconstitute itself in new cosmological or utopian forms to retrieve the sense of order and unity promised by monism. Before the tension was tamed in England, it was transferred to America, where it was protected by its colonial isolation, allowing the tension and balance of power between freedom and tradition to reach its zenith in the US Constitution. The utopian temptation to return to the cocoon of cosmological or radical unity, however, survived even in America. Whether reform was domestic, as from Woodrow Wilson, or more foreign influences, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Hobbes, and Niccolò Machiavelli, they saw division of power and the tradition that sustained its tension as the central societal problems of modern times, with the task of reform to remove the impediments to a restored unity. To <mask>, the task of conservatism was to preserve the tension of the Western tradition to protect human freedom, which was inherently pluralist.Freedom and tradition
In his most influential book, In Defense of Freedom, freedom was defined in what Isaiah Berlin would label "negative" terms as the minimization of the use of coercion by the state in its essential role of preventing one person's freedom from intruding upon another's. While left-utopianism was considered the immediate threat to the survival of this freedom, <mask> aimed at a "New Conservatism" as the principle antagonist against liberty from the right in his day. This new conservatism viewed society as an organism whose agent was the national government rather than the states or private entities. The new conservatives were less statist than the left and even rhetorically supported freedom, but it was a freedom defined as an end rather than a means, with <mask> using Clinton Rossiter's 1955 definition of positive freedom in his Conservatism in America as his major foil. <mask> argued that virtue could reside only in the individual. The state should protect freedom but otherwise leave virtue to individuals. The right of others to freedom must be respected by the individual even if the state does not respect it.The state has only three legitimate functions: police, military, and legal system, all necessary to control coercion, which is immoral if not restricted. There is an obligation to others but it is individual, for even the "Great Commandment" is expressed in individual form: God, neighbor and oneself are each individual. Virtue is critical for society and freedom must be balanced by responsibility but both are inherently individual in form. Forced values cannot be virtuous. The question of how to preserve moral order is important but would take "another book," which he never wrote. Yet even when the state takes properly limited acts to protect freedom, tradition will necessarily shape every such decision. Freedom by itself has no goal, no intrinsic end.Freedom is not abstract or utopian as with the utilitarians, who also make freedom an end rather than a means. A utopia of freedom is a contradiction in terms. In a real society, traditional order and freedom can exist together only in tension. To retain the essentiality of both freedom and tradition, the solution to the dilemma is "grasping it by both horns." The solution is a synthesis of both, even in the face of those such as Leo Strauss who argue that no such synthesis is possible or even logical. Donald Devine has argued <mask>'s synthesis is a first principle or axiom that is as valid as Strauss's monist first principle and relates this to Hayek's critical rationalism philosophical tradition and those he identifies with it such as Aristotle, Cicero, Thomas Aquinas, Montesquieu, John Locke, Adam Smith and Lord Acton. Traditionalist critics
<mask>'s attempt at synthesis was questioned by those representing both constituent parts.Traditionalists were provoked by <mask>'s negative statements about two of their favorites, Robert Nisbet and Russell Kirk, which Kirk reciprocated by calling him "an ideologue for liberty". <mask>, however, did refer to both as "serious" thinkers, a <mask> footnote even conceded Kirk "in recent years" had been more supportive of freedom, and he called Kirk's views on freedom itself "excellent". <mask> also conceded that both Nisbet and Kirk primarily desired only local as opposed to national or even state community power "to their credit" but they could be chided even then for not understanding that the rationale for local community is that local government is more based upon freedom. The traditionalist Rossiter rather than Kirk or Nesbit was <mask>'s target. <mask> even granted the New Conservatives were correct that virtue is "the most important of problems". The fundamental problem was that Rossiter insisted upon a "positive freedom" that changed freedom from a means to an end, just as did the utilitarian libertarians. Contrary to the Catholic philosopher Stanley Parry's claim that <mask> did not even recognize the family as a natural community, <mask> called the family and state "necessary associations".The family was different from all other institutions since children were not full individuals and thus required protection and limited rights. He argued that the state actually had been a hindrance to both virtue and the family rather than their champion. As far as educating children, prior to state control schools taught virtue and the truths of Western civilization and now do not. Fellow National Review editor Brent Bozell criticized <mask> for demanding a "maximum freedom" and for arguing that freedom is necessary in order to act virtuously. <mask> did not make either claim. He actually wrote that total freedom was impossible. He did not say that freedom was necessary for virtue but only that forced virtue is not virtuous.A forced act may be objectively virtuous in some sense but not for the individual who is forced to act. <mask>'s concern was that to give the state the power to define virtue is to have no standard for virtue at all. Its definition would change with every change in power distribution. One cannot give the state the definition of virtue or there is no virtue – there is only power. Actually, Bozell at the end recommended a social policy based upon the moral principle of subsidiarity, which is not all that different from <mask>'s position. A Parry article argued that the <mask> libertarian critique was correct about the state and reform did necessitate a revision of tradition once the previous vision had lost its energy. Pure restoration would be reactionary and impossible once broken.Restoration required a new "prophet" who would have to convince people freely to adopt the revision, not to rely upon force, which simply cannot be inspiring enough for substantial change. It is necessary to take what is good from the

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 present tradition, remove what has been abused and proclaim the revision as a renewed tradition, which must specifically convince the "individual members of a multitude" in order for a true synthesis to revitalize society. In the late 1960s, <mask> engaged in a continuing debate over the status of Abraham Lincoln with Harry V. Jaffa. Jaffa faulted <mask> for blaming Lincoln for the "destruction of the autonomy of the states". <mask> argued that Lincoln's abuses of civil liberties and expansion of government power should make him anathema to conservatives, while Jaffa defended Lincoln as in the tradition of the Founding Fathers. Slavery, segregation and African American civil rights were seen as the defining case against fusionism's relevance to modern times because of the insistence by <mask> and others at the time that states rights be preserved even in the face of these demands. Harry V. Jaffa argued that neither state nor national sovereignty was clearly established in the Constitution but no American president has in fact operated on the assumption that state power was preeminent, giving the Constitution a nationalist orientation.Once in position to act nationally, all presidents have exercised national power. Some of the cited presidents did act in favor of states rights but mostly as state officials or former presidents than when in power, such as Thomas Jefferson or James Madison. <mask> replied that in fact the states had power and even caused a Civil War, which was more accurately labeled as a war between the states. <mask> argued that limited national power, state autonomy, and decentralism were the essence of the Constitution as far as government was concerned. Lord Acton considered federalism the unique contribution of America to the historical understanding of freedom. Certainly that force has atrophied over time and even <mask> conceded some 14th Amendment limits to state actions. But he maintained with National Review editor James Burnham that the Federal Courts were not supreme.Separation of powers was the essence of the Constitution, very much including the states whose checks and balances were still alive in his day in the effective if partial state nullification of national court cases and laws. Libertarian critics
Some libertarians vigorously joined in criticizing <mask>'s conclusion that both ideological libertarianism and traditionalism were distortions of same Western tradition and that both undermined freedom. <mask> specifically censured libertarian favorites Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill for setting freedom as an end, not unlike the New Conservatives, only the ends were different. <mask> argued that utilitarian libertarians today use court power to force "freedom" ends with such vague phrases as due process and equal protection and manipulating utopian versions of freedom of the press, religion and speech. Pure libertarians assume they know what "freedom" is and that the state should enforce their vision through the courts. <mask> argued that freedom by itself had no end, no purpose other than as a means for people to freely choose their own ends. Ronald Hamowy argued <mask>'s synthesis cannot hold because there was a fundamental difference between a classical liberalism that promoted markets and freedom and a traditionalist conservatism that resisted it.Murray Rothbard was viewed favorably by <mask> for his recognition of the importance of tradition in reasoning, especially his support for St. Thomas Aquinas and his view that Enlightenment "hatred" for the medieval Catholic Church weakened freedom. Rothbard was only criticized as too pessimistic in his view of the courts as the "final power" compared to <mask>'s view that separation of powers left no one branch in charge and that each has power against the others, including the Congress and the states against the national courts. Rothbard, in fact, argued that <mask>'s fusionism was actually the natural law-natural rights branch of libertarian thought which Rothbard himself and other true libertarians followed. Libertarian journalist Ryan Sager in 2007's The Elephant in the Room: Evangelicals, Libertarians, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party reviewed <mask>'s work favorably and called for a principled revival of <mask>'s fusionism to save the embattled party following its 2006 electoral defeats. <mask>'s philosophical synthesis
Rothbard's argument that <mask> was simply a libertarian and not a synthesizer, someone who was somewhat confused about the nature of tradition, can be criticized in return for forcing tradition into his philosophy through the back door by calling it "common sense." Rothbard insisted morality was already part of libertarianism as he understood it – the "Aristotelian-Lockean natural rights wing," as he labeled it, as opposed to the "utilitarian-emotivist-hedonistic wing." Yet, is not the proper response to this: who is the manqué?Is not the popular understanding of libertarianism (the Libertarian Party, for example) precisely the precepts of the "hedonistic wing?" With common sense and natural rights (and even St. Thomas Aquinas) as part of his libertarianism, could not Rothbard just as well be labeled as a fusionist manqué, or simply as a fusionist, since his synthesis did not follow the predominant utilitarian/emotivist wing of libertarianism? Paul Gottfried criticized <mask>'s fusionist synthesis from the traditionalist, realist right by charging that it is impossible to say that <mask>'s fusionism had worked. It rejected many elements of a comprehensive fusionism that could have created a movement that achieved great things but failed in this by purging powerful voices on the right who did not follow its party line. <mask> rested his view of freedom upon "Christian metaphysics" as did Rothbard, Gottfried argued, making <mask>'s philosophy of history too "rough" to attract many of the Old Right who were more realist, secular and pragmatic. Rejected by the fusionist right these tended to see themselves as martyrs to their principles, especially excluded by the neoconservatives who controlled access to intellectual funding and prestige. Gottfried called for a new more comprehensive fusionist alliance based upon "similar" Meyer-like principles that could now include a second generation Old Right that "no longer extols an active government even in principle," a coalition that would only exclude the nationalist, pro big government neoconservatives.Joseph Bottum "cannot see how to put the cracked egg of conservatism back together. There seems no place in America these days for <mask> fusionism, or even Ronald Reagan's big-tent Republicanism." Gottfried's paleocons reject "True Man" as understood by St. Augustine and most libertarians reject religion, which is the life of the Western state, Bottum argued, and both libertarians and traditionalists elements of the <mask> fusion today tend to dismiss the need for an aggressive foreign policy. Bottum instead offered a new "tension" between religion and the Enlightenment, a new fusionism of religious traditionalists and secular "foreign policy neoconservatives" as they have been gathered at The Weekly Standard magazine, where he was an editor. He was sensitive that this might be viewed as a "fairly cynical bargain" manipulated by the neoconservatives but insisted it resulted from "mutual persuasion" in debate with the social conservatives. The nature of the agreement is unclear except in a presumed joint opposition to abortion. Yet, even Bottom conceded that when the religious faction questioned the legitimacy of the Court in its failure to end abortion, the neoconservatives attacked it ruthlessly for questioning the government's legitimacy.While Bottum argued the coalition survived the controversy, it is unclear whether the two can manage the legitimacy question since it is primary for the neoconservatives and only at best secondary for the religious traditionalists. It was the classical liberal F. A. Hayek in "Freedom, Reason and Tradition" who most systematically and relentlessly pursued the nature of a libertarian/traditionalist synthesis but was loath to give it a label. He began by distinguishing between two views of human reason, a speculative/rationalistic/utopian and an empirical/evolutionary/institutional one, which was "particularly conspicuous" in their different assumptions about human nature. The former viewed intelligence and goodness as natural to individual man while the latter argued that institutions must be created so that "bad people could do least harm." While not arguing for this on religious grounds, he acknowledged his empirical position was "closer to the Christian tradition of the fallibility and sinfulness of man, while the perfectionism of the rationalist is in irreconcilable conflict with it". To Hayek, like <mask>, freedom and tradition were fused. "Paradoxical as it may appear, it is probably true that a successful free society will always in large measure be a tradition-bound society," for a free society needs customs, laws and institutions whose observance is a "necessary condition" for freedom.Freedom is the means but the "values into which we are born supplies the ends which our reason must serve". This fusion was believed essential not only to social life but to thought, science and to reason itself. Without that dualism, there would have been no historical freedom. It was not a coincidence that Hayek was the one who first led <mask> to arrive at his mature philosophy. Influence on Ronald Reagan
As Ronald Reagan assumed the pinnacle of power of the presidency in 1981, in his first speech to an audience of his conservative allies in Washington, he reminded them of their roots. After listing "intellectual leaders like Russell Kirk, Friedrich Hayek, Henry Hazlitt, Milton Friedman, James Burnham, [and] Ludwig von Mises" as the ones who "shaped so much of our thoughts," he discussed only one of these influences at length. "It's especially hard to believe that it was only a decade ago, on a cold April day on a small hill in upstate New York, that another of these great thinkers, <mask>, was buried.He'd made the awful journey that so many others had: He pulled himself from the clutches of The [communist] God That Failed, and then in his writing fashioned a vigorous new synthesis of traditional and libertarian thought – a synthesis that is today recognized by many as modern conservatism." As he recalled him, the new president outlined the ideas <mask> synthesized as the principles motivating this new conservative movement. "It was <mask> who reminded us that the robust individualism of the American experience was part of the deeper current of Western learning and culture. He pointed out that a respect for law, an appreciation for tradition, and regard for the social consensus that gives stability to our public and private institutions, these civilized ideas must still motivate us even as we seek a new economic prosperity based on reducing government interference in the marketplace. Our goals complement each other. We're not cutting the budget simply for the sake of sounder financial management. This is only a first step toward returning power to the states and communities, only a first step toward reordering the relationship between citizen and government.""We can make government again responsive to the people by cutting its size and scope and thereby ensuring that its legitimate functions are performed efficiently and justly. Because ours is a consistent philosophy of government, we can be very clear: We do not have a separate social agenda, separate economic agenda, and a separate foreign agenda. We have one agenda. Just as surely as we seek to put our financial house in order and rebuild our nation's defenses, so too we seek to protect the unborn, to end the manipulation of schoolchildren by utopian planners, and permit the acknowledgement of a Supreme Being in our classrooms just as we allow such acknowledgements in other public institutions." The essence of this fusionist synthesis was "cutting the size and scope" of the national government and "returning power to the states and communities" to allow the traditional "social consensus," its "robust individualism," and the free market to restore prosperity and civic vitality. Ronald Reagan took <mask>'s idea of this Western synthesis into government and could claim some success in translating it into power, at least for a while. Its future, however, must be viewed as more problematical.Works
 The Moulding of Communists: the training of the Communist cadre, New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1961. In Defense of Freedom: A Conservative Credo, Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1962
 Left, Right and Center: Essays on Liberalism and Conservatism in the United States, ed. by Robert Goldwin, <mask>, et al., Chicago: Rand, McNally, 1965
 The Conservative Mainstream, New Rochelle: Arlington House, 1969. References

Further reading

External links
 Ronald Reagan, "Address to the Conservative Political Action Conference," March 20, 1981

1909 births
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20th-century American male writers
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American Roman Catholics
American libertarians
American magazine editors
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American people of German-Jewish descent
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Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from lung cancer
Former Marxists
National Review people
New Right (United States)
Princeton University alumni
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<mask> (born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1934) is an American academic, economist, Sinologist and professor at Harvard University. He is the son of <mask>, architect, and <mask> and the grandson of <mask>, the architect. He married <mask> in 1957 and they have three adult children. Early life
<mask> earned an undergraduate degree at Cornell University in 1956. After two years military service in the US Navy, <mask> resumed his studies as a graduate student at Harvard. He earned a MA in economics in 1961 and a Ph.D. in economics in 1964. His doctoral thesis was "Price Formation in Communist China".Academic career
<mask>'s teaching career at Harvard began when he was still a graduate student and continued uninterrupted through 2006, when he became a research and emeritus professor. He was a member of both the Department of Economics of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard and of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. He was a Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholar in 1992-93. He has published 25 books and over 150 articles dealing with general issues of economic development but mainly focused on the economic history and development of China, Korea, and the economies of Southeast Asia ("cv"). Though <mask> began his studies of China and the Chinese language as an undergraduate at Cornell in 1954, he didn't make his first visit to the People's Republic of China until 1974, as a consultant to the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the United States Senate, accompanying Senator <mask>. Jackson of the state of Washington. He accompanied Jackson on two subsequent trips to China in 1978 and 1979, during which the Senator and his advisers had talks with Deng Xiaoping and other senior officials of the Chinese government. ("Report of Senator <mask>. Jackson to the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1979)  He led a delegation of the Committee on Scholarly Communications with the People's Republic of China (CSCPRC) to study rural, small-scale industry in 1975 and in 1979 he was a member of the first CSCPRC economics delegation to China, led by Lawrence Klein of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.In over 80 trips to the People's Republic of China since then, he has lectured at various universities and was made an honorary professor/researcher of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences and the Central China University of Science and Technology, which also awarded him the Chang Peigang Award in 2010 for contributions to development economics (www.everychina.news.com). He was the first Cornelius Van der Starr Distinguished Fellow of the China Development Research Foundation in 2008-09 and worked with the Foundation and the Development Research Center of the State Council in various capacities, including many of their Development Forums. (cv)

In 1975-76, <mask> served as acting director of Harvard's Fairbank Center for East Asian Research. A year later, he became chairman of the department of economics of Harvard University and from 1980 through 1995 served as director of the Harvard Institute for International Development (HIID). Later, he also became director of Harvard's Asia Center (ref Who's Who in America,1994, p. 2684, "cv"). During his tenure as director of HIID, the Institute had resident advisers on macroeconomics, government management and legal reform, environmental regulation, maternal and child health, and education in the relevant ministries in 27 countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe (<mask>. <mask>, Richard Pagett, Michael Roemer, Donald Snodgrass, and Joseph Stern, Assisting Development in a Changing World: The Harvard Institute for International Development, 1980-1995 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997); and HIID biannual reports. Prior to becoming director, <mask> served as an advisor to the Economic Planning Unit of the Government of Malaysia in 1968-69 and later led a team to advise the Malaysian government on civil service reform (2004-2007).In 1972 he served as an advisor to the Korea Development Institute (KDI) in Seoul during its first year and subsequently worked with KDI to jointly manage and help write research that produced more than fifteen books on the Korean economy and society, five of which he coauthored. In 1989 he led a team to Vietnam to explore working with the Vietnamese government on its transition from a command to a market economy and in subsequent years continued to give lectures in Vietnam and work with the government on market reforms. In 1995 as part of that effort, together with Thomas Vallely of HIID and others, he helped establish the Fulbright Economic Teaching Program in Ho Chi Minh City, a year-long program of economics training for government officials and private economics personnel. He then taught two semesters in that program (1997-98) and gave lectures and had oversight responsibility for the program until 2009, first through HIID and subsequently via the Kennedy School. (Assisting Development in a Changing World, and various issues of The Fulbright Economics Teaching Program: Guide to Programs and Courses). He served on an advisory committee to the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea in 1991-92, was inducted into the American Philosophical Society in 2002, and was a member of the International Advisory Group of the Privatization Commission and Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea in 2000-2002.(cv). Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about <mask><mask>, the economist, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 100 works in 250+ publications in 7 languages and 6,900+ library holdings.Market Control and Planning in Communist China (1966)
 China, Asia's Next Economic Giant (1986)
 Agricultural Development in China, 1368-1968 (1969)
 China's Modern Economy in Historical Perspective: sponsored by the Social Science Research Council (1975)
 Rural Development in China (1984)
 Reforming Economic Systems in Developing Countries (1991)
 The Economics of Development(1st edition 1983, 7th edition 2013)

Notes

References
 Suleski, Ronald Stanley. (2005). The Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University: a Fifty Year History, 1955-2005. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ;  OCLC 64140358

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Harvard Institute for International Development
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