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<mask> (October 25, 1918 – July 9, 2008) was an American psychologist. His most significant contribution to the fields of educational psychology, cognitive science, and science education learning was on the development and research on "advance organizers" (see below) since 1960. Biography

Family
He was born on October 25, 1918 and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. He was nephew of the Jewish historian <mask>. Ausubel and his wife Pearl had two children. Education
He studied at the University of Pennsylvania where he graduated with honors in 1939, receiving a bachelor's degree majoring in psychology. <mask> later graduated from medical school in 1943 at Middlesex University where he went on to complete a rotating internship at Gouverneur Hospital, located in the lower east side of Manhattan, New York.Following his military service with the US Public Health Service, Ausubel earned his M.A. and Ph.D. in developmental psychology from Columbia University in 1950. He continued to hold a series of professorships at several schools of education. Psychiatrist
In 1973, Ausubel retired from academic life and devoted himself to his psychiatric practice. During his psychiatric practice, Ausubel published many books as well as articles in psychiatric and psychological journals. In 1976, he received the Thorndike Award from the American Psychological Association for "Distinguished Psychological Contributions to Education". Author
In 1994, at the age of 75, Ausubel retired from professional life to devote himself full-time to writing.He then published four books:
 Ego development and Psychopathology (1996),
  The Acquisition and Retention of Knowledge (2000),
 Theory and Problems of Adolescent Development (2002), and
 Death and the Human Condition (2002),
 In Death and the Human Condition he wrote about the psychology of death and impressed his own personal psychological, theological and philosophical thoughts on the nature and implications of the afterlife, conceptualizing death from the perspective of both Christian believers and non-believers, expressing his view that "the relevance and value of faith should certainly not be derogated or treated pejoratively, as atheists, agnostics, and rationalists tend to do." Death
He died on July 9, 2008. Influences
Ausubel was influenced by the teachings of Jean Piaget. Similar to Piaget’s ideas of conceptual schemes, Ausubel related this to his explanation of how people acquire knowledge. "<mask> theorized that people acquire knowledge primarily by being exposed directly to it rather than through discovery" (Woolfolk et al., 2010, p. 288) In other words, Ausubel believed that an understanding of concepts, principles, and ideas is achieved through deductive reasoning. Similarly, he believed in the idea of meaningful learning as opposed to rote memorization. In the preface to his book Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View, he says that "If [he] had to reduce all of educational psychology to just one principle, [he] would say this: The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows.Ascertain this and teach him accordingly" (<mask>, 1968, p. vi) Through his belief of meaningful learning, Ausubel developed his theory of advance organizers. However, <mask> was a critic of discovery-based teaching techniques, stating:

Actual examination of the research literature allegedly supportive of learning by discovery reveals that valid evidence of this nature is virtually nonexistent. It appears that the various enthusiasts of the discovery method have been supporting each other research-wise by taking in each other's laundry, so to speak, that is, by citing each other's opinions and assertions as evidence and by generalizing wildly from equivocal and even negative findings. Advance organizers
An advance organizer is information presented by an instructor that helps the student organize new incoming information. This is achieved by directing attention to what is important in the coming material, highlighting relationships, and providing a reminder about relevant prior knowledge. Advance organizers make it easier to learn new material of a complex or otherwise difficult nature, provided the following two conditions are met:
1. The student must process and understand the information presented in the organizer—this increases the effectiveness of the organizer itself.2. The organizer must indicate the relations among the basic concepts and terms that will be used. Types
Ausubel distinguishes between two kinds of advance organizer: comparative and expository. 1. Comparative Organizers
The main goal of comparative organizers is to activate existing schemas. Similarly, they act as reminders to bring into the working memory of what one may not realize is relevant. By acting as reminders, the organizer points out explicitly "whether already established anchoring ideas are nonspecifically or specifically relevant to the learning material" (Ausubel & Robinson, 1969, p. 146).Similarly, a comparative organizer is used both to integrate as well as discriminate. It "integrate[s] new ideas with basically similar concepts in cognitive structure, as well as increase[s] discriminability between new and existing ideas which are essentially different but confusably similar" (Ausubel, 1968, p. 149). An example of a comparative organizer would be one used for a history lesson on revolutions. This organizer "might be a statement that contrasts military uprisings with the physical and social changes involved in the Industrial Revolution" (Woolfolk et al., 2010, p. 289). Furthermore, one could also compare common aspects of other revolutions from different nations. 2. Expository Organizers
"In contrast, expository organizers provide new knowledge that students will need to understand the upcoming information" (Woolfolk et al., 2010, p. 289).Expository organizers are often used when the new learning material is unfamiliar to the learner. They often relate what the learner already knows with the new and unfamiliar material—this in turn is aimed to make the unfamiliar material more plausible to the learner. An example which <mask> and Floyd G. Robinson provide in their book School Learning: An Introduction To Educational Psychology is the concept of the Darwinian theory of evolution. To make the Darwinian theory of evolution more plausible, an expository organizer would have a combination of relatedness to general relevant knowledge that is already present, as well as relevance for the more detailed Darwinian theory. Essentially, expository organizers furnish an anchor in terms that are already familiar to the learner. Another example would be the concept of a right angle in a mathematics class. A teacher could ask students to point out examples of right angles that they can find in the classroom.By asking students to do this, it helps relates the students present knowledge of familiar classroom objects with the unfamiliar concept of a 90 degree right angle. Criticism
"The most persuasively voiced criticism of advance organizers is that their definition and construction are vague and, therefore, that different researchers have varying concepts of what an organizer is and can only rely on intuition in constructing one-- since nowhere, claim the critics, is it specified what their criteria are and how they can be constructed" (Ausubel, 1978, p. 251). In a response to critics, Ausubel defends advance organizers by stating that there is no one specific example in constructing advance organizers as they "always depends on the nature of the learning material, the age of the learner, and his degree of prior familiarity with the learning passage" (Ausubel, 1978, p. 251). Another criticism of Ausubel’s advance organizers is that the critics often compare the idea of advance organizers with overviews. However, Ausubel has addressed that issue in saying that advance organizers differ from overviews "in being relatable to presumed ideational content in the learner’s current cognitive structure" (Ausubel, 1978, p. 252). Thirdly, critics also address the notion of advance organizers on whether they are intended to favour high ability or low ability students. However, Ausubel notes that "advance organizers are designed to favour meaningful learning.." (Ausubel, 1978, p. 255).Therefore, to question whether advance organizers are better suited for high or low ability students is unrelated as <mask> argues that advance organizers can be catered to any student to aid them in bridging a gap between what they already know and what they are about to learn. Notes

Footnotes

References
<mask>, D.P. (1960). The use of advance organizers in the learning and retention of meaningful verbal material. Journal of Educational Psychology, 51, 267-272. <mask>, D. (1963). The Psychology of Meaningful Verbal Learning.New York: Grune & Stratton. <mask>, D. (1978). In defense of advance organizers: A reply to the critics. Review of Educational Research, 48, 251-257. <mask>, D., Novak, J., & Hanesian, H. (1978). Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View (2nd Ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.External links
Subsumption Theory (D. Ausubel)
Advance Organizers
 Ausubel Homepage
Ausubel obituary information

1918 births
2008 deaths
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American psychologists
Educational psychologists
Jewish American social scientists
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
20th-century psychologists
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

masks:
David Paul Ausubel
Nathan Ausubel
Ausubel
David Ausubel
Ausubel
Ausubel
Ausubel
Ausubel
Ausubel
Ausubel
Ausubel
Ausubel


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1 February 1976) is an Australian mining industry executive and was previously the principal shareholder of Aston Resources and Whitehaven Coal. He started out as a mining apprentice in the Hunter Valley, in New South Wales and set up his own business at age 26. Much of his wealth was acquired from investments in the mining industry. Biography
Tinkler qualified as an electrician at the Muswellbrook TAFE and commenced his involvement in the coal industry as an apprentice electrical fitter for Bayswater Coal. At aged 26, he started his own mine machinery maintenance business called Custom Mining. In 2006, Tinkler paid a $1 million deposit to buy the Middlemount coal mine in Central Queensland. A year later, he sold his Middlemount stake to Macarthur Coal for $275 million with the payment largely in shares.In May 2008 Tinkler sold his Macarthur shares for A$422 million in cash. Tinkler was named by BRW magazine in September 2008 as Australia’s richest person aged 40 or less with a stated net worth of $441 million at age 32. In 2008, Tinkler purchased the Maules Creek Mine coal deposit in New South Wales for $480 million from Rio Tinto and floated the vehicle for the deposit, Aston Resources Limited, in 2010 with a valuation of $1.2 billion. In early 2012, Tinkler was named by BRW magazine as Australia’s youngest billionaire with a
stated net worth of more than $1.18 billion. In May 2012, Tinkler merged Aston Resources Limited and another coal mining company controlled by him, Boardwalk Resources, with Whitehaven Coal creating a leading independent coal mining company with market capitalisation in excess of $5 billion. In June 2013, Tinkler’s shareholding in Whitehaven Coal was sold to his main financial backers. In 2014, Tinkler was called to give evidence before the Independent Commission Against Corruption over allegations of illegal donations to New South Wales politicians.He denied any wrongdoing and no corruption finding was made against him. Tinker was appointed Managing Director of Australian Pacific Coal Limited in 2015. In February 2016, Tinkler was declared bankrupt by the Federal Court with his bankruptcy subsequently annulled in August 2018. In December 2018, entities associated with Tinkler commenced proceedings in the New South Wales Supreme Court against Whitehaven Coal seeking compensation in relation to the 2012 acquisition of Boardwalk Resources Limited. Other business interests

In 2008, Tinkler established a racehorse enterprise, Patinack Farm, which became one of Australia’s largest locally owned racing organisations, experiencing tremendous success in a short period of time. This success is highlighted by eight individual Group1 winners, more than 40 stake winners and over 200 metropolitan victories. Patinack Farm consisted of three major properties including Sandy Hollow a 3,300 acre breeding facility, a 1,000 acre training facility and stud at Canungra on the Gold Coast and 950 acres of undeveloped horse country at Monegeeta, Victoria.Patinack Farm owned as many as 600 broodmares, along with some of the highest potential stallions in Australia. Tinkler sold Patinack Farm in 2014. Sporting interests

The Newcastle Jets hosted a community day at which 10,000 fans were admitted free for the clash against Melbourne Heart on 31 October 2010. Membership of the club increased to over 10,000 and the club obtained the Hunter Medical Research Institute as a new sponsor. On 31 March 2011 Tinkler assumed ownership of the Newcastle Knights rugby league club by a landslide vote of the eligible club members. The Knights signed Wayne Bennett to a four-year coaching contract with the club, starting in 2012. In April 2012 Tinkler handed back the Newcastle Jets A-league licence to the FFA.The Federation said that Tinkler's Hunter Sports Group could not just hand back its licence, and was breaching a binding contract by walking away from the Jets. Federation chief executive Ben Buckley refused to rule out the possibility of launching a damages claim against Tinkler that could go as high as $80 million. In May 2015, after Newcastle Jets players and staff had not been paid for a month, Tinkler placed the Newcastle Jets into voluntary administration, listing debts of $2.7 million. That resulted in the Football Federation of Australia terminating Tinkler's A-League licence, held by Hunter Sports Group. It was the culmination of a soccer season in which the Jets recorded their worst-ever results on the way to collecting the competition's wooden spoon. Corruption Allegations
At a hearing of the New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) on 28 April 2014, it was revealed that Tinkler's Patinack Farm horse stud paid $66,000 to "Eightbyfive", a slush fund set up by an advisor to the allegedly corrupt NSW politician Chris Hartcher. A few days later, text messages presented at the commission revealed that Tinkler's property development company, Buildev, had secretly paid $50,000 to produce anonymous flyers attacking Jodi McKay, the local state parliamentarian, in the lead-up to the 2011 state election, because she opposed the billion-dollar plan by Buildev to establish a coal export terminal in Newcastle.Financial difficulties
On Melbourne Cup day 2012, Tinkler's private horse racing trainer, John Thompson, revealed that Tinkler's stable of horses had been forced to go without feed because the group was unable to pay suppliers. Thompson also said that Tinkler's racing and breeding company, Patinack Farm, had been asked to leave its Hawkesbury private training facility because "the owner of the property just got sick of us being late with our rent". However a spokesman for Tinkler said Patinack Farm had never run out of feed. In December 2012, the Australian Taxation Office filed court documents to wind up Tinkler's Hunter Sports Group. The action came two weeks after two of Tinkler's companies were placed into liquidation. Hunter Sports Group owed around A$2.7 million in unpaid taxes and was notified of this debt in September 2012. On 18 February 2013, it was reported that the liquidator of <mask>r's private company, Patinack Farm Administration, was considering an insolvent trading claim against Tinkler and his fellow director Troy Palmer.On 2 April 2013 it was revealed that Tinkler had put his entire racing and breeding business up for sale, including stock and properties. In May 2013, it was reported that Tinkler and his wife could be made bankrupt over A$440,000 in allegedly unpaid bills to a corporate adviser. The same month, the BRW Rich 200 estimated that Tinkler was beset by a series of debt problems and falling asset values that devalued his 2012 net wealth of A$915 million to A$235 million. On 19 June 2013 it was announced that Tinkler's biggest remaining asset, a 19 per cent share in coal miner Whitehaven, had been bought by his main financial backers including Farallon Management. It was estimated that the sale price of $2.96 per share represented a substantial loss by Tinkler's backers on their loans to him. Nevertheless, the sale of Tinkler's share in Whitehaven was seen as part of his struggle to repay debts accumulated by other parts of his crumbling empire. The funds raised by the sale of his Whitehaven shares enabled Tinkler to repay a $12 million debt to coal exploration company Blackwood Resources on 27 June, a day ahead of schedule.On 3 September 2013, Tinkler's Aston Metals, a base metals explorer then owning five projects around Mt Isa, was placed in the hands of receivers. On 21 May 2014 it was reported that contracts had been exchanged to sell Patinack Farm, for an undisclosed sum, to a consortium consisting of "local and overseas parties from the Middle East". On 20 July 2015, an arrest warrant was ordered for Tinkler after he failed to appear in the Supreme Court in Adelaide to answer questions about the liquidation of his Patinack horse farm. The liquidator had taken action in the South Australian Supreme Court over unpaid debts, and asked the court to issue a warrant for Tinkler's arrest, saying he had shown a "flagrant disregard" for the court. On 19 and 20 November Tinkler was served with two statutory demands by the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation, alleging that his company Aston Resources Investments owed $6.4 million in tax, and that Tinkler Group Holdings Administration owed $3.5 million. On 9 February 2016, he was the subject of a bankruptcy hearing over a $2.8 million debt to GE Commercial Finance relating to the sale of his private jet aeroplane. Federal Court judge Jacqueline Gleeson ruled GE was entitled to make Tinkler, now resident in Singapore, bankrupt, but stayed the order pending an urgent appeal.On 2 March 2016, Tinkler failed to lodge an appeal in the required time and so was officially declared bankrupt. He told his bankruptcy trustee that he only had one asset, a farm near the NSW north coast town of Port Macquarie, which has caveats held on it by retailer Gerry Harvey and the local council. References

External links
Driver Database stats

Living people
Australian businesspeople
Australian soccer chairmen and investors
1976 births
Rugby league chairmen and investors
People from the Hunter Region

masks:
Nathan Tinkler
Nathan Tinkle


texts:
<mask> (, fl. 9th century) is a figure associated with a collection of poems from the Chinese Tang Dynasty in the Taoist and Chan tradition. No one knows who he was, when he lived and died, or whether he actually existed. In the  Chinese Buddhist tradition, <mask> and his sidekick Shide are honored as emanations of the bodhisattvas Mañjuśrī and Samantabhadra, respectively. In Japanese and Chinese paintings, <mask> is often depicted together with Shide or with Fenggan, another monk with legendary attributes. Little is known of his work, since he was a recluse living in a remote region and his poems were written on rocks in the mountains he called home. Of the 600 poems he is thought to have written at some point before his death, 313 were collected and have survived.Among the 57 poems attributed to <mask>'s friend, Shide, seven appear to be authored by <mask>, for a total of 320. Date
In Lüqiu Yin's () preface to <mask>'s poems, he claims to have personally met both <mask> and Shide at the kitchen of Guoqing Temple, but they responded to his salutations with laughter then fled. Afterwards, he attempted to give them clothing and provide them housing, but Lüqiu Yin writes that the pair fled into a cave which closed itself and Shide's tracks disappeared. This led Lüqiu Yin, governor of Tai Prefecture, to collect Hanshan's writings, "the poems written on bamboo, wood, stones, and cliffs  and also to collect those written on the walls of peoples' houses." However, Burton Watson is of the opinion that Lüqiu Yin did not exist in reality and that his preface to Hanshan's poems is nothing more than myth. In the introduction to his book, he says of Lüqiu Yin's preface to the poems:

If we follow Watson and discount the preface of Lüqiu Yin, accepting only the words of the poet himself, we see that <mask> says only that he wrote his poems on the rocks. Nowhere in the poetry does he say that he wrote them on trees or bamboo or wood or the walls of people’s houses.The collection of poems attributed to Hanshan may span the entire Tang Dynasty as Edwin G. Pulleyblank asserts in his study Linguistic Evidence for the Date of Hanshan. Wu Chi-yu in A study of Han-shan identifies him as the monk Zhiyan (智岩, 577–654), but that has been disputed by Paul Demiéville among others. The Encyclopedia of China gives his date as around 712 and after 793. Jia Jinhua came to the conclusion, after a study of Chan phrases in some 50 of the poems, that this particular group of poems may be attributable to the Chan monk Caoshan Benji (840–901). However, the dates for both Zhiyan and Caoshan Benji contradict <mask>, who says that he was much older than either. Translations
Early translations include those by Arthur Waley 27 poems by Han-shan, Gary Snyder Cold Mountain Poems, and Burton Watson Cold Mountain: 100 Poems. The first complete translation to a western language was into French by  (Le Mangeur de brumes : l'œuvre de Han-shan poète et vagabond).Stephan Schumacher translated 150 poems into German in 1980. There are four full English translations, by Robert G. Henricks, Red Pine, Paul Rouzer and Peter Levitt

Other translations: Encounters With Cold Mountain, by Peter Stambler (130 poems). Cold Mountain Transcendental Poetry (96 poems) by Wandering Poet (2005, 2012). Biography

In the introduction to his translation of Han-shan's poems, Burton Watson writes, “If the reader wishes to know the biography of Han-shan, he must deduce it from the poems themselves.” Watson goes further to describe Han-shan as "a gentleman farmer, troubled by poverty and family discord, who after extensive wandering and perhaps a career as a minor official" became a hermit. In Paul Rouzer's translation of poem 302, Han-shan appears to say that after leaving home and traveling he arrived at Tiantai Mountain at age 30, and that he was trained in the Confucian classics:

A fanciful description of Han-shan is given by Lüqiu Yin in the introduction that is included in most editions of Han-shan's poems. During his journey to his prefect appointment, Lüqiu Yin writes, he was visited by Fenggan, who said that he came from the Guoqing monastery. When Lüqiu Yin, who suffered from a headache, asked Fenggan to cure him, Fenggan laughed and said, "The human body consists of but four great elements, and illness is only illusion," then sprinkled water onto Lüqiu Yin, curing him instantly.Lüqiu Yin then asked if there were any sages worthy of becoming of his tutor and Fenggan revealed that at Guoqing monastery were two Bodhisattva incarnations. The first, Han-shan, a man retired to the monastery, was, Fenggan said, an incarnation of Manjushri; the second, Shide, a man who "looked like a demented beggar coming and going, worked as an errand-boy at the stoves in the kitchen", was an incarnation of Samantabhadra. Three days after arriving at his government appointment, Lüqiu Yin asked his chief administrator if there were any information about Han-shan and Shide. The administrator reported that "seventy li (approximately 35 km) to the west of the town of T'ang-hsing, there was a cliff where a poor scholar lived. This scholar was said to be seen going to the Kuo-ch'ing Monastery." Lüqiu Yin went to the monastery and asked where Fenggan, Han-shan, and Shide were living. The monks there told him that Fenggan lived behind the library, but now it was haunted by a tiger who often accompanied him.Lüqiu Yin visited Fenggan's room but all he found was a "house full of the tiger's footprints." When he asked what Fenggan was hired to do, the monks said that Fenggan was assigned to hull rice for the monks and would spend his nights singing to amuse himself. Lüqiu Yin writes that no one knows where Han-shan came from. He relays descriptions of the poet given by elders from Guoqing Temple who said that Hanshan was "a poor and eccentric hermit" who "often went to the Kuo-ch'ing Monastery in order to take home the left-overs of the meal, which he carried in a bamboo tube given to him by Shih-te, a monk working in the dining-hall." "Sometimes Han-shan would stroll for hours in a long corridor of the monastery, cry cheerfully, laugh or speak to himself. When he was taken to task or driven away by some of the monks armed with sticks, he would afterwards stand still and laugh, clapping his hands, and then disappear." Lüqiu Yin says that his appearance was that of "an emaciated beggar, but every word he uttered was pithy, meaningful and inspiring.He wore a cap make of birch bark, a simple fur garment, torn and threadbare, and wooden sandals for shoes." Lüqiu Yin found Han-shan and Shide in the monastery kitchen, where he respectfully made obeisance to them. At sight of this, the two laughed and said, "Feng-kan has a long tongue. You did not recognize Maitreya at sight, why are you making obeisance to us now?" As Han-shan and Shide left hand in hand, the monks were stunned to see such a high official make obeisance to two poor scholars. Lüqiu Yin had two sets of clean clothing prepared and asked the monks to give them to Han-shan and Shide should they ever return. Lüqiu Yin later learned that the two hadn't reappeared at the monastery and had the presents delivered to their dwellings on Tiantai Mountain.When Hanshan saw these delivery men, it is said, he cried "Thieves! Thieves!" and retreated to a cave entrance, exclaiming, "Each of you should exert himself to the utmost," and withdrew into the cave, which closed itself behind him. Han-shan and Shide were never seen again at Guoqing temple. Lüqiu Yin had all the writings left behind by Han-shan and Shide collected. Han-shan had written on rocks, bamboo bark, trees, and the walls of houses in neighboring villages, and Shide had written a 49-line poem on the wall of an Earth God temple. Poetry
Hanshan's poetry consists of Chinese verse, in 3, 5, or 7 character lines; never shorter than 4 lines, and never longer than 34 lines.The language is marked by the use of more colloquial Medieval Vernacular Sinitic than almost any other Tang poet. The poems can be seen to fall into three categories: the biographical poems about his life before he arrived at Cold Mountain; the religious and political poems, generally critical of conventional wisdom and those who embrace it; and the transcendental poems, about his sojourn at Cold Mountain. They are notable for their straightforwardness, which contrasts sharply with the cleverness and intricateness that marked typical Tang Dynasty poetry. Red Pine poem 283:
Mister Wang the Graduate
laughs at my poor prosody. I don't know a wasp's waist
much less a crane's knee. I can't keep my flat tones straight,
all my words come helter-skelter. I laugh at the poems he writes-
a blind man's songs about the sun!(All these terms refer to ways a poem could be defective according to the rigid poetic structures then prevalent.) Thematically, <mask> draws heavily on Buddhist and Taoist themes, often remarking on life's short and transient nature, and the necessity of escape through some sort of transcendence. He varies and expands on this theme, sometimes speaking of Mahayana Buddhism's 'Great Vehicle', and other times of Taoist ways and symbols like cranes. The following poem begins with the imagery of the burning house and the three carts from the Parable of the Burning House found in The Lotus Sutra, then ends with typical Zen and Taoist imagery of freedom from conceptualizations. Red Pine poem 253:
Children, I implore you
get out of the burning house now. Three carts await outside
to save you from a homeless life. Relax in the village square
before the sky, everything's empty.No direction is better or worse,
East just as good as West. Those who know the meaning of this
are free to go where they want. This mixed influence is probably due to the high preponderance of Taoists and Buddhists in the same area. The eminent Taoist Ge Hong acclaimed Mount Tiantai as 'the perfect place for practicing the arts of immortality,' which is probably also why so many Buddhist temples were established in the vicinity as well. Red Pine poem 13:

"Brothers share five districts;
father and sons three states." To learn where the wild ducks fly
follow the white-hare banner! Find a magic melon in your dream!Steal a sacred orange from the palace! Far away from your native land
swim with fish in a stream! Many poems display a deep concern for humanity, which in his view stubbornly refuses to look ahead, and short-sightedly indulges in all manner of vice, like eating animal flesh, piling up sins 'high as Mount Sumeru'. But he holds out hope that people may yet be saved; 'Just the other day/ a demon became a Bodhisattva.' Red Pine poem 18:
I spur my horse past ruins;
ruins move a traveler's heart. The old parapets high and low
the ancient graves great and small,
the shuddering shadow of a tumbleweed,
the steady sound of giant trees. But what I lament are the common bones
unnamed in the records of immortals.While Hanshan eschewed fancy techniques and obscure erudition, his poems are still highly evocative at times:
Red Pine poem 106:
The layered bloom of hills and streams
Kingfisher shades beneath rose-colored clouds
mountain mists soak my cotton bandana,
dew penetrates my palm-bark coat. On my feet are traveling shoes,
my hand holds an old vine staff. Again I gaze beyond the dusty world-
what more could I want in that land of dreams? He is hard to pin down religiously. Chan concepts and terminology sometimes appear in his work. But he criticized the Buddhists at Tiantai, and he directed criticism at Taoists as well, having had no problem bringing Taoist scriptural quotations, and Taoist language when describing his mountains, into his poems. Yet, he does not mince words, but tells us precisely where to find the path to Heaven.Red Pine poem 117:
I deplore this vulgar place
where demons dwell with worthies. They say they're the same,
but is the Tao impartial? A fox might ape a lion's mien
and claim the disguise is real,
but once ore enters the furnace,
we soon see if it's gold or base. Red Pine poem 246:
I recently hiked to a temple in the clouds
and met some Taoist priests. Their star caps and moon caps askew
they explained they lived in the wild. I asked them the art of transcendence;
they said it was beyond compare,
and called it the peerless power. The elixir meanwhile was the secret of the gods
and that they were waiting for a crane at death,
or some said they'd ride off on a fish.Afterwards I thought this through
and concluded they were all fools. Look at an arrow shot into the sky-
how quickly it falls back to earth. Even if they could become immortals,
they would be like cemetery ghosts. Meanwhile the moon of our mind shines bright. How can phenomena compare? As for the key to immortality,
within ourselves is the chief of spirits. Don't follow Lords of the Yellow Turban
persisting in idiocy, holding onto doubts.The following poem is attributed to <mask>'s friend, Shide. The higher the trail the steeper it grows
Ten thousand tiers of dangerous cliffs
The stone bridge is slippery with green moss
Cloud after cloud keeps flying by
Waterfalls hang like ribbons of silk
The moon shines down on a bright pool
I climb the highest peak once more
To wait where the lone crane flies

Red Pine's poem 307:

Whoever has Cold Mountain's poems
is better off than those with sutras. Write them up on your screen
and read them from time to time. Legacy

The poetry from Cold Mountain has influenced the poets of many generations and cultures. He is especially loved by the Japanese, who know him as Kanzan. <mask> was a sympathetic and important figure for Beat Generation writers Gary Snyder and Jack Kerouac. In the introduction to his translation which appeared in the Evergreen Review, Snyder wrote of <mask>, "He and his sidekick Shih-te (Jittoku in Japanese) became great favorites with Zen painters of later days — the scroll, the broom, the wild hair and laughter.They became Immortals and you sometimes run into them today in the skidrows, orchards, hobo jungles, and logging camps of America." Kerouac's The Dharma Bums closes with a vision of Hanshan and, at Snyder's suggestion, Kerouac dedicated the book to the fabled poet. Paul Rouzer reads the poems as Buddhist teaching poems, referring to Hakuin Ekaku Kanzan shi sendai kimon 寒山詩闡提記聞 (1746) ("Notes on the Lectures on Cold Mountain's Poems at Icchantika Cave") that largely ignores the biographical reading most commonly found in other sources. Translations by Snyder and by Red Pine were influential in the work of the artist Brice Marden, who executed a large series of paintings, drawings, and prints themed around the poems. See also

Chinese poetry
Classical Chinese poetry
Fenggan
Shide (monk)
Shiwu

Notes

References
 The Collected Songs of Cold Mountain, Red Pine, Copper Canyon Press 2000, . Mair, Victor H. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 112, No.2 (Apr., 1992). Script and Word in Medieval Vernacular Sinitic. Pulleyblank, Edwin G., Linguistic Evidence for the Date of Hanshan. In Miao, Ronald C., ed. Studies in Chinese poetry and poetics, Vol I. (1978) San San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center. Suiter, John.Poets on the Peaks (2002) Counterpoint. ;  (pbk)
 Kagel, Martin and Wallis, Glenn, "Wer war Han Shan? Buddhistische Denkfiguren bei Rolf Dieter Brinkmann." In: Karl-Eckhard Carius (ed. ), Rolf Dieter Brinkmann Schnitte im Atemschutz (Rowohlt: München: text + Kritik, 2008):  132-141. 寒山诗注 ("Cold Mountain Poems & Notes (With Lost Poetry Notes)") by Xiang Chu (1997, 2000, 2010)
Rouzer, Paul. On Cold Mountain : A Buddhist Reading of the Hanshan Poems (2015),

Further reading

 Rouzer, Paul [translator], Nugent, Christopher M. B.[editor] (2017). The Poetry of Hanshan (Cold Mountain), Shide, and Fenggan . De Gruyter Mouton. External links

Twenty-seven poems in English translation
A film portrait of the poet

Tang dynasty poets
Chan Buddhist monks
Zen Buddhism writers
Chinese Zen Buddhists
Writers from Xi'an
Chinese spiritual writers
Tang dynasty Buddhist monks
9th-century Chinese poets
Poets from Shaanxi
Zenga
Buddhist poets

masks: Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan


texts:
<mask> (born August 4, 1986) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Heavyweight division. A professional competitor since 2011, <mask> has competed for the UFC, Titan FC, Professional Fighters League, and Legacy FC. He is the younger brother of former mixed martial artist <mask>. Background
<mask> was born and raised in Sandpoint, Idaho, attending Sandpoint High School before moving to Oklahoma his junior year where he attended Ponca City High School. <mask> competed in wrestling as well as football. In wrestling, <mask> was a member of Wrestling USA Magazine's 2005 All-America Dream Team, a four-time State Champion, and a two-time national runner-up. <mask> continued wrestling at Oklahoma State University, following in the footsteps of his older brother, Jake, a three-time National Champion for the Cowboys.<mask> went on to be a three-time All-American and finished his collegiate career with an overall record of 125-27. That record qualified him as the winningest heavyweight in the history of the Oklahoma State wrestling program. His 125 wins also qualify as the fifth-most victories by a wrestler in any weight class in Oklahoma State history. <mask> finished fourth in his division at the 2008 NCAA wrestling championships, third in 2009, and second in 2010. <mask>'s combination of size and speed had many wondering if he would follow the lead of his older brother Jake into MMA competition. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask>olt came to fight on two days notice as a replacement to fight at Titan FC 18: Pulver vs. Davidson against Kirk Grinlinton.He won the fight by technical knockout at just 1:37 of the first round. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> announced in mid-September that he has signed with the UFC. He made his debut against fellow newcomer Walt Harris on November 30, 2013, at The Ultimate Fighter 18 Finale. After being dropped in the first round, <mask> rallied back in the second and third rounds, winning the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was expected to face promotional newcomer Alexey Oleynik on January 25, 2014, at UFC on Fox 10. However, Oliynyk was forced out of the bout with an injury and <mask> was pulled from the card altogether. <mask> faced Daniel Omielańczuk on April 11, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 39.<mask> defeated Omielańczuk via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Soa Palelei on June 28, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 43. He won the fight via unanimous decision. The rescheduled bout with Alexey Oleynik took place on November 22, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 57. <mask> lost the fight via knockout in the first round. <mask> faced Josh Copeland on March 14, 2015, at UFC 185. He won the fight via TKO in the third round.<mask> faced Timothy Johnson on August 8, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 73. He won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> faced Stefan Struve on November 14, 2015, at UFC 193. He won by unanimous decision. <mask> faced Roy Nelson on February 6, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 82. He lost the fight via unanimous decision and was subsequently released from the promotion. Personal life
In addition to his brother Jake, <mask> has three other siblings; a sister and two brothers who also competed in wrestling at Oklahoma State University.Championships and accomplishments

Wrestling
 Four-time Division I Qualifier
 2010 NCAA Runner-up
 Three-time All-American
 Three-time Big 12 Finalist
 Winningest heavyweight at Oklahoma State

Mixed martial arts record

|-
|Loss
|align=center|20–8
|Ali Isaev
|TKO (punches)
|PFL 10
|
|align=center|4
|align=center|4:09
|New York City, New York, United States
|.

masks:
Jared Daniel Rosholt
Rosholt
Jake Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholt
Jared Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholtosh
Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholt
Rosholt


texts:
<mask> (August 23, 1788 – April 22, 1864) fought in the War of 1812, served as Chief of Engineers and was regent of the Smithsonian Institution and cofounder of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1836, he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society. Early life and education
<mask><mask> was born in New Haven, Connecticut, to <mask> and Grace Mansfield. He was the tenth person to graduate from the United States Military Academy, being one of three graduating members of the class of 1805. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers on July 1, 1805. He resigned in March 1806 to assist his uncle, Major Jared Mansfield, who was then serving as Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory. He was a cousin of <mask>. Mansfield, who rose to the rank of major general and died at the Battle of Antietam.Military career
<mask> re-entered the Corps of Engineers in February 1808 and helped build Castle Williams and Castle Clinton in New York harbor. During the War of 1812, he was chief engineer of the Niagara frontier and Lake Champlain armies under General Stephen Van Rensselaer. At the Battle of Queenston Heights, he fought alongside Winfield Scott, who used <mask>'s cravat as a white flag to signal the American surrender. He was brevetted lieutenant colonel for gallant conduct in the Battle of Plattsburgh. As a member of the first permanent Board of Engineers, to which he was appointed in 1816, along with General Simon Bernard, he laid down durable principles of coast defense construction in a report to Congress in 1821. From 1825 until 1838, <mask> oversaw the construction of Fort Adams in Newport, Rhode Island. Fort Adams was the second-largest construction project attempted by the army in the 19th century, after Fort Monroe in Virginia.<mask> employed recent graduates of West Point as assistant engineers at Fort Adams, and taught them advanced engineering techniques. <mask>'s apprentices included John G. Barnard, George W. Cullum, Pierre G. T. Beauregard, and Alexander D. Bache, all of whom earned distinction during the Civil War. While at Fort Adams, <mask> conducted experiments with various mortar compositions and published a paper of his findings: Brief Observations on Common Mortars, Hydraulic Mortars and Concretes. In 1833, <mask> purchased the Francis Malbone House on Thames Street in Newport. At that time, it was the most opulent house in Newport. He lived there for the remainder of his time in Newport. <mask> was appointed Chief Engineer of the United States Army in 1838, and served in that position until his death in 1864, the longest tenure of any chief engineer.As chief engineer, he was intimately involved with every aspect of the Army Corps of Engineers activities, from fortifications to harbor improvement. He was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1841. Beginning in 1844, <mask> was involved with the construction of Fort Montgomery on Lake Champlain in upstate New York. During this period, <mask> invented an iron-reinforced embrasure for cannon. Known as "Totten shutters," the hinged swinging doors were installed on the cannon openings of the fort between the mortar and brick facade. Balanced to swing freely, the iron shutters would be forced open by the gasses expelled from the cannon, and then rebound shut immediately afterwards, shielding the gunners from incoming fire. First installed in American forts in 1857, the design was incorporated in such locations as Fort Montgomery, Fort Delaware, Fort John C. Calhoun (Fort Wool), and Fort Jefferson, Dry Tortugas, Florida.<mask> was greatly admired by General Scott, for whom he directed the siege of Veracruz as his chief engineer during the Mexican–American War. He later served as a Civil War Union Army general, being brevetted as a U.S. Army brigadier general in 1847 and receiving his permanent appointment in 1863. One of <mask>'s most significant achievements was the design and construction of the Minot's Ledge Light near Cohasset, Massachusetts. Previous efforts to build a lighthouse on the small ledge of rock had failed but <mask> conceived a plan whereby the lighthouse would be pinned by its own weight to the ledge, making it able to withstand the harshest extremes of weather. It stands to this day flashing a distinctive 1–4–3 light pattern which has been interpreted to mean "I LOVE YOU". <mask> served most of his time as chief engineer in the rank of colonel but was promoted to brigadier general on March 3, 1863. <mask> was promoted to brevet major general on April 21, 1864, having served almost six decades in the army.He died the following day of pneumonia in Washington, D.C., and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery there. Namesakes
Several military and civil locations have been named after Totten. The Civil War-era Fort Totten was built as part of the Defenses of Washington, D.C. A few earthworks remain in Fort Totten Park. The surrounding neighborhood, an apartment house development (Aventine Fort Totten), and a Washington DC Metro station bear his name. Fort Totten (Queens) is a historic former U.S. Army fort maintained by New York City. Fort Totten, North Dakota hosts Fort Totten State Historic Site, named for the General, which is on the National Register of Historic Places. Tottenville, Staten Island, was named for the family of an older relative, one of three "Captain Tottens" who supported the Loyalist cause during the American Revolution.Robert E. Lee surveyed Biscayne Bay in (Miami) in 1850 for the Army Corps of Engineers under then-Colonel <mask>. Lee named Totten Key just south of Caesars Creek for him. Totten Street is located on Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri. See also

 Fort Totten (disambiguation)
List of American Civil War generals (Union)
Battle of Fort Pulaski, Background - <mask>'s assessment of Fort Pulaski. References

This article contains public domain text from

External links

US Army Corps of Engineers history: Chiefs of Engineers
Fort Totten, NY

United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army personnel of the War of 1812
Union Army generals
1788 births
1864 deaths
<mask>, <mask>
Burials at the Congressional Cemetery
Deaths from pneumonia in Washington, D.C.
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Military personnel from New Haven, Connecticut

masks:
Joseph Gilbert Totten
Joseph G
. Totten
Peter Gilbert Totten
Joseph K
Totten
Totten
Totten
Totten
Totten
Totten
Totten
Totten
Totten
Totten
Totten
Totten
Totten
Totten
Totten
Joseph Totten
Totten
Totten
Gilbert


texts:
<mask> (born September 15, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter and musician, known for her work in the musical projects Motel Pools and most notably Bird Call. She lives and works in Los Angeles, CA. Bird Call explores a range of emotional territory with her voice, vulnerable lyrics, and candid stage presence whilst providing an aural backdrop that is variably experimental, melodically driven, and, most recognizably, somber and heartfelt. Since 2009, Bird Call has lured fans and perked ears while touring and sharing the stage with favorites including Angel Olsen, Kyp Malone, Amen Dunes, Christopher Willits, and others. Bird Call has released the following:

The Animals Know EP (FHC Records, Sept. 2010)
Other Creatures EP (FHC Records, June 2011)
Phantom Limbs - Remix EP (Zap Records, June 2013)
Will We Get to Mars? LP (Found Objects, September 2013)
Every Day Is Exactly the Same -NIN Single (January 2014)
Tao of Love [The-Drum Reboot] (May 2014)
Year of the Dogfish (Papavero Records, Nov 2019)

For 15 years, <mask>’s most well-known project Bird Call has garnered fans and loyal ears from indie music critics like Under the Radar, who describe Bird Call as "dangerous and romantic, emoting over a bed of cinema-worthy synths like Grimes on downers." Because of the artist’s known propensity towards a mercurial presence and sound, she has always evolved, yet remained rooted on a foundation of vulnerable lyrics and a voice that WNYC describes as “direct and impassioned”.Since her 2011 International Songwriting Competition win for “Best Performer”  beside pop artist, Kimbra, Angelicola has gone on to share the stage with artists such as Angel Olsen, Empress Of, Kyp Malone’s Rain Machine, Ice Balloons, Donna Lewis and Reptar. In the last decade, Angelicola has released five EPs and two LPs. Bird Call’s music is licensed for widespread use and heard on several television networks including Hulu, Netflix, Amazon, Fox, and Lifetime. Bird Call's latest LP, Year of the Dogfish, released Nov 8th 2019 (Papavero Records), is Angelicola's full-length release since her Will We Get to Mars LP (Zap Records, 2013), which was produced by Bryan Senti (Feist, Mark Ronson, Rufus Wainwright), and which The Guardian stamped as “heart-burstingly lovely”. Since then, <mask> additionally released two EP’s with her second project, Motel Pools, Volume I (2015) and Volume II (2016), with the former produced by Kyp Malone of TV on the Radio. Year of the Dogfish is a collection of songs written by Angelicola between 2016 and 2018, during which <mask> left the Bay Area and moved to Los Angeles. The 405 calls the new record “her most striking music yet”.Year of the Dogfish is Angelicola's representation of the complexities of solitude, isolation, loss, recovery, and, ultimately, transcendence. It is her most honest work to date and produced by the artist herself alongside longtime friend, engineer, and mixer Gabriel Galvin of Four Foot Studios in Brooklyn, NY. 2014 and prior
After having written a collection of new songs in winter 2011, Angelicola approached musician, composer, and orchestrator Bryan Senti (Mark Ronson, Rufus Wainwright, Miike Snow) to produce Bird's first full-length record. Over the course of 12 months, Angelicola and Senti embarked on a musical journey crafting a sonic landscape that encompasses the body of work found in the new record, Will We Get To Mars?, which FACT mag recently dubbed "phantasmagoric". Phantom Limbs, an EP of remixes including a rendition by Chicago-based producers The-Drum, released June 3, 2013 via the UK's Zap Records, which upon its premiere, WNYC described as "a change that suits Angelicola's direct, impassioned voice well." Bird Call’s track “Phantom Limbs” recently caught the ears of Under The Radar, who described Angelicola's style as being "dangerous, a romantic quality to it, emoting over a bed of cinema-worthy synths like Grimes on downers." Will We Get To Mars digitally released worldwide on September 3, 2013 alongside a premiere with UK's The Guardian, who dubbed the record "heart-burstingly lovely..." Jessica Yatrofsky has directed the music video for the self-titled track which premiered with Nylon Magazine on October 4, 2013.2011 and prior
Prior to 2013's releases, Angelicola released two EPs under the moniker Bird Call. The Animals Know EP was written by the artist during her first winter in Brooklyn, recorded at Studio G by producer Joel Hamilton and released October 2010 (FHC Records). Other Creatures EP (May 2011, FHC Records), also produced by Hamilton, is a collection of cover songs, which features the song "Lost Cause" by Beck. In 2011, Bird Call won first place in the Performance Category of the International Songwriting Competition for her song "Waltz In The Snow". "The Animals Know" and "Berlin", songs from The Animals Know EP, are featured on the third season of the Lifetime show Dance Moms. Songs from The Animals Know EP have also been featured on the Carson Daily Show. Motel Pools
Motel Pools is a garage punk rock project formed by California-native musician <mask> Angelicola, known for her previous work in the project Bird Call.Original demos for Motel Pools were tracked in <mask>'s Williamsburg living room in 2011 and then stored in the digital dungeons until her relocation back to California. Upon her return to her hometown of San Francisco, <mask> reached out to friend Kyp Malone (TV on the Radio, Rain Machine) in Brooklyn to help produce the project's first EP. Honus Honus of Man Man makes a guest vocal appearance on the track "Lemme Walk Your Dog". Motel Pools covers Butthole Surfers' Human Cannonball. All tracks were recorded in living rooms and at Heritage Studios in Burbank, CA in June 2014. In 2016, Motel Pools released a full length LP featuring Volume 1 and Volume 2 EPs. Angelicola wrote and produced Volume II, which was recorded at Black Lodge Recording in Bushwick, NY, engineered and mixed by Gabriel Galvin at Four Foot Studios in Brooklyn, NY and mastered by Mark Santangelo at The Mastering Palace in NY, NY.References

External links
 Waltz in the Snow

1984 births
Living people
People from Mill Valley, California
American women singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from California
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers

masks:
Chiara Angelicola
Chiara Angelicola
Chiara
Chiara
Chiara
Chiara
Chiara


texts:
<mask>  (22 February 1872 – 1 February 1943) was a New Zealand sailor and explorer who served on Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1916, as captain of  Endurance. He also served in the Royal Navy Reserve during the First World War. Born in Akaroa, New Zealand, <mask> joined the New Zealand Shipping Company in 1888. He served aboard several vessels running trade routes between New Zealand, England and the South Pacific. While on South Pacific service, he became renowned for his ability to navigate to tiny, remote islands. He joined the Royal Navy Reserve in 1902 and served on HMS Swiftsure for a year before returning to the Merchant Navy. In 1914, he joined the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, which aimed to cross the Antarctic continent.After the expedition's ship Endurance was trapped in pack ice and wrecked, he and the rest of the crew sailed three lifeboats to Elephant Island, off the Antarctic Peninsula. From there, <mask>, Shackleton and four others sailed the  lifeboat James Caird some  across the stormy South Atlantic Ocean, eventually arriving at their intended destination, South Georgia. <mask>'s navigation skills were crucial to the safe arrival of the James Caird. Shackleton, <mask> and seaman Tom Crean then hiked and climbed through snow and ice across mountainous South Georgia in a 36-hour march to fetch help from Stromness whaling station. In August, <mask> and Shackleton returned to Elephant Island aboard the Yelcho, a Chilean naval ship, to rescue the remaining members of the expedition, all of whom survived. During the First World War, <mask> captained the Q-ship PC.61 and was responsible for the sinking of a German U-boat,  by carrying out a skillful ramming manoeuvre. For this action <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO).Later in the war he worked in transportation of supplies in Arctic Russia, and in the North Russia Intervention against the Bolsheviks, earning a bar to his DSO. He was later appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. From 1921 to 1922, he served on Shackleton's last expedition to the Antarctic as captain of the Quest. In between berths in the Merchant Navy, he led an expedition to the Arctic Circle and participated in a treasure hunt on Cocos Island. He wrote several books relating to his experiences in polar exploration and his sailing career. During the Second World War, <mask> initially served with the International Red Cross in France and Norway. In 1941, he falsified his age so he could rejoin the Merchant Navy.When officials discovered his actual age, he was released from duty. He died from lung cancer in England in 1943. Early life

<mask> <mask> was born on 22 February 1872 in Akaroa, New Zealand, one of three children of a farmer, <mask>, and his wife Georgiana. His father arrived in New Zealand from England as a child; his grandfather, Henry Francis <mask> (1806–1876), migrated from Rugby, England aboard the Cornwall to Lyttelton, where he arrived with his large family, in December 1851. The family lived in Grehan Valley, high above Akaroa. <mask>'s mother died while he was a toddler. He was sent to school in Akaroa but when his father moved his family to take up work clearing bush from land at Peraki, he was homeschooled for a time.From age 10, he helped with clearing land for sheep pasture and growing cocksfoot. When <mask> was 11, his older brother, Harry, left to join the New Zealand Shipping Company as an apprentice and at about the same time, his father moved his family, which was now just <mask> and his 13-year-old sister, to Christchurch. <mask> attended Fendalton School and marked his final year of schooling by being made head boy. Like his brother, <mask> was interested in a career at sea. In 1887, his application to join the New Zealand Shipping Company was declined because of his short stature, but he was successful six months later. He was signed on as a junior midshipman aboard the Wairoa, a three-masted clipper which transported wool to London. Maritime career
Worsley served on a number of sailing ships of the company, running the trade route between New Zealand and England for several years.He became a third mate by 1891, and then a fifth officer the following year. In 1895, when a third officer, he left the New Zealand Shipping Company to join the New Zealand Government Steamer Service (NZGSS). His first posting was aboard the Tutanekai, an NZGSS steamer which served the Pacific Islands, as second mate. He was considered to be a good and experienced officer, but was not averse to mischief. On one voyage in 1899, the Tutanekai was anchored in the harbour at Apia, the capital city of German Samoa. At night, Worsley went ashore and stole the ensign that was flown from the flagpole of the German consulate on the harbour front. On discovering the theft, the consul suspected the culprit was from the crew of the Tutanekai, the only merchant vessel in the harbour at the time.With a party of sailors from , also anchored in the harbour, the consul boarded the Tutanekai looking for the ensign, but they left empty-handed after the ship's captain protested. Even when the captain later found out <mask> was responsible, it did not affect his career prospects. He was posted to the Hinemoa, another NZGSS steamer, as chief officer. In June 1900, <mask> sat the examination for a foreign master's certificate. He passed with good marks, and was one of two students commended for their efforts. He was now a qualified master and, as his first command, was given the Countess of Ranfurly. This was a three-masted schooner of the NZGSS which sailed trade routes in the South Pacific, mainly around the Cook Islands and Niue, both of which were New Zealand dependencies.Beatrice Grimshaw, a travel writer based in Papua New Guinea, said that "Any passenger he took had to work passage as well as pay" and that he encouraged her to learn practical seamanship, "to go aloft, to “hand, reef and steer,” and to use the sixteen-foot oar in the whaleboat". Royal Navy Reserve
While in command of the Countess of Ranfurly, <mask> joined the Royal Navy Reserve (RNR) and on 1 January 1902 was appointed a sub-lieutenant. In 1904, Countess of Ranfurly was sold, leaving Worsley without a command. Rather than stay in the employ of the New Zealand Government Steamer Service, he decided to look abroad for work. He travelled to Sydney and found a berth as chief officer on HMS Sparrow, which was on its delivery voyage to New Zealand, having been recently purchased by the New Zealand Government. When the Sparrow arrived in Wellington in March 1905, he was selected to command the ship while it was converted to a training vessel. The conversion was still incomplete when he left for England in early 1906.On arrival in England in March 1906, <mask> presented himself for further training in the RNR. He was posted to HMS Psyche and received specialist training in torpedoes, gunnery and navigation. He was promoted to lieutenant the following May. He served on a number of Royal Navy ships over the next two years, including 12 months on HMS Swiftsure. He then returned to the Merchant Navy and found a position with Allan Line Royal Mail Steamers, which sailed regularly from England to Canada and South America. He would intermittently be called up for service in the RNR over the next several years. This included a month in 1911 spent aboard HMS New Zealand.Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition

In 1914, the explorer Ernest Shackleton began preparing an expedition which had the goal of completing the first crossing of the Antarctic continent. The failure of Robert Falcon Scott to beat the Norwegian Roald Amundsen to the South Pole in 1911 was considered a blot on Britain's reputation in polar exploration. Shackleton's expedition was intended to return the country to the forefront of Antarctic endeavour. He set up his headquarters at Burlington Road in London, and was interviewing candidates for the expedition. One available position was that of captain for the expedition's vessel, the Endurance. <mask>, in London while awaiting a new berth, reportedly joined the expedition as a result of a dream, in which he was navigating a ship around icebergs drifting down Burlington Street. He took it as a premonition and the next day hurried down to Burlington Street, where he noticed a sign on a building advertising what Shackleton called the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition.He promptly entered the building whereupon he met Shackleton. After a few minutes of conversation, Shackleton offered him the captaincy of the Endurance, which <mask> accepted. The Endurance left England on 8 August 1914 destined for Buenos Aires, where Shackleton, travelling separately, would later meet the expedition. The departure of the expedition was troubled; the impending outbreak of the First World War prompted some members, including <mask>, anticipating a call up to the RNR, to propose a postponement of the voyage. However, the Admiralty advised Shackleton to proceed with his plans even after Britain declared war on Imperial Germany on 4 August. Just prior to the departure of the Endurance, <mask> approached the authorities and was advised that RNR personnel were not being called up at the time. While steaming to South America, fuel ran low and wood intended for planned buildings at the expedition's base in Antarctica was used to keep the engine running.<mask> ran a relatively relaxed ship with little discipline or control of alcohol consumption. Four crew members got into a barroom brawl at a stopover in Madeira, a neutral port. While anchored in the harbour, a neighbouring German ship swung into the Endurance, damaging it. <mask>, enraged, boarded the German ship with some other members of the expedition and forced the crew to repair the damage caused. Shackleton, briefed on <mask>'s handling of the voyage to date once he had caught up with the expedition at Buenos Aires, began to have concerns about his choice of captain. <mask> was to be in command of the resupply expedition for the party that was to winter over in Antarctica, but Shackleton began to doubt whether his leadership skills were sufficient to achieve this. After resupplying at Buenos Aires, the Endurance left for the remote island of South Georgia, in the South Atlantic, on 26 October.It duly arrived at Grytviken Station, a Norwegian whaling outpost, on 5 November. The Norwegians confirmed initial reports from Buenos Aires that the Antarctic pack ice was much further north than usual. Shackleton followed the Norwegians' advice to delay departure until later in the summer, and it was not until 5 December that the Endurance steamed south for the Weddell Sea. Icebound

The Endurance encountered the pack ice three days after leaving South Georgia, and Worsley began working the ship through the various bergs. On occasion it was necessary to ram a path through the ice. Progress was intermittent; on some days little headway was made while on other days large stretches of open water allowed swift passage southwards. Worsley would often direct the helmsman from the crow's nest, from where he could see any breaks in the ice.It was during this time that Shackleton realised that <mask>'s temperament was less suited to giving orders than to following them, which he would do with the utmost determination. On 18 January 1915, the ship became iced in. Within a few days, it was apparent that the Endurance was held fast and was likely to remain so for the upcoming winter. Trapped, the ship slowly drifted westwards with the ice, and the expedition settled in for the winter. The original plan had been to leave a shore party on the Antarctic mainland while <mask> took the Endurance northwards. There had been no expectation that the entire expedition would live aboard the ship in the long term. Worsley relished the challenge; he slept in the passageway rather than the cabins, and even in the depths of winter, would shock the rest of those aboard the ship by taking snow baths on the ice.With little to do since the Endurance became trapped, he occupied himself taking soundings of the ocean and collecting specimens. He later wrote a report entitled Biological, Soundings and Magnetic Record, Weddell Sea, 1914–1916. By July, it was becoming obvious that the ice was likely to crush the Endurance, which creaked and trembled under the pressure, and Shackleton instructed <mask> to be prepared to quickly abandon ship if the need arose. <mask> was initially incredulous, asking Shackleton: "You seriously mean to tell me that the ship is doomed?" Shackleton responded, "The ship can't live in this, Skipper." Finally, on 24 October, the pressure of the ice caused the sternpost of the Endurance to twist and the ship began to quickly let in water. After desperate attempts to fix the leak and pump the ship dry, Shackleton gave the order to abandon ship three days later.Salvaging what essential supplies they could, the expedition set out on 30 October for Robertson Island,  to the northeast. After just three days, it was clear that the condition of the ice was too rough for sledging. Having travelled only a mile and a half (2.4 km) from where the Endurance was sinking, they set up camp to wait for the ice to break up. Lumber and tents were salvaged from the crushed ship, which was still not fully submerged, and a reasonable camp, known as Ocean Camp, was established. The expedition stayed here for two months until 23 December, when they struck camp. The conditions underfoot were slushy during the day, as the temperature warmed up. Shackleton resolved to do most of the trekking at night, sledging the three lifeboats of the Endurance behind them.The sledging was hard work and after little more than a week, Shackleton and his men were forced to camp once more. Underneath, the ice continued to move northwards, and by April 1916, the floe they were on was nearly within sight of Elephant Island but beginning to break up. Shackleton ordered the expedition to the lifeboats, placing <mask> in charge of one of them, the Dudley Docker. It took a week to reach Elephant Island, the ice and currents inhibiting progress. The first few nights involved camping on nearby ice floes with the constant risk of them breaking up, but the last four nights were in the boats, with Worsley spending most of it at the tiller and going without sleep for 90 hours straight. His experience with open boats came to the fore in his sound handling of the Dudley Docker, while his navigation was exemplary, guiding the fleet of lifeboats unerringly to Elephant Island once they found favourable wind conditions. On the final night at sea, with Elephant Island having been sighted earlier in the day, heavy seas separated his boat from the other two lifeboats.His boat taking on water and caught in a rip, <mask> steered the Dudley Docker all through the night. Relieved early in the morning, he promptly fell asleep and could only be awoken by kicks to the head; it was not until three years later that he found out the method that was used by his companions to shake him from his deep sleep. The Dudley Docker made shore on 15 April, landing on the same shingle beach of Elephant Island as the other lifeboats. It was the expedition's first landfall in almost 18 months. Voyage of the James Caird

It quickly became apparent that Elephant Island,  of rock and ice with little shelter, was not a welcoming environment particularly with winter approaching and most of the expedition members weakened by their ordeal. Furthermore, the expedition could not be expected to be spotted by search parties or passing whalers. Within days of landing on Elephant Island, Shackleton decided to take a small party and sail the largest lifeboat, the James Caird, named for one of the expedition's sponsors, to South Georgia,  away.From there he would obtain a ship and return for the remainder of his men. <mask>, whose navigational skills had impressed Shackleton, volunteered to accompany him. The James Caird, originally built to <mask>'s specifications, was about  long and the expedition's carpenter, Harry McNish, immediately set about improving its seaworthiness. On 24 April, the weather dawned clear and after being provisioned with 30 days of supplies, the boat left Elephant Island. <mask> was faced with the task of navigating the Southern Ocean to South Georgia. There was no margin for error as the James Caird would sail into the South Atlantic if he missed the island; this would mean almost certain death for those in the lifeboat, as well as for those remaining on Elephant Island. Fortuitously, the weather was fine on the day of departure from the island and this allowed Worsley to obtain a sun sighting to ensure that his chronometer was rated.Shortly after the start of the voyage, the James Caird,

masks:
Frank Arthur Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Frank Arthur
Worsley
Henry Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley
Worsley


texts:
 which, in addition to Shackleton and Worsley, also carried McNish, sailors John Vincent and Timothy McCarthy, as well as the experienced Tom Crean, encountered the ice but Worsley found a way through and into the open ocean. The crew set up two watches for the journey, which eventually would take 16 days, in strong and heavy seas, to reach South Georgia. For most of the voyage, the weather proved to be stormy and so overcast Worsley was unable to take more than a few sightings with his sextant. He described one sighting as "...cuddling the mast with one arm and swinging fore and aft round the mast, sextant and all..." and he would "...catch the sun when the boat leaped her highest on the crest of a sea...". At times the sea conditions were so rough he was braced by the other crew members when taking his sightings. On occasion, the temperature was bitter and each man would spend one-minute shifts chipping away ice that coated the top surfaces of the James Caird, affecting its buoyancy. The heavy seas meant there was considerable risk that a man could go overboard.After two weeks, <mask> began to worry about the lack of sightings and advised Shackleton he could not calculate their position to less than  accuracy. As a result, Shackleton opted to aim for the western side of South Georgia which meant, given the prevailing winds, that if they missed their target they would be carried onto the east coast of the island. The following day, they began to observe drifting seaweed and seabirds circulating overhead, indicating the presence of land ahead. On 8 May, through mists and squalls, the crew sighted South Georgia's Cape Demidov, precisely in line with the course calculated by <mask>. He saw a "...towering black crag, with a lacework of snow around its flanks. One glimpse, and it was hidden again. We looked at each other with cheerful, foolish grins."Sea and wind conditions were such that they were unable to make their way to the Norwegian whaling stations, some  away, on the east coast; instead they made for King Haakon Bay. Now out of drinking water, they were forced by the high seas to approach the rocky coast with care and heave to for the night. A gale blew strongly the following day and despite their best efforts, they stayed offshore for a further night. Conditions were much better on 10 May and after adverse winds caused failure of his first few attempts, <mask> carefully sailed the James Caird through a rocky reef guarding King Haakon Bay and onto the beach. Trek

After slaking their thirst from a nearby stream, the crew unloaded the James Caird and spent the first night on South Georgia in a cave. The next day, Shackleton announced his intention to walk overland to the Norwegian whaling station at Stromness Bay, on the other side of the island. The crew were too exhausted, and the James Caird too battered, for Shackleton to consider sailing around the island.The trek to Stromness Bay was , and after resting for several days, Shackleton, along with <mask> and Crean, set out on 19 May. The interior of South Georgia was mountainous and covered with glaciers. Their map of South Georgia showed only the coastline, and on several occasions, they were forced to backtrack when their route was found to be impassable. After a non-stop trek of 36 hours, the trio reached Stromness Bay and were taken to the manager of the whaling station. He was unable to recognise Shackleton, whom he had met during the expedition's stopover on the island nearly two years previously. After a hot bath and a large meal, <mask> set out on a whaler to collect the three men left behind at King Haakon Bay. That night a strong blizzard struck the island.Had it developed while <mask> and the others were on their trek, it would have likely killed them. They were fortunate the weather had been relatively good for their trek across the island. Later, all three trekkers would talk of a "fourth presence" that accompanied them. In his account of the walk, Worsley would write "...I again find myself counting our party—Shackleton, Crean, and I and—who was the other? Of course, there were only three, but it is strange that in mentally reviewing the crossing we should always think of a fourth, and then correct ourselves." The next day, McNish, McCarthy and Vincent were picked up. They were unable to recognise Worsley, freshly shaven, when he stepped ashore.The James Caird, which had been pulled up the beach and turned over to serve as a shelter, was also retrieved. Rescue
Three days after McNish and the others were brought back to Stromness Bay, Shackleton, Crean and Worsley, along with a crew of volunteers from the whaling station, set out on a hired ship for Elephant Island. They got to within  of the island before ice prevented any further passage south. Unable to break a passage through the ice, they steamed to the Falkland Islands to obtain a more suitable vessel. By now news of the fate of the expedition had reached Britain. Despite messages of goodwill and support, the only British vessel that could be found was the , Robert Falcon Scott's old ship, but this would not be available until October. The war tied up all other available resources.Waiting for October was not acceptable to Shackleton who, desperately concerned for the men on Elephant Island, continued to search for a ship. The British Foreign Office prevailed on the governments of Uruguay, Chile and Argentina for a suitable vessel. The Uruguayans came forward with a small survey ship, and this was sailed to within sight of Elephant Island before it too had to turn back. An effort with an Argentinean vessel which set sail on 12 July also failed after three weeks of atrocious weather. Chile offered the use of the Yelcho, and on this steel-hulled steamer, Shackleton, Worsley and Crean set out with a crew on 25 August. Fortunately, in contrast to their previous attempt, the weather was mild and on 30 August, they reached Elephant Island where, to their great joy, they found all 22 men who had been left behind alive. Within an hour all were retrieved and, not wanting to risk being trapped by ice, the Yelcho quickly departed for Punta Arenas, where it was greeted with great fanfare.<mask> later wrote: "...I was always sorry for the twenty-two men who lived in that horrible place for four months of misery while we were away on the boat journey, and the four attempts at rescue ending with their joyful relief." While <mask> had been retrieving McNish and the others from King Haakon Bay, Shackleton was advised of the fate of his Ross Sea party, which had been tasked with laying depots on Shackleton's intended route across Antarctica. Ten men, forming a winter party, had set up a base at Hut Point, while their ship, the SY Aurora, owned by Shackleton, wintered at Cape Evans. In May 1915, the ship broke free from its moorings and became trapped in the ice. Badly damaged, it drifted with the ice for over six months before it broke free and its captain, Joseph Stenhouse, was able to sail it to New Zealand in March 1916. No one had heard from the stranded winter party at Hut Point for nearly two years. After journeying with the rest of the survivors of his own party to Argentina, Shackleton, along with <mask>, left for New Zealand.From here they hoped to find a ship to take them south to retrieve the Ross Sea party. Shackleton had brought <mask> along intending to use his services in the retrieval of the winter party. However, after their arrival in New Zealand in December 1916, they found themselves without a ship. They had expected to use the Aurora with Shackleton as its captain. In the meantime, the Australian, New Zealand and British governments had put forward funds for the rescue but, influenced by the explorer Douglas Mawson, who disliked Shackleton, the Australian government appointed its own captain. After protracted negotiations, Shackleton sailed on board the Aurora as a supernumerary officer. <mask> was left behind but was placated with a paid passage to Britain.The seven surviving members of the winter party were duly rescued. <mask> was later awarded the Polar Medal for his service on the expedition. First World War
Shortly after Shackleton returned to New Zealand from the Ross Sea, having picked up the survivors of the winter party, <mask> travelled to England aboard the RMS Makura. As an RNR officer, he wanted to join in the fight against Imperial Germany. After arriving in Liverpool, he made his way to London and was quickly assigned to HMS Pembroke, the shore station at Chatham. Here, for three months, he learned about fighting U-boats, which were causing considerable damage to supply convoys crossing the Atlantic. Several tactics were deployed against the U-boats.One of these involved the use of Q-ships, small merchant vessels fitted out with hidden armament that could be deployed against any U-boats which surfaced and approached the seemingly unarmed ship. Another tactic was the use of P-boats, which were patrol boats that carried out convoy escort duties and anti-submarine work. The P-boats had a distinctive profile, and their effectiveness wore off as U-boat commanders began to recognise and avoid them. Later-built P-boats were designed with a more conventional profile approximating that of a merchant ship, and thus were similar to Q-ships. In July 1917, <mask> was appointed commander of the PC.61, one of the later P-boats, with Joseph Stenhouse as his first officer. The PC.61, commissioned on 31 July 1917, was equipped with a semi-automatic  gun that was hidden by a tarpaulin suspended from crane derricks when not in use. She also had a ram at her bow.Shortly after its commissioning, <mask> took his new command to sea on patrol. Most patrols were uneventful; sometimes U-boats were sighted and pursued, but these invariably got away. Occasionally torpedoes were fired at his ship. <mask> felt the PC.61 was too easily identified as a Royal Navy vessel against which U-boats were too cautious to make a surface attack. Instead, the submarine would use its torpedoes to attack the ship. In late September 1917, <mask> and the PC.61 were on patrol to the south of Ireland. On 26 September 1917, a nearby tanker was struck by a torpedo from a U-boat, .Observing the explosion, <mask> gradually slowed his propellers, hoping to deceive the U-boat's crew into thinking his P-boat was leaving the area and luring the submarine to the surface. The deception was successful and the UC-33 surfaced, intending to sink the tanker with its deck gun. Worsley immediately ordered full speed ahead and, realising that he would lose time in manoeuvring his ship into a position in which she could use her guns, set a collision course with the U-boat, intending to ram the submarine. At high speeds the bow of the PC.61, to which the ram was fitted, lifted out of the water considerably, and Worsley had to reduce speed at the right moment in order for it to be at the right height to strike the submarine. He timed the reduction of speed of the PC.61 perfectly and she struck the UC-33 midships as it was submerging. The submarine rapidly sunk with nearly all hands, the exception being the captain, who was rescued and later gifted Worsley a silver whistle. The damaged tanker was towed to Milford Haven in Wales, which took 12 hours in an area where other U-boats were known to be lurking.For his role in the sinking of the UC-33, <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and Shackleton sent him a telegram congratulating him on his success. <mask> conducted patrols with the PC.61 for several more months. In September 1918, he was given command of HMS Pangloss, a Q-ship operating in the Mediterranean and which was formerly commanded by Commander Gordon Campbell. With the war nearly over, <mask> did not anticipate much excitement in his new posting. Northern Russia
Passing through London en route to Gibraltar, where the Pangloss was based, <mask> met Shackleton, recently assigned by the War Office to the International Contingent destined for Northern Russia to aid the White movement in its fight against the Bolsheviks. Shackleton's expertise in the polar regions had been recognised by the War Office, and with the temporary rank of major, he was preparing the contingent for a winter deployment to Murmansk. Shackleton had already recruited several veterans of the Endurance to serve with him and arranged for Worsley, keen for action, to be transferred to join the contingent.<mask>, by now a lieutenant commander, left for Murmansk the following month. After he arrived in Russia, <mask> was selected to go to Archangel where he organised equipment and supplies for the British forces stationed there. He provided extensive advice, derived from his polar experience, to soldiers on how to best make use of their resources and trained them in the use of skis. He participated in several patrols and, due to a shortage of officers, occasionally took command of platoons of British infantry. In April 1919, he was posted back to Murmansk, where he took command of the gunboat HMS Cricket. He took her up the Dvinia River and targeted Bolshevik gunboats and villages along the river. He also provided support to British and White Russian units moving along the banks of the river in operations to seize ground lost to the Bolsheviks in the winter months.<mask> commanded Cricket for two months before becoming the captain of HMS M24, a monitor and tender to HMS Fox. His time in command was short as he managed to attach himself to the Hampshire Regiment. In August, he participated in a raid behind Bolshevik lines. The raiding party of 25 men obtained useful intelligence by tapping telegraph lines and ambushing a Bolshevik convoy but their presence soon became known and they were pursued by a force of over 200 Bolsheviks. When the captain commanding the party became lost in a forest, he deferred navigation to <mask>, who successfully led all 25 men back to safety. For his efforts, he was awarded a bar to his DSO. The citation for his award read:

When the Allied forces left Murmansk and Archangel in late 1919, Worsley returned to London.He was rewarded for his service in Russia by being appointed to the Order of St. Stanislaus. He was discharged from service on 2 January 1920 and placed on the RNR retired list. Later in the year, in a ceremony at Buckingham Palace, he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his services to Great Britain. Quest

<mask> remained in near constant contact with Shackleton, who was attempting to put together an expedition to the Arctic, and was hopeful of securing a suitable position in the endeavour. However, the expedition was still some way off and in the meantime, <mask> set up a shipping company with his friend Stenhouse. The company, Stenhouse Worsley & Co, purchased a schooner, Annie, with the intention of trading with the Baltic states. This plan collapsed when the Baltic freight market fell on hard times and eventually, the company started shipping freight along the British coast.In late 1920, Worsley and Stenhouse went on a trading voyage to Iceland. The Annie carried cargo on the outward trip but was nearly wrecked when sailing around the coast of Iceland to pick up cargo from a remote port for the return trip to England. Poor weather and sea conditions kept the Annie in Iceland until February 1921, when <mask> was able to carry freight back to Britain. By then Shackleton was ready to proceed with his expedition and wanted <mask> as the captain of his ship, the Quest, an offer which he quickly accepted. After the Canadian government withdrew promised financial support for the expedition, the delay in finding replacement funding ate into the Arctic sailing season. Shackleton, not wanting to delay departure any longer than he had to, decided to go south instead and attempt a circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent. The expedition, known as the Shackleton–Rowett Expedition (John Rowett, an old friend of Shackleton's, was the main sponsor), would also attempt to discover sub-Antarctic islands and spend the southern winter in the Pacific islands.The expedition included several Endurance veterans in addition to <mask>; <mask> was again second in command, and Leonard Hussey was the meteorologist. <mask> was the master of the Quest, but would also be the expedition's hydrographer. The Quest, a  two-masted sealing ship sourced from Norway, set sail on 18 September 1921. Problems soon arose; the ship did not sail well and it leaked. There were also problems with the engine. A week was spent in Portugal undergoing repairs, and after crossing the Atlantic, the Quest spent a month in the docks of Rio de Janeiro. While in Brazil, Shackleton, whose health had been poor for some time, suffered a heart attack.After he declined treatment for his condition, the expedition

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