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<mask> (pen names Mrs. Madeline Leslie and Aunt Hattie; August 19, 1815 – April 26, 1893) was an American author of books for children, and editor. Her career as an author began when she was about 30 years old. She devoted herself successfully to novels; but after about 15 years, she wrote popular religious literature. Her most famous book, Tim, the Scissors Grinder, sold half a million copies, and was translated into several languages. <mask> published about 200 moral and religious tales under the pen name "Mrs. Madeline Leslie". She also wrote under her own name or initials, and under that of "Aunt Hattie". She wrote chiefly for the young, and was still writing in 1893 when she died.Early life and education
Harriette (nickname, "Hatty") <mask> <mask> was born in Andover, Massachusetts, August 19, 1815. Her parents were <mask> and Abigail Wheeler. She was one of the many children who were named after <mask>, one of the first American missionaries. She was baptized on December 10, 1815 in Theological Seminary Church, which is now Philips Academy in Andover. Her father was Dr. <mask>, the founder of Andover Theological Seminary and a friend of the polymath poet Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. She was called "Hatty" during her younger years. According to an account from her father, she nearly died of typhoid fever when she was about two years old. She had a nervous temperament, a lively imagination, and talents for composition.She also had a habit of walking in her sleep which had followed her from infancy. When she was a child, she had a guest in her house, William Schauffler. He was a German Jew who was sent to her father's care for his theological education. He remained in Andover for several years and most of the time in the <mask>' house. Harriette saw that Schauffler had a grey overcoat that was too small for him and that he was shivering in the cold. This incident inspired her to form a sewing society with her Sunday School classmate, Elizabeth Stuart, and earn money to buy a cloak for Schauffler. After the sewing society, she and Stuart formed a literary society, which they named "The Fireside" with them being the only members.They met on alternate Wednesdays on which occasions they read a composition, a simple story, and discussed the styles with each other. This was before she published her work for the first time when she was eleven years old. She enclosed her short story to Deacon Nathaniel Willis with a note authorizing him to print it in his newspaper, The Youth’s Companion if he wished. She then received a  for a short story to The Youth’s Companion and The Puritan, the Congregational paper of that time. She provided other contributions, from time to time, without informing the editor of her age. On June 17, 1829, when <mask> was nearly fourteen, she, together with four sisters and a cousin, Almira <mask>, set off for Abbot Female Seminary, the new academy founded by Mrs. Nehemiah Abbott, She attended it during its first year of existence, though age fifteen. She then removed to an academy in Catskill, New York, where her eldest sister, Mrs. Mary G. W. Smith, lived.After this, she studied under the instruction of private tutors in mathematics, history, and philosophy. Career
At the age of 20, she married Rev. Abijah <mask>, D. D., who was then a teacher in the Phillips Academy at Andover. She published during her residence in Medford, Massachusetts three small volumes, The String of Pearls, Louise Merton, and Frank Herbert. Of the second of these, the proof-reader in the office where it was printed, said: "I become so interested in the story that I forget to make the proper correction of typographical errors.” her duties as a clergyman's wife and mother of five sons prevented her from realizing ambition further except for occasional articles. In 1850, she removed to the city of Lynn, Massachusetts, where her husband was pastor of the Central Church. There she assisted him several years in editing two monthly journals: The Mother’s Assistant, and The Happy Home, which were extensively circulated.Many of her contributions to these periodicals were subsequently transferred to her volumes. From that period, she wrote and published constantly, her works being issued by different firms in Boston and New York City. In 1855, she published under the name of "Mrs. Madeline Leslie", The Courtesies of Wedded Life. About the same time appeared anonymously another large volume, entitled Cora and the Doctor, which was ascribed to many persons of eminence. In plot and literary finish, in power and pathos, this is considered one of her happiest efforts, and called forth flattering notices and reviews from Washington Irving and other distinguished critics. The name of its author was repeatedly called for, and at length the call was answered by its issue with other volumes from her pen in a series entitled, Home Life. Many of her books had a religious or moral theme and her style was considered very true to life, with well drawn characters.Publishers of her books include Lee & Shepard. The wave of evangelical feeling that passed over New England consequent on the preaching of Dr. Finney, the evangelist, powerfully affected <mask>, and turned her literary activities in religious channels. In the heyday of her success, the coming out of one of her books was looked upon as an event by her readers, and it was thought nothing remarkable to strike off an edition of 10,000 copies on the first appearance of a story whose title page bore the name of Madeline Leslie. Annual sales varied from 250,000 to 500,000. Most of <mask>'s books were tales for Sunday-school and general reading. They attained great popularity, and several were republished in England, and were translated into German, French and Bohemian. Included in the list are the Silver Lake, Golden Spring, Brookside, as well as the "Tim" series and the "Leslie" stories.Tim: The Scissors Grinder, was her most popular book, and (in the form of a cheap reprint) was sold or given away by thousands in England. Some of these were published over the pseudonyms "Mrs. Madeline Leslie" and "Aunt Hattie". Others, such as The Courtesies of Wedded Life (1855; new ed., 1869), and Cora and the Doctor, were published anonymously. In late years, a new generation appeared, which was somewhat out of touch with the spirit of <mask>'s writings. She was well known in the older literary circle of this country. Her literary tastes and keen zest for the study of human character and action remained with her even in later years. Possessing the Macaulayan faculty of plucking the very heart out of a book in a space of time that for others would hardly more than suffice for turning its pages, she found in reading an unfailing delight.She was reading Victor Hugo's novels this week at the rate of a book a day, and on the evening previous to her death held an animated conversation with her son, Dr. Charles E<mask>, about one of the characters in Les Misérables. Personal life
While in Catskill, she had a relationship with John Maynard, whose father, before his death had been a friend to her father's. She ended the relationship when she was fifteen after hearing a sad account of John's behavior in Yale. On October 1, 1835, she married Abijah <mask> (died 1876), who for 15 years was pastor of the Congregational Church at Medford, Massachusetts. He established and built up the Central Congregational Church at Lynn, Massachusetts and was also at one period, minister of the East Street Church in Boston. She was very affected by her husband's death on April 30, 1876, that she wrote about his sickness, which was to quote in her language "bound in green in her library in Brooklyn". She had since then moved home five times.<mask>, her son, and his wife, Maggie had invited her to stay with them in Batavia. This was her first home and first journey alone. She arrived there around the winter of 1876–1877. She went east the following summer and stayed with her son <mask> in Northborough before they all returned to Boston. She visited Washington during the following winter before she went to New York. In 1880, she was living with her son, Dr. <mask>, her daughter-in-law, Mary, and her granddaughter, Sarah in Brooklyn, New York. In Brooklyn, she became greatly interested in a large sewing class in Charles' parish where she taught the class how to knit upon her son's request.Death
<mask> died in Brooklyn, at the home of her son, Dr. Charles E<mask>, at 244, Washington Avenue, New York City on April 26, 1893. She was survived by five sons, four of whom were Episcopal clergymen. They were Dr. <mask>, rector of St. Luke's Hospital, New York; Dr. Charles E<mask>, of the Church of the Messiah, and Dr. <mask> <mask> and Dr. Walter A<mask>, of Cincinnati. Another son, <mask>, M.D., was Professor of Gynecology in Harvard University. According to her letters, on the evening of Tuesday, 11 April, two weeks before her death, she complained of feeling “poorly” and finding it difficult to sleep. Upon awakening, she coughed so incessantly that to quote in her own language, she “saw stars”. Becoming anxious, her daughter, Mollie, went over to St Luke's Hospital, New York, and secured a trained nurse.For a week after this bronchial attack, she felt very sick and prepared for death. A day before her death she was in unusually good spirits and felt so well that she left her room to walk with her daughter, Mollie through the hall into a back room to see a sunset. She held an animated conversation with her son, Dr <mask>, that evening about one of the characters in “Les Miserables”. According to the nurse, she slept unusually well that night. In the morning at four, the nurse who was called to her patient's bedside by her heavy breathing, lifted her up, as she had been directed to do at such times, when she said “I believe I am going to have another bad turn.” Then the nurse gave her some medicine and rubbed her, and at a quarter before five the patient said “Thank you. I am relieved. Now I think I can sleep.” These were her last words before she almost instantly fell asleep.A few minutes later, the nurse who stood watching her was surprised at seeing a sudden change pass over the countenance of the sleeping patient, and almost immediately those signs of death which are so well known to a trained nurse, began to show themselves. Her funeral was conducted by eight clergymen of the Episcopal Church on Friday afternoon, April 28, 1893. Her death was covered in the leading papers of the U.S. and referenced to in Andover academic institutions. She had  in her possession which she left for her family. Her grave was relocated to Andover, Massachusetts, the place where she was born. Style and themes
Her characters were well drawn, and strikingly true to life. Her style was simple, chaste, often elegant; her plan was natural and progressive.Many of her scenes were picturesque and impressive, and charged with the power and pathos that belonged to the great masters of fiction. Moreover, her writings were all of moral tone, without mawkish sentimentality, but displaying a keen insight into the spiritual nature of man and woman, and a proper sense of their relations as moral and accountable beings. <mask>'s books were written in good English, and were remarkably free from catch phrases and harbarisms, from eccentricities and extravagance, from bad grammar and rhetorical faults, which might have depressed the standard of literature and corrupted public taste. Her style was simple, chaste, often elegant; her plan natural and progressive. Reviewers compared her books, for literary execution, moral aim, and influence, with those of Hannah More, Mary Martha Sherwood, and Charlotte Elizabeth. They inculcated high moral and religious sentiments, but were free from the dialectics of the schools, and from all sectarianism; and therefore they were found in the libraries of all Christian denominations. Many of her books were republished in England and other countries.Few, if any of them, were more popular and useful than Tim the Scissors-Grinder, later published in what was called the Tim Series. This volume first appeared as a serial in the Boston Recorder. Long before its completion in that paper, numerous applications were received from different houses for the right to publish it in a book. From all parts of the country, positive testimonials were received of its excellence and usefulness in the conversion and sanctification of very many. Selected works

Little Frankie Series (1860)
Robin Redbreast Series (1860)
Courtesies of Wedded Life (1860)
Lost but Found (1860)
Walter and Frank (1860)
Tim, the Scissors-Grinder (1861)
The Rag-Pickers, and other Stories (1861)
Sequel to Tim the Scissors-Grinder (1862)
Up the Ladder; or, Striving and Thriving (1862)
The Two Homes; or. Earning and Spending (1862)
Bound Girl, and other Stories (1862)
Bound Boy and the Young Soldier (1862)
The Prize Bible; or, Covetousness (1863)
The Organ-Grinder (1863)
Never Give Up; or, The Newsboys (1863)
White and Black Lies; or, Truth Better than Falsehood (1864)
Worth and Wealth; or, Jessie Dorr (1864)
Tim's Sister; or, A Word in Season (1864)
Light and Shade (1864)
The Secret of Success (1865)
Art and Artlessness (1865)
Every-Day Duties; or, The Schoolmates (1865)
Wheel of Fortune (1865)
Juliette; or, Now and Forever (1866)
Ingleside; or, Without Christ and With Him (1886)
Trying To Be Useful (1868)
In the Wilderness (1868)
Cora and the Doctor (1868)
Governor's Pardon (1868)
Paul Barton; or. The Drunkard's Son (1869)
Live and Learn (1869)
Behind the Curtin (1869)
Fashion and Folly (1869)
The Hard Sum, and other Stories (1869)
The Breach of Trust (1869)
Edith Withington: a Book for Girls (1871)
This and That (1887)
Minnie and Her Pets
Little Agnes
Aunt Hattie's Library for Girls
Aunt Hattie's Library for Boys
Walter and Frank; or, The Apthorp Farm

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Harriette Newell W. Baker at Wikisource
http://www.amherst.edu/~rjyanco94/genealogy/acbiorecord/1830.html#baker-ar
http://www.readseries.com/auth-les-wise/baker-bio.html
http://readseries.com/auth-les-wise/bakerbib.html

1815 births
1893 deaths
19th-century American women writers
19th-century American novelists
American children's writers
American women children's writers
People from Andover, Massachusetts
Pseudonymous women writers
Christian writers
American women novelists
Abbot Academy alumni
19th-century pseudonymous writers

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Harriette Newell Woods Baker
Baker
Newell
Woods
Leonard Woods
Harriet Newell
Leonard Woods
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Baker
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Richardson Baker
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. Baker
Richardson Baker
George Baker
William Baker
Charles Baker
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. Baker
George Baker
. Baker
Frank Woods
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. Baker
William Baker
Charles Baker
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<mask>  (; 12 March 1869 – 17 May 1947) was a New Zealand politician who served as the 22nd prime minister of New Zealand from 28 May 1930 to 6 December 1935. <mask> was born in Lyttelton and later began farming near Christchurch. He became active in local politics. <mask> first entered the House of Representatives in 1908 as a member of the Liberal Party, and when that party declined he became the leader of the newly created United Party in 1928. His rise to power as Prime Minister was unexpected, and some believed him unsuited to the post; it was his misfortune to hold office during the very worst period of the Great Depression. He nevertheless remained in power for five years. <mask> headed the United–Reform coalition Government that eventually became the modern National Party.Often referred to as "Honest <mask>", <mask> had a reputation for probity, rare debating skill, and impressive memory. His courteous and friendly attitude earned him the liking and respect of parliamentarians from all sides of the House. Throughout his time in national politics his Hurunui constituents held <mask> in high regard: even when Prime Minister he would roll up his sleeves and help load sheep from his farm on the railway wagons for market. Early life
<mask> was born in Lyttelton, just outside the city of Christchurch. He gained his education at Christchurch Boys' High School in Christchurch, and did not attend university. He became known for his ability at sport, particularly in athletics, rowing, and rugby where he captained the Canterbury team. After finishing school he briefly worked in his father's ships' chandlery business in Lyttelton, but later established himself as a successful farmer near Cheviot, to the north of Christchurch.He quickly became active in the local politics of the region, particularly with regard to the Cheviot County Council and the Cheviot Settlers' Association. Entry to Parliament

At the , <mask> made his first attempt to enter national politics, standing for the  electorate. He stood as an independent, having failed to gain the Liberal Party nomination. He lost the election. At the , however, he became the Liberal Party's official Hurunui candidate, and won the seat of Hurunui. He would hold this seat for thirty-five years. <mask> remained a backbencher for some time, but became the Liberal Party's Whip when party leader Thomas Mackenzie became Prime Minister in March 1912.He retained this position when his party went into Opposition on 10 July 1912. However, he had considerably higher status within the party than his official responsibilities indicated, although few thought of him as a potential leader. By the early 1920s, the Liberal Party faced a decision as to its political future. The Reform Party government of William Massey dominated the political scene, having secured the conservative vote, while the growing Labour Party had started to undermine Liberal's progressive voter-base. Many members of the Liberal Party believed an alliance with the Reform Party inevitable, seeing such co-operation as necessary to counteract the "radicalism" of the Labour Party. When Massey died in 1925, Liberal leader Thomas Wilford decided to approach Massey's successor with a merger-proposal, suggesting that the new party could use the name "the National Party". The Liberal Party chose <mask> to represent them at a joint conference.The new Reform Party leader, Gordon Coates, rejected the proposal, although Wilford declared that Liberal would adopt the name "National" regardless. Party leader

Shortly after the merger proposal was rejected, Wilford resigned as leader, and <mask> unexpectedly became party leader. In the election later that year, however, the party did very badly, gaining only eleven seats compared with Reform's fifty-five. To compound the injury, <mask> no longer even held the post of Leader of the Opposition – the Labour Party had won twelve seats, enabling its leader Harry Holland to claim seniority in Opposition, although with two independents sitting in opposition as well the position of Leader of the Opposition remained vacant until Labour won the 1926 Eden by-election. The party's poor fortune did not last long, however. In 1927, Liberal Party politician Bill Veitch secured an alliance with Albert Davy, a former Reform Party organiser who had become dissatisfied with what he saw as Reform's paternalism and intrusive governance. The former Liberal Party (still known as National) absorbed Davy's new "United New Zealand Political Organization", and adopted the name "the United Party".<mask> and Veitch both vied as candidates for the leadership of the United Party, but the position eventually went to a former Liberal Party Prime Minister, Joseph Ward. <mask> became one of two deputy leaders, having particular responsibility for the South Island. Under the United banner, bolstered by Reform Party dissidents, the remnants of the old Liberal Party once again gained traction. In the 1928 election, United formed a government with backing from the Labour Party. <mask> gained the portfolios of Lands and Agriculture. Gradually, however, Ward's health declined to the state where he was unable to carry out his duties, and <mask> became leader in all but name. In 1930, Ward finally gave his official resignation, and <mask> became Prime Minister.He also made himself Minister of Finance. Prime Minister
As Prime Minister, <mask>, described as "apathetic and fatalistic", reacted to events but showed little vision or purpose. Opponents also criticised him for relying too much on the advice of his friends. However, the depression years proved a difficult time for many governments around the world, and his defenders claim that he did the best job possible in the circumstances of the economic crisis. During his premiership, <mask> also served as the Minister of External Affairs between 1930 and 1935. The <mask> government began to show signs of instability when the Labour Party withdrew its support. Labour expressed dissatisfaction with a number of the government's economic measures – <mask> intended them to reduce the government deficit and to stimulate the economy, but Labour claimed that they unnecessarily harmed the interests of poorer citizens.<mask> had perforce to continue with reluctant support from the Reform Party, which now feared Labour's growing popularity. In late 1931, <mask> called for a "grand coalition" of United, Reform, and Labour to resolve the country's economic problems. <mask> told a joint conference that he would not implement the measures he deemed necessary without broad backing. Labour refused to join this coalition, but ex-PM Coates (prompted by the Reform Party's finance spokesperson, William Downie Stewart Jr) eventually agreed. In the 1931 election, the United-Reform Coalition performed well, winning a combined total of fifty-one seats. <mask> remained Prime Minister, but surrendered the finance role to William Stewart. Slowly, however, many people came to believe that Coates held significantly too much power, and that <mask> showed himself overwilling to give in to Coates' demands.This view became reinforced when Coates and Stewart argued over financial policy – although <mask> was known to prefer Stewart's policy, he publicly sided with Coates, and Stewart resigned. Coates replaced Stewart as Minister of Finance, and became even more dominant in the coalition. Stewart, noting this, complained that "the Prime Minister is too passive and the Minister of Finance is too active". Both <mask> and Coates, however, increasingly took the blame for the country's ongoing economic problems, and could not avoid public dissatisfaction. In the election of 1935 the Labour Party defeated the coalition government, gaining fifty-five votes to the coalition's nineteen. In 1935, <mask> was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal, and in 1937, he was awarded the King George VI Coronation Medal. Retirement
By 1935 <mask> had become increasingly weary of politics, writing that he agreed with Stewart's description of the profession as "slavery that is miscalled power".Nevertheless, <mask> reluctantly allowed his colleagues to select him as Leader of the Opposition, and from May 1936 led the new National Party (created out of United and Reform) until October 1936 when Adam Hamilton became the party leader. Both party and leader agreed on <mask>'s tenure as leader of the new National Party as a temporary measure, as <mask> had indicated his desire to withdraw from the limelight, and younger figures in the party saw his past tenure as a political liability. <mask> retained his parliamentary seat until 1943, when he retired after 35 years as a Member of Parliament. He declined the offer of the customary knighthood, and four years after his retirement he died at Crystal Brook, his farm near Cheviot. The national memorial for <mask>, the <mask> Memorial Library, forms part of Lincoln University near Christchurch. References

Further reading

Work of Forbes

Works about Forbes

External links

Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 1966 (<mask> <mask>)

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Attorneys-General of New Zealand
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Local political office-holders in New Zealand
New Zealand farmers
New Zealand finance ministers
New Zealand foreign ministers
New Zealand Liberal Party MPs
New Zealand National Party MPs
Leaders of political parties in New Zealand
People from Lyttelton, New Zealand
1869 births
1947 deaths
People educated at Christchurch Boys' High School
Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
United Party (New Zealand) MPs
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
New Zealand members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

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George William Forbes
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<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (January 16, 1933 – October 2, 2009) was an American photographer and photojournalist. Finkelstein studied photography under Alexey Brodovitch, the art director of Harper's Bazaar and worked as a photojournalist for the Black Star and PIX photo agencies, reporting primarily on the political developments of various subcultures in New York City in the 1960s. In 1964, Finkelstein entered Andy Warhol's Factory as a photojournalist and remained for three years; <mask>'s photographs from this period are now regarded as some of the most iconic of the time. Early life
<mask> was born in Brooklyn and grew up in Coney Island, where his father worked as a cab driver. <mask> graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1950 and in 1952 he enrolled in Brooklyn College, where he first became interested in photography through the inspiration that he found in great photographers such as Edward Steichen. It was also here that developed his militant political tendencies, to the extent that he was expelled during his final semester after he threw a filing cabinet through a window to protest censorship of a campus publication. Career
After his expulsion, he managed to acquire an internship with the art director of Harper's Bazaar, Alexey Brodovitch (who famously brought Cocteau, Chagall, and Man Ray to illustrate the magazine).Brodovitch took a liking to the feisty boy from Brooklyn and allowed him to assist on fashion shoots. Fashion journalism led to photojournalism for Sport's Illustrated, covering events like bridge tournaments, dog shows, chess, and fencing matches. <mask> was signed by the PIX and Black Star agencies (the latter supplied Life magazine with much imagery) through which he was able to meet and spend time with established photographers Robert Capa, Eugene Smith, and Andreas Feininger. He specialized in chronicling the various subcultures of the United States at the time, an interest that led him to Harlem's burgeoning jazz and soul scenes, Warhol's factory, and later to cover the antiwar rallies and emerging counterculture. Andy Warhol and The Factory
In September 1962 Finkelstein was commissioned by Pageant magazine to do an article on the emerging Pop Art movement. The article was titled "What happens at a Happening?" it covered a Claes Oldenburg "happening" in Greenwich Village and was a break that would define his future.Two years later, while attending a party at the Factory, <mask> met Warhol, who had seen his photographs of Oldenburg's "happening" in Pageant. Finkelstein offered his services as a photographer to the artist, and for the next three years he was a constant presence at the Factory. His iconic images of the include subjects such as the Velvet Underground performing live, Marcel Duchamp, Bob Dylan, Edie Sedgwick, Salvador Dalí, and Allen Ginsberg. Political activist and fugitive
During his time at the Factory, Finkelstein was also involved with other affairs. A political radical, he helped organize civil rights rallies and anti-war demonstration and also became involved with the Black Panthers. As a result, in 1969 a warrant was issued for the arrest of Finkelstein in connection with an old drug case. He fled the United States, claiming he was worried that the government might try to assassinate him.He spent the next decade as a fugitive, following the Silk Road through the Middle East and selling hashish to support himself. Return to the U.S. and drug addiction
Finkelstein returned to the United States in 1982 when he became aware that charges against him had been dropped. He became involved in the New York punk music scene, managing bands such as Khmer Rouge (featuring Phil Shoenfelt), whose members he used as photographic subjects. He made frequent visits to Bolivia to nourish an addiction to cocaine. The death of Warhol in 1987 came as a wake-up call to Finkelstein and by 1989 he had weaned himself off the drugs and reignited his career in photography. His affinity for subcultures remained and in the 1990s he spent time as part of the rave scene, first in London, then Amsterdam, and back to New York. He shot a generation of New York club kids, a group that he recorded in his 1993 book Merry Monsters.Finkelstein now found himself in constant demand, he had over seventy-five solo and group shows at museums and galleries worldwide. His images appeared in magazines such as Life, Time, Sport's Illustrated, Harper's & Queen, Vogue and The New York Times Magazine. Death
<mask> died of complications from pneumonia and emphysema at his home in Shandaken, New York on October 2, 2009. He was 76. His first four marriages ended in divorce. In addition to his wife, Elizabeth, he is survived by a brother, Howard. At the time of his death, he was near completing a memoir entitled The Fourteen-Ounce Pound.Quotes
"I watched pop die and punk being born." Exhibitions
Finkelstein exhibited his work worldwide in over seventy-five solo and group shows at museums and galleries including the Cedar Bar, the International Center of Photography, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; the Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh; Tate Modern, Victoria and Albert Museum, The Photographer's Gallery, the Saatchi Gallery, London; and the Ludwig Museum, Budapest, among many others. Finkelstein's photographs are in the collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Brooklyn Museum of Art, and The Andy Warhol Foundation, New York; The Victoria and Albert Museum, London; The Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam; Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst, Ghent; Ludwig Museum, Cologne; and the Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, among many other public and private collections. There is a retrospective exhibition of his work at the Idea Generation Gallery, London, starting in December 2009, and his work will also feature in the exhibition "Who Shot Rock" at the Brooklyn Museum, New York, from the end of October 2009. Bibliography
 The Andy Warhol Index (1968, compiled with Warhol)
 Andy Warhol: The Factory Years, 1964-1967 (1989, )
 Girlfriends (1991)
 Merry Monsters (1993)
 Edie: Factory Girl (2006, compiled with David Dalton)

References

External links
 Official site

American photojournalists
1933 births
2009 deaths
Photographers from New York (state)
Jewish American journalists
Brooklyn College alumni
Stuyvesant High School alumni
Deaths from emphysema
Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
20th-century American photographers
Journalists from New York City
People from Shandaken, New York
People from Coney Island
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

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Nathan Louis
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<mask>  (born 4 September 1937) is an Australian freestyle champion swimmer and former politician. She is one of only four swimmers to have won the same Olympic individual event three times – in her case the women's 100-metre freestyle. Early life
<mask> was born in the Sydney suburb of Balmain, New South Wales in 1937 into a poor working-class family, the youngest of eight children. Her father, <mask>, was from Embo, Scotland. She was spotted at the early age of 14 by Sydney coach Harry Gallagher swimming at the local sea baths. Swimming career
<mask> won eight Olympic medals, including four gold medals, and six Commonwealth Games gold medals. She also held 39 records.The 100 metres freestyle record was hers for 15 years from 1 December 1956 to 8 January 1972. She is the first of only four swimmers in Olympic history (Krisztina Egerszegi of Hungary, Michael Phelps and Katie Ledecky both from the United States being the three others) to have won individual gold medals for the same event at three successive Olympics (100 metres freestyle – 1956, 1960, 1964). In October 1962, she became the first woman to swim 100 metres freestyle in less than one minute. It was not until 1972, eight years after <mask> retired, that her 100m record of 58.9 secs was broken. Several weeks before the 1964 Olympics, <mask> was injured in a car crash that resulted in the death of her mother Rose. Her sister and a friend were also travelling in <mask>'s car when it crashed, but they survived. This was a fresh tragedy for <mask> and her family following her older brother's death from leukaemia in 1950, and her father died after a long battle against cancer in 1960.Controversy
During the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, <mask> angered swimming team sponsors and the Australian Swimming Union (ASU) by marching in the opening ceremony against their wishes, and wearing an older swimming costume in competition, as she found it more comfortable than the one supplied by the sponsors. She was also accused of stealing an Olympic flag from a flagpole outside Emperor Hirohito's palace, the Kōkyo. She was arrested but released without charge. In the end she was given the flag as a souvenir. She later denied having swum the moat to steal the flag, telling The Times in 1991: "There's no way I would have swum that moat. I was terrified of dirty water and that moat was filthy. There's no way I'd have dipped my toe in it."The Australian Amateur Swimming Association banned <mask> from competitive swimming for 10 years. In 1997, <mask> told the ABC: "I mean I wish I could be as outspoken, I suppose, as Pauline Hanson and say, 'look, I'm sick and tired of the immigrants that are coming into my country.'" <mask> also stated her interest in joining Hanson's One Nation Party. In 2015, during an interview on the Today program, <mask> was asked about recent behaviour of Nick Kyrgios at Wimbledon and Bernard Tomic’s comments about Tennis Australia, which resulted in Tomic being removed from the Davis Cup team. <mask> said "They should be setting a better example for the younger generation of this country ... If they don’t like it, go back to where their fathers or their parents came from". (Kyrgios is of Malay and Greek ancestry, while Tomic is of Croat extraction.)Kyrgios responded by describing her as a "blatant racist" and <mask>'s comments were criticised by Australia’s Race Discrimination Commissioner, Tim Soutphommasane. <mask> "unreservedly" apologised for her comments. Post-swimming activities
<mask> became a publican at the Riverview Hotel, Balmain, and took up swimming coaching. In 1988, she was elected as an independent to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for the seat of Balmain. That electorate was abolished in 1991, and after she failed to win the new seat of Port Jackson, she retired from politics. <mask> is a high-profile supporter and a board director of the Wests Tigers NRL club. Honours
She was named the Australian of the Year in 1964, was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1965, (as <mask>) was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1967, and appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 1998.Also in 1998, she was voted Australia's greatest female athlete in history. She was named Australian Female Athlete of the Century by the Sport Australia Hall of Fame, who had inducted her as their first female member in 1985. In 1999 the International Olympic Committee named her the World's Greatest Living Female Water Sports Champion. on 14 July 2000, <mask> was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for "outstanding contribution as a swimming competitor". She was one of the bearers of the Olympic Torch at the opening ceremony of the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She carried the Olympic Torch at the stadium, as one of the bearers for the final segment, before the lighting of the Olympic Flame. The Australian Sport Awards includes an award named in honour of and presented by <mask>.The sea baths in Balmain where she swam were named the <mask> Swimming Pool in her honour in 1964, and in 1992, the State Transit Authority named a RiverCat ferry after <mask>. As part of the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours she was advanced to a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC). In film
In 1979, a movie called Dawn! was made about <mask>'s life and career. It starred Bronwyn Mackay-Payne as <mask>. <mask> was played by Melissa Thomas in the 2003 film Swimming Upstream. <mask> herself is credited in the film as <mask>'s coach.On  1 September 2015, <mask> featured on Season 7, Episode 5 of the SBS genealogy television series Who Do You Think You Are?, which traced her heritage back to South America. Personal life
<mask> married Gary Ware on 30 January 1965 at St Stephens Church, Macquarie Street, Sydney. The marriage was short-lived. She has one daughter from the marriage, who has a son. They all live in Noosa on the Sunshine Coast in Queensland. This move north from Sydney to a warmer, sub-tropical climate was due to the fact <mask> suffers from severe asthma.

masks:
Dawn Fraser
Fraser
Kenneth Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Dawn Ware
Fraser
Fraser
Dawn Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Dawn Fraser
Dawn Fraser
Fraser
Fraser


texts:
<mask>u (, 1891–1959), also <mask> and Madame Wei Tao-ming, was the first female lawyer and judge in Chinese history. <mask> studied at the Faculty of Law of Paris and returned to Shanghai to practice law. She was president of a court in the French concession and then served in the national Legislative Yuan, helping to draft the Chinese Republican-era civil code. In 1919, she served on the Chinese delegation to the Paris Peace Conference. From 1931 to 1937 she was president of University of Shanghai school of law. Family and Education
Raised as a young girl in the paternal family home in Guangdong, <mask> was first home-schooled before her mother enrolled her in a formal school in Beijing. Her revolutionary activities began at a young age.She refused to have her feet bound as she saw how the traditional practice had affected her mother who underwent the binding process as a child. She also refused a marriage arranged by her paternal grandmother because she thought her fiance's conservative upbringing and beliefs would be too incompatible with her own lifestyle. Her family sent her to a mission school in Tianjin, where she learned English but chose not to follow the religious instruction. In 1912, she met the anarchist and revolutionary organizer Li Shizeng and enrolled in his preparatory school for Chinese students hoping to go to France on the Diligent Work Frugal Study program. The school was the first in China to be co-educational. She was one of the handful of women to go to France on the program. The Revolution of 1911
<mask> was a member of the Kuomintang, which was the Nationalist Party of China.After meeting the party's leader Sun Yat-sen, she dedicated herself to the revolutionary cause. As a member of a revolutionary cell, <mask> hid bombs in her suitcases to transport them to Beijing with the intention of using them against officials working for the Manchu dynasty. Later she was involved in the attempted assassination of Yuan Shih-k'ai, who had taken power from Sun Yat-sen. She fled to France after being notified that she was wanted for arrest by the government for her involvement with the planned attacks. World War I
By 1914, she had established herself in Paris, where historians believe she met other political figures, such as her fellow party member Wang Jingwei. It was difficult for <mask> to adjust to her new life in France as she was not fluent in the language, but later on she considered the country to be similar to China in terms of political aspirations and in spirit. She remained in France for the remainder of World War I. She pursued an education in law at the University of Paris, the Sorbonne and enrolled a year into the war.She urged China to ally itself with the Allied Powers. China entered the war in the year 1917. <mask> was invited to speak at a meeting held at the Sorbonne and acted as a spokesperson for her native country. The French minister of war was also present at this meeting. <mask> returned to China after 1917 to advocate for Chinese aid to the Alllied war effort. Over 100,000 Chinese men volunteered for labor service to support France in combat. Paris Peace Conference
In 1919, due to her involvement in the 1911 Revolution and her French and English language skills, <mask> was appointed as the sole female Chinese delegate for the Paris Peace Conference along with chief plenipotentiary Lu Zengxiang and other male delegates and official attachés selected by the Beijing Government and the Nationalists.<mask> was chosen as a delegate so that she would act as the voice of Chinese women and take charge of communication between the delegation and the media. An interview with Andrée Viollis proved the importance of <mask>'s role within the delegation. Her image was starkly different to the Western perception of Chinese women, which in turn helped to change Westerners' view of China as well. She traveled to the United States after the war in hopes of gaining allies in China's quest for sovereignty. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points speech gave China reason to believe that the United States would be supportive of their goals. However, at the Paris Peace Conference, it was proven otherwise. The United States was in favor of granting Shandong to Japan in fear agitating the nation.This decision was thought as a betrayal in the eyes of Chinese nationals. Rosebush Gun Incident
<mask> was very critical of the Shandong decision. She joined with Chinese students at home and abroad in protesting the signing of the Versailles Treaty in the belief that this agreement would encourage Japan to further reduce Chinese sovereignty. Due to the mounting of pressure from Chinese students and workers, chief delegate Lu Zhengxiang slipped out of Paris on June 27, 1919, on the eve of the signing ceremony. He was rumored to be in the Parisian suburb of St. Cloud en route to signing the agreement. Upon discovering Lu’s location, <mask> and her accomplices traveled to the St.Cloud residence to demand Lu refuse to sign the treaty. Lu refused to pen the door, but a secretary carrying a briefcase dashed from the residence towards his car. Sensing something was amiss, <mask> broke off a rosebush branch roughly shaped like a gun and rubbed it with dirt. In her memoir she states: “I stepped out of the shadows in front of him and pointed my rosebush gun right at him. He was so frightened that he inadvertently dropped the portfolio from his arm and immediately took flight.”

<mask> and her group stood vigil over throughout the night. The next morning Lu heard them out and bent to their will. On June 28, 1919, China would be the only Allied nation to not sign the Treaty of Versailles.<mask> kept the rosebush gun as a historical memento and took it back to her family home in Shanghai, China, hiding it away in a drawer wrapped in a white cloth. The rosebush would sadly vanish when the Japanese looted her family home during World War II in 1937. Later Years
<mask> received her law doctorate from the Faculty of Law of Paris in 1926. <mask> and her fellow law student and legal partner Wei Tao-ming would established a law practice in Shanghai. In the late 1920s, <mask> and Wei married. In the late 1920s, she briefly became a judge in a French concession court. <mask> advocated for women to have a choice in their marriages and to have the right to divorce.She wrote these rights into the Republic of China's Civil Code in the early 1930s. She was one of the influences who inspired Phan Bội Châu's development of women's rights in Vietnam. <mask>'s nephew Paifong Robert Cheng attended the Sorbonne under the guidance of his aunt. He held the diplomatic post of the Chinese Ambassador to Cuba from 1946 to 1950. Cheng's son Ching Ho Cheng was an American contemporary artist whose works are collected by several museums across the U.S. Her autobiography, My Revolutionary Years (1944), published while her husband was Ambassador to the United States, is a first-hand account of modern Chinese history and has been translated into many languages. She died of cancer in Los Angeles on December 16, 1959.Selected works

See also

 First women lawyers around the world

References

Bibliography

External links

 Madame Chiang in Hollywood, Life, April 19, 1943. University of Paris alumni
Chinese women lawyers
Chinese anarchists
1891 births
1959 deaths
Chinese expatriates in France
20th-century women lawyers
Members of the 1st Legislative Yuan
Chinese women judges
20th-century Chinese women politicians
20th-century Chinese politicians

masks:
Tcheng Yu hsi
Soumay Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng
Tcheng


texts:
<mask> (23 October 1915 – 26 January 1995) was an English footballer and manager. He played for the then second division side Tottenham Hotspur. As manager he won the 1954 FA Cup with West Bromwich Albion and finished runners-up in the Football League First Division. He had two periods with AFC Ajax, leading the side to the Dutch Championship of 1960. In 1964 Johan Cruyff made his league debut under him. In 1971, his FC Barcelona side finished as league runners-up and won the Spanish Cup. He also held manager positions with Fulham FC, Sheffield Wednesday and in Greece.<mask> is considered to have been a pioneer of the footballing philosophy known as Total Football, later further developed by his protégé Johan Cruyff. Career
<mask> joined Tottenham Hotspur in 1934 and played the first season (1934–35) for Tottenham Hotspur nursery club Northfleet United. After that single season he returned to Tottenham, then playing in the Second Division, where he accumulated 230 matches as a defensive midfielder and later defender before leaving in 1949. He started his managerial career at Oxford University 1949–50. After this, he headed the joint amateur team of Oxford and Cambridge Universities, Pegasus with which he won in 1951 the FA Amateur Cup, defeating Bishop Auckland in the final 2–1 in front of a crowd of 100,000 in Wembley Stadium, playing an "attractive push-and-run style of football where they worked hard for one another, kept it simple and passed the ball quickly". Between 1951 and 1953 he managed Bradford Park Avenue, then playing in the Third Division North of the  Football League, reaching upper midtable places. In 1953 he was hired at West Bromwich Albion as successor to Jesse Carver who returned to Italy.He became the club's longest-serving post-war manager, almost leading them to a since 1897 elusive "double" in 1954 when they won the FA Cup, defeating Preston North End around Tom Finney 3–2, and finished second in the league. In 1959 he became manager of Ajax Amsterdam, following the Austrian Karl Humenberger in the dugout. There he won the Eredivisie 1959-60. For personal reasons he left the club at the end of May 1960, a couple of weeks before the end of the 1960-61 season. With the only 28-year-old Keith Spurgeon, who was recommended to Ajax by the English FA, another Englishman, the sixth in the history of the club, became trainer of Ajax. He should stay until the end of the following season. Initially, it was rumored he might join Plymouth Argyle, but he ended up with Sheffield Wednesday, runner-up in the championship of 1960/61, where he replaced Harry Catterick who was lured to Everton FC two matchdays before the end of the season.In the coming three years Wednesday finished three times as sixth. On 9 April 1964 he was sacked from his 3,000 pound a year job with the club. Jack Mansell, who was suspended by <mask> from the first team's coaching staff, replaced him for the time being. He was never thought to be personally involved in the British betting scandal of 1964, which was revealed on 12 April 1964, however the club management alleged in the aftermath, that lax discipline under him may have played a role. Three of his players at Wednesday – Peter Swan, Tony Kay and David Layne – were accused of taking bribes to fix a match with Ipswich Town on 1 December 1962 and betting on their team to lose, which then lost 0–2, indeed. For the season 1964–65 he returned to Ajax. This time, the only success was the league debut of the 17-year-old Johan Cruijff in November.Else, poor results, including a 4–9 defeat in Rotterdam to SC Feijenoord, saw Ajax close to the relegation zone. By January 1965, both club and manager were happy to see the backs of each other. In Amsterdam, this was the beginning of the era of Rinus Michels. In later years Johan Cruijff would speak about <mask> and Keith Spurgeon:"They were open-minded but, tactically, you have to see where we were at that time. Football in Holland then was good but it was not really professional. They gave us some professionalism because they were much further down the road. But the tactical thinking came later with Michels.It started then." Back in England, he joined first division side Fulham FC in London in midseason in January 1965. The club was struggling against relegation, and should do so, until they finally could no longer avoid it in 1968. It is said that the purchase of Allan Clarke from Walsall was one of his best decisions in that time. With 45 goals in 86 matches until 1968 he surely contributed to the club staying up as long as it did and after the drop he was sold for £150,000, then the record British transfer fee. After a brief stint in Greece he was hired in 1969 by FC Barcelona in Spain. There he won the Spanish Cup, the Copa del Generalísimo of 1970–71, in a 4–3 win after extra time against Valencia CF in the final.In the same season Barcelona were runner up in the league, behind Valencia. They were equal on points, but Valencia prevailed due to the results of the matches against each other: Barça lost 0–2 at home and drew 1–1 away. After this season it was once more that Rinus Michels replaced him. Amongst the stars of this Barcelona side were Joaquim Rifé, Carles Rexach, Josep Fusté and Juan Manuel Asensi. In February 1972 he was hired by Sevilla FC to help avoid relegation. This failed. Thereafter he had two more engagements in Greece.When he was hired by Greek champions Olympiacos in 1975 he finished the season to 1976 in third place and did not get an extension to his contract. His last job was with AS Rodos, another first division side, where he joined at the beginning of the Season 1979–80. At the end of the season the team was relegated. Personal life
<mask> was born in Greenwich, the son of Annie Elizabeth Jenkins and William George <mask>. He was married to Lilian Emma King and had three children. He died aged 79 in Chichester, England. Managerial honours
West Bromwich Albion

Football League First Division
Runners-up: 1953–54
FA Cup
Winners: 1954
FA Charity Shield
Winners: 1954 (shared with Wolverhampton Wanderers)

Ajax

Eredivisie
 Winners 1959–60, runners-up 1960–61

Barcelona

Copa del Generalísimo
Winner 1970–71

Primera División
 Runners-up: 1970–71

References

External links
If not indicated differently, club movements, league positions, results, etc.were taken from the profile page of <mask> on worldfootball.net and pages linked from there as available on 2020-03-01. Further information was taken from

Short biography from the Sheffield Wednesday archive

1915 births
1995 deaths
Footballers from Greenwich
English footballers
England wartime international footballers
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
English football managers
English expatriate football managers
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. managers
West Bromwich Albion F.C. managers
AFC Ajax managers
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. managers
Fulham F.C. managers
Ethnikos Piraeus F.C.managers
FC Barcelona managers
Sevilla FC managers
Olympiacos F.C. managers
Rodos F.C. managers
Eredivisie managers
La Liga managers
English expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
English expatriate sportspeople in Greece
English expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate football managers in Greece
Expatriate football managers in the Netherlands
Expatriate football managers in Spain
Northfleet United F.C. players
Association football wing halves

masks:
Victor Frederick Buckingham
Buckingham
Buckingham
Buckingham
Vic Buckingham
Vic
Buckingham
Vic Buckingham


texts:
<mask> (born 1955 in Kenya) is an author, former commercial hot-air balloon pilot and competitor. She is also a teacher and expert on The Five Tibetans, an ancient yoga methodology originally described by Peter Kelder in his book "The Eye Of Revelation." Her step-by-step method of learning the Rites has made these five ancient movements more accessible to a broader range of practitioners. Published Works

 The Illustrated Five Tibetan Rites. (UnMind Pty Ltd, June 2006)
 The Five Tibetan Rites: Ancient Anti-Aging Secrets of the Five Tibetan Rites with Peter Kelder. (UnMind Pty Ltd, January 2014)
 T5T: The Five Tibetan Exercise Rites. (Penguin Books/Lantern, Sydney, January 2005)
 The 10-Minute Rejuvenation Plan- T5T The Revolutionary Exercise Program That Restores Your Body and Mind.(Random House/Clarkson Potter, New York, April 2007)
 Viis Tiibeti riitust illustratsioonidega. (Ersen, Estonia, October 2018)
 Double Agent Celery - MI5's Crooked Hero. (Pen & Sword Books, UK, October 2017)

Award
Her book, Double Agent Celery - MI5's Crooked Hero won the 2018 non-fiction award - Society of Women Writers NSW. Inc. Early years

<mask> was born in Kenya. She attended Loreto Convent Msongari in Nairobi and represented Kenya in two international swimming competitions where she broke three national records: Kenya Junior Record, Girls 12 & Under 200 metres Backstroke; the Kenya Junior Record, and the Zambian Age Group All-Comers Record for the 100 metres backstroke. In 1968 she continued her training with the former West German Freestyle Champion, with a view to competing in the Munich Olympics in 1972.In 1969 she broke her left shoulder in an accident putting an end to her swimming career and shortly afterwards her family moved to South Africa followed by the West Indies, England and Australia. In 1984 <mask> and her husband who individually tailored home dialysis equipment and supplies to  patients throughout the United Kingdom, sold their company Unicare Medical Services, to Baxter Travenol Laboratories, part of the US Health Care Company Baxter International Inc and moved to Australia. Ballooning
<mask> was 20 years old when she began hot air ballooning in England. She became a commercial hot air balloon pilot and competed in a number of national and international balloon competitions. In 1979, she and another balloon pilot, Lady Gwen Bellew attempted to become the first female balloon pilots to cross the English Channel, sponsored by Famous Grouse Whiskey. They were pipped at the post by another female pilot who got wind of their attempt and managed to beat them to the finish. <mask>, together with her friend Sheila Scott, the famous aviator who amongst her 100 flying records flew solo over the North Pole in 1956, flew her balloon throughout the UK drawing attention to the plight of otters whose habitat was being destroyed.In 1988 <mask> flew Richard Branson's Virgin Jumbo Jet shaped balloon  from Perth to Sydney in the Australian Bicentenary Trans-Australia balloon race. As part of the pre-race publicity, <mask> and her crew tethered a red Virgin balloon to a barge, and sailed it fully inflated past the Sydney Opera House, and under the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The Five Tibetan Rites teaching

<mask> has practiced and studied yoga, meditation and breathing (Pranayama) since she was eighteen. In 2000 she was introduced to The Five Tibetan Rites through a teacher of the Five Rites, and began teaching them in workshops throughout Australia, New Zealand and the USA. In the beginning, her teaching followed the methodology described by Peter Kelder in his 1939 book The Eye of Revelation, which contains the story of the discovery of the Tibetan monks who developed these movements. However this book contains very limited instructions and illustrations. <mask> developed a step-by-step method that makes the Rites easier and safer to learn, particularly for those who have difficulty with one or more of the movements or for people who need to modify the Rites to suit their individual anatomical variations.An example of this body proportion i.e., the length of the arms versus the length of the trunk in the 4th Rite: people with shorter arms need to prop the hands to complete this movement comfortably. 5 Tibetan rites step by step learning method
The Five Tibetan Rites are very well known and sought after for their anti-aging, and energy-raising benefits. They were developed at a time when people lived a far more menial lifestyle compared to the largely sedentary western one of today. In teaching the original method in her workshops, <mask> noticed a small but recurrent pattern of lower back pain or neck pain developing in a percentage of students, and decided to find ways to prevent it occurring. She consulted chiropractors, physiotherapists, osteopaths, Iyengar Yoga, Pilates, Feldenkrais Method, and Occupation Health Practitioners, and asked them to help her develop a way of learning and practicing the Rites, that would maintain the integrity of the original Rites – but remove the potential for strain or injury. As a result of their input, and the experience gained in the living-laboratory of her classrooms, <mask> developed a step-by-step method of learning the Rites that progressively built people's strength & flexibility from the inside out. She called this method "T5T" which is an abbreviation for The Five Tibetans.Significant improvement came about when she advised students not to over bend in the lower back and neck as described in the original Kelder book, The Eye of Revelation as this compresses the vertebrae and intervertebral discs. Instead of "lean backward as far as possible; at the same time the head should be lifted and thrown back as far as it will go,"— as Rite No. 3 is described by Kelder — she recommends keeping your spine "long and strong" and to "avoid compression." <mask> added core stability to the Rites. This is an internal movement and is not obvious to a casual observer. People doing the T5T version look the same as those doing the original version except they don't compress the lower back or neck. When core muscles are activated correctly, they completely encircle the spine, stabilizing and supporting it like a natural weight-belt or girdle.People who have a history of back or neck pain, and those with weak core muscles are more prone to injury as their muscles are unable to function correctly in stabilizing and protecting the spine. In T5T, core strength is developed by adding a new muscular challenge to the core muscles every week for the ten weeks it takes to build up to the required 21 repetitions of each movement. Kelder advises beginners to start with just 3 repetitions per week, then add 2 more repetitions per week, until they are doing the required 21 in ten weeks’ time. To reduce stress and anxiety in normal daily life as well as improve vitality and health, <mask> incorporated a greater focus on breathing while practicing the Rites. In between each Rite a series of three energy raising breaths are carried out which results in a more flexible and adaptive breath for normal life, as well as during the Rites. Latest writing project
<mask> is the granddaughter of Walter Dicketts, a British double agent code named Celery, who worked for MI5 during World War Two. Dicketts was sent to Nazi Germany to infiltrate the German Secret Service Abwehr and bring back crucial secrets about an impending British invasion in early 1941.Dicketts survived an intensive interrogation in Hamburg, where he was drugged  and plied with alcohol, but still managed to convince the Germans he was a traitor willing to sell out his country for cash, when in reality he was working for MI5. When Dicketts returned to England, his testimony resulted in the imprisonment of Britain's first double agent Snow.,  MI5 subsequently sent Dicketts back to neutral Lisbon to help an Abwehr officer to defect, and then to South America shortly before the Japanese invaded Pearl Harbour. Walter Dicketts married four times and maintained two mistresses during two of those marriages. <mask> is the granddaughter of his first mistress Dora Guerrier. In World War One, he enlisted with the RNAS at the age of 15  serving in armoured cars and tanks before becoming a pilot. After an accident rendered him unfit for further flying, Dicketts worked in Air Intelligence at the Air Ministry. Dicketts served several prison sentences for fraud following his release into civilian life at the end of both World Wars.<mask> has spent seven years researching and writing Walter Dicketts’ biography, called Double Agent Celery: MI5's Crooked Hero. Ballooning highlights
 28 Aug 1977 — Obtained Hot Air Balloon Pilots Licence in a Cameron 77 balloon "Tsuru", Registration No: GBCXM. 25 June 1977 — 2nd place Towry Law Balloon Race, Longleat Safari Park
 1977 Crew — UK National Hot Air Balloon Championship in "Tsuru" balloon. 1979 — Record Attempt in Cameron 77 balloon "Famous Grouse Whiskey" Registration No: GLOAG with Lady Gwendoline Bellew to be first women to fly across the English Channel from Bristol to France. May 1978 — Won Anglo French Meet in Vittel France with pilot Chris Kirby, in an all red Cameron 77 balloon called Moulin Rouge G-BFNH. 30 May 1979 — Flew Moulin Rouge C77 balloon for Queensway Discount Store advert. 1979 Crew — UK National Hot Air Balloon Championship in a Cameron N56 balloon "Valor" Registration No: GBEXZ.1979 — Commercial Balloon Pilot for "The Balloon Stable" Company in UK in Cameron V56 "Hot Lips" Registration No: GBDUZ. 31 March 1979 — Flew Anglo French Meet in Maintenon France with pilot Martin Moroney, in Cameron C56N "Valor". 17 June 1979 — Flew famous aviator Sheila Scott from Sudely Castle  in a Thunder 56 balloon "Argonaut" Registration No:G- BDVG. 15 January 1981 — First flight in eponymously named blue Cameron 42 called Carolinda, Registration No G-BIGC. 1988 – Competed in Australian Bicentennial Trans-Australia Balloon Race piloting jumbo jet shaped Virgin balloon, GUMBO. Sources that reference <mask>'s work
 Wall Street Journal - Five Best: Helen Fry on Books About Clandestine Agents in World War II
5 Tibetan Rites for Energy, Strength and Lasting Power — Ultra Fitness Magazine
The daring and scandalous life of British double agent ‘Celery’, ABC Radio Program 'Conversations' with Richard Fidler and Sarah Kanowski
 Get Recharged -Flick on your energy switch and get centered with this ancient 10-minute yoga routine Natural Health Magazine
 Five Alive — The Five Tibetan Exercise Rites Offer An Attractive Equation The Alaska Club Online Fitness Magazine
 Ageless Tibetan Secrets Revealed New Connexion
 The 10-Minute Rejuvenation Plan — T5T: The Revolutionary Exercise Program That Restores Your Body and Mind
 Hot Air Ballooning  (Pierson & Co, Australia) by David Iggulden with foreword by Richard Branson, Pages 52, 56, 67
 A Spy Who Stayed Out In The Cold Sydney Morning Herald
 Delving into the tale of the war-time MI5 double agent The Monmouthshire Beacon

References

1955 births
Living people
Writers from Nairobi
Kenyan women writers
Reiki practitioners
Kenyan people of English descent
Kenyan emigrants to Australia
Australian people of English descent
Double-Cross System

masks:
Carolinda Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt


texts:
<mask> (; born September 12, 1980) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball infielder. During his career he played for the Montreal Expos, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB). <mask> is the half brother of shortstop <mask> and minor league shortstop <mask>. Professional career

Montreal Expos
<mask> was signed by the Cleveland Indians as a non-drafted free agent on April 1, 1998. He, and Ryan Church were traded to the Montreal Expos for Scott Stewart on January 5, 2004. In 2004, <mask> hit .338 with three home runs and 36 RBI for the Triple-A Edmonton Trappers before being promoted to the Major League level with the Montreal Expos. He registered a hit in his August 27, 2004 debut, singling off San Diego Padres right-hander Dennis Tankersley in the second inning.In 32 games with the Expos, <mask> hit .206 (22-for-107) with one home run and 14 RBI. Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

On November 19, 2004, <mask> was traded to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim along with outfielder Juan Rivera for outfielder José Guillén. Though a shortstop by trade, Gold Glove winner Orlando Cabrera was already at shortstop on the Angels roster, relegating <mask> to the role of a utility infielder. After the placement of veteran Darin Erstad on the disabled list, the Angels moved star utilityman Chone Figgins to center field during the 2006 campaign, and <mask> emerged as the club's starting third baseman, until the Angels signed Gary Matthews, Jr. to start in center field for the 2007 season, forcing Figgins back to third base. In a game against the Cleveland Indians on July 17, 2006, he had a career high four hits in one game, going 4–5 with 1 RBI and 3 runs. On January 25, 2010, the Angels signed <mask> to a three-year contract worth $10 million, avoiding arbitration. FanGraphs''' Matthew Carruth called it a "fantastic deal" at "an insanely discounted rate" estimating his market value at about $20 million over three years.Baseball Prospectus'' called the deal a good 'insurance policy', adding, "he's a good enough offensive contributor to add value whatever the position among second, short, and third, and a good enough defender at any of them to be playable". After Scot Shields' retirement following the 2010 season, as well as the trade of Juan Rivera to the Toronto Blue Jays, <mask> became the longest-tenured Angel. Toronto Blue Jays
On November 8, 2012, the Toronto Blue Jays announced that they had signed the free agent <mask> to a three-year $9 million deal with a $3 million club option for 2016. His option has a $1 million buyout. On August 1, 2013, <mask> returned to Angel Stadium of Anaheim for the first time as a visitor, and was greeted with warm cheers from the Angel fans. He was placed on the 15-day disabled list on August 22 with a sprained left ankle. Ryan Goins was called up to replace <mask>.He was moved to the 60-day disabled list on August 24, effectively ending his first season as a Blue Jay. <mask> batted .236 in 2013 with 5 home runs and 32 RBI in 107 games. On April 13, 2014, in the final game of a three-game series against the Baltimore Orioles, he had to be scratched from the lineup shortly before the start of the game after tripping on the dugout stairs. <mask> told the team he heard two loud pops when he tripped, and was taken for an MRI the following day. The MRI determined that he had torn his lateral collateral ligament in his left knee, and would require surgery. <mask> told reporters he would seek a second opinion before undergoing surgery, as the expected recovery time of 4–6 months would likely sideline him for the rest of the 2014 season. He was later put on the 60-day disabled list.In 11 games in 2014, <mask> batted .286 with 1 RBI. <mask> suffered a groin strain near the end of 2015 spring training, and opened the 2015 season on the 15-day disabled list. On May 1, he was transferred to the 60-day disabled list. <mask> began a rehab assignment with the Dunedin Blue Jays in mid-May, but was shut down on May 23 after diving to make a play and injuring his shoulder. On May 30, it was announced that he had suffered a tear in his shoulder. <mask> underwent surgery to repair the tear in his shoulder in mid-June, and missed the remainder of the 2015 season. On November 3, <mask>'s option for 2016 was declined by the Blue Jays, making him a free agent.On January 29, 2016, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Blue Jays that included an invitation to spring training. He would have earned $900,000 for the season if added to the 40-man roster, and incentives based on plate appearances could have totaled an additional $100,000. However, on March 4, 2016, <mask> announced his retirement from baseball, stating "I put my heart, my soul and my body into it this year to see how I was going to feel, but my body couldn't handle it anymore. So I decided this is the last time I'm going to be playing baseball.". His retirement left Bartolo Colón as the last active Montreal Expos player. Personal life
During his career <mask> spoke to the English-speaking press through an interpreter. In his retirement, he runs an academy in Barquisimeto, Venezuela with his half brother Cesar.His half nephew Cesar Daniel is a minor league prospect for the Seattle Mariners. See also

 List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela

References

External links
, or Retrosheet
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League statistics

1980 births
Living people
Akron Aeros players
Bravos de Margarita players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Burlington Indians players (1986–2006)
Caribes de Anzoátegui players
Columbus RedStixx players
Edmonton Trappers players
Kinston Indians players
Leones del Caracas players
Los Angeles Angels players
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball shortstops
Major League Baseball third basemen
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Montreal Expos players
Pastora de los Llanos players
Sportspeople from Barquisimeto
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Salt Lake Bees players
Salt Lake Stingers players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Canada
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States

masks:
Maicer Eduardo Izturis
Izturis
César Izturis
Julio Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis
Izturis


texts:
<mask> (, born 1959 in Jeddah) is an Arab businessperson. Business
In 1982, <mask>r founded Jadawel International Construction & Development. He is founder, chairman and CEO of the MBI Group. He owns 80% of the Group. The MBI Group activities include various entities including the following companies:

 JJW Hotels & Resorts, including luxury hotels in Austria, France, Portugal and the United Kingdom, Amarante 4-star hotels in France, Portugal and Egypt as well as Median 3-star hotels Stars budget hotels in France
 Jadawel International, a company developing residential compounds for expatriates in Saudi Arabia
 Continentoil, and oil field services and petroleum company
 Al Jaber is also a shareholder of AJWA Group for Food Industries, an agricultural and food processing company

Al Jaber was listed as a billionaire in March 2013 by Forbes and in May 2014 featured in The Sunday Times Rich List at number 13, the highest entry for an Arab. Arabian Business's 2013 rich list 'The world's richest Arabs' puts <mask> at number 2 with $12.66bn. Bloomberg Billionaires reported his net worth as $7.19BN as of August 2018.Portugal
In September 2003, Al Jaber took over the management of Quinta Vale Da Gondra Hotel e SPA (Unipessoal) Lda. In January 2008, Portuguese press revealed that <mask> is expanding his business in the Algarve and investing about €200 million to buy the Hotel Dona Filipa in Vale do Lobo, the golf course San Lourenzo in Quinta do Lago, the Hotel Penina and its 3 golf courses from Starman (a joint-venture between the Lehman Brothers bank and Starwood Capital Group). Other assets in the regions are the Pinheiros Altos Golf Resort and the Formosa Hotel. In 2013 JJW Hotels and Resorts took over the management of the Penina Hotel and Golf Resort, and also announced plans for a major refurbishment of the Dona Filipa. Mohsen MBI <mask>r, son of <mask> Bin <mask> <mask>, has held the role of Vice President of the Portugal sector of the MBI Group since October 2015. Austria

In 2002, <mask>r acquired the famous Grand Hotel, Vienna from the Japanese airline All Nippon Airways. He later acquired the premises of a former bank on Kärntner Ring and converted the building to the boutique Ring Hotel.In October 2006, Al Jaber bought the Palais Corso, Vienna's premier luxury shopping and office complex from Generali Versicherung, for about €70 million. In 2007, Al Jaber agreed to invest 10% in the building of the Vienna Tourism University (Modul University Vienna), a project handled by the Vienna Economic Chamber and provided scholarships for students there both personally and through his Foundation. Also in 2007, JJW signed an agreement for the takeover and the expansion of the Palace Schwarzenberg Hotel in Vienna, along with Magnat Real Estate. However, delays to the project led to its cancellation. The Austrian press noted in this regard that numerous payment commitments of Al Jaber had remained unfulfilled and had led to recriminations and threats of lawsuits. In the beginning of 2008, Al Jaber proposed to help the financially troubled Austrian Airlines with investments through taking a 20% stake in the company. However, he withdrew his offer in May 2008 after the company published its negative quarterly results, based on the grounds that the company intentionally withheld the actual level of trouble faced.Auditor Herbert Heiser, who was called by the court to consult in the legal dispute between AUA and Al Jaber, agreed with <mask> Jaber's conclusions. He states in his report that rather than its officially declared profit of €3.3 million, the AUA should have revealed a hefty loss – of around €235 million. In July 2008, Al Jaber took a 60% stake in Kneissl Holding GmbH, an Austrian manufacturer of sports equipment. JJA Beteiligungsverwaltungs GmbH bought the entire company in December 2012 for €1,98 million and subsequently let it lapse into insolvency because he did not inject funds he had committed earlier. In 2008 Vienna's Trialog Institut named <mask>r 'Man of the Year' for his work in promoting inter-cultural understanding. Presenting the award, Karl Blecha, former Federal Minister of the Interior and of the Austrian-Arabic Association, praised <mask>r for his work towards building bridges through education and understanding and his support of peace, tolerance and democracy. In May 2011, Al Jaber publicly denounced a defamation campaign by Austrian Media which had sought to imply financial difficulties in some of the companies that Al Jaber had invested in.He accused the newspapers of reporting a one-sided version of events. In October 2020 Sheikh <mask> <mask> al Jaber and Robert Zadrazil, CEO of Bank Austria UniCredit, reached an amicable end to a legal dispute that had existed since 2012 following constructive discussions between the parties. As part of the resolution, the two business leaders have committed to work together in an attempt to strengthen the Austrian economy. London

In 2007, Al Jaber expanded the portfolio of the Guernsey-based JJW Hotels & Resorts group by acquiring The Eton Collection hotels for a reported £70 million. France
The Group opened their first office in France in 1991. The hotel empire of Al Jaber was initially started in France in 1988 and expanded to over 35 hotel properties in France and almost 80 in Europe. In October 2008, it was announced that the Group planned to acquire a number of hotels in France from the Starwood Capital Group for $2billion but the deal was not concluded.Personal life and philanthropy
Personal

<mask> is married and has three children. His children are all Trustees of the MBI Al Jaber Foundation. In 2007, <mask>r obtained Austrian nationality. In 2009, MBI Al Jaber released his first book, 'Yes, the Arabs can too' (Arabic 2009, English 2013, German 2015). The book provides a contemporary Arab view on the changes that are being wrought both economically and socially across the region. Philanthropy

MBI Al Jaber is the founder and Chairman of the MBI Al Jaber Foundation, founded in 2002. MBI Al Jaber is the founding patron and donor of the London Middle East Institute at SOAS, and has endowed the MBI Al Jaber Chair in Middle East Studies.He is on the advisory board of the Middle East Centre of the London School of Economics (LSE). The MBI Al Jaber Foundation is the main sponsor of the International Association for the Study of Arabia (formerly the British Foundation for the Study of Arabia), a UK Registered Charity which exists to promote research relating to the Arabian Peninsula. In 2003, MBI Al Jaber donated SR21 million to Dar Al-Hekma University for women in Jeddah. The MBI Al Jaber Foundation is a leading supporter of Connecting Cultures, an intercultural educational program that creates close ties and greater understanding between young people of varying backgrounds. Connecting Cultures has been cited by the UN Alliance of Civilisations as one of the world's leading civil society initiatives. MBI Al Jaber was co-founding patron of the Olive Tree Programme at City, University of London, which ran from 2004 to 2016. The programme brought Israeli and Palestinian students together to study in London.Olive Tree Alumni include Stav Shaffir, who became the youngest female Knesset member in Israel's history. In 2009, MBI Al Jaber was cited as a leading exponent of good philanthropic practices in the Centre for Social Cohesion's  publication, A Degree of Influence:
 MBI Al Jaber's personal views on philanthropy can be found in an interview in Philanthropy Age magazine. Capital projects supported by the MBI Al Jaber Foundation include the MBI Al Jaber Building
 at Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford; The MBI Al Jaber Grand Hall  at the University of Westminster; and to enable the relocation of the London Middle East Institute at SOAS amongst others. A donation to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine for their epidemiology research centre was announced in May 2020. The MBI Al Jaber Foundation works closely with UNESCO on a number of issues and projects, including: support for the Euro-Arab Dialogue Initiative; Educational reform in countries such as Algeria and Yemen; and the Kitab fi Jarida ‘a book in a newspaper’ project. In 2005, MBI Al Jaber was nominated by the UNESCO Director General as their personal representative for "education, human rights, tolerance, and cultures to build peace and democracy." Between 2013 and 2015 the MBI Al Jaber Foundation spent approx £1.2m; it spent £114,000 in 2016; and less than £40,000 in 2017.In 2013 the MBI Al Jaber Foundation launched a Media Training Institute in Sana'a, Yemen; with a view to promoting a free press, the institute offered free courses in all types of journalism and broadcasting. This and a number of other projects have currently been paused due to the ongoing volatility in the region. Recognition
<mask> holds the following honorary degrees and awards:
 the Project Aladdin 2017 Dialogue of Cultures Award (2017)
 an Honorary Senatorship from the MODUL University Vienna (2013)
 an Honorary Fellowship from UCL, London (2012)
 an Honorary Fellowship from Corpus Christi College, Oxford (2009)
 UN Spokesperson for Global Forums on Reinventing Government (2007)
 an Honorary Doctor of Science degree from City University, London (2004)
 an Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from the University of Westminster (2004)
 an Honorary Fellowship of London University at the School of Oriental and African Studies (2002)
 UNESCO Special Envoy for Education, Tolerance, and Cultures to build peace and democracy (2004)
 the ALECSO Gold Medal, for his support of UNESCO projects aimed at promoting education, culture and scientific activities in the Arab World
 a Gold Medal of honour for special achievements in the economic and cross-cultural educational sectors of Vienna, presented by the Mayor of Vienna
 the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) Gold Medal, in recognition of his efforts to promote coexistence and foster a culture of tolerance and dialogue in a bid to enhance international cooperation. References

External links
 <mask> <mask> <mask>r's Website
 Website of the MBI Al Jaber Foundation
 The MBI Alumni Association website
 The World's Billionaires 2009 - Forbes.com

20th-century Saudi Arabian businesspeople
21st-century Saudi Arabian businesspeople
1959 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of London
Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Saudi Arabian billionaires
Saudi Arabian expatriates in France
Saudi Arabian emigrants to Austria
Saudi Arabian emigrants to the United Kingdom
British billionaires
Naturalised citizens of Austria
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Austrian billionaires
People from Jeddah

masks:
Mohamed bin Issa Al Jaber
Al Jabe
Al Jaber
Al Jaber
Al Jabe
Mohamed
Issa
Al Jaber
Al Jabe
Al
Al Jabe
Al Jabe
Mohamed bin
Issa
Al Jaber
Al Jabe
Al Jaber
Mohamed Bin
Issa
Al Jabe


texts:
<mask> () was an Arab Fulani political and religious leader, who ruled as the second caliph of the Sokoto Caliphate, from 1817 until his death in 1837. He succeeded his father Usman dan Fodio, the founder and the first caliph of the Sokoto Caliphate. <mask> was also an active writer of history, poetry, and Islamic studies. During his reign, he encouraged the spread of Islam throughout the region, increasing education for both men and women, and the establishment of Islamic courts. He died on October 25, 1837, and was succeeded by his brother Abu Bakr Atiku and then his son, Aliyu Babba. Early life

He was born to a Torodbe family who are partly Arabs and partly Fulani as stated by Abdullahi dan Fodio, brother of Usman dan Fodio who claimed that their family are part Fulani, and part Arabs, they claimed to descent from the Arabs through Uqba ibn Nafi who was an Arab Muslim of the Umayyad branch of the Quraysh, and hence, a member of the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Uqba ibn Nafi allegedly married a Fulani woman called Bajjumangbu through which the Torodbe family of Usman dan Fodio descended. Caliph <mask> writing in his book Infaq al-Mansur claimed descent from Muhammad through his paternal grandmother's lineage called Hawwa (mother of Usman dan Fodio), Alhaji Muhammadu Junaidu, Wazirin Sokoto, a scholar of Fulani history, restated the claims of Shaykh Abdullahi bin Fodio in respect of the Danfodio family been part Arabs and part Fulani, while <mask> in his autobiography written after independence replicated Caliph's Muhammadu Bello claim of descent from the Arabs through Usman Danfodio's mother, the historical account indicates that the family of Shehu dan Fodio are partly Arabs and partly Fulani who culturally assimilated with the Hausas and can be described as Hausa-Fulani Arabs.Prior to the beginning of the 1804 Jihad the category Fulani was not important for the Torankawa (Torodbe), their literature reveals the ambivalence they had defining Torodbe-Fulani relationships. They adopted the language of the Fulbe and much ethos while maintaining a separate identity. The Toronkawa clan at first recruited members from all levels of Sūdānī society, particularly the poorer people. Toronkawa clerics included people whose origin was Fula, Wolof, Mande, Hausa and Berber. However, they spoke the Fula language, married into Fulbe families, and became the Fulbe scholarly caste. <mask> <mask> was born to the fourth wife of Usman dan Fodio, known as Hauwa or Inna Garka, in 1781  Similar to all his siblings, he was involved in studies directed by his father in Degel until the family and some followers were exiled in 1804. In 1809, <mask> was responsible for the founding of Sokoto which would become the key capital for his father's conquest of Hausa lands in the Fulani War (1804-1810).Many of his siblings dedicated significant time to scholastic efforts and became well known in this regard. Notable amongst these were his sister Nana Asma’u, a poet and teacher,  and Abu Bakr Atiku, who would become his successor as Sultan. Caliphate
Following the Fulani War, the Sokoto Caliphate was one of the largest states in Africa and included large populations of both Fulani and Hausa. Usman dan Fodio tried to largely suppress Hausa systems, including traditional leadership, education, and language. Usman retired from administration of the state in 1815 and put <mask> <mask> in charge of some of the western Emirates of the Caliphate. Bello Presided over this Emirates from the city of Wurno close to Sokoto. Upon the Death of Dan-Fodio, the Caliphate was thrown into disarray when the supporters of Bello encircled and sealed the gates of Sokoto, preventing other notable contenders to the office of Caliph ( including Bello's uncle Abdullahi Ibn Fodio ) from entering the city.The Caliphate eventually fractured into four Self-governing parts of which only the parts ruled by <mask>'s uncle; Abdullahi Ibn Fodio were to recognize and pay allegiance to Bello. Caliph <mask> faced early challenges from dissident leaders and the aristocracy of both Fulani and Hausa populations. In contrast with his father, his administration was more permissive of many Hausa systems that had existed prior to the caliphate. For Fulani populations, who had been largely pastoral prior to this point, Bello encourages permanent settlement around designed ribats with schools, mosques, fortifications, and other buildings. Although these moves ended much opposition, some dissident leaders such as 'Abd al-Salam and Dan Tunku continued to cause early resistance to his rule. Dan Tunku remained a significant dissident leader as the head of the Emirate of Kazaure. Although Dan Tunku had fought on the side of his father in the Fulani War, when <mask> named Ibrahim Dado the Emir of Kano in 1819, Dan Tunku organized oppositional forces in revolution.<mask> assisted Ibrahim Dado in defeating the forces of Dan Tunku and building significant fortresses throughout the region where Dan Tunku had drawn his power. After ending some early opposition, the Sultan focused on consolidating his administration throughout the empire with significant construction, settlement, and uniform systems of justice. One significant aspect that he expanded from his father was greatly expanded education of both men and women. His sister, Nana Asma’u, became a crucial part of expanding education to women becoming an important teacher and liaison to rural women to encourage education. During <mask>'s rule, El Hadj Umar Tall, future founder of the Toucouleur empire, settled in Sokoto on his return from Mecca in 1822. Umar Tall was greatly influenced by Sultan <mask> as evidenced by the praise Tall lavished upon the Sultan in his own writings. To affirm a permanent alliance, <mask> married one of his daughters to Hajj Umar  who remained in Sokoto as a judge (qadi), and as a commanding officer in the Sultan's infantry until <mask>'s death.Hugh Clapperton visited the court of <mask> in 1824 and wrote a lot about the generosity and intelligence of the Sultan. Clapperton was very impressed at the writing works by <mask> and his exhaustive knowledge regarding British exploration in India. In 1826, Clapperton returned for a second visit, but <mask> would not let him cross the border because of warfare with the Bornu Empire and Clapperton became ill and died. In 1836, the kingdom of Gobir revolted against Sokoto rule. Sultan <mask> <mask> gathered his forces and crushed the rebellion on 9 March 1836 at the Battle of Gawakuke. While ruling, he continued with significant educational pursuits, mainly history and poetry. His Infaku'l Maisuri (The Wages of the Fortunate) is often considered a definitive history of the Fulani Wars and his father's empire.He wrote hundreds of texts on history, Islamic studies, and poetry during his lifetime. He died of natural causes, at the age of 58, on October 25, 1837, in Wurno and was succeeded by his brother Abu Bakr Atiku as Sultan. References

External links
 Books by Bello

Sultans of Sokoto
1837 deaths
1781 births
18th-century Nigerian people
19th-century Nigerian people
18th-century rulers in Africa
Nigerian Sufi religious leaders
Dan Fodio family
Nigerian Fula people
Nigerian writers
Nigerian royalty
Nigerian Muslims
Nigerian Arabic writers
Nigerian Arabic poets
Nigerian people of Arab descent
African people of Arab descent
People of Arab descent
Fula people

masks:
Muhammad Bello
Bello
Muhammed Bello
Ahmadu Bello
Muhammed
Bello
Bello
Muhammed
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Muhammad Bello
Muhammad Bello
Sultan Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Muhammed
Bello


texts:
<mask> (1853–1925), born Alice Chenoweth, was an American author, rationalist public intellectual, political activist, and government functionary. Gardener produced many lectures, articles, and books during the 1880s and 1890s and is remembered today for her role in the freethought and women's suffrage movements and for her place as a pioneering woman in the top echelon of the American civil service. Biography

Early years

Alice Chenoweth, best remembered by her pen name, <mask>, was born near Winchester, Virginia, on January 21, 1853. She was the youngest of six children born to Rev. Alfred Griffith Chenoweth, an Episcopalian minister who had become a Methodist circuit rider, and his wife, the former Katherine A. Peel. The Chenoweth family traced its American antecedents back to a certain Arthur Chenoweth who had arrived in the fledgling Province of Maryland in 1635 to receive a grant of land for honorable service to Lord Baltimore. The Chenoweth family subsequently made their way to Virginia, where Alice's father had inherited slaves.As objectors to the institution of slavery, the Chenoweths manumitted their slaves in 1853 over the existing legal obstacles to that course of action. The family moved to Washington, D.C. shortly thereafter. This was followed in 1855 by a move to Greencastle, Indiana. During the American Civil War, Chenoweth's father served the Federal cause, returning to the enemy state of Virginia to serve as a guide for Union troops there. Alice Chenoweth received an excellent education and showed an interest in and aptitude for science and sociology. She associated with older people as a girl and read extensively on serious themes. She studied with tutors and attended various local schools, moving to Cincinnati, Ohio in her late teen years, where she graduated high school.After leaving high school Chenoweth enrolled in the Cincinnati Normal School, from which she graduated in June 1873. Chenoweth worked as a schoolteacher for two years, giving up the profession (as was generally the case in the day) when she married in 1875. Her first husband, Charles Selden Smart, was nearly two decades her senior and served at the time as Ohio State School Commissioner. The couple moved to New York City in 1880, where Charles entered the insurance business while Alice attended biology courses at Columbia University, albeit not in pursuit of a degree. Chenoweth-Smart also lectured on sociology as part of the adult education program at the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences and tried her hand at writing for local newspapers under a variety of masculine pseudonyms. Literary career
During her first years in New York City Chenoweth-Smart made the acquaintance of Robert G. Ingersoll, the leading  rationalist orator of the day. At Ingersoll's persistent request in January 1884 Alice Chenoweth-Smart began herself to deliver a series of public lectures, talks dealing with such skeptical themes as "Men, Women, and Gods," "Historical Facts and Theological Fictions," "By Divine Right," and "Rome or Reason."Many of these were collected into her first book, Men, Women, and Gods, and Other Lectures, which was issued in hard covers by the radical freethought publication, The Truth Seeker. Chenoweth-Smart published this book under the pen name "<mask> <mask>" — a pseudonym which she would use professionally for the rest of her life, eventually adopting this as her own legal name. A number of short stories and essays by Gardener followed over the second half of the 1880s, pieces which were published in a number of leading magazines of the day. Throughout the period, Gardener's interest in feminism grew. Gardener's initial public lectures attempted particularly to demonstrate a linkage between Christianity and the subjugation of women and in 1887 the published views of former Surgeon General of the United States William A<mask> attesting a neurological basis for female inferiority moved Gardener to even greater concern with the topic. Gardener began working with neurologist Edward C. Spitzka to refute <mask>'s thesis of inherent inferiority of the female brain. Gardener ultimately produced a paper entitled "Sex in Brain" that was read to the 1888 convention of the International Council of Women in Washington, DC.In this work, Gardener argued that no connection between brain weight and intellectual capacity had been established and challenged <mask>'s methodology of comparing the prized specimen brains of leading men with those of indigent women. Gardener emerged from the <mask> controversy as a leading public speaker for women's rights. In 1893 she would deliver three more scholarly papers on feminist themes to the Congress of Representative Women held in Chicago in conjunction with the World's Columbian Exposition. During the early 1890s, Gardener emerged as a novelist. A pair of books were written which together dealt with the theme of the double standard of morality between the sexes — Is This Your Son, My Lord? (1891) and Pray You Sir, Whose Daughter? Both were published by a leading liberal political magazine of the day, The Arena.Is This Your Son, My Lord? was sharply critical of the low age of consent then in force and the ruin of innocence by the lustful desires of outwardly respectable men. The book sold an impressive 25,000 copies in its first five months after publication and elicited shocked commentary from critics and readers alike. In 1894, Gardener published a slightly fictionalized account of her father's life entitled An Unofficial Patriot. The book's protagonist, patterned after her father, represented a positive male character at variance with those which dominated Gardener's earlier books. The book was critically well received and served as the basis for an 1899 play by playwright James A<mask>, The Reverend Griffith Davenport.. Political career

In 1907, Gardener returned to Washington, D.C., where she took up the suffrage cause.In 1913 she was appointed a position to the Congressional Committee of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, becoming, six years later, its vice-chairwoman; she was elected as one of NAWSA's vice-presidents as chief liaison under the Woodrow Wilson administration, in 1917. In 1920, Wilson appointed her to the United States Civil Service Commission, the first woman to occupy such a high federal position. Death and legacy

Gardener died in July 1925 in Washington, D.C. of chronic myocarditis. Keeping with her interest in the topic, Gardener's brain was donated for scientific study before her body was cremated and its ashes interred at Arlington National Cemetery beside the grave of her second husband. Gardener's papers are housed at the Schlesinger Library of Harvard University at Cambridge, Massachusetts as part of its Woman's Rights Collection. An online finding aid of this material, which is encompassed in eight archival folders, is available. This material has been microfilmed by University Publications of America.Gardener's brain is part of the Wilder Brain Collection at Cornell University. Footnotes

Works
 Men, Women, and Gods, and Other Lectures. Introduction by Robert G. Ingersoll. New York: The Truth Seeker Company, 1885. "Sex in Brain," paper delivered to the International Council of Women, 1888. A Thoughtless Yes. New York: R.F.Fenno and Company, 1890. Pushed by Unseen Hands. New York: R.F. Fenno and Company, 1890. Is This Your Son, My Lord? A Novel (1891). Boston: Arena Publishing Company, 1894.Pray You Sir, Whose Daughter? Boston: Arena Publishing Company, 1892. Pulpit, Pew, and Cradle. New York: The Truth Seeker Company, 1892. Facts and Fictions of Life. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1893. An Unofficial Patriot.Boston: Arena Publishing Company, 1894. "Philosophers Afloat," The Arena, August 1895, pp. 480–485. Have Children a Right to Legal Protection? Boston: Arena Publishing Company, 1896. Plain Talk: A Pamphlet on the Population Question and the Moral Responsibility of Woman in Maternity. Chicago: G.E.Wilson, n.d.
 Woman Suffrage, Which Way? New York: National Woman Suffrage Publishing Co., n.d. [c. 1915]

Further reading
 <mask>lin, Kimberly A. Free Thinker: Sex, Suffrage, and the Extraordinary Life of <mask> Gardener. W. W. Norton & Company, 2020. External links

 Papers in the Woman's Rights Collection, 1913-1941. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. "Positive Atheism's Big List of Quotations: <mask><mask> (1853-1925)," www.positiveatheism.org/
 Eulogy for Gardener given by Carrie Chapman Catt, July 28, 1925

1853 births
1925 deaths
People from Winchester, Virginia
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Rationalism
American atheists
American women writers
American feminists
American suffragists
Freethought writers

masks:
Helen Hamilton Gardener
Helen Hamilton Gardener
Helen Hamilton
Gardener
. Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
. Herne
Ham
Helen Hamilton
Helen H
. Gardener