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<mask> (May 29, 1943 – March 7, 2017), also known as <mask>, was an African-American photojournalist during the Civil Rights Movement for the Chicago Defender in Chicago, Illinois. Sengstacke was well known for his famous portraits of Martin Luther King Jr. and other prominent civil rights leaders. <mask> inherited the family–owned Sengstacke Newspaper Company. After retiring from journalism in 2015, Sengstacke moved to Hammond, Indiana where he lived until his death due to a respiratory illness in 2017 at age 73. Biography

Early life and education
Born in 1943, <mask><mask> was the product of the Sengstacke family newspaper business legacy in Chicago. He was the son of John H<mask> and <mask>. Sengstacke resided for most of his life in Chicago.For elementary education, <mask> attended the University of Chicago Lab School, Manumit School in Bristol, Pennsylvania and Howalton Day School in Chicago. Sengstacke attended Hyde Park High School (now Hyde Park Academy High School) and later graduated from Central YMCA High School in 1962. Sengstacke took over his family business later on in his life. Career
Sengstacke started work at the age of 16 at his family's newspaper business, working small jobs. <mask> then went to school in Los Angeles, California, and began photographing Black sororities and fraternities. He returned to Chicago to take part in documenting the Black Arts Movement and the Civil Rights Movement. <mask> went on to work for the Muhammad Speaks publications, Chicago's Mayor Richard J. Daley, and as the cast photographer for Oscar Brown Jr. Productions.He became the editor and publisher of Memphis Tri-State Defender from 1974 until 1989. Shortly after, Sengstacke became President of the Sengstacke Newspaper and the Chicago Defender. Chicago Defender
The Chicago Defender was a newspaper for African Americans founded in 1905. The newspaper was founded by <mask> <mask>. <mask>'s nephew, John, was Sengstacke's father, and was the previous owner before his passing in the late nineties. <mask><mask> inherited the newspaper upon his father's death. Sengstacke took the newspaper from a weekly to daily newspaper in the United States.The paper was a voice for African Americans all around. He went on to control the newspaper for six decades. He also purchased newspapers like, the Michigan Chronicle, the Tri-State Defender, and the New Pittsburgh Couriers. He was active in promoting Black Culture and advocating for civil rights in his paper. He is remembered for his generosity to young photographers and his commitment to the African American Community. Throughout the years that he ran the newspaper he took on a number of roles. He acted as the Defender's promotions and Marketing Director, Special Events and Fundraiser for the Bud Billiken Parade and becoming the editor and publisher of the Memphis Tri-State Defender.His photography that was featured in the Defender, like portraits of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., is critically acclaimed nationally and internationally. The Chicago Defender was eventually sold to a company called Real Time but the Chicago Defender maintained a charity now  ran by Sengstacke's daughter Myiti Sengstacke. Notable Works and exhibits
<mask> is a photojournalist. He is best known for his portraits of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and <mask>. He painted the Sengstacke Eye Mural in a neighborhood in Chicago called Bronzeville. He also collaborated with other Black artists on the Wall of Respect, contributing to the religion section of the mural and documenting its creation through his photographs. He took a large body of photos of African Americans protesting during the Black Arts Movement and the civil rights movement.He worked on famous projects like Summer in The City and Opportunity Please Knock. His portfolios have appeared in many publications, including Ebony, Jet, Essence, Life, and the Washington Post. His work also was seen on the TV and in theaters. Filmmaker Spike Lee featured some of his photography in his film School Daze, and Patti Labelle featured his famous poster of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on her TV sitcom Out All Night. His work also appeared in books like: The Dream Lives On:Martin Luther King Jr, African American Art, and The Photography of Martin Luther King Jr. Sengstacke works has been exhibited in many places. His work was featured in a major exhibit in 1969 at the Chicago Loop Public Library branch. Some of his work that was showcased there were pieces like, The Wall of Respect: Vestigies, Snards and The Legacy of Black Power.The Wall of Respect was the highlight   of this exhibit because it revealed portraits of famous African American Public Figures. His works has also been exhibited at the Statue of Liberty, Smithsonian Institution, and the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago. Personal and death
Sengstacke fathered six children and had been married twice, First to Veela Gonzalez with whom he had four children; Saief, Myiti, Omhari and Hasani Sengstacke. Sengstacke later married Jacquelyn Spencer and together they had two children, Domenic and Jasmine Sengstacke. <mask> and Spencer were married at the time of his death. Sengstacke died on March 7, 2017, in Hammond, Indiana. Sengstacke was suffering from an extended respiratory illness.His memorial service took place at the Logan Center of Arts on the University of Chicago Campus in his hometown of Chicago. Awards
<mask><mask> has won many awards. He received the NNPA Award in 1986-1987 for his Michigan Chronicle newspaper. He went on to win the NNPA Award for his New Pittsburgh Courier paper in 1995. He also received the Superior Public Award in 1977. He was also awarded the Cannon 40D award and the Gordon Parks Award for leadership in film making, multimedia making and photojournalism. The Sengstakce paper won the John B. Russman Award.His father John H.<mask> was awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal for forming the African American Newspaper organization. There also was a <mask><mask> Memorial Award made in Sengstacke's granduncle's honor. See also
List of photographers of the civil rights movement

References

External links
Robert Sengstacke Photography Archive

1943 births
2017 deaths
African-American journalists
African-American photographers
African-American publishers (people)
American publishers (people)
American photojournalists
Hyde Park Academy High School alumni
People from Chicago
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people

masks:
Robert Abbott Sengstacke
Bobby Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Robert A
. Sengstacke
. Sengstacke
Myrtle Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Robert Sengstacke
Abbott
Abbott
Robert A
. Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Muhammad Ali
Sengstacke
Robert A
. Sengstacke
H Sengstacke
Robert S
. Abbott


type: original

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<mask> (born 2 January 1978 in Manchester) is an English footballer who was most recently a first team coach of Sheffield Wednesday. Known for his versatility, his main position is as a central midfielder, but he also played regularly at fullback during his career. <mask> played over 100 games for each of Notts County, Reading and Leeds United. Playing career
<mask> began his career at Oldham Athletic making 44 appearances scoring once before joining Notts County, where he made 130 appearances scoring 18 times. At Notts County <mask> helped earn them the Division Three championship. Reading
He joined Reading on 5 July 2001 on a three-year deal as a replacement for Darren Caskey, but Notts County and Reading failed to agree a transfer fee and this was later set at around £250,000 by a tribunal. <mask> became an important player for Reading and helped earn the side promotion to the First Division of The Football League, finishing second in the Nationwide League Division Two.His earlier seasons at Reading had seen him play in his preferred midfield role and he flourished, going on to make 183 appearances and scoring 19 times. Norwich
<mask> joined Norwich from Reading on 21 July 2005 for a fee believed to be around £500,000. He endured a tough start to his Norwich career, as his own form and that of the team was poor for much of the 2005–06 season. In 2006–07 season, new manager Peter Grant used him more as a utility player, covering on either wing or full back position. <mask> played 41 games that season. Leeds United
<mask> moved to Leeds United on a two-year deal on 9 August 2007 for an undisclosed fee. <mask> joined Leeds the same day that the club was docked 15 points in League 1.In an interview, <mask> explained his reasons for leaving Norwich: "Dennis Wise told me the challenge and the position the club was in. He wants fighters and I felt the challenge of playing for Leeds United and Dennis Wise was too good to turn down ... The manager at Norwich told me he didn't want me to leave, but I didn't want to stay and be a squad player." He scored his first and what turned out to be only goal for Leeds on 19 April against Millwall, tapping in from close range to finish a flowing move that <mask> had himself started on the edge of Millwall's box. His first season at Leeds saw <mask> play an important squad role by being used in a variety of positions, which saw Leeds get to the playoff final against Doncaster Rovers in League One. Leeds lost the game 1–0 and remained in League One. The following season <mask> again was played in a variety of roles, and was mainly used off the bench.Leeds after a stuttering start managed to get into the play-offs after new manager Simon Grayson rejuvenated Leeds. Leeds lost out in the semi-finals of the play-offs against Millwall after losing 2–1 on aggregate. At Leeds, <mask> was mainly used as a utility player, playing in various positions. He started the 2009–10 season playing for Leeds at left back due to the absence of Ben Parker through injury. <mask> missed a few games himself with an injury but returned to the Leeds side playing in either full back position, eventually ousting loan signing Tony Capaldi at left back. <mask> played for Leeds against Manchester United when Leeds won 1–0 at Old Trafford on 3 January 2010 in the FA Cup. However, <mask> picked up an injury against Manchester United and was not fit enough to be involved in the following game against Wycombe Wanderers, but returned to the line-up in the next game, against Exeter City.He played left back for Leeds when they earned a 2–2 draw against Tottenham Hotspur in the FA Cup on 23 January. <mask> played an instrumental part as Leeds were promoted to the Football League Championship after finishing in second place in League One and thus earning automatic promotion. Of the 33 games Leeds won, <mask> started in 32 of them. On 26 May 2010, <mask> signed a new one-year deal with the club. After being an unnamed substitute against Derby County, <mask> came on as a second-half substitute in the following game against Lincoln City. He also came on as a half time substitute in the 1–0 win against Watford where he played at left back after regular left back Fede Bessone picked up an injury. On 8 January 2011, <mask> came on as a second-half substitute and helped earn Leeds a 1–1 draw against Arsenal.Leeds were 1–0 up from a Robert Snodgrass second half penalty, before Arsenal equalised in the 90th minute when Cesc Fabregas also scored a penalty. <mask> left the club after waving goodbye to the fans after the FA Cup Replay at Elland Road against Arsenal, where he was an unused substitute. <mask>' totemic status at Leeds was due more to his willingness to work hard in whichever position he was asked to play, his humility, and his rapport with fans and teammates, than to any exceptional football ability. The esteem he is held in by the club's fans is evident in the popular chant '<mask> is fucking brilliant', and in the continued use of a photograph of him as the website banner of fan magazine The Square Ball, even after he left the club. Scunthorpe United
On 21 January 2011, it was announced <mask> would join Scunthorpe United on an 18-month contract. Charlton Athletic
On 1 August 2011, <mask> was transferred from Scunthorpe to Charlton Athletic. He made his debut on 13 August 2011 after coming on as a substitute against his former club Notts County.He made 15 league appearances in the 2011–12 season, however he played his last game of the season in January in a 4–0 FA Cup loss to Premier League side Fulham after sustaining an Achilles injury while playing golf. The injury consequently needed surgery and kept him out until February the following year. After 13 months out with injury, <mask> played his first game in a 0–0 draw in a development squad match against Millwall in which he was one of three over 21 players permitted. He returned to the first team starting line-up on 30 March 2013 in the 3–2 win against Bolton Wanderers, and made his first appearance for the side since returning to the Championship. On 29 May 2013 <mask> signed a new one-year contract to stay with the club till 2014. On 7 May 2014, it was confirmed that <mask> was leaving Charlton. Coaching career
On 22 July 2014, <mask> joined Football League Championship club Bolton Wanderers as their Professional Development Coach.<mask> also continued his registration as a player with the Bolton squad, taking his career into a nineteenth season. On 3 October 2014 it was announced that <mask> and fellow coach Lee Turner would take charge of Bolton in the interim following the departure of manager Dougie Freedman. In his only game in caretaker charge, Bolton lost 2–1 at home against AFC Bournemouth

In December 2015, <mask> joined Championship club Rotherham United as their First Team Development Coach. He left the club in February 2016. On 3 March 2016, he joined Crystal Palace's first team coaching setup and took his first session at the club's training ground. <mask> played for Alan Pardew while the duo were at Reading, between 2001 and 2003. <mask> had a positive impact in his short spell with the team keeping its premiership status for a record 4th consecutive season and reaching the FA cup final only to lose to Manchester United in extra time .On 26 May 2016, he joined fellow Championship side Huddersfield Town as their new first-team coach, replacing the departed Mike Marsh, who joined up with the England national under-17 football team. The decision to bring <mask> in as first team coach proved yet again to be a success and have another positive impact with in the club, assisting  David Wagner in gaining  promotion to the Premier League and creating history in their first full season together. When Wagner left Huddersfield by mutual consent in January 2019, <mask> stopped working with Huddersfield on a day-to-day basis and his departure, along with that of assistant head coach Christoph Bühler, was officially confirmed at the end of the 2018–19 season upon Huddersfield's relegation from the Premier League. The following season <mask> was approached for his services  by newly promoted Sheffield United to take the role of lead U23 coach which he accepted after turning other first team opportunities down . <mask> spent a full season in charge of the U23s enjoying and learning the Sheffield Utd identity and tactical principles of their exciting system under LMA manager of the year Chris Wilder and his loyal assistant Alan Knill. On 12 August 2020, he joined Sheffield Wednesday as first team coach. He later left the club a few months later on 9 November 2020 when Garry Monk left the club.Managerial statistics

Honours

Club
Notts County
Division Three Champions: 1997–98

Reading
Division Two Runners Up (Promoted): 2001–02

Leeds United
League One Runners Up (Promoted): 2009–10
League One Playoff final runner up 2007–08

Charlton Athletic
League One Champions (Promoted): 2011–12

Personal
Club Awards
Leeds United Player of the Year Awards – 2007–08: The chairman's Special Award
Leeds United Player of the Year Awards – 2008–09: Best Contribution to the Community Award

Career statistics

(correct as of 26 August 2012)

References

External links
 <mask> profile at scunthorpe-united.co.uk

Living people
1978 births
Footballers from Stockport
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C.players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
English Football League players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. non-playing staff
Rotherham United F.C. non-playing staff
Crystal Palace F.C. non-playing staff
Sheffield United F.C. non-playing staff
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. non-playing staff

masks:
Andrew John Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Andy Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Andrew Hughes


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<mask> (born 23 October 2001) is a German racing driver, son of former Formula One driver <mask>, nephew of seven-time Formula One world champion <mask>, and cousin of current Formula One driver <mask>. Career

Karting career
<mask> began karting at a young age, alongside his cousin Mick. From there he competed in multiple karting championships under his mother's maiden name Brinkmann. In 2017, <mask>'s last year in karts, he chose to race with the <mask> name and finished as runner-up in the DKM Championship to Dennis Hauger in the senior class. Lower formulae
In August 2017, it was announced that <mask> would graduate to single-seaters, competing for his father's US Racing outfit in the 2018 ADAC Formula 4 Championship. In January 2018, he made his single-seater debut, contesting the Formula 4 UAE Championship with Rasgaira Motorsports Team from the second round onwards. Claiming three wins, <mask> ended the season as vice-champion to Charles Weerts.In ADAC Formula 4, <mask> scored a consistent string of points finishes, with three 4th places being his best finishes, and ended the season 9th in the championship. His results translated into eight race wins in the Rookies' Cup and he claimed the title of rookie champion. Euroformula Open Championship & Asian F3 Winter Series
<mask> competed in the final two rounds of the 2018 Euroformula Open Championship with RP Motorsport. He was ineligible to score points as a guest driver, but claimed two 4th-place finishes at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya. These results placed him 6th in the Spanish Formula 3 championship, which is made up of three rounds from the Euroformula Open championship. In January 2019, <mask> was named as part of Pinnacle Motorsport's three car line-up for the Asian F3 Winter Series. He competed in two of the championship's three rounds, taking a podium finish at the Buriram International Circuit and finishing 8th in the championship.Formula Regional European Championship
In March 2019 it was announced that <mask> would compete in the inaugural season of the Formula Regional European Championship, returning to the US Racing team co-owned by his father. He claimed four race victories over the season, including two consecutively at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, as well as five other podium finishes, five pole positions and three fastest laps. He ended the season 4th in the championship. FIA Formula 3 Championship
In September 2019 <mask> made his debut in the FIA Formula 3 Championship, standing in at Campos Racing for the injured Alex Peroni at the final round in Sochi. <mask> finished the two races in 22nd and 20th. <mask> made his first appearance at the Macau Grand Prix in November, racing for Sauber Junior Team by Charouz. He placed 23rd in qualifying, fell back to 25th in the qualifying race and finished 21st in the main race.In December he took part in the second round of the MRF Challenge Formula 2000 series at Bahrain International Circuit, taking both pole positions of the weekend and finishing all four races on the podium, including a victory in the second race. In February 2020 it was confirmed that <mask> would return to the FIA Formula 3 Championship, racing full-time with Charouz Racing System. However, following the Spanish round, he left Charouz to join Carlin Racing. He did not score any points, had a best finish of 12th at the Austria feature race, and finished the championship in 28th place. In February 2021 it was announced that <mask> would race for Trident Racing in the 2021 season. On 4 July 2021 he achieved his first FIA F3 points, podium and victory in race 2 of the third round at the Red Bull Ring, having started the race from reverse-grid pole. Throughout the next two rounds, the German would go on to finish in the points in all but one race, even scoring his second podium of the year in the second race at Spa-Francorchamps, where him and teammate Jack Doohan gave Trident their first one-two finish in their Formula 3 history.At Zandvoort, <mask> qualified a career best of 2nd, behind Dennis Hauger. During the feature race,  with 3 laps to go, <mask> was running in 2nd place until Victor Martins made a failed attempt to pass <mask>, taking him out while trying to overtake him. <mask>'s 5th place the race before proved to be his last points finish during the season, as he finished 14th and 15th in the final round. He ended the season with just 55 points, compared to his teammates Doohan and Novalak with 179 and 147 points respectively. He still however, helped Trident clinch the constructors' championship by 4 points. Touring cars
He left Formula three at the conclusion of the 2021 season to join the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters for its 2022 campaign. Personal life
<mask>'s family includes his father former Formula One driver Ralf, his uncle seven-time Formula One world champion Michael and his cousin Formula One driver Mick.He is also in a relationship with Hungarian racing driver Vivien Keszthelyi. Karting record

Karting career summary

Racing record

Racing career summary

† As <mask> was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points. Complete Formula 4 UAE Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete ADAC Formula 4 Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula Regional European Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete FIA Formula 3 Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate points for the fastest lap of top ten finishers)

† Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance. Complete Macau Grand Prix results

References

External links

2001 births
Living people
German racing drivers
Formula 4 drivers
ADAC Formula 4 drivers
Euroformula Open Championship drivers
FIA Formula 3 Championship drivers
MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship drivers
Formula Regional European Championship drivers
F3 Asian Championship drivers
<mask>rouz Racing System drivers
RP Motorsport drivers
US Racing drivers
Pinnacle Motorsport drivers
Campos Racing drivers
Carlin racing drivers
Trident Racing drivers

masks:
David Schumacher
Ralf Schumacher
Michael Schumacher
Mick Schumacher
Schumacher
David
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
David Cha


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<mask>ng (; 10 May 874–7 September 934, courtesy name Baoyin, ; formally Emperor Gaozu of (Later) Shu ) was a general of the Later Tang who went on to found the independent state of Later Shu during the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. <mask>ng was an in-law of the Later Tang ruling family, who went by the family name Li. <mask> married the eldest sister or perhaps a cousin of the founding emperor, Zhuangzong. Meng served the Later Tang as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), after the  conquest of Former Shu. After Emperor Zhuangzong's death, Meng was more distant to the succeeding emperor. The new emperor was Emperor Zhuangzong's adoptive brother, Emperor Mingzong. Meng, fearing accusations by Emperor Mingzong's chief advisor An Chonghui, rebelled, in alliance with Dong Zhang, military governor of neighboring Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan).The Meng-Dong alliance repelled subsequent attempts to suppress or control them, although they continued as nominal subjects of Mingzong. Eventually, Meng overpowered Dong, thus assuming control of both allied domains. Meng continued as titular vassal to Mingzong for the rest of that emperor's reign; but, afterwards, <mask> Zhixiang declared himself suzerain of an independent state named Shu, in 934, now called Later Shu to avoid confusion with other political entities sharing the same name. Birth, family, and early career

Birth
<mask> Zhixiang was born in 874, during the reign of Emperor Yizong of Tang. Family
His family was from Xing Prefecture (邢州, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), and his ancestors had served for generations as army officers at Xing, including his grandfather <mask> Cha () and his father <mask> Dao (). His uncle <mask> Fangli become military governor (Jiedushi) of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered then in Changzhi, Shanxi), which Xing Prefecture belonged to, late in Tang Dynasty, and later moved the circuit's capital from Lu Prefecture () to Xing in 882, precipitating a mutiny that led to the division of the circuit in two in 883. After <mask> Fangli's subsequent suicide in 889, he was succeeded by his younger brother (<mask> Zhixiang's uncle) <mask> Qian (), who subsequently surrendered the parts of Zhaoyi he controlled to the major warlord Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) in 890.Early career
Li later put <mask> Qian back in command of (reunified) Zhaoyi Circuit in 899. However, when Zhaoyi came under attack in 901 by Li's archrival Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), <mask> Qian surrendered the circuit to Zhu. <mask> <mask>'s father <mask> Dao continued to serve Li, but did not distinguish himself in the Hedong army. Li, however, was impressed with <mask> Zhixiang's talent, and eventually gave his eldest daughter to <mask> Zhixiang in marriage. (<mask> Zhixiang's younger sister later married another younger brother of Li Keyong's, Li Kening.) <mask> Zhixiang thereafter became a training officer in the Hedong army. Political background during Jin
In 907, Zhu Quanzhong had Tang's final emperor Emperor Ai yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang with him as its Emperor Taizu.Li Keyong and several other regional governors (Yang Wo the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), and Wang Jian the military governor of Xichuan Circuit) refused to recognize the new Later Liang emperor, with Li Keyong, Li Maozhen, and Yang continuing to maintain the Tang era name of Tianyou, while Wang shortly after declared himself the emperor of a new state of Former Shu, although Li Keyong was effectively the ruler of his own state of Jin as he carried the title of Prince of Jin. In 908, Li Keyong died and was succeeded as the Prince of Jin by his son Li Cunxu. Career as training officer
<mask> Zhixiang continued to serve as training officer. Meanwhile, there was an incident in or around 912, when Li Cunxu, angry that the recently surrendered official Li Yan () refused his request for Li Yan to serve as teacher to his son Li Jiji, was considering executing Li Yan. It was at <mask>'s intercession (pointing out that executing Li Yan would speak poorly for Li Cunxu's reputation) that Li Yan was spared. Promotion
In or around 919, Li Cunxu wanted to make <mask> Zhixiang chief of staff (中門使, Zhongmenshi) of the recently captured Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei). However, as that position was a thankless position, and several prior chiefs of staff had been executed due to accusations of wrongdoing, <mask> was fearful and declined the position.When Li Cunxu asked him for an alternative recommendation, he recommended the officer Guo Chongtao, whom Li Cunxu subsequently made chief of staff. Because of this recommendation, Guo, whose career would be greatly bolstered by this commission, became thankful to <mask> later. <mask> himself was thereafter made the discipline officer at Hedong. At one point, Li Cunxu awarded one of his own concubines, a Lady Li, to <mask> Zhixiang, and she gave birth to <mask> Zhixiang's third son <mask> Renzan, in 919. During Later Tang

During Emperor Zhuangzong's reign
In 923, Li Cunxu declared himself the emperor of a new state of Later Tang (as Emperor Zhuangzong) at Xingtang (興唐, i.e., Weibo's capital). He designated Taiyuan as the western capital and made <mask> Zhixiang its mayor, as well as its deputy defender. (<mask>'s wife, as the new emperor's eldest sister, was created the Grand Princess Qionghua, either at that time or in 925.)Shortly after, Emperor Zhuangzong destroyed rival Later Liang and took over its territory, setting his capital at Luoyang. In 925, Emperor Zhuangzong was planning to launch a major campaign to destroy Former Shu. He commissioned Li Jiji as the titular commander as its operations, with Guo Chongtao serving as deputy commander, in actual command of the operations. Before departing Luoyang, Guo, still thankful to <mask> for having recommended him initially, recommended <mask> as the prospective military commander of Xichuan if the campaign would be successful in conquering Former Shu. Later in the year, after Li Jiji and Guo were successful in capturing Former Shu's capital Chengdu and its emperor Wang Zongyan (Wang Jian's son and successor), thus destroying it, Emperor Zhuangzong summoned Meng to Luoyang and made him the military governor of Xichuan, also bestowing on him the honorary chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (), preparing him to send him to Xichuan. By this point, though, friction had begun to surface between Emperor Zhuangzong and the once highly trusted Guo. Emperor Zhuangzong and his wife Empress Liu were suspicious that Guo had seized the wealth of the Former Shu state and not submitted most of it to the imperial treasury.There were also rumors that Guo would rebel and seize the Shu territory for himself. Thus, when sending Meng on its way, Emperor Zhuangzong commented, "I have heard that Guo Chongtao may have treasonous wishes. When you get there, Lord, execute him for me." Meng responded, "Guo Chongtao is an accomplished old subject of the Empire, and it is not likely that he has such wishes. When I, your subject, reaches Shu, I will examine him. If he has no such wishes, I will send him back." Emperor Zhuangzong, at that time, agreed.However, Empress Liu became convinced that Guo was about to rebel and would kill her son Li Jiji first. She was unable to persuade Emperor Zhuangzong of this, however, and she decided to issue an edict on her own, to be delivered by her servant eunuch Ma Yangui () to Li Jiji, ordering Guo's death. When Ma caught up with <mask>, he delivered the message to <mask>, and then himself rushed toward Chengdu. <mask> knew that disaster was about to come, and therefore decided to speed himself to Chengdu as well, behind Ma. Ma arrived in Chengdu shortly after, in spring 926. Li Jiji initially hesitated after receiving Empress Liu's edict, but then carried it out by summoning Guo to him and then killing him and his sons in surprise. This led to a general state of confusion in Chengdu, but Meng arrived shortly after and comforted both the army and the people in the city.Shortly after, Li Jiji left <mask> in command of the city, departing it and heading back toward Luoyang with his troops. The nearly simultaneous killing of both Guo and another major general, Zhu Youqian, however, shocked both the armies around the empire at large and the people, and almost immediately caused a number of mutinies to rise around the empire. One of those mutinies was led by one of the generals who served under Guo during the Former Shu campaign, Li Shaochen (né Kang Yanxiao) and whose soldiers were largely previously under Zhu, and therefore who wanted to avenge Zhu. Li Shaochen claimed the title of military governor of Xichuan and postured to attack Chengdu. However, he was quickly defeated in a joint operation commanded by Meng, Dong Zhang the military governor of Dongchuan Circuit, and Ren Huan. After Li Shaochen's defeat, Li Jiji, who had stopped his progress east pending the result of the campaign, continued east back toward Luoyang. Despite Li Shaochen's defeat, however, there were still many disturbances and much banditry in the Shu territory.It was said that Meng comforted the people by selecting honest officials and decreasing the tax burden, causing the people to begin to acquiesce to his control. Before Li Jiji could reach Luoyang, however, the mutinies multiplied, and in summer 926, Emperor Zhuangzong himself was killed in a mutiny at the capital Luoyang itself. The commander of one of the mutinies, Emperor Zhuangzong's adoptive brother Li Siyuan (and therefore adoptive brother to Meng's wife Grand Princess Qionghua), quickly reached Luoyang itself and claimed the title of regent. Li Jiji postured to challenge him, but soon discovered that his own soldiers were abandoning him in droves. Finding the situation hopeless, Li Jiji committed suicide, and Li Siyuan claimed the title of emperor shortly after (as Emperor Mingzong). During Emperor Mingzong's reign

Initial establishment in Xichuan
Emperor Mingzong appeared to immediately try to make an attempt to reaffirm <mask> Zhixiang's faith to his newly established administration, by bestowing on Meng the greater honorary chancellor title of Shizhong (). However, Meng was said to begin to plan to take personal control of the region, by establishing, in addition to the 26 corps that Guo Chongtao left in Xichuan, which totaled 27,000 soldiers, some 36 additional corps of troops, totaling 32,000 soldiers, including six special naval corps preparing to defend against attacks from water.Meanwhile, Ren Huan became a chancellor and was also in charge of the three finance bureaus (taxation, treasury, and salt and iron monopolies), and, believing that Xichuan was wealthy and capable of supporting the central government financially, sent Meng's old friend Zhao Jiliang to Xichuan to prepare to transported the wealth previously stored by the Former Shu regime, as well as taxes collected since then, to Luoyang. When Zhao arrived at Chengdu in winter 926, <mask>'s staff members initially advised him to refuse the orders completely, but Meng chose to partially comply — allowing Zhao to have the stored wealth shipped to Luoyang, but refusing to turn over any further tax revenues. He also kept Zhao at Chengdu to serve as his deputy military governor. By this point, Emperor Mingzong's chief of staff An Chonghui had begun to suspect both Meng (as his wife was Emperor Zhuangzong's eldest sister) and Dong Zhang (who was one of Emperor Zhuangzong's favorite generals) of planning to separate their territory from Later Tang proper. Li Yan (whose life Meng had previously saved by interceding with Emperor Zhuangzong), who had previously served as Later Tang's emissary to Former Shu and had been a major proponent of the campaign against Former Shu, volunteered to serve as the monitor to the Xichuan army, believing that he could curb Meng's ambitions, so An had Li commissioned as the monitor to the Xichuan army, while commissioning the officer Zhu Hongzhao as the deputy military governor of Dongchuan, hoping that they could curb the powers of <mask> and Dong, respectively. <mask> was very displeased with Li's commissioning, and while ostensibly welcoming Li, he sent a large number of soldiers to escort Li to Chengdu, hoping that the large display of military might would intimidate Li into leaving on his own. Li took no heed of this, however, and proceeded to Chengdu.Once Li arrived at Chengdu, <mask> initially outwardly treated him with respect, but in spring 927, after publicly rebuking him for advocating the campaign against Former Shu that led to the destruction of both Former Shu and Later Tang — i.e., the destruction of Emperor Zhuangzong's administration — executed him. Hearing of Li's death, Zhu fled back to Luoyang, fearing the same fate. <mask> then submitted a report to Emperor Mingzong, claiming that Li had plotted to take over the army and had falsely claimed that Meng would soon be summoned back to Luoyang to undermine Meng. During this time, Meng had sent his attendants to escort his wife Grand Princess Qionghua, as well as <mask> Renzan (and probably <mask> Renzan's mother Lady Li) to Xichuan. When they reached Fengxiang, the news of Li Yan's death had also reached Fengxiang, and the military governor of Fengxiang, Li Congyan (Li Maozhen's son and successor, who was allowed to inherit the circuit after Li Maozhen submitted to be a Later Tang vassal) immediately had them detained at Fengxiang. However, wanting to retain Meng's faithfulness by grace, Emperor Mingzong ordered that they be allowed to continue on to Chengdu, escorted by the official Li Renju (). Meanwhile, <mask> and Dong were also disputing themselves, over the profitability of the salt mines that both of their circuits controlled.To try to gain a trade advantage on Meng, Dong reduced the prices of Dongchuan salt, thus inducing merchants to go to Dongchuan, buy salt, and selling it on the Xichuan salt markets, thus depressing the price of Xichuan salt. In 928, Meng reacted by establishing taxation checkpoints on the border of Xichuan and Dongchuan and taxing such salt trade heavily. With their profits taken away by these taxes, merchants no longer went to Dongchuan to buy salt. Around that time, Emperor Mingzong had ordered that Xichuan contribute troops in a campaign against the rebel warlord Gao Jixing the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei), to take back three prefectures that Emperor Zhuangzong had previously bestowed Gao (Kui (), Wan (), and Zhong (), all in modern Chongqing). Meng sent 3,000 troops, commanded by the officer Mao Chongwei (). After Later Tang imperial forces were able to recapture those prefectures from Gao, however, Meng requested that the troops be returned; Emperor Mingzong refused. Meng then sent secret messengers to Mao and induced him to, in violation of imperial orders, return to Chengdu with his troops.Mao did so, and when Emperor Mingzong subsequently ordered that Mao be punished, Meng refused. Further, <mask> also started to refuse to comply with past orders to supply the central government-created Ningjiang Circuit (寧江, headquartered at Kui Prefecture) with

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 food, claiming that the food was necessary for his own circuit's army. Joint campaign of resistance against Later Tang with Dong Zhang
Meanwhile, the Later Tang imperial government, under An Chonghui's strategy, was placing key posts in the region under its own control — with Xia Luqi (), who had been the deputy commander of the operations against Jingnan, made the military governor of Wuxin Circuit (武信, headquartered in modern Suining, Sichuan), Li Renju made the military governor of a new Baoning Circuit (保寧, headquartered in modern Langzhong, Sichuan), carved out of Dongchuan and Xichuan's neighboring Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi), and An's brother-in-law Wu Qianyu () the prefect of Mian Prefecture (綿州, in modern Mianyang), in the heart of Dongchuan itself. (Meng had effectively taken control of Wuxin earlier when Li Shaowen () the military governor of Wuxin died in 927 and the imperial government abided by Meng's wishes by having Meng's officer Li Jingzhou () made the acting military governor of Wuxin.) Further, there were rumors that An was ready to have Mian and nearby Long Prefecture (龍州, also in modern Mianyang) carved out of Dongchuan as a separate circuit. These developments made both <mask> Zhixiang and Dong Zhang apprehensive of the imperial government's attentions, and despite their prior animosity with each other, they began to negotiate an alliance, agreeing to have Dong's son marrying Meng's daughter; they also began to plan a joint resistance in case of an imperial operation against them. They then submitted a joint petition expressing their apprehension and objecting to the imperial establishment of these garrisons, to no avail.(Dong subsequently neutralized Wu by tricking him to Dongchuan's capital Zi Prefecture () and putting him under arrest, while the imperial government bestowed the greater honorary chancellor title of Zhongshu Ling () on Meng.) Dong made one last-ditch attempt to stop the imperial government from what he and Meng saw as provocative deployments — by having his son Dong Guangye (), who served as the director of imperial gardens at the capital Luoyang, inform An's deputy Li Qianhui () that if the imperial government sent more soldiers into the region, he would rebel. (However, as noted by, inter alia, the modern historian Bo Yang, Dong's threat had the exact opposite effect, since An's intent was to force Dong and Meng into rebellion so that he could destroy them.) When An thereafter, in fall 930, sent the officer Xun Xian'ai () to reinforce Baoning's capital Lang Prefecture (), Dong publicly declared his rebellion, and he and Meng joined their forces to prepare to attack Baoning, Wuxin, and Zhaowu (昭武, headquartered in modern Guangyuan, Sichuan) Circuits, which were loyal to the imperial government. Their plan (as proposed by Zhao Jiliang) was to quickly capture Baoning and Wuxin, and then defend the treacherous Jianmen Pass to stop the imperial army from advancing. Emperor Mingzong reacted by commissioning his son-in-law Shi Jingtang the military governor of Tianxiong as the commander of an army against Dongchuan and Xichuan (with Xia as his deputy), stripping Dong Zhang and <mask> of all of their titles, and slaughtering Dong Guangye and his family. Long before Shi's army could arrive in the region, however, the joint Dongchuan/Xichuan forces, under Dong Zhang's command, quickly captured Lang Prefecture and killed Li Renju, while a Xichuan army commanded by Li Renhan, with Zhao Tingyin as Li Renhan's deputy, put Xia under siege at Wuxin's capital Sui Prefecture ().However, Dong, believing that Jianmen Pass was securely defended by his own Dongchuan army, turned down Meng's offer of reinforcements; rather, he headed for Zhaowu's capital Li Prefecture () and tried to capture it; when inclement weather subsequently stopped his advance, he withdrew back to Lang Prefecture without reinforcing the Jianmen defense. Dong's failure to adequately guard Jianmen led to the only crisis for Meng and Dong in their campaign against the imperial forces. In winter 930, the imperial officer Wang Hongzhi () bypassed Jianmen Pass and then circled around to attack it by surprise. Jianmen fell to him, and he then captured nearby Jian Prefecture (劍州, in modern Guangyuan), shocking both Dong and Meng. However, no imperial forces reinforced Wang, who thereafter felt compelled to abandon Jian Prefecture and simply guard Jianmen. Xichuan forces under Zhao Tingyin and Li Zhao () subsequently were able to take Jian Prefecture and defend it, alleviating the situation. Meanwhile, Meng also sent the former Former Shu general Zhang Wu () to capture the imperially-held Wutai Circuit (武泰, headquartered in modern Chongqing).By this time, Emperor Mingzong's resolve to defeat Dongchuan and Xichuan was beginning to dissolve, as he no longer fully trusted An's judgment or loyalty. He was particularly worried about the western circuits' reports of their difficulty in supplying Shi's army. An volunteered to head to the front to oversee the operations himself. However, as soon as he left Luoyang, Shi, who did not agree with this operation, submitted petitions requesting an end to the operations. Apparently as a test to see whether Meng would be willing to end his resistance, Emperor Mingzong released some 1,500 men that Xichuan had previously sent to Kui Prefecture back to Xichuan. In spring 931, Meng submitted a petition thanking Emperor Mingzong for their release, but did not stop his own military operations, as soon thereafter, Li Renhan captured Sui Prefecture, and Xia committed suicide. Meng, after showing Xia's head to the imperial army to demonstrate that Sui Prefecture had fallen, buried Xia with respect.By this point, An was almost at the front, but after he visited Fengxiang on the way, then governed by Zhu Hongzhao, Zhu submitted a secret petition falsely accusing An of being resentful to the emperor and possibly ready to seize the command of the imperial army from Shi, and also wrote Shi expressing the same. Shi, in fear, submitted petitions requesting that An be recalled. Emperor Mingzong thus recalled An. As soon as he did so, Shi, without first requesting approval from the emperor, withdrew his army from the Jianmen front and headed back toward Luoyang. When Dongchuan and Xichuan forces subsequently chased Shi's army and reached Li Prefecture, Li Yanqi () the military governor of Zhaowu abandoned it and fled as well. Meng made Zhao Tingyin the acting military governor. Zhao Tingyin subsequently advocated seizing Dong by trick and taking over his army, but Meng stopped him from doing so.After Li Renhan captured Wuxin, Meng sent him further east to attack Ningjiang. An Chongruan () the military governor of Ningjiang abandoned Kui Prefecture as well, allowing Li Renhan to capture Ningjiang. When Zhao Tingyin subsequently advocated further attacking Shannan West Circuit, however, Meng, pointing out that the army was tired, refused. Meanwhile, even before An Chonghui reached Luoyang, Emperor Mingzong commissioned him the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), and shortly after, after An offered to retire, initially granted the request to retire, but then sent his nephew Li Congzhang () the Prince of Yang to kill An. After An's death, Emperor Mingzong blamed the imperial conflicts with Dong, Meng, and Qian Liu the King of Wuyue on An, and in essence capitulated by sending the Xichuan official Su Yuan () and the Dongchuan officer Liu Cheng (), who had been trapped at Luoyang, back to their circuits to announce An's death and the imperial government's desire for peace. (Other than minor skirmishes, this effectively ended the imperial campaign against Dongchuan and Xichuan.) Aftermaths of campaign against Later Tang
After Su Yuan arrived in Chengdu in winter 931, delivering Emperor Mingzong's message and further assuring Meng that his nephews who remained in imperial territory were safe, Meng wanted to resubmit to the imperial government, and tried to persuade Dong Zhang to do so as well.Dong refused in anger, pointing out that his family members had been executed; thereafter, he began to be hostile toward <mask> again. <mask>, not wanting to be seen as the breaker of the covenant between him and Dong, did not himself send emissaries to the imperial government initially, and tried two more times to persuade Dong, to no avail. On the last of those occasions in spring 932, <mask>'s emissary Li Hao, after returning to Chengdu, pointed out that it appeared that Dong was planning an attack and that Xichuan should be prepared. (Around this time, <mask>'s wife Grand Princess Fuqing (her title's having been changed to Fuqing by Emperor Mingzong) died.) In summer 932, Dong launched his attack, and initially the Dongchuan army, with Dong being known as a fierce fighter, had a number of victory over Xichuan forces. As part of Dong's plan to adversely affect the Xichuan morale, he wrote letters to Zhao Jiliang, Zhao Tingyin, and Li Zhao, acting as if they were acting in concert with him. Meng paid no heed to those letters, and, leaving Zhao Jiliang in command at Chengdu, himself took an army, along with Zhao Tingyin, to engage Dong.Meanwhile, Dong, after capturing Xichuan's Han Prefecture (漢州, in modern Deyang, Sichuan), approached Chengdu. <mask>'s and Zhao Tingyin's forces engaged him, but initially the Dongchuan forces prevailed; however, when Xichuan forces that Zhao Tingyin put in reserve then engaged Dongchuan forces, the Dongchuan forces were crushed, and Dong fled back to Zi Prefecture. Once he got there, his officers Wang Hui () and Dong Yanhao () (a son to one of his cousins) mutinied. In the mutiny, another officer, Pan Chou () killed Dong Zhang and offered his head to Wang. Wang thereafter surrendered the city to Meng. Meng thereafter faced the situation that both Zhao Tingyin and Li Renhan wanted command of Dongchuan — a conflict that threatened to tear the victorious Xichuan forces apart. <mask>, to resolve the situation, took command of Dongchuan himself, while returning Li to Wuxin and giving Zhao the command of Baoning.By this point, Meng had effective control of not only the two original circuits of Xichuan and Dongchuan, but the carved-out circuits of Wuxin, Baoning, Zhaowu, Ningjiang, and Wutai as well. However, he rejected an overture from his subordinates, led by Zhao Jiliang, to declare himself a prince. When the imperial government initially received reports of conflict between Dong and Meng, it hoped to take advantage of the situation, but after Meng quickly defeated Dong, An Chonghui's successor as chief of staff, Fan Yanguang, pointed out to Emperor Mingzong that even though Meng controlled the region, he still needed imperial sanction because his soldiers were largely from the Central Plains. Emperor Mingzong, still outwardly treating Meng as an old friend, thus sent his attendant Li Cungui () — a son of Li Kening's and therefore a nephew of Meng's — to Chengdu, reassuring Meng of his family members' and friends' safety and urging him to return to the imperial fold. After Li Cungui reached Chengdu, Meng, taking the form of a subject, knelt and accepted the imperial edict. Thereafter, he became formally a vassal of Later Tang again, but was said to be even more arrogant toward the imperial government than before. He also reported the death of Grand Princess Fuqing, whom Emperor Mingzong then posthumously honored as Grand Princess Yongshun of Jin.Shortly thereafter, Meng had Li Hao draft petitions on the part of the five acting military governors of the five subsidiary circuits, asking that Meng be given acting imperial authority in the region and asking for imperially-issued staffs for their own commands. Li Hao pointed out that this is the authority that Meng himself should be asking for, lest that he be viewed as needing the sanctioning from his subordinates. Under Li Hao's suggestion, Meng therefore submitted a petition of his own, requesting authority to commission prefectural prefects and lower-level officials on his own, while requesting that the imperial government officially command the five acting military governors as military governors. He also requested that the imperial government send the wives and children of the soldiers from the Central Plains to allow the families to be reunited. In winter 932, Emperor Mingzong again sent Li Cungui to Chengdu to deliver his edict, largely approving Meng's requests, and further giving him the authority to commission even military governors in the region. However, he refused to send the wives and children of the soldiers to the region, but also did not (as Meng had feared that he might) order that they be returned to the imperial government. Shortly after, Meng, under authorities granted by Emperor Mingzong, formally bestowed the five acting military governors full commands.In spring 933, Emperor Mingzong further formally created <mask> the Prince of Shu and made him the military governor of both Dongchuan and Xichuan, sending the high-level officials Lu Wenji and Lü Qi for the creation ceremony. <mask> himself crafted clothes and crowns that were like the emperor's. Later that year, Emperor Mingzong died and was succeeded by his son Li Conghou the Prince of Song (as Emperor Min). When Meng received the news, he commented:

Thereafter, his subordinates persuaded him to take the throne himself, and, in spring 934, he did so, claiming himself to be the Emperor of Shu. As emperor of independent Later Shu state
Shortly after <mask> Zhixiang claimed the Later Shu throne, the Later Tang imperial succession was thrown into turmoil when Emperor Min's chiefs of staff, Zhu Hongzhao and Feng Yun, who suspected both Shi Jingtang and Emperor Min's adoptive brother Li Congke the Prince of Lu, tried to move their commands — Shi from Hedong to Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Shanxi) and Li Congke from Fengxiang to Hedong. Li Congke, fearing that this move was intended to trick him to his death, rebelled; he subsequently defeated the imperial forces sent against him and advanced toward Luoyang, eventually killing Emperor Min and taking the throne himself. As he was doing so, Zhang Qianzhao () the military governor of Shannan West and Sun Hanshao () the military governor of Wuding Circuit (武定, headquartered in modern Hanzhong), who had been part of the imperial forces against him and who feared reprisals, surrendered their circuits to Later Shu, allowing Later Shu to take the region south of the Qinling Mountains.Meanwhile, <mask>, who was said to have suffered from a stroke for over a year, became gravely ill. In fall 934, he created <mask> Renzan Crown Prince. He died the same day, and <mask> Renzan (whose name was then changed to <mask> Chang) took the throne. Personal information
 Father
 <mask> Dao (), posthumously honored Emperor Xiaowu with the temple name Xianzong (honored 934)
 Wife
 Lady Li (died 932), eldest daughter of Li Keyong the Prince of Jin, later Grand Princess Qionghua (created 923?/925?) 136. New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 64.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 268, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279. Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms (), vol. 48. 874 births
934 deaths
Jin (Later Tang precursor) generals
Later Tang jiedushi of Xichuan Circuit
Later Shu emperors
Later Tang jiedushi of Dongchuan Circuit
Mayors of Taiyuan
Jin (Later Tang precursor) people born during Tang
Politicians from Xingtai
Mayors of Chengdu
Jin (Later Tang precursor) politicians
Generals from Hebei
Burials in Chengdu
Founding

masks: Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng


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<mask> (born march 19, 1941) is a Herzegovinian Croat Franciscan, most notable for being a parson in Medjugorje during the alleged Marian apparitions in 1981. He was very active in the promotion of apparitions around the world. He is an adherent of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal. <mask> was ordained a priest as a Franciscan in 1965. During the alleged Marian apparitions in Medjugorje in 1981, he was the parish priest of the St. James Church and became the first supporter and mentor of the visionaries. The same year he was sentenced to three years in prison because of a sermon allegedly criticising the communist authorities, which Zovko denied. After being released in 1983, he became a vicar in Tihaljina near Grude, but remained in close touch with Medjugorje.It is claimed by the visionaries of Our Lady of Medjugorje, that the Virgin gave them a vision of <mask> while in prison in October 1981. <mask> claims to have had a vision of Our Lady in April 1983. The Bishop revoked his priestly jurisdiction because of disobedience and his activity in Medjugorje, a decree soon afterward confirmed by Rome in 1989. However, <mask> continued to be active in Medjugorje and around the world, promoting the apparitions, despite the suspension. He finally submitted to the decree under pressure from Rome, and moved to a Franciscan friary in Badija near Korčula in Croatia in 2009, and periodically lived in Graz, Austria, until he moved permanently to Zagreb, Croatia's capital in 2011, where he currently lives. Biography

<mask> <mask> was born in Uzarići, Herzegovina and attended elementary school in nearby Široki Brijeg. He was ordained a priest as a Franciscan on 3 April 1965.He was known to his colleagues by special devotions to Madonna, and often participated in catechetical summer schools as a lecturer and discussant of charismatic orientation. In November 1980, <mask> was appointed parish priest of the St. James Church in Medjugorje. At first, he was suspicious towards the Marian apparitions reported the following June, but became a fierce supporter. According to Kutlesa the  Madonna allegedly appeared to him as well five days later. Marian Apparition in Medjugorje

On 25 June 1981, the day the alleged Marian apparitions occurred, he was away from Medjurgorje in Zagreb officiating at a meeting of Franciscan nuns. When he arrived back to Medjugorje he was surprised to see the church surrounded by a large crowd along with their many vehicles including tractors, cars, trucks and donkey carts. <mask> and his assistant, Father Cuvalo, were concerned because outside religious gatherings were forbidden in Yugoslavia and arrests could occur.He and Cuvalo decided the best thing to do was interview each visionary individually in detail while recording each one. <mask> was both curious and skeptical. He noticed that the seers became agitated if anyone hinted that were lying and he was taken by the fact that their physical descriptions of the Gospa were consistent with each other: She was a young woman about twenty years old, they said, with blue eyes, black hair, and a crown of stars around Her head. Randall Sullivan wrote that according to the seers: She wore a white veil and bluish-grey robe. Each of the children said they had not been able to see the Virgin's feet, described Her as hovering just above the ground on a white cloud, and said She spoke in a singing voice. He was suspicious at first when none of the visionaries used the exact words even when quoting the Madonna. He declined to go with the children that night to the mountain.However, Father Cuvalo and Father Kosir went to the mountain along with at least five thousand people. When they reported to <mask> afterwards, Cuvalo said he asked Jakov to ask the Virgin what she wanted from the Franciscans. Randall Sullivan wrote that according to all six children, she said: "Have them persevere in the faith and protect the faith of others." On 29 June during the afternoon mass <mask> was giving a sermon at the same time the children were being interrogated by representatives of the communist regime of Yugoslavia's. They arrived in two vehicles and ordered the visionaries into a vehicle and took them to the police station for interrogation and then an examination by a pediatric specialist. It was determined that they were healthy physically and not on drugs. Next they were taken into the morgue in the hospital where they viewed corpses in many stages of autopsy.They then were placed among the mentally ill in the psychiatric wing of the hospital and told they could end up here. They were frightened. Randall Sullivan wrote that it wasn't over and were driven to another town, Citluk, to be examined by Dr. Ante Bijevic who determined that each child was, "Normal, balanced, well-situated in time and in space, no hallucinations." When it was over, the medical experts concluded that each seer was both medically and mentally fine. Zovko gave the seers several prayer books and rosaries and tried to teach them more about the church. He also gave Mirjana a book on apparitions in Lourdes, from which the visionaries concluded that their apparitions would last until 3 July 1981, as in Lourdes. Mirjana, one of the visionaries, told Zovko on 30 June 1981 on audiotape, that the Madonna told her that she would appear only for the next three days, that is until 3 July 1981.Ivanka, another visionary, confirmed this. Fr. Sivrić said to remember that <mask> asked the visionaries to ask the same question the day before on 29 June. The seers asked the Madonna what the length of her visitations would be. She answered that she would continue for as long as they wanted. The visionaries, including Mirjana and Ivanka, continue to claim to have visions to this day. Randall Sullivan wrote that <mask> was praying on his knees for direction in the St. James Church and all of a sudden he heard a voice clearly say, "Come out now and protect the children."He immediately went to the door and the girls were running from a nearby field towards him running from Communist authorities. He hid them in an inner room and locked them in. He told the authorities he had seen the children and the police ran off towards town away from the church. Later that afternoon the apparition took place in the church and <mask> was given the same vision that the visionaries see. Right then he became a fierce supporter of the apparitions. Zovko eventually was convinced of the children's accounts. Communist Authorities

During the middle to the end of July 1981 both the police and officials of the Communist League were demanding that the evening mass be discontinued.Sullivan wrote that he asked the visionaries to ask the Madonna about that and her reply was, "Continue to celebrate Mass". <mask> refused to stop the evening mass and the children, in order to protect the church, started to gather outside on Podrdo. This enraged the government officials and as a result they became more violent. On August 11 <mask> was summoned to the Communist Party headquarters in Mostar to be given a final warning - to stop the people from meeting on Podrodo. The communist authorities also wanted the evening Mass to be stopped. He refused once again. On August 17 the authorities arrested <mask> on the charge of sedition.<mask> was accused of making hostile and malicious allusions to the Yugoslav political system in two of his sermons, when he used the words "as a prison system and a ‘40-year-long slavery’ in which the people were exposed to ‘false teachings,’” according to Perica Vjekoslav. One of these sermons was presented on 11 July 1981 at the Saint James Church and the second one was presented two weeks later when Bishop Zanic's visited Medjugorje, according to the indictment. Perica Vjekoslav wrote that the state prosecutor said that the false teachings allegation was interpreted as an "attack on the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Marxism, and self-management socialism." On October 19, 1981 the visionaries were asked by the Madonna to fast on bread and water for a week while praying for <mask>. Rene Laurentin wrote that at that time she gave them a vision of <mask> in his prison cell and he "tells them not to be afraid for him, that everything was well." On October 21 <mask> was given a speedy trial in one day and was convicted of sedition which is a crime that could involve the death penalty. According to Rene Laurentin, when the visionaries voiced concerned for Zovko, the Madonna said that "<mask> looks well and he greets you warmly.Do not fear for <mask>. He is a saint. I have already told you." She also said that his punishment would be announced the next day and would not be severe. The next morning his sentence was announced and was reduced to 3 1/2 years in prison. Paul Kengor wrote, the communists, in their persecution, "also smashed up the church, broke and scattered religious articles and generally ransacked the parish." In February 1983 the communists released <mask> after 18 months of hard labor.The condition upon his release was not to return to Medjugorje. According to Sullivan, he "emerged from prison gaunt, ashen, and nearly deaf in one ear,". He was then appointed a vicar in Tihaljina near Grude and remained in close touch with Medjugorje. After leaving Medjugorje
On 23 August 1989, Bishop Pavao Žanić suspended <mask>'s priestly faculties in the two dioceses of Mostar-Duvno and Trebinje-Mrkan "due to his involvement in the conflict between the Franciscans and bishops over the division of parishes - which has been intense in Herzegovina for the last 40 years." Zovko objected to the Bishop's decree to the Holy See on 14 October 1989, only to see the Bishop's decree confirmed on 15 February 1990, with the ruling that the Bishop's sanction will remain in force until he retreats "to a friary remote from Medjugorje". Zovko ignored Rome's ruling, and was appointed a guardian of the Franciscan friary in Široki Brijeg. He continued to hear confessions, so the new Bishop Ratko Perić revoked his confessional jurisdiction as well in 1994.After a five year absence, <mask> made a surprise appearance in Medjugorje and spoke from the pulpit on January 1, 1990. He denounced the parishioners who put profit above religious practice. Sullivan wrote that Zovko said, "We must understand that all of this commercialism is against Medjugorje...I truly am angry about it." Father Slavko the current priest agreed with Zovko and demanded that the profiteers leave but shopkeepers had the support of the communist government and didn't leave. While Zovko said that the Bosnian War was a political rather than religious matter, he gave a sermon at Medjugorje where he stated that Mary is "...calling upon her people to pick up their swords put on their uniforms and stop the power of Satan." According to Professor Michael L. Budde, given that the Herzegovina Franciscans supported the Croatian Nationalists fighting the Bozniak Muslims, the "...reference was not to be understood biblically but historically - it was a reference to Islam." According to Daniel Klimek, on June 17, 1992, Zovko met with John Paul II in Rome during the wars in former Yugoslavia and the pope said, "I give you my blessing.Take courage I am with you. Tell Medjugorje I am with you. Protect Medjugorje. Protect Our Lady's messages!” Mary Rourke wrote that Zovko also said, “the pope shook my hand, very firmly, and said ‘Guard Medjugorje, protect Medjugorje." According to Journalist Randall Sullivan, John Paul II received the nickname “Protector of Medjugorje” in Vatican circles as it was common knowledge in the Holy See that he loved Medjugorje. One of the ways he protected Medjugorje was by stopping a negative judgment on the apparitions from Pavao Žanić. Randall Sullivan wrote that the day after the events of September 11, 2001 in the United States, Zovko sent a letter to "All People of America": Know that our prayers and compassion are with you in the pain and suffering of this difficult trial.We are with you on our knees in prayer and vigils for your peace and strength; for light in this darkness. Our large prayer community is praying and is celebrating the Eucharist for all of those who have died, for the wounded and for all those who grieve. Zovko continued to promote the apparitions traveling around the world, and especially the United States. On November 5, 2002 Zovko began a speaking tour in the United States. On this tour the director of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Boston, Walter Rossi, forbade Zovko to hold a mass there after receiving a letter from the bishop of Mostar, Ratko Peric. Peric described Zovko as a "disobedient Franciscan" who had been stripped of "every faculty" to serve in public ministry since 1989. Peric could not explain the reasons for the censure because it was not imposed by him, but by Zanic the previous Bishop who was now deceased.<mask> was not blocked from appearing anywhere else on his tour. In fact a few days later, <mask> held a sermon in Boston with no problems. In 2005, the Franciscan Province of St. Jerome turned over the friary and island of Badija in Croatia to the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina of the Ascension of the Blessed Virgin Mary for a term of 99 years. The respective  provincials invited <mask> to relocate to the old Franciscan friary and oversee its reconstruction. The premises was in poor condition. However, <mask> ignored the request for four years until 2009, when he agreed to move to the friary in Badija on 16 February 2009. There was an announcement that a commission will be formed in the Vatican very soon to re-investigate all the events in Medjugorje.<mask> also received a diagnosis by Italian doctors that he had "defibrillation of the heart and that the need for rest was necessary." Afterward, <mask> lived between Badija and Graz in Austria, where he would come periodically. He was transferred to Zagreb, the capital of Croatia, in December 2011, where he currently lives. In fiction

Martin Sheen, a Catholic American actor, visited Medjugorje. He played <mask> in the drama film Gospa (Madonna), a 1995 Croatian movie directed by Jakov Sedlar. Notes

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1941 births
People from Široki Brijeg
Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Franciscans of the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina
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Lieutenant General Sir <mask>,  (11 April 1894 – 28 May 1981) was an Australian Army officer who served as a general during the Second World War. The son of an engine driver, he entered Duntroon in 1913. His class graduated early after the First World War broke out, and he served on the Western Front with the field artillery. After the war, he spent nearly twenty years as a major. Berryman joined the Second Australian Imperial Force (AIF) on 4 April 1940 with the rank of full colonel, and became General Staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) of the 6th Division. He was responsible for the staff work for the attacks on Bardia and Tobruk. In January 1941, <mask> became Commander, Royal Artillery, 7th Division, and was promoted to brigadier.During the Syria-Lebanon campaign, he commanded "Berryforce". He returned to Australia in 1942, becoming Major General, General Staff, of the First Army. Later that year, he became Deputy Chief of the General Staff under the Commander in Chief, General Sir Thomas Blamey, who brought him up to Port Moresby to simultaneously act as chief of staff of New Guinea Force. <mask> was intimately involved with the planning and execution of the Salamaua–Lae campaign and the Huon Peninsula campaign. In November 1943 he became acting commander of II Corps, which he led in the Battle of Sio. In the final part of the war, he was Blamey's representative at General of the Army Douglas MacArthur's headquarters and the Australian Army representative at the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay. After the war, Berryman commanded Eastern Command.He directed the military response to the 1949 Australian coal strike. <mask> hoped to become Chief of the General Staff but was passed over as he was seen as a "Blamey man" by Prime Minister Ben Chifley. He retired and became the Director General of the Royal Tour of Queen Elizabeth II in 1954. He was Chief Executive Officer of the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales from 1954 to 1961. Education and early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Geelong, Victoria, on 11 April 1894, the fourth of six children and the eldest of three sons of William Lee <mask>, a Victorian Railways engine driver, and his wife, Annie Jane, née Horton. <mask> joined in the 1903 Victorian Railways strike and, when it failed, was reinstated with a 14 per cent pay cut, only regaining his 1903 pay level in 1916. <mask> was educated at Melbourne High School, where he served in the school Cadet Unit, and won the Rix prize for academic excellence.On graduation, he took a job with the Victorian railways as a junior draughtsman. In 1913, Berryman entered the Royal Military College, Duntroon, having ranked first among the 154 candidates on the entrance examination. Of the 33 members in his class, nine died in the First World War, and six later became generals: Leslie Beavis, <mask>, William Bridgeford, John Chapman, Edward Milford and Alan Vasey. Berryman rose to fifth in order of merit before his class graduated early, in June 1915, because of the outbreak of the First World War. First World War
Berryman's Duntroon class had not yet completed its military training. Major General William Throsby Bridges decided that regimental duty would rectify that deficiency, so he assigned the Duntroon cadets as regimental officers of the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF), rather than as staff officers. Cadets were given the choice of service in the infantry or light horse.One cadet, Lawrence Wackett, protested that he wished to serve in the technical services. When asked if they would prefer the technical services, twelve cadets, including <mask>, Beavis, Clowes, Vasey, and Wackett stepped forward. <mask> was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Permanent Military Forces (PMF) on 29 June 1915 and again in the First AIF on 1 July 1915. He was posted to Lieutenant Colonel Harold Grimwade's 4th Field Artillery Brigade of the 2nd Division Artillery, along with Vasey and Milford. <mask> embarked for Egypt with the 4th Field Artillery Brigade on the transport Wiltshire on 17 November 1915. In Egypt, <mask> briefly commanded the 4th Brigade Ammunition Column before it was absorbed into the 2nd Division Ammunition Column. The 2nd Division moved to France in March 1916.<mask> became a temporary captain on 1 April 1916, a rank which became substantive on 10 June 1916. In January 1917, he was posted to the 7th Infantry Brigade as a trainee staff captain. During the Second Battle of Bullecourt he served with 2nd Division headquarters. He was appointed to command the 18th Field Artillery Battery, and became a temporary major on 1 September 1917, which became substantive on 10 September 1917. This was as far as he could go, for Duntroon graduates could not be promoted above major in the AIF. This policy was aimed at giving them a broad range of experience, which would benefit the Army, while not allowing them to outnumber the available post-war positions. While commanding the 18th Field Battery, he saw action at the Battle of Passchendaele.For his service as a battery commander in this battle, he received a  Mention in Despatches:

In September 1918, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. His  citation, signed by Major General Charles Rosenthal, read:

<mask> was later nominated for a bar to his Distinguished Service Order for the September 1918 fighting, but this was subsequently downgraded to a second Mention in Despatches. He was wounded in the right eye in September 1918 while he was commanding the 14th Field Artillery Battery. Although his wound was serious enough to warrant hospitalisation, there was no permanent damage to his vision. However, it was the end of his career as a battery commander, as the Army took the opportunity to transfer him to a staff post. From 28 October 1918 to 1 July 1919, he was Brigade Major of the 7th Infantry Brigade. With the war over, he returned to Australia in October 1919.Between the wars
<mask> was appointed to the Staff Corps on 1 October 1920. Although he was entitled to keep his AIF rank of major as an honorary rank, his substantive rank—and pay grade—was still lieutenant. Promotion was painfully slow. He was promoted to captain and brevet major on 1 March 1923, but was not promoted to the substantive rank of major until 1 March 1935. <mask> attended the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, from 1920 to 1923. On returning to Australia, he became an inspecting ordnance officer at the 2nd Military District. From its headquarters at Victoria Barracks, Sydney, the 2nd Military District administered the Army in most of New South Wales.He enrolled in a Bachelor of Science program at the University of Sydney. On 30 November 1925, he married Muriel Whipp. They eventually had a daughter and a son. Berryman discontinued his university studies to prepare for the entrance examination for Staff College, Camberley. Eighteen Australian Army officers sat the exam that year, but only Berryman and one other officer passed. Only two Australian officers were accepted into staff college each year, so Berryman's attendance from 1926 to 1928 marked him out as one of the Australian Army's rising talents. It also allowed him to forge useful contacts with the British Army.<mask> later recalled, "The advantage of this was that in war we had the same doctrine of tactics and administration, which was essential if we had to work together. More than that, the officers who had to carry out their duties in cooperation knew each other personally." After graduation he was posted to the High Commission of Australia, London, from 1929 to 1932, where he served under the Military Liaison Officer, Major General Julius Bruche. After nearly twenty years as a major, <mask> was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel on 12 May 1935. Promotion to substantive rank, which carried the rank's pay as well as status, occurred on 1 July 1938, when he became Assistant Director of Military Operations at Army Headquarters. From December 1938 to April 1940 he was General Staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) of the 3rd Division. The slow rate of promotion of regular officers in the inter-war years fostered a sense of injustice and frustration among officers with good war records who found themselves outranked by Militia officers who had enjoyed faster promotion.Second World War

Libya

The final straw for many regular officers was Prime Minister Robert Menzies' announcement that all commands in the Second AIF would go to Militia officers, which Berryman considered "a damn insult to the professional soldier, calculated to split the Army down the centre. We were to be the hewers of wood and the drawers of water. We, the only people who really knew the job, were to assist these Militia fellows." Berryman joined the Second AIF on 4 April 1940 with the rank of full colonel, receiving the AIF serial number of VX20308, and became General Staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) of Major General Iven Mackay's 6th Division, in succession to Sydney Rowell who stepped up to become chief of staff of I Corps. Berryman soon established a good working relationship with Mackay. Despite the friction between Militia and Staff Corps officers, Berryman chose to assess officers on performance. This meant that while Berryman viewed some Militia officers, like Brigadier Stanley Savige of the 17th Infantry Brigade, with disdain, he maintained good relations with others.There were also personal and professional rivalries with other Staff Corps officers, such as Alan Vasey. Yet even those who disliked Berryman personally for his lack of patience and tact and referred to him as "Berry the Bastard" respected his abilities as a staff officer. Mackay and Berryman were determined that the Battle of Bardia would not be a repeat of the disastrous landing at Anzac Cove in 1915. Berryman's talent for operational staff work came to the fore. From studies of aerial photographs, he selected a spot for the attack where the terrain was most favourable. His plan provided for the coordination of infantry, armour and artillery. While at times he proved secretive and hard to deal with, during the battle his forceful personality provided a good foil to the sometimes indecisive Mackay.Later that month <mask> planned the equally successful Battle of Tobruk. For his services in this campaign, he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). Syria
In January 1941, <mask> became Commander, Royal Artillery, in Arthur "Tubby" Allen's 7th Division, and was promoted to brigadier. During the Syria-Lebanon campaign, Berryman demonstrated that he was a thrusting commander who led from the front and repeatedly demonstrated his coolness under fire. When his headquarters came under shell fire for the first time, Berryman sat calmly eating his breakfast "among the flying brick dust and bursting shells", simply telling the men to shut the door, "so they can eat breakfast without being covered in dust". During the Vichy French counterattack, <mask> was given command of the Australian forces in the centre of the position around Merdjayoun. This scratch force became known as "Berryforce".His mission was to check the enemy advance in the Merdjayoun area. Berryman decided that the best way to do this would be to recapture Merdjayoun. This presented considerable difficulty, for although

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 his force contained two infantry battalions, the 2/25th and 2/33rd, and a pioneer battalion, the 2/2nd, his headquarters was not equipped to control a battle in the manner of an infantry brigade, as it lacked appropriate staff and communications. Moreover, while he was supported by mechanised cavalry and 22 artillery pieces, the opposing French forces had tanks. For the next two weeks, the outnumbered Berryforce attempted to retake the strategically important town in the Battle of Merdjayoun. His first attempt was a failure. After carrying out a personal reconnaissance on 18 June, Berryman tried again.This time his attack was halted by staunch defence by the French Foreign Legion and tanks. Berryman then tried a different approach. Instead of attempting to capture the town, he seized high ground overlooking the French supply lines. Faced with being cut off, the French withdrew from the town. Berryforce was then dissolved and <mask> returned to his role as commander of the 7th Division artillery. The 7th Division was now concentrated in the coastal sector. Berryman clashed with Brigadier Jack Stevens of the 21st Infantry Brigade over the siting of <mask>'s artillery observation posts, which were forward of the infantry's front lines.Berryman wanted Stevens' positions advanced so as to obtain effective observation of the enemy's lines for Berryman's gunners. Stevens refused, hampering Berryman's efforts to support him in the Battle of Damour. Despite this, Berryman implemented an effective artillery plan. In the final stage of the battle, Berryman, without authority, ordered Lieutenant Colonel Denzil MacArthur-Onslow of the 2/6th Cavalry Regiment to pursue the retreating French forces, but was overruled by Savige and Allen. For his part in the campaign, Berryman received a third Mention in Despatches. Papua
On 3 August 1941, <mask> became Brigadier, General Staff (chief of staff) of I Corps under Lieutenant General John Lavarack, again in succession to Rowell, who became Deputy Chief of the General Staff (DCGS). Berryman arrived in Jakarta by air with the advanced party of the I Corps headquarters staff on 26 January 1942 to plan its defence.Berryman reconnoitred Java and prepared an appreciation of the situation. Berryman also attempted to find out as much as possible about Japanese tactics through interviewing Colonel Ian MacAlister Stewart. This information found its way into papers circulated throughout the Army in Australia. It soon became apparent that the situation was hopeless and any troops committed to the defence of Java would be lost. <mask> returned to Australia, where he was promoted to major general on 6 April 1942, when he became Major General, General Staff (chief of staff) of Lavarack's First Army. On 14 September 1942, <mask> became DCGS under the Commander in Chief, General Sir Sir Thomas Blamey, in succession to Vasey. When New Guinea Force split into a rear headquarters under Blamey and an advanced headquarters under Lieutenant General Edmund Herring, so the latter could go forward to direct the Battle of Buna-Gona, Blamey brought Berryman up from Advanced LHQ in Brisbane to simultaneously act as chief of staff of New Guinea Force from 11 December 1942.Berryman formed a very close professional and personal relationship with Blamey, and henceforth <mask> would be Blamey's chief of staff and head of operational planning, which made him "one of the most important officers in the Australian Army in its struggle against the Japanese." New Guinea
Blamey and <mask> remained close for the rest of the war, and Blamey came to rely heavily on Berryman for advice. It was <mask> who was sent to Wau to investigate the difficulties that Savige was having, and it was Berryman who exonerated Savige. "I reported the situation [to Blamey and Herring]," Berryman record in his diary, "and said Savige had done well and we had misjudged him." <mask> was intimately involved with the planning of the Salamaua–Lae campaign, working closely with Brigadier General Stephen J. Chamberlin at General Douglas MacArthur's General Headquarters (GHQ) in Brisbane. Berryman established good working relations with the Americans, even though their staff practices were quite different from those of the Australian Army. <mask> was also involved in the plan's execution, once more becoming chief of staff at New Guinea Force under Blamey in August 1943.<mask> was frustrated at the failure of Vasey's 7th Division to destroy the Japanese retreating from Lae, and personally annoyed by the way that Vasey forwarded compliments to Major General Ennis Whitehead while leaving any complaints about air support to be taken up by Berryman. <mask> was next involved with the planning for the landing at Finschhafen, brokering a compromise landing plan between Rear Admiral Daniel E. Barbey and Lieutenant General Sir Edmund Herring. When Berryman discovered that the United States Seventh Fleet did not intend to reinforce the 9th Division he immediately went to Blamey, who took the matter up with MacArthur. However, it was <mask> who brokered a compromise deal with Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender to reinforce Finschhafen with a battalion in APDs. On 7 November 1943, <mask> became acting commander of II Corps, a post which became permanent on 20 January 1944, superseding Vasey, whose 7th Division was diplomatically placed directly under Lieutenant General Sir Leslie Morshead's New Guinea Force. II Corps was left with the 5th and 9th Divisions. <mask> was promoted to lieutenant general on 20 January 1944.As in Syria, Berryman proved a hard-driving commander. In December 1943, II Corps broke out of the position around Finschhafen and began a pursuit along the coast. Whenever the Japanese Army attempted to make a stand, Berryman attacked with 25-pounder artillery barrages and Matilda tanks. Berryman was aware that seasonal changes were making the surf rougher and making it ever harder to operate the US Army landing craft (LCMs) and Australian Army amphibious trucks (DUKWs) that he depended on for the logistical support of his troops, but he realised that the Japanese Army's supply difficulties were greater than his own, and he gambled that if he pushed hard enough the Japanese would be unable to regroup and organise a successful defence. In the first phase of the Battle of Sio, the advance from Finschhafen to Sio, 3,099 Japanese dead were counted and 38 prisoners taken, at a cost of 8 Australians killed and 48 wounded. In the 5th Division's subsequent drive from Sio to link up with the US 32nd Infantry Division at Saidor, 734 Japanese were killed and 1,775 found dead, while 48 prisoners were taken. Australian casualties came to 4 killed and 6 wounded.MacArthur considered <mask>'s performance "quite brilliant". For his part in the campaign, <mask> was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) on 8 March 1945. Borneo
II Corps was renumbered I Corps on 13 April 1944 and returned to Australia, where Blamey gave Berryman his next assignment. In preparation for the Philippines Campaign, General MacArthur moved the advanced element of GHQ to Hollandia in Dutch West Papua, where it opened in late August 1944. To maintain contact with GHQ, Blamey formed a new headquarters, Forward Echelon LHQ, which opened at Hollandia on 7 September under <mask>, who became Blamey's personal representative at GHQ. Forward Echelon LHQ subsequently moved with GHQ to Leyte in February 1945, and Manila in April 1945. <mask>'s role was to "safeguard Australian interests" at GHQ, but he also defended GHQ against criticism from the Australian Army.As well as liaising with GHQ, Forward Echelon LHQ became responsible for planning operations involving Australian troops. It worked on plans for operations on Luzon and Mindanao before it was finally decided that Borneo would be the Australian Army's next objective. In all of this Berrymen kept in close contact with Blamey, and the two were Australian Army representatives at the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay in September 1945. For his services in the final campaigns, Berryman received a fourth and final Mention in Despatches on 6 March 1947. Later life
After the war, Berryman took charge of Eastern Command, an appointment he held from March 1946 until his retirement at age 60 in April 1954. Berryman became known for his involvement in charitable organisations such as the War Widows Association, and as head of the Remembrance Drive Project. For this and his commitment to beautifying the Army barracks, Berryman became colloquially known in the Army as "<mask> the Florist".In June 1949, the country was rocked by the 1949 Australian coal strike. The strike began when stocks of coal were already low, especially in New South Wales, and rationing was introduced. Prime Minister Ben Chifley turned to the Army to get the troops to mine coal. This became possible when the transport unions agreed to transport coal that was mined. Responsibility for planning and organising the effort fell to Berryman. Soldiers began mining at Muswellbrook and Lithgow on 1 August, and by 15 August, when the strike ended, some 4,000 soldiers and airmen were employed. They continued work until production was fully restored.<mask> hoped to become Chief of the General Staff in succession to Lieutenant General Vernon Sturdee but he was seen as a "Blamey man" by Chifley and his Labor government colleagues, who disliked the former Commander-in-Chief. The job was instead given to Rowell. The United States government awarded <mask> the Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm in 1948. Following the change of government in 1949, <mask> lobbied Sir Eric Harrison, the Liberal Minister for Defence Production, for the job on the retirement of Rowell in 1954, but he was now considered too old for the job. <mask> became the Director General of the Royal Tour of Queen Elizabeth II in 1954, for which he was made a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO). He was Chief Executive Officer of the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales from 1954 to 1961. He died on 28 May 1981 at Rose Bay, New South Wales, and was cremated with full military honours.At the time of his funeral the Ambassador for Lebanon, Raymond Heneine, wrote in the Canberra Times: "The inhabitants of Jezzine will never forget General <mask>, who liberated their town from the forces of the Vichy French in collaboration with the Italian and German forces. He was for them not only a great general but also a great benefactor who provided them with food supplies and medical care. In fact he was the example of humanitarianism". Notes

References

1894 births
1981 deaths
Australian generals
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Australian Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
People educated at Melbourne High School
People from Geelong
Australian recipients of the Medal of Freedom
Royal Military College, Duntroon graduates
Recipients of the Medal of

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