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 to zero in order to align with classical physics, but <mask> knew well that this constant had a precise nonzero value. "I am unable to understand Jeans' stubbornness – he is an example of a theoretician as should never be existing, the same as Hegel was for philosophy. So much the worse for the facts if they don't fit." <mask> wrote about <mask>: "He was, by nature, a conservative mind; he had nothing of the revolutionary and was thoroughly skeptical about speculations.Yet his belief in the compelling force of logical reasoning from facts was so strong that he did not flinch from announcing the most revolutionary idea which ever has shaken physics." Einstein and the theory of relativity

In 1905, the three epochal papers by Albert Einstein were published in the journal Annalen der Physik. <mask> was among the few who immediately recognized the significance of the special theory of relativity. Thanks to his influence, this theory was soon widely accepted in Germany. <mask> also contributed considerably to extend the special theory of relativity. For example, he recast the theory in terms of classical action. Einstein's hypothesis of light quanta (photons), based on Heinrich Hertz's 1887 discovery (and further investigation by Philipp Lenard) of the photoelectric effect, was initially rejected by <mask>.He was unwilling to discard completely <mask>'s theory of electrodynamics. "The theory of light would be thrown back not by decades, but by centuries, into the age when Christiaan Huygens dared to fight against the mighty emission theory of Isaac Newton ..."

In 1910, Einstein pointed out the anomalous behavior of specific heat at low temperatures as another example of a phenomenon which defies explanation by classical physics. <mask> and Nernst, seeking to clarify the increasing number of contradictions, organized the First Solvay Conference (Brussels 1911). At this meeting Einstein was able to convince <mask>. Meanwhile, <mask> had been appointed dean of Berlin University, whereby it was possible for him to call Einstein to Berlin and establish a new professorship for him (1914). Soon the two scientists became close friends and met frequently to play music together. First World War
At the onset of the First World War <mask> endorsed the general excitement of the public, writing that, "Besides much that is horrible, there is also much that is unexpectedly great and beautiful: the smooth solution of the most difficult domestic political problems by the unification of all parties (and) ... the extolling of everything good and noble."<mask> also signed the infamous "Manifesto of the 93 intellectuals", a pamphlet of polemic war propaganda (while Einstein retained a strictly pacifistic attitude which almost led to his imprisonment, only being spared thanks to his Swiss citizenship). In 1915, when Italy was still a neutral power, he voted successfully for a scientific paper from Italy, which received a prize from the Prussian Academy of Sciences, where <mask> was one of four permanent presidents. Post-war and the Weimar Republic
In the turbulent post-war years, <mask>, now the highest authority of German physics, issued the slogan "persevere and continue working" to his colleagues. In October 1920, he and Fritz Haber established the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Organization of German Science), aimed at providing financial support for scientific research. A considerable portion of the money the organization would distribute was raised abroad. <mask> also held leading positions at Berlin University, the Prussian Academy of Sciences, the German Physical Society and the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (which became the Max Planck Society in 1948). During this time economic conditions in Germany were such that he was hardly able to conduct research.In 1926, <mask> became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. During the interwar period, <mask> became a member of the Deutsche Volks-Partei (German People's Party), the party of Nobel Peace Prize laureate Gustav Stresemann, which aspired to liberal aims for domestic policy and rather revisionistic aims for politics around the world. <mask> disagreed with the introduction of universal suffrage and later expressed the view that the Nazi dictatorship resulted from "the ascent of the rule of the crowds". Quantum mechanics

At the end of the 1920s Bohr, Heisenberg and Pauli had worked out the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, but it was rejected by <mask>, and by Schrödinger, Laue, and Einstein as well. <mask> expected that wave mechanics would soon render quantum theoryhis own childunnecessary. This was not to be the case, however. Further work only served to underscore the enduring central importance of quantum theory, even against his and Einstein's philosophical revulsions.<mask> experienced the truth of his own earlier observation from his struggle with the older views in his younger years: "A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it." Nazi dictatorship and the Second World War
When the Nazis came to power in 1933, <mask> was 74. He witnessed many Jewish friends and colleagues expelled from their positions and humiliated, and hundreds of scientists emigrate from Nazi Germany. Again he tried to "persevere and continue working" and asked scientists who were considering emigration to remain in Germany. Nevertheless, he did help his nephew, the economist Hermann Kranold, to emigrate to London after his arrest. He hoped the crisis would abate soon and the political situation would improve. Otto Hahn asked <mask> to gather well-known German professors in order to issue a public proclamation against the treatment of Jewish professors, but <mask> replied, "If you are able to gather today 30 such gentlemen, then tomorrow 150 others will come and speak against it, because they are eager to take over the positions of the others."Under <mask>'s leadership, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (KWG) avoided open conflict with the Nazi regime, except concerning the Jewish Fritz Haber. <mask> tried to discuss the issue with the recently appointed Chancellor of Germany Adolf Hitler, but was unsuccessful, as to Hitler "the Jews are all Communists, and these are my enemies." In the following year, 1934, Haber died in exile. One year later, <mask>, having been the president of the KWG since 1930, organized in a somewhat provocative style an official commemorative meeting for Haber. He also succeeded in secretly enabling a number of Jewish scientists to continue working in institutes of the KWG for several years. In 1936, his term as president of the KWG ended, and the Nazi government pressured him to refrain from seeking another term. As the political climate in Germany gradually became more hostile, Johannes Stark, prominent exponent of Deutsche Physik ("German Physics", also called "Aryan Physics") attacked <mask>, Sommerfeld and Heisenberg for continuing to teach the theories of Einstein, calling them "white Jews".The "Hauptamt Wissenschaft" (Nazi government office for science) started an investigation of <mask>'s ancestry, claiming that he was "1/16 Jewish", but <mask> himself denied it. In 1938 <mask> celebrated his 80th birthday. The DPG held a celebration, during which the Max-Planck medal (founded as the highest medal by the DPG in 1928) was awarded to French physicist Louis de Broglie. At the end of 1938, the Prussian Academy lost its remaining independence and was taken over by Nazis (Gleichschaltung). <mask> protested by resigning his presidency. He continued to travel frequently, giving numerous public talks, such as his talk on Religion and Science, and five years later he was sufficiently fit to climb 3,000-metre peaks in the Alps. During the Second World War the increasing number of Allied bombing missions against Berlin forced <mask> and his wife to temporarily leave the city and live in the countryside.In 1942 he wrote: "In me an ardent desire has grown to persevere this crisis and live long enough to be able to witness the turning point, the beginning of a new rise." In February 1944, his home in Berlin was completely destroyed by an air raid, annihilating all his scientific records and correspondence. His rural retreat was threatened by the rapid advance of the Allied armies from both sides. In 1944 <mask>'s son Erwin was arrested by the Gestapo following the attempted assassination of Hitler in the 20 July plot. He was tried and sentenced to death by the People's Court in October 1944. Erwin was hanged at Berlin's Plötzensee Prison in January 1945. The death of his son destroyed much of <mask>'s will to live.After the end of the war <mask>, his second wife, and his son by her were brought to a relative in Göttingen, where <mask> died on 4 October 1947. His grave is situated in the old Stadtfriedhof (City Cemetery) in Göttingen. Religious views
<mask> was a member of the Lutheran Church in Germany. He was very tolerant towards alternative views and religions. In a lecture in 1937 entitled "Religion und Naturwissenschaft" ("Religion and Natural Science") he suggested the importance of these symbols and rituals related directly with a believer's ability to worship God, but that one must be mindful that the symbols provide an imperfect illustration of divinity. He criticized atheism for being focused on the derision of such symbols, while at the same time warned of the over-estimation of the importance of such symbols by believers. <mask> was tolerant and favorable to all religions.Although he remained in the Lutheran Church, he did not promote Christian or Biblical views. He believed "the faith in miracles must yield, step by step, before the steady and firm advance of the facts of science, and its total defeat is undoubtedly a matter of time." In "Religion und Naturwissenschaft", <mask> expressed the view that God is everywhere present, and held that "the holiness of the unintelligible Godhead is conveyed by the holiness of symbols." Atheists, he thought, attach too much importance to what are merely symbols. He was a churchwarden from 1920 until his death, and believed in an almighty, all-knowing, beneficent God (though not necessarily a personal one). Both science and religion wage a "tireless battle against skepticism and dogmatism, against unbelief and superstition" with the goal "toward God!" <mask> said in 1944, "As a man who has devoted his whole life to the most clear headed science, to the study of matter, I can tell you as a result of my research about atoms this much: There is no matter as such.All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together. We must assume behind this force the existence of a conscious and intelligent spirit [orig. geist]. This spirit is the matrix of all matter." <mask> argued that the concept of God is important to both religion and science, but in different ways: "Both religion and science require a belief in God. For believers, God is in the beginning, and for physicists He is at the end of all considerations … To the former He is the foundation, to the latter, the crown of the edifice of every generalized world view". Furthermore, <mask> wrote, ..."to believe" means "to recognize as a truth," and the knowledge of nature, continually advancing on incontestably safe tracks, has made it utterly impossible for a person possessing some training in natural science to recognize as founded on truth the many reports of extraordinary occurrences contradicting the laws of nature, of miracles which are still commonly regarded as essential supports and confirmations of religious doctrines, and which formerly used to be accepted as facts pure and simple, without doubt or criticism.The belief in miracles must retreat step by step before relentlessly and reliably progressing science and we cannot doubt that sooner or later it must vanish completely. Noted historian of science John L. Heilbron characterized <mask>'s views on God as deistic. Heilbron further relates that when asked about his religious affiliation, <mask> replied that although he had always been deeply religious, he did not believe "in a personal God, let alone a Christian God"..

Publications
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See also
List of things named after <mask>ck
German inventors and discoverers
Photon polarization
Statue of <mask>ck
Zero-point energy

References

Sources
 Aczel, Amir D. Entanglement, Chapter

masks:
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Prince <mask>ze Bagration-Gruzinsky () (born  25 August 1950, in Tbilisi, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic) is the head of the deposed royal House of Gruzinsky and represents its claim to the former crown of Georgia. Biography
Prince Nugzar is the son of Prince Petre Bagration-Gruzinsky of Georgia (1920–1984), a prominent poet and claimant to the headship of the Georgian dynasty from 1939 until his death, and his second wife Liya Mgeladze (b. 8 August 1926). Prince Nugzar is the director of the Tbilisi theatre of cinema artists. On 18 December 2007, Nugzar met with Kristiina Ojuland, the Vice-President of the Riigikogu (Parliament of Estonia) at the Marriott-Tbilisi Hotel in which Ojuland "paid homage to the Bagrationi dynasty, which has made an extraordinary contribution in support of Georgia". Prince Nugzar is the senior descendant by primogeniture in the male line of George XII, the last King of Georgia (Kartli and Kakheti) to reign. Family
Nugzar married actress Leila Kipiani (b. Tbilisi 16 July 1947) on 10 February 1971, and they have two daughters:

Princess Ana Bagration-Gruzinsky, b. Tbilisi 1 November 1976.Married firstly to Grigoriy Malania and had two daughters with him, Irina and Mariam Bagration-Gruzinsky, and secondly, to Prince David Bagration of Mukhrani with whom she has a son, Prince Giorgi Bagrationi (see below). Princess Maia Bagration-Gruzinsky, b. Tbilisi 2 January 1978. She married Nikolai Chichinadze and has two children with him, Themour and Ana Chichinadze. As Nugzar has no male issue, Yevgeny Petrovich Gruzinsky (born 1947), the great-great grandson of Bagrat's younger brother Ilia (1791–1854), who lives in the Russian Federation, is considered to be Nugzar's heir presumptive within the primogeniture principle. Nugzar himself argues in favor of having his eldest daughter, Ana, designated as his heir in accordance with the Georgian dynastic law of "Zedsidzeoba" according to which every child of Princess Ana would inherit eligibility for dynastic succession through their mother, thus continuing the elder line of George XII. Dynastic marriage of the Gruzinsky and Mukhrani heirs
Nugzar's daughter, Princess Ana, a divorced teacher and journalist with two daughters, married Prince David Bagration of Mukhrani, on 8 February 2009 at the Tbilisi Sameba Cathedral. The marriage united the Gruzinsky and Mukhrani branches of the Georgian royal family, and drew a crowd of 3,000 spectators, officials, and foreign diplomats, as well as extensive coverage by the Georgian media.The dynastic significance of the wedding lay in the fact that, amidst the turmoil in political partisanship that has roiled Georgia since its independence in 1991, Patriarch Ilia II of Georgia publicly called for restoration of the monarchy as a path toward national unity in October 2007. Although this led some politicians and parties to entertain the notion of a Georgian constitutional monarchy, competition arose among the old dynasty's princes and supporters, as historians and jurists debated which Bagrationi has the strongest hereditary right to a throne that has been vacant for two centuries. Although some Georgian monarchists support the Gruzinsky branch's claim, others support that of the repatriated Mukhrani branch. Both branches descend in unbroken, legitimate male line from the medieval kings of Georgia down to Constantine II of Georgia who died in 1505. Whereas the Bagration-Mukhrani were a cadet branch of the former Royal House of Kartli, they became the genealogically senior-most line of the Bagrationi family in the early 20th century: yet the elder branch had lost the rule of Kartli by 1724. Meanwhile, the Bagration-Gruzinsky line, although junior to the Princes of Mukhrani genealogically, reigned over the kingdom of Kakheti, re-united the two realms in the kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti in 1762, and did not lose sovereignty until Russian annexation in 1801. Prince Giorgi, the son of David and Ana, was born on 27 September 2011 in Madrid, Spain.Currently <mask> does not officially recognize his grandson as heir to the Georgian throne. He continues to demand that David sign a written agreement in which he would recognize <mask> and the Gruzinsky branch as the sole rightful heir to the Georgian throne and to the legacy of the Georgian kings. Nevertheless, in 2013, Prince Giorgi returned to Georgia with his mother and father and was baptised by Patriarch Ilia II of Georgia at the cathedral in Mtskheta. This service was attended by Prince <mask>, who after the christening of his grandson said:

Patronages
  Director of Tiflis Theatre of Cinema Artists. Honours

Dynastic honours
  House of Bagrationi: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Queen Ketevan the Martyr
  House of Bagrationi: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint David
  House of Bagrationi: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of King Erekle II
  House of Bagrationi: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Order of the Crown of the Georgian Kingdom

Foreign honours
  Rwandan Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Order of the Drum

Ancestors

See also
Georgian monarchs family tree of Bagrationi dynasty

References

Sources

W.E.D. Allen, A History of the Georgian People, from the beginning down to the Russian conquest in the nineteenth century. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd., London, 1932.Almanach de Gotha, annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique. Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1826–1944. I.L. Bichikashvili, D.V. Ninidze and A.N. Peikrishvili, The Genealogy of the Bagratides. Tiflis, 1995
M.L.Bierbrier, "The Descendants of Theodora Comnena of Trebizond". The Genealogist, Volumes 11, No. 2, Fall 1997 to 14, No. 1, Spring 2000 (inclusive). American Society of Genealogists, Picton Press, Rockport, ME. M. Brosset (ed. ), Rapporta sur un Voyage Archéologique dans la Géorgie et dans l'Arménie exécute en 1847–1848.L'académie Impériale des Sciences, St.- Pétersbourg, 1849 [British Library Shelfmark 1269.dd.10]
Marie-Félicité Brosset, Histoire de la Géorgie, depuis la'antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle, traduite du Géorgien. L'académie Impériale des Sciences, St.- Pétersbourg, 1856. Marie-Félicité Brosset, "Inscriptions tumulaires géorgiennes de Moscou et de St.-Pètersbourg". Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pètersbourg. Sixième série. Sciences politiques, histoire et philologie. Tome IV.L'académie Impériale des Sciences, St.- Pétersbourg, 1840 pp. 461–521. [British Library shelfmark Ac. 1125/2]
Marie-Félicité Brosset, "Nouvelles rescherches sur l'histoire Wakhoucht, sur le roi Artchil et sa famille, et sur divers personages géorgiens enterrés à Moscou". Mélanges Asiatiques, Vol. III, l'Académie Impériale des Sciences, St Petersburg, 1859. pp. 534–575.[British Library shelfmark Ac. 1125/11]
Burke's Royal Families of the World, Volume II Africa & the Middle East, Burke's Peerage Ltd., London 1980. Stanislav Dumin, "Tsars and Tsarevitchs of the United Kakheti and Kartli. T.S.H. Princes Gruzinsky", The Families of the Nobility of the Russian Empire, Volume III, Moscow, 1996. Jacques Ferrand, Les Families Princieres de l'Ancien Empire de Russie en émigration. 3 parts.Montreuil, France, 1978. Giorgi Gabeskiria. Georgian History. National Parliamentary Library of Georgia/Electronic Text Center, Tbilisi, 2001. A. Gugushvili, "The Chronological-Genealogical Table of the Kings of Georgia". Georgica. Volume 1, Nos.2 & 3, pp. 106–153. The Georgian Historical Society, London, October 1936. János József Gudenus, Magyar családtorténeti adattár. Petófi Irodalmi Múzeum, Budapest. Internet, 2006. Nicolas Ikonnikov, la Noblesse de Russie.Deuxième Edition. Paris, 1958. Davit Marshal Lang, The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658–1632. Columbia University Press, New York, 1957. "Oukase Impérial réglant le titre et le raing des princes Géorgiens domiciliés en Russie". Journal Asiatique. Troisième série, Tome 1, Fevrier 1836, pp.205–207. Société Asiatique, Paris, 1836. S. Quakhchishvili (ed. ), The Georgian Chronicle: the Period of Giorgi Lasha. Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1991. Nino Salia, "le martyr de la reine Kéthévan de Georgie", Bedi Karthlisa "Le Destin de la Georgie", Revue de Karthvelologie, No 23 (N.S. ), pp.55–57, Paris, January 1957. Kalistrat Salia and Katharine Vivian (trans. ), History of the Georgian Nation. Paris, 1983. Mihail-Dimitri Sturdza, Dictionnaire historique et génealgique des grandes familles de Grèce, d'Albanie et de Constantinople. Paris, 1999. Cyril Toumanoff, "The Fifteenth-Century Bagratides and the Institution of Collegial Sovereignty in Georgia".Traditio. Volume VII, Fordham University Press, New York 1949–1951, pp. 169–221. Cyrille Toumanoff, Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l'histoire de la Caucasie Chrétienne (Arménie-Géorgie-Albanie). Edizioni Aquila, Roma, 1976. Tsarévitch Wakhoucht (Prince Vakusht), Description géographique de la Géorgie. L'Académie Impérial des Sciences, St Pétersbourg, 1842.External links
 Official Site of the Royal House of Bagrationi of Georgia (Gruzinsky)

1950 births
Living people
Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
Georgian princes
Film people from Tbilisi
Theatre directors from Georgia (country)
Pretenders to the Georgian throne
Theatre people from Tbilisi

masks:
Nugzar Petres d
Nugzar
Nugzar
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texts:
<mask>, CBE (14 March 1869 – 10 December 1951) was an English broadcasting narrator, journalist, novelist and short story writer, and among the most prolific ghost story writers in the history of the genre. The literary critic S. T. Joshi stated, "His work is more consistently meritorious than any weird writer's except Dunsany's." and that his short story collection Incredible Adventures (1914) "may be the premier weird collection of this or any other century". Life and work
<mask> was born in Shooter's Hill (now part of south-east London, then part of north-west Kent). Between 1871 and 1880, he lived at Crayford Manor House, Crayford and he was educated at Wellington College. His father was a Post Office administrator who, according to Peter Penzoldt, "though not devoid of genuine good-heartedness, had appallingly narrow religious ideas." After he read the work of a Hindu sage left behind at his parents' house, he developed an interest in Buddhism and other eastern philosophies.<mask> had a varied career, working as a dairy farmer in Canada, where he also operated a hotel for six months, as a newspaper reporter in New York City, bartender, model, journalist for The New York Times, private secretary, businessman, and violin teacher. Throughout his adult life, he was an occasional essayist for periodicals. In his late thirties, he moved back to England and started to write stories of the supernatural. He was successful, writing at least ten original collections of short stories and later telling them on radio and television. He also wrote 14 novels, several children's books and a number of plays, most of which were produced, but not published. He was an avid lover of nature and the outdoors, as many of his stories reflect. To satisfy his interest in the supernatural, he joined The Ghost Club.He never married; according to his friends he was a loner, but also cheerful company. Jack Sullivan stated that "<mask>'s life parallels his work more neatly than perhaps that of any other ghost story writer. Like his lonely but fundamentally optimistic protagonists, he was a combination of mystic and outdoorsman; when he wasn't steeping himself in occultism, including Rosicrucianism, or Buddhism he was likely to be skiing or mountain climbing." <mask> was a member of one of the factions of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, as was his contemporary Arthur Machen. Cabalistic themes influence his novel The Human Chord. His two best-known stories are probably "The Willows" and "The Wendigo". He would also often write stories for newspapers at short notice, with the result that he was unsure exactly how many short stories he had written and there is no sure total.Though <mask> wrote a number of horror stories, his most typical work seeks less to frighten than to induce a sense of awe. Good examples are the novels The Centaur, which reaches a climax with a traveller's sight of a herd of the mythical creatures; and Julius LeVallon and its sequel The Bright Messenger, which deal with reincarnation and the possibility of a new, mystical evolution of human consciousness. In correspondence with Peter Penzoldt, <mask> wrote,

My fundamental interest, I suppose, is signs and proofs of other powers that lie hidden in us all; the extension, in other words, of human faculty. So many of my stories, therefore, deal with extension of consciousness; speculative and imaginative treatment of possibilities outside our normal range of consciousness.... Also, all that happens in our universe is natural; under Law; but an extension of our so limited normal consciousness can reveal new, extra-ordinary powers etc., and the word "supernatural" seems the best word for treating these in fiction. I believe it possible for our consciousness to change and grow, and that with this change we may become aware of a new universe. A "change" in consciousness, in its type, I mean, is something more than a mere extension of what we already possess and know. <mask> wrote an autobiography of his early years, Episodes Before Thirty (1923), and there is a biography, Starlight Man, by Mike Ashley ().<mask> died after several strokes. Officially his death on 10 December 1951 was from cerebral thrombosis, with arteriosclerosis as a contributing factor. He was cremated at Golders Green crematorium. A few weeks later his nephew took his ashes to Saanenmöser Pass in the Swiss Alps, and scattered them in the mountains that he had loved for more than forty years. Tales of the Supernatural (1983); selected and introduced by Mike Ashley; selections from previous Blackwood collections
The Magic Mirror (1989); selected, introduced, and notes by Mike Ashley; original collection
The Complete John Silence Stories (1997); selected and introduced by S. T. Joshi; reprint of 1908's John Silence (without the preface to the 1942 reprint) and the one remaining John Silence story, "A Victim of Higher Space"
Ancient Sorceries and Other Weird Stories (2002); selected, introduced, and notes by S. T. Joshi; selections from previous Blackwood collections
<mask> <mask>'s Canadian Tales of Terror (2004); selected, introduced, with notes by John Robert Colombo; eight stories of special Canadian interest plus information on the author's years in Canada

Legacy
H. P. Lovecraft included <mask> as one of the "Modern Masters" in the section of that name in "Supernatural Horror in Literature". Authors who have been influenced by <mask>'s work include William Hope Hodgson, George Allan England, H. P. Lovecraft, H. Russell Wakefield, "L. Adams Beck" (Elizabeth Louisa Moresby), Margery Lawrence, Evangeline Walton, Ramsey Campbell and Graham Joyce. In the first draft of his essay "Notes on the Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings", J. R. R. Tolkien stated that he derived the phrase "crack of doom" from an unnamed story by Algernon Blackwood.Frank Belknap Long's 1928 story "The Space-Eaters" alludes to <mask>'s fiction. Clark Ashton Smith's story "Genius Loci" (1933) was inspired by <mask>'s story "The Transfer". The plot of Caitlin R. Kiernan's novel Threshold (2001) is influenced by <mask>'s work. Kiernan has cited <mask> as an important influence on her writing. In The Books in My Life, Henry Miller chose <mask>'s The Bright Messenger as "the most extraordinary novel on psychoanalysis, one that dwarfs the subject." <mask> <mask> appears as a character in the novel The Curse of the Wendigo by Rick Yancey. In the PS4 game Until Dawn, the main setting is named Blackwood Pines, as the main antagonist is a Wendigo.Critical studies
An early essay on <mask>'s work was "<mask> <mask>: An Appreciation," by Grace Isabel Colbron (1869–1943), which appeared in The Bookman in February 1915. Peter Penzoldt devotes the final chapter of The Supernatural in Fiction (1952) to an analysis of <mask>'s work and dedicates the book "with deep admiration and gratitude, to <mask> <mask>, the greatest of them all". A critical analysis of <mask>'s work appears in Jack Sullivan, Elegant Nightmares: The English Ghost Story From Le Fanu to Blackwood, 1978. David Punter has an essay on <mask>. There is a critical essay on <mask>'s work in S. T. Joshi's The Weird Tale (1990). Edward Wagenknecht analyses <mask>'s work in his book Seven Masters of Supernatural Fiction. David Grimbleby, "<mask> <mask>: A Personal Appreciation".Occulture 1, No 2 [1994]
 Eugene Thacker, in his "Horror of Philosophy" series of books, discusses <mask>'s stories "The Willows" and "The Man Whom The Trees Loved" as examples of how supernatural horror poses philosophical questions regarding the relation between human beings and the "cosmic indifference" of the world. See also

List of horror fiction authors
Religion and mythology
Tales of Mystery (A 1960s British supernatural television drama series)
Weird Fiction

Notes

References

 US edition of Starlight Man: The Extraordinary Life of <mask> <mask>. UK edition of <mask> <mask>: An Extraordinary Life. Modern reissue of subject's memoir; originally published in 1923 (London: Cassell & Co.). Burleson, Donald. "<mask> <mask>'s 'The Listener: A Hearing'". Studies in Weird Fiction 5 (Spring 1989), pp.15–19. Colombo, John Robert. "<mask>'s Books: A Bibliography Devoted to <mask> <mask>" Toronto  Hounslow Press 1981
Colombo, John Robert. (ed) Algernon <mask>'s Canadian Tales of Terror Lake Eugenia, Ontario Battered Silicon Dispatch Box 2004
Goddin, Jeffrey. "Subtle Perceptions: The Fantasy Novels of <mask> <mask>" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed) Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction, Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1986, pp. 94–103. Johnson, George M. "Algernon Blackwood".Dictionary of Literary Biography. Late-Victorian and Edwardian British Novelists, First Series. Ed. George M. Johnson. Detroit: Gale, 1995. Johnson, George M. "<mask> <mask>". Dictionary of Literary Biography.British Short-Fiction Writers, 1880–1914. Ed. William F. Naufftus. Detroit: Gale, 1995. Johnson, George M. "<mask> <mask>". New Dictionary of National Biography. Ed.Brian Harrison. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Johnson, George M. "<mask> <mask>’s Modernist Experiments in Psychical Detection". Formal Investigations: Aesthetic Style in Late-Victorian and Edwardian Detective Fiction. Stuttgart: Ibidem Press, 2007. pp. 29–51. Johnson, George M. "The Other Side of Edwardian Fiction: Two Forgotten Fantasy Novels of 1911".Wormwood: Literature of the fantastic, supernatural and decadent. UK, No. 16 (Spring 2011) 3–15. Thacker, Eugene. "How <mask> <mask> Turned Nature Into Sublime Horror". LitHub. (March 8, 2021).Further reading
Goddin, Jeffrey. "Subtle Perceptions: The Fantasy Novels of <mask> <mask>" in Darrell Schweitzer, ed. Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction. Gillette, NJ: Wildside Press, 1996, 94-103. Gilbert, Stuart. "<mask> <mask>, Novelist and Mystic". Transition No 35 (July 1935).Letson, Russell Francis J. "The Approaches to Mystery: The Fantasies of Arthur Machen and <mask> <mask>." Dissertation Abstracts International, 36 (1976): 8047A (Southern Illinois University). Sullivan, Jack. Elegant Nightmares: The English Ghost Story from Le Fanu to Blackwood. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1978. Wagenknecht, Edward.Seven Masters of Supernatural Fiction. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991, Chapter Four. External links

Fantastic Fiction <mask> <mask> page
Spitzer Interview: Adapting The Willows
Collection of Blackwood Stories
<mask> <mask> Quotes

Play Starlight Express at Great War Theatre

1869 births
1951 deaths
English horror writers
Ghost story writers
English memoirists
English short story writers
People from Shooter's Hill
People from Crayford
People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Deaths from cerebral thrombosis
20th-century English novelists
Weird fiction writers
20th-century British short story writers

masks:
Algernon Henry Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood
Algernon
Blackwood


texts:
<mask>, 2nd Marquess of Dorset  (22 June 147710 October 1530) was an English peer, courtier, soldier, and landowner of the House of Grey. Early life
Grey was the third son and heir of <mask>, 1st Marquess of Dorset (1455–1501), at that time England's only marquess, and his wife, Cecily Bonville, the daughter and heiress of William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington of Aldingham. His mother was suo jure 7th Baroness Harington of Aldingham and 2nd Baroness Bonville, and the richest heiress in England. The first marquess was the eldest son of Elizabeth Woodville, a stepson of King Edward IV and a half-brother of King Edward V.

According to some reports, the young Grey attended Magdalen College School, Oxford, and he is uncertainly said to have been taught (either at the school or else privately tutored) by the future Cardinal Wolsey. Grey's father was opposed to King Richard III, and after the older <mask> joined Buckingham's failed rebellion of 1483, father and son fled to Brittany, joining Henry Tudor. Five months after Richard lost the crown to Henry at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, the new king married the first Dorset's half-sister Elizabeth of York, but Henry VII was also suspicious of Dorset, who was imprisoned during Lambert Simnel's rebellion of 1487. In 1492, Dorset was required to give guarantees of loyalty to the crown and to make the young <mask> a ward of the king.Courtier

Amongst the Queen of England's closest relations, Grey and his younger brothers Leonard and Edward were welcome at court and became courtiers and later soldiers. In 1494, Grey was made a knight of the Bath and in 1501 a knight of the Garter. Also in 1501, his father died and the younger <mask> inherited his titles and some of his estates. However, much of the first marquess's land went to his widow and not to his son, who did not come into his full inheritance until the death of his mother in 1529, shortly before his own death. Later in 1501, he was 'chief answerer' at the marriage of Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Catherine of Aragon and was presented with a diamond and ruby Tudor rose at a court tournament. But in 1508 he was sent to the Tower of London, and later a gaol in Calais, under suspicion of conspiracy against Henry VII. Although he was saved from execution in 1509 by the accession of King Henry VIII, Grey was attainted and lost his titles.However, later in 1509 he was pardoned and returned to court, and was summoned to parliament as Baron Ferrers of Groby. In 1511, he was summoned as Marquess of Dorset. From 1509, Dorset was again an active courtier and took part with great distinction in many court tournaments, on one occasion in March 1524 nearly killing the king. In 1511, Dorset sold land near Althorp, Northamptonshire, to John Spencer. The sale included the villages of Little Brington and Great Brington, as well their parish church of St Mary the Virgin. In 1514, with Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, Dorset escorted Henry VII's daughter Princess Mary to France for her wedding to King Louis XII. Dorset owned land in sixteen English counties and was a justice of the peace for several of them.In 1516, during a rivalry in Leicestershire with George, Baron Hastings, and Sir Richard Sacheverell, Dorset unlawfully increased his retinue at court and was brought before the Star Chamber and the Court of King's Bench. He was bound over for good behaviour. As part of this rivalry, he greatly enlarged his ancestral home at Bradgate, Leicestershire. In 1520, at the Field of Cloth of Gold, Dorset carried the sword of state. In 1521, he met the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at Gravelines on the coast of France and escorted him on a visit to England. He helped with the entertainment of the court by maintaining a company of actors. In 1521, Dorset sat in judgment on the Duke of Buckingham, despite being related to him by blood and marriage.Henry VIII rewarded Dorset with three of Buckingham's manors. From 17 June 1523 until his death in 1530, Dorset was Justice in Eyre south of Trent. As such, he presided at the triennial Court of justice-seat, which dealt with matters of forest law. In 1524, Dorset's Leicestershire feud with Lord Hastings turned into a fight between hundreds of men, and Cardinal Wolsey took action. Both rivals had to put up a bond for good behaviour of one thousand pounds, and Dorset was sent to Wales as Lord Master of Princess Mary's Council. In 1528, Dorset became constable of Warwick Castle, and in 1529 of Kenilworth Castle. In 1529, recalling his role as 'chief answerer' at the marriage of Arthur, Prince of Wales, Dorset was a critical witness in favour of Henry VIII's divorce of Catherine of Aragon.He strongly supported the King's contention that Arthur and Catherine's marriage had been consummated. In 1530, in the final months of his life, he assisted the King in the condemnation of Cardinal Wolsey. Soldier
In 1512, during the War of the League of Cambrai, Dorset led an unsuccessful English military expedition to France to reconquer Aquitaine, which England had lost during the Hundred Years' War. Ferdinand of Aragon gave none of the support he had promised. While Ferdinand delayed and tried to persuade Dorset to help him to attack Navarre instead of Aquitaine, the English army's food, beer, and pay ran out, many took to wine and became ill, and the army mutinied. Back in England, Dorset had to face a trial. In 1513, he fought at the siege of Tournai and the Battle of Guinegate (also known as the Battle of the Spurs), and fought again in 1523 in the Scottish borders.These all gave him chances to make amends for the debacle of Aquitaine. To help Dorset in dealing with the Scots, he was appointed Lord Warden of the Marches, restored to the Privy Council, and became a gentleman of the chamber. Family
Grey was the son and heir of <mask>, 1st Marquess of Dorset (c. 1456–1501), and his wife, Cecily Bonville, daughter and heiress of William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington of Aldingham and of Lady Katherine Neville (1442–1503) and granddaughter of Alice Neville, 5th Countess of Salisbury (1407–1462). Cecily Bonville's maternal uncles included Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (called 'Warwick the Kingmaker'), John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu and George Neville, archbishop of York and Chancellor of England, while her aunts had married Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, <mask>, 1st Earl of Derby, and John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. Cecily Bonville succeeded her father as Baroness Harington in 1460, and two months later succeeded her great-grandfather William Bonville as Baron Bonville. After the death of her first husband, Cecily Bonville married her late husband's first cousin Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, the younger son of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and of Catherine Woodville, Dorset's aunt. The younger <mask>'s paternal grandparents were Queen Elizabeth Woodville (c. 1437–1492) and her first husband Sir John Grey of Groby (c. 1432–1461), son and heir of Elizabeth Ferrers, Lady Ferrers of Groby, so his father the first marquess was a stepson of King Edward IV and a half-brother of King Edward V. His grandfather Sir John Grey was killed at the Second Battle of St Albans (1461), fighting on the Lancastrian side.His grandmother Elizabeth Woodville was the eldest daughter of Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers, and Jacquetta of Luxembourg, widow of John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. Following his grandmother's marriage to Edward IV, members of her family gained advantages and made prosperous marriages. Elizabeth's brother John Woodville, at the age of twenty, married Catherine Neville, dowager Duchess of Norfolk, then in her late sixties. Through Jacquetta of Luxembourg, Dorset was descended from Eleanor of England (1215–1275), the daughter of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, and from several other European royal families. Marriages and descendants
<mask> was contracted in 1483 to marry Anne St Leger (1476–1526), the daughter of Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter and her second husband Sir <mask> Leger. Remarkably, Anne St Leger had been declared the heiress to the Exeter estates, but the marriage did not take place. In the event, the young <mask>'s first marriage was to Eleanor St John, a daughter of Oliver St John of Lydiard Tregoze, Wiltshire and of his wife Elizabeth Scrope, daughter of Henry le Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Bolton (1418–1459).Grey's father-in-law Oliver St John (died in 1497) (also known as Oliver of Ewell) was the son of Margaret Beauchamp (c. 1411–1482), the great-great-granddaughter of Roger Beauchamp, 1st Lord Beauchamp of Bletso, Keeper of Devizes Castle, and heiress to the Beauchamp estates. After the death of her first husband, another Oliver St John (died 1437), she married John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset (1404–1444), producing Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond. Eleanor St John was therefore the first cousin of Henry VII. In 1509, <mask> (now known as Lord Ferrers of Groby) married secondly Margaret Wotton (1487–1541), daughter of Sir Robert Wotton (c. 1463–1524) of Boughton Malherbe, Kent, and the widow of William Medley. She had two notable brothers, Sir Edward Wotton (1489–1551), Treasurer of Calais, and Nicholas Wotton (c. 1497–1567), a diplomat who in 1539 arranged the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves. With Margaret, the younger <mask> had four sons and four daughters, including Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk (1517–1554). Their daughter Elizabeth married <mask>, 1st Baron Audley of Walden and was the grandmother of <mask>, 1st Earl of Suffolk.His second wife survived him and died in or after 1535. His younger brother Leonard Grey, 1st Viscount Grane (c. 14791541) served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1536 to 1540. Dorset's son Henry succeeded him as Marquess of Dorset, married Lady Frances Brandon, a granddaughter of King Henry VII, and in 1551 (on the death of his brother-in-law Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk) become Duke of Suffolk, by way of a new creation. Dorset's granddaughter Lady Jane Grey was the designated successor of King Edward VI by his will, and for nine days in July 1553 briefly sat on the throne of England. In 1554, together with Dorset's other surviving sons, Lord John Grey and Lord <mask>, Suffolk took part in Wyatt's rebellion against Mary I's marriage to Philip of Spain and in support of Lady Jane Grey. When this rebellion failed, all three were arrested, and Suffolk and his brother <mask> were executed, as were Lady Jane herself and her husband Lord Guildford Dudley. Lord John Grey survived, and in July 1603 his youngest son, Henry Grey, was restored to the House of Lords by King James I as Baron Grey of Groby.Death
Dorset died on 10 October 1530, and was buried in the collegiate church at Astley in Warwickshire. When he died he held estates in London and in sixteen counties, amounting to over one hundred manors, and was one of the richest men in England. His grave was opened in the early seventeenth century and measurement of his skeleton suggested a height of 5 feet 8 inches. Ancestry

References
 The expedition of Dorset to Navarre

1477 births
1530 deaths
<mask>, 2nd Marquess of Dorset
Knights of the Garter
Knights of the Bath
Marquesses of Dorset
Recipients of English royal pardons
<mask>
15th-century English nobility
16th-century English nobility
Barons Harington

masks:
Thomas Grey
Thomas Grey
Thomas
Thomas Grey
Thomas
Thomas Grey
Thomas Stanley
Thomas Grey
Thomas Grey
Thomas St
Thomas Grey
Thomas Grey
Thomas Grey
Thomas Audley
Thomas Howard
Thomas Grey
Thomas
Thomas Grey
Thomas Thomas


texts:
<mask> (; 3 November 1892 – 25 February 1982), also known as Zhao Yuanren, was a Chinese-American linguist, educator, scholar, poet, and composer, who contributed to the modern study of Chinese phonology and grammar. <mask> was born and raised in China, then attended university in the United States, where he earned degrees from Cornell University and Harvard University. A naturally gifted polyglot and linguist, his Mandarin Primer was one of the most widely used Mandarin Chinese textbooks in the 20th century. He invented the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization scheme, which, unlike pinyin and other romanization systems, transcribes Mandarin Chinese pronunciation without diacritics to indicate tones. Early life
<mask> was born in Tianjin in 1892, though his family's ancestral home was in Changzhou, Jiangsu province. In 1910, <mask> went to the United States with a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship to study mathematics and physics at Cornell University, where he was a classmate and lifelong friend of Hu Shih, the leader of the New Culture Movement. He then became interested in philosophy and in 1918 earned a Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard University with a dissertation entitled "Continuity: Study in Methodology".Already in college his interests had turned to music and languages. He spoke German and French fluently and some Japanese, and he had a reading knowledge of ancient Greek and Latin. He was Bertrand Russell's interpreter when Russell visited China in 1920. In his My Linguistic Autobiography, he wrote of his ability to pick up a Chinese dialect quickly, without much effort. <mask> possessed a natural gift for hearing fine distinctions in pronunciation that was said to be "legendary for its acuity", enabling him to record the sounds of various dialects with a high degree of accuracy. Career development and later life

In 1920, he returned to China, marrying the physician Yang Buwei there that year. The ceremony was simple, as opposed to traditional weddings, attended only by Hu Shih and one other friend.Hu's account of it in the newspapers made the couple a model of modern marriage for China's New Culture generation. <mask> taught mathematics at Tsinghua University and one year later returned to the United States to teach at Harvard University. In 1925, he again returned to China, teaching at Tsinghua, and in 1926 began a survey of the Wu dialects. While at Tsinghua, <mask> was considered one of the 'Four Great Teachers / Masters' of China, alongside Wang Guowei, Liang Qichao, and Chen Yinke. He began to conduct linguistic fieldwork throughout China for the Institute of History and Philology of Academia Sinica from 1928 onwards. During this period of time, he collaborated with Luo Changpei, another leading Chinese linguist of his generation, to translate Bernhard Karlgren's Études sur la Phonologie Chinoise (published in 1940) into Chinese. In 1938, he left for the US and resided there afterwards.In 1945, he served as president of the Linguistic Society of America, and in 1966 a special issue of the society's journal Language was dedicated to him. In 1954, he became an American citizen. In the 1950s he was among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research. From 1947 to 1960, he taught at the University of California at Berkeley, where in 1952, he became Agassiz Professor of Oriental Languages. Both <mask> and his wife Yang were known for their good senses of humor, he particularly for his love of subtle jokes and language puns: they published a family history entitled, Life with Chaos: the autobiography of a Chinese family. Late in his life, he was invited by Deng Xiaoping to return to China in 1981. Previously at the invitation of Premier Zhou En-Lai, <mask> and his wife returned to China in 1973 for the first time since the 1940s.He visited China again between May and June in 1981 after his wife died in March the same year. He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His first daughter Rulan <mask> (1922–2013) was Professor of East Asian Studies and Music at Harvard. His third daughter Lensey, born in 1929, is a children's book author and mathematician. Work

When in the US in 1921, <mask> recorded the Standard Chinese pronunciation gramophone records distributed nationally, as proposed by Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation. He is the author of one of the most important standard modern works on Chinese grammar, A Grammar of Spoken Chinese (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968), which was translated into Chinese separately by Lü Shuxiang (吕叔湘) in 1979 and by Ting Pang-hsin (丁邦新) in 1980. It was an expansion of the grammar chapters in his earlier textbooks, Mandarin Primer and Cantonese Primer.He was co-author of the Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese, which was the first dictionary to characterize Chinese characters as bound (used only in polysyllables) or free (permissible as a monosyllabic word). General Chinese (通字) is a phonetic system he invented to represent the pronunciations of all major varieties of Chinese simultaneously. It is not specifically a romanization system, but two alternate systems: one uses Chinese characters phonetically, as a syllabary, and the other is an alphabetic romanization system with similar sound values and tone spellings to Gwoyeu Romatzyh. <mask> also made a contribution to the International Phonetic Alphabet with the Chao tone letters. When the pitch descends, the contour is called a falling tone; when it ascends, a rising tone; when it descends and then returns, a dipping or falling-rising tone; and when it ascends and then returns, it is called a peaking or rising-falling tone. A tone in a contour-tone language which remains at approximately an even pitch is called a level tone. Tones which are too short to exhibit much of a contour, typically because of a final plosive consonant, may be called checked, abrupt, clipped, or stopped tones.His translation of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, where he tried his best to preserve all the word plays of the original, is considered "a classical piece of verbal art." He also wrote The Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den. This Chinese text consists of 92 characters, all with the sounds shī,  shí, shǐ and shì (the diacritics indicate the four tones of Mandarin). When written out using Chinese characters the text can be understood, but it is incomprehensible when read out aloud in Standard Chinese, and therefore also incomprehensible on paper when written in romanized form. This example is often used as an argument against the romanization of Chinese. In fact, the text was an argument against the romanization of Classical Chinese and <mask> was actually for the romanization of modern vernacular written Chinese; he was one of the designers of Gwoyeu Romatzyh. His composition How could I help thinking of her (教我如何不想她 jiāo wǒ rúhé bù xiǎng tā) was a "pop hit" in the 1930s in China.The lyrics are by Liu Bannong, another linguist. <mask> translated Jabberwocky into Chinese by inventing characters to imitate what Rob Gifford describes as the "slithy toves that gyred and gimbled in the wabe of Carroll's original." Mrs. <mask> published How to Cook and Eat in Chinese in 1946, and the book went through many editions. Their daughter Rulan wrote the English text and Mr. <mask> developmentally edited the text based on Mrs. <mask>'s developed recipes, as well as her experiences gathering recipes in various areas of China. Among the three of them, they coined the terms "pot sticker" and "stir fry" for the book, terms which are now widely accepted, and the recipes popularized various related techniques. His presentation of his wife's recipe for “Stirred Eggs” (Chapter 13) is a classic of American comic writing. Selected works
(with Yang Lien-sheng) Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese (1947).Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Cantonese Primer (1947). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Mandarin Primer (1948). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Grammar of Spoken Chinese (1965). Berkeley: University of California Press.References

Notes and Further reading
 <mask>, <mask> <mask>, "My Linguistic Autobiography", in Aspects of Chinese Sociolinguistics: Essays by <mask> <mask>, pp. 1–20, selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976. also in

 陳嘉映：〈語言學大師趙元任〉（2009）[Chen Jiaying: 'Linguist Master Zhao Yuanren' (2009)]

External links

Chinese linguist, phonologist, composer and author, <mask> <mask>, interview conducted by Rosemany Levenson, Bancroft Library
 Chao's gallery, with related essays, at  Tsinghua's site
 Biography at Guoxue

1892 births
1982 deaths
Chinese male composers
Republic of China (1912–1949) emigrants to the United States
Linguists from China
American writers of Chinese descent
Republic of China translators
English–Chinese translators
Chinese–English translators
Chinese non-fiction writers
Cornell University alumni
Chinese phonologists
Chinese sinologists
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Tsinghua University faculty
Harvard University faculty
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Cornell University faculty
National Southwestern Associated University faculty
Boxer Indemnity Scholarship recipients
Members of Academia Sinica
Writers from Tianjin
Educators from Tianjin
Musicians from Tianjin
Republic of China musicians
Scientists from Tianjin
20th-century Chinese translators
Chinese composers
20th-century composers
Linguistic Society of America presidents
Linguists of Chinese
20th-century linguists
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
20th-century male musicians

masks:
Yuen Ren Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao Pian
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Yuen
Ren
Yuen
Ren Chao
Yuen
Ren Chao


texts:
<mask> (6 September 1787 – 19 September 1852), born Marie Guillemette (Wilhelmina) <mask>, also known as <mask>, was a nun, virgin, mystic, and the founder of the Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche. She was born to a noble family near Rodez, in southern France. When she was 18 months old, she was sent to live with her maternal grandmother in Villefranche, to protect her from the oppression of Christians during the French Revolution. When she was 16, she had a spiritual experience, and at the age of 18, she became a teacher. In 1815, she started a school for poor girls in Villefranche, which became the Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche. Despite Rodat's spiritual and physical difficulties, the community expanded, eventually founding 38 houses, 25 cloistered communities, and 32 schools with over 5,000 students; they also visited prisoners and cared for abandoned infants in China. By 1999, there were 520 Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche worldwide.Rodat's feast day is 19 September. She was beatified in 1940 and canonized in 1950. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 6 September 1787, to a noble family, in "a handsome manor-house called Druelle" facing the plateau on which Rodez stands, in southern France. When she was 18 months old, at the beginning of the French Revolution, she was taken to live with her maternal grandmother in the Château of Ginals outside Villefranche, where her family lived in peace during the Revolution and Napoleon's reign because it was in a remote area and was relatively unscathed from the persecution of Catholics and other religious groups. Her aunt, a secularized nun due to religious oppression, also lived with them. Rodat was described as "a normally lively child with a strong but not excessive religious sensitivity" and "a pious young woman". She went to school in Maison Saint-Cyr in Villefranche, receiving a Christian education in secret due to the Revolution.When she was eleven, she received her First Communion. When she was 16, "her enthusiasm for religion cooled somewhat" and she changed confessors because she thought hers was too strict; after quarrelling with her grandmother, she returned to live with her parents at Ginals, where in 1804, she had a spiritual experience that drew her into religious life. When Rodat was 18, she returned to Villefranche, where she became a lay teacher at Maison Saint-Cyr, where she had gone to school, for eleven years. She was in charge of the girls' recreation, taught geography, and prepared them for communion. According to hagiographer Agnes Dunbar, "She took the deepest interest in their spiritual progress, and never recommended them any penance without first performing it herself". She met the Abbé Marty, the school's spiritual director, who became her confessor from 1805 to 1839; with his support and encouragement, Rodat investigated joining three communities, but always returned to Villefranche because none seemed to suit her; she blamed herself for her "restlessness and instability". In the spring of 1815, she was inspired to start a school for girls after overhearing a group of poor women discussing how their daughters were growing up without religious instruction because they were unable to pay for it themselves and the Ursuline nuns that taught them for no cost were driven away during the Revolution.<mask> taught 40 students, with the help of three assistants, in her small room at Villefranche. This was the beginning of what became the Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche, also called the Sisters of Villefranche. Career and ministry
In May 1816, with the support of the Abbé Marty, <mask> rented her own building and started a free school for girls. Marty wrote a rule based upon the Rule of St. Augustine and "helped her to expand the focus of this new community". She was able to purchase the house at the Maison Saint-Cyr, which was closing, with 100 students and eight other sisters. Two years later, she was able to buy better buildings for her school, but the congregation's existence was threatened by a series of unexplained illnesses and deaths of the students and teachers that was attributed to "diabolic influence". <mask> was inclined to take this as a sign not to continue, and seriously considered merging the community with the Daughters of Mary, which had just been founded by Adèle <mask> <mask>lèon.The sisters at Villefranche refused to accept any other abbess but Rodat, so the community was established, anyway. <mask> and her nuns took perpetual vows in the autumn of 1820, and according to church historian and hagiographer Alban Butler, they adopted a habit "of which the distinguishing feature was the transparent edge of the veil covering the upper part of the face". The first months of the Congregation did not go smoothly; according to Dunbar, "They were laughed at, jeered at, stoned". They were also threatened by legal action, some members of the Maison Saint-Cyr community were hostile to them, and they had to endure ridicule and criticism from lay people and clergy. In 1832, the Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche was formally approved by the bishop of Rodez. It was reported that Rodat had "great faith in God’s providential care and money and materials seemed to miraculously appear when needed". Founding schools were their main focus, but they gradually expanded to other ministries.They began to visit prisoners in 1863, "with encouraging results", opened orphanages, rescue homes for prostitutes, and a retirement home for "aged religious". <mask> also founded groups of contemplative nuns to pray for the community's charitable works, "seeing in the two branches a personification of Martha and Mary". By 1852, there were 32 Villefranche convents that ran schools, and five contemplative communities. <mask> "had to endure a lot both spiritually, health-wise and in her work" throughout her life. She developed cancer in her left eye, a cancerous tumor in her nose, and an unknown disease, probably Ménière's disease, which gave her permanent tinnitus in her ears. Her health difficulties, along with the loss of direct support from the Abbé Marty when he was appointed vicar general of the diocese of Rodez, caused her to experience a "period of spiritual despair". A life of intense prayer brought her inner peace of mind, but outwardly she seemed sullen, strict, and unattractive; she was sometimes careless with her personal appearance, especially how she dressed, to counteract her pride, what she perceived as her main weakness.One of her supervisors said that "she was a saint, but a stubborn saint". She was prone to arguments with even her supporters like the Abbé Marty due to "the uncompromising side of her personality", but responded politely to her critics. Few people knew that she was a "mystic with tremendous healing powers." In April 1852, after 30 years as head of the community she founded, <mask> retired due to the development of cancer in her left eye and a tumor. At the time, the Villefranche Sisters had begun working with abandoned infants in China, a work she was greatly interested in. She died on 19 September 1852, at the age of 65, and was buried in the crypt in the chapel of the first home she founded in Villefrance, which became a pilgrimage destination and where many people received prayers through her. At the time of her death, there were 38 houses, 25 cloistered communities, and 32 schools with over 5,000 students sponsored by the Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche in several countries.Streets in her home district, including Villefranche and Rodez, were named after her. As of 1999, there were 520 Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche worldwide. Rodat's feast day is 19 September; it is celebrated in the house of Holy Family of Villefranche the third Sunday in September. She was beatified on 9 June 1940 and canonized by Pope Pius XII on 23 April 1950. References

Works cited
 Butler, Alban (1991). Butler's Lives of the Saints (5th edition), Michael Walsh, ed. San Francisco: Harper. . OCLC 33824974

External links
 Sisters of the Holy Family of St Emilie (UK site)

French Roman Catholic saints
19th-century Christian saints
Canonizations by Pope Pius XII
1787 births
1852 deaths
Christian female saints of the Late Modern era

masks:
Émilie de Rodat
Emilie de Rodat
Emily de Rodat
Émilie
de Rodat
Rodat
Rodat
Rodat
de Batz
de Tquel
Rodat
Rodat
Rodat
Rodat


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<mask>. (born May 15, 1975) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker with the Baltimore Ravens for his entire 17-year career in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes, and earned All-America honors. <mask> was drafted by the Ravens in the first round of the 1996 NFL Draft, and upon his retirement following the 2012 season, was the last remaining active player from the team's inaugural season. <mask> immediately became a leader on defense and led the team in tackles as a rookie, the first of 14 times he led the Ravens in tackles. <mask> pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice in connection with the stabbing deaths of two men in 2000. The following season, he was named NFL Defensive Player of the Year and led the Ravens' record-setting defense, which established a 16-game single-season record for the fewest points allowed (165) and the fewest rushing yards allowed (970), to victory in Super Bowl XXXV. <mask> also became the second linebacker to win the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award, and the first to win the award on the winning Super Bowl team.<mask> won his second Defensive Player of the Year award in 2003, becoming the sixth player to win the award multiple times. After a triceps tear that sidelined him for most of the 2012 regular season, <mask> returned for the Ravens' playoff run and earned his second Super Bowl victory in his final NFL game. On February 3, 2018, the fifth anniversary of his final game, <mask> was selected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. During his tenure with the Ravens, he accumulated 2,059 career combined tackles, including 1,568 solo tackles, both of which are NFL records. Due to his numerous accolades and prodigious football play, <mask> is widely considered to be the greatest middle linebacker in NFL history. He was a 13-time Pro Bowler, a 10-time All-Pro, and one of the few players in NFL history to play in a Pro Bowl in three decades (1990s, 2000s, and 2010s). He is also considered to be the greatest Baltimore Raven of all time, as well as one of the greatest defensive players of all time.Early life
<mask> Jenkins was born in Bartow, Florida, the oldest of five siblings. His mother was just 16 at the time of his birth, while his father was absent for most of his life. Not much was known about his father's life other that he was a record-setting high school wrestler before he was incarcerated for drug-related offenses. As a boy, and the eventual older brother to four younger siblings, <mask> quickly became the man of the house. He helped his sisters with their hair and made sure his younger brother arrived at daycare on time. When his father's contact became less frequent, he abandoned his last name and changed it to the last name of his mother's boyfriend, <mask>, when he entered Kathleen High School in Lakeland. He is the older brother of former University of Maryland running back Keon Lattimore.<mask> was an All-American linebacker for the football team at Kathleen, overcoming his small size with his intensity and instincts. In addition, he was a prolific wrestler for the school. He later revealed that his stepfather was extremely abusive towards his mother, and got a deck of 52 playing cards to start his push-up regimen, so he could get stronger to protect her. This also was the reason behind choosing the #52 jersey in his professional career. College career
<mask> enrolled in the University of Miami, where he was a member of the Miami Hurricanes football team. As a freshman, he was an immediate contributor and became a starter for the Hurricanes' final five games. He compiled 81 tackles, two sacks, two tackles for loss, and four pass deflections en route to being named to the freshman All-American team.In his sophomore season, <mask> earned first-team All-American and All-Big East honors. <mask> led the Big East with 153 tackles and also contributed nine tackles for a loss, two sacks, and an interception for a Hurricanes team that had the nation's top-ranked defense and finished No. 6 in both the writers' and coaches' polls. <mask>'s junior campaign was even more successful, as he was again named to the All-American and All-Big East teams, and finished as runner-up for the Butkus Award, given to the top linebacker in college football. <mask> finished his junior season with 160 tackles, the second highest in University of Miami team history after Ed Weisacosky's 164 in 1965. <mask> also totaled eight tackles for loss, two sacks, two interceptions, a forced fumble, four pass deflections, and one touchdown. Against the West Virginia Mountaineers, <mask> contributed 15 tackles.<mask> led the Big East in tackles his last two seasons and accumulated the fifth most in Miami history despite playing only three seasons. After the 1995 season, <mask> decided to forgo his final year of college eligibility and enter the NFL draft. The Baltimore Ravens, who were entering their inaugural season, selected <mask> 26th overall in the first round of the 1996 NFL Draft. <mask> was the Ravens' second ever draft pick behind offensive tackle Jonathan Ogden who was selected #4 overall the same year. <mask> eventually earned his undergraduate degree in Arts and Science in 2004 at the University of Maryland University College. Professional career

1996 season: Rookie season

<mask> was the top-rated inside linebacker heading into the 1996 NFL Draft, in which Kevin Hardy was considered the draft's only outstanding linebacker prospect. Taken as the fifth linebacker in the draft, <mask> was seen by scouts as possessing speed, tackling ability, and intensity, as well as being praised for his ability to go into pass coverage.But many considered his lack of size a potential liability. In his first career game, a Week 1 19-14 victory over the Oakland Raiders, <mask> earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week for his seven-tackle performance, along with an unusual interception. <mask> earned USA Today's All-Rookie team honors after his 15 tackles for loss led the NFL and 110 tackles led the Ravens in the 1996 season. He finished his rookie season with two and a half sacks, six pass deflections, and an interception on the season. 1997 season

In Week 9, against the Washington Redskins, <mask> earned his second AFC Defensive Player of the Week honor. <mask> recorded an NFL-best and career high 184 tackles in 1997, which also included 156 solo tackles, the most ever in single season, and earned his first Pro Bowl berth at the end of that season. In addition, <mask> totaled four sacks, an interception, a forced fumble, a fumble recovery, and 11 pass deflections.1998 season

In 1998, <mask> made his second trip to the Pro Bowl after recording 120 tackles, three sacks, two interceptions, a forced fumble, and seven pass deflections. He led the Ravens in tackles for the third consecutive season. He was also named to The Sporting News All-Pro Team. In what would prove to be Hall of Fame Detroit Lions running back Barry Sanders's final game, <mask> and the rest of the Ravens defense held him to just 41 rushing yards on 19 attempts. 1999 season

In 1999, during the first game of the regular season against the St. Louis Rams , <mask> had 14 solo tackles, 4 tackles for loss, and a sack in <mask> in the 27-10 loss, In week 2 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he finished with a team leading 13 combined tackles in the 23-20 loss. In week 3 against the Cleveland Browns, <mask> had 10 combined tackles and a sack in the 17-10 win. In week 4 against the Atlanta Falcons, <mask> finished with 12 combined tackles in the 19-13 overtime win.During week 5 against the Tennessee Titans, <mask> had 13 tackles and a safety in the 14-11 loss. In week 8 against the Buffalo Bills, <mask> had 14 tackles and a sack in the 13-10 loss. Despite the Ravens having an 8-8 regular season record, <mask> led the NFL in tackles with 165. He was named to a third-straight Pro Bowl and the All-Pro first team. He also totaled three and a half sacks, three interceptions, eight pass deflections, a safety, and a forced fumble. <mask> won the 1999 NFL Alumni Linebacker Of The Year chosen by past NFL players voting according to the position they played. 2000: Record-setting defense and Super Bowl XXXV MVP

In 2000, <mask> led a defense which many call the greatest in NFL history for a single season.In week 2 of the regular season against the Jacksonville Jaguars, <mask> led the team in tackles with 11 tackles in the 39-36 win. In week 3 against the Miami Dolphins, <mask> had 11 tackles in the 19-6 loss. In week 6 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he finished 13 tackles and a fumble recovery in the 15-10 win. In week 13 against the Cleveland Browns, <mask> had 5 tackles and 2 sacks in the 44-7 blowout win. <mask> finished the regular season with a franchise leading 137 tackles, as well as two interceptions, 6 pass deflections, and three fumble recoveries. The team set a 16-game single-season record for fewest points allowed (165) and fewest rushing yards allowed (970). The team recorded four shutouts, one shy of the single-season record.The unit finished first league-wide in six key defensive categories. Including the postseason, and excluding three combined touchdowns that were given up by the Ravens offense and special teams, Baltimore's defense allowed only 184 points in 20 games. After the regular season, he earned a unanimous All-Pro selection, and was once again named to start in the Pro Bowl. In the Wild Card Round against the Denver Broncos, <mask> had 7 tackles and an interception in the 21-3 win. In the Divisional Round against the Tennessee Titans, <mask> had 12 combined tackles and an interception returned for a touchdown in the 24-10 win. In the NFC Championship game against the Oakland Raiders, he had 7 combined tackles and a fumble recovery in the 16-3 win. <mask> was named NFL Defensive Player of The Year for the 2000 season.The Ravens became only the second team to ever record a defensive shutout in a Super Bowl, as they dominated the New York Giants 34-7 to win the franchise's first ever world championship. <mask>'s 5 combined tackles and 4 passes defended earned him Super Bowl XXXV MVP honors. He also added 31 tackles, two interceptions, 9 pass deflections, one fumble recovery, and a touchdown in the four-game playoff run. 2001 season

In 2001, <mask> earned his fifth consecutive Pro Bowl selection, when he led the NFL in tackles with 162 and earned first-team All-Pro honors. In Week 15, he earned his third AFC Defensive Player of the Week honor in a 15–0 shutout of the Cincinnati Bengals. <mask> scored a touchdown in the 2002 Pro Bowl. In the Ravens' two playoff games, he totaled 17 tackles, three forced fumbles, and one pass deflection.2002 season

In 2002, <mask> was limited to only five games due to a shoulder injury. He still managed to rank fifth on the team with 58 tackles. In addition, <mask> compiled two interceptions, two pass deflections, a forced fumble and a fumble recovery. <mask> earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week honors in Week 4 against the Denver Broncos after posting 18 tackles (11 solo), two pass deflections, and an interception. After having been selected to the Pro Bowl for five consecutive seasons (1997–2001), <mask>'s streak was stopped by his season-ending injury. In his absence, the Baltimore Ravens defense finished ranked 19th in points allowed. 2003 season

<mask> was the leading vote recipient for the 2003 AP All-Pro team, earning 49 of 50 votes.He also won the annual AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year with 43 votes out of 50. He was named to his sixth career Pro Bowl for the 2003 season. Additionally, <mask> earned Pro Football Weekly, PFWA, and Football Digest Defensive MVP honors and was named to Dr. Z's Sports Illustrated All-Pro team, Pro Football Weekly's All-NFL team, Pro Football Weekly's All-AFC team, Football Digest's All-Pro first team, and The Sporting News''' All-Pro team. <mask> also earned the KC 101 AFC Defensive Player of the Year award for the 3rd time in four years, the 2003 NFL Alumni Linebacker Of The Year, and finished with 161 tackles, one and a half sacks, six interceptions, two forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries, 14 pass deflections, and one touchdown. He was named NFL Defensive Player of the Month for November and AFC Defensive Player of the week for his 15-tackle, one-interception performance against the Pittsburgh Steelers in week 17. In the Wild Card playoff loss to the Tennessee Titans, <mask> totaled 17 tackles. 2004 season

In 2004, <mask> was named first-team All-Pro by the AP, second-team "All Pro" by College and Pro Football Weekly and Football Digest, and "All Pro" by The Sporting News.He finished the 2004 season playing 15 games while recording 146 total tackles, one sack, two fumble recoveries, one fumble forced, and six pass deflections. 2005 season

<mask>'s 2005 season was cut short by an injury in Week 6. He was placed on injured reserve in Week 8, having amassed 46 tackles, a sack, an interception, 2 pass deflections, and a fumble recovery in the season's first six games. The Ravens struggled to a final record of 6-10. 2006 season

In 2006, <mask> led the Ravens defense to an NFL-best ranking in 14 major defensive categories, including total yards allowed, points per game allowed, and interceptions. The Ravens also finished second in sacks, take-aways, and rushing yards allowed. <mask> missed two games due to an injury, but still recorded 103 tackles, a personal best of five sacks, two interceptions, and eight pass deflections in 14 games.He also forced a fumble and recovered one. The Ravens allowed just one 100-yard rushing performance in the 14 games <mask> played. <mask> was named AFC Defensive Player of the Week following his seven-tackle, one-sack, and three-pass-deflection performance against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the season opener. He was also selected to the Pro Bowl, but withdrew because of a hand injury, ceding his spot to fellow Ravens linebacker Bart Scott. <mask> finished fifth in voting for Defensive Player of the Year. <mask> totaled 15 tackles and a pass deflection in the playoff loss to the Indianapolis Colts. 2007 season

Despite the Baltimore Ravens' mediocre 5–11 season, <mask> was the team's leading tackler.Against the Cleveland Browns, <mask> recorded 16 tackles, recovered a fumble, and returned an interception for a touchdown. He also earned his ninth career Pro Bowl nomination. He finished the season with 120 total tackles, two sacks, two forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, 10 passes deflected, two interceptions, and one touchdown. 2008 season

In 2008, <mask> led the Ravens to the AFC Championship game while totaling 117 tackles, three and a half sacks, three interceptions, two forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries, and nine passes deflected. He was named a starter to the Pro Bowl, his tenth such nomination, and was named an Associated Press first-team All-Pro for the sixth time. In addition, he was named the AFC Defensive Player of the Week following his eight tackles, two interception, and two pass deflections

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 against the Houston Texans in Week 10. In the three playoff games against the Miami Dolphins, Tennessee Titans, and Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> totaled 29 tackles, two forced fumbles, and one pass deflection in three games.After the season, he became an unrestricted free agent, but agreed to return to the Baltimore Ravens to complete his career. The contract, which would've run through 2015 (including two option years), was said to be worth $10 million the first year, but was highly incentivized. 2009 season

In 2009, <mask> was named first-team All-Pro by the Associated Press for the seventh time (ninth selection overall) and named to his 11th Pro Bowl. He accumulated an AFC-leading 134 tackles on the season. He also added three sacks, two forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, and seven passes deflected. <mask> added 21 tackles, one sack, and one pass deflection in two playoff games. In the September 2009 issue of Sporting News' Magazine, <mask> was selected to their Team of the Decade (2000s).In Week 2 against the San Diego Chargers, <mask> made the game-saving tackle on running back Darren Sproles on a fourth-down play. After the game, <mask> said it was one of the best tackles he has made in his career. 2010 season

In 2010, <mask> was named second-team All-Pro by the Associated Press for the third time (10th All-Pro selection overall) and named to his 12th Pro Bowl. He totaled 139 tackles, two sacks, two interceptions, two forced fumbles, three fumble recoveries, four pass deflections, and one touchdown. <mask> added 13 tackles, one sack, and a forced fumble in two playoff games. On Sunday, November 21, 2010, <mask> became only the second player in NFL history to record at least 30 interceptions and 30 sacks for their career. He was the fastest player (204 games) to achieve that feat.2011 season

In 2011, <mask> was named to his 13th and what proved to be his final Pro Bowl, and led the Ravens with 95 tackles despite missing four games with an injury. <mask> also collected two sacks, one interception, two forced fumbles, and seven pass deflections. <mask> totaled 20 tackles and one pass deflection in two playoff games. On Sunday, October 16, 2011, against the Houston Texans, <mask> became the first player in NFL history with at least 40 sacks and 30 interceptions in his career. 2012: Final year and second Super Bowl

<mask> suffered torn triceps on October 14, 2012 during a game against the Dallas Cowboys, and had them surgically repaired three days later. Several sources had reported he was expected to return to action December 16 in the game against the Denver Broncos, much earlier than his expected return in January, but he was inactive for the game. On January 2, 2013, <mask> announced he would retire after his team finished the 2012–13 NFL playoffs.He returned to action for Baltimore's January 6, 2013 game against the Colts and led the defense to a 24–9 win. On the game's last play, <mask> lined up on offense at fullback. The Ravens were not slated to play another home playoff game (since they were the number-four seed, and the day before, the Houston Texans beat the number-six seed Cincinnati Bengals), so they wanted <mask> to be on the field for the final play. Next, the Ravens defeated the Denver Broncos in the Divisional Round, 38–35 in double overtime, and then defeated the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 28–13. <mask>'s final career NFL game was Super Bowl XLVII, where the Ravens defeated the San Francisco 49ers by a score of 34–31. <mask> finished the regular season with 57 tackles, 1 sack, 1 forced fumble, 1 fumble recovery, and 1 pass deflection in 6 games. In the postseason, <mask> led the NFL with 51 tackles.He also contributed 2 tackles for loss and 1 pass deflection in the Super Bowl XLVII run. NFL career statistics

Regular season

Murder trial
Following a Super Bowl XXXIV party in Atlanta on January 31, 2000, a fight broke out between <mask> and his companions and another group of people, resulting in the stabbing deaths of Jacinth Baker and Richard Lollar. <mask> and two companions, Reginald Oakley and Joseph Sweeting, were questioned by Atlanta police, and 11 days later the three men were indicted on murder and aggravated assault charges. The fight occurred about  from the Cobalt Lounge at 265 East Paces Ferry Road in the Buckhead Village neighborhood about two miles north of downtown Atlanta where <mask> had been celebrating. The white suit <mask> was wearing the night of the killings has never been found. Fulton County District Attorney Paul Howard alleged the blood-stained suit was dumped in a garbage bin outside a fast food restaurant. A knife found at the scene did not have any fingerprints or DNA.<mask> subsequently testified that Oakley and Sweeting had bought knives earlier in the week before the Super Bowl from a Sports Authority where <mask> had been signing autographs. Baker's blood was found inside of <mask>'s limousine. Two weeks into the trial <mask>'s attorneys, Don Samuel and Ed Garland, negotiated a plea agreement with the District Attorney in which the murder charges against <mask> were dismissed in exchange for his testimony against Oakley and Sweeting, and his guilty plea to a misdemeanor charge of obstruction of justice. <mask> admitted he gave a misleading statement to police on the morning after the killings (initially telling them that he was not at the scene). Superior Court Judge Alice D. Bonner sentenced <mask> to 12 months' probation. One year in prison is the maximum sentence for a first-time offender, and the immediate probation was the judge's decision. He was also fined $250,000 by the NFL, which was believed to be the highest fine levied against an NFL player for an infraction not involving substance abuse.Under the terms of the sentence, <mask> could not use drugs or alcohol during the duration of the probation. Oakley and Sweeting were acquitted of the charges in June 2000. No other suspects have ever been arrested for the incident. The following year, <mask> was named Super Bowl XXXV MVP. However, the signature phrase "I'm going to Disney World!" was given instead to quarterback Trent Dilfer. On April 29, 2004, <mask> reached an out-of-court settlement with four-year-old India Lollar, born months after the death of her father Richard, pre-empting a scheduled civil proceeding.<mask> also reached an undisclosed settlement with Baker's family. During a taped pre-game interview with Shannon Sharpe that aired on CBS before Super Bowl XLVII, Sharpe told <mask> that the families of the slain men find it difficult to see <mask> idolized by millions of fans, believing he knows more about the killings than he shared, and asked what he had to say to those families. <mask> responded, "God has never made a mistake. That's just who He is, you see.... To the family, if you knew, if you really knew the way God works, He don't use people who commits anything like that for His glory." The Ravens' crisis management around <mask>'s murder trial was revisited by former head coach Brian Billick, by then a media analyst, after the 2013 arrest of Aaron Hernandez and his swift release by the New England Patriots. Legacy

Throughout his career, <mask> built a reputation as a leader and intimidating force at middle linebacker. He has led his team in tackles in 12 of his 14 seasons.The Ravens did not allow a single 100-yard rusher in 51 consecutive games from the 1998 through 2001 seasons. In addition to his run defense, <mask> has also gained a reputation as a complete defender. His 31 interceptions rank him 5th all-time among NFL linebackers, and just 6 short of the #1 spot. Since the murder allegations, <mask>'s image has recovered, and today he is considered one of the most dominant linebackers in the history of the NFL. <mask> was also selected as the third-best linebacker of all time on the show The Sports List. A poll of NFL coaches selected him as the most dominant player in the NFL before the 2003 season by being mentioned on 10 ballots, while no other player was mentioned more than twice. Team owner Steve Bisciotti stated his intention to erect a statue of <mask> outside M&T Bank Stadium.On September 4, 2014, days before the Ravens season opener, a statue of <mask> was unveiled in front of M&T Bank Stadium. <mask> has been referenced in television shows such as The Wire, films such as The Rundown (by that movie's star and <mask>'s friend & former teammate at Miami, Dwayne Johnson), and in music videos, such as in Mario's "Just a Friend 2002" and Nelly's "Heart of a Champion". <mask> has appeared in television ads for NFL Network, Reebok, Under Armour, Old Spice, and Eastern Motors. He was the featured athlete on the cover of Madden NFL 2005. That season, he missed a number of games to an injury, adding to the "Madden Curse". He was documented in NFL Network's documentary series A Football Life. Other work
<mask> opened the Ray Lewis Full Moon Bar-B-Que, which operated in Baltimore's Canton neighborhood from February 2005 until 2008.He has also gained several national corporate endorsements, some of which draw upon his tough image. In 2004, <mask> was placed on the cover of the highly popular Madden NFL 2005 video game published by EA Sports, and is also a very avid player of the same series. In 2006, it was announced that <mask>, Hall of Fame running back Gale Sayers, and entrepreneur Mark Bloomquist would form S&L Racing, intending to race both cars and trucks from a North Carolina headquarters. <mask>'s attempt to join NASCAR racing failed. On March 13, 2013, it was announced that <mask> would join ESPN as a contributor for their NFL coverage. <mask> was let go by ESPN in 2016. On June 20, 2017 it was announced <mask> had been hired by cable sports network Fox Sports 1.<mask> competed against tight end Tony Gonzalez in an episode of Spike (now Paramount Network)'s  Lip Sync Battle, which aired on February 2, 2017. He emerged victorious with performances of Al Green's "Let's Stay Together" and "Hot in Herre" by Nelly, who joined him for the performance. In August 2019, <mask> was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 28 of Dancing with the Stars. He later withdrew from the competition due to a tendon injury in his foot, requiring surgery. Charitable activities
<mask> has been heavily involved in charitable activities throughout his professional career. He started the Ray Lewis 52 Foundation which is a nonprofit corporation whose mission is to provide personal and economic assistance to disadvantaged youth. The foundation has funded such events as adopting 10 families in the Baltimore City community for the holidays, an annual celebrity auction and bowling tournament, the Great Maryland Duck Derby, Thanksgiving food drives on North Avenue in Baltimore, and <mask>'s Summer Days.All proceeds have helped fund the <mask> Foundation. <mask> has since been involved in pressing political, business, and philanthropic leaders for a stronger commitment to disability sports both here and in the developing world. <mask> was also honored with a JB award (named in honor of CBS broadcaster James Brown) during the 2006 off-season and received the "Act of Kindness" Award for his work in the community. Awards and accolades
Since his rookie year in 1996, <mask> has won numerous NFL awards, including being named Defensive Player of the Year twice (2000 and 2003), as well as Super Bowl MVP after winning Super Bowl XXXV after the 2000 season. He is also a 13-time Pro Bowler and seven-time AP First Team All-Pro player, a three-time AP Second Team All-Pro Selection, and was also a two-time All-American in college (1994 and 1995). On May 11, 2010, a portion of Baltimore's North Avenue was renamed "<mask> Way" in honor of the linebacker and his charitable work. <mask> had career totals of 2,059 total tackles (1,568 solo), 19 forced fumbles, 117 passes defended, 102.5 stuffs for a loss, 41.5 sacks, 20 fumble recoveries, 31 interceptions for 503 yards, one safety, and three touchdowns in 228 games.He has been selected to 13 NFL Pro Bowl games, a record for an inside/middle linebacker, in his 17 seasons, and led the NFL in tackles five times (1997, 1999, 2001, 2003 and 2004). In 2003, <mask> led all linebackers with six interceptions, a total matching the post-merger all-time record for a middle linebacker in a single season. <mask> was named first-team Associated Press All-Pro in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009 and second-team All-Pro in 1997, 1998, and 2010. His 10 total All-Pro selections is a record for an inside/middle linebacker and ties the record for a linebacker (Lawrence Taylor also has 10 selections). In 21 career playoff games, <mask> has totaled 214 tackles (135 solo), two sacks, six forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, two interceptions for 54 yards, 15 pass deflections, 10.5 stuffs for a loss, and one touchdown. <mask> was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2018, his first year of eligibility. <mask> joined teammate Jonathan Ogden in Canton; the two were the Ravens' first two draft picks after the team relocated to Baltimore.Personal life
<mask> is a Christian, and his commitment to his faith was featured in a Sports Illustrated cover story in 2006. He has a total of six children, four boys, and two girls. His son, <mask> III, played college football at the University of Miami and later Coastal Carolina. He was dismissed from Coastal Carolina's football team and the university in 2016 upon being indicted by a South Carolina grand jury on a charge of third-degree criminal sexual assault. Those charges were dropped after a lengthy and more thorough investigation by law enforcement officials in South Carolina. <mask> III would later play indoor football for the Wyoming Mustangs in 2021. His other son, <mask> <mask>, committed to Utah State out of high school.His freshman year was successful. After his freshman year, <mask>d decided to transfer to the University of Maryland. Michael Phelps, a Baltimore native and Ravens fan, stated that he found his life purpose and desire to compete in the 2016 Summer Olympics after seeking <mask>'s advice. In 2015, <mask>' autobiography, I Feel Like Going On: Life, Game, and Glory'', was published. References

Further reading

External links

 Baltimore Ravens bio

1975 births
Living people
African-American Christians
African-American players of American football
African-American sports announcers
African-American sports journalists
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football middle linebackers
Baltimore Ravens players
Miami Hurricanes football players
University of Miami alumni
National Football League announcers
People convicted of obstruction of justice
Players of American football from Florida
Sportspeople from Bartow, Florida
Sportspeople from Lakeland, Florida
Super Bowl MVPs
University of Maryland Global Campus alumni
People from Reistertown, Maryland
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
American sportspeople convicted of crimes
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople
National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award

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