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 of China." But Bayinnaung, who began his reign as a "king without a kingdom", ended his reign as an "emperor without an empire." According to Than Tun, Bayinnaung conquered territories not to colonize them but to gain the loyalty of their rulers. He kept conquered kings and lords in their own positions so long as they remained loyal to him.Tun Aung Chain adds that "the extensive polity was held together not so much by formal institutions as personal relationships" based on the concepts of thissa (, 'allegiance') and kyezu (, 'obligation')." Lieberman writes: "...he presented himself as cakkavatti, or World Ruler, par excellence..."

This was nothing new. The king was simply following the then prevailing Southeast Asian administrative model of solar polities in which the high king ruled the core while semi-independent tributaries, autonomous viceroys, and governors actually controlled day-to-day administration and manpower. As such, the "King of Kings" governed only Pegu and the Mon country himself, leaving the rest of the realm to vassal kings in Ava, Prome, Lan Na, Lan Xang, Martaban, Siam, and Toungoo. He regarded Lan Na as the most important of all the vassal states, and spent much time there. He administered Lower Burma with the help of ministers, the vast majority of whom were of ethnic Mon background. (The word used by European visitors to describe a court official was semini, Italian translation of smim, Mon for lord.)His chief minister was Binnya Dala, known for his military and administrative abilities, and literary talents. Administrative reforms
He introduced administrative reforms only at the margins. By and large, he simply grafted the prevailing decentralized administration system, which barely worked for petty states like his native Toungoo, to the largest polity ever in the region. Indeed, it did not work for mid-size kingdoms like Ava, Hanthawaddy, Lan Na, and Siam. (Ava had always had to contend with Prome and Toungoo; Pegu with Martaban and Bassein; Chiang Mai with Chiang Saen and Nan; Ayutthaya with Phitsanulok; etc.) Now, because of the sheer size of the empire, the system was even more decentralized and stretched thinner still. At any rate, it was the only system the Toungoo kings knew, and they "had no choice but to retain it."He, perhaps inadvertently, did introduce a key reform, which turned out to be the most important and most enduring of his legacies. It was his policy to administer the Shan states, which had constantly raided Upper Burma since the late 13th century. The king permitted the saophas of the states to retain their royal regalia and ceremonies, and feudal rights over their subjects. The office of the saopha remained hereditary. But the incumbent saopha could now be removed by the king for gross misconduct although the king's choice of successor was limited to members of the saopha's own family. The key innovation was that he required sons of his vassal rulers to reside in his palace as pages, who served a dual purpose: they were hostages for good conduct of their fathers and they received valuable training in Burmese court life. His Shan policy was followed by all Burmese kings right up to the final fall of the kingdom to the British in 1885.Still, his reforms were ad hoc and experimental. Patron-client relationships still mattered much more than weak or non-existent institutions: his vassals were loyal to him, not Toungoo Burma. The reforms he started would ultimately be expanded by his 17th-century successors. But they had not sufficiently taken root by his death to prevent his "overheated" empire from rapidly collapsing in the next two decades. Legal and commercial standardizations
His Majesty introduced a measure of legal uniformity by summoning learned monks and officials from all over his dominions to prescribe an official collection of law books. The scholars compiled Dhammathat Kyaw and Kosaungchok, based on King Wareru's dhammathat. The decisions given in his court were collected in Hanthawaddy Hsinbyumyashin Hpyat-hton.He promoted the new law throughout the empire so far as it was compatible with customs and practices of local society. The adoption of Burmese customary law and the Burmese calendar in Siam began in his reign. He also standardized the weights and measurements such as the cubit, tical, basket throughout the realm. Religious affairs

Another enduring legacy of Bayinnaung was his introduction of a more orthodox Theravada Buddhism to Upper Burma and the Shan states. He propagated the religious reforms begun by King Dhammazedi in the late 1470s. Viewing himself as the "model Buddhist king," the king distributed copies of the scriptures, fed monks, and built pagodas at every new conquered state from Upper Burma and the Shan states to Lan Na and Siam. Some of the pagodas are still to be seen, and in later ages the Burmese would point to them as proof of their claim to rule those countries still.Following in the footsteps of Dhammazedi, he supervised mass ordinations at the Kalyani Ordination Hall at Pegu in his orthodox Theravada Buddhism in the name of purifying the religion. He prohibited all human and animal sacrifices throughout the kingdom. In particular, he forbade the Shan practice of killing the slaves and animals belonging to a saopha at his funeral. His attempts to rid of animist nat worship from Buddhism, however, failed. He donated jewels to adorn the crowns of many a pagoda, including the Shwedagon, the Shwemawdaw, the Kyaiktiyo, and many less famous ones. He added a new spire to the Shwedagon in 1564 after the death of his beloved queen Yaza Dewi. His main temple was the Mahazedi Pagoda at Pegu, which he built in 1561.He tried but failed to secure the release of the Tooth of Kandy from the Portuguese invaders in 1560. He later interfered with the internal affairs of Ceylon in the 1570s, ostensibly to protect the Buddha Sasana there. Economy
His kingdom was mainly an agrarian state with a few wealthy maritime trading ports. The main ports were Syriam (Thanlyin), Dala, and Martaban. The kingdom exported commodities such as rice and jewels. At Pegu, overseas trade was in the hands of eight brokers appointed by the king. Their fee was two percent.Their honesty and business-like methods won the esteem of European merchants. The wealth was seen at the capital. Contemporary European travelers would "never tire of describing Pegu—the long moat full of crocodiles, the walls, the watch-towers, the gorgeous palace, the great processions with elephants and palanquins and grandees in shining robes, the shrines filled with images of massy gold and gems, the unending hosts of armed men, and the apparition of the great king himself." The king appointed officials to supervise merchant shipping and sent out ships to undertake commercial voyages. The prosperous life at the capital, however, was probably not replicated at the countryside. Annual mobilizations of men greatly reduced the manpower necessary to cultivate the rice fields. Harvests at times fell perilously low, causing severe rice shortages, such as in 1567.Military

Bayinnaung built the largest empire in Southeast Asia on the back of "breathtaking" military conquests. His success has been attributed to a "more martial Toungoo tradition", Portuguese firearms, foreign mercenaries, and larger forces. First, he was a product of Toungoo, a rebellion-prone former vassal of Ava, where he as a young man at the palace received a military-style education since childhood. With their training, he and Tabinshwehti launched their first campaign against a larger, wealthier Hanthawaddy when they were both just 18. Secondly, the beginning of their military careers coincided with the arrival of Portuguese cannon and matchlocks in large quantities. Portuguese weaponry proved superior in accuracy, safety, ballistic weight, and rapidity of fire to Asian-made firearms. The duo arrived at the coast on the cusp of this transformation, and quickly turned it to their advantage, incorporating Portuguese firearms as well as Portuguese and Indian Ocean (mostly Muslim) mercenaries into their forces.Indigenous infantry and elephant units also began using guns, with 20–33% of the troops so equipped on some late 16th century campaigns. According to Lieberman, "had Toungoo attacked Pegu a generation later, it is conceivable that Portuguese guns could have given Pegu the victory, thus altering the course of history." But it was Toungoo that seized Hanthawaddy's advantages and leveraged them into an empire. Finally, Bayinnaung was able to marshal more manpower than any ruler in the region. He required every new conquered state to provide conscripts for his next campaign. Using both larger forces and superior firearms, he had no trouble reducing Manipur and the entire Shan world to tributary status. His larger forces and their greater fighting experience proved to make the difference against Siam, which too was a wealthy coastal power with a powerful well-equipped military.It turned out however that Siam was not his greatest adversary. It was the remote mountainous states like Lan Xang, Mohnyin and Mogaung whose guerrilla warfare gave him constant trouble. Many of his men died from starvation and disease while fruitlessly searching for elusive bands of rebels, year after year. (The death toll must have been significant since it made it to the chronicles.) He was fortunate that the charismatic guerrilla leader Setthathirath died. In the end, his military might alone could not bring lasting peace. He needed competent local rulers, who commanded the respect of the local populace, to rule the lands on his behalf.History shows that he used the political solution instead to maintain peace. To be sure, the individual ingredients alone cannot explain his success. The same ingredients were available to his successors. Yet no one (in Burma or elsewhere in the successor states of his empire) could put them together. For example, he raised upwards of 60,000 to 70,000 men for his major campaigns. His Toungoo successors raised a third at most. It was not until the early Konbaung kings that the army again raised nearly as many men.Harvey notes: "From his teens until his death, he was constantly in the field, leading every major campaign in person. The failure of other kings who attempted the same conquests is the measure of his ability." Death and succession
The king died on 10 October 1581 after a long illness. His full reign name at death was "Thiri Tri Bawa Naditra Pawara Pandita Thudhamma Yaza Maha Dipadi." His eldest son and heir-apparent Nanda took over the throne without incident. But the empire, which Bayinnaung had built on military conquests and maintained by both military power and personal relationships with the vassal rulers, was to crumble soon after. The first crack appeared in the far north in September 1582 when the Chinese Shan states of Sanda and Thaungthut revolted.The rebellion was put down in March 1583. Much more serious cracks followed. Ava (Upper Burma) revolted in October 1583, and the rebellion was put down on 24 April 1584. Siam revolted on 3 May 1584. Nanda would spend the rest of his reign fighting Siam and other former vassals and would lose the entire empire in the process by 1599. Family

The king had three principal queens consort and over 50 other junior queens. In all, he left 97 children.The following is a list of notable queens and their issue. A notable queen of Bayinnaung in Thai history is Suphankanlaya, daughter of King Maha Thammarachathirat of Siam. Legacy

Bayinnaung is considered one of the three greatest Burmese kings, alongside Anawrahta and Alaungpaya, the founders of the First and Third Burmese Empires, respectively. The king is mostly remembered for his military conquests, not just in Myanmar but also in Thailand and Laos. His reign has been called "the greatest explosion of human energy ever seen in Burma." In Myanmar, the soldier-king is considered the favorite king of the present-day Burmese generals. According to Thant Myint-U, the generals often see themselves "as fighting the same enemies and in the same places... their soldiers slugging their way through the same thick jungle, preparing to torch a town or press-gang villagers.The past closer, more comparable, a way to justify present action. His statues are there because the ordeal of welding a nation together by force is not just history." In Thailand, he is well known as the "Conqueror of the Ten Directions" (พระเจ้าชนะสิบทิศ), from the 1931 novel Phu Chana Sip Thit (ผู้ชนะสิบทิศ, "Conqueror of the Ten Directions") by Chote Praepan (โชติ แพร่พันธุ์). He has thus far escaped the increasingly negative portrayals of Burmese kings in Thai history books. As the founder of an empire geographically centered in Siam, he is well known by the Thai people, and often still treated with respect. In Laos, King Setthathirath is lionized for his pesky resistance to the empire. Though he is best known for empire building, his greatest legacy was his integration of the Shan states, which eliminated the threat of Shan raids into Upper Burma, an overhanging concern to Upper Burma since the late 13th century.His Shan policy, greatly enhanced by later Toungoo kings, reduced the power of hereditary saophas, and brought hill customs in line with low-land norms. This policy was followed by Burmese kings right up to the final fall of the kingdom to the British in 1885. The adoption of Burmese customary law and the Burmese calendar in Siam began in his reign. Siam used the Burmese calendar until 1889. Commemorations

Bayinnaung is commemorated in Myanmar in several ways. Bayinnaung Bridge, a suspension bridge in Yangon
 Bayinnaung Market, a major commodities market in Yangon
 Bayinnaung Road, a road in Yangon
 Bayinnaung Statue, one of the three statues of kings that tower over the main parade square in Naypyidaw. The other two are the statues of Anawrahta and Alaungpaya.Cape Bayinnaung, the southernmost point of mainland Myanmar
 Team Bayinnaung, one of the five student teams in Burmese primary and secondary schools
 UMS Bayinnaung, Myanmar Navy Anawrahta-class corvette

In popular culture
Bayinnaung is a main character in Age of Empires II: The Rise of the Rajas published by Xbox Game Studios. In part 1 of King Naresuan film series, Bayinnaung is a Burmese conqueror and a father-figure for young prince Naresuan. Notes

References

Citations

Sources

External links

Voyage to Pegu, and Observations There, Circa 1583, Gaspero Balbi
Account of Pegu (1586–1587), by Cesar Fedrici. The Flight of Lao War Captives from Burma back to Laos in 1596:A Comparison of Historical Sources Jon Fernquest, Mae Fa Luang University, SOAS bulletin, Spring 2005
 The Changing Nature of Conflict between Burma and Siam as seen from the Growth and Development of Burmese States from the 16th to the 19th Centuries, by Pamaree Surakiat,Mar 2006, Asia Research Institute, Singapore. Burmese monarchs
Burmese Buddhist monarchs
Rulers of Toungoo
1516 births
1581 deaths
First Toungoo Empire
16th-century Burmese


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<mask> (née Huber, born March 24, 1951) is a Comanche activist and women's health advocate. <mask> is one of the founders of the Native American Community Board (NACB) and the Native American Women's Health Education Resource Center (NAWHERC). President Clinton appointed her to the National Advisory Council for Health and Human Services (HHS). She has been awarded the Woman of Vision award by the Ms. Foundation and the United Nations Distinguished Services Award. Biography
<mask> was born on March 24, 1951 in San Jose, California to a Comanche mother and father of European descent. She has been no stranger to activism and hardship, even in her young high school days. Asetoyer's first formulation of strategic protesting occurred in her high school cafeteria, where she staged a school-wide sit in as a way to protest the existing food conditions and demand a hot-lunch program.Her attempts worked and by the end of the week her school had implemented new lunch arrangements that met the desired standards. Fashion and women's beauty also had a profound impact on Asetoyer's young life; as a young entrepreneur, she started her own dress company from her home, and she later dropped out of high school in order to expand her business. Asetoyer referred to herself as "creative, independent, and an entrepreneur" and noted that she learned more in the coffee shops and streets of California than she would have in the halls of her high school. She moved to San Francisco and successfully ran her own dress shop until 1971 when she closed the boutique in order to enroll in San Francisco City College. San Francisco brought important elements into Asetoyer's life, including more activist opportunities and her marriage to Dennis Duncan. Her marriage to Dennis Duncan, officially initiated in 1972, led her into her first job that merged her activist work and women's health care; she worked as a WIC program leader and counselor at the Urban Indian Health Clinic in SF's financial district. Her job was one of the only beneficial things to come from her marriage to Duncan, his abusive nature led her to end their relationship in 1977 and resultantly compelled her to move out of California.Asetoyer relocated to Sioux Falls, South Dakota in 1977, and she enrolled in the University of South Dakota, where she matriculated from in 1981 with a bachelor's degree in criminal justice. 1981 was a monumental year for <mask>, alongside college graduation, she married Yankton Sioux tribe member Clarence Rockboy, and migrated again, this time to Brattleboro, Vermont. While in the American Northeast, Asetoyer significantly expanded her education and her family. First, she gave birth to her first child, a boy named Chaska (American version is Charles). After Chaska's birth, the couple also adopted Clarence's abandoned nephew, Reynold James Brugier. Alongside maintaining a growing nuclear family, Asetoyer obtained a dual master's degree in 1983 for Management and Intercultural Administration from Vermont's School for International Training. Their time in Vermont was short lived.Abiding by Yankton Sioux tradition, the family returned to Sioux Falls, South Dakota in 1983 following the death of Clarence's father. Clarence was to serve a four-year sentence at the reservation in order to fulfill a cultural and religious memorial commitment after his father's passing. The return to Sioux Falls indicates the essential beginning of <mask> <mask>'s activist and political career. In-depth activist work
Her work in California and her own abusive marriage pushed <mask> Asetoyer to help more dislocated women, specifically Natives. In the early 1970s, the American Indian Movement (AIM) coordinated a walk from Canada and across the United States as a way to protest the forced sterilization of Native women by the government, and this caught the eye of <mask>, the young activist. The Indian Health Services, operating under the US government, had been estimated to have sterilized 25% of Native women age 15 to 44 in the late 1970s, without consent from the women or proper education given to them. AIM was a general effort to protest general treatment of Native Americans.In 1978, Asetoyer and many other women involved in AIM joined forces and sought to reconstruct and modernize women's role in the Native community, giving them back some independence within the family unit and in regard to their own healthcare. This group of more than 300 women separated themselves from the American Indian Movement in order to create a more specific group solely for women. These empowered women formed the group known as Women of All Red Nations. <mask> <mask>'s first activist organization was Women of All Red Nations, commonly abbreviated as WARN, and Asetoyer was the brain behind the business of this operation. Asetoyer created a subdivision of WARN that focused on women's healthcare. Generally, WARN aligned itself with the American Indian Movement that was growing throughout the American 1980s. WARN's objectives initially sought out to help Native American women that were underrepresented in society.Under Asetoyer's leadership of her branch, the organization's intentions generally targeted women's health and pregnancy issues that were prevalent on the Sioux Falls reservation, two of the most prominent being fetal alcohol syndrome and forced sterilization. Asetoyer's strong willed personality clashed with the politics of WARN, and in 1985, she abandoned the organization, and her own branch, in order to form a more meaningful program that operated precisely how she wanted it to. With the help of her husband Clarence Rockboy, Everdale Songhawk, Jackie Rouse, and Lorenzo Dion, the Native American Community Board (NACB) was born in Rockboy and Asetoyer's basement of their family home in Lake Andes, SD. The NACB started out with a broad mission and intended to help out Natives on the reservation and in the area with any problem they encountered. The NACB planned out certain campaigns in order to bring awareness to issues in the community, and their first project was centered around what Asetoyer worked on at WARN- fetal alcohol syndrome. "I wanted to get serious about this work. I felt that it was an issue that was plaguing our communities and that we really needed to get a handle on it."By examining the causes of fetal alcohol syndrome, the NACB focused on educational initiatives for young mothers that would lead to better lives for mom and child alike. As Asetoyer and the NACB embarked on this journey to try and transform life on the Yankton Sioux Reservation in South Dakota, they uncovered even more issues among the community. While simultaneously working on the fetal alcohol syndrome objectives, Asetoyer was revamping the general knowledge of women in the area. Creation of the Native American Women's Health Education Resource Center
Through conferences and seminars, Asetoyer worked to spread the word about acknowledging the issues at hand, preventative ideology, elements for treatment, and simply about the fundamental components that would increase the standard of living within the Native American community. By spreading awareness, she met other like-minded individuals that were also seeking change. <mask> Asetoyer envisioned a designated center that would provide information and assistance in regard to the feminine and reproductive health of Native American Women, and in 1988, her dream became a reality with the creation of the Native American Women's Health Educational Resource Center (NAWHERC) where she was named executive director. "NACB established NAWHERC to provide ongoing comprehensive community health education among Native Americans and to impact policy issues that affect indigenous women nationally and internationally."While creating NAWHERC, Asetoyer drew much inspiration from the National Black Women's Health Imperative after visiting their headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. NAWHERC embarked on attacking a wide range of issues within the Native American female community, focusing primarily on elements relating to domestic violence and reproductive health.2 By the end of 1988, NAWHERC's success was adamant. It had already established a domestic violence outpost for victims and survivors, an extensive list of reproductive health programs, information on environmental safety elements, Native American cultural preservation, and was intently circulating literature in relation to AIDs symptoms, treatment, and prevention following the crisis that took place earlier in the decade. NAWHERC was the first organization in South Dakota to actively discuss the treatment and prevention of AIDs. The Native American Women's Health Educational Research Center revolutionized life in Sioux Falls with the help of <mask> Asetoyer's leadership. As the center grew, it became known for its profound influence in leading Native women's health initiatives and community learning. Today, the NAWHERC branch functions as the primary headquarters for NACB activism.As time went on, NAWHERC vastly expanded their list of services to include things like general help forums (alcoholics anonymous, narcotics anonymous, etc. ), more treatment centers for a variety of issues, more extensive health screening to involve prevalent concerns like breast cancer, nutritional services for children and adults, childcare services, and even more critical interests. Domestic situations are still one of the center's top priorities and NAWHERC seeks to bring attention to the rampant domestic abuse in Native families. NAWHERC sponsors a group where women can come together and share their experiences with one another on the topic, provide advice and information, and alert women of the safe spaces and shelters they offer; the center attentively pushes a 'woman's right to leave' campaign and extends help in a multitude of areas to assist women in escaping these detrimental and harmful situations. The center also makes sure that the voices of these women are heard, not just in the community, but at the state and national level as well. "NAWHERC's work has resulted in policy changes such as improvements in informed consent, the provision of patients with results for abnormal pap tests and mammograms, treatment for HIV+ patients, patient confidentiality, and the discontinuation of Norplant." Recent work
Alongside her establishment and running of NAWHERC, Asetoyer actively participates in women's rights conventions and she travels extensively to speak around the world.Asetoyer tried to continue her hand in politics throughout the early 2000s by running for Mayor of Lake Andes and state senate in two separate elections, but all attempts were unsuccessful. In the mid 2000s, she campaigned against gerrymandering in South Dakota and how polling centers actively prevented Natives from voting. In 2004, a polling place in Lake Andes, SD on the Yankton Sioux Tribe had an illegitimate sign that said in order to vote, a valid photo ID was required. <mask> <mask> stood up against this injustice with the proof that it was not legal to require an ID and that there were government-accepted alternate documents, especially because Natives living in Yankton Sioux did not have IDs. Asetoyer claimed that poll workers were being force-fed incorrect information in order to cancel the Native vote, and at least twenty one Native Americans were turned away from the polls in just that location. Asetoyer and the community outcry gained the attention of South Dakota's Secretary of State, Chris Nelson. Nelson adamantly agreed with Asetoyer and set out on an initiative to educate poll workers and higher-ups authorities at the polls.More on the outside realm of politics, she has spoken at the World Conference for Human Rights, in front of the United Nations, and directly to US presidents. "<mask> has also influenced political change at the federal level. President Clinton appointed her to serve on the National Advisory Council for Health and Human Services (HHS), and she has served on the National Environmental Justice Advisory Committee of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)." She works now to reverse the anti-abortion stance of South Dakota and identifies as a pro-woman, pro-choice democrat and still searches for political activist work. Alongside her political strides in the democratic community, the Native American women still remain at the top of <mask> <mask>'s priority list. <mask> published the book Indigenous Women's Health Book within the Sacred Circle: Reproductive Rights, Environmental Health, Traditional Herbs and Remedies in 2003, naming the author as NAWHERC so proceeds benefit her organization. The Indigenous Women's Health Book revolutionized knowledge and accessibility for the named women because it was the very first book to address the reproductive issues and feminine health of indigenous women.<mask> <mask> has received numerous awards throughout her forty plus years of feminist activism for the Native American community, but her notable distinctions and accolades aren't stopping her anytime soon; Asetoyer says there is still an extensive amount of work that needs to be done in so many areas of focus. <mask> Asetoyer learned the power of collective uniting at a young age with her in-school protest, and her own experiences as a woman pushed her to help the Native women in need. Over the span of her continuous career, Asetoyer has touched the hearts and lives of countless Native American women by standing up for their rights, protecting them, and giving them a feminist icon to look up to. Through her multitude of organizations, she has revolutionized living and health conditions for female Natives that may never have happened without her perseverance, even in the face of opposition. Writings

NAWHERC

Journal articles and book chapters

References

Citations

Sources

External links
 Profile on SheSource
 Interview (NBC news)
 Oral history interview (Smith College, 2005)
 <mask> <mask> papers, at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College. 1951 births
University of South Dakota alumni
SIT Graduate Institute alumni
Comanche people
American women's rights activists
Native American activists
People from San Jose, California
Living people
Activists from the San Francisco Bay Area
People from Charles Mix County, South Dakota
Activists from South Dakota

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<mask> (October 21, 1874 – April 15, 1953) was an American wildlife and paleoartist best known for his detailed paintings of dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals. His works have been reproduced in many books and are currently on display at several major museums in the United States. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York City. As a child, <mask> was deeply interested in nature and animals, and spent many hours copying the illustrations from his father's natural history books. Though legally blind because of astigmatism and a subsequent injury to his right eye, <mask> pursued his artistic talents with the help of specially designed glasses, and at the age of twelve, he enrolled at the Metropolitan Art School to become a commercial artist. In 1890, he was hired by a church-decorating firm to design stained-glass windows, and after two years with them, became a freelance illustrator for books and magazines, specializing in nature scenes. In his free time, <mask> visited the American Museum of Natural History, attracting the attention of Dr. Jacob Wortman, who asked <mask> to paint a restoration of a prehistoric pig, Elotherium, whose fossilized bones were on display.<mask> applied his knowledge of modern pig anatomy, and used his imagination to fill in any gaps. Wortman was thrilled with the final result, and the museum soon commissioned <mask> to produce an entire series of watercolors to grace their fossil halls. His paintings were hugely popular among visitors, and <mask> continued to work with the museum until the late 1930s, painting what would become some of the world's most iconic images of dinosaurs, prehistoric mammals, and prehistoric humans. One of <mask>'s best-known pieces for the American Museum of Natural History is 1897's Leaping Laelaps, which was one of the few pre-1960s images to present dinosaurs as active, fast-moving creatures (thus anticipating the "Dinosaur Renaissance" theories of modern paleontologists like <mask>). Other familiar American Museum paintings include <mask>'s portrayals of Agathaumas, Allosaurus, Apatosaurus, Brontosaurus, Smilodon, and the Woolly Mammoth. All of these have been reproduced in numerous places and have inspired many imitations. <mask>'s work for the museum was not without critics, however.Although he spent considerable time at zoos studying the movements and habits of living animals, many curators argued that his work was more artistic than scientific, and protested that he did not have sufficient scientific expertise to render prehistoric animals as precisely as he did. While <mask> himself agreed that his murals for the Hall of the Age of Man were "primarily a work of art," he insisted that he had as much paleontological knowledge as the museum's own curators. Nationwide attention

After <mask> established a reputation at the American Museum of Natural History, other natural history museums began requesting paintings for their own fossil exhibits. In 1925, for example, <mask> produced an elaborate mural for the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County which portrayed some of the birds and mammals whose remains had been found in the nearby La Brea Tar Pits. The following year, <mask> began a 28-mural series for Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History, a project which chronicled the history of life on earth and took four years to complete. At the Field Museum, he produced one of his best-known pieces, a mural featuring Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops. This confrontation scene between a predator and its prey became iconic and inspired a huge number of imitations, establishing these two dinosaurs as "mortal enemies" in the public consciousness.The Field Museum's Alexander Sherman says, "It is so well-loved that it has become the standard encounter for portraying the age of dinosaurs". <mask>'s work also found its way to the Carnegie Museums in Pittsburgh, the Smithsonian Institution, and Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History, among others. Several zoos, such as the Bronx Zoo, the Lincoln Park Zoo, and the Brookfield Zoo, also approached <mask> to paint murals of their living animals, and <mask> enthusiastically complied. <mask> was actually the only person in America allowed to paint Su Lin, a giant panda that lived at Brookfield Zoo during the 1930s. While making murals for museums and zoos, <mask> continued illustrating books and magazines, and became a frequent contributor to National Geographic. He also wrote and illustrated several books of his own, such as Before the Dawn of History (<mask>, 1935), Life Through the Ages (1946), Animal Drawing: Anatomy and Action for Artists (1947), and Prehistoric Man: The Great Adventure (1949). Additionally, <mask> became a popular lecturer, describing prehistoric life to audiences across the country.Eventually, <mask> began to retire from the public sphere to spend more time with his grandchildren, who shared his passion for animals and prehistoric life. In 1951, he painted his last work, a mural for the Everhart Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania. He died in New York City, two years later. Legacy

<mask> has been hailed as "one of the great popularizers of the prehistoric past", and as having influenced generations of museum-goers. Examples of <mask>'s work frequently appeared in dinosaur books published in the US during the first half of the twentieth century and countless other artists and illustrators borrowed heavily from <mask>'s conceptions of dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals. More recent works also include examples of <mask>'s paintings; for example, Stephen Jay Gould used one of <mask>'s paintings for the cover of his 1991 book Bully for Brontosaurus and another in his 1996 book Dinosaur in a Haystack. Though many other paleoartists have succeeded <mask> (most notably Zdeněk Burian) <mask>'s paintings still remain very popular among dinosaur and paleontology enthusiasts.A commemorative edition of <mask>'s 1946 book Life Through the Ages  was recently published by Indiana University Press, and a 2007 calendar  of <mask>'s paintings is also currently available. Additionally, fantasy artist William Stout has compiled a series of Charles Knight Sketchbooks, which contain many rare and previously unpublished drawings and studies by <mask>. Because <mask> worked in an era when new and often fragmentary fossils were coming out of the American west in quantity, not all of his creations were based on solid evidence; dinosaurs such as his improbably-adorned Agathaumas (1897) for example, were somewhat speculative. His depictions of better-known ceratopsians as solitary animals inhabiting lush grassy landscapes were largely imaginative (the grasslands that feature in many of his paintings didn't appear until the Cenozoic). Although <mask> sometimes made musculoskeletal studies of living animals, he did not do so for his dinosaur restorations, and he restored many dinosaurs with typical reptilian-like limbs and narrow hips (Paul, 1996). In the 1920s, studies by the celebrated palaeontologists <mask> and Gerhard Heilmann (Heilmann, 1926) had confirmed that dinosaurs had broad avian-like hips rather than those of a typical reptile. <mask> often restored extinct mammals, birds and marine reptiles in very dynamic action poses, but his depictions of large dinosaurs as ponderous swamp-dwellers destined for extinction reflected more traditional concepts (Paul, 1996).In his catalogue to Life through the Ages (1946), he reiterated views that he had written earlier (<mask>, 1935), describing the great beasts as "slow-moving dunces" that were "unadaptable and unprogressive" while conceding that small dinosaurs had been more active. Some of his pictures are now known to be wrong, such as the tripod kangaroo-like posture of the hadrosaurs and theropods, whereas their spinal column was roughly horizontal at the hip; and the sauropods standing deeply in water whereas they were land-dwellers. <mask> also drew dinosaur tails dragging on the ground, whereas they were held out approximately horizontally. The late Stephen Jay Gould was one of <mask>'s most well-known fans, notably refusing to refer to Brontosaurus as "Apatosaurus" because <mask> had always referred to the creature with the former name. Gould writes in his 1989 book Wonderful Life, "Not since the Lord himself showed his stuff to Ezekiel in the valley of dry bones had anyone shown such grace and skill in the reconstruction of animals from disarticulated skeletons. <mask><mask>, the most celebrated of artists in the reanimation of fossils, painted all the canonical figures of dinosaurs that fire our fear and imagination to this day". Other admirers have included special effects artist <mask>, who writes in his autobiography An Animated Life, "Long before Obie (Willis O'Brien), myself, and Steven Spielberg, he put flesh on creatures that no human had ever seen.[…] At the L.A. County Museum I vividly remember a beautiful <mask> mural on one of the walls depicting the way the tar pits would have looked in ancient times. This, plus a picture book about <mask>'s work my mother gave me, were my first encounters with a man who was to prove an enormous help when the time came for me to make three-dimensional models of these extinct beings". Paleoartist Gregory S. Paul has also mentioned <mask> as a big influence on him. In 2012, a book about <mask> and his art written by <mask> titled <mask><mask> The Artist Who Saw Through Time was published. An homage to the painter was also made in the 1998 IMAX feature film, T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous, in which he was portrayed by actor Tuck Milligan. Works

<mask>'s works are currently included as part of the permanent collections of these colleges, libraries, museums, and zoos:
Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
American Museum of Natural History (New York, New York)
Bethune-Cookman College (Daytona Beach, Florida)
Bronx Zoo (Bronx, New York)
Carnegie Museum of Natural History (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
The Dinosaur Museum (Blanding, Utah)
Everhart Museum (Scranton, Pennsylvania)
Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago, Illinois)
Florida Museum of Natural History (Gainesville, Florida)
Illinois State Museum (Springfield, Illinois)
Mesa Southwest Museum (Mesa, Arizona)
Museum of the Earth (Ithaca, New York)
National Museum of Natural History (Washington, DC)
National Zoo (Washington, DC)
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (Los Angeles, California)
Princeton University (Princeton, New Jersey)
Science Museum of Minnesota (Saint Paul, Minnesota)
Sebring Public Library (Sebring, Florida)
Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History (New Haven, Connecticut)

In addition, a touring exhibit, Honoring the Life of Charles R. Knight, was launched in 2003 and has visited several locations throughout the United States. Publications
Before the Dawn of History, 1935
Life Through the Ages, 1946
Animal Drawing: Anatomy and Action for Artists, 1947
Prehistoric Man: The Great Adventurer, 1949
Charles R. Knight, Autobiography of an Artist, 2005

See also

 Paleoart
 Wildlife art

Notes

References
Heilmann, G. (1926).The Origin of Birds. London, H.F. & G. Witherby. Paul, G.S. (1996). The art of <mask><mask>. Scientific American 274 (6): 74-81. For <mask>'s dark side see: <mask>, Henry Fairfield Osborn: Race and the Search for the Origins of Man (Ashgate, 2002).External links

The World of Charles <mask>, a website maintained by <mask>'s granddaughter <mask> <mask> (includes most of his paintings)
<mask><mask> biography at Field Museum website
<mask><mask> biography at American Museum of Natural History website
Time Traveler: The Art of <mask><mask>; March 26, 2012; Scientific American

Animal artists
American muralists
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
People from Brooklyn
1874 births
1953 deaths
Paleoartists
People associated with the American Museum of Natural History
People associated with the Field Museum of Natural History
Artists from New York City
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
19th-century male artists

masks:
Charles Robert Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Robert Bakker
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Alfred Romer
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Charles R
. Knight
Ray Harryhausen
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Richard Milner
Charles R
. Knight
Knight
Charles R
. Knight
Knight
Brian Regal
Knight
Knight
Rhoda
Knight Kalt
Charles R
. Knight
Charles R
. Knight
Charles R
. Knight


texts:
<mask> (19 April 1926 – 28 January 2019) was a Korean women who became a human rights activist that campaigned against sexual slavery and war rape. She was a young women who was put into sexual slavery by the Japanese Imperial Army; a military that systematically recruited girls between the ages of 10 to 18 years of age from colonized and occupied countries from the 1930s until the end of World War II. From age 14, she was put into comfort stations for eight years across different countries in Asia. Her experiences evoked in her a feminist consciousness and led her to become an activist; advocating the end of war-time sexual violence, anti-imperialism, workers' rights, and inter-Korean reconciliation. Along with the other so-called "comfort women", she made the three-fold demand from the Japanese government: a formal state-level apology, reparations, and correction of Japanese history (including amending Japanese history textbooks to include the truth of the "comfort women" issue). In addition, <mask> herself also supported other "comfort women" to step forward, and was a leader and spokesperson in the "comfort women" movement. <mask> died in Seoul, South Korea, in a hospital, on January 28, 2019.Biography
<mask>-dong was born in Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Korea in March 1926. She was the fourth of six daughters. Her family was wealthy when she was young. However, later her family struggled economically and faced poverty. As a result, she had to put an end to her education. Bok-dong's father died when she was eight years old. Her three older sisters married to escape the hard times, but Bok-dong remained at home with her two younger sisters.Until at age 14~15 in 1941, <mask>-dong and her mother were lied to by Japanese authorities. <mask>-dong was told that she was to support the war efforts by working in a military clothing factory and would return in three years. If not, her family would be considered traitors. The Japanese authorities did not take <mask>-dong away but demanded that her mother sign a document. Her mother could not read so she conceded to the demand, believing that her daughter would work in a factory in Japan. Instead, she was put into militarized sexual slavery in Japanese occupied territories for eight years, including Guangdong, Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia. <mask>-dong had to have sex every day, especially from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Sundays.She attempted to commit suicide with two other girls by alcohol poisoning, but Japanese soldiers found them unconscious. The army took them to the hospital and medics revived them by pumping their stomachs. Ten days later, she woke up. She said if her father had been alive, she might not have been helplessly taken away. At age 21 and after the war, Bok-dong returned to her hometown. She did not tell her family what happened to her, except to her mother. However, her mother became very distressed and died from a heart attack.After the Korean War, she owned and operated a successful restaurant in Busan where her older sisters lived. <mask>-dong eventually met a man whom she fell in love with. Despite having this love, she suffered throughout her life because she was never able to have a child. She believes this was a result of the sexual abuse she endured. Along with this, her husband later died, not knowing her story. It was not until after he died that she began to speak about her experience. Activism
<mask>-dong stated, "Even as I returned to my homeland, it was never true liberation for me."After her husband died she began to speak out, and later joined another woman seeking official recognition as victims of Japanese sex slavery. In 1992, a year after <mask>-sun first broke the silence on the issue, <mask>-dong finally publicly began to share her experience and detail what happened to her during her time as a sex slave. This was also the year in which she began to participate in the weekly protest, the Wednesday Demonstration, in front of the Japanese Embassy. Then in 1993, <mask>-dong attended and testified at the "World Human Rights Conference" in Vienna, Austria. She had also testified during other events in Japan and the United States. Bok-dong traveled around other parts of the world to tell her story and continued to participate in weekly protests. In an interview, <mask>-dong stated, "by presenting my testimony, I regain my sense of self and feel supported and connected with other women."Networking and connecting with other women allowed her to recognize that there are many people who suffered like she did and gave her a sense of community. She attended the Wednesday rallies to demand a formal apology from Japan and legal reparations from the Korean women who were forced into sexual slavery during the war. Bok-dong acknowledges and recognizes that she has gained a platform where she is able to receive support from both ordinary people and the Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan (KCWD). She emphasizes to her supporters and the public at large that they should do the right thing not just for her but for those without a voice, who have gone through similar struggles she has faced as well as for the next generation. The Butterfly Fund
Standing in solidarity with other ‘comfort women’ and wartime rape victims, <mask>-dong and Gil Won-ok established The Butterfly Fund, in an effort to help female victims of sexual violence in armed conflicts around the world. The symbolic meaning behind the name was stated by Bok-dong that, "We as activist would like the victims to be free from their hurtful past, like a butterfly that has just come out of its cocoon.". The fund was started with money from personal donations.In the early stages of the fund, <mask>-dong and Gil Won-ok declared that they would donate all the money they received as reparations from the Japanese to other women as reparation to those who suffered from war just like they had. Eventually, the KCWD formally established the "Butterfly Fund" in order to accomplish Gil Won-ok and <mask>-dong's objective. The fund began to provide support in the form of $500 per month to a victim support group in the Congo in July 2012. This amount would then be expanded once the Japanese governments payed reparations. The first beneficiary of the fund was Rebecca Masika Katsuva, who now runs a shelter for victims like herself. <mask>-dong stated, "It will fly high as [an] emancipatory butterfly to many women war victims with the name of the halmeon." The overarching idea behind the fund was to help and network with sexual violence victims in other countries, not only women in the same geographic space as the founders.For example, the fund has been used to aid Vietnamese women who were raped by Korean soldiers from 1964 to 1973 during the Vietnam War. <mask>-dong also highlighted that Korea too should make efforts to acknowledge war crimes committed by its own people. Artwork
In addition to sharing her stories to the public verbally, <mask>-dong also created art to share with the public. In 1992, <mask>-dong began to live in the House of Sharing due to living a lonely life in Busan. During her time at the nursing home, she participated in an art therapy program. Her artwork told her history to future generations. Artwork from the House of Sharing was included in campaigns to raise awareness and educate the global public on the 'comfort women' issue.Her artistic themes included childhood memories, the experience of Japanese military slavery, and her present life and feelings. She worked in paint, woodblock print, and pencil. Her works included The Day a 14 year old Girl is Stolen Away (1998), As Youth Slips Away, and Suddenly I am Old and Grey (1998), Japan Do Not Trespass -  Dok Island is Our Land (1998), and The Leaves of that Gaunt Tree will Blossom Someday (1998). References

1926 births
2019 deaths
Comfort women
South Korean activists
South Korean women activists
People from Yangsan

masks:
Kim Bok dong
Kim Bok dong
Kim Bok dong
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Hak
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok


texts:
<mask> (born 9 July 1933, in Argentina at Las Palmeras colony, a Santa Fe provincial settlement for Jewish immigrants escaping from the Russian pogroms of 1880), the grandson and son of Jewish gauchos, he studied in Buenos Aires and Rosario. He is best known as an interfaith activist, most recently with the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. In an interview to Zenit News Agency, he was asked about his nomination for the Nobel Prize, to what he replied: "Who am I?...just a descendant of slaves". <mask> characterized his life as being dedicated "to thank those human beings who saved lives, who risked themselves. [...] At the Wallenberg Foundation we work intensively to discover, among others, the exceptional deeds of those heroic human beings." The Wallenberg Foundation aims to pay tribute to the "Saviors of the Holocaust", recognizing those who "risked their lives and freedom to save thousands of Jews from a certain death in hands of the Nazis during the Second World War", the site of the foundation explains. Since 2005 the foundation's charter has expanded to highlight the legacies of rescuers in other major conflicts, such as the victims of the Armenian Genocide.<mask> <mask> is a resident of Gibraltar and a member of its small and bustling Jewish community. From Gibraltar, he continues his relentless voluntary work to further the mission of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. Education and activism

In 1952, <mask> graduated from the Higher Institute of Judaic Religious Studies. As a teacher and a professor he taught Hebrew and Yiddish language and literature, the Torah, the Prophets and Mishnah. In 1955, he was appointed Director of the Moises Ville Teacher's Seminar in the province of Santa Fe where he taught the Old Testament and philosophy. He was First General Director of the Argentine-Israeli Cultural Institute (ICAI). Important undertakings in the field of education were set in motion and announced from his office, including bar mitzvah tours and the founding of the Tarbut School, among others.He organized the first Latin-American Bible contest. He translated Spanish classics into Hebrew and 'Haskala' literature into Spanish. He launched the idea of establishing interfaith monuments by promoting the creation of a fresco by the Argentine master painter Raúl Soldi at the main church in Nazareth, which was completed in 1968. In 1965, he was a Latin American promoter of the first visit by a Pope to Jerusalem. Granted an award for his work by the Vatican, he was invited to a ceremony at the Vatican City and was received by Pope Paul VI on January 13, 1965. At a separate public ceremony, Monsignor Antonio Caggiano, Cardinal Primate of Argentina, presented him with an Argentine Church award, granted for the very first time for a Jew Jew in Argentina. Along with writer Jorge Luis Borges, he founded la Casa Argentina en Jerusalem, with branches in Buenos Aires and Jerusalem.He has worked on interreligious initiatives with Rabbi Guillermo Schlesinger, Father Carlos Cuccetti, Pastor Sosa, and Father Ernesto Segura, who was the first President of Argentine House in Israel. Tenembaum's Jewish and humanist education is a result of a deep devotion of his teacher and mentor, Rabbi Jacobo Fink, an orthodox rabbi who initiated him in the Jewish knowledge and the Kabbalah, and guided him all of his life. Even if they were far away (he was Great Rabbi in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Haifa, Israel, and Buenos Aires, Argentina) so close was their relationship that every Friday they had a conversation, which was never ever postponed until the last day of his life. In 2009 world gambling operator Ladbrokes gave <mask> <mask> a 1/40 odds to win the Nobel Peace Prize, as opposed to 1/20 to the actual winner, US President Barack Obama. He was the co-author, together with Dr. Shalom Rosenberg, professor of philosophy at the Hebrew University at Jerusalem, of the book 'Holy Places in the Holy Land'. Kidnapping

On January 31, 1976, <mask> <mask> was kidnapped by rightwing extremists belonging to the Triple-A (Argentine Anti-subversive Alliance) a clandestine state terrorist organization founded under the aegis of José López Rega, a sinister character of great influence during the government of President Isabel Perón. Together with members of the military and police, the Triple-A supposedly began the "disappearance" of people in Argentina which, by the end of the military dictatorship in 1983, came to a total of 30,000 persons.The kidnappers allegedly accused him of "infecting the Catholic Church with the virus of Judaism" and "of spreading ideas of alleged coexistence so as to destroy Christian principles" through his inter-faith work, which they claimed, "leads to the destruction of the Creole republic". Additionally, they accused him of being a part of the sinister "conspiracy" known as the Plan Andina. In a dramatic turn of events, his wife Perla volunteered as a hostage and was also kidnapped herself. While he was in captivity Father Horacio Moreno spoke out for him, calling for his freedom from his pulpit at Fatima Church and later holding a face-to-face meeting with the kidnappers who self-defined themselves as "concerned Catholics". Finally, he was liberated. Since then Mr. Tenembaum resides outside of Argentina, from where he leads the international affairs of the Wallenberg Foundation. Activism and events

<mask> <mask> promoted the idea of installing a memorial mural dedicated to the victims of the Holocaust inside the Buenos Aires Cathedral.This mural is the first monument of its kind, it contains Jewish religious texts and was inaugurated by the then Cardinal of Argentina and Archbishop of Buenos Aires Antonio Quarracino and unveiled by <mask> <mask> and Lech Wałęsa, Nobel Peace Prize, in April 1997. In February 1998 Cardinal Quarracino died and a unique homage of survivors of the Holocaust over the grave of a Primate Cardinal in a Catholic Cathedral was held on April, that same year. So outstanding was the impact of this mural that on 2004, in a moving ceremony, the Vater-Unser Church in Berlin inaugurated a replica of this memorial. <mask> <mask> was invited by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, to a meeting specially held on the day of the 90th anniversary of the birth of the Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg. During the meeting, that took place at the Secretary General's residence in New York, <mask> presented a Commemorative Medal specially commissioned and coined to mark the anniversary. Mrs. Nane Annan, the wife of the world leader and niece of the Swedish diplomat, also attended the event. This was the second time Kofi Annan met the founder of the IRWF.<mask> continued his work on humanitarian causes searching for gentiles who helped Jews during World War II. After eight years in self-imposed exile, and following the fall of the military dictatorship, he renewed his visits to Argentina. <mask> was one of the founders of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. Raoul Wallenberg was the Swedish diplomat who disappeared in the Soviet Gulag after saving the lives of thousands of Jews and other persecuted by the Nazis during World War II. The foundation honors Wallenberg's memory, and continues to hunt for him or his remains. The Wallenberg Foundation also honors other righteous gentiles who saved Jews during The Holocaust or shoah. The most outstanding cases of saviors of the Holocaust brought up by the foundation are Uruguayan Dr. Alejandro Pou, Polish savior Irena Sendler, Luiz Martins de Sousa Dantas (whose story was investigated by Brazilian professor Fabio Koiffman- awarded by the IRWF), and especially Monsignor Angelo Roncalli, in whose honor The Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli International Committee, an international grouping of distinguished scholars, historians, journalists, and other personalities, was founded within the framework of the IRWF.Its mission is to carry out investigations into the rescue actions performed during the Second World War in Istanbul by the then Vatican Nuncio who later became Pope John XXIII. In 2001, under the auspices of Casa Argentina en Israel - Tierra Santa and the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation, the website www.bialikencastellano.com was created, which became the most comprehensive and important online source on the life and work from the famed Israeli national writer and poet. In October 2003, United States Congressman Tom Lantos made a speech on the floor of the House of Representatives to honor Tenembaum, and had a fuller tribute inserted into the Congressional Record Wallenberg apparently was instrumental in saving Lantos from the Nazis. Tenembaum also received the Royal Order of the Polar Star from H.M. King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. Tenembaum has had an audience with the Pope. He frequently has letters to the editor published. On July 9, 2014, the United States Congress presented the Congressional Gold Medal to Raoul Wallenberg, following an initiative by the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.The ceremony took place at the Capitol Rotunda, with the presence of living relatives of Raoul, including his half-sister, Nina Lagergren, and Matti von Dardel (widow of his late half-brother, Professor Guy von Dardel). In a previous luncheon ceremony at the Congress, a distinguished group of dignitaries, senators, congressmen, and diplomats recognized the distinctive role played by the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. <mask> <mask> and Elsa Kononowicz are the parents of Mookie <mask>, a published philosopher, lawyer and conceptual artist, Yoav <mask>, an historian and author, and <mask>, a strategy consultant. He also has six grandchildren and one great-grandson. Honours
Among the decorations received it is worth mentioning the following:
The Order of the Croatian Star with the Effigy of Katarina Zrinska, Croatia
Order of Merit, Romania
Royal Order of the Polar Star, Sweden
Order of Merit, Portugal
Order Bernardo O´Higgins, Chile
Cross "Komandorski" of Merit, Poland
Tribute from the House of Representatives U.S. Congress, United States
Distinguished Citizen of the Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
Distinguished Citizen of the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

References

1933 births
People from San Cristóbal Department
Raoul Wallenberg
Argentine Jews
Illustrious Citizens of Buenos Aires
Living people

masks:
Baruch Tenembaum
Tenembaum
Baruch
Tenembaum
Tenembaum
Baruch
Tenembaum
Baruch
Tenembaum
Baruch
Tenembaum
Baruch
Tenembaum
Baruch
Tenembaum
Tenembaum
Tenembaum
Tenembaum
Baruch
Tenembaum
Tenembaum
Tenembaum
Abigail Tenembaum


texts:
<mask> is a Malaysian politician who served as Selangor State Executive Councillor. He had also served as one of the Board of Directors of the Selangor State Development Corporation (PKNS). In 2014, he was rumoured to be appointed the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of the Selangor State but Mohamed Azmin Ali was chosen. He is currently the National Treasurer of the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS). He is an old boy of the Malay College Kuala Kangsar (MCKK). He has a British degree in Architecture. PAS Vice President For 2 Terms
In the 2015 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party leadership election he was chosen as one of the three Vice Presidents after securing 672 votes from the delegates.At the 2017 party election, the incumbents were challenged by Temerloh Member of Parliament, Ustaz Nasrudin Hassan but he was not successful. <mask> managed to retain his Vice President post by securing 703 votes. 2016 Sungai Besar By-Election
In May 2016, <mask> as the Vice President of PAS said that the party's decision to contest the 2016 Sungai Besar by-election is final and should not be questioned by anyone. He also said that it is a traditional PAS seat. In a related event, Selangor Chief Minister (Menteri Besar) Mohamed Azmin Ali denied allegation that he had asked the State Executive Councillors from PAS to resign from government if PAS intend to contest the by-election. Finally the Sungai Besar Parliamentary by-election was contested by Barisan Nasional (BN), PAS and Parti Amanah Negara (Amanah), a three-cornered fight. The candidates were from BN with Budiman Mohd Zohdi, PAS with Dr <mask> Osman and Amanah with Azhar <mask>r.The by-election was won by BN with a 9,191 votes majority. Their candidate reaped 16,800 votes leaving Dr <mask> (6,902 votes) and Azhar (7,609 votes) far behind. Dropped As The PAS' State Commissioner For Selangor. After winning the Vice President post for the second time he was dropped as the PAS' State Commissioner for Selangor. He is said to be in favour of working with other opposition parties and could be the reason he was axed. However, PAS Secretary General, Datuk Takiyuddin Hassan clarified that Iskandar has been promoted and given the task of monitoring the party's machinery in the central and south zones (Selangor, Melaka, Negri Sembilan and Johor). He was replaced by Ustaz Sallehen Mukhyi from Sabak.Declined To Defend His Vice President Post
<mask> declined to defend his Vice President post in the 2019 Malaysian Islamic Party leadership election. Subsequently Terengganu Menteri Besar (Chief Minister), Dr Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar won uncontested together with incumbents Ustaz Idris Ahmad and Datuk Nik Mohd. Amar Nik <mask>. According to Iskandar he wanted to give way to a more high profiled candidate. He however was one of the 18 Central Committee members elected, finishing fourth garnering 856 votes from the 1,230 delegates. Housing
In September 2016, Iskandar announced that it will be compulsory for developers to build 10% to 20% affordable units for their serviced apartment, small office/home office (Soho) or small office/virtual office (Sovo) projects. These units will be controlled by the Selangor  Housing And Property Board (Lembaga Perumahan Dan Hartanah Selangor / LPHS) and can only be sold to those eligible.Each unit will cost between RM230,000 to RM270,000. In March 2018, <mask> informed that the Selangor State Government had resolved 53 abandoned housing projects involving 24,660 units from 2008 to 2017. In December 2008, there were 116 abandoned housing projects or 42,541 units. Caring Government Residents' Improvement Aid (CERIA)
During <mask>'s tenure as the State Executive Councillor, the Selangor State Government launched the Caring Government  Residents' Improvement Aid (CERIA) scheme in 2010 to repair and rehabilitate low cost and medium cost apartments on a cost sharing basis. Initially the State Government pays 80 percent and the houseowners pay 20 percent. In July 2017, he announced that 183 low cost and medium cost housing projects had been rehabilitated since 2010 under the CERIA programme costing more than RM55 million. He also said 88 lifts from 17 projects will be rehabilitated at a cost of more than RM22 million under the SMART LIFE programme.While 90 lifts from 22 projects will be maintained by the Selangor State Government at a cost of almost RM800,000. Rumah Selangorku
The Rumah Selangorku (My Selangor Home) programme is the  Selangor State's affordable housing scheme started in 2014 when Iskandar was the Executive Councillor in charge of housing where developers must build homes ranging between RM42,000 and RM250,000 per unit. Under the scheme it is compulsory for developers that develop more than 10 acres of land to dedicate a certain percentage of their development for affordable housing. In September 2016, Iskandar urged the Federal Government to follow the Rumah Selangorku policy where priority is being given to constructing affordable homes. There are several types namely RM42,000, RM100,000, RM150,000, RM180,000, RM220,000 and RM250,000. In March 2017, Iskandar reported 20,675 unit of affordable homes under the Rumah Selangorku programme from 24 projects are being constructed. While 665 units from 2 project have been completed.In total, 89,396 units have been approved and 24,700 units in 24 project have already obtained the planning approval. While 3,803 units in 13 projects have obtained the building plans approval. Smart Sewa
In January 2017, Iskandar as the Selangor State Executive Councillor for Housing, Building Mangaement and Urban Living announced that the State Government will spend RM100 million to buy the Rumah Selangorku Affordable Homes. The houses will be rented out under the Smart Sewa (Smart Rental) scheme to people who failed to get the financing to buy their own home or those who are not yet ready to buy a house. Under the scheme, 30% of the rent paid will be returned to them at the end of their rental contract. They can use the money to buy their own home. Iskandar reported 260 units of Affordable Homes have been identified and will be bought at a cost of RM46.5 million.The units are at Pangsapuri De Kiara (30 units), Pangsapuri De Bayu (30 units), Pangsapuri Bandar Bukit Raja (50 units), Apartment Trifolis, Bandar Botanic (30 units), Jade Hills Kajang (50 units), Pangsapuri Bandar Rimbayu (50 units) and Bandar Seri Coalfields, Sungai Buloh (20 units). REACH
He is the founder and Head Coordinator of the Pusat Sumber Untuk Kemajuan Masyarakat Dan Perumahan or Research Centre For The Advancement Of The Community And Housing (REACH). On 18 March 2020, REACH urged the Malaysian Government to instruct the banks and other financial institutions to allow borrowers to suspend their loan repayments due to the Covid-19 pandemic. On 17 April 2020, Iskandar as the Head Coordinator of REACH said the government will be a laughing stock if they did not appoint suitable or qualified people for the government linked companies and agencies. On 5 October 2020, REACH proposed mandatory prison term and whipping for owners of industries found guilty of polluting water source resulting in disruption of water supply. REACH also proposed their assets to be seized. Election results

Honours
  :
  Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (DPMS) – Dato' (2014)

References

Living people
People from Selangor
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian Islamic Party politicians
Members of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly
Selangor state executive councillors
21st-century Malaysian politicians
1961 births

masks:
Iskandar bin Abdul Samad
Iskandar
Iskandar
Abdul Rani
Abdul Shuku
Abdul Rani
Iskandar
Abdullah
Iskandar
Iskandar


texts:
<mask> (born August 30, 1953) is a former Republican member of the Maryland House of Delegates. From January 2007 to January 2015 he represented District 30 in the Maryland General Assembly located within Anne Arundel County. He shared this district with Democratic member House Speaker Michael E. Busch and Republican Herbert H. McMillan. Redistricting after 2010 placed <mask> in District 33. He sought the Republican nomination for Governor of Maryland in 2014, but finished fourth in the primary. In December 2014, <mask> expressed interest in being appointed to the District 33 House of Delegates seat vacated by Cathy Vitale, who was appointed a judge. <mask> unsuccessfully ran in 2018 for the state Senate in District 30, which includes Annapolis.<mask> has been a successful Maryland business owner for over 20 years. He owns Ron George Jewelers located in Annapolis and formerly in Severna Park. Biography
Born in Syracuse, New York, August 30, 1953. Master goldsmith certificate, jewelry design and repair, Bowman Technical School for Jewelry Making and Design, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1972. Syracuse University, B.A. (visual & performing arts), 1978. Institute for Psychological Sciences, M.S.(clinical), 2005. Jeweler. Owner, Ron George Jewelry & Repair, 1987–91; Ron George Jewelers, Inc., 1991–present; State House Inn, 2002–07. Volunteer counselor, Covenant House (emergency youth shelter), New York, 1979–81. Volunteer Director, Conquest Boys Club, 1996–2002. National Board member, Traditions of Roman Catholic Homes (home-schooling support organization), 1998-. Volunteer Executive Director, Springhill Center for Family Development, 2002–08.Member, Annapolis Business Association; Maryland Chamber of Commerce; National Federation of Independent Businesses. <mask> Award, Annapolis Republican Central Committee, 2005. Legislator of the Year, Annapolis/Anne Arundel Chamber of Commerce, 2008. Distinguished Service Award, Republican Women of Anne Arundel County, 2009. Former Sunday School teacher, St. Mary's Catholic Church, Annapolis. Married; six children, two grandchildren. As a delegate in the Maryland House of Delegates, <mask> served on the Ways and Means Committee, the Transportation, Education, and Election Law subcommittees, the Sportsmans Caucus, and the Veterans Caucus.<mask> founded Maryland's Doctors Caucus and advisory board. Gubernatorial campaign

Delegate <mask> announced his candidacy for Governor of Maryland on June 5, 2013. During his announcement speech, <mask> unveiled his 10 Point Promise. The Promise calls for building the tax base in Baltimore City, creating safe school zones in Baltimore modeled after the Harlem Children's Zone, conducting independent audits of all state agencies, and lowering corporate and unemployment taxes among other initiatives. This plan prompted the Baltimore Sun Editorial Board on July 17, 2013, to name <mask> "The leader so far in providing a specific platform". <mask> finished last in the primary, behind Larry Hogan, who won the nomination, David Craig, and Charles Lollar. Legislative record
 Voted against in-state tuition for illegal immigrants in 2007 (HB6)
 Sponsored Wind Energy at Greenbury Point in 2010 (HJ7)
 Sponsored Lawful Presence Requirement for Maryland Drivers Licenses (HB195)
 Sponsored Voltage Regulation Technology - Income Tax Subtraction Modification (HB320)
 Sponsored Local Correctional Facilities - New Construction - Residential Programs for Substance Abuse Treatment (HB967)
 Co-Sponsored Intellectual Disability (Rosa's Law) (HB20)
 Co-Sponsored State Property Tax - Homeowner's Property Tax Assessment Cap Reduction (HB156)
 Co-Sponsored 	State Retirement and Pension System - Military Service Credit (HB191)
 Co-Sponsored Silver Alert Program - Establishment (HB317)
 Co-Sponsored Sales and Use Tax - Exemptions - Veterans' Organizations (HB317)
 Co-Sponsored Natural Resources - Oysters - Dredge Devices (ban repealed.Chapter) (HB218)

Election results

2010 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – 30th District
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|<mask>, Rep.
|25,631
|  19.25%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Michael E. Busch, Dem. |23,995
|  18.02%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Herb McMillan, Rep.
|22,553
|  16.94%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Virginia P. Clagett, Dem. |21,142
|  15.88%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|Seth Howard, Rep.
|20,080
|  15.08%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|Judd Legum, Dem. |19,670
|  14.77%
|   Lost
|-
|Other Write-Ins
|      89
|    0.07%
|
|-
|}

2014 Republican Gubernatorial Primary Election

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|Larry Hogan / Boyd Rutherford
|92,376
|  43.0%
|   Won
|-
|David R. Craig / Jeannie Haddaway
|62,639
|  29.1%
|   Lost
|-
|Charles Lollar / Kenneth R. Timmerman
|33,292
|  15.5%
|   Lost
|-
|<mask> / Shelley Aloi
|26,628
|  12.4%
|   Lost
|}

2018 Race for Maryland Senate – 30th District

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|Sarah K. Elfreth, Dem. |29,736
|  53.8%
|   Won
|-
|<mask>, Rep.
|24,639
|  44.6%
|   Lost
|-
|Christopher Wallace, Sr., Lib. |     826
|    1.5%
|   Lost
|-
|Other Write-Ins
|       38
|    0.1%
|
|}

Volunteer work

Prior to his jewelry work, <mask> was a volunteer counselor at Covenant House in New York City for two years. He has also been a volunteer director for the Conquest Boys' Club, volunteering from 1996 until 2002.He has been working for the Springhill Center for Family Development since 2002 and has been a National Board member of Traditions of Roman Catholic Homes, a home-schooling support organization, since 1998. <mask> is also a member of the Annapolis Business Association, the Maryland Chamber of Commerce, and the National Federation of Independent Businesses. He received the Ronald Reagan Award from the Annapolis Republican Central Committee in 2005. Additionally, he is a Sunday School teacher for St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church in Annapolis. Acting career
<mask> is a member of the Screen Actors Guild. He has made appearances in movies such as Chances Are and Broadcast News. He has also appeared in The Doctors, a soap opera, in the late 1970s.Notes and references

External links

 <mask> Campaign website
 <mask> George Jewelers website

1953 births
Living people
Maryland Republicans
Members of the Maryland House of Delegates
People from Columbia, Maryland
Politicians from Syracuse, New York
Syracuse University alumni
People from Anne Arundel County, Maryland
21st-century American politicians

masks:
Ronald Alan George
George
George
George
George
Ronald Reagan
George
George
George
George
George
George
Ron George
Ron George
Ron George
George
Ron George
George
Ron George
Ron


texts:
<mask> (March 11, 1903 – May 17, 1992) was an American accordionist, bandleader, and television impresario, who hosted the television program The Lawrence Welk Show from 1951 to 1982. His style came to be known to his large audience of radio, television, and live-performance fans (and critics) as "champagne music". Early life
<mask> was born in the German-speaking community of Strasburg, North Dakota. He was sixth of the eight children of Ludwig and Christiana (née Schwahn) <mask>, Roman Catholic ethnic Germans who emigrated in 1892 from Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine). Welk was a first cousin, once removed, of former Montana governor Brian Schweitzer (Welk's mother and Schweitzer's paternal grandmother were siblings). Welk's  paternal great-great grandparents, Moritz and <mask>, emigrated in 1808 from Germanophone Alsace-Lorraine to Ukraine. The family lived on a homestead that is now a tourist attraction.They spent the cold North Dakota winter of their first year inside an upturned wagon covered in sod. Welk left school during fourth grade to work full-time on the family farm. Welk decided on a career in music and persuaded his father to buy a mail-order accordion for $400 (equivalent to $ in ) He promised his father that he would work on the farm until he was 21, in repayment for the accordion. Any money he made elsewhere during that time, doing farmwork or performing, would go to his family. Welk did not learn to speak English until he was twenty-one and never felt comfortable speaking it in public. Welk became an iconic figure in the German-Russian community of the northern Great Plains—his success story personified the American dream. Early career
On his 21st birthday, having fulfilled his promise to his father, Welk left the family farm to pursue a career in music.During the 1920s, he performed with various bands before forming an orchestra. He led big bands in North Dakota and eastern South Dakota, including the Hotsy Totsy Boys and the Honolulu Fruit Gum Orchestra. His band was also the station band for the popular radio programming WNAX in Yankton, South Dakota. The Lawrence Welk Orchestra scored an immediate success and began a daily radio show, which lasted from 1927 to 1936. The radio show led to many well-paying engagements for the band throughout the midwestern states. In 1927, he graduated from the MacPhail School of Music in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Although many associate <mask>'s music with a style quite-separate from jazz, he recorded one notable song in a ragtime style in November 1928 for Gennett Records, based in Richmond, Indiana: "Spiked Beer", featuring <mask> and his Novelty Orchestra.During the 1930s, <mask> led a traveling big band specializing in dance tunes and "sweet" music (during this period, bands performing light-melodic music were referred to as "sweet bands" to distinguish them from the more rhythmic and assertive "hot" bands of artists like Benny Goodman and Duke Ellington). Initially, the band traveled around the country by car. They were too poor to rent rooms, so they usually slept and changed clothes in their cars. The term champagne music was derived from an engagement at the William Penn Hotel in Pittsburgh, after a dancer referred to his band's sound as "light and bubbly as champagne." The hotel also lays claim to the original "bubble machine," a prop left over from a 1920s movie premiere. <mask> described his band's sound, saying, "We still play music with the champagne style, which means light and rhythmic. We place the stress on melody; the chords are played pretty much the way the composer wrote them.We play with a steady beat so dancers can follow it." <mask>'s big band performed across the country, but particularly in the Chicago and Milwaukee areas. In the early 1940s, the band began a 10-year stint at the Trianon Ballroom in Chicago, regularly drawing crowds of several thousand. His orchestra also performed frequently at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City during the late 1940s. In 1944 and 1945, <mask> led his orchestra in 10 "Soundies", three-minute movie musicals considered to be the early pioneers of music videos. <mask> collaborated with Western artist Red Foley to record a version of Spade Cooley's "Shame on You" in 1945. The record (Decca 18698) was number 4 to Cooley's number 5 on Billboard'''s September 15 "Most Played Juke Box Folk Records" listing.From 1949 through 1951, the band had radio programming on ABC, sponsored by Miller High Life, "The Champagne of Bottled Beer." Recordings
In addition to the above-mentioned "Spiked Beer", <mask>'s territory band made occasional trips to Richmond, Indiana, and to Grafton, Wisconsin, to record a handful of sessions for the Gennett and Paramount companies. In November 1928 he recorded four sides for Gennett spread over two days (one side was rejected), and in 1931 he recorded eight sides for Paramount (in two sessions) that were issued on the Broadway and Lyric labels. These records are rare and highly valued. From 1938 to 1940, he recorded frequently in New York and Chicago for Vocalion Records. During this period <mask> recorded numerous instrumentals especially for radio stations; these transcription records became a broadcasting staple. <mask> signed with Decca Records in 1941, then recorded for Mercury Records and Coral Records for short periods of time before moving to Dot Records in 1959.In 1967, <mask> left Dot Records and joined its former executive Randy Wood in creating Ranwood Records. <mask> bought back all his masters from Dot and Coral, and Ranwood became the outlet for all of Welk's many artists. They started with a huge reissue of old Dot albums in 1968 to get them started on the right foot. Wood's interest was sold to Welk in 1979. In 2015, Welk Music Group sold the Vanguard and Sugar Hill labels to Concord Bicycle Music while retaining ownership of the Ranwood catalog. <mask>'s estate licensed the Ranwood catalogue to Concord Music Group for 10 years. The <mask> Welk Show

In 1951, Welk settled in Los Angeles.The same year, he began producing The Lawrence Welk Show on KTLA in Los Angeles, where it was broadcast from the Aragon Ballroom in Venice Beach. The show became a local hit and was picked up by ABC in June 1955. During its first year on the air, the Welk hour instituted several regular features. To make Welk's "Champagne Music" tagline visual, the production crew engineered a "bubble machine" that spouted streams of large bubbles across the bandstand. While the bubble machine was originally engineered to produce soap bubbles, complaints from the band members about soapy build-ups on their instruments led to the machine being reworked to produce glycerine bubbles instead. During the show's first year, the bubble machine operated continuously, with the bubbles wafting across the musicians' faces and instruments for the entire hour. Within a year, the bubble machine was retired except for the opening and closing "Champagne Music" selections.Whenever the orchestra played a polka or waltz, <mask> himself would dance with the band's female vocalist, the "Champagne Lady". This was a long-standing tradition in the Welk band; the first Champagne Lady was Lois Best (1939 to 1941), followed during the war years by Jayne Walton. Beginning with the Welk show's freshman year, Welk was careful to program current songs in addition to the traditional big-band standards. The Boyd Bennett rock-and-roll hit "My Boy Flat Top" was featured on two different programs (November 26, 1955 and December 10, 1955, the latter featuring Buddy Merrill on electric guitar). The policy was relaxed over the next year, with new songs still being included but now being treated as novelty arrangements. In the December 8, 1956 broadcast, "Nuttin' for Christmas" became a vehicle for Rocky Rockwell dressed in a child's outfit, and Elvis Presley's "Don't Be Cruel" was sung by the violinist Bob Lido, wearing fake Presley-style sideburns. In another episode, the Lennon Sisters and Norma Zimmer performed the Orlons' No.2 pop hit "The Wah-Watusi" with the bass singer Larry Hooper wearing a beatnik outfit. These stood in comparison to the contemporary American Bandstand, which catered to a teenager audience and featured the latest acts. In a 1971 episode, Welk infamously billed the Brewer & Shipley single, "One Toke Over the Line" (performed as a duet by Gail Farrell and Dick Dale), as a "modern spiritual"; social conservatives of the era saw it as subversive. Later in the 1970s, however, Welk's programs often included current adult contemporary songs performed by his singers, including "Feelings" and "Love Will Keep Us Together" (made famous by Morris Albert and Captain & Tennille, respectively), and current songs were included up through 1982, the final year of production of the show. Whenever a Dixieland tune was scheduled, Welk harked back to his days with the Hotsy Totsy Boys and enthusiastically led the band. Befitting the target audience, the type of music on The <mask>lk Show was conservative, concentrating on popular music standards, show tunes, polkas, and novelty songs, delivered in a smooth, calm, good-humored easy-listening style and "family-oriented" manner. Although described by one critic, Canadian journalist and entertainment editor Frank Rasky, as "the squarest music this side of Euclid", this strategy proved commercially successful, and the show remained on the air for 31 years.Welk's musicians included accordionist Myron Floren, the concert violinist Dick Kesner, the guitarist Buddy Merrill, and the New Orleans Dixieland clarinetist Pete Fountain. Though Welk was occasionally rumored to be tight with a dollar, he paid his regular band members top scale. Long tenure was common among the regulars. For example, Floren was the band's assistant conductor throughout the show's run. He was noted for spotlighting individual members of his band. Welk had a number of instrumental hits, including a cover of the song "Yellow Bird". His highest charting record was "Calcutta", written by Heino Gaze, which achieved hit status in 1961.<mask> himself was indifferent to the tune, but his musical director, George Cates, said that if <mask> did not wish to record the song, he (Cates) would. <mask> replied, "Well, if it's good enough for you, George, I guess it's good enough for me." Although the rock-and-roll explosion in the mid-1950s had driven most older artists off the charts, "Calcutta" reached number 1 on the U.S. pop charts between 13 and 26 February 1961; it was recorded in only one take. The tune knocked the Shirelles' "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" out of the number 1 position, and it kept the Miracles' "Shop Around" from becoming the group's first number-1 hit, holding their recording at number 2. It sold more than one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. The album Calcutta! also achieved number-one status.The albums Last Date, Yellow Bird, Moon River, Young World and Baby Elephant Walk and Theme from the Brothers Grimm, produced in the early 60s, were in Billboards top ten; nine more albums produced between 1956 and 1963 were in the top twenty. His albums continued to chart through 1973. <mask>'s insistence on wholesome entertainment led him to be a taskmaster at times. For example, he fired Alice Lon, at the time the show's "Champagne Lady," because he believed she was showing too much leg. <mask> told the audience that he would not tolerate such "cheesecake" performances on

masks:
Lawrence Welk
Welk
Welk
Magdalena Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Lawrence
Welk
Lawrence We
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk


texts:
 his show; he later tried unsuccessfully to rehire the singer after fan mail indicated overwhelmingly that viewers opposed her dismissal. He then had a series of short-term "Champagne Ladies" before Norma Zimmer filled that spot on a permanent basis. Highly involved with his stars' personal lives, he often arbitrated their marital disputes.His musical conservatism caused occasional controversies as well. Despite the authentic New Orleans Dixieland clarinet that made him a popular cast member, Pete Fountain left the orchestra in a dispute with Welk over adding a jazz solo to a Christmas song. Reflecting the controversies about the quality of Welk's music among the cognoscenti, in 1956, musical satirist Stan Freberg, known for his love of jazz, wrote and recorded a biting Welk satire, "Wunnerful! Wunnerful!" Freberg impersonated Welk. Recorded with some of Hollywood's best jazz musicians, arranged by Billy May to sound like authentic Welk, the single mocked Welk's accordion work, his sometimes-stumbling patter between songs and the music of such Welk favorites Rocky Rockwell ("Stony Stonedwell"), Champagne Lady Alice Lon ("Alice Lean") and Larry Hooper ("Larry Looper"). Welk was not amused, and when he met Freberg years later, claimed he never used the "Wunnerful!Wunnerful!" term. Ironically, it became the title of Welk's 1971 autobiography. Despite its staid reputation, The Lawrence Welk Show nonetheless kept up with the times and never limited itself strictly to music of the big-band era. During the 1960s and 1970s, for instance, the show incorporated material by such contemporary sources as the Beatles, Burt Bacharach and Hal David, Neil Sedaka, the Everly Brothers and Paul Williams (as well as, in the most notorious example, Brewer & Shipley), all arranged in a format that was easily digestible to older viewers. Originally produced in black and white, in 1957 the show began being recorded on videotape, and it switched to color for the fall 1965 season. During its network run, The Lawrence Welk Show aired on ABC on Saturday nights at 9 p.m. (Eastern Time), moving up a half-hour to 8:30 p.m. in the fall of 1963.In fact, <mask> headlined two weekly prime-time shows on ABC for three years. From 1956 to 1958, he hosted Top Tunes and New Talent, which aired on Monday nights. The series moved to Wednesdays in the fall of 1958 and was renamed The Plymouth Show, which ended in May 1959. During that time, the Saturday show was also known as The Dodge Dancing Party. During this period, the networks were in the process of eliminating programming that was seen as having either too old an audience, did not appeal to urban residents, or both (the so-called Rural Purge). As The Lawrence Welk Show fit into this category, ABC ended its run in 1971. Welk thanked ABC and the sponsors at the end of the last network show.The <mask>lk Show continued on as a first-run syndicated program shown on 250 stations across the country until the final original show was produced in 1982, when <mask> decided to retire. While many longtime TV shows suffered a serious ratings drop during the counterculture movement of the late 1960s, The Lawrence Welk Show survived largely intact and even had increased viewership during this time. For the entire run, musical numbers were divided fairly evenly between prerecorded lip- and finger-sync performances and those recorded live on film or tape. Generally, the big production numbers featuring dancing and singing performances were recorded earlier in the day or the day before, often at famous recording studios in and around nearby Hollywood, while the more intimate numbers were recorded live on tape or film. Personal life

<mask> was married for 61 years, until his death in 1992, to Fern Renner (August 26, 1903 – February 13, 2002), with whom he had three children. One of his sons, <mask> Jr., married fellow Lawrence Welk Show performer Tanya Falan; they later divorced. Welk had many grandchildren and great-grandchildren during his lifetime.Known as a skillful businessman, <mask> had investments in real estate and music publishing. He was the general partner in a commercial real estate development at 100 Wilshire Boulevard in Santa Monica, California. The 21-story white tower, located on the bluffs overlooking Santa Monica Bay at Ocean Avenue, is the tallest building in Santa Monica. It was a joint venture with the engineering firm Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall. Its largest original tenant was GTE, now Verizon. <mask> also owned the adjacent 16-story luxury apartment building at 1221 Ocean Avenue-- the "Lawrence Welk Champagne Towers", and <mask> made his personal residence in the complex. He built the adjacent 11-story Wilshire Palisades office building at 1299 Ocean Avenue at Arizona Street.Designed to resemble a white ocean liner, it has a wedge-shaped "bow" edge, receding "decks" with railings, and air conditioner covers that look like smokestacks. Its shape creates a landscaped plaza on the corner, and the result is a landmark. <mask> enjoyed playing golf, which he first took up in the late 1950s, and was often a regular at many celebrity pro-am tournaments, such as the Bob Hope Desert Classic. Welk was awarded four US design patents:

A musically themed restaurant menu

 An accordion-themed tray for serving food at a restaurant

 An accordion-themed tray for serving food at a restaurant

 An accordion-themed ashtray

A devout Roman Catholic, Welk was a daily communicant, as corroborated by numerous biographies, by his autobiography and by his family and his many staff, friends and associates throughout the years. Later years

After retiring from his show and from the road in 1982, Welk continued to air reruns of his shows, which were repackaged first for syndication and, starting in 1986, for public television. He also starred in and produced a pair of Christmas specials in 1984 and 1985. In addition, he owned a restaurant and club in Escondido, where he filmed lead-ins for reruns of The Lawrence Welk Show.<mask> died of pneumonia on May 17, 1992 at age 89 in his Santa Monica apartment, surrounded by his family. He was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery, in Culver City, California. Singles

* "Shame On You" also made the US Country charts (No. 1) as well as its flip side, "At Mail Call Today" (No. 3)** "Calcutta" also made the US R&B chart, reaching No. 10

Honors
In 1961, <mask> was inducted as a charter member of the Rough Rider Award from his native North Dakota. In 1967, he received the Horatio Alger Award from the Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans.He later served as the Grand Marshal for the Rose Bowl's Tournament of Roses parade in 1972. <mask> received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1980. In 1994, <mask> was inducted into the International Polka Music Hall of Fame. <mask> has a star for recording on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6613½ Hollywood Boulevard. He has a second star at 1601 Vine Street for television. In 2007, <mask> was a charter member of the Gennett Records Walk of Fame in Richmond, Indiana. <mask>'s band continues to appear in a dedicated theater in Branson, Missouri.In addition, the television show has been repackaged for broadcast on PBS stations, with updates from show performers appearing as wraparounds where the original shows had commercial breaks. The repackaged shows are broadcast at roughly the same Saturday night time slot as the original ABC shows, and special longer rebroadcasts are often shown during individual stations' fund-raising periods. These repackaged shows are produced by the Oklahoma Educational Television Authority. A resort community developed by <mask> and promoted heavily by him on the show is named for him. Formerly known as Lawrence Welk Village, the Welk Resort and Champagne Village are just off Interstate 15 north of Escondido, California, about  north of downtown San Diego. Welk lived in a rather affluent "cottage" in Lawrence Welk Village. The resort is open to the public and contains two golf courses, dozens of upscale timeshares, and a theater that contains a museum of <mask>'s life.The Welk Resort Theatre performs live Broadway musicals year-round. His organization, the Welk Group, includes Welk Resorts (run by his grandson Jon Fredricks), properties in Escondido; Palm Springs; Branson, Missouri; Lake Tahoe; and Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. It also includes Welk Syndication, which broadcasts the show on public television, and the Welk Music Group, which operates the record labels Sugar Hill, Vanguard and Ranwood. From the late 1950s to the mid-1980s, the Welk Group was known as Teleklew, in which tele stood for television and klew was Welk spelled backwards. The "Live Lawrence Welk Show" makes annual concert tours across the United States and Canada, featuring stars from the television series, including Ralna English, Mary Lou Metzger, Jack Imel, Gail Farrell and Anacani. Welk's variety show has been repeatedly parodied in U.S. popular entertainment for decades. The comedy show Saturday Night Live had a recurring sketch during the late 2000s and early 2010s, in which he was portrayed by Fred Armisen.Books by Welk
All books written with Bernice McGeehan and published by Prentice Hall (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.), except where indicated:
 Wunnerful, Wunnerful: The Autobiography of <mask>, 1971,
 Ah-One, Ah-Two! Life with My Musical Family, 1974,
 My America, Your America, 1976,
 <mask>'s Musical Family Album, 1977,
 Welk with McGeehan, <mask>'s Bunny Rabbit Concert,  illustrated by Carol Bryan, Indianapolis: Youth Publications/Saturday Evening Post Co., 1977,  (children's book)
 You're Never Too Young, 1981,

See also
 The Lennon Sisters – mainstay singers for Welk from 1955 to 1968
 Aragon Ballroom (Ocean Park)

References

Further reading
 Coakley, Mary Lewis. Mister Music Maker, <mask>lk (1958). Govoni, Albert. The <mask> Welk Story (1961)
 Kloberdanz, Timothy J. "Symbols of German-Russian Ethnic Identity on the Northern Plains." Great Plains Quarterly 8#1 (1988): 3–15  online.Miller, John. "From the Great Plains to LA: The Intersecting Paths of <mask> and Johnny Carson." Virginia Quarterly Review 79.2 (2003): 265. Miller, John E. "<mask> and John Wooden: Midwestern small-town boys who never left home." Journal of American Studies 38.1 (2004): 109–125. Schweinher, William K. <mask>lk: An American Institution (1980). Vickery-Bareford, Melissa."<mask>, <mask>" American National Biography (1999) https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1803327
 Zehnpfennig, Gladys. <mask>lk: Champagne Music Man'' (1968)

External links

Stars of the Lawrence Welk Show

North Dakota State Univ. database of <mask> Welk Music Arrangements
<mask>'s recordings in the 1920s and 1930s, along with other info
Welk Musical Family website
Welk Musical Family blog

1903 births
1992 deaths
20th-century accordionists
20th-century American male musicians
American accordionists
American bandleaders
American people of German-Russian descent
Big band bandleaders
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City
Catholics from California
Catholics from North Dakota
Coral Records artists
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Dot Records artists
Gennett Records artists
Mercury Records artists
Musicians from Los Angeles
Musicians from North Dakota
People from Emmons County, North Dakota
Polka musicians
Sweet band musicians
Television personalities from Los

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