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<mask> (May 7, 1830 – October 18, 1879) was a U.S. Representative from Georgia. Early life
<mask><mask> was born near Waynesboro, Georgia to <mask>, a prosperous plantation owner, and his wife Salenah Lanier. He attended common schools in the county. When he was about ten years of age his father died. After his father's death his mother married Calvin B. Churchill, a Baptist clergyman. Corker studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Waynesboro, Georgia. He married Margaret Myrtice Palmer on October 26, 1859, at Augusta, Georgia.In addition to being a lawyer, he also engaged in agricultural pursuits. The 1860 Federal Census has Corker owning four slaves in addition to $4,000 in real estate and $5,600 in personal estate. Ten years later the value of his estate had grown to $11,000 in real estate and $6,000 in personal estate. He was elected ordinary for Burke County in January 1860. Confederate Army
Corker enlisted on April 29, 1861, as a Sergeant in Company A, Third Georgia Regiment, Burke Guards at Waynesboro, Georgia. Days later on May 2 his company was mustered into service at Augusta, Georgia. During the war he was promoted to Captain of his company.<mask> was captured at the Battle of Gettysburg, July 2, 1863. He was first sent to Fort Delaware and was shortly afterwards sent to Johnson's Island Federal prisoner of war camp in Ohio. He stayed there until he was sent to City Point, Virginia on February 24, 1865, as part of a prisoner of war exchange. He was paroled at Augusta, Georgia on May 19, 1865. His initial fate upon capture was not known by his family. His life as a prisoner of war is documented in a series of letters held by the Hargrett Library of the University of Georgia. After the war, he returned home and resumed the practice of law in Waynesboro and was a judge by the late 1860s.Congressional Service
In August 1870, <mask> was one of thirty-two delegates from Burke County to the State Democratic Convention. In October that year he was nominated for the short term and Dudley M. DuBose was nominated for the long term for Georgia's 5th Congressional district by the Democratic nominating committee at Augusta, Georgia. The short term referred to Congress the vacancy caused by the House of Representatives declaring Congressman Charles H. Prince not entitled to his seat  for the Forty-first Congress. Prince and the rest of Congressional Delegation from Georgia had been elected in April 1868 for the last remaining months of the 40th United States Congress and had then attempted to present their same credentials for the next Congress without a subsequent election. The position became vacant on March 3, 1869, while Congress decided the legality of their elections. Congress decided that January 1870 that the members elected in April 1868 were not entitled to the seats for the Forty-First Congress. It was decided that elections for both the remaining portion of Forty-First Congress and the Forty-Second were to be held jointly in December 1870.<mask>'s opponent in the election was a black Republican named Thomas Payce Beard. The elections results given by the Georgia Secretary of State were 14,678 for <mask> and 9,112 for Beard. The results were contested by Beard. Beard reported that Republicans were compelled through threats of violence to vote for Corker against their wills, that there were numerous incidents of voting fraud, and that Republicans had been beaten, shot at, and maltreated prior to and during the election. <mask> denied the allegations and countered that the Republicans were not united behind Beard. <mask> presented his credentials to Congress and was seated on January 24, 1871, pending the results of the Elections Committee. A Federal investigation into the election began soon afterwards.Testimony was taken by witnesses of the election in the middle of February 1871. One witness, Washington Dawson, recalled Republican voters being threatened with being attacked by the Ku Klux Klan if they did not vote the Democratic ticket. Other witnesses reported the election to have been peaceful and fair, and that some blacks had voted willingly for Corker. The case never came before the Elections Committee. Corker served until the end of his term on March 3, 1871, for a total of thirty-nine days. Life After Congress
After leaving congress he resumed the practice of law in Waynesboro. In October 1874 <mask> was stabbed five times with a penknife by a man named Walker McCatherine following a disagreement  about a ruling Corker made related to a bit of property.None of the wounds were serious. <mask> returned to work a few days later. In the 1870s he was vice-president of the Third Georgia, an organization for veterans from <mask>'s Confederate Regiment during the war. In October 1876 he was elected as one of three congressmen for Burke County in the Georgia General Assembly. He served on the Committees on  Education during his tenure in office. He was elected to the same position again in November 1877. On September 5 he was nominated by members of the Greenback Party for United States Congress.Days later he resigned from his position in the General Assembly. Newspapers from the time period doubted that he would be elected to congress. He accepted the nomination of the Greenback Party for Representative of Georgia's 1st Congressional district in earl October 1878. The denunciation by Greenback Party of the Democratic Party drew criticism. Corker responded to those questions by claiming one could be an Independent Democrat and also run on the Greenback Party ticket. Critics believed that Corker was trying to get elected to Congress again any way that he could. Rumors claimed that Corker had stayed in Savannah, Georgia during the war and had not fought.These rumors were denounced by his friends and newspapers, but during the campaign he was continuously accused of having abandoned Democracy and allying himself with its opponents. Democrats argued that "If it is Captain Corker this year it will be a negro next time." In an attempt to defeat the Democratic candidate John C. Nicholls, Corker reportedly courted the votes of Republicans, Radicals, and the African American community. Corker lost the election to John C. Nicholls  by 3,600 votes. After losing the election, his health began to decline. On Saturday October 18, 1879 he was talking to clients at his office in Waynesboro when he suddenly slumped down and was paralysed on his left side. He died at four o'clock that afternoon at forty-nine years old.He was a Freemason, a member of the Royal Arcanum, and a member of the Knights of Honor. He was interred in the Confederate Cemetery at Waynesboro. His wife and all three of his sons survived him. His great-great-grandson is former U.S. Senator from Tennessee <mask>. References

External links

 <mask> and Margaret Palmer Corker papers Finding Aid at Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library

1830 births
1879 deaths
American Civil War prisoners of war
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
Confederate States Army officers
People from Waynesboro, Georgia
Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats
Georgia (U.S. state) Greenbacks
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
American slave owners
19th-century American politicians

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<mask> (; born January 5, 1931) is an American actor and filmmaker. His career spans more than seven decades. He is the recipient of an Academy Award, four Golden Globe Awards, a BAFTA Award, two Primetime Emmy Awards and a Screen Actors Guild Award. <mask> began appearing in theater in the late 1950s, moving into television and film roles during the early 1960s, playing Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) and appearing in Captain Newman, M.D. (1963), as Major Frank Burns in the blockbuster comedy M*A*S*H (1970) and the lead role in THX 1138 (1971), as well as Horton Foote's adaptation of William Faulkner's Tomorrow (1972), which was developed at The Actors Studio and is his personal favorite. This was followed by a series of critically lauded performances in commercially successful films. He has starred in numerous films and television series, including The Twilight Zone (1963), The Outer Limits (1964), The F.B.I.(1966), Bullitt (1968), True Grit (1969), Joe Kidd (1972), The Godfather (1972), The Godfather Part II (1974), The Conversation (1974), Network (1976), Apocalypse Now (1979), The Great Santini (1979),  Tender Mercies (1983) (which earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor), The Natural (1984), Colors (1988), Lonesome Dove (1989), The Handmaid's Tale (1990), Days of Thunder (1990), Rambling Rose (1991), Falling Down (1993), Secondhand Lions (2003), The Judge (2014), and Widows (2018). Early life
<mask> was born January 5, 1931, in San Diego, California, the son of Mildred Virginia (; 1901–1985), an amateur actress, and Admiral William Howard <mask> (1904–1984), a Virginia-born U.S. Navy rear admiral. The second of three sons, he has an elder brother, William Jr. and a younger brother, John (1934-2000), who was an entertainment lawyer. His mother was a relative of Civil War General <mask>. Lee, and a member of the Lee Family of Virginia, while his father was a descendant of settler Mareen <mask>. Duvall was raised in the Christian Science religion and has stated that, while it is his belief, he does not attend church. He grew up primarily in Annapolis, Maryland, site of the United States Naval Academy. He recalled: "I was a Navy brat.My father started at the Academy when he was 16, made captain at 39 and retired as a rear admiral." He attended Severn School in Severna Park, Maryland, and The Principia in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Drama from Principia College in Elsah, Illinois, in 1953. His father had expected him to attend the Naval Academy, but Duvall said "I was terrible at everything but acting—I could barely get through school". He again defied his father by serving in the United States Army after the Korean War (from August 19, 1953, to August 20, 1954) leaving the Army as private first class. "That's led to some confusion in the press," he explained in 1984, "Some stories have me shooting it out with the Commies from a foxhole over in Frozen Chosin. Pork Chop Hill stuff.Hell, I barely qualified with the M-1 rifle in basic training". While stationed at Camp Gordon (later renamed Fort Gordon) in Georgia, Duvall acted in an amateur production of the comedy Room Service in nearby Augusta, Georgia. In the winter of 1955, Duvall attended the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City, under Sanford Meisner, on the G.I. Bill. During his two years there, Dustin Hoffman, Gene Hackman and James Caan were among his classmates. While studying acting, he worked as a Manhattan post office clerk. Duvall remains friends today with fellow California-born actors Hoffman and Hackman, whom he knew during their years as struggling actors.In 1955, Duvall roomed with Hoffman in a New York City apartment while they were studying together at the Playhouse. Around this time, he also roomed with Hackman, while working odd jobs such as clerking at Macy's, sorting mail at the post office, and driving a truck. The three roommates have since earned, among themselves, including nineteen Academy Award nominations and five wins. Career

Early career: 1952–1969

Theater
<mask> began his professional acting career with the Gateway Playhouse, an Equity summer theater based in Bellport, Long Island, New York. Arguably his stage debut was in its 1952 season when he played the Pilot in Laughter In The Stars, an adaptation of The Little Prince, at what was then the Gateway Theatre. After a year's absence when he was with the U.S. Army (1953–1954), he returned to Gateway in its 1955 summer season, playing: Eddie Davis in Ronald Alexander's Time Out For Ginger (July 1955), Hal Carter in William Inge's Picnic (July 1955), Charles Wilder in John Willard's The Cat And The Canary (August 1955), Parris in Arthur Miller's The Crucible (August 1955), and John the Witchboy in William Berney and Howard Richardson's Dark of the Moon (September 1955). The playbill of Dark of the Moon indicated that he had portrayed the Witchboy before and that he will "repeat his famous portrayal" of this character for the 1955 season's revival of this play.For Gateway's 1956 season (his third season with the Gateway Players), he played the role of Max Halliday in Frederick Knott's Dial M for Murder (July 1956), Virgil Blessing in Inge's Bus Stop (August 1956), and Clive Mortimer in John van Druten's I Am a Camera (August 1956). The playbills for the 1956 season described him as "an audience favorite" in the last season and as having "appeared at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York and studied acting with Sandy Meisner this past winter". In its 1957 season, he appeared as Mr. Mayher in Agatha Christie's Witness For The Prosecution (July 1957), as Hector in Jean Anouilh's Thieves' Carnivall (July 1957), and the role which he once described as the "catalyst of his career": Eddie Carbone in Arthur Miller's A View from the Bridge (from July 30 to August 3, 1957, and directed by Ulu Grosbard, who was by then a regular director at the Gateway Theatre). Miller himself attended one of <mask>'s performances as Eddie, and during that performance he met important people which allowed him, in two months, to land a "spectacular lead" in the Naked City television series. While appearing at the Gateway Theatre in the second half of the 1950s, he was also appearing at the Augusta Civic Theatre, the McLean Theatre in Virginia and the Arena Stage in Washington, DC. The 1957 playbills also described him as "a graduate of the Neighborhood Playhouse" (indicating that he had completed his studies there by the summer of 1957), "a member of Sanford Meisner's professional workshop" and as having worked with Alvin Epstein, a mime and a member of Marcel Marceau's company. By this time (also July 1957), his theatrical credits included performances as Jimmy in The Rainmaker and as Harvey Weems in Horton Foote's The Midnight Caller.Already receiving top-billing at the Gateway Playhouse, in the 1959 season, he appeared in lead roles as Stanley Kowalski in Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire (July–August 1959), Maxwell Archer in Once More with Feeling, Igor Romanoff in Peter Ustinov's Romanoff and Juliet, and Joe Mancuso in Kyle Crichton's The Happiest Millionaire (all in August 1959). At the Neighborhood Playhouse, Meisner cast him in Tennessee Williams' Camino Real and the title role of Harvey Weems in Foote's one-act play The Midnight Caller. The latter was already part of <mask>'s performance credits by mid-July 1957. <mask> made his off-Broadway debut at the Gate Theater as Frank Gardner in George Bernard Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession on June 25, 1958. This play closed three days later (June 28) after five performances. His other early off-Broadway credits include the role of Doug in the premiere of Michael Shurtleff's Call Me By My Rightful Name on January 31, 1961, at One Sheridan Square and the role of Bob Smith in the premiere of William Snyder's The Days and Nights of BeeBee Fenstermaker on September 17, 1962, until June 9, 1963, at the Sheridan Square Playhouse. His most notable off-Broadway performance, for which he won an Obie Award in 1965 and which he considers his "Othello", was as Eddie Carbone (again) in Miller's A View From the Bridge at the Sheridan Square Playhouse from January 28, 1965, to December 11, 1966.It was directed again by Ulu Grosbard with Dustin Hoffman. On February 2, 1966, he made his Broadway debut as Harry Roat, Jr in Frederick Knott's Wait Until Dark at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre. This played at the Shubert Theatre and George Abbott Theatre and closed on December 31, 1966, at the Music Box Theatre. His other Broadway performance was as Walter Cole in David Mamet's American Buffalo, which opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on February 16, 1977, and closed at the Belasco Theatre on June 11, 1977. Television
In 1959, <mask> made his first television appearance on Armstrong Circle Theater in the episode "The Jailbreak". He appeared regularly on television as a guest actor during the 1960s, often in action, suspense, detective, or crime dramas. His appearances during this time include performances on Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Naked City, The Untouchables, Route 66, The Twilight Zone, Combat!, The Outer Limits, The Fugitive, T.H.E.Cat, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, The Time Tunnel, The F.B.I., and The Mod Squad. Film
His film debut was as Boo Radley in the critically acclaimed To Kill a Mockingbird (1962). He was cast in the film on the recommendation of screenwriter Horton Foote, who met Duvall at Neighborhood Playhouse during a 1957 production of Foote's play, The Midnight Caller. Foote, who collaborated with Duvall many more times over the course of their careers, said he believed Duvall had a particular love of common people and ability to infuse fascinating revelations into his roles. Foote has described Duvall as "our number one actor." After To Kill a Mockingbird, Duvall appeared in a number of films during the 1960s, mostly in midsized parts, but also in a few larger supporting roles. Some of his more notable appearances include the role of Capt.Paul Cabot Winston in Captain Newman, M.D. (1963), Chiz in Countdown (1968), and Gordon in The Rain People. Duvall had a small part as a cab driver who ferries McQueen around just before the chase scene in the film Bullitt (1968). He was the notorious malefactor "Lucky" Ned Pepper in True Grit (1969), in which he engaged in a climactic shootout with John Wayne's Rooster Cogburn on horseback. Mid career: 1970–1989

Duvall became an important presence in American films beginning in the 1970s. He drew a considerable amount of attention in 1970 for his portrayal of the malevolent Major Frank Burns in the film MASH and for his portrayal of the title role in THX 1138 in 1971 where he plays a fugitive trying to escape a society controlled by robots. His first major critical success came

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 portraying Tom Hagen in The Godfather (1972) and The Godfather Part II (1974), the 1972 film earning him an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.In 1976, Duvall played supporting roles in The Eagle Has Landed, and as Dr. Watson in The Seven-Per-Cent Solution with Nicol Williamson, Alan Arkin, Vanessa Redgrave and Laurence Olivier. By the mid-1970s Duvall was a top character actor; People described him as "Hollywood's No. 1 No. 2 lead". <mask> received another Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor and won both a BAFTA Award and Golden Globe Award for his role as Lt. Colonel Kilgore in Apocalypse Now (1979). His line "I love the smell of napalm in the morning" from Apocalypse Now is regarded as iconic in cinema history.The full text is:

<mask> received a BAFTA Award nomination for his portrayal of detestable television executive Frank Hackett in the critically acclaimed film Network (1976) and garnered an Oscar nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role in The Great Santini (1979) as the hard-boiled Marine Lt. Col. "Bull" Meechum. The latter role was based on a Marine aviator, Colonel Donald Conroy, the father of the book's author Pat Conroy. He also co-starred with Laurence Olivier and Tommy Lee Jones in The Betsy (1978) and portrayed United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower in the television miniseries Ike (1979). Francis Ford Coppola praised Duvall as "one of the four or five best actors in the world". Wanting top billing in films, in 1977 Duvall returned to Broadway to appear as Walter Cole in David Mamet's American Buffalo, stating "I hope this will get me better film roles". He received a Drama Desk Award nomination for Outstanding Actor in a Play. Duvall continued appearing in films during the 1980s, including the roles of disillusioned sportswriter Max Mercy in The Natural (1984) and Los Angeles police officer Bob Hodges in Colors (1988).He won an Oscar for Best Actor as country western singer Mac Sledge in Tender Mercies (1983). <mask> was said to have written the music, but the actor said he wrote only a few "background, secondary songs". Duvall did do his own singing, insisting it be added to his contract that he sing the songs himself; Duvall said, "What's the point if you're not going to do your own [singing]? They're just going to dub somebody else? I mean, there's no point to that." Actress Tess Harper, who co-starred, said Duvall inhabited the character so fully that she only got to know Mac Sledge and not Duvall himself. Director Bruce Beresford, too, said the transformation was so believable to him that he could feel his skin crawling up the back of his neck the first day of filming with Duvall.Beresford said of the actor, "Duvall has the ability to completely inhabit the person he's acting. He totally and utterly becomes that person to a degree which is uncanny." Nevertheless, <mask> and Beresford did not get along well during the production and often clashed during filming, including one day in which Beresford walked off the set in frustration. In 1989, <mask> appeared in the miniseries Lonesome Dove in the role of Captain Augustus "Gus" McCrae, Texas Rangers (retired). He has considered this particular role to be his personal favorite. He won a Golden Globe Award and earned an Emmy Award nomination. For his role as a former Texas Ranger peace officer, Duvall was trained in the use of Walker revolvers by the Texas marksman Joe Bowman.Later career: 1990–present

For The Godfather Part III (1990), <mask> declined the part, unless he was paid a salary comparable to Al Pacino's. In 2004, Duvall said on 60 Minutes, "if they paid Pacino twice what they paid me, that's fine, but not three or four times, which is what they did." In 1992, <mask> founded the production company Butcher's Run Films. <mask> has maintained a busy film career, sometimes appearing in as many as four in one year. He received Oscar nominations for his portrayals of evangelical preacher Euliss "Sonny" Dewey in The Apostle (1997)—a film he also wrote and directed—and played lawyer Jerome Facher in A Civil Action (1998). He directed Assassination Tango (2002), a thriller about one of his favorite hobbies, tango. He portrayed General <mask>. Lee in Gods and Generals in 2003.Other roles during this period that displayed the actor's wide range included that of a crew chief in Days of Thunder (1990), a retiring cop in Falling Down (1993), a Hispanic barber in Wrestling Ernest Hemingway (1993), a New York tabloid editor in The Paper (1994), a rural doctor in Phenomenon (1996), a father who owns a jumper horse farm in Something to Talk About  (1995), an abusive father in 1996's Sling Blade, an astronaut in Deep Impact (1998), a mechanic in Gone in 60 Seconds (2000), a soccer coach in A Shot at Glory, A scientist in The 6th Day (2001), a police officer in John Q. (2002), a trail boss in Open Range (2003), another soccer coach in the comedy Kicking & Screaming, an old free spirit in Secondhand Lions (2003), a Las Vegas poker champion in Lucky You, and a New York police chief in We Own the Night (both 2007). He has his own star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. <mask> has periodically worked in television from the 1990s on. He won a Golden Globe Award and garnered an Emmy nomination for his portrayal of Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in the 1992 television film Stalin. He was nominated for an Emmy again in 1997 for portraying Adolf Eichmann in The Man Who Captured Eichmann. In 2006, he won an Emmy for the role of Prentice "Print" Ritter in the revisionist Western miniseries Broken Trail.In 2005, <mask> was awarded a National Medal of Arts by President George W. Bush at the White House. In 2014, he starred in The Judge alongside <mask> Jr. While the movie itself received mixed reviews, <mask>'s performance was praised. He was nominated for a Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild, and Academy Award for his supporting role. In 2015, at age 84, Duvall became the oldest actor ever nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the film The Judge, a record that has since been surpassed by Christopher Plummer. In 2018 he appeared in the Steve McQueen directed heist thriller Widows as a corrupt power broker. The film earned critical acclaim.In 2021, he was interviewed by Stephen Colbert for The Late Show with Stephen Colbert where he discussed his film career, living with Dustin Hoffman, his role in Network, and his acting techniques. Personal life

Duvall quoted a friend about how being an actor helped in meeting women: "Bob, it’s the greatest leg opener in the world, isn’t it?". He has been married four times but does not have any children. "I guess I’m shooting blanks," he said in 2007. He has said, "[I’ve tried] with a lot of different women, in and out of marriage." Duvall met his first wife, Barbara Benjamin, a former dancer on The Jackie Gleason Show, during the shooting of To Kill a Mockingbird. She had two daughters from her previous marriage.The couple were married from 1964 until 1975. His second wife was Gail Youngs, to whom he was married from 1982 to 1986. His marriage to Youngs temporarily made him the brother-in-law of John Savage, Robin Young, and Jim Youngs. His third marriage was to Sharon Brophy, a dancer, from 1991 to 1995. In 2005, <mask> married his fourth wife, Luciana Pedraza, granddaughter of Argentine aviation pioneer Susana Ferrari Billinghurst. He met Pedraza in Argentina, recalling, "The flower shop was closed, so I went to the bakery. If the flower shop had been open, I never would've met her."They were both born on January 5, but <mask> is 41 years older. They have been together since 1997. He produced, directed, and acted with her in Assassination Tango, with the majority of filming in Buenos Aires. <mask> is also known as a very skilled Argentine Tango dancer, having a Tango Studio in Argentina and in the United States. Duvall's political views are variously described as libertarian or conservative. He was personally invited to Republican President George W. Bush's inauguration in 2001. In September 2007, he announced his support for Republican Presidential candidate Rudy Giuliani.<mask> worked the floor at the GOP's 2008 national convention. In September 2008, he appeared onstage at a John McCain–Sarah Palin rally in New Mexico. <mask> endorsed Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney in 2012. He revealed during a March 13, 2014, interview with The Daily Beast, however, that he will probably become an independent, calling today's Republican Party "a mess". In 2001, Pedraza and <mask> founded the Robert Duvall Children's Fund to assist families in Northern Argentina through renovations of homes, schools, and medical facilities. <mask> and Pedraza have been active supporters of Pro Mujer, a nonprofit charity organization dedicated to helping Latin America's poorest women (with <mask> and Pedraza concentrating on Pedraza's home in the Argentine Northwest). Duvall is known to train Brazilian jiu-jitsu and practices martial arts with his wife.In May 2009, <mask> spoke for historic preservation against Walmart's proposal to build a store across the road from the entrance to the Wilderness Battlefield national park in Orange County, Virginia. In 2011, he appeared at the Texas Children's Cancer Center charity event, "An Evening with a Texas Legend", in Houston, where he was interviewed by Bob Schieffer. Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

Further reading

External links

1931 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American Christian Scientists
American film producers
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American people of English descent
American people of French descent
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actor Golden Globe winners
Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Supporting Actor BAFTA Award winners
R
Film directors from California
Film directors from Maryland
Film directors from Virginia
Film producers from California
Independent Spirit Award winners
Lee family of Virginia
Male actors from Maryland
Male actors from San Diego
Male Western (genre) film actors
Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre alumni
Obie Award recipients
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Annapolis, Maryland
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People from The Plains, Virginia
Principia College alumni
Screenwriters from California
United States Army soldiers
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
Writers from Maryland
Writers from San Diego
Virginia Republicans
Virginia

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<mask> (September 28, 1908 – February 3, 2000) was an American fashion designer. Considered to be pioneer in the design of American sportswear, she created innovative, uncomplicated clothing that catered to modern, independent woman of the post-war era through to her retirement from the fashion world in 1985. Early life
Cashin was born on September 28, 1908 in Oakland, California to <mask>, a photographer and inventor, and <mask>, a dressmaker. The family lived in several towns in northern California during Cashin's early years, and in each, her mother would open a custom dress shop. In a 1973 interview, Cashin explained her interest in fashion: "My mother was a dressmaker and before I could write I could sew." Cashin attended Hollywood High. During high school, Cashin was hired by a Los Angeles ballet and theatrical revue company, Fanchon and Marco, to help make costumes for its productions.After she graduated in 1925, Cashin became its full-time designer.</ref>

Career

In 1934, Cashin moved with the ballet company to New York City to work at the Roxy Theater, where she created three costume changes per week for each of the theater's 24 dancers, known as the "Roxyettes." Owing to her deceivingly youthful appearance, Variety is reported to have described Cashin as "the youngest designer to ever hit Broadway. "</ref>

In 1937, at the urging of Harper's Bazaar editor Carmel Snow, sportswear manufacturer Louis Adler offered her a job. She was hesitant to accept, stating, "The profit-conscious, business-like atmosphere of Seventh Avenue seemed very different to me from the atmosphere around the theater. I felt more at home with dancers, actors, artists, musicians, writers--people like that--than I did with most of the business men I met in the clothing industry." While in New York, Cashin studied at the Art Students League of New York. After the U.S. entered World War II, Cashin designed uniforms for women in the armed forces.Hollywood costume design
In 1943, Cashin returned to Hollywood and costume design. After producer William Perlberg recruited her, Cashin joined 20th Century Fox and created clothes for about sixty films including Laura (1944), Anna and the King of Siam (1946), and A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1946). Cashin enjoyed the work in Hollywood, explaining: "I wasn't designing for fashion, but for characteristics, which is the way I like to design clothes for daily wear. I like to design clothes for a woman who plays a particular role in life, not simply to design clothes that follow a certain trend, or that express some new silhouette." Ready-to-wear
In 1949, Cashin returned to New York City. There, she designed the first sportswear collection with her name on the label for her previous employer, Adler and Adler. In 1950, her introduction of her term an concept of "layering" led to winning both her first Coty Award as well as the Neiman Marcus Award, an unprecedented feat in the fashion world.</ref> In 1952, she opened her own business, Bonnie Cashin Designs.Cashin was the first designer chosen for Patterns of The Times, American Designer Series, which was a monthly feature in The New York Times during the 1950s that made designer patterns available for home sewing. In 1962, <mask> was hired by Miles and Lillian Cahn as the first designer for Coach, a newly-formed women's accessory business. Coach was a division of their wholesale men's accessory company, Gail Leather Products, and internally, it was referred to as "the <mask> account," as she was a contracted designer, never a Gail Leather or Coach employee. Her classic designs for Gail's Coach division during the early 1960s included the shopping bag tote, the bucket bag, shoulder bag and a clutch-style purse with a removable shoulder strap. In 1964, Cashin introduced a brass turn lock/toggle fastening that was featured on her designs produced by the Cahns as well as on all garment and accessory collections produced by a range of manufacturers in the US and abroad, including Philip Sills, Meyers, Crescendoe-Superb, HBA, and D. Klein. Cashin designed two small collections for the Cahns each year to complement her garment designs for other manufacturers until 1974. In 1975, Meyers Manufacturing took over the production of her signature handbag designs.Cashin designed for over thirty-five firms including Hermès and Ballantyne, always with her signature on the label. She also created the first-ever designer flight attendants’ uniforms for American Airlines. In 1972, Cashin founded The Knittery, which produced limited edition collections of coats and handmade Scottish sweaters. That year, she was inducted into the Coty American Fashion Critics Hall of Fame. Philanthropy
In 1979, she established the Innovative Design Fund, a nonprofit organization based in New York that gave up to $10,000 to designers with original ideas in home furnishings, textiles, and fashion so they could transform their sketches into marketable products. Toward the end of her life, Cashin granted exclusive and unrestricted access to her personal design archive to design scholar Stephanie Lake, whom Cashin described as her "little sister. In 2016, Rizzoli published Lake's definitive monograph on the designer, <mask>: Chic is Where You Find It.Personal life
In the early 1940s after she had moved back to California, Cashin was married briefly to Disney illustrator and art director Robert Sterner. The marriage ended in divorce, and they had no children. In the 1970s, Cashin met Amy Vanderbilt's then-husband Curtis Kellar, who was head counsel for Mobil Oil. Following Vanderbilt's death, <mask> and Kellar began a romance that lasted until Cashin's death. They never married.</ref>

Cashin was a rare female CEO, and her mother was her company's only other major stakeholder, with a one-percent stake.</ref> Up until her mother's death in 1963, the two lived in adjoining apartments in midtown Manhattan, where her mother sewed Cashin's samples for major manufacturers. Upon its construction in 1966, Cashin lived and worked at UN Plaza . Death
Cashin died in Manhattan on February 3, 2000, due to complications from open-heart surgery.Legacy
The Bonnie Cashin Archive, the designer's personal design archive, is privately owned in its entirety by her heir and biographer, Dr. Stephanie Lake. In 2019 (as reported by Women's Wear Daily), Lake and her husband Cory opened the archive to collaborative partnerships. The Bonnie Cashin Archive and its projects have no affiliation with any Cashin trademarks registered in the decades since Cashin's death. Cashin herself never registered her name. Influence
Cashin is often cited for creating both the concept of layering clothing and for coining the term. The idea of layering came from time she spent in living near San Francisco's Chinatown as a young girl. She also pioneered the use of leather, mohair and hardware in her design.Inspired by the brass turnlocks that secured the top of her 1940s convertible, the hardware became a signature feature of all of her designs, including her Coach handbags. Cashin was famous for her witty and ingenious approaches to designing for mobility, including a dog leash skirt: a long wool skirt that could be instantly shortened for walking up stairs by latching a small brass ring sewn at the bottom to a small brass clasp sewn into the waistline. In an interview with National Public Radio, Cashin explained the origin of the skirt: "My studio, out in the country, in Briarcliff, in the old carriage house, had steps that went up to a second floor. And I was constantly holding my skirts going up. I entertained a lot. And I'd be running up stairs with a martini in my hand. And so I thought I'd better hitch my skirt permanently."Exhibitions
<mask>'s work is housed in over forty museums across the US. In 1962, the Brooklyn Museum presented the first retrospective of her work. <mask>in Collection, part of the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning (DAAP) at the University of Cincinnati, contains images of over 200 garments designed by Cashin while she worked with the garment manufacturer Phil Sills between the years 1960-1980. 1907 births
2000 deaths
American fashion designers
American women fashion designers
People from Oakland, California
20th-century American women
20th-century American people

masks:
Bonnie Cashin
Carl Cashin
Eunice Cashin
Cashin
Bonnie Cashin
Bonnie Cashin
Cashin
Cashin
Bonnie Cash


texts:
<mask> (April 30, 1888 – July 3, 1974) was an American educator, scholar, literary critic, poet, essayist and editor. He is considered to be a founder of the New Criticism school of literary criticism. As a faculty member at Kenyon College, he was the first editor of the widely regarded Kenyon Review. Highly respected as a teacher and mentor to a generation of accomplished students, he also was a prize-winning poet and essayist. Background
<mask> was born on April 30, 1888, in Pulaski, Tennessee. His father, <mask> (1853–1934) was a Methodist minister. His mother was Sara Ella (<mask><mask> (1859–1947).He had two sisters, Annie Phillips and Ella Irene, and one brother, Richard. He grew up in Spring Hill, Franklin, Springfield, and Nashville, Tennessee. He was home schooled until age ten. From 1899 to 1903, he attended the Bowen School, a public school whose headmaster was Vanderbilt alumnus Angus Gordon Bowen. He entered Vanderbilt University in Nashville at the age of fifteen, graduating first in his class in 1909. His philosophy professor was Collins Denny, later a Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Ransom interrupted his studies for two years to teach sixth and seventh grades at the Taylorsville High School in Taylorsville, Mississippi, followed by teaching Latin and Greek at the Haynes-McLean School in Lewisburg, Tennessee.After teaching one more year in Lewisburg, he was selected as a Rhodes Scholar. He attended Christ Church, Oxford, 1910–13, where he read Greats. Career
Ransom taught Latin for one year at the Hotchkiss School alongside Samuel Claggett Chew (1888–1960). He was then appointed to the English department at Vanderbilt University in 1914. During the First World War, he served as an artillery officer in France. After the war, he returned to Vanderbilt. He was a founding member of the Fugitives, a Southern literary group of sixteen writers that functioned primarily as a kind of poetry workshop and included Donald Davidson, Allen Tate, and Robert Penn Warren.Under their influence, Ransom, whose first interest had been philosophy (specifically <mask> and American pragmatism) began writing poetry. His first volume of poems, Poems about God (1919), was praised by Robert Frost and Robert Graves. The Fugitive Group had a special interest in Modernist poetry and, under Ransom's editorship, started a short-lived but highly influential magazine, called The Fugitive, which published American Modernist poets, mainly from the South (though they also published Northerners like Hart Crane). Out of all the Fugitive poets, Norton poetry editors Richard Ellmann and Robert O'Clair opined that, "[Ransom's poems were] among the most remarkable," characterizing his poetry as "quirky" and "at times eccentric." In 1930, alongside eleven other Southern Agrarians, he published the conservative, Agrarian manifesto I'll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition, which assailed the tide of industrialism that appeared to be sweeping away traditional Southern culture. The Agrarians believed that the Southern tradition, rooted in the pre-Civil War agricultural model, was the answer to the South's economic and cultural problems. His contribution to I'll Take My Stand is his essay Reconstructed but Unregenerate which starts the book and lays out the Southern Agrarians' basic argument.In various essays influenced by his Agrarian beliefs, Ransom defended the manifesto's assertion that modern industrial capitalism was a dehumanizing force that the South should reject in favor of an agrarian economic model. However, by the late 1930s he began to distance himself from the movement, and in 1945, he publicly criticized it. He remained an active essayist until his death even though, by the 1970s, the popularity and influence of the New Critics had seriously diminished. In 1937, he accepted a position at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. He was the founding editor of the Kenyon Review, and continued as editor until his retirement in 1959. In 1966, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He has few peers among twentieth-century American university teachers of humanities; his distinguished students included Donald Davidson, Randall Jarrell, George Lanning, Robert Lowell, Andrew Lytle, Allen Tate, Peter Taylor, Robie Macauley, Robert Penn Warren, E.L. Doctorow, Cleanth Brooks,  Richard M. Weaver, James Wright, and Constantinos Patrides (himself a Rhodes Scholar, who dedicated his monograph on <mask>'s Lycidas to Ransom's memory).His literary reputation is based chiefly on two collections of poetry, Chills and Fever (1924) and Two Gentlemen in Bonds (1927). Believing he had no new themes upon which to write, his subsequent poetic activity consisted almost entirely of revising ("tinkering", he called it) his earlier poems. Hence Ransom's reputation as a poet is based on the fewer than 160 poems he wrote and published between 1916 and 1927. In 1963, the poet/critic and former Ransom student Randall Jarrell published an essay in which he highly praised Ransom's poetry:  In <mask> Ransom's best poems every part is subordinated to the whole, and the whole is accomplished with astonishing exactness and thoroughness. Their economy, precision, and restraint gives the poems, sometimes, an original yet impersonal perfection . . . And sometimes their phrasing is magical—light as air, soft as dew, the real old-fashioned enchantment. The poems satisfy our nostalgia for the past, yet themselves have none.They are reports . . . of our world's old war between power and love, between those who efficiently and practically know and those who are "content to feel/ What others understand." And these reports of battles are, somehow, bewitching . . . Ransom's poems profess their limitations so candidly, almost as a principle of style, that it is hardly necessary to say they are not poems of the largest scope or the greatest intensity. But they are some of the most original poems ever written, just as Ransom is one of the best, most original, and most sympathetic poets alive; it is easy to see that his poetry will always be cared for, since he has written poems that are perfectly realized and occasionally almost perfect." Despite the brevity of his poetic career and output, Ransom won the Bollingen Prize for Poetry in 1951.His 1963 Selected Poems received the National Book Award the following year. He primarily wrote short poems examining the ironic and unsentimental nature of life (with domestic life in the American South being a major theme). An example of his Southern style is his poem "Janet Waking", which "mixes modernist with old-fashioned country rhetoric." He was noted as a strict formalist, using both regular rhyme and meter in almost all of his poems. He also occasionally employed archaic diction. Ellman and O'Clair note that "[Ransom] defends formalism because he sees in it a check on bluntness, on brutality. Without formalism, he insists, poets simply rape or murder their subjects."He was a leading figure of the school of literary criticism known as the New Criticism, which gained its name from his 1941 volume of essays The New Criticism. The New Critical theory, which dominated American literary thought throughout the middle 20th century, emphasized close reading, and criticism based on the texts themselves rather than on non-textual bias or non-textual history. In his seminal 1937 essay, "Criticism, Inc." Ransom laid out his ideal form of literary criticism stating that, "criticism  must become more scientific, or precise and systematic." To this end, he argued that personal responses to literature, historical scholarship, linguistic scholarship, and what he termed "moral studies" should not influence literary criticism. He also argued that literary critics should regard a poem as an aesthetic object. Many of the ideas he explained in this essay would become very important in the development of The New Criticism. "Criticism, Inc." and a number of Ransom's other theoretical essays set forth some of the guiding principles that the New Critics would build upon.Still, his former students, specifically Allen Tate, Cleanth Brooks, and Robert Penn Warren, had a greater hand in developing many of the key concepts (like "close reading") that later came to define the New Criticism. In 1951, he was awarded the Russell Loines Award for Poetry from the National Institute of Arts and Letters. Personal life and death
In 1920, he married Robb Reavill, a well-educated young woman who shared his interest in sports and games. Together they raised three children: a daughter, Helen, and two sons, David and <mask>. Ransom died on July 3, 1974, in Gambier at the age of eighty-six. He was buried at the Kenyon College Cemetery in Gambier. Bibliography

Literary criticism
The World's Body.(C. Scribner's Sons, Ltd., 1938.) The New Criticism. (New Directions, 1941). God without thunder: an unorthodox defense of orthodoxy (Archon Books, 1965). Poetry Collections
Poems About God (Henry Holt & Co., 1919). Chills and Fever (A.A. Knopf, 1924). Includes "Bells for <mask>side's Daughter"
Grace after Meat (1924).Two Gentlemen in Bonds (Knopf, 1927). Selected Poems (Knopf, 1963)

Anthologies
The Poetry of 1900-1950 (1951). The Past Half-century in Literature: A Symposium (National Council of English Teachers, 1952). Poems and Essays (Random House, 1965). Beating the bushes: selected essays, 1941-1970 (New Directors, 1972). Textbook
A College Primer of Writing (H.Holt and Company, 1943). Notes

References
 Buffington, Robert, The Equilibrist: A Study of <mask> Ransom's Poems,1916-1963,Vanderbilt University Press, 1967.Cary Nelson and Edward Brunner, "<mask>e Ransom", Modern American Poetry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Grammer, <mask>, 1998, "Fairly Agrarian", Mississippi Quarterly 52.1. Quinlan, Kieran, 1999, "<mask>e Ransom", American National Biography. Oxford University Press. Tillinghast, Richard, 1997, "<mask>e Ransom: Tennessee's major minor poet", New Criterion 15.6. External links

<mask>, <mask>e. "Criticism, Inc.", The Virginia Quarterly Review, Autumn 1937. Warren, Robert Penn."<mask> Ransom: A Study in Irony", The Virginia Quarterly Review, Winter 1935. Stuart Wright Collection: <mask> Ransom Papers (#1169-010), East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University

1888 births
1974 deaths
People from Pulaski, Tennessee
People from Nashville, Tennessee
People from Gambier, Ohio
Vanderbilt University alumni
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
American Rhodes Scholars
Kenyon College faculty
Vanderbilt University faculty
20th-century American poets
American literary critics
American male essayists
Southern Agrarians
Formalist poets
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
National Book Award winners
Bollingen Prize recipients
Old Right (United States)
Writers of American Southern literature
Journalists from Ohio
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century essayists
20th-century American male writers

masks:
John Crowe Ransom
John Crowe Ransom
John James Ransom
Crowe
) Ransom
John Dewey
John Milton
John Crowe
John
John White
John Crowe
John Crow
John
John Crow
John Crow
Ransom
John Crow
John Crowe
John Crowe


texts:
<mask> is a Sri Lankan financier, entrepreneur, former cricketer and musician. He is currently the Chairman of TWCorp (Pvt) Ltd. and Sapphirus Lanka (Pvt) Ltd.. <mask> was formerly the Chairman and acting CEO of the National Agency for Public Private Partnerships of the Finance Ministry of Sri Lanka from 2017 to 2019, and Digital Commerce Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. which owns www.wow.lk, the largest online mall in Sri Lanka. He is well known as a former chairman of the Board of Investment of Sri Lanka. Education
<mask> had his secondary education at Ananda College, Colombo and then pursued his university studies in the United States, obtaining three bachelor's degrees in 1984 in Business Administration from State University of New York at Fredonia, Industrial Engineering and Economics both from Cornell University. Career
Upon returning to Sri Lanka in 1985 after the completion of his studies in the United States, <mask> functioned as Senior Management Consultant specialising in strategy and market research consulting at Price Waterhouse Coopers, Colombo. He then joined as Head of Corporate Planning at Sampath Bank in 1989. In January 1992, he pursued his entrepreneurial interests by co-founding Asia Capital Ltd, which became Sri Lanka's largest investment bank.During his tenure, Asia Capital grew from its initial investment of  into a company with a market capitalisation of  by August 1994, ranking among the top 10 companies listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange. The company was Sri Lanka's top stock broker in terms of market share in 1993 and 1994 and responsible for several landmark corporate finance transactions. <mask> was a key initiator in successfully launching the Regent Sri Lanka Fund in 1993, the first ever country fund dedicated to Sri Lankan equities. He served on the Board of this Dublin-listed company for 3 years. <mask> sold his entire equity holding in Asia Capital in 1996 in view of the poor capital market outlook in the country at the time. <mask>'s success as an investment banker attracted the attention of the political leadership and, in September 1995, he was invited by the then President of Sri Lanka Chandrika Kumaratunga to the position of chairman and Director General of the Board of Investment(BOI), a statutory body directly under the President mandate with mobilising and facilitating foreign direct investment and private local capital into priority sectors of the economy. He became the youngest ever (at 35), longest serving (5 ½ years) and the first private sector full-time head of this prestigious public institution.Whilst at the BOI, he established many "firsts" including pioneering privatisation and investment transactions in ports, power and telecom sectors, housing development, software and IT, including co-founding the Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, now Sri Lanka's largest IT University by far. He serves this institute as Director for life. During his term, the BOI attracted the highest ever quantum of foreign direct investment in 1999 and enhanced its infrastructure investment budget 10-fold. In 2002 <mask> decided on a change of career focus from investment banking to property and leisure development to pursue his passion for design and architecture. For 2 years he functioned as co-CEO of Sri Lanka's largest listed property and hotel company, Asian Hotels Corporation Ltd (AHC). He directed the master planning of AHC's property in Colombo 3 (including creation of the blue print for an apartment tower which sold successfully) and the landmark merger between AHC and its subsidiary Crescat Development Ltd. This was followed by the successful sale of majority control of this Group to John Keells Holdings, Sri Lanka's largest conglomerate.During his tenure AHC achieved a 400% rise in share price and 300% rise in profitability. Having opted to pursue entrepreneurial interests after the sale of AHC, in 2004, <mask> chose to partner with MJF Group, makers of Dilmah Tea, among top 5 global brands of tea, to set up a chain of exclusive resort hotels in Sri Lanka. He then founded Sri Lanka's first hotel management company specialising in managing small luxury resorts and spas and co-founded Ceylon Tea Trails, now widely regarded as Sri Lanka's most successful boutique hotel, having won Tripadvisor awards for "Best All-inclusive Hotel (World)" category for 2009, 2010 and 2011. He was instrumental in identifying and procuring a 500-acre land bank for future resort and holiday villa developments and played an active role in creation of The Fortress, currently among the top small luxury hotels in Sri Lanka's south coast. <mask> was concurrently appointed Group CEO/managing director of Forbes & Walker(F&W) Group, a subsidiary of MJF Group, and Sri Lanka's largest commodity broker. During his 5-year tenure at F&W ending 2009, the Group's turnover tripled, profits increased at annual growth rate of 45% and shareholder wealth increased 4-fold. <mask> exited his investment and CEO position in F&W in January 2010, though he continues to serve as non-executive Director of MJF's leisure management and development businesses.He is also a Director of www.srilankainstyle.com, Sri Lanka's premier travel planning and ground handling company catering to up-market tourists. In January 2010, <mask> was invited to the position of Group managing director of Overseas Realty (Ceylon) PLC (ORC) by its chairman, Mr. S.P.Tao, a pioneering property developer in Singapore and former Chairman of Singapore Land. ORC owns Sri Lanka's largest modern office building, the World Trade Centre (WTC), and Colombo city's largest contiguous block of residential and commercial land, the 18 acre Havelock City property, which is currently being developed into an integrated mixed development. Under <mask>'s leadership, for period ending 2nd quarter 2010, the Group achieved robust growth in office rental rates (up 30%), office rental commitments (up 800%) and new apartment sales (up 500%), compared to the 6 months ending December 2009. <mask> relinquished his position at ORC in August 2010 to pursue entrepreneurial interests. Having headed Sri Lanka's two largest listed property companies, to leverage on his combined skills in property and corporate finance, <mask> has recently incorporated a property investment and Development Management company, TW Corp, functioning as its chairman. <mask> has also incubated and co-invested in several pioneering start-up ventures: namely, Sapphirus Lanka, a company that is adding value to Sri Lankan sapphire and marketing them to premium jewellers such as Tiffany and Cartier; Anything.lk, Sri Lanka's largest daily-deal based e-commerce company.<mask> is the Chairman of these companies and also serves as Director of several other private and public companies in a non-executive capacity. Cricket
During his schooldays he represented Ananda College, Colombo first XI cricket team and later he went on to play cricket for Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club, Colombo. He represented Sri Lanka A.

<mask> was the youngest and the second Anandian since 1932 ever to score a century at the Battle of the Maroons. This superlative innings established many records: the highest ever score up till then by an Anandian, the second centurion ever from Ananda in 44 years and a record opening stand of 166 with Sidath Wettimuny. He started playing cricket when he was 9 for the under 12 team. One of his earliest cricketing memories was his father Thilak <mask>, who was also an Anandian and an avid cricketer enthusiast himself, bowling tennis balls at him. Thilan subsequently captained the Under 13 age group and all age groups thereafter.He holds the distinction of playing for the 1st XI Ananda Team at the age of 13 years. He got his first 50 in a Big Match in 1975. This was also the year of the inaugural Ananda-Nalanda 50-over encounter; he got 76 runs and helped Ananda to win. <mask> was selected Best Schoolboy Batsman and toured Pakistan with the Sri Lanka Under 19 team in 1976. At the Ananda-Nalanda 50 over match in 1977, he scored a half century, got 2 wickets, took 2 catches and ran out 2 batsmen. At the end of the match, he walked away with all the awards – best batsman, best bowler, best fielder and Man-of-the-Match – every award that was on offer. <mask> captained Ananda in the 50th Battle of the Maroons.During the 6 years he played for the first XI team, Thilan established the record for the highest run aggregate for an Anandian in both the Battle of the Maroons Series and the One Day Series. <mask>'s heroics at cricket extended to the Inter Club theatre as well. He debuted at the P. Saravanamuttu Trophy Division 1 Tournament for the Tamil Union Cricket Club at the age of 15 and scored his maiden century the same year, in 1975. That year, his was the only Singhalese name on the team card. Having given up cricket after the 1979 Big Match, opting to study in the United States at Cornell University over playing for Sri Lanka, which was not yet a test playing Nation at the time, <mask> returned to cricket after a complete absence from the game for 5 years. In 1991 <mask> was picked as Skipper of the Sri Lanka "A" team for matches against Pakistan "A" and England "A". He was given the captaincy of the Sri Lanka "A" Team.In the year 1992 <mask> permanently retired from all competitive cricket, having chosen to pursue entrepreneurial interests as a co-founder of Asia Capital PLC. Music
Thilan was born into a musical family. His maternal grand uncles were musicians who used to meet up at Thilan's mother's family house when he was young. They congregated around a piano and sang songs for three-hour-long sessions. Young Thilan in his six or seven years, was influenced by these musical rituals where one of his granduncles would be on the piano, another on the piano accordion, another on a guitar and another on a harmonica. Since they all played by ear, never having had formal music lessons in their lives, young Thilan too watched their performance and learned the art of how to create a fine rhythm by piano and later by guitar and harmonica. Since his ability on music was found by his mother, she sent him for a proper piano lesson.<mask> originally composed the song, The Loss of Innocence. Album discography
 The Loss of Innocence (2002) (as a member and co-founder of the band Alien Accent)

References

External links

 <mask> Wijesinghe: Walking Tall
 Thilan’s Reinvention as an Entrepreneur
 WoW.lk billed to be Lanka’s largest online mall
 50th Battle of the Maroons
 <mask> Wijesinghe Speaks – An interview with Sri Lankan cricketer of yesteryears
 TWCorp
 Sapphirus Lanka
 www.wow.lk

Living people
Sinhalese businesspeople
Alumni of Ananda College
Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sinhalese musicians
Sri Lankan composers
Sri Lankan singer-songwriters
Sri Lankan lyricists
Sri Lankan pianists
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
State University of New York at Fredonia alumni
Chief executives in the finance industry
Private equity and venture capital investors
Stock and commodity market managers
Financial advisors
21st-century pianists
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Thilan Manjith Wijesinghe
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Wijesinghe
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan


texts:
<mask> GCFR (born 17 August 1941) is a retired Nigerian Army general and politician. He served as military president of Nigeria from 1985 until his resignation in 1993. He rose through the ranks to serve from 1984 to 1985 as Chief of Army Staff; going on to orchestrate his seizure of power in a palace coup d'ètat against Muhammadu Buhari. Early life
<mask> was born on 17 August 1941 in Minna to his father, <mask> and mother <mask>. He received early Islamic education before attending primary school from 1950 to 1956. From 1957 to 1962 <mask> attended Government College Bida, together with classmates Abdulsalami Abubakar, Mamman Vatsa, Mohammed Magoro, Sani Bello, Garba Duba, Gado Nasko and Mohammed Sani Sami. <mask> joined the Nigerian Army on 10 December 1962, where he attended the Nigerian Military Training College in Kaduna.<mask> received his commission as a second lieutenant as a regular combatant officer in the Royal Nigerian Army (a month before it became the Nigerian Army) with the personal army number N/438 from the Indian Military Academy on 26 September 1963. <mask> attended the Indian Military Academy from April to September 1963. He was Commanding Officer of 1 Reconnaissance Squadron from 1964 to 1966. From January 1966 to April 1966, <mask> attended the Younger Officers Course at the Royal Armoured Centre in the United Kingdom – where he received instruction in gunnery and the Saladin armored car. Lieutenant <mask> was posted with the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron in Kaduna, and witnessed the events of the bloody coup d'état of 1966, which resulted in the assassination of Sir Ahmadu Bello. Alongside several young officers from Northern Nigeria, he took part in the July counter-coup led by Murtala Mohammed which ousted General Aguiyi Ironsi replacing him with General Yakubu Gowon. Military career

Civil war
Following the outbreak of the civil war, <mask> was recalled and posted to the 1st Division under the command of General Mohammed Shuwa.In 1968, he became commander of the 44 Infantry Battalion which was involved in heavy fighting within Biafran territory. In 1969, during a reconnaissance operation from Enugu to Umuahia, the battalion came under heavy enemy fire and <mask> was shot on the right side of his chest. He was then hospitalized in Lagos, and was given the option of removing the bullet shrapnel, which he refused and still carries with him. Away and recovering from his wounds, <mask> married Maryam King on 6 September 1969. He returned to the war front in December 1969, commanding a battalion. In January 1970, <mask> was informed by his sectional commander General Theophilus Danjuma of the capitulation of the Biafran Army to the federal military government in Lagos, signaling the end of the war. After the war

In 1970, following the war <mask> was promoted twice and posted to the Nigerian Defence Academy as an instructor.From August 1972 to June 1973, he attended the Advanced Armoured Officers Course at the United States Army Armor School. In 1973, he was made commander of the 4 Reconnaissance Regiment. In 1975, he became the commander of the Nigerian Army Armoured Corps. <mask> attended several defence and strategy courses. Colonel <mask> as Commander of the Armoured Corps was a key participant in the coup d'état of 1975. He was later appointed as one of the youngest members of the Supreme Military Council from 1 August 1975 to October 1979. Colonel <mask> crushed almost single-handedly the coup d'état of 1976 that resulted in the assassination of General Murtala Mohammed by taking back control of the Radio Nigeria station from the main perpetrator, Lieutenant Colonel Buka Suka Dimka.From January 1977 to July 1977, he attended the Senior Officers Course at the Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Jaji. From 1979 to 1980, he attended the Senior Executive Course at the National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies. Army Staff Headquarters
<mask> was the Director of Army Staff Duties and Plans from 1981 to 1983. He orchestrated the coup d'ètat of 1983 which led to the overthrow of the Second Republic, with financial backing from his close associate and businessman Moshood Abiola. <mask> alongside his other co-conspirators later appointed the most senior serving officer at the time General Muhammadu Buhari as military head of state from 1983 to 1985; and <mask> was promoted and appointed as Chief of Army Staff and member of the Supreme Military Council. Coup d'état of 1985

Planning
Following the coup d'état of 1983, General <mask> (then Chief of Army Staff) started scheming to overthrow military head of state General Muhammadu Buhari. The palace coup of 1985 was orchestrated with a degree of military deftness hitherto not seen in the history of coup plotting.The whole affair carried out by <mask> as ringleader was planned at the highest levels of the army cultivating his strategic relationship with allies: Sani Abacha, Aliyu Gusau, Halilu Akilu, Mamman Vatsa, Gado Nasko, and younger officers from his days as an instructor in the military academy (graduates of the NDA's Regular Course 3), and gradually positioned his allies within the echelons of military hierarchy. Execution
The execution of the palace coup was initially delayed due to General Tunde Idiagbon the 6th Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters and ruthless second-in-command to General Muhammadu Buhari. At midnight on 27 August 1985, the plot metamorphosed with four Majors: Sambo Dasuki, Abubakar Dangiwa Umar, Lawan Gwadabe, and Abdulmumini Aminu detailed to arrest the head of state. By daybreak, the conspirators had taken over the government and <mask> flew into Lagos from Minna where he was announced as the new commander-in-chief in a radio broadcast by General Sani Abacha. <mask> justified the coup in a speech describing General Muhammadu Buhari's military regime as "too rigid". Promulgation
<mask> ruling by decree promulgated his official title as the President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and placed Muhammadu Buhari under house arrest in Benin until 1988. He established the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC) as the highest law-making council serving as Chairman; he also restructured the national security apparatus, tasking General Aliyu Gusau as Co-ordinator of National Security directly reporting to him in the president's office he created the: State Security Service (SSS), National Intelligence Agency (NIA) and Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA).Presidency
Shortly after coming to power General <mask> established the Nigerian Political Bureau of 1986. The bureau was inaugurated to conduct a national debate on the political future of Nigeria, and was charged amongst other things to:The exercise was the broadest political consultation conduced in Nigerian history. Between 1983 and 1985, the country suffered an economic crisis. In 1986, <mask> launched the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), with support from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, to restructure the Nigerian economy. In 1987, <mask> launched the Mass Mobilization for Self Reliance, Social Justice and Economic Recovery (MAMSER), following a recommendation from the Political Bureau, to increase self reliance and economic recovery. The policies involved in the SAP and MAMSER were:
deregulation of the agricultural sector to include abolition of marketing boards and elimination of price controls
privatisation of public enterprises
devaluation of the Nigerian naira to improve the competitiveness of the export sector
 relaxation of restraints on foreign investment put in place by the Gowon and Obasanjo governments during the 1970s. re-orient Nigerians to shun waste and vanity, promoting economic recovery
 shed all pretences of affluence in their lifestyle, promoting self reliance
 propagate the need to eschew all vices in public life, including corruption, dishonesty, electoral and census malpractices, ethnic and religious bigotry, promoting social justice
Between 1986 and 1988, these policies were executed as intended by the IMF, and the Nigerian economy actually did grow as had been hoped, with the export sector performing especially well.But falling real wages in the public sector and among the urban classes, along with a drastic reduction in expenditure on public services, set off waves of rioting and other manifestations of discontent that made sustained commitment to the SAP difficult to maintain. <mask> contributed to the development of national infrastructure. He finished the construction of the Third Mainland Bridge, the largest bridge on the continent at the time. His administration also saw the completion of the dualising of the Kaduna-Kano highway. <mask> also completed the Shiroro Hydroelectric Power Station. He had the Toja Bridge in Kebbi constructed. He also created the Jibia Water Treatment Plant and the Challawa Cenga Dam in Kano.<mask> also founded the Federal Road Safety Corps in order to better manage the national roads. On 23 September 1987, <mask> created two states: Akwa Ibom State and Katsina State. On 27 August 1991, <mask> created nine more states: Abia, Enugu, Delta, Jigawa, Kebbi, Osun, Kogi, Taraba and Yobe. Bringing the total number of states in Nigeria to thirty in 1991. <mask> also increased the share of oil royalties and rents to state of origin from 1.5 to 3 percent. <mask> and his Ministers of the Federal Capital Territory led by Mamman Vatsa, Hamza Abdullahi and later General Gado Nasko, led the regime's relocation of the seat of government from Lagos to Abuja on 12 December 1991. Babangida strengthened the foreign relations of Nigeria.He rejected apartheid in South Africa, involved Nigerian troops in the Liberian Civil War, hosted the Abuja Treaty which gave rise to the African Union and enhanced relations with the United States and United Kingdom. In 1986, Nigeria joined the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation an international organisation considered the "collective voice of the Muslim world". This move was welcomed in Northern Nigeria, where there is a Muslim majority population. However non-Muslims criticised the move likening it to an Islamisation agenda of Nigeria, a secular country. <mask>'s then second-in-command Commodore Ebitu Okoh Ukiwe, opposed the decision to join the Islamic organization and was removed as Chief of General Staff. Crisis of the Third Republic
In 1989, <mask> started making plans for the transition to the Third Nigerian Republic. He legalized the formation of political parties, and formed the two-party system with the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) ahead of the 1992 general elections.He urged all Nigerians to join either of the parties, which the late Chief Bola Ige famously referred to as "two leper hands." The two-party state had been a Political Bureau recommendation. In November 1991, after a census was conducted, the National Electoral Commission (NEC) announced on 24 January 1992 that both legislative elections to a bicameral National Assembly and a presidential election would be held later that year. A process of voting was adopted, referred to as Option A4. This process advocated that any candidate needed to pass through adoption for all elective positions from the local government, state government and federal government. The 1992 parliamentary election went ahead as planned, with the Social Democratic Party (SDP) winning majorities in both houses of the National Assembly, but on 7 August 1992, the NEC annulled the first round of 1992 presidential primaries. <mask> annulled the 7 August presidential primaries which Shehu Yar'Adua emerged as the SDP presidential candidate and Adamu Ciroma as the NRC candidate order to get rid of the old guard in both parties.In January 1993, <mask> rejigged the ruling military junta – the AFRC – replacing it with the National Defence and Security Council, as the supreme decision-making organ of the regime. He also appointed Ernest Shonekan Head of the Transitional Council and de jure Head of Government. At the time, the transitional council was designed to be the final phase leading to a scheduled hand over to an elected democratic leader in the slated for 1993 presidential election. On 12 June 1993, the presidential election was finally held. The results though not officially declared by the National Electoral Commission – showed the duo of Moshood Abiola and Babagana Kingibe of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) defeated Bashir Tofa and Slyvester Ugoh of the National Republican Convention (NRC) by over 2.3 million votes in the 1993 presidential election. The elections were later annulled by military head of state General <mask>, citing electoral irregularities. The annulment led to widespread protests and political unrest in Abiola's stronghold of the South West, as many felt Babangida had ulterior motives, and did not want to cede power to Abiola, a Yoruba businessman.<mask> later admitted that the elections were annulled due to national security considerations, which he didn't specify. The lingering June 12 crisis led to the resignation of General <mask> in August 1993. <mask> signed a decree establishing the Interim National Government led by Ernest Shonekan. As interim president, Shonekan initially appointed Abiola as his Vice President, who refused to recognize the interim government, the crisis lingered for months culminating in the seizure of power of General Sani Abacha. Post presidency

Party politics
From his hilltop residence in Minna, <mask> has cultivated a patronage system which cuts across the entire country. In 1998, <mask> was instrumental in the transition to democracy. <mask> is one of the founders of the Peoples Democratic Party alongside other prominent military generals such as Aliyu Mohammed Gusau.They were said to have supported General Olusegun Obasanjo in the 1999 Nigerian presidential election in order to springboard themselves back to power. In August 2006, <mask> announced that he would run in the 2007 Nigerian presidential election. He said he was doing so "under the banner of the Nigerian people" and accused the country's political elite of fuelling Nigeria's current ethnic and religious violence. On 8 November 2006, General <mask> picked up a nomination form from the Peoples Democratic Party headquarters in Abuja. This effectively put to rest any speculation about his ambitions to run for the Presidency. His form was personally issued to him by the PDP chairman, Ahmadu Ali. This action immediately drew extreme reactions of support or opposition from south west.In December, just before the presidential primaries, it was widely reported in Nigerian newspapers that <mask> had withdrawn his candidacy. In a letter excerpted in the media, IBB is quoted as citing the "moral dilemma" of running against Umaru Yar'Adua, the younger brother of the late General Shehu Yar'Adua, as well as against General Aliyu Mohammed Gusau, given IBB's close relationship with the latter two. It is widely believed that his chances of winning were slim. In September 2010, <mask> officially declared his intention to run for the presidency in the 2011 presidential election in Abuja, Nigeria. <mask> was later urged by his military inner circle to withdraw his candidacy. President Goodluck Jonathan later emerged as the parties presidential candidate. Later life
In 2015, following the election of his long-time rival General Muhammadu Buhari as President, <mask> has maintained a low profile.In 2017, Babangida had a corrective surgery. He is considered a foremost elder statesman, and has called for a generational shift in leadership to allow for a new crop of leaders to replace the 1966 military class. Family

<mask> was married to Maryam <mask> from 1969 until her death in 2009. They had four children together; Aisha, Muhammad, Aminu, and Halima. On 27 December 2009, Maryam <mask> died from complications of ovarian cancer. Personal wealth
Babangida is rumoured to be worth over US$5 billion. He is believed to secretly possess a multi-billion dollar fortune via successive ownership of stakes in a number of Nigerian companies.In 2011, according to a Forbes article, <mask> is estimated to be worth US$12 billion. <mask> has rejected these claims, and insists his government "were saints". Military ranks
During his military career, <mask>ida Era, are considered one of the most controversial in the military history of the country, and characterized by a burgeoning political culture of corruption in Nigeria, with <mask> and his regime estimated at least 12 billion dollars (23.9 billion today). The <mask> government oversaw the establishment of a state security apparatus; survived two coup d'ètat attempts and the subsequent execution of Mamman Vatsa (1985) and Gideon Orkar (1991) alongside the trial of hundreds of soldiers; assassination in Lagos of Dele Giwa (1986). The regime also faced a series of ethnic and religious outbreaks related to the fallout of <mask>'s decision to increase cooperation with the Muslim world and rise in extremist tendencies. On the continent his rule projected the country as a regional power with diplomatic successes including the Abuja Treaty and the military engagement of Nigerian troops in Liberia and Sierra Leone.Abroad, <mask>'s military government cemented traditional relations with the English-speaking world of the United States and United Kingdom; and implemented economic liberalization and the privatization of state-owned enterprises alongside a national mass mobilization. The fall of <mask> and his regime was precipitated by the transition towards the Third Nigerian Republic and subsequent militarization of politics in the 1993 presidential election which <mask> annulled. A biopic titled Badamasi: Portrait of a General which chronicled his early life, life during the Nigerian civil war as well as his time as the military head of state was produced by Obi Emelonye and released in cinemas on 12 June 2020. References

Notes

See also

References

External links

 US Library of Congress – Country Studies – The Babangida Government

1941 births
Living people
People from Minna
Nigerian Muslims
Heads of state of Nigeria
Nigerian generals
Nigerian Army officers
Participants in the 1966 Nigerian counter-coup
Participants in the 1976 Nigerian military coup
Participants in the 1975 Nigerian military coup
Participants in the 1983 Nigerian military coup
Participants in the August 1985 Nigerian military coup
Participants of coups in Nigeria
Members of the Nigerian National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Indian Military Academy alumni
20th-century Nigerian politicians
Chiefs of Army Staff (Nigeria)

masks:
Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida
Ibrahim Babangida
Muhammad Babangida
Aisha Babangida
Babangida
Babangida
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texts:
<mask> (born Gwendolyn Hines Woolfolk; 1945) is an American songwriter and musician. <mask> graduated from Armstrong High School in Washington, D.C. She studied music at Howard University and the University of the District of Columbia. She started the singing group <mask> and the Unlimits in local clubs around Washington D.C., and sang with the Flowerettes, a back up group for Phil Flowers. Syreeta Wright, Valerie Simpson, Diane Warren and Carly Simon were her inspiration for becoming a songwriter. She started writing music at the age of nineteen. <mask> went to Philadelphia in 1969 where she was privileged to work with Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff and Thom Bell
(Philadelphia International Records). Her first solo-written song, "Just Can't Get you Out Of My Mind", appeared on the album Spinners.She wrote popular songs such as, "Just Don't Want to Be Lonely" (Ronnie Dyson); "Sideshow" and "Three Ring Circus", both performed by Blue Magic; "Love Won't Let Me Wait" performed by Luther Vandross, Major Harris, and other artists (Number 1 record on the Billboard R&B Music Charts); and "Just as Long As We Have Love", performed by Dionne Warwick, and several other artists. <mask> was listed in "Who's Who for Songwriting." <mask>'s last hit song of the late 1990s was "Tranquility", performed by Al Johnson. "Recipe for Love" (CD): songs are "Unconditional Love" performed by Ron Tyson (tenor of the Temptations)
and "Before the Real Hurting Starts" performed by Ron Tyson and Freda Payne. Awards
<mask> won 5 Gold and 4 Platinum records; 4 Gold Albums and a Diamond album (10,000,000) by Super Artist,"Shaggy". <mask> received an AFTRA award in 1975; Best Rhythm and Blues award for "Love Won't Let Me Wait"; 9 Broadcast Music Inc, awards for airplay; The BMI Millionaires award for "Love Won't Let Me Wait" (2,000,000 airplays for songwriter). The BMI Millionaires award for "Sideshow" (2,000,000 airplays for songwriter).The BMI Millionaires award for "Sideshow" (1,000,000 airplays for publisher). The latest award given in March 2019 is a BMI millionaires award for 2,000,000 Airplays for "Love Won’t Let Me Wait". RIAA Certified Platinum Video Award "Luther Vandross: Live at Wembley"

Platinum Album, CD, cassette for "Luther Vandross: The best of Love"

Platinum Album, CD, cassette for "Luther Vandross: Any Love"

RIAA Certified Gold Album for Pick of the Litter by The Spinners

Nominated for two Grammy awards for "Love Won't Let Me Wait" and "Sideshow". 15 Love Won't Let Me Wait (1991). Can You Dig It? The '70s Soul Experience (Box + 6xCD, Comp, RM) 	Sideshow, Love Won't L (2001). Frituna
Reggae 92 (Cass, Dol) 	Side Show, Just Don't (1992)

Jimco records
 Love Songs (CD, Album) 	Love Won't Let Me Wait (1993).Disky
 Reggae Fieber (2xCD, Comp) 	Sideshow (1997). Jive records
 Chris Brown (CD, Album) 	Young Love (2005). Edsel records
 Life on Mars / What The World Is Coming To (CD) 	Together Once Again (2005)

Collectables
 The Magic of the Blue (CD) 	Three Ring Circus, You (2006)

Notable songs
 "Meantime" (<mask>, <mask> (Ca), Bobby Eli, Keith Thomas, Benjamin "Bebe" Winans)
 "Sideshow" (Eli, Bobby (Ca)/ <mask>, <mask> (Ca))
 "Bulls Eye" (<mask>, <mask> (Ca)/ Eli, Bobby (Ca)/ West, Kanye Omari (Ca)/ Johnson, Syleena (Ca))
 "U Turn Me" (<mask>, <mask> (Ca), Wayne Alexander, Byron Stingily, Andrew Livingstone, Peter Chalcraft)
 "Young Love" (<mask>, <mask> (Ca)/ Eli, Bobby (Ca)/ Hilson, Keri (Ca)/ Thomas, Damon (Ca)/ Mason, Harvey (Ca)/ Que, J.

masks:
Vinnie Barrett
Career Barrett
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texts:
Dorrel Norman Elvert "<mask><mask> (; born November 9, 1931) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and manager, most notable for his Major League Baseball (MLB) managerial career. Born in New Athens, Illinois, <mask> made his MLB debut as a player in 1956 with the Washington Senators. After his playing career ended in 1963, Herzog went on to perform a variety of roles in Major League Baseball, including scout, manager, coach, general manager, and farm system director. As a big-league manager, he led the Kansas City Royals to three consecutive playoff appearances from 1976 to 1978. Hired by Gussie Busch in 1980 to helm the St. Louis Cardinals, the Cardinals won the 1982 World Series over the Milwaukee Brewers and made two other World Series appearances, in 1985 and 1987 under Herzog's direction. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame on July 25, 2010, and was inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum on August 16, 2014. Early life
Herzog was the second of three children born in Illinois to Edgar and <mask>.His father worked at a brewery and his mother worked at a shoe factory in New Athens, where the family lived. Herzog attended New Athens High School where he played basketball and baseball. Herzog drew interest from the college basketball programs at Saint Louis University and Illinois. As a youth, Herzog delivered newspapers, sold baked goods from a truck, dug graves, and worked at the brewery with his father. He was known as "Relly" — a diminutive of his given first name of Dorrel. <mask>'s older brother, Therron <mask>, played a year of minor league baseball in 1954 in the Cotton States League. Playing career
A left-handed batter and thrower, Herzog originally signed with the New York Yankees by scout Lou Maguolo.While playing for the McAlester Rockets in the Sooner State League in 1949 and 1950, a sportscaster gave Herzog the nickname "<mask>" due to his light blonde hair and resemblance to blonde Yankees pitcher Bob "The White Rat" Kuzava. In 1953, during the Korean War, Herzog briefly interrupted his playing career to join the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, during which time he was stationed at Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri and managed the camp's baseball team. After being traded by New York as a prospect, he played for the Washington Senators (1956–1958), Kansas City Athletics (1958–1960), Baltimore Orioles (1961–62), and Detroit Tigers (1963). In eight seasons, Herzog batted .257 with 25 home runs, 172 runs batted in, 213 runs scored, 60 doubles, 20 triples, and 13 stolen bases, in 634 games. In reference to his success as a player versus his success as a manager, Herzog once said, "Baseball has been good to me since I quit trying to play it." (Herzog has made this statement several times, most recently in an interview with Fox Sports Midwest which aired several times in August and September 2007 during St. Louis Cardinals rain delays). Player development
After his playing career ended, Herzog rejoined the Athletics for two seasons, as a scout in 1964 and a coach in 1965.The next seven years were spent with the New York Mets, the first,  in 1966, as the third-base coach for manager Wes Westrum. Beginning in 1967 <mask> then made his mark with the club during his six-year tenure as its director of player development. On his watch, the Mets produced young talent that either became part of the nucleus of its World Series teams in 1969 and 1973 or eventually had successful major league careers. Among them were Gary Gentry, Wayne Garrett, Jon Matlack, John Milner, Amos Otis and Ken Singleton. <mask> was a candidate to become the Mets' manager after the death of Gil Hodges prior to the 1972 season, but was passed over in favor of first-base coach Yogi Berra by chairman of the board M. Donald Grant. Managerial career

Texas and California
Perceiving Grant's actions as a snub, <mask> left the Mets to accept the first managerial assignment of his career when he signed a two-year contract with the Texas Rangers on November 2, 1972. Taking over the only MLB team that reached 100 losses in 1972, he junked the platoon system used heavily by his predecessor Ted Williams.Hired based on recommendations from general manager Joe Burke to owner Bob Short, <mask> had the understanding that he was to help develop the team's young prospects. His debut at the helm was a 3–1 Rangers loss to the Chicago White Sox at Arlington Stadium on April 7, 1973. His first victory was a 4–0 decision over the Kansas City Royals five nights later on April 12 at Royals Stadium. He never got the chance to finish the 1973 season. Three days after a 14–0 defeat at White Sox Park and Texas with a 47–91 record, he was dismissed on September 7. He was succeeded in the interim for one game by Del Wilber and the longer term by Billy Martin, who had been fired by the Detroit Tigers on August 30. Short defended the change by telling reporters, "If my mother were managing the Rangers and I had the opportunity to hire Billy Martin, I'd fire my mother."<mask> next went to the California Angels (1974 on an interim basis; as a coach, he filled in between the firing of Bobby Winkles and the hiring of Dick Williams). Managerial success
<mask> continued building his managerial credentials with the Kansas City Royals (1975–79) and St. Louis Cardinals (1980–90). He succeeded Jack McKeon as Royals manager on July 24, 1975. At the time, the Royals were in second place in the American League West but trailed the defending and eventual division champion Oakland Athletics by 11 games. He had his greatest success in Kansas City, where he won three straight American League Western division titles from 1976 to 1978, and in St. Louis, where he won the 1982 World Series and the National League Pennant in 1985 and 1987. In total, he led six division winners, three pennant winners, and one World Series winner in compiling a 1,281–1,125 (.532) career record. With his extensive background in player development, <mask> also was a general manager with both the Cardinals (1980–82) and the California Angels.He succeeded interim skipper Jack Krol as manager of the Redbirds on June 9, 1980, managed for 73 games, then moved into the club's front office as GM on August 26, turning the team over to Red Schoendienst. During the offseason, Herzog reclaimed the manager job, then held both the GM and field manager posts with St. Louis for almost two full seasons, during which he acquired or promoted many players who would star on the Cardinals' three World Series teams of the 1980s. In a 1983 poll of MLB players by The New York Times, Herzog was voted best manager in baseball. <mask>

<mask>'s style of play, based on the strategy of attrition, was nicknamed "Whiteyball" and concentrated on pitching, speed, and defense to win games rather than on home runs. Herzog's lineups generally consisted of one or more base-stealing threats at the top of the lineup, with a power threat such as George Brett or Jack Clark hitting third or fourth, protected by one or two hitters with lesser power, followed by more base stealers. This tactic kept payrolls low, while allowing Herzog to win consistently in stadiums with deep fences and artificial turf, both of which were characteristics of Royals Stadium (now Kauffman Stadium) and Busch Memorial Stadium during his managerial career. A less noticed (at the time) aspect of Herzog's offensive philosophy was his preference for patient hitters with high on-base percentages: such players included Royals Brett, Hal McRae, and Amos Otis, and Cardinals Clark, Keith Hernandez, José Oquendo, and Ozzie Smith, as well as Darrell Porter, who played for Herzog in both Kansas City and St. Louis.However, in St. Louis Herzog also employed free-swinging hitters who were less patient but fast runners, such as Vince Coleman and Willie McGee. Post-Cardinals career
<mask> also expressed an interest in becoming President of the National League when that job opened in 1986. The role eventually went to Yale University President A. Bartlett Giamatti, who also became the Commissioner of baseball in 1989. In a nationally televised interview on NBC, after Giamatti accepted the job of NL President, Marv Albert jokingly asked Herzog if he would be interested in the job opening for President of Yale University. Herzog replied, "Well, you're trying to be funny now, Marv. I don't think that's funny at all." <mask>'s final season with the Cardinals, and in his managerial career, was the 1990 season; he resigned on July 6 of that year with the team at 33–47 and in last place in the NL East.He jokingly stated, "I came here in last place and I leave here in last place. I left them right where I started." His overall Cardinals record is 822 wins and 728 losses. His career managerial record is 1,281 wins and 1,125 losses. General Manager stint
After leaving the Cardinals in 1990, <mask> then held various front office and consulting posts with the Angels, including a brief stint (1993–94) as general manager. Later life
<mask> and Jim Leyland were candidates to become manager of the Boston Red Sox following the 1996 season. Both rejected offers from the Red Sox, so the team hired Jimy Williams instead.<mask> was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans' Committee on December 7, 2009, receiving 14 of a possible 16 votes. <mask>'s induction into the Hall of Fame was on July 25, 2010. In addition, the Cardinals retired the number '24', which he wore during his managerial tenure with the club, in his honor on July 31, following his induction. Rick Ankiel was the last Cardinal to wear number 24. <mask> continues to reside in St. Louis, Missouri. His younger brother, Codell ("Butz") died on February 20, 2010, at 76. He made out <mask>'s first lineup with the Cardinals in 1980.His grandson John Urick was a minor league first baseman and outfielder from 2003 until 2010 who played for managers and former Herzog-era Cardinals Garry Templeton and Hal Lanier. In January 2014, the Cardinals announced Herzog among 22 former players and personnel to be inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum for the inaugural class of 2014. Managerial record

See also

 List of Major League Baseball managers by wins

References

External links

<mask> Herzog at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
Baseball Hall of Fame – 2008 Veterans Committee candidate profile

1931 births
Living people
American sportsmen
Baseball coaches from Illinois
Baseball players from Illinois
Baltimore Orioles players
California Angels coaches
California Angels managers
California Angels executives
Detroit Tigers players
Kansas City Athletics coaches
Kansas City Athletics players
Kansas City Athletics scouts
Kansas City Royals managers
Major League Baseball farm directors
Major League Baseball general managers
Major League Baseball managers with retired numbers
Major League Baseball outfielders
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Manager of the Year Award winners
McAlester Rockets players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
New York Mets coaches
New York Mets executives
People from St. Clair County, Illinois
St. Louis Cardinals managers
St. Louis Cardinals executives
Texas Rangers managers
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Her
United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel

masks:
Whitey
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Lietta Herzog
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Herman Herzog
Whitey
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