texts:
<mask>  (; born 5 November 1992) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Italy national team. He is often considered as one of the best midfielders in the world. A creative, hard-working, and technically gifted playmaker, <mask> began his career with Italian club Pescara in 2008, where he soon rose to prominence as one of the best young midfielders in Europe, helping the team to win the 2011–12 Serie B title, and winning the 2012 Bravo Award. His playing style drew comparisons with Andrea Pirlo, due to his passing ability, vision, and control, as well as his similar transition from  the role of trequartista to that of a regista. In July 2012, he transferred to French side Paris Saint-Germain, where he won seven Ligue 1 titles from 2013 to 2020, among other domestic and individual trophies, and established himself as one of the best midfielders in the world. At international level, <mask> represented the Italy under-21 football team at the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, winning a runners-up medal, and being named to the all-star squad for the tournament. At senior level, he made his Italy debut in 2012, and represented his country at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2020, winning the latter tournament.Early life
<mask> was born in Pescara, and grew up in Manoppello. As a child, he supported Juventus and idolised Alessandro Del Piero, the team's Italian international offensive playmaker. <mask>'s talent was noticed at an early age, and he was made offers to join the youth academies of Atalanta and Internazionale, but joined his local club Pescara for €5,000. After an impressive performance for Pescara's under-16 team against A.C. Milan, the Lombardy club offered €300,000 to sign the midfielder, but Verratti decided to remain at Pescara. Club career

Pescara

The first youth team Verratti was affiliated with was that of Manoppello, a historic team of Pescara, that in 2001 merged with the newly born Manoppello Arabona. He remained there until 2006 when he entered the youth of Pescara. Verratti made his first team debut in the 2008–09 season at the age of 15 years and 9 months.In the 2009–10 season, he appeared more regularly for Pescara, and since then became a key player in the first team. His performances generated national media coverage as a potential star of the future and Italian international. With Zdeněk Zeman as manager, Verratti excelled as a deep-lying playmaker in a Pescara team which won the 2011–12 Serie B title playing "the best football in Italy", earning promotion to Serie A the following season. After helping Pescara to promotion to Serie A, Verratti received the 2012 Bravo Award for the best player under the age of 21 in Europe, and was reportedly wanted by Napoli, Roma and Juventus, as well as Carlo Ancelotti's Paris Saint-Germain. At the 2012 AIC Gran Gala del Calcio, he was elected the best player of the 2011–12 Serie B season, along with former Pescara teammates Ciro Immobile and Lorenzo Insigne. Paris Saint-Germain

2012–2014: Debut season, individual awards

On 18 July 2012, <mask> signed a five-year contract with Paris Saint-Germain in Ligue 1. On 2 September 2012, <mask> made his competitive debut for PSG in an away Ligue 1 match against Lille.Twelve days later, he  assisted Javier Pastore's opening goal in his first competitive appearance at the Parc des Princes, a 2–0 Ligue 1 defeat of Toulouse. On 18 September 2012, he made his UEFA Champions League debut in a 4–1 group stage defeat of Dynamo Kyiv. He ended his first season in the French capital by winning the 2012–13 Ligue 1 title. On 20 August 2013, <mask> signed a one-year extension to his contract with PSG, keeping him at the club until 2018. <mask>'s second season with PSG was even more successful than the first as the team retained its Ligue 1 title and won the Coupe de la Ligue and the 2013 Trophée des Champions. <mask> was named as the Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year and included in the Ligue 1 Team of the Year for the 2013–14 season. 2014–2017: First goals and contract extension
On 30 September 2014, <mask> scored his first competitive goal for PSG, a header in a 3–2 home win over Barcelona in the group stage of the Champions League.On 18 January 2015, <mask> scored his first goal in Ligue 1, in a 4–2 home win over Evian. In August 2016, <mask> signed a 3-year extension to his contract, keeping him at the club until 2021. 2017–2019: European and domestic performances
On 6 March 2018, <mask> was sent off after acquiring a second yellow card in the second leg of a Champions League round of 16 fixture against the eventual champions Real Madrid. Real Madrid went on to win the game 2–1 and eliminated PSG with an aggregate score of 5–2. On 3 April 2019, <mask> scored the opening goal from a Kylian Mbappé assist in a 3–0 home win over Nantes in the Coupe de France semi-finals, which allowed PSG to advance to the final of the competition; during the same match, he also provided an assist for his team's final goal, which was scored by Dani Alves. This goal was <mask>'s first of the 2018–19 season for PSG, and also his first goal ever in the competition. 2019–20: Domestic treble and European final
Following PSG's 2–1 victory over Rennes in the 2019 Trophée des Champions on 3 August, <mask> became the player with the most titles with the club, with 22 trophies in total (six Ligue 1 titles, four Coupe de France titles, five Coupe de la Ligue titles, and seven Trophée des Champions titles).In October, he signed a three–year contract extension with the club, which would tie him to PSG until June 2024. On 12 January 2020, Verratti made his 300th appearance for PSG in a 3–3 home draw against Monaco in Ligue 1. On 18 February, he became the club's all-time appearance holder in the Champions League, when he made his 58th appearance in the competition in a 2–1 away loss in the first leg of their round of 16 draw against Borussia Dortmund, overtaking the previous record holder Paul Le Guen at 57. In April, PSG were assigned the 2019–20 Ligue 1 title after the season was ended prematurely due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic; at the time of the League's suspension, PSG were in first place, with a twelve–point lead over second–placed Marseille. This was <mask>'s record seventh Ligue 1 title with the club, which saw him equal the all–time individual record of most Ligue 1 title victories, along with his club teammate Thiago Silva, which was jointly held by Hervé Revelli and Jean-Michel Larqué of Saint-Étienne, as well as Grégory Coupet, Juninho and Sidney Govou of Lyon. PSG went on to win a domestic treble, but lost out in the Champions League final 1–0 to Bayern Munich on 23 August; <mask> made a substitute appearance during the match. 2020–2022: Champions League semi-finals
In the 2020–21 season with Paris Saint-Germain, Verratti reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League, losing 4–1 on aggregate to Manchester City.In Ligue 1, PSG failed to retain the title as Lille were crowned champions. On 23 January 2022, <mask> scored two goals in a 4–0 league win over Reims. By doing so, he scored his first league goal since May 2017, and the first brace of his career. International career
The uncapped <mask> was included into Cesare Prandelli's preliminary 32-man Italy squad for UEFA Euro 2012, being one of only two Serie B players (the other being Torino's Angelo Ogbonna) to be part of it. He was subsequently cut from the squad on 28 May 2012. On 15 August 2012, <mask> made his debut with the Italian senior team in a 2–1 friendly loss against England held in Bern. He subsequently made his first competitive appearance in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification, appearing as a second-half substitute for Emanuele Giaccherini in a 2–2 draw against Bulgaria on 7 September.On 6 February 2013, Verratti scored his first international goal in a friendly against the Netherlands in Amsterdam, a 91st-minute equalizer that made the final score 1–1. He took part with the Italy U-21 side at the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, where the Azzurrini finished as runner-up to Spain. His performances saw him included in UEFA's all-star squad for the tournament. On 1 June 2014, <mask> was selected in Italy's 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In Italy's opening match of the tournament, he made his first competitive start for the Azzurri on the left side of a midfield diamond with Juventus players Andrea Pirlo and Claudio Marchisio and Roma vice-captain Daniele De Rossi in his team's opening game of the tournament, a 2–1 victory over England in Manaus. During the match, he was involved in Marchisio's opening goal; after receiving Antonio Candreva's short corner, he passed the ball out wide towards Pirlo, who drew his marker with him. Pirlo let the ball pass in between his legs to Marchisio, leaving him with space to score with a low drive from outside the area.However, <mask> did not appear in Italy's second group match, a 1–0 defeat against Costa Rica; he started in Italy's final group match against Uruguay, which also ended in a 1–0 loss, and as a result, Italy were eliminated in the first round of the tournament. On 6 May 2016, it was confirmed <mask> would miss Euro 2016 after a long lasting injury from a sports hernia which would require surgery on 16 May, sidelining him for two months. Upon recovering from his injury, <mask> returned to the team under Italy's new manager Gian Piero Ventura for an international friendly match against France in Bari on 1 September, making a substitute appearance in the Azzurris 3–1 loss. On 26 March 2019, <mask> scored his second international goal in a 6–0 home win over Liechtenstein in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match. In June 2021, he was included in Italy's squad for UEFA Euro 2020 by manager Roberto Mancini. After initially missing Italy's first two group matches due to an injury to his right knee that he had sustained in training with Paris Saint-Germain on 8 May, he made his first appearance of the tournament in Italy's final group match against Wales on 20 June, setting-up Matteo Pessina's goal from a free-kick in the team's 1–0 victory in Rome; the result allowed them to top their group. On 2 July, he assisted Italy's opening goal of the match, scored by Nicolò Barella, in a 2–1 win over Belgium in the quarter-finals of the competition.On 11 July, in the final against England at Wembley Stadium, <mask> was involved in the equalising goal after his header was parried onto the post by keeper Jordan Pickford, allowing Leonardo Bonucci to score from the rebound; following a 1–1 draw after extra-time, Italy prevailed 3–2 in the penalty shootout, to win the tournament for the first time since 1968. With a 93% passing accuracy and three assists throughout the tournament (having completed 401 out of 425 passes attempted), <mask> was named the top performer of Euro 2020 in the FedEx Performance Zone. Style of play

A quick, creative, agile, and technically gifted central midfield playmaker, with notable dribbling skills, quick reactions, and close ball control, <mask> is known for his confidence on the ball and ability to retain possession in tight spaces when under pressure, due to his low centre of gravity and resulting balance. His excellent vision and range of passing enable him to create chances for teammates with accurate long passes, or control the tempo of his team's play in midfield through precise, short exchanges. Although naturally right-footed, he is capable of playing with either foot. Due to his attributes and playing style, <mask> has been compared to Italy legend Andrea Pirlo, in particular after making the same transition from trequartista to regista that the 2006 FIFA World Cup winner had also made earlier on in his career, although he has also been deployed in a new, more advanced role alongside Pirlo on occasion, as a false-attacking midfielder, in particular under Cesare Prandelli's tenure with the Italy national team. Initially regarded as one of the most talented young players of his generation, <mask> quickly developed into one of the best and most complete playmaking midfielders in the world.In addition to his playmaking skills, he is also a hard-working, dynamic, and well-rounded midfielder, who is known for his aggression, defensive skills, and ball-winning abilities, despite his small physique and diminutive stature, which also enables him to be deployed in a holding role. Despite his ability, he has also drawn criticism from some in the sport over his disciplinary record, as well as his tendency to commit an excessive number of fouls, argue with officials, and pick up unnecessary bookings. Moreover, he has also often struggled with injuries throughout his career. Personal life
<mask> was in a relationship since 2009 with a childhood friend, an Italian woman Laura Zazzara, whom he later married and with whom he has two sons, Tommaso and Andrea; the pair separated at the beginning of 2019. On 15 July 2021, four days after Italy's Euro 2020 triumph, Verratti married model Jessica Aidi in Paris. On 30 October 2018, <mask> was arrested after being caught drunk driving on the Boulevard Périphérique. He was subsequently fined by Paris Saint-Germain.On 2 April 2021, it was announced that <mask> tested positive for COVID-19 amid its pandemic in Italy; by 11 April, he recovered. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Verratti goal. players
Serie B players
Ligue 1 players
Italy youth international footballers
Italy under-21 international footballers
Italy international footballers
2014 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2020 players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
Italian expatriate footballers
Italian expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate footballers in France
Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

masks:
Marco Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 30 March 1944) is a British actress. She appeared in the 1970s in television series The Brothers and UFO. In the early 1970s she appeared in several erotic roles on screen. She later took parts in soap operas Crossroads and Coronation Street. She has also had a stage career. Her brother was the musician <mask>, whose work she has consistently helped to promote since his death in 1974. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Lahore, British India, the daughter of <mask> and amateur songwriter <mask>.Her father was an engineer working for the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation. The family moved from Burma to Britain when she was eight. She later commented that,

On the ship travelling to Britain she appeared in children's theatrical productions, later saying of herself "I was a dreadful exhibitionist." She attended Edgbaston College for Girls in Birmingham, Wycombe Abbey School, Buckinghamshire and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London. She has had a long stage career beginning in the mid-1960s, and has regularly appeared in television dramas. Screen career
<mask> first gained wide attention for her portrayal of Lieutenant Gay Ellis in the 1970 science fiction television series UFO, in which her costume consisted of a silver suit and a purple wig. In the series, the character is the commander of the SHADO Moonbase, which is Earth's first line of defence against invading flying saucers.<mask> appeared in roughly half the 26 episodes produced, leaving the series during a break in the production to pursue other acting opportunities. In 1971, <mask> appeared in a short film entitled Crash!, based on a chapter in J. G. Ballard's book The Atrocity Exhibition. The film, directed by Harley Cokeliss, featured Ballard talking about the ideas in his book. <mask> appeared as a passenger and car-crash victim. Ballard later developed the idea into his 1973 novel Crash. In his draft of the novel he mentioned <mask> by name, but references to her were removed from the published version. In the 2009 BBC documentary Synth Britannia clips of Ballard and <mask> from Crash!were inserted into the 1979 video for Gary Numan's song "Cars". A reviewer in The Scotsman commented that the presence of <mask> "brought serious glamour to urban alienation". In the early 1970s, <mask> was associated with the boom in British sexploitation movies, repeatedly appearing nude or topless. She played a nude artist's model in the 1970 film Connecting Rooms, and was one of Peter Sellers' conquests in the film There's a Girl in My Soup. She also played one of the lead roles in the sex comedy Au Pair Girls (1972) and appeared in two Derek Ford films, Suburban Wives (1971) and its sequel Commuter Husbands (1972), in which she played the narrator who links the disparate episodes together. Her early television appearances include The Avengers (1967), Coronation Street (as Inga Olsen in 1967) and The Saint (1968). In 1970, she auditioned for the part of Jo Grant in Doctor Who, reaching the final shortlist of three, but did not get the part.On December 26, 1968 she appeared in a BBC television series called Journey to the Unknown in an episode called The Beckoning Fair One, where she played opposite American actor Robert Lansing as his girlfriend in a haunted house ghost story from a novella called The Beckoning Fair One by Oliver Onions. She gained wide exposure in The Brothers, the hit BBC family drama series, in which she appeared as a regular for the first four seasons playing Jill, the girlfriend (and later wife) of David Hammond. She also appeared in an episode of Brian Clemens' 1970s series Thriller, in The Kelly Monteith Show (as Monteith's wife 1979–80), a television version of The Importance of Being Earnest (1985, for LWT/PBS), Crossroads (1985–87, as motel boss Nicola Freeman) and returned to Coronation Street in 2009 as Vanessa. In The Inspector Lynley Mysteries (2003–05) she played the protagonist's mother. She was the subject of This Is Your Life on 8 April 1987. Stage career
<mask> made her stage debut in 1964, during the inaugural season of the Everyman Theatre, Liverpool, playing Cecily in The Importance of Being Earnest. In 1966, she joined the Birmingham Repertory Company and played Queen Isabella in Marlowe's Edward II.She also had roles in Private Lives (with Renee Asherson), The Simpleton of the Unexpected Isles (with Linda Marlowe and Patrick Mower), Twelfth Night and Inadmissible Evidence. The following year, she was Roxanne in Cyrano de Bergerac at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park. In the 1974–5, season at the Bristol Old Vic, she played in Cowardy Custard, a devised entertainment featuring the words and music of Noël Coward. In 1975, she appeared as Madeline Bassett in the original London cast of the Andrew Lloyd Webber and Alan Ayckbourn musical Jeeves. She also appeared in French Without Tears at the Little Theatre, Bristol. In 1978, she played Lavinia, opposite Simon Callow in the title role, in Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus, directed by Adrian Noble, at the New Vic, Bristol. She also appeared at the Bristol Old Vic in that year, in Vanbrugh's The Provok'd Wife.She was directed by Mike Ockrent in Look, No Hans!, alongside David Jason, during the 83–84 season at the Theatre Royal, Bath. She made a second appearance in The Importance of Being Earnest at the Royalty Theatre, London, in a production directed by Donald Sinden, which also starred Wendy Hiller, Clive Francis, Phyllida Law and Denis Lawson (87-88). In 1988, she played Fiona Foster in a revival of Ayckbourn's How the Other Half Loves, first at the Greenwich Theatre, then at the Duke of York's Theatre. During the 1990–91 season at the Theatre Royal, Bath, she played in Risky Kisses with Ian Lavender. She was in the Mobil Touring Theatre's official centenary production of Charley's Aunt in 1991, with Frank Windsor, Patrick Cargill and Mark Curry. In 1993, she was Monica in Coward's Present Laughter at the Globe Theatre, London, in a revival directed by and starring Tom Conti. She co-starred with Jeremy Clyde in the 1995 King's Head Theatre tour of Cavalcade, directed by Dan Crawford.In 1999, she was Vittoria in Paul Kerryson's production of The White Devil at the Haymarket Theatre, Leicester. She also toured with the Oxford Stage Company in that year, as Hester Bellboys in John Whiting's A Penny for a Song, alongside Julian Glover, Jeremy Clyde, and Charles Kay. She played Mrs Malaprop in the 2002 touring production of The Rivals with the British Actors' Theatre Company, whose artistic director, Kate O'Mara, was <mask>'s co-star in the TV series The Brothers. She has made regular appearances at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester, since her debut there in a non-pantomime version of Cinderella, written by Trevor Peacock, in 1979. That same year, she co-starred with Sorcha Cusack and Susan Penhaligon in Caspar Wrede's production of The Cherry Orchard. In 1986, she was Madame Gobette in the British premiere of Maurice Hennequin's Court in the Act, which subsequently played at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford, and the Theatre Royal, Bath, before transferring to the Phoenix Theatre in London (1987). Other roles at the Royal Exchange include Mrs Erlynne in Lady Windermere's Fan (1996); Anna in The Ghost Train Tattoo (2000); Fay in Loot (2001); Lady Bracknell in The Importance of Being Earnest (2004); and The Comtesse de la Briere in What Every Woman Knows (2006).At the same theatre in 2001, <mask> replaced Patricia Routledge as Mrs Conway during the rehearsal period for J. B. Priestley's Time and the Conways, when Routledge was forced to withdraw from the production due to illness. Elsewhere, she has appeared in her one-woman show, Dear Scheherazade, as the 19th century writer Elizabeth Gaskell (2005, 2007, 2010). At the Chipping Campden Literature Festival in 2011, she and Martin Jarvis read extracts from the letters and diaries of Robert and Clara Schumann in the recital, Beloved Clara. She had appeared in the same piece the previous year, again with Jarvis and the pianist Lucy Parham, at the Wigmore Hall in London. Personal life

<mask> has helped to ensure the public renown of her brother <mask> and her mother <mask>. She can be heard accompanying her brother Nick on a number of songs that he recorded privately, and which have since been released on the album Family Tree.After the release of songs written and performed by her mother, she said "Her creativity was a personal thing, and she was lucky to be able to develop it in an environment where that side of her was totally accepted. Indeed, my father encouraged it. He was so proud of her. On one occasion, he even made the 20-mile drive to Birmingham to get four songs pressed onto a disc." In 2014, she co-wrote and edited, with Cally Callomon,  <mask>: Remembered for a While, a memoir of her brother. In April 2018, she collected the Hall of Fame Folk Award 2018 on her brother's behalf in Belfast. She lives in Wenlock Abbey in Much Wenlock, Shropshire, in a house she bought in 1983 with her husband, South African-born artist Louis de Wet, who died in 2018.They renovated their home over several years as an artistic project and, in 2004, he described it as "the most beautiful building site in the world". <mask> was the co-producer, with Cally Callomon, of In the Gaze of the Medusa, a 2013 film by Gavin Bush about the renovation project and her husband's designs for the house.

masks:
Gabrielle Drake
Nick Drake
Drake
Rodney Drake
Molly Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Nick Drake
Molly Drake
Nick Drake
Drake


texts:
<mask>  (1873–1940) was a manager in the Department of Tanzimat at Bhopal state during the period of Nawab Sultan Jahan Begum. Biography
<mask> was originally from Tijara and born on 16 Sha'aban1290 AH / 1873 AD. He was master in Arabic and Mathematics and was employed as 'Mansarim' (Manager) at the Department of 'Tanzimat' (a section in law). He got the pension in 1919 and returned to Tijara in 1921 to look after the work of Qaza. He bequeathed the work of Qaza to his son <mask> (died 29 October 1974 at Lahore) and came back to Bhopal

Hajj
He went to Hajj along with the delegation of Kaikhusrau Jahan, Begum of Bhopal. Family history
<mask>ddin son of <mask> was a man of eminence, rich in society and as a leader, he helped many relatives to get important positions at Nagpur. In his lifetime, he bequeathed his role as qazi to his elder son, <mask> and went himself to join the services in the court of Maharaja Nagpur.He joined army as Risaldar. He left the post of Risaldar for his another son, Mohammad Rahimuddin. He also helped to adjust his nephew Mohammad Aminuddin ibn Fasihuddin at various important posts. <mask> Najibuddin was entitled with ‘'Khan Sahib" by Maharaja Nagpur. A paper where details of expenditure by Khan Sahib Mohammad Najibuddin Gharra dated Sifar 1222 AH (1807 AD), is extant in the library of Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences. In Tijara, he planted a 20 Bigha garden for his son <mask> Ghulam Mohiuddin and another garden at 12 Bigha land for Mohammad Rahimuddin. Mohammad Rahimuddin remained as Risaldar 12 more years after the death of his father.In 1262 AH / 1845 AD, he returned to Tijara after dispute within the army. Later in his life from 1262 AH / 1845 AD to 1264 AH / 1847 AD, Mohammad Rahimuddin remained as Risaldar in the 15 Regiment of India. While he was on leave for 7 months in Tijara, he died on 14 Dhu al-Hijjah 1264 AH (Sunday) after getting short illness. <mask> Ghulam Mohiuddin was born on 2 Rajab 1224 AH / 1809 AD. He became qazi after his father left this post for him. He remained qazi for 23 years. After the death of his brother Mohammad Rahimuddin, he attracted towards Spahigiri and joined 5th regiment of Punjab where he remained as Naib Risaldar for 10 years.He was very loyal and honest person. After suffering from fever for 2 and half months, he died at the age of 51 on 21 Rabi' al-thani at Thursday 1274 AH / 1857 AD near Roadi, District Dera Ismail Khan. He was taken care of by his maternal nephew Waliuddin (son of Ziauddin <mask> Hisamuddin). <mask> Ghulam Mohiuddin was first married to Fasihun Nisan (daughter of Mian Ghulam Ahmad ibn Mohammad Ahsan of Loni and had five daughters. He then married to Habibun Nisan (daughter of Afzal Hussain ibn Nijabat Hussain of Rewari). From Habibun Nisan, <mask> Fayyazuddin was born in 1847. The descendants of these 5 daughters and one son are in hundreds now, settled in India and Pakistan.One of the daughters, Amarun Nisan was married to Ghulam Mansoor. <mask> Fayyazuddin had five sons and 2 daughters. The elder daughter Ruqqaiya Begum was married to Mufti Mohammad Siddiq and had 2 daughters while the younger daughter Ummatul Hafeez was married to Mahmoodul Haq ibn Afzalul Haq ibn Munshi Barkat Ali ibn Khairat Ali of Palwal and had no children. With second wife, Mahmoodul Haq had two sons namely Maulana Abrarul Haq (caliph of Ashraf Ali Thanwi) and Professor Anwarul Haq. They were all scholars of their times. Earliest books, 'Miratul Haqaiq' and 'Kitab Rahnuma-i Hujjaj' in their family extant even today was written by Munshi Barkat Ali. Khairat Ali and Hayat Ali were two prominent brothers settled in Palwal and sons of Mohammad Hasan Ali bin Kamaluddin.Khairat Ali was Sarrishtedar Deputy Commissioner of Gurgaon, who later on joined the services at the court of Maharaja Tijara. He died in Tijara but his body was taken to Delhi to bury near the grave of Shaikh Abdul Haq Mohaddis. Hayat Ali was Thanedar at Shahdara (Delhi). The elder son was <mask> <mask>, while other sons were <mask> Khaliluddin, <mask> Faizuddin and <mask> Ruknuddin. The younger son was Dr. <mask> Jamaluddin Jalai (married to Hashimi Begum, daughter of Mukhtar Jahan and Liaqat Hussain). Mukhtar Jahan was the daughter of Ghulam Ahmad Faroghi. Marriage and children
From the first wife, <mask> <mask> had two sons <mask> Amaduddin and Raziuddin.<mask> Amaduddin was the last Qazi of Tijara as he performed this job till 1947. In 1947, both these brothers were migrated to Pakistan. After the partition, <mask> Amaduddin was settled in Lahore while Raziuddin <mask> preferred to live in Karachi. <mask> Amaduddin, from his third wife, had three sons. Late Prof. <mask> Salahuddin, Misbah Uddin <mask> and Shuja Uddin <mask>. His son Misbah Uddin <mask>, who is also a renowned world famed artist, was married to elder daughter of Raziuddin <mask>. Their elder son is Sabah Uddin <mask> whereas Isbah Uddin <mask> is the elder grandson.Three generations used to live happily under a roof in Rawalpindi. From the second wife, Aisha, <mask> <mask> had one daughter, Sajida Begum. Aisha's father Haji Mahmood belonged to Kabul from where he went to Hajj and settled there at Makkah. In Makkah, he married to Aisha' mother Nafeesa. Apart from Aisha, his other daughter's name was Zainab. Zainab was also married in Bhopal to Maulvi Abdullah who received Mansab from the Bhopal state. Aisha died two years after marriage.After the death of Aisha, <mask> <mask> married to her niece, Tahira. From Tahira, he had three sons Samsamuddin, Haji Israruddin and Dr. Anwaruddin. Samsamuddin was not married. Haji Israruddin had one son, Ainuddin (married to Naheed, daughter of Akhtar Afzal ibn Misbahul Usman ibn Syed Afzal Ali). Mohammad Ainuddin has three sons, Mohammad Saad uddin ( director in big group ), Mohammad Zainuddin ( owner of a 50 bedded hospital ) has 2 son Mohammed Eiqanuddin and Mohammed Eizanuddin and Ameed uddin (working as manager in medical college )and a daughter named Bushra married with Muhi uddin in jhansi
 Dr. Anwaruddin had three sons – Rafiuddin, Rizwanuddin and Ruknuddin. Death
When he came back to Bhopal from Tijara, he stayed with his son Israruddin and died in 1940. See also
Ghulam Mansoor
Munshi Hakimuddin (relative)

References

People from Tijara
1940 deaths
Politicians from Bhopal
1873 births

masks:
Qazi Hameeduddin
Qazi Hameeduddin
Qazi Amaduddin
Qazi Najibu
Qazi Mohammad Ata
Qazi Ghulam Mohiuddin
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
ibn Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Hameeduddin
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Hameeduddin
Qazi
Qazi
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Hameeduddin
Qazi
Hameeduddin


texts:
<mask> (born c. 1946 Belfast) was a purported high-level double agent in the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), known by the codename "Stakeknife". Early life
<mask> was born around 1946 and grew up in the Markets area of Belfast, the son of <mask>, an Italian immigrant to the city in the 1920s. In 1962, at the age of 16, he was encouraged to sign for the football club Nottingham Forest although his father is said to have resisted the idea. He took up work as a bricklayer. He was fined for riotous assembly in 1970 after being caught up in the Troubles and, a year later, was interned without trial at the age of 25 as part of Operation Demetrius. Among those interned with him were figures later to become prominent in the republican movement, such as Ivor Bell, Gerry Adams, and Alex Maskey. He was released from detention in 1974 and was by this time a member of the Provisional IRA.IRA career
By 1980, <mask> was a lead member in the Internal Security Unit (ISU) for the IRA Northern Command. The ISU was a unit tasked with counter-intelligence and the investigation of leaks within the IRA along with the exposure of moles/informers (also known as "touts"). Via the ISU, <mask> played a key role in investigating suspected informers, conducting inquiries into operations suspected of being compromised, debriefing of IRA volunteers released from Royal Ulster Constabulary and British Army questioning, and vetting of potential IRA recruits. The ISU has also been referred to as the "Nutting Squad". Various killings as a result of ISU activities have been attributed to <mask>. After the original allegations broke in 2003, <mask>, by now living in the Riverdale area of West Belfast, claimed his involvement with the IRA ended in 1990 due to his wife's illness. He denied that he had ever been linked to any facet of the British intelligence services, including the Force Research Unit.Involvement with British Intelligence
<mask>'s first involvement with British Intelligence is alleged to have been in 1978, two years before the Force Research Unit (FRU) was formed in 1980. He is said to have worked as an agent for the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) Special Branch. The role of the FRU was to centralise Army Intelligence under the Intelligence Corps. The former FRU agent turned whistleblower using the pseudonym "Martin Ingram" has said in his 2004 book Stakeknife that Scappaticci eventually developed into an agent handled by British Army Intelligence via the FRU. Ingram says that <mask>'s activities as a high-grade intelligence source came to his attention in 1982 after Scappaticci was detained for a drunk driving offence. In 2003, <mask> was alleged to have volunteered as an informer in 1978 after being assaulted in an argument with a fellow IRA member. Ingram paints Scappaticci at this time as "the crown jewels", (the best) agent handled by the FRU.He cites a number of allegations against <mask>. His accusations centre on various individuals who died as a result of the activities of the ISU between 1980 and 1990. Ingram also alleges that Scappaticci disclosed information to British intelligence on IRA operations during the time period, involving:

IRA members involved in the kidnapping of wealthy Irish supermarket magnate Ben Dunne in 1981. Ingram alleges that <mask> was influential in identifying his kidnappers to the authorities. the attempted kidnapping of Galen Weston, a Canadian born business tycoon in 1983. Weston kept a manor outside Dublin where the kidnapping was to take place. the kidnapping of supermarket boss Don Tidey from his home in Rathfarnham in Dublin.Ingram alleges that Scappaticci tipped off the FRU on the details of the kidnapping which eventually resulted in the killings of a trainee Garda Síochána (Gary Sheehan) and an Irish Army soldier (Private Patrick Kelly). Aside from providing intelligence to the FRU, <mask> is alleged to have worked closely with his FRU handlers throughout the 1980s and 1990s to protect and promote his position within the IRA. The controversy that has arisen centres on Ingram's allegation that the FRU killed individuals who might have exposed Scappaticci as an informer. Involvement with the Cook Report
In 1993 <mask> approached the ITV programme The Cook Report and agreed to an interview on his activities in the IRA and the alleged role of Martin McGuinness in the organisation. The first interview took place on 26 August 1993 in the car park of the Culloden Hotel in Cultra, County Down. This interview was, unknown to Scappaticci, recorded and eventually found its way into an edition of the programme. The interview was posted on the World Wide Web as the 2003 allegations against Scappaticci surfaced.<mask> appears to give intimate details of the modus operandi of the IRA's Northern Command, indicated some of his previous involvement in the organisation and alleges, amongst other things, that Martin McGuinness was involved in the death of Frank Hegarty – an IRA volunteer who had been killed as an informer by the IRA in 1986. It has since been alleged that <mask> knew the intimate details of Hegarty's killing because, as part of his duties in the ISU, he had reportedly been involved in the interrogation and execution of Hegarty regarding a large Libyan arms cache, which the Gardaí found. Ingram stated that Hegarty was a FRU agent whom other FRU members had encouraged to rise through the organisation and gain the confidence of key IRA members. Involvement with the Stevens Report
Things deteriorated for Scappaticci when Sir John Stevens, the Metropolitan police commissioner who has been probing RUC and British Army collusion with loyalist paramilitaries in the killing of Protestant student, Brian Adam Lambert in 1987 and the killing of solicitor Pat Finucane in 1989, revealed that he knew of his existence. In April 2004, Stevens signalled that he intended to question <mask> as part of the third Stevens inquiry. A report in a February 2007 edition of the Belfast News Letter reported that a cassette recording allegedly of Scappaticci talking about the number of murders he was involved in via the "Nutting Squad", as well as his work as an Army agent, had been lodged with the PSNI in 2004 and subsequently passed to the Stevens Inquiry in 2005. It is unclear whether this audio is a recording made via the Cook Report investigation.There were several inconsistencies with the various media reports alleging that Scappaticci was Stakeknife. The Provisional IRA reportedly assured Scappaticci of their belief in his denials and has issued public statements suggesting that the announcement of the former as a "tout" was a stunt by the British government to undermine Sinn Féin and the Republican movement. In January 2018, <mask> was arrested by police regarding offences including murder and abduction, but was released on bail. On 5 December 2018, Westminster Magistrates’ Court sentenced <mask> to 3 months imprisonment, suspended for 1 year, after he pleaded guilty to possessing "extreme pornographic images". The pornographic materials were uncovered during an investigation into serious crime during the Troubles. See also
 Murder of Thomas Oliver

References

External links
 Audio tape recording of Scappaticci interview, The Cook Report], cryptome.quintessenz.at/mirror/scappaticci.htm; accessed 5 June 2014. Transcript of Scappaticci speaking to the Cook Report, cryptome.org; accessed 5 June 2014.Rebuttal to "Stakeknife" allegations, newspapersoc.org.uk; 19 May 2003
 Scappaticci profile, Sunday Business Post, 31 August 2003. Transcript of 1993 UTV Insight programme, cryptome.quintessenz.at/mirror/scap-clive.htm; accessed 5 June 2014. 1940s births
Living people
Paramilitaries from Belfast
Provisional Irish Republican Army members
Republicans imprisoned during the Northern Ireland conflict
People from Northern Ireland of Italian descent
Date of birth missing (living people)
Bricklayers
Police informants
Double agents

masks:
Freddie Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Daniel Scappaticci
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Modesto "<mask><mask> (October 25, 1913 – February 8, 1977), also known as "Seven Fingers", was a Filipino-American labor organizer. He organized West Coast agricultural workers starting in the 1930s, and rose to national prominence in 1965, when he, Philip Vera Cruz, Benjamin Gines and Pete Velasco, walked off the farms of area table-grape growers, demanding wages equal to the federal minimum wage, that became known as the Delano grape strike. He has been described as "one of the fathers of the West Coast labor movement." He is regarded as a key figure of the Asian American movement. Biography
Itliong was a native of San Nicolas, Philippines. One of six children of Artemio and <mask>, Itliong only had a sixth grade education. He immigrated to the United States in 1929 and joined his first strike in 1930; Itliong was only 14 when he came to the United States.Itliong was an excellent card player, and avid cigar smoker, who spoke multiple Filipino languages, Spanish, Cantonese, Japanese, and taught himself about law. Itliong married six times, had seven children, and raised his family in the Delano area  and in the Little Manila community of Stockton, California. As a farmworker Itliong worked in Alaska, where he organized cannery and agricultural unions, Washington, and up and down California; he also worked in Montana and South Dakota. While living in Alaska, he helped found the Alaska Cannery Workers Union (which later became Local 7 of the United Cannery and Packing and Allied Workers Union, then Local 7 of the International Longshoreman's and Warehouse Workers Union). He lost three fingers in an accident in an Alaskan cannery, which earned him the nickname, "Seven Fingers." Some of the labor organizers whom Itliong met in his early days had ties to the Communist Party. Filipinos in California led the way in unionization efforts among farmworkers in the 1930s and 40s.During World War II, Itliong served on a U.S. Army transport ship as a messman. After the war, he settled in the city of Stockton in California's Central Valley. In 1948, Itliong (along with Rudy Delvo, Chris Mensalvas, Philip Vera Cruz, and Ernesto Mangaoang) became involved in the 1948 asparagus strike, which was the first major agriculture strike after World War II. Itliong served as the first shop steward of International Longshore and Warehouse Union Local 37, in Seattle, and was elected its vice-president in 1953. He served as secretary of the Filipino Community of Stockton from 1954 to 1956. In 1956, Itliong founded the Filipino Farm Labor Union in Stockton. In 1957, he was elected president of the Filipino Voters League in Stockton.By 1965, Itliong was leading the AFL–CIO union Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee; the majority of members of the committee were Filipinos who had in the 1930s arrived in the United States. A vote was held on May 3, 1965 in which the committee voted to strike against Coachella Valley grape growers. Although the strikers weren't able to negotiate a contract with the growers, they did succeed in winning higher wages. Following the success in Southern California, on September 8, 1965 the Agriculture Workers Organizing Committee voted to strike against grape growers in Delano, California, where the grape season starts in September. This strike became the first time Mexican workers, due to the decision of Cesar Chavez, did not break a strike of Filipinos; later, on September 16, 1965, Chavez's National Farm Workers Association joined the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee on the picket lines. These strikes occurred around the same time when younger Filipino Americans began a period of political self-reflection and awakening. The Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee and National Farm Workers Association merged to form the United Farm Workers; Itliong was skeptical of the merger, as he believed that Mexicans would become dominant over the Filipinos when the organizations merged, and that improving work conditions would come at the expense of Filipino farmworkers, but Itliong kept those feelings to himself at the time.In 1966, the California Rural Legal Assistance was founded as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty, with Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, and Itliong sitting on the founding board. Itliong served as assistant director of the United Farm Workers under Cesar Chavez, and in 1970 he was appointed the United Farm Workers' national boycott coordinator. In 1971, Itliong resigned from the United Farm Workers because of disagreements about the governance of the union; another reason for resigning from the United Farm Workers, was that Itliong felt that the union was not willing to support aging Filipinos. Alex Fabros, a doctoral candidate at University of California, Santa Barbara, called the merger "devastating for the Filipinos who participated in the UFW.". After leaving the United Farm Workers, Itliong assisted retired Filipino farmworkers in Delano, and was a delegate at the 1972 Democratic National Convention. Together with Vera Cruz, Itliong worked towards building a retirement facility for UFW workers, known as Agbayani Village. Although no longer in the United Farm Workers, Itliong continued to support others in the organized labor movement, such as helping others plan a strike against Safeway supermarkets in 1974.Itliong also served as President of the Filipino American Political Association, a bipartisan lobbying organization. He died in 1977 at the age of 63 in Delano of Lou Gehrig's disease. Legacy
Most history books mention Chavez and the United Farm Workers, but do not include a mention of Itliong or other Filipinos. Speaking about Chavez and his father, <mask> said, "<mask> was militant. Cesar was non-violent. Cesar had handlers. Cesar had lawyers.Cesar was a dictator." The first public art memorial honoring Filipino American farmworkers was unveiled on June 24, 1995 in LA's Historic Filipinotown with <mask> and Philip Vera Cruz as its most prominent historical figures. Itliong was posthumously honored in 2010 by inclusion in a mural at California State University, Dominguez Hills. In 2011, Los Angeles County recognized Itliong with Larry Itliong Day on October 25; this follows the City of Carson which became the first city in the United States to recognize Larry Itliong Day in the United States in 2010. In 2015 Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill to establish Larry Itliong Day in the State of California. It was proclaimed in 2019 by Governor Gavin Newsom. In mid-April 2013, the New Haven Unified School District renamed Alvarado Middle School as the Itliong-Vera Cruz Middle School in honor of Vera Cruz and <mask>liong; this school is the first school in the United States to be named for Filipino Americans.There was a vocal opposition to the name change, some of whom waved Mexican flags, who said that the name changing disrupts the neighborhood's tradition. The middle school was originally named for Juan Bautista Alvarado, and the name change did not take effect until 2015. This occurred after a 13-year effort to rename a school for the Filipino American leaders, after several other schools had been named to reflect the city's diverse population, including Cesar Chavez Middle School, where 20% of the population is Filipino American. In late April 2013, a Filipino business and a Filipino Community Center were targeted with graffiti vandalism; the graffiti was investigated as a hate crime. In 2014, an overpass over the Filipino American Highway was designated as the "Itliong-Vera Cruz Memorial Bridge". A documentary titled The Delano Manongs: Forgotten Heroes of the UFW was made to highlight the role of Filipinos in the farm labor movement, including Itliong; the documentary was released in 2013. Itliong was portrayed by Darion Basco in the 2014 film about Cesar Chavez; the film will not include other Filipino American farm labor leaders such as Vera Cruz.In 2018, a children's book was published which highlighted Itliong's life and his role in the agriculture labor movement. The Filipino Hall in Delano, California houses a collection of memorabilia. The <mask> Papers are housed at the Walter Reuther Library at Wayne State University in Detroit. A musical is under development based on Itliong's life, with original compositions by Bryan Pangilinan. See also

 Philip Vera Cruz
 Cesar Chavez
Dolores Huerta

References

External links

United Farm Workers people
Leaders of American trade unions
Trade unionists from California

People from Pangasinan
People from Delano, California
Filipino emigrants to the United States
1913 births
1977 deaths
American trade unionists of Filipino descent

masks:
Larry
" Dulay Itliong
Francesca Itliong
Johnny Itliong
Larry
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<mask>lema Kasinjo Mukaabya Sekkyungwa Muteesa Sewankambo Walugembe Mig'ekyaamye Lukeberwa Kyetutumula Magulunyondo Luwambya Omutanda Sseggwanga was Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda from 1832 until 1856. He was the twenty-ninth Kabaka of Buganda. Claim to the throne
He was born at Bujuuko Hill around 1820. He was the son of Kabaka Kamaanya Kadduwamala, Kabaka of Buganda, who reigned between 1814 and 1832. His mother was Nakkazi Kannyange, the twenty-third of his father's thirty-eight wives. He ascended to the throne upon the death of his father in 1832, having executed all his brothers in order to remain as the sole heir. He established his capital on Mulago Hill.Married life
Kabaka <mask> II continued in the tradition started by his grandfather and copied by his father; the practice of marrying an extraordinary number of wives. <mask> II outdid all of them. He is reported to have married one hundred forty eight wives. Issue
As expected, the Kabaka having married 148 wives, he fathered a large number of children. Written accounts put the number as high as two hundred and twenty-one. Prince (Omulangira) Kajumba
 Prince (Omulangira) Kiyimba, whose mother was Lady Zawedde
 Princess (Omumbejja) Nassuuna, whose mother was Lady Zawedde
 Prince (Omulangira) Mukaabya Walugembe, whose mother was Lady Muganzirwazza

This reference lists the names of all of them, giving the names of their mothers in most cases. Reign
Kabaka <mask> was only twelve 12 years when he ascended to the throne.He was a handsome boy, taking after the looks of his mother, Nakkazi Kannyange, reportedly one of the most beautiful women in Buganda at the time. He began as a popular monarch, loved by his people. However, as he grew more confident, he became cocky and ruthless. He gave himself a string of names that implied invincibility and super-normal powers. He ordered the execution of fifty eight of his sixty brothers. Only two escaped the carnage:

 Prince (Omulangira) Wasajja, whose mother was Nakkazi of the Mamba clan (not Nakkazi Kannyange)
 Prince (Omulangira) Mugogo, whose mother was Kyotowadde of the Mamba clan

By the time of his death Kabaka <mask> II turned out to be one of the most ruthless of the Buganda kings. Ssuuna continued the Buganda's trade in ivory and slaves with Zanzibar and for a time allowed foreign traders mainly Zanzibaris and Arabs like Snay bin Amir (in 1852) and Ahmed bin Ibrahim (in 1844), in his kingdom.He eventually banned entry of all foreign traders in Buganda. <mask> increased Buganda's naval fleet and expansion in Lake Nnalubaale. The wars of conquest against the Kingdom's neighbors continued during his reign which led to an expansion of the territory of the Buganda Kingdom. During his reign, the neglect of sanitary standards within the capital was decreed an offence punishable by death. Ssuuna put a number of persons to death for breach of his rules, which aroused the ire of a certain medium named Kigemuzi. Kigemuzi began to speak disrespectfully of the King, saying that he did so by order of the gods. On <mask>'s orders, Kigemuzi  was arrested and taken to the capital, contrary to the custom.He protested before the Kabaka, reminding him it was contrary to custom to bind a medicine-man or a medium. The King then ordered Kigemuzi to be removed, and that night the royal house was struck by lightning, and the King was scorched on his face and on one side of his body. Ssuuna at once sent for the medium Kigemuzi, released him, and asked him why there had been this storm. The medium answered: "Because the god of thunder (Kiwanuka) is angry at what you have done to me." The King then presented the man with cattle to make atonement for binding him, and the King's mother settled him on a large tract of land, in order to propitiate the gods, and to save her son from further harm. Final years
In his final years, Kabaka Ssuuna sent an emissary to the king of Buzongola. On his return, the emissary delivered a less than flattering message from Buzongola.Ssuuna took this as a slight and waged war against the kingdom of Buzongola. The Katikiro, Kayira, the Kabaka's great chiefs and the Queen mother all advised against embarking on a military campaign in a time of famine and small pox. The Kabaka proceeded with the ill advised war. Despite emerging victorious and driving out the king of Buzongola, the combined effects of war, small pox and famine greatly weakened his armies and most of his men died before reaching Buganda. Kabaka <mask> II died of small pox on his way back to Buganda in October 1856. Kayiira brought his remains back to Nabulagala. His remains are currently buried at Wamala.Quotes
"He was a very cruel man: he was brave in war, he was a hunter of wild animals and very fond of hunting dogs. At times, however, he was kind, so they say, and it is well known that cruel kings at times exercise kindness so that they shall not be hated by their subjects. Such was Ssuuna." Ham Mukasa, "Some Notes on the Reign of Mutesa", 1934

"When he was reprimanded by Ahmed bin Ibrahim (the first Arab to visit <mask> II's court in 1844) over the wanton killing of his subjects, Ssuuna filed the following defence; 'I have no other secret for keeping my subjects in awe of me and in preventing conspiracies'." John A. Rowe, Revolution in Buganda, 1968

Wamala tombs
Set on a hilltop with beautiful surroundings, Wamala is the sacred burial place of Kabaka <mask> II, who had 148 wives and 218 children. <mask> II was the last Kabaka to be buried in his own palace and the last to have his jaw bone removed after death. He was also the first Kabaka to admit outside traders into Buganda.A magical but almost forgotten place, Wamala Tombs is quite unique. It is a thirty-minute drive from Kampala along Kampala-Hoima Road. It is located on a hilltop about  after the right turn, off Hoima Road. Succession table

See also
 Kabaka of Buganda
 Mulago Hill

References

External links
 List of Kings of Buganda

Kabakas of Buganda
19th-century monarchs in Africa
1856 deaths
1820 births
Deaths from smallpox

masks:
Ssuuna II Ka
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<mask>, City Councillor in Kimberley, Member of the Cape Provincial Council, and Member of Parliament (for Beaconsfield and afterwards for Kimberley), was the founder of the William Humphreys Art Gallery in Kimberley. He became, in 1961, the second recipient of the Freedom of the City of Kimberley. Humphreys was born in Oudtshoorn on 5 April 1889 and died in Kimberley on 25 July 1965. Early life

While born in Oudtshoorn, Humphreys’ lifelong association with Kimberley originated when, aged just 6 months, he went with his family to that town (later to become a city). He was educated at Kimberley Boys' High School, matriculating there in 1908. Humphreys afterwards graduated from the Elsenburg Agricultural Training Institute, Stellenbosch, and subsequently pursued farming interests in the Campbell district west of Kimberley. Humphreys also worked with his father, S.B.<mask>, who was a general dealer and produce merchant in Giddy Street, Kimberley. In 1910 he had married Maude Elizabeth Searle, born in 1890 at Blanco near George, but who, like Humphreys himself, had gone to Kimberley at a young age. She bore him six children: Dulcie, Aubrey, Basil, Margery, Elaine and Winsome. Political career

Humphreys’ political career commenced with his election to the Kimberley City Council in 1917, and was advanced a decade later in his becoming a Member of the Cape Provincial Council. In that same year, 1927, he retired from the family business to further his political interests. Two years later he was elected to the Union Parliament as the representative for Beaconsfield, one of the Kimberley constituencies, following the retirement of Sir David Harris. In 1933 he was returned to the Beaconsfield seat unopposed, as the coalition candidate of the South African Party.His proficiency in both English and Afrikaans was a distinct advantage in a constituency that had significant urban and rural components, English-speakers predominating in the former area and Afrikaans-speakers in the latter. Upon Sir Ernest Oppenheimer's retirement from Parliament as Kimberley's representative in 1938, <mask> took over that seat. In 1948 he retired from politics, never having lost an election in the 19 years he was actively involved in it. Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme

In 1933 <mask> had been instrumental in having Government embark on the building of the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme, one of the world's largest irrigation schemes, extending over an area of 369.50 square kilometres The four million Pound project brought relief to severe unemployment during the Great Depression, and has turned the area into one of South Africa's major agricultural regions. At a meeting at the Kimberley City Hall on 2 November 1933 Colonel Deneys Reitz, Minister of Lands and Irrigation, paid tribute to Humphreys for his efforts towards the realisation of the scheme. Art collector and the founding of the <mask> Humphreys Art Gallery

Beyond Parliament, <mask> pursued other interests. He sat on the Kimberley School Board, for instance, from 1921 to 1930.At a personal level he continued with farming, raising purebred Persian sheep, devoting more time to this following his retirement from politics. Above all, however, his interest in art took up his time, resulting in a burgeoning collection, augmented during frequent trips to Europe when he bought paintings, sculpture, old furniture and objets d'art. His home, Benbow Lodge at 46 Carrington Road Kimberley, including a purpose-built gallery, was filled with these treasures, of which a sizeable proportion were of the Dutch and Flemish schools of the 17th century. In 1948 Humphreys donated a part of his vast collection to the people of Kimberley and the Northern Cape “in consideration of his long association with the public life of the northern Cape and his desire to further the interests of the said region.” This collection, known as Humphreys’ Bequest, comprising a selection of European and British paintings, furniture and contemporary copies of classical sculptures, was initially housed at the Northern Cape Technical College. The terms of the donation stipulated that a suitable gallery should be built as a more permanent home for the collection, with Humphreys additionally giving a  large grant towards the building costs. On 5 June 1952 Humphreys laid the foundation stone of the Gallery which today bears his name. Six months later the Gallery was officially opened by Mr Harry Oppenheimer.Humphreys served as curator, secretary, caretaker and virtually everything else during the early years of the Gallery's history. His contribution was recognised and acknowledged on 5 April 1960, Humphreys' 71st birthday, at a special function held in the Art Gallery when Kimberley Mayor, Mr l Jawno, said "there is no better name for this wonderful showplace." Freedom of the City of Kimberley

The following year Humphreys had conferred upon him Freedom of the City in acknowledgement of all he had done for Kimberley and the Northern Cape, in many spheres, ranging from politics to the arts. The ceremony took place in the Council Chamber on 14 September 1961. Mr Graham Eden said that were it not for Humphreys' efforts, "the aspirations of this vast area of the northern Cape would never have seen the light of day in Parliament." Civic funeral

Following his death on 25 July 1965, a civic funeral took place at the Newton Dutch Reformed Church. The Humphreys family had had a close connection to it, <mask>' mother having given the four-face clock and bells in the tower.<mask> W Fullard. Leader of the Indian community, Mr G.W. Naidoo recalled that Mr <mask> "was one who was quick to appreciate other people's hardships (and worked for the interests of the Coloured and Indian people of the city). He loved the poor and served his people with an understanding heart." References

People from Kimberley, Northern Cape
South African art collectors
1965 deaths
1889 births

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William Benbow Humphreys
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<mask> (May 2, 1931 – May 7, 2021) was an American civil rights lawyer and jurist. <mask> was the first Chicano Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court, serving from 1982 to 1987. He also served on the California Third District Court of Appeal. In 1986, along with two other liberal members of the California Supreme Court—Chief Justice Rose Bird and Associate Justice <mask> became one of only three State Supreme Court justices ever recalled and removed by voters under California's judicial-retention election system. He served as vice-chairman of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights from 1993 to 2004. After leaving the bench, <mask> spent ten years on the faculty of the UCLA School of Law and five years at the UC Davis School of Law; he was professor emeritus. In 2000, <mask> received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian honor, for his efforts to address social inequities and his public service.Early life and education
<mask> was born in Brea, California on May 2, 1931. He grew up as one of 11 children, and from age eight worked as an agricultural worker in orange groves. His father was a farmworker. When Reynoso was seven, the family moved to a barrio outside of La Habra, California. While there, he attended the Wilson Grammar School, a racially segregated grade school for children of Mexican descent. His junior high school was integrated, as was Fullerton Union High School, from which he graduated. The United States Postal Service refused to provide Rural Free Delivery service within the barrio, even though non-minority families living nearby received the service.Reynoso circulated a petition demanding service; the Postal Service responded to his petition and began providing mail delivery to the barrio. He also challenged the local school board about the Wilson School, after which the school was desegregated. After high school, <mask> attended Fullerton College, a community college, receiving an associate of arts degree in 1951. A dean from Pomona College offered him a scholarship if he applied and was admitted to that school. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Pomona College in 1953, after which he joined the U.S. Army, serving in the Counterintelligence Corps for two years. He was stationed in Washington, D.C., where his assignments included reviewing the House Un-American Activities Committee files on potential applicants for Federal jobs, a task he found distasteful. He received his Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law in 1958.Under a Ford Foundation fellowship, he studied constitutional law at the National University of Mexico in 1958–59. Legal career
<mask> began his career in private law practice in El Centro, California. He served as a legislative assistant in the California State Senate (1959–60). He was an Associate General Counsel for the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1967 and 1968. He then served as deputy director of California Rural Legal Assistance in 1968. Shortly thereafter, internal problems at CRLA led to his assuming the directorship; he was the first Latino to hold the position. His work with CRLA gained him national recognition.<mask> recalled that, during his tenure, CRLA was "mentioned not infrequently as being the leading legal services program in the country." Then-Governor Ronald Reagan attempted to cut state funding for the CRLA during <mask>'s tenure, but the agency successfully resisted the challenge. He was a professor of law at the University of New Mexico School of Law from 1972 to 1976. Judicial career
In June 1976, Governor Jerry Brown appointed <mask> to the California Court of Appeal as an associate justice. He was the first Latino appointed to the Court. In 1981, Governor Brown elevated <mask> to the California Supreme Court, succeeding the retiring Mathew O. Tobriner. George Deukmejian, then the attorney general and on the commission on judicial appointments, voted against <mask>'s confirmation.In 1982, Reynoso was up for reconfirmation: under a measure adopted in 1934, California voters confirm a governor's appointments, and periodic unopposed elections are held for each justice during general elections, giving voters the opportunity to vote a justice out of office. Deukmejian, running as a Republican candidate for governor, urged voters to vote against justices Otto Kaus, Allen Broussard, and Reynoso; he hoped to replace them with conservative appointees, creating a new majority on the Court. The campaign labelled Kaus, Broussard, and <mask> "Jerry's Judges". All three justices were retained; <mask> received the lowest margin of victory, receiving the vote of only 52 percent of voters. A 1988 academic study of this election suggested that, although the retention election was theoretically nonpartisan and intended to retain justices based on their merit, partisan information (such as the affiliation of the governor who appointed the justice) is used by voters to structure their decisions in such elections. Also during the 1980s, <mask> was a member of the Congressional Select Commission on Immigrant and Refugee Policy. He was appointed by President Jimmy Carter.As part of the court led by Chief Justice Rose Bird, <mask> was part of the liberal majority. With that majority, he extended environmental protections, individual liberties, and civil rights. When a case came before the Supreme Court regarding whether or not due process required that a non-English-speaking person charged with a crime be provided with an interpreter, Reynoso drew upon his experiences representing such clients to persuade a majority of his fellow justices that "basic fairness on the constitutional sense require that there be an interpreter for that individual". In May 1985, Reynoso cautioned about the negative effects of politicizing judicial elections. Removal from the Supreme Court
During the next retention vote in 1986, Bird, Joseph Grodin, and <mask> were targeted by conservative and victims-rights groups. The 1986 campaign again portrayed the targeted justices as "soft on crime", but this time focused on the court's handling of the state's death penalty law. <mask> believed Governor Deukmejian's decision to oppose him, Bird, and Grodin was the most important factor in that election.Deukmejian said that the justices' decisions on death-penalty cases demonstrated a "lack of impartiality and objectivity". <mask>'s advisors told him that it would take three campaign ads to counteract one ad by his opponents; he and the other justices lacked the funds to compete with the campaign, raising a collective $3 million to the opposition's $7 million. Deukmejian allegedly told Grodin and <mask> that he would oppose their retention unless they voted to uphold more death sentences. The campaign highlighted that the Bird court had overturned 59 consecutive death-penalty cases during Bird's nine-year tenure. <mask>, who had voted to uphold the state's death-penalty law, voted only once for a death sentence during his seven years on the court. The Oxnard Press-Courier said in an editorial that <mask> was Bird's "most consistent ally" and that "he has been second only to the chief justice in supporting decisions that favor criminal defendants over prosecutors". The California District Attorneys Association issued a 78-page report attacking the three justices, mainly over their death-penalty rulings, but dropped their campaign later because of fears a political campaign could affect the group's tax-exempt status."There's clearly an effort to politicize the court", <mask> told United Press International during the campaign. He was endorsed by the California Organization of Police and Sheriffs. According to California attorney general John Van de Kamp, the court refused to hear appeals of, or affirmed, 97 percent of convictions in the 1984/85 fiscal year; Reynoso remarked, "That doesn't sound at all like a 'soft on crime' record". Defending his death-penalty votes, he said that "most, but not all" of the reversals stemmed from the 1978 Briggs Amendment, which "does not comport with U.S. Supreme Court law". The campaign to remove the justices succeeded; voters rejected new terms for Bird, Grodin, and <mask>. Reynoso was rejected by 60 percent of voters. This made Deukmejian the first governor in California history to have the opportunity to appoint three justices to the court at once.The justices left the bench when the court's term ended on January 5, 1987. Afterward, Donald Heller, a former Federal prosecutor who drafted the 1978 death-penalty initiative approved by California voters, disagreed with the campaign to unseat the justices, calling Reynoso "a thoughtful, decent man who got thrown out" and "a very capable judge who tried to do the right thing in cases." Reynoso said of the result, "you can't blame [the voters] when the governor of the state, who is a lawyer, says the justices aren't following the law. If I didn't know better, I would have voted against me, too." Impact of the removal campaign
The 1986 California Supreme Court retention election started a major trend turning such elections into "an ideological battleground over judicial philosophies and specific decisions", making them "as highly salient as races for overtly political offices", wrote one academic paper. Even before the election, California Supreme Court Justice Otto Kaus remarked "You cannot forget the fact that you have a crocodile in your bathtub", referring to the act of making a judicial decision without regard to the potential political consequences. "You know it's there, and you try not to think about it, but it's hard to think about much else while you're shaving.""You keep wondering whether you're letting yourself be influenced, and you do not know. You do not know yourself that well," he wrote. "You worry about it in two different ways," wrote Reynoso; "First you worry it might influence you improperly. Then you worry because you're concerned you might overcompensate, and not pay enough attention to arguments that are perfectly legitimate." Erwin Chemerinsky, a law professor from the University of Southern California, agreed with the ousted Justice Grodin, saying "the legacy of 1986 could be that justices facing retention elections will decide cases with an eye, perhaps subconsciously, on how their rulings will affect their chances at the polls." Chemerinsky called for abolishing judicial-review elections. He wrote, "Largely due to defects in a poorly worded death penalty law, the court had a strikingly one-sided pattern of decisions on the

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 issue", noting that this, Bird's controversial history, the trio's appointments by an unpopular governor, and the realization by their opponents that the court's ideology could be completely changed if the campaign succeeded led to the opposition campaign.Jazon Czarnezki, assistant professor of law at Marquette University, attributed Bird's defeat to "her resolute opposition to the death penalty and overturning a series of death sentences". Exit polls indicated that the death-penalty issue was the major reason why voters refused to retain the justices. The justices were also impacted by a lack of support from Democratic legislative incumbents in safe districts. Despite the fact that California Supreme Court justices undergoing a retention election are running uncontested, the median spending for justices' campaigns rose from $3,177 in 1976 to $70,000 in 1994. Campaigns similar to the one expelling Bird, Grodin, and Reynoso have since been mounted against judges in other states, such as Justice Penny J. White of Tennessee, who also lost a retention election due to a death-penalty issue. Retired California Supreme Court Chief Justice Ronald George advocated eliminating retention elections and appointing justices to single 15-year terms, following an election in Iowa where three justices were removed from office after that state's high court overturned a ban on same-sex marriage.The campaign was largely funded by out-of-state organizations; George said that the January 2010 United States Supreme Court ruling allowing corporations and unions to contribute unlimited sums to independent political committees was likely to increase the influence of well-funded groups in nonpartisan judicial retention elections like those in Iowa and California. Post-judiciary
After leaving the Court, <mask> returned to private law practice and academia. Shortly after his ouster, he was appointed to the California Post Secondary Education Commission. He has worked for the New York–based firm of Kaye, Scholer, Fierman, Hays & Handler, out of their Sacramento office, where he was a special counsel. He worked on complex civil litigation, as an expert witness on legal ethics, and as a mediator. His agreement with the firm allowed him to spend up to 40 percent of his time on pro bono work. In 1991, he joined the faculty of the UCLA School of Law, where he taught until 2001.He was a faculty adviser for the Chicano-Latino Law Review. In 1995, UCLA law students selected him as Professor of the Year. The United States Senate appointed <mask> to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights in April 1993. He was appointed the vice-chairman of the commission by President Bill Clinton on November 19, 1993. During his tenure, he accused California Governor Pete Wilson of generating anti-immigrant sentiments to gain popularity. When the Commission harshly criticized Florida's handling of the presidential election of 2000, <mask> said "the greatest sin" was the number of people who weren't allowed to vote. He was among the commissioners that looked into complaints that some eligible voters were denied the right to vote, or that votes were improperly counted, in Florida.<mask>, along with Commission chairwoman Mary Frances Berry, resigned his commission on December 7, 2004, after President George W. Bush's White House staff announced that their six-year terms had expired on December 5 and announced replacements for them. Berry and <mask> maintained that their commissions were not due to expire until midnight on January 21, 2005, but said in their resignation letters that it wasn't worth the fight. The move to replace them occurred after the Commission released a draft of a report criticizing Bush's civil rights record. In July 2001, <mask> joined the faculty at the University of California, Davis, School of Law as the first Boochever & Bird Chair for the Study and Teaching of Freedom and Equality. The chair, established with a gift from UC Davis alumnus Charles Bird, is named in honor of Judge Robert Boochever and Bird's parents, and is awarded in recognition of outstanding scholarship, teaching, and commitment to preserving and expanding the understanding of "the virtues necessary of a great republic." He retired in December 2006, becoming a professor emeritus. In 2009, <mask> spoke with UC Davis law students, noting that he has retired a few times, but was then chairing a citizens' commission investigating the death of Luis Gutierrez, a farm worker shot by police in Yolo County.President-elect Barack Obama appointed <mask> to his White House transition team in early 2009, as part of a justice and civil rights sub-team. Following a screening of the Abby Ginzberg documentary film <mask>: Sowing the Seeds of Justice in June 2010 in Washington, D.C., Reynoso was injured in a car accident in Virginia, along with his wife, Elaine, and grandson. Reynoso suffered a broken collarbone, a punctured lung, and other injuries when a Hummer struck their rental car at an intersection, hospitalizing him for nine days. His wife suffered "grave injuries" to her brain and internal organs, requiring multiple surgeries. Both were placed into medically induced comas; Elaine remained in a coma after the inducement was stopped. Reynoso was initially cited for pulling out into the path of the Hummer, which had the right of way, but a judge dismissed the case. <mask> resigned from her position as a trustee of Sierra College in June 2011 to focus on recovering from her injuries; she has required extensive physical rehabilitation.After the accident, Reynoso said he has re-evaluated his priorities, and will focus on completing his memoirs and legal articles, as well as resuming work on the Yolo citizens' commission probe. The commission's work was put on hold while the Reynosos recuperated. <mask> served on the boards of directors of the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and Children Now. He co-founded the Latino Issues Forum with Bob Gnaizda, and was chairman of its board of directors. He was a trustee of the Garment Workers Trust Fund. <mask> served as the chair of a task force that investigated the UC Davis pepper-spray incident of November 18, 2011. The Reynoso Task Force released its report (the "Reynoso Report") in March 2012, and it was made public in April 2012.It concluded that the incident "could and should have been prevented" and faulted police and university officials, determining that the "decision to use pepper spray [on demonstrators] was not supported by objective evidence and not authorized by policy." <mask> died on May 7, 2021, five days after his 90th birthday; the cause of death was unknown. Awards and honors
On August 9, 2000, President Clinton awarded <mask> the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States's highest civilian honor. The medal's citation said "Through his efforts to address social inequity in his rural community, his leadership of the pioneering California Rural Legal Assistance program, his tenure as the first Latino on the California Supreme Court and his service on the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, he has been a strong force for change and a passionate voice for our nation's disadvantaged". <mask> received the Hispanic Heritage Award in Education on September 7, 2000, during a nationally televised presentation at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. In 2003, UC Davis law students organized the La Raza Law Students Association; donors established the <mask> Social Justice Fellowship. The fellowship helps Latino law students attending Berkeley Law afford the opportunity to work as judicial externs or in social justice during the summer break.He was honored with the University of California Davis Medal of Honor at a lifetime achievement event on September 15, 2007, at the Mondavi Center. The medal is the highest honor bestowed by the university. At the event, UC Davis announced the <mask> and Jeannene Reynoso Scholarship for Legal Access, which helps first-year students with financial needs. Documentary filmmaker Abby Ginzberg produced the film <mask>o: Sowing the Seeds of Justice. It was funded in 2009 in part by the California Documentary Project of the California Council for the Humanities. The film was screened at film festivals and other institutions in the United States, Cuba, and Uruguay. Ginzberg says she chose to make the film because "I was involved in the effort to save the justices in 1986, and I have always wanted to take a second look at why the campaign to recall them was so successful."It was first screened on March 16, 2010 at the Chicano Resource Center of the East Los Angeles Library. The film was a Gold Winner of the 2010 Davey Awards in the Film/Video/TV category. It also received the Jury Award for Best Feature Documentary at the Sacramento Film and Music Festival. The City of Chicago passed a resolution honoring Reynoso that was presented to him while he was a visiting distinguished scholar at the John Marshall Law School in 2009. The State Bar of California gave Reynoso its Bernard E. Witkin Medal in September 2009 for his "significant contributions to the quality of justice and legal scholarship" in California, recognizing him as a "legal giant". In April 2011, the University of California, Merced awarded <mask> the Alice and Clifford Spendlove Prize in Social Justice, Diplomacy and Tolerance. The prize honors people who exemplify the delivery of social justice, diplomacy, and tolerance in their work.The prize included a $10,000 award. In May 2011, Chapman University conferred an honorary Doctor of Laws degree upon him. See also
 List of justices of the Supreme Court of California
 List of Hispanic/Latino American jurists

References

External links
<mask>. California Supreme Court Historical Society. Cruz Reynoso Papers Catalogue entry at Special Collections Dept., University Library, University of California, Davis. Court opinions authored by <mask>o. Courtlistener.com.<mask>o. California Court of Appeals, Third District. Past & Present Justices. California State Courts. <mask>: Sowing the Seeds of Justice. IMDB.com. 1931 births
2021 deaths
American politicians of Mexican descent
Justices of the Supreme Court of California
Hispanic and Latino American judges
Judges of the California Courts of Appeal
Pomona College alumni
People from La Habra, California
UC Berkeley School of Law alumni
UC Davis School of Law faculty
People from Brea, California
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Military personnel from California
20th-century American judges
United States Army officers
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<mask> (, born 4 January 1998) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a centre back and defensive midfielder for EFL Championship club Derby County and the Poland national team. He first played senior football with Legia Warsaw in 2014, and after joining Arsenal in 2015, spent the second half of the 2016–17 season on loan at EFL Championship club Birmingham City, and then the 2018–19 season on loan at Charlton Athletic, helping them gain promotion from League One. He joined Derby in August 2019. Club career

Legia Warszawa
Bielik started playing football for his hometown club, Górnik Konin before being spotted by Lech Poznań scouts in 2012, and later joining their developmental academy. He won the Polish U-17 Championships with the club in early 2014. However, in July 2014, Bielik joined Lech's archrivals, Legia Warszawa for 50,000 zł (£9,000), and on 24 August, he made his Ekstraklasa debut against Korona Kielce. Arsenal

In early 2015, Arsenal agreed a reported £2.4 million deal for Bielik with Legia Warsaw.On 21 January, Arsenal completed the Bielik deal with the Polish midfielder signing for an undisclosed fee, subject to regulatory processes. <mask> made his senior Arsenal debut in the League Cup fourth round on 27 October 2015, replacing fellow debutant Glen Kamara after 60 minutes of a 3–0 loss at Sheffield Wednesday. He was a member of the Arsenal under-21 team that reached the 2015–16 U21 Premier League Division 2 play-off final, held at the Emirates Stadium in May 2016, in which they beat Aston Villa U21 3–1. Birmingham City (loan)
On 31 January 2017, <mask> joined EFL Championship club Birmingham City on loan until the end of the 2016–17 season. He made his debut in the starting eleven for the visit to Preston North End on 14 February, and played the whole match as Birmingham lost 2–1. His next appearance was ten days later, as a substitute after centre-back Paul Robinson was sent off with Birmingham 2–0 up away to Wolverhampton Wanderers. <mask> partnered Ryan Shotton in central defence as Birmingham conceded once but, thanks in part to his "two last-ditch challenges in the closing stages", managed to hold on for the win.Playing on the right of a back three alongside Shotton and Robinson in mid-March against Newcastle United, <mask> contributed to a clean sheet, a performance that confirmed his place in the starting eleven for the next few weeks and encouraged manager Gianfranco Zola to consider loaning him again in 2017–18. Zola's dismissal coincided with the return to fitness of Michael Morrison and Birmingham's need for points, and incoming manager Harry Redknapp reverted to a back four and prioritised playing to the team's strengths for the last three matches of the season. He used <mask> only in the final match, away to Bristol City, as a substitute playing in front of the defence to help the team hold on to their one-goal lead and thus avoid relegation to League One. Walsall (loan)
A shoulder injury that required surgery prevented <mask> going out on loan in the summer 2017 transfer window, but on 31 January 2018, he signed for Walsall of League One on loan until the end of the season. Charlton Athletic (loan)
On 16 August 2018, <mask> joined Charlton Athletic on a season-long loan. His first senior goal gave Charlton a 2–1 win against Southend United on 1 September. He scored in the League One play-off semifinals against Doncaster Rovers, and was awarded Man of the Match in the final against Sunderland, a 2-1 victory at Wembley Stadium by which Charlton Athletic secured promotion to the Championship.He played 34 games in all competitions scoring 4 goals during his spell at Charlton, playing in both centre back and defensive midfielder positions in his time at the club. Derby County
On 2 August 2019, <mask> joined Derby County on a five-year contract. The fee was undisclosed, but reported by the Telegraph as an initial fee of below Derby's record fee paid of £8 million, plus performance-related clauses that could take it "towards the £10 million mark". In January 2020, <mask> was stretchered off in a U23 match which proved to be an Anterior cruciate ligament injury. This kept him out of action for the remainder of the 2019–20 season. <mask> made his return to action in November 2020, returning in a 2–0 home defeat to Barnsley that saw Derby fall to bottom place in the Championship table. He scored his first goal for Derby in a 4–0 win over Birmingham City on 29 December 2020.On 30 January 2021, <mask> was again stretchered off in a 1–0 home victory against Bristol City which proved to be another anterior cruciate ligament injury which kept him out for the remainder of 2021. <mask> made his long-awaited return from this injury a year to the day since he suffered it, coming off of the bench and scoring a 96th minute equaliser with an overhead kick as Derby got a much needed 2–2 draw with Birmingham City. International career
<mask> was named in Poland's squad for the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, but did not play. He was called up for the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, at which he scored twice in three matches. <mask> received his first call-up to the Poland's senior team for UEFA Euro 2020 qualifiers in September 2019. He made his debut on 6 September 2019 as a 70th-minute substitute in a 2-0 loss to Slovenia. Style of play
<mask> can play either as a centre back or as a defensive midfielder.He is known for his technique, passing ability and also his aerial dominance. Career statistics

International

Honours
Arsenal U21
U21 Premier League Division 2 play-offs:  2015–16

Charlton Athletic
EFL League One play-offs: 2019

References

External links

 Arsenal Profile

1998 births
Living people
People from Konin
Sportspeople from Greater Poland Voivodeship
Polish footballers
Poland youth international footballers
Association football midfielders
Association football defenders
Lech Poznań players
Legia Warsaw players
Arsenal F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Ekstraklasa players
English Football League players
Polish expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Polish expatriate sportspeople in England
Derby County F.C. players
Poland international footballers
Poland under-21 international footballers

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<mask> (October 6, 1897 – August 23, 1991) was an American biochemist. She is best known for identifying the active agent in the antigen tuberculin as a protein, and subsequently for isolating a pure form of tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD), enabling the development and use of a reliable TB test. Seibert has been inducted into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame and the National Women's Hall of Fame. Early life and education
Seibert was born on October 6, 1897, in Easton, Pennsylvania, to <mask> and <mask>Memmert<mask>. At age three, <mask> contracted polio. She had to wear leg braces and walked with a limp throughout her life. As a teenager, Seibert is reported to have read biographies of famous scientists which inspired her interest in science.Seibert did her undergraduate work at Goucher College in Baltimore, graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1918. She and one of her chemistry teachers, Jessie E. Minor, did war-time work at the Chemistry Laboratory of the Hammersley Paper Mill in Garfield, New Jersey. Seibert earned her Ph.D. in biochemistry from Yale University in 1923. At Yale she studied the intravenous injection of milk proteins under the direction of Lafayette Mendel. She developed a method to prevent these proteins from being contaminated with bacteria. She was a Van Meter Fellow from 1921 - 1922 and an American Physiological Society Porter Fellow from 1922 - 1923, both at Yale University. Professional achievements and awards
In 1923 Seibert worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Otho S.A. Sprague Memorial Institute at the University of Chicago.She was financed by the Porter Fellowship of the American Philosophical Society, an award that was competitive for both men and women. She went on to work part-time at the Ricketts Laboratory at the University of Chicago, and part-time at the Sprague Memorial Institute in Chicago. In 1924, she received the University of Chicago's Howard Taylor Ricketts Prize for work she began at Yale and continued in Chicago. At Yale she reported a curious finding: intravenous injections often caused fever in patients. Seibert determined that the fevers were caused by toxins produced by the bacteria. The toxins were able to contaminate the distilled water when spray from the boiling water in the distillation flask reached the receiving flask. Seibert invented a new spray-catching trap to prevent contamination during the distillation process.She published her pyrogen-free process in the American Journal of Physiology. It was subsequently adopted by the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and various pharmaceutical firms. She was further recognized in 1962 with the John Elliot Memorial Award from the American Association of Blood Banks for her work on pyrogens. Seibert served as an instructor in pathology from 1924 to 1928 at the University of Chicago and was hired as an assistant professor in biochemistry in 1928. In 1927, her younger sister Mabel moved to Chicago to live and work with her, employed variously as her secretary and her research assistant. During this time, she met Esmond R. Long MD PhD, who was working on tuberculosis. In 1932 she agreed to relocate, with Long, to the Henry Phipps Institute at the University of Pennsylvania.He became professor of pathology and director of laboratories at the Phipps Institute, while she accepted a position as an assistant professor in biochemistry. Their goal was the development of a reliable test for the identification of tuberculosis. The previous tuberculin derivative, Koch's substance, had produced false negative results in tuberculosis tests since the 1890s because of impurities in the material. With Long's supervision and funding, Seibert identified the active agent in tuberculin as a protein. Seibert spent a number of years developing methods for separating and purifying the protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, obtaining purified protein derivative (PPD) and enabling the creation of a reliable test for tuberculosis. Her first publication on the purification of tuberculin appeared in 1934. Some sources credit her with successfully isolating the tuberculosis protein molecule during 1937–38, when she visited the University of Uppsala, Sweden, as a Guggenheim fellow to work with Nobel-prize winning protein scientist Theodor Svedberg.She developed methods for purifying a crystalline tuberculin derivative using filters of porous clay and nitric-acid treated cotton. In 1938, she was awarded the Trudeau Medal of the National Tuberculosis Association. In the 1940s, Seibert's purified protein derivative (PPD) became a national and international standard for tuberculin tests. In 1943, Seibert received the first Achievement Award from the American Association of University Women. She remained at the Henry Phipps Institute at the University of Pennsylvania from 1932 to 1959. She was an assistant professor from 1932 to 1937, an associate professor from 1937 to 1955, a full professor of biochemistry from 1955 to 1959, and professor emeritus as of her official retirement in 1959. She and her sister Mabel then moved to St. Petersburg, Florida, where Florence  continued to research the possible relationships between bacteria and types of cancers, working with Mound Park Hospital and with the Bay Pines V.A.Research Center. She continued to publish scientific papers until 1977. Theories relating bacteria to cancer continue to be controversial. In 1968, Seibert published her autobiography - Pebbles on the Hill of a Scientist. Siebert received the Trudeau Medal from the National Tuberculosis Association in 1938, the Francis P. Garvan Medal from the American Chemical Society in 1942, and induction into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1990. A historic marker was placed in her honor in Easton in 1993. She died at the Palm Springs Nursing Home in St. Petersburg, Florida on August 23, 1991.On November 15, 1993, a historical marker was dedicated at the location of her birth at 72 N. 2nd Street, Easton, PA.

References

External links

"Electrodialysis of Tuberculin", <mask><mask> and Milton T. Hanke
Florence B. Seibert Papers: An Inventory at Goucher College

National Women's Hall of Fame page on <mask><mask> (with photo)

Further reading

1897 births
1991 deaths
American women biochemists
Goucher College alumni
People from Easton, Pennsylvania
People with polio
Recipients of the Garvan–Olin Medal
American women chemists
University of Chicago faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Yale University alumni
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American chemists
American women academics

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