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<mask> (July 1838 – January 12, 1910) was the first black deputy U.S. marshal west of the Mississippi River. He worked mostly in Arkansas and the Oklahoma Territory. During his long career, he had on his record more than 3,000 arrests of dangerous criminals, and shot and killed 14 of them in self-defense. Early life
<mask> was born into slavery in Crawford County, Arkansas, in 1838. He was named after his grandfather, <mask>. <mask> and his family were enslaved by Arkansas state legislator <mask>. When <mask> was eight (about 1846), <mask> moved to Grayson County, Texas, near Sherman in the Peters Colony.It appears plausible that <mask> was kept in bondage by William Steele <mask>'s son, Colonel George R<mask>, who was a sheriff and legislator in Texas, and a one-time Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives until his death from rabies in 1882. When the American Civil War began, <mask> joined the Confederate Army, taking <mask> with him. It is unclear how, and exactly when, <mask> escaped, but at some point during the Civil War, he gained his freedom. One account recalls how <mask> and <mask> had an altercation over a card game. <mask> severely beat George, and fled to the Indian Territory where he lived among the Cherokee, Creeks and Seminoles. <mask> stayed with these Native American tribes and learned their languages until he was freed by the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, in 1865. As a freedman, <mask> moved to Arkansas and farmed near Van Buren.Career

<mask> and his family farmed until 1875, when Isaac Parker was appointed federal judge for the Indian Territory. Parker appointed James F. Fagan as U.S. marshal, directing him to hire 200 deputy U.S. marshals. Fagan had heard about <mask>, who knew the Territory and could speak several Native languages. He recruited him as a deputy; <mask> was the first black deputy to serve west of the Mississippi River. <mask> was assigned as a deputy U.S. marshal for the Western District of Arkansas, which had responsibility also for the Native reservation Territory. He served there until 1893. That year he transferred to the Eastern District of Texas in Paris, Texas, for a short while.In 1897, he was transferred again, serving at the Muskogee Federal Court in the Native Territory. <mask> worked for 32 years as a federal peace officer in the Indian Territory, and became one of Judge Parker's most valued deputies. <mask> brought in some of the most dangerous criminals of the time; he was never wounded despite having his hat and belt shot off on separate occasions. In addition to being a marksman with a rifle and revolver, <mask> developed superior detective skills during his long career. When he retired in 1907, <mask> had on his record over 3,000 arrests of felons. He killed 14 outlaws to defend his life. <mask> had to arrest his own son for murder; Benjamin "Bennie" <mask> was charged with the murder of his own wife.Despite being disturbed and deeply shaken by the incident, <mask> nonetheless insisted on the responsibility of bringing Bennie to justice. Bennie was subsequently captured, tried, and convicted. He served 11 years at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas before his sentence was commuted; he reportedly lived the rest of his life as a model citizen. When Oklahoma became a state in 1907, <mask>, then 68, became an officer of the Muskogee Police Department. He served for two years before he became ill and retired. Later years and death
<mask> was himself once charged with murdering a posse cook. At his trial before Judge Parker, <mask> claimed to have shot the man by mistake while cleaning his gun; he was represented by former United States Attorney W. H. H. Clayton, who was a colleague and friend.<mask> was eventually believed and acquitted, possibly based on his exceptional record. <mask>' health began to fail further after retiring. He died of Bright's disease (nephritis) on January 12, 1910. Family and descendants
<mask> was married twice and had eleven children. In 1864 he married Nellie Jennie (d. 1896) and after her death Winnie Sumter (1900–1910). His children were named Newland, Benjamin, George, Lula, Robert, Sally, Edgar, <mask>., Harriet, Homer and Alice. He was a great-uncle of Paul L. Brady, who became the first black man appointed as a federal administrative law judge in 1972.His great-great-great-grandson is National Hockey League player Ryan Reaves. Legacy
 Historian Art Burton has said that <mask> was the inspiration for the character of the Lone Ranger. Burton makes this argument based on the sheer number of people <mask> arrested without taking any serious injury, coupled with the fact that many of these arrested were incarcerated in the Detroit House of Correction, the same city where the Lone Ranger radio plays were broadcast on WXYZ. This theory is disputed. In 2011, the US-62 Bridge, which spans the Arkansas River between Muskogee and Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, was renamed the <mask> Reeves Memorial Bridge. In May 2012, a bronze statue of <mask> by Oklahoma sculptor Harold Holden was erected in Pendergraft Park in Fort Smith, Arkansas. In 2013, he was inducted into the Texas Trail of Fame.Television
 <mask> is the subject of the season two Episode four of Gunslingers, "The real lone ranger". <mask> figures prominently in an episode of How It's Made, in which a <mask> limited-edition collectors' figurine is shown in various stages of the production process. In "The Murder of Jesse James", an episode of the television series Timeless (season one, episode 12), <mask> is portrayed by Colman Domingo. <mask> was a featured subject of the Drunk History episode "Oklahoma" in which he was portrayed by Jaleel White. In "Everybody Knows", a season two episode of the television series Wynonna Earp, <mask> is portrayed by Adrian Holmes. <mask> is mentioned in the plot of "The Royal Family", a season two episode of the television series Greenleaf. <mask>' name is used as an alias by pastor Basie Skanks to support his church with gambling earnings.<mask>' status as one of the first black sheriffs plays a significant role as a childhood role model for the character of <mask> in the Watchmen television series. <mask> is portrayed by Jamal Akakpo in three episodes featuring a fictional 1920s silent film based on <mask>' exploits titled "Trust in the Law". <mask> is mentioned in season 3 episode 2 of the television series Justified as two US Marshals are discussing their all-time favorite historical US Marshals. <mask> features in the "Stressed Western" episode of Legends of Tomorrow, portrayed by David Ramsey. Ramsey is noted for having played Green Arrow's ally and confidant John Diggle in the Arrowverse since its inception. In context, <mask> is portrayed as Diggle's ancestor where Sara Lance called him "Dig" at one point even though he thought they were digging the gunfight activities. The Legends encounter him at Fist City, Oklahoma at the time when they were pursuing the Haverack, a rage-attracted alien worm that has been excreting gold.After the Haverack was slain by Astra Logue, <mask> brought Fist City back in order. <mask> features as a character played by Gary Beadle in Around the World in 80 Days. Film
 <mask>, a 2010 fictionalized account of <mask>'s life and career, stars James A. House in the titular role. In They Die by Dawn (2013), <mask> is portrayed by Harry Lennix. The character of Sam Chisolm (played by Denzel Washington) in The Magnificent Seven (2016 film) is based on <mask>. Hell on the Border is a 2019 action film based on the early law enforcement career of <mask>, starring David Gyasi.It was written and directed by Wes Miller and features Ron Perlman in a supporting role. A miniseries based on Burton's 2006 biography (and co-produced by Morgan Freeman) is reportedly under development by HBO. As of April 2018, Amazon Studios is developing a biopic of <mask> with the script and direction helmed by Chloé Zhao. <mask> is portrayed by Delroy Lindo in The Harder They Fall (2021). Theatre
 A stage play about <mask> entitled Cowboy written and directed by Layon Gray was presented at the 2019 National Black Theatre Festival. Games

 <mask> is a character in the miniature wargame Wild West Exodus. <mask> is a playable character in the board game Western Legends.<mask> served as the inspiration for <mask> in the miniature wargame Malifaux. The character of Sheriff Freeman in Rockstar's Red Dead Redemption 2 is based on <mask>. Hall of fame
In 1992, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Literature
 <mask> is the subject of a 2020 comic book titled "Bass Reeves", produced by Allegiance Arts & Entertainment, and written by Kevin Grevioux with art by David Williams. <mask> appears in Un cow-boy dans le coton, an album in the Lucky Luke Belgian comic book series by Jul and Achdé. <mask> is the subject of the book, The Legend of <mask> Reeves, by Gary Paulsen, which features both true and fictional accounts of <mask>. Notes

References

Further reading
 Art T. Burton, Black Gun, Silver Star: The Life and Legend of Frontier Marshal <mask>, University of Nebraska Press, 2006.External links

 <mask> at Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
 <mask> at Oklahoma Historical Society Encyclopedia of Oklahoma Culture and History
 <mask> at Handbook of Texas Online
 10 Facts about <mask> at BlackArtBlog.BlackArtDepot.com
 <mask> at Angelfire.com
 The <mask> Reeves Legacy Monument at BlackArtBlog.BlackArtDepot.com

 <mask> (2010) - A film about his life

United States Marshals
Lawmen of the American Old West
African Americans in the American Old West
Gunslingers of the American Old West
African Americans in law enforcement
People of the American Old West
People from Crawford County, Arkansas
People from Muskogee, Oklahoma
People from Paris, Texas
Deaths from nephritis
American frontier
1838 births
1910 deaths
19th-century American slaves
Cowboys
Lone Ranger

masks:
Bass Reeves
Reeves
Bass Washington
Reeves
William Steele Reeves
Bass
William Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
. Reeves
George Reeves
Bass
Bass Reeves
Bass Reeves
George Reeves
Bass
Bass
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Bass Jr
Reeves
Reeves
Bass
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Bass Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Will Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Bass Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Cornelius Basse
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Bass
Reeves
Bass Reeves
Bass Reeves
Bass Reeves
Bass Reeves
Bass Reeves
Bass Reeves
Bass
Bass Reeves


type: original

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<mask> (; also <mask> , Kirkius; 18 December 1639 – 25 July 1710) was a German astronomer and the first "Astronomer Royal" in Berlin and, as such, director of the nascent Berlin Observatory. Life and work

The son of <mask>, a shoemaker in Guben, Electorate of Saxony, initially he worked as a schoolmaster in Langgrün and Neundorf near Lobenstein. He also worked as a calendar-maker in Saxonia and Franconia. He began to learn astronomy with Erhard Weigel in Jena, and with Hevelius in Danzig. In Danzig in 1667, Kirch published calendars and built several telescopes and instruments. In 1679 he invented a screw micrometer for astronomical measurements. He became an astronomer working in Coburg, Leipzig and Guben as well from 1700 in Berlin.In the last quarter of the 17th century, <mask> was the most-read calendar maker and counted as one of the leading Germans. In 1680 he discovered a comet with a telescope for the first time: Komet C/1680 V1, called <mask>'s comet. In 1681 he discovered the Wild Duck Cluster M 11. In 1686 he went to Leipzig. Together with the farmer and astronomer Christoph Arnold he observed the comets of that year. In the same year he discovered the Mira variable χ Cygni. He also dedicated much time to observing the double star Mizar.He introduced three new constellations, the "Globus cruciger" (""), the "Electoral Sword" ("") and the Sceptre of Brandenburg, which however were not recognized and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Via Arnold he met his second wife Maria Margaretha Winkelmann (1670–1720), who had learnt astronomy from self-study and from Arnold. While jointly observing the comet of 1702, they discovered the globular cluster M 5 (5 May 1702). In 1699, he had observed comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle but this observation was not recognized until later analysis by Joachim Schubart. For a long period, he was unable to find employment, so he had to earn his living through the publication of Almanacs/ Calendars. He was assisted in the calculations by his second wife and their children. A few series of almanacs appeared across several decades.For a time, he published up to 13 almanacs a year, a few appearing under pseudonyms, and he also continued established almanacs from other authors under their name. As examples could be cited Christian-, Jewish- und Turkish-Almanac, the Gipsy-Almanac the Sibylla Ptolemaein, a Gipsywoman from Alexandria in Egypten, the Astronomischen Wunder-Kalender, the Wahrhaftigen Himmels-Boten, the Gespenster- und Haushaltungs-Kalender by Johann Friedrich von Rosenfeld / Der Astronomiae Ergebener and from 1700 the various Academy Almanacs as "Astronomer Royal" in Berlin. It is only recently that the importance of the Kirch's Almanacs has been recognized for the distribution of ideas of the Enlightenment and Pietism to the wider population. The functions of almanacs are Information, Education and Discussion. Kirch's Calendars are noted additionally for the announcement of both his own results as well as results from abroad. A few almanacs anticipate the Astronomisches Jahrbuch. Further aspects are the transmission of new ideas to ordinary people in conjunction with a growing distancing from astrological superstition and criticisms of orthodox beliefs.The accompaniment to all almanacs Zugaben / Oder Astrologisches Bedencken / von dem Lauff und der Wirckung des Gestirnten Himmels / ... (example from the Zigeuner-Kalender) had been demanded by the publishers, as otherwise the almanacs did not sell well. Astrological ideas were still not fully overcome at this time, but he attacked the practice of astrological forecasting and the mendacity of many almanac makers of his time as being a sin against God, especially prophecies regarding war and peace. Beginning in 1675 he pursued the idea of founding an Astronomical Society in Germany. It was to be open to all astronomers independent of nationality or religious persuasion. He promoted the idea that all astronomers should send their observations to a central location where they could be published as soon as possible. He considered Frankfurt am Main to be the ideal location, for one because of the Messe (fair) and on the other hand because of its easy connection to the Netherlands via the Rivers Main and Rhine. The planned society should also serve to coordinate the observing of astronomical events such as eclipses and transits of planets.In particular he organized observations of the transit of Mercury on 31 October or 1 November 1690 in quasi-military fashion. However he appears to have made no concrete steps to set up such a society. Then in 1700 he was appointed the first astronomer of the Royal Society of Sciences ("") in Berlin on 10 May by Prince-elector Friedrich III. of Brandenburg (from 1701: King Friedrich I. of Prussia). The founding of the associated Berlin Observatory was a reaction to the new national observatories in Greenwich, Paris and St. Petersburg. To finance the academy, the Prince-Elector conferred the "" on it (a monopoly on publishing almanacs). <mask> and his wife were therefore obliged to finance the academy by their almanac calculations.After his death, his wife continued the almanac calculations. His son Christfried <mask> became director of the Observatory in 1716. When Prussia incorporated the new province of Silesia in the 1740s, a further almanac was needed to be drawn up for the Catholics, and for that issue the academy employed his daughter <mask> (1696–1782). After 1700, two calendar variants were in force in the Holy Roman Empire: the Gregorian Calendar in the catholic, the  (improved Reich calendar) in the Protestant regions, however the latter differed from the former solely in respect of calculation of the date of Easter. The crater Kirch on the Moon and the asteroid 6841 Gottfriedkirch are named after him. Kirch studied the double star Mizar. He died at Berlin at the age of seventy.Selected publications

 Wunderstern am Hals des Walfisches. Leipzig 1678
 Eilfertiger kurtzer Bericht an einen guten Freund von dem Neuen Cometen dieses 1682. Jahrs. 1682

<mask> also published his calendar, Philosophical Transactions, an Acta Eruditorum and Miscellanea Berolinensia. See also
 List of astronomical instrument makers

References

Sources
 Robert Burnham Jr.: Burnham's Celestial Handbook, Volume Two, p. 762
 Messier Catalog: Online Biography of Gottfried Kirch

17th-century German astronomers
Discoverers of comets
1639 births
1710 deaths
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
People from the Electorate of Saxony
University of Jena alumni
18th-century German astronomers

masks:
Gottfried Kirch
Kirche
Michael Kirch
Kirch
Kirch
Kirch
Kirch
Christine Kirch
Kirch


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<mask> (born February 28, 1965), popularly known as Kah <mask>, is a Cameroonian politician, entrepreneur and social activist. She went into politics in 2007 with the Social Democratic Front (SDF), the main Cameroonian opposition party and was then elected into the municipal council of Douala I. In 2010, she resigned from SDF following a divergence over strategy and declared her intention to run for the 2011 presidential election on October 23, 2010. On April 30, 2011 she was elected as the president of the Cameroon People's Party (CPP) and party candidate for 2011 presidential election. <mask> is the CEO of the firm STRATEGIES!, a Leadership  and Management consulting firm which she founded in 1995. She was recognized in 2007 by the World Bank as one of the seven influential women entrepreneurs in Africa, and was counted among the 150 women who move the world by Newsweek. Family

<mask> was born on February 28, 1965 in Ibadan, Nigeria.She originates from the North west Region,one of the two anglophone regions of Cameroon,  more precisely from Bali Nyonga from her father and from Pinyin from her mother. Her father, John Solomon <mask>, before his death was Director of a consulting firm owned by John Ngu Foncha and Salomon Tandeng Muna, then Inspector General, Director of Shipping in Douala and finally representative of Cameroon at Ministerial Conference of West and Central African States on Maritime Transports  in Abidjan. Her mother, Grace Ebako <mask>,
now retired holds two doctorates: one in public health and one in health education; she led the NGOs CAMNAFAW (Cameroon National Association for Family Welfare). Kah is single with seven adopted children. Education

Walla began her primary education in the American School of Yaounde. She continued her studies in the Ivory Coast Academy of Bouake in Ivory Coast. After graduation, she got admitted into Howard University in Washington where she obtained her B.Sc in zoology  and studied for a Master of Business Administration in 1990.Political career

Entry into Politics
Walla says her family has always been a source of motivation and inspiration for her in the political field. She gained experience over the years with the support of one of her colleagues in the SDF as they wrote the last Speech for the SDF chairman Ni John Fru Ndi during his campaign in 1992. She was an adviser and a trainer to the party until 2007, when she decided to officially join the party and was elected councilor in the city of Douala. In 2010, she stood against party's decision forbidding its militants from taking part in the ongoing voters' registration. She was later accused of lack of accountability in the management of party funds, On October 23, 2010, she resigned from the SDF and announced her candidature for the 2011 presidential election

She was elected as the president of Cameroon People's Party on April 30, 2011, succeeding Samuel Tita Fon who founded the party in 1991. Candidate in the 2011 presidential election
In 2010, <mask> held a press conference to announce her decision to exit the SDF party and run for the 2011 presidential election. She separated from the SDF by resigning.And some time later, she joined the CPP and became president in April 2011. She explained later that the party for which she had campaigned for since its creation no longer shared the same ideals that, particularly with regard vision for the presidential election. She is generally referred to as the first woman to ever run for the presidential election in Cameroon. To attract the maximum possible of young people prior to presidential elections, she encouraged registration on the electoral lists in the country. The awareness campaign has enabled her to address more than 500,000 Cameroonians within a very short time. She stood for the presidency along with 22 other candidates including Paul Biya, John Fru Ndi . She campaigned under the slogan "Kah Walla 2011 - The Time is Now".She was ranked 6th out of the 23 candidates, with 0.72% of the vote,  at the end of the election which was won by incumbent President Paul Biya. Anglophone Crisis

In March 2019, she aroused controversy and criticism among many Anglophone Cameroonians for remarks that she made during a panel discussion at the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University. She was speaking at an event titled "Crisis in Cameroon." Sitting alongside the Institute for African Studies Director, Jennifer Cooke, and R. Maxwell Bone, and a student at the university who had spent time in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon. She made comments accusing the Anglophone Secessionists operating from diaspora of lies and hypocrisy. The remarks that she made elicited agreement from Jennifer Cooke and R. Maxwell Bone and subsequently went viral on social media. This led to criticisms of the fellow panelists of being biased and opposed to Anglophone Secession, and accusations that she wanted to become a minister in the current government of Paul Biya.She, along with the two other panelists said that the comments were taken out of context, and that she and Bone and Cooke alike were critical of the Cameroonian government during other portions of the panel. Following the panel, both she and R. Maxwell Bone were subjugated to death threats, and intimidation from individuals affiliated with the Ambazonian cause. This was particularly worrisome to R. Maxwell Bone who works extensively with NGOs in Anglophone Cameroon. Kah resides in Douala, so the threats were not deemed as an immediate danger to her. As of the summer of 2019, they continue to be the subject of threats, misinformation, and intimidation. Claims have been made that this shows the true nature of Ambazonian secessionists, a claim that secessionists deny. Awards and Recognitions
 2015 : Vital Voices Vanguard Award 2015
2014: DVF Award (Diane Von Furstenberg)
2011: Vital Voices Global Leadership Award in public Life
2010: Cited by Newsweek & Daily Beast as one of 150 women who shake the world
2007: Recognised by the World Bank as of one of the 7 women entrepreneurs working to improve the business environment in Africa

References

1965 births
Cameroonian politicians
Living people

masks:
Edith Kahbang Walla
Walla
Kah Walla
Kah Walla
Walla
Walla
Walla


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<mask> (born 1956) is an American-born molecular biologist and social entrepreneur who developed the widely used reporter gene system GUS, conducted the world's first biotech crop release, proposed the Hologenome theory of evolution, pioneered Biological Open Source and founded The Lens. He is founder of the social enterprise Cambia and a Professor of Biological Innovation at the Queensland University of Technology. In 2003 he was named by Scientific American as one of the world's 50 most influential technologists, and is renowned for his work on making science-enabled innovation more widely accessible. He was profiled in 'Open & Shut: The Basement Interviews', and other major media, including in an Economist Feature 'Grassroots Innovator' in 2001. Education

Born in Santa Cruz, California, <mask> studied at the University of California, Santa Barbara at the College of Creative Studies, and obtained his BA (Molecular Genetics) in 1978. He then moved to the University of Colorado Boulder for his Ph.D., where he first developed the GUS reporter system, isolating, sequencing and characterizing the first microbial glucuronidase, and creating transgenic technology for Caenorhabditis elegans

Career

As a postdoctoral researcher he worked at the Plant Breeding Institute in Cambridge, England: there he adapted the GUS assay for the use in plants. His GUS system was a breakthrough in plant molecular sciences, useful for the development of efficient transformation methods for crop plants, and cell and developmental biology.In 1986-87 he sent all the components of the GUS system (DNA and strains) together with a comprehensive users' manual to nearly a thousand labs worldwide, before publication, pioneering a biological open source paradigm and a rapid uptake of the technology. The GUS system and its novel mode of dissemination was said to be essential for development of transformation of the most important crops, including soybean, maize, cotton and rice. The work has been cited in the primary literature almost 15,000 times., and has been licensed by every major company in crop genetics. During his postdoc in Cambridge, he also initiated and managed, with his colleague Michael W. Bevan, the world's first field release of a transgenic food crop (June 1, 1987), in Trumpington, near Cambridge, UK. The planting date of the experiment was serendipitously one day before that of Monsanto, in Jerseyville, Illinois, which has been widely but incorrectly viewed as the first such trial. In 1989, driven by a need to see the tools of science more broadly accessible and more effectively used in complex environments, <mask> joined the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as senior scientist, the first molecular biologist in this position. Since then he traveled, worked and taught in many developing countries.He left the organization in 1991 to start a non-profit private social enterprise, Cambia. Cambia soon moved to Australia, due to <mask>'s involvement in the Asian rice biotechnology programs of the Rockefeller Foundation, and the proximity to almost half the world's agricultural population. In September 1994, <mask> first articulated the Hologenome Theory of Evolution, at a presentation at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, at a Symposium "A Decade of PCR"     This theory was developed from his molecular and genetic work on glucuronide metabolism by vertebrate-associated microbes, including the role of glucuronidases, sulfatases and other enzymes in modulating and effecting enterohepatic circulation of steroid hormones. The levels, ratios and timing of steroid hormone de-conjugation (activation) and resorption modulates virtually all aspects of vertebrate ontogeny, physiology and reproduction. The premise for his theory was that natural selection acts on the holobiont comprising a 'scaffold genome' and myriad microbial constituents in diverse ecosystems, selecting for persistence of the set of genetically encoded capabilities. In January 1997, the hologenome theory was extended, informed by further work on the molecular genetics of enteric microbial glucuronide metabolism,  to emphasize the central role of microbially-mediated hormone modulation (MHM) as an essential component of multi-cellularity and vertebrate biology. This led <mask> to coin the term ecotherapeutics, or ecological therapeutics, stating that a major route to improved performance or health of animals or plants would be through the adjustment of microbial populations and their genetic capabilities (microbiota, often now called the microbiomes).The development of theory and its logic were also outlined in detail in his blog in 2007, and summarized in a cover article Jan 9, 2013, by Carrie Arnold in New Scientist

In 1999, <mask> was appointed as Author-in-Chief to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity for the landmark study, submitted to the UN General Assembly, on the contentious genetic technology, colloquially called 'Terminator Technology'. In this study  he coined and defined the term GURT - Genetic Use Restriction Technology and its variants. At Cambia, and with the initial funding and partnership with Rockefeller Foundation's agriculture program, <mask> and the Cambia staff started to develop key new tools - including the  vectors, released in 1997, and which now are the most widely used plasmids in plant biotechnology. The continuous distribution of thousands of these tools without restrictions throughout the world, the dozens of conducted training courses, and the newly invented open technologies advanced what would become the Biological Open Source initiative, formally launched in 2005. In that year <mask> and colleagues published a landmark paper in Nature  in which they described a new biological open source invention, TransBacter. Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer was by far the most common tool for agricultural biotechnology, but due to complex and extensive patenting, and aggressive pursuit of dominant patents by Monsanto, the use of the tool was constrained to merely academic pursuits or by use of multinational corporations under license. Using Patent Lens - the most popular global open full-text patent search engine - founded by <mask> and his colleague Carol Nottenburg in 1999 as CambiaIP Resource - Cambia published the world's first open patent landscape.Using the evidence and clarity obtained from this patent landscape, <mask> and his colleagues designed and created an effective alternative technology that would not be constrained by any of the existing patents (of which there were by then almost a thousand). The technology, called Transbacter involved using three taxes of benign plant-associated bacteria modified with the gene-transfer components from Agrobacterium, to efficiently transfer genes to diverse crop species. "Transbacter" was made available under the first BiOS (Biological Open Source) license, for free to anyone and sent to hundreds of labs worldwide, and was licensed by public sector, small enterprise and multinationals under open principles, with commitments to share improvements with other licensees. The open patent landscape, initially authored by patent experts Nottenburg and Carolina Roa-Rodriguez and later updated by several other Cambia staff, in addition to many other landscapes serve as prototypes of <mask>'s subsequent initiative; open Innovation Cartography

In 2009, with funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, The Lemelson Foundation and the Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation, <mask> moved with part of Cambia to the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) in Brisbane, Australia, as Professor of Science, Technology & Law, to direct the global activities on open Innovation Cartography. Known also for his expertise in intellectual property,  <mask> remains active in the promotion of open source biological innovation which has been covered extensively by global media. He served on the World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council on Intellectual Property for four years, and is on the WEF's Global Agenda Council on the Economics of Innovation. In 2013 Cambia launched The Lens to replace the older Patent Lens and enable broader innovation-focused navigation platforms.<mask> is considered a global leader in social entrepreneurship and is an Outstanding Social Entrepreneur of the Schwab Foundation, and a plenary speaker at the Skoll World Forum. <mask> was also a keynote speaker at Consilience 2016, organised by National Law School of India University, Bengaluru on Intellectual Property and the Commons. References

1956 births
Living people
American molecular biologists
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
Queensland University of Technology faculty
Australian molecular biologists

masks:
Richard Anthony Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson


texts:
<mask>, (Deventer 2 February 1579 – presumably Sant'Angelo Romano c.1620), (also known as Johann Heck, Joannes Eck, <mask>, <mask> and <mask>) was a Dutch physician, naturalist, alchemist and astrologer. Together with Prince Federico Cesi, Anastasio de Filiis and Francesco Stelluti, he was one of the four founding members of the Accademia dei Lincei, the first learned society dedicated to understanding of the natural world through scientific enquiry. Family background

<mask> was one of five children in a family of wealthy merchants. His father was Willem, son of <mask>, and his mother was Lutgardt, daughter of Gerrit. Between 1587 and 1591 his father, a Catholic, was one of Deventer's political leaders, elected senator and consul in 1589. For this reason, when Protestant forces under Maurice of Nassau took the city in 1591, <mask> was fined 150 guilders for being a leader of the Catholic party and a collaborator of the hated Philip II of Spain. <mask> received a humanist education, studying Latin, Greek, theology, astronomy and astrology, and making an exact observation of the comet that appeared in 1591, which he described in one of his later treatises as a bad omen for a life full of bitterness and pain.Under Calvinist rule, the position of his family became more precarious in Deventer and eventually his parents decided to send him to Italy to continue his education. Early career
<mask> traveled to Milan, Parma, Ferrara, Venice, Bologna and Rome. He stayed for a while in Spoleto as a guest of Count Gelosi, with whom he maintained a connection throughout his life, and on whose estate was the villa known as the "museum deauratum" where many of his manuscripts were composed. Here he wrote works of a moral literary character, such as his 1596 Epigrammata, as well as medical, magical and astrological topics. Among these was his Liber de Regimine Sanitatis Eorum Qui Studio Litterarum Incumbunt in which, inspired by De Vita Libri Tres ('The Threefold Life') of Marsilio Ficino, he examined the hygiene, diet and amorous habits of the literati. The second part of the work dealt with Ficino's ideas on magic. He discussed the influence of images on the spirit, and the occult virtues of certain plants, approaching his enquiry from the medical point of view rather than from that of the magician.He concluded the treatise with a list of secrets for healing common illnesses by using certain plants, and with a collection of "magic" recipes. Following De Regimine there are four undated manuscripts dealing with plants and medicine:

 De Fructibus Tractatus ('Treatise on Fruits')
 Tractatus de Radicibus Herbarum Diversarum ('Treatise on the Roots of Various Herbs')
 Tractatus de Herbis ('Treatise on Herbs') and
 Tractatus de Herbis et Holeribus ('Treatise on Herbs and Vegetables')

In these he described the characteristics of various fruits, herbs and vegetables, their regions of origin, the time of their flowering, ways of preparing them and their specific medicinal use. He wrote on the basis of first-hand observation, supported by ancient sources, notably Dioscorides. With financial backing from a supportive bishop, he then studied medicine at the University of Perugia, obtaining his doctor's degree in 1601. During this period, his writing focused on logic, theology and metaphysics. Among the more significant of his works while he studied at university were:

 Homines et Alia Animalia Prodigiosa Variarum Ignotarum Regionum (Of Humans and Other Animals)
  (1598), a summary of astronomical knowledge
 De Planetarum Radiationibus in Singulis Zodiaci Signis (On the Movement of the Planets Through the Signs of the Zodiac)
  another treatise on astronomy with numerous diagrams drawn by himself
 a treatise on apoplexy
 a treatise on angina pectoris entitled De Syncope (On Fainting)
 Cura Coelestis quae Inferorum Appellatur (Heavenly Care), written for doctors and for all who 'love philosophy'
 Super Plinii II Historias Naturales, a commentary on Pliny's 'Natural History', extended in scope beyond the original, with the ambitious subtitle 'Liber de Mirabilibus Creaturarum Dei' (Book of the Marvels of God's Creation'). In this work, van Heeck dealt with a number of contemporary concerns of natural science, such as geocentric theory and other Copernican views, against which he argued strongly.He practised as a doctor first in Maenza and then in Scandriglia in the province of Rieti, part of the domain of Duke <mask> Orsini. In the course of his medical work, <mask> became involved in a strange dispute. He treated his patients, who were mostly poor, with great zeal, using simple herbal medicines. For this reason he came into conflict with the apothecary of Scandriglia, one Casolini Ranieri, who made his living selling medicines with exotic names, more magical than scientific. Ranieri conceived a firm hatred of the foreign doctor, whose work threatened to ruin his lucrative business. One night Ranieri positioned himself on the route where <mask> habitually passed and attacked him while he was alone. <mask> fell from his horse but fended off his attacker with a sword.Still bleeding from his injuries, he was brought before the magistrate. Despite his plea of self-defense, he was imprisoned. The apothecary later died of his wounds, and <mask> would have been left to rot in prison if he had not been released through the intervention of Prince Federico Cesi, who sent Francesco Stelluti to get him out of prison and then invited him to his house in Rome. The period when Cesi, <mask> and Stelluti lived together after <mask>'s release from prison was one of an intense exchange of ideas and the shaping of plans, which led to the idea of forming a mutual-instruction society. Accademia dei Lincei
This close partnership between Cesi, <mask> and Stelluti soon led to their founding the Accademia dei Lincei, together with Anastasio de Filiis, on 17 August 1603. There is no doubt that <mask> played a key role in the conception and organization of the academy. He was the most experienced, educated and famous member of the group, and he clearly took the lead in many of its ventures, though he was the second youngest among them.Like all its members, he adopted a pseudonym ("Illuminato"), an emblem (a quarter-moon illuminated by a triangle from the sun) and the motto "A Patre luminum" ('from the father of lights'). It was <mask> who chose as the academy's patron saint John the Baptist, the apostle of arcane visions. He also drafted its articles of association and devised its ceremonial. <mask> referred to the Accademia as 'the most sagacious investigators of the secrets of nature, and dedicated to the Paracelsan disciplines' – indicating thereby that like the Swiss physician, they believed that empirical observation was essential for developing an understanding of the world, rather than reliance on established scholarly authorities. There has been speculation that the connections between the Accademia's members were not confined to the intellectual sphere, and, specifically in the case of the relationship between Federico Cesi and <mask> <mask>, that they were probably sexual in nature. Travels in Europe
In the spring of 1604, Prince Cesi's father the Duke of Acquasparta was so concerned about the activities of the Accademia dei Lincei and what he considered the nefarious influence of <mask> over his son that he denounced him to the Roman Inquisition. This effectively broke the four friends up, and <mask> was obliged to leave Rome, embarking on a tour of numerous European countries.He went first to Siena, Pisa and Florence, then to Milan and Turin, where he met <mask> at the Court of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy. Later he crossed the Alps and went to England, Norway, France, Poland, Germany and Bohemia. While <mask> was travelling, Federico Cesi sent him money regularly, to buy rare books on alchemy and the natural sciences, which were then added to his collection the Accademia dei Lincei. As well as collecting books, objects and rare plants for the Accademia's collections, <mask> was also a kind of roving ambassador, telling educated men in each city about the group's work and publicising its activities to win the sympathy of the powerful and the learned. During his travels, he was attacked by robbers and forced to swallow his membership ring of the Accademia in order to prevent it from falling into the hands of his attackers. After several  months on the road he eventually found a place in Prague at the court of Emperor Rudolf II, an enlightened and generous man who was interested in the research of the Accademia dei Lincei. Rudolf's court was a major international centre for scholars and researchers on many fields, and he owned one of the largest cabinets of curiosities ever assembled.He had been patron to Tycho Brahe until the latter's death in 1601, and at the time of <mask>'s arrival, was still patron to Johan Kepler. The supernova of 1604

In October 1604, a new star was seen. By night, it was the brightest star in the sky, and it was visible during the day as well for more than three weeks, before eventually dimming. Both Lodovico delle Colombe and Kepler published their accounts of the new star in 1606. <mask> was ready to publish before them, sending his manuscript of De Nova Stella Disputatio ('Discussion of the New Star') to Federico Cesi in Rome in January 1605. The critical question for all three writers was whether the new phenomenon could be explained within the generally-accepted model of the universe, known as the Aristotelian model or the Ptolmaic system. This held that the stars were remote, fixed in their positions and unchanging, while movement and variance were associated with the planets, closer to the earth.An unusual event in the sky might take place close to the earth, and could therefore be explained within the standard cosmological model. However, if it took place beyond the planets, this indicated that the stars, contrary to what was commonly believed, could not be fixed in a 'firmament'. Astronomers (still working with the unaided naked eye at this time) took measurements of parallax to determine whether an object was near the earth or far away from it. Cesi believed that the Accademia needed to publish something of scientific significance in order to establish its scholarly credibility, and that a book from <mask> which reaffirmed orthodox Catholic positions would both remove suspicions about the group's activities and pave the way for his return to Rome. <mask>'s theses however posed a number of problems. He critiqued twelve positions put forward by other astronomers on the origins and location of supernovae. Claiming to use the measurement techniques developed by Tycho Brahe, he concluded that the supernova of 1604 showed no sign of parallax, which meant that the event could not have taken place near the earth, among the planets, but must have been located much further away, among the 'fixed' stars of the firmament or perhaps even further beyond.In this, he agreed with Tycho Brahe and other recent astronomers. However he reconciled this conclusion with the Aristotelian model by arguing that the apparently new star was not new at all; while permanent, like other stars, it was only occasionally visible for special reasons. He went further, accusing those who argued for a fluid heaven of writing contrary to Holy Writ, and attacking Tycho Brahe for his religious beliefs as well as for his purported scientific errors. Broadening his polemic against all erroneous ideas, he attacked Protestantism, thereby drawing Kepler into his argument. The language and tone of <mask>'s text was most intemperate. He berated the 'babbling new Philosophers' for their 'profane ignorance' and 'stupid ostentation' in departing from Aristotle. Cesi greatly esteemed Kepler, and therefore edited <mask>'s text, removing anything hostile to him or to other astronomers.He also removed much of the defence of the Aristotelian cosmology, as it was important for the Accademia to align itself to new astronomical discoveries and not become entrenched in defending Aristotle. He then had the pamphlet published without the lynx emblem of the Accademia on its frontispiece. <mask> was furious at these editorial changes, which had been undertaken without his knowledge or permission. Later life
<mask>'s correspondence with Cesi in 1604 and 1605 suggest that he was experiencing some kind of crisis of confidence about his relationship with the other Lincei. He wrote at one point of marrying and not returning to Rome, but Cesi prevailed on him to come back. In April 1605 they asked him to prepare a new book attacking heresy, which was perhaps more suited to his interests at the time. In October 1605 he returned to Italy, but went to Rome only briefly in 1606 before leaving Italy again.In 1608 he was in Madrid, where he had apparently gone to see the famous Mexican herbarium in the Escorial. He probably practiced medicine there, and wrote a treatise entitled Politeia Catholica de Bono et Malo cum Civil Antidote, now lost. In 1610, Federico Cesi's father died and this meant that the members of the Accademia could associate more freely. It is perhaps significant that despite this, <mask> still did not return to his friends in Rome. Although he continued to contribute to the work of the Accademia, this was on a more sporadic basis and the apparent crisis in his nerves diminished his involvement. One of the Accademia's original founders, Anastasio de Filiis, had died in 1608 and Cesi invited the elderly and highly esteemed Giambattista della Porta to join in his place. This helped the Accademia to re-establish itself and gave it greatly enhanced respectability after the mistrust it had experienced in its earlier years.The next person to join after Della Porta was Galileo Galilei. Nothing more is known about him until 26 July 1614, when he made a fleeting appearance in Rome, accompanied by Stelluti, for an academic conference on the Greek and Latin languages. A note, probably from 1615, by the Linceian Theophilus Müller at the end of his book 'De Animalibus' indicates that he visited <mask> in the abbey of Sant'Angelo in Capoccia. <mask> appeared to be in the grip of a persecution mania, and told him that the king of Spain was persecuting him and insisting that he marry his daughter. The very last known reference to him is in a minute from the 24 March 1616 meeting of the Accademia dei Lincei, which records that he was temporarily excluded from meetings until he was once again of sound mind. Nothing further is known about him. Selected works
 De nova stella disputatio.Aloisius Zannettus, Rome 1605
 Disputatio de peste et quare praecipue grassatur tot ab hinc annis in Belgio, Deventer 1605 ('Discourse on the Plague, From Whence It Came Why It Lasted So Many Years in The Netherlands')
 Itineraris de septentrionales fructus ('Fruits of a Journey in the North')
 De mundi pernicie et haereticorum insania, quae in hac mundi senecta apud Belgas maxima est ('On the Destruction of the World and the Mania of Heretics, which in This Age of the World is Greatest in the Netherlands')

Notes

References

External links
 scan of the original manuscript in cipher of <mask>'s “Itineris de septentrionales fructus”
 article on deciphering <mask>'s “Itineris de septentrionales fructus”

1579 births
Dutch naturalists
Natural philosophers
Members of the Lincean Academy

masks:
Johannes van Heeck
Johannes Heckius
Johannes Eckius
Giovanni Ecchio
Johannes van Heeck
Willem van Heeck
Willem van Heeck
Johannes
Van Heeck
Giovanni Antonio
van Heeck
van Heeck
Van Heeck
van Heeck
van Heeck
van Heeck
van Heeck
van Heeck
van Heeck
Van Heeck
Johannes van
Heeck
van Heeck
van Heeck
Giovanni Botero
van Heeck
van Heeck
van Heeck
Van Heeck
van Heeck
Van Heeck
van Heeck
van Heeck
Van Heeck
Van Heeck
van Heeck
van Heeck
Van Heeck
van Heeck
van Heeck


texts:
<mask> (born May 20, 1988), known professionally as <mask> and formerly as <mask> is an American-born Filipino actress and commercial model. She was born in California to a Filipino mother and an Italian-American father. <mask> is best known for her roles as Rita Arguelles in the television drama Bituing Walang Ningning (2006), and as Brenda Smith in the youth-oriented program Abt Ur Luv (2006). She also appeared on the January 2011 cover of FHM Philippines Magazine. <mask> was a member of Star Magic, ABS-CBN's circle of homegrown talents from 2003 to early 2009. In March 2010, she joined TV5's line-up of talents. In 2013, she starred in the action film 10,000 Hours alongside Robin Padilla where she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress.Career

Early career

<mask> was discovered in 1999 at the age of 11 by Johnny Manahan, the director of the ABS-CBN Talent Center (now known as Star Magic) She was invited to join the Talent Center's acting workshops and audition as a Talent Center artist after Manahan saw her perform in her school's Recognition Day program. Humphries attended workshops in various disciplines, including acting, singing, and personality development over the course of two years. She was accepted and launched as a member of Star Circle Batch 11 in May 2003. After her launch, Humphries began appearing in one-time guest supporting roles on various shows on the ABS-CBN network. Her first recurring guest role came in late 2003, when she was cast as a fashion model named "Paris" in the youth-oriented TV show Berks. In the show, Paris subsequently became the girlfriend of Berks regular, Ketchup (portrayed by Ketchup Eusebio). The role would be the first time Humphries is paired with a comedian, a pattern that is later repeated in the TV show Qpids.In 2004, <mask> appeared in a supporting role in her first movie, My First Romance, as a friend of the lead character portrayed by Heart Evangelista. She was also cast that same year in her first primetime recurring guest role as "Penelope" in the TV series Sarah, the Teen Princess where she was positioned as a romantic rival of the show's lead character portrayed by Sarah Geronimo. In 2005, <mask> was cast in ABS-CBN's Reality Loveteam Search Qpids in 2005, where she and her loveteam partner Janus del Prado emerged as the Qpids Voter's Choice for receiving the most votes from viewers through phone calls and SMS text messages. Qpids was where the stage name "<mask>-Loren" was first used, with the intent to eventually transition her stage name to "Carla Loren" ostensibly to improve her name recall among Filipino viewers. After Qpids, however, Humphries continued to be credited as "<mask>." In 2006, Humphries and loveteam partner Janus del Prado were cast in the Langis episode of Maalaala Mo Kaya, a drama anthology on ABS-CBN, where Humphries' performance garnered glowing reviews from the local entertainment press. In the same year, <mask> was cast as "Rita Arguelles" in the primetime drama series Bituing Walang Ningning, which starred Sarah Geronimo and Angelika dela Cruz.The series ran for 21 weeks during which time one of her shampoo commercials also began airing in the Philippines. <mask> also appeared that same year in supporting roles in two well-received Star Cinema movies, D' Lucky Ones and First Day High. <mask> was also cast as one of the four lead characters in the youth-oriented TV series Star Magic Presents: Abt Ur Luv, which began airing in November 2006. The show launched her new loveteam with Victor Basa, won Best Youth Oriented Program at the 21st PMPC Star Awards (2007), and aired a total of 57 episodes. The series finale aired on January 5, 2008. In 2008, <mask> joined the cast of Palos—a primetime action / drama TV series on the ABS-CBN network where she was cast as a medical doctor who also happens to be the First Daughter of the Republic of the Philippines. The role is a departure from the teen and youth-oriented roles that <mask> has portrayed since her launch as a Star Magic artist in 2003.After Palos ended, <mask> also appeared on Ligaw na Bulaklak, an afternoon drama series that began airing on the ABS-CBN network in May 2008. <mask> was handpicked to play Joanna Bonifacio in the film adaptation of the crime novel Smaller and Smaller Circles. In 2019, she appeared in the Greenpeace Philippines short film Before We Disappear where she was first credited using her current screen name. Print and on-cam modelling

In 2003 shortly after her launch, <mask> began appearing in local style and fashion magazines intended for the teen market. In 2004, she landed her first magazine cover with Pink and appeared for the first time in Metro Weddings, an upscale magazine targeted at the bridal market. Also in the same year, <mask> appeared in her first TV commercial for Globe Telecom's GenTxt club. In 2006, she landed her first multi-country TV commercial for Sunsilk shampoo.Her commercials were aired in 6 countries in the Asian region. In 2009, she appeared in another Globe TV commercial. featuring the mobile company's postpaid phone plans. In 2011, she was on the cover of the January issue of FHM Philippines. Personal life

Humphries was in a relationship with actor Janus del Prado. She also previously dated John James Uy. Family
Humphries is the second of four children born to a Filipina mother and an Italian-American father who grew up in France.Humphries and older brother Alec were born in the United States, while her two younger siblings Nicolas and Samantha were born in France and the Philippines, respectively. Education
<mask> studied in French schools until her mother transferred her to the ABS-CBN Distance Learning Center (DLC) in Manila, where she obtained her high school diploma. She enrolled and attended one year at the University of Santo Tomas to study fine arts, before transferring to the Centre for International Education (CIE) to study entrepreneurship, whose more flexible schedule allowed her to pursue her acting career without giving up her studies. <mask> also holds a Gemology Institute of America (GIA) Jewelry Design Certificate after completing the 9-week Jewelry Design class at the GIA in Bangkok, Thailand. Interests
Humphries dabbles in both music and art, and at one point entertained the idea of working in a museum or a gallery. She has been painting since she was eight years old: "I have always loved drawing and was always best in drawing in school. After that, I did after-class painting workshops.I love painting abstracts and landscapes. My works either reflect me, or they're sceneries. But I don't consider myself a professional." Filmography

Television

Film

Theater

Music videos

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

External links

1988 births
ABS-CBN personalities
Star Magic
Viva Artists Agency
21st-century American actresses
American emigrants to the Philippines
Filipino child actresses
Filipino film actresses
Filipino television actresses
American child actresses
Filipino people of Italian descent
Filipino people of French descent
American people of Italian descent
Living people
Actresses from California
Participants in Philippine reality television series
University of Santo Tomas alumni
Filipino female models
Star Magic Batch 11

masks:
Madeleine Lauren Humphries
Madeleine Humphries
Carla Humphries
Humphries
Humphries
Humphries
Humphries
Humphries
Carla Humphries
Carla Humphries
Humphries
Humphries
Humphries
Humphries
Humphries
Humphries
Humphries
Humphries
Humphries
Humphries
Humphries


texts:
<mask> (born 1976) is a jouhikko musician from Tampere and a part-time teacher at the Sibelius Academy. He is also a composer, a producer and a researcher. He is trained as an ethnomusicologist, specializing in traditional folk music. He performs together with his band K:H:H:L, which stands for ‘the bones of dead horses out of control’. Early life
In 1993–94, when he was 17 years old, Käppi spent a year in the United States as an exchange student. The son of his host family was a fan of Grateful Dead, and through him Käppi became familiar with the band's music, which consisted of rock and improvised music based on folk music. This provoked his interest in the sources of that music, and especially in Finnish folk music.Another important influence for Käppi has been Värttinä, which caused him to look into the folk music collections of his local library. In 1997, Käppi got a chance to study folk music in Kaustinen, at the Ala-Könni Folk High School, where he began to play the jouhikko. At the time, he was frustrated with the guitar and felt it had too many strings and too much of everything in general. In 1998, Käppi played in the streets with a friend, who played the bagpipe. The sound of the jouhikko could barely be heard, and Käppi felt he needed an amplifier. The device had to be a small one, so he could carry it around, but the result was that he had to crank it up, thus producing a distorted sound. This is how he found his own sound, which has remained almost unchanged ever since then.Solo career
Käppi released his debut record, a four-song EP in Kalastajia ja kaivostyöläisiä (‘Fishermen and Miners’) 2001. It was said that it “brought to one’s mind the field recordings of cultural anthropologists, a breath of air from some mystical past. It had an intriguing atmosphere and at the same time it was aesthetically pleasant.” Since then he has released three more EPs and two albums of collaborations as well as three solo albums and three albums with K:H:H:L.

On his first full album, Jos ken pahoin uneksii (‘If you have a bad dream’), Käppi “creates a laudable palette of songs. At first, it appears to be a pure folk music album, but that’s not what it is. The first song, Mariainen, draws masterfully from the delta blues, and the final song, Vanhan virsikirjan virsi 277 (‘Hymn 277 from the old hymnal’) brings the listener back to Finnish traditions. During the rest of the songs he goes through a rich variety of styles, which one would not first associate with a jouhikko player. <mask>'s voice, which at times reminds one of that of Tuomari Nurmio, combined with traditional music, brings to one's mind The Incredible String Band.If it is allowed to be psychedelic in folk music, then Käppi is the leading figure in it in our country”, wrote Jaan Wessman for the music journal Soundi. The second album, Vuonna ’86 (‘In the year ’86’), gave rise to the following critique: “It seems that in Tampere there exists some kind of version of the Star Trekian disturbance in the spacetime continuum. A lot of folk music of other dimensions has originated from there during the last few years. The new release by <mask> Käppi, too, draws partially from the same Ugric marsh as did the fine album Jos ken pahoin uneksii (2007), but from a great many other places as well.”

The critique of the third album, Rammat Jumalat (‘lame gods’), says that “on record or at a gig [Käppi’s music] is not only easy to approach but simply irresistible. Rammat jumalat makes it even easier to approach with its stylish band approach, in which Käppi’s multitoned jouhikko rock blends with a hypnotic sound frame reminiscent of the ragged blues of Tom Waits and Tuomari Nurmio. The tones of folk music are just one ingredient in his soulful and liberated kind of organic rock. The compositions are by Käppi, and in his lyrics traditional croaking blends with his lyricist’s heavy message.The riffs swing and the melodies are catchy, and the songs are exceptionally strong. But in spite of this, the strongest ace of the record is Käppi’s voice. He has a sound all of his own, full of touching soul and unpredictable power. His unusual phrasing sounds completely natural. One must look far in the history of Afroamerican music to find similarly convincing performers who sing with the voice of a ‘sensitive bad guy’. We have never before heard the likes of him in Finland.”

<mask> Käppi & K:H:H:L.
Since 2015, <mask> has released three albums with K:H:H:L, in which he was joined by Tommi Laine (guitars) and Nuutti Vapaavuori (bass), along with Jani Auvinen (drums and percussion) for his most recent gigs. The band emerged from the sessions of Rammat Jumalat, “and from the beginning it was clear that the next album would be a band effort.In the critique of the first album, Sanguis Meus, Mama!, it was said that “Käppi understands the connection between the original Ugric spirit and the blues. There are riffs and rhythmic patters here into which one could run on the records of Tuareg bands. The rock set up woven so cleverly fits in well with these spells. Laine plays splendidly with his acoustic slide guitar, but at times he also tears up distorted riffs that would gain approval from The Black Keys. The dialogue between the jouhikko and the guitar, with intertwining comments from synthesizers, grows into an ever greater role the more one listens to this record. The rhythm is augmented with great taste with drum machines. But I would venture to say that a skillful drummer would add to the value of this hypnotic and at times funky material.If Käppi’s voice is still a little boyish and clean, his texts, aware of traditions, are all the heavier. One can sense a powerful smell of revenge, destitution and death in them.” Sanguis Meus, Mama! managed to popularize Käppi voodoo concoction, cooked from folk music and blues, into a nearly perfect fit, suitable even for the radio waves. The second album, Matilda, did not fare quite as well with the critics as the first one did. “If Sanguis Meus, Mama! leaned quite heavily to pop music, then Matilda did so even more heavily. However, Käppi’s newest concoction causes one to wrinkle one’s nose at it, as the album is not as good as its predecessor.… But Matilda is still quite a good record. It’s only that Sanguis Meus, Mama! is so good that not many artists are able to create anything like it during their whole careers, so it is natural to feel disappointed here. One can safely say even now that Matilda is much better than most Finnish pop records will be this year. Käppi’s voodoo pop is on its own orbit.”

The third album was likewise reviewed positively. Soundi writes that “<mask> Käppi and his band make interesting music on their third album, and they are still rocking wildly. It feels strongly that the best elements on their previous efforts have now found their rightful places here.The first song, “Ikoni” (‘Icon’), with its pop tones makes one smile, and its mantra like rhythm makes one’s body move to it.” Helsingin Sanomat writes that “at the start of the year we have a folk music hit. An incredibly catchy, intriguingly strange five and a half minute song, which one wants to listen to time and again. This is the song ‘Ikoni’ from the coing album by <mask> <mask> & K:H:H:L entitled Väärä laulu (‘The wrong song’).”

It has been said that the jouhikko sound on the last record is reminiscent of Jimmy Page’s sound, especially when the latter played his guitar with a bow. Another influence has been Nirvana’s MTV Unplugged in New York in which Käppi was impressed by the accordion playing of Krist Novoselić. Discography

EPs
Kalastajia ja kaivostyöläisiä, Amerikan Peikko Records, Kuusi Pientä Kustantajaa, 2001. Бубнить Себе под нос, 267 lattajjaa, 2003. Minun päiväkunnissani, Imvated, 2004.Solo albums
Jos ken pahoin uneksii, Peippo, 2007. Vuonna '86, Singing Knives, 2010. Rammat Jumalat, Helmi Levyt, 2013. <mask> Käppi & K:H:H:L.
Sanguis Meus, Mama!, GAEA Records, 2015. Matilda, Svart Records, 2017. Väärä Laulu, Svart Records, 2019. Collaborations
Claypipe, <mask> <mask>, The Blithe Sons: The Amazed Map, Music Fellowship, 2007.Petra Hartikainen & <mask> Käppi: Uni Uuhella Ajeli, Uulu Records, 2009. <mask> <mask> / Juhana Nyrhinen: Mun paras ystävä, Helmi Levyt, 2012. (EP)

References

Finnish folk music
Finnish composers
1976 births
Living people

masks:
Pekko Käppi
Käppi
Pekko
Pekko
Käppi
Pekko
Pekko
Käppi
Pekko
Pekko
Käppi
Pekko
Pekko
Käppi


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<mask> (born 2 August 1983) is a Brazilian retired professional footballer who mainly played as a left winger. <mask> started his career at hometown club Pelotas before moving to the Netherlands, where he played for Feyenoord and Excelsior. He then returned to Brazil, where he played for Atlético Paranaense, Grêmio and Figueirense. He moved to French club Lille in 2006 before transferring to Lyon in 2009. After unsuccessful spells at Schalke 04, Al Ain and Roma, he moved back to Brazil to play for São Paulo in 2014. He joined Palmeiras in 2017 and had a spell at Sport do Recife in 2018. He signed for América (MG) in 2019.<mask> has won 10 caps and scored 1 goal for the Brazil national team. He was a starter at the 2010 World Cup, playing as a left-back. <mask> was known to be a free kick specialist throughout his career. Club career
<mask> was born in the Brazilian city of Pelotas and began his career playing for hometown club Esporte Clube Pelotas. In 2001, he moved to the Netherlands joining Dutch club Feyenoord Rotterdam playing for the Jong Feyenoord, the club's reserve section. Following a loan stint at nearby Excelsior Rotterdam, he returned to Brazil joining Atlético Paranaense. <mask> later played for Grêmio and Figueirense (loan) before deciding to return to Europe.Lille

Bastos joined French club Lille OSC in July 2006 and made his league debut in the club's opening match of the 2006–07 season against Rennes playing 65 minutes before taken off. Lille won the match 2–1. <mask> scored his first goal for the club against Lens in the annual Derby du Nord and finished the season with a total of three goals. Over the next two seasons, his goal tally quickly increased. He scored eight league goals during the 2007–08 season, including goals against Rennes, Lyon, and Lorient to help Lille finish in a respectable seventh place. During this season, <mask> began alternating between the left-back and left winger position. For the 2008–09 season, he was installed in the left winger role permanently.He scored his first goal in just the second match of the season in a 1–3 loss to Le Mans. Two weeks later, he scored in the club's 2–1 win over Bordeaux and, a week later, scored again, this time in a 1–1 draw with Sochaux, he also scored in a 2–2 draw against Lyon. From 11 November 2008 onwards, Bastos scored in five straight matches. He scored goals against Marseille, Lorient, Toulouse, Nice, and Le Havre. Lille accumulated two wins and three draws in that span. Several weeks later, he began another streak scoring a goal in six straight matches. With Lille winning all of those matches, they moved into the European places in the standings and eventually finished fifth earning a UEFA Cup spot on the final day of the season.In total that season, <mask> appeared in 41 matches and scored 16 goals, 14 in the league and also assisted on nine goals, which led Ligue 1. He was awarded the Trophée du Meilleur Passeur and became the only player in Ligue 1 history to appear in the top five of both the goalscorers' table and the assists' table since the creation of the assists' table for the 2007–08 season. He was also nominated for the Ligue 1 Player of the Year Award and named to the league's Team of the Year. Lyon

On 15 July 2009, Lille president <mask> revealed that the club had accepted an €18 million offer from Lyon. On 16 July, <mask> successfully passed his medical and agreed to a four-year contract making him Lyon's second signing of the summer following Argentine Lisandro López. He was presented to the media, along with fellow new signing Aly Cissokho, on 20 July and was assigned the number 7 shirt. <mask> scored his first goal for Lyon in the first leg of the club's playoff round match against Anderlecht in the UEFA Champions League.In the club's 5–1 victory, he scored the third goal, coming in from the right side and unleashing a left-footed strike into the top left corner. On 21 February 2010, <mask> scored a 21-minute hat-trick against Sochaux, as Lyon won the match 4–0 to move into the Champions League spots. Despite constant speculation linking Bastos with clubs around Europe, he remained an integral part of Lyon's first team, featuring regularly in Champions League, Coupe de France and Ligue 1 fixtures. He netted the only goal of the game against local rivals Saint-Étienne on 9 December 2012, smashing in a 25-yard free-kick, to keep Lyon at the top of Ligue 1 with a five-point gap over PSG. Loan to Schalke 04
On 29 January 2013, Bastos joined German side Schalke 04 on loan until the end of the 2013-2014 season, with option to sign him outright. He was given the number 9 shirt. Bastos made his Schalke debut on 2 February against Greuther Fürth and opened the scoring two minutes after half-time, but Schalke fell to a 2–1 defeat.In his third game in the 2012–13 Bundesliga, Bastos bagged a brace as Schalke twice came from behind to secure a 2–2 draw with Mainz on 16 February. Al Ain
Schalke did not exercise the option to sign Bastos on a permanent basis, and on 5 August 2013 Bastos was sold to a UAE club Al Ain for €4 million. Loan to Roma
On 20 January 2014, Italian side Roma announced that Bastos had signed a loan contract until the end of the season for a fee of €1.1 million, with the option of buying the full rights at the beginning of the 2014–15 season, for €3.5 million. São Paulo
On 13 August 2014, Bastos returned to his homeland and signed a one-and-a-half-year deal with Brasileirão club São Paulo. On 28 December 2016, Bastos and São Paulo, under a mutual agreement, cancel the contract, that would run until December 2017. Palmeiras
On 31 December 2016, Bastos and Palmeiras signed a contract until 2018, with a one more year option. Bastos is the fifth signing of Verdão to 2017 season.Loan to Sport Recife
On 30 April 2018, Sport Recife announced that <mask> had signed a loan contract until the end of the season. América Minerio
On 27 May 2019, América Mineiro announced the signing of Bastos until the end of the season. However on 12 September 2019 the club and player announced the friendly termination of the contract. On 8 October 2019 he announced his retirement from professional football. International career
Prior to joining Lyon, Bastos had never been called up to the Seleção. <mask> cited his move to Lyon as an important factor in attempting to earn a spot on Brazil's 2010 FIFA World Cup team. On 27 October 2009, Bastos was selected, for the very first time, by the national team for friendly matches against England and Oman.He made his national team debut in the England match starting in the left back position. Bastos later started in the same position in Brazil's next two friendly matches against Oman and the Republic of Ireland in February 2010 and, on 11 May 2010, was subsequently named to the 23-man squad to participate in the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Career statistics

Club

International goals
Score and result list Brazil's goal tally first, score column indicates score after Bastos goal. Honours
Lyon
 Coupe de France: 2011–12
 Trophée des Champions: 2012

Individual
 Ligue 1 Team of the Year 2008–09

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
People from Pelotas
Brazilian footballers
Association football wingers
Brazil international footballers
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Esporte Clube Pelotas players
Feyenoord players
SBV Excelsior players
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Figueirense FC players
Lille OSC players
Olympique Lyonnais players
FC Schalke 04 players
Al Ain FC players
A.S. Roma players
São Paulo FC players
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players
Sport Club do Recife players
América Futebol Clube (MG) players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Eredivisie players
Ligue 1 players
Bundesliga players
Serie A players
UAE Pro League players
Brazilian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate footballers in France
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Italy

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<mask> (27 December 1880 – 16 July 1962) was a German culture and social philosopher as well as a pedagogue. In the debate with Dilthey, Simmel and Cassirer, Litt developed an independent approach in cultural philosophy and philosophical anthropology, which was determined by the dialectical view of the relationship between the individual and society, man and the world, reason and life. At the same time, he projected these thoughts into a  that had its starting point in progressive education at the beginning of the 20th century and, via Litt's student , extended into the discussion on educational reform in the 1970s. Litt identified with the Weimar Republic and, as rector of the University of Leipzig, came into conflict with National Socialism, was banned from lecturing in 1937 and retired early. Nevertheless, he continued to publish critically against the ruling ideology. After the end of the Second World War, he could not come to terms with the ideology of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and therefore moved to the Universität Bonn, where he founded the Institute for pedagogy. Life
Born in Düsseldorf, Litt was the son of the grammar school professor <mask> and great-nephew of the theatre director and actor .From 1890 to 1898, <mask> attended the humanistic Städtisches Gymnasium (today's ) in Düsseldorf. He then began teacher training in philosophy, history and classical philology (with one semester in Berlin) at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn. In Bonn, he became a member of the Sängerverbindung , in Berlin of the Akademische Liedertafel in the . In 1904 he was awarded a doctorate in classical philology with a dissertation written in Latin. After four years as a teacher of ancient languages and history in Bonn, Kreuznach and from 1906 as a senior teacher in Cologne at the , he was employed for six months as a referent in the Prussian Ministry of Culture in Berlin. <mask>'s interest in philosophy and pedagogy is said to have been triggered, among other things, by the Trauma of the First World War. As early as 1919, the University of Bonn appointed <mask> as an associate professor of education.In Individual and Community, <mask> gave an outline of cultural and social philosophy. Alongside Ernst Troeltsch, Ernst Cassirer and Georg Simmel, <mask> became a member of the Leipzig School for social philosophy. In 1920, he succeeded Eduard Spranger, who moved to the University of Berlin, as chair of philosophy and education at the Leipzig University, where he served as university lecturer or rector (1931–1932) until 1937. In 1927, Litt addressed his pedagogical problems in his work Führen oder Wachsenlassen (Leading or Letting Grow). His rejection of irrational, organological and romantic ideologies as well as his claim to respect for the growing and developing human being led to hostility from the National Socialists. In his inaugural speech as Rector of the University of Leipzig in 1931, he spoke out in favour of maintaining an independent university. For Litt, the Nazi regime ushered in the end of his first creative period from 1919 to 1937.He did not bow to the regime, which attacked his anti-National Socialist stance. At the university association conference in October 1932, <mask> suggested a declaration by the university teachers taking a stand against the National Socialist movement. Nevertheless, <mask> is named among the signatories of the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State of 11 November 1933. In 1934, his lectures were severely disrupted and the University of Leipzig was even temporarily closed. In 1936, Litt ended a lecture tour to Vienna because the Nazi authorities banned him from lecturing. Returning to Leipzig, he demanded his early retirement, which he achieved in 1937. Litt nevertheless did not let this stop him from publishing the small paper Der deutsche Geist und das Christentum in 1938.In it he criticised Alfred Rosenbergs antisemitic The Myth of the 20th Century, wherein the latter advocated a religion to replace Christianity. Litt found great favour among devout Christians, and the relatively large print run was immediately sold out. But Litt disappointed the rejection by his colleagues who belonged to the humanities pedagogy, such as Eduard Spranger and Wilhelm Flitner, most of whom remained in their chairs during the National Socialist era despite agreeing with <mask>'s critique. Only Herman Nohl was dismissed from his post in 1937. In 1944, when <mask> was also banned from giving lectures at the Saxon Academy of Sciences, he withdrew completely. <mask>'s second creative period began in 1945. On Ernst Cassirer's recommendation, he was assigned the task of the democratic reform of Leipzig University.Although <mask> taught again in 1946, after a lecture on The Significance of Pedagogical Theory for the Training of Teachers in East Berlin he came into conflict with the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) and took up a professorship in philosophy and education at the Universität Bonn. <mask> founded and remained head of the Institute for Educational Sciences until his death. His numerous lectures such as Self-Criticism in Modern Culture or Political Ethics and Pedagogy were just as well received as his paper Die politische Selbsterziehung des deutschen Volkes, which gave rise to the inauguration of a series of papers by the Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. In 1962, <mask>'s last publication, Freiheit und Lebensordnung, was published, which again dealt with his confrontation with totalitarian types of power and their political theories. <mask> was a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences, the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Sciences of the GDR, of the  and the Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. He was an honorary doctor of the universities in Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität. <mask> died in Bonn at the age of 81.Philosophical position

Dialectical way of thinking
As a philosopher, <mask> was strongly influenced by the dialectical way of thinking, which was determined by his engagement with Kant and Herder on the one hand and Hegel on the other. Like Eduard Spranger, Herman Nohl, Wilhelm Flitner and Erich Weniger, he is counted in the camp of the . He himself described his position as cultural pedagogy after Ernst Troeltsch, which believed that it could gain pedagogical goals from a historically saturated overall view of the cultural sphere in harmonising dialectics from tradition – covering contradictions and far removed from conflicts of power and interest. Thinkers such as Georg Simmel, Wilhelm Dilthey and Edmund Husserl also influenced his philosophical worldview. Jonas Cohn's book Theorie der Dialektik inspired him to examine problem areas in pedagogy dialectically. But for Litt, a critical examination of contradictions was not necessary for the purpose of education. For Litt, the dialectic manifests itself in the antinomy of individual and community, in the antinomy of reason and life, and in the opposition of subjective spirit (person) and objective spirit (objective formation of spirit).With his dialectical way of thinking, Litt aimed to abolish one-dimensional views and their credibility in an all-encompassing context. In doing so, he proceeded rationally, contrarily as well as dialectically at the same time and conceived an extensive philosophy of culture (Individual and Community) as well as a philosophical anthropology (Mensch und Welt). He attempted to bring together the fundamental opposition between cognition and life into an orderly whole by means of an overall view of interpretative ideas. The "free-thinking" educational science of Wolfgang Klafki and the educational reform of the 1960s took up Litt's didactic approach to supporting education in the humanities, but above all in history, with reference to technology, science and the world of work. Talcott Parsons' social theory is also trained on it. History as an overall cultural situation
The human being is to be seen in a historical context. Litt understood history not only as the past, but also as the future history shaped by people.He defined history as the "overall cultural situation", by which is meant the totality of what people in a community have created through thought, action and production. History is cultural history in the sense of the spiritual world. Under this condition, education is an "action that is directed in its essence towards the context of the human-social world, that is the spiritual world." But this assumed totality is not so given in the world. Characteristic of the overall cultural situation, one finds rather inequalities, disjunctions and diversities. What is already given in the world is the separate coexistence. Human actions differ in their intentions and goals and therefore exist separately next to each other.Contradiction in the basic dialectical structure
By creating syntheses, tensions and contradictions can be resolved. These tensions are not a concept devised by the mind, but a real, antinomic structure of human being. The cause for the contradictory, for the antinomic in the human psyche lies in the dialectical basic structure of human being. The dialectical basic structure cannot be remedied from the outside by psychological measures. These can at most provide information about this contradiction, but not about how the individual is able to deal with enlightenment. In the education of a child, the resolution of the dialectical tensions cannot be realised, because the tensions cling to the educator (leader) just as much as to the person being educated, and he can just as little step out of them. However, Litt did not see the solution to the tensions and contradictions inherent in the human being in letting it grow naturally, especially since this letting it grow would have to be based on the assumption that development is purposeful and meaningful from the outset.Elimination of the tension
There is a gulf between human spiritual existence and organic Dasein. Nature does not correspond to "ought" and meaning. Nature does not strive to eliminate contradictions. This is rather the fictitious desire of human beings, because their spirit demands to live in harmony with "All-That-Is" and because it seeks harmonious perfection. The human spirit demands the abolition of contradictions through independent mental work. According to Litt, the being of education can only be understood in terms of its "ought". This "ought" is the synthesis that must be produced in order to recognise contradictions and accept them as given as the product of the human spirit, which has the claim to control contradictions through mental effort and to bring them into harmony.The bringing together of opposing poles is possible for the human spirit because those also originate from it. Man and the world
Litt emphasised the importance of the individual: ego and world are dependent on each other and are in a mutual process of development. Litt criticised the one-dimensional interpretation of Hegel, who pushed the individual into the shadows. The objective contents must be absorbed into the life of the respective subject in order to be useful. The term tradition is inseparable from that of individuation. "Man" and "world" have a reciprocal effect on each other and are in a positive dialectical tension with each other in that both work off each other. Through this mutual "working off", both form each other.Man forms himself in his definition of himself, and the world as the totality of spiritual-social-historical content forms itself in its virtuous assertion of claims, which is respected and strengthened. Science, work world and technology are designated as the world and are in a mutual interaction with humans. Man forms and creates the world and thus has a Weltbildungscharakter (world-forming character). The areas grouped together as the world are "forming powers". School pedagogical position

Ideals of education
For Litt, there is no ideal blueprint of education. Nevertheless, there are educational rubrics, such as religion, science, art and

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 morality, which remain untouchable in their educational character. It is characteristic of society to want to create an educational ideal in order to protect certain contents of education from criticism.This tendency is inappropriate and questionable. On the other hand, it is something else to seek the constructs of the mind for their own sake and to court their meaning and purpose in pure self-forgetfulness. Education can also be purposeful without an educational ideal. Without an ideal design, it aims at the self-forming of the subject in order to come to oneself, by man working his way through to his actual form of existence and thus making himself known. The formation of the human being cannot be concluded from any educational ideal. It is the same with the spirit, which either is or is not. In order to form the self that is conscious, it is necessary to discuss the given world one by one.Neither upbringing nor education need follow an ideal image, be it from religion or politics, in order to make it useful. On the other hand, the free-thinking spirit that wants to come into its own in the world commits itself to education. It is the task of education to educate the free-thinking spirit through the critical examination of the world. Cultural and educational goods
Litt emphasises the importance of selecting educational content. Because of the diversity of educational content in pedagogy, it is all the more important to examine its content. No educational content may claim general validity for itself, because its relevance is measured against certain life contexts of the respective culture. Pedagogy must attempt to move from a totality of cultural realities to the individual areas of culture in order to bring a structure to the cultural areas and cultural goods and to classify them according to importance.However, this approach still ignores fundamental decisions about cultural and educational goods. For the observer and enjoyer, a cultural good can have great significance, but without relevance to education. There is no coincidence of cultural goods and educational goods. In order for cultural goods to prove themselves as educational goods, they must fit into the inner movement of the living whole and allow themselves to be related to the whole of youthful soul development. They must correspond to the world views of youth. Once the appropriate educational goods have been selected, they still need to be specified – for an intended target group with a comparable mindset. The mission of education
Education teaches man to keep himself and his relationship in order.The person gains better access to realising this. Work, with its objectivity, has a positive effect on the human being. This transfer of life makes it possible for man to conform to the order inherent in work, to grow humanly through work. Litt puts the pedagogisation of society into practice. Even the most functional family could no longer provide the performance that was still conceivable in the times of Pestalozzi or Diesterweg to enable the adolescent to successfully master everyday life. The school was constantly taking on new tasks in order to ensure and support the suitability for everyday life and the personal responsibility of the adolescent. A separation of education and the adult world (professional world) is no longer conceivable.From kindergarten onwards, children would also experience the constraints of the adult world. Educational and vital values
The young person should be exposed to classical contents and cultural goods with an educational character of "timeless significance", because these are the actual educational values. Furthermore, in addition to the actual educational values, the school must also take into account and relate to the real demands of life, the social demands. This means that the so-called "vital values" have the same importance as the educational values. A tension arises between the two values that remains incompatible because it cannot be shattered and thus endured. Democratisation of the youth
Furthermore, Litt demands that daily political controversies be kept out of the classroom. School should not be misused for party-political purposes.On the other hand, he emphasises the important consolidation of the "youthful" character through spirituality and morality. Despite Litt's rejection of political and school interdependence, he advocates education towards democracy. A functioning school system shows itself through consistency. The school should distance itself from the general intellectual and cultural climate so as not to fall into the false belief that it has to react to political controversies. School has a preserving character because it is able to pass on the "educational solidarity of generations" and is obliged to remain consistent even in times of change. Criticism of the uniform school system
Litt advocates the divided school system and categorically rejects the "" (uniform school). Furthermore, Litt advocates the gymnasial educational directions with their respective core content.The task of the secondary schools is to offer high-achieving pupils a challenging education. The educational diversity offered at secondary schools is very limited at vocational schools, he argues, because students remain experts in one field and general education, which includes learning basic social and intellectual skills, is neglected. This means that the vocational school has the task of opening up and connecting with fundamental areas of existence. It should put culture and history into a context that is appropriate for the respective occupation. Understanding and respect should also be important aspects of the educational task at these schools, as these are key points in preventing blatant and massive human rights violations. Pedagogical influence in the classroom
For Litt, "instruction" and "education" are to be seen as interlinked, because an educational aspect always flows into instruction. The pedagogical effect is decisive for orderly and consistent teaching, which focuses on education for objectivity, work ethic and fulfilment of duty.Litt finds it advantageous when the above-mentioned values are passed on by teachers without them having to exert direct influence on pupils, since every teacher has a different educational radiance and way of looking at things. Besides the reciprocal intertwining of "teaching" and "education", there is also one for "intellect" and "character" or "knowledge" and "education". "Knowledge" is always an assessment of the situation, and the becoming one of knowledge and conscience is a prerequisite for action to correspond to knowledge (belief). Tasks of the teachers

Required characteristics
Litt is of the opinion that there are born educators who are naturally endowed with an outstanding educational talent; nevertheless, most educators must learn certain aids and educational methods. In a narrower sense, this means the consistency and definiteness of pedagogical form and an unrestricted knowledge of teaching methods. In addition, Litt argues in favour of the methodical, because systematic, planned procedures leave no room for misconstructions. In addition to methodological knowledge, pedagogical theory should be emphasised as a requirement for the teacher, even if it has nothing to do with practical implementation per se.Rather, it has a "historical site consciousness" which teachers should use to make it easier for students to find their way in world affairs. By historical location awareness, Litt also understands the "breadth of the intellectual horizon". It allows the teacher to convincingly represent the "spiritual powers whose precipitation confronts him as the content of his teaching activity. Moreover, it gives him the competence to face contemporary phenomena in an examining and conscientious manner. Pedagogical theory also has the task of giving the prospective teacher a sense of his pedagogical self-determination, based on inner freedom and a sense of duty. A good teacher can be recognised by the fact that he or she has the self-control not to take sides, but is able to confront contentious issues and central questions of life on a level of unity. For Litt, wanting to ideologically penetrate and influence the school is a danger.Granting freedom of choice
It is a mistake to deprive pupils of the opportunity to make decisions regarding their personal worldview by trying to take them in early on for that of the educating generation. Instead, they should be given the opportunity to shape their own vision of the future. This requires tolerance from the teacher and a taming of his own wishful images and ideas. In this way, he is also better able to connect the pupils with the objective culture and to act as a mediator between the "I" and the "world", so that the educational process leads via the person to the thing. The teacher has the duty to bring objective content closer to his pupils. Education only fulfils its purpose if, in addition to "letting the growing person grow", guiding is also seen as a component of the educational process. Merely observing the direction of a child's development and meeting his or her requirements and preferences as well as promoting his or her interests is regressive as a sole "educational measure" and in no way sufficient for the developing human being."I" and "world" are in a reciprocal process of development and the confrontation with objective contents corresponding to the age as well as the talents is fundamental for the process of becoming a human being. Honours
 Mitglied des Ordens Pour le Mérite, Friedensklasse (1952)
 Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz mit Stern (20 December 1955)
 Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1958)
 Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband (27 December 1960)

Work

Independent publications
 Geschichte und Leben. Von den Bildungsaufgaben geschichtlichen und sprachlichen Unterrichts. Leipzig/Berlin 1918; from the 2nd, modified edition with the subtitle Probleme und Ziele kulturwissenschaftlicher Bildung. Individuum und Gemeinschaft. Grundfragen der sozialen Theorie und Ethik. Leipzig/Berlin 1919; from the 2nd, modified edition (1924) with the subtitle Grundlegung der Kulturphilosophie; 3rd, again revised edition.1926. Erkenntnis und Leben. Untersuchungen über Gliederung, Methoden und Beruf der Wissenschaft. Leipzig/Berlin 1923. Die Philosophie der Gegenwart und ihr Einfluss auf das Bildungsideal. Leipzig/Berlin 1925. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Pädagogik.Abhandlungen zur gegenwärtigen Lage von Erziehung und Erziehungstheorie. Leipzig/Berlin 1926. Führen oder Wachsenlassen. Eine Erörterung des pädagogischen Grundproblems. Leipzig/Berlin 1927. Wissenschaft, Bildung, Weltanschauung. Leipzig/Berlin 1928.Kant und Herder als Deuter der geistigen Welt. Leipzig 1930. Einleitung in die Philosophie. Leipzig/Berlin 1933. Die Selbsterkenntnis des Menschen. Leipzig 1938. Der deutsche Geist und das Christentum.Vom Wesen geschichtlicher Begegnung. Klotz, Leipzig 1938, ; Nachdr. als Gemeinschaftsausgabe: Fischer, Norderstedt; Leipziger Univ.-Verlag, Leipzig 1997,  and . Das Allgemeine im Aufbau der geisteswissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis. Leipzig 1941. Geschichte und Verantwortung. Wiesbaden 1947.Denken und Sein. Stuttgart/Zürich 1948. Mensch und Welt. Grundlinien einer Philosophie des Geistes. Munich 1948. Staatsgewalt und Sittlichkeit. Munich 1948.Wege und Irrwege geschichtlichen Denkens. Munich 1948. Die Geschichte und das Übergeschichtliche. Hamburg 1949. Geschichtswissenschaft und Geschichtsphilosophie. Munich 1950. Der Mensch vor der Geschichte.Bremen 1950. Naturwissenschaft und Menschenbildung. Heidelberg 1952. Hegel. Versuch einer kritischen Erneuerung. Heidelberg 1953. Das Bildungsideal der deutschen Klassik und die moderne Arbeitswelt.Bonn 1955. Die Wiedererweckung des geschichtlichen Bewußtseins. Heidelberg 1956. Technisches Denken und menschliche Bildung. Heidelberg 1957. Leibniz und die deutsche Gegenwart. Wiesbaden 1947.Wissenschaft und Menschenbildung im Lichte des Ost-West-Gegensatzes. Heidelberg 1958. Freiheit und Lebensordnung. Zur Philosophie und Pädagogik der Demokratie. Heidelberg 1962. Pädagogik und Kultur. Kleine