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<mask> (February 7, 1842 – February 26, 1892) was an American teacher, soldier, employee of the United States Post Office Department, a music historian, and Recorder of Deeds in Washington, D.C. Born into slavery in Mississippi, he, his two sisters and their mother Letitia were freed by their master, the child's father, and helped to move to Cincinnati, Ohio. He grew up in freedom, attending school and becoming a teacher. During the American Civil War, <mask> enlisted in the 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, the state's second black infantry regiment, and was quickly promoted; he was the second man of color to be promoted to the rank of lieutenant in the U.S. Army. After the war, he married and moved with his wife to Boston. He was the first man of color hired by the Post Office Department (now the United States Postal Service) there and worked with them for many years. He wrote a history of music in the United States which is still in print. In 1886, he was appointed by the Democratic administration of Grover Cleveland as the Recorder of Deeds in Washington, D.C., the highest federal position available at the time for African Americans.His son <mask> <mask> became a rights activist and was founder and editor of the Boston Guardian, a progressive African American newspaper. Among his publications is the Music and Some Highly Musical People, the first comprehensive history of African-American musicians. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on February 7, 1842, (some sources give <mask>'s date of birth as November 8, 1842) in the now-defunct town of Grand Gulf, Mississippi, in Claiborne County, Mississippi, 25 miles south of Vicksburg. <mask> was born into slavery; his mother Letitia was a slave and his father was her white owner, Richard S<mask>, then unmarried. After <mask> married in 1854, he freed Letitia and their mixed-race children, <mask> and two younger sisters. He sent them to Cincinnati, in the free state of Ohio. Young <mask> attended Gilmore High School, a famous institution for freed slaves founded by Methodist clergyman Hiram S. Gilmore.There, he studied music with William F. Colburn, training that would serve him well later on. In Cincinnati, <mask> helped to support the family by working as a hotel bellboy and a riverboat cabin boy on a Cincinnati-to-New Orleans run. Around 1856, the family moved on to nearby Hamilton. Trotter attended Albany Manual Labor Academy in Athens County, Ohio, which was notable for accepting students regardless of race and sex. Despite its name, it offered classical academic classes as well as training in trades. Career
Trotter taught in schools for colored students in the Ohio counties of Pike, Muskingum, and Ross, where he taught at the city of Chillicothe. During his time in Chillicothe, which had become a center of free blacks and abolitionists, he met his future wife, Virginia Isaacs.Born free in 1842, she was a woman of color, the daughter of Tucker Isaacs and Ann-Elizabeth (Fossett) Isaacs from Charlottesville, Virginia. Tucker was the mixed-race son of David Isaacs, a German Jew, and Nancy West, a free woman of color; they had an established common-law marriage. Ann-Elizabeth Fossett was also of mixed race; she was born into slavery at Monticello: her father was Joseph Fossett, a grandson of Elizabeth Hemings, and her mother Edith Hern were both servants important to Thomas Jefferson. All were held as slaves by Jefferson. Her father was one of five male slaves freed in Jefferson's will of 1826, but her mother, siblings and Ann-Elizabeth (and nearly 130 other slaves) were sold on the auction block in 1827. Her father saved his money from working to purchase the freedom of his wife and children, one at a time over years, freeing Ann-Elizabeth in 1837. When all but one son were free, Fossett took his family to Chillicothe, in the free state of Ohio.His son eventually was purchased by friends and given his freedom to join his parents and family. American Civil War
During the American Civil War, <mask> traveled from Ohio to Boston, Massachusetts, to enlist in one of the first African-American units of the Union Army, joining the 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry USCT, Company K, in June 1863. Educated and 21, he quickly was promoted from the rank of Private to Sergeant. He was ultimately promoted to 2nd Lieutenant, the second man of color to achieve this rank. Marriage and family
Upon completing his military service, <mask> returned to Chillicothe, where he married Virginia Isaacs, the great-great-granddaughter of Betty Hemings, in 1868. The couple moved to Boston, Massachusetts, as did Virginia's sister Mary Elizabeth and her husband William H. Dupree, also a veteran lieutenant. The two young couples were part of a wave of migration by southern blacks to Boston after the war, as they saw it as a place of opportunity and tolerance.The Trotters soon had three children together. Their son <mask> <mask> attended Harvard University and first went into business. He became a human rights activist and founded the progressive newspaper The Guardian. Boston and later years
In Boston, Trotter became the first man of color to be employed by the United States Post Office Department there. After eighteen years of service with the USPS, <mask> found that he was not being promoted as were white co-workers of equal seniority. In an act of protest, he resigned rather than continue in an inferior position. A multi-talented man, Trotter wrote a book entitled Music and Some Highly Musical People, published in 1878.It is the first comprehensive study of music ever written in the United States. It is still used by students of music history and those interested in tracing the origins of music in the United States, especially African-American music. It has been reissued at least two times, most recently in 1981. He was appointed in 1887 by President Grover Cleveland as the second African American to be Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia, one of the highest federal offices to be held by a man of color at that time. He was preceded in that position by the activist Fredrick Douglass (1881–1886). After Trotter, U.S. Senator Blanche Kelso Bruce was appointed to the office, serving 1891–1893.<mask> died of tuberculosis after his return to Boston. Legacy and honors
The James M. Trotter Convention Center in Columbus, Mississippi, was named in his honor. Notes
"<mask> <mask> (1842–1892) was a prominent 19th-century civil rights advocate. He came to Boston to join the Massachusetts 54th* Regiment, the first African-American corps of soldiers in the Civil War. After the war, <mask> became the highest ranking, non-elected African-American in the federal government in his position as Federal Recorder of Deeds. He was the father of civil-rights leader <mask> <mask>." – The Bostonian Society, 2007

Note: Available military records indicate that Trotter mustered into the Massachusetts 55th regiment in June 1863.Thus, the Bostonian Society is apparently in error on his regiment. References

<mask>, <mask>., (1878) Music and Some Highly Musical People, Johnson Reprint Corp, 1981. , , ASIN: B00087QNHE; originally published by Charles T. Dillingham, New York, NY, 1881. Egerton, Douglas, Thunder at the Gates: The Black Civil War Regiments That Redeemed America, New York: Basic Books, 2016. Lewis, David Levering. (1994) W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919, Owl Books. External links

The Boston Historical Society and Museum
USCT – United States Colored Troops Home Page
The Civil War In Southern Ohio

James M. Trotter Convention Center

1842 births
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District of Columbia Recorders of Deeds
People from Gulfport, Mississippi
People from Columbus, Mississippi
Educators from Cincinnati
African-American military personnel
African Americans in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
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19th-century American educators

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<mask>  (born March 15, 1943) is a Canadian film director, screenwriter, and actor. He is one of the principal originators of what is commonly known as the body horror genre, with his films exploring visceral bodily transformation, infection, technology, and the intertwining of the psychological with the physical. <mask> is best known for exploring these themes through sci-fi horror films such as Shivers (1975), Scanners (1981),  Videodrome (1983), and The Fly (1986), though he has also worked in multiple genres throughout his career. <mask>'s films have polarized critics and audiences alike; he has earned critical acclaim and has sparked controversy for his depictions of gore and violence. The Village Voice called him "the most audacious and challenging narrative director in the English-speaking world". His films have won numerous awards, including, for Crash, the Special Jury Prize at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, a unique award that is distinct from the Jury Prize as it is not given annually, but only at the request of the official jury, who in this case gave the award "for originality, for daring, and for audacity". In the 2000s and 2010s, <mask> collaborated on several films with Viggo Mortensen, including A History of Violence (2005), Eastern Promises (2007), and A Dangerous Method (2011).He competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival with Cosmopolis. Early life
Born in Toronto, Ontario, Cronenberg is the son of Esther (née Sumberg), a musician, and <mask>, a writer and editor. He was raised in a "middle-class progressive Jewish family." His father was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and his mother was born in Toronto; all of his Jewish grandparents were from Lithuania. They kept the Cronenberg household full of a wide variety of books, and <mask>'s father tried to introduce him to art films such as The Seventh Seal, although at the time, Cronenberg was more interested in western and pirate films,  showing a particular affinity for those featuring Burt Lancaster. A voracious reader from an early age, Cronenberg started off enjoying science fiction magazines like  The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Galaxy, and Astounding, where he first encountered authors who would prove influential on his own work, including Ray Bradbury and Isaac Asimov, although he wouldn't encounter his primary influence, Philip K. Dick, until much later. <mask> also read comic books, noting his favorites were Tarzan, Little Lulu, Uncle Scrooge, Blackhawk, Plastic Man, Superman and the original Fawcett Comics version of Captain Marvel, later known as Shazam.Although as an adult, <mask> feels superhero films are artistically limited, he maintains a fondness for Captain Marvel/Shazam, criticizing how he feels the character had been neglected. <mask> also read horror comics published by EC, which in contrast to the others, he described as "scary and bizarre and violent and nasty—the ones your mother didn’t want you to have." Early films that later proved influential on <mask>'s career include standard avant-garde, horror, science fiction, and thriller films, such as Un Chien Andalou, Vampyr, War of the Worlds, Freaks, Creature from the Black Lagoon, Alphaville, Performance, and Duel. However, <mask> has also cited less obvious films as influences, including comedies like The Bed Sitting Room, as well as Disney cartoons such as Bambi and Dumbo. <mask> said he found these two Disney animated films, as well as Universal's live-action Blue Lagoon, "terrifying" which influenced his approach to horror. <mask> went on to say that Bambi was the "first important film" he ever saw, citing the moment when Bambi's mother died as particularly powerful. <mask> even wished to screen Bambi as part of a museum exhibition of his influences,  but Disney refused him permission.In terms of conventional horror films that frightened him, <mask> cited Don't Look Now. <mask> began writing as a child and did so constantly, mainly working in the science fiction genre. He attended high school at Harbord Collegiate Institute and North Toronto Collegiate Institute. A keen interest in science, especially botany and lepidopterology, led him to enter the Honours Science program at the University of Toronto in 1963, but he switched to Honours English Language and Literature later in his first year. <mask>'s fascination with the film Winter Kept Us Warm (1966), by classmate <mask>, sparked his interest in film. He began frequenting film camera rental houses, learning the art of filmmaking, and made two 16mm films (Transfer and From the Drain). Inspired by the New York underground film scene, he founded the Toronto Film Co-op with Iain Ewing and Ivan Reitman.After taking a year off to travel in Europe, he returned to Canada in 1967 and graduated from University College of the University of Toronto at the top of his class. Career
After two short sketch films and two short art-house features (the black-and-white Stereo and the colour Crimes of the Future) <mask> went into partnership with Ivan Reitman. The Canadian government provided financing for his films throughout the 1970s. During this period, he focused on his signature "body horror" films such as Shivers  and Rabid, the latter of which provided pornographic actress Marilyn Chambers with work in a different genre, although <mask>'s first choice for the role had been a then little-known Sissy Spacek. Rabid was a breakthrough with international distributors, and his next two horror features, The Brood and Scanners, gained stronger support. Even at this stage however, <mask> showed variety, by making Fast Company between The Brood and Rabid, a project reflecting his interest in car racing and bike gangs. <mask> has cited William S. Burroughs and Vladimir Nabokov as influences.Perhaps the best example of a film that straddles the line between his works of personal chaos and psychological confusion is <mask>'s 1991 "adaptation" of Naked Lunch (1959), his literary hero William S. Burroughs' most controversial book. The novel was considered "unfilmable", and <mask> acknowledged that a straight translation into film would "cost 400 million dollars and be banned in every country in the world". Instead—much like in his earlier film, Videodrome—he consistently blurred the lines between what appeared to be reality and what appeared to be hallucinations brought on by the main character's drug addiction. Some of the book's "moments" (as well as incidents loosely based upon Burroughs' life) are presented in this manner within the film. <mask> stated that while writing the screenplay for Naked Lunch (1991), he felt a moment of synergy with Burroughs' writing style. He felt the connection between his screenwriting style and Burroughs' prose style was so strong, that he jokingly remarked that should Burroughs pass on, "I'll just write his next book." <mask> has said that his films should be seen "from the point of view of the disease", and that in Shivers, for example, he identifies with the characters after they become infected with the anarchic parasites.Disease and disaster, in <mask>'s work, are less problems to be overcome than agents of personal transformation. Of his characters' transformations, <mask> said, "But because of our necessity to impose our own structure of perception on things we look on ourselves as being relatively stable. But, in fact, when I look at a person I see this maelstrom of organic, chemical and electron chaos; volatility and instability, shimmering; and the ability to change and transform and transmute." Similarly, in Crash (1996), people who have been injured in car crashes attempt to view their ordeal as "a fertilizing rather than a destructive event". In 2005, <mask> publicly disagreed with Paul Haggis' choice of the same name for the latter's Oscar-winning film Crash (2004), arguing that it was "very disrespectful" to the "important and seminal" J.G. Ballard novel on which <mask>'s film was based. Aside from The Dead Zone (1983) and The Fly (1986), <mask> has not generally worked within the world of big-budget, mainstream Hollywood filmmaking, although he has had occasional near misses.At one stage he was considered by George Lucas as a possible director for Return of the Jedi (1983) but was passed over. <mask> also worked for nearly a year on a version of Total Recall (1990), but experienced "creative differences" with producers Dino De Laurentiis and Ronald Shusett; a different version of the film was eventually made by Paul Verhoeven. A fan of Philip K. Dick's, author of "We Can Remember it For You Wholesale", the short story upon which the film was based, <mask> related in the 1992 biography/overview of his work, Cronenberg on <mask>, that his dissatisfaction with what he envisioned the film to be and what it ended up being pained him so greatly that for a time, he suffered a migraine just thinking about it, akin to a needle piercing his eye. In the late 1990s, <mask> was announced as director of a sequel to another Verhoeven film, Basic Instinct (1992), but this also fell through. His thriller A History of Violence (2005) is one of his highest budgeted and most accessible to date. He has said that the decision to direct it was influenced by his having had to defer some of his salary on the low-budgeted Spider (2002), but it was one of his most critically acclaimed films to date, along with Eastern Promises (2007), a film about the struggle of one man to gain power in the Russian Mafia. <mask> has collaborated with composer Howard Shore on all of his films since The Brood (1979), (see List of film director and composer collaborations) with the exception of The Dead Zone (1983), which was scored by Michael Kamen.Other regular collaborators include actor Robert Silverman, art director Carol Spier (also his sister) sound editor Bryan Day, film editor Ronald Sanders, his sister, costume designer <mask>, and, from 1979 until 1988, cinematographer Mark Irwin. In 2008, <mask> directed Howard Shore's first opera, The Fly. Since Dead Ringers (1988), <mask> has worked with cinematographer Peter Suschitzky on each of his films (see List of film director and cinematographer collaborations). Suschitzky was the director of photography for The Empire Strikes Back (1980), and <mask> remarked that Suschitzky's work in that film "was the only one of those movies that actually looked good", which was a motivating factor to work with him on Dead Ringers. Although <mask> has worked with a number of Hollywood stars, he remains a staunchly Canadian filmmaker, with nearly all of his films (including major studio vehicles The Dead Zone and The Fly) having been filmed in his home province Ontario. Notable exceptions include M. Butterfly (1993), most of which was shot in China, Spider, and Eastern Promises (2007), which were both filmed primarily in England, and A Dangerous Method (2011), which was filmed in Germany and Austria. Rabid and Shivers were shot in and around Montreal.Most of his films have been at least partially financed by Telefilm Canada, and <mask>, a vocal supporter of government-backed film projects, has said: "Every country needs [a system of government grants] to have a national cinema in the face of Hollywood". <mask> has also appeared as an actor in other directors' films. Most of his roles are cameo appearances, as in the films Into the Night (1985), Blood and Donuts (1995), To Die For (1995), and Jason X (2002) and the

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 television series Alias, but on occasion he has played major roles, as in Nightbreed (1990) and Last Night (1998). He has not had major roles in any of his own films, but he did put in a brief appearance as a gynecologist in The Fly; he can also be glimpsed among the sex-crazed hordes in Shivers; he can be heard as an unseen car-pound attendant in Crash; his hands can be glimpsed in eXistenZ (1999); and he appeared as a stand-in for James Woods in Videodrome for shots in which Woods' character wore a helmet that covered his head. In 2008, <mask> realized two extra-cinematographic projects: the exhibition Chromosomes at the Rome Film Fest, and the opera The Fly at the LaOpera in Los Angeles and Theatre Châtelet in Paris. In July 2010, <mask> completed production on A Dangerous Method (2011), an adaptation of Christopher Hampton's play The Talking Cure, starring Keira Knightley, Michael Fassbender, and frequent collaborator Viggo Mortensen. The film was produced by independent British producer Jeremy Thomas.In 2012, his film Cosmopolis competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. In the October 2011 edition of Rue Morgue, <mask> stated that he has written a companion piece to his 1986 remake of The Fly, which he would like to direct if given the chance. He has stated that it is not a traditional sequel, but rather a "parallel story". For a time it appeared that, as Eastern Promises producer Paul Webster told Screen International, a sequel is in the works that would reunite the key team of <mask>, Steven Knight, and Viggo Mortensen. The film was to be made by Webster's new production company Shoebox Films in collaboration with Focus Features, and shot in early 2013. However, in 2012, <mask> commented that the Eastern Promises sequel had fallen through due to budget disagreement with Focus Features. Filming for <mask>'s next film, a satire drama entitled Maps to the Stars (2014)—with Julianne Moore, Mia Wasikowska, John Cusack, and Robert Pattinson—began on July 8, 2013, in Toronto, Ontario and Los Angeles.This was the first time <mask> filmed in the United States. On June 26, 2014, <mask>'s short film The Nest was published on YouTube. The film was commissioned for "David Cronenberg – The Exhibition" at EYE Film Institute in Amsterdam and was available on YouTube for the duration of the exhibition, until September 14, 2014. Also in 2014, <mask> published his first novel, Consumed. In a May 2016 interview, Viggo Mortensen revealed that <mask> is considering retiring due to difficulty financing his film projects. In February 2021 however, Mortensen said <mask> had refined an older script he'd written and hopes to film it with Mortensen that summer. He further hinted that it is a "strange film noir" and resembles <mask>'s earlier body horror films.In April 2021, the title was revealed to be Crimes of the Future. It will be shot in Greece during the summer of 2021. <mask> appears as himself in the minute long short film, The Death of <mask>, shot by his daughter Caitlin, which was offered as an NFT on September 19, 2021. A chapter on <mask>'s first film was published in the book First Films 1.0 by Philip Powers. Personal life
<mask> lives in Toronto. He married his first wife, Margaret Hindson, in 1972: their seven-year marriage ended in 1979 amidst personal and professional differences. They had one daughter, <mask>.His second wife was film editor Carolyn Zeifman, to whom he was married until her death in 2017. The couple met on the set of Rabid while she was working as a production assistant. They have two children, Caitlin and Brandon. In the book Cronenberg on Cronenberg (1992), he revealed that The Brood was inspired by events that occurred during the unraveling of his first marriage, which caused both <mask> and his daughter Cassandra a great deal of turmoil. The character Nola Carveth, mother of the brood, is based on Cassandra's mother. <mask> said that he found the shooting of the climactic scene, in which Nola was strangled by her husband, to be "very satisfying". In a September 2013 interview, <mask> revealed that Roman Catholic film director Martin Scorsese admitted to him that he was intrigued by <mask>'s early work but was subsequently "terrified" to meet him in person.<mask> responded to Scorsese: "You're the guy who made Taxi Driver and you're afraid to meet me?" In the same interview, <mask> identified as an atheist. "Anytime I've tried to imagine squeezing myself into the box of any particular religion, I find it claustrophobic and oppressive," <mask> elaborated. "I think atheism is an acceptance of what is real." In the same interview, <mask> revealed that it depends on the "time of day" as to whether or not he is afraid of death. He further stated that he is not concerned about posthumous representations of his film work: "It wouldn't disturb me to think that my work would just sink beneath the waves without trace and that would be it. So what?It doesn't bother me." In <mask> on <mask>, the director further elaborated that he was raised in a secular Jewish home, and while he and his family had no disdain towards any religion, such matters were not discussed. In the same book, <mask> said that in his teens he went through a phase where he wondered about the existence of God, but ultimately came to the conclusion that the God concept was developed to cope with the fear of death. In a 2007 interview, <mask> explained the role atheism plays in his work. He stated, "I'm interested in saying, 'Let us discuss the existential question. We are all going to die, that is the end of all consciousness. There is no afterlife.There is no God. Now what do we do.' That's the point where it starts getting interesting to me." In <mask>'s later films (e.g. A History of Violence, Eastern Promises and A Dangerous Method) openly religious characters become more common. During an interview for A History of Violence, <mask> even chose to identify as a materialist rather than an atheist, stating, "I’m not an atheist, but for me to turn away from any aspect of the human body to me is a philosophical betrayal. And there’s a lot of art and religion whose whole purpose is to turn away from the human body.I feel in my art that my mandate is to not do that." In a separate 2013 interview, <mask> discussed the role religion plays in his films, using Eastern Promises as the main example:

I'm an atheist but not all my characters are atheists. So it's true that I don't think about God ever as part of my life or anything. But if you're a dramatist and you are working with characters who come from a particular culture, you have to accept their understanding of life, and with passion. So the Nikolai character, I'm pretty sure he believes in God and most of the other characters in the movie do too. Some of them are Muslim, some of them are Eastern Orthodox, and that's a part of their life, a part of their understanding of suffering. Because everybody in life suffers but not everybody thinks of that in religious terms.These people do. And they think of suffering as a way to salvation, also in religious terms. I am their God really, as I am creating them; that's religious in itself. I am a very hardcore atheist believe me but you become like an actor really, as a director or a writer. You must take on the character as that character is and believe in it as you're playing it. To allow that character to exist as he would exist. That's really what it's all about, so I have no problem with characters who are religious and believe in God.I would have a problem if that was the point of the whole story because that bores me and I just don't have any emotional or intellectual respect for it, frankly. Filmography

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Cronenberg has appeared on various "Greatest Director" lists. In 2004, Science Fiction magazine Strange Horizons named him the second greatest director in the history of the genre, ahead of better known directors such as Steven Spielberg, James Cameron, Jean-Luc Godard, and Ridley Scott. In the same year, The Guardian listed him 9th on their list of "The world's 40 best directors". In 2007, Total Film named him as the 17th greatest director of all-time. Film professor Charles Derry, in his overview of the horror genre Dark Dreams, called the director one of the most important in his field, and that "no discussion of contemporary horror film can conclude without reference to the films of <mask>." <mask> received the Special Jury Prize at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival for Crash.In 1999, he was inducted onto Canada's Walk of Fame, awarded the Silver Bear Award at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival. and that November received the Governor General's Performing Arts Award, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts. In 2002, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, and was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada (the order's highest rank) in 2014. In 2006 he was awarded the Cannes Film Festival's lifetime achievement award, the Carrosse d'Or. In 2009 <mask> received the Légion d'honneur from the government of France. The following year <mask> was named an honorary patron of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College Dublin. In 2012, he received the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.The opening of the "<mask>nberg: Evolution" Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) exhibition occurred on October 30, 2013. Held at the TIFF Bell Lightbox venue, the exhibition paid tribute to the director's entire filmmaking career and the festival's promotional material referred to <mask> as "one of Canada's most prolific and iconic filmmakers". The exhibition was shown internationally following the conclusion of the TIFF showing on January 19, 2014. In 2014, he was made a Member of the Order of Ontario in recognition for being "Canada's most celebrated internationally acclaimed filmmaker". In April 2018, it was announced that <mask> would receive the honorary Golden Lion at the 75th Venice International Film Festival. Cannes Film Festival

Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television
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Writings

References

Further reading

External links

 The Literary Adaptations of <mask> (via LitReactor, 2011)
 <mask> Bibliography (via UC Berkeley)
 <mask>nberg Profile by The New York Times Magazine (September 2005)
 Teleplay episode "The Italian Machine" online at the Channel4 website (RealMedia)

1943 births
Living people
Canadian atheists
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
Jewish atheists
Jewish Canadian male actors
Canadian people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Horror film directors
Best Director Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Male actors from Toronto
Members of the Order of Ontario
Companions of the Order of Canada
Film directors from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni
Best Screenplay Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Science fiction film directors
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors
Canadian people of Jewish descent
Canadian people of American descent
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian experimental filmmakers
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<mask> is an Russian American surgeon (born on May 26, 1961 in Moscow, Russia.) He is considered to be one of the first surgeons in the world to apply the method of laparoscopic surgery and robotic-assisted surgery to urological surgery and is considered one of the world’s leading experts on minimally invasive surgery. After many years teaching, researching and conducting clinical studies on laparoscopic surgery throughout the world, <mask> is in private practice in Beverly Hills, California. His client list includes numerous Hollywood celebrities and professional athletes. Education
After receiving his M.D. degree from Moscow Medical School in 1984 and his Ph.D. degree from the Moscow Research Institute of Urology, he completed a research fellowship at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Department of Surgery in 1992 and a clinical fellowship at the UCLA Medical Center Department of Urology in 1993. Since Russian residency training is not valid in the USA, he redid urology residency training at UCLA starting in 1993 so that he could work in the USA.Academic appointments
<mask> holds numerous academic appointments, including: Assistant Clinical Professor at the UCLA School of Medicine Department of Urology and Clinical Faculty at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Department of Urology. Between 1990 and 1993 he was previously a visiting professor at major hospitals in Vienna, Vancouver, San Diego, Oslo, Gettengem, and Amsterdam and a Clinical Instructor in laparoscopic surgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Hospital appointments
He currently holds numerous hospital appointments, including the following: Clinical Chief of Urology at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Director of Urologic Laparoscopy Division of Urology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Head of Endourology Division, Department of Surgery, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System; Attending Surgeon, Laparoscopic Renal Transplant Surgery St. Mary Medical Center; Attending Surgeon at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; and Attending Surgeon at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center. Publications and lectures
<mask> has written over 20 published articles and over 50 published scientific abstracts on the subject of laparoscopic surgery and has contributed chapters on the subject of surgery to several medical textbooks. Articles
1997 <mask>, A., Raz, S.: Bioengineering For Bladders. Newsletter, Department of Urology. UCLA.1995 Gill, I., Kavoussi, L., Clayman, R., McDougal, E., Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.: Complications Of Laparoscopic Nephrectomy: A Multiinstitutional Study. J. Urol. 1995 Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Ureteroneocystostomy. J. Urol. 1994 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Vesicoureteroplasty In Children. American Urological Association Annual Meeting 1994, San Francisco, California. J Urol.1994 Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Antireflux Surgery In Children. J. Urol. 1993 Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Renal Surgery In Children. J. Urol. 1993 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Seromyotomy For Non-neurogenic Neurogenic Bladder In A Child. J. Urol. 1993 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Ureteral Reimplantation.Society for Pediatric Urology Newsletter. 1993 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A.: Operative Laparoscopy In Children. Society for Pediatric Urology Newsletter. 1993 Phillips, E., Carrol, B., <mask>, A.: Removal Of Common Duct Stones Using Laparoscopic Technique. J Gastroenterology, Germany. 1992 Ehrlich, R., Raz, S., <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In A Child: Expending Horizons Of Laparoscopy In Pediatric Urology. J. Endourology.1992 <mask>, A., Reznik, G.: Percutaneous Endoscopic Implantation of Automatic Implantable Cardioverter/Defibrillator (AICD). J. Laparoendoscopic Surgery. 1992 <mask>, A., Reznik, G.: Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Lead Systems: Current and Future Directions. Cardio. 1992 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In Children: Society for Pediatric Urology Newsletter. 1991 <mask>, A., Chandra, M., Grundfest, W.: Laser Induced Fluorescent Spectroscopy Of Malignant And Inflammatory Prostate In Vitro. SPIE.1991 <mask>, A., Chandra, M., Daykhovsky, L., Grundfest, W. Technical Parameters For Angioscopy: Critical Elements For Effective Instrumentation. SPIE. 1990 <mask>, A., Grundfest, W., Daykhovsky, L.: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Instrumentation And Technique. J. Laparoendoscopic Surgery. 1990 <mask>, A., Danoff, D., Grundfest, W., Chandra, M., Daykhovsky, L.: Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymphadenectomy. J. Laparoendoscopic Surgery. 1989 <mask>, A., Morozov, A.: Functional Results Of Anatrophic Iephrolythotomy In Treatment Of Staghorn Nephrolythiasis.Journal of Urology Nephrology, Moscow. 1989 <mask>, A., Morozov, A.: Several Unrolled Questions In Surgical Management Of Staghorn Nephrolythiasis. Journal of Urology, Moscow. 1989 <mask>, A.: Lipid Peroxidation In The Murine Renal Tissue Homogenates Under Heat Ischimia In The Presence Or Absence Of Corticosteroid Protection. Journal of Urology Nephrology, Moscow. Scientific abstracts
1998 <mask>, A.; Ram-Liebig, G., Fuchs, G., Raz, S.: Endoscopic Submucosal Implantation of Permanent Suture Material For The Treatment Of Urinary Incontinence. Western Section AUA.1998 <mask>, A., Ram-Liebig, G., Fuchs, G., Raz, S.: Bladder Wall Replacement Using Biologically Engineered Membranes. Western Section AUA, Hawaii. 1997 <mask>, A., Ram Leibig, G., Fuchs, G., Raz, S.: Bladder Wall Replacement Using Biologically Engineered Membrane. J. Endourology. 1997 <mask>, A., Ram Liebig, G., Fuchs, G., Raz, S.: Endoscopic Submucosal Implantation of Permanent Suture Material For The Potential Treatment Of Urinary Incontinence. J. Endourology. 1995 Fuchs, G., <mask> A., David, R., Patel, A., Ehrlich, R.: Transabdominal Bilateral And Unilateral Nephrectomy In Adults.American Urological Association Annual Meeting, Las Vegas. 1995 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., David, R., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In Adults: Discussion Of Different Approaches and Lessons Learned. J. Endourology. 1995 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., David, R., Patel, A., Ehrlich, R.: Transabdominal Unit And Bilateral Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In Adults. J. Urology. 1994 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In Pediatrics. American Urological Association Annual Meeting 1994, San Francisco, California.J. Urol. 1994 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Laparoscopic Vesicoureteroplasty In Children: Initial Case Report. J. Urol. 1994 Gill, I., Kavoussi, L., Clayman, R., McDougall, E., Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.:Complications Of Laparoscopic Nephrectomy. Multiinstitutional Study. J Endourology. 1994 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., Rosenthal, T.: Transabdominal Laparoscopic Bilateral Nephrectomy; The UCLA Experience.J. Endourology. Morris, B., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A.:Laparoscopic Treatment Of The Renal Cysts. J. Endourology. 1994 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., David, R., Ehrlich, R.: Transabdominal Laparoscopic Nephrectomy in Adults. J. Endourology. 1993 <mask>, A., Danoff, D., Holden, S., Fuchs, G.: Complications of Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymphadenectomy. SPIE.1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy in Adults. 11th World Congress of Endourology, Italy. 1993 Pang, K., David, R., <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Treatment Of Stones In Caliceal Diverticula Using Retrograde Approach: Critical Assessment After 4 Years. American Urologic Association. San Antonio, Texas. 1993 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Mee, S.: Expending Horizons in Pediatric Laparoscopy. American Urologic Association.San Antonio, Texas. 1993 Fuchs, G., David, R., Pang, K., <mask>, A.: Five-Year Experience with Electrohydrolic Lithotripsy For Complex Stones In The Ureter. American Urologic Association. San Antonio, Texas. 1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Problem Solving In Laparoscopic Surgery. Video Urology, 5th World Congress, Florida. 1993 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Renal Surgery In Pediatrics.Video Urology, 5th World Congress, Florida. 1993 <mask>, A., Holden, S., Fuchs, G.: Laparoscopic Treatment Of Lymphocele. Video Urology, 5th World Congress, Florida. 1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy. Western Section American Urologic Association. 1993 <mask>, A., Ehrlich, R., Danoff, D., Fuchs, G.: Recognition and Management Of Complications In Laparoscopic Surgery. Western Section American Urologic Association.1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Tissue Approximation in Laparoscopic Surgery. Western Section American Urologic Association. 1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Pediatric Laparoscopic Renal Surgery. American Urologic Association Western Section. 1993 Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Renal Surgery In Pediatrics. GU Surgeons, Phoenix, Arizona. 1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Principals Of Tissue Approximation In Laparoscopic Surgery.American Urologic Association. San Antonio, Texas. 1992 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., Ehrlich, R.: Pediatric Laparoscopic Surgery. J. Endourology. 1992 Fuchs, G., Barbaric, Z., David, R., Pang, K., <mask>, A.: Renal Ablation By Retrograde Intrarenal Reflux Of Ethanol. J. Endourology. 1992 <mask>, A.: Role Of Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymphadenectomy In The Diagnosis Of Prostate Cancer.American College of Surgeons. 1992 <mask>, A.: Advanced Laparoscopy in Urology. American College of Surgeons. 1992 <mask>, A., Reznik, G., Grundfest, W.: New Thoracoscopic Approach To The Epicardial Surface And Its Application In The Percutaneous Implantation Of Automatic Implantable Cardioverter/Defibrillator (AICD) Lead System. American College of Surgeons. 1992 <mask>, A, Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Pediatric Laparoscopic Surgery. 10th World Congress of Endourology and ESWL.1992 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Problem Solving In Laparoscopic Surgery In Urology: Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy. Dublin, Ireland. 1992 <mask>, A., Reznik, G: Thoracoscopic Approach to The Pericardial Surface. Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy. Dublin, Ireland. 1992 <mask>, A., Danoff, D., Holden, S.: Role Of Laparoscopic Pelvic Node Dissection In The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Prostate Cancer: Alternative Approaches In The Treatment Of Prostate Cancer. Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy.Dublin, Ireland. 1992 <mask>, A., Danoff, D., Holden, S., Fuchs, G.; Advantages of Laparoscopic Varicocelectomy. Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy. Dublin, Ireland. 1992 <mask>, A., Danoff, D., Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G.: Laparoscopic Treatment of the Renal Cyst. Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy. Dublin, Ireland.1992 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Principals Of Tissue Approximation In Laparoscopic Surgery. Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy. Dublin, Ireland. 1992 <mask>, A., Reznik, G.: Percutaneous Endoscopic Implantation of AICD. American Heart Association. Anaheim, California. 1991 Phillips, E., Daykhovsky, L., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Clinical Experience Of 100 Patients.SPIE. 1991 <mask>, A., Danoff, D.: Development of New Laparoscopic Techniques In Intra-abdominal Surgery. SPIE. 1991 <mask>, A., Daykhovsky, L., Grundfest, W.: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Required Equipment And Technical Details. SPIE. 1991 <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Procedures In Urology And General Surgery. International Symposium of Colorectal Surgery, Moscow, Russia.1991 <mask>, A.: Our Technique of Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymphadenectomy. Ninth World Congress of Endourology, Vienna, Austria. 1991 <mask>, A.: Advanced Laparoscopic Surgery in Urology. Ninth Congress of International Society for Laser Surgery and Medicine. 1991 <mask>, A., Holden, S., Sacks, S.: Role Of Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymphadenectomy In Diagnosis And Treatment Of Prostate Cancer. Third International Meeting of Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy. Boston.Seminars
He has taught hundreds of scientific and continued education seminars in the United States, Canada and Europe, including delivering keynote addresses, at the annual meetings of the American Urological Association, the British Association of Urological Surgeons and the World Congress of Endourology and ESWL. Clinical research and grants
<mask> has conducted numerous clinical studies and trials for major pharmaceutical companies, including GlaxoSmith Kline, Eli Lilly and Company and Ingenix. He has also been awarded numerous educational and research grants. Membership
2002 American Russian Medical And Dental Association of Los Angeles, President
1993 American Urological Association, Member
1993 American Medical Association, Member
1993 Los Angeles Urological Society, Member
1991 International Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy, Member
1990 European Association for Endoscopic Surgery and Other Interventional Techniques, Member
1986 Urologic Association of Russia, Member

Awards
Gershman's awards include prizes awarded by the Los Angeles Urological Society and the Solomon Scholars Resident Research Program. Media
<mask> can be seen on Season Two, Episode 3 of Million Dollar Listing. References

External links
<mask>'s medical practice website

1961 births
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Russian emigrants to the United States
American surgeons
Living people
Russian Jews

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Alexander Gershman


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<mask> (3 July 1746 – 4 June 1820) was an Irish politician and lawyer who campaigned for legislative freedom for the Irish Parliament in the late 18th century from Britain. He was a Member of the Irish Parliament (MP) from 1775 to 1801 and a Member of Parliament (MP) in Westminster from 1805 to 1820. He has been described as a superb orator and a romantic. With generous enthusiasm he demanded that Ireland should be granted its rightful status, that of an independent nation, though he always insisted that Ireland would remain linked to Great Britain by a common crown and by sharing a common political tradition. Grattan opposed the Act of Union 1800 that merged the Kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain, but later sat as a member of the united Parliament in London. Early life
Grattan was born at Fishamble Street, Dublin, and baptised in the nearby church of St. John the Evangelist in 1746. A member of the Anglo-Irish elite of Protestant background, Grattan was the son of <mask> MP, of Belcamp Park, County Dublin  and Mary, youngest daughter of Thomas Marlay, Attorney-General of Ireland, Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer and finally Lord Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench and his wife Anne de Laune.Grattan attended Drogheda Grammar School and then went on to become a distinguished student at Trinity College Dublin, where he began a lifelong study of classical literature, and was especially interested in the great orators of antiquity. Like his friend <mask>, Grattan worked on his natural eloquence and oratory skills by studying models such as Bolingbroke and Junius. In the late 1760s and early 1770s he spent some years in London, and he visited France in 1771. He attended debates in the British House of Commons regularly, and also enjoyed visiting the celebrated Grecian Coffee House in Devereux Court, where he met Oliver Goldsmith. It was in London where he formed his lifelong friendship with Robert Day, later a judge of the Court of King's Bench. After studying at the Middle Temple, London and then King's Inns, Dublin and being called to the Irish bar in 1772, although he never seriously practised law but was drawn to politics, influenced by Flood. He entered the Irish Parliament for Charlemont in 1775, sponsored by Lord Charlemont, just as Flood had damaged his credibility by accepting office.<mask> quickly superseded Flood in the leadership of the national party, not least because his oratorical powers were unsurpassed among his contemporaries. In the Irish Parliament
Catholics who made up the majority of the Irish population—were completely excluded from public life at this time under the Penal Laws, in force in Ireland from 1691 until the early 1780s. The Presbyterians of Ulster had a lot more power as they were primarily of British ancestry, although most of the penal laws also affected them. Power was held by the King's Viceroy and by a small element, the Anglo-Irish families loyal to the Anglican Church of Ireland who owned most of the land. The politicians of the national party now fought for the Irish Parliament, not with the intention of liberating the Catholic majority, but to set the Irish parliament free from constitutional bondage to the British Privy Council. By virtue of Poynings' Law, a statute of King <mask> of England, all proposed Irish legislation had to be submitted to the Privy Council for its approval under the Great Seal of England before being passed by the Irish Parliament. A bill so approved might be accepted or rejected, but not amended.More recent British Acts had further emphasised the complete dependence of the Irish parliament, and the appellate jurisdiction of the Irish House of Lords had also been annulled. Moreover, the British Houses claimed and exercised the power to legislate directly for Ireland without even the nominal concurrence of the parliament in Dublin. This was the constitution which William Molyneux and Swift had denounced, which Flood had attacked, and which <mask> was to destroy, becoming leaders of the Patriot movement. Calls for the legislative independence of Ireland at the Irish Volunteer Convention at Dungannon, County Tyrone, greatly influenced the decision of the government in 1782 to make concessions. It was through ranks of Volunteers drawn up outside the Irish Parliament in Dublin that <mask> passed on 16 April 1782, amidst unparalleled popular enthusiasm, to move a declaration of the independence of the Irish parliament. "I found Ireland on her knees," Grattan exclaimed, "I watched over her with a paternal solicitude; I have traced her progress from injuries to arms, and from arms to liberty. Spirit of Swift, spirit of Molyneux, your genius has prevailed!Ireland is now a nation!" After a month of negotiation the claims of Ireland were conceded. The gratitude of his countrymen to <mask> was shown by a parliamentary grant of £100,000, which had to be reduced by half before he would accept it. <mask> then asked for the British House of Commons to reconfirm the British Government's decision, and on 22 January 1783, the final Act was passed by parliament in London, including the text:
 Be it enacted that the right claimed by the people of Ireland to be bound only by laws enacted by his Majesty and the Parliament of that kingdom, in all cases whatever shall be, and is hereby declared to be established and ascertained for ever, and shall at no time be questioned or questionable. In September of the same year, <mask> became a member of the Privy Council of Ireland. He was expelled in 1798, but was re-admitted on 9 August 1806. In Dublin, he was a member of Daly's Club."<mask>'s Parliament"

One of the first acts of <mask>'s parliament was to prove its loyalty to the Constitution by passing a vote for the support of 20,000 sailors for the Royal Navy. <mask> was loyal to the Crown and the British connection. He was, however, anxious to achieve moderate parliamentary reform, and, unlike Flood, he favoured Catholic Emancipation. It was evident that without reform, the Irish House of Commons would not be able to make much use of its newly won legislative independence. Though now free from Westminster constitutional control, it was still subject to the influence of corruption, which the British government had wielded through the British and Irish borough owners, known as the "undertakers", or more directly through the great executive offices. <mask>'s parliament had no control over the Irish executive. The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and his chief secretary continued to be appointed by the British ministers; their tenure of office depended on the vicissitudes of English, not Irish, party politics; the royal prerogative was exercised in Ireland on the advice of British ministers.The Irish House of Commons was unrepresentative of the Irish people at a time when democracy was rare in Europe. The majority were excluded, whom were either Roman Catholics or Presbyterians; two-thirds of the members of the House of Commons were returned by small boroughs at the disposal of individual patrons, whose support was bought by the distribution of peerages and pensions. It was to give stability and true independence to the new constitution that <mask> pressed for reform. Having quarrelled with Flood over simple repeal, Grattan also differed from him on the question of maintaining the Volunteer Convention. Drawing the attention of the House to "the alarming measure of drilling the lowest classes of the populace", Grattan implied that reformers had a duty to protect the prerogatives of property even as they protested its abuses. Better that those who had been "respectable" as the armed "property of the nation" should retire than run the risks of an "armed beggary". (Writing a generation later, Thomas MacNevin proposed that <mask>'s judgement marked "the transition point", when "composed of a different class of men, and ruled by politicians with very different views", the rump of the Volunteer movement entered upon "a career which terminated only in the establishment of the United Irishmen").<mask> also opposed the policy of protective duties in favour of Pitt's commercial propositions in 1785 for establishing Free Trade between Great Britain and Ireland. This, however, had to be abandoned owing to the hostility of the British mercantile classes. <mask> supported the government for a time after 1782, and spoke and voted for the repressive legislation that followed the Whiteboy violence in 1785; but as the years passed and without Pitt's personal favour towards parliamentary reform resulting in legislation, he gravitated towards the opposition, agitated for commutation of tithes in Ireland, and supported the Whigs on the regency question in 1788. In 1790, <mask> stood for Dublin City, a seat he held until 1798. In 1792–93, he succeeded in carrying a Roman Catholic Relief Act conferring the franchise on Catholics; in 1794, in conjunction with William Ponsonby, he introduced a reform bill which was even milder than Flood's bill of 1783. He was as anxious as Flood had been to retain the legislative power in the hands of men of property. Grattan had a strong conviction that while Ireland could best be governed by the Irish, democracy in Ireland would inevitably turn to plunder and anarchy.At the same time he wished to open membership of the House of Commons to Catholic men of property, a proposal that was the logical corollary of the Relief Act of 1793. The defeat of <mask>'s mild proposals helped to promote more extreme opinions, which, under growing influence from France, were now making inroads in Ireland. The Catholic question had come to the fore, and when a powerful section of the Whigs joined Pitt's ministry in 1794, Lord Fitzwilliam, who shared <mask>'s views, was appointed Viceroy, expectations for further Catholic relief were raised. That may have been Pitt's intention, but it is not clear how far Lord Fitzwilliam had been authorised to pledge the government. Fitzwilliam privately asked <mask> to propose a Bill for Catholic emancipation, promising British government support. It appeared, however that the Viceroy had either misunderstood or exceeded his instructions; on 19 February 1795, Fitzwilliam was recalled. In the outburst of indignation, followed by increasing disaffection which this produced in Ireland, Grattan acted with conspicuous moderation and loyalty.This won him warm acknowledgments from a member of the British cabinet. That cabinet, however, doubtless influenced by the wishes of the King, to whom Emancipation was anathema, was now determined to firmly resist the Catholic demands, with the result that Ireland rapidly drifted towards rebellion. <mask> warned the government in a series of masterly speeches of the lawless condition to which Ireland had been driven. He could now count on no more than 40 followers in the Irish House of Commons, and his words were unheeded. In protest he retired from parliament in May 1797, and departed from his customary moderation by attacking

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 the government in his 24-page Letter to the Citizens of Dublin, in which he said it was now "absolutely necessary to reform the state" as the people no longer had confidence in parliament. Rebellion and Union

At this time antipathy towards the Anglican elite in Ireland was such that people of different faiths were ready to combine for common political objects. Thus the Presbyterians of the north, who were mainly republican in sentiment, combined with a section of the Roman Catholics to form the United Irishmen organisation, promoting revolutionary ideas imported from France; and a party prepared to welcome a French invasion soon came into existence.Thus stimulated, the increasing disaffection culminated in the 1798 rebellion. The Presbyterian-Catholic rebellion in Ulster was accompanied by outbreaks elsewhere, notably in County Wexford. <mask> was cruelly lampooned by James Gillray as a rebel leader for his liberal views and his stance against a political union with the Kingdom of Great Britain. Almost immediately, the project of a legislative union between the British and Irish parliaments, which had been from time to time discussed since the beginning of the 18th century, was taken up in earnest by Pitt's government. <mask> fiercely denounced the scheme. The constitution of <mask>'s parliament offered no security, as the differences over the regency question had made evident that in matters of imperial interest the policy of the Irish parliament and that of Great Britain would be in agreement. At a moment when Britain was engaged in a life-and-death struggle with France, it was impossible for the ministry to ignore the danger, recently emphasised by the fact that the independent constitution of 1782 offered no safeguard against armed revolt.Sectarian violence during the rebellion put an end to the growing reconciliation between Roman Catholics and Presbyterians, and the island divided anew into two hostile factions. It was from the Anglican established church, and particularly from the Orangemen, that the bitterest opposition to the union proceeded. The proposal found support among the Roman Catholic clergy and especially the bishops, while in no part of Ireland was it received with more favour than in the city of Cork. This attitude of the Catholics was caused by Pitt's encouragement of the expectation that Catholic emancipation, the commutation of tithes, and the endowment of the Catholic priesthood, would accompany or quickly follow the passing of the measure. When in 1799, the government brought forward its bill it was defeated in the Irish House of Commons. <mask> was still in retirement. His popularity had declined, and the fact that his proposals for parliamentary reform and Catholic emancipation had become the watchwords of the United Irishmen had brought him the bitter hostility of the governing classes.He was dismissed from the Privy Council; his portrait was removed from the hall of Trinity College; the Merchant Guild of Dublin struck his name off their rolls. The threatened destruction of the constitution of 1782 quickly restored its author to his former place in the affections of the Irish people. The parliamentary recess had been employed by the government in securing by lavish corruption a majority in favour of their policy. On 15 January 1800, the Irish Parliament met for its last session; on the same day Grattan secured by purchase a seat for Wicklow Borough; and at a late hour, while the debate was proceeding, he appeared to take his seat, and was cheered from the galleries. <mask>'s strength gave way when he rose to speak, and he obtained leave to address the House sitting. Nevertheless, his speech was a superb effort of oratory; for more than two hours he kept them spellbound. After prolonged debates <mask>, on 26 May, spoke finally against the committal of the bill, ending with an impassioned peroration in which he declared, "I will remain anchored here with fidelity to the fortunes of my country, faithful to her freedom, faithful to her fall."These were the last words spoken by <mask> in the Irish Parliament. The bill establishing the union was carried through its final stages by substantial majorities. One of <mask>'s main grounds of opposition to the union had been his dread of seeing the political leadership in Ireland pass out of the hands of the landed gentry; and he prophesied that the time would come when Ireland would send to the united parliament a hundred of the greatest rascals in the kingdom. Like Flood before him, Grattan had no leaning towards democracy; and he anticipated that by the removal of the centre of political interest from Ireland the evil of absenteeism would be intensified. In the Parliament of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
For the next five years, Grattan took no active part in public affairs; it was not again until 1805, that he became a Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Malton. He modestly took his seat on one of the back benches, till Fox brought him forward, exclaiming, "This is no place for the Irish Demosthenes!" His first speech was on the Catholic question and all agreed with the description of his speech by the Annual Register as one of the most brilliant and eloquent ever made within the walls of parliament.When Fox and William Grenville came into power in 1806 <mask>, who sat at this time for Dublin City, was offered, but refused to accept, an office in the government. In the following year he showed the strength of his judgment and character by supporting, in spite of consequent unpopularity in Ireland, a measure for increasing the powers of the executive to deal with Irish disorder. Roman Catholic emancipation, which he continued to advocate with unflagging energy, though now advanced in age, became complicated after 1808 by the question whether a veto on the appointment of Roman Catholic bishops should rest with the crown. Grattan supported the veto, but a more radical Catholic party was now arising in Ireland under the leadership of Daniel O'Connell, and <mask>'s influence gradually declined. He seldom spoke in Parliament after 1810, the most notable exception being in 1815, when he separated himself from the Whigs and supported the final struggle against Napoléon. His last speech of all, in 1819, contained a passage referring to the Union he had so passionately resisted, which exhibits the statesmanship, and at the same time the equable quality, of <mask>'s character. His sentiments with regard to the policy of the Union remained, he said, unchanged; but the marriage, having taken place, it is now the duty, as it ought to be the inclination, of every individual to render it as fruitful, as profitable and as advantageous as possible.Death and legacy

In the following summer, after crossing from Ireland to Britain when in poor health to bring forward the Irish question once more, he became seriously ill. On his death-bed he spoke generously of Castlereagh, and with warm eulogy of his former rival, Flood. He died at his home in Portman Square on 4 June 1820, and was buried in Westminster Abbey close to the tombs of Pitt and Fox. His statue is in St Stephen's Hall in the Palace of Westminster. Sydney Smith said of <mask> soon after his death: "No government ever dismayed him. The world could not bribe him. He thought only of Ireland; lived for no other object; dedicated to her his beautiful fancy, his elegant wit, his manly courage, and all the splendour of his astonishing eloquence." The building housing the faculty of Law and Government at Dublin City University has been named in his honour.Grattan Bridge crossing the river Liffey between Parliament Street on the south side of Dublin and Capel Street on the north side is also named in his honour. Family
Grattan's father was <mask> (d. 1766), a Recorder and then MP for Dublin City, who married a daughter of Thomas Marlay, Mary. Grattan married Henrietta Fitzgerald in 1782, the daughter of Nicholas Fitzgerald of County Mayo (d. 1761), a son of Thomas FitzGerald of Turlough, County Mayo and Elizabeth Browne. Henrietta's mother Margaret was the daughter of James Stephenson and Ann Price. Grattan's in-laws' history gave him a sensitivity to former Irish political difficulties, as Henrietta's Cavalier great-grandfather John Fitzgerald was transplanted from Gorteens Castle in County Kilkenny to Mayo in 1653 under the Cromwellian Settlement, and his son Thomas felt it necessary to conform to the Church of Ireland in 1717. The Grattans had two sons and two daughters. The sons were <mask> of Tinnehinch, MP for County Wicklow, and <mask> (junior) of Moyrath, MP for Dublin City and then for County Meath.His daughter Mary Anne married first John Blachford (1771‐1832), and secondly Thomas Dalzell, 7th Earl of Carnwath, dying in 1853. Harriet (d.1865) married the Revd Wake of Courteenhall. Bibliography

 Gwynn, Stephen. <mask> and his times (Greenwood Press, 1971)
 Kelly J.  <mask>  (1993) Dundalgan Press
 Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century (6 vol. 1892)
vol 2, 1760–1789
vol 3, 1790–96
vol 4, 1796–98
vol 5, 1798–1801
vol 6, international affairs of 1790s
 Lee, J. "Grattan's Parliament'."in Brian Farrell, ed., The Irish Parliamentary Tradition (Dublin, 1973) pp: 149+
 McDowell R.B. Grattan A Life (2001) Lilliput Press
 McHugh, Roger Joseph. <mask> (Talbot Press, 1936). Mansergh D.  <mask>'s failure Parliamentary Opposition and the People in Ireland (2005 Irish Academic Press); Review of <mask>'s Failure
 O'Brien, Gerard. "The Grattan Mystique." Eighteenth-Century Ireland/Iris an dá chultúr (1986): 177–194. in JSTOR

Primary sources
 <mask>, <mask>, ed.The Speeches of the Right Honourable <mask>: In the Irish, and in the Imperial Parliament (1822) online
<mask>'s Speeches (ed by H<mask>, junr., 1822);
<mask> jnr. Memoirs of the Life and Times of the Right Hon. H. <mask> Vol. 1 Vol.2(5 vols., London, 1839–1846);

References

External links

 Chapter on <mask> in The Story of Ireland, by Emily Lawless, 1896
 1782 Caricature of <mask> by James Gillray

1746 births
1820 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Irish Anglicans
Irish MPs 1769–1776
Irish MPs 1776–1783
Irish MPs 1783–1790
Irish MPs 1790–1797
Irish MPs 1798–1800
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Armagh constituencies
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Dublin constituencies
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Wicklow constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Dublin constituencies (1801–1922)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Politicians from County Dublin
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1806–1807
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1818–1820
Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies
Whig (British political party) MPs for Irish constituencies
Alumni of King's Inns
Burials at Westminster

masks:
Grattan
Grattan
Grattan
Grattan
Grattan
Grattan
Grattan
Grattan
Grattan
Grattan
Grattan
Grattan
James Grattan
James Grattan
Henry Grattan
Henry Grattan
Henry Grattan
Henry Grattan
Grattan
Grattan
Grattan
Henry
Henry Grattan
Grattan
. Grattan
Henry Grattan
Grattan
Henry Grattan
Henry Grattan


texts:
<mask>s (died 1398) – written alternatively as Frylquhous, Kylquos, and a variety of other forms – was a Scottish churchman and prelate active in the second half of the 14th century. He is known to have held senior positions in three bishoprics, and senior offices in two, before being elected and appointed Bishop of Ross in 1371. Though his episcopate is relatively obscure, he seems to have spent almost all of it inside or around his province, was closely associated with William III and Euphemia I, successive rulers of Ross, and was an associate of the famous <mask>, Bishop of Moray, during the latter's struggle with <mask>, the son of the King later known by the nickname "Wolf of Badenoch". Early life
He may take his name from Kilwhiss near Auchtermuchty in Fife. His family is obscure, but it is known that during his time as Bishop of Ross, probably in the 1390s, he brought one <mask>s – clearly a relative – into his diocese, as the Subdean. <mask> was certainly born in or more likely a good period before the year 1326, because he is known to have been a priest in 1350, the minimum age for which was 24 years old. Kylwos' first appearance in history occurred on 30 April 1350, when he added his seal to a charter of William III, Earl of Ross; here he is the elect Dean of the Ross.On this date <mask> was styled "Master", indicating that he had already completed many years of university education, though when and where is a mystery. The papal confirmation for his election to the deanery, dated 9 September, indicates that he had previously been the Chancellor of the diocese of Ross; it is not known how long he had held the chancellorship of the diocese, and unfortunately no previous chancellor can be traced later than 1333. <mask>'s next appearance is on 18 September 1357, at Rosemarkie, when he was appointed as the proctor of the Ross cathedral chapter responsible for ensuring the payment of their contribution to the ransom of King David II of Scotland. At some point between June 1361 and August 1362 he is found fulfilling some arrears to King David's Chamberlain on account of the ransom. On 13 December 1366, he was attending a statute-passing meeting of the chapter of Aberdeen Cathedral, and here it becomes known that he held a canonry and prebend in the diocese of Aberdeen. He attended the parliament at Scone on 27 September 1367, as proctor of <mask>, Bishop of Ross, and remained behind as part of a small representative committee elected to finish off some parliamentary business. By December 1368, he was the papal chamber's sub-collector in Scotland, deputising to <mask> Greenlaw, Archdeacon of St Andrews.On 7 December 1368 he was provided as Dean of Moray, and instructed to resign the deanery of Ross and his Aberdeen canonry upon obtaining possession. For some reason, perhaps because of administrative confusion, on 11 December the papacy also provided one <mask> Harcars to the deanery of Moray, but it is Kylwos alone who obtained possession, being found in such by 19 December 1370. Bishop of Ross
On 9 May 1371, <mask> was given papal provision to the bishopric of Ross following the death of Bishop <mask>. <mask> is found to have been alive for the last time on 4 February though the date of his death afterwards in not known. The letter of provision by Pope Gregory IX was addressed to Kylwos as "elect of Ross", and describes how following Bishop Stewart's wish the chapter of Ross had elected Kylwos in ignorance of the pope's previous reservation of the see; the election was declared void, but on account of the chapter's expressed will he nevertheless provided Kylwos to the see. It is probable that he did travel to Avignon to obtain this confirmation of his election and to receive consecration, as no Bishop of Ross was available to attend the coronation of Robert II at Scone and following parliament on 27 March. He is first known to have been a consecrated bishop on 6 March 1372, though no document records the date on which his consecration took place.A promise of his "services" was made on 22 May 1371, part of which were paid through <mask> Greenlaw, acting as proctor, on 2 September 1372; another part was paid on 15 April 1374, this time through <mask> Tyninghame, future Bishop of Aberdeen. Kylwos was back in Scotland in 1372, attending Robert II's Scone parliament of 6 March, and then the Scone parliament of 3/4 April 1373. Kylwos was afterwards very little involved in national affairs, largely confining himself to activities which concerned Ross and his diocese there; thus, despite being bishop for a quarter of a century, documentation of his episcopate is weak. He is found witnessing a Moray Registrum charter at Nigg on 21 October 1375. A papal mandate of 3 October 1379 mentions a dispute between Bishop <mask> and one of his canons, <mask> Carralle, authorising the dispute to be settled by the Bishop of Moray. The dispute also involved the Bishop of St Andrews, <mask> Landallis, two priests, and two laymen from the diocese of St Andrews and the diocese of Brechin; the dispute involved revenues from the prebend of Colyroden (i.e. Cullicudden) in Ross and the church of Mockard (i.e.Muckhart) in St Andrews dioceses, though the exact details at issue are not revealed. He witnessed a charter of Euphemia I, Countess of Ross and her husband Walter Leslie at Tain on 26 November 1380, another at Elgin on 18 August 1381, and yet another at Dingwall in March 1382. On 7 February 1382, he was at Montrose in Angus and is recorded, along with <mask>, Bishop of Moray, adding his seal to a document which transferred the lands of Abernethy, Strathspey, into the hands of <mask>, Lord of Badenoch and Earl of Buchan. He is found again over seven years later, at Inverness, on 27 October 1389, witnessing a settlement between <mask> and the titular Earl of Moray, <mask> Dunbar. He is found once more with <mask>, on 2 November that year, commanding <mask>, Earl of Buchan, to take back Euphemia, to whom Stewart had been nominally married. He was at Scone on 2 December 1390, on Bur's behalf demanding that King Robert III deliver justice after Buchan had burned down Elgin Cathedral, the seat of Bur's Moray bishopric. The remainder of Kylwos' last decade as Bishop of Ross is obscure.He is mentioned in a papal mandate, dated 31 March 1396, in relation to his grant of the subdeanery to <mask> Kylwos. According to the Calendar of Fearn, he died on 6 July 1398. The bishopric of Ross was said to have been reserved, once again, as a papal benefice during Kylwos' episcopate. See also

Notes

References
 Burns, Charles (ed. ), Papal Letters to Scotland of Clement VII of Avignon, 1378–1394, (Edinburgh, 1976)
 <mask>, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)
 McGurk, Francis (ed. ), Calendar of Papal Letters to Scotland of Benedict XIII of Avignon, 1394-1419, (Edinburgh, 1976)
 Watt, D. E. R., A Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Graduates to A. D. 1410, (Oxford, 1977)
 Watt, D. E. R., Fasti Ecclesiae Scotinanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638, 2nd Draft, (St Andrews, 1969)

14th-century births
14th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops
1398 deaths
Bishops of Ross
People from Fife

masks:
Alexander de Kylwo
Alexander Bur
Alexander Stewart
John de Kylwo
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander Stewart
William de
Thomas de
Alexander
Alexander Stewart
Alexander Steward
William de
Adam de
Alexander
John de
William de
Alexander Bur
Alexander Stewart
Alexander Bur
John de
Alexander Bur
Alexander Stewart
John de
Dowden


texts:
<mask> (August 10, 1753 September 12, 1813) was an American attorney and politician. He was the 7th Governor of Virginia, and, as a delegate from Virginia, he  attended the Constitutional Convention and helped to create the national constitution while serving on its Committee of Detail. He was the 1st United States Attorney General and subsequently the 2nd Secretary of State during George Washington's presidency. Early life
<mask> was born on August 10, 1753, to the influential <mask> family in Williamsburg in the Colony of Virginia. He was educated at the College of William and Mary. After graduation he began reading law with his father <mask> and uncle, <mask>. In 1775, with the start of the American Revolution, <mask>'s father remained a Loyalist and returned to Britain.<mask> returned to America where he joined the Continental Army as an aide-de-camp to General George Washington. Upon the death of his uncle <mask> in October 1775, <mask> returned to Virginia to act as executor of the estate, and while there was elected as a representative to the Fourth Virginia Convention. He was later  mayor of Williamsburg, and then Attorney general of Virginia, a post he held until 1786. He was married on August 29, 1776, to Elizabeth Nicholas, the daughter of Robert C. Nicholas, and had a total of six children, including <mask>, Governor of Virginia from 1811 to 1812. Political career

Early political career
<mask> was selected as one of 11 delegates to represent Virginia at the Continental Congress in 1779 and served as a delegate until 1782. He also remained in private law practice, handling numerous legal issues for Washington and others. <mask> was elected as Governor of Virginia in 1786.That year, he was a delegation to the Annapolis Convention. He had taken on the young John Marshall as a student and then law partner and transferred his lucrative law practice to Marshall when <mask> became governor in 1786 since Virginia law forbade executive officers from private practice in its courts. Constitutional Convention

The following year, as a delegate from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention, at 34, <mask> introduced the Virginia Plan as an outline for a new national government. He argued against the importation of slaves and for a strong central government and advocated a plan for three chief executives from various parts of the country. The Virginia Plan also proposed a bicameral legislature, both houses of which would have delegates chosen based on state population. <mask> proposed and was supported by unanimously by the convention's delegates "that a Nationally Judiciary be established" (Article III of the U.S. Constitution would establish the federal court system). The Articles of Confederation lacked a national court system for the United States.<mask> was also a member of the "Committee of Detail," which was tasked with converting the Virginia Plan's 15 resolutions to a first draft of the Constitution. <mask> ultimately refused to sign the final document, one of only three members who remained in the Constitutional Convention but refused to sign (the others were the fellow Virginian George Mason and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts). <mask> thought the final document lacked sufficient checks and balances and published an account of his objections in October 1787. <mask> had several objections to the convention's proposal. He thought that the federal judiciary would pose a threat to state courts, and he considered the Senate was too powerful and Congress's power too broad. He also objected to the lack of a provision for a second convention to act after the present instrument had been referred to the states. Role in ratification

Virginia Convention
<mask> nevertheless reversed his position at the Virginia Ratifying Convention in 1788.He chaired the nearly equally-divided convention, and Mason (as one of the leaders of the opposition, along with Patrick Henry) greatly resented <mask>'s change of position. Mason and other opponents demanded amendments prior to ratification. <mask> noted that he had seen several responses to the insistence that amendments were necessary before ratification. Some thought the objection to be insubstantial because the Constitution provided a process for amendment. In common with other advocates of amending the Constitution prior to ratification, <mask> insisted that it would be easier to amend the Constitution before its ratification, when a majority might do so, than to ratify an imperfect Constitution and then to assemble the votes of three fourths of the states. He did not think that it was desirable for the people to become accustomed to altering their constitution with any regularity once it was adopted. Governor <mask> had written, "If after our best efforts for amendments, they cannot be obtained, I will adopt the constitution as it is."Ultimately, <mask> said he voted for ratification of the Constitution because by June 2, eight other states had already done so, and he did not want to see Virginia left out of the new national government. <mask> believed that Virginia must choose between the stark alternatives of ratification and disunion. <mask> never doubted the union's advantages. In the Richmond Ratification Convention, <mask> ultimately pointed the way to an understanding of ratification with which Virginia's leaders could be satisfied. He assured his fellow members of the Virginia political elite that the Constitution that it was being asked to ratify in the summer of 1788 would have very limited significance and that it would enter more a league of sovereign states than a consolidated union. <mask> wrote that of the ten delegates whose views had been completely unknown, five had been swayed to vote for ratification by his tactics. In the end, Virginia's Federalists secured the Constitution's ratification by precisely five votes.Washington's Cabinet
President Washington rewarded <mask> for his support. <mask> was appointed as the first U.S. Attorney General in September 1789 and maintained the precarious neutrality in the feud between Thomas Jefferson (of whom <mask> was a second cousin) and Alexander Hamilton. In Washington's cabinet, as in the ratification dispute of 1787–1788, <mask> tried to bring people together, rather than jump to hasty conclusions and ignore the potential costs in pursuit of self-righteous ideological purity. He continued to make important contributions to the structure of the new nation and to its relationship with the states. When Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State in 1793, <mask> succeeded him to the position. The major diplomatic initiative of his term was the Jay Treaty with Britain in 1794, but Hamilton devised the plan, wrote the instructions, and left <mask> the nominal role of signing the papers. <mask>, hostile to the resulting treaty, almost gained Washington's ear but was overridden in the wake of the Fauchet scandal (see below).Near the end of his term as Secretary of State, negotiations for Pinckney's Treaty were finalized. Romance and married life with Elizabeth Nicholas
Miss Nicholas was daughter of the Hon. Robert Carter Nicholas, State Treasurer. <mask> wrote to his children after his wife's death: "We were both born in the city of Williamsburg, within twelve hours of each other; myself on the 10th of August 1753, and she on the 11th. My aunt <mask>, who saw each of us soon after our birth, facetiously foretold that we should be united in marriage-a circumstance which, improbable at the time from the dissensions of our families, seemed daily to grow into an impossibility from their increasing rancor. In childhood we were taught the elements of reading at the same school... she won me by the best of all graces, cheerfulness, good sense, and benevolence. I do not recollect that I reflected much upon that range of qualities, which I afterwards found to be constituents of nuptial happiness; but Providence seemed to be kinder to me than my most deliberate judgment could have been...I desired nothing more than that she should sincerely persuade herself that she would be happy with me." On August 29, 1776, they were joined in wedlock. The relations between <mask> and his wife had always been true and tender. So free from friction had been the course of their united lives that his daughters could not forget the single instance of misunderstanding. Mrs. <mask> having related some incident, her husband hastily exclaimed: "That is mere gossip." The lady repaired to her room and did not answer her husband's gentle knock. <mask> then said, "Betsey, I have urgent business in town, but I shall not leave this house until permitted to apologize to you."The door opened, and the unprecedented scene ended. On March 6, 1810, a blow came from which <mask> could not recover; his wife died. After Mrs. <mask>'s burial, the heartbroken husband wrote some account of her and of their married life, which was addressed to his children as "the best witnesses of the truth of the brief history." In part of this account <mask> wrote, "My eyes are every moment beholding so many objects with which she was associated; I sometimes catch a sound which deludes me so much with the similitude of her voice; I carry about my heart and hold for a daily visit so many of her precious relics; and, above all, my present situation is so greatly contrasted by its vacancy, regrets, and anguish, with the purest and unchequered bliss, so far as it depended on her, for many years of varying fortune, that I have vowed at her grave daily to maintain with her a mental intercourse." Resignation
A scandal involving an intercepted French message led to <mask>'s resignation as Secretary of State in August 1795. <mask> had been tasked with maintaining friendly relations with France. The British Navy had intercepted correspondence from the French minister Joseph Fauchet to his superiors and turned it over to Washington, who was dismayed that the letters reflected contempt for the United States and that <mask> had been primarily responsible.The letters implied that <mask> had exposed the inner debates in the cabinet to France and had told it that the administration was hostile to the country. At the very least, Elkins and McKitrick conclude, there "was something here profoundly disreputable to the government's good faith and character." Washington immediately overruled <mask>'s negative advice about the Jay Treaty. A few days later, Washington, in the presence of the entire cabinet, handed the minister's letter to <mask> and demanded an explanation for it. <mask> was speechless and immediately resigned. Chernow and Elkins conclude that <mask> was not bribed by France but "was rather a pitiable figure, possessed of some talents and surprisingly little malice, but subject to self-absorbed silliness and lapses of good sense." However, <mask>'s own published Vindication illustrates his concerns about both public and private perceptions of his character, which held great value in the 18th century.In the event, <mask> secured a published retraction from Fauchet. After his resignation, <mask> was held personally responsible for the loss of a large sum of money during his administration of the state department. He was eventually adjudged to owe the government more than $49,000, which he paid. Later life

After leaving the federal cabinet, <mask> returned to Virginia to practice law, where he was a leader of the state bar. His most famous case was defending Aaron Burr at his trial for treason in 1807. In 1791, <mask> was elected to the American Philosophical Society. Death and legacy
<mask> lived his final years as a guest of his friend Nathaniel Burwell at Carter Hall, near Millwood, Virginia, in Clarke County.He suffered from paralysis in his final years and died at 60 on September 12, 1813. He is buried nearby at the Burwell family cemetery adjacent to "Old Chapel." Randolph County, West Virginia was formed in 1787 and named in <mask>'s honor. Randolph County, Illinois was also named after him. <mask>, who was the governor of Virginia when the state ceded what was then sometimes called Illinois County, Virginia (a title disputed by Pennsylvania and others) to the new federal government, which created the Northwest Territory. Randolph County's motto is "where Illinois began" because it was one of the first two settled counties in the territory. It contains Kaskaskia, the first seat of Illinois County, which later became the capital of Illinois Territory's capital and ultimately the state's first capital.The <mask> J. <mask> Award is the highest award given by the US Department of Justice to persons who make "outstanding contributions to the accomplishments of the Department's mission." References

 Conway, Moncure D. Omitted Chapters of History: Disclosed in the Life and Papers of <mask>. Vol. 2. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1888. Gutzman, Kevin R.C."<mask> and Virginia Constitutionalism." The Review of Politics 66.3 (2004)
 Maier, Pauline. Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010. Sources

  written by himself, with a preface by P.V. Daniel, Jr. External links

 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor <mask>, 1786–1788 at The Library of Virginia

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1753 births
1813 deaths
American Episcopalians
American people of English descent
Burials in Virginia
College of William & Mary alumni
Continental Army staff officers
Continental Congressmen from Virginia
18th-century American politicians
Delegates to the Virginia Ratifying Convention
Governors of Virginia
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
Edmund
American slave owners
United States Attorneys General
United States Secretaries of State
Virginia Attorneys General
Virginia Federalists
Virginia lawyers
Washington administration cabinet members
Nicholas family
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
Aides-de-camp of George Washington
People from Millwood, Virginia
Drafting of the United States Constitution

masks:
Edmund Jennings Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
John Randolph
Peyton Randolph
Randolph
Edmund Randolph
Peyton Randolph
Randolph
Peyton Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Edmund
Randolph
Edmund Randolph
Edmund Randolph
Edmund Randolph


texts:
<mask> (c. 1734 – 9 September 1793) was an 18th-century cartographer, surveyor, artist, and draughtsman originally from Eastwood in Essex where he inherited a small estate and chose the name <mask> from the birth surname of his mather, his maternal grandfather was the clergyman there. He would have been notable just for his many appearances in Joseph Wright's pictures but he was also involved with numerous projects including surveying the route for one of the major projects of the industrial revolution, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, in 1769. He has been described as "if not in the centre at least in the penumbra of the Lunar Society of Birmingham". He spent the last years of his life in Karlsruhe, avoiding debtors, but still active in German society. His German daughter married a Count. Biography
<mask> was born 1734 or 1735 in Eastwood in Essex, the son of William and <mask>. He inherited a small estate and the name <mask> from his maternal grandfather who was the clergyman in Eastwood.Little is known about his early life until
<mask> met Joseph Wright of Derby early in the 1760s and he was able to borrow money from him to fund his map making. Burdett was a model for several of Wright's paintings and he was able to benefit from his friendship and finance whilst Burdett explained the finer points of perspective to Wright. In about 1766 Wright painted A Philosopher Giving that Lecture on the Orrery, in which a Lamp is put in place of the Sun (sometimes called simply The Orrery). The painting depicts a public lecture about the solar system, with a lamp—in place of the sun—illuminating the faces of the orrery and the faces of the audience. Consistent with the astronomical theme, the partially illuminated faces may represent the phases of the moon. The figure to the left of the philosopher has been clearly identified as Burdett whilst the man to the right is thought to be Washington Shirley, the Earl of Ferrers who Burdett stayed with at Staunton Harold which is just within Leicestershire. The Earl was, like <mask>, interested in science and he did briefly own this painting.By 1767 he had produced a map of Derby at a scale of one inch to one mile. With this map Burdett was the second successful claimant of a 1759 challenge made by the Society of Art for those who created county maps at this scale. He produced the aquatint Two Boys Blowing a Bladder by Candle-light. Liverpool

In 1768, <mask> moved from Derby to Liverpool to create a map for Lancashire as he had successfully done for Derbyshire. He obtained new patrons and assisted George Perry on his map and history of Liverpool. Burdett created drawings and wrote descriptions of major buildings for Perry's history of 1773. Burdett was so successful at identifying and exploiting his new contacts that he invited his friend, Wright, to join him in Liverpool.This was a successful move for Wright too and he quickly received commissions from the local gentry and merchants, however it was Burdett who founded a Society of Artists in 1769 in Liverpool and became its first president. Academy by Lamplight, a 1768–69 painting by Joseph Wright of Derby is thought to be of Burdett's academy. The first British aquatint artist is thought to be <mask>, who exhibited these first aquatints in 1772. Burdett brushed acid direct on to an aquatint ground, only using varnish to stop-off large areas of a single tone. His technique appears to have been novel and was different from early methods developed in France. Burdett published a first aquatint based on an image by John Hamilton Mortimer, but he eventually sold the process to another cartographer, Paul Sandby. Burdett also developed a process for transferring aquatint to pottery; it was not a success.<mask> learnt his aquatint technique from J.B. Le Prince of Paris. He showed two plates at the Society of Arts Exhibition of 1772, An Etching in imitation of a Wash Drawing and An Etching from a design of Mr. Mortimer. In 1773 he exhibited a plate entitled The effect of a stained drawing attempted by printing from a plate wrought chemically, without the use of any instrument of sculpture. There are extant three known images by Burdett, Banditti Terrifying Fishermen of 1771 and Skeleton on a Rocky Shore, both after the painter J.H. Mortimer, and Two Boys Blowing a Bladder by Candle-light after Wright of Derby. A copy of the latter in Liverpool Public Library bears on its back the inscription “First Speciman of aquatinta invented in Liverpool by P.P.Burdett, 1774, assisted by Mr. S. Chubbard.”

The artist Paul Sandby learnt the basic techniques of aquatint from the Hon. Charles Greville, who himself had purchased the knowledge either from Burdett or from Le Prince. It appears that Greville had received incomplete information, and Sandby found it difficult to produce a plate by Le Prince's method of sifting the rosin over the surface. He discovered that by dissolving the rosin and floating it on the copper a better effect was obtained. Benjamin Franklin wrote to <mask> on 21 August 1773 “I should be glad to be inform’d where I can see some example of the new Art you mention of printing in Imitation of Paintings. It must be a most valuable Discovery: but more likely to meet with adequate Encouragement on this side the water than on ours.”

In 1771 he produced 'A Chart for the Harbour of Liverpool’. and in 1772 Survey of the County Palatine of Chester.Karlsruhe
In 1774 he left Liverpool, to escape debt, and entered the service of Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden. Intriguingly he took with him the painting of himself and his wife, but left his wife to face his debtors. The painting of Burdett and his wife is now in the National Gallery in Prague. It recently returned for an exhibition in Liverpool. This was the second time the work has been seen in the United Kingdom since it left with Burdett on his departure from Liverpool in the eighteenth century. He did not leave his friends entirely and Joseph Wright visited him in 1774 in south Germany. He married again to Friederike Kotkowski in Germany on 11 July 1787 and he had a daughter Anna, who went on to marry a Count.In the same year he was drawing up plans for Karlsruhe marketplace whose outline can still be seen in the layout of today's buildings. <mask> died in Karlsruhe on 9 September 1793. He was a correspondent of Benjamin Franklin who was a founder member of the Lunar society of Birmingham which included such figures as Erasmus Darwin, John Whitehurst, Matthew Boulton, Joseph Priestley, Josiah Wedgwood and James Watt. <mask> has been described as "if not in the centre at least in the penumbra of the Lunar Society of Birmingham". Major works
Derbyshire map surveyed and produced by <mask> <mask> (1762–1767)
Two Boys Blowing a Bladder by Candle-light. An aquatint after Joseph Wright of Derby

References

External links
 The re-mapping of England, 1750–1800
 Derby's Unusual Suburb Names

1734 births
1793 deaths
18th-century English painters
English male painters
English cartographers
People from Derby
Date of birth unknown
People associated with Derby Museum and Art Gallery
Paintings by Joseph Wright of Derby
18th-century English people
18th-century cartographers

masks:
Peter Perez Burdett
Perez
Perez Burdett
Elizabeth Burdett
Perez
Perez
Perez Burdett
Perez Burdett
Perez Burdett
Perez Burdett
Perez Burdett
Perez Burdett
Perez Burdett
Peter Perez
Burdett