texts:
<mask> (born January 4, 1950) is a flutist, composer, teacher and author. His musical style is a mix of classical, world music, electronic and jazz. 2014, the National Flute Association awarded <mask> its Lifetime Achievement Award. The New York Times said  his  “technical resources and imagination seem limitless" while JazzTimes called him “revolutionary.”

<mask> invented the "glissando headjoint" a custom flute modification allowing the player to achieve effects similar to the whammy bar of an electric guitar. Early life and history
<mask> was born and raised in New York City. He began playing the flute in the fourth grade, after hearing the piccolo on the radio in the Top 40 hit “Rockin’ Robin". His primary teachers were Henry Zlotnik, James Pappoutsakis, Julius Baker and Thomas Nyfenger.As a teenager, <mask> wanted to become an orchestral flutist, and played first flute in the Senior Orchestra at the High School of Music and Art and also the New York All-City High School Orchestra. “Studies with him (Julius Baker) were geared toward becoming an orchestral player, and that was my dream at the time. But as I grew out of that dream, I realized that my training really hadn’t provided a look at music from the inside, which is what I needed—particularly the idea that music is generated from hearing within and recognizing what you are hearing.” He became a soloist and composer. At Yale College, <mask> earned a BA degree, and met <mask>, a composer and theorist, who mentored him as he wrote his first compositions. While at Yale, <mask> wrote his first book: THE OTHER FLUTE: A Performance Manual of Contemporary Techniques, and then earned his master's degree in composition, studying with Morris as well as electronic music with Bulant Arel and Jacob Druckman. While attending Yale’s graduate school, <mask> composed “Afterlight,” a flute piece that used multiphonics as its basis. “Afterlight” received a BMI Oliver Daniel Prize.Career
After leaving school in Spring 1973, <mask> lived in New Haven, Connecticut  until September 1977, when he moved to Buffalo, New York to join the contemporary music group, the Creative Associates. <mask> was a member of the group until June 1980. While in New Haven, he wrote his second book Tone Development through Extended Technique and began to develop himself as an improviser and composer. <mask> spent six months in Paris from July - December 1978 working at I.R.C.A.M. (Institute of Research and Coordination, Acoustics and Music) developing his idea for a new flute mechanism. The first prototype was made by Albert Cooper in London in 1984. This design remains unfinished.From Fall 1980 until Spring 1992, <mask> lived in New York City, developing his compositions, improvisations and wrote Circular Breathing for the Flutist. In this period, he self-published The Revised Edition of THE OTHER FLUTE: A Performance Manual of Contemporary Technique and his later books, compositions and instructional recordings through his Multiple Breath Music Company. In 1986, he left the role of concert soloist in contemporary music to perform his own music and the music of  composer-performer collaborators exclusively. <mask> performed a recital of his own works as part of the New York Philharmonic’s Horizons 84 Festival at Avery Fisher Hall in 1984. In May 1992, he moved to Switzerland for ten years, continuing his career as a composer-performer. He returned to the US in 2002, as Visiting Assistant Professor of Flute at the University of Iowa. In July 2003, he returned to New York City.Since July 2013, <mask> has been dividing his time between New York City and Kassel, Germany, where his children Sebastian (born 2006) and Leonie (born 2008) live with their mother, composer-pianist Ursel Schlicht. <mask>'s recitals today primarily consist of his compositions and improvisations, occasionally incorporating the influences of Paul Hindemith, Georg Philipp Telemann and Jimi Hendrix into his repertoire. As an instructor, <mask> created a method and practice of teaching for flutists that he documented in his books: Tone Development through Extended Techniques, and Circular Breathing for the Flutist and the two volumes of FLYING LESSONS: Six Contemporary Concert Etudes. He teaches masters classes at hundreds of international universities. <mask> is the inventor of the Glissando Headjoint®, a telescoping flute mouthpiece which allows the flutist to slide and extend notes. As a composer, <mask>'s work has been recognized by a Koussevitzky Foundation Commission, a Guggenheim Fellowship and two NEA Composers Fellowships, among many grants and commissions. <mask> has composed a new work for the National Flute Association Young Artist Competition.He has recorded over 20 albums and appeared as a guest on many other recordings. Discography

As Leader
 Three Weeks in Cincinnati in December 2017 (New World 80789-2) <mask> performs the flute work of William Hellermann. Our Cells Know 2016 (Tzadik 4015) Solo improvisations on the contrabass flute. The Galilean Moons 2016 (NEMU 017) <mask> on flutes and Ursel Schlicht on piano. Flutes and Voices 2010 (Mutable Music17541-2) <mask>, flutes and piccolo and Thomas Buckner, baritone. Doh Tala 2008 (Epoch Music)  Free improvisation by <mask>, Steve Baczkowski and Ravi Padmanabha. Photosphere 2006 (NEMU 002)  <mask> and Ursel Schlicht are flute-piano duo.IS 2004 (Caliente 245 360 624-2) King Chubby are <mask>, flutes;  Ed Bialek, samplers and keyboards; Will Ryan, percussion and handmade instruments; Mark Egan, electric bass; Michael D’Agostino, drums and percussion. Columns of Air 2003 (Future Tickle Music) Jaron Lanier, multiple instrumentalist, <mask> on flute with singer Alan Kushanon in two pieces. Vindonissa 2003 (ECM 1836) Violinist Paul Giger, flutist <mask> and drummer Satoshi Takeishi on an album released only in Europe. Other Times 2002 (KC1) King Chubby album
 The Twelve Fantasies for Flute Alone by G.P. Telemann 2001 (Callisto Records CLS0101, Italy) Disc 1: <mask> on flute and piccolo; Disc 2: Lorenzo Cavasanti on period instruments, traversi and recorders; Disc 3: Multimedia disc with scores, photos, interviews. Sic Bisquitus Disintegrat (That’s the Way the Cookie Crumbles) 2000 (Enja Records  9361-2, Germany)  The A.D.D. Trio is <mask>, flutes; Christy Doran, electric guitar and delay devices; and Steve Argüelles, drums.GUDIRA 1999 (Nuscope Records 1003, USA) Gudira is <mask>, flutes, piccolo; Barry Guy, contabass; Randy Raine-Reusch, Asian Zithers, Asian and Middle Eastern winds, percussion. In Full Armour 1998 (UNIT Records UTR 4107, Switzerland) OSCURA LUMINOSA features <mask>, flutes; Petia Kaufmann, harpsichord; Dorothea Schürch, vocals; Conrad Steinmann, recorders; Alfred Zimmerlin, cello. Jazz Standards on Mars 1997 (Enja Records 9327-2, Germany) <mask> with Dave Soldier and the Soldier String Quartet plus rhythm section guests. Potion 1997 (Les Disques Victo 053, Canada)  New Winds are <mask>, flutes; <mask>, trumpet; Ned Rothenberg, alto sax, bass clarinet and clarinet. Aurealis 1997 (Les Disques Victo 052, Canada) As Trio Aurealis, <mask> plays flutes; John Wolf Brennan piano; and Daniele Patumi, contrabass. Irrefragable Dreams 1996 (Random Acoustics, Germany 018) Flutist <mask> with violinist Mari Kimura
 Instinct 1996 (Bellaphon, Germany LR 45104)  The ADD Trio. Worlds of IF 1995  (Leo Records, England CD LR 224)  <mask> with flutes, piccolo, and a duet with Ned Rothenberg played various woodwind instruments
 Digging it Harder From Afar 1994 (Les Disques Victo, Canada cd 028) New Winds perform
 Third Stone from the Sun 1993 (New World/CounterCurrents, U.S.A. #80435-2) with Dave Soldier and the Soldier String Quartet
 Steel and Bamboo 1993 (O.O.Discs, U.S.A. #12) The duo of <mask>, flute, and Steve Gorn, Indian bansuri bamboo flute. Tambastics 1992 (Music and Arts Programs of America, CD 704) The ensemble Tambastics which features <mask>, flutes; Denman Maroney, piano; Mark Dresser, bass; and Jerry Hemingway, drums. Venturi Shadows 1991 (O.O.Discs, U.S.A. #7) <mask>, flutes, with Ned Rothenberg, shakuhachi; Steve Gorn, bansuri; Neil B. Rolnick, electronics and Mary Kay Fink, flute. Ladder 5 of Escape 1991 (Attacca Records, Netherlands #9158 - <mask> on flutes. Traction 1991 (Sound Aspects, Germany #044) New Winds perform. The Cliff 1989 (Sound Aspects, Germany #025) New Winds performs. The Other Flute 1986 (GM Recordings, U.S.A. #2013 - CD) <mask> on flutes.Whispers and Landings 1981 (Lumina Records, U.S.A., #007) Cassette-only recording of <mask> on flutes. Original compositions on compilations
 "everyone@universe.existence" and "Sliding Life Blues" American Modern Ensemble - Mavericks 2015 (AMR 2041)
 "On Simak Pond" 60x60 2008 (Vox Novus Productions)
 "Delayed Reason" Irving Stone Memorial Concert 2004 (Tzadik 7611-5)
 Molecular Motion" Subtropics, Vol.

masks:
Robert Dick
Dick
Dick
Robert Dick
Dick
Dick
Robert Morris
Dick
Dick
Dick
Dick
Dick
Dick
Dick
Dick
Dick
Dick
Dick
Dick
Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Herb Robertson
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick
Robert Dick


type: original

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<mask> (born <mask>: 16 September 1942 – 30 August 2020) was a German politician (SPD). She briefly served as vice mayor of Berlin. In 1997, as the popular Berlin senator (councillor) responsible for schools, youth and sport she found herself defending the government's contentious spelling reforms to the press. Two years later she withdrew from politics and embarked on a career as an "organisation and process consultant" also identified as a "group dynamicist" ("Gruppendynamikerin"). Life
<mask> was born in Mittersill, a small town some distance upriver from Salzburg and far from her mother's Berlin home. The remote location of her birth resulted from the disruption caused by the war. Many years later she would tell an interviewer that her parents had been planning for the birth of a son whom they intended to name Günter.Academically out-competing the boys became a theme of her time at school. Her father was killed in the war and she returned with her mother to Berlin where, in 1946, her mother remarried. The family moved to Bremen, which after the end of the war in May 1945 had become part of the British occupation zone. In May 1949 the British occupation zone was merged with the US occupation zone and the French occupation zone (but NOT the Soviet occupation zone) and relaunched as the US-sponsored German Federal Republic. In 1962, by this time the only girl in an otherwise all-male cohort, Ulrici passed her school final exams ("Abitur") which opened the way to higher education. She moved on to what was then known as the "Welfare Academy" ("Wohlfahrtsschule") in Bremen where she studied for and obtained a degree-level qualification in social work. A further period of study between 1971 and 1974 would see this complemented by a training qualification in Group Dynamics.She joined the Social Democratic Party in 1964. The next year she married Günter <mask>, who conspicuously would never share his wife's appetite for a high public profile. Between 1966 and 1971 she worked in the social services in Berlin's Charlottenburg district (part of the British occupation zone in a divided city). In 1971 she took a job with the Berlin Senate (city council), working as head of the working group for children's daycare centres in the section responsible for administration of family, youth and sport matters. Her responsibilities included overseeing the integration of handicapped and foreign children into the mainstream centres. During this period <mask> drew particular inspiration from the example of the Berlin senator Ilse Reichel-Koß. As the senator responsible for the department in which Stahmer was employed, Reichel-Koß was able to encourage Stahmer to take greater political responsibility.Public office
Within the local party she became department chairman for Charlottenburg in 1978, being also a member of the district party executive and a delegate to the regional party conference. In 1981 she was elected to the Berlin city council, and was appointed as a vice city mayor and senator with responsibility for health and social welfare matters. She retained these offices until the Berlin city council election of 29 January 1989. Between 1985 and 1989 she topped the party poll in the Charlottenburg district for elections to the District Delegates Assembly ("Bezirksverordnetenversammlung" / BVV). During these years she combined her other duties with her role as chair of the regional party executive. The political backdrop changed dramatically with "The Turnaround" of 1989, the political changes in East Germany in March 1990 and the formal reunification of the country and of its capital in October 1990. On 16 March 1989 Stahmer was elected senator with responsibility for health and social welfare matters and became vice city mayor in the new (still West) Berlin city council under the leadership of her SPD colleague, Walter Momper.Following reunification in October 1990, the East Berlin "Magistrat" and the West Berlin senate were merged. In response to the resignation of Senator Anne Klein, Stahmer's senatorial remit was extended to include Women, Young People and Family, until the local election of December 1990, which was timed to coincide with Germany's first post-reunification general election. In Berlin the SPD received approximately 30% of the popular vote, placing it second to the CDU with approximately 40%. This result broadly echoed the national election: no party was in a position to run the city without a coalition partner, and what followed for Berlin was a governing "Grand coalition" of the CDU and the SPD, under the leadership of Eberhard Diepgen as governing mayor. In Diepgen's team Ingid <mask> gave up the health part of her portfolio, but retained the core of her earlier portfolio as senator for Social Welfare. In 1994 her SPD colleague in the Berlin senate Thomas Krüger was elected to the Bundestag: in the Berlin senate Stahmer took on his Youth and Family portfolio, also retaining her existing Social Welfare remit. In the run-up to the Berlin local elections of October 1995 <mask> stood for election as the party's lead candidate ("Spitzenkandidat") – potentially the SPD candidate for governing mayor.Her principal rival was Walter Momper who had already served as governing mayor of West Berlin during the turbulent prelude to reunification. The campaigning approach of both contenders for the backing of party colleagues in the party poll was at times strangely consensual. In the event it was <mask> who won what amounted to the party nomination for the post of governing mayor. However, the political mood reflected in the local elections that followed continued to favour the CDU. The local elections of October 1995 produced a disappointing result for the SPD in Berlin, but a "Grand coalition" of the CDU and the SPD continued to run the local administration. <mask>'s portfolio changed: between 1995 and 1999 she served as the senator for Schools, Young People and Sport. In 1999 she resigned from the senate and withdrew from her role as a frontline SPD city politician.Since 2000 she has worked on a self-employed basis in various consultancy functions. References

Politicians from Bremen
Mayors of Berlin
Senators of Berlin
20th-century German politicians
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians

1942 births
2020 deaths

masks:
Ingrid Stahmer
Ingrid Ulrici
Ingrid Ulrici
Stahmer
Ingrid Stahmer
Stahmer
Stahmer
Ingrid Stahmer
Stahmer


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<mask> (April 29, 1759 – March 14, 1836) was a pioneering American viticulturalist who was the first to cultivate the Catawba grape. He is known as "the father of American viticulture" (grape-growing). He also served in the American Revolutionary War; was a well-known surveyor; was one of the first associate judges in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania; and served in the United States Army in the War of 1812. Early life and military career
<mask> was born on April 29, 1759, in York, Pennsylvania, to Joseph and Catherine (Abbott<mask>. His father was the sheriff and coroner for York County, and <mask> was raised in York. He was 15 years old when the American Revolutionary War broke out, but nonetheless organized a company of fellow teenagers from York County to help prosecute the war. Most of these fought with the Pennsylvania Blues, a volunteer state militia group.But <mask> led the rest to Philadelphia and volunteered to join the nascent American national army led by George Washington. He volunteered for duty on July 7, 1776, and was assigned to the Flying Camp. Commissioned a corporal when his training was complete, he helped build Fort Lee in New Jersey. He was captured by the British on November 6, 1776, at the Battle of Fort Washington, but was imprisoned along with many American officers in homes in New York City where he had relatively good freedom of movement. He was released on parole in February 1777. Unable to participate in the war any further due to the terms of his parole, <mask> settled in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, where his father now lived and had a tanning business. <mask> disliked the work, however, and began studying mathematics.He apprenticed as a surveyor, and in 1784 established a surveying practice. He won a commission in 1789 to survey the area around Presque Isle (now Erie, Pennsylvania), and to survey the navigability of the Susquehanna River. He later won a joint contract to survey the navigability of the Schuylkill River. <mask> was so well-regarded, and westward expansion was proceeding so swiftly, that he made a small fortune as a surveyor. <mask> was appointed one of the first associate judges of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, in 1795. He was commissioned a Brigadier General in the Pennsylvania militia the same year. However, <mask> resigned his judgeship in 1798 and moved to Havre de Grace, Maryland.<mask> took up farming at Havre de Grace. Although the exact nature of his farming efforts are not clear, it is known that he began a vineyard to begin experimenting with growing native American grapes and using them in winemaking. <mask>'s interest in grapes began while he was a surveyor, during which time he took extensive notes on the various types of American grapes he encountered, their growing conditions, flavors, and more. He initially tried growing vines imported from Europe, but these succumbed to disease and insects. He turned his attention to domestic vines, and in 1809 succeeded in making an excellent wine from the Alexander grape. He sent some bottles to President Thomas Jefferson, who had an extensive knowledge of French wine. Jefferson praised <mask>'s Alexander wine, comparing it very favorably to an excellent French Chambertin.<mask> wanted to keep planting European vines (knowing Americans would discriminate against a domestic wine, no matter how good). But Jefferson advised him to stick to domestic varieties, as European vines would take "centuries" to adapt to the American climate and pests. <mask>'s military experience did not go unnoticed in Maryland. On January 8, 1799, the federal government commissioned him a Major in the 11th Regiment of Infantry of the new Provisional Army. The Provisional Army disbanded in 1800, and <mask> was honorably discharged. <mask> married his cousin, Margaret K<mask> on December 13, 1805, in Frederick, Maryland. The couple had two children, Margaret Catherine and Anna Maria.<mask> then enlisted in the newly formed United States Army in 1807, receiving a commission as a Lieutenant. He was promoted to Captain in 1808. He served in U.S. Army in the War of 1812, and fought the British in the Raid on Havre de Grace on May 3, 1813. Horticultural career
<mask> moved his family to the District of Columbia in 1814. Two years later, on December 4, 1816, he purchased   from <mask> in what is now the Cleveland Park neighborhood north of the town of Georgetown. This land was, at the time, known as the "Addition to the Rock of Dumbarton". (The "Rock of Dumbarton" was a  parcel adjacent to Rock Creek and Georgetown owned by George Corbin Washington, nephew to President George Washington.)He added another , purchased from Joseph Nourse, on June 11, 1819. His final land acquisitions came on February 4, 1820. They consisted of  from James Dunlop (who had also purchased part of the "Addition to the Rock of Dumbarton") and  from <mask>ugh. This latter property, called "Gizor", <mask> renamed "The Vineyard," and he built a home there for his family. <mask> began growing grapes on his farm, and in 1819 began cultivating the Catawba grape. <mask> took cuttings from a vine owned by a Mrs. Scholl, who lived in Clarksburg, Maryland, in 1819. Mrs. Scholl advised that a Roman Catholic priest from Germany told her the vine was a "Tokay" (Tokaji) from Hungary.Mrs. Scholl, however, referred to the grape as a Catawba. <mask>'s first vintage from his estate was produced in 1821 or 1822 (the history of winemaking at "The Vineyard" is unclear), and in 1822 had about  under grape cultivation. <mask> sent Jefferson a bottle of what he called "Tokay" in 1822, but Jefferson was not very impressed. Nevertheless, <mask> expanded his vineyard, and by 1823 had 22 varieties of grape under cultivation. That year, he published A Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine in America and the Best Mode of Making Wine, the first book ever published on American viticulture. During the presidential administration of <mask> Adams, <mask> requested that the federal government lease a portion of "The Vineyard" and establish an agricultural experiment station. The proposal was not acted on, however.In 1825, <mask> determined that the "Tokay" was not a Tokaji, and he began referring to the grape by the term Mrs. Scholl had used. (Botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey says that <mask> changed the name in 1828, but that does not fit with the rest of the known history of <mask>'s winemaking.) Later investigations showed that the Catawba was a hybrid grape which grew naturally in thin soil along the Catawba River near Asheville, North Carolina. How the vine got to Maryland, or whether <mask> knew that it came from the Catawba River region when he began using Scholl's nomenclature, is not clear. Botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey called Catawba grape "the first great American grape", and <mask> is known as the "father of American viticulture". The Catawba first became widely known after Nicholas Longworth of Cincinnati, Ohio, obtained cuttings of the Catawba from <mask> in 1825 and planted the vine on a large scale. Longworth made a vast fortune from the effort.The second great expansion of the Catawba grape came in 1845, when Ulster County, New York, winemaker William T. Cornell obtained cuttings from <mask> to found a major vineyard in the Hudson Valley. Cornell's efforts proved so successful that Catawba cultivation spread over much of the East Coast. <mask>'s own winemaking efforts were not successful, however. He added significant amounts of sugar to his must, he often mixed poor-quality wild grapes with his Catawba in order to create more juice, and he preferred to allow temperatures to rise as high as  during fermentation. Nonetheless, he became a national expert on winemaking, wrote extensively in agricultural journals, and lobbied agricultural societies and the federal government to acknowledge viticulture as a scientific discipline. But his lack of success at winemaking itself left <mask> without a good income, and in his later years his family came close to poverty. <mask> attempted to have the federal government purchase his 1828 book, Adlum on Making Wine, and sell it as a national textbook on viticulture.He was unsuccessful in this petition. Longworth observed that by this time, <mask> was in "poverty". After 1830, <mask> no longer contributed to agricultural journals or the national debate on viticulture and winemaking. In 1831, <mask> was forced to claim a minuscule pension for his Revolutionary War service (which he had long refused to do) in order to provide for his family. Death
<mask> died at "The Vineyard" on March 1, 1836. Although records are unclear, historian Bessie Wilmarth Gahn says it is widely believed that <mask> was buried at the Presbyterian Burying Ground in Georgetown. <mask> died in 1852.<mask>'s body was probably disinterred at this time, and both <mask> and Margaret buried in nearby Oak Hill Cemetery. Gahn and winemaking historian Thomas Pinney claim that <mask>'s grave was lost for many years. <mask>'s children and grandchildren, however, were buried alongside him in 1852, 1853, 1873, 1892, 1902, 1905, and 1924. Four of <mask> Barber's grandchildren were disinterred and buried alongside their grandfather as well. These included Carline R. Barber (February 20, 1848 - July 26, 1848), <mask> Barber (May 20, 1846 - July 6, 1849), Mary Virginia Barber (October 17, 1843 - July 9, 1849), Susan Rowles Barber (April 22, 1842 - July 11, 1849), and Luke White Barber (June 3, 1849 - July 9, 1849). The Adlum and Barber graves were in place by April 1854, with the Washington Evening Star noting their beauty. Legacy
To commemorate <mask>'s horticultural work, the botanist Constantine Samuel Rafinesque named the climbing plant, Adlumia, in <mask>'s honor in 1807.<mask>'s contributions to American viticulture were largely forgotten after his death. It was not until the end of the 1800s when botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey rediscovered his work, and popularized <mask>'s contributions to vine-growing and winemaking. <mask>'s home at "The Vineyard" became derelict, and in 1903 the federal government purchased a portion of "The Vineyard". The house was torn down in 1911 to make way for the headquarters of the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology). The Williamsburg Winery in Williamsburg, Virginia, sells a <mask> Chardonnay named after <mask>. Published works by <mask>
A Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine in America and the Best Mode of Making Wine. 1823.A Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine in America and the Best Mode of Making Wine. Enlarged ed. 1828. <mask> on Making Wine. 1826. References

Bibliography

External links

<mask> papers are at the William L. Clements Library. 1759 births
1836 deaths
American surveyors
American viticulturists
Pennsylvania militiamen in the American Revolution
People from York, Pennsylvania
People from Cleveland Park
Burials at Presbyterian Burying Ground
People from Havre de Grace, Maryland
People of colonial Pennsylvania
18th-century American businesspeople

masks:
John Adlum
Adlum
) Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
John
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
. Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
John Heath
John He
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
John Quincy
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
John Adlum
Adlum
Margaret Adlum
John Adlum
John
Adlum
Adlum
Margaret Adlum
Margaret Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
John Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
Adlum
John Adlum


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Ostrogotha was a leader of the eastern Goths in the Ukraine, who invaded Roman Moesia during the Crisis of the Third Century, mentioned by the 6th-century historian Jordanes. He was a contemporary of King Cniva. Jordanes' account differs with those of Zosimus and Joannes Zonaras, who do not mention Ostrogotha, and therefore his existence was questioned. Cassiodorus, one of the sources of Jordanes, also mentioned Ostrogotha as one of the ancestors of Amalasuintha, daughter of Theoderic the Great. However, the discovery of lost fragments of the Sythica of Dexippus give confirmation to his existence. Jordanes
Jordanes reported that during the reign of the Emperor Domitian the Goths broke a truce they had with the Roman emperors (XIII 76). After several victories, including a successful defence against a Roman counterattack, Jordanes claimed that the Goths likened their leaders to demigods or "Ansis" (XIII 78).According to Jordanes, Ostrogotha was part of the Amal family, whose genealogy he recited, making him an ancestor of Ermaneric and Theoderic the Great (XIV 79). Ablabius the historian relates that in Scythia, where we have said that they were dwelling above an arm of the Pontic Sea, part of them who held the eastern region and whose king was Ostrogotha, were called Ostrogoths, that is, eastern Goths, either from his name or from the place. But the rest were called Visigoths, that is, the Goths of the western country. (XIV 82)

Jordanes reported that Ostrogotha crossed the Danube during the reign of Philip the Arab and invaded the provinces of Moesia and Thrace. The later emperor Decius could not defeat him either, whereupon Ostrogotha again raided Roman territory. Now when the aforesaid Philip--who, with his son Philip, was the only Christian emperor before Constantine--ruled over the Romans, in the second year of his reign Rome completed its one thousandth year. He withheld from the Goths the tribute due them; whereupon they were naturally enraged and instead of friends became his foes.For though they dwelt apart under their own kings, yet they had been allied to the Roman state and received annual gifts. And what more? Ostrogotha and his men soon crossed the Danube and ravaged Moesia and Thrace. Philip sent the senator Decius against him. And since he could do nothing against the Getae, he released his own soldiers from military service and sent them back to private life, as though it had been by their neglect that the Goths had crossed the Danube. When, as he supposed, he had thus taken vengeance on his soldiers, he returned to Philip. But when the soldiers found themselves expelled from the army after so many hardships, in their anger they had recourse to the protection of <mask>, king of the Goths.He received them, was aroused by their words and presently led out three hundred thousand armed men, having as allies for this war some of the Taifali and Astringi and also three thousand of the Carpi, a race of men very ready to make war and frequently hostile to the Romans. But in later times when Diocletian and Maximian were Emperors, the Caesar Galerius Maximianus conquered them and made them tributary to the Roman Empire. Besides these tribes, Ostrogotha had Goths and Peucini from the island of Peuce, which lies in the mouths of the Danube where they empty into the Sea of Pontus. He placed in command Argaithus and Guntheric, the noblest leaders of his race. They speedily crossed the Danube, devastated Moesia a second time and approached Marcianople, the famed metropolis of that land. Yet after a long siege they departed, upon receiving money from the inhabitants. (XVI 89-92)

Ostrogotha also fended off a challenge from the kinsfolk of the Goths, the Gepids, under the leadership of their king Fastida.For he sent ambassadors to Ostrogotha, to whose rule Ostrogoths and Visigoths alike, that is, the two peoples of the same tribe, were still subject. Complaining that he was hemmed in by rugged mountains and dense forests, he demanded one of two things,--that Ostrogotha should either prepare for war or give up part of his lands to them. Then Ostrogotha, king of the Goths, who was a man of firm mind, answered the ambassadors that he did indeed dread such a war and that it would be a grievous and infamous thing to join battle with their kin,--but he would not give up his lands. And why say more? The Gepidae hastened to take arms and Ostrogotha likewise moved his forces against them, lest he should seem a coward. They met at the town of Galtis, near which the river Auha flows, and there both sides fought with great valor; indeed the similarity of their arms and of their manner of fighting turned them against their own men. But the better cause and their natural alertness aided the Goths.Finally night put an end to the battle as a part of the Gepidae were giving way. Then Fastida, king of the Gepidae, left the field of slaughter and hastened to his own land, as much humiliated with shame and disgrace as formerly he had been elated with pride. The Goths returned victorious, content with the retreat of the Gepidae, and dwelt in peace and happiness in their own land so long as Ostrogotha was their leader. (XVII 98-100)

After his death, Jordanes mentions a new ruler of Goths, Cniva. Dexippus
In the Vienna fragment of Dexippus, Cniva and Ostrogotha are contemporaries and competitors. Ostrogotha was still alive when Cniva conquered Philippopolis and Ostrogotha was jealous of the high regard Cniva was given because of this victory. He set out to battle the Roman leader Decius and was apparently the Gothic leader responsible for the defeat of Decius (which is also reported by Jordanes as happening after Phillipopolis).But when Ostrogouthos, the leader of the Scythians, heard that Philippopolis was taken, and that (?) indeed the Scythians were holding Cniva in the highest regard, and were celebrating him in song, as is their ancestral custom when they have especially good fortune and success in war, whereas they were holding himself [in less esteem], charging him with cowardice and failure in his tactics, he thought it unbearable not to make amends to the Scythian cause by some notable achievement, setting out, he marched quickly with an army of about fifty thousand. But Decius was grieved by <his> failure to bring help and by the capture of Philip (194v) popolis, and when the army was collected to the number of about eighty thousand, his intention was to renew the war if he could, thinking that even if he had failed to bring help, the honorable (course) was at least to set free the Thracian captives and to prevent them from crossing to the other side [of the Danube]. And having in the meanwhile made a ditch near Amisos (? ), a village of the territory of Beroea, he remained within the stockade with his army, keeping awatch for when the enemy might (try to) cross. But when the advance of the force under Ostrogouthos was reported to him, he decided it was necessary to encourage the soldiers as the opportunity offered, and after calling them together in assembly he said something like this: If only, (my) men, the body of the army and our subject to us had been successful. But since the vicissitudes of humanity bring many calamities, as is the rule for mortals, it is perhaps the duty of wise men to accept events and not to be less brave in disposition, and not, because (you are) shaken by the failure in the plain and the capture of the Thracians (in case any of you has lost heart because of these events), to become cowards.For both setbacks can be disputed [i.e. can be explained away]. For the first was due to the treachery of the sentinels rather than to cowardice on our part, and they took the Thracians city, after despairing of doing so by direct attack, by treachery rather than by valor. But weakness is not courage (?) Cniva was described as a king (βασιλεύς) while Ostrogotha was described as an archon or leader of Scythians (τῶν Σκυθῶν ἄρχων). References

Sources

Also see
 Thomas Gerhardt, Udo Hartmann: Fasti. In: Klaus-Peter Johne (Hrsg.): Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser. Band 2. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2008, S. 1194f. Jana Grusková, Gunter Martin: Ein neues Textstück aus den „Scythica Vindobonensia“ zu den Ereignissen nach der Eroberung von Philippopolis. In: Tyche 29, 2014, S. 29–43. Jana Grusková, Gunter Martin: Zum Angriff der Goten unter Kniva auf eine thrakische Stadt (Scythica Vindobonensia, f. 195v). In: Tyche 30, 2015, S. 35–53

External links
English translation of Getica by Jordanes: https://people.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
3rd-century Gothic people
Gothic kings
Gothic warriors


texts:
<mask><mask> (; born September 26, 1945) is an American philosopher and Professor Emeritus  at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he was formerly the <mask>an, Jr. Distinguished Professor. Since 2011, <mask> is also Distinguished Visiting Professor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut, where he continues to teach. Education and career

<mask> received his B.A. from Amherst College in 1966, where he also worked as a teaching assistant in the Music department. His honors thesis was on "Noam Chomsky's Investigation of Syntax." He went on to attend graduate school at the University of Chicago, where he received an M.A.in 1967 and a Ph.D. in 1970. His doctoral dissertation was on "Persons, Criteria, and Materialism." <mask> taught for twelve years at Ohio State University, before joining the faculty at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill in 1982, where he is now emeritus. He won the Class of 2001 Outstanding Faculty Award (in 2001) and a Distinguished Teaching Award for Post-Baccalaureate Instruction in 2002. In 2013, he was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. Philosophical work

His principal interests include philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of linguistics, epistemology, and  metaphysics. The author of eight books and over 150 articles (and over 20 reviews) <mask> is an advocate of the version of functionalism, known as homuncular functionalism.Lycan is an unapologetic realist and physicalist about almost everything – mental states (intentionality and consciousness), epistemic justification, linguistic meaning, perception (especially color and smell), moral properties, aesthetic properties, and more. This philosophical tapestry is held together by several common threads, which among others include: the view that persons are complex systems composed of sub-personal systems, sub-sub-personal systems, etc., all the way down to sub-atomic functions; the view that natural teleology is ubiquitous, that there exists a non-ideal but nonetheless discernible evolved fit between human capacities and the environment; and the view that meaning in natural language manifests a logical form that at its core is truth-functional. These (and other) common threads are prominent in Lycan's theories of mind. Mental states are type-identical to functional states instantiated in sub- or sub-sub-personal systems, where the function of any such state is determined by its natural teleology. This is Lycan's Homuncular Functionalism. The appeal to teleology dissolves problems with earlier functionalist theories, especially those concerning consciousness. A correct theory of consciousness, on Lycan's view, comprises multiple parts corresponding to the multiple phenomena to which the term ‘consciousness’ is applied.Thus, Lycan defends a higher-order, inner sense theory of awareness, according to which attention mechanisms have the function of monitoring and integrating lower level psychological processes; a pronominal theory of subjectivity, according to which the subjective or perspectival nature of conscious states is a product of the utterly unique semantic role of introspective mental concepts (e.g., ‘I’); a representational theory of qualia, according to which sensory qualities are the intentional objects of sensory representations; and more. (Consciousness 1987; Consciousness and Experience 1996.) These same threads are prominent in <mask>'s account of knowledge, including his account of belief acquisition and epistemic justification. To acquire a new belief is to acquire a new real, internal representation instantiated in one's functional architecture. And a new belief is justified if it, better than its competitors, increases the explanatory coherence of the person's entire belief set. This is Lycan's explanationist theory of justification. Canons of epistemic value used to identify degrees of explanatory coherence are themselves justified by appeal to natural teleology.(Judgement and Justification 1988.) In defense of his view, Lycan critically assesses major competitors (especially reliabilism) and other views (e.g., epistemic minimalism). Meaning in natural language (Logical Form in Natural Language 1984), including the meaning of indicative conditionals (Real Conditionals 2001), is explained by Lycan in truth-theoretic terms. Here, too, the requisite psycho-linguistic machinery coheres with <mask>'s Homuncular Functionalism and, more generally, with the above common threads. Along with Robert Adams, Lycan considers David Kellogg Lewis's notion of possible worlds to be metaphysically extravagant and suggests in its place an actualist interpretation of possible worlds as consistent, maximally complete sets of descriptions  or propositions about the world, so that a "possible world" is conceived of as a complete description (i.e. a maximally consistent set of propositions) of a way the world could be – rather than a world which is that way. Publications
 Logical Form in Natural Language (Bradford Books / MIT Press, 1984), xii + 348 pp.Knowing Who (with Steven Boër) (Bradford Books / MIT Press, 1986), xiv + 212 pp. Consciousness (Bradford Books / MIT Press, 1987), ix + 165 pp. Judgement and Justification (Cambridge University Press, 1988), xiii + 230 pp. Modality and Meaning (Kluwer Academic Publishing, Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy series, 1994), xxii + 335 pp. Consciousness and Experience (Bradford Books / MIT Press, 1996), xx + 211 pp. Philosophy of Language: A Contemporary Introduction (Routledge Publishers, 1999), xvi + 243 pp. Real Conditionals (Oxford University Press, 2001), vii + 223 pp.See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers

External links
 Personal website
 Faculty Homepage at UNC
 <mask><mask>'s Curriculum Vitae

20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Analytic philosophers
Philosophers of language
Metaphysicians
Living people
Amherst College alumni
American philosophy academics
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
Ohio State University faculty
1945 births

masks:
William G
. Lycan
William Rand Ken
Lycan
William Lycan
Lycan
Lycan
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William G
. Lycan


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<mask> (July 27, 1824 – March 9, 1882) was a well known nineteenth century American railroad engineer and civil engineer. He was born in York Springs, Pennsylvania. Early life and career
<mask> was born in York Springs, Pennsylvania on July 27, 1824, being the son of <mask> (1788-) and <mask> (1790-), one of six children. <mask>'s family were well-known Quakers in Adams county and he finished his education at the Academy at Gettysburg, under the charge of Herman Haupt. Pennsylvania railroad
In 1847, <mask> joined the corps of engineers working on the Pennsylvania railroad and remained until 1854. He started under chief engineer Samuel W. Mifflin (1805-1885) who was in charge of the mountain division, extending from Jack's narrows to the Allegheny summit. Mifflin at that time was one of five principal assistants to <mask>.Foster, Associate Engineer in charge of the Eastern Division.The names of the other assistants were Edward Tilghman, A. Worral, Strickland Kneass, and Thomas T<mask> (1813-1887), another Adams County resident. During this period, <mask> also worked for Herman Haupt as his assistant engineer. By 1854, <mask> was the principal assistant engineer in charge of the Western Division of the railroad's mainline. In 1855 he became the Chief Engineer of the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, replaced by Thomas W. Seabrook. The road was the first railroad in the United States to link the Atlantic Ocean with the Mississippi River. <mask> returned to the Pennsylvania railroad in 1859 and remained there until the beginning of the Civil War. Interoceanic Railway Company
In 1857, he went to Honduras, Central America to work with John C. Trautwine of Philadelphia who was chief engineer of a party surveying a line from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean for the Honduras Interoceanic Railway.Civil War
In May 1862, <mask> along with Eben C. Smeed, I.B. Nevins, G. F. spear, W.R Fulton, and Samuel Longmand was recruited by Herman Haupt as a civilian foreman to help rebuild the Fredericksburg railroad from Aquia Creek. In September of that year, <mask> was ordered by Haupt to take charge of Cumberland Valley Railroad operations along with another Western Division civil engineer for the Pennsylvania Railroad, Joseph D. Potts (1829-1893). Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad

In November 1862, <mask> was assigned by Haupt as Chief Engineer and Superintendent of Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad to rebuild the wharves at Acquia creek as well as fifteen miles of the railroad to Fredericksburg, Virginia controlled by the Union army with Adna Anderson acted as chief engineer of construction. After rebuilding the bridges and wharves for the road, <mask> was forced to abandon Acquia creek on September 6, 1862, due to Lee's victory at the Second Battle of Bull Run. <mask> returned to Acquia creek in November 1862 while Lee had destroyed the railroad line from its terminus at Acquia creek all the way to Fredericksburg. <mask> rebuilt the road again but was forced to again abandon the railroad in June 1863 when Lee's advance to Gettysburg forced Union forces to retreat from their Fredericksburg positions.<mask> left the military railroad and returned home to Pennsylvania. Military Division of the Mississippi

This Department was the largest and included the Departments of Cumberland, Ohio, and Tennessee. The department separated its construction and transportation divisions...
"(T)he transportation division had charge of transportation, maintenance, and repair of the road, and was operated under a general superintendent. He was instructed to employ the best practical talent of the country to act as superintendents of the various lines. The construction corps' duties comprised the construction of new lines and the opening of them for the use of the transportation department. This corps was under a chief engineer, who was directed to organize and equip a corps large enough for the purpose." (Swanter, 1929) In December 1863, General Daniel McCallum, Military Director and Superintendent of the United States Military Railroad was ordered to assess and evaluate the conditions of the railroad lines supplying the Union army located at that time in the vicinity of Chattanooga, Tennessee.The mission of the USMRR was to rebuild the railroad supply lines into Chattanooga from Nashville and Knoxville.McCallum's strategy was to rebuild the rail lines into Nashville and then rebuild the lines into Chattanooga. This meant rebuilding the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad from Nashville to Stevenson, Alabama, the Central Alabama railroad to Decatur, Alabama Memphis and Charleston Railroad, and the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad that ran between Chattanooga and Knoxville. The segment of the M&C railroad between Bridgeport, Alabama and Chattanooga had suffered much damage at the hands of the retreating Confederates, two major bridges had been destroyed, the first over 1,500 foot in length at the Tennessee River and the second at 800 feet and 95 feet high at Running Water, Tennessee. In December 1863, <mask> rejoined the U.S. Military Railroad construction corps. Over the next four months, <mask> mobilized a workforce of two thousand men and numerous military engineer units such as the Virginia Construction Corps of three hundred men, 1st Regiment Missouri Volunteer Engineers under Colonel Henry Flad, 1st Regiment Michigan Volunteer Engineers and Mechanics under Colonel <mask> Innes, and the 12th and 13th regiments of the United States Colored Troops. Reconstruction of railroads into Chattanooga
In general, these railways were torn up by the retreating Confederates, and bridges and stations were burned. As fast as the Union army occupied new territory, the railroads had to be reconstructed and opened for use, and they were always subject to constant guerrilla raids.Frequently the army was driven back and the line was lost, which made necessary a second rebuilding after the next advance. An example of this was the Buell campaign of 1863 the road was opened as far as Stevenson, Alabama but it was lost when Buell retreated in the late fall. It was recaptured by Rosecrans late in 1863 and was rebuilt to Chattanooga. These railroads furnished all the supplies to the Union armies in the field. The problem was that the railroad lines were one of the few in the Confederacy with U rail laid on longitudinal stingers with no ballast on the roadbed. <mask> reopened the line into Chattanooga in January 1864 and the Union army was able to issue full rations to the soldiers for the first time since they took Chattanooga in early December 1863. Nashville and Northwestern Railroad

In November 1863, Union troops occupied Kingston Springs, Tennessee to serve a base for constructing the Nashville and Northwestern Railroad which would connect Nashville with the major supply depot at Johnsonville on the Tennessee River.Impressed labor and the colored troops

Colonel Reuben D. Mussey Jr. recruited African-American soldiers for the Union Army, being detailed to act as a commissioner for organizing black troops with headquarters at Nashville. On June 14, 1864, Mussey was appointed colonel of the 100th U.S. Colored Infantry. Atlanta Campaign

In February 1864, Grant appointed McCallum as general manager of all military railways in the West and he immediately appointed <mask> chief engineer of the construction corps. <mask> organized the construction corps into six divisions one of which he commanded in Virginia at Acquia creek. Three new divisions were to be mobilized to support the railroad rebuilding work assigned to <mask> who now commanded almost six thousand men. The Corps headquarters was the residence of the division engineer and his assistants.Each division had subdivisions for bridges and track. McCallum's objective was to mobilize a military railroad to supply Sherman's Atlanta campaign in 1864 using 200 locomotives and 3,000 pieces of rolling stock. The Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad was the primary supply line for the Atlanta campaign. <mask> replaced the old "U" rail with new "T" rail. Often raids forced <mask> to rebuild bridges several times, one had to be rebuilt five times. Just prior to Sherman starting his campaign, 130 freight cars a day arrived in Chattanooga carrying food, ammunition, and supplies only; troops and livestock were marched in. The Atlanta campaign saw the railroad being used for hospital trains, eight cars in each, carrying as many as three hundred passengers.Sherman's campaign depended on bringing supplies over railroad lines maintained by <mask>'s construction corps. This four hundred and seventy-mile rail link was composed of three railroads, the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, and the Western and Atlantic Railroad. Sherman noted this contribution when he said that this single rail line "supplied an army of 100,000 men and 35,000 horses for a period of 196 days" in the 1864 campaign. <mask>'s task in rebuilding the Western and Atlantic Railroad was the most difficult, constructing eleven bridges on the line including the eight hundred foot Chattahoochee River bridge in just six days. <mask> rebuilt the Oostenaula River bridge in seventy-two hours and started the rebuild while the bridge was still burning. He rebuilt the 600-foot bridge over the Etowah River in five days. Much of this work was supervised by Eben C. Smeed, one of Herman Haupt's assistants from Virginia.Savannah Campaign
At the close of 1864, <mask> was ordered by General Sherman to Savannah, where he arrived with his construction corps of 1,200 men on January 13, 1865, and was put in charge of the military railroad work in that vicinity. He was present with General Sherman at the time of the negotiations with General Johnston, which closed the war. <mask> was replaced by Col Joseph Fulton Boyd (1832-1907) on July 1, 1865. Eben C. Smeed remained engineer of repairs. <mask> left the Army in 1866 as chief engineer of military railroads of the Division of the Mississippi. Postbellum career
After the war, <mask> resumed his involvement in the railroad industry. Kansas Pacific Railway
In 1866, <mask> left the Military Railroad Construction Corps and became general superintendent and chief engineer of the Kansas Pacific Railway Company then known as the Union Pacific railway-Eastern Division, with headquarters at Wyandotte, Kansas part of present-day Kansas City, Kansas.He was to survey routes for a proposed extension to the Pacific coast. The US Congress had approved legislation in 1866, authorizing the railway to extend the railroad westward along the Smoky Hill River to Denver, Colorado. It also required the railroad to join the Union Pacific railroad no more than fifty miles west of Denver, a distance of 394 miles. The railroad was completed by the end of 1867. Mays Landing & Egg Harbor City Railroad
<mask> was appointed chief engineer by the Pennsylvania railroad to locate the line in May 1871. Death and interment
<mask> died on March 9, 1882, and was interred at Huntington Quaker Meeting House Cemetery, Latimore Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania, USA. When <mask> returned to the U.S., his bright career seemed to take a downward turn.In his years abroad, he had become an alcoholic. He took lodgings in a room on Walnut Street in Philadelphia and subsisted by cleaning offices. The night before he died, <mask> had been arrested for drunken behavior in public. He was sent to Moyamensing Prison in Philadelphia and was found dead the next morning, March 9, 1882. He was buried beside his parents in Adams County. <mask> never married. References
Manuscripts
 Army, Thomas F. Jr, "Engineering Victory: The Ingenuity, Proficiency, and Versatility of Union Citizen Soldiers in Determining the Outcome of the Civil War" (2014).Doctoral Dissertations. 50. Fisher, Chas. E. “The U. S. Military Railroads.” The Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin, no. 59, 1942, pp. 54–76. JSTOR, Accessed 19 July 2020.Shiman, Philip Lewis. "Engineering Sherman's March: Army engineers and the management of modern war, 1862-1865." (1992): 4452-4452. Staudenmaier, John. "American Engineers of the Nineteenth Century: A Biographical Index by Christine Roysdon; Linda A. Khatri." (1979).Sources

American civil engineers
1824 births
1882 deaths
American railroad pioneers
American railway civil engineers
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Gettysburg College alumni
Engineers from Pennsylvania

masks:
William Wierman Wright
Wright
William Wright
Phoebe Wierman
Wright
Wright
William B
. Wierman
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
William Power
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
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Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright


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<mask> (February 10, 1880 – December 3, 1958) was the first Director of Bands at the University of Illinois and the first band director at an American university to hold a position of full professorship. The Harding Band Building, the first dedicated building for a University Band Department, was named for him. His full-length portrait painted by Earl Bradbury in 1950 hangs in the Harding Band Building. Early life

<mask> was born February 10, 1880 in Georgetown, Illinois, the son of Conway A. and <mask>. Unfortunately, Jennie died shortly after his birth, and Conway moved his son to Paris, Illinois, to live with his maternal grandparents, Vincent and Mary Stewart. He lived with them until the age of 10. After their deaths in February 1890 he went to live with his paternal grandmother, Mrs. <mask>, and her brother <mask> in the Austin house in Paris.He lived there until he was 21. In 1894 at age 14 <mask> bought his first cornet, a French Jaubert for only nine or ten dollars. This cornet was probably the cheapest type of cornet available at that time and was nicknamed "Jawbreakers". Recognizing beauty in the instrument, he quickly mastered it and moved on to the fife. By the age of 16, he had also learned the piccolo. He began his musical career as the bugler for the Boys Brigade in Paris. Since Paris High School did not yet have a band, he became bugler for the Paris High School Cadets.Also, he and some of his school mates formed a band called the "Bum Notes Band". Each member of the band played an unfamiliar instrument so <mask> chose the baritone, a larger brass instrument having the same valve fingering as the cornet. While still in high school he joined and eventually led the Paris Beacon Drum and Bugle Corps, named after the local newspaper the Paris Beacon. In this group he played the fife and the bugle. The corps traveled by train to Canton, Ohio in 1896 to play at a political campaign rally for presidential candidate William McKinley. At the age of 17, he joined the Paris Concert Band. Before graduating from high school in 1899 he became the leader of the band, and later succeeded W. D. Wooley as band director.Meanwhile, his career as an independent musician was thriving, and he was invited to participate in many area musical groups including marching bands, dance bands, and orchestras. After high school, he joined the Illinois National Guard, where he was company bugler, battalion bugler, and regimental bugler. For the most part, he was stationed at Camp Lincoln in Springfield, Illinois. Career as a student

In 1902, <mask> began attending the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. Almost immediately, he joined the University Military Band playing cornet and the University Orchestra playing bassoon. He was outranked in seniority by two musicians in the cornet section of the band: Carl Ginzel and E.J. Piggot.In 1904 he joined the newly formed chapter of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity where he roomed with DeLoss Funk of Funk's Grove in McLean County, Illinois. DeLoss had an automobile and was in great demand on campus because of it. In the spring of 1905 <mask> was offered a position as Teacher of Band Instruments and Assistant Director of the band by Professor Frederick Locke Lawrence, head of the School of Music. At the time, he was a junior in the College of Engineering planning to become a municipal and sanitary engineer. He considered the band position only temporary. He didn't finish his engineering degree, but he did receive a Bachelor of Music degree in 1916. Since the School of Music was growing rapidly, Professor Lawrence had less time available to spend with the band.Thus, <mask>'s responsibilities in the band gradually increased and beginning in September 1905 Professor Lawrence never raised a baton over the band again. <mask> led all rehearsals, provided all band instruction, and did all individual instruction on band instruments after the fall tryouts. On 3 March 1906, he conducted his first concert in the Armory (now the Kenney Gym Annex) on Springfield Avenue, appearing on the concert program as Conductor. This concert, called the Sixteenth Annual Concert, was one in a long series of incorrectly numbered ″annual concerts″ and ″anniversary concerts″. The first formal band concert of record had been played 3 May 1892 at the Walker Opera House in Champaign. Director of bands

In 1907 <mask> was appointed Director of Bands after two years of conducting the band. With this appointment the University of Illinois became the "first university to create a distinct band department under a director of bands".He was listed as both conductor and director of the Military Band for the first time in the program for the 1908 annual spring concert. Later he earned a full professorship in music, becoming the first band director to do this on an American campus. On the evening of 26 April 1911 the Military Band played the first Twilight Concert on the quadrangle in front of the University Auditorium (now Foellinger Auditorium). These popular concerts were started by Director <mask> following a request by the university president Edmund J. James that the band do something more for the cultural life of the university. The spring series of Twilight Concerts in April and May continued through 1984. Summer session Twilight Concerts in June and July played by the Summer Band on the Illini Union terrace continue to the present. On Commencement Day, 11 June 1913, <mask> married Margaret Rogers, a high school friend from Paris.He was 33 and she was 32. They had one daughter, <mask> <mask>. As a student <mask> had played in several off-campus organizations to earn money. He played at the Walker Opera House and joined the Knights of Pythias Band, eventually becoming its conductor. In 1910 he became director of the Urbana Commercial Club Band for its summer concert series. Because many players, including some of <mask>'s own university students, played in both these bands, he merged the two into an Associated Musicians Band in 1913 to play concerts and local events. <mask> conducted this band for several years.From 1918 to 1931 he conducted the University Orchestra in addition to his duties as Director of Bands. Frederic B. Stiven, director of the School of Music, replaced him as the University Orchestra conductor in 1931. By 1919, following World War I, the bands had expanded to three organizations. The first band was designated the Concert Band and was increased to 100 members from every college in the university plus a few faculty members who qualified and wanted to play. Military duties were taken over by the First and Second Regiment Bands conducted by the band assistants. These two bands also functioned as concert groups. From 1926 onward the band assistants also took over drills and performances of the football band, the Marching Illini.In July 1922 there was sufficient interest among students, faculty and townspeople that a Summer Band was organized at the university to play Twilight Concerts similar to those given in the spring. This band has continued relatively unchanged since that time. When <mask> became conductor there was very little original music written for band by outstanding composers. Published concert music consisted mainly of transcriptions of orchestral music for small bands of limited ability and instrumentation, so he began to transcribe brilliant, colorful orchestral compositions to fit the instrumentation and ability of his band. These transcriptions were done under an agreement with publishers that they be used exclusively by the University of Illinois bands and not be copied or loaned out to other bands. The list grew to more than 150 handwritten manuscripts by the time he retired in 1948. He continued to increase the dimensions of the band program by adding concert band music and his own transcriptions of symphonic and chamber pieces to performances at ceremonies and sporting events.He also enforced professionalism within the bands. The Concert Band became unique, especially because of his interest in unusual instruments. Not only did he utilize typical band instruments but in 1924 he added many unusual instruments such as the basset horn, saxonet, B-flat bass sarrusophone, E-flat bass sarrusophone, CC contra-bass sarrusophone, terz flute, A-flat flute, musette, valve trombone, tenor antoniophone, bass antoniophone, bellstedtromba, bass cornophone and ophicleide. John Philip Sousa called the Concert Band "the world's greatest college band." The Concert Band became well known away from the campus through annual spring tours and weekly radio broadcasts that were well established by 1927. Band concerts in the University Auditorium were popular and well attended by students, faculty and townspeople. The Concert Band always played a formal concert for the June graduation festivities in addition to playing for the Commencement ceremonies.<mask> emphasized the importance of sight reading in his bands. In addition to the dozen or so selections prepared for the spring concert the Concert Band would read and maintain a large repertoire of music to be taken on tour. In 1931 tour audiences could select encores from a list of 87 compositions that the band members carried with them for tour concerts. On 29 October 1933 the Concert Band made an all expenses paid trip to Chicago to play at the Century of Progress International Exposition, the World′s Fair. The band played a one-hour concert in the Hall of States and another in the Hall of Science. They returned home the same day. While <mask> was director, the Concert Band had many guest conductors.The most legendary was John Philip Sousa, also known as the "March King". On March 20, 1930, the band performed a "Complimentary Concert". <mask> conducted the first half of the concert, and Sousa conducted the second half. Among the works <mask> conducted were those composed by Saint-Saëns, Respighi, Haydn Wood, Glazunov, and Rimsky-Korsakov. Sousa then conducted various works including a "Symposium of Marches by the March King" which consisted of "The University of Illinois", "Semper Fidelis", and "The Stars and Stripes Forever". Other guest conductors at various times were Edwin Franko Goldman, Henry Fillmore, Frank Simon, Harold Bachman, Guy Holmes, and Victor Grabel. <mask> also started the Illinois Band Clinic.According to John Grashel, Ph.D., the Illinois Band Clinic was a precursor to the Midwest Clinic, now the Mid-West International Band and Orchestra Clinic held annually in Chicago, Illinois. In 1929 the idea of a clinic for high school band directors grew out of the annual High School Teachers Conference held at the university. <mask> and his assistants organized the first clinic held on 9–10 January 1930. Along with demonstrations of contest music played by the university bands there were meetings and discussions of band topics. The clinics were discontinued in the 1950s. In 1955 they were replaced with the Festival of Concert Band Music, a two–day series of formal concerts by the three university bands. In January 1945 <mask> was bedridden.The 16th annual band clinic was in session at the time, so Clarence Sawhill, Assistant Director of Bands, conducted the band clinic. On January 16, 1945, Margaret died. She was survived by her husband and their only child <mask> <mask>. After 41 years of being the director of bands, <mask> retired in 1948 at the age of 68. His assistant Mark Hindsley became Interim Director and was appointed Director in 1950, a position he held until his retirement in 1970. Relationship with Sousa
<mask> and Sousa shared a "very close personal and professional relationship". According to archivist Phyllis W. Danner, the Sousa band was performing in Champaign, Illinois, in 1906 when they met at a reception.A "mentoring relationship developed between the two… and the friendship between the two lasted until Sousa's death nearly three decades later". Sousa planned on giving the university the materials from his band library as a "gesture of his high esteem" for <mask> and his band. However, this was not written in Sousa′s will when he died in 1932. In order to obtain the collection, <mask> wrote letters to the Sousa family and their attorneys. After a few months the family agreed, and Ray Dvorak, the band assistant at the time, traveled to New York City to retrieve the collection. Dvorak sorted through the materials in Sousa's band library and "oversaw the packing and shipping of 39 trunks and two boxes containing 9,700 pounds of music and other materials". These materials are now housed at the Sousa Archives and Center for American Music, which is open to the public.Death and accomplishments

<mask> had been plagued with an illness after his retirement. On December 3, 1958 <mask> <mask> died in Champaign, Illinois. The Band Building had been dedicated in March of that year. <mask> served as the treasurer of the American Bandmasters Association for several years. From 1937-1938, he was the ABA's President. In 1956, he succeeded John Philip Sousa and Edwin Franko Goldman as Honorary Life President. For the College Band Directors National Association, he became an Honorary Life President, and he was also a founding member of the Alpha Xi chapter of the Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia.He received Honorary Doctor of Music degrees from Phillips University, Enid, Oklahoma and Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, in 1936. The "A.A. Harding March" composed by Carl Mader and F.M. Bierow in <mask>'s honor was published by the Columbia Band Instruments Company in Chicago. <mask> was uncomfortable playing a march with his name as the title so he cut the titles off the band parts and always referred to it as "March number 20". When the Summer Band played the march on the 27 June 2019 Twilight Concert the band parts for number 20 still had no titles. As Director of Bands <mask> transcribed more than 150 orchestral compositions for his concert bands. Most of these remain unpublished.However he allowed six transcriptions to be published by Neil Kjos Music Company so that the royalties could be used to fund the A.A. Harding Awards given annually to outstanding band members. The six with dates of publication are:

Finale from ″Death and Transfiguration″ — Richard Strauss (1950)
A Hero′s Courtship from ″Ein Heldenleben″ — Richard Strauss (1956)
Introduction and Wedding March from ″The Golden Cockerel″ — Nikolai Rimsky−Korsakov (1957)
Overture to ″The Tsar′s Bride″ — Nikolai Rimsky−Korsakov (1954)
Psyche and Eros from ″Psyche″ — César Franck (1952)
Valzer Campestre from ″Suite Siciliana″ — Giuseppe Marinuzzi (1957)

In 2021 <mask> was inducted into The Guild of the University of Illinois College of Fine and Applied Arts. This is a group of noteworthy alumni, faculty and friends of the college who are recognized posthumously for their contributions to the arts. This honor is a further indication that his influence has continued through the years following his death. Harding Band Building

The University of Illinois Bands moved into the Band Building in 1957 (renamed Harding Band Building in 1974). In 1928 the bands had moved from basement space in University Hall into the Military Office Building, a 1915 wooden frame structure east of the Armory, and remained there until 1956 when work was started on the new building occupying the same site at 1103 South Sixth Street, Champaign. This new building was the "first building built solely for use by a college band program."Today, it is home to the University of Illinois Bands, the Sousa Archives and Center for American Music, and "one of the world's greatest band libraries". Most of the rehearsal and practice rooms were built to achieve maximum acoustical effectiveness. These include a main rehearsal room, six sectional rehearsal rooms, and twelve practice rooms. Also, the band library utilizes five rooms; the Sousa Archives and Center for American Music and the Carl Busch Instrument Collection occupy five more rooms. References

Sources

External links
Brief biography from the University of Illinois Bands

1880 births
1958 deaths
American conductors (music)
American male conductors (music)
University and college band directors
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign School of Music alumni
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty
20th-century male musicians

masks:
Albert Austin Harding
Albert Austin Harding
Jennie Stewart Harding
Adelia Austin Harding
Wallace Austin
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Jane Austin
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Margaret Harding
Jane Austin
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Albert Austin
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<mask> I (; Greek ; "son of the lion"; died 19 September 480 BC) was a king of the Greek city-state of Sparta, and the 17th of the Agiad line, a dynasty which claimed descent from the mythological demigod Heracles and Cadmus. <mask> I was son of King Anaxandridas II. He succeeded his half-brother King Cleomenes I to the throne in c. 489 BC. His co-ruler was King Leotychidas. He was succeeded by his son, King Pleistarchus. <mask> had a notable participation in the Second Persian War, where he led the allied Greek forces to a last stand at the Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC) while attempting to defend the pass from the invading Persian army; he died at the battle and entered myth as the leader of the 300 Spartans. While the Greeks lost this battle, they were able to expel the Persian invaders in the following year.Life
According to Herodotus, <mask>' mother was not only his father's wife but also his father's niece and had been barren for so long that the ephors, the five annually elected administrators of the Spartan constitution, tried to prevail upon King Anaxandridas II to set her aside and take another wife. Anaxandridas refused, claiming his wife was blameless, whereupon the ephors agreed to allow him to take a second wife without setting aside his first. This second wife, a descendant of Chilon of Sparta (one of the Seven Sages of Greece), promptly bore a son, Cleomenes. However, one year after Cleomenes' birth, Anaxandridas' first wife also gave birth to a son, Dorieus. <mask> was the second son of Anaxandridas' first wife, and either the elder brother or twin of Cleombrotus. King Anaxandridas II died in 520 BC, and Cleomenes succeeded to the throne sometime between then and 516 BC. Dorieus was so outraged that the Spartans had preferred his half-brother over himself that he found it impossible to remain in Sparta.He made one unsuccessful attempt to set up a colony in Africa and, when this failed, sought his fortune in Sicily, where after initial successes he was killed. <mask>' relationship with his bitterly antagonistic elder brothers is unknown, but he married Cleomenes' daughter, Gorgo, sometime before coming to the throne in 490 BC. <mask> was heir to the Agiad throne and a full citizen (homoios) at the time of the Battle of Sepeia against Argos (c. 494 BC). Likewise, he was a full citizen when the Persians sought submission from Sparta and met with vehement rejection in or around 492/491 BC. His elder half-brother, king Cleomenes, had already been deposed on grounds of purported insanity, and had fled into exile when Athens sought assistance against the First Persian invasion of Greece, that ended at Marathon (490 BC). Plutarch has recorded the following:  "When someone said to him: 'Except for being king you are not at all superior to us,' <mask> son of Anaxandridas and brother of Cleomenes replied: 'But were I not better than you, I should not be king.'" As the product of the agoge, <mask> is unlikely to have been referring to his royal blood alone but rather suggesting that he had, like his brother Dorieus, proven superior capability in the competitive environment of Spartan training and society, and that he believed this made him qualified to rule.<mask> was chosen to lead the combined Greek forces determined to resist the Second Persian invasion of Greece in 481 BC. This was not simply a tribute to Sparta's military prowess:  The probability that the coalition wanted <mask> personally for his capability as a military leader is underlined by the fact that just two years after his death, the coalition preferred Athenian leadership to the leadership of either Leotychidas or <mask>' successor (as regent for his still under-aged son) Pausanias. The rejection of Leotychidas and Pausanias was not a reflection on Spartan arms. Sparta's military reputation had never stood in higher regard, nor was Sparta less powerful in 478 BC than it had been in 481 BC. This selection of <mask>xes' invasion led to <mask>' death in the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC. Battle of Thermopylae

Upon receiving a request from the confederated Greek forces to aid in defending Greece against the Persian invasion, Sparta consulted the Oracle at Delphi. The Oracle is said to have made the following prophecy in hexameter verse:

In August 480 BC, <mask>' army at Thermopylae with a small force of 1,200 men (900 helots and 300 Spartan hoplites), where he was joined by forces from other Greek city-states, who put themselves under his command to form an army of 7,000 strong.There are various theories on why <mask> was accompanied by such a small force of hoplites. According to Herodotus, "the Spartans sent the men with <mask> on ahead so that the rest of the allies would see them and march with no fear of defeat, instead of siding with the Persians like the others if they learned that the Spartans were delaying. After completing their festival, the Carneia, they left their garrison at Sparta and marched in full force towards Thermopylae. The rest of the allies planned to do likewise, for the Olympiad coincided with these events. They accordingly sent their advance guard, not expecting the war at Thermopylae to be decided so quickly." Many modern commentators are unsatisfied with this explanation and point to the fact that the Olympic Games were in progress or impute internal dissent and intrigue. Whatever the reason Sparta's own contribution was just 300 Spartiates (accompanied by their attendants and probably perioikoi auxiliaries), the total force assembled for the defense of the pass of Thermopylae came to something between four and seven thousand Greeks.They faced a Persian army who had invaded from the north of Greece under Xerxes I. Herodotus stated that this army consisted of over two million men; modern scholars consider this to be an exaggeration and give estimates ranging from 70,000 to 300,000. Xerxes waited four days to attack, hoping the Greeks would disperse. Finally, on the fifth day the Persians attacked. <mask> and the Greeks repulsed the Persians' frontal attacks for the fifth and sixth days, killing roughly 10,000 of the enemy troops. The Persian elite unit known to the Greeks as "the Immortals" was held back, and two of Xerxes' brothers (Abrocomes and Hyperanthes) died in battle. On the seventh day (August 11), a Malian Greek traitor named Ephialtes led the Persian general Hydarnes by a mountain track to the rear of the Greeks. At that point <mask> sent away all Greek troops and remained in the pass with his 300 Spartans, 900 helots, 400 Thebans and 700 Thespians.The Thespians stayed entirely of their own will, declaring that they would not abandon <mask> and his followers. Their leader was Demophilus, son of Diadromes, and as Herodotus writes, "Hence they lived with the Spartans and died with them." One theory provided by Herodotus is that <mask> sent away the remainder of his men because he cared about their safety. The King would have thought it wise to preserve those Greek troops for future battles against the Persians, but he knew that the Spartans could never abandon their post on the battlefield. The soldiers who stayed behind were to protect their escape against the Persian cavalry. Herodotus himself believed that <mask> gave the order because he perceived the allies to be disheartened and unwilling to encounter the danger to which his own mind was made up. He therefore chose to dismiss all troops except the Thebans, Thespians and helots and save the glory for the Spartans.Of the small Greek force, attacked from both sides, all were killed except for the 400 Thebans, who surrendered to Xerxes without a fight. When <mask> was killed, the Spartans retrieved his body after driving back the Persians four times. Herodotus says that Xerxes' orders were to have <mask>' head cut off and put on a stake and his body crucified. This was considered sacrilegious. Legacy

Antiquity
A hero cult of <mask> survived at Sparta until the Antonine era (2nd century AD). Thermopylae monument

A bronze statue of <mask> was erected at Thermopylae in 1955. A sign, under the statue, reads simply: "ΜΟΛΩΝ ΛΑΒΕ" ("Come and take them"), which was <mask>' laconic reply when Xerxes offered to spare the lives of the Spartans if they gave up their arms.Another statue, also with the inscription ΜΟΛΩΝ ΛΑΒΕ, was erected at Sparta in 1968. Literature

<mask> was the name of an Epic poem written by Richard Glover, which originally appeared in 1737. It went on to appear in four other editions, being expanded from 9 books to 12. He is a central figure in Steven Pressfield's novel Gates of Fire. He appears as the protagonist of Frank Miller's 1998 comic book series 300. It presents a fictionalized version of <mask> and the Battle of Thermopylae, as does the 2006 feature film adapted from it. Helena P. Schrader has produced a three-part biographical novel on <mask>.<mask> of Sparta: A Boy of the Agoge, <mask> of Sparta: A Peerless Peer, and <mask> of Sparta: A Heroic King. Film

In cinema, <mask> has been portrayed by:
Richard Egan in the 1962 epic The 300 Spartans. Gerard Butler in the 2007 film 300, inspired by the graphic novel of the same name by Frank Miller and Lynn Varley. Tyler Neitzel portrayed <mask> as a young man. Sean Maguire in the 2008 film Meet the Spartans, a parody of the 2007 film. Notes

References
 Herodotus, Herodotus, with an English translation by A. D. Godley. Cambridge.Harvard University Press. 1920. Jones, A. H. M. Sparta, New York, Barnes and Nobles, 1967
 Morris, <mask>, <mask>: Hero of Thermopylae, New York, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2004. 6th-century BC births
480 BC deaths
5th-century BC rulers
5th-century BC Spartans
Agiad kings of Sparta
Battle of Thermopylae
Spartans of the Greco-Persian Wars
Ancient Greeks killed in battle
Greek culture
Monarchs killed in action

masks:
Leonidas
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Ian Macggor
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<mask> (born Howard Stanton Levey; April 11, 1930 – October 29, 1997) was an American author, musician, and occultist. He was the founder of the Church of Satan and the religion of Satanism. He authored several books, including The Satanic Bible, The Satanic Rituals, The Satanic Witch, The Devil's Notebook, and Satan Speaks! In addition, he released three albums, including The Satanic Mass, Satan Takes a Holiday, and Strange Music. He played a minor on-screen role and served as technical advisor for the 1975 film The Devil's Rain and served as host and narrator for Nick Bougas' 1989 mondo film Death Scenes. LaVey was the subject of numerous articles in news media throughout the world, including popular magazines such as Look, McCall's, Newsweek, and Time, and men's magazines. He also appeared on talk shows such as The Joe Pyne Show, Donahue and The Tonight Show, and in two feature-length documentaries: Satanis in 1969 and Speak of the Devil: The Canon of <mask>ey in 1993.Two official biographies have been written on LaVey: The Devil's Avenger by Burton H. Wolfe, published in 1974, and The Secret Life of a Satanist by Blanche Barton, published in 1990. Historian of Satanism Gareth J. Medway described LaVey as a "born showman", with anthropologist Jean La Fontaine describing him as a "colourful figure of considerable personal magnetism". Academic scholars of Satanism Per Faxneld and Jesper Aa. Petersen described LaVey as "the most iconic figure in the Satanic milieu". LaVey was labeled many things by journalists, religious detractors, and Satanists alike, including "The Father of Satanism", the "St. Paul of Satanism",  "The Black Pope", and the "evilest man in the world". Early life
LaVey was born Howard Stanton Levey on April 11, 1930 in Chicago, Illinois. His father, Michael Joseph Levey (1903–1992), from Chicago, Illinois, married LaVey's mother, the former Gertrude Augusta Coultron, who was born to a Chechen father and Ukrainian mother, who had immigrated to Ohio in 1893; both became naturalized American citizens in 1900.His parents supported his musical interests, as he tried a number of instruments; his favorites were keyboards such as the piano and accordion. <mask> may have played piano in a Baptist church as a boy. He attended Tamalpais High School in Mill Valley, California, until the age of 16. LaVey claimed he left high school to join a circus and later carnivals, first as a roustabout and cage boy in an act with the big cats, then as a musician playing the calliope. He played tunes such as "Harlem Nocturne" by Earle Hagen. LaVey later claimed to have seen that many of the same men attended both the bawdy Saturday night shows and the tent revival meetings on Sunday mornings, which reinforced his increasingly cynical view of religion. In the foreword to the German language edition of The Satanic Bible, he cites this as the impetus to defy Christian religion as he knew it.He explains why church-goers employ moral double standards. However, journalist Lawrence Wright investigated <mask>'s background and found no evidence LaVey ever worked in a circus either as a musician or a cage boy. In the winter of 1948, LaVey began to work as an organist in bars, lounges, and nightclubs. His "genius" on keyboards helped him attain gigs. While playing organ in Los Angeles burlesque houses, he allegedly had a brief affair with then-unknown Marilyn Monroe, when she was a dancer at the Mayan Theater. This is challenged by those who then knew Monroe, as well as the manager of the Mayan, Paul Valentine, who said she had never been one of his dancers, nor had the theater ever been used as a burlesque house. According to his biography, LaVey moved back to San Francisco.In 1950, <mask> met Carole Lansing. They married the following year, when Lansing was fifteen years old. Lansing gave birth to <mask>'s first daughter, Karla <mask>, born in 1952. In order to avoid the Korean War draft, he studied criminology at City College of San Francisco. LaVey then attained a job as a photographer for the San Francisco Police Department (SFPD), where he worked for three years. He dabbled as a psychic investigator, looking into "800 calls" referred to him by SFPD. Later biographers questioned whether LaVey ever worked with the SFPD, as there are no records substantiating the claim.During this period, <mask> was friends with a number of writers associated with Weird Tales magazine; a picture of him with George Haas, Robert Barbour Johnson, and Clark Ashton Smith appears in Blanche Barton's biography The Secret Life of a Satanist. <mask> and Carole divorced in 1960, after LaVey became entranced by Diane Hegarty. Hegarty and <mask> never married, however she was his companion for 24 years and mothered his second daughter, Zeena Galatea Schreck (nee LaVey) (born in 1963). At the end of their relationship, Hegarty sued for palimony. Church of Satan
<mask> became a local celebrity in San Francisco through his paranormal research and live performances as an organist, including playing the Wurlitzer at the Lost Weekend cocktail lounge. He was also a publicly noticeable figure; he drove a coroner's van around town, and he walked his pet black leopard, named Zoltan. He attracted many San Francisco notables to his parties.Guests included Carin de Plessin, Michael Harner, Chester A. Arthur III, Forrest J Ackerman, Fritz Leiber, Cecil E. Nixon, and Kenneth Anger. LaVey formed a group called the Order of the Trapezoid, which later evolved into the governing body of the Church of Satan. According to Faxneld and Petersen, the Church of Satan represented "the first public, highly visible, and long-lasting organisation which propounded a coherent Satanic discourse". LaVey began presenting Friday night lectures on the occult and rituals. A member of this circle suggested that he had the basis for a new religion. According to LaVey himself, on Walpurgisnacht, April 30, 1966, he ritualistically shaved his head, allegedly "in the tradition of ancient executioners", declared the founding of the Church of Satan and proclaimed 1966 as "the Year One", Anno Satanas-the first year of the Age of Satan (it was later demonstrated that LaVey in fact shaved his head because he lost a bet and made up the "ancient executioners" story after the fact). LaVey's image has been described as "Mephistophelian," and may have been inspired by an occult-themed episode of the television show The Wild Wild West titled "The Night of the Druid's Blood" which originally aired on March 25, 1966 and  starred Don Rickles as the evil
magician and Satanic cult leader Asmodeus, whose Mephistophelean persona is virtually identical to that which LaVey adopted one month later.Media attention followed the subsequent Satanic wedding ceremony of journalist John Raymond to New York City socialite Judith Case on February 1, 1967. The Los Angeles Times and San Francisco Chronicle were among the newspapers that printed articles dubbing him "The Black Pope". LaVey performed Satanic baptisms (including the first Satanic baptism in history for his three-year-old daughter Zeena, dedicating her to Satan and the Left-Hand Path, which garnered worldwide publicity and was originally recorded on The Satanic Mass LP) and Satanic funerals (including one for naval Machinist-Repairman Third-Class Edward Olsen, complete with a chrome-helmeted honor guard), and released a record album entitled The Satanic Mass. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, LaVey melded ideological influences from Friedrich Nietzsche, Ayn Rand, H. L. Mencken, and Social Darwinism with the ideology and ritual practices of the Church of Satan. He wrote essays introduced with reworked excerpts from Ragnar Redbeard's Might Is Right and concluded with "Satanized" versions of John Dee's Enochian Keys to create books such as The Complete Witch (re-released in 1989 as The Satanic Witch), and The Satanic Rituals. The latter book also included rituals drawing on the work of H. P. Lovecraft. Admitting his use of Might is Right, LaVey stated that he did so in order to "immortalize a writer who had profoundly reached me".In 1972, the public work at LaVey's Black House in San Francisco was curtailed and work was continued via sanctioned regional "grottoes". In early 1975 LaVey announced that higher degrees of initiation could be given in return for a financial contribution. In June 1975, editor of the Church's newsletter, Michael Aquino, left the Church of Satan and formed the theistic Temple of Set, claiming to take an unknown number of dissenters with him. The Church maintains this policy announcement was designed to "clean house" of members who didn't understand Satanic philosophy. Later life and death
In 1980 the FBI interviewed LaVey in connection with an alleged plot to murder Ted Kennedy. LaVey told the agents that most of the church's followers were "fanatics, cultists, and weirdos". The agents reported that LaVey’s "interest in the Church of Satan is strictly from a monetary point of view," and that he spent "most of his time furnishing interviews, writing material, and lately has become interested in photography."In July 1984, Hegarty issued a restraining order against <mask>, which he did not contest. <mask>'s third and final companion was Blanche Barton. On November 1, 1993, Barton gave birth to Satan Xerxes Carnacki LaVey. Barton succeeded LaVey as the head of the Church after his death and has since stepped down from that role and handed it to Magus Peter H. Gilmore. <mask> died on October 29, 1997, in St. Mary's Medical Center in San Francisco of pulmonary edema. He was taken to St. Mary's, a Catholic hospital, because it was the closest available. A secret Satanic funeral, attended by invitation only, was held in Colma, after which LaVey's body was cremated.On February 2, 1998, his estranged

masks:
Anton Szandor LaVey
Anton LaV
Anton
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LaVey
LaVey
LaVey
LaVey
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Anton Lavey
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Anton LaVey