texts:
<mask> (born 1941 in Warsash, Hampshire) is an English poet, critic, teacher, and broadcaster. Central to his work are a concern with the relationship between personal identity and place. <mask> taught at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, Bath College of Higher Education, Le Moyne College, New York State, and University of Glamorgan, from which he retired in 2008. Biography
<mask> grew up on the edge of the New Forest village of Pennington, about two miles north of Lymington. After studying at the University of Southampton, <mask> lectured at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. First living in Aberystwyth, but then in 1969 moving to the nearby Welsh-speaking parish of Llangwyryfon. <mask> left Llangwyrfron around 1980, when he spent two years as a creative writing fellow at Winchester School of Art.In 1984 he left the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. Subsequently, he lived for a while in the Netherlands, teaching at the University of Groningen, before moving to Frome in 1989 and teaching creative writing at the Bath College of Higher Education. This later became Bath Spa University and he was the first director of its MA in Creative Writing. <mask> spent the academic year 1994/5 teaching at Le Moyne College in upstate New York. More recently he was a Professor at the University of Glamorgan, from where he retired in 2008, becoming Emeritus Professor of the University. <mask> remains active, and has continued to publish poetry and prose, including contributions to various periodicals, since retiring. Works
A concern with place and landscape, in relation to personal identity, is central to both <mask>'s poetry and to his critical writing, as is "the relation between poetry and the sacred".He has published eleven full length collections of poetry (including selected and collected works), critical studies of
John Cowper Powys and David Jones, as well as collections of literary essays. He has also edited works by Richard Jefferies, Edward Thomas, Frances Bellerby, Wilfred Owen. In addition <mask> has been involved with works for radio, including "A Map of David Jones". When asked, in an interview, about influences <mask> listed Richard Jeffries, Thomas Hardy, Edward Thomas and later David Jones, along with the American Objectivist poets William Carlos Williams and George Oppen. <mask> began reading Jefferies when he was twelve. Another important early influence was the fact that <mask>'s father was a landscape painter, who had a great love of Constable. The move to Wales in 1965 was important for <mask>'s development both as poet and as critic, and during the 1970s he established himself as an important critic of Welsh writing in English and was involved with teaching a course in this literature, which had been created by Ned Thomas at Aberytwyth.But the tension of being a "foreigner" in Wales led <mask> selling the house in Llangwyryfon, in 1980: "I owe no place more than Llangwyryfon, but it has taken eleven years of living there, in an agricultural and predominantly Welsh-speaking community, for us to realise that our particular kind of dislocation can't be mended by settling permanently where other people belong". While living there he published three books of poetry that deal with his earlier experience of life in Southern England: Soliloquies of a Chalk Giant (1974) (winner in 1974 of the Welsh Arts Council Literature Prize), Landscape of the Daylight Moon (1978), Solent Shore (1978), and a fourth collection that focussed more on his experience of living in Wales: Englishman's Road (1980). Bibliography

Poems
 Poetry Introduction, number 1. With John Cotton; John Daniel; Douglas Dunn; Elaine Feinstein; Ian Hamilton; David Harsent;  V.C Horwell; Bartholomew Quinn. London: Faber & Faber, 1969. The Elements  (Triskel Poets) (pamphlet). Davies 1972.Soliloquies of a Chalk Giant. London: Enitharmon, 1974. Landscape of the Daylight Moon. London: Enitharmon, 1978. Solent Shore. Manchester: Carcanet, 1978. Englishman's Road.Manchester: Carcanet, 1980. A view from the Source: Selected Poems. Manchester: Carcanet, 1982. Itchen Water. (pamphlet)  Winchester: Winchester School of Art Press, 1982. Their Silence a Language (with the artist Lee Grandjean). Ipswich: Ipswich Borough Council, 1990.Master of the Leaping Figures. Petersfield, Hampshire: Enitharmon, 1987. Groundwork  with Lee Grandjean (Illustrator) Nottingham: Djanogly Art Gallery, 1998. Adamah. London: Enitharmon, 2002
 Our Lady of Europe. London: Enitharmon, 1997. Arnolds Wood.Birmingham: Flarestack, 2005
 The Cut of the Light. Poems 1965–2005. London: Enitharmon, 2006. Scattered Light. London: Enitharmon, 2015

Literary studies and essays
 John Cowper Powys. Cardiff: University of Wales Press (for the Welsh Arts Council) 1973. David Jones : An Exploratory Study of the Writings.London: Enitharmon, 1975. John Cowper Powys and David Jones: A Comparative Study. London: Enitharmon, 1979. Poetry of Place : Essays and Reviews 1970–1981. London: Carcanet, 1982. The presence of the past : Essays on Modern British and American Poetry. Bridgend, Wales: Poetry Wales Press, c1987.Imagining Wales : A View of Modern Welsh Writing in  English. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2001. Welsh Journal. Bridgend, Wales: Seren, 2001. Upstate: A North American Journal. Exeter,  Devon: Shearsman Books, 2007. Openings: A European Journal.Exeter, Devon: Shearsman Books, 2014
 Ditch Vision: Essays on Poetry, Nature, and Place. Stroud: Awen, 2017. Works edited by
 Alun Lewis,   Selected Poems. Selected by <mask> and Gweno Lewis; foreword by Robert Graves; afterword by <mask>. London: Unwin, 1981. Frances Bellerby, Selected Stories. Edited and introduced by <mask>,  London: Enitharmon  1997.Alun Lewis Inwards Where All the Battle is: A Selection of Alun Lewis's Writings from India. <mask>, ed., David Gentleman, Illustrations. Newtown: Gwasg Gregynog, 1997. Jefferies, Richard,   At Home on the Earth: A New Selection of the Later Writings of Richard Jeffries. Selected and introduced by <mask> ; with illustrations by Agnes Miller Parker. Totnes, Devon: Green Books,  2001. Edward Thomas,   The Ship of Swallows : A Selection of Short Stories, edited and introduced by <mask>; Preface by Myfanwy Thomas.London: Enitharmon,  2005. Richard Jefferies. The Story of My Heart: My Autobiography. Introduction by <mask>. Wilfred Owen, Mapping Golgotha : Letters & Poems. Selected, edited, and with an introduction by <mask>; illustrated by Harry Brockway. Newtown, Powys: Gwasg Gregynog, 2007.Essays in collections
 The Experience of Landscape, Paintings, Drawings and Photographs from The Arts council Collection (exhibition catalogue) London: South Bank Centre, 1987. Art of Edward Thomas. Jonathan Barker, ed.. Wales: Poetry Wales Press, 1987. Poetry in the British Isles: Non-Metropolitan Perspectives edited by Hans Werner Ludwig and Lothar Fietz. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1995. Word Play Place : Essays on the Poetry of John Matthias, ed. Robert Thomas Archambeau.Athens, USA: Swallow Press, 1998. Miscellaneous
 David T. Lloyd. "Interview", Writing on the Edge: Interviews with Writers and Editors of Wales. Amersterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1997. Christopher Meredith, ed. Moment of Earth: Poems and Essays in Honour of <mask>. Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies, 2007.References

External links
 https://www.poetryarchive.org/poet/jeremy-hooker
 http://www.poetryfoundation.org
 https://m.soundcloud.com/jeremyhooker/sets/jeremy-hooker-live-at-the *

1941 births
Living people
English male poets
Anglo-Welsh poets
British poetry
Books of literary criticism
British literary critics

masks:
Jeremy Hooker
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Jeremy Hooker


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texts:
<mask> (August 6, 1918 – November 22, 2001) was an American jazz record producer and concert promoter. He founded the record labels Clef, Norgran, Down Home, Verve, and Pablo. <mask> was acknowledged as "the most successful impresario in the history of jazz". He was also a champion of racial equality, insisting, for example, on integrating audiences at concerts he promoted. Biography
Born in Los Angeles, <mask> was the son of Jewish immigrants from Tiraspol. After school, he began work as a stock clerk on the Los Angeles stock exchange. When America joined the Second World War, he was drafted into the U.S. Army Air Force.Subsequently, he was posted to the Morale branch, the department charged with troops' entertainment. He then emerged into the public view when he organised desegregated jam sessions at the Trouville Club in Los Angeles, which he later expanded when he staged a memorable concert at the Philharmonic Auditorium in Los Angeles on Sunday, July 2, 1944, under the heading of "Jazz at the Philharmonic". The title of the concert, "A Jazz Concert at the Philharmonic Auditorium", had been shortened by the printer of the advertising supplements to "Jazz at the Philharmonic". Only one copy of the very first concert program is known to exist. <mask> had organised the first Jazz at the Philharmonic concert with about $300 of borrowed money. Later known as JATP, the ever-changing group recorded and toured extensively, with Granz producing some of the first live jam session recordings to be distributed to a wide market. After several JATP concerts in Los Angeles in 1944 and 1945, Granz began producing JATP concert tours, from late fall of 1945 to 1957 in USA and Canada, and from 1952 in Europe.They featured swing and bop musicians and were among the first high-profile performances to feature racially integrated bands. <mask> actually cancelled some bookings rather than have the musicians perform for segregated audiences. He recorded many of the JATP concerts, and from 1945 to 1947 sold/leased the recordings to Asch/Disc/Stinson Records (record producer Moses Asch's labels). In 1948, <mask> signed an agreement with Mercury Records for the promotion and the distribution of the JATP recordings and other recordings. After the agreement expired in 1953 he issued the JATP recordings and other recordings on Clef Records (founded 1946) and Norgran Records (founded 1953). Down Home Records was intended for traditional jazz works. Jazz at the Philharmonic ceased touring the United States and Canada, after the JATP concerts in the fall of 1957, apart from a North American Tour in 1967.Personal life
Granz married three times. In 1950, he married Loretta (née Snyder) Sullivan from Michigan; they had a daughter together, Stormont <mask>, who was disabled due to lack of oxygen during the birth. Loretta was previously married and had a child, Sydney Sullivan Hamed, whom Granz adopted. They separated in 1953 and divorced in 1955. In 1965, he married Hannelore <mask>, a former airline stewardess from Germany. In 1974, he married Grete Lyngby from Denmark. <mask> died of cancer on November 22, 2001, at the age of 83 in Geneva, Switzerland.Recordings
Many of the names that made history in jazz signed with one of <mask>'s labels, including Louis Armstrong, Ella Fitzgerald, Count Basie, Mort Sahl, Louie Bellson,  Benny Carter, Buck Clayton, Buddy DeFranco, Roy Eldridge, Herb Ellis, Tal Farlow, Stan Getz, Dizzy Gillespie, Lionel Hampton, Coleman Hawkins, Johnny Hodges, Billie Holiday, Illinois Jacquet, Hank Jones, Gene Krupa, Anita O'Day (the first artist to sign with Verve), Charlie Parker, Joe Pass, Oscar Peterson, Flip Phillips, Bud Powell, Buddy Rich, Sonny Stitt, Slim Gaillard, Art Tatum, Ben Webster and Lester Young. Granz saw to it that his musicians were well paid. In the segregated society of the 1940s, he insisted on equal pay and accommodation for white and black musicians. He refused to take his hugely popular concerts to places which were segregated, even if he had to cancel concerts, thereby sacrificing considerable sums of money. In 1944, <mask> and Gjon Mili produced the jazz film Jammin' the Blues, which starred Lester Young, Illinois Jacquet, Barney Kessel, Harry Edison, Jo Jones, Sidney Catlett, Marlowe Morris, and Marie Bryant, and was nominated for an Academy Award. It was in 1956 that the popular singer Ella Fitzgerald finally joined <mask>'s label. <mask> had been her manager for some time, and unified his activities under the common label of Verve Records.<mask> became Fitzgerald's manager, and remained so until the end of her career. Fitzgerald's memorable series of eight Songbooks, together with the duet series (notably Armstrong-Peterson, Fitzgerald-Basie, Fitzgerald-Pass and Getz-Peterson) achieved wide popularity and brought acclaim to the label and to the artists. <mask> was also the manager of Oscar Peterson,  another lifelong friend. In 1959, <mask> moved to Switzerland. In December 1960, Verve Records was sold to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. <mask> founded his last label, Pablo Records, in 1973; in 1987, he sold it to Fantasy Records. Opposing racism
<mask> opposed racism and fought many battles for his artists, many of whom were black.In 1955, in Houston, Texas, he removed signs that previously designated "White" and "Negro" restrooms, outside the auditorium where two concerts were to be performed by Ella Fitzgerald and Dizzy Gillespie. Between the two shows, Fitzgerald and Gillespie and Illinois Jacquet were shooting small-stakes dice in the dressing room to kill time, when the local police barged in and arrested them. After some negotiations, the artists were allowed to perform the second show and later were formally released on $50 bail. <mask>, incensed by the incident, insisted on successfully fighting the charges, which cost him over $2,000. Oscar Peterson recounted how <mask> once insisted that white cabdrivers take his black artists as customers, while a policeman pointed a loaded pistol at his stomach. Granz also was among the first to pay white and black artists the same salary, and to give them equal treatment even in minor details, such as dressing rooms. <mask> also spearheaded the fight to desegregate the hotels and casinos in Las Vegas, arguing that it was unfair that black artists could perform on the stages, but could not stay or gamble at the hotels, or even enter through the front doors.<mask> was also interested in art, developing a friendship with Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1968. See also
 :Category:Albums produced by <mask>

References

External links
 The Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation
 Obituary at jazzhouse.org

1918 births
2001 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
American music industry executives
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Record producers from California
Ella Fitzgerald
Impresarios
Jazz record producers
Jewish American musicians
Musicians from Los Angeles
Music promoters
Jewish jazz musicians
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II

masks:
Norman Granz
Granz
Granz
Norman Granz
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texts:
<mask><mask> is a Professor of social psychology. He directs the MSc in Social and Public Communication at the Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science at LSE. <mask> was a Research Fellow in 'Public Understanding of Science' at the Science Museum in London, an academic visitor to the Maison des Sciences de l'homme in Paris, and he teaches regularly in Brazil at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul and the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Biography
<mask> was educated at the University of Bern in Switzerland and trained at the London School of Economics. He received his PhD from the London School of Economics in 1993 with a thesis titled Resistance to change: a functional analysis of reponses to technical change in a Swiss bank. He joined the LSE’s Institute of Social Psychology and Department of Methodology (formerly Methodology Institute) in September 1994. Research and Intellectual Interests
Bauer’s research portfolio includes the theory of resistance in social processes, Social representations of and public attitudes to science and technology, in particular genomics and modern biotechnology.The key question with which he is concerned is: how does public opinion influence the techno-scientific developments? <mask> is known for developing the toblerone model of social representations with George Gaskell. He is also known for his edited handbook with George Gaskell, Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound: A Practical Handbook (2000). Publications (selection)

Books
 Biotechnology - the making of a global controversy (Cambridge, CUP, 2002, with G Gaskell)
 Pesquisa qualitativa con texto, imagem e som (Petropolis Brazil, Editora VOZES, 2002, with G Gaskell)
 Biotechnology 1996-2000 - the years of controversy (London, Science Museum, 2001, with G Gaskell)
 Qualitative researching with text, image and sound - a practical handbook (London, Sage, 2000, with G Gaskell)
 Biotechnology in Public - A European source book (London, Science Museum, 1998; with J Durant & G Gaskell)
 Resistance to new Technology - nuclear power, information technology and biotechnology (Cambridge, CUP, 1995)

Papers and book chapters

<mask> (2005) The mass media and the biotechnology controversy, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 17 (1), 5-22 [special issue]

<mask> MW (2005) Distinguishing GREEN from RED biotechnology - cultivation effects of the elite press, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 17 (1), 63-89. <mask>, S Howard, V Hagenhoff, G Gasperoni & Maria Rusanen (2005) The BSE and CJD crisis in the press, in: C Dora (ed) Health, Hazard and Public Debate: Lessons for Risk Communication from the BSE/CJD saga, Geneva, WHO, 125-164 [chapter 6]. Dowler E, J Green, MW Bauer, G Gasperoni (2005) Assessing public perceptions: issues and methods, in: C Dora (ed) Health, Hazard and Public Debate: Lessons for Risk Communication from the BSE/CJD saga, Geneva, WHO, 40-60 [chapter 3]

Bauer MW (2004) Long-term trends in public sensitivities about genetic identification: 1973-2002, in: Gardar Árnason and Salvör Nordal (eds) Blood and Data - Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects of Human Genetic Databases, Reykjavik: University of Iceland Press 2004, p143-161 (chapter 16). Bauer MW (2004) The vicissitudes of 'public understanding of science': from 'literacy' to 'science in society', in: Science meets Society, Lisbon, Gulbenkian Foundation, p37-63.U Flick & M Bauer (2004) Teaching qualitative research, in: Flick U, E vonKardoff & I Steinke (eds) A Companion to Qualitative Research, London, Sage, 340-49 [translation from German 2000]. <mask> (2003) O dominio publico da DNA: tendencies a longo prazo, Ciencia & Ambiente, (UFSM, Rio Grande do Sul) Maio, 129-140. Gregory J & M W <mask> (2003) CPS INC: l'avenir de la communication de la science, in: B Schiele (ed) Les Nouveaux Territoires de la Culture Scientifique, Montreal, Canada, chapter 3, 41-65. <mask> (2002) Arenas, platforms and the biotechnology movement, Science Communication, 24, 144-161. <mask> (2002) Controversial medical and agri-food biotechnology: a cultivation analysis, Public Understanding of Science, 2, 11, 1-19. <mask> and G Gaskell (2002) The biotechnology movement, in: <mask> & G Gaskell (eds) Biotechnology - the making of a global controversy, Cambridge, CUP, 379-404. Bauer MW & H Bonfadelli (2002) Controversy, media coverage and public knowledge, in: <mask>, MW & G Gaskell (eds) Biotechnology - the making of a global controversy, Cambridge, CUP

With S Howard (2001) Psychology in the Press, 1988 to 1999, The Psychologist, 14 (12), 632-636 [BPS centenary 1901-2001, special media watch].<mask>, M Kohring, J Gutteling & A Allansdottir (2001) The dramatisation of biotechnology in the elite mass media, in: G Gaskell & <mask> (eds) Biotechnology 1996-2000 - the years of controversy, London, Science Museum, 35-52. <mask> (2001) Biotechnology: Ethical Framing in the Elite Press, Noticie di Politeia, 17 (63), 51-66 []. <mask> (2001) "Risiko oder Ethik? Vergleichendes zur Öffentlichkeit der Gentechnik." In: M Weber und P Hoyningen-Huene (Hg. ), Ethische Probleme in den Biowissenschaften. Heidelberg, Synchron Wissenschaftsverlag, 149-168.With Gaskell, N Allum, J Durant et al. (2000) Biotechnology and the European Public, Nature Biotechnology, Sept, Vol 18, 935-38. <mask>, Petkova K, P Boyadjjewa (2000) Public knowledge of and attitudes to science - alternative measures, Science, Technology and Human Values, 25, 1, 30-51. Bauer MW & B Aarts (2000) Corpus construction: a principle for qualitative data collection, in: Bauer M & G Gaskell (eds) Qualitative researching with text, image and sound: a practical handbook, London, Sage, 19-37

<mask> (2000) Analysing noise and music as social data, in: <mask> & G Gaskell (eds) Qualitative researching with text, image and sound: a practical handbook, London, Sage, 263-280. <mask> (2000) Classic content analysis: a review, in: <mask> & G Gaskell (eds) Qualitative researching with text, image and sound: a practical handbook, London, Sage, 131-151. <mask> (2000) 'Science in the media' as cultural indicator: contextualising surveys with media analysis, in: Dierkes M and C von Grote (eds) Between understanding and trust: the public, science and technology, Reading, Harwood Academics Publisher, 157-178. <mask> M W and G Gaskell (1999) Towards a paradigm for research on social representations, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 29 (2), 163-186.With G Gaskell, J Durant, NC Allum (1999) Worlds apart? The reception of genetically modified food in Europe and the United States, Science, 285, July 15, 1-4 [retracted 9 June 2000]. <mask> M (1998) The medicalisation of science news: from the 'rocket-scalpel' to the 'gene-meteorite' complex, Social Science Information, 37, 731-751. []

<mask> M (1998) Die moderne Gentechnik und die oeffentliche Meinung, Civitas, 53, 3/4, 48-55

<mask> M (1998) La longue duree of popular science, 1830–present, In Deveze-Berthet D (ed) La promotion de la culture scientifique et technique: ses acteur et leurs logic, Actes du colloque des 12 et 13 decembre 1996, 75-92. Bauer M & J Durant (1997) Astrology in present-day Britain: an approach from the sociology of knowledge, Cosmos and Culture - Journal of the History of Astrology and Cultural Astronomy, 1, 1-17

With G Gaskell & J Durant et al. (1997) Europe ambivalent on biotechnology, Nature, 387, 345-347 (June)

Bauer M and H Joffe (1996) The `I don't know' response in social research - meanings of self-attributed ignorance, Social Science Information, 35,1, 6-13 [editorial to special issue]

Bauer M (1996) Socio-economic correlates of DK-responses in knowledge surveys, Social Science Information, 35,1, 39-68

Durant, J; A Hansen, and <mask> (1996) Public understanding of human genetics; in: T Marteau and M Richards (eds) The troubled helix: social and psychological implications of the new human genetics, Cambridge University Press, 235-248. Bauer, M (1995) Technophobia: a misleading conception of resistance to new technology; in: Bauer, M. (ed) Resistance to new technology - nuclear power, information technology, biotechnology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 97-124.<mask>, M (1995) Towards a functional analysis of resistance; in: <mask>, M. (ed) Resistance to new technology - nuclear power, information technology, biotechnology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 393-418. <mask> M, J Durant and G Evans (1994) European public perceptions of science, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 6, 2, 163-186

<mask> M (1994) Science and Technology in the British Press, 1946-1986, in: B Schiele, M Amyot and C Benoit (eds) When Science becomes Culture, Boucherville, University of Ottawa Press - vol II, . <mask>, M and I Schoon (1993a) Mapping variety in Public Understanding of Science, Public Understanding of Science, 2, 2, 141-155. <mask>, M. (1991) Resistance to change - a monitor of new technology, Systems Practice, 4, 3, 181-196

References

External links
 <mask>'s page at LSE

Social psychologists
Academics of the London School of Economics
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Martin W
. Bauer
Martin Bauer
Bauer
Bauer
Bauer MW
Bauer
Bauer MW
Bauer MW
Bauer
Bauer MW
Bauer MW
Bauer MW
Bauer MW
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M Bauer
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texts:
<mask> (12 November 1615 – 8 December 1691) was an English Puritan church leader, poet, hymnodist, theologian, and controversialist. Dean Stanley called him "the chief of English Protestant Schoolmen". After some false starts, he made his reputation by his ministry at Kidderminster in Worcestershire, and at around the same time began a long and prolific career as theological writer. After the Restoration he refused preferment, while retaining a non-separatist Presbyterian approach, and became one of the most influential leaders of the Nonconformists, spending time in prison. His views on justification and sanctification are somewhat controversial and unconventional within the Calvinist tradition because his teachings seem, to some, to undermine salvation by faith, in that he emphasizes the necessity of repentance and faithfulness. Early life and education
<mask> was born at Rowton, Shropshire, at the house of his maternal grandfather (probably on 12 November 1615), and baptised at its then parish church at High Ercall. In February 1626 he was removed to his parents' home (now called Baxter's House) in Eaton Constantine.<mask>'s early education was poor, being mainly in the hands of the local clergy, themselves virtually illiterate. He was helped by John Owen, master of the free school at Wroxeter, where he studied from about 1629 to 1632, and made fair progress in Latin. On Owen's advice he did not proceed to Oxford (a step which he afterwards regretted), but went to Ludlow Castle to read with <mask>, chaplain to the Council of Wales and the Marches. He was reluctantly persuaded to go to court, and he went to London under the patronage of Sir Henry Herbert, Master of the Revels, with the intention of doing so, but soon returned home, resolved to study divinity. He was confirmed in the decision by the death of his mother. After three months spent working for the dying Owen as a teacher at Wroxeter, <mask> read theology with Francis Garbet, the local clergyman, adding to his reading (initially in devotional writings, of <mask>, William Perkins and Ezekiel Culverwell, as well as the Calvinist Edmund Bunny at age 14, and then in the scholastic philosophers) orthodox Church of England theology in <mask> and George Downham, and arguments from conforming puritans in John Sprint and John Burges. In about 1634, he met Joseph Symonds (assistant to Thomas Gataker) and Walter Cradock, two Nonconformists.Early ministry, 1638–1660

Dudley and Bridgnorth
In 1638, <mask> became master of the free grammar school at Dudley, where he commenced his ministry, having been ordained and licensed by John Thornborough, Bishop of Worcester. His success as a preacher was at first small; but he was soon transferred to Bridgnorth, in Shropshire, where, as assistant to a Mr Madstard, he established a reputation for vigorously discharging the duties of his office. <mask> remained at Bridgnorth for nearly two years, during which time he took a special interest in the controversy relating to Nonconformity and the Church of England. He soon became alienated from the Church on several matters; and after the requirement of the "et cetera oath", he rejected episcopacy in its English form. He became a moderate Nonconformist; and continued as such throughout his life. Though regarded as a Presbyterian, he was not exclusively tied to Presbyterianism, and often seemed prepared to accept a modified Episcopalianism. He regarded all forms of church government as subservient to the true purposes of religion.Kidderminster
One of the first measures of the Long Parliament was to reform the clergy; with this view, a committee was appointed to receive complaints against them. Among the complainants were the inhabitants of Kidderminster. The vicar George Dance agreed that he would give £60 a year, out of his income of £200, to a preacher who should be chosen by certain trustees. <mask> was invited to deliver a sermon before the people, and was unanimously elected as the minister of St Mary and All Saints' Church, Kidderminster. This happened in April 1641, when he was twenty-six. His ministry continued, with many interruptions, for about 19 years; and during that time he accomplished many reforms in Kidderminster and the neighbourhood. He formed the ministers in the country around him into an association, uniting them irrespective of their differences as Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Independents.The Reformed Pastor was a book which <mask> published in relation to the general ministerial efforts he promoted. The English Civil War and Commonwealth
On the outbreak of the First English Civil War, <mask> blamed both parties and recommended the Protestation; but Worcestershire was a Royalist stronghold, and he was exposed to annoyance and danger in Kidderminster. He temporarily retired to Gloucester. On 23 October 1642, he was preaching at Alcester, during the Battle of Edgehill. He returned to Worcestershire, the county where he belonged only to be driven out again by Royalists. He then moved to Coventry (a Parliamentary stronghold). There he found himself with no fewer than 30 fugitive ministers, among whom were <mask>, Anthony Burges, John Bryan and Obadiah Grew.He officiated each Sunday as chaplain to the garrison, preaching a sermon each to the soldiery, and the townspeople and strangers. Included among the congregants were Sir <mask>, Colonel Godfrey Bosvile, George Abbot the layman scholar, and others. After the Battle of Naseby he took the situation of chaplain to Colonel Edward Whalley's regiment, and continued to hold it till February 1647. During these stormy years he wrote his Aphorisms of Justification, which on its appearance in 1649, excited great controversy. Of numerous critics the one with whom <mask> engaged most closely was Christopher Cartwright. <mask>'s connexion with the Parliamentary army was a very characteristic one. He joined it that he might, if possible, contract the growth of sectaries in that field, and maintain the cause of constitutional government in opposition to republican tendencies of the time.He regretted that he had not previously accepted Oliver Cromwell's offer to become chaplain to the Ironsides. Cromwell avoided him; but <mask>, having to preach before him after he had assumed the Protectorship, chose for his subject the old topic of the divisions of the church, and in subsequent interviews argued with him about liberty of conscience, and even defended the monarchy he had subverted. This contact with Cromwell occurred when <mask> was summoned to London to assist in settling "the fundamentals of religion". In 1647, <mask> was staying at the home of Lady Rouse, wife of Sir Thomas Rouse, 1st Baronet, of Rous Lench, Worcestershire. There, though debilitated by illness, he wrote the most of a major work, The Saints' Everlasting Rest (1650). On his recovery he returned to Kidderminster, where he also became a prominent political leader. His sensitive conscience led him into conflict with almost all the contending parties in state and church.An all-day debate on 1 January 1650, with John Tombes at Bewdley was attended by about 1500 people on each side and ended in confused disorder. During this period he was also an energetic campaigner for the establishment of a new university in Shrewsbury to serve Wales, utilising the then premises of Shrewsbury School, but lack of funding prevented success. Ministry following the Restoration, 1660–1691

After the Restoration in 1660, <mask>, who had helped to bring about that event, settled in London. He preached there until the Act of Uniformity 1662 took effect, and looked for such terms of comprehension as would have permitted the moderate dissenters with whom he acted to have remained in the Church of England. In this hope he was sadly disappointed. The goal of comprehension was obstructed by forces on both sides: by conforming churchmen and dissenters alike. The Savoy Conference resulted in <mask>'s Reformed Liturgy, though it was cast aside without consideration.<mask> continued to advocate for a comprehensive "national church", off and on, until his death. The same reputation which <mask> had obtained in the country he secured in London. The power of his preaching was universally felt, and his capacity for business placed him at the head of his party. He had been made a king's chaplain, and was offered the Bishopric of Hereford, but he could not accept the offer without assenting to things as they were. After his refusal, he was not allowed, even before the passing of the Act of Uniformity, to be a curate in Kidderminster, and Bishop George Morley prohibited him from preaching in the Diocese of Worcester. On 10 September 1662, <mask> married Margaret Charlton, a woman like-minded with himself. She died in 1681.In the same year <mask> wrote the words for the hymn Ye Holy Angels Bright

Legal troubles
From 1662 until the indulgence of 1687, <mask>'s life was constantly disturbed by persecution of one kind or another. He retired to Acton in Middlesex, for the purpose of quiet study, but was placed in prison for keeping a conventicle. <mask> procured a habeas corpus in the court of common pleas. He was taken up for preaching in London after the licences granted in 1672 were recalled by the King. The meeting house which he had built for himself in Oxendon Street was closed to him after he had preached there only once. In 1680, he was taken from his house; and though he was released that he might die at home, his books and goods were seized. In 1684, he was carried three times to the sessions house, being scarcely able to stand, and without any apparent cause was made to enter into a bond for £400 in security for his good behaviour.But his worst encounter was with the Chief Justice, Sir George Jeffreys, in May 1685. He had been committed to the King's Bench Prison on the charge of libelling the Church in his Paraphrase on the New Testament, and was tried before Jeffreys on this accusation. No authoritative report of the trial exists; if the partisan account on which tradition is based is accepted, Jeffreys was infuriated. <mask> was sentenced to pay 500 marks, to lie in prison till the money was paid, and to be bound to his good behaviour for seven years. Jeffreys is even said to have proposed he should be whipped behind a cart. <mask> was now approaching 70 years old, and remained in prison for 18 months, until the government, hoping to win his influence, remitted the fine and released him. Later writings and last years
<mask>'s health had grown even worse, yet this was the period of his greatest activity as a writer.He wrote 168 or so separate works, including major treatises such as the Christian Directory, the Methodus Theologiae Christianae, and the Catholic Theology. His Breviate of the Life of Mrs <mask> records the virtues of his wife and tenderness which otherwise might not have been known. A slim devotional work published in 1658 under the title Call to the Unconverted to Turn and Live formed one of the core extra-biblical texts of evangelicalism until at least the middle of the 19th century. The remainder of his life, from 1687 onwards, was passed peacefully.

masks:
Richard Baxter
Baxter
Richard
Richard Wickstead
Baxter
Richard Sibbes
Richard Hooker
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Richard Vines
Richard Skeffington
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Margaret Baxter


texts:
 He died in London and his funeral was attended by churchmen as well as dissenters. Theology
<mask> rejected the idea of a limited atonement in favour of a universal atonement, which drew him into a long debate with Calvinist theologian John Owen. Interpreting the kingdom of God in terms of Christ as Christus Victor and Rector of all men, <mask> explained Christ's death as an act of universal redemption (penal and vicarious, though substitutionary in explication), in virtue of which God has made a new covenant offering pardon and amnesty to the penitent.Repentance and faith, being obedient to this covenant, are the conditions of salvation. <mask> insisted that the Calvinists of his day ran the danger of ignoring the conditions that came with God's new covenant. Justification, <mask> insisted, required at least some degree of faith as the human response to the love of God. <mask>'s theology was set forth most elaborately in his Latin Methodus Theologiæ Christianæ (London, 1681); the Christian Directory (1673) contains the practical part of his system; and Catholic Theology (1675) is an English exposition. His theology made <mask> very unpopular among his contemporaries and even into the next century caused a split among the Dissenters. As summarised by Thomas W. Jenkyn, it differed from the Calvinism on four points:
 The atonement of Christ did not consist in his suffering the identical but the equivalent punishment (i.e., one which would have the same effect in moral government) as that deserved by mankind because of offended law. Christ died for sins, not persons.The benefits of substitutionary atonement are accessible and available to all men for their salvation. The atonement is not limited to a select few, but is available to all who will believe in Christ. The righteousness that is imputed to the believer in the work of justification is not the righteousness of Christ, but is by virtue of the faith of the believer himself in Christ. Every sinner has a distinct agency of his own to exert in the process of his conversion, which is to believe in Christ. Legacy
<mask> is commemorated in the Calendar of saints of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America with a feast day on 8 December and he is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 14 June. Literary legacy and mentions
AG Matthews, in an article "The Works of <mask>: an Annotated List" (Congregational Historical Society Transactions, XI (1932)) lists 141 books written by <mask>. Geoffrey Nuttall, in his biography of <mask>, published in 1965, reproduces this list, noting that one of the listed works, Fasciculus literarum (1680), was, in fact, written by John Hinckley.In 1674, <mask> cast in a new form the substance of Arthur Dent's book The Plain Man's Pathway to Heaven under the title, The Poor Man's Family Book. In this way, Arthur Dent of South Shoebury was a link between <mask> and another great Puritan John Bunyan. In 1679 <mask> made one of the very few known allusions to Sir Thomas Browne's discourse The Garden of Cyrus, critically declaring to newly ordained priests, You shall have more.. solid truth than those in their learned Network treatises. <mask>'s influence in New England is referenced in the first chapter of the 19th century devotional work "I Will Be A Lady – a book for girls" by Mrs. Tuthill. In George Eliot's Mill on the Floss <mask>'s "Saints Everlasting Rest" is listed as one of aunt Glegg's books. A prodigious hymn-writer, he published among others, 'He wants not friends that hath thy love'. Max Weber (1864–1920), the German sociologist, made significant use of <mask>'s works in developing his thesis for "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" (1904, 1920).Robert K. Merton (1910–2003), founder of the sociology of science and well known for the so-called Merton Thesis, also followed Weber in making use of <mask>'s Christian Directory as "a typical presentation of the leading elements in the Puritan ethos." Monuments
Baxter's House in Bridgnorth is still standing near the High Street with a name plaque on the front. The <mask> Monument in the civic parish of Wolverley and Cookley (neighbouring Kidderminster) was built around 1850 in memory of <mask>. It is a Grade II listed structure and resides on a hilltop on Blakeshall Common. The Baxter Monument is a Grade II listed structure in Kidderminster. This tribute of general esteem was erected nearly two centuries after <mask>'s death, sculpted by Sir Thomas Brock and unveiled 28 July 1875. Originally in the Bull Ring, it was moved to its present site outside St Mary's parish church in March 1967.The <mask> Monument in Rowton, Shropshire (the village of his birth) is a squat stone obelisk with a bronze plaque on which is written "<mask> great divine author and eminent citizen of the 17th century. Son of <mask> and Beatrice née Adney born here in Rowton AD 1615. Died in London 1691". It resides on a triangle of grass at the centre of the village and is probably of late 19th century construction. It was designated a Grade II listed structure in 1983. There is a portrait of <mask> in Dr Williams's Library, Gordon Square, London. <mask> House, a boarding house at Old Swinford Hospital school in Stourbridge, is named after him.In Kidderminster, Baxter College (formerly Harry Cheshire High School), and a public park, Baxter Gardens, are both named after him. Notes

References

Attribution

  Endnote:
 Encyclopædia Britannica's most useful source was <mask>'s autobiography, called Reliquiae Baxterianae or Mr <mask>'s Narrative of the most memorable Passages of his Life and Times (published by Matthew Sylvester in 1696). Edmund Calamy the Younger abridged this work (1702). The abridgment forms the first volume of the account of the ejected ministers; the reply to the accusations which had been brought against <mask> is found in the second volume of Calamy's Continuation. William Orme's Life and Times of <mask> appeared in 2 vols. in 1830; it also forms the first volume of "Practical Works" (1830, reprinted 1868). Sir James Stephen's paper on <mask>, contributed originally to the Edinburgh Review, is reprinted in the second volume of his Essays.Estimates of <mask> were given by John Tulloch in his English Puritanism and Its Leaders, and by Dean Stanley in his address at the inauguration of the statue to <mask> at Kidderminster (see Macmillan's Magazine, xxxii. 385). See also

Benjamin Agus
List of abolitionist forerunners

Further reading
For more on <mask>'s autobiography and its historical usefulness, see . For <mask>'s involvement in the Great Ejection and the persecution of puritans, see . For a small selection of <mask>'s hymns, see his Cyberhymnal page. For an exploration of some of <mask>'s unpublished manuscripts and implications for his legacy see Manuscript and Print in the Late Seventeenth Century: The Case of Morgan Library, MS MA 4431, British Library, MS Egerton 2570, and <mask>'s An end of doctrinal controversies (1691)

External links

 . Works by <mask> at Special Collections and Archives, Cardiff University

 The Correspondence of <mask> in EMLO

 Individual works

 Self-Denial one of the sermons of <mask>
 Plain Scripture Proof of Infants Church-Membership and Baptism by <mask> (1656)
 Five Disputations of Church-Government, and Worship by <mask> (1659)
 A Saint or a Brute: The Certain Necessity and Excellency of Holiness by <mask> (1662)
 The Life of Faith by <mask> (1670)
 Reliquiæ Baxterianæ: or, Mr. <mask>'s Narrative of the Most Memorable Passages of His Life and Times by <mask> (1696)
  An Abridgement of Mr. <mask>'s History of His Life and Times: With an Account of the Ministers, &c. who Were Ejected at the Restauration, of King Charles II... and the Continuation of Their History to the Passing of the Bill Against Occasional Conformity, in 1711 by Edmund Calamy (1713)
 The Reformed Pastor; A Discourse on the Pastoral Office by <mask>, ed.Samuel Parker (1808)
 A Christian Directory: Or, A Body of Practical Divinity and Cases of Conscience, Volume I by <mask> (<mask>, 1825)
 A Christian Directory: Or, A Body of Practical Divinity and Cases of Conscience, Volume II by <mask> (<mask>, 1825)
A Christian Directory: Or, A Body of Practical Divinity and Cases of Conscience, Volume III by <mask> (<mask>, 1825)
A Christian Directory: Or, A Body of Practical Divinity and Cases of Conscience, Volume IV by <mask> (<mask>, 1825)
A Christian Directory: Or, A Body of Practical Divinity and Cases of Conscience, Volume V by <mask> (<mask>, 1825)
The Description, Reasons and Reward of Walking With God: On Genesis V.24 by <mask> (J. Owen, 1825)
Memoirs of <mask>: Daughter of Francis Charlton and Wife of <mask> (<mask>, 1826)
A Call to the Unconverted. To Which Are Added Several Valuable Essays by <mask>, with an Introduction by Thomas Chalmers (1829)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume I, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume II, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume III, ed.William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume IV, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume V, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume VI, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev.<mask>, Volume VII, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume X, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XI, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XII, ed.William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XIII, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XV, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XVI, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev.<mask>, Volume XVII, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XVIII, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XIX, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XXI, ed.William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XXII, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XXIII, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Life and Times of the Rev. <mask>: With a Critical Examination of His Writings, Volume I by William Orme (1831)
The Life and Times of the Rev. <mask>: With a Critical Examination of His Writings, Volume II by William Orme (1831)
Select Practical Writings of <mask>, Volume I, ed.Leonard Bacon (1831)
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1615 births
1691 deaths
17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Anglican saints
English Anglican theologians
Demonologists
Early modern Christian devotional writers
English male poets
Ejected English ministers of 1662
English Calvinist and Reformed theologians
English evangelicals
English chaplains
English Presbyterian ministers of the Interregnum (England)
17th-century English theologians
Participants in the Savoy Conference
People from Telford and Wrekin
Roundheads
English Civil War chaplains
Witchcraft in England
17th-century Anglican

masks:
Richard Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Richard Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Richard Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Richard Baxter
Baxter
Richard Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Edwards
Richard Baxter
Richard Edwards
Richard Baxter
Richard Edwards
Richard Baxter
Richard Edwards
Richard Baxter
Richard Edwards
Richard Baxter
Margaret Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Edwards
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter


texts:
<mask> (December 22, 1930 – March  29, 2012), nicknamed "Grumpy" or "The Grump", was an engine builder and drag racer. Between 1965 and 1975, he won a total of thirteen NHRA events. Most of these wins were won with a four-speed manual transmission. In 1972 he recorded 250 straight passes without missing a shift. He was formally trained as a mechanical engineer at Cornell University, although he completed only three years and did not earn a degree. He later used his training and skills to build engines. He has been inducted in numerous motorsports halls of fame for his engine building skills in the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) Pro Stock class.His innovations include drag racing's first kickout oil pans, Pro Stock strut-style front suspension, and dry sump oiling system, and cool cans, electric water pump fan, gas port pistons, and slick-shift manual transmissions. Considered the "Father of Pro Stock", Jenkins-built engines were used to win five NHRA Pro Stock championships and three  American Hot Rod Association (AHRA) championships. He was nicknamed "Grumpy" for having a no-nonsense attitude at races. The Motorsports Hall of Fame of America said: "his continual search for improved performance left little time for idle chatter with his racing colleagues." Career

Born in Philadelphia, <mask> grew up in Malvern, Pennsylvania. He started working on motors on his neighbor's tractor engine. He began drag racing in a 1955 Chevrolet convertible at Berwyn, Pennsylvania before going off to college at Cornell University for engineering.He left college in his third year. He became nationally known after helping to build 30 cars that set national records. He became known in national circles as the engine builder for Dave Strickler in the early 1960s. <mask> teamed with Strickler to win Little Eliminator at the 1963 Nationals with an A/FX 427 Chevy. He drove hemi-powered Dodges in 1964 and 1965 after Chevy left drag racing early in the 1963 season. In 1964, <mask> and Strickler travelled to England, as part of the U.S. Drag Racing team, to take part in the First International Drag Festival, a series of six events held that fall.He won the A/MP (A/Modified Production) class in a 1965 Plymouth gasser at the 1965 NHRA Nationals at Indianapolis Raceway Park, with a pass of 11.11 seconds at . He would also win S/SA at the 1965 Winternationals in a hemi-powered Plymouth named Black Arrow. His winning pass in the final round was an 11.39 second e.t., overcoming Dick Housey's 11.37 with a holeshot

<mask> couldn't agree on terms with Chrysler for 1966, so he decided to run a Chevy independently by making his own Chevy engine package. Without factory support, <mask> developed his first Grumpy's Toy, a 327 cubic inch / 350 horsepower Chevy II. When he found the compact car was to be placed in the same class as the 426 ci/425 horsepower hemi Dodge and Plymouth muscle cars, he commented it "looked like a pretty good gimmick at the time". The lower displacement engine in the smaller car, hence lighter minimum weight, enabled it to outrun the larger-engined but heavier cars. He set a class record with an 11.66 second pass.He was added to Chevrolet's team in 1967. He became known as the premiere normally aspirated drag race engine builder after his Super Stock victory at the 1967 Nationals. He entered Pro Stock when NHRA started it in 1970, and won the first two events of the year (the Winternationals and Gatornationals) in a 1968 Chevrolet Camaro, ultimately taking the national title. His first car built specifically for Pro Stock, a 1970½ Camaro, would be the first of the class to make the cover of Hot Rod (their July 1970 issue). <mask> went winless in 1971. NHRA changed the 1972 rules to allow drivers with a small block wedge engine to run a lighter car. <mask> used a small block-based  in a Chevrolet Vega fitted in the class' first tube chassis, which debuted at the 1972 Winternationals.He had a subpar 9.90 second pass in the untested Vega, qualifying 17th of the 32 entries at the season-opening event. After tuning the chassis, the car clocked low-9.6 second passes on race day and <mask> won the event. <mask> used the car to win five of the first eight events of the season (some of them regionals) and six of eight Nationals. <mask> earned a total of $250,000 that year, including event and manufacturer support. He matched Wilt Chamberlain as the professional athlete with the highest salary in the United States. That year he was featured in Time magazine, the first drag racer to experience mainstream national coverage. In 1973, following an NHRA rule change to allow records to be set at any national meet, <mask> drove his Vega to Pro Stock's first official record, a  pass, at the Winternationals; "Dyno Don" Nicholson set the e.t.record with a 9.33. <mask> built a Vega in 1974 (dubbed Grumpy's Toy XI) that had several firsts which impacted future drag racing cars, including the first dry sump oiling system and a MacPherson strut front suspension. This car would give him thirteen wins in Pro Stock that year. Car owner and engine builder
<mask> retired as a driver, hiring Larry Lombardo and Ken Dondero to drive his cars so that he could concentrate on research and development. Lombardo replaced <mask> in the driver's seat for the second race of the 1976 season in NHRA. Lombardo won that season's NHRA Winston Pro Stock championship despite the late start. Dondero won the AHRA title.Lombardo raced for <mask> until 1979, finishing third in 1977 points, second in 1978, and seventh in 1979. <mask> cut down the team's match races in the early 1980s until his final season as a team owner in 1983. Joe Lepone won the 1985 Winternationals with a Jenkins Pro Stock engine. Grumpy's main focus was on Comp engines, which were used by a large client list, including national event winners Garley Daniels, Steve Johns, and Bob Kaiser. He led development of GM's new splay-valved cylinder heads for the Chevrolet small block V8 engines, utilized in the new Pro Stock Truck category in 1998. He fitted the splay-valve heads in a  engine, used by Larry Kopp to win the 1998 Winston drag championship, and by 1998 national event winners Tim Freeman, Brad Jeter, Johns, Mark Osborne, Scott Perin, and Don Smith. Jenkins-built engines continue to be used.A <mask> powerplant was used by Dave Connolly in his title-contending Pro Stock Cobalt to win the 2005 Winternationals and briefly placed Connolly in the POWERade points lead. In 2006, two-time Pro Stock champion Jim Yates announced a testing program with a <mask> motor in his 2005 Pontiac GTO. <mask> also worked on some NASCAR engines. He built the engine Donnie Allison used to take the pole position in the 1975 Daytona 500. Mike Swaim used a <mask> motor to take the pole for the 1987 Busch Series race at Daytona. Halls of Fame / Awards
<mask> was inducted in the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2008. He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America (1996)
Don Garlits International Drag Racing Hall of Fame (1993).In 2001, he was ranked eighth on NHRA's Top 50 Drivers of all-time. The American Auto Racing Writers & Broadcasters Association named him to their All-America Team in 1972, and he was awarded Chevrolet's  of Performance in 1984. <mask> was selected 21 times to the Car Craft all-star drag racing team including winning the "Man of the Year" and "Ollie Award". Personal life
<mask> married Alexandra Newman and the union produced daughter <mask> before their divorce. He married Polly Wood and they had a son named William and a daughter named Dani-El. Death
<mask> died in 2012 of heart failure in Paoli, Pennsylvania. Book
The Chevrolet Racing Engine (April 1977)
Grumpys Toys - The Authorized History of Grumpy Jenkins Cars (Jan. 2011)

References

1930 births
2012 deaths
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Dragster drivers
International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees
Racing drivers from Philadelphia
People from Malvern, Pennsylvania

masks:
William Tyler Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Susan Jenkins
Jenkins


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 2 May 1941 – 3 June 2019) was an English actor. He became best known for playing Kerr Avon in the BBC science fiction television series Blake's 7 between 1978 and 1981. His many television roles included two appearances in another BBC science fiction series, Doctor Who, playing Captain Hawkins in Doctor Who and the Silurians (1970) and Tekker in Timelash (1985). He was also the voice of "Jack" on independent radio stations JACKfm and Union JACK, whose lines included dry-witted comments pertaining to current events. Early years
<mask> was born <mask>irkby in Chessington, Surrey, on 2 May 1941. He received his formal education at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, before studying at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. While at RADA, he shared a flat with fellow actors John Hurt and Ian McShane.Career
<mask> worked extensively in theatre and television. His television appearances include: Emergency – Ward 10, The Saint, Z-Cars, Dixon of Dock Green, Within These Walls, as the Sheriff of Nottingham in the 1975 BBC series The Legend of Robin Hood, as Mr. Tallboy in the 1973 adaptation of Dorothy L. Sayers' Murder Must Advertise, as Thomas Doughty in the television film Drake's Venture, Dombey and Son, Maelstrom, Making News, Pie in the Sky, Hollyoaks, Toast of London and Little Britain. He provided the voiceover for Biblical quotations in Richard Dawkins's The Root of All Evil?. He had a one-off appearance in the 1990 series of Cluedo but did not play the murder victim. He was also the presenter of the BBC3 reality series Hercules (2004). <mask> appeared as the character Avon, for which he was best known, in all but the first episode of Blake's 7. Proud of his work on that series, <mask> acted as its most prolific spokesman, both in the UK and the US, during the late 1980s.In the mid-to-late 1990s, he purchased the rights to Blake's 7 and attempted to produce a big-budget follow-up mini-series, Blake's 7: A Rebellion Reborn. According to <mask>, it would have begun 25 years after the ending of the original series and might have included an ageing Avon passing the torch to a new generation. His film credits are few, but include roles as doctors in The Raging Moon (1971) and the Bond movie Die Another Day (2002), for which he filmed but his material was deleted before the film went on release to cinemas. <mask> recorded voice-overs and straplines for UK JACKfm station in Oxfordshire. He also provided the voice of the character Grand Moff Tarkin in the computer game Star Wars: Empire at War. He also voiced the character of Zarok in the PlayStation game MediEvil; his recordings were re-used in the game's 2019 remake. <mask> appeared in Emmerdale from 13 July 2009, playing Eddy Fox, Alan Turner's friend; he knows Turner as "Tank".He also played the character of Kaston Iago in the Kaldor City audio releases. <mask> also provided the voice of a main character in the PC game Hostile Waters: Antaeus Rising. The actress Glynis Barber, who played Soolin in Blake's 7, provided the voice for the main female character. The game was narrated by Tom Baker of Doctor Who fame. <mask> played the role of Sam Vimes in the 1998/99 touring production of the play based on Terry Pratchett's Discworld novel Guards! Guards!. In 2004, <mask> was the subject of the fourth volume of MJTV's "The Actor Speaks" audio CDs, featuring frank interviews and dramatic pieces, alongside guest Peter Miles, with a piece specifically written by Tanith Lee.<mask> narrated the 2008 audio book of Terry Nation's classic children's story Rebecca's World: Journey to the Forbidden Planet (2008)

In December 2011, <mask> voiced the character of Overseer Tremel in the Bioware MMORPG release Star Wars: The Old Republic. In 2012, <mask> returned to the role of Kerr Avon in Big Finish Productions' Blake's 7: The Liberator Chronicles, a series of dramatic readings which take place during Series One, Two and Three of the original show. He also reprised the part in Blake's 7: The Classic Audio Adventures, a full-cast audio drama series. In 2015, <mask> starred as <mask>, the enigmatic business man in charge of the business institute Atlas in the interactive video game Contradiction: Spot the Liar!. A sequel was planned in 2016, but never came to fruition. <mask> was Patron of the University of York Astronomy Society (AstroSoc) from 1981 to 1984. An extinct crocodile from the Miocene of Australia, Baru darrowi, was named after Darrow.On 27 October 2018, <mask> appeared on (and won) a celebrity sci-fi edition of the quiz show Pointless, along with fellow Blake's 7 star Michael Keating. Illness and death
In his last years <mask> suffered a decline in health. In 2014, he had an aortic aneurysm, and due to complications during its treatment, surgeons had to amputate both his legs. He died on the morning of 3 June 2019 at the age of 78. The 2019 remake of MediEvil, which featured <mask> as the voice of the main antagonist Zarok, was dedicated to his memory. Personal life
In the mid-1960s <mask> married the actress Janet Lees-Price. They were married almost fifty years, until her death in 2012, and lived in later life in Billingshurst, West Sussex.Publications
 Avon: A Terrible Aspect (1989) (), a Blake's 7 prequel novel about Avon's father and Avon's own early life. Queen: The eYe (1997) (), a novelisation of the video game of the same name. You're Him, Aren't You? (2006) (), autobiography. (Re-released as an audio book narrated by <mask> in 2016.) Lucifer (2013) (), first of a trilogy of books set after the events of Blake's 7. Lucifer: Revelation (2014) (), second of a trilogy of books set after the events of Blake's 7.Lucifer: Genesis (2015) (), third of a trilogy of books set after the events of Blake's 7. Filmography

Film

Television

Video Games

Radio and CD audio dramas

References

External links

 <mask> at the British Film Institute

1941 births
2019 deaths
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
English amputees
English male television actors
English male voice actors
English male writers
English writers
Male actors from Surrey
People educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School

masks:
Paul Darrow
Paul Valentine Birkby
Darrow
Paul Valentine B
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Paul Rand
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Paul Darrow


texts:
<mask> (born September 3, 1967) is an American jazz guitarist. Biography

Born in New York City on September 3, 1967, <mask> began playing piano when he was eight but switched to guitar when he was thirteen, learning the instrument primarily by ear. He studied jazz at Rutgers University with Ted Dunbar, and Kenny Barron. While a student at the New School in New York City, he met guitarist Jim Hall, who offered him a job performing at the JVC Jazz Festival in 1990. He then appeared on albums with Jesse Davis, Lou Donaldson, Larry Goldings, Michael Hashim, Geoff Keezer, and Melvin Rhyne. He released his first album as a leader with pianist Brad Mehldau. He has also worked with Jimmy Cobb, Tom Harrell, Diana Krall, Lee Konitz, Eric Alexander, Joshua Redman, Dr. Lonnie Smith, and Walt Weiskopf.In 2008, <mask> became part of the Blue Note 7, a septet formed that year in honor of the 70th anniversary of Blue Note Records. The group recorded the album Mosaic. <mask> throughout his career has played with Dr. Lonnie Smith, Nicholas Payton, Lee Konitz, Tom Harrell, Eric Alexander, Chuck Deardorf, Matt Jorgensen, Bill Stewart, Larry Goldings Dario Chiazzolino, Gilad Hekselman and many others. <mask> plays a Zeidler archtop guitar almost exclusively. The guitar was made in 1981. Discography

As leader
 Somethin's Burnin' (Criss Cross, 1994)
 Signs of Life (Criss Cross, 1995)
 Brain Dance (Criss Cross, 1996)
 April in New York (Jardis, 1998)
 Earth Tones (Criss Cross, 1998)
 We Remember Tal with Gene Bertoncini, Mundell Lowe, Jack Wilkins (J-Curve, 1999)
 Consenting Adults with M.T.B. (Criss Cross, 2000)
 Stranger in Paradise (Venus, 2003)
 Heart's Content (Criss Cross, 2003)
 Guitars Alone with Satoshi Inoue (What'sNew, 2003)
 You'll See with the Anniversary Quartet (Cellar Live, 2005)
 In Orbit with Planet Jazz (Sharp Nine, 2006)
 Monk (Xanadu, 2008)
 <mask> Quartet: Live at Smalls (SmallsLIVE, 2008)
 Live at Smalls with Planet Jazz (Off Minor, 2010)
 Live at Smalls with Larry Goldings, Bill Stewart (SmallsLIVE, 2011)
 Dialogues with Joachim Schoenecker (2012)
 Live at Cory Weeds' Cellar Jazz Club with Tilden Webb (Cellar Live, 2013)
 Solo Guitar Live at Smalls (SmallsLIVE, 2013)
 Ramshackle Serenade with Larry Goldings, Bill Stewart (Pirouet, 2014)
 Inspired with Rale Micic, John Abercrombie, Lage Lund (ArtistShare, 2016)
 Humanity with the Humanity Quartet (Cellar Live, 2016)
 Let Loose (Smoke Sessions, 2016)
 Signs Live!(Savant, 2015)
 That Feelin (Savant, 2016)
 From the Heart (Savant, 2018)

With Melvin Rhyne
 The Legend (Criss Cross, 1992)
 Boss Organ (Criss Cross, 1994)
 Stick to the Kick (Criss Cross, 1995)
 Mel's Spell (Criss Cross, 1996)
 Kojo (Criss Cross, 1997)
 KOJO (Criss Cross, 1997)
 Classmasters (Criss Cross, 1999)
 Tomorrow Yesterday Today (Criss Cross, 2003)

With Lonnie Smith
 Too Damn Hot (Palmetto, 2004)
 Jungle Soul (Palmetto, 2006)
 Rise Up! (Criss Cross, 1998)
 Steve Davis, Update (Criss Cross, 2006)
 Trudy Desmond, Make Me Rainbows (Koch, 1995)
 Klaus Doldinger, Back in New York Blind Date (WEA, 1999)
 Renee Fleming, Christmas in New York (Decca, 2014)
 Fleurine, Fire (Coast to Coast, 2002)
 Don Friedman, Waltz for Marilyn (Jazz Excursion, 2007)
 Don Friedman, Remembering Attila Zoller (Edition Longplay, 2016)
 Jon Gordon, The Things We Need (Double-Time, 1999)
 Wycliffe Gordon, Dig This! (Criss Cross, 2002)
 Jim Hall, Jim Hall and Friends Live at Town Hall Vol. 1 (Musicmasters, 1991)
 Jim Hall, Jim Hall and Friends Live at Town Hall Vol. 3 (Doxy/Okeh 2014)
 Sonny Rollins, Road Shows Vol. 4: Holding the Stage (Doxy/Okeh 2016)
 Jorge Rossy, Stay There (Pirouet, 2016)
 Jim Rotondi, New Vistas (Criss Cross, 2004)
 Anton Schwartz, Radiant Blue (Anton Jazz, 2006)
 Seatbelts, Cowboy Bebop: Vitaminless (Victor, 1998)
 Janis Siegel, Friday Night Special (Telarc, 2003)
 Gary Smulyan, Mike LeDonne, Kenny Washington, Smul's Paradise (Capri, 2012)
 Wendy Waldman, Wendy Waldman (Warner Bros., 1975)
 Walt Weiskopf, A World Away (Criss Cross, 1995)
 Paula West, Come What May (Hi Horse, 2001)

References

External links
Official site

1967 births
American jazz guitarists
Living people
Rutgers University alumni
The New School alumni
Guitarists from New York City
20th-century American guitarists
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
The Blue Note 7 members
Pirouet Records artists
Criss Cross Jazz artists
Smoke Sessions Records artists

masks:
Peter Andrew Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Peter
Bernstein
Peter Bernstein


texts:
Melissus of Samos (; ; fl. 5th century BC) was the third and last member of the ancient school of Eleatic philosophy, whose other members included Zeno and Parmenides. Little is known about his life, except that he was the commander of the Samian fleet in the Samian War. Melissus’ contribution to philosophy was a treatise of systematic arguments supporting Eleatic philosophy. Like Parmenides, he argued that reality is ungenerated, indestructible, indivisible, changeless, and motionless. In addition, he sought to show that reality is wholly unlimited, and infinitely extended in all directions; and since existence is unlimited, it must also be one. Life

Not much information remains regarding the life of Melissus.He may have been born around 500 BC; the date of his death is unknown. The little which is known about him is mostly gleaned from a small passage in Plutarch’s Life of Pericles. He was the commander of the Samian fleet in the Samian War, and defeated Pericles and the Athenian fleet in 440 BC. Plutarch claims that Aristotle says that Melissus had also defeated Pericles in an earlier battle. In his Life of Themistocles, Plutarch denies Stesimbrotus’ claim that Melissus was held in high regard by Themistocles, claiming that he is confusing Themistocles and Pericles. Melissus was reputed to have been the pupil of Parmenides, and the teacher of Leucippus, though one must regard such claims with a fair amount of skepticism. On Nature
Much of what remains of Melissus’ philosophical treatise, On Nature, has been preserved by Simplicius in his commentaries on Aristotle’s Physics and On the Heavens, and several summaries of his philosophy have come down to us.Most of the remaining fragments can be found in Diels–Kranz. Unlike Parmenides, Melissus wrote his treatise in prose, not poetry, consequently making it easier to follow than that of his teacher. Like Parmenides, he claims that Being is one, ungenerated, indestructible, indivisible, changeless, motionless and the same. Melissus’ philosophy differs from that of Parmenides in two respects: (1) Parmenides claims that Being is limited, while Melissus claims that it is wholly unlimited; and (2) for Parmenides, Being existed in a timeless Present, while for Melissus Being is eternal. McKirahan claims that Parmenides argues for Being as spatially limited, but this is a contentious point. Philosophy

Eternal
Melissus argues that since The One neither came to be nor is subject to destruction, it is therefore eternal. While fragment 1 is merely a summary of Parmenides’ arguments against coming to be and perishing (8.5-21), fragment 2 provides Melissus’ argument.Melissus’ argument is twofold, addressing the temporal aspect of The One somewhat as a timeline: granting the reality of the present moment, he argues that The One has existed eternally into the past and will exist eternally into the future. His argument is as follows:
Whatever comes to be must have a beginning. According to fragment 1, The One did not come to be. Therefore, The One does not have a beginning. Therefore, The One is eternal (has always existed in the past). in addition:
Whatever has a beginning must also end. According to fragment 1, The One did not have a beginning.Therefore, The One will not end. Therefore, The One is eternal (will always exist in the future). He restates his argument for The One as eternal in fragments 6 and 9.1. It is in this respect that Melissus differs from Parmenides, although some argue that the difference is not as important as it might seem. Parmenides’ view is that there is only one moment (the eternal present), while Melissus argues for an infinite number of moments. The existence of a changeless, motionless, eternal present is an arguable position (after all, change and motion depend on time); however, the existence of a changeless, motionless, infinite succession of moments is a much more difficult position to defend (after all, if there is no other change, there is still temporal change, the change from one moment to the next). There are several problems with Melissus’ reasoning.His second argument is based on a dubious premise (i.e., that whatever comes to be must also end at some point). Furthermore, both arguments, which can be reduced to “If A, then B; but not-A, therefore not-B”, are logically flawed. Unlimited
Melissus contends that The One is unlimited. Fragments 7 and 8 apparently indicate that Melissus is speaking in terms of spatial infinity, although regarding fragment 3, which first argues this point, Simplicius explicitly denies this: “But by ‘magnitude’ he does not mean what is extended in space.”  Simplicius undoubtedly had more of Melissus’ treatise at his disposal, as well as other commentaries and notes which have not survived to the present day. In any case, Melissus’ argument for this claim is unclear, and it is possible that it has not been preserved for us. Alternatively, he may intend for this argument to follow from the arguments of fragments 1 and 2, either directly or indirectly. In the former case, unless the argument is based on a now lost theory on the relationship between time and space, it is, as McKirahan says, “grossly fallacious”.In the latter case, granting the “beginning” and “end” of fragment 2 spatial as well as temporal qualities leaves Melissus open to the charge of equivocation. In fragment 6 Melissus connects an eternal existence and the quality of being unlimited. Melissus may have argued for this quality due to certain issues arising in Parmenides’ thesis (8.42-9). The argument is as follows:

Whatever has a beginning and end is neither eternal nor unlimited. Being has no beginning or end. Therefore, it is eternal and unlimited. This argument, as fragment 3, is logically flawed, being basically: “If not-A, then not-B”.One
Melissus’ argument for the oneness of what-is, given mainly in fragments 7 and 8, is undoubtedly his best. His argument is clearer and more concise than the one provided by Parmenides. Melissus argues that, because what-is is unlimited, it must also be one, because if it were more than one it would have limits (namely, the boundaries between what-is and the other existing objects). His argument is founded on the premises that what-is is both spatially and temporally unlimited and is as follows:

What-is is temporally unlimited. Therefore, nothing else temporally unlimited could exist at the same time. What-is is spatially unlimited. Therefore, nothing else spatially unlimited could exist at a different time.Therefore, what-is is one. The same
In On Melissus, Xenophanes and Gorgias, Pseudo-Aristotle states that Melissus made a claim that The One is qualitatively the same. The validity of the argument depends on the nature of unity intended by Melissus. It is possible for one, single thing to have different parts: a human has a head, a body, two arms and two legs, but it is still one human. In most respects, Melissus is following in Parmenides’ footsteps, and so it is likely that Melissus is arguing for the same type of unity as Parmenides, namely, that The One is completely unified, with no parts to subdivide it. His argument is as follows:

If what-is has qualitative differences, it is plural. What-is is one.What-is is whole in and of itself. Therefore, what-is has no qualitative differences (i.e., is the same). This is not provided in the second-hand report by Pseudo-Aristotle; however, the quality of wholeness is a major claim in Parmenides’ thesis, and it is likely that Melissus either made the argument for this point in a fragment that has not come down to us or expected it to be understood or inferred from his other arguments. Changeless
Melissus argues that The One cannot undergo any change. He specifically states that The One cannot be rearranged, become greater or smaller, or undergo any kind of distress, but we may safely expand his argument to include all kinds of change. If The One underwent any kind of change whatsoever, it would become different and thus would no longer be unified or whole. His argument is as follows:

Whatever undergoes change is altered.Whatever is altered is not unified or whole. The One is unified and whole. Therefore, The One does not undergo any type of change. Motionless
In fragment 9.7-10 Melissus makes the argument for motionless with the qualities of full and empty. He states that The One is full, because if it were empty it would be nothing, and what is nothing doesn’t exist. He then states that because The One is full, it can’t move. The argument is as follows:

To be empty is to be nothing.What is nothing does not exist. The One exists. Therefore, The One is not empty. What is not empty must be full. Therefore, The One is full. and further:
Whatever has motion is not full. Whatever is full (i.e., has no empty spaces) must be motionless.The One is full. Therefore, The One is motionless. Incorporeal
In fragment 5, Melissus makes the remarkable claim that The One is incorporeal. Just as his insistence that The One is unlimited, this claim may also be his attempt to address a potential problem inherent in Parmenides’ philosophy (8.42-9). His argument is as follows:

The One is whole in and of itself. Therefore, The One has no parts. Therefore, The One has no thickness.Therefore, The One does not have a body. This argument, on the surface, does not coincide with Melissus’ claim that The One is extended and full. After all, why can something that is extended not have any parts, and how can something that is full have no thickness? McKirahan offers an interesting interpretation for what Melissus may have been arguing. A body not only has extension, but also limits, and something infinitely large, such as The One, is unlimited; an object, then, with no limits, is not a body. Furthermore, thickness is simply the measure of the distance between a body’s limits. Since The One is unlimited, it cannot have thickness.Influence and reactions
While not as influential as his fellow Eleatics, Melissus' treatise did have an important impact on philosophy. Whether or not Leucippus was his student, it is clear that his treatise was as influential on atomism as were those of the other Eleatics. Furthermore, because of its clear and concise nature, Melissus' version of Eleatic philosophy was the chief source for its presentation in the works of Plato and Aristotle. Eusebius quoting Aristocles of Messene considered Melissus to be part of a line of philosophy that culminated in Pyrrhonism. Aristotle never hesitated to insult Melissus, whom he viewed as quite inferior to his predecessors, stating that his work was "a bit crude" and that he made "invalid arguments starting from false assumptions". The later Peripatetic philosopher, Aristocles of Messene, also had little admiration for Melissus, calling several of his arguments "absurd". Melissus has fared somewhat better in the eyes of modern philosophers.He was an inventive philosopher and had the good quality of offering clear and direct arguments. Although he follows Parmenides in his general views and the framework of Eleaticism, he made original contributions and innovations to the substance of Eleatic philosophy. See also
 On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias

Notes

Bibliography

Primary
Aetius, Fragments
Aristocles, Fragments

John Philoponus, Commentary on Aristotle’s Physics
Tzetzes, Chiliades
Plutarch, Life of Pericles
Plutarch, Life of Themistocles
Pseudo-Aristotle, On Melissus, Xenophanes and Gorgias
Simplicius, Commentary on Aristotle's On Heaven
Simplicius, Commentary on Aristotle’s Physics

Secondary
Baird, Forrest E. and Walter Kaufmann, Ancient Philosophy, 4th Ed., Philosophic Classics, Volume I. Prentice Hall, 2003. Barnes, Jonathan, The Presocratic Philosophers. Routledge, New York, 1982. Diels, Hermann and Walther Kranz, Die Fragmente Der Vorsokratiker, (1903), 7th Ed. Berlin:  Weidmann, 1954.Kirk, G.S., J.E. Raven and M<mask>, The Presocratic Philosophers, 2nd Ed. Cambridge University Press, 2004. Makin, Stephen, "Melissus and his opponents : the argument of DK 30 B 8", Phronesis 2005 50 (4), pp. 263–288. McKirahan, Richard D., Philosophy before Socrates, Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1994. Rapp, <mask>, "Zeno and the Eleatic anti-pluralism", in Maria Michela Sassi (ed.), La costruzione del discorso filosofico nell'età dei Presocratici / The Construction of Philosophical Discourse in the Age of the Presocratics, Pisa: Edizioni della Normale, 2006, pp. 161–182. External links

Melissus Fragments at demonax.info
Melissus Fragments (original Greek text) at Site de Philippe Remacle

5th-century BC Greek people
5th-century BC philosophers
Ancient Samians
Presocratic philosophers
Year of death unknown
Metaphysicians
Year of birth unknown
Eleatic philosophers
Ancient Greek admirals

masks:
. Schofield
Christof


texts:
Da'<mask> (born February 23, 1990) is an American football coach and former professional gridiron football defensive end who is currently the defensive line coach at the University of South Florida. He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the second round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He played college football at Clemson, where he earned unanimous All-American honors. He was also a member of the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL). High school career
<mask> attended Bamberg-Ehrhardt High School in Bamberg, South Carolina, where he was a three-sport athlete in football and track. He played as a defensive end and running back for the Bamberg-Ehrhardt Red Raiders high school football team. As a senior in 2007, he led the team to an 11–2 record by recording 97 tackles, 33 tackles for loss and 14 sacks on defense, while on offense, he rushed for 1,219 yards and scored 19 touchdowns, he caught two touchdown passes, averaged 40 yards per kickoff return, and blocked seven kicks.Bowers also starred in track & field as a shot putter (top-throw of 46–0.75 or 14.35m) and sprinter (11.7s 100m). <mask> was ranked the No. 1 overall prospect by ESPN.com in 2008, the first Clemson recruit in history to be ranked as the number-one player in the nation by any recruiting service. Rivals.com dubbed <mask> the top defensive end prospect of the high school classes 2005–2009, describing him as "the closest thing to Reggie White and Bruce Smith". He chose Clemson over Florida State, Georgia, Notre Dame, Ohio State, Penn State, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia Tech. College career
<mask> graduated early from high school and enrolled at Clemson University in January 2008, where he was a member of the Clemson Tigers football team from 2008 to 2010. He went through 2008 spring drills and had a game-high seven tackles in the 2008 Spring Game.As a true freshman in 2008, <mask> started six of 13 games, finishing the season with 37 tackles including eight for loss. During his second year in 2009, <mask> recorded 46 tackles, 10.5 for loss and three sacks, despite an injury that forced him to miss three games. As a junior in 2010, <mask> recorded 67 tackles, 26 tackles for loss and 15.5 sacks. He led the nation in sacks and was tied for the most tackles for loss. Following the season, he was a first-team All-ACC selection, and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American. He was also honored as the ACC Defensive Player of the Year, and was the recipient of the Bronko Nagurski Trophy. Professional career
As early as April 2010, <mask> was seen as a candidate for the No.1 overall spot in the 2011 NFL Draft. He remained at the top of most mock draft projections over the course of the season, especially after Stanford quarterback Andrew Luck, who was widely considered to be the No. 1 prospect for the 2011 draft, returned to school. Along with Nick Fairley, Marcell Dareus, and Patrick Peterson, <mask> was still listed among the best prospects available as of January 2011. Tampa Bay Buccaneers

<mask> was selected in the second round (51st overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. <mask> was selected lower than expected due to medical issues, including off-season knee surgery. Bowers played in all 16 regular season games, starting in six, contributing 25 tackles.The following off-season, during the Bucs off-season program, he tore his Achilles tendon on May 10, 2012. <mask> was activated from the PUP on October 25, 2012. He played his first game of the 2012 season that same night against the Minnesota Vikings. He would finish his second season in the league having played in 10 games, but only amassing 13 tackles. In the off-season <mask> was arrested for carrying an (unloaded) gun at LaGuardia Airport. The sentence was reduced on April 11, 2013. <mask> played only sparingly in 2013, and by the summer of 2014 there were serious doubts as to whether he would make the Buccaneers roster for the 2014 season.During that same off-season, <mask>' was switched to a hybrid defensive end/defensive tackle. On October 21, 2014 <mask> was suspended two games by the NFL for using performance-enhancing substances. <mask> became a free agent that off-season, but was ultimately re-signed by the Buccaneers on July 27, 2015 for the 2015 training camp. <mask> was released by the Buccaneers on September 4, 2015. On December 15, 2015 <mask> re-signed with the Buccaneers. <mask> was not re-signed by the Buccaneers following the conclusion of the 2015 season. Throughout his entire Buccaneer career <mask> was often injured; earning him a place on the season-ending injury reserved list.In his five seasons in Tampa Bay Bowers played in 53 games, starting in 10 of them, contributing 69 tackles and 7 quarterback sacks. Edmonton Eskimos
On May 11, 2017, <mask> signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL). Bowers played in 14 games for the Eskimos in 2017, contributing 17 defensive tackles, seven sacks, and one interception. In early March 2018 <mask> and the Eskimos agreed to a two-year contract extension. Retirement
On May 20, 2018, <mask> announced his retirement from football. Coaching career
Following his retirement from football, <mask> joined the football staff at Clemson as a student assistant working with the defensive line while finishing his degree. South Florida
Bowers was named the defensive line coach at South Florida in 2020, joining former Clemson offensive coordinator Jeff Scott's inaugural staff.Personal life
<mask> was born in Bamberg, South Carolina to parents Dennis and <mask>. His father, a gospel singer and guitarist with the Legendary Singing Stars, died on August 8, 2010, in Augusta, Georgia, at the age of 51. Da'Quan <mask> is also a member of The Legendary Singing Stars, occasionally singing lead and playing guitar. As a child, Bowers looked up to Reggie White. Bowers grew up as a Dallas Cowboys fan and a Los Angeles Lakers fan. On February 17, 2013, <mask> was arrested in New York City at La Guardia Airport on weapons charges after voluntarily turning over an unloaded  handgun to security at LaGuardia Airport where he was traveling. The weapon was indeed permitted to carry but he was charged with second-degree criminal possession of a weapon.On April 11, 2013, the felony charge was dropped and <mask> pleaded guilty to disorderly conduct. He paid a $370 fine and his court record was sealed. References

External links
South Florida bio
Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio
Clemson Tigers bio
NFL Combine profile
ESPN stats
The Legendary Singing Stars Facebook page. 1990 births
Living people
People from Bamberg, South Carolina
Players of American football from South Carolina
Under Armour All-American football players
All-American college football players
American football defensive ends
Canadian football defensive linemen
American players of Canadian football
Clemson Tigers football players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Edmonton Elks players
Clemson Tigers football coaches
South Florida Bulls football coaches

masks:
Quan Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Linda Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers