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<mask> "Cannonball" <mask> (September 1, 1883 – July 29, 1934) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Nicknamed "Cannonball," he was renown for having one of the hardest shots during his playing career. One of the first players to join the Montreal Canadiens, <mask> and his teammates' French-Canadian heritage led to the team being nicknamed The Flying Frenchmen. His teammates on the Canadiens included Jack Laviolette and Newsy Lalonde. Though he spent the latter part of his career almost exclusively with the Canadiens, <mask> played for several other teams in various leagues early on, including the International Professional Hockey League, the first professional hockey league, and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association. A prolific scorer, <mask> won the Stanley Cup with the Canadiens in 1916, the first for the team. In 1963 he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.He was the uncle of Vic Desjardins, a member of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame. Playing career

IPHL
<mask> <mask>'s first major hockey league experience was in the first fully professional league, the IPHL, playing with the Michigan Soo Indians alongside Jack Laviolette. Prior to that <mask> and Laviolette had played together on the Montreal Le National team in the Federal Amateur Hockey League. The Michigan Soo Indians were located in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. <mask> joined the Soo team for the 1904–05 season. By 1905–06, he was the already the top scorer in the league scoring 41 goals in 22 games played.<mask> was on the IPHL First All-Star Team that year in 1905–06 and again in 1906–07. Despite <mask> and Laviolette playing three years for the Michigan Soo in the IPHL, the club failed to bring home a championship, finishing 3rd, 2nd and 4th in the league standing between 1905–1907. Montreal Shamrocks, Edmonton & Renfrew
The next season, in 1907–08, after the IPHL had folded, <mask> left as a free agent and played with the Montreal Shamrocks in the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA), where he was again joined by Jack Laviolette. <mask> lasted only one year with the Shamrocks before leaving to play with the Edmonton Pros in Alberta. With Edmonton Pitre played three games before he was part of a Stanley Cup challenge in December 1908 when his team challenged the Montreal Wanderers for the coveted prize, eventually losing out 10 goals to 13 (3-7, 7-6) over two games. After the Stanley Cup challenge with Edmonton Pitre jumped contract and went back to eastern Canada where he played with the Renfrew Creamery Kings in the FAHL for the remainder of the 1908–09 season. Montreal Canadiens

Pitre joined the Montreal Canadiens in 1910 in the newly founded National Hockey Association (NHA), the clubs first season of existence, where he teamed up with Jack Laviolette and Edouard "Newsy" Lalonde.He initially stayed for four years with the Canadiens, before leaving for the west again. <mask> spent a year playing with the Vancouver Millionaires in the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) in 1913–14, after having been lured over by Vancouver Millionaires owner Frank Patrick, in a coast-to-coast trade that saw Newsy Lalonde go the other way to the Canadiens. <mask> returned to the Montreal Canadiens the next year, in 1914–15. In 1916, <mask> led the NHA in regular season assists and points. He scored 24 goals, 15 assists (assists in those days were one per goal and only if the official scorer thought it contributed to the goal being scored) for 39 points. He also helped lead the Canadiens to their first ever Stanley Cup, defeating Portland Rosebuds of the PCHA over five games. He led the playoffs in goals as well.In the 1919 Stanley Cup playoffs, which were never completed due to the influenza epidemic, he led the playoffs in points. By 1921, the Montreal Canadiens had so much depth at forward, and an opening on defence due to the death of future Hall of Famer Joe Hall in the influenza epidemic, so they decided to try Pitre as a defenceman; not as difficult a transition as one might think, because he had previously been a rover during the days of "seven man" hockey. He remained with the Montreal Canadiens through the formation of the NHL and into 1923. A forward throughout his career, Pitre played the final two seasons as a defenceman. Playing style
<mask> <mask>'s combination of speed, size and a hard shot made him one of the preeminent offensive players of his era. A forward and a right-handed shot, Pitre played predominantly on the right wing position, but he also figured occasionally on the old rover position before it was removed by the NHA in 1911–12. At times he was also used as a cover-point, and at the back end of his career with the Montreal Canadiens he would play as a defenceman.<mask>'s hard shot, which he would often fire from long range, was often dubbed a "bullet shot" in contemporary newspaper reports. In an interview with Mike Jay of the Vancouver Daily World in December 1913, while he was playing for the Vancouver Millionaires in the PCHA, Pitre explained that he generally used the center area of the stick blade while firing his shots, because it required considerable speed and strength to get the puck away. Pitre claimed that about 90 percent of the players instead used to shoot with the heel of the stick blade, because it was easier and felt more natural, but that his own favorite place to shoot from was the center area of the blade because it made it easier for him to "place" the puck. Regarding the "bullet shot" nickname, Pitre claimed that his teammates had come up with it after too many of his shots had rattled Montreal Wanderers net guardian Riley Hern. Although not considered one of the roughest players of his era, Pitre still had a bulky frame and could still handle himself physically if he had to, which in some seasons resulted in a fairly high amount of penalty minutes. Outside of ice hockey Pitre also played lacrosse, with the Montreal Nationals, and during the 1913 season he ended up in a Toronto police court after he had lost his temper during a game in Toronto on July 26, between the Nationals and the Torontos, and punched referee Thomas Humphreys in the face. <mask> claimed that he used a similar shot technique in hockey as he did in lacrosse, with the exception of a lower type of movement in his hockey shot and the speed amounted from his skating.According to player and executive Lester Patrick <mask> shot a "heavy puck," similar to the baseball parlance of a "heavy ball," and he also claimed that <mask> once had knocked a goaltender unconscious for three hours with a puck after it had struck him on the forehead. Patrick also praised <mask> as a "clear-headed thinker" on the ice, which he claimed is what made him into a superstar player. Legacy
At the end of his hockey career <mask> sold his business in Montreal and moved to Sault Ste. Marie in Michigan, where he had once started out his professional hockey career. His nephew Vic Desjardins from Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan would also play in the NHL, with the Chicago Black Hawks and New York Rangers, and would be inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame. <mask> died on July 29, 1934 in Sault Ste.Marie, Michigan as a result of acute indigestion. In 1963 he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

All statistics are taken from NHL.com. References

General

External links

1883 births
1934 deaths
Canadian ice hockey forwards
French Quebecers
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Michigan Soo Indians players
Montreal Canadiens (NHA) players
Montreal Canadiens players
Renfrew Hockey Club players
Sportspeople from Salaberry-de-Valleyfield
Stanley Cup champions
Vancouver Millionaires players

masks:
Joseph George Didier
Pitre
Pitre
Pitre
Pitre
Didier
Pitre
Pitre
Pitre
Pitre
Pitre
Pitre
Pitre
Pitre
Pitre
Pitre
Didier
Pitre
Pitre
Pitre
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Pitre
Pitre
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Pitre


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<mask>  (16 December 1914 – 3 October 1991) was Registrar of the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane from 1946 to 1974. The diocese comprised some 300 churches and covered an area of half a million square kilometers, reaching north to Bundaberg and south and west to the State borders. As its 'business manager' he restored its finances, improved its administration and guided it through a challenging period of expansion. As a leading Anglican layman, his influence reached beyond the diocese to the wider Church. Early life
Born at Boggabri NSW on 16 December 1914, 'Roley' was one of eight children of the Revd Canon <mask>, a Church of England parish priest in rural NSW, and his wife Hannah Phoebe Mabel (Pyrke). <mask>'s uncle Revd <mask> was also a Church of England parish priest. <mask>'s younger brother was <mask> QC MP.Their grandfather <mask> <mask> was a pioneer of Rawdon Island NSW and a nephew of Revd <mask> <mask>, who converted to Roman Catholicism with his friend and colleague Cardinal <mask> Newman. <mask> <mask> was a great-great-grandson of the 10th Baron <mask> of Bletso. Educated at Armidale High School, <mask> gained the degrees of BEc (Syd) and BA (Qld) by part-time studies and was an Associate of the Australian Society of Accountants. In accounting exams in 1952, he topped Australasia in Final Auditing with a mark of 94%. After working at Bank of NSW branches in several country towns he was transferred to the Bank's head office in Sydney. At the outbreak of war in 1939, he enlisted in the University Regiment. When the war extended to the Pacific in 1941 he volunteered for the 2nd AIF and served in Irian Jaya and New Britain, reaching the rank of Captain before returning to civilian life in 1946.Career
At the age of 32 he was appointed by Archbishop Reginald Halse to be Diocesan Registrar, Brisbane, at a time when the diocese had been in a 'perilous financial position' for some years. In his history of the Church of England in Queensland Dr. K Rayner wrote:
A member of a well-known New South Wales clerical family, <mask> brought to his new position both a thorough knowledge of church affairs and also the financial and administrative ability of rare quality. He recognised what many businessmen on church committees had not realised, that even in its business affairs the church could not always use the same methods as commercial enterprises, because its aims were different. "We must remember that the Church is a Church and not a business. In the long run, its success – as a Church – will depend on its spiritual strength, rather than its financial resources. If the first is healthy, there will be little difficulty about the latter." This implied no mandate for inefficiency in managing church affairs, and the announcement in 1956 of the complete elimination of the deficiency accounts of the diocese, which had totalled more than £40,000 in 1946, was a remarkable demonstration of the skillful handling of the financial affairs of the church by the registrar.'Personality of the Diocese'
The Church Chronicle in 1958 reported him as 'Personality of the Diocese':
Do our people realise the colossal job that the Registrar of the Diocese is doing? Mr. <mask> is always available to help Clergy and laypeople in their problems connected with the Diocese. He is Secretary of the Diocesan Council, where his knowledge and help are invaluable. The Registrar attends each meeting of the Councils and Advisory bodies of Church Schools and Institutions. He is without fear or favour. We cannot but record a mere fraction of his activities, and they are always carried out with good sense, good humour, and accurate knowledge. The Registrar also has acted as Secretary of this journal, and with his loyal staff does more than most of us realise to help forward the work of the Diocese.Building program
Combining his financial acumen and his strong sense of vocation he also helped initiate the diocese's ambitious building program, which included expansion of diocesan schools, rebuilding existing hostels for the aged, and building new hostels. One of these, Spiritus Symes Thorpe, an extensive facility for the aged at Toowoomba, was opened in 1961 as an outcome of his extensive negotiations with a major benefactor. The Diocese had long wanted to extend St John's Cathedral and knew that this would be an enormous undertaking. With the Diocese's improved financial position, the 2nd stage of cathedral construction began in 1965 and was completed in 1968. <mask> John was actively involved in fund-raising for the construction and in its design and project management. He was also involved in the 1960s' controversy about St Martin's Hospital, in Cathedral Square, which the Church proposed to replace with a new hospital at Zillmere. The proposal was stayed by the 'Save St Martin's' movement and went to litigation.In 1975 the Supreme Court upheld the Church's decision to move the hospital. Archbishop Felix Arnott said: 'This was a very satisfactory conclusion, and was a great tribute to the efforts of our lawyers and Mr. R T <mask>, who was largely responsible for preparing the material'. The old building is now a church office. 'Tireless church worker'
An active lay churchman, he contributed to the establishment of the Constitution of the Anglican Church of Australia (1962); represented the diocese at the Toronto Anglican Congress (1963); and was a member of the Anglican Consultative Council. As a 'tireless church worker' he was a member of the General Synod of the Church of England in Australia 1950-74 (and its standing committee and finance committee and the long service leave board) and a member of the Anglican Consultative Council of the whole of Anglican Community 1970-73. He also held numerous community positions; among them, he was secretary of The Southport School Council and the Anglican Church Grammar School Council 1947-74; member of the National Council of Independent Schools of Australia 1970-73; secretary of the District Nursing Association of Brisbane 1966-74; and Lt, Capt (Education Officer) CMF 1955-65. Archbishop Halse died in 1962 and was succeeded by the conservative <mask>.Tension arose between <mask> John and <mask>, as recorded by historian Dr. J C Holland: 'The Diocese had a powerful Registrar, <mask> <mask>, and he and other outspoken leaders did not always see eye to eye with the archbishop...The resultant tension further decreased the capacity of the Diocese to respond adequately to social change and numerical decline.' An example of their different attitudes concerned gambling. In 1965 the Diocesan Synod considered a motion to reaffirm its traditional ban on art unions, raffles, lotteries, and games of chance to raise funds for the Church. Archbishop <mask> lent weighty support to the motion, stating clearly that the real sin is in gambling. A vigorous debate followed and the motion was passed only with an amendment moved by <mask> John that gambling is not necessarily wrong in itself. In 1970 the Synod again considered whether to lift the Diocesan ban on gambling. In his Synod sermon - his last before retirement - <mask> once more made his position clear but support was not overwhelming.<mask> was astonished when <mask> John, to resolve the matter, moved that the 1965 resolution be rescinded. <mask> argued that he opposed gambling to raise funds in parish churches but, given the divided opinion, there could no longer be a ruling against this. <mask> was distressed when the 1965 resolution was rescinded. Never afraid of debate, <mask> John protested in 1965 against Sir Raphael Cilento's intemperate comments about 'brain-washed bishops' who had urged negotiation in the Vietnam War and de-criminalisation of homosexuality. (A year later Cilento was obstructing the pre-selection of <mask>'s brother <mask> <mask> QC to be the Liberal Party candidate for Warringah, Sydney, in the imminent federal elections.) In 1968 <mask> was awarded an MBE for his services to the Church and the community. He retired at the end of 1974.The Brisbane Diocesan Newsletter reported:
When Mr. <mask> <mask> walks away from Church House on December 31st this year, he will have completed 28 years as Diocesan Registrar. His shock resignation for health reasons marks the close of a remarkable and distinguished church career...Unquestionably he has been regarded as one of the leading lay members of the Australian Church, in which he made his presence felt at all levels from General Synod to parish activity. The recognition of his important place in the General Synod came with his election as the first Australian lay member of the Anglican Consultative Council. He made significant contributions in its debates at Limuru (1971) and Dublin (1973). At this level of international church diplomacy, <mask> <mask> was at his best… Observers have often been surprised by the speeches of the quietly-spoken man who at first sight seems likely to be a conservative. His radical thinking on issues such as racism, war, violence and the position of women in the church have won the admiration and gratitude of many. Assessment
In his history of the Church of England in Brisbane, Dr J C Holland wrote of <mask>:
His 28 years as registrar show how a layman could come to exercise diocesan influence as great as that of any diocesan bishop....He was universally respected and even admired, rather than loved. His encyclopedic knowledge of both Diocesan organisations and intimate parish details, together with a reputation for having brought the Diocese back from serious debt, gave him credibility, stature and the voice of authority, as well as the capacity to use his knowledge to further the policies which he believed were right... Halse had come to rely on him immensely and trusted his judgement...and was happy to refer difficult situations to him, and not only of a financial or administrative kind. His reports on serious and potentially contentious matters ...show a mind capable of great clarity about the issues. When [Archbishop] <mask> arrived [1962] there were differences of opinion over policy and style. ...Whereas <mask> leant on the Holy Spirit, <mask> John was more pragmatic and politically nuanced....The tension between <mask> and <mask> John was never satisfactorily resolved...At times, <mask> recognised the great ability that <mask> John had. He praised as 'outstanding and remarkable' an address that St John gave to Diocesan Synod in June 1967... No doubt <mask> John too recognised the great ability that <mask> had and his spiritual integrity, and publicly they put forward, as much as possible, a united front. Yet nothing could take away the enormous contribution [St John] made to the diocese over 28 years.He had knowledge of every department of diocesan life. He carefully and thoroughly stewarded the diocesan finances. ...He readily listened to troubled clergy and he offered leadership to the wider Australian Anglican church. He had a zeal to see the work of the church in the Diocese of Brisbane's progress and expand. At St John’s last diocesan synod, [Archbishop] Arnott spoke of his selfless devotion to the diocese and...it will be for his selfless devotion to his Lord and his Church that he will be principally remembered. Personal life
<mask> married Margaret, daughter of Archdeacon Reginald Massey, in 1949. They had a happy family life with their five children: David, Paul, Philippa, Nigel, and Julian.Margaret's early death in 1972 after a long illness was a deep grief to him. At a time when his work responsibilities were at their height, he became a single parent. In 1976 he married a widow with children, Marjorie Richardson (1924-2008). St John's Cathedral dedicated a stained-glass window to <mask> and Margaret in 1976. (St Alban's Anglican Church, Quirindi NSW, has stained-glass windows dedicated to <mask>'s parents.) On retiring as Registrar he took up an administrative position with a firm run by a family he had known from the church. In 1981, after he had retired entirely, he and Marjorie moved to Toowoomba.He read history, appreciated the arts, and loved music. He collected oriental ceramics and china though he had little money to spend on them. In his latter years, he painted in watercolour. In his book of memoirs Memories at Sunset he wrote of his childhood in Uralla and recounted anecdotes about people he had met during his lifetime. But they were not an autobiography: 'They do not speak of my good fortune in having godly, impressive and understanding parents…Nor do they refer to my marriage to two wonderful women…They do not mention the many joys and occasional sorrows of bringing up a large family'. These remained personal matters. Death and tributes
He died on 3 October 1991 aged nearly 77.In a tribute, the Primate of Australia, Dr Keith Rayner, said: "The Diocese of Brisbane and the whole Australian Church owed a tremendous amount to <mask>'s dedicated service and the acumen with which it was carried out. When he became Registrar he inherited a very difficult administrative and financial situation in Brisbane and he achieved a remarkable amount in turning this around. "The Toowoomba Chronicle published an obituary "'Tireless church worker' dies at 76". The Thanksgiving Eucharist was at All Saints' Church, Toowoomba. Bishop Adrian Charles spoke of <mask>'s meticulous attention to detail, which was of such value when the Church Canons (laws) of the Diocese were being produced; and his great work and influence beyond the Diocese in the national General Synod and in production of the constitution of the Anglican Church in Australia and the Church's prayer book. He also spoke of <mask>'s genuine love for things in the country and said that <mask> felt that meeting country people made the difficulties of the Registrar's job seem worthwhile. The General Synod's Standing Committee formally recorded the following minute on 24/25 October 1991:
That this Standing Committee record its thankfulness to Almighty God for the life service and witness of <mask> <mask>, formerly Registrar of the Diocese of Brisbane from 1946 to 1974, member of the General Synod from 1950 to 1974, and the Standing Committee, its Finance Committee and the Long Service Leave Board; for his representation of the Anglican Church of Australia at the Toronto Congress and the Anglican Consultative Council at Limuru and Dublin; for his outstanding work in re-establishing the financial stability of the Diocese of Brisbane; for his contribution to the establishment of the Constitution of this Church and the Long Service Leave Fund and his vigorous contribution to its debates on a wide range of subjects; and convey to his widow Marjorie and their children their sympathy and assurance of their prayers for them at this time.Notes

References

1914 births
1991 deaths
Anglican Diocese of Brisbane
Anglican Church of Australia Ecclesiastical Province of Queensland
Anglican Church of Australia

masks:
Roland Tyrwhitt St John
Frederick de Port St John
Roland
Harold B St John
Roland
Edward St John
Henry St
John
Ambrose St
John
John Henry
Henry St
John
St John
Roland
St John
St John
St
St John
Philip Strong
St
Strong
Roland St
John
Strong
St
Strong
Strong
St
St John
Strong
St
Roland
Edward St
John
Roland
Roland St
John
Roland St
John
St John
Strong
Strong
St
Strong
St
Strong
St
St
Strong
Roland
Roland
Roland
Roland
Roland
Roland
Roland
Roland Tyrwhitt
St John


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<mask> (21 July 1960  8 March 1988) was an Indian singer, songwriter, musician, and composer of Punjabi music. Chamkila and his wife <mask>t were killed, along with two members of their band on 8 March 1988 in an assassination which remains unresolved. <mask> is regarded as one of the best live stage performers that Punjab has ever produced and extremely popular with the village audience. His monthly bookings regularly outnumbered the number of days in the month. His music was heavily influenced by the Punjabi village life he was surrounded by growing up. He commonly wrote songs about extra-marital relationships, coming of age, drinking, drug use, and the hot tempers of Punjabi men. He earned a controversial reputation, with his detractors regarding his music obscene, and his supporters regarding it a truthful commentary on Punjabi culture and society.His best-known hits include "Pehle Lalkare Naal" and his devotional songs "Baba Tera Nankana" and "Talwar Main Kalgidhar Di". Though he never recorded it himself, he wrote the widely popular "Jatt Di Dushmani" which has been recorded by many Punjabi artists. He became famous as a result of his first ever recorded song "Takue Te Takua". Early life and career
<mask> <mask> was born as <mask> Sandilla home name Dhani Ram on 21 July 1960 in a family belonging to the village of Dugri near Ludhiana, Punjab, India. The youngest child of Kartar Kaur and <mask> Sandila , he was educated at Gujar Khan Primary School in Dugri. His aspirations of becoming an electrician were unfulfilled and he found work at a Ludhiana cloth mill. With a natural aptitude for music, he learned to play the harmonium and dholki.In 1978, <mask> approached Surinder Shinda for the first time on a bicycle with his best friend Kuldeep Paras. When Shinda heard the 18-year-old Chamkila sing, he finally found the protege that he had been looking for. Chamkila would go on to play alongside Punjabi folk artists such as K. Deep, Mohammad Sadiq and Shinda. He wrote several songs for Shinda and accompanied him as a member of his entourage before deciding to pursue a solo career. It is rumoured that Chamkila was happy enough writing songs, but he wasn't earning enough money to look after his family, so had to start singing. <mask>'s first time in the studio was providing backing vocals alongside Kuldeep Paras for Surinder Shinda's hit song "Putt Jattan De". He was married to Gurmail Kaur by family with whom he had two daughters, Amandeep Kaur and Kamaldeep Kaur.<mask>'s second marriage was with his co-singer <mask> Kaur, with whom he has a son Jaiman <mask>. It was a love marriage held on 23 May 1983. Chamkila had spoken with close friends that he felt compelled to marry <mask>t as that was the only way to ensure the duet stayed together. Rise to fame

Career in music

Adopting the stage name <mask> Chamkila – Chamkila in Punjabi means one that glitters. Chamkila first partnered up with the female vocalist Surinder Sonia who had previously worked with Surinder Shinda. Sonia had felt sidelined after Shinda took Gulshan Komal to a tour in Canada, after which she was instrumental in pushing Chamkila to record his debut album. The pair recorded eight duets and released the album "Takue Te Takua" in 1980 with music produced by Charanjit Ahuja.The cunningly worded lyrics, which he had written himself, became hits across Punjab. In 1980, <mask> felt he was significantly underpaid by Surinder Sonia's manager (her husband) and decided to form his own group. Chamkila established short-lived stage partnerships with Miss Usha Kiran, <mask> and others. Chamkila was struggling to find a long-term co-singer to record songs with until fellow Punjabi singer Kuldeep Manak suggested <mask> Kaur, who had been singing infrequently with Manak and had even featured on his latest album. Not much is known about <mask>t Kaur, except for the fact that she was previously married but left the marriage to pursue her dream of singing. She would go on to become Chamkila's permanent singing partner providing the female vocals for his duets, that is, the majority of the songs that he wrote. Chamkila, for the most part, wrote his own lyrics, the majority of which were boyish and suggestive, yet fluent, commentaries on extramarital affairs, alcohol and drug use.The couple's appeal grew not only in the Punjab, but they quickly raced to international stardom among Punjabis abroad. Around this time, <mask> was rumoured to be receiving more bookings than his contemporaries. The biography "Awaz Mardi Nahin" by Gulzar <mask>ki found during its research that at the height of his popularity <mask> had performed 366 shows in 365 days. By the early 1980s, <mask> and <mask>t had recorded hugely successful LPs on the HMV label and they toured Canada, US, Dubai and Bahrain. They were also commonly booked for wedding parties, charging a reported Rs. 4000 per performance, an unprecedented amount for the time. Chamkila sold more HMV LP records in the world than any other Punjabi singer.He was also an accomplished player of the Tumbi instrument. Much of Chamkila's success may be attributed to the fan-base he acquired performing in free, open-air concerts (known as Akhade in Punjabi) around Punjab. Accompanying the couple would be a harmonium and dholki player and Chamkila would play the Tumbi. The concerts served as a medium for gaining exposure and testing people's response to new songs that were planned for future recordings. In addition to singing his own songs, Chamkila wrote several songs and sold them to other artists. Some of these include "Main Digie Tilak Ke" (Surinder Shinda), "Gabroo Nu Marda" (Jagmohan Kaur) and "Deor Naal Nach Bhabiye" (KS Kooner). Chamkila continued to work with music director Charanjit Ahuja but also experimented by working with SN Gulati and KS Narula.Starting in 1985, <mask> and <mask>t released three devotional LPs: Baba Tera Nankana, Talwar Main Kalgidhar Di Haan and Naam Jap Le. The LPs were highly successful, with profits reportedly donated to charities. <mask>'s song "Pehle Lalkare Naal" was featured in the soundtrack of the 1987 Punjabi film 'Patola'. He also recorded the song "Mera Jee Karda" for the Punjabi film 'Dupatta'. Both films fared averagely at the box office, but still increased Chamkila's popularity. <mask> and <mask>t recorded in excess of ninety songs before they were killed in Mesumpur, Punjab in 1988. At the time of his death, he reportedly had 200 songs that had not been sung or recorded.Of these some were sung at stage shows including "Dhee Mar Jai Badkar Loko", "Jatt Di Dushmani" and "Akhiyan Di Maar Buri". Chamkila also wrote a song based on Punjabi folk hero Jeona Morh called Kaadha Soorma - a stage recording of Chamkila's vocals were remixed and released by Panjabi MC in 2007. Chamkila also had many solo songs which have been sung in recent times by artists such as Chamak <mask>, Nirmal Sidhu, <mask>, and even his teacher Surinder Shinda. Some singers have used some of Chamkila's lyrics in their songs as part of their chorus. These include Nasha, Mere Yaar Ne (Gippy Grewal) and Shad De Vairne Yaari (Jazzy B). Chamkila's lyrics and compositions continue to be popular in contemporary Punjabi music. Following various complaints to his office, Chamkila appeared before a five-member Sikh committee at the Golden Temple to seek forgiveness for any offence caused by his lyrics.The committee praised his hugely successful religious song "Talwar Main Kalgidhar Di Haan" and <mask> was encouraged to lend his voice to religious songs going forward. <mask>, working alongside friend and  lyricist Swarn Sivia, was in the process of preparing for a studio recording of Asa Di Var however due to <mask>'s death this was never recorded. <mask> had been invited by Doordarshan to record a song to be broadcast on television. The solo song titled "Dil Da Sheesha" had been sung live on stage but was never filmed. Following <mask>'s death, this song was sung on television by his protege <mask>. Before his death, <mask> was working on publishing a magazine titled 'Gaunda Punjab, which would include articles regarding prominent singers, upcoming artists and news from the Punjabi film and music industry. With considerable experience in theatre during his teenage years, <mask> was also in talks to star in a lead role in the Punjabi movie 'Guldasta' directed by Veerendra and alongside Sridevi in a Punjabi movie titled 'Naanke'.Both films were never made. Assassination

Having arrived to perform in Mehsampur, Punjab, both <mask> and <mask> were gunned down as they exited their vehicle on 8 March 1988 at approximately 2PM. A gang of motorcyclists fired several rounds, fatally wounding the couple and other members of the entourage. However, no arrests were ever made with connection to the shooting and the case was never solved. There are many conspiracy theories as to why <mask> was killed. It is widely reported that he had been the victim of several death threats. The nature of those threats or the rationale behind them still remains a mystery.The high-profile murder sparked a frenzy of controversy and speculation. Some of the most prominent theories explaining the killings are:
 Honor killing. It is presumed <mask>t's family could have been behind the murder in an effort to preserve their family name from cultural slander. The Sikh separatism, Khalistani movement of the 1980s may have found Chamkila's lyrical content to be objectionable. The movement may have killed him. Due to the public's declining interest in other Punjabi singers in favour of <mask>, one or more of these other artists may have planned his killing. This theory is further backed by his colleagues (musicians, booking staff etc.)in a number of YouTube interviews. Chamkila may have been murdered by an individual he might have refused to perform for due to a scheduling conflict or other reasons. Legacy

Influence
Indian film composer Amit Trivedi called Chamkila "a legend, the Elvis of Punjab." British Indian musician, Panjabi MC, cites Chamkila as one of his musical influences. The song Kaadha Soorma from his 2008 album, Indian Timing, includes Chamkila's vocals.Diljit Dosanjh also sang Chamkila's songs and was inspired by him. In popular culture
Mehsampur is a 2018 Indian mockumentary film based on Chamkila's life, produced and directed by Kabir <mask>. Reportedly Imtiaz Ali is making a big budgeted film on his life

Discography
Chamkila's studio recordings were released by HMV as LP records and EP records during his lifetime.

masks:
Amar Singh Chamkila
Amarjo
Amar Singh Chamkila
Amar Singh
Chamkila
Amar Singh
Hari Singh
Chamkila
Chamkila
Chamkila
Amarjot
Chamkila
Amarjo
Amar Singh
Chamkila
Amar Noorie
Amarjot
Amarjo
Chamkila
Singh Shaun
Chamkila
Chamkila
Amarjo
Chamkila
Amarjo
Chamkila
Chamkila
Amarjo
Chamkila
Amar Arshi
Chamkila
Chamkila
Chamkila
Chamkila
Chamkila
Amar Arshi
Chamkila
Chamkila
Chamkila
Amarjot
Chamkila
Amarjo
Chamkila
Singh Chowdhry


texts:
<mask>y [ˈdmʲitrʲɪj jə:kubˈoːfskɪj] born September 5, 1963, is a Soviet and Russian lawyer, advocate and businessman. Yakubovskiy defended a number of famous people in high-profile cases and held important government positions. He was nicknamed "General Dima" by the Russian press for his swift rise to the highest ranks in Russian military. According to Bilanz Magazine, while living in Switzerland in 2009–2016, he was within the 200 richest people of Switzerland, with his private property amounting to CHF 700–800 million. Since 2016 Yakubovskiy has been living in Russia. Biography

Early life

<mask>y was born in a military town in Bolshevo near Moscow, Russia, on September 5, 1963. He is the eldest of three brothers.Yakubovskiy grew up in Bolshevo, where he graduated from high school in 1980. His father, Oleg Yakubovskiy, engineer, held the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, served under the Strategic Missile Command, and died in 1980 at the age of 42 due to medical malpractice. Personal life
Yakubovskiy has been married 13 times. He is currently divorced, but remains on friendly terms with all his ex-wives. Career

1980 – 1991
After having graduated from high school in 1980, Yakubovskiy successfully passed entrance exams to A.F. Mozhaysky's Military Engineering Institute in Leningrad, but denied admission by the Credentials Committee (committee responsible for security clearance). He then enrolled in Perm Senior Service College, and after a year, was expelled and conscripted to active duty as a private in the Soviet Army.Upon completion of his military service, he held various positions in the Office of the Procurator General of the USSR, Gossnab (State Supplies) of the USSR, the Glavmosremont (state monopolist in the field of capital repair and reconstruction of residential buildings) of the Moscow City Executive Committee, Moscow City Bar Council, as the head of a directorate of the Moscow City Procurator's Office, and as the board secretary of the USSR Union of Lawyers. He joined the CPSU in 1989. In 1990, he was appointed the leader of a working group of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR in the Western Group of Forces, Germany. He was soon discharged from that position following a complaint from the Germans of overzealous efforts to register to the Soviet Union, real estate vacated by the Russian Military in Germany. Following his discharge, Yakobovskiy was sent to Basel, Switzerland as the representative of Agrokhim (the former USSR Ministry of Mineral Fertilizers). After the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, he moved to Canada. 1992 – 1994

In March 1992, he returned to Russia.At the age of 28, he was an advisor at the Government of Russia, an advisor of the Prosecutor General of Russia for international legal matters, a consultant at the Criminal Militia Service of the MIA of Russia, and a Deputy Head of the Chief Signal Intelligence Directorate in the Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information (the former 16th Directorate of the KGB). In the process of his appointment to the position of the Plenipotentiary Representative of the Law Enforcement Authorities and Special and Information Services in the Government of Russia, a conflict developed between Yakubovskiy and Alexander Korzhakov, the head of the Presidential Security Service (Russia), and Mikhail Barsukov, the future head of FSB RF, with led to removing Yakubovskiy from all his offices. In 1993, during the "Sleaze" War and at the time of the second coup, Yakubovskiy actively took part alongside the Russian President, Boris Yeltsinin, in the conflict between the president and the Supreme Soviet. 1994 – 1998

In December 1994, Yakubovskiy was arrested and accused of stealing books from the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg, and while being incarcerated in Kresty Prison, accused of "beating" a cellmate (an athlete, Candidate for Master of Sports of USSR). Yakubovskiy was sentenced to 4 years in minimum-security penal colony. He served his sentence in Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast, in a special colony for former law enforcement officials. Yakubovskiy was released in December 1998.In 2001, all convictions were pardoned. 1998–2007
While working as a lawyer, Yakubovskiy was involved in a number of high-profile cases, including the defense of Lyudmila B. Narusova, the widow of the ex-mayor of Saint Petersburg, Arnold A. Spuvakovsky, an established businessman from the Solntsevo District, and the representation of several minority shareholders in their dispute with Alfa Bank JSC. Yakubovskiy hosted the "Arrest and Freedom" show at Ren TV. Yakubovskiy earned a PhD in jurisprudence, worked as a Professor in the Department of Practice of Law and Human Rights of A.S. Griboedov Institute of International Law and Economics in Moscow and was the Chairman of the Presidium of the First Metropolitan Bar College. In 2003, Yakubovskiy funded the construction of the church and clergy house of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius in the settlement of Gorki-8 of Odintsovsky District in Moscow Oblast – The Church of the Beheading of Saint John the Baptist. 2007–present
In 2007, Yakubovskiy transitioned to a business career and partnered with "Sistema Hals", a subsidiary of AFK Sistema PAO headed by Vladimir Yevtushenkov. Since 2009, he is a partner of VTB, initially, in "Gorki-8" and after, in the "City Land Group Company", with equity capital of over RUB 140 billion.In April 2015, Yakubovskiy sold his share in "City Land Group Company" to the VTB Group for the price of RUB 15.1 billion and fully immersed himself in bringining the low-temperature thermodiffusion coating technology of the Swiss company Thermission to Russia. Yakubovskiy founded the joint venture of "KamAZ-Thermission" in cooperation with JSC KamAZ and introduced this technology into the manufacturing processes of Uralvagonzavod, Russian Railways, and others. According to the estimates of PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), as of March 31, 2016, the market value (by IFRS) of the Russian part of that business amounted to over RUB 50 billion, and its investment value exceeded RUB 100 billion. As a result of corporate battles around the primary business assets of Yakubovskiy in Russia, thedecision of the Arbitration Court of Moscow Oblast, dated December 15, 2017, set in motion Yakubovskiy's personal debt restructuring process. The creditors claimed under RUB 10 billion in total, which amounted to 20% of the market value of the assets. Yakubovskiy was adjudged insolvent (bankrupt) by the decision of the Arbitration Court of Moscow Oblast, dated September 9, 2019, and became subject to personal bankruptcy proceedings through the sale of his property. The proceedings were delayed due to the complex structure of the property.General references
<mask>, D.O., Yakubovskaya, I.P. What Is Arrest and How to Fight It: A Practical Guide. — M.: Politburo; Vagrius, 1999. — 576 p. — 11,000 copies. — . (In Russian). Yakubovskaya, I.P.General Dima. Career. Prison. Love. — M.: Sovershenno sekretno, 1999. — 280 p. — . (In Russian).Topol, E., Grant, A. Prisoner to Kremlin. (In Russian). Yakubovskaya, I.P., Padva, G.P. Case of <mask>vskiy. A Documentary Report. — M.: Sovershenno sekretno, 1999. — 576 p. — .(In Russian). References

External links
Sanarova, E. Who is Advocate Yakubovskiy // Advocacy Portal

Yakubovskiy, Forbes, and VTB: Answering the Questions // kp.ru – 2016 – Nov 15 (in Russian)

1963 births
Living people
Russian businesspeople
Russian Jews
Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation alumni
Kutafin Moscow State Law University alumni

masks:
Dmitry Yakubovski
Dmitry Yakubovski
Yakubovskiy
Dmitry Yakubo


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<mask> "Lee" <mask> (August 27, 1923 – July 20, 2019) was an Austrian-born American geneticist and conservationist. Her studies in mammalian genetics provided the basis for understanding the chromosomic basis for sex determination in mammals and the effects occasioned by radiation, drugs, fuels and waste on mice. Her research allowed better understanding of genetic processes in mammals, mutagenesis and teratogenesis effects on mammals, and knowledge of how these processes can be prevented and avoided. She determined that developing embryos were most vulnerable to the effects of radiation during the first seven weeks of pregnancy and therefore recommended that non-urgent diagnostic X-rays be taken in the 14 days after the onset of a woman's menstrual period, a standard that became internationally accepted in radiological practice. She was also the first to discover that the Y chromosome determines maleness in mammals. Her conservation activities resulted in the protection of many wild and scenic places, especially those near her adopted home of East Tennessee. Early life
<mask> was born as <mask> in 1923 in Vienna, Austria, to a Jewish household, the oldest of three children to Clara (Starer) and Arthur Brauch.Her father was a chemist and her mother was a singing teacher. From the age of 3 to 15, the family lived on the Wiedner Hauptstrasse, not far from the Vienna Opera. There were frequent musical gatherings in the apartment, and the family enjoyed skiing and other outings in the Alps. One of her childhood playmates was first cousin, Robert Starer, Austrian-born American composer and pianist. Her somewhat idyllic childhood abruptly came to an end on the evening of March 12, 1938, but her family stayed in Vienna even after the Anschluss. Through a secret scheme, which involved the surrender of her father's business to the Nazis, the immediate family (father, mother, younger sister and younger brother) were able to escape to London. She moved to the United States in 1941 and became a naturalized American citizen in 1946.She met zoologist William L<mask> during a college summer school program, where he was her mentor. They married and worked together as geneticists at Jackson Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Together they had two children, a son, David "Ace" (b. 1950) and a daughter, Evelyn (b. 1952). Education
<mask> completed her secondary schooling in England. After the family moved to the United States, she earned an A.B.from Hunter College in New York City in 1945 and her Ph.D. in Zoology in 1949 at the University of Chicago. Her first job was baby sitting while she studied in college; after that she worked as a receptionist in a doctor's office after class. Career
<mask> began her career as a research assistant at Jackson Memorial Laboratory from 1943 to 1947, and worked as a fellow at the University of Chicago. In 1947, she moved to Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where she eventually became a Senior Corporate Fellow and Section Head. <mask> conducted genetics research focused on radiation-induced mutations. She and her husband established the "mouse house," a colony of more than 200,000 mutant mice bred to study the effects of radiation exposure. The extensive colony helped drive mammalian genetics research for decades.She served as scientific advisor for the U.S. delegation at the first Atoms for Peace Conference held in Geneva in 1955. In 1973 she was the first woman to receive the internationally awarded Roentgen Medal. <mask> served as head of the Mammalian Genetics & Development Section between 1975 and 1995. Under her guidance, this Section expanded its research, studying the genetic effects of chemicals from drugs, fuels and waste on mice. Her studies allowed her to move from classic genetics to molecular analysis. <mask>i Award, the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) highest research honor, for her "outstanding contributions to genetics and radiation biology, including her discovery of the chromosomal basis for sex determination in mammals and her contributions to our knowledge of the effects of radiation on the developing embryo and fetus."<mask> has more than 150 publications. In 2001, Oak Ridge National Laboratory opened the William L. and Liane B. Russell Laboratory for Comparative and Functional Genomics. She retired in 2002. In 2013, Oak Ridge National Laboratory created the Liane B. <mask> Distinguished Early Career Fellowship to assist young researchers. Activism

<mask> was also a conservationist working for protection of wilderness and national lands and rivers. In 1966 she helped to organize the Tennessee Citizens for Wilderness Planning (TCWP). In 1976 TCWP helped to obtain protection of the 125,000-acre Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area and obtain National Wild and Scenic River designation for the Obed River.In 1992 <mask> received the National Parks Conservation Association's (NPCA's) Marjory Stoneman Douglas award. Awards
Roentgen Medal, 1973
Hunter College Hall of Fame, 1979
Marjory Stoneman Douglas Award, 1992
Environmental Mutagen Society Award, 1993
Enrico Fermi award in 1993
 National Academy of Sciences, Election Year: 1986. References

External links
 <mask> B<mask>, ORNL Corporate Fellow
 Dr. <mask> B<mask>, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
 <mask> B<mask>. National Academy of Sciences, Member Directory. Tennessee Citizens for Wilderness Planning
<mask> <mask>'s Interview (Oral History), Voices of the Manhattan Project

1923 births
2019 deaths
American geneticists
21st-century American zoologists
Jewish emigrants from Austria to the United States after the Anschluss
Hunter College alumni
University of Chicago alumni
University of Chicago faculty
20th-century American women scientists
Women geneticists
Women zoologists
Oak Ridge National Laboratory people
Enrico Fermi Award recipients
American women academics
21st-century American women

masks:
Liane Brauch
Russell
Russell
Liane Brauch
. Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russellrm
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Liane
. Russell
Liane
. Russell
Liane
. Russell
Liane
Russell


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<mask>-Doron (; April 5, 1941 – April 12, 2020) was an Israeli rabbi who served as Rishon LeZion (Chief Rabbi of Israel) from 1993 to 2003. Prior to that he served as Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Bat Yam and Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Haifa. Bakshi-Doron was criticized by Haredi leaders for some of his halakhic (Jewish legal) decisions, and by the Reform movement for his position on assimilation. He was known for his promotion of interfaith dialogue and nonviolence. Early life and education
<mask>-Doron was born in Jerusalem to Ben-Zion Bakshi-Doron, a native of the city, and Tova, an immigrant from Aleppo, Syria. He had two brothers and a sister. As a young man, Eliyahu studied in several prominent yeshivas of the Religious Zionist movement.He continued his education at Yeshivat HaDarom, Hebron Yeshiva, and Kol Ya'akov. During this time he began to think of a rabbinic career, and established relationships with leading halakhic figures Rabbis Yosef Shalom Eliashiv, Betzalel Zolty, and Ovadia Yosef. Rabbinic career

After his marriage at age 25, Bakshi-Doron was tapped to lead the upper class in Porat Yosef Yeshiva. At age 28 he was appointed Rav of the Ramat Hanasi neighborhood of Bat Yam, becoming the youngest Rav of an Israeli city. Two years after that he was named Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Bat Yam. In 1973, at the age of 34, he was appointed Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Haifa. At the same time he was also named head of the rabbinical courts in the city, which supervised the kashrut of many large, local food factories.Throughout this time he gave public shiurim (Torah lectures) to strengthen the Sephardic community. Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel
In 1993, Bakshi-Doron became the first Rishon LeZion (Chief Rabbi of Israel) of non-Iraqi extraction since Rabbi Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel in 1954. He served his term concurrently with his Ashkenazi counterpart, Rabbi Yisrael Meir Lau. In a 1996 sermon, Bakshi-Doron compared Reform Judaism to the biblical Zimri, who was killed by Phinehas for cohabitation with a Midianite woman. Bakshi-Doron dismissed the resulting uproar as a publicity stunt, saying it was "unthinkable" that anyone would consider his speech an incitement to murder. In January 1999, Bakshi-Doron stated publicly that the Reform movement had harmed Jews more than had the Holocaust. According to Holocaust historian Yehuda Bauer, in other countries, his statement might be considered criminal incitement and antisemitism.In 1998, Bakshi-Doron met with Turkish Muslim cleric Fethullah Gulen in Istanbul, Turkey. In 2000, Bakshi-Doron and Lau made headlines when they met with Pope John Paul II. It was later seen as a historical precedent which led the way to the 2005 meeting between Chief Rabbis Shlomo Amar and Yona Metzger with the new Pope, Benedict XVI. In 2000, while visiting the Jewish community in Singapore, Bakshi-Doron declared that he was in favor of giving away parts of East Jerusalem to the Palestinians as a way towards ending the Arab–Israeli conflict. He stipulated that any agreement would have to allow for the Temple Mount to remain in Israeli control. Shmita controversy
In the sabbatical year of 2000, Bakshi-Doron became involved in a disagreement with some of the leading rabbis in Israel. In order to get around the Jewish legal prohibitions of shmita, in which farmland must lie fallow once every seven years, some Sephardi and Religious Zionist rabbis had allowed the use of the Heter Mechira (land-sale contract), by which farmers could symbolically sell their land to non-Jews for the sabbatical year, thereby permitting them to continue farming.The permits came under fire by Haredi rabbi Yosef Shalom Eliashiv. Bakshi-Doron and Lau, with the support of former Rishon LeZion Ovadia Yosef, ruled that the permits were valid. When Bakshi-Doron publicly told the farmers that they could rely on the sales, the Haredi newspaper Yated Ne'eman began to leak word that Eliashiv would delegitimize him and put him and his family in herem (ex-communication) if he refused to back down. Distraught, Bakshi-Doron went to meet with President of Israel Moshe Katsav, reportedly bursting into tears. Despite the open support of Katsav and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, Bakshi-Doron ultimately succumbed to the pressure from Eliashiv. This was widely seen by the National Religious camp as surrender to the Haredim. Outreach
On January 21, 2002, Bakshi-Doron took part in an interfaith conference in Alexandria, Egypt.Among those present at the conference were the former Archbishop of Canterbury George Carey, Rabbi Michael Melchior, the muftis of Bethlehem, and the Palestinian Authority police forces. The attendees issued a joint agreement called the First Declaration of Alexandria of the Religious Leaders of the Holy Land, in which they denounced the ongoing violence in the Middle East. Although the accord received the support of both Ariel Sharon and Yasser Arafat, it had little perceivable effect. Bakshi-Doron continued to participate in interfaith activities and sat on the Board of World Religious Leaders for The Elijah Interfaith Institute. Later in 2002, Bakshi-Doron accused Yasser Arafat of attempting to commit "a Holocaust against the State of Israel". Later positions
In 2004, Bakshi-Doron spoke out in favor of introducing civil marriage in Israel, saying that the law subjecting members of the different Millets to respective religious authorities had become irrelevant, and was now a source of division and hatred. Bakshi-Doron received attention in January 2005 for attending the first World Congress of Imams and Rabbis for Peace in Brussels, Belgium.The Congress was made up of some 180 notable Jewish and Muslim religious representatives, authorities, and scholars from all over the world. They released a statement calling for the promotion of peace and understanding between Jews and Muslims. In August 2005, Bakshi-Doron, along with Modern Orthodox rabbis Norman Lamm and Aharon Lichtenstein, condemned calls by other prominent rabbis for Israeli Defense Forces soldiers to disobey their orders to dismantle Jewish settlements as part of the Gaza Disengagement. Bakshi-Doron's 1993 ruling that "Women can be of the Gedolim (great leaders) of the generation and serve as halakhic decisors" attracted attention in light of the controversy over the appointments of women to clerical positions in Orthodox congregations. But in a letter to the Rabbinical Council of America, dated June 23, 2015, Bakshi-Doron clarified his opinion that women could not take up official positions. Binyan Av institutions
Following his term as Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel, Bakshi-Doron continued his teaching and work as a halakhic arbiter. He also established the Binyan Av institutions, which include a central campus in the Ramat Shlomo neighborhood of Jerusalem.Conviction, posthumous acquittal
Bakshi-Doron was indicted in 2012 over his involvement in "the rabbis’ case," in which he was accused of issuing false rabbinic ordinations and yeshiva education certificates to 1,500 police and security services employees during his tenure as Chief Rabbi. The ordinations, equivalent to a higher education on Israel's public employees' salary scale, entitled recipients to bonuses of NIS2,000–4,000, then valued at an additional $530–$1,060 per month. As a result, the government paid out hundreds of millions of shekels without justification. Bakshi-Doron was convicted of fraud and breach of trust on May 15, 2017, by the Jerusalem District Court for his part in the scam. He was sentenced to one year probation, and a fine of NIS 250,000. The conviction was overturned, posthumously, by the Israeli Supreme court on 25th of May 2021. Personal life
At the age of 25 Bakshi-Doron married Esther, daughter of the previous Chief Rabbi of Akko, Shalom Lopes, with whom he had ten children.She died in 2005. Bakshi-Doron died on April 12, 2020, in Shaare Zedek Medical Center, after contracting the COVID-19 virus during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel. His condition was exacerbated by previous medical issues. Published works
 Binyan Av, responsa

See also
 List of Sephardi chief rabbis of the Land of Israel

References

External links

 Chief Rabbis- Greetings to Pope John Paul II
Interview with Bakshi-Doron
Jewish Agency Bio
Imams and Rabbis for Peace
imamsrabbis.org

1941 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel
Rishon LeZion (rabbi)
Rabbis in Jerusalem
20th-century rabbis
21st-century rabbis
Rabbis convicted of crimes
Israeli people of Syrian-Jewish descent

masks:
Eliyahu Bakshi
Eliyahu Bakshi


texts:
<mask> is a German Protestant pastor. In the 1970s she became a peace activist in the German Democratic Republic. In 1989, after several years campaigning on issues affecting immigrants, she was appointed "Commissioner for Foreigners" in the governments of Hans Modrow and Lothar de Maizière. Following reunification she took an equivalent position with the Brandenburg Regional Government between 1991 and 2006. Life

Early years
<mask> was born in Tangermünde, a small town on the western bank of the Elbe, some two years before the end of the war. Later Tangermünde became known for footage taken in 1945 of refugees from what had been designated the Soviet occupation zone struggling to cross the river and reach the zone scheduled for military occupation by British troops, but the Brennecke family remained in what would later become the German Democratic Republic, and <mask> grew up in nearby Jerichow on the east side of the river. Her parents were Protestant theologians.The Brenneckes later moved to Berlin where she studied Theology at the Humboldt University between 1961 and 1966. During this time she married the ecumenically minded theologian Christfried <mask>. The church authorities were not enthusiastic about a married woman becoming a pastor and it was only in 1975, following the birth of the couples' three daughters, that she was able to complete her theological studies and become ordained. Magdeburg pastorate and peace

In 1976 she relocated with her husband to Magdeburg where between 1976 and 1985 she was a member of the St. Michaelis pastorate. She was also an advocate for peace activism within the church during this time, participating in the city's "Peace Sundays". She was a founder member the Magdeburg branch of "Women for Peace". The <mask>s returned in 1985 to Berlin where <mask> <mask> joined the St Bartholomäus pastorate in Berlin's Friedrichshain quarter.Berlin pastorate and immigrant support
In addition to her work for peace, from 1986 she worked increasingly on immigrant support and integration issues. In 1986 she came across a group of Christians from Mozambique in her parish and she made available a church room where they could conduct their own church services. This evolved into regular interdenominational meetings for which <mask> learned Portuguese. The initiative became the "Cabana" ("little hut") movement, providing a meeting place in the parish where immigrants and people born in Germany could take the opportunity to get to know one another. The "Cabana" initiative became an exemplar for similar innovations in other East German cities. Politics
In 1987 <mask> <mask> took a leading role in creating a working group called "Rejection of the principal and practice of  separation" ("Absage an Praxis und Prinzip der Abgrenzung"). By September 1989 this had grown into the better remembered "Democracy Now" movement.Although it was the travel restrictions separating East and West Germany, starkly represented and effected by the Berlin Wall, that generated the largest headlines, in the context of <mask>'s own long standing peace activism it was just as important to reject separation between other neighbouring European states and, especially within East Germany where she experienced each day the existing polarisation, to reject separation of the different racial groups. All these objectives featured on her agenda when she was drawn into national politics. Government office
By 1989 the German Democratic Republic was home to approximately 85,000 immigrant workers from outside Europe. They came from the small number of poorer country's with which the country had reasonable diplomatic relations, notably Mozambique, Angola and Vietnam. There had, at government level, never been any policy to integrate the immigrants into the wider community. Their wages and living conditions were bad. In March 1990 the German Democratic Republic held its first (and, as matters turned out, last) free election, in the wake of which the situation of the immigrants suddenly appeared on the government's political agenda.As a "Democracy Now" leader <mask> <mask> participated in the important working group discussions set up under the 1989/1990 Round Table process on immigrant issues (literally "Foreigner questions" / "Ausländerfragen"). Directly after the 1990 General Election she found herself a member of the government headed up by Hans Modrow (and after Modrow's resignation on 12 April 1990, by Lothar de Maizière). The breach of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, and the absence of any subsequent intervention by the Soviet occupation forces, had left the gate open for German reunification, and the new government's job was to prepare for that moment. <mask>, although not an elected member of the National Legislature, was given the rank of a Secretary of State, together with responsibility Immigrant ("Foreigner") Issues. She held the national post for only seven months, but she fought for her beliefs and saw to it that the interests of the East German immigrant community were not overlooked in the rush to reunification,. At the start of the twenty-first century the label by which <mask> <mask>'s governmental areas of responsibility had been defined changed from "Commissioner for Foreigner issues" (...."Ausländerfragen") to "Commissioner for Integration" (...."Integration"). The change was made at different times in different regional governments:  in the Berlin senate itself it came about only in 2003.Many current sources continue to apply the former term, "Ausländerfragen". The issues and decisions involved changed even less abruptly than the term used, and the English language term "Immigrant Issues" appears to cover the responsibilities for present purposes. The Reunification Treaty took effect on 3 October 1990, which marked the end of the German Democratic Republic as a separate entity, and thereby put an end to the East German government of which <mask> <mask> was a member. However, in 1991 she was appointed "Commissioner for Immigrant Issues "("Integrationsbeauftragterin" / "Ausländerbeauftragterin") in the regional government of Brandenburg. She retained this position for fifteen years, till her retirement in 2006. Although the job in regional politics gave her a lower public profile than the period in national politics, it nevertheless covered a period which she would describe as a continuation of the "most intense and exciting period of her life" (" intensivste und spannendste Zeit ihres Lebens"). <mask> <mask> retired to Schmöckwitz (on the southern side of Berlin) in October 2006, but remains actively engaged at a parish and community level.References

German Lutheran clergy
Politicians from Brandenburg
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1943 births
Living people

masks:
Almuth Berger
Almuth Brennecke
Almuth Brennecke
Berger
Berger
Almuth
Berger
Berger
Almuth
Berger
Berger
Almuth
Berger
Berger
Almuth
Berger
Almuth
Berger
Almuth
Berger


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>) is an Indian actor, producer, television presenter, and politician known for his work predominantly in Malayalam cinema. He is best known for his comedy roles, and has been a popular leading actor in Malayalam cinema since the 70s. He was the chairman of Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy. <mask> is the current MLA representing the Kollam constituency of Kerala state. As of June 2021, he has acted in over 260 Malayalam films. Early and personal life
<mask> was born to actors O. Madhavan and Vijayakumari, in Kollam, Kerala, India on 5 March 1956. He has two sisters, Sandhya Rajendran and Jayasree.Sandhya and her husband, E.A. Rajendran are also actors (stage and film). He attended Infant Jesus School, Tangasseri and pursued a bachelor's degree in science (B.Sc.) from Sree Narayana College in Kollam. He holds a second bachelor's degree in law (LLB) from Kerala Law Academy Law College, Thiruvananthapuram. He acted in dramas before entering the movie industry. He married South Indian film actress Saritha in 1988, and they have two sons.After lengthy separation, they divorced in 2011. Their elder son Shravan made his acting debut in the film Kalyanam. <mask> married dance scholar Methil Devika on 24 October 2013. The couple filed for divorce in 2021. He was elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly from Kollam constituency in the election of 2016. Acting career

1982–1988
<mask> began his career in the movie Balloon in 1982. In 1985, he acted in Mutharamkunnu P.O., directed by Sibi Malayil, with a script by Sreenivasan and story by Jagadeesh.Then came a series of slapstick comedies, often with Priyadarshan, such as Ponnum Kudathinu Pottu, Akkare Ninnoru Maran, Boeing Boeing and Odaruthammava Aalariyaam. He portrayed the CBI officer Chacko in the four movies of the CBI series directed by K. Madhu. His supporting roles with Mohanlal received popularity between 1985 and 2000. He maintains a close friendship with Mohanlal and has acted with him in films in supporting roles such as Hello My Dear Wrong Number, Thalavattam, Vandanam, Akkare Akkare Akkare, Kakkakuyil and Boeing Boeing. His breakthrough came in 1989 with the movie Ramji Rao Speaking, directed by Siddique-Lal. Thereafter, he established himself as a leading actor in the Malayalam film industry. 1989–2014
In the early nineties Mukesh acted alongside actors Innocent, Jagathy Sreekumar, Jayaram, Jagadeesh and Siddique in a number of comedy movies that met with critical acclaim.His most popular films were directed by the duo Siddique-Lal. Apart from Ramji Rao Speaking, they worked together in In Harihar Nagar, Godfather. Later director Siddique directed him in Hitler, Chronic Bachelor and Friends. Even director Lal repeated him in the sequels to In Harihar Nagar, Harihar Nagar 2 and In Ghost House Inn. The characters he played between 1989 and 1999 were usually of a young man behaving, or thought to be behaving fraudulently under pressure, such as a bribe taking policeman, a thief on the run, or someone lying to impress his parents, or to get a job. The media labelled him as Comedy Hero. His role as serial womaniser in the 1990 Kouthugal Vaartakal boosted his popularity as a lead actor.His major leading roles included Marupuram (1990), Malayogam, Thooval Sparsham , Post Box No. 27 , Gajakesariyogam, Cheriya Lokavum Valiya Manushyarum, Sohrudam, Bandhukkal Shatrugal, Aayushyakalam, Ellarum Chollanu, Ennodu Ishtam Koodamo, Customs Diary, Sohrudam, Ootayal Pattalam, Cheppukilukkana Changathi, Kallanum Polissum, Makkal Rajyam and Tom & Jerry. His collaboration with director P. G. Viswambharan resulted in hits like Innathe Program and Irrikku M. D. Akathundu. The best example of a film with his character being forced by circumstances to lie is Sipayi Lahala (1995), by Vinayan and written by Sreenivasan. He paired with Sreenivasan in films like Varaphalam, Kinnaripozhayorum, Manathe Velitheru, Oodaruthamava Alariyam, Angene Oru Avadhikalathu and Mr. Clean. The cast of 1989 Ramji Rao Speaking came together for its sequel Mannar Mathai Speaking in 1995. He acted with both Thilakan and Jagathy Sreekumar together in Mookila Rajyathu, Cheriya Lokavum Veliya Manushyarum, Champion Thomas and Varaphalam.It was in late 2008 that media felt his career would get over but he bagged projects with Satyan Anthikad, director Siddique, Lal and other than these had hits like Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policum, Kancheepurathe Kalyanam, Vinodayatra, Pathinonnil Vyazham, Innathe Chintha Vishayam and Bharya Swantham Suhruthu. Later career
In the early 2010s, he struggled to escape an image trap. Regardless, he came back with interesting supporting roles in Udayananu Tharam, Goal, Vinodayathra, Boy Friend, Kaiyoppu, Naalu Pennungal and Katha Parayumbol. He has been a part of many of Mohanlal's comedies, most of them directed by Priyadarshan. He also ventured into production with Sreenivasan, their first movie, Katha Parayumbol, featured a cameo by Mammootty. <mask> was the host of a Malayalam version of Deal or No Deal, which was aired on Surya TV. In 2007, <mask> authored a book based on experiences while he was a student at college, and tales from his life as a movie actor.titled <mask> Kathakal – Jeevithathiley Nerum Narmavum. It proved very successful. He is now acting in Badai bungalow, a comedy and celebrity talk show hosted by Ramesh Pisharody, launched on Asianet from 2013

Awards
 2007 : Asianet Film Award for Best Film (Producer) – Kadha Parayumbol
 2007 : Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam (Producer) – Kadha Parayumbol
 2007 : Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value-Kadha Parayumbol
 2011 : ISC Award
 2013 : Kerala Film Critics Association Awards - Second Best Actor - English: An Autumn in London, Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil
 2016 : Asianet Special Awards- Multifaceted personality of the year

Filmography

Malayalam films

2010s

2000s

1990s

1980s

Tamil films

As producer
 Katha Parayumbol (2007)
 Thattathin Marayathu (2012)

Television career

Radio anchor
  Laksham Laksham Pinnale (2013) (Reality show-Super 94.7 fm)

Theater performance
 <mask> started Kalidasa Visual Magic for play productions. His first play Chayamukhi was in 2008 with Mohanlal and was written and directed by Prasanth Narayanan. He also appeared with his sister, Sandhya Rajendan and his wife Methil in the 2015 adaptation of Naaga'', directed by Suveeran

References

External links

 <mask> Narayana College, Kollam alumni
Indian actor-politicians
21st-century Indian male actors
Film producers from Kerala
Male actors in Malayalam theatre
Indian male stage actors
Indian male television actors
1957 births

masks:
Mukesh
Mukesh Madhavan
Mukesh
Mukesh
Mukesh
Mukesh
Mukesh
Mukesh
Mukesh
Mukesh
Mukeshee


texts:
<mask> (c. 1872 – May 25, 1949) was a librarian and activist who created and promoted library science education courses across the Midwestern and Western United States. She is regarded as a pioneer of the modern library movement. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Sarahsville, Ohio around 1872 to Dr. Hiram James and <mask>. She was raised in a middle-class, Protestant family, and taught in her local public schools. In 1899, she earned a B.A. in classics from Denison University. She then studied library science from 1899 to 1901 through the University of Chicago Extension Division and was one of only seventeen students to graduate.Career
After graduating from the University of Chicago Extension Division, she took a position as first assistant librarian with the Field Museum in Chicago and worked there until 1902. Records show that she also worked as a faculty member of the University of Chicago Extension Division's library school around the same time and wrote a letter to the university's president in defense of the program after it was criticized by the ALA. In 1903, the decision was made to close the library school. <mask>, acting as President of the University of Chicago Library Students Club, wrote another letter to the dean of the university, requesting that the school show loyalty to its students by keeping the program open and continuing its work. Neither her letter nor the many other letters of protest the university received dissuaded President William Rainey Harper from closing the school. Downey moved on to Ottumwa, Iowa, where she became the town's first public librarian, receiving recommendations from her former instructor and University of Chicago librarian Zella Allen Dixson, the dean of women of Shephardson College, the pastor of the local Baptist church, a teacher at the local high school, the librarian of the Art Institute of Chicago, and President Harper of the University of Chicago. Dr. Suzanne M. Stauffer writes in her article, "'She Speaks as One Having Authority': <mask> E<mask>'s Use of Libraries as a Means to Public Power":

During her time in Ottumwa Downey began a story hour in the library, invited Friends of the Library to give presentations on books, and gave talks on the history of the book and the library at the high school.She also established the Children's Library League, which met weekly to read and discuss books, with the motto 'Clean hearts, clean hands, and clean books.' <mask> was elected secretary of the Iowa Library Association for the 1904 to 1905 term. Around this time, she and several other female librarians accused Melvil Dewey of sexual harassment, which ultimately led to him being expelled from both the ALA and the New York Library Association. In 1906, <mask> became the director of the Chautauqua School for Librarians, a short-course summer school which <mask> would expand in 1918 into a professional certificate program. She acted as the school's director every summer for thirty years. In 1908, <mask> became Ohio's state library organizer. Stauffer writes that <mask>'s main duties were to "encourage tax support for libraries, assist with the organization and cataloging of collections and the standardization of library procedures, increase the use of libraries, develop library extension, and encourage formal library training.In 1910 alone she made 216 visits to 116 towns; gave twenty-six addresses in support of the library movement to mass meetings, women's clubs, teachers' institutes, and other groups; and presided over district library meetings in six cities." In her addresses to the teachers' institutes, she called for teachers to utilize public libraries in education, promote the reading of "good books" (i.e. books that encouraged good morals), and provide education for librarians. She also represented the state of Ohio in the meetings of the Ohio Library Association, the American Library Association, the League of Library Commissions, the Ohio Federation of Women's Clubs, and the General Federation of Women's Clubs. In 1911, the governor of Ohio appointed a new state librarian who cleared out much of the staff, including <mask>. <mask> went on to serve two terms as the president of the Ohio Library Association before being offered the position of Utah state library organizer in 1914 with a recommendation from American Library Association secretary George Utley. Her main duty as Utah library organizer was to spend ten to fourteen days at each library in the state training the staff and library boards in procedures and policies.In 1916, she took on the position of state library secretary while continuing to work as organizer. After two years, <mask> had visited every library in Utah multiple times, calling for tax-funded libraries, assisting with Carnegie grant applications, evaluating the libraries, recommending materials, and speaking before community groups. <mask> once gave a speech to the Utah Federation of Women's Clubs in Salt Lake City, stating:

<mask> pushed for the passage of the County Public Libraries Act which established a county library system in Utah that provided public libraries to rural areas. The Act was passed in 1919 not long after the end of World War I, and <mask> convinced the Library War Service to donate its unused books to Utah's new, rural county libraries. Throughout her career, <mask> continued to promote education for librarians by offering Utah librarians scholarships to the Chautauqua School, starting a traveling school that would hold six-week sessions in various places in Utah, and calling for library boards to pay for their librarians to attend school. In 1921, <mask> became the state library organizer for North Dakota and began reforming the state's libraries just as she had in Utah by calling for a county library system. <mask> then returned to Denison University in 1923 as the school's librarian and received her M.A.there the following year. In 1929, <mask> was reappointed Ohio state library organizer—a position which she would hold until 1931. Later life
In 1941, <mask> became a volunteer librarian at the National Woman's Party's Alva Belmont Feminist Library, now known as the Florence Bayard Hilles Feminist Library, which continues to specialize in materials about the women's movement. <mask> organized the library's initial collection and promoted women's issues through a variety of mediums throughout her time there. <mask> <mask> died on May 25, 1949 in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Her obituary labeled her a pioneer of the library movement. Personal Views & Activism

Religion & Books
In 1902, <mask> gave an address to the Iowa Library Association advocating that librarians "not force even a child into using the library, but if possible, lead [the child] voluntarily into the reading habit..." <mask> believed that librarians could instill cultural norms and mores in children by providing them with books that encouraged adherence to those values.She would reiterate this message in public lectures she delivered at the Chautauqua School for Librarians. As Stauffer writes:

Speaking in the Hall of Philosophy on 'The Evolution of the Library,' <mask> concluded that 'it is the birthright of every child to have access to a good collection of books just as it is his birthright to have a free education' and declared that 'the development of a love for regular and for good reading is necessary to bring the child to the proper development.' <mask> also spoke before the American Library Association's Religious Books Round Table in 1932 and advocated the use of inspirational materials to help people who were struggling in the Great Depression. Literacy and education
Downey advised schools to have at least one book per child in the classroom and called for rural schools to house branch libraries in order to encourage the creation of the first "generation of readers." <mask> stated in speeches that public libraries could provide all the benefits of a university for the entire community. In 1923, <mask> spoke to the Daughters of the American Revolution, stating:

Feminism
<mask> was a member of the Columbus Equal Suffrage Association and advocated for women's right to vote. She would later work for the National Woman's Party and promote feminist literature in libraries.<mask> spoke out for women's equal employment in libraries by joining several other female librarians in asking the War Service Committee to stop protecting women from hard work. She also wrote a letter to the executive secretary of the Library War Service asking that the military lift its ban on women in the Camp Library Service. Professional Associations
<mask> served on the Publications Committee of the League of Library Commissions in 1911, as the League's second vice president in 1914, and then on the executive board from 1915 to 1918. <mask> was a member of the American Library Association Council from 1914 to 1916 due to her position as president of the Ohio Library Association at the time. She would rejoin the Council in 1920 when she became president of the Utah Library Association and again in 1922 when she became president of the North Dakota Library Association. In 1923, she was appointed to a five-year term on the Council. <mask> also served on the American Library Association's Committee on Legislation from 1920 to 1927.See also
 North Dakota State Library
 Public libraries in North America
 American Library Association
 General Federation of Women's Clubs
 National Woman's Party
 Feminism in the United States
 Women's suffrage in the United States

Further reading
 <mask>, <mask>. "Chautauqua School for Librarians." Library Journal 47 (1922): 455-57. <mask>, <mask>. "The County and the State." Bulletin of the American Library Association 17 (1923): 287-92. <mask>, <mask>.Developing a Public Library (Columbus: Ohio Board of Library Commissioners, Department of Library Organization, 1911). <mask>, <mask>. "Library Courses in the College, University and Normal School Curriculum." Library Journal 53 (1928): 349-52. <mask>, <mask>. Library Extension in Ohio (Columbus: Ohio Board of Library Commissioners, Department of Library Organization, 1911). <mask>, <mask>."A Library Survey of Utah." Utah Survey 3, no. 7 (1916): 4-11. <mask>, <mask>. “Literature and Culture.” Library Journal 40 (1915): 163-168. <mask>, <mask>. "Making Religious Books Popular."Library Journal 57 (1932): 1030-34. <mask>, <mask>. "New Feminist Library in Washington." Library Journal 69 (1944): 181-84. <mask>, <mask>. "Pioneering in Utah." Bulletin of the American Library Association 9, no.4 (1915). <mask>, <mask>. Reading in Rural Communities (Columbus: Ohio Board of Library Commissioners, Department of Library Organization, 1911). <mask>, <mask>. "Recruiting for Librarianship through the College Library." Library Journal 56 (1931): 390-93. <mask>, <mask>.Report of Library Organizer: Reprinted from Report of Board of Library Commissioners of Ohio for the Year Ending November 15, 1910 (Columbus: Ohio Board of Library Commissioners, Department of Library Organization, 1911). <mask>, <mask>. "State Library Extension Work." Year Book (Utah Federation of Women's Clubs) (1915–16): 62-63. <mask>, <mask>. "What a County Library Will Do for North Dakota." Journal of the National Education Association 12 (1923): 94.<mask>, <mask>. "Work of Student Assistants in College Libraries." Library Journal 57 (1932): 417-20. "Who's Who: Miss <mask><mask>." Chautauquan Daily, 10 July 1915, 6. "Who's Who: Miss <mask>.<mask>." Chautauquan Daily, 11 July 1922, 7. References

Notes

Bibliography
 "D. A. R. Meeting." Chautauquan Daily, 18 July 1923, 7. "Entire City to Join in Celebration over Our Splendid Library." Price News-Advocate, 3 March 1916, 1."Florence Bayard Hilles Feminist Library." Sewall-Belmont House & Museum. Retrieved April 10, 2016. Garrison, Dee. Apostles of Culture: The Public Librarian and American Society, 1876-1920 (New York: Free Press, 1979), 206-217. <mask> <mask> obituary, Library Journal 75 (1950). "Miss <mask> Talks," Ottumwa Courier, 29 October 1902."Mr. Barnes and <mask>," Chautauquan Daily, 12 July 1915, 3. Stauffer, Suzanne M. "'Mr. Dewey Is Crazy and Katharine Sharp Hates the University of Chicago:' Gender, Power, and Personality and the Demise of the University of Chicago Course in Library Science 1897-1903." Journal of Education for Library and Information Science 56, no. 2 (Spring 2015): 101-113. Stauffer, Suzanne M. "'She Speaks as One Having Authority': <mask><mask>'s Use of Libraries as a Means to Public Power." Libraries & Culture 40, no.1 (Winter 2005): 38-62. Utley, George B. to Howard R. Driggs, 9 February 1914, Utah State Library Commission, Correspondence, 1912–22, Utah State Archives, Salt Lake City. Wiegand, W.A. Irrepressible reformer: A biography of Melvil Dewey. Chicago: American Library Association, 1996. External links
 American Library Association
 General Federation of Women's Clubs
 Sewall-Belmont House & Museum

1870s births
1949 deaths
American feminists
American librarians
American women librarians
American suffragists
Denison University alumni
University of Chicago alumni

masks:
Mary Elizabeth Downey
Mary Elizabeth Downey
Martha Ball Downey
Downey
Mary
. Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Mary E
. Downey
Mary E
Downey
Mary Elizabeth
Downey
Downey
Miss Downey
Mary E
. Downey


texts:
<mask>, also referred to as  () or Navukkarasar,  was a seventh-century Tamil Śaiva poet-saint. Born in a peasant Śaiva family, raised as an orphan by his sister, he lived about 80 years and is generally placed sometime between 570 and 670 CE. Appar composed 4,900 devotional hymns to the Hindu god Shiva, out of which 313 have survived and are now canonized as the 4th to 6th volumes of Tirumurai. One of the most prominent of the sixty-three revered Nayanars, he was an older contemporary of Thirugnana Sambandar. His images are found and revered in Tamil Shiva temples. His characteristic iconography in temples show him carrying a farmer's small hoe – a gardening tool and weed puller. Names
Appar is also known as Tirunāvukkarasar lit.("King of the Tongue, Lord of Language"). His birth-name was Marulneekkiyar, and was renamed to Tharumasenar while he studied and later served as the head of a Jain monastery. After he returned to Shaivism and began composing devotional hymns to Shiva, he has been historically referred to as Appar (lit. "father"), after the child poet-saint Sambandar lovingly called him Appar. Early life

An outline about <mask>'s life, without specifics, are found in his own hymns that were preserved by an oral tradition. A written collection of his hymns as well as more details are found in texts about four centuries after he died. One of the most studied version is the Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam, the last book of the Tirumurai.There, under Thiruninrasargam and in 428 verses, Sekkizhar presents the legendary life of <mask>. <mask> was born in late 6th-century, likely between 570 and 596 CE. Some scholars place him a bit later, in early 7th-century. <mask>la Vaishya by birth. His childhood name was Marunikkiyar (Marulneekiar). Orphaned, he was raised by his bit older sister. His sister Thilagavathiar was betrothed to a military commander who died in war.She never married thereafter, devoted herself to Shaivism and to taking care of her little brother. He spent his childhood in Tiruvamur village near Atikai by most accounts. Conversion to Jainism and return to Saivaism

Unlike his sister, Appar turned to Jainism. He left home, joined a Jain monastery, where he was renamed Dharmasena (Tarumacenar). He studied Jainism and years later became the head of the Jain monastery in Tiruppatirippuliyur. After a while, afflicted by a painful stomach illness, Dharmasena returned home. His sister gave him Tiruneeru (sacred ash) and the five syllable mantra "namaccivaya" (Namah Shivaya).Then they went together to a Shiva temple in Atikai, where he spontaneously composed his first hymn of Tevaram. As he sang the second verse, he was miraculously cured of his stomach illness. Thereafter, he came to be known as Navukkaracar (from Skt: Vagisa, "king of speech") or more popularly just Appar. He had thus left Jainism, and become a devout Shaiva. <mask>'s hymn are intimately devotional to Shiva, but occasionally include verses where he repents the Jain period of his life. In Tevaram hymn IV.39 and others, he criticizes the Jain monastic practice of not brushing teeth, the lack of body hygiene, their barbaric ascetic practices, the doctrine of pallurai (anekantavada) as self-contradictory relativism, the hypocrisy of running away from the world and work yet begging for food in that same world, and others. Bhakti
Appar largely stayed at Atikai with his sister before visiting other Siva temples to sing in praise of Siva.He heard of Thirugnana Sambandar and went to Sirkali to meet him. Thiru GnaanaSambandar respectfully addressed Navukkarasar as Appar (father) and he and Appar travelled together singing hymns. Appar is said to have traveled to about a hundred and twenty-five temples in different cities or villages in Tamil Nadu. He died in Sadhaya Nakshtra in the Tamil month of Chithirai at Tiru Pukalur Siva temple at the age of 81. Appar's Tevaram
The Tamil Shaiva tradition believes that Appar extolled Siva in 4,900 hymns (49,000 stanzas). Of these 313 hymns (3130 stanzas) have survived, later compiled in the fourth, fifth and sixth volumes of the Tirumurai, the Tamil poetic canon of Shaiva Siddhanta. The compilation of these books is generally ascribed to Nambiyandar Nambi (10th century CE).Some of <mask>'s hymns set to various Panns, the melodic modes of Ancient Tamil music – the rest are set to Tirunerisai and Viruttam metres. In the last four decades of his life, he visited on foot no less than 125 shrines of Shiva, scattered over a territory of a . He was the only one of the four kuravars to visit the shrine at Tirukokarnam on the western coast of India. He sang 312 decads comprising 3,056 stanzas of devotion. All the songs in the Tevaram (called pathikam, Tamil:பதிகம்) are believed to be in sets of ten. The hymns were set to music denoted by Panns and are part of the canon of the Tamil music. They continue to be part of temple liturgy today.Several of these poems refer to historic references pointing to the saint-poets' own life, voice of devotee persona, using interior language of the mystic. Multi-vocal rhetoric is commonly used taking on personal emotions and genres and some voices of classical Sangam literature. Appar's poems dealt with inner, emotional and psychological state of the poet saint. The metaphors used in the poems have deep agrarian influence that is considered one of the striking chords for common people to get accustomed to the verse. The quote below is a popular song of Appar glorifying Shiva in simple diction. "மாசில் வீணையும் மாலை மதியமும்
வீசு தென்றலும்  வீங்கிள வேனிலும்
மூசு வண்டறை பொய்கையும் போன்றதே
ஈசன் எந்தை இணையடி நீழலே"

("Mācil vīṇaiyum mālai matiyamum
vīcu těņṛalum vīŋkiḷa vēņilum
mūcu vaṇţaṛai pǒykaiyum pōņṛatē
īcaņ ěntai iṇaiyaţi nīļalē")

translating to

"My Lord's twin feet are like the blemishless Veena
like the full-moon of the evening
like the gentle breeze blowing from the South
like the young spring
like a bee-humming pond "

The tendency to incorporate place names known to the folks in the idiom of the poems is another characteristic feature of Tevaram. The poems also involved glorifying the feat of Shiva in the particular location – the usage of locale continuously occurring in the verses is a testament.According to Prentiss, the poems do not represent social space as a contested space, the hymns represent the hymnists were free to wander and to offer their praise of Shiva. The emotional intensity of the hymns represent spontaneous expression of thought as an emotional responses to God. The hymnists made classificatory lists of places like katu (for forest), turai (port or refuge), kulam (water tank) and kalam (field) being used – thus both structured and unstructured places in the religious context find a mention in Tevaram. Compilation
Raja Raja Chola I (ruled 985-1013 CE) embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of Tevaram in his court. He sought the help of Nambi Andar Nambi,  who was a priest in a temple. It is believed by Tamil Shaiva that Nambi found the scripts by divine intervention, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct in Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram. Rajaraja thus became known as Tirumurai Kanda Cholan meaning one who saved the Tirumurai.The king added the images of the Nayanar poet-saints inside the Shiva temple. Nambi arranged the hymns of three saint poets Sambanthar, <mask> and Sundarar as the first seven books. In 1918, 11 more songs were found engraved in a stone temple in Tiruvidavayil in a village close to Nannillam, and it was the first instance found where Tevaram verses were found in inscriptions. Translations
Francis Kingsbury and Godfrey Phillips selected and translated 39 out of 313 of <mask>'s hymns into English in 1921. These were published with small collection of Sambandar and Sundarar hymns in a book titled Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite Saints, released by the Oxford University Press. They stated that these were some of the hymns from Devaram (Tevaram) that they could hear being chanted in South Indian Shiva temples of their times. In 1959, Dorai Rangaswamy published a prose translation with commentary on about 100 <mask>'s hymns in Volume 3 of his collected works on Tevaram.More recent English translations of many more select hymns by Appar have been published by Indira Peterson. Legacy

Appar is traditionally credited with converting the Pallava king, Mahendravarman to Saivaism. His efforts helped expand the sacred geography of Shaivism and bring fame to smaller Shiva temples. Appar sanctified all these temples by his verses and was also involved in cleaning of the dilapidated temples with his uzhavarapadai (farmer's gardening hoe) – now a part of his iconography. Temple services
Appar celebrated the Vedas, and connected the Vedic ritual to the temple Agamic puja that is ever since followed in Shiva temples. According to John Cort – a scholar of Jainism and Hinduism studies, the Agamic temple rituals perpetuate the Vedic practices. Appar and other Nayanars helped transform this "as the central element of the Saiva Siddhanta philosophical and theological system, and thus of Tamil Saiva soteriology", states Cort, by emphasizing the instrumentality and efficacy of the temple and its rituals.According to Appar and others, the Vedic and the Agamic overlap, are alternate roads to the same spiritual end, both evoke a transformation in the devotee, with the difference that temple-based Saiva puja alone is emphasized in the tradition that Appar and other Nayanars helped create. Appar's tradition has thrived in Tamil Shiva temples. Odhuvars, Sthanikars, or Kattalaiyars offer musical programmes in Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu by singing Tevaram after the daily rituals. These are usually carried out as chorus programme soon after the divine offering. The singing of Tevaram was followed by musicals from the music pillars in such temples like Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple, Nellaiappar Temple and Suchindram. The singers of these hymns were referred as Tirupadiyam Vinnapam seyvar or Pidarar, from the inscriptions of Nandivarman III in the Tiruvallam Bilavaneswara temple records. Rajaraja deputed 48 pidarars and made liberal provisions for their maintenance and successors.Historic inscriptions give details about the gifts rendered to the singers of Tevaram from Parantaka I of the 8th century. A record belonging to Rajendra I mentions Tevaranayakan, the supervisor of Tevaram and shows the institutionalisation of Tevaram with the establishment of a department. There are records from Kulothunga Chola III from Nallanyanar temple in South Arcot indicating singing of Tiruvempavai and Tiruvalam of Manickavasagar during special occasion in the temple. From the 13th century, the texts were passed on to the Odhuvars by the Adheenams or charitable establishments. The charitable establishments that ran on philanthropy of individuals and merchant caravans had come to be because after the 13th century, the time of ancient nation states viz. cholas etc. was finished, and the temples became only denominated, voluntary, charitable places.This is briefed by a 15th-century, chidambaram temple inscription. During the time of cholas etc. the temple hymn service workers were known as uvacchar and marars. These terms are of very ancient origin and traceable to even early sangam times. Appar's stone image is revered in almost all Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu. A Chola bronze of Appar with  in standing posture dated to about 12th century was found in Vembavur in Perambalur district. He is sported with beads of Rudraksha on both his arms and neck.The bronze image is stored in the Bronze gallery in Government Museum, Chennai. History and culture
Appar's hymns provide a window into the history and culture of Tamil Hindus between the 7th and 9th-century, states Paramasivanandan. They mention names of rulers, towns, villages, festivals, agriculture, trade, temples, role of temple in providing social support during famines and economic hardship, role of temples in dance, music, arts, life rituals, social conditions, literature, and the education system. Given <mask>'s study of Digambara Jainism prior to returning to Shaiva Hinduism, it also includes a historic view into the two traditions. References

Bibliography

 . Further reading

Converts to Hinduism
Nayanars
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Tamil Hindu saints

masks: Appar Appar Appar Appar Apparella Appar Appar Appar Appar Appar Appar