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<mask> (April 19, 1857 – October 1, 1910) was an American river pilot, captain, and politician. He was elected as the 19th governor of the U.S. state of Florida, serving from January 3, 1905, to January 5, 1909. He was most widely known for his major project to drain the Everglades, to recover land for agricultural cultivation. As governor, he built alliances with the federal government to gain funds for this project. <mask>ard previously served as the sheriff of Duval County, Florida and in the Florida House of Representatives. He was allied with the Straightouts, Populist-leaning elements of the Democratic Party in the state. Early life and education
<mask>ard's parents were American and he had French heritage from his paternal line.His childhood was spent on a series of family farms along the St. Johns River in Jacksonville. During the Civil War, the original farm was burned by Union troops occupying the town. After the war, the Browards struggled to recover. Broward's parents both died when he was still quite young. Broward, along with his brother, tended the family farm for a few years before moving into the city with their uncle. Broward first worked on the river with this uncle, Joe Parsons, doing odd jobs on his steamboat during the summer. In 1876, having graduated high school, Broward became a ship's mate and traveled to New England.He stayed in that region for two years, working on ships along the New England coast. Coming home a stout young man, standing six foot two and weighing over two hundred pounds. After gaining experience in the north as a ship's mate, in 1878 <mask> returned to Jacksonville and took a job working tugboats on the St. Johns River. He became acquainted with many of the captains and shipping operations. <mask> married his captain's daughter (Georgiana Carolina "Carrie" Kemp) in January 1883. That spring, he applied for a license to pilot ships over the St. Johns Bar, a constantly shifting sandbar that stretched across the mouth of the St. Johns, sometimes above water and sometimes many feet below. Piloting ships over the treacherous bar was quite lucrative.<mask> seemed destined for a life of comfort until his wife died during childbirth in December, followed by the death of their infant son a few days later. He withdrew from the river for a while and again traveled north. By 1885, he was back on the St. Johns, piloting his father-in-law's steamboat Kate Spencer. While working on the ship, he met the young daughter of a fellow boat captain, Annie Isabell Douglass, a frequent passenger and the two were married in 1887. The couple ended up having nine daughters. Political beginnings
Broward established his reputation as a good pilot and captain. In January 1888, a major prison break disgraced the city's sheriff, who was  subsequently removed from office.The county Democratic leadership convened and nominated <mask> as the best man to become the new sheriff. The governor appointed him to the post on February 27. In less than a month, Broward gained statewide notoriety for breaking up gambling operations in the city. Broward soon took an active part in city politics. In the early 1890s, the Democratic Party in Florida was undergoing some internal strife. Two factions developed in Jacksonville that eventually became the major statewide camps, the Antis and the Straightouts. The Antis were conservative and pro-business, whereas the Straightouts were allied with Populists and agrarians.<mask> joined the Straightout camp. In this period, Populists, sometimes in biracial alliances with Republicans, won numerous states in the South. The Democratic Party struggled to regain power in state legislatures. In the election of 1892, the Straightouts, under Broward's leadership, swept the city offices: Broward's close friends, John N.C. Stockton and John M<mask>s, became city attorney and councilman, respectively, while <mask> retained the sheriff's office. (He was an indicted felon when elected.) The Antis continued to struggle for power and two years later, the split between the two camps became even more severe. The Antis the Straightouts accused each other of voter fraud, complaining to the secretary of state and the governor.Anti sympathizers held most of the state offices, and the Antis won out. <mask> was replaced by a new appointee when the Antis regained power in the city. Cuban involvement
In 1895, <mask>, his brother, and an associate began building a new steamboat, The Three Friends. Located on Fort George Island, the proprietors of the boat-building company were John Joseph Daly and Charles Scammell. During the construction, Cuban insurgents began fighting for independence from Spain. <mask> was approached by a prominent member of Jacksonville's Cuban community about shipping a load of munitions and some Cuban expatriates from Nassau to Cuba. Broward agreed, and in January 1896, The Three Friends shipped out of Jacksonville on her maiden voyage, bound for Cuba.Broward continued this military filibustering operation until President William McKinley declared war on Spain. Several times Broward was nearly caught and destroyed by Spanish gunboats. Aware of Broward's identity, the Spanish ambassador to the United States demanded that the American be stopped and his ship impounded. U.S. authorities tried to catch him, but Broward eluded them by loading The Three Friends under cover of darkness in secluded locations, hiding her behind larger ships as she left the St. Johns, and picking up Cubans and munitions from other ships at various points near the mouth of the river. Except when trying to evade capture, Broward never pretended not to be a filibusterer. He gained notoriety around the state for his daring deeds. However, Broward did take precautions against having his cargo intercepted by the Spanish, such as concealing arms and munitions inside shipments of groceries to the island.Return to politics
In 1896, the Straightouts offered to nominate <mask> for sheriff, but he was busy with his filibustering operation and declined. In 1900, the war ended and his filibustering days were over. <mask> accepted the Democratic nomination for the State House and was elected almost without opposition. In the House, <mask>ard supported many progressive initiatives, including a state dispensary bill and a law allowing insanity as grounds for divorce (at the request of powerful developer Henry Flagler). The most important law he supported was the Primary Election Law. <mask>ard had long supported a primary election system to replace the state's convention system, which was controlled by a small clique headed by Flagler. A strong law was drawn up in the House, which <mask>ard enthusiastically supported, but after the Senate weakened the bill substantially, he withdrew his support.The bill passed anyway. <mask> was not naïve when it came to politics. As a Straightout and a supporter of the "common man," <mask> naturally opposed Flagler's control of the party nominating system in the state. It tended to produce Democratic candidates from the Anti faction. As Florida had disfranchised most blacks and was essentially a one-party state, Anti control of the party nominating system effectively meant Anti control of the state government. <mask> was smart enough to sponsor Flagler's requested divorce bill, but still wanted to wrest power from the big man. Campaign for governor
<mask> did not run for the House again in 1902 because he was busy with a salvage operation in the Keys.During the summer of 1903, he decided to run for the governorship, as he had been approached numerous times during the spring and the summer about running for the office. As the party was hard pressed to find another liberal candidate, he agreed to run for office. Broward was never wealthy, and in fact, frequently found himself in debt for one reason or another. The liberal forces in the state did not have great financial backing, while the conservative forces controlled most of the money and most of the newspapers in the state, as well as the major cities. <mask> said of his chances,
"I don't intend to go after the cities. Their newspapers are against me and they don't take me seriously. But I'm going to stump every crossroads village between Fernandina and Pensacola and talk to the farmers and the crackers and show them their top ends were meant to be used for something better than hatracks.I'm going to make 'em sit up and think. They won't mind mistakes in grammar if they find I'm talking horse sense." Broward began campaigning immediately. His strongest opponent was Robert W. Davis, the railroad (and hence Flagler) candidate, while the two other candidates presented smaller threats. Broward hit Davis early and throughout the election for being a railroad man. Davis and the city newspapers generally derided <mask> as an idiot as well as a liberal whose time had passed. The greatest issue in the campaign was Everglades drainage, a program first examined by the sitting governor, William S. Jennings.<mask> came out strongly in favor of drainage, calling the ground "the fabulous muck." While campaigning, he carried an elevation map of the various parts of the Everglades. If <mask> found that he was losing an argument over drainage, he would point to his map and say, "Water will run downhill!" Davis and <mask> easily moved ahead into the second primary, and the campaign grew fiercer, with Davis at one point saying, "Mr. <mask> is a man of but little ability and no intellectual brilliance whatever!" <mask> used Davis's congressional record to repeatedly attack his voting in support of his railroad ties. Broward appealed to few urban voters and no business interests, while Davis could not win support among farmers or rural voters. On election day, Broward's rural voters gave him the primary victory by only 600 votes out of 45,000.The general election some weeks later was uneventful, and <mask> was inaugurated on January 3, 1905. Governorship
<mask>'s biggest push as governor was for drainage of the Everglades, then considered useless swamp, as people did not understand its ecology or relation to water table and habitat. Early in his term, Broward was attacked often and by many different people for his drainage program and for the land tax he instituted to pay for it. One newspaper noted, "The treasury will be drained before the Everglades." As drainage progressed, Broward began taking his fiercest opponents for "ocular displays" in the Glades, showing them the work that had been done and how it was progressing. <mask>, one of Broward's most effective opponents, was eventually convinced by one of these trips that the land was fertile and that drainage was working. Broward retaliated against Frank Stoneman, publisher of the predecessor of the Miami Herald who opposed the drainage, by refusing to certify his election as circuit judge.<mask> gained national prominence through this massive program. As his administration progressed, <mask> became more involved with legislators and officials in Washington, gaining federal funds for the drainage project. Eventually, he brought President Teddy Roosevelt down to the Glades for a trip through the drainage areas. Roosevelt was an avid supporter of drainage and became an important advocate for the program. <mask>ard tackled other problems, as well – he worked to emphasize education and upgrade the state universities. His appointees assessed them as not offering much beyond the high-school level. He also helped guide a reorganization bill through the legislature that closed some of the schools and set up a commission to determine where the remaining schools should be located.A fight ensued about where to locate the major state university, which at the time was in Lake City. The Control Board (consisting of Broward and the cabinet) eventually selected Gainesville as the new site for the flagship state university. Residents in both cities complained that the commission members had been bought off. Broward introduced a bill to the legislature in 1905 directing the state to provide life insurance for its citizens, and setting up an Insurance Commission and a cabinet-level post to go along with the program. The legislature voted the bill down with little debate. Broward supported measures to create a state textbook commission, reform the state hospital system, regulate the accounting profession, and make the state's Railroad Commission permanent. In December 1907, U.S.Senator Stephen R. Mallory, Jr. died suddenly and Broward appointed William James <mask>, Mallory's campaign manager and already a candidate for the seat, to fill the vacancy. Newspapers criticized his selection of <mask>, who was only 31 at the time. The Tampa Tribune wrote, "If Mr. <mask> has given any symptoms of being worthy of this distinction then we are utterly at a loss to know it; it must be a weighty secret hidden in the governor's brain." After the governorship
In February 1908, Senator <mask> contracted typhoid fever and died in March, shocking the state. Broward appointed William Hall Milton to the post. Milton pledged not to run for the seat in November, but Broward soon announced that he was a candidate, an arrangement that was much-criticized, but took to the stump against his opponents, among them were his old adversary <mask>, along with a former political ally, Jacksonville mayor Duncan U. Fletcher. <mask> and Fletcher attacked <mask>ard throughout the campaign, but the former governor prevailed in the first primary, and entered the second primary campaign against Fletcher.Broward's friend John Stockton advanced to the second primary in the governor's race, against General Albert Gilchrist of Fort Myers. Fletcher was an old liberal, and though now more conservative than <mask>, the two men still agreed on many things. Gilchrist was much feared as a railroad man. <mask> campaigned as much for Stockton for governor as he did for himself. <mask> and Stockton both lost. Newspapers statewide loudly proclaimed the end of the Broward era, and the Everglades drainage project seemed doomed, but <mask> was not through. The 1908 Democratic National Convention was to be held shortly in Denver, and <mask> planned to attend.For months, <mask> was mentioned in newspapers throughout the South as a potential candidate for the vice presidency, and he was nationally known for his drainage work and for his earlier filibustering. Upon arrival in Denver, he was greeted by banners reading: "Bryan, Broward, and Bread." An editorial in the Denver Post spoke very favorably of him, concluding that he was an excellent choice for the position. Presidential nominee William Jennings <mask> telegraphed from his home, that he wanted a Midwesterner, rather than a Southerner. Although the crowd at the convention continued to back Broward, <mask> was able to name his own candidate. The 1908 election results were not all bad for Broward. Fletcher as senator was still a mild progressive and maintained his long friendship with <mask>ard.Gilchrist proved to be much more liberal in the role of governor and became an avid supporter of draining the Everglades. In 1910, James Taliaferro's Senate seat was up for election. Big-city newspapers endorsed Taliaferro for re-election, but <mask> soon entered the race against him. The race, expected to be an exciting showdown, proved to be such a bore that election news was pushed off the front page by coverage of Halley's Comet. <mask> and Taliaferro entered the second primary after a quiet election. The second primary campaign proved scarcely more interesting, though <mask> took to the stump, traveling throughout the state. After an exciting election-eve rally at which <mask>'s supporters got so carried away that Taliaferro left in disgust, <mask> pulled out a victory.Exhausted by the campaign, <mask> retired with his family to his home on Fort George Island near Jacksonville. Late in September, <mask> fell ill with gallstones, which had been a concern for some months, though Broward had been too busy for surgery. He was in the hospital for a few days, and died just before he was to enter surgery. He was buried on October 4. The Florida Times-Union wrote,

The main aspect of his legacy was the draining of the Everglades, now recognized as perhaps the biggest environmental folly in American history. Broward's supporters however believe these efforts were integral to establishing the Florida citrus industry as an international powerhouse. Racism
Called "An arms smuggler as well as a racist," in 1907 Broward proposed that every black person be physically evicted from the state."According to the Sun-Sentinel, Broward was "an unapologetic segregationist." In September, 2017, a Broward County lawyer, <mask>, published an excerpt of a forgotten document that Broward wrote during his term and may have delivered as a speech. He called upon Congress "to purchase territory, either domestic or foreign, and provide means to purchase the property of the negroes at a reasonable price and to transport them to the territory purchased by the United States." Whites would not be allowed to live in the new nation, and blacks would not be allowed to return to live in the United States. (This is the "colonization" project of the 19th century, which led to the founding of Liberia and Sierra Leone. See American Colonization Society.) "The white people have no time to make excuses for the shortcomings of the negro," he said."And the negro has less inclination to work for one and be directed by one he considers exacting, to the extent that he must do a good day's work or pay for the bill of goods sold to him." These remarks prompted a series of voices to call for removal of the statue of Broward from the Broward County Courthouse. County Mayor <mask> said she "would be open to discussion about renaming the county if it's what people want to do," although she said shortly afterward that "we're not considering that at this time" and "I don't even want to go down that road." The statue was removed during the night of October 18–19, 2017, and placed in storage. Legacy
Named for Broward:
The Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (Dames Point) Bridge in Jacksonville, Florida
More than 30 roads in Florida, notably, Florida State Road 842, locally known in the Fort Lauderdale area as Broward Boulevard. A residence hall at Florida State University
A residence hall at University of Florida is named for his wife Annie Isabell <mask>. Broward County, Florida

Archives
The George A. Smathers Libraries at the University of Florida, Gainesville,  has a collection of Broward archival records, described as "The Broward Papers date from 1879 to 1918, but the bulk of the papers coincide with the gubernatorial term from 1905 to 1909.The major subject covered in the collection is the drainage of the Everglades and the development of South Florida lands. Additional topics include real estate, race relations, education, labor unions, liquor, taxes, transportation, waterways, railways, and <mask>'s campaigns for governor and the U.S. Senate. The collection comprises incoming and outgoing correspondence, speeches, news clippings, campaign material, photographs (including images of dredging operations), legislative material, and legal documents. There are a small number of articles, pamphlets, circulars, and other publications pertaining to the drainage of the Everglades, dredging equipment, forestry, sugar, and waterways. In addition to the incoming and outgoing correspondence, there are four bound letterbooks containing letters written by <mask>ard in 1905-1909. Correspondents include numerous real estate developers, business leaders, representatives of state and federal agencies, and Florida politicians such as William Sherman Jennings." References

External links
Governor Broward's official state portrait
Broward's Collection at the University of Florida.Governors of Florida
Members of the Florida House of Representatives
People from Jacksonville, Florida
Florida Democrats
1857 births
1910 deaths
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
American white supremacists
American colonization movement
History of Broward County, Florida

masks:
Napoleon Bonaparte Broward
Brow
Brow
Broward
Broward
Bard
Bard
Bard
. Barr
Broward
Broward
Bard
Bard
Broward
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Brow
Brow
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Broward
Broward
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Bard
Bard
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John Beard
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Broward
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Bryan
Bryan
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Bryan
John Beard
Beard
Brow
Bard
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Bard
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Bryan
Bryan
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Bard
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Bill Gelin
Barbara Sharief
Bard
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<mask> (born July 9, 1967) is an American college football coach and former player. He is the head football coach of the Kentucky Wildcats. Early life
Stoops, one of six children born to Ron and Evelyn "Dee Dee" <mask>, attended Cardinal Mooney High School in Youngstown, Ohio, where his father was an assistant coach and defensive coordinator. He is the brother of interim Oklahoma head coach <mask> and former Arizona head coach <mask>, who also served as defensive coordinator for the University of Oklahoma until he was fired on October 7, 2018 after losing 48-45 to Texas. After graduating from high school, Stoops played college football for the Iowa Hawkeyes from 1986 to 1988. Coaching career
Stoops was a graduate assistant coach at Iowa from 1989 to 1991, and then became the athletic director and defensive backs coach at Nordonia High School in Macedonia, Ohio (1992–1995). In 1996, when Kansas State assistant Jim Leavitt was hired as the head coach for the South Florida Bulls, he hired Stoops as defensive backs coach.Stoops served as the defensive backs coach for the University of Wyoming Cowboys from 1997–1999. At Wyoming, Stoops served under head coach Dana Dimel. When Dimel was hired at the University of Houston, he took Stoops with him to join the Cougars as co-defensive coordinator (along with Dick Bumpas) and safeties coach in 2000. Miami (FL)
In February 2001, <mask> was named the defensive backs coach for the University of Miami Hurricanes, replacing Chuck Pagano, who left to go to the Cleveland Browns. Arizona
<mask>'s brother, Mike, was hired as the head coach of the Arizona Wildcats for the 2004 season. Mike then hired <mask> as part of his staff. Florida State
On December 11, 2009, Stoops accepted the job as defensive coordinator at Florida State University.Kentucky
On November 27, 2012, <mask> was hired as the new head coach of the University of Kentucky football program, replacing former head coach Joker Phillips, who was fired after a 2–10 season. In <mask>' first season as the Kentucky Head coach, he went 2-10, followed by back to back 5-7 seasons. After an 0–2 start to the 2016 season, Stoops led the Wildcats to a 7–3 finish after that start and defeated their in-state rival, the eleventh-ranked Louisville Cardinals. They lost in the Taxslayer Bowl to Georgia Tech. The 2017 season featured ups and downs and the breakout of star running back Benny Snell. They finished 7-5, losing afterwards in the Music City Bowl to Northwestern. The 2018 season was a historic one for the Wildcats.Paced by Snell on offense and Josh Allen on defense, they snapped a 31-year losing streak to Florida, finishing 9-3–only the fourth time in school history that the Wildcats have won at least nine games. Kentucky defeated Penn State in the Citrus Bowl on January, 1st, 2019 giving the Wildcats their first 10 win season since 1977, and only their third in school history. Stoops was named SEC Coach of the Year, the first time a Kentucky coach had won the award since Jerry Claiborne in 1983. The 2019 season was one of overcoming adversity. After a 2-3 start in which they lost all of their Quarterbacks to injury, Kentucky turned to Wide Receiver Lynn Bowden Jr. to take over at QB. With a revamped offense, the Wildcats finished the Regular Season 7-5 routing Louisville 45-13 on Senior Day. Kentucky capped the season with a thrilling win over Virginia Tech in the Belk Bowl, as the Wildcats scored the winning touchdown with 15 seconds remaining for an 8-5 finish.The 2020 season, affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, saw Kentucky play a 10-game, All-SEC regular-season schedule. Despite a 4-6 record, Kentucky was still able to be invited to a bowl game, specifically the 2021 Gator Bowl against No. 24 NC State. Stoops led Kentucky to victory in the Gator Bowl 23-21, making it three straight bowl victories for the team. Notable players coached
The following are players that Stoops has coached as either a position coach, defensive coordinator, or head coach:

Miami (FL)
Ed Reed – Former Baltimore Ravens safety, 2001 BCS National Champion, Super Bowl XLVII Champion, 9 time Pro Bowl selection

Antrel Rolle – Former Arizona Cardinals and New York Giants Defensive Back, 2001 BCS National Champion, Super Bowl XLVI Champion, 3 time Pro Bowl selection

Phillip Buchanon – Played 10 seasons in the NFL with 5 different teams, 2001 BCS National Champion. Sean Taylor – Former Washington Redskins safety, 2001 BCS National Champion, 2 time Pro Bowl selection

Kelly Jennings – Former Seattle Seahawks defensive Back, played 5 seasons in the NFL

Brandon Meriweather – Former New England Patriots Safety. 2 time Pro Bowl selection

All of the aforementioned players were first round NFL Draft picks.Arizona
Antoine Cason – Former San Diego Chargers defensive back, 2008 first round NFL Draft pick, 2007 Jim Thorpe Award winner, 2007 consensus All-American

Brooks Reed – Former Houston Texans and Atlanta Falcons outside linebacker, 2011 second round NFL Draft pick

Florida State
Bjoern Werner – Former Indianapolis Colts defensive end, 2013 first round NFL Draft pick

Nigel Bradham – Former Philadelphia Eagles linebacker, Super Bowl LII Champion

Christian Jones – Detroit Lions linebacker. 2014 BCS National Champion

Vince Williams – Pittsburgh Steelers linebacker

Xavier Rhodes – Indianapolis Colts and former Minnesota Vikings cornerback, 3 time NFL Pro Bowl selection

Lamarcus Joyner – Las Vegas Raiders defensive back, 2014 BCS National Champion, 2014 second round NFL Draft pick

Ronald Darby – Denver Broncos cornerback, 2014 BCS National Champion, Super Bowl LII Champion, 2015 second round NFL Draft pick

Kentucky

 Bud Dupree – Tennessee Titans outside linebacker, 2015 first round NFL Draft pick

 Za'Darius Smith – Green Bay Packers outside linebacker, NFL Pro Bowl selection

 Avery Williamson – Denver Broncos linebacker

 Josh Allen – Jacksonville Jaguars outside linebacker, 2019 first round NFL Draft pick, 1 NFL Pro Bowl selection, 2018 Chuck Bednarik Award, Bronko Nagurski Trophy, Lott Trophy winner, unanimous All-American (2018), Kentucky career sacks leader (31.5)

 Benny Snell – Pittsburgh Steelers running back, Kentucky career rushing yards leader (3,873)

 Lynn Bowden – Miami Dolphins wide receiver, 2019 consensus All-American, 2019 Paul Hornung Award winner

Personal life
Stoops is the younger brother of interim Oklahoma head coach <mask>, former Oklahoma defensive coordinator and current Florida Atlantic assistant <mask>, and Ron, Jr., the oldest of the brothers, who was an assistant coach at Youngstown State. Stoops and his wife Chantel have two sons, Will and Zach. On January 4, 2021, the couple announced that they will be divorcing. Head coaching record

References

External links
 Kentucky profile

1967 births
Living people
American football defensive backs
Arizona Wildcats football coaches
Florida State Seminoles football coaches
Houston Cougars football coaches
Iowa Hawkeyes football coaches
Iowa Hawkeyes football players
Kentucky Wildcats football coaches
Miami Hurricanes football coaches
South Florida Bulls football coaches
Wyoming Cowboys football coaches
High school football coaches in Ohio
Players of American football from Youngstown, Ohio
Educators from Ohio

masks:
Mark Thomas Stoops
Stoops
Bob Stoops
Mike Stoops
Stoops
Mark
Mark
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Bob Stoops
Mike Stoops


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<mask> (February 15, 1927May 29, 2008) was an American actor and comedian, who performed in television and film productions. His big break was being a featured performer on CBS' The Danny Kaye Show, but he is best remembered for his performances on the sketch comedy series The Carol Burnett Show, for which he won four Emmy Awards, as well as his partnership with Tim Conway. <mask> also appeared in several comedy films by Mel Brooks. Early life
<mask>, who was of Russian Jewish descent, was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ellen (née Blecher) and <mask>, a salesman. He served in the United States Navy during World War II. After being discharged, he studied at the Goodman School of Drama at the Art Institute of Chicago (now at DePaul University) and at HB Studio. He was a member of the Peninsula Players summer theater program during the 1950, 1957, and 1958 seasons.Career

Early years
<mask>'s first television role was as a head waiter in The Donna Reed Show episode, "Decisions, Decisions, Decisions". He appeared as a comically exasperated public relations man in a January 1961 episode of the CBS drama Route 66. He was seen on numerous television programs after that, including the role of Blake in the 1964 episode "Who Chopped Down the Cherry Tree?" on the NBC medical drama The Eleventh Hour and a bartender in the 1962 Perry Mason episode, "The Case of the Unsuitable Uncle." He frequently appeared as a supporting player on The Danny Kaye Show from 1963 through 1967. He was cast three times, including the role of Dr. Allison in "Who Needs Glasses?" (1962), on ABC's The Donna Reed Show.He also guest-starred on Dennis the Menace and on the NBC contemporary western series Empire. From 1964 to 1966, he appeared three times in consecutive years on the CBS comedy The Munsters starring Fred Gwynne and Yvonne De Carlo. During the 1965–1966 season, <mask> appeared regularly on ABC's The Flintstones as the voice of The Great Gazoo in its final season on network television. The Carol Burnett Show

The 1967 debut of The Carol Burnett Show gave <mask> his greatest recognition. During his ten-year run on the show, he received six Emmy Award nominations and won four – in 1969, 1971, 1972 and 1974. The exact name of the category changed slightly during the period, but the award was for Outstanding Achievement by a supporting performer in music or variety show. He was also nominated for four Golden Globes for the series, winning that award in 1975.In 1977, he left The Carol Burnett Show to headline his own sitcom on ABC, The <mask>rman Show, which only lasted five episodes. Other work

While appearing on The Carol Burnett Show, <mask> gained further fame by appearing as the villainous Hedley Lamarr in the 1974 film Blazing Saddles. He also starred in High Anxiety (1977) as Dr. Charles Montague. In 1978 he appeared in the CBS Star Wars Holiday Special providing levity in three of the special's variety segments: a cantina skit with Bea Arthur in which he plays a barfly who drinks through a hole in the top of his head, another as Chef Gormaanda, a four-armed parody of Julia Child, and one as a malfunctioning Amorphian android in an instruction video. In 1980, he played Captain Blythe in the Disney comedy, Herbie Goes Bananas. The following year, he portrayed Count de Monet in History of the World, Part 1. In later years he did voice work for the live-action film The Flintstones as well as for the animated The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue.He also starred in the short-lived Mel Brooks TV series The Nutt House, and in his final Mel Brooks film, as the zany Dr. Seward, in Dracula: Dead and Loving It. In 1986, he starred in the failed CBS comedy series Leo & Liz in Beverly Hills with Valerie Perrine. In 1982 he reunited with Carol Burnett and Vicki Lawrence in the TV movie Eunice reprising his role of Ed Higgins from “The Family” sketches from The Carol Burnett Show. He continued the portrayal on the spin-off series, Mama’s Family in addition to introducing each episode of the series during its initial two-season NBC network run, portraying fictional television host Alistair Quince as well as directing 31 episodes of the series. He also reunited with fellow Carol Burnett Show alumnus Tim Conway, making a guest appearance on Conways 1980–1981 comedy-variety series The Tim Conway Show. The two later toured the U.S. reprising skits from the show as well as performing new material. A DVD of new comedy sketches by <mask> and Conway, Together Again, was released in 2006.<mask> and Conway had been jointly inducted into the Television Hall of Fame in 2002. Personal life
<mask> was married to Donna Ehlert from 1960 to 1977, and they had two children together, Maria and <mask>. He married <mask> (née Fritz) in 1982 and was married to her until his death in 2008. They had two daughters together, Kate and <mask>. <mask> died at age 81 on May 29, 2008, at UCLA Medical Center, as the result of complications from a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm he had suffered four months earlier. He is interred at Santa Monica's Woodlawn Cemetery. Filmography

Film

Carving Magic (1959) as Al (industrial short)
Living Venus (1961) as Ken Carter
Gypsy (1962) as Gypsy's press agent
Lord Love a Duck (1966) as Weldon Emmett
The Man Called Flintstone (1966) as Chief Boulder (voice)
Don't Just Stand There!(1968) as Merriman Dudley
The April Fools (1969) as Matt Benson
Blazing Saddles (1974) as Hedley Lamarr
Huckleberry Finn (1974) as The King of France
The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976) as Prof. Auguste Balls (scenes deleted)
High Anxiety (1977) as Dr. Charles Montague
Bud and Lou (1978) as Bud Abbott
Americathon (1979) as Monty Rushmore
Herbie Goes Bananas (1980) as Captain Blythe
First Family (1980) as U.N. (1966) as the Mad Hatter (voice)
F Troop (1966) as Col. Heindreich von Zeppel in "Bye, Bye, Balloon"
The Carol Burnett Show (1967–1977) series regular
The Wild Wild West (1968) as Baron Hinterstoisser in "The Night of the Big Blackmail"
The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour (1971) guest appearance
Tattletales (1974) as himself
The Muppet Show (1976) as himself
The Carpenters at Christmas (1977) as <mask>, the coffee guy
America 2-Night (1978) as himself
The <mask>rman Show (1978) eponymous lead
Star Wars Holiday Special (1978) as Chef Gormaanda, Krelman, and Toy Video Instructor
The Tim Conway Show (1980, 1981) guest star and regular
Eunice (1982)
The Invisible Woman (1983) as Carlisle Edwards
Carpool (1983)
Mama's Family (1983–1984) (spin-off of “The Family” sketches, from The Carol Burnett Show) as Alistair Quince/Host and Ed Higgins/Eunice's husband
Leo & Liz in Beverly Hills (1986) as Leo Green
Nutt House (1989) as Reginald Tarkington
Garfield and Friends (1994) as Professor Lamar (voice)
What a Cartoon! (1995) as O. Ratz (voice) in "Rat in a Hot Tin Can"
Dumb and Dumber: The Animated Series (1995) as Man #2, Manager, and Officer Doohickey (voice)
Hey Arnold! (1996) as Don Reynolds (voice)
Diagnosis: Murder "Comedy Is Murder" (1997) Guest star
The Wild Thornberrys (1999) as Earl (voice)
The Brothers Flub (1999) (voice)
Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child (2000) as The Lion (voice) in "Aesop's Fables"
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command (2000) as Gularis (voice)

Video games
The Flintstones (pinball) (1994) as the Dictabird (voice)
The Flintstones: Bedrock Bowling (2000) as The Great Gazoo (voice)

References

External links

Harvey Korman on Find a Grave

1927 births
2008 deaths
Male actors from Chicago
American sketch comedians
American male film actors
DePaul University alumni
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American male television actors
Television producers from Illinois
American male voice actors
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (television) winners
Deaths from abdominal aortic aneurysm
Jewish American male actors
United States Navy sailors
Burials at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery, Santa Monica
Comedians from Illinois
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
Hanna-Barbera people
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Harvey Herschel Korman
Korman
Korman
Cyril Raymond Korman
Korman
Korman
Korman
Harvey Ko
Korman
Korman
Korman
Korman
Christopher Korman
Deborah Korman
Laura Korman
Death Korman
Harvey
Harvey Ko


texts:
<mask> (born 1943) is a prominent Armenian-American political activist, former chairman of the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA), who visited the White House several times. In 1999, Topalian was charged by the United States government with conspiracy acts, possession and storage of weapons and explosives. In 2001, he was convicted of storing stolen explosives and owning two machine guns, sentenced to 37 months in prison and three years of supervised release. Biography
Topalian is known as a prominent member of the Armenian community in the USA. He was the president of the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA), which is an organization with an office in Washington that serves as an advocate on Armenian issues and is an affiliate of Armenian Revolutionary Federation. His involvement with ANCA began in 1976. Topalian was also known by the nickname "Moose."Topalian visited the White House on a number of occasions to discuss Armenian related issues. According to US News, "tall and charismatic", Topalian "was well known in the halls of Congress and had met with President Bill Clinton a half-dozen times." In 1999, <mask> <mask> moved to Cleveland and took a job as vice president of Cuyahoga Community College. The federal charges against him were filed in 1999, under United States v. <mask> <mask>, Case No. 1:99 CR 35. Topalian resigned from his post at the ANCA. For many of Topalian's "alleged" compatriots he was not to be charged because of the expired statute of limitations.This was not applicable for the crimes of "holding the explosives", which Topalian was initially charged with. US vs. <mask> Topalian
The investigation against Topalian began with the 1996 discovery of weapons and explosives in a suburban Bedford, Ohio self storage facility. The storage unit was opened after rent went unpaid for six months (Topalian had been renting that space since 1980). Inside, police found guns and 100 pounds of decaying explosives in the storage facility. Several evidentiary hair fragments were collected from the locker. DNA analysis of the fragments in 1999 matched their profile to that of the leader of a militant group, <mask> Topalian. At the time of his arrest, Topalian was accused as a suspected leader of the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide and a participant of 1980 bombing of the Turkish Mission in New York City.He received recognition from ANCA for driving forward and promoting Armenian history and the cause of the Armenian nation. Indictment
In the 1970s, a wave of attacks fell upon Turkish officials, engineered by Armenian groups furious over Turkish denial of Armenian Genocide. The attacks included 160 bombings and assassinations of 32 Turkish diplomats (or members of their family/staff) worldwide. The attacks ebbed by the mid-1980s, but many of them went unsolved. Topalian was accused of plotting attacks against Turkish targets in the United States for two decades, and was suspected of links to two 1981 bombings in California, against the Orange County Convention Center in Anaheim and the Turkish consulate in Beverly Hills. Between 1976 and 1996, Topalian allegedly ordered or was involved directly in bombings in New York and Anaheim and Beverly Hills, California, the robbery of munitions factories, and the illegal purchase of numerous high-powered weapons. Overall, the indictment alleged that Topalian was "a part of the conspiracy that the defendant and others both known and unknown formed an 'elite group' of individuals in order to bring publicity and attention to the Armenian genocide of 1915, commonly referred to as 'the Cause,' " prosecutors said in court papers.Key evidence against Topalian, came from two of his former allies. According to the indictment, Topalian recruited bombers and assassins from Armenian American youth, and provided weapons demonstrations at Armenian Youth Federation summer camps in Franklin, Massachusetts. According to federal authorities in Ohio, a prominent Armenian-American once used the camp as a training ground for terrorism aimed at the Turkish government. <mask> "Moose" Topalian showed others how to use submachine guns and built and exploded booby traps – one went off prematurely, injuring a person – in 1976 and 1977. He also sent Armenian youth to Beirut to train in weapons and explosive tactics. But the most serious charge against Topalian was that of involvement in a car bombing that injured three people outside the Turkish Mission to the United Nations in New York City in October 1980. Police suspect that he helped arrange the bombing and directed a group that stole weapons and explosives used for the attack.Between 1979 and 1980, Topalian directed various individuals to travel to Manhattan, New York, for surveillance of the building in which the Turkish Mission to the UN was located. Topalian himself traveled to New York on 11 October 1980 to transport explosives to bomb the Turkish Mission to the UN. Finally on 12 October 1980 Topalian and two other persons detonated the bombs causing damage to a stolen car they were using and to the Turkish Mission at the UN destroying property belonging to Turkey. In this act three innocent by passers were injured. Topalian was questioned about the New York bombing and denied he was a terrorist but agreed to plead guilty to storing the weapons, which prosecutors said were used in the Turkish Mission bombing. Topalian also was accused of ordering a California man to bring five sticks of dynamite and blasting caps to Boston in 1982 that were to be used in a bombing in Philadelphia. FBI agents intercepted the explosives and said the suspect, Steven John Dadian, may have had ties to the Justice Commandos.The Assembly of Turkish American Associations presented a file during the sentencing hearing, including "a chronology of Armenian terrorist acts, in USA and elsewhere, and affidavit of Armenian terrorism's victims". Conviction
Topalian was charged in October 1999 with conspiracy acts, possession and storage of explosives and firearms (possession of machine guns and possession of firearms with defaced serial numbers), and transportation of them in interstate commerce. The Bedford storage facility used by him and his accomplices was within the vicinity of Childtime Children's Day Care Center, an operating gas station, and an office complex. The storage was less than 300 feet from a public highway with a daily traffic volume of 3,000 vehicles. The charges of terrorism were dropped by the US Government after the plea-bargaining and his admission of some of the charges. Topalian denied he was a terrorist, and agreed to plead guilty only to storing the weapons. Topalian reached an agreement with prosecutors in 2001, pleading guilty to charges of storing illegal explosives and owning two machine guns, and was sentenced to 37 months in prison.Awards
In 2000, ANCA presented <mask> with the "Freedom Award" for his "dedication to advancing the Armenian cause", and his "unique brand of leadership in driving forward and promoting Armenian history and the cause of the Armenian nation." References

Bibliography

Living people
American people of Armenian descent
Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
1943 births
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government

masks:
Mourad Topalian
Mourad
Topalian
Mourad
Topalian
Mourad
Mourad
Mourad
Topalian


texts:
<mask>, CBE, FRS (13 March 1873 – 12 October 1946) was an English physician who worked as a psychologist. Although he did not invent the term, his first academic paper, published by  The Lancet in 1915, concerned  shell shock. In 1901 he was one  of the ten founding members of The Psychological Society, which would later become the British Psychological Society. In 1921 he was co-founder of the National Institute of Industrial Psychology. Biography

Family background

<mask> was born in Kensington, London on 13 March 1873, the eldest son of <mask>, a merchant, and his wife, Esther Eugenie Moses. His family was Jewish. In the 1881 census he is an 8-year-old scholar living at 27 Arundel Gardens, Kensington, London with his parents, 4 brothers and 4 servants.In the 1891 census he was a scholar, aged 18 living at 49 Leinster Gardens, Paddington, London, with his parents, 4 brothers, a visitor, and 4 servants (cook, housemaid, parlourmaid, and ladies' maid). Education

He attended the City of London School where he studied sciences. Of this experience he wrote:

He attended Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University, where he took a first in each part of the Natural Sciences tripos (1893 and 1895). He was Arnold Gerstenberg student in 1896 (this fund was set up in 1892 for the promotion of the study of Moral Philosophy and Metaphysics among students of Natural Sciences), and received the degree Doctor in Medicine from Gonville and Caius in October 1901. He also trained at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London. It was at Cambridge where he joined Freemasonry and was initiated Isaac Newton University Lodge. Travels and study of ethnic music
In 1898 he joined W. H. R. Rivers and William McDougall on the Cambridge anthropological expedition organised by Alfred Cort Haddon to the Torres Straits and Sarawak.Here he studied ethnic music, carrying out research on rhythm in Borneo. In 1906 he contributed an appendix entitled "Traces of African Melody in Jamaica" to the book Jamaican Song and Story by Walter Jekyll. Early career
Between 1901 and 1902 <mask> was involved in the collection of anthropometric measurements of Egyptians. On his return to England he was appointed house physician at St Bartholomew's. In 1902 he returned to Cambridge to help Rivers teach the physiology of the special senses. In 1904 <mask> married Edith Babette, youngest daughter of Isaac Seligman, a merchant in London; they had three daughters and two sons. <mask> remained in Cambridge to become, in succession, demonstrator, lecturer, and, in 1921, reader in experimental psychology.From 1906 to 1909 he was also professor in experimental psychology at London University. In 1909, when W.H.R. Rivers resigned a part of his Lectureship, <mask> became the first lecturer at Cambridge University whose whole duty was to teach experimental psychology. For this he received a stipend of £50 a year. He held this position until 1930. From 1911 <mask> co-edited the British Journal of Psychology with Rivers. In 1914 he took over as sole editor, continuing in this post until 1924.In 1912, <mask> used his enthusiasm and ability to raise funds to establish the first English laboratory especially designed for experimental psychology at Cambridge. He became the laboratory's first Director and held this position until 1930. (The Cambridge Laboratory of Experimental Psychology). First World War

In 1915 <mask> was given a commission in the Royal Army Medical Corps and in 1916 he was appointed consultant psychologist to the British armies in France with a staff of assistants at Le Touquet. In 1915 <mask> was the first to use the term "shell shock" in an article in The Lancet, though he later acknowledged in 1940 that he did not invent the term. He tried to save shell-shocked soldiers from execution. He became frustrated with opposition to his views during his time in the military, particularly the view that shell-shock was a treatable condition.His efforts have been called "a pioneering but frustrating struggle to get psychological evidence and applied psychology accepted" He was so upset by the rejection of his ideas by the military authorities that he refused to give evidence to the Southborough Committee on shell-shock because, as he wrote in 1940, "the recall of my past five years' work proved too painful for me." In the last year of the war he devised tests and supervised their application for the selection of men suited to hydrophone work for detecting enemy submarines. Postwar career

After the war, <mask> returned to his Cambridge position. But here too he was deeply dissatisfied, wanting wider opportunities for the development of his more practical interests, and feeling that official and academic circles showed little genuine interest in psychology. From 1922 <mask> devoted himself to the development of the National Institute of Industrial Psychology (NIIP) which he had founded with Henry John Welch in 1921. He was also involved in what became the Industrial Health Research Board. Later, when the advisory committee on personnel selection was set up by the War Office, he was appointed a member.He delivered the Bradshaw Lecture at the Royal College of Physicians in 1933 on "A Psychological Regard for Medical Education". He died at his home in Winsford, near Minehead, Somerset in 1946. The Charles Myers Library was set up by the National Institute of Industrial Psychology and is currently incorporated into the Wellcome Library. <mask> and the British Psychological Society

<mask> was one of the ten founding members of The Psychological Society in 1901 which would later become the British Psychological Society in 1906. In January 1904, <mask> became the first Secretary of the Society. In 1919 <mask> suggested that membership should be opened up to "all those interested in various branches of psychology". He was elected as the first President of the Society, following its enlargement and held this position between 1920 and 1923.In 1920, <mask> represented the BPS on the board of management of a new journal, Discovery, which dealt with the recent advances in scientific knowledge. <mask> was also the Society's representative on the committee formed to consider a memorial to the W. H. R. Rivers. A fund was raised for the furtherance of the sciences to which Rivers had been interested, in particular anthropology and psychology. Published works

Psychology
 Text-Book of Experimental Psychology (1909) Read 1911 version online. Introduction to Experimental Psychology (1911) went through several editions. Present-day applications of Psychology (1919). Methuen.Read online
 Mind and work, the psychological factors in industry and commerce (1920), University of London Press
 Mind and work (1921) G.P. Putman's sons
 Industrial Psychology in Great Britain (1926) J Cape Ltd.
 Industrial Psychology (1929) T. Butterworth ltd. Psychological conceptions in other sciences (1929) Clarendon Press. Ten Years of Industrial Psychology (with H. J. Welch, 1932)
 The absurdity of any mind-body relation (1932) Oxford University Press, H. Milford Series: L.T. Hobhouse memorial trust lectures, no. 2
 A Psychologist's Point of View (1933)
 In the Realm of Mind (1937). The University Press.Anthropology (Ethnic music)

Accolades

In 1915 <mask> was elected FRS; he was appointed CBE in 1919, and received honorary degrees from the universities of Manchester (DSc, 1927), Calcutta (LLD), and Pennsylvania (DSc). He was a fellow (1919) and later an honorary fellow (1935) of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, a foreign associate of the French Société de Psychologie, twice president of the psychology section of the British Association (1922, 1931), president of the International Congress of Psychology in 1923, and editor of the British Journal of Psychology (1911–24). See also
 Combat stress reaction

Bibliography
 Rose, Nikolas, Governing the Soul: The Shaping of the Private Self, London, Free Associated Books, (2nd ed), 1999. References

External links
 Photograph at the National Portrait Gallery
 Wilson
 Genealogical information at halhed.com

1873 births
1946 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
English Jews
English psychologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England
People involved with mental health
Presidents of the British Psychological Society
Members of Isaac Newton University Lodge

masks:
Charles Samuel Myers
Myers
Wolf Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers


texts:
<mask> (originally Schofield) (November 9, 1842– February 25, 1917) was a prominent architect and sculptor from Cleveland, Ohio. He served as a Captain in the 103rd OVI in the American Civil War and designed many public buildings and several monuments during his career. He was a third generation Cleveland resident and the Schofield Building, which he designed, is named after him. Early life
<mask> was born in Cleveland to William Benedict and <mask>. His grandfather, <mask>, came to the city in 1816 from New York and was responsible for the construction of many of Cleveland's earliest buildings. In 1856, <mask>'s father built the Scofield Block on Erie Street out of which his mother ran a boardinghouse on the second and third floors. Scofield attended Cleveland Public Schools and trained as a builder and architect, working under his father.Civil War
In 1861, at the age of 19, Scofield joined as a private in Battery D of the 1st Ohio Light Artillery under the command of Colonel James Barnett. His unit took part in battles including Perryville, Chickamauga. When his enlistment ended, he was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant of the 103rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry, eventually attaining the rank of captain in 1864. During his service, he served largely as an engineer on the staff of Jacob Dolson Cox. <mask> published a book in 1909 detailing his experiences during The Battle of Franklin. Career
Following the war, he briefly worked in New York before returning to Cleveland. Scofield's architectural work is broad and included institutional buildings, residences, and public art.Some of his more well-known projects included the Athens Lunatic Asylum (1868), a Kirkbride plan psychiatric hospital in Athens, Ohio, now on the campus of Ohio University; and the Ohio State Reformatory (1886) in Mansfield, Ohio which served as the backdrop of the film The Shawshank Redemption (1994). His firm designed five Cleveland Public Schools between 1869 and 1883.Scofield was part of a commission established to construct a memorial to those from Cuyahoga County who served in the Civil War. The commission included a number of prominent local veterans including General James Barnett. Despite significant resistance, the southeast quadrant of Cleveland's Public Square was selected as the location for the structure. Scofield served as both chief architect as well as sculptor for what would become the Cuyahoga County Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. Both Barnett and <mask> are honored with busts above either main doors. Scofield's name is listed on tablet 14.The monument opened in 1894 with a dedication ceremony attended by William McKinley. It remains open to the public and free to visit to this day. <mask> also designed a well-known statue called These Are My Jewels which is a Civil War monument currently on the grounds of the Ohio Statehouse It was initially exhibited at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. In 1901, <mask> began construction of the Schofield Building, a 14-story structure that would serve as the headquarters of his architectural firm. During construction, a worker named William O’Neal was injured when a wall collapsed, burying him. <mask> was arrested on September 16, 1901 for violating local building codes which lead to the unsafe conditions that caused O'Neal's injury. He was later acquitted due to insufficient evidence.In October 1901, a man fell from the building. <mask> was not arrested due to the intervention of Cleveland mayor Tom L. Johnson who suggested the contractor be arrested instead. Upon completion, <mask>'s office was located on the Northwest corner of the building on the top floor which allowed him to look down across Euclid Avenue towards the completed Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in Public Square. The building's red terra cotta facade was modernized in 1969 with a steel and enamel facade. The building was restored in 2019 for around $50 million which included the removal of the modernized facade. The building now serves as the Kimpton Schofield Hotel and the Schofield Residences. <mask>'s personal residence was built in Cleveland's Buckeye-Woodhill neighborhood in 1898.Since then, the mansion has fallen into significant disrepair. Efforts are underway to preserve and restore the structure. Personal life
<mask> married Elizabeth Clark Wright in 1867. Together they had five children: William, Donald, Sherman, Harriet, and Douglas. <mask>'s four sons all worked at his architectural firm. The <mask>s were members of First Baptist Church of Greater Cleveland. <mask> died in 1914 and was interred at Lake View Cemetery in a mausoleum designed by her husband.Three years later, in 1917, <mask> passed away at his home. He too was interred in the family mausoleum. The Scofield mausoleum was used as a temporary resting place for assassinated president James A. Garfield in 1881 while the construction of his memorial was undertaken nearby. <mask> was the first Cleveland architect taken into membership in the American Institute of Architects. He was known to be a friend and golfing partner of John D. Rockefeller. Projects

Schofield Building (Euclid Ninth Tower) (1902) 2000-2034 East 9th Street
Cuyahoga County Soldiers and Sailors Monument (1894), Scofield worked on the Civil War monument for seven and a half years without compensation and contributed over $57,000 to its cost. Athens Lunatic Asylum, Athens, Ohio
Asylum for the Insane, Columbus, Ohio
North Carolina Penitentiary
Cleveland House of Corrections
These Are My Jewels, a Civil War Monument installed at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, and then moved to the grounds of the Ohio State Capitol
Ohio State Reformatory, Mansfield, Ohio

References

External links

A history of Cleveland and its environs: the heart of new Connecticut, Volume 2 By Elroy McKendree pages 391-394
History of the Western Reserve, Volume 3 By Harriet Taylor Upton, Harry Gardner Cutler
<mask> Scofield Cleveland City Planning Commission
Scofield, <mask>. North Carolina Architect & Builders

1842 births
1917 deaths
Architects from Cleveland
Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland

masks:
Levi Tucker Scofield
Scofield
Mary Scofield
Benjamin Scofield
Scofield
Scofield
Scofield
Scofield
Scofield
Scofield
Scofield
Scofield
Scofield
Scofield
Scofield
Scofield
Elizabeth Scofield
Scofield
Scofield
Levi Tucker
Levi T


texts:
Brigadier <mask>,  (29 May 1892 – 4 April 1959) was a British Army officer and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Early life
<mask> was born in Derby on 29 May 1892, the son of Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> of the Sherwood Foresters. He was educated at a preparatory school in East Grinstead, Surrey, and later at Sherborne School, Dorset, which he attended (The Green) from September 1905 to July 1910. <mask> did not stand out during his time at Sherborne School. He later recounted, in his journal published in the biography by his son, <mask>, Two Lives 1892–1992, that being morbidly afraid of physical pain he was "terribly conscious of being a coward on the football field" and that it was not until he had been at Sherborne for some years that he was able to overcome these physical fears. After leaving Sherborne, <mask> went to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, where he encountered Harold Alexander and admired him greatly, with the two becoming great friends, but was unable to finish the one-year course owing to the death of his father. Instead he went to Ceylon and from 1912 to 1914 worked as an apprentice tea planter, also engaged in the first experimental rubber planting on the island.There, he served part-time in the Ceylon Mounted Rifles, in an independent section formed of six young Europeans in the district he was working. First World War
On the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, <mask> returned to England and was granted a commission as a temporary second lieutenant in his father's regiment, the Sherwood Foresters, on 17 November 1914. He was made a temporary lieutenant on 8 February 1915, and a temporary captain on 11 October 1915, acting major on 21 November 1916, permanent captain in the Regular Army on 13 May 1917 and temporary lieutenant-colonel on 8 March 1918, ending the war as an acting lieutenant-colonel, having been promoted on 29 September. He was posted to the newly raised 11th (Service) Battalion, a Kitchener's Army unit, with whom he served in France and Belgium, most notably during the Battle of the Somme, and Italy from 1917, ending the war with the rank of temporary lieutenant-colonel, having been promoted to that rank on 23 November 1917, shortly after becoming Commanding Officer (CO) of his battalion, aged just 25. The battalion formed part of the 70th Brigade of the 23rd Division. During the conflict he received numerous military honours: in 1916 he was awarded the Military Cross (MC), in 1917 the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and Bar, and in 1918 the Victoria Cross (VC). He was also mentioned in despatches five times, on 15 June 1916, 30 May 1916, 21 December 1917, 6 January 1919, 9 July 1919 and 3 February 1920, and was awarded the Croix de Guerre and the Italian Silver Medal of Military Valor.He was awarded a Bar to his DSO on 23 November 1917. At the age of just 26, <mask> was one of the youngest Old Shirburnians to be awarded the VC. In Testament of Youth, Vera Brittain describes several meetings with the convalescent <mask> while she was trying to discover the circumstances of the death of her brother, Captain Edward Brittain, who had served under <mask>, and was killed on 15 June 1918 in the attack in which <mask> won his VC. VC action
<mask> was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions on 15 June 1918 near Asiago, Italy, during the Second Battle of the Piave River, as a 26-year-old temporary lieutenant-colonel in command of the 11th Battalion Sherwood Foresters. The citation appeared in a supplement to the London Gazette on 11 July 1918. Between the wars
After the war, <mask>, against advice and having embarked with a US Navy ship, volunteered to serve in the North Russia Intervention during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, where he was deployed as a brigade staff officer under the command of Brigadier-General Edmund Ironside at Archangel. Returning to England, in 1920 <mask> married Gladys Lee, from Glendale, Northumberland, who he had first met in London after having been wounded in Italy in 1918.They had two sons, John Patrick <mask>, born on 11 April 1922, and Miles Matthew Lee, born on 17 August 1925. Their first years of marriage, spent in Derby, were difficult, and <mask>, initially unwilling to do so, chose to remain in the army, although the pay was barely sufficient, and both he and his wife had to live on army rations. The first few years of <mask>'s service as a Regular Army officer were spent mainly on regimental duties, initially as adjutant to his regiment's 3rd (Militia) Battalion, holding this post from 11 March 1920 until 10 March 1923. He attended the Staff College, Camberley from 1926 to 1927, where his fellow students included Harold Alexander, William Holden, Douglas Wimberley, Rob Lockhart, Richard Lewis, Roy Bucher, George Clark, Richard Bond, Eric Harrison, Sidney Archibald, George Wood, Reginald Nolder, Euan Miller, Brian Robertson and Noel Holmes, all of whom were to become general officers in the upcoming war. His instructors included men such as Wilfrid Lindsell, Bernard Paget, Ronald Adam, Alan Brooke and Bernard Montgomery, Robert Gordon-Finlayson, Henry Pownall and Harold Franklyn. <mask>'s time there was not particularly distinguished, and by the end of his first year he was almost dropped from the course, for being either consistently lazy or lacking in interest. <mask> was critical of, and often rebelled against, the methods his instructors used, believing them to not differ significantly from the methods used by the senior commanders in the Great War, which often failed with a heavy cost in human life.He furthermore believed that the Staff College's training was inadequate if the army was to fight another major European war. His attitude was described by his instructors as awkward and often inclined to be pig-headed. Nevertheless, <mask>, for the most part, enjoyed his time there and he was recommended for future employment. Soon after graduating from the Staff College, <mask> returned to his regiment's 1st Battalion, then stationed in Northern Ireland, serving there for six months, before he transferred on 27 July 1928 to the King's Own Scottish Borderers (KOSB), with the rank of major, after being told that there was little chance of promotion in his own regiment. After serving with Malaya Command as a staff officer from 1930 to 1932, he was promoted to brevet lieutenant-colonel on 1 January 1932. He became a Chief Instructor in the grade of General Staff Officer Grade 3 (GSO3) at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst from 31 January 1933 until 31 January 1937. He then returned to the 2nd Battalion of his regiment, serving in the Catterick Garrison, North Yorkshire, before moving down to Portsmouth to become part of the 9th Infantry Brigade, commanded by Brigadier Bernard Montgomery, who had been one of Hudson's Staff College instructors.<mask> was promoted to brevet lieutenant-colonel on 30 April 1938 and, on 2 June, to the temporary rank of brigadier (and full colonel on the same date) and took command of the 2nd Brigade. The brigade was one of three which formed part of the 1st Infantry Division, whose General Officer Commanding (GOC) was Major-General Harold Alexander, an old friend from Sandhurst and Camberley days. This move was initiated by Leslie Hore-Belisha, the new Secretary of State for War, who wanted to promote younger officers. Second World War
Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, <mask> led his brigade overseas to France as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The brigade, after several months of relative inactivity during the "Phoney War" period, saw action throughout May 1940, when the German Army launched its invasion of France, which resulted in the brigade, along with the rest of the BEF, being forced to retreat to Dunkirk, from where it was evacuated to England in late May/early June. For his services in France and Belgium <mask> was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) on 11 July. With the threat of a German invasion of the United Kingdom, <mask>'s brigade, along with the rest of the division, now commanded by Major-General Kenneth Anderson after Alexander was promoted to command I Corps, commenced anti-invasion duties, including beach defence, until mid-December when <mask> received his first divisional command.Promoted to the acting rank of major-general on 14 December, <mask> became GOC of the 46th Infantry Division, a second-line Territorial Army (TA) formation, taking over from Major-General Desmond Anderson. Formed in October 1939 as a duplicate of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, the 46th Division comprised the 137th, 138th and 139th Infantry Brigades, along with supporting divisional troops. The division, minus its divisional troops, had fought in France with the BEF, sustaining extremely heavy casualties due to its poor level of training, and after being evacuated, was then serving in Scotland under Scottish Command, reorganising after its heavy losses. Soon after <mask> became GOC, in early January 1941 the 46th Division moved to Cambridgeshire, then Norfolk, where it came under the command of Lieutenant-General Edmund Osborne's II Corps, serving under Eastern Command and, like it had in Scotland, focused on reorganising and training to repel a German invasion, although then considered unlikely in winter. <mask> only held the command for just over five months, until May 1941, after a dispute with Osborne, his senior officer, which resulted in his demotion to the substantive rank of colonel, and he never again held a divisional command, nor regained his rank of major-general. Osborne, who, possibly envious of <mask> being the holder of a VC, interfered with <mask>'s command, writing to his battalion and brigade commanders without <mask> knowing, organising exercises, and visiting the division without informing its GOC. <mask> wrote an official letter of complaint.Osborne arrived, apologised and promised that he would no longer interfere, and went away on two weeks' leave. However, when he returned <mask> received an official report that he was, in his corps commander's opinion, unfit to command a division. <mask>, following Osborne's own advice, appealed, unsuccessfully, and he lost command of the division. He was succeeded as GOC of the 46th Division by Major-General Douglas Wimberley, a fellow student at the Staff College in the mid-1920s, who was sympathetic to <mask>'s plight. <mask> wrote that "There are few blows in life which are more shattering than wounded pride. I felt personally shamed and disgraced. I had worn the insignia of a general long enough to become known to relatives, friends and acquaintances as such, and now I had to tell them that I had dropped to a rank lower than that I held before the war".After his demotion, he briefly commanded the 159th Infantry Brigade, part of the TA 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division, then serving in Northern Ireland, but was soon sent to command the 182nd Brigade, part of the 61st Infantry Division, another TA formation which was also serving as British Troops in Northern Ireland. The division returned to the mainland in February 1943, moving to Essex and took part in Exercise Spartan, and moved to Kent in May, and the division was initially selected to play a role in Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Normandy, only to be reduced to the Lower Establishment soon after, becoming essentially a training formation with the intention of supplying replacements to overseas units. Handing over command of the 182nd Brigade to Brigadier John Nichols in late November, he became aide-de-camp to King George VI from 1944 until his retirement from the army in 1946. Postwar
He was awarded the Order of St John of Jerusalem (Commander). He died on holiday in the Scilly Isles on 4 April 1959, aged 66. <mask> was buried at St Mary's Church, Denbury in South Devon. An obituary for Brigadier <mask> <mask> was published in the Old Shirburnian Society Annual Report in September 1959, reading:

His medals are on display at Nottingham Castle.Writings
<mask> wrote his memoirs in a 730-page journal later published by his son Miles in 1992. He also wrote many poems based on experiences as far back as childhood that were also unpublished in his lifetime, as were two radio plays (never produced), ten short stories and many reflections on secular subjects. His only work that was published in his lifetime was several chess problems that appeared in chess magazines. References

Bibliography

<mask>, Soldier, Poet, Rebel: The Extraordinary Life of <mask> <mask> (The History Press Ltd., 2007). External links

Burial location of <mask> "Devonshire"
News item "<mask>'s Victoria Cross donated to the Sherwood Foresters Museum"
Generals of World War II

Sherborne School Archives

1892 births
1959 deaths
Academics of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
British Army brigadiers
British Army personnel of World War I
Italian front (World War I)
British Army generals of World War II
British Army personnel of the Russian Civil War
British Army brigadiers of World War II
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Deputy Lieutenants of Devon
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
King's Own Scottish Borderers officers
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
Military personnel from Derbyshire
People educated at Sherborne School
People from Derby
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Recipients of the Military Cross
Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor
Sherwood Foresters officers

masks:
Charles Edward Hudson
Charles Edward Hudson
Herbert Edward Hudson
Charles
Miles Hudson
Hudson
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Charles
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texts:
<mask> (20 June 1929 – 4 December 2021) was a German violinist, music pedagogue, university professor and patron. He was based in Frankfurt, where he founded several ensembles, and taught at both the Hoch Conservatory and the Musikhochschule Frankfurt. He founded concert series in the area, and a prize for young violinists. <mask> was raised as one of three children of a silversmith. His mother was interested in music, and supported a musical education of her children. Advised by his music teacher, he took violin lessons with Marie-Louise Graef-Mönch, the assistant of Alma Moodie, who taught him in the tradition of Carl Flesch. Even after graduation he received courses, some in the home of the Hölscher family where he befriended Gert Hölscher (1930–2010) and met the pianist Günter Ludwig.At the Musikhochschule Frankfurt, he studied with Graef-Mönch, his former private teacher. During a university competition in Hamburg, Kottmann's playing was awarded. After his concert exam, he was first employed as violin teacher at the Odenwaldschule. He then taught at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt from 1958. Later he also taught at the Musikhochschule Frankfurt, the University of Frankfurt, and at the University of Mainz. From 1977 to 1979, he was acting director of the Hoch Conservatory. "Music is no aid for self-portrayal but instead a medium of communication among people."– Prof. h. c. <mask> <mask> (translated from German)

Kottmann formed artistic partnerships with Albert Mangelsdorff, Karl Freitag, Agnes Giebel, Peter-Lukas Graf, Ingo Goritzki, Rainer Hoffmann, <mask> Ickstadt, Maria Jäger-Jung, Marietta Krutisch, Gisela Sott, and Heinz Teuchert. He played a violin made by Sanctus Seraphin in Venice in 1730. Later life and death
Kottmann was especially committed to fight for the continuity of an independent Hoch Conservatory which was under discussion to be merged several times. In later life, he remained involved in supporting musical culture in the Rhine-Main area, of international young talents, of composers from Frankfurt, and the Frankfurt-based violin tradition of Carl Flesch. He was strictly dedicated to humanity and an artistic and social international exchange. <mask> died on 4 December 2021, at the age of 92. Initiatives
 1968 – Founder of the string ensemble
 1980 – Co-founder of the  concert series in Flörsheim
 1983 – Founder of International Days of Music Hesse Main-Taunus Hofheim in Hofheim
 1987 – Founder of the  concert series in Hanau
 1988 – Founder of the chamber orchestra Kottmann-Streicher
 2000 – Founder of Paul Hindemith Prize for Art and Humanity of the City of Hanau
 2001 – Founder and patron of the Alois Kottmann Award for a "singing" way to play violin, in connection with the city of Frankfurt

Radio & TV
In collaboration with the Figuralchor Frankfurt directed by <mask> Ickstadt, the Collegium Instrumentale Alois Kottmann, and Kottmann as soloist participated in radio broadcasts for ARD.In 1985, Kottmann was involved in a TV production of ZDF named Passion und Leidenschaft, which also starred Adalbert Kraus and Ernst Gerold Schramm. Overseas tour
<mask> <mask> gave guest performances with his string ensemble Collegium Instrumentale Alois Kottmann in United Kingdom, the United States, and in Mexico. Honours
 Honorary professorship of the faculty of the arts of Frankfurt University of Music and Performing Arts
  (1999)
  (2000)
 Hessian Order of Merit (2002)
 German Federal Cross of Merit (2006)
 Badge of honor in gold from the city of Hofheim am Taunus (2014)

Publications

Discography
 Johann Sebastian Bach: Konzert a-Moll für Violine, Basso continuo und Streicher, Konzert E-Dur für Violine, Basso continuo und Streicher, Konzert d-Moll für zwei Violinen, Basso continuo und Streicher. Solisten: <mask> <mask> (vl), <mask> (vl), Basso continuo wird ausgeführt mit Theorbe. Melisma 7210-2, Oestrich-Winkel. Albert Mangelsdorff: Denk ich an Bosnien für Posaune und Streicher; Miniaturen für Violine und Posaune; Richard Rudolf Klein: Kontradiktion für Violine, Posaune und Streicher; Paul Hindemith: Sonate Nr. 2 für Violine solo.Solisten: Albert Mangelsdorff (trb), <mask> <mask> (vl), Bruno Suys (kb). Melisma 7239-2, Oestrich-Winkel. Joseph Haydn: Die sieben letzten Worte des Erlösers am Kreuz. Mit Zwischentexten von Peter Härtling. Rezitation Karlheinz Böhm. Melisma 7016-2, Oestrich-Winkel. Georg Friedrich Händel: Der Messias.Ausführende: Sharon Markovich (Sopran). Hildegard Laurich (Alt), Adalbert Kraus (Tenor), Ernst Gerold Schramm (Bass), Figuralchor des Hessischen Rundfunks, <mask> Ickstadt (Dirigent). Melisma 6046, Oestrich-Winkel. Paul Hindemith: Trauermusik für Violine und Streicher; Richard Rudolf Klein: Canto für Violine und Streicher; Edvard Grieg: Aus Holbergs Zeit op. 40; Edward Elgar: Serenade op. 20; Samuel Barber: Adagio for Strings. Melisma 7098-2, Oestrich-Winkel.Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy: Sinfonien Nr. 12 g-Moll und Nr. 9 c-Moll für Streichorchester. Melisma 7031-2, Oestrich-Winkel. Joseph Haydn: Konzert C-Dur für Violine und Streichorchester; Sinfonie Nr. 88 G-Dur Hob. I: 88.Soloist: <mask> <mask> (vl). Melisma 7262, Oestrich-Winkel. Joseph Haydn: Die Schöpfung. Oratorium für Soli, Chor und Orchester. Solisten: Dorothea Wirtz (Sopran), Adalbert Kraus (Tenor), Ernst Gerold Schramm (Bass), Figuralchor des Hessischen Rundfunks, Bläser des Frankfurter Opern- und Museumsorchesters, <mask> Ickstadt (Dirigent). Melisma 706, Oestrich-Winkel. Johann Sebastian Bach: Kantate Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben.BWV 147; Joseph Haydn: Missa in d-Moll in angustiis Hob. XXII:11 (Messe in der Bedrängnis, auch: Nelson-Messe). Ausführende: Ulrike Sonntag (Sopran), Alison Browner (Alt), Adalbert Kraus (Tenor), Ernst Gerold Schramm (Bass), Figuralchor des Hessischen Rundfunks, <mask> Ickstadt (Dirigent). Melisma 726, Oestrich-Winkel. Johann Sebastian Bach: Johannes-Passion BWV 245. Ausführende: Ulrike Sonntag (Sopran), Alison Browner (Alt), Adalbert Kraus (Tenor), Ernst Gerold Schramm (Bass), Figuralchor des Hessischen Rundfunks, <mask> Ickstadt (Dirigent). Melisma 7058, Oestrich-Winkel.Johann Sebastian Bach: Messe h-Moll BWV 232. Ausführende: Ulrike Sonntag (Sopran), Alison Browner (Alt), Adalbert Kraus (Tenor), Ernst Gerold Schramm (Bass), Figuralchor des Hessischen Rundfunks, Dirigent: <mask> Ickstadt. Melisma 7023-2, Oestrich-Winkel. Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy: Konzert d-Moll für Violine und Streicher; Richard Rudolf Klein: Canto für Violine und Streicher; Johanna Senfter: Konzert für zwei Violinen und Streichorchester c-Moll. Solisten: <mask> <mask> (vl), <mask> (vl). Melisma 7248-2, Oestrich-Winkel. Ernest Bloch: Suite 1; Max Reger: Präludium und Fuge h-Moll op.117/1; Eugène Ysaÿe: Sonate d-Moll (Ballade) op. 27 Nr. 3; Igor Strawinsky: Élégie; Johann Sebastian Bach: Sonate C-Dur BWV 1005. Soloist: <mask> <mask> (vl). Melisma 7100-2, Oestrich-Winkel. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Sinfonie A-Dur KV 201. Soloist: <mask> <mask> (vl).Peter Härtling spricht Texte aus Hindemiths Bach-Rede aus dem Jahr 1950. Paul Hindemith: Trauermusik für Violine solo und Streicher; Duette für zwei Violinen. Solisten: <mask> <mask> (vl), <mask> (vl); Johann Sebastian Bach: Chaconne aus der Partita d-Moll für Violine solo, BWV 1004. Soloist: <mask> <mask>. Melisma 7099-2, Oestrich-Winkel. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Missa C-Dur KV 317 Krönungsmesse Regina coeli, KV 127; Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy: Herr Gott, du bist unsere Zuflucht / Um unsrer Sünden willen; Joseph Rheinberger: Abendlied, Op. 69/3.Solisten: Ulrike Sonntag (Sopran), Alison Browner (Alt), Adalbert Kraus (Tenor), Ernst Gerold Schramm (Bass), Figuralchor des Hessischen Rundfunks, <mask> Ickstadt (Dirigent). Melisma 7035, Oestrich-Winkel. Robert Schumann: Sonate a-Moll op. 105; Sonate d-Moll op. 121. Clara Schumann: Romanzen. Solisten: <mask> <mask> (vl), Günter Ludwig (p).Melisma 7101, Oestrich-Winkel. Johannes Brahms: Sonate Nr. 1 G-Dur op. 78; Sonate Nr. 2 A-Dur op. 100; Sonate Nr. 3 d-Moll op.108. Solisten: <mask> <mask> (vl), Günter Ludwig (p). Melisma 7102, Oestrich-Winkel. César Franck: Sonate A-Dur; Max Reger: Sonate Nr. 2 D-Dur op. 3. Solisten: <mask> <mask> (vl), Günter Ludwig (p).Melisma 7018, Oestrich-Winkel. Ferruccio Busoni: Sonate Nr. 2 c-Moll op. 36a; Gabriel Fauré: Sonate Nr. 1 A-Dur op. 13; Olivier Messiaen: Thème et variations. Solisten: <mask> <mask> (vl), Günter Ludwig (p).Melisma 7253, Oestrich-Winkel. Gallus-Konzerte in der Barockkirche zu Flörsheim am Main. Werke von Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Joseph Rheinberger u. a. Opus 27035. Cappella Wiesbaden 1989
 Gallus-Konzerte Flörsheim am Main. Werke von Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Dietrich Buxtehude, Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Johann Sebastian Bach, Joseph Haydn, Joseph Rheinberger u. a. Opus 27042. Cappella Wiesbaden 1990
 40 Jahre Collegium Instrumentale Alois Kottmann – Polyphonie. Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy: Violinkonzert d-Moll; Richard Rudolf Klein: Canto für Violine und Streichorchester; Johanna Senfter: Konzert für 2 Violinen und Streichorchester c-Moll''.Solisten: <mask> <mask> (vl), <mask> (vl). Melisma 6735519, Oestrich-Winkel. References

Further reading

External links
 Website of <mask> <mask> (English)

1929 births
2021 deaths
German classical musicians
German classical violinists
Male classical violinists
German male violinists
Frankfurt University of Music and Performing Arts faculty
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century German male musicians
Musicians from Hesse
People from Hanau

masks:
Alois Kottmann
Career Kottmann
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Boris Kottmann
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Alois
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<mask> (born March 8, 1977) is a Canadian transportation consultant and retired politician who served on Toronto City Council from 2003 to 2010, representing Ward 18 Davenport. Giambrone served as the chair of the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) from 2006 to 2010. Following his tenure on council, Giambrone now works in transportation consulting. As chair of the Toronto Transit Commission, Giambrone oversaw the largest expansion of bus service in Toronto. Giambrone secured over $8 billion for the Transit City project new funding to build light rail into areas of the city currently not served by rapid transit. An expansion of two subway lines also forms part of an overall $18 billion long-term expansion plan driven by Giambrone. He was the 2008 recipient of Now Magazine's "Best City Politician" award.Early life and education
Growing up in the Davenport area of Toronto, he first became active with the New Democratic Party in its youth wing at age 15. While attending Harbord Collegiate Institute in Toronto, he was active in the model UN club and took great interests in politics. While studying at McGill University in Montreal, he served as treasurer of the New Democratic Youth of Canada. At age 20, he ran for the NDP in the riding of Mount Royal in the 1997 federal election, in which he finished fifth out of six candidates. He graduated from McGill with a bachelor's degree in archaeology. At McGill, Giambrone ran for the position of vice-president finance of the Students' Society (undergraduate student union) and lost to fellow student Duncan Reid by a wide margin, but was later elected to the student council as one of three ad hoc councilors representing McGill's student clubs. Early political career
Returning to Toronto, he took up employment at the Royal Ontario Museum.He ran for Toronto City Council in the southern Davenport ward against Mario Silva in the 2000 municipal election, losing 6,037 to 3,338. Federal NDP President
At the federal NDP convention of 2001, Giambrone won a first two-year term as president of the party. He was a grassroots challenger to the "official slate" candidate customarily supported by the party brass, but the official slate candidate stood down in Giambrone's favour. The president of the NDP is the administrative chairperson of the party, chairing party conventions, councils and executive meetings. Giambrone was 24, and no younger person had ever become president (or leader) of a major Canadian party. He became a frequent guest on television and figure in the news, and travelled the country extensively speaking to New Democrats. Seeking re-election at the 2003 convention at which Jack Layton was elected party leader, Giambrone faced a strong challenge from respected New Brunswick NDP leader Elizabeth Weir.Midway through the convention, Giambrone and Weir decided to seek a co-presidency. Many delegates balked, especially at the assumption that they could push through a sudden constitutional change in a party often dearly concerned with internal process. The joint ticket was withdrawn, and Giambrone won a second term against Weir and a challenger from the NDP Socialist Caucus. He announced in the summer of 2006 that he would not seek a third term as federal NDP president. Anne McGrath was elected to succeed him at the party convention in Quebec City. Toronto Councillor
Giambrone continued his attempts to win the south Davenport seat on Toronto city council. When Silva left city council and was elected a federal Liberal Member of Parliament in Davenport in the 2004 federal election, Giambrone became a leading candidate to replace him in the 2003 municipal election.With the endorsements of the Toronto Star, Now Magazine, Bloor West Villager newspapers and councillors Joe Pantalone and Fred Dominelli, Giambrone defeated Ana Bailão, Silva's former assistant, by a 51-40 margin in a field of six candidates. As Vice-Chair of the Public Works and Infrastructure Committee, he helped develop solutions to Toronto's garbage challenges, and promoted recycling and organic collection. Giambrone worked with the Mayor to implement a multibillion-dollar road and water infrastructure upgrade program. Toronto Council unanimously approved a September 2007 motion to allow the Toronto Parking Authority to proceed with a plan to expropriate the Matador, a famed Toronto music hall and cultural landmark. After considerable media attention, an organised group of citizens, including noted author Michael Ondaatje and folk singer Sylvia Tyson, lobbied Giambrone to successfully reverse the expropriation. On May 7, 2009, Giambrone sent an email from his mobile phone, warning fellow councillor Cesar Palacio to "stop messing in my ward" or face "problems". Giambrone apologized for the "hastily composed" email when Palacio distributed copies to local media.Shortly after taking office, he was appointed as a commissioner of the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). He also served along with Greater Toronto Area mayors and regional chairs on the board of Metrolinx from its inception in 2006 until 2009. During the TTC workers' wildcat strike on May 29, 2006, Giambrone was prominent in the media representing the TTC's position as commission chair Howard Moscoe was out of town. After being re-elected in the 2006 municipal election, taking almost 67 per cent of the vote in his ward, Giambrone was elected as Chair of the Toronto Transit Commission on December 6, 2006. TTC Chairman
As chair of the TTC, Giambrone oversaw a large expansion of bus service in Toronto, which saw then-record ridership, and the launch of a new, improved TTC website  electronic service advisories, as well as next vehicle arrival information systems, and an affinity discount program for the Metropass. Some of these ideas were discussed at Transit Camp, a community consultation early in his term as chair. Giambrone also established the station modernization and station renaissance renewal programs for TTC subway stations, the latter in conjunction with the Toronto Community Foundation.Giambrone also started a program to install bicycle racks on all TTC buses. although naysayers complained that they were not worth the expense and seldom used. Giambrone together with Mayor David Miller unveiled Transit City, a $10 billion expansion of light rail into neighborhoods and areas not served by rapid transit, and reaching into the GTA. Transit City calls for 120 kilometres of electric light rail along seven new routes. Premier Dalton McGuinty announced funding for Transit City as a component of its MoveOntario 2020 plan on June 15, 2007. Transit City was also included in Metrolinx's "Big Move" funding plan when it was released on November 27, 2008. On April 24, 2009, Giambrone announced that the TTC had opted to replace its aging fleet of Canadian Light Rail Vehicles and Articulated Light Rail Vehicles with 204 new streetcars, procured competitively from Bombardier Transportation.New streetcars began to enter service in 2012. The deal, valued at more than $1.2 billion, called for the streetcars to be manufactured in Thunder Bay. Giambrone announced the launch of the TTC's Transit City Bus Plan on August 21, 2009. The plan took the 'network approach' of the Transit City Light Rail Plan and applied it to buses, creating a network of 10-minute service on 21 of its 139 bus routes which began in the fall of 2010. Giambrone appeared on CP24's monthly television show called On The Rocket in which he rides a streetcar and discusses daily transit operations, improvements, plans and concerns. In the wake of a sex scandal (see 2010 mayoral campaign), fellow councilor Brian Ashton called for Giambrone to resign as chairman of the TTC, which had been beset by bad publicity. Ashton said "The TTC is under serious assault around issues of customer relations and performance.The union is now fragmented from the management. I think his moral authority has been totally debased and undermined," said Ashton. "I think mentally he's going to be distracted by both his mayoralty bid and this sex scandal. His ability to come to terms with the TTC issues is tremendously weakened." He did not step down, but also did not seek re-election and so his term as TTC chair ended in December, 2010. 2010 mayoral campaign
Giambrone launched a campaign for Mayor of Toronto in the 2010 municipal election to succeed David Miller on February 1, 2010, ending it on February 10, 2010. Before Giambrone entered the race, two polls showed him in second place among declared mayoral candidates, though he also had a high unfavorability rating of 40 per cent.He remained a leading candidate until February 9, when the Toronto Star published an interview with undergraduate student Kristen Lucas, who revealed that she had a past sexual relationship with Giambrone, including acts in his city office. Giambrone apologized for an "inappropriate relationship" and admitted to intimate relationships with women other than his live-in partner, to whom he is now married. In the immediate wake of the revelations, Giambrone initially pledged to continue with his mayoral campaign, but announced his withdrawal the following day. Giambrone did not run for re-election to his council seat, and his executive assistant Kevin Beaulieu was defeated by Ana Bailão. Giambrone claimed French lessons as a city council expense, as he was Toronto's representative to the Francophone Association of Municipalities of Ontario and does interviews with francophone media. Scarborough—Guildwood provincial by-election
On July 5, 2013, Giambrone resigned as co-chair of the candidate search committee and announced his candidacy for the Ontario New Democratic Party's nomination for the August 1, 2013 provincial by-election in Scarborough—Guildwood; he won the nomination on July 7 over community activist Amarjeet Chhabra, reportedly by a margin of 18 to 14. Giambrone's nomination was the subject of a threatened legal challenge by Chhabra who alleged that 12 of the 32 individuals who voted at the nomination meeting were not on party membership lists and may not have been entitled to vote according to party rules that require an individual to be a party member for 30 days and to live in the riding in order to be able to cast a ballot.Chabbra said she would not proceed with her attempt to force a new nomination meeting due to the tight time frame before the election. Giambrone came in third place with 28 per cent of the vote, an improvement of 9 per cent from the previous NDP candidate in the 2011 provincial election. Transportation career
He has been a transit consultant for clients such as the city of Milwaukee and the Société de transport de Montréal. In 2016, Mayor of New York City Bill de Blasio appointed Giambrone to head up the Brooklyn–Queens Connector (BQX) streetcar project. Giambrone has since left the BQX project to head up transportation infrastructure projects in Saudi Arabia. Personal life
Giambrone has participated in excavations in Sudan, Tunisia, Libya, Yemen, and Guatemala. He speaks English, French, and Arabic fluently.He is of Italian-American ancestry; his father moved to Canada to avoid the Vietnam War. Since leaving municipal politics, Giambrone has been a commentator and panelist on the Sun News Network and was a columnist for Now, an alternative weekly newspaper. Election results
Results for the 1997 federal campaign in the riding of Mount Royal:

|align="left" colspan=2|Liberal hold
|align="right"|Swing
|align="right"| -7.62

References

External links

Former City Councillor <mask>ne

1977 births
Canadian people of Italian descent
Canadian people of American descent
New Democratic Party candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Living people
McGill University alumni
Toronto city councillors
Presidents of the New Democratic Party of Canada
Chairs of the Toronto Transit Commission

masks:
Adam Giambrone
Adam Giambro