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was a Japanese samurai and nobleman. He was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history and one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration. Living during the late Edo and early Meiji periods, he later led the Satsuma Rebellion against the Meiji government. Historian Ivan Morris described him as "the quintessential hero of modern Japanese history". Early life

He was born <mask> (西郷 小吉), and received the given name Takamori in adulthood. He wrote poetry under the name <mask> (西郷 南洲). His younger brother was Gensui The Marquis Saigō Jūdō.He was the oldest of 7 children. Shōgun  Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned, returning power to the Emperor in what came to be known as the Meiji Restoration. However, Saigō was one of the most vocal and vehement opponents to the negotiated solution, demanding that the Tokugawa be stripped of their lands and special status. His intransigence was one of the major causes of the subsequent Boshin War. During the Boshin War, Saigō led the imperial forces at the Battle of Toba–Fushimi, and after led the imperial army toward Edo, where he accepted the surrender of Edo Castle from Katsu Kaishū. Meiji bureaucrat

Although Ōkubo Toshimichi and others were more active and influential in establishing the new Meiji government, Saigō retained a key role, and his cooperation was essential in the abolition of the han system and the establishment of a conscript army. In 1871 he was left in charge of the caretaker government during the absence of the Iwakura Mission (1871–73).Saigō initially disagreed with the modernization of Japan and the opening of commerce with the West. He famously opposed the construction of a railway network, insisting that money should rather be spent on military modernization. Saigō did insist, however, that Japan should go to war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873 due to Korea's refusal to recognize the legitimacy of the Emperor Meiji as head of state of the Empire of Japan, and insulting treatment meted out to Japanese envoys attempting to establish trade and diplomatic relations. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provoke a casus belli by behaving in such an insulting manner that the Koreans would be forced to kill him. However, the other Japanese leaders strongly opposed these plans, partly from budgetary considerations, and partly from realization of the weakness of Japan compared with the western countries from what they had witnessed during the Iwakura Mission. Saigō resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima. Satsuma Rebellion (1877)

Shortly thereafter, a private military academy known as the Shi-gakkō was established in Kagoshima for the faithful samurai who had also resigned their posts to follow him from Tokyo.These disaffected samurai came to dominate the Kagoshima government, and fearing a rebellion, the government sent warships to Kagoshima to remove weapons from the Kagoshima arsenal. This provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high. Although greatly dismayed by the revolt, Saigō was reluctantly persuaded to lead the rebels against the central government. The rebels fought two significant battles against the central government: the Siege of Kumamoto Castle and the Battle of Tabaruzaka. Saigō was initially confident of his ability to take Kumamoto Castle, but he had underestimated the effectiveness of the imperial conscripts defending the castle. After a failed assault, Saigō settled for a siege. Imperial reinforcements eventually forced their way through the rebel lines at the Battle of Tabaruzaka, eventually lifting the siege.The remnants of Saigō's army retreated before the advancing imperials, who whittled it down relentlessly. Eventually Saigō and his final remaining samurai were encircled and annihilated at the Battle of Shiroyama. Saigo's death brought the Satsuma Rebellion to an end. Death
During the battle of Shiroyama, Saigō was badly injured in the hip. However, the exact manner of his death is unknown. There are no published reports by eyewitnesses. The accounts of his subordinates claim that he stood up and committed seppuku after his injury or that he requested that the friend Beppu Shinsuke assist his suicide.Three firsthand accounts of the condition of his deceased body exist. It is said that he was shot in the femur, then he thrust a sword into his stomach region, then had his head decapitated deliberately by a fellow citizen. All three accounts report that the body was decapitated. Two describe a bullet wound to the hip or thigh. As none of the eyewitness accounts mention a wound to the abdomen, or any fresh sword wound at all, it is unknown if Saigo pierced his stomach with his sword. In debate, some scholars have suggested that neither is the case and that Saigō may have gone into shock following his wound, losing his ability to speak. Several samurai, upon seeing him in this state, would have severed his head, assisting him in the warrior's suicide that they knew he would have wished.Later, they would have said that he committed seppuku to preserve his status as a true samurai. It is not clear what was done with Saigō's head immediately after his death. Some legends say Saigō's manservant hid the head, and it was later found by a government soldier. The head was somehow retrieved by government forces and was reunited with Saigō's body, which was laid next to that of his deputies Kirino and Murata. This was witnessed by the American sea captain John Capen Hubbard. A myth persists that the head was never found. Legends

Multiple legends sprang up concerning Saigō, many of which denied his death.It was believed by some that he had fled to Russia, or ascended to Mars. It was even recorded that his image appeared in a comet near the close of the 19th century, an ill omen to his enemies. Unable to overcome the affection that the people had for this paragon of traditional samurai virtues, the Meiji Era government pardoned him posthumously on February 22, 1889. The Japanese people appreciated the fact that he remained loyal to his virtues until his death in 1877. Artworks depicting Saigō

A famous bronze statue of Saigō in hunting attire with his dog stands in Ueno Park, Tokyo. Made by Takamura Kōun, it was unveiled on December 18, 1898. Saigō met the noted British diplomat Ernest Satow in the 1860s, as recorded in the latter's A Diplomat in Japan, and Satow was present at the unveiling as recorded in his diary.A reproduction of the same statue stands on Okinoerabujima, where Saigō had been exiled. A Japanese hand fan commemorating the event, which survives in the collection of the Staten Island Historical Society in New York, features a depiction of <mask> Takamori in a scene labeled (in English) "The Battle Near the Citadel of Kumamoto". Family

Ancestry

Wives and children
 Ijūin Suga
 Aikana
 Saigō Kikujirō (son): Mayor of Kyoto City, studied politics at Johns Hopkins University
 Saigō Kikusō (daughter)
 Saigō Itoko
 Marquess Saigō Toratarō (son): Colonel in the army, studied at Prussian Military Academy
 Saigō Umajirō (son)
 Saigō Torizō (son)

Siblings
 Marshal-Admiral Marquess Saigō Jūdō (younger brother): Navy Minister
 Saigō Kichijirō (younger brother): Killed in action in the Boshin War
 Saigō Kohei (younger brother): Killed in action in the Satsuma Rebellion
 Ichiki Koto (younger sister)
 Saigō Taka (younger sister)
 Saigō Yasu (younger sister)

See also
 Seikanron
 The Last Samurai

Notes

References
 Hagiwara, Kōichi (2004). (Illustrated life of Saigō Takamori and Ōkubo Toshimichi) Kawade Shobō Shinsha, 2004  (Japanese)
 Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press.; OCLC 12311985
  . (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 44090600
 Ravina, Mark. (2004). The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori.Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. ; OCLC 427566169
Yates, Charles (1995) "Saigo Takamori: The Man Behind The Myth" (New York, NY: Kegan Paul International )
Ravina, Mark J. “The Apocryphal Suicide of Saigō Takamori: Samurai, Seppuku, and the Politics of Legend.” Journal of Asian Studies 69.3 (2010): 691-721. External links

Saigo, Takamori | Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures (National Diet Library)

1828 births
1877 deaths
People from Kagoshima
Japanese swordfighters
Samurai
Japanese military leaders
Boshin War
Japanese rebels
Japanese revolutionaries
Meiji Restoration
Nobles of the Meiji Restoration
People from Satsuma Domain
Seppuku from Meiji period to present
Japanese politicians
People of Meiji-period Japan
Shimazu retainers
People of the Boshin War
Japanese folklore
Suicides by sharp instrument in Japan
People killed in the Satsuma Rebellion
Deified Japanese people
1870s suicides

masks:
Saigō Kokichi
Saigō Nanshū
Saigō


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<mask> (born December 7, 1976) is an American politician and United States Marine who served as a U.S. Representative for  from 2013 to 2020. He is a member of the Republican Party, who was first elected to the House in 2008. This district, numbered as the  from 2009 to 2013, encompasses much of northern and inland San Diego County and a sliver of Riverside County, including the cities of El Cajon, Escondido, San Marcos, Santee and Temecula. He served in the U.S. Marines from 2001 through 2005 and succeeded his father, Republican <mask>, a member of Congress from 1981 to 2009. In 2017, the Department of Justice began a criminal investigation into <mask> and his campaign manager and wife Margaret Jankowski, for alleged campaign finance violations. In August 2018, both were indicted on charges including conspiracy, wire fraud, and violating campaign finance laws. In June 2019, Jankowski pleaded guilty to corruption and named him as a co-conspirator in using campaign funds for personal expenses.Also in June 2019, federal prosecutors showed that from 2009 to 2016, <mask> had spent campaign funds on extramarital affairs with five women, including lobbyists and congressional staff. In December  2019, <mask> changed his plea to guilty on one count of misusing campaign funds. On January 7, 2020, he submitted letters of resignation to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and California Governor Gavin Newsom, that took effect on January 13, 2020. On March 17, 2020, <mask> was sentenced to 11 months in prison, scheduled to begin in January 2021. He was pardoned by President <mask> in December 2020. The next day Trump pardoned <mask>'s wife. Early life and education

<mask> was born in San Diego, California, the son of Helynn Louise (née Layh) and <mask> <mask>.He graduated from Granite Hills High School in El Cajon, California, in 1994, and San Diego State University, where he earned a B.S. in information systems in 2001. During his sophomore year of college, <mask> started a web design company with a friend. After graduation, he worked in San Diego as an information technology business analyst. Military service
After the September 11 attacks, <mask> joined the United States Marine Corps. He attended Officer Candidates School at Marine Corps Base Quantico. When he graduated in March 2002, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant.He subsequently served as a field artillery officer in the 1st Marine Division after the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He completed a second tour in Fallujah, Iraq, in 2004, serving in Battery A, 1st Battalion, 11th Marines. During his second tour, he participated in Operation Vigilant Resolve, in which he fought in battles in Fallujah. In September 2005, <mask> was honorably discharged from active duty. After his discharge he started a residential development company. In 2007, he was recalled to active duty and deployed to Afghanistan. He was promoted to captain during his wartime deployments as an artillery officer in 2006, and to major in 2012.<mask> remained in the Marine Corps Reserve until 2017. According to Politico in August 2018, <mask> still experiences the trauma of his wartime deployments as an artillery officer in Afghanistan and Iraq. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
2008
On March 20, 2007, <mask>'s father, <mask> <mask>, announced that as part of his presidential bid he would not seek re-election to the House of Representatives in 2008, retiring from Congress after 14 terms. After <mask> announced his candidacy for his father's seat, he was recalled by the United States Marine Corps to serve in the War in Afghanistan. On June 3, 2008, <mask> won the Republican primary with 72% of the vote in a four-candidate field and became the Republican nominee to replace his father, representing the 52nd District. In the general election, <mask> defeated Democratic nominee Mike Lumpkin, a former Navy SEAL, 56%–39%. <mask> became the first combat veteran of either Iraq or Afghanistan to serve in the U.S. Congress; moreover, he was the first Marine to be elected who had seen combat in both conflicts.2010
<mask> won re-election to a second term with 63% of the vote, defeating Democrat Ray Lutz and Libertarian Michael Benoit. 2012
After redistricting, <mask>'s district was renumbered as the 50th District. It was pushed well to the east to cover most of inland San Diego County, while losing its share of the city of San Diego. In the five-candidate open primary in 2012, <mask> ranked first with 67% of the vote; Democratic nominee <mask> ranked second with 17% of the vote. In the general election, <mask> defeated Secor 68%–32%. He became only the third person to represent this district since its creation after the 1960 census. Lionel Van <mask> won the seat on its creation in 1962, and held it until the elder <mask> defeated him in 1980.2014
In the primary election, <mask> finished first with 62,371 votes (70%) to Democrat James H. Kimber's 21,552 (24%). In the general election, <mask> defeated Kimber by 111,997 votes (71%) to 45,302 (29%). 2016
In the primary election, <mask> took 56.5% of the vote against four opponents. In the general election, he defeated Democrat Patrick Malloy, 63.9% to 36.1%. 2018
Several Democrats challenged <mask>, including Ammar Campa-Najjar and Josh Butner. <mask> was also challenged by the Republican Mayor of El Cajon, Bill Wells. In the jungle primary, <mask> received the most votes at 47.4%, followed by Campa-Najjar at 17.6%.The two faced off in the November general election. During <mask>'s 2018 re-election campaign, he repeatedly attacked his Democratic opponent Campa-Najjar over his half-Palestinian heritage. He claimed that Campa-Najjar, who converted to Christianity from Islam in high school, was an "Islamist" trying to "infiltrate Congress", describing him as a "security threat" with terrorist ties. The Washington Post fact-checkers wrote that an October 1, 2018, television ad by <mask>'s campaign used "naked anti-Muslim bias" and sought to scare Californians from voting for Campa-Najjar, despite the fact that Campa-Najjar "isn't even Muslim. All the claims in the ad are false, misleading or devoid of evidence." <mask> also claimed that Campa-Najjar was being supported by CAIR and the Muslim Brotherhood; PolitiFact gave this claim its "Pants on Fire" rating. CNN, The Guardian, Buzzfeed News, and The Daily Beast described <mask>'s campaign as "anti-Muslim", Vox described it as "race-baiting", and The Atlantic called it "one of the most brazenly anti-Muslim smear campaigns in recent history."After <mask>'s attacks on Campa-Najjar were widely condemned, <mask> doubled down on the attacks in a direct mail letter written and signed by three defense industry lobbyists, characterizing Campa-Najjar as a national security risk. Campa-Najjar described <mask>'s attacks as "pathological." <mask> ultimately won with 51.7% of the vote, the closest race in the district since his father's initial run for what was then the 42nd District in 1980, when he unseated longtime Democratic incumbent Lionel Van <mask> with 53 percent of the vote. In the four decades since then, a Democrat had only managed more than 40 percent of the vote in 1992, when the elder <mask> was held to 52.8 percent of the vote. Although the district is normally considered safely Republican, as evidenced by <mask>'s previous wide margins of victory, the election was relatively close largely due to <mask>'s indictment. He was left as one of only three Republicans representing a district south of Bakersfield, the others being Paul Cook and Ken Calvert. Tenure
In July 2013, <mask> voted against an amendment offered by Justin Amash to rein in warrantless domestic surveillance conducted by the NSA.In October 2013 <mask> was the only representative from San Diego County to vote against the bill ending the nation's 16-day partial government shutdown, explaining that he voted against it because it did not reduce spending or the national debt. <mask> was an early supporter of <mask>'s presidential bid, endorsing him in February 2016 in the earliest days of the Republican primary. He was the second member of Congress to support him. According to anonymous sources, during an address to Riverside County Young Republicans in late August 2017, <mask> said of President Trump, "He's just like he is on TV ... He's an asshole, but he's our asshole." At a town-hall-style meeting in March 2017, <mask> was confronted by protesters. Before the crowd, <mask> asserted that the American intelligence community was filled with "seditious Obama folks" who "hate <mask> as much as you [those at the meeting] do" and are trying to undermine the Trump administration.He also described the American government as "Orwellian". In April 2019, he pretended to cross the Mexico–United States border, in a bid to show that it was easy for immigrants to enter into the country. <mask>'s Democratic challenger, Ammar Campa-Najjar, pointed out that actually leaving the country would violate the terms of <mask>'s pretrial release after he was indicted on illegal spending of campaign funds. In the video, <mask> says he is at "the grand border wall in Yuma, Arizona," while standing next to a waist-high barrier near the border. <mask> indicated that the small barrier was in fact the border wall and elaborated that "This is what we expect to stop people, transnational terrorists, families, all illegal aliens from coming across the border. This is it." He then proceeded to step over the wall and declare "There you go.That's how easy it is to cross the border in Yuma, Arizona." The Border Patrol released a statement correcting <mask>'s false claims and said that the "border wall" was actually a vehicle barrier 70–100 ft from the actual border which follows the Colorado River. <mask> had asked to stop at the barrier while on a courtesy ride-along. In 2019, the Marine Corps sent a cease-and-desist letter to <mask>, asking him to immediately stop using the Marine Corps Eagle, Globe, and Anchor emblem and a Corps motto on political mailers to constituents. A spokesman for the Marines explained that the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor are trademarked and that federal law bars the use of the Marine seal and emblem for political purposes. <mask> used the Marine iconography in a racially charged mailer attacking his Democratic opponent and two Muslim congresswomen, attempting to link them to terrorism. After Trump pulled 1,000 U.S. troops from Kurdish-held territory on the Syrian border south of Turkey in 2019, a bipartisan resolution was passed in the House, 354–60, that condemned the president for abandoning those U.S. allies that would allow the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) to reestablish and regroup its forces, and allow the Turks to attack the Kurds.<mask> was one of the two from the 53-member California congressional delegation to vote against the resolution. Committee assignments

On August 22, 2018, after being indicted on 60 federal charges, <mask> was forced to resign from all of his Congressional committees and subcommittees. Committee on Armed Services (resigned)
 Committee on Education and the Workforce (resigned)
 Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure (resigned)

Caucus memberships

 Congressional Arts Caucus
Congressional Western Caucus
Republican Study Committee

Political positions
Following in the footsteps of his father, <mask>'s voting record was conservative; he has a lifetime rating of 93 from the American Conservative Union. He was a member of the Republican Study Committee, a caucus of House conservatives of which his father was a longtime member. Economy

<mask> voted in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. <mask> said that the plan was "good for most states" but "not as good" for California. Healthcare

<mask> favors repealing the Affordable Care Act, and voted in support of a budget resolution to repeal it in January 2017.He expressed support for all drafts of the American Health Care Act of 2017 (AHCA), which would partially repeal and replace Obamacare, and voted for the AHCA on May 4, 2017. About the AHCA he said, "this is going to save America." <mask> opposed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, saying that it would "take away" the doctor-patient relationship and the right for people to choose "what type of operations they have", and that it would allow a "government bureaucrat" to make health care decisions for people. In an interview, <mask> said, "Things that you have problems with now would be exacerbated if you had government-run healthcare." Environment

On environmental issues, <mask> has a 2% (out of 100%) lifetime voting score from the League of Conservation Voters, an environmental group. <mask> rejects the scientific consensus on climate change. He believes that it is not caused by humans, that it may actually be positive, and that its cause is unknown.<mask> does not believe the EPA should be allowed to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and has consistently voted against any governmental limits to CO2 pollution. He would like to open up oil drilling in the United States in order to bring down gas prices. In a 2009 interview with KPBS, <mask> expressed support for "overriding" the designation of the delta smelt as an endangered species, saying that overriding it would reduce unemployment in California. War and military affairs

In a 2011 op-ed in Politico, <mask> opposed a complete withdrawal of American forces from Afghanistan, because of "unreliable Afghan leadership"; he accused the Obama administration of "echoing a misshapen worldview that puts American interests last". In October 2012, <mask> returned from a visit to Afghanistan, as part of a congressional delegation, with a more upbeat assessment, stating "Frankly I was very skeptical last year when I went last, and have been, on whether [the Afghans] can do this, but they are." In December 2013, <mask> said that if a U.S. war with Iran becomes inevitable, which he "sure as hell" hoped wouldn't happen, the American response should be a "massive aerial bombing campaign" including "tactical nuclear devices". He also said that the culture of Middle Easterners made them unreliable negotiating partners.In 2013, <mask> called for the United States to train and arm Syrian rebels and said that President Obama would be breaking the law if he bombed Syria without a Congressional mandate, and that bombing should be considered an impeachable offense. In September 2014, however, <mask> voted against a proposal to train and arm Syrian rebels fighting against ISIL extremists, saying that the proposal failed to go far enough. Columnist <mask> of the Press-Register suggested that <mask>'s 2011 call to rebid the littoral combat ship program was an attempt to get federal funds for a shipyard in his district. <mask> turned again to the LCS program in 2012, with a call to reduce LCS builds in favor of amphibious ships, because he had read a report that the Marines had leased a ferry with similar characteristics to the LCS and the Joint High-Speed Vessel (JHSV). In 2013 <mask> said the United States Navy was overworked and spread thin, and said that a "306-ship target might represent the absolute minimum capacity the navy needs". He called for the system of awarding the Medal of Honor to be reevaluated, due to the cases of Sergeant Rafael Peralta and Captain William D. Swenson. After Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel became the third Secretary to deny the award to Peralta, <mask> maintained his pressure on the Pentagon.In late March 2014, he sent a letter asking the Pentagon to reevaluate Peralta's case, as well as the case of Bradley Kasal, who used his body to shield a fellow Marine from a grenade blast in Iraq in 2004. In 2017, <mask> continued his effort to have Peralta's Navy Cross elevated. In 2018, <mask> requested a review of the awarding of the Silver Star to Marine 1st Lieutenant Travis Manion, who was originally recommended for the Navy Cross. <mask> has been supportive of certain service members who have been accused or convicted of criminal actions. <mask> has been a strong supporter of Major Mathew Golsteyn, a former Green Beret charged with murder. <mask>

masks:
Duncan Duane Hunter
Duncan Lee Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
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Donald Trump
Hunter
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Duncan Lee
Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
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Duncan Lee
Hunter
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Hunter
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David Secor
Hunter
Deerlin
Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
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Hunter
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Deerlin
Hunter
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Donald Trump
Hunter
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Donald Trump
Hunter
Hunter
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Hunter
Hunter
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Dan Murtaugh
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 drafted a letter to Trump, asking him to give his personal attention to Golsteyn's case. The congressman along with other lawmakers sought presidential help in the case of Chief Special Warfare Operator Eddie Gallagher who was to stand trial in a San Diego military court for similar offenses.<mask> wrote letters to both Obama and Trump, asking them to consider giving a presidential pardon or leniency to Lieutenant Clint Lorance, a platoon commander in Afghanistan, who was convicted of second degree murder for ordering his troops during a combat mission to fire on Afghans approaching on a motorcycle at high speed who turned out to be unarmed; Trump reviewed the case and pardoned Lorance. <mask> worked with Lieutenant Colonel Jason Amerine, who testified to Congress criticizing the Pentagon for failing to mount missions to rescue Taliban hostages; Following his testimony the Federal Bureau of Investigation opened an inquiry into whether Amerine had divulged classified information to <mask>, Amerine later testified to a Congressional committee looking into whether the military retaliates against whistle blowers. In May 2019, during an attempt to defend Gallagher at a town hall meeting, <mask> claimed that he too had posed for photos with a dead enemy combatant while deployed, and called the military justice system "corrupt". In an interview <mask> claimed he had probably killed "hundreds" of civilians while serving as an artillery officer in Iraq, adding "So, do I get judged too?" <mask> appeared in federal court in San Diego on November 25, 2019, for a hearing in his own case, and supported Trump's downward sentence modification for Gallagher. <mask>'s hearing was postponed until December 3, 2019. Women

He voted against the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, an act which made it easier to file lawsuits regarding wage discrimination.In February 2013, <mask> voted in favor of renewing the Violence Against Women Act. <mask> opposes women in combat and, to make a rhetorical point, in 2016 he introduced an amendment to the defense authorization act to require 18-to-26-year-old women to register for the Selective Service System (as 18-to-26-year-old men are required to do). This backfired, however, as the House Armed Services Committee voted 32–30 to adopt the amendment. LGBT rights

He supported the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which restricted federal recognition of marriage to opposite-sex couples only, and cut off federal benefits to same-sex couples. He voted to delay the repeal of Don't Ask, Don't Tell, which barred gays and lesbians from serving openly in the United States military. In 2011, <mask> advocated delaying the implementation of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which was signed into law by President Barack Obama. In 2011, <mask> introduced legislation to require that all "four military service chiefs certify that the repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell won't negatively affect their combat units".On the question of transgender military personnel, <mask> said that as a Marine Corps veteran, he could not imagine sharing a shower with "somebody who was a girl and didn't have the surgery to become a man but kept the girl stuff". Abortion

<mask> is anti-abortion and believes life begins at conception. He consistently voted against all forms of abortion, as well as cloning and embryonic stem cell research. In 2017 he introduced a bill to give fetuses 14th Amendment protections. <mask> voted to ban the morning after pill in the case of rape or incest, and would like to ban IUDs. He has been rated 0% by the abortion rights group NARAL and 100% by the anti-abortion National Right to Life Committee. Immigration

At an April 2010 Tea Party movement rally in Ramona, California, <mask> advocated for the deportation of United States citizens who are the children of illegal immigrants.At the rally, <mask> said, "It's a complex issue and ... you could look and say, 'You're a mean guy. That's a mean thing to do. That's not a humanitarian thing to do' ... We simply cannot afford what we're doing right now. We just can't afford it. California's going under." He confirmed the comments to San Diego County's North County Times, telling the newspaper that he supported House Resolution 1868, a measure that called for the elimination of birthright citizenship in the United States. He expressed support for the 2010 Arizona immigration law, calling it a national security issue and "a fantastic starting point".Press relations

After a reporter from The Guardian was assaulted by Republican Representative Greg Gianforte from Montana, <mask>'s response was published in several newspapers. In response to questions about the AHCA's effect on those with pre-existing conditions, Gianforte put his hands around the reporter's neck and "body-slammed" him to the ground, injuring his elbow and breaking his glasses. <mask> commented: "It's not appropriate behavior. Unless the reporter deserved it." Smoking

<mask> is an advocate of tobacco products. He uses an e-cigarette and opposes the banning of e-cigarettes on airplanes. <mask> puffed on his e-cigarette during a congressional hearing about vaping.In July 2010, <mask> introduced legislation into the 111th Congress to allow tobacco products to be shipped to service members serving in Iraq and Afghanistan; the legislation died after being referred to committee. In 2014, <mask> moved to block a plan by the military to ban sales of tobacco products on bases and ships. Campaign finance investigation, indictment and conviction
In April 2016, <mask> came under scrutiny from the Federal Elections Commission regarding his use of campaign funds for personal expenses from 2015 to 2016, after Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington filed an ethics complaint. In August 2016, the Office of Congressional Ethics made a recommendation to the Ethics Committee for a full investigation. <mask> and his wife, Margaret, who was being paid $3,000 monthly from campaign funds in her role as campaign manager, shared a campaign fund credit card which had charges that were questioned. The expenses included $1,302 in charges for video games, $600 to pay for a family rabbit to travel by plane, clothing from Abercrombie & Fitch, a donation to their son's school, payments to an oral and maxillofacial surgeon, travel costs (including 32 payments for airfare, hotel stays in Arizona and Italy), groceries, a nail salon visit, tuition, non-specified items at a surf shop, and outdoor equipment. Federal investigation
In February 2017, <mask>'s campaign offices were raided by the FBI as part of a criminal investigation.Agents seized computers, other electronics, and financial records; they also seized a hard drive from Election CFO, an Alexandria, Virginia-based company that handled campaign finances on <mask>'s behalf. The raid was not reported in the media until August 2017, after court documents intended to be filed under seal were accidentally released to the public. In March 2017, the House Ethics Committee revealed that <mask> was under a Department of Justice criminal investigation for campaign finance violations and that it was deferring its own investigation as a result. The Office of Congressional Ethics report stated: "Rep. <mask> may have converted tens of thousands of dollars of campaign funds from his congressional campaign committee to personal use to pay for family travel, flights, utilities, health care, school uniforms, and tuition, jewelry, groceries, and other goods, services, and expenses." <mask> said that he repaid the money to the campaign, and denied wrongdoing. He also announced that his wife would no longer receive a $3,000 per month salary for consulting with the campaign. His lawyers Gregory Vega and Elliot Berkewas said that any improper use of campaign funds was "inadvertent and unintentional".In March 2017, in a statement issued through his lawyers, <mask> said that he had repaid his campaign approximately $60,000 in 2016. In April 2017, <mask> returned from international travel in order to address issues around his campaign funds, promising to correct any inappropriate or mistaken charges. Indictment

On August 21, 2018, a federal grand jury of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California indicted <mask> and his wife on 60 counts of wire fraud, falsifying records, campaign finance violations, and conspiracy. The San Diego U.S. Attorney's Office accused the couple of conspiring to misuse $250,000 in campaign funds for personal expenses, as well as filing false campaign finance reports. Personal expenses charged to the campaign included vacations in Italy and Hawaii, theater tickets, and purchases in the gaming platform Steam. The indictment says that when <mask> wanted to buy some shorts for himself, his wife suggested that he falsely report the purchase as "golf balls for wounded warriors". On another occasion he tried unsuccessfully to arrange a tour of a Navy base as a cover for a family vacation trip to Italy.When the Navy couldn't arrange something on the date <mask> wanted, <mask> told his chief of staff to "tell the Navy to go fuck themselves." The indictment also alleges that <mask> spent campaign money on "personal relationships" with five women in Washington, DC, listed as Individuals 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 in the indictment. The women were said to have included lobbyists and one of his own congressional staffers. "Throughout the relevant period, the Hunters spent substantially more than they earned," according to the indictment. "They overdrew their bank account more than 1,100 times in a seven-year period, resulting in approximately $37,761 in 'overdraft' and 'insufficient funds' bank fees." Speaker of the House Paul Ryan (R) called the charges against <mask> "deeply serious" and indicated that he would be stripped of his committee assignments pending a resolution of those charges. At first, <mask> refused to leave his committees voluntarily; however, following reports that the Republican Steering Committee was planning to forcibly remove his committee assignments, <mask> reversed course and agreed to step down from his committees.The San Diego Union-Tribune, <mask>'s hometown paper, published an editorial calling for him to resign from Congress. <mask>'s father, the former congressman, attacked the indictment as a "late hit" and claimed it was politically motivated. <mask> himself insisted that he never used campaign funds for personal expenses and that the indictment was a "witch hunt" carried out by "partisan Democrat prosecutors" and the "deep state". The Union-Tribune pointed out that the local U.S. Attorney's office is led by Adam L. Braverman, a Trump administration appointee. Guilty plea and sentence

On August 23, 2018, both <mask> and his wife pleaded not guilty to all charges. The two entered and left the courtroom separately, and were represented by separate counsel. <mask> suggested his wife was to blame for any irregularities, saying that she handled all their personal and campaign finances and adding, "I didn't do it.I didn't spend any money illegally." On June 24, 2019, federal prosecutors submitted a court filing alleging that <mask> used his campaign funds for extramarital affairs with five women, including three lobbyists, a congressional aide, and one of his staffers between 2009 and 2016. Ahead of a court hearing in November 2019, <mask> expressed support for President <mask>'s downward sentence modification for convicted war criminal Eddie Gallagher, but refused to answer reporters' questions about his case. On December 3, 2019, <mask> pleaded guilty to one count of misusing campaign funds. <mask> said he expected to be sentenced to prison time, but hoped the judge would not sentence his wife to incarceration. On March 17, 2020, U.S. District Judge Thomas J. Whelan sentenced <mask> eleven months in prison, followed by three months of supervised release. Whelan rejected <mask>'s request to serve most or all of his sentence on home confinement, given the long duration of his criminal conduct and the amount of money misappropriated.<mask> pleaded guilty to one count of corruption on June 13, 2019. She acknowledged that she had conspired with her husband to spend over $200,000 in campaign funds on personal expenses. She agreed to give testimony and cooperate with the prosecution. Her plea agreement could have sent her to prison for up to five years. After a postponement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, she was sentenced to eight months home confinement and three years probation in August 2020. Resignation from Congress
On December 5 the House Ethics Committee informed <mask> that he had violated House rules when he cast votes in the chamber two days earlier. They said he must refrain from Congressional voting because he had pleaded guilty to a federal felony with a potentially significant prison sentence.Longstanding precedent holds that House members convicted of felonies should not take part in floor votes or committee work until the Ethics Committee reviews the matter. Although there is no constitutional rule barring a convicted felon from voting, the convicted member's party leadership usually strongly discourages a member from doing so, and the Ethics Committee has indicated in the past that convicted felons can be disciplined if they do take part in committee or floor votes. On December 6, 2019, <mask> announced that he would resign from Congress after the holidays. By waiting until January to resign, <mask> would receive at least an additional $10,000 in monthly salary. On January 7, 2020, he submitted his letters of resignation, effective Jan 13, to U.S. Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi and California Governor Gavin Newsom. In January 2020, Democratic Representatives Josh Harder (California) and Max Rose (New York) introduced the No Pensions for Corrupt Politicians Act of 2020, which would prevent <mask> and other members of Congress who commit or conspire to commit campaign finance crimes from collecting a congressional pension. It is estimated that otherwise <mask> would receive an annual payment of at least $32,000 in a congressional pension, which he would be able to begin accessing when he turns 62.Newsom's office stated that there would be no special election to fill <mask>'s congressional seat, and so it remained vacant until being filled by the November 2020 election. Pardon by <mask> was scheduled to report to the federal prison in La Tuna, west Texas, in January 2021. However, on December 22, 2020, President <mask> pardoned <mask>, as well as two other Republican congressmen convicted of corruption: Chris Collins of New York and Steve Stockman of Texas. The following day, Trump pardoned <mask>'s estranged wife Margaret. Personal life
In 1998 <mask> married Polish-born Margaret Jankowski, whom he had met in 1992. They have three children. In 2016, <mask> sold his home in Alpine, California, and used part of the proceeds to repay his political campaign for some of the money he had spent on personal expenses.He and his family moved in with his father, <mask><mask>. In August 2020, <mask> pleaded guilty to misusing campaign funds for personal use and was sentenced to eight months of home confinement and three years' probation. She filed for divorce from <mask> in November 2020. References

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1976 births
21st-century American politicians
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Iraq War
United States Marine Corps personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Baptists from California
American people convicted of campaign finance violations
California politicians convicted of crimes
California Republicans
Living people
Members of the United States Congress stripped of committee assignment
Members of the United States House of Representatives from California
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Politicians from San Diego
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Recipients of American presidential

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<mask> (born December 26, 1947), nicknamed "Pudge" and "The Commander", is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from 1969 to 1993 for the Boston Red Sox (1969, 1971–1980) and Chicago White Sox (1981–1993). He was the first player to be unanimously voted American League Rookie of the Year (1972). <mask> is best known for "waving fair" his game-winning home run in the 12th inning of Game 6 of the 1975 World Series. At the time of his retirement, <mask> held the record for most home runs all-time by a catcher with 351 (since surpassed by Mike Piazza). He has held several age- or longevity-related records, including the record for most games played at the position of catcher with 2,226 (later surpassed by Iván Rodríguez). <mask> still holds the American League record for most years served behind the plate (24).<mask> was voted to the All-Star team 11 times and won three Silver Slugger Awards which is awarded annually to the best offensive player at each position. <mask> was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2000. Early life
<mask> was born in Bellows Falls, Vermont, but according to <mask>, that was only because Vermont had the nearest hospital to his hometown, Charlestown, New Hampshire. He was raised by his parents, Leona and Cecil, along with older brother Calvin, younger brothers Conrad and Cedric and younger sisters Janet and Julie. He grew up in Charlestown, across the Connecticut River from Bellows Falls. <mask> attended Charlestown High School, where he played baseball (under Coach Ralph Silva), soccer, and basketball. Because his family is from New Hampshire, he insisted that the organization remove from his plaque in the Red Sox Hall of Fame its characterization of him as a Vermont native.<mask> earned his longtime nickname, "Pudge", because he was a chubby youngster. He played on the Charlestown High baseball team, appearing at third base, catcher and pitcher for Coach Silva. Two of his teammates were his brothers Calvin and Conrad, who were drafted by the Baltimore Orioles and Montreal Expos, respectively, but never made it to the minors due to Calvin's being drafted and inducted into military service during the Vietnam War and Conrad hurting his arm. Since the high school baseball season was limited to 17 games annually due to the inclement New England weather, he also played in the American Legion baseball league in 1964, appearing with the team from Claremont, New Hampshire. In 1965, he played for the Legion Post 37 team in Bellows Falls that had won the 1964 Vermont State Championship. <mask> excelled at basketball. When he was a sophomore, he was a starter and helped Charlestown to an undefeated season and the 1963 New Hampshire Class M championship.His play in a 1965 high school basketball tournament in the Boston Garden drew the attention of Boston Celtics owner Walter Brown, who told a local reporter, "You have got to tell me—who is that kid?" <mask> had 42 points and 38 rebounds in the 1965 state tournament semifinal loss to Hopkinton High School. He was awarded a basketball scholarship by the University of New Hampshire, where he started for the UNH Wildcats while also playing baseball. He met his wife Linda Foust while at UNH. The freshman team that <mask> played for was undefeated for the 1965–66 season. In 1966, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Orleans Cardinals. In his sophomore year, the Red Sox drafted him in the first round of the January 1967 amateur draft, and his athletic future was set.<mask> gave up his dreams of basketball glory. "I could never be a six-foot-two power forward and play for the Celtics," he said. Professional career

Minor leagues
In 1967, <mask> played briefly for the Red Sox team in the Florida Instructional League, hitting .195 with 0 HR and 0 RBI in 47 at bats. In 1968, <mask> played for the Waterloo Hawks, the Red Sox' Class A affiliate in the Midwest League. In 62 games, <mask> hit .338 with 12 HR and 34 RBI. <mask> played 28 games for the Red Sox in the Florida Instructional League in 1969, hitting .245 with 4 HR and 19 RBI. He then played for the Class AA Pittsfield Red Sox of the Eastern League, where he hit .243 with 10 HR and 41 RBI in 97 games and 309 at-bats.Finally, he made his major league debut, appearing in 2 games for the Boston Red Sox in 1969. In 1970, <mask> played for the Class AA Pawtucket Red Sox, where he batted .229 with 12 HR and 44 RBI in 93 games. <mask> played for the Class AAA Louisville Colonels of the International League in 1971, hitting .263 with 10 HR and 43 RBI in 93 games, before being called up to the Boston Red Sox. Boston Red Sox (1969, 1971–1980)

<mask> joined the Army Reserve in 1967, as did many other major leaguers and prospects during the Vietnam War. After a short stint of active duty at Fort Dix, New Jersey, where <mask> finished his initial training, he served as a member of the 393rd Service and Supply Battalion in Chester, Vermont, completing monthly weekend drills and two-week annual training periods until 1971. <mask> was once again called up from the minors at the end of 1971 and earned himself a place on Boston's 1972 spring training roster. As history would have it, <mask> broke into the major leagues (to stay) early in the 1972 season.Boston manager Darrell Johnson, whom <mask> credited for making him a major leaguer, taught <mask> how to be a leader, a field general for the team. Playing with abandon and all-out aggressiveness was one thing, channeling energy intelligently was another. "Johnson taught me to think about all the important facets of the catcher's role, the things that help pitchers in various ways and those that let your teammates know you want to win," he told an interviewer in 1973. On September 12, 1971, <mask> hit his first career home run off of Detroit's Les Cain at Tiger Stadium. In , <mask> batted .293 with 22 home runs, and a .909 OPS. In addition, he led the American League with nine triples (tied with Oakland's Joe Rudi), and was the last catcher to lead the AL in this statistical category. His play earned him both the AL Gold Glove and AL Rookie of the Year awards.He was selected unanimously for the latter award, becoming the first unanimous AL Rookie of the Year. He also finished fourth in American League MVP voting. In June 1974, <mask> suffered a devastating knee injury when Leron Lee of the Cleveland Indians collided with him at home plate, tearing several knee ligaments. After undergoing reconstructive knee surgery, <mask> was told he would never play again, yet the backstop returned just twelve months later. In , <mask> re-injured himself in spring training and did not play until June. In only 79 game appearances, <mask> hit .331 along with 52 RBI. Boston won the AL East Division with a record of 95–65.1975 ALCS and World Series

<mask> batted .417 in the 1975 ALCS, as Boston swept the three-time defending champion Oakland Athletics. In Game 3 of the World Series at Riverfront Stadium, <mask> led off the second inning with a solo home run off Cincinnati starter Gary Nolan. In the bottom of the 10th inning, Reds pinch-hitter Ed Armbrister collided with <mask> at home plate while starting to run out a sacrifice bunt, leading to a wild throw by <mask> to second base that allowed Cesar Geronimo to reach third base and eventually score the winning run. <mask> and Boston manager Darrell Johnson argued the controversial call, claiming that Armbrister should have been ruled out for interference, but home plate umpire Larry Barnett ruled otherwise. "To this day, I still think it was interference," said <mask> in an interview after his retirement. Leading off the bottom of the 12th inning of Game 6 at Fenway Park, <mask> hit a pitch off of Cincinnati relief pitcher Pat Darcy that went down the left-field line and appeared to be heading into foul territory. The image of <mask> jumping and waving the ball fair as he made his way to first base is considered by many to be one of baseball's greatest moments.The ball struck the foul pole for a home run, giving the Red Sox a 7–6 win and forcing a seventh and deciding game of the Fall Classic. "The celebration of that moment has made me realize how popular baseball is and how it affects people's lives," <mask> told The Boston Globe. "It's still the greatest moment in my career." The image of him waving the ball fair changed the way baseball was televised. During this time, cameramen covering baseball were instructed to follow the flight of the ball. In a 1999 interview, NBC cameraman Lou Gerard said that he had been distracted by a nearby rat. Unable to follow the ball, he kept the camera on <mask> instead.This play was perhaps the most important catalyst in getting camera operators to focus most of their attention on the players themselves. Last years in Boston
<mask> was among the top offensive catchers in the American League in his eight full seasons with the Boston Red Sox. His best year in Boston was in 1977, when he hit .315 with 26 home runs and 102 runs batted in. Facing the rival New York Yankees in the 1978 AL East Playoff, <mask> went 1-for-3 with a single in Boston's 5–4 loss to the Yankees. Some fans attributed Boston's 1978 loss to a rib injury sustained by <mask>. The same injury left <mask> on the sidelines for several games during the 1979 season, a year in which his primary position was designated hitter. <mask> was reportedly among a group of several Red Sox players who lobbied Boston management for players to be paid what they deserved, which made him none too popular with Haywood Sullivan, the Boston general manager.When <mask>'s contract expired at the end of the 1980 season, Sullivan in fact mailed him a new contract, but put it in the mail one day after the contractual deadline. As a result, <mask> was technically a free agent and he signed a $3.5 million deal with the Chicago White Sox, beginning with the 1981 season. In 11 years with the Boston Red Sox, <mask> was selected to seven All-Star games, and batted .284 with 161 home runs and 568 RBI. He nearly had more RBIs than strikeouts, striking out only 588 times in 4353 plate appearances with the Red Sox, with an OBP of .356. Chicago White Sox (1981–1993)

<mask> signed a five-year contract for $3.5 million with the White Sox on March 18, 1981. <mask> had worn number 27 with the Red Sox but it was worn by White Sox pitcher Ken Kravec. <mask> chose to wear 72 with the White Sox explaining that he had won American League Rookie of the Year in 1972; his son Carson had been born in 1972; and 72 was the reverse of 27.Although Kravec was traded just ten days later, <mask> retained the number 72 throughout his career with the White Sox. As the season got underway, <mask> was interviewed by the media concerning his switching teams, and joked that "after a decade with the Red Sox, it was time to change my sox!" On opening day 1981, <mask> started the season with the White Sox against his former team in Fenway Park. In the eighth inning, <mask> knocked a three-run homer to put his new team on top, 5–3. After joining the White Sox, he helped the team win its first American League Western Division title in . His .289 batting average, 26 home runs, and 86 RBI, as well as his leadership on the young team, helped him to finish third in the MVP voting (behind Baltimore teammates Cal Ripken, Jr. and Eddie Murray). <mask> also caught LaMarr Hoyt that season, the 1983 Cy Young Award winner.<mask> played poorly in Chicago's loss to the Baltimore Orioles in the 1983 ALCS, hitting .176 with zero runs batted in. On May 16, 1984, <mask> accomplished the rare feat of hitting for the cycle in Comiskey Park against the Kansas City Royals. <mask>'s triple in the bottom of the seventh inning off Dan Quisenberry was the only triple he hit in the season. Injuries once again befell <mask> in the 1984 season, limiting him to just 102 games and a .231 average. The experience led him to begin a new training regimen which he used for the rest of his career. In his Hall of Fame induction speech, <mask> credited White Sox strength and conditioning coach Phil Claussen for his turnaround. Claussen introduced <mask> to a more scientific approach to physical conditioning which included long sessions of weight training.<mask> often credited the training program with extending his career. In 1985, following the advent of his new training program, <mask> had the most productive offensive year of his career. He hit 37 home runs and drove in 107 runs, both career-high numbers; the home run numbers tied Dick Allen's 13-year White Sox single-season record. At the age of 37, <mask> tied his career high for stolen bases (17). He was voted to the All-Star team, won the Silver Slugger award and finished 13th in the A.L. MVP voting. On August 4, 1985, <mask> caught all nine innings of Tom Seaver's complete game 300th career victory, which was played in Yankee Stadium.<mask> caught Bobby Thigpen as he set the then-record for most saves in a season (57) in 1990. In 2005, Jack McDowell credited <mask> as being instrumental in his development into a pitcher who won the Cy Young Award in 1993. On August 17, 1990, in the second game of a twi-night doubleheader in Arlington, Texas <mask> broke Johnny Bench's career home run record for catchers by hitting his 328th longball as a catcher off Charlie Hough in the top of the second inning. He went on to

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 end his career as the all-time leader in home runs by a catcher with 351. On May 5, 2004 Mike Piazza surpassed <mask>'s record by belting his 352nd as a backstop. <mask> still holds the American League record for homers by a catcher. A single in the 1991 All-Star Game made him the oldest player in MLB history to collect a hit in an All-Star game.The 1993 season was <mask>'s last. In February, <mask> and the Sox had a dispute over signing a one-year deal, where the former alleged it was only a minor league deal and the latter asserting it as a technicality to protect the 40-man roster. Owner Jerry Reinsdorf called him a "prima donna", but the two sides eventually reached a deal. On June 22, 1993, <mask> broke Bob Boone's record for career games caught with his 2,226th game behind the plate. <mask> was passed on this list by Iván Rodríguez on June 17, 2009. Six days after breaking Bob Boone's all-time games caught record, <mask> was abruptly released by the Chicago White Sox at age 45. <mask> was notified of his dismissal in his hotel room in Cleveland while on a road trip with the team.It is reported that he was ordered to turn in his equipment and immediately fly back to Chicago, alone. To add insult to injury, <mask> was thrown out of the White Sox clubhouse later that season when he stopped by to wish his teammates good luck in the playoffs. <mask> was one of two final active players in the 1990s who had played in the 1960s. The other was Nolan Ryan. He is one of only 29 players in baseball history to date to have appeared in MLB games in four decades. In thirteen seasons with the White Sox, <mask> was selected to four All-Star games and batted .257 with 214 home runs and 762 RBI. <mask> had nearly as many RBI as strikeouts with the White Sox, striking out 798 times in 5,500 plate appearances.For his career, <mask> caught a then-record 2,226 games over 24 seasons. Playing in 2,499 total games, <mask> also played 41 games in left field, 27 games at 1B and four games at 3B and was a DH for 166 games in his career. Overall he hit .269 with 376 home runs and 1,330 RBI in his career. <mask> made mention of the fireworks between himself and Reinsdorf in his Hall of Fame induction speech, and <mask> was inducted with a Red Sox cap, although both teams retired his number, with the White Sox doing it first with his number 72 on September 14, 1997, and the Red Sox with his number 27 in 2000. In 2005, he had a statue dedicated at  U.S. Cellular Field in 2005. In 2008, <mask> officially rejoined the White Sox organization by becoming a team ambassador and part of the White Sox speaker's bureau. Almost a Yankee

After the 1985 season, the White Sox came close to trading <mask> to the New York Yankees for designated hitter Don Baylor.Baylor was unhappy with the Yankees since he did not play every day as he wanted (despite being the team's regular DH) and asked to be traded. The potential deal was complicated in that the White Sox would have to re-sign <mask>, a free agent, and that both players would have to agree to the trade. Negotiations between the two teams ended when they were unable to reach an agreement. The White Sox re-signed <mask>, who remained with the club until the end of his career. During spring training in 1986, the Yankees traded Baylor to the Boston Red Sox for designated hitter Mike Easler. Notable feuds
<mask> was known for his longstanding feud with New York Yankees catcher Thurman Munson. One particular incident that typified their feud, and the Yankees – Red Sox rivalry in general, occurred on August 1, 1973, at Fenway Park.With the score 2–2 in the top of the ninth inning, Munson, attempting to score on Gene Michael's missed bunt attempt, barreled into <mask>, triggering a 10-minute bench-clearing brawl in which both catchers were ejected. As John Curtis let his first pitch go, Munson broke for the plate. Michael tried to bunt, and missed. With Munson coming, the scrawny Yankees shortstop tried to step in <mask>'s way, but <mask> elbowed him out of the way and braced for Munson, who crashed into him as hard as he could. <mask> held onto the ball, but Munson tried to lie on top of him to allow Felipe Alou to keep rounding the bases. <mask> kicked Munson off him and into the air, and swiped at him with his fist. Michael grabbed <mask>, and as Curtis grabbed Munson—his former Cape Cod League roommate—<mask> threw Michael down with his left arm and fell to the ground."<mask> had his left arm right across Stick's throat and wouldn't let up", said Ralph Houk, the Yankees' manager at the time. "Michael couldn't breathe. I had to crawl underneath the pile to try to pry <mask>'s arm off his throat to keep him from killing Stick. All the while he had Michael pinned down, he was punching Munson underneath the pile. I had no idea <mask> was that strong, but he was scary." In another incident typifying the Yankees-Red Sox rivalry, <mask> was involved in an altercation with Lou Piniella during a May 20, 1976, game at Yankee Stadium. In the sixth inning of this game, Piniella barreled into <mask> trying to score on an Otto Vélez single.<mask> and Piniella shoved each other at home plate, triggering another bench-clearing brawl. After order appeared to be restored, Red Sox pitcher Bill Lee and Yankees third baseman Graig Nettles began exchanging words and punches, igniting the brawl anew. Lee suffered a separated left shoulder in the altercation and missed much of the season and was never quite the same again. In an incident on May 22, 1990, Deion Sanders approached the plate with one out and a runner on third base, drew a dollar sign in the dirt before the pitch, and didn't run to first base since the popup he hit looked like it would be easily caught. <mask> yelled at Sanders "run the fucking ball out" and called Sanders a "piece of shit." Later in the game, Sanders told Fisk "the days of slavery are over." <mask> was furious."He comes up and wants to make it a racial issue — there's no racial issue involved." He told Sanders during Sanders' next at-bat, "There is a right way and a wrong way to play this game. You're playing it the wrong way. And the rest of us don't like it. Someday, you're going to get this game shoved right down your throat." Legacy

Notable statistics
 Oldest catcher in MLB history to hit 20 home runs in a season. Holds the record for most home runs hit after the age of 40 (72).Holds the record for most years played as a catcher with 24 (1969, 1971–1993). At the time of his retirement in 1993, he held the records for most home runs all-time by a catcher with 351 (since passed by Mike Piazza) and most games played at the position of catcher with 2,226 (surpassed by Iván Rodríguez on June 17, 2009). <mask> caught 149 shutouts during his career, ranking him second all-time behind Yogi Berra among major league catchers. <mask> is one of only seven players in history who have caught more than 150 games in a season multiple times (Jim Sundberg, Randy Hundley, Ted Simmons, Frankie Hayes and Gary Carter). <mask> is one of only nineteen catchers elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Among those, <mask> has the most hits (2,356) and runs scored (1,276). <mask> holds the record for the longest game by a catcher.On May 9, 1984, he caught all 25 innings of the White Sox's 7–6 win over the Milwaukee Brewers. <mask> threw out four runners attempting to steal during the game. The former record of 24 innings was shared by 5 players: Mike Powers (9-1-1906), Buddy Rosar and Bob Swift (both on 7-21-1945), Hal King and Jerry Grote (both on 4-15-1968). <mask> finished in the top ten in American League Most Valuable Player voting four times (1972, 1977–78, and 1983). <mask>'s .481 slugging percentage while with the Red Sox is the tenth best in that club's long history. <mask> was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in , choosing the Boston Red Sox cap for his plaque, although he played for more seasons with the Chicago White Sox. The Chicago White Sox retired his uniform number 72 on September 14, 1997.The Boston Red Sox retired his uniform number 27 on September 4, 2000. He is one of ten people to have their uniform number retired by at least two teams. In , he was selected as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team, and finished third in the balloting. In 2000, <mask> was elected to the Chicago White Sox All-Century Team. In 2004, he was named the greatest New Hampshire athlete of all time. In May 2008, <mask> returned to the White Sox as a team ambassador, and a member of the team's speakers bureau. The 2004 baseball-themed film Mickey features a character who, like <mask>, is a catcher, is known as Pudge, and hits a home run similar to <mask>'s 1975 World Series home run.Footage of <mask>'s home run appears in the 1997 film Good Will Hunting, during a scene in which the character Sean Maguire (Robin Williams) tells the story of how he met his wife on the same day the game occurred. The Fisk Foul Pole
On June 13, 2005, the Red Sox honored <mask> and the 12th-inning home run that won Game 6 of the 1975 World Series by naming the left field foul pole, which the famous home run contacted, the Fisk Foul Pole. In a pregame ceremony from the Monster Seats, <mask> was cheered by the Fenway Park crowd while the shot was replayed to the strains of Handel's Hallelujah Chorus, the song longtime Fenway Park organist John Kiley originally played following the home run. The Red Sox scheduled the ceremony to coincide with an interleague series against the Cincinnati Reds, who were making their first trip back to Fenway Park since the '75 Series. Thirty years later, the video of <mask> trying to wave the ball fair remains one of the game's enduring images. Game 6 is often considered one of the best games played in Major League history. The crowd remembered that magical moment at precisely 12:34 a.m.ET early on the morning of October 22, 1975, when <mask> drove a 1–0 fastball from Cincinnati right-hander Pat Darcy high into the air, heading down the left-field line. "The ball only took about two and half seconds", recalled <mask>. "It seemed like I was jumping and waving for more than two and a half seconds." Two and a half seconds later, the ball caromed off the bright yellow pole, ending one of the most dramatic World Series games ever played and giving the Red Sox a 7–6 win over the Reds in 12 hard-fought innings. On the field, <mask> threw out the ceremonial first pitch to his former batterymate Luis Tiant. From now on, like the Pesky Pole down the right-field line, the left-field pole will officially be called the Fisk Foul Pole. The idea was the inspiration of the countless fans who contacted the Red Sox about recognizing the historic moment.Fenway's right field foul pole, which is just  from the plate, is named Pesky's Pole for former Red Sox shortstop Johnny Pesky. Mel Parnell named the pole after Pesky in  when he won a game with a home run just inside the right-field pole. Rings
After the June 13 ceremony in Boston, <mask> received an honorary World Series ring from the Red Sox commemorating their 2004 World Series victory. On Saturday, August 12, 2006, the Chicago White Sox presented <mask> with another ring, this one in honor of the White Sox' 2005 championship. Statue
The Chicago White Sox unveiled a life-sized bronze statue of <mask> on August 7, 2005. The statue is located inside Guaranteed Rate Field on the main concourse in center field. It joined similar statues depicting Charles Comiskey, Frank Thomas and Minnie Miñoso and eventually Luis Aparicio, Nellie Fox, Billy Pierce and Harold Baines.Honors
 In 1997, the Chicago White Sox retired <mask>'s number 72. <mask> was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 1997. <mask> was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2000. <mask>'s number 27 was retired by the Boston Red Sox in 2000. <mask> was inducted into the University of New Hampshire Athletics Hall of Fame in 2000.
 in 2004, <mask> was named the greatest athlete of all time from New Hampshire. In 2005, <mask> was honored with a statue inside the White Sox's stadium. In 2005, the left-field foul pole at Fenway Park was named the Fisk Pole in honor of <mask>.Personal life
<mask> is a supporter of the Cancer Support Center. He and his wife Linda serve on the Honorary Board. <mask> and his wife Linda have three children, Carlyn, Courtney and Casey and five grandchildren. <mask> is the brother in law of former major league and minor league teammate Rick Miller, who married <mask>'s sister Janet in 1973. On October 22, 2012, <mask> was charged with a DUI in New Lenox, Illinois, after he was found in the middle of a corn field, unconscious behind the wheel of his vehicle. He pleaded guilty to the charge on December 27, 2012. In 2012, <mask>'s Florida home was burglarized, with thieves taking valuable coins.<mask> appears briefly in the 1989 film Field of Dreams, playing for the White Sox on a television screen. <mask> grows and collects orchids. <mask>'s daughter, Carlyn <mask>, a volleyball player, was inducted into the University of Illinois-Chicago Athletics Hall of Fame in 1997. <mask>'s daughter, Courtney helped lead Lockport Township High School to the Illinois State Volleyball Championship. <mask>'s son Casey played college baseball at Illinois State University and is currently a college baseball coach and owns a sports performance training business. Career statistics
<mask>'s career

masks:
Fisk
Fisk
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Fisk
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Fisk
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Carlton Fisk
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Carlton Fisk
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<mask> (born December 25, 1986) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher. He played for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 2009 through 2011. Joaquín throws three pitches: a fastball, a slider, and a changeup. Signed by the Giants in 2003, <mask> reached the major leagues in 2009 and appeared in 10 games, which would be his highest total in an MLB season. Part of the Opening Day roster in 2010, he pitched in four games during San Francisco's World Series championship season. The Chicago White Sox attempted to claim him off waivers in the offseason, but he refused to report to them, nullifying the waiver claim. Returning to the Giants in 2011, he five games for them in September and received his lone MLB decision, a win.In 2012, <mask> <mask> de la Cruz was born on December 25, 1986, in La Vega, Dominican Republic. On October 31, 2003, the San Francisco Giants signed Joaquín as an amateur free agent. His first professional experience came with the Dominican Summer League Giants in 2004; in 14 games (13 starts), he had six wins and a 1.61 earned run average (ERA). He pitched for the Arizona League Giants in 2005, posting a 1–1 record with a 3.64 ERA, 37 strikeouts, and 10 walks in  innings.He did not play in 2006 due to surgery on his right elbow, but he returned in 2007, for the Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Single-A (short season) Northwest League, with whom he went 3–0 with a 2.84 ERA, 30 strikeouts, and 16 walks in 38 innings. In 2008, Joaquín played for the Single-A Augusta GreenJackets of the South Atlantic League and the Single-A advanced San Jose Giants of the California League. He was had a combined 1–3 with a 4.42 ERA in  innings over 36 games (seven starts). After the season, he made eight starts for the Waikiki BeachBoys of the Hawaii Winter Baseball League, posting a 2–3 record and a 5.97 ERA. Joaquín began 2009 with the Double-A Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League. He had a 4–5 record, a 2.67 ERA, 40 strikeouts, and 28 walks in 54 innings pitched. On August 1, Joaquín was called up to the Giants' bullpen; he replaced Ryan Sadowski on the roster.He made his Major League debut on August 4, giving up one run on two hits in pitching the ninth inning in an 8–1 win over the Houston Astros. He was optioned to the minors the next day to make room for Joe Martinez on the roster. Joaquín spent the rest of the minor league season with the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League; in eight games, he had a 1–0 record, an 0.00 ERA, 16 strikeouts, and two walks in 10 innings pitched. He was called up again on September 1 when rosters expanded, and he made nine more appearances for the Giants that year. In 10 games with the Giants, which would be his most in an MLB season, Joaquín had no record, a 4.22 ERA, 12 strikeouts, and seven walks in  innings pitched. After the season, he made 16 relief appearances for the Gigantes del Cibao of the Dominican Winter League, posting a 1–0 record and a 2.35 ERA. Joaquín made the Giants' Opening Day roster in 2010.He threw a scoreless  of an inning in his first outing, but he gave up runs in each of his next three outings. At the beginning of May, he was sent down to Fresno when Aaron Rowand came off the disabled list. He was called up again on May 27 following an injury to Jeremy Affeldt, but he was sent down to Fresno days later without making an appearance. In four games with the Giants, Joaquín had no record, a 9.64 ERA, two strikeouts, and seven walks in  innings pitched. From June 18 to August 5, he was on Fresno's disabled list with a disc problem in his back. In 23 games (five starts) for Fresno, he had a 1–2 record, a 4.93 ERA, 33 strikeouts, and 22 walks in  innings. He was left off the postseason roster as the Giants won the 2010 World Series against the Texas Rangers.On November 22, <mask> was claimed off of waivers by the Chicago White Sox. Refusing the waiver claim, he became a free agent. He was re-signed to a minor league contract by the Giants in December 2010. He pitched for the Gigantes in the offseason but only made three appearances, losing one and posting a 27.00 ERA. <mask> was invited to spring training by the Giants in 2011, but he was reassigned to extended spring training on April 4 before being assigned to Fresno on May 2. From May 16 through June 2, he was on the disabled list with an elbow injury. In 35 games for the Grizzlies, he had a 2–2 record, a 3.44 ERA, 27 strikeouts, and 23 walks in  innings pitched.The Giants re-added him to the 40-man roster on August 4, and they called him up on September 2. On September 17, he recorded the only MLB decision of his career. After he recorded the final two outs of the seventh inning against the Colorado Rockies, the Giants scored four runs in the eighth to take the lead and held on for a 6–5 victory, with Joaquín getting the win. In his last outing of the season, on September 24, he relieved starter Barry Zito with two runners on base and the Giants trailing the Arizona Diamondbacks 6–2. Joaquín threw two wild pitches as he allowed both runners to score in addition to giving up three runs of his own in one inning of work; San Francisco went on to lose 15–2. For the Giants in 2011, Joaquín appeared in five games, posting a 1–0 record and a 4.26 ERA in  innings, with three strikeouts and three walks. He became a free agent on November 30.Washington Nationals organization
On December 14, 2011, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals with an invitation to spring training. He was reassigned to minor league camp on March 15, 2012. However, he did not pitch for any of their minor league teams due to an injury. He did pitch in nine games for the Gigantes after the season, winning one and posting a 6.23 ERA. On November 12, he became a free agent. Mexican League

Joaquín spent the next four seasons in the Mexican Baseball League. In 2013, he pitched for the Sultanes de Monterrey.Making 26 appearances, he had a 4–2 record, four saves, a 3.96 ERA, 10 strikeouts, and seven walks in 25 innings. He made 34 appearances for Monterrey in 2014, posting a 2–5 record, one save, a 4.67 ERA, 33 strikeouts, and 19 walks in  innings pitched. After the season, he pitched in the Dominican Winter League, though this time for the Estrellas de Oriente. In 13 games, he had a 1–0 record and a 6.00 ERA. In 2015, Joaquín pitched for two Mexican League teams. Making 31 appearances for the Acereros de Monclova, he had a 2–2 record, eight saves, a 3.41 ERA, 32 strikeouts, and eight walks in  innings. He also made 17 appearances for the Rieleros de Aguascalientes, posting a 2–1 record, three saves, a 3.74 ERA, 14 strikeouts, and eight walks in  innings.Following the season, he returned to the Estrellas, posting a 1–1 record and a 3.86 ERA in 15 games. <mask> pitched for two Mexican League teams again in 2016. In eight games for the Saraperos de Saltillo, he had no record, three saves, a 4.32 ERA, seven strikeouts, and one walk in  innings. He also made eight appearances for the Vaqueros Laguna, where he had no record, one save, a 2.35 ERA, five strikeouts, and four walks in 19 innings. After the season, he played winter ball in Venezuela, this time for the Caribes de Anzoátegui. In 18 games, he had a 1–0 record and a 1.89 ERA. He also made one appearance for the Estrellas, allowing two runs in  of an inning.Detroit Tigers organization, winter ball
On December 20, 2016, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers. Assigned to extended spring training at the start of the 2017 season, he then pitched in three games for the Lakeland Flying Tigers of the Single-A Advanced Florida State League before being promoted to the Erie SeaWolves of the Double-A Eastern League. In 12 games (one start), he had a 2–4 record, a 6.06 ERA, 14 strikeouts, and six walks in  innings. He was released on June 19. Later that year, Joaquin made six appearances with the York Revolution of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He had a 1–0 record, a 15.43 ERA, five strikeouts, and four walks in  innings. Over the 2017–18 offseason, <mask> made 14 appearances for the Caribes, accumulating no record but recording three saves and posting a 4.97 ERA.He made one appearance for the Toros del Este of the Dominican Winter League in the 2018–19 offseason, pitching a scoreless inning. On March 21, 2020, <mask> signed with the Hamilton Cardinals of the Intercounty Baseball League. However, he did not pitch for the Cardinals, as the league's season was cancelled due to the impact of COVID-19. Pitching style
Joaquín throws three pitches: a fastball, a slider, and a changeup. The fastball travels  to  and travels quickly to the upper inside corner of the strike zone for right-handed batters. Left-handed batters can see it more easily. The slider travels in the middle  range.Sam Corun of Bleacher Report mentioned in 2010 that his changeup needed to be better in order for him to walk fewer hitters. References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Acereros de Monclova players
Arizona League Giants players
Augusta GreenJackets players
Connecticut Defenders players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Fresno Grizzlies players
Gigantes del Cibao players

Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Salem-Keizer Volcanoes players
San Francisco Giants players
San Jose Giants players
Sultanes de Monterrey players
Rieleros de Aguascalientes players
Waikiki Beach Boys players
Estrellas Orientales players
Saraperos de Saltillo players
Vaqueros Laguna players
Caribes de Anzoátegui players
Erie SeaWolves players
Lakeland Flying Tigers players
York Revolution players
Toros del Este players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Venezuela

masks:
Waldis Joaquín de la Cruz
Joaquín
Joaquínaldis
Joaquín
Joaquín
Joaquín
Joaquín
Joaquín
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<mask> (March 6, 1824 – November 21, 1910), was an expatriate English printer and cooperative socialist in Cincinnati, Ohio during the mid-to-late 19th century. While a young printer in London, <mask> became interested in the utopian socialist writings of Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and Comte de Saint-Simon. Although it is still unknown to what degree <mask> participated in any cooperative or communalist movements in England or America before the Civil War, evidence suggests that <mask> was an active member of a community of progressive and radical Cincinnatians during his professional life. In 1870, he helped to found the "Cooperative Land and Building Association No.1 of Hamilton County, Ohio". The housing cooperative was organized in 1871 to build and develop a railroad suburb named Bond Hill just a few miles outside of the corporate limits of Cincinnati. Besides his work founding Bond Hill, <mask> is best known as the friend and fatherly mentor of the 19th century Japanophile writer Lafcadio Hearn. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Pitsford, Northamptonshire, a village near Northampton in central England, to Baptist parents, <mask> and <mask>.The <mask> family was large and after his father's death at the age of six, <mask>, his four older and two younger siblings were raised by their mother with income from the <mask> family's rental properties. As children, both he and a sister, Hephzibah, suffered grievous eye injuries, a circumstance which may have figured significantly later in his life. <mask> apprenticed as a printer under his uncle John Gardiner Fuller, an abolitionist and son of Andrew Fuller (co-founder of the Baptist Missionary Society), in Bristol. Family letters indicate that in 1845 after staying for a period with another uncle, Reverend Andrew Gunton Fuller, in London, he traveled to America. By 1847 <mask> had made his way to Cincinnati where he worked for the Cincinnati newspaper, the Daily Gazette, a known organ for the land reform movement at the time. Within a few years, <mask> became foreman of the Gazette but left in 1853 to set up his own bookstore and printing shop. On May 26 of that same year, <mask> married Laura Ann Fry (1831-1914), a dressmaker and woodcarver from a family of prominent artist craftsmen and Swedenborgians hailing from Bath, England (Howe 2003).(Laura emigrated to America with her father, <mask>, in 1851). <mask> was a vocal and religiously inspired supporter of communism in England. While the Fry family was less vocal about their radicalism in America, their strong affiliation with the Cincinnati Swedenborgian community, and friendships with wealthy progressives and artists suggests that the Frys and <mask> were well within the milieu of radical Cincinnati. According to the 1860 census of Millcreek Township in Hamilton County, Ohio, Laura and <mask> were living in the Bond Hill area, the site on which, ten years later, <mask>'s cooperative would situate their new community. In 1857, <mask> and Laura had a daughter, Effie <mask> (1857-1944). From descriptions of <mask> in biographies of Lafcadio Hearn, <mask> is described as a “largely self-taught, freethinking radical... especially interested in utopian communalism” (Jonathan Cott 1991, 34). Writing soon after his death another biographer wrote:

<mask> was a person of apparently elastic views and varied reading; self educated but shrewd and gifted with a natural knowledge of mankind.He was nearly thirty years older than the boy he spoke to, but he remembered the days when his ideal of life had been far other than working a printing-press in a back street in Cincinnati. At one time he had steeped himself in the French school of philosophy, Fourierism and Saint-Simonism; then for a time followed Hegel and Kant, regaling himself in lighter moments with Edgar Allan Poe and Hoffman’s weird tales. (Nina Kennard 1912, 66)

Publications
The list of publications from <mask>'s printing shop underlies <mask>'s political and social sympathies. The first known book he published was an 1854 spiritualist work by Through H. Tuttle, An outline of universal government, : being a general exposition of the plan of the universe, by a society of the sixth circle. To which is added a lecture purporting to emanate from the spirit of Benjamin Franklin, on the philosophy of spiritual intercourse, and the reasons why spirits disagree in their communications. <mask> also published a large number of songsheets of African-American spirituals and hymns, as well as sermons from the African Methodist Episcopal Church, other spiritualist writings, and miscellaneous printings for Cincinnati merchants and commercial enterprises. <mask>'s printings for spiritualists and the African-American community paralleled the interests of his contemporary Fourierists and likely indicate that <mask> was more than simply a reader of Charles Fourier.Fourierist communities in America waned in the late 1840s while many Fourierists were drawn to the spiritualist and anti-slavery abolitionist movements building throughout the 1850s. This is especially true of Cincinnati where remnants of the Clermont Phalanx helped to populate the city's Spiritual Brotherhood, a spiritualist society. Friendship with Lafcadio Hearn
One of <mask>'s close friends was the Japanophile writer Lafcadio Hearn, who became famous in the late 19th century for his descriptions of Japanese culture and sensibility. The youngHearn arrived nearly penniless in Cincinnati in 1869 and barely survived by working odd jobs, sleeping in haylofts, and cutting his hunger pangs with opium. Later that year, after collapsing from exhaustion, he was dragged into Watkin's shop, where he finally got help. In the Reminiscences of <mask>'s niece Hepsie <mask> Churchill, she speculates that <mask>'s sympathy for the lad was in part motivated by Hearn's ruined eye, a handicap that <mask> shared. <mask> gave Hearn shelter in a back room of his printing shop, fed him, and quickly became his friend, mentor, and surrogate father.Confident of Hearn's heretofore-unrecognized abilities, "Mr. <mask> secured for the boy a position with a Captain Barney, who edited and published a commercial paper, for which Hearn solicited advertisements and to which he began also to contribute articles" (Bronner 1908, 25). In the print shop, and on lengthy walks through Cincinnati, <mask> and Hearn discussed the utopias of Robert Owen, Comte de Saint-Simon, and Charles Fourier, the fantasies of Edgar Allan Poe, and all the morbid and sensational events that found their place in Hearn’s articles for the Cincinnati Enquirer and the Cincinnati Commercial. Their mutual curiosities into spiritualist practice lead them to attend séances in Covington. In part through <mask>'s support and friendship, Hearn became a prolific and well-known journalist and writer. Involvement with cooperatives
After the Civil War, records indicate that <mask> was active in Cincinnati's socialist scene. In 1868, he was one of the initial stockholders subscribed in the Mutual Benefit Grocery, a cooperative grocery store in downtown Cincinnati. The grocery was a hub in the network of Cincinnati progressives including members from other prominent socialist families, the Hallers and McLeans, as well as other forward thinking printers, Caleb Clark and Charles Adams, also active in Cincinnati socialist movements.<mask>'s social network also included members and administrators of the Young Men’s Mercantile Library. These connections helped <mask> connect with the social philanthropists eager to create new affordable housing outside of Cincinnati, which in 1869 was even more densely populated than London. In 1870, <mask> helped to form the "Cooperative Land and Building Association No.1 of Hamilton County, Ohio" and in 1871 set about constructing the new suburb in the countryside nearby where he lived. William S. Munson, railroad broker, scion of a wealthy iron merchant family, and president of the Young Men's Mercantile Library (1873–74) was an early investor in the cooperative and became the Co-op's treasurer. It is likely that the cooperative elements of the Bond Hill's building association were inspired through <mask>'s lifelong interest in cooperationism. Due to the financial hardships brought upon by the Long Depression of the 1870s, <mask> likely suffered greatly. By 1880, both his wife and daughter were recorded as in the census as living away from Cincinnati, in Kansas City, Missouri.(Laura Ann and Effie were likely either teaching or engaged in woodcarving furniture or interiors there). Other stresses besides the depression seem to also have affected <mask>'s project. In the early 1880s a schism appears to have split the cooperative and Watkin's activities in its leadership seem to decrease thereafterwards. Records of the Bond Hill Civic Association reveal that <mask> was printing membership cards for the organization as late as September 29, 1893, although by then <mask> and his family had moved next door to his father-in-law, <mask>'s Sunflower Cottage, in Pleasant Ridge. Later years
In 1895, according to correspondence, an accident befell the 71-year-old <mask>. He continued working with the help of his assistant printer, Frank H. Vehr. By 1902 <mask> — by then the oldest practicing printer in Cincinnati — had retired from printing and sold his shop to Vehr.While continuing to work, first selling novelties and afterwards doing unknown work in an office building, <mask> (with his wife and daughter) moved into Cincinnati’s Old Men’s and Widow's Home, a nursing home in Walnut Hills. According to his obituary, <mask> died of exhaustion at 4 o'clock in the morning, Monday, November 21, 1910, at the age of 86. In 1914, Laura died as well. Their bodies were cremated. After her mother's death, Effie <mask>, spent a few years outside the home but never married. Returning to the home she spent the rest of her life there until her death in 1944. <mask> is survived by the descendants of his other siblings: John (1817-1904), William (1819-?), James (1822-? ), Mary (1820-? ), Hephzibah (1827-?) and Sarah Ann <mask> (1829-?). References

 Bronner, Milton, ed. Letters from the Raven : Being the Correspondence of Lafcadio Hearn with <mask> / with Introd. And Critical Commentary by the Editor, Milton Bronner.London: Archibald Constable, 1908, c1907. Howe, Jennifer L, ed. Cincinnati Art-Carved Furniture and Interiors. Athens, Ohio: Cincinnati Art Museum, Ohio University Press, 2003. Kennard, Nina H. Lafcadio Hearn, Containing Some Letters from Lafcadio Hearn to His Half-Sister, Mrs. Atkinson. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1912. Stebbins, Charles M. “The Autobiography of Charles M. Stebbins” in The One and True Religion (Charles M. Stebbins, 1895).New York: J.S. Ogilvie Publishing Company, 1898 (third edition). Varady, Aharon N. "Bond Hill: Origin and Transformation of a 19th Century Cincinnati Railroad Suburb." Masters Thesis, University of Cincinnati, lulu.com: 2004. Varady welcomes all correspondence in connection to his research into the life of <mask>. External links
Bond Hill: Origin and Transformation of a 19th Century Cincinnati Railroad Suburb by Aharon Varady, 2004

1824 births
1910 deaths
English Swedenborgians
Fourierists
People from West Northamptonshire District
People from Cincinnati
Cooperative organizers
English expatriates in the United States
Saint-Simonists
Utopian socialists

masks:
Henry Watkin
Watkin
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Watkin
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Henry Watkin
William Watkin
Mary Hobson Watkin
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Henry Fry
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Maud Watkin
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Henry Fry
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<mask> (17 October 1874 – 28 August 1964) was an Irish-born film and theatre actor. He was also a theatre director and theatrical producer. Early years
<mask> studied at St. Dunstan's College in London. Career

<mask> appeared in more than 35 Broadway productions between 1900 and 1942. In 1908 he first appeared on Broadway in the hit play What Every Woman Knows starring Maude Adams. He served as director and/or producer for various productions, some starring himself. He started appearing in films in 1916.By his last screen appearance in 1961, <mask> had appeared in more than 140 films and over a dozen television productions. Personal life and death
<mask> was married to actress Selene Johnson. He died 28 August 1964, aged 89, in Beverly Hills, California. Complete filmography

Love's Crucible (1916 short) as Stephen Wright
As in a Looking Glass (1916) as Andrew Livingston
 The Test (1916) as Arthur Thome
 Arms and the Woman (1916) as David Fravoe
Envy (1917) as Stanton Skinner
Barbary Sheep (1917) as Sir Claude Wyverne
The Seven Deadly Sins (1917) as Stanton Skinner (Envy)
National Red Cross Pageant (1917) as The Archbishop of Canterbury - English episode
The Light Within (1918) as Clinton Durand
The Avalanche (1919) as Price Ruyler
 The Country Cousin (1919) as Archie Gore
Mothers of Men (1920) as Capt. Clark
Clive of India (1935) as Maj. Gen. Sir Thomas Woodley
Folies Bergère de Paris (1935) as Gustave
Cardinal Richelieu (1935) as Gustavus Adolphus - King of Sweden
Lady Tubbs (1935) as Lord Abernathy
She (1935) as Dugmore (uncredited)
The Crusades (1935) as Robert - Earl of Leicester
The Bishop Misbehaves (1935) as Constable
Freckles (1935) as James McLean
The Three Musketeers (1935) as Captain de Treville
The Great Impersonation (1935) as Duke Henry
Professional Soldier (1935) as Paul Valdis
Under Two Flags (1936) as Lord Seraph
The Princess Comes Across (1936) as Detective Cragg
The Last of the Mohicans (1936) as General Abercrombie
The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936) as Col. Woodward (uncredited)
Lloyd's of London (1936) as Capt. Suckling
The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1937) as Inspector Witherspoon
Parnell (1937) as Editor (uncredited)
The Life of Emile Zola (1937) as Mr. Richards
The Littlest Diplomat (1937 short) as Colonel Hardwick
Life Begins with Love (1937) as Col. William Addington Drake III
A Christmas Carol (1938) as Man Discussing Scrooge's Funeral (uncredited)
Gunga Din (1939) as Major Mitchell
Captain Fury (1939) as Mr. Bailey
The Giant of Norway (1939, Short) as Fridtjof Nansen (uncredited)
Northwest Passage (1940) as Lord Amherst
Rebecca (1940) as Mr. Tabbs
A Dispatch from Reuter's (1940) as Chairman
Hudson's Bay (1941) as Capt. Alan MacKinnon (uncredited)
Shadows on the Stairs (1941) as Inspector
More Trifles of Importance (1941 short) as Duke (uncredited)
One Night in Lisbon (1941) as Doorman (uncredited)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) as Colonel Weymouth
Passage from Hong Kong (1941) as Inspector Bray
The Blonde from Singapore (1941) as Reginald Belvin
Suspicion (1941) as Inspector Hodgson (uncredited)
Confirm or Deny (1941) as Sir Titus Scott, Penzance Chronicle
This Above All (1942) as First Headwaiter (uncredited)
The Greatest Gift (1942,Short) as Father Cyprian (uncredited)
Random Harvest (1942) as Sir John (uncredited)
The Gorilla Man (1943) as General Randall Devon
London Blackout Murders (1943) as Supt.Winthrop
Battle Cry (1955) as New Zealander in Bar (uncredited)
The Finest Gift (1955 TV movie) as Ambassador Wakefield
Johnny Tremain (1957) as Adm. Montagu
Count Your Blessings (1959) as John
The Oregon Trail (1959) as Sir Richard Wallingham, British Ambassador (uncredited)
The Four Skulls of Jonathan Drake (1959) as Rogers

References

External links

AllMovie.com.biography

<mask> <mask> with Elsie Ferguson in the 1919 silent film The Avalanche
Lumsden Hare bio (Aveleyman)

1874 births
1964 deaths
Irish male film actors
Irish male silent film actors
Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923)
Irish male stage actors
People from County Tipperary
20th-century Irish male actors

masks:
Francis Lumsden Hare
Hare
Hare
Hare
Hare
Lumsden
Hare