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<mask>i () (born July 1960) is a Sudanese citizen and paymaster for al-Qaeda. Qosi was held since January 2002 in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba. His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number is 54. <mask>i was held at Guantanamo for approximately ten years and six months; he was charged with low-level support of al-Qaeda. After pleading guilty in a plea bargain in 2010, in the first trial under the military commissions, and serving a short sentence, <mask> was transferred to Sudan by the Obama Administration in July 2012. He was to be held in custody and participate in Sudan's re-integration program for former detainees before being allowed to return to his hometown. Some years after his release, <mask> moved to Yemen and joined Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), appearing in video releases by the group and reportedly taking a leadership role in it.In November 2019, the Rewards for Justice Program offered $4 million for information leading to the identification or location of Al Qosi. Background

<mask> <mask> was born in 1960 in Atbara, Sudan. He has a brother named Abdullah. He is married to one of Abdullah Tabarak's daughters, and has two daughters. In 1990, <mask> was recruited by Sudanese jihadists and later traveled to Afghanistan via UAE and Pakistan, where he trained at a training camp outside of Khost. Two years later, he returned to Khartoum and worked in currency trading. In 1995, he went to Chechnya via Syria, Azerbaijan and Dagestan, where he fought in the First Chechen War as a mortar operator.A year later, he went back to Afghanistan where he aided in the fight against the Northern Alliance from 1998 to 2001. However, he was captured by the Pakistani authorities while trying to cross the Afghan-Pakistani borders on 15 December 2001 near Parachinar, Pakistan. Then he was detained in a prison in Peshawar until 27 December, before being held in US custody at a Kandahar detention facility. Later on, he was transferred to Guantanamo on 13 January 2002. <mask> was the first captive to face charges before a Guantanamo military commission. He was not accused of being a member of al Qaeda's leadership, only of simple support tasks, like cooking. After pleading guilty in a plea bargain, he was sentenced in July 2010.He was transferred to Sudan in July 2012 after completing a shortened sentence, and was to participate in Sudan's re-integration program for former detainees. Official status reviews

Originally the Bush Presidency asserted that captives apprehended in the "war on terror" were not covered by the Geneva Conventions, and could be held indefinitely, without charge, and without an open and transparent review of the justifications for their detention. In 2004, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Rasul v. Bush, that Guantanamo captives were entitled to being informed of the allegations justifying their detention, and were entitled to try to refute them. Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants

Following the Supreme Court's ruling the Department of Defense set up the Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants. A summary of evidence memo listing allegations justifying his detention was prepared for his Combatant Status Review Tribunal on September 4, 2004. Scholars at the Brookings Institution, led by Benjamin Wittes, listed the captives still
held in Guantanamo in December 2008, according to whether their detention was justified by certain
common allegations:

 <mask> Mahmoud <mask> was listed as one of the captives who had faced charges before a military commission. <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... are members of Al Qaeda."<mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... traveled to Afghanistan for jihad." <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... took military or terrorist training in Afghanistan." <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... fought for the Taliban." <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... were at Tora Bora." <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who was an "al Qaeda operative". <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives "who have been charged before military commissions and are alleged Al Qaeda operatives." <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the "82 detainees [who] made no statement to CSRT or ARB tribunals or made statements that do not bear materially on the military's allegations against them."Habeas petition
A petition of habeas corpus was filed on Al Qosi's behalf. Following the United States Supreme Court's ruling in Rasul v. Bush (2004) that detainees had the right under habeas corpus to an impartial tribunal to challenge their detention, more than 200 captives had habeas corpus petitions filed on their behalf. Congress passed the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 (DTA) and the Military Commissions Act of 2006 (MCA) at the request of the Bush administration, which suspend their access to the US civilian justice system and shift all responsibility to military tribunals. In September 2007, the Department of Defense published the unclassified dossiers arising from the Combatant Status Review Tribunals of 179 captives. The Department of Defense withheld the unclassified documents from Al Qosi's Tribunal without explanation. On June 12, 2008, in its landmark ruling in the Boumediene v. Bush habeas corpus petition, the United States Supreme Court determined that the MCA was unconstitutional for attempting to deprive the captives' of their constitutional right to habeas corpus. It ruled that detainees could access the US federal courts directly.Formerly secret Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment

On April 25, 2011, whistleblower organization WikiLeaks published formerly secret assessments drafted by Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts. Al-Qosi's assessment was eleven pages long, and was drafted on November 15, 2007. It was signed by camp commandant Mark H. Buzby. The report noted that <mask>i had been "compliant and non-hostile to the guard force and staff." Charged before military commissions

On February 24, 2004, <mask>i was named in documents for the first military commissions to be held for detainees. The U.S. alleged that he joined al-Qaeda in 1989 and worked as a driver and bodyguard for Osama bin Laden, as well as working as a quartermaster for al-Qaeda. He was also alleged to have been the treasurer of a business which was an al-Qaida front.He was indicted along with Ali Hamza Ahmed Sulayman <mask>. The indictment allowed the detainees to consult with military defense lawyers assigned by the government to prepare their defenses. <mask> was charged with conspiracy to commit war crimes, including attacking civilians, murder, destruction of property, and terrorism. Lieutenant Colonel Sharon Shaffer USAF (Judge Advocates Group) was appointed as <mask>i's defense lawyer on February 6, 2004. On August 27, 2004 Shaffer complained that the Prosecution was not providing her with the information she needed for her defense of <mask>i. She said that <mask>i had informed her that the quality of translation at his military commission was insufficient for him to understand what was happening. She told the Tribunal that she had to resign as <mask>i's attorney.According to the Voice of America, Chief Prosecutor Colonel Robert L. Swann assured the commission that: "...all resources will be devoted to obtaining the most accurate translations possible." On November 9, 2004, legal action against Qosi was suspended, The US District Court Justice James Robertson had ruled, in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, that the military commissions violated international agreements to which the United States was a signatory, including part of the Geneva Conventions. This ruling applied to all four of the detainees who had been charged by the military commission. In 2005, a three-judge appeals panel overturned Robertson's ruling, setting the commissions back in motion. In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006),  the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the president lacked the constitutional authority to establish military the military commissions, and that only Congress could do so. Congress subsequently passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006, which included provisions to suspend the access of detainees to habeas corpus in the US courts. On February 9, 2008, <mask> and Ali Hamza Suleiman Al Bahlul were charged before the Congressionally authorized Guantanamo military commissions authorized by the Military Commissions Act of 2006.Phoning home
 <mask> Qosi was among those who was granted access to telephone privileges. On May 22, 2008, Lieutenant Colonel Nancy Paul, the Presiding Officer of his Commission ordered that <mask> Qosi be permitted his first phone call home. While it was reported that the phone call was made, this was in error. Qosi had declined to leave his cell to meet with Commander Suzanne Lachelier, his assigned legal counsel, and the Camp's security rules do not permit her going to his cell to talk to him—so they have never discussed his case. During a preliminary hearing, <mask> <mask> told Paul he does not want to be represented by an American lawyer. He said that he had been unable to hire the lawyer of his choice because he had been isolated in Guantanamo, and had been unable to contact his family since his detention. Later that day, Commander Pauline Storum, a Guantanamo spokesman, reported that the call had been completed, and that he had spoken with his family for an hour.On May 23, 2008, Storum sent an apology by e-mail to reporters to retract her claim the phone call had been completed. I misspoke when I confirmed that <mask>i's call was complete. In clarifying the current status of the detainee phone program, I misunderstood the information I was given, and inaccurately conveyed that <mask>i's call was completed. I apologize for the error. <mask>-Qosi's appointed counsel, Suzanne Lachelier, told Carol Rosenberg, of the Miami Herald, that she was surprised to learn, through press reports, that the call had been completed. She said she had only begun to initiate the co-ordination with the Red Cross to arrange for his family to be set up to receive the call when she learned the call had already been completed. According to Rosenberg:

The original statement Thursday struck some observers as extraordinary -- for both its speed and the coordination between the separate bureaucracies of the prison camp and the war court.The Department of Defense had until July 1, 2008, to arrange the phone call. The US Supreme Court ruled in Boumediene v. Bush (2008) that the Military Commissions Act of 2006 was unconstitutional, as it suspended the right of habeas corpus of detainees. Military commissions were suspended. July 2009 hearing

On July 15, 2009, <mask>i had his first hearing that year. According to Carol Rosenberg, writing in the Lakeland Ledger, the electronic audio management equipment the court had been supplied with in 2008 initially failed to function properly. Rosenberg reported that <mask>i's defense team was concerned that the Prosecution was imposing improper delays, and noted they had told the Presiding Officer. Continuance
The Barack Obama Presidency was granted a continuance on October 21, 2009.Congress had amended the MCA, passing the Military Commissions Act of 2009, and the Department of Defense needed to create regulations to implement it. The military commissions for five other captives were granted continuances, until November 16, 2009. <mask> Qosi did not attend this hearing. New charges rejected, status determination scheduled
On December 3, 2009, Paul ruled that the charges against Al Qosi should be limited to crimes he was alleged to have committed in Afghanistan. She ruled that crimes he was alleged to have committed when al Qaeda was based in Sudan were beyond the mandate of the military commission system. Carol Rosenberg, writing in the Miami Herald, reported that Paul scheduled hearings for January 6, 2010, to determine whether Al Qosi met the eligibility criteria as an illegal enemy combatant as laid out in the Military Commissions Act of 2006. Only if he was classified under that status would the military commission have jurisdiction to try him.Rosenberg described Paul as the first Presiding Officer of a Military Commission to address the changes that US Congress set in place when passing the Military Commissions Act of 2009. Andrea Prasow, a senior counsel with Human Rights Watch, was critical of Paul for proceeding with the Commission, although the government had not completed drafting the rules of procedure under the act. Guilty Plea
On July 7, 2010, <mask>i entered a guilty plea under a plea bargain deal, the details of which have not been publicly released. His sentencing was set for August 9, 2010. On August 11, 2010, a military jury at Guantanamo recommended that <mask>i serve 14 years in prison. Appeal dismissed
Other individuals who, like <mask>i, had pleaded guilty to "providing material support for terrorism", had their convictions overturned on appeal. Appeals courts ruled that the charge was not a crime at the time the acts were committed.In 2014, Al-<mask>'s military-appointed lawyer, Mary McCormick, attempted to have <mask>i's conviction overturned, following the precedent of the over-turning the convictions of other men convicted of the same charge. The United States Court of Military Commission Review first declined to provide funds for McCormick to travel to Sudan to consult with <mask>i, and then ruled that she could not prove she had an attorney-client relationship, on his behalf. Finally, the USCMCR ruled that since McCormick couldn't prove she had an attorney-client relationship she wasn't authorized to file motions on <mask>i's behalf. On May 1, 2015, three Judges of the DC Circuit Court of Appeals confirmed that McCormick couldn't prove she had an attorney-client relationship. Steve Vladeck, a professor of Law who specializes in security matters, described the decision by the USCMCR to withhold funds from McCormick so she could renew contact with <mask>i because she could not document that she remained in contact with him as "somewhat circular". Repatriation
When <mask>i was transferred to Sudan by the Obama Administration on July 11, 2012, his lawyer Paul Reichler said <mask>i will enter a Sudan government "re-integration program:"

<mask>i was held in Sudan's capital, Khartoum, during the initial period of his re-integration. He was eventually transferred to his home town of Afbara.Nine other former Guantanamo detainees went through the reintegration program with no sign of recidivism. Recidivism
In December 2015, <mask> (as Sheikh Khubayb <mask>) was featured in a video released by al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, which he reportedly joined in 2014. The footage showed him and other al-Qaeda veterans encouraging "individual jihad". He gave a 12-page interview on the life and legacy of Osama bin Laden in the AQAP magazine "Inspire" Spring 2016 issue (#15). In October 2021, Qosi threatened the United States with attacks and praised <mask> Hasan. See also
 List of fugitives from justice who disappeared

References

External links
 "Bin Laden’s cook is moved to isolation in Gitmo", Al Arabiya, 10 October 2010
 "Military Commissions", Human Rights First blog
Human Rights First; The Case of <mask> Mahmoud <mask>, Sudan, Human Rights First
"Former bin Laden cook reaches secret sentencing deal with U.S. government", Washington Post, 9 August 2010
"Bin Laden Cook Accepts Plea Deal at Guantánamo Trial" Andy Worthington, 8 July 2010
"Sentencing of detainee stalls at Guantanamo", Washington Post'', August 2010

1960 births
Living people
Al-Qaeda leaders
Sudanese al-Qaeda members
People from Khartoum
Detainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Fugitives
Prisoners and detainees of the United States military
Sudanese expatriates in Pakistan

masks:
Ibrahim Ahmed Mahmoud al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed Mahmoud al Qos
Qosi
Al Qosi
Ibrahim Al
Qosi
Qosi
Qosi
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qosi
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Bahlul
Al Qosi
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qosi
Ibrahim al
Ibrahim al
Ibrahim Al
Qosi
al Qos
al Qos
Ibrahim al
al Qos
al Qos
Ibrahim al
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
Qosi
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qosi
al Sudani
Nidal
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qosi


type: original

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<mask> (李藩) (754 – November 20, 811), courtesy name Shuhan (叔翰), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xianzong. Background
<mask> was born in 754, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. His family was part of the prominent Li clan of Zhao Prefecture (趙州, in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) — not part of the same clan as the Tang dynasty's imperial <mask> clan, but which is considered one of the five most prominent Han clans of Northern Wei. It traces its ancestry to the prominent Warring States period State of Zhao general <mask> whilst the line includes officials of the Qin dynasty, the Han dynasty, Cao Wei (a country of the Three Kingdoms period), the Jin dynasty (266–420), the Former Yan or Later Yan, the Northern Wei, the Northern Qi, the Sui dynasty, and the Tang dynasty. <mask>'s great-grandfather <mask> (李至遠) served as a deputy minister and prefect during the reign of Wu Zetian (r. 690–705), whilst his grandfather <mask> (李畬) served as a supervisorial official at the Ministry of Rites during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. Both <mask> and <mask> were known for their virtuosity. During Emperor Dezong's reign
Young and first fame
<mask>'s father <mask> (李承) served as a circuit governor during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong's great-grandson Emperor Dezong.<mask> himself was said to be quiet, careful, attentive to his appearance, and studious in his youth. When <mask> died in 783, he left <mask> substantial wealth. When relatives arrived to mourn <mask>, he allowed to take things as they wished, and thereafter continued to be charitable with the wealth; within several years, the wealth that <mask> left was spent, and the household was poor. When <mask> was in his 40s, he was not yet serving as an official, and he was studying at Yang Prefecture (揚州, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). He did not even have enough money for his household's use. He was much resented by his wife as a result, but he did not mind this. When Du Ya (杜亞) served as the defender of the eastern capital Luoyang, as he had been friendly with <mask>, he invited <mask> to serve as a secretary under him.While <mask> served under Du, there was an occasion when there was a major robbery at Luoyang. False accusations were laid against Du's officer <mask> Yun (令狐運), and Du believed the accusations, tortured <mask>, and extracted a confession. <mask> knew that <mask> was innocent and argued on his behalf; when his arguments were rejected, he resigned. When the real robber, Song Jutan (宋瞿曇), was eventually captured, <mask> became famous. Zhang succession crisis, consenquencies, and minor issues
Later, Zhang Jianfeng the military governor (Jiedushi) of Xusihao Circuit (徐泗濠, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) invited <mask> to serve on his staff. In or before 800, when Zhang grew ill, one of his subordinates, Du Jian (杜兼) the prefect of one of Xusihao's prefectures, Hao Prefecture (濠州, in modern Chuzhou, Anhui), was plotting to succeed Zhang, and therefore, without Zhang's orders, arrived at Xusihao's capital Xu Prefecture (徐州). <mask> rebuked him and stated that if Du did not return to Hao Prefecture immediately, he would report this to the imperial government; Du, in fear, did so.When Zhang died in spring 800, the imperial government initially was set to commission Wei Xiaqing (韋夏卿) to succeed him, but the Xu Prefecture forces rebelled and supported Zhang's son Zhang Yin (張愔) as his successor. After forces commanded by Du You the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered at Yang Prefecture) and Zhang Pi (張伾) the prefect of Si Prefecture (泗州, in modern Huai'an, Jiangsu) were both defeated by Xu Prefecture troops, the imperial government capitulated and allowed Zhang Yin to become military prefect (團練使, Tuanlianshi) of Xu Prefecture but took the other two prefectures and merged them into Huainan Circuit. Thereafter, <mask> left Xu Prefecture and returned to Yang Prefecture. Du Jian, angry at how he felt <mask> took away his chance to control Xusihao, submitted an accusation to Emperor Dezong accusing <mask> of having encouraged the rebellion of the Xu Prefecture troops. Emperor Dezong, in anger, issued an edict to Du You ordering him to execute <mask>. Du You, however, did not have the heart to do so. He showed the edict to <mask>, who indicated that he did not fear death.Du You, however, submitted a petition defending <mask>. Emperor Dezong, still not believing <mask>'s faithfulness, summoned him to the capital Chang'an to meet him personally. After meeting <mask>, due to <mask>'s relaxed attitude and elegance, concluded that <mask> was not guilty of treason, made him Mishu Lang (秘書郎), an official at the Palace Library. At that time, the official Wang Chun (王純) was powerful, and he tried to invite <mask> to a meeting, intending to promote <mask> if <mask> showed submission, but <mask> refused to meet him. Meanwhile, <mask>'s fellow junior officials Wang Zhongshu (王仲舒), Wei Chengji (韋成季), and Lü Dong (呂洞) were then having many associates and often met to drink. They knew of <mask>'s reputation and invited him to join them. He joined them once but, disliking how they gamed and used frivolous language, refused to join them again.<mask> later became Zhuke Yuanwailang (主客員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Lǐbu), and yet later became Yousi Yuanwailang (右司員外郎), a low-level official under one of the secretaries general at the executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng). During Emperor Shunzong's reign
In 805, Emperor Dezong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Shunzong. When Emperor Shunzong, in turn, created his son <mask> crown prince. While <mask> was not yet emperor, Wang Chun nevertheless changed his name to Wang Shao (王紹) to observe naming taboo, and the popular sentiment at the time believed that it was inappropriate for him to have done so — as <mask> was not emperor. <mask>, however, opined, "Every dynasty in history was undermined by those officials who did not understand what is important. What Wang Shao did was not unusual." During Emperor Xianzong's reign
Offices in the capital
Later in 805, Emperor Shunzong, who was severely ill, passed the throne to <mask> (as Emperor Xianzong).<mask> was soon made <mask> Yuanwailang (吏部員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Lìbu, note different tone than the ministry of rites), and then promoted to <mask> Langzhong (吏部郎中), a supervisorial official at the ministry of civil service affairs. He was in charge of commissioning low-level officials, but on one occasion, he, after being misled by his messengers, was said to have made inappropriate commissions. He was thereafter demoted to be Zhuzuo Lang (著作郎), a supervisorial official at the archival bureau. He later was made the deputy principal of the imperial university (國子從業, Guozi Congye), and then imperial attendant (給事中, Jishizhong). As part of his duties, he reviewed drafts of imperial edicts. Whenever he saw what he believed to be improprieties in the edicts, he would write his comments on the yellow paper used for edict itself. When the officials in charge requested that, instead of doing so, he wrote on white paper and attached it to the draft edict, he responded, "Then I would be writing a petition, not correcting the edict."The chancellor Pei Ji often recommended <mask> as having the abilities to be a chancellor. A frank Chancellor
In 809, as Emperor Xianzong believed that Zheng Yin was too silent to be chancellor, he removed Zheng and made <mask>xia Shilang (門下侍郎), the deputy head of the examination bureau (門下省, Menxia Sheng), and chancellor de facto with the title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事). It was said that <mask> was open in his talks, hiding nothing from what he knew, and was much respected by Emperor Xianzong. Later in 809, based on the recommendations of <mask> and Pei, Emperor Xianzong entered into a peace treaty with Tufan. In 810, there was an occasion when Emperor Xianzong and the chancellors talked about gods and pondered whether they existed. <mask>, guessing that Emperor Xianzong was beginning to ponder to follow alchemists' suggestions to take various medications to seek immortality, pointed out that Qin Shi Huang and Emperor Wu of Han both failed in their efforts to achieve immortality, and that Emperor Xianzong's ancestor Emperor Taizong had fallen ill from such medicines. <mask> advised Emperor Xianzong to seek peace in the realm and refuse the alchemists' overtures, stating to Emperor Xianzong that he would achieve the lifespan of the mythical Emperor Yao and Emperor Shun if he did so.<mask> also advocated frugality. Opposition to regional governor's pretensions
Also in 810, Wang E (王鍔) was set to be commissioned as the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), and wanted an honorary chancellor title, so he bribed many of Emperor Xianzong's close associates. Emperor Xianzong thus issued a secret edict to <mask> and fellow chancellor Quan Deyu ordering that Wang E be given the honorary chancellor title. <mask> drafted such an edict and then crossed out the words "and chancellor" in Wang's commission to show his opposition. Quan, who also opposed Wang's commission, was nevertheless dismayed and stated, "You can oppose it, but how is crossing out the words on the edict appropriate?" <mask> responded, "This is urgent. If the edict were issued, then it cannot be retracted.The sun is setting. How can we have enough time to oppose it?" After <mask>'s and Quan's oppositions were heard by Emperor Xianzong, the matter of giving Wang the honorary chancellor title was dropped. Fall and death in honors
Late in 810, Pei resigned on account of illness, and in spring 811, <mask> was made chancellor to replace Pei, over <mask>'s opposition. <mask> thus resented <mask>. After he arrived at Chang'an, while meeting Emperor Xianzong, he argued that, during the time that <mask> was chancellor and following the death of Wu Shaocheng,  it was inappropriate that the warlord Wu Shaoyang was allowed to inherit the military governorship of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan). It was said that <mask>'s argument caused Emperor Xianzong to be displeased, and, several days later, <mask> was removed as chancellor and made the head of the household of Emperor Xianzong's son and crown prince, <mask>ng.Several months later, Emperor Xianzong began to miss <mask> and summoned him to have discussions with him. In 811, <mask> was made the prefect of Hua Prefecture (華州, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi), but before he could depart Chang'an, he died and was given posthumous honors. The popular comment at the time was that he was not as capable as Pei and not as stern as Wei Guanzhi, but that he was nevertheless admired for his integrity. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 148. New Book of Tang, vol. 169.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 235, 237, 238. 754 births
811 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Xianzong of Tang

masks:
Li Fan
Li Fan
Li
Li Mu
Li Fan
Li Zhiyuan
Li She
Li Zhiyuan
Li She
Li Fan
Li Cheng
Li Fan
Li Cheng
Li Fan
Li Cheng
Li Cheng
Li Fan
Li Cheng
Li Fan
Li Fan
Linghu
Linghu
Li Fan
Linghu
Li Fan
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li Fan
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li Chun
Li Chun
Li Chun
Li Fan
Li Chun
Li Fan
Libu
Libu
Li
Li Men
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li Jifu
Li Fan
Li Jifu
Li Fan
Li Fan
Li Jifu
Li Fan
Li Ni
Li Fan
Li Fan


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<mask> or Ignaty Ioakhimovich Grinevitsky (, , ;  — March 13, 1881) was a Polish member of the Russian revolutionary society Narodnaya Volya. He gained notoriety for participating in the bombing attack to which Tsar Alexander II of Russia succumbed. Hryniewiecki threw the bomb that fatally wounded the Tsar and himself. Having outlived his victim by a few hours, he died the same day. <mask> and his accomplices believed that the assassination of Alexander II could provoke a political or social revolution to overthrow the tsarist autocracy. Many historians consider the assassination a Pyrrhic victory, since instead of ushering in a revolution, it strengthened the resolve of the state to crush the revolutionary movement, leading to the movement's decline in the 1880s. <mask>'s role in the assassination has sometimes been cited as the earliest occurrence of suicide terrorism.Life

Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in 1855–6, in Bobruysky Uyezd of Minsk Governorate (present-day Klichaw District, Mogilev Region), to a large family which hailed from Grodno Governorate. He was the son of a Catholic landowner who was of the Polish gentry. According to his former comrade Lev Tikhomirov, "He (scil. Hryniewiecki) called himself a Litvin, and not a Pole." Tikhomirov considered him a Russified Pole, and further added that he was equally fluent in Russian and Polish. At one point when Hryniewiecki was reproached for not participating in the Polish movements,  he replied: "When you start partisan fighting, I will be with you. But for the moment, when you do nothing, I shall work for Russia's freedom."In 1875, Hryniewiecki graduated from a gymnasium in Byelostok with the highest academic rank, and in autumn he left for Saint Petersburg to enroll in mechanical engineering at the Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology. In 1879 he became involved with Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), an underground Russian revolutionary movement to which he had contributed financial support  and within which he established a Belarusian faction. He was dismissed from the institute on June 1, 1880, for not attending lectures. In that year, working under the pseudonyms Kotik (Russian for "Kitten") and Mikhail Ivanovich, Hryniewiecki was engaged in anti-Government activities and disseminated revolutionary propaganda among students and workers. He was also an organizer of the underground literature Rabochaya Gazeta at a clandestine printing establishment. According to contemporary descriptions, Hryniewiecki was of medium height, lightly bearded, possessed curly hair, and was good-natured and taciturn. Assassination of the Tsar

In the fall of 1880, Hryniewiecki and five others were tasked with monitoring the various departure routes of the Tsar following his regular Sunday review of the troops at Mikhailovskii Riding School.On February 26, 1881, their observations were discussed in a meeting held at Hryniewiecki's apartment at 59 Simbirskaya street, where he had been living under the surname Elnikov. They had observed that the Tsar frequently traveled through Malaya Sadovaya Street, so the executive committee decided to lay a mine there beneath the pavement. They however realized that he could also take a different route by turning into Italyanskaya Street and following the Catherine Canal, thus avoiding the underground mine. It was therefore necessary to have bomb-throwers that manned the canal. Hryniewiecki volunteered and was designated a bomb-thrower (metal'shchik, in the parlance of revolutionary terrorism). The bombs, prepared by the chemist Nikolai Kibalchich, were specifically designed so that they could be hurled at moving objects. The bombs reportedly weighed 5–6 pounds and the explosive consisted of a mixture of nitroglycerine and pyroxylin.At a clandestine meeting, Hryniewiecki joined Kibalchich, Nikolai Rysakov and Timofei Mikhailov to test half-loaded bombs in an unfrequented suburban park beyond the Neva around Pargolovo. The night before the assassination, Hryniewiecki wrote a letter to posterity, part of which reads:

On Sunday morning, 13 March [1 March, Old Style] 1881, Hryniewiecki and the three other bomb-throwers gathered at the group's flat on Telezhnaya Street. At 9–10 AM, Sophia Perovskaya and Kibalchich each brought two missiles; the men would have one apiece. Perovskaya would later relate that, before heading to the Catherine Canal, she, Rysakov and Hryniewiecki sat in a confectionery store located opposite of the Gostiny Dvor, impatiently waiting for the right time to intercept Alexander II's cavalcade. Only Hryniewiecki could calmly eat a portion served to him. From there they parted ways and converged on the canal. There, as he passed Perovskaya to take up his position on the quay, Hryniewiecki smiled at her and gave her a barely perceptible wink.He showed no signs of fear or anxiety and went to his death with an unflinching spirit. At about 2:15 PM, the conspirators intercepted the imperial carriage as it approached a street corner near the Catherine Canal. Perovskaya waved her handkerchief as a predetermined signal to the bomb-throwers to proceed with the attack. Rysakov then hurled his bomb at the carriage, wounding several bystanders and members of Tsar's equipage. Disregarding pleas for his own safety, Alexander insisted upon leaving his carriage to see his captured assailant. After inspecting Rysakov, instead of returning to the palace posthaste, the Tsar decided to survey the spot where the explosion had occurred. He said "Thank God, I escaped injury," in answer to the anxious inquires of his entourage.As his curiosity was satisfied, he decided to drive away and proceeded to walk back towards the carriage. At this point, Tsar had come to less 1.5 meters from Hryniewiecki, who was leaning against the railing by the canal fence and carrying a bomb wrapped in a handkerchief. Hearing the Tsar's expression of gratitude, according to some sources <mask> shouted: "It is too soon to thank God yet". He turned to face the Tsar and raised both arms and threw a bomb at his feet. Alexander suffered severe wounds and died at 3:30 PM on that day. Reportedly, <mask>'s bomb claimed many more casualties than the first, with one bystander being fatally wounded. Following the explosion, the third bomber Ivan Emelyanov rushed to the scene to see if Hryniewiecki could still be spirited away in the chaos, but found him lying gravely wounded and unconscious from the blast.Hryniewiecki was taken to the nearby infirmary attached to the Winter Palace. At 9 PM he regained consciousness before he drew his last breath. According to the medical examiner's report he only once abruptly said "I don't know" to the police at his bedside who had been questioning him about his name and rank. Refusing to disclose any information, he died from his wounds at 10:30 PM. Aftermath

<mask>'s identity was established only posthumously in April 1881. During the trial of the tsaricides, he was simply referred to as "the person who died on March 1, and lived under the false name of Elnikov." During his post-arrest confession, Andrei Zhelyabov refused to identify his body.Rysakov, the first bomb-thrower and turncoat, had only known Hryniewiecki by his party pseudonyms, and was thus unable to reveal his true name. His surname was first revealed by the arrested member of People's Will, Kolodkevich. This was further corroborated and supplemented by members of St. Petersburg Technological Institute, as well as by his relations in his hometown. <mask> and his fellow conspirators had hoped that the assassination would precipitate a political or social revolution. However, it instead impelled Alexander III to step up state repression and abrogate many of his predecessor's reforms. Numerous arrests depleted the executive committee, which together with the intensified police surveillance dealt serious blows to the movement. Many historians have therefore regarded the assassination as a Pyrrhic victory and a prelude to the decline of the revolutionary movement in the 1880s.The role of a bomb-thrower was known to carry with it the likelihood of death, and the designated bomb-throwers such as Hryniewiecki took that role knowingly, and accepted a suicide mission. Hryniewiecki is therefore sometimes considered to be the first suicide bomber. A chapel and later the Resurrection Cathedral (in popular parlance, "the Savior on the Blood") was erected on the spot of Alexander's assassination on Catherine Canal. In May 1975, the bridge near the scene of the incident was named after Hryniewiecki as the Grinevitsky Bridge, until it was renamed Novo-Konyushenny Bridge in 1998. References

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

1850s births
1881 deaths
People from Klichaw District
People from Bobruysky Uyezd
People of the Russian Empire of Polish descent
Revolutionaries of the Russian Empire
Criminals of the Russian Empire
Russian Empire regicides
Suicide bombers
Suicides in Russia

masks:
Ignacy Hryniewiecki
Hryniewiecki
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Ignacy
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<mask> (1950–2018) was an American Christian theologian and ethicist associated with womanist theology and black theology. In 1974 she became the first African-American woman ordained in the United Presbyterian Church (USA). She is credited with founding womanist theology and ethics as a field. Early life
Born on January 3, 1950, <mask> spent her childhood in Kannapolis, North Carolina, a racially segregated community where she could not use local facilities such as the YMCA, swimming pool or library. She was the daughter of the late <mask> and Corine L<mask>, the first woman to work at the Cannon Mills in Kannapolis. Both her parents were elders in the Presbyterian Church. She had six brothers and sisters.Education and career
<mask> graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from Barber–Scotia College, followed by a Master of Divinity from Johnson C. Smith Theological Seminary, and master's and Doctor of Philosophy degrees from Union Theological Seminary in New York. <mask> was ordained on April 24, 1974, in Shelby, North Carolina, by the Catawba Presbytery, in the Synod of Catawba, becoming the first African-American woman to be ordained in the United Presbyterian Church (USA). <mask> worked at Ascension Presbyterian Church in East Harlem, New York. <mask> began teaching at Union Presbyterian Seminary in Richmond in 2001. She held the position of the Annie Scales Rogers Professor of Christian Social Ethics. Prior to joining the faculty at Union Presbyterian Seminary, <mask> was on the faculties of Temple University, Episcopal Divinity School, and Harvard Divinity School. She was also the Lilly Distinguished Visiting Professor of Religion at Davidson College and the Sterling Brown Visiting Professor in Religion and African American Studies at Williams College.In 2012, <mask> began serving as executive director of the Squaring the Womanist Circle Project at Union Presbyterian Seminary. Following from the research results produced by the project, <mask> worked with the administration of Union Presbyterian Seminary and several foundations to establish The Center For Womanist Leadership at Union Presbyterian Seminary. The center is the first of its kind at any theological academic institution in the United States. From 2004 to 2008, she served as president of the Society for the Study of Black Religion. <mask> received the distinguished professor award from Spelman College, the Lucy Craft Laney Award at the Black Presbyterian Bicentennial Celebration, and was a professor-scholar honoree at the National Black Church Summit at Emory University. She received the  Beautiful Are The Feet Award from the Samuel DeWitt Proctor Conference. The American Academy of Religion honored <mask> with its 2011 Excellence in Teaching Award.In 2018, <mask> was honored at the Presbyterian Church (USA)'s General Assembly, receiving the Excellence in Theological Education Award. As her last living testament, <mask> founded and organized the Center for Womanist Leadership at Union Presbyterian Seminary in April 2018, which was later endowed and renamed The Katie Geneva Cannon Center for Womanist Leadership. <mask> died on August 8, 2018. Influence on Womanist Theology and Ethics
<mask> is widely regarded as one of the founders of womanist theology and ethics. In reflecting on her legacy, scholar Traci C. West notes <mask>'s emphasis on using black women's embodied knowledge as a source for ethical reflection. In her analytical approach, one finds a sharp conceptualization of both the strength and vulnerability of black women especially evident in their collisions with white supremacy. <mask>'s scholarship reveals the ugliness of white racism and how it preys on black women's human vulnerabilities.To reveal the ugliness demands courage because it is so painful. The reflective process of unravelling the impact of racist patterns, as well as the commitment to remaining focused on them and inviting others to do so too, requires scholarly and spiritual stamina. <mask>'s work provides us with historically rooted, geopolitically situated, and intimate examples of black women's epistemological strength. She depicts black women's embodied knowledge as a creative force. The task of the womanist ethicist, she insisted, is to uncover and comprehend it.<mask>'s first full-length book, Black Womanist Ethics, published in 1988, was a groundbreaking text, and is considered to have launched the field of womanist ethics. Publications
God's Fierce Whimsy: The Implications of Feminism for Theological Education. Pilgrim Press, 1985
Inheriting Our Mothers' Gardens: Feminist Theology in Third World Perspective.Letty M. Russell,  Ada Maria Isasi-Diaz, Kwok Pui-lan, and <mask> <mask>, editors. Westminster John Knox Press, 1988. .
 <mask>'s Canon: Womanism and the Soul of the Black Community. Continuum, 1998. . Published in 1998 by the Continuum International Publishing Group, <mask> argues the importance of womanism from a religious, literary and political perspective. Through a series of essays, <mask> continually reviews the role that gender, race and class have held in the formation of black feminist consciousness. Through looking at the intersection between African American women's lived experience of oppression, and faith, <mask> explains  how African American women  how found themselves in a position of moral guides not just in the African American tradition but also America. Black Womanist Ethics, Oxford University Press, 1988
Teaching Preaching: Isaac Rufus Clark and Black Sacred Rhetoric.Continuum, 2007. .
 Womanist Theological Ethics: A Reader. <mask> <mask>, Emilie M. Townes, and Angela D. Sims, editors. Westminster John Knox Press, 2011. . The Oxford Handbook of African American Theology, Oxford University Press, 2014
 <mask>'s Canon: Womanism and the Soul of the Black Community, 25th Anniversary Revised and Expanded Edition. Fortress, 2021. .

References

External links

1950 births
2018 deaths
African-American theologians
African-American Christians
American women academics
American Christian theologians
Presbyterian Church (USA) teaching elders
Barber–Scotia College alumni
Interdenominational Theological Center alumni
Union Presbyterian Seminary faculty
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) alumni
Womanist theologians
Womanist writers
People from Kannapolis, North Carolina
Temple University faculty
Episcopal Divinity School faculty
Harvard Divinity School faculty
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
21st-century African-American women
African-American women writers

masks:
Katie Geneva Cannon
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Esau Cannon
. Cannon
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Katie Geneva
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<mask>, Jr. (May 16, 1914 – July 20, 2009) was an American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher. He is remembered for developing the concept of proxemics and exploring cultural and social cohesion, and describing how people behave and react in different types of culturally defined personal space. <mask> was an influential colleague of Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller. Biography
<mask> was born in Webster Groves, Missouri and taught at the University of Denver, Colorado, Bennington College in Vermont, Harvard Business School, Illinois Institute of Technology, Northwestern University in Illinois and others. The foundation for his lifelong research on cultural perceptions of space was laid during World War II, when he served in the U.S. Army in Europe and the Philippines. From 1933 through 1937, <mask> lived and worked with the Navajo and the Hopi on Native American reservations in northeastern Arizona, the subject of his autobiographical West of the Thirties. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1942 and continued with field work and direct experience throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.During the 1950s he worked for the United States State Department, at the Foreign Service Institute (FSI), teaching inter-cultural communications skills to foreign service personnel, developed the concept of "high context culture" and "low context culture", and wrote several popular practical books on dealing with cross-cultural issues. He is considered a founding father of intercultural communication as an academic area of study. Throughout his career, <mask> introduced a number of new concepts, including proxemics, monochronic time, polychronic time, and high-context and low-context cultures. In his second book, The Hidden Dimension (1966), he describes the culturally specific temporal and spatial dimensions that surround each of us, such as the physical distances people maintain in different contexts. In The Silent Language (1959), <mask> coined the term "polychronic" to describe the ability to attend to multiple events simultaneously, as opposed to "monochronic" individuals and cultures who tend to handle events sequentially. In the 1960s, <mask> published his theory of proxemics, the study of the human use of space, creating a new field of research investigating the nature of personal and public space, and how it may differ between cultures. In 1976, he released his third book, Beyond Culture, which is notable for having developed the idea of extension transference; by an extension, he simply means any technological item, from clothes to laptops.He brings to our attention the fact that these 'extensions' only help us perform certain functions, but they as extensions will never quite be able to carry out these functions by themselves (for example, think about computers, airplanes, etc. We can fly with airplanes, but we can't on our own and nor can airplanes fly 'on their own'). His biggest claim is that culture itself is an extension of man. Extensions also exist in their own evolutionary realm, as well. That is, they evolve on their own and do not directly influence human evolution. The 'transference' of 'extension transference' is a term he coined to describe when people regard a symbol to actually be its referent. The clearest example of this would be language; like when people do not realize that words are merely symbolic to their referents.For example, there is nothing inherently watery about the physical object water, at least in terms of the symbolic acoustic properties that are produced when someone utters water. Evidence for this would be the fact that across languages there are thousands of unique words that all refer to water. Culture, as an extension, is also a good example; extension transference of culture happens naturally when people are unaware of the extent to which culture shapes how they perceive time and space, or that culture shapes their perception of them at all. Time and space are the two prominent aspects that <mask> in particular focuses on in many of his works. He died at his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico on July 20, 2009. Influence
According to Nina Brown, the work of <mask> was so groundbreaking that it created a multitude of other areas for research. One of the most widely sought after topics of anthropology is an idea that was first introduced by <mask>: Anthropology of Space.Brown goes on to mention that the Anthropology of Space has essentially opened the door to dozens of new topics. Along with influencing the Anthropology of Space, <mask>'s research had a substantial influence on the development of intercultural communication as a research topic. Since at least 1990, he has been acknowledged frequently for his role in introducing nonverbal aspects of communication, specifically proxemics, the study of the social uses of space, the investigation of communication between members of different cultures. For example, Robert Shuter, a well-known intercultural communication researcher, commented: "<mask>'s research reflects the regimen and passion of an anthropologist: a deep regard for culture explored principally by descriptive, qualitative methods... The challenge for intercultural communication... is to develop a research direction and teaching agenda that returns culture to preeminence and reflects the roots of the field as represented in <mask>'s early research." What was particularly innovative about <mask>'s early work is that instead of focusing on a single culture at a time, or cross-cultural comparison, as was typical in 1950s’ anthropology, he responded to the needs of his students at the Foreign Service Institute of the Department of State to help them understand interactions between members of different cultures. <mask> points out that the only environment in which classroom dialogue is encountered is simply in the classroom, ergo it served the students little use when actually in the foreign country of interest.At the same time, and in response to the same students, he narrowed his focus from an entire culture, as was then standard within anthropology, to smaller moments of interaction. Colleagues working with him at FSI at the time included Henry Lee Smith, George L<mask>r, Charles F. Hockett, and Ray Birdwhistell. Between them, they used descriptive linguistics as a model for not only proxemics but also kinesics and paralanguage. See also
Symbolic interactionism

Books

 The Silent Language (1959)
 The Hidden Dimension (1966)
 The Fourth Dimension In Architecture: The Impact of Building on Behavior (1975, co-authored with Mildred <mask>)
 Beyond Culture (1976)
 The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time (1983)
 Handbook for Proxemic Research
 Hidden Differences: Doing Business with the Japanese
 An Anthropology of Everyday Life: An Autobiography (1992, Doubleday, New York)
 Understanding Cultural Differences: Germans, French and Americans (1990, Yarmouth, Maine)
 West of the Thirties. Discoveries Among the Navajo and Hopi (1994, Doubleday, New York etc.) References

Bibliography

External links

 <mask><mask>: Proxemic Theory, 1966 by Nina Brown
 <mask>. <mask> and the History of Intercultural Communication: The United States and Japan by Everett M. Rogers, William B. Hart and Yoshitaka Miike
 Ariane Laroux : Portraits Parlés, Entretiens et portraits d'<mask>. <mask> aux éditions de l'Age d'Homme (2006)

Obituary, NYTimes

1914 births
2009 deaths
People from Webster Groves, Missouri
American anthropologists
American sociologists
University of Denver faculty
Bennington College faculty
Harvard Business School faculty
Northwestern University faculty
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
Columbia University alumni
Cultural anthropologists
Environmental psychologists
20th-century anthropologists

masks:
Edward Twitchell Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
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Edward Hall
Hall
Edward Hall
Edward Hall
Hall
Hall
. Trage
Reed Hall
Edward T
. Hall
Edward T
Hall
Edward T
Hall


texts:
Major <mask>Hoppy<mask>, MC with Bar, (10 June 1894 – 30 May 1958) was a British Army officer famed in Britain for his courage on the battlefield and repeated escapes from German prisoner of war camps during the First World War. Between 1920 and 1922 he served in Dublin as part of the British counter-insurgency against republican forces during the Irish War of Independence and is considered one of the most ruthless and effective British intelligence officers combating the IRA who subsequently accused him of brutality. He retired from the army to become a successful writer. His nickname, "Hoppy", stemmed from the loss of a leg in combat during the final months of World War One. Fitted with a prosthesis, he trained himself to disguise the fact, by walking at a very quick pace, almost completely disguising the notion that he had a wooden leg. Early life
<mask> was born 10 June 1894 in Kensington, London to Howard and <mask>. His father was a wool merchant from County Down.<mask> later joined the Connaught Rangers, gaining his commission and joining the 2nd battalion at Aldershot in January 1914. First World War

Capture
<mask> first saw action on 24 August 1914 when his unit served as a rearguard to cover the retirement of the 5th Infantry Brigade in action at Le Grand Fayt, France. By 26 August, <mask> and a group of 19 men led by a Captain Roche found themselves cut off and took shelter in a house being used as a makeshift hospital in the village of Maroilles. During the night, a large force of Germans entered the town, and the next day <mask>'s group were discovered and taken prisoner, among 286 men listed as missing in the action. Prisoner of war
On 21 September 1914, <mask> was promoted to lieutenant whilst a prisoner of war. He made twelve escape attempts from POW camps succeeding in actually escaping on five separate occasions. In early 1915, he attempted to escape from Halle Camp, near Leipzig, by breaking through a brick wall into an adjacent ammunition factory.After five months' work, the project proved impracticable. In the summer of 1915, he was transferred to Augustabad Camp, near Neu Brandenburg, and 10 days later managed to slip away from a bathing party outside the camp, together with a Russian officer. In what was a difficult journey, they covered the  to the Baltic coast. They swam a river, were nearly recaptured once, but eventually reached Stralsund. Once there, they nearly managed to get the crew of a Swedish schooner to give them passage, but were arrested at the last moment. <mask> was returned to Halle, and joined an unsuccessful attempt with a group of Russian officers to break down a wall. He then made a solo escape attempt by picking locks and breaking through a skylight before sliding down a rope onto the street.From here he slipped into the rain and darkness. He spoke enough German to make his way by train to Bremen. Here, broken down by cold and hunger, he was recaptured by the Germans. He was then transferred to Magdeburg, where he escaped with a Belgian officer using "subterfuge, audacity and good fortune". They reached Berlin by train and went on to Stralsund. From there, they crossed to the island of Rugen, but were arrested before they could find a fishing boat to take them to Sweden. His next prisoner of war camp was Fort Zorndorf, from where escape was virtually impossible.Nevertheless, he made several attempts, and one nearly succeeded when, with two others, he almost got out disguised as a German soldier. And on another occasion he managed to break away from his guards while being marched to the kommandatura, and got as far as the train before being recaptured. On 1 January 1917, <mask> was promoted to the rank of captain. He spent another nine months in this camp, before he was transferred to Schweidnitz in Silesia. Within a short period of his arrival, he broke out with Captain Willie Loder-Symonds, Wiltshire Regiment. Carrying forged police passes, they climbed a wire fence, scaled a glass topped wall, and caught a train. They were able to travel across Germany via Dresden, Leipzig, Cologne and Aachen.Then by tram to Richterich, and reached the safety of the Netherlands within 2 days of getting out of Schweidnitz. A fellow prisoner wrote of this escape:<mask>, had, together with another officer, just escaped over the frontier. They were in a camp in Silicia, [sic] and had travelled over five hundred miles through Germany. After escaping, in some civilian clothes, which they had managed to get into the camp, they walked to a nearby railway station, and <mask>, having learned to speak German fluently since his captivity, bought a ticket at the railway station for Berlin. The first part of their journey was uneventful, but after leaving Berlin, they were asked for their passports, and <mask>, who had helped us to make the passports at Fort Zorndorff, and had made for himself and his comrade passports, had an anxious moment while the official was examining it. But after turning the passport over several times, the official was satisfied, and gave it back, and they were safe again for the time being. A little later, however, <mask>'s comrade was taken very ill, no doubt from the effects of his long imprisonment, and for some time it looked as if the people in the carriage would notice something wrong, as unfortunately he could not speak any German.At several other places along the line they had to leave the carriage, and in some cases had to change trains to get away from one or other who had become too inquisitive. In the end they arrived at Aachen, when again their passport was examined, and as before, the officials were evidently satisfied that it was bona fide, and let them pass. After leaving the station at Aachen, they boldly walked through the town, and hiding themselves in a forest near the frontier, they managed to crawl into Holland during the night. Nobody was more pleased than myself to hear of <mask>'s escape, as he had made many attempts, and certainly deserved to succeed. On 5 March 1918, <mask> boarded at boat at Rotterdam after  years as a prisoner of war. The boat sailed a week later and <mask> returned to England, where he was received by King George V at Buckingham Palace on 18 March. Captain Loder-Symonds of the Wiltshire Regiment was killed in a flying accident a short time later as he joined the RFC on his return to England.Later war service
In April 1918, <mask> transferred to the 2nd Battalion Inniskilling Fusiliers. On 1 August 1918, he was awarded the Military Cross on the Ypres front for leading a fighting patrol which engaged a group of enemy soldiers, killing one and causing the rest to flee. <mask> then used rapid fire to silence one of two German machine guns firing on the patrol before he was wounded by a grenade. <mask> ordered the rest of the patrol to retreat back to their lines whilst he remained to drag his badly wounded sergeant back  to safety. The wording for his decoration declared, "Throughout the operation he set a splendid example to his men, and also obtained valuable information as to the enemy's dispositions". On 2 October 1918, <mask> led a counter-attack near Dadizeele, during which he was shot in the stomach and received such severe wounds to his leg that it had to be amputated. He was evacuated back to England and was still in hospital when the war ended a short time later.He was fitted with an artificial limb and his resulting rapid manner of walking to disguise this earned him the nickname "Hoppy". Marriage
On 1 November 1919, <mask> married Kathleen Isabel Hutton-Potts in London. On 30 January 1920, <mask> was awarded a bar to his Military Cross, and the Distinguished Service Order "in recognition of gallant conduct and determination displayed in escaping or attempting to escape from captivity". Irish War of Independence
From April 1920, <mask> ceased to be employed by the Military Intelligence Directorate due to "ill health caused by wounds". He was posted to F Company of the Auxiliary Division, Royal Irish Constabulary (ADRIC), seconded as an intelligence officer based at Dublin Castle, retaining his Connaught Rangers uniform. He later stated that he worked for Scotland Yard, which was the recruiting centre for ADRIC and to whom the information he gathered was relayed for analysis. Despite his wounds, <mask> was to lead raids on various IRA locations, including Vaughn's Hotel in what is now known as Parnell Square.His main role, however, was interrogating prisoners in Dublin Castle who had been captured with weapons or seditious documents of any importance. <mask> had experienced several such interrogations himself as an escaped prisoner of war and he was often aided by his colleague, Captain William Lorraine King, MC. On 10 June 1920, <mask> was awarded a mention in dispatches. <mask> became a hated figure for the IRA, who accused him of brutality in interrogating prisoners, such as tricking suspects into providing information by using a revolver loaded with blanks to stage fake executions or threatening to burn them with a hot poker. The IRA dubbed the cells "The Knocking Shop". In August 2014, TV personality Brendan O'Carroll featured on BBC TV's Who Do You Think You Are investigating the murder of his grandfather, Peter O'Carroll, during the Irish War of Independence. On 16 October 1920, O'Carroll was shot dead at his home in Manor Street, Dublin.The programme uncovered a written testimonial by IRA mole David Neligan in the 1950s stating that IRA spymaster Michael Collins had suspected <mask> was responsible for an almost identical shooting of another Republican, Limerick County Councillor John Lynch in the Exchange Hotel, Dublin. However Neligan had informed Collins that Lynch had actually been killed by Captain G.T. Baggallay after Lynch drew a revolver on him during a raid. Baggallay, who like <mask> had lost a leg in combat, would later be murdered on 'Bloody Sunday'. While the BBC programme claimed that Peter O'Carroll was not active in the rebellion, a statement made by Liam O'Carroll (one of Peter's sons and an uncle of Brendan O'Carroll) states that Peter O'Carroll was indeed a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and was involved in arming the rebels. David Neligan's testimonial is dated 4 May 1950, 30 years after Peter O'Carroll's death. It states that his knowledge that <mask> figured in O'Carroll's murder was based on a description given to members of the Irish Volunteers by O'Carroll family members.However, a newspaper account in the Irish Independent dated 18 October 1920 reported that the deceased's daughter Martha said that her mother, on hearing knocking at the door, opened an upstairs window and saw the forms of two or three men at the door. Martha stated that the night was "densely" dark. It appears from this account that no one else claimed to have seen the murderers and it is unlikely that Mrs O'Carroll could have given a description of any of the men, given that it was very dark at the time and she would have had to have leant out the window to see those at the door. There is no indication that she saw any of the men moving such as would indicate that she might have noticed <mask>'s gait. This newspaper account also states that the investigating police took possession of a piece of paper stating "A Traitor to Ireland: Shot by I.R.A." which had been pinned to the deceased's back. The only suggested similarity between this murder and Mr Lynch's death is that there was apparently little or no sound from the gun.There is therefore no conclusive evidence that <mask> was involved in the murder of Peter O'Carroll. On one occasion, <mask> was shadowed on a visit to England, but evaded his would-be assassin at Euston station by quickly transferring from his train to a waiting taxi before he could be ambushed. On another occasion, a group of assassins was waiting for him on the dockside on his return to Ireland, but aborted their attempt when an armoured car arrived to pick him up. <mask> was on a list of intelligence agents to be assassinated in the morning hours of 21 November 1920. The IRA's attempt to destroy British intelligence in Ireland resulting in 13 deaths. This would come to be known as "Bloody Sunday". <mask> escaped death because he was not at his residence when the would-be assassins arrived.The previous evening, <mask> had taken part in a series of raids that led to the capture of prominent republicans Dick McKee and Peadar Clancy, who had done much of the planning around "Bloody Sunday". <mask> later prevented Clancy from escaping by slipping into a group of prisoners being transferred out of Dublin Castle and both prisoners were later killed in disputed circumstances by the auxiliaries guarding them. Between 13 and 15 February 1921, Captain William L King would be tried by court-martial and cleared of the allegation of the extrajudicial killing of two other IRA members in what would become known as the "Drumcondra Affair". Dublin Castle's Under Secretary Sir Alfred Cope later speculated that <mask> may have influenced other witnesses in the inquiry. Author

In November 1922, <mask> was placed on the army half-pay list. In April 1925, he retired from the army on account of ill-health caused by his wounds. He worked for Lloyds Bank in Pall Mall, London and later went into full-time book writing and farming at Washpit Farm near King's Lynn, Norfolk.His publications were often based on his own true-life adventures and included:

 I Escape!, 1927; the true story of <mask>'s numerous escapes from German prisoner of war camps during the First World War, with a foreword by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Everything is Thunder; the story of an escaped POW aided by a German woman to return to allied lines. The Key, a play written with Robert Gore-Browne set against the background of <mask>'s own experiences with the Auxiliary Division of the RIC during the counter-insurgency in Ireland. Never in Vain, 1936
 Recoil, 1936; the story of an officer in the Abwehr trying to quell a communist uprising in Africa
 The Stroke of Eight, 1938
 Pawn in the Game, 1939

Films
Two of his works were made into films. One of these was The Key, dealing with a love triangle between military officers during the Irish conflict. As a play, it opened at the St Martin's Theatre, London on 6 September 1933, and a film version was made in 1934. It would be re-released in the U.S. in 1960 as High Peril.Everything is Thunder (1936) was about an amorous POW officer's romance with a German woman, and her helping him return to allied lines. It received favourable reviews and well-received in Germany at a time when overtures to the Nazis were acceptable in the UK. The film was withdrawn from circulation at the onset of the Second World War. Fascism
In the 1930s, <mask> became a supporter of Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists (BUF), as did Sir Ormonde Winter, the head of British Intelligence in Dublin Castle, possibly as an agent provocateur. In March 1934, he addressed the King's Lynn BUF, recounting his wartime experiences. In 1937 he embarked on a world trip on the liner SS Rawalpindi with his wife <mask>, ostensibly as a holiday but including visits to the strategic Japanese ports of Kobe and Yokohama on the eve of the Second World War. World War 2
During World War 2 <mask> joined the Home Guard and became involved in Auxiliary Units, stay behind groups which would wage guerrilla warfare against the Germans in the event of an invasion of Britain, acting as military liaison for the Narford Auxiliary Unit Patrol.As the threat of invasion faded <mask> took command of an anti-aircraft battery, one of 127,000 Home Guardsmen who would combat the Baby Blitz of 1943 and the V1 strikes which followed in the summer of 1944. Later life
In addition to his literary accomplishments, <mask> established a reputation as a polo player and a Rolls-Royce enthusiast. He frequently attended Connaught Ranger reunion dinners. He lived in Kensington, London in the 1950s. Death
<mask> died of natural causes on 30 May 1958 in Hammersmith, London. He was buried on 5 June at Wells Church, Norfolk leaving an estate of £57,000, on which £19,000 death duty taxes were paid. In his obituary <mask> is referred to as 'not only a gallant soldier: he was a rare bird, a writer of good and simple prose.A pity he did not write more. But, above all, <mask> was a man'. In the foreword for <mask>'s autobiography I Escape!, Conan Doyle pays tribute to <mask>, stating that a "more gallant gentleman never lived." References

Sources
The Squad, Dwyer, T. Ryle, Mercier Press, Cork, 2005,
The Secret Societies of Ireland, Pollard H.B.C. On Another Man's Wound, O'Malley Ernie
Royal Irish Constabulary Officers: A Biographical and Genealogical Guide, 1816–1922, Herlihy
Michael Collins, Taylor, Rex
My Fight For Irish Freedom, Breen, Dan
Sword and Sturrups, de Montmorency Hervey
Sword for Hire, Duff Douglas Victor
Ireland for Ever, Crozier, Frank P.
Diary of Pte.JJP Swindlehurst, (Imperial War Museum)
The War Behind the Wire, John Lewis-Stempel

1894 births
1958 deaths
British Combined Intelligence Unit personnel
English amputees
English fascists
British World War I prisoners of war
World War I prisoners of war held by Germany
Connaught Rangers officers
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Irish Constabulary officers
People of the Irish War of Independence
Recipients of the Military Cross
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers officers
English autobiographers
People from Kensington
English escapees
Escapees from German detention

masks:
Jocelyn Lee "
" Hardy DSO
Jocelyn Lee Hardy
Katherine Hardy
Jocelyn Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
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Hardy
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Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Kathleen Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy


texts:
<mask> (; born May 11, 1952) is an author and former American newspaper columnist, best known for his provocative commentary on sports in the New York Daily News and his appearances on ESPN. Biography
<mask> was born in Oneida, New York, where he spent his pre-adolescent years, having attended St. Patrick's Elementary School through the sixth grade. In 1964, he moved with his family to Nashua, New Hampshire, where he attended middle school and subsequently Bishop Guertin High School, graduating in 1970. In 1974 he graduated from Boston College. He first came to prominence as a sportswriter in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. Lupica wrote "The Sporting Life" column at Esquire magazine for ten years beginning in the late 1980s, and currently writes a regular column for Travel + Leisure Golf. He has also written for Golf Digest, Parade, ESPN The Magazine, and Men’s Journal, and has received numerous awards including, in 2003, the Jim Murray Award from the National Football Foundation.Daily News columnist
Lupica wrote several sports columns during the week for the Daily News, as well as a signature Sunday column, "Shooting from the Lip,"  which featured a traditional column followed by a series of short, acerbic observations from the week in sports. Later in his career he began writing a regular political column entitled "Mondays with <mask>," which is strongly liberal in orientation. He left the Daily News in July 2018. Favorite Lupica targets include the New York Yankees, (and will often state their massive payroll in most of his articles) James L. Dolan, Isiah Thomas, Notre Dame football, Rudy Giuliani, Michael Bloomberg, former President George W. Bush, and former Vice President Dick Cheney. Lupica has also been a harsh critic of the new Yankee Stadium and was a vehement opponent of the proposed West Side Stadium. He has likewise been highly critical of the Atlantic Yards project and the attendant construction of the Barclays Center in Brooklyn. Author
Lupica co-wrote autobiographies with Reggie Jackson and Bill Parcells and collaborated with screenwriter William Goldman on Wait Till Next Year and Mad as Hell: How Sports Got Away From the Fans and How We Get It Back.Lupica also wrote Summer of ’98: When Homers Flew, Records Fell, and Baseball Reclaimed America, which detailed how the 1998 and the Mark McGwire/Sammy Sosa home run chase had allowed him to share a love for baseball with his son. Lupica has been listed a vocal critic of the steroid era. <mask> is also a novelist; his work includes mysteries involving fictional NYC television reporter Peter Finley. One of them, Dead Air, was nominated for the Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best First Mystery and the 1987 Anthony Award in the same category; and was also adapted into a television movie called Money, Power, Murder. He has written a novel for younger audiences called Travel Team. <mask>’s Bump and Run and Wild Pitch were best sellers. 2003 saw a sequel to Bump and Run, entitled Red Zone.In April 2006, his second children's book, Heat, was published by Philomel.Heat is a fictional story based on the Danny Almonte scandal in the South Bronx Little League. In October 2006, <mask>'s third children's novel, Miracle on 49th Street, was published. Summer Ball, a sequel to Travel Team, was released in 2007. Television and radio work
Since 1988 Lupica has been one of the rotating pundits on The Sports Reporters on ESPN. He also briefly hosted an unsuccessful television chat program, The <mask> Show, on ESPN2, as well as a short-lived radio show on WFAN in New York City in the mid-1990s. He has been a recurring guest on the CBS Morning News, Good Morning America, and The MacNeil-Lehrer Newshour. <mask> has made frequent radio appearances on Imus in the Morning since the early 1980s.Lupica hosted a daily radio show on WEPN-FM from May 9, 2011 until August 21, 2015. Works

Non-series books

Adult books
 Reggie! (with Reggie Jackson, 1984)
 Parcells: An Autobiography of the Biggest Giant of Them All (with Bill Parcells, 1987)
 Wait 'till Next Year: The Story of a Season When What Should've Happened Didn't and What Could've Gone Wrong Did (with William Goldman, 1988)
 Shooting From The Lip: Essays, Columns, Quips, and Gripes in the Grand Tradition of Dyspeptic Sports Writing (1988)
 Jump! (1995)
 Mad as Hell: How Sports Got Away from the Fans and How We Get It Back (1996)
 Summer of '98: When Homers Flew, Records Fell, and Baseball Reclaimed America (1999)
 Yankees '98: Best Ever!

masks:
Michael Lupica
Lupica
Mike
Lupica
Lupica
Lupica
Mike Lupica
Lupica


texts:
Dame <mask> (January 1601 – 22 July 1683) was an English religious writer, part of whose writing of Christian precepts survives, and was matriarch of a landed manorial family in East Suffolk, East Anglia, during the English Civil War and Restoration periods. An extended account of her religious thought and practice, written by her minister at Yoxford, Suffolk at the time of her funeral, was printed together with some of her own precepts. Her stance and practice was, like that of her brother Lord Colepeper, politically loyal to the Crown, and her allegiance was therefore to the established Church, but she and her husband, Sir <mask>, lived and worked in close connection with the more Puritan or Presbyterian spirit among the gentry and magistracy of the neighbourhood, and supported a moderate and inclusive policy towards ministers inclined to Nonconformism within the church at large. Origins
<mask> was born <mask> in 1601 at Great Wigsell in the parish of Salehurst in East Sussex, the only daughter of Thomas Colepeper (MP for Winchelsea in 1597 and for Rye in 1601) by his first wife Anne Slaney (died 1602). Anne was daughter of Sir Stephen Slaney, citizen and Skinner, Alderman of London 1584-1608 and Lord Mayor of London 1595-96, who died in 1608, and his wife Margaret Fesaunt (died 1619). <mask>'s full brothers from this marriage were Slaney Colepeper (died 1618) and John, the latter of whom was afterwards created Lord Colepeper of Thoresway. Following Anne Colepeper's death in 1602 Thomas remarried to Mary, daughter of Roger Beeston, Merchant Taylor of London (died 1600) and widow of Francis Gibbon of Benenden, Kent, by whom he had a further son and three daughters.<mask>'s upbringing was entrusted to her maternal grandmother Dame Margaret Slaney, and Thomas Colepeper died in 1613 leaving provision for a dowry of £700 for her. Dame Margaret Slaney lived down to 1619 and, having made bequests of £1000 to each of the three children of her daughter Anne Colepeper, by her codicil made after the death of Thomas Colepeper (whom, she felt, had insufficiently advanced them) added a further £1000 for each of the sons and an additional £1500 for <mask>, to be paid to her on her marriage or at age 21. Dame Margaret further disposed that, if her granddaughters <mask> and Katherine should be unmarried at the time of her decease, then their upbringing and care should be in the hands of her daughter Dame Mary Weld. Marriage

In 1620 <mask> married Sir <mask>, son of a prominent London citizen and Grocer, Alderman (1590-1599) and Sheriff of London (1591-92). A great-grandson of <mask> of Aspall (younger brother of <mask>, 6th Baron Cobham), Robert was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge and at Grays Inn, and was a notable patron of devout clergy. He had first been married, in October 1597, to Joan, a daughter of Sir Humphrey Weld, Sheriff of London in 1599-1600, also a leading City Grocer. At the time of <mask>'s first marriage, <mask>'s father, who died in 1600, had purchased for him the manor and mansion of Cockfield Hall at Yoxford, Suffolk, from Sir Arthur Hopton, son of Sir Owen Hopton, Lieutenant of the Tower of London, whose country seat this had been.During his first marriage, which was childless, <mask> had completely rebuilt Cockfield Hall, and at her death aged 38 in 1618 <mask> was buried in Yoxford church. Joan was a daughter of Sir Humphrey Weld's first marriage, to Anne Wheler. After Dame Anne's death, Sir Humphrey had remarried to Mary Slaney, <mask>'s maternal aunt. Alderman Sir Humphrey Weld died in 1610, and Dame Mary, who had remained childless, became his wealthy and devout widow. After <mask>'s marriage to <mask> in 1620, for two years the pair lived in London as boarders with Dame Mary Weld. Dame Mary died in 1622 or 1623, making generous further legacies to <mask> her niece, and mentioning Robert and <mask>'s daughter <mask>. At about this time John Colepeper sold his family home of Wigsell to Cheney Colepeper, and it was afterwards demolished and rebuilt.Sir Robert, meanwhile, bought a residence at Abbots Langley in Hertfordshire, so that Dame <mask> could live within reach of her friends in London, before moving more permanently to Yoxford in Suffolk. During this time her house was frequented by the puritan Dr. Richard Sibbes (died 1635), Master of Katharine Hall, University of Cambridge, and Preacher to Grays Inn, who used to say that he went to other places mostly to satisfy others, but to the <mask> house to please himself. Among the manuscripts of her writings left at her death was included a quarto volume called a Body of Divinity, concerned with Christian Belief and Practice, dated A.D. 1631. The <mask>s at Yoxford

By the time the house at Abbots Langley was sold in July 1637, the seven children of Sir Robert and <mask> had been born, and the eldest, Mary, was 16 years old. They were, however, no strangers to Yoxford. Through the 1620s Sir Robert had represented Dunwich in parliament three times, and his controversies with the townsfolk of Walberswick (which lay within his manor of Westwood at Blythburgh) had developed to a sustained level. The years leading up to and through the English Civil War were those in which Dame <mask>'s brother John Colepeper emerged as a prominent figure in the Royalist party.Having been knighted for military service and for his usefulness as an advisor, he sat in Parliament for Rye in 1640 and was elected for Kent in the Long Parliament. He worked for the impeachment of Sir Robert Berkeley and voted for the attainder of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, and had a place on the committee of defence in 1641. However, John found himself in opposition to the proposed ecclesiastical reforms, more on account of their revolutionary than their religious tendency, and joined the Royalist party in January 1642. He became Chancellor of the Exchequer from January 1642 to February 1643. He disapproved of the King's attempt to arrest John Pym and other members in that year, but, having presented the King's peace proposals to the Commons in August 1642, he took part in Prince Rupert's charge at Edgehill. He was appointed Master of the Rolls (for the king) in January 1643, a position which he retained in principle until his death, although displaced by the parliamentarian William Lenthall from November 1643 until May 1659. Colepeper thereafter emerged as a military adviser, who was disliked by Prince Rupert for his desire to seek peace by compromise, especially after he was raised to the peerage as Baron Colepeper of Thoresway in October 1644.With the Royalist defeat in March 1646 Colepeper escaped to France where he joined Henrietta Maria and Lord Jermyn. He became a supporter of Prince Charles in exile. Sir <mask> had suffered a temporary setback in his quarrel with the commoners of Walberswick in 1642, who had brought a lawsuit against him, but had begun the work of reinforcing his own interests against them. Together with other local gentry, he was created an Elder of the Halesworth Congregational classis in 1645. On 10 July 1646 he died, aged 74, and was buried in Yoxford church. Widowhood in Yoxford
Commonwealth and Restoration
For two years after Sir Robert's death, Dame <mask> (aged 45 in 1646) was away from Suffolk. It was at about the time of the King's execution that she returned to Cockfield Hall and commenced her long last residence there, some 35 years in which as dowager she watched over her own family's misfortunes.The author of her eulogistic Life states that when the King was in his Enemies' hands, and they were planning to kill him, she became passionately concerned, and kept a private Fast in her closet hoping that the hand of Providence might avert that outcome. When she learned that God had permitted his death, as a judgement upon the Nation, she felt it with a mother's passions, saying that even the loss of one of her dearest children had not affected her so deeply. She referred probably to her daughter <mask>, who had died in the previous year aged about 25 leaving two infant children. She wrote to a friend,"O that you were with us, though but for a few days, that we might bemoan our selves together, and this miserable Nation; upon which God poureth out so great Wrath, and yet such Spiritual Judgments are seized upon us! That many of us who pretend the greatest Interest in Him, can see nothing but Mercies and glorious Times: I find nothing so much moves me, as to hear Men, whom I hope I may call pious, speak concerning the Times; my Patience is so much put to it, as Rules of Wisdom and Policy can find no place with me. I can truly say, I dissent from many, whom I would honour, and whose Judgments I do in many things, prefer before my own, without any kind of Doubt, or Reluctancy, admiring, and standing amazed at their Delusions. I am now taught the great Danger of Evil Principles, strong Engagements, Spriritual Pride, &c."

Her eulogist continues: "In reference to His present Majesty, her Loyalty proceeded by these steps: She was a true Mourner under his Sufferings, Exclusion, Exile, and the Disappointment of several Efforts that were made for his Restitution.And she so disgusted the then usurping Powers, that she would not joyn in the keeping of either the Fairing or Thanksgiving Days appointed by them in reference to their Designs, or Successes. She rejoyced in all his Deliverances and especially in his Miraculous and Happy Restauration. And I do verily believe there was no Person in the three Kingdoms, that better understood than she did the Dignity of the High Station, to which God restored Him, or that paid Him a greater Veneration, or prayed more heartily for Him, or was more sollicitous for His Safety, in His Person and Government." Household religion
Lady <mask> was noted for her devotion to the Crown, to the Church of England, to learning and to personal piety. She was highly respected for her generosity of character and towards all claims upon her charity. Although always conforming to the established Church, and opposed to Separatism, she advocated moderation and comprehensive inclusion of nonconformist ministers, and personally supported individual ministers. She was a tireless reader of the scriptures, of biblical commentaries and of the ancient philosophers in English translations.Dr Reynolds, Bishop of Norwich 1661-1676, having been entertained at Cockfield Hall, found her conversation excellent. She took care to provide for her family "the daily help of Prayer Morning and Evening, with the reading of the Scriptures; and on the Lord's-day the Repetition of what was preached in the Publick Congregation. And for their further Benefit, she many Years together procured a Grave Divine to perform the Office of a Catechist in her House, who came constantly every Fortnight, and expounded methodically the Principles of Religion, and examined the Servants, which was formerly done by her Chaplains, till the Service of God in her Family, and the Care of the Parish were committed to the same Person." Family misfortunes

The elder son <mask>, who carried on his father's fight with the people of Walberswick and brought the matter to a height of trouble, died suddenly aged 25 in 1652 leaving a widow Jane (Barnardiston). The daughter Martha, who had married William Blois of Grundisburgh and had by him a son Charles, died in 1657, whereupon Jane married William Blois and became stepmother to the child. There remained a younger son <mask>, now heir presumptive, who married Anne Margarett Mildmay in 1659. As the monarchy was restored, Dame <mask>'s brother Lord Colepeper died in 1660.Young (Sir) <mask> began a very promising parliamentary career, inherited his father's estates and established himself as landowner, magistrate, and militia officer and commissioner, but died unexpectedly in a bathing incident near Avignon in 1669. For Dame <mask>, "the sharpest of all her Trials was the untimely Death of her last Son, [which] invaded her like an Inundation of Waters, threatning all the Banks both of Reason and Grace: Her Friends feared she would not long survive it. But the Power and Presence of God supported her, and she not only lived many Years after it, but also recovered again in a great measure her former Chearfulness." Through all this her unmarried daughter Mary remained with her, and young Charles Blois became the expected heir. Dame <mask> was harassed by lawsuits, though these were eventually decided in her favour. She became deaf in 1675, and after long illness died at Cockfield Hall on 22 July 1683, making provision for Mary to have lifetime custody of her estates and for their eventual descent to <mask>'s grandson Charles Blois. Her chaplain Nathaniel Parkhurst, vicar of Yoxford where she was buried, preached her funeral sermon.In the following year he published it with a portrait, a Life and an appendix of her writings, dedicating the book to her daughter Mary. Mary arranged for the marble wall monument to be set up in the Cockfield Chapel at Yoxford church, which records the death of both her parents, but devotes most of its inscription to her mother's character and virtues. Writings
The text supplied by Parkhurst, entitled Observations, Experiences, and Rules for Practice, consists of 63 printed pages (pp. 83-146) containing 61 Precepts with explanatory paragraphs. These evidently represent a transcript of one of Dame <mask>'s manuscripts, "found written with her Ladiship's own Hand", which he says provides a most lively image of her mind, and hopes will be profitable for her readers. The following serves for an example:"XLII. Faith is the Root of other Graces.Faith is the Principle of Spiritual Life and Motion; every true good Work and Exercise of Grace take their Rise and Vigor from Faith. A Christian prays, reads, and meditates, hears, hopes, loves, is zealous for God, and doth good to others; Why? because he believes. What is Repentance and godly Sorrow, but the Soul acted by Faith upon the Belief of the Sinfulness of Sin, its Opposition and Contradiction to God; and of the high Obligations we are under to avoid it, and of the Misery we run into by venturing upon it, and of the Madness and Folly of ruining our selves by it. I find Faith most necessary, and that I cannot be without it. Where can I go, or what can I undertake, wherein Faith will not be necessary? If I pray or meditate, it will be a strange Exercise if Faith be wanting.If I read or hear the Word, it will not profit me unless I mix it with Faith: would I hope in any Promise? I must call forth my Faith: Would I be heavenly-minded? it is Faith must raise me above the World: Would I be zealous for God? Zeal will not gather Heat unless Faith blows the Fire: Would I have Peace and Joy? they must be had by believing: Nay, I can do nothing in my more ordinary Affairs without Faith: I must know and believe my Design is good, and centers in my great Design, which is the Glory of God. And the means I employ must be known and believed to be regular and holy, or I dare not make use of them. And then I must be able to cast my Care upon God, and to commit the Event and Issue to him, or else my Business becomes burdensom to me, and I have no Rest in my self."In addition to these, Parkhurst refers to "a great number of writings under her own hand", including her Body of Divinity written 1631, collections of Commentaries upon the great part of Holy Scriptures, and a collection of the Sum of the Controversies between Us and the Papists. Children

Sir Robert and Dame <mask> had three sons and four daughters:

 <mask>, born c. 1621, who did not marry, lived at Cockfield Hall until her death in 1693. <mask>, born c. 1622, married Thomas Bacon (1620-1697) of Friston, Suffolk, and was the mother of Nathaniel Bacon, the Virginian colonist who led Bacon's Rebellion. She died in 1647/48 aged about 25. <mask>, the heir, born c. 1626, married Jane Barnardiston, daughter of Sir Nathaniel Barnardiston (1588-1653) of Kedington and his wife Jane (daughter of Sir Stephen Soame). By this marriage the manor of Blythburgh was settled in jointure upon Jane, and it was as of Westwood Lodge that John made his nuncupative will, dying aged 26 in October 1652. His widow Jane, his universal legatee and administratrix, remarried to Sir William Blois, who was first married to John's sister <mask>.<mask>, born c. 1628, married Sir William Blois (the younger), by whom she had both sons and daughters. Their surviving son and heir, (Sir) Charles Blois, became sole master of Cockfield Hall in 1693 on the death of <mask>. His mother Martha died in 1657 aged about 29, whereupon Sir William Blois remarried to Jane Barnardiston, relict of Martha's brother <mask>. So Jane, who became <mask> and then Dame Jane Blois, was the stepmother of Sir Charles. Sir William died in 1676. <mask> (died in childhood). <mask> (died in infancy)
 (Sir) <mask>, born c. 1637, of Cockfield Hall, was MP for Aldeburgh.In 1659 he married Anne Margarett Mildmay, daughter of Sir Henry Mildmay of Wanstead, Essex. He died while bathing in the river Rhône at Avignon, France, in 1669. References

1601 births
1683 deaths
17th-century Anglicans
17th-century English writers
17th-century English women writers
Elizabeth
English Anglicans
English religious writers
People from Salehurst
Women religious writers
People from Yoxford

masks:
Elizabeth Brooke
Robert Brooke
Elizabeth Brooke
Elizabeth Colepeper
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Robert Brooke
Reginald Brooke
Edward Brooke
Robert Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Joan Brooke
Elizabeth Colepeper
Elizabeth
Robert Brooke
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Mary Brooke
Elizabeth
Brooke
Brooke
Dame Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Robert Brooke
Elizabeth
Elizabeth Bacon
Brooke
John Brooke
Robert Brooke
Elizabeth
Robert Brooke
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth Brooke
Mary Brooke
Elizabeth Brooke
John Brooke
Martha Brooke
Martha Brooke
Mary Brooke
John Brooke
Jane Brooke
Anne Brooke
James Brooke
Robert Brooke