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<mask>, DSO (; 31 December 1851 – 4 January 1917) was a British explorer, officer, professional hunter, and conservationist, famous for his exploits in Southeast Africa. His real-life adventures inspired Sir Henry Rider Haggard to create the fictional Allan Quatermain character. <mask> was a friend of Theodore Roosevelt, Cecil Rhodes and <mask>. He was pre-eminent within a group of big game hunters that included Abel Chapman and Arthur Henry Neumann. He was the older brother of the ornithologist and writer <mask>. Early life and exploration
<mask> was born on 31 December 1851 at Regent's Park, London, as one of the five children of an aristocratic family, third generation of part-Huguenot heritage. His father, <mask> (original spelling) (1802–1892), was Chairman of the London Stock Exchange and his mother, Ann Holgate Sherborn (1827–1913), was a published poet.One of his uncles was a painter Henry Courtney <mask>. <mask> had three sisters (Florence (born 1850), Annie Berryman (born 1853), and Sybil Jane (born 1862)), and one brother (<mask> (1857–1934)) who became a famous ornithologist. <mask>'s love for the outdoors and wildlife was shared only by his brother; however, all of the family members were artistically inclined, as well as being successful in business. At 42, <mask> settled in Worplesdon near Guildford in Surrey, and married 20-year-old Marie Catherine Gladys Maddy (born 1874), daughter of clergyman Canon Henry William Maddy. They had three sons: <mask> <mask> (1898–1918), Harold Sherborn <mask> (1899-1954), and <mask>, who was born prematurely on 6 July 1915 and died five days later. Youth
From a young age, <mask> was drawn by stories of explorers and their adventures. Furthermore, while in school, he started establishing personal collections of various bird eggs and butterflies and studying natural history.One account is related by his schoolmaster at Northamptonshire when <mask> was 10 years old:

On 15 January 1867, 15-year-old <mask> was one of the survivors of the Regent's Park skating disaster, when the ice covering the local lake broke with around 200 skaters on it, leaving 40 dead by drowning and freezing. He escaped by crawling on broken ice slabs to the shore. He was educated at Bruce Castle School, Tottenham, then at Rugby, and finally abroad in Germany and Austria. His parents hoped that he would become a doctor. However, his love for natural history led him to study the ways of wild animals in their native habitat. His imagination was strongly fuelled by the literature of African exploration and hunting, Dr. David Livingstone, and William Charles Baldwin in particular. African exploration
Going to South Africa when he was 19, he traveled from the Cape of Good Hope to Matabeleland, which he reached early in 1872, and where (according to his own account) he was granted permission by Lobengula, King of the Ndebele, to shoot game anywhere in his dominions.From then until 1890, <mask> hunted and explored over the little-known regions north of the Transvaal and south of the Congo Basin (with a few brief intervals spent in England), shooting African elephants and collecting specimens of all kinds for museums and private collections. His travels added greatly to the knowledge of the country now known as Zimbabwe. He made valuable ethnological investigations, and throughout his wanderings—often among people who had never previously seen a white man—he maintained cordial relations with the chiefs and tribes, winning their confidence and esteem, notably so in the case of Lobengula. In 1890, <mask> entered the service of the British South Africa Company, at the request of magnate Cecil Rhodes, acting as a guide to the pioneer expedition to Mashonaland. Over  of road were constructed through a country of forest, mountain, and swamp, and in two and a half months <mask> took the column safely to its destination. He then went east to Manica, concluding arrangements that brought the country there under British control. Coming to England in December 1892, he was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in recognition of his extensive explorations and surveys, of which he gave a summary in a journal article entitled "Twenty Years in Zambesia".Military career

Rhodesia and First World War

<mask> returned to Africa to take part in the First Matabele War of 1893 and was wounded during the advance on Bulawayo. It was during this advance that he first met fellow scout <mask> Burnham, who had only just arrived in Africa and who continued on with the small scouting party to Bulawayo and observed the self-destruction of the Ndebele settlement as ordered by Lobengula. <mask> returned to England, married, and in 1896 he returned to Africa with his wife and settled on a landed property in Essexvale, Matabeleland, overlooking the Ncema River. When the Second Matabele War broke out, <mask> took a prominent part in the fighting which followed, serving as a leader in the Bulawayo Field Force, and published an account of the campaign entitled Sunshine and Storm in Rhodesia (1896). It was during this time that he met and fought alongside Robert Baden-Powell, who was then a Major and newly appointed to the British Army headquarters staff in Matabeleland. In the First World War, at the age of 64, <mask> rejoined the British Army and saw active service in the fighting against German colonial forces in the East Africa Campaign. On 23 August 1915, he was promoted to Captain in the uniquely composed 25th (Frontiersmen) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, and on 26 September 1916 was awarded the Distinguished Service Order, the citation reading:

Death and legacy

On 4 January 1917, <mask> was fighting in the bush war on the banks of the Rufiji River against German colonial Schutztruppen, outnumbered five-to-one.That morning, he was creeping forward in combat during a minor engagement when he raised his head and binoculars to locate the enemy. He was shot in the head by a German sniper and was killed instantly. Upon getting the news, American president Theodore Roosevelt (his close friend) wrote:

He was buried under a tamarind tree near the place of his death, at Chokawali on the Rufiji River, in today's Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania, in a modest, flat stone grave with a simple bronze plaque reading: "CAPTAIN F.C. SELOUS D.S.O., 25TH ROYAL FUSILIERS, KILLED IN ACTION 4.1.17." Exactly a year later, on 4 January 1918, his son, Captain <mask> Bruce MC, who was a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps, was killed in a flight over Menin Road, Belgium. <mask> as a hunter, naturalist and conservationist

Hunting icon
<mask> is remembered for his powerful ties, such as those with Theodore Roosevelt and Cecil Rhodes, as well as for his military achievements and the books that he left behind. But he is best remembered as one of the world's most revered hunters, as he pursued big-game hunting in his southern African homelands and in wildernesses worldwide.Accounts of his youth are filled with stories of trespassing, poaching, and brawling, almost all within romanticized and humorous portrayals, but one in particular from 1870 stands out as more serious: when in Wiesbaden, Prussia, he knocked unconscious a Prussian game warden who tackled him while stealing buzzard eggs for his collection, and had to leave the country at once in order to avoid imprisonment. Then he moved to Austria, and in Salzburg he went big game hunting for the first time in the nearby Alps, where he shot two chamois. On 4 September 1871, at the age of 19, he left England with £400 in his pocket, determined to earn his living as a professional elephant hunter, and by the age of 25 he was across South Africa as one of the most successful ivory hunters of the day. <mask> journeyed in pursuit of big game to Europe (Bavaria, Germany in 1870, Transylvania, then Hungary but now Romania in 1899, Mull Island, Scotland in 1894, Sardinia in 1902, Norway in 1907), Asia (Turkey, Persia, Caucasus in 1894–95, 1897, 1907), North America (Wyoming, Rocky Mountains in 1897 and 1898, Eastern Canada in 1900–1901, 1905, Alaska and Yukon in 1904, 1905) and the "dark continent" in a territory that extends from today's South Africa and Namibia all the way up into central Sudan where he collected virtually every specimen of all medium and large African mammal species. On 2 May 1902 <mask> was elected Associate Member of the Boone and Crockett Club, a wildlife conservation organization founded by Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell in 1887. In 1909–1910, <mask> accompanied American ex-president Roosevelt in his famous African safari. Contrary to popular belief, <mask> did not lead Roosevelt's 1909 expedition to British East Africa, the Congo, and Egypt.While <mask> was a member of this expedition from time to time and helped organize the safari's logistics, the excursion was in fact led by R. J. Cunninghame. Roosevelt wrote of <mask>:

In 1909, <mask> co-founded the Shikar Club, a big-game hunters' association, with two other British Army Captains, Charles Edward Radclyffe and P. B. Vanderbyl, and regularly met at the Savoy Hotel in London. The association's president was The 5th Earl of Lonsdale; another founding member included the artist, explorer, and <mask> biographer John Guille Millais. He was a rifleman icon and a valued expert in firearms. Early in his hunting career, in the mid-1870s, <mask> favored a four bore black powder muzzleloader for killing an elephant, a  short-barreled musket firing a  bullet  with as much as  of black powder, one of the largest hunting caliber fabricated. Between 1874 and 1876 he killed seventy-eight elephants with that gun, but eventually, there was a double loading incident together with other recoil problems from it, and he finally gave it up as too "upsetting my nerve". He used a ten-bore muzzleloader to hunt lions.After black powder muzzleloader firearms became obsolete,

masks:
Frederick Courteney Selous
Selous
Frederick Russell Burnham
Edmund Selous
Frederick Courteney Selous
Frederick Lokes Slous
Selous
Frederick
Edmund Selous
Frederick
Selous
Frederick Hatherley
Bruce Selous
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Bertrand Selous
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Frederick Hatherley
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 he adopted a breech-loading 10 bore as shown in "A Hunters Wanderings in Africa" and by 1880 he was using his favorite, black powder breech-loading rifle a .461 No 1 Gibbs / Metford / Farquharson single shot later he was approached by both Birmingham and London gunmakers in hopes of his endorsement, with  Holland and Holland providing two Holland and Woodward patent single-shot rifles (often confused in photos as Farquharson's) in the two calibers: a 303  and a 375 2 1/2" and later a .425 Westley Richards bolt-action rifle. There are quotes as to how <mask> was not a crack shot, but a rather ordinary marksman, yet most agree that was just another personal statement of modesty from <mask> himself. Regardless, he remains an iconic rifleman figure and, following in the tradition of others, the German gunmaker Blaser and the Italian gunmaker Perugini Visini chose to name their top line safari rifles the <mask> trophies entered into museums and international taxidermy and natural-history collections, notably that of the Natural History Museum in London. In their Selous Collection they have 524 mammals from three continents, all shot by him, including 19 lions. In the last year of his life, while in combat in 1916, he was known to carry his butterfly net in the evening and collect specimens, for the same institution. Overall, more than five thousand plants and animal specimens were donated by him to the Natural History section of the British Museum.This collection was held in 1881 in the new Natural History Museum in South Kensington (which became an independent institution in 1963). Here, posthumously in 1920, they unveiled a bronze bust of him in the Main Hall, where it stands to this day. He is mentioned widely in foremost taxidermist Rowland Wards catalogs for world's largest animal specimens hunted, where <mask> is ranked in many trophy categories, including rhinoceros, elephant and many ungulates. He was awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal in 1893 "in recognition of twenty years' exploration and surveys in South Africa". In 1896, British zoologist William Edward de Winton (1856–1922), named a new African small Carnivora, Paracynictis selousi or the Selous mongoose, in his honour. Also, a subspecies of the African Sitatunga antelope, (Tragelaphus spekii selousi), bears his name. Conservationist
<mask> noticed over time how the impact of European hunters was leading to a significant reduction in the amount of game available in Africa.In 1881, he commented that:

This realization led <mask>, and other big game hunters of his time, to become keen advocates of faunal conservation. Eventually, colonial governments passed laws enforcing hunting regulations and establishing game reserves, with the aim of preventing the outright extinction of certain species and of preserving animal stocks for future sportsmen. The Selous Game Reserve in southeastern Tanzania is a hunting reserve named in his honor. Established in 1922, it covers an area of 54,600 km2 along the rivers Kilombero, Ruaha, and Rufiji. The area first became a hunting reserve in 1905, although it is rarely visited by humans due to the significant presence of the Tsetse fly. In 1982 it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to the diversity of its wildlife and undisturbed nature. Selous as man and character

Portrait in literature
<mask> <mask>'s image remains a classic, romantic portrait of a proper Victorian period English gentleman of the colonies, one whose real-life adventures and exploits of almost epic proportions generated successful Lost World and Steampunk genre fictional characters like Allan Quatermain, to a large extent an embodiment of the popular "white hunter" concept of the times; yet he remained a modest and stoic pillar in personality all throughout his life.As for himself, he was featured in the "Young Indiana Jones" and "Rhodes" series. He was widely remembered in real tales of war, exploration, and big game hunting as a balanced blend between gentleman officer and epic wild man. Appearance and character
He excelled in cricket, rugby, cycling, swimming, and tennis. He loved the outdoors, developing a rugged and robust physique by trekking, packing, marching, and hunting. He was also an accomplished rider, and he waged war and hunted much on horses. To the African locals, he was the "best white runner" (in the endurance aspect, similar as to native bushmen's concept). While in England, all his life he played sports, he still did half-day 100-mile bicycle races when almost sixty years old.Millais, friend and biographer, wrote: "As a sport, he loved cricket most, and played regularly for his club at Worplesdon taking part in all their matches until 1915…'Big Game Hunters' vs. 'Worplesdon' was always a great and solemn occasion." {{quote|If there was one striking feature in his physiognomy it was his wonderful eyes, as clear and as blue as the summer sea. Nearly every one who came in contact with him noticed his eyes. They were the eyes of the man who looks into the beyond vast spaces. Instinctively one saw in them the hunter and the man of wide views. In social intercourse, <mask> had a presence that was apt to make other people look insignificant. He was adored by all his friends, and even perfect strangers seemed to come under his magnetism at the first introduction" - J. G. Millais, 1919.All his life, he sported a full beard, which together with his signature hats, makes him an easily recognizable icon:

He wore a double Terai grey slouch hat, slightly on the back of his head. Khaki knickerbockers, with no puttees, bare legs, except for his socks and shirt open at the neck, with a knotted handkerchief around the neck to keep the sun off, with a long native stick in his hand. He had a rooted objection to wearing a cork helmet. It is impossible to forget the impression he made. He was as straight as a guardsman, with a broad deep chest, with a beautiful healthy look in his face.|Capt. R. M. Haines of South African Force, 1917.}} Television accounts
 The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (TV-Series, 1992–1993) ; played by Paul Freeman
 British East Africa, September 1909 (1992)
 Young Indiana Jones and the Phantom Train of Doom, German East Africa, November 1916 (1993)
 Rhodes (TV Mini-Series, 1996) ; played by Paul Slabolepszy

Gallery of additional images

Chronology of works

By <mask> <mask>:

  The book has had many reprints.Annie Berryman <mask>, <mask>'s sister drew "ten illustrations, representing the hunting-scenes which embellish my pages, all of which were drawn under my own supervision"; they were engraved in wood by Edward Whymper. Other illustrations were produced by Joseph Smit. (p. viii/ix)
 Travel and Adventure in South-East Africa: Being the Narrative of the Last Eleven Years Spent by the Author on the Zambesi and its Tributaries; With an Account of the Colonisation of Mashunaland and the Progress of the Gold Industry in That Country  (1893)
 Sunshine & Storm in Rhodesia: Being a Narrative of Events in Matabeleland Both Before and During the Recent Native Insurrection up to the Date of the Disbandment of the Bulawayo Field Force. (1896),
 Sport & Travel East and West (1900)
 Living Animals of the World; A Popular Natural History With One Thousand Illustrations (London, 1902)
 Newfoundland Guide Book (1905)
 Recent Hunting Trips in British North America (1907)
 African Nature Notes and Reminiscences with foreword by Theodore Roosevelt (1908)
 Africa's Greatest Hunter: the Lost Writings of <mask><mask>, edited by Dr James A. Casada (1998)

<mask> also wrote the foreword to Africa's most popular man-eater story: The man-eaters of Tsavo and other East African Adventures by Lieut.-Col. J. H. Patterson, D.S.O. With a foreword by <mask> <mask> (London, 1907). Besides the works mentioned, <mask> made numerous contributions to The Geographical Journal, the Field, and other journals. Writings by others on <mask>y Selous

 Big Game Shooting, volume.1, edited by Clive Phillipps-Wolley (London, 1894)
 Records of Big Game by Rowland Ward FZS (London, fifth edition, 1907)
 The life of <mask> <mask>, D.S.O. by John Guille Millais (London, 1919)
 Catalogue of the Selous Collection of Big Game in the British Museum (Natural History) by J. G. Dollman (London, 1921)
 Big Game Shooting Records by Edgar N. Barclay (London, 1932)
 <mask><mask>, A Hunting Legend: Recollections By and About the Great Hunter by Dr. James A. Casada (Safari Press, 2000)
 The Gun at Home and Abroad, vol. 3: Big Game of Africa (London, 1912–1915)
 The African Adventurers by Peter Hathaway Capstick (New York: St. Martins Press, 1992), chapter 1
 The British Big-Game Hunting Tradition, Masculinity and Fraternalism with Particular Reference to "The Shikar Club" by Callum McKenzie (British Society of Sports History, May 2000)
 The Mighty Nimrod by Stephen Taylor

See also
 Selous Scouts
 Pioneer Column
 Shangani Patrol
 <mask> Burnham
 Second Matabele War
 List of famous big game hunters

References

Further reading
Roosevelt’s quest for wilderness: a comparison of Roosevelt’s visits to Yellowstone and AfricaTaps for the Great Selous, essay by Major <mask> Burnham, D.S.O., and published in Hunting Trails on Three Continents,'' Grinnell, George Bird, Kermit Roosevelt, W.  Redmond Cross, and Prentiss  N. Gray (editors). A Book of the Boone and Crockett Club. New York: The Derrydale Press, (1933)

External links

English explorers
Explorers of Africa
Royal Fusiliers officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British military personnel killed in World War I
Legion of Frontiersmen members
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
1851 births
1917 deaths
People of the Second Matabele War
People of the First Matabele War
People educated at Bruce Castle School
People educated at Rugby School
British hunters
South African explorers
Elephant hunters
H. Rider

masks:
Selous
Selous
Selous
Selous
Selous
Selous
Frederick Courteney
Selous
Selous
Frederick Courteney
Selous
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Frederick
Frederick C
. Selous
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Frederick Courteney
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Frederick Courtena
Frederick Courtenay
Selous
Frederick C
. Selous
Frederick Russell
Frederick Russell


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<mask> (3 February 1922 – 5 July 2017) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II, credited with 27 aerial victories in 70 missions. In 1999, <mask> recounted his wartime experiences in print, published in English in 2005 as "Jagdgeschwader 301/302 'Wilde Sau': In Defense Of The Reich with the Bf 109, Fw 190 and Ta 152;" including writing about the late-war period he spent flying the exotic Focke-Wulf Ta 152 high-altitude fighter-interceptor designed by Kurt Tank. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 3 February 1922 at Mühlow, Province of Brandenburg, present-day Miłów in western Poland. Mühlow is located approximately  northeast of Guben where the Luftwaffe operated an A/B flight school. According to his own account, there <mask> developed his interest to become an aviator. In February 1940, he volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe. His medical checkup was conducted at Paunsdorf, a borough of Leipzig, and was accepted.One year later, on 4 February 1941, he joined the Fliegerausbildungs-Bataillon at Königsberg in der Neumark where he received his basic training. <mask> commenced pilot-training in spring 1942. On 6 April 1943, flight training continued at Neiße, present-day Nysa, Poland. There he learned to fly the Klemm Kl 25, Arado Ar 66, Focke-Wulf Fw 56 and Arado Ar 96 with a focus on formation flying, cross-country flying and aerobatics. Additionally, he also took classroom courses in navigation. <mask> completed flight training on 27 June 1943 and he was presented with the Aviator badge (). On 23 October 1943, <mask> served with Jagdgeschwader 102 (JG 102—102nd Fighter Wing), formerly Jagdfliegerschule 2 (2nd fighter pilot school), in Zerbst to undergo operational training.On 13 June 1944, <mask> arrived by train in Vienna. Following a brief stay, he was sent to the airfield at Götzendorf an der Leitha where the I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 302 (JG 302—302nd Fighter Wing) under the command of Hauptmann Richard Lewens was based. There, <mask> was assigned to 1.Staffel (1st squadron) of JG 302. Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 1. Staffel was Hauptmann Heinrich Wurzer. At the time, the Gruppe was equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6. <mask> flew his first combat mission on 26 June and was almost shot down by escorting fighters, landing his damaged fighter at Deutsch-Wagram. That day, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Fifteenth Air Force targeted the hydrogenation factory at Moosbierbaum as part of the oil campaign. Flying from airfields in Italy, the USAAF dispatched 157 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and 502 Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers, escorted by 321 fighter aircraft.On 2 July, the Fifteenth Air Force attacked Budapest. In defense of this attack, I. Gruppe of JG 302 was scrambled at 09:27. At 10:25 and 10:29, <mask>
claimed his first two aerial victories when he shot down two USAAF B-24 bombers shot down southwest of Budapest. During this combat, his Bf 109 G-6 was hit in the radiator resulting in a forced landing in a field near Érd. <mask> claimed an unconfirmed aerial victory over a North American P-51 Mustang fighter on 6 July during an USAAF attack on Munich. The next day, <mask> downed a B-24, his third confirmed claim, this time by ramming when his guns malfunctioned. Following the collision, he successfully bailed out of his damaged fighter.On 24 August <mask> claimed a B-24 near Jindřichův Hradec but during an attack on a second his aircraft was hit by return fire and he attempted to force-land while under attack by P-51 fighters, having to use his parachute. On 29 August he shot down a B-17 bomber south of Zlín, although another Bf 109 fired on his Bf 109 G-6 and Reschke had to force-land damaged. By the end of August 1944 <mask> had claimed 13 aerial victories, seven bombers in July and six in August. Defense of the Reich
I. Gruppe of JG 302 was redesignated to III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 301 (JG 301—301st Fighter Wing) in August 1944. The unit was re-equipped with the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-8 by end of September 1944 and fought in Defense of the Reich. <mask> claimed his first aerial victory flying the Fw 190 on 21 November, a B-17 shot down south of Magdeburg.In October, the unit transferred to Stendal near Berlin. On 24 December 1944, the USAAF’s Eighth Air Force launched its largest aerial attack of the war, dispatching over 2,000 bombers against Luftwaffe airfields and infrastructure. In total, the Luftwaffe shot down just twelve of the attacking bombers, including two by Reschke. According to Weal, <mask> was credited with two B-24 bombers shot down over Hanover. In the account presented by Matthews and Foreman, Reschke had claimed two B-17 bombers that day south of Hanover. On 1 January 1945, Feldwebel <mask> downed a B-17 for his 22nd victory claim but again, hit by return fire, he bailed out of his Fw 190 near Gardelegen. Flying the Ta 152
III.Gruppe of JG 301 was equipped with the Focke-Wulf Ta 152 H-0 on 27 January 1945, receiving eleven aircraft at the Neuhausen Airfield near Cottbus. Following a short briefing, the pilots transferred the eleven aircraft to an airfield at Alteno. There, the pilots familiarized themselves with this new aircraft. On 16 February, III. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Sachau. Reschke first flew the Ta 152 operationally on 2 March. That day, the USAAF targeted the oil refineries at Böhlen and Leuna.In total twelve Ta 152s scrambled and met up in the area of Burg. The Gruppe failed to make contact with the bombers as they came under attack by Luftwaffe Bf 109 fighters whose pilots failed to identify the Ta 152 as a German aircraft. The allotted strength of III. Gruppe was 35 Ta 152s. This figure was never reached and in consequence the pilots and their remaining Ta 152s were all transferred to the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) of JG 301. <mask> joined the Geschwaderstab on 13 March, which was then based at Stendal. <mask> had left Sachau in his Ta 152 H "black 3" (Werknummer 150 007—factory number) at 16:10, landing in Stendal at 16:25.That day, he was also awarded the German Cross in Gold (). The presentation of the German Cross was made by the Geschwaderkommodore of JG 301, Oberstleutnant Fritz Auffhammer. The next day, Generalmajor Dietrich Peltz visited the unit. Peltz had been tasked with the coordination of the aerial defenses of the Reich. At Stendal, Peltz tested one of the Ta 152 H fighters, which happened to be the Ta 152 H assigned to Reschke. In the second half of March, the Geschwaderstab predominantly flew fighter protection for II. Gruppe of JG 301 during the takeoff and landing phase.II. Gruppe at the time was equipped with the Fw 190 D-9. The Geschwaderstab moved to an airfield at Neustadt-Glewe on 10 April. On 14 April, <mask> and two other pilots were scrambled when Hawker Tempest fighters were reported attacking the railway yards at Ludwigslust. In defense of this attack, he claimed a Tempest of No. 486(NZ) Squadron shot down, its pilot Warrant Officer O.J. Mitchell was killed in action.On 20 April, Oberfeldwebel <mask> received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (). That day, fellow JG 301 pilot Oberfeldwebel Walter Loos was also awarded the Knight's Cross. <mask> claimed his last two victories of the war on 24 April when he downed two Soviet Yakovlev Yak-9 fighters near Berlin. According to his own account, the Yak-9 was hopelessly inferior to the Ta 152. The final destination of the Geschwaderstab was Leck Airfield. There, all remaining Ta 152s were handed over to British forces, including <mask>'s last aircraft, Ta 152 H-1 "green 9" (Werknummer 150 168). This aircraft was tested by Eric Brown and scrapped in 1946.<mask> died in July 2017 at the age of 95. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to Obermaier, <mask> flew about 70 missions during his combat career in which he claimed 27 aerial victories. He claimed two victories in the Eastern Front and 25 over the Western Front, including 20 four-engine bombers. Three claims were made flying the Ta 152. He was shot down eight times, bailing out five times, and was wounded once. Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 20 aerial victory claims, plus seven further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes two aerial victories on the Eastern Front and eighteen on the Western Front, including fourteen four-engine bombers.Awards
 Aviator badge (27 June 1943)
 Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class
 1st Class
 Wound Badge (1939)
 in Black
 German Cross in Gold on 13 March 1945 as Oberfeldwebel in the 1./Jagdgeschwader 301
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 20 April 1945 as Oberfeldwebel and pilot in the Stab/Jagdgeschwader 301

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Reschke, <mask> (2011). Chronik Jagdgeschwader 301/302 Wilde Sau. .

1922 births
2017 deaths
German World War II flying aces
Luftwaffe pilots
People from Krosno Odrzańskie County
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Pilots who performed an aerial ramming

masks:
Willi Reschke
Reschke
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<mask> (571 – July 2, 649), courtesy name Yaoshi, posthumously known as <mask> of Wei (also spelled as Duke of Wey), was a Chinese military general, strategist, and writer who lived in the early Tang dynasty and was most active during the reign of Emperor Taizong. In 630, <mask> defeated the Göktürks, led by Jiali Khan, with just 3,000 cavalry soldiers in a surprise attack, allowing the Tang Empire to subjugate the Göktürks and reduce them to the status of a vassal under the Tang Empire. <mask> and <mask> are considered the two most prominent early Tang generals. During Sui Dynasty
<mask> was born in 571, during Sui Dynasty's predecessor state Northern Zhou. His clan was from the Chang'an region. His grandfather <mask> (李崇義) served as a provincial governor during Northern Wei, and his father <mask> (李詮) served as a commandery governor during Sui. In his youth, <mask> was said to be handsome and ambitious, and was talented both in literary and military matters.His maternal uncle was the great Sui general Han Qinhu (韓擒虎), and it was said that Han was impressed by his talent, stating, "You are the only person that I can talk to about Sun Tzu's and Wu Qi's strategies." Early in his career, <mask> served as a minor county official for Chang'an county—one of the two counties within Chang'an, which served as Sui's capital. He later served as a low level official within the imperial administration, and it was said that he impressed both the prime minister Yang Su and the important minister Niu Hong (牛弘). Near the end of the reign of Emperor Yang, <mask> served as the Vice Prefect of Mayi Commandery (馬邑, roughly modern Shuozhou, Shanxi), when he served under the general <mask> the Duke of Tang, who was in charge of the nearby important city of Taiyuan (太原, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) against Eastern Tujue forces. <mask> came to suspect that <mask> was plotting a rebellion, and therefore pretended to commit a crime and asked to be locked up and delivered to Emperor Yang, who was then at Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). However, he was first delivered to Chang'an, and then, as nearly the entire Sui state was engulfed in agrarian rebellions at that time, there was no way to deliver him to Jiangdu from there. In 617, <mask> indeed rebelled, and soon captured Chang'an, declaring Emperor Yang's grandson Yang You the Prince of Dai emperor (as Emperor Gong) but seizing power as regent.Knowing that <mask> was planning to report his plans to Emperor Yang, <mask> set to execute him. At the execution, <mask> yelled, "You, duke, rose in order to eliminate tyrannical rule for the people. You are not concerned about what is important, but instead are executing a brave man on account of personal enmity!" <mask> was impressed by his words, and <mask>'s son <mask> interceded on <mask>'s behalf. <mask> released <mask>, whom <mask> soon retained <mask> to serve on his staff. During Emperor Gaozu's reign
In 618, after news arrived at Chang'an that Emperor Yang was killed in a coup at Jiangdu led by the general Yuwen Huaji, <mask> had Yang You yield the throne to him, establishing Tang Dynasty as its Emperor Gaozu. <mask> continued serving the new dynasty.In 619, <mask> participated in a campaign against one of Tang's major enemies, Wang Shichong the Emperor of Zheng, and was promoted for his accomplishments. Later that year, Emperor Gaozu sent him to Kui Prefecture (夔州, modern eastern Chongqing) to plan a military operation against another major enemy, Xiao Xian the Emperor of Liang, who then ruled the modern Hubei, Hunan, and Guangxi region. When he first reached Jin Prefecture (金州, roughly modern Ankang, Shaanxi), he encountered bandits in the mountain, who had several times defeated <mask>n (李瑗, note different tone and character than Emperor Gaozu's name (淵, yuān)) the Prince of Lujiang (Emperor Gaozu's distant nephew). <mask> joined forces with <mask>n to defeat those bandits. However, as he arrived at the borders with Liang, he was blocked by Liang forces and long could not reach there, having to stop at Xia Prefecture (峽州, roughly modern Yichang, Hubei). Emperor Gaozu, believing that <mask> was intentionally not advancing, was sufficiently angry that he secretly ordered the commandant at Xia Prefecture, Xu Shao (許紹), to execute <mask>. Xu, however, was appreciative of <mask>'s talent, and submitted a petition urging that <mask> be spared, and Emperor Gaozu relented.Meanwhile, in spring 620, around the same time, Ran Zhaoze (冉肇則) the leader of the Kaishan Tribe (開山蠻), rebelled against Tang rule and attacked Kui Prefecture. When Emperor Gaozu's distant nephew <mask> the Duke of Zhao Commandery fought Ran, he was initially unsuccessful, but <mask> reinforced him with 800 men and defeated and killed Ran. In 621, <mask> submitted 10 strategies against Liang, and <mask> submitted them to Emperor Gaozu. Emperor Gaozu approved of <mask>'s plans, and made <mask> <mask>'s assistant in the campaign against Liang. It was said that as <mask> was still inexperienced, Emperor Gaozu actually put <mask> in charge of most of the operations, although <mask> was formally commander of the operations. In fall 621, Emperor Gaozu commissioned <mask>, with <mask> as his assistant, to launch a major attack on Xiao Xian's Liang state, with <mask>àn and the other generals Tian Shikang (田世康) and Zhou Faming (周法明) attacking on other fronts. At that time, the Yangtze River had a high water level and was flowing rapidly.While many officers under him suggested delaying the campaign, <mask> suggested to <mask> that the rapid water was a good opportunity to launch a surprise attack on Xiao Xian's capital Jiangling (江陵, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei). After defeating the Liang general Wen Shihong (文士弘), <mask> put Jiangling under siege, cutting off Xiao Xian's communications with the armies in the rest of his territory. <mask> suggested floating the Liang ships that they captured down the Yangtze, to confuse the approaching Liang relief forces into believing that Jiangling had fallen already. Xiao, not knowing that the relief forces were only a few days away, surrendered to <mask>. By the suggestion of <mask> and Xiao's official Cen Wenben, who had persuaded Xiao to surrender, <mask> strictly prohibited pillaging and retribution against Liang generals. The Liang provinces, upon hearing the news of Jiangling's fall, soon largely submitted to Tang. <mask> delivered Xiao to Chang'an, where Emperor Gaozu executed him.For his accomplishments, <mask> was created the Duke of Yongkang. Subsequently, Emperor Gaozu commissioned <mask> to head south to persuade the modern Guangdong and Guangxi region, which had submitted to Xiao Xian and another rebel ruler, <mask> the Emperor of Chu, to submit to Tang. <mask> advanced to Gui Prefecture (桂州, roughly modern Guilin, Guangxi) and was able to persuade several of the most major warlords of the region, including Feng Ang (馮盎), <mask> (李光度), and Ning Zhenzhang (甯真長) to submit to Tang. Subsequently, <mask> was made the commandant at Gui Prefecture. In fall 623, the Tang general Fu Gongshi, who had served as the deputy of the powerful general <mask> the Prince of Wu as the military governor of the lower Yangtze region, rebelled against Tang rule while <mask> was at Chang'an, declaring himself the Emperor of Song. Emperor Gaozu commissioned <mask> to attack Fu, again making <mask> <mask>'s assistant, and also sending other generals Huang Junhan (黃君漢) and <mask> to attack Fu from other fronts. <mask> and <mask> sailed down the Yangtze, attacking and defeating the Song generals at multiple battles.Fu ordered his generals Feng Huiliang (馮慧亮) and Chen Dangshi (陳當世) to take up position at Mount Bowang (博望山, in modern Ma'anshan, Anhui, preparing for the assault, instructing Feng and Chen not to engage <mask>, but to wear him down. However, <mask>, under <mask>'s suggestion, cut off their supply route, and when Feng and Chen's food supplies ran low, they challenged <mask>. Against suggestions by some officers that he bypass Feng and Chen and attack the Song capital Danyang (丹楊, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu) directly, <mask>, again with <mask>'s suggestion, confronted Feng and Chen, initially using the weaker segment of his forces to battle Feng and Chen and, after initial losses, draw Feng and Chen in deeper, and then attacked them, defeating them decisively, with the aid of <mask>wei's subordinate general Kan Leng (闞稜). After the victory, <mask> and <mask> attacked Danyang. Fu, in fear, abandoned Danyang and fled east, but was captured by the local men and delivered to Danyang. Emperor Gaozu, praising <mask>, made the comment: "<mask> is the fatal illness for Xiao and Fu. How could even Han Xin, Bai Qi, Wei Qing, or Huo Qubing exceed him?"Subsequently, <mask> was put in charge of the region, and <mask> served as his assistant. it was said that <mask> contributed much in pacifying the region after the region had seen much bloodshed for years. In 625, Eastern Tujue attacked Taiyuan, and <mask> led some of his troops north to resist Eastern Tujue. It was said that all of the other Tang generals were defeated by Eastern Tujue forces, but <mask> was able to preserve his troops. In 626, when Eastern Tujue attacked again, <mask> was made the commandant at Ling Prefecture (靈州, roughly modern Yinchuan, Ningxia), and he tried to cut off Eastern Tujue's return path, although soon Tang and Eastern Tujue made peace. It was said that at this time that <mask>, then engaged in an intense rivalry with his older brother <mask>ng the Crown Prince and fearing that <mask>ng might be intending to kill him, solicited advice from <mask> and <mask>, and both refused to speak on the matter, drawing respect from <mask> for their unwillingness to be involved in an internecine struggle. In 626, <mask> set a show down for <mask>ng and another brother, <mask>ji the Prince of Qi at Xuanwu Gate, killing them, and then effectively forced Emperor Gaozu to create him crown prince and then pass the throne to him (as Emperor

masks:
Li Jing
Duke Jingwu
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Shiji
Li Jing
Li Chongyi
Li Quan
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Yuan
Li Jing
Li Yuan
Li Yuan
Li Jing
Li Yuan
Li Jing
Li Yuan
Li Yuan
Li Shimin
Li Jing
Li Yuan
Li Jing
Li Shimin
Li Jing
Li Yuan
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Yuà
Li Jing
Li Yuà
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Xiaogong
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Xiaogong
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Xiaogong
Li Xiaogong
Li Jing
Li Xiaogong
Li Xiaogong
Li Jing
Li Yu
Li Jing
Li Xiaogong
Li Xiaogong
Li Jing
Li Xiaogong
Li Jing
Li Xiaogong
Li Xiaogong
Li Jing
Li Jing
Lin Shihong
Li Jing
Li Guangdu
Li Jing
Li Fuwei
Li Fuwei
Li Xiaogong
Li Jing
Li Xiaogong
Li Shiji
Li Xiaogong
Li Jing
Li Xiaogong
Li Xiaogong
Li Jing
Li Xiaogong
Li Xiaogong
Li Jing
Li Fu
Li Xiaogong
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Xiaogong
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Shimin
Li Jianche
Li Jianche
Li Jing
Li Shiji
Li Shimin
Li Shimin
Li Jianche
Li Yuan


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 Taizong).During Emperor Taizong's reign
<mask> continued to serve in Emperor Taizong's administration, and was soon made the minister of justice. In 628, in addition to that post, he also became acting Zhongshu Ling (中書令) -- the head of the legislative bureau of the government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng), a post considered one for a chancellor. In 629, he was made the minister of war. Around the new year 630, with Eastern Tujue in internal turmoil, with its Jiali Khan Ashina Duobi attacking his nephew and subordinate khan, the Tuli Khan Ashina Shibobi (阿史那什鉢苾), Emperor Taizong commissioned <mask>, <mask>, Wei Xiaojie, <mask>, Chai Shao (柴紹), and Xue Wanche (薛萬徹) to attack Eastern Tujue, with <mask> in overall command. <mask> launched his attack in a surprise manner, from Mayi through Wuyang Range (惡陽嶺, in modern southern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia), capturing the important city of Dingxiang (定襄, in modern Hohhot). In fear, Ashina Duobi retreated to Qikou (磧口, in modern Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia). <mask> then sent secret messengers to persuade his associate to surrender.One of them, Kangsumi (康蘇密), took Emperor Yang's wife Empress Xiao and her grandson Yang Zhengdao, whom Eastern Tujue had created the Prince of Sui, and surrendered to <mask>. Ashina Duobi sent messengers to Emperor Taizong, offering to submit and to pay homage to him later, but was still considering fleeing further with his forces. Emperor Taizong sent the official <mask> (唐儉) as an envoy to Ashina Duobi, but also ordered <mask> to escort Ashina Duobi. <mask>, reading between the lines and believing that Emperor Taizong's order was to attack Ashina Duobi, after joining forces with <mask>, launched the attack. They defeated and captured most of Ashina Duobi's remaining forces and killed his wife, Sui's Princess Yicheng. Ashina Duobi fled further, and was soon captured by the generals <mask> and Zhang Baoxiang (張寶相). Eastern Tujue's nobles all submitted to Tang.In recognition of <mask>'s great victory, Emperor Taizong issued a general pardon and ordered his people to feast for five days. He also created <mask> the greater title of Duke of Dai. When <mask> returned to the capital, however, the imperial censor Xiao Yu accused him of allowing his soldiers to plunder the Eastern Tujue treasury. Emperor Taizong rebuked <mask>, but still increased the size of his fief and awarded him with silk. Later, regretting rebuking <mask>, he stated to <mask>, "People have accused you to hurt you. I realize this now. Please do not mind it."He awarded <mask> with even more silk. Later in 630, he made <mask> Shangshu Pushe (尚書僕射), the head of the important executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng), also a chancellor post. It was said that <mask> spoke very little when conferencing with other chancellors—then considered a virtue. A more plausible explanation is that Taizong didn't trust his high officials, especially the generals, and <mask> was very sure about it. He deliberately tried to keep a low profile in order not to raise Taizong's suspicion. In 634, Emperor Taizong wanted to send some officials to examine the circuits in the empire, to see whether the local officials were capable, to find out whether the people were suffering, to comfort the poor, and to select capable people to serve in civil service. <mask> recommended Wei Zheng, but Emperor Taizong, believing that he needed Wei to stay at Chang'an to examine his own faults, declined, instead sending <mask> and 12 other officials to the circuits to examine them.<mask>'s zone was Ji'nei Circuit (畿內道, roughly modern Shaanxi). After this tour, <mask>, giving  the reason that he had a foot illness, requested to retire. Emperor Taizong agreed, but still ordered that he maintain a staff and that, once he got better, he should visit the legislative and examination (門下省, Menxia Sheng) bureaus every two or three days to serve as an alternative head of those bureaus. Later in 634, Tuyuhun attacked Tang. Emperor Taizong was considering whom to send as the commander of the counterattacking force, and he made the comment, "It would have been wonderful to have <mask> as commander." When <mask> heard this, he personally met with the chancellor Fang Xuanling and offered to be the commander. Emperor Taizong was pleased, and made <mask> the commander, assisted by the other generals Hou Junji, <mask>, <mask>g, <mask>n (李道彥), and Gao Zengsheng (高甑生).Tang forces achieved initial victories against Tuyuhun forces; in response, Tuyuhun burned the grass on grazing fields to try to cut off the Tang horses' food supplies, and the Tang generals mostly believed that they should retreat them. Hou advocated attacking, however, and <mask>ng agreed, pushing deep into Tuyuhun territory and greatly defeating them, capturing the wives and sons of Tuyuhun's Busabo Khan Murong Fuyun. Murong Fuyun's son Murong Shun surrendered, and Murong Fuyun was soon killed by his subordinates. Emperor Taizong created Murong Shun the new khan, and Tang forces largely withdrew, although <mask>g remained. During the campaign, on one occasion, <mask> rebuked Gao for arriving late, but did not punish him. Gao nevertheless was displeased with <mask>'s rebuke, and he and the official <mask>yi (唐奉義) accused <mask> of plotting treason. The matter was investigated, and the evidence was found lacking.Gao and <mask> were accused of false accusations and exiled, notwithstanding pleas by others that Gao contributed to Emperor Taizong's ambush at Xuanwu Gate against <mask>ng. However, from this point on, <mask> refused to receive guests, and he even did not see his relatives often. In 637, as a part of Emperor Taizong's scheme to bestow prefectures on his relatives and great generals and officials as their permanent domains, <mask>'s title was changed to Duke of Wei, and he was given the post of prefect of Pu Prefecture (濮州, roughly modern Heze, Shandong), to be inherited by his heirs. Soon, however, with many objections to the system, the strongest of which came from Zhangsun Wuji, Emperor Taizong cancelled the scheme, although <mask>'s title remained Duke of Wei. In 640, <mask>'s wife died, and Emperor Taizong ordered that a large tomb, made in the shape of Mount Tie (鐵山) in Eastern Tujue territory and Mount Jishi (積石山) in Tuyuhun territory, under the precedents that the great Han Dynasty generals Wei Qing and Huo Qubing had their tombs built in the shapes of mountains in Xiongnu territory to commemorate their victories, be constructed for <mask>'s wife (as <mask> would eventually be buried there as well). In 643, when Emperor Taizong commissioned the Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion to commemorate the 24 great contributors to Tang rule, <mask>'s portrait was one of the 24. In 644, when Emperor Taizong was set to attack Goguryeo, he summoned <mask> to consult his opinion.Emperor Taizong stated to him:

You, duke, pacified the Wu region [i.e., the lower Yangtze] to the south, cleared the desert to the north, and settled the Murong [i.e., Tuyuhun] to the west. Only Goguryeo has not submitted. What do you think? <mask> responded:

Your subject had, in the past, depended on your heavenly power to give my minor contributions. I am old and my bones are weak, but if Your Imperial Majesty does not look down on me, I am nevertheless willing to go despite my sickness. Emperor Taizong, however, saw that <mask> was ill and decided not to send him. Emperor Taizong later personally led a largely unsuccessful attack on Goguryeo.<mask> died in 649—briefly before Emperor Taizong's own death—and was buried with great honor, near Emperor Taizong's own tomb. Works attributed to <mask>
As one of the best generals and strategists of Tang Dynasty remaining undefeated in career, <mask> wrote several books about military doctrines. Although most of his work is not preserved today, fractions of them were cited by Tongdian, an encyclopedia about historic politic system in China. One of the Seven Military Classics of China, Duke <mask> of Wei Answering Emperor Taizong of Tang (唐太宗李衛公問對/唐太宗李卫公问对, Táng Tàizōng Lǐ Wèigōng Wènduì), is a purported dialogue between <mask> and Emperor Taizong about the strategies, policies, tactics. They criticised The Art of war, Zhuge liang strategies book and New Book of Mengde. The work is attributed to <mask>, although many modern scholars doubt the attribution, as neither the Old Book of Tang nor the New Book of Tang mentions the work in their biographies of <mask>. <mask> in fiction
<mask> appears in many Chinese folk tales and novels.Many of his legends were recorded in Taiping Guangji (太平廣記), a record of stories in Song Dynasty. The novel Romance of Sui and Tang (隋唐演義), written by the Qing Dynasty author Chu Renhuo (褚人獲), for example, <mask> was prominently featured. The novel that most prominently features <mask>, however, was the late Tang Dynasty short story Biography of the Dragon-Beard Man (虬髯客傳), written by the official Du Guangting (杜光庭), which featured, as its three central characters, <mask>, his purported wife Zhang Chuchen (張出塵), and an ambitious man who taught <mask> military strategies, known only as the "Dragon-Beard Man." There is no evidence to show that any of the fictional treatments of <mask>'s life had bases in fact. The novel Fengshen Yanyi also had a substantial character named <mask>, apparently borrowing a number of the real <mask>'s personal characteristics, but as the Fengshen Yanyi was set near the end of the legendary Shang Dynasty, more than 2,000 years before the historical <mask>, it was not actually referring to the same person. See also
Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun

References

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 67.New Book of Tang, vol. 93. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199. 571 births
649 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Taizong of Tang
Chinese military writers
Military strategists
Northern Zhou people
Sui dynasty people
Tang dynasty generals at war against the Göktürks
Tang dynasty writers
Transition from Sui to

masks:
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Shiji
Li Daozong
Li Jing
Li
Li Jing
Li Jing
Tang Jian
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Shiji
Li Daozong
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
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Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Daozong
Li Dalian
Li Daoya
Li ji
Li Dalian
Li Jing
Li Jing
Tang Feng
Li Jing
Tang
Li Jianche
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
Li Jing
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Li Jing
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<mask>,  (March 18, 1905 – April 21, 1997) was a Canadian educator, poet, anthropologist, ethno-historian, and academic administrator. Life

Born in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, the son of Professor <mask>. and Ernestine Valiant (Gale) <mask>, he received his BA degree in 1927 from the University of New Brunswick (UNB). He was editor of The High School of Quebec Magazine while in high school, and verse editor of The Brunswickian at UNB, and contributed poetry to both magazines. <mask> then attended the University of Toronto, where he earned his   MA in 1929. There he became friends with Earle Birney, Roy Daniells, and Robert Finch, and was introduced to the poetry of T.S. Eliot. After graduating, <mask> worked as a reporter for the Toronto Mail and Empire.He returned to the University of Toronto to receive his Ph.D in 1934. He then spent a year on a Royal Society of Canada fellowship studying at the London School of Economics, where he was introduced to "leftist politics" and the poetry of Dylan Thomas. From 1935 to 1938, he worked as assistant director and associate curator at the New Brunswick Museum in Saint John, New Brunswick. In 1938, the president of UNB offered to make <mask> the head of a new Department of History if he could talk the provincial government into granting sufficient funding for it. <mask> was successful, and served as head of the new department for 30 years, until 1969. <mask> instituted colonial American studies at the UNB; as a result a closer liaison developed between its history departments and that of the University of Maine in the 1960s. Visits between scholars from Atlantic Provinces and the University of Maine became frequent after the establishment of the New England - Atlantic Provinces Study Center at Orono in 1966.<mask> worked hard at founding a literary community in New Brunswick, founding the Bliss Carman Society. The Society held its meetings at his home, and he kept minutes (including records of all poems). His mimeographed sheets of poems read at Society meetings eventually grew into a new literary magazine, The Fiddlehead, established in 1945 and now Canada's longest-running literary journal. <mask> was Honorary Librarian and CEO of the UNB Library from 1946 to 1959. From 1946 to 1964, he was the first Dean of Arts at UNB, and from 1965 to 1969, he was Vice President (Academic). He retired in 1970. He wrote poetry from college through retirement.His books of poetry include Songs of the Saguenay (1927), Tao (1930), Border River (1952), Thanks for a Drowned Island (1973), and Miramichi Lightning: The Collected Poems of <mask><mask> (1981). Writing

History

<mask> <mask> is esteemed for his seminal work in ethnohistory, The Conflict of European and Eastern Algonkian Cultures, 1504-1700: A Study in Canadian Civilization, his 1937 doctoral dissertation, republished by the University of Toronto in 1969. "In a sense," says the New Brunswick Literary Encyclopedia, "he created the field of ethnohistory in Canada." His essay "Overture to Nationhood" in the Literary History of Canada (1965) (which he helped to edit) and his 1972 collection Culture and Nationality: Essays by A.G<mask>, confirmed his status as cultural historian. Poetry
The Canadian Encyclopedia says of his poetry: "From conservative beginnings that echoed strongly the romantic tones of late 19th-century verse, <mask> evolved into a contemporary poet whose statement was full of the surrounding reality, whose voice is, at times, deceptively subdued but whose imagination ranged widely and wisely. Recognition
On retirement, <mask> was appointed Professor Emeritus at UNB. He received three honorary doctorates.He has served on the  Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, the National Library advisory board, and the Governor General's Literary Awards committee. In 1951, <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In 1978, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. He is commemorated by the Alfred G. <mask> Poetry Prize, awarded annually by the Writers' Federation of New Brunswick; and by the <mask>. <mask> Undergraduate Scholarship, awarded annually to a UNB student majoring in history. <mask> <mask> has had a formative influence on a generation of younger poets, notably Elizabeth Brewster, Fred Cogswell, and Robert Gibbs. Publications

Poetry
 Songs of the Saguenay and other poems. Quebec City: Chronicle-Telegraph Publications, 1927.Tao: A Ryerson Poetry Chap Book. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1930. Border River. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1952. Thanks for a Drowned Island Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973. Miramichi Lightning: The Collected Poems of <mask>. Fredericton: Fiddlehead Poetry Books, 1981. nominated for a 1981 Governor General's Awards
 The sun the wind the summer field.Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions, 1996. Prose
 The Conflict of European and Eastern Algonkian Culture 1504-1700: A Study in Canadian Civilization. University of Toronto, 1934; Rpt. (with two chapters omitted) Saint John, 1937; Rpt. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1969. Culture and Nationality: Essays by A. G<mask>. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1972."Overture to Nationhood." The Literary History of Canada. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1976. The Letters of James and Ellen Robb: Portrait of a Fredericton Family in Early Victorian Times (1983)

Except where noted, bibliographic information courtesy St. Thomas University (New Brunswick). References

1905 births
1997 deaths
20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian male writers
Canadian male poets
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian anthropologists
Canadian university and college faculty deans
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Historians of Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada
Writers from Quebec City
University of Toronto alumni
University of New Brunswick alumni
University of New Brunswick faculty
20th-century Canadian historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers
20th-century anthropologists

masks:
Alfred Goldsworthy Bailey
Loring Woart Bailey Jr
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Alfred Bailey
Alfred G
. Bailey
Alfred Goldsworthy
Bailey
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Alfred G
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Alfred Goldsworthy
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Alfred Bailey
. Bailey


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<mask> (born 15 February 1994) is an English footballer who plays as a winger for Southern League club Wantage Town. <mask> began his football career with hometown club Swindon Town before joining Manchester City as a 16-year-old. He spent spells on loan with Chesterfield, for whom he made his Football League debut, Bristol Rovers and Ipswich Town before signing a permanent contract with the latter in 2014. A loan to Blackpool preceded a couple of months with Scottish Premiership club Kilmarnock in 2016. He then played non-league football with Margate, Braintree Town, Nuneaton Town and Darlington before returning to Nuneaton in 2019. He represented England at the 2011 European Under-17 Championships and at the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Club career

Swindon Town
Henshall was born and raised in Swindon, Wiltshire, and joined the youth setup of his hometown Football League club, Swindon Town, at the age of eight.He was a member of the Swindon Town team that reached the quarter-final of the 2009 Milk Cup Junior Section, scoring a hat-trick against Maccabi Tel Aviv's youngsters, and shared the Player of the Tournament award with Hallam Hope of eventual winners Everton. Swindon manager Danny Wilson named him among the substitutes for a Football League Trophy match against Exeter City in October 2009, and had hoped to bring him on if Swindon were "comfortable", but the match went to extra time and penalties: had <mask> come on, he would have become the club's youngest debutant, at . Manchester City
He attracted attention from major Premier League clubs, and in June 2010, once he finished school, he signed for Manchester City for an undisclosed fee. He made a positive start to his City career, winning the penalty that began an 8–0 rout of Empor Berlin by City's under-18 team in a pre-season tour of Germany in July 2010. City coach Scott Sellars said that <mask> "was a real threathe looks like a real talent". He appeared for City's under-19s in both seasons of the NextGen Series before going out on loan. Chesterfield (loan)
After reported interest in January 2013 from Coventry City in taking <mask> came to nothing, he joined Chesterfield on 22 February on a one-month loan deal.He made his club and Football League debut the next day, replacing Jay O'Shea in the 53rd minute of a 1–0 defeat at home to League Two leaders Gillingham. He made his first start three days later in a goalless draw with Aldershot Town, and was replaced at half-time by Jack Lester. On 28 March, his loan deal was extended until the end of the season. Bristol Rovers (loan)
On 17 October 2013, <mask> signed on a month's loan for Bristol Rovers of League Two. According to Rovers manager John Ward, <mask> "[came] looking for an opportunity to get his career going again". Manchester City had high hopes for him, and the ambitious <mask> hoped to use the loan spell to "ignite his career in the Premier League". Ward described him as "quite direct in his play and [liking] to run at defenders."He made his debut two days later, replacing Ryan Brunt in the 63rd minute of a 1–0 defeat at home to Wycombe Wanderers. In the following game, on 22 October, he scored his first senior goal in a 2–1 defeat away to Accrington Stanley. That was his last appearance for Rovers: Ward thought "he was not going to force his way into [his] team." Ipswich Town
<mask> joined Championship club Ipswich Town on 24 March 2014 on a youth loan until the end of the season. He was released by Manchester City when his contract expired. Despite having made no first-team appearances during his loan spell, <mask> joined Ipswich Town on a two-year contract on 27 June 2014. He said it was an easy decision because he liked working for manager Mick McCarthy and felt the club was making good progress.He made his debut on 12 August, starting in a League Cup match which Ipswich lost 1–0 to League One team Crawley Town in extra time. Having made five appearances for Ipswich, <mask> joined their Championship rivals Blackpool on 9 January 2015 on loan for a month. He made his Blackpool debut the next day as a 61st-minute substitute for Connor Oliver in a 1–0 win over Millwall. After one more appearance, <mask> returned to his parent club after suffering a knee injury. At the end of the season, McCarthy said that although he felt <mask> should have been in the first-team squad more often, he had shown a positive attitude and the opportunity was still there. By September, he had been made available for transfer, and at the end of the January transfer window, his contract was terminated by mutual consent. Kilmarnock
On 30 March 2016, <mask> signed for Scottish Premiership club Kilmarnock, agreeing a contract until the end of the season.He played just twice, and was released at the end of his contract. Non-league football
Having turned down options "thinking [he] would get something better", <mask> went into the 2016–17 season without a club. He trained with Yeovil Town to maintain his fitness, and in December 2016 joined up with Margate. He played just one National League South match, against Welling United, before moving up a division by signing for Braintree Town in early January 2017. In what remained of the season, he made seven National League appearances, all but one off the bench, and another three in the FA Trophy. In June 2017, <mask> signed for Nuneaton Town of the National League North. Manager Tommy Wright said he was excited not only about the player's "reputation and pedigree" but also because he wanted "to be the manager that gets this talent and potential back out of him so that he can hit the heights he should have done by now."<mask> made six league starts in the first couple of months of the campaign, but his season was disrupted by injury, worsened by what Wright later described as a misdiagnosis, and he left the club before his contract ended. After <mask> returned to fitness ahead of the 2018–19 season, Wright continued his mission by signing him for his new employers, National League North club Darlington, citing "unfinished business". He made 24 league appearances without scoring, and was released at the end of the season, after which he signed for Nuneaton Borough of the Southern League Premier Division Central. On 27 November 2019, he joined Swindon Supermarine on a month's loan until 28 December. On 3 January 2020, he signed permanently with Swindon Supermarine and his contract with Nuneaton was terminated. In the curtailed 2020–21 season he played for Southern League Premier Division sides Stratford Town and Banbury United for short spells. In the summer of 2021 he dropped down to Division One Central to play for Wantage Town.International career
<mask> made his England under-16 debut on 15 October 2009, in a 1–0 win against Wales, and appeared twice more at that level. He made his debut for the under-17 team on 3 August 2010, in a 5–0 win against Finland in the first round of the Nordic Tournament. England beat Sweden 2–1 in the final, in which <mask> played 67 minutes before being substituted. He scored his first goal for the side on 27 February 2011, in a 2–2 draw with host nation Portugal in the Algarve tournament. He played in all of England's games at the 2011 UEFA Under-17 Championships, helping them reach the semi-finals. He also represented England at the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup, playing in the final group-stage game, a 2–0 win against Uruguay, and helping England to reach the quarter-final stage. Career statistics

References

External links
 Profile at the Football Association website (via archive.org)

1994 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Swindon
English footballers
England youth international footballers
Association football wingers
Swindon Town F.C.players
Manchester City F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Kilmarnock F.C. players
Margate F.C.players
Braintree Town F.C. players
Nuneaton Borough F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Swindon Supermarine F.C. players
Stratford Town F.C. players
Banbury United F.C. players
Wantage Town F.C.players
English Football League players
Scottish Professional Football League players
National League (English football) players
Southern Football League players

masks:
Alex Charles Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall
Henshall


texts:
<mask> ( <mask>vič Rozdol's'kyj) (Lemberg, July 19, 1898 – Detroit, October 20, 1967) was a prominent Ukrainian Marxian scholar, historian and political theorist. Rodolskys book The Making of Marx's Capital, became a foundational text in the rediscovery of Marx critique of political economy. As well as influenced later scholars such as Postone. Biography
<mask> was born in Lemberg (Lviv) in Galicia, at that time in the Austro-Hungarian empire, now in Ukraine, and died in Detroit, MI (USA). Rosdolsky's father Osyp Rosdolsky was a Ukrainian theologian, philologist, ethnographer and translator of some repute. <mask>'s uncle was Ukrainian composer Danylo Rosdolsky. Both <mask>'s grandparents were priests of the Greek Catholic Church and well-known supporters of the independence of the Ukrainian nation.Ivan Franko was a family friend. As a youth, Rosdolsky was a member of the Ukrainian socialist Drahomanov Circles. He was drafted in the imperial army in 1915, and edited with <mask> and his Left Opposition, and was later, at the end of the 1920s, expelled from the Communist Party.In 1926-1931, he was correspondent in Vienna of the Marx-Engels Institute in Moscow, searching for archival materials. At that time, in 1927, he met his wife Emily. When the labour movement in Austria suffered repression, he emigrated in 1934 back to L'viv, where he worked at the university as lecturer and he published the Trotskyist periodical Žittja i slovo 1934-1938. He was arrested by the Gestapo in 1942, but survived internment for three years in the concentration camps of Auschwitz, Ravensbrück and Oranienburg. He emigrated to the USA in 1947, and worked there as independent scholar - failing to obtain a university post. He published also under pseudonyms such as "<mask>", "P.Suk. ", "Tenet" and "W.S.".Rosdolsky is mainly known in the English-speaking world for his careful scholarly exegesis on Marx's Grundrisse, The Making of Marx's Capital. The collection of essays overturned many previous interpretations of Das Kapital. Yet he published much more, especially on historical topics. During his life, he corresponded with numerous well known Marxist writers including Isaac Deutscher, Ernest Mandel, Paul Mattick, and Karl Korsch. Mandel called Rosdolsky's work on the National Question the only Marxist criticism of Marx himself. Main published works in English
 1951 "The Distribution of the Agrarian Product in Feudalism", in: Journal of Economic History (1951), pp. 247–265
 1952 "On the nature of peasant serfdom in Central and Eastern Europe", in: Journal of Central European Affairs, Vol.12, 1952. 1963 "A Revolutionary Parable on the Equality of Men", in: Archiv für Sozialgeschichte, Bd. 3 (1963), pp. 291–293. 1965 "Worker and Fatherland: a Note on a Passage in the Communist Manifesto". Science & Society, Vol. 29, 1965, pp.330–337 (reprinted in Bob Jessop & Dennis Wheatley (ed. ), Karl Marx's social and political thought. London: Routledge, 1999). 1974 "Method of Marx's Capital". New German Critique, Number 3, Fall 1974. 1977 The Making of Marx's Capital. London: Pluto Press, 1977.1986 Engels and the `Nonhistoric' Peoples: the National Question in the Revolution of 1848. Glasgow: Critique books, 1987. First published in Critique, No.18/19, 1986. 1988 "A Memoir of Auschwitz and Birkenau." (Introd. John-Paul Himka). Monthly Review Vol.39, no. 8 (January 1988), pp. 33–38. 1999 Lenin and the First World War. London: Prinkipo Press, 1999. 2009 "The Jewish Orphanage in Cracow". In: The Online Publications Series of the Center for Urban History of East Central Europe [www.lvivcenter.org/download.php?downloadid=107], No.4, Lviv, October 2009 (translated by Diana Rosdolsky)

Published writing in German
 1937 "Karl Marx und der Polizeispitzel Bangya, in: International Review for Social History", Vol. 2, Leyden 1937, pp. 229–245. 1938 "Die Geschichte der tschechisch-polnischen Beziehungen in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts", in: [Prager Rundschau, Jg. 8 (1938)], pp. 114–140.1948 "Das jüdische Waisenhaus in Krakau". In: Arbeiter Zeitung, Vienna, 15 April 1948. 1954 "Die ostgalizische Dorfgemeinschaft und ihre Auflösung". In: Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Franz Steiner Verlag, Vol. 41, Nr. 2, 1954, pp.97–145. 1956 "Zur neueren Kritik des Marxschen Gesetzes der fallenden Profitrate", in: Kyklos, 2 (1956), pp. 208–226
 1957 Review of Martin Trottmann, Zur Interpretation und Kritik der Zusammenbruchstheorie von Henryk Grossmann, in: Kyklos, 3 (1957), pp. 353–355. 1957 "Der esoterische und der exoterische Marx. Zur kritischen Würdigung der Marxschen Lohntheorie I–III", in: Arbeit und Wirtschaft, Vol. 11 (1957), Nr.11ff., pp. pp. 348–351, 388–391, 20–24. 1959 Der Gebrauchswert bei Karl Marx. Eine Kritik der bisherigen Marx-Interpretation, Kyklos. Internationale Zeitschrift für Sozialwissenschaften, Vol. XII 1959, Basel, pp.27–56. 1959 "Joan Robinsons Marx-Kritik", in: Arbeit und Wirtschaft, Vol. 13 (1959), Nr. 8f., pp. 178–183, 210–212. 1959 'Zur Analyse der russischen Revolution', in Die Sozialismusdebatte. Historische und aktuelle Fragen des Sozialismus, edited by Ulf Wolter, West Berlin: Olle & Wolter, 1978: 203-36.1961 Die grosse Steuer- und Agrarreform Josefs II. Ein Kapitel zur österreichischen Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1961. 1963 "Archivalische Miszellen über O. Bauer". International Review of Social History, vol. 8(1963), pp. 436–446.1963 "La Neue Rheinische Zeitung et les Juifs", in: Etudes de Marxologie, no.7 (Aug. 1963). 1963 "Ein neomarxistisches Lehrbuch der politischen Ökonomie", in: Kyklos. Internationale Zeitschrift für Sozialwissenschaften, Vol. XVI, 1963, pp. 626–654. 1963 "Archivalische Miszellen über Otto Bauer". In: International Review of Social History, Vol.8, pp. 436–446, 1963. 1963 "K. Marx und ein "Privatsekretär" Th. Sanders". International Review of Social History vol. 8(1963), pp. 282–285.1963 "Archivalische Miszellen über Otto Bauer". In: International Review of Social History, Vol. 8, pp. 436–446, 1963. 1963 (Review) "Alfred Schmidt, Der Begriff der Natur in der Lehre von Marx". In: Schweizer Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Statistik, pp. 524–527, 1963.1965 "Die Rolle des Zufalls und der "Grossen Männer" in der Geschichte" (1965) . Kritik, Vol 5, No. 14, 1977, p. 67-96, Verlag Olle & Wolter, ISSN 0170-4761. 1966 "Die serbische Sozialdemokratie und die Stockholmer Konferenz von 1917", in: Archiv für Sozialgeschichte, Vol. 6-7(1966–67), pp. 583–597. 1968 "Einige Bemerkungen über die Methode des Marxschen "Kapitals" und ihre Bedeutung für die heutige Marxforschung".In: Kritik der politischen Ökonomie heute. 100 Jahre "Kapital". Frankfurt, Europäische Verlagsanstalt, pp. 9–21, 1968. 1969 "Der Streit um die polnisch-russischen Staatsgrenzen anlässlich des polnischen Aufstandes von 1863", in: Archiv für Sozialgeschichte, Vol. 9(1969), pp. 157–180.1973 Studien über revolutionäre Taktik : 2 unveröffentlichte Arbeiten über d. 2. Internationale u. d. österr. Sozialdemokratie. With comments about the author and the edited texts by Emily Rosdolsky. Berlin : Verlag für d. Studium d. Arbeiterbewegung, 1973. 1976 Die Bauernabgeordneten im konstituierenden österreichischen Reichstag 1848 - 1849. Introduced by Eduard März.Vienna: Europaverlag, 1976. 1992 Untertan und Staat in Galizien : die Reformen unter Maria Theresia und Joseph II. Mainz: Von Zabern, 1992. 1979 Zur nationalen Frage. Friedrich Engels und das Problem der 'geschichtslosen' Völker, Verlag Olle & Wolter, Berlin 1979, . Writing in Italian
 2007 "La situazione rivoluzionaria in Austria nel 1918 e la politica dei socialdemocratici", in: Antonio Moscato (ed. ), Trockij e le pace necessaria: 1918, la socialdemocrazia e la tragedia russa.Argo: 2007. Writing in Polish
 1962 "Do historij "Krawego Roku" 1846". In: Kwartalnik Historyczny, pp. 403–321, 1958. 1962 Stosunki poddańcze w dawnej Galicji. Warsaw, Paňstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1962. 1962 ""Spowied" Goslara."In: Kwartalnik Historyczny, 1962. 1969 "Do historij "Sojuzu vyzvolennja Ukrajny"". In: Ukrajan'kik Samostijnik, 1969 et seq. pp. 31-40, pp. 29-35, pp. 38-42, pp.33-39; pp. 26-30; pp. 32-39. Writing in Ukrainian
 1927 (Pseudonym T. Prokopovych) "Fridrych Engel's pro Ukrajinu". In: Chervonyj Shliakh, pp. 161–186, 1927, Nr. 7-8
 1951 "Do istorii ukrains'koho livo-sotsiialistychnoho rukhu v Halychyni (Pidchasvoienni 'Drahomanivky' 1916-18 r.r.),".In: Vpered, 1951, Nr. 3-4. About <mask>
 Ernest Mandel, "<mask> (1898-1967)", Quatrième Internationale, 33 (April 1968). English translation: "<mask>ky - a genuine Marxist scholar", Intercontinental Press (New York), 6, 21: 512-514, 3 June 1968. Dutch translation: "Wie was <mask>ky" (obituary)
 Obituary of Emily Rosdolsky
 Janusz Radziejowski, "<mask>: man, activist a scholar", in: Science & Society, Vol. 42 (1978) Nr. 2, pp.198–210 (provides biographical details). Anson G. Rabinbach, "<mask>ky 1897-1967: an introduction". New German Critique, No. 3, Autumn 1974, pp. 56–61. Ralph Melvile 1992, '<mask> (1898-1967) als Historiker Galiziens und der Habsburgermonarchie', in: <mask>, Untertan und Staat in Galizien. Die Reformen unter Maria Theriasia und Joseph II, Mainz: Von Zabern: VII-XXV."On <mask> as a Guide to the Politics of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung", Science & Society, Vol. 63, Nr 2, pp. 235–241
 Review of <mask>, Engels and the `Nonhistoric' Peoples. Raya Dunayevskaya, A Critique of <mask>ky: Rosdolsky's Methodology and the Missing Dialectic
 Paul Mattick, <mask>: Das symbolische Schicksal eines osteuropäischen Marxisten
 Manfred A. Turban, "<mask>'s Reconsideration of the Traditional Marxist Debate on the Schemes of Reproduction on New Methodological Grounds", in Koropeckyj, I. S., ed. Selected Contributions of Ukrainian Scholars to Economics. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute Sources and Documents series. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute distributed by Harvard University Press, 1984, pages 91–134. John Paul Himka, "<mask>'s Reconsideration of the Traditional Marxist Debate on the Schemes of Reproduction on New Methodological Grounds: Comments", in Koropeckyj, I. S., ed. Selected Contributions of Ukrainian Scholars to Economics. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute Sources and Documents series. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute distributed by Harvard University Press, 1984, pages 135-47. João Antonio de Paula, "<mask> (1898-1967): um intelectual em tempos de extremos".Nova Economia, vol.17, n.2, 2007. Anson G. Rabinbach, "<mask>dolsky archives
 Wikiversity Rosdolsky reading circle (Vienna)

See also
 Emily Rosdolsky (de) :de:Emily Rosdolsky

1898 births
1967 deaths
University of Lviv faculty
Ukrainian anti-capitalists
Ukrainian Trotskyists
Ukrainian Marxists
Marxist theorists
Marxian economists
Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Austrian people of Ukrainian descent
Ukrainian revolutionaries
Communist Party of Western Ukraine members
Soviet Marxist historians
Politicians from Lviv
Critics of political economy

masks:
Roman Osipovich Rosdolsky
Roman Osipo
Roman Rosdolsky
Roman
Roman
Roman Turianskyky
Roman Prokopovycz
Roman Rosdolsky
Roman Rosdolsky
Roman Rosdols
Roman Rosdols
Roman Rosdolsky
Roman Rosdols
Roman Rosdolsky
Roman Rosdolsky
Roman Rosdolsky
Roman Rosdolsky
Roman Rosdols
Roman Rosdolsky
Roman Rosdolsky
Roman Rosdolsky
Roman Rosdolsky
Roman Rosdolsos


texts:
<mask> () was born in Greece, in the region of Athens and he is the third child of the poet <mask> and Evgenia Antonopoulos. He is a Greek artist and conjectural and he is also a life member of UNESCO and awarded from UNESCO, I.A.F. and International Arts Conference. His works can be found in international organisations, institutions and collections. Studies

<mask> studied "Art conservation" at the University of Indianapolis and "Visual Arts" at the Academy of Florence, honored with a scholarship of the Catholic Church of Greece, where he graduated with honors. He has also attended a course on "Traditional Building Conservation" and he has also studied Byzantine hagiography, fresco painting and tessellation. Theories

<mask> has developed some theories over the years in which he has based his art works.The following sections are summaries of these theories. The temporary attribution of love in a painting and the abyssal expulsion of a modular emotional fall (2003)

His first theory is entitled "The temporary attribution of love in a painting and the abyssal expulsion of a modular emotional fall". He approaches love through the inner greatest procedure (which in our case is not enough) to the completion of the emotion. It is a chapter which is a part of a greater theoretical work including the following sections: Birth, Knowledge, Creation, Love, Betrayal and Death. Theoretical proposal in approaching a conceptual platform of painting art works and structures in a shape [Icon-Concepts] (2004)

His second theory is entitled "Theoretical proposal in approaching a conceptual platform of painting art works and structures in a shape [Icon-Concepts]". This is a theory approaching the point of view of the multiple ingenuities of Howard Gardner by adding a ninth unit, the existential one. According to his theory, for the sake of the iconological conclusion we want to make, each ingenuity is illustrated by the form of [Icon-Ingenuities] and by the form of a puzzle, where the [Viewer – Co-creator] participating by composing the pieces which are morphologically identical but theoretically different (having a different thematic form, depending on the ingenuity).With the completion of this Icon-Puzzle a psychographic result arises, which represents the mental and psychological state of the co-creator. The co-creator is taking an act in the final work, reaching an instantaneously, though permanent until a possible reconstitution of the art, stock of stable truth throughout time. Beautiful decay (2012)

His third theory is entitled "Beautiful decay". In his third theory, he touches the subject of the modern human living in cities (Homo Urbanus), his thoughts, his actions, his decisions, his ethics, his entropy, his egoism, his competitiveness, his unwillingness, are his key characteristics and mainly the ones concerning him. Consequently, the decrease of his social and altruistic behavior is obvious. According to George – Maran <mask>, the phenomenon of justice belongs to "individual structures". This means that the pneumatic identification of modern human with dogmatism is leading to the manipulation, together with other factors, of public opinion and the deprivation of individuality.The truth of falsehood (2019)

His fourth theory is entitled "The truth of falsehood". According to George - Maran <mask>, it is certain that reality is experienced sensitively, while individuals understand and translate it mentally. The notion of what constitutes reality and the elements it contains, so that it defines the meaning of "I exist and perceive" at a specific time or not, through the image, results from the outcome. Conclusion’s pragmatism along with the subjectivism of the moment, give the futility of truth. The legitimacy of truth in relation to the charm of falsehood, which everyone hopes to be true, offers a compulsive but not honest balance, since fabrication can work amelioratingly and orthographically within reality. Reality and its counterfeit version, brings a great psychological burden, while stepping to the edges of what experts call "borderline personality." Falsehood and truth are a miraculous-exhaustive duo and a necessary condition of reality, both in art and life.The ultimate art of false truth
George - Maran <mask> also argues that, if we extend the mysterious notion of "mass poisoning", we are talking about the deception of public opinion. The poisoning overrides the rudimentary rumour, even though it uses the same methods. It is not a fraud, although it contains deception and falsehood. It is not a hoax, even though its subordinates are enjoying the results as much as jokesters. It is not propaganda and manipulation although it contains propagandising. It is not brainwashing, even though Mass Media are being used in its contexts. The concept of truth is not being understood or dealt in the same way, relative to the concept of space and time.According to Homer, the word truth means "non-oblivion". If we had to define the concept of truth, we could argue that it is the closest and most complete description-representation of a particular event or object, without forgetting its essential characteristics. In Aristophanes’ “The Knights”, Agorakritus prays before get in a fight with Kleon “Demons of forgiveness and fraud, carnage and stupidity[...]”. In the later years the concept of propaganda (directed fame) was born in the Vatican in 1622 A.D. (Propaganda Fidae). Other forms of propaganda that followed were the communist, the fascist, the Nazi, leading to a series of various socio-political and advertisement propagandas with long-made falsehoods. Truth and social hypocrisy
George - Maran <mask> also suggests that there is an optimistic perception that the truth will defeat falsehood and light will overcome darkness. He believes that perhaps that is the most prominent dream of religions, of great movements and social reformers.He continues by arguing that they and we need to investigate the field of truth. According to the enlighteners, if we manage to do so, we would be moving into a society of truth, equality; into a society without lying, hypocrisy and delusions. He believes that this could possibly be the greatest collective illusion of history; and that is because falsehood and false consciousness are at the same time comrades of human species. Consciousness is partly "false". We do not mind the truth of others, of nature, of the universe. The inability to perceive universality alters the revelation of truth, pushing the truth of the people and the truth of the universe further. The distance between the socially acknowledged truth and our own grows apart, so falsehood as being an individual’s truth is settled in collective and interpersonal relationships.The art through a multitude of lies can cause real emotions, and a false image can serve a truth. We are frightened in front of our truth by looking at the core of our being and our thinking. It is getting assisted by modern society, whose fake and counterfeit values dominate with the help of spectacles and shows, in an environment of generalized ideological and aesthetic confusion. Envy of lying
According to George - Maran <mask>, in the light of all these previous concepts and notions, falsehood acts as a sieve to filter the truth. It is therefore intertwined with its constitution and acceptance. Falsehood is a phenomenon of the (daily) practice of life and of metaphysical upheaval; if the peace of the soul is desired. It does not always keep in line with the truth.Legal provisions, moral checks, transcendental explorations, law, the “good”, the “divine”, the authorities (lawyers-MPs-priests), are always defining clearly the falsity region; laws, principles and rules by people for people, from one era to another. Thus, the concept of falsehood is entangled, even in a false way. He therefore concludes that art, for the most part, does not present false truths but true lies. Awards

George – Maran <mask> has been awarded for his contribution to art and his theories, by the following committees:

UNESCO, (2005) at World Expo UNESCO in Brazil, for his artworks based on his second theory titled "Theoretical proposal in approaching a conceptual platform of painting art works and structures in a shape [Icon-Concepts]". International Arts Federation (I.A.F. ), (2013) at World Expo I.A.F. in Argentina for his artworks based on his third theory entitled "Beautiful Decay".International Arts Conference, (2015) in Shanghai - China, with the award "Best European Upcoming Artist". Exhibitions

George – Maran <mask> has done many exhibitions, both individual and group, in many countries. Some of them were held by organizations such as UNESCO and I.A.F. Individual

"Beautiful Decay" - USA (Los Angeles) - 2018
"Faces and Facts" – USA (Texas) – 2010
No subject – United Kingdom (London) – 2007
"The industrial diversity towards the modern man" – Greece (Corfu Arts Center) – 1999

Group

"The 70th National Day of China" - CIEA-BA / China - 2019
"The Square Art and Society  in Korea - The 50th Exhibition of MMCA / Korea - 2019
"Human Behaviour" - International Arts Conference / Shanghai - China - 2018
"The Power of Faith" - World Expo UNESCO / Kalkuta India - 2018
"45th Exhibition of Contemporary Art" - Japan (Tokyo) - 2017
"International Contemporary Art Show" (Scope) - USA (Miami Beach) - 2017
"Human moments" – Mexico – 2016
"Portraits" – International Arts Conference (Award) / Shanghai – China – 2015
"Beautiful Decay" – Japan – 2015
"Beautiful Decay" – Russia – 2014
"Beautiful Decay" – Mexico – 2014
"No Item" – World Expo I.A.F. / Portugal – 2013
"Human Rights" – World Expo I.A.F. (Award) / Argentina – 2013
"A Moment's Thought" – Norway – 2012
"Me, myself and I" – Italy – 2011
"Counterfeit Truth" – Argentina – 2010
"Global disasters and human fault" – World Expo UNESCO / Japan – 2009
"Libido and social acceptance" – World Expo I.A.F. / Germany – 2009
"Forty-five drawings and a painting for the human person" – Pan-European Report / Spain – 2008
"The temporary return of love" – World Report UNESCO / India – 2007
"Christian necessity" – World Expo I.A.F./ Spain – 2006
"Human communication in the modern era" – World Expo UNESCO (Award) / Brazil – 2005
"The good and evil in human nature" – World Expo UNESCO / China – 2003
"Religious allegory" – USA – 2002

References

Living people
20th-century artists
21st-century artists
Greek artists
Greek painters
Postmodern artists
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
George – Maran Varthalitis
Ioannis Varthalitis
George – Maran Varthalitis
George – Maran Varthalitis
Varthalitis
Varthalitis
Varthalitis
Varthalitis
Varthalitis
Varthalitis
Varthalitis