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<mask> (born 12 September 1960) is an Indigenous Australian musician, noted for his pioneering fusion of reggae with Indigenous Australian musical influences, and for his contribution to growth of Indigenous music in Australia. A Pitjantjatjara man of the Mirning dreaming, his totem is the whale. He is Kokatha through his father and Mirning through his mother. He grew up at Koonibba Aboriginal Mission near Ceduna on the South Australian edge of the Nullarbor Plain on the Great Australian Bight. At 14 years of age, after spending some time in a boys' facility, Willoughby found his way to the Centre for Aboriginal Studies in Music at the University of Adelaide, where he was introduced to music including drumming, singing and guitar playing. Career

Bands
Willoughby's musical career commenced in 1978, and in this period he developed as a distinctive Indigenous Australian musician notable for his pioneering fusion of reggae music with Indigenous Australian influences. He formed his first band, also Australia's first Indigenous rock band, No Fixed Address, in 1978, though he also played with Jimmy Chi's newly formed band Kuckles throughout 1978 and 1979.In 1979, No Fixed Address played its first large concert at the National Aboriginal Day event held in Taperoo, South Australia, and over the years has played at numerous concerts for Aboriginal causes, including Rock Against Racism, The Artists Newsletter Association, the Campaign Against Racial Exploitation and the National Aboriginal Country Music Festival. At the end of 1981, No Fixed Address were the support band for Ian Dury and the Blockheads on their one and only Australia tour. In 1982, <mask> and his band toured Australia in support of Peter Tosh, and a documentary of this tour was screened by SBS TV entitled Peter Tosh in Concert, featuring Willoughby and No Fixed Address. During 1982, Willoughby also played drums with Shane Howard and Goanna. After the success of the Peter Tosh tour, Willoughby and his band became the first Aboriginal band to travel overseas, becoming cultural ambassadors for their people while touring Great Britain in 1984, playing at nine cities including London, Bristol, Leeds, Plymouth and Manchester. They played at "The Elephant Fayre" rock festival and appeared at a concert for striking miners. A documentary of this tour No Fixed Address in London was produced and screened on SBS TV.Returning to Australia, <mask> joined his cousin Bunna Lawrie, and his band Coloured Stone, founded in 1977. He played drums for them between 1985 and 1986, including on their Scottish tour where they appeared with k.d. lang at the 1986 Edinburgh Festival. Coloured Stone then returned to Australia, where Coloured Stone were awarded Best Indigenous Album at the 1986 Australian Music Awards for their debut album Human Love. <mask> reformed No Fixed Address in 1987, and in 1988, the band toured Europe, including Eastern Bloc countries where Willoughby made his wry comment about "being hungry in Hungary" while appearing at the 1987 East Berlin Music Festival. Late in 1988, Willoughby was asked to join the newly formed Yothu Yindi as drummer on their Diesel & Dust tour, visiting 73 cities throughout the US on a tour that Willoughby found very strenuous. In 1989, Willoughby left Yothu Yindi to form a new band Mixed Relations, now known as <mask>by Band, although he has reformed No Fixed Address on occasion.From its inception, Mixed Relations toured extensively throughout the Aboriginal communities, Australian cities, Pacific Islands, New Zealand and Hawaii, and were was chosen as the closing act for the 1989 inaugural Invasion (aka Survival) Day Concerts at La Perouse, Sydney and then every Invasion Day concert until its final date at La Perouse in 1994. Following work in Alice Springs, Northern Territory and Surfers Paradise, Queensland on the film Until the end of the World, <mask> was invited to tour Australia with Shane Howard and The Big Heart Band before returning to his work with Mixed Relations, opening the inaugural 1991 Stompen' Ground Concert in Broome, Western Australia and representing Australia at the 1990 and 1992 South Pacific Music Festival and the 1990 and 1992 Asian Music Festival. All of these festivals have been documented by ABC Television and SBS TV and screened by these stations in the year that the festivals were held and have had repeat screenings over the years. In 1993, International Year of Indigenous People, Willoughby and Mixed Relations were invited to attend the Los Angeles Indigenous Arts Festival, the London Indigenous Festival, England and the Wanchai Music Festival, Hong Kong. Film and television

In 1980, Willoughby starred with another indigenous band Us Mob in non-indigenous director Ned Lander's movie about Aboriginal musicians Wrong Side of the Road. This film was a semi-biographical drama concerning the racism levelled against Aboriginal musicians trying to get gigs in country pubs and won the Australian Film Commission-funded Australian Film Institute's (AFI) 1981 Jury Award for its director Lander. Interestingly it has been reported that during the 13 years that ABC Countdown ran from 1974 <mask> did not appear on the popular national TV show in spite of written requests to Molly Meldrum which remained unanswered.After his 1988 European tour, <mask> directed, composed and recorded the music track using his band for Always Was - Always Will Be, produced, directed and written by Indigenous filmmaker Madelaine McGrady and screened on SBS TV in the same year. In 1989, Into the Mainstream (1989) directed by Ned Lander and covering the 1988 Yothu Yindi Diesel & Dust Tour screened on SBS-TV and also screened internationally through its distributor Ronin Films. In 1990, <mask> was cast as "Ned the Computer Expert" in German director Wim Wenders' Until the end of the World starring William Hurt, Sam Neill and Indigenous actor Ernie Dingo as well as Aboriginal icons actor David Gulpilil and Aboriginal Australia's first gold record singer and Yorta Yorta elder, Jimmy Little. In 1992, Willoughby was invited by Australia's first Indigenous feature film director Brian Syron to become the first Aboriginal to compose, play and direct the music track of a feature film Jindalee Lady. The film was invited to the International First Nations Art and Film Festival, "Dreamspeakers", in Edmonton, Canada in 1992 where it was acknowledge as the first feature film to be directed by a First Nation's director, Syron, and to have a music track composed and directed by a First Nations composer, Willoughby. Following this festival, both Syron and Willoughby were invited to attend the 1992 Hawaii International Film Festival where Jindalee Lady was nominated for the East West Award - Best Feature Film and in 1993 Jindalee Lady was then invited to screen at the Tinker Theatre, Woodstock, New York as part of the Woodstock Tribute to the International Year of Indigenous People. In 1994, <mask> with his eldest son Woonun <mask> appeared in the docudrama La Perouse for the Museum of Sydney & Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales directed by Michael Riley and narrated by Justine Saunders AM.Willoughby has made many appearances on ABC Television, Channel 9, SBS TV, Channel 10 and Channel 7. Teaching

During 1995 Willoughby took time out to work with his Pitjantjantjara community as Music Instructor to secondary school students at Yalata Anangu School, Yalata, South Australia where he taught drums, guitar and songwriting. Awards

Willoughby received the 1993 Inaugural Indigenous ARIA Australian Music Lifetime Achievement Award for his Outstanding Contribution to Indigenous Music in Australia. The award was presented by Will Smith and screened on Channel 10. Sol Bellear, Commissioner of the Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC – Acting) in presenting the award to Willoughby said : "Indigenous music has certainly come a long way in recent times. From 10 years ago out back of Australia, in outback hotels to internationally through Yothu Yindi, through Kev Carmody, through Archie Roach and many, many more. Let me tell you that the recipient of this very first Indigenous trophy has stood out clearly as an innovator for those people.He notched up a list of firsts that paved the way for a lot of Indigenous artists. He was the first to perform on Countdown, his was the first Aboriginal band to make a documentary, the first Aboriginal band to sign a record deal and the first, the very first, to tour overseas and Willoughby was the first, the very first to score, play and direct the music track of a feature film itself the first to be directed by an indigenous director. <mask>'s contribution to Aboriginal music in Australia is prodigious in book, film and record." Bellear, Channel 10,

In 1997 Willoughby was selected and represented at Nygaramang Bayumi an exhibition about Indigenous Australian music and Dance at the Powerhouse Museum, Darling Harbour, Sydney. He was nominated for Best Indigenous Album at the 1998 APRA Music Awards for Pathways

In 2004, 2005, 2006 he was nominated for the Jimmy Little Lifetime Achievement Award at the Indigenous Deadly's for his contribution to Indigenous music in Australia. <mask> is regarded as one of Australia's leading Aboriginal rock composers and performers and is widely known, loved and respected by Aboriginals for his work which includes Aboriginal classics such as "We Have Survived", "Aboriginal Woman" and "My Father is an Aboriginal Man". Won
1986 Australian Music Award for Best Indigenous Album – Coloured Stone - "Human Love".1993 Indigenous ARIA Australian Music Award <mask> for Outstanding Contribution to Indigenous Music in Australia. Nominated
1998 APRA (Australian Performing Rights Association) Best Indigenous Album for Pathways. 2004, 2005, 2006The Deadly's - Jimmy Little Lifetime Achievement Award for Willoughby's contribution to Indigenous music in Australia. 2013 Melbourne Music Prize

Discography

Film soundtracks
Special Treatment - Locking up Aboriginal Children, Dir. Margaret Smith, Music <mask> – documentary
Always Was, Always Will Be, Producer Australian Broadcasting Commission ABC-TV, Music <mask> – documentary
Jindalee Lady (1992) Dir. Brian Syron, Music <mask> – feature film

Records / cassettes / CDs
Wrong Side of the Road, film sound track, EMI
Rock Against Racism, Vol. 1, Sound track from concert – ABC Records
National Aboriginal Music Festival, Soundtrack from concert – ABC Records
Stompem' Ground ABC Records
From My Eyes EMI
Take It or Leave It, Polygram
Aboriginal Woman.Polygram
Love', Polygram
Jindalee Lady, Donobri International
Pathways'' Polygram
Proud
We Still Live On
Resonance

References

Bibliography
Media Ethics, An Aboriginal Film and the Australian Film Commission, Thomas G. Donovan / Brody T. Lorraine,
Kicking Down the Doors, A History of Indigenous Filmmakers from 1968–1993, Brian Syron / briann kearney,
Our Place, Our Music, ed. Marcus Breen,
<mask>, Woonun <mask> / Researchers briann kearney, Selwyn Burns  (2012)

External links
VIBE Australia biography

1960 births
Living people
Indigenous Australian musicians
Pitjantjatjara
Musicians from South Australia
Reggae rock musicians

masks:
Bart Willoughby
Willoughby
Willoughby
Willoughby
Bart Willough
Willoughby
Bart Willoughby
Willoughby
Willoughby
Willoughby
Willoughby
Bart
Bart Willoughby
Bart Willoughby
Bart Willoughby
Bart Willoughby
Bart Willoughby
Bart Willoughby
Willoughby


type: original

texts:
Abū'l-Futūh Barjawān al-Ustādh (عبد الفتوح برجوان الأستاذ)  (died 25/26 March 1000) was a Shia Muslim eunuch palace official who became the prime minister (wāsiṭa) and de facto regent of the Fatimid Caliphate in October 997, and held the position until his assassination. Of obscure origin, Barjawan became the tutor of heir-apparent al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, who became caliph in 996 with the death of al-Aziz Billah. On al-Hakim's coronation, power was seized by some Shia  soldiers, who tried to monopolize government and clashed with their rivals, the Circassian Turkic slave-soldiers. Allied with disaffected the Shia Muslim soldiers, Barjawan was able to seize the reins of government for himself in 997. His tenure was marked by a successful balancing act between the Berbers and the Turks, as well as the rise of men of diverse backgrounds, promoted under his patronage. Militarily, Barjawan was successful in restoring order to the Fatimids' restive Levantine and Libyan provinces, and set the stage for an enduring truce with the Byzantine Empire. The concentration of power in his hands and his overbearing attitude alienated al-Hakim, however, who ordered him assassinated and thereafter assumed the governance of the caliphate himself.Biography

Origin and rise to power
<mask>'s origin is the son of jawhar the sicilian : in his biographical dictionary, Ibn Khallikan records him as a Black African (aswad al-lawn), whereas the historians Ibn al-Qalanisi and al-Maqrizi assert that he was white (abyaḍ al-lawn), with al-Maqrizi further specifying that he was either a Sicilian (Siqillī) or a Slav (Saqlabī), as both versions appear in the manuscripts of his work. A eunuch, he was brought up as a slave in the court of Caliph al-Aziz Billah (r. 975–996), under whom he became court intendant. Already before the death of al-Aziz, Barjawan was appointed tutor of the Caliph's son and heir Mansur, the future al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, whence he is also mentioned with the title of ustādh, "master", often borne by eunuch preceptors of princes. In 996, Bajarwan accompanied his charge to Bilbays, where al-Aziz, in the midst of preparing an expedition against the Byzantine Empire, had fallen ill and was approaching death. According to the chroniclers, upon al-Aziz's death, Bajarwan rushed to find his pupil. Finding him playing in a tree, he placed a jewelled turban on his head, and kissed the ground before him while saluting him as "Commander of the Faithful". After al-Aziz died, the Shia Muslim soldiers, who had traditionally provided the mainstay of the Fatimid armies but had begun to be eclipsed by other groups—chiefly the Turkish and Daylamite mercenaries from the Islamic East or Mashāriqa ("Easterners")—used the opportunity presented by the accession of the underage al-Hakim to demand they be given control of the government.Al-Aziz's Christian vizier Isa ibn Nasturus was dismissed (and executed shortly after) and replaced by the veteran commander al-Hasan ibn Ammar, with the title of wāsiṭa ("intermediary") rather than full vizier (wazīr). Ibn Ammar immediately began staffing the government with the Shias, who engaged in a virtual pillaging of the state coffers. The Shias' attempts to exclude the other interest groups from power—not only the Turkic and the other many ethnic contingents of the army, but also the civilian bureaucracy, whose salary was cut—alienated not only the Mashāriqa, but alarmed <mask>, who furthermore nurtured ambitions of his own. Barjawan contacted the Fatimid governor of Damascus, the Turk Manjutakin, and invited him to march onto Egypt and depose Ibn Ammar. Manjutakin accepted, but was defeated by Ibn Ammar's troops under Sulayman ibn Ja'far ibn Falah at Ascalon and taken prisoner. Barjawan however soon found a new ally, in the person of the Kutama leader Jaysh ibn al-Samsama, governor of Tripoli, whom Ibn Falah dismissed and replaced with his own brother. Jaysh and Barjawan gathered a following of other dissatisfied Shia soldoers, and launched an uprising in Cairo.Ibn Ammar was forced to flee, and <mask> replaced him as wāsiṭa on 4 October 997. Government of Egypt and death

During his ascendancy, Barjawan tried to balance the two factions and restore the equilibrium that had existed under al-Aziz. Thus he reversed the blatant partisanship of Ibn Ammar and fulfilled the demands of the Mashāriqa for positions and patronage, while taking care to placate the Kutama as well. In this vein, he pardoned Ibn Ammar and restored him his monthly salary of 500 gold dinars, and appointed Jaysh ibn al-Samsama to the governorship of Damascus. Nevertheless, his rise to power marked the definitive decline of Kutama power in the Fatimid state. At the same time, Barjawan chose fellow palace eunuchs to fill many of the highest positions in the capital and the provinces, and created a considerable network of patronage by promoting people from various origins to office. As his chief administrator, he selected a Christian, Fahd ibn Ibrahim.At the time of <mask>'s rise to power, the Levantine provinces were in a state of unrest. Tyre had risen in revolt under the sailor Allaqa, the Bedouin chieftain Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah tried to capture Ramlah, and there was an ongoing conflict with the Byzantine Empire over control of the Hamdanid emirate of Aleppo in northern Syria. Led by Jaysh ibn al-Samsama, the Fatimids were successful in suppressing the rebellion at Tyre in June 998, although the inhabitants had called upon the Byzantine fleet for help, and subduing Mufarrij and his Bedouin. Jaysh then marched to the relief of Apamea, which was being besieged by the Byzantine doux of Antioch, Damian Dalassenos. In the ensuing battle, the Fatimids secured a major victory, and Dalassenos fell. Dalassenos' defeat forced Emperor Basil II to personally lead a campaign to Syria the following year, pillaging the region of Homs, Beirut, and Tripoli, although he failed to capture the latter. Both empires were not interested in pursuing warfare in the region further, however, and through the mediation of the Patriarch of Jerusalem, a truce was concluded in 1001 that confirmed the status quo and ushered a long period of peaceful, if not always untroubled, relations between the two major powers of the Eastern Mediterranean.Bajarwan was also successful in quelling unrest in Barqa and restoring Fatimid control over Tripoli (in modern Libya). Barjawan installed eunuch governors over both cities, but the capture of Tripoli proved short-lived and had unintended consequences, as the Fatimid troops confronted the Sanhaja Berbers over its control. This strained relations with the Zirids, who had been entrusted with the Fatimids' old heartland of Ifriqiya and the Maghreb when the caliphs moved to Egypt, and contributed to the Zirids' gradual drift away from the Fatimid allegiance. Barjawan made the mistake of continuing to think of al-Hakim as his pupil, treating him in a high-handed manner and even daring to restrict his riding and the gifts he distributed. The troubled relationship was not helped when al-Hakim, as al-Nuwayri reports, learned that Barjawan referred to him as "the lizard". As a result, al-Hakim developed a fierce hatred of his over-powerful minister, encouraged by another court eunuch, Abu'l-Fadl Raydan al-Saqlabi, who pointed out the danger of <mask> becoming a second Kafur, the slave who had become the de facto ruler of Ikhshidid Egypt after the death of the dynasty's founder, Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid. Thus on the night of 16/17 Rabi' II 390 AH (25 March 1000 in the Gregorian calendar), Raydan stabbed <mask> in the belly with a knife at al-Hakim's orders.The murder provoked unease among the elites and the populace alike, who feared that the equilibrium established by Barjawan would be upset. Al-Hakim however was able to quiet their fears and consolidate his authority by appearing before the armed crowds above the gates of the palace, justifying his action as being well within his rights as caliph and denouncing Barjawan as plotting against him, while appealing to the people to assist him in his youth and inexperience. Al-Hakim now assumed the reins of government himself, although he took care to ensure continuity by keeping on Fahd ibn Ibrahim as head of the bureaucracy. Nevertheless, throughout his reign, the Caliph sought to limit the power of his viziers, and changed them frequently; he furthermore did not hesitate to launch purges of the high officialdom, to which several important officials fell victim. As Farhad Daftary writes, Barjawan was merely the first in a "long list of wazīrs, wāsiṭas, commanders and other dignitaries" who lost their lives at al-Hakim's orders. <mask> was known as "a man of taste and a lover of the pleasures of this world" (B. Lewis)—on his death, according to Ibn Khallikan, his wardrobe "contained one thousand Dabiq trousers, one thousand silk tikkas [waistbands], and an immense quantity of clothes, furniture, musical instruments, books and curiosities". He was a patron of musicians and poets, who frequented his home.A street in Cairo was named after him and still bore it in the 13th century. References

Sources

1000 deaths
Shia Muslims
Eunuchs of the Fatimid Caliphate
Viziers of the Fatimid Caliphate
Assassinated heads of government
10th-century people of the Fatimid Caliphate

masks: Barjawan Barjawan Barjawan Barjawan Barjawan Barjawan Barjawan


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<mask> (; 13 September 1904 – 11 February 1974) was a Bengali author, journalist, travel enthusiast, academic, scholar and linguist. He lived in India, Bangladesh, Germany, Afghanistan and Egypt. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Karimganj in the District of Sylhet of Assam Province. His father, <mask>, was a sub-registrar. He traced his paternal descent from Shah Ahmed Mutawakkil, a local holy man and a <mask> of Taraf, though apparently unrelated to Taraf's ruling <mask> dynasty. <mask>'s mother, Amtul Mannan Khatun, was a Chowdhury of Bahadurpur, an Islamised branch of the Pal family of Panchakhanda. <mask> was the youngest of three brothers, one of whom being the writer <mask>.<mask> <mask> passed the matriculation exam from Sylhet Government Pilot High School though was said to have not passed his intermediate exam from MC College. In 1919 when Rabindranath Tagore was visiting Sylhet, <mask> <mask> met Tagore who had great influence on <mask> <mask>'s writings. Later, in 1921 <mask> joined the Indian freedom struggle and left his school in Sylhet. In the same year 1921, he went to Visva-Bharati University in Santiniketan and graduated in 1926 with B.A. degree. He was among the first graduates of the Visva-Bharati. He studied for a brief period in Aligarh Muslim University.Later, he moved to Kabul to work in the education department (1927–1929) as a professor. From 1929 to 1932 he went to Germany with Wilhelm Humboldt scholarship and studied at the universities in Berlin and later in Bonn. He earned his PhD from the University of Bonn with a dissertation on comparative religious studies on Khojas in 1932. Career
<mask> then studied at the Al-Azhar University in Cairo during 1934–1935. He taught at colleges in Baroda (1936–1944) and Bogra (1949). He briefly lived in East Pakistan before moving back to India in 1949. After a brief stint at Calcutta University in 1950, he became Secretary of the Indian Council for Cultural Relations and editor of its Arabic journal Thaqafatul Hind.From 1952 to 1956 he worked for All India Radio at New Delhi, Cuttack and Patna. He then joined the faculty of Visva-Bharati University (1956–1964) as professor of German language and later of Islamic Culture. He lived in Calcutta till early 1972. Following the Liberation of Bangladesh, he moved with his family to Dhaka and lived there till his death in 1974. Language activism
After the Partition of India into India and Pakistan in 1947, <mask> went from India to the then East Pakistan. He was one of the first to call for Bangla as East Pakistan's state language on 30 November 1947, at the Sylhet Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Samsad. He was a prominent activist and supporter of Bengali as the national language of East Pakistan.In 1948, being the principal of Azizul Huq College, Bogra, he wrote an essay, 'The State Language of East Pakistan', which was printed in Chaturanga of Kolkata. During that time, the West Pakistan Rulers tried to impose Urdu as the only state language of East Pakistan while Bengali was spoken by most of the people. The government of Pakistan demanded an explanation. But <mask> resigned and moved to India. Linguistic abilities and literary works
<mask>'s mother tongue Bengali, but he could speak 14 languages – English, French, German, Italian, Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Hindi, Sanskrit, Marathi, Gujarati, Pashtu and Greek. Alongside Natya Guru Nurul Momen and Jajabar (Binay Mukhopadhyay), <mask> was one of the trail-blazers of a unique category of Bengali writing. 'Ramya Rachana' in the Bengali language, an anecdotal story-telling – often based on real-life experiences – became immensely popular, mostly because of the attractive writing style of <mask>.Deshe Bideshe, the story of his journey to and experiences in Kabul during his brief stint as professor in a college there is one of <mask>'s best works. Panchatantra is a collection of thoughts and short stories (some already published in 'Desh' magazine) of his days in Europe, Cairo and Baroda. Bibliography
 Deshe Bideshe (1949)
 Panchatantra (1952)
 Abishwasya (1955)
 Chacha Kahini (1955)
 Mayurkanthi (1957)
 Jale Dangay (1957)
 Dhupchhaya (1958)
 Shabnam (1960)
 Chaturanga (1960)
 Shreshtha Galpa (1962)
 Parash Pathar (1962)
 Bahubichitra (1962)
 Bhabaghure O Anyanya (1962)
 Shreshtha Ramya Rachana (1962)
 Tunimem (1964)
 Duhara (1966)
 Pachandashai (1967)
 Shahriyar (1969)
 Hitler (1970)
 Kato Na Ashrujal (1971)
 Musafir (1971)
 Prem
 Dwandwa Madhur
 Tulanahina
 Raja Ujir
 Chalak Hobar Pahela Kitab

Death and legacy
In 1949, he was awarded the Narsinghadas Prize and in 1961 he was awarded the Ananda Puraskar. In 1972, after the liberation of the country, <mask> returned to Bangladesh. He died on 11 February 1974. Extracts from his literary works are included in the curriculum of school level, secondary, higher secondary and graduation level Bengali Literature in both Bangladesh and India, particularly in the states of West Bengal and Tripura. He was awarded Ekushey Padak, the second highest civilian award in Bangladesh in 2005 by the Government of Bangladesh.Awards
Narsinghadas Prize (1949)
Ananda Puraskar (1961) awarded by Anandabazar Group
Ekushey Padak (2005) by the Government of Bangladesh

See also
 List of Indian writers

References

Further reading
 Saiyad <mask> <mask>li (complete works), edited by Gajendrakumar Mitra, Sumathanath Ghosh, Sabitendranath Ray and Manish Chakrabarty, eleven volumes published by Mitra O Ghosh (Kolkata) 1974–1983. Saiyad <mask> <mask>: Jibankatha, by Nurur Rahman Khan, published by Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (Dhaka) 1990. Mujtaba Sahityer Rupbaichitrya o Rachanashaili, by Nurur Rahman Khan, published by Bangla Academy (Dhaka) 1990. Prasanga: Mujtaba <mask>, edited by Bijanbihari Purakayastha, published by Nabapatra Prakashan (Kalikata) 1998 (first published as Mujtaba Prasanga in Sylhet in 1977). <mask> <mask>: Proshongo Oproshongo by Golam Mostakim, who was close with <mask> <mask> from 1971 to 1974, till <mask> <mask>'s death. The book illustrates <mask> <mask> as a person rather than a personality. Published by Student Ways, Dhaka, Bangladesh in 1995.1904 births
1974 deaths
20th-century Indian novelists
Bengali Muslims
Bengali-language writers
Bengali novelists
Bangladeshi male novelists
Visva-Bharati University alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
University of Bonn alumni
Alumni of the University of London
University of Paris alumni
Al-Azhar University alumni
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
University of Calcutta faculty
Visva-Bharati University faculty
Recipients of the Ananda Purashkar
People from Moulvibazar District
Recipients of the Ekushey Padak
Novelists from Assam
People from Karimganj district
20th-century Bengalis
Indian expatriates in Egypt
Indian expatriates in France
Indian expatriates in Afghanistan
Indian expatriates in Germany

masks:
Syed Mujtaba Ali
Ali
Khan Bahadur Syed Sikander Ali
Syed
Syed
Ali
Mujtaba
Syed Murtaza Ali
Mujtaba
Ali
Mujtaba
Ali
Mujtaba
Ali
Mujtaba
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali
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Ali Rachanaba
Mujtaba
Ali
Ali
Syed Mujtaba
Ali
Syed Mujtaba
Ali
Syed Mujtaba
Ali
Syed Mujtaba
Ali


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<mask> (April 23, 1887February 24, 1965) was an American trade unionist, best remembered as the first vice president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and leader of its Chicago division. As the union's lead negotiator, <mask> was influential in securing a collective bargaining agreement with the Pullman Companythe first national contract won by any black-led American trade union. During the years of World War II, <mask> was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a member of the Fair Employment Practice Committee and its successor commission, working to end racial discrimination in the defense industry. Their work helped open access to jobs for black workers, desegregating the work forces in industries with federal contracts that supplied the war effort. <mask> also later served as a member of the International Board of the American Federation of Labor. Early years

<mask> was born on April 23, 1887, in Clarksville, Tennessee. His father, Willis, was a barber who owned land in Clarksville with a small farm.His mother, Mary, was the daughter of freed black Tennesseans (Julia (Donaldson) and Robert Fogg). Both of Mary's parents attended a fledgling Fisk University at its inception, and her father fought for the Union Army in the Civil War. The <mask>s moved to the booming metropolis of Chicago when <mask> was a young child. The move was forced by Southern nationalist backlash against freedmen and women after Reconstruction, with threats and actions that induced financial hardship, beatings, and lynchings for many Black residents across the South. The <mask> family was not immune to these threats and attacks. The family was of humble beginnings, but very close. His mother Mary and father Willis, along with his maternal grandmother Julia Donaldson Fogg and his siblings, moved to a segregated South Side of Chicago.It was a large close family of which <mask> was the third youngest of 11 children. One of <mask>'s earliest memories was of his witnessing of the Pullman Strike in 1894 first hand from his parents tenement apartment window, as white railroad strikers where beaten and shot by US Marshals and US Army Troops. This affected <mask> immensely. In later years he would lament that if US troops would treat white union organizers so heinously, he could only imagine what they would do to black union men. Although <mask> was an excellent student and a voracious reader, with a desire to pursue the study of law, the family did not have the resources to send him to the University. He had may odd jobs, eventually obtaining work as a Pullman porter, a job which he held for nearly 18 years. He left the job in April 1924 following a dispute with an official of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, for which he worked.This passion for law would serve him well in his vocation as a labor organizer. As a porter <mask> appreciated first hand the injustices levied upon the worker, the excessive work days on the rail, poor pay, burdensome tolls and fees, undue and uneven disciplinary actions against porters and maids, the weeks and months of being on the rail with no time off, the unsafe work conditions, the lack of any workers rights or advocacy, and the overt racism faced day in and day out by fellow porters and maids. While still employed as a porter, <mask> decided that a Labor Union was what was needed for black workers and he, with a few others, began organizing. The Pullman company got wind of his actions and began citing him for disciplinary actions, while trying to force him to disband his efforts, quit, or be fired. <mask> quit, but continued organizing porters to form a union to advocate for workers rights for Pullman porters and maids. After leaving the railroad, <mask> took a job as an assistant bailiff at the Chicago Municipal Court, later working for the Republican Party as a political functionary in that same city. He married Louie Elizabeth Harris of Cassopolis, Michigan, and they had three children, <mask> II (JD), Rebecca Estelle (Kingslow), and Jean.Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters official

The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) was founded in 1925. <mask> was recruited by the union's first president, A<mask> Randolph, to serve as general organizer in Chicago. As the location of Pullman's headquarters and the largest population of maids and porters, Chicago was an important city to the fledgling union, and <mask>'s experience as an influential member of the city's Republican Party made him well-situated for the role. In the months after the union's formation, <mask> worked to recruit more members. He was opposed by the Pullman Company, which had invested heavily in Chicago's Black community, engaged in anti-union practices, and recruited informants ("stool pigeons") to report any labor organization activity. As First Vice President of the BSCP and Chair of the International Executive Board, <mask> handled most of the routine work of the union, while Randolph served as the public face. Civil rights work

On June 25, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, prohibiting racial discrimination in the defense industry and establishing the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC).Roosevelt was pushed into action by head of the BSCP, A<mask> Randolph, who had been instrumental in organizing the March on Washington Movement (MOWM), which had planned to demonstrate in the nation's capital later in 1941 unless action to end racial discrimination was taken. <mask>, a key organizer of the March on Washington Movement [MOWM] leading its powerful Chicago headquarter, helped MOWM emerge as a national mass movement for jobs and justice for black Americans during World War II. The National Committee of the March on Washington Movement, expecting that the FEPC would be largely involved with trade union affairs and thus needed an effective and experienced negotiator, selected <mask> as their nominee and he was duly appointed to the committee. In the context of relatively weak traditional political power,  MOWM was in the vanguard of a  wartime trend in which the number of African Americans in defense industries rose from  8.4  percent to  12.5  percent. Randolph and Webster recognized that E.O. 8802  and FEPC were far from adequate implements to annihilate racial inequality,  but it was understood that this was the most Roosevelt was prepared to offer. The FEPC would hold a series of public hearings on racial discrimination in Los Angeles, Chicago, New York City, and Birmingham, Alabama but suffered from a lack of support from the White House for perceived overreach in attempting to end racial discrimination across all government agencies.In an effort to dodge potential racial conflict and its political ramifications, in July Roosevelt moved the FEPC from independent status under Presidential supervision to the direction of the War Manpower Commission, headed by <mask>. McNutt. Only through the concerted pressure of black leaders would Roosevelt be forced to return the committee to the Executive office from the War Department. Roosevelt's signing of Executive Order 9346 in May 1943 restructured the FEPC as the President's Committee on Fair Employment (remembered to historians as the "Second President's Committee"). <mask>'s talent and worth in the position was recognized as he was the only person from the original FEPC retained on the 7-member committee following its 1943 reorganization. Death and legacy
<mask> died unexpectedly on February 24, 1965, at the Americana Hotel in Bar Harbour, Florida while attending an AFL-CIO convention with A<mask> Randolph. He was survived by his wife of over 40 years Louie Elizabeth (Harris<mask> formerly of Cassopolis, Michigan, and three children <mask> (Jean Young), Rebecca (Harry Kingslow, MD), and Jean; and 7 grandchildren <mask>(III), <mask>, Margot <mask>(JD), Marcia Kingslow, <mask>, Harry Kingslow(II), and Leslie Kingslow(MD). References

Further reading

1881 births
1965 deaths
People from Clarksville, Tennessee
Activists from Chicago
Leaders of American trade unions
African-American trade unionists
American people in rail transportation
Trade unionists from Illinois
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Milton Price Webster
Webster
Webster
Webster
Milton Price Webster
Webster
Milton
Webster
Milton
Milton
Milton
Milton
Webster
Webster
Milton
Webster
Milton Price
Webster
. Philip
Webster
Webster
Webster
. Philip
Webster
Milton Webster
Paul V
Webster
Milton Webster
. Philip
) Webster
Milton II
Milton Webster
Steven Webster
Webster Jones
Janet Webster


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<mask> (born August 9, 1956) is an American politician from New York who was convicted of public corruption. A Democrat, <mask> was a member of the State Senate, representing   the 10th district in the New York State Senate from 2000 to 2002 and Senate District 14 from 2003 to 2014. <mask> served as New York State Senate Majority Leader in 2009 and served as Temporary President of the New York State Senate from 2009 to 2010; he is the first African-American to hold those leadership positions. On April 2, 2013, <mask> was arrested by the FBI on federal corruption charges. The United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York and the Federal Bureau of Investigation alleged that <mask> attempted to secure a spot on the Republican ballot in the 2013 New York City mayoral election through bribery of New York City Councilman Dan Halloran and two other Republican officials. In September 2014, <mask>'s Democratic primary challenger, former New York City Councilman Leroy Comrie, defeated <mask> in a landslide. The following year, <mask> was convicted of all charges against him and sentenced to seven years in federal prison.Early life
A Queens native, <mask> earned a bachelor's degree in business administration from Fordham University and went on to earn an MBA from Adelphi University. At Adelphi, he was inducted into Delta Mu Delta, an honor society for business administration. He has also completed certificate programs from Harvard Law School and Wharton Business School. Prior to his political career, <mask> worked in real estate development. In 1985, he was named president of Neighborhood Housing Services of Jamaica. In 1991, he founded Smith Development Corporation, and subsequently built over 100 housing units in southeastern Queens, Far Rockaway and Brooklyn. He was also responsible for several notable commercial projects such as the Pathmark Plaza-Springfield Gardens, the interior of the Federal Aviation Administration building, and the baseball fields at Roy Wilkins Park in Jamaica.Political career
<mask> began his political career as a senior aide and political protégé to Congressman Floyd H. Flake from 1986 to 1991. <mask> also served as a chief aide to City Councilman Archie Spigner, who was an assistant to Mayor Ed Koch, and a member of the advance staff for vice presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro in 1984. <mask> was first elected to the New York State Senate in a 2000 special election. He was elected minority leader in January 2007, succeeding David Paterson. After the 2008 state elections, Democrats gained a majority of seats in the State Senate for the first time in 40 years, and <mask> was subsequently chosen as Majority Leader and Temporary President of the body in January 2009. He was the first African American to hold this position. However, on June 8 of that year, Sens.Pedro Espada Jr. and Hiram Monserrate joined with the thirty Republicans in voting to replace <mask> as Senate Majority Leader, triggering the 2009 New York State Senate leadership crisis. The crisis concluded the following month when Espada and Monserrate abandoned their alliance with the Republicans and rejoined the Senate Democratic Conference. As a compromise, <mask> retained only the title of Temporary President of the Senate, with the title of Majority Leader going to Espada. <mask>'s legislative achievements included securing funding for a health clinic in Hollis, a toxic waste cleanup project in Jamaica, and a three-bill package to combat child sexual abuse. He also helped launch a series of forums statewide for prevention of foreclosure. <mask> also sought to curb gun violence. In the wake of the Sean Bell shooting incident, <mask> created and chaired the Tri-Level Legislative Task Force, which released a report on increasing public confidence in law enforcement and the criminal justice system.Some of its recommendations were passed by the state legislature. <mask> was re-elected to his State Senate seat without opposition in 2012. Following his reelection, he joined forces with the Independent Democratic Conference to form a "bipartisan governing coalition" with Senate Republicans. He expressed interest in running for mayor of New York City as a Republican in the 2013 mayoral election. He would have needed a Wilson Pakula certification in order to do so. His attempts to obtain that certification led to his April 2, 2013 arrest by the FBI for allegedly attempting to bribe Republican leaders whose permission he needed to run for mayor on the Republican ticket despite being a registered Democrat. Following <mask>'s arrest, he was expelled from the Independent Democratic Conference.In September 2014, <mask>'s Democratic primary challenger, former New York City Councilman Leroy Comrie, defeated him in a landslide. Controversies
In August 2008, <mask> held a golf-outing fundraiser for a group of 75 lobbyists, who each paid up to $75,000 to attend. One lobbyist who attended told the New York Post that <mask> told the assembled group that giving him campaign contributions was akin to an IPO, in that they "should get in early because then it doesn't cost as much. The longer you wait to get in... the more it will cost you and if you don't get in at all, then it will be painful." The lobbyist said that, after these remarks, "people were looking around the room in disbelief." In 2010, a federal grand jury investigated <mask>'s involvement in various nonprofit groups. In 2010, <mask> stated that if the Democrats retained control of the State Senate in the 2010 elections, he would direct his caucus to use gerrymandering and "draw the lines so that Republicans will be in oblivion for the next twenty years."The Democrats lost control of the chamber in that election and his threat would not be fulfilled. Criminal trial and conviction
On April 2, 2013, <mask> was arrested by the FBI on federal corruption charges. <mask>'s trial, along with the trial of co-defendants Dan Halloran, Joseph J. Savino, Vincent Tabone, and Joseph Desmaret, began in the Federal Court in White Plains, New York, on June 1, 2014. Shortly after the trial started, it became known that some conversations that had been secretly recorded and could be used as evidence were in Yiddish, and that prosecutors had not given those recordings to the defense. Because the Yiddish amounted to more than 28 hours on the recordings, which would have taken weeks to translate and transcribe, <mask> and some of the defendants were granted a mistrial on June 17, 2014. Halloran did not request a mistrial, and was convicted of the charges against him. At <mask>'s second trial, he was convicted on February 5, 2015 of all the corruption charges he faced.Those charges included conspiracy, wire fraud, travel act bribery, and extortion. The jury deliberated only briefly before returning with the guilty verdict. On July 1, 2015, Judge Kenneth M. Karas sentenced <mask> to seven years in prison. As of July 2019, <mask> was incarcerated at the federal penitentiary in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Personal life
<mask> is a member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. He is married to Michele Lisby-<mask>. They have three children, Tracey, Julian and Amanda.In 2006, a former aide of <mask>'s filed a paternity suit against him, and he eventually acknowledged paternity of the aide's child and began paying child support. Further reading
Paterson, David "Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity." New York, New York, 2020

References

External links
Official website
<mask> at Project Vote Smart

1956 births
2008 United States presidential electors
Adelphi University alumni
Fordham University alumni
Lieutenant Governors of New York (state)
Living people
Majority leaders of the New York State Senate
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) state senators
People from Queens, New York
People of the African Methodist Episcopal church
Politicians convicted of corruption in New York (state)
New York (state) politicians convicted of crimes
African-American state legislators in New York (state)
21st-century American politicians
Independent Democratic Conference

masks:
Malcolm Anthony Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Malcolm Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
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<mask> (12 October 1896 – 23 January 1983) was a German clerical worker who became a trades unionist and activist. After 1945 he entered mainstream politics in East Berlin. As the Soviet occupation zone evolved into a Soviet sponsored one-party dictatorship, he never joined the ruling party, remaining instead a leading "collaborationist" member of the eastern version of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU party). He became a party chairman and served between 1948 and 1958 as "deputy lord mayor" ("stellvertretender Oberbürgermeister") of Berlin, a period during which the increasingly divided city's constitutional status and future were contentious and ambiguous on a number of different levels. Life

Provenance and early years
<mask> was born in Wottnogge (as Otnoga was known before) 1945), a small village at one end of the "Jassener See" (small lake) and alongside the little Lupow river, a short distance inland to the west of Danzig. His father was a small-scale farmer. Gohr attended the village school in nearby Saviat and then went on to secondary schools, first in Lauenburg and subsequently in Schlawe.School was followed by a commercial apprenticeship which he completed, and which provided a sound basis for office employment. He then worked, between 1914 and 1916, as a dispatch clerk and as a bookkeeper. Conscripted for military service in 1916, he was captured and held as a prisoner of war till 1920. "Weimar" years
Between 1920 and 1933 <mask> was a member of the Gewerkschaftsbund der Angestellten (GWB), a clerical workers' trades union that was at the liberal end of the political spectrum. He was also a member of an association of war wounded ex-servicemen and, from 1920 till 1933, of the centre-left Democratic Party ("Deutsche Demokratische Partei" / DDP) and of its short-lived more nationalistic successor organisation, the National Party (" Deutsche Staatspartei" / DStP). For some years, till 1945, he worked as a "prokurist" (loosely, "administrator / representative") and head of department for the Berlin-based National Nitrogen Syndicate ("Deutsches Stickstoff-Syndikat" / DSS), an internationally powerful (at least during its early decades) cartel association dominated by IG Farben and other (for the most part German) multi-national businesses operating in the chemicals and pharmaceuticals sectors. Soviet occupation zone and the CDU
In 1945 Gohr was a co-founder of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU party) branch for Berlin-Köpenick.The new party was intended to represent a broad range of centre-right political opinion and to reduce the risk of another take-over by anti-democratic forces being facilitated by political divisions among political moderates. <mask> worked for the "Deutsche Düngerzentrale" (which until its dissolution in 1949 was a national body involved with fertiliser) and became a member of the FDGB ("Freier Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund" / "Free German Trade Union Federation") which was emerging in the Soviet occupation zone (but not in the other three occupation zones to the south and west) as the national monopoly trades union organisation. 1949 was also the year during which the area administered since May 1945 as the Soviet occupation zone, formally in October of that year, as the Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Between April 1948 and June 1949 <mask> served as deputy party regional chairman for the East Berlin region. He then took over from Helmut Brandt as regional CDU party leader for the eastern half of the city, serving in this post till August 1952. In 1952 the East German government, keen to centralise political power more effectively, abolished a regional tier of government: changes were naturally made to party administrative structures that reflected this. It turned out that <mask> had been the last chairman of the CDU for East Berlin.In terms of its administrative structure, however, as in many other respects, Berlin remained something a "special case". Between 1952 and 1954 <mask> served as a member of the party regional executive ("Bezirksvorstand") for Berlin. He was already, between 1948 and 1964 a member of the CDU (East Germany) party executive committee ("Hauptvorstand"). City government
In 1946 <mask> was elected a Berlin city councillor. He then served, between 1948 and 1958, as "deputy lord mayor" ("stellvertretender Oberbürgermeister"). National "parliament"
During 1948/49 <mask> was a member of the so-called People's Council ("Deutscher Volksrat"), a consultative assembly in the Soviet occupation zone which from an Anglo-American perspective could be presented as the precursor to a western-style parliament. Its principal function was to draw up and endorse a new constitution, based on a draft presented back in 1946 by the newly created Socialist Unity Party ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands" / SED).With the 1948 currency reforms, which expressly excluded the Soviet zone and the ensuing drama of the eleven-month Berlin Blockade, it became clear that perpetuating occupied Germany's postwar status quo was no longer an option. After a constitution for a "democratic German Republic" had been endorsed by the People's Council at the start of June 1949, on 7 October 1949 the council's membership formed the basis for a Provisional People's Chamber ("Provisorische Volkskammer"). The event also marked the formal launch of the so-called German Democratic Republic. <mask> was a member. As before, his appointment as one of 66 "Berlin representatives" ("Berliner Vertreter") placed him in a constitutionally distinctive category from that filled by the 400 members representing parties and interest groups from other parts of the occupation zone / East Germany. As before he represented not the ruling SED party but the CDU, which by this stage had become a relatively quiescent component in the "National Front", a structural alliance of political parties and approved mass organisations controlled by the ruling party. Volkskammer seats were allocated not on the basis of election results, but according to a predetermined quota.These arrangements had been imposed in the face of opposition from several prominent CDU founding leaders in the east  such as Jakob Kaiser Ernst Lemmer, Walther Schreiber and Andreas Hermes. It turned out that such men had no political future in East Germany, and most soon moved across to the west. Other members of the CDU leadership team turned out to be more pragmatic and accommodating. These men's political careers survived in East Germany. <mask> was one of them. He remained a CDU member of the Volkskammer, representing (east) Berlin, till 1963. Other appointments
Under the highly centralised power Leninist constitutional structure applied in Soviet dominated central Europe after 1945, political power was concentrated in the ruling party, and within the ruling party on the party central committee.That left very little power in the hands of the Volkskammer. The position was complicated, by the fact that Volkskammer membership was frequently combined with other more time-consuming appointments and memberships which carried greater political weight and influence. Between 1950 and 1954 <mask> was a member of the National Council ("Nationalrat") controlling the constitutionally important National Front. He also joined, in 1953, the Vereinigung der gegenseitigen Bauernhilfe ("Farmers' Mutual Aid Association" / VdgB), a government approved mass organization for those involved in agriculture. In 1957 he became a member of the Association of German Cities ("Deutscher Städtetag"). In 1957 he became a member of the Greater Berlin regional executive of the Society for German–Soviet Friendship. In 1958 he became secretary to the German-French Society, joining the organisation's presidium in 1962.Recognition (selection)

Notes

References

1896 births
1983 deaths
People from the Province of Pomerania
People from East Berlin
Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
Members of the 1st Volkskammer
Members of the 2nd Volkskammer
Members of the 3rd Volkskammer
Members of the 4th Volkskammer
Christian Democratic Union (East Germany) politicians
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold

masks:
Arnold Gohr
Arnold Gohr
Gohr
Gohr
Arnold Gohr
Arnold Gohr
Arnold Gohr
Gohr
Arnold Gohr
Arnold Gohr
Arnold Gohr
Gohr


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<mask><mask> (born September 14, 1944, in Visalia, California) is an American political consultant, speechwriter, and attorney. He is best known for being a longtime aide to President Richard Nixon and chief speechwriter to President Ronald Reagan. He served as chief speechwriter on Reagan's successful 1980 presidential campaign, and continued as chief speechwriter in the Reagan administration, writing Reagan's first inaugural address, his three main economic speeches, and the welcome home speech to the Iranian hostages. Although he resigned after several months to return to the private sector in California, he continued to write many of the major political and policy speeches as chief speechwriter on Reagan's successful 1984 re-election campaign and throughout the second term, including the 1984 nomination acceptance speech, the 1985 remarks at the former Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany, and the 1988 Republican National Convention farewell address. He is a veteran of nine presidential campaigns. Most recently, he served as a senior advisor to the presidential campaigns of Bob Dole (1996), John McCain (2000), and Fred Thompson (2008). Early life and education
Khachigian was born September 14, 1944, in Visalia, California.He was raised with his three brothers on a 60-acre, cotton, walnut, and grape farm founded by his paternal grandfather, who had escaped from Armenia ahead of the Armenian genocide and immigrated to the United States in 1912. He attended Mt. Whitney High School in Visalia, where he was elected sophomore, junior, and senior class president, and graduated in 1962. He received his Bachelor of Arts in political science, with honors, from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1966 and his Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School in 1969. Career

1968 presidential campaign
Khachigian was in law school at Columbia University at the time that former Vice President Richard Nixon decided to seek the presidency. He wrote to the campaign, offering to volunteer and in December 1967, he was hired by Pat Buchanan to work in the New York campaign headquarters answering letters between classes at law school. He went on to handle small research projects, such as locating quotations and figures for Nixon speeches.By the summer of 1968, he had worked his way up to writing agriculture, housing, and transportation position papers as a research and policy aide reporting directly to Alan Greenspan, the campaign's economic and domestic policy advisor. Nixon administration, first term (1970–72)
In January 1970, shortly after graduating from Columbia Law School, he joined the Nixon Administration as part of the national goals research staff. In August 1970, he became staff assistant to the director of communications, Herbert Klein. He became involved in the 1970 congressional midterm elections, writing speeches and preparing political analyses. In the early months of 1971, he was responsible for generating support for specific administration proposals. In the spring of 1971, he was transferred along with most of Klein's staff to Charles Colson, the special counsel to the President, with his duties remaining unchanged. 1972 presidential campaign
By May 1971, Khachigian was working on the 1972 Presidential re-election campaign.In a memorandum of May 27, 1971, Buchanan described to the chief of staff, H. R. Haldeman, the duties which he proposed to delegate to Khachigian: "to keep tabs on candidates, to keep the 'relevant' research on hand, to write materials needed to get into hands [sic] of various speakers, to communicate with party leaders and the like in states where opposition candidates appear." By late spring of 1972, he was regarded as the White House's major research source on the McGovern campaign. Nixon administration, second term (1973–74)
In early 1973, Khachigian transferred to the President's speechwriting staff, working under chief speechwriter David Gergen, with the title of deputy special assistant to the President. At first his subject areas of expertise were agriculture, natural resources and the environment, and political and legal affairs. Beginning in June 1973, however, he took on the tasks of researcher and writer on issues and problems evolving from the Watergate break-in. Presidential memoirs and Frost/Nixon interviews
Khachigian worked for President Gerald Ford for two months, until the fall of 1974. He then moved to San Clemente, California to assist Nixon with his presidential memoirs.In 1977, he served as chief researcher for Nixon's interviews with David Frost. He was portrayed by actor Gabriel Jarret in the 2008 historical drama film Frost/Nixon that tells the story behind the Frost/Nixon interviews. Nixon's memoirs were completed in the spring of 1978, however, Khachigian continued to work for Nixon for an additional year, assisting with several post-publication activities, including organizing briefing books for Nixon's trips to Europe and outlining ideas for speeches. He would later attribute much of his expertise to the four years spent working closely with Nixon on his memoirs. 1980 presidential campaign
Khachigian joined Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign, having been recruited by Reagan's campaign manager, Stu Spencer. Khachigian traveled on the campaign plane to punch-up speeches between campaign stops. He helped coin the term "fatally flawed", which was used throughout the campaign, in reference to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) II with the Soviet Union.Reagan administration, first term (1981–84)
In 1981, Khachigian was named chief speechwriter and special consultant to the President. Within the first 100 days, Khachigian wrote Reagan's inaugural address, his three main economic speeches, and the welcome home to the Iranian hostages. 1984 presidential campaign
During the 1984 presidential campaign, Khachigian served as chief campaign speechwriter, senior advisor, and director of issues and research. He wrote the 1984 nomination acceptance speech and was one of only two campaign aides who accompanied President Reagan aboard Air Force One throughout his landslide re-election. Khachigian also, along with Stuart Spencer, James A. Baker III, Richard Darman, David Stockman, and Michael Deaver, helped prepare Reagan for his presidential debates with Democrat Walter Mondale. Reagan administration, second term (1985–88)

In May 1985, Reagan delivered a Khachigian crafted speech at the former Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany. In the previous month, the Administration had announced that Reagan would visit the Kolmeshohe Cemetery near Bitburg, at the suggestion of Chancellor Helmut Kohl of West Germany, to pay respects to the soldiers interred there.The visit was intended to be symbolic of the goodwill between the two countries, but unbeknownst to the Reagan Administration, 49 of the graves contained the remains of men who had served in the Waffen-SS. In an effort to placate the protesters, Reagan added a visit to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp to his itinerary. Reagan famously said, "... we can and must pledge: Never again." TIME magazine praised the address as a "skillful exercise in both the art of eulogy and political damage control". Reagan biographer, Edmund Morris regards this as the best speech of Reagan's career. In August 1988, Khachigian drafted Reagan's farewell address to the Republican National Convention in New Orleans, and then joined the Bush presidential campaign as an aide to vice presidential nominee Dan Quayle. He traveled with Quayle for 10 weeks through election day, preparing him for debates and writing campaign speeches.California campaigns
Khachigian has been active in California elections since the early 1980s. He is regarded as the "lion" of California GOP politics. Nationally prominent political commentator Bob Novak has written that Khachigian is "perhaps the state's premier Republican strategist and wordsmith." During the 1982 and 1986 California gubernatorial campaigns, Khachigian was senior adviser and principal strategist for Governor George Deukmejian. He also served as campaign chairman, campaign manager and senior consultant to Dan Lungren for his two victories as Attorney General and to U.S. Senate candidate Bruce Herschensohn — engineering come-from-behind wins for Lungren's first campaign and for Herschensohn's primary victory in 1992. For Herschensohn's dramatic upset victory, The San Francisco Chronicle'''s leading political reporter, Jerry Roberts, described Khachigian as "the wily veteran GOP message-maker" and dubbed him "best manager" for his efforts. Khachigian counseled Pete Wilson in his winning U.S. Senate and gubernatorial campaigns, and in 1998 guided the successful statewide retention election of California Supreme Court Justice Ming Chin.Presidential campaigns
Khachigian has worked on nine presidential campaigns. In addition to his work on the Nixon, Reagan, and Bush-Quayle campaigns, he served as a national senior adviser to presidential nominee Bob Dole in 1996. He ran Dole's California campaign and oversaw all scheduling and issue planning for the state. During the 2000 election campaign, Khachigian was a senior adviser traveling with Senator John McCain to New Hampshire, South Carolina and California during the primaries, as McCain sought the Republican Presidential nomination. Subsequently, he served as an adviser to the Bush-Cheney campaign nationally and in California. More recently, Khachigian served as senior advisor to Fred Thompson's 2008 presidential campaign. According to the Center for Public Integrity, the practice of opposition research became systematized in the 1970s, when Khachigian suggested that the GOP keep files on individuals as insurance against future races, rather than "scramble" in an ad hoc'' fashion, race by race.Notable speeches
Khachigian wrote many of Reagan's most important speeches, including:
 President Reagan's First Inaugural Address
 Welcome home ceremony remarks for the hostages taken during the Iran hostage crisis
 Acceptance speech at the 1984 Republican National Convention
 1985 remarks at the former Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany
 Farewell address at the 1988 Republican National Convention

Personal life
Khachigian is an attorney and writer in Orange County, California,  and serves as director emeritus to the Richard Nixon Foundation, on the advisory board for the Armenian Eyecare Project and has memberships in the Orange County Cardinals and Orange County Triple X Fraternity. Previously, he served on the board of overseers for the Hoover Institution from 1986–1992 and as a board member of the Armenian Assembly of America from 1983–1989. From 1981-1982, he served as President Reagan's appointee to the National Institute of Justice advisory board. In 1989, he received the Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he graduated With Honors as Outstanding Graduating Senior and served as Student Body President. He has been honored for public service by the 4-H Clubs of America, the Armenian Assembly of America, the Armenian Eyecare Project, The Armenian Educational Foundation, the Armenian National Committee, and the Armenian American Museum and Cultural Center. References

External links
Khachigian Quotes at Think Exist
UCB Notable Alumni

1944 births
American political consultants
American politicians of Armenian descent
American writers of Armenian descent
California lawyers
California Republicans
Columbia Law School alumni
Living people
Nixon administration personnel
People from Visalia, California
Reagan administration personnel
Speechwriters for presidents of the United States
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
White House Directors of Speechwriting

masks:
Kenneth L
. Khachigian


texts:
<mask> (1933–2009) was a Japanese-American artist primarily known as the creator of more than 100 public murals throughout the Midwest between 1968 and 1982, and later as an abstract painter and muralist in the San Francisco Bay Area. As a muralist, Yamashita identified as an "environmental" artist "who creates, or alters environments." Chicago art historian Rebecca Zorach observes that Yamashita "showed how murals could be understood not just as community-based art but as huge environmental installations, breaking free from the gallery, changing city dweller's consciousness." Early life

<mask> was born in Kagoshima, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan in 1933 and immigrated to the United States in 1968. Living in Japan during World War II, he attended elementary school in a bomb shelter as warplanes could be heard overhead. He began drawing at an early age, covering the walls of his childhood home. As a young man, he was a cartoonist for local publications like the Nishinippon Shimbun newspaper, where he often expressed his political views.In a 1976 interview with People Magazine, he claimed to have first traveled to the U.S. as a journalist covering the 1968 Democratic Convention. Earlier newspaper profiles of Yamashita, however, state that the initial purpose of his visit was to teach East Asian spatial design at Prairie State College. Accounts of his life in Japan and his initial months in the U.S. vary, depending on the information he gave reporters. Rebecca Zorach notes that he received advanced training in art while living in Tokyo. He eventually settled in Chicago and quickly became part of a tight-knit circle of artists who sought to beautify the city with public art. Midwest Murals

Chicago
When Yamashita arrived in Chicago in the late 1960s, he was struck by the vast potential of the city for public art. "The whole city is my canvas," he told Time Magazine in 1976.Within a year of arriving from Japan, Yamashita worked alongside an activist group known as CVL, Inc ("Conservative Vice Lords), a former street gang from Chicago's West Side, at a community-focused non-profit art center called Art & Soul in the North Lawndale neighborhood of the city. The art space was affiliated with Chicago's Museum of Contemporary Art. Enlisting volunteers from the neighborhood, <mask> painted his "Rainbow" mural (1969), which covered the front and side exterior walls of its one-story storefront building. According to Rebecca Zorach, rainbow stripes were his signature motif in the late 1960s and early 1970s. For example, he painted the exterior of Chicago's famed Billy Goat's Tavern, located at 430 North Michigan Ave, in thin rainbow stripes after agreeing to produce the mural in exchange for beer and food. The Billy Goat Tavern mural was removed with the exception of small sections in the shape of leaping goats near the entrance of the building. On Michigan Ave, he painted the exteriors of seven underground storefronts in his rainbow color scheme.In addition to his stated goal of transforming Chicago's urban landscape with color, he proposed converting the city's elevated train tracks into sprawling bike paths. In addition to covering the walls of playgrounds, commercial buildings, parking garages, and other public spaces he sought to cover every water tower in Chicago with his bright palette, each painted in a single hue and numbered in sequential order. Although he intended to paint 1,000 water towers in the city, upon leaving the Midwest for the San Francisco Bay Area, he had covered no more than a dozen. According to Chicago historian Tim Samuelson, Yamashita's stated goal was to paint a public work every day. He would regularly approach the owners of buildings with water towers, sometimes convincing them to pay for the supplies. On hot days, Samuelson notes, Yamashita would swim in the water towers to cool down. The first towers in his series were painted red and royal blue over Piper's Alley and numbered 1 and 2.Other towers were painted vibrant colors such as purple, blue-green, yellow, and bright orange. The water tower series was part of his broader "Environment Art for Everywhere" project and was partially funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts in cooperation with the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago. When interviewed by the Chicago Tribune in 1971 during the initial stage of his project, Yamashita declared, "The whole city is my studio, where I paint only bright, peaceful things." Although he received institutional and municipal support, at times he would act without permission and cover additional surfaces such as stop signs and no parking signs, much to the dismay of city officials. One of his most well-known murals is based on a Japanese woodblock print by ukiyo-e artist Hiroshige depicting Mount Fuji and massive waves, which he painted on the facade of a three story hardware store at the corner of North Avenue and Wieland Street. "The Wave" (1971) mural has since been removed. By 1980, it was estimated that Yamashita had painted more than 20 large-scale murals in Chicago, largely focusing on the lower Michigan Ave area of the city In addition to his signature rainbow patterns, he created "super graphic" works, large-scale illusionist murals that appear to transform space with geometric compositions.His celebrated super graphic work "Balance of Power," which was located along lower Wacker Drive, appears as the backdrop in a portion of the iconic final car chase scene in the 1980 film The Blues Brothers. More recently, "Balance of Power" and other notable Chicago murals by Yamashita were discussed on the WTTW segment "Ask Geoffrey" in the episode "What Became of Artist Behind These 1970s Murals," which first aired on December 12, 2018. Greater Midwest
Profiles in Time and People magazines in the mid 1970s in addition to regular coverage of his work in the Chicago Tribune and other regional newspapers inspired more municipalities and businesses to commission Yamashita for murals across the Midwest. In Neligh, Nebraska he was invited to propose a mural design for the town auditorium. Completed in 1977, "The Good Earth" occupied two walls of the building and was sponsored by the Neligh Arts Council. Dubbed "the Blue Cow" mural, it depicted a cow and calf in a prairie scene flanked by a vertical rainbow and a plow, sun, and ear of corner on another side of the building. Only a portion of the mural remains, having been painted over despite the fact that it was restored in 1994.In 1980, the Neligh City Council and Park Board commissioned him to paint a mural on the exterior of its new community swimming pool. Working with a local team, Yamashita painted a rainbow colored whale on the southern wall and a corresponding hardedge pattern on the eastern side of the aquatic center building. The swimming pool mural remains intact. While <mask> was a widely popular public artist in the Midwest, many of his murals later suffered at the hands of developers who painted over or covered his designs in the process of renovations or expansions. In 1981, for example, he was invited to Salina, Kansas as an artist-in-residence in order to create a mural for the south side of the First National Bank and Company building. The project was sponsored by the Salina Arts Commission and received much local fanfare, including the praise of the bank president, who favorably cited his homage to local farmers. "Golden Wave" was inspired by the surrounding Kansas landscape and depicted an abstracted scene of wheat fields and grain elevators under a vivid blue sky and radiant sun.Only six years later, the mural was covered by the bank when it sought to replace the facade of the building for "aesthetic purposes". <mask>'s residency also included his participation in the town's annual Smoky Hill River Festival, during which he painted a giant abstract sunflower on a municipal pool turned ice skating rink in Oakdale Park. The mural covered an area of about 7,000 square feet. Locals were invited to assist the painter with his project. The mural fell into disrepair and by 2012 a new commissioned work by Brooklyn based artist Molly Dilworth was installed. Public Collections
Sacramento Convention Center
Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
Hallie Ford Museum of Art, Willamette University, Salem, Oregon
Oakland Museum of California
University of Oregon, Eugene. References

1933 births
2009 deaths
Artists from California
Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area
American muralists
Abstract painters
Japanese emigrants to the United States
American artists of Japanese descent
Artists from Kagoshima Prefecture
Japanese painters
Japanese artists

masks:
Sachio Yamashita
Yamashita
Yamashita
Yamashita
Yamashita


texts:
<mask> (November 6, 1876 – May 1, 1953) was an American painter and member of the urban realist Ashcan School. Shinn started as a newspaper illustrator in Philadelphia, demonstrating a rare facility for depicting animated movement, a skill that would, however, soon be eclipsed by photography. Here he worked with William J. Glackens, George Luks and John Sloan, who became core-members of the Ashcan School, led by Robert Henri, which defied official good taste in favour of robust images of real life. Shinn is best known for scenes of disaster or street violence, as well as theatrical subjects, regarding the theatre as a place of satisfying illusion. Shinn was the only Ashcan artist who preferred to work in pastels. He was reportedly a model for the protagonist of Theodore Dreiser's  novel The "Genius". Early life

Shinn was born in Woodstown, New Jersey, a large Quaker-dominated community.His parents Isaiah Conklin <mask> and Josephine Ransley <mask> were rural farmers. Their second son, he was named for the author <mask> Hale, of whom his father was a great fan. "Shinn's ability to draw was evident from very early childhood." At age 15 he was enrolled at the Spring Garden Institute in Philadelphia, where he studied mechanical drawing. The following year he took classes at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and by age 17 was working as a staff artist for the Philadelphia Press. Moving to New York City in 1897, he was soon known as one of the more talented urban realists who were chronicling in paint the energy and class divisions of modern metropolitan life. In 1898 Shinn married Florence "Flossie" Scovel, another artist from New Jersey; in 1912 they divorced, and in 1913 he married Corinne Baldwin, going on to have two children, Janet and David.By 1933 Shinn had divorced two more wives and was the subject of many tabloid rumors. Though he exhibited less frequently later in his life, Shinn had a well-established career by the 1920s but suffered serious financial losses during the Depression and sold very few paintings during that time. Between 1937 and his death in 1953, Shinn received several awards for his innovative paintings and participated in a number of exhibitions; he would always be associated, however, with the achievements of the Ashcan School of American art . He died of lung cancer in New York City in 1953. Shinn was reportedly a model for the talented, promiscuous artist-protagonist of Theodore Dreiser's 1915 novel The "Genius". With his well-known taste for the good life, Shinn was dubbed by art historian Sam Hunter "the dandy of the realists." Career

Most art historians, as well as Shinn himself, consider his employment by the Philadelphia Press the true beginning of his art career.He was entering the field of newspaper illustration in its heyday, and he was a draughtsman of great facility. (In later years, Shinn would express his dismay over the development of photography as the new art form that eventually replaced drawing as the principal source of visuals in all American newspapers.) Shinn moved from paper to paper for the rest of his illustrating career, receiving a larger salary with each move. The ability to convey animated movement and the attention to detail necessary for his newspaper illustrations is reflected in Shinn's paintings and pastels, especially those treating urban themes. In 1899, he quit the newspaper business and began working for Ainslee's Magazine, a magazine that also employed his wife, who was by that time a successful illustrator and who brought in a good deal of the household income. He ultimately illustrated for a wide range of popular journals over the next twenty years, including Harper's, Vanity Fair, Life, Look, and Judge. Shinn also started displaying his paintings and pastels publicly in 1899 to mixed reactions.In 1900, he and Flossie traveled to Europe to allow him an opportunity to study other painters and to prepare to produce enough work for another exhibition. The trip influenced his art in years to come; he was especially taken with Impressionism and European art that focused on depictions of the theater. Shinn has said of his experience at the Philadelphia Press: "In the Art Department of the Philadelphia Press on wobbling, ink-stained drawing boards William J. Glackens, George Luks, <mask>n and John Sloan went to school, a school now lamentably extinct…a school that trained memory and quick perception." It was during Shinn's time in Philadelphia that artists Robert Henri, John Sloan, and Joseph Laub established the Charcoal Club as an informal alternative art school. The group, which included Henri, Sloan, Shinn, and fellow illustrators and would-be painters like William Glackens and George Luks, reached a peak membership of thirty-eight and sketched nudes and critiqued of each other's work. The club, which was both ribaldly social and intellectual, is often thought of a point of origin for what became known as the Ashcan school of American art. To his friends and fellow artists, Henri (the elder statesman of the group) urged the study of Whitman, Emerson, Zola, and Ibsen and the need for painters to forge a new style of art that spoke more to their time and experience.He believed that younger artists should look to the modern city for their subject matter and paint in a freer, less academic style than art lovers of the time were accustomed to. It was an outlook with which Shinn readily agreed. New York and The Eight

In 1897, Shinn was offered a higher paying job as an illustrator for Joseph Pulitzer's New York World. (Theodore Dreiser also worked for the World at that time.) He was joined shortly after by his wife, Flossie, and by other members of the Charcoal Club. Shinn enjoyed living in the city and observing the hustle and bustle of Manhattan. His fascination with the intensity of urban life is evident in paintings like Fire on Mott Street and Fight or in his renderings of election rallies and matinee crowds.Shinn had a particular interest in scenes of drama (accidents, buildings on fire) and street violence. His preferred medium at this time when not drawing for the newspaper was pastel, the medium least associated with the grittiness of his subject matter. He is the only Ashcan artist to produce a large body of work in pastel. Shinn left no record or notes of any kind about his time in Europe, but it is generally assumed that he saw the work of Daumier, Degas, and Lautrec while in France and Walter Sickert while in England. Echoes of the style of all four artists can be found in Shinn's work, especially in the affinity he shares with Degas in depictions of stages marked by unusual croppings and compositions. Some of these paintings, like Trapeze, Winter Garden, New York (1903) or Curtain Call (n.d.), view the performers from the rear of the stage and include the audience as a backdrop to the picture itself; others, like London Hippodrome (1902), assume an imaginary aerial perspective from a balcony; and others take as a vantage point the middle of the orchestra pit (e..g, the 1906 The Orchestra Pit: Old Proctor's Fifth Avenue Theater), looking up toward the stage at a sharp angle. Whether depicting ballet dancers, magicians, actors, acrobats, or vaudevillians, Shinn (who presumably spent a good deal of time at the theater himself) presents performance art as an enlivening and sensuous, if sometimes raucous, experience for both the men and women on the stage and the audience.Shinn became friendly with a number of major theater professionals in New York, including playwright Clyde Fitch, actress Julia Marlowe, and producer David Belasco. They were able to introduce him to a social elite in Manhattan that included interior designer Elsie de Wolfe and architect Stanford White. As a result, "Shinn did a number of murals for houses built by Stanford White and for many houses and apartments decorated by Elsie de Wolfe." His clients were usually interested in a Louis XVI style called "rococo revivalism." The ceilings and pianos in Clyde Fitch's apartments were also decorated by Shinn, and Fitch was happy to recommend his services to other wealthy acquaintances. It was a lucrative arrangement and a somewhat incongruous one for a man who also painted dock workers and brawling barflies. Shinn's most lasting contribution in this area, recently restored, are the murals he painted for Belasco's Stuyvesant Theatre (today the Belasco Theatre), which opened in 1907 and is still a prominent Broadway playhouse.About this space, one theater historian has written: "The rich walnut paneling, ornamental Tiffany lamps, and eighteen murals by <mask>n created a warm, comfortable setting for Belasco's standard mix of dazzling scenic effects and melodramatic hokum." In February 1908, Shinn exhibited in a legendary exhibition at the Macbeth Galleries in New York that was intended as a protest against the conservative tastes and restrictive exhibition practices of the powerful National Academy of Design. The show, which also traveled to several cities from Newark to Chicago, occasioned considerable comment in the press about appropriate styles and content in art and gave the Ashcan painters more national publicity than they had previously enjoyed. The exhibiting artists, known as The Eight, included five realists (Shinn, Henri, Sloan, Glackens, and Luks) and three other artists (Arthur B. Davies, Ernest Lawson, Maurice Prendergast) who painted in a less realistic, more impressionistic style. Among the paintings Shinn chose to exhibit with The Eight was The London Hippodrome (1902), his most reproduced work and a painting that art historian Milton Brown called "among the best that the Ashcan school produced." Later life

Unlike the other members of The Eight, Shinn did not exhibit in the famous 1913 Armory Show of modern art and, in fact, became over the years a confirmed anti-Modernist, expressing nothing but disdain for Picasso and Matisse. He remained a representational artist all his life with no interest in stylistic experimentation, and throughout the 1910s and 1920s he cultivated a market for deftly-made drawings in the spirit of a latter-day Watteau or Boucher.This resistance to the changing era he was living in accounts, in part, for his declining place in art history after his death. His style, in the view of many observers, also took on a more facile, commercial quality, and some of his later works, like the murals painted for the bar of the Plaza Hotel, have an essentially nostalgic aim, reimagining in the 1940s the world of hansom cabs and city streets lighted by gas-lamps. "Except for one exhibition at Knoedler's in 1920," his biographer writes, "<mask>n does not seem to have exhibited paintings between 1910 and 1937." (In 1937, Shinn was included in the Whitney Museum's "New York Realists" show, which was, in essence, a reunion of the major Ashcan painters now that their day had passed.) The 1940s saw his work included in more museum exhibitions, though, and just prior to his death he was taken on by the prestigious James Graham Gallery in New York. In his best years, Shinn was well-paid and owned large houses in Connecticut and Upstate New York, but he went through a vast amount of money (along with four wives and numerous mistresses) and was financially straitened in his final days. Legacy
Shinn was the youngest member of The Eight.Though his work is varied and resistant to easy categorization, it is considered most commonly in art histories in the context of The Eight and the Ashcan school, designations that do not quite fit the range of his individual vision. Shinn's relations with other members of The Eight, most of whom remained friendly into their later years, were never strong. "He was an accidental member of The Eight," John Sloan remarked in the late 1940s when he cast a vote against Shinn's nomination for membership in the Institute of Arts and Letters. Shinn's commitment to the high life and to interior decoration rubbed a Socialist and true urban realist like Sloan the wrong way. Yet Shinn had never claimed for himself a political stance in his art or intended to narrow his interests in service to a movement or school of art. His best works effectively capture a slice  of American urban life in the first years of the twentieth century, in both a realist and a romantic spirit, and his most ambitious paintings (The London Hippodrome, The Orchestra Pit: Old Proctor's Fifth Avenue Theater) are among the greatest theater-inspired images in American art. Gallery

Selected painting analysis
The Fight, 1899 (Charcoal).In The Fight, a group of men stand on the right side of the drawing, watching a fistfight outside a bar. Both black and white men are represented in the drawing, an unusual feature for period, which added to its controversial nature. The bold, sketchy quality of the brushstrokes makes the subjects appear appropriately uneasy and off-balance. The bulk of the drawing is heavily on the right side with much more open urban space depicted on the left. Though Shinn is often associated with portrayals of more elegant settings (notably, theater interiors), this drawing is typical of his equally pronounced interest in working-class subjects and is a classic example of Ashcan realism. Spoiling for a Fight, New York Docks (1899), Barges on the East River (1899), Cross Streets of new York (1899), The Docks, New York City (1901), The Laundress (1903), Eviction (1904), and Night Life: Accident (1908) are other examples of work produced by Shinn through his walks about the city, observing intently and sketching on the spot. Theater Scene, 1906 (oil pastel on canvas).This painting is representative of Shinn's work depicting theater scenes, his favorite subject, and an intricate set design, another of Shinn's hobbies. The artist portrays of a group of dancers, clad in mostly white, onstage with a detailed backdrop of picturesque hills and a garden. The brushstrokes are broad and wide, giving the painting has a vivid sense of immediacy; the figures within the painting almost seem to be moving. The painting has a faintly dream-like quality, making it seem more impressionist than realist in style. Stagestruck from youth, Shinn never tired of depicting the theater as a place of energy, skill, and satisfying illusion. Selected works

Fifth Avenue Coach, Winter (1906): Montclair Art Museum
Backstage Scene (1900): Delaware Art Museum
Tenements at Hester Street (1900): The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.
Self-Portrait (1901): National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C. American Painting from the Armory Show to the Depression.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955. De Shazo, Edith,  <mask>n, 1876–1953: A Figure in His Time. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1974. Hunter, Sam. Modern American Painting and Sculpture. New York: Dell, 1959. Life's Pleasures: The Ashcan Artists' Brush with Leisure, 1895–1925 (exhibition catalogue for the Detroit Institute of Arts and the New York Historical Society).London: Merrill Publishers, 2007. Loughery, John. John Sloan: Painter and Rebel. New York: Henry Holt, 1995. Mazow, Leo G.  "<mask>n's Time Warp" (pp. 129–137) in Elizabeth Kennedy (ed. ), The Eight and American Modernisms.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1009. Metropolitan  Lives: The Ashcan Artists and Their New York (exhibition catalogue). Washington, D.C.: the National Museum of American Art, 1996. Perlman, Bennard N.  Painters of the Ashcan School: The Immortal Eight. New York: Dover, 1999 edition. Wong, Janay. <mask>n: The Spectacle of Life (exhibition catalogue).New York: Berry-Hill Galleries, 2000. External links

  National Portrait Gallery artist profile
  <mask> biography (Illustration-house.com)
 <mask> biography at artfact.com (auction website)
 <mask>, Hunter Museum of American Art
 <mask> collection, 1877-1958, digitized archive of Shinn's papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. 1876 births
1953 deaths
American illustrators
American muralists
19th-century American painters
19th-century male artists
American male painters
20th-century American painters
People from Woodstown, New Jersey
Artists from New Jersey

masks:
Everett Shinn
Shinn
Shinn
Edward Everett
Everett Shin
Everett Shin
Everett Shin
Everett Shin
Everett Shin
Everett Shin
Everett Shinn
Everett Shinn
Everett Shinn
Everett Shinn


texts:
<mask><mask> (born August 6, 1953) is an ecologist and biologist. She is a senior advisor at Resources for the Future and a former Deputy Under Secretary for Research, Education, and Economics (REE) at the United States Department of Agriculture and former USDA Chief Scientist. Education
Bartuska graduated from Wilkes University in 1975 with a bachelor's degree in biology. She went on to earn a master's degree in botany and ecology from Ohio University in 1977, and a doctorate in biogeochemistry and ecosystem ecology from West Virginia University in 1981. Her dissertation, titled Detrital processes in a black locust reforested surface mine compared to a sugar maple dominated mixed hardwood stand, was completed under adviser, Dr. Gerald E. Lang. Her research has focused on ecosystems processes in landscapes disturbed by coal mining. She is married to Dr. Mark R. Walbridge, Chair of the Department of Biology at West Virginia University.Career
From 1982 until 1989 Bartuska managed research, development, and assessment programs associated with the effects of acid rain and air pollution, first for North Carolina State University and then under the United States Forest Service. Both projects fell under the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. In 1989 she was named Assistant Station Director for Continuing Research at the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; while there, she was responsible for research in both Florida and Georgia. She joined the staff of Forest Environment Research at the Forest Service's Washington Office in 1991 as a Wetlands Specialist with the responsibility of developing a National Wetlands Research Program. In 1992, when the Ecosystem Management staff was created, she was named the first head. Bartuska spent a year in 1993 as the Forest Service Liaison to the National Biological Survey of the U.S. Department of Interior and in October 1994 became director of Forest Health Protection for the Forest Service. In January 1999, Bartuska was named Director of Forest Management, of which she was the first woman and first ecologist to hold the position.She would continue on as director, when Forest Management and Range Management were merged. Bartuska left the Forest Service in 2001 to become the executive director of The Nature Conservancy's Invasive Species Initiative, and she remained there until 2004. She returned to the Forest Service as Deputy Chief for Research and Development in 2004 and from January to October 2009 served as acting Deputy Undersecretary for Natural Resources and Environment. In 2010 she joined the USDA's Research, Education, and Economics (REE) mission area, where she was Deputy Under Secretary. Her responsibilities included oversight over four agencies which support the REE mission: Agricultural Research Service (ARS - which includes the National Agricultural Library and National Arboretum), National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Economic Research Service (ERS), and National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). <mask> was named chair of the Subcommittee on Global Change Research (SGCR) by Dr. Tamara Dickinson, Principle Assistant Director for Environment and Energy at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy in 2016, of which she previously served as vice-chair. The group was created and is responsible for, meeting the requirement of the Global Change Research Act of 1990.In 2017, Bartuska joined the non-profit, Resources for the Future (RFF), as Vice President of the newly formed program on Land, Water, and Nature. She currently serves as a senior adviser to RFF, focused on natural resources and forestry with special consideration of natural climate solutions through forest and agricultural lands. Memberships and legacy
<mask> was vice president for public affairs at the Ecological Society of America from 1996 to 1999 and president of the society from 2003–2004. She was a co-chair of the Science and Technology for Sustainability Roundtable of the National Academies,  served on the Board of the Council of Science Society Presidents, and is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS) and Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native American in Science (SACNAS). Bartuska has also served on the advisory board of the National Science Foundation and on the External Advisory Board for the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability. She served as co-chair of the Ecological Systems subcommittee of the Committee on Environment, Natural Resources, and Sustainability of the White House National Science and Technology Council. She was also a part of the Sustainability Roundtable of the National Academy of Sciences.Publications

 "Elemental concentrations in plant tissues as influenced by low pH soils" by Plant and Soil, 1980
 "The Report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management" from Ecological Applications from the Ecological Society of America, 1996
 "Ecosystem management to achieve ecological sustainability: The case of South Florida" from Environmental Management, 1996
 "Cross-Boundary Issues to Manage for Healthy Forest Ecosystems" from the book, Landscape Ecological Analysis, 1999, p. 24-34
 "Towards a shared vision" from Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2004
 "Science Priorities for Reducing the Threat of Invasive Species to Sustainable Forestry" from BioScience, 2005
 Why Biomass is Important - The Role of the USDA Forest Service in Managing the Using Biomass for Energy and Other Uses from the U.S. Forest Service, 2006
 "Restoring Justice/Restoring Ecosystems:the Intersection of Ecology and Environmental Justice" from Bulletin of the Ecological Society of American, 2007
 "The role of federal agencies in the application of scientific knowledge" from Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2010
 "USDA Forest Service research and development - caring for the land and serving people" from Folia Forestalia Polonica, 2011
 "When peer-reviewed publications are not enough! Delivering science for natural resource management" (Reprint - original from 2012) from Forest Policy and Economics, 2013
 "Nature as capital: Advancing and incorporating ecosystem services in United States federal policies and programs" from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015
 "The IPBES Conceptual Framework - connecting nature and People" from Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2015
 "Beyond desertification" from Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 2015

References

Living people
American ecologists
Women ecologists
American women biologists
West Virginia University alumni
Wilkes University alumni
Ohio University alumni
United States Department of Agriculture people
United States Department of Agriculture officials
1953 births
Resources for the Future
21st-century American women

masks:
Ann M
. Bartuska
Ann Bartuska
Bartuska