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<mask> (born December 17, 1966) is an African-American writer of Christian fiction and non-fiction Christian literature. Her novels are known and widely applauded for their positive male lead characters and their combined romantic and suspenseful story lines. Biography
<mask> is a native of West Palm Beach, Florida, but spent most of her formative years in southern Georgia. She graduated from Brooks County High School in Quitman, Georgia. <mask> and her husband, Michael Holmes, share a blended family of two daughters and one son. Her first husband, Jimmy (whose last name was also Holmes - no relation to Michael) died. She and Jimmy married at St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church in Valdosta, GA when <mask> was 21 and Jimmy was 20.Shortly after their daughter Crystal was born, Jimmy was diagnosed with AIDS, possibly as the result of a blood transfusion. He died on October 5, 1995, a few days before their 7th wedding anniversary, and in her grief, <mask> began to write. She crafted her first piece of poetry as an elementary school student, but <mask> did not grow to recognize her gift as a creative writer until 1999 when she began keeping a journal during the lingering heartache of the death of her husband. Shortly thereafter, she wrote her first fictional manuscript, For Love & Grace, published in  2002. She worked days, and in the evenings, she pursued higher education at Valdosta Technical College (Valdosta, Georgia), where she majored in Information Office Technology and graduated in 1997. There, she was inducted into the National Vocational Technical Honor Society. She was given a computer as a college graduation gift.Her life took many twists and turns during the years following Jimmy's death. Most of her true life experience is captured in two of her nonfiction published works, I Shall Not Die and The Path From Pain to Purpose, both of which are highly acclaimed books. <mask> eventually found true love again, and she and her current husband, Michael married in 2014. In 2017, <mask> and Michael jointly wrote a 31-day relationship devotional entitled Cross-Fire. It was her twenty-second published work and her husband's first. The book has received rave reviews from readers. <mask> went on to receive a Doctor of Divinity degree from St. Thomas Christian University in (Jacksonville, Florida) in 2019.<mask> has appeared in a number of televised programs, including featured appearances on Atlanta LIVE (WATC TV 57's flagship program) and on BET's Lift Every Voice, where she was interviewed by the show's creator and former host, Gerard Henry. She is a member of the Iota Phi Lambda sorority, and both she and her husband are ordained ministers. Together, they serve as Co-pastors of Deliverance Revival Church in central Georgia. Previously writing under the name of <mask>-Bellamy, she began officially writing under the name of <mask> in 2013. Career
In addition to her own writing, <mask> is the founder and Creative Director of Royalty Publications LLC (formerly KNB Publications), an independent self-publishing house that produces the works of up-and-coming writers of Christian-based fiction, nonfiction, and poetry. She is also the visionary of The I.S.L.A.N.D. Movement, a motivational ministry whose name is an acronym for "I Shall Live And Not Die."Lastly, she is the creator and host of Royal Pen Network, a bi-weekly Internet radio show that showcases artists who use their gifts and talents to create motivational, inspirational, and/or educational materials. She self-published her debut novel, For Love & Grace in 2002. The book was re-released in 2004 through BET Books. <mask> gained national bestseller status when her third release, Crossing Jhordan's River (Moody Publishers/May 2005), peaked at #1 on Essence magazine's best sellers list for paperback fiction. The majority of her works have been produced through three large book publishers: Moody Publishers (Lift Every Voice imprint), Kimani Press (New Spirit imprint), and Urban Books (Urban Christian imprint). In 2020, <mask> became the first African American to hold the position of Managing Editor for Houston Home Journal newspaper in its 150-year history. In 2022, she stepped away from her corporate job and created her own faith-based newspaper, which is distributed nationally.The mission of The Royal Trumpet is to deliver inspiration, motivation, education and the good news of Jesus Christ to people across the world.

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Kendra Norman
Kendra Norman
Kendra
Kendra
Kendra
Kendra
Kendra
Kendra
Kendra
Kendra
Kendra Norman
Kendra Norman
Kendra
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<mask> (; 3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian statesman who founded the Christian Democracy party and served as the 30th prime minister of Italy in eight successive coalition governments from 1945 to 1953. <mask> was the last prime minister of the Kingdom of Italy, serving under both Victor Emmanuel III and Umberto II. He was also the first prime minister of the Italian Republic, and also briefly served as provisional head of state after the Italian people voted to end the monarchy and establish a republic. His eight-year term in office remains a landmark of political longevity for a leader in modern Italian politics. <mask> is the fifth longest-serving prime minister since the Italian Unification. A devout Catholic, he was one of the founding fathers of the European Union along with fellow Italian Altiero Spinelli. Early years
<mask> was born in 1881 in Pieve Tesino in Tyrol, which at that time belonged to Austria-Hungary, now part of the region of Trentino-Alto Adige in Italy.His father was a local police officer of limited financial means. From 1896 <mask> was active in the Social Christian movement. In 1900 he joined the Faculty of Literature and Philosophy in Vienna, where he played an important role in the inception of the Christian student movement. He was very much inspired by the Rerum novarum encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891. In 1904 he took an active part in student demonstrations in favour of an Italian language university. Imprisoned with other protesters during the inauguration of the Italian faculty of law in Innsbruck, he was released after twenty days. In 1905, <mask>i obtained a degree in philology.In 1905, he began to work as editor of the newspaper La Voce Cattolica (The Catholic Voice) which was replaced in September 1906 by Il Trentino and he soon became its editor. In his newspaper, he often took positions in favor of a cultural autonomy for Trentino and in defense of Italian culture in Trentino, in contrast to the Germanisation plans of the German nationalists in Tyrol. At the time, in disagreement with other politicians like Cesare Battisti, he did not seek reunification with Italy. In 1911, he became a member of Parliament for the Popular Political Union of Trentino (UPPT) in the Austrian Reichsrat, a post he held for six years. At the beginning of World War I he was politically neutral, sympathizing with the ultimately unsuccessful efforts of Pope Benedict XV and Karl I of Austria to obtain an honorable peace and stop the war. Ultimately, he sided with Italy. Opposition to Fascism
In 1919, he was among of the founders of the Italian People's Party (PPI), with Luigi Sturzo.He served as a deputy in the Italian Parliament from 1921 to 1924, a period marked by the rise of Fascism. He initially supported the participation of the PPI in Benito Mussolini's first government in October 1922. As Mussolini's hold on the Italian government grew stronger, he soon diverged with the Fascists over constitutional changes to the powers of the executive and to the election system (the Acerbo Law), and to Fascist violence against the constitutional parties, culminating in the murder of Giacomo Matteotti. The PPI split, and <mask> became secretary of the remaining anti-Fascist group in May 1924. In November 1926, in a climate of overt violence and intimidation by the Fascists, the PPI was dissolved. <mask> was arrested in March 1927 and sentenced to four years in prison. The Vatican negotiated his release.A year and a half in prison nearly broke <mask>'s health. After his release in July 1928, he was unemployed and in serious financial hardship, until in 1929 his ecclesiastical contacts secured him a job as a cataloger in the Vatican Library, where he spent the next fourteen years until the collapse of Fascism in July 1943. During the 1930s, <mask>i wrote a regular international column for the review L'Illustrazione Vaticana in which he depicted the chief political battle as one between communism and Christianity. In 1934, he rejoiced in the defeat of the Austrian Social Democrats, whom he condemned for "de-Christianizing" the country, and in 1937 he declared that the German Church was correct in preferring Nazism to Bolshevism. Founding Christian Democracy
During World War II, he organized the establishment of the first (and at the time, illegal) Christian Democracy (DC) party, drawing upon the ideology of the PPI. In January 1943, he published "Ideas for Reconstruction" (), which amounted to a program for the party. He became the first general secretary of the new party in 1944.<mask> was the undisputed head of the Christian Democrats, the party that dominated Parliament for decades. Although his control of the DC appeared almost complete, he had to carefully balance different factions and interests, especially with regards to relations with the Vatican, social reform, and foreign policy. When Southern Italy was liberated by the Allies, he became one of the main representatives of DC in the National Liberation Committee. During the government led by Ivanoe Bonomi, <mask> was appointed minister without portfolio and, in Ferruccio Parri's cabinet, he became minister of foreign affairs. Prime Minister of Italy

From 1945 to 1953, he was the prime minister of eight successive DC-led governments. His eight-year rule remains a landmark of political longevity for one leader in modern Italian politics. During his successive governments, Italy became a republic (1946), signed a peace treaty with the Allies (1947), joined the NATO in 1949 and became an ally of the United States, which helped to revive the Italian economy through the Marshall Plan.During that time, Italy became a member of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which later evolved into the European Union (EU). In December 1945, he became prime minister for the first time, succeeding Ferruccio Parri and leading a coalition government that included both Italian Communist Party (PCI) and Italian Socialist Party (PSI), along with other minor parties like Italian Republican Party (PRI), Italian Liberal Party (PLI) and Action Party (PdA). Communist leader Palmiro Togliatti acted as deputy prime minister. He tried to soften the terms of the pending Allied peace treaty with Italy and secured financial and economic aid through the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan) – which was opposed by the Communists. In June 1946, Italy held the constitutional referendum to decide whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic; the republicans won with 54% of the vote. <mask> was appointed provisional head of state from 18 to 28 June, when the Constituent Assembly elected the Liberal <mask> Nicola as provisional head of state. As chief of the Italian delegation at the World War II peace conference in Paris, <mask>i harshly criticized the sanctions imposed on Italy, but obtained concessions from the Allies that guaranteed Italian sovereignty.Under the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947, the eastern border area was lost to Yugoslavia and the free territory of Trieste was divided between the two states. One of his most striking achievements in foreign policy was the Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement with Austria in September 1946, that established his home region, South Tyrol, as an autonomous region. American support
<mask>i enjoyed considerable support in the US, where he was considered able to oppose the rising tide of communism – in particular the PCI, which was the biggest communist party in a Western European democracy. In January 1947 he visited the US. The chief goals of the trip were to soften the terms of the pending peace treaty with Italy and to obtain immediate economic assistance. His ten-day tour, engineered by media mogul Henry Luce – the owner of Time magazine – and his wife, Clare Boothe Luce – the future ambassador to Rome – was viewed as a media "triumph", prompting positive comments by a wide section of the American press. During his meetings in the United States, <mask>i managed to secure a financially modest but politically significant US$100 million Eximbank loan to Italy.According to <mask>, public opinion would view the loan as a vote of confidence in the Italian Government and strengthen his position versus the PCI in the context of the emerging Cold War. The positive results strengthened <mask>'s reputation in Italy. He also came back with useful information on the incipient change in American foreign policy that would lead to the Cold War and in Italy the break with the PCI and left-wing PSI and their removal from the government in the May 1947 crisis. In May 1947, United States President Harry Truman ordered <mask> to create a new government without the support of communists and socialists; he refused and a new cabinet was formed with the (centrist) Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) of Giuseppe Saragat, the PLI of Luigi Einaudi and the PRI of Randolfo Pacciardi; the three leaders of the minor parties were appointed deputy prime ministers. General election in 1948

The general elections in April 1948 were heavily influenced by the Cold War era confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States. After the Soviet-inspired February 1948 Communist coup in Czechoslovakia, the US became alarmed about Soviet intentions and feared that, if the left-wing coalition were to win the elections, the Soviet-funded PCI would draw Italy into the Soviet Union's sphere of influence. In the United States, a campaign was launched to prevent a victory of the Communist-dominated Popular Democratic Front (FDP).Italian Americans were encouraged to write letters to their relatives in Italy. The popular Italian-American singer Frank Sinatra made a Voice of America radio broadcast. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) funneled "black bag" contributions to anti-communist candidates with the approval of the National Security Council and President Harry S. Truman. Joseph P. Kennedy and Clare Booth Luce helped to raise US$2 million for the Christian Democracy party. Time magazine backed the campaign and featured <mask> on its 19 April 1948 issue's cover and in its lead story. He would appear on a Time cover again on 25 May 1953, during the campaign for that year's election, with an extensive biography. The election campaign remains unmatched in verbal aggression and fanaticism in Italy's history on both sides.The election was between two competing visions of the future of Italian society. On the one hand, a Roman Catholic, conservative and capitalist Italy, represented by the governing Christian Democrats of De Gasperi; on the other, a secular, revolutionary and socialist society, represented by the Popular Democratic Front. The Christian Democrat campaign claimed that in Communist countries "children send parents to jail", "children are owned by the state", "people eat their own children", and assured voters that disaster would strike Italy if the Left were to take power. Another slogan was, "In the secrecy of the polling booth, God sees you – Stalin doesn't." The PCI were de facto leading the Popular Democratic Front, and had effectively marginalized the PSI, which eventually suffered because of this in these elections, in terms of parliamentary seats and political power. The Socialists also had been hurt by the secession of a social-democratic faction led by Giuseppe Saragat, which contested the election with the concurrent list of Socialist Unity. The PCI had difficulties in restraining its more militant members, who, in the period immediately after the war, had engaged in violent acts of reprisals.The areas affected by the violence (the so-called "Red Triangle" of Emilia, or parts of Liguria around Genoa and Savona, for instance) had previously seen episodes of brutality committed by the Fascists during Benito Mussolini's regime and the Italian Resistance during the

masks:
Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi
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De Gasperi
De Gasperi
De Gasperi
De Gasper
De Gasperi
De Gasperi
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 Allies' gradual advance through Italy. The Christian Democrats won a resounding victory with 48.5% of the vote (their best result ever) and strong majorities in both the Chamber of Deputies and Senate. The Communists received only half of the votes they had in 1946. With absolute majorities in both chambers, <mask> could have formed an exclusively Christian Democratic government. Instead, he formed a "centrist" coalition with the Liberals, Republicans and Social Democrats. <mask>i formed three ministries, the second in 1950 after the defection of the Liberals, who hoped for more rightist policies, and the third in 1951 after the defection of the Social Democrats, who hoped for more left-wing policies. He ruled for five more years, helming four additional coalitions."<mask>'s policy is patience", according to the foreign news correspondent for The New York Times, Anne O'Hare McCormick. "He seems to be feeling his way among the explosive problems he has to deal with, but perhaps this wary mine-detecting method is the stabilising force that holds the country in balance." Social security reforms

In domestic policy, a number of social security reforms were carried out by various ministers of <mask>'s cabinets in the areas of rents and social housing, unemployment insurance and pensions. On 9 January 1946, the government reorganised the health insurance system for sharecroppers, tenant farmers and agricultural workers, with a flat-rate daily indemnity of Lit.28 for women and Lit.60 for men (i.e. 3% and 7% of the average gross industrial wage for 1947) for a maximum of 180 days a year and free medical and hospital assistance provided through INAM. On 19 April 1946 the government reorganised the health insurance system for industrial employees, with a daily sickness indemnity equal to 50% of earnings, for a maximum of 180 days a year, a flat-rate maternity indemnity equal to a lump sum of Lit.1000 for 120 days (1% of average gross for industrial wage in 1947), a funeral allowance and free medical, hospital, and pharmaceutical assistance through INAM. On 31 October 1947 the Italian Parliament approved a bill that reorganised the health insurance system for service employees (e.g.banking and commerce), with a daily sickness indemnity equal to 50% of earnings for a maximum of 180 days a year, a flat-rate maternity payment, funeral allowance, and free hospital, medical, and pharmaceutical assistance through INAM. On 28 February 1949, <mask>i launched a seven-year plan for social housing to increase the stock of economic housing by means of construction or purchase of economic accommodation. The law also established a special housing fund (INA-Casa) within the National Institute for Insurance (Istituto Nazionale delle Assicurazioni, or INA). Moreover, on 29 July 1947 the government established a Fund For Social Solidarity within INPS in order to pay graduated supplementary allowances to all pensions, compensating for inflation. A law of 29 April 1949 introduced new provisions for unemployment insurance and labor policy. A Central Commission for Work Training and Assistance for the Unemployed was set up with the task of monitoring the state of the labor market and the conditions of the unemployed, while regulations concerning the replacement of the unemployed into the labor market (collocamento) were introduced. Provincial offices for Labour and Full Employment were also established, with local sections, which organized waiting lists, training courses, and the allocation of available jobs, amongst other services.Unemployment indemnity was increased to Lit. 200 per day (approximately 17% of the average gross industrial wage for 1949) and its duration was extended from 120 to 180 days. Unemployment insurance was extended to agricultural workers, and a special unemployment benefit (sussidio straordinario di disoccupazione) was introduced, paid under exceptional circumstances; flat-rate benefit with ad hoc determined level for 90 to 180 days. Vocational training and professional qualification programmes for the unemployed were also introduced, along with a Fund for Professional Training of Workers. On 29 April 1949, a law was approved that introduced new provisions for unemployment insurance and labor policy. A Central Commission for Work Training and Assistance for the Unemployed was established with the task of monitoring the state of the labor market and the conditions of the unemployed. On 23 March 1948, the National Institute for Assistance of the Orphans of Italian Workers and the National Institute for Italian Pensioners were established, providing benefits and services for needy pensioners.On 26 August 1950, the government introduced various regulations covering maternity insurance for all female employees. In 1952, the party overwhelmingly endorsed his authority over the government and over the party. However, it was also the start of his decline. He came under increasing criticism from the emerging left wing in the party. Their main accusations were that he was too cautious in social and economic reform, that he stifled debate and that he subordinated the party to the interests of government. 1953 general election and decline

The 1953 general election was characterised by changes in the electoral law. Even if the general structure remained uncorrupted, the government introduced a superbonus of two-thirds of seats in the House for the coalition which would obtain at-large the absolute majority of votes.The change was strongly opposed by the opposition parties as well as DC's smaller coalition partners, who had no realistic chance of success under this system. The new law was called the Scam Law by its detractors, including some dissidents of minor government parties who founded special opposition groups to deny the artificial landslide to Christian Democracy. The Holy See actively supported Christian Democracy, declaring that it would be a mortal sin for a Catholic to vote for the PCI and excommunicating all its supporters. In practice, however, many Communists remained religious: Emilia was known to be an area where people were both religious and communists. Giovannino Guareschi wrote his novels about Don Camillo describing a village, Brescello, whose inhabitants are at the same time loyal to priest Camillo and Communist mayor Peppone, who are fierce rivals. The campaign of the opposition to the "Scam Law" achieved its goal. The government coalition (DC, PSDI, PLI, PRI, South Tyrolean People's Party and Sardinian Action Party) won 49.9% of national vote, just a few thousand votes from the threshold for a supermajority, resulting in an ordinary proportional distribution of the seats.Minor dissident parties determined the final result, especially the short-lived National Democratic Alliance. The leading party Christian Democracy did not repeat the extraordinary result of five years earlier, which had been obtained under special conditions linked to the Cold War, and lost a lot of votes to the right, including resurgent fascist politicians particularly in Southern Italy. Technically, the government won the election, winning a clear working majority of seats in both houses. But frustration with the failure to win a supermajority caused significant tensions in the leading coalition. <mask> was forced to resign by the Parliament on 2 August: he consequently retired and died twelve months later. The legislature continued with weak governments, with minor parties refusing institutional responsibilities. Giuseppe Pella rose to power, but fell after only five months, following heated disputes about the status of the Free Territory of Trieste which Pella was claiming.Amintore Fanfani's succeeding first ministry failed to receive a vote of confidence in Parliament, whilst Mario Scelba and Antonio Segni followed with more traditional centrist coalitions supported by Social Democrats and Liberals: under the administration of Scelba, the problem of Trieste was settled by ceding Koper/Capodistria to Yugoslavia. The parliamentary term was seen out by the minority government chaired by Adone Zoli, finishing a legislature which hugely weakened the office of the Prime Minister, held by six different leaders. In 1954, <mask>i also had to give up the leadership of the party, when Amintore Fanfani was appointed new Secretary of the Christian Democracy in June. Death and legacy

On 19 August 1954, <mask> died in Sella di Valsugana, in his beloved Trentino. It is said that he had to be given a State funeral as he had died with almost no means of his own. He is buried in the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, a basilica in Rome. The process for his beatification was opened in 1993."<mask>i was against exacerbating conflict", according to his former secretary and former Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti. "He taught us to search for compromise, to mediate." He is considered to be one of the founding fathers of the European Union. From the very beginning of European integration, <mask>, Robert Schuman and Konrad Adenauer met regularly. He helped to organize the Council of Europe and supported the Schuman Declaration, which in 1951 led to the foundation of the European Coal and Steel Community – a forerunner in the process of European integration. In 1954 he was elected president of the forerunner of the European Parliament, the Community's Common Assembly. Although eventually transformed into the current project of the European Union, <mask> helped to develop the idea of a common European defence policy.In 1952, he received the Karlspreis (International Charlemagne Prize of the City of Aachen), an award by the German city of Aachen to people who contributed to the European idea and European peace. The 1954–1955 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour. Personal life

On 14 June 1922, <mask> married Francesca Romani (30 August 1894 – 20 August 1998) and had four daughters, Maria Romana, Lucia, Cecilia and Paola. In Florestano Vancini's film The Assassination of Matteotti (1973), <mask> is played by Ezio Marano. Electoral history

See also
 Alcide de Gasperi Building

Notes

Further reading
 Bigaran, Mariapia. "Alcide <mask>i: the apprenticeship of a political leader", Modern Italy Nov 2009, Vol. 14 Issue 4, pp 415–30
 Carrillo, Elisa.<mask> <mask>: The Long Apprenticeship. University of Notre Dame Press, 1965. Cau, Maurizio. "<mask> <mask>i: a political thinker or a thinking politician?" Modern Italy Nov 2009, Vol. 14 Issue 4, pp 431–45
 Duggan, Christopher. Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 (2008) ch 27–28
 Ginsborg, Paul.A history of contemporary Italy: society and politics, 1943–1988 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). Lorenzini, Sara. "The roots of a 'statesman': <mask>'s foreign policy", Modern Italy Nov 2009, Vol. 14 Issue 4, pp 473–84
 Pombeni, Paolo, and Giuliana Nobili Schiera. "<mask> <mask>: 1881–1954-a political life in a troubled century", Modern Italy Nov2009, Vol. 14 Issue 4, pp 379–401. White, Steven."In search of <mask> <mask>: innovations in Italian scholarship since 2003". Journal of Modern Italian Studies 15#3 (2010):  462–470. Historiography
 Wilsford, David, ed. Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp 77–83. In Italian
  Pietro Scoppola, La proposta politica di <mask>i, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1977. Giulio Andreotti, Intervista su De Gasperi; a cura di Antonio Gambino, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1977. Giulio Andreotti, <mask>i visto da vicino, Milano, Rizzoli, 1986.Nico Perrone, <mask>i e l'America, Palermo, Sellerio, 1995. <mask> <mask>: un percorso europeo, a cura di Eckart Conze, Gustavo Corni, Paolo Pombeni, Bologna, Il mulino, 2004. Piero Craveri, <mask>i, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2006. Nico Perrone, La svolta occidentale. <mask> e il nuovo ruolo internazionale dell'Italia, Roma, Castelvecchi,

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De Gasperi
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De Gasper
De Gasperi
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De Gasperi
De Gasper
De Gasperi
De Gasperi
De Gasperi
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Alcide
De Gasperi
Alcide
De Gasper
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Alcide
de Gasperi
Alcide
De Gasperi
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<mask> (1838–1891) was a British artist and designer born in Anderston, Glasgow, Scotland. His work was said to be influenced by the writing of John Ruskin, the paintings of the Dante Gabriel Rossetti and the work of William Morris. He painted allegorical figures in the Pre-Raphaelite style of Rossetti and Sir Edward Burne-Jones. Cottier is considered to be an important influence on Louis Comfort Tiffany and also is credited with introducing the Aesthetic movement to America and Australia. Cottier was interested in glass, furniture, ceramic manufacture, and interior design. His art furnishing business opened branches in Edinburgh, Glasgow and London between 1864 and 1869, and then in 1873 he opened more branches in New York, Sydney and Melbourne. In the United States he is seen as a 'harbinger of aestheticism….and a profound influence on American decoration'.And the same can be said of Scotland where he also exported the Aesthetic Movement to Scotland via his many professional and business contacts which he had made during his training and early career in Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen. So, by the time he moved to London in 1869, Cottier was already part of an influential and avart-garde group of designers—many of them also expatriate Scots—who were to establish the Aesthetic Movement in England. Family life
<mask> was born in 1838, the son of Margaret McLean (1807–1885) and <mask> (1761–1843), a master mariner. In the Census of 1841, he is recorded with his family in Carrick Street, off the Broomielaw in Glasgow. By 1851, he was working as an apprentice coach painter, living in North Woodside Road. In 1861, he was boarding in Francis Street, St Pancras, London, working as a glass designer. In 1866, he married Marion Millar Field, of Edinburgh, and in 1867, their daughter, Isabella was born.They had four children, Archibald (1868) who died of whooping cough aged 20 months, William (1869), Alexander and Margaret. Training
His training began as an apprentice to glazing and decorating firm in Glasgow in the 1850s, first with the firm of David Keir (1802–65), then with John Cairney & Co (1828–65). Cairney's circle included the architect and designer Alexander "Greek" Thomson (1817–75), who was of international stature and one of the most original interpreters of the Greek Revival style. When Thomson was designing a building, he included coloured decoration, furniture and carpets in his drawings. His ornamentation and colour schemes also drew from Egyptian, Assyrian, and Persian cultures. Cottier in all probability came into contact, whilst an apprentice at Cairney's, with this unified eclecticism of Aesthetic Movement interiors of the 1870s. Cottier subsequently worked for the stainer James Ballantine in Edinburgh, and attended evening classes at the Trustees' Academy, at which 'Ornamental Design' was taught.Around 1859 he went to London, where he may have worked for the stained glass makers, Ward & Hughes, while attending evening classes at the Working Men's College at 31 Red Lion Square in the East End. Here he heard lectures given by the critic John Ruskin (1819–1900) and received drawing lessons from the artist Ford Madox Brown (1821–93). Cottier could not have been closer to the Pre-Raphaelites or to the stirrings of the Aesthetic Movement: in 1861 William Morris (1834–96) opened his decorating and furnishing partnership across from the College, at 8 Red Lion Square. This may have exposed Cottier to the colour theories being developed by Morris, whose subtle and resonant tertiary hues were beginning to replace the archaeologically inspired mid-century primaries favoured by designers such as Thomson. In 1862 Cottier returned to Scotland to accept an appointment as manager of Field & Allan, a firm of slaters, glaziers and decorators based in Edinburgh and Leith (1797–1910). Here he oversaw the glazing and decoration of Peddie and Kinnear's Pilrig Parish Church, Leith (c. 1862–63). The surviving geometric glass cycle, bold and vigorous, was based on medieval grisaille work.It shows that by now Cottier had developed a keen sense of colour harmony, heavily reliant on the juxtaposition of contrasting primary or tertiary colours. After managing Field & Allan for two years, Cottier felt sufficiently confident to open his own business in Edinburgh aged 26. He shared the top floor of 24 George Street with the architects Campbell Douglas and J. J. Stevenson. Cottier persuaded Andrew Wells (1845–1915), his talented young assistant at Field & Allan, to join the new venture, together with Stephen Adam (1848–1910) from Ballantine & Co, and Charles Gow (1830–1891). However, Cottier's connection with Field & Allan did not end completely: he married Marion, the late William Field's daughter, in Edinburgh on 15 June 1866. Cottier and Company
At the 1867 Paris International Exhibition, Cottier's armorial window received a prize, and was praised as 'magnificent …superb harmony of colours …the finest ornamental window in the Exhibition'. Encouraged by his growing success, in 1869 he moved the centre of his activities to London where, at 2 Langham Place, in partnership with Brydon, Wallace and John Bennett, he established 'Cottier and Company', which advertised as 'art furniture makers, mural decorators, and glass and tile painters'.Cottier may have been drawn to London by the artistic community of expatriate Scots who had settled there, referred to as 'the London brethren'. However, Cottier & Co's order books continued to be dominated by commissions in Scotland, and the studio expanded. Around 1871 Norman McLeod Macdougall (1852–1939) followed Cottier to London, where he became the chief glass painter and latterly designer. Cottier also began to visit Europe as he developed an interest in art dealing, which brought him into contact with Vincent van Gogh and Dutch artist, Matthew Maris (1839–1917), who arrived in London to work for Cottier around 1872. Maris, who accompanied him on visits to Norway and elsewhere, has been credited as the designer of 'some of Cottier's most successful windows of the 1870s'. Certainly, the figures on a window such as the Musician Angels at St Machar's Cathedral, Aberdeen (1873), assume the strong contraposto poses which often appear in Maris's drawings. Maris also painted panels for Cottier, but as he found the watery consistency of glass paints made them difficult to use, he later explained that 'the only things that exist by my hand (from Cottier's studio) I painted with oil colours against the light'.Van Gogh visited Cottier's London showroom in 1876 and there he recalled seeing, 'Sketches for two church windows. In the middle of one was a portrait of a middle-aged lady—oh, such a noble face—with the words "Thy will be done". Elsewhere van Gogh noted, 'When there is style in a drawing he (Cottier) likes it well enough". As well as capitalising on a taste for all things Aesthetic in Britain, Cottier helped to establish the Aesthetic Movement abroad. In 1873 he opened a New York branch at 144 Fifth Avenue. In New York, Boston and elsewhere, Cottier & Co supplied ecclesiastical and domestic stained glass imported from the London workshop, which came to employ over a hundred men. He also supplied a variety of other goods, from gasoliers to Oriental Carpetings, as well as decorating interiors and dealing in pictures and antiques, and Cottier's taste in Aesthetic furnishings and modern paintings spread across the States as far as Portland, Oregon.He encouraged native artists such as Albert Pinkham Ryder (1847–1917). Cottier remained an active designer on several American project between 1873–9. In the 1880s Cottier collaborated with the stained glass artists Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848–1933) and John La Farge (1835–1910). An important window made in about 1877 for the main hall of the Newport, Rhode Island, house of William Sherman (1843–1912), formerly attributed to La Farge, is now considered to be the work of Cottier. Cottier's transatlantic experiences may have crossed over into his Scottish commissions, such as the Baptism of Christ in Paisley Abbey, Renfreshire (c. 1880) which features an unusually bold exercise in depicting water-reeds blowing in the wind which seems to anticipate the landscape glass that Tiffany later developed in America. Cottier played a part in the strong late-nineteenth century ties between progressive Scottish and American glass, a trend which later resulted in American-developed techniques, particularly the exploration of streaky and opalescent glass, influencing the glass produced by the Glasgow School in the 1890s. In 1873 Cottier began to export the Aesthetic Movement to Australia with the opening of a branch in Sydney in partnership with John Lamb Lyon (1835–1916), a fellow Scot with whom he had trained in Glasgow and London.Cottier made at least three trips to Australia between 1873 and 1890, but Lyon largely ran the business there. <mask>'s contribution to the Australian branch was to supply Lyon with his talented assistants, Gow and Wells, who acted as its chief designers from the mid-1870s to the mid-1890s. Under the direction of Lyon and Wells, the firm of Cottier, Lyon & Co decorated a number of important private residences, churches, and public buildings, all in the latest London style, with windows initially imported from the London workshop. Death
As a result of his business interests abroad, Cottier became increasingly known as an art dealer. He began to amass a large private collection of paintings, apparently to supply a legacy for his family, as his recurrent rheumatic fever made him ineligible for life insurance. Cottier died of a heart attack on April 15, 1891, aged 53 while visiting Jacksonville, Florida for health reasons. He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.His firm survived in New York as picture dealers until 1915. Legacy
By the time of his death, Cottier had undoubtedly contributed as much to the propagation of the Aesthetic Movement in Britain as he had abroad. Stephen Adam left Cottier & Co in 1870 to establish his own firm in Glasgow together with David Small (1846–1927). For the next two decades Adam & Small capitalised on the demand which Cottier had created for Aesthetic glass by producing a stream of confident windows dominated by Adam's figure drawings, which were based on Hart and Moore's Neo-Classical style. In 1873 Adam collaborated with Wells, shortly before he left for Australia, on the decoration and glazing of Belhaven Parish Church, Glasgow. Adam's glass at Belhaven borrowed heavily from the repertoire which he had learned from Cottier, including Japanese-style foliage, quarries and sunflowers, with figurative panels based on Millais' Parables, which may have been adapted from cartoons of identical windows produced in Cottier's studio. Cottier emerges as an important figure in pioneering the Aesthetic Movement in Britain, in areas beyond the glass-painting with which he is most often associated.He was a talented colourist and ornamentalist. He oversaw the production of a range of glass, furniture, ceramics and interior schemes which, incorporating the designs of Godwin, Talbert, Moyr, Smith, Moore and others, testify to his position in avant-garde London design circles on the 1870s. Prudhoe Hall (built 1868–70) and the Catholic Church of our Lady and St Cuthbert in Prudhoe (built 1890–91, but incorporating the Cottier windows from an earlier smaller chapel built 1868–70) have some of Cottier's earliest stained glass. Why did Matthew Liddell commission <mask> to design the stained glass windows in both the main hall and the original chapel? His architect, Archibald Dunn, presumably would have been impressed by the fact that Cottier had recently won a prize for the superb harmony of colours in his armorial window at the 1867 Paris International Exhibition. Indeed, Cottier has referred to his Paris prize in the graphite border of the large window in the main hall of Prudhoe Hall. The stained glass in the small original chapel, which was opened on 19 October 1870, was eventually incorporated in the enlarged church of 1891 and then subsequently moved again a mile into the town of Prudhoe in 1904-5, when the Liddell family moved away from the area and could no longer support the Catholic mission, which Matthew Liddell had begun in 1870.The black-and-white photographs of the first chapel at Prudhoe Hall in Father Zielinski's book, "The Church That Moved", clearly show exactly the same windows containing the Cottier glass that have been retained in the larger church that replaced it. This means that the Cottier windows have been moved twice from their original site, and this would explain the necessity for so much extra remedial lead-work within some of the panes of glass, presumably repairing damage caused by two removals and two re-installations. The small windows at Prudhoe Hall depicting idyllic naturalistic scenes of a rising sun over a river are especially beautiful and seem to have a strong similarity to the work of Louis Comfort Tiffany. Made around 1870, they pre-date by ten years or more the collaboration between Cottier and Tiffany in the 1880s in America. The swaying reeds in particular would seem to suggest that Cottier may well have been a significant influence on Tiffany before Tiffany returned the compliment as it were, and Cottier brought some of his ideas back into his own artistic creations in Scotland. There are several Cottier stained glass windows and a decorative interior scheme situated in Glasgow's West End which are cared for by Four Acres Charitable Trust (FACT). FACT was founded in 1983 and acquired Cottiers Theatre, then Dowanhill Church, in 1984.The former Dowanhill Church, built in 1865 by William Leiper (1839-1916) and is an internationally important Category ‘A’ listed building due to its decorative scheme designed by Cottier. The Theatre also contains several stained glass windows by Cottier including Miriam and David (1867) and a rose window. FACT works to return important redundant Victorian buildings to a meaningful use and restore them in accordance with the highest conservation standards. Four fine examples of his work may be found in Holy Trinity Church, Nice, France. Notes

his Argentine nephew, born 1971 march 2, in Santa Fe, Argentina, it's a good metallurgical craftsman, and automation engineer, with the same name as its predecessor, <mask>er

1837 births
British cabinetmakers
1891 deaths
People from Anderston
Scottish expatriates in the United States

masks:
Daniel Cottier
Daniel Cottier
Daniel Cottier
Cottier
Daniel Cottier
Daniel Cotti


texts:
<mask>IS (born 12 April 1969) is a South African former professional footballer who played as a centre back. He began playing in South Africa with Kaizer Chiefs, before transferring to Leeds United, where he played 256 matches for the Yorkshire side. During his spells at these clubs, he picked up the nicknames "Rhoo" and "The Chief". He became captain of Leeds United and also of the South African national team, most notably at World Cup 2002. Nelson Mandela said of Radebe: "This is my hero." He also captained Kaizer Chiefs during his time at Chiefs. Early career
Radebe was born to Emily and <mask> in the Diepkloof section of Soweto, near Johannesburg, as one of 11 children.He attended the local Bopasenatla Secondary School until he was 15 years old. His parents sent him to one of the former homelands in Grade 10, Bophuthatswana, as a way to keep him safe from the violent neighbourhood of Diepkloof Zone Four in Soweto. There he attended Ngotwane High School near Zeerust. Club career

Kaizer Chiefs
After playing for amateur side ICL Birds in the now-defunct Bophuthatswana Soccer League, and was spotted by Patrick Ntsoelengoe who recruited him to one of South Africa's top clubs, the Kaizer Chiefs, in 1989. <mask> originally started his career with the Kaizer Chiefs as a goalkeeper, and then switched positions to central midfield and then finally to central defence. Leeds United
In 1994, <mask> and another South African player, Philemon "Chippa" Masinga, moved to Leeds United for a transfer fee of £250,000. <mask> was only included in the deal to keep Masinga happy; as it turned out, he became the more valuable investment.Initially the move was not a success; <mask> did not agree with then Leeds manager Howard Wilkinson, and suffered injuries which prevented him for earning a regular first team place. <mask> returned to the goalkeeper position in March 1996, replacing John Lukic in the position after he suffered an injury in the second half of a defeat to Middlesbrough. <mask> would again play in the goalkeeper position the following month when goalkeeper Mark Beeney was sent off for handling the ball outside his area in the 17th minute against Manchester United. <mask> was brought on as a substitute in place of Mark Ford, and despite Leeds losing 1–0, Radebe earnt 'cult-hero' status at the club due to his performance. However, when Wilkinson was replaced by George Graham, his career flourished and <mask> was made captain of the team for the 1998–99 season. Whilst he was captain, Leeds enjoyed a period of relative success; in the 1998–99 season, they finished fourth in the FA Premier League, qualifying for the UEFA Cup. During the 1999–2000 season, Leeds finished third in the Premier League and qualified for the following season's Champions League, where they eventually reached the semi-finals.During this time, <mask> turned down the chance to move to Manchester United, A.C. Milan and Roma. Alex Ferguson commented at the time, "Everyone should be interested in <mask>." In 2000, he was awarded the FIFA Fair Play Award. However, in 2000 <mask> sustained serious knee and ankle injuries, which kept him out of the game for almost two years, and subsequently found it difficult to regain his form and his place in the team. International career
Following the end of apartheid, <mask> made his debut for South African national team in their first international match on 7 July 1992 against Cameroon. Having recently recovered from a long-term knee injury, he was a member of the South African team that won the 1996 African Cup of Nations. <mask> was also the captain of the South African national football team during both the 1998 FIFA World Cup and the 2002 FIFA World Cup.South Africa failed to reach the knockout stages on both occasions; however <mask> did get on the score sheet in 2002. He earned 70 caps for South Africa and scored two goals during his international career, with his last match being against England on 22 May 2003. After retiring, <mask> was influential in South Africa's successful bid to host the 2010 World Cup. He could also be seen working as a pundit for South African television, and during ITV's coverage of the tournament. Style of play
Thebe Mabanga, a Mail & Guardian journalist, wrote that South African fans remember <mask> in his Kaizer Chiefs days as "a lanky, flamboyant central midfielder who switched to central defence with ease, snuffing out any opposition threat with exquisite, acrobatic scissor kicks and diving headers, and man-marking the most lethal strikers into silence". Post-playing career

At the end of the 2005 season, <mask> retired from professional football. Leeds held a testimonial for <mask> at Elland Road on 2 May 2005 attended by a crowd of over 37,886.<mask> also held a retirement match in Durban, South Africa between a South African Invitation XI and Lucas Radebe All Stars at Kings Park Soccer Stadium. The proceeds from both of these matches were combined with other money raised and donated to charity. On 28 August 2006, <mask> announced that he was going back to Leeds after failing to secure a job with the World Cup hosts to be involved in the set-up of Bafana Bafana. He said he was "tired of waiting for unreliable people" who had allegedly promised him a role in the national team set up as the South African Football Association prepared to host the next World Cup in 2010. In 2008, a local Leeds brewery asked for suggestions for a new beer; the most popular suggestion was Radebeer, showing the Leeds fans' admiration of Radebe. On 8 October 2009, The English Football Association announced Radebe as an ambassador to help boost the 2018 World Cup bid. A biography, <mask>: From the Streets of Soweto to Soccer Superstar by Richard Coomber was published in 2010.In May 2010 he won the PFA Merit Award for his contribution to football. During the FIFA 2010 World Cup, <mask> was a pundit for ITV's match coverage and also a columnist for The Daily Telegraph. <mask> revealed in September 2010 that he would like to manage Leeds United in the future and also manage the South African national side. He said both jobs were the only coaching jobs that he would consider. In July 2012, it was announced that <mask> had accepted a position as team manager with the South African national side. In October 2013, <mask> announced that he was set for another emotional return to the Elland Road ground at Leeds, to be presented to the crowd on Sunday, 30 October 2013. On 23 January, it was confirmed that Boxer Josh Warrington would fight IBF world champion Lee Selby (26-1) in his first world title fight on 19 May at Elland Road with <mask> joining Warrington for the ringwalk.On 19 May, Warrington secured a split-decision victory over Selby to claim the title. With <mask> as part of Warrington's ringwalk and band Kaiser Chiefs also played songs at the event. Personal life
In 1991, he was shot whilst driving with his brother Lazarus to buy drinks for his mother but was not critically wounded. When Leeds United confirmed their interest in 1994, <mask>'s decision influenced in part by an incident that had taken place three years previously. <mask> was shopping for his mother, accompanied by his brothers, one of his sisters and her baby. While walking, they heard a gunshot, but didn't pay it much attention because, says <mask>: "In Soweto you heard shots all the time". He felt a pain in his back and he was bleeding, and his left leg went limp.<mask> was rushed to hospital but nothing vital had been damaged. The bullet had entered his back and exited halfway down his thigh. The culprit is still unknown, it is suspected that someone was hired to shoot him rather than allow him to switch clubs. He was voted 54th in the Top 100 Great South Africans in 2004. His wife Feziwe died of cancer in October 2008. In December 2008, <mask> was treated for a heart complaint after collapsing while at the gym. <mask> married his second wife at the end of 2015.Legacy
Kaiser Chiefs, a British indie/britpop band, whose members are all Leeds United supporters, chose this name because <mask> is a former player of Kaizer Chiefs. <mask> has been an ambassador of FIFA for SOS Children's Villages; he also received the FIFA Fair Play Award in December 2000 for his contribution in ridding soccer of racism as well as for his work with children in South Africa. In April 2003, for recognition of his efforts both on an off the field, <mask> was given the Contribution to the Community Award in the Premier League 10 Seasons Awards. On an official visit to Leeds, Nelson Mandela said of Radebe: "This is my hero." Career statistics

Sources: Soccerbase
lucasradebe.com

 More detailed statistics for Kaizer Chiefs games for this period are not available. "Continental" includes UEFA Cup and Champions League appearances. International

Scores and results list South Africa's goal tally first.Honours
South Africa
African Cup of Nations: 1996

Kaizer Chiefs
Champions (3) - record: 1989, 1991, 1992

References

Further reading
 Graeme Friedman Madiba's Boys: The Stories of <mask> and Mark Fish Comerford & Miller, United Kingdom . Foreword by Nelson Mandela

External links

 A short documentary following <mask> back to his home town in Umlazi Township

1969 births
Living people
1996 African Cup of Nations players
1998 African Cup of Nations players
2000 African Cup of Nations players
1997 FIFA Confederations Cup players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
Kaizer Chiefs F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Sportspeople from Soweto
Premier League players
Expatriate footballers in England
South African soccer players
South Africa international soccer players
South African expatriate soccer players
Shooting survivors
Association football defenders
Recipients of the Order of Ikhamanga
Outfield association footballers who played in goal

masks:
Lucas Valeriu Ntuba Radebe O
Johannes Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Lucas
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Lucas
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Radebe
Lucas Radebe
Lucas


texts:
<mask> (1706–1756) (née Albert) was the spouse of <mask>, governor general of the French establishment in India in 1742-1754, and known for her influence during his tenure. She acted as his political advisor and is known to have influenced his policy against non-Christians. She was known to the Indians as Joanna Begum (Jân Begum). Family

She was born in 1706 at Pondicherry to Jacques-Théodore Albert and Élisabeth-Rose de Castro, and baptized on 2 June 1706. Her father was from Paris. He was the surgeon of Company at Pondicherry. Her mother, Rosa de Castro, was a creole of partly Italian, partly Portuguese and Indian parentage from Madras.Rosa de Castro's father was Portuguese whereas her mother was a local woman. She had five sisters and two brothers. She married a Mr. Vincens, one of the superior councillors of the Company, on 5 June 1719. He died at Chandannagar 26 September 1739 at the age of 60. On 17 April 1741, she married <mask> who was President of Superior Council of Pondicherry and General Commandent of French Possessions in India. Children

She had 11 children (5 boys and 6 girls) with Mr. Vincens. 1.Jaques-François born in 1720. 2. Pierre-Benoit born in 1721. 3. Marie Rose born in 1722, married Coyle de Barneval in 1738. 4. Jean-Baptiste-Pierre born in 1724.5. <mask> born in 1726, died in the same year. 6. Anne-Christine-Françoise born in 1727, married Duval d'Esprémesnil in 1743. 7. <mask> born in 1728, married Corneille de Schonamille in 1743. 8.Éléonore born in 1730, died in 1731. 9. François-Joseph born in 1731, died in the same year. 10. Pierre-François-Xavier born in 1734. 11. Marie-François-Xavier born in 1736, familiarly known as chonchon.She was proposed to marry the Mogul Emperor in 1751, but married Marquis de Bussy in 1754. After marriage with <mask>, she gave birth to her 12th child, a boy. The infant was named Joseph as his father, but he died the same day. Political influence

She was the political adviser of her husband <mask> during his entire administration of French India. Her antagonism to the native princes of India was seen in action during her husband's negotiations with them. Religious Persecution

From the Private Diary of Ananda Ranga Pillai, it can be confirmed that she indulged in religious persecution against local Hindus. Few extracts from his diary confirm this.Thursday 17th, March 1746,
"On Wednesday night at.11,two unknown persons entered the Iswaran temple carrying in a vessel liquid filth, which they poured on the heads of the gods around the altar,and into the temple, through the drain of the shrine of Iswaran; and having broken the pot of dirt on the image of the god Nandi, they went away through a part of the building which had been demolished...."

Saturday 31st,December 1746,
"It was reported tonight at 7 that an earthen jar filled with filth was thrown from within the grounds of the church of St.Paul into the temple of Vedapuriswaran. It very nearly fell on the head of Shankar Aiyan, who was at the shrine of the God Pillaiyar on his way round the temple in the performance of his religious duties. When the jar struck the ground and broke to pieces the stench emitted was unbearable ... the temple was now doomed to destruction...."

Sunday 8th, September 1750,
"Yesterday 200 soldiers, 60 or 70 troopers and sepoys were stationed at St Paul’s Church in view of the matter on hand. This morning, M Gerbault (the engineer), the priests with diggers, masons, coolies and other 200 in all, with spades, pickaxes and whatever needed to demolish walls began to pull down the southern wall of the Vedpuri Ishwaran Temple and the outhouses. At once the temple manager, Braahmans and mendicants came and told me ... Just then ... news was brought that Father COEURDOUX, the superior of St. Paul’S church had kicked the inner shrine with his foot and had ordered the Coffrees to remove the doors and the Christians to break the Vaahanams ...(Pillai now went to Governor Dupliex in an attempt to save the temple as did the other caste leaders who sought to save the temple’s movable articles but it was all to no avail)"

"...then Father COEURDOUX of Karikal came with a great hammer, kicked the Lingam, broke it with his hammer, and ordered the Coffrees and the Europeans to break the images of Vishnu and other gods. Madame Dupliex went and told the priest that he might break the idols as he pleased. He answered that she had accomplished what had been impossible for fifty years, that she must be one of those Mahatma (great soul) who established this Christian religion in old days and he would publish her fame through the world ... Then the native convert Varlam also kicked the great Lingam nine or ten times with his sandals in the presence of Madame and the priest and spat on it out of gladness and hoping that the priest and Madame will also regard him as Mahatma.Then he followed Madame. I can neither write nor describe what abominations were done in the temple..."

...Before <mask> was made Governor, and when he was only a councillor, all the Europeans and few Tamils used to say that if he becomes governor, he would destroy the Eswaran Temple. The saying has come to pass. Ever since his appointment he is seeking to do so, but he had no opportunity. He tried to get Muttayya Pillai to do it in May May or June 1743. But the later would not consent, though the Governor threatened to cut his ears off and beat him publicly and even to hang him...

Ananda Ranga Pillai quotes about her in his Private Diary,

Death

She died at Paris on 4 December 1756 at the age of 50. Her funeral was performed on next day at the Parish Marie Magdaleine de la Ville l'Évêque.References

Bibliography

1706 births
1756 deaths
People from Puducherry
Women from Puducherry
French people of Italian descent
French people of Portuguese descent
French people of Indian descent
18th-century Indian women
18th-century Indian people
History of Puducherry

masks:
Jeanne Dupleix
Joseph François Dupleix
Dupleix
Jeanne
Jeanne Ursule
Dupleix
Dupleix
M Dupleix


texts:
<mask> (born April 29, 1947) is an American former professional golfer. He was one of the top players in the world during the mid-1970s. He was the first to shoot 63 in a major championship to win the 1973 U.S. Open, and he ranked second in the world on Mark McCormack's world golf rankings in both 1974 and 1975 behind Jack Nicklaus. <mask> won 25 PGA Tour events, including two majors. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1998. He was the lead golf analyst for NBC Sports, a position he held from January 1990 to February 2019. He is also an active golf course architect.Early years and education
Born and raised in San Francisco, California, <mask> was invited to join the Olympic Club in 1963 as a Junior Golf Section member, and became the top player on its junior team. He won the San Francisco city junior title in 1963 at age 16, and the following year won the 1964 U.S. Junior Amateur. After graduation from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1965, he enrolled at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. In the spring of his freshman year of college, <mask> qualified for the 1966 U.S. Open at the Olympic Club. His intimate knowledge of his home course helped him to finish in a tie for eighth place, the low amateur by three strokes, and earned him an invitation to the 1967 Masters. He won the California State Amateur Championship in 1968.<mask> was an All-American at BYU and graduated in 1969 with a degree in physical education. PGA Tour
<mask> joined the PGA Tour in 1969 at age 22, and won his first tour event in 1971. He made a double eagle on the fifth hole at Muirfield during the second round of the 1972 Open Championship. During his professional career, <mask> won two major titles: the 1973 U.S. Open and the 1976 Open Championship. 1973 U.S. Open
Coming into the U.S. Open at the challenging par-71 Oakmont, <mask> was a 26-year-old with just two tour victories in four years, but had done well in several majors. He tied for second at the 1971 Masters, and had top-10 finishes at the U.S. Open in 1971 and 1972. <mask> had yet to win in 1973, but by mid-June, he had recorded eight top-10 finishes, which included a tie for 6th at the Masters.<mask> played the first two rounds at Oakmont (near Pittsburgh) with Arnold Palmer and his "Army" gallery, at its largest in Palmer's native western Pennsylvania. <mask> was two under par (140) after the second round but shot a five-over 76 on Saturday to settle at three-over (216) for the championship. <mask> played the front nine without his yardage book on Saturday until his wife Linda retrieved it. <mask> began the fourth and final round in 12th place, six shots behind the four co-leaders, including Palmer. Teeing off at 1:36 pm, about an hour ahead of the final group, <mask> shot a scorching eight-under 63, considered one of the most remarkable rounds in major championship history. He passed the leading players of the day, including future hall-of-famers Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Lee Trevino, and Palmer, who was in the final pairing with John Schlee. <mask>'s 63 was the lowest round to win a major championship until it was tied by Henrik Stenson at the Open Championship in 2016.<mask> birdied the first four holes and hit all 18 greens in regulation. He got five more birdies with only one bogey (a 3-putt on the 244 yard par-3 #8), and needed only 29 putts during the round. Ten of his approach shots finished within 10 feet of the cup. In 2007, <mask> said: "It was the greatest ball-striking round I've ever seen and I've been around a little bit." <mask> wound up at 5-under (279) for the championship, beating the runner-up Schlee by a single stroke, who shot a 1-under 70. Only six players, <mask> included, shot under par in the final round. <mask> earned $35,000 for the victory.After Oakmont
<mask> followed that triumph at Oakmont by finishing in a tie for second at the next major, The Open Championship at Royal Troon a month later, three strokes behind winner Tom Weiskopf. This was the first of five consecutive top-10 finishes for <mask> at The Open. In 1974, <mask> was the leading money winner on the PGA Tour with eight victories, which considerably outpaced the rest of the field. He amassed a then-record $353,201 (not exceeded until 1978), and unseated Nicklaus as the Tour's leading money winner for a season. <mask> began 1975 with three more victories, winning two of them in remarkable fashion. He won the Phoenix Open by 14 strokes, which included a second-round 61 for a 24-under par cumulative score of 260, the lowest on the tour in 20 years. He also won the Tucson Open by nine strokes, with a final round 61.<mask> later said of his peak period in the mid-1970s: "When I won at Tucson by nine shots in 1975, I would say the average iron shot I hit that week was no more than two feet off line. It was unbelievable. When I was at my peak, I would go into streaks where I felt that I could knock down the pin from anywhere with my irons. I played some golf that I think is unequaled." <mask> finished second to Jack Nicklaus at the 1975 Masters, and third at The Open Championship later in the year at Carnoustie, just a single stroke from playoffs in both. He won his second and final major in 1976, a six stroke victory over Nicklaus and a 19-year-old Seve Ballesteros at The Open Championship at Royal Birkdale. The course had played hard and fast after scorching hot conditions in England that summer, during the 1976 United Kingdom heat wave, which saw record hot temperatures and several minor fires breaking out in the tournament.<mask>'s final round of 66 at Royal Birkdale tied the course record. Following his 1976 Open Championship win, <mask>, never known as an outstanding putter, lost the form that made him a frequent winner in his early career and failed to win for the next three years, due to a putting affliction widely known as the "yips". <mask> later said that he considered quitting professional golf during his slump in form between 1977 and 1979, but a passage in the Scriptures, "It's not what you accomplish in life, but what you overcome", helped inspire him to continue playing golf. <mask> also said that Jack Nicklaus, whom he viewed as a father figure, was "amazingly supportive" of him during his bleak period in the late 1970s. In 1980, <mask> notched his first win in almost four years, the Jackie Gleason-Inverrary Classic. In 1981, <mask> enjoyed one final spectacular season. His victory at the Million Dollar Challenge in Sun City, South Africa following an epic 9-hole sudden-death playoff with Seve Ballesteros  made him that year's leading worldwide money-winner after two earlier wins in the United States.<mask>'s return to impressive form in 1981 resulted in him competing in his second Ryder Cup. To date, the 1981 Ryder Cup at Walton Heath Golf Club in England remains the heaviest defeat that a European team has suffered at the hands of the United States and it is considered by many to be the finest American team ever assembled. <mask> finished his career with 25 PGA Tour wins and 105 top-10 finishes. <mask> finished runner-up three times at The Masters in 1971, 1975 and 1981. The only major championship <mask> failed to have a top-3 finish in is the PGA Championship. He played on two Ryder Cup teams, 1975 and 1981. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1998.In 2012, Fred Couples described <mask> as "probably the best ball-striker ever". Subsequent career
Although <mask> became eligible for the Senior PGA Tour in 1997, he decided to forgo regular play on the senior tour in part due to the strain the sport puts on the knees of a player. Instead, he has focused on his role as lead golf analyst for NBC Sports' limited golf schedule and other business ventures. This was despite his victory in the 1994 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, at age 46, after he had semi-retired in 1990 to take up broadcasting. As a commentator, <mask> became known for his straightforward and sometimes blunt remarks, which sometimes earned him the enmity of players. One example came on June 16, 2008, when he referred to Rocco Mediate during the broadcast of the U.S. Open's 18-hole playoff as "looking like the guy who cleans Tiger Woods' pool." <mask> said that "guys with the name of Rocco don't get on the trophy, do they?"Mediate, who has battled many physical problems throughout his career, nevertheless played superbly, and took the heavily favored Woods to an 18-hole playoff (and one extra sudden-death hole) before losing. Mediate later laughed off the remarks and <mask> later apologized for his comments, saying: "I chose my words poorly and in the future will be more careful." He added that his intention was to "convey my affection and admiration for Rocco's everyman qualities and had absolutely nothing to do with his heritage." In 2012, <mask> revealed that Tiger Woods once asked him to be his coach. Woods asked if <mask> would give him lessons after Jack Nicklaus had told Woods that <mask> was "the best short iron player ever". <mask> said that he declined the offer from Woods because of his commitment to NBC Sports and a desire to spend time with his children and grandchildren. <mask> has written a column for Golf Digest magazine for several years, offering insight into various aspects of golf, often featuring the professional game.He also wrote the book I Call The Shots, a look at the PGA Tour's personalities during his peak years, the Tour's current stars, as well as broadcasting insights. Known for his very weak grip, with both "Vs" formed by the forefinger and thumb of each hand pointing to his chin, he sought to eliminate the left side of the golf course as an area for missed shots. An offshoot to his broadcasting career has been a string of movie and TV appearances as himself in the role of "beloved golf great". In one movie, The Associate, with Whoopi Goldberg, an aging billionaire is willing to transfer management of all his assets in exchange for the opportunity to play a round of golf with <mask>. <mask> is a partner in a limited partnership which purchased Silverado Country Club in Napa, California on July 1, 2010. He also owns a golf design company and a golf academy and designed the Thanksgiving Point Golf Course in Lehi, Utah, host of the Champion's Challenge. Although <mask> has helped design 34 golf courses, Silverado was the first course he redesigned himself.In July 2013 it was announced that Silverado would again play host for a PGA tournament starting in October 2014, when it hosted the Frys.com Open. The renovation added over 300 yards, removed trees and repositioned bunkers. <mask> served as the unofficial face of the resort during the event, as he was a part of the telecast, which frequently referenced his role in the club. When he had to fulfill official club duties during the week, <mask>'s friend and NBC colleague Roger Maltbie filled in for him. <mask> retired from broadcasting following the third round of the 2019 Phoenix Open. Personal life
<mask> is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He and his wife Linda have six children and live in Napa, California and Utah.During the 2018 Ryder Cup broadcast, he announced that his 25th grandchild was born. His son Andy won a Buy.com Tour event and played on the PGA Tour. Professional wins (36)

PGA Tour wins (25)

*Note: The 1974 Bing Crosby National Pro-Am was shortened to 54 holes due to weather. PGA Tour playoff record (1–5)

Japan Golf Tour wins (1)

Other wins (10)

*Note: The 1983 Chrysler Team Championship was shortened to 54 holes due to rain. Other playoff record (2–1)

Major championships

Wins (2)

Results timeline

LA = Low amateur
CUT = missed the halfway cut (3rd round cut in 1980 Open Championship)
DQ = disqualified
WD = withdrew
"T" indicates a tie for a place. Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 14 (1972 U.S. Open – 1975 Open Championship)
Longest streak of top-10s – 3 (1973 Masters – 1973 Open Championship)

U.S. national team appearances
Professional
Ryder Cup: 1975 (winners), 1981 (winners)
World Cup: 1973 (winners, individual winner), 1975 (winners, individual winner), 1980
Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing Senior PGA Tour): 1997

See also
Spring 1969 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins
Longest PGA Tour win streaks
Most PGA Tour wins in a year

References

External links

World Golf Hall of Fame – profile
Golf Magazine – The Critic – June 2007 – p. 112–123
USA Today – NBC's <mask> keeps firing away – June 13, 2002

American male golfers
BYU Cougars men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Ryder Cup competitors for the United States
Winners of men's major golf championships
World Golf Hall of Fame inductees
Golf course architects
Golf writers and broadcasters
Golfers from San Francisco
American Latter Day Saints
People from Napa, California
1947 births
Living people

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<mask><mask> (17 June 1938 – 9 October 2020) was an Irish opera singer. In the 1960s, he became known for his performances in mostly baritone roles of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. In the 1970s and 1980s, he performed over 60 operatic roles, usually as a bass-baritone, with various British opera companies. He was also a director in the opera department of the Royal Academy of Music and at Trinity College of Music. In later years, he moved to the US, where he continued to perform, direct and teach. Early life and D'Oyly Carte
<mask> was born and raised in Dublin, the son of <mask> and his wife Elizabeth née Hendrick. His siblings were Marie Lee, Vera Gow, Patricia Stewart and <mask>.He studied at University College Dublin, earning a B.A. in Philosophy and English. For a time he taught English, Geography and Gaelic. At the same time, he performed as an amateur in musicals and studied singing part-time at the Dublin College of Music where, in 1960, he won the Sam Heilbut Major Scholarship, which helped him to attend the Guildhall School of Music for three years. He began to perform professionally in musicals and concerts. In 1963, <mask> was engaged as a chorister by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, performing in the Gilbert and Sullivan operas. He soon was called upon to understudy and occasionally performed the small roles of Guron in Princess Ida and the Second Yeoman in The Yeomen of the Guard.During the company's tour of the US in 1964–65, <mask> sang at the Carnegie Hall in New York, as a guest artist in a gala concert of Irish music. In 1965, he was given three principal parts of his own with D'Oyly Carte: the Counsel in Trial by Jury, Strephon in Iolanthe, and Pish-Tush in The Mikado. He also played the role of Second Yeoman in some seasons and, when Princess Ida was revived in 1967, added Guron. From 1966, he understudied the roles of Giuseppe in The Gondoliers (taking that role as his own the following season) and Captain Corcoran in H.M.S. Pinafore. He also played the Sergeant of Police in The Pirates of Penzance in some seasons. From 1968, he added three more principal roles on a regular basis (giving up his smaller roles): Captain Corcoran, Florian in Princess Ida, and the Lieutenant of the Tower in Yeomen.A new role in 1970 was Sergeant Bouncer in Cox and Box. <mask> married D'Oyly Carte mezzo-soprano Pauline Wales in 1971, and the two had a daughter, Frances Galvan. Opera career and later years
<mask> left D'Oyly Carte in 1971 to pursue a more varied career in opera, singing over 60 operatic roles. He immediately drew good notices: The Times reviewed his Don Alfonso in Così fan tutte in September of that year, commenting, "his eagle-eyed squire of an Alfonso, wise in the knowledge that he will be proved right in the end ... is an interpretation much preferable to the buffo clowning seen in this role at Glyndebourne." The next year, the same paper called his Osmin in Die Entführung aus dem Serail "imposing ... a figure of menace as well as of fun, with the voice to go with both sides of the character". Among his roles in the British Isles were:
Glyndebourne Festival Opera (1971–1978): Lackey in Ariadne auf Naxos, Guard/Police Chief in Der Besuch der alten Dame, Antonio in The Marriage of Figaro, Major-Domo in Capriccio, Lawyer in Intermezzo, Harašta in The Cunning Little Vixen, Zaretsky in Eugene Onegin, Keeper of the Madhouse in The Rake's Progress and Benoît in La bohème. Glyndebourne Touring Opera (1971–1976): Zaretsky in Eugene Onegin, Don Alfonso in Così fan tutte, Schaunard in La bohème, Osmin in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Bartolo in The Marriage of Figaro, the Hermit in Der Freischütz.Wexford Festival Opera (1971, 1989, 1990):  Rambaldo in La rondine, Don Carlos in Betrothal in a Monastery, Noye in Noye's Fludde and Lynch in The Rising of the Moon. Phoenix Opera (UK) (1970s): Plunkett in Martha. The Times noted his "rich bass-baritone" in this role. Sadler's Wells Opera/English National Opera (1970s–1980s): roles in Patience, H.M.S. Pinafore, La traviata, The Marriage of Figaro, Julietta, Fidelio Rigoletto and Cinderella, in which The Times praised his musicianship and called his Don Magnifico "a well-judged impersonation". His Baron Zeta in The Merry Widow was judged amusing, "but with a lean, unfulsome joviality that gives fresh interest to the part". Kent Opera (c. 1973 – c. 1983): Sir Joseph Porter in H.M.S Pinafore, Pasha Selim in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Tempo (Time) in Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria, Sparafucile in Rigoletto, Rocco in Fidelio, Leporello in Don Giovanni, Guglielmo in Così, Sir Despard in Ruddigore and the title character Telemann's The Patience of Socrates (British premiere).Concerning the last, Stanley Sadie, writing for The Times, commented: "Among the large cast there was some specially accomplished singing from <mask>". Royal Opera (1974): Alcindoro in La bohème. Opera North (1979–1988): Jupiter in Orpheus in the Underworld, Baron Zeta in The Merry Widow, the Sacristan in Tosca, Tovey in The Mines of Sulphur, Marti in A Village Romeo and Juliet, Kuno in Der Freischütz, Kecal in The Bartered Bride, Geronte in Manon, the Magistrate in Werther, Somarone in Béatrice et Bénédict, Giles Lacy in Wilfred Josephs's Rebecca (world premiere), the Parson in The Cunning Little Vixen, the Artists' Manager in Jonny spielt auf (British premiere), the Grand Inquisitor in The Gondoliers, General Polkan in The Golden Cockerel, Pooh-Bah in The Mikado, and roles in Les mamelles de Tirésias and La Cenerentola. New Sadler's Wells Opera (1980s): Pooh-Bah in The Mikado, Dick Deadeye in H.M.S. Pinafore and Sir Roderic Murgatroyd in Ruddigore. He also sang with such companies as Dublin Grand Opera Society and Netherlands Opera, at the music festivals of Hintlesham, Camden, Singapore, Valencia (Spain), Colorado and Michigan, and in concerts and recitals in major concert halls, especially in Britain, Ireland and the US. <mask> occasionally returned to Gilbert and Sullivan; he appeared as a guest artist with D'Oyly Carte in August 1971 and again in 1974–75 as Florian, as well as in the other Savoy opera roles noted above for ENO, Kent and Opera North.In the early 1990s, he appeared with the London Savoyards in the roles of Dick Deadeye in Pinafore, the title role in Mikado, and the Pirate King in Pirates. <mask> was a director in the opera department of the Royal Academy of Music and at Trinity College of Music, both in London, and later for opera at the Bay View Music Festival in Michigan. He was a member of the music faculty of Brown University and Rhode Island College, where he taught voice and directed in the Opera Workshop. <mask> and Wales's marriage ended in divorce, and he remarried and divorced again, later moving to the US and becoming a citizen. He then founded and served as artistic director for Beavertail Productions, a company that specialised in educational operatic programming for adults and children. For Beavertail, he created and directed an entertainment called Gilbert & Sullivan: A Life, which he presented in New England in the 1990s. In 1992, <mask> married Jill née Rogers, a mezzo-soprano and co-founder of Beavertail.He was an avid hiker and "a keen amateur geologist", recording BBC television programmes about his favorite walks, and the geology and history of West Yorkshire. He also enjoyed cooking, especially Indian cuisine, and was active in his church. <mask> continued to perform, direct and teach until at least 2011. In later years, he and his wife lived in Rhode Island. <mask> died in 2020 at the age of 82 at his home in Rhode Island. He is buried at at St. Ann's Cemetery, Cranston, Rhode Island. Recordings
<mask>'s roles recorded with D'Oyly Carte include Second Yeoman in The Yeomen of the Guard (1964) and Captain Corcoran in H.M.S.Pinafore (1971), as well as excerpts from the roles of Giuseppe and Strephon on a 1970 highlights LP entitled Songs and Snatches. He also was Pish-Tush in the 1966 film version of The Mikado. He recorded Bouncer with Gilbert and Sullivan for All (1972) and appeared in the same role in the 1982 Brent Walker video of Cox and Box. In 1987, he recorded the roles of Dick Deadeye in Pinafore and Roderic in Ruddigore with the New Sadler's Wells Opera. His other recordings include parts in The Rake's Progress by Stravinskly, Marie-Magdeleine by Massenet, La riconoscenza by Rossini, Cendrillon by Pauline Viardot and Le Carrosse du Saint-Sacrement, a comic opera by Lord Berners. He also appeared in television movies of The Marriage of Figaro as Antonio (1973) and The Rake's Progress as The Keeper of the Madhouse (1975). Notes

References

External links

Photo of <mask> as Strephon (with John Reed) in Iolanthe.Photo of <mask> as Counsel in Trial by Jury
Photo of <mask> in The Gondoliers
Profile of <mask>

1938 births
Musicians from Dublin (city)
Living people
Alumni of University College Dublin
20th-century Irish male opera singers
Operatic baritones
Operatic bass-baritones
21st-century Irish male opera singers

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<mask> (born March 11, 1964) is an American director, producer, writer, and actor. His directorial film works include the black comedy Very Bad Things (1998), the action comedy The Rundown (2003), the sports drama Friday Night Lights (2004), the action thriller The Kingdom (2007), the superhero comedy-drama Hancock (2008), the military science fiction war film Battleship (2012), the war film Lone Survivor (2013), the disaster drama Deepwater Horizon (2016), the Boston Marathon bombing drama Patriots Day (2016), the action thriller Mile 22 (2018), and the action comedy Spenser Confidential (2020) the latter five all starring Mark Wahlberg. In addition to cameo appearances in the last six of these titles, he has had prominent acting roles in films including Never on Tuesday (1989), The Last Seduction (1994), The Great White Hype (1996), Cop Land (1997), Corky Romano (2001), Collateral (2004), Smokin' Aces (2006), and Lions for Lambs (2007). In television, <mask> developed Friday Night Lights (2006–2011), adapted from his film, earning two Primetime Emmy Award nominations. As an actor, he is best known for his role as Dr. Billy Kronk on the CBS medical drama Chicago Hope (1995–1999). Early life
<mask> was born in 1964 in New York City, the son of Laurence "Larry" <mask>, a US Marine, and Sally (née Winkler) <mask>. <mask>'s father was Jewish, as was his maternal grandfather.His mother was Christian. Through his mother, <mask> is a second cousin of writer H. G. Bissinger, whose book Friday Night Lights provided the basis for <mask>'s film and TV series of the same name. His mother co-founded a youth group named Catalog for Giving and worked at a psychiatric hospital when <mask> was growing up. He has a younger sister, Mary. <mask> was a student in the Chappaqua School System. After graduating from The Taft School in 1980, <mask> attended Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota, where he majored in theater arts and theater history. He graduated in 1984, and in 1985 moved to Los Angeles to pursue his film career.Career
<mask> put his acting aspirations on hold when he first arrived in Los Angeles, choosing instead to learn about the film business as a production assistant. He acted in 21 Jump Street and Quiet Victory: The Charlie Wedemeyer Story (both in 1988). He acted in Never on Tuesday, Miracle Mile, Race For Glory, Shocker, Heart of Dixie, Tale of Two Sisters and Going Overboard in 1989. He acted in Genuine Risk and Forradalom után in 1990. He appeared in Late for Dinner and Crooked Hearts in 1991. In the early 1990s, he appeared in A Midnight Clear, A Case for Murder, Fire in the Sky, Aspen Extreme, Across the Moon, Uneviled and F.T.W. In 1992, <mask> gained recognition for playing a World War II soldier in the film A Midnight Clear.In 1998, <mask> made his feature directorial debut with Very Bad Things, a black comedy starring Jon Favreau, Christian Slater, Jeremy Piven, Daniel Stern, and Leland Orser. The film, which was shown at the Toronto and San Sebastian Film Festivals, received mixed critical reception. In 2000, he created Wonderland, an edgy dramatic television series set in an asylum. While the ABC show received rave reviews and garnered a cult following, it failed to deliver ratings and was quickly canceled. In 2003, <mask> directed the action comedy The Rundown. Starring Dwayne Johnson and Seann William Scott, the film received mixed reviews from critics and disappointed at the box office, only grossing 80 million of its reported 85 million budget. In 2004, <mask> began work on his third directorial effort, Friday Night Lights, a football film based on the New York Times bestseller written by Buzz Bissinger.In 2006, <mask> developed and became executive producer of NBC’s Peabody and Emmy Award-winning drama Friday Night Lights, which takes inspiration from the book and <mask>'s film of the same name, but features an original storyline and new characters. He appeared in the war film Lions for Lambs (2007) as Lt. Colonel Falco. <mask> followed up in 2007 with The Kingdom, a Michael Mann-produced action-political thriller set in Saudi Arabia, starring Academy Award winners Jamie Foxx and Chris Cooper, also with Jennifer Garner whom <mask> met when he appeared in a two-part episode of Alias where he played Garner's ex-boyfriend. <mask>’s film Hancock, starring Will Smith, Charlize Theron and Jason Bateman, was one of the highest grossing films of 2008. <mask> directed the Hulu.com commercial featuring Alec Baldwin, which both The New York Times and Time magazine named best spot of Super Bowl XLIII. In 2009, <mask> directed a two-hour pilot movie for a Fox television series Virtuality.Even though the show was not picked up for a full season, the pilot was released on DVD exclusively through Best Buy. <mask> also directed the ESPN documentary "Kings Ransom" in 2009. <mask> also wrote the film The Losers (2010). <mask> also directed the science-fiction/action film Battleship (2012) and the war film Lone Survivor (2013), an adaptation of Marcus Lutrell's book of the same name. Variety writer Justin Chang said <mask> delivered "his most serious-minded work to date with Lone Survivor." The following year, <mask> acted as producer on the 2014 film Hercules, which he was originally slated to direct before being replaced by Brett Ratner. In 2013, <mask> created the opening animation sequence for ESPN's Monday Night Football.The 80-second graphic featured Darth Vader, Pac-Man, President Ronald Reagan and some highlights of MNF games from 1970–2012. In 2014, he directed the first two episodes of HBO's The Leftovers. In 2016, <mask> directed the film Deepwater Horizon, based on the Deepwater Horizon explosion. <mask> replaced director J. C. Chandor, who had exited the film due to creative differences. That same year, he directed CBS Films' Patriots Day, about the Boston Marathon bombing, and the following year directed the action thriller Mile 22. All three films starred Mark Wahlberg. In 2017, <mask> directed an ambitious commercial for Hyundai, which was recorded after the kickoff of Super Bowl LI and aired right after the game.His Film 44 company was recently signed to a first look deal with Netflix, which saw the release of his most recent film Spenser Confidential, the director's fifth collaboration with Wahlberg. Personal life
In 1993, <mask> was married to Elizabeth Rogers; they divorced in 1998. He has one child with her. Caitlyn Jenner controversy
On July 15, 2015, <mask> criticized ESPN's decision to honor Caitlyn Jenner with the Arthur Ashe Courage Award with an Instagram post in which he shared a Facebook photo of Army veteran Gregory D. Gadson (a double amputee who played a role in <mask>’s Battleship film) alongside one of Jenner. It said: “One Man traded 2 legs for the freedom of the other to trade 2 balls for 2 boobs. Guess which Man made the cover of Vanity Fair, was praised for his courage by President Obama and is to be honored with the ‘Arthur Ashe Courage Award’ by ESPN?” Along with the shared post, <mask> commented, "Yup." After <mask> received significant criticism for the post, he later clarified his remarks, saying he had the utmost respect for Jenner and transgender individuals; however, he released another photo with statistics on veteran suicide, stating, “I also believe that we don’t give enough attention to our courageous returning war veterans, many of whom have sacrificed their bodies and mental health for our country and our principals [sic] – principals that include the freedom to live the life you want to live without persecution or abuse.”

Filmography

Film

Producer only

Acting roles

Television

Acting roles

Music videos

Awards and nominations

References

External links

<mask>'s KCRW Guest DJ Set
The New York Times: Wonderland

Taft School alumni
1964 births
Male actors from New York City
American male film actors
Film directors from New York City
American male television actors
American television directors
American television writers
American male television writers
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American writers
Living people
Macalester College alumni
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Showrunners
Screenwriters from New York (state)
American people of Jewish descent
Action film directors
American music video directors
21st-century American Jews

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