texts:
Charles J. "<mask><mask> (April 15, 1926 – February 19, 2010) was an American comic book artist and advertising art director, best known for his work with writer-artist Will Eisner on the celebrated comics feature "The Spirit", and for his decade-and-a-half run on many DC Comics  war series. He also co-created the DC comic book Prez with Joe Simon. Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein's 1962 drawing Jet Pilot is based on a Grandenetti comic-book panel on the cover of DC's All-American Men of War #89 (cover-dated Feb. 1962), and Lichtenstein's 1964 triptych "As I Opened Fire" is based on panels by Grandenetti in "Wingmate of Doom" in issue #90 (April 1962). Biography

Early life and career

Born in the village of Bronxville in the town of Eastchester, New York, a suburb of New York City, <mask>i studied art and architectural drawing at the Cartoonists and Illustrators School (later named the School of Visual Arts), in Manhattan. He did World War II military service in the U.S. Navy "in 1942 or 1943", he recalled, and after the war attended Brooklyn's Pratt Institute on the G.I. Bill.In either 1946 or 1948 (accounts differ), he was making the rounds of comic-book companies and met Everett M. "Busy" Arnold, publisher of Quality Comics. Arnold had no position for him but sent Grandenetti to Will Eisner, writer-artist of the Sunday-newspaper comic-book section starring Eisner's celebrated character the Spirit. Grandenetti hired on as an art assistant. As The Comics Journal editor-publisher Gary Groth wrote, "By the late '40s, Eisner's participation in the strip had dwindled to a largely supervisory role. ... Eisner hired <mask>i and Jim Dixon to occasionally ink his pencils. By 1950, [Jules] Feiffer was writing most of the strips, and Grandenetti, Dixon, and Al Wenzel were drawing them", with Grandenetti  penciling as a ghost-artist, under Eisner's byline. "Working for Eisner was exciting", Grandenetti recalled in 2005."Although there was no such thing as teaching or showing you how to develop your craft. ... Before [the feature's] demise he tried everything. Had me penciling 'The Spirit'. Later on it was Wally Wood", who drew it through to its end in 1952, "but nothing could save 'The Spirit'! Sad, too. It was probably the greatest comic strip ever created". In 1949, Eisner, in his sideline as a comics packager, created the feature "Secret Files of Dr. Drew" for Fiction House.Grandenetti said Eisner instructed him to draw it "in the Eisner style. Which I did, badly. Anyway, after a couple of stories I began to do my own thing". The eight-page story "The Strange Case of the Absent Floor" in Rangers Comics #47 (June 1949), which he both penciled and inked, marked Grandenetti's first credited comics art, and he remained on the feature (scripted by Eisner's office manager and future journalist Marilyn Mercer) through #60 (Aug. 1951). Grandenetti also drew "Senorita Rio" stories for the same publisher's Fight Comics. After doing a small amount of work for Lev Gleason Publications' Boy Comics #52 (April 1960), Media's Mister Universe #1 (July 1951), American Comics Group's Adventures into the Unknown #22 (Aug. 1951), and Prize Comics' Black Magic vol. 2, #3 (Feb. 1952), Grandenetti began his 17-year run at DC Comics.DC Comics

At DC, then the leading comic-book company and the home of Batman and Superman, Grandenetti drew some of everything that was not a superhero. Beginning with Western Comics #27 (Sept. 1951), Grandenetti did Western comics (All-Star Western),  crime fiction (Racket Squad in Action, Gang Busters, Mr. District Attorney), science fiction (Strange Adventures), and mystery-suspense (House of Mystery), but made his mark as one of DC's signature war comics artists, drawing hundreds of anthological stories and covers in a dozen years' worth of such titles as All-American Men of War, G.I. Combat, Our Army at War, Our Fighting Forces, and Star Spangled War Stories. DC war-comics editor and writer Robert Kanigher recalled that on the feature "Gunner and Sarge" in particular, Grandenetti "managed to get the grime and the humor of the two Marines (and, eventually their wonderful Pooch) fighting in the jungle as no one else could. <mask> liked to experiment and I had to sit on him to get him to stop it. Especially in his covers, which were outstanding, when I forced him to draw as realistically as possible". With Kanigher, Grandenetti co-created the feature "Mlle.Marie", about a World War II French Resistance fighter, in Star Spangled War Stories #84 (Aug. 1959). Grandenetti became known for cover art rendered in wash-tone, also known as grey-tone, which, as comics-art historian Don Mangus describes, "is executed as an ink-wash drawing, and then a halftone Photostat of the cover is made, the logo added, and finally the color is laid in over this statted wash drawing", rendering a painted effect. Later comics career
In late 1965, Grandenetti began freelancing for additional companies, drawing a small number of stories for Charlton Comics and Tower Comics, and penciling a Sub-Mariner story—inked by the character's creator, Golden Age of Comics legend Bill Everett—in Marvel Comics' Tales to Astonish #86 (Dec. 1966). Mostly, however, Grandenetti began turning to Warren Publishing, home of the black-and-white, horror-comics magazines Creepy and Eerie. Grandenetti's work for Warren, writes comics-art historian Don Mangus, "returned to a much more expressionistic and experimental phase, building on what he had begun at Eisner's studio, or perhaps due to freedom from Kanigher’s restraints. Perhaps it was the subject matter or the fluid nature of the wash medium but whatever the case, he produced brilliant work at Warren in the late 1960s and early 1970s". Warren would later reprint his youthful work for Will Eisner with the magazine series The Spirit.Grandenetti was profiled in Creepy #42, and a self-portrait ran in Vampirella #16. Concurrently, for DC, Grandenetti succeeded Neal Adams on the 1960s run of DC's supernatural spirit of vengeance the Spectre, drawing issues #6–10 (Oct. 1966 – June 1969). Grandenetti also helped revive the 1940s DC character the Phantom Stranger, drawing the lead story in his return appearance in Showcase #80 (Feb. 1969). In Showcase #82 (May 1969), he and writer Dennis O'Neil co-created the minor sword and sorcery character Nightmaster—originally assigned to then-newcomer Bernie Wrightson, who was taken off it after his first seven pages proved disappointing. He contributed to at least one issue of the black-and-white humor magazine Sick (#70, Oct. 1969), edited by his friend Joe Simon, the Golden Age co-creator of Captain America, then collaborated with Simon at DC on issues of Champion Sports. The two then co-created the youth culture oddity Prez, about the first teen president of the United States, and the one-episode Green Team: Boy Millionaires, in 1st Issue Special #2 (May 1975). Grandenetti penciled a parody of the TV series Kolchak: The Night Stalker in the Marvel humor comic Arrgh!#4 (July 1975), for which he also drew the cover. Comics historian Mark Evanier, calling Grandenetti "[o]ne of the great individual stylists of comic books in the fifties and sixties," wrote that,

Grandenetti continued to freelance occasional stories for DC through at least G.I. Combat #270 (Oct. 1984). Later life
In 1990, Grandenetti became an art director at the large advertising agency Young & Rubicam. Breaking into advertising, he recalled, "wasn't really [tough] because, unlike a lot of comic book illustrators, all of the time I had my eyes set elsewhere. I was developing that ability, while at the same time working for the comic book companies, by doing spot drawings and illustrations for small agencies. By the time I was ready, I had this well developed portfolio so I was able to break in".As of 2005, Grandenetti was freelancing for ad agencies in New York City, and doing fine art paintings in watercolor, acrylics, and mixed media. Grandenetti, who lived in Bellport, New York, on Long Island, died at age 83 at Brookhaven Memorial Hospital in nearby East Patchogue, New York. The official cause of death was cardiopulmonary arrest, though he also had metastatic cancer. Legacy
Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein's 1962 drawing Jet Pilot is based on a Grandenetti comic-book panel on the cover of DC's All-American Men of War #89 (Feb. 1962). Lichtenstein's 1964 triptych "As I Opened Fire" is based on panels by Grandenetti in "Wingmate of Doom" in issue #90 (April 1962). References

External links

<mask>i at the Lambiek Comiclopedia. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010
Who's Who of American Comic Books 1928–1999
Archive of Shaw, Scott."Prez Vol. 2 [sic], No. 4", Oddball Comics #1041, November 1, 2004, and archive of , Oddball Comics #433, November 30, 2001
 Additional Arndt/The Warren Magazines.htm Webcitation archive. 1926 births
2010 deaths
Advertising people
American comics artists
Golden Age comics creators
Silver Age comics creators
DC Comics people
American people of Italian descent

masks:
Jerry
" Grandenetti
Jerry Grandenett
Jerry Grandenett
Jerry
Jerry Grandenett


type: original

texts:
Lalan, born Xie Jing-lan (Chinese: 謝景蘭; 1921–1995), was a Chinese-French multidisciplinary artist. Lalan was among the early practitioners of integrated arts, incorporating painting, music, dance, and poetry into her performances. <mask> was born in Guizhou, China. She received professional vocal training at the Shanghai Music Academy, and then studied composition and modern dance after relocating to Paris in 1948 with her then husband, painter Zao Wou-ki. Lalan did not start painting until the age of 37. She began her independent artistic career in painting, composing electronic music and choreography in modern dance. In 1975, she received the Chevalier medal for the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Letters) by the French Ministry of Culture.<mask> spent majority of her time in France with her husband French artist Marcel Van Thienen. She died in a car accident in 1995. Biography
Xie Jinglan, nickname Lan-lan, who later changed her name to <mask>, was born on September 14th 1921 in Guiyang, Guizhou Provence, China. Grew up in a scholarly family under the influence of the New Culture Movement, <mask> received Western education in Hongdao Girls' Middle School, an American missionary school in Hang Zhou. At a young age, <mask> had a gift for music and dance and was able to cultivate her talent thanks to her father Xie Meigen, who was a great flute musician and a scholar. In 1935, LaLan was introduced to Zao Wou-Ki, who was studied at the Hangzhou School of Art. In 1941, they got married in Hong Kong.The following year their son Zhao Jialing was born. At the time, the headmaster of Hangzhou School of art was artist Lin Fengmian, who studied in France before coming back to China to teach. <mask> and Zao Wou-ki were motivated by their teachers. In 1948, after 36 days of travelling, <mask> and Zao arrived in France and settled down on Rue du Moulin-Vert District 14 Paris, and became neighbours of the sculptor Alberto Giacometti. <mask> later entered the Conservatoire de Paris and studied composition under Darius Mihaud. Inspired by a documentary about American Modern dancer Martha Graham, she received the Graham Technique training from Karin Waehner at Le Centre American. A dear friend of the couple Henri Michaux introduced Zao and <mask> to the "Father of Electronic Music" French composer Edgard Varèse who introduced Electronic Music to Lalan.To commemorate her mentor, Lalan painted A Edgard Varese in 1985. Through Michaux, Lalan met the violinist Marcel Van Thienen in 1952, who later became her second husband in 1957. In 1956, <mask> and Zao Wou-ki decided to divorce after being together for over twenty years. Without the title of "the artist's wife", Lalan started her independent art career and ventured into the realms of painting, composing and choreography. In her practices, she incorporate the Chinese traditional Taoism philosophy, and the Lyrical Abstraction at the time, finding her unique voice in the Integrated art that she created since the 1970s. Artistic Development

Calligraphic abstraction (1957–1969)
<mask> was introduced to the Art Informel movement after moving to France. As a self-taught painter, she learnt about the language of modern painting through Lyrical Abstraction, started by artists like Georges Mathieu, Pierre Soulages, joined by Zao Wou-ki.The artists shared artistic characteristics such as explosive gestural lines, calligraphic signs and the improvisational way of creating. The training in music and dance enabled Lalan's brushstrokes to express a dancer-like quality and musical rhythms. The canvases are larger than life, provided a dance stage for her paintbrush. From 1957 to 1959 she created a series of abstract paintings that were dark and meditative. She had her first solo exhibition in 1960 the Creuze Gallery in Paris. The tranquil landscapes (1970–1983)
Facing a plateau in the mid 1965s, Lalan looked back to her root culture to look for inspiration. She carefully studied the paintings by Song masters such as Ma Yuan and Xia Gui, as well as Taoist philosophy.Different from the early works, the paintings from this period appeared much in tranquil: the color palette became lighter and softer while the rhythmic lines became more refined, depicting natural elements such as mountains, rocks and the moon. The compositions are referencing the Song landscape paintings where the subjects are placed in a corner, leaving the blank space for imagination and harmony. Integrated Art (L'art Synthèse)
In the 1960s and 1970s, Lalan focused on composing music and choreography. The Graham technique of "expressing inner feelings through bodily movement" was inspirational to Lalan. With her paintings as the backdrop, Lalan performed her own choreographed modern dance accompanied by her original electronic musics at the Galerie Jacques Desbrières, and the Galerie Iris Clert. She incorporated painting, music and dance into her Integrated Art, "Spectacle". In 1973, <mask> received an award from the Culture Ministry of France for her parallel research of painting, music and dance.One of her three paneled painting, Sudden Blue (Soudain Bleu) staged for her choreography show "Le Cycle", was in the permanent collection of the Culture Ministry of France. Return to abstraction (1984–1995)
In the 1980s, Lalan primary focus was painting . Her artistic style replaced the images of landscapes with abstraction. <mask> was experimenting with new techniques such as painting ultra-fine intuitive lines and dripping to create harmonious yet explosive works. In the late 1980s, <mask> and her husband moved to Bormes-les-Mimosas, southern France, where the beauty of nature became inspirational to the artists. Early in 1995, <mask> produced a film of solo dance titled "Dance of Qigong" (Danse du Qigong), introducing the traditional Chinese culture into modern dance, uniting intuitive dance movements with meditation and breathing exercises. This innovative and introspective dance was the last dance of Lalan.She died in a car accident a week after. Museum collections
 Culture Ministry of France

Paris Modern Art Museum (Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris)

Solo exhibitions
2021, Asia Society Hong Kong Centre, Extended Figure: the Art and Inspiration of Lalan. 2020, Kwai Fung Hin Art Gallery, Hong Kong, Between Dream and Drama Works of Lalan,

2019, Sotheby’s S|2 Gallery, Hong Kong: Lalan: Endless Dance,

2018, MAIIAM Contemporary Art Museum, Chiang Mai, Thailand, The Cosmic Dance of the Paintbrush. 2011, University Museum and Art Gallery, The University of Hong Kong, Dance Melodies in Colours: Paintings by Lalan
2009 Shanghai Art Museum, My Vision of Paradise—Retrospective of Lalan's Art

References

External links
 The Lalan Network (France): http://reseaulalan.fr/
 Kwai Fung Hin Art Gallery (Hong Kong): https://www.kwaifunghin.com/artists/144-lalan/overview/

Modern artists
Chinese painters
Modern dancers
Chinese women musicians
Chinese choreographers
1921 births
1995 deaths
Chinese dancers
Chinese emigrants to France

masks: Lalan Lalan Lalan Lalan Lalan Lalan Lalan Lalan Lalan Lalan Lalan Lalan Lalan Lalan Lalan


texts:
Lieutenant Colonel Sir <mask>  (28 November 1862 – 29 December 1949) was a British Indian Army officer and diplomat who served as the High Commissioner in Egypt from 1915 to 1917. He was also an administrator in the British Raj and served twice as Chief Commissioner of Balochistan. <mask> is best known for the McMahon-Hussein Correspondence with Hussein bin Ali, the McMahon Line between Tibet and India, and the Declaration to the Seven in response to a memorandum written by seven notable Syrians. After the Sykes-Picot Agreement was published by the Bolshevik Russian government in November 1917, <mask> resigned. He also features prominently in Seven Pillars of Wisdom, T.E. Lawrence's account of the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. <mask> was the son of Lieutenant-General <mask>, FRS, FGS (1830–1904), a geologist and Commissioner of both Lahore and Hisar in Punjab, India, and who, like his father Captain <mask> (born 1791, Kilrea, County Londonderry, Ireland) had been an officer with the East India Company.The Oriel McMahons are the Gaelic clan of Mac Mathghamhna who had come originally from the medieval Irish kingdom of Airgíalla or Oriel in South Ulster/North Leinster, where they reigned from around 1250 until about 1600. Sir <mask>'s own family had settled in the Downpatrick area of County Down before his great-grandfather, The Rev. <mask>, moved to Kilrea, where he was minister to the local Presbyterian congregation between 1789 and 1794: a prominent Irish Republican, The Rev. Mr <mask> was a member of the National Directory of the Society of United Irishmen and one of their colonels in Ulster during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. He apparently fought at the battles of Saintfield and Ballynahinch and after the rebels' overall defeat had been able to flee to France where he served with Napoléon's Irish Legion. It is said that he was captured by the British during the Walcheren Campaign of 1809, and though sent to England, was later able to return to France where in June 1815 he eventually died fighting, it is believed, at either Ligny or Waterloo. In 1915 <mask> promised Sharif Hussein bin Ali an independent area under Arab governance that was to include what was then the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem (later Mandatory Palestine), in exchange for Arab support in Britain's conflict against the Ottoman Turks in what came to be known as the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans.Their correspondence is known to historians from the <mask> Correspondence. Career

<mask> was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Indian Staff Corps in the 1880s and was appointed a Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in 1894. By 1897, he had been promoted to captain and was appointed a Companion of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (CSI) in that year. He was promoted Major in the army in July 1901. He was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) in 1906 and promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in 1909. In 1911, on the occasion of the Delhi Durbar, he was foreign secretary of the British government in India. The King made him a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO), an award in his own gift.He spoke Persian, Afghani, and Hindustani, an aptitude for languages that led also to Arabic. Sir <mask> was appointed to the post of High Commissioner in Egypt in 1915. When he arrived by train Sir Ronald Storrs described him as "quiet, friendly, agreeable, considerate and cautious", although later in his career Storrs and others were not so charitable. He was made a Knight of Grace of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (KStJ). <mask> replaced Sir Milne Cheetham, briefly acting for Lord Kitchener. Although a temporary appointment it became a permanent post, for an experienced political administrator. <mask> was appointed British High Commissioner in Cairo, to replace Lord Kitchener who had become War Secretary in London.With the approval of Kitchener and Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey, <mask> began a long correspondence with Sharif Husayn, the Ottoman-appointed ruler of the Hijaz to use the Bedouin tribes under his control to support the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in overthrowing the Ottomans. <mask>  proposed a demarcation line between Tibet and the North-east region of India in 1914 during the Simla Convention held at Viceregal Lodge in Simla which was signed between British and Tibetan representatives. The line is today known as McMahon Line and is currently the effective boundary between China and India, although its legal status is disputed by the Chinese government. Sir Gilbert Clayton, Aubrey Herbert, Storrs and others of the intelligence community approved of <mask>'s pro-Arabist policy from 1916 onwards. <mask> sat on the plan to use the Sharif to support British for six months. But it was Sir Reginald Wingate who persuaded <mask> that the Arabs were ready, able and willing for Cairo to support Husayn in an effort to overthrow the Ottomans and establish a pan-Arab state made up of Ottoman Arab lands in the Middle East. Storrs thought the diplomacy was "in every way exaggerated."He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG) in 1916 upon his retirement from the British Indian Army. By May 1916, Turkish troops had arrived in Mecca, <mask> received a telegram from Abdullah ibn Husayn, Sharif Husayn's son, that the Movement was ready. <mask> despatched the oriental secretary, Storrs to London with a team of intelligence experts. The British decision to land at the Dardanelles, instead of Alexandretta, and to allow French Syria founded by the Sykes-Picot Agreement to exist at all, irritated <mask>. In 1920, he was awarded the Order of El Nahda, 1st Class, from the King of the Hejaz. In 1925, he was promoted to a Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (KStJ). Titles
1862-1882: Vincent Arthur <mask>
1882-1894: Lieutenant Vincent Arthur <mask>
1894-1895: Lieutenant Vincent Arthur <mask>, CIE
1895-1897: Captain Vincent Arthur <mask>, CIE
1897-1901: Captain Vincent Arthur <mask>, CSI, CIE
1901-1906: Major Vincent Arthur <mask>, CSI, CIE
1906-1909: Major Sir Vincent Arthur <mask>, KCIE, CSI
1909-1911: Lieutenant Colonel Sir Vincent Arthur <mask>, KCIE, CSI
1911-1916: Lieutenant Colonel Sir Vincent Arthur <mask>, GCVO, KCIE, CSI
1916-1949: Lieutenant Colonel Sir Vincent Arthur <mask>, GCMG, GCVO, KCIE, CSI

Legacy
A species of Asian viper, Eristicophis macmahoni, is named in honor of <mask>.Another species of snake, Eirenis mcmahoni, also named in his honor, is considered a synonym of Eirenis persicus. References

Bibliography

Books

Articles

External links
 <mask>

1862 births
1949 deaths
People from Shimla
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Egypt
Companions of the Order of the Star of India
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights of Justice of the Order of St John
Administrators in British India
British Indian Army officers
Indian Staff Corps officers

masks:
Vincent Arthur Henry McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
Background McMahon
Charles Alexander McMahon
Alexander McMahon
Henry McMahon
Arthur McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon Hussein
McMahon
Henry
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
Henry McMahon
Henry McMahon
Henry McMahon
Henry McMahon
Henry McMahon
Henry McMahon
Henry McMahon
Henry McMahon
Henry McMahon
Henry McMahon
Henry McMahon
Henry McMahon


texts:
<mask>. (August 30, 1893September 10, 1935), nicknamed "the Kingfish", was an American politician who served as the 40th governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a United States Senator from 1932 until his assassination in 1935. He was a populist member of the Democratic Party and rose to national prominence during the Great Depression for his vocal criticism of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal, which <mask> deemed insufficiently radical. As the political leader of Louisiana, he commanded wide networks of supporters and often took forceful action. A controversial figure, <mask> is celebrated as a populist champion of the poor or, conversely, denounced as a demagogue. <mask> was born in the impoverished north of Louisiana in 1893. After working as a traveling salesman and briefly attending three colleges, he entered the bar in Louisiana. Following a short private legal career in which he represented poor plaintiffs, <mask> was elected to the Louisiana Public Service Commission.As Commissioner, he prosecuted large corporations such as Standard Oil, a lifelong target of his rhetorical attacks. After <mask> successfully argued before the U.S. Supreme Court, Chief Justice and former president William Howard Taft praised him as "the most brilliant lawyer who ever practiced before the United States Supreme Court". After a failed 1924 campaign, <mask> used the sharp economic and class divisions in Louisiana to win the 1928 gubernatorial election. Once in office, he expanded social programs, organized massive public works projects, such as a modern highway system and the tallest capitol building in the nation, and proposed a cotton holiday. Through political maneuvering, <mask> became the political boss of Louisiana. He was impeached in 1929 for abuses of power, but the proceedings collapsed in the State Senate. His opponents argued his policies and methods were unconstitutional and dictatorial.At its climax, political opposition organized a minor insurrection. <mask> was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1930 but did not assume his seat until 1932. He established himself as an isolationist, arguing that Standard Oil and Wall Street orchestrated American foreign policy. He was instrumental in securing Roosevelt's 1932 nomination but split with him in 1933, becoming a prominent critic of his New Deal. As an alternative, he proposed the Share Our Wealth program in 1934. To stimulate the economy, he advocated massive federal spending, a wealth tax, and wealth redistribution. These proposals drew wide support with millions joining local Share Our Wealth clubs.Poised for a 1936 presidential bid, <mask> was mortally wounded by a lone assassin in 1935. Although <mask>'s movement faded, Roosevelt adopted many of his proposals in the Second New Deal, and Louisiana elections would be organized along anti- or pro-<mask> factions until the 1960s. He left behind a political dynasty that included his wife Senator Rose McConnell <mask>, his son Senator Russell B<mask>, and his brother Governor <mask>, among others. Early life (1893–1915)

Childhood
<mask> was born on August 30, 1893, near Winnfield, a small town in north-central Louisiana, the seat of Winn Parish. Although <mask> often told followers he was born in a log cabin to an impoverished family, they lived in a "comfortable" farmhouse and were well-off compared to others in Winnfield. Winn Parish was impoverished, and its residents, mostly Southern Baptists, were often outsiders in Louisiana's political system.During the Civil War, Winn Parish had been a stronghold of Unionism in an otherwise Confederate state. At Louisiana's 1861 convention on secession, the delegate from Winn voted to remain in the Union saying: "Who wants to fight to keep the Negroes for the wealthy planters?" In the 1890s, the parish was a bastion of the Populist Party, and in the 1912 election, a plurality (35%) voted for the Socialist presidential candidate, Eugene V. Debs. <mask> embraced these populist sentiments. One of nine children, <mask> was home schooled until age eleven. In the public system, he earned a reputation as an excellent student with a remarkable memory and convinced his teachers to let him skip seventh grade. At Winnfield High School, he and his friends formed a secret society, advertising their exclusivity by wearing a red ribbon.According to <mask>, his club's mission was "to run things, laying down certain rules the students would have to follow". The faculty learned of <mask>'s antics and warned him to obey the school's rules. <mask> continued to rebel, writing and distributing a flyer that criticized his teachers and the necessity of a recently state-mandated fourth year of secondary education, for which he was expelled in 1910. Although <mask> successfully petitioned to fire the principal, he never returned to high school. As a student, <mask> proved a capable debater. At a state debate competition in Baton Rouge, he won a full-tuition scholarship to Louisiana State University (LSU). Because the scholarship did not cover textbooks or living expenses, his family could not afford for him to attend.<mask> was also unable to attend because he did not graduate from high school. Instead, he entered the workforce as a traveling salesman in the rural South. Education and marriage
In September 1911, <mask> started attending seminary classes at Oklahoma Baptist University at the urging of his mother, a devout Baptist. Living with his brother George, <mask> attended for only one semester, rarely appearing at lectures. After deciding he was unsuited to preaching, <mask> focused on law. Borrowing one hundred dollars from his brother (which he later lost playing roulette in Oklahoma City), he attended the University of Oklahoma College of Law for a semester in 1912. To earn money while studying law part-time, he continued to work as a salesman.Of the four classes <mask> took, he received one incomplete and three C's. He later confessed he learned little because there was "too much excitement, all those gambling houses and everything". <mask> met Rose McConnell at a baking contest he had promoted to sell Cottolene shortening. The two began a two-and-a-half-year courtship and married in April 1913 at the Gayoso Hotel in Memphis, Tennessee. On their wedding day, <mask> had no cash with him and had to borrow $10 from his fiancée to pay the officiant. Shortly after their marriage, <mask> revealed to his wife his aspirations to run for a statewide office, the governorship, the Senate, and ultimately the presidency. The <mask>s had a daughter named Rose (1917–2006) and two sons: Russell B.<mask> (1918–2003), who became a U.S. senator, and Palmer Reid <mask> (1921–2010), who became an oilman in Shreveport, Louisiana. <mask> enrolled at Tulane University Law School in New Orleans in the fall of 1914. After a year of study that concentrated on the courses necessary for the bar exam, he successfully petitioned the Louisiana Supreme Court for permission to take the test before its scheduled June 1915 date. He was examined in May, passed, and received his license to practice. According to <mask>: "I came out of that courtroom running for office." Legal career (1915–1923)
In 1915, <mask> established a private practice in Winnfield. He represented poor plaintiffs, usually in workers' compensation cases.<mask> avoided fighting in World War I by obtaining a draft deferment on the grounds that he was married and had a dependent child. He successfully defended from prosecution under the Espionage Act of 1917 the state senator who had loaned him the money to complete his legal studies, and later claimed he did not serve because, "I was not mad at anybody over there." In 1918, <mask> invested $1,050 () in a well that struck oil. The Standard Oil Company refused to accept any of the oil in its pipelines, costing <mask> his investment. This episode served as the catalyst for <mask>'s lifelong hatred of Standard Oil. That same year, <mask> entered the race to serve on the three-seat Louisiana Railroad Commission. According to historian William Ivy Hair, <mask>'s political message:

... would be repeated until the end of his days: he was a young warrior of and for the plain people, battling the evil giants of Wall Street and their corporations; too much of America's wealth was concentrated in too few hands, and this unfairness was perpetuated by an educational system so stacked against the poor that (according to his statistics) only fourteen out of every thousand children obtained a college education.The way to begin rectifying these wrongs was to turn out of office the corrupt local flunkies of big business ... and elect instead true men of the people, such as [himself]. In the Democratic primary, <mask> polled second behind incumbent Burk Bridges. Since no candidate garnered a majority of the votes, a run-off election was held, for which <mask> campaigned tirelessly across northern Louisiana. The race was close: <mask> defeated Burk by just 636 votes. Although the returns revealed wide support for <mask> in rural areas, he performed poorly in urban areas. On the Commission, <mask> forced utilities to lower rates, ordered railroads to extend service to small towns, and demanded that Standard Oil cease the importation of Mexican crude oil and use more oil from Louisiana wells. In the gubernatorial election of 1920, <mask> campaigned heavily for John M. Parker; today, he is often credited with helping Parker win northern parishes.After Parker was elected, the two became bitter rivals. Their break was largely caused by <mask>'s demand and Parker's refusal to declare the state's oil pipelines public utilities. <mask> was infuriated when Parker allowed oil companies, led by Standard Oil's legal team, to assist in writing severance tax laws. <mask> denounced Parker as corporate "chattel". The feud climaxed in 1921, when Parker tried unsuccessfully to have <mask> ousted from the commission. By 1922, <mask> had become chairman of the commission, now called the "Public Service Commission". That year, <mask> prosecuted the Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Company for unfair rate increases; he successfully argued the case on appeal before the United States Supreme Court, which resulted in cash refunds to thousands of overcharged customers.After the decision, Chief Justice and former President William Howard Taft praised <mask> as "the most brilliant lawyer who ever practiced" before the court. Gubernatorial campaigns (1924–1928)

1924 election

On August 30, 1923, <mask> announced his candidacy for the governorship of Louisiana. <mask> stumped throughout the state, personally distributing circulars and posters. He denounced Governor Parker as a corporate stooge, vilified Standard Oil, and assailed local political bosses. He campaigned in rural areas disenfranchised by the state's political establishment, the "Old Regulars". Since the 1877 end of Republican-controlled Reconstruction government, they had controlled most of the state through alliances with local officials. With negligible support for Republicans, Louisiana was essentially a one party state under the Democratic Old Regulars.Holding mock elections in which they invoked the Lost Cause of the Confederacy, the Old Regulars presided over a corrupt government that largely benefited the planter class. Consequently, Louisiana was one of the least developed states: It had just 300 miles of paved roads and the lowest literacy rate. Despite an enthusiastic campaign, <mask> came third in the primary and was eliminated. Although polls projected only a few thousand votes, he attracted almost 72,000, around 31% of the electorate, and carried 28 parishes—more than either opponent. Limited to sectional appeal, he performed best in the poor rural north. The Ku Klux Klan's prominence in Louisiana was the campaign's primary issue. While the two other candidates either strongly opposed or supported the Klan, <mask> remained neutral, alienating both sides.He also failed to attract Roman Catholic voters, which limited his chances in the south of the state. In majority Catholic New Orleans, he polled just 12,000 votes (17%). <mask> blamed heavy rain on election day for suppressing voter turnout among his base in the north, where voters could not reach the polls over dirt roads that had turned to mud. It was the only election <mask> ever lost. 1928 election

<mask> spent the intervening four years building his reputation and political organization, particularly in the heavily Catholic urban south. Despite disagreeing with their politics, <mask> campaigned for Catholic U.S. Senators in 1924 and 1926.Government mismanagement during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 gained <mask> the support of Cajuns, whose land had been affected. He formally launched his second campaign for governor in 1927, using the slogan, "Every man a king, but no one wears a crown", a phrase adopted from Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan. <mask> developed novel campaign techniques, including the use of sound trucks and radio commercials. His stance on race was unorthodox. According to T. Harry Williams, <mask> was "the first Southern mass leader to leave aside race baiting and appeals to the Southern tradition and the Southern past and address himself to the social and economic problems of the present". The campaign sometimes descended into brutality. When the 60-year-old incumbent governor called <mask> a liar during a chance encounter in the lobby of the Roosevelt Hotel, <mask> punched him in the face.In the Democratic primary election, <mask> polled 126,842 votes: a plurality of 43.9 percent. His margin was the largest in state history, and no opponent chose to face him in a runoff. After earning the Democratic nomination, he easily defeated the Republican nominee in the general election with 96.1 percent of the vote. At age 35, <mask> was the youngest person ever elected governor of Louisiana. Some fifteen thousand Louisianians traveled to Baton Rouge for <mask>'s inauguration. He set up large tents, free drinks, and jazz bands on the capitol grounds, evoking Andrew Jackson's 1829 inaugural festivities. His victory was seen as a public backlash against the urban establishment; journalist Hodding Carter described it as a "fantastic vengeance upon the Sodom and Gomorrah that was called New Orleans".While previous elections were normally divided culturally and religiously, <mask> highlighted the sharp economic divide in the state and built a new coalition based on class. <mask>'s strength, said the contemporary novelist Sherwood Anderson, relied on "the terrible South ... the beaten, ignorant, Bible-ridden, white South. Faulkner occasionally really touches it. It has yet to be paid for." Louisiana Governorship (1928–1932)

First year

Once in office on May 21, 1928, <mask> moved quickly to consolidate power, firing hundreds of opponents in the state bureaucracy at all ranks from cabinet-level heads of departments to state road workers. Like previous governors, he filled the vacancies with patronage appointments from his network of political supporters. Every state employee who depended on <mask> for a job was expected to pay a portion of their salary at election time directly into his campaign fund.Once his control over the state's political apparatus was strengthened, <mask> pushed several bills through the 1929 session of the Louisiana State Legislature to fulfill campaign promises. His bills met opposition from legislators, wealthy citizens, and the media, but <mask> used aggressive tactics to ensure passage. He would appear unannounced on the floor of both the House and Senate or in House committees, corralling reluctant representatives and state senators and bullying opponents. When an opposing legislator once suggested <mask> was unfamiliar with the Louisiana Constitution, he declared, "I'm the Constitution around here now." One program <mask> approved was a free textbook program for schoolchildren. <mask>'s free school books angered Catholics, who usually sent their children to private schools. <mask> assured them that the books would be granted directly to all children, regardless of whether they attended public school.Yet this assurance was criticized by conservative constitutionalists, who claimed it violated the separation of church and state and sued <mask>. The case went to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in <mask>'s favor. Irritated by "immoral" gambling dens and brothels in New Orleans, <mask> sent the National Guard to raid these establishments with orders to "shoot without hesitation". Gambling equipment was burned,

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 prostitutes were arrested, and over $25,000 () was confiscated for government funds. Local newspapers ran photos of National Guardsmen forcibly searching nude women. City authorities had not requested military force, and martial law had not been declared. The Louisiana attorney general denounced <mask>'s actions as illegal but <mask> rebuked him saying: "Nobody asked him for his opinion."Despite wide disapproval, <mask> had the Governor's Mansion, built in 1887, razed by convicts from the State Penitentiary under his personal supervision. In its place, <mask> had a much larger Georgian mansion built. It bore a strong resemblance to the White House; he reportedly wanted to be familiar with the residence when he became president. Impeachment

In 1929, <mask> called a special legislative session to enact a five-cent per barrel tax on refined oil production to fund his social programs. The state's oil interests opposed the bill. <mask> declared in a radio address that any legislator who refused to support the tax had been "bought" by oil companies. Instead of persuading the legislature, the accusation infuriated many of its members.The "dynamite squad", a caucus of opponents led by freshman lawmakers Cecil Morgan and Ralph Norman Bauer, introduced an impeachment resolution against <mask>. Nineteen charges were listed, ranging from blasphemy to subornation of murder. Even <mask>'s lieutenant governor, Paul Cyr, supported impeachment; he accused <mask> of nepotism and alleged he had made corrupt deals with a Texan oil company. Concerned, <mask> tried to close the session. Pro-<mask> Speaker John B. Fournet called for a vote to adjourn. Despite most representatives opposing adjournment, the electronic voting board tallied 68 ayes and 13 nays. This sparked confusion; anti-<mask> representatives began chanting that the voting machine had been rigged.Some ran for the speaker's chair to call for a new vote but met resistance from their pro-<mask> colleagues, sparking a brawl later known as "Bloody Monday". In the scuffle, legislators threw inkwells, allegedly attacked others with brass knuckles, and <mask>'s brother Earl bit a legislator's neck. Following the fight, the legislature voted to remain in session and proceed with impeachment. A trial in the house took place with dozens of witnesses, including a hula dancer who claimed that <mask> had been "frisky" with her. Impeached on eight of the 19 charges, <mask> was the first Louisiana governor charged in the state's history. <mask> was frightened by the prospect of conviction, for it would force him from the governorship and permanently disqualify him from holding public office in Louisiana. He took his case to the people with a mass meeting in Baton Rouge, where he alleged that impeachment was a ploy by Standard Oil to thwart his programs.The House referred the charges to the Louisiana Senate, in which conviction required a two-thirds majority. <mask> produced a round robin statement signed by fifteen senators pledging to vote "not guilty" regardless of the evidence. The impeachment process, now futile, was suspended. It has been alleged that both sides used bribes to buy votes and that <mask> later rewarded the round robin signers with positions or other favors. Following the failed trial, <mask> treated his opponents ruthlessly. He fired their relatives from state jobs and supported their challengers in elections. <mask> concluded that extra-legal means would be needed to accomplish his goals: "I used to try to get things done by saying 'please.'Now... I dynamite 'em out of my path." Receiving death threats, he surrounded himself with bodyguards. Now a resolute critic of the "lying" press,  <mask> established his own newspaper in March 1930: the Louisiana Progress. The paper was extremely popular, widely distributed by policemen, highway workers, and government truckers. Senate campaign
Shortly after the impeachment, <mask>—now nicknamed "The Kingfish" after an Amos 'n' Andy character—announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate in the 1930 Democratic primary. He framed his campaign as a referendum.If he won, he presumed the public supported his programs over the opposition of the legislature. If he lost, he promised to resign. His opponent was incumbent Joseph E. Ransdell, the Catholic senator whom <mask> endorsed in 1924. At 72 years old, Ransdell had been in the Senate since <mask> was age four. Aligned with the establishment, Ransdell had the support of all 18 of the state's daily newspapers. To combat this, <mask> purchased two new $30,000 sound trucks and distributed over two million circulars. Although promising not to make personal attacks, <mask> seized on Ransdell's age, calling him "Old Feather Duster".The campaign became increasingly vicious, The New York Times calling it "as amusing as it was depressing". <mask> critic Sam Irby, set to testify on <mask>'s corruption to state authorities, was abducted by <mask>'s bodyguards shortly before the election. Irby emerged after the election; he had been missing for four days. Surrounded by <mask>'s guards, he gave a radio address in which he "confessed" that he had actually asked <mask> for protection. The New Orleans mayor labelled it "the most heinous public crime in Louisiana history". Ultimately, on September 9, 1930, <mask> defeated Ransdell by 149,640 (57.3 percent) to 111,451 (42.7 percent). There were accusations of voter fraud against <mask>; voting records showed people voting in alphabetical order, among them celebrities like Charlie Chaplin, Jack Dempsey and Babe Ruth.Although his Senate term began on March 4, 1931, <mask> completed most of his four-year term as governor, which did not end until May 1932. He declared that leaving the seat vacant would not hurt Louisiana: "[W]ith Ransdell as Senator, the seat was vacant anyway." By occupying the governorship until January 25, 1932, <mask> prevented Lieutenant Governor Cyr, who threatened to undo <mask>'s reforms, from succeeding to the office. In October 1931, Cyr learned <mask> was in Mississippi and declared himself the state's legitimate governor. In response, <mask> ordered National Guard troops to surround the Capitol to block Cyr's "coup d'état" and petitioned the Louisiana Supreme Court. <mask> successfully argued that Cyr had vacated the office of lieutenant-governor when trying to assume the governorship and had the court eject Cyr. Senator-elect
Now governor and senator-elect, <mask> returned to completing his legislative agenda with renewed strength.He continued his intimidating practice of presiding over the legislature, shouting "Shut up!" or "Sit down!" when legislators voiced their concerns. In a single night, <mask> passed 44 bills in just two hours: one every three minutes. He later explained his tactics: "The end justifies the means." <mask> endorsed pro-<mask> candidates and wooed others with favors; he often joked his legislature was the "finest collection of lawmakers money can buy". He organized and concentrated his power into a political machine: "a one-man" operation, according to Williams.He placed his brother Earl in charge of allotting patronage appointments to local politicians and signing state contracts with businessmen in exchange for loyalty. <mask> appointed allies to key government positions, such as giving Robert Maestri the office of Conservation Commissioner and making Oscar K. Allen head of the Louisiana Highway Commission. Maestri would deliberately neglect the regulation of energy companies in exchange for industry donations to <mask>'s campaign fund, while Allen took direction from Earl on which construction and supply companies to contract for road work. Concerned by these tactics, <mask>'s opponents charged he had become the virtual dictator of the state. To address record low cotton prices amid a Great Depression surplus, <mask> proposed the major cotton-producing states mandate a 1932 "cotton holiday", which would ban cotton production for the entire year. He further proposed that the holiday be imposed internationally, which some nations, such as Egypt, supported. In 1931, <mask> convened the New Orleans Cotton Conference, attended by delegates from every major cotton-producing state.The delegates agreed to codify <mask>'s proposal into law on the caveat that it would not come into effect until states producing three-quarters of U.S. cotton passed such laws. As the proposer, Louisiana unanimously passed the legislation. When conservative politicians in Texas—the largest cotton producer in the U.S.—rejected the measure, the holiday movement collapsed. Although traditional politicians would have been ruined by such a defeat, <mask> became a national figure and cemented his image as a champion of the poor. Senator Carter Glass, although a fervid critic of <mask>, credited him with first suggesting artificial scarcity as a solution to the depression. Accomplishments in Louisiana

<mask> was unusual among southern populists in that he achieved tangible progress. Williams concluded "the secret of <mask>'s power, in the final analysis, was not in his machine or his political dealings but in his record—he delivered something".Referencing <mask>'s contributions to Louisiana, Robert Penn Warren, a professor at LSU during <mask>'s term as governor, stated: "Dictators, always give something for what they get." <mask> created a public works program that was unprecedented in the South, constructing roads, bridges, hospitals, schools, and state buildings. During his four years as governor, <mask> increased paved highways in Louisiana from  and constructed  of gravel roads. By 1936, the infrastructure program begun by <mask> had completed some  of new roads, doubling Louisiana's road system. He built 111 bridges and started construction on the first bridge over the Mississippi entirely in Louisiana, the Huey P. Long Bridge. These projects provided thousands of jobs during the depression: Louisiana employed more highway workers than any other state. <mask> built a State Capitol, which at  tall remains the tallest capitol, state or federal, in the United States.<mask>'s infrastructure spending increased the state government's debt from $11 million in 1928 to $150 million in 1935. <mask> was an ardent supporter of the state's flagship public university, Louisiana State University (LSU). Having been unable to attend, <mask> now regarded it as "his" university. He increased LSU's funding and intervened in the university's affairs, expelling seven students who criticized him in the school newspaper. He constructed new buildings, including a fieldhouse that reportedly contained the longest pool in the United States. <mask> founded an LSU Medical School in New Orleans. To raise the stature of the football program, he converted the school's military marching band into the flashy "Show Band of the South" and hired Costa Rican composer Castro Carazo as the band director.As well as nearly doubling the size of the stadium, he arranged for lowered train fares, so students could travel to away games. <mask>'s contributions resulted in LSU gaining a class A accreditation from the Association of American Universities. <mask>'s night schools taught 100,000 adults to read. His provision of free textbooks contributed to a 20 percent increase in school enrollment. He modernized public health facilities and ensured adequate conditions for the mentally ill. He established Louisiana's first rehabilitation program for penitentiary inmates. Through tax reform, <mask> made the first $2,000 in property assessment free, waiving property taxes for half the state's homeowners.Historians have criticized other policies, like high consumer taxes on gasoline and cigarettes, a reduced mother's pension, and low teacher salaries. U.S. Senate (1932–1935)

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When <mask> arrived in the Senate, America was in the throes of the Great Depression. With this backdrop, <mask> made characteristically fiery speeches that denounced wealth inequality. He criticized the leaders of both parties for failing to address the crisis adequately, notably attacking conservative Senate Democratic Leader Joseph Robinson of Arkansas for his apparent closeness with President Herbert Hoover and big business. In the 1932 presidential election, <mask> was a vocal supporter of New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt. At that year's Democratic National Convention, <mask> kept the delegations of several wavering Southern states in the Roosevelt camp. Due to this, <mask> expected to be featured prominently in Roosevelt's campaign but was disappointed with a peripheral speaking tour limited to four Midwestern states.Not discouraged after being snubbed, <mask> found other venues for his populist message. He endorsed Senator Hattie Caraway of Arkansas, a widow and the underdog candidate in a crowded field and conducted a whirlwind, seven-day tour of that state. During the campaign, <mask> gave 39 speeches, traveled , and spoke to over 200,000 people. In an upset win, Caraway became the first woman elected to a full term in the Senate. Returning to Washington, <mask> gave theatrical speeches which drew wide attention. Public viewing areas were crowded with onlookers, among them a young Lyndon B. Johnson, who later said he was "simply entranced" by <mask>. <mask> obstructed bills for weeks, launching hour-long filibusters and having the clerk read superfluous documents.<mask>'s antics, one editorial claimed, had made the Senate "impotent". In May 1932, The Washington Post called for his resignation. <mask>'s behavior and radical rhetoric did little to endear him to his fellow senators. None of his proposed bills, resolutions, or motions were passed during his three years in the Senate. Roosevelt and the New Deal

During the first 100 days of Roosevelt's presidency in spring 1933, <mask>'s attitude towards Roosevelt and the New Deal was tepid. Aware that Roosevelt had no intention of radically redistributing the country's wealth, <mask> became one of the few national politicians to oppose Roosevelt's New Deal policies from the left. He considered them inadequate in the face of the escalating economic crisis but still supported some of Roosevelt's programs in the Senate, explaining: "Whenever this administration has gone to the left I have voted with it, and whenever it has gone to the right I have voted against it."<mask> opposed the National Recovery Act, claiming it favored industrialists. In an attempt to prevent its passage, <mask> held a lone filibuster, speaking for 15 hours and 30 minutes, the second longest filibuster at the time. He also criticized Social Security, calling it inadequate and expressing his concerns that states would administer it in a way discriminatory to blacks. In 1933, he was a leader of a three-week Senate filibuster against the Glass banking bill, which he later supported as the Glass–Steagall Act after provisions extended government deposit insurance to state banks as well as national banks. Roosevelt considered <mask> a radical demagogue and stated that <mask>, along with General Douglas MacArthur, "was one of the two most dangerous men in America". In June 1933, in an effort to undermine <mask>'s political dominance, Roosevelt cut him out of consultations on the distribution of federal funds and patronage in Louisiana and placed <mask>'s opponents in charge of federal programs in the state. Roosevelt supported a Senate inquiry into the election of <mask> ally John H. Overton to the Senate in 1932.The <mask> machine was accused of election fraud and voter intimidation, but the inquiry came up empty, and Overton was seated. To discredit <mask> and damage his support base, Roosevelt had <mask>'s finances investigated by the Internal Revenue Service in 1934. Although they failed to link <mask> to any illegality, some of his lieutenants were charged with income tax evasion. Roosevelt's son, Elliott, would later note that in this instance, his father "may have been the originator of the concept of employing the IRS as a weapon of political retribution". Chaco War and foreign policy

On May 30, 1934, <mask> amendment. But instead of debating the amendment, <mask> declared his  support for Paraguay against Bolivia in the Chaco War. He maintained that U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes had awarded the oil-rich Chaco region to Paraguay in 1878.He attested Standard Oil had corrupted the Bolivian government and organized the war and that Wall Street orchestrated American foreign policy in Latin America. For his speech, <mask> received praise in Paraguay: after capturing a Bolivian fort in July 1934, they renamed it Fort Long.

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 <mask>'s allegations were widely publicized in Latin American newspapers. This drew the concern of the State Department, who believed that <mask> was damaging the reputation of the United States. Throughout the summer of 1934, they waged a sustained public relations campaign against <mask> throughout Latin America. This speech and others established <mask> as one of the most ardent isolationists in the Senate. He further argued that American involvement in the Spanish–American War and the First World War had been deadly mistakes conducted on behalf of Wall Street.Consequently, <mask> demanded the immediate independence of the Philippines, which the  United States had occupied  since 1898. He also opposed American entry into the World Court. Share Our Wealth

In March 1933, <mask> revealed a series of bills collectively known as "the <mask> plan" to redistribute wealth. Together, they would cap fortunes at $100 million, limit annual income to $1 million, and cap individual inheritances at $5 million. In a nationwide February 1934 radio broadcast, <mask> introduced his Share Our Wealth plan. The legislation would use the wealth from the <mask> plan to guarantee every family a basic household grant of $5,000 and a minimum annual income of one-third of the average family homestead value and income. <mask> supplemented his plan with proposals for free college and vocational training, veterans' benefits, federal assistance to farmers, public works projects, greater federal economic regulation, a $30 monthly elderly pension, a month's vacation for every worker, a thirty-hour workweek, a $10 billion land reclamation project to end the Dust Bowl, and free medical service and a "war on disease" led by the Mayo brothers.These reforms, <mask> claimed, would end the Great Depression. The plans were widely criticized and labeled impossible by economists. With the Senate unwilling to support his proposals, in February 1934 <mask> formed the Share Our Wealth Society, a national network of local clubs that operated in opposition to the Democratic Party and Roosevelt. By 1935, the society had over 7.5 million members in 27,000 clubs. <mask>'s Senate office received an average of 60,000 letters a week, resulting in <mask> hiring 48 stenographers to type responses. Of the two trucks that delivered mail to the Senate, one was devoted solely to mail for <mask>. <mask>'s newspaper, now renamed American Progress, averaged a circulation of 300,000, some issues reaching over 1.5 million.<mask> drew international attention: English writer H. G. Wells interviewed <mask>, noting he was "like a Winston Churchill who has never been at Harrow. He abounds in promises." Some historians believe that pressure from Share Our Wealth contributed to Roosevelt's "turn to the left" in the Second New Deal (1935), which consisted of the Social Security Act, the Works Progress Administration, the National Labor Relations Board, Aid to Dependent Children, and the Wealth Tax Act of 1935. Roosevelt reportedly admitted in private to trying to "steal <mask>'s thunder". Continued control over Louisiana
<mask> continued to maintain effective control of Louisiana while he was a senator, blurring the boundary between federal and state politics. <mask> chose his childhood friend, Oscar K. Allen, to succeed King in the January 1932 election. With the support of <mask>'s voter base, Allen won easily, permitting <mask> to resign as governor and take his seat in the U.S. Senate in January 1932.Allen, widely viewed as a puppet, dutifully enacted <mask>'s policies. When <mask> visited Louisiana, Allen would relinquish his office for the Senator, working instead at his receptionist's desk. Though he had no constitutional authority, <mask> continued to draft and press bills through the Louisiana State Legislature. One of the laws passed was what <mask> called "a tax on lying"—a 2 percent tax on newspaper advertising revenue. In 1934, <mask> and James A. Noe, an independent oilman and member of the Louisiana State Senate from Ouachita Parish, formed the controversial Win or Lose Oil Company. The firm was established to obtain leases on state-owned lands so that its directors might collect bonuses and sublease the mineral rights to the major oil companies. Although ruled legal, these activities were done in secret, and the stockholders were unknown to the public.<mask> made a profit on the bonuses and the resale of those state leases and used the funds primarily for political purposes. 1935: Final year

Presidential ambitions

Popular support for <mask>'s Share Our Wealth program raised the possibility of a 1936 presidential bid against incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt. When questioned by the press, <mask> gave conflicting answers on his plans for 1936. <mask>'s son Russell believed his father would have run on a third-party ticket. This is evidenced by <mask>'s writing of a speculative book, My First Days in the White House, which laid out his plans for the presidency after the 1936 election. In spring 1935, <mask> undertook a national speaking tour and regular radio appearances, attracting large crowds and increasing his stature. At a well-attended <mask> rally in Philadelphia, a former mayor told the press, "There are 250,000 <mask> votes" in this city.Regarding Roosevelt, <mask> boasted to the New York Times Arthur Krock: "He's scared of me. I can out-promise him, and he knows it." As the 1936 election approached, the Roosevelt Administration grew increasingly concerned by <mask>'s popularity. Democratic National Committee chairman James Farley commissioned a secret poll in early 1935. Farley's poll revealed that if <mask> ran on a third-party ticket, he would win about four million votes, 10% of the electorate. In a memo to Roosevelt, Farley expressed his concern that <mask> could split the vote, allowing the Republican nominee to win. Diplomat Edward M. House warned Roosevelt, "many people believe that he can do to your administration what Theodore Roosevelt did to the Taft Administration in '12".Many, including Hair, Williams, and Roosevelt, speculated that <mask> expected to lose in 1936, allowing the Republicans to take the White House. They believed the Republicans would worsen the Great Depression, deepening <mask>'s appeal. According to Roosevelt, "That would bring the country to such a state by 1940 that <mask> thinks he would be made dictator." Increased tensions in Louisiana

By 1935, <mask>'s consolidation of power led to talk of armed opposition from his enemies in Louisiana. Opponents increasingly invoked the memory of the Battle of Liberty Place (1874), in which the White League staged an uprising against Louisiana's Reconstruction-era government. In January 1935, an anti-<mask> paramilitary organization called the Square Deal Association was formed. Its members included former governors John M. Parker and Ruffin Pleasant and New Orleans Mayor T. Semmes Walmsley.Standard Oil threatened to leave the state when <mask> finally passed the five-cent per barrel oil tax for which he had been impeached in 1929. Concerned Standard Oil employees formed a Square Deal association in Baton Rouge, organizing themselves in militia companies and demanding "direct action". On January 25, 1935, these Square Dealers, now armed, seized the East Baton Rouge Parish courthouse. <mask> had Governor Allen execute emergency measures in Baton Rouge: he called in the National Guard, declared martial law, banned public gatherings of two or more persons, and forbade the publication of criticism of state officials. The Square Dealers left the courthouse, but there was a brief armed skirmish at the Baton Rouge Airport. Tear gas and live ammunition were fired; one person was wounded, but there were no fatalities. At a legal hearing, an alleged spy within the Square Dealers testified they were conspiring to assassinate <mask>.In summer 1935, <mask> called two special legislative sessions in Louisiana; bills were passed in rapid-fire succession without being read or discussed. The new laws further centralized <mask>'s control over the state by creating new Long-appointed state agencies: a state bond and tax board holding sole authority to approve loans to local governments, a new state printing board which could withhold "official printer" status from uncooperative newspapers, a new board of election supervisors which would appoint all poll watchers, and a State Board of Censors. They stripped away the remaining powers of the Mayor of New Orleans. <mask> boasted he had "taken over every board and commission in New Orleans except the Community Chest and the Red Cross". A September 7 special session passed 42 bills. The most extreme, likely aimed at Roosevelt and his federal agents, authorized Louisiana to fine and imprison anyone who infringed on the powers reserved to the state in the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Assassination

On September 8, 1935, <mask> traveled to the State Capitol to pass a bill that would gerrymander the district of an opponent, Judge Benjamin Pavy, who had held his position for 28 years.At 9:20 p.m., just after passage of the bill effectively removing Pavy, Pavy's son-in-law, Carl Weiss, approached <mask>, and, according to the generally accepted version of events, fired a single shot with a handgun from four feet (1.2 m) away, striking <mask> in the torso. <mask>'s bodyguards, nicknamed the "Cossacks" or "skullcrushers", then fired at Weiss with their pistols, killing him. An autopsy found Weiss had been shot at least 60 times. <mask> ran down a flight of stairs and across the capitol grounds, hailing a car to take him to Our Lady of the Lake Hospital. He was rushed to the operating room where surgery closed perforations in his intestines but failed to stop internal bleeding. <mask> died at 4:10 a.m. on September 10, 31 hours after being shot. According to different sources, his last words were either, "I wonder what will happen to my poor university boys", or "God, don't let me die.I have so much to do." Over 200,000 people traveled to Baton Rouge to attend <mask>'s September 12 funeral. His remains were buried on the grounds of the Capitol; a statue depicting <mask> was constructed on his grave. Although <mask>'s allies alleged he was assassinated by political opponents, a federal probe found no evidence of conspiracy. <mask>'s death brought relief to the Roosevelt Administration, which would win in a landslide in the 1936 election. Farley publicly admitted his apprehension of campaigning against <mask>: "I always laughed <mask> off, but I did not feel that way about him." Roosevelt's close economic advisor Rexford Tugwell wrote that, "When he was gone it seemed that a beneficent peace had fallen on the land.Father Coughlin, Reno, Townsend, et al., were after all pygmies compared with <mask>. He had been a major phenomenon." Tugwell also said that Roosevelt regarded <mask>'s assassination as a "providential occurrence". Evidence later surfaced that suggests <mask> was accidentally shot by his bodyguards. Proponents of this theory assert <mask> was caught in the crossfire as his bodyguards shot Weiss, and a bullet that ricocheted off the marble walls hit him. Legacy

Politics

<mask>'s assassination turned him into a legendary figure in parts of Louisiana. In 1938, Swedish sociologist Gunnar Myrdal encountered rural children who not only insisted <mask> was alive, but that he was president.Although no longer governing, <mask>'s policies continued to be enacted in Louisiana by his political machine, which supported Roosevelt's re-election to prevent further investigation into their finances. The machine remained a powerful force in state politics until the 1960 elections. Within the Louisiana Democratic Party, <mask> set in motion two durable factions—"<mask>" and "anti-<mask>"—which diverged meaningfully in terms of policies and voter support. For decades after his death, <mask>'s political style inspired imitation among Louisiana politicians who borrowed his rhetoric and promises of social programs. After <mask>'s death, a family dynasty emerged: his brother Earl was elected lieutenant-governor in 1936 and governor in 1948 and 1956. <mask>'s widow, <mask>, replaced him in the Senate, and his son, Russell, was a U.S. senator from 1948 to 1987. As chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, Russell shaped the nation's tax laws, advocating low business taxes and passing legislation beneficial to the poor like the Earned Income Credit.Other relatives, including George, Gillis, and Speedy, have represented Louisiana in Congress. <mask> P. Newton, co-founder of the Black Panther Party, was named after <mask>. Historical reputation
Academics and historians have found difficulty categorizing <mask> and his ideology. His platform has been compared to ideologies ranging from McCarthyism to European Fascism and Stalinism. When asked about his own philosophy, <mask> simply replied: "Oh, hell, say that I'm sui generis and let it go at that." Robert Penn Warren described him as a "remarkable set of contradictions". A majority of academics, biographers, and writers who have examined <mask> view him negatively, typically as a demagogue or dictator.Reinhard H. Luthin said that he was the epitome of an American demagogue. David Kennedy wrote that <mask>'s regime in Louisiana was "the closest thing to a dictatorship that America has ever known". Journalist Hodding Carter described him as "the first true dictator out of the soil of America" and his movement the "success of fascism in one American state". Peter Viereck categorized <mask>'s movement as "chauvinist thought control"; Victor Ferkiss called it "incipient fascism". One of the few biographers to praise <mask> was T. Harry Williams, who classified <mask>'s ideas as neo-populist. He labeled <mask> a democratic "mass leader", rather than a demagogue. Besides Williams, intellectual Gore Vidal expressed admiration for <mask>, even naming him as his favorite contemporary U.S. politician.<mask> biographer Thomas O. Harris espoused a more nuanced view of <mask>: "neither saint nor devil, he was a complex and heterogenous mixture of good and bad, genius and craft, hypocrisy and candor, buffoonery and seriousness". Media

In popular culture, <mask> has served as a template for multiple dictatorial politicians in novels. Notable works include Sinclair Lewis's novel It Can't Happen Here (1935), Robert Penn Warren's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel All the King's Men (1946), and Adria Locke Langley's 1945 novel A Lion Is in the Streets. The latter two were adapted into Academy Award-winning films. As well as two television docudramas, <mask> was the subject of a 1985 Ken Burns-directed documentary. In music, Randy Newman featured <mask> in two songs on the 1974 album Good Old Boys. <mask> has been the subject of dozens of biographies and academic texts.In fact, more has been written about <mask> than any other Louisianan. Most notable is the 1969 biography <mask> <mask> by Williams, which won both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award. Alan Brinkley won the National Book Award in 1983 for Voices of Protest, a study of <mask>, Coughlin, and populist opposition to Roosevelt. Works

Bibliography
 Constitutions of the State of Louisiana, 1930
 Every Man a King, 1933
 My First Days in the White House, 1935

Discography
<mask> collaborated with composer Castro Carazo on the following songs:
 "Darling of LSU", 1935
 "Every Man a King", 1935
 "The LSU Cadets March", 1935
 "Touchdown for LSU", 1935

See also

 List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office
 Charles Coughlin
 Francis Townsend

Notes and references

Notes

References and citations

Works cited

1893 births
1935 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
American political bosses from Louisiana
American social democrats
Anti-poverty advocates
Assassinated American politicians
Burials in Louisiana
Deaths by firearm in Louisiana
Democratic Party United States senators
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Governors of Louisiana
History of United States isolationism
Impeached United States officials
Left-wing populism in the United States
Huey
Louisiana Democrats
Louisiana lawyers
Male murder victims
Members of the Louisiana Public Service Commission
Oklahoma Baptist University alumni
People from Winnfield, Louisiana
People murdered in Louisiana
Tulane University Law School alumni
Tulane University alumni
United States senators from Louisiana
University of

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<mask>-Crespo (also spelled <mask>, without the hyphen) is an Argentine composer of classical music. Argentine composer and conductor <mask>-Crespo was born in San Miguel de Tucumán on March 18, 1956, and grew up in the neighboring city of Salta, in Northwestern Argentina. He received his early musical training from Elizabeth Ocaña de García in Salta, and his musical college education and degree at the School of Musical Arts of the National University of Tucumán. At this same university he also received a Civil Engineer degree. He later moved to the United States through a Fulbright Grant and obtained his master's degree at Carnegie Mellon University. Alonso-Crespo has produced a number of works for the stage; among them a ballet for Medea in 1985, the opera Juana, La Loca (staged in 1991), incidental music for Macbeth (1994 Iris Marga Award) and the opera Putzi (staged in 2004). He is also author of five symphonies, twelve concertos as well as chamber music and choral works.Alonso-Crespo served as Music Director of the Tucumán Symphony Orchestra in Argentina and Music Director of the Carnegie Mellon University Contemporary Ensemble in the U.S.A. for the period 1989–2000. Past positions as a conductor also include Principal Guest Conductor and Composer in Residence of the Salta Symphony Orchestra (Argentina), Music Director of the Orquesta Estable de Tucumán, the orchestra of the Tucumán Opera and Ballet Theatre (Argentina), Resident Conductor at Carnegie Mellon University, Associate Conductor of the Carnegie Mellon Philharmonic, Assistant Conductor of the Pittsburgh Civic Orchestra and Music Director of the Carnegie Mellon Wind Ensemble (U.S.A.). His music appeared on the New Energy from the Americas album, performed by the Cincinnati Chamber Orchestra and directed by Keith Lockhart. The music for Macbeth performed by Camerata Lazarte under his direction appeared in 1995. His Concerto for bassoon and orchestra featuring Andrea Merenzon and members of the Buenos Aires Philharmonic was recorded by the Radio Clásica label in Argentina. Eleanor Weingartner recorded his Clarinet Concerto with the Camerata de las Américas (José Luis Castillo, conductor) for the Urtext label, and the Trio Cordilleras recorded his Piano Trio op. 30 for the Meridian label.More recent work for compact disc includes the recording of Leonardo Balada’s Divertimentos with the Carnegie Mellon Contemporary Ensemble for Albany Records, and a CD for Naxos with the Seville Royal Orchestra. List of compositions (in chronological order)

Works for the stage

 Medea, ballet for choir and orchestra (1984)
Putzi, opera in one act, for vocal soloists and orchestra (1986, rev. en 2004)
Juana, la loca, opera in two acts, for vocal soloists, choir and orchestra (1990)
 Macbeth, ballet for orchestra (1994)
 Yubarta, opera in one act (1997)

Orchestral works

 Sinfonietta, for string orchestra (1981)
 Mephisto, waltz from the opera Putzi, for orchestra (1986)
 Overture from the opera Juana, la loca, for orchestra (1989)
 Ballet Music from the opera Juana, la loca, for orchestra (1989)
 Prelude for the opera Yubarta, for orchestra (1992)
 Lady Macbeth, for string orchestra (1996)
 El Valle de los Menhires (The Valley of the Menhirs), version for string orchestra (1997)
 Canto de la Mañana (Morning Chant), for string orchestra (1997)
 Dowland Variations, for orchestra (1999-2000)
 Pachamama (Mother Earth), for female choir or children's choir and string orchestra (sung in Spanish) (2000)
 Symphony no. 1, for orchestra (2002-2003)
 El Valle de los Menhires (The Valley of the Menhirs), version for orchestra (2005)
 Symphony no. 2, for orchestra (2005-2006)
 Symphony no. 3 (Sinfonía Lírica), for soprano and orchestra (2006-2007)
 Symphony no. 4 Hoka-Néni, for orchestra (2007)
 Symphony no.5, for orchestra (2016)
 Symphony no. 6 (Choral), for mixed choir and orchestra (2019)
 Anima Mundi, for mixed choir and orchestra (2020)
 Allegro brioso, for string orchestra with piano obligato (2020)

Concertante music

 Piano Concerto no. 1 (Commentaries on three waltzes by Alberdi), for piano and orchestra (1983)
 Gualba, aria for soprano and orchestra (1989)
 Tibia Piel, duo for soprano, tenor and orchestra (1990)
 Choral Suite from Juana, la loca, for vocal soloists, choir and orchestra (1992)
 Bassoon Concerto, for bassoon and orchestra (1995-1996)
 Chacona en tiempo de tango, for violin and string orchestra (2001)
 Clarinet Concerto, for clarinet and string orchestra (2001-2002)
 Piano Concerto no. 2, for piano and string orchestra (2002)
 Viola Concerto, for viola and string orchestra (2002)
 Violin Concerto no. 1 (Concierto en tiempo de tango), for violin and string orchestra (2004)
 Piano Concerto no. 3, for piano and orchestra (2004-2005)
 Guitar Concerto, for guitar and orchestra (2011)
 Double Concerto for Oboe and Clarinet, for oboe, clarinet and orchestra (2012)
 Double bass Concerto, for double bass and orchestra (2017)
 Violin Concerto no. 2, for violin and orchestra (2017)
 Harp Concerto, for harp and orchestra (2018)
 Date a volar, symphonic lied for soprano and orchestra (2019)
 Flute Concerto, for flute and string orchestra (2019)
 Trumpet Concerto, for piccolo trumpet in A and orchestra (2019)
 Concerto for Piccolo and Orchestra (2020)
 Concerto for Horn and Orchestra (2020)

Chamber music

 String Quartet no.1 (1982)
 Overture from the opera Juana, la loca, version for chamber ensemble (1989)
 Epic Dances, for wind ensemble (1993)
 Macbeth Suite, for chamber ensemble (1994)
 String Quartet no. 2 El Valle de los Menhires (1996)
 Sextet, for piano, two violins, viola, cello and double bass (2010)
 Date a volar, version for soprano, two violins, viola, cello and double bass (2010)
 Trio, for piano, violin and cello (2013)
 Quintet, for clarinet and string quartet (2013)

Choral music

 Pachamama (Mother Earth), for female choir or children's choir (sung in Spanish) (1998-1999)
 Waynápaq Taki (Song of the Adolescent), for mixed choir (sung in Quechua) (2001)
 Ara Pana (Fly, butterfly), for mixed choir (sung in Spanish and in Chiriguano-chané dialect) (2003)

References

External links
Official Website

Argentine classical composers
Argentine conductors (music)
Argentine opera composers
1956 births
Living people
Male classical composers
Male opera composers
People from San Miguel de Tucumán
People from Salta
National University of Tucumán alumni
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
20th-century Argentine artists
21st-century Argentine artists
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
20th-century conductors (music)
21st-century conductors (music)

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Eduardo Alonso
Eduardo Alonso Cpo
Eduardo Alonso


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<mask> (June 13, 1915 – January 26, 2000) was an American tennis player. He is most famous as the first player — male or female, and still the only American male — to win the four tournaments that comprise the Grand Slam of tennis in a single year. <mask> was the second man to win the Career Grand Slam after Fred Perry, and is still the youngest to achieve that feat. He won ten majors, of which six were Grand Slam events (consecutively, a men's record) and four Pro Slams, the latter achieved on three different surfaces. <mask> is considered to have the best backhand in the history of tennis, with most observers rating it better than that of later player Ken Rosewall. He is also the only man to have achieved the Triple Crown (winning singles, men's doubles and mixed doubles at the same tournament) on three separate occasions (Wimbledon in 1937 and 1938, and the US Open in 1938), and the only man to have achieved it twice in one year. <mask> was World number one amateur in 1937 and 1938 and World number one professional in 1939, 1940 and 1942.Early life
<mask> was born in Oakland, California, the son of Scottish immigrant and former soccer player John "Jack" <mask>, who had played several matches for the Rangers reserve team before emigrating to the United States, and Pearl Kincaid <mask>. Growing up, he played a variety of sports before taking up tennis at age 13 at the urging of his older brother, Lloyd, who played tennis for the University of California team. He also had an older sister. He was red-headed, tall and slim, and his height would eventually help what is still considered one of the most powerful serves of all time. Budge studied at the University of California, Berkeley in late 1933 but left to play tennis with the U.S. Davis Cup auxiliary team. Amateur career
Accustomed to hard-court surfaces in his native California, Budge had difficulty playing on the grass courts in the east. However, a good instructor and hard work changed that

1932
Budge reached the semi finals of the West Canada championships in July, where he lost in five sets to Henry Prusoff."The Oakland youngster carried brawny Hank Prusoff of Seattle to five sets, surprising most of the onlookers, including the tournament favorite from Puget Sound. The scores were 6-2, 3-6, 6-3, 2-6, 6-2, with <mask> playing a calm and collected game all the way and letting the hardhitting Prusoff make the errors. The chop stroke of the Seattle man worked to perfection, particularly In the last set, and he always seemed to have something in reserve." 1933
At the Del Monte championships in May, <mask> beat Wallace Bates in straight sets in final. In July, <mask> beat John Murio in the final of the California State championship. "Tennis fans will be talking for days of the men's singles event and of <mask>, whom the experts candidly admit "has everything." Not only has he the strokes of a champion, but the presence and strategy of one far beyond his years.Murio's most burning drives failed to ruffle one of the flaming red hairs on his head". In the final of the Colorado championships in Denver in July, <mask> beat Jack Tidball in five sets. 1934
<mask> beat Ed Chandler in the final in five sets to retain his California State championship title in June. "Chandler went to the net often throughout the match, while <mask> elected to play a baseline game almost exclusively, going to the webbing only when forced to by chop or cross court shots; Chandler, exhausted after his gruelling five-set match with John Murio in the semi-final on Saturday, fought largely on his nerve against the Champion, and at the end of yesterday's strenuous competition again was completely exhausted." 1935
<mask> beat Gene Mako in the final of the Palm Springs tournament in April. <mask> beat Frank Shields in the final of the Newport Casino tournament in August. In the final of the Pacific Southwest tournament in September, <mask> was leading 2 sets to 1 against Roderich Menzel, when Menzel retired, in order to preserve his energy for a mixed doubles match.<mask> beat Bobby Riggs in the final of the Pacific Coast championships in October. 1936
In January, <mask> beat Walter Senior in the final of the Northern California indoor event. In April <mask> won the North and south tournament at Pinehurst beating Hal Surface in three-straight sets for the loss of just one game with a "superb exhibition of speed and control". In June, <mask> beat Dave Jones in the final of Queen's club tournament. <mask> beat Riggs in the final of the Eastern championships in August. <mask> beat Perry in the final of the Pacific Southwest tournament in September. In October, <mask> beat Walter Senior in the final of the Pacific Coast championships.In December <mask> beat Riggs in the final of the Southern California midwinter tournament. 1937
In February, <mask> beat Bryan Grant in the final of the Miami tournament. In June, <mask> beat Bunny Austin in the final at Queen's club tournament. "Seldom has a star of Austin's standing absorbed so crushing a defeat in full view of the public." <mask> swept Wimbledon, winning the singles (beating Gottfried von Cramm in straight sets in the final), the men's doubles title with Gene Mako, and the mixed doubles crown with Alice Marble. In August, <mask> beat Riggs in the final of the Newport Casino tournament. <mask> beat von Cramm in the U. S. Championships final which "was a strange see-saw affair in which Budge twice lapsed from his normally brilliant genius guided game".<mask> beat von Cramm again in the final of the Pacific Southwest tournament in September. <mask> beat Riggs in the final of the Pacific Coast tournament in October. In December <mask> won the Victorian championships beating John Bromwich in the final in a match in which "the hot, humid weather proved trying for the players". <mask> gained the most fame for his match that year against von Cramm in the Davis Cup inter-zone finals against Germany. Trailing 1–4 in the final set, he came back to win 8–6. His victory allowed the US team to advance and to then win the Davis Cup for the first time in 12 years. For his efforts, he was named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year and he became the first tennis player ever to be voted the James E. Sullivan Award as America's top amateur athlete.<mask> was ranked World No. 1 amateur by A. Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph, Mervyn Weston, Daily Telegraph (Sydney), Pierre Gillou, Ned Potter, The Times, Harry Hopman, Alfred Chave, The Telegraph (Brisbane) and Pierre Goldschmidt, L'Auto. 1938
In 1938, <mask> dominated amateur tennis defeating John Bromwich in the Australian final, Roderick Menzel in the French final, Henry "Bunny" Austin at Wimbledon, where he never lost a set (he also won the doubles and mixed doubles), and Gene Mako in the U.S. Championships final (winning doubles and mixed doubles also), to become the first person ever to win the Grand Slam in tennis. He also is the youngest man in history to complete the "Career Grand Slam" (the four majors in one's career). He completed that on June 11, 1938, in winning the French singles, two days before his 23rd birthday. <mask> beat Ladislav Hecht in the final of the Czech championships in Prague in July. <mask> beat Sidney Wood in the final of the Newport Casino tournament in August.<mask> was ranked World No. 1 amateur by Ray Bowers, A. Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph, Pierre Gillou, Ned Potter, Pierre Goldschmidt, L'Auto, The Times (London), F. Gordon Lowe of The Scotsman, Dr. G. H. McElhone of The Sydney Morning Herald, "International" of The Referee,Mervyn Weston, Daily Telegraph (Sydney), Jack Crawford and Alfred Chave, The Telegraph (Brisbane). Professional career

1939
<mask> turned professional in October 1938 after winning the Grand Slam, and thereafter played mostly head-to-head matches. In 1939, he beat the two reigning kings of professional tennis, Ellsworth Vines, 22 matches to 17, and Fred Perry, 28 matches to 8. That year, he also won two major pro tournaments, the French Pro Championship over Vines and the Wembley Pro tournament over Hans Nüsslein. He also finished in first place on the European tour in the summer that also featured Vines, Tilden and Stoefen. <mask> was ranked World No.1 pro by Bowers, Didier Poulain of L'Auto and Alfred Chave, The Telegraph (Brisbane). 1940
There was no World series professional tour in 1940 but seven principal tournaments. <mask> kept his world crown by winning four of these events: the Southeastern Pro at Miami Beach (beating Perry in the final), the North & South Pro at Pinehurst (beating Dick Skeen in the final), the National Open at White Sulphur Springs (beating Bruce Barnes in the final) and the United States Pro Championship (beating Perry in the final). <mask> was ranked World No. 1 pro by Bowers. 1941
In 1941, <mask> played another major tour beating the 48-year-old Bill Tilden, the final outcome being 47–6 plus one tie. <mask> (who had only recently left hospital) lost his opening match in the U. S. Pro championships to John Faunce."You see, <mask> was in the hospital a couple of weeks ago fell down some stairs and banged up his nose and left ear. He didn't have his court legs today and naturally that was my cue to make him run and. believe me, I never hit better drop shots in my life than I hit today. I could put that ball on a dime!" said Faunce afterwards. 1942
In 1942, <mask> won his last major tour over Bobby Riggs, Frank Kovacs, Perry and Les Stoefen. He also won the U.S.Pro at Forest Hills, crushing Riggs 6–2, 6–2, 6–2 in the final. The crowd booed when Riggs was denied a request to wear spiked shoes. After that many of the top pros, including <mask>, became involved in World War 2. <mask> was ranked World No. 1 pro by Bowers and by the USPLTA. Military service

In 1942, <mask> joined the United States Army Air Forces to serve in World War II. At the beginning of 1943, in an obstacle course, he tore a muscle in his shoulder.In his book 'A Tennis Memoir' page 144 he

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