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<mask> (December 18, 1869, Artern, Province of Saxony – December 17,  1958, Stuttgart) was a German pioneer of the Freikörperkultur (free body culture) movement and one of its first organizers. There was a völkisch element in <mask>'s ideas. Career
Ungewitter was of working-class or lower middle-class origins and was trained as a gardener. He became a clerk in the office of a gardening company, then lived for two years in Norway. After returning to Germany, he was one of the founders of a bread manufacturing facility. After that went bankrupt, he worked as a sales representative. He was introduced to nudism (now known as naturism) by Heinrich Pudor, who published under the pseudonym Heinrich Scham (Shame).Today he is considered one of its early pioneers. In 1903 Ungewitter published a booklet entitled Wieder nacktgewordene Menschen (People naked again), which made him quite well known. Almost 100,000 copies were printed within a few years. His first book, Die Nacktheit (Nudity) appeared in 1906 under the full title Die Nacktheit in entwicklungsgeschichtlicher, gesundheitlicher, moralischer und künstlerischer Sicht (Nudity from the point of view of historical development, health, morality and art). It was reprinted several times. Repeated attempts at legal procedures against the book failed because the experts invited by the court testified in favor of Ungewitter. For example, Theodor Lipps, a professor at the University of Munich, stated in his report:

In subsequent years, Ungewitter published further books advocating nudism.His best known work is the book Nackt (Naked), which appeared in 1908. In addition, in 1908 he founded the Vereinigung für hygienische, ethische und ästhetische Kultur (Organization for hygienic, ethical and aesthetic culture). This was the second naturist group in Germany, after a club founded in Essen in 1898, and had approximately 50 members, primarily in South Germany. Both Nackt and his Nacktheit und Kultur (Nudity and Culture, published 1911) were the subject of legal disputes lasting several years, in which, however, he was largely able to obtain satisfactory judgements. Thus, in its session of April 24, 1912, Criminal Trial Chamber III of the Royal Regional Court in Stuttgart rejected the suit by the royal attorneys to suppress Nackt. This legal opinion of the court, under which illustrated naturist publications are permissible, was followed by all other democratic courts of justice in Germany and other countries. Ungewitter, like many Lebensreform theorists of the time, ascribed positive health benefits to nudity.He suggested that wearing clothing might be a cause of tuberculosis, and theorized that the rays of the sun were beneficial to health because they contained metals. By his own account, he had suffered from infections, weakness, and a recurring rash despite medical treatment, and only become healthy and strong after, under the influence of Louis Kuhne's theories, he gave up alcohol and smoking and became a vegetarian; ultimately he adopted a raw food diet in addition to exercising and writing in the nude. <mask> founded his first organization, the Vereinigung für hygienische, ethische und ästhetische Kultur (Society for Hygienic, Ethical and Esthetic Culture) in Stuttgart around 1906. In 1907 <mask> founded the Loge des aufsteigenden Lebens (Lodge of Ascending Life or Rising Life), to which according to his statement on June 17, 1912, more than 800 people belonged. It may have been the first nationwide nudist organization in Germany. In its regular publication Vertrauliche Mitteilungen (Confidential Reports), members advocated naked bathing free of embarrassment, nudity without being disturbed, and to some extent, long-distance nude hiking. In 1914 the name of the lodge was changed to Treubund für aufsteigendes Leben (Brotherhood or Loyalty Club for Ascending Life, abbreviated Tefal).In 1923, <mask>, who dominated the organization, obtained an amendment to its constitution introducing a commitment to "racial hygiene" (völkisch eugenics) and also requiring a commitment to a political party. Many members objected to the alignment with eugenics, and large numbers therefore left the organization, which subsequently waned in importance. However, the move toward eugenics did not constitute an essential change in his theories. As early as 1910, he had written in Nacktheit und Kultur:

He was specifically anti-Semitic, and was also associated with the völkisch journal Die Ostara. <mask> was unusual among naturists in making a close connection between nudism, marriage, and racialism, and advocated compulsory nudity (nude exercises three times a day) together with vegetarianism. In 1919 he had edited Der Zusammenbruch: Deutschlands Wiedergeburt durch Blut und Eisen, which lays out a program for Germany's recovery from the defeat of World War I in which compulsory nudity is an element. <mask> was also notably anti-feminist, arguing that girls should be educated only in things that would equip them to run a household and that they should be required to undergo a year's service including physical exercise, and notably hostile toward the rich, whom he attacked for "status arrogance" that extended to preferring fashionable ailments to health.After the Nazis came to power, <mask> did not find the expected support for his ideas. There was an initial crackdown on nudists in 1933, then those who advocated recreational nudity were accommodated, but Ungewitter, with his pronounced anti-urbanism and advocacy of rural naturist settlements (at least two Tefal settlements existed by the mid-1920s), was forced out. In 1938 he was sidelined with an honorary post. He died in Stuttgart in December 1958, on the evening before his 89th birthday. Awards and honors

 1953 Honorary Membership in the Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur (German Association for Free Body Culture)

Works
as author
 Wieder nackt gewordene Menschen, 1903
 Die Nacktheit, 1905. Trans. Tessa Wilson.Nakedness: In an Historical, Hygienic, Moral and Artistic Light. Riverside, California: Ultraviolet, 2005. Diätische Ketzereien. Die Eiweißtheorie mit ihren Folgen, als Krankheitsursache, und ihre wissenschaftlich begründete Verabschiedung, 1908
 Nackt. Eine kritische Studie, 1909
 Kultur und Nacktheit. Eine Forderung, 1911

 Rassenverschlechterung durch Juda, 1919
 Nacktheit und Aufstieg. Ziele zur Erneuerung des deutschen Volkes, 1920
 Rettung oder Untergang des deutschen Volkes.Nur für Deutschgeborene!, 1921
 Nacktheit und Moral. Wege zur Rettung des deutschen Volkes, 1925
 Aus Entartung zur Rasse-Pflege. Ein Weckruf in zwölfter Stunde, 1934
 Denkschrift zur Impfung, 1938
 as editor

 Der Zusammenbruch: Deutschlands Wiedergeburt durch Blut und Eisen, 1919

See also
 Lebensreform

Notes and references

Further reading

 Georg Schückler. "Gefährliche Wurzeln der Freikörperkultur-Bewegung. Kirchenhaß und Antisemitismus bei <mask>tter, dem 'Vater der deutschen FKK'". Cologne-Klettenberg: Volkswartbund, 1953. Kai Buchholz et al.(ed.). Die Lebensreform. Entwürfe zur Neugestaltung von Leben und Kunst um 1900. Volume 1. Darmstadt: Haeusser, 2001. Andreas Schmölling. "Lebensspuren eines Lichtkämpfers.Aus Schaffen und Werk von <mask> (1868–1958), Lebensreformer und Pionier der Freikörperkultur". Aratora 12 (2002) 16–49

External links

1869 births
1958 deaths
People from Artern
People from the Province of Saxony
German activists
Naturism in Germany
Raw foodists
Social nudity advocates
German naturists

masks:
Richard Ungewitter
Ungewitter
Ungewitter
Ungewitter
Ungewitter
Ungewitter
Ungewitter
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Richard Ungewi
Richard Ungewitter


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<mask> (born 28 September 1960) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Hawthorn Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He is currently the senior coach for the Port Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). <mask>' playing career is honored by the existence of the <mask> Award, an annual award given to the player judged best-afield by the AFL Coaches Association throughout each AFL finals series. Playing career
Beginning his football career with Hawthorn in 1978, he had an illustrious career spanning from 1978–1993, playing 269 games and booting 70 goals. He was part of a total of 5 premiership teams – 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, and 1991. He won the Norm Smith Medal twice, adjudged best on ground in 1986 and 1988 and is one of only four players in the history of the AFL to do so. <mask> captained Victoria against Tasmania in the 1989 State of Origin contest.He captained the Hawks in his final two years from 1992–1993. <mask> played most of his football in defence, particular the back pocket position. He was nicknamed "Conan" by fans in reference to his powerful upper-body physique. He used his body to good effect in body on body contested situations. <mask>' height and weight was 187 cm / 100 kg. Allan Jeans described <mask> Smith Medal: 1986, 1988
 Peter Crimmins Medal: 1986
 3× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990
 State of Origin (Victoria 2nd XVIII team): 1990 (c)
Australian Football Hall of Fame: 1999 Inductee
Hawthorn F.C. Hall of Fame
'Hawthorn F.C. Team of the Century

Post-playing career

Coaching career

Geelong Football Club senior coach (1995-1999)
After retiring, <mask> turned to coaching; starting as an assistant coach under senior coach Malcolm Blight at Geelong for the 1994 season. After Blight's resignation in 1994, following Geelong's defeat to the West Coast Eagles in the 1994 Grand Final, <mask> was appointed Geelong Football Club senior coach for the 1995 season after Blight handed the coaching reigns to <mask>. In his first year and season as Geelong Football Club senior coach, the Cats lost to Carlton in the 1995 Grand Final by 61 points under <mask>, which was their fourth Grand Final defeat in seven seasons.In the 1996 season, Geelong under <mask> finished seventh with thirteen wins, one draw and eight losses, where they made it to the qualifying final losing to North Melbourne. In the 1997 season, <mask> guided Geelong to finish second on the ladder with fifteen wins and seven losses, but however lost to North Melbourne again in the qualifying finals and were eliminated by the eventual premiers Adelaide in the semi finals. In the 1998 season, Geelong with <mask> struggled and finished twelve with nine wins and thirteen losses. In 1999, at the end of a disappointing 1999 season where Geelong under <mask> finished eleventh with ten wins and twelve losses and after the board of Geelong Football Club, that was led by CEO Brian Cook, refused to offer him a contract extension beyond the 2000 AFL season, <mask> quit as Geelong Football Club senior coach to take the coaching position at Adelaide where Malcolm Blight had, again, just resigned. <mask> was replaced by Mark Thompson as Geelong Football Club senior coach. <mask> coached Geelong Football Club to a total of 116 games with 65 wins 50 losses and one draw to a winning percentage of 56 percent. Adelaide Football Club senior coach (2000-2004)
<mask> once again replaced Malcolm Blight, this time as Adelaide Football Club senior coach at the end of the 1999 season and coached Adelaide from 2000 until 2004.In his first season at the Crows, the club struggled and finished eleventh with nine wins and thirteen losses at the end of the 2000 season. <mask>, however guided the Crows to the final series in the next three seasons in the  2001 season, 2002 season and 2003 season, including reaching the elimination final in 2001, where they were eliminated by Carlton,  the preliminary final in 2002, where they were eliminated by the eventual runners-up Collingwood and the Semi finals in 2003, where they were eliminated by the eventual premiers Brisbane Lions. However, during the 2004 season, the club with <mask> found themselves struggling again where Adelaide sat twelve on the ladder with four wins and nine losses after Round 13, 2004. When told he would not continue as senior coach for the 2005 season, <mask> quit midseason. Though he had been given the opportunity to stay for the rest of season 2004, he told the Adelaide board that if he could not coach the following year, he would leave immediately. He then walked out of the club's office without shaking hands or responding to media enquiries. <mask> coached Adelaide to a total of 107 games with a 55–52 win-loss ratio to a winning percentage of 51.4 percent.He was replaced by assistant coach Neil Craig, who coached for the remainder of season 2004 in a caretaker role and was eventually employed full-time senior coach. Post AFL senior coaching roles

Essendon Football Club assistant coach (2006-2007)
In 2006, he returned to coaching as assistant coach at the Essendon Football Club, under senior coach Kevin Sheedy. When Matthew Knights was appointed as senior coach of Essendon at the end of the 2007 season, Knights vowed to modernise the club's support staff, <mask> subsequently lost his position as assistant coach. Port Melbourne Football Club senior coach (VFL) (2008-2021)
In 2008, <mask> was appointed senior coach of the Port Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football League. <mask> has coached at Port Melbourne continuously since then, with his current contract set to expire at the end of 2017, and he is the longest-serving coach in the club's history. <mask> has coached Port Melbourne to two premierships and three minor premierships, which included the club's perfect 2011 season, in which the club won all 21 of its premiership matches. Awards
On 24 October 2000, <mask> was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for contribution to Australian Football.Media career
In 2005, <mask> spent the year in the media on Fox Footy Channel. Prior to that he also had a stint on Seven's Talking Footy''. References

External links

Footywire: <mask> Coaching Record

1960 births
Living people
Geelong Football Club coaches
Adelaide Football Club coaches
Hawthorn Football Club players
Hawthorn Football Club Premiership players
Port Melbourne Football Club coaches
Warragul Football Club players
Peter Crimmins Medal winners
Norm Smith Medal winners
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Victorian State of Origin players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
People from Warragul
Five-time VFL/AFL Premiership players

masks:
Gary James Ayres
Ayres
Gary Ayres
Ayres
Gary
Ayres
AyresCm
Ayres
Ayres
Ayres
Ayres
Ayres
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Gary Ayres


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<mask> (January 15, 1928 – March 16, 2021) was an American painter, sculptor, and writer, who spent the majority of her career living and working in Paris, France before returning to New York City. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Newark, New Jersey, on January 15, 1928. Her father, Jack, worked in sales; her mother, Sylvia (Justman), was his bookkeeper. <mask> was raised in Philadelphia. As a child, she expressed a passion for art, and by the age of twelve, she was enrolled in a Saturday morning program for artistically gifted children at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, followed a few years later by art classes at Fleisher Art Memorial. <mask> graduated from Olney High School in 1945, and went on to study for one year at the Philadelphia Museum School of Industrial Arts (now known as the University of Arts, Philadelphia), after which, she was awarded an Honors Scholarship to the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. While attending PAFA, she simultaneously earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Pennsylvania studying French, English, Psychology, and Art History.From 1949 to 1951, <mask> completed additional studies in Art Appreciation via the Barnes Foundation, attending afternoon classes per week. Early 1950s New York
<mask> lived in New York City during the heyday of the New York School of Abstract Expressionism. <mask> is officially recognized as part of the second wave of American Abstract Expressionists. She socialized with Willem de Kooning and Franz Kline, among others. Her social life revolved around the Cedar Tavern on University Place. Describing life in her fourth floor Greenwich Village walk-up, <mask> stated: "I painted on the floor, not by choice à la Jackson Pollock but for lack of a table. The painter Al Held and sculptor Ronnie Bladen worked at the Door Store and, upon hearing of my predicament, carried a wooden door up four flights of stairs and plopped it on top of the bathtub.From then on, I could work at a more comfortable height." 1950s Paris
<mask> traveled to Paris for the first time in the early 1950s, one of many moves between Paris, Philadelphia, and New York. (She has also lived in Los Angeles, Rome, and Pietrasanta, Italy). She lived and worked in France and Italy for over 30 years. "I have lived many years in Italy and France and was privileged to know, and sometimes exhibit with many writers and artists who have greatly contributed to modern art, i.e. Giacometti, Sonia Delaunay, who invited me to choose my paint supplies and put it on her tab, Hundertwasser, who painted 3 portraits of me, Yves Klein, Alberto Burri, who asked me to translate between him and Martha Jackson for his first show in New York, Joan Mitchell, Sam Francis, Carlo Levi, an Italian writer who painted a portrait of me, and others". In 1951, she traveled to North Africa with the painter Friedensreich Hundertwasser, and is the subject of three paintings titled "Rosyln 1, 2, 3."<mask> described life in 1950s Paris, and the cafe scene at Le Select cafe on Boulevard du Montparnasse, a 'replacement' for New York's Cedar Tavern, in an article titled "Cafe Society", published by Vogue Magazine in September 2012:

"Le Select did not discriminate in its patrons-wealthy dilettantes, established artists and writers, and perhaps most of all, the penniless emerging artists hoping to brush shoulders with and find inspiration from the few local celebrities. Le Select had its regulars, whose eccentricities were well known to one another. It was common for Beauford Delaney, the American expat artist who painted James Baldwin's portrait, to make himself completely at home at a table not his own, reaching for someone else's half-finished drink and swallowing it in one gulp... Another frequent visitor was the dark-eyed, dark-haired Yves Klein, sturdy from his intense study of judo, who would apply paint to nude women and have them lean against his canvases...there I would meet painters Pegeen Guggenheim and Ralph Rumney before dinner at Wadja around the corner or a gathering at Michel Mendes France's apartment." Later years
<mask> left Paris in 2008 and moved back to New York City. Later exhibitions and shows include: "Amaranth <mask>: Au Rythme des Saisons" (2007) at the Maison des Arts de Bagneux, France,  "Amaranth Ehrenhalt" (2010), at the Maximillian Gallery in Hollywood, California, "Amaranth Ehrenhalt: A Hidden Treasure" (2012), at the Anita Shapolsky Gallery and Art Foundation, New York City, "Shifting Ecologies" (2014) curated by Marianne Van Lent at The Painting Center, New York City, and "Colorimetry" (2014) at Galerie102 in Ojai, California. Ehrenhalt died on March 16, 2021, in Manhattan. She was 93, and had been diagnosed with COVID-19 prior to her death.Work
<mask>'s career spanned more than sixty years. Her works have been included in numerous solo exhibitions and group shows. Her work and contribution to  American Abstract Expressionism is profiled in American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism, published in 2009 by The New York School Press. Her influences include: Giotto and Cimabue, DaVinci, El Greco, Cezanne, Renoir, Matisse, Picasso, Kandinsky, Gorky, de Kooning, and Jackson Pollock. <mask> has shown in group exhibitions alongside her contemporaries: Joan Mitchell, Sam Francis, Beauford Delaney, Shirley Jaffe, and others. Her work is in collections around the world—from the Time, Inc. building in Chicago, to the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington, DC, to the National Foundation of Contemporary Art in Paris, France. In 1962, Pulitzer prize winning poet John Ashbery published a review of <mask>'s work in the International Herald Tribune (Paris, France, 3 October 1962): "A key figure among these 31 artists from 14 different countries might be the American <mask>, who shows a large canvas with the inviting title, Jump In and Move Around.It is both an excellent example of New York School abstraction (lush colors, fluent brushwork, bustling composition) and an attempt at a new possibly eerie form of figuration. The large flat areas juxtaposed with smaller, detailed ones seem always on the point of resolving themselves into a landscape or a portrait". Her work expands beyond the canvas to include drawings, prints, watercolors, tapestries, mosaics, murals, sculptures, poetry, prose and more. Gallerist Anita Shapolsky wrote: "She is the most multi-talented woman artist that I have ever encountered, producing paintings, sculpture, mosaics, ceramics, watercolors, tapestries, scarves, prints, poetry and writing. Her counterpart would be Picasso, in terms of the amount of creative output and variety." References

20th-century American painters
1928 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)
21st-century American painters
Artists from Newark, New Jersey
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists

masks:
Amaranth Roslyn Ehrenhalt
Ehrenhalt
Ehrenhalt
Ehrenhalt
Ehrenhalt
Ehrenhalt
Ehrenhalt
Ehrenhalt
Ehrenhalt
Ehrenhalt
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Ehrenhalt


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<mask>, born Brynhild Paulsdatter Størseth (November 11, 1859 – possibly April 28, 1908), nicknamed "Hell's Belle", was a Norwegian-American serial killer who was active in Illinois and Indiana between 1884 and 1908. Gunness is thought to have killed at least fourteen people, most of whom were men she enticed to visit her rural Indiana property on the promise of marriage, while some sources speculate her involvement in as many as forty murders. <mask> seemingly died in a fire in 1908, but it is popularly believed that she faked her death. Her actual fate is unconfirmed. Early life
Brynhild Paulsdatter Storset (<mask>) was born in Selbu, Norway on November 11, 1859 to Paul and Berit Storset; she was the youngest of eight children. She was confirmed at the Evangelical Lutheran Church in 1874. At age 14, she began working for neighboring farms by milking and herding cattle to save enough money for passage to New York.She moved to the United States in 1881. When she was processed by immigration at Castle Garden, she changed her first name to <mask>, then travelled to Chicago to join her sister, Nellie who had immigrated several years earlier. In Chicago, while living with her sister and brother-in-law, she worked as a domestic servant, then got a job at a butcher's shop cutting up animal carcasses, until her first marriage in 1884. Deaths associated with Gunness

Mads Sorenson and children
<mask> married Mads Sorenson in 1884. Sorenson and Gunness owned a candy store which burned to the ground. The couple’s home had also burned down, and both instances granted the couple insurance payouts. Two babies in their home died from inflammation of the large intestine, which can result from poisoning.<mask> had insured both of the children and collected a large insurance check after each death. Neighbors gossiped about the babies, since <mask> never appeared to be pregnant. Sorenson had purchased two life insurance policies. On July 30, 1890, both policies were active at the same time, as one would expire that day, and the other began. Sorenson died of cerebral hemorrhage that day. <mask> explained he had come home with a headache and she provided him with quinine powder for the pain; she later checked on him and he was dead. Gunness collected money from both the expiring life insurance policy, and the one that went into effect that day, making a total of $5,000.With the insurance money, she moved to La Porte, Indiana, and bought a pig farm. <mask>
<mask> married <mask> on April 1, 1902. The following week, while Peter was out of the house, his infant daughter died of unknown cause in <mask>'s care. Peter died eight months later due to a skull injury. <mask> explained that Peter reached for something on a high shelf and a meat grinder fell on him, smashing his skull. The district coroner convened a coroner's jury, suspecting murder, but nothing came of the case. <mask> collected $3000 insurance money for Peter's death.Disappearances
Gunness began placing marriage ads in Chicago newspapers in 1905. One of her ads was answered by a Wisconsin farmhand, Henry Gurholt. After travelling to La Porte, Gurholt wrote his family, saying that he liked the farm, was in good health, and requesting that they send him seed potatoes. When they failed to hear from him after that, the family contacted Gunness. She told them Gurholt had gone off with horse traders to Chicago. She kept his trunk and fur overcoat. John Moe of Minnesota answered Gunness's ad in 1906.After they had corresponded for several months, Moe travelled to La Porte and withdrew a large amount of cash. Although no one ever saw Moe again, a carpenter who did occasional work for Gunness observed that Moe's trunk remained in her house, along with more than a dozen others. Andrew Helgelien and discovery of multiple graves

Her criminal activities came to light in April 1908, when the Gunness farmhouse in La Porte, Indiana burned to
the ground. In the ruins, authorities found the bodies of a headless adult woman, initially identified as <mask>, and her three children. Further investigation unearthed the partial remains of at least 11 additional people on the Gunness property. After the fire at the Gunness homestead led to the discovery of bodies believed to be Gunness and her children, La Porte police authorities were contacted by Asle Helgelien, who had found correspondence between his brother, Andrew Helgelien, and Gunness; the letters included petitions for him to relocate to La Porte, to bring money, and to keep the move a secret. A visit by Asle Helgelien to the Gunness farm with a former hired hand led to attention being paid to "soft depressions" in what had been made into a pen for hogs; after briefly digging one of the depressions in the lot, a gunny sack was found that contained "two hands, two feet, and one head", which Helgelien recognized to be those of his brother.Immediate inspection of the site revealed that there were dozens of such "slumped depressions" in the Gunness yard, and further digging and investigation at the site yielded multiple burlap sacks containing "torsos and hands, arms hacked from the shoulders down, masses of human bone wrapped in loose flesh that dripped like jelly", from trash-covered depressions that proved to be graves. In each case, the body had been butchered in the same manner—the body decapitated, the arms removed at the shoulders, and the legs severed at the knees. Blunt trauma and gashes characterized the skulls that were found that had been separated from the bodies. Lucas Reilly, quoting The Chicago Inter Ocean in Mental Floss, noted thatThe bones had been crushed on the ends, as though they had been... struck with hammers after they were dismembered... [and that] Quicklime had been scattered over the faces and stuffed in the ears. After finding the parts of five bodies on the first day, and an additional six on the second—some in shallow graves under the original hog pen, others near an outhouse or a lake—"the police stopped counting". With these discoveries, the perceptions of <mask>ess, as reported in newspaper descriptions of a praiseworthy woman—dying in the fire that consumed her house, "in a desperate attempt to save her children"—were reassessed. Despite the initial success with the identification of Andrew Helgelien, and despite the fact that widening news coverage of the mass murders invited inquiries from families with men that had gone missing, "[m]ost of the remains could not be identified."Involvement of Ray Lamphere
Ray Lamphere was <mask>' hired hand and on-and-off lover. In November 1908, Lamphere was convicted of arson in connection with the fire. Lamphere later confessed that Gunness had placed advertisements seeking male companionship, only to murder and rob the men who responded and subsequently visited her on the farm. Lamphere stated that Gunness asked him to burn down the farmhouse with her children inside. Lamphere also asserted that the body thought to be Gunness's was in fact a murder victim, chosen and planted to mislead investigators. The brother of one victim had warned <mask> that he might arrive at the farm shortly to investigate his brother's disappearance. According to Lamphere, this impending visit motivated Gunness to destroy her house, fake her own death, and flee.When Lamphere was arrested, he was wearing John Moe's overcoat and Henry Gurholt's watch. Edward Bechly, a journalist, was given a secret assignment to acquire access to a confession and publish it, thus bringing a second, inconsistent Lamphere account to light. The second account is based on the report that Lamphere contacted a Reverend Edwin Schell and provided him with a verbal confession that Schell transcribed and had Lamphere sign, a document that Schell kept sealed in his personal safe. Bechly attempted to convince Schell to allow him to publish this later confession, but was denied by both Schell and Schell's wife. However, a separate newspaper published a story with speculation regarding the second Lamphere confession. Described as worried as to the peace of the families of the victims, Schell offered the confession to Bechly, which was later published. The Bechly narrative, entitled "Lanphere's Confession" [sic], contains this summary from Bechly: In the confession, Lanphere [sic] said that he had killed Mrs. Gunness and children with an ax, sprinkled the bodies with kerosene and set fire to them and the house.It gave details of the slaying, and told of his part in the former murders which occurred at the Gunness farm, his task usually being the burying of the bodies in the garden. The essential fact, however, was that the murderess was not alive as a fugitive. The publication of Lamphere's confession resulted in the subsequent arrest of his accomplice Elisabeth Smith. The inconsistencies between the two confessions, including the matter of the survival of <mask>, remain historical issues that are not fully resolved. Legacy
<mask> was pronounced dead, even though the doctor who performed the postmortem testified that the headless body was five inches shorter and about fifty pounds lighter than Gunness. No explanation was provided for what happened to the body's head. Whether Gunness died in the fire or escaped remained uncertain, although the sheriff blamed a Chicago American reporter for inventing the "escaped" story.Reported "sightings" of  Gunness in the Chicago area continued long after she was declared dead. At the time, police looked into reports of women suspected to be <mask>, none of which led to her apprehension. In 2008 DNA tests were performed on the headless corpse in an attempt to compare the DNA in the corpse against a sample from a letter Gunness had sent to one of her victims, but due to its age the sample was not able to be properly tested. After Gunness' crimes came to light, the Gunness farm became a tourist attraction. Spectators came from across the country to see the mass graves, and concessions and souvenirs were sold. Moreover, the crime became an acknowledged part of area history: the La Porte County Historical Society Museum has a permanent "Belle Gunness" exhibit. Gunness has also been the subject of at least two American musical ballads.Method, a 2004 film starring Elizabeth Hurley as Rebecca who is portraying Gunness in a film within the film, being shot in Romania. In 2017, true crime podcast My Favorite Murder performed and later released a live episode detailing Gunness' crimes. The Farm, a 2021 film starring Traci Lords, is based on the <mask>ess story. In the Garden of Spite: A Novel of the Black Widow of LaPorte is a 2021 novel by Camilla Bruce with elements of "Norwegian noir and true crime" based on the life of <mask>. See also
 Lonely hearts killer
 List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
 List of unsolved murders

General:
 List of serial killers in the United States
 List of serial killers by number of victims

References

Further reading
 Janet L. Langlois (1985). <mask>, the Lady Bluebeard: Narrative Use of a Deviant Woman. In: Susan J. Kalcik, Rosan A. Jordan (editors) (1985).Women's Folklore, Women's Culture. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. . Pages 109–124. Anne Berit Vestby (2006). Only Belle: Bare Belle - En seriemorder fra Selbu. Lillian de la Torre (1955). The Truth about <mask>ess (MysteriousPress.com/Open Road)

1859 births
1908 murders in the United States
19th-century American criminals
19th-century American women
20th-century American criminals
20th-century American women
American murderers of children
American female serial killers
American serial killers
Crimes in Indiana
Filicides in the United States
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
Murderers for life insurance money
Norwegian murderers of children
Norwegian serial killers
People from Selbu
20th-century American people

masks:
Belle Gunness
Gunness
Belle Gunness
Belle
Belle Gunness
Belle
Belle
Gunness
Peter Gunness
Belle
Peter Gunness
Belle
Belle
Belle
Belle Gunness
Belle Gunn
Gunness
Gunness
Belle Gunness
Belle Gunness
Belle
Belle Gunn
Belle Gunness
Belle Gunness
Belle Gunn


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<mask>  (4 November 1919 – 31 March 1944), was a Royal Canadian Air Force officer, the pilot instructor aboard a Vickers Wellington bomber, who was taken prisoner during the Second World War. He took part in the 'Great Escape' from Stalag Luft III in March 1944, but was one of the men recaptured and subsequently shot by the Gestapo. Pre-war life
<mask> was born in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, the son of Olive Mary and Captain <mask> an English couple. His father was Forest Ranger at the Jasper National Park and its first resident official and Chief Warden from 1911. He returned to England to serve in World War I and settled back in Canada at Jasper with his new wife in 1919 where they started their family. <mask> was their eldest son. He was educated at Jasper Public and High Schools from September 1926 to June 1936 and Banff High School from September 1936 to June 1937 and worked for Brewster Transport as a driver during the summers and also for six months on engineering surveys in the National Parks as a chainman and on instrument work.War service
On 29 January 1940 in Edmonton, Alberta <mask> joined in the Royal Canadian Air Force as a Regular Service officer and was commissioned, he was assigned to Calgary Aero Club flying Gypsy Moth aircraft and then to No.1 Initial Training Squadron Toronto, serving at RCAF Camp Borden he was awarded his aircrew brevet pilot's flying badge on 19 August 1940. <mask> was promoted flying officer and posted to Station Trenton on 5 October 1940. He transferred to No.6 Service Flying Training School at Dunnville on 21 November 1940 serving there as a flying instructor to 7 April 1942 during which time he was promoted to temporary flight lieutenant on 9 August 1941. <mask> flew to England to begin operational flying and landed on 9 April 1942. He joined No. 16 Operational Training Unit RAF flying Wellington bombers on 19 May 1942. Prisoner of war
On the night of 28–29 July 1942 at 22:14 hours he took off in a Wellington Mark Ic bomber (serial number R1450) from RAF Upper Heyford to bomb the German shipbuilding and port city of Hamburg flying as Instructor with a student crew.The bomber was shot down over Lübeck in northern Germany by a Luftwaffe night fighter and crashed killing 3 of the crew, the pilot was taken prisoner unhurt but <mask> and the rear gunner were taken prisoner seriously injured. He had baled out with his parachute on fire and was badly burned and hospitalized for 2 months by the Germans during which time he was promoted to full flight lieutenant before being sent on 1 October 1942 to Stalag Luft III in the province of Lower Silesia near the town of Sagan (now Żagań in Poland). 'Great Escape'
As prisoner No. 710 <mask> was involved in the planning and excavation of the tunnel code-named "Harry" which was located under the barrack's stove in Room 23 of Block 104. He was also the "trapfuehrer" responsible to ensure that the red hot stove on its tiled piece of removable flooring was back in place over the tunnel whenever the guards were nearby. He mastered his technique to a point that he could close the trap door above the tunnellers cushioned with blankets to kill any hollow sound, and get the stove in place with carefully replaced dust and dirt within 20 seconds of a guard approaching. <mask> saved the tunnel from discovery on several occasions.The tunnel was completed in early March 1944 measuring 106.07 m (348 ft) in length and the date for the break-out was set for 24 March. Approximately 600 airmen had worked on various aspects of the tunnel's construction. A list of 220 people was compiled for the actual escape but only 80 managed to get through the tunnel and of these, four were apprehended at the tunnel's exit. He was one of the 76 men who escaped the prison camp on the night of 24–25 March 1944 in the escape now famous as "the Great Escape". Having got clear of the camp Langford was in a party of officers who fought their way through the snow and bitter cold walking as fast as they could, they kept pushing onwards despite the weather and survived freezing nights outdoors only to be recaptured on 28 March 1944. He was in the party with Ian Cross, Jack Grisman, Sandy Gunn and Tom Leigh held at Görlitz Civil Prison, where on the morning of 31 March 1944 Keith Ogilvie saw Edgar Humphreys, Dutchy Swain, Chaz Hall, Brian Evans, Wally Valenta, George McGill, <mask>, "Adam" Wlodzimierz Kolanowski, Bob Stewart and "Hank" Henry Birkland being led away to a covered truck, They were all shot in a clearing off the Görlitz to Sagan road just outside Görlitz and cremated at Liegnitz by the Gestapo. <mask> was one of the 50 escapers executed and murdered by the Gestapo.Originally his remains were buried at Sagan, he is now buried in part of the Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery. he is also commemorated by the Royal Canadian Air Force. His name was amongst those in the list of the murdered prisoners which was published when news broke on or about 19–20 May 1944. and he is also mentioned in the "Ottawa Citizen" on 27 February 1946. Awards
Mentioned in Despatches for conspicuous gallantry as a prisoner of war (none of the other relevant decorations then available could be awarded posthumously). It was published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 8 June 1944. Other victims
See Stalag Luft III murders
The Gestapo executed a group of 50 of the recaptured prisoners representing almost all of the nationalities involved in the escape. Post-war investigations saw a number of those guilty of the murders tracked down, arrested and tried for their crimes.References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Project Lessons from the Great Escape (Stalag Luft III), by Mark Kozak-Holland. The prisoners formally structured their work as a project. This book analyses their efforts using modern project management methods. 1919 births
1944 deaths
Royal Canadian Air Force officers
Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II
Canadian World War II pilots
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
People from Edmonton
Canadian military personnel killed in World War II
Participants in the Great Escape from Stalag Luft III
Canadian escapees
Extrajudicial killings in World War II

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<mask> (born 27 April 1976) is an English actress. She has received a Golden Globe Award and the Berlin International Film Festival Silver Bear for Best Actress, in addition to nominations for a Critics' Choice Movie Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, two Academy Awards, and two British Academy Film Awards. After graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, <mask> started her career as a stage actress in productions such as Romeo and Juliet (playing Juliet), Much Ado About Nothing, and A Midsummer Night's Dream. Her first major role was in Mike Leigh's All or Nothing in 2002. She continued working with Leigh, appearing in a supporting role in Vera Drake (2004) and taking the lead in Happy-Go-Lucky (2008), for which she won several awards, including the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and the Silver Bear for Best Actress. <mask> appeared in two Woody Allen films, Cassandra's Dream (2007) and Blue Jasmine (2013); for the latter, she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She went on to play the lead role in Made in Dagenham (2010), Paddington (2014), Maudie (2016), and Paddington 2 (2017), and appeared in Godzilla (2014) and Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019).For starring as a mute cleaning woman in the romantic fantasy film The Shape of Water (2017), she earned acclaim and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. <mask> has also appeared in stage productions with the Royal Court Theatre in London, and in 2010 made her Broadway debut in Mrs. Warren's Profession. In 2012 she starred in Constellations at the Royal Court Theatre, which later moved to the Duke of York's Theatre in the West End. On television, she appeared in the BBC adaptations of Tipping The Velvet (2002) as Zena Blake, and Fingersmith (2005) as Sue Trinder. She also appeared as Anne Elliot in Persuasion (2007), ITV's adaptation of Jane Austen's novel. Early life
<mask> was born in Dulwich, London on 27 April 1976, the daughter of Jacqui <mask> and <mask>, authors and illustrators of children's books. Her parents both have Irish ancestry.She has a brother, Finbar, a television and film producer. <mask> grew up in Blackheath in a National Trust-protected gingerbread house designed by Patrick Gwynne. She developed an interest in acting at the age of three when she went to a circus show. She intended to go into comedy but ended up doing theatre plays. She attended James Allen's Girls' School in Dulwich, and graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1998. She has dyslexia and suffers from lupus, which she revealed in an interview in January 2018. Career
<mask> started her career primarily as a stage actress in such productions as Accidental Death of an Anarchist, Romeo and Juliet, The Cherry Orchard, Much Ado About Nothing, A Midsummer Night's Dream and Misconceptions.She also had small appearances on television series such as Casualty and Doctors. In 1998 while still a student, <mask> was cast as an extra in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. In 2002, <mask> played Samantha in Mike Leigh's film All or Nothing. It was the first of three films <mask> and Leigh worked on together, the second of which was the 2004 film Vera Drake. She appeared as Slasher in the 2004 action film Layer Cake. Her first major television role came in 2005, when she played Susan Trinder in the BAFTA-nominated BBC drama Fingersmith, an adaptation of Sarah Waters' novel of the same name, in which she co-starred with Imelda Staunton. She then starred in another BBC adaptation, Patrick Hamilton's Twenty Thousand Streets Under the Sky.Between 2003 and 2005 she appeared in four episodes of the BBC comedy series Little Britain. <mask> acted in David Hare's adaptation of Federico García Lorca's play The House of Bernarda Alba in 2005, at Royal National Theatre. She has also lent her voice to numerous radio series such as Concrete Cow, on which she also was a writer, Ed Reardon's Week, Think the Unthinkable, Cash Cows, War with the Newts and The Party Line. In 2006, <mask> returned to the stage, appearing at the Royal Court Theatre in Jez Butterworth's The Winterling. During 2006 she also made uncredited appearances in Richard Ayoade's Man to Man with Dean Learner where she played various uncredited roles in various deleted scenes included on the series DVD. She was later directed by Ayoade on two of his films, The Double and Submarine. In 2007, she played Anne Elliot in the television film of Jane Austen's Persuasion.Her performance was well received by critics and was awarded a Golden Nymph. She also had a supporting role in the Woody Allen film Cassandra's Dream, starring Colin Farrell and Ewan McGregor. In 2008, <mask> had her breakthrough when reunited with Leigh for a third time in the 2008 comedy-drama film Happy-Go-Lucky, portraying Poppy Cross, a kindhearted primary school teacher. Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, praising its humor and depth and <mask>'s acting, stating "[<mask>] is a joy to behold." Peter Bradshaw wrote in The Guardian that "<mask> plays [Poppy] superbly", while Tom Long of The Detroit News dubbed her performance "Oscar-worthy". Her performance received many accolades, including winning a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and Silver Bear for Best Actress. Three films starring <mask>, Made in Dagenham, Submarine and Never Let Me Go, all premiered at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival.All three received positive reviews and <mask>'s performances were met with critical acclaim. Regarding her performance in Made In Dagenham, Roger Ebert wrote that "[<mask>] shows an effortless lightness of being" while Xan Brooks of The Guardian remarked that "<mask> gives a winning performance". In October 2010, she appeared on Broadway as Vivie in Mrs. Warren's Profession at the American Airlines Theatre. In 2011 she had a supporting role in the film adaptation of Jane Eyre, and was the female lead in the romantic comedy film Love Birds. In 2012, she and Rafe Spall co-starred in the play Constellations at the Royal Court Theatre and later Duke of York's Theatre. The play was met with positive reviews and won the best play category at the Evening Standard Theatre Awards. She also had a small role as Mrs Joe in the 2012 adaption of Great Expectations.In 2013, <mask> starred opposite Cate Blanchett and was directed by Woody Allen for the second time in the critically acclaimed film Blue Jasmine, a role for which she received her first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, as well as nods for the BAFTA, the Golden Globe and other accolades. The same year she starred in All Is Bright alongside Paul Giamatti and Paul Rudd, and had a small appearance as a receptionist in the Richard Ayoade film The Double. In 2014, she appeared in Godzilla as Dr Vivienne Graham, a scientist assisting Dr Ishiro Serizawa, played by Ken Watanabe. Godzilla received positive reviews and grossed over $529 million to become <mask>'s most seen film to that point. She reprised the role in 2019's Godzilla: King of the Monsters, which grossed $177 million in its opening weekend and subsequently became one of the highest-grossing films of 2019. She also co-starred with John Hawkes and Michael Cera in the Charlie Kaufman television pilot How and Why, which was not picked up. <mask> portrayed the mother of Asa Butterfield's character in the drama film X+Y, which premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.In November 2014, she portrayed Mrs Brown in the critically acclaimed Paddington. The film is based on the children's books by Michael Bond where Paddington, an anthropomorphic bear who migrates from the jungles of Peru to the streets of London, is adopted by the Brown family. <mask> reprised her role as Mrs Brown for the sequel, Paddington 2 (2017), which also received acclaim. In 2017 she appeared in the Guillermo del Toro film The Shape of Water, as Elisa Esposito, a mute woman who falls in love with a captured humanoid amphibian creature. She received widespread acclaim for her performance. Matthew Norman of London Evening Standard called it a career defining performance. Mark Kermode of The Guardian called her "sublime," Mihir Fadnavis of Firstpost called it a "winning performance," while Ann Horaday writing for The Washington Post stated that "<mask> delivers a beautiful performance".<mask> earned nominations for the Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, BAFTA Award and SAG Award for Best Actress. The film itself won Best Picture at the 90th Academy Awards. Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1976 births
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from London
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Audiobook narrators
Best Actress Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
English film actresses
English people of Irish descent
English radio actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
English voice actresses
Living people
People educated at James Allen's Girls' School
People from Dulwich
Silver Bear for Best Actress winners
People from Blackheath, London
People with lupus

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<mask> (born 12 November 1955) is a former Indonesian politician, presently serving a 15 year jail sentence for corruption. He was chairman of Golkar Party and speaker of the People's Representative Council (Indonesian: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR) until his arrest in 2017 for corruption. Born in Bandung, he entered politics in 1998 after a business career and became a member of the People's Representative Council following the 1999 general election. After he was re-elected for a third time in the 2014 general election, won by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, he was appointed DPR (Parliament) Speaker by the majority opposition coalition. Born to Sewondo Mangunratsongko and Julia Maria Sulastri, his parents divorced when he was in elementary school and he went to live with his mother. He moved back to Surabaya for higher education, and studied accounting management at Widya Mandala Catholic University. While at university, he became involved in several businesses, from selling rice and honey, to founding a company with the son of a banker, being hired by a Suzuki car dealership as a salesman, and becoming a model.After graduating from university, he worked for worked for PT Anindya Cipta Perdana, which was owned by his former classmate and future minister Hayono Isman. After the business failed, <mask> returned to Jakarta and stayed at Hayono’s house, eventually becoming the personal driver of the Hayono family. In Jakarta, <mask> studied accounting at Trisakti University and opened a photocopying service near the campus to support himself. In 1991, he was appointed to lead PT Citra Permatasakti Persada, by President Suharto’s eldest daughter, Siti Hardiyanti Hastuti ‘Tutut’ Rukmana, a company which was selected by police to make Indonesian driving licenses in the 1990s. In 1992, he was appointed by Elsye Sigit, the wife of Suharto’s oldest son Sigit Harjojudanto, to become involved in PT Solusindo Mitra Sejati, a company that was given a contract to computerize the system for making Indonesian identity cards. <mask> also chaired a committee that produced a 1996 book titled President Suharto's Management as Narrated by 17 Ministers (Manajemen Presiden Soeharto dalam Penuturan 17 Menteri). In 1998, <mask> became vice-treasurer of Golkar's central organization, and the following year was elected to the People's Representative Council, beginning his political career.However, his political career was plagued by corruption scandals. He resigned as DPR speaker in late 2015 amid an ethics investigation, but the following year, he was appointed chairman of Golkar, switched the party's allegiance to the governing coalition, and was reappointed DPR speaker in November 2016. Despite facing multiple allegations of corruption, he did not face trial until implicated in the embezzlement of funds from a national electronic ID card program. Following his arrest by the Corruption Eradication Commission in November 2017, he resigned as DPR speaker for a second time and was later removed as Golkar chairman. He was sentenced to 15 years in jail in April 2018. Since then, he has often left jail, purportedly for medical examinations, although he was once spotted at a shopping center. Early life, education and career
The fifth of eight children, <mask> <mask> was born on 12 November 1955 in the West Java capital of Bandung to Sewondo Mangunratsongko and Julia Maria Sulastri.After he completed kindergarten, his family moved to the East Java capital of Surabaya, where he commenced elementary school. His parents later divorced, with his father remaining in Surabaya, while his mother and the children moved to Jakarta in 1967. His mother made a living by selling cakes from door to door. Setya attended Tebet Junior High School 73 (1967–70) and then Senior High School 9 in South Jakarta (1970–73). After high school, Setya moved back to Surabaya for higher education, but he reportedly refused to stay with his father and instead stayed with friends. He studied accounting management at Widya Mandala Catholic University. He sold honey and rice to support himself, starting with capital of just Rp82,500 and growing to running two trucks selling rice delivered from Lamongan regency.He also operated a stall at the city’s Keputren Market but reportedly fell afoul of dishonest partners. While still a student, <mask> founded a company called Mandar Teguh with Hartawan, the son of the director of Bank Rakyat Indonesia for Surabaya. He was hired by a Suzuki dealership as a car salesman for the Eastern Indonesia region. He also worked as a model and was awarded the title of Most Handsome Man of Surabaya in 1975. After graduating from university in 1979, Setya worked for PT Anindya Cipta Perdana, a company variously described as a distributor of fertilizer, cement and building materials for East Nusa Tenggara province. The company was owned by Setya’s former high school classmate, Hayono Isman, who would later become youth affairs and sports minister under president Suharto. PT Anindya Cipta Perdana reportedly failed after two years, but it led to <mask>'s long-running involvement with East Nusa Tenggara, which he would later represent as a legislator for four terms for Golkar Party.He was reported to be a frequent donor to churches and farmers on his visits to the province, but environmentalists accused him of exploiting local people for his financial benefit. <mask> returned to Jakarta in 1979 and stayed at Hayono’s Menteng house. According to Leo Nababan, a deputy secretary general of Golkar, <mask> became the personal driver of the Hayono family. In Jakarta, <mask> studied accounting at Trisakti University and opened a photocopying service near the campus to support himself. <mask>’s business career took off after he married Luciana Lily Herliyanti, the daughter of West Java Police deputy chief Brigadier General Sudharsono. He started managing his in-laws’ gas station in Cikokol, Tangerang, then branched out into livestock, contracting, buying and selling paper and textiles, and developing hotels and golf courses. His business interests were spread across Jakarta, Batam and Kupang.As a businessman, <mask> proved adept at lobbying and networking, especially among people close to officials, from aides to personal secretaries and subordinates. He was also comfortable carrying the bags of high-ranking military officers, such as General Wismoyo Arismunandar. This gave him entry to the elite community of Indonesian sports organizations, which were dominated by senior military officials and tycoons. In 1986, <mask> completed the Nagoya Plaza Hotel project on Batam Island. Seeking more capital for a bigger resort, he tried to approach Suharto’s cousin, tycoon Sudwikatmono. <mask> reportedly spent days at a parking lot, from 6am to 10pm, trying to speak to Sudwikatmono, who finally decided to give him a chance. Their partnership led to the opening in 1989 of the Talvas Golf and Country Club (later redeveloped as the Palm Springs Golf & Beach Resort), a 400-hectare golf course and resort on Batam that cost $100 million.This was followed by more resorts and hotels, and telecommunications and satellite projects. From 1995 to 1996, <mask> was chairman of Bamuhas Kosgoro, one of Golkar's constituent organizations. He was treasurer of the National Sports Committee of Indonesia from 1995 to 2003. Dealings with Suharto family

Setya first met Suharto in 1989 at the opening of the Talvas golf course on Batam. In 1991, Suharto’s eldest daughter, Siti Hardiyanti Hastuti ‘Tutut’ Rukmana appointed <mask> to lead PT Citra Permatasakti Persada (CPP), a company selected by police to make Indonesian driving licenses from 1992 to 1998. Of the official fee of Rp52,500 per license, Rp48,500 was allocated to CCP and the remaining Rp4,000 to the state treasury. In 1992, Rp48,500 was equivalent to $24.The State Audit Agency (BPK) recorded that from October 1992 to March 1998, PT CPP produced 16,575,710 licenses. The cost of producing a license at that time was put at Rp11,000. In 1992, Elsye Sigit, the wife of Suharto’s oldest son Sigit Harjojudanto, appointed Setya to become involved in PT Solusindo Mitra Sejati (SMS), a company that was in February 1993 given a contract to computerize the system for making Indonesian identity cards. Data for ID cards had previously been entered on typewriters, enabling some individuals to hold multiple cards. An agreement between PT SMS and the Home Affairs Ministry was signed in February 1993. It was temporarily suspended by Home Affairs Minister Yogie Suardi Memet amid claims that some parties had been excluded from the deal. When the deal resumed, proposed fees in 1995 for identity cards, family cards, birth certificates and death certificates were raised between 100% and 350%.<mask> chaired a committee that produced a 1996 book titled President Suharto's Management as Narrated by 17 Ministers (Manajemen Presiden Soeharto dalam Penuturan 17 Menteri). He said the book was the result of two years of hard work and he hoped it would inspire Indonesia's younger generation to emulate the science and art of Suharto's management style. Political career

In 1998, <mask> became vice-treasurer of Golkar's central organization, and the following year was elected to the People's Representative Council representing Indonesia-occupied East Timor. He had a difficult year as East Timor voted for independence and he was caught up in a corruption scandal. In 2004, <mask> was re-elected to the legislature as a representative from West Timor. He was re-elected in 2009, representing the same area, and became head of the Golkar Party faction in the legislature. He also became a member of House Commission III, which discusses legal affairs and laws, human rights and security issues.In 2014, <mask> was elected for a fourth time, still representing Timor, and was selected as speaker of Indonesia's House of Representatives by the opposition Koalisi Merah Putih, which initially controlled the parliament. After being caught on tape demanding shares from Freeport Indonesia, <mask> resigned as House speaker on 16 December 2015, shortly after a House committee ruled his actions had violated House ethics. <mask> was elected chairman of Golkar Party at its 15–17 May 2016 party conference. He then announced that Golkar was now supporting the government of President Joko 'Jokowi' Widodo, despite having backed Jokowi’s rival, Prabowo Subianto, in the 2014 presidential election. In mid-November 2016, despite having been angered by <mask>'s use of his name in the demand for Freeport shares, President Jokowi invited <mask> to the State Palace for a meeting. Golkar subsequently decided to reinstate <mask> as House speaker, and he was officially re-appointed on 30 November 2016. On 9 December 2017, it was reported that <mask> had resigned as House speaker ahead of his corruption trial.He nominated Golkar politician Azis Syamsuddin as his successor. Deputy House Speaker Fadli Zon on 11 December said <mask>'s resignation had been accepted by a meeting of the House's Deliberation Council but a successor was yet to be selected. Legislators said the House had received <mask>'s resignation letters on 4 December and 6 December, and the meeting of the Deliberation Council had decided Golkar Party's House faction should handle the matter of a replacement. Golkar on 13 December 2017 replaced <mask> with Airlangga Hartarto as party chairman. <mask>'s replacement in the legislative body was sworn in on 31 October 2018. Trump rally
In September 2015, <mask> visited New York to attend the Fourth World Conference of Speakers of Parliament. He and some fellow Indonesian legislators, including Fadli Zon, then had a half hour business meeting with Donald Trump and joined one of his campaign rallies at Trump Tower in New York.Their presence was arranged by Trump’s Indonesian business partner, Hary Tanoesoedibjo. After appearing to wrap up the rally, Trump returned to the podium with <mask> in hand. “Ladies and gentlemen, this is a very, an amazing man,” declared Trump. “He is, as you know, right, Speaker of the House of Indonesia. He’s here to see me. <mask> Novantno [sic]. One of the most powerful men and a great man and his whole group is here to see me today and we will do great things for the United States.”

Some Indonesian legislators later demanded sanctions against <mask> and Fadli for appearing to take sides in the US presidential election while on an official visit.The pair were investigated by the House Honor Council, but they skipped three ethics hearings. Despite their repeated refusal to attend the hearings, the pair were merely given a reprimand for having publicly endorsed Trump. Controversies
Setya has been linked to numerous corruption cases but was never prosecuted until December 2017. Bank Bali scandal

In 1999, Setya was involved in the Bank Bali scandal. The Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA) in February 1999 colluded with Golkar Party officials to force Bank Bali chief Rudy Ramli to pay a commission of Rp546 billion to Era Giat Prima (EGP) in order to collect Rp904 billion owed by three banks taken over by IBRA. The money was then paid out in more than 150 transfers to top politicians and legislators, partly in an effort to buy votes for the re-election of then-president B.J. Habibie.<mask> was the president director of EGP and the deputy treasurer of Golkar, and part of Habibie’s re-election team. After the scandal broke, <mask> was not prosecuted. Instead, prosecutors focused on EGP director Djoko Tjandra, an ethnic Chinese Indonesian. An investigation into <mask>’s role was terminated by then-attorney general M.A. Rachman, who was known to be close to Golkar Party. Rice smuggling
In 2003, Setya's company PT Hexatama Finindo imported 60,000 tons of rice from Vietnam but paid customs duty on only 900 tons after paperwork was allegedly falsified. The case caused state losses of Rp28.5 billion and was examined by the Attorney General’s Office in 2006, but <mask> was questioned only once and not prosecuted.Instead, his fellow Golkar legislator, Nurdin Halid, who had ordered the rice, was sentenced to two years and six months in jail. Toxic waste imports
In 2004, about 1,000 tons of hazardous waste listed as fertilizer was shipped from Singapore to Indonesia’s Galang Island by PT Asia Pasific Eco Lestari, which was previously owned by Setya. He denied involvement despite reports he was a signatory of the transaction. The incident sparked a diplomatic row with protesters attacking the Singapore Embassy in Jakarta. The company’s director, Rudi Alfonso, received a six-month jail sentence. National Games scandal
In 2012, Setya and another Golkar legislator allegedly received Rp9 billion in bribes from the then-governor Riau province, Rusli Zainal, in return for facilitating the release of state budget funds for graft-ridden National Games projects. Rusli was sentenced to 14 years in jail.Setya denied any knowledge of the matter when questioned by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). East Java election fraud
In 2014, Setya was linked to a corruption case involving former Constitutional Court chief Akil Mochtar, who was sentenced to life imprisonment for fixing the results of disputed elections. Local media alleged that Setya helped to pay to uphold the victory of Golkar’s candidate in the 2009 East Java gubernatorial election. He denied any involvement. Fuel depot
In 2015, Setya sent a letter demanding that state oil and gas company Pertamina pay allegedly inflated costs for use of a fuel terminal, PT Orbit Terminal Merak, owned by his crony, oil trade kingpin Riza Chalid. Freeport shares
In June 2015, in one of the biggest corruption scandals in the history of Indonesia, Setya was recorded by Freeport Indonesia President-Director Maroef Sjamsoeddin allegedly attempting to extort 20 percent of shares (worth USD 4 billion) in the company in exchange for an extension of its contract to manage the Grasberg mine in Papua. He claimed to be acting for President Joko Widodo and

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 Vice President Jusuf Kalla.He also mentioned the name of then-presidential chief-of-staff Luhut Binsar Panjaitan during phone calls with Sjamsoeddin. <mask> later claimed this request for shares was only a joke. Both Maroef and Indonesian  Energy minister Sudirman Said, gave testimony to a House Ethics Panel set up to investigate the allegations against <mask>, who subsequently reported Sudirman Said to the police for defamation. The proceedings were televised live and attracted a large audience. <mask> resigned as House speaker on 16 December 2015 shortly before the committee voted to dismiss him. The Attorney General's Office began an investigation into the case, but it was never completed. <mask> subsequently petitioned the Constitutional Court for a review of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law.The court ruled that only recordings made by law enforcement officials were admissible as evidence in court. Therefore, as Maroef was a private individual, the recording he made could not be used to prosecute <mask>. Electronic ID card (E-KTP) scandal
In 2013, <mask> was accused of demanding a 10 percent fee from the owner of a company that won a contract to produce electronic ID cards. He denied the charges. On 10 April 2017, the KPK banned <mask> from leaving Indonesia for six months after linking him to the case. The following day, KPK investigator Novel Baswedan was blinded in one eye in an acid attack. Setya urged the public not to jump to conclusions.He claimed the attack was not only against Novel and KPK, but against "us, the Indonesian people and nation fighting against corruption". In July 2017, the KPK named <mask> a suspect in the Rp2.3 trillion electronic ID card corruption case. On 4 September 2017, <mask> filed a pretrial motion with South Jakarta District Court to challenge his status as a corruption suspect. He was summoned by KPK for interrogation on 11 September 2017 but failed to appear on the grounds of poor health. A team of doctors from the House of Representatives examined him the following day and claimed he was suffering vertigo as a result of playing ping-pong. On 27 September 2017, a plenary meeting of Golkar recommended he be temporarily suspended as party chairman because his status as a corruption suspect had harmed the party. On 29 September 2017, South Jakarta District Court accepted <mask>'s pretrial motion and rescinded his status as a suspect.In response, the KPK on 31 October again named him a suspect in the case. <mask>'s lawyer said he would seek protection from the president, the military and the police, if the KPK tries to summon his client. He asserted that under Indonesia's constitution, members of parliament have immunity and cannot be touched. 2017 staged car crash
On 15 November 2017, <mask> failed to appear at KPK's office for questioning and instead attended a plenary meeting of the House of Representatives. KPK officers went to his Jakarta residence at 9.38pm with a warrant for his arrest, but he was not at home and was later declared a fugitive. According to his lawyer, Fredrich Yunadi, <mask> was outside Jakarta and returned on 16 November to the House of Representatives, where he called a Metro TV reporter, Hilman Mattauch, to come and interview him. A subsequent interview, relayed via a telephone call to Metro TV, was reportedly conducted in a black Toyota Fortuner vehicle owned and driven by Hilman.The two were accompanied in the car by <mask>'s aide, Reza, who is a senior police inspector. During the interview, <mask> denied any wrongdoing and said he was being oppressed by KPK, so he was seeking another judicial review and asking the president for legal protection. According to his lawyer, <mask> then requested to be driven to the KPK office to comply with its summons, but Hilman wanted to take him to Metro TV studios. During the drive, the vehicle mounted a sidewalk alongside a canal on Permata Hijau Street and reportedly scraped the side of a tree before hitting a power pole. An unidentified vehicle stopped and took <mask> to Medika Permata Hijau Hospital. Hilman and Reza, who were seated in the front of the vehicle, were not injured. <mask>'s lawyer told reporters that <mask> was unconscious and seriously injured, sustaining a lump the size of a bakpao (steamed bun) to his head and bleeding.Police later examined the car and found no traces of blood. An investigation found the car was traveling at 50 km/h on the street but had slowed to 21 km/h when it hit the power pole. Golkar Party official Mahyudin, who visited <mask> at the hospital on 17 November, denied <mask> had sustained a bakpao-sized lump to the head. He said there was bruising to his left temple and a scratch on his left cheek. He said <mask> told him he had intended to meet some Golkar officials at Jakarta's Mandarin Hotel so they could accompany him to the KPK office, but then the car accident occurred. Police said Hilman claimed the accident occurred because he was tired and had been talking on his phone and talking to <mask>. On 17 November, <mask> was transferred to Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.His lawyer claimed that if <mask> were not evacuated to Singapore for treatment, he could lose his memory. Many Indonesian netizens ridiculed the "accident" by sharing memes that expressed sympathy for the power pole. The Indonesian media also ran mocking headlines, such as TRIBUNews.com's "Here's the Clarification from the Electricity Pole that was the Victim of <mask> <mask>'s Car Collision". Police declared Hilman a suspect for negligent driving. Hilman had served as Coordinator of Parliamentary Journalists from 2014-2016, a position that enabled him to become close to <mask>. Fredrich rejected rumors that <mask> had given Hilman an apartment and a car, saying, “If he's a girl maybe yes, unfortunately he's a guy, a fat guy, so who would want him, right?”

Arrest, second pre-trial motion
On 17 November 2017, KPK announced it had officially arrested <mask> as a suspect in the E-KTP scandal. His lawyer said a "sick" person should not be arrested.On 19 November, he was transferred to the KPK detention center after doctors ruled him fit for questioning. He arrived in a wheelchair but was walking normally after his initial questioning. He was detained in a KPK cell measuring 2.5 x 5 meters, where his two cellmates were Rochmadi Saptogiri of the State Audit Agency and businessman Sujendi Tarsono alias Ayen. Rochmadi said <mask>, like most new inmates, found it difficult to sleep for the first two nights. After his arrest, <mask> wrote a letter to the House of Representatives, asking to be allowed to keep his position while he attempts to prove his innocence. He also wrote a letter to Golkar, nominating Idrus Marham as acting party chairman. The deputy chairman of South Jakarta District Court, Judge Kusno, on 14 December 2017 rejected <mask>'s second pre-trial motion to have his suspect status revoked, on the grounds that <mask>'s corruption trial had started the previous day, rendering the pre-trial motion legally void.Corruption trial and sentencing
On 13 December 2017, <mask> appeared as a defendant at Jakarta Corruption Court. He initially refused to respond when the presiding judge asked him to identify himself. The hearing was adjourned for several hours pending a medical examination after a defense lawyer claimed <mask> was sick. KPK prosecutors said <mask> was lying and only pretending to be ill. The trial resumed later that day with the reading of indictment, in which <mask> was accused of receiving Rp300 billion and a $135,000 wristwatch in bribes from members of a consortium that won a tender for the E-KTP project. Less than a week before the trial started, two of <mask>'s senior defense lawyers resigned, citing differences of opinion. In January 2018, <mask>'s lawyer stated his client's intention to become a justice collaborator.In 25 January, Mirwan Amir and Aditya Ariadi Soeroso were present because they had not heard the testimony of the two men. Public Relations of the Central Jakarta District Court, Ibnu Basuki Widodo, confirmed that the trial of <mask> <mask> would be held again as scheduled. By March, he had returned Rp 5 billion (USD 350,000) and named other alleged recipients of E-KTP project bribes, including Central Java Governor Ganjar Pranowo and cabinet members Puan Maharani and Pramono Anung. On 29 March, prosecutors recommended he be jailed for 16 years and fined Rp 1 billion. On 24 April 2018, Jakarta Corruption Court convicted <mask> of corruption and sentenced him to 15 years in jail. He was also ordered to pay a fine of Rp 500 million or have his sentence extended by three months. Judges said he was proven to have committed corruption in the budgeting and tender processes for the electronic ID project over 2011-2013.Judges said <mask> was spared a heavier sentence because he was polite during the trial and had never been convicted before. Judges barred him from public office for five years after his sentence expires. Imprisonment
In September 2018, Indonesia's National Ombudsman found that <mask> was enjoying special treatment at Bandung's Sukamiskin prison, including a cell twice the size of regular cells. In June 2019, <mask> was allowed to visit Bandung's Santosa Hospital, where he had a room on the 8th floor. On 14 June, he left the hospital and was later seen at a shopping center with his wife in West Bandung. The Justice and Human Rights Ministry responded by transferring him from Sukamiskin prison to Gunung Sindur prison in Bogor. On 14 July 2019, he was transferred back to Sukamiskin after meeting various "administrative requirements" and promising not to repeat his actions.On 12 August 2019, <mask> was sporting a beard and moustache when he testified at Jakarta Corruption Court as a witness in a power project corruption case. He joked that he had grown the beard because the other inmates at Gunung Sindur "are all terrorists". In December 2019, Emerson Yuntho, a former coordinator of Indonesian Corruption Watch, claimed <mask> had again gone missing from his cell. A prison official denied that <mask> had left the jail for medical treatment, insisting he was in good health, while the Justice Ministry said <mask> had been moved to another room because his cell was being repaired and the work would not be completed until 31 December. On 26 December 2019, <mask> was transferred to Jakarta's Cipinang prison, officially because he required treatment at Gatot Subroto Army Hospital in Jakarta. A Justice Ministry official said Setya's heart rhythm required examination and he would be sent back to Sukamiskin prison upon recovery. National Ombudsman official Ninik Rahayu made a surprise visit to Cipinang jail on 29 December 2019 and found the jail's luxury block was registered in the name of <mask>, who was not there.Ninik questioned why Setya had a special "very comfortable" cell with "better facilities" when the jail is not supposed to discriminate against inmates. Cipinang Prison head Hendra Eka Putra explained the special block is for prisoners with heart disease and infectious diseases, so it was impossible to allow other inmates there. He said <mask> had arrived at the jail at 8am on 26 December and then at 10am went directly to hospital, so he had not yet had time to stay at the jail. He said Setya qualified for the special block because he had heart disease and complications of several other diseases. Supreme Court Appeal
On 6 January 2020, <mask> filed for a judicial review of his sentence at the Supreme Court. Indonesia Corruption Watch said the panel of three justices handling the review, led by justice Surya Jaya, should reject the appeal if no new evidence is submitted. Lawyer and doctor jailed
On 28 June 2018, <mask>'s lawyer Fredrich was sentenced to seven years in prison for obstruction of justice because he conspired for Setya to be hospitalized after the staged car accident.The lawyer's appeal was rejected by the Supreme Court, which extended his sentence by six months. In March 2020, Fredrich filed a lawsuit at South Jakarta District Court, demanding Setya and his wife pay legal fees and interest amounting to Rp27 billion and non-material losses of Rp 2.256 trillion. On 16 July 2018, Setya's doctor, Bimanesh Sutarjo of private hospital Medika Permata Hijau, was sentenced to three years in jail for obstructing the KPK investigation. Memes and defamation allegation
Setya’s links to corruption cases resulted in him becoming the subject of numerous internet memes, shared widely on social media. On 10 October 2017, Setya's lawyer, Fredrich Yunadi, reported 32 social media accounts to police for allegedly defaming and slandering his client. The accounts comprised 15 Twitter accounts, 9 Instagram accounts and 8 Facebook accounts. Among those reported to police was Dyann Kemala Arrizzqi, who had uploaded memes of Setya to her Instagram account.On 31 October, police arrested Dyann at her house in Tangerang, Banten province. She was charged under Indonesia’s Information and Electronic Transactions Law, as well as Articles 310 and 311 of the Indonesian Criminal Code. She was released the following day but remained under investigation and faced up to six years in jail. Fredrich on 1 November 2017 complained there were at least 60 memes mocking his client. He suspected a “certain party” had ordered or paid for the memes to discredit <mask>. He urged the public to uphold the presumption of innocence and cease spreading hatred and slander against <mask>. He said <mask>’s position as House of Representatives speaker is equal to that of the president, so he should not be mocked.After <mask>'s disappearance on 15 November 2017 and his subsequent hospitalization following a car crash, Indonesian social media and news media published more memes ridiculing him. Fredrich said his subordinates were evaluating the memes and he would report offending social media accounts to police. Novanto Center
In 2009, Setya founded the Novanto Center, an institution that carries out social, economic and community activities in East Nusa Tenggara, one of Indonesia's poorest provinces. The center has provided basic food commodities, scholarships and cash handouts, and sponsored mass circumcisions. Local activists claim the Novanto Center facilitated the entry of an iron ore mining company, PT Laki Tangguh, which was in 2013 reported to police for alleged fraud and crimes. In 2014, the director of the Novanto Center in Kupang, Muhammad Ansor, allegedly threatened a Tempo reporter, Yohanes Seo, for writing an article that listed some of Setya’s business investments in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). After interviewing Ansor, who is a local legislator for Golkar Party, Seo wrote an article headlined ‘The Business Octopus of Setya Novanto in NTT’.The reporter says he then received a phone call from Ansor, warning him that his family would come looking for him. Ansor denied making any threats, but complained the reporter had twisted his information. In 2015, the Novanto Center established a weaving, poultry breeding and cattle fattening business in Manusak village. Locals say Setya stopped visiting the project in 2015, so all of the livestock and weaving looms were stolen or sold, leaving the buildings empty. Personal life
<mask> was married to Luciana Lily Herliyanti, the daughter of former West Java Police chief Brigadier General Sudharsono. The couple had two children, Rheza Herwindo and Dwina Michaella. <mask> and Lily later divorced.<mask> is now married to Deisti Astriani and they have two children, Gavriel Putranto and Giovanno Farell. References

External links
   Setya <mask> Profile VIVAnews

Golkar politicians
1955 births
Living people
Indonesian Muslims
Speakers of the People's Representative Council
Members of the People's Representative Council, 1999
Members of the People's Representative Council, 2004
Members of the People's Representative Council, 2009
Members of the People's Representative Council, 2014
People from Bandung
Indonesian politicians convicted of corruption
Trisakti University

masks: Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Novanto Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Novanto Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Setya Novanto


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<mask> (born March 1, 1952) is an American former basketball player and coach. Career
<mask> attended academic and athletic powerhouse Archbishop Molloy High School in Queens, New York, graduating in 1970. He then played collegiately with the University of South Carolina, scoring 1,079 points over his career. While playing for South Carolina, <mask> was hampered due to both a severe case of mononucleosis and a series of knee injuries. He was the 12th pick in the 1974 NBA Draft, taken by the Los Angeles Lakers. <mask> made the NBA All-Rookie Team with the Lakers before he was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks as part of the deal that brought future Hall of Fame center Kareem Abdul-Jabbar to the West Coast, which Abdul-Jabbar had demanded. On April 18, 1976, in the first playoff series of his NBA career, <mask> scored 33 points and recorded 5 assists in a 107-104 Game 3 loss against the Detroit Pistons.On November 30, 1976, <mask> scored a career-high 43 points in a 115-106 victory over the Trailblazers. On March 19, 1978, <mask> scored 22 points and recorded a career-high 18 assists in a 117-106 victory against the Washington Bullets. He had a productive nine-year career that included two appearances in the NBA All-Star Game and six in the playoffs, and was a fan-favorite during the years that the Bucks struggled through immediately following the aforementioned Abdul-Jabbar trade. <mask> averaged 16.2 points and 4.1 assists over his career, with his best years coming from 1975-76 to 1979-80, when he averaged 18.7 points. 4.7 assists and 1.4 steals per game. His game declined in the 1982-83 season, however, when he shot a career-worst 43 percent in the field, after which he retired at 31 years of age. The Bucks organization retired his number 32 on Oct. 28, 1983, he was the third player in franchise history to be honored with a jersey retirement.In a 2005 interview, Chicago Bulls superstar Michael Jordan singled out <mask> as the best "pure shooter" in history, claiming that "he had the most beautiful stroke of all the people whom [he could] think of." After retiring from the NBA, <mask> became an assistant coach for two years under legendary coach Pete Carril at Princeton. From there, he moved on to become an assistant coach under Hall of Famer Lenny Wilkens with the Cleveland Cavaliers for 7 years and Atlanta Hawks for two more. Next he was the inaugural coach for the Vancouver Grizzlies for a year and a half. Later <mask> coached with the Denver Nuggets and Golden State Warriors. He was formerly the head coach of the WNBA's Indiana Fever, leading them to their first ever consecutive-year playoff appearances. On October 26, 2007, <mask> option wasn't picked up by the Indiana Fever, ending his four-year tenure with the club.He compiled a 78–58 record in the regular season to go with a 5–7 playoff record. He was a scout for the Indiana Pacers for several seasons until he was let go during the NBA lockout in August 2011. He spent the 2012–13 season as an assistant coach with the Charlotte Bobcats. <mask> has been a talent scout for the Indiana Pacers since 2014. He played a role in convincing the Pacers to draft Myles Turner.

masks:
Brian Joseph Winters
Winters
Winters
Winters
Winters
Winters
Winters
Winters
Winters
Winters
Winters
Winters
Winters


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<mask><mask> (born 1 October 1930) is professor emeritus of chemical engineering at the Ghent University, Belgium, and research professor of Texas A&M University. <mask>'s career and influence bridges the gap between academic kinetic and chemical reaction engineering studies, and application of that fundamental science to problems of industrial relevance. <mask> was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1999 for the application of fundamental approaches in the analysis of complex, industrially important processes and reactors. Education and acclaim

<mask> achieved his chemical engineering degree in 1953 from the Ghent University. He continued his graduate education at the Ghent University
serving as an assistant to Professor Goethals; he earned his Ph.D. in chemical engineering in 1957. Following his degrees, he spent the next two years internationally starting with a year with Professor Schoenemann at the Institute for Chemical Technology in Darmstadt, Germany. The following year, <mask> obtained a fellowship from the Belgian-American Educational Foundation enabling a year at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he worked with Professors Olaf Hougen, K.M.Watson, and C.C. Watson on catalytic kinetics and the modeling of catalyst beds. Tenure at the Ghent University
In 1959, <mask> returned to the Ghent University as associate professor. In 1968, he was promoted to full professor and director of the Laboratorium voor Petrochemische Techniek until 1996, when he became emeritus professor of the Ghent University. During his time at Ghent, <mask>'s objective was from the very start of his career to design or simulate industrial catalytic reactors using mathematical models, based on sound theoretical background and adequate experimentation. <mask> has contributed continuously and with great authority in developing more mechanistic, and therefore more realistic models, involving
more and more the detailed transformations of both the fluid molecules and the catalytic surface. A difficult problem relates to the transport inside the particle, and this has actively been addressed by Froment since the 1980s when the catalyst particle was still dealt with as a single pore or at best as a pseudocontinuum.<mask> was aware of the need to retain the network topology
on the modeling, in particular when pores can be blocked by metals or coke deposition. <mask> has been a pioneer in the rationalization and modeling of catalyst deactivation by coke formation. He studied this phenomenon on the three levels : the active site (or clusters thereof), the particle (a network of pores that can be blocked by coke), and the reactor. This led him to apply, at the forefront of the development, Bethe and percolation networks to the description of mass transport and reaction inside catalyst particles, instead of the description in terms of a tortuosity factor. Another major area where <mask> has been active is thermal cracking for olefins production, an operation of tremendous industrial importance, providing the key building blocks for the petrochemical and chemical industries. <mask> started research in this area already in 1959, stressing the derivation of accurate
kinetic data from experimentation in tubular flow reactors and developing the equivalent reactor volume concept introduced by Hougen and Watson. Continuing this work through the decades led to more advanced and detailed reaction kinetics integrated within reactor models with transport phenomena.This impressive effort, combining heat transfer and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics calculations, has led to the most advanced furnace models in use today. Tenure at Texas A&M
Various universities in the US were interested in hiring him upon his retirement from the Ghent University. He finally opted to join Texas A & M University, where he had several friends, as "research professor" so that he could concentrate on research and a few seminars for graduate students. Between 1999 and 2015 he directed 9 Ph.D. students and a number of postdocs from all over the world. His research concentrated on the application of the Single Event concept, which he had developed in Belgium, to the complex refining processes such as FCC, hydrocracking, alkylation and petrochemical processes such as MTO (methanol-to-olefins) and oligomerization. Since 2015 he concentrated on the kinetics and design of the Fisher-Tropsch process

Commitment to excellence in teaching
<mask> has established a record of excellence for instruction of chemical engineering and reaction engineering. His dedication to teaching has led him all over the world as a visiting professor at other Belgian universities, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (1967–77) and Universite Libre de Bruxelles (1967–69), and at Yale University (1969), University of Houston (1973 and 1981), Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahia Blanca, Argentina (1977), University of Buenos Aires, Argentina (1981), Universidad de Salta (since 1983), University of Santa Fe, Argentina (1983), and University of Stanford (1984).He also was an adjunct professor at University of Delaware (1980–85). Textbook: Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design
In collaboration with his co-author, Dr. Kenneth Bischoff, <mask> published his highly influential textbook entitled, "Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design," in 1970. A second edition was published in 1990, followed by a third edition in 2010. The textbook has been utilized around the world in the instruction of chemical reaction engineering within chemical engineering curricula. The impact of the textbook has been attributed to the extensive background of <mask> and Bischoff, which provides context into the connections between the macro- and micro-scale phenomena of transport and reaction engineering. Service to Chemical Reaction Engineering

<mask> has been active in professional organizations and supportive of the chemical reaction engineering community. He is the founder of the Chemical Engineering Section of the Koninklijke Vlaamse Ingenieursvereniging and a member of the Working Party on Chemical Reaction Engineering of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering since 1966 and of the Working Party of the Use of Computers in Chemical Engineering since 1968.He has organized many congresses such as those on “Catalyst Deactivation” and “Large Chemical Plants”. He chaired ISCRE-14 in Bruges, Belgium. <mask> has also been active as an editor. He was co-editor of Chemical Engineering Science from 1965 until 1996 and of Chemical Reaction Engineering Reviews since 1971 and was a member of the editorial boards of Bulletin des Societes Chimiques Belges, Applied Catalysis, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Reviews, Revista Latino-Americana de Ingenieria Quimica, and Energie Primaire. Academic accomplishments
With over 70 Ph.D. students and over 300 scientific publications, <mask> has had a significant impact on the science and the practice of Chemical Reaction Engineering. <mask> has been widely recognized, in Belgium and abroad, for his role as an educator and a scientist. He has received the Frederick Swarts Award for Applied Chemistry of the Royal Belgian Academy (1958), the National Alumni Award of the Belgian University Foundation (1966), the Prix Cornez de la Province du Hainaut (1976), and the R. H. Wilhelm Award in Chemical Reaction Engineering from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (1984).He received a Doctor of Science Honoris Causa degree from Technion, Haifa, Israel (1984), and was elected a member of the Acade´mie Royale Belge des Sciences d’Outremer in 1981 and a member of the Koninklijke Academie van Belgie, Class of Science, in 1988. In 1999, he was awarded the Villermaux-medal of European Federation of Chemical Engineering. Also in 1999, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering. In 2007, <mask> was awarded the Neal R. Amundson Award for Excellence in Chemical Reaction Engineering at the NASCRE Symposium in Houston, TX. Achievements and key publications
<mask> has authored numerous journal articles describing significant advances in chemical reaction engineering which includes but is not limited to:

References

External links
<mask> F. <mask>: A Career in Review
U.S. National Academy of Engineering: <mask>
Neal R. Amundson Reaction Engineering Award Winners

1930 births
Living people
Engineering academics
Chemical engineers
Texas A&M University faculty
Ghent University faculty
Ghent University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison fellows
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Technische Universität Darmstadt faculty

masks:
Gilbert F
. Froment
Froment
Froment
Froment
Froment
Froment
Froment
Froment
Froment
Froment
Froment
Froment
Froment
Froment
Froment
Gilbert Froment
Froment
Gilbert
Froment
Froment
Gilbert Froment
Gilbert
Froment
Gilbert Froment


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<mask> (born 2 April 1962) is an English rock musician, best known for his work on the fretless bass guitar with Roy Harper, The Firm, Jimmy Page, Paul Rodgers, John Sykes' Blue Murder, David Gilmour, Kate Bush, Whitesnake, and most recently with Kenny Wayne Shepherd. Biography
Born into a musical family, <mask> first took the stage at age 5. He got his big break in 1984 as bassist in supergroup The Firm, with Jimmy Page, Paul Rodgers and Chris Slade. <mask>'s television credits include the Late Show with David Letterman, Beverly Hills 90210, The Rosie O'Donnell Show, Good Morning America, Top of the Pops (U.K.), VH-1, MTV, Don't Forget Your Toothbrush (Finland), dozens of Japanese programs and more. Sony released <mask>: Not Just Another Pretty Bass, <mask>'s first sample loop library, in 2006. While maintaining his music career, from September 2003 through July 2011, <mask> served as Artist Relations Manager for Fender Musical Instruments Corporation and SWR. He returned to music performance full-time in mid-2011, when he joined Kenny Wayne Shepherd's band for the tour supporting the guitarist's 2011 album, How I Go.<mask> can be heard on Shepherd's album, "Goin' Home", released in Summer 2014. Fretless bass
In January 2006 Fender introduced the Tony Franklin Fretless Precision Bass, a distinctive instrument, with an alder body and modern C-shaped maple neck with an unfinished and unfretted ebony fingerboard with side dot position markers. Other features include vintage tuners, Hipshot Bass Xtender drop-D tuner on the E string, and three-way pickup selector switch that controls an American Series Precision Bass mid pickup and a <mask> signature Jazz Bass bridge pickup with hex-screw pole pieces and ceramic bar magnets. Other career highlights
Although mostly known for his fretless work, <mask>'s been doing sessions with the same fretted Precision Bass for many years. Fender released the Tony Franklin Fretted Precision Bass in 2008, a replica of the instrument used throughout his career. The signature fretted bass is similar to his fretless model, with Precision and Jazz Bass pickups and a three-way selector switch that provide an array of tones. The model was discontinued in 2015.Prior to his work with The Firm, <mask> toured and recorded with English folk/rock singer-songwriter and guitarist, Roy Harper, appearing on eight of his albums between 1982 and 2013. In 1996, <mask> played on long-time friend, Donna Lewis's album "Now in a Minute”, which spawned the worldwide smash hit single “I Love You Always Forever". Substantial touring followed the release of the single throughout the U.S., U.K., Japan, Europe and Canada. In 1997, <mask> toured the world with Whitesnake as part of the "Last Hurrah" tour. <mask> cites John Deacon, Paul McCartney, James Jamerson and Jaco Pastorius as his main influences. Discography

 Roy Harper - Work of Heart  (Public Records, 1982)
 Roy Harper & Jimmy Page - Whatever Happened to Jugula? (Beggar's Banquet, 1984)
 The Firm - The Firm (Atlantic, 1985)
 The Firm - Mean Business (Atlantic, 1986)
 David Gilmour & Kate Bush - Secret Policeman's Third Ball (Virgin Video, 1987)
 Jimmy Page - Outrider (Geffen, 1988)
 Roy Harper - In Between Every Line (EMI, 1987)
 Roy Harper - Descendants of Smith (EMI, 1988)
 Blue Murder - Blue Murder (Geffen, 1989)
 Roy Harper - Once (Awareness, 1990)
 Don Dokken - Up from the Ashes (Geffen, 1990)
 Glenn Hughes - L.A. Blues Authority Volume II: Glenn Hughes - Blues (Shrapnel, 1992)
 Roy Harper - Death or Glory?(Awareness, 1992)
 Gary Hoey - Animal Instinct (Reprise, 1993)
 Blue Murder - Nothin' But Trouble (Geffen, 1993)
 Gary Hoey - The Endless Summer II (Reprise, 1994)
 <mask> - Premonition (Shrapnel, 1994)
 Driver - Driver (Trauma / Atlantic, 1994)
 Jeff Beck Tribute - Beckology (Shrapnel, 1995)
Lana Lane - "Love Is An Illusion" (Think Tank Media, 1995)
 Gary Hoey - Gary Hoey (BMG, 1995)
 <mask> - Evolution (Shrapnel, 1995)
 Celestial Winds - Oceans of Love (Universe Music, 1995)
 MOM: Music for our Mother Ocean - Benefit compilation (Interscope, 1996)
 Warren DeMartini - Surf's Up!

masks:
Anthony James Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Tony Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Tony Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Tony MacAlpine
Tony MacAlpine