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<mask> (born August 14, 1939) is an American lawyer who served as New Jersey Attorney General under Democratic Governor Jim McGreevey from 2002 to 2003. He served as the Chairman of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) from 2011 until his resignation on March 28, 2014 in the aftermath of the Fort Lee lane closure scandal. <mask> is a partner and founding member of the law firm Wolff & Samson from which he resigned in April 2015, and had been an ally of Governor Chris Christie. On July 14, 2016, <mask> pleaded guilty to a felony for conspiring to impede an airport project to coerce United Airlines to reinstate a discontinued flight to an airport in South Carolina, near a home that he owned. <mask> was ordered to pay a $100,000 fine and sentenced to a year of home confinement at the South Carolina vacation house that was subject of the crime. Early life and education
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in Newark and was raised in Hillside, New Jersey. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Rutgers University in 1961 and a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1965.Career in New Jersey government and politics

Early in his career, he served a judicial clerkship with Associate Justice Nathan L. Jacobs of the New Jersey Supreme Court. During 2002-2003, <mask> served as New Jersey Attorney General under Democratic Governor Jim McGreevey serving as the chief law enforcement officer for New Jersey. In this role, he supervised the statewide Divisions of Criminal Justice, New Jersey State Police, Civil Rights, Consumer Affairs and Gaming Enforcement, as well as the Division of Law, which represents all executive departments in New Jersey State government. As Chairman of the New Jersey Domestic Security Preparedness Task Force, he worked hand-in-hand with federal agencies in organizing and directing counter-terrorism efforts throughout the New Jersey-New York area. <mask> was formerly a close associate and confidant of Chris Christie. In 2009, <mask> was counsel to the gubernatorial election campaign of Chris Christie and thereafter served as the Chairman of Christie's Transition Committee. <mask> has also acted as a court-appointed labor union trustee, a civil litigation discovery master and as a federal monitor pursuant to a United States Department of Justice deferred prosecution agreement.Among his public positions, <mask> was appointed by Governor James Florio as a member of the Governor’s Commission on Health Care Costs and by Governor Thomas Kean as the Chairman of the Governor’s Task Force on the Laws Governing the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. He also served from 1982-1990 as General Counsel to the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. <mask> was appointed by the Supreme Court of New Jersey to serve on its Ethics Committee and was a member of the Court's Committee on Reporting of Court Decisions. He was also the legal consultant to the Advisory Committee to the Attorney General on Governmental Immunity. In addition, <mask> served on the New Jersey Bar Association Committee on Judicial and Prosecutorial Appointments. Christie nominated <mask> to the Board of Commissioners of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey on September 30, 2010. He was confirmed by the New Jersey Senate on January 25, 2011, and was elected as the agency's Chairman on February 3, 2011.<mask> was presented with Essex County, New Jersey's Star of Essex award during the county’s annual Jewish Heritage Celebration on May 7, 2013. After United States Senator Frank Lautenberg died on June 3, 2013, there was speculation that Gov. Christie would appoint <mask> to fill the vacant seat in the United States Senate. Instead, Christie picked <mask>'s former law partner, New Jersey Attorney General Jeffrey Chiesa. Controversies

Fort Lee lane closure scandal

In January 2014, it was revealed in subpoenaed e-mails that <mask> had tried to retaliate against PANYNJ Executive Director Patrick J. Foye, who allegedly leaked his own September 13, 2013, e-mail criticizing the closure of two of three local toll lanes to the George Washington Bridge without following regular protocols and without notifying Foye, and supported <mask>, who resigned from the Port Authority in December 2013, for his role in closing those dedicated toll lanes for an entrance in Fort Lee, New Jersey. This fueled speculation that <mask> was involved in the scandal. Official e-mails sent from <mask> to other Port Authority officials sharply criticized Foye's order to re-open the two closed toll lanes for the George Washington Bridge, accusing the latter of "stirring up trouble."<mask> hired Michael Chertoff from Covington & Burling and Genova Burns Giantomasi Webster as legal representation. On February 19, 2014 <mask> apologized on behalf of the commissioners "for inconvenience caused to our travelers" without directly stating that it was due to plans by some individuals to cause traffic jams with the toll lane closings at the bridge, and without acknowledging the detrimental effects on the borough of Fort Lee and its public services, mayor, and  officials The editorial board of The Star-Ledger, a New Jersey newspaper with the largest circulation in the state, assessed <mask>'s apology as "too little, too late", noted a list of his failures and conflicts of interests, and called for him to resign. According to records released by subpoena, <mask> is said to have been intimately involved with day-to-day operations at the Port Authority. Allegations of conflict of interest and resignation
Several dealings between Wolff and Samson and the Port Authority have come under media scrutiny for possible conflict of interest

A report by The Star-Ledger found <mask> voted at the Port Authority to award multimillion-dollar contracts to Railroad Construction Company Inc,  a company whose owner is represented by <mask>'s law firm. In March 2014, The New York Times reported in a front-page article that a "comprehensive examination" had shown the extent to which clients of <mask>'s law firm had profited from dealings with the Port Authority during <mask>'s term as chairman. The Times reported that "<mask> and his law firm benefited financially," and that Christie "benefited politically." On February 25, 2013, Patrick Foye, the Executive Director of the Port Authority, said he does not believe Chairman <mask> has moral authority to run the Port Authority.The New Jersey Working Families Alliance claimed that <mask> misused his authority as chairman of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, alleging that <mask> traded his public position to benefit the private clients of his law firm, and filed an ethics complaint with the New Jersey State Ethics Commission. The Bergen County freeholders (county legislature), which has no oversight over the PA, called for the resignation of both Chairman <mask> (since his political activity allegedly conflicted with his actions regarding the aftermath of the lane closures and other PA issues) and the other five New Jersey appointed commissioners (based on their failure to exercise oversight in the aftermath of the Bridgegate controversy). Bergen County is the most populous New Jersey county and includes Fort Lee and surrounding communities that were impacted by the lane closures. Calls for <mask>'s resignation and/or removal came from The Star-Ledger, The Record (twice),   The New York Times, Daily News (New York), and the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders. In response to these matters, Christie said in late February 2014 that he "strongly, firmly" stands behind <mask> as chairman of the Port Authority. However, on March 28, 2014, Christie announced <mask>'s resignation from the Port Authority, "effective immediately, at a press conference. In December 2014 <mask> and his law firm sued the New Jersey State Ethics Commission in U.S. District Court, claiming it does not have the authority to investigate Port Authority commissioners.The suit was dropped on December 24, 2014. Federal investigations into the "chairman's flight" and guilty plea
The Public Corruption Unit of the U.S. Attorney's Office in the Southern District of New York, led by U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara, opened an investigation into <mask>'s conduct as Port Authority chairman. On March 7, 2014, federal prosecutors subpoenaed the Port Authority for documents related to <mask>'s private business interests, but rescinded the request on March 10, 2014, due to an overlapping investigation into the toll lane closures by Paul J. Fishman, United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey. In January 2015, federal prosecutors subpoenaed records related to <mask>'s personal travel, and his relationship with Newark Liberty International Airport's largest carrier, United Airlines, as part of a probe into a flight route initiated by United while <mask> was chairman of the transportation agency that operates the region's airports. The route provided non-stop service between Newark and Columbia Metropolitan Airport in South Carolina, located about 50 miles from a home where <mask> often spent weekends. United halted the non-stop route on April 1, 2014, three days after <mask> resigned from the position. <mask> referred to the twice-a-week route — with a flight leaving Newark on Thursday evenings and another returning on Monday mornings — as “the chairman’s flight.” The PANYNJ is cooperating with the investigation.Additional records were subpoenaed from the PANYNJ in August 2015. In September 2015 top officials at United resigned in conjunction with the investigation. In April 2015, amid reports of a "sprawling investigation", <mask> retired from Wolff & Samson. He had been at the firm for 44 years. At that time, a Wolff & Samson spokesperson announced the firm was changing its name to Chiesa Shahinian & Giantomasi P.C. On July 14, 2016, <mask> pleaded guilty in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey to one felony count of conspiracy. The indictment charged that <mask> impeded an airport hangar project to coerce the airline to reinstate the flight to Columbia.<mask> was ordered to pay a $100,000 fine and sentenced to a year of home confinement at the South Carolina vacation house that was subject of the crime. Official misconduct charges
On April 4, 2017 Bill Brennan, Democratic activist and candidate for Democratic nominee governor, filed a citizen's complaint against <mask> in Newark municipal court stating that <mask>'s confession to extortion and bribery amounted to a confession of official misconduct. Essex County Judge Marvin Adames dismissed the charges, ruling that Brennan did not have standing to bring the suit. See also
Governorship of Chris Christie
List of people involved in the Fort Lee lane closure scandal

References

External links
 Timeline of "Chairman's Flight" events, according to
 WNYC-FM/AM (New York Public Radio)
 Information (indictment) against <mask>, filed July 14, 2016

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1939 births
Living people
Politicians from Newark, New Jersey
New Jersey Attorneys General
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey people
Rutgers University alumni
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Jewish American attorneys
Chairmen of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Lawyers from Newark, New Jersey
New Jersey Turnpike Authority
21st-century American Jews

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<mask> (born Sharon Lee Myers, August 21, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter with a string of hit song credits from the 1960s onwards, as both singer and composer. She was one of the first female singer-songwriters of the Rock and Roll period. She is best known as the singer of "What the World Needs Now Is Love" and "Put a Little Love in Your Heart", and as the composer of "When You Walk in the Room" and "Bette Davis Eyes", which were covered by The Searchers and Kim Carnes, whose versions have been hits for both these acts. Since 2009, <mask> has been an entertainment broadcast correspondent reporting Beatles band members' news for the radio program Breakfast with the Beatles. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Hazel, Kentucky, the daughter of musically inclined farming parents, James Erwin Myers and the former Sandra Jeanne Laporte. By age six, she was singing country tunes on a local radio show. By age 11, she was hosting her own radio program.When life on the farm became too difficult, the family moved to her mother's hometown, Aurora, Illinois, where her father resumed his other career as a barber. After a year, they moved to Batavia, Illinois, where she attended high school. In May 1955, while in 8th grade, Sharon Lee Myers, then 13 years old, was featured in the local newspaper for her vocal talents and personal appearances at community gatherings, the local hospitals, and for assorted organizations. According to the Batavia Herald, she had her own Saturday morning radio show Breakfast Melodies on radio station WMRO. Further:
Though only 13, the youngster can boast almost 11 years of voice training and experience and in the past she has toured most of the south making personal appearances. Also she has sung on radio with a rhythm band for 2 years and has appeared on television 3 times. In March 1956, "Sherry Lee Myers" made "another guest appearance on Pee Wee King's popular Country and Western Television Show" on Saturday evening, March 3, on Channel 2—the CBS network affiliate in Chicago, Illinois.According to the Batavia Herald:Sherry Lee is a busy young lady. Each Saturday morning at 9:30 she is on the WMRO radio show. She had made appearances with the Pee Wee King Show at Ottawa, Rockford and LaSalle in recent weeks. Following her television appearance this Saturday night, the young Batavia artist will appear at the West Aurora Junior High School auditorium on Sunday, March 4th for three shows, 2, 4, and 8 pm. She attended Batavia High School for two years (1955–1957), leaving school after her second year. Early career
She began to record under various names such as Sherry Lee, <mask>, and <mask>, with mixed success. Billboard noted (June 10, 1957) that Sherry Lee Myers, "16-year-old C&W singer of Batavia, Illinois," had recently signed to George Goldner's Gone label in New York as a rockabilly artist, and that her "handlers" (Irving Schacht and Paul Kallett) had changed her name to <mask>.Her only release on Gone included "I'll Be True" (A) and "How Wrong I Was" (B), which appeared in both 78 rpm and 45 rpm versions. <mask> almost certainly sang these songs at the Uptown Theater in Philadelphia on July 3, 1957, and at the Paramount Theater in New York, two weeks later, with Alan Freed's Big Rock 'n' Roll Show. However, her interpretations of country songs "Buddy" (as <mask>) and "Trouble" (as <mask>) gained the attention of rock and roll star Eddie Cochran, who arranged for her to travel to California to meet his girlfriend, singer-songwriter Sharon Sheeley, who formed a writing partnership with DeShannon in 1960. Their partnership produced Brenda Lee's hits "Dum Dum" and "Heart in Hand". In 1960, DeShannon signed with Liberty Records, adopting the name <mask>, believed to be the name of an Irish ancestor, after executives at Liberty thought the name Sharon Myers would not help sell records. In a Fresh Air interview (June 14, 2010), DeShannon said that she chose "<mask>" as a cross-gender name. Since she had a low singing voice, she could be heard as either male or female.When she found that "<mask>" was too similar to Brenda Lee, Sandra Dee, et al., she changed it to <mask> Shannon, which people heard as <mask>. The name stuck. Armed with her new name, she made the WLS Chicago radio survey with the single "Lonely Girl" in late 1960. A string of mostly flop singles followed, although "The Prince" bubbled under at No. 108 in the United States in early 1962, and "Faded Love" became her first US Billboard Top 100 entry, squeaking in at No. 97 in February 1963. She fared better with the Sonny Bono-Jack Nitzsche song "Needles and Pins" and the self-penned "When You Walk in the Room" later in 1963.Both reached the lower rungs of the US pop charts, but were Top 40 hits in Canada, where "Needles and Pins" made it all the way to No. 1. "Needles and Pins" and "When You Walk in the Room" later became US and UK hits for The Searchers. A version of "When You Walk in the Room" by Pam Tillis topped the country charts in 1994, and the song was also recorded by ex-Byrds member Chris Hillman in 1998 and by ex-ABBA vocalist Agnetha Fältskog in 2004. DeShannon recorded many other singles that encompassed teen pop, country ballads, rockabilly, gospel, and Ray Charles-style soul that didn't fare as well on the charts. During these years it was her songwriting and public profile rather than her recording career that kept her contracted to Liberty. DeShannon dated Elvis Presley and formed friendships with The Everly Brothers and Ricky Nelson.She also co-starred and sang with Bobby Vinton in the 1964 teen surf movie Surf Party. DeShannon's biggest break came in February 1964 when she supported The Beatles on their first US tour, and formed a touring band with guitarist Ry Cooder. DeShannon co-wrote "Breakaway" with Sharon Sheeley, which was recorded by Irma Thomas in 1964, and by Tracey Ullman in 1983. She also wrote "Don't Doubt Yourself Babe" for Mr. Tambourine Man, the 1965 debut album of The Byrds. Her music at this stage was heavily influenced by the American West Coast sounds and folk music. Staying briefly in England in 1965, DeShannon formed a songwriting partnership with Jimmy Page, which resulted in the songs "Dream Boy" and "Don't Turn Your Back on Me". DeShannon also wrote material for singer Marianne Faithfull, including her Top Ten UK and US hit "Come and Stay With Me", which became Faithfull's biggest UK hit, peaking at No.4 in 1965. That same year, Cher covered the song on her solo debut album All I Really Want to Do. It would be three more years before <mask> would record the song for herself, on her 'Laurel Canyon' album in 1968. She also appeared on the television show Ready Steady Go! Hit love songs
Moving to New York City, <mask> co-wrote with Randy Newman, producing such songs as "She Don't Understand Him Like I Do" and "Did He Call Today Mama? ", as well as writing "You Have No Choice" for Delaney Bramlett. In March 1965, <mask> recorded Burt Bacharach and Hal David's "What the World Needs Now Is Love", which led to club tours and regular appearances on television and went to No.7 on the US charts and No. 1 in Canada. (<mask>'s recording of the song was subsequently used in the 1969 film Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice). She appeared in the 1967 film C'mon, Let's Live a Little, with Bobby Vee, as a folk singer. DeShannon continued writing and recording, but it was not until 1969 that she scored her next smash single and album, both entitled "Put a Little Love in Your Heart". The self-penned single (co-written with her brother, Randy Myers and Jimmy Holiday) sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. "Put a Little Love in Your Heart" was performed as the closing number at the Music for UNICEF Concert, broadcast worldwide from the United Nations General Assembly in 1979, and was covered in 1988 as a duet by Annie Lennox and Al Green (reaching No.9 in the Billboard Hot 100), and by Dolly Parton in 1993. The single "Love Will Find a Way" from the same album was also a moderate hit. Later career
Switching to Atlantic Records in 1970 and moving to Los Angeles, DeShannon recorded the critically acclaimed albums Jackie (1972) and Your Baby Is a Lady (1974), but they failed to produce the same commercial success as previous releases. In 1973, she was invited by Van Morrison to sing on his album, Hard Nose the Highway (singing backup on both the title track and "Warm Love"). In 1974, DeShannon released New Arrangement for Columbia Records. She co-wrote four songs on the album with Donna Weiss, including "Queen of the Rodeo" and "Bette Davis Eyes". The latter went on to become a worldwide No.1 single for Kim Carnes in 1981, earning Weiss and DeShannon the 1982 Grammy Award for Song of the Year. She released You're the Only Dancer in 1977, and a single from that album, "Don't Let The Flame Burn Out", was a minor hit, reaching No. 65 in the Billboard Hot 100. DeShannon continued to record into the 21st century. She released You Know Me, an album of original songs, for Varèse Sarabande in 2000, and When You Walk in the Room, a new recording of her best-known songs, in 2011. She was portrayed by singer Liz Phair in an episode of American Dreams. On June 17, 2010, <mask> was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.In 2012 she wrote and recorded "For Africa, In Africa", a song inspired by the urgent need for action to provide clean water for the African Continent. Using her continuing access and friendship with Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr, DeShannon has appeared as a contributing entertainment broadcast correspondent reporting historical anecdotes and current touring and personal news and publicity pertaining to the two surviving Beatles for Breakfast with the Beatles on Sirius XM Satellite Radio on the weekends since October 2009. Personal life
She had a brother, Randy James Myers, with whom she has sometimes written songs. In the mid 1960s, she was a companion of Jimmy Page and dated Love guitarist Bryan MacLean. It is likely that Page wrote the song "Tangerine" (which appeared on the third Led Zeppelin album) after the breakup of his relationship with DeShannon in early 1965. Her first husband was Liberty Records executive Irving "Bud" Dain, whom she married on January 29, 1966 (annulled in 1967). DeShannon has been married to singer-songwriter and film composer Randy Edelman since 1976.They have one son, Noah (born 1978). Discography

Albums
 <mask> (1963)
Breakin' It Up on the Beatles Tour (1964)
 Don't Turn Your Back on Me (1964)
 Surf Party (1964, soundtrack)
 This Is <mask>hannon (1965)
 Jackie: In the Wind (1965)
 You Won't Forget Me (1965, compilation)
 C'mon, Let's Live a Little (1966, soundtrack)
 Are You Ready for This? (1966)
 New Image (1967)
 For You (1967)
 Me About You (1968)
 What the World Needs Now Is Love (1968, compilation)
 Lonely Girl (1968, compilation)
 Great Performances (1968, compilation)
 Laurel Canyon (1969)
 Put a Little Love in Your Heart (1969)
 To Be Free (1970)
 Songs (1971)
 Jackie (1972)
 Your Baby Is a Lady (1974)
 New Arrangement (1975)
 The Very Best of <mask>non (1975, compilation)
 You're the Only Dancer (1977)
 Quick Touches (1978)
 Together (1980, soundtrack)
 Pop Princess (1981, compilation)
 <mask>non (1985, compilation)
 What the World Needs Now Is ...: The Definitive Collection (1994, compilation)
 Good as Gold! (1990, compilation)
 The Best of <mask>non (1991, compilation)
 Trouble with <mask> (1991)
 The Early Years (1998, compilation)
 Come and Get Me: Best of... 1958–1980 (2000, compilation)
 You Know Me (2000)
 High Coinage: The Songwriters Collection 1960–1984 (2007, compilation)
 You Won't Forget Me: The Complete Liberty Singles Volume 1 (2009, UK compilation)
 Come and Get Me: The Complete Liberty and Imperial Singles Volume 2 (2011, UK compilation)
 When You Walk in the Room (2011, songs newly recorded)
 Keep Me in Mind: The Complete Imperial and Liberty Singles, Volume 3 (2012, UK compilation)
 All the Love: The Lost Atlantic Recordings (2015, previously unreleased 1971 album)
 Stone Cold Soul: The Complete Capitol Recordings (2018, compilation)

Singles
Images of each record from 1956 to 1960, including additional liner notes, are found at "Sweet Sherry: The Early Recording Career of Jackie DeShannon" by Pete Lerner. Film appearances
 Surf Party (1963)
 Intimacy (1966)
 C'mon Let's Live a Little (1967)

TV appearances
 Hollywood A Go Go (1965)
 Hullabaloo (1965)
 My Three Sons (1967)
 Playboy After Dark (1969)
 The Wild Wild West (1969) (The Night of the Janus)
 The Johnny Cash Show (1970)
 Flip Wilson Show (1970)
 The Virginian (1970)
 The Catcher (1972)
 The Midnight Special (1976)
 Later... with Jools Holland, Series 41, Episode 6, BBC TWO (2012)

References

External links

 Official website
 Jackie DeShannon at the Internet Movie Database
 "Sweet Sherry: The Early Recording Career of Jackie DeShannon" by Pete Lerner

American women singer-songwriters
American rock songwriters
American women rock singers
Rock musicians from Kentucky
People from Calloway County, Kentucky
American rockabilly musicians
1941 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Imperial Records artists
Liberty Records artists
Singer-songwriters from Kentucky
People from Batavia, Illinois
People from Aurora, Illinois
Kentucky women singers
Country musicians from Illinois
Country musicians from Kentucky
21st-century American women
Singer-songwriters from Illinois

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<mask> (also known by other orthographic variation including Keali'inohomoku) (1930–2015) was an American anthropologist and educator, co-founder of the dance research organization Cross-Cultural Dance Resources (CCDR). She has written and/or edited numerous books and articles, including contributions on dance-related subjects to multiple encyclopedias, such as writing the entry for "Music and dance in the United States" in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Some of her best-known works are "An anthropologist looks at ballet as a form of ethnic dance" (1970) and "Theory and methods for an anthropological study of dance" (1976). An associate professor of anthropology at Northern Arizona University, she was named professor emerita in 1987. In 1997, she received the first annual award for "Outstanding Contribution to Dance Research" from  Congress on Research in Dance. In 2000, the CCDR collection was named by  President Bill Clinton's White House Millennium Council, as something that needed to be preserved under the "Save America's Treasures" program. Biography
She was born <mask> on May 20, 1930 in Kansas City, Missouri, to  George V. and Leona Lavena (Moore) Wheeler.Wheeler attended grammar school in Des Plaines, Illinois and Whitefish Bay High School in the village of Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin. She later studied at Northwestern University, receiving a Bachelor of Specialized Studies degree in 1955, an MA in 1965, and a PhD from Indiana University in 1976, with her dissertation being "Theory and methods for an anthropological study of dance." In 1953, she married Thomas Samuel <mask>, and they had one child, Halla, before divorcing in 1963. She was the dance reviewer for the Honolulu Star-Bulletin from 1960 to 1963. In 1969, she published one of her best-known works, "An anthropologist looks at ballet as a form of ethnic dance". <mask> served on the Board of Directors of Native Americans for Community Action in Flagstaff, Arizona from 1977 to 1982. She was also a member of the Society of Ethnomusicology, where she was co-founder of their Southwestern Chapter.From 1974–1977 she was on the Board of Directors of the Congress on Research in Dance, and in 1981 was co-founder of Cross-Cultural Dance Resources, a dance research organization in Flagstaff, Arizona, where she was a permanent member of the board of directors. In 2008, it was announced that the CCDR collection was to be transferred to the Herberger College of the Arts at Arizona State University Dance Department in Tempe, Arizona for permanent curation. In 1992, <mask> was the series advisor for Dancing, an eight-part public television series on Thirteen/WNET, which first aired in 1993. Awards
 1996, "Outstanding Contribution to Dance Research", Congress on Research in Dance
 1996, Distinguished Public Scholar award, Arizona Humanities Council
 2000, CCDR collection recognized by President Clinton's White House Millennium Council's "Save America's Treasures" project

Selected works
"An anthropologist looks at ballet as a form of ethnic dance" (1970)
“An anthropologist looks at ballet as a form of ethnic dance” is one of <mask> <mask>’s most well-known works in the field of dance-anthropology. Her principal goals are to challenge the field of western dance history in its inconsistent definitions of what dance is, and its racist and ethnocentric accounts of non-Western dance practices; she does this by arguing that ballet is a form of ethnic dance, a claim which both shocks the dominant narrative and redefines the term “ethnic”. The piece is subdivided into sections, “Paradigm”, “Definitions” and “Ethnicity of Ballet”. Kealiinohomoku begins by addressing historically inconsistent and ethnocentric definitions of dance, used by western dance history scholars and choreographers to describe non-Western dance traditions.She engages with the work of Walter Sorell, Lincoln Kirstein, Walter Terry, Claire Holt, Agnes DeMille and John Martin. For Kealiinohomoku, much of the previous work in the field of dance history illuminates a “pervasive ethnocentric bias” (534). Paradigm: Some of the inaccuracies that she addresses are the misconception of non-Western dance traditions as formless, frenzied, hyper-sexual, and the assumption that the dances formed spontaneously through community activity, but without dance leaders. She uses the example of dances of the Hopi people (which she studied from 1965 and 1968)  to dismiss many of these inaccuracies, arguing that the Hopi dances are “immaculately organized, and never frenzied…” (538). Definitions: She introduces her anthropological definition of ethnic dance, a phrase which, “convey(s) the idea that all forms of dance reflect the cultural traditions within which they develop” (533). For Kealiinohomoku, all dance is ethnic dance. Ethnicity of Ballet: In this section, Kealiinohomoku argues that ballet is ethnic, in the sense that its aesthetic qualities reflect its origin heritages, and that it is not acultural.She highlights “chivalry, courting, weddings, Christenings, burial and mourning customs” are presented in ballets, as well as “aesthetic values” in long, extended, slender bodies of dancers. Ballet’s ethnicity can also be seen in the “flora and fauna” of the stage, including “horses and swans...grains, roses and lilies” (546). She continues to analyze the ways that dance history has mis-defined the term “ethnic” to mean “heathen, pagan, savage, or more recently, exotic” (546), and argues that to use the term appropriately would be to consider all dances ethnic.. Reception: Many scholars have responded to Kealiinohomoku’s text as well as have used it as a jumping off point for their own research. In “On Dance Ethnography”, Deidre Sklar offers an application of Kealiinohomoku’s approach, exploring how an ethnographic approach to dance offers cultural context to movement. She incorporates physical movement and discovery through kinesthetic empathy as imperative research methods. Referencing Keallinohomoku’s work and building upon it she concludes, “My point is that, not only does every dance genre emerge from and depend upon cultural traditions, so does every dance researcher and writer.Cultural background influences what one perceives and how one interprets what she perceives” (8). Sklar’s work is just one of many pieces of a progressive cultural project. "Music and dance of the Hawaiian and Hopi peoples", Richard L. Anderson and Karen L. Field (editors). Art in small scale societies: contemporary readings: pp. 334–348. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. : Prentice-Hall  1993
 "Theory and methods for an anthropological study of dance", 1976 PhD dissertation, published in book form in 2008
“The would-be Indian,” Charlotte J. Frisbie (editor), Explorations In ethnomusicology: essays in honor of David McAllester, pp.111–126. Detroit Monographs in Musicology Number 9. Detroit: Information Coordinators in Detroit. 1986
 1967, "Hopi and Polynesian dance: a study in cross-cultural comparison,"Ethnomusicology, 11:343-368

Encyclopedia articles
 1970, "Hula" The Encyclopedia Americana 14:542, Danbury,  Connecticut: Grolier, Inc. reprinted in subsequent editions., 2002
 1994, "Dance," Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia, Mary B. Davis, ed. Garland Reference Library of Social Science, vol. 452:164-169. NY & London: Garland (corrected paperback edition in 1995)
 1995, "Dance in traditional religions," HarperCollins, Encyclopedia of Religion, Jonathan Z. Smith, general ed.,  Sam D. Gill, area ed.: 304-307. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco
1996, "Gestures," American Folklore: an encyclopedia,  Jan Harold Brunvand, general editor: Garland Reference Library, of the Humanities vol. 1551:333-335. NY & London: Garland. 1998, "Gertrude Prokosch Kurath" " Hopi dance", "Primitive dance." Selma Jeanne Cohen (founding editor), International encyclopedia of dance, New York: Oxford,   University Press. 1998,     "Folk dance," Academic American Encyclopedia,  8:199-201.Barbara Winard, editor. Danbury CT: Grolier. 2002
2001, “Music and dance in the United States,” pp. 206–222,  volume 3, The United States and Canada, Ellen Koskoff,  editor. The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, NY & London: Garland Publishing Co.
2002,  "Hula," Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, Danbury, Connecticut
2008, "Folk Dance", online entry in Encyclopædia Britannica

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
People from Kansas City, Missouri
Whitefish Bay High School alumni
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Joann Wheeler Kealiinohomoku
Joann Marie Wheeler
Kealiinohomoku
Kealiinohomoku
Kealiinohomoku
Joann
Kealiinohomoku


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Sir <mask> bin <mask>SI  (; 17 October 1817 – 27 March 1898), commonly known as Sir <mask> (also <mask>), was an Indian Muslim pragmatist, Islamic reformer, philosopher, and educationist in nineteenth-century British India. Though initially espousing Hindu-Muslim unity, he became the pioneer of Muslim nationalism in India and is widely credited as the father of the two-nation theory, which formed the basis of the Pakistan movement. Born into a family with strong debts  to the Mughal court, <mask> studied the Quran and Sciences within the court. He was awarded an honorary LLD from the University of Edinburgh in 1889. In 1838, <mask> entered the service of East India Company and went on to become a judge at a Small Causes Court in 1867, retiring from 1876. During the War of Independence of 1857, he remained loyal to the British Raj and was noted for his actions in saving European lives. After the rebellion, he penned the booklet The Causes of the Indian Mutiny – a daring critique, at the time, of various British policies that he blamed for causing the revolt.Believing that the future of Muslims was threatened by the rigidity of their orthodox outlook, Sir <mask> began promoting Western–style scientific education by founding modern schools and journals and organising Islamic entrepreneurs. In 1859, <mask> established Gulshan School at Muradabad, Victoria School at Ghazipur in 1863, and a scientific society for Muslims in 1864. In 1875, founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, the first Muslim university in Southern Asia. During his career, <mask> repeatedly called upon Muslims to loyally serve the British Raj and promoted the adoption of Urdu as the lingua franca of all Indian Muslims. <mask> criticized the Indian National Congress. Sir <mask> maintains a strong legacy in Pakistan and among Indian Muslims. He strongly influenced other Muslim leaders including Allama Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.His advocacy of Islam's rationalist tradition, and at broader, radical reinterpretation of the Quran to make it compatible with science and modernity, continues to influence the global Islamic reformation. Many universities and public buildings in Pakistan bear Sir <mask>'s name. Aligarh Muslim University celebrated Sir <mask>'s 200th birth centenary with much enthusiasm on 17 October 2017. Former President of India Pranab Mukherjee was the chief guest. Early life

<mask> Taqvi '<mask>' was born on 17 October 1817 to <mask>  Muhammad Muttaqi and Aziz-un-Nisa in Delhi, which was the capital of the Mughal Empire in the ruling times of Mughal Emperor Akbar II. Many generations of his family had since been highly connected with the administrative position in Mughal Empire. His maternal grandfather Khwaja Fariduddin served as Wazir (lit.Minister) in the court of Emperor Akbar Shah II. His paternal grandfather <mask> Jawwad bin Imaduddin held a mansab (lit. General)– a high-ranking administrative position and honorary name of "Mir Jawwad <mask>" in the court of Emperor Alamgir II. Sir <mask>'s father, <mask>  Muhammad Muttaqi, was personally close to Emperor Akbar Shah II and served as his personal adviser. However, <mask> was born at a time when his father was regional insurrections aided and led by the East India Company, which had replaced the power traditionally held by the Mughal state, reducing its monarch to figurehead. <mask> was the youngest of three siblings. With his elder brother <mask> bin Muttaqi <mask> and elder sister Safiyatun Nisa, Sir <mask> was raised in the house of his maternal grandfather in a wealthy area of the city.They were raised in strict accordance with Mughal noble traditions and exposed to politics. Their mother Aziz-un-Nisa played a formative role in <mask>'s early life, raising him with rigid discipline with a strong emphasis on modern education. Education
Sir <mask>'s education was initiated by Shah Ghulam Ali, his father's spiritual mentor in 1822. He was taught to read and understand the Qur'an by a female tutor. He received an education traditional to Muslim nobility in Delhi. He attended a maktab run by a learned scholar, Moulvi Hamiduddin, in a house adjacent to his ancestral home and started learning Persian and Arabic. He read the works of Muslim scholars and writers such as Sahbai, Zauq and Ghalib.Other tutors instructed him in mathematics, astronomy and algebra. He also pursued the study of medicine for several years under Hakim Ghulam Haider <mask>. Sir <mask> was also adept at swimming, shooting and other sports. He took an active part in the Mughal court's cultural activities and attended parties, festivals and recitations. <mask>'s elder brother launched a weekly, “Syedul Akhbar”, from Delhi, which was one of the earliest Urdu newspaper of North India. Until the death of his father in 1838, Sir <mask> had lived a life customary for an affluent young Muslim noble. Upon his father's death, he inherited the titles of his grandfather and father and was awarded the title of Arif Jung by the emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar.Financial difficulties put an end to Sir <mask>'s formal education, although he continued to study in private, using books on a variety of subjects. Career

Having recognized the steady decline in Mughal political power, Sir <mask> decided to enter the service of the East India Company. He could not enter the colonial civil service because it was only in the 1860s that Indians were admitted. His first appointment was as a  Serestadar (lit. Clerk) of the Criminal Department in the Sadr Amin's office in Delhi, responsible for record-keeping and managing court affairs. In February 1839, he was transferred to Agra and promoted to the title of Naib Munshi or deputy reader in the office of the Commissioner. In 1841 he was appointed as the Munsif or Sub-Judge of Fatehpur Sikri and later transferred to Delhi in 1846.He remained in Delhi until 1854 except for two short-term postings to Rohtak as officiating Sadr Amin in 1850 and 1853. In 1855 he was promoted to the post of Sadr Amin in Bijnor. Acquainted with high-ranking British officials, Sir <mask> obtained close knowledge about British colonial politics during his service at the courts. At the outbreak of the Indian rebellion, on 10 May 1857, Sir <mask> was serving as the chief assessment officer at the court in Bijnor. He stood by the British officers of Bijnor and saved the lives of many officers and their family members from the revolting soldiers. The conflict had left large numbers of civilians dead. Erstwhile centres of Muslim power such as Delhi, Agra, Lucknow and Kanpur were severely affected.He lost several close relatives who died in the violence. Although he succeeded in rescuing his mother from the turmoil, she died in Meerut, owing to the privations she had experienced. In 1858, he was appointed as Sadarus Sudoor, a high-ranking post at the court in Muradabad, where he began working on his most famous literary work, The Cause of the Indian Revolt. In 1862, he was transferred to Ghazipur, and later to Aligarh in 1864. In 1864 he was sent to Banaras and elevated to the position of a Sub-Judge of Small Causes. In April 1869, he accompanied his two son <mask>, who had obtained a scholarship for study in England and <mask> to England. Sir <mask> retired from government service in 1876 and settled in Aligarh.In 1878, he was nominated as an additional member of the Imperial Legislative Council, which he served from July 1878 to July 1880. He got the second term that lasted until 1883. He served the Legislative Council of the Lieutenant Governor of the North- Western Provinces for two terms from 1887 until 1893. Influences
<mask>'s early influences were his mother Aziz-un-Nisa and maternal grandfather Khwaja Fariduddin both of whom took special interest in his education. Apart from serving as a Wazir in the Mughal court Khwaja Fariduddin was also a teacher, mathematician and astronomer. He was also disposed towards Sufism, which left its impact on Sir <mask> since his early childhood. His maternal uncle Khwaja Zainuddin <mask>, who was an expert in music and mathematics also influenced him in his early days.<mask>bandi tradition of Shah Ghulam Ali Dahlavi, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi and his teachings, and the Mujahidin movement of <mask> Barelvi and his earliest disciple Shah Ismail Dehlvi. While <mask> shared the desire for religious forms in India with the Mujahidin movement, he was opposed to the Indian Wahhabi movement. During his formative years in Delhi he came in contact with Ghalib and Zauq whose exquisite style of prose and poetry influenced <mask>'s style of writing. He would often visit Imam Baksh Sahbai and Sadruddin <mask> Dehlawi in his learning years. Another influence on him was his teacher and friend in Agra, Nur al Hasan of Kandhala, a teacher in Arabic at Agra College in the early 1840s who encouraged and corrected his early works. He was also influenced by the works of the Tunisian reformer Hayreddin Pasha and adopted his approach of utilising freedom of expression for bringing reforms in the Muslim community. The western writers who most influenced his political thoughts were the Utilitarians such as John Stuart Mill whose works he often quoted in his own writings.He was also influenced by the essays of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele and modelled his own journals after their Tatler and Spectator. Literary works
While continuing to work as a junior clerk, Sir <mask> began focusing on writing, from the age of 23 (in 1840), on various subjects (from mechanics to educational issues), mainly in Urdu, where he wrote, at least, 6000 pages. Religious works

Sir <mask> <mask>'s career as an author began when he published a series of treatises in Urdu on religious subjects in 1842. In his early religious writings his religious thoughts are inclined towards the orthodoxy which slowly becomes independent with his increasing contact with the West. His early works show the influence of Sufism and his upbringing in Delhi. The main themes of these works are popularisation of the practice of Prophet Muhammad as the one true path and the desire to reform the lives of Indian Muslims from religious innovations thus endeavouring  for the purity of Islamic belief in India. His later religious writings such as his commentary on the Torah and Gospel and his essays on Muhammad were stimulated in response to Christian missionary activities in India and the aggressive view of British historians towards Islam.Early treatises
His first treatise published in 1842 was a biographical sketch of Prophet Muhammad, called Jila al- Qulub bi Zikr al-Mahbub (Delight of the Hearts in Remembering the Beloved) in line with reformist ideas of Shah Waliullah. It was prose for recitation on Mawlid written in idiomatic Urdu. He published his second treatise Tuhfa-i Hasan (The Gift to Hasan) in 1844 on the encouragement of his friend Nur al Hasan. It is an Urdu translation of the tenth and twelfth chapter of Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi's Tuhfah-i Ithna Ashariyya (A treatise on the 12 Imams), which was a critique of Shia beliefs. The tenth chapter deals and answers the Shia accusations against the Sahabi and Hazrat Aisha and the twelfth deals with the Shia doctrines of tawalli and tabarri. His third treatise, entitled Kalimat al-Haqq (The True Discourse) was published in 1849. It is a critique of the prevalent Sufi practices around pir–murid relationships.The first part of the work is devoted to the concept of piri in which he argues that Muhammad is the only valid pir while the second part is focused on muridi and the notion of bay'ah. He calls for reforms in the pir-murid relationship and the associated practises. Rah i Sunna dar radd i Bid'a (The Sunna and the Rejection of Innovations), his fourth treatise was published in 1850. In this work he criticised the religious practices and beliefs of his fellow Muslims which he felt was mixed with innovation and deviated from the true Sunnah. In 1852 he published Namiqa dar bayan masala tasawwur-i-Shaikh (A Letter Explaining the Teaching of tasawwur i shaikh) in which he defended tasawwur-i-Shaikh, the Sufi practice of visualizing within, the image of one's spiritual guide. In 1853 he translated some passages of al-Ghazali's Kimiya al Sa'ada (The Alchemy of Happiness). Commentary of the Torah and Gospel
In 1862 while stationed at Ghazipur, <mask> started working on a commentary on the Bible and its teaching, with the aim to explain them in terms of Islam, the final of the Abrahamic religions.It was published in Urdu and English in three parts from 1862 to 1865 under the title Tabin al-al-kalam Fi tafsir altawrat Wa ‘I-injil’ala millat al Islam (Elucidation of the World in Commentary of the Torah and Gospel According to the Religion of Islam). While the first part deals with the Islamic approach towards biblical writings, the second and third part contains commentary on the Book of Genesis and the Gospel of Matthew respectively. Essays on the Life of Prophet Muhammad
In 1869 he wrote Al-Khutbat al-Ahmadiya fi'l Arab wa'I Sirat al-Muhammadiya (A Series of Essays on the Life of Prophet Muhammad and Subjects Subsidiary Therein) as a rejoinder to William Muir's widely known four-part book, The Life of Mahomet published in 1864. He was deeply distress by Muir's portrayal of Islam and the character of Prophet Mohammad. He was concerned that the book might create doubts among the younger generation of Muslims. In

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Syed Ahmad Taqvi
Syed Muhammad Muttaqi KC
Syed Ahmad Khan
Sayyid Ahmad Khan
Ahmad
Syed Ahmad
Ahmad
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Syed
Syed
Syed
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Syed Ahmad
Khan Bahadur
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Ali Khan
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Syed Ahmad
Syed Muhammad
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Syed Hamid
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Syed Ahmad
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 order to prepare for the book he accompanied his son to England as he wanted to get a first-hand impression of Western civilisation. He was also a reader of Darwin and, while not agreeing with all of his ideas, he could be described as a sort of theistic evolutionist like his contemporary Asa Gray, and one of the first in the Islamic world, finding the arguments supporting such view through his own scientific research but also quoting earlier Islamic scholars like Al-Jahiz, Ibn Khaldun and Shah Waliullah.Tafsir-ul-Quran
Sir <mask> started working on a tafsir or commentary on Quran in 1877. It was published as Tafsir ul-Quran in seven volumes; the first volume appeared in 1880 and the last volume was published six years after his death in 1904. In this work, he analysed and interpreted 16 paras and 13 surahs of the Quran. He also included a detailed article Tahrir fi Usool al-Tafsir (The Notes on the Principles of Commentary) in the first volume in which he laid down 15 principles on which he based his commentary. Historical works
History was <mask>'s preferred area of study and in 1840, Sir <mask> compiled a book of chronological tables about the Timurid rulers of Delhi from Timurlane to Bahadur Shah Zafar at the behest of Robert N. C. Hamilton, his patron. It was later published under the title Jam-i-Jum (Jamshed's Cup). In Silsilat-ul-Mulk he compiled the biographical data of all the ruler of Delhi in history.During his stay in Bijnor, he wrote a history on the city of Bijnor but it was destroyed during the 1857 rebellion. He also wrote critical editions of books like Ziauddin Barani's Tarikh-e-Firoz Shahi published in 1862, and Tuzk-e-Jahangiri published in 1864. However his most important historical works that brought him fame as a scholar are the two editions of Asar-us-Sanadid and that of the Ain-e-Akbari. Asar-us-Sanadid
In 1847 he published the book Asar-us-Sanadid (The Remnants of Ancient Heroes) documenting antiquities of Delhi dating from the medieval era. The work is divided into four sections describing the buildings outside the city of Delhi, the buildings around the Delhi Fort, the monuments in Shahjahanabad and the last section presenting a brief historical account of the various settlements of Delhi and the prominent inhabitants of Delhi which included Sufis such as Shah Ghulam Ali, Saiyid <mask>, physicians, scholars, poets, calligraphers, and prominent musicians of Delhi. It also contained around 130 illustrations drawn by Faiz <mask> and Mirza Shahrukh Beg which were the first lithographically produced book illustrations in India. He released the second edition of Ansar-as-sanadid in 1854.However both the editions are radically different with the second edition being abbreviated and more factual. This work brought <mask> a wider fame and earned him the reputation of a cultured scholar. In 1861, it was translated into French by Gracin de Tassy in Paris. The book was also presented to the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London which made him an honorary fellow. Ain-e-Akbari

In 1855, he finished his scholarly, and illustrated edition of Abul Fazl's Ai'n-e Akbari. The first and the third volume of the work was published in 1855. The second volume sent to the publisher in 1857 was destroyed in the rebellion that took place that year.Having finished the work to his satisfaction, and believing that Mirza Asadullah <mask>b was a person who would appreciate his labours, <mask> approached the great Ghalib to write a taqriz (in the convention of the times, a laudatory foreword) for it. Ghalib obliged, but what he did produce was a short Persian poem castigating the Ai'n-e Akbari, and by implication, the imperial, sumptuous, literate and learned Mughal culture of which it was a product. The least that could be said against it was that the book had little value even as an antique document. Ghalib practically reprimanded <mask> <mask> for wasting his talents and time on dead things. Worse, he praised sky-high the "sahibs of England" who at that time held all the keys to all the a’ins in this world. Sir <mask> <mask> never again wrote a word in praise of the Ai'n-e Akbari and in fact gave up taking an active interest in history and archaeology. He did edit another two historical texts over the next few years, but neither of them was anything like the Ai'n: a vast and triumphalist document on the governance of Akbar.Political works
During the uprising of 1857, <mask> was posted as a chief assessment officer at the court in Bijnor. He recorded the history of the mutiny in Tarikh i Sarkashi-ye Bijnor (History of the Bijnor Rebellion) which was published in 1858. He was deeply worried about the consequences of the mutiny for his fellow Muslims in particular. He wrote a number of articles and pamphlets such as Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind (The Causes of the Indian Revolt), Loyal Muhammadans of India,  and Review on Dr Hunter's Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen? to defend Muslims and Islam and create a cordial relations between the British authorities and the Muslim community. Causes of the Indian Revolt
Sir <mask> supported the East India Company during the 1857 uprising, a role which has been criticised by some nationalists such as Jamaluddin Afghani. In 1859 Sir <mask> published the booklet Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind (The Causes of the Indian Revolt) in Urdu in which he studied the causes of the Indian revolt.In this, his most famous work, he rejected the common notion that the conspiracy was planned by Muslim elites, who resented the diminishing influence of Muslim monarchs. He blamed the East India Company for its aggressive expansion as well as the ignorance of British politicians regarding Indian culture. Sir <mask> advised the British to appoint Muslims to assist in administration, to prevent what he called ‘haramzadgi’ (a vulgar deed) such as the mutiny. Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali wrote in the biography of Sir <mask> that: "As soon as Sir <mask> reached Muradabad, he began to write the pamphlet entitled 'The Causes of the Indian Revolt' (Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind), in which he did his best to clear the people of India, and especially the Muslims, of the charge of Mutiny. In spite of the obvious danger, he made a courageous and thorough report of the accusations people were making against the Government and refused theory which the British had invented to explain the causes of the Mutiny." When the work was finished, without waiting for an English translation, Sir <mask> sent the Urdu version to be printed at the Mufassilat Gazette Press in Agra. Within a few weeks, he received 500 copies back from the printers.One of his friends warned him not to send the pamphlet to the British Parliament or to the Government of India. Rae Shankar Das, a great friend of Sir <mask>, begged him to burn the books rather than put his life in danger. Sir <mask> replied that he was bringing these matters to the attention of the British for the good of his own people, of his country, and of the government itself. He said that if he came to any harm while doing something that would greatly benefit the rulers and the subjects of India alike, he would gladly suffer whatever befell him. When Rae Shankar Das saw that Sir <mask>'s mind was made up and nothing could be done to change it, he wept and remained silent. After performing a supplementary prayer and asking God's blessing, Sir <mask> sent almost all the 500 copies of his pamphlet to England, one to the government, and kept the rest himself. When the government of India had the book translated and presented before the council, Lord Canning, the governor-general, and Sir Bartle Frere accepted it as a sincere and friendly report.The foreign secretary Cecil Beadon, however, severely attacked it, calling it 'an extremely seditious pamphlet'. He wanted a proper inquiry into the matter and said that the author, unless he could give a satisfactory explanation, should be harshly dealt with. Since no other member of the Council agreed with his opinion, his attack did no harm. Later, Sir <mask> was invited to attend Lord Canning's durbar in Farrukhabad and happened to meet the foreign secretary there. He told Sir <mask> that he was displeased with the pamphlet and added that if he had really had the government's interests at heart, he would not have made his opinion known in this way throughout the country; he would have communicated it directly to the government. Sir <mask> replied that he had only had 500 copies printed, the majority of which he had sent to England, one had been given to the government of India, and the remaining copies were still in his possession. Furthermore, he had the receipt to prove it.He was aware, he added, that the view of the rulers had been distorted by the stress and anxieties of the times, which made it difficult to put even the most straightforward problem in its right perspective. It was for this reason that he had not communicated his thoughts publicly. He promised that for every copy that could be found circulating in India he would personally pay 1,000 rupees. At first, Beadon was not convinced and asked <mask> over and over again if he was sure that no other copy had been distributed in India. Sir <mask> reassured him on this matter, and Beadon never mentioned it again. Later he became one of Sir <mask>'s strongest supporters. Many official translations were made of the Urdu text of The Causes of the Indian Revolt.The one undertaken by the India Office formed the subject of many discussions and debates. The pamphlet was also translated by the government of India and several members of parliament, but no version was offered to the public. A translation which had been started by Auckland Colvin, a government official was finished by Sir <mask>'s friend, Colonel G.F.I. Graham, and finally published in 1873. Loyal Muhammadans of India
In 1860 Sir <mask> wrote a series of bilingual pamphlets called the Risala Khair Khwahan-e Musalmanan-e-Hind (An Account of the Loyal Mohammedans  of India) from Meerut containing episodes in the life of those Muslims who stood by the British during the 1857 uprising. It was published in three issues, the first and second issues appeared in 1860, while the third was published in 1861. The first issue highlighted the bravery of those Muslims who stood by the British while the second issue carried an article on jihad in which he makes a clear distinction between jihad and rebellion.Review on Hunter's Indian Musalmans
In August 1871 William Wilson Hunter, a Scottish historian and member of the Indian Civil Service published Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen? in which he discussed the Indian Wahabi movement, its role in the rebellion and argued that the Muslims were a threat to the Empire. Hunter links Wahhabism with rebellion and terms them as self-stylised jihadis. His accusations led to the prosecution of Muslims in India especially in the North Western Provinces and those associated with Wahhabism were severely punished. Many Muslims found his arguments one-sided and this prompted Sir <mask> to write a  rejoinder of the book. He reviewed the book in The Pioneer in a series of articles which were reprinted in Aligarh Institute Gazette from November 24, 1871, to February 23, 1872. They were later collected and published in a book in England by Hafiz <mask>, the Vakil of Tonk.Sir <mask> based his arguments upon the Prophet's own conduct during holy wars. Muslim reformer

Through the 1850s, <mask> <mask> began developing a strong passion for education. While pursuing studies of different subjects including European jurisprudence, Sir <mask> began to realise the advantages of Western-style education, which was being offered at newly established colleges across India. Despite being a devout Muslim, Sir <mask> criticised the influence of traditional dogma and religious orthodoxy, which had made most Indian Muslims suspicious of British influences. Sir <mask> began feeling increasingly concerned for the future of Muslim communities. A scion of Mughal nobility, Sir <mask> had been reared in the finest traditions of Muslim elite culture and was aware of the steady decline of Muslim political power across India. The animosity between the British and Muslims before and after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 threatened to marginalise Muslim communities across India for many generations.Scientific Society
Sir <mask> intensified his work to promote co-operation with British authorities, promoting loyalty to the Empire amongst Indian Muslims. Committed to working for the upliftment of Muslims, Sir <mask> founded a modern madrassa in Muradabad in 1859; this was one of the first religious schools to impart scientific education. Sir <mask> also worked on social causes, helping to organise relief for the famine-struck people of North-West Province in 1860. While posted in Ghazipur in 1863, he established a madrasa which later became the Victoria High school. He also formed the Scientific Society in Ghazipur to promote educational reforms across the country. He wrote an insightful tract on education titled Iltimas Ba Khidmat-e-Sakinan-e-Hind Dar Bab-e- Taraqqi Taleem in Ahl-e-Hind (Address to the natives of Hindoostan on education). Upon his transfer to Aligarh in 1864, Sir <mask> began working wholeheartedly as an educator.The Scientific Society was

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Sir Syed
Syed
Ahmad Shahid
Ali Khan
Sir Syed
Khan Ghali
Syed Ahmad
Syed Ahmad
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Syed Ahmad
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Syed
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Sir Syed
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Ahmad Hasan
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Syed Ahmad
Khan
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Syed
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 transferred from Ghazipur to Aligarh and rechristened as the Scientific Society of Aligarh. Modelling it after the Royal Society and the Royal Asiatic Society, Sir <mask> assembled Muslim scholars from different parts of the country. The Society held annual conferences, disbursed funds for educational causes and regularly published a journal on scientific subjects in English and Urdu. Sir <mask> felt that the socio-economic future of Muslims was threatened by their orthodox aversions to modern science and technology. He published many writings promoting liberal, rational interpretations of Islamic scriptures, struggling to find rational interpretations for jinn, angels, and miracles of the Prophets. One example was the reaction to his argument – which appeared in his tafsir (exegesis) of the Quran – that riba referred to interest charges when lending money to the poor, but not to the rich, nor to borrowers "in trade or in industry", since this finance supported "trade, national welfare and prosperity". While many jurists declared all interest to be riba, (according to Sir <mask>) this was based "on their own authority and deduction" rather than the Quran.Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
On 1 April 1869 he went, along with his sons <mask> and <mask> to England, where he was awarded the Order of the Star of India from the British government on 6 August. Travelling across England, he visited its colleges and was inspired by the culture of learning established after the Renaissance. Sir <mask> returned to India in the following year determined to build a school modelled on Cambridge and Oxford imparting modern education to Indians. Upon his return, he established the Khwastgaran-i-Taraqqi-i-Talim-i-Musalman (Committee for the Better Diffusion and Advancement of Learning among Muhammadans) on 26 December 1870. By 1872, it was converted into a Fund Committee for the establishment of a school. Sir <mask> described his vision of the institution he proposed to establish in an article written sometime in 1872 and re-printed in the Aligarh Institute Gazette of 5 April 1911:

I may appear to be dreaming and talking like Shaikh Chilli, but we aim to turn this MAO College into a University similar to that of Oxford or Cambridge. Like the churches of Oxford and Cambridge, there will be mosques attached to each College...The College will have a dispensary with a Doctor and a compounder, besides a Unani Hakim. It will be mandatory on boys in residence to join the congregational prayers (namaz) at all the five times. Students of other religions will be exempted from this religious observance. Muslim students will have a uniform consisting of a black alpaca, half-sleeved chugha and a red Fez cap... Bad and abusive words which boys generally pick up and get used to, will be strictly prohibited. Even such a word as a "liar" will be treated as an abuse to be prohibited. They will have food either on tables of European style or on chaukis in the manner of the Arabs... Smoking of cigarette or huqqa and the chewing of betels shall be strictly prohibited.No corporal punishment or any such punishment as is likely to injure a student's self-respect will be permissible... It will be strictly enforced that Shia and Sunni boys shall not discuss their religious differences in the College or in the boarding house. At present it is like a day dream. I pray to God that this dream may come true." He began publishing the journal Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq (Social Reformer) on 24 December 1870 to spread awareness and knowledge on modern subjects and promote reforms in Muslim society. Sir <mask> worked to promote reinterpretation of Muslim ideology in order to reconcile tradition with Western education. He argued in several books on Islam that the Qur'an rested on an appreciation of reason and natural law, making scientific inquiry important to being a good Muslim.By 1873, the committee under <mask> issued proposals for the construction of a college in Aligarh. Maulvi Samiullah <mask> was appointed as the secretary of the sub-committee of the proposed school. Members of the committee toured the country in order to raise funds for the school which was finally  established on 24 May 1875 in Aligarh as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Collegiate School. Two years later, in 1877, the school was converted into the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College. He retired from his career as a jurist the following year, concentrating entirely on developing the college and on religious reform. Sir <mask>'s pioneering work received support from the British. Although intensely criticised by orthodox religious leaders hostile to modern influences, Sir <mask>'s new institution attracted a large student body, mainly drawn from the Muslim gentry and middle classes.However, MAO College was open to all communities, and had a sizeable number of Hindu students. The first graduate of the college was a Hindu. The curriculum at the college involved scientific and Western subjects, as well as Oriental subjects and religious education. The first chancellor was Sultan Shah Jahan Begum, a prominent Muslim noblewoman, and <mask> invited an Englishman, Theodore Beck, to serve as the first college principal. The college was originally affiliated with Calcutta University but was transferred to the Allahabad University in 1885. Near the turn of the 20th century, it began publishing its own magazine and established a law school. In 1920, the college was transformed into Aligarh Muslim University.Muhammadan Educational Conference
After founding the Anglo-Oriental College, Sir <mask> felt the need of a pan-India organisation to propagate the ideas of his movement. To this cause, he established the All India Muhammadan Educational Congress with its headquarters in Aligarh. The first session of the Congress was held at Aligarh in 1886 under the presidency of Maulvi Samiullah <mask>. The main objective of the organisation was to promote educational development among Muslims through conferences throughout India and transform the Anglo-Oriental College to the status of university. The name of the organisation was changed to All India Muhammadan Educational Conference to avoid confusion with the Indian National Congress. Opposition and criticism
Sir <mask>'s Aligarh Movement and his desire to open institutions for Western education was opposed by the orthodox Indian Muslims. Imdad Ali, the then deputy collector of Kanpur condemned the foundation of Anglo-Oriental College.Several periodicals such as Noor-ul-Afaq, Noor-ul-Anwar, and Taed-ul-Islam were started by his opponents in opposition to Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq to dissuade Muslims from joining the Aligarh Movement. Many other orthodox Islamic schools condemned him as out of the fold of Islam i.e. kafir. According to J.M.S. Baljon his ideas created "a real hurricane of protests and outbursts of wrath" among the local clerics "in every town and village" in Muslim India, who issued fatawa "declaring him to be a kafir" (unbeliever). He was also accused of having converted to Christianity. Mirza Ghulam <mask>, the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement criticised some of his writings in a polemic titled Barakat al Dua.Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, the Pan-Islamic ideologue launched a vitriolic attack on him through his periodical calling him a “Naturist”. Many of his own friends, like Nawab Muhsin ul Mulk, expressed their significant reservations at his religious ideas (many of which were expounded in his commentary of Qur'an). Maulana Qasim Nanautawi, the founder of Darul Uloom Deoband, expressed in a letter to an acquaintance of his and Sir <mask>'s:

"No doubt, I greatly admire, as per what I've heard, <mask> (<mask>) Sahab's courage (Ūlul Azmi) and concern for the Muslims (Dardmandi e Ahl e Islam). For this if I shall express my affection for him, it will be rightful. However, similar to this (or rather more than this), upon hearing about his disturbed (Fāsid) beliefs, I have deep complains and sorrow for him"

Maulana Qasim Nanautawi wrote directly to <mask> as well, explaining him some of his "noteworthy" mistakes. This correspondence was published as "Tasfiyat ul Aqaaid" in 1887 C.E

Political thoughts and activities
Shan Muhammad in his book Sir <mask> <mask>: a political biography notes that Sir <mask> was foremost an educationist and reformer and not an academic thinker and so his political philosophy is related to the circumstances of his times. Important events that shaped his political outlook includes the 1857 Rebellion, the premiership of William Ewart Gladstone in England that started in 1868 and the viceroyalty of Lord Ripon in India.Sir <mask> was deeply religious. His political views were centered on Islam and Islamic viewpoint. In 1878, Sir <mask> was nominated to the Viceroy's Legislative Council. He testified before the education commission to promote the establishment of more colleges and schools across India. At the start of his political career, Sir <mask> was an advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity and India's composite culture, wanting to empower all Indians. In the same year, Sir <mask> founded the Muhammadan Association to promote political co-operation amongst Indian Muslims from different parts of the country. In 1886, he organised the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in Aligarh, which promoted his vision of modern education and political unity for Muslims.His works made him the most prominent Muslim politician in 19th century India, often influencing the attitude of Muslims on various national issues. Opposition to active politics
Sir <mask> discouraged the active involvement of Muslims in politics. He regarded the attainment of higher English education as the first priority for the upliftmeant of the Muslim community as opposed to political pursuits. He declined to lend support to the National Muhammadan Association, a political organisation founded by <mask> Ali in 1887 and refused to participate in the Muhammedan National Conference at Lahore which he regarded as a political agitation. When the Indian National Congress was established in 1885 he did not express any opinion about it but later he became an active critic of the organisation and expressed his active opposition to the Congress. Sir <mask>'s opposition received criticism from Maulvi Sharaf-ul-Haqq who criticised his views about the Congress demands in a risala titled Kalam Mufid-al-Anam. Lala Lajpat Rai wrote a series of open letters expressing grief and surprise at his change in attitude towards Congress.Sir <mask> advocated the use of constitutional machinery such as participation in administration for expressing grievances to the British government. He supported the efforts of Indian political leaders Surendranath Banerjee and Dadabhai Naoroji to obtain representation for Indians in the government and civil services. In 1883, he founded the Muhammadan Civil Service Fund Association to encourage and support the entry of Muslim graduates into the Indian Civil Service (ICS). In 1883, he established the Muhammedan Association to put forward grievances of the Muslims to the Imperial Legislative Council. He was nominated as a member of the Civil Service Commission in 1887 by Lord Dufferin. In 1888, he along with Raja Shiv Prasad of Benaras established the United Patriotic Association at Aligarh to promote political co-operation with the British and Muslim participation in the British government. Hindu-Muslim unity
At the start of his career, <mask> <mask> advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity in Colonial India.He stated: "India is a beautiful bride and Hindus and Muslims are her two eyes. If one of them is lost, this beautiful bride will become ugly." Being raised in the diverse city of Delhi, <mask> <mask> was exposed to the festivals of both Hindus and Muslims. He collected Hindu scriptures and "had a commitment to the country's composite culture", being close friends with Swami Vivekanand to Debendranath Tagore. In the 19th century, he opposed cow slaughter, even stopping a fellow Muslim from sacrificing one for Eid al-Adha to promote peace between Muslims and Hindus. Addressing a large gathering in Gurdaspur on January 27, 1884, Sir <mask> said:

When he founded Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, he opened its admissions to Indians of all faiths, with its first principal Henry Siddons being a Christian and one of its patrons Mahendra Singh of Patiala being a Sikh. Shafey Kidwai notes that Sir <mask> promoted "advocacy of the empowerment of all Indians".Advocacy of Urdu

The onset of the Hindi-Urdu controversy of 1867 saw the emergence of Sir <mask> as a champion for cause of the Urdu language. He became a leading Muslim voice opposing the adoption of Hindi as a second official language of the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh). Sir <mask> perceived Urdu as the lingua franca of the United Provinces which was created as a confluence of Muslim and Hindu contributions in India. Having been developed by during the Mughal period, Urdu was used as a secondary language to Persian, the official language of the Mughal court. Since the decline of the Mughal dynasty, Sir <mask> promoted the use of Urdu through his own writings. Under Sir <mask>, the Scientific Society translated Western works only into Urdu. The schools established by Sir <mask> imparted education in the Urdu medium.The demand for Hindi, led largely by Hindus, was to Sir <mask> an erosion of the centuries-old Muslim cultural

masks:
Syed
Syed
Syed
Syed Mahmood
Syed Hamed
Syed
Syed
Syed
Sir Syed
Khan
Syed
Syed
Sir Syed
Syed
Khan
Syed
Ahmad
Syed
Syed
Ahmad
Sir Syed
Syed Ahmad
Khan
Syed
Syed
Syed
Syed
Syed
Syed
Syed Ameer
Syed
Syed
Syed Ahmad
Khan
Syed Ahmad
Khan
Syed
Syed
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Syed
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 domination of India. Testifying before the British-appointed education commission, Sir <mask> controversially exclaimed that "Urdu was the language of gentry and Hindi that of the vulgar." His remarks provoked a hostile response from Hindu leaders, who unified across the nation to demand the recognition of Hindi. The success of the Hindi movement led Sir <mask> to further advocate Urdu as the symbol of Muslim heritage and as the language of all Indian Muslims. His educational and political work grew increasingly centred around and exclusively for Muslim interests. He also sought to persuade the British to give Urdu extensive official use and patronage. His colleagues such as Mohsin-ul-Mulk and Maulvi Abdul Haq developed organisations such as the Urdu Defence Association and the Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu, committed to the perpetuation of Urdu.All these colleagues led efforts that resulted in the adoption of Urdu as the official language of the Hyderabad State and as the medium of instruction in the Osmania University. To Muslims in northern and western India, Urdu had become an integral part of political and cultural identity. However, the division over the use of Hindi or Urdu further provoked communal conflict between Muslims and Hindus in India. Two-Nation Theory
Sir <mask> is considered as the first person to theorize the idea of separate nationhood for Muslims in subcontinent. In a speech at Meerut in 1866 he presented on overall scenario of post colonial phase in which he described Muslims and Hindus as two nations. He's regarded as the father of Two-Nation Theory and the pioneer of Muslim nationalism which led to the partition of India. Urdu-Hindi controversy is seen as the transformation of Sir <mask>'s views towards Muslim nationhood which he expressed in his speeches during later days.While fearful of the loss of Muslim political power owing to the community's backwardness, Sir <mask> was also averse to the prospect of democratic self-government, which would give control of government to the Hindu-majority population:

"At this time our nation is in a bad state in regards education and wealth, but God has given us the light of religion and the Quran is present for our guidance, which has ordained them and us to be friends. Now God has made them rulers over us. Therefore we should cultivate friendship with them, and should adopt that method by which their rule may remain permanent and firm in India, and may not pass into the hands of the Bengalis... If we join the political movement of the Bengalis our nation will reap a loss, for we do not want to become subjects of the Hindus instead of the subjects of the "people of the Book..."

Later in his life he said:
 "Suppose that the English community and the army were to leave India, taking with them all their cannons and their splendid weapons and all else, who then would be the rulers of India?... Is it possible that under these circumstances two nations—the Mohammedans and the Hindus—could sit on the same throne and remain equal in power? Most certainly not. It is necessary that one of them should conquer the other.To hope that both could remain equal is to desire the impossible and the inconceivable. But until one nation has conquered the other and made it obedient, peace cannot reign in the land." Personal life

In 1836 married Parsa Begum, alias Mubarak Begum. They had two sons, <mask> and <mask> and a daughter, Ameena who died at a young age. Sir <mask> <mask> lived the last two decades of his life in Aligarh, regarded widely as the mentor of 19th and 20th century Muslim entrepreneurs. Battling illnesses and old age, Sir <mask> died on 27 March 1898. He was buried besides Sir <mask>jid inside the campus of the Aligarh Muslim University.Legacy and influence
<mask> is widely commemorated across South Asia as a great Muslim social reformer and visionary. His educational model and progressive thinking inspired Muslim elites who supported the All India Muslim League. He founded the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886 in order to promote Western education, especially science and literature, among India's Muslims. The conference, in addition to generating funds for <mask>'s Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, motivated Muslim elites to propose expansion of educational uplift elsewhere, known as the Aligarh Movement. In turn this new awareness of Muslim needs helped stimulate a political consciousness among Muslim elites that went on to form the AIML which led Muslims of India towards formation of Pakistan. He was an influence on several political leaders, thinkers and writers such as Muhammad Iqbal, Abul Kalam Azad, Sayyid Mumtaz Ali Altaf Hussain Hali, Shibli Nomani, Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Chiragh Ali, and Nazir <mask>. The university he founded remains one of India's most prominent institutions and served as the arsenal of Muslim India.Prominent alumni of Aligarh include Muslim political leaders Maulana Mohammad Ali Jouhar, Abdur Rab Nishtar, Maulana Shaukat Ali and Maulvi Abdul Haq. The first two Prime Ministers of Pakistan, Liaquat <mask> and Khawaja Nazimuddin, as well as Indian President Dr. Zakir Hussain, are amongst Aligarh's most famous graduates. His birth anniversary is celebrated as Sir <mask> Day every year by the university and its alumni. Several educational institutions in India and Pakistan such as Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Sir <mask> CASE Institute of Technology and Sir Syed College, Taliparamba are named after him. Honours
On 2 June 1869, <mask> <mask> was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI), for his service as Principal Sadr Amin. He was appointed a fellow of the Calcutta and Allahabad Universities by the Viceroy in the years 1876 and 1887 respectively. <mask> was later bestowed with the suffix of '<mask>' and was subsequently knighted by the British government in the 1888 New Year Honours as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI).for his loyalty to the British crown, through his membership of the Imperial Legislative Council and in the following year he received an LL.D. honoris causa from the Edinburgh University. India Post issued commemorative postage stamps in his honour in 1973 and 1998. Pakistan Postal Services also issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honour in 1990 in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series. In 1997 <mask> <mask> was commemorated with an English Heritage blue plaque at 21 Mecklenburgh Square in Bloomsbury, where he lived in 1869–70. Bibliography

Legal works
 Act No. 10 (Stamp Act) 1862.Act No. 14 (Limitation Act )1859–1864. Act No. 16 (Regarding registration documents) – Allyson, 1864. Act No. 18 (Regarding women's rights) 1866. Religious works
 Jila al- Qulub bi Zikr al-Mahbub (Delight of the Hearts in Remembering the Beloved), Delhi, 1843.Tuhfa-i Hasan (The Gift to Hasan), 1844
 Tarjama fawa'id al-afkar fi amal al-farjar, Delhi 1846. Mazumm ba nisbat tanazzul ulum-i-diniya wa Arabiya wa falsafa-i-Yunaniya, Agra, 1857. Risala Tahqiq Lafzi-i-Nassara, 1860. Ahkam Tu'am Ahl-Kitab, Kanpur, 1868. Risala ho wal Mojud, 1880. Kimiya-i-Sa'dat, 2 fasl, 1883. Namiqa fi Bayan Mas'ala Tasawwur al-Shaikh, Aligarh, 1883.Rah-i-Sunnat dar rad-i-bid'at, Aligarh, 1883. Tarqim fi qisa ashab al-kahf wal-Raqim, Agra, 1889. Izalat ul-Chain as Zi'al Qarnain, Agra, 1889. Khulq al-Insan ala ma fi al-Quran, Agra, 1892. Al-Du'a Wa'l Istajaba, Agra, 1892. Tahrir fi Usul al-Tafsir, Agra, 1892. Al-Nazar Fi Ba'z Masa'il Imam Al-Ghazzali, Agra.Risala Ibtal-i-Ghulami, Agra, 1893. Tafsir al-Jinn Wa'l Jan ala ma fi al-Qur'an, Rahmani Press, Lahore, 1893, Agra, 1891. Tabyin-ul-Kalam fi Tafsir-al-turat-wa'l Injil ala Mullat-al-Islam (The Mohomedan Commentary on the Holy Bible). Tafsir-ul-Qura'n
 Vol. I Aligarh, 1880,
 Vol. II Aligarh, 1882, Agra, 1903. Vol.III Aligarh, 1885
 Vol. IV Aligarh, 1888
 Vol. V Aligarh, 1892. Vol. VI Aligarh, 1895
 Vol. VII Agra, 1904. Tafsir-a-Samawat, Agra.Tasfiyad al'Aquid (Being the correspondence between <mask> <mask> and Maulana Muhammad Qasim of Deobund). Historical works

 A'in-e-Akbari (Edition with Illustration), Delhi. Asrar-us-Sanadid (i) Syed-ul-Akhbar, 1847, (II) Mata-i-Sultani, 1852. Description des monument de Delhi in 1852, D'a Pre Le Texte Hindostani De Saiyid <mask> (tr. by M. Garcin De Tassy), Paris, 1861. Jam-i-Jum, Akbarabad, 1940. Silsilat-ul-Muluk, Musaraf ul Mataba', Delhi, 1852.Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi (Edition), Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 1862. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri (edition Aligarh, 1864). Biographical works
 Al-Khutbat al-Ahmadiya fi'l Arab wa'I Sirat al-Muhammadiya : Aligarh, 1900, English translation, London, 1869–70. Sirat-i-Faridiya, Agra, 1896. Political works
 Asbab-i-Baghawat-e-Hind, Urdu 1858 and English edition, Banaras. Lecture Indian National Congress Madras Par, Kanpur, 1887. Lectures on the Act XVI of 1864, delivered on 4 December 1864 for the Scientific Society, Allygurh, 1864.Musalmanon ki qismat ka faisla (Taqarir-<mask> <mask> wa <mask> <mask> etc.) Agra, 1894. On Hunter's: Our Indian Mussulmans' London, 1872. Present State of Indian Politics (Consisting of lectures and Speeches) Allahabad, 1888. Sarkashi Zilla Binjor, Agra 1858. Lectures
 Iltimas be Khidmat Sakinan-i-Hindustan dar bad tarraqi ta' lim ahl-i.Hind, Ghazipore, 1863. Lecture dar bab targhib wa tahris talim itfal-i-Musalmanan, in 1895, Agra 1896.Lecture Madrasaat ul-Ulum Aligarh Key Tarikhi halat Par, Agra. 1889. Lecture Ijlas Dahum Muhammadan Educational Conference, Agra, 1896. Lecture Muta'liq Ijlas Yazdahum Muhammadan Educational Conference, Agra, 1896. Majmu'a Resolution Haye dah sala (Resolutions passed by the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Educational Conference from 1886 to 1895) ed. by Sir <mask>, Agra, 1896. Report Salana (Annual Report of the Boarding House of Madrasat-ul-Ulum 1879–1880).Collected works
 Khutut-i-<mask>, ed Ross Masud, 1924. Majuma Lecture Kaye <mask> ed. Munshi Sirajuddin, Sadhora 1892. Maqalat-i-Sir-Syed ed. by 'Abdullah Khvesgri, Aligarh, 1952. Maqalat-i-<mask>, ed. By Muhammad Ismail, Lahore,
 Makatib-i-<mask>, Mustaq Husain, Delhi, 1960.Maktubat-i-Sir <mask>, Muhammad Ismail Panipati, Lahore, 1959. Makummal Majumua Lectures wa speeches. ed. Malik Fazaluddin, Lahore, 1900. Muktubat al-Khullan ed. Mohd. Usman Maqbul, Aligarh 1915.Tasanif-i-Ahmadiya (Collection of <mask> <mask>'s works on religions topics) in 8 parts. Stress on Holy Quran. Reformation of Faith. Miscellaneous
 On the Use of the Sector (Urdu), <mask>-Akbar, 1846. Qaul-i-Matin dar Ibtal-i-Harkat i Zamin, Delhi, 1848. Tashil fi Jar-a-Saqil, Agra, 1844. Ik Nadan Khuda Parast aur Dana dunyadar Ki Kahani, Badaon, 1910.Kalamat-ul-Haqq, Aligarh

Journals, reports, and proceedings
 Tehzeeb-ul-Ikhlaq. Aligarh Institute Gazette. Proceedings of the Muhammadens Educational Conference. An Account of the Loyal Muhammadans of India, Parts I, II, III, Moufussel Press, Meerut, 1860. Proceedings of the Scientific Society. By-Laws of the Scientific Society. Addresses and speeches relating to the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh (1875–1898) ed.Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Aligarh, 1898. See also
Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh Movement
All India Muhammadan Educational Conference
Two-nation theory
Muslim nationalism in South Asia
All India Muslim League
Islamic Modernism

References

Cited sources

Further reading

The Glowing Legend of <mask> – A Centennial Tribute (1998), Ed. <mask> Rahman, Non-Resident Students' Centre, Aligarh Muslim University (Aligarh)
Prof. Iftikhar Alam <mask>. Sir <mask> aur Faney TameerSir Syed Academy, AMU. Aligarh
Prof. Iftikhar Alam <mask>. Muslim University ki Kahani, Imarton ki zubani Educational publications, civil Lines, (Aligarh)
Prof. Iftikhar Alam <mask>. Sir <mask> aur Scientific SocietyPub by Sir Syed Academy, AMU.Aligarh.Prof. Iftikhar Alam <mask>. Sir <mask> tahreek ka siyasi aur samaji pas manzarEducational Publishing house, Dhula Kounan, Delhi
Prof. Iftikhar Alam <mask>. Sir Syed House ke Mah Wasal  (Aligarh)
Prof. Iftikhar Alam <mask>. Sir <mask> e Khana Educational Publications, Civil Lines. Aligarh
Prof. Iftikhar Alam <mask>   " Sir <mask> aur Jadeedyat" Pub. by Educational Publications, Delhi 012. Prof. Iftikhar Alam <mask>  " Sir <mask> aur Hindustani Nizam-e-zaraat " Educational Publishing.Delhi. Prof, Iftikhar Alam <mask>  "Sir <mask> Nazaria-e-Talim". Educational Publishing House, Delhi, 2017. External links

 Comprehensive detail about Aligarh Movement
 "Sir Seyyed <mask>, <mask> Bahadur, L.L.D, K.C.S.I." By Afzal Usmani

The Rich Legacy of Sir <mask> <mask> (Gulf News)
 Sir <mask> <mask> His Life and Contribution (NewAgeIslam)
 Pioneers of the Nation (Mai Nahi Manta)
 Sir Sayyid <mask>'s speech at Meerut, 16 March 1888

1817 births
1898 deaths
Pakistan Movement
Leaders of the Pakistan Movement
19th-century Indian educational theorists
19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Indian people of Arab descent
Indian Muslims
Indian reformers
19th-century Indian judges
19th-century Indian philosophers
Muslim reformers
People of the Victorian era
Mughal nobility
Scholars from Delhi
People of British India
People from Aligarh
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Indian knights
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
University of the Punjab people
Works by <mask> <mask>
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Aligarh Muslim University
Indian philanthropists
Theistic evolutionists
Aligarh

masks:
Syed
Syed
Syed
Syed
Syed
Syed Hamid
Syed Mahmood
Syed Ahmad
Khan Bahadur
Syed
Syed Mas
Syed Ahmad
Ahmad Khan
Ahmad Dehlvi
Ali Khan
Syed
Syed
Syed Ahmad
Khan
Syed Ahmad
Khan Bahadur
Syed Ahmad
Khan
Syed Ahmad
Khan
Ahmad Khan
e Syed
Ahmad Khan
Syed Mehdi
Ali Khan
Syed Ahmad
Sir Syed
Sir Syed
Sir Syed
Sir Syed
Syed
Syed Ahmad
Khan
Syed ul
Sir Syed
Syed Ziaur
Khan
Syed
Khan
Khan
Syed
Khan
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Khan
Khan
Syed Daroon
Khan
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Syed Ka
Ahmad
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Syed Ahmad
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Syed Ahmed
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<mask> (January 3, 1901 – March 18, 1973) was a Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist and author who also published a biography of Edgar Guest and a number of crime novels. He worked for the Detroit Free Press from 1927–1966 and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1955 for an editorial on the cause of an unauthorized strike by an autoworkers local that idled 45,000 Chrysler workers. Newspaper career

Writer and editorial director
Born in 1901 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, <mask> moved to Detroit and began a long career with the Detroit Free Press in 1927. He remained with the Free Press for 39 years  until his retirement in 1966. <mask> eventually served as the editorial director of the paper. In 1955, Howes wrote an editorial that was covered in other papers about the role of the newspaper in American society. He began with a dissection of the tangible things in a newspaper—paper and ink.But he concluded that news "is all things to all men. What it is depends on who is defining it. And it is YOUR definition, not the editor's, which matters." <mask>'s colleague at the Free Press, columnist Malcolm Bingay, said of Howes: "My friend and colleague, Col. <mask>, knows a great deal about a surprising number of things that ordinary mortals never think about. That is why he is such a successful novelist and short story writer." Pulitzer Prize

<mask> received the 1955 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for an editorial published July 16, 1954, titled "An Instance of Costly Cause and Effect Which Detroiters Should Weigh Soberly". He also won the National Headliner Award for editorial writing.<mask>'s award-winning editorial concerned an unauthorized July 1954 strike by a local of the United Automobile Workers' union. The strike shut down production at Chrysler Corporation and put 45,000 Chrysler workers out of work. In awarding the prize to Howes, the Pulitzer organization noted that Howes's editorial impartially and clearly assessed the shared responsibility of both labor and management. The Pulitzer Prize organization found that

the editorial made a notable contribution to public understanding of the whole program of the respective responsibilities and relationships of labor and management in this field. Military service

<mask> also served in the U.S. Army during World War II, achieving the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, and receiving the Bronze Star. He was an editor for the Army newspaper "Stars and Stripes." Author

Biographer of Edgar Guest
<mask> was a close friend for many years of the prolific American poet, Edgar A.Guest. Guest published his poetry in the Detroit Free Press, and <mask> served as Guest's long-time editor and eventually as his biographer. The Los Angeles Times said of <mask>'s biography of Guest: "His editor and longtime friend <mask> has written the biography Guest deserves ... <mask> has done a biography of a likeable and human man in not too adulatory a fashion; and it is readable." The Yuma Daily Sun noted: "Hearty friendship and mutuality of association combined with author competence have produced a book which, in the most vital sense, will be of interest to all Americans." Crime novelist
In the 1930s and 1940s, <mask> also wrote and published numerous crime novels, many for the "Crime Club". The "Crime Club" novels were popular in the 1930s and were described as "a mark which always signifies, if not a masterpiece of detective fiction, at least an entertaining one." His crime novels include:

 "Death on the Bridge" published in 1935 for the Crime Club."The Callao Clue" published in 1936 by the Crime Club. The Callao Clue is a shipboard murder mystery with a detective trying to solve the murder before the ship reaches port. The Galveston Daily News called it a rather ingenious and thrilling melodrama." "Death Dupes a Lady" published in 1937 for the Crime Club. One reviewer wrote the following about Death Dupes a Lady:

Mr. Howes rings the bell with a vengeance in this his fourth murder thriller. It is five-star in every respect: the plot is grimly exciting ...; the characters are rounded and full-bodied men and women ...; and there are sparkles of humor, just a dash of spice, and the whole thing is excellently written. Indeed, Death Dupes a Lady is the murder thriller pick of those that have come this way this season."Murder at Maneuvers", a tale of sudden death in an army training camp, published in 1938 for the Crime Club. "Death Rides a Hobby", published in 1939 for the Crime Club. The Los Angeles Times described "Death Rides a Hobby" as "an amusing mystery of how an amateur photographer finds death in his own lens. Another reviewer said: "This story, gently titled Death Rides a Hobby, shows camera fiends what their friends think of them, with a bit of humor, some ingenuity and even some finesse." "Night of the Garter Murder" published in 1939. "The Nasty Name Murders", story about the murder of the Second Officer on a "hell ship," published in 1939 by the Crime Club. The Oakland Tribune noted that Howes's recurring character, homicide Capt.Ben Lucias, "is always a pleasant mystery companion." Another reviewer offered the following praise for <mask>'s latest work involving Capt. Ben Lucias:

You can't beat these murder-thrillers about Capt. Ben Lucias for good solid workmanlike killing, catching and confessing. ... (Howes) misses no opportunities, produces clues effectively, and runs them to earth with equal satisfaction for all concerned but the murderer—he, she or they strike three times here. "The Case of the Copy-Hook Killing", published in 1945 for the Crime Club. Death

<mask> died on March 18, 1973, at William Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Michigan.He is buried at Detroit's Elmwood Cemetery. References

1901 births
1973 deaths
People from Minneapolis
Writers from Detroit
American male journalists
American newspaper editors
Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing winners
Detroit Free Press people
Burials at Elmwood Cemetery (Detroit, Michigan)

masks:
Royce Bucknam Howes
Royce Howes
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Royce Howes
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Royce Howes
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