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 experiments in totalitarianism, describing Adolf Hitler as the Antichrist, and equating all revolutionary ideologies with the triumph of "animality".<mask> and Eliade were among the 31 Christian and Jewish Romanian intellectuals to have signed a protest against antisemitism in general and against Nazism in particular. Their appeal to ventilate Romania's "medieval atmosphere" was hotly condemned by the pro-Nazi Axa magazine. Also in December 1933, Credința hosted a plea in favor of anti-fascist political activism. Signed by Stahl, the opinion piece proposed that political involvement was a civic duty, citing fascism as the enemy of freedom, and also implying that "Bolshevik" communism was "left-wing fascism". Eliade supported that stance, in the name of non-racial "Romanianism", noting that both political extremes advanced "a dictatorship of the brute, of the imbecile, of the incompetent." Also in Credința, philosopher Constantin Noica spoke out against the advocates of cultural isolation and nativism. His articles of 1933 and 1934 noted that Romanian culture was eminently parochial, and openly criticized Gândirea traditionalism.Noica also rejected the political ambitions of his generation colleagues. During the 1933 election, he recommended passive resistance and abstention, rather than ideological combat, as methods of raising awareness at the top. Four years before his own conversion to fascism, Noica's Credința texts described Romanian youths as being "diseased with politics". Floarea de Foc was less categorical in its defense of the democratic state. According to cultural historian Zigu Ornea, who wrote an overview of Trăirism (published 1995), <mask>'s other publication remained an "ideologically unaffiliated" magazine, and as such open to all sorts of political opinions. For Paul Costin Deleanu, the Orthodoxist columnist at Floarea de Foc, the legacy of Romanian liberalism was suspect, and Orthodox Romania existed outside the Western world. Deleanu's Floarea de Foc articles described modernization and secularism as a "betrayal" of "the Eastern cross."Eliade's contributions backed up such claims from an antihumanist point of view. He was suggesting that Romanian liberalism, an "abstract defense of Man", was a "dead, barren, inefficient formula", stifling "our nation's creative forces". Writing for Credința in February 1934, "Plăeșu" explained that he did not mean to defend either fascism, "Hitlerism", or "ridiculous" Marxism, since they trampled on religious freedoms; Eliade idealized direct action in support of "civic pride", "social justice" and "the courage to defend liberty". Early in 1934, after the Guard managed to assassinate Premier Ion G. Duca, the authorities shut down Cuvântul and prosecuted its editor, whereas Credința continued to appear. Young fascists took their revenge, attacking the editorial offices of left-wing periodicals. In December 1934, an unknown man surprised <mask> at his Credința office, and gave him a severe beating. However, in February 1935, <mask> <mask> was making his peace with Nae Ionescu, describing his teaching as the "nourishing bread", and Ionescu himself as an "awakener of consciences", "one of the greatest journalists alive."Credința also published an homage piece by a Glicon Monahul, who depicted Ionescu as a guardian of "The True Faith". Criterion scandal
Soon after that episode, <mask> and Eliade found themselves in opposite camps. It happened once Eliade's literary and art club, Criterion, opened its doors to several of <mask>'s ideological enemies. Credința seized on an opportunity for scandal, accusing several Criterion people (Comarnescu, Vulcănescu, Alexandru Christian Tell, and dancer Gabriel Negri) of promoting "pederasty". Researcher Ruxandra Cesereanu describes <mask>'s allegations as a diversion: "The scandal had erupted for political and cultural reasons, and reflected a series of backstage arrangements that had exploded in dishonorable manner." According to historian Lucian Boia, the decisive factor was Stancu, already infamous as a blackmailer; the main victim was Comarnescu, who suffered a nervous breakdown. Art historian Barbu Brezianu, who witnessed the incidents as a Criterion admirer, calls the Credința articles "horrible calumnies aimed at Comarnescu."The campaign was aggravated when Vulcănescu showed up at the Credința offices and pummeled Stancu, and degenerated further when <mask> himself participated in a brawl at Corso Coffeehouse. Brezianu recalls that Vulcănescu "grabbed <mask> <mask> by the collar", then slapped him. The incidents disgraced both sides. Stancu's gossip column introduced the infamous homophobic taunt cavaleri de Curlanda ("Knights of Courland", with a pun on the word cur, "ass"). With Comarnescu and Negri in mind, <mask> himself wrote: "Only now do we get to see all the pestilent buggery in their unfulfilled, masturbating, inverted souls. I shout for all to hear, I address this thirty-year-some non-generation: avast! thou tricksters, though barren and vicious ones, thou that are rotten to the core, mediocre and neurotic".According to Ornea: "The strange fact is that <mask> <mask>, a religious poet and trained theologian [...], could stoop down to the level of such inurbane attacks". Credința took its battle to court, in a trial still that was still ongoing during the troubled autumn of 1935. Brezianu recalls that <mask> was the plaintiff, citing Vulcănescu for assault and injury. Criterions Mihail Sebastian, a practicing attorney, represented Comarnescu and Vulcănescu in court, seconded by Ionel Jianu (better known as an art critic). Sebastian's Journal, discovered and published in the 1990s, documents the hidden aspects of the affair: the Jewish Sebastian writes that, at the time, the Credința journalists and some members of Criterion were more or less openly antisemitic; Eliade surprised him as an "extreme and categorical" supporter of fascism. He was also upset that, while he stood by his friends and refused to even shake <mask>'s hand, Comarnescu made "peace overtures to Credința". In his entry for November 27, 1935, Sebastian concludes: "I am waiting for the day when [Criterion members] make their peace with <mask> <mask> [...] and discover that the Jews are alone responsible for the quarrel—especially myself, who has aroused discord among the Christian fraternity.It sounds like a joke, but it's plausible enough." Almost a year later, when Credința focused its attack on Sebastian, the latter noted: "The only thing that surprises me is that the attack came so late." <mask> and Stancu were defeated in court, and were obliged to formally recant. Ornea, who writes that Credința only published the verdict with much reluctance and discretion ("somewhere deep in the pages of one issue"), concludes that the scandal was a decisive blow for Criterion, causing Eliade's club to dissolve itself. However, while some former members of Criterion were attracted into the Iron Guard, the Credința writers were still critical of totalitarianism. Before a fascist government was formed by the minor National Christian Party, Credința hosted contributions from Alexandru Mironescu, the physicist and center-nationalist author. These documented the encroachment of liberal democracy in Europe, defended political freedoms, and honored Romanian peacemaker Nicolae Titulescu.Although situated to the left, Credința and Floarea de Foc were largely anti-communistic, and <mask>'s own news digests took a highly critical view of the Soviet Union. In one such piece, he expressed alarm about the outcome of the Moscow Trials. However, according to files kept by the Siguranța Statului police force, <mask> still intended to collaborate with communist agent Scarlat Callimachi on the anti-fascist review Munca ("The Labor"). Kulygin and the Burning Pyre
As noted by Neagu Rădulescu, Credința came to an abrupt "sad end", which <mask> took shame in recounting. An focused on his new passion, aviation, and bragged about having survived a plane crash. He maintained his religious focus during World War II. The Ion Antonescu dictatorship joined in Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union.Romania's war on the Eastern Front gave an impetus to Romanian monastic life, by restoring the Romanian church's direct contacts with Russian Orthodoxy. The country witnessed the arrival of Russian monks, including one trained at the prestigious Optina Monastery. He was Ivan Kulygin (known to Romanians as Ivan Kulîghin, Ivan Kulâghin, or Ivan Străinul, lit. "Ivan the Foreigner"), a victim of the Soviet regime, who took refuge to Romania after the Battle of Stalingrad. At around that time, <mask> and his friends organized a pilgrimage to Cernăuți, in newly reattached Bukovina. There, he began writing about the possibility of more regular "spiritual retreats", and adopted the Transfiguration of Jesus as his spiritual symbol. He was soon joined in Bukovina by other figures of the Orthodoxist revival: Fathers Benedict Ghiuș and Nicolae M. Popescu, philosophers Noica and Anton Dumitriu, journalist colleagues Manoliu, Mironescu and Sterian.<mask> and Andrei Scrima (later a major figure in Orthodox monasticism) first met Kulygin at Cernica Monastery, and were taken aback with his charisma. Kulygin instructed them about performing the "prayer of the heart", and <mask>, an avid student, was soon able to proselytize. His target audience included many of those who had joined him on the 1943 retreat, leading some of his biographers to suggest that Kulygin addressed a fully formed community of believers. An additional connection is noted by historiographers of Romanian hesychasm: the "prayer of the heart" was already practiced at Cernica, directly based on the instructions of 18th-century elder Paisius Velichkovsky; Kulygin's Romanian disciples were adding intellectualist interpretations to this regular practice. In August 1944, King Michael's Coup ended Romania's alliance with Germany, and inaugurated a brief period of political liberalism, with communism looming on the horizon. <mask>gin-inspired Romanians joined together in the "Burning Pyre" (Rugul Aprins), a prayer group which sought to register as a citizens' association. The authorities rejected their first application, in 1944, but <mask> persisted: the Burning Pyre received its legal recognition in 1945 or 1946.The association's stated purpose was to educate theology students about the moral and spiritual requirements of monastic life. The Burning Pyre cell also offered a form of Orthodoxist resistance against the growth of communism in Romania. According to Scrima, it had "resurrected liberty". At Antim

The Burning Pyre met daily, usually at the Antim Monastery Library, Bucharest. Other than <mask> (Kulygin's trustee), Dumitriu, Mironescu, and Scrima, the group had among its members some high-profile intellectuals of various backgrounds. They include the avant-garde author Marcel Avramescu and critic Vladimir Streinu, poet-scientist Ion Barbu, mathematicians Valentin Poénaru and Octav Onicescu, novelist Ion Marin Sadoveanu, poet-physician Vasile Voiculescu etc. Together with historian Virgil Cândea came a cell of social scientists and classical scholars, among them Alexandru Duțu.They were joined by high-profile Orthodox clergymen: Ghiuș, Dumitru Stăniloae, Sofian Boghiu and Arsenie Papacioc. Another occasional guest was Bartolomeu Anania, the outspoken anti-communist priest. The Rugul Aprins title was perhaps inherited from Floarea de Foc, or could be referencing the biblical burning bush, a manifestation of God. Scrima understood the meetings as "an Eucharist of God, brought to us by the angels", noting that the sessions were free, regulated only by "trust". <mask> <mask> would also explain that the incessant prayer is the very "heavenly prayer" of (sinless) Adam, revived by Virgin Mary "when she was taken to the Holy of Holies, where she lived in uninterrupted prayer [...] for 14 years". Patristic scholar Ioan I. Ică Jr. sees <mask>'s neo-hesychasm as a throwback to Paisius, with echoes from Gregory Palamas. However, according to religious anthropologist Radu Drăgan, hesychasm itself is a "prudent" form of Esoteric Christianity, and <mask>'s movement a Gnostic revival "in the bosom of Orthodox spirituality", "the only one of its kind."Drăgan also notes that, among the affiliates, Avramescu, Dumitriu, and possibly Scrima, were esotericists of the "Guénonian" variety. In his interpretation, the Burning Pyre blended a Guénonian traditionalism into Kulygin's teachings and "Desert Fathers" monasticism, to the point of resembling a "new religious movement". A particularity of <mask>'s movement was its critique of materialism. Opposed to Marxist doctrines and to the atheists, <mask> preached classical Creationism. Soviet occupation troops arrested Kulygin in March 1946, and deported him back to Russia in early 1947. The missionary managed to send <mask> a series of farewell letters, appointing him his successor in Romania, the beneficiary of his will, and the representative of Optina rules. In his other briefs, Kulygin protests against being branded a "counter-revolutionary" under Soviet law, writing that his captors "understand nothing of things spiritual in nature", warning his disciples that they should hide all written records of their conversations.Records about what eventually happened to Kulygin are few and disputed. According to an unverified account, he died in the prison of Odessa, while others propose that he was transported to the Gulag. In 1948, when the Burning Pyre association was dissolved by government decree, <mask> abandoned his public career and became a monk at Antim, with the monastic name Agathon. That monastery received his entire estate, including his massive book collection. He also began writing his new religious poem: Imn-Acatist la Rugul Aprins al Născătoarei de Dumnezeu ("Hymn-Akathist to the Burning Pyre of the Theotokos"), with the refrain: Bucură-Te, Mireasă urzitoare de nesfârșită rugăciune! ("Rejoice, Thou Bride, Thou weaver of the eternal prayer!"). The proclamation of a Romanian communist state that year introduced a wave of repression against Orthodox devotees in general, and mystics in particular.<mask> left Bucharest altogether, moving between Crasna and Govora monasteries. His new project, to establish a monastery home for world-weary intellectuals, was supported by the local bishops. He was arrested in 1948 or 1949, and the Antim meetings, closely supervised by the Securitate secret police, ceased altogether in 1950. Fathers Ghiuș, Boghiu and Papacioc were moved far away from Bucharest, forced to reside at Neamț Monastery. Final activities

When he reemerged from prison, in 1952, Brother Agathon decided to enter the priesthood as a hieromonk, and became Father Daniil. He was originally assigned to Crasna, then moved to more remotes sketes. After a stint at Sihăstria Monastery, he moved high up in the Rarău Mountains, Bukovina.With the help of Ilie Cleopa, the influential Orthodox preacher at Sihăstria, Daniil was appointed Starets. In this new capacity, he resumed the spreading of Kulygin's ideas, forming a prayer group with about a dozen followers, and outlined a new plan for a monastery of the intellectual elite. According to his visitors at Rarău, Daniil was living an exemplary austere life, but was prioritizing the internal

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 prayer over all exterior ritual, and would spend half a working day submerged in meditation. He did provide the occasional sermon, and earned much respect from the Bukovinian peasants he addressed, especially because he would freely express his emotions in front of them. The communist regime caught eye of <mask>'s frequent returns to Bucharest, where he contacted the other Burning Pyre people, and continued to preach about the "prayer of the heart". <mask>'s work was again becoming a kind of religious resistance and, as Drăgan writes, intolerable for the communists. Such activities were evading "the more readily controllable ecclesiastic milieu".The Securitate branded <mask> and Voiculescu as authors of "mystical, enemy-like" poetry, collecting testimonies about how <mask>'s prayer group cultivated free speech. It is possible that the Burning Pyre unwittingly antagonized the communists after its ideas were publicized outside the Eastern Bloc. In 1957, inspired by the self-exiled Scrima, theologian Olivier Clément wrote an essay about "Brother Agathon", which saw print in a Swiss Reformed newsletter. However, according to Daniil's accuser Petre Pandrea, the Burning Pyre lobby was not entirely adverse to collaborating with the communists. In his memoirs, Pandrea claims that Scrima and "the ex-sailor" <mask> were together responsible for slandering the anti-communist and religiously innovative nuns of Vladimirești, eventually rounded up by the Securitate with the tacit approval of Orthodox prelates. The Securitate tried to persuade Scrima to work as an informant on the Burning Pyre, but came to the conclusion that "he presents no trust in what concerns our activity." On the eve of June 14, 1958, Securitate forces descended on the Burning Pyre.The group had officially been branded a danger to "the social order" of Communist Romania, reflecting the Securitate's fears about the country's monastic revival. The communist apparatus had ordered a full clampdown on the Orthodox Church, masterminded by Securitate chief Alexandru Drăghici. <mask> <mask> was arrested in the home of his disciple Alexandru Mironescu, and kept in a cell together with a Securitate informant. According to the latter's taps, the Rarău hieromonk resented Scrima and Clément for having blown his cover—neither were aware that the Securitate had for long been intercepting all of Scrima's letters to his Burning Pyre colleagues. Subjected to interrogations, <mask> refused to nominate any of his student followers, and was apathetic during the interrogations of supposed witnesses. As noted by researcher Ioana Diaconescu, <mask>'s unyielding stance may have even served to inspire the Securitate spy in his cell, whose notes indicate a growing admiration and a shared Orthodox faith. Kangaroo trial
With an August 4 raid, the Securitate apprehended most of <mask>'s disciples.In the end, the Burning Pyre was made subject to a kangaroo trial for high treason, officially defined as "crime of conspiracy against the social order and crime of intense activity against the working class and the revolutionary movement." According to one of the co-defendants, the accusation was incoherent and misleading. It claimed that the prayer group intended to have government members burned at the stake, and that the 4th-century theologians honored at Antim were anti-communists. The sentences, Drăgan notes, "were known in advance". Cherry-picking the defendants' political files, prosecution determined that the Burning Pyre was a neo-fascist cell and a front for the Iron Guard. In doing so, they silenced evidence about <mask>'s left-wing anti-fascism, and focused on Arsenie Papacioc's history of contacts with the Guard. <mask> cared little about the past activities of his Burning Pyre colleagues, but, even in 1947, he had denounced the Iron Guard as an anti-Christian enterprise.As records of the prosecution show, the authorities were on the verge of admitting that the hieromonk had no criminal connections, and decided instead to focus on his activities as a 1930s anti-communist. They recovered <mask>'s Credința columns, which, they claimed, read as "intense anti-communist propaganda, slandering and defiling the Soviet Union and eulogizing the capitalist order." According to their tendentious interpretation, <mask> had been at once "a faithful defender of the bourgeois-landowning order and a fiery propagator of the fascist ideology." The defense team was also asked to debunk the prosecution's allegations about the fascist nature of <mask>'s Creationism. According to one Burning Pyre attorney, "that some students were informed about Creationism is, if anything, a matter to be addressed by education, not by punitive measures". At the height of the anti-religious campaigns, in 1959, the Rarău skete was one of the establishments that were temporarily shut down by the Securitate. Father Daniil, identified as the ringleader "Teodorescu Alexandru", was sentenced to "25 years in strict confinement and 10 years disfranchisement" for "conspiracy against the social order", and "15 years in rigorous confinement" for "intense activity against the working class."He was originally held at Jilava prison, where he began serving his sentence on January 31, 1959. The Securitate was on the search for his belongings. <mask> proudly indicated that he never carried any personal items. His other belongings, hosted by the monastery, became state property. They include some 600 books, a fountain pen, a lens, and a compass. Death
As historians would discover decades later, Daniil <mask> <mask> spent the last part of his life in the infamous Aiud prison. He was held there together with other Burning Pyre group members, but also reunited with his old rival, Petre Pandrea.Pandrea mentions <mask>'s name on his humorous list, the "Writers' Union of Aiud"—an unwitting alternative to the official, communized, Writers' Union of Romania. At Aiud, <mask> became a victim of repeated torture, and, according to various commentators, suffered a martyr's death. Burning Pyre inmate Roman Braga attesteded that: "Father Daniil died in the Aiud Hole following four months of tortures and beatings, one of the few prisoners to have worn shackles throughout their detention". Also held in Aiud, Bartolomeu Anania later attested that both he and <mask> went through the process of "reeducation", a communist form of coercive persuasion. As a former sympathizer of the Iron Guard, Anania clashed with the hieromonk, who reportedly supported the use of reeducation methods against obdurate fascists. Officially, Daniil died at 1 AM on November 17, 1962 (1960 in some sources), at Aiud prison hospital, having suffered a stroke that left him comatose—afflictions which, in themselves, seem to suggest that he had been severely beaten in confinement. Prison records have it that, since 1959, he had been under medical supervision for hypertonia.However, it is unlikely that he was ever administered the medicine specified in his chart, which appears to have been forged and backdated. The hieromonk's body is said to have been dumped at the nearby Trei Plopi burial site, an iron spike driven through his heart by prison guards who meant to certify <mask>'s death. Legacy

Censorship and recovery
According to Diaconescu: "With <mask> <mask>'s death, the world of the spirit and of the faith was extinguished, violently and savagely crushed, at least in its worldly form." However, Orthodoxist philosopher Petre Țuțea implies, the incarceration had the unexpected effect of strengthening hesychasm, since the Cernica school and the Kulygin school could still communicate behind the prison doors. Vasileanu also writes that, from among Father Daniil's disciples at Rarău, "most would, strangely enough, become Starestses". One of them, Antonie Plămădeală, was even enthroned as an Orthodox Church dignitary. According to Plămădeală, "The pyre of the heart never was extinguished".Already in the period after <mask>'s death, the Aiud collective had begun referring to him as "Saint Daniil". Bartolomeu Anania was among the last people to be sentenced in connection with the Burning Pyre movement. Tried separately, and probably drugged on scopolamine, he agreed to become a Securitate informant. Vasile Voiculescu was the first of <mask>'s spiritual followers to be granted a reprieve, in 1962. He was severely weakened by repeated torture, terminally ill with Pott disease, and only survived into 1963. The other Burning Pyre affiliates were all released from prison in 1964, when the communist regime enforced a set of liberalization measures. <mask> <mask>'s literary work was banned by communist censors.His Burning Pyre manuscripts were confiscated by the Securitate, and presumably destroyed or lost. Using his contacts abroad, Father Scrima typed and salvaged some of <mask> and Voiculescu's last known texts, including an akathist to the Theotokos. He took them to India, where he began a second career in Sanskritology, or, in Securitate parlance, "placed himself in the service of imperialists." The Romanian Revolution of 1989, which brought down Romanian communism, also signified a recovery of <mask> <mask>'s work. Andrei Scrima played a significant part in Burning Pyre revivalism, publishing several new introductions to Father Daniil's preachings, including the 1991 Timpul Rugului Aprins ("Age of the Burning Pyre"). In 1999, a neo-Orthodoxist publishing house (Editura Anastasia) issued <mask> <mask>'s autobiography and other selected works: Ieromonahul Daniil <mask> <mask>. Another such venture (Editura Christiana) began putting out installments of his complete works.<mask>'s exact date of death was still a mystery: various post-revolutionary sources have it that he most likely died in 1960, and specify that his place of burial was unknown. Other working theories located that event in 1962 or 1963. The matter was partly solved ca. 2006, when scholars were given clearance for selectively researching Securitate archives. In keeping with his renunciation of earthly possessions, <mask> left behind only a handful of personal belongings: a fufaika jacket, a pair of sandals, a brown shirt and a beret. All were marked as "3rd-class quality" goods. Although the general location of his burial is known, Daniil's grave was never rediscovered.According to one account, Aiud prisoners working on a ditch in the 1960s dug up a shackle-wearing skeleton, and were convinced that it belonged to their spiritual leader. The bodily remains are still judged irretrievable, and he is commemorated together with other prisoners with whom he presumably shares an improvised grave in Aiud. Enduring controversy
Several theologians and priests came to suggest that Daniil <mask> <mask> is worthy of canonization. This proposal is endorsed by Marius Vasileanu (who otherwise notes that "nonsense and inexactitudes" about the hieromonk still exist in his official biographies) and by <mask>'s pupil, Antonie Plămădeală. In December 2006, speaking before Parliament and outlining his resolution to condemn communism, President Traian Băsescu paid homage to <mask> <mask> as a "martyr of the Church". <mask>'s other activities, particularly his polemical stances of the 1930s, created enduring controversies, beyond Pandrea's allegations. Published shortly after the Duca assassination, Eliade's novel Întoarcerea din rai ("Return from Paradise") constructed the character Eleazar by fusing together Comarnescu's "words" and <mask>'s "ticks".<mask>'s attacks on Criterion, and the homophobic vocabulary he introduced, have been cited as possible influences for România Mare, a modern-day far-right weekly directed by Corneliu Vadim <mask>. According to Barbu Brezianu, Vadim <mask> resembles the <mask> <mask> of 1934, and, like him, is an "aggressive extremist." After Pandrea, critics have continued to scrutinize some aspects of <mask>'s monastic life. Bartolomeu Anania first publicized his claim about Father Daniil's alleged support of communist "reeducation" in his Memoirs (Polirom, 2008). Historian Cristian Vasile nuances this verdict, suggesting that Anania was "embittered" by his political background: <mask> <mask> was no Guardsman, not even a Guard sympathizer; in the 1930s he was rather the leftist, criticizing the far right. Therefore, he defined himself as anti-Guard even in his freedom years [...]; he probably thought, in 1935 like in 1962, that Guardsmen ought 'to be dusting off their conscience of the crimes they committed in the name of the Cross'. Notes

References
 Radu Bercea, "Essai sur l'herméneutique 'en acte' d'André Scrima", in New Europe College Yearbook 1998-1999, New Europe College, Bucharest, 2001, pp.15–40. Lucian Boia, Capcanele istoriei. Elita intelectuală românească între 1930 și 1950, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2012. George Călinescu, Istoria literaturii române de la origini până în prezent, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1986
Paul Cernat, Avangarda românească și complexul periferiei: primul val, Cartea Românească, Bucharest, 2007. Radu Drăgan, "Une figure du christianisme oriental au XXe siècle: Jean l'Étranger", in Politica Hermetica No. 20: L'Esoterisme au feminin, L'Age d'Homme, Lausanne, 2006, pp. 124–142.Mircea Eliade, Autobiography: 1907-1937, Journey East, Journey West, University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London, 1990. George Enache, "Represiunea religioasă în România comunistă. Studiu de caz: 'Rugul aprins' ", in the University of Galați Anale. Seria Istorie, Vol. III, 2004, pp. 135–153
Constantin Mihai, "Elita intelectuală interbelică și Ecclesia. Campania de presă în jurul Pascaliei (1928–1929)", in Raduț Bîlbîie, Mihaela Teodor (eds.), Elita culturală și presa (Congresul Național de istorie a presei, ediția a VI-a), Editura Militară, Bucharest, 2013, pp. 162–172. Neagu Rădulescu, Turnul Babel, Cugetarea-Georgescu Delafras, Bucharest, 1944
Z. Ornea, Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptă românească, Editura Fundației Culturale Române, Bucharest, 1995. Mihail Sebastian, Journal, 1935–1944, Random House, London, 2003. Petre Țuțea, "Short History of Hesychasm in Romania" (with notes by Alexandru Daniel Popescu), in Alexandru Daniel Popescu, Petre Țuțea: Between Sacrifice and Suicide, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot & Burlington, 2004, pp. 279–284.1896 births
1962 deaths
20th-century Eastern Orthodox priests
20th-century Eastern Orthodox theologians
20th-century essayists
20th-century male writers
20th-century Christian mystics
20th-century Romanian poets
Censorship in Romania
Christian creationists
Christian poets
Christian socialist theologians
Contimporanul writers
Eastern Orthodox mystics
Eastern Orthodox socialists
Eastern Orthodox theologians
Expressionist poets
Futurist writers
Gândirea
Hesychasm
Inmates of Aiud prison
Male essayists
Mystic poets
Clergy from Bucharest
Prisoners who died in Romanian detention
Romanian art critics
Romanian book and manuscript collectors
Romanian Christian socialists
Romanian columnists
Romanian esotericists
Romanian essayists
Romanian Land Forces personnel
Romanian magazine editors
Romanian magazine founders
Romanian male poets
Romanian military personnel of World War I
Romanian newspaper editors
Romanian newspaper founders
Romanian Orthodox monks
Romanian Orthodox priests
Romanian people who died in prison custody
Romanian sailors
Romanian schoolteachers
Romanian theologians
Romanian torture victims
Romanian

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<mask> (August 13, 1893 – November 10, 1952) was a United States Navy officer who was convicted of spying for Japan during the 1930s. He was identified as Agent K in radio messages intercepted by the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI). Naval career and court-martial
<mask>, who was born in Chicago, Illinois to <mask> and Anna M<mask>, was appointed to the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland in 1911 on the recommendation of then-Representative Nicholas Longworth. He became notorious for his drinking escapades, earning him the nickname "Dodo" (among others). The Naval Academy yearbook described him as "daring and reckless", further stating that if <mask> lived in the days of the old navy,  he "would have been famous for his desperate deeds and hairbreadth escapes". Nevertheless, he was also recognized for his sterling abilities as a future naval officer.Upon graduation four years later, he was assigned to the US Asiatic Fleet, mainly onboard destroyers. He returned to the United States in 1917 with the temporary rank of lieutenant. In 1920, he took flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola. He received ratings on seaplanes and airships when he completed training in 1922. He then returned to Annapolis, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and finally a college in New York for his post-graduate studies. He eventually attained the rank of lieutenant commander. After marrying a society woman, <mask> went heavily into debt, and borrowed money from an enlisted man, which he refused to repay.Because of this, <mask>, once considered to be one of the brightest young officers of the Navy, was brought to a court-martial in 1927. On 12 November 1927, for conduct "tending to impair the morale of the service" and "scandalous conduct tending to the destruction of good morale", he was found guilty and was given a dishonorable discharge from the service. A career in spying
Disgruntled and in need of money, he began spying for Japan, which had been attempting to recruit many Americans for espionage in the 1920s and 1930s. He passed his information to his handlers, Commander Yoshiyuki Ichimiya, assistant Naval attaché at the Japanese Embassy from October 1932 to December 1934, and Lt. Commander Arika Yamaki, who succeeded Ichimiya until November 1935. <mask> later claimed that he was paid $100 a week plus expenses for his spying. Despite his disgraceful exit from Naval service, <mask> still had enough social grace to make him acceptable in the best Washington society.He got most of his information by contacting former associates to solicit documents, who were unaware of the true reason for his requests, saying that he needed the information for "magazine articles". He also picked up small bits of Navy information from wives of high-ranking officers and shrewdly pieced them together. Once, feigning drunkenness and pretending that he was a commander, he boarded a destroyer at Annapolis, tricked an ensign into giving him maneuver data, rushed back to the Japanese Embassy, had them photostatted, and returned them the next day. It was actually easy for him to obtain this information, as Navy security at that time was relatively lax. However, when <mask> stole a confidential Navy manual, The Service of Information and Security, which contained plans for battle information and tactics that were gathered from field maneuvers and tested by high-ranking naval officers, alarm bells were raised, and the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) was called upon to investigate its disappearance. It was learned later that he had photostatted the manual and sold it to the Japanese on May 15, 1935. During the investigation, ONI officers heard that <mask> had been flashing large sums of money around naval officers who knew him, despite the fact that he was believed to be destitute.Further investigation revealed that he had borrowed code and signal books and had been asking questions about tactics, new ship designs, and weapons. Finally, the wife of a high-ranking officer living in Annapolis complained to the ONI that <mask> was pushing her to allow him to read official documents. He was placed under joint surveillance by the ONI and the FBI. Meetings with a journalist
When Commander Yamaki was replaced by Commander Bunjiro Yamaguchi in November 1935, the latter decided to pay <mask> on a piecemeal, rather than retainer, basis. Faced with a sudden drop in income, and somehow having got wind that investigators were closing in on him, he approached  Fulton Lewis Jr., the Washington correspondent for the Hearst newspapers, in early 1936. He proposed to Lewis that he would write a series of articles entitled: "How I was a Spy in the American Navy for the Japanese Government" for $20,000 in an apparent effort to convince him that he was a double agent. He also made it a condition that he  be given a head start to catch the zeppelin Hindenburg for Germany.Lewis promptly informed Capt. William D. Puleston, the Director of ONI, of the encounter. The next time Farnsworth and Lewis met, the latter demanded proof of the former's relations with the Japanese. <mask> then called up Commander Yamaguchi in Lewis's presence and demanded money from the officer. A meeting was arranged, and <mask> tried to convince Lewis to accompany him, posing as a cabdriver. Lewis refused, but so anxious was <mask> to prove his bona fides that he took Lewis to the office where he had the confidential manual photostatted and also provided other corroborating evidence to his story. Arrest, trial and conviction
Faced with this evidence, Lewis told Puleston again, who arranged for <mask>'s arrest on July 14, 1936.<mask> was charged with selling confidential information to the Japanese. He was held on $10,000 bond until his preliminary hearing. The case was given to a grand jury. During the grand jury testimony, it was revealed that <mask> had telephoned the Japanese Embassy twice on the day before his arrest. Lt. Commander Leslie G. Genhres testified that <mask> took the confidential study from his desk in the Navy Department on August 1, 1934. An employee of the navy photostat plant, Mrs. Grace Jamieson, said that <mask> made frequent visits to the plant to copy military documents.Based on this, the grand jury indicted <mask> on the charge of selling to the Japanese the confidential manual, as well as conspiracy to do the same; in the indictment, the grand jury also included Lt. Commanders Ichimiya and Yamaki, who promptly left for Japan. If found guilty, <mask> would face a maximum sentence of 20 years. Although <mask> indicated that he would base his defence on an aircraft accident he had when he took courses in NAS Pensacola, making him "irresponsible", the Navy shot down that argument, saying that no record of such an accident existed. His lawyer, in turn, asked the court-martial commission to have Ichimiya and Yamaki testify in <mask>'s defence through the American Consul General in Tokyo. However, Japan refused the request, citing Japanese law prohibiting military officers from being compelled to answer questions in a foreign country. On February 15, 1937, <mask> changed his not-guilty plea to nolo contendere, dispensing with a jury trial and leaving the judge to decide on the case; if the trial had proceeded, the prosecution would have been ready to prove its case by presenting a parade of witnesses and other evidence.When the judge heard the no-contest plea, he indicated that he would review the aspects of the case before he pronounced sentence. However, a few days later, <mask> again changed his plea to not guilty. He reasoned that he made his plea without prior counsel, and it was based on the notoriety that resulted from his case. The judge said that <mask> was within his rights to change his plea before sentencing and that he would hear his motion. This was, in fact, the first of <mask>'s attempts to have his case dismissed. His defence team withdrew, and he informed the judge that he would conduct his defence pro se. His next move was to file a writ of habeas corpus to obtain his release.He argued that the facts alleged in the indictment, under which he was convicted, did not constitute a crime. He further argued that he did not know that nolo contendere was tantamount to a guilty plea and wanted to withdraw the plea, but was met with rejection. The court was not in any way convinced of these arguments and denied his writ. Sentencing and appeal
On February 27, 1937, <mask> <mask> was sentenced to four to twelve years in prison for conspiring "to communicate and transmit to a foreign government—to wit Japan—writings, code books, photographs and plans relating to the national defense with the intent that they should be used to the injury of the United States". Details of the Farnsworth case appeared in Alan Hynd's 1943 book Betrayal from the East: The Inside Story of the Japanese Spies in America and in Captain Ellis M. Zacharias' 1946 book Secret Missions: The Story of an Intelligence Officer. In January 1938, he appealed the judge's decision in his petition for the writ of habeas corpus by arguing that the court erred in ruling that a petitioner could not be released "from unlawful imprisonment" by habeas corpus proceedings; further, that the court did not have jurisdiction in the first place and had no power to pronounce an indeterminate sentence. Despite his efforts, his appeal was rejected and his sentence upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.He served an eleven-year prison term. He died in Manhattan at age 59. References

1893 births
1952 deaths
People from Chicago
American people convicted of spying for Japan
Interwar-period spies
Military personnel from Illinois
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel who were court-martialed

masks:
John Semer Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Frederick Wilkinson Farnsworth
. Semer
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
John Semer
Farnsworth


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<mask> (born 9 March 1995), known as <mask> (), is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward and winger for Spanish club Atlético Madrid and the Argentina national team. <mask> began his professional career at the age of 18 with Argentine club San Lorenzo, winning the Torneo Inicial in 2013 and the Copa Libertadores in 2014. In 2015, he signed with Atlético Madrid of La Liga. <mask> captained the Argentina under-20 team to victory at the 2015 South American U-20 Championship, where he was named the player of the tournament. Since 2015, he has been a regular selection for the Argentina senior squad, and represented the side at the 2021 Copa América. Club career

San Lorenzo
Born in Rosario, Santa Fe Province, <mask> joined San Lorenzo's youth setup in 2007, aged 12, after a trial period. In the summer of 2012, he was due to join Portuguese club Benfica on a free transfer, but the deal later collapsed.<mask> signed a four-year professional deal with the Ciclón on 23 September 2012, and was promoted to the first-team in January 2013. On 31 March he played his first match as a professional, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 0–1 loss at Newell's Old Boys. On 11 May, <mask> scored his first professional goal, netting the last of a 3–0 home success against Boca Juniors. He finished the campaign with 13 appearances (eight starts, 747 minutes of action), scoring four goals. Atlético Madrid

On 27 May 2014, after scoring six goals in 2013–14, <mask> had agreed a deal with La Liga holders Atlético Madrid for a reported fee of €7.5 million. He signed a five-year contract with the Madrid side, joining the club after the 2014 Copa Libertadores. In June 2014, however, <mask> was sidelined for six months due to a heart tumour.After undergoing surgery on 18 June in New York, he started a light training in August, and officially joined the club on 13 December. On 22 August 2015, <mask> finally made his Atleti debut, replacing Óliver Torres in a 1–0 home league match win against Las Palmas. He scored his first goal for the club on 19 September, netting the first in a 2–0 away win against Eibar; he also assisted Fernando Torres in the second goal. On 6 November 2019, <mask> marked his 200th appearance for Atlético, starting in a 1–2 away loss against Bayer Leverkusen. On 10 August, Atlético announced that <mask> and teammate Šime Vrsaljko were both positive for COVID-19, ruling them out of the team's quarter-final fixture against RB Leipzig. On 22 May 2021, <mask> scored in Atlético's 2–1 win over Real Valladolid on the final day of the 2020–21 La Liga season to win the league title for the first time since 2014. <mask> started his 2021–22 La Liga season on the right foot, as he scored in consecutive matches against Celta Vigo and Elche to hand Atlético back-to-back wins.International career

South American U-20 Championship selection
On 6 January 2015, Humberto Grondona, Under-20 Argentina Selection Technical Director, submitted a list of 32 Argentine players including <mask>, invited to train to make the final roster for the South American Under-20s Championship. After four days of training Grondona announced the final 23-man roster that featured <mask> as the captain of the Under-20 Argentine side. On 14 January, <mask> made his debut for Argentina U20 national football team against Ecuador in the first game of the group stage. He scored a goal and twice assisted to Giovanni Simeone for a 5–2 win. On 18 January, <mask> scored a goal during a 6–2 win against Peru, helping Argentina advance out of the group stage. On 26 January, Argentina once again facing Peru in the playoff elimination stage of the tournament, <mask> scored again during this matchup, helping Argentina advance to the final with a 2–0 win. On 7 February, Argentina played against tournament host Uruguay in the U-20 South America Cup final.Throughout the game was a stalemate at 1–1, until <mask> scored at the 81st minute to put Argentina up for 2–1 win for the U-20 South America Championship, and <mask> earning honors for the Best Player of the Tournament. U-20 World Cup selection
On 13 May 2015, Humberto Grondona confirmed the list of 21 football players including Correa to represent Argentina in the U-20 World Cup hosted by New Zealand. On 25 May, in the team's second last friendly before the U-20 World Cup competition, <mask> scored a header from a corner set for a 3–1 loss against Tahiti. On 30 May, during Argentina's opening match for the U-20 World Cup group stage against Panama, <mask> scored both goals for Argentina for a 2–2 draw. Argentina only earned two points in the group stage meaning they failed to advance into the knockout round. Senior team

On 4 September 2015, <mask> made his full squad debut, coming on as a late substitute for Ezequiel Lavezzi in a friendly match against Bolivia, which ended in 7-0 victory. He scored the last goal of the match.Style of play
<mask> has been compared to compatriot Sergio Agüero, due to his similar height. However, his playing style is more similar to Carlos Tevez, in a more attacking positional role. He holds good skill, pace and low centre of gravity, aside from a good technique and first touch. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first. Honours
San Lorenzo
Argentine Primera División: 2013 Inicial
Copa Libertadores: 2014

Atlético Madrid
La Liga: 2020–21
UEFA Europa League: 2017–18
UEFA Super Cup: 2018
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2015–16

Argentina U20
South American U-20 Championship: 2015

Argentina
Copa América: 2021

Individual
La Liga Player of the Month: January 2022

References

External links

 <mask> at ESPN Deportes

1995 births
Living people
Footballers from Rosario, Santa Fe
Argentine footballers
Association football forwards
Argentine Primera División players
San Lorenzo de Almagro footballers
La Liga players
Atlético Madrid footballers
2015 South American Youth Football Championship players
Argentina under-20 international footballers
Argentina international footballers
Argentine expatriate footballers
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers of Argentina
2021 Copa América players
Copa América-winning players

masks:
Ángel Martín Correa Martínez
Ángel Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Ángel Correa


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<mask> (; born 4 March 1969) is an Italian professional football coach and former player who played as a striker. <mask> began his playing career in Italy in 1985, with Monza. He later played for Juventus, and Lazio, before ending his career with Chelsea in the Premier League. He retired after failing to recover from a cruciate ligament injury sustained in 1998. <mask> was a member of the Italy national football team that reached the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final, and was also a member of Italy's UEFA Euro 1996 squad. After retiring, he began his managerial career in 2002, first with the Monza youth side, later also coaching Legnano, and the Italy U-21 side. In 2014, he worked as an assistant manager for Cagliari.<mask> was Gianfranco Zola's assistant manager at Birmingham City until Zola's resignation in 2017. Club career

Italy
<mask> was born in Monza, Lombardy, and began his career with his hometown side, AC Monza, in 1985. The side were relegated to Serie C in his first season, but he helped them achieve promotion back to Serie B in 1988. He moved to Serie A giants Juventus in 1989, having scored 28 goals in 94 games for Monza. His goalscoring record in Turin was modest, achieving a best tally of 8 goals in 24 appearances in the 1990–91 season and a total of 20 in 98 games for the club. While at Juventus, he helped the side win two UEFA Cups (in 1990 and 1993) and one Italian Cup, also in 1990. He scored in the first leg of the 1990 UEFA Cup Final to help the Turin club defeat rivals Fiorentina.He earned his first international cap for Italy during his spell with Juventus. He signed for Lazio in 1993 and scored 41 goals in a five-year spell. His most successful season was in 1996–97, when he scored 14 goals in 28 Serie A games. With Lazio, he won another Italian Cup, in 1998. He found his opportunities limited in his final season, with manager Sven-Göran Eriksson preferring Alen Bokšić and Roberto Mancini in attack and sought a move away. Chelsea
Casiraghi joined English side Chelsea in May 1998 for £5.4 million. His time in west London proved luckless, and ultimately only scored one competitive goal for the club in ten appearances, which came against Liverpool in a 1–1 draw at Anfield.His Chelsea career was cut short by a cruciate ligament injury sustained during a collision with West Ham goalkeeper Shaka Hislop in November 1998. Despite going through ten operations, he was unable to make a comeback and his contract with the club was terminated in July 2000, with Chelsea receiving an insurance payout. Casiraghi criticised the club for not helping him, and in August 2000 Casiraghi explored legal action against Chelsea for unpaid wages after his contract was terminated early. International career
As an Italian international, Casiraghi won 7 caps, scoring 1 goal, for the Italy national under-21 football team between 1988 and 1990, and 44 caps, scoring 13 goals, for the Italy senior side between 1991 and 1998. He made his senior international debut on 13 February 1991, in a 1–0 win against Belgium, scoring his first goal for Italy in a 4–0 win over San Marino on 19 February 1992. He was a member of the Italy squad that reached the final of USA 94 under manager Arrigo Sacchi, playing in the group games against Norway and Mexico and the semi-final against Bulgaria. He was also a member of the Italy side at Euro 96, scoring both goals in a 2–1 win against Russia, but was guilty of missing a late chance against the Czech Republic that could have proved vital to the group standings, and as such the side was knocked out in the first round.Despite sealing Italy's qualification for the 1998 World Cup with the only goal in the second leg play-off against Russia to advance 2–1 on aggregate on 15 November 1997, he failed to make the squad for the final tournament under Cesare Maldini. Style of play
Although he was primarily deployed as a centre-forward, Casiraghi was an athletic player, who was also capable of playing anywhere along the front line, due to his versatility. Throughout his career, he became renowned for his ability in the air, and for having a penchant for scoring acrobatic goals as a striker. Although he was not particularly skilful from a technical standpoint, he was a strong, hardworking, and prolific forward, with good movement off the ball, who often utilised his physical strength to hold up the ball with his back to goal in order to open up defences, and was also capable of creating space for his teammates with his attacking runs, which in turn enabled him to provide them with assists. Managerial career
Casiraghi became manager of Italian Serie C2 side A.C. Legnano in May 2003. On 24 July 2006, he was appointed joint coach of the Italian Under-21 national team alongside former Chelsea teammate Gianfranco Zola, succeeding Claudio Gentile. In his coaching tenure, Casiraghi led the Azzurrini into the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship, ending in fifth place after having eliminated Spain U-21 in the qualifying phase.He was successively confirmed for the 2008 Olympic Games campaign, which ended in the quarter-finals with a 3–2 loss to Belgium. He also helped the Italian youth side to win the 2008 Toulon tournament. In the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship, his side, having lost several key players through injury and suspension, narrowly lost 1–0 to Germany in the semi-finals. In December 2016, he joined EFL Championship club Birmingham City, again reuniting with Gianfranco Zola, as he done at Al-Arabi in Qatar. Career statistics

Club

1 Including 1 match in 1990 Supercoppa Italiana. 2 Including 1 match in 1998 UEFA Super Cup. International
Source:

Honours

Club
Monza
Coppa Italia Serie C: 1987–88

Juventus
Coppa Italia: 1989–90
UEFA Cup: 1989–90, 1992–93
Supercoppa Italiana runner-up: 1990

Lazio
Coppa Italia: 1997–98

Chelsea
UEFA Super Cup: 1998

International
Italy
FIFA World Cup: 1994 (runners-up)

References

External links
FIGC Profile

1969 births
Living people
People from Brianza
Sportspeople from Monza
Association football forwards
Italian footballers
Italy international footballers
Italy under-21 international footballers
Italian football managers
A.C. Monza players
Chelsea F.C.players
Juventus F.C. players
S.S. Lazio players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Premier League players
A.C. Legnano managers
1994 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1996 players
Italian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Italian expatriate sportspeople in England
Birmingham City F.C. non-playing staff
UEFA Cup winning players
Footballers from Lombardy

masks:
Pierluigi Casiraghi
Casiraghi
Casiraghi
Casiraghi
Casiraghi


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Bernarr Graham Busbice (September 6, 1933 – January 5, 2003), known professionally as <mask>, was an American bluegrass musician, known for his mandolin style and high tenor voice. He was nicknamed the "Father of Washington, D.C. Bluegrass". Early life
<mask> was born near Eros, Louisiana, the eighth born of the nine children of Oates Oliver (1893-1943) and Talitha Fay (1894-1956) Busbice. In addition to running the family cotton farm, Oates was involved in local politics and Talithe (Fay) was a school teacher. Busbice and his siblings, some of whom were also musicians (notably Wayne Busbice), spent their Saturday nights listening to WSM's Grand Ole Opry and playing for dances with other area musicians. It was likely <mask>'s first experience with the mandolin came when his neighbor, Allen Crowell, would bring his mandolin over to play during his early childhood. However, he had never heard the mandolin played in the style that Bill Monroe played it.<mask> recalled:"Back in those days Monroe played pretty fast; the hottest mandolin playing I ever heard, and I haven't heard it since. His mandolin playing was heavily influenced by a jazz mandolin player named Paul Buskirk, and I haven't heard him play like that again- or maybe I was just easily impressed then." <mask> picked up the guitar first, learning chords and simple runs from his brothers, Wayne and Lemoyne, who were playing guitar-fiddle duets and singing Monroe Brothers harmonies around their community. <mask> would eventually settle on the mandolin, and his complex style was born. In the late 1940s, Busby started a band with high school friend and guitarist Rot Fuller. Busby honed his mandolin and vocal skills by performing the music of Bill Monroe around the West Monroe, Louisiana area. Busby graduated from Eros High School in 1951.Because he was valedictorian of his class, Busby was recruited by the FBI, which was seeking gifted young people at that time. In June 1951 Busby moved to the Washington DC area to begin his career with the FBI. Professional career
Shortly after his arrival in Washington while still working his day job at the FBI, Busby met Scotty Stoneman. The two started a friendship that would last all the way to Stoneman's death in 1973. Their friendship was marked by boyish bickering and spats, as well as their unspoken closeness and closeness. It was through Stoneman that <mask> met Jack Clement, who was then in the military and stationed in the Washington area, and they formed the Tennessee Troupers, named for Clement's home state. Roy Clark joined the group for a while on banjo.The group had no trouble finding jobs in 1951 and 1952, <mask> recalled playing four to five nights a week during this time. <mask>, Clement and Scotty Stoneman played locally at first, then did stints at WWVA in Wheeling, West Virginia and WCOP in Boston. Clement returned home to Tennessee after their shows in Boston ended. In the early 1950's Bill Carrol managed <mask> and booked his shows. In 1953, <mask> and his new partner Pete Pike (guitar) began playing at Pine Tavern, a DC night club. Simultaneously, they performed every weekend on radio station WGAY in Silver Spring, Maryland. Busby and Pike added Donnie Bryant on banjo and became <mask> & Pete and the Bayou Boys.The radio show featured lightning-fast renditions of popular bluegrass and country songs, usually performed in a key or two higher than the original. The comedy act "Ham & Scram," alter-egos of Pike and <mask>, was also featured weekly. In the summer of 1954, <mask>, Pike and the band entered the National Country Music Championship in Warrenton, Virginia. <mask> and Pike, Along with Donnie Bryant, Scotty Stoneman and Lee Cole on bass won first place in the contest. Shortly after the contest, WRC-TV in Washington hired the band for a daily afternoon television show. Bryant and Stoneman left the band and were replaced by Don Stover on banjo and John Hall on fiddle. The show was immensely popular, employing newly developed video special effects to add to the appeal of the program.The program aired from September 1954 to March 1955. When the television show was cancelled, <mask> auditioned for and was hired by the Louisiana Hayride at KWKH in Shreveport, Louisiana. He and the band, which consisted of Charlie Waller  (guitar), Lee Cole (bass) and Don Stover (banjo) performed every Saturday night on the Hayride and toured the South during the week. Stover left in December, 1955 to Join the Lilly Brothers in Boston and was replaced by Vance Trull. <mask> and the Bayou Boys performed on the Hayride until May 1956. <mask>, Waller and Trull returned to Washington where they played club dates until July 1957. On July 4, 1957, <mask>, Trull and Eddie Adcock were involved in a serious automobile accident while traveling from North Beach, Maryland back to Washington.<mask>'s subsequent hospitalization and recuperation left him unable to perform for an extended period. In order to fill the scheduled club dates that <mask> and Trull were unable to play, Charlie Waller recruited John Duffey and Bill Emerson. This band became the original Country Gentlemen. Following his recovery from the accident, <mask> continued to play locally in the Washington / Baltimore area  until the early 1990s. <mask>'s release of Talking Banjo in 1958 was the beginning of the boom of record releases from D.C. based bluegrass artists. He also made several attempts to make it in Nashville with a major label. To <mask>'s demise though, every time he was met with a sob story and heartache.<mask> even enjoyed a short stint with Jimmy Martin, though after one show he realized playing with Martin was not for him. Martin was "too domineering", <mask> says, "he was nice to me and decent and took me to his house for two weeks to take care of me. He was really good for me." During this period he formed partnerships of varying lengths  with Bill Harrell, Jack Fincham, and Leon Morris, Band members included his brother Wayne Busbice, Dudley Connell, Richard Underwood and Eddie Stubbs. Also during this period, Rhonda Strickland published a biographical article in the bluegrass publication, Bluegrass Unlimited in November 1986, chronicling <mask>'s life as a pioneer of the D.C. Bluegrass scene. Busby is now remembered for giving greats such as Dudley Connell, Charlie Waller, John Duffey and many more their start in the music, though he gave his life to bluegrass music as well. When listening to <mask>'s recordings one will likely hear the hair-raising, pain-filled, hard-core lonesome bluegrass sound that mirrored his own difficult life.<mask>'s later career was marred by alcohol and drug abuse. Recordings
Busby had recordings on many labels. His early recordings mainly resided on Starday, or Mercury-Starday. He would also record on Webco, Mount Vernon, and many others. Mercury-Starday was a label for the more well known or successful artists on Starday. <mask> was perhaps able to be a part of the Mercury-Starday group because his music, though keeping many traditional bluegrass sounds, was atypical of the popular sounds in Nashville at this time. Starday began releasing old recordings of <mask>'s music, even as late as the early 2000's, almost 50 years after they were recorded.In 1965 Rebel Records released Mandolin Twist featuring <mask>, Charlie Waller and Tom Gray. <mask>'s song Lost was released in 1957 on Carol Records. <mask>'s classic recordings for the Starday label have been reissued on CD. Recorded between 1956 and 1959, the recordings show <mask> in the meat of his career, as he was performing more at this point than any other in his career. Studio musicians include Pete Pike, Charlie Waller, Scotty Stoneman, Don Stover, Carl Nelson and Bill Emerson. <mask> continued to record throughout the 1960s into the 1980s. The recordings listed below are some of his most notable releases with Starday and WEBCO RECORDS.Selected discography
 Going Home (2003) - Released posthumously as a compilation of songs and tunes that Busby recorded for Starday Records from 1957 through 1959. Yesterday and Today (1982)
 A Pioneer of Traditional Bluegrass ( 1981)

Later life and death
Busby was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1997. Shortly thereafter, he was moved to a nursing facility in Maryland. <mask> died of heart failure on January 5, 2003, in Catonsville, Maryland. References

Flores, Christopher,  2000, "End Note", December 8, 2000 ed. of The Washington City Paper http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/articles/20883/end-note
Strickland, Rhonda 1986 "<mask>by: A Lonesome Road"  Bluegrass Unlimited Magazine Vol. 21, No.5, November, 1986
Mindte, Tom and Grant, Dick 2011 Buzz Busby Session Discography http://www.pxrec.com/BuzzBusby/buzz_busby_discography.pdf
<mask>, <mask> 1985-1987, Personal Interviews by Tom Mindte
Rosenburg, Neil V., 1985, "Bluegrass A History", Page 138-142. Pennell, C. (1996, January 1). Discography of blue grass sound recordings, 1942. Retrieved September 23, 2020, from http://www.ibiblio.org/hillwilliam/BGdiscography/?keyword=buz+busby
Lornell, K. (2020). Capital bluegrass: Hillbilly music meets Washington D.C. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. External links
 The <mask>by Discography
 <mask> biography on allmusic.com
 DC Bluegrass Union

1933 births
2003 deaths
American bluegrass mandolinists
American country singer-songwriters
American tenors
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers
American male singer-songwriters

masks:
Buzz Busby
Busby
Busby
Buzz
Buzz
Buzz
Busby
Buzz
Busby
Busby
Busby
Buzz
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Buzz
Buzz
Busby
Buzz
Busby
Busby
Busby
Buzz Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Buzz Bus
Busby
Buzz
Buzz Bus
Buzz Busby


texts:
<mask> (born February 27, 1980), better known by his stage name <mask> (formerly <mask>), is an American singer and songwriter. He was first a member of the R&B group Mista in 1994, before signing to rapper Ludacris through his label imprint, Disturbing tha Peace under Def Jam Recordings in 2005. <mask>'s first single as a solo artist, "Slow Down", released in February 2005, peaked at number 8 on Billboards Hot 100 chart. The single was certified gold by the RIAA and became the lead single for his eponymous debut album (2005)—which peaked at number 3 on the Billboard 200 and had a follow up single, "Tell Me" (featuring Lil Wayne). His next album, Special Occasion was released in May 2007, and warranted success from its second single, "Anonymous", which was produced by and featured a guest appearance from producer Timbaland. He has charted three No. 1 albums on Billboards U.S. Top R&B Chart since 2006.Life and career

1980–2004: Early life and career beginnings
<mask> Wilson was born on February 27, 1980, in Mississippi. He later moved to Atlanta, Georgia. Growing up, Wilson listened to Michael Jackson, Tony! Toni! Toné!, Marvin Gaye, Jodeci, and The Isley Brothers. Those were the artists that inspired him to become a R&B singer. Wilson entered the music scene in 1996 as a member of the R&B youth quartet Mista, at this time using his real name, <mask>.The new teenage R&B group released their first record. Under the production of Organized Noize (TLC's "Waterfalls"), the group released their self-titled debut album, which produced the hit single "Blackberry Molasses". However, the album did not follow in the same success and despite a second album being produced by Tim & Bob, it was never released. Due to management issues the group split in 1997. Wilson later enrolled at Clark Atlanta University majoring in mass communications. While in school, Wilson continued to record in his free time in hopes of one day returning to the stage. 2005–2007: Debut album and Special Occasion
<mask>ntino was released in the spring of 2005 through Island Def Jam and Ludacris' Disturbing tha Peace label and was certified gold by the RIAA selling over 708,000 copies in the United States.Primarily produced by hitmakers Tim & Bob, his first single, "Slow Down", became a Top 10 hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and a #1 R&B single on the Billboard R&B Singles chart receiving a large amount of radio and TV airplay. Also in 2005, he joined Bow Wow, Omarion, Marques Houston, B5 and Pretty Ricky on the Scream Tour IV. After the success of "Slow Down", he released a second single, a remix of his song "Tell Me" featuring Lil Wayne, produced by Tim & Bob as well. The album's third and final single, "My Angel", was released in the fall of 2005, however it gained little popularity. Gearing up for the release of his 2007 sophomore effort Special Occasion, <mask> released the album's first single titled "Turn the Page" with mixed reviews. His second single, "Anonymous" featuring Timbaland, was released on April 9, 2007.Overall, the album received positive reviews from critics and audiences. He later returned to his pier appearing on the debut episode of MTV's Once Upon A Prom, which aired on May 19, 2007. 2008–2009: New label and The Rebirth
In early 2008, <mask> confirmed that he was no longer signed to either Def Jam or Disturbing tha Peace during an interview with DJBooth.net. He stated:

Around this time the British musician <mask> brought an action against the <mask> (then billed as "<mask>") and his then record label Def Jam for "Passing off, trademark infringement, and breach of contract, in relation to record sales, recorded content, and artist's live performances". Due to the poor album sales of the second album, Special Occasion'''s failing to reach gold or platinum sales, <mask> was reportedly frustrated with the album's delays and less than expected sales, culminating in his decision to leave the labels. Although business ties have been severed, <mask> maintains positive relationships with CEO Chaka Zulu, Ludacris and the Disturbing tha Peace/Def Jam staff. In April 2008, Come with Me was released through digital outlets and featured the single "Another Life".In July 2008, three months after being dropped from Def Jam Recordings and leaving Disturbing tha Peace Records, <mask> signed a new deal with EMI, which will house his imprint Blu Kolla Dreams. In regards to the new label his manager and co-CEO of Blu Kolla Dreams Courtney "Colt Luv" Stewart stated:

In addition, <mask> announced the release of a new album titled The Rebirth. When asked about his powerful new album <mask> stated:The Rebirth was released on February 10, 2009, under his new stage name "<mask>". The album's first official single "Beep" featuring Yung Joc was released via iTunes on October 7, 2008. In the fall of 2009, <mask> performed under his new alias at Rutgers University Hot Dog Knight. V's third studio album features production by Tim & Bob, Raphael Saadiq, LOS Da Maestro and Big Fruit. 2010–present
<mask> released his fourth studio album Fly on the Wall on March 22, 2011.The first single was "Phone #", which features rapper Plies and was produced by Jazze Pha. In December 2010, <mask> released his second single "Words" off of "Fly on the Wall". In February 2011, <mask> released his third single "Rock Wit'cha", a remake from <mask>'s 1989 album Don't Be Cruel. "Grab Somebody, which features rapper Twista was his fourth single. <mask> later appeared alongside rappers Nicki Minaj and Lil Wayne on the song "Sex in the Lounge" from Minaj's second album Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded. In May 2012, <mask> released the first single from his album, Dusk Till Dawn, titled "Mirror", which features rapper Lil Wayne. On October 16, 2012.Dusk Till Dawn was released. The album sold 50 000 copies in the first week. In April 2013, <mask> announced that he was working on a new project, Peach Moon. The first single from Peach Moon was "Back To Love". <mask> released Peach Moon on December 10, 2013. On January 28, 2015, <mask> was featured in a single released by Gotti, called "I Need a Girl." In January 2016, <mask> made a partnership with Michael Caseau to aid in media direction, investments, and management.Also in 2016, he released the soundtrack to the BET film Hollywood Hearts. In September 2017, <mask> signed a new label deal with SoNo Recording Group distributed by Universal Music Group. The label reunites him with record producer and A&R man Tim Kelley, who co-produced his 2005 debut, Disturbing Tha Peace Presents <mask>. The new album Electrik which was produced entirely by Tim Kelley, was released on March 9, 2018. The album debuted on the Billboard R&B Album Chart at #7. Electrik includes a collaboration with Snoop Dogg on the album's first single "Lil' Bit". Discography

Studio albums
 <mask> (2005)
 Special Occasion (2007)
 The Rebirth (2009)
 Fly on the Wall (2011)
 Dusk Till Dawn (2012)
 Electrik'' (2018)

Filmography
 Hollywood Hearts (TV Movie; 2016)

Awards and nominations
 Urban Music Awards
 2009, Urban Music Award for Best Male Artist (Won)
 2009, Urban Music Award for Best R&B Act (Won)
 NAACP Image Awards
 2006, Outstanding New Artist (Nominated)
 Soul Train Music Awards
 2006, Best R&B/Soul Single, Male: "Slow Down" (Nominated)
 2006, Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist (Nominated)
 Vibe Awards
 2005, Reelest Video: "Pimpin' All Over The World" (Nominated)
 BMI Awards
 2005, Song Of The Year: "Slow Down" (Won)

References

External links

1980 births
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
20th-century African-American male singers
American contemporary R&B singers
American hip hop singers
American tenors
Clark Atlanta University alumni
Living people
Musicians from Atlanta
Musicians from Jackson, Mississippi
Songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)
Songwriters from Mississippi
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers
African-American songwriters
21st-century African-American male singers
American male songwriters

masks:
Bobby Marcel Wilson
Bobby V
Bobby Valentino
Bobby V
Bobby Marcel
Bobby Wilson
Bobby Vale
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby Valentino
Bobby V
Bobby Valentino
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby Brown
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby V
Bobby Valentino
Bobby Valentino


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<mask> (December 18, 1750February 16, 1824) was an American colonial millionaire and philanthropist who was active in the abolition movement, Underground Railroad, and African colonization movement. He helped black people escape slavery by establishing safe houses, or Underground Railroad stations, on the route from Maryland to Pennsylvania. He purchased the freedom of blacks at slave auctions. He also initiated lawsuits for kidnapped blacks and created a group of vigilantes to prevent blacks from being kidnapped and enslaved. He also returned some kidnapped people from Liberia returned to their home country. The Quaker meetings he attended based upon his residence. As a child, his family was with the Abington Friends Meeting House.After moving to Maryland, he attended the Little Falls Meetinghouse and when he moved to Baltimore, he attended the Baltimore Quaker Meeting. When he died, thousands of people of color followed his casket to its final resting place at a Quaker burial ground. He had ten children. His son Nathan married Martha Ellicott, who wrote the first biography of Benjamin Banneker, the first African American astronomer, and was a founder of Swarthmore College. Early life
<mask> was born in Upper Dublin Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, to Esther Shoemaker and <mask> (1718–1796). They were affiliated with the Abington Friends Meeting House in the same county. His siblings, born after him, were Tacey, Enos, Jacob, Nathan, and Sarah.<mask>, his brother, and his parents moved to Jericho in Maryland. He came from a Quaker family based in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His great grandfather, the first <mask> ancestor in America, was among the first settlers of Pennsylvania. He was a German who was converted to the Quaker religion by George Fox. <mask> followed William Penn to England, after which he sailed for the colonies and settled near what is now Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He married an English woman, whose father was a settler, and they had sons and daughters. Career
In 1772, he set up in the milling business with his brother, buying Bond's Water Mill in Harford County, Maryland.He settled near Little Falls of the Gunpowder River in Jericho. He belonged to the Gunpowder Monthly Meeting. Nine years later, in 1781, he moved to Baltimore. At the close of the American Revolutionary War  (1775–1783), <mask> began investing in real estate, but lost everything but the property suitable for a mill. He borrowed $12,000 to build a mill near what is now Druid Hill Park at Jones Falls. The first year, he had a profit of $20,000. Within several years he was a wealthy man.He was a flour miller, trader, and a merchant. In 1818, he was a founder of the Savings Bank of Baltimore. He allowed the government use one of his mills to make bullets, although he was a pacifist. He believed in temperance and would not allow whiskey to process through his storehouses. Community advocate and activist
Due to his religious beliefs, <mask> was a pacifist and was not involved in politics. He was, though, very involved in multi-faceted approaches for assisting oppressed people. He was an emancipator and a philanthropist.Abolitionist
<mask> was particularly vocal in maintaining the values of the Quakers, often recalling the protest of 1688, which had been the first public protest against the institution of slavery. In 1789, he became one of the founders of the Maryland Society for the Abolition of Slavery, the first abolitionist society in the state. Three years later he became a supporter of the African Academy, which in 1797 opened the first school for free African Americans. Assisted blacks obtain and maintain their freedom
<mask> was also active in offering practical assistance to fugitives from slavery, providing  housing along Falls Road Turnpike to act as safe houses, or Underground Railroad stations, and helping these fugitives make their way to Pennsylvania. He purchased women and men at the slave auction in Baltimore, and set them free. He lobbied for laws to help slaves and blacks, persuaded slaveholders to free slaves, and helped provide schools and churches for freed blacks. He organized vigilante groups, known as the "Georgia men" to thwart the efforts of men who kidnapped black people—both runaway slaves and free people—and enslaved them.He helped thousands of kidnapped slaves earn their freedom through legal suits. Although he received threats against his life and house, he continued to rescue slaves. He was threatened with a pistol by a slave dealer, Austin Woolfolk, when <mask> intervened as Woolfolk dragged a black woman past his house in Baltimore. <mask> calmly "unbuttoned his shirt and exposed his chest. He invited the slave dealer to pull the trigger, telling him that he 'was in hell already though he [Woolfolk] didn't know it.' " An investigation revealed that she was a free woman kidnapped by Woolfolk and she was set free. <mask> sought to gain the freedom of slaves that had been captured as a war prize on the sea.Capt. John Chase captured the Brilliante Habanero a Spanish slave ship. He took 14 of the slaves into his crew and sold 28 people in the West Indies during the summer of 1822. He lobbied for their freedom and filed freedom suits on their behalf, but the case was denied. With the help of Charles Carroll, Robert Goodloe Harper, and Dr. Ely Ayres, who was a member of the American Colonization Society, the judge changed his opinion and ordered that the men be release. Chase captured three men, and 11 men were freed. African colonization
<mask> supported transporting blacks to Africa.He purchases farming equipment and household goods for the colonization of eleven slaves who sailed on the Fidelity for Africa in 1823. Once <mask>, who had been ill, heard that the men made it safely to Liberia, he stated that he was content to die now. Other
He provided free medical care to the poor when he established the Baltimore General Dispensary. When the Maryland Penitentiary opened in 1811, <mask>, a member of the directors, ensured that the institute did not engage in racial discrimination. About 1810, when he was 60 years of age, he traveled on horseback with his friend George Gillingham to Fort Wayne, Indiana to meet with Native American leaders to better understand their needs and concerns. During the trip, he became ill due to exposure. Personal life
He built a mansion on Hanover Street in Baltimore.Soon after its completion, a man offered to pay much more than its value to purchase it. <mask> sold the house to him and built a new one at Sharp Street, between Pratt and Lombard. He bought four houses across from his for his children: Isaac, Nathan, William, and <mask> Clapp. <mask>'s house was across the street from a colored meeting house. He owned a summer house on 732 Pacific Street near Falls Road Turnpike, which he helped finance in 1805. Built with two-feet-thick granite, the house is a classic Federal style. He married Mary Amos, daughter of Hannah and William Amos, on November 5, 1776.She wore a gray silk cloak on her wedding day. Like the Amos family, <mask> was a member of the Little Falls Meetinghouse. Five of their eleven children died young. They had  Isaac; Esther, who died in childbirth; Lucretia; William; Mary; Nathan; James, who died young; two girls named Sarah, who both died young; <mask>, and Deborah Darby <mask>. His wife, Mary, died on April 17, 1813. He married Margaret Cowman of Anne Arundel County, Maryland on October 22, 1814. They did not have any children.She died on January 29, 1853. His son Nathan married Martha Ellicott, who wrote the first biography of Benjamin Banneker, the first African American astronomer. It was entitled A Sketch of the Life (1854). She was a founder of Swarthmore College. <mask> died on February 16, 1824, in Baltimore. His funeral, one of the largest in the city, saw several thousand or four thousand blacks accompany <mask>'s casket to its final resting place at the Friends Burial Ground in Baltimore. An obituary of <mask> in The United States Gazette stated that "the wrongs inflicted on Africa's children made a deep and indelible impression on his heart, till its last beat..." Before he died, <mask> wrote "A Farewell Address by <mask> <mask> of the City of Baltimore to the Colored People of the United States", which was published on April 6, 1824, by The United States Gazette .Notes

References

Further reading
  Regarding Spanish Privateer schooner General Morla, with 32 Africans on board. External links

1750 births
1824 deaths
People from Baltimore
People from Upper Dublin Township, Pennsylvania
People of colonial Pennsylvania
American Quakers
Underground Railroad people
Colonial American merchants
18th-century American businesspeople
Burials at Green Mount Cemetery
American pacifists
Quaker abolitionists

masks:
Elisha Tyson
Tyson
Isaac Tyson
Elisha
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Elisha
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Mary Tyson
Elisha
Tyson
Elisha
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Elisha
Tyson


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<mask> the Farm Labourer, also known as Isidore the Farmer () (c. 1070 – May 15, 1130), was a Spanish farmworker known for his piety toward the poor and animals. He is the Catholic patron saint of farmers and of Madrid, El Gobernador, Jalisco and of La Ceiba, Honduras. His feast day is celebrated on May 15. The Spanish profession name labrador comes from the verb labrar ("to till", "to plow" or, in a broader sense, "to work the land"). Hence, to refer to him as simply a "laborer" is a poor translation of the Spanish labrador as it makes no reference to the essential farming aspect of his work and his identity. His real name was Isidro de Merlo y Quintana. Biography
Isidore was born in Madrid, in about the year 1070, of poor but very devout parents, and was christened Isidore from the name of their patron, St. Isidore of Seville.<mask> spent his life as a hired hand in the service of the wealthy Madrilenian landowner Juan de Vargas on a farm in the city's vicinity. He shared what he had, even his meals, with the poor. Juan de Vargas would later make him bailiff of his entire estate of Lower Caramanca. <mask> married Maria Torribia, known as Santa María de la Cabeza in Spain; she has never been canonized, pending confirmation by Pope Francis. <mask> and Maria had one son. On one occasion, their son fell into a deep well and, at the prayers of his parents, the water of the well is said to have risen miraculously to the level of the ground, bringing the child with it. In thanksgiving <mask> and Maria then vowed sexual abstinence and lived in separate houses.Their son later died in his youth. <mask> died on May 15, 1130, at his birthplace close to Madrid, although the only official source places his death in the year 1172. Miracle stories

In the morning before going to work, Isidore would usually attend Mass at one of the churches in Madrid. One day, his fellow farm workers complained to their master that Isidore was always late for work in the morning. Upon investigation the master found Isidore at prayer while an angel was doing the ploughing for him. On another occasion, his master saw an angel ploughing on either side of him, so that Isidore's work was equal to that of three of his fellow field workers. Isidore is also said to have brought back to life his master's deceased daughter, and to have caused a fountain of fresh water to burst from the dry earth to quench his master's thirst.One snowy day, when going to the mill with wheat to be ground, he passed a flock of wood-pigeons scratching vainly for food on the hard surface of the frosty ground. Taking pity on the poor animals, he poured half of his sack of precious wheat upon the ground for the birds, despite the mocking of witnesses. When he reached the mill, however, the bag was full, and the wheat, when it was ground, produced double the expected amount of flour. <mask>'s wife, Maria, always kept a pot of stew on the fireplace in their humble home as Isidore would often bring home anyone who was hungry. One day he brought home more hungry people than usual. After she served many of them, Maria told him that there simply was no more stew in the pot. He insisted that she check the pot again, and she was able to spoon out enough stew to feed them all.On April 2, 1212, after torrential rains had exhumed cadavers from cemeteries in Madrid, his body was discovered in an apparent state of incorruptibility. He is said to have appeared to Alfonso VIII of Castile, and to have shown him the hidden path by which he surprised the Moors and gained the victory of Las Navas de Tolosa, in 1212. When King Philip III of Spain was cured of a deadly disease after touching the relics of the saint, the king replaced the old reliquary with a costly silver one and instigated the process of his beatification. Throughout history, other members of the royal family would seek curative powers from the saint. The number of miracles attributed to him has been counted as 438. The only original source of hagiography on him is a fourteenth century codex called Códice de Juan Diácono which relates five of his miracles:
The pigeons and the grain. The angels ploughing.The saving of his donkey, through prayer, from a wolf attack. The account of his wife's pot of food. A similar account of his feeding the brotherhood. The codex also attests to the incorruptible state of his body, stating it was exhumed 40 years after his death. Veneration

<mask> was beatified in Rome on May 2, 1619, by Pope Paul V. He was canonized nearly three years later by Pope Gregory XV, along with Saints Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Teresa of Ávila and Philip Neri, on March 12, 1622. In 1696, his relics were moved to the Royal Alcazar of Madrid to intervene on behalf of the health of Charles II of Spain. While there, the King's locksmith pulled a tooth from the body and gave it to the monarch, who slept with it under his pillow until his death.This was not the first, nor the last time his body was allegedly mutilated out of religious fervour. For example, it was reported one of the ladies in the court of Isabella I of Castile bit off one of his toes. In 1760, his body was brought to the Royal Palace of Madrid during the illness of Maria Amalia of Saxony. In 1769, Charles III of Spain had the remains of Saint <mask> and his wife Maria relocated to the San Isidro Church, Madrid. The sepulcher has nine locks and only the King of Spain has the master key. The opening of the sepulcher must be performed by the Archbishop of Madrid and authorized by the King himself. Consequently, it has not been opened since 1985.His feast day is celebrated on May 15 in the Catholic Church, and in the Philippine Independent Church. Patronage
Saint Isidore is widely venerated as the patron saint of farmers, peasants, day laborers and agriculture in general, as well as brick layers. His hometown of Madrid, the Spanish cities of Leon, Zaragoza, and Seville, and various locales in the former Spanish Empire honour him as their patron saint. The US National Catholic Rural Life Conference claims him as its patron. San Ysidro, California, and San Ysidro, New Mexico, were named after him. Iconography
Saint Isidore is often portrayed as a peasant holding a sickle and a sheaf of corn. He might also be shown with a sickle and staff; as an angel plows for him; or with an angel and white oxen near him.In Spanish art, his emblems are a spade or a plough. Legacy

The story of St. Isidore is a reminder of the dignity of work, and that ordinary life can lead to holiness. Legends about angel helpers and mysterious oxen indicate that his work was not neglected and his duties did not go unfulfilled. St. Isidore's life demonstrates that: If you have your spiritual self in order, your earthly commitments will fall into order also." The house of his master, Juan de Vargas, in Madrid is now a museum, popularly known as the "Casa de San Isidro". It houses temporary exhibitions on the history of Madrid, as well as on the life of the saint. It is not to be confused with the aforementioned San Isidro Church.Not only does this museum contain a chapel built upon the place where <mask> lived and died, but also the well where his son fell and was saved. Feast day celebrations and festivals
The date of his liturgical feast, which, though not included in the General Roman Calendar, has been celebrated for centuries in several countries and dioceses, is May 15. Many towns venerate Saint <mask> and his wife Blessed María Torribia with processions in which the fields are blessed. Spain

One of the most celebrated holidays of Madrid is held on May 15, the liturgical feast of Isidore who is the city's patron saint as well as of farmers. The traditional festival is held in an open-air area known as the Pradera del Santo. In the afternoon, the images of San Isidro and his wife, Santa María de la Cabeza, are paraded through the streets, from Calle del Sacramento to the Plaza de la Villa, passing through Calle del Cordón. The feast in honor of San Isidro is declared of National Tourist Interest in Andalusia and is one of the most important celebrations in province of Malaga.The fiesta is very popular in Alameda because San Isidro is a co-patron of the town. Celebrations honoring both saints are also held elsewhere in Spain. For years, the Alicantine locality of Castalla has been celebrating the Fair of San Isidro, where numerous companies display their products in a playful and festive atmosphere. A medieval swap meet and mechanical attractions are especially popular. A large celebration is held in Estepona, near Marbella along the Costa del Sol in Andalucia, where locals celebrate the day by drinking a mix of brandy and a popular energy drink which is named in his honour. This has led to Saint <mask> often being termed the “patron saint of krunk” (the name of this combination drink in the United States). The Romería festival in Almogia, a pueblo blanco in the campo halfway between Malaga to the south and Antequera, celebrates San Isidro, its patron saint, on the weekend in the middle of May with a fiesta carnival.Floats from the surrounding farming communities, accompanied by traditionally dressed ladies in flamenco dresses and caballeros on dancing horses, sing and dance from Almogia to the Romería ground a few kilometres north of the village and the festival includes music, traditional horse races, a bar for horses as well as their riders, and much parading of costume and finery. The best-dressed float is awarded a prize. Chile

May 15 is San Isidro Day in Cuz-Cuz, about five kilometers from the city of Illapel, Choapa province, in the Coquimbo region of Chile. If the day falls on a Monday, the following Sunday is celebrated. Celebrations begin at noon with a Mass, followed by a procession and Chilean dances. Peru

The residents of San Isidro de Carampá of Ayacucho in the city of Lima celebrate a San Isidro festival. The First Society of San Isidro de Carampá organizes the festival, along with the Butler and the Adornante festivals.In the evening, after the celebration of the Mass, a procession moves to the house of the Adornante. On the next day, Central Day, another Mass is said, this time celebrated by the Butler. Another procession is held, followed by a festival. Philippines
Many festivals are held in honour of Saint Isidore on or around May 15 in the Philippines, which is mostly agricultural and predominantly Catholic. The Apit Festival of Allacapan, Cagayan, done in praise and thanksgiving for the harvest gathered throughout the year. The Apit Festival is celebrated on May 10–15. The Sabugan ng Biyaya Festival (often shortened to Sabugan Festival) of Agdangan, Quezon, is a thanksgiving event for the blessings that the town has received.The Pahiyás Festival is held in honour of Saint <mask> and Blessed María in Lucban, Quezon, in thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest. It is noted as local houses are decorated with produce and other agricultural products, which are given away after. The Kangga Festival is held on his feast day in Mogpog, Marinduque (the island also known for its Moriones Festival every Holy Week). The festivities highlight farming traditions, and give thanks for a good harvest and the town's continuing prosperity. The Bariw Festival in Nabas, Aklan, held every May 12–15 as Saint Isidore is the town's patron. The feast also showcases the town's bariw products such as hats and mats as well as unique local attractions. In Pulilan, Bulacan, carabaos are often dressed in clothes or painted, and trained to kneel on their forelegs before the Church of San Isidro Labrador during the fiesta.The custom, unique to the town, is performed as an act of veneration to the saint. Saint Isidore is celebrated in the towns of San Isidro and Talavera, Nueva Ecija. The province is often referred to as the "Rice Granary of the Philippines", as rice is its principal crop aside from maize and onion. Celebrations begin a week before the feast day itself, including daily novenas, Masses, processions, public entertainment and a funfair (perya). Barangay San Isidro in Lupao, Nueva Ecija also celebrates Saint Isidore as its patron saint. Saint Isidore's feast is also celebrated in Lezo, Aklan every May 14–15. Barangay Teguis in Poro, Cebu celebrates Saint Isidore's feast on May 15, as well as the day after.The towns of Tubigon and San Isidro in Bohol both celebrate Saint Isidore's feast day on May 15. Sitio Canipa-an in Barangay Banquerohan, Cadiz City, Negros Occidental also celebrates the feast annually in May. The first time the saint was honoured was in 1918. In Pampanga, the Feast of San Isidro is celebrated every May 15 in different barangays. City of San Fernando, Bacolor, Macabebe, and other towns have barangays named after the saint. In Hinunangan, Southern Leyte, Barangay Calag-itan, which has Saint Isidore the Farmer Chapel, and Barangay Catublian, which hosts the Parish of Saint Isidore the Farmer, as well as Silago also venerate Saint Isidore. These three belong to the Iglesia Filipina Independiente, a national church that split from the Catholic Church after the Philippine Revolution and recognises pre-schism saints.In Barangay Salawag, Dasmariñas, the Feast of San Isidro is celebrated along with the Feast of the Arrival of the Virgin of Salawag. <mask> is the principal patron of the village, and secondary patron of the local parish since 1987. United States
In 1947, at the request of the National Catholic Rural Life Conference, he was officially named patron of farmers, with a feast day on May 10 in all dioceses of the United States, with a proper Mass and Office. When <mask>'s feast was first inserted into the calendar for the United States in the year 1947, the feast day of Saint John Baptist de La Salle was still being celebrated on May 15, with the result that the celebration of his feast was assigned to March 22. With the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar, the memorial of Saint John Baptist de la Salle was moved to his day of death, April 7, and <mask>'s was restored to the May 15 date and is celebrated as an optional memorial. In some places within the US and Canada, his feast is celebrated on October 25, and other locations and some Traditionalist Catholics in that area, though not elsewhere, keep the March 22 date. Corrales, New Mexico
In Corrales, New Mexico, the town celebrates the San Ysidro Feast day on May 15.Matachines dance through the streets and the fiesta is a big part of the celebrations in the city. See also
 Saint Isidore the Laborer, patron saint archive

References

External links
 St Isidore the Farmer
 Visitors guide to the Fiestas San Isidro in Madrid
 Yucatan, Mexico celebrates San Isidro Labrador in multiple town fiestas
 Lucban San Isidro Pahiyas Festival website
 The Life of San Isidro, Labrador
 Saint Isidore the Laborer at the Christian Iconography web site

1070s births
1130 deaths
12th-century people from León and Castile
12th-century Christian saints
Burials in Madrid
Canonizations by Pope Gregory XV
Spanish farmers
Incorrupt saints
Medieval Spanish saints
Spanish Roman Catholic saints
Animals in Christianity

masks:
Isidore
Isidore
Isidore
Isidore
Isidore
Isidore
Isidore
Isidore
Isidore
Isidore
Isidore
Isidore
Isidore
Saint Isidore
St Isidore
Saint Isidore