texts:
 after midnight they set off again, crossed the Damour at a point identified during the earlier reconnaissance, and climbed up a goat track to El Boum. Fixing bayonets around dawn, the lead platoon stormed the village to find it empty, with a few French troops fleeing in the distance. The next company was took key casualties and was scattered by artillery fire, but the third company swapped objectives with it. The lead company was held up by an enemy position, but the arrival of the third company bolstered the assault and the position surrendered. The rest of the battalion pushed on and achieved its objectives.A platoon was posted on a feature known as Hill 512 which overlooked the village of Daraya. After 24 hours of hard marching and climbing, along with some fighting, including steep ascents of  and then , the battalion had secured the corridor through which the 17th Brigade was to pass then attack, cutting the road leading north out of Damour towards Beirut. Ultimately, Stevens pushed the 2/14th Battalion, less the two companies at El Mourhira, through the corridor to secure the start line for the 17th Brigade attack, and the 17th Brigade followed. The most advanced company of the 2/27th reached the eastern outskirts of Damour and sent two platoons into the town where they had several sharp exchanges of fire with French troops and captured more than their own number. Attacks from the south prompted the French to withdraw, and the town was secured by the morning of 9 July. It soon became apparent that the French had withdrawn a considerable distance on all fronts of the campaign, and Stevens was ordered secure the villages of Abey and Kafra Matta overlooking Damour. Moten sent out a patrol that found the villages empty of French troops, which were then occupied by the 2/14th.The French commander had been considering capitulation for a couple of weeks at this stage, and a message had been sent to him by the commander of the Australian I Corps, Lieutenant General John Lavarack, as early as 30 June urging him to negotiate. A ceasefire came into force at 00:01 on 12 July. The 2/27th had suffered over 150 casualties during the campaign. Following the surrender of Vichy forces, the 2/27th undertook garrison duties around Hammana, near Beirut, and Bakhaoun in the Tripoli sector, as part of the Allied occupation force. In October, <mask> spent two weeks in hospital with measles. Brigade command and awards
<mask> was promoted to colonel and temporary brigadier on 27 December and left the 2/27th to be immediately appointed as the commander of the 17th Brigade, part of the 6th Division. He "quietly and efficiently" took over the brigade from Stanley Savige, who had been appointed Director of Recruiting and Propaganda in Australia.The principal fighting units of the 17th Brigade were the 2/5th, 2/6th and 2/7th Battalions. When <mask> took command, the 17th Brigade was training and re-equipping in Syria with the rest of the 6th Division after the disastrous Greek campaign. On 12 February 1942 <mask> was mentioned in despatches for distinguished services in the Middle East and made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for "excellent leadership and gallantry in the capture of Sidon". The citation for the DSO read:

Ceylon
In early January 1942, it was agreed between the British and Australian governments that the 6th Division would be withdrawn from Syria and move to the Far East in response to the entry of Japan into the war. In late January and early February, the Australian government agreed to the deployment of the 6th Division to Java to oppose the Japanese southward thrust. These plans were soon changed when it was decided that two brigades should be diverted to defend Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka), and the 16th and 17th Brigades were chosen for this task. <mask> embarked from the Middle East with his headquarters on 10 March and disembarked at Colombo on 24 March.The Second AIF force in Ceylon was commanded by Major General Allan Boase, on promotion from commanding the 16th Brigade. The force was responsible for the southwest corner of Ceylon, the area considered most likely for a Japanese landing. The areas not covered by coconut, rubber and tea plantations consisted of thick bush or rice paddies. As future fighting would be vastly different from what they had experienced, <mask> established a Jungle Warfare School to prepare his troops. The Australians were also involved in improving the weak transport infrastructure. Japanese carrier-borne aircraft attacked Ceylon on both 5 and 9 April, and sank several British and Australian ships operating in the region. The 17th Brigade was stationed around Akuressa.About this time, the newly-appointed Commander-in-Chief, Australian Military Forces, General Sir Thomas Blamey, decided that the brigades in Ceylon would return to Australia. The 17th Brigade headquarters commenced its voyage back to Australia aboard the Athlone Castle in July, and arrived in Melbourne on 4 August. Papua and New Guinea
The brigade went into camp near Seymour, Victoria, and after a brief period of leave, on 28 August a welcome home parade was held in Melbourne for the brigade. On the same day, <mask> received a warning order for a brigade move to New South Wales. Due to railway congestion and equipment deficiencies, the move to Greta in the Hunter Valley was not completed until 20 September. During the move, <mask> visited Melbourne and was permitted to read a confidential report on the fighting on the Kokoda Trail in New Guinea written by the war correspondent Chester Wilmot. The brigade had barely consolidated at Greta and conducted an initial training exercise before it was ordered to Brisbane in Queensland.By 6 October the brigade was consolidated in the northern suburbs of Brisbane, but its stay there was brief as it embarked two days later. <mask> flew to Townsville in north Queensland, then on to Cairns then Port Moresby in the Territory of New Guinea on 12 October. The following day he flew to Milne Bay in the Territory of Papua, where the brigade was now heading. Despite the resounding Allied victory in the Battle of Milne Bay in August and September, and the need to deploy the whole 18th Brigade elsewhere, the Allied commanders were not willing to weaken the defences of the strategically-important base at Milne Bay. The 17th Brigade was therefore directed there to relieve the remaining battalion of the 18th Brigade, which was part of Major General Cyril Clowes' Milne Force, and was redesignated the 11th Division on 1 October. The advance party of the brigade arrived in mid-October and the battalions arrived soon afterwards. There was little Japanese activity in the area, so the brigade was not involved in any significant fighting at Milne Bay.There was a significant spike in malaria infections in the area during the time the 17th Brigade was part of the garrison, peaking at over 80 cases per 1,000 men per week around Christmas 1942. This was due to a combination of the disease being endemic in the area, poor anti-malarial supervision by officers of fighting units, and inadequate anti-malarial supplies. <mask> administered command of the 11th Division from 29 December until he flew to Wau in the New Guinea on 9 January 1942 to conduct a reconnaissance for a planned brigade deployment to the area. The 29th Brigade arrived to relive the 17th Brigade, and brigade units began departing by sea for Port Moresby on 10 January. Defence of Wau
An ad hoc Australian formation known as Kanga Force had been monitoring and harassing the Japanese bases at Lae and Salamaua since early 1942. By the time Moten arrived in Wau, the core of the force consisted of the 2/5th and 2/7th Independent Companies, irregular units trained for long-range patrol and surveillance. In early January, a Japanese troop convoy sailed from Rabaul to Lae with reinforcement, and despite interdiction by Allied air attacks, successfully landed most of the troops on 7 January.In response, Kanga Force launched a successful attack on the Japanese advanced position at Mubo and withdrew under Japanese pressure. The arrival of the Japanese reinforcements at Lae prompted the Allied decision to send the 17th Brigade to Wau to bolster Kanga Force ahead of an expected Japanese advance on Wau. <mask> returned to Port Moresby on 14 January and received written orders that he was to take over defences at Wau and command of Kanga Force the following day. On 14 January, the first fighting elements of the 17th Brigade began arriving in Wau by air, led by B Company of the 2/6th Battalion and the advanced brigade headquarters. B Company was immediately pushed forward to support the independent companies while the bulk of the 2/6th had arrived in Wau by 19 January and another company was quickly placed astride another track leading from Lae to Wau. The air transport of the brigade was hampered by poor flying weather and accidents, and it took much of the following week for the rest of the brigade to concentrate in Wau. <mask>'s aircraft turned back on 15 January, and he did not reach Wau until the following day.He was scathing about the air transport arrangements, saying that they were "uneconomical and haphazard". By 19 January significant elements of the 2/6th were effectively deployed on the tracks leading towards Wau. On 21 January, a patrol from the 2/6th observed Japanese troops moving forward, but the enemy axis of advance was not clear. The last of the 2/6th arrived in Wau on 23 January, and the following day the lead elements of the 2/5th Battalion and some engineers flew in. Moten intensified patrolling to establish the Japanese main advance, and by 26 January had determined that they were using an old disused track labelled the "Jap Track". He decided that, despite a lack of reserves in Wau due to the slow buildup, he would attack the advancing Japanese from the forward positions of the 2/6th on the Black Cat Track. An aggressive enemy advance up the "Jap Track" completely derailed this plan, and Moten responded with piecemeal defensive deployments as troops arrived in Wau, including forward positions south east of Wau near Leahy's Farm.By late on 28 January, the rest of the 2/5th had not been able to get to Wau, and the 2/7th Battalion was also stuck on the ground in Port Moresby. <mask> called most of his forward elements to withdraw to Wau and deployed them in close defence of the village and airfield. Finally on the morning of 29 January the weather broke enough for the rest of the 2/5th and the main body of the 2/7th Battalion to arrive. They were rushed into defensive positions around the airfield. Before dawn on 30 January the Japanese assault on the airfield began, beginning from the south east. <mask>'s positions held, and by mid-morning he considered that with the arrival of two guns of the 2/1st Field Regiment on aircraft earlier that morning he could take the initiative using a company of the 2/7th to forestall a Japanese flanking manoeuvre to the south of Leahy's Farm, leaving the remainder of the force to protect the airfield. This move, supported by strafing by Royal Australian Air Force Bristol Beaufighters, caused significant enemy casualties and stopped the Japanese in their tracks.The following day the 2/3rd Independent Company and 100 reinforcements for the 2/6th Battalion arrived to further bolster Kanga Force. More reinforcements arrived on 1 February, bringing Kanga Force strength to 201 officers and 2,965 men. By nightfall on 3 February, the Wau defences were holding well, another company of the 2/7th had been pushed forward south of Leahy's Farm to block further Japanese advances, and their assaults were clearly weakening. That evening Moten signalled New Guinea Force that Wau was secure. Moten then committed the 2/5th Battalion to offensive action, and in hard fighting up to 9 February they cleared the area west of the Bulolo River, killing hundreds of Japanese and putting the rest to flight. After consolidation, Moten rested part of the 2/5th and pushed the three platoons of the 2/3rd Independent Company along the three tracks leading towards Mubo. On the northern Black Cat Track, elements of the 2/6th largely held off a Japanese counter-attack on 10 February.<mask> held them there rather than withdrawing them to Wau to rest, as the overall situation remained unclear. They were relieved by a 2/3rd Independent Company platoon on 15 February. The Japanese fell back in an orderly fashion towards Mubo, harassed by aircraft and patrols. By the end of the month <mask>'s force had driven the Japanese back to Mubo. The 17th Brigade repulsed Japanese assaults at Mubo and Lababia Ridge and following the capture of Komiatum and Mount Tambu in August, <mask> was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire and again mentioned in despatches. The 17th Brigade returned to Australia for rest and regrouping and later returned to New Guinea for the Aitape–Wewak campaign. <mask> took command of the 6th Division from 18 November 1945.Later life

After returning to Australia, <mask> was transferred to the Regimental Supernumerary List on 17 January 1946 in Adelaide and he resumed his civilian career. He led the Australian army component of the Victory March in London in June. <mask> became the Australian Army Representative of the Imperial War Graves Commission in 1947, and went on to command the 9th Brigade, CMF and while serving in this capacity he was appointed honorary colonel of the 27th Battalion, CMF in 1952. He was promoted as the general manager of the Savings Bank of South Australia in December. He was appointed as the aide de camp to the Governor-General of Australia on 16 March 1953. <mask> collapsed at the 27th Battalion ball at Torrens Drill Hall on 5 September 1953 and while in the Royal Adelaide Hospital, <mask> died of myocardial infarction on 14 September. Moten was buried with full military honours in Centennial Park Cemetery with Anglican and Catholic rites.He was survived by his wife, daughter and two sons. His son, <mask>, was Director-General of Security (the head of ASIO) from 1988 to 1991. Footnotes

References

Books

Websites

War diaries and gazettes

1899 births
1953 deaths
Australian bankers
Australian brigadiers
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian military personnel of World War II
People from Hawker, South Australia
University of Adelaide

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<mask>, GCMG DA (15 November 1916 – 19 December 1995) was the first female governor-general of Barbados. <mask> was a nurse and a public health servant from Barbados. She served as the fifth governor-general of Barbados from 6 June 1990 until her death on 19 December 1995. She was the older sister of <mask>, the first prime minister of Barbados. Early life
<mask> was born in Barbados, to a respected Anglican priest, the Reverend <mask> and Mrs. <mask> (née O'Neal). She was the second of her parents' five children, whom included <mask>, Ena Comma, and <mask>. She trained as a nurse, midwife and health care administrator.She held a variety of nursing, public health and public administration jobs in Barbados and Jamaica in the 1940s/1950s. She suffered from a massive stroke the night of her death and is survived by her sisters, Sybil <mask> and Ena Comma. Education
She began her nursing profession in her early years following in the steps of her uncle and father, and completed her basic training at the Barbados General Hospital. She then began training in midwifery at the Port of Spain General Hospital in Trinidad. <mask> was a graduate in nursing from Columbia University, New York, University of Toronto, Canada and the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. She later continued her education in a specialized study at the Royal College of Nursing of Edinburgh University in 1951 to 1952 and at Columbia University in 1962 to 1963. As a public servant, she served as an Instructress at the West Indies School of Public Health in Jamaica in 1945 to 1950.She later became responsible in the Nursing and Public Health fields as the first West Indian Matron of the University College Hospital in 1954 and the first Principal Nursing Officer in Jamaica in 1956. Following the regional expansion of the West Indies School, she became a director of a nursing research project in the Commonwealth Caribbean. This led to modernizing nurses training and began the Advanced Nursing program at the University of the West Indies. Career
<mask>'s career began in 1964, when she became a Nursing Advisor for the Pan American Health Organization for the Caribbean area. In 1975, she became the Director of the Christian Medical Commission of the World Council of Churches (WCC) and President of the World YWCA (1975–1983). She was president of the International Council of Adult Education (ICAE) from 1982 through 1990 and Convenor of the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Forum for the Decade of Women in Nairobi, Kenya in 1983. In 1985, at the Nairobi World Conference on Women, <mask> served as the chair of the NGO Forum.She was a member of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons that visited South Africa in 1986. During that mission she successfully thwarted South Africa's military restrictions, through entering the restricted area of Alexandra township disguised in African garb and head-dress. In 1980 <mask> <mask> <mask> Collection, a collection of documents about <mask> <mask>'s life and times, has been inscribed into UNESCO's list on world documentary heritage, the Memory of the World Register.Dame Nita: Caribbean Woman, World Citizen. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers, 1985. See also
Memory of the World Register – Latin America and the Caribbean
List of the first female holders of political offices in the Americas

External links
Dame <mask> <mask>, Caribbean Community (CARICOM) website
Biography of Dame <mask> <mask>
Photo

1916 births
1995 deaths
Barbadian women in politics
Dames Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Recipients of the Order of the Caribbean Community
Governors-General of Barbados
Permanent Representatives of Barbados to the United Nations
University of Toronto alumni
Knights and Dames of St Andrew (Barbados)
Honorary Fellows of the Royal College of Nursing
People in public health
Barbadian midwives
Barbadian nurses
Women nurses
Barbadian women diplomats
Female heads of state
Barbadian women ambassadors

masks:
Dame Ruth Nita Barrow
Barrow
Errol Barrow
Ruth Nita Barrow
Reginald Grant Barrow
Ruth Alberta Barrow
Sybil Barrow
Errol Barrow
Barrow
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Barrowta
Barrowta
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Nita
Barrow
Ruth Nita
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Ruth Nita
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texts:
<mask>olong (; ; c. 1213-1278), born in Sichuan Province, China in 1213 A.D. (Southern Song Dynasty), was a famous Chinese Buddhist monk, calligrapher, idealist philosopher, and is the founder of the Kenchō-ji sect, which is a branch of the Rinzai school. <mask>olong entered temple life at the age of thirteen. Due to the Mongol Conquest of the Song Dynasty in China in 1246, also driven by the new trend that Zen monks of the Southern Song Dynasty increasingly tended to voluntarily go to Japan to preach Zen Buddhism, plus the influences of his teachers and friends, he sailed to Japan to preach Zen Buddhism, and later moved to Kamakura, where he took charge of Kenchō-ji (建長寺). after having accepted the invitation of Hōjō Tokiyori (北条時頼) in 1253. Lanxi Daolongs calligraphy was famous in Japan, especially Rule of Zen (法语规则). Daolong died in Kenchō-ji, and was given the Posthumous Name as Dajue Zen Master (大覚禅師, Daikaku Zenji in Japanese) by Emperor Go-Uda (後宇多天皇). Throughout his lifetime, he made great contributions to promote Sino-Japanese cultural interactions.Biography

Early life in China
<mask> Daolong was born in Lanxi, Fujiang, Sichuan Province (presently Mianyang, Sichuan Province) in 1213 (in the Jiading period of Southern Song Dynasty) and died in Japan on July 24, 1278 at 2pm. It is difficult to trace his parenthood and the living conditions of his childhood. We only know that the family name of <mask> Daolong was Ran. According to Biographies of Monks (高僧传), <mask> Daolong displayed purity, excellence and bravery. In 1226, at the age of 13, he went to Daci Temple (:zh:大慈寺), Chengdu, and he was tonsured to participate in various forms of Zen learning in 1227. Later, he went to Zhejiang Province to learn Zen from Wuzhun Shifan in Wanshou Temple (万寿寺),  and finally became a disciple of Chijue Daochong, Beijian Jujian and so on. Daolong persevered in learning dhyana there.Before long he began to travel through Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi, finally settling down in Yangshan (in Wuxi, Jiangsu) where he learned Zen from Renjue (formerly known as Wuming Huixing, 1160–1237) in Cuiwei Temple. Travel to Japan
In the autumn of the 6th year of Chunhu (AD 1246), at the age of 33, <mask> Daolong left for Japan with his disciples and two statues of the Buddha to preach Zen, boarding a Japanese merchant ship from Tiantong Temple in Ningbo, Zhejiang. First, he arrived in Daizaifu (太宰府) and wrote The rite of sitting in meditation (坐禅仪) to instruct his followers. In the second year, he arrived in Kyoto and lived in Sennyū-ji (泉涌寺), a Ritsu temple. After spending some years in Kyushu and Kyoto, Lanxi Daolong came to Kamakura. In 1248, he went to Kikokuzan Kongō Jufuku Zenji (亀谷山金剛寿福禅寺), a temple of the Kenchō-ji branch of the Rinzai sect, usually known as Jufuku-ji (寿福寺). In 1249, Hōjō Tokiyori (北條時賴), the fifth shikken (regent) of the Kamakura shogunate, decided to build a Zen training monastery, and at that time, he has converted to Lanxi Daolong.Built according to the architecture style of the Chinese Song Dynasty, Kenchō-ji (建長寺), a Rinzai Zen temple, was constructed on the orders of Emperor Go-Fukakusa (後深草天皇) in Kamakura　and completed in 1253, fifth year of the Kenchō era, from which it takes its name, and Lanxi Daolong became its first abbot. <mask> Daolong preached Zen in Kamakura for 13 years. Later Emperor Kameyama (亀山天皇) recalled Lanxi Daolong to Kyoto and appointed him the eleventh abbot of Kennin-ji (建仁寺). Lanxi Daolong made it a purely Zen institution, and three years later, he returned to Kamakura. There he was exiled twice to Kōshū (甲州). He built more than 20 temples during his exile in Kōshū, Shinshū (信州) and Ōshū (奥州). Hōjō Tokimune (北条時宗) remitted Lanxi Daolong and greeted him back to Kamakura.Lanxi Daolong selected a site for Engaku-ji (円覚寺), but in 1278, he died before the construction. After his nirvana, there are Buddha's relics. During his thirty-three-year stay in Japan, he built 49 temples and now these temples have become famous Buddhist architectures. Works of calligraphy
In calligraphy, <mask> Daolong imitated Huang Tingjian, Zhang Jizhi and Chu Suiliang’s works of calligraphy, and he not only inherited the core of their works, but also developed it, and formed his own style. His calligraphy has an elegant pattern. The force of his writing was powerful and skillful. The whole style was simple and straight.In the calligraphy circles of Japanese Buddhist temple, <mask> Daolong was equal to Rong Xi. However, only a few works of his calligraphy are extant today. Two works of Rule of Zen (法语规则) and three works of The article of reading the variant Chinese characters (重文讽诵文) are now stored at Kenchō-ji (建長寺) and are national treasures of Japan. The work of Diamond Sutra (金刚经) preserved in the Da De temple of Kyoto is also an important work of his calligraphy. Influences on Japanese culture

Buddhism
Living in Japan for more than 30 years, <mask> Daolong had great effects on Japanese culture. He was the first one to introduce the Pure Zen Buddhism of Song Dynasty into Japan. In addition, Lanxi Daolong also brought the Song Dynasty characterized culture into Japan, for instance, the Edo Neo-Confucianism and philosophy, the literature and art, the architectural aesthetics and the daily customs.By mixing them with Japanese culture, he accelerated the formation of Japanese Zen Buddhism. Moreover, <mask> Daolong had strong supports from Japanese rulers, especially from the Kamakura Shogunate , which paved the road for the development of Zen Buddhism in Japan and helped it establish its leadership position in the various Japanese Buddhism sects. Furthermore, the Zen Buddhism had a great impact on the formation of the Bushidō and the national character of Japan. Tea
As drinking tea was prevalent in Buddhist temples and the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan, where Lanxi Daolong used to live, were the main tea-producing areas, he was deeply influenced by the tea culture. We can find many words and phrases concerning "drinking tea" in quotations from <mask> Daolong. Therefore, Lanxi Daolong required his disciples to strictly follow the discipline of drinking tea, the way many people in Southern Song Dynasty did. In this way Lanxi Daolong made contributions to the formation and spread of Japanese tea ceremony.Drama
It is still inconclusive about his influence on Japanese drama. But <mask> <mask> had written a poem in Japan. In this poem, he expressed the insights of Zen Buddhism by recalling the scene that he was seeing the Zaju in Sichuan province. By confirmation, Some scholars think that it is the important clue approving that Japanese drama was influenced by Zaju of Song Dynasty. Thus, he was regarded as one of the important figures in the exchanges of Sino-Japanese drama culture. Literature
<mask> Daolong mainly used three forms to communicate Chinese literature with Japanese literature:

First, <mask> Daolong quoted a large number of references of the Tang poetry and Song poetry and literary allusions when he preached Zen, for example "The cloud does at the end of the Castle Peak, but the pedestrian is outside the Castle Peak" (白云尽处是青山, 行人更在青山外)., "Disregard the changing circumstances" (刻舟求剑) and "Castles in the air" (画饼充饥). Second, Daolong often wrote poems about Zen and his feelings.These poems were full of grace and charm, and had a great influence on Literature of the Five Mountains (:ja:五山文学).Third, Quotations from Lanxi Daolong, which was edited by the disciples of Lanxi Daolong, has enriched and improved the literary genre of Japanese Zen Quotations with Rich content, complete form, and wide propagation. It was regarded as one of the signs of maturity of Japanese Zen Quotations. References

External links

Writers from Mianyang
Song dynasty Buddhist monks
Poets from Sichuan
Song dynasty calligraphers
History of Buddhism in China
13th-century Chinese people
13th-century Chinese calligraphers
13th-century Buddhist monks
Artists from Sichuan
Founders of Buddhist sects
Kamakura period Buddhist clergy
Zenga

masks:
Lanxi Da
Lanxi Da
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texts:
<mask> FRS FRAI (24 December 1873 – 19 September 1940) was a British physician and ethnologist. His main ethnographic work described the culture of the Vedda people of Sri Lanka and the Shilluk people of the Sudan. He was a Professor at London School of Economics and was highly influential as the teacher of such notable anthropologists as Bronisław Malinowski, E. E. Evans-Pritchard and Meyer Fortes all of whose work overshadowed his own. <mask>'s work promoted scientific racism and he was a proponent of the Hamitic hypothesis, according to which, some civilizations of Africa were thought to have been founded by Caucasoid Hamitic peoples. Since the 1960s the Hamitic hypothesis, along with other theories of "race science", has become entirely discredited in science. <mask> was born into a middle class Jewish family in London, the son of wine merchant <mask>n (<mask> shortened his name to <mask> after 1914). He studied medicine at St Thomas' Hospital.After several years as a physician and pathologist, he volunteered his services to the 1898 Cambridge University expedition to the Torres Strait. He later joined expeditions to New Guinea (1904), Ceylon (1906–1908), and Sudan (1909–1912, again in 1921–1922). In 1905, <mask> married Brenda Zara Salaman, who he accompanied on their many expeditions and whom he credited in his publications. She was educated at Bedford College and was skilled at languages and she was able to observe ceremonies that <mask>gman Library in his name. From 1933 he edited the Cresset Historical Series, a book series published by the Cresset Press in London. <mask> was also a Fellow of the Royal Society.Works

Hamites
<mask> is most remembered for his detailed ethnographical work Races of Africa (1930), which recognises four major distinct races of the African continent: Bushmanoids (Bushmen), Pygmies, Negroids, and Caucasoids (Hamites). The Hottentots, <mask> maintains are a mixture of Bushmanoid, Negroid and Hamitic. As a staunch proponent of the Hamitic theory, in his work <mask> asserts that Hamitic Caucasoid North and Northeast Africans were responsible for introducing non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages (Berber-Cushitic-Egyptian) into Africa, as well as civilization, technology and all significant cultural developments. In his book, <mask> states his belief that:

"Apart from relatively late Semitic influence...the civilizations of Africa are the civilizations of the Hamites, its history is the record of these peoples and of their interaction with the two other African stocks, the Negro and the Bushmen, whether this influence was exerted by highly civilized Egyptians or by such wider pastoralists as are represented at the present day by the Beja and Somali....The incoming Hamites were pastoral Caucasians – arriving wave after wave – better armed as well as quicker witted than the dark agricultural Negroes."C. G<mask>, The Races of Africa, London, 1930, p. 96

Following Giuseppe Sergi's (1901) classification of the Hamites, <mask> divides the Hamites into two groups: (a) "Eastern Hamites" and (b) "Northern Hamites". The former include the "ancient and modern Egyptians... the Beja, the Berberines (Barbara and Nubians), the Galla, the Somali, the Danakil and... Ethiopians". The latter branch includes the Berbers and the "Taureg and Tibu of the Sahara, the Fulbe of Western Sudan and the extinct Guanche of the Canary Islands".<mask> acknowledged varying degrees of Negroid admixture amongst the Hamitic groups, but emphasized throughout his major works the essential racial and cultural unity of the various Hamitic peoples. In his Some Aspects of the Hamitic Problem in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1913), he writes that the Northern and Eastern Hamitic "groups shade into each other, and in many parts a Negro admixture has taken place, nevertheless, culturally if not always physically, either division stands apart from its fellow." The Hamites in general, and the Northern Hamites in particular, he asserted, have close "kinship with the European representatives of the Mediterranean race". Drawing from Coon, <mask> also discusses fairer features observed amongst a minority of Berbers or Northern Hamites, such as lighter skin, golden beards and blue eyes. Races of Africa, however, notably questions the belief held by some anthropologists in the early 20th century that these fairer traits, such as blondism, were introduced by a Nordic variety. In addition, <mask> laid stress on the common descent of Hamites with Semites, writing that "there is no doubt that the Hamites and Semites must be regarded as modifications of an original stock, and that their differentiation did not take place so very long ago, evidence for this statement being furnished by the persistence of common cultural traits and linguistic affinities. Physically their relationship is obvious".Races of Africa
Races of Africa (1930) upon publication received positive reviews. It was considered to be the first major published work in English on the ethnography of Africa, widely regarded as an "ethnological classic". The anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber in a review praises the book for its "vast amount of accurate information" in such concise form. The first book edition was published by Home University Library and later in the same year by Oxford University Press, and was used in many universities, in history and anthropology classes through to the late 1970s. Races of Africa was also revised four times, <mask> published a second revised edition in 1939, a year before his death: "Additions to the original edition published nine years ago include a note on the importance of the Boskop skull…an account of the Pygmies as described by Paul Schebesta and a slight alteration in the classification of the linguistic stocks of the Guinea Coast". A third edition (revised) appeared in 1957, which was later reprinted by demand in 1959 and 1961. This edition is notable as it was "brought up to date" by over a dozen anthropologists, and was very well received.A final revised edition was published in 1966 and the book was republished up to 1979. Selected works
Melanesians of British New Guinea (1910)
The Veddas (1911) with <mask>
Some Aspects of the Hamitic Problem in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1913)
Races of Africa (1930, 1939,1957,1966)
The Pagan Tribes of Nilotic Sudan (London: Routledge, 1932) with <mask>

He and his wife's papers are held at the London School of Economics. References

External links

Seligman biography at Minnesota State University EMuseum
 Catalogue of the Seligman papers at the Archives Division of the London School of Economics. British ethnologists
British Jews
Jewish anthropologists
1873 births
1940 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

masks:
Charles Gabriel Seligman
Seligman
Life Seligman
Hermann Seligman
Charles
Seligman
Seligman
Charlesli
Seligman
Seligman
Seligman
Seligman
Seligman
. Seligman
Seligman
Seligman
Seligman
Seligman
Seligman
Brenda Seligman
Brenda Seligman


texts:
<mask> (born May 16, 1977) is a former American football quarterback. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the fifth round of the 2001 NFL Draft, and went on to play for the Miami Dolphins, San Diego Chargers, Carolina Panthers, and St. Louis Rams as well as his two nonconsecutive stints with the Eagles. He played college football for the University of Oregon. Early career
Feeley played high school football at Ontario High School as a quarterback in Ontario, Oregon. In four years, he passed for 5,428 yards and 59 touchdowns. In addition to football, he played baseball and basketball. He opted, however, to play college football for the Oregon Ducks.College career
<mask> was a four-year letterman at Oregon, and saw most of his playing time in his sophomore and junior years. He was a nominee for the Davey O'Brien Award<ref>"Update - In The Running", p. 25, 3 November 1999, Eugene Register-Guard</ref> as a junior, throwing for 1,951 yards and 14 touchdowns before being sidelined with an elbow injury. However, during most of his senior year, he was a backup to starter <mask>, who was drafted third overall by the Detroit Lions in 2002. Professional career

Philadelphia Eagles

<mask> was selected in the fifth round with the 155th overall pick of the 2001 NFL Draft by the Philadelphia Eagles. He spent his rookie year in Philadelphia as the third-string quarterback, backing up Donovan McNabb and Koy Detmer. In the season finale of his rookie season, <mask> came off the bench in the fourth quarter and threw two touchdown passes in a 26-second span to bring Philadelphia back from a 13–3 deficit, and win the game by a score of 17–13. The following season, after McNabb and Detmer went down with injuries, the 8-3 Eagles called on Feeley to preserve the team's Super Bowl aspirations.<mask> surprisingly helped lead the Eagles to four straight wins, and secured the number one seed in the playoffs. With McNabb playing the entire 2003 season injury-free, <mask> was not called upon and did not take a single snap during the season. However, he showed enough in the previous two seasons to garner interest around the league. Miami Dolphins

<mask> was traded to the Miami Dolphins in March 2004 in exchange for Miami's 2005 second round pick (used by Philadelphia to select wide receiver Reggie Brown). <mask> was set to compete for the Dolphins' starting quarterback job with <mask>. After the competition, he and Fiedler traded starts throughout the season. The Dolphins season was considered a disaster.Their star running back Ricky Williams retired prior to the season after a failed drug test, and head coach Dave Wannstedt resigned from the team following a 1–9 start. <mask> would under-perform as well; in 11 games, Feeley threw 11 touchdowns against 15 interceptions, for a 61.7 quarterback rating. Feeley would help produce a few bright spots on the year. Following the 1–9 start to enter their bye week, <mask> was given the start in the next six games, going 3-3 (the Dolphins would finish with a 4–12 record) and showing signs of improvement as a starter. Though two of those wins came against the lowly Browns and 49ers, on December 20, 2004, <mask>'s 2-11 Dolphins upset the 12-1 Patriots on Monday Night Football'', in a game that has become known as "The Night That Courage Wore Orange." With the Dolphins trailing by 11 with just 3:59 to play, <mask> guided the team to two late scores, including a game-winning touchdown to Derrius Thompson to upset the defending Super Bowl champions. The game was significant, as the 14-2 Patriots would miss out on homefield advantage throughout the playoffs against the 15-1 Steelers.It was also the last time the Patriots would lose that season, en route to another Super Bowl championship. Due to his strong play to end the season, <mask> was named the starting quarterback going into the season by new coach Nick Saban. However, Gus Frerotte was instead named the starter. San Diego Chargers
<mask> was traded to the San Diego Chargers midway through the 2005 season in exchange for Cleo Lemon. As the third-string quarterback behind Drew Brees and Philip Rivers, he did not play the entire season. Philadelphia Eagles (second stint)
<mask> was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles on August 30, 2006, shortly after being released by the Chargers. When McNabb was injured for the season on November 18, 2006, there was speculation that the more youthful <mask> might be named as the new starting quarterback, but head coach <mask> went with <mask>, who led the Eagles to a late-season turnaround and division title.<mask> did play most of the Eagles' regular season finale against the Atlanta Falcons, leading the team to victory with 321 passing yards and three touchdown passes, preventing the Falcons from securing a wild card berth. With Garcia and <mask> both becoming free agents at the end of the season, <mask> signed a three-year contract extension with the Eagles on February 25, 2007. Despite Garcia's success from the previous season, the Eagles viewed <mask> as a better long-term backup because of his age, familiarity of the system, and fit in the locker room. Starting in place of an injured Donovan McNabb on November 25, <mask> threw for 345 yards and three touchdowns with three interceptions in a 31–28 game loss to the then-undefeated New England Patriots. The 10-0 Patriots had beaten opponents by an average of 25 points, and the Eagles entered the game as the largest underdogs in NFL history at the time. On December 2, <mask> played again for the injured McNabb. He threw four interceptions, three of those to Lofa Tatupu in a 28–24 loss to the Seattle Seahawks.<mask> was released by the Eagles on September 6, 2009, to make room for Michael Vick. Carolina Panthers
<mask> drew interest from the Packers and Patriots, but signed with the Carolina Panthers on September 15, 2009. St. Louis Rams
On March 5, 2010, <mask> agreed to a two-year contract with the St. Louis Rams. Although he was in competition for the starting job, #1 pick Sam Bradford won the starting job in the preseason. During the 2011 regular season, <mask> replaced an injured Bradford for three games and he led the Rams to a stunning upset of the New Orleans Saints on October 30. It was the first win of the season for St. Louis which entered the game with a 0–6 record. Personal life
In 2010, <mask> married U.S. women's international soccer player Heather Mitts in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico.They currently reside in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On January 30, 2014, the couple gave birth to a baby boy, Connor William <mask>, and a daughter, Blake Harper, followed in spring 2016. Their third child, <mask>, a son, was born in 2018. References

External links

St. Louis Rams bio
<mask>. Feeley's career stats at Pro-Football-Reference.com

1977 births
Living people
People from Caldwell, Idaho
Players of American football from Idaho
People from Ontario, Oregon
Players of American football from Oregon
American football quarterbacks
Oregon Ducks football players
Miami Dolphins players
Philadelphia Eagles players
San Diego Chargers players
Carolina Panthers players
St. Louis Rams players

masks:
Adam Joshua Feeley
Feeley
Joey Harrington
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Jay Fiedler
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Andy Reid
Jeff Garcia
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Feeley
Ace
A J


texts:
<mask> (born December 12, 1962, in Stryi, Lviv Oblast) is an entrepreneur from Western Ukraine the founder of OKKO Group. Education
<mask> studied at Stryi School Number 4 from 1970 to 1978. In 1988 he graduated from Ternopil National Economic University with honors with a specialization in “Finance and Credit”. He defended a dissertation on the topic “Activation of the Attraction of Foreign Direct investment into Ukraine's Economy in the Condition of Global Competition” and received a scientific degree, a Ph.D. in economics in 2011. Career
In addition to the OKKO Group, <mask> serves as the head of the Supervisory Board of Concern Galnaftogaz (OKKO filling station network), President of Universalna Investment Group, one of the founders and head of the supervisory board of the Economic Security Fund of Ukraine, a participant in the public project Business 100. He is an Honorary General Consul of the Republic of Lithuania in Lviv and he holds a Ph.D. in Economics. In 1988–1990 <mask> was the head of the mountaineering and tourist club in his hometown; in 1990–1992 he worked as the head of the Lviv Regional Rescue Service of the Red Cross Society in Stryi.In 1992, <mask> started his own business. He became the director of the private company Karat, which carried out wholesale trade in various groups of goods. Soon one of his main specializations was the trade in petroleum products. In 1995, <mask> <mask> became the President of OJSC Galnaftogaz, in 2001-2021 the head of the supervisory board of OJSC Concern Galnaftogaz. In 1999, <mask> opened the first filling station under the OKKO brand in Stryi. In 2000, the first large OKKO filling station complex with a shop, cafe and portal car wash was opened in Lviv on Zelena Street - a prototype of the modern format of filling stations in the OKKO network. From 2004 to 2009, <mask> was the president of the Universalna Investment Group.From 2006 to 2021, he has been a member of the supervisory board of Concern Khlibprom. From 2008 to 2019 - head of the supervisory board of insurance company "Universalna". In 2010–2012, <mask> was recognized three times in a row as the best among the heads of oil and gas companies in the Top-100 ranking of the best managers in Ukraine, compiled by InvestGazeta and Ekonomika publications. At the same time, in 2011 he was among the top three best managers in Ukraine, and in 2012 he was recognized as the best manager in the category "Seller and Marketer" - according to the above-mentioned edition "Top-100". According to the results of online voting on the portal of the newspaper Delo in 2012, <mask> took third place in the national rating "Responsible Leader". In 2013, he entered the hundred most influential people in the country for the first time, according to the Correspondent magazine, taking 66th place in this list. In 2014, the President of PJSC Concern Galnaftogaz topped the ranking of the TOP-10 best managers in Ukraine according to the magazine Kompanion.According to FOCUS magazine, <mask> was among the hundred most influential Ukrainians in 2014. In 2015, <mask> took 28th place in the Top 100 best managers of Ukraine from Delo.UA. Also, the rating experts recognized him as one of the 10 Ukrainian business leaders with the highest reputation. In 2018, the traditional annual ranking of the best top managers of Ukraine by FOCUS magazine included <mask> in the TOP-3 in the retail segment. In the same year, according to the rating of Delo.UA, <mask> took the first place among the best CEOs according to experts and became the 38th in the general list of "300 best top managers of Ukraine". In September 2018, he was included in the list of the 100 most influential people in Ukraine according to Novoe Vremya magazine. In the ranking of innovation leaders, compiled by Leadership Journey together with the consulting company Nobles Fortune, the president of Concern Galnaftogaz <mask> <mask> took seventh place.In 2019, <mask> entered the annual ranking of FOCUS magazine, becoming one of the best managers in Ukraine in the retail segment. According to readers of Novoe Vremya, <mask> entered the top 12 business columnists, whose columns in 2019 collected the most views. He took third place in the ranking with the column "40 billion USD goes past the economy of Ukraine. What to do with it." In 2020, <mask> entered the annual ranking of FOCUS magazine, named as one of the best managers in Ukraine in the retail segment. Scandals
On November 1, 2018, Russian sanctions were imposed against 322 citizens of Ukraine, including <mask>. On August 21, 2018, in the premises of the Lviv and Kyiv offices of PJSC Concern Galnaftogaz (OKKO filling station network), officers of the Security Service of Ukraine conducted searches with the seizure of documents and equipment.According to <mask>, he and his company are "accused of financing actions taken to overthrow the constitutional order and change Ukraine's state borders," including financing separatism in Eastern Ukraine. In addition, the SSU suspects the OKKO gas station network of operating in the Crimea. On October 25, 2018, in connection with the lack of corpus delicti, criminal proceedings that had been opened in May, 2018, by the Security Service of Ukraine on the grounds of a criminal offense under Part 3 of Art. 110-2 of the Criminal code of Ukraine were closed by the decision of the prosecutor of the General prosecutor's office of Ukraine based on paragraph 2 of part 1 of Art. 284 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. Other activities
Since 1999 <mask> has been the Honorary Consul of the Republic of Lithuania in Lviv and Lviv Oblast, and since 2007 - the Honorary General Consul of the Republic of Lithuania in Lviv. In 1999–2000, <mask> headed the commission of the Ukrainian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs's commission on issues of the fuel-energy sector of Ukraine.He has been the head of the Taras Shevchenko Ukrainian-Lithuanian Fund since 2001. <mask> became one of the founders of the Lviv Business School of the Ukrainian Catholic University in 2008. He was a member of the Council of Investors under the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in 2009–2010. In 2016, <mask> was elected a member of the supervisory board of Ivan Franko Lviv National University. On August 24, 2019, for a significant personal contribution to the socio-economic development of the district by the decision of the Skole District Council Number 800 dated August 8, 2019, <mask> was awarded the title of "Honorary Citizen of the Skole District". In 2019-2020 he headed the newly established Committee on Strategic Initiatives,Investment and Tax Policy from the Federation of Employers of Ukraine. Awards

 State Order of Ukraine “For Merit” III Degree
 Lithuanian Government Award – “Millennium Star of Lithuania” Order
 “Christ's Birth 2000” Order of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchy
 Award from the Head of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church
 The title "Honorary Citizen of Skole District"

Family status
<mask> is divorced; he has two daughters (born in 1985 and 1993) and a son (born in 2003).Lives in the сanton of Vaud, Switzerland. References

External links
 http://www.okko.ua
 http://www.galnaftogas.com/

1962 births
Living people
People from Stryi
Ukrainian businesspeople
Honorary consuls of Lithuania
Ternopil National Economic University alumni

masks:
Vitaliy Borysovyvch Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Vitaliy
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Vitaliy
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov
Antonov


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<mask> is an international soloist, recording artist,  Israeli-American cellist and Professor of Violoncello at the University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music. Biography
<mask> studied with Leonard Rose at Juilliard and with Pablo Casals. He has performed with orchestras such as the Chicago Symphony, Philadelphia Orchestra, Baltimore Symphony, Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra, Israel Philharmonic, BBC Welsh Symphony, Irish National Symphony, Buenos Aires Philharmonic, Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra, Jerusalem Symphony, Belgrade Philharmonic, Honolulu Symphony, Seoul Symphony, and I Solisti Zagreb (conducting from the cello) among many others. In New York City, he has performed at Carnegie Hall, the 92nd Street Y, Alice Tully, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He is a frequent guest at major music festivals (Aspen, Bowdoin, Chautauqua, Yale at Norfolk, Blue Hill, Great Wall in Beijing, Great Lakes, Round Top, Casals Prades in France, Finland Festival, Ottawa, Oslo, Prague, and Australia Chamber Music), and has collaborated in performances with preeminent fellow musicians. Highly regarded as a teacher who has inspired a generation of young cellists with his consummate musicianship and originality, he also served on the faculty of the Peabody Conservatory and presents master classes around the globe (Juilliard, Paris Conservatoire, Hochschule fur Musik and Hanns Eisler Hoschschule in Berlin, Hochschule fur Musik Cologne, Royal Academy of Music and Guildhall in London, Royal Welsh Academy of Music and Drama, Tokyo National University, Taiwan National College of Arts, Utrecht Conservatory, University of Indiana at Bloomington, McGill University, Jerusalem Academy of Music, University of Mexico City, University of Texas at Houston, Bard, Arizona State University, and many more. In 2008 through 2010 he had residencies at the Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin Central Conservatories in China.He is especially sought after as an interpreter and elucidator of the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, and his recording of the six suites (Townhall Records) has been critically hailed for its personal relationship with the score. From 1995-2007 he directed the International Bach"Annalia" Festival at the University of Cincinnati. He was the first cellist in the West to record the sonatas of Nikolai Miaskovsky (Finnadar) and won a Grand Prix du Disque nomination for his pioneering recording of the Alkan Sonate de concert in E major. He has similarly championed composers such as Leo Ornstein, Virgil Thomson, and William Schuman with performances and recordings of their works and has been credited with helping to rediscover the life and works of Mendelssohn student Eduard Franck, whose chamber music he has recorded (NAXOS) with violinist Shmuel Ashkenasi and pianist James Tocco. He has also been at the forefront of thematic programming and has directed the innovative chamber music series Close Encounters With Music, based in the Berkshires,  since 1990 in cities across the U.S. and Canada, including Miami, Ft. Lauderdale, Scottsdale, Omaha, Calgary, and at the Frick Museum in New York City. Major composers who have written works for him include: Lera Auerbach, Robert Beaser, Kenji Bunch, Osvaldo Golijov, Jonathan Keren, Owen Leech, Jorge Martin, John Musto, William Perry, Bernard Rands, and Paul Schoenfield. <mask> <mask> has been the subject of hundreds of feature stories, interviews, and reviews in the national and international press, including The New York Times, London Daily Telegraph, Chicago Tribune, Miami Herald, Detroit Free Press, Los Angeles Times, Boston Globe, Baltimore Sun, Washington Post, Philadelphia Inquirer, Cincinnati Enquirer, Arizona Republic, Buffalo Evening News, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, American Record Guide, Stereo Review, Musical America, Strings, Strad, Fanfare, newspapers throughout Europe, Israel, Central and South America, and has been a contributor to Chamber Music Magazine, Strings, and Strad.He has presented over 200 original lectures on music and culture, including appearances at museums: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Detroit Museum of Art, Phoenix Art Museum, Norman Rockwell Museum, Berkshire Museum, Frick Collection, and the Joslyn Art Museum. Aimed at outreach for classical music, his weekly program on NPR affiliate station WAMC Northeast Radio, "Classical Music According to <mask>," has gained thousands of fans for the direct broadcast and podcast. An addition to his educational mission is the founding in 2010 of the Catskill High Peaks Festival in Hunter, NY. Born in Jerusalem, <mask> was brought to the United States from Israel by Leonard Bernstein and Isaac Stern at the age of 19. Bernstein was in the country to guest conduct with the Israel Philharmonic and heard <mask> perform. He currently serves on the faculty of the Mannes School in New York City. Discography

J.S.Bach — Six Suites for Cello Solo
 Suite No. 1 in G major
 Suite No. 4 in E flat major
 Suite No. 5 in C minor
 Suite No. 3 in C major
 Suite No. 2 in D minor
 Suite No. 6 in D major

Dazzle and Nostalgia: Cello Favorites
(with Michele Levin, piano)

 "Song Without Words", Op.109 — Mendelssohn
 "Serenade" — Schubert
 "Rondo" — Weber
 "Suite Populaire Espagnole" — de Falla
 "Vocalise" — Rachmaninoff
 "Nocturne", Op. 19, No. 4 — Tchaikovsky
 "Valse Sentimentale", Op. 51, No. 6 — Tchaikovsky
 "Sicilienne", Op. 78 — Fauré
 "The Swan" — Saint-Saëns
 "Variations on a Theme from Rossini's Moses" — Paganini
 "Liebesleid" — Kreisler
 "Schön Rosmarin" — Kreisler
 "Czardas — Monti

Schubert/Schumann for Cello and Piano
(with Michele Levin, piano)

 "Sonata in A Minor", D. 821 "Arpeggione" — Franz Schubert
 "Sonatina in D Major", Op. 137, No.1, D. 384 — Schubert
 "Stücke im Volkston in A Minor", Op. 102 — Robert Schumann
 "Fantasie Stücke" — Schumann

Vivaldi — Six Sonatas for Cello, Harpsichord, and Continuo
''(with Lionel Party, Harpsichord; and Miho Zaitsu, Continuo)

 Sonata No. 1 in B flat major
 Sonata No. 2 in F major
 Sonata No. 3 in A minor
 Sonata No. 4 in B flat minor
 Sonata No. 5 in E minor
 Sonata No.6 in B flat major

See also
 Eroica Classical Recordings
 Albany Records

References
 Artist Profile: <mask> <mask>, Eroica Classical Recordings. Faculty Profile: Y<mask>, Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. External links
 College-Conservatory of Music, University of Cincinnati

Israeli classical cellists
American classical cellists
American people of Israeli descent
Juilliard School alumni
University of Cincinnati faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Mannes College The New School for Music faculty

masks:
Yehuda Hanani
Hanani
Yehuda
Hanani
Yehuda
Hanani
Hanani
Yehuda
Hanani
. Hanani


texts:
<mask> (November 24, 1846 – February 25, 1936) was an American banker and philanthropist who made major contributions to the modern landscape of Washington, D.C. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was President of Riggs Bank, an effective advocate of urban beautification in Washington under the influence of the City Beautiful movement, and a generous donor of land and money for Washington's parks and monuments. <mask> played a critical role in the creation of Rock Creek Park, the National Zoo, the National Cathedral, Potomac Park, and Glover-Archbold Park. National Park Service historian <mask>. Heine, in a 1952 study of <mask>'s contributions, described him as "both a businessman and a poet." In his account, the parks that <mask> directly helped to create in the District of Columbia together represented some 3,200 acres, nearly half the total surface of the National Capital Parks. Early life and career

<mask> was born in Macon County, North Carolina, the son of <mask> and <mask>. His paternal grandparents were English-born socialite and poet <mask> and , a prominent Maryland attorney.He moved to Washington at age eight to live there with his grandmother. He started working as a teller at Riggs & Company in 1866. In the wake of the Panic of 1873, after many banks had failed, <mask> was promoted to Chief Administrative Officer at age 27. He became partner and was the bank's effective leader in 1881 at the time of the death of George Washington Riggs. In 1896, the bank was converted into a national bank and he became its President. In the early 1900s he oversaw the construction of the new Riggs National Bank headquarters facing the US Treasury Building. He retired from the bank in 1921.<mask> was active in the debate that led to the eventual adoption of the Federal Reserve Act and presented a plan for economic relief to the U.S. Congress in 1908. He is mentioned by Robert L. Owen together with Frank A. Vanderlip as a source of inspiration for key amendments to the Aldrich–Vreeland Act passed in 1914. He was also involved in several other business ventures, including as Director of the Washington and Georgetown Railroad, the ancestor of the Washington Metro, and as President of the Washington Stock Exchange. As a banker to congressmen and presidents, <mask> was often a guest at the White House. A story by historian <mask> describes <mask>'s relationship with Theodore Roosevelt, whose children played at <mask>'s country house, despite the men being from being different parties. Public advocacy and philanthropy

In 1881, <mask> started to promote the reclamation of the Potomac mud flats that extended West and South of the National Mall, and their transformation into a great public park. This idea was met with stubborn opposition from railroad companies which then had facilities on the Mall and wanted to extend them further.The reclamation work started in 1882 under the leadership of <mask> Hains, including the creation of the Tidal Basin. But the future use of the land was not settled before early 1897, when <mask> obtained the passage of a bill establishing Potomac Park and personally persuaded President Grover <mask> to sign it on his last full day in office. This paved the way for the McMillan Plan a few years later. The Lincoln Memorial, Jefferson Memorial, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, and many other iconic monuments of Washington, D.C. owe their existence to the creation of Potomac Park. In 1888, <mask> became the leading promoter of the creation of Rock Creek Park. The project of protecting the natural area around Rock Creek had emerged a generation earlier, but several bills to materialize it had failed in Congress since a first attempt in 1866. Together with other local civic leaders including newspaper publisher <mask> Noyes and lawyer <mask> <mask>, he successfully lobbied for bills that led to the creation of the National Zoo in 1889 and Rock Creek Park in 1890.In 1898, <mask> was one of the founding members of the Washington Board of Trade, which quickly became the city's most politically powerful civic organization. <mask> made major contributions to the landscape of Massachusetts Avenue NW. While living at 4300 Massachusetts Avenue, <mask> contributed to its development. <mask> was also attributed with helping develop Embassy Row. In 1928, when <mask> provided a site for the British Legation at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue, it was the birth of what is now known as Embassy Row. The construction of the National Cathedral was launched under <mask>'s leadership at a meeting in his house on Lafayette Square in 1891. In 1896, anticipating on the avenue's extension beyond Rock Creek, he built his country house and estate, Westover, south of the present Ward Circle.(Westover was razed and redeveloped in the 1960s.) About a decade later, he moved there permanently and used the avenue for his daily commute downtown. <mask> was also a trustee of American University, and was instrumental in its establishment on its current main campus, immediately northwest of Westover. Fittingly, when a new bridge was built in the late 1930s to carry Massachusetts Avenue over Rock Creek, it was dedicated with <mask>'s name. In addition to promoting the creation of parkland through his efforts in Congress, <mask> also donated land of his own. In 1924 he gave some 80 acres of land which, together with a smaller gift from oil heiress Anne Archbold, daughter of John Dustin Archbold, formed Glover-Archbold Park. He also donated other tracts of land in the Eastern part of the District of Columbia.In the early 1920s, he also secured funding for the design of Arlington Memorial Bridge, which was completed a decade later. He was Vice-President and Treasurer of the Corcoran Gallery. Personal life
<mask> married <mask> Poor (1856-1943), daughter of <mask> Poor, on January 10, 1878. They had two children, Elizabeth Lindsay <mask> (1878-1950) and <mask> <mask> (1888-1976). <mask> married René de Marees van Swinderen, Dutch ambassador to the United States. <mask>, his wife, their son, and his wife Marion Everett <mask>, were all buried in a family grave in Oak Hill Cemetery. Legacy

<mask>'s name is carried by the Glover-Archbold Park, and by extension, the Glover Park neighborhood; the Charles C. Glover Memorial Bridge; Glover Road in Rock Creek Park; and Glover Drive, a small street south of the site of Westover (see below).His children dedicated a plaque commemorating his key contribution to the construction of the Washington National Cathedral in the church's south nave. At American University, where <mask> was treasurer of the Board of Trustees from 1891-1922, the gate of the main campus on Massachusetts Avenue bears <mask>'s name. A student award, the <mask> C. <mask> Award, was established in 1950 and is awarded annually to a senior that combines citizenship with business leadership in service to the university. Riggs Bank
In the 1880s major shareholders of Riggs National Bank were dissatisfied with antitrust rules and federal banking legislation. The legislation made it challenging for commercial banks to manage trust funds. In response, the shareholders established the American Security and Trust Company, which was founded in 1889. Where Riggs was the commercial bank arm, American Security and Trust was the trust arm.When <mask> became president, he was involved American Security and Trust Company's creation. When he built the new Riggs building, he gave one wing to its use. American Security and Trust grew in the coming years, and in 1931, moved to a 10-story building across the street. Westover
Also associated with <mask> is the memory of his country estate, Westover. It occupied the whole 30-acre area between what are now Massachusetts Avenue NW, Nebraska Avenue NW, New Mexico Avenue NW, Cathedral Avenue NW, and the Glover-Archbold Park. The mansion of the same name, with entrance at 4300 Massachusetts Avenue, was built in 1896. In 1920, <mask> gave the southern half of the estate (with entrance at 4200 Massachusetts Ave) to his son, <mask><mask> Jr, who named it Orchard Hill and built a large Tudor-style house.After <mask>'s death, Westover was rented during the 1950s as the Irish Embassy. It was sold in 1959 to the National Presbyterian Church, which razed the house in 1967 but decided not to build a church there and relocated farther northeast on Nebraska Avenue NW instead. Orchard Hill in turn was razed in 1977 after the death of <mask>'s son. A number of residential developments were built on the site of Westover, including: The Towers at 4201 Cathedral Ave NW (1960), The Foxhall (1971), Westover Place (late 1970s), Sutton Towers (1979), Embassy Park (1981), Avalon at Foxhall (1982), and the East Campus of American University (under construction in 2015). Assessment
James M. Goode, a historian of Washington, D.C., wrote of him: "Few if any native Washingtonians have left a more positive and lasting contribution to the city than <mask><mask> Sr., who gave of his wealth (before the days of income-tax deductions for philanthropy) to the future public good." Goode also attributes a key role to <mask> in the creation of the National Arboretum by act of Congress in 1927. References

1846 births
1936 deaths
American bank presidents
American philanthropists
People from Macon County, North Carolina
Burials at Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
Philanthropists from North Carolina
Businesspeople from North Carolina
Philanthropists from Washington, D.C.
Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
20th-century American businesspeople
American people of English descent

masks:
Charles Carroll Glover
Glover
Cornelius W
Glover
Glover
Glover
Richard Leonidas Glover
Caroline Piercy Glover
Jane Cocking Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover
Carlton Fletcher
Glover
Glover
Glover
Peter Conover
Glover
Cleveland
Glover
Crosby Stuart
Calderon
Carlisle
Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover
Annie Cunnigham
Charles Henry
Glover
Charles Carroll
Glover Jr
Elizabeth Glover
Glover
Wise Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover
Charles
Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover
Charles C
. Glover
Glover
Glover
Charles C
. Glover
Glover


texts:
<mask> (31 July 1815 – 28 April 1873) was born at Lasswade, near Edinburgh in Scotland. He is mainly remembered for his book The Theory of Human Progression of 1850 which sets out his philosophy that land should be in common ownership, with the economic rent on the land taking the place of other taxes, an idea generally known as Georgism. Early life
<mask> came from a family of distinguished clergymen and landowners. He was descended from Sir <mask> of Upton, near Peterborough (son of Bishop <mask>). His branch of the family had connections with the Royal Navy going back to 1716 when they moved to Devon where the family still live. His father, Lieutenant <mask> RN, retired from active service with the Navy at the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815, taking up an appointment at Deal, Kent connected with the Cinque Ports. <mask> was educated in England and in France, where he was expelled from the Academy for leading a rebellion against the master.He greatly desired a career in the navy, but his father would not allow this and in 1830 <mask> was sent to Scotland to learn farming. Following this he spent time in Paris, in Spain and in London, where he impressed a friend by his "enormous energy, both physical and mental". In 1841 he took the Craig estate near Ballantrae, Ayrshire, and lived the quiet life of a country gentleman. He was a first-rate horseman, took up fly-fishing and sailing, was an excellent shot and showed mechanical abilities, contributing the article on gunmaking to the 8th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica. As well as becoming an agricultural adviser to neighbouring farmers, during the potato famine he put his energies into providing work for his starving neighbours. Since he disapproved of the game laws, he had no gamekeeper on his estate to stop poaching. An unfortunate investment led to him losing most of his fortune in 1848, then in 1849 he married Ann Forrester, daughter of an Edinburgh solicitor.They spent the next year in Darmstadt, Germany, where he continued his interest in philosophy; studying, lecturing and writing. The Theory of Human Progression
While <mask> was still in Darmstadt, his book The Theory of Human Progression, and Natural Probability of a Reign of Justice was published anonymously in 1850 as a limited edition, both in London and Edinburgh. This was to be the first part of a treatise on "a Science of politics", defining science as "nature seen by the reason, and not merely by the senses. Science exists in the mind, and in the mind alone." In it he set out his thesis that "the land produces, according to the law of the Creator, more than the value of the labor expended upon it, and on this account men are willing to pay a rent for the land", this rent being "the profit that God had graciously been pleased to accord to human industry employed in the cultivation of the soil". He saw the land as a gift of the Creator to all men, which should therefore be common rather than private property, but dividing the land into equal shares would be impractical, so the rent should be shared in common, effectively replacing all other taxes. The book was praised by Thomas Carlyle as the voice of a new revolution in education and economics, and the philosopher Sir William Hamilton spoke of it rallying mankind to great reforms.Charles Sumner had copies made and circulated them in the United States, subsequently persuading <mask> to write an article opposing slavery titled The Elder and Younger Brother which appeared in the Boston Commonwealth on 21 September 1853. Despite such praise the book was not a popular success, however some scholarly interest continued. In 1884 Henry George praised the book at a public meeting in Glasgow, and <mask> is now seen as a forerunner of the idea known as Georgism. Intelligent design
The index and heading to page 476 uses the words Intelligence – intelligent design, and this is now seen as one of the first uses of the term intelligent design which has lately been revived by an anti-evolution movement. However <mask> does not discuss biological evolution, though Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation had brought ideas of transmutation of species to public attention in 1844, and uses the term evolution to refer to the development of "a genuine natural theology". He reasons that intuitive perception of a "primordial force" in the works of nature, if only matter is thought to be objective, leads to pantheism, "the theological credence of a large portion of the scientific men on the continent". This appears to refer to the ideas of natural laws put forward by writers such as Auguste Comte which had influenced the inception of Darwin's theory, a theory which would not be made public until 1858.<mask> contends that to achieve a "scientific exit" from pantheism the "primordial force" must be perceived as an intelligent agent, then notes that the adaption of matter for the achievement of ends has been called design, a reference to the natural theology of the day. Further work
<mask> moved from Germany back to Edinburgh, where he gave lectures at the Philosophical Institution, the subject in 1853 being Heroes of the Commonwealth. In succeeding years he lectured on The Wild Sports of Scotland and The Crusades. In April 1853 he became captain of the Midlothian Rifle Club, and in 1854 as well as editing the Witness during the illness of a friend, he published the second volume of his treatise, Elements of Political Science. This was followed by Romanism, Rationalism and Protestant in defence of Protestantism. He then wrote the concluding third volume of his treatise which remained unpublished and has been lost. He published The Logic of the Christian Faith, then in 1858 The Revolver which suggests ideas for rifle clubs and defence of the country as well as lamenting the Highland clearances.That year he moved to Glasgow and edited the Commonwealth newspaper as well as the Imperial Dictionary of Biography and jointly edited the Imperial Journal of the Arts and Sciences. He also wrote the Encyclopædia Britannica article on Government and devised a rifled cannon with advantages in range and accuracy, but was unable to afford further testing which the ordnance committee requested. He took command of the 91st Lanarkshire rifle volunteers in 1859 and in the next year won several prizes at the first meeting of the National Rifle Association at Wimbledon Common, but then suffered a stroke causing paralysis. In May 1862 he went to convalesce in the Colony of Natal, South Africa, returning the following April, then died a year later. By this time slavery in the United States had been abolished. References
The Theory of Human Progression (abridged version)

Charles  B. Fillebrown / <mask> <mask>

External links

1815 births
1873 deaths
Scottish essayists
Scottish philosophers
Scottish economists
People from Midlothian

masks:
Patrick Edward Dove
Patrick Dove
William Dove
Thomas Dove
Henry Dove
Edward
Edward
Dove
Dove
Dove
Dove
Dove
Dove
Patrick Edward
Dove


texts:
<mask> (born April 30, 1972) is a Swiss economic philosopher, digital business model innovatonist, management visionaire, entrepreneur, and author of the books We Are The Economy! (2012) and Rise of the Digital Tribal Society (2016). In his 2012 book, he describes an economic philosophy of ‘Economy 3.0’ as a principle of need satisfaction and a new way of working together that reflects this fundamental change. Economy 3.0 is an economy that is decentrally controlled by people. Put simply, Economy 1.0 can be described as agriculture. The Economy 2.0 is the industrial society and Economy 3.0 is the service society. Each economy level includes shares of the others.The significant difference is this: Economy 2.0 was about eliminating scarcity. In Economics 3.0, the goal is to deal with the abundance. Fiechter has the vision of a future global economic and social order, defined by a transparent digital barter society, based on reciprocity, equality, and cooperation instead of competition. Based on the ‘Economy 3.0’ theory Fiechter invented a management-, strategy- and controlling-methodology for human-centered corporate management. Furthermore, <mask> is the founder of the ISG Institute in St. Gallen and General Director of M&H Equity AG, an private equity investment company that operates internationally and with a unique methodology that can identify risks and potentials in companies based on the soft factors. For the Carlo Foundation, by the Liechtenstein government, he developed a rating approach for the sustainable rating and valuation of financial products. On behalf of the Austrian Chamber of Commerce, he developed the hidden champion 3.0 award, which rates export-oriented companies according to the rating criteria of the economy 3.0.Fiechter has been involved with his project Peerworld of the Clinton Global Initiative since 2016. Early life

<mask> was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina on April 30, 1972. He is the son of <mask>, <mask>. He has a sister Natalia born 1976. In the early eighties, Fiechter and his family fled Argentina because of the threat by the Argentinian putschists. The family returned to Switzerland. Integrating into Swiss schooling and culture was difficult for Fiechter, and he began to distrust authorities categorically.<mask>'s negative experiences with institutionalized education influenced his interest in Adaptive Learning, as stated in his book; We Are The Economy! (2012). In it, Fiechter advocates individualized lifelong learning that “develops constructive critical thinking and individual development.” Fiechter is opposed to factory-like, mass training without regard for the individual. He states that in order to adapt to the changing digitalization of the world, education will have to shift away from standardization and towards fostering individual creativity and innovation. Career

Fiechter's beliefs are strongly influenced by constructionist philosophies, particularly Heinz von Foerster's work on self-organizing systems. Fiechter's core interests lie in the relationships and social exchanges that take place while the needs of the stakeholders within the system are being satisfied. In 2008 Fiechter founded the ISG Institute in St. Gallen, a Swiss-based think-tank known for developing methodology and tools (based on empirical research) that enable companies to measure and report on “soft factors” and individual preferences such as values, ideals, psychological motivations and attitudes of customers, employees, management and other stakeholders.The methodologies see companies as complex social organizations; and thus integrate intangible nonfinancial assets with traditional financial assets in valuation analysis. Companies can therefore measure and report (in real time) how soft factors impact financial performance. PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) and Ernst & Young (EY), have adopted Fiechter's tools as part of their client solutions. The ‘Hidden Champion 3.0 Award’ of the Austrian Ministry of Commerce is based on this methodology (see Hidden Champions). In 2009, the Swiss economist and winner of the Swiss Innovation Prize (1983)  Prof. Dr. Cuno Pümpin partnered with the ISG Institute. The collaboration proved that management makes more sound and objective decisions when implementing ISG-methodology (including qualitative and quantitative facts). Fiechter's belief in the “Stakeholder Value Management” approach (versus the “Financial Value Management”) is the basis for his Economy 3.0 philosophy.In the Economy 3.0 the purpose of a company or organization is to produce value for every stakeholder involved—customers, employees, shareholders, suppliers, local communities, even the society at large. In contrast, the “Shareholder Value Movement” focuses solely on maximizing profits and maximizing the value of a company for certain stakeholders. In <mask>'s opinion, the Shareholder Value movement contributed substantially to the 2008 world financial crisis. He believes that the shareholder value movement has reached its limits and that advancing communication technologies, digitalization and the emergence of peer-to-peer networks can shift the balance of power towards individuals. He foresees a new economic order wherein networks of clients and stakeholders collaborate and co-create for the betterment of society. Economy 1.0 and 2.0

Economy 3.0 is a new economic system that is described in the book ‘We are the Economy!’ by <mask>. In cooperation with tech entrepreneurs, politicians and artists, <mask> had developed 33 theses which later constituted the basis of that book.In order to understand Economy 3.0, one needs to understand the economic systems that preceded it, as well as the key differences between Economies 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0. Economy 1.0 is the first economic system that is based on money. It marks the beginning of large scale industry and its goal is dealing with the fundamental problem of physical scarcity. Basic needs like food, water and clothing have to be satisfied. The demand is significantly higher than the supply, so the size of the market is determined by the supply side, which mainly consists of small businesses that focus on satisfying local needs. The driving force of Economy 1.0 is development and the system is controlled by the state. Economy 2.0 is not just about survival anymore; its participants are longing for material wealth.An increase in efficiency leads to more supply, which brings supply and demand into alignment and therefore increases the power of the consumer. The average size of enterprises increases – which is one of the reasons for increased efficiency – and enterprise management is concentrated in the hands of a few. Furthermore, the realization of the ego becomes the driving force of the system; the individual wants to be unique. Since the needs of the customers are more or less equal, whether or not a need can be satisfied depends on the financial possibilities of the individual. In this economy, success is assessed through profit, respectively the lack thereof. Economy 3.0

“The imperative of Economy 3.0 is called intellectualization, this means that a community is to empower its members to reflexive thinking and acting.” In Economy 3.0, the third sector – the service sector – dominates. There is an abundance of physical and material goods, which is why the exchange of intangibles in order to increase intangible prosperity becomes the primary focus of the system.The demand for efficiency and size is replaced by a demand for creativity and empathy. Intangible needs are highly individual and cannot be satisfied through mass production. In order to fulfill a customer need, an enterprise needs to know what exactly the need is and how it can be fulfilled. The gap between producer and consumer shrinks; the consumer turns into a co-producer. New forms of relationships between organizations and stakeholders are required, the interaction becomes more important than the transaction. Digitalization leads to a new kind of knowledge society because the internet makes it possible for everyone to contribute and access knowledge. “The basis of the new creation of the economy is through dematerialization.” Dematerialization changes the needs as well as the means to satisfy the needs.The physical world is losing importance, whereas the non-physical world is becoming more and more relevant; the material world is turning into an intangible world. Corporate management in Economy 3.0 works according to the principles of self-organization. The metaphor of the swarm can be used to explain these principles. “Swarms function without central control, solely by the cooperation of individual agents that interact loyally with each other and are equal to each other.” A swarm forms, whenever a group of people pursues the same task. Successful swarms require a commitment to self-organization, indirect cooperation, access to a wide variety of knowledge and it has to be able to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Since there is no one giving instructions, tools like knowledge competitions – where different approaches are compared and assessed – need to be used to increase the quality of decisions. When enterprises function according to the swarm principle, this leads to a decentralization of management, which leads to a new, more equal distribution of power.As beneficial as the swarm principle may seem, there is one thing that needs to be taken into consideration: the so-called knowledge paradox. More available knowledge leads to better processes due to better information. However, having knowledge that no one else has means having power, which incentivizes individuals to keep knowledge to themselves. The knowledge paradox arises due to lack of knowledge about the behavior of others. Communicative integration and information transparency can help to avoid it. The characteristics of Economy 3.0 are transparency, digitality and reciprocity. Like any new system, it has new rules and creates new winners and losers.Five new rules that can be derived are that one needs to self-reflect and network. Additionally, one needs to be transparent, offer dematerialized value and take part in the new, decentralized control possibilities. The winners of Economy 3.0 can be separated into two categories: the digital and the creative. Who the digital are is quite self-explanatory; due to digitalization, the distances between two countries is virtually nonexistent. The world is designated as flat and individuals are separated into different segments on the internet according to their identity. The digital are the ones who are able to cope with this and use it to their advantage. The creative are able to interpret and reinterpret knowledge, products, processes and systems.They think critically and question existing conditions and premises. Closely related to the creative are people with high human capital. Their main task is storing and managing knowledge. They understand, collect and document existing knowledge. People with high human capital have received a high formal education and collaborating with them is desirable for others. The losers of Economy 3.0 are difficult to determine. Whether the winners of Economy 2.0 constitute the losers of 3.0 depends on their focus and whether or not they accept the change.The most apparent thing the winners of Economy 2.0 are going to want to focus on is trying to hold on to the old system. “The winners of Economy 2.0 will use their weapons so that the old power relations remain alive. This is achieved by the old system remaining alive, the old conventions being declared as irreversible and the previous central control mechanisms being maintained.” However, if they master the rules of Economy 3.0 or if they are able to manipulate their weapons so that the rules of Economy 2.0 still lead to success, they may become winners of Economy 3.0. Education of Economy 2.0 works according to the key principle of its economy: efficiency. It can be compared to a trivial process; input is offered and a clear output is expected; the individuality of the learners is ignored. Future educational systems should be systems that accompany people over their entire lives and embrace the individuality of those learning. They should allow creativity and unpredictability; strengths should be discovered and promoted.“As a result of modified education, people become less able to be influenced, less able to be manipulated, less able to be controlled from the outside.”

Measuring systems of today, most importantly GDP, measure success according to the principles and goals of Economy 2.0. In new economic systems, we need new indicators to evaluate the prosperity and well-being of states. Instead of only measuring quantitative indicators like financial profit, emotional indicators like the happiness and the health of a society should be integrated into our calculations of success. Instead of calling it Economy 4.0, ‘We are the Economy!’ refers to the economy following Economy 3.0 as Synchronomy. Synchronomy is a neologism made up of synchronization and economy. This new system overcomes the logic of scarcity; it is replaced by the logic of abundance. The tangible needs are already satisfied; the system is entirely devoted to the intangible.Enterprises only exist as synchronization platforms where people who produce certain benefits and people who want to receive those benefits meet and form ‘communities’. A community dissolves, once the particular need is satisfied. In Synchronomy, the features of the markets that are characteristic in Economy 3.0 – virtuality, transparency and reciprocity – gain importance. Dematerialization continues, the principle of exchange and ‘interaction instead of transaction’ are in the foreground. Hierarchies are replaced by networks. There is a complete decentralization of the structure, development and management of enterprises; they are fully in the hands of the stakeholders. Instead of having executives, communities rely on direct communication and swarm intelligence.The central task of the dematerialized enterprises in Synchronomy is to act as knowledge centers that store, develop and redistribute knowledge. Physical work loses relevance because it can be delegated to robots and avatars. In the decentralized system of Synchronomy, every person has equal value. This means, that every single one of us is responsible for the well-being of the economy and the welfare of society. “Synchronomy is only possible if people have a high level of education and recognize their social, political and economic responsibility.” Individuals need to be willing to reflect on personal and social goals as well as on their identities. There are three hurdles in the way of realizing the ideas of Synchronomy. The first one is the educational system.It should promote the individuality as well as the self-reflection of those learning and accompany people over their entire lives. The second hurdle is the mistaken belief that the mass is always right. Structures that make the implementation of self-defeating ideas harder need to be created. The third hurdle is overcoming the monetary system. Synchronomy is a modern exchange economy; it should return to a system of reciprocal exchange. Measuring systems of today, most importantly GDP, measure success according to the principles and goals of Economy 2.0. In new economic systems, we need new indicators to evaluate the prosperity and well-being of states.Instead of only measuring quantitative indicators like financial profit, emotional indicators like the happiness and the health of a society should be integrated into our calculations of success. 33 Thesis
Based on the Economy 3.0, Fiechter developed 33 theses for the digital age. These theses are addressed to creative sense workers who want to live consciously and environmentally friendly:

1. Economy’s objective is the satisfaction of our needs.2. We all are at the heart of economy. A large part of our everyday lives is about economic actions, be it as consumer, as employee of a company, as shareholder at the stock exchange or as part of the community that defines the political parameters of the economy.3. In order to get the economic system up and running, it needs us as we perform the central functions of the economic system together on a daily basis.4.Bit by bit, the winners and losers of our economic system become apparent.5. The capitalistic system is in a big crisis, having not yet found the road towards renewal. 6. Due to its maximization approach, the guild of economists bears the responsibility that economy has dehumanized and disconnected from our needs.7. Nowadays, economic theory does not correspond with our perceived reality at all.8. Current riots around the globe are one result thereof.9. We are all asked to change economy.10.It is up to us to improve economy and there by improve the living conditions of millions of people. 11. Economy has not dropped from the sky. It is no natural phenomenon against which we as humans are powerless.12. We believe that it is our collective emotions that form the economic system. 13. The creative control over the development of economic theories shall no longer rest with the competence of academies, chairs and elites.14. We are the power. We must only think from a common point of view as a WE and no longer rely on the leaders of this world. 15. The leaders need us more than we need them.16. The new Economy 3.0 establishes a new system of thought and values, which allows us greater freedom but, on the other hand, more social responsibility.17. Pure transaction oriented mass consumption will decrease.We will buy more products that precisely correspond to our identity. 18. The internet is developing new rules and thereby creates new winners and new losers. 19. We respect the following four rules: I. reflect yourself II. network yourself III. share your knowledge IV.participate at decentralized control options.20. The network helps us to better reflect about us and our needs by means of a dialog with others. 21. The network helps to bring our needs in line with the companies’ value propositions.22. Social networks like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and others increase the ability to influence, to actively participate and join in the discussion again. We have regained the autonomy over economic processes that have previously been controlled by the companies.23. The internet fully involves us and makes us participants.24.We do not want any ready-made matters any more.25. We do not need anybody who explains the world to us; we rather want to play an active role in the development of our consumer products. 26. We ask to be involved and to co-design something actively instead of consuming passively.27. Social networks are about to break up the structures of our capitalistic system step by step.28. CEOs and managers underestimate the political power of social affairs of in the internet.29. New types of consumption will be created that put emphasis on the use and functions of a product and less emphasis on its material possession.30.Once use has become more important than possession, money will lose its impact and as a consequence, social power structures will change fundamentally.31. We are living in a kind of twilight zone in which the battle for the future is raging. We are witnessing the struggle between the forces of centralization and decentralization.32. Large companies and established organizations have a hard time finding the right approach to get us involved.33. There is no question whether the revolution is about to begin or not; the question is how we are going to face it: anarchy or structured change.'' Bibliography
 “We are the Economy! The Emergence of a New Social Order in the Age of the Freelance Economy”.Stämpfli Verlag AG (2012). ASIN: B00B9MTS7Y
 “Rise of the Digital Tribal Society”. Neue Zürcher Zeitung NZZ Libro (2016). See also
 Clinton Global Initiative

References

1972 births
Living people
20th-century economists
21st-century economists
Swiss economists
Argentine emigrants to Switzerland

masks:
Oliver Fiechter
Fiechter
Fiechter
Beat Fiechter
Ursula Fiechter
Fiechter
Fiechter
Oliver Fiechter
Oliver Fiechter


texts: <mask> (born 13 February 1963) is a boxer from Duisburg-Hamborn in Germany. He was often overlooked due to his more talented and successful younger brother, <mask>. He became a professional boxer in 1983 and won the German Cruiserweight championship in 1985. He failed in two attempts to win the European Boxing Union Light Heavyweight championships. He also failed to take the WBO Cruiserweight championship from Tyrone Booze in 1992. He finally won the WBO Cruiserweight championship on June 10, 1995, and held it for more than two years. He won the vacant title by scoring a technical knockout over Carl Thompson and defended it six times.He lost the title in a rematch with Thompson in 1997 and retired from boxing in 1999. Rocchigiani was contractually signed to German boxing promoter Klaus-Peter Kohl and his company "Universum Boxpromotions." He was trained by Fritz Sdunek. Today <mask> Rocchigiani owns a bar on the Savignyplatz in Berlin and also served as a trainer for his brother Graciano <mask>.

masks:
Ralf Rocchigiani
Graciano Rocchigiani
Ralf
Rocchigiani