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<mask>, 2nd Earl of Seaforth (died 1651) was a Highland clan chief and Scottish nobleman, who played an equivocating role in Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Origins
Mackenzie was the son of Kenneth Mackenzie, 1st Lord Mackenzie of Kintail (died 1611), and Isobel, the daughter of Sir Gilbert Ogilvie of Powrie. The Mackenzies were a clan from Ross-shire that had risen to prominence in the 15th century during the disintegration of the Lordship of the Isles. On the death in 1633 of his elder half-brother Colin without male heirs, Mackenzie inherited his estates and the title of Earl of Seaforth. Prior to that point, he was known as <mask> of Kildun. Estates
As a result of the acquisitive proclivities of Seaforth's ancestors, his estates were very extensive. In 1633 he was "served heir male to his brother … in the lands and barony of Ellandonnan, including the barony of Lochalsh, in which was included the barony of the lands and towns of Lochcarron, namely, the towns and lands of Auchnaschelloch, Coullin (Coulin), Edderancharron, Attadill, Ruychichan, Brecklach, Achachoull, Dalmartyne, with fishings in salt water and fresh, Dalcharlarie, Arrinachteg (Arineckaig), Achintie, Slumba (Slumbay), Doune, Stromcarronach (Strome Carronach), in the Earldom of Ross, of the old extent of £13 6s 8d, and also the towns of Kisserin, and lands of Strome, with fishings in salt and fresh water, and the towns and lands of Torridan with the pertinents of the Castle of Strome; Lochalsh, Lochcarron, and Kisserin, including the davach of Achvanie, the davach of Achnatrait (Achintraid?), the davach of Stromcastell, Ardnagald, Ardneskan, and Blaad, and the half davach of Sannachan (Sanachan), Rassoll (Rassal), Meikle Strome, and Rerag (Reraig), in the Earldom of Ross, together of the old extent of £8 13s 4d." He was served heir male to his father Kenneth, Lord Mackenzie of Kintail, in the lands and barony of Pluscardine, on 14 January 1620; and had charters of Balmungie and Avoch, on 18 July 1635; of Raasay, on 18 February 1637 and of Lochalsh, on 4 July 1642. Civil War
In the Bishops War, <mask>, although personally attached to the king, was to be found on the side of the Covenant. He was appointed General of the Covenanters north of the Spey, but disbanded his army on Montrose's instructions following the Pacification of Berwick, which concluded on 18 June 1639. When Montrose joined the king's side, <mask> too was suspected of lukewarmness for the Covenant. In 1640, he was temporarily imprisoned as a precautionary measure and in 1641, when the King arrived in Scotland, <mask> was persuaded by the Earl of Traquair to enter into a bond with the Earls of Montrose, Wigtown, Atholl and Home against the Covenanters. However, he continued to equivocate, declining the king's offer of chief justice general of the Isles and taking up arms against Montrose after his victory at Aberdeen in September 1644.Montrose (with an army of only 1,500) was preparing to attack his forces of about 5,000, when he was informed of Argyll's descent on Lochaber. Changing his route, Montrose won a famous victory at Inverlochy against Argyll on 2 February 1645. Following this victory, <mask> met Montrose between Elgin and Forres and was held prisoner for several days, but was subsequently released, having apparently sworn allegiance to the King and having promised never again under any circumstances to take up arms against him. Notwithstanding this promise, he shortly afterwards joined Sir John Hurry the Covenanting general. On 9 May 1645 he took part in the Battle of Auldearn, which was fought between Hurry's army of Sutherlands, Mackenzies, Frasers, Roses and Brodies and Montrose's army of Gordons, Macdonalds, Macphersons, Mackintoshes and Irish. The result was another victory for Montrose, but the Mackenzies emerged largely unscathed. The Reverend John Macrae (d. 1704) gave a lengthy account of the battle (in the Ardintoul manuscript) which suggested that there had been deliberate collusion between Montrose, Hurry and Seaforth.Be that as it may, <mask> subsequently refused a commission from the Committee of Estates appointing him as their Lieutenant north of the Spey and was excommunicated by the General Assembly. He then joined Montrose publicly at the siege of Inverness in April 1646. Clan affairs
After Montrose's departure for Norway in September 1646, compulsory loans were levied against leading Royalists. Sixteen Mackenzies were ordered to provide loans totaling £28,666 (Scottish), but it appears that the authorities experienced great difficulties in enforcing their payment. The list provides an interesting snapshot of the perceived resources of some of the leading clan members of the time:
Thomas Mackenzie of Pluscarden: £2,000;
Alexander Mackenzie of Kilcoy: £2,000;
Roderick Mackenzie of Redcastle: £2,000;
Alexander Mackenzie of Coul: £6,000;
Kenneth Mackenzie of Gairloch: £3,333 6s.8d;
Hector Mackenzie of Scotsburn: £2,000;
Roderick Mackenzie of Davochmaluag: £1,333 6s.8d;
John Mackenzie of Davach-Cairn: £1,333 6s.8d;
William Mackenzie of Multavie: £1,000;
Kenneth Mackenzie of Scatwell: £2,000;
Thomas Mackenzie of Inverlael: £1,333 6s.8d;
Colin Mackenzie of Mullochie: £666 13s.4d;
Donald Mackenzie of Logie: £666 13s.4d;
Kenneth Mackenzie of Assynt: £1,000;
Colin Mackenzie of Kincraig: £1,000;
Alexander Mackenzie of Suddie: £1,000. <mask>'s involvement in public affairs did not prevent him from pursuing (in the manner of his forebears) his own more personal concerns. In particular, he embarked on a remorseless campaign to wrest Assynt from the Macleods, laying siege to the castle of Donald Ban Mor Macleod on the Isle of Assynt in May 1646.His men were said (in a later complaint by the Macleods) to have carried away 3,000 cows, 2,000 horses and 7,000 sheep and goats, as well as burning the habitations of 180 families. Final years
In 1648 <mask> again raised a body of 4000 men in the Western Islands and Ross-shire, whom he led south, to aid the King's cause, but after joining in a few skirmishes under Lanark, they returned home to "cut their corn which was now ready for their sickles." During the whole of this period <mask>'s fidelity to the Royal cause was open to considerable suspicion, and when Charles I threw himself into the hands of the Scots at Newark, and ordered Montrose to disband his forces, <mask>, always trying to be on the winning side, came in to Middleton, and made terms with the Committee of Estates; but the Church, by whom he had previously been excommunicated, continued implacable, and would only agree to be satisfied by a public penance in sackcloth within the High Church of Edinburgh. The proud Earl consented, underwent this ignominious and degrading ceremonial, and his sentence of excommunication was then removed. Notwithstanding this public humiliation, after the death of Charles I, <mask>, in a final act of tergiversation, went over to Holland in 1649, and joined Charles II, by whom he was made Principal Secretary of State for Scotland, the duties of which, however, he never had the opportunity of performing. Death and posterity
When <mask> received the news of the disastrous defeat of the king's forces at Worcester, he fell into a profound melancholy and died in August 1651, in Schiedam, Holland. Early in life, he had married Barbara, daughter of Arthur, Lord Forbes, and had by her at least eight children, including his heir and successor, Kenneth.Of his three daughters, Jean married first John, Earl of Mar, and secondly Andrew Fraser, 3rd Lord Fraser; Margaret married Sir William Sinclair of Mey; and Barbara married Sir John Urquhart of Cromarty. References
Stephen Manganiello, The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of Scotland (Scarecrow Press, 2004)
This article includes text from Alexander Mackenzie's History of the Mackenzies (Inverness, 1894), which is no longer in copyright. Line of Chiefs

1651 deaths
<mask>
History of the Scottish Highlands
Scottish politicians
Covenanters
Scottish generals
Earls of Seaforth
Year of birth unknown
Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1639–1641

masks:
George Mackenzie
George Mackenzie
Seaforth
Seaforth
Seaforth
Seaforth
Seaforth
Seaforth
Seaforth
Seaforth
Earl George
Seaforth
Seaforth
George


type: original

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<mask> "Guga" <mask> (; born 10 September 1976) is a Brazilian former world No. 1 tennis player. He won the French Open singles title three times (1997, 2000, and 2001), and was the Tennis Masters Cup champion in 2000. Kuerten suffered many problems with injuries which resulted in his non-attendances at many tournaments in 2002 and between 2004 and 2008. After two hip surgeries and a few failed attempted comebacks, he retired from top-level tennis in May 2008. During his career he won 20 singles and 8 doubles titles. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2012.In 2016, he was asked to be the torch bearer for the Rio Olympics. Professional career
As a junior player in South America, Guga won many of the most important tournaments in the region. He often played in an age group above his. After two years as a professional, <mask> rose to the position of No. 2 player in Brazil, behind Fernando Meligeni, and he had his then highest point by helping the Brazil Davis Cup team defeat Austria in 1996 and reach the competition's first division, the World Group. Following his unexpected victory in the 1997 French Open – which was not only his maiden ATP Tour victory but also the first time he had reached a professional ranking final – Kuerten had a difficult year and a half, adjusting to his sudden fame and the pressure of being expected to win. 1998 was the worst year in his career that was not related to injuries.The pressure for him to become an "ambassador" for tennis in Brazil was made evident after his early defeat to a then unknown Marat Safin in the 1998 French Open: the entire body of Brazilian journalists that had been dispatched to Paris to cover the event immediately returned home, leaving the rest of the tournament unaccounted for in Brazil. Like many South American players, his favorite court surface is clay. He won three Grand Slam titles, all of them at the French Open, played on the red clay courts of Roland Garros. He won these titles in 1997, 2000 and 2001. In every one of the three French Open victories he defeated Russia's Yevgeny Kafelnikov in the quarterfinals and two top 10 players on his way to the title. <mask> became the world No. 1 player in 2000.<mask> won at least one title a year between 1997 and 2004. The streak came to an end in 2005, when injuries and below-average performances kept him from winning tournaments. He was also a regular participant for Brazil in the Davis Cup. 1997: Entering the top 10

Fresh from winning a Challenger title, <mask> unexpectedly won the 1997 French Open, the first Brazilian to win a Grand Slam singles title since Maria Bueno at the 1966 U.S. Open. The tournament was only his third grand slam, setting a record for any player in the open era, tied with Mats Wilander. He remains the only player to win a Challenger and a Grand Slam in consecutive weeks. Victories over former champions of the previous four French Opens – Thomas Muster (1995) in the third round in five sets, Yevgeny Kafelnikov (1996) in the quarterfinals in five sets and Sergi Bruguera (1993, 1994) in the final – make him the third-lowest ranked Grand Slam Champion (ranked 66th), and his victory led to him entering the Association of Tennis Professionals top 20.Only Mark Edmondson (ranked 212th) and Goran Ivanišević (ranked 125th) were ranked lower than <mask> when winning a Grand Slam singles title. He received his French Open trophy from former champions Björn Borg and Guillermo Vilas. When called to the stage to receive the winner's trophy, <mask> reverently bowed a few times to his childhood idol Borg, who was waiting at the top of the stairs to shake his hand. Later, during the ceremony, Vilas whispered something in Kuerten's ear that caused him to laugh during the speech of the chairman of the event. <mask> later refused to reveal what it was that Vilas had said, claiming it would be inelegant to do so, but journalists that were equipped with powerful lenses were able to read Vilas's lips, and it was revealed that he had said in Spanish something like: "Get ready kid, it's going to rain women on your lap!". 1999: Top 5 debut
He established himself as the leading clay court player of his generation in 1999, and he became one of three South Americans to complete the year in the top 10 in all the history of the ATP rankings. In April he won the Monte-Carlo Masters beating the Chilean Marcelo Rios.In May he won the Rome Masters, beating Patrick Rafter in the final. In June he reached the quarterfinals at the French Open. losing to unseeded eventual runner-up Andriy Medvedev. At Wimbledon, he became the first Brazilian to reach the quarterfinals since Thomaz Koch in 1968. He was defeated by Andre Agassi in the quarterfinals, but had lost just one set until that stage. In July, he defeated Sébastien Grosjean 9–7 in the fifth set of the 1999 Davis Cup quarterfinal between Brazil and France. That match lasted 4 hours and 43 minutes.He also became the first Brazilian to qualify for the ATP Tennis Masters Cup, today known as the ATP World Tour Finals, winning a match but failing to get past round robin. 2000: World No. 1
After another solid clay court swing, <mask> won his second French Open title by defeating Magnus Norman (who had beaten him a few weeks earlier in the final of the Rome Masters) on his 11th match point. <mask> became the first South American to finish the year as World No. 1 in the history of the ATP rankings (since 1973). It was a close contest with young up-and-comer Marat Safin at the year's last event, the Tennis Masters Cup (in its first year under that name) in Lisbon, Portugal, with one loss meaning that Safin would have been No. 1.Despite Safin having 4 chances to finish the year as world No. 1, <mask> defied all odds and finished the year at No. 1 by beating Pete Sampras and Andre Agassi in back-to-back matches on an indoor hard court. He broke an eight-year hold of players from the U.S. on the year-end No. 1 position. He also became the first South American to finish in Top 5 in consecutive years since Guillermo Vilas of Argentina in 1977–78. 2001: Continued dominance, start of injuries
In 2001, he won his third French Open crown, joining former greats Björn Borg (6), Ivan Lendl (3) and Mats Wilander (3) with three or more French Open titles in the Open Era; former champion Jim Courier presented him with the trophy.His road to the title saw him save a match point against fourth round opponent Michael Russell. He also won the biggest hardcourt title of his career in August at the Cincinnati Masters, where he defeated Patrick Rafter in the final. At the US Open he was seeded first but lost in the quarterfinals in straight sets to seventh-seeded Yevgeni Kafelnikov. Injuries started to plague Kuerten as he lost 8 of the next 9 matches to conclude the year. Despite being the favorite to finish as world No. 1 for the second consecutive year, his poor season ending showing saw Lleyton Hewitt overtake him. He led the ATP in prize money for the second straight year, with US$4,091,004.2004
At the Australian Open <mask> reached the third round for the first, and only, time in his career by defeating Ivan Ljubičić in the second round in four sets but subsequently lost to Paradorn Schrichapan. In an injury-ridden year, <mask> won one ATP Tour title, which he did at home, by winning the Brasil Open for the second time. In that year, the tournament had been moved from September to February, and the surface had been changed from hard to clay, as a result of a compromise with the Buenos Aires Open, in Argentina, and the Viña del Mar Open, in Chile, to tighten up a clear South American tournament circuit. With his victory, <mask> became the only player to win the title on both surfaces, having previously won it in 2002. Kuerten was responsible for the only defeat of Roger Federer in a Grand Slam event in 2004. In Kuerten's only previous encounter against Federer on clay, in the Hamburg Masters 2002, Federer defeated Kuerten 6–0, 1–6, 6–2. When they met again in the third round at the French Open in 2004, it was Federer who was in dominant form, the world no.1, and expected to win against the injury-ridden <mask>. Instead, it was <mask> who overpowered and dominated Federer, beating him in straight sets. This would remain the last time that Federer was defeated in any Grand Slam prior to the quarterfinals stage until his round 2 loss against Serhiy Stakhovsky at Wimbledon in 2013. On 1 September <mask> announced that he would be withdrawing from the ATP Tour for an indefinite period of time, in order to undergo detailed exams of his operated hip, which had reportedly started to bother him again. He did not play again for the rest of the year. 2006
In the first months of 2006, injuries and weak performances kept <mask> from reclaiming his status as a top world player. Ranked out of the top 200, <mask> was no longer the top player in Brazil (currently behind Ricardo Mello and Flávio Saretta) and was expected to need wildcards to play any of the main tournaments of the season.His main attempt to come back, at the 2006 Brasil Open, was cut short in the first round. Following this debacle, <mask> managed to obtain wildcards to play in the two North American Masters Series events, Miami and Indian Wells, but injuries forced Kuerten to withdraw from both. The French Tennis Federation had announced that <mask>, as a three-time champion, would have every chance of being granted a

masks: Gustavo Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten


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 wildcard to play at the 2006 French Open, provided that he managed to remain active throughout the 2006 season leading up to the French Open. Because Kuerten had been inactive in the Men's Tour since mid-February, he was not granted the wildcard to play, thus missing the French Open for the first time in his professional career. 2007
<mask>'s form did not improve in 2007. Because his ranking was not high enough to qualify for ATP Tour tournaments, Kuerten relied on wild cards to enter those events. Kuerten finished with a 2–7 win–loss record for the year.In November, <mask>'s younger brother, Guilherme, who had cerebral palsy, died. 2008
<mask> made an announcement that he expected 2008 to be his final year of play. <mask> chose to devise his schedule around tournaments that had sentimental value to him, such as the French Open, the Brasil Open, and the Miami Masters. After two first-round defeats in singles (Costa do Sauípe, l. to Berlocq and Miami, l. to Grosjean), <mask> won his first ATP Masters Series level match in a long time, partnering Nicolás Lapentti, in Miami, against Feliciano López and Fernando Verdasco. Retirement
On 25 May 2008, <mask> played his last professional singles match in front of 15,000 spectators at Roland Garros. He arrived on court wearing his 'lucky' uniform, the same blue & yellow one that he wore in 1997 when he won his first French Open tournament. Despite saving a match point against his opponent Paul-Henri Mathieu, he finally lost in three sets (6–3, 6–4, 6–2)—his result in the final of French Open in 1997.He was honored after the game by the tournament organizers and by all the fans present for what he has achieved throughout his career. Playing style
Kuerten embraced the baseline style of play, with heavy topspin on his ground strokes and a solid serve that enabled him to wear down his opponents from the back of the court. Kuerten, however, emphasized offensive baseline play as opposed to the traditional defensive baseline play favoured by classic clay court specialists, and unlike them, his first serve was his biggest weapon. He played right-handed with a single-handed backhand using a western grip. The arcing backhand played with topspin was his trademark shot. He was one of the earliest adopters to play with polyester strings which allowed him to swing for pace and at the same time create the topspin needed to control the ball. Davis Cup

<mask> was first called to play for Brazil in the Davis Cup in 1996, when he became the second-best ranked player in the country (to Fernando Meligeni).Since then, <mask> has always answered the invitations to play, claiming that it was a unique opportunity to represent his country. In the 1999 and 2000 seasons, <mask> took criticism from his fans, who accused him of not giving 100% in the Davis Cup matches. They claimed he was more concerned with sparing his energy for the ATP tournaments. At one point, Kuerten interrupted a match to argue with a fan who had shouted out for him to apply himself to the match at hand. In 2004, following the country's unexpected defeat to Canada in the Repechage match, and the country's demotion to the American Group I after having been defeated by Sweden in that year's First Round, discontent with the politics of the Brazilian Tennis Confederation spilled over. <mask> refused to play for Brazil in the American Group I. The unexpected firing of then captain of the Brazilian team, Ricardo Accioly, was the trigger.<mask> thought it was an arbitrary decision, since it was made without consulting the players. In his view that was just the last in a sequence of questionable decisions made by organization's board. All other professional Brazilian players followed <mask>'s lead, as well as the newly appointed captain, former player Jaime Oncins. As a result, Brazil had to play the first round in the Zonal Group with a team made up of junior players (which was only possible after much negotiation, during which time the country was at risk of forfeiting the Round, which would have resulted in automatic demoting to the American Group II), which resulted in a defeat and the possibility of demotion to the American Group II. The protest continued, and as a result, Brazil had to play the Repechage match again with a junior team, and was demoted to the American Group II for the 2005 season. As of 2005, following the fall of the BTC board in the aftermath of the protest, <mask> and the other players have decided to return to the team, now captained by former player Fernando Meligeni. <mask>, however, had to delay his return beyond the end of the players' strike, since his hip injuries kept him off courts between September 2004 and May 2005.He returned in the Tie with the Netherlands Antilles, valid for the Second Round of the American Zonal Group II, which was played in Santa Catarina, Brazil (on clay) between July 15 and July 17, 2005. Equipment and sponsors

During his career, Guga used Head racquets with Luxilon polyester strings. He wore Diadora clothes, changing them on a short period for Olympikus and Head. In 2012, after his retirement, he signed a sponsor deal with French brands Lacoste (for clothes) and Peugeot (for TV commercials). Guga also has his own clothes and glasses brand, named "Guga Kuerten". Personal life
<mask> was born in Florianópolis in southern Brazil. He began playing tennis when he was six, an early start to a life and career marked by family tragedy.His father, Aldo, a former amateur tennis player, died of a heart attack in 1985 while umpiring a junior tennis match in Curitiba, when Kuerten was eight years old. His older brother, Raphael, is currently his business manager. His youngest brother, Guilherme, suffered prolonged oxygen deprivation and consequently irreparable brain damage during birth, and as a result suffered from mental retardation and severe physical disability until his death in 2007. Kuerten was deeply affected by his brother's daily struggles, later donating the entire prize money from one tournament he has won every year of his professional career so far to a hometown NGO that provides assistance for people suffering from similar disabilities. He gave every trophy he won to his younger brother as a souvenir, including the three miniature replicas of the French Open men's singles trophy. As a young player, <mask> first learned from Carlos Alves. Alves would continue to coach Kuerten for the next 8 years.When he was 14 years old, <mask> met Larri Passos who would be his coach for the following 15 years. Passos convinced Kuerten and his family that the youth was talented enough to make a living out of playing tennis. The two started traveling all over the world to participate in junior tournaments. <mask>ro Grande" ("Big Dog"). He is an avid surfer. <mask> was accepted to a drama course at CEART, the Center of Arts of Santa Catarina State University (UDESC) in Florianópolis. He began his studies there on 16 February 2009. In November 2010, on his brother Guilherme's birthday, he married Mariana Soncini and the couple have a daughter and a son. In October 2016 he was in court for tax evasion, related to income earned from copyright and image rights between 1995 and 2002, and in November was ordered to pay 7 million R$ (appr. US$2 million).His favourite football team is Brazilian Avaí Futebol Clube. He is a distant cousin to model and TV presenter, Renata <mask>. Awards and honors
In 1998, 2002 and 2004 <mask> received the Prix Orange Roland Garros Award for sportsmanship from the association of tennis journalists. In his homeland Brazil he was awarded the Prêmio Brasil Olímpico in 1999 and was named Athlete of the Year in 1999 and 2000. He received the ATP Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year Award in 2003. <mask> was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2012. In June 2016 he became their global ambassador, representing the organisation, especially in South America.In 2005, Tennis Magazine put him in 37th place in its list of "The 40 Greatest Players of the Tennis Era". In 2010, <mask> was presented with the ITF's  highest accolade, the Philippe Chatrier Award, for his contributions to tennis. That same year he won the Mercosur Konex Award from Argentina as the best tennis player of South America in that decade. Kuerten won the International Club’s prestigious Jean Borotra Sportsmanship Award in 2011. On 16 February 2016, the central court of Rio Open was named after him, officially Guga Kuerten court. On 5 August 2016, he relayed the Olympic Torch into Maracanã Stadium during the Opening Ceremonies for 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, relaying off to Hortencia Marcari. Career statistics

Grand Slam performance timeline

Finals: 3 (3 titles)

Year-end championships performance timeline

Finals: 1 (1 title)

References

Further reading

External links

 Official site

1976 births
Brazilian male tennis players
French Open champions
French Open junior champions
Living people
Olympic tennis players of Brazil
Sportspeople from Florianópolis
Brazilian people of German descent
Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
World No.1 tennis players
International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles
South American Games medalists in tennis
South American Games bronze medalists for Brazil
Competitors at the 1994 South American

masks:
Kuerten
Gustavo Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Gustavo Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuertenor
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten


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Imperial Count <mask>dorf und Pottendorf (September 19, 1727 - May 28, 1752) was the charismatic leader of the Single Brethren's Choir of the Moravian Church and of Herrnhaag (The Lord’s Grove), a Christian religious community built near Büdingen by his father, Count Nicholas Ludwig, head of the Brüdergemeine or Moravian Unity. <mask>, affectionately known as Christel, took his father’s marriage religion (Ehereligion) literally, proclaiming himself to be the living "Sidewound of Christ" in 1748, which meant he was the embodiment of Christ's sacrificial and compassionate love. The younger Zinzendorf and his co-elder of the Single Brethren, Joachim Rubusch, also proclaimed themselves to be married to the Sidewound. This derived in part from the teaching of Zinzendorf’s father that all souls are female, regardless of gender, so that they may be married to Christ. (This image is derived from the fact that "soul" in German, die Seele, is always a feminine noun. [Cassel'''s German-English Dictionary, entry die Seele.] It was also in 1748 that <mask> declared all Single Brethren to be Sisters and therefore Brides of Christ.The compounding of sexuality and spirituality at Herrnhaag led to virulent attacks from outside and within the church, threatening to undo the goodwill with other denominations that the elder <mask> had sought for decades. He dismissed his son from his positions and brought him to England for the remaining three years of <mask>'s life. After his death, <mask>'s followers in Pennsylvania named a settlement farm after him. Since there was a flowing spring there it was called "Christiansbrunn", Christian's Spring. while church leaders systematically destroyed most of the documents referring to the events at Herrnhaag. Only within the past two decades has a new generation of scholars and historians begun to reexamine that period to determine what happened. Birth and formative years
Zinzendorf was born just a month after the spiritual awakening experience on August 13, 1727, that signaled the renewal of the Ancient Unity of Brethren, in which Moravian exiles on the lands of his father committed themselves to a life in Christ.Both his parents were deeply committed to this ideal. His father and his mother, née Countess Erdmuthe Dorothea Reuss-Ebersdorf, came from Pietist families that stressed the indwelling of the spirit. His parents considered their relationship to be a marriage of champions in which the goal was serving Christ. The young Zinzendorf was left in the care of his mother for most of his youth while his father pursued church activities elsewhere. His effeminacy was noted by nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century historians who typically attributed it his being raised in the company of women: "<mask>atus . . . had all the ardor without the virility characteristic of his father." The strong mother/weak or distant father parenting style typically associated with early psychoanalytic attempts to explain homosexuality was also used to further discredit Zinzendorf.As a student, <mask> was known for being frivolous, even bringing a cat to class. At the age of sixteen, he was named vice-elder of the Single Brothers Choir. Moravian communities were dedicated to serving Christ. The traditional family unit was abandoned in order to direct all residents' energies to that goal. Much like the Shakers, Moravian residents lived in groups or choirs according to gender, marital status and age. Christel as Christ's representative
Many of Zinzendorf's beliefs and acts were based upon his father's words: "I live no more; he lives in me. I speak no more; he speaks in me.When you speak with me, you speak with him. When you have love for me, so too you have love for him, and when you hate me, so too you hate him, and when you have a word from me, so too you have it from him." Seeing Christ in <mask>'s eyes is a theme from the period in poetry, painting and engraving. An engraving complete with his portrait states that one can see the departed Christ by looking at Christel's forehead, meaning his eyes. A portrait of him now in the Moravian Archives in Herrnhut, Germany, includes the words Gebrochne Augen (broken eyes), again referring to seeing Christ at the moment of death in Christian's eyes, or at the moment of his completed sacrifice. The idea of Christ living in another was not uncommon in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is a fundamental belief shared with the Quakers and Shakers, who also had roots in Pietism and the indwelling of Christ.Leadership and loss of leadership
Herrnhaag was a community designed by the elder Zinzendorf, whose inhabitants were to live under the direct rule of Christ with Christian Renatus as his representative. At Herrnhaag, Christel was the link between the spiritual and the earthly as the spirit took human form. During the 1748 Single Brothers Festival at Herrnhaag, Christel and his assistants entered wearing white robes, implying it was Christ who was actually entering. Later that day, Christel and twelve assistants led Communion, further representing Christ and the apostles. During the service, those in attendance believed that the Sidewound of Christ was literally standing before them in the bodily forms of Christel and Rubusch, his co-leader of the brothers. Christel sang a welcoming hymn for Christ entering the hall, and while kissing, the brothers believed they were literally kissing the Sidewound. The combination of sexuality and spirituality shown at Herrnhaag was not unknown in Christian history, but it caused increasing scandal both within and without the church, particularly embarrassing for Nicholas, "who was trying to be recognized as a rightful theologian after joining the confession of Augsburg" in 1748.Even Christel’s mother was concerned, realizing the events taking place at Herrnhaag and its nearby sister community of Marienborn were at the edge where metaphor and reality meet. Referring to a plowshare that can be raised and lowered, she later wrote to her son that "I sometimes said we have already put the peg in the last hole. If we wanted to remain in the world, the Savior would have to make three or four holes further back and lower down." In addition to increasingly embarrassing scandal and rumor, the cost of sustaining Herrnhaag and its numerous festivals put a severe financial strain on the church at a time when its missionary efforts were expanding around the world. Events reached such a point that Christel’s father denounced what was happening at Herrnhaag and ordered Christel to attend him in England. "When the twenty-two-year-old returned to Herrnhaag, he was physically and mentally broken. In August 1750 he founded a Bund auf die Marter Gottes (Covenant on the ordeal of God).During this 'phase of consolation' ordered by his father, he also composed several 'purified' poems." Death and apotheosis
Zinzendorf died in a house in Dean's Yard of Westminster Abbey, London, on May 28, 1752, from a hemorrhage due to tuberculosis, with John Nitschmann, his former tutor, beside him. He was buried on the grounds of Lindsey House, "Sharon," the Moravian Graveyard located in Chelsea outside London, where his father lived at that time while directing the worldwide missionary effort of the church. When the Moravian Brethren and Sisters refused to forswear their allegiance to the elder Zinzendorf and sever their connection to the Moravian Church in the 1750s at the insistence of Gustav Friedrich, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen, Herrnhaag was closed and a great number of Moravians came to Bethlehem and Nazareth in Pennsylvania. A farming community had already been established near Nazareth for the Single Brethren named Christiansbrunn'', Christian's Spring. One of the brothers wrote a poem stating that Christel lived again in the Congregation at the spring and that the flowing waters restored him “more and more.”

Historical perspective
For more than 200 years after his death, Christel was looked upon as a failure by Moravian historians and scholars, who saw him as weak, effeminate, ineffectual and a grave disappointment to his father whose trust he had betrayed. The only way most Moravians of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries knew him was by the inclusion of several of his hymns in various Moravian hymnals, the most famous being “My Redeemer, overwhelmed with anguish, went to Olivet for me.”

Indeed, the entire period (approximately 1747-1749) became known as the "Sifting Time" from Luke 22:31: "Simon, Simon, behold, Satan has desired to have you that he may sift you as wheat."<mask> called the ensuing scandal an “unbridled freedom of the flesh.”  His representative told the residents at Herrnhaag and its nearby sister community of Marienborn that it was impossible to be "truly unified with our Husband" while living on earth. He further added that the residents had mistaken metaphor for reality and wrongly believed that the brothers were actually sisters. Historians for the next two hundred years accepted this view of events and wrote off what happened as a time of embarrassing excess from which the church was saved only by the timely intervention of Nicholas. Determining exactly what happened was made exceedingly difficult due to extensive destruction of documents amounting to official censorship that began in the eighteenth century by church officials and even archivists. There was a general shunning of the period that lasted well into the twentieth century, and almost no pertinent documents remains in either the major Moravian archives in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania or Herrnhut, Germany. A new generation of scholars and historians interested in determining exactly what happened have been able to locate documents in private collections and other sources. An indication of renewed interest in <mask> and what he meant to his time was shown in September, 2008 when a birthday festival was held in his honor in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania based on eighteenth-century sources and sponsored by the Historic Bethlehem Partnership, the Moravian Music Foundation and the Moravian Archives.References

External links
   List articles in German and English regarding the issue of sexuality within the historical Moravian Church. Photographs of Herrnhaag from a 1997 visit. Herrnhaag website in German. Website of Berthelsdorf and the Zinzendorf manor house where <mask> was born. Photographs and map of Herrnhaag. Further reading
 Schuchard, Marsha Keith (2006) Why Mrs Blake Cried: William Blake and the Erotic Imagination. Century.Fogleman, Aaron Spencer. (2008) Jesus Is Female: Moravians and Radical Religion in Early America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1727 births
1752 deaths
18th-century Christian clergy
Christian hymnwriters
German people of the Moravian Church
People from the Electorate of Saxony
Sexuality in Christianity
Spiritual teachers

masks:
Christian Renatus von Zinzen
Christian Renatus
Christian Renatus von Zinzendorf
Zinzendorf
Christian
Christian
Christian Ren
Zinzendorf
Christian
Nicholas Zinzendorf
Christian Renatus
Christian Renatus


texts:
<mask>  (; born February 7, 1978), is a Venezuelan former professional baseball outfielder, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals, Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals, Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets, Seattle Mariners, Texas Rangers, and Baltimore Orioles. <mask> is the older brother of <mask>. Career

Minor league
<mask> made his Minor League Baseball debut in 1997 with the Gulf Coast League Mets, a rookie-level affiliate of the New York Mets. He remained in the Mets organization through 2000, spending time with the Kingsport Mets, Gulf Coast Mets, Capital City Bombers, and St. Lucie Mets. On December 11, 2000, <mask> was claimed by the Kansas City Royals in the 2000 Rule 5 draft. On March 30, 2001, <mask> was returned to the Mets and then traded to the Royals for minor league outfielder Michael Curry. He played for the AA Wichita Wranglers and the AAA Omaha Royals before making his major league debut with the Royals on May 29, 2001.Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals
In the winter of 2001, <mask> was waived by the Royals and then claimed and waived by both the Mets and Detroit Tigers before being claimed by the Montreal Expos where he played in 309 games over three years (2002–05) while splitting time at AAA Ottawa and Edmonton. Playing full-time for the Expos in 2003 and 2004, <mask> batted first in the lineup and started in center field, stealing 18 bases in 2003 and 32 in 2004. On October 3, 2004 <mask> recorded the final out in Expos history in their 8–1 loss to the Mets at Shea Stadium. In 2005 <mask> played in only seven games in the majors for the now relocated Washington Nationals before being traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for fellow outfielder Marlon Byrd. During his tenure in Washington, <mask> was given the mocking nickname of "Inning Endy" by Nationals fansites due to his tendency to swing away rather than work the count to his favor which often resulted in groundouts and popups to end the Nationals innings. Philadelphia Phillies
<mask> spent the rest of the 2005 season with the Philadelphia Phillies and appeared in 91 games with 107 at bats and hit only .215. At the end of the season, <mask> became a free agent for the first time and signed one year, $500,000 contract with the Mets signed on December 23, 2005.New York Mets

During spring training, Mets manager Willie Randolph worked with <mask> to improve his hitting. <mask>'s speed and his modified batting style sparked a 90-point jump in his batting average over the previous season (hitting .306 in 353 at bats) as the Mets fourth outfielder (often as an injury replacement for regular left fielder Cliff Floyd). His improved hitting and excellent defensive skills contributed to the Mets winning the National League East. <mask>'s signature moment came at Shea Stadium in Game 7 of the 2006 National League Championship Series. In the top of the sixth inning, with the game tied 1–1, Cardinals third baseman Scott Rolen hit a pitch off Mets starter Óliver Pérez. Leaping over the  left field wall, <mask> caught the ball with the tip of his glove to rob Rolen of a two-run home run. <mask> then threw to cutoff man second baseman José Valentín, who threw to Carlos Delgado at first base to double off Cardinals center fielder Jim Edmonds for an inning-ending double play.Although the Mets would go on to lose the game and the series, "The Catch" was named the top post-season moment in the 5th annual This Year in Baseball Awards. On July 13, 2007, American International Group (the company whose left field advertisement was where <mask> made the catch) sponsored a special Bobblehead Doll day to commemorate the catch. The Left Field entrance gate of the Mets' current ballpark, Citi Field, features a metal silhouette of a baseball player making a leaping catch similar to the one <mask> made in the 2006 NLCS. <mask>'s playing time decreased dramatically in 2007 when he only saw time in 71 games, primarily splitting time with regular left fielder Moisés Alou, due to left hamstring issues which landed him on the disabled list twice. That winter, he reinjured the hamstring and injured his right ankle while playing winter ball in Venezuela for Navegantes del Magallanes. In 2008, <mask> again saw time as the Mets' fourth outfielder and hit .267 in 270 at-bats. On September 28, the final day of the 2008 regular season and the final game at Shea Stadium, the Mets played the Florida Marlins.With an NL wildcard spot at stake for the Mets, <mask> made another terrific catch in the outfield during the top of the seventh inning. After a ball was hit to left field by Jorge Cantú, <mask> made the catch for the final out of the inning. Despite his defensive play, the Mets lost to the Marlins 4-2 and failed to qualify for post-season play. Seattle Mariners
On December 11, <mask> was involved in a three-team, 12-player trade in which he was sent, along with pitcher Aaron Heilman and several minor leaguers, to the Seattle Mariners. On June 19, 2009, while trying to catch a pop-up, <mask> collided with shortstop Yuniesky Betancourt and suffered a torn ACL in his right knee which ended his 2009 season. Texas Rangers
On February 15, 2010, <mask> agreed to a minor league free agent contract with the Texas Rangers and spent time with the Rangers' Rookie League team, the AA Frisco and AAA Oklahoma City while coming back from his ACL injury. In 2011, he batted .301 with 5 home runs in 256 at-bats and helped the Rangers to the 2011 World Series, which they lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games.Baltimore Orioles

On December 18, 2011, Chavez signed a one-year, $1.5 million contract with the Baltimore Orioles. <mask> again saw major time on the disabled list (suffering intercostal muscle hamstring injuries) appeared in only 64 games, batting .203 with 12 RBIs and two home runs. On August 4, he was designated for assignment to make room for Nate McLouth and spent the next month with AAA Norfolk. He was recalled by the Orioles in mid-September. Seattle Mariners
On December 31, 2012 Chavez signed a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals, but was released on March 22, 2013. On March 24, Chavez signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners and appeared in 97 games for the Mariners hitting .267. Bridgeport Bluefish
On March 8, 2016, Chavez signed with the Bridgeport Bluefish, in the Atlantic League.Chavez was very successful in his first season with the Bluefish, batting .345 and winning the league batting title. Pericos de Puebla
On March 9, 2017, Chavez signed with the Pericos de Puebla of the Mexican Baseball League. He was released before the start of the 2018 season on January 23, 2018. Somerset Patriots

On February 26, 2018, Chavez signed with the Somerset Patriots of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He retired as an active player following the conclusion of the season. Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
Chavez has played for 19 seasons in the LVBP (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League), all of them with Navegantes del Magallanes. Post-playing career
In February 2019, Chavez returned to the Mets organization and was announced as a new coach for the Brooklyn Cyclones, the team's Class A-Short Season affiliate.For the 2020 season, he will serve as the bench coach of the Class A-Advanced St. Lucie Mets. See also

 List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela

References

External links

<mask> <mask> at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)

1978 births
Living people
Arizona League Rangers players
Baltimore Orioles players
Binghamton Mets players
Bowie Baysox players
Bridgeport Bluefish players
Brooklyn Cyclones coaches
Capital City Bombers players
Delmarva Shorebirds players
Edmonton Trappers players
Frisco RoughRiders players
Gulf Coast Mets players
Gulf Coast Orioles players
Kansas City Royals players
Kingsport Mets players
Major League Baseball center fielders
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Mexican League baseball outfielders
Montreal Expos players
Navegantes del Magallanes players
New York Mets players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Norfolk Tides players
Oklahoma City RedHawks players
Omaha Golden Spikes players
Ottawa Lynx players
Pericos de Puebla players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Round Rock Express players
Seattle Mariners players
Somerset Patriots players
Sportspeople from Valencia, Carabobo
St. Lucie Mets players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Texas Rangers players
Venezuelan baseball coaches
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Canada
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States
Washington Nationals players
Wichita Wranglers players
World Baseball Classic players of Venezuela
2006 World Baseball Classic players
2009 World Baseball Classic players

masks:
Endy de Jesus Chávez
Chávez
Ender Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Endy
Chávez


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; April 18, 1989), also known by the mononym <mask>, is a  Korean-American singer, songwriter, actress, novelist, and businesswoman known for her work as a former member of South Korean girl group Girls' Generation. As an actress, <mask> portrayed Elle Woods in the Korean version of the musical Legally Blonde in 2010 and played a role in the television drama Wild Romance in 2012. In early 2014, she established a fashion brand, Blanc & Eclare. Later that year, she was dismissed from Girls' Generation due to conflicts between the group's schedule and her own business activities. Following the dismissal, <mask> ended her contract with SM Entertainment and signed with Coridel Entertainment in 2016, prior to the release of her debut solo album With Love, J. In May 2018, <mask> signed a contract with United Talent Agency. Her debut best-selling novel Shine was released in September 2020.Early life
<mask> was born in San Francisco. While on vacation in South Korea, she and her sister, Krystal, were spotted in a shopping mall by a member of SM Entertainment; she later joined the company in 2000. She spent seven years as a trainee before debuting as part of the Korean girl group Girls' Generation. <mask> attended Korea Kent Foreign School during her teenage years. Career

2007–2014: Girls' Generation and solo activities

<mask> was the first member of what would become Girls' Generation to sign with SM Entertainment in 2000. In 2007, she was chosen as a member of the nine-member girl group that debuted on August 5, 2007. In addition to her group activities, <mask> released two singles with Seohyun and Tiffany: "Love Hate" (, lit.Bad Older Brother) and "Mabinogi (It's Fantastic!)". <mask> collaborated with 8Eight for the song "I Love You" from their second album, Infinity, which was released on March 3, 2008. Though she was the one singing the harmony and adlibs, she is not seen in the music video. In addition, she had various duets — one with Shinee member, Onew, called "One Year Later", and one with Park Myung-soo, "Naengmyeon". She sang the "Seoul Song" with Super Junior's Leeteuk, Sungmin, Donghae, Siwon, Ryeowook and Kyuhyun and fellow group members Taeyeon, Sunny, Sooyoung and Seohyun. <mask> made her musical theatre debut in the South Korean production of Legally Blonde, alongside Lee Ha-nui and Kim Ji-woo; the production opened on November 14, 2009. The same year, she took a special part on the show Infinity Challenge for their summer special, in which she was chosen to sing a duet entitled "Naengmyun" with Park Myung-soo, one of the MCs.In March 2010, she had a cameo role on SBS' Oh! My Lady. In May 2010, <mask> became a regular guest on the show Happy Birthday until she withdrew on June 7, 2010, due to Girls' Generation's overseas activities. She was also a regular guest on the show Star King with fellow member Yuri. <mask> released a digital single titled "Sweet Delight" on October 13, 2010. In 2011, <mask> participated on the soundtrack of the KBS drama Romance Town with the song "Because Tears Are Overflowing" (). <mask> made her acting debut in Wild Romance in 2012.In the same year, <mask> returned to musical theatre once again with Legally Blonde, alongside <mask>-ji and Choi Woori. Her first performance was on November 28. In the same year, <mask> sang "What To Do" (featuring Kim Jin-pyo) for the drama Wild Romance, "Butterfly" (featuring Krystal) for To The Beautiful You, "Heart Road" for The King's Dream, as well as "My Lifestyle", a Hyundai i30's commercial song. In 2013, she had "The One Like You" for Dating Agency: Cyrano. In 2014, <mask> released "Say Yes"' for the Make Your Move soundtrack, featuring her sister, Krystal, and Exo's former member, Kris. In August, <mask> launched her own fashion line, Blanc, which was later renamed Blanc & Eclare. There are now sixty stores located around the world.<mask> and her sister Krystal starred in their own reality television show Jessica & Krystal. It premiered on June 3 and consisted of ten episodes. On September 30, 2014, <mask> announced on her personal Weibo account that she had been "forced out" of the group. SM Entertainment later confirmed this, stating that <mask> would no longer be a member of Girls' Generation. The company also stated that Girls' Generation would continue to promote with eight members while it would still manage her solo activities. <mask> also released a statement of her own through her fashion company, Blanc Group, explaining that she had been asked to leave Girls' Generation by the agency and the other members of the group. <mask>'s final song with Girls' Generation was "Divine", which was included in the repackaged version of their Japanese greatest hits album, The Best.2015–2016: Acting and solo debut

In 2015, <mask> was confirmed to be the female lead in the Chinese romantic comedy film titled I Love That Crazy Little Thing, alongside William Chan and Nicholas Tse. The film was released in August 2016, and <mask> collaborated with Chan on the theme song "Love! Love! Aloha!". On August 6, 2015, SM Entertainment released an official statement stating that the company and the former member of Girls' Generation had officially parted ways. The following year, <mask> was confirmed to be the female lead in the autobiographical film about Stephon Marbury titled My Other Home, alongside Marbury himself. She was also cast in the short action comedy Two Bellmen Three alongside Ki Hong Lee.She took a part in Chinese sport's variety show YES! Coach as well, where she participated in a swimming competition after being trained by professional swimmer Sun Yang. <mask> then became the main host of the beauty show Beauty Bible, alongside Kim Jae-kyung. In February 2016, <mask> announced that her first solo album would be released under her new agency, Coridel Entertainment. In April 2016, representatives announced that <mask> would release her first album in May. On April 30, Coridel Entertainment released the track list which included the title track "Fly" featuring Fabolous. <mask> wrote and composed four of the six tracks.The name of the extended play was revealed to be With Love, J, and was released on May 17, 2016, along with the lead single, "Fly". The music video for "Fly" amassed over 2 million views within 24 hours of its release. A video for the second single, "Love Me the Same," was released the following day on May 18, 2016. With Love, J topped eight music charts, and also ranked first on the Hanteo Weekly Chart and Gaon Weekly Album Chart. The English-language version of the EP, released on May 27, features five of the original six tracks. The same year, <mask> held an Asian fan-meet tour which commenced in Seoul on June 1, continuing on to other countries such as Thailand, Taiwan, and Japan. The tour ended on November 5 in Shanghai.Further shows scheduled to take place in Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam were cancelled due to health problems and concerns of overwork for <mask> before the release of her next album. In December, <mask> made a comeback with a Christmas EP called Wonderland, composed of six songs, four of which she took part in writing. The album, and its eponymous title track, was released on December 10. It also has an English-language version, with four of the six original Korean tracks. 2017–present: My Decade and debut novel

On April 14, 2017, Coridel Entertainment released a series of teaser pictures confirming that <mask> was set to make her first comeback of the year with a digital single titled "Because It's Spring", on April 18, 2017. In the same month, Forbes included <mask> in their 30 Under 30 Asia 2017 list which comprises 30 influential people under 30 years old who have made substantial effect in their fields. "Because It's Spring" was later included on her third EP My Decade, released on August 9, 2017 to celebrate her 10th anniversary since debut.<mask> took part in writing five of the six songs on the album. The lead single "Summer Storm" and its music video were released on the same day. In July 2017, <mask> embarked on her first mini-concert tour titled "On Cloud Nine". The tour's first show was in Taipei, taking place on July 29, 2017. <mask> also held shows in Seoul, Osaka, Tokyo, and Bangkok as part of the tour. A show scheduled to take place in Hong Kong on October 15, 2017 was cancelled due to Typhoon Khanun affecting the area. The final show of "On Cloud Nine" took place in Macau on March 3, 2018.In May 2018, it was revealed that <mask> had signed with United Talent Agency. The agency will represent her in North America for music, film, television and endorsements. In October, <mask> held a second mini-concert in Taiwan titled "Golden Night". On December 14, <mask> released a Christmas single titled "One More Christmas" in collaboration with South Korean makeup brand Amuse Cosmetics. In June 2019, <mask> and Krystal filmed their second reality show in the United States. <mask>'s single, "Call Me Before You Sleep" was digitally released on September 26 and features rapper Giriboy in the Korean version. The Japanese version was physically released on October 9 and featured Sandaime J Soul Brothers' CrazyBoy.The song was produced by Cha Cha Malone. She held a fan-meet in Japan, XOXO <mask> Fan Meeting, on October 2, with girl group GWSN appearing as the opening act. Further shows were held in Taiwan and Thailand, on October 19 and 27 respectively. In the same month, it was announced that <mask> would publish her debut novel, Shine, in fall 2020 as part of a two-book deal with Simon Pulse, an imprint of Simon & Schuster. Glasstown Entertainment sold the novel to eleven foreign countries, and is developing a film adaptation produced by Matthew Kaplan of ACE Entertainment. Shine, released on September 30, 2020, debuted at number five on The New York Times Best Seller list for Young Adult Hardcover in the issue dated October 18. Other ventures

Endorsements
<mask> has also endorsed a number of brands of various products.Besides her endorsements with Girls' Generation, she also became a model for Chinese sports brand Li-Ning and South Korean bag brand Lapalette with her sister Krystal in 2014. On April 30, 2020, <mask> was announced as the new global ambassador for Revlon. Business
Jessica's first restaurant named Clareau opened on January 19, 2021 at Blanc & Eclare flagship store building in Cheongdam-dong, Seoul. Personal life
During a mini concert at Taiwan in July 2017, <mask> revealed that her birth name, as on her passport, is "<mask>", whereas her Korean name "Soo-yeon" was only obtained on a later date due to necessity. She describes herself as "Christian curious" and goes to church. Discography

Extended plays
 With Love, J (2016)
 Wonderland (2016)
 My Decade (2017)

Filmography

Film

Television series

Television shows

Musical

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 <mask> at Coridel Entertainment

1989 births
Living people
Actresses from San Francisco
American chief executives of fashion industry companies
American dance musicians
American expatriates in South Korea
American fashion businesspeople
American fashion designers
American musicians of Korean descent
American musical theatre actresses
American people of South Korean descent
American retail chief executives
American television actresses
American women company founders
American company founders
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Girls' Generation members
Japanese-language singers of South Korea
Korean-language singers of the United States
Mandarin-language singers of South Korea
K-pop singers
Singers from San Francisco
SM Entertainment artists
South Korean female idols
South Korean film actresses
South Korean television actresses
South Korean women pop singers
American women chief executives
Forbes 30 Under 30 recipients
American women fashion designers

masks:
Jessica Jung
Jessica Sooyoun Jung
Jessica
Jung
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica Jung
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica
Jung Eun
Jessica
Jessica
Jung
Jessica
Jessica
Jung
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jessica
Jung
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica
Jung
Jung
Jessica
Jung
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica
Jessica Jung
Jung
Jessica
Jung
Jung
Jessica Jung
Jessica Jung


texts:
<mask>, CB (20 March 18014 December 1875), commonly <mask>, was appointed in 1839 superintendent of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales and, after the establishment in 1851 of the colony of Victoria (now a state of Australia), he became its first lieutenant-governor. <mask>robe was a strong supporter of religious, cultural and educational institutions. During his time as superintendent and lieutenant-governor he oversaw the establishment of the Botanic Gardens, and provided leadership and support to the formation of entities such as the Mechanic's Institute, the Royal Melbourne Hospital, the Royal Philharmonic, the Melbourne Cricket Ground and the University of Melbourne. <mask>robe was the nephew of British architect <mask>. Early life
<mask> was born in London, the son of <mask>, a leader of the Moravian Church, from a family of French Huguenot descent, whose mother was a member of the Moravian Church born in the United States. He was educated in England and later spent time in Switzerland and was active in mountaineering; he made a number of ascents in the Alps 1824–26. <mask>robe wrote several travel books describing his experiences: The Alpenstock: Or Sketches of Swiss Scenery and Manners (1829) and The Pedestrian: A Summer's Ramble in the Tyrol (1832).In 1832, he visited the United States along with Count Albert Pourtales and, in 1834, travelled from New Orleans to Mexico with Washington Irving. He then wrote The Rambler in North America (1835) and The Rambler in Mexico (1836). On 16 September 1835, he married Sophie de Montmollin (1809–1854) in Berne, Switzerland. Their first child, Agnes Louisa <mask> <mask>, was born in Switzerland on 2 April 1837. Lieutenant-governor
In 1837, <mask> was entrusted with a government commission in the West Indies and reported on the future education of the recently emancipated slaves. On 4 February 1839, he was appointed superintendent of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, even though he had little managerial and administrative experience. With his wife and 2-year-old daughter, <mask>robe sailed into Sydney on 26 July 1839, for training on procedures.The <mask> Trobes went on to Melbourne on 1 October. At auction, <mask> Trobe bought  of land on the fringe of the city, in what is now called Jolimont, at the upset price of £20 an acre, Melbourne residents having agreed among themselves not to bid against the superintendent. Governor George Gipps was disturbed when he heard about it, but <mask> Trobe convinced him that he had acted innocently. On that land, <mask> Trobe erected his home, which he had transported from London in sections, and which is preserved as <mask>Trobe's Cottage. Melbourne had a population of around 3,000 at the time and was rapidly expanding. La Trobe commenced works to improve sanitation and streets. As the Port Phillip District was a dependency of New South Wales, all land sales, building plans and officer appointments had to be approved by Gipps, with whom <mask> Trobe had a good personal and working relationship.A Separation Association had been formed in 1840, with the aim of making the Port Phillip District a separate colony. In 1841, <mask>, asking him to visit Melbourne to form his own opinion on the separation question. <mask> did not actively campaign for separation, being content that Earl Grey had included separation in the reorganisation plan for the colonies. <mask> also acted as lieutenant-governor of Van Diemen's Land for four months in 1846–47. In July 1851, the Port Phillip achieved separation from New South Wales, becoming the colony of Victoria, and <mask> became lieutenant-governor – a position he held until 1854. Soon after separation, gold was discovered at several locations in Victoria. <mask>robe suddenly had to deal with the mass exodus of the population of Melbourne to the gold fields, as well as the later arrival of thousands of immigrants from other Australian colonies and overseas.He was commonly referred to as "Charley Joe", and by extension, any government officials or policemen were called "joes". Having tried, with varying degrees of success, to cope with the enormous population and economic expansion of the new colony, <mask>robe, who suffered self-doubt and criticism due to his inexperience, submitted his resignation in December 1852, but had to wait until a replacement, <mask>, could take his place. After Victoria
Towards the end of his governorship, <mask>'s wife, Sophie, became ill and returned to Europe with their four children. She died on 30 January 1854. On his return to Europe after his term, <mask>robe married Sophie's sister, Rose Isabelle de Meuron (1821–1883) in 1855, a marriage which was illegal in English law, being considered incestuous at the time. (See Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907.) The couple had two daughters (born 1856 and 1859) in Switzerland and moved to England in 1861.<mask> did not receive any further British government appointments. His eyesight was increasingly deteriorating, and he was completely blind for the last years of his life. He died in 1875. Geelong keys
<mask> Trobe is also linked to the discovery of a minor piece of evidence suggesting early European exploration of Australia. In 1847, at Limeburners' Point near Geelong, Victoria, <mask> <mask>, a keen amateur geologist, was examining the shells from a lime kiln when a worker showed him a set of five keys that he claimed to have found, subsequently named the Geelong Keys. <mask>robe concluded that, based on their appearance, the keys were dropped onto the beach around 100 to 150 years beforehand (i.e. between 1700 and 1750).In 1977, Kenneth McIntyre hypothesized they were dropped by Portuguese sailors under the command of Cristóvão de Mendonça. Since the keys have long been lost, their exact origin cannot be verified. However, research by geologist Edmund Gill and historian P.F.B. Alsop showed the deposit they were supposedly found in was 2330–2800 years old, making La Trobe's dating impossible. Legacy

Much of Melbourne's substantial inner-ring parks and gardens can be attributed to La Trobe's foresight in reserving this land. Melbourne and Victoria are dotted with things named in honour of <mask> Trobe, including La Trobe Financial in Melbourne's CBD, La Trobe University and Charles La Trobe College in Melbourne's north east, the La Trobe Reading Room at the State Library of Victoria on La Trobe Street in the CBD, the federal electorate of La Trobe in Melbourne's outer east, the Latrobe Valley in southeastern Victoria, Mount LaTrobe in Wilsons Promontory and, in Tasmania, Latrobe and Latrobe Council. There are statues of La Trobe outside the State Library and at La Trobe University's Bundoora campus.The latter statue is notable for initially being upside down appearance, however it is now the right way up. The La Trobe Journal (founded 1968) is published by the State Library of Victoria. It is devoted to Australasia, especially in connection with Victoria. The family motto of La Trobe is used at La Trobe University for their own motto. The motto in English is "whoever seeks shall find". The flowering plant genus <mask>a was named after him. See also
History of Melbourne
French Australian
Latrobe nugget

References

External links
La Trobe Society
<mask> Joseph <mask> Trobe: A chronology
Genealogy of the La Trobe family
Governor <mask> Trobe's Instructions, 11 September 1839
<mask> Trobe statue at La Trobe University Bundoora

Family tree in Genealogisches Handbuch der baltischen Ritterschaften, Estland,  Görlitz 1930
Pictures and texts of The Alpenstock, or sketches of Swiss scenery and manners, 1825-1826 by <mask> <mask> can be found in the database VIATIMAGES.1801 births
1875 deaths
Sportspeople from London
English people of American descent
Governors of Victoria (Australia)
Politicians from Melbourne
Burials in Sussex
Colony of Victoria people
19th-century Australian politicians
Lieutenant-Governors of Victoria
19th-century Australian public servants
Settlers of Melbourne
English mountain climbers
People from Alfriston
<mask>trobe family

masks:
Charles Joseph La Trobe
Latrobe
La T
La T
Benjamin Henry Latrobe
Charles La Trobe
Christian Ignatius Latrobe
La T
de La
Trobe
La Trobe
La T
La
La
La
La
La
La
La Trobeipps
La Trobe
La Trobe
La Trobe
La T
La T
Charles Hotham
La Trobe
La T
La Trobe
La
Charles La
Trobe
La T
La
Latrobe
Charles
La
La
La
Charles Joseph
Labe
La


texts:
<mask> is an American poet, author and activist. <mask> was born on a farm in Kentucky, but traveled to the University of Louisville and Oxford University to pursue his academic interests. Career
<mask> has been involved in many aspects of the artistic field; writing poetry, editing literary works, organizing a non-profit organization to support literature worldwide called the Global Literary Renaissance, teaching and lecturing to students, and collaborating with artists and musicians, focusing primarily on the Louisville art scene and Kentucky folk art. <mask> was also the honorary poetry editor of GonzoToday.com. <mask> has authored thirty titles which include: Western Kentucky: Lost & Forgotten, Found & Remembered (with Sarah Elizabeth Burkey), The Third Testament: Three Gospels of Peace (with art by Lawrence Ferlinghetti & David Minton), Beaver Dam Rocking Chair Marathon, The Wanderer, and most recently, The Storm Generation Manifesto & on parting, the wilderness poems. In 2016 Finishing Line press released his work, Kentucky Basketball is Poetry in Motion, a collection of poems about the history and culture of Kentucky basketball. The <mask> poetry collection is currently managed by the University of Louisville.A special exhibit of works produced by <mask>, "Poets, Rock Stars, and Holy Men" was featured at the main branch of the Louisville Free Public Library in 2018 and <mask> was honored at that event for his work in the arts by Louisville Mayor Greg Fischer. <mask> has also released forty CDs which include: "Tapping My Own Phone", "Kentucky Roots", "Kentucky: poems, stories, songs", "Kentucky Blues", "I Will Not Bow Down", "Exterminate Noise", "From Iceland to Kentucky & Beyond", "Swan Boats @ Four", "The Shape of Water", "The Viking Hillbilly Apocalypse Revue", "Walking Home", "I Refuse", "<mask> and Southside's Southside Lounge", "<mask> and Southside's We Are The Storm", and "The Storm Generation Manifesto & on parting, the wilderness poems". <mask>'s book, titled The Storm Generation Manifesto and on parting, the wilderness poems, was released in July 2010 and includes a CD of his readings as well as his first DVD. Some of his accolades include The All Kentucky Poetry Prize, The Yeats Club of Oxford's Prize for Poetry, a nomination for the Pulitzer Prize twice, and a nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature. <mask>'s work has been featured prominently on the international scene. In 2002 his poem "Never Give Up" was the featured theme for the United Nations affiliated program called "Poetry on the Peaks." This poem has been featured in other venues including National Geographic magazine and a book written by the 14th Dalai Lama.In 2009 <mask> was one of the one hundred and thirty featured poets representing fifty countries at the International Poetry Festival, which took place in Granada, Nicaragua. <mask>'s work has been published in other venues as well, including Northwestern's TriQuarterly magazine, England's Beat Scene, and Japan's Blue Beat Jacket. <mask>'s work is also featured in Delinda Buie's archive at the University of Louisville Library. In 2019, <mask> was appointed to serve as Kentucky's Beat Poet Laureate for the years 2019-2021 by the National Beat Poetry Foundation. He is the first writer from the United States to be tapped as writer-in-residence for the City of Literature international residency program in Tartu, Estonia. In May 2021, <mask> was named U.S. National Beat Poet Laureate for 2021-2022 by the National Beat Poetry Foundation. Musical collaboration and event production

<mask> has also been involved in production of musical and poetry events worldwide.Some of these events include days long music and poetry readings called "Insomniac-a-thons", benefit concerts, and International and National Poetry Festivals in locations such as London, New York City, and the Netherlands. <mask>'s most notable production was the Official Hunter S. Thompson Tribute, which featured individuals such as Johnny Depp, David Amram, and Roxanne Pulitzer. and he has participated in a yearly "Gonzofest" in Thompson's hometown of Louisville, Kentucky honoring Thompson. He has collaborated with many musicians as well, doing readings of his work with other artists. <mask> has worked with musical artists ranging from Icelandic musicians Sigur Rós and Utangarðsmenn, to Jim James of My Morning Jacket and Lee Ranaldo of Sonic Youth. One of his most recent collaborations was with heavy psychedelic rock group Blaak Heat, on their EP The Storm Generation and following album The Edge of an Era. In March 2019, Glass Eye Ensemble featuring Sheri Streeter mounted a multi-media music, video and art installation using <mask>'s poetry as a springboard for creative collaboration; the world premiere of which was held at the Tim Faulkner Gallery in Louisville, Kentucky.Editing and teaching

<mask> has also continued to be involved in the academic world through working as an editor and a professor. He has edited thousand of works by authors such as Jimmy Carter, Jack Kerouac, Andy Warhol, Allen Ginsberg, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti. <mask> has also taught at various institutions of higher education including the University of Louisville, New York University, Trinity College Dublin, and the University of Iceland. References

Living people
American male poets
Year of birth missing (living people)
Poets from Kentucky

masks:
Ron Whitehead
Whitehead
Ron Whitehead
Whitehead
Whitehead
Ron Whitehead
Whitehead
Whitehead
Whitehead
Ron Whitehead
Ron Whitehead
Whitehead
Whitehead
Ron
Whitehead
Whitehead
Whitehead
Whitehead
Whitehead
Whitehead
Whitehead
Whitehead
Whitehead
Whitehead


texts:
<mask>, generally known as <mask> (née Narquin; born 24 December 1946) is a French politician who has been serving as Minister of Culture in the government of Prime Minister Jean Castex since July 2020. In the past, she has served as Minister of Solidarity and Social Cohesion. She was a member of the Union for a Popular Movement, which was part of the European People's Party. Early life and education
<mask> was born as <mask> on 24 December 1946 in Nevers, France. Her father Jean Narquin, was a résistant and gaullist député, and her mother was Yvette Le Dû, a native from Gourin, both dentists. She has a brother, Jean-Yves Narquin, who ran for the European Parliament as a member of the National Front in 2015. Bachelot received a Doctorate in Pharmacy.Political career

Member of the French Parliament
From 1988 until 2002 and again in 2007, Bachelot was a member of the National Assembly, representing Maine-et-Loire's 1st constituency. During that time, she served on the Committee on Cultural Affairs. Member of the European Parliament
From 2004 until 2007, Bachelot served as a Member of the European Parliament for the west of France. She was a member of the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs. She also was a substitute on the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, a member of the delegation for relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council, and a substitute for the delegation for relations with Israel. Career in government
From 2007 until 2010, Bachelot served as French Minister for Health and Sports. Since French ministers cannot be members of Parliament, she was forced to give up her seat in the European Parliament.During her time in office, Bachelot implemented the planned prohibition on smoking in restaurants, bars, discos, casinos and other commercial pleasure enterprises in 2008. She notably issued a warning against excessive mobile phone use, especially by children. Also in 2008, she publicly endorsed legislation introduced by Valérie Boyer which would have made the promotion of extreme dieting a crime punishable by up to two years in prison and a fine of some $45,000; it passed the French lower house, but later failed in the Senate. She also encouraged the National Assembly of France to change the legal age to purchase alcohol in France from 16 to 18; the new law took effect in July 2009. In 2009, Bachelot ordered 94 million vaccines from Sanofi Pasteur, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis and Baxter International for the French Government at a cost of 869 million euros (and an option on 34 million additional vaccines in 2010) to fight against the H1N1 influenza virus; however, less than 10% of French population (about 6 million people) had been vaccinated by the end of the winter. She later canceled over half the flu vaccines ordered to combat the virus, in an effort to head off criticism after reserving too many shots. In June 2010, Bachelot made headlines when she reduced some players of the France national football team to tears after the French players protested by refusing to practice in the 2010 FIFA World Cup.Domenech, head coach at the time, called the strike "an aberration, an imbecility, a stupidity without name" Monday. During a following meeting, <mask> <mask> said "It's your kids, our children, for whom perhaps you will no longer be heroes. It is the dreams of your partners, your friends, your fans that you have perhaps broken. You have tarnished the image of France." In November 2010, <mask> was appointed Minister of Social Affairs alongside Marie-Anne Montchamp and Claude Greff in the third François Fillon government. She was supposed to reform the public healthcare system for elderly people, but, due to the budgetary restrictions made necessary by the 2008-2012 global recession, she had to abandon any reform project. After the victory of François Hollande at the French presidential election in 2012, she was replaced by Marisol Touraine.She announced that she would support former Prime Minister François Fillon for the Presidency of the Union for a Popular Movement. Later career
From 2012, Bachelot was a contributor in the French adaptation of The View alongside to former evening news anchor Laurence Ferrari and others. In March 2016, Bachelot commented on Rafael Nadal's 2012–2013 injury stating: "On sait à peu près que la fameuse blessure de Rafael Nadal qui a entraîné sept mois d’arrêt de compétition est très certainement due à un contrôle positif." In response Nadal sued Bachelot over her comments in April 2016. The case was won by Nadal in November 2017 with Bachelot ordered to pay him 12,000 Euros. In a 2016 op-ed published by Sunday newspaper Le Journal du Dimanche, Bachelot joined sixteen other high-profile women from across the political spectrum – , including Élisabeth Guigou, Christine Lagarde, and Valérie Pécresse – in making a public vow to expose “all sexist remarks, inappropriate gestures and behaviour.”

On the eve of International Women's Day in 2018, Bachelot – alongside Marlène Schiappa and others – appeared in a performance of Eve Ensler's Vagina Monologues at the Bobino theater in Paris. Return to politics
On July 6, 2020, Bachelot was appointed Minister of Culture in the government of Prime Minister Jean Castex, under the Presidency of Emmanuel Macron.During her time in office, Bachelot oversaw efforts to stabilize the financial situation of museums, cinemas and theatres affected by public health measures amid the COVID-19 pandemic in France. She also worked on a 2021 agreement with Benin's President Patrice Talon on the return of 26 artworks seized by France in the 19th century from the Royal Palaces of Abomey. His ministry applies from 2022 massive cuts in funding for archaeology, in the order of -25% to -50% depending on the region. Other activities
 French Institute for International and Strategic Affairs (IRIS), Vice-President of the Board of Directors

Political positions
Bachelot is a long-time supporter of same-sex marriage, and defied her party by speaking on the Assembly floor in favor of passing the PACs in 1999. In 2005, Bachelot was one of the few prominent politicians who early and publicly defended Ségolène Royal's presidential bid – the first made by a woman in French history – ahead of the 2007 elections and denounced the sexist comments aimed at Royal. In 2012, Bachelot successfully pleaded the case of two French feminist organizations – "Osez le féminisme!" ("Dare to be feminist!")and Les Chiennes de Garde (The Watchdogs) – with Prime Minister François Fillon who subsequently ordered the honorific "mademoiselle" – akin to "damsel" and the equivalent of "miss" – banished from official forms and registries across France. Personal life
Bachelot is married to <mask>. Her brother-in-law, <mask>, served in the National Assembly from 1986 to 1988 as a member of the National Front. On March 20, 2021, <mask> Bachelot tested positive for COVID-19. On March 24, 2021, she was hospitalized but her condition was determined as "stable and not worrisome." Political career

Governmental functions

 Minister for Solidarity and Social Cohesion: 2010–2012. Minister of Health, Youth Affairs and Sports: 2007–2010.Minister of Environment, Ecology and Sustainable Development: 2002–2004. Electoral mandates

European Parliament

 Member of European Parliament: 2004–2007 (Became minister in 2007, and reelected member of the National Assembly of France in 2007). National Assembly of France

 Member of the National Assembly of France for Maine-et-Loire (1st constituency) : 1988–2002 (Became minister in 2002) / Reelected in 2007, but she became minister. Elected in 1988, reelected in 1993, 1997, 2002, 2007. Regional Council

 Vice-president of the Regional Council of Pays de la Loire : 2001–2004. Regional councillor of Pays de la Loire: 1986–2007 (Resignation). Reelected in 1992, 1998, 2004.General Council

 General councillor of Maine-et-Loire: 1982–1988. Radio
 Since 2014 : Les pieds dans le plat on Europe 1
 Since Fall 2015 : Les Grosses Têtes on RTL

References

1946 births
Living people
People from Nevers
MEPs for West France 2004–2009
French Ministers of Culture
French Ministers of Health
French people of Breton descent
Union for a Popular Movement MEPs
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
French pharmacists
Women government ministers of France
21st-century women MEPs for France
French Ministers of the Environment
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Women pharmacists
University of Angers alumni
Politicians from Pays de la Loire
LGBT rights activists from France

masks:
Roselyne Bachelot Narquin
Roselyne Bachelot
Bachelot
Roselyne Narquin
Roselyne
Bachelot
Bachelot
Jacques Bachelot
François Bachelot
Roselyne


texts:
<mask> (born 12 December 1965) is a value and goal oriented social entrepreneur and former top athlete. Vårvik started MOT in 1994 and has in the period 1994-2020 created MOT’s concept and brand profile that is today strengthening youth’s life, awareness, robustness and courage on four continents. <mask> is a former Norwegian Champion, Olympic participant and one of the world’s best speed skaters. He shocked the entire speed skating world with the aerodynamic “Donald Duck suit”. He has background in leader development, as mentor and coach within business, top athletics and public sector. In 2015, Vårvik received the Honorary Award from the Norwegian Confederation of Sports for his work with MOT, and in 2014, he got one of Norway’s greatest leadership and value awards – the Reitan Group’s “Årets Ladejarl”. Biography
<mask> is married to Sigrun and together they have two sons, Kristian (1992) and Johann (1995).Vårvik is value and goal oriented and passionate about values. He is passionate about strengthening youths’ robustness and courage. He is passionate about a warmer and safer society. He is passionate about preventing social problems in the society. His big passion has always been the Human being, Life and Performance groups. <mask> has a lot of human and life competence from his parents, who have both worked with people in their professions. Vårvik is a social entrepreneur.He moves quickly from plan to implementation and is result and action oriented. He creates systems that prevent social problems in the society through strengthening peoples’ values, attitude, quality of life and feeling of mastery. He has been passionate about life and developing people since he was a young boy. Since 1977, he has been doing research on why crime and why some people ruin their own lives, others' lives and the society. Vårvik has a professional background from business (real estate agent), the Customs and the 1997 Nordic World Ski Championships. He is a leadership developer with a business spirit and for two years he ran the company “Positive leadership” were the main programme was “Courage to lead”. In 2005, <mask> vas a “Minister” in the “P1-Government”.NRK (Norwegian Broadcasting) gathered a representative from each county in Norway, who were nominated by the listeners and Atle represented the county “Sør-Trøndelag”. The P1-Government made a manifest that was handed over to the Norwegian Government. The manifest looked at Norway 100 years ahead, how Norway would look and what challenges Norway would meet in 100 years and how they could be solved. The vision was: “A courageous Norway – light, playful and awake”. MOT
<mask> had the idea to MOT and is MOT’s principal founder and creator. He is the main architect behind MOT's philosophy, programmes, culture, concept and brand profile, and the organisations MOT Norway and MOT Foundation. Vårvik has been the top leader of MOT in the period 1994-2020.MOT is about developing youth's robustness and quality of life, and about strengthening people's awareness and courage – courage to live, courage to care and courage to say no. MOT was founded to prevent crime and social society problems. Honors and awards
In 2015, <mask> received the Honorary Award from the Norwegian Confederation of Sports for his work with MOT (and Johann Olav Koss for Right to Play). The Norwegian prime minister proclaimed the jury’s decision:

The Honorary Award points at role models within top athletics, who use their positions to build good values in society. The jury wants to express its admiration for two ideas showing great generosity and two dreams that have grown into something meaningful, both in Norwegian local communities as well as in conflicted and poor areas of the world. This year's award goes to two persons who have created something unique – something that makes a difference to many, and of what we all may be proud of. In 2014, <mask> received one of Norway’s greatest leadership and value awards – the Reitan Group’s value award and the title “Årets Ladejarl”.The jury’s decision:

«<mask> <mask> is passionate about a warmer and safer society. He has put the life of youth in the centre and built MOT’s philosophy on three values: courage to live, courage to care and courage to say no. As leader for MOT, Atle has contributed to inspire, create awareness and strengthen youth’s robustness. Robust youth with courage is useful to the society Atle develops local enthusiasts and ambassadors as commanders to build the brand profile. He has involved well known role models from top athletics, art and culture to achieve results. MOT, as a brand, shall remind youth that they can think themselves robust and dare to care about themselves and others. <mask> <mask> engages in excellent value-based leadership and work, both nationally and internationally.He proves with MOT the importance of building strong concepts. Atle have had the ability to build a concept that gives people something to believe in. As leader he is a cultural architect with unique communication skills, a great philosophy and scent. He is skilled at developing people for them to make good decisions, and a role model for inspiration and personal responsibility. He has for many years shown the will and energy to implement, that has triggered engagement and prevented indifference far beyond Norway’s borders. <mask> is a strong identity-builder, culture-builder, director and strategist. He is also a merchant in that he has created revenue and kept costs down.”

Athlete career
<mask> <mask> is a former Norwegian speed skater and top athlete.<mask> started his top athlete carrier when he cycled Den Store Styrkeprøven (The Great Trial of Strength) Trondheim to Oslo 540 km (340 mi) at the age of 13. He participated in two Olympic Games and has experience from the culture within top athletics. In 1994, Vårvik launched the special and aerodynamic speedskating suit the “Donald Duck suit”. “The regulations for speed skating were changed after <mask> <mask> presented his “Donald Duck suit” – a suit that was later tested to have 2/3 of the air resistance compared to the ordinary suits”. Professor Lars Sætran, NTNU (Aftenposten)

Best results as speed skater
World Cup 5000m 93’/94’ – 8th place in the totals
World Championship 1988 best Norwegian result
Olympic Games 1992
Olympiske Games 1994
Norwegian Champion 10.000m 1992
Norwegian Champion speed skating marathon 1988
Norwegian Champion speed skating marathon 1989
Norwegian Champion junior 1983

Books
The value book «mot til å leve» – 2003 (20.000 books printed/sold)
The brand book «Sjer dåkk me» – 2004
“Viljen” – 2004 (co-author)
“Eventyret MOT” – 2005 (co-author)
“Inspirasjonen” – 2012
The MOT philosophy – 2017
Life and leadership – a different autobiography – 2018
The Diamond – 2017 and 2019
“Norske idrettshelter – 25 years anniversary” – 2019
Courage to live – 2020

References

External links
Atle's blog - The MOT-blog of <mask> Vårvik
MOT official website

1965 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Trondheim
Norwegian male speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters of Norway
Speed skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics

masks:
Atle Vårvik
Vårvik
Atle Vårvik
Atle
Atle
Vårvik
Vårvik
Vårvik
Atle
Vårvik
Atle
Vårvik
Atle
Atle
Vårvik
Vårvik
Atle
Vårvik
Atle