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<mask> OBE HonFRPS (née Adey; 14 April 1933 – 18 April 2020) was the founder of The Photographers' Gallery in 1971, Britain's first independent gallery of photography, which she directed until 1991. Early life
<mask> was born in Abadan, Iran, on 14 April 1933 where her father Stanworth Adey was working as an engineer at the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, and the family later moved to New York. Her mother was Joan (née Charlesworth). They returned to  the U.K. when she was 14 and she went to school in Kent and London before training as a secretary. In 1954, at the age of 21, she married jazz musician John R.T<mask> (1927–2004), also a sound restorer of early jazz recordings. The couple had three children, Joanna, Jessica and Stephanie. (Stephanie, the youngest, died from cancer in 1988.)<mask> worked on the Municipal Journal and then started a part-time job at the Artists Placement Group in London before taking a job at the Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA) in 1968 where she was exhibitions secretary to Roland Penrose, the ICA's co-founder. Her interest in photography was aroused by the presence there of Bill Jay who was using the venue for his Photo Study Centre seminars. At the suggestion of Julie Lawson, Penrose's personal assistant, Davis installed the ICA's Spectrum exhibition (3 April-11 May 1969) a large group exhibition from Stern magazine on the subject 'Woman'. A parallel show  included British artists Dorothy Bohm, Tony Ray-Jones, Don McCullin, and Italian Enzo Ragazzini, and it was the British photographers who were among those to suggest <mask> open a dedicated photography gallery. Founder, The Photographers' Gallery
One of five staff at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in Dover Street London, and one of 36 after it moved to The Mall, <mask> experienced its period of anarchic management and overrun budget. She decided to rectify the lack of a permanent gallery space for photography as a serious art form, encouraged by the success of Bill Jay's 'Do Not Bend Gallery' which he opened in 1970, though he did not show photography exclusively. On 14 January 1971, bankrolled by a second mortgage on her house, she launched such a gallery in a derelict J. Lyons tea room which she had been in the habit of visiting after jazz sessions.Deciding against the title 'Photography Gallery', in a democratic spirit she named it The Photographers' Gallery. It was well positioned at 8 Great Newport Street, Covent Garden next to the Arts Theatre and near Leicester Square, but was in a state of disrepair. Her application to the Arts Council for financial support drew the response “Well, why can't you finance the Gallery by selling prints?” It took the Arts Council two years to grant the Gallery any aid. <mask> registered the business as a charity and found patrons and supporters in Magnum agency photographers such as David Hurn, and newspaper publishers Tom Hopkinson and David Astor, who with Roy Strong (who in 1968 was encouraged by success in showing Cecil Beaton at the National Portrait Gallery) assisted her in managing the first year expenses of £12,000 paid from the entry fees of 20,000 visitors, and further funding from the Arts Council covering a deficit of around £7,000. That year, on November 7 an Observer newspaper report described her effort;

Around The Photographers' Gallery <mask> formed a photographic community in London rivalling that already established in New York. 3500sq.ft. of space accommodated exhibitions and room for the public to meet and to listen to speakers.International figures such as Arthur Tress and JH Lartigue, showed in the space, presented talks and workshops, and were offered accommodation in <mask>' small flat at the top of 5 Great Newport Street as a way of encouraging their interaction with the Gallery patrons and attendance at parties that became legendary. Impact

Exhibitions were wide-ranging in subject matter; the first was The Concerned Photographer curated by Cornell Capa, and the second, a show of Andy Warhol's Polaroids, was followed by exhibitions with themes devoted to industry, fashion and landscape, and young photographers. Not all exhibitors met with approval of critics however, and in particular <mask>' showings—three in as many years—of David Hamilton were condemned by Euan Duff for its "clichéd pictorial symbolism, exploiting soft focus, pastel colours, country landscapes and old houses, old fashioned clothes and even white doves to give a phoney impression of heaIth-food ad naturalness; they are a sort of wholemeal stoneground pornography," exhibited "because the gallery needs the money." Support for British photography was empowered by the appointment of Barry Lane as the first photography officer of the Arts Council in 1973 who increased access to financial support for photographic initiatives, and The Photographers' Gallery was followed shortly afterwards by the creation in 1972 of Half Moon Gallery (later Camerawork,) in London, Impressions Gallery in York (also 1972) and the Ffotogallery in Cardiff in 1978, by which date The Photographers' Gallery was attracting 20,000 visitors a month and was staffed by six including Australian Graham Howe, with Dorothy Bohm an early supporter whose husband was a trustee. Curator India Dhargalkar started her career at the Photographers' Gallery, and Francis Hodgson, who went on in 1994 to run Zwemmer Fine Photographs, worked in the Gallery's Print Room when in 1980 the gallery expanded to occupy No. 5 Great Newport Street and the freehold was purchased, as did Zelda Cheatle, starting 1983, who in 1989 set up her eponymous commercial space. Other workers included; from 1975, Helena Srakocic-Kovac in the Print Room, who 1980 in co-owned Contrasts gallery then with Dorothy Bohm co-founded Focus gallery (1998-2004); and over 1976–86, Claire de Rouen (c.1930-2012) who became founder and proprietor of the eponymous independent fashion and photography bookshop in Soho.During <mask>' period of tenure the Gallery held some 150 major exhibitions, as well as countless smaller shows. Photographs of Walker Evans, W. Eugene Smith, Florence Henri, William Klein, Imogen Cunningham, Helen Levitt, and hundreds more were among the offerings. Thematic exhibitions included Concerned Photographers 1 (1971), The Press Show (1973), European Colour (1978), and Modern British Photography (1981). The Gallery hosted the first British exhibitions by Irving Penn, J H Lartigue, André Kertesz, William Klein, Bert Hardy and George Rodger, and David Goldblatt's conscience-provoking images of apartheid in South Africa were presented by <mask> in 1974, in his earliest solo show. Many of the exhibitions travelled throughout England under the auspices of the Arts Council of Great Britain. From 1981–1982 Professor Margaret Harker presented a lecture series at the Gallery on developments in photography in Britain. Current director of The Photographers' Gallery, Brett Rogers, notes:

Later career
In 1991 <mask> stepped down from The Photographers' Gallery when she found her time usurped by fund-raising needed due to changes to London boroughs contributions.On her departure the Gallery occupied two venues, employed 23 staff, showed 21 exhibitions each year in three galleries, housed a profitable bookshop and sold works in from its Print Room stock. She was replaced by <mask> Ford, previously Director of the Serpentine Gallery, and continued to be involved in photography as a visiting lecturer and curator as well as serving as Sculpture Coordinator for the 1984 Liverpool Garden Festival. She was founder Exhibitions Coordinator of Manchester Cornerhouse and Director of Wakefield Centenary Festival. Death
<mask> died in Hereford, on 18 April 2020, four days after her 87th birthday, and in the year before the 50th anniversary of The Photographers' Gallery. Awards
 1982 Royal Photographic Society Progress Medal and Honorary Fellowship
 1988 Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the Birthday Honours

References

External links
 The Photographers' Gallery

1933 births
2020 deaths
British women curators
Photography museums and galleries
Fellows of the Royal Photographic Society
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Photography curators

masks:
Susan Elizabeth Davies
Davies
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<mask>  (born 1955 in Bristol) is an English potter, academic and writer. He makes groups of work using a variety of materials, from fine glazed porcelain to coarse engineering brick clays. His work ranges in scale from hand-sized cups and teapots to monumental jars at over 6 feet tall and weighing half a ton. <mask> has exhibited internationally over the last 30 years and has work in thirty public collections including the Victoria & Albert Museum, British Museum, American Museum of Art & Design, Hong Kong Museum of Art, Boymans Museum, Netherlands, Mashiko Museum of Ceramic Art, Japan, Kolumba Museum, Cologne, Germany and Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, UK. In 2004 he was awarded the European Achievement Award by the World Crafts Council for the project Extended Inhumation, and received a Queen Elizabeth Scholarship to research the making of monumental ceramics at Wienerberger's brick factory in Sedgley. In 2008 the Art Fund purchased Monumental Jar V for Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art (mima) and in 2014 purchased "Reliquary for a Common Man" for the Crafts Council. In 2017 <mask> was the recipient of the bavarois State Prize in recognition of outstanding contribution to contemporary art and design.Recent projects include the solo exhibitions: "Quotidian", the re-imagining of the historic 'Grand Service at Corvi-Mora Gallery, London and  Quietus: The Vessel, Death and the Human Body which was commissioned by mima and supported by Arts Council England. This exhibition addressed the containment of the human body in death and featured a series of funerary works, from cinerary jars to life-size sarcophagi. Education and work
<mask> studied ceramics at Camberwell School of Art from 1974–1978, and at the Royal College of Art from 1978–1981. He completed a PhD in Critical Writing on English Studio Pottery: 1910–1940 at the Royal College of Art in 2002. He was a trustee of the Crafts Council and is a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. He lives and works in South London. <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to ceramics.Academic career
<mask> was a Principle Research Fellow at the University of Westminster 2012-14. He was Senior Lecturer at the University of Roehampton, London, (1987–1998); Fellow in Craft & Criticism at Northumbria University, (1998–1999); Research Fellow at the Royal College of Art, (2004); and Senior Research Fellow at University of Arts, London, (2002–2011). He is an alumnus of Cape Farewell, UK, an interdisciplinary programme that explores a sustained artistic response to climate change. He joined the 2008 Disko Bay Expedition, visiting West Greenland with over 40 international artists, journalists and scientists. He has been a regular contributor to ceramic journals since the mid-1980s. Recent publications include 'The Employment of Matter: Pottery of the Omega Workshop’, contributing essay to Beyond Bloomsbury: Designs of the Omega Workshop 1913–19, Courtauld Gallery, London, ‘Factive Plasticity: The Abstract Pottery of William Staite Murray’, catalogue essay for Ben Nicholson, Winifred Nicholson, Christopher Wood, Alfred Wallis & William Staite Murray: Art and Life 1920-1931, Leeds Art Gallery, Kettle’s Yard, Cambridge & Dulwich Picture Gallery, London, ‘The Origins of Studio Pottery: From Precepts to Praxis’, catalogue essay for Things of Beauty Growing, Yale Centre for British Art, USA, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, and ‘The spark that ignited the flame: 1923, Hamada, Paterson’s Gallery and English studio pottery’, Ceramics, Art and Cultural Production in Modern Japan. Selected exhibitions and installations
<mask> works to commission.Recent commissions include a group of works for the state apartments at Chatsworth House, Derbyshire, a 130-piece installation for a private London client, and an external installation of work in the gardens of the American Ambassador's residence at Winfield House, London.

masks:
Julian Francis Stair
Stair
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<mask> (born January 4, 1972) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1992 to 2010, and held the WBA heavyweight title twice between 2001 and 2005. <mask> is of Puerto Rican descent, and is the first Latino boxer to win a world heavyweight title. Amateur career
 1991: Competed as a light heavyweight at the World Championships in Sydney, Australia. Results were:
 Defeated Mohamed Benguesmia (Algeria) PTS (22–11)
 Defeated Miodrag Radulovic (Yugoslavia) RSC-3
 Lost to Andrey Kurnyavka (Soviet Union) PTS (14–20)
 1992: Competed at the Olympic Trials in Worcester. Result was:
 Lost to Jeremy Williams PTS

Professional career
His professional record is 44–9–1–1, with 30 knockouts. Frustrated by years of criticism from the boxing press and fans, he retired upon his second loss of the WBA title on April 30, 2005 (to James "Lights-Out" Toney). <mask> un-retired in 10 days, after finding out that James Toney had tested positive for anabolic steroids.The official outcome, a unanimous-decision defeat, was changed to a no-contest; the WBA ordered that <mask> retain the title. <mask> then filed a lawsuit against Toney, claiming that he had damaged <mask>'s boxing career (due to Toney's use of illegal steroids before their bout). On December 17, 2005, he lost his title for the first time—in controversial fashion—to Nikolai Valuev. <mask> lost a rematch for the vacant WBA Heavyweight title with Valuev on August 30, 2008, once again in controversial fashion. First reign as WBA heavyweight champion

After Lennox Lewis defeated Evander Holyfield for the undisputed (WBA, WBC, and IBF) heavyweight title in late 1999, the WBA ordered Lewis to defend the title against mandatory challenger <mask>, but Lewis refused. Though he had been undefeated since his 1st round 19 second loss against David Tua in 1996, the level of competition <mask> had been facing was suspect and the only name he had beaten (to date) was a nearly 40-year-old Tony Tucker. <mask> and his management sued, claiming that WBA rules entitled him to a title shot.A judge agreed, but rather than face <mask> in a bout that was seen as commercially unattractive, Lewis instead fought Michael Grant, considered to be a very worthy contender at the time, having knocked out a series of recognized "name" opponents on HBO. After learning of this, the judge decreed that upon entering the ring against Grant on April 29, 2000, Lewis would automatically forfeit the WBA title. <mask> vs. Holyfield
<mask> fought former champion Holyfield to fill the vacancy on August 12, 2000, losing by unanimous decision (this result made Holyfield the first to win a world heavyweight title on four occasions). Many observers and boxing reporters felt that the underdog <mask> had done enough to win. Due to this controversial decision, the WBA ordered an immediate rematch in early 2001, and <mask> won the WBA title. Some critics still believe the decision was controversial (<mask> was on the ground for a few minutes after Holyfield appeared to deliver a low punch to the groin). Footage following the match showed that the punch may have been legal, but it wasn't disputed.<mask> defended the title twice: a controversial draw in a third match against Holyfield where the press believed Holyfield to have won, and a disqualification victory against <mask> where the Canadian contender was disqualified for repeated low blows in the tenth round. <mask> was accused in both the second Holyfield fight and the <mask> fight of faking low blows that actually seemed to be closer to his beltline than his groin (although <mask> was shown on replays to hit <mask> below the belt several times). <mask> vs Jones Jr.
On March 1, 2003, <mask> was contracted to fight Roy Jones, Jr., who at the time was The Ring light heavyweight champion. If Jones was to beat <mask> in the fight, he would join Bob Fitzsimmons, Michael Spinks, and Michael Moorer as the only three fighters to win titles at light heavyweight and heavyweight as well as becoming the second fighter (Fitzsimmons being the first) to win titles at both middleweight and heavyweight. <mask>, who said referee Jay Nady "wouldn't let me fight my fight", lost a unanimous decision to Jones and moved back into the WBA's contender pool. Second reign as WBA heavyweight champion

<mask>, however, would receive another shot before 2003 was out. As champion Jones was required to face the WBA's number one contender, former WBO champion Vitali Klitschko.Neither the Jones nor the Klitschko camps were able to agree to a fight by an imposed deadline, so Jones became a champion-in-recess. Klitschko, however, did not want to fight the #2 contender, former WBC, IBF, and lineal champion Hasim Rahman, for the interim championship. After David Tua, the #3 contender, also turned down the fight against Rahman, <mask>, the #5 contender and the only one interested in the fight, decided to accept. He fought Rahman on December 13, 2003, and with a unanimous decision victory became the WBA's interim champion. When Jones announced on February 24, 2004, that he would return to competing in the light heavyweight division, the WBA took the interim tag off <mask>, and he became an official two-time WBA heavyweight champion. On April 17, 2004, <mask> fought the first defense of his second world title. He retained it with an eleventh-round technical knockout of Fres Oquendo at Madison Square Garden.This fight was historic in that it was the first time two Hispanics/Latinos faced each other for a version of world heavyweight title. On November 13 of that same year, <mask> retained the belt with a controversial unanimous decision over Polish-American Andrzej Gołota (a.k.a., "Andrew" Golota) – among other things he suffered two knockdowns and a one-point deduction by referee Randy Neumann. <mask> vs Golata was the Main event of Don King's Night of Heavyweights card, it did 120,000 Pay-Per-View buys

On April 30, 2005, <mask> lost the title to James "Lights Out" Toney in Madison Square Garden by unanimous decision, marking the second time that <mask> had lost to a former middleweight champion. However, after Toney failed the post-match drug test (for stanozolol, an anabolic steroid), the New York Athletic Commission suspended him from boxing in the United States for 90 days, and fined him $10,000 (U.S.). The WBA banned the aging (then 36 years old) Toney from fighting for its heavyweight title for the next two years. This resulted in Toney's win being changed to a "no contest"—basically, a nullification. <mask> came out of retirement before it was found out that Toney would be suspended and he would be reinstated as champion.Controversial loss to Valuev
On December 17, 2005, <mask> lost the WBA Championship in Berlin to 7 ft. tall, 324-lb. Russian Nikolai Valuev. The official outcome was a majority decision (scored 114–116, 113–116, and 114–114), but it was also a controversial one. <mask> was convinced that his jab/combination-punch technique had given him a clear victory. He demanded that his promoter, Don King, set up an immediate re-match with the now-first-ever Russian world heavyweight champion. <mask>'s long-time manager, Norman Stone, declared that they would also formally petition the WBA: after all, the 10,000 German spectators booed when the decision was announced. <mask>'s camp claimed that the Germans booed because they too felt that the outcome was unjust.Wilfried Sauerland, the manager who rescued Valuev's career from obscurity two years earlier, angrily countered that the fans had booed because Stone's in-ring behavior had agitated them. In September 2006 <mask> announced that he would be managed by Sauerland. His former manager Norman Stone retired on December 22, 2005, stating that the decision in the loss to Valuev was the last straw, and he would continue to support <mask> from retirement. Road back to title contention
After the loss Don King announced his intention to still promote <mask>. King had become aware of <mask> after his KO win over the former IBF title holder Tony Tucker in 1998. <mask> followed up the loss to Valuev with a fight against up-and-coming contender Ruslan Chagaev. In a close fight, Chagaev prevailed, taking a split decision with scores of 117–111 and 116–112 for Chagaev, and 115–114 for <mask>.Chagaev became the mandatory challenger for a shot at Valuev, whom he defeated on April 14, 2007, to claim the WBA heavyweight championship. Another comeback
<mask> faced Otis Tisdale on October 13, 2007, and ended the fight with a TKO victory in the second round as referee Pete Podgorski called a halt to the bout as Tisdale went down for the third time. The bout was scheduled for 10 rounds. On March 8, 2008, <mask> won a 12-round unanimous decision over Jameel McCline in Mexico. <mask> vs. Valuev II
Valuev defeated <mask> by unanimous decision on August 30, 2008. Scores were 114–113, 116–113, and 116–111. The result was initially declared a split decision win for Valuev.The 114–113 score by ringside judge Takeshi Shimakawa was announced in favor of <mask>. Shimakawa alerted WBA officials after that his score was intended for Valuev. One of the scorecards had the names of the fighters in opposite order, resulting in the confusion. The decision was once again unpopular with the live crowd as some booed the outcome, much like the first match in December 2005. Final world title shot
After petitioning the WBA to protest against the outcome of his controversial fight with Valuev, <mask> was made the WBA's mandatory challenger to fight the winner of Chagaev-Valuev II in 2009. As that bout was cancelled, <mask> stepped aside as mandatory challenger so Valuev could fight Cruiserweight Champion David Haye. On the undercard to that fight <mask> stopped Adnan Serin in 7 rounds.<mask>, coming in at 226 pounds (his lightest since 2001), dominated his overmatched opponent to retain his mandatory challenge to the WBA belt. Valuev later lost a majority decision to David Haye, meaning <mask> would now fight Haye for the WBA title, after Haye had recovered from a hand injury. When the fight took place on April 3, 2010 at the M.E.N. Arena in Manchester, <mask> lost to Haye by TKO when his corner threw in the towel in the ninth round after suffering four knockdowns in the previous rounds. <mask>, whose face was covered in blood, could not stand up to Haye's greater speed and power. Retirement
Following his loss to David Haye, <mask> announced his retirement after an 18-year boxing career. In 2013, he opened Quietman Sports Gym in Medford, Massachusetts, offering both boxing and MMA (mixed martial arts) training to all ages.While all ages are welcome, he focuses on providing an alternative for at-risk children and teenagers in the Greater Boston area. He has also indicated that he wants to return to boxing in some capacity as either a manager or trainer at some point. In 2014, boxing.com ranked <mask> as number 83 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Heavyweights of All Time". Professional boxing record

See also
 List of Puerto Rican boxing world champions

References

External links

1972 births
American male boxers
American people of Puerto Rican descent
Living people
Sportspeople from Chelsea, Massachusetts
World Boxing Association champions
World heavyweight boxing champions

masks:
John Ruiz
Ruiz
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<mask> (10 May 1739, County Dublin – 11 May 1823, Dublin) was an Irish Dominican and Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. Life

Dominican
Of Anglo-Norman stock, <mask> was born at Annefield House, near Porterstown and received his early education at Liffey Street, Dublin. At the age of sixteen he joined the Dominican Order and proceeded to their house of St. Clement, at Rome. Amenable to discipline, diligent in his studies, and talented, he made rapid progress, and while still a student was appointed to give lectures in philosophy. Subsequently, he professed theology and canon law, and finally became prior of the convent in 1772. Bishop of Ossory
When the Bishop of Ossory died, in 1776, the priests of the diocese recommended one of their number, Father Molloy, to Rome for the vacant see, and the recommendation was endorsed by many of the Irish bishops. But Dr <mask>, who was held in high esteem at Rome, had already been appointed Bishop of Ossory.He was consecrated at Louvain in June 1777 by the nuncio to Flanders  Archbishop (later Cardinal) Ignazio Busca. <mask> arrived at Kilkenny in August 1777 and for the next nine years he laboured hard for the spiritual interests of his diocese. Maddened by excessive rents and tithes, and harried by grinding tithe-proctors, farmers had banded themselves together in a secret society called the "Whiteboys", so called from the white smocks the members wore in their nightly raids. They attacked landlords, bailiffs, agents, and tithe-proctors, and often committed fearful outrages. Bishop <mask> frequently and sternly denounced them, declaring any who joined the secret society to be excommunicated. Bishop <mask> had no sympathy with oppression, but he had lived long in Rome, and did not fully appreciate the extent of misery in which the poor Catholic masses lived. He was ready to condemn all violent efforts for reform, and had no hesitation in denouncing not only all secret societies in Ireland, but also "our American fellow-subjects, seduced by specious notions of liberty".This made him unpopular. He was zealous in correcting abuses in his diocese and in promoting education. So well was this recognized at Rome that in 1781, in consequence of some serious troubles which had arisen between the primate and his clergy, Dr. <mask> was appointed Administrator of Armagh. This office he held till 1782. Archbishop of Dublin
Upon the death of Archbishop <mask> of Dublin) in 1786, Bishop <mask> was appointed to succeed him. At Dublin, as at Ossory, he showed his zeal for religion, his sympathy with authority, and his distrust of popular movements, especially when violent means were employed.Though his circular, issued on 15 March 1792, disavowing the authority of any ecclesiastical power to absolve subjects from their allegiance, is believed to have influenced the concession in that year of the relaxations embodied in Langrishe's Act, and the extension of the franchise to Roman Catholics in 1793, he declined to associate himself with <mask> and other Catholic reformers in their demands for further relief. In 1798 he issued a sentence of excommunication against all those of his flock who would join the rebellion. In a pastoral read in all the churches, he spoke of the clerical organisers of the rebellion as ‘vile prevaricators and apostates from religion, loyalty, honour, and decorum, degrading their sacred character, and the most criminal and detestable of rebellious and seditious culprits.’ <mask>'s action at this time appears to have endangered his life; but the influence he had acquired with the government enabled him to moderate the repressive measures taken by the authorities. Believing that Catholic emancipation could never be conceded by the Irish parliament, he was one of the most determined supporters of the Union. In 1799 he agreed to accept the veto of government, on the appointment of Irish bishops; and even when the other bishops, feeling they had been tricked by Pitt and Castlereagh, repudiated the veto, Dr <mask> continued to favour it. However, in 1809, he recommended Daniel Murray be appointed his coadjutor. Murray was an uncompromising opponent of the "veto", and while Troy's coadjutor, made trips in 1814 and 1815 to Rome concerning the controversy.In April 1815, Archbishop <mask> laid the foundation of St Mary's Pro-Cathedral in Marlborough Street, Dublin, but did not live to see it completed. Archbishop <mask> died on 11 May 1823 at the age of eighty-four. He died very poor, leaving scarce sufficient to pay for his burial, and was interred in the unfinished St Mary's Pro-Cathedral. In the administration of his diocese and in his private life, <mask> was eminently zealous, pious, and charitable; and although his cordial relations with the government exposed him to many suspicions and accusations, there is no ground for questioning the integrity of his motives and conduct, which were inspired by his views of the interest of his church. He fully shared that distrust of revolutionary tendencies in civil affairs which dominated the ecclesiastical policy of the Vatican throughout his career. <mask>'Alton, speaks of <mask> as " a truly learned and zealous pastor, … a lover and promoter of the most pure Christian morality, vigilant in the discharge of his duty, and devotedly solicitous not only for the spiritual good of those consigned to his charge, but also for the public quiet of the state." See also
 Dominicans in Ireland

Further reading
Brady, Episcopal Succession (Rome, 1876)
William Carrigan, History of the Diocese of Ossory (Dublin, 1905)
Wyse, History of the Catholic Association (London, 1829)
Moran, Spicilegium Ossoriense (Dublin, 1874–84)
McNally, Vincent J Reform,Revolution and Reaction: Archbishop <mask> <mask> and  the Catholic Church in Ireland 1787-1817 London: University Press of America, 1995 Only biography of <mask> <mask>.References

Sources
 D'Alton, History of the Archbishops of Dublin (Dublin, 1838)
 McNally, Vincent J., Reform, Revolution and Reaction: Archbishop <mask> <mask> and the Catholic Church in Ireland 1787-1817. London: University Press of America, 1995, p. 10

External links

1739 births
1823 deaths
Irish Dominicans
Roman Catholic archbishops of Dublin
Roman Catholic bishops of Ossory
People from County Dublin

masks:
John Thomas Troy
Troy
Troy
Troy
Troy
Troy
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John Carpenter
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John Keogh
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John D
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<mask> (March 17, 1804 – July 17, 1881) was an American mountain man, trapper, Army scout, and wilderness guide who explored and trapped in the Western United States in the first half of the 19th century. He was known as Old Gabe in his later years. He was from the <mask> family of Virginia, English immigrants who had been in North America since the early colonial period. Bridger was part of the second generation of American mountain men and pathfinders that followed the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804 and became well known for participating in numerous early expeditions into the western interior as well as mediating between Native American tribes and westward-migrating European-American settlers. By the end of his life, he had earned a reputation as one of the foremost frontiersmen in the American Old West. He was described as having a strong constitution that allowed him to survive the extreme conditions he encountered while exploring the Rocky Mountains from what would become southern Colorado to the Canadian border. He had conversational knowledge of French, Spanish, and several indigenous languages.In 1830, <mask> and several associates purchased a fur company from Jedediah Smith and others, which they named the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. Early life and career
James Felix <mask> was born on March 17, 1804, in Richmond, Virginia. His parents were <mask>, an innkeeper in Richmond, and his wife Chloe. About 1812, the family moved near St. Louis at the eastern edge of America's vast new western frontier. At age 13, Bridger was orphaned; he had no formal education, was unable to read or write, and was apprenticed to a blacksmith. He was illiterate the whole of his life. On March 20, 1822, at age 18, he left his apprenticeship after responding to an advertisement in a St. Louis newspaper, the Missouri Republican, and joined General William Henry Ashley's fur trapping expedition to the upper Missouri River.The party included Jedediah Smith and many others who would later become famous mountain men. For the next 20 years, he repeatedly traversed the continental interior between the Canada–U.S. border and the southern boundary of present-day Colorado, and from the Missouri River westward to Idaho and Utah, either as an employee of or a partner in the fur trade. Hugh Glass ordeal

The account of the bear attack and subsequent desertion of Hugh Glass has been repeated by many, but it is of dubious origin that <mask> was involved at all. Bridger was employed by Ashley's at the time of the attack near the forks of the Grand River in present-day Perkins County, South Dakota. John Fitzgerald and a man known as 'Bridges' stayed, waiting for him to die, as the rest of the party moved on. They began digging Glass's grave.Claiming they were interrupted by an Arikara attack, the pair grabbed Glass's rifle, knife, and other equipment and took flight. Bridges and Fitzgerald later caught up with the party and incorrectly reported to Ashley that Glass had died. It is plausible but unlikely that 'Bridges' was in fact <mask>. Yellowstone and the Great Salt Lake

Bridger was among the first mountain men to explore the natural wonders of the Yellowstone region. In the fall of 1824, Bridger explored the Great Salt Lake region, reaching it by bull boat. He was one of the first people to explore Yellowstone’s springs and geysers. He also shared that the creek split in two, with one side going to the Pacific Ocean and the other side the Atlantic Ocean.Bridger took a raft on the rapids at the Big Horn River; he was the only man to do this. Guide and adviser
In 1843, <mask> and Louis Vasquez established Fort Bridger on the Blacks Fork of the Green River along the Oregon Trail. Bridger had explored, trapped, hunted and blazed new trails in the West since 1822 and later worked as a wilderness guide in these areas. He could reportedly assess any wagon train or group, their interests in travel, and give them expert advice on any and all aspects of heading West, over any and all trails, and to any destination the party had in mind, if the leaders sought his advice. In 1846, the Donner Party came to Fort Bridger and were assured by <mask> and Vasquez that Lansford Hastings' proposed shortcut ahead was "a fine, level road, with plenty of water and grass, with the exception before stated (a forty-mile waterless stretch)." The 40-mile stretch was in fact 80 miles, and the "fine level road" was difficult enough to slow the Donner Party, who become trapped in the Sierra Nevada in the winter. From 16 July 1857 until July 1858, Bridger was employed as a guide during the Utah War.In 1859, <mask> was paid to be the chief guide on the Yellowstone-bound Raynolds Expedition, led by Captain William F. Raynolds. Though unsuccessful in reaching Yellowstone, because of deep snow, the expedition explored Jackson Hole and Pierre's Hole. In 1861, Bridger served as a guide for Edward L. Berthoud. From October 1863 until April 1864, Bridger was employed as a guide at Fort Laramie. Bridger then served as a scout under Colonel Henry B. Carrington during Red Cloud's War. Bridger was stationed at Fort Phil Kearny during the Fetterman Fight, and the Wagon Box Fight. Bridger was discharged on 21 July 1868.Suffering from goiter and rheumatism, <mask> returned to Missouri in 1868. He was unsuccessful in collecting back rent from the government for lease on Fort Bridger. By 1875, he was blind. Bridger Pass and the Bridger Trail

In 1850, while guiding the Stansbury Expedition on its return from Utah, Bridger discovered what would eventually become known as Bridger Pass, an alternate overland route which bypassed South Pass and shortened the Oregon Trail by 61 miles. Bridger Pass, in what is now south-central Wyoming, would later become the chosen route across the Continental Divide, for the Overland Stage, Pony Express, the Union Pacific Railroad Overland Route, and Interstate 80. In 1864, Bridger blazed the Bridger Trail, an alternative route from Wyoming to the gold fields of Montana that avoided the dangerous Bozeman Trail. In 1865, he served as Chief of Scouts during the Powder River Expedition.Family and death
In 1835, Bridger married a woman from the Flathead tribe that he named "Emma", with whom he had three children. After her death in 1846 from fever, he married the daughter of a Shoshone chief, who died in childbirth three years later. In 1850, he married Shoshone Chief Washakie's daughter Mary Washakie <mask> and they raised two children. Some of his children were sent back east to be educated. His firstborn Mary Ann was killed by a band of aborigines while being tutored. His son Felix, who fought with the Missouri Artillery, died of sickness on Bridger's farm. His daughter Josephine, who married <mask>, also died, leaving his daughter Virginia as his only living child.Bridger died on his farm near Kansas City, Missouri, on July 17, 1881, at age 77. Legacy

Historical reputation
Bridger is remembered as one of the most colorful and widely traveled mountain men of the era. In addition to his explorations and his service as a guide and adviser, he was known for his storytelling. His stories about the geysers at Yellowstone, for example, proved to be true. Others were grossly exaggerated or clearly intended to amuse: one of Bridger's stories involved a petrified forest in which there were "petrified birds" singing "petrified songs" (though he may have seen the petrified trees in the Tower Junction area of what is now Yellowstone National Park). Over the years, Bridger became so associated with telling tall tales that many stories invented by others were attributed to him. Supposedly one of Bridger's favorite yarns to weave to greenhorns told of his pursuit by one hundred Cheyenne warriors.After being chased for several miles, Bridger found himself at the end of a box canyon, with the Indians bearing down on him. At this point, Bridger would go silent, prompting his listener to ask, "What happened then, Mr. Bridger?" Bridger would then reply, "They killed me." Places and things named for <mask>r
 Fort Bridger
 Fort Bridger, Wyoming
 Bridger, Montana
 Bridger, South Dakota
 Bridger Bay, Utah, a bay in the Great Salt Lake at Antelope Island
 Bridger Bay Beach, Utah, a beach on Antelope Island in the Great Salt Lake
 Bridger Mountains (Wyoming)
 Bridger Mountains (Montana)
 Bridger Peak in Utah
 Bridger Pointe, a neighborhood complex in Logan, Utah
 Bridger Wilderness
 Bridger Bowl Ski Area
 Bridger-Teton National Forest
 Bridger Pass
 Bridger Center and Bridger Gondola at Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, Teton Village, WY. <mask> Bridger Power Station
 Bridger Lake, a lake and campground near Mountain View, Wyoming
 Bridgerland in Cache Valley in Utah and Idaho is a name that is used in many Logan, Utah-based businesses and institutions, such as Bridgerland Television and the Bridgerland Technical College. Bridgerland Park, a city park in Logan, Utah
 James Bridger Middle School in Independence, Missouri
 <mask> Bridger Drive, Centerville, Utah
 Jim Bridger Drive, Eagle Mountain, Utah
 Jim Bridger Drive, Huntsville, Utah
 <mask>r Elementary School in Portland, Oregon
 <mask> Elementary School in West Jordan, Utah
<mask>r Trail Run outside Bozeman, Montana
 Bridger Avenue in Las Vegas, Nevada
 Bridger Drive in Logan, Utah
 Bridger Drive in Springville, Utah
 Bridger Road in Salt Lake City, Utah
 Bridger Street in Pocatello, Idaho
 The <mask>r cabins, a motel in Gardiner, Montana, outside the entrance to Yellowstone National Park.In 2013, <mask>'s Battle was announced as the new name for an old college football rivalry between Utah State and Wyoming. The winner receives a .50-caliber Rocky Mountain Hawken rifle, the "Bridger rifle", as a traveling trophy. The Weber mandolin company of Montana had a mandolin model named the Bridger. Media portrayals
 Raymond Hatton portrays Bridger in the 1940 film Kit Carson. Van Heflin plays Bridger in the 1951 film Tomahawk. Dennis Morgan portrays Bridger in the 1955 film The Gun That Won the West. Karl Swenson plays <mask> in the episode "The <mask> Bridger Story" of NBC's Wagon Train, broadcast on May 10, 1961.James Wainwright plays <mask> in the 1976 TV movie Bridger, opposite Ben Murphy as Kit Carson. Gregg Palmer portrays Bridger in the 1977 episode "Kit Carson and the Mountain Man" of NBC's Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color. Reb Brown portrays Bridger in the 1978 TV miniseries Centennial. Brad Pitt portrays Lt. Aldo Raine, "a direct-descendent of the mountain man <mask>" in the 2009 film Inglourious Basterds
 Will Poulter portrays a fictionalized version of <mask> in the 2015 film The Revenant. References

Sources

Further reading

 "Affidavit discussing <mask>'s property and Fort Bridger"
 <mask> in Idaho

1804 births
1881 deaths
19th-century American people
American explorers
Mountain men
American hunters
American fur traders
Explorers of the United States
Montana articles lacking sources
People from Franklin County, Missouri
People from Richmond, Virginia
American folklore
Tall tales
History of Idaho
History of Montana
History of Utah
History of Wyoming
History of the Rocky Mountains
Explorers of Montana

masks:
James Felix Bridger
Bridger
Bridger
Bridger
James Bridger
Jim Bridger
Jim Bridger
Bridger
Bridger
Bridger
Bridger
Bridger
Jim Baker
Jim Bridge
Jim
Jim
Jim Bridge
Jim Bridger
Jim Bridge
Jim Bridge
Bridger
Bridger
Jim
Bridger
Jim Bridger
Bridger
Jim Bridger
Jim Bridger


texts:
<mask> (; 4 November 1941 – 17 February 2021) was an Italian crime boss, leader of the Nuova Camorra Organizzata (NCO), an organisation he built to renew the Camorra. <mask> had a variety of nicknames including 'o Vangelo ("the gospel"), 'o Princepe ("the prince"), 'o Professore ("the professor") and 'o Monaco ("the monk"). Apart from 18 months on the run, <mask> lived entirely in maximum-security prisons or psychiatric prisons after 1963. At the time of his death he was serving multiple life sentences for murder. Early years
<mask> was born in Ottaviano, a municipality in the hinterland of Naples, in a family without ties in the Camorra. His fatherless youth was spent in a close-knit Catholic environment. His father was an agricultural labourer who for years tilled a field as a sharecropper as a means to support his family.While still a child, the landowner told <mask>'s father that the following year the field would be used for a different purpose and that his services were no longer required. In desperation, his father turned to the local Camorra boss, whose word was law in the village. The boss invited the <mask> family to his home and promised to settle everything. A short time later, the landowner changed his mind and the contract was renewed. A bad student, violent and inattentive, at 12 <mask> was already roaming the streets with a gang of teenagers, committing petty burglaries and harassing shopkeepers. As soon as he could drive he bought a car, both for prestige and because it allowed him greater mobility in his raids. At the age of 21, on 24 February 1963, he committed his first homicide.He killed a man whose girlfriend had been slapped by <mask> due to an alleged insult. In the ensuing fight, <mask> pulled out a gun and shot him to death. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, reduced to 24 years after appeal. He was sent to Poggioreale prison in Naples. Entering the prison world on a murder conviction made <mask> a “tough guy”. In prison <mask> learned the rules of the criminal world: he became a man of honour, paid respect to more powerful inmates, and started gathering personal prestige because of his striking personality. He never lost sight of his ambition and his desire to become one of the biggest bosses of the Neapolitan underworld.<mask> had established himself as a ringleader, when Antonio Spavone, known as "'o Malommo" (The Badman), was transferred to Poggioreale prison. He challenged Spavone to a knife fight in the courtyard (a practice called 'o dichiaramento, the declaration), but Spavone refused. The challenged boss allegedly limited himself to a reply: "Today's young men want to die young by whatever means." Spavone was released from prison shortly after this event. From his prison cell, <mask> ordered the murder of Spavone. A hitman, allegedly <mask>'s friend, shot Spavone in the face from short range with a shotgun. Spavone survived the ambush, but the shotgun blast left considerable damage to his facial structure, which required plastic surgery.Spavone immediately resigned from his highly visible role as a Camorra boss. <mask> was soon able to gather under him a small group of prisoners, the nucleus of which would later become the leadership of the NCO. They were Antonino Cuomo known as "'o Maranghiello" (The Cudgel), Pasquale Barra known as "'o Nimale" (The Animal), Giuseppe Puca known as "'o Giappone" (Japanese), Pasquale D'Amico known as "'o Cartunaro" (The Cardboard picker) and Vincenzo Casillo known as "'o Nirone" (The Big Black). After being released, they would set up criminal activities on the outside which would be directly controlled by Cutolo from within the penitentiary system. Nuova Camorra Organizzata
From within Naples' Poggioreale prison <mask> built a new organisation: the Nuova Camorra Organizzata (NCO). He began by befriending young inmates unfamiliar with jail, giving them a sense of identity and worth, so much so that when they were released they would send Cutolo ‘flowers’ (i.e. money), which enabled him to increase his network.He helped poorer prisoners by buying food for them from the jail store, or arranging for food to be sent in from outside. In such ways Cutolo created many ‘debts’ or ‘rain cheques’ which he would cash at the opportune moment. As his following grew, he also began to exercise a monopoly of violence within a number of prisons, thus increasing his power. By the early seventies, <mask> had become so powerful that he was able to decide which of his followers would be moved to which jails, use a prison governor's telephone to make calls anywhere in the world, and allegedly even slap the prison governor on one occasion for daring to search his cell. Another key bond <mask> created was regular payments to the families of NCO members sent to prison, thereby guaranteeing the allegiance of both prisoners and their families. What is unusual about Cutolo is that he has a kind of ideology, another factor that appealed to rootless and badly educated youths. He founded the NCO in his home town Ottaviano on October 24, 1970, the day of Cutolo's patron saint, San Raffaele.In such a way <mask> created the most powerful organization ever to exist in the Neapolitan hinterland. Using his personal appeal and almost magic charisma, he was able to achieve this single-handedly. <mask> had strong ties with the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta. According to some pentiti, <mask>'s career started with his affiliation with the 'Ndrangheta, supported by important bosses such as Piromalli, Paolo De Stefano, and Mammoliti. <mask> based his organisation of the NCO on the model of the 'Ndrangheta, its internal codes and rituals. The NCO strongholds were the towns to the east of Naples, such as Ottaviano, and Cutolo appealed to a Campanian rather than Neapolitan sense of identity, perhaps as a result of his poor peasant background. For instance, <mask> is once reported as having said: "The day when the people of Campania understand that it is better to eat a slice of bread as a free man than to eat a steak as a slave is the day when Campania will win."The organisation was unique in the history of the Camorra in that it was highly centralised and possessed a rudimentary form of ideology. For example, he publicly declared that children were not to be kidnapped or mistreated and allegedly arranged the assassination of at least one kidnapper. Perhaps the most potent ideological weapon was the cult of violence, which sometimes bordered on a kind of death wish, as <mask> once wrote: "the value of a life doesn’t consist of its length but in the use made of it; often people live a long time without living very much. Consider this, my friends, as long as you are on this earth everything depends on your will-power, not on the number of years you have lived." Through his book of thoughts and poems, Poesie e pensieri and his many interviews with journalists, <mask> was able to create a strong sense of identity among his members. The book was published in Naples in 1980, but never distributed to the public. The book, containing 235 pages of poems and pictures, was seized by the police and censored as an "apology of a criminal organization."According to the Justice department, this book was viewed by NCO members as the "Bible of the NCO" and was particularly popular in prison, due to <mask>'s own distribution by mail. Even though his book was impounded by magistrates within days of its publication, many prisoners, alienated from society both inside and outside jail, wrote to <mask> and other NCO leaders asking for a copy. Its possession alone would later be considered incriminating evidence. <mask> openly supported the young inmates, who were confronted with abuse, brutality, physical aggression and rape. He provided them with advice and protection from the brutalities of other inmates. At the same time they learned how to behave as a good picciotto, the lowest entry level into the Camorra. <mask> challenged the old Camorra bosses and gave the youngsters a structure to belong to: “The new Camorra must have a statute, a structure, an oath, a complete ceremony, a ritual that must excite people to the point that they would risk their lives for this organization.” <mask> was revered by his soldiers.They called him Prince and kissed his left hand as if he were a bishop. <mask> spent a great amount of time researching the 19th century Camorra and reconstructed the old Camorristic ritual of initiation. He took great care in making the ritual a binding social practice. In his cell, he created a ceremony in which the initiate received the award of the primo regalo (first gift) also called abbraccio (embrace) or fiore (flower). He infused the old Camorristic traditions with Catholicism and reconstituted the ritual of initiation of the traditional Camorra. Sister running the business
In Poggioreale, where on average there were 25 prisoners to a cell, <mask> managed to get a cell to himself with a shower, while Giovanni Pandico, his own personal cook and underwriter occupied the cell next door so that he could serve up dishes on request. When he was transferred to a smaller penitentiary (where his cell was carpeted, and fitted with a colour television and sound system) in Ascoli Piceno, he requested that Pandico follow him, and his request was promptly granted by the prison authorities.<mask> referred to the prison as "the state of Poggioreale" and is once reported to have stated, "I am the king of the Camorra. I take from the rich and give to the poor." As a prisoner, he dressed impeccably with ties and designer shirts, a gold watch and shoes of crocodile skin. His daily meals consisted of lobster and champagne. The Justice Department found out that between 5 March 1981 and 18 April 1982, <mask> received money orders for an amount of 55,962,000 lire (the equivalent in 1982 of $55,000) to take care of his daily expenses, of which he reportedly spent half (30,600,000 lire or $29,000) on food and clothes. As <mask> spent most of his time behind bars from where he sent out his instructions, the everyday running of the enterprise was entrusted to his elder sister Rosetta <mask>. Her nickname was "Occh'egghiaccio", meaning Ice Eyes.Rosetta, a grey-haired, pious-looking woman, lived alone for years, tending her roses. She ruled in the Castle Mediceo, the headquarters of the organisation: a vast 16th-century palace with 365 rooms and a large park with tennis courts and swimming pool. The castle was bought for several billion lire, and provided direct contact for <mask> from the prisons of Poggioreale and Ascoli Piceno. Brilliant with figures, Rosetta <mask> negotiated with South American cocaine barons, narrowly failed to blow up a police headquarters and was glamorised in a film, Il Camorrista. After her plan to blow up a police headquarters narrowly failed, her stronghold was raided; <mask> escaped under a rug in a car driven boldly past checkpoints by the neighbourhood priest. She then went underground, remaining at liberty for the next 10 years. In 1993 she gave herself up and was charged

masks:
Raffaele Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo


texts:
 only with mafia association: prosecutors alleged she had been running her brother's organisation.She was acquitted nine times of murder. Rosetta had persuaded the authorities she was harmless, and her frumpy image definitely helped. However, <mask> <mask> has always maintained that Rosetta knew nothing of his criminal activities and did only what he asked: "Rosetta has never been a Camorrista... She only listened to me and sent me a few suitcases of money to prisoners like i told her to." Nevertheless, it is clear that <mask> had always wanted to maintain a male-only organization based on principles such as criminal fraternity and so could never be seen giving a role to his sister. It could be argued that he did not want to implicate her and therefore, always insisted that she was innocent. Moreover, many important members did not believe that she held an important role because she was a woman. For instance, former NCO lieutenant and pentiti, Pasquale Barra argued: "What has <mask> got to do with it?What have woman got to do with the Camorra?" <mask> <mask> decided to expand the Camorra to Apulia. The final outcome was not what he had planned. At first local criminals were managing the illegal trades while the Camorra lent financial resources and support demanding 40% of all profits derived from illegal activities. This arrangement proved to be an unstable one: soon the local criminals tried to free themselves from the masters. In 1981, one of them, Giuseppe Rogoli, founded the Sacra Corona Unita, a new Mafia invoking the regional Pugliese identity against the intrusion of the foreign Neapolitans. Nuova Camorra Organizzata–Nuova Famiglia feud
The NCO spread like wildfire in the crisis-ridden Campanian towns of the late 1970s, offering alienated youths an alternative to a lifetime of unemployment or poorly paid jobs.Hundreds of young men were employed as enforcers. Initially, the main specialisation of NCO gangs was extorting money through protection rackets from local businesses. While the traditional Camorristic families held territorial powers and the consequent responsibility over their controlled areas, the NCO had no qualms over breaking the established social fabric by extorting shopkeepers, small factories and businesses, and building contractors. In its quest for cash, it even targeted individuals such as landlords, lawyers and professionals. The NCO's protection racket even included a transient circus. The NCO later branched out to cocaine trafficking, partly because it was less subject to police investigation than heroin, but also because the Sicilian Mafia was less involved in the cocaine trade. At the end of the 1970s two different types of Camorra organisations were beginning to take shape.On one side there was Cutolo's NCO, which dealt mainly in cocaine and protection rackets, preserving a strong regional sense of identify. On the other side, the business-oriented Camorra clans linked to the Sicilian Cosa Nostra like the clans of Michele Zaza and Lorenzo Nuvoletta, who dealt in cigarettes and heroin, but soon moved on to invest in real estate and construction firms. Cutolo's NCO became more powerful by encroaching and taking over other group's territories. The NCO was able to break the circle of traditional power held by the families. Cutolo's organisation was too aggressive and violent to be resisted by any individual families. Other Camorra families initially were too weakened, too divided, and simply too intimidated by the NCO. He requested that if other criminal groups wanted to keep their business, they had to pay the NCO protection on all their activities, including a percentage for each carton of cigarettes smuggled into Naples.This practice came to be known as ICA (Imposta Camorra Aggiunta, or Camorristic Sale Tax), mimicking the state VAT sale tax IVA (Imposta sul Valore Aggiunto). For instance, Michele Zaza, the biggest Neapolitan cigarette smuggler, was reported to have paid the NCO more than 4 billion lire in the first three months after the imposition of the racket. However, no hierarchy between Camorra gangs or stable spheres of influence had been created, and no gang leader was likely to agree to be subdued by Cutolo without making a fight of it. In 1978, Zaza formed a ‘honourable brotherhood’ (onorata fratellanza) in an attempt to get the Sicilian mafia-aligned Camorra gangs to oppose Cutolo and his NCO, although without much success. A year later, in 1979, the more successful Nuova Famiglia was formed to contrast Cutolo's NCO. It consisted of various powerful and charismatic Camorra clan leaders from the areas around Naples, such Carmine Alfieri of Saviano, Pasquale Galasso of Poggiomarino, Mario Fabbrocino of the Vesuvius area, the Nuvoletta clan of Marano, Antonio Bardellino from Casal di Principe (patriarch of the so-called "Casalesi") and Michele Zaza, known as o Pazzo or the Madman from Portici who made France his base of operations. From 1980-1983 a bloody war raged in and around Naples, which left several hundred dead and severely weakened the NCO.Between 16 and 19 June 1983, police arrested a thousand members of the NCO. Cirillo kidnapping

<mask> has been instrumental in obtaining the release of Ciro Cirillo, the Christian Democrat member of the regional government of Campania ("assessore") in charge of Urban Planning, who had been abducted by the Red Brigades in April 1981. He was released within three months because, so rumour has it, the Christian Democrats paid <mask> to use his influence with the Red Brigades. Publicly the Christian Democrats had refused to negotiate with terrorists, but privately leading politicians and members of the secret services visited <mask> in prison and asked him to negotiate with imprisoned members of the Red Brigades. A large ransom was paid to win Cirillo's release. In return, <mask> allegedly asked for a slackening of police operations against the Camorra, for control over the tendering of building contracts in Campania (a lucrative venture since Campania was hit by a devastating earthquake in November 1980) and for a reduction of his own sentence – as well as new psychiatric test to show that he is not responsible for his actions. Both these last concessions were granted.Decline

<mask> overplayed his hand in the Cirillo affair. His former political protectors turned and provided their support to his main rival Carmine Alfieri. When his main 'military' chief, Vincenzo Casillo was killed in January 1983 by the allies of Alfieri, it was clear <mask> had lost the war. His power declined considerably. Not only <mask> but many other Camorra gangs understood the shift in the balance of power caused by the death of Casillo. They abandoned the NCO and allied themselves with Alfieri. His sister who ran the business was arrested in 1993.He was moved to a prison on the island Asinara, far away from Naples and his ability to communicate with the outside was severely restricted when the harsh 41-bis prison regime was imposed upon him. In 2005, he asked for clemency in a letter to the Italian President. "I am tired and ill. I want to spend my last years at home." In 1983 he married Immacolata in prison. The couple never consummated their marriage. A six-year legal battle allowed <mask> the right to father a child, Denise, through artificial insemination.<mask> had previously had a son, Roberto, from a previous marriage who was shot dead in Tradate on 24 December 1990, aged 28, in gang violence. His killers were later found dead, their faces riddled with bullets. The murder had been ordered by Mario Fabbrocino, the boss of the Fabbrocino clan, as revenge for <mask> ordering the death of his brother, Francesco, in the 1980s. Fabbrocino was eventually convicted of Roberto's murder and sentenced to life imprisonment in 2005. Personality
<mask> thought of himself as a predestined man with supernatural powers, able to heal the wounded and raise the dead. Various psychiatric examinations assessed him to be a psychotic, an hysteric and a megalomaniac. He thought that he had been sent to earth to save the Neapolitan people.As he said during a trial in 1980:

During a psychiatric evaluation, <mask> claimed to have revived his aunt when he was eighteen. One night she had entered into what had appeared to be an irreversible coma. <mask> went close to her and said: "Get up! We don't have the money for your funeral." She then got up. According to Adriano Baglivo of the Corriere della Sera, the old lady came back to consciousness due to the emergency care of a physician familiar with her history of catatonic attacks. However, for <mask> this episode assumed the character of a miracle and sign of his inner powers.When Valerio Fioravanti, a Neo-fascist and fellow Poggioreale inmate sentenced for political terrorism asked <mask> the reason for his charisma, he replied: "Naples is divided into lords and beggars. If I have charisma, it is because I can offer a prompt promotion from the second category to the first one". In prison, <mask> received a significant amount of fan mail from youth who were impressed with his achievements as well as his ability to outsmart the authorities. Generally viewing themselves as marginal and exploited, they were attracted by his notoriety, flamboyant personality and charisma. For instance, a letter from two teenage girls from Acerra which were intercepted by prison authorities read as follows:

During an interview with the media, <mask> reminisced about his life:

Death
On 17 February 2021, <mask> died in the prison unit of the Maggiore Hospital in Parma, at the age of 79. Biography and film
 Marrazzo, Giuseppe (1984/2005). Il camorrista.Vita segreta di don <mask> <mask>, Naples: Tullio Pironti,
 Il Camorrista (1986), directed by Giuseppe Tornatore. Vaguely inspired by the real story of <mask>. <mask> is played by Ben Gazzara, with the Italian voiceover done by Italian actor Mariano Rigillo. The story of <mask> <mask> inspired one of the most famous songs of Fabrizio De André, entitled "Don Raffaé (Clouds of 1990)". Footnotes

References
Behan, Tom (1996). The Camorra, London: Routledge,
Fiandaca, Giovanni (ed.) (2007), Women and the Mafia: Female Roles in Organized Crime Structures, New York: Springer
Haycraft, John (1985).The Italian Labyrinth: Italy in the 1980s, London: Secker & Warburg
Jacquemet, Marco (1996). Credibility in Court: Communicative Practices in the Camorra Trials, Cambridge University Press
 Sciarrone, Rocco (1998). Mafie vecchie, mafie nuove: Radicamento ed espansione, Rome: Donzelli Editore
Stille, Alexander (1995). Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York: Vintage

External links
 , Rai Tre
 , Rai Tre

1941 births
2021 deaths
People from Ottaviano
Camorristi
Camorristi sentenced to life imprisonment
Nuova Camorra Organizzata
Italian people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Italy
Italian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Italy
Prisoners who died in Italian detention
Escapees from Italian

masks:
Raffaele
Cutolo
Cutolo
Rosa Cutolo
Raffaele
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Raffaele
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Raffaele
Cutolo


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<mask> (November 26, 1857 – June 21, 1923) was an American sculptor best known for his equestrian and animal statues. His most famous works are the marble lions, nicknamed Patience and Fortitude, in front of the New York Public Library Main Branch

Early years
Born in New London, Connecticut, he grew up in Enfield, Massachusetts, where he lived with his mother Mary and sister Clara. There he went to local schools. At 17, due to his mother's wish that he become a minister, he entered Williston Seminary in Easthampton, Massachusetts, for four years. He entered Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts, in the class of 1882. He only attended for three semesters, but later was granted an honorary Master's degree. He studied drawing at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston with Frederic Crowninshield and Otto Grundmann.There he also did some modelling with the sculptor Truman H. Bartlett. Career
In 1883 he became an assistant to Daniel Chester French and concentrated on animal studies and working as a manager and salesman in the quarries. From 1887 to 1889 he studied sculpture at the Académie Julian in Paris with Antonin Mercié and Emmanuel Frémiet, becoming an accomplished animalier (animal sculptor). During his years there, he exhibited several pieces at the Salon: small groups of rabbits, a bust of a black man, a sketch from an American Indian group, and a sleeping faun with a rabbit. For the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago he collaborated with his teacher and friend Daniel Chester French on several of the important sculptures of the exposition. Unfortunately these statues, like most of the architecture of the fair, were made of staff, a temporary material of plaster, cement, and jute fibers, first used in buildings of the Paris exhibition in 1878. He was elected to the National Sculpture Society in 1893, and joined the Society of American Artists in 1894.This later merged with the National Academy to which he was elected in 1906. <mask> won a gold medal at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis in 1904. His most famous work is the pair of pink Tennessee marble lions in front of the New York Public Library Main Branch, carved by the Piccirilli brothers. <mask> was recommended for this commission by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The lions were originally nicknamed "Leo Astor" and "Leo Lenox", for the two private libraries that formed the collection's core, but mayor Fiorello La Guardia renamed them for qualities New Yorkers were showing in weathering the Great Depression—Patience (on the left or south) and Fortitude (on the right or north)—and those names have stuck. A resident of Greenwich, Connecticut, after 1902, he sculpted the memorial to Raynal Bolling there in 1922. The Cos Cob section of Greenwich is considered one of the birthplaces of American Impressionism.<mask> was a founder and first president of the Greenwich Society of Artists, founded in 1912. He died at his summer home in New London, Connecticut. Collaborations with Daniel Chester French

World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893
(These were temporary sculptures, all were destroyed.) Grand Court
 The Republic (replicated as Statue of The Republic)
 Statue of Industry
 Statue of Plenty
 Statue of The Teamster
 Quadriga (horse-drawn chariot)
 Quadriga outriders

Equestrian statues
 Equestrian statue of Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1893–98). Equestrian statue of George Washington, Place d'Iéna, Paris, France (1900). Equestrian statue of George Washington, Washington Park, Chicago, Illinois (1900–04). This is a replica of the statue in Paris.Equestrian statue of Major General Joseph Hooker, Massachusetts Statehouse, Boston, Massachusetts (1903). Progress of the State quadriga, Minnesota State Capitol, Cass Gilbert, architect, St. Paul, Minnesota (1905–1907). Equestrian statue of Charles Devens, Worcester, Massachusetts (1906). Equestrian statue of a bugler, "Soldier's Monument" Brookline, MA, (1915)

Gallery

Selected works
 Sleeping Faun, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City (1887–89). Bust of Vice President William A. Wheeler, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC (1890–1892). Governor Austin Blair, Michigan State Capitol, Lansing, Michigan (1895–1898). Robert Fulton, Rotunda Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington, DC (1897).One of 16 bronze statues set around the third-floor balustrade. John Paul Jones, Dewey Triumphal Arch, Madison Square, New York City (1899, destroyed). Equestrian Statue of Major General Henry W. Slocum, Gettysburg Battlefield, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (1902). Equestrian Statue of Major General Charles Devens, Worcester County Courthouse, Worcester, Massachusetts (1905–06). Indian Religion (Buddha), Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York (1907–1909). Indian Philosophy (Sankara), Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York (1907–1909). Sighting the Enemy (George Armstrong Custer Equestrian Monument), Monroe, Michigan (1908–1910).Equestrian Statue of Major General George B. McClellan, Smith Memorial Arch, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1909–1911). Lions, New York Public Library Main Branch, New York City (1910–11). Equestrian Statue of Major General Philip Kearny, Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia (1912–1914). Bust of Sidney Lanier on the Sidney Lanier Monument, Piedmont Park, Atlanta, Georgia (1914). The Bugler (Brookline Civil War Monument), Brookline, Massachusetts (1915). Equestrian Statue of Major General John A. McClernand, Vicksburg, Mississippi (1919). Raynal Bolling Memorial, Greenwich, Connecticut (1922).References

External links

 Stone Spirit
 National Sculpture Society
 School of the Museum of Fine Arts

1857 births
1923 deaths
People from New London, Connecticut
Alumni of the Académie Julian
Williston Northampton School alumni
Artists from Greenwich, Connecticut
Amherst College alumni
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century male artists
19th-century American sculptors
American male sculptors
People from Enfield, Massachusetts
Sculptors from Connecticut
19th-century male artists

masks:
Edward Clark Potter
Potter
Potter
Potter


texts:
<mask> (Irish: <mask>) (died 1 May 1949) was a prominent Irish Republican and a former chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army. Imprisoned on numerous occasions, both North and South of the border, he embarked on a number of hunger strikes in order to secure release. During the 1930s, <mask> was one of the few socialists to remain in the IRA after the Republican Congress's decision to split. He stood as a candidate for the Irish Republican party Clann na Poblachta before leaving them as a result of their decision to go into government with Fine Gael. <mask> was described by Peadar O'Donnell as "...deeply read but very much the IRA man". He was also prominent within the GAA in his native County Donegal and the current home ground of the Donegal GAA, MacCumhaill Park, is named in his honour. Early IRA activity
McCool, based in Donegal, took the Republican side during the Irish Civil War.At the end of the War he was sentenced and held as a prisoner of the Free State in either Finner Camp or Drumboe Castle. <mask> was present at the 2nd Drumboe martyrs commemoration for the execution of IRA volunteers Lieut. Dan Enright, Comdt. Gen. Charlie Daly, Brig. Comdt. Sean Larkin, and Lieut. Timothy O'Sullivan in 1923.Land annuities campaign
By 1927 Peadar O'Donnell, the IRA leader, had begun a campaign to use social agitation on the issue of Land Annuities, where small farmers in the republic were being taxed to pay for land brought by the British government in the preceding century. <mask> was one of O'Donnell's earliest supporters and by now was in charge of the East Donegal IRA. In September 1926 <mask>'s IRA unit raided the offices of a landlord's agent in Donegal, taking away all records. On 19 February 1927 he was one of four men arrested in connection with the raid. Before the trial, the prisoners went on hunger strike for a week. <mask>, and his co-accused, which included Peadar O'Donnell's younger brother Barney, received a sentence of six months imprisonment. which <mask> served in Mountjoy Prison where he would have been a prisoner at the same time as <mask> MacBride

Upon his release, <mask> returned to IRA activity in Donegal and was the main speaker at the annual Drumboe commemoration in 1928.His period of freedom was not to last as, by May 1929, he was again arrested in Sligo and held on a 'documents' charge while engaged in land annuity agitation. He was later sentenced to eight months of imprisonment. Rebuilding the IRA
During the 1930s senior IRA officers and veterans of the Tan and Civil Wars such as <mask> were sent to different areas for weeks at a time to help train local IRA recruits. In 1931, despite not being a member of the party, Fianna Fáil members in Stranorlar, Co. Donegal attempted to select McCool as a candidate, without success. That same year the IRA attempted to launch its own political party, Saor Éire. <mask> attended the inaugural meeting and seconded a motion sending fraternal greetings to the USSR. The success Fianna Fáil and the IRA at this time encouraged <mask>, writing to fellow republican Frank Ryan in 1932 he said that the crowd (at the Drumboe march) "did one's heart good after all the black years... the youth are with us and that's everything".<mask> continued to be active on both the military and political fronts. In 1932 he joined Peadar O'Donnell, Charlotte Despard and David Fitzgerald on the governing Committee of the Workers College, a group close to the Revolutionary Workers Group which would later morph into the Communist Party of Ireland. Later that year, while still involved in training activities, an IRA unit under the command of <mask> and Mick Price took over Donamon Castle in County Roscommon to set up a training camp. He also found time to address the Drumboe commemoration in his native County Donegal. <mask> wrote to then IRA Chief of Staff Moss Twomey requesting permission to issue a statement, ahead of a planned Orange march in Donegal, denouncing imperialist displays. This plan was vetoed by Twomey and Peadar O'Donnell's appeal to the Orange Order was issued instead. By 1933 <mask> was commander of the IRA Donegal No.2 Battalion and presided over the organising of a new slua of na Fianna Éireann (IRA youth wing) in Letterkenny, Co. Donegal and attended a 'Release the Prisoners' meeting in Derry City.He was also selected to stand as an abstentionist Republican candidate for the Foyle Constituency in County Londonderry where he received 3,031 votes. This result, along with the votes obtained by other Republicans in Northern Ireland was hailed as significant with the IRA proclaiming 'the fight in the North has been given new life'. The early 1930s saw increasing clashes between the IRA and the General Eoin O'Duffy's Blueshirts, At the 1934 IRA General Army Convention differences began to arise between those who thought that fighting Irish fascism in the form of the Blueshirts was the most important task for the IRA and those who believed that the Fianna Fáil government was using these clashes to turn against, and clamp down on the IRA. At the convention <mask> warned against physical clashes with the Blueshirts, stating that the IRA should instead attack what they stood for. 1934 saw the IRA split, with many on the left such as <mask>'s longtime ally Peadar O'Donnell leaving to form the Republican Congress and being dismissed from the IRA. This split was initially amicable with each side retaining many friends within each organisation. Despite being on the left of the IRA McCool remained loyal and did not join those who left to form the Republican Congress and again spoke at the Drumboe Commemoration in 1935.The Crown Entry Affair
25 April 1936 saw the IRA convene a court-martial in Belfast. The venue for the court-martial was the Craobh Ruadh Club at 10 Crown Entry. Presiding over the court-martial were members of the IRA's GHQ staff and the Ulster leadership of IRA which by now included <mask> <mask>. At 3:25pm, the RUC raided the club and arrested all present. Those present were charged with Treason-Felony and refused to recognise the court. <mask> was sentenced to five years imprisonment which he served in Belfast's Crumlin Road Gaol. By September 1936 <mask> and Jim Killeen (Adjutant General before being arrested in the Craobh Ruadh Club) were on hunger strike for political status.Chief of Staff
Upon release after serving his 5-year sentence in Belfast, <mask> returned to Ireland and was quickly arrested by the Gardaí with the intention of interning him. Representations were made to the Justice Minister, Gerald Boland, that since <mask> had only been released from prison in Belfast that he should not be interned as he had effectively not been active and there was no evidence that he was a threat. Boland, contrary to the advice of the Gardaí, ordered his release. November 1941 saw the arrest of IRA chief of Staff Pearse Kelly and a hurried IRA conference was called to deal with the vacancy. <mask> Harrington was appointed Chief of Staff while the newly released <mask> <mask> took on the role of Adjutant-General. The Dublin government had the IRA on the run for a number of years now and this was the first time in almost a year that the IRA had a functioning GHQ staff. The IRA's previous strategy, advocated by <mask> Russell, of focusing its activities on England had been a failure.The new leadership turned its focus to the six north eastern Counties which remained under British jurisdiction, while attempting to curtail armed actions by the IRA in Éire which had given the Dublin government justification to clamp down on the IRA. However, it wasn't long before Harrington was arrested and the Chief of Staff position was again vacant. The IRA in Éire was in disarray and the leadership was severely depleted. The Northern Command of the IRA saw this and stepped into the void, effectively assuming control of the organisation, with some justification given that the focus of the IRA was to be Northern Ireland. GHQ had become a mere symbol. February 1942 saw <mask> <mask> take on the role of Chief of Staff while Belfast's Eoin McNamee became Adjutant-General. McCool, McNamee and one or two others were the sum total of the IRA leadership and GHQ staff.The process of rebuilding the IRA was difficult. With so many arrests contacts had been lost or disappeared. <mask> travelled around the country attempting the re-establish IRA units and working towards the planned Northern campaign. <mask> and McNamee worked tirelessly and even attempted to renew contacts with Germany ahead of the planned campaign in Northern Ireland. Attempts to re-establish contact with Germany gathered pace when German Sergeant Gunther Schuetz escaped from Mountjoy Gaol in February 1942 and made contact with the IRA. Schuetz made contact with Mrs Caítlín Brugha (widow of Cathal Brugha) and <mask> quickly developed plans to get Schuetz out of the country with a shopping list of weapons for the IRA. <mask>, however, was not to see these plans develop as August 1942 saw him arrested and interned in the Curragh despite being an election candidate for the Irish General Election scheduled for June 1943.<mask>'s arrest caused difficulties for the IRA for while he had done an impressive job as Chief of Staff in a short period of time, he had kept the locations and contents of many IRA arms dumps in his head. <mask>, however, developed a plan to get this information to his comrades on the outside who were still planning for the Northern Campaign. Republican internees held in the Curragh camp had split into two main factions. However, a third faction of those who refused to take sides was also in existence. One member of this non-aligned faction was Harry White. <mask> hoped that White would appear to the authorities as having become disillusioned with the IRA due to the splits in the camp. With this is mind <mask> selected White to become his courier.<mask> asked White to 'sign out' of the camp and take the details of the arms dumps which <mask> had to the IRA leadership on the outside. 'Signing out' meant giving an undertaking to the authorities that you would turn you back on the IRA and not re-engage in the Republican struggle. This was contrary to IRA rules and carried a great stigma with it. White initially refused as he did not wish to contravene IRA rules. <mask> circumvented this problem by getting White to resign from the IRA, then sign out and rejoin when he left

masks:
Seán McCool
Seán MacCumhaill
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
Seán
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
Seán
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
Seán
Seán
McCool
Seán
Seán
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool


texts:
 the camp. Technically this would mean that White was not breaking any IRA orders. The plan succeeded and, through White, <mask>'s information was relayed to the IRA on the outside.<mask> used this method of getting men to 'sign out' to get other experienced IRA Volunteers out of the Curragh in order to help the IRA on the outside. The Curragh
When <mask> arrived in the Curragh internment camp in April 1942 the faction fighting within the camp between those who accepted Liam Leddy as the prisoners camp O/C and those who supported Pearse Kelly as camp O/C was in full flight. <mask>, upon entering the Curragh, brought instructions from the IRA leadership on the outside that the rift between the factions was to be healed and both factions were to come together. Liam Leddy organised a meeting within the camp to discuss the directive from the leadership. <mask> and a number of other prisoners, mostly on the Kelly side of the dispute, voted to accept the directive. Leddy refused to accept this and the split was solidified and <mask> aligned himself with the Pearse Kelly faction. While morale amongst the prisoners was affected by the split in the camp <mask> and other senior prisoners in the camp ensured that men were kept occupied and that Republican politics was to the fore at all times.Towards the end of 1942 this took the form of a 'Statement on Republican Policy'. <mask> and Pearse Kelly colluded in writing this document which was essentially an education program for Republican internees which was intended to ensure that the Curragh Camp became "..a school of training of leaders and fighters". The document focused on revolutionary training, the national struggle, the history and economics. This was a radical program which put the common good ahead of private property rights, called for large unproductive landholding to be redistributed, planned for surplus farm produce to be sold at a price guaranteed by the State and promoted State banks and co-ops among other radical social and economic proposals. One internee, Derry Kelleher, noted that this period in the Curragh was where "I first heard the word 'revolution' in the powerful northern accent of <mask> MacCumhaill". Despite the inconvenience of his imprisonment, <mask> still had an election to fight as the Republican candidate in his native Donegal. The arrest and internment of an election candidate caused some controversy.Speaking in Leinster House, seat of the Irish Oireachtas, Roddy Connolly raised <mask>'s plight when discussing the effects that censorship implemented by the Fianna Fáil government were having on <mask>'s election campaign, namely that the Fianna Fáil government had censored one of <mask>'s election advertisements. During the same debate, Connolly also accused the Fianna Fáil government of abusing the powers of internment by arresting a candidate for parliamentary election, effectively depriving him of being able to contact his constituents during the election campaign. On top of this <mask> had, in May 1943, begun a Hunger Strike. <mask>'s hunger strike demanding release or fair trial began on 22 May 1943. The public was not notified by the Dublin authorities until 18 June 1943 that <mask> was on hunger strike and, due to the censorship in place at the time his election literature was not allowed to refer to this issue. By July 1943 the issue if those on Hunger Strike in the Curragh was the subject of debate in the Dublin Parliament and a number of demands were made for their release. Despite the censorship in place, which meant that only <mask>'s name and Party appeared on the ballot paper with little or no media coverage of his policies or plight, he polled 1,961 votes in the Donegal East constituency.<mask>'s hunger strike ended on 11 July 1943, after 50 days when he and three other hunger strikers, John Gerard O'Doherty, Terry McLaughlin and John Joe Maxwell, were persuaded to come off it by Sean MacBride and Con Lehane. Undoubtedly, the prolonged hunger strike had effects on the health of McCool, an issue which was again raised in the Dublin parliament on 30 November 1944 where one TD alleged that the doctor in the Curragh was refusing to tend to <mask> and that McCool's health was in an extremely poor way

After Internment
By 1945 most of the Republican internees who had been held in the Curragh were released. By this stage the IRA was almost non-existent. Internment had robbed it of its most talented leaders and the factional disputes that had taken place in the Curragh had disillusioned most of those who had been interned. Within this context Republicans slowly began trying to rebuild the IRA. This was no easy task as whole units had lost contact with the leadership, arms dumps were lost and forgotten about. Indeed, many were unsure who was actually still in the IRA.The first major Republican gathering which took place after the 'Curragh Years' was the annual Bodenstown commemoration in June 1945. There, among the assembled crowd <mask> met with Tony Magan and Michael Conway. All three agreed that they should work to begin rebuilding what was left of the IRA. However, by July 1945 he was again arrested and charged with plotting to kill <mask> Gantly, head of the Free State Special Branch. Gantly, who had taken the Free State side after the Treaty split, had become the nemesis of many senior IRA members after carrying out a number of high-profile arrests against them. By 1946 serious efforts were being made to re-establish the IRA leadership. In May 1947 Garda Special Branch were monitoring meetings held to establish a new republican national newspaper.These meetings were held under the banner of the 'Sean McCaughey Sinn Féin Cumann'. It was believed at that time that the IRA was using the cover of Sinn Féin to reorganise. A further meeting was held in June 1947 to discuss the reissue of An Phoblacht. <mask> attended this meeting, during which the current state of the IRA was also discussed. This meeting, however, was noted for the argument which took place between Paddy McLogan and <mask> <mask>. McLogan had suggested that the IRA give up the idea of drilling among other things. Many delegated seized upon this as an opportunity to expound the necessity of physical force, the foremost of these being <mask>.It was noted that the meeting ended without any firm proposals and that McLogan and <mask> parted on bad terms. The reorganisation of the IRA had seen the election of a new leadership which was primarily composed of those who had opposed <mask> and Pearse Kelly in the Curragh and also contained Paddy McLogan. Clann na Poblachta

In July 1946 former IRA chief of staff and good friend of <mask> <mask>, <mask> MacBride, formed a new political party called Clann na Poblachta. The Clann drew many well known and staunch IRA and former IRA members such as MacBride, Con Lehane, Jim Killeen, Michael Conway and Mick Fitzpatrick, and also attracted a number of younger radical members who had no Republican history or background. By 1947 the Clann had won two by-elections and their campaigning had given hope to many Republicans who had become demoralised by a combination of the Curragh splits, the Stephen Hayes affair, and the lack of political direction within the IRA. Added to this was the fact that many voters felt that Fianna Fáil had failed to live up to their early promise, this was exacerbated by Taoiseach de Valera's government being content to let IRA men die on hunger strike, particularly Sean McCaughey in Irish prisons. The Clann once again put Republicanism centre stage and many Republican stalwarts, <mask>, included were swept up by this tide and the belief that MacBride and the Clann might just go all the way and achieve what Fianna Fáil and the IRA has thus far failed to do.1948 saw a general election in the Free State, one which Clann na Poblachta, spurred on by their by-election victories, presented a serious challenge to Fianna Fáil. <mask>, now a member of the Clann, stood as a candidate in his home Donegal East constituency and increased his previous vote by receiving 3,217 votes. While <mask> did not manage to win a seat, the overall Clann na Poblachta vote meant that the party held the balance of power in Ireland. The decision was made to enter into coalition government with Fine Gael. This decision to go into government as partners with the tradition enemy of republicanism was a step too far for many Republicans within the Clann and <mask> <mask> was probably one of the most prominent members to resign from the party on this issue. Involvement in the GAA and death
The GAA had a strong tradition in the Stranorlar/Ballybofey area dating back to 1916 when the team 'Ballybofey Éire Óg's' was formed in Ballybofey and then in 1917 when 'Stranorlar Sarsfield's' was formed. Both teams then came together to form 'Erin's Hope'.In 1944, Ben Griffin and Sean MacCumhaill made an offer to Mark Byrne to buy a field which was within the town boundary of Ballybofey, but at the time the owner was unwilling to sell. In 1946, as part of the 'Civic Week' celebrations in the Twin Towns a friendly match between Sligo and Donegal was held in Mark Byrne's field. As this proved to be a great success, a Park Committee was formed and the field was finally secured for the GAA. <mask> also served as secretary of the Donegal GAA from 1946 until his death in 1949. <mask> died suddenly on 1 May 1949, shortly after Mark Byrne's field was secured for the GAA. Soon after that it was decided that the new Park would be known as Seán MacCumhaill Park, in honour of <mask> <mask>. On Sunday, 22 April 1956, the well equipped MacCumhaill Park was officially opened by the President of the GAA, and a plaque to the memory of the late <mask> MacCumhaill was unveiled at the main gate.The name of the club was also changed from "Erin's Hope" to "Sean MacCumhaills", a name it retains to this day. The crowds attending <mask>'s funeral packed the streets of Stranorlar. After the funeral service, his tricolour draped coffin was borne through Stranorlar to the old graveyard. "<mask> MacCumhaill was an extraordinary man" said Fr. Gallagher at the funeral, "he never once flinched from the ideals he had set for himself, he was an honest, God fearing Irishman." References

Bibliography

1949 deaths
Clann na Poblachta politicians
Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) members
Irish republicans
Irish socialists
People from County Donegal
Year of birth

masks: McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool Seán McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool Seán McCool Seán McCool McCool McCool McCool Seán McCool Seán McCool McCool McCool Seán McCool McCool McCool Seán McCool Seán McCool Seán


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; January 28, 1963 in Palmerton, Pennsylvania) is an American video game designer and author. She is mostly known as the creator of the Gabriel Knight series of adventure games, and also co-founded Oberon Media and Pinkerton Road video game development companies. <mask> also writes under the name Eli Easton. Early life
<mask> was born <mask>, the youngest of seven children. She received a BA in computer science from Anderson University in Indiana and worked as a systems programmer for Hewlett-Packard. Career
Her love of both computers and creative writing eventually led her to the computer gaming industry and Sierra OnLine where she worked as a writer on Police Quest III: The Kindred and EcoQuest: The Search for Cetus. After co-designing King's Quest VI: Heir Today, Gone Tomorrow with veteran game designer Roberta Williams, <mask> designed her first solo game: Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers, which was released in 1993.The dark, supernatural mystery was a departure for Sierra but the game was enthusiastically received, with the strength of <mask>'s writing, along with the game's horror and gothic sensibilities coming in for particular praise from the gaming press and earning the Computer Gaming World'''s "Adventure Game of the Year" award. <mask> followed up Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers with two sequels: The Beast Within: A Gabriel Knight Mystery in 1995 and Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned in 1999. Somewhat unusually for an adventure game series, each Gabriel Knight title was produced in an entirely different format to the others. Whereas the original was a traditional 2D animated game, the sequels were realised through full motion video and a custom built 3D engine, respectively. Despite further acclaim for <mask>'s design in both cases (The Beast Within too was Computer Gaming World "Game of the Year"), the large expenses associated with making the sequels, coupled with the declining marketability of adventure games (especially within Sierra) meant that a fourth in the series was not commissioned. In 1997, <mask> published a novelization of the first Gabriel Knight game. A second Gabriel Knight novelization followed in 1998.In 1999, <mask> published her first non-adapted novel, Millennium Rising (later retitled Judgment Day). Her fourth book, Dante's Equation was published in 2003 and was nominated for the Philip K. Dick Award. <mask> has been involved in designing casual online games at Oberon Media, of which she is a co-founder. Her work in the hidden object/light adventure category can partially be credited with moving casual games in the direction of full adventure games in puzzle and story sophistication. Some of her more notable recent games include Deadtime Stories (2009) and Dying for Daylight (2010). After leaving Oberon in 2011, she briefly worked at Zynga. <mask>'s next big adventure game Gray Matter was developed by Wizarbox and published by dtp entertainment in 2010.The game, originally intended to be developed by Hungarian software house Tonuzaba, switched to another developer, French company Wizarbox in 2008: as a result, the tentative release was changed and shifted to 2010. <mask> was also a story consultant on Phoenix Online Studios' 2012 adventure game Cognition: An Erica Reed Thriller. On April 5, 2012, <mask> and her husband Robert Holmes announced the formation of Pinkerton Road, a new game development studio to be headquartered on their Lancaster, Pennsylvania farm. With this announcement, a Kickstarter campaign was launched to raise funds for the studio's first year of game development. In 2014, Pinkerton released their first games, Moebius: Empire Rising and Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers 20th Anniversary Edition. Since 2013, <mask> has written gay romance fiction under the pen name "Eli Easton". The Lion and the Crow was written for the Goodreads M/M Romance event "Love has No Boundaries" in 2013, and later expanded and rereleased as a second edition in e-book and audiobook.Personal life
<mask> owns a farm in Pennsylvania where she lives with her husband, composer Robert Holmes, who composed the music for the Gabriel Knight series and Gray Matter. Works
GamesEcoQuest: The Search for Cetus (1991) (writer)Police Quest III: The Kindred (1991) (writer)King's Quest VI: Heir Today, Gone Tomorrow (1992) (co-designer, co-writer)Space Quest IV: Roger Wilco and the Time Rippers (1992) (CD-ROM version) (voice actor)The Dagger of Amon Ra (1993) (CD-ROM version) (voice actor)Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers (1993) (designer, director, writer)Pepper's Adventures in Time (1993) (designer)The Beast Within: A Gabriel Knight Mystery (1995) (designer, writer)Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned (1999) (designer, writer)Inspector Parker (2003) (designer)BeTrapped!

masks:
Jane Jensen
Jane Elizabeth Smith
Jensen
Jane Jensen
Jane Elizabeth Smith
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen