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<mask> – often credited as <mask> or simply <mask> is an alternative cartoonist known for the exploration of gay, environmental, HIV/AIDS awareness, and radical political themes in his comics. His Watch Out! Comix #1 (1986) was an influential gay-themed comic, one of the first by an openly gay male cartoonist. His work was also included in issues of Gay Comix, Meatmen, Strip AIDS, No Straight Lines, and So Fey, a collection of Radical Faerie fiction. Personal life
<mask> is primarily known for being outspoken in his works, often focusing on activism within various communities. Although he is primarily associated with the romance and erotica genre due to his works within queer publications, <mask> is also versed in writing for the sci-fi, horror, and supernatural genres. It is known that <mask> pursued acting as a career in the 1980s while simultaneously writing for Gay Comix #3.It is also known that he worked as an art director for San Francisco Sentinel, a job position which was acquired after designing for the Northwest Passage, the Seattle Sun, and Seattle Gay News, and worked as a cover artist, designer, and photographer for the Seattle Gay News. <mask> is also known for his design work in Earth First! Journal and The Portland Alliance. His personal blog, Radical Faerie Church, is <mask>'s blogspace primarily dedicated to posting panels of NOMEANSYES, one of <mask>'s comics that centers around gay activism by satirically tackling problems associated with homophobia. <mask> also posts updates of his own personal thoughts here, sometimes about events or publications that mention him and his general reactions. Interviews and Q&As of him can also be found here. Notable Contributions

No Straight Lines
One of <mask>'s most prominent works within activism includes the creation of "Watch Out!", a comic that served as a reaction to the general HIV/AIDS pandemic that began in 1983, which paralleled similar views from other authors such as David Wojnarowicz and Jaime Cortez. The comic depicts a man named Doug being coerced by his friend to explore a queer bar. After a moment of skepticism Doug agrees to enter, but is then sexually assaulted by various men. It is revealed this occurred because Doug happened to be wearing a specific color that codes him as a willing participant in their sex acts, before waking up and expressing relief at having had a bad dream. <mask>'s aim while creating the comic was to take a sardonic approach in addressing the unrealistic fears associated with queer underground BDSM culture, mainly those of straight men who fear gay men are predatory in nature. The comic was especially relevant to the HIV/AIDS crisis that ensued homophobic sentiments at the time. Gay Comix
<mask> features in issues #3, #4, #5, #7, #8, #13, #14, #15, #22, and #25.The following are some of his most notable features within Gay Comix. Gay Comix #4 includes some of <mask>'s most notable work. It features Stan stone, a comic related to HIV/AIDs was posted in this publication. Also notable was the fact that <mask> was responsible for producing the cover illustration for Gay Comix #4, sparking the beginning of his work in publication that would later become relevant in his work for Drummer. Gay Comix #25 provides a brief overview of <mask>
<mask> was responsible for the production of 1982's volume 5, issue 50, and volume 6, issue 51, 52, and 54. Drummer was a publication magazine that published both erotic and non-erotic fanfiction, photography, cartoons, comics, calendars, dramas, scripts, poems, and interviews. Other non-erotic content includes lifestyle articles, letters, reviews of other leather organizations, personal accounts, new columns, and editorials. Drummer would be the second publication of <mask>'s career in which he was responsible for production work (the first being Gay Comix #25). Meatmen: An Anthology of Gay Male Comics
A collection of comics featuring gay erotica and humor published between 1986 and 2004. <mask> was a featured creator during the time the publication received criticism for being too obscene, leading to the Little Sisters book and Art Emporium v. Canada case.Special Righteousness Committee
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Oregon's primary anti-gay organization was known as the "Oregon Citizen's Alliance." In response to the organization's growing demands to implement doctrine into the constitution that would rule homosexuality as equal to necrophilia and pedophilia, as well as tactics of recruiting members through religious extremism and fear-mongering with a basis on the HIV/AIDS pandemic, Mandy Moore (a friend of <mask>'s), founded the Special Righteousness Committee. The committee's message argued that the Oregon's Citizen's Alliance did not properly follow Old Testament Leviticus law, pointing out how it is a sin for the members to eat oysters, wear mixed fabrics, etc. <mask> was one of the members that engaged in protesting, held media events for the committee, and helped publish statements in the state's voter political guide. Mainly, <mask> contributed to the group's "Bible Tract," or informational political cartoon panels. His activism within the Special Righteousness Committee would later influence much of the religious critique found in comics such as "Watch Out!" Stan Stone
Stan Stone is a story loosely based on <mask>'s friend and artistic partner Stan Henry.Initially, a caricature of Stan was featured in "Watch Out! ", which received good reception, and <mask> gradually continued to feature Stan within other comics until Stan Stone was eventually created with him as the main character. Stan became a fan favorite character, with Stan Henry later expressing his love for the comic and collaborating with <mask> in the writing process. <mask> states his popularity with Stan Stone was unexpected, but deeply impactful to both his professional and personal life:

"I was 21 and in San Francisco when I drew this, living too close to the edge as an underground comix cartoonist. To quote Oscar Wilde 'I might be laying in a gutter, but I'm looking up at the stars.' I survived as an editorial cartoonist, graphic artist, and lay-out artist: before the digital age, the lay-out production crew would set up a page to be printed by assembling the components, to physically glue strips of photographed images and copy onto master pages that would be etched onto metal printing plates. I was renting a cockroach ridden studio apartment on Polk St. when I drew this .. . I had more idealism than good sense, and am amazed to be still alive today." PDXS
An Oregon-based radical music and politics newspaper which <mask> contributed to from 1992 until 1998. He produced the comic strip series "Portland Bird" as well as other full page comics, along with cover illustrations for the publication. Some of his earliest LGBTQ+ activism can be found in PDXS, such as on the cover illustration of volume 4, issue 14 which depicts three of "Oregon's Citizen Alliance," groups (anti-gay activism groups) as chickens ruled over by evangelist and homophobe Billy Graham. Wolf Creek Radical Faerie Sanctuary
Wolf Creek Radical Faerie Sanctuary was a passion project which <mask> was dedicated to in the 1980s, contributing to the purchase of land in southern Oregon in an area that historically had various radical gay communities. Radical Faerie sanctuary was a place where gay men could feel free to come together, support one another during the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and network.Although the sanctuary was initially non-profit, had a non-hierarchal leadership structure, and had consensus political policies set in place, <mask> stated "Over time a few bad apples through a series of membership purges and targeted attacks took over and rewrote the vision, history, and sanctuary. And thus was it gentrified. Today that Wolf Creek Radical Faerie Sanctuary remains a battle zone which chews up and spits out new generations of those set to leave their mark upon those bleeding, embattled hills." He claims the majority of the comic characters on his blog, Radical Faerie Comic Church, are purely fictitious and "in no way could even live up to the actual happenings at Wolf Creek Radical Faerie Sanctuary." Awards and Nominations
2013 Eisner Nomination of Best Anthology for No Straight Lines

25th Lambda Literary Award for No Straight Lines

Bibliography

Comics
A list of comics, as well as comic books and publications <mask> is featured in:

 “Watch Out! Journal
 The Portland Alliance
 "Radical Environmental Journals," Designer, Environment and Society Portal. RFD (magazine)
 PDXS, Cartoonist and Cover illustrator, 1992
 The Seattle Sun
 Northwest Passage
 San Francisco Sentinel, Art director, 1980's
 Manifest Magazine

External links
 Comic Book Database
 Guide to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) Collection at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History Archives Center
 Official web site

References

Alternative cartoonists
LGBT comics creators
Living people
Radical Faeries members
Year of birth missing (living people)

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Carl Vaughn Frick
Vaughn Frick
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This article is for the Black educator. For the football coach of the same name, see <mask> (American football). <mask> (c. 1763–June 15, 1838) was a free Black educator and Presbyterian minister in the American South during the early 19th century. Born in Oxford, NC, he fought for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He was the first African American known to attend college in the U.S., though it is not clear if he graduated. He studied with <mask> at the College of New Jersey and finished his studies at Liberty Hall Academy (present Washington and Lee University) in Virginia, where he was licensed to preach. Later, while working in Raleigh, North Carolina, he established a private school that was highly regarded and attended by both white and Black students (although on differing schedules).Early life
The exact date of <mask>' birth is not known. It is believed that he was born in either 1762 or 1763 in Virginia. One source claims he was born on October 18, 1763, but with no evidence given. Information about <mask>'s early life is scant as well, with few records to document it. It is believed that he may have been the '<mask>' who was employed as an indentured servant by a Halifax, Virginia lawyer named James Milner. A 1773 inventory of Milner's estate does list an "indentured servant named <mask>." Since Milner possessed a large library, it is likely that <mask> received some schooling during his period of service.Military service
Chavis served as a soldier during the American Revolutionary War. He enlisted in December 1778 and served in the 5th Virginia Regiment for three years. Captain Mayo Carrington of the regiment wrote in a bounty warrant dated March 1783 that Chavis had "faithfully fulfilled [his duties] and is thereby entitled to all immunities granted to three year soldiers." A 1789 tax list of Mecklenburg County, Virginia, shows that he was listed as a free Black man owning one horse. He had married a woman named Sarah Frances Anderson, and they had one son, <mask>. In 1789, he was employed by Robert Greenwood's estate as tutor to Greenwood's orphans. Education
In the 1790s, <mask> lived in Princeton, New Jersey, where he took private classes under <mask> to prepare for entering the Presbyterian ministry.The recorded minutes of the meeting of the trustees of the College of New Jersey (later to become Princeton University) dated September 26, 1792, includes a recommendation by Reverend <mask> that "Mr. Todd Henry, a Virginian, and <mask>, a free Black man of that state, ... be received" on the school's Leslie Fund. After Witherspoon's death in 1794, Chavis transferred to Liberty Hall Academy in Virginia. Chavis arrived at the Liberty Hall Academy in Lexington, Virginia in 1795. The following year, George Washington donated 100 shares of James River Company Stock to the school. It changed its name to Washington Academy to commemorate Washington's gift. (Washington Academy later developed as Washington and Lee University, long after Chavis' time there.) Ministry
On November 19, 1800, Chavis completed with high honors a rigorous theological examination that began on June 11, 1800, in Virginia.On this date, he was also granted a license to preach by the Presbytery of Lexington, Virginia. Six months later, with high character recommendations from the Presbytery of Lexington, Chavis was transferred to work under the Hanover Presbytery. In April 1802, Chavis had applied for freeman's papers and received them from the Rockbridge County, Virginia, Court. It was recorded that "said [<mask>] Chavis has been known to the Court for several years ... and that he has always ... been considered as a freeman, and they believe him to be such, and that he has always while in the county conducted himself in a decent orderly and respectable manner, and also that he has been a student at Washington Academy [sic] where they believe he went [sic] through a regular course of academical [sic] studies." Between 1801 and 1807, Chavis served as a circuit-riding missionary for the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church to slaves and free Blacks in the states of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. Some records indicate he also preached to white people during his missionary tours. Chavis went to Raleigh, North Carolina sometime between 1807 and 1809, where he was licensed to preach the Christian gospel by the Orange Presbytery.Although not called by a parish, he continued to preach to Black and White congregations in Granville, Orange, and Wake counties. Some of the white congregations included slaveholders. Educator
In 1808, <mask> opened a school in his home, where he taught both white and Black children. He placed ads in the Raleigh Register to encourage enrollment. At first he taught both races together. After some white parents objected, he taught white children during the day and Black children in the evenings. He charged white students $2.50 per quarter, and Black students $1.75 per quarter.As an educator, Chavis taught full time and instructed his college-bound white students in Latin and Greek, which were required classical subjects in the colleges and universities of that time. His school was described as one of the best in the state. Students from some of the most prominent white families in the South studied at Chavis' school. His students included Priestly H. Mangum, brother of Senator Willie P. Mangum; Archibald E. Henderson and <mask>. Henderson, sons of Chief Justice Henderson; Governor Charles Manly; The Reverend William Harris; Dr. James L. Wortham; the Edwardses, Enlows (Enloes), Hargroves, and Horners; and Abraham Rencher, Minister of Portugal and Territorial Governor of New Mexico. Personal life
Chavis maintained a long friendship with one of his white students, Willie P. Mangum, who was elected as a US Senator from North Carolina. For many years, they conducted a correspondence where Chavis often criticized the senator's political positions. Chavis reportedly privately supported the abolition of slavery, greatly disliked President Andrew Jackson, and opposed Mangum's advocacy of states' rights.Chavis did not publicly support abolition, and publicly condemned Nat Turner's slave rebellion , positions he likely took out of concern for his own safety and to maintain his status as a freeman and position as an educator as southerners expelled free Blacks and violently suppressed Turner's rebellion. <mask>'s Letter Upon the Doctrine of the Extent of the Atonement of Christ was found by <mask> Othow, who published his biography, <mask>: African American Patriot, Preacher, Teacher, and Mentor 1763 - 1838  (McFarland Publishers, 2001). She found the letter in the library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. A copy of <mask>'s sermon is included in the study with an Introduction by Dr. Othow. Rev. <mask> had appealed to the Orange Presbytery to assist with the publication of his sermon, but they refused, stating that it was a subject that had been adequately discussed and would be of no interest to the public. He went ahead and published his sermon in 1837 through J.Gales and Son in Raleigh.After Turner's 1831 rebellion resulted in the murder of dozens of white men, women and children, slave-holding states quickly passed laws that forbade all Blacks to preach. Although <mask> was forced to give up preaching and teaching school, the presbytery continued to pay Chavis $50 a year until his death to support him and his wife . Before his death, Rev. <mask> left the Orange Presbytery and joined the Roanoke Presbytery. The presbytery continued payments to his widow after his death until 1842. At that time, Chavis's widow told the presbytery that her family could take care of her and her children. Death
Chavis died in June 1838 in circumstances that remain unclear.According to his biographer, <mask> Othow, the oral tradition suggests that Chavis was killed by whites who did not want him educating Blacks. Local legend says that Chavis was beaten to death in his home. In 1986 Othow founded the John Chavis Historical Society. One of its goals was to locate Chavis' gravesite. Dr. George Clayton Shaw wrote the first biography about Chavis, published in 1931. He wrote that Chavis was buried on the plantation of Senator Willie P. Mangum, Chavis' former student. After numerous searches for the gravesite, in 1988 members of the John Chavis Historical Society found the old cemetery.The group appealed to the state archaeologist to investigate the site, but this has not occurred as of 2013. The Old Cemetery was added to the map of Hill Forest (the former Mangum plantation) by Michael Hill, historian of the North Carolina Archives. Legacy
Chavis is the subject of historical markers in both North Carolina and Virginia. Chavis Heights apartments, <mask> Memorial Park|Chavis Park in Raleigh, North Carolina, are named after him, as are an academic building, on-campus student residence, and boardroom at Washington and Lee University. Several schools are, as well, including <mask> Middle School in Cherryville, North Carolina. References

Further reading
 Court Order Book, April 6, 1802. Rockbridge County, Virginia
 Washington and Lee University Trustees Papers (Folder 21) Room Rent Book, 1794-95.Washington and Lee University Library, Lexington, Virginia. Berlin, Ira. Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1974. Broadwater, Jeff and Troy L. Kickler (eds. ), North Carolina's Revolutionary Founders. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. Franklin, <mask>.The Free Negro in North Carolina, 1790-1860 Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1943. Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, ed. African American Lives. Article author Theodore C. DeLaney. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004. Kaplan, Sidney & Emma Nogrady Kaplan. The Black Presence in the Era of Revolution.Revised edition. Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Press, 1989. Othow, <mask>. <mask>: African American Patriot, Preacher, Teacher, and Mentor, 1763 - 1838. McFarland Publishers, 2001. Quarles, Benjamin.The Negro in the American Revolution Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Va., 1961. Shaw, G. C. <mask>, 1763-1838. Binghamton, New York: The Vail-Ballou Press, 1931. Weeks, Stephen. "<mask>: Antebellum Negro Preacher and Teacher." Southern Workman (February 1914): 101-106. Woodson, Carter G. Negro Makers of History Washington, DC: The Associated Publishers, 1928.External links
 <mask> biography at North Carolina State University
Stephen Weeks, "<mask>", Southern Workman, UNC, Documenting the American South
 January 19, 2001 Founder's Day lecture: <mask>, Washington and Lee University
 AA Registry entry for <mask>
 Article at the NC Division of Non-Public Education
North Carolina Historical Marker
"Group says Chavis sign part of history", News & Observer (Raleigh)

1763 births
1838 deaths
African-American military personnel
African Americans in the American Revolution
People from North Carolina
People of Virginia in the American Revolution
Washington and Lee University alumni
African-American college graduates before 1865
Princeton University people

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John Witherspoon
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<mask> is an Italian astrophysicist whose research focuses on the "young universe: cosmic chemical evolution, distant galaxies, intergalactic and interstellar medium, and galaxies hosting the most energetic events in the universe: the gamma-ray bursts and the super luminous supernovae. She embarked on tracing the origins of the galaxy. She graduated summa cum laude in physics in 1991 from University of Calabria and received her Ph.D. from the University of Calabria in Italy. In January 2004 Savaglio was on the cover of Time magazine, as a symbol of many of Europe’s scientists moving to the United States. Besides working in the U.S., <mask> has worked at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching, Germany. After studying and working outside Italy for 23 years, she returned to Calabria and is a professor in astrophysics at the University of Calabria (Arcavacata di Rende, Italy). Upon returning to Calabria, she received the Casato Prime Donne Award on September 14, 2014 in Montalcino, Italy.She also received in 2008 the Pythagoras Award, Italy. Early life
Savaglio was born in Cosenza, Calabria, and grew up in Marano Marchesato, a small town nearby, Italy. The daughter of a postal worker and a midwife, she is the youngest of four children. Her passion for the stars started when she was 17 years old after she read Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos by Isaac Asimov. "My father is one of my greatest fans. My parents, with me, my sister and my brothers, have never set limits to our aspirations." She enjoyed physics in high school and university.She attended University of Calabria and received her B.S. in Physics in 1991. In fact Savaglio is now a professor University of Calabria in the same department she received her Ph.D.

Career
Savaglio research has centered around the young universe: distant galaxies and cosmic chemical evolution, GRB (gamma-ray bursts) and super luminous supernovae. In university Savaglio worked with Riccardo Giacconi, between 1996 and 1998, who would win the Physics Nobel Prize in 2002. From there, after a brief post-doc in France, Savaglio moved on to Johns Hopkins University from September 2001 to February 2006, where she taught courses and worked with Prof. Karl Glazebrook. She taught courses at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. She also worked with Space Telescope Science Institute while in Baltimore.In 2006 Savaglio moved to Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics where she was a fellow and senior research scientist. She created the SQL database for Gamma-Ray Burst Host Studies (GHostS), the largest public database dedicated to galaxies hosting gamma-ray burst events. Savaglio was active in the "Gemini Deep Deep Survey" which returned results on the metallicity of early galaxies and the evolution of spherical galaxies and why many appear old. Savaglio has been active in her community since she has returned to Southern Italy. Savaglio has promoted both science and women in science. She has discussed both topics in several interviews and also visited local high schools. Being asked interviews why she came back to Italy, she responded that yes Italy does not support the sciences at the level many other countries do, however she stresses the culture, social interactions, and food of Southern Italy.One of the reasons for her return to Italy from Germany was the price of pumpkin flowers, which on returning she can get from uncle's garden. She is also happy to finally eat true tomatoes; in Germany the tomatoes would make my father turn in his grave. She likes to make a few of the recipes of my grandmother, that give me a sense of the my origin: for example the 'mustazzuoli'. A disadvantage was leaving her partner, Uta Grothkopf, in Germany and the need for Uta or <mask> to commute to see each. Also because Italy does not recognize Civil Unions (Eingetragene Partnerschaft) if Savaglio dies in Italy Uta would not have a right to her pension." Carbone Vincenzo and Savaglio wrote a paper in 2001 on sports records. The study shows "that the mean speed as a function of race time can be described by two scaling laws that have a breakpoint at about 150–170 seconds (corresponding to the ~1,000 m race).We interpret this as being the transition time between anaerobic and aerobic energy expenditure by athletes." Savaglio been active in soccer and competitive swimming. Savaglio has also written two books: Tutto l’universo per chi ha poco spazio-tempo (publisher: Mondadori), and with Mario Caligiuri Senza attendere (publisher: by Rubbettino). Both are only in Italian. Articles

Gemini deep deep survey
 The Gemini deep deep survey II, metals in star-forming galaxies at redshift 1.3 less than z less than 2; <mask>, Karl Glazebrook, Roberto G. Abraham,  David Crampton, Hsiao-Wen Chen, Patrick J. McCarthy, Inger Jorgensen, Kathy Roth, Isobel Hook, Ronald O. Marzke, Richard Murowinski; The Astrophysical Journal; 27 Oct 2003:
 The Gemini deep deep survey I, introduction to the survey, catalogs, and composite spectra; Roberto G. Abraham, Karl Glazebrook, Patrick J. McCarthy, David Crampton, Richard Murowinski, Inger Jorgensen, Kathy Roth, Isobel M. Hook, <mask>, Hsiao-Wen Chen, Ronald O. Marzke, R. G. Carlberg; The Astronomical Journal; 18 Feb 2004:
 The Gemini deep deep survey, III. Fox, P. Schady, T. Krühler, M. Trenti, A. Cikota, J. Bolmer, J. Elliott, C. Delvaux, R. Perna, P. Afonso, D. A. Kann, S. Klose, S<mask>, S. Schmidl, T. Schweyer, M. Tanga, K. Varela; The Astrophysical Journal Letters, v809 n1; 10 Aug. 2015:
 A very luminous magnetar-powered supernova associated with an ultra-long gamma-ray burst; Jochen Greiner, Paolo A. Mazzali, D. Alexander Kann, Thomas Krühler, Elena Pian, Simon Prentice, Felipe Olivares E., Andrea Rossi, Sylvio Klose, Stefan Taubenberger, Fabian Knust, Paulo M.J. Afonso, Chris Ashall, Jan Bolmer, Corentin Delvaux, Roland Diehl, Jonathan Elliott, Robert Filgas, Johan P.U. Fynbo, John F. Graham, Ana Nicuesa Guelbenzu, Shiho Kobayashi, Giorgos Leloudas, Sandra Savaglio, Patricia Schady, Sebastian Schmid, Tassilo Schweyer, Vladimir Sudilovsky, Mohit Tanga, Adria C. Updike, Hendrik van Eerten, Karla Varela; Nature volume 523, pages 189–192: 10 Sep 2015:
 Probing dust-obscured star formation in the most massive gamma-ray burst host galaxies; Jochen Greiner, Michal􏰀 J. Micha􏰀lowski, Sylvio Klose, Leslie K. Hunt, Gianfranco Gentile, Peter Kamphuis, Rub ́en Herrero-Illana, Mark Wieringa, Thomas Kru ̈hler, Patricia Schady, Jonathan Elliott1, John F. Graham, Eduardo Ibar, Fabian Knust, Ana Nicuesa Guelbenzu, Eliana Palazzi, Andrea Rossi, Sandra Savaglio; Astronomy & Astrophysics; 29 September 2018:

Galaxy evolution
 When do early-type galaxies form?; Roberto G. Abraham, Patrick J. McCarthy, Erin Mentuch, Karl Glazebrook, Preethi Nair, Jean-Ren ́e Gauthier, <mask>, David Crampton, Stephanie Juneau, Richard Murowinski, Damien Le Borgne, R. G. Carlberg, Inger Jørgensen, Kathy Roth, Hsiao-Wen Chen, Ronald O. Marzke; International Astronomical Union; 10 Nov 2006:
 The evolution of galaxy dust properties for 1<z<2.5; Stefan Noll, Daniele Pierini, Maurilio Pannella, <mask>o; 4 Dec. 2006:
 The cosmic evolution of dust-corrected metallicity in the neutral gas; Annalisa De Cia; Cédric Ledoux; Patrick Petitjean; <mask>; Astronomy & Astrophysics, v611; 14 Mar 2018:

Awards
 International Award “Vittorio De Sica” (Rome, November 2016)
 International Award Frescobaldi (Milan, October 2015)
 International Award Pericle d’Oro (Reggio di Calabria, July 2015)
 International Award Casato Prime Donne along with the first Italian female Astronaut, Samantha Cristoforetti. (Montalcino, 14 September 2014)
 Leonardo Award, IV Edition, Associazione Croce del Sud, Salerno, September 2011
 Pythagoras Award, Italy (February 2008)
 Primio Simpatia 2016 (Reggio Calabria, September 2016)
 FI.DA.PA. Award Woman of the South, Italy (June 2005)

Conference and seminar organization
 XXIII International Symposium: “Nuclei in the Cosmos”, SOC: Zs. Fülöp et al., Debrecen (Hungary), July 2014
  GDRE – European Research Group workshop,“Cosmic SFR, stellar mass, metallicity as traced by GRBs, from the local universe to z = 8”, chair: S. Savaglio, Garching (Germany), January 2010 / Rome (Italy) January 2011
 IAU General Assembly 2009 Joint Discussion: “The First Galaxies: Theoretical Predictions and Observational Clues”, SOC: V. Bromm et al., Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), August 2009

Gender conferences
Discriminazione di genere nelle discipline di STEM, University Della Calabria, 12 December 2018
 One day meeting: “Outsider within – Gender and Science“, for the 20th anniversary of the Centre of Women's Studies “Milly Villa, at University of Calabria, chair: Giovanna Vingelli, 12 December 2017. Among the many guests, Piera Levi-Montalcini, of the Livia-Montalcini Foundation.

masks:
Sandra Savaglio
Savaglio
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Sandra Savaglio


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<mask> (born January 4, 1965 in Ogden, Utah U.S., later raised in Layton, Utah) is an American "Old School" former professional Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1981-1987. Racing career milestones
Note: Professional first are for the national level of competition unless otherwise indicated. Started racing: Early 1978. As it often happens, a friend got him interested in racing. Sanctioning body:

First race result: First place at a Layton, Utah track in 12-year-old class. He was actually 13 years old but according to the rules of that track you raced the age class of the age you where on October 1 during the season, therefore he was 12 on October 1, 1977 and raced in the 12-year-old class accordingly even after turning thirteen on January 4, 1978

First win (local): See above. Home sanctioning body district(s): National Bicycle Association (NBA) District "P" (Colorado, Wyoming and Utah);

First sponsor: Bingham Schwinn Cyclery

First national race result: The 1979 Corona Mini-National.Finished near the bottom of the 14 Open main with a sixth place. Signed up for Expert event though he was a novice. Did not make Expert main. First national win: The February 10, 1980 American Bicycle Association (ABA) Winter Nationals at Chandler, Arizona in 15 Expert. Turned professional: September 1983 Age 17. First Professional race result: First in "B" Pro at the National Bicycle League (NBL) Celebrity Race For Childhelp USA/International in Azusa, California on January 22, 1984. He also got a second place in Pro Open.This was a charity event. The purse was only US$40 (US$79.19 in 2007 Cost of Living Calculator) and 100% payback for the top pro finishers. Note: This race is not to be confused with the NBL Azuza National held on March 3, 1984 at the same facility which counted in the pros standings toward the National No.1 Plate. First Professional win: See above

First Senior Pro* race result: Fourth in "AA" pro at the ABA Spring National in San Francisco, California on March 11, 1984. He won US$160 the equivalent to US$316.77 in 2007. First Senior Pro win: In "A" pro at the NBL National in Brookville, Ohio on May 26, 1984 He won US$800, or US$1,583.83 in 2007. Retired: 1988.After many injuries and the grind of racing on every weekend for over a decade and just not having a winning attitude he quietly quit after a stint as a teaching pro at the Woodward BMX camp in Woodward, Pennsylvania. Height & weight at height of career (1985): Ht:5'11" Wt:~175 lbs. *In the NBL "A"/"Elite" pro; in the ABA "AA" pro. Career factory and major bike shop sponsors
Note: This listing only denotes the racer's primary sponsors. At any given time a racer could have numerous ever-changing co-sponsors. Primary sponsorships can be verified by BMX press coverage and sponsor's advertisements at the time in question. When possible exact dates are given.Amateur

Bingham Schwinn Cyclery: 1979-Early February 1980 (as primary sponsor). Pro Neck: February 11, 1980 – February 17, 1980. He raced one weekend for them as promised at the NBA Winternationals in Las Vegas, Nevada on February 17 then accepted Schwinn's offer of sponsorship. Schwinn Bicycle Company: February 18, 1980-November 1986. <mask> would turn Pro with this sponsor. Professional

Schwinn Bicycle Company: February 18, 1980-December 1986. Schwinn drops its racing team due to 80% of their 20" bicycle sales were freestyle bicycles and not racing machines After Schwinn dropped its racing team after the 1986 season he accepted a sales position at Schwinn Sales West in Southern California.As for racing, he was essentially in semi retirement, racing mostly on the east coast near Woodward BMX Racing and Freestyle Center in Woodward, Pennsylvania where he was a teaching professional teaching young aspiring BMX racers at the camp. Bingham's Schwinn Cyclery: January 1987-December 1987. His primary sponsor while he was a teaching pro after the Schwinn factory racing team was dropped. Bingham's was the same sponsor he started his career with. Career bicycle motocross titles
Note: Listed are District, State/Provincial, Regional, National, and International titles in italics. "Defunct" refers to the fact of that sanctioning body in question no longer existing at the start of the racer's career or at that stage of his/her career. Depending on point totals of individual racers, winners of Grand Nationals do not necessarily win National titles.Amateur

National Bicycle Association (NBA)
None
National Bicycle League (NBL)

1980 Jag 15 Expert World Champion (NBL sanctioned)
American Bicycle Association (ABA)

1979, 1980 Utah District No.1
1980 15 Expert Grandnational Champion

United States Bicycle Motocross Association (USBA)
None
International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF)
None

Professional

National Bicycle Association (NBA)
None
National Bicycle League (NBL)
None
American Bicycle Association (ABA)
None
United States Bicycle Motocross Association (USBA)
None
International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF)

1984 Celebrity race winner. Due to the dearth of professional participation in general and American involvement in the competition in particular there was no Professional class in the IBMXF World Championships held in Suzuka, Japan. Indeed, <mask> was the only pro of any nation to participate. Instead a select number of older amateur experts from numerous nations were slated to race him. He won. Pro Series Championships

Notable accolades
Named one of the "Terrible Ten", BMX Actions pick of fastest amateur racers in the world in 1983
Named one of "1984's Hottest Rookie Pros" by BMX Action magazine. Significant injuries
Injured knee on June 23, 1981 at a race five days before the ABA Great Salt Lake National in Salt Lake City, Utah.Told to stay off it he raced anyway and got a first in 15 & Over open. He went on to win the 15 & Over trophy dash. Broke collarbone on March 28, 1982 at the ABA Lone Star Nationals in San Antonio, Texas. Broke leg just above the ankle in July 1982 while recovering from the broken collar bone. He was testing a friend's home made mini-bike Poulson ran into a curb.BMX Plus! August 1982 Vol.5 No.8 pg.11 He was laid up for almost six months total. His first race back was at the ABA East Coast nationals in North Bergen, New Jersey on October 3, 1982.In mid December 1983 he was scheduled to be laid up a further two months after having the metal plate holding his tibia together removed. However, he raced the Azusa, California NBL Childhelp Celebrity Race approximately five weeks later on January 22, 1984. It was also his first pro race. Hyper-extended three toes on his right foot testing a two speed shifting system at home shortly after the October 28, 1984 United States Bicycle Motocross Association (USBA) Azusa, California National. He missed the following November 4 ABA Rockford, Illinois Fall Nationals. Dislocated shoulder at the January 9, 1985 ABA Pro Spectacular in Shreveport, Louisiana He injured himself on the Stu Thomsen designed first jump which was subsequently removed for the Cajun Nationals held on the 10th and 11th. Dislocated his right arm on or around September 7, 1985 a week after the NBL Grand Nationals while playing baseball.It seems that it was the third or fourth time it had happened and he schedule surgery for later in September. A week before that operation he dislocated his left arm playing football. He had operations on both arms and was laid up until March 1986. Peccadilloes

Miscellaneous and Trivia
He was featured in the book BMX Racing Fever (Galen Anderson, Learning Systems Associates 1981), a book geared to those just beginning in BMX racing. He appeared in an episode of the children's program Big Blue Marble (Program #061) which depicted his competing in the 1981 ABA Winternational and then at his home in Layton, Utah. It aired in the Fall of 1981. He shares the same birthday and birthyear as fellow racer Brian Patterson: January 4, 1965

Post BMX career
He was offered a sales job by the Schwinn Bicycle Co. with a position in California but he did not take it.He did not want to move from his home state. He had potions with Bingham's Cyclery a local department store and eventually went into his father's lawn sprinkler business. BMX magazine coversBicycle Motocross News: NoneMinicycle/BMX Action & Super BMX:June 1981 Vol.8 No.6 in upper right corner insert. Main image Eric Shimp. (SBMX)Bicycle Motocross Action & Go:March 1985 Vol.10 No.3 (BMXA)BMX Plus! :June 1982 Vol.5 No.6Bicycles and Dirt:February 1983 Vol.1 No.6Total BMX:NBA World & NBmxA World (The official NBA/NBmxA membership publication):Bicycles Today & BMX Today (The official NBL membership publication under two names):ABA Action, American BMXer, BMXer (The official ABA membership publication under three names):USBA Racer''' (The official USBA membership publication):

BMX and general press magazine interviews and articles

"New Wave Superstars" Bicycle Motocross Action August 1980 Vol.5 No.8 pg.37 Mini biography with six other BMX newcomers. "<mask>: Utah's Mr.Clean!" BMX Plus! August 1981 Vol.4 No.8 pg.18
"ABA Number Ones from Coast-to-Coast:Utah"Super BMX October 1981 Vol.8 No.10 pg.64 Mini article in listing of District number ones across the country. "<mask>son: Rags To Riches" BMX Action June 1982 Vol.7 No.6 pg.36 Full page sidebar. "The <mask> Story; Or How <mask> Gets The Point" Bicycle and Dirt February 1983 Vol.1 No.6 pg.33
"Five Minutes with <mask>"BMX Action March 1984 Vol.9 No.3 pg.52 side bar. Mini interview during North Park NBL National BMX Action November 1984 Vol.9 No.11 pg.22
"Burnin' Up The Audio Tape With Schwinn's Finest--<mask>son" BMX Action March 1985 Vol.10 No.3 pg.15 full page sidebar. "How I Won That Race" Super BMX & Freestyle'' April 1985 Vol.12 No.4 pg.62 <mask> describes how he won his first Senior Pro (NBL-"A"/ABA-"AA") in Brookville, Ohio.Notes

External links
 Originally an August 14, 2006 Ogden Standard-Examiner interview. The American Bicycle Association (ABA) Website. The National Bicycle League (NBL) Website. Living people
American male cyclists
BMX riders
1965 births

masks:
Michael Poulson
Mike
Mike Poulson
Mike Poulson
Mike Poul
Mike Poulson
Mike
Mike Poulson
Mike Poul
Mike Poulson


texts:
Dr<mask> (30 April 1904 - 19 February 1989) was a United-States-based activist and politician. She founded the first black vocational school in Detroit, Michigan; and was the advisor to three United States presidents. She was inducted in 1987 into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame. Life and education

<mask> was born on April 30, 1904 in Hampton, Georgia to Willis O<mask> and Sarah V<mask>, the oldest of seven children. Her father was a minister. She received her grade school education in Georgia, going on to Morris Brown College in Atlanta, Georgia where she graduated summa cum laude. She went on to study at Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University), the University of Michigan and Wayne State University.On June 10, 1926 she married Detroit businessman James Robert <mask>. They had one child named James R<mask> Jr., who went on to become a lawyer and a judge in Michigan. Her husband died on December 16, 1956. She died on February 19, 1989 after a long illness. Career and activism

After graduating, Gragg became a teacher in Eatonton, Georgia. She later became principal of Eatonton High School; and later principal of Acworth High School. In the 1930s, Gragg became friends with Eleanor Roosevelt, and worked to improve racial relations.Around this time, Gragg became head of the English department at Central Park College in Savannah, Georgia. Gragg was good friends with Mary McLeod Bethune, who was the founder of the National Council of Negro Women. This friendship led Gragg to become an organizer and founder of organizations aimed at black women, organizing multiple programs around Detroit. Gragg started to become involved in clubs after joining the Current Topic Study Club in 1926. In 1941, Gragg bought a house in Detroit, which she used as a meeting place for clubs. Neighbors became angry at her purchase, and Gragg was forced to close off the front door and make the side door the main entrance for the house. In 1942, Gragg was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a national advisory board of the Federal Office of Civil Defense, entitled the Board of the National Volunteer's Participation Committee of Civil Defense.Gragg was the only black person to serve on the board at the time. In 1943, Michigan Governor Murray Van Wagoner appointed her the advisor on race relations to the Michigan Office of Civil Defense. In 1947, Gragg founded the Slade-Gragg Academy of Practical Arts with her husband. The school was the first black vocational school in Detroit. The school was called the "Tuskegee of the North" and trained over 2,000 women and veterans. It closed in 1952. The school was open to all people of all races.The school offered classes in trades, including tailoring, dress-making, and food production and service. In 1949, Detroit mayor Eugene Van Antwerp appointed Gragg as the president of the Commission of the Detroit Department of Public Welfare. She was the first black person named to be head of the committee. The commission had an operating budget of 20 million dollars and nearly 2,000 employees. During World War II, Gragg served as president of the Detroit Association of Colored Women's Clubs. This organization was incorporated into the National Association of Colored Women 20 years later. At its peak under her leadership in 1945, the club had 73 clubs as members and 3,000 members.<mask> became the 16th president of the National Association of Colored Women in 1958, after becoming vice-president in 1957. <mask> was the president from 1958 to 1964. In 1960, she commissioned historian Charles H. Wesley to write the history of the National Association of Colored Women. The book was published in 1984, and entitled The History of the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs: A Legacy of Service. In 1960, <mask> was selected to be on the National Women's Advisory Committee of the Treasury Department by President John F. Kennedy. In 1961, Kennedy appointed her to the President's Commission On the Status of Women. Kennedy also appointed her to the National Women's Committee on Civil Rights and the Commission on Employment of the Handicapped.In 1961, the National Association of Colored Woman worked toward preserving and restoring Frederick Douglass's home in Washington, D.C. Gragg launched the restoration campaign at a ceremony in Washington, D.C., where numerous politicians were in attendance. Also in attendance was Douglass's adopted grandson, Joseph K. Douglass. The club was successful in their pursuit, and in 1962 Senate Bill 2399 was passed in United States Congress. This bill designated the home a historic site. The bill was passed by President John F. Kennedy on September 5, 1962. Later that year, Gragg gave as a gift a portrait of Abraham Lincoln that had been in Frederick Douglass's library to the White House. The portrait hung in the Lincoln Room.This was the first time in United States history that a black organization gave a gift to the White House. Also in 1962, the club opened multiple women's health clinics in Washington, D.C. In 1964, she was unanimously elected president emeritus of the National Association of Colored Women. Also in  1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed her to the National Citizens Committee for Community Relations, and the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services. Over her career, Gragg served on or was affiliated with many other positions, including: the Advisory Council of the International Movement of the Atlantic Union, the Gandhi Society for Human Rights, and as the secretary on the National Women's Committee on Civil Rights. She also served in numerous positions on matters related to the city of Detroit, including the Women's Committee for the 250th Anniversary of Detroit. Gragg was a member of: the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the March of Dimes United Foundation, The Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History, and the sorority Sigma Gamma Rho.Honors and affiliations

In 1942, the magazine Crisis named her one of the "First Ladies of Colored America." In 1946, Gragg was included in the "Who's Who" of The Detroit News. In 1972, the city council of Detroit and the mayor of Detroit named a day for Gragg. In 1975, the Detroit Public Library's Tribute to Black America named her as one of the Black Detroit Leaders. In 1981, she was named a Distinguished Warrior by The Detroit News. The Morris Brown College alumni association named her Outstanding Graduate. The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania awarded her the Richard Allen Award.She also received the March of Dimes Service Award. Gragg received honorary doctoral degrees from Paul Quinn College in 1950, an in 1955. Gragg received honorary memberships to: the Detroit Urban League Guild, the sorority Lambda Kappa Nu, and the sorority Tau Gamma Delta. Further media

An image of Gragg with Jacqueline Kennedy

References

1904 births
1989 deaths
American women activists
University of Michigan alumni
African-American educators
20th-century African-American activists
People from Hampton, Georgia
Morris Brown College alumni
Tuskegee University alumni
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people

masks:
. Rosa Slade Gragg
Gragg
. Slade
. Haynes Slade
Gragg
. Gragg
Gragg
Gragg
Gragg


texts:
<mask> (born 5 August 1984) is a New Zealand former professional rugby league footballer who played in the National Rugby League from 2005 to 2016. A New Zealand national representative centre, he played for Australian club the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles. Matai helped the Sea Eagles win the 2008 and 2011 Premierships. He was also part of the New Zealand national squad that won the nation's maiden title at the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. Known particularly for his uncompromising defence, in 2020, <mask> was voted the National Rugby League's hardest hitter over the past 30 years. Background
Of Samoan descent, <mask> was born in Auckland, New Zealand, on 5 August 1984. He is the first cousin of former NRL player, Kiwi and Samoan international Junior Sa'u.Matai grew up with former Warriors and ex-Kiwi teammate Jerome Ropati. Matai played rugby league for Mount Albert Grammar in the first XIII alongside Sonny Bill Williams and Thomas Leuluai. Matai's junior clubs were the Bay Roskill Vikings, Ponsonby Ponies and Richmond Rovers in the Auckland Rugby League. <mask>'s senior club was Richmond Rovers before he was selected to play for the Marist Richmond Brothers in the Bartercard Cup, before leaving in 2004. <mask> joined Queensland Cup side Ipswich Jets in 2004 and credits his time spent at the Jets under the coaching of former Queensland, Eastern Suburbs and Brisbane Broncos hard man Trevor Gillmeister for his reputation as the NRL's "Hitman". Gillmeister, known as "The Axe" for his hard hitting defense, changed Matai's tackling style, teaching him to drive with his legs when making a tackle. In 2005 Matai moved to another Queensland Cup side, but soon left the Wynnum Manly Seagulls after securing an NRL contract with their associate club, the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles.Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles

2005
<mask> joined the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles from the Wynnum Manly Seagulls in 2005 after impressing during a strong pre season of training and trials at the Brookvale Oval. In Round 3 of the 2005 NRL season, <mask> made his NRL debut for the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles against Melbourne, playing at centre in Manly's 25-18 win at Brookvale Oval. In Round 6 against the Canberra Raiders, <mask> scored his first NRL career try in Manly's 36-14 win at Brookvale Oval. <mask> went on to play in 11 matches and score three tries in his debut year in the NRL for the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in the 2005 NRL season. 2006
Matai went on to play in 24 matches and score 10 tries for the Manly club in the 2006 NRL season. In the post season <mask> was selected for the New Zealand squad for the 2006 Tri-Nations tournament. On 14 October 2006, <mask> made his test debut for New Zealand against Australia, playing at centre in the Kiwis 30-18 loss at Mt Smart Stadium.Matai featured in the Kiwis' Tri-Nations Grand Final clash with Australia at Sydney Football Stadium. However, the Kiwis end-up losing 16-12 in golden point extra time. 2007
Matai played in the 2007 NRL Grand Final against Melbourne at centre and scored a try in Manly-Warringah's 34-8 loss. Matai played 11 matches, scored three tries and kicked 4 goals for Manly-Warringah in injury and suspended riddled year for Matai in the 2007 NRL season. On 14 October 2007, Matai was sent off by referee <mask> in the trans-Tasman Test at Westpac Stadium in Wellington, New Zealand, for a high/dangerous tackle on Kangaroos centre Mark Gasnier in the first half of the Trans-Tasman Centenary test game. Once Matai left the field, the Kangaroos ended-up winning the game 58-0 and giving New Zealand their worst ever defeat by Australia in a trans-Tasman test. Matai was given a 2 match ban, but given that Matai had ruled himself out of New Zealand's tour of Great Britain and France for off-season shoulder surgery, Matai later served his suspension during Manly's trial matches in 2008.2008
On 5 October 2008, in Manly's 2008 NRL Grand Final against Melbourne, Matai played at  and kicked two goals in Manly's 40-0 record victory. <mask> had been an occasional goal kicker for Manly during the year. Matai played 21 matches, 7 scored tries and kicked 12 goals in a successful year for Manly-Warringah in the 2008 NRL season. In August 2008, <mask> was named in the New Zealand training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. In September 2008, <mask> was named in the final 24-man squad. Matai featured in the Kiwis first World Cup tournament clash against Australia at Sydney Football Stadium. Matai kicked a conversion goal-attempt to convert Sika Manu's try, but he was placed on-report for a high tackle in the Kiwis 30-6 loss.Matai missed New Zealand's World Cup match with Papua New Guinea after being handed a one-match ban for a high tackle against Australia. New Zealand would eventually go on to upset heavy favourites Australia 34-20 in the final to win their maiden World Cup. The win would cap a successful year for Matai taking the NRL Premiership and World Cup double. 2009
Matai played in 22 matches and scored 3 tries for Manly-Warringah in the 2009 NRL season. In the post season, Matai was selected in the New Zealand Kiwis' 2009 Rugby League Four Nations squad. Matai featured at left centre, scoring a try in the Kiwis 40-24 win over Tonga of the Kiwis Four Nations warm-up test at Rotorua International Stadium. Matai even featured in the Kiwis' Four Nation games; the 20-all draw against Australia and the Kiwis' 62-12 win over France.However he injured himself in the round 2 clash against France and that force him to withdrawn from the Kiwis' regular and third round of the tournament clash against England and the Kiwis end-up losing 12-20. That game also eliminated the Kiwis from the 2009 Four Nations tournament, allowing England to face Australia in the final. 2010
<mask> was selected to make his 10th test appearance for New Zealand for the annual ANZAC test at AAMI Park. <mask> partnered his cousin Junior Sa'u in the centres for the Kiwis in a 12-8 loss to Australia. Opposing <mask> in the centres for the Kangaroos was his Manly centre partner Jamie Lyon. During the test, Matai was placed on-report in the first half for a foul hit play on the Australian fullback, Billy Slater. Coincidentally both Manly centres played their last tests for their countries on the night, as Lyon announced his retirement from representative football later in the season, while <mask> has not been selected to play for the Kiwis since that game.In Round 15, against the South Sydney Rabbitohs, Matai played in his 100th NRL career match and scored two tries in Manly's 26-25 win at Brookvale Oval. Matai played 21 matches and scored 14 tries and kicked a goal for Manly-Warringah in the 2010 NRL season. 2011
On 2 October 2011, in Manly-Warringah's 2011 NRL Grand Final against the New Zealand Warriors, <mask> played at centre in Manly's 24-10 victory. Matai played in 22 matches and scored 9 tries in Manly-Warringah's grand final winning year in the 2011 NRL season. 2012
Matai travelled to England with Manly for the 2012 World Club Challenge match against 2011 Super League champions Leeds Rhinos, playing at centre in the 26-12 loss at Headingley Stadium. On 25 May 2012, <mask> re-signed with Manly for a further three years to the end of the 2015 NRL season. Midway through the 2012 season in Round 12, Matai was charged with a high tackle in a game in Manly's 22-4 loss against the Penrith Panthers at Penrith Stadium.This resulted <mask> to his thirteenth trip to the NRL Judiciary, equalling the record set by Michael Crocker. In Week 1 of the 2012 finals series against minor premiers the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, Matai played his 150th NRL career match in Manly's 16-10 loss. After the match, Matai was suspended for a high shot on Canterbury's Sam Perrett and missed the rest of Manly's finals matches. Matai played in 18 matches and scored 6 tries for Manly-Warringah in the 2012 NRL season. 2013
In Round 17 against the Parramatta Eels at Brookvale Oval, Matai was involved in a heated clash with Parramatta Prop Mitchell Allgood in Manly's 50-10 win. In the 72nd minute of the game Allgood gave away a penalty with a swinging arm on Manly Second-rower Jamie Buhrer. The Manly centre ran ten metres out of the line to remonstrate with Allgood who immediately let fly with three right hands to <mask>'s chin, earning himself ten minutes in the sin-bin and a two-week suspension.<mask>, who had already been suspended earlier in the season for a shoulder charge on South Sydney Rabbitohs prop George Burgess, was placed on report for inciting a melee but did not have to front the judiciary for a record 15th time. On 6 October 2013, in the Sea Eagles 2013 NRL Grand Final against the Sydney Roosters, Matai played at centre and scored a try in the second half in Manly's 26-18 loss. <mask> played in 27 matches and scored 12 tries for Manly in the 2013 NRL season. 2014
<mask> twice requested a release from Manly-Warringah, following the New Zealand Warriors offering him a $AUD 2.5 million four-year contract. Both requests were rejected by Manly. <mask> was contracted with the Sea Eagles to the end of the 2015 season. In Round 25 against the Penrith Panthers, <mask> played his 200th NRL career match in Manly's 26-25 win at Brookvale Oval.<mask> finished off Manly's 2014 NRL season with him playing in 25 matches, scoring 13 tries and kicking 4 goals. 2015
On 18 February 2015, <mask> announced he will finish his career as a one-club man after re-signing with Manly until the end of 2017, knocking back lucrative offers from the Gold Coast Titans and the New Zealand Warriors to remain at Brookvale. In Round 16 against the South Sydney Rabbitohs, <mask> produced the biggest hit of the season when he drilled Rabbitohs prop David Tyrrell in a crunching tackle in Manly's 20-8 loss at ANZ Stadium. <mask> played in 19 matches and scored nine tries for Manly-Warringah in the 2015 NRL season. 2016–2017
On 6 April 2016, <mask> announced that he would return to international rugby league after a six-year exile. He said he wanted to play for his parents' birth country, Samoa, in the 2017 World Cup. However, he sustained another injury on his troublesome neck which needed surgery, forcing him into retirement at the beginning of 2017.References

External links

 2016 Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles profile

1984 births
New Zealand people of Samoan descent
Rugby league players from Auckland
New Zealand rugby league players
Ponsonby Ponies players
Richmond Bulldogs players
Wynnum Manly Seagulls players
Marist Richmond Brothers players
Ipswich Jets players
Bay Roskill Vikings players
Rugby league centres
Manly Warringah Sea Eagles players
New Zealand national rugby league team players
Living people

masks:
Stephen Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Steve Ganson
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai


texts:
<mask> (; 1914–1998) was a Nepali poet of Nepali, Newar and Hindi languages. Educated up to the third grade, he started out as an employee of a timber godown, but later co-founded Nepali Citizens Rights Forum with Sukraraj Shastri. Sentenced to 18 years for treason by the Rana regime in 1997 BS (1942 CE), he was tutored in poetry by Siddhicharan Shrestha in prison. After the fall of the Ranas, he grew close to the monarchy, becoming a member of King Tribhuvan's Adviser Assembly, and, later, cabinet minister during both King Mahendra and King Birendra's reign. He was confined to bed for a number of his final years, having injured himself in a fall. He published at least 23 volumes of poetry— sixteen in Nepali, and four each in Newari and Hindi. His poems are usually written in metrical verse and are very brief, rarely exceeding a page in length.His early poems are melancholic, pessimistic or revolutionary, in keeping with his incarceration during a time of revolution against the tyranny of the Ranas. His later poems have themes of human love including some eroticism, and natural beauty. He played a pivotal role in the development of Nepali literature, both as a central figure of a literary generation that transitioned it from a more Sanskritic Hindu tradition to a modern one, and through his organisational activities, chief among them, a series of national and international literary conferences. Life

Childhood and youth
Vyathit was born <mask> <mask>, in Kartik, 1971 BS (Oct–Nov, 1914), to father Suryaman and mother Padma Kumari Shrestha, in a village called Baune Pati or Banaune Pati, in Bansbari  of Sindhupalchok District in east-central Nepal. As an infant, he was taken to his maternal uncle/grandparents' home in Syangja, where he was raised for four years before being moved again, to be raised in Kathmandu. He dropped out of school after passing the third grade, and worked in a timber godown. Around the age of 18, he married Jyotsana Pradhan, daughter of Chakrasundar and Shivamaya Pradhan.He had 10 children with her— six sons and four daughters. Before the 1951 revolution
He was the founding secretary of Nepali Citizens Rights Committee that he co-founded with Sukraraj Shastri. On 2  Kartik 1997 BS (October 1940 CE), he was charged with treason and sentenced to 18 years in prison with seizure of all his property. While in prison, Siddhi Charan Shrestha helped him develop his poetry. He continued his political activism in prison. He sat on a hunger strike for 21 days demanding improvements in living conditions for the prisoners. He was released in 1945.The same year, he convened Nepal's first literary conference. In 2003 BS (1946-47 CE), he had significant involvement in the establishment of Nepali Literary Council. He then went to India to join the democracy activists there. In India, he joined the Nepali National Congress, and was nominated a member of the Central Struggle Committee. He was accused in the Jharokhar Shooting Incident of Rautahat; he was arrested by Indian Police upon request from the Rana regime. BP Koirala convinced Jawaharlal Nehru to not extradite him, and so he was imprisoned in Bihar jail instead. After 18 months of jail, he was released by the request of the government following the establishment of democracy in Nepal.After 1951
<mask> was nominated a member of King Tribhuvan's Advisor Council. He founded the Leftist Congress under his own chairmanship following an ideological dispute with BP Koirala, but it failed to gain any ground and quickly disappeared into obscurity. He was one of the founders of the Poetry Society  that was established in 2013 BS (1956-57 CE) under the chairmanship of Laxmi Prasad Devkota. Vyathit was close to King Mahendra. Mahendra gifted him land and cash to build a home. Mahendra appointed him Chancellor of Royal Nepal Academy  1969 CE, as a successor to himself, making him the first commoner to hold the position. <mask> became the Minister of Transport and Communications in 1962, after Mahendra deposed the democratic government and initiated the partyless Panchayat System.In 1962, Vyathit founded Nepali Literature Institute, the first literary institution in Nepal. He was the founding secretary of the Institute; he became the chairperson two years later. In 2019 BS (1962-63 CE), an international literary conference was held in Kathmandu under his leadership. He directed or guided national literary conferences in various cities throughout Nepal in the next decade. King Mahendra, pen named M. B. B Shah, was among the participants. He was also known for holding mini-conferences and poetry recitals in his home.He was the Home Minister in 2036 BS (1979-80 CE) during the democracy protests and the subsequent referendum on the political system governing the country. He was criticised for the use of force by the Police during the protests. According to Govinda Giri Prerana, he vowed never to accept a ministerial position again. Death
He died on 10 September 1998 CE while undergoing treatment at TU Teaching Hospital in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. He was confined to bed in his final years, after he fell down in the bathroom of Royal Nepal Academy and broke his leg. Awards and recognition
Vyathit was awarded Bedhnidhi Puraskar in 2046 BS (1989-90 CE). He was awarded the Jagadamba Shree Puraskar in 2049 BS (1992-93 CE) in recognition of his 50 years of service to Nepali literature through his writings as well as institutional roles and organisational activities.He was also  a recipient of the Jyotirmaya Trisakti Patta–First class and Gorkha Dakshin Bahu–First class. Notable among his other awards include Prithvi Pragya Puraskar, Shrestha Sirapa Puraskar, Jagadambashree Puraskar and Sitaram Puraskar. Nai Prakashan conferred him the title of "Rajkavi". Madan <mask> Dixit had conferred him the title of "Vishwakavi" and advocated vociferously for public acceptance of the title; he did not succeed. Works
He published at least 23 volumes of poem collection, sixteen of them in Nepal, and four each in Newari and Hindi. He also wrote the poem Meri Priyasi: Prajatantrik Swatantrata[My love: Democratic Freedom] in 2034 BS (1977-78 CE). References

1914 births
1998 deaths
20th-century Nepalese poets
Government ministers of Nepal
People from Sindhupalchowk District
Jagadamba Shree Puraskar winners
Nepali-language poets

masks:
Kedar Man Vyathit
Kedar
Man Shrestha
Vyathit
Vyathit
Mani


texts:
<mask> (born August 11, 1949) is an American billionaire businessman. A former government official and lawyer, he is a co-founder and co-chairman of the private equity firm The Carlyle Group, a global private equity investment company based in Washington, D.C. He is chairman of the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, chairman of the National Gallery of Art, chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations, and chairman of The Economic Club of Washington, D.C., and former chairman of the Duke University Board of Trustees, and former chairman of the Smithsonian Institution. According to Forbes, <mask> has a net worth of US$4.3 billion as of October 2021. Early life and education
<mask> grew up an only child in a Jewish family in Baltimore. His beginnings were modest. His father was employed by the United States Postal Service and his mother was a homemaker.He graduated from the college preparatory high school Baltimore City College, at the time an all-male school, and then from Duke University, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and graduated magna cum laude in 1970. He earned his J.D. from the University of Chicago Law School in 1973, where he was an editor of the University of Chicago Law Review. Business career

Early law career
From 1973 to 1975, <mask> practiced law in New York with Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison. From 1975 to 1976, he served as chief counsel to the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments. <mask> also served as a deputy domestic policy advisor to President Jimmy Carter and worked in private practice in Washington, D.C. In private equity

In 1987, <mask> founded The Carlyle Group with William E. Conway Jr. and Daniel A.D'Aniello. The firm has grown into a global investment firm with $293 billion of assets under management, with more than 1,800 employees in 31 offices on six continents. According to A Pursuit of Wealth by Sicelo P. Nkambule, <mask> expressed fear that the private equity boom would end in January 2006: "This has been a golden age for our industry, but nothing continues to be golden forever". One month later, he said: "Right now we're operating as if the music's not going to stop playing and the music is going to stop. I am more concerned about this than any other issue". According to Nkambule: “These concerns proved to be right as at the end of 2007 the buyout market collapsed...As leveraged loan activity came to an abrupt stop, private equity firms were unable to secure financing for their transactions.”

In May 2008, <mask> said: "But once this period is over, once the debt on the books of the banks is sold and new lending starts, I think you'll see the private equity industry coming back in what I call the Platinum Age – better than it's ever been before. I do think that the private equity industry has a great future and that the greatest period for private equity is probably ahead of us."<mask> has said that he was once offered the opportunity to meet Mark Zuckerberg (and invest in Facebook) before he dropped out of Harvard but decided against it, and this is his single greatest investment regret. <mask> also said that he turned down a 20% stake in Amazon during the very early years of the company. He told Amazon founder Jeff Bezos that if he got lucky and everything worked out he would at most be worth $300 million. In 2018, he formed Declaration Capital, a family office focused on venture, growth, real estate, and family-owned businesses. Controversy

<mask> was publicly criticized for the work of The Carlyle Group which he owns, which owns a number of mobile home parks and has been pushing poor people out of their mobile homes by hiking up the rental price. John Oliver, in his show, pointed out that manufactured homes are not easy or cheap to relocate, and so poor residents on fixed incomes face eviction and homelessness as rent increases threaten to price them out of their mobile home parks. Publishing

In October 2019, <mask>'s first book was published.Called The American Story: Interviews with Master Historians (Simon & Schuster), the book features interviews with historians talking about their areas of historical expertise. Among others, <mask> interviews <mask> on John Adams, Jon Meachem on Thomas Jefferson, Ron Chernow on Alexander Hamilton, and Walter Isaacson on Benjamin Franklin. His second book, ''How to Lead,'' was published by Simon & Schuster in September 2020. This book contains <mask>'s reflections on leadership as well as 30 interviews with business, government, military, sports and cultural leaders. In September 2021, Simon and Schuster published <mask>'s third book, "The American Experiment" that describes how America's government and democratic ideals have evolved over the centuries as told through the lives of Americans who have embodied the American dream. Television show and podcast host

<mask> hosts two shows on Bloomberg Television: "The <mask> Show: Peer to Peer Conversations", and "Bloomberg Wealth with <mask>." "Peer to Peer", which began airing in October 2016, also airs on many PBS stations, and is available on Curiosity Stream.He also hosts History with <mask> on PBS, a TV show produced by the New-York Historical Society. <mask> also hosts the audio podcast "For the Ages", also produced by the New York Historical Society. Personal life
<mask> lives in Bethesda, Maryland, and was married to <mask> (née Alice Nicole Rogoff), founder of the Alaska House New York and the Alaska Native Arts Foundation and former owner of Alaska Dispatch News. They met while both were working for the Carter Administration and married on May 21, 1983. They have three children, Alexandra, Gabrielle, and Andrew. His daughter, Gabrielle, founded Manna Tree, a private equity firm that invests in health and nutrition companies. The couple divorced on December 8, 2017.Philanthropy
<mask> was among the initial 40 individuals who have pledged to donate more than half of their wealth to philanthropic causes or charities as part of The Giving Pledge. In December 2007 <mask> purchased the last privately owned copy of the Magna Carta at Sotheby's auction house in New York for $21.3 million. He has lent it to the National Archives in Washington, D.C. In 2011, <mask> gave $13.5 million to the National Archives for a new gallery and visitor's center. He has purchased rare so-called Stone copies of the Declaration of Independence, the Emancipation Proclamation, the 13th Amendment, the Abel Buell map, the Bay Psalm Book, and the Constitution and has lent these documents to the State Department, the National Archives, the National Constitution Center, the Smithsonian and Mount Vernon. <mask> was elected chairman of the board of the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC, starting in May 2010. He was vice chairman of the board of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York, and chairman of its fundraising drive.A new atrium was named for him. He was Chairman of the board of regents of the Smithsonian Institution. In December 2011, <mask> donated $4.5 million to the National Zoo for its giant panda reproduction program. The panda complex was then named the David M. Rubenstein Family Giant Panda Habitat for the next five years and conservation biologists in the U.S. and China who are awarded National Zoo fellowships for their work to save pandas would be named "<mask>. Rubenstein Fellows." Another $4.5 million was donated in September 2015, about four weeks after a male giant panda cub was born. He also donated $10 million to the National Gallery of Art in support of refurbishment and expansion of the East Building of the National Gallery, work that was completed in September 2016. <mask> contributed $10 million in 2021 to support digital and other operations of the Gallery.In 2021, he was named chairman of the Board of Trustees of the National Gallery of Art

In 2012, he donated $7.5 million towards the repair of the Washington Monument, and donated another $3 million to refurbish the Monument’s elevator. In 2013, he donated $50 million to the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which was used for a 65,000 square foot addition. In 2013, he donated $10 million towards the construction of a library at George Washington's Mount Vernon. In April 2013 and 2015, he donated a total of $20 million to the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, which was used to rebuild at least two buildings in the enslaved community on Mulberry Row at Monticello. The funds were also used to restore Jefferson's original road scheme, restore the second and third stories of Jefferson's home which were mostly empty, and replace infrastructure. In November 2013, he bought a copy of the Bay Psalm Book for $14.1 million, the highest price ever paid for a printed book, and pledged to lend it to public collections and exhibitions around the world. In 2014, he donated $10 million to Montpelier, to support the renovation of the home of James Madison.In July 2014, he donated $12 million towards the refurbishment of Arlington House at Arlington National Cemetery. In November 2015, he donated $20 million for the New Commons Building at the Institute for Advanced Study. The building will be named Rubenstein Commons and will feature conference space, meeting rooms, a cafe, and office space. On February 15, 2016, Presidents' Day, <mask> presented a gift of $18.5 million to the National Park Foundation to expand educational resources, foster public access, and repair and restore the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, DC. The Park Service plans to create 15,000 square feet of visitor space in the undercroft of the memorial. This gift, presented during National Park Service's centennial year, was <mask>'s fourth gift to benefit US national parks. On December 2, 2016, <mask> in conjunction with the National Park Foundation,  agreed to cover the cost of elevator upgrades to the Washington Monument.The monument reopened on September 19, 2019. In 2016, he donated $25 million for a pancreatic cancer center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. In October 2016, he donated $15 million to the Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine to create a hearing center focused on restoring functional hearing loss. In December 2020 he donated another $15 million to the same Department. In October 2019, the National Park Foundation announced that <mask> has donated over $100 million to Duke University and served as chair of its board of trustees from 2013 to 2017. <mask>'s first large gift to Duke was in 2002, when he donated $5 million to Duke's Sanford School of Public Policy in 2002; that gift led to the naming of Rubenstein Hall. In 2009, he donated an additional $5.75 million to support Duke's public policy program. In 2011, he donated $13.6 million to the Duke University Libraries in support of renovating the university's special collections library, which was named the <mask> M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library. In 2012, he donated $15 million to support the university's Innovation and Entrepreneurship Initiative and $10 million to support Duke Athletics. In 2013, <mask> donated $10 million to fund graduate fellowships and undergraduate internships at the Sanford School of Public Policy. In 2014, <mask> donated $1.9 million to Jewish Life at Duke to expand programming, fund building renovations and enhance the college experience for Jewish students.In 2015, <mask> gave $25 million towards the construction of a new 71,000-square foot Arts Center. In 2017, he donated $20 million to endow scholarships for first-generation, low-income students. University of Chicago
<mask> was elected to the board of trustees of the University of Chicago on May 31, 2007. In 2010, 2013, 2016, and 2019, he provided a total of $46 million to the Law School for scholarships. The gifts will fund up to 60 full-tuition scholarships for three consecutive Law School graduating classes. Approximately 10 percent of all students from the Classes of 2017, 2018, and 2019 will be Rubenstein Scholars. In 2014, he provided the lead funding for a Forum to serve as the University's principal conference center.Harvard University

Rubenstein has donated $60 million to the Harvard Kennedy School to facilitate its fellowship program and to help build its new campus. He chairs the Harvard Global Advisory Council. <mask> is a Fellow of the Harvard Corporation, the governing body of Harvard University. Johns Hopkins University

Rubenstein has donated $20 million to Johns Hopkins Medicine, and serves on its board. PBS
Rubenstein has donated $10 million to PBS to help fund Ken Burns documentaries, and $5 million to the PBS affiliate in Washington, WETA, to help fund a new headquarters. He started his term in July 2017. Institute for Advanced Study – Trustee
 Johns Hopkins Medicine – Trustee
 Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts – Chairman
 Library of Congress – Madison Council (Chairman)
 Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts – Director, former Vice Chairman
 Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center – Trustee
 National Constitution Center – Director
 National Gallery of Art – Chairman
 National Park Foundation – Major donor
 Smithsonian Institution – Former Chairman
 Tsinghua University – Former Chairman of the School of Economics and Management
 World Economic Forum – Board Member

References

External links

 Board of Trustees at World Economic Forum

 Carlyle biography of <mask>
 U Chicago Chronicle article
 <mask>stein Biography at the Wharton China Business Forum where <mask> was the opening keynote speaker for the 2010 event

 The David Rubenstein Show

1949 births
Living people
21st-century philanthropists
American billionaires
American chief executives of financial services companies
American financial analysts
American financiers
American investors
American money managers
Baltimore City College alumni
Businesspeople from Baltimore
The Carlyle Group people
Duke University alumni
Giving Pledgers
Jewish American attorneys
Jewish American philanthropists
Lawyers from Baltimore
New York (state) lawyers
Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison people
Private equity and venture capital investors
Smithsonian Institution donors
Trustees of the Institute for Advanced Study
University of Chicago Law School alumni
Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
Chairs of the Council on Foreign Relations
21st-century American Jews

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David Mark Rubenstein
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Alice Rubenstein
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<mask> (Dari/Pashto: محمد اسماعیل خان) (born 1946) is an Afghan former politician who served as Minister of Energy and Water from 2005 to 2013 and before that served as the governor of Herat Province. Originally a captain in the national army, he is widely known as a former warlord as he controlled a large mujahideen force, mainly his fellow Tajiks from western Afghanistan, during the Soviet–Afghan War. His reputation gained him the nickname Lion of Herat. <mask> was a key member of the now exiled political party Jamiat-e Islami and of the now defunct United National Front party. In 2021, <mask> returned to arms to help defend Herat from the Taliban's offensive, which he and the Afghan Army lost. He was then captured by the Taliban forces and then reportedly fled to Iran on 16 August 2021. Early years and rise to power
<mask> was born in or about 1946 in the Shindand District of Herat Province in Afghanistan.His family is from the Chahar-Mahal neighbourhood of Shindand. In early 1979 <mask> was a Captain in the Afghan National Army based in the western city of Herat. In early March of that year, there was a protest in front of the Communist governor's palace against the arrests and assassinations being carried out in the countryside by the Khalq government. The governor's troops opened fire on the demonstrators, who proceeded to storm the palace and hunt down Soviet advisers. The Herat garrison mutinied and joined the revolt in what is called the Herat uprising, with <mask> and other officers distributing all available weapons to the insurgents. The government led by Nur Mohammed Taraki responded, pulverizing the city using Soviet supplied bombers and killing up to 24,000 citizens in less than a week. This event marked the opening salvo of the rebellion which led to the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan in December 1979.<mask> escaped to the countryside where he began to assemble a local rebel force. During the ensuing war, he became the leader of the western command of Burhanuddin Rabbani's Jamiat-e-Islami, political party. With Ahmad Shah Massoud, he was one of the most respected mujahideen leaders. In 1992, three years after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, the mujahideen captured Herat and <mask> became governor. In 1995, he successfully defended his province against the Taliban, in cooperation with defense minister Ahmad Shah Massoud. <mask> even tried to attack the Taliban stronghold of Kandahar, but was repulsed. Later in September, an ally of the Jamiat, Uzbek General Abdul Rashid Dostum changed sides, and attacked Herat.<mask> was forced to flee to neighboring Iran with 8,000 men and the Taliban took over Herat Province. Two years later, while organizing opposition to the Taliban in Faryab area, he was betrayed and captured by Abdul Majid Rouzi who had defected to the Taliban along with Abdul Malik Pahlawan, then one of Dostum's deputies. Then in March 1999 he escaped from Kandahar prison. During the U.S. intervention in Afghanistan, he fought against the Taliban within the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (Northern Alliance) and thus regained his position as Governor of Herat after they were victorious in December 2001. Karzai administration and return to Afghanistan
After returning to Herat, <mask> quickly consolidated his control over the region. He took over control of the city from the local ulema and quickly established control over the trade route between Herat and Iran, a large source of revenue. As Emir of Herat, <mask> exercised great autonomy, providing social welfare for Heratis, expanding his power into neighbouring provinces, and maintaining direct international contacts.Although hated by the educated in Herat and often accused of human rights abuses, <mask>'s regime provided security, paid government employees, and made investments in public services. However, during his tenure as governor, <mask> was accused of ruling his province like a private fiefdom, leading to increasing tensions with the Afghan Transitional Administration. In particular, he refused to pass on to the government the revenues gained from custom taxes on goods from Iran and Turkmenistan. On 13 August 2003, President Karzai removed Governor <mask> from his command of the 4th Corps. This was announced as part of a programme removing the ability of officials to hold both civilian and military posts. <mask> was ultimately removed from power in March 2004 due to pressure by neighbouring warlords and the central Afghan government. Various sources have presented different versions of the story, and the exact dynamics cannot be known with certainty.What is known is that <mask> found himself at odds with a few regional commanders who, although theoretically his subordinates, attempted to remove him from power. <mask> claims that these efforts began with a botched assassination attempt. Afterwards, these commanders moved their forces near Herat. <mask>, unpopular with the Herati military class, was slow to mobilise his forces, perhaps waiting for the threat to Herat to become existential as a means to motivate his forces. However, the conflict was stopped with the intervention of International Security Assistance Force forces and soldiers of the Afghan National Army, freezing the conflict in its tracks. <mask>'s forces even fought skirmishes with the Afghan National Army, in which his son, Mirwais Sadiq was killed. Because <mask> was contained by the Afghan National Army, the warlords who opposed him were quickly able to occupy strategic locations unopposed.<mask> was forced to give up his governorship and to go to Kabul, where he served in Hamid Karzai's cabinet as the Minister of Energy. In 2005 <mask> became the Minister of Water and Energy. In late 2012, the Government of Afghanistan accused <mask> of illegally distributing weapons to his supporters. About 40 members of the country's Parliament requested <mask> to answer their queries. The government believes that <mask> is attempting to create some kind of disruption in the country. Assassination attempt
On September 27, 2009, <mask> survived a suicide blast that killed 4 of his bodyguards in Herat, in western Afghanistan. He was driving to Herat Airport when a powerful explosion occurred on the way there.Taliban spokesman, Zabiullah Mujahid, claimed responsibility and said the target was <mask>. Testimony requested by a Guantanamo captive
Guantanamo captive Abdul Razzaq Hekmati requested <mask>'s testimony, when he was called before a Combatant Status Review Tribunal. <mask>, like Afghan Minister of Defense Rahim Wardak, was one of the high-profile Afghans that those conducting the Tribunals ruled were "not reasonably available" to give a statement on a captive's behalf because they could not be located. Hekmati had played a key role in helping <mask> escape from the Taliban in 1999. Hekmati stood accused of helping Taliban leaders escape from the custody of Hamid Karzai's government. Carlotta Gall and Andy Worthington interviewed <mask> for a new The New York Times article after Hekmati died of cancer in Guantanamo. According to the New York Times
<mask> said he personally buttonholed the American ambassador to tell him that Hekmati was innocent, and should be released.In contrast, Hekmati was told that the State Department had been unable to locate <mask>. 2021 Taliban offensive and capture
In July 2021, <mask> mobilized hundreds of his loyalists in Herat in support of the Afghan Armed Forces to defend the city from an offensive by the Taliban. Despite this, the city fell on 12 August 2021. After trying to escape by helicopter, <mask> was captured by the Taliban. The Taliban interviewed him shortly after and claimed that he and his forces have joined them. After negotiating with the Taliban, he was allowed to return to his residence. After leaving Taliban custody, as of August 2021 <mask> is living in Mashhad, Iran.He said that a conspiracy was responsible for Herat being captured by the Taliban. Controversy
<mask> is a controversial figure. Reporters Without Borders has charged him with muzzling the press and ordering attacks on journalists. Also Human Rights Watch has accused him of human rights abuses. Nevertheless, he remains a popular figure for some in Afghanistan. Unlike other mujahideen commanders, <mask> has not been linked to large-scale massacres and atrocities such as those committed after the capture of Kabul in 1992. Following news of his dismissal, rioting broke out in the streets of Herat, and President Karzai had to ask him to make a personal appeal for calm.Notes and references

External links

 Official site of Amir Mohammad <mask>
 BBC Profile: <mask>
 GlobalSecurity.org - General <mask> <mask>

1946 births
Living people
Mujahideen members of the Soviet–Afghan War
Afghan Tajik people
Government ministers of Afghanistan
Jamiat-e Islami politicians
Survivors of terrorist attacks
United National Front (Afghanistan) politicians
Date of birth missing (living people)
Governors of Herat Province
Afghan warlords
20th-century Afghan military personnel
Afghan military officers

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Mohammad Ismail Khan
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Mohammad Ismail
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<mask>, 1st Baronet  (23 January 1835 – 10 July 1907) was an English neurologist who was a leading British authority in the field of cardiology as well as neurology. He also performed research involving diseases such as tuberculosis and cancer. In 1881 he was elected President of the London Medical Society and in 1887 President of the Clinical Society of London. <mask> was a Physician-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria and Physician-in-Ordinary to King Edward VII and the Prince of Wales. Early life and education
<mask> was born at Longwood Edge in Lindley, now part of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. He was the eldest of seven children born to <mask>, a wool manufacturer and prominent Wesleyan, and Esther (née Butterworth). His younger brother was Colonel <mask> .He was educated at Huddersfield College before he decided to study medicine. He was apprenticed to a doctor in Manchester before studying medicine at Owens College, and the Royal School of Medicine in Manchester. He studied in Paris in 1857 and returned in 1858 to pass the M.B. examination at Manchester. Career
In 1859, <mask> took up a junior post at St Mary's Hospital, London, with which he was associated for much of his career (1859–1896). The next year he was elected physician to the London Fever Hospital. In 1865, he was promoted to physician in charge of patients at St. Mary's, and full physician in 1871.It was through his work at St. Mary's that <mask> earned his reputation as an expert pathologist and outstanding clinical teacher. His areas of expertise included neurology and cardiology, as well as cancer and typhoid. The months of November 1891 to October 1892 were critically important to <mask> and his career, and gave him a narrow involvement in a notorious series of crimes. In November to December 1891 <mask> was involved in saving the life of Prince George (the future King George V) from typhoid fever. At about the same time that he was involved in this he was sent a mysterious letter accusing him of murdering a prostitute named Matilda Clover the previous October with poison. This letter demanded a huge blackmail amount to avoid ruin. <mask> wisely sent the letter to Scotland Yard.In January 1892, he was sent for by the Royal Family in an attempt to save Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale the older son of the Prince and Princess of Wales and "heir presumptive" to the throne of England. The Prince, known as "Prince Eddy" to the public (and nicknamed "Collars and Cuffs" due to some wardrobe choices he made) had caught a virulent strain of influenza. <mask> tried everything he could to save the Duke, but on 14 January 1892 the Duke died. However, the Prince of Wales sent <mask> a letter thanking him for his endeavours, that preserved for him and his wife one of their sons. Then, in the late spring, <mask> was informed of a police investigation into the deaths of a series of prostitutes in the Stepney and Lambeth areas of London that began in October 1891 and continued until April 1892. One of the victims was Matilda Clover, who had been classified as having died of natural causes, but the letter from the blackmailer to Broadbent gave details showing the woman had been poisoned. An arrest was made in June 1892 of Dr. Thomas Neill Cream for blackmailing another physician named Harper.Subsequently this was changed to a charge of murder for the poisoning of Matilda Clover. The trial of the defendant occurred in October 1892, with the charges including the attempted blackmail of <mask>, and <mask>'s appearance as a witness. Cream was found guilty and sentenced to death, being hanged in November 1892. <mask> was a Physician-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria and Physician-in-Ordinary to King Edward VII and the Prince of Wales. In 1904, he was listed honorary medical staff at King Edward VII's Hospital for Officers. Honours
<mask> received honorary doctorates from the universities of Edinburgh, where he obtained a M.D. with the thesis 'On the connection between diseases of the heart and apoplexy''', St. Andrews, Leeds, McGill and Toronto.<mask> was created a baronet, of Brook Street and Longwood, in 1893. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in March 1901. Personal life
<mask> married Eliza Harpin in 1863, and had three sons and three daughters:

Mary Ethel (1864 – 10 March 1954)
John Francis Harpin (16 October 1865 – 27 January 1946)
<mask> (10 April 1867 – 17 May 1867)
Walter (4 August 1868 – 17 October 1951)
Gertrude (1870 – 2 August 1905)
Eliza Madeleine (1872 – 17 December 1949)

His sons John and Walter also became physicians. He died at his home in London in 1907, following an eighth-month illness that began with pneumonia. His eldest son succeeded him in the baronetcy. Associated eponyms
 Broadbent apoplexy: A type of stroke caused by a cerebral haemorrhage into the ventricular system. Broadbent sign: Recession of the intercostal spaces (near the eleventh and twelfth ribs on the left side of the back) as a sign of adherent pericardium (this sign was first described by his son, <mask>, in 1895).Broadbent inverted sign: Pulsations synchronising with ventricular systole on the posterior lateral wall of the chest in gross dilatation of the left atrium. Broadbent law: Medical law that states "lesions of the upper segment of the motor tract cause less marked paralysis of muscles that habitually produce bilateral movements than of those that commonly act independently of the opposite side". Selected writings
 Cancer: A New Method of Treatment (London, 1866)
 The Practice of Medicine, (revised by Sir <mask>; 7th ed., London 1875)
 The Pulse (largely a reproduction of the Croonian Lectures, 1887), (London, 1890)
 Heart Disease, With Special Reference to Prognosis and Treatment'', (with John Francis Harpin <mask>), (London, 1897)

References

Works cited

 Biography of Willam Henry Broadbent

Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
British cardiologists
British neurologists
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
People educated at Huddersfield New College
Medical doctors from Yorkshire
Physicians-in-Ordinary
1835 births
1907 deaths
Physicians of St Mary's Hospital, London

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Sir William Henry Broadbent
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John Broadbent
John Edward Broadbent
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William Herbert
Walter Broadbent
William Broadbent
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