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<mask> (born 1973) is a Canadian criminal, outlaw biker and police informer who played a key role in the Ontario Provincial Police's (OPP) Project Tandem operation against the Hells Angels in 2005–2006. Informer
<mask> was born in North Bay and dropped out of high school in grade 10. In 2008, <mask> testified that he started working as a police informer in 1990 at the age of 17 as he became involved in various criminal activities while at the same time informing on his associates. <mask> stated: "I was just providing information to them [the police] for money about drug dealing operations in the area". When asked by the Crown Attorney Mitchell Flagg  "Other than the money, was there any other reason that you provided information to the police when you were a teenager? ", <mask> flatly replied "No". <mask> was first convicted of a criminal offense at the age of 17.<mask> became a member together several of his relatives of a nomadic band known variously as "the Travelers" or "the Wanderers" that operated in the rural areas of eastern Ontario that targeted elderly farmers by engaging in home renovation scams. <mask> testified in 2008 that he felt justified in targeting elderly farmers "because they have a lot of money". At the same time, <mask> informed on his associates in his band, sometimes being paid $1,000 dollars by the police for his information, but he testified that he informed on his brothers-in-law who were members of his band for free. <mask> testified that knew what barns and homes he and his associates had worked on because the work done "was horrible". Besides for specializing in cheating senior citizens out of their life savings, <mask> bit off the ear of a man in a bar fight in Campbellford. About the ear-biting incident, <mask> stated: "It was a consensual bar fight". Over the years, <mask> has been convicted of multiple counts of fraud, assault and uttering death threats.In 1996, <mask> became involved with a 18-year-old woman named Linda Sebastiao, whom he started living with a month after they met and in 1997 he fathered a daughter by her. Sebastiao described <mask> as: "He was very charming and swept me off my feet." Sebastiao claims that he once cheated one elderly farmer by billing him for some $260,000 dollars for home renovation work that was never done. Sebastiao stated she was well aware that <mask> did not make his living honestly, but that: "He gave us everything we wanted. Everything that we needed. We bought a nice, cute little place." However, as the years went on, Sebastiao alleges that her relationship with <mask> moved into a darker direction as she stated that he became jealous, dominating, possessive, and brutal.Sebastiao alleges that <mask> did not allow her to have a driver's license and that he frequently beat her, once because the toilet paper did not roll in a manner pleasing to him. Biker
In 1999, <mask> was living in Northumberland County. <mask>  was working on a house in Warsaw, Ontario when he met a member of the Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club, William "Mr. Bill" Lavoie, by chance and ending up befriending him. In the fall of 1999, <mask> joined the Satan's Choice's Oshawa chapter. The club's rules required that a new member be sponsored by a member who had known him for at least five years; <mask>'s sponsor Lavoie had only known him for five months and had been bribed in the form of $12,000 dollars by <mask> to say otherwise. <mask> joined Satan's Choice solely with the aim of selling information about the club to the police. <mask> cultivated a bloodthirsty image, boasting about he how had bitten off a man's ear, and adopted as his biker name "Hannibal".The nickname Hannibal was not a reference to the Carthaginian general, but rather to the fictional serial killer Hannibal "the Cannibal" Lecter. <mask> cultivated a bloodthirsty image, claiming that the ear-biting incident had left him with a taste for human blood. <mask>'s ex-wife recalled: "When we would make him steak for supper, his was just with spices, raw, not even on the grill for a little". The national president of Satan's Choice, Bernie Guindon, who lived and still does live in Oshawa, recalled about <mask>: "He had a cocky attitude. That's what I got from him. I always had a gut feeling about him. The questions he'd be asking me.You always had to be careful how you answered him". Guindon was also suspicious of Lavoie, whom he suspected was a police informer, stating: "He hadn't worked, but he always had money. I always wondered where he got the money". <mask> entered Satan's Choice as a "hang-around", the lowest level in an outlaw biker club and was promoted up to a "prospect", the second level in an outlaw biker club in late 2000. One Satan's Choice member, Lorne Edgar Campbell, stated that <mask> would never nod his head until he had nodded his head first, which he found disconcerting. Campbell said of <mask>: "He looked sneaky. He just didn't look right".On 29 December 2000, Satan's Choice "patched over" en masse to join the Hells Angels and in this way, <mask> became a Hells Angel. On that day, in a much publicized ceremony, most of the Ontario outlaw biker gangs such as Satan's Choice, the Vagabonds, the Lobos, the Last Chance, the Para-Dice Riders and some of the Loners travelled to Hells Angels' "mother chapter" clubhouse in Sorel-Tracy, just south of Montreal to join the Hells Angels, making them at one stroke the dominant outlaw biker club in Ontario. One police officer told the journalist Jerry Langton about the mass "patch over" in Sorel: "They [the Angels] were truly scraping the bottom of the barrel. They were trading patch for patch the legendary Hells Angel patch for some of the lowest of the low". <mask> testified that after joining the Hells Angels: "I contacted one of the officers I was providing information to...I told (the police) if I could make my way into the Hells Angels and make my way up to full patch, I would take down any drug dealers I could". In early 2002, <mask> became a "full patch" Hells Angel, the highest level in an outlaw biker club, making him a member of the Hells Angel elite. Sebastiao stated: "After he got his full patch he thought he was king of the world."As a Hell Angel, <mask> promoted the image of himself being a "wild man", waving about his handgun, showing off the newspaper reports about his assault conviction for the ear-biting incident, and hinting very strongly that he had committed a murder. The journalist Jeff Mitchell wrote: "His way of settling a beef was to throw the first punch and keep on throwing until he'd made his point: the new Angel once squared off against the Oshawa club's Sergeant At Arms, who serves as the charter enforcer." In outlaw biker clubs, the office of sergeant-at-arms who is in charge of enforcing discipline within the chapter is generally held by the toughest member of the chapter. <mask> later testified that about his fight with Oshawa chapter's sergeant-at-arms: "I pretty much mopped the floor with him." Shortly there afterwards, <mask> became the treasurer of the Hells Angels' Oshawa chapter, making him in charge of the finances. Sebastiao states he became paranoid and had the windows of their house bricked in to reduce the chances of him being killed in a drive-by shooting. In 2002, <mask> was given a speeding ticket by the Durham Region police constable Todd Dennis.In response, <mask> began a campaign of harassment against Dennis and his family, stalking them and making threats. In October 2002, <mask> was convicted of uttering death threats while Dennis secured a restraining order forbidding <mask> from having contact with him and his family. In 2003, Sebastiao ended her relationship with <mask> and she publicly accused him of being a police informer. Sebastiao alleges that <mask> neglected his family in favor of partying and cocaine use, became more abusive and wanted to have an ex-girlfriend move in. Another member of the Hells Angels' Oshawa chapter, Remond Akleh, believed Sebastiao's allegations that <mask> was an informer and pressed for <mask> to be expelled. <mask> made aggressive use of the Angels' "arbitrations" (the internal tribunals to settle disputes between the club's members), denying the allegations and pressing for Akleh to be expelled instead. <mask> convinced the other Angels in the "arbitrations" that he was not an informer and that Akleh was lying.In 2003, Sebastiao's family was awarded a restraining order against <mask> after he was alleged to have threatened to kill them by blowing up their house with them in it. Sebastiao stated: "I was scared, scared of what he might do to me and my family; like what he had threatened." She alleges that <mask> once threatened to kill her by stripping her naked, tying her to a tree in the forest, covering her with honey and letting the animals and insects eat her alive. Project Tandem
In April 2005, the OPP's Anti-Biker Enforcement Unit recruited <mask> as a full time agent source informer, signing a contract with <mask> giving him immunity while paying him $1,900 dollars per week and another $15,000 dollars per month in a trust fund while also paying his income taxes. An informer is someone who provides information to the police, usually in exchange for money, but does not have to testify in court and does not enjoy immunity; by contrast, an agent source informer has a contract giving him or her immunity from past and future crimes and is guaranteed to be paid a certain sum of money as specified in the contract, in exchange for which the agent source informer must agree to testify in court. <mask> was the key informer behind what the police called Project Tandem under which <mask> was to wear a wire while conducting drug deals with various Hells Angels. Project Tandem was supposed to last only six months, but instead went on for 18 months until September 2006 as <mask> collected more information than the police had expected about the Hells Angels.In 2005, <mask> bonded with Gerald "Skinny" Ward, the president of the Angels' Niagara chapter, during a motorcycle ride to Prince Edward Island, and having gained his trust, suggested he do business with him. Ward was close to having a monopoly of the cocaine trade in the Niagara peninsula and was well known in underworld circles for the high quality of his cocaine. The police estimated that Ward was responsible for about 75% of all the cocaine sales in the Niagara peninsula. On 18 August 2005, <mask> visited Welland to meet Ward while wearing a wire and was recorded buying 1.1 kilograms of cocaine from Ward for $42,000 dollars in cash. As Ward's cocaine was about 85-91% pure, <mask> joked while buying the cocaine "I never even tried it, I'm like, I'm trying not to touch it". On 5 October 2005, <mask> visited Ward at his Wellland home, where he was recorded buying one kilogram of cocaine for $38,000 dollars in cash. During his visits, Ward talked frankly with <mask> about his business, saying his chapter was supposed to have at least six members as required by the Angel rules, but in fact had only three members as it was difficult to recruit "good guys".Ward told <mask> that he that despite the high price that he charged for his cocaine, he was not stocking up as he believed that the price would come down eventually, leading <mask> to say that it was "playing the stock market". Ward replied:  "Pretty well the same thing. You're up, you're down.". Between August 2005-February 2006, Ward sold <mask> altogether some $156,000 dollars worth of cocaine. One evening in April 2006, <mask> unexpectedly arrived at Guindon's house talking about a vague offer to pay him 5,000 dollars in exchange for some unspecified project that <mask> had planned. Guindon recalled: "He promised me five thousands dollars a month and I said no. I didn't know what he meant by 'work with him'.I just knew it would mean trouble." Distrusting <mask>, whom he believed was setting up him for something, Guindon decided to retire from the Hells Angels the next day. Guindon turned in his Hells Angel patch, which <mask> as the Oshawa chapter treasurer burned. As a result of Project Tandem, <mask> ended up being paid about $1 million by the Ontario government. <mask> is believed to have been the first full patch Hells Angel in Canada to wear a wire for the police. <mask> later testified: "The whole idea of a patch and being a full patch member is that you can be 100-percent trusted. And you can do business with anybody and they're to trust you 100 percent and that's meaning business as in illegal business-drugs, stolen property, robberies-anything".Shortly before his death in a motorcycle accident on 7 September 2006, Lavoie had been expressing regret at having sponsored <mask> in 1999, accusing him of being an informer. One Hells Angel, Lorne Edgar Campbell, has maintained that there was something suspicious about Lavoie's death, claiming that Lavoie was a careful rider and he maintains that it was odd that that police neither charged nor released the name of the driver of the car that killed Lavoie (the police have stated the identity of the driver was kept secret out of the fear that he might be killed by Hells Angels). <mask> attended Lavoie's funeral on 13 September 2006 and has repeatedly denied in court allegations that he said at the funeral: "He's never smelled better". When the Project Tandem raids were launched on 28 September 2006 the police arrested 27 people including 15 full patch Hells Angels. As a result of Project Tandem, the police seized $417,100 Canadian dollars and another $6,914 American dollars from various Angel clubhouses in Ontario together with drugs worth 2.9 million Canadian dollars including 13 kilograms of cocaine, 50 pounds of marijuana, 50,000 tablets of ecstasy, and two kilograms of methamphetamine. Perhaps more damaging, the fact that a "full patch" Hell Angel had worked as a police enforcer led to an atmosphere of paranoia within the Hells Angels as to who else might be an informer. On September 28, 2006, two Hells Angels, Remond "Ray" Akleh of Ottawa and Mark Stephenson of Oshawa were charged with ordering <mask> to kill Frank Lenti, the national president of the Bandidos.Akleh had moved to Ottawa to get away from <mask>, a man he greatly disliked and with whom he had feuding with ever since he accused him of being an informer in 2003. Stephenson was the president of the Hells Angels Oshawa chapter. Witness for the Crown
<mask> served as the star witness for the Crown in the various trials that resulted from Project Tandem in 2008–2009. On 11 May 2008, <mask> served as a witness for the Crown at the double murder trial of James Boudreau in Coburg. On 26 May 2008, Boudreau was convicted of one count of first degree murder and another count of second degree murder. At the trial of Akleh and Stephenson  in 2008 in Whitby, Akleh testified it was <mask>, stating he wanted nothing to do with the alleged murder plot or <mask>. On November 7, 2008, the Crown's case against Akleh and Stephenson collapsed when Akleh revealed to the court he had been a police informer since 2003 and there never was a murder plot against Lenti.<mask> appeared to be very surprised to learn that Akleh was also an informer, saying in the courtroom: "You've got to be kidding me". Akleh testified he had become an informer out of fear of <mask>, saying that <mask> was harassing him and his family and making death threats. Akleh stated that despite being a Hells Angel that he befriended Constable Denis as both men and their families were being harassed by <mask>, which led him to became an informer. Unlike <mask>, Akleh did not receive any monetary compensation from the police for his information. Akleh's lawyer, Glenn Orr, argued very forcefully that only "an imbecile or a moron" would try to recruit a man whom he already accused of being an informer to serve as a hitman. Orr called <mask> "the Wayne Gretzky of lying", saying in his closing comments to the jury that <mask> was a deeply dishonest man whose word could not be trusted. Akleh further testified that his long-standing feud with <mask> made it very unlikely that he would try to recruit him as a hitman while Stephenson testified he had been feuding with <mask> ever since he suggested he was not intelligent enough to serve as the treasurer of the Oshawa chapter.The fact that <mask> despite wearing a wire did not record either Akleh or Stephenson saying anything about wanting to kill Lenti was a further blow to his credibility; <mask> maintained that Akleh and Stephenson had indicated via hand gestures that they wanted him to kill Lenti. On January 18, 2009, Akleh and Stephenson were acquitted of conspiring to murder Lenti with the jury ruling that Crown's case rested entirely on the unreliable word of <mask>. In February 2009, Terry Pink, the president of the Angels' Simcoe County chapter, was convicted of selling 8,340 ecstasy tablets to <mask>. On 25 March 2009, Ward was convicted of drug dealing and living off the proceeds of crime, becoming the most high-profile Hells Angel to be convicted as a result of Project Tandem. Another Hells Angel turned informer, David Atwell, later testified that pictures of <mask> were to be found in every Angel clubhouse with the words "liar" and "rat" written across them. Ultimately, 21 Hells Angels were convicted of various drug, weapons, and membership of a criminal organization charges brought about in connection with Project Tandem. On 12 April 2009, a television documentary about his life entitled Project Gault aired as part of the television series Outlaw Bikers.<mask> is living in witness protection under a pseudonym in an unknown location. In June 2010, the Ontario Criminal Injuries Compensation Board ordered <mask> to pay Sebastiao some $35,000 dollars in compensation, ruling that she had suffered years of physical and sexual abuse at the hands of <mask>. Sebastiao has stated that <mask> has refused to pay child support for their daughter and compensation and alleges he only offered her a one time payment of $200 dollars to support their daughter despite being paid $1 million by the Ontario government. She stated about her ex-husband: "He would rather spend $5,000 on a (motor)bike part than $50 for a good pair of shoes for his daughter." Legal experts state that Sebastiao has a strong case against <mask>, but because he is living in witness protection that it is very unlikely that she can force him to pay child support. Books

References

External links
 Opportunity arrived on a Harley for biker How a snitch infiltrated the Hells Angels
Ex-Wife Chases Hells Angel Biker for Child Support

1973 births
Living people
Canadian male criminals
Canadian gangsters
Gang members
Hells Angels
Police informants
20th-century Canadian criminals
21st-century Canadian criminals

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<mask> (1928-2019) was an architect responsible for the design of significant buildings in Queensland, Australia. <mask> practiced from 1951 to 1986. Personal life
<mask> was born in Melbourne on the 24 October 1928, the eldest child of Harry and Elizabeth Birrell. Growing up in North Essendon, Birrell attended North Essendon Primary School from 1934–40 and Essendon State High School from 1940–44. In 1945 at the age of 17 <mask> was accepted into the Melbourne Technical College as an architecture student. To help finance his studies Birrell worked part-time as a builder's labourer. In 1947 <mask> began work as a draughtsman for the Victorian State Works Department and continued his studies Part-time.The same year he also became involved in the Contemporary Arts Society, through the Society he gained many new friends, notably Peter Burns. In 1950 Birrell was accepted into Fourth Year Architecture at The University of Melbourne. In 1951 he graduated and designed his first houses, in Frankston and Warrandyte, Birrell also worked briefly as the resident Architect at the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories. In 1952 Birrell co-founded the magazine Architecture and Arts with his contemporaries, Peter Burns, Helen O'Donnell and Norman Lehey. In 1954 Birrell contributed to the Contemporary Arts Society's exhibition 'Space Modulators' along with artists including Sidney Nolan, Ian Fairweather, Charles Blackman, Arthur Boyd and John Perceval. Working for the Commonwealth Works Department, Birrell was transferred to Canberra, before going on to Darwin and finally Brisbane. In Brisbane <mask> went on to become Brisbane City Council Architect and University of Queensland Staff Architect.It was during this period that <mask> designed his most significant buildings. Throughout his life <mask> admired the works of Walter Burley Griffin and in 1964 he wrote a biography on Griffin. In March 1985 <mask> was elected as a councillor for the Shire of Maroochy in Queensland. <mask>'s archive is held at the Fryer Library at the University of Queensland and the State Library of Queensland. <mask> died 20 September 2019.

Notable projects

Brisbane City Council ArchitectIn 1956 as Brisbane City Council Architect Birrell designed the Chermside and Annerley Libraries, Centenary Pool Complex at Spring Hill as well as numerous public amenities. In 1957 his design proposal for the Centenary Pool complex was successful with construction finishing in 1959. Architecture and Arts magazine named the building as one of the top ten buildings within Australia.Birrell also designed the former Toowong Municipal Library Building, which was completed in 1961. Located on Coronation Drive, it was directly opposite to Birrell's Toowong Pool (which has since been demolished). The library is heritage listed although is now used for commercial purposes (medical imaging-MRI). University of Queensland Staff Architect

From 1961–66 <mask> practiced as The University of Queensland Staff Architect. In this position he designed and documented Union College, which was constructed in five stages from 1964 and 1972. Union College was highly commended after its construction. It was visually pleasing while also being innovative in terms of the structure and its response to pre-existing site conditions.Union College received a High Commendation award from Arts and Architecture journal as one of the best ten new buildings in Australia at the time. During his tenure as staff architect <mask> was also responsible for the JD Story Administration Building (1965) the Agriculture and Entomology Building, now known as the Hartley Teakle Building (1966). <mask> was also responsible for the design of the campus plan at James Cook University in Townsville, and several of its early buildings 1964–1970. In 1965 <mask> became President of the Australian Planning Institute. Private Practice

In 1966 he moved into private practice. Much of <mask>'s work in this period came from overseas. He worked for the University of Papua New Guinea, where he designed the Halls of Residence, Arts/Law and Arts II Buildings and Indonesia as a government planning consultant.Works
 Toowong Municipal Library and Pool designed while City Council Architect. Union College Building designed while University of Queensland Staff. Wickham Terrace Car Park
 Private residence - 4 Carol Court, Buderim, Qld
 Brisbane Centenary Pool Centre
Annerley Library, Brisbane
 University Hall of Residence, James Cook University
 Eddie Koiki Mabo Library, James Cook University
 Ken Back Chancellory Building, James Cook University
 JD Story Administration Building – University of Queensland
 Agriculture and Entomology Building (Hartley Teakle Building) – University of Queensland
 Papua New Guinea Banking Corporation (PNGBC) (now Bank South Pacific), headquarters – Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
 Agriculture Bank – Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
University of Queensland Staff and Graduates Club

Awards
 Union College, University of Queensland, RAIA High Commendation (1966)
 JD Story Administration Building, University of Queensland, RAIA Commendation
 Agriculture and Entomology Building (Hartley Teakle Building), University of Queensland, RAIA Citation (1970)

In 2005 Birrell was awarded the RAIA Gold Medal. Royal Australian Institute of Architects national president Warren Kerr said the Melbourne-born Brisbane-based architect had made a "spirited and distinguished contribution to the discipline of architecture". Tributes
 The University of Queensland Staff and Graduates Club have a room named the "<mask> Birrell Room". Architecture students in the University of Queensland's Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology's Scholars program are known as Birrell Scholars. The program provides the Faculty's top students with enhanced academic, industry and cultural experiences.References

External links
 Collection UQFL117 - <mask> Papers, Fryer Library, University of Queensland
 <mask> Birrell Papers, State Library of Queensland

1928 births
Architects from Queensland
2019 deaths
Recipients of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects’ Gold Medal

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<mask>divia or Valdiva (; April 17, 1497 – December 25, 1553) was a Spanish conquistador and the first royal governor of Chile. After serving with the Spanish army in Italy and Flanders, he was sent to South America in 1534, where he served as lieutenant under Francisco Pizarro in Peru, acting as his second in command. In 1540 he led an expedition of 150 Spaniards into Chile, where he defeated a large force of indigenous warriors and founded Santiago in 1541. He extended Spanish rule south to the Biobío River in 1546, fought again in Peru (1546 – 48), and returned to Chile as governor in 1549. He began to conquer Chile south of the Biobío and founded Concepción in 1550. He was captured and killed in a campaign against the Mapuche. The city of Valdivia in Chile is named after him.Early life as soldier in Europe and arrival in the Americas
<mask> <mask> is believed to have been born in Villanueva de la Serena
(some say Castuera) in Extremadura, Spain around 1500 (some sources put his date of birth as early as 1497 or as late as 1505) to an impoverished hidalgo family. In 1520 a civil war broke out in Castile, the Revolt of the Comuneros, and <mask> joined the army of Spanish king Charles I. He later fought in Flanders in 1521 and Italy between 1522 and 1527, participating in the battle of Pavia as part of the troops of the Marquis of Pescara. In May 1527, Valdivia was involved in the sack of Rome as a member of Charles I's mutinous mercenary army. He traveled with Spanish forces to South America in 1535. He was assigned for a year to present-day Venezuela. He was moved to Peru in 1537.There he took part on the side of Hernando Pizarro in his struggle against <mask> Almagro and fought in the battle of Las Salinas in 1538; Almagro was defeated and captured. Afterwards <mask> accompanied Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro to conquer both the province of Collao and las Charcas in High Peru (currently Bolivia). As compensation for his help in conquering these lands, he was awarded a silver mine and became a wealthy man. <mask> had married Marina Ortíz <mask>te in Spain. In Peru he became attached to Inés <mask>, a widow who accompanied him to Chile as his mistress. Expedition to Chile

After the failure of the expedition of <mask> Almagro in 1536, the lands to the south of Peru (then known as Nueva Toledo, extending from the 14° — close to modern day Pisco, Peru — to the 25° latitude — close to Taltal, Chile) had remained unexplored. Valdivia asked governor Francisco Pizarro for permission to complete the conquest of that territory.He got his permission but was appointed as Lieutenant Governor, rather than Governor as he had wanted. The expedition was fraught with problems from the beginning. Valdivia had to sell the lands and the mine that had been assigned to him in order to finance the expedition. A shortage of soldiers and adventurers was also problematic; the men were not interested in conquering what they believed were extremely poor lands. While Valdivia was preparing the expedition, <mask> <mask> Hoz arrived from Spain with a royal grant for the same territory. To avoid difficulties, Pizarro advised the two competitors to join their interests, and on December 28, 1539, they signed a contract of partnership. The small expedition finally left Cuzco, Peru in January 1540, with Pizarro's permission and <mask> <mask> as partner.They carried a plethora of seeds for planting, a drove of swine and brood mares, and almost a thousand native warriors, but few Spaniards. Only one woman was among the travelers, Inés <mask>, Valdivia's mistress. En route more Spaniards joined the expedition, attracted by Valdivia's fame as a brilliant leader. These conquistadores had formed part of the failed campaigns to the highlands of Bolivia; together around 150 Spaniards joined the expedition. Valdivia resolved to avoid the road over the Andes, which had proved fatal to Almagro's army, and set out resolutely through the Atacama Desert. On the way, Sancho <mask>, seeking sole leadership, tried to murder <mask> but failed. He was pardoned, but from then on had to accept subordinate status.The natives of the region were not pleased by the return of the Spaniards due to the maltreatment they had suffered under Almagro. With many promises, Valdivia was able to regain their trust. After a march of five months, and suffering great privations, the expedition arrived at the Copiapo valley. Valdivia officially took possession of the land in the name of the Spanish king. Soon thereafter they continued south and in December 1540, eleven months after they left Cuzco, Valdivia and his expedition reached the valley of the Mapocho river, where they established the capital of the territory. The valley was extensive and well populated with natives. Its soil was fertile and there was abundant fresh water.Two high hills provided defensive positions. Soon after their arrival, <mask> tried to convince the native inhabitants of his good intentions, sending out delegations bearing gifts for the caciques. Finally on February 12, 1541, Valdivia officially founded the city of Santiago de la Nueva Extremadura (named after Saint James, Santiago in Spanish, and Valdivia's home region of Extremadura, Spain). The ceremony was held at the foot of the Huelén hill (now known as Santa Lucia hill). After arriving in Chile, <mask> and his men worked to restore a positive relationship between the conquistadores and Indians, which had been greatly harmed by Almagro and his merciless ways. At first, Valdivia was successful in his efforts, but this peaceful coexistence did not last long. One of the first orders that Valdivia gave was to have a ship constructed at the mouth of the Aconcagua River to send to Peru for further supplies and to serve as a courier service.He then had to return in haste to Santiago to subdue a mutiny. The Spaniards' greed surfaced and overshadowed previous intentions when rumors of gold arose at the Marga Marga mines, in the vicinity of Valparaiso. The settlers began forcing the natives to work there. Colonization of Chile

On learning of Francisco Pizarro's murder in 1541, Valdivia had himself appointed governor of the territory by the council of the new city, and removed Chile from Peruvian control, acknowledging only the royal authority, an arrangement the Crown found acceptable. Secure now in his own domain, he pushed exploration southward and aided the development of the country by dividing the land among his ablest followers and parceling out the Indians in encomiendas. Chile possessed minerals, but Valdivia definitely subordinated mining to agriculture and stock raising. Still, the colony was not prosperous; gold was scarce and the Araucanians warlike.Destruction of Santiago
After an apparent peaceful period the Natives began to resist the invaders. Valdivia marched against the tribes and defeated them at Cachapoal. While away, on September 11, 1541, local people led by Michimalonco attacked Santiago. The defense of the city was led by <mask>'s mistress Inés <mask>. The Spaniards, desperate and willing to fight until death, were able to eventually push the Natives back; <mask> and his troops made it back just in time to relieve the capital. By the time the battle ended the entire town had been destroyed and burned to the ground, animals were killed and the fields and stores were decimated. Only a small amount of property was not destroyed, including a handful of seeds, two sows, one pig and a pair of chickens.<mask> organized his men into groups to keep watch over the crops and protect the city against attack. For the next two years, there were men always saddled and armed, ready to fight in case the Natives posed a threat to Spanish authority. This event meant a real setback for the conquest of the Chilean territory. The resistance of the Native people became stronger daily, and as the ship that he had constructed in Aconcagua was also destroyed by the natives, Valdivia sent in 1542 overland to Peru his lieutenant <mask> Monroy with five followers to seek reinforcements, but, on account of the disturbance in that country in consequence of the defeat of El Mozo Almagro by Cristóbal Vaca <mask>, Monroy could not obtain much aid, and returned in September 1543, with only seventy horsemen, also sending by sea a vessel with provisions and ammunition to the port of Aconcagua. Expanding the colony

In September 1543 new arms, clothes and other equipment arrived from Peru on the ship Santiaguillo; thanks to these new supplies, Valdivia was in the position to start the rebuilding of Santiago and to send an expedition, led by Juan Bohón, to explore and populate the northern region of Chile. This expedition founded La Serena halfway between Santiago and the northern Atacama Desert, in the valley of Coquimbo. Valparaíso, though used as a port by the Spaniards from the start, had no considerable population until much later.In 1544 Valdivia sent a naval expedition consisting of the barks San Pedro and Santiaguillo, under the command of Juan Bautista Pastene, to reconnoiter the southwestern coast of South America, ordering him to reach the Strait of Magellan. The expedition set sail from Valparaíso and although Pastene did not reach this goal, he explored much of the coast. He entered the  bay of San Pedro, and made landings at what are now known as Concepción and at Valdivia, which was later named in honor of the commander. Encountering severe storms further south, he then returned to Valparaiso. In February 1546 Valdivia himself set out, with sixty horsemen plus native guides and porters, and crossed the Itata River. He got to the Bío-Bío River where he planned to found another town. However, the party was attacked by Mapuche warriors at the Battle of Quilacura.Realizing that it would be impossible to proceed in such hostile territory with so limited a force, Valdivia wisely elected to return to Santiago shortly thereafter, after finding a site for a new city at what is now Penco and would become the first site of Concepción. Still, Valdivia managed to subdue the country between Santiago and the Maule River. Return to Peru

To secure additional aid and confirm his claims to the conquered territory, Valdivia returned in 1547 to Peru, leaving <mask> Villagra as governor in his stead. There he tried to gather more resources and men to continue the conquest. When the Gonzalo Pizarro rebellion began in Peru, the insurgents attempted unsuccessfully to win Valdivia to their side. Nonetheless, early in 1548 Valdivia joined the royal army of Viceroy <mask> la Gasca, and his military experience counted heavily in the victory of Xaquixahuana on April 9 of that year. In the battle, Valdivia met <mask> Carvajal, who just like him had also fought in the Italian Wars, been at the Sack of Rome and helped to defeat <mask> Almagro.Nonetheless, a discontented faction from Chile managed to have him tried in Lima, accused of tyranny, malfeasance of public funds and public immorality. One of the charges levelled against him was that he, being married, openly lived with Inés <mask> "...in the manner of man and wife and they sleep in one bed and they eat in one dish...". In exchange for being freed, and for his confirmation as Royal Governor, he agreed to relinquish her and to bring to Chile his wife, Marina Ortíz <mask>, who only arrived after Valdivia's death in 1554. He was also ordered to marry Inés off, which he did, upon his return to Chile in 1549, to one of his captains, <mask> Quiroga. As recognition for his services Valdivia was finally appointed as adelantado and won the royal assent to his coveted title of Governor of Chile, returning to the settlement with his position and prestige considerably strengthened. Arauco War

Between 1549 and 1553, after his arrival back in Santiago, Valdivia again undertook the conquest of southern Chile, but faced heavy resistance from the indigenous population. Valdivia had a clash with the warlike Araucanians beyond the Bio-Bio River in 1550 in which he defeated them but by no means broke their will to resist, a will that grew stronger when the conquistador established settlements in their territory.In spite of the fierce resistance at the Battle of Penco, he founded Concepción on March 3, 1550. Later he founded the more southern villages of La Imperial, Valdivia, Angol and Villarrica, in 1551 and 1552. The uprising of 1553
After a brief stay in Santiago, Valdivia returned to the south again in December 1552. To keep the connection open between Concepción and the southern settlements, Valdivia had a number of forts built in Cordillera de Nahuelbuta. He moved against the Araucanians again in 1553 and built a fort at Tucapel. By the advice of the cacique Colocolo, the Araucanians united their efforts choosing as toqui (general-in-chief) the famous warrior Caupolicán. Valdivia had earlier captured and presumably made friends with Lautaro, an Araucanian youth who became his groom.Lautaro secretly remained true to his own people and rejoined them to show Caupolicán a means by which Valdivia could be defeated. Toward the end of 1553, the Araucanians under Lautaro revolted and they fell on the over-extended Spanish forces in the south. One of the first signs that a big rebellion was building was the attack on the fort at Tucapel, where they managed to destroy the fortress on December 2, 1553. <mask> was at Concepcion when he received notice of this event, and, believing that he could easily subdue the uprising, he hurried southward, sallying forth with only 40 men to stamp out the rebellion. Near the ruins of the fortress Valdivia gathered the remnant of the garrison. He was ambushed before arriving to his destination and the Battle of Tucapel would be Valdivia's last. As each successive wave of attackers was wiped out or beaten off by the Spaniards, Lautaro sent another, until the entire Spanish company was massacred.The dreaded conquistador was captured still alive along with a priest by the Mapuche. Death

There are many versions of how Valdivia's killing took place. According to Jerónimo <mask>r, an author contemporary with the events, the execution of <mask> was personally ordered by Caupolicán, who had him killed with a lance and later his head, along with those of two of his bravest companions, were put on display. Another contemporary chronicler, <mask> Góngora Marmolejo writes that Valdivia offered as a ransom for his life the evacuation of all the Spanish settlements in the Mapuche lands and to give them large herds of animals, but this offer was rejected and the Mapuche first cut off his forearms, roasted and ate them in front of him before killing him and his accompanying priest. <mask> Ercilla refers that Valdivia was killed with the blow of a club, then with a knife a warrior cut open his breast and ripped his still quivering heart which was then handed to the toqui, who sucked its blood. The heart was passed round from one to another, and a drinking cup was made from his skull. The warriors keep running round the corpse brandishing their lances and uttering cries, while the rest of the assembly stamped with their feet until the earth shook.Yet another contemporary chronicler, <mask> <mask>, also wrote that <mask> offered to evacuate the lands of the Mapuche but says he was shortly thereafter killed with a large club by a vengeful warrior named Pilmaiquen, who said that Valdivia could not be trusted to keep his word once freed. Lobera also says that a common story in Chile at the time was that <mask> had been killed by forcing him to drink molten gold. According to an even later legend, Lautaro took <mask> to the Mapuche camp and put him to death after three days of torture, extracting his beating heart and eating it with the Mapuche leaders. The fact remains that probably all the stories about his death are apocryphal, since none of Valdivia's party survived the battle, and the only witnesses that could be found were Indians that were captured in subsequent battles. A rare version about the mythologised life and death of the Inca Atahualpa tells of Atahualpa killing <mask> <mask>. This version was recorded by Tom Dillehay among the Mapuche of Araucanía. In literature
Valdivia was an educated man and wielded the pen as well as the sword.In 1552 Valdivia despatched Captain Jerónimo <mask> with a narrative of his exploits directly to the king Charles I. His twelve letters, addressed to the king and mostly preserved in the archives of the Indies, are models of a vigorous and fluent style, and of great historical interest. His career and death are treated in the epic poem La Araucana by <mask> Ercilla. He is also a major character in several historical novels, such as Inés y las raíces de la tierra, by María Correa Morande (1964); Ay Mamá Inés - Crónica Testimonial (1993) by Jorge Guzmán; Arauco: A Novel (2013), by John Caviglia; and Inés of My Soul () by <mask> (2006). See also

Jerónimo <mask>ete
<mask> Villagra
Francisco <mask>irre
Inés <mask>
Juan Jufré
Arauco War
Mapuche people
Lautaro
Caupolicán
Colocolo

References

Sources

External links

Explorers of Chile
Spanish conquistadors
Spanish explorers
Royal Governors of Chile
1497 births
1553 deaths
Spanish city founders
Captaincy General of Chile
Extremaduran conquistadors
People from Villanueva de la Serena
People of the Arauco War
People of the Italian Wars
16th-century executions
Spanish people executed abroad
History of Chile
1540s in the Captaincy General of Chile
16th-century Chilean people
16th-century Spanish people
Characters in La Araucana
People killed in the Arauco War

masks:
Pedro Gutiérrez de Val
Pedro de
Valdivia
Valdivia
Diego de
Valdivia
Valdivia
de Gae
de Suárez
Diego de
Pedro Sánchez
de la
Pedro Sancho
de Hoz
de Suárez
de Hoz
Valdivia
Valdivia
Valdivia
Pedro
de Suárez
Valdivia
Valdivia
Alonso de
de Castro
Francisco de
Pedro de
Francisco de
Diego de
de Suárez
de Gaete
Rodrigo de
Valdivia
de Viva
Valdivia
Alonso de
Alonso de
Pedro Mariño
de Lobera
Valdivia
Valdivia
Valdivia
Pedro de
Valdivia
de Alderete
Alonso de
Isabel Allende
de Alder
Francisco de
de Agu
de Suárez


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 13 March 1906 – 13 April 1985) was a Croatian sculptor who was born in Osijek, Croatia, but eventually settled in England. He is best known for his series of more than a dozen public statues of Sir Winston Churchill. Biography
<mask> was born into a close Jewish family in Osijek. He was the second child, and elder son, of Mavro Neumann, a pharmaceutical manufacturer, and his wife, Eugenia Adler. He was an accomplished artist from an early age, and began modelling with clay at a local brickworks. He exhibited early works locally in 1923 and 1924, while still at school. He obtained his baccalaureate in Osijek.He was encouraged by Ivan Meštrović to study in Paris, but he moved to Vienna instead. He applied to join the Akademie der bildenden Künste but failed to secure a place, and spent some time working at his uncle's bronze foundry in Vienna. While in Vienna, he met Sigmund Freud and made a sculpture of Freud's dog Topsy. He also made a sculpture of Princess Marie Bonaparte. Later in his life, <mask> changed his surname from Neumann. After a short period studying in Paris, he moved to Brussels in 1925 to study at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts, where he won a gold medal for his sculpture. Brussels became his home until 1939; he shared a house there with the painter René Magritte for much of the 1930s.He made the monument "June Victims" for his home city of Osijek in 1928, commemorating the murders of Pavle Radić, Đuro Basariček and Stjepan Radić in Belgrade in 1928; all three were Croatian members of the Yugoslav Parliament who were fatally shot in the debating chamber by a Montenegrin Serb, Puniša Račić. <mask> returned to Vienna in 1931, to create a large seated sculpture of Freud, now in Hampstead. He staged a one-man exhibition of portrait heads at the Académie, including his Freud and a bust of Paul-Henri Spaak. He made portraits of King Albert I, Queen Astrid of the Belgians, Emile Vandervelde and August Vermeylen, and also exhibited at the Galerie Monteau in December 1934 and January 1939. Concerned by the approaching threat of Nazi Germany, he escaped to England in 1938, a year before the outbreak of the Second World War. He abandoned over a decade of work in progress in his studio, including a  clay model, "Le Pont". Most of his family remained in Europe and were murdered in the Holocaust.He married Patricia Villiers-Stuart, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick Villiers-Stuart, in 1939 and they lived firstly in Holywell Street in Oxford, and then Sandfield Road in Headington, before settling in Boars Hill. They had a son, Falcon and two daughters, Aurelia and Electra. Falcon had a varied career, first as a photographer, then as a film maker, and finally as a music promoter. Aurelia married the Conservative MP Sir George Young, and Electra married rock musician Phil May. He made a bust of Max Beerbohm in 1941 (now at Merton College, Oxford); Beerbohm taught him English. The growing family moved to Boars Hill, near Oxford, in 1941, first living in rented rooms, and then Nissen huts on land bought from Robert Graves which he named "Pleasant Land", after the words of the hymn Jerusalem. He designed and built a combined house and studio on the site in the 1960s.He exhibited some portraits at Regent's Park College in Oxford in 1942, and made portraits John Rothenstein, director of the Tate Gallery, and Sir Karl Parker of the Ashmolean Museum. He became a naturalised British subject in 1948. After the war, he made sculptures of a spectacular list of high-profile figures. He made portraits of the members of British Royal Family, including Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen Mother, and the Earl Mountbatten of Burma, at a studio in St James's Palace. He also sculpted war leaders such as Dwight D. Eisenhower, Earl Alexander of Tunis, Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, Lord Freyberg, Lord Portal of Hungerford, Lord Beaverbrook, and other political figures including Harold Macmillan, Harry S. Truman and Margaret Thatcher. He is best known for his series of more than a dozen public statues of Winston Churchill, including examples in the House of Commons, at Westerham (near Churchill's home at Chartwell), and in Nathan Phillips Square in Toronto. His last major piece, a monumental memorial to the Royal Canadian Air Force in Toronto, was unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II in 1984.Meanwhile, in the 1940s and 1950s, he also created a series of lesser-known relief works, which he called "Les Fleurs de mon Coeur" (The Flowers of my Heart). He was made an Honorary Doctor of Letters at the University of St. Andrews in 1977, and a retrospective was held at the Ashmolean Museum in 1982. He was honoured by the tenth Biennale Slavonaca. He died on 13 April 1985 at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford. The same year, a memorial exhibition was held at the Galerija Likovnih Umjetnosti in Osijek. Technique and legacy

His technique depended on modelling from life directly in clay, quickly making many small studies with no preliminary drawings. He produced works in clay (often fired into terracotta), plaster, and stone, but most of his finished works were cast bronze, often at the Morris Singer art foundry or occasionally at the Burleighfield art foundry (now merged).His house and studio, Pleasant Land, remained closed for 17 years after his death. It reopened in 2003 as a museum of his life's work, exhibiting many studies and models for his finished works. It also houses the archive of his papers. Other papers, relating to his sculptures of Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher, are held by the Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge. Gallery

References
Gerald Taylor, "<mask>, <mask> (1906–1985)", rev., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. (Accessed 16 August 2007.) Biography of <mask> 1906–1985.References

External links

Official website
Churchill & Oscar Nemon - UK Parliament Living Heritage
<mask> 'Churchill's Sculptor' Talk by Aurelia Young

1906 births
1985 deaths
Austro-Hungarian Jews
British Jews
Croatian Austro-Hungarians
Croatian emigrants to England
Croatian Jews
Croatian sculptors
Jewish sculptors
Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism
People from Osijek
Yugoslav emigrants to the United Kingdom
20th-century sculptors
British people of Croatian-Jewish descent

masks:
Oscar Nemon
Oscar Neumann
Nemon
Nemon
Nemon
Nemon
Oscar
Oscar Nemon
Oscar Nemon


texts:
<mask>, <mask>ring (14 July 1608 – 1657) was an English Royalist soldier. He was known by the courtesy title <mask>ring as the eldest son of the first Earl of Norwich. Early life

<mask>, the eldest son of <mask>, 1st Earl of Norwich, was born on 14 July 1608. He married Lettice Boyle, the daughter of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork. Experience before the Civil Wars
His father-in-law, Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, procured for him a post in the Dutch Army with the rank of colonel. He was permanently lamed by a wound received at the Siege of Breda in 1637, and returned to England early in 1639, when he was made governor of Portsmouth. He served in the Bishops' Wars, and already had a considerable reputation when he was involved in the  "Army Plot" (1641).Officers of the army stationed at York proposed to petition the king and parliament for the maintenance of the royal authority. A second party was in favour of more violent measures, and <mask>, in the hope of being appointed lieutenant-general, proposed to march the army on London and overawe the Parliament during Strafford's trial (1641). This proposition being rejected by his fellow-officers, he betrayed the proceedings to Mountjoy Blount, 1st Earl of Newport, who passed on the information indirectly to John Pym in April. Lieutenant-General of Horse
Colonel <mask> was there upon called on to give evidence before the Commons, who commended him for his services to the Commonwealth. This betrayal of his comrades induced confidence in the minds of the parliamentary leaders, who sent him back to his Portsmouth command. Nevertheless he declared for the king in August. He surrendered Portsmouth to the parliament in September 1642 after the Siege of Portsmouth and went to the Netherlands to recruit for the Royalist army, returning to England in December.Appointed to a cavalry command by the Earl of Newcastle, he defeated Fairfax at Seacroft Moor near Leeds in March 1643, but in May he was taken prisoner at Wakefield on the capture of the town by Fairfax. In April 1644 he effected an exchange. At the Battle of Marston Moor, <mask> commanded the Royalist left, and charged with great success, but, allowing his troopers to disperse in search of plunder, was routed by Oliver Cromwell at the close of the battle. In November 1644, on his father's elevation to the earldom of Norwich, he became Lord Goring. The parliamentary authorities, however, refused to recognise the creation of the earldom, and continued to speak of the father as "<mask>" and the son as "General Goring". In August Goring had been despatched by Prince Rupert of the Rhine, who recognised his ability, to join Charles I in the south, and in spite of his dissolute and insubordinate character he was appointed to supersede Henry, Lord Wilmot, as lieutenant-general of the Royalist horse. He secured some successes in the west, and in January 1645 advanced through Hampshire and occupied Farnham; but want of money compelled him to retreat to Salisbury and thence to Exeter.The excesses committed by his troops seriously injured the Royalist cause, and his exactions made his name hated throughout the west. He had himself prepared to besiege Taunton in March 1645, yet when in the next month he was desired by Prince Charles, who was at Bristol, to send reinforcements to Sir Richard Grenville for the siege of Taunton, he obeyed the order only with ill-humour. Later in April 1645 he was summoned with his troops to the relief of the king at Oxford. Lord <mask> had long been intriguing for an independent command, and he now secured from the king what was practically supreme authority in the west. It was alleged by the Earl of Newport that he was willing to transfer his allegiance once more to the parliament. It is not likely that he meditated open treason, but he was culpably negligent and occupied with private ambitions and jealousies. He was still engaged in desultory operations against Taunton when the main campaign of 1645 opened.For the part taken by <mask>'s army in the operations of the Naseby campaign see First English Civil War: Naseby Campaign. After the decisive defeat of the king, the army of Fairfax marched into the west and defeated <mask> in a disastrous fight at Langport on 10 July 1645. He made no further serious resistance to the parliamentary general, but wasted his time in frivolous amusements. Exile and command in Spain
In November 1645 he obtained leave to quit his disorganised forces and retire to France on the ground of health. His father's services secured him the command of some English regiments in the Spanish service. He died in Madrid after converting to Catholicism (in the care of the Jesuits) in July or August 1657. Character assessment
Clarendon says of <mask> that he "would, without hesitation, have broken any trust, or done any act of treachery to have satisfied an ordinary passion or appetite; and in truth wanted nothing but industry (for he had wit, and courage, and understanding and ambition, uncontrolled by any fear of God or man) to have been as eminent and successful in the highest attempt of wickedness as any man in the age he lived in or before.Of all his qualifications dissimulation was his masterpiece; in which he so much excelled, that men were not ordinarily ashamed, or out of countenance, with being deceived but twice by him". Clarendon's assessment according to Florene Memegalos is untrustworthy as he appears to have blackened his name at court for personal reasons. Florene Memegalos also asserts from archive material in the Venice State records and other sources, that <mask>'s reputation stood mainly on his military abilities as a Royalist general and not just on  Clarendon's all too obvious character assassination of him. Notes

References
 This work in turn cites:

Dugdale's Baronage, where there are some doubtful stories of his life in Spain
Clarendon State Papers
Lord Clarendon, History of the Great Rebellion
Samuel Rawson Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War
Memegalos, Florene S. <mask>ring (1608-1657): Caroline Courtier and Royalist General. 1608 births
1657 deaths
English army officers
English expatriates in Spain
Cavaliers
Heirs apparent who never acceded
British courtesy barons and lords of Parliament
Military personnel of the English Civil War

masks:
George Goring
Lord Go
Lord Go
Goring
George Goring
Goring
Goring
Goring
Lord Goring
Goring
Goring
Goring
Goring
George Goring
George Go


texts:
<mask> (July 11, 1888 – January 9, 1944) was a German-American composer and pianist. Biography

<mask> was born in Leipzig, Germany, but very little is known about her life prior to her move to the United States in 1923. She sang for three years at the Leipziger Singakademie and graduated from the Deutscher Konservatorien and Musikseminare, having studied piano, harmony, theory, counterpoint, singing, and dancing. Colleagues in New York recalled that her pianism and musicianship were excellent and that her musical training seemed traditional and solid. She spent 1911–1914 in America, though nothing is known of her activities during those years. Returning to the U.S. in 1923 (according to the biographical notes she provided in a Composers' Forum concert program), she studied at the Mannes College of Music, receiving two degrees by 1928. She taught piano to support herself, and may have taught at Greenwich House Music School, but struggled to make ends meet, resorting at times to WPA work and Ladies Home Aid.In the late 1920s or early thirties she began studying with Ruth Crawford, Charles Seeger, and Dane Rudhyar and in 1934 took Henry Cowell's percussion class at the New School for Social Research. Her musical life during these years was intertwined with Seeger, Crawford, Cowell, John Cage, and others in this modernist circle such as Jessie Baetz, a now-forgotten composer and painter who studied with <mask>. Her most intimate friendship was with Cowell; surviving correspondence reveals a tumultuous, and possibly romantic, relationship between the two composers. Beyer acted as Cowell's informal agent and secretary from 1936 to 1941 on a voluntary basis (only receiving partial compensation in 1941). Though she was largely ignored as a composer, she did have a number of important performances. The first was at the New School for Social Research in 1933, where her Three Songs for Soprano, Piano, and Percussion were performed. A year later, the second movement from her Suite for Clarinet and Bassoon, performed in one of Henry Cowell's New Music Society of California concerts in San Francisco, was perceived as a "doleful dull duet."Aaron Copland reviewed a New Music Quarterly Recording of the movement. John Cage performed two movements of her "Three Movements for Percussion" in his northwestern percussion tours during the late 1930s. In 1936 her skills in multiple media came to the fore in her play, The Modern Composer, for which she wrote the lyrics, composed the incidental music, choreographed the modern ballet, designed and created the costumes, slides, and advertisements, directed the production, and performed the piano part. The play was performed under the auspices of the Federal Music Project at the Central Manhattan Music Center, but manuscript sources for it have not yet been found. Her music was performed twice in the New York Composers' Forum, in 1936 and 1937. Her work was also part of the music event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Beyer battled with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, during the final years of her life.She died in New York City, New York, in 1944. Some of her scores are available in recopied, annotated editions through the Frog Peak/Johanna Beyer Project. The editing and recopying work has been contributed on a voluntary basis by composers interested in the project. Musical style

Much of Beyer's music, particularly that written between 1931 and 1939, reflects the aesthetics of the American "ultra-modernists," a circle which included Ruth Crawford Seeger, Charles Seeger, Henry Cowell, Dane Rudhyar and Carl Ruggles. Many of Beyer's works are exemplary of dissonant counterpoint, a theoretical compositional system developed by Charles Seeger and Cowell and most famously articulated in the works of Ruth Crawford Seeger. However, Beyer developed her own distinctive gestures and procedures that distinguished her music from that of her colleagues. Her compositions are characterized by an economic use of resources, balanced and well-constructed forms, "a unique sense of humor and whimsy," and a commitment to experimentation.Although her music was overlooked during her lifetime and for decades after her death, it was some of the most experimental and prophetic work created during the 1930s. Music of the Spheres (1938) is the first known work scored for electronic instruments by a female composer. The fourth movements of her two clarinet suites (1932) are some of the earliest examples of a pitch-based approach to rhythmic processes, which would not be fully explored again until the late 1940s by composers such as Elliott Carter and Conlon Nancarrow. Several of her works anticipate the minimalist music of the 1960s, most notably the fourth movement of her first String Quartet. She included tone clusters in Clusters, a suite for solo piano, and the duet, Movement for Two Pianos. The large clusters in these works often require the pianist to play the keys with their forearms. Perhaps Beyer's most important and overlooked contribution to the development of new music is her repertoire for percussion ensemble.The Percussion Suite of 1933 is one of the earliest examples in this genre and differs from those of her contemporaries in that it "explores the understated and quiet expressive possibilities of percussion." Other percussion pieces from the 1930s include IV (1935), the March for Thirty Percussion Instruments (1939), which John Kennedy calls one of the "most gorgeous orchestrations for percussion ensemble ever composed," and the Three Movements for Percussion (1939). All of her percussion music is distinguished from that of her contemporaries by its sense of humor, and "emphasis on process over more purely rhythmic exploration." Works

Percussion
Percussion Suite in 3 Movements (1933)
IV (1935)
March for 30 Percussion Instruments (1939)
Percussion, opus 14 (1939)
Three Movements for Percussion (1939)
Waltz for Percussion (1939)

Chamber works
Suite for Clarinet I (1932)
Suite for Clarinet Ib (1932)
Suite for Clarinet and Bassoon (1933)
Sonata for Clarinet and Piano (1936)
Suite for Bass Clarinet and Piano (1936?) Movement for Double Bass and Piano (1936)
Movement for Two Pianos (1936)
Suite for Violin and Piano (1937)
Suite for Oboe and Bassoon (1937)
Six Pieces for Oboe and Piano (1939)
Quintet for Woodwinds (1933)
Movement for Woodwinds (1938)
Trio for Woodwinds (194?) String Quartet No. 1 (1933–34)
String Quartet No.2 (1936)
Movement for String Quartet ("Dance") (1938)
String Quartet No. 4 (1943?) "Music of the Spheres" from Status Quo (1938)

For solo piano:
Gebrauchs-Musik (1934)
Clusters (or, New York Waltzes) (1936)
Winter Ade and five other folk song settings (1936)
Dissonant Counterpoint (193?) Suite for Piano (1939)
Sonatina in C (1943)
Prelude and Fugue (in C Major) (no date)
Piano-Book, Classic-Romantic-Modern" (no date)

Songs:Sky-Pieces (1933)Three Songs (Timber Moon; Stars, Songs, Faces; Summer Grass) (soprano, piano, percussion) (1933)Ballad of the Star-Eater (soprano and clarinet) (1934)Three Songs for Soprano and Clarinet (Total Eclipse; Universal-Local; To Be) (1934)Have Faith! 1, Miwako Abe, violin 1, Aaron Barnden, violin 2, Erkki Veltheim, viola, Rosanne Hunt, cello, on Sticky Melodies, (New World Records 80678-2, 2008)
String Quartet no. 2, Miwako Abe, violin 1, Aaron Barnden, violin 2, Erkki Veltheim, viola, Rosanne Hunt, cello, on Sticky Melodies, (New World Records 80678-2, 2008)
Suite for Clarinet I, Daniel Goode, clarinet, on Sticky Melodies, (New World Records 80678-2, 2008)
Suite for Clarinet Ib, Craig Hill, clarinet, on Sticky Melodies, (New World Records 80678-2, 2008)
Suite for Violin and Piano, Miwako Abe, violin, Michael Kieran Harvey, piano, on Works for Violin by George Antheil, Johanna Beyer, Henry Cowell, Ruth Crawford, Charles Dodge, David Mahler, Larry Polansky, Stefan Wolpe (New World Records 80-641, 2006)
Three Pieces for Choir: The Main Deep; The Composers Forum Laboratory; The People, Yes!, Astra Choir, John McCaughey, conductor, on Sticky Melodies, (New World Records 80678-2, 2008)
Three Songs for Soprano and Clarinet, Merlyn Quaife, soprano, Craig Hill, clarinet, on Sticky Melodies, (New World Records 80678-2, 2008)IV, performed by Essential Music, on The Aerial no. 3, (Non Sequitur Recordings, 1991)
Suite for Clarinet and Bassoon, movements 2 and 4 only, Rosario Mazzeo, clarinet, Raymond Allard, bassoon (New Music Quarterly Recordings 1413 side A [78rpm], 1938).Notes

Sources
Beal, Amy. <mask>. Urbana, Chicago, and Springfield: University of Illinois Press, 2015. Beal, Amy. "'Her Whimsy and Originality Really Amount to Genius': New Biographical Research on <mask>er," American Music Review 38/1 (Fall 2008), 1, 4-5, 12-13. Boland, Marguerite. "Experimentation and Process in the Music of <mask>er."Viva Voce 76 (2007), https://mugi.hfmt-hamburg.de/upload/<mask>er/BeyerBoland.pdf
Boland, Marguerite. "Le langage musical de <mask>er." Proceedings from Le Colloque Des Ponts vers L'Amérique I, Centre de recherches sur les arts et le language, EHESS (Paris, France), December 2006. http://cral.ehess.fr/docannexe/file/1077/marguerite_boland_le_langage_musical_de_johanna_beyer.pdf
Boland, Marguerite, and Larry Polansky. "Tempo Melodies in the Johanna Beyer Clarinet Suites (Fourth Movements)". Larry Polansky's Dartmouth website (accessed September 20, 2015). de Graaf, Melissa. "Intersections of Gender and Modernism in the Music of <mask>," Institute for Studies in American Music Newsletter 33/2 (Spring 2004), 8–9, 15 http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/isam/.de Graaf, Melissa. "'Never Call Us Lady Composers': Gendered Receptions in the New York Composers' Forum, 1935-1940," American Music 26/3 (Fall 2008), 277–308. de Graaf, Melissa. "The Reception of an Ultra-Modernist: Ruth Crawford's Experience in the Composers' Forum," in Ruth Crawford Seeger's Worlds: Innovation and Tradition in Twentieth-century American Music, eds. Ellie Hisama & Ray Allen. University of Rochester Press, 2006. Hinkle-Turner, Elizabeth."Lady Ada's Offspring: Some Women Pioneers in Music Technology," in Frau Musica (nova): Komponieren heute/Composing today, ed. Martina Homma, 25–33. Sinzig: Studio-Verlag, 2000. Hinkle-Turner, Elizabeth. Women Composers and Music Technology in the United States. Aldershot, Hants; Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishers, 2006. Lumsden, Rachel."'The Pulse of Life Today': Borrowing in <mask>'s String Quartet No. 2," American Music 35/3 (Fall 2017), 303–342. Polansky, Larry "The Choral and Chamber Music of <mask> Beyer". Liner notes to <mask> - Sticky Melodies. New World Records. Polansky, Larry, and John Kennedy. "'Total Eclipse': The Music of <mask> Beyer: An Introduction and Preliminary Annotated Checklist," The Musical Quarterly 80/4 (1996), 719–78.Reese, Kirsten. "Ruhelos: Annäherung an <mask> Beyer," Musiktexte: Zeitschrift fur Neue Musik'', nos. 81–82 (1999): 6–15. External links
 <mask> Beyer scores (the composer's manuscripts) in the Music Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. 20th-century classical composers
German classical composers
Modernist composers
American women classical composers
American classical composers
Contemporary classical music performers
1888 births
1944 deaths
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
Musicians from Leipzig
German emigrants to the United States
Mannes School of Music alumni
Neurological disease deaths in New York (state)
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Pupils of Henry Cowell
Pupils of Charles Seeger
Pupils of Ruth Crawford Seeger
Women in electronic music
20th-century German composers
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American composers
Sub Rosa Records artists
Olympic competitors in art competitions
20th-century women composers

masks:
Johanna Magdalena Beyer
Johanna Beyer
Beyer
Johanna Beyer
Johanna Bey
Johanna Bey
Johanna Bey
Johanna Bey
Johanna Beyer
Johanna Beyer
Johanna Magdalena
Johanna Beyer
Johanna Magdalena
Johanna Magdalena
Johanna Magdalena


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<mask>  (born 2 May 1947) is a British inventor, industrial designer, farmer and billionaire entrepreneur who founded Dyson Ltd. He is best known as the inventor of the dual cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner, which works on the principle of cyclonic separation. According to the Sunday Times Rich List 2021, he is the fourth richest person in the UK with an estimated net worth of £16.3 billion. He served as the Provost of the Royal College of Art from August 2011 to July 2017, and opened a new University, the Dyson Institute of Engineering and Technology, on Dyson's Wiltshire Campus in September 2017. Early life and education
<mask> was born 2 May 1947 in Cromer, Norfolk, one of three children, and named after his grandfather, <mask>. He was educated at Gresham's School, an independent boarding school in Holt, Norfolk, from 1956 to 1965, when his father died of prostate cancer. He excelled at long-distance running: "I was quite good at it, not because I was physically good, but because I had more determination.I learnt determination from it." He spent one year (1965–1966) at the Byam Shaw School of Art, and then studied furniture and interior design at the Royal College of Art (1966–1970) before moving into engineering. It was while attending the Royal College of Art to study fine art that <mask> made the switch to industrial design due in part to the tutorage of the structural engineer Anthony Hunt. Early inventions
<mask> helped design the Sea Truck in 1970 while studying at the Royal College of Art. His first original invention, the Ballbarrow, was a modified version of a wheelbarrow using a ball instead of a wheel. This was featured on the BBC's Tomorrow's World television programme. Dyson stuck with the idea of a ball, inventing the Trolleyball, a trolley that launched boats.He then designed the Wheelboat, which could travel at speeds of 64 kilometres per hour (40 mph) on both land and water. Vacuum cleaners

In the late 1970s, <mask> had the idea of using cyclonic separation to create a vacuum cleaner that would not lose suction as it picked up dirt. He became frustrated with his Hoover Junior's diminishing performance: the dust bag pores kept becoming clogged with dust thus reducing suction. The cyclone idea came from a sawmill that used cyclone technology. Partly supported by his wife's salary as an art teacher, and after five years and about 5,127 prototypes, Dyson launched the "G-Force" cleaner in 1983. However, no manufacturer or distributor would handle his product in the UK, as it would have disturbed the valuable market for replacement dust bags, so <mask> launched it in Japan through catalogue sales. Manufactured in bright pink, the G-Force sold for the equivalent of £2,000.It won the 1991 International Design Fair Prize in Japan. He filed a series of patents for his dual cyclone vacuum cleaner EP0037674 in 1980. After his invention was rejected by the major manufacturers, <mask> set up his own manufacturing company, Dyson Ltd. In June 1993, he opened a research centre and factory in Malmesbury, Wiltshire. Dyson's breakthrough in the UK market came more than ten years after the initial idea, through a TV advertising campaign in which it was emphasised that, unlike most of its rivals, the Dyson vacuum did not require the continuing purchase of replacement bags. At that time, the UK market for disposable cleaner bags was £100 million. The slogan "say goodbye to the bag" proved more attractive to the buying public than a previous emphasis on the suction efficiency that its technology delivers.Ironically, the previous step change in domestic vacuum cleaner design had been the introduction of the disposable bag – users being prepared to pay extra for the convenience. The Dyson Dual Cyclone became the fastest-selling vacuum cleaner ever made in the UK, and outsold those of some of the companies that rejected his idea, becoming one of the most popular brands in the UK. In early 2005, it was reported that Dyson cleaners had become the market leaders in the United States by value (though not by number of units sold). Dyson licensed the technology in North America from 1986 to 2001 to Fantom Technologies, after which Dyson entered the market directly. Following his success, other major manufacturers began to market their own cyclonic vacuum cleaners. In 1999, Dyson sued Hoover (UK) for patent infringement. The High Court ruled that Hoover had deliberately copied a fundamental part of his patented designs in making its Triple Vortex bagless vacuum cleaner range.Hoover agreed to pay damages of £4 million. In 2005, <mask> incorporated the wheel ball from his Ballbarrow concept into a vacuum cleaner, creating the Dyson Ball. This ball, rather than the static wheels on existing vacuums, enabled it to become more steerable, which was more useful for navigating around obstacles and corners. In mid-2014, <mask> personally appeared in Tokyo to introduce his "360 Eye" robotic vacuum cleaner. Dyson's initial entry into this market segment features 360° scanning and mapping for navigation, cyclonic dust separation, a custom-designed digital motor for high suction, tank treads for traction, a full-width brushroll bar, and user interface via a free iOS or Android app. Interviewed by Fast Company (May 2007), <mask> asserted the importance of failure in one's life, "I made 5,127 prototypes of my vacuum before I got it right. There were 5,126 failures.But I learned from each one. That's how I came up with a solution. So I don't mind failure. I've always thought that schoolchildren should be marked by the number of failures they've had. The child who tries strange things and experiences lots of failures to get there is probably more creative." Other inventions
In 2000, <mask> expanded his appliance range to include a washing machine called the ContraRotator, which had two rotating drums moving in opposite directions. The range was decorated in the usual bright Dyson colours, rather than the traditional white, grey or black of most other machines.It was not a commercial success and was discontinued in 2005. In 2002, Dyson created a realisation of the optical illusions depicted in the lithographs of Dutch artist M. C. Escher. Engineer Derek Phillips was able to accomplish the task after a year of work, creating a water sculpture in which the water appears to flow up to the tops of four ramps arranged in a square, before cascading to the bottom of the next ramp. Called Wrong Garden, it was displayed at the Chelsea Flower Show in 2003. The illusion is accomplished with water containing air bubbles pumped through a chamber underneath the transparent glass ramps to a slit at the top from which the bulk of the water cascades down. This makes it appear that the water is flowing up, when really, a small amount of water diverted from the slit at the top flows back down the ramps in a thin layer. In October 2006 Dyson launched the Dyson Airblade, a fast hand dryer that uses a thin sheet of moving air as a squeegee to remove water, rather than attempting to evaporate it with heat.This allows faster drying, while using much less energy than traditional electrical hand dryers. Another product, launched on 18 October 2009, is a fan without external blades, which he calls the Air Multiplier. In addition to a cooling fan, a model which distributes electrically produced heat and an ultrasonic humidifier model are also available. In April 2016, Dyson launched the Dyson Supersonic, a hair dryer with a smaller motor located in the handle so as to provide better balance and smaller size, as well as quieter operation. Commenting on the launch, Vogue magazine said "as the first product to launch from Dyson's new UK state-of-the-art hair laboratory, we have high hopes for the future of our blow-dries." Research and development

In 2017 Dyson spent £7m a week on research and development of new products. The company is the UK's biggest investor in robotics and artificial intelligence research, employing over 3,500 engineers and scientists, and engaging in more than 40 university research programmes.Speaking to the Daily Telegraph, <mask> said, “We’re looking at more non-domestic products but we are not rushing to do lots of different things,” he said. “We are a private company so we can do it when we are ready.”

In November 2014, Dyson announced plans to invest a further £1.5bn into the research and development of new technology, including funding for an expanded campus at the Dyson UK headquarters in Malmesbury which will create up to 3,000 jobs. The then Prime Minister David Cameron, said: "Dyson is a great British success story and the expansion of the Malmesbury campus will create thousands of new jobs, providing a real boost to the local economy and financial security for more hardworking families. Investment on this scale shows confidence in our long-term economic plan to back business, create more jobs and secure a brighter future for Britain". In March 2016, Dyson announced a second new multimillion-pound research and development centre on a  former Ministry of Defence (MoD) site at Hullavington, Wiltshire. The company said it aimed to double its UK-based workforce in the next five or six years. Dyson said: "After 25 years of UK growth, and continuing expansion globally, we are fast outgrowing our Malmesbury Campus.To win in the world stage you have to develop new technology and develop great products and that's what we're doing here.". In September 2017, <mask> announced plans to produce an electric vehicle, aiming to be launched in 2020, investing £2bn of his own money. He assembled a team of more than 400 people for the project. According to reports, the vehicle was intended to be powered by a solid-state battery, Dyson having acquired the battery company Sakti3 in 2015. In October 2019, <mask> announced that the electric car project had been cancelled due to it not being commercially viable. In 2017, he launched the Dyson Institute of Engineering and Technology. Allegations of copyright infringement
Dyson has several times accused Chinese spies and students of copying technological and scientific secrets from the UK through the planting of software bugs and by infiltrating British industries, institutions, and universities after they left.He also complained that China benefits from stealing foreign designs, flouting of product copyrights and a two-speed patent system that discriminates against foreign firms with unreasonably longer times. Tax contribution and allegations of avoidance

In the

masks:
Sir James Dyson
James Dyson
James Dyson
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 2022 Tax List published by The Sunday Times in January 2022, Sir <mask> and family were listed 11th of the UK's 50 biggest taxpayers with a total of £101 million contributed for the last full year on record. The IPPR think tank noted that only two of those listed in the 2021 Sunday Times Rich List – <mask> and the Weston family – were listed in that year's Tax List. In the previous three years, <mask> had featured at 6th, 4th and 3rd in the Sunday Times Tax List, reportedly contributing a total of £345.8 million to the UK exchequer. <mask> publicly stated in 2008, "I think it's wrong to direct your business for tax reasons. Your business should be where you can do it best". However, his company Dyson Ltd, for a period in the late 2000s, set up several complex structures using a new parent company in Malta, and group financing companies in Luxembourg and the Isle of Man.It has been alleged the structures were used to generate tax deductions in the UK via intra-group financing and relied on deals with the Luxembourg tax authorities revealed in the 2014 Lux Leaks. <mask> denied the non-UK structures used created any tax benefit in the UK, telling the Guardian in 2014: "At no time did the [group's former] non-UK structure deliver any significant tax advantage and, of the entities in question all have been dissolved or are in a liquidation process". Europe

Pro-European Union
In 1998, <mask> was one of the chairmen and chief executives of 20 FTSE 100 companies who signed a statement published in The Financial Times calling on the government for early British membership of the Eurozone. He claimed that failure to join the euro would lead to the destruction of the British manufacturing base and said: "It does not mean that the jobs will go tomorrow but will drift abroad over a period and the longer-term future of Britain as a manufacturing nation will be blighted. Ministers had better understand that if we delay entry too long there may be nothing left to save." Claiming that the strength of the pound was affecting his company's profits on exports to France and Germany, in February 2000 <mask> threatened to shift focus from his Malmesbury plant to a new plant set up in Malaysia because the government would not join the euro. He said: "We would expect to double in size in the next two years.We are talking about a £100 million investment and up to 2,000 jobs. I would like to make that investment in the UK. But it seems that is not going to be possible. The value of sterling means we are struggling to compete at home with cheap imports from Europe and the Far East. We do around £40 million worth of export business with France and Germany each year but we aren't making any money. If we joined the euro we would be on an even footing with our biggest trading partners." An editorial published in The Times responded: "Mr <mask>, a manufacturing version of Sir Richard Branson, likes complaining.Yesterday he was complaining that Britain's failure to join the euro and the resultant strong pound will force him to move abroad. Last week he blamed the price of land and planning delays in Wiltshire, but never mind. So where will he go? To Portugal, Italy or to an EU candidate such as Poland? No, Mr Dyson threatens to go to the Far East. Like so many entrepreneurs, he wants a cheap currency and low interest rates, but also low inflation, low wages, a flexible labour market and low regulation. He will not find them in the eurozone."Dyson again threatened to shift production abroad in November 2000, saying: "It's suicidal for the UK not to join the euro. Why should we go on exporting at a loss? We're facing unfair competition." In February 2002, Dyson announced that production was finally being shifted to the Far East. In August 2003, assembly of washing machines was also switched from Malmesbury to Malaysia. Pro-Brexit
Dyson was one of the most prominent UK business leaders to publicly support Brexit before the referendum in June 2016. Since the EU referendum, Dyson has stated that Britain should leave the EU Single Market and that this would "liberate" the economy and allow Britain to strike its own trade deals around the world.During 2016, 19% of Dyson Ltd exports went to EU countries (at WTO tariffs), compared with 81% to non-EU countries. In 2017, <mask> suggested that the UK should leave the EU without an interim deal and that "uncertainty is an opportunity". Previously, in 2014, <mask> had said he would be voting to leave the European Union to avoid being "dominated and bullied by the Germans". In November 2017, <mask> was critical of the UK government Brexit negotiations and said "we should just walk away and they will come to us". After it became public in January 2019, that Dyson's company was to move its headquarters from Malmesbury to Singapore, he was accused of hypocrisy regarding his campaign for Brexit. European Court of Justice
In November 2015, <mask> lost his case against EU energy labelling laws in the European General Court, however a subsequent appeal in the European Court of Justice said that the previous ruling had “distorted the facts” and “erred in law”. James Dyson Foundation

Dyson set up the James Dyson Foundation in 2002 to support design and engineering education; it now operates in UK, US and Japan.The foundation's aim is to inspire young people to study engineering and become engineers by encouraging students to think differently and to make mistakes. The foundation supports engineering education in schools and universities, as well as medical and scientific research in partnership with charities. It achieves this by funding different resources such as the "Engineering Box", a box filled with activities for a school to use as a teaching aid. The foundation loans the boxes to schools for four weeks free of charge, they are suitable for Key Stage 4 and above. The Engineering Box enables students to take apart and examine a Dyson DC22 Telescope vacuum cleaner. In addition, a school is allowed to retain a James Dyson Foundation teacher pack, and a copy of Genius of Britain, a Channel 4 TV series featuring Dyson, and design engineering posters. Other resources are also available.In May 2014, the foundation announced an £8m donation to create a technology hub at the University of Cambridge. The donation will also allow for a design and making lab to be developed for undergraduate engineering students. In March 2015, the foundation pledged a £12m donation to Imperial College London to allow the purchase of a Post Office building in Exhibition Road from the Science Museum. Imperial College will open the Dyson School of Design Engineering in this building, and teach a new four-year master's degree in design engineering. The foundation also supports the work of young designers through the <mask>on Award, an international design award that "celebrates, encourages and inspires the next generation of design engineers". It is run in 20 countries and is open to recent graduates in product design, industrial design and engineering. In June 2019, the foundation announced a donation of £18.75 million to Dyson's old school, Gresham's, for the building of a new science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics (STEAM) building.Honours and awards
 In 1997 <mask> was awarded the Prince Philip Designers Prize. <mask> was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1998 New Year Honours for services to industrial design. In 2000, he received the Lord Lloyd of Kilgerran Award. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Bath in 2000. In 2005 <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) and appointed a Royal Designer for Industry. <mask> was appointed Knight Bachelor in the 2007 New Year Honours for services to business. <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2015.<mask> was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM) in the 2016 New Year Honours for achievements in industrial design. In 2017 <mask> was awarded IEEE Honorary Membership. <mask> was provost of the Royal College of Art in London until 1 July 2017, having succeeded Sir Terence Conran in August 2011, and is patron of the Design & Technology Association. He was chair of the board of trustees of the Design Museum, "the first in the world to showcase design of the manufactured object", until suddenly resigning in September 2004, saying the museum had "become a style showcase" instead of "upholding its mission to encourage serious design of the manufactured object". <mask> was elected an international member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2019, for development of advanced technologies and innovative products and for contributions to design and engineering education. Personal life
<mask> married Deirdre Hindmarsh in 1968. They have three children; two sons and a daughter.In 2003, <mask> paid £15 million for Dodington Park, a  Georgian estate in South Gloucestershire close to Chipping Sodbury. He and his wife own Domaine des Rabelles, near Tourtour, France, and a house in Chelsea, London. His vessel Nahlin is the largest British-flagged and -owned super yacht with an overall length of , and was ranked 36th in a 2013 survey of the world's 100 biggest yachts. <mask> owns two Gulfstream G650ER private jets registered G-VIOF and G-GSVI. He previously owned an older Gulfstream G650, registered G-ULFS  and currently owns a AgustaWestland AW-139 helicopter. In July 2019, <mask> spent £43 million on a  triplex flat at the top of the Guoco Tower, the tallest building in Singapore. He sold the flat in October 2020 for £36 million, and in April 2021 it was reported that he had moved his place of residence back to the UK.Dyson has also invested heavily into buying agriculture lands across Lincolnshire, Oxfordshire, and Gloucestershire. References

External links

1947 births
Living people
People from Cromer
People educated at Gresham's School
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Alumni of the Byam Shaw School of Art
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Order of Merit
English inventors
Product designers
English industrial designers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century British businesspeople
21st-century British businesspeople
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
English philanthropists
British Eurosceptics
English farmers
English landowners
Founders of academic institutions
English

masks:
James Dyson
Dyson
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<mask>  (born 2 January 1952) is a former Australian politician, lawyer and judge. He was a Labor member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1983 to 1984, a prominent barrister in Darwin afterwards, the author of the controversial 1999 Reeves Report on Aboriginal land rights in Australia. He served as a Judge of the Federal Court of Australia from November 2007 to January 2022. From 2007 to 2012 (until the appointment of Duncan Kerr), he was the only former politician serving on the Federal Court, and the only former politician serving on an Australian appellate court. Political career

<mask> was born in Stanthorpe, Queensland, and was admitted as a solicitor in 1975 after completing five years articles of clerkship and the Queensland Solicitors Admission Course. He moved to Alice Springs, where he worked as a solicitor, and became involved with the Labor Party. He won preselection to contest the Northern Territory seat in the House of Representatives for the 1983 federal election.He was elected amidst the election of the Hawke government, ending a 17-year hold on the seat by the Coalition (the Country Party until 1974, and the Country Liberal Party afterward). Another federal election was held the following year, however, and <mask> faced a strong challenge when the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, Paul Everingham, resigned to challenge <mask>. Initially thought to have little chance against the popular Everingham, he closed the gap in the polls significantly during the campaign. Ultimately, he was defeated on the fourth count, losing by 1,800 votes. <mask> had moved to Darwin upon his election to parliament, and returned to his legal practice there after his 1984 defeat, being admitted to the bar the following year. He remained involved in the Labor Party, where he was heavily associated with the party's right-wing faction, and initially was a staunch ally of Opposition Leader Bob Collins. <mask> subsequently nominated and won the presidency of the Northern Territory branch of the ALP in 1985 over concerted opposition from the party's left wing.Though he remained ideologically aligned with Collins during his term as party president, <mask> announced in 1986 that he intended to run for the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly at the 1987 territory election, in a move that was widely seen as a prelude to a leadership challenge against Collins. He lost preselection for the highly marginal CLP seat of Jingili, and was forced to contest the less marginal seat of Casuarina, which he went on to lose to incumbent MLA Nick Dondas. <mask>' influence within the ALP began to wane significantly after 1987. A left-wing candidate, Warren Snowdon, won preselection for the federal seat for the 1987 federal election. <mask> strongly criticised Snowdon, stating that his victory was an "aberration" and urging the party not to shift to the left. Snowdon's supporters moved to gain control of the NT branch at the 1987 party conference, ousting both <mask> as party president and his ally Collins as delegate to the party's National Executive. <mask> attempted to make a political comeback at the 1990 territory election, but lost preselection for Casuarina and did not run for public office again.Legal career and the Reeves Report

<mask> developed a significant legal practice as a barrister in Darwin in the 1990s, and became increasingly distant from the Labor Party. In 1996, after his former rival Nick Dondas defeated Snowdon for the Northern Territory seat, he represented Dondas against a Court of Disputed Returns challenge by Snowdon. He was a close friend of Shane Stone, the CLP Chief Minister from 1995, and was appointed as a Queens Counsel by Stone in 1997. In 1997, Liberal Prime Minister <mask> announced an inquiry into the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976. <mask>, known to be the CLP's preferred appointee, was tipped the head the inquiry, and was duly appointed in October 1997. The appointment was criticised by Aboriginal groups both for his lack of judicial experience and his history of defending developers accused of desecrating Aboriginal sacred sites. The Reeves Report (full title The Aboriginal Land Rights Act (Northern Territory) 1976, Building on Land Rights for the Next Generation ), was released in August 1998, and advocated sweeping changes to land rights legislation, including the scrapping of permits for access to Aboriginal land, granting the Northern Territory Government compulsory acquisition powers over Aboriginal land, and scrapping the Aboriginal land councils in favour of a new body.It notably did not, however, recommend the abolition of the right for Aboriginal communities to veto proposed mining projects on their land, a change that the mining industry had been heavily lobbying for. The report was strongly opposed in Aboriginal communities across the territory at public hearings, with a copy of the report being publicly burned at Yuendumu and prominent Aboriginal leaders, including Galarrwuy Yunupingu and Alison Anderson, attacking the report in the media. It also received a lukewarm response in federal parliament, despite strong support from the Stone territory government; it was vigorously opposed by a number of prominent former Liberal politicians, including Malcolm Fraser, Ian Viner, Ian Wilson, Peter Baume, and Fred Chaney. A cross-party parliamentary committee in the House of Representatives unanimously declined to adopt the report's recommendations; it was also rejected by the corresponding committee in the Senate. None of its recommendations were enacted into law in the aftermath, but some were revived a decade later by the Howard government as part of the Northern Territory National Emergency Response. Appointment as a Judge of the Federal Court

<mask> remained a prominent figure in the Northern Territory legal community, serving as President of the Northern Territory Bar Association from 2000 to 2005 and Vice-President of the Australian Bar Association from 2003 to 2004. He also served as Deputy Chair of the Legal Practitioner's Complaints Committee, and as Chairman of the Northern Territory division of the Australian Red Cross.He was also appointed to the taskforce of the Northern Territory National Emergency Response in 2007. <mask> was appointed to the Federal Court of Australia in November 2007, as one of the last judicial appointments of the Howard government. He was the first judge to be specifically based in Darwin, which had previously been served by interstate judges in an acting capacity. In March 2009, however, he was transferred to Brisbane, following concerns that the judicial workload in Darwin was not sufficient to warrant a resident judge, and a number of cases from which he had to withdraw due to potential conflicts of interest with his past legal work as a barrister. <mask> is one of only six politicians to have served in both the Parliament of Australia and the Federal Court of Australia, alongside Nigel Bowen, Robert Ellicott, Merv Everett, Tony Whitlam and Duncan Kerr. His notable decisions include (in no particular order); Stoddart v Boulton [2009] FCA 1108 regarding spousal privilege at common law in Australia and QGC Pty Limited v Bygrave [2011] FCA 1457 dealing with the role and registration of Indigenous Land Use Agreements. <mask> was also the docket Judge for the Australian Securities and Investment Commission's litigation in 2011–12 against the collapsed Storm Financial Ltd.The litigation also involved the Commonwealth Bank, Macquarie Bank and the Bank of Queensland. On 1 May 2009 <mask> was appointed as an Additional Judge of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory. <mask> travelled to both Darwin and Alice Springs in this capacity. <mask> retired from the Federal Court on 1 January 2022. See also
List of Judges of the Federal Court of Australia

References

1952 births
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Judges of the Federal Court of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Northern Territory
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Living people
Judges of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory
Australian Queen's Counsel
20th-century Australian politicians

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John Edward Reeves
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