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<mask> or Mencía <mask> (c.1215–1270) was a Castilian noblewoman, the wife successively of count <mask> and of King Sancho II of Portugal. The subsequent annulment of her marriage by Pope Innocent IV has led to disagreement over whether she should be counted among the queens consort of Portugal. She played a central role in the Portuguese political crisis of 1245. Birth
<mask> was born in Biscay, the daughter of <mask>, lord of Biscay, and of Urraca Alfonso of León. Her mother was an illegitimate daughter of Alfonso IX of León. She was thus niece of the reigning king, Ferdinand III of Castile. First Marriage
<mask> was married on 29 September 1234 to <mask>, a magnate involved in the expansion of the Castilian kingdom into the region of Cordoba, whose first marriage to Aurembiaix, Countess of Urgell had been annulled in 1228, while Mécia's sister Teresa married Nuño, Count of Rousillon, a kinsman of the powerful House of Lara.These consanguineous marriages were the cause of a dispute between Ferdinand III and Mecia's father Lope Diaz II Haro and husband, the monarch confiscating some of the groom's lands. It was peacefully resolved through the mediation of Queens Berengaria of Castile and Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen, Ferdinand's mother and wife, respectively. While the marriage proved childless, it did place Mécia in the midst of the struggles on the Cordoban frontier. After taking Cordoba, the king returned to Toledo, leaving Álvaro in charge of the stronghold of Martos. The abandonment of agriculture due to the conflict led to a localized famine, and Álvaro was forced to journey to the royal court to plead for assistance. The king granted him the equivalent of viceregal powers, as well as monetary support. However, in his absence his nephew, Tello, and the troops left behind decided to launch a military incursion into the territory of the enemy, Mécia was left virtually unprotected in Martos.The Moorish ruler of Arjona took advantage of this opportunity to invade the recently captured lands. In response, Mécia sent word to the missing troops, and according to Spanish historian Lafuente she then dress in soldiers' arms and paraded around the battlements. Having anticipated facing women and not armed men, the Moors slowed their approach and took defensive measures, allowing the missing Christian troops under Tello to return. They then launched a directed attack under the command of Diego Perez <mask> which broke through the center of the enemy lines, dispersing them. On hearing of the danger under which his wife had been placed, Álvaro made to return, but became ill and died of an unnamed disease at Orgaz in  1239, or as some have it,  1240. Second Marriage
Mecía married again to King Sancho II of Portugal, son of Afonso II of Portugal and his wife, Queen Urraca of Castile. The legitimacy of this union has been contested, first by Portuguese historian António Brandão, who has been followed by several subsequent scholars in considering her a mistress, but that they married is documented by a papal bull Sua nobis of Pope Innocent IV, and is accepted by most historians.The date and place of the marriage is uncertain. It does not appear in the work of Rodrigo of Toledo, completed in March 1243 but also omitting Portuguese royal marriages from the year before, while the papal bull mentions it in 1245, suggesting it should be placed between these dates. Life at the Portuguese court
From the start, there were several reasons for the marriage to be portrayed in a bad light. She brought with her from her foreign land the specter of domination by the powerful neighboring Kingdom of Castile. Further, since she was a widow and the king was her mother's first cousin, she deviated from the ideal of a virgin bride and tainted the marriage with consanguinity. She was not a royal princess and had no direct connections in either Portugal or Castile, whose king abandoned her after the death of her husband. She exacerbated her political isolation by surrounding herself with Castilian-raised servants and maids, making it difficult for Portuguese courtiers to use Mécia as an avenue for approaching the king.She was thus quickly rejected by nobility and populace. The degree of the discontent can be seen in the oft-repeated claim that the king was "bewitched by the arts of D. <mask> <mask>." The problems in Portugal predated the arrival of <mask>. With the years of Christian conquests in the wars with the Moors, the king had taken some liberties as the country enjoyed peace and the king basked in the glow and pride of military success. However, the king then decided to replace the counselors of the royal court with his military companions, effectively instituting a military dictatorship. This change proved fatal, as it embroiled the council in conflicts that tarnished the image of the king, and led to what some historians have called an anarchy. Mécia thus entered the Portuguese stage at the start of a period of political instability, a civil war that eventually resulted in the deposition of her husband, and the coincidence led to her being blamed for his downfall.Later chroniclers have gone so far as to suggest that Sancho was a good king until his marriage, and his subsequent difficulties were due to her bad influences. However, such writings are biased by the need among his successors to justify his deposition. Annulment of her marriage to Sancho
The Portuguese clergy rose against the marriage, not so much because of direct opposition but as an indirect way of embarrassing the king in order to hasten his fall. Their contempt for the king arose from various perceived injustices, such as the revocation of a grant to the monastery of Bouco made by Afonso I of Portugal and confirmed by Afonso II. Pope Innocent IV addressed a papal bull to Afonso, Count of Boulogne, brother to the king and aspirant to the throne, in which he requested that Afonso raise troops from Boulogne to assist the church in the Holy Land. Given the plans of the Portuguese clergy and the pope, this seems simply to have been a pretext to allow Afonso to bring armed men to Lisbon. While Alfonso was heir to Sancho, this could change at any time were the childless Mécia to produce an heir and so he set about separating the spouses.He focused on their consanguinity, both descending from Afonso I of Portugal, a relationship within a degree prohibited by the church but tolerated in the Iberian social context. Afonso took this to the pope, who issued a bull that decried the state of the kingdom, and backed by complaints from the Portuguese bishops, threatened that unless Sancho live up to his responsibilities, "appropriate measures" would be taken. Sancho refused to repudiate his wife, and the pope then carried through with his threat, annulling the marriage. Deposition of king and the kidnapping of the queen
On 24 July and 1 August 1245, two bulls were promulgated, the first addressed to the barons of the kingdom, the second to the clergy, which decreed the deposition of the king. The king sought help from his brother Alfonso, the very man whose maneuvering had led to the deposition. There then occurred an event that directly involved Mécia. A nobleman named Raimundo Viegas <mask>, accompanied by the men of the Count of Boulogne, entered the royal palace at Coimbra and snatched her from the royal bedchamber, taking her to the palace at Vila Nova de Ourém.Sancho, embarrassed at the kidnapping and finding himself powerless to recover his wife, abdicated and fled to Toledo, dying in 1248. His will did not name his wife, suggesting that he may have thought her complicit in the kidnapping, a claim also hinted at by later chroniclers although no evidence is found in contemporary sources. Life in Ourém, exile and death
Following her kidnapping, Mécia took up residence in Ourém. There is documentation of Mécia making several donations there, and she was protected by troops of the court, with which she retained good relations. The alcaide of the town, Inigo <mask> Ortiz, has a Biscayan name, suggesting that she had appointed him. According to tradition, she held lands at Torres Novas, Santa Eulália and Ourém, and a marginal note in a contemporary document indicates that they were held by Mécia. Then her fate becomes less certain.Rui <mask>, the chronicler of Sancho II, says that she left Ourém for Galicia, which seems unlikely. There is a surviving document, dating 24 February 1257, which while not specifying the location, reports Mécia and her relative Rodrigo Gonzalez acting as executors to Theresa Aires, making certain gifts to the convent of Benavides, suggesting that at the time she resided in the area of Castile. An infante Ferdinand, who lived there, became sole heir of Mécia, and also disputed Sancho's inheritance. According to tradition, Mecia died in 1270 at Palencia, where she held lands, and she was buried at Nájera in the Benedictine convent of Santa Maria, in the Chapel of the Cross. Her tomb, supported by four lions and bearing the arms of Portugal, features a woman in the dress of Biscay. Ancestors

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1215 births
1270 deaths
Portuguese queens consort
Mecia
13th-century Portuguese people
13th-century Portuguese women
13th-century Spanish women
13th-century Castilians

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Mécia Lopes de Haro
López de Haro
Álvaro Pérez de Castro
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Lope Díaz II de Haro
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<mask> "E. P.<mask> (, ; November 17, 1902 – January 1, 1995) was a Hungarian theoretical physicist who also contributed to mathematical physics. He obtained American citizenship in 1937, and received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles". A graduate of the Technical University of Berlin, <mask> worked as an assistant to Karl Weissenberg and Richard Becker at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, and David Hilbert at the University of Göttingen. <mask> and Hermann Weyl were responsible for introducing group theory into physics, particularly the theory of symmetry in physics. Along the way he performed ground-breaking work in pure mathematics, in which he authored a number of mathematical theorems. In particular, Wigner's theorem is a cornerstone in the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics. He is also known for his research into the structure of the atomic nucleus.In 1930, Princeton University recruited <mask>, along with John von Neumann, and he moved to the United States. Wigner participated in a meeting with Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein that resulted in the Einstein-Szilard letter, which prompted President Franklin D. Roosevelt to initiate the Manhattan Project to develop atomic bombs. <mask> was afraid that the German nuclear weapon project would develop an atomic bomb first. During the Manhattan Project, he led a team whose task was to design nuclear reactors to convert uranium into weapons grade plutonium. At the time, reactors existed only on paper, and no reactor had yet gone critical. Wigner was disappointed that DuPont was given responsibility for the detailed design of the reactors, not just their construction. He became Director of Research and Development at the Clinton Laboratory (now the Oak Ridge National Laboratory) in early 1946, but became frustrated with bureaucratic interference by the Atomic Energy Commission, and returned to Princeton.In the postwar period, he served on a number of government bodies, including the National Bureau of Standards from 1947 to 1951, the mathematics panel of the National Research Council from 1951 to 1954, the physics panel of the National Science Foundation, and the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission from 1952 to 1957 and again from 1959 to 1964. In later life, he became more philosophical, and published The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences, his best-known work outside technical mathematics and physics. Early life

Wigner Jenő Pál was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary on November 17, 1902, to middle class Jewish parents, Elisabeth (Einhorn) and <mask>, a leather tanner. He had an older sister, Bertha, known as Biri, and a younger sister Margit, known as Manci, who later married British theoretical physicist Paul Dirac. He was home schooled by a professional teacher until the age of 9, when he started school at the third grade. During this period, Wigner developed an interest in mathematical problems. At the age of 11, Wigner contracted what his doctors believed to be tuberculosis.His parents sent him to live for six weeks in a sanatorium in the Austrian mountains, before the doctors concluded that the diagnosis was mistaken. <mask>'s family was Jewish, but not religiously observant, and his Bar Mitzvah was a secular one. From 1915 through 1919, he studied at the secondary grammar school called Fasori Evangélikus Gimnázium, the school his father had attended. Religious education was compulsory, and he attended classes in Judaism taught by a rabbi. A fellow student was János von Neumann, who was a year behind Wigner. They both benefited from the instruction of the noted mathematics teacher László Rátz. In 1919, to escape the Béla Kun communist regime, the <mask> family briefly fled to Austria, returning to Hungary after Kun's downfall.Partly as a reaction to the prominence of Jews in the Kun regime, the family converted to Lutheranism. Wigner explained later in his life that his family decision to convert to Lutheranism "was not at heart a religious decision but an anti-communist one". Regarding religion, Wigner was an atheist. After graduating from the secondary school in 1920, Wigner enrolled at the Budapest University of Technical Sciences, known as the Műegyetem. He was not happy with the courses on offer,  and in 1921 enrolled at the Technische Hochschule Berlin (now Technical University of Berlin), where he studied chemical engineering. He also attended the Wednesday afternoon colloquia of the German Physical Society. These colloquia featured leading researchers including Max Planck, Max von Laue, Rudolf Ladenburg, Werner Heisenberg, Walther Nernst, Wolfgang Pauli, and Albert Einstein.Wigner also met the physicist Leó Szilárd, who at once became Wigner's closest friend. A third experience in Berlin was formative. Wigner worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (now the Fritz Haber Institute), and there he met Michael Polanyi, who became, after László Rátz, Wigner's greatest teacher. Polanyi supervised Wigner's DSc thesis, Bildung und Zerfall von Molekülen ("Formation and Decay of Molecules"). Middle years
Wigner returned to Budapest, where he went to work at his father's tannery, but in 1926, he accepted an offer from Karl Weissenberg at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin. Weissenberg wanted someone to assist him with his work on x-ray crystallography, and Polanyi had recommended Wigner. After six months as Weissenberg's assistant, Wigner went to work for Richard Becker for two semesters.Wigner explored quantum mechanics, studying the work of Erwin Schrödinger. He also delved into the group theory of Ferdinand Frobenius and  Eduard Ritter von Weber. Wigner received a request from Arnold Sommerfeld to work at the University of Göttingen as an assistant to the great mathematician David Hilbert. This proved a disappointment, as the aged Hilbert's abilities were failing, and his interests had shifted to logic. <mask> nonetheless studied independently. He laid the foundation for the theory of symmetries in quantum mechanics and in 1927 introduced what is now known as the Wigner D-matrix. <mask> and Hermann Weyl were responsible for introducing group theory into quantum mechanics.The latter had written a standard text, Group Theory and Quantum Mechanics (1928), but it was not easy to understand, especially for younger physicists. <mask>'s Group Theory and Its Application to the Quantum Mechanics of Atomic Spectra (1931) made group theory accessible to a wider audience. In these works, Wigner laid the foundation for the theory of symmetries in quantum mechanics. this theory change modern quantum mechanics .<mask>'s theorem proved by Wigner in 1931, is a cornerstone of the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics. The theorem specifies how physical symmetries such as rotations, translations, and CPT symmetry are represented on the Hilbert space of states. According to the theorem, any symmetry transformation is represented by a linear and unitary or antilinear and antiunitary transformation of Hilbert space. The representation of a symmetry group on a Hilbert space is either an ordinary representation or a projective representation.In the late 1930s, Wigner extended his research into atomic nuclei. By 1929, his papers were drawing notice in the world of physics. In 1930, Princeton University recruited Wigner for a one-year lectureship, at 7 times the salary that he had been drawing in Europe. Princeton recruited von Neumann at the same time. Jenő Pál <mask> and János von Neumann had collaborated on three papers together in 1928 and two in 1929. They anglicized their first names to "<mask>" and "John", respectively. When their year was up, Princeton offered a five-year contract as visiting professors for half the year.The Technische Hochschule responded with a teaching assignment for the other half of the year. This was very timely, since the Nazis soon rose to power in Germany. At Princeton in 1934, Wigner introduced his sister Manci to the physicist Paul Dirac, whom she married. Princeton did not rehire Wigner when his contract ran out in 1936. Through Gregory Breit, Wigner found new employment at the University of Wisconsin. There, he met his first wife, Amelia Frank, who was a physics student there. However, she died unexpectedly in 1937, leaving Wigner distraught.He therefore accepted a 1938 offer from Princeton to return there. Wigner became a naturalized citizen of the United States on January 8, 1937, and he brought his parents to the United States. Manhattan Project

Although he was a professed political amateur, on August 2, 1939, he participated in a meeting with Leó Szilárd and Albert Einstein that resulted in the Einstein–Szilárd letter, which prompted President Franklin D. Roosevelt to initiate the Manhattan Project to develop atomic bombs. Wigner was afraid that the German nuclear weapon project would develop an atomic bomb first, and even refused to have his fingerprints taken because they could be used to track him down if Germany won. "Thoughts of being murdered," he later recalled, "focus your mind wonderfully." On June 4, 1941, <mask> married his second wife, Mary Annette Wheeler, a professor of physics at Vassar College, who had completed her Ph.D. at Yale University in 1932. After the war she taught physics on the faculty of Rutgers University's Douglass College in New Jersey until her retirement in 1964.They remained married until her death in November 1977. They had two children, <mask> and <mask> Upton. During the Manhattan Project, <mask> led a team that included J. Ernest Wilkins Jr., Alvin M. Weinberg, Katharine Way, Gale Young and Edward Creutz. The group's task was to design the production nuclear reactors that would convert uranium into weapons grade plutonium. At the time, reactors existed only on paper, and no reactor had yet gone critical. In July 1942, Wigner chose a conservative 100 MW design, with a graphite neutron moderator and water cooling. Wigner was present at a converted rackets court under the stands at the University of Chicago's abandoned Stagg Field on December 2, 1942, when the world's first atomic reactor, Chicago Pile One (CP-1) achieved a controlled nuclear chain reaction.Wigner was disappointed that DuPont

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 was given responsibility for the detailed design of the reactors, not just their construction. He threatened to resign in February 1943, but was talked out of it by the head of the Metallurgical Laboratory, Arthur Compton, who sent him on vacation instead. As it turned out, a design decision by DuPont to give the reactor additional load tubes for more uranium saved the project when neutron poisoning became a problem. Without the additional tubes, the reactor could have been run at 35% power until the boron impurities in the graphite were burned up and enough plutonium produced to run the reactor at full power; but this would have set the project back a year. During the 1950s, he would even work for DuPont on the Savannah River Site. Wigner did not regret working on the Manhattan Project, and sometimes wished the atomic bomb had been ready a year earlier. An important discovery Wigner made during the project was the Wigner effect.This is a swelling of the graphite moderator caused by the displacement of atoms by neutron radiation. The Wigner effect was a serious problem for the reactors at the Hanford Site in the immediate post-war period, and resulted in production cutbacks and a reactor being shut down entirely. It was eventually discovered that it could be overcome by controlled heating and annealing. Through Manhattan project funding, <mask> and Leonard Eisenbud  also developed an important general approach to nuclear reactions, the Wigner–Eisenbud R-matrix theory, which was published in 1947. Later years
Wigner accepted a position as the Director of Research and Development at the Clinton Laboratory (now the Oak Ridge National Laboratory) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee in early 1946. Because he did not want to be involved in administrative duties, he became co-director of the laboratory, with James Lum handling the administrative chores as executive director. When the newly created Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) took charge of the laboratory's operations at the start of 1947, Wigner feared that many of the technical decisions would be made in Washington.He also saw the Army's continuation of wartime security policies at the laboratory as a "meddlesome oversight", interfering with research. One such incident occurred in March 1947, when the AEC discovered that Wigner's scientists were conducting experiments with a critical mass of uranium-235 when the Director of the Manhattan Project, Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., had forbidden such experiments in August 1946 after the death of Louis Slotin at the Los Alamos Laboratory. Wigner argued that Groves's order had been superseded, but was forced to terminate the experiments, which were completely different from the one that killed Slotin. Feeling unsuited to a managerial role in such an environment, he left Oak Ridge in 1947 and returned to Princeton University, although he maintained a consulting role with the facility for many years. In the postwar period, he served on a number of government bodies, including the National Bureau of Standards from 1947 to 1951, the mathematics panel of the National Research Council from 1951 to 1954, the physics panel of the National Science Foundation, and the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission from 1952 to 1957 and again from 1959 to 1964. He also contributed to civil defense. Near the end of his life, Wigner's thoughts turned more philosophical.In 1960, he published a now classic article on the philosophy of mathematics and of physics, which has become his best-known work outside technical mathematics and physics, "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences". He argued that biology and cognition could be the origin of physical concepts, as we humans perceive them, and that the happy coincidence that mathematics and physics were so well matched, seemed to be "unreasonable" and hard to explain. His original paper has provoked and inspired many responses across a wide range of disciplines. These included Richard Hamming in Computer Science, Arthur Lesk in Molecular Biology, Peter Norvig in data mining,  Max Tegmark in Physics, Ivor Grattan-Guinness in Mathematics, and Vela Velupillai in Economics. Turning to philosophical questions about the theory of quantum mechanics, Wigner developed a thought experiment (later called Wigner's Friend paradox) to illustrate his belief that consciousness is foundational to the quantum mechanical measurement process. He thereby followed an ontological approach that sets human's consciousness at the center: "All that quantum mechanics purports to provide are probability connections between subsequent impressions (also called 'apperceptions') of the consciousness". Measurements are understood as the interactions which create the impressions in our consciousness (and as a result modify the wave function of the "measured" physical system), an idea which has been called the "consciousness causes collapse" interpretation.Interestingly, Hugh Everett III (a student of Wigner) discussed Wigner's thought experiment in the introductory part of his 1957 dissertation as an "amusing, but extremely hypothetical drama". In an early draft of Everett's work, one also finds a drawing of the Wigner's Friend situation, which must be seen as the first evidence on paper of the thought experiment that was later assigned to be Wigner's. This suggests that Everett must at least have discussed the problem together with Wigner. In November 1963, Wigner called for the allocation of 10% of the national defense budget to be spent on nuclear blast shelters and survival resources, arguing that such an expenditure would be less costly than disarmament. Wigner considered a recent Woods Hole study's conclusion that a nuclear strike would kill 20% of Americans to be a very modest projection and that the country could recover from such an attack more quickly than Germany had recovered from the devastation of World War II. <mask> was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles". The prize was shared that year, with the other half of the award divided between Maria Goeppert-Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen.Wigner professed that he had never considered the possibility that this might occur, and added: "I never expected to get my name in the newspapers without doing something wicked." He also won the Franklin Medal in 1950, the Enrico Fermi award in 1958, the Atoms for Peace Award in 1959, the Max Planck Medal in 1961, the National Medal of Science in 1969, the Albert Einstein Award in 1972, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1974, and the eponymous Wigner Medal in 1978. In 1968 he gave the Josiah Willard Gibbs lecture. Mary died in November 1977. In 1979, Wigner married his third wife, Eileen Clare-Patton (Pat) Hamilton, the widow of physicist Donald Ross Hamilton, the Dean of the Graduate School at Princeton University, who had died in 1972. In 1992, at the age of 90, he published his memoirs, The Recollections of <mask>. Wigner with Andrew Szanton. In it, Wigner said: "The full meaning of life, the collective meaning of all human desires, is fundamentally a mystery beyond our grasp.As a young man, I chafed at this state of affairs. But by now I have made peace with it. I even feel a certain honor to be associated with such a mystery." In his collection of essays 'Philosophical Reflections and Syntheses' (1995), he commented: "It was not possible to formulate the laws of quantum mechanics in a fully consistent way without reference to consciousness." <mask> died of pneumonia at the University Medical Center in Princeton, New Jersey on 1 January 1995. He was survived by his wife Eileen (died 2010) and children Erika, David and Martha, and his sisters Bertha and Margit. Publications
 1958 (with Alvin M. Weinberg).Physical Theory of Neutron Chain Reactors University of Chicago Press. 1959. Group Theory and its Application to the Quantum Mechanics of Atomic Spectra. New York: Academic Press. Translation by J. J. Griffin of 1931, Gruppentheorie und ihre Anwendungen auf die Quantenmechanik der Atomspektren, Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig. 1970 Symmetries and Reflections: Scientific Essays. Indiana University Press, Bloomington
 1992 (as told to Andrew Szanton).The Recollections of <mask><mask>. Plenum. 1995 (with Jagdish Mehra and Arthur Wightman, eds.). Philosophical Reflections and Syntheses. (Hungarian). Description of the childhood and especially of the school-years in Budapest, with some interesting photos too. Interview with <mask><mask> on John von Neumann at the  Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis – Wigner talks about his association with John von Neumann during their school years in Hungary, their graduate studies in Berlin, and their appointments to Princeton in 1930.Wigner discusses von Neumann's contributions to the theory of quantum mechanics, <mask>'s own work in this area, and von Neumann's interest in the application of theory to the atomic bomb project. including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1963 Events, Laws of Nature, and Invariance Principles

1902 births
1995 deaths
Nobel laureates in Physics
American Nobel laureates
Hungarian Nobel laureates
Austro-Hungarian Nobel laureates
20th-century Hungarian mathematicians
American atheists
Jewish atheists
American Lutherans
20th-century American physicists
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Atoms for Peace Award recipients
Technical University of Berlin alumni
Burials at Princeton Cemetery
Enrico Fermi Award recipients
Fasori Gimnázium alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Hungarian atheists
Hungarian Jews
Hungarian Lutherans
20th-century Hungarian physicists
Hungarian nuclear physicists
Jewish American scientists
Jewish physicists
Manhattan Project people
Mathematical physicists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
National Medal of Science laureates
Oak Ridge National Laboratory people
People from Pest, Hungary
Princeton University faculty
Theoretical physicists
University of Göttingen faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Winners of the Max Planck Medal
Austro-Hungarian mathematicians
Deaths from pneumonia in New Jersey
People with acquired American

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<mask> (July 23, 1903 – December 5, 1982) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 100 games in the National Hockey League. Known variously as Chas, Chuck, or "Dinny" <mask>, he was born in Toronto, Ontario, where he played for the amateur Toronto Aura Lee Juniors hockey team and the Toronto Argonauts football team, before eventually playing pro hockey for the Montreal Maroons. The 1924–25 NHL season was the first for both the Maroons and the Boston Bruins, and on December 1, 1924 <mask> earned the first goal ever scored against the Bruins (the Bruins won the game 2-1). He won the Stanley Cup in 1926. He left the game in 1928 to take a job as a bond trader. But in the middle of the 1929-30 NHL season, he asked the Maroons about getting his old job back because he said the stock market did not offer the same thrills as playing in the NHL. Montreal team officials told him that they had no more money in the budget to sign another player, but Dinsmore was insistent and struck a deal by signing a contract to play for the Maroons which would pay him one dollar for the remaining nine games.Early life

Dinsmore played on high school teams for Oakwood Collegiate Institute. In 1919, he was the quarterback of their senior rugby team, which won the High School Rugby League Championship. In 1920 he was on Northview in the junior ORFU league that won the Junior title over Sarnia. He got involved in Canadian football as well as hockey, and also paddled for the Toronto Canoe Club. In 1924, he paddled in the Bala Regatta in Muskoka. Football

Dinsmore was a halfback for the 1922 Toronto Argonauts teams with Lionel Conacher, Canada's Athlete of the Half-century. Dinsmore, "is a thick set youngster, powerful and tireless ... and he is as tough as a pineknot."The smallest man on either team, "Little Hercules" slid through the line and he picked up more loose balls than two men on either team. The team went to New York for an exhibition game, struggled with the American rules, losing 55 to 7;  Dinsmore had a 32-yard run. "Dinsmore's loss was one of the most severe a team can suffer. He was one of the greatest secondary defence men ever produced in Canadian football, and his absence weakened the Argo wing line." Hockey

In December 1919, 16 years old, he joined the Toronto Aura Lee Juniors, playing left wing and centre. Their club was on Avenue Road near Davenport. "Dinsmore is only a little fellow, but he is fast and a tricky stick handler."In 1922, Aura Lee defeated St. Mary's to be the OHA Champions. Headline in the newspapers was that Dinsmore was a "Backchecking Star." Dinsmore "roamed the whole front line breaking up rush after rush – a Trojan for work, a skating demon." And Dinsmore even scored two goals, once off the faceoff. When Kitchener was defeating Aura Lee, Dinsmore and Gerald Schnarr got into a mix-up. "Dinsmore came out with a bleeding face from a cut, and he went after Schnarr with his stick. And there was nearly a free-for-all.The police had to pull the combatants apart. Schnarr was lucky not to be badly hurt. Both were chased from the game." They won the J. Ross Robertson Cup, defeated McGill, Quebec Champions, but lost to Fort William. He was awarded a Life Membership to the Aura Lee Club. Professional career

It was Dunc Munro, Captain of the Montreal and Olympic Gold Medal team (Ice hockey at the 1924 Winter Olympics), who used to play with him on the Argos, that got him to sign with the new team Montreal Maroons. He got a no-cut three-year contract.The two also helped training the Montreal football team. Dinsmore checked the whole St. Patrick's team to a standstill. His stick-handling was immense. They couldn't take that puck away from him at all. He saved the game for the Maroons when numerous penalties threatened to bring about their downfall. In the playoff semifinal with the Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL), coach Eddie Gerard said the star of the game was Dinny <mask>, In the NHL championship game in Ottawa, Montreal in the third up 1-0 over the Ottawa Senators (original), finally Coach Gerard sent out "Kid Disturbance," sometimes known as Dinny Dinsmore, to break up the avalanche. He did, He grabbed the puck and heaved it down the ice and then chased down into the thinly populated backfield after it.That brought the Ottawans back ... He certainly is the prize pest of the N.H.L. Each player will get around $1,500 in extra money for winning the playoffs, defeating the Victoria Cougars for the Stanley Cup. 1925–26 NHL season
When he returned in 1929 he was coached by Dunc Munro and played in the 4 playoff games against Boston Bruins, including a 4-hour game with 45 minutes of overtime that was longest in Montreal's history until then. In 1932, he returned to the ice as a reserve referee, but was suspended for inefficient refereeing in 1934. In 1942 he played in an oldtimers benefit game for Victory Loans, Montreal Canadiens versus Maroons. He was a coach at Loyola College (Montreal) (now part of Concordia University), winning the Dominion Intermediate Intercollegiate Championships and one of the first ten named to their Hall of Fame in 1967.Between hockey seasons, he became a manufacturers' agent and travelled to England to get novelty lines. Later developed a welding business. He sold Dinsmore Co. in 1962 for $945,000 and in retirement played golf. He had season tickets for the Montreal Alouettes CFL team, but didn't watch hockey. In 1963 he told a reporter, "I'm strictly a one-sports rooter these days. I love football. The game has developed in so many directions and never ceases to intrigue me....I'm sorry to say that NHL games don't catch my fancy any more. I'm one of those old fogies that was weaned on stickhandling, precision passing, and good old bodychecking. I dislike the board checking, the hooking and holding. It's just not for me, that's all." References

External links
Stats at Legends of Hockey

Obituary at LostHockey.com
Photo at Greatest Hockey Legends
Maroons team photo

1903 births
1982 deaths
Canadian ice hockey centres
Sportspeople from Toronto
Montreal Maroons players
Stanley Cup champions
Ice hockey people from Ontario

masks:
Charles Adrian Dinsmore
Dinsmore
Charles
Dinsmore


texts:
<mask> (born March 17, 1972) is an American retired professional soccer player, two-time Olympic gold medalist, and two-time FIFA Women's World Cup champion. Hailed as a soccer icon, she played as a forward for the United States women's national soccer team from 1987 to 2004. Hamm was the face of the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA), the first professional women's soccer league in the United States, where she played for the Washington Freedom from 2001 to 2003. She played college soccer for the North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer team and helped the team win four consecutive NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship titles. During her tenure with the national team, Hamm competed in four FIFA Women's World Cup tournaments: the inaugural 1991 in China, 1995 in Sweden, 1999 and 2003 in the United States. She led the team at three Olympic Games, including: 1996 in Atlanta (the first time women's soccer was played), 2000 in Sydney, and 2004 in Athens. She completed her international career having played in 42 matches and scored 14 goals at these 7 international tournaments.Hamm held the record for most international goals scored until 2013 and remains in third place behind former teammate Abby Wambach and Canadian striker Christine Sinclair as of 2017. She currently ranks third in the history of the U.S. national team for international caps (276) and first for career assists (144). Twice named FIFA World Player of the Year in 2001 and 2002, Hamm and her teammate Michelle Akers were hailed by Pelé as two of FIFA's 125 greatest living players when he included them in the FIFA 100 to celebrate the organization's 100th anniversary. Hamm was named U.S. Soccer Female Athlete of the Year five years in a row and won three ESPY awards including Soccer Player of the Year and Female Athlete of the Year. The Women's Sports Foundation named her Sportswoman of the Year in 1997 and 1999. She was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame, Alabama Sports Hall of Fame, Texas Sports Hall of Fame, North Carolina Soccer Hall of Fame, and was the first woman inducted into the World Football Hall of Fame. A co-owner of Los Angeles FC, Hamm is also a global ambassador for FC Barcelona and is on the board of directors of Serie A club A.S. Roma.Author of Go For the Goal: A Champion's Guide to Winning in Soccer and Life, Hamm has been featured in several films and television shows, including the HBO documentary, Dare to Dream: The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team. Early life

Born in Selma, Alabama, <mask> was the fourth of six children of Bill and <mask>. She wore corrective shoes as a toddler after being born with a club foot. Hamm spent her childhood on various United States Air Force bases around the world with her family. While living in Florence, Italy, Hamm first played soccer, which was hugely popular there; her entire family quickly became involved in the sport. At age five, then living in Wichita Falls, Texas, Hamm joined her first soccer team. Her father coached <mask> and her newly adopted brother, 8-year-old Garrett.Hamm played sports from a young age and excelled as a football player on the boys' team at junior high school. As a high school freshman and sophomore, she played soccer for Notre Dame Catholic High School in Wichita Falls. She played at the 1987 U.S. Olympic Festival, the youngest player to play for the United States women's national soccer team. As a new player, she often started as a forward but did not score a goal during her first year on the team. Hamm spent a year at Lake Braddock Secondary School in Burke, Virginia, and helped the Lake Braddock soccer team win the 1989 state championships. Club career

North Carolina Tar Heels, 1989–1993
From 1989 to 1993, Hamm attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where she helped the Tar Heels win four NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championships in five years. She red-shirted the 1991 season to focus on preparation for the inaugural 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup in China.North Carolina lost one game of the 95 she played on the team. She earned All-American honors, was named the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) Player of the Year for three consecutive years, and was named ACC Female Athlete of the Year in 1993 and 1994. She graduated from North Carolina in 1994 with the ACC records for goals (103), assists (72), and total points (278). In 2003, she and Michael Jordan were named the ACC's Greatest Athletes of the conference's first fifty years. Hamm was a member of the United States women's national college team that won a silver medal, being defeated by China in the final, at the 1993 Summer Universiade in Buffalo, New York. Washington Freedom, 2001–2003
In 2001, Hamm was a founding player in the first professional women's soccer league in the United States, the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA), and played for the Washington Freedom from 2001 to 2003. Throughout the league's history, Hamm was hailed as the star of the league and used heavily in marketing and promotion.In a poll of 1,000 advertising executives conducted in 2001, she was voted "the most appealing female athlete", garnering almost twice as many votes as the runner-up Anna Kournikova. During the league's inaugural match between the Freedom and Bay Area CyberRays at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C., Hamm was fouled in the penalty area resulting in a penalty kick that her teammate Pretinha converted to mark the first goal scored in the league. The Freedom won 1–0. In addition to the 34,148 fans in attendance being greater than any MLS game that weekend, the Turner Network Television (TNT) broadcast reached 393,087 households: more than two MLS games broadcast on ESPN and ESPN2. Playing as a midfielder and forward, Hamm played in 19 of the Freedom's 21 matches during the 2001 season. She led the team in goals (6) and assists (4). The Freedom finished in seventh place during the regular season with a  record.<mask> suffered a knee injury in November 2001 that kept her off the pitch for several months of early 2002. Despite playing only half the 2002 season with the Freedom, she finished the season with eight goals. The team finished in third place during the 2002 season with a  record and advanced to the playoffs. After winning the semi-final against the Philadelphia Charge 1–0, the team was defeated 3–2 by the Carolina Courage in the 2002 WUSA Founders Cup. Hamm scored the Freedom's second goal in the 64th minute. During the 2003 season, Hamm started in 16 of the 19 games in which she played. Her 11 goals ranked second on the team behind Abby Wambach's 13 while her 11 assists ranked first.The Freedom finished in fourth place during the regular season with a  record and secured a berth in the playoffs. Hamm finished her club career as a WUSA champion when the Freedom defeated the Atlanta Beat 2–1 in overtime to win the Founders Cup on August 24, 2003. Retirement
On May 14, 2004, Hamm announced her retirement effective after the 2004 Athens Olympics. Following the 2004 Olympics, <mask> and her teammates played in a 10-game farewell tour in the United States. The final match of the tour against Mexico at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California, on December 8, 2004, marked the final international match for <mask>, Julie Foudy, and Joy Fawcett. The U.S. defeated Mexico 5–0 and Hamm assisted on two of the goals. Hamm retired at age 32 with a record 158 international goals.She and teammates Foudy and Fawcett were honored with a pre-game ceremony where they were presented with framed jerseys and roses in front of 15,549 fans at Home Depot Center in Carson, California. During the 5–0 win against Mexico, Hamm provided the assist on the first two goals. Following her retirement, Hamm's #9 jersey was inherited by midfielder Heather O'Reilly. International career

Women's national team, 1987–2004
Hamm made her debut for the United States women's national soccer team in 1987 at the age of 15 — just two years after the team played its first international match. She was the youngest person ever to play for the team. She scored her first goal during her 17th appearance. She competed in four FIFA Women's World Cup tournaments: the inaugural 1991 in China, 1995 in Sweden, 1999 and 2003 in the United States.She led the team at three Olympic Games, including: 1996 in Atlanta (the first time women's soccer was played), 2000 in Sydney, and 2004 in Athens. In total, she played 42 matches and scored 14 goals in international tournaments. Hamm held the record for most international goals scored—by a woman or man—until 2013 and remains in third place as of 2017. She currently ranks third in the history of the U.S. national team for international caps (276) and first for career assists (144). 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup

In 1991, Hamm was named to the roster for the inaugural FIFA Women's World Cup in China under North Carolina coach Anson Dorrance. At 19 years old, she was still the youngest player on the team. During the team's first match of the tournament, Hamm scored the game-winning goal in the 62nd minute, leading the U.S. to a 3–2 win over Sweden.She also scored once in their second group stage match when they defeated Brazil 5–0. The U.S. squad finished first in Group B after a third win against Japan on November 21 and advanced to the knockout stage of the tournament. During the quarterfinal match, the U. S. defeated Chinese Taipei 7–0. After defeating Germany 5–2 during the semi-final, the U.S. faced Norway in the final. In front of 63,000 spectators, the U.S. clinched the first World Cup championship title after a 2–1 win. 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup
Hamm's second World Cup appearance came during the 1995 tournament in Sweden. The United States were led by head coach Tony DiCicco.During the team's first match of the tournament, she scored the team's third goal in the 51st minute in a 3–3 draw against China PR. The U.S. faced Denmark during its second group stage match. Goals from Kristine Lilly and Tiffeny Milbrett led to a 2–0 win for the U.S. Hamm played goalkeeper for a few minutes after Briana Scurry received a red card and was removed from the match. After defeating Australia 4–1 on June, 10, the U.S. advanced to the knock-out stage and defeated Japan 4–0 in the quarter-final. The U.S. was defeated by eventual champion Norway 1–0 in the semi-finals and captured third place after defeating China PR 2–0 on June 17. Hamm scored the second U.S. goal of the match in the 55th minute. 1996–1998: Atlanta Olympics and 100th international goal
Hamm was a key part of the U.S. team at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta; this was the first Olympic tournament to include women's soccer.The U.S. faced Denmark in their first preliminary round match. Hamm scored a goal and served an assist to Tiffeny Milbrett to lead the U.S. to a 3–0 win. The team defeated Sweden 2–1 next at the Orlando Citrus Bowl. After tying China 0–0 in their final preliminary round match, the U.S. finished second in Group E. Defeating Norway in the semi-finals, the team faced China in the final. Hamm played despite having foot and groin injuries, suffered during team training and the match against Sweden. Although she was carried off by stretcher in the final minute, her team won their first Olympic gold medal with a 2–1 win witnessed by 76,481 fans in the stadium – the largest crowd for a soccer event in the history of the Olympics and the largest crowd for a women's sports event in the United States. The 20 goals scored by Hamm in 1998 were the highest annual total of her international career.She also provided 20 assists. On September 18, she scored her 100th international goal in a friendly match against Russia in Rochester, New York. The same year, she led the U.S. to the first-ever Goodwill Games gold medal. Hamm scored five of the team's seven goals at the tournament, including two during the championship match against China. 1999: 108th International goal and FIFA Women's World Cup

On May 22, 1999, Hamm broke the all-time international goal record with her 108th goal in a game against Brazil in Orlando, Florida. The following month, she led the national team at the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup, hosted by the United States. During the team's first group stage match against Denmark, she scored her 110th international goal and served an assist to Julie Foudy as the U.S. won 3–0.Against Nigeria, Hamm's low free kick was knocked into the goal by a Nigerian midfielder. Within a minute, Hamm scored with a free kick. She later served an assist to Kristine Lilly before being substituted in the 57th minute. The U.S. won 7–1 and secured a berth in the quarter-finals. During the team's final group stage match, head coach Tony DiCicco rested a number of players, including Hamm, who was

masks:
Mariel Margaret Hamm Garciaparra
Mia
Stephanie Hamm
Mia
Hamm
Hamm
Hamm


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 substituted at half-time. The U.S. defeated Korea 3–0 and finished Group A with nine points. In the quarter-finals, the U.S. defeated Germany 3–2.Playing Brazil in the semi-finals, Hamm was knocked down in the penalty area late in the second half; Michelle Akers converted the subsequent penalty and their team won 2–0. After 90 minutes of scoreless regulation time and 30 minutes of sudden death, the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Final was decided by a penalty shootout between the U.S. and China. The five American players to take penalty kicks, including Hamm, converted; China missed one attempt so that the home team won. The final surpassed the 1996 Atlanta Olympic final as the most-attended women's sports event, with more than 90,000 people filling the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. It held the record until 2014 for the largest U.S. television audience for a soccer match with 17,975,000 viewers. , it ranks third following the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup (25,400,000 viewers) and 2014 FIFA World Cup group stage match between the U.S. men's team and Portugal (18,220,000 viewers). Immediately following the final, Hamm collapsed in the locker room from severe dehydration.She was treated by medical staff with an intravenous drip and three liters of fluids. After 12 hours of sleep, she joined the team for magazine cover shoots, went to Disneyland for a celebration rally, and made numerous television appearances. A week later, the team met President Clinton at the White House and flew with Hillary and Chelsea Clinton on Air Force One to Cape Canaveral. Her leadership and performance at the 1999 World Cup cemented Hamm as a soccer icon. 2000 Sydney Olympics
Hamm represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. During the group stage, she scored a goal against Norway to lift the United States to a 2–0 win. The team tied China 1–1 in their next group stage match before defeating Nigeria 3–1 to finish first in their group.After advancing to the semi-finals where the U.S. faced Brazil, Hamm scored the game-winning goal in the 60th minute. The goal marked the 127th of her international career and set a new record for most goals scored in international play by a woman or man. The U.S. faced Norway in the final and were defeated 3–2 in overtime to earn the silver medal at the Games. 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup

Originally scheduled for China, the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup was moved to the United States due to the SARS outbreak. Hamm was named to the U.S. roster in August, and stated that it would be her final World Cup appearance. During the team's first group stage match, Hamm's three assists helped the U.S. to a 3–1 win over Sweden. She scored twice against Nigeria and served the assist for the team's third goal to lead the U.S. to a 5–0 win and qualification for the quarter-finals with one match to play.The U.S. faced North Korea in their final group stage match and dominated 3–0. Hamm and a number of others were rested for the game by head coach April Heinrichs; this was the first World Cup match Hamm had missed in her career. The U.S. faced Norway in the quarter-finals; Although the U.S. won 1–0, Hamm was fouled throughout the match as Norway played with physicality to counter the U.S. team. One of Norway's 24 fouls resulted in a penalty kick for Hamm which was saved by the Norwegian goalkeeper. After the U.S. was defeated 3–0 by Germany in the semi-finals, the team defeated Canada 3–1 to secure a third-place finish. 2004: 158th international goal and Athens Olympics
During a friendly game against Australia on July 21, 2004, Hamm scored her 158th international goal setting the record for most international goals scored by any player in the world, male or female. She held the world record until Abby Wambach scored her 159th goal on June 20, 2013.The Australia match also marked <mask>'s 259th international appearance; only two of her teammates, Kristine Lilly and Christie Rampone, have played in more international games. Hamm helped lead the U.S. national team to its second gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens and was selected by her fellow Olympians to carry the American flag at the closing ceremony. During the team's first group stage match against Greece, Hamm served the cross to Shannon Boxx's game-opening goal, and scored the last goal of the match to lift the U.S. to a 3–0 win. During a 2–0 win over Brazil in the second group stage match, Hamm converted a penalty kick for the opening goal. The U.S. finished at the top of Group C with seven points after a 1–1 draw against Australia to advance to the quarter-finals, where they defeated Japan 2–1. During the semi-final match against Germany, Hamm served an assist to Heather O'Reilly who scored in overtime to secure a 2–1 win. The U.S. faced Brazil for a second time at the Games in the gold medal match and won 2–1 in overtime.Her teammates swarmed Hamm after the final whistle to celebrate their second Olympic gold medal and her final win at the Olympics. The game marked the last Olympic appearance for the five remaining players who had helped win the inaugural 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup: Hamm, Julie Foudy, Joy Fawcett, Brandi Chastain, and Kristine Lilly (often referred to as the Fab Five). Style of play
Regarded as one of the greatest women soccer players of all time, Hamm was an athletic, dynamic, and technically gifted striker, renowned for her speed, skill, footwork, stamina, and ability on the ball, as well as her consistency. An excellent, agile dribbler, she was highly regarded for her control, as well as her grace, pace, and elegance in possession. A prolific goalscorer, she was known for her powerful and accurate striking ability, although she was also a creative and hard-working forward, and a team player, who was equally capable of assisting many goals for her teammates, due to her accurate passing, and was also willing to aid her teammates defensively when possession was lost. She was capable of playing in any offensive position. Personal life

Hamm was first married to her college sweetheart Christiaan Corry, a United States Marine Corps helicopter pilot; they divorced in 2001 after being married six years.She married then-Boston Red Sox shortstop Nomar Garciaparra on November 22, 2003, in Goleta, California, in a ceremony attended by a few hundred guests. On March 27, 2007, Hamm gave birth to twin girls, Grace Isabella and Ava Caroline. Though born five weeks early, each girl weighed over  at birth. The couple had a son, named Garrett Anthony, in January 2012. Philanthropy

In 1999, Hamm founded the Mia Hamm Foundation following the death of her adopted brother Garrett in 1997 from complications of aplastic anemia, a rare blood disease he had endured for ten years. Dedicated to promoting awareness of and raising funds for families in need of a bone marrow or cord blood transplant, the foundation encourages people to register in the national bone marrow registry and provides funds to UNC Health Care and Children's Hospital Los Angeles. It also focuses on creating opportunities to empower women through sport.Hamm hosts an annual celebrity soccer game in Los Angeles to support the foundation. In popular culture

Hamm has been called the most marketable female athlete of her generation. During her time as an international soccer player, she signed endorsement deals with Gatorade, Nike, Dreyer's Ice Cream, Pepsi, Nabisco, Fleet Bank, Earthgrains, and Powerbar. In 1997, she starred in a popular commercial for Pert Plus. Hamm was featured on a Wheaties box following the 1999 World Cup and endorsed the first Soccer Barbie by Mattel. She co-starred with Michael Jordan in a popular television commercial for Gatorade in the spring of 1999 which featured the two athletes competing against each other in a variety of sports while the song Anything You Can Do (I Can Do Better) is heard. The commercial ends with Hamm throwing Jordan to the ground in a judo match.In 2000, the video game, Mia Hamm Soccer 64 was released for Nintendo 64. It was the first game to feature female athletes only and sold a "relatively high" 42,886 copies in the United States. Hamm was featured on the covers of Sports Illustrated, Time, and People. She has made appearances on numerous television shows, including: Late Night with David Letterman,  The Rosie O'Donnell Show, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Today, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition, Good Morning America, and The Oprah Winfrey Show. She was profiled in ESPN's SportsCentury and Biography documentaries, ESPN 25: Who's #1?, and was featured in Once in a Lifetime: The Extraordinary Story of the New York Cosmos. In 2005, she was featured in the HBO documentary Dare to Dream: The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team. Her likeness was used in the logo of Women's Professional Soccer, the second women's professional soccer league in the United States.Hamm was mentioned on a season eight episode of the TV series Friends. When Rachel had Joey put his hand on her belly, she says, "Aw, it's unbelievable! Wow! She is kicking so much! Oh, she's like, um, who's that kind of annoying girl soccer player?" Joey asks, "<mask>m?" Rachel says, "<mask>m!".Other work

Hamm is a global ambassador for FC Barcelona. She is the author of the national bestseller Go For the Goal: A Champion's Guide to Winning in Soccer and Life and juvenile fiction book Winners Never Quit. In 2012, after Pia Sundhage's departure as head coach of the national team, Hamm joined Danielle Slaton and Sunil Gulati as a member of the search committee for Sundhage's successor. In 2014, she was named to the board of the National Soccer Hall of Fame. In October 2014, Hamm was announced as a co-owner of the future Major League Soccer team, Los Angeles FC. The same month, Hamm joined the board of directors of Serie A club A.S. Roma, owned by American investors. Hamm joined Vice President Joe Biden and Second Lady Jill Biden as members of the United States delegation at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup Final in Vancouver, Canada.Career statistics

Matches and goals scored at World Cup and Olympic tournaments
Hamm competed as a member of the United States national soccer team in four FIFA Women's World Cup tournaments: the inaugural 1991 in China, 1995 in Sweden, as well as 1999 and 2003 in the United States. She competed at three Summer Olympic Games: 1996 in Atlanta, 2000 in Sydney, and 2004 in Athens. All together, she played in 38 matches and scored 13 goals at seven top international tournaments. With her teammates, Hamm finished third at two World Cup tournaments in 1995 and 2003, second at the 2000 Olympics, and first at the four other international tournaments. Honors and awards

Hamm was named Sportswoman of the Year by the Women's Sports Foundation in 1997 and 1999. In June 1999, Nike named the largest building on their corporate campus after Hamm. In December 2000, Hamm was named one of the top three female soccer players of the twentieth century in the FIFA Female Player of the Century Award, finishing behind only Sun Wen and compatriot Michelle Akers.While at North Carolina, she won the Honda Sports Award as the nation's top female soccer player in both 1993 and 1994, and won the Honda-Broderick Cup in 1994 as the nation's top female athlete. In March 2004, Hamm and former U.S. teammate Michelle Akers were the only two women and Americans named to the FIFA 100, a list of the 125 greatest living soccer players, selected by Pelé and commissioned by FIFA for the organization's 100th anniversary. Other accolades include being elected U.S. Soccer Female Athlete of the Year five years in a row from 1994 to 1998, and winning three ESPY awards including Soccer Player of the Year and Female Athlete of the Year. In 2006 Hamm was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame, followed by the Texas Sports Hall of Fame on March 11, 2008. In 2007, during her first year of eligibility, Hamm was selected for induction into the National Soccer Hall of Fame. In 2008, an image of her silhouette was used in the logo for the second professional women's soccer league in the United States: Women's Professional Soccer. ESPN named her the greatest female athlete in 2012.In 2013, Hamm became the first woman inducted into the World Football Hall of Fame, located in Pachuca, Mexico. She was named to U.S. Soccer's USWNT All-Time Best XI in December 2013. In 2014, Hamm was named one of ESPNW's Impact 25; she was also the recipient of the Golden Foot Legends Award. For their first match of March 2019, the women of the United States women's national soccer team each wore a jersey with the name of a woman they were honoring on the back; Samantha Mewis chose the name of Hamm. In 2021, Hamm was inducted into the National Women's Hall of

masks:
Hamm
Mia Ham
Mia Ham


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is a Japanese professional drifting driver, whose currently competing in D1 Grand Prix with a Nissan Silvia S15, well known for formerly using the Toyota AE86 in the series. He is also known as, Therefore, it is (デスカラデスネ/ですからですね Desukara Desune). Biography
He was into cars from a young age, and started out competing in gymkhana events, starting with a Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R. At one of these events one of his younger colleagues took him to the Touge and challenged him saying that he couldn't do it. So he went out and proved him wrong, and this got him started in drifting. As well as his drifting he is also the owner of tuning shop and used car dealership Racing Garage SIFT. Drifting career
To start off his drifting activities, he got hold of his first AE86 which was an AE85-spec Corolla Levin, heavily modified and turned into an AE86. He had owned this car from 1998-1999 and had entered several drifting events (Carboy's DoriCon GP, Battle Magazine's BM-Cup, P's Cars) at the time.In 2000, he converted the Levin to a Trueno. He entered and competed at the Kyushu Ikaten, which was held at Mobility Omuta on March 29, 2000 (he won in the finals against Masao Suenaga). The 2000-spec AE85 was later repainted cream in mid-2000 with revised changes and he won the 6th All-Japan Ikaten competition at Bihoku Circuit on Sept. 7, 2000. In late 2000, he got hold of a genuine AE86 Sprinter Trueno (GTV Trim) which he swapped parts out of the AE85 to the new AE86. This car was more commonly known as Professor, due to a decal that was placed on the side of the car at the time. He continued to use this AE86 in D1 for the 2001 season until the 2006 season. D1 Grand Prix and D1 Street Legal
He has been competing in the D1 Grand Prix since the first season, debuting at Round 3.He has always done well, getting his first win at the first round in  and going on to take the championship. In , he had switch to two different Truenos starting in 2003 at the 4th round in Fuji Speedway until the end of the D1 2004 season, which he used an AE85 (different from 2000 one) while the AE86 was used as a T-car, it was also the car that he had brought over for the Irwindale Speedway exhibition match, which he won after defeating Nobuteru Taniguchi in the finals. He had a decent season but placed 3rd overall. At the championship round finale, he was ranked 2nd and he was only 18 points behind Youichi Imamura but mechanical issues occurred during the practice sessions. He was unable to pull through the first round regardless of the quick repairs and it forced him to sit at 3rd overall with Nobushige Kumakubo being ranked 2nd overall. In , he had a tough season, either unable to pull through the First Round or Best 16. It turned out however, that the AE85's chassis strength had started to weaken since the reinforcement method done to it was by the use of rivets instead of the stitch-welding method, which the AE86 had use.In , he went back to the AE86 for the 2005 and 2006 season, and he was able to retain a decent season again, after getting his second victory at Round 2 of 2005. <mask> also accomplish of getting 3 straight 100 tansou runs at the 7th round of 2005. In , he entered the D1 Street Legal series, starting out with the AE86 in the first round. On-wards however, he changed to a Nissan Silvia S15 for NKB Racing and his performance has been successful despite using a different car. During Round 7 of 2006, he attempted to pilot the NKB SR20-powered Nissan Fairlady Z Z33 but he could not proceed to the Best 16 during the qualifying round as the rear lift-gate had lifted open, and was deemed as a mechanical issue from the judges. This was also the last season that he would drive the AE86. In , he changed teams and as well with a new car in the main series, moving to Team M.O.V.E's Nissan Silvia (S15), the car that won the 2005 championship at the hands of Yasuyuki Kazama while his teammate at the time Hideo Hiraoka was assigned with Team M.O.V.E's second S15, which Kazama had used for the D1GP UK Silverstone and D1GP Las Vegas 2006 Exhibition Matches.He has not adapted well to the new vehicle and finished the season down in 20th place. In , after the event of Formula D Japan, he made a comeback to D1 Street Legal after a 7-year absence which he picked up a sponsorship with Z.S.S. Racing. He is driving the S15 once again, starting in 2015. He has done very well for the season, earning 2nd overall. In , following his successful season of 2015, more luck shines on him when he managed to get his first D1SL win at the season opener after 10 years of being in series, as well as being a D1GP veteran to still compete in the spin-off series. After earning two victories and a 3rd-place podium, he was crowned as the 2016 D1SL Series Champion.In , he went back to competing in the main series as D1 Street Legal was halted for the rest of year. He had an average performance with recurring issues on his D1SL S15 machine but he has ended up getting into the Best 16 for Odaiba Rd.1 and Rd.2, and getting into the Best 8 at the Tsukuba Rd.3. For the final round of the season, he debuted a new S15 that was powered by the Nissan GT-R's engine, the VR38DETT which is bolted to a Holinger sequential transmission that produces 1000ps. Formula Drift
He has competed in Formula D starting in 2008, first appearing at the Red Bull Drifting World Championship, which he drove the Wisesquare & Drift Speed-sponsored S15. He would later compete in some of the championship rounds during the following year (2009). His comeback to Formula D was when the series introduced 'Formula D Japan' back in Summer 2014 and competed with his own S15 which was built for the event, as well as his comeback to competitive drifting. He competed again for the 2017 round of Formula D Japan at Okayama Circuit with his D1GP VR38-Powered S15.Complete Drifting Results

(key)

D1 Grand Prix

D1 Street Legal

References
Superstreet
D1 Grand Prix

External links
Official Site (Garage Sift)
D1 Supporter profile
D1 Supporter profile (D1SL)

Japanese racing drivers
Drifting drivers
1972 births
Living people
D1 Grand Prix drivers
Formula D drivers
People from Kumamoto Prefecture


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<mask>, 1st <mask> of Cherbury (or Chirbury) KB (3 March 1583 – 5 August 1648) was an Anglo-Welsh soldier, diplomat, historian, poet and religious philosopher of the Kingdom of England. Life

Early life
<mask> was the eldest son of <mask> of Montgomery Castle (a member of a collateral branch of the family of the Earls of Pembroke) and of Magdalen, daughter of Sir Richard Newport, and brother of the poet <mask>. He was born within England at Eyton-on-Severn near Wroxeter, Shropshire. After private tuition, he matriculated at University College, Oxford, as a gentleman commoner, in May 1596. On 28 February 1599, at the age of 15, he married his cousin Mary, then aged 21, ("notwithstanding the disparity of years betwixt us"), who was daughter and heiress of Sir <mask> (d. 1593). He returned to Oxford with his wife and mother, continued his studies, and learned French, Italian and Spanish, as well as music, riding and fencing. During this period, before he was 21, he started a family.<mask> entered Parliament as knight of the shire for Montgomeryshire in 1601. On the accession of King James I he presented himself at court and was created a Knight of the Bath on 24 July 1603. From 1604 to 1611 he was Member of Parliament for Merioneth. From 1605 he was magistrate and appointed sheriff of Montgomeryshire for 1605. Soldier

In 1608, <mask> went to Paris, with Aurelian Townshend, enjoying the friendship and hospitality of the old Constable de Montmorency at Merlou and meeting King Henry IV; he lodged for many months with Isaac Casaubon. On his return, as he wrote of himself, he was "in great esteem both in court and city, many of the greatest desiring my company". At this period he was close to both Ben Jonson and John Donne, and in Jonson's Epicoene, or the Silent Woman <mask> is probably alluded to.Both Donne and Jonson honoured him in poetry. In December 1609 he fought with a Scottish usher at Greenwich Palace who had snatched a ribbon from Mary Middlemore's hair, and if the Privy Council had not prevented it, would have fought a duel in Hyde Park. In 1610 <mask> served as a volunteer in the Low Countries under the Prince of Orange, whose intimate friend he became, and distinguished himself at the capture of Juliers from the Holy Roman Emperor. He offered to decide the war by engaging in single combat with a champion chosen from among the enemy, but his challenge was declined. Back in England in 1611 he survived an assault in London by Sir John Eyre who accused him of having an affair with his wife Dorothy. He paid a visit to Spinola, in the Spanish camp near Wezel, and afterwards to the elector palatine at Heidelberg, subsequently travelling in Italy. At the instance of the Duke of Savoy he led an expedition of 4,000 Huguenots from Languedoc into Piedmont to help the Savoyards against Spain, but after nearly losing his life in the journey to Lyon he was imprisoned on his arrival there, and the enterprise came to nothing.Thence he returned to the Netherlands and the Prince of Orange, arriving in England in 1617. Diplomat
In 1619, <mask> was made ambassador to Paris, taking in his entourage Thomas Carew. He became involved with the case of Piero Hugon who had stolen jewels belonging to Anne of Denmark. A quarrel with de Luynes and a challenge sent by him to the latter occasioned his recall in 1621. After the death of de Luynes, <mask> resumed his post in February 1622. He was popular at the French court and showed considerable diplomatic ability. His chief objects were to accomplish the marriage between Charles, Prince of Wales and Henrietta Maria, and to secure the assistance of Louis XIII for Frederick V, Elector Palatine.He failed in the latter, and was dismissed in April 1624. <mask> returned home greatly in debt and received little reward for his services beyond the Irish peerage of Baron <mask> of Castle Island on 31 May 1624 and the English barony of Herbert of Cherbury, or Chirbury, on 7 May 1629. Later life
In 1632, <mask> was appointed a member of the council of war. He attended the king at York in 1639, and in May 1642 was imprisoned by the parliament for urging the addition of the words "without cause" to the resolution that the king violated his oath by making war on parliament. He determined after this to take no further part in the struggle, retired to Montgomery Castle, and declined the king's summons, pleading ill-health. On 5 September 1644 he surrendered the castle, by negotiation, to the Parliamentary forces led by Sir Thomas Myddelton. He returned to London, submitted, and was granted a pension of £20 a week.In 1647 he paid a visit to Pierre Gassendi at Paris, and died in London the following summer, aged 65, being buried in the church of St Giles in the Fields. Family
Lord <mask> left two sons, Richard (c. 1600–1655), who succeeded him as 2nd Lord <mask> of Cherbury, and <mask>. Richard's sons, <mask> (d.1678) and <mask> (d.1691), each succeeded to the title, after which it became extinct. It was revived in 1694 when <mask> (1654–1709), son of Sir <mask> (1594–1673), last surviving brother of the 1st Lord <mask>, was created Lord <mask> of Cherbury. <mask>'s cousin and namesake, Sir <mask>, was also a prominent figure in the English Civil War. De Veritate
<mask>'s major work is the De Veritate, prout distinguitur a revelatione, a verisimili, a possibili, et a falso (On Truth, as It Is Distinguished from Revelation, the Probable, the Possible, and the False) He published it on the advice of Grotius. In the De Veritate, <mask> produced the first purely metaphysical treatise, written by an Englishman.<mask>'s real claim to fame is as "the father of English Deism". The common notions of religion are the famous five articles, which became the charter of the English deists. Charles Blount, in particular, acted as a publicist for <mask>'s idea. It has been placed on the index of forbidden books of the Catholic Church. Other works

The De religione gentilium was a posthumously published work, influenced by the De theologia gentili of Gerardus Vossius, and seen into print by Isaac Vossius. It is an early work on comparative religion, and gives, in David Hume's words, "a natural history of religion." It is also to some extent dependent on the De dis Syris of John Selden, and the Quaestiones celeberrimae in Genesim of Marin Mersenne.By examining pagan religions <mask> finds the universality of his five great articles, and that these are clearly recognisable. The same vein is maintained in the tracts De causis errorum, an unfinished work on logical fallacies, Religio laici, and Ad sacerdotes de religione laici (1645). <mask>'s first historical work was the Expedition Buckinghami ducis, a defence of the Duke of Buckingham's conduct on the La Rochelle expedition of 1627. The Life and Raigne of King Henry VIII (1649) is considered good for its period, but hampered by limited sources. His poems, published in 1665 (reprinted and edited by John Churton Collins in 1881), show him in general a faithful disciple of Donne. His satires are poor, but a few of his lyrical verses show power of reflection and true inspiration, while his use of the metre afterwards employed by Tennyson in his "In Memoriam" is particularly happy and effective. His Neo-Latin poems are evidence of his scholarship.Three of these had appeared together with the De causis errorum in 1645. To these works must be added A Dialogue between a Tutor and a Pupil, which is of disputed authenticity; and a treatise on the king's supremacy in the Church (manuscript in the Record Office and at the Queen's College, Oxford). His autobiography, first published by Horace Walpole in 1764, a naïve and amusing narrative, is much occupied with his duels and amorous adventures, and breaks off in 1624. Missing from it are his friendships and the diplomatic side of his embassy in France, in relation to which he described only the splendour of his retinue and his social triumphs. He was a lutenist, and his collection <mask> of Cherbury's Lute-Book survives in manuscript. His own compositions, in all four preludes, four pavans and a courante, are conservative in style, showing little influence from the works of the French school that appear in his collection. <mask> of Cherbury's views of prayer
Joseph Waligore, in his article "The Piety of the English Deists" has shown that <mask> was one of the most pious of the deists, as he fervently prayed to God and believed God gave signs in answer to our prayers.He was so sure God answered our prayers that he said prayer was an idea God put into every human. He said that:

For <mask>, this universal testimony of God answering our prayers meant that it was a common notion or something engraved into our heart by God. <mask> was speaking from experience. In his autobiography, <mask> said he once prayed for and received a divine sign. He had written De Veritate and was wondering whether he should publish it. So he got down on his knees and prayed fervently to God for a sign instructing him what to do. Even though it was a clear, sunny day with no wind, <mask> said he heard a gentle noise in the clear sky that so comforted him that he decided it was a sign from God that he should publish his book.<mask> wrote:

<mask> was attacked by orthodox Protestant ministers of the eighteenth century as a religious enthusiast. One minister, John Brown, said his claim to have received a sign from God was "enthusiastic". Another minister, John Leland, said even asking for such a sign was improper, as God does not become involved like that in people’s lives. Leland said that <mask>’s claim "passed for a high fit of enthusiasm. ... I think it maybe justly doubted, whether an address of such a particular kind, as that made by his Lordship, was proper or regular. It does not seem to me, that we are well-founded to apply for or to expect an extraordinary sign from heaven."Clearly these two eighteenth-century Christian commentators did not see <mask>'s understanding of God as distant and uninvolved. Rather, <mask> was attacked for believing in an overly-involved deity who had an overly-intimate relationship with people. Modern scholars of deism often have difficulty fitting <mask>'s religious views into their scheme of what deists believed. For example, Peter Gay said that <mask>—who lived in the early seventeenth century—was atypical of the later deists because <mask> thought he had received a divine sign but Waligore argues that instead of saying <mask> was not a deist, we should change our notions about the deists and their relationship to God through prayer. Besides believing in prayers and divine signs, <mask> also believed in miracles, revelation, and direct divine inspiration. <mask> was so sure God performed miracles that he thought this doctrine, and the related notion that God answered our prayers, was an idea God put into every human. <mask> said his emphasis on natural religion did not mean revelation was superfluous.He said he thought the Bible was a "surer source of consolation and support" than any other book and reading it stirred "the whole inner man" to life. <mask> thought that divine inspiration generally happened through "the medium of spirits ... variously called angels, demons, intelligences and geniuses". He said that we could be sure we had divine inspiration if we prepared ourselves for it and it met certain conditions. To begin with, said <mask>, "we must employ prayers, vows, faith and every faculty which can be used to invoke" the divine. Then "the breath of the Divine Spirit must be immediately felt" and the recommended course of action must be good. When these conditions were met, "and we feel the Divine guidance in our activities, we must recognize with reverence the good will of God". Editions and translations
 Hauptwerke (Main Works): anastatic reprint edited in three volumes by Günter Gawlick, Stuttgart / Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1966–1971.1. De veritate (Editio tertia), De causis errorum, De religione laici, Parerga. (London 1645). 2. De religione gentilium errorumque apud eos causis. (Amsterdam 1663). 3.A dialogue between a tutor and his pupil. (Amsterdam 1768). De Veritate, English translation by Meyrick H. Carré (University of Bristol, 1937); facsimile reprint: Thoemmes Continuum (1992) . Notes

External links

 Scholarly website of Joseph Waligore on Enlightenment deism
 National Trust, 'Magic and Mystery: The Secrete Conceit of a Jacobean cabinet miniature', by John Chu, representatations of <mask>. Poems by <mask> at English Poetry

1583 births
1648 deaths
People from Shropshire
Alumni of University College, Oxford
<mask>, 1st Baron <mask> of Cherbury
Barons in the Peerage of England
Barons in the Peerage of Ireland
Peers of Ireland created by James I
Peers of England created by Charles I
Anglo-Welsh poets
Welsh poets
English soldiers
17th-century English diplomats
English historians
English philosophers
Christian philosophers
English male poets
English MPs 1604–1611
English MPs 1648–1653

masks:
Edward Herbert
Baron Herbert
Edward Herbert
Richard Herbert
George Herbert
William Herbert
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Edward Herbert
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Edward
Edward Herbert
Henry Herbert
Henry Herbert
Henry Herbert
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Lord Herbert
Edward Herbert
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Lord Herbert
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texts:
<mask> (),
(29 August 1803 – 6 March 1875) was an Urdu poet who excelled and perfected the art of Marsiya writing. He is considered the leading exponent of Marsiya Nigari or marsiya writing along with Mir Anees. <mask> was born in 1803 in Delhi. He started reciting marsiya since childhood during muharram ceremonial gatherings called majalis (singular-majlis). He started writing poetry under the tutelage of Mir Muzaffar Husain Zameer. Dabeer himself was an erudite scholar of his time. He migrated from Delhi to Lucknow, where he found suitable environment to develop and demonstrate his skills in marsiya writing.According to Maulana Muhammad Husain Azad in Aab-e-Hayat quoting Tazkira-e-Sarapa Sukhan, there is confusion regarding his father's name because of two different names mentioned in Tazkira-as-Ghulam Husain /<mask> Jan Kaghazfarosh. <mask> died in Lucknow in 1875 and is buried there. Works
According to Muhammad Husain Azad in Aab-e-Hayat: Mirzā Sahib died on the 29th of Muharram, AH 1292 [1875–76], at the age of 72 years. In his lifetime he must have written at least three thousand elegies. Not counting his salāms and nauhas and quatrains. He wrote a dotless elegy (be-nuqta) of which the opening verse is:

Hum tale-e-Huma murad hum rasa hua

Meaning:

My far-reaching imagination has the same fortune-star as the Huma

In it, he used (the dotless) Utārid or Atarid (Mercury) instead of Dabeer for a pen-name. And there's no doubt that with him elegy composition in India reached its conclusion.Now no such time will come, nor will such accomplished persons be born (Frances W. Pritchett translation). List of Marsiya by Dabeer:

 Kis sher ki Amad hai ki Run kaanp raha hai
 Dast-e-Khuda Ka Quwat-e-Bazoo Husain hain
 Bilqees paasbaan hai ye kiski janaab hai
 Paida Shua-E-Mehar Ki Miqraaz Jab Huee

Although Dabeer's poetic expression found expression in the genre of marsiya but he made use of other forms of Urdu poetry, viz., salaam and rubai, he seldom wrote ghazals too. A couplet from one of his salaams is a clear example of his genius comparable to Ghalib:

Hurr fida pyaasa jo Shah par ho gaya
Ai salami, qatra tha samandar ho gaya! Meaning:

When the thirsty Hurr (willingly) sacrificed his life for the Shah (Hussain);
(Know) O salami, (O pilgrim) In truth the drop became the entire ocean! Naqaash naqsh, Kaatib o Khat, Baani o Bina,
Bood o Nabood, Zaat o Sifat, Hasti o Fana,
Aadam Malak, Zameen Falak, Gard e Kimiya,
Duniya o Deen, Hadoos o Qidam, Banda e khuda,
Sab, Shahid e Kamal e Shahe Mashraqain hain,
Jab Tak Khuda Ka Mulk hai, Malik Hussain hain. Dabeer and Anis rivalry

Anis and Dabeer rivalry is the most debated and talked about rivalry in Urdu literature. Their rivalry led to the development of two distinct styles/schools of Marsiya-nigari or marsiya writing at its inception.The staunch supporters of each of the masters identified themselves as "Aneesiya" and "Dabeeriya". The impact of rivalry was so intense that the followers could neither free themselves from their influence nor surpass either master's brilliance. Although the populace divided themselves into two separate groups the two poets remained at cordial terms and acknowledged each other with great respect. When Anis died in 1874, Dabeer penned the following couplet as a tribute to the departed poet:

Aasman Be Mah-i-Kamil Sidrah Be Ruhul Amin
Toor-i-Sina Be Kalimullah Mimbar Be Anis

An interesting Chronological closeness
Mir Anis was born in the year 1802 and died 72 years later in 1874. <mask>r was born in 1803, a year later than Anis, and died in 1875, also at the age of 72. This chronological closeness is amazing

Need to preserve the record
Dabeer is a poet unduly neglected and unnecessarily pitted against Anis. What is deplorable is the fact that no complete, authentic text of Dabeer's poetry is available and critical work on him too is buried in the files of literary journals.<mask>r stands in need of research and study as he has been ignored by the scholars and the critics since the time when Shibli's Mawazana-i-Anis-o-Dabeer was published. Books on Mirza Dabeer
Description of some books published on the subject of <mask>r and his work by different writers/researchers and publishers of Indo-Pak:

1 – Moazna-E-Anees-O-Dabeer, by Shibli Nomani
2 – Anees Aur Dabeer by Dr. Gopi Chand Narang
3 – Books Compiled/written by Dr. Syed Taqi Abedi:
Mujtahid Nazm <mask>r
 Abwab-ul-Masa'ib
 Silke Salame Dabeer
Mushafe Farsi (Work of Mirza Dabeer in Persian Language)
 Taleh Mehar
Musnuyate Dabeer
4 – Mirza Salaamat <mask>r compiled by Eldon A. Mainyu (English)

Tribute to poet in Urdu literature
Anis and Dabir Academy, London organised an International Seminar on "Position of Anis and Dabir in Urdu literature" on the occasion of bicentennial birthday celebrations of Mir Anis and <mask> Dabeer. Litterateurs and intellectuals from India, Pakistan, Canada, America, Australia and Britain participated in the seminar. In the inaugural session, Dr. Syed Taqi Abidi of Canada presented a review of Dabeer's quatrains. Prof. Muhammad Zaman Azurda presented an article on Dabeer's prose-writing in the second session. Youths besides senior litterateurs and intellectuals attended the seminar in a large number. A seminar titled "Marsia aur adab-i-aali", organised by the Urdu department of Karachi University in its arts auditorium on 27 October 2009, Former chairman of the Urdu department Dr Waqar Ahmed Rizvi presided over the event.Dr. Syed Taqi Abedi, who is settled in Canada, was the keynote speaker. Dr Abidi claimed that Mir Anees and <mask>r had used more words in Urdu poetry than any other poet. He said Nazir Akbarabadi had written 8,500 couplets, whereas Dabeer's tally was 120,000, and Anees's 86,000. Tribute – Digital
35 Marsiya video series based on event between 28th Rajab to 8th Rabi' al-awwal, titled Az madina ta madina was released on 3 January 2014, by "Mafss Noha Academy" Mumbai, India, and recited by Rahil Rizvi (Marsiya & Noha Khwan from India). Video series consist 8 marsiya based on topic and 2 soaz written by <mask> <mask>r. Legacy
Dabeer, along with Anis, left an everlasting influence on Urdu literature and marsiya in particular. Marsiya, in its content and matter, allowed the two masters to demonstrate their artistry and command of Urdu language and idiom.At the same time epical nature of marsiya covered and dealt with entire range of emotions and ideas. It has both mystical and romantic appeal. All the contemporary and succeeding generations of poets who adopted marsiya as the genre of poetic expression and also others who took to other forms of poetry found it difficult to break away from the trends and standards set by these two masters. The names of <mask> and Anis are inextricable whenever Urdu Marsia is mentioned. In short, marsiya attained its zenith under the poetic genius of Anis and Dabeer. Marsiya became synonymous with the names of these two masters and also the form-musaddas- adopted by them became synonymous with the identity of marsiya. Dabeer along with Anis influenced two major aspects of the socio-cultural life of the Indian sub-continent.One is literature and other is azadari tradition of the sub-continent. See also

 Mir Anis
Ustad Sibte Jaafar Zaidi
Mohsin Naqvi
Taqi Abedi
Marsiya
 Azadari
 Ashura

References

Suggested readings
 Rooh-e-Anees (Muqaddma): Masood Hasan Rizvi
 Urdu Marsia ka Irteqa: Maseehuz-Zaman
 Anees Shanasi: Gopi Chand Narang
 <mask>at <mask>beer: Mohd Zaman Azurdah (1981)
 Intekhab-e-Marasi : U. P. Urdu Academy. By SYED AKBAR HYDER . New York: Oxford University Press, 2006 (Link o google books)
 Hadees-e-Dil Marsia Number
 Remembering Karbala Once Again-Selected Marsias of Meer Anis and <mask>r Translated by Syeda B. Raza
 History and Influence of Marsia on South Asian Culture
 The Year of Mirza Dabeer By Hasan Abidi
 Abstracts from Marsia by Dabeer
 Mir Anis and Karbala
 Brief introduction to Urdu Marsia
 Brief history of Urdu poetry

1803 births
1875 deaths
Poets from Delhi
Indian Shia Muslims
Urdu-language poets from India
Indian male poets
Urdu-language religious writers
Urdu-language writers from British India
19th-century Urdu-language writers
Urdu-language writers from Mughal India
19th-century Indian poets
19th-century Indian male writers

masks:
Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer
Mirza Dabeer
Mirza Agha
Mirza Dabeer
Mirza Dabee
Mirza Dabee
Mirzabee
Mirza Dabee
Alibee
Mirza
Mirza Dabee
Mirza Salaamat
Ali Dabee
Dabeer
Mirza Slam
Ali Da
Mirza Dabee