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<mask> (born July 15, 1954) is an American journalist, associate professor, public speaker and former television critic. He advocates the Open Web and argues that there are many social and personal benefits to living a more public life on the Internet. Career
<mask> began his career in journalism in 1972 writing for the Addison Herald-Register, a local weekly newspaper at which he was the sole journalist. In 1974 <mask> was an undergraduate in the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University when he was hired by the Chicago Tribune. He completed his degree and holds a BSJ from Northwestern. <mask> went on to work as a television critic for TV Guide and People magazines. In 1984, while still at People, <mask> proposed the idea for Entertainment Weekly, a magazine which he hoped would feature "tough reviews and offbeat subjects" pertaining to the entertainment industry.The first issue was published in February 1990, with <mask> as creator and managing editor. On June 12 of the same year, <mask> left the publication; spokesman Peter Castiglio cited "creative differences" between <mask> and senior management as the cause for his departure. <mask> was the resident "couch critic" at TV Guide throughout the 1990s. <mask> is former Sunday editor and associate publisher of the New York Daily News and a former columnist for the San Francisco Examiner. He was president and creative director of Advance Internet—the online arm of Advance Publications—until 2005. He has consulted for numerous other media companies. In 2005, he became an associate professor at City University of New York's Graduate School of Journalism, directing its new media program.<mask> is the creator of the popular weblog BuzzMachine, which tracks developments in new media and chronicles some of the author's personal obsessions, such as the fortunes of radio host Howard Stern. He gained national notoriety when he wrote about his negative experiences in dealing with Dell Computer's customer support system on the website. Along with Leo Laporte, <mask> is a co-host on This Week in Google, a live-streamed podcast show on the TWiT Network which covers Google and cloud computing. Books
In 2009, <mask> wrote a book called, What Would Google Do? In the book, he argues that companies and individuals should study and perhaps copy Google's methods for succeeding at Internet entrepreneurship. <mask> said of the book, "Just as I try to look admiringly from a distance at Google, I include anecdotes and examples from Mark Zuckerberg at Facebook and Craig Newmark at Craigslist and <mask> at Amazon." In 2011, <mask> published Public Parts: How Sharing in the Digital Age Improves the Way We Work and Live, in which he defends the openness of the Internet, discusses ways in which the Internet has made modern life public, and argues against regulations to protect privacy.Public Parts was reviewed scathingly by fellow Internet scholar Evgeny Morozov in the November 3, 2011, issue of The New Republic. In 2012, <mask> published the Kindle single Gutenberg the Geek, in which he suggests that Johannes Gutenberg was "the world's first technology entrepreneur" and was comparable to Steve Jobs because they both "accomplished greatness through trial and error, vision, and determination." Politics
<mask> describes himself as "a liberal: a centrist leaning left" and his espoused philosophy falls solidly left. A Democrat, he claims to have voted party-line in most elections. Nonetheless, he notes that he upsets some Democrats for not always agreeing with them and for linking to those with whom they disagree. <mask> says that is why he likes the blogosphere so much: because it allows him to talk with people whose opinions do not align with his views. <mask> also describes himself as "a post-9/11 hawk."Personal life
On Monday, August 10, 2009, <mask> announced on his blog that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer. The cancer was detected at an early stage and was subsequently treated by robotic surgery. He was pronounced "cured" as the cancer was contained in the prostate and had not spread to other organs. His very public revelation and reporting of his condition was (according to <mask>) partially motivated by, in his words, the hope "to be one more guy to convince you men to get your PSA checked: a small mitzvah in return for my luck." He is married to Tammy. Twitter parody
<mask> is the subject of a popular Twitter parody account, @ProfJeffJarvis, curated by Rurik Bradbury. The parody account has been enthusiastically received among many in media circles with over 30,000 followers."I chose <mask> because he epitomizes a certain type of 'thinkfluencer,' " Bradbury explains, "someone with an online influence massively greater than the thoughtfulness of his positions. It's all style and rhetorical flourishes which don't stand up to scrutiny—but do grab attention." <mask> is not a fan of @ProfJeffJarvis, calling Bradbury, "my minor tormentor, my idiot imposter, my personal troll." He reached out to a Twitter executive to complain, but declined to pursue further action. References

External links

 BuzzMachine.com

 <mask>' audio account of his personal experience of the attack on the World Trade Center
 The World Trade Center Tragedy: An eyewitness account, <mask>' written account of 9/11
 BusinessWeek podcast with <mask>, about Recovery 2.0, September 2005
 <mask>, On the Inside, Blogging Out, Washington Post article, May 2005
 Corante.com interview with <mask> in The Future of Digital Media series, November 2004
 Criticism of <mask>' credentials as "Web Guru," by Ron Rosenbaum, Slate,  Nov. 11, 2008
 Cover story about <mask> as a "Web Guru," by John Koblin, The New York Observer, Nov. 25, 2008
 Conversation with <mask>, Intruders tv, May 5, 2009 Video
 Interview in Italian, Il Sole 24 Ore
 Interview with <mask>: Social Media Challenges International Organizations by Joerg Wolf, Atlantic Community

American male journalists
American television critics
American bloggers
Chicago Tribune people
Medill School of Journalism alumni
1954 births
Living people
CUNY Graduate School of Journalism faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
Writers from Chicago
New York Daily News people
21st-century American non-fiction writers
San Francisco Examiner people
American technology writers
Historians of American media
Internet theorists
Illinois Democrats
TWiT.tv people
American male bloggers

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was a Japanese author, who established literary criticism as an independent art form in Japan. Early life
<mask> was born in the Kanda district of Tokyo, where his father was a noted engineer who introduced European diamond polishing technology to Japan, and who invented a ruby-based phonograph needle. <mask> studied French literature at Tokyo Imperial University, where his classmates included Hidemi Kon and Tatsuji Miyoshi. He met Chūya Nakahara in April 1925, with whom he quickly became close friends, but in November of the same year, began living together with Nakahara's former mistress, the actress Yasuko Hasegawa. <mask> graduated in March 1928, and soon after moved to Osaka for a few months before moving to Nara, where he stayed at the home of Naoya Shiga from May 1928. His relationship with Yasuko Hasegawa ended around this time. In September 1929, he submitted an article to a contest hed by the literary journal Kaizō, and won second place.Literary critic
In the early 1930s <mask> was associated with the novelists Yasunari Kawabata and Riichi Yokomitsu and collaborated on articles for the literary journal Bungakukai and became editor in January 1935. At that time <mask> felt literature should be relevant to society, with writers and critics practicing social responsibilities. His editorials covered a wide range from contemporary literature to the classics, philosophy, and the arts. He began to serialize his life of Fyodor Dostoevsky in the magazine. Around this time, he also published Watakushi Shosetsu Ron, an attack on the popular Japanese literary genre of the shishosetsu, the autobiographical novel or I Novel. From April 1932, he was also working as a lecturer at Meiji University and was promoted to professor in June 1938. By the mid-1930s, <mask> was well established as a literary critic.His aversion to abstract ideas, and conceptualizing in general, was widely known, as was his preference for spontaneity and intuition. In literature, he reserved his highest praise for the works of Kan Kikuchi and Naoya Shiga, whereas he expressed a low opinion of Ryūnosuke Akutagawa for being too cerebral. He made Kamakura, Kanagawa prefecture his home from 1931 and was a central figure in local literary activity. Wartime propagandist
In politics, <mask> praised the writings of militant nationalist Shūmei Ōkawa. In November 1937, he wrote a strongly worded essay Senso ni tsuite ("On War"), which appeared in a leading intellectual magazine, Kaizō. In the essay, he lashed out at fellow writers and intellectuals who continued to oppose the growing war in China, sharply reminding them that their duty as subjects of the emperor took precedence over all else. It made little difference what the war is about, all that mattered was that it existed and must be dealt with.<mask> treated the war as if it were an act of nature, such as a storm, impervious to analysis and beyond human control. Just as a storm must be weathered, a war must be won, regardless of right or wrong. <mask> went to China for the first time in March 1938 as a special correspondent for the popular magazine Bungeishunjū, and as a guest of the Imperial Japanese Army. This was the first of six wartime trips to the continent, which took him through Japanese-occupied areas of eastern and northern China. In 1940, together with Kan Kikuchi and fifty-two other writers including Kawabata Yasunari and Riichi Yokomitsu, <mask> toured Japan, Korea, and Manchukou as members of the Literary Home-Front Campaign (Bungei Jugo Undo), a speech-making troupe organized by Kikuchi to promote support for the war. Later career
Following the end of World War II, <mask> was sharply attacked by leftists for his collaboration with the Japanese military, but the US occupation authorities never filed any charges against him, and he was not even purged from public life. <mask>'s reputation as a brilliant literary critic emerged from the war largely intact.He resigned from teaching at Meiji University in August 1946. An anthology of his works was awarded the Japan Art Academy Prize in 1951. In the post-war period, <mask> started a business as an antique dealer (amassing a considerable collection of Japanese art in the process), traveled to Europe, wrote essays and gave lectures on a huge variety of subjects, made radio broadcasts, took part in dialogues with writers, artists and scientists, and wrote about golf. His  Watashi no jinseikan ("My View of Life") and Kangaeru hinto ("Hints for Thinking") became bestsellers. In 1958, <mask> was awarded the Noma Literary Prize for Kindai kaiga ("Modern Paintings"). <mask> became a member of the Japan Art Academy in 1959, and was awarded the Order of Culture by the Japanese government in 1967. <mask> died of renal failure on March 1, 1983.His grave is at the temple of Tōkei-ji in Kamakura. Honours and awards
 1953 - Yomiuri Prize
 1958 - Noma Literary Prize
 1959 - Japan Art Academy member
 1963 - Person of Cultural Merit
 1967 - Order of Culture

Legacy
The Kobayashi Hideo Prize (Kobayashi Hideo Shō) was established in 2002 by the Shinchō Bungei Shinkō Kai (Shinchō Society for the Promotion of the Literary Arts). It is awarded annually to a work of nonfiction published in Japanese, between July 1 and the following June 30, that offers a fresh image of the world based on the demonstration of a free spirit and supple intellect. The winner receives a commemorative gift and a cash award of 1 million yen. See also
Japanese literature
List of Japanese authors

External links

Japan Focus article on Kobayashi Hideo
Site on Shinchosha Publishing Company (Japanese)

References
 Anderer, Paul. ed. Literature of the Lost Home: Kobayashi Hideo Literary Criticism, 1924-1939.Stanford University Press (1995). Dorsey, James. _Critical Aesthetics: <mask> Hideo, Modernity, and Wartime Japan_ (Harvard Asia Center/Harvard UP, 2009). ;
 Takamizawa, Junko. My Brother Hideo <mask>. University of Hawaii Press (2001). 1902 births
1983 deaths
20th-century Japanese male writers
Japanese literary critics
Writers from Tokyo
University of Tokyo alumni
Recipients of the Order of Culture
Deaths from kidney failure
20th-century Japanese writers

masks: Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi


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<mask> (; born 16 January 1984) is a Ukrainian professional boxer who held the WBC light-welterweight title from 2015 to 2016 and challenged twice for the WBO light-welterweight title in 2016 and in 2020. As of May 2021, he is ranked as the world's fifth best active light-welterweight by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board and by BoxRec and fourth by The Ring magazine. Professional career

Early career
<mask> made his professional debut on 1 October 2007 at the age of 23 against Zsolt Vicze, stopping him in round 2. He won his next fourteen bouts fighting in countries Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ukraine, Spain, Russia and Georgia. <mask>'s first significant title fight came in December 2011 against Karen Tevosyan for the vacant WBC Silver International light welterweight title. <mask> managed to win via unanimous decision to claim the belt. He then successfully defended it against Yvan Mendy and DeMarcus Corley.After vacating the belt, it was announced in February 2013 that <mask> would next fight American boxer Hank Lundy for the vacant WBC International light welterweight title. Lundy was originally due to fight Lucas Matthysse, but the fight fell apart. <mask> won the bout via a 12-round unanimous decision. Two judges scored the fight 116-112 and the remaining judge scored it 116-113 all in <mask>'s favour. Before vacating the belt, <mask> had managed to retain it against Ignacio Mendoza. On 7 November 2013, the World Boxing Council ordered a final eliminator for their super lightweight title, held at the time by unified champion Danny García, which would see <mask> fight Turkish boxer Selçuk Aydin (26-2, 19 KOs). Before engaging in the eliminator, <mask> finished the year with a dominant decision win over tough journeyman Behzod Nabiyev (22-6-1, 16 KOs) at the SportLife club in Kyiv, Ukraine.Over 10 rounds, Nabiyev was dropped once in round 4 and twice in the final round. The three judges scored all rounds for Postol (100-79). In February 2014, a purse bid took place where Elite Boxing Promotions bid an amount of $120,000, which was more than Aydin's promoter Ahmet Oner offer, which was $50,000. Due to Postol's team winning the bid, the fight was likely set for Ukraine. It was instead announced to take place at The Forum in Inglewood, California on the undercard of Márquez vs. Alvarado on 17 May 2014. On his American debut, <mask> stopped Aydin in round 11 to become the mandatory challenger for the WBC title. The time of stoppage was 2:52 of the round.On 19 August 2014, the WBC ordered <mask> vs. García and scheduled purse bids for 12 September. This was then pushed back to 10 October. On 11 October, Postol's manager Vadim Kornilov stated a deal was close to being reached for García to make a voluntary defence before fighting <mask>. Kornilov said, "There is a step aside agreement that we have almost finalized. <mask> and García will both get options to take other fights over the next 4 months and then <mask> will again be in the mandatory position to fight the WBC champion." Both camps agreed the step-a-side deal the same day. <mask> next planned to fight again in December 2014.Having not fought in December 2014, in January 2015, <mask> announced that he would fight on the undercard of Danny García vs. Lamont Peterson on 11 April at the Barclays Center in New York. Kornilov announced his opponent to be Jake Giuriceo (17-2-1, 4 KOs) in a scheduled 10 round bout. This was later shortened to 8 rounds. <mask> won the fight via unanimous decision after 8 rounds. WBC super lightweight champion

<mask> vs. Matthysse
It was announced that <mask> would fight Lucas Matthysse (37-3, 34 KOs) in a scheduled 12 round bout for the WBC light welterweight title vacated by Danny García in order to move up to the welterweight division in August, at the StubHub Center in Carson, California on 3 October 2015. The camps made a deal just in time to avoid a WBC purse bid scheduled for Monday. After waiting 17 months for a world title shot, <mask> outboxed and outpunched Matthysse before knocking him out with a right hand to the eye in the 10th round to punctuate a superb performance and win a vacant 140-pound world title before 7,025 at the StubHub Centerr.Round after round, <mask> attacked Matthysse to the body and kept his jab in his face. Matthysse landed a few hard right hands that rocked <mask> during the middle rounds, but not enough to do any serious damage. In the 10th round, <mask> nailed Matthysse on the left eye with a clean right hand and he went down. Matthysse got to one knee, but with his head down and dabbing at his eye, referee Reiss counted him out at 2 minutes, 58 seconds. At the time of the knockout, <mask> led 86-85 on two scorecards and Matthysse surprisingly led 86-85 on the other. According to CompuBox punch statistics, <mask> landed 113 of 509 punches (22 percent) and Matthysse connected on 96 of 281 (34 percent). <mask> vs. Crawford
On 3 May 2016 it was finally confirmed that <mask> and Terence Crawford had officially signed a contract for a highly anticipated junior welterweight unification fight on 23 July at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas.Both fighters entered the ring with a matched record of 28 wins, no losses. Both men also entered the MGM Grand Garden Arena for the first time in their respective careers. Crawford won by unanimous decision and unified two light welterweight world titles before a crowd of 7,027. Crawford also claimed the vacant Lineal and Ring Magazine titles. Crawford scored two flash knockdowns in the fifth round, on going away on all three scorecards 118-107, 118-107 and 117-108. ESPN.com also scored the fight 118-107 for Crawford. Postol resorted to rabbit punching in the 11th round.He nailed Crawford with a right hand behind the head, for which <mask> was penalized one point, adding to Crawford's advantage. With the victory, Crawford staked his indisputable claim to division supremacy and set himself up for bigger fights, possibly against a returning Manny Pacquiao. Over 12 rounds, Crawford landed 141 of his 388 punches thrown (36%), and  Postol landed 83 of 244 thrown (34%). In the post-fight, Postol praised Crawford, saying "I thought it was a good fight between two technicians, but he was quicker than me. He is one of the best fighters in the world. I just didn't have the answers for him." Crawford also praised his trainer Brian McIntyre, "Freddie Roach and Postol said that Freddie would outcoach my coach, but you tell 'em who got outcoached tonight."McIntyre revealed the plan was to keep <mask> moving, which would have eliminated his jab and right hand. Crawford's purse for the fight was $1.3 million. <mask> earned $675,000 for his part. Some sources stated the fight generated 50,000 PPV buys on HBO. A replay was shown later in the week and drew 378,000, also considered a weak number. Career from 2017 to 2019

<mask> vs. Najmiddinov
After nearly 14 months out, <mask> would make his ring return in his native Ukraine at the AKKO International in Kyiv. Ringtv announced that <mask>, who was still ranked by the WBC at #3, would fight inexperienced Uzbekistani boxer Jamshidbek Najmiddinov (14-0, 9 KOs) on 16 September 2017.<mask> explained his time away from boxing, “After the Crawford fight, I took one month rest and then I got back to the gym. I have been ready to fight within all that time, with any opponent, but the question why I was absent should be directed to my manager.” His manager Vadim Kornilov answered, “We have been looking for the right opportunities for Postol in the United States and it’s been hard to get a TV spot for a non-U.S. fighter lately. We hope to make up for it in the next year.” <mask> had appeared on HBO a total of three times in the past. Kornilov further explained that even when <mask> was winning his fights, the possibility of finding TV opportunities were still slim. <mask> won a hard-fought fight, settling for a unanimous decision against Najmiddinov. Throughout the 10 rounds, Najmiddinov moved around the ring, throwing minimal punches. The opening rounds started with Postol controlling the fight and Najmiddinov swinging, but mostly missing Postol with counters.In round 5, <mask> was floored with a left hook and hit the canvas hard. <mask> beat the count, but on wobbly legs. Najmiddinov looked for the finish, but <mask> survived the round. Najmiddinov couldn't capitalise on the knockdown as <mask> regained his composure and dominated the remainder of the fight. The final judges scorecards read 98-92, 97-92, and 97-92 in favour of <mask>. The WBC super lightweight title became vacant after Terence Crawford decided to move up to welterweight. It was announced that number 1 ranked Amir Imam would fight number 3 ranked Jose Ramirez for the vacant title.WBC President Mauricio Sulaiman then announced that <mask>, who was ranked number 4, would fight number 2 ranked Regis Prograis (20-0, 17 KOs) for the interim WBC title. The winner of both fights would then meet to become the full titleholder. In January 2018, a deal was finally reached for the fight between <mask> and Prograis to take place on 9 March at the Buffalo Run Casino in Miami, Florida. Purse bids were due the next day. On 12 February, ESPN reported that <mask> suffered a fractured thumb and then forced to drop out of the bout. His replacement was confirmed as former unified champion Julius Indongo (22-1, 11 KOs). <mask> vs. Taylor
On 26 April 2018, Cyclone Promotions announced Postol would be fighting their 27 year old rising prospect Josh Taylor at the SSE Hydro in Glasgow on 23 June, with Taylor defending his WBC Silver title and a chance for the winner to become a step closer to challenging for a world title.<mask> was regarded as Taylor's toughest opponent to date in his 12-fight career. In a very competitive fight, <mask> was dropped once and lost a unanimous decision to Taylor. The three judges scored the bout 117-110, 118-110 and 119-108 in favour of Taylor, however some believed the scores were too wide in what appeared a relatively close fight. <mask> started the fight stronger but it was during the middle rounds where Taylor took control, eventually dropping <mask> in round 10. Taylor was being urged by his team throughout the fight, but it was only the second half of the fight where he started being more aggressive and landing to the body. Taylor spent the last few rounds hitting Postol with his signature left hook. Taylor's promoter Barry McGuigan admitted the fight was 'terrific', but stated the scores should have been closer.<mask> vs. Ozgul
On 8 October 2018, the WBC revealed mandatories and eliminators they were looking to enforce in the near future, with one of them being a semi-final eliminator between <mask> and Mohamed Mimoune. On 24 October, <mask> was announced by the World Boxing Super Series as a reserve fighter for Josh Taylor vs. Ryan Martin on 3 November 2018 at the SSE Hydro in Glasgow. It was said that <mask> would fight Turkish boxer Siar Ozgul (14-1, 3 KOs). As a reserve fighter, due to an unlikely scenario where one of the original participants cannot compete, <mask> would step in. <mask> was taken the 10 round distance, dominating the fight. <mask> won via a points decision 99-91 on the referees scorecard. <mask> vs. Mimoune
On 19 March 2019, it was announced that <mask> would fight French boxer Mohamed Mimoune (21-2, 2 KO) in a WBC final eliminator on 27 April.The bout was officially ordered by the WBC in October 2018. The fight was confirmed a week later to be part of a Showtime tripleheader featuring Robert Easter Jr. vs. Rances Barthelemy at The Joint at Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas. <mask> defeated Mimoune by a 10 round unanimous decision to become a step closer to challenging WBC champion José Ramírez. <mask> threw punches throughout and got the better of Mimoune in every round of the fight, mostly using his stiff jab and using his reach advantage. Postol managed to knock Mimoune off balance a number of times. By round 8, Mimoune's right eye began to swell. The three judges scored the fight 98-92, 97-93, and 99-91 for Postol.CompuBox showed that <mask> landed 149 of 587 punches thrown (25%) and Mimoune landed 73 of his 306 punches (24%). <mask> attributed the win with Freddie Roach's game plan and that he was able to stay disciplined. Showtime's unofficial judge Steve Farhood, gave Postol all 10 rounds or the fight. <mask> vs. Ramirez
On 29 August, 2020, <mask>, ranked #4 by The Ring and the WBO and #1 by the WBC, fought WBC and WBO super lightweight champion Jose Ramirez. In a very close fight, Ramirez managed to do enough in the eyes of two of the judges two score the majority decision victory. The scorecards read 116-112, 115-113 and 114-114 for Ramirez. Professional boxing record

Pay-per-view bouts

References

External links

<mask> - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live

1984 births
People from Velyka Dymerka
Living people
Ukrainian male boxers
World light-welterweight boxing champions
World Boxing Council champions

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<mask> (12 November 1891 – 21 November 1966) was a Polish historian, military commander and one of the highest ranking generals of the Polish Army. He is most famous for commanding the Pomorze Army in the Battle of Bzura during the invasion of Poland in 1939. Also notable for serving as president of the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America between 1961 and 1962. Education and the Great War
<mask> was born on 12 November 1891 in Radom, Congress Poland, Russian Empire. Upon graduating from a gymnasium in Zhytomir, he enrolled into the Moscow State University as a medical student, only to transfer after one year to the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. There, he completed his medical studies. From 1908, he was a member of the Union for Active Struggle, and from 1912, a member of the Riflemen's Association.In 1913, he completed his training as a NCO, followed by his graduation as an officer in the ranks of the Rifleman's Association. With the outbreak of the Great War, Bortnowski interrupted his higher studies and joined the Polish Legions where he commanded a platoon in the ranks of the 1st Infantry Regiment. Next, as a Second Lieutenant, he commanded a company in the 5th Infantry Regiment, followed by a position as adjutant of the 7th Infantry Regiment of the 1st Brigade. On Christmas Day 1914, Bortnowski was wounded at the battle of Łowczówek. Following the events of the Oath Crisis in 1917, he was arrested and interned at the Fort Beniaminów POW camp in Beniaminów from July 1917 until his release in April 1918. From his release from Beniaminów to October 1918, Bortnowski acted as commander of the Kraków branch of the Polish Military Organisation. Polish–Ukrainian War and Polish–Soviet War
On October 31, 1918, Lieutenant Colonel Bortnowski joined the Polish Army which was reborn after Poland had regained her independence at the conclusion of World War I.Initially, he led a company in the 5th Infantry Regiment, and was later promoted to lead a battalion of the 5th Infantry Regiment. In November 1918, he participated in both the Sieges of Przemyśl and Lwów. From May 1919, Bortnowski worked as a Teaching Assistant during the very first post-war sessions at the War School of the General Staff of the War College in Warsaw. With the onset of the Polish–Soviet War, Bortnowski remained at his teaching position in Warsaw until December 1919. From October 10, 1919, he served as an operations officer of the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division, composed mostly of his colleagues from the Polish Legions. Next, he served as Chief of the 3rd Operational Group Branch led by General Edward Rydz-Śmigły. Next, Bortnowski served as Chief of the 3rd Branch of the 3rd Army, and from October 1920, as Chief of Staff of the 3rd Army led by Zygmunt Zieliński.Interwar period
After the conclusion of the Polish–Soviet War, Bortnowski traveled to Paris, France, where he began training at the École Supérieure de Guerre on November 1, 1920. In September 1922, he graduated and returned to Poland where he received further training at various posts, notably in the staff of the Army Inspectorate in Wilno (modern Vilnius, Lithuania). On August 15, 1924, he was promoted to the rank of Colonel and in October of the following year, he became the commanding officer of the Kutno-based 37th Infantry Regiment. After the May Coup d'État in 1926, he served as the Chief of the 3rd Branch of the General Army Staff for two months starting in November. In February 1928, he was appointed commander of the 26th Infantry Division in Skierniewice. From June 1930, he was transferred to Poznań where he was appointed commander of the 14th Infantry Division. In October 1930, was assigned to the Army Inspectorate in Toruń as an officer.On November 1, 1931, he took command of the Zamość-based 3rd Legions Infantry Division, one of the most prestigious units of the Polish Army. On January 1, 1932, Bortnowski was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General by President Ignacy Mościcki. Starting from October 12, 1935, he served as an Inspector General of the Armed Forces at Toruń. In the Autumn of 1938, Bortnowski took command of the Independent Operational Group Silesia which took participation in the occupation of Czechoslovak territory resulting from the Munich Agreement. Specifically, <mask>'s troops occupied the Czechoslovak territory of Zaolzie. The popularity of Bortnowski after his successful invasion and occupation of Zaolzie was so great back in Poland, that he was planned to replace Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły as Commander-in-Chief when the latter was to run for the presidency in the planned 1940 elections. Prior to the outbreak of the September Campaign in September 1939, <mask> was promoted to the rank of Division General on March 1, 1939, and became the commanding officer of Pomeranian Army, the northernmost of the Polish armies to take part in the war.September Campaign
During the September Campaign, also known as the Polish Defensive War, Bortnowski commanded the Pomeranian Army. Having been surrounded from two sides by Nazi German forces, the Pomeranian Army was forced to fight several bloody battles while retreating southwards towards Poznań and Warsaw, including the Battle of Tuchola Forest. On 9 September, Bortnowski subordinated the Pomeranian Army under the Poznań Army led by General Tadeusz Kutrzeba. Next, the combined forces of the Pomeranian and Poznań Armies took part in the Battle of the Bzura, a counter-offensive devised by Kutrzeba. <mask>'s forces were most notable for fighting near the outskirts of Łowicz and Sochaczew. On 14 September, he was ordered to retreat onto the northern side of the Bzura River which resulted in the definite retreat of both the Pomeranian and Poznań Armies towards Warsaw. On 21 September, Borntowski was captured by German forces and held as a prisoner-of-war.German captivity and post-war life
Bortnowski spent the rest of World War II in various Nazi POW camps, such as Oflag IV-B Koenigstein, Oflag VIII-E Johannisbrunn and finally Oflag VII-A Murnau. Liberated in 1945 by American forces, he remained in exile after the war. Initially in Great Britain, where he was one of the founders of the Józef Piłsudski Institute in London, he eventually emigrated to the United States in 1954. He is most commonly associated with the Polish Independence League and the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America. He served on the institute's committee starting November 30, 1954. From June 19, 1955, he served as the institute's vice-president, and was appointed President of the Institute in 1961 until 1962. He died on November 21, 1966, in Glen Cove, New York.His funeral took place five days later on November 26, where he was laid to rest at the Our Lady of Czestochowa Cemetery in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Controversy
Prior to his death on September 22, General Mikołaj Bołtuć, an officer serving in Bortnowski's Pomeranian Army, allegedly criticized Bortnowski's leadership during the September Campaign. He supposedly regretted that he had not, "during the first days of the war – during the Battle of Tuchola Forest, put a bullet through his (Bortnowski's) head and assumed command." Additionally, he allegedly stated that "if I die, let it be known that the Army and I died because of this son-of-a-bitch." The above-mentioned statements made by General Bołtuć were publicized by General Wiktor Thommée. On the other hand, Bołtuć's statements regarding Bortnowski and his leadership during September 1939, were contrary to the general opinion of the other officers who had served under Bortnowski's command in the Pomeranian Army. General Bołtuć, who was remembered positively by Bortnowski himself, was supposedly hot-tempered in both word and action.During the September Campaign, Bołtuć dismissed both commanders of the two divisions which were part of his Operational Group. It is alleged that as a result of the bombardment during the Battle of Bzura, as well as the break-through towards the Modlin Fortress, Bołtuć may have suffered from a nervous breakdown. Bołtuć attributed to <mask> the series of disastrous events of September 1939 which eventually resulted in Nazi Germany's and Soviet Russia's occupation of Poland. Specifically, Bołtuć criticized the "absurd" deployment of three large Polish Army units – the Pomeranian Cavalry Brigade, the 9th Infantry Division, and the 27th Infantry Division, into the Polish Corridor, which would allow Germany forces to cut Poland off from access to the Baltic Sea. Bołtuć was correct – General Günther von Kluge's  4th Army quickly utilized this tactical botch. Kluge and his 4th Army captured the Corridor by smashing through the three Polish units, and cut off the rest of Poland from the Baltic coast, where several Polish coastal defense units remained and were forced to defend alone, which resulted in the notable Battle of Hel. On the other hand, General <mask> had known of this tactical absurdity and had unsuccessfully appealed several times to his superiors prior to the invasion.Bołtuć's reaction and criticisms may be justified through the Clausewitzian philosophy, where the commander of a losing army holds the heaviest burden for the loss, for he holds full responsibility for his army. With this interpretation, Bołtuć's criticisms of Bortnowski are justified in that Bortnowski was the commanding officer of the Pomeranian Army. Awards and decorations
Among the military decorations he received are:
 Silver Cross of Virtuti Militari
 Commander of the Legion of Honour (France)
 Cross of Independence (Krzyż Niepodległości)
 Commander's Cross with Star of the Polonia Restituta (earlier Officer's Cross)
 Cross of Valour (Krzyż Walecznych – 4 times)
 Gold Cross of Merit (Krzyż Zasługi)
 Latvian Order of Lāčplēsis – Third Class Order Number 1904

References

Bibliography
 Konrad Ciechanowski, Armia "Pomorze" 1939, Warszawa, 1983. Jerzy Kirchmayer: Pamiętniki, Warszawa, 1987. Tadeusz Kryska-Karski i Stanisław Żurakowski, Generałowie Polski Niepodległej, Warszawa, 1991. Kazimierz Pindel, Obrona Narodowa 1937–1939, Warszawa, 1979. Piotr Stawecki, Słownik biograficzny generałów Wojska Polskiego 1918–1939, Warszawa 1994.General <mask> Bortnowskiego Archive in the collections of the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America

1891 births
1966 deaths
People from Radom
People from Radom Governorate
Polish emigrants to the United States
Polish generals
Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Polish military personnel of World War II
Jagiellonian University alumni
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Cross of Independence
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)
Individuals associated with the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America
20th-century historians
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany

masks:
Władysław Bortnowski
Bortnowski
Bortnowski
Bortnowski
Bortnowski
Bortnowski
Bortnowski
Władysław


texts:
<mask><mask> is a professor of Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Early life and education
<mask> was born in San Jose, CA and grew up in neighboring Los Gatos, CA. He received his undergraduate education at the University of California, Berkeley. A six-month research assistantship at ICI Americas in Richmond, CA under the mentorship of Dr. William G. Haag was his first experience in chemistry research. Upon returning to Berkeley, he joined the laboratory of Prof. Henry Rapoport and conducted undergraduate research in his group for nearly three years, the majority of which was under the tutelage of William D. Lubell (now at the University of Montreal). A Fulbright Scholarship supported ten months of research in Prof. Steven A. Benner’s laboratories at the ETH in Zürich, Switzerland, and thereafter he undertook his PhD studies at Harvard University with Prof. Stuart L. Schreiber. He then moved to the laboratory of Prof. Eric N. Jacobsen at Harvard University, where he was a Damon Runyon-Walter Winchell postdoctoral fellow.Career

MIT Professor
In July 1999, <mask> began his independent career at MIT, where his research program focuses on the development of new methods of organic synthesis and their implementation in the total synthesis of natural products. He was tenured in 2006. On July 1, 2015, he became Head of MIT's Chemistry Department, saying "I am honored and delighted to have the opportunity to serve chemistry, the School of Science, and MIT. Research
<mask> is an organic chemist whose research is focused on the discovery and application of new reactions and technologies for organic synthesis. any of the transformations we target are based on common structural motifs or functional group patterns present in molecules provided to us by nature. Developing effective and reliable continuous flow protocols to improve reaction yield, selectivity and minimize safety risks relative to batch conditions. Included are continuous flow protocols to prepare b-amino alcohols, tetrazoles, asymmetric ketones, cyclic carbonates and amide bonds as well as DIBAL-H reductions of esters to aldehydes, oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes, hydrogen-free alkene reductions, couplings (Ullmann condensations, Sonogashira couplings) and a variety of transformations mediated by photoredox catalysis.Streamlining multi-step processes: telescoping two or three step reactions into a single, continuous and uninterrupted reactor network to circumvent the need for isolation and/or purification of intermediates. Some examples include developing (a) a continuous protocol for the two-carbon homologation of esters to prepare (a) β-unsaturated esters with high yield and selectivity;  (b) 2-functionalized phenols via benzyne-mediated in-line generation of arylmagnesium intermediates and aerobic oxidation; (c) developing a three-step continuous flow system which integrates in-line isocyanide formation and photochemical cyclization for preparing quinoxaline derivatives and (d) a two-step glycosylation and deprotection sequence to prepare 5’-deoxyribonucleoside pharmaceuticals. Designing integrated continuous manufacturing strategies for preparing active pharmaceutical ingredients. Within a broader context, I also been involved in developing end-to-end manufacturing processes which handle a variety of intermediate reactions, separations, crystallizations as well as drying and formulation to generate active pharmaceutical ingredients in one controlled process. Nickel–Catalyzed Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation. The majority of the transformations under investigation are carbon–carbon bond–forming reactions promoted by nickel catalysts. We have discovered a variety of coupling reactions to join a number of different functional groups in highly regio–, stereo– and enantioselective fashion depending on the nature of the supporting ligands on nickel.Epoxide–Opening Cascades. Over two decades ago, Koji Nakanishi proposed a provocative explanation for the structural and stereochemical similarities found across the ladder polyether family of natural products – the transformation of a polyepoxide into a ladder polyether via a cascade of epoxide–opening events. An ongoing effort in our group is the replication or emulation of such cascades. One aim is the efficient synthesis of these extremely complex natural products. In addition, we hope that our explorations into a diverse set of epoxide–opening cyclizations and cascades will shed further light on the fundamental feasibility of the Nakanishi’s hypothesis. Target–Oriented Synthesis. In order to test the scope and the utility of newly developed methods, we strive to employ them in the total synthesis of natural products.Often these products are the original inspiration for the development of these methods. For example, we have found that nickel–catalyzed reactions are compatible with a wide array of functional groups, making them useful in complex settings, such as fragment coupling or macrocyclization operations at a late stage in synthesis. Honors and awards
Tim currently serves as the Associate Editor of Chemical Reviews. In 2014, he received the Council of Chemical Research Collaboration Award. Tim was awarded the MIT School of Science's Teaching Prize for Undergraduate Education in 2013, and in 2012, was named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, receiving the Society's Merck Award that same year. Fulbright Fellow (1991)
3M Innovation Award (2000)
National Science Foundation CAREER Award (2001)
Boehringer Ingelheim New Investigator Award (2002)
Paul M. Cook Career Development Chair (2002)
Amgen Young Investigator Award (2003)
GlaxoSmithKline Scholar Award (2004)
Sloan Research Fellow (2004)
JSPS Invitation Fellowship (2006)
Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award (2011)
Royal Society of Chemistry Merck Award (2012)
Teaching Prize for Undergraduate Education, MIT School of Science (2013)
Council of Chemical Research Collaboration Award (2014)

References

Harvard University alumni
21st-century American chemists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of California, Berkeley alumni

masks:
Timothy F
. Jamison
Tim Jamison
Jamison
Jamison


texts:
{{Infobox adult biography
| name            = <mask>
| image           = <mask>.jpg
| caption         = <mask> on trial (filmed against his wishes)
| birth_name      = <mask>nenzaft or <mask>pf
| birth_date      = <ref name="Bio">[http://www.lips.org/bio_natan_GB.asp Rossel-Kirschen, André. "<mask>." Les independents due premier siecle. www.LIPS.org] No date.</ref>
| birth_place     = Iași, Kingdom of Romania
| death_date      = October  (aged 56)
| death_place     = Auschwitz-Birkenau, German-occupied Poland
| death_cause     = Execution? | height          =
| weight          =
| alias           =
| number_of_films =
| website         =
}}
<mask> (born <mask>zaft; July 14, 1886 – October 1942)  was a French-Romanian film entrepreneur, director and actor of the 1920s and 1930s. He was once said by historians to be one of the earliest (if not the earliest) pornographic film directors and pornographic film actors,Slade, Joseph. "<mask>: France's Legendary Pornographer."Journal of Film and Video. 45:2–3 (Summer-Fall 1993). although there is now considerable doubt about this. <mask> certainly worked in  mainstream cinema from his youngest days, working his way up from projectionist and chemist to cinematographer and producer. He eventually acquired the giant French motion picture studio Pathé in 1929. Pathé collapsed in 1935, and <mask> was convicted of fraud. However, he laid the foundation for the modern film industry in France and helped revolutionize film technology around the world.<mask> died after being transported to Auschwitz concentration camp. Personal life
<mask> was born <mask> Tannenzaft (possibly Tanenzapf) to Jewish parents in Iași, Romania in 1886. He moved to France in the early 1900s and, despite being a Romanian, volunteered to fight for France in World War I. In 1909 he married and subsequently had 2 children. In 1921 he became a French citizen, and at some point changed his name to "<mask>." His younger brother Émile <mask> also moved to France and became a film producer. Mainstream film career
<mask> worked as a projectionist, film lab chemist, titles designer, cinematographer and producer during his early years in Paris.He was a publicity stringer for Paramount Pictures during the early 1920s. But by 1929, <mask>'s Rapid Film had become a major film producer and distributor. His reputation was such that in 1924 <mask> became a member of the executive committee of the Cinematographic Employers' Federation. By 1926, his film laboratory was highly regarded, he had established a marketing firm, and he built two sound stages. <mask> was also a film producer, helping finance and produce motion pictures at other studios.Willems, Gilles. "Les Origines du Groupe Pathé-Natan et le Modele Americain." Vingtième Siècle.46 (April–June 1995). Takeover of Pathé
In late February 1929, <mask> acquired the production and exhibition businesses of Pathé, then the largest French motion picture company. He agreed to merge his own studio, Rapid Film (then worth 25 million francs), with Pathé in exchange for 50 million francs in shares. The remaining shares were purchased with funding from a consortium of banks, bonds (to be paid with income from Pathé), and a 10 percent ownership in Pathé by the banks. After the merger, <mask> renamed the company Pathé-Natan (sometimes also credited as Pathé-Cinéma).Abel, Richard. The Red Rooster Scare: Making Cinema American, 1900–1910. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.Pathé was already in substantial financial trouble when <mask> took control. Studio founder Charles Pathé had been selling assets for several years to boost investor value and keep the studio's cash flow healthy. The company's founder had even sold Pathé's name and "rooster" trademark to other companies in return for a mere 2 percent of revenues generated by them. <mask> had the bad luck to take charge of the studio just as the Great Depression convulsed the French economy. <mask> attempted to steady Pathé's finances and implement modern film industry practices at the studio. <mask> acquired another film studio, Société des Cinéromans, from Arthur Bernède and Gaston Leroux, which enabled Pathé to expand into projector and electronics manufacturing. He also bought the Fornier chain of motion picture theaters and rapidly expanded the chain's nationwide presence.The French press, however, attacked <mask> mercilessly for his stewardship of Pathé. Many of these attacks were antisemitic and contained veiled homophobic allusions to <mask>'s supposed sexuality. Pathé-Natan did well under <mask>'s guidance. Between 1930 and 1935, despite the world economic crisis, the company made 100 million francs in profits and produced and released more than 60 feature films (just as many films as major American studios produced at the time). He resumed production of the newsreel Pathé News, which had not been produced since 1927. <mask> also invested heavily in research and development to expand Pathé's film business. In 1929, he pushed Pathé into sound film.In September, the studio produced its first sound feature film and its first sound newsreel a month later. Natan also launched two new cinema-related magazines, Pathé-Revue and Actualités Féminines, to help market Pathé's films and build consumer demand for cinema. Under <mask>, Pathé also funded the research of Henri Chrétien, who developed the anamorphic lens (a technology which later led to the creation of CinemaScope and other widescreen film formats common today). <mask> expanded Pathé's business interests into communications industries other than film. In November 1929, <mask> established France's first television company, Télévision-Baird-Natan. A year later, he purchased a radio station in Paris and formed a holding company (Radio-Natan-Vitus) to run what would become a burgeoning radio empire. Collapse of Pathé and imprisonment
In 1935, Pathé went bankrupt.In order to finance the company's continued expansion, Pathé's board of directors (which still included Charles Pathé) voted in 1930 to issue shares worth 105 million francs. But with the depression deepening, only 50 percent of the shares were purchased. One of the investor banks collapsed due to financial difficulties unrelated to Pathé's problems, and Pathé was forced to follow through with the purchase of several movie theater chains it no longer could afford to buy. Although the company continued to make a profit (as noted above) for a time, it soon began to lose more money than it could bring in. The collapse of Pathé led French authorities to indict <mask> on charges of fraud. <mask> was accused of financing the purchase of the company without any collateral, of bilking investors by establishing fictitious shell corporations, and negligent financial mismanagement. <mask> was even accused of hiding his Romanian and Jewish heritage by changing his name.<mask> was indicted and imprisoned in 1939. This meant he was in prison when France fell to the Nazis, while most other major Jewish filmmakers were able to flee the country or go into hiding. A second indictment was brought in 1941, and he was convicted shortly thereafter. His French citizenship was taken away, which required special legal manoeuvres by the state, since he had been naturalized as a result of his WWI military service and there were no existing legal means to render him stateless. He was transferred from prison in September 1942 to the camp at Drancy, and shortly afterwards deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Adult film controversy
In 1911, <mask> and colleagues were convicted of making erotic films, he was jailed for a short time and fined 1,000 francs but due to his exceptional record fighting in World War I this was later removed from his record.Rossel-Kirschen and Willems, p. 168-169. Some sources have claimed that <mask>'s career in pornography did not end there.Joseph Slade suggests that <mask> may have directed at least one hardcore pornographic film in Romania and produced and acted in at least 20 hardcore heterosexual and bisexual films between 1920 and 1927. Slade wrote that nearly all French pornographic films from this period which include bisexual and homosexual content were produced by <mask>. The same source states that <mask> himself was bisexual, and engaged in intercourse in Le Menage Moderne de Madame Butterfly (1920) and La Maîtresse du Capitaine de Meydeux (1924). Furthermore, Slade claimed that he introduced masochism into French pornographic film. Slade's claims are disputed by the historians of the French organization "Les Indépendants du Premier Siècle", who argue that the various actors in question are not <mask> and that accusations at <mask>'s trial and in Paris-Match connecting him to the adult film industry were false.Droit de réponse Mise au point Sur le grand producteur <mask>, LIPS.org, Natan, a 2013 documentary film, compares stills from the adult films attributed to <mask> with official headshots and shows that several pornographic actors have been mistaken for Natan but are not him. Joseph Slade now admits there is room for doubt over whether <mask> worked in pornography at any time after 1910. Death
World War II broke out while <mask> was in prison awaiting trial, and Nazi Germany conquered France.After <mask>'s release from prison, the French government handed him over to the occupying German authorities. <mask> was sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp on September 25, 1942, where it is believed he died in 1943. Importance to the film industry
<mask>'s importance to the French film industry should not be underestimated. He pioneered the vertical integration of the French film industry, and adopted the "American model" of film-making and distribution. This model provides the underpinning of the French film industry even in the 21st century. Indeed, Pathé survived into the 1980s almost solely on revenues generated by the companies purchased and integration instituted by <mask>. <mask> also brought television to France, and established the first French radio holding and television companies.Under <mask>'s leadership, the anamorphic film camera lens was developed. The anamorphic lens was not only a major advance in film technology, but helped Hollywood survive during the early years of television.Monaco, James. How to Read a Film: The Art, Technology, Language, History and Theory of Film and Media. Rev. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981. Until recently there was no public acknowledgement of <mask> at La Fémis, the French national film school, which is housed in one of his former studios.A plaque commemorating his work, and his death in Auschwitz in 1942, was unveiled in December 2014. References

Bibliography
O'Brien, Charles. Cinema's Conversion to Sound: Technology and Film Style in France and the U.S. Bloomington, Ind. : Indiana University Press, 2005. Rossel-Kirschen, André and Willems, Gilles. "<mask>an à la direction de Pathé-Cinéma." 1895.21 (December 1996). Trumpbour, John. Selling Hollywood to the World: U.S. and European Struggles for Mastery of the Global Film Industry, 1920–1950.'' Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2007. External links

1886 births
Film people from Iași
1942 deaths
French cinema pioneers
French film directors
Romanian film directors
French film producers
French screenwriters
Romanian screenwriters
Romanian cinematographers
French pornographic film directors
Romanian pornographic film directors
French male pornographic film actors
Romanian male pornographic film actors
Directors of bisexual pornographic films
French civilians killed in World War II
Romanian civilians killed in World War II
French people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
Romanian people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
Prisoners and detainees of France
Drancy internment camp prisoners
French Jews who died in the Holocaust
Romanian Jews who died in the Holocaust
Romanian emigrants to France
20th-century French screenwriters
French male screenwriters

masks:
Bernard Natan
Bernard Natan
Bernard NatanBernard Natan
Natan Tan
Natan Tanenza
Bernard Natan
Bernard Natan
Natan Tannen
Bernard Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Bernard Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Bernard Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Bernard Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
Natan
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Bernard Natan
Natan
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Bernard Natan
Bernard Natan
Natan
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Bernard Nat


texts:
<mask>ist. He was also known as <mask> for his command of the Green Hussar regiment, and to distinguish him from the 58 other members of the Kleist family who served in the war. He received the Order Pour le Mérite and he was listed on the Equestrian Statue of Frederick the Great. Family
<mask> came from the Kleist family. He was the fourth son of the royal Prussian colonel and heir to Schmenzin and Stavenow Andreas <mask> (1678–1738) and <mask> (1700–1758). He remained unmarried, but had fifteen siblings (ten brothers and five sisters),  and appointed his youngest brother, Major General <mask> (1736–1806), as his heir.Many members of the Stavenow branch of the family, to which <mask> belonged, figured prominently in the military activities of <mask> I and his son, <mask> II. The family had two major land owners, Andreas Joachim <mask> and his son, Joachim Friedrich, who were both officers in the Prussian army, as were another eight of Andreas Joachim's 10 sons. In total, 58 officers with the name <mask> served in the Seven Years' War; twenty-three died. Military career
Like many Prussian youngsters, <mask>'s military career emulated that of other junker sons. Many junkers owned immense estates, especially in the north-eastern part of Prussia, specifically, the provinces of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia, West Prussia, East Prussia and Posen. The local government sent lists of young men aged between 12 and 18 to Berlin and the youngsters received orders to proceed to cadet academies (Kadettenhaus) or military academies in Berlin. Such service had been required since the ascension of <mask> I, and firmly established the participation of the landed aristocracy in the Prussian military.<mask> began his 20-year military career at the gendarmes in Berlin, on garrison duty. In 1756, at the onset of the Seven Years' War, <mask> transferred him to Hussar Regiment Szekely. On 26 August 1756, when the Prussian Army invaded Saxony, the regiment was part of the left column led by the <mask>, Duke of Brunswick-Bevern. Initially concentrated in the area of Lübben, the column advanced through Lusatia via Hoyerswerda and Bautzen;  by 8 September, the column had reached Hohenstein then marched toward the Elbe near Pirna. On 1 October, eight of its squadrons took part in the action at Lobositz, covering the left flank. It did not participate in the second attack against Browne's Austrians. In mid-April 1757, the regiment formed part of the army that invaded Bohemia.On 6 May, although in the region, the regiment did not take part to the Battle of Prague. Instead it was deployed on the left bank of the Moldau near the Weissenberg as part of Field Marshal James Keith's corps. On 18 June, five squadrons of the regiment took part to the Battle of Kolin. They were deployed in the cavalry vanguard on the extreme left under General <mask>. At the end of August, the regiment was part of the small Prussian army assembled at Dresden by <mask> to head towards Thuringia and to offer battle to the Franco-Imperial army invading Saxony. On 14 September, when <mask> was forced to divide his army to contain the French in the region of Magdeburg and to secure the Prussian magazines in the area of Torgau, the regiment remained with <mask> at Erfurt to observe the Franco-Imperial army. On 15 September, the regiment was part of Seydlitz's force which occupied Gotha.On 19 September 1757, while patrolling with a Szekely battalion near Gotha, <mask> distinguished himself: the approaching imperial and French armies outnumbered the Prussians holding Erfurt and the Prussians evacuated the city before the Austrians arrived. The Prussian force, under the overall command of James Keith and locally by Friedrich Wilhelm <mask>, managed to retake Erfurt three days later. He received the Order Pour le Mérite. In 1759, <mask> became chief of Regiment Szekely, also called the Greens (due to the dominant color of their uniforms), a position he held until his death; hence forth he was also known as Green Kleist. In 1760 <mask> was promoted to the rank of colonel. On 15 August 1760, the Kleist Hussars played an essential role in the Battle of Leignitz. At a point when the outcome was in the balance, 14 full squadrons of Kleist cavalry hit the enemy cavalry; the latter fled and the Prussians took the battlefield.In early 1761, <mask> was appointed to lead a Freikorps, or an independent corps, with which he achieved some of his greatest successes. The Freikorps consisted of 22 squadrons of hussars and dragoons, including the so-called "Croatian Battalion", and a Fußjägerkorps (comparable to light infantry). With his Freikorps, he was dispatched again toward Erfurt, this time arriving on 24 February. The city's gates were closed and the citizens on alert. <mask> appeared with 200 hussars, demanding entrance; another battalion arrived a short time later. Capitulation terms were arranged, the city paid 150,000 thalers to get rid of the invaders. <mask> took the money and pressed toward Gotha, then to Hunfeld and then to Fulda.The punitive and profitable expedition ended soon, though. As the Austrians began to consolidate their forces, the Prussians retired out of range. In 1762 <mask> was promoted to major general. Glorious Raid: 1762
By November 1762, part of the Imperial army garrisoned Dresden, with 13 battalions of infantry; the rest of the Imperial army remained at Altenberg. <mask> and his army began the winter in Leipzig. Neither group had any plans for further operations other than watching the enemy's lines of communication. At this point in the stalemate, <mask>'s brother, Henry, unleashed a portion of <mask>'s Freikorps on a Glorious Raid, with instructions to plunder and lay waste to the more affluent states of the Holy Roman Empire.<mask> was instructed to seize at least a half million thalers from the enemy countryside and towns; Henry planned to break the Imperial resistance. <mask> took full advantage of this order. He acquired hostages and shelled towns: Bamberg, Würzburg and Erlangen fell to him. Captives and contributions were sent to Leipzig, where <mask> was headquartered. In late November, <mask> and his hussars were chased out of Imperial territories, back to Leipzig. This situation did not last for long. In mid-December, the Austrians refused to parlay, leaving the Imperial territories vulnerable to Prussian incursion as long as Austria remained at war with <mask>.The Freikorps was disbanded in 1763 after the conclusion of the war. Last years and death
<mask> spent the remaining years of his life between Berlin and his estate near Liegnitz, where he died on 28 August 1768, one day short of his 43rd birthday. <mask> memorialized <mask> with a plaque on the obelisk in his castle grounds of Rheinsberg; in 1851, the King's great-great nephew, <mask> III memorialized <mask> on the base of the Equestrian statue of <mask> Great in Berlin, next to the cavalry figure of Duke Ferdinand von Braunschweig. References

Sources

Blanning, Tim. <mask> the Great, Random House, 2016
Brackenbury, Charles Booth. <mask> the Great. Chapman and Hall, 1884.Hagen, <mask>. Ordinary Prussians: Brandenburg Junkers and Villagers, 1500–1840, Cambridge University Press, 2006. History of the Female Kleist line. "Geschichte des Geschlechts v. Kleist", (Friedrich Wilhelm Gottfried Arnd von Kleist zu ersehen unter laufender Seitens. 79 - 82)  See page 40 also. Grundlage des (gesamten!) Textes 1885, erg.1979, überarbeitet 2016, auf www.v-kleist.com  Accessed 6 Jan 2017. Karpiński, Tomasz. Freikorps von Kleist. Seven Years' War. Mar 2016 version. Freikorps von Kleist. Accessed 11 Jan 2017
 .Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 16 (1882). pp. 124–127. (Version vom 3 January 2017, 18:02 Uhr UTC);  "<mask>, Friedrich Wilhelm Gottfried Arnd von",  pp. 123–124. (Version vom 3 January 2017, 17:35 Uhr UTC)
Redman, Herbert. <mask> the Great and the Seven Years War, 1756–1763, McFarland, 2014
Smollett, Tobias George and Thomas Gaspey.The history of England Printing and publishing Company, 1800, p 52
Ward, <mask>. The Cambridge Modern History, Volume 12. CUP Archive, 1929, p. 217. Accessed 10 Jan 2017. 1724 births
1767 deaths
Pomeranian nobility
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Prussian military personnel of the Seven Years' War
German military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
Major generals of Prussia
<mask>

masks: Friedrich Wilhelm Gottfried Arnd von Kleistle


texts:
<mask> (28 April 1869 – 13 May 1947) was a New Zealand painter chiefly of landscape and still life, and for a short period was a designer of textiles. She was born and raised in New Zealand, but spent most of her working life in England. She is considered one of New Zealand's most prestigious and influential painters, although it is the work from her life in Europe, rather than her home country, on which her reputation rests. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Dunedin, New Zealand in 1869, the daughter of Rachel Owen Parker and W. M<mask>, a lawyer, amateur painter, and a leading figure in the city's art circles. As a girl she and her sister, Isabel (later Field) attended Braemar House, a private girls' secondary school; both sisters demonstrated artistic talent early on and each became a successful landscape painter in her own right. <mask> first exhibited rural genre scenes and portraits in 1890 at art societies in Christchurch and Dunedin. In 1893, she became a student of Girolamo Nerli and painted numerous studies of female sitters, one of which earned her the New Zealand Academy of Arts' prize for painting from life in 1895 (Head of an Old Woman).Hodgkin's portraits of Māori are, like many by Ellen von Meyern and Gottfried Lindauer, associated with symbolic portraits of demure females with or without a child. In 1895–96 she attended the Dunedin School of Art and subsequently became an art teacher, earning money to study in England. Career
In 1901, <mask> left New Zealand for Europe, enrolling in art school in London but also travelling and painting in France, the Netherlands, Italy and Morocco in the company of friend and fellow artist Dorothy Kate Richmond; whom she described as "the dearest woman with the most beautiful face and expression. I am a lucky beggar to have her as a travelling companion." While in Britain she intermittently met up with Margaret Stoddart, another expatriate artist. In 1903, one of <mask>' watercolors from this period (Fatima) became the first work by a New Zealander to be hung "on the line" at the Royal Academy of Arts in London. She returned to New Zealand in 1903 and established a teaching studio in Wellington, where she held a joint exhibition with Richmond in 1904.Among her pupils was Edith Kate Bendall, lover of Katherine Mansfield. In the same year <mask> became engaged to a British man, T. Boughton Wilby, but the engagement was broken off and she returned to London in 1906 to pursue her artistic career. In Europe, <mask> held her first solo show at the Paterson's Gallery in London in 1907 and moved to Paris in 1908. In 1910 she began teaching in Paris at Colarossi's academy as the first woman to be appointed instructor in the school. She also founded the School for Water Color. During this time she exhibited numerous watercolors at the Paris salon and came in contact with Canadian artist, Emily Carr, whom she taught while working on seascapes at Concarneau in Brittany. During World War I she spent some time in Zennor, Cornwall, where she worked with the Swansea painter, Cedric Morris, who painted her portrait in 1917.She herself began to paint in oils in 1915. In 1919, after the War, she went to France, where she was influenced by Matisse and Derain, but developed her own highly personal style, which made a strong impact at her one-person show in London at the Claridge Gallery in 1928. While in France she visited Nice in 1924 and there met Margaret Butler, a notable New Zealand sculptor. In 1925, <mask> started work as a fabric designer at the Calico Printers' Association (CPA) in Manchester and during her employment visited the Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs in Paris. From the late 1920s on her style came to embrace modernist hallmarks such as abstracted, simplified forms and a strong emphasis on colour values and relationships. Although she continued to paint people, her work from this period also evidences an interest in fusing conventions of landscape with still life painting. In 1929 she joined the Seven and Five Society and worked alongside younger artists including Barbara Hepworth, Ben Nicholson and Henry Moore.In 1930, she "goaded" her friend Lucy Wertheim into opening her gallery in London to exhibit "artists who had not yet arrived". During the 1930s <mask> exhibited with many important London galleries and gained a contract from the Lefevre Gallery to produce work for a full-scale exhibition every second year. In 1931 she became a painting companion of fellow New Zealand artist Maude Burge and painted still lifes at Burge's Villa in the garden terrace. Saint-Tropez. Her experimentation with mixing artistic genres continued, resulting in paintings that conflate still life with self-portraiture to sidestep physical appearance in self-representation. In 1939 she was invited to represent Britain at the 1940 Venice Biennale, but wartime travel restrictions meant that her work could not be transported to Venice. She was highly considered among British avant-garde society and by the later stages of her career was known as a key figure in British Modernism.Because of World War II she spent the rest of her life in Britain. She continued to paint into her seventies, despite suffering from rheumatism and bronchitis. She died in Dorchester, Dorset on 13 May 1947. When she died she was regarded as one of Britain's leading artists. In 1948 Myfanwy Evans (later Piper) wrote a concise book entitled <mask>, as part of the 'Penguin Modern Painters' series, and the two were the only woman author and woman artist in the series of eighteen books. Fellowship
The <mask> Fellowship, established in 1962 at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand, is named after her. Works in collections

Gallery

Notes

References

Further reading
 Iain Buchanan, Michael Dunn, and Elizabeth Eastmond Frances <mask>: Paintings and Drawings (2002, Auckland University Press)
 Joanne Drayton, <mask>: A Private Viewing (2005, Godwit, Auckland)
 Elizabeth Eastmond and Merimeri Penfold, Women and the Arts in New Zealand.

masks:
Frances Mary Hodgkins
Hodgkins
. Hodgkins
Hodgkins
Hodgkins
Hodgkins
Hodgkins
Hodgkins
Hodgkins
Hodgkins
Frances Hogkins
Frances Hodgkins
Hodgkins
Frances Hodgkins


texts:
Major-General <mask>, CB, CBE, MC, (23 March 1893 – 20 December 1987) was a British Army officer who served in both world wars, a rugby player, Olympic athlete, and later a painter and author. Military career
<mask> was born in Belgaum, India; his father, Major <mask>, was an officer in the British Indian Army. <mask> was educated at Cheltenham College before entering Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. While at Woolwich he played competitive rugby union for the army and for Kent and was selected by the Barbarians. From Woolwich he was commissioned into the Royal Artillery as a second lieutenant in January 1914, after which he was invited to play football for Southend United F.C. He took up hurdling and was soon selected to compete for England in the 120 metres hurdles against Scotland and Ireland. First World War
At the outbreak of the First World War <mask> was posted first to Harwich, manning anti-aircraft guns, and then to France, where he was involved in intense fighting around Hooge.He was promoted to Lieutenant in June 1915, and awarded the Military Cross later that year "for gallantry and initiative at Givenchy, on 10 March 1915, when he rushed up his gun under heavy shell fire and close-range rifle fire, and destroyed a hostile machine gun". He went on to fight at the Battle of Loos. He was promoted to temporary captain in November 1916, a promotion which was made permanent a year later. In 1918 he was promoted to brevet major, making him the youngest officer in the army to hold the rank at the time, and given command of an infantry school before appointment as a general staff officer first grade. By the end of the First World War, <mask> was attached to the 58th (London) Division and had been mentioned in dispatches four times. Between the wars
Following the end of the war, <mask> resumed his sports careers. He was selected for the "Mother Country" rugby team (forerunner to the British and Irish Lions) in 1919, and played for the army against Oxford University in 1920.<mask>'s rugby career ended prematurely due to injury, after which he refocused on hurdling; he was selected for the 1920 Summer Olympics but was prohibited from competing due to heart problems. He was appointed master of the Royal Artillery Harriers and then selected for staff college. He went on to compete at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, and reached a semi-final in the 110 metres hurdles. After the Olympics, <mask> attended the Staff College, Camberley from 1925 to 1926 and was appointed adjutant to Lahore District, India, from 1928 to 1932. There he became master of the Lahore Hunt and took up big game shooting and racquets, in which he won the doubles event at the All India Championships. He returned to England in 1932, when he was promoted to permanent major. In 1934, <mask> was appointed a battery commander at Catterick Garrison in Yorkshire.Here he began painting, and eventually had three of his works hung at the Salon in Paris. Later that year, he was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel and given command of the Oxford University Officer Training Corps (OTC) and lectured at the university on military history until he relinquished the post in 1938; he also became master of the South Oxfordshire Hunt. In 1939, <mask> briefly served in Mandatory Palestine, commanding an infantry battalion at the end of the Arab Revolt under Major-General Bernard Montgomery, General Officer Commanding (GOC) 8th Infantry Division and a former Staff College instructor, who remarked that, "having loosed 'Dreadnought <mask>' on the task of killing rebels [...] he needed no urging in this respect". On 22 July 1939 <mask> was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Second World War
With the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, <mask> returned to England and was appointed Commander, Royal Artillery (CRA) with the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, based at Sevenoaks in Kent. <mask> was promoted to full colonel on 28 August 1939 (with seniority backdated to 1 January 1937), and, on the same date, to the temporary rank of brigadier. The 12th Division was sent overseas to France in April 1940 but left its artillery, and <mask>, behind.Severely mauled during the Battle of France the following month, the 12th Division was disbanded in July and <mask> became Brigadier, Royal Artillery (BRA) in Northern Ireland District before being posted to Tunisia, where he served as Commander, Corps of Royal Artillery (CCRA) in IX Corps, under, initially, Lieutenant-General John Crocker, and, from late April 1943, Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks. After the end of the campaign, <mask> was promoted to major general and served in General Dwight D. Eisenhower's Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) as Major General, Royal Artillery (MGRA); he was mentioned in despatches for his service during the Allied invasion of Sicily and continued in the post until 1943, when he returned to Britain to become General Officer Commanding (GOC) Sussex and Surrey District. <mask> was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) on 5 August 1943, and was promoted on 4 December 1943 to acting major-general. His rank of major-general was made temporary on 4 December 1944. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1945, and appointed aide-de-camp to King George VI in 1945, and retired from the army on 28 May 1946, having been granted the honorary permanent rank of major general. Retirement
In retirement, <mask> lived in Cornwall. He became master of the North Cornwall Hounds and was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Cornwall in 1955 and then High Sheriff of Cornwall in 1958.He also served as a justice of the peace, and chairman of St Lawrence's Hospital in Bodmin. In spare time, he grew rhododendrons and bred Labrador Retrievers, and fished for trout. He also published three books, including an autobiography, Gunners, Game & Gardens. His wife, Roza (née Stevenson), died in 1967. <mask> himself died in Amesbury, Wiltshire, on 20 December 1987 at the age of 94. Legacy
The National Portrait Gallery holds five photographic portraits of <mask>, three by Walter Stoneman from 1945 and two by Bassano Ltd from 1947. Publications

References

General

Specific

1893 births
1987 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1924 Summer Olympics
British Army generals
British Army generals of World War II
British Army personnel of World War I
British autobiographers
British military personnel of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
British non-fiction writers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Deputy Lieutenants of Cornwall
English footballers
English male hurdlers
English rugby union players
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
High Sheriffs of Cornwall
Military personnel of British India
Olympic athletes of Great Britain
People educated at Cheltenham College
Recipients of the Military Cross
Royal Artillery officers
Southend United F.C.players
Association footballers not categorized by position
20th-century non-fiction writers

masks:
Eric George William Warde Harrison
Harrison
WC Warde Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison


texts:
<mask> (born June 24, 1959) is an American screenwriter and film director. He is best known for writing and directing Nightcrawler (2014), for which he won Best Screenplay at the 30th Independent Spirit Awards, and was nominated for Best Original Screenplay at the 87th Academy Awards. His other screenwriting credits include Freejack (1992), Two for the Money (2005), The Fall (2006), Real Steel (2011), and The Bourne Legacy (2012)—the last in collaboration with his brother <mask>. His wife, Rene Russo, has also been his frequent collaborator since the two met in 1992 and married later that year. Early life and education
<mask> was born on June 24, 1959, in Santa Monica, California. He is the son of Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Frank D<mask> (1925–2015), and sculptor and writer Ruth Dorothy Gaydos. His brother, <mask>, is a screenwriter and director, and his fraternal twin brother, <mask>, is a film editor.<mask> remembered that as a boy, seeing his father work and write at home full-time simplified the intricacies of becoming a writer. <mask> grew up in Washingtonville, New York, where he attended Washingtonville High School. In 1981, he graduated with a degree in English literature from Dartmouth College, which his father also attended. At Dartmouth, he and Boston Globe film critic Ty Burr were classmates and attended a class taught by David Thomson, another film critic. <mask> developed a strong interest in written works of the Victorian era—chiefly those of Charles Dickens, Anthony Trollope, and George Eliot. <mask> began his screenwriting career by co-writing the science fiction thriller Freejack (1992) with Steven Pressfield and Ronald Shusett, directed by Geoff Murphy and based on the novel Immortality, Inc. by Robert Sheckley. There, he met the film's co-star Rene Russo, whom he married later that year.After Freejack, he wrote for the films  Chasers (1994), Two for the Money (2005), and The Fall (2006). In his positive review of Two for the Money, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said <mask>'s script "is about three people who are transformed in relation to one another, as a situation develops that is equally dangerous all the way around". With Jeremy Leven, he co-wrote for Real Steel (2011), directed by Shawn Levy and based on Richard Matheson's short story "Steel". He co-wrote with his brother <mask> the script for The Bourne Legacy (2012), which was edited by his fraternal twin brother, <mask>. Directed by <mask>, the film is inspired by  Robert Ludlum's Jason Bourne novel series. Manohla Dargis of The New York Times described the <mask>s' script as something that "has given [Tony] much more to wrangle—locations, characters, hardware, franchise expectations—than he's had to deal with in the past", while Toronto Star reviewer Peter Howell said it resorted "too much into jabbering and jargon and not enough into action". <mask> made his directorial debut with the thriller Nightcrawler (2014), which starred Jake Gyllenhaal,
Rene Russo, and Riz Ahmed.<mask> also wrote the script, which he conceived in 1988 after reading the photo-book Naked City, a collection of photographs taken by American photographer Weegee of 1940s New York City residents at night. <mask> did not begin writing the script until he moved to Los Angeles two years later, when he recognized an abundance of violent stories on television news. According to <mask>, he considers the film to be a success story about a modern equivalent of Weegee, and a cautionary tale about the risks posed by capitalism. Nightcrawler was well received by the press on release, as was <mask>'s script, for which he was nominated for Best Original Screenplay at the 87th Academy Awards, and won Best Screenplay at the 30th Independent Spirit Awards. At the Independent Spirit Awards, <mask> closed his acceptance speech by lamenting the proliferation of superhero films in Hollywood. In 2017, he co-wrote Jordan Vogt-Roberts's adventure Kong: Skull Island with Max Borenstein and Derek Connolly, and wrote and directed Roman J. Israel, Esq., a legal drama starring Denzel Washington. <mask> conceived of Roman J. Israel after doing extensive research about the 1960s where many Americans have staunchly protested and advocated certain individual and group rights.The script had started as a spec, whose titular role he wrote specifically for Washington; <mask> has said that he would not have made the film had Washington declined to take over the role. After its premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF), he re-edited the film by trimming thirteen minutes of runtime to get the plot to arrive quickly as the previous cut had laid much emphasis on the characters. On release, although Washington's performance was mostly praised, <mask>'s script for the film drew ambivalent responses from the press: Peter Travers at Rolling Stone praised it as "above standard-issue legal thriller but below the transcendent personal drama it aspires to be", while Entertainment Weeklys Chris Nashawaty felt it was ultimately a letdown. Other projects
<mask> was hired by Tim Burton to re-write Wesley Strick's Superman Lives script, making it more budget conscious and expanding the psychology for the final shooting drafts before it was cancelled by WB. <mask> later appeared in the documentary The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened? (2015) to recount his contribution to the project. In 2011, he was due to write a film adaptation of the comic strip adventure The Annihilator.Personal life
<mask> resides in Los Angeles with actress Rene Russo, to whom he has been married since 1992. The two have a daughter, Rose, who has ventured into modeling. Filmography

Notes

References

External links

1959 births
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
American male screenwriters
Dartmouth College alumni
Film directors from California
Film directors from New York (state)
Independent Spirit Award winners
Living people
Fraternal twins
People from Washingtonville, New York
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Writers from Santa Monica, California
20th-century American writers

masks:
Daniel Christopher Gilroy
Tony Gilroy
Dan Gilroy
. Gilroy
Tony Gilroy
John Gilroy
Dan Gilroy
Gilroy
Gilroy
Career Gilroy
Gilroy
Tony Gilroy
John Gilroy
Tony Gilroy
Gilroy
Gilroy
Gilroy
Gilroy
Gilroy
Gilroy
Gilroy
Gilroy
Gilroy
Gilroy
Gilroy
Gilroy
Gilroy


texts:
<mask> is a dancer and a choreographer who is recognized as one of the pioneer figures of Hip Hop dance in France. After having danced for more than thirty years in the Hip Hop world, <mask> has been the artistic director of her own dance compagny Rualité since 2002. Her work explores the issue of the memory of the body through the prisms of the colonial and post-colonial French history. Beginnings

<mask> was born on March 30, 1975, in the suburbs of Paris to a family who emigrated to France after Sub Saharan Africa's decolonization. Bintou started dancing with her brothers when she was not even ten years old; her interest in Hip Hop dance was in part influenced by the show H.I.P. H.O.P. on the French TV channel TF1.Around 1985, <mask> <mask> and her friends Gérard Léal et Anselme Terezo created the dance group Boogie Breakers and started dancing collectively in their neighborhood's public spaces. In 1989, she joined the group Concept of Art, in which was born several collectives of rappers and dancers. While in middle school, <mask> <mask> also joined the dance groups Aktuel Force (in 1993 and 1997) and Mission Impossible (1994-1996) in which she diversified her Hip Hop dancing by learning House Dance, New Style, Break Dancing... etc. She progressively acquired her dance technique and street credibility through collective trainings. She practiced in emblematic parisian spots for the French street dances as in Châtelet les Halles, the Place du Trocadéro-et-du-11-Novembre, the Place Georges-Pompidou and La Défense. In addition to her participation to different collectif trainings in Paris, she gets involved in street shows, festivals, battles and national scale Hip Hop competitions. She also takes part in different shows in nightclubs in Belgium, at Le Palace (Paris), le Bataclan or Le Divan du Monde.Professional career

Dembélé's professional career began in 1996 when she was recruited by the Théâtre Contemporain de la Danse de Paris (TCD) as a dancer and choreographer. In 1997, she joined the dance group the Collectif Mouv’ where she created her first show entitled Et si…! (What if...!) with the break dancer Rabah Mahfoufi. While dancing for the Collectif Mouv', Dembélé also collaborated with the French Jazz saxophonist Julien Lourau and with the musical organization the Groove Gang to create a show entitled Come fly with us. At the same time she also co-founded the dance group Ykanji and the female group dance Ladyside. Her participation in French popular TV shows such as Graines de stars or Hit Machine enabled Dembélé to meet French rappers and dancers such as MC Solaar and Bambi Cruz.In 1998, she danced for MC Solaar's concert in l'Olympia (Paris) in a show choreographed by Max-Laure Bourjolly and Bambi Cruz. In 2002, as an interpreter for the dance company Käfig, Dembélé performed at the Joyce Theater in Manhattan during the New York New Europe '99 Festival. The same year, she also created her own dance compagny, named Rualité. In 2004 Dembélé created and performed her third show entitled L'Assise (The Foundation), which recounted the creative journey of individuals who explored the Hip Hop culture in France. In 2010, she created her first solo show entitled Mon appart' en dit long (My apartment tells a lot about it), in which she explored the notion of femininity, spatiality and daughter-mother relationship. In 2011, she choreographed the music video of the song Roméo kiffe Juliette of the French slam singer Grand Corps Malade. In 2013, she created and performed in Z.H.(an abbreviation for 'zoo humains', which means in English human zoos). Z.H, which is one of <mask>'s major creations, was created for six dancers and explored the notions of memory, imperial gaze and voyeurism, racism and the dehumanization of people of color. In 2016, she created and performed in S/T/R/A/T/E/S - Quartet et le duo (S/T/R/A/T/U/M - Duo quartet), a dancing and musical performance for two duos mixing improvisation, dance theater, gimmick and 'corporeal poetry' to interrogate the notions of the transmission of traumatic memory, of feminism and of post-colonial identities. As a recognized dancer with both a street and professional background, Dembélé participates as a judge in various battles and other Hip Hop dance competitions and trains dancers as interprets for live performances all over the world. Bintou and the dancers of her dance compagny Rualité have performed their shows in France and internationally (in Sweden, in Burma, in Chile, in Macedonia, in French Guiana and in Mali). Commitments

Rualité 's aim is to explore new forms of political engagements and representations by gathering diverse artists and researchers. The photograph and video maker Denis Darzacq and the anthropologist of colonial representations Sylvie Chalaye are one of the personalities linked to Rualité.Organized around the ideas of creation, transmission and research, Rualité not only produces dance shows but also works for enhancing the access to culture and to cultural activities both in the French metropole (and especially in its most marginalized communities) and in its overseas territories (and more especially in French Guiana). In the context of her company, <mask> <mask> frequently animates pedagogical and/or exploratory workshops aiming to gather people from different backgrounds and orientations in order to produce new insights on what being a committed artist means. <mask> <mask>'s engagements led her to work with students and scholars in schools and universities, with musicians and dancers from different backgrounds as well as with some of the Parisian suburbs' carceral population. <mask> <mask>'s commitment to the development of the Hip Hop culture and to the recognition and legitimacy of its actors in the French public spaces and common discourse led her to integrate the SeFeA laboratory organized by Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 in 2014. In September 2016, she is hosted by the Gender and Women studies department of the University of California, Berkeley in a conference to talk about the video documentary of her performance Z.H. In the French and francophone contexts, <mask> <mask>'s work can be related to the one of Maboula Soumahoro, Alice Diop or Isabelle Boni-Claverie. <mask> Demélé is one of the spokesperson of the scholars Mame-Fatou Niang and Kaytie Nielsen recent documentary Mariannes Noires (Black Mariannes) whose aim is to give voice and make visible Afro-French female identities.See also
 French hip hop
 Hip-hop theater
 Break dancing
 Banlieues
 Racism in France

References

Living people
1975 births
French female dancers
Hip hop dancers
21st-century French dancers
20th-century French dancers
20th-century French women
21st-century French women

masks:
Bintou Dembélé
Bintou Dembélé
Bintou Dembélé
Bintou
Dembélé
Bintou
Dembélé
Dembélé
Bintou
Dembélé
Bintou
Dembélé
Bintou
Dembélé
Bintou
Dembélé
Bintou