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 Nixon, Helms assumed the role of the "good soldier" in following his presidential instructions. <mask> left office at the CIA on February 2, 1973, seven months before the coup d'etat in Chile. Another account of CIA activity in Chile, however, states that during this period 1970–1973 the CIA worked diligently to propagandize the military into countenancing a coup, e.g., the CIA supported and cultivated rightists in the formerly "constitutionally minded" army to start thinking 'outside the box', i.e., to consider a coup d'etat. Thus, writes author Tim Weiner, while not per se orchestrating the 1973 coup, the CIA worked for years, employing economic and other means, to seduce the army into doing so.Allende's own actions may have caused relations with his army to become uneasy. The CIA sowed "political and economic chaos in Chile" which set the stage for a successful coup, Weiner concludes. Hence, <mask>'s careful parsing appears off the mark. Yet views and opinions differ, e.g., Kissinger contests, what William Colby in part acknowledges. After <mask>' departure from the CIA in early 1973, Nixon continued to work directly against the Allende regime. Although elected with 36.3% of the vote (to 34.9% for runner-up in a three-way contest), Allende as President reportedly ignored the Constitución de 1925 in pursuit of his socialist policies, namely, ineffective projects which proved very unpopular and polarizing. Yet the military junta's successful September 1973 coup d'etat was double-down unconstitutional, and very dirty.Thousands of citizens were eventually killed and tens of thousands were held as political prisoners, many being tortured. The civil violence of the military coup provoked widespread international censure. Watergate

After first learning of the Watergate scandal on 17 June 1972, Helms developed a general strategy to distance the CIA from it all together, including any third party investigations of Nixon's role in the precipitating break-in. The scandal created a flurry of media interest during the 1972 Presidential election, but only reached its full intensity in the following years. Among those initially arrested (the "plumbers") were former CIA employees; there were loose ends with the agency. Yet Helms and DDCI Vernon Walters became convinced that CIA top officials had no culpable role in the break-in. It soon became apparent, however, that it was "impossible to prove anything to an inflamed national press corps already in full cry" while "daily leaks to the press kept pointing at CIA".Only later did Helms conclude that "the leaks were coming directly from the White House" and that "President Nixon was personally manipulating the administration's efforts to contain the scandal". On June 23, 1972, Nixon and Haldeman discussed the progress the FBI was making in their investigation and an inability to control it. In discussing how to ask Helms for his assistance to seek a "hold" on the FBI investigation, Nixon said "well, we protected Helms from one hell of a lot of things". Nixon's team (chiefly Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and Dean) then asked Helms in effect to assert a phony national security reason for the break-in and, under that rationale, to interfere with the ongoing FBI investigation of the Watergate burglaries. Such a course would also involve the CIA in posting bail for the arrested suspects. Initially Helms made some superficial accommodation that stalled for several weeks the FBI's progress. At several meetings attended by Helms and Walters, Nixon's team referred to the Cuban Bay of Pigs fiasco, using it as if a talisman of dark secrets, as an implied threat against the integrity of CIA.Immediately, sharply, Helms turned aside this gambit. By claiming then a secrecy privilege for national security, Helms could have stopped the FBI investigation cold. Yet soon Helms decisively refused the President's repeated request for cover. Stansfield Turner (DCI under Carter) called this "perhaps the best and most courageous decision of his career". Nixon's fundamental displeasure with Helms and the CIA increased. Yet "CIA professionals remember" that Helms "stood up to the president when asked to employ the CIA in a cover-up." John Dean, Nixon's White House Counsel, reportedly asked for $1 million to buy the silence of the jailed Watergate burglars.Helms in a 1988 interview stated:

"We could get the money. ... We didn't need to launder money—ever." But "the end result would have been the end of the agency. Not only would I have gone to jail if I had gone along with what the White House wanted us to do, but the agency's credibility would have been ruined forever." For the time being, however, Helms had succeeded in distancing the CIA as far as possible from the scandal. Yet Watergate became a major factor (among others: the Vietnam war) in the great shift of American public opinion about the federal government: their suspicions aroused, many voters turned critical. Hence, the political role of the Central Intelligence Agency also became a subject of controversy.Helms dismissed

Immediately after Nixon's re-election in 1972, he called for all appointed officials in his administration to resign; Nixon here sought to gain more personal control over the federal government. Helms did not consider his position at CIA to be a political job, which was the traditional view within the Agency, and so did not resign as DCI. Previously, on election day Helms had lunch with General Alexander Haig, a top Nixon security advisor; Haig didn't know Nixon's mind on the future at CIA. Evidently neither did Henry Kissinger, Helms discovered later. On November 20, <mask> came to Camp David to an interview with Nixon about what he thought was a "budgetary matter". Nixon's chief of staff H.R. Haldeman also attended.<mask> was informed by Nixon that his services in the new administration would not be required. On Helms' dismissal William Colby (DCI Sept. 1973 to Jan. 1976) later commented that "Dick Helms paid the price for that 'No' [to the White House over Watergate]." In the course of this discussion, Nixon learned or was reminded that Helms was a career civil servant, not a political appointee. Apparently spontaneously, Nixon then offered him the ambassadorship to the Soviet Union. After shortly considering it, Helms declined, wary of the potential consequences of the offer, considering his career in intelligence. "I'm not sure how the Russians might interpret my being sent across the lines as an ambassador," <mask> remembers telling Nixon. Instead Helms proposed being sent to Iran.Nixon assented. Among other things Nixon perhaps figured <mask>, after managing CIA's long involvement in Iranian affairs, would be capable in addressing issues arising out of Nixon's recent policy decision conferring on the shah his new role as "policeman of the Gulf".<ref>Cf., William Shawcross, The Shah's Last Ride: The Fate of an Ally; (New York: Simon and Schuster 1988) pp. 155–165, regarding Nixon's 1972 visit to Tehran to see the Shah, and increased American arms sales to him (role quote at 168); and p. 266, re CIA's presence in Iran to gather intelligence on the Soviet military.</ref>

Helms also suggested that since he could retire when he turned 60, he might voluntarily do so at the end of March. So it was agreed, apparently. But instead the event came without warning as Helms was abruptly dismissed when James R. Schlesinger was named the new DCI on February 2, 1973. The timing caught me by surprise. I had barely enough time to get my things out of the office and to assemble as many colleagues of all ranks as possible for a farewell....

A few days later, I encountered Haldeman. "What happened to our understanding that my exit would be postponed for a few weeks?" I asked. "Oh, I guess we forgot," he said with the faint trace of a smile. And so it was over." Ambassador to Iran
After Helms left the leadership of the CIA, he began his service as U.S. ambassador to Iran as designated by President Nixon.Cf., Nixon White House Tapes January 1973, Nixon Presidential Library & Museum, released on 23 Jun 2009. This recording apparently presents a telephone conversation between Nixon and Helms, evidently in January 1973, after his ambassadorial appointment but before his leaving for Iran.This had caused the dismissal of the then current ambassador, Joseph Farland. After being confirmed by the Senate, in April 1973 <mask> proceeded to his new residence in Tehran, where he served as the American representative until resigning effective January 1977. During these years, however, his presence was often required in Washington, where he testified before Congress in hearings about past CIA activities, including Watergate. His frequent flights to America lessened somewhat his capacity to attend to being ambassador.William Shawcross, The Shah's Last Ride: The Fate of an Ally (New York: Simon and Schuster 1988) p. 267 *note: "Much of Helms' time in Iran was devoured by trips to Washington to testify to one or another of the various congressional committees investigating the CIA." Note: this entry is strangely missing details of the assassination attempt upon <mask>s in Tehran while he was ambassador--it is surely noteworthy? At the Shah's court

"The presentation of ambassadorial credentials to the Shah was a rather formal undertaking," reads a photograph caption in Helms' memoirs, which shows him in formal attire, standing before the shah who is dressed in military uniform. Yet already Helms enjoyed an elite student experience which he shared with the Shah: circa 1930, both had attended Le Rosey, a French-language prep school in Switzerland.Decades later, the CIA station chief in Iran first introduced Helms to the Shah. Helms was there about an installation to spy on the Soviets: "I had first met the Shah in 1957 when I visited Tehran to negotiate permission to place some sophisticated intercept equipment in northern Iran." A "celebrated" story was told in elite circles about Helms' appointment. The Soviet ambassador had said with a sneer, to Amir Abbas Hoveyda the shah's prime minister, "We hear the Americans are sending their Number One spy to Iran." Hoveyda replied, "The Americans are our friends. At least they don't send us their Number Ten spy." Helms, for his part, referred to Hoveyda as "Iran's most consummate politician."For many years, the CIA had operated extensive technical installations to monitor Soviet air traffic across Iran's northern border. Also the CIA, along with Mossad and USAID, since the early 1950s had trained and supported the controversial Iranian intelligence and police agency SAVAK. Further from 1972 to 1975 the CIA was involved in assisting Iran with its project to support the Kurdish struggle against Iraq. As a result of this security background and official familiarity with the government of Iran, Helms figured that as the American ambassador he could "hit the ground running" when he started work in Tehran.Shawcross, The Shah's Last Ride (1988) p. 266 (CIA 'listening posts' re Soviets), pp. 72, 160–161, 198 (CIA and Savak), at pp. 163, 165* (CIA and the Kurds), p. 266 (quote). "The CIA owned in Iran one of its largest operations in the world" (p. 264).Long before Helms arrived in country his embassy, and other western embassies as well, entertained an "almost uncritical approval of the Shah. He was a strong leader, a reformer who appreciated the needs of his people and who had a vision of a developed, pro-Western, anti-Communist, prosperous Iran." The shah remained an ally. "Too much had been invested in the Shah—by European nations as well as by the U.S.—for any real changes in policy. "David Harris, The Crisis: The President, the Prophet, and the Shah—1979 and the Coming of Militant Islam (Boston: Little, Brown 2004) p. 44. Later in 1978–1979 revolutionary crowds in Tehran "called him 'the American Shah' and they were right on the mark." Helms inspected and adjusted the security provided for the embassy, which was located in the city on 25-acres with high walls.A CIA officer accompanied Helms wherever he went. The usual ambassador's car was "a shabby beige Chevrolet" with armor-plating. There was "the traditional ambassador's big black Cadillac, with the flag flying from the front fender" but Helms used it only once, accompanied by his wife.Cf., <mask>, An Ambassador's Wife in Iran (1981). The ruler and Iran
Most important for his effectiveness would be to establish a good working relationship with the ruler. All the while, the shah's terminal illness of prostate cancer remained a well-kept secret from everyone.Milani, The Shah (2008, 2010) pp. 370–371. Of symptoms discovered in 1973, the shah's fatal cancer in 1974 was confirmed, and kept secret.Helms found himself satisfied with his "as much as might be asked for" dealings with the Shah. The monarch was notorious for an "I speak, you listen" approach to dialogue. Yet Helms describes lively conversations with "polite give-and-take" in which the shah never forgot his majesty; these discussions could end with an agreement to disagree. The shah allowed that they by happenstance might meet at a social function and then "talk shop". Usually they met in private offices, the two alone, where it was "tête à tête with no note-takers or advisors. "Shawcross, The Shah's Last Ride (1988) p. 367. Helms remembered, "Dean Rusk used to say that [the Shah] was the best-informed man in the world save for the U.S. President.Maybe that's a slight exaggeration." British author and journalist William Shawcross several times makes the point that the shah prohibited foreign governments from any contact with his domestic political opposition. Replying to one such request for access, by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, an 'irritated' shah replied "I will not have any guest of mine waste a moment on these ridiculous people." As with other ambassadors before and during his tenure, Helms was reluctant to cross the shah on this point because of the fear of "being PNG'ed (made persona non grata)." For any ambassador to do so "would at the very least have jeopardized his country's export opportunities in Iran." Consequently, "American and other diplomats swam in a shallow pool of courtiers, industrialists, lawyers, and others who were somehow benefiting from the material success of the regime. ¶ ... people more or less licensed by the Shah."About the immediate court, however, a U.N. official wrote, "There was an atmosphere of overwhelming nouveau-riche, meretricious chi-chi and sycophancy ..."Azimi, The Quest for Democracy in Iran (Harvard Univ. 2008, 2010) p. 285: "In the twilight years of the monarchy it was increasingly clear that the shah and his elite had cacooned themselves in an impenetrable web of collective self-deception." <mask> himself managed to circulate widely among the traditional elites, e.g., becoming a "close friend" of the aristocrat Ahmad Goreishi. The shah's policy of keeping foreign agents and officials away from his domestic foes applied equally to the CIA. In fact, the Agency remained somewhat uninformed about his foes, but for what information SAVAK (Iran's state security) gave it. The CIA evidently did not even closely monitor the shah's activities. During Helms' last year this situation was being reviewed, but the State Department seemed complacent and willing to rely on the shah's soliloquies and its own diplomatic queries.Yet "coded confidential telegrams" between the shah and the Iranian embassy in Washington were "regularly intercepted" and read by the USG.Milani, The Shah (Harvard 2008, 2010) p. 370. While Helms' 'notorious' connection to the CIA might have been considered an asset by the shah and his circle, many Iranians viewed the American embassy and its spy Agency as distressing reminders of active foreign meddling in their country's affairs, and of the CIA's 1953 coup against the civil democrat Mohammad Mossadegh.Weiner (2007) p. 368.See above section "Iran: Mossadegh" for the coup and for Helms' reflections on the CIA and the subsequent Islamic revolution in Iran. "[F]ew politically minded Iranians doubted that the American embassy was deeply involved in Iranian domestic politics and in promoting particular individuals or agendas" including actions by "the CIA station chief in Tehran". Events and views

During his first year as ambassador, Helms had fielded the American and Iranian reaction to the 1973 Arab oil embargo and consequent price hikes following the Yom Kippur War. Immediately, Helms made requests to the shah regarding fueling favors for the United States Navy near Bandar Abbas. Subsequently, the Shah, flush with increased oil revenue, had placed huge orders for foreign imports and American military hardware, e.g., high performance warplanes. Helms wrote in his memoirs, "Foreign businessmen flooded Tehran.Few had any knowledge of the country; fewer could speak a word of Persian." Tens of thousands of foreign commercial agents, technicians and experts, took up temporary residence. "There is no doubt [the Shah] tried to go too fast. Which led to the ports' congestion and the overheating of the economy," Helms later commented.Shawcross, The Shah's Last Ride (1988) p. 266

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 (Helms "Shah" quote). "In 1977 the number of American citizens working in Iran in various areas totaled about 31,000." Rinn-Sup Shinn, "Foreign Relations" pp. 221–239, at 231, in Iran: A Country Study (American Univ., 3d ed.1978), edited by <mask>. Nyrop. Cf., p. 415: 1,400 U.S. Dept. of Defense personnel. The 'oil bonanza' followed by the rapid expenditure of 'petrodollars' led to an accelerated corruption involving enormous sums.Azimi, The Quest for Democracy in Iran (2008, 2010) pp. 244–247 (corruption), p. 273 (oil revenues quadruple), pp. 325–326 (opulence of "the one-thousand families"). "Corruption in its broad sense was intrinsic to the functioning of the regimes" (pp.244–245). Professor Fakhreddin Azimi, about the shah's labored rule, mentions former premier (1961–1962) Ali Amini and his belief that 'although the Shah undoubtedly loved his country, the love did not extend to the people" (p. 301). In March 1975, Helms learned the shah alone had negotiated a major agreement with Saddam Hussein of Iraq while in Algiers at an OPEC meeting. There the Algerian head of state Houari Boumedienne had translated the shah's French into Arabic for the negotiation. As part of the deal, the shah had disowned, quit his support for the Kurdish struggle in Iraq. The resulting treaty was evidently a surprise to the shah's own ministers, as well as to Helms and the USG.Cf., Ranelagh (1986) pp. 607–608.As a result, the CIA also abandoned the Kurds, whose struggling people became another of those stateless nations who would remember with "regret and bitterness" their dealings with the Agency. Helms articulated several understandings, derived from his working knowledge and experiences as ambassador in Iran. "He came to realize that he could never understand the Iranians," writes William Shawcross. He quotes Helms, "They have a very different turn of mind. Here would be ladies, dressed in Parisian clothes. ... But before they went on trips abroad, they would ship up to Mashhad in chadors to ask for protection."Helms with his wife had visited the pilgrimage site in Mashhad, 'the tomb of the eighth Imam'. As to the shah's statecraft, Helms' May 1976 memo observes, "Iranian government and society are highly structured and authoritarian and all major decisions are made at the top. Often even relatively senior officials are not well informed about policies and plans and have little influence on them." In July 1976 Helms send a message to the U.S. Department of State which, while confident, again voiced various concerns, e.g., about the "inadequate 'political institutionalization'" of the regime. Professor Abbas Milani comments that in 1975 Helms had "captured the nature of the shah's vulnerability when he wrote that 'the conflict between rapid economic growth and modernization vis-à-vis a still autocratic rule' was the greatest uncertainty about the shah's future." Milani, looking ahead after Helms' departure, writes that the election of President Carter in 1976 "forced the Shah to expedite his liberalization plans. "Cf., above section "Iran: Mossadegh" regarding <mask>'s reflections on the CIA and the Islamic revolution in Iran.During the course of his service as ambassador, Helms had dealt with the 1973 oil crisis and Iran's oil bonanza, and the shah's 1975 deal with Iraq and abandonment of the Kurds. In 1976, Secretary of State Kissinger visited Iran. He agreed to Helms' plan to resign as ambassador before the Presidential election. Helms submitted his resignation to President Ford in the middle of October. Meanwhile, the grand jury sitting in Washington had "shifted the focus of its investigation" about past activities of the CIA. Secrets: policy, politics
In mid-1970s America, an emerging public attitude had become mainstream. Consequently, politicians no longer deigned to countenance a blanket exception to "what-might-be-questionable" CIA activities.With regard to the application of the Constitution, henceforth all USG agencies were expected to conform explicitly to usual principles of transparency. Earlier, Helms had given testimony about prior covert CIA actions in Chile, at a time when he considered that older, pre-existing, informal understandings concerning the CIA still prevailed in Congress. This testimony was later judged under the new rules, which led to his perjury indictment in a court of law. His advocates thus claimed that Helms was unfairly held to a form of double standard.<mask> (2002) p. 445. Year of intelligence

During the 1960s and 1970s, there was a dramatic, fundamental shift in American society generally, which profoundly affected public political behavior. Elected officials were compelled to confront new constituents with new attitudes. In particular, for the Central Intelligence Agency, the societal change altered notions of what was considered 'politically acceptable conduct'.In the early cold war period, the Agency had been somewhat exempt from normal standards of accountability, so that it could employ its special espionage and covert capacities against what was understood as an amoral communist enemy. At times during this period, the CIA operated under a cloak of secrecy, where it met the ideological foe in a gray-and-black world. In that era, normal Congressional oversight was informally modified to block unwanted public scrutiny, which might be useful to the enemy.Marchetti and Marks (1974, 1980) pp. 90–92. An immediate cause of the surge in Congressional oversight activity may be sourced in the American people's loss of confidence in the USG due to the Watergate scandal. Also, the apparent distortions and dishonesty concerning the reported progress of the war in Vietnam gravely eroded the public's previous tendency to put its trust in the word of USG officials. Evidence published in 1971 had demonstrated "systemized abuse of power" by J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI director.The September 1973 overthrow of a democratically elected government in Chile ultimately revealed earlier CIA involvement there. Other factors contributed to the political unease, e.g., the prevalence of conspiracy theories about the Kennedy assassination, and the emergence of whistleblowers. Accordingly, the Central Intelligence Agency, which was tangentially involved in Watergate, and which had been directly engaged in the Vietnam War from the beginning, became a subject of Congressional inquiry and media interest. Helms, of course, had served as head of the CIA, 1965–73. Eventually the process of scrutiny opened a secret pandora's box of questionable CIA activities. First, the Senate, in order to investigate charges of political malfeasance in the 1972 presidential election, had created the select Watergate Committee, chaired by Senator Sam Ervin. Later, independent press discovery of the CIA's domestic spying, (Operation Chaos), created national headlines.Thereafter, a long list of questionable CIA activities surfaced which caught the public's attention, and were nicknamed the family jewels. Both the Senate, (January 1975), and the House, (February 1975), created select committees to investigate intelligence matters. Senator Frank Church headed one, and Representative Otis Pike headed the other. In an effort to head off such inquiries, President Gerald Ford had created a Commission chaired by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, whose seminal interest was the CIA's recent foray into collecting intelligence on Americans.Powers (1979) p. 337. 1975 would become known as the "Year of Intelligence". Before Congress
Helms testified in appearances before Congress many times during his long career. After he left the CIA in 1973, however, he entered an extraordinary period in which he was frequently called to testify before Congressional committees.While serving as ambassador to Iran (1973–1977), Helms was required to travel from Tehran to Washington sixteen times, thirteen in order to give testimony "before various official bodies of investigation" including the President's Rockefeller Commission. Among the Congressional committee hearings where Helms appeared were the Senate Watergate, the Senate Church, the Senate Intelligence, the Senate Foreign Relations, the Senate Armed Services, the House Pike, the House Armed Services, and the House Foreign Affairs.Ranelagh (1986) pp. 610–612, 788. As a long-time professional practitioner, Helms held strong views concerning the proper functioning of an intelligence agency. Highly valued was the notion of maintaining state security by keeping sensitive state secrets away from an enemy's probing awareness. Secrecy was held to be an essential, utilitarian virtue, of great value to the government. It was necessary in the conduct of both surreptitious information gathering, i.e., espionage, and in covert operations, i.e., the reputed ability to directly intervene by stealth in the course of political events.Consequently, Helms became utterly dismayed at the various investigations of USG intelligence agencies, especially when they resulted in the publication or broadcast of classified information, highly sensitive, that had previously remained secret. For example, among the information divulged were facts that exposed <mask>, the CIA station chief in Athens, who subsequently was murdered.Ranelagh (1986) p. 472 (death of agent <mask> in Athens). At points during the many hours of testimony given by Helms before Congress, his frustration and irritation with the direction of the proceedings are clearly discernible. In testifying before Congress, both former DCIs John McCone and <mask>s were informed beforehand by a CIA officer as to what documents Congress had been given and hence the probable contours of its knowledge. According to author Thomas Powers, both McCone and Helms could thus tailor their testimony so as to limit the scope of discussion to matter already known by the committee. Such stance of institutional loyalty to their agency showed through in their demeanor. From these characteristic evasions, lapses of memory, hints, and suggestions the [Church] committee and its staff concluded that the men they questioned, including Helms, knew more than they would say.Then why did many of them grow to trust Helms? For the simple reason that he never tried to convince them they knew all there was to know, when they did not. Yet Helms' testimony, which made headlines, for the most part amounted to a circumspect, professional defense of the agency. It was rather the testimony of William Colby the current DCI that had more lasting import and created greater controversy. Colby also sparked division within the CIA. Helms parted ways with Colby as a result, and especially regarding Colby's delicate role in the perjury allegations against him.Cf., Prados (2009) p. 306. Plea, aftermath
An especially thorny issue concerned the interpretation of the secrecy which the CIA had previously enjoyed.According to its officers, the CIA's mandate included not only access to state secrets, but also the commission of covert action in furtherance of USG policy, as ordered from time to time by the President. Consequently, the CIA had a primary duty to protect such secrets and to refrain from public discussion of any covert or clandestine activity. An area of conflict arose when this CIA duty of confidentiality to the President came into direct conflict with the Agency's duty to respond honestly to legislative investigations of the executive branch authorized by the Constitution. Up until then, such potential conflict had been negotiated by quiet understandings between Congress and the CIA. For Helms, the potential conflict became manifest with regard to his 1973 testimony about secret CIA activity during 1970 in Chile, ordered by President Nixon. At some point, the recorded facts of Helms's testimony ostensibly moved to territory outside the perimeters of the previously prevailing quiet and confidential understandings with Congress, and entered an arena in which new and different rules applied: those of transparency.Ranelagh (1986) pp. 611–612.In late 1972, Nixon had appointed <mask> as Ambassador to Iran. During his confirmation hearings before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in February, 1973, Helms was questioned concerning the CIA's earlier role in Chile. Because these past operations were then still effectively a state secret, and because the Senate hearings were public events, Helms, following past Congressional understandings with the CIA, in effect, denied that the CIA had, in 1970, aided the Chilean opponents of President-elect Allende.Prados (2009) p. 290. After Nixon's 1974 resignation, information uncovered in 1975 by the Church Committee hearings showed that <mask>'s February 1973 statements were clearly in error. He had misled Congress. Helms was prosecuted in 1977. Later that year, Helms was advised to plead nolo contendere to the lesser charge that, "he had not 'fully, completely and accurately' testified to Congress".Convicted of this misdemeanor charge, he received a two-year suspended sentence and a $2,000 fine.Powers (1979) pp. 347–353. After the plea, at sentencing, Barrington D. Parker, the federal Judge, delivered a stern lecture. No citizen has "a license to operate freely outside the dictates of the law. ... Public officials must respect and honor the Constitution ..."

You considered yourself bound to protect the Agency [and so] to dishonor your solemn oath to tell the truth...If public officials embark deliberately on a course to disobey and ignore the laws of our land because of some misguided and ill-conceived notion and belief that there are earlier commitments and considerations which they must observe, the future of our country is in jeopardy.Ranelagh (1986) p. 612. Helms, nonetheless, continued to enjoy the support of many in the CIA, both active officers and retired veterans, including James Angleton. "He was sworn not to disclose the very things that he was being requested by the [Senate] Committee to disclose," Edward Bennett Williams, Helms's defense attorney, told the press.Williams added that Helms would "wear this conviction like a badge of honor, like a banner", a sentiment later seconded by James R. Schlesinger, who had followed <mask> as DCI in 1973.Powers (1979) pp. 352–353 (Williams "disclose" quote). After his court appearance and sentencing, Helms attended a large gathering of CIA officers in Bethesda, Maryland, where he received a standing ovation. A collection was taken, netting enough to pay his fine.Powers (1979) p. 353. Although Helms, at that time, might have appeared as an emblematic upholder of the Agency's work, for years, the "memory of his no-contest plea still stung. It was a stain in spite of the widespread support he had received." By 1983, however, "the end of the anti-CIA decade" had arrived.As Helms took the podium to speak, he was given a "returning war hero's welcome" by top USG officials and hundreds of guests at the Grand Ballroom of the Washington Hilton. "I am touched and honored. My reasons can be no mystery to any of you. "See below, section "Later years". Later years

<mask> resigned from his post in Iran to face allegations brought by Carter's Justice Department that he had earlier misled Congress. Perhaps as a result, Helms allowed the journalist Thomas Powers to interview him over four "long mornings" about his years of service in the CIA. The interview transcript totals about 300 pages.Although not overly pleased, Helms was apparently satisfied with the product: a widely praised book by Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets. <mask> and the CIA, published in 1979 by Knopf. Helms writes, "In the event, the book's title ... seemed to bear out my intention in speaking to Powers." In the years following his retirement from government service in 1977, Helms was interviewed many times. Always guarded, Helms spoke for the record with British television personality David Frost in 1978.Frost's famous interviews with Nixon had occurred the year before. Later he interviewed Kissinger, Helms, and the Shah. Shawcross, The Shah's Last Ride (1988) p. 344.The CIA's 1982–84 sessions conducted by Agency historian Robert M. Hathaway and by Russell Jack Smith (former CIA Deputy Director of Intelligence under Helms) were used for their classified, 1993 CIA book on the former DCI; other agency interviews followed. In 1969 and 1981, Helms had participated in the Oral History Interviews for the Johnson Library in Austin. Other interview requests arrived, and eventually Helms was queried by many authors and journalists including Edward Jay Epstein, Thomas Powers, John Ranelagh, William Shawcross, and Bob Woodward. After returning home from Tehran, Helms in late 1977 started an international consulting company called Safeer. The firm was located in downtown Washington on K Street in a small office on the fourth floor. Safeer means ambassador in Persian.Bob Woodward, The Veil (1988, 1989) p. 24. It was "a one-man consulting firm" set up among other reasons "to help Iranians do business in the United States".Helms was back to doing familiar work on the phone. "Within a year, however, Helms' business was reduced to a trickle by the Iranian revolution, which caught him completely by surprise,"

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 according to Powers. The firm then morphed into acting as "consultant to businesses that made investments in other countries." As a consequence of General Westmoreland's lawsuit for libel against CBS over its 1982 documentary The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception, Helms was required to answer questions put by CBS attorneys. CBS insisted on video-taping its deposition of Helms, who then declined. The issue was litigated with Helms prevailing: no video.Cf., Ranelagh (1986) p. 739, note 7 to text at p. 25. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan awarded Helms the National Security Medal, given to both civilians and the military.That year, Helms also served as a member of the President's Commission on National Security. After Reagan's election in 1980, Helms had been a behind-the-scenes proponent of William Casey for the DCI position. <mask> and Casey (DCI 1981–87) first met while serving in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War II.Evidently former President Ford ("not qualified") and former DCI, then-Vice President Bush ("an inappropriate choice") considered Casey in a different light. Weiner (2007) p. 376. Weiner writes that "Casey was a charming scoundrel". Also in 1983, Helms gave a prepared speech on intelligence issues, before dignitaries and five hundred invited guests gathered at a Washington awards banquet held in his honor. Here Helms was given the Donovan Award.Cf., Ranelagh (1986) p. 774, note 57 to text at p. 415.Eventually Helms began work on his memoirs, A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency, published posthumously in 2003 by Random House. William Hood, formerly of the OSS then CIA (1947–1975),Hood had served the CIA in Vienna in the early 1950s, and later as chief of operations for its East European division. Murphy, Kondrashev, Bailey, Battle Ground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War (Yale University 1997) at 206. assisted Helms with the book. Henry Kissinger wrote the foreword. <mask> died at the age of 89 of multiple myeloma on October 23, 2002. He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. Personal life
William Colby, who served under Helms and later became DCI, viewed Helms as a man of honor.In his book Honorable Men Colby's title evidently refers to Helms as representative of those officers who followed such an Agency ethic.Yet Helms remained displeased with Colby for not keeping the secrets. Nicholas Dujmovic, editor, "Reflections of DCIs Colby and Helms on the CIA's 'Time of Troubles'" in Studies in Intelligence (1988) 51/3: 39–56, at pp. 50–51: "terrible judgment on Colby's part". President <mask>, however, could find Helms pedantic and tiresome, because of his dull practice of reading his padded reports and 'news' at NSC meetings. "There was no public servant I trusted more," wrote Henry Kissinger about Helms. "His lodestar was a sense of duty." He did not "misuse his knowledge or his power," Kissinger earlier had written."Disciplined, meticulously fair and discreet, Helms performed his duties with the total objectivity essential to an effective intelligence service." Slate called Helms "socially correct, bureaucratically adept, operationally nasty." Yet "Helms gained the confidence of presidents and the admiration of syndicated columnists." Journalist author Bob Woodward in his book on the CIA reports his meeting with Helms in 1980. Apparently the edginess of Helms was not nervousness, but indicated an exquisite awareness of his surroundings, wrote the investigative reporter. In 1989, Woodward called Helms "one of the enduring symbols, controversies and legends of the CIA". Kissinger observed that Helms "was tempered by many battles" and "was strong as he was wary."Urbane and tenacious, "his smile did not always include his eyes." Former CIA official Victor Marchetti admired Helms for his office foresight, noting "that not a single piece of paper existed in the agency which linked Helms to ... the Bay of Pigs." Intelligence author Keith Melton describes Helms as a professional, always impeccably dressed, with a 'low tolerance for fools'; an elusive man, laconic and reserved. About Helms author Edward Jay Epstein writes, "I found him to be an elegant man with a quiet voice, who could come right to the point." During the 1950s, Helms served in the CIA when the agency was ostensibly perceived as 'liberal'.Colby (1978) pp. 127–128: in mid-1950s Europe the CIA with a "firmly liberal coloration" in its efforts to contain the Soviets, supporting as an option an "opening to the Left" in which the "democratic socialism of the West" might also prevail in popular elections against the lure and "false promise of the Communists".Vernon Walters, regarding as late as 1972, the year he became DDCI, estimated a preponderance of Democrats over Republicans at CIA, although most would strongly resist any partisan use of the Agency. Walters, Silent Missions (NY: Doubleday 1978) p. 592, cited by Ranelagh (1986) p. 535.When retired, Helms continued his interest in the destiny of the agency, favoring William Casey as DCI during the Reagan administration when the agency took a 'conservative' direction.Ranelagh (1986) pp. 657, 659 (Reagan's plans for an "ideological housecleaning" at CIA), at 559–671 (Reagan's Transition Team Report re CIA), pp. 672–675 (Reagan's campaign manager William Casey and his service as DCI). Yet Helms steered an informed course and kept his own counsel concerning the tides of political affairs, according to journalist Woodward. Helms had calculated carefully. The danger, the threat to the CIA, came from both the right and the left. Maybe the left had had its way in the 1970s and the investigations, causing their trouble.But the right could do its own mischief. In 1939 Helms had married Julia Bretzman Shields, a sculptress six years his senior. Julia brought two children into the marriage James and Judith. Together they had a son Dennis, who as a young man briefly worked at CIA; he later became a lawyer. Julia apparently favored the Democratic Party. Helms was, of course, very non-committal politically. He played tennis.This marriage came to an end in 1967.Powers (1979) pp. 18–20, 63–64. Later Helms married Cynthia McKelvie, originally from England. She would write two books, both of which included her public experiences during their long marriage. Following soon after the close of his CIA career, he and his wife Cynthia visited former President Lyndon Johnson at his Texas ranch. The Shah, after his dramatic fall from power, was visited by the former ambassador and his wife at the shah's hospital room in New York City. In the mid-1980s, the couple hosted a small dinner party at their residence near Washington, with special guests President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy.Yet first federal security officers arrived to inspect the house, survey the neighborhood, and sample the menu. Twenty-three vehicles came bearing the guests. Although a reader of spy novels for diversion, as was common in the intelligence field, reportedly Helms did not like one well-known novel in particular. The cynicism, violence, betrayal, and despair in The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963) by John le Carré offended Helms. As a leader of professionals, Helms considered trust as essential to intelligence work. So strong was his negative reaction that Helms' son Dennis said he "detested" this novel. Yet 20 years later, Helms included books by le Carré among "the better spy novels" in his memoirs.While serving as an OSS intelligence officer in Europe in May 1945, Helms wrote a letter to his son Dennis, then three years old, using stationery he had recovered from Adolf Hitler's office in the ruins of the Reich Chancellery in Berlin. He dated the letter "V-E Day" (May 8, 1945), the day Germany surrendered. Sixty-six years later, <mask> delivered the letter to the CIA; it arrived on May 3, 2011, the day after the death of Osama bin Laden. It now resides at the private museum at CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia. He is not related to U.S. Senator <mask> of North Carolina. In the media
 The character William Martin, portrayed by Cliff Robertson in the 1977 television miniseries Washington: Behind Closed Doors (based on John Ehrlichman's novel The Company), was based loosely on Helms.In the series, Martin ends up as ambassador to a Caribbean island, not Iran, as Helms did. He is shown engaged in dogfights with the White House and FBI, and as blackmailing President Monckton (obviously based on Nixon) into keeping him on, by playing him secretly recorded tapes of discussions of the Watergate break-in. The writer Ehrlichman had been convicted in the Watergate break-in and coverup. Helms was portrayed by actor Sam Waterston in a memorable scene in the 1995 film Nixon, deleted from the original release but included in the director's cut DVD. The character <mask>, portrayed by actor Lee Pace in the 2006 film The Good Shepherd, was based loosely on Helms. Publications
Articles
 "The (Really) Quiet American." Washington Post (May 20, 1973), p. C2.Books
 A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency, with William Hood. New York: Random House (2003). . . Recordings
 "Intelligence Service in a Democracy," with Hale Boggs and <mask>. Kleindienst. New York: Encyclopedia Americana/CBS News Audio Resource Library (April 1971). .
"In an address to the nation's newspaper editors, CIA Director <mask> states that while he can understand Americans' inherent distate for a peacetime intelligence gathering agency, he cannot agree that it is in conflict with the ideals of a free society." See also

 Church Committee
 Deputy Director for Plans
 Director of Central Intelligence
 Rockefeller Commission
 United States Intelligence Community
 <mask>. Bissell
 William J. Casey
 William Colby
 Allen Dulles
 Desmond Fitzgerald
 Roscoe Hillenkoetter
 Thomas Karamessines
 John McCone
 William Raborn
 James Schlesinger
 Walter Bedell Smith
 Sidney Souers
 Stansfield Turner
 Hoyt Vandenberg
 Frank Wisner

Notes

Bibliography

Primary
 <mask>s with William Hood. A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency.New York: Random House (2003). Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets: <mask> and the CIA. New York: Alfred A. Knopf (1979). Ralph E. Weber, editor, "<mask>. Helms" pp. 239–312 in Weber (1999). Harold Jackson, "<mask>s. Director of CIA whose lies about the overthrow of Allende's Chilean government led to his conviction."(October 23, 2002), obituary in The Guardian. Christopher Marquis, "<mask>. Helms Dies at 89; Dashing Ex-Chief of the C.I.A." (October 23, 2002), obituary in The New York Times. Jefferson Morley, "The Gentleman Planner of Assassinations. The nasty career of CIA Director <mask>s." (November 1, 2002), obituary in Slate. Robert M. Hathaway & Russell Jack Smith, <mask>s as Director of Central Intelligence 1966–1973, edited by J. Kenneth McDonald.Washington: Center for the Study of Intelligence (1993). Written by members of the CIA's History Staff, this 230-page book (as photocopied, with white-outs) was released to the public by the Agency in 2006. David S. Robarge, "<mask>s: The Intelligence Professional Personified. In memory and appreciation." (2007), CIA article. A Life in Intelligence - The <mask> Collection. Documents and literature at CIA website.Secondary
CIA
 William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA. New York: Simon and Schuster 1978. Allen Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence. New York: Harper and Row 1963, revised 1965'; reprint: Signet Books, New York, 1965. Stansfield Turner, Burn before Reading. Presidents, CIA Directors, and Secret Intelligence. New York: Hyperion 2005.Ray S. Cline, Secrets Spies and Scholars. Blueprint of the Essential CIA. Washington: Acropolis Books 1976. Harold P. Ford, CIA and the Vietnam Policymakers: Three Episodes 1962–1968. Central Intelligence Agency 1998. Victor Marchetti and John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence. New York: Alfred A. Knopf 1974; reprint: Dell, NY 1980, 1989.Ludwell Lee Montague, General Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence, October 1950–February 1953. Pennsylvania State University 1992). Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1985. H. Bradford Westerfield, editor, Inside the CIA's Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency's Internal Journal, 1955–1992. Yale University 1995. Senate/President
 Commission on CIA activities within the United States (Nelson A. Rockefeller, chair), Report to the President.Washington: U.S. Govt. Printing Office 1975. Senate Select Committee (Frank Church, chair), Alleged Assassination Plots involving Foreign Leaders, An Interim Report. Washington: U. S. Govt. Printing Office 1975. Senate Select Committee (Frank Church, chair), Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence. Washington: U. S. Govt.Printing Office 1976. Senate Select Committee (Frank Church, chair), Final Report, Book IV: Supplementary detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence. Washington: U. S. Govt. Printing Office 1976. Anne Karalekas, "History of the Central Intelligence Agency" in Senate (Church), Final Report, Book IV (1976) [Report 94-755] at v–vi, 1–107. Commercial/Academic
 Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, The CIA and American Democracy. Yale University 1989.<mask>. Immerman, The Hidden Hand: A Brief History of the CIA Chichester: Wiley Blackwell 2014. John Ranelagh, The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA from Wild Bill Donovan to William Casey. Cambridge Pub. 1986; NY: Simon & Schuster 1986. Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. New York: Doubleday 2007. Edward Jay Epstein, Deception: The Invisible War between the KGB and the CIA.New York: Simon & Schuster 1989. David C. Martin, A Wilderness of Mirros. New York: Harper and Row 1980. Mark Mazzetti, The Way of the Knife: The CIA, a Secret Army, and a War at the Ends of the Earth. New York: Penguin 2013. John Prados, William Colby and the CIA: The Secret Wars of a Controversial Spymaster University of Kansas 2003, 2009. Bob Woodward, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981–1987.New York: Simon and Schuster 1987; reprint: Pocket 1988. Athan Theoharis, editor, The Central Intelligence Agency. Security under Scrutiny. Westport: Greenwood Press 2006. Ralph E. Weber, editor, Spymasters. Ten CIA officers in Their Own Words. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources 1999.Tertiary
 Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The World Was Going Our Way. The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. Harmondsworth: Allen Lane 2005; NY: Basic Books 2005. Thomas Powers, Intelligence Wars: American Secret History from Hitler to Al-Qaeda. NY: New York Review Books 2002, rev. 2004. Dana Priest and William M. Arkin, Top Secret America: The Rise of the New American Security State.Boston: Little, Brown 2011. Jeffrey T. Richelson, A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University 1995. Abram N. Shulsky and Gary J. Schmitt, Silent Warfare: Understanding the World of intelligence. Washington: Potomac Books 1991, [1993], 3d ed. 2002. External links
 .After the President's introduction, Helms appears at 7:50 to 8:37 and 8:55 to 9:59, without giving a speech or making a statement.
 . Film begins circa 1972 with Helms in suit and tie taking the podium to read his introduction to the photo-reconnaissance satellite program, at 0:45 to 3:52. Nixon White House Tapes January 1973, Nixon Presidential Library & Museum, released on 23 Jun 2009. Four-minute telephone conversation between Nixon and Helms about his recent appointment as ambassador to Iran. "CIA Director <mask>s: The New Espionage American Style". Newsweek'', November 22, 1971. At YouTube
 "CIA Company Business 8": Video of Helms testifying before Congress, at 4:27–5:14. "CIA Company Business 9": Video of Helms testifying before Congress, at 0:00–1:00 and 3:58–5:00."CIA Company Business 10": Video of Helms testifying before Congress, at 2:04–4:34. "<mask>. Helms – Building the Tradecraft": Photo essay with narration of Helms' career at CIA, length 2:22. "Nixon (1995) HQ 'Do you ever think of death, Dick? '": Commercial film by Oliver Stone; outtake of contrived conversation between Nixon and Helms (played by Sam Waterston) at CIA's Langley HQ, length 10:44. The screenplay scrambles facts, e.g., it attributes Angleton's orchid growing to Helms, among other things. <mask>s collection at the Internet Archive

  <mask>s: as director of central intelligence by Robert M. Hathaway and Russell Jack Smith, from cia.gov declassified archive

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1913 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from multiple myeloma
Alumni of Institut Le Rosey
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American perjurers
American spies
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths from bone cancer
Deputy Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
Nixon administration personnel involved in the Watergate scandal
Politicians from Philadelphia
People of the Laotian Civil War
People of the Office of Strategic Services
Project MKUltra
Recipients of the Distinguished Intelligence Medal
United States Navy officers
Williams College

masks:
Helms
Richard Helms
Richard Nixon
Dennis Helms
Jesse Helms
Richard Hayes
Richard G
Richard Helms
Richard M
Richard Helm
Richard Helms
Richard M
Richard Helm
Richard M
Richard Helm
Richard Helm
Richard Helm
Richard Helms
Richard H
Richard Helm
Richard M
Richard Helm
Richard Helm


texts:
<mask> (November 4, 1933 – November 10, 2011) was an American writer and publisher. She is credited for having built the lesbian book industry. After editing The Ladder magazine, published by the lesbian civil rights group Daughters of Bilitis, she co-founded a lesbian book-publishing company Naiad Press, which achieved publicity and became the world's largest publisher of lesbian books. She built a major collection of lesbian literature, catalogued with detailed indexing of topics. Early life
<mask> was born on November 4, 1933 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Her mother was Dorothy Vernon Black, a secretary, and her father was <mask>, a doctor. <mask> had two siblings, Diane and <mask>.Her sister Diane was also a lesbian, a fact <mask> attributed to how feminist their mother was, as well as genetics. <mask> said of Diane, “She’s just like me, except nice. I’m the evil twin.” She also had two half-siblings (William Frederick and <mask>) from her father's previous marriage to Iva Schackenberger. Her parents separated when she was 10 and divorced when she was 13 years old. <mask> grew up in several midwestern US cities, spending most of her life between Kansas City, Missouri, and Kansas City, Kansas. <mask> realized she was a lesbian at age twelve after researching the topic at the library. She told her mother that she was homosexual, and her mother replied, "No, because you're a woman, you're a lesbian.And since 12 years old is too young to make such a decision, let's wait six months before we tell the newspapers." Yet, <mask>'s mother was supportive. When <mask> was fifteen, her mother gifted her a copy of The Well of Loneliness by Radclyffe Hall and Of Lena Geyer (1936) by Marcia Davenport. This would be the start of <mask>'s collection of lesbian literature. She describes her collection of lesbian-themed books as Lesbiana, a collection that was fueled by a "love affair with lesbian publishing." Shortly after <mask> graduated high school in 1951, she met Helen Bennett in a public library. They fell in love.They spent 20 years together living in Denver, Colorado while Bennett went to library school, then moving to Kansas City where both worked in public libraries. <mask> referred to their partnership as a marriage. Career

The Ladder
In 1957, <mask> subscribed to The Ladder, a magazine edited by members of the Daughters of Bilitis. <mask> began writing book reviews for The Ladder, using multiple pen names in her writings including Gene Damon, Marilyn Barrow, Gladys Casey, Terry Cook, Dorthy Lyle, Vern Niven, Lennox Strong, and Lee Stuart. The Ladder was the center of <mask>'s life in the 1950s and 60s. Some issues were completely written by her. At this time, <mask> also contributed to other gay publications like ONE and Mattachine Review.<mask> worked as The Ladder'''s poetry and fiction editor from 1966 until 1968, when <mask> took over editing The Ladder with the goal of expanding the magazine to include more feminist ideals. The magazine gained a more professional and sleeker layout and increased to more than 40 pages from the 25 average under previous editors and tripled in subscriptions. She described her roles in editing the magazine, "In 1968, I became editor of The Ladder, and I had to write three hundred letters a week, edit the magazine, run a staff of fifteen people spread all over the world, work a part-time job, keep house, read the books, and write my 'Lesbiana' column." <mask> also removed the word "lesbian" from the front cover, after being placed there in 1963, in an attempt to reach more women. <mask>'s tenure took place at a time when the Daughters of Bilitis were in conflict about the direction of the organization. DOB founders tended to encourage a more assimilationist stance for the organization and came in direct conflict from more radical separatist lesbians, including <mask>. When the DOB folded in 1970, <mask>, who was editing the magazine from Kansas City, planned with DOB president Rita LaPorte to take the only two copies of the subscription list from the printer and the DOB headquarters in order to keep The Ladder alive.LaPorte took both copies to the ignorance of DOB founders Phyllis Lyon and Del Martin, and relocated the magazine to Reno, causing an uproar. The Ladder ran for two more years before it outgrew its finances and folded in September 1972. <mask> about her role in the controversy, "You have to understand that none of these things were done with malice aforethought or with intention to damage. I mean I was just as much a light-eyed maniac then as I am now in terms of the mission. The mission is that the lesbians shall inherit the earth, you see." After The Ladder ceased publication in 1972, the continuing demand for that material resulted in four cumulative volumes that <mask> edited by herself or with Coletta Reid. <mask> Ratings
During the 1960s, while <mask> worked at The Ladder, she was involved in the creation of a bibliography of lesbian literature, The Lesbian in Literature.She used the name Gene Damon for this bibliography but her rating system for lesbian literature would come to be known as Grier Ratings. <mask> rated lesbian literature on a letter scale for how prominent the lesbian subject was to the story and a range of 1 to 3 asterisks for the quality of the representation:

 A rating of 'A***' had lesbian characters with very sympathetic portrayals. A rating of 'A' without an asterisk meant there was a major lesbian component but not sympathetically portrayed. The B and C ratings were for works with lesbian subplots or suppressed/coded lesbian themes. Books that contained voyeuristic and demeaning representations of lesbians were rated as 'T (Trash)'. Naiad Press
In 1973, <mask> co-founded Naiad Press along with Donna McBride, Anyda Marchant, and Muriel Crawford (Marchant's partner). They founded the venture with $2,000 pooled between them.Their first publication was a novel titled The Latecomer (1974), by Anyda Marchant, written under her pseudonym Sarah Aldridge. The cover art came from lesbian artist Tee Corinne. Their initial audience came from the mailing list for The Ladder. <mask> and McBride ran Naiad from Kansas City until 1980 when it relocated to Tallahassee, Florida. Both <mask> and McBride continued to work other full-time jobs until 1982 when they dedicated all their time to the publishing company. Naiad Press went on to become the world's largest publisher of lesbian books. Naiad's inventory included mysteries, romances, and science fiction novels.The press also reprinted classics of lesbian writing, including Ann Bannon's Beebo Brinker series. Naiad also produced non-fiction books. Rosemary Curb and Nancy Manahan's Lesbian Nuns: Breaking Silence (1985) was among the most successful. Authors represented by Naiad include Valerie Taylor, Katherine V. Forrest, Jane Rule, Sarah Schulman, <mask>, Lee Lynch, Isabel Miller, Ann Bannon's reprinted Beebo Brinker Chronicles, and Gale Wilhelm. By 1994, the company had a staff of 8 and projected sales of $1.8 million US. In 1992, Grier and McBride donated Naiad's entire collection to the San Francisco Public Library, which consisted of a tractor trailer full of 14,000 books estimated at $400,000 US. What began as a search became a self-described obsession for <mask>.She worked with Jeannette Howard Foster and Marion Zimmer Bradley in the late 1950s to compile the largest collection of books with lesbian themes in the English language, which they originally called Checklist 1960 and was later published as The Lesbian in Literature. <mask> and McBride retired in 2005. They gradually let their books go out of print before closing Naiad Press' doors. The heir to Naiad Press became Bella Books of Ferndale, Michigan. Bella Books was founded in 2001 by Kelly Smith, who spent eighteen months working for Naiad in the late 1990s. <mask> was very supportive of Bella Books, and noted that almost all of the Naiad writers have signed on with Smith. Honors
Naiad Press took a number of prestigious honors including an American Library Association Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Book Award and half a dozen Lambda Literary Awards.<mask> and McBride won a Lambda Literary Award of their own in 1991 in the Publisher's Service category. In 2002, <mask> and McBride received the Lambda Literary Foundation’s Pioneer Award for their work in lesbian publishing. In 1985 <mask> earned the President's Award for Lifetime Service from the Gay Academic Union. Controversies
Some complained that the books published by Naiad Press were always romances or mysteries with happy endings. But <mask> said repeatedly that what she wanted was to reach the lesbians in Middle America who were in the closet and who deserved to have books about their lives, too. Naiad Press' most controversial publication was Lesbian Nuns: Breaking Silence, a work of non-fiction that was banned in Boston and criticized by the Catholic Church. Penthouse Forum ran a series from the book and it made Naiad an internationally-known publishing name.<mask> paid ex-nuns Rosemary Kurb and Nancy Manahan a half million dollars for the book which landed <mask> on numerous talk shows. Works

 The Lesbian Paperback (1966, as Gene Damon. Tangent Magazine) The Lesbian in Literature (1975, as Gene Damon. The Ladder) Lesbiana: Book Reviews from the Ladder, 1966-1972 (1976. Naiad Press)
 The Lavender Herring: Lesbian Essays from the Ladder (1976, with Coletta Reid. Diana Press)
 The Lesbian Home Journal: Stories from the Ladder (1976, with Coletta Reid and Ellen Vogel. Diana Press)
 The First Time Ever: Love Stories by Naiad Press authors (1995, with Christine Cassidy.Naiad Press)
 Deeply Mysterious: Erotic Lesbian Stories (1995, with Katherine V. Forrest)
 The Touch of your Hand (1998, with Christine Cassidy)
 Dancing in the Dark (1998, with Christine Cassidy. Silver Moon Books)
 Lady Be Good (1999, with Christine Cassidy. Silver Moon Books)
 The Very Thought of You: Erotic Love Stories (1999, with Christine Cassidy. Naiad Press)
 A Burning Love for Lesbian Literature (2001, with Rhonda J. Factor)

 Personal life and death
In 1971, one year before The Ladder closed its doors, Donna McBride worked for the magazine as a volunteer. She had first met <mask> because of McBride's position as a reference librarian at the Kansas City public library. Impressed with <mask>'s work as a bibliographer, editor, and writer, McBride sought her out.The two soon fell in love. <mask> claims the only decision she ever agonized about was whether to leave Bennett for McBride. But leave Bennett she did, and <mask> and McBride became life partners in 1971. In 1995, <mask> and McBride donated their collection of lesbiana to the James C. Hormel Gay and Lesbian Center of the San Francisco Public Library. The collection, valued at $400,000 at the time of its donation, comprises more than fifteen thousand books, monographs, and manuscripts. It also includes photographs and items of memorabilia. <mask> and McBride retired in 2005.In 2008, the couple wed when same-sex marriage was legal in California. <mask> died of lung cancer in Tallahassee, Florida on November 10, 2011. She was 78. Further reading
San Francisco Public Library Online Exhibition
Bella Books website
Joanne Passet, Indomitable: The Life of <mask>'' (Tallahassee : Bella Books, 2016)

References

1933 births
2011 deaths
American magazine editors
American publishers (people)
Daughters of Bilitis members
Lambda Literary Award winners
American lesbian writers
LGBT people from Ohio
American women non-fiction writers
Women magazine editors
21st-century LGBT people
21st-century American women

masks:
Barbara Grier
Barbara Glycine Grier
Philip Strang Grier
Grier
Penni Grier
Barbara
Barbara
Brewster Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Said Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Barbara Wilson
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Grier
Barbara Grier
Barbara Grier


texts:
Major <mask>,  (born <mask>; 7 September 1922 – 27 September 2011) was an English television comedy screenwriter, producer and director. He produced and wrote a string of BBC sitcoms with partners Jimmy Perry and Jeremy Lloyd, including Dad's Army, Are You Being Served?, It Ain't Half Hot Mum, Hi-de-Hi! and 'Allo 'Allo! Early life
<mask> was born into a show business family: his father, Reginald Sharland (1886–1944), had a successful career as a radio actor in Hollywood, and his mother, <mask> (1896–1959), was a famous stage actress who had starred in the 1927 silent film On With The Dance, she was also the first woman to own a West End theatre company. His first public appearance was at the age of seven, when he was seen in a commercial which aired in cinemas. After that, his acting career in films "began and ended" with his uncredited appearance as Perkins in the film Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939). <mask> was educated at two independent schools: at St John's Wood prep school in North London, followed by Rugby School in Warwickshire.The boys attended Sunday services at St. Aldhelm's Church, and <mask> later gave that name to the church in Dad's Army. Military service
He enlisted in the Royal Artillery in 1942. He served during the Second World War in North Africa, India and Singapore. After contracting rheumatic fever in North Africa, was sent home to convalesce and then underwent officer training at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. <mask> was posted to India, arriving as the war in Europe ended, and was assigned to the Essex Regiment, rising to the rank of Major. When his military service ended he began working in the entertainment industry, as an actor, singer and writer. Career
<mask> met Freddie Carpenter, who produced many pantomimes for Howard & Wyndham across the UK, resulting in <mask> writing scripts such as Aladdin, Cinderella and Babes in the Wood.Through his lifelong friend, composer/conductor Cyril Ornadel, <mask> met the producer Fiona Bentley, who had obtained rights to adapt and musicalise a number of Beatrix Potter stories. <mask> wrote the scripts and lyrics for a series released on His Master's Voice Junior Record Club, narrated by Vivien Leigh and starring several singer-actors and actresses including Barbara Brown, Graham Stark and Cicely Courtneidge. <mask> himself played a number of roles, including Timmy Willie in Johnny Town-Mouse, Kep in Jemima Puddle-Duck, and Old Brown in Squirrel Nutkin. <mask> relocated to the Northeast of England to work at Tyne Tees Television, where he produced many editions of the variety show The One O'Clock Show. For Tyne Tees, <mask> also directed and produced the admags Ned's Shed and Mary Goes to Market, as well as producing his first sitcom, Under New Management, set in a derelict pub in the North of England. After leaving Tyne Tees Television to work at the BBC in the mid-1960s, he produced several of the Corporation's sitcoms such as Beggar My Neighbour, A World of His Own, Further Up Pompeii! and Hugh and I.It was while producing Hugh and I that he was introduced to actor Jimmy Perry, who handed him an unsolicited script for a pilot called The Fighting Tigers about the British Home Guard during the Second World War. <mask> liked the idea. The two men co-wrote nine series of the show, which was retitled Dad's Army, as well as a feature film and a stage show based on it. While Dad's Army was still running, <mask> began to co-write Are You Being Served? with Jeremy Lloyd. He was to continue both writing partnerships for the rest of his career in several hit series including It Ain't Half Hot Mum, Hi-de-Hi! and You Rang M'Lord (with Perry) and 'Allo 'Allo!(with Lloyd). His last full series Oh, Doctor Beeching!, broadcast from 1995 to 1997, was co-written with Richard Spendlove. He created a television pilot in 2007, entitled Here Comes The Queen, with Jeremy Lloyd. This starred Wendy Richard and Les Dennis, but the show was not continued as a series. Of these, It Ain't Half Hot Mum "was <mask>’s and my favourite", Jimmy Perry told journalist Neil Clark for a Daily Telegraph article in 2013. As a producer, <mask>'s regular practice was to signal the end of an episode with the caption "You have been watching ...", followed by shots of the main cast. Personal life
<mask> married theatrical agent Ann Callender on 2 June 1952; the couple had seven children and sixteen grandchildren.He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1995 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel outside BBC Television Centre. <mask> died in his sleep on 27 September 2011, at his home in Portugal aged 89. His widow Ann died on 11 June 2016. Awards and honours
<mask> became an Officer of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire with Jimmy Perry in 1978 for services to television. He also received the 1981 Desmond Davis award from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, for his outstanding contributions to the industry. <mask>'s awards include:
(BAFTA awards): Best Light EntertainmentNominated: 1970 Dad's ArmyBest Light Entertainment Production1971 Dad's Army (With Team)Nominated: 1971 Up Pompeii!Best Situation Comedy SeriesNominated: 1973 Dad's ArmyNominated: 1974 Dad's ArmyBest Situation Comedy Nominated: 1975 Dad's Army Nominated: 1977 Are You Being Served?Desmond Davis Award1982 Lifetime Achievement AwardBest Comedy SeriesNominated: 1982 Hi-de-Hi!Nominated: 1983 Hi-de-Hi!Nominated: 1985 Hi-de-Hi!Nominated: 1986 'Allo 'Allo!Nominated: 1987 'Allo 'Allo!Nominated: 1988 'Allo 'Allo!Nominated: 1989 'Allo 'Allo! (British Comedy Awards): 2003 Lifetime Achievement AwardWriters' Guild of Great Britain 1969 Best Comedy Script Dad's Army 1970 Best Comedy Script Dad's Army 1971 Best Comedy Script Dad's Army

Production and writing career
In addition to writing most of the episodes of these television series, <mask> also worked as producer, director and, later, executive producer.Written with Jimmy Perry
1968–1977 Dad's Army
1974–1981 It Ain't Half Hot Mum
1980–1988 Hi-de-Hi! 1988–1993 You Rang, M'Lord? Written with Jeremy Lloyd
1972–1985 Are You Being Served? 1977–1978 Come Back Mrs Noah
1980 Oh Happy Band! 1982–1992 'Allo 'Allo! (Series 1–6)
1992–1993 Grace and Favour
1994 Which Way to the War
2008 Here Comes the Queen

Written with Richard Spendlove
 1995-1997 Oh, Doctor Beeching! Written by himself
1972 Birds in the Bush

References

Bibliography

External links
Official Homepage

List of works at the BBC Guide to Comedy
Biography at UKTV
Obituary of <mask>, The Daily Telegraph, 27 September 2011
Obituary of <mask>, The Guardian, 27 September 2011

1922 births
2011 deaths
BBC television producers
British Army personnel of World War II

English comedy writers
English television directors
English television producers
English television writers
Essex Regiment officers
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Rugby School
People from Poole
Royal Artillery soldiers
Military personnel from Dorset

masks:
David John Croft
David John Andrew Sharland
Croft
Annie Croft
Croft
Croft
Croft
Croft
Croft
Croft
Croft
David Croft
Croft
Croft
Croft
Croft
David
Croft
Croft
David Croft
Croft
Croft
Croft
David Croft
David Croft


texts:
<mask>, born in Leeds, Yorkshire, England is an English multi-instrumentalist and singer, best known for his own album releases (<mask>) and for his membership of progressive rock bands Parallel or 90 Degrees, The Tangent, The United Progressive Fraternity (UPF) and Damanek. Biography
<mask> was the founding member of two Leeds based bands in the 1980s, Let's Eat! and Bailey's Return. He was also recruited in 1987 to be the keyboards player (joining Julie King) in art-rock band Through The Looking Glass. This band split up a year later and a more pop based offshoot, KingGlass, emerged which continued for a further year. <mask> and local keyboardist/vocalist Andy Tillison had an early unsigned band called Gold Frankincense & Disk Drive. This band's final line-up included David Albone on drums and a guest spot from Van der Graaf Generator organ player Hugh Banton.One piece by this line-up, "A Gap in the Night", was later included on Parallel or 90 Degrees' The Corner of My Room before being reworked for the second album by The Tangent. Tillison and <mask> also recorded the album No More Travelling Chess at this time, which consisted of a set of covers of material by Peter Hammill plus a couple of original pieces. This album was first released as a mail order cassette item (before an augmented and remastered version was eventually released by Cyclops Records in 2001 under the band name of Parallel or 90 Degrees). Tillison and <mask> then formed the new band, Parallel or 90 Degrees, with Sam Baine also on keyboards. <mask> has gone on to release his own albums, five for the Cyclops label and three more for USA label, ProgRock Records. With a further change of record label, the 2007 release, Songs From The Bilston House was released on the Festival Music (F2) label based in the UK (as have all subsequent Manning album releases). Tillison played on several of these albums, while special guests have included Martin Orford (IQ), Ian 'Walter' Fairbairn (Hedgehog Pie & Jack the Lad), Stephen Dundon (Molly Bloom), Leon Camfield (Tinyfish), Marek Arnold (Seven Steps to the Green Door, Toxic Smile & Cyril), Chloe Herington (Knifeworld), Hugh Whittaker (The Housemartins), John Young (Lifesigns, John Young Band, Asia, Scorpions, Bonnie Tyler & more), Phideaux and Angela Gordon (Mostly Autumn).The ProgRock Records album covers and also the later "Margaret's Children" (as the sequel to "Anser's Tree") were created by notable graphics artist, Ed Unitsky. <mask> and Tillison also teamed up as fictional Italian band La Voce Del Vento to provide two long pieces for the Colossus Project Discs (The Spaghetti Epics #1 and #2). <mask> has also provided an unreleased track "Top Of The Mountain" for KINECTIONS, the US ProgDay festival support album. In 2016, <mask> assembled Marek Arnold, Dan Mash & Sean Timms to form a new band, Damanek. <mask> (the Band)
In April 2008, news appeared on the Classic Rock Society website stating that <mask> had recruited a new band consisting of Kevin Currie, Kris Hudson-Lee, Julie King, Danny Rhodes and Phil Wilkes. The band (minus Julie King) debuted at the Classic Rock Society's Tribute to Rob Leighton concert in June 2008. Drummer Danny Rhodes left soon after and was replaced by former colleague, David Albone in 2009.The band performed at the prestigious Rites of Spring Festival in Gettysburg, PA on 1 May 2010 debuting material from their album 'Charlestown' which was released in October 2010. The MANNING live band was put on hold and retired in January 2014. <mask> and Damanek
The new band (DAMANEK) was formally announced at the start of 2016. Led by <mask>, Marek Arnold, Dan Mash (all of whom had worked together in UPF) plus Sean Timms (ex-Unitopia and now with his own new band, Southern Empire). Other guest contributors have been Nick Magnus, Brody Thomas Green (Southern Empire), Antonio Vittozzi (ex-Soul Secret), DavidB, Phideaux, Luke Machin (Maschine, Francis Dunnery,  The Tangent, Kiama), Ulf Reinhardt (Seven Steps to the Green Door), Tim Irrgang (UPF), Stephen Dundon (Molly Bloom), Julie King, Chris Catling, Kevin Currie, the Sanducci Horns, Raf Azaria (UPF), Tzan Niko, The Gospel Collective & Jones Commentary. Recording for the debut album "On Track", was started in February 2016. The band debuted live on 2 October 2016 at Summers End Festival with the line-up announced 09/09/2016 of <mask> Arnold, Dan Mash, Sean Timms with Special Guests: Luke Machin and Henry Rogers.On 14 March 2017, it was announced that the band had signed to top UK Independent label Giant Electric Pea (GEP) and that "On Track" would be released in May 2017. In mid 2018, it was announced that the follow up album "In Flight" would be released by GEP on 5 October 2018. A short tour of Europe and UK followed in November/December with joint headliners Southern Empire. The third album "Making Shore" started into recording in May 2020, though it was delayed by the COVID pandemic. <mask> and Cyril
Damanek colleague Marek Arnold asked <mask> to compose the majority of lyrics for Cyril's 2016 "Paralyzed" album. Following the critical success of this album, <mask> was asked to provide all the lyrics and the concept narrative for 2019's "The Way Through". <mask> also provides a cameo spoken dialogue on the recording.<mask> and The United Progressive Fraternity (UPF)
On 31 March 2014, a new band was formally announced, led by Mark 'Truey' Trueack, Matt Williams, Tim Irrgang and David Hopgood (ex-members of Unitopia) plus involving <mask>, Marek Arnold and Dan Mash (all from Damanek). The debut album Fall in Love With the World was released and included guest appearances by Jon Anderson, Steve Hackett, Steve Unruh, Ian Ritchie, Jonathan Barrett and Claire Vezina, among others. The band did a short promotional tour of UK/Europe in Autumn 2014 including that year's Summers End (X) Festival. <mask> and The Tangent
In 2001/2, plans for a solo album by Andy Tillison transformed into the first release by The Tangent, The Music That Died Alone (2003). This initial line-up included <mask> and Sam Baine plus Roine Stolt, Jonas Reingold and Zoltan Csorsz from The Flower Kings, and David Jackson from Van der Graaf Generator. Other later Tangent members have included Theo Travis, Jaime Salazar, Krister Jonsson, Jakko Jakszyk, Jonathan Barrett, Luke Machin, Daniel Mash and Tony Latham. On 11 May 2010, a statement appeared on the <mask> website indicating that he would no longer be partaking in any future Tangent activities, although he has provided Acoustic Guitar [cameo only] for 2013's "Le Sacre du Travail".In all, <mask> has played on six official studio, two unofficial studio and one live album by The Tangent. See main article on The Tangent.

masks:
Guy Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Guy Manning
Guy Manning
Guy Manningk
Guy Manning
Manning
Guy
Manning
Guy Manning
Guy Manning
Guy Manning
Manning
Guy Manning
Manning


texts:
<mask><mask> (March 24, 1919 – January 4, 2005) was an American economist and historian of economic thought. The author of some 20 books, Heilbroner was best known for The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers (1953),  a survey of the lives and contributions of famous economists, notably Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and John Maynard Keynes. Biography

Heilbroner was born in 1919, in New York City, to a wealthy German Jewish family. His father, <mask>ner. <mask> graduated from Harvard University in 1940 with a summa cum laude degree in philosophy, government and economics. During World War II, he served in the United States Army and worked at the Office of Price Control under John Kenneth Galbraith, the highly celebrated and controversial Institutionalist economist. After the war, Heilbroner worked briefly as a banker and entered into academia in the 1950s as a research fellow at the New School for Social Research.During this period, he was highly influenced by the German economist Adolph Lowe, who was a foremost representative of the German Historical School. In 1963, Heilbroner earned a Ph.D. in Economics from the New School for Social Research, where he was subsequently appointed Norman Thomas Professor of Economics in 1971, and where he remained for more than twenty years. He mainly taught History of Economic Thought courses at the New School. Although a highly unconventional economist, who regarded himself as more of a social theorist and "worldly philosopher" (philosopher pre-occupied with "worldly" affairs, such as economic structures), and who tended to integrate the disciplines of history, economics and philosophy, Heilbroner was nevertheless recognized by his peers as a prominent economist. He was elected Vice President of the American Economic Association in 1972. He also came up with a way of classifying economies, as either Traditional (primarily agriculturally based, perhaps subsistence economy), Command (centrally planned economy, often involving the state), Market (capitalism), or Mixed. Though an outspoken socialist for nearly his entire career, Heilbroner famously wrote in a 1989 New Yorker article prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union:
Less than 75 years after it officially began, the contest between capitalism and socialism is over: capitalism has won... Capitalism organizes the material affairs of humankind more satisfactorily than socialism.He further wrote in Dissent in 1992 that "capitalism has been as unmistakable a success as socialism has been a failure" and complimented Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek, and Ludwig von Mises on their insistence of the free market's superiority. He emphasized that "democratic liberties have not yet appeared, except fleetingly, in any nation that has declared itself to be fundamentally anticapitalist." However, Heilbroner's preferred capitalist model was the highly redistributionist welfare states of Scandinavia; he stated that his model society was "a slightly idealized Sweden." Heilbroner died in 2005 in New York City at the age of 85. Family
<mask>ner had two sons, David and Peter Heilbroner, and four grandchildren, Quentin, Katrina, Henry, and Sam. The Worldly Philosophers
Published in 1953, The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers (1953) has sold nearly four million copies, making it the second-best-selling economics text of all time (the first being Paul Samuelson's Economics, a highly popular university textbook). The seventh edition of the book, published in 1999, included a new final chapter entitled "The End of Worldly Philosophy?", which included both a grim view on the current state of economics as well as a hopeful vision for a "reborn worldly philosophy" that incorporated social aspects of capitalism. Its content is:
 Introduction
 The Economic Revolution
 The Wonderful World of Adam Smith
 The Gloomy Presentiments of Parson Malthus and David Ricardo
 The Dreams of the Utopian Socialists
 about <mask>, Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and John Stuart Mill
 The Inexorable System of Karl Marx
 The Victorian World and the Underworld of Economics
 about Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, Frederic Bastiat, Henry George, John A. Hobson, and Alfred Marshall
 The Savage Society of Thorstein Veblen
 The Heresies of John Maynard Keynes
 The Contradictions of Joseph Schumpeter
 The End of the Worldly Philosophy? Bibliography
partial list:
Economic Relevance: A Second Look(with Arthur Ford), 1971, Goodyear Publishing Company, Inc., Palisades, California. The Worldly Philosophers, 1953, Simon & Schuster, 7th edition, 1999:
The Quest For Wealth: A Study of Acquisitive Man, Simon & Schuster, 1956
The Future as History, Harper & Row, 1960
The Making of Economic Society, 1963, Prentice Hall, 10th edition 1992, 11th edition 2001:  (the first edition served as his PhD dissertation)
The Great Ascent: The Struggle for Economic Development In Our Time, Harper & Row, 1963
A Primer on Government Spending (with Peter L. Bernstein), New York: Vintage Books, 1963
The Limits of American Capitalism, Harper & Row, 1966
"Do Machines Make History?" Technology and Culture 8 (July 1967): 335-345. The Economic Problem, 1968, Prentice Hall, First Edition, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1968; later editions with James K. Galbraith, Lester Thurow)
 Understanding Macroeconomics,1972, Fourth Edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewoods Cliffs, New Jersey,
 Between Capitalism and Socialism. Essays in Political Economics.Oct. 1970, Vintage Books and Random House. (A compilation of scattered publications.) An Inquiry into the Human Prospect, 1974, W. W. Norton, 2nd edition 1980: , R. S. Means Company, 3rd edition 1991:
Business Civilization in Decline, Marion Boyars Pubs. Ltd., 1976. Also, Pelican Books, 1977:
Marxism: For and Against. 1st ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 1980.The Economic Transformation of America: 1600 to the Present. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977; 2d ed. (with Aaron Singer), 1984; 4th edition (Wadsworth Publishing), 1998, . Economics Explained: Everything You Need to Know About How the Economy Works and Where It's Going (with Lester Thurow), 1982, 4th edition, 1998,
The Nature and Logic of Capitalism, 1985, W. W. Norton,
Behind the Veil of Economics: Essays in the Worldly Philosophy, 1988, W. W. Norton,
The Debt and Deficit: False Alarms/Real Possibilities (with Peter L. Bernstein), 1989, W. W. Norton,
"Analysis and Vision in the History of Modern Economic Thought." Journal of Economic Literature (September 1990): 1097-1114. 21st Century Capitalism, 1993, W. W. Norton hardcover: , 1994 paperback: . "Technological Determinism Revisited."In Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism, edited by Merritt Roe Smith and Leo Marx, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994. The Crisis of Vision in Modern Economic Thought. (with William S. Milberg), 1995, Cambridge University Press,
Teachings from the Worldly Philosophy, W. W. Norton, 1996,
The Economic Transformation of America Since 1865 (with Alan Singer), Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1997,

Awards

 1979 Gerald Loeb Award Honorable Mention for Magazines
 1984 Gerald Loeb Award for Editorial/Commentary for "Economic Prospects"
 1985 Gerald Loeb Special Award for "The Deficit"
 1988 Gerald Loeb Award for Magazines for "Hard Times"

References

Further reading

External links

 Reason Magazine article on Heilbroner

1919 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American historians
Economic historians
Economists from New York (state)
American socialists
Jewish socialists
American people of German-Jewish descent
Historians of economic thought
Historians of technology
Historians of the United States
Harvard University alumni
The New School faculty
Jewish American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Jewish American social scientists
Historians from New York (state)
20th-century American economists
Gerald Loeb Award winners for Columns, Commentary, and Editorials
Gerald Loeb Award winners for Magazines
Gerald Loeb Special Award winners
United States Army personnel of World War II

masks:
Robert L
. Heilbroner
Louis Heilbronerbro
Robert
Robert Heilbro
Robert Owen


texts:
<mask> (born 28 September 1945) is a Dutch photographer, and staff photographer for the Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad since 1973. He is known for his photorealism. Biography

Born in Hoogkarspel, Mentzel studied at the Academie van Beeldende Kunsten en Technische Wetenschappen (now Willem de Kooning Academy, Rotterdam University of Fine Arts). Afterward he worked in the late 1960s as an assistant to the distinguished Amsterdam theatre photographer Maria Austria. From her he learned darkroom processing and printing techniques. Mentzel then worked as a freelance photojournalist for national newspapers and magazines. His early photographs are characterized by their narrow perspective, created by heavily printed skies and surroundings.His later work is lighter and more balanced. His use of a wide-angle lens gave his photos an unusual and striking perspective. Since the early 1970s, <mask> has been a staff photographer for the major Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad and is now one of the best-known Dutch photojournalists. As staff photographer he has played a crucial role in shaping the paper's image. He first distinguished himself as a photographer of important Dutch political personalities and then took on important foreign assignments. He also served as photo editor of M Magazine, NRC's monthly glossy Sunday magazine. For his work, he has been honored many times with the Silver Camera award () of the Dutch Photojournalists Association ( (NVF)) and the World Press Photo by the World Press Photo Foundation.<mask> was knighted by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands in 2007 for his contributions to photography. He lives and works in Rotterdam, is married and has a daughter. Work
<mask>'s photographs have been published in international newspapers and magazines such as Newsweek, Time, Life, and The New York Times. His photographs are included in many museum and private collections around the world. <mask>'s pictures also illustrate many textbooks. Photojournalism career

, the leading Dutch daily, quickly hired him. He became widely known for his photographs of politicians and statesmen.Mentzel established personal relationships with eminent politicians in the Dutch parliament and photographed them candidly in their private moments. His approach attracted attention and changed the character of political photography in the Netherlands. By the 1970s Mentzel had become known as the photographer of the powerful. His photos captured ministers, heads of state, and the Dutch royal family at home and abroad, as well as dictators. His photo of the Dutch prime minister Joop Den Uyl won the 1973 "Best Dutch Press Photo" award from the Amsterdam-based World Press Photo Foundation. However, Mentzel curtailed his work as a political photographer because he felt his friendships with politicians interfered with his journalistic independence. Even as he expanded his professional horizons, NRC Handelsblad gave Mentzel assignments of wider scope, dispatching him to cover not only extraordinary events and famous names but also ordinary people and places around the world.His first trip to China was during the Cultural Revolution in 1973. He proved skilled at capturing peasant life in China and Tibet, where he was one of the first to be allowed to enter. He also photographed street scenes in Tokyo, ordinary people in the southern United States, and kings and prime ministers. Among the stories he covered were the Nieuwmarkt riots in Amsterdam over the building of the new metro system, the sectarian troubles in Northern Ireland, the Tiananmen Square student uprising, and the war in Lebanon. These assignments firmly established his stature as a broadly talented photojournalist. And that is how <mask> views himself and his calling: "I'm not an artist," he insists, despite the fact that many view his work as representative of true photographic art. "A newspaper is not an art magazine, or a picture book to be kept and treasured.It's something people look at, read, and then throw away. They shouldn't have to puzzle over what a newspaper photo is about. It's fine for a newspaper photo to be striking or beautiful, but its basic job, its reason for being, is to convey information. That's what photojournalism is about." Later work

<mask> has consistently shared his knowledge, skills, and support through professional and educational organizations in the field. He serves as a jury member on many international photo contests. He has been a member of the executive board of the World Press Photo Foundation for more than two decades, and a board member of the Rotterdam Art Foundation () for a number of years.He is a member of the Advisory Board of the W. Eugene Smith Memorial Fund (New York) and was a board member of the Anna Cornelis foundation, which makes grants to aid photographers on important projects from 1996 to 2006. Since 2000 he has been a board member of the Amsterdam Photography Museum (Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam), which he helped to found. Selected bibliography
Suriname (1975, text by J.F. It is named after the Dutch photographer . (2007) Knight in the Order of the Lion of the Netherlands by Queen Beatrix for services to photography. Selected museum and gallery exhibitions
Dordrecht, the Netherlands. One-man show, Dordrecht Museum (1973)
Columbia, USA."Pictures of the year." Group exhibition at the University of Missouri School of Journalism (1974)
Amsterdam. One-man show, Fotogalerie FIOLET (1974)
Den Haag (The Hague), the Netherlands. One-man show, "Political Photography" in the Parliament building (Second Chamber of the House) and in several ministries (1976)
Rotterdam, the Netherlands. One-man show on China, Museum Boijmans van Beuningen (1978)
Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Group show, Stedelijk Museum (1978)
Rotterdam, the Netherlands. "China" group show, Museum Boijmans van Beuningen.(1984)
Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Canon photography gallery (1987)
Beijing, China. World Press Photo, "Holland Special" (1988)
Budapest, Hungary. Group show, Castle Museum (1989)
Rotterdam, the Netherlands. One-man show, Galerie Delta (1994)
Amsterdam, the Netherlands. One-man show, De Rode Hoed, performance center (1995)
Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The Royal Group Show: The Queen's Selection of Art Stedelijk Museum (1998)
Breda, the Netherlands."China," One-man show, Museum de Beyerd (1998)
Amsterdam, the Netherlands. One-man show on China, Sino House (1998)
Naarden, the Netherlands. Group show, "99 years of Dutch photography," Fotofestival-Naarden (1999)
Amsterdam, the Netherlands. De Nieuwe Kerk (The New Church, built 1414). Group show, "Jongens van Jan de Witt" (Photos of leading Dutch statesmen) (2001)
Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Photos of the life of the surrealist poet and self-styled architect and arts patron Edward James, living in the house he designed and built in the jungle of Xilitla, Mexico; he was the patron of Salvador Dalí & René Magritte. Museum Boijmans van Beuningen (2005)
Rotterdam, the Netherlands."The people behind the airport," celebrating 50 years of Rotterdam Airport. Kunsthal (Art Hall) (2006)
Kats, the Netherlands. Open-air exhibition of large-scale photos of Mongolia, at De Zeeuwse Rozentuin (with painter/sculptor Klaas Gubbels, 2007)
Naarden, the Netherlands. One-man show at the award ceremony of the "De Grote Paul" (Great Paul) prize honoring the famous photographer Paul Huf (2007)
The Hague, Scheveningen, the Netherlands. One-man show, "Pictures for the Newspaper" Museum Beelden aan Zee (2009)

References

External links

 <mask>el's site
  Fotoblog, nrc.nl

1945 births
Living people
Dutch photographers
People from Drechterland
Artists from Rotterdam
Photography in China
Photography in Vietnam
Willem de Kooning Academy alumni

masks:
Vincent Mentzel
Vincent Mentzel
Mentzel
Mentzel
Mentzel
Mentzel
Vincent Mentzel
Vincent Mentz