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<mask> (January 26, 1682 – February 8, 1759) was an Anglo-American Quaker humanitarian and abolitionist. He is best known for his early and strident anti-slavery activities which would culminate in dramatic protests. He was also an author, farmer, an early vegetarian, and distinguished by his early concern for the ethical treatment of animals. Born in England, into a farming family, his early trade was as a shepherd and glove-maker. After becoming a Quaker, he worked as a sailor, and in 1718 moved to Barbados. Here he witnessed the poor treatment of African slaves that instilled in him his lifelong abolitionist principles. <mask> later settled in Philadelphia, and was made unpopular among his fellow Quakers by his strident anti-slavery stance, which would often culminate in acts of public protest.He published several pamphlets on social causes during his lifetime, and one book—All Slave-Keepers That Keep the Innocent in Bondage, Apostates—one of the earliest North American works against slavery. Biography
<mask> was born in 1682 to Quaker parents in Copford, near Colchester, England. After working as a farmhand and shepherd, then an apprentice glove-maker, <mask> ran away to London and became a sailor at age 21; he later returned to England and married Sarah Smith by 1718. In 1718, <mask> moved to Barbados as a merchant, but soon his abolitionist principles, fueled by his Quaker radicalism, made him hugely unpopular with those fellow residents who broadly profited from slavery and human trafficking. In 1731, <mask> emigrated to the British Pennsylvania colony, settling first in Philadelphia (in what is now the Olney neighborhood), and later in Abington. In Abington, he was one of the earliest and most zealous opponents of slavery, at a time when Quakers were not yet organized in opposition to slavery. <mask> stood barely over four feet tall, referring to himself as "Little <mask>".He was a hunchback with a protruding chest, and his arms were as long as his legs. He was a vegetarian; he ate only fruits, vegetables, and honey, and drank only milk and water. He did not believe that humans were superior to non-human animals and created his own clothes to boycott the slave-labor industry. He would not wear anything, nor eat anything, made from the loss of animal life or provided by any degree by slave labor. Refusing to participate in what he described in his tracts as a degraded, hypocritical, tyrannical, and even demonic society, <mask> was committed to a lifestyle of almost complete self-sustenance after his beloved wife died. Dwelling in the Pennsylvania countryside in a cave with outside entryway attached, <mask> kept goats, farmed notably with fruit trees, and spun the flax he grew into clothing for himself. Inside the cave he stowed his library: two hundred books of theology, biography, history and poetry.He was distinguished less for his eccentricities than for his philanthropy. He published over 200 pamphlets, most of which were impassioned polemics against various social institutions of the time, particularly slavery, capital punishment, the prison system, the moneyed Pennsylvania Quaker elite, etc. Abolitionism

He first began advocating for the abolition of slavery when, in Barbados, he saw an enslaved man commit suicide rather than be hit again by his owner. His passionate enmity of slavery was partially fueled by his Quaker beliefs. <mask> made several dramatic demonstrations against the practice. He once stood outside a Quaker meeting in winter with no coat and at least one foot bare and in the snow. When a passersby expressed concern for his health, he said that slaves were made to work outdoors in winter dressed as he was.On another occasion, he kidnapped the child of slaveholders temporarily, to show them how Africans felt when their relatives were sold overseas. The most notable act occurred in Burlington, New Jersey, at the 1738 Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Quakers. Dressed as a soldier, he concluded a diatribe against slavery, quoting the Bible saying that all men should be equal under God, by plunging a sword into a Bible containing a bladder of blood-red pokeberry juice, which spattered over those nearby. Friendship with <mask>

<mask> had printed <mask>'s book All Slave Keepers That keep the Innocent in Bondage, Apostates, a polemic against slavery, and sold it for two shillings a copy, twenty shillings a dozen. He regularly visited <mask> in his later years i.e. when <mask> had become a hermit. Franklin then owned a slave by the name of Joseph and by 1750 he owned two more slaves, Peter and Jemima.<mask> pressed him for the justification: With What Right? In April 1757, Franklin drafted his new will in which he promised Peter and Jemima that they would be freed after his death. As a gift to her husband <mask>, Deborah Read commissioned William Williams to paint a portrait of <mask> (portrayed above). This portrait became known in the 18th century, but disappeared from view, until it was sold at auction in 1977 for four dollars, restored by conservators at the Winterthur Museum, and subsequently sold to the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, DC. Death and legacy

<mask> died in Abington, Pennsylvania, in 1759. His legacy continued to inspire the abolitionist movement for generations; throughout the early and mid-19th century, it was common for abolitionist Quakers to keep pictures of <mask> in their homes. <mask> was buried in Abington Friends Meeting's burial ground in a grave whose exact location is unknown, but next to the meeting house and adjacent to Abington Friends School in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania.In 2012, during the brief Occupy Jenkintown encampment, protesters symbolically rechristened the Jenkintown Town Square as "Benjamin Lay Plaza". In 2018, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission erected an historical marker in Abington commemorating <mask>. On April 21, 2018, Abington Friends Meeting unveiled a grave marker for <mask> and <mask> in its graveyard. Four Quaker meetings had disowned <mask> for his inconvenient campaigning. In 2018, Southern East Anglia Area Meeting, part of Britain Yearly Meeting, became the last of the four to "undisown" him. The others were Abington Monthly Meeting and Philadelphia Yearly Meeting in the USA and North London Area Meeting in Britain. Publications

See also
Thomas Tryon, one of <mask>'s influences; in the Williams painting, <mask> is holding a copy of one of Tryon's works
List of abolitionist forerunners

References

Further reading

 Rediker, Marcus (2017) The Fearless <mask>: The Quaker Dwarf Who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist,
 <mask>: Biographical Anecdotes of <mask>.In: The Annual Monitor, or, New Letter-Case and Memorandum Book. vol. I. York 1815
 Richard Vaux: Memoirs of the lives of <mask> and Ralph Sandiford, two of the earliest public advocates for the emancipation of the enslaved Africans. Philadelphia 1815. London 1816. William Allan: An American Biographical and Historical Dictionary, containing an Account of the Lives, Characters, and Writings of the most eminent Persons in North America from its first settlement, and a summary of the History of the several colonies and of the United States Boston 1832
 John Hunt: Notices of <mask>. In: John Comly, Isaac Comly (eds.): Friends Miscellany. Being a Collection of Essays and Fragments, Biographical Religious Epistolary, Narrative and Historical. Designed for the Promotion of Piety and Virtue to Preserve in Remembrance the Characters and Views of Exemplary Individuals, and to Rescue from Oblivion those Manuscripts, Left by them which may be useful to Survivors. vol. IV,6. Philadelphia 1833, 274–276
 Lydia Maria Francis Child: Memoir of <mask>, Compiled from Various Sources. New York 1842
 Account of the life of <mask>, one of the early antislavery advocates.In: The Friend. A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal, vol. XXIX, 1856, 180f. <mask>: Account of the life of <mask>, given in connection with the biographical sketch of her husband, <mask>. In: The Friend. A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal, vol. XXIX, 1856, 180f.Biographical Anecdote of <mask>. In: Evert Augustus Duyckinck, George Long Duyckinck, Michael Laird Simons (eds. ): Cyclopaedia of American literature embracing personal and critical notices of authors, and selections from their writings, from the earliest period to the present day, with portraits, autographs, and other illustrations. vol. I. Philadelphia 1856, 279–280
 Certificate for <mask> from Colchester Monthly Meeting, dated 12mo. 4, 1731, and addressed to Philadelphia Monthly Meeting. In: The Friend.A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal, vol. LIII, 1879, 135
 <mask>. Born 1677—died 1759—aged eighty-two years. In: W. Beck, W. F. Wells, H. G. Chalkley, H. G.: Biographical Catalogue, being an Account of the Lives of Friends and others whose Portraits are in the London Friends' Institute. Also descriptive Notices of Friends' Schools and Institutions of which the Gallery contains Illustrations. London 1888, 418–422
 John Hunt: "Anecdotes of <mask>". In: Journal of Friends' Historical Society, vol.XXII, 1925, 72f (from The Friend. A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal, vol. C, 1926, 18–19)
 "<mask>". In: The Journal of the Friends' Historical Society, vol. XXIII, 1/2, 1926, 59f. C. Brightwen Rowntree: "<mask> (1681–1759) of Colchester, London, Barbados, Philadelphia". In: The Journal of the Friends' Historical Society, vol.XXXIII, 1936, 3–19
 Stevenson, Janet Marshall: Pioneers in freedom. Adventures in courage. Chicago 1969
 William Kashatus III: Abington's Fierly Little Abolitionist. In: Old York Road Historical Society Bulletin, vol. XLV, 1985, 35–39
 Nathaniel Smith Kogan: "Aberrations in the Body and in the Body Politic: The Eighteenth-Century Life of <mask>, Disabled Abolitionist". In: Disability Studies Quarterly, 36(3), . Marvin Perry: <mask>.In: Alden Whitman (ed. ): American Reformers. An H. W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary. New York 1985, 514–515
 <mask>, <mask> (1677–1759). In: Pennsylvania Biographical Dictionary. vol. I. Wilmington 1998 (2), 31–33
 Paul Rosier: <mask>.In: John Garraty, Mark Carnes (eds. ): American National Biography. vol. XIII. New York 1999, 305–307
 Gil Skidmore: <mask>. 1683–1759. In: Dear friends and bretheren.25 short biographies of Quaker men. Reading 2000, 19–21. Joseph Smith: A descriptive catalogue of friends' books, or books written by members of the society of friends, commonly called quakers, from their first rise to the present time, interspersed with critical remarks, and occasional biographical notices, and including all writings by authors before joining, and those after having left the society, whether adverse or not, as far as known. vol. I. London 1867, 92–93. External links

 https://benjaminlay.org contains an online edition of <mask>'s 1738 book, All Slave-Keepers: Apostates!'' Text on Lay (13 pages)

1682 births
1759 deaths
17th-century Quakers
18th-century American male writers
18th-century English male writers
18th-century Quakers
American abolitionists
American activists
American animal rights activists
American anti–death penalty activists
American humanitarians
American pamphleteers
American male non-fiction writers
American Quakers
British anti–death penalty activists
British emigrants to Barbados
British emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
Quaker abolitionists
English abolitionists
English activists
English humanitarians
English pamphleteers
English Quakers
Pennsylvania political activists
People from Colchester
People of colonial Pennsylvania
People with dwarfism
Vegetarianism activists

masks:
Benjamin Lay
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Benjamin Lay
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Benjamin
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Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin
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Sarah Lay
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<mask> "Ev" <mask>, Jr. (December 13, 1935 – April 14, 2005) was an American tubist best known for his association with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra, in which he served as principal tubist from 1965 until his retirement in 1995. He was also closely associated with the University of North Texas College of Music and Southern Methodist University. <mask>’s thirty-year tenure was one of the longest with an American orchestra for this time period. He was also one of the few American orchestral tubists during his time who played BBb tuba as their primary instrument. <mask> had a diverse influence on music in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, not only as a performer but as teacher and mentor to other professional musicians. Life and performing career
<mask> was born in Wheeling, West Virginia, to <mask>, Sr. and his wife Elizabeth, the middle child of three brothers. He began studying music with piano lessons while in elementary school, his interest in music inspired by Elizabeth, who was a classically-trained pianist.In junior high, <mask> began playing the trombone and continued performing on that instrument through college, the Army Bands, a career with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra and into retirement. <mask> attended George Williams College and Lebanon Valley College as a double major, receiving bachelor's degrees in both psychology and music. After his undergraduate schooling, <mask> joined the United States Army Field Band in Washington, D.C. The tuba section included two musicians who became professional tubists with major symphony orchestras: <mask> and Ronald Bishop, tubist for the Cleveland Orchestra under George Szell. <mask> volunteered for the opportunity to transfer to the NORAD Command Band located in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Once his military commitment was fulfilled, he left the NORAD Band and earned a Master of Arts in library science from the University of Denver and worked for the Denver area public libraries. He soon won the audition for and performed with the Wichita Symphony Orchestra for two years.In May 1965, he won the principal tuba position in the Dallas Symphony Orchestra, where he played for thirty years until his retirement in 1995. He studied tuba performance with Charles Guzsikoff of the Philadelphia Orchestra, William Bell of the New York Philharmonic and Arnold Jacobs of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. The Music Directors of the Dallas Symphony Orchestra during <mask>’s tenure included Donald Johanos, Anshel Brusilow, <mask>, <mask> and Andrew Litton. <mask> continued his wide-ranging interests in music during his years with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra. He was the founder of several ensembles outside the orchestra. He was a charter member of The Dallas Symphony Brass Quintet, which recorded on Crystal Records. <mask>'s colleagues in the quintet were David Battey, horn; John Kitzman, trombone; Bert Truax and Richard Giangiulio, trumpets.He was a co-founder of TUBACHRISTMAS concerts in both Dallas and Fort Worth. These two annual events have been among the most successful of TUBACHRISTMAS performances across the nation. <mask> was a leader in forming the Texas Tuba Quartet and later the Dallas Tuba Quartet, writing and arranging much of the music in those early days of the tuba quartet. He was also a charter member of the Texas Wind Symphony, which was conducted by Ray Lichtenwalter. In addition to being a performer and an educator, <mask> was a music copyist; he produced handwritten scores and parts for many composers and arrangers, including Alberto Ginastera, Phil Kelly, <mask> and Robert Xavier Rodriguez. Throughout his career, <mask> was a Miraphone tuba artist. Personal life
<mask> married <mask> in 1977.They had one daughter. Music influence
<mask> taught advanced tuba players through private lessons and at Southern Methodist University during his tenure with the Dallas Symphony. Following his retirement from the orchestra, <mask> taught at the University of North Texas College of Music. <mask>’s legacy of musicians he influenced includes tuba students who play and teach professionally. Among his students were Donald Little, retired principal tubist of the Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra and current principal tubist of the Dallas Opera who worked on several recitals and concerts with <mask>; <mask>, principal tubist of the East Texas Symphony Orchestra, the Texas Chamber Orchestra, the Dallas Jazz Orchestra and the American Chamber Brass; Ed Jones, current principal tubist of the Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra; <mask>, retired principal tubist of the Dallas Wind Symphony; Karl Hovey, retired principal tubist of the United States Navy Band; Lee Hipp, principal tubist of the San Antonio Symphony; Alex Cauthen, principal tubist of the Dallas Wind Symphony; Jeffery Cottrell, tubist of the Key City Brass Quintet; Justin Benavidez, principal tubist of Symphoria and the Syracuse Opera; and Wade Rackley of the Mississippi Symphony Orchestra. Legacy

<mask> recorded with most of the Music Directors of the Dallas Symphony Orchestra, the majority of his discography of over 45 recordings on which <mask> performs were with Maestro <mask>. The album recorded with the Dallas Symphony Brass Quintet was among the few quintet recordings available at the time.In addition to his music career, <mask> was involved in local and state political issues. He felt his progressive ideals of civil liberties were outlined in the Bill of Rights. One instance resulted in the James v. <mask> case for the United States Supreme Court in late 1967, which dealt with unconstitutional loyalty oaths and <mask> was the plaintiff in that case. Hired as an adjunct teacher for one student for the Dallas County Junior College, it insisted that <mask> was to sign a loyalty oath. Eventually, on January 15, 1968, the court ruled that the oaths were unconstitutional. References

American classical tubists
20th-century American musicians
21st-century American musicians
1935 births
2005 deaths
Southern Methodist University faculty
Musicians from West Virginia
Deaths from cancer in Texas
University of Denver alumni
University of North Texas College of Music faculty
Musicians from Colorado
American music educators
American tubists
Lebanon Valley College alumni
Aurora University alumni
Classical musicians from Texas
20th-century classical musicians

masks:
Everett Millard
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Everett Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Max Rudolf
Eduardo Mata
Gilmore
Gilmore
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Gilmore
Tom Merriman
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Mary Crisp
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Richard Murrow
Richard Morgan
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Eduardo Mata
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<mask> (; born February 19, 1985) is a Serbian former professional basketball player. He represented the Serbian national basketball team internationally. In the 2006 NBA draft he was a second-round selection of the NBA's Golden State Warriors, with whom he signed on August 3, 2007. A  center, <mask> was the tallest player taken in the 2006 NBA Draft. His game has been compared to that of Slovenian center Radoslav Nesterović. Professional career

<mask> was born in Osijek, SR Croatia, in the former Yugoslavia. He played basketball professionally for Partizan Belgrade at the time of his being drafted by the Golden State Warriors.After being drafted in 2006, <mask> did not immediately come to the NBA. Rather, he played the 2006–07 season in the Serbian League. NBA
On August 3, 2007, <mask> was signed to a two-year contract worth about US$3.5 million with a team option for a third season by Golden State. On November 18, 2007, he was assigned to the NBA D-League after going without an appearance in Golden State's first seven games. He played for the Warriors' affiliate team, the Bakersfield Jam until January 6, 2008, when he was recalled to the Warriors' squad after they waived D. J. Mbenga. <mask> played his first minutes in an NBA game with the Warriors on January 19, 2008 against the Milwaukee Bucks, in which he scored 4 points (on 2 of 2 field goal shooting) and 4 grabbed rebounds (2 offensive), as well as blocking a shot. In 7 games in the NBA, he averaged 1.4 points and 1.9 rebounds per game.Spanish teams
After being waived by the Warriors on September 12, 2008, <mask> reportedly signed a three-year deal worth €3.3 million net income with  Pamesa Valencia of the Spanish ACB. After a mutual termination of the contract with Pamesa Valencia in June 2010, <mask> signed with FC Barcelona Bàsquet. In the 2009–2010 season, he averaged 8.4 points and 4.9 rebounds per game. On August 19, 2012, he signed a one-year deal with the Spanish club Unicaja Málaga. At the end of the season, <mask> was waived by Unicaja Málaga. Russia
In August 2013, <mask> signed a one-year deal with Yenisey Krasnoyarsk of Russia. In July 2014, he extended his contract with Yenisey for one more season.In December 2014, he got injured and missed the rest of the season. Return to Partizan and retirement
On September 29, 2015, he returned to Partizan Belgrade. Struggling to return to his previous form after few months of absence due to a knee injury, he retired from professional basketball on December 15, 2015. He appeared in 12 games of the ABA League, averaging 3.1 points and 2.1 rebounds per game. National team career
<mask> played for the FR Yugoslavian U16 national team at the 2001 European Championship and won a gold medal. He began his senior national team career at the EuroBasket 2003 when Serbia and Montenegro finished with 6th place. <mask> has also been a member of the senior men's Serbian national basketball team.With them he won the silver medal at the EuroBasket 2009. In the following year, he was member of team that finished 4th at the World Championship in Turkey. At the EuroBasket 2011 in Lithuania, where he was capped, Serbia finished 8th. Post-playing career
<mask> owns and operates a cherry orchard and a small pig farm.

masks:
Kosta Perović
Perović
Europe Perović
Perović
Perović
Perović
Perović
Perović
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<mask> (; died 1349) was a Hungarian prelate in the first half of the 14th century. He served as Bishop of Eger from 1322 to 1330, then Archbishop of Esztergom from 1330 until his death. Descending from an old Hungarian kindred, he was a confidant of the ruling Capetian House of Anjou. He crowned Louis I of Hungary in July 1342. The complete renovation of the Esztergom Cathedral took place during his archiepiscopate. Ancestry and early life
<mask> was born into the ancient Hungarian gens Csanád around 1280, as one of the four sons of comes Thomas. The namesake founder of the clan was the nephew of the first Hungarian king Stephen I of Hungary, who sent his relative to defeat the rebellious lord Ajtony around 1030.Thereafter Csanád County and its capital, in addition to the clan, was named after him. The Telegdis' first known direct ancestors are Benedict (or Belenig) and his son, Clement (also Kelemenes), the ispán of Arad County in the early 13th century. Csanád's father Thomas was an educated man with the title of magister. He had various conflicts with the Cuman tribes, who lived in Temes. He left his estates in Csanád County in the 1290s and moved to Bihar County, establishing his manor seat in Telegd (present-day Tileagd, Romania). His descendants took their surname after the village. Csanád had three brothers: Lawrence I, Nicholas I, ispán of various counties, who fought in the Battle of Rozgony, and Pancras, the father of Thomas Telegdi, also an archbishop of Esztergom.Csanád also had two unidentified sisters: one of them married vice-voivode Nicholas Vásári, their son was Nicholas, Csanád's immediate successor in the archiepiscopal seat of Esztergom. Csanád's second sister was the wife of a certain Michael, they had a son named Stephen. Telegdi studied in the collegiate school of Várad (present-day Oradea Mare, Romania). He was referred to as cantor of the cathedral chapter by a document in 1295. He attended an Italian universitas – presumably the University of Padua – between 1296 and 1299, obtaining the degree of decretorum doctor, which indicated his competence in canon law. Returning Hungary, he stayed in the chapter of Várad, where he was again styled as cantor. He was first mentioned as lector in October 1306.In this capacity, he issued a charter on 9 June 1315, which reflected his theological and Christian philosophical knowledge. He used Biblical terminology (for instance, a reference to Adam as "first creature" and his "vile offspring") in the document's prelude (arenga), in which he determined the importance of registering official documents ("through the courtesy of the Heavenly Creator [...] people have found this knowledge"), while recorded the donation of two landholdings to the Diocese of Transylvania. On 12 May 1316, Telegdi was referred to as the vicar and prothonotarius ("principal clerk") of the elderly Emeric, Bishop of Várad. Telegdi was elected provost of the chapter of Várad on 5 February 1318, replacing Ivánka, who became Emeric's successor in the episcopal seat. In this capacity, he founded three altars at the Cathedral of St. Mary based on his own wealth. He also established a minor provostship in opposite the cathedral. At the same time, he has gained wealth in the area, for instance, he bought vineyard in January 1321, in the neighborhood of the land of his late brother Lawrence's orphans.The entire Telegdi family supported the claim of Charles during the period of Interregnum in the first decade of the 14th century and the subsequent unification war against the oligarchs. It resulted that <mask> Telegdi became a confidant of Charles in his royal court. He was styled as head (count) of the royal chapel () and "secret notary" () in a document issued in July 1319. In this quality, he supervised the convent of the royal chaplains, guarded the royal relic treasures and exercised jurisdiction over those servant laymen, who secured the liturgical activity of the court clergy. Under his tenure, the restructured royal chapel became a separate diploma issuing institution and place of authentication, which also proved to be a school of highly qualified diplomats and legal staff. Telegdi also served as keeper of the royal seal and director of the place of authentication in the royal court beside that. A bull of Pope John XXII called him "secret chancellor" of the Hungarian royal court in July 1320.In that year, Telegdi visited the papal court at Avignon in order to fulfill both ecclesiastical and diplomatic functions. Charles I requested Pope John to marry Elizabeth, the daughter of King Władysław I of Poland, and Telegdi's main task was to negotiate the matter in the Roman Curia. His success was marked by two papal letters issued in July and August 1320. Through Telegdi, the pope also allowed Charles I to choose his own confessor in order to get absolution from the sins which he had committed against the church. Telegdi also requested absolution for the visitors of the altars in the Diocese of Várad which had been established by him previously. Telegdi submitted to the Pope the King's request for the confirmation of Andrew Szécsi as the Bishop of Transylvania, despite his young age and deficiency in priesthood. In addition, of the 11 papal letters issued at the time of his diplomatic mission, 7 dealt with church benefices (for instance, the installment of his nephew Nicholas Vásári to the chapter of Várad).In April 1320, Telegdi was appointed conservator of the Cistercian abbey of the Diocese of Chalon-sur-Saône, along with the provost of Avignon and the prior of St. Rufus monastery in the Diocese of Valence. Telegdi also bore the title of papal chaplain in 1321. Upon the request of Csanád Telegdi, Charles I returned the previously lost estates of Tömörkény, Zenta (Senta), Csóka (Čoka), Szanád (Sanad), Varsány and Tarján to his family in the same year. He was also granted lands in Szatmár County (e.g. Érvasad, present-day Vășad in Romania) by Charles' wife Queen Elizabeth. Bishop of Eger
Following the death of Bishop Martin in early 1322, Telegdi was elected unanimously as his successor by the grand provost and the cathedral chapter of Eger. He was first mentioned in this capacity on 8 October 1322.Under customary law, the cathedral chapter requested Boleslaus of Esztergom to confirm his election, but the archbishop was temporarily incapacitated for some reasons (possibly due to his involvement in the Dalmatian conflict) and handed over the task to his provost Theophil, giving him the rights. Conducting appropriate inquests, Theophil confirmed the election of Telegdi at the St. George's Cathedral in Temesvár (present-day Timișoara, Romania) on 21 January 1323. Temesvár was the royal residence of Charles I between 1315 and 1323. Telegdi was consecrated as bishop by Bishop Benedict of Csanád with the assistance of Nicholas Kőszegi, Bishop of Győr and Ivánka, Bishop of Várad at the Dominicans' St. Ladislaus church on 23 January. The ceremony was also attended by Ladislaus Jánki, the Archbishop of Kalocsa. Shortly thereafter his consecration, Telegdi requested Charles on 24 April to revive and confirm the privileges of the Diocese of Eger, which were granted by Stephen V of Hungary in 1271. Upon his request, Charles forbade Palatine Philip Drugeth, who governed the whole province, where the diocese laid, to arbitrarily confiscate the tithe and other revenues of the bishopric on the next day.Charles I donated the land of Vrus (today Gyöngyösoroszi) in April 1324 to the diocese, which had formerly already belonged to them, but lost during the era of feudal anarchy. In September 1324, Charles I also transcribed the 1281 privilege letter of Ladislaus IV, regarding the lordship of Tiszanána. Telegdi was a founding member of the Order of Saint George, the first secular chivalric order in the world, which was established by Charles on 24 April 1326. During his episcopate, Telegdi was involved in various lawsuits within the Hungarian ecclesiastical institutional system. For instance, he represented the interests of Henry, Bishop of Veszprém in February 1327, when the prelate accused Archbishop Boleslaus with unauthorized possession of some churches and their benefices in his diocese (the so-called "trial over the tithes of Sasad"). He acted as a judge in the trial over a mill between the Pauline and Augustinian friars in Sátoraljaújhely. He was one of the four prelates, who excommunicated John, abbot of Pilis and monk Nicholas for their violent actions against the parsonage of Budakalász in September 1326.There are also some charters, which suggest, Telegdi validated his interests even against his own collegiate chapter and the provostships (e.g. Szepes), which laid in the neighboring territories. Under his own suzerainty, Telegdi established the Archdeaconry of Tárca (today Torysky, Slovakia), which laid in Sáros County, on 16 October 1323, separating from the territory of the existing Archdeaconry of Abaúj, which belonged to the authority of the Provostship of Szepes (Spiš). This resulted a long-standing conflict between the provostship and the Diocese of Eger over the sparsely populated area. Telegdi agreed with the local nobles who settled the area – who also exercised the right of patronage over the local churches – that the parishioners of the villages there owed tithes to the bishop of Eger, to the detriment of the Szepes Chapter. The local priests appealed against this decision to the Holy See, as under the jurisdiction of the provost of Szepes, a third of the

masks:
Csanád Telegdi
Csanád Telegdi
Csanád


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 tenth belonged to them communally. The lawsuit was settled only at the time of Telegdi's successor.During his 8-year episcopate, Telegdi's sole vicar was a certain magister Peter, the archdeacon of Zemplén. Archbishop of Esztergom

Confidant of the Anjous
Boleslaus of Esztergom died in December 1328. The collegiate chapter initially elected his protege Nicholas Dörögdi as his successor in the beginning of next year. However the royal couple, King Charles and Queen Elizabeth were dissatisfied with his person for unknown reasons. As a result, Pope John XXII refused to confirm Dörögdi's election despite the fact that the prelate personally visited the papal court at Avignon after some trouble with robber knights during his travel. Charles made it clear that he supported Csanád Telegdi to fill the position. To resolve the diplomatic conflict, Pope John decided to perform personal exchange between the sees of Esztergom and Eger; he transferred Telegdi from the Diocese of Eger to the Archdiocese of Esztergom on 17 September 1330, while Dörögdi was made Bishop of Eger two weeks later, on 1 October.According to the bull of Pope John XXII, dated 15 January 1331, he gave Telegdi's pallium to envoys cleric Nicholas of Várad (his nephew) and Benedictine friar Anselm to bring it to Hungary. To express his gratitude, Telegdi donated the village of Demjén, Heves County to the cathedral chapter of Eger on 3 March 1331, for their assistance in his promotion to the metropolitan seat. As Telegdi argued this land donation contributed to strengthen and secure the episcopal castle. Telegdi paid his servitium commune in full as Archbishop of Esztergom in November 1331. Upon his request, Charles I renewed the privilege of the archdiocese on 15 March 1332, regarding the collection of tithe beyond the Drava river, which right was donated by Béla IV and Stephen V to the archbishopric. Thereafter Charles I confirmed all privileges of Esztergom on 14 June by transcribing the royal charter of Béla IV, issued in 1262 on the occasion of Philip Türje's appointment. Becoming his godfather, Telegdi baptized the royal couple's youngest son Stephen, who was born on 20 August 1332.On this solemn occasion, he was granted oppidum Kürt in Komárom County (present-day Strekov in Slovakia). When Charles visited his uncle, Robert, in Naples in July 1333, Telegdi was among the dignitaries, who escorted the royal. There Charles' second son, Andrew, was betrothed to Robert's granddaughter, Joanna, who had been made her grandfather's heir. Simultaneously, Pope John XXII issued a document on 1 August, in which he provisionally authorized to the archbishop of Kalocsa and the bishops of Várad and Zagreb to crown Charles' eldest son Louis in the absence, prevention or death of the archbishop of Esztergom. The pope did this as a precaution, since Charles suffered from febrile illness during his trip. Other historians – István Katona and István Sugár – argued, however, Charles intended to crown his eldest surviving son Louis still in his own life, but Telegdi refused to do that, referring to the traditional role of the Hungarian Estates in the royal succession process. This assumption does not seem probable, as Telegdi retained his good relationship with the monarch until the latter's death.For instance, when a group of bishops made a complaint to Pope Benedict XII against Charles in 1338, because he had taken possession of Church property, in addition to his ecclesiastical policy, which "would jeopardize their interests", Telegdi did not join their movement and remained loyal to the king. The pope sent his reply letter to the bishops via Archbishop Telegdi and Bishop Dörögdi in February 1339. Under his archiepiscopate, the jurisdiction conflict with the Archdiocese of Kraków over the Szepesség region has ended in 1332, when papal legate and provost Prot ruled in favour of Kraków, however Telegdi invoked the privilege granted by Pope Innocent IV in 1254, which made a special order for the application of ecclesiastical punishment against the Archidocese of Esztergom for papal delegates, legates, conservators and executors, or their deputies. During the trial, in 1333, Telegdi turned to the abbots of Pilis and Zirc for assistance, as the document of 1254 authorized these Cistercian superiors to ensure that the privilege granted to the archbishop was respected. As a result, the document in which the said abbots forbade the bishops of Eger and Veszprém – Nicholas Dörögdi and Henry, respectively –, who should have acted on the instructions of the provost Prot, to excommunicate Telegdi and chapter of Esztergom and to place the church of Esztergom under interdict. Charles I died in Visegrád on 16 July 1342. His corpse was first delivered to Buda where a Mass was said by Telegdi for his soul.In his speech, which portions were preserved by the Buda Chronicle, the Dubnic Chronicle and Johannes de Thurocz's Chronica Hungarorum, the archbishop used same trope and terminology, as twenty-seven years ago. He described Charles' death with Biblical parallels, referring to the "original sin"  and hence "the general and unchangeable law of death". Its structure is largely the same as that of the Funeral Sermon and Prayer. Arriving to Székesfehérvár, Telegdi crowned Louis I king with the Holy Crown of Hungary on 21 July. He delivered a praising speech there too, but it has not been preserved in contemporary sources or later chronicles. When the young Louis launched his Neapolitan campaign against his brother's murderer Joanna, Telegdi acted as royal governor (viceroy) in the Kingdom of Hungary between 1347 and 1348. <mask> Telegdi died between around September and December 1349.He was succeeded by his nephew Nicholas Vásári. Restoration of the Cathedral

Pope John XXII proclaimed the compulsory delivery of the tenth of church income in the whole Christian world to the Holy See in the upcoming six years, in order to liberate the Holy Land. During the archiepiscopal tenure of Telegdi, papal tax collectors visited the dioceses of Hungary between 1332 and 1337. As the dioceses refused to fulfill the command, the pope sent his two liquidators Jacobus Berengarii and Raymundus de Bonofato to Hungary. In response, Charles I allowed the collection of the papal tithe (the tenth part of the Church revenues) in his realms only after the Holy See agreed to give one third of the money collected to him. The collection process in the Archdiocese of Esztergom was supervised by Bonofato, then Jacobus de Lengres after his death. Telegdi did not seem to be cooperative according to the letter of Pope Benedict XII in August 1339, when the archbishop allegedly refused to present a list of assets previously counted.Telegdi recovered several lands for his metropolitan seat during his episcopate: for instance, he regained Nezsider (today Neusiedl am See, Austria) in 1332, which Boleslaus had failed years earlier. He exchanged Bogdány (present-day Bohdanovce nad Trnavou, Slovakia) for Bél and Sáró (today eľký Biel and Šarovce in Slovakia, respectively) and two mills in Szentgyörgyfalva across the Garam (Hron) river in 1339. Telegdi increased his own wealth simultaneously: Louis I donated the village of Tárnok and its revenues and river duty in Csanád County for his family in April 1343. Upon the intercession of Telegdi, Franciscan friars were settled down in his family centre Telegd in 1339. The archbishop caused controversy when increased the strictly hierarchical staff (38 members) of the collegiate chapter of Esztergom with one person. He re-established the provostship of Szentgyörgymező (today a borough of Esztergom) and raised the number of its canons from four to eight persons. Despite the intention of Louis I and Pope Clement VI, Telegdi successfully prevented the establishment of the Diocese of Szepes (Spiš) in 1348 (finally, it was created only three centuries later, in 1776).Continuing the efforts of his predecessors Thomas and Boleslaus in the previous decades, Telegdi finished the complete restoration and reconstruction of St. Adalbert Cathedral in Esztergom. The contemporary so-called Acephalus Codex reported in detail on the construction works. According to the chronicle, Telegdi ordered to rebuild the sanctuary "with polished and carefully carved stones, columns, strong foundations, wonderfully crafted stone beams and great vault", and decorate it with stained glass windows, while the exterior walls were strengthened in order to avoid such devastation like in 1304 by the Bohemian troops. Telegdi also rebuilt the old and collapsed towers of the cathedral. During his tenure, the archbishop's palace, uninhabited for a long time, was also restored and built two chapels in the neighborhood. He erected a stone wall around Víziváros () too, while established many churches there. He invited painters from Italy, who belonged to the Sienese School and Ambrogio Lorenzetti, to decorate the castle chapels with frescoes.These works represent the earliest and purest examples of the Italian Trecento art in Central Europe. Eight saints were portrayed at the nave of the cathedral, while two fragments of the Christ in Majesty () preserved above the Archbishop's throne. The depictions of the life of Jesus were definitely made just before the outbreak of the Black Death. References

Sources

1280s births
1349 deaths
Archbishops of Esztergom
Bishops of Eger
13th-century Hungarian people
14th-century Hungarian people
14th-century Roman Catholic bishops in


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<mask> (born 4 February 1952) is a British computer scientist and expert on computability theory, also known as recursion theory. Computability theory is about what can and cannot be computed by people and machines. His work has focused on generalising the classical theory to deal with all forms of discrete/digital and continuous/analogue data; and on using the generalisations as formal methods for system design; based on abstract data types and on the interface between algorithms and physical equipment. Biography
Born in Cardiff, Wales, he was educated at Bridgend Boys' Grammar School, where he was taught mathematics, logic and computing. He read mathematics at University of Warwick (BA in 1973), and studied mathematical logic and the foundations of computing at University of Bristol (MSc in 1974, PhD in 1977). He has held posts at Oslo University, the CWI Amsterdam, and at Bristol and Leeds Universities, before returning to Wales as Professor of Computer Science at Swansea University in 1989. In addition to theoretical computer science, <mask> also lectures on the history of computing and on the history of science and technology and Wales.<mask> founded the British Colloquium for Theoretical Computer Science in 1985 and served as its president from its inception until 1992. He is a Fellow of the British Computer Society and editor of several international scientific journals and monograph series. At Swansea, he has been Head of Computer Science (1994–2008), Head of Physical Sciences (2007–11) and Deputy Pro Vice Chancellor (2011–2019). He is Member of Academia Europaea. Outside of Computer Science, <mask> has been a Trustee of the Welsh think-tank, the Institute of Welsh Affairs and the chair of the Swansea Bay branch. He is also a Trustee of the South Wales Institute of Engineers Educational Trust, and the Gower Society. Professor <mask> is married to Dr. T.E.Rihll, formerly a Reader in Ancient History at Swansea University. In the early 1990s, he began to lobby for a national academy for Wales. In 2008 a process to create such an academy began sponsored by the then University of Wales. Professor <mask> is a Founding Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales and in July 2010 he was appointed as its inaugural General Secretary, a post he held until May 2017. Work on computability and data types
Classical computability theory is based on the data types of strings or natural numbers. In general, data types, both discrete and continuous, are modelled by universal algebras, which are sets of data equipped with operations and tests. <mask>'s theoretical work tackles the problems of: how to define or specify properties of the operations and tests of data types; how to program and reason with them; and how to implement them.In a series of theorems and examples, starting in 1979, Jan Bergstra and <mask> established the expressive power of different types of equations and other algebraic formulae on any discrete data type, guided by theorems of the form:
On any discrete data type, functions are definable as the unique solutions of small finite systems of equations if, and only if, they are computable by algorithms. Their program comprehensively classified specification methods for data types. The results combined techniques of universal algebra and recursion theory, including term rewriting and Matiyasevich's theorem. For the other problems, he and his co-workers have developed two independent disparate generalisations of classical computability/recursion theory, which are equivalent for many continuous data types. The first generalisation, created with Jeffrey Zucker, focuses on imperative programming with abstract data types and covers specifications and verification using Hoare logic. For example, they showed that:
All computable functions on the real numbers are the unique solutions to a single finite system of algebraic formulae. The second generalisation, created with <mask> Stoltenberg-Hansen, focuses on implementing data types using approximations contained in the ordered structures of domain theory.The general theories have been applied as formal methods in microprocessor verifications, data types, and tools for volume graphics and modelling excitable media including the heart. Work on computability and physics
Since 2003, <mask> has worked with Edwin Beggs and Felix Costa on a general theory analysing the interface between algorithms and physical equipment. The theory answers various questions concerning:

how algorithms can be boosted by special purpose physical devices acting as "oracles";
how algorithms control physical experiments that are designed to make measurements. By transforming the idea of oracle in computability theory, they combine algorithmic models with precisely specified models of physical processes. For example, they ask the question:
If a physical experiment were to be completely controlled by an algorithm, what effect would the algorithm have on the physical measurements made possible by the experiment?Their central idea is that, just as Turing modelled the human computer in 1936 by a Turing machine, they model a technician, performing an experimental procedure that governs an experiment, by a Turing machine. They show that the mathematics of computation imposes fundamental limits on what can be measured in classical physics:There is a simple Newtonian experiment to measure mass, based upon colliding particles, for which there are uncountably many masses m such that for every experimental procedure governing the equipment it is only possible to determine finitely many digits of m, even allowing arbitrary long run times for the procedure. In particular, there are uncountably many masses that cannot be measured.Work on history of science and technology
In 2007 <mask> founded the History of Computing Collection at Swansea University. He has lectured on the history of computation since 1994, with interests in computing before computers, and theories of data and computation. He is a founding member of the editorial board of the Springer book series History of Computing. He also lectures on the history of science and technology in Wales and is a founding member of the editorial board of the University of Wales Press book series Scientists of Wales. References
 J A Bergstra and J V <mask>, Equational specifications, complete term rewriting systems, and computable and semicomputable algebras,  Journal of the ACM, Volume 42 (1995), pp1194–1230. <mask>-Hansen and J V <mask>, Effective algebras, in S Abramsky, D Gabbay and T Maibaum (eds. ), Handbook of Logic in Computer Science, Volume IV: Semantic Modelling, Oxford University Press (1995), pp357–526.<mask>-Hansen and J V <mask>, Computable rings and fields, in E Griffor (ed. ), Handbook of Computability Theory, Elsevier (1999), pp363–447. J V <mask> and J I Zucker, Computable functions and semicomputable sets on many sorted algebras, in S Abramsky, D Gabbay and T Maibaum (eds. ), Handbook of Logic in Computer Science, Volume V: Logic and Algebraic Methods, Oxford University Press (2000), pp317–523. J V <mask> and J I Zucker, Abstract computability and algebraic specification, ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, Volume 5 (2004), pp611–668. J A Bergstra, Y Hirschfeld and J V <mask>,  Meadows and the equational specification of division, Theoretical Computer Science, 410 (2009), 1261–1271. E J Beggs, J F Costa, B Loff and J V <mask>, Computational complexity with experiments as oracles, Proceedings Royal Society Series A, 464 (2008) 2777–2801.E J Beggs, J F Costa, B Loff and J V <mask>, Computational complexity with experiments as oracles II: Upper bounds, Proceedings Royal Society Series A, 465 (2009) 1453–1465. E J Beggs, J F Costa and J V <mask>, Limits to measurement in experiments governed by algorithms, Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, 20 (2010) 1019–1050. J V <mask>, Robert Recorde: data, computation and the Tudor knowledge economy, in G Roberts and F Smith (ed), Robert Recorde: Life and Work, University of Wales Press, 2012, 165–187. J V <mask>, Richard Price and the History of Science,'' Transactions of the Honourable Society of the Cymmrodorion, New Series 21 (2017), 69–86. External links
 Home page

 Interview with <mask>
 The Learned Society of Wales
 History of Computing Collection
 History of Computing Book
 University of Wales Press
 History of Computing Collection Main Page
 Images from The HOCC
 HOCC Youtube Channel

1952 births
Living people
Academics of Swansea University
Scientists from Cardiff
Fellows of the British Computer Society
Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales
Welsh computer scientists
Formal methods people
Alumni of the University of Warwick
Alumni of the University of Bristol
People educated at Ysgol Brynteg

masks:
John Vivian Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Viggo
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
V Stoltenberg
Tucker
V Stoltenberg
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John Tucker


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<mask> (3 June 1777 – 1824) was an Italian poet, playwright and military officer in Napoleon's Armée d'Italie. Born in the Province of Treviso, he joined a light cavalry regiment as a lieutenant in 1797 and rose to the rank of colonel by the end of his career in 1814. He distinguished himself in several major battles of the Napoleonic wars, including the Battle of Wagram when he was awarded the Legion of Honor by Napoleon. After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, he was deeply involved in the Congiura di Brescia-Milano, a plot to overthrow Austrian rule in northern Italy. When the conspiracy was discovered, he was arrested and spent nearly four years in prison. Following his release in 1818 he devoted himself to literary pursuits and collecting military memorabilia. <mask> was married to the opera singer Elisabetta Gafforini from 1812 until his death in Milan at the age of 47.Biography

Early years
Gasparinetti was born in Ponte di Piave in the Province of Treviso, the third child of Francesca née Davanzo and Nicolò <mask>. His father was a prosperous rural landholder, while other members of the family had held prominent positions in the local government. As a young boy he was sent to Treviso to be educated by his paternal uncle who taught humanities and rhetoric at the city's seminary. In 1792 he enrolled at the University of Padua, initially intending to study medicine, but later switching to law. He began his literary activity while still a student there, producing a play and a novella in verse and several sonnets and odes. At the university  he also formed what would be lifelong friendships with the poets Ugo Foscolo and Giuseppe Giulio Ceroni. All three of them shared ardent republican sympathies and all three became officers in Napoleon's Armée d'Italie.Of the three, <mask> would have the longest and most distinguished military career, although as with Foscolo and Ceroni, the political sentiments expressed in his poetry and oratory sometimes got him into trouble with his commanding officers. Eugène de Beauharnais, Napoleon's Viceroy in Italy and the commander of the Armée d'Italie, later recalled that <mask>, Foscolo, and Ceroni gave him more trouble than the rest of the army combined. Military career and marriage

Gasparinetti had inexplicably left the University of Padua in 1796 shortly before taking his final examinations and returned to his family's home in Ponte di Piave. The following year, he enlisted in the Armée d'Italie. Over six feet tall and skilled in both firearms and horseback riding, he was given the rank of lieutenant in the newly formed light cavalry regiment (Chasseurs à Cheval). He distinguished himself in the Battle of Genola and the Siege of Genoa where both he and Foscolo were wounded and rose to the rank of captain. His military service was interspersed with periods of leave during which he dedicated himself to his literary pursuits.After one such period in 1809, he planned to retire permanently from the army, but his regiment was called up for the War of the Fifth Coalition. <mask> participated in several battles of that campaign, most notably the Battle of Wagram where he was wounded and taken prisoner by the Austrians. On his release, he was awarded the Legion of Honor by Napoleon. <mask> was promoted to major in January 1812 as Napoleon was preparing for the invasion of Russia. Prior to his departure for the front, he married the opera singer Elisabetta Gafforini at the Chiesa di San Fedele in Milan on 1 April 1812. They had known each other since 1806 when he had published a sonnet and ode in her honour on the occasion of her return to La Scala from Lisbon. Their daughter and only child was born towards the end of 1812.They named her Eugenia after Eugène de Beauharnais. Napoleon's attack on Russia and the subsequent disastrous retreat from Moscow ultimately decimated <mask>'s regiment. Wounded at the Battle of Vyazma, he managed to survive by feigning death, even when a Russian soldier cut off his finger to steal his ring as he lay on the ground. The loss of so many Italian commanding officers led to his promotion to the rank of colonel in 1813. His regiment was sent into further battle in Germany but by then its remains had been absorbed into the I Corps led by General Vandamme. <mask> was taken prisoner at the Battle of Kulm when the French troops were defeated with heavy losses. He was not able to return to Milan and his young family until May 1814.Plot of 1814 and later years

The fall of Napoleon led to Austria re-taking control of Milan in May 1814. <mask> was dismissed from the army along with many other officers who had been known to be ardent supporters of Napoleon. Already a Freemason and member of the Grand Orient of Italy, he became a prominent member of the Centri, a secret organization composed of military officers and intellectuals based in Mantua but with adherents throughout Lombardy and the Veneto. Their goal, according to Gian Bernardo Soveri Latuada, a lawyer and leading member of the Centri, was "to work for the moral and civil regeneration of the Italian people". However, many of them were also strongly in favour of a united Italy free from foreign domination. A number of Centri members, including <mask>, Soveri Latuada, the physician Giovanni Rasori, Brigadier General Gaspare Bellotti, and severa other high-ranking ex-military officers, were involved in the Congiura di Brescia-Milano ("Brescia-Milan Conspiracy"), a plot to overthrow Austrian rule in northern Italy. When the plot was discovered by the Austrian authorities in December 1814, <mask> and his co-conspirators were arrested and taken to Mantua for questioning.All of them were ultimately condemned to prison, Gasparinetti for five years. In December 1815, the Emperor of Austria Francis I visited Milan for the first time. <mask>'s wife, Elisabetta Gafforini, along with the wife of Rasori, the mother of Bellotti, and the brothers of several other conspirators submitted fulsome supplications to the emperor asking for their relatives' sentences to be commuted. Earlier that year Gafforini had come out of retirement to sing at La Scala in the premiere of Il mistico omaggio, a cantata celebrating the return of Austrian rule which was performed in the presence of Archduke John of Austria. In the end, the emperor reduced <mask>'s sentence by 18 months, and he was finally freed on 9 March 1818. <mask> lived out his remaining years in Milan, devoting himself to his writing, including two more plays. The first of them, Bibli,  was dedicated to his wife.He also built up a collection of military memorabilia and became a benefactor of the main hospital in Milan. He died in 1824 in his 47th year. Elisabetta Gafforini lived on until 1847 and was survived by their daughter Eugenia. Literary works
While still a student at the University of Padua, <mask>'s play in free verse, Amore vendicato, was performed at the Teatro Obizzi in Padua in May 1795. Although it was not a particular success with the audiences, it drew favourable notice from the critic of the Gazzetta Urbana Veneta. He also wrote several poems during this time, including a sonnet, Tacea la notte, which was published in a collection marking the marriage of Agostino Nani and Pisana Savorgnan, members of two prominent families in the Veneto. Towards the end of 1795, he published a novella in ottava rima entitled Giannuccio e Cecilia.It recounts the story of two young lovers from noble Neapolitan families who, after many vicissitudes, are finally able to marry. The literary critic Guido Mazzoni noted that despite the fluency of <mask>'s verse and its cultured style, Giannuccio e Cecilia was a particularly insipid example of the late 18th-century vogue for "naively erotic" novellas. [[File:Extract from Apoteosi di Napoleone by <mask>, 1809.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Concluding lines of Gasparinetti's 'Apoteosi di Napoleone Primo Imperadore e Re]]
Once he began his military career, Gasparinetti's poetry was largely devoted to patriotic republican themes and celebrations of Napoleon's victories. Several of his early poems in this vein were published in a two-volume anthology, Parnasso democratico ("Democratic Parnassus"). Subtitled Raccolta di poesie repubblicane de' più celebri autori viventi ("A collection of republican poetry by the most celebrated living authors"), the anthology was published in Bologna in 1801 and contained poetry by <mask>, Giuseppe Giulio Ceroni, Vincenzo Monti, Ugo Foscolo, and a dozen other Italian poets. In 1809, Gasparinetti published Apoteosi di Napoleone Primo Imperadore e Re ("Apotheosis of Napoleon First Emperor and King"). Consisting of four cantos containing sixty tercets each, the Apoteosi was one of the few Italian poetic works that attempted to chronicle Napoleon's exploits in detail.Its closing lines repeated those spoken by <mask> five years earlier during a mime depicting Napoleon in the Elysian Fields. The mime was enacted at La Scala on 3 June 1804, a national holiday celebrating the newly-created Italian Republic. After his release from prison Gasparinetti completed his five-act tragedy Bibli which he had begun ten years earlier. It was published by Sonzogno in 1819 and dedicated to his wife Elisabetta with an accompanying sonnet entitled A Nabitte ("To Nabitte", an anagram of her diminutive name, "Bettina"). Mazzoni described the play, which is based on the Greek myth of Byblis, as carefully versed, at times outstandingly so, and a work that was a credit to the culture and intelligence of its creator but lacking the true force of a tragedy. Mazzoni's views were similar to those expressed by Giovanni Battista De Cristoforis in Il Conciliatore. That same year, the Milanese publisher Niccolò Bettoni announced that he was bringing out a new series of works on Italian history.The first of them was to be Pierre Daru's 7-volume history of the Venetian Republic which had been recently published in Paris. Bettoni had engaged Gasparinetti to translate the work into Italian for the series, but the project was soon aborted by the Austrian authorities. Daru was viewed with great suspicion by the Austrians because of his close ties to Napoleon, his support for democratic ideals, and the praise he had received from the Italian patriot Silvio Pellico. <mask>'s last major work was Imelda Lambertazzi, another five-act tragedy. Mindful of the criticisms of Biblis neoclassical subject, this time Gasparinetti chose a medieval historical theme more in tune with the Romantic movement taking hold in Italian literature. A variation of the story of Romeo and Juliet, the play is based on the real-life figures of Imelda Lambertazzi and Bonifacio Geremei, lovers who belonged to two warring families in 13th-century Bologna—the Lambertazzi were Ghibellines while the Geremei were Guelphs. The story has been the subject of several plays written both before and after <mask>'s version, as well as Donizetti's opera Imelda de' Lambertazzi.<mask>'s version was published in 1821 in a collection of plays selected and annotated by Gaetano Barbieri. Imelda Lambertazzi appeared in Volume 8 of the collection paired with an Italian translation of Casimir Delavigne's five-act comedy Comédiens. An anonymous review in the journal Biblioteca italiana praised Gasparinetti for tackling the subject and his level of erudition but observed that the over-complexity of the plot at times detracted from the play's impact. In 1831, seven years after <mask>'s death and with revolutionary sentiment for a unified Italy in resurgence, three of his poems originally published in Parnasso Democratico thirty years earlier were re-published in Antologia repubblicana ("Republican Anthology"). Notes

References

Further reading
Del Negro, Piero (2007). "I percorsi di carriera degli ufficiali: le vite parallele dei veneti Francesco Cortese e <mask>" in  Adele Robbiati Bianchi (ed.) La formazione del primo Stato italiano e Milano capitale 1802-1814, pp.551–574. LED. External links
Alla Signora Elisabetta Gafforini, a sonnet and ode to his future wife by Gasparinetti. It was published in 1806 under the initials "A. G."

1777 births
1824 deaths
18th-century Italian poets
18th-century Italian male writers
19th-century Italian poets
19th-century Italian male writers
18th-century Italian dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Italian dramatists and playwrights
18th-century Italian military personnel
19th-century Italian military personnel
People from the Province of Treviso

masks:
Antonio Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
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Antonio Gasparinetti
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Gasparinetti
Antonio Gasparinetti


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<mask>pa (18 February 1907 – 30 November 1973) was the first missionary bishop of the Mar Thoma Church. As a diocesan Episcopa he did remarkable pioneering work in organising parishes and new mission fields. His evangelical ardour and concern for the unreached area, made him forge ahead expansion programmes and colonisation schemes besides establishing of several institutions. He was noted for his deep personal dedication to Jesus Christ and his zeal for the spread of the Gospel, continuity in the Evangelical tradition of the Mar Thoma Church. He was full of energy and sacrificial spirit. Early days
<mask>pa was born on 18 February 1907 at Ayroor, in Kerala. He was the son of Thomas Kurudamannil, Ayroor.His mother was Aleyamma, sister of Titus II Mar Thoma Metropolitan, Palakunnathu, Maramon. Parents called him Mathaichen. Education
Primary education was at Ayroor, Kozhencherry and at Kottayam. For higher studies he joined Kolkata (Calcutta) Bishops College high school and Saint Paul's College. In 1925 he was able to obtain a BA degree and in 1929 a BEd degree. In 1934, he proceeded to join Wycliffe College at the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Keezhillam school
At the age of 21 he left home to go to the North Travancore which was an underdeveloped area.It had been selected as a mission field of the Evangelistic Association. In 1929 he and fellow workers started a school at Keezhillam as a means to reach out and help the people living in that area, with a group of fellow workers, having only their faith in God as their resource. They worked hard and opened the way for education for hundreds of children in poor families. In those days education wasn't free and many of the people couldn't afford schooling. By giving concessions in fees to such students, they were encouraged to study and the money for their education was taken from the meagre salary of the teachers who were gracious enough to accept it as a way of serving the Lord. Gradually education began to spread in those areas and people began to see the truth of the Gospel in the lives of their teachers. Perumbavoor School
Rev.C T Mathew (Mar Athanasius) moved to Perumbavoor seeing the need of that area. He was supported by a small group of friends including Rev.C.I. Abraham and Mr.A. Cherian (who later became a judge). A High School was opened and classes began on 1 June 1931. Here teachers worked on fellowship basis, on the pattern of the Union Christian College, Aluva and of Madras Christian College, Chennai. A group of dedicated teachers under the leadership of Rev.C T Mathew, the headmaster, became the nucleus of an Ashram. The school was known as the Ashram High School. The teachers shared everything in common and lived a life of fellowship as the first century Christians, devoting all their time to the welfare of the students. The boarding home and the school became highly reputed across the state. Ordination
Soon after opening the school at Keezhillam, he was ordained as a Semmasan (deacon) by Abraham Mar Thoma in 1929. While at Perumbavoor, in 1933 he was made a Kassessa (priest). Then while he was studying at Wycliffe College, Rev.C.T.Mathew was selected by the Prathinidhi Mandalam (Church Parliament) to be an episcopa of the church. Consecration
Rev.C.T. Mathew along with Rev.C.M. John were consecrated as Episcopas on 30 December 1937 at Tiruvalla, by Titus II Mar Thoma Metropolitan assisted by Abraham Mar Thoma Suffragan Metropolitan and Kuriakose Mar Koorilose of Malabar Independent Syrian Church. Rev. C.T. Mathew was given the episcopal title <mask> Mar Athenasius and Rev.C.M. John, Juhanon Mar Timotheous (later Juhanon Mar Thoma and Metropolitan.) As an episcopa

North Kerala area
His deep devotion and sacrificial life and the spirit of fellowship were the special characteristics of his service as Bishop. This spirit of adventure and trust in God made him a master builder of the Church. Wherever he saw the need, he ventured into action even when no resources were in sight. Undeveloped areas in Malabar became his concern as the Diocesan Bishop. He went to un-accessed areas and helped small congregation of people who had migrated from Central Travancore, seeking opportunity to make a living.They were helped to settle down and developed as on small communities in a spirit of co-operation. Nilambur and Chungathara and other places up to Gudalloor were all reached by him and the small congregations were encouraged and supported in various ways. Travancore area
Later when he was in charge of the diocese in Central Travancore, he concentrated his efforts in developing the congregations among the new settlers in Chittar, Seethathodu, Angamoozhy and other places which were very difficult to reach in those days. Outside Kerala
When the Evangelistic work of the Church expanded he was the first Missionary Bishop of the Church, travelling all over India, visiting the scattered congregations and encouraging the Ashrams. He was present in many international Evangelistic conferences in Tokyo and other places. Other developments
He opened dispensaries and clinics and schools while also caring for their spiritual needs. The Olivet Aramana at Chengannur, the Retreat Centre at Maramon and the Kalalayam at Ayroor came into being as a result of his enterprising spirit.It was owing to his farsight that the Charal Mount which has since become a favourite camp sight was bought and made available for the church. Last days
Even though suffering from diabetes for many years, nothing could stop him from all out endeavour in the cause of the spread of the Gospel. After a short period, he succumbed to his illness and died on 30 November 1973 at the age of 73. He was buried in the Bishops' cemetery in the SCS Compound, Tiruvalla. See also
 Mar Thoma Church
 Syrian Malabar Nasrani
 Saint Thomas Christians
 List of Syrian Malabar Nasranis

References

Bibliography
English
Juhanon Marthoma Metropolitan, The Most Rev. Dr. (1952). Christianity in India and a Brief History of the Marthoma Syrian Church.. Pub: K.M.Cherian. Zac Varghese Dr. & Mathew A. Kallumpram. (2003). Glimpses of Mar Thoma Church History. London, England. Malayalam. Eapen, Prof. Dr. K.V.(2001). Malankara Marthoma Suryani Sabha Charitram. (History of Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church). Pub: Kallettu, Muttambalam, Kottayam. Mathew, N.M. Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram, (History of the Marthoma Church), Volume 1. (2006), Volume II (2007). Volume III (2008) Pub.E.J. Institute, Thiruvalla

External links
 http://marthomasyrianchurch.org

People from Pathanamthitta district
1907 births
1973 deaths
Bishops of the Mar Thoma Church
Metropolitans of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church
Saint Thomas Christians

masks:
Mathews Mar Athenasius Episco
Mathews Mar Athenasius Episco
Mathews


texts:
<mask> (; August 28, 1443, or February 17, 1444 – October 27, 1485) was a pre-Erasmian humanist of the Northern Low Countries, famous for his knowledge of Latin and Greek. He was an educator, musician, builder of church organs, a poet in Latin and the vernacular, a diplomat, a boxer and a Hebrew scholar towards the end of his life. Today, he is best known as the author of De inventione dialectica, the father of Northern European humanism and as a zealous anti-scholastic in the late fifteenth century. Biography

<mask> was born in Baflo in the Dutch province of Groningen as the illegitimate son of the cleric and future abbot Hendrik Vries and Zycka Huesman, a rich farmer's daughter. He was originally named Roelof Huesman, or Huisman, his mother's surname. The Latin adjective Phrisius identifies him as a Frisian. Educated first by the school of St. Maarten in Groningen, <mask> matriculated at the University of Erfurt with his father's assistance and received a BA in 1458.He then studied at Louvain University, receiving an MA in 1465; he was renowned for the purity of his Latin and skill in disputation. He concentrated his studies on Cicero and Quintilian, but also added French and Greek to his ever-growing list of languages during his university years. At the end of his life, he would learn Hebrew to be able to read the Old Testament, especially the Psalms, unadulterated by translation. In the 1460s <mask> travelled to Italy, where he became associated with humanist masters and statesmen. From circa 1468 until 1475, he studied civil law at the University of Pavia and later went to Ferrara (1475–1479). There, he became the protégé of Prince d'Este of Ferrara, and was a pupil of Theodor Gaza and attended lectures by Battista Guarino. He devoted himself to the study of classical texts and gained fame for the elegance of his Latin style and his knowledge of philosophy.While in Ferrara, <mask> gained formal employment as the organist to the opulent ducal chapel. He held that post until 1479, after which he returned to the North, becoming secretary to the city of Groningen. Here, at the Cistercian Abbey of St Bernard at Aduard, near Groningen, and at 's-Heerenbergh near Emmerich in the south-east, he was at the center of a group of scholars and humanists, with whom he kept up a lively exchange of letters. His correspondents included the musician and choirmaster of Antwerp Jacobus Barbirianus (Barbireau), rector of the Latin School at Deventer Alexander Hegius von Heek and Johannes Reuchlin, the humanist scholar and later student of Hebrew. In 1470, he taught a deaf child how to communicate orally and in writing; his work, De inventione dialectica, documents this pioneering educational effort. Once in Germany again, he spent time in Dillingen, where he continued to correspond with humanist friends and colleagues throughout Europe. In correspondence, he primarily advocated for his project to promote the study of classical learning and the Studia humanitatis.<mask> remained an independent scholar, unattached to a university or religious establishment. This independence became a hallmark of humanist scholars. In 1479, <mask> completed his De inventione dialectica (On Dialectical Invention) in Dillingen, which argued for the precise application of loci in scholarly argumentation. From 1480 to 1484 he held the post of secretary of the city of Groningen. In 1481, <mask> spent six months in Brussels at the court of Archduke Maximilian (later Maximilian I, the Holy Roman Emperor). Friends attempted to dissuade him from accepting the archduke's patronage as they feared that the archduke's influence would undermine his philosophical ideals. He also declined the offer to become the head of a Latin school at Antwerp.In 1484, <mask> moved to Heidelberg by invitation of Johann Von Dalberg, the Bishop of Worms. The two men had met in Pavia, and they became close friends in Heidelberg. The bishop was a generous benefactor of learning. At this time <mask> began studying Hebrew, and he is said to have published an original translation of the Psalms. In 1485, Dalberg was sent as an ambassador to Pope Innocent VIII in Rome, with <mask> accompanying him; the latter was struck gravely ill on their journey. He died shortly after their return to Heidelberg and Ermolao Barbaro composed an epitaph for him. Legacy

De inventione dialectica was influential in creating a place for logic in rhetorical studies and was of significance in the education of early humanists.It was a critical and systematic treatment of ideas and concepts related to dialectics. The significance of De inventione dialectica for the history of argumentation is that it assimilated the art of dialectic to that of rhetoric. Argumentation focused not on truth but on what might be said with reason. Accordingly, Agricola focused on the Topics rather than the Analytics of Aristotle and on Cicero, but also on the writings of historians, poets, and orators. Thus, for Agricola, dialectic was an open field; the art of finding "whatever can be said with any degree of probability on any subject." (Hamilton, David. From Dialectic to Didactic).<mask> was also important to the deaf community, since he believed that people who are born deaf can express themselves by putting their thoughts into writing. His statement that deaf people can be taught a language is one of the earliest positive statements about deafness on record (Gannon, 1981). <mask>'s De formando studio—his long letter on a private educational program—was printed as a small booklet and influenced pedagogy of the early sixteenth century. <mask> was also important for his personal influence over others. Erasmus admired <mask>, eulogizing him in "Adagia" and calling him "the first to bring a breath of better literature from Italy." Erasmus claimed him as a father/teacher figure and may have met him through his own schoolmaster Alexander Hegius (most probably one of Agricola's students) at Hegius's School in Deventer. In addition to Hegius, <mask>'s students include Conrad Celtis (in Heidelberg).Erasmus made it his personal mission to ensure that several of <mask>'s major works were printed posthumously. <mask>'s literary executor was Adolphus Occo, a physician of Augsburg. By about 1530 disciples and followers had gathered the manuscripts left by <mask>, and these were edited by Alardus of Amsterdam. Works
 De Inventione Dialectica libri tres (1479): This is the work for which <mask> is particularly known. There is a modern edition (and translation into German) by Lothar Mundt, <mask>. De inventione dialectica libri tres (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1992). Parts are translated into English in .Letters: The letters of <mask>, of which fifty-one survive, offer an interesting insight into the humanist circle to which he belonged. They have been published and translated with extensive notes in: <mask>, Letters; edited by Adrie van der Laan and Fokke Akkerman (2002). A Life of Petrarch (Vita Petrarcae / De vita Petrarchae, 1477)
 De nativitate Christi
 De formando studio (= letter 38 [to Jacobus Barbireau of Antwerp on June 7, 1484, when <mask> was in Heidelberg]: see the edition of the letters by Van der Laan / Akkerman, pp. 200–219)
 His minor works include some speeches, poems, translations of Greek dialogues, and commentaries on works by Seneca, Boethius and Cicero
 For a selection of his works with facing French translation: Rodolphe <mask>, Écrits sur la dialectique et l'humanisme, ed. Marc van der Poel (Paris: Honoré Champion, 1997)
 For a bibliography of <mask>'s works: Gerda C. Huisman, <mask>. A Bibliography of Printed Works and Translations (Nieuwkoop: B. de Graaf, 1985)

References

Sources
 <mask>, R., from "Three Books Concerning Dialectical Invention." Renaissance Debates on Rhetoric.ed. & trans. W.A. Rebhorn. pp. 42–56. Ithaca, NY: Cornell U P. 2000.Gallaudet University Library: - Earliest Known Deaf People:  https://web.archive.org/web/20051220092919/http://library.gallaudet.edu/dr/faq-earliest-deaf.html
 Hamilton, David. "From Dialectic to Didactic." http://faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/westbury/textcol/HAMILTO1.html
 The History Guide - Renaissance Humanism: http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/humanism.html
 New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia - Rudolph Agricola: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01231b.htm
 <mask> <mask> Phrisius (1444–1485). Proceedings of the International Conference at the University of Groningen 28–30 October 1985, eds. Fokke Akkerman and Arjo Vanderjagt (Leiden: Brill, 1988). Wessel Gansfort (1419–1489) and Northern Humanism, eds. Fokke Akkerman, Gerda Huisman, and Arjo Vanderjagt (Leiden: Brill, 1993).<mask> 1444-1485. Protagonist des nordeuropäischen Humanismus zum 550. Geburtstag, ed. Wilhelm Kühlman (Bern: Peter Lang, 1994). Northern Humanism in European Context. From the 'Adwert Academy' to Ubbo Emmius, ed. Fokke Akkerman, Arjo Vanderjagt, and Adrie van der Laan (Leiden: Brill, 1999).Agricola's logic and rhetoric are treated in Peter Mack, Renaissance Argument. Valla and <mask> in the Traditions of Rhetoric and Dialectic, (Leiden: Brill, 1993); see also Ann Moss, Renaissance Truth and the Latin Language Turn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. For <mask>'s knowledge of Hebrew: A.J. Vanderjagt, 'Wessel Gansfort (1419–1489) and <mask> (1443?-1485): Piety and Hebrew', in Frömmigkeit - Theologie - Frömmigkeitstheologie: Contributions to European Church History. Festschrift für Berndt Hamm zum 60. Geburtstag, ed. Gudrun Litz, Heidrun Munzert, and Roland Liebenberg (Leiden: Brill, 2005), pp.159–172. Further reading

1443 births
1485 deaths
15th-century Dutch philosophers
Dutch musicians
Dutch Renaissance humanists
Dutch rhetoricians
Dutch Roman Catholics
People from Winsum
15th-century Latin writers
15th-century jurists

masks:
Rodolphus Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Rudolf Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Rudolph Agricola
Agricola
Rodolphus
Agricola
Rudolf Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Rudolph Agricola


texts:
<mask> (born June 21, 1979 as <mask>) is a former professional sumo wrestler from  Akita Prefecture, Japan. A former amateur sumo champion, he turned professional in 2002, reaching the top makuuchi division the following year. He was a runner-up in one tournament, earned two special prizes for Fighting Spirit, and one gold star for defeating a yokozuna. <mask> is in first place for the slowest promotion from makuuchi debut to the third highest sekiwake rank in  history. Aged 35 years and 2 months, he is in first place for the eldest to make his sekiwake debut post World War II. He was a member of Oguruma stable. He retired in January 2019 to become an elder of the Japan Sumo Association under the name Oshiogawa Oyakata.Early life and sumo background
Born in Moriyoshi, Kitaakita District, Narita practised sumo in college and was a very dominant player, having achieved the student equivalent of yokozuna after winning the Kokutai (Japan Games) and All Japan University Championship sumo tournaments in 2001, his fourth year at Chuo University. He made his professional debut in May 2002, joining former ōzeki Kotokaze's Oguruma stable. Career
Upon entry he was given makushita tsukedashi status and allowed to enter at the rank of makushita 15 due to his amateur achievements. He reached sekitori level in just two tournaments, and was promoted to the top makuuchi division in March 2003, the first wrestler from his stable to achieve this. Takekaze had to pull out of his debut tournament in the top division due to injury and fell back to the jūryō division. However upon winning the jūryō championship in September 2003 with a 13–2 record he was promoted back to the top division. He took time to adjust to the stronger opposition in makuuchi and did not achieve a kachi-koshi or winning record above the mid maegashira ranks until May 2007.However, in January 2008 he produced his best score in the top division, 12–3, which included a defeat of ōzeki Kotoōshū. He was awarded his first special prize, for Fighting Spirit. Consequently, in the March, 2008 tournament he debuted at the komusubi rank, finally breaking into san'yaku. He was the first wrestler from his stable to make the titled ranks. Takekaze could manage only three wins in his komusubi debut and was demoted to maegashira 8 for the May 2008 tournament. However, an 8–7 score at maegashira 4 in March 2009, which included a defeat of ōzeki Kotomitsuki, saw him climb to maegashira 2 for the May 2009 tournament. He also reached maegashira 1 in November 2009.In September 2010 he finished runner-up in a tournament for the first time, and was awarded his second Fighting Spirit prize, shared with stablemate Yoshikaze. In July 2014 Takekaze earned his first kinboshi or gold star for a defeat of a yokozuna with a win over Harumafuji. His 9–6 score at maegashira 4 was enough to earn him promotion to sekiwake for the first time, as everyone else in the division from sekiwake down to maegashira 3 had a losing score, with the exception of sekiwake Gōeidō who was promoted to ōzeki. Not only did Takekaze become the oldest sekiwake debutant since the end of World War II at the age of 35 years two months, but the 64 tournaments it took to reach the sekiwake rank from his top division debut is also a record. He performed creditably in the September 2014 tournament, only just missing out on kachi-koshi with a 7–8 record. He remained in the san'yaku ranks at komusubi for the following tournament in November, but could only score 2–13. In 2015 he managed only two winning tournaments and dropped down the rankings.By January 2016 he had fallen to maegashira 13, his lowest rank for seven years but secured his top division status with a 10–5 result. He went on to secure four winning records out of six tournaments in 2016. In September 2017 Takekaze appeared in his 83rd top division tournament, a record for a college graduate and 10th all-time. He has also fought more top division matches than any other former amateur champion and is in the top ten all-time. His 5–10 record in the January 2018 tournament saw him demoted to jūryō for the first time since 2005, but he resolved to continue wrestling, and earned immediate promotion back to makuuchi, becoming at 38 years and 10 months the second oldest wrestler to do so since the beginning of the Showa era after Aminishiki. However he lasted only one tournament and was demoted back to jūryō after the May 2018 basho. Retirement from sumo
He announced his retirement during the January 2019 tournament after his eighth loss at the low rank of  jūryō 12 made demotion to the makushita division virtually certain.He is the owner of the Oshiogawa toshiyori kabu and stayed in sumo as a coach at Oguruma stable. His danpatsu-shiki was held in front of a 9000 crowd at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan on 1 February 2020, with his son taking part in a bout with him, and around 200 to 300 people participating in the hair-snipping ritual. In February 2022 Oguruma stable closed and he branched out to open his own Oshiogawa stable, taking former makuuchi wrestlers Yago and Amakaze and a number of other personnel with him. Fighting style
Takekaze was almost entirely reliant on oshi-sumo or pushing techniques, and usually lost if his opponents grabbed hold of his mawashi or belt. He commented, "Sumo at the mawashi is not my style – I haven't learned to do it." He has won only around four percent of his career matches by yori-kiri (force out), which is the most popular overall technique in sumo. As well as oshi-dashi (push out) he also regularly employed hiki-otoshi, the pull-down, and tsuki-otoshi, the thrust over.At just 172 cm (5 ft  in) he was of the shortest wrestlers in the top division. Personal life
Takekaze was married in August 2006. He has a son, born at the end of 2007. Career record

See also
List of sumo tournament top division runners-up
List of sumo tournament second division champions
List of sumo record holders
Glossary of sumo terms
List of past sumo wrestlers
List of sekiwake
List of sumo elders

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Japanese sumo wrestlers
Sumo people from Akita Prefecture
Sekiwake
Chuo University alumni

masks:
Takekaze Akira
Akira Narita
Takekaze