texts:
<mask> (<mask> (also spelled Murry; 1908–1988) was an abstract expressionist painter from Glascock County, GA. His work has been shown among folk art exhibitions and is included at the American Folk Art Museum and the Smithsonian American Art Museum, and has been featured in many museum exhibitions, including "Self-Taught Genius" at AFAM and "When the Stars Begin to Fall" at the Studio Museum. His work is best known for its codified use of colors and improvised script, called "spirit script," which could only be translated by the artist. Early life
<mask> (J.B.) <mask> was born to <mask><mask> and Moriah Macrae M. Bass in Glascock County, Georgia in the remote town of Mitchell. He attended school for one month at the age of six, then spent the rest of his life as a general farm laborer. <mask> was unable to read or write in English. He married his neighbor, Chloe Kitchens, in his early twenties. <mask> built a house in the neighboring town of Sandersville.He and his wife had eleven children, five of which died within <mask>'s lifetime. By the time he was in his fifties, his wife had left him. Aside from doctor's visits and weekly services at the Mineral Springs Baptist Church, <mask> lived in virtual isolation for the remaining two decades of his life. He died in 1988 from prostate cancer. Religion and art
At the age of 70, <mask> began what art historian William Arnett has called "one of the most remarkable and unlikely art 'careers' in the southern vernacular field" after he and his wife separated. After a decade of living alone, <mask> dislocated his hip, and was forced to retire from farming and seek new existential perspectives. His first creations were shrine-like piles of found materials, rocks, and other debris strategically placed throughout his yard to repel evil that <mask> believed loomed over all facets of life.He then began painting car parts, televisions, and other reflective material that he would then affix to his home in another effort to reflect evil and protect his home. The tradition of adorning one's yard with sculptures and totems, otherwise known as the "yard show," was a very common practice among African American artists, particularly from the south eastern United States. Other artists from northern Georgia, such as Eldren M. Bailey, Dilmus Hall, Ralph Griffin, and Howard Finster all created prominent yard shows. In 1978, <mask> experienced a religious vision while watering his potatoes which inspired him to produce a remarkable body of abstract paintings and drawings in the last decade of his life. Seeing an eagle descend from the sun, <mask> believed that he had been granted a privileged religious insight, which was to be the inspiration for his work as an artist. When I started, I prayed and prayed. And the Lord sent a vision from the sun.Everything I see is from the sun. He showed me signs and seasons and he tells me. He turned around and gave me a question to ask Him and I asked Him to see me mother. He brought her before me and two brothers... See, Spirit will talk with Spirit. And when I left there [the hospital], the eagle crossed my eye—a Spiritual Eagle. The Eagle can see farther than any bird in the world and that's why I can see things other people can't see. When I see between here and the sun is in a twinkle.It was then that I began to write these letters. Different writing represents different languages and folks. It's the Language of the Holy Spirit, direct from God"

Illiterate, <mask> developed his own personal style of seemingly unintelligible asemic writing, which he called "spirit script," that he inscribed onto his drawings and paintings. <mask>'s writing gave him a power he believed could be used for benediction and protection of himself and others. As a part of the process, <mask> kept a bottle of what he called "holy water" on a table by his bedside, which he would raise towards the sky whenever he prayed. <mask> believed that if a person with a pure heart read his "writing" while looking through the bottle of holy water, that person would read messages from God. During the last few years of his life, as his reputation as a mystic grew, <mask> would receive visitors on his property who requested ritual readings of the holy water.When writing these holy messages, <mask> would often hold the bottle of holy water in one hand and write with the other, keeping his hand as limp as possible, and letting the holy spirit guide it. This process of automatic writing was recorded in a documentary directed and produced by Judith McWillie of the University of Georgia toward the end of his life. Although other deeply religious artists wrote in asemic script, such as Joe Light's pseudo-Arabic and James Hampton's Phoenician-like script, <mask> was the only artist known to read and decipher his writings through water. Many scholars have written about West African spiritual and religious influences on religious practices of the African American descendants of enslaved peoples in the southeastern United States. <mask>'s work differs from other visionary work in that it has no formal narrative components, and relies primarily on sacred scripts. Thus, despite <mask>'s commitment to the Baptist Church, scholars have connected <mask>'s practice with Afro-Islamic traditions. Islamic traditions in western and northern Africa venerate writing, studying and memorizing the Koran and other sacred texts as a power bestowed on man by Allah and can constitute forms of worship.Interpretation and intercession of sacred texts are used to heal practitioners spiritually and physically. Furthermore, some Afro-Islamic mystic leaders dissolve the written words of sacred texts or the name of Allah in water then pour the solution into a small vial, which the practitioner drinks or wears in secret around their neck. In his own way, and without lending credit to the similarity, <mask> reflected these Islamic practices when he wrote his prophetic "spirit scripts" and interpreted them through his small glass of water for visiting practitioners. <mask> distrusted people who did not believe in God; in his mind, most people had strayed from the Lord's path and were therefore potentially harmful. He also believed that destructive evil spirits populated the world, and thus much of the artwork he created served a protective purpose. His paintings and painted objects functioned as a shield to ward off such harmful forces. His house never became a cite for collectors or art historians, as other folk artists' houses had been.However, as his notoriety progressed, a small group of private patrons began exchanging his completed paintings for new supplies and discouraging him from engaging with other interested collectors. It is unknown how much <mask> was compensated for his work, if at all. At the end of his career, he had produced nearly 2,000 paintings. Art historian Mary Padgelek, who wrote a book about <mask>'s life and works, has also written a musical about him: Visionary Man, which was presented at the Hudson Mainstage Theater in 2014. Exposure
Two people helped expand <mask>'s range of materials and exposure to viewers. One was his general practitioner, Dr. William Rawlings, a local doctor in Sandersville. The other was Andy Nasisse, an art professor and the University of Georgia.<mask> and Dr. William Rawlings met as a result of a routine check up for a minor illness. <mask> believed that Rawlings offered more than just physical healing, so he frequented Rawling's office for mental and spiritual advice. Along with these visits, <mask> would send hundreds of paintings and spirit scripts to Rawlings, who then began to supply <mask> with higher quality art materials. <mask> went from painting on discarded building material with house paint purchased at the local convenience store to painting with tempura paints, markers, watercolors, oil paint sticks, etc. <mask>'s greatest advocate may have been Krista Lamar, Dr. Rawling's wife. She bought supplies for Rawlings to give to <mask> and even introduced <mask> to Andy Nasisse, an art professor and the University of Georgia.Through Nasisse, <mask> was introduced to Phyllis Kind, of the Phyllis Kind Gallery, in New York. After she agreed to represent <mask> in her gallery, his work became internationally known and exhibited around the world.Once he was diagnosed with prostate cancer in the mid-1980's, he began to make work furiously, feeling as though he was running out of time. This and <mask>'s increased exposure to medical drawings and hospitals, in accordance with his treatment, altered his work in the last four to five years of his life. His work focused more on warfare and biological uncertainty which <mask> felt stirring within him. As a result, his once iconic, compartmentalized style began to blur and serpentine shapes manifested over the background. He died at the Memorial Hospital in Washington County, GA on 18 September 1988. Subject and materials
<mask>'s lexicon of colors was confined to primary colors, white, and black for the majority of his career. Each color held a specific meaning.Red represented torment or evil, blue represented "good" and positive strength, and yellow and gold indicated a divine presence or energy such as God himself or the sun. White was often added among these colors to denote spiritual purity and black was seldom added to denote death or the afterlife. <mask> uses color and "spirit script" in tandem to create "spirit works," what he called his paintings, which showcased the battles between good and evil that <mask> saw unfolding in everyday life. His "spirit works" contained messages for visitors and viewers that <mask> alone could interpret. His colors and calligraphy were often compartmentalized into horizontal or vertical registers and square or rectangular spaces. Many historians also note horror vacui in <mask>'s work. His paintings deviate from the known American Folk Art repertoire in that there is very little representation or interpretation of life.There is no wildlife, Biblical characters, political or patriotic themes, and no narrative obvious to the viewer. Nearly all of <mask>'s works were completed on paper, whether that be napkins, receipt paper, construction paper, or poster board using pens, colored pencils, felt-tip markers, and acrylic paint. Exhibitions and permanent collections
<mask>'s work has been shown in the following exhibitions:

 Baking in the Sun: Visionary Images from the South, 13 Jun.- 31 Jul 1987, University Art Museum, Lafayette, LA. Outside the Mainstream; Folk Art in Our Time. May–August 1988, High Museum of Art at Georgia Pacific Center, Atlanta, GA.
 Afro-American Folk Artists. 30 Jul.- 7 Aug. 1988, Berman Gallery, Atlanta, GA. Gifted Visions:Black American Folk Art, 1988, Atrium Gallery, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
 American Resources: Selected Works of American American Artists.26 Aug- 24 Sep, 1989, Bernice Steinbaum Gallery, New York, NY. Another Face of the Diamond: Pathways Through the Black Atlantic South. 1989, New Visions Gallery, New York, NY. Black History, Black Vision: The Visionary Image in Texas. 27 Jan.- 19 Mar. 1989, Archer m. Huntington Gallery, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. A Density of Passions, Aug 1989, New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, NJ.Gifted Visions: African American Folk Art. 27 Jan- 24 Feb. 1990, University Art Gallery, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA. J.B. Murry, 15 Dec. 1990- 12 Jan, 1991, Phyllis Kind Gallery, New York. Parallel Visions: Modern Artists and Outsider Art. 18 Oct. 1992- 3 Jan. 1993, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), Los Angeles, CA. Pictured in My Mind: Contemporary American Self-Taught Art from the collection of Dr. Kurt Gitter and Alice Rae Yelen. 1995, Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, AL.Wrestling with History: A Celebration of African American Self-Tught Artists from the collection of Ronald and June Shelp, 1996, Baruch College, CUNY, New York, NY. Masterworks by Twentieth Century African-American Artists. 17 Jan- 1 Mar, 1998, Springfield Museum of Art, Springfield, OH. Southern Spirit: The Hill Collection. 21 Feb - 31 Mar 2000, Museum of Art, Tallahassee, FL. Testimony: Vernacular Art of the African American South: the Ronald and June Shelp Collection. 2001, Kalamazoo Institute of Arts, Kalamazoo, MI.Define Drawing: Work by Self-Taught Artists Past and Present. 14 Jul- 15 Sep 2001, Barbara Archer Gallery, Atlanta, GA. Stories of Community: Self-Taught Art from the Hill Collection. 12 Aug- 30 Oct, 2004. Museum of Arts and Sciences, Macon, GA.
 Coming Home: Self-Taught Artists, the Bible, and the American South. 19 Jun - 13 Nov. 2004, Art Museum of the University of Memphis, Memphis, TN. The Souls of Black Folk: Selections of African American Folk Art from the Museum's Permanent Collection.28 Nov. 2004- ongoing, Museum of African American Life and Culture, Dallas, TX. Holy H2O: Fluid Universe. 2 Oct. 2004- 4 Sep. 2005, American Visionary Art Museum, Baltimore, MD. Visual Glossolalia. 15 Jun - 15 Jul, 2005, Luise Ross Gallery, New York, NY. Parallel Visions II. 5 Apr.- 26 May 2006, Galerie St. Etienne, New York, NY.Recent Acquisitions. 6 Jun.- 8 Sep., 2006, Galerie St. Etienne, New York, NY. Amazing Grace: Self-Taught Artists from the Mullis Collection, 29, Sep. 2007- 6 Jan. 2008, Georgia Museum of Art, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
 Crossroads: Spirituality in American Folk Traditions. 17 Nov, 2007- 24 Feb, 2008. Owensboro Museum of Fine Art, Owensboro, KY. Approaching Abstraction. 6 Oct, 2009- 6 Sep, 2010, Museum of American Folk Art, New York, NY.All Folk, 19 Aug.- 2 Oct. 2010, Barbara Archer Gallery, Atlanta, GA.
 Naives, Seers, one Wolves, and World Savers XXIV, 2 Apr. 2011, Dean Jensen Gallery, Milwaukee, WI. Outsider Visions: Self-Taught Southern Artists of the Twentieth Century. 21 Sep, 2011- 8 Jan, 2012, Boca Raton Museum of Art, Boca Raton, FL. Pure Folk: Celebrating the Folk Art Society of America. 14 Sep.- 10 Nov. 2012, Barbara Archer Gallery, Atlanta, GA.
 Voodoo Child: J.B<mask> and Mary Smith. 2013, abcd, le galerie, Paris, FR.When the Stars Begin to Fall: Imagination in the American South. 27 Mar- 29 Jun, 2014, Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, NY. <mask>'s works are in the permanent collections of the following museums:

 Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Minneapolis Institute of Art
 Ackland Art Museum
 Smithsonian American Art Museum
 American Folk Art Museum

References

Relevant literature
 Judith McWillie and Grey Gundaker. No Space Hidden: The Spirit of African American Yardwork (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2005) pp. 39, 40, 168–171. Clifton-James, Licia E. 2016. Making the connection: JB <mask> and the scripts and forms of Africa.University of Missouri-Kansas City: doctoral dissertation. External links
 http://www.folkartmuseum.org/?t=images&id=4381
 http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=86323
 http://www.cargofolkart.com/Artist%20Pages/J.B.%20Murry.htm
 http://www.folkstreams.net/film,219
 http://galleristny.com/2014/03/terms-of-art-looking-at-the-american-south-studio-museum-considers-the-insider-outsider-divide/
 https://issuu.com/cavinmorris/docs/two_transcend-jbm_catalog_safarova_

1908 births
1988 deaths
American abstract artists
American folk art
20th-century American painters
Outsider artists
Painters from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Glascock County, Georgia
Visionary artists

masks:
John Bunion
J B ) Murray
John Bunion
Murray
John H
. Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
. Murray
Murray
Murray


type: original

texts:
Dr. A. K<mask> (<mask>) was an Indian historian in the state of Karnataka, India. He was the first scholar to extensively study and research manuscripts called 'Kadata'. He also studied more than a hundred thousand palm leaf and paper manuscripts. Kadatas are from the 15th century to the 19th century, and unique in how they are made. Kadata is a long sheet of cloth, seasoned with charcoal paste mixed with tamarind seed powder, dried and folded in the form a book. It opens out like a roll. Soapstone pencils were used to write.The history of Kadata goes back to the 4th century BC. Nearchus, an officer in Alexander The Great's army, mentions about Indians writing on a well-beaten cloth. A large number of Kadatas are preserved at the Sringeri Math in Sringeri, Karnataka. Dr. <mask>'s research focuses on social, political, economic and religious aspects of Sringeri Dharmasamsthana in particular and Karnataka in general, during this time period. Dr. <mask>'s major work involves reading, translating/transliterating from "modi kannada" Modi alphabet - an old Kannada script, and generating source material from these manuscripts. He has written several large volumes of source material books that capture these documents verbatim with commentary and analysis. Due to his work on Kadatas, he is fondly known as "Kadata <mask>" in Karnataka's history circles.He has presided over several state and national level history seminars. He was a professor of history at MES's M. M. College of Arts and Science, Sirsi, affiliated to Karnatak University, Dharwad, from 1964 to 1998. Life and education
Dr<mask> was born on 17 March 1940 in Sirsi. He completed his education in Sirsi and Dharwad. Primary Education in K. E. Board High School in Dharwad
 B.A. (Hons.) from Karnatak College, Dharwad, 1961
 M.A.(History)  from Karnatak University, Dharwad, 1963
 Ph.D. from Karnatak University, Dharwad, 1976

Books and research
Academic
 A History of Shringeri:  Karnatak University, Dharwad. 1st edition 1982, 2nd edition 1999. Sringeri Dharmasamsthana (Kannada) : Sringeri Matha, 1983
 Sringeriya Itihasa (Kannada) : Karnatak University, Dharwad. of India
 Banavasi: Resting on past glory
 ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದಲ್ಲೂ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ ಮಿಳಿತ - ಡಾ.ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಿ, ವಿಜಯ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಪತ್ರಿಕೆ, ೪ ಫೆಬ್ರುವರಿ ೨೦೧೪
 ಮಠಗಳು ಸಮಾಜದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮರಸ್ಯ ಮೂಡಿಸಲಿ, ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ ವಾರ್ತೆ, ೩ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೧೪
 Book on amazon.com - The Records of the Sringeri Dharmasamsthana

1940 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Indian historians
People from Uttara Kannada
Karnatak University alumni
Kannada-language writers
Indian male writers
Poets from Karnataka
Scholars from Karnataka

masks:
. Shastry
Anant Krishna Shastry
Shastry
Shastry
Shastry
. Shastry


texts:
<mask> (December 29, 1872June 20, 1940) was an American politician and lawyer from Vermont. A Republican, he served in both the United States House of Representatives (1923-1933) and United States Senate (1933-1940). A native of Londonderry, Vermont, <mask> graduated from Black River Academy (1891) and Norwich University (BS, 1894, MA, 1896). From 1894 to 1898, <mask> was principal of the high school in Chester, Vermont. While working as a principal, <mask> studied law with Eleazer L. Waterman and James Loren Martin attended the University of Michigan Law School. He was admitted to the bar in 1899 and began to practice in Brattleboro. <mask> gained his initial political experience as a Chester Village Trustee (1895 to 1898).While practicing law, he served as Windham County Register of Probate and Deputy Clerk of Vermont's United States District Court. He subsequently won terms in the Vermont House of Representatives (1906) and Vermont Senate (1908). During his State Senate term, <mask> was the body's President pro tempore. <mask> served as judge of Brattleboro's Municipal Court from 1906 to 1910. From 1899 to 1908 <mask> served in the Vermont National Guard. Enlisting as a private, he received his commission as an officer in 1901. From 1906 to 1908 he served on the staff of Governor Fletcher D. Proctor with the rank of colonel.He served again from 1915 to 1923, and took part in the Pancho Villa Expedition after Joining the 1st Vermont Infantry Regiment as a captain. During World War I, <mask> was commander of Company I, 1st Vermont Infantry, which was later federalized as the 57th Pioneer Infantry Regiment. <mask> remained in the National Guard after the war, and retired as a colonel after he won a seat in the U.S. House. In 1912, <mask> became a leader of the Progressive movement in Vermont, but remained loyal to the Republican Party, which enabled him to serve as a bridge between the two groups. He served as Windham County State's Attorney from 1919 until 1921 and was Secretary of Civil and Military Affairs (chief assistant) at the start of Governor James Hartness's term in 1921. In November 1923, <mask> was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Vermont's 2nd district. he continued to win reelection until 1932, when the 2nd District was eliminated and Vermont became one at-large district, <mask> was elected to represent it.After the 1933 death of Senator Porter H. Dale, <mask> was appointed to fill the vacancy. He was elected in 1934 to complete Dale's term, and in 1938 won election to a full six-year term. <mask> served in the Senate until his death. <mask> was buried at Morningside Cemetery in Brattleboro. Early life
<mask><mask> was born in Londonderry, Vermont, on December 29, 1872, the son of Saville (Stowell) and William L<mask>. He attended local schools, and was a graduate of Black River Academy, where his classmates included Calvin Coolidge. He graduated from Norwich University with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1894, and was a member of the Theta Chi fraternity.He received his Master of Arts degree from Norwich in 1896. He studied law with Eleazer L. Waterman and James Loren Martin, attended the University of Michigan Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1899. Early career
<mask> was a high school principal in Chester from 1894 until 1898. He served as a Chester Village Trustee from 1895 to 1898. He was a trustee of Norwich University from 1899 to 1909 and again from 1919 to 1935, and served as vice president of the board of trustees. <mask> received an honorary LL.D. from Norwich in 1926.A Republican, after becoming an attorney he practiced in Brattleboro, where he also served as the Windham County Register of Probate and Deputy Clerk of Vermont's United States District Court. From 1904 to 1911 he was a lecturer on constitutional law at Norwich University. In 1906 he was elected to the Vermont House of Representatives. In 1908 he was elected to the Vermont State Senate, and served as President pro tempore. From 1906 to 1910 <mask> served as Brattleboro's Municipal Court Judge. In 1910 he ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor. <mask> became a leader of the Progressive movement in Vermont, which ultimately led to creation of a recognized faction within the Vermont Republican Party, the Aiken-Gibson Wing.The Aiken-Gibson Wing was more liberal than the party establishment, which had been led for years by conservative business interests including the Smith family of St. Albans, the Fairbanks family of St. Johnsbury, and the Proctor family of Proctor. Despite his Progressive views, <mask> remained loyal to the Republicans and worked to keep Vermonters with similar views in the party. To that end, in 1912 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention. <mask> served as Windham County State's Attorney from 1919 until 1921, and was Secretary of Civil and Military Affairs (chief assistant) to Governor James Hartness in 1921. Military service
From 1899 to 1908 <mask> served in the Vermont National Guard. Enlisting as a private, he was commissioned in 1901. From 1906 to 1908 he served on the staff of Governor Fletcher D. Proctor as a colonel.He served again from 1915 to 1923. Joining the 1st Vermont Infantry Regiment as a captain, he served in the Pancho Villa Expedition in 1915 and 1916. <mask> also served in World War I. As captain and commander of Company I, 1st Vermont Infantry (later federalized as the 57th Pioneer Infantry Regiment), <mask> served at Camp Bartlett, Camp Greene, and Camp Wadsworth, South Carolina before departing for France in September, 1918. The 57th Pioneer Infantry provided replacement troops for the 83rd Division, with <mask> and a handful of soldiers left to reorganize the regiment and prepare it for a scheduled for deployment to the front lines. The Armistice occurred before the unit moved, and <mask> returned to the United States. At the end of the war he was stationed at Camp Devens, where he received his discharge in March, 1919.<mask> remained in the National Guard, and retired as a colonel upon winning election to Congress. United States Representative
In November 1923, <mask> was elected to the United States House of Representatives (Sixty-eighth United States Congress), filling the vacancy caused when Porter H. Dale resigned Vermont's 2nd district seat to become a United States Senator. He was reelected to the Sixty-ninth, and the four succeeding Congresses, serving from November 6, 1923, until his resignation on October 19, 1933. Vermont lost a House district as a result of the 1930 census, and in 1932 <mask> was elected as Vermont's at-large Congressman, defeating Loren R. Pierce in the primary, and going on to win the general election. Governor John E. Weeks had run for the 1st district seat in 1930, and indicated that if elected it would be the capstone of his career and he would not run in 1932, thus avoiding the possibility that two incumbents would run against each other for the at-large seat. During his House tenure, <mask> was chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Treasury (Sixty-ninth Congress) and the Committee on Territories (Seventy-first Congress). United States Senate
In November 1933, <mask> was appointed to the United States Senate, filling the vacancy created by the death of Porter H. Dale.He was elected in 1934 to complete Dale's term, and elected to a full term in 1938. <mask> served in the Senate from November 21, 1933, until his death on June 20, 1940. He died in Washington, D.C., and was interred at Morningside Cemetery in Brattleboro. <mask> married Grace Fullerton Hadley on November 25, 1896. They had four children, Frank Hadley <mask> (1899–1922), <mask> <mask>. (1901–1969), <mask> (1903–1947) and Preston Fullerton <mask> (1908–1955). Preston F<mask> was a lawyer who was active in Republican politics and served as judge of Brattleboro's municipal court. <mask><mask> Jr. succeeded his father temporarily in the Senate and later served as Governor of Vermont and Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont.The younger <mask>'s children included <mask><mask> III, an associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court. See also
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)

References

External links

 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress: GIBSON, <mask>, (1872 - 1940)
 The Political Graveyard: <mask>, <mask> (1872-1940)
 Govtrack.us: Sen. <mask>

 (<mask> gave the dedicatory address; he can be seen at the 49 second mark seated third from the left in the foreground.) 1872 births
1940 deaths
Norwich University alumni
University of Michigan Law School alumni
National Guard of the United States officers
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War I
Vermont lawyers
Vermont Republicans
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives
Vermont state senators
Presidents pro tempore of the Vermont Senate
Vermont state court judges
State's attorneys in Vermont
Military personnel from Vermont
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Vermont
United States senators from Vermont
Republican Party United States senators
Burials in Vermont
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Vermont National Guard personnel
People from Londonderry, Vermont

masks:
Ernest Willard Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Ernest W
. Gibson
. Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Family Gibson
Gibson
Ernest William
Gibson Jr
Doris Gibson
Gibson
. Gibson
Ernest W
. Gibson
Ernest Gibson
Ernest W
. Gibson
Ernest Willard
Gibson
Ernest Willard
Ernest Gibson
Gibson


texts:
<mask>  (born 8 March 1946) is an English political theorist. He is Professor of Political Theory at the University of Oxford and an Official Fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford. He previously lectured at the University of Lancaster and the University of East Anglia. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Cambridge, and his Bachelor of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy degrees from the University of Oxford. Previous works include Social Justice, On Nationality and Citizenship and National Identity. <mask> is known for his support of a modest form of liberal nationalism. Contribution
In Principles of Social Justice <mask> proposes a pluralist account of social justice, arguing that there can be no single measure of justice.This puts him in opposition to theorists such as Robert Nozick or John Rawls, who both argue for some sort of 'unifying theory' in understandings of justice. He claims that 'social justice' (defined as the 'just' distribution of benefits and burdens within society) can only be defined in reference to our 'considered judgements'. That is, philosophy must come from lived experience and empirical evidence. This is what leads him to argue for multiple sources of justice as in his opinion people believe in a range of rationales for justice. <mask> states that the most 'just' distribution depends on the type of relationship between the people involved. In 'solidaristic communities,' where people identify themselves as holding a shared culture or belief, distributions should be made in accordance with need (e.g. family or church group).In 'instrumental associations', where people are acting together with a common purpose but each for their own good (and not necessarily sharing a common identity or 'conception of the good'), justice is best served by allocating by desert (e.g. in the workplace). Contributions should be recognised with proportionate rewards. In 'citizenship', where people are related through political and legal structures, equality should prevail (e.g. in countries). His definition of equality involves equal status for members by the allocation of equal civil, political and social rights. Equal social rights entails the equal ability to make use of the political and civil rights, and therefore demands a welfare state and some redistribution of wealth.In On Nationality and Citizenship and National Identity <mask> defends a moderate, liberal form of nationalism, which he views as an important factor in maintaining support for welfare states (including institutions such as the British National Health Service). The nation state, he argues, performs the role of replicating the social solidarity found in local communities at the level of states in which populations are largely anonymous. He argues that we have greater ethical duties to our co-nationals than nationals of other states: "nations are ethical communities ... The duties we owe to our fellow-nationals are different from, and more extensive than, the duties we owe to humans as such". Criticisms
<mask>'s work has been subject to numerous criticisms and replies, for instance a special issue of the journal Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy on 'Nationalism and Global Justice – <mask> and His Critics' (Vol. 11, no. 4).<mask>'s arguments lead to tricky situations if more than one relationship could be said to exist (for example, two family members who also work together). He does not give any 'lexical ordering' to his proposals, but does work through a wide range of scenarios arguing that in each situation, a 'just' understanding of the relationship can trump and maintain a wider social justice. In the context of citizenship and state organisation, his proposal of civil, political and social equality leads to a strong redistributive state with a 'universal' welfare system. Critiques of <mask> point out that he leaves the details, and the situations where it is most important to hold some notion of social justice to be able to argue the case, too vague. It is not good enough to say 'it depends' if one is trying to argue a philosophical case. Other critics of <mask> take issue with his view that principles of justice must connect in some way with the current beliefs of individuals, arguing that this biases political theory towards the status quo, rendering it overly conservative. Collecting evidence on people's deep held but rarely scrutinised beliefs about justice is notoriously difficult and unreliable.His argument for multiple rationales for justice comes in part from his belief in cultural pluralism (there are no universally shared beliefs) but theorists such as Franz Oppenheimer dispute this. A feminist perspective might criticise his separation of spheres of justice. For people who are not engaged in one sphere, they can never receive their 'just' distribution in reference to their needs or deserts. For example, a person with no family or close friends may not belong to any 'solidaristic community' willing to distribute to compensate for their 'needs' beyond those which their position as a citizen will confer. A person who has never and will never work (home-makers, severely disabled people) will never receive 'dues' for the labour or activity which they do engage with. In practical terms, he comes under fire for defending desert as a principle of social justice. A deterministic view of the world leads to the conclusion that we are not responsible for our skills, talents or abilities (including our ability to work to improve any natural talents) therefore it is unjust to be rewarded for them.Of course, if determinism is rejected, then the idea of morally valued "merit" can have intellectual "merit". Many argue that meritocracy is a fundamental principle of the United States and to reject this idea is to vitiate our society of one of its core values. Rawls merely asserts his position on merit. The opposite position can also be, just as legitimately and with as much intellectual support, asserted. <mask> proposes that desert can be allocated through a strictly controlled market (to limit too much inequality). But others say that the objects or talents that the 'market' (that is, society) put economic value upon is not a just way to determine what is deserving. <mask>'s support for liberal forms of nationalism has been criticised by theorists such as Iris Marion Young, who stresses the need to develop forms of solidarity that extend beyond the state.It can be argued that <mask>'s assertion that we have greater ethical obligations to our co-nationals than to nationals of other states relies on an assumption that all states are equally well placed to provide for their citizens' needs, and defend their rights. Critics point out that this does not correspond to empirical reality. Young gives the example of natural resources, which are unequally distributed between states. She argues that their placement is morally arbitrary. Selected publications
Social Justice, 1976
Philosophy and Ideology in Hume's Political Thought, 1981
Anarchism, 1984,
Market, State, and Community: Theoretical Foundations of Market Socialism, 1989
On Nationality, Oxford, 1995
Principles of Social Justice, Harvard, 1999
Citizenship and National Identity, Polity, 2000
Political Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, 2003
National Responsibility and Global Justice, Oxford, 2007
Justice for Earthlings: Essays in Political Philosophy, Oxford, 2013
Strangers in Our Midst: The Political Philosophy of Immigration, Harvard, 2016

References

1946 births
Academics of Lancaster University
Academics of the University of East Anglia
Alumni of Selwyn College, Cambridge
English political philosophers
English political scientists
English socialists
Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford
Living people
Market socialism
Scholars of nationalism

masks:
David Leslie Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
David Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller


texts:
Jane "<mask><mask> (28 March 1868 – 29 April 1968) was a leading source of funding and a Scottish activist for the militant suffragette movement of the early 20th century. Early life and family
<mask> was born into the wealthy Glasgow family that owned the Allan Line shipping company. Her grandfather, <mask>, founded the firm in 1819, and by the time that her father – the youngest of <mask>'s five sons, also named Alexander – took over the running of the company's Glasgow operations, the line had many vessels, additional offices in Liverpool and Montreal, and had wrested the Royal Mail's North American contract away from the Cunard line. In common with many of her family, <mask> held socialist political views and helped the city's poor. She was an early member of the Independent Labour Party (ILP), and she edited a column covering women's suffrage issues for the socialist newspaper Forward. Suffragette movement
In May 1902, <mask> was instrumental in re-founding the Glasgow branch of the National Society for Women's Suffrage as the Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for Women's Suffrage (GWSAWS), and was a member of its executive committee. She was a significant financial supporter, and as one of the GWSAWS vice-presidents she took up a position on the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) committee in 1903, in order to represent the association following their affiliation.In 1906, <mask> was among the audience when Teresa Billington (who had been arrested and jailed following a protest in London earlier in the year) toured Scotland, although the GWSAWS  themselves refused to invite Billington to speak. In December of that year she attended a lecture by Helen Fraser as she expounded the militant principles of the newly formed Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). In 1907, concerned that the non-violent GWSAWS was not being as effective as it should have been, <mask> resigned from their executive committee and joined the WSPU, although she maintained her subscription to GWSAWS until 1909. Over the following few years, <mask> provided at least £350 (approximately ) in funds to the WSPU, as well as donating some funding for the Women's Freedom League (WFL) following their split from the WSPU. In addition to her monetary contributions, <mask> was an active participant in the WSPU's militant activism. Imprisonment and forced-feeding
In early March 1912, along with over 100 others <mask> participated in a window smashing protest in central London. The women secreted large stones and hammers under their skirts and, once in position, in a coordinated action they destroyed shop windows in Regent Street, Oxford Street, and the vicinity.Following this, the women patiently and calmly waited for the police to arrive. While police attention was diverted elsewhere by the protests, Emmeline Pankhurst and three others managed to get close enough to 10 Downing Street to throw stones through four of its windows. In the aftermath, along with many of her associates <mask> was arrested, tried, and sentenced to four months in Holloway Prison. Her imprisonment was widely publicised, and around 10,500 people from Glasgow signed a petition to protest for her freedom. Her fellow suffragette, Margaret McPhun – who was herself imprisoned in Holloway for two months in 1912 after breaking a government office window – composed a poem entitled "To A Fellow Prisoner (Miss Janie <mask>)", that was included in the anthology Holloway Jingles published by the Glasgow branch of the WSPU later that year. While in prison <mask> used her privileged position to improve the levels of comfort for her inmates, including distributing confectionery and fruit to fellow suffragettes. Two months into her sentence, she barricaded the door to her cell, and it reportedly took three men with tools around three quarters of an hour to break into the room.Following this action, <mask> started a hunger strike, a form of protest that had been pioneered amongst the suffragette movement by Marion Dunlop in 1909. However, following Dunlop having thus successfully forced the authorities to release her on health grounds, the British government introduced a policy of forced-feeding of imprisoned suffragettes who refused food. In accordance with this policy, <mask> was force-fed for a full week. Forcible feeding was an ordeal described by Pankhurst as a "horrible outrage", and has been likened by women's history scholar June Purvis to a form of rape. In a later letter to a friend, <mask> herself stated that "I did not resist at all ... yet the effect on my health was most disastrous. I am a very strong woman and absolutely sound in heart and lungs, but it was not till 5 months after, that I was able to take any exercise or begin to feel in my usual health again – the nerves of my heart were affected and I was fit for nothing in the way of exertion ... There can be no doubt that it simply ruins the health."In February 1914, forcible feeding was implemented in Scotland during Ethel Moorhead's imprisonment for violently resisting arrest after being spotted behaving suspiciously in the vicinity of Traquair House. <mask> was a key part of the campaign against this action, and as well as publicly protesting met with the Medical Prison Commissioner, Dr James Devon, to advocate against the use of a method that she regarded as likely to "injure permanently a woman's health." In June that year, <mask> wrote to prison authorities that the burning of Whitekirk Parish Church near Edinburgh was due to the treatment of Moorhead and if other suffragettes in Perth, Arabella Scott and the woman known as 'Frances Gordon' were force fed, threatened the upcoming royal visit to Scotland could see 'disastrous' protests. And in July, <mask> again intervened at the highest level, in support of Frances Parker following her imprisonment for attempted arson on Burns Cottage. Taxation protests
<mask> was taken to court in 1913. In addition to direct suffragette action, she was involved with and supported the Women's Tax Resistance League, which argued that as women could not vote and therefore were not represented in parliament, they should not be subject to taxation. These beliefs led to her refusal to pay super tax on her income and investments for the financial year ending April 1912.At her trial on 1 March 1913, <mask> defended herself and argued that as women were not considered 'persons' under the Franchise Act, they should not be considered 'persons' under the Finance Act either. The judge, Lord Cullen, found against her and stated that "it being clear on a construction of these [tax] statutes that women are not excluded from their scope." The St. Andrew's Halls incident
By early 1914, <mask> had become one of the principal organizers for the WSPU in western Scotland, based in Glasgow. On 9 March 1914, Emmeline Pankhurst, the WSPU national leader, was to address a public meeting at St Andrew's Halls in the city, and <mask> was in attendance. Ethel Moorhead said <mask> had a presence due to her height, beauty and quietness. The event took place when Pankhurst had recently been released from prison under the terms of the new, so-called 'Cat and Mouse Act', introduced by the government to counter the suffragette hunger strikes. In accordance with the Act, once Pankhurst was returned to full health she was due to be rearrested and re-incarcerated.Glasgow police decided to use the occasion of the public address to effect the arrest. However, the WSPU activists anticipated their action and increased security coverage for their leader, including enforcing strict secrecy surrounding her movements and erecting a concealed barbed wire barrier across the front of the stage. A short time into Pankhurst's speech, around 160 police officers stormed the hall and began to move toward the stage. They were met by a barrage of thrown chairs and plant pots, and soon fights broke out between the police and members of the audience. During the commotion one of the women present drew a revolver and fired several blank cartridges toward the ceiling. The police attempted to apprehend her, but she managed to slip their grasp and escape. Despite not being positively identified at the time, many since have stated that <mask> was the woman with the revolver.She tried in vain for six months afterwards to get a public enquiry into police behaviour. Later life
At the outbreak of World War I later in 1914, the WSPU suspended their suffragette activities and threw their weight behind a concerted national effort in the conflict. <mask> donated a large sum of money to Dr Flora Murray and Dr Louisa Garrett Anderson that enabled the founding of the Women's Hospital Corps. In 1923, she chaired the Women's Watch Committee, continuing to report on public authority attitudes to women, and she was involved in the Scottish Council for Women's Trades for 20 years. <mask> died in April 1968 at her home in Invergloy, near Spean Bridge in the Scottish Highlands, one month after her 100th birthday. References

Citations

Bibliography
<mask>, Janie (1914). Various letters and press cuttings concerning the arrests of Janet Parker and Arabella Scott and the forcible feeding of women prisoners.Dated June 16 to July 27, 1914. National Library of Scotland, Acc. 4498/2. 1868 births
1968 deaths
Scottish suffragettes
Scottish tax resisters
Scottish socialist feminists
Politicians from Glasgow
Journalists from Glasgow
Women's Social and Political Union
20th-century British journalists
British women journalists
Scottish centenarians
Women centenarians
Philanthropists from Glasgow
Women philanthropists
Hunger Strike Medal recipients
19th-century Scottish women
20th-century Scottish women

masks:
Janie
" Allan
Janie Allan
Alexander Allan
Alexander Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan


texts:
<mask> (born 30 August 1971) is a South African politician who served as Minister of Home Affairs of the Republic of South Africa appointed by President Cyril Ramaphosa from 27 February 2018 until his resignation on 13 November 2018. He also held the post from 25 May 2014 to 31 March 2017 as appointed by former President Jacob Zuma. He previously served as Deputy Minister of Home Affairs, Minister of Public Enterprises and Minister of Finance in the government of South Africa. He is currently a member of the National Executive Committee of the African National Congress. He was first elected to the National Assembly of South Africa in 1999 as Member of Parliament for the African National Congress. He resigned in 2001 but was elected to the National Assembly again in 2004. President Thabo Mbeki appointed him to the position of Deputy Minister of Home Affairs.President Jacob Zuma appointed <mask> as Minister of Public Enterprises, succeeding Barbara Hogan in October 2010. He served in that position until 2014, when he was appointed Minister of Home Affairs. <mask> was appointed Minister of Finance in March 2017 after the controversial dismissal of Pravin Gordhan. In February 2018, <mask> for the second time was appointed Minister of Home Affairs in the cabinet of Cyril Ramaphosa. He served until his forced resignation in November 2018, after mounting pressure for him to resign or for Ramaphosa to dismiss him. Minister of Transport, Blade Nzimande, was serving as Acting Minister of Home Affairs. <mask> resigned as Member of the National Assembly on 15 November 2018.Gigaba is known as a chief architect of state capture. Early life
Gigaba is the second born to Reverend Jabulani <mask> and Nomthandazo <mask>. He has three sisters and a brother. <mask> did his primary school education at Mathonsi Primary School in Mandeni around 1983. He then proceeded to do his high school education at Vryheid State High School in 1988. He attended Ethalana high school in the district of Umzinyathi where he attained his matric. He earned a bachelor's degree in education from the University of Durban-Westville (now part of the University of KwaZulu-Natal) in 1991, and a Master's degree in Social Policy.Early political career
During this period <mask> became involved in various student and youth organisations such as Congress of South African Students (COSAS), the South African Youth Congress (SAYCO), the South African Student Congress (SASCO) and Young Christian Students (YCS). Some of these organisations such as COSAS and SASCO were aligned to the banned African National Congress (ANC). It was his involvement in these organisations that laid the foundation for his activities in the ANC Youth League. <mask> has also been active in youth organizations, and was elected president of the African National Congress Youth League three times in a row (1996, 1998, 2001). When the ANC, Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), South African Communist Party (SACP) and other liberation movements were unbanned in 1990, he joined the African National Congress Youth League, SACP and the ANC. That same year he completed his Bachelor of Pedagogics at UDW, but continued pursuing a postgraduate degree. <mask> became one of the founding members of the Education Students Society University of Durban-Westville in 1992.The following year (1993) he was elected as chairman of SASCO at the University Durban-Westville (UDW). Later political career
In 2004 <mask> was re-elected to Parliament where he became Deputy Minister of Home Affairs until October 2010. He was involved in a new visa system allowing easier legal flow of migration between South Africa and Zimbabwe. In November 2010 he became the Minister of Public Enterprises and a leading figure in the South African Government responsible for a significant aspect of the governments infrastructure investment programmes through State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) such as the embattled Transnet and Eskom. In May 2014, former president Jacob Zuma appointed <mask> as Minister of Home Affairs. On 31 March 2017, <mask> was appointed Minister of Finance, replacing Pravin Gordhan, raising suspicions that he was deployed by Zuma to assist him in developing his allegedly corrupt relationship with the Guptas. On 27 February 2018, <mask> was removed from his position as the Minister of Finance and replaced by Nhlanhla Nene.On the same day <mask> was appointed as Minister of Home Affairs by President Cyril Ramaphosa following the announcement of his new cabinet, replacing Ayanda Dlodlo. On 13 November 2018, <mask> resigned as Minister of Home Affairs and subsequently also as Member of the National Assembly on 15 November 2018. Controversy

Dubai Bank Account
In 2014 it was reported that State security agents had investigated a mysterious offshore bank account opened in <mask>'s name, in Dubai, when <mask> was still public enterprises minister. <mask> apparently told state security agents that the account was opened by one of his officials without his knowledge. But banking and security insiders have indicated that it is difficult, if not impossible, for anyone to open an offshore account using a person's name without their knowledge, and that this could amount to fraud. His spokesperson denied any connection with the account or knowledge of the investigation. When <mask> appeared before The Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture at parastatals in 2018.He denied holding any bank accounts in Dubai. He stated that he only has one account with a local South African bank. Visa Regulations
At home affairs his reputation took a blow when he implemented arduous rules for those travelling with children, creating concerns around South Africa's tourism industry. Prior to the announcement of the visa regulations, tourist arrivals into South Africa had been steadily growing. 2011 = 2,176,719 arrivals 2012 = 2,505,763 arrivals (15,1% growth) 2013 = 2,660,631 arrivals (6,1% growth) but this changed abruptly in the third quarter of 2014 – the in-person visa application requirement came into effect in June 2014. Since then, there has been a systematic decline in tourist arrivals. From Sep – Dec 2014, Brazil was down -37%, China -46.9% and India -14.4%, continuing into 2015.The June 2015 arrivals data from Statistics SA showed overseas arrivals down -13% . At the same time competitors were up. According to SA Tourism R7.51bn of revenue has been lost to the country. Fireblade Aviation
In a judgment relating to the Fireblade Aviation case on 27 October 2017, the North Gauteng High Court found that <mask> had lied under oath during his tenure as Minister of Home Affairs. The court case related to Gibaba, then Home Affairs Minister, allegedly granting permission to the Oppenheimer family to operate a private terminal at OR Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg. The judge called <mask>'s arguments "disingenuous, spurious and fundamentally flawed, laboured and meritless, bad in law, astonishing, palpably untrue, untenable and not sustained by objective evidence, uncreditworthy and nonsensical". An appeal by <mask> was heard in December 2017.Judge Tuchten concluded that "the Minister has committed a breach of the Constitution so serious that I could characterize it as a violation". <mask> then approached the Supreme Court of Appeal and the Constitutional Court concurrently. The Constitutional Court dismissed the application with costs, saying it was not in the interests of justice to hear the matter at that stage because the Supreme Court of Appeal had to rule on the matter first. The Supreme Court of Appeal on 28 March 2018 dismissed <mask>'s application for leave to appeal against the judgment, saying there was no reasonable prospect of success. Judge Malcolm Wallis said in his judgment that "there is nothing to suggest that the issues raised by the minister are of such a nature as to warrant the grant of leave to appeal notwithstanding the lack of prospects of success". The application was dismissed with costs. <mask>'s application to the Constitutional Court for leave to appeal against a lower court ruling that he lied under oath was dismissed on 1 November 2018 "as it bears no prospects of success."State Capture
A pivotal point in the state capture project was the appointment of <mask> <mask> as Minister of Public Enterprises in 2010. He exploited a loophole in the Public Finance Management Act that made it possible to use the procurement procedures of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) to benefit selected contractors sanctioned by the Gupta Family network, this initiated the "repurposing" of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) as vehicles for looting. Gigaba is known as a chief architect of state capture, mainly because he purposely appointed key brokers of the state capture project to high level positions at State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) Transnet and Eskom. In 2017, Organisation Undoing Tax Abuse laid charges of treason, corruption, extortion, fraud and theft against Gigaba. Gupta Involvement

Controversy was stirred in early 2015 when Gigaba fraudulently granted South African citizenship to members of the Gupta Family. A Parliament portfolio committee on Home Affairs in March 2019 recommended that members of the Gupta Family be charged criminally, their South African citizenships cancelled and the information be passed to the Commission of Enquiry into State Capture. Transnet
Gigaba was instrumental in appointing Iqbal Sharma, a known Salim Essa and Gupta Family associate, to the Transnet board and Brian Molefe, later a known Gupta Family intimate, as Transnet chief executive in 2011.Gigaba attempted to elevate Sharma to board chair but this was shot down by his Cabinet colleagues over concerns of Sharma's known close relationship with the Gupta Family. A new structure, formally called the Board Acquisitions and Disposals Committee, was set-up to oversee and supervise large-scale infrastructure spending and tenders worth more than R2.5bn. Sharma became chair of this committee, enabling Gupta-linked entities to begin benefiting from Transnet tender opportunities, most notably the R51bn tender for the purchase of 1 064 locomotives. In July 2012, Transnet issued its tender for 1,064 freight locomotives; 599 electric and the rest diesel. This included R25-billion in tenders that were signed off by Molefe and awarded to CSR (China South Rail). CSR in turn paid Tequesta Group Ltd, a Gupta-linked shell company, R5.3 billion in consultancy fees. Transnet was a key institution for the Gupta Family and associates.Procurement processes were flouted, tenders were unlawfully awarded, contracts were signed off and extended with no accounting to the board, and money was siphoned from Transnet to Gupta-linked companies. A National Treasury investigation concluded that Gigaba had acted outside his authority and compromised the tender process, that Transnet officials had contravened the Public Financial Management Act and misrepresented facts to the board, and called on the Hawks to launch a corruption investigation into Transnet's board members, as well as for criminal investigations into Gupta associates and businesses linked to the inflated R54 bn locomotive procurement deal. Eskom
One of Gigaba's first moves in 2011 was to overturn a procurement decision on which the Eskom executive and board had signed off – the replacement of Koeberg Nuclear Power Station's steam generators. Soon after, Gibaba removed the board. Most of the new appointees had no corporate or electricity sector experience. New board members included Gupta business associates: former Oakbay director Mark Pamensky, Mineral Resources Minister Mosebenzi Zwane's advisor Kuben Moodley, and Nazia Carrim, wife of a relative of close Gupta associate Salim Essa. The governance of Eskom was captured and repurposed - the next period was the scaling up of grand corruption, with the Gupta Family managing complex brokering and money laundering.The most notable examples include Eskom's facilitating and financing of the Guptas' acquisition of Glencore's Optimum Coal Holdings as a suppler to Eskom. While Glencore was driven into business rescue, the Guptas' firm Tegeta benefited from an Eskom guarantee (R1.6bn), a large and unusual pre-payment (R600m) and additional lucrative coal contracts. The guarantee and pre-payment income enabled the Gupta family to buy Optimum Coal Holdings. Further instances of Gupta-favoured coal contracts and the squeezing out of large coal miners were revealed in Parliament's inquiry report published on 28 November 2018. The report conclusions included: 'The Committee finds that that the Executive arm of government represented by the two former ministers – Gigaba and Brown – was grossly negligent in carrying out its responsibility as the sole Shareholder of Eskom. and 'recommends that the two former Public Enterprises ministers <mask> and Brown must make presentations to the Zondo Commission in order to share insights into the roles they played as Shareholder representatives during the period of corruption and corporate capture that flourished at Eskom. South African Airways
In 2012 Gigaba delayed support for a turnaround strategy for SAA put forward by then board chair Cheryl Carolus, causing financial damage to the airline.After Carolus resigned, Gigaba brought back Vuyisile Kona as both acting CEO and board chair after a meeting at the Guptas' Saxonwold house with Rajesh Gupta, Duduzane Zuma, and Ace Magashule's son Tshepiso. During 2017, South African Airways was bailed out to the tune of R5-billion, including a portion of R3-billion that was meant to settle SAA's debt with Citibank. Another R5-billion payment to SAA was due at the end of March 2018, a month after Gigaba announced VAT increase. The reason for these costly failures in SoEs is poor corporate governance, whose seeds sprouted when Minister <mask> was at the helm of the Department of Public Enterprises. Poor understanding of government's oversight role as a shareholder, lack of strategic perspective, and absence of a developmental mindset are other factors that undermine effective governance of SoEs. Personal life
He was married to Thabong Nxumalo until their divorce in 2010. He has children from his first marriage.He married Nomachule "Norma" Mngoma in 2014. Gigaba's former mistress Buhle Mkhize and his wife Nomachule "Norma" <mask> (née Mngoma) have engaged in several spats on social media, eventually leading to confirmation of the affair. A video of <mask> performing a solo sexual act went viral on social media. <mask> apologized for the incident in a series of tweets. References

External links
Official site at the South African Ministry of Home Affairs
Zimbabwean starves outside home affairs
Sowetan deputy minister meets brother of deceased
Official site at the Parliament of South Africa

|-

|-

1971 births
African National Congress politicians
Finance ministers of South Africa
Living people
Members of the National Assembly of South Africa
Ministers of Home Affairs of South Africa
People from Eshowe
University of Durban-Westville alumni
Zulu people
Controversies in South Africa
Corruption in South Africa

masks:
Knowledge Malusi Nkanyezi Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Malusi
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba
Gigaba


texts:
<mask> (March 24, 1896 – 1975) was an American folklorist, scholar, and writer noted for his work on African-American folklore in Texas. He studied at Wiley College in Marshall, Texas, and Indiana University, while he taught at Samuel Huston College in Austin, Texas, Booker T. Washington High School in Dallas, Claflin College in Orangeburg, South Carolina, Texas Southern University in Houston, Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina, and East Texas State University in Commerce, Texas (now Texas A&M University–Commerce). He published numerous collections of folklore and poetry, most notably The Word on the Brazos (1953), Aunt Dicey Tales (1956), Dog Ghosts and Other Texas Negro Folk Tales (1958), and Worser Days and Better Times (1965). <mask> was the first African American to be an active member of the Texas Folklore Society, to be a member of the Texas Institute of Letters, and to serve on the council of the American Folklore Society. He was also the first African American to deliver a lecture series at the University of Arizona, the University of California, and the University of Colorado, and he broke the color barrier at Austin's Driskill Hotel. He has been compared to Zora Neale Hurston, <mask>, and Alain Locke. He also published a book on African American legislators in Texas during the Reconstruction era up until their disenfranchisement.Early life

J<mask> <mask> was born on March 24, 1896, in Goliad, Texas. His mother, Minnie T<mask>, was a public school teacher; his father, J. H<mask>, worked a variety of jobs, including as a barber, drover, grocer, mail carrier, postmaster, and wagoner. <mask>'s four sisters (Gladys, <mask>, Marguerite, and Stella) all became educators (working in Atlanta, Austin, and Houston), while his only brother (Claude) became an interior decorator in Austin. <mask>'s father told him Texas stories as a child, while his mother provided him with access to books on African-American history as well as the works of Paul Laurence Dunbar. According to <mask>. Byrd, as a child <mask> was an "avid listener" who became an "avid reader" and ultimately also an "avid writer". Bruce A. Glasrud and Milton S<mask> particularly credit his father for <mask>'s interest in folklore. <mask> attended public schools in Austin and Fannin, and graduated from high school in 1913 at the age of 17.He then attended Wiley College in Marshall, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1917. Following this, he taught for a year in Austin before joining the American Expeditionary Forces in 1918, serving as a corporal in France, where he worked as an interpreter due to his knowledge of French, Italian, and Spanish. In 1919, <mask> returned from Europe to teach and serve as a principal in Fort Worth, working there in the public schools for five years. In 1924, <mask> moved to Denver to work briefly for the Continental Oil Company. While in Denver, he wrote both poetry and stories for his employer's trade journal as well as for The Negro American. He returned to teaching as a principal in Shreveport, Louisiana, and in 1926 earned a position as a professor at Samuel Huston College in Austin. In the 1930s, he taught English and Spanish at Booker T. Washington High School in Dallas.Early career

In 1932, while in Austin, <mask> met J. Frank Dobie, then the secretary and editor of the Texas Folklore Society. According to Byrd, Dobie was the "biggest influence on [<mask>'s] career as a writer". Also in 1932, the Society published a collection of African-American folktales collected by <mask> that was entitled "Juneteenth". He studied folklore formally for the first time at Indiana University, under the direction of Stith Thompson, ultimately earning his Master of Arts degree there in 1933. That same year, he published Negrito: Negro Dialect Poems of the Southwest. In 1936, he wrote The Negro in Texas History for the occasion of the Texas Centennial. After teaching for a year at Claflin College in Orangeburg, South Carolina, <mask> returned to the newly renamed Huston-Tillotson College in 1943 to serve as Chairman of the Department of English Language and Literature, as well as Director of Research.During summers, he also taught at Texas Southern University in Houston. In 1945, <mask> published Humorous Folktales of the South Carolina Negro. The next year he published Mexican Border Ballads and Other Lore, which included his story collection entitled "John Tales", with the Texas Folklore Society. The "John Tales" feature the eponymous <mask>, who according to Glasrud and <mask> is "the trickster hero of the southern plantation [who] always comes out victorious in his contests with the slave owner or overseer." In 1947, <mask> privately published a volume of works entitled More Truth Than Poetry. With illustrations drawn by H. E. <mask>, Glasrud and <mask> describe this volume of poetry as "<mask> at his sardonic best". Middle career and success

In 1951, <mask> was granted an honorary Doctor of Literature degree by Paul Quinn College in Waco, for "his unmatched contribution to African American literature and folklore."In 1953, he published The Word on the Brazos: Negro Preacher Tales from the Brazos Bottoms of Texas, through the University of Texas Press; it was "widely" considered a "classic", according to Byrd, and Texas historian Walter Prescott Webb referred to it as "the best of its sort ever". Glasrud and <mask> called it "his first major folklore collection". Jet magazine named it its Book of the Week on February 11, 1954, noting how <mask> had "interviewed old-timers and carefully collected tales which have been handed down for generations." In 1956, <mask> published a limited edition of 400 for his Aunt Dicey Tales, a collection of 14 "snuff-dipping tales of the Texas Negro". This edition was also well known and well regarded for its crayon drawings by <mask>. Biggers, with Dobie raving that the "tales illustrate the drawings as much as the drawings illustrate the tales". In 1958 <mask> published what Byrd considers his "third and best" of his "major volumes", Dog Ghosts and Other Texas Negro Folk Tales; of its 63 stories, only 9 are ghost stories involving dog ghosts. Glasrud and <mask> called it "a rich and delightful trove of stories".<mask> began his tenure as a professor of English at Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina, in 1959. After moving to North Carolina, <mask>'s most significant publications were the articles "Animal Tales as Told by African Students of Livingstone College" and "North Carolina Negro Oral Narratives" (both published in the journal North Carolina Folklore) and two books, Three Looks and Some Peeps (1963) and Worser Days and Better Times (1965). Later career

In 1969, <mask> published a "well-received" collection of stories entitled American Negro Folklore through Quadrangle Books and the New York Times Book Company. That same year, he took a position as Visiting Distinguished Professor at East Texas State University (ETSU) in Commerce, Texas (now Texas A&M University–Commerce), where he taught until his death in 1975. While at ETSU, he organized symposia and workshops in addition to teaching classes, which he occasionally lectured in verse, while also turning his major research focus to African influences on Mexican folklore. He was the first African American professor in ETSU's English Department, and was hired only one year after David Talbot became the university's first African American professor. In 1972, <mask> wrote the introduction to Henry D. Spalding's Encyclopedia of Black Folklore and Humor, as well as the 80-page chapter "Plantation to Emancipation".Spalding introduced <mask>'s chapter by calling <mask> "the nation's most illustrious black folklorist". By the end of his career, <mask> had received research grants for his work in African American folklore from the American Philosophical Society, the Library of Congress, the National Library of Mexico, the National University of Mexico, and Piedmont University's Center for the Study of Negro Folklore. Personal life

<mask> was a Methodist and a member of the Democratic Party. He married twice, and had a son with his first wife; his second wife, Ruth Helen, was from Hitchcock, Texas. After his death, he was buried in Austin. Legacy

<mask> was the first African American to be an active member of the Texas Folklore Society, to be a member of the Texas Institute of Letters, and to serve on the council of the American Folklore Society, where he rose to the position of vice-president. He was also the first African American to deliver a lecture series at the University of Arizona, the University of California, and the University of Colorado.Additionally, he broke the color barrier at Austin's Driskill Hotel when he was inducted into the Texas Institute of Letters. Geneva Smitherman called <mask> "America's most distinguished Negro folklorist", Charles Leland Sonnichsen called him the "premier collector of Negro folklore in Texas", while Alan Dundes referred to him as "one of the few professionally trained Negro folklorists". Humanities Texas argued that he "almost single-handedly preserved the African American folklore of his home state." <mask> is often compared with Floridian Zora Neale Hurston because, in the words of Byrd, "they were both successful in collecting and publishing Negro folklore." He has also been compared to <mask> Harris due to both his subject matter and the "extended use of Negro dialect" in his writings. He has additionally been compared to Alain Locke, although <mask> himself criticized the Harlem Renaissance as "unrepresentative" of the African American experience. Byrd considers <mask>'s best long works, in order of publication, to be The Word on the Brazos, Aunt Dicy Tales, Dog Ghosts, and Worser Days and Better Times.Byrd also emphasized the importance of humor in the stories <mask> collected. According to Texas scholar Michael Phillips, themes prevalent in <mask>'s stories include "intelligence winning over brute force" and "a defiant attitude toward white America". A 1969 interview with <mask> is featured in the Oral History Collection at Texas Tech University's Southwest Collection. In 1997, <mask> was posthumously given the Compañero/a de las Americas award by the American Folklore Society for his "outstanding contributions to the further understanding of folk traditions in the Americas and the Caribbean" at the same ceremony at which his friend Américo Paredes was likewise honored. In 1999, the University of Texas at Austin's Harry Ransom Center held an exhibition on Aunt Dicy Tales that prominently featured the illustrations created by <mask>. In January 2017, Texas A&M University–Commerce held a J. Mason Brewer Day featuring Brewer scholars Bruce Glasrud and <mask> as well as a panel discussion involving his former colleagues and students. <mask> described his tales in Dog Ghosts in his own words as "as varied as the Texas landscape, as full of contrasts as Texas weather.Among them are tales that have their roots deeply embedded in African, Irish, and Welsh mythology; other have parallels in pre-Columbian Mexican traditions; and a few have versions that can be traced back to Chaucer's England." Bibliography

Books

Negro Heritage Series

Articles
 <mask>, J<mask>, "Juneteenth", Tone the Bell Easy, J. Frank Dobie, ed. Vol. X (Austin, Texas: Texas Folklore Society, 1932), 9–54. <mask>, J<mask>, "Old-Time Negro Proverbs", Spur-of-the-Cock, J. Frank Dobie, ed. Vol. XI (Austin, Texas: Texas Folklore Society, 1933), 101–105.<mask>, J<mask>, "The Negro and the Texas Centennial Exposition", The Houston Informer August 8, 1936, sec. 2, p. 4. <mask>, J<mask>, "American Negro Folklore", Phylon 6 (1945): 354–361. <mask>, J<mask>, "Negro Folklore in North America: A Field of Research", New Mexico Quarterly 17 (1946): 27–33. <mask>, J<mask>, "John Tales", Mexican Border Ballads and Other Lore, J. Frank Dobie, ed. Vol. XXI (Austin, Texas: Texas Folklore Society, 1946), 81–104.<mask>, J<mask>, "Afro-American Folklore", Journal of American Folklore 60 (1947): 377–383. <mask>, J<mask>, "Texas Negro Tales", Interracial Review (December 1959): 236–237. <mask>, J<mask>, "North Carolina Negro Oral Narratives", North Carolina Folklore 9 (July 1961): 21–33. <mask>, J<mask>, "A Negro Cowboy: J. H<mask>", in American Negro Folklore, edited by J<mask> <mask> (New York City: New York Times Books, 1968), 275–278
 <mask>, J<mask>, "Animal Tales as Told by African Students of Livingstone College", North Carolina Folklore 16 (May 1968). <mask>, J. <mask>, "More of the Word on the Brazos", Observations & Reflections on Texas Folklore, Francis Edward Abernethy, ed. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1972: 91–99. <mask>, J<mask>, "Tales from Juneteenth", The Folklore of Texan Cultures, Francis Edward Abernethy, ed.Austin, Texas: The Encino Press, 1974: 115–118. <mask>, J. <mask>, "Introduction", Encyclopedia of Black Folklore and Humor, Henry D. Spalding, ed. New York City: <mask>, 1994. Pages ix–x. Sources

Notes

References

External links
J. Mason Brewer Collection at Texas A&M University–Commerce
Goin' On (1981), a Documentary of J<mask> <mask> at Texas Archive of the Moving Image

1896 births
1975 deaths
People from Goliad, Texas
African-American writers
American school principals
Folklore writers
American folklorists
Writers from Austin, Texas
Wiley College alumni
Indiana University alumni
Texas Southern University faculty
Texas A&M University–Commerce faculty
American Methodists
Texas Democrats
American Folklorists of Color

masks:
John Mason Brewer
Brewer
Joel Chandler Harris
. Mason
Brewer
. Brewer
. Brewer
Brewer
Jewell
Brewer
James W
Brewer
. Jordan
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
John
Jordan
Brewer
Johnson
Jordan
Brewer
Brewer
Jordan
Brewer
Brewer
John T
Brewer
Jordan
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Joel Chandler
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
Brewer
John Biggers
Milton Jordan
Brewer
Brewer
. Mason
Brewer
. Mason
Brewer
. Mason
Brewer
. Mason
Brewer
. Mason
Brewer
. Mason
Brewer
. Mason
Brewer
. Mason
Brewer
. Mason
Brewer
. Mason
. Brewer
. Mason
Brewer
Brewer
. Mason
Brewer
Mason
Brewer
. Mason
Brewer
Mason
Jonathan David
. Mason
Brewer


texts:
<mask>us, also Servatus <mask> ( 805 – c. 862), in French Loup, was a Benedictine monk and Abbot of Ferrières Abbey during the Carolingian dynasty, who was also a member of Charles the Bald's court and a noted theological author of the 9th century. He is sometimes regarded as the first humanist of the Early Middle Ages because of the quality of his literary style, his love of learning, and his work as a scribe and textual critic. Early life
<mask> was born into an influential family within the Archdiocese of Sens. Many of his family held influential positions in the Church or court. His father was Bavarian and his mother Frankish. He assumed the nickname of Servatus in commemoration of his miraculous escape from danger either in a serious illness or on the battlefield. He began his education at the Abbey of Saints Peter and Paul in Ferrières-en-Gâtinais under St. Aldric, then abbot of the monastery.Here he was educated in the trivium and quadrivium. <mask> was not fond of the required learning but developed a passion for Classical studies. Abbot Aldric saw fit to send him to deepen his theological education at the Abbey of Fulda under Rabanus Maurus. Spending years in study and writing he developed a reputation as a scholar. Rabanus made use of his pupil, having him translate and compose bodies or works. During his residence at Fulda (c. 830–36) he became an intimate friend and disciple of the learned Einhard, whose Vita Karoli magni he was one of the first to read and praised it because of its style (epist. 1, 5).<mask> had written a letter to Einhard expressing his admiration and asked for a loan of Einhard's secular works (this would become a common practice of <mask>). His opinion was that education should be esteemed and intended not for a certain purpose, but as a good of its own value (epist. 1, 5). He was interested therefore not only in Christian but also in pagan classical authors and even those who did not belong to the reading canon of the Carolingian schools, such as Suetonius, of whom he was one of very few readers in the early Middle Ages, and Cicero, whose works he seems to know almost in their entirety, not only his better known rhetorical writings, and whom  he mentions and cites very often. He borrowed manuscripts from Einhard (epist. 1, 6) and from the library of the monastery of Fulda and corresponded therefore with Abbot Markward (epist. 10, 4; 91, 4).Even before <mask> returned to France he had become favourably known at court and was especially esteemed by the Empress Judith, the second wife of Louis the Pious. <mask> returned to Ferrières in 836 and followed the normal life of a monk, although he became recognized as the literary leader of Ferrières, until his election as abbot on 22 November 840. He owed his election to Empress Judith and her son, Charles the Bald, whose political interests he always defended. <mask> as abbot
After Louis the Pious died in 840, there were widespread uprisings and rivalries. One of his other sons, Lothair, recently named as emperor, invaded the western territories of Charles, Louis' designated heir. The current Abbot of Ferrières, Odo, was uncertain which ruler had rights to his fealty. Eventually Odo supported Lothair either because he seemed far more likely to provide support for Ferrières or because he saw him as the legitimate heir and representative of the unity of the empire.When the Treaty of Verdun was negotiated, Lothair gave up to Charles authority over the lands where Ferrières was situated. As a result of Odo's past support of Lothair, Charles had him removed from the abbacy. <mask> was left in charge of the abbey in Odo's absence. His position of abbot was formalized because of an election prompted by Charles the Bald, due to <mask>' ties to his family. Subsequently, <mask> took a prominent part in contemporary political and ecclesiastical events. As Abbot of Ferrières he devoted himself to the spiritual and earthly concerns of the monastery. He waged a war of letters to try to regain the land of Ferrieres which had been handed over to a private owner thereby causing the monastery's revenue to drop.Military service
In these days it was common for abbots to serve as military commanders who supplied their own forces, if the king decided to go to war. Ferrières was one of these monasteries that had to provide soldiers and accommodate them. <mask> was not fond of leading soldiers into battle. He wrote a letter to the Bishop of Pordalus, begging him to use his authority to influence the king so that he could carry on as an abbot, not as a military leader. During the war between Charles the Bald and Pepin II of Aquitaine, <mask> was captured at the Battle of Toulouse and held prisoner. Shortly after his capture he was ransomed with several other high ranking men. Public affairs
In 844 <mask> was sent to Burgundy to carry out the monastic reforms decreed by the Synod of Germigny (843), and attended the Synod of Verneuil on the Oise, whose resulting canons had been written by him.He was also present at several other Church councils, notably that of Soissons in 853, and played an important part in the contemporary controversy regarding predestination. He believed in a twofold predestination, not indeed in the sense that God predestined some men to damnation, but that he foreknew the sins of men and foreordained consequent punishment. "<mask> not only took part in the most lively ecclesiastical controversy of his age, but also, by the method of his treatment, showed himself a skilled dialectician at the time when dialectics were still very imperfectly developed." In 847 <mask> accompanied Charles the Bald to a conference at Meerssen, whereby the three brothers again swore peace with one other. He was sent on a mission to Pope Leo IV in 849. Following the invasion by Nominoe, the Governor of Brittany, Lupus composed the letter of censure. His last civic appearance was in 862 at the Synod of Pistes where he drew up a sentence against Robert, Archbishop of Mans.The closing years of the life of <mask> were saddened by the threatened devastation of his monastery by the invading Normans. He occupies a prominent place in medieval literary history, being one of the most cultured and refined men of the ninth century. Writings
During the reign of Charles the Bald an enormous amount of written material was produced. <mask>' letters, of which 132 remain, are distinguished for literary elegance and valuable historical information. Most of these letters were written to church officials, monks in neighboring monasteries, clergymen, Popes Benedict III and Nicholas I, Charles the Bald and Lothair. His own writings show him as a classicist and admirer of the Ciceronian style. He made his vast translation of Cicero's letters serve as a code of communicating with other well-read individuals.<mask> was requested in 839 by Waldo, the Abbot of St. Maximin of Treves, to write the Life of St. Maximin Bishop of Trier (d. 349) and a "Life of St. Wigbert", Abbot of Fritzlar in Hesse (d. 747). He also wrote his Epistolae in which almost on every page had forms of direct quotations and paraphrases revealing his familiarity of the Vulgate edition. In the controversy on predestination he wrote his De tribus quaestionibus, a work which treated of the threefold question of free will, predestination, and the universality of redemption. To illustrate the teaching of the Church on these topics he brought together pertinent passages from the Church Fathers in his "Collectaneum de tribus quaestionibus". Literary contribution
<mask> made a tireless quest of manuscripts of classic authors, as it has long been known to readers of his letters. It is because of his passion for copying and preserving manuscripts so that they may be passed on that he is regarded as an influential literate figure and the first humanist. Though his personal works and letters discuss theological matters it was not his chief interest.Philology was his desired area of expertise. Scholars have increasingly become aware of the detailed examination that Lupus undertook when studying his acquired texts. The scholar E.K. Rand of Harvard University reveals: "no less than five manuscripts that contain the corrections or collations of Lupus and one that is entirely written by that scholar himself." These manuscripts are rewrites of Cicero's De Oratore, his De Inventione and his Letters, a Commentary on Virgil and a revision of Codex Bernensis 366. Over the years modern scholars have made investigations as to what Lupus had participated in. Charles H. Beeson has been the foremost scholar on <mask> Servatus.Beeson took to studying the different handwriting styles of manuscripts according to area of the Early Middle Ages. He concluded that Lupus had written or been a part of copying texts more than originally thought. Lupus had a rigid adherence to the rules of the Roman grammarians for the division of syllables, whereby any pronounceable group of consonants is placed with the following vowel. Lupus not only conformed to this rule in his personal practice, but also made the texts that he collected adhere to the style. References

Sources

External links
 <mask> <mask> of Ferrières. Letter to Gottschalk

800s births
862 deaths
French abbots
Benedictine abbots
Benedictine theologians
9th-century Latin writers
Writers of the Carolingian Empire
French Benedictines
9th-century French priests
9th-century people from West Francia

masks:
Lupus Servat
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Lupus
Servatus
Lupus


texts:
<mask> (born June 22, 1990) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist currently competing in the Middleweight division. A professional since 2013, he has also fought for Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), Jungle Fight and the Legacy Fighting Alliance, where he is the former Middleweight Champion. Background
Echeimberg started training Kung-Fu style Eagle Claw in 2008 to impersonate Bruce Lee and later transitioned to mixed martial arts (MMA) after his brother took him to a jiu-jitsu class. Prior competing full-time in MMA, <mask> worked as an information technology engineer at technology school and he was also a freelanced software developer, and he quit his job and college to teach Muay Thai and competed in Brazilian jiu-jitsu to make a living so he could pursue MMA full-time. After made it to the preliminary round of The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3, he gained his parents support as they realized his seriousness of his MMA career choice. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
Echeimberg fought in the Brazilian-based promotions and amassed of a record of 9–0 prior joining UFC after winning the Legacy Fighting Alliance (LFA) middleweight championship. The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil
Echeimberg was chosen to be a fighter on The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3.In the opening elimination round, he lost to Guilherme Vasconcelos via submission (rear-naked choke) in the first round. Ultimate Fighting Championship
Less than two months after winning the vacant Legacy Fighting Alliance (LFA), Echeimberg was signed by UFC. <mask> made his UFC debut on December 9, 2017 against Eryk Anders, replacing John Phillips, at UFC Fight Night 123. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. His next fight came on May 12, 2018 against James Bochnovic at UFC 224. He won the fight via a submission. On August 25, 2018, <mask> faced Andrew Sanchez, replacing Antonio Braga Neto, at UFC Fight Night 135.He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced promotional newcomer Anthony Hernandez on February 2, 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 2. He won the fight via technical submission in the second round. <mask> was scheduled to face promotional newcomer Deron Winn  on June 22, 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 11 However, it was reported on May 9, 2019 that <mask> pulled out of the fight due to injury. <mask> was scheduled to face Jack Marshman on November 16, 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 22. However, Marshman was pulled from the event for undisclosed reason and he was replaced by Wellington Turman. <mask> faced Wellington Turman on November 16, 2019 at UFC Fight Night: Błachowicz vs. Jacaré.He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was scheduled to face Alessio Di Chirico, replacing Abu Azaitar, on April 11, 2020 at UFC Fight Night: Overeem vs. Harris. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was eventually cancelled. <mask> was scheduled  to face Eric Spicely on August 1, 2020 at UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Shahbazyan. However, Spicely was removed from the fight on the day of the event's weigh-in for health issues related to his weight cut. <mask> will now face Charles Ontiveros

<mask> was scheduled to face Rodolfo Vieira on  October 11, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 179, However on September 21, Vieira pulled out due to undisclosed reasons, and he was replaced by promotional newcomer Dricus du Plessis. <mask> lost  the fight via knockout in round one.<mask> faced Dalcha Lungiambula, replacing Isi Fitikefu, on January 20, 2021 at UFC on ESPN 20. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. On February 4, 2021, it was announced that <mask> was released from his UFC contract. Post-UFC career
<mask> was scheduled to face Shane O'Shea at Titan FC 68 on March 26, 2021. However, the bout was cancelled due to an unknown reason. <mask> was scheduled to face Christiano Frohlich on July 2, 2021 at LFA 110. The bout was scratched days before the event for unknown reasons.<mask> faced Zac Pauga on October 17, 2021 at Cage Warriors 130. He lost the bout via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Filipe Moitinho on December 19, 2021 at Thunder Fight 33. He won the bout via guillotine submission 33 seconds into the bout. Championships and achievements
Legacy Fighting Alliance
 Legacy Fighting Alliance Middleweight Champion (One time)
Thunder Fight
 Thunder Fight Middleweight Champion

Personal life
Echeimberg's moniker "Maluko", an adaptation of the word "maluco", which means "crazy" in Portuguese, was given by his teammates, who thought he was crazy after he asked his coach if he could wear Kung Fu pants and shoes when he train boxing to impersonate Bruce Lee.

masks:
Markus Perez Echeimberg
Markus
Perez
Perez
Perez
Perez
Perez
Perez
Perez
Perez
Perez
Perez
Perez
Perez
Perez
Perez
Perez
Perez
Perez
Perez


texts:
<mask> (born 27 March 1936 in Würzburg) is a German economist who has been serving as President of the Center for Financial Studies since 2006. As the former Chief Economist and Member of the Board of the European Central Bank (ECB) <mask> developed the 'two pillar' approach to monetary policy decision-making that the ECB has adopted. Life

<mask> studied economics at the University of Würzburg from 1955 until 1960 with temporary studies in London and Paris. From 1960 to 1966 he worked as a research assistant at the University of Würzburg. He earned his PhD in 1961 and received his postdoctoral lecture qualification (habilitation) in 1965. In 1967 <mask> became director of the Institute for International Economic Relations at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg and full professor at the faculty of economics and social sciences of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. In 1973 he was appointed Professor of Economics, Monetary Affairs and International Economic Relations at the University of Würzburg.From 1988 to 1990 <mask> was a member of the German Council of Economic Experts and in 1990 he became a member of the board of the Deutsche Bundesbank with a seat on the Central Bank Council. In 1998 <mask> became a member of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank, responsible for the Directorates General Economics and Research as well as its first Chief Economist. Since June 2006 <mask> has been president of the Center for Financial Studies (CFS) at the Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main and from 2007 until 2018 he was an international advisor to Goldman Sachs. In October 2008 <mask> chaired a German government expert group on the new financial order that drew up proposals on how to reform international financial markets (also known as "Issing Commission"). The group published six reports. In 2008 <mask> was also a member of the high level group of the European Commission on financial supervision in the EU chaired by Jacques de Larosière. He was a Member of the G20 Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance, which was formally established by G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors for the period 2017-2018.Memberships
Verein für Socialpolitik (German Economic Association), American Economic Association, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur (Academy of Sciences and Literature, as a Corresponding Member from 1989-1991), Academia Scientiarum et Artium Europaea, Walter Eucken Institute, Executive Committee of the Institute for European Affairs (INEA), Euro50 Group, Advisory Board of the Globalization and Monetary Policy Institute (Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, until 2016). Publications
Issing's scientific publications almost cover the whole range of recent economic policy issues. His two main research topics are monetary theory and policy and international economic relations. His most recent books are:

 "Der Euro in stürmischen Zeiten" about economic and monetary policy at Center for Financial Studies 2006-2015 (Vahlen, 2016)
 "Einführung in die Geldtheorie" (Introduction to Monetary Theory), fifteenth edition, Munich 2011. (Translations into Chinese and Bulgarian)
 "Der Euro. Geburt - Erfolg - Zukunft" about the creation of the new European currency published by Franz Vahlen in 2008., English version: "The birth of the Euro" (Cambridge, 2008), Chinese version 2010
 "Imperfect knowledge and monetary policy", with Vitor Gaspar, Oreste Tristani and David Vestin (Cambridge, 2005)
 "Monetary policy in the Euro Area", with Vitor Gaspar, Ignazio Angeloni and Oreste Tristani (Cambridge, 2001)
 "Von der D-Mark zum Euro" (Tübingen, 1998)
 "Einführung in die Geldpolitik" (6th edition, Munich, 1996)

Positions
Issing was critical on the premature start of European Monetary Union with a large group of heterogenous countries. He warned EU member states not to violate the no-bailout clause that prohibits the assumption of liability for other countries’ debts.In October 2016 Issing warned that the Stability and Growth Pact was near to failure, there was no market discipline because of ECB interventions and no fiscal control mechanism from markets or politicians. The ECB had "crossed the Rubicon" and was in an untenable position, struggling to carry out its conflicting roles as agent of monetary policy, banking regulator, and Troika enforcer. Noting that the bank already held over €1 trillion of bonds bought at artificially low or negative yields, so would face great losses when interest rates rise again, he warned. The reputational risk of such actions by a central bank would have been unthinkable in the past." His conclusion was that in its current form the euro project was unworkable and one day would collapse. Other activities

Corporate boards
 Deloitte Germany, Member of the Advisory Board
 Goldman Sachs, Member of the International Advisory Council (since 2006)

Non-profit organizations
 Berggruen Institute, Member of the Council for the Future of Europe
 European Academy of Sciences and Arts, Member
 Friedrich August von Hayek Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Gesellschaft für Kapitalmarktforschung, Chairman of the Board of Trustees
 House of Finance at Goethe University Frankfurt, Chairman of the Board of Trustees
 International Finance, Member of the Editorial Board
 Leibniz Institute for Financial Research, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Bocconi University, Member of the International Advisory Council (until 2015)

Recognition

Awards
1993 – Verdienstkreuz 1.

masks:
Otmar Issing
Issing
Issing
Issing
Issing
Issing
Issing
Issing
Issing