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 including the tribal tax exemption. By 1967, he had asked Oklahoma Congressman Ed Edmondson to try to repeal the termination act. <mask>'s views were not just contained in private letters. In a 1967 newspaper account, he stated that the tribe needed to determine whether to outright repeal the 1959 Choctaw Termination Act or whether they wanted to form a tribal corporation to manage tribal affairs without supervision of the federal government. In addition, both Oklahomans, House Majority Leader Carl Albert and Senator Fred R. Harris, as well as Louis R. Bruce, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, were in support of the Choctaw request to kill the bill. By the late 1960s public sentiment was changing as well. The Choctaw people had seen what termination could do to tribes, since they witnessed the process with four other tribes in Oklahoma: the Wyandotte Nation, Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma, and Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma.In 1969, ten years after passage of the Choctaw termination bill and one year before the Choctaws were to be terminated, word spread throughout the tribe that Belvin's law was a termination bill. The Choctaw Youth Movement fought politically against the termination law and helped create a new sense of tribal pride, especially among younger generations. Congress finally repealed the law on  August 24, 1970. Choctaw Youth Movement

In 1969, one year before the termination bill was scheduled to go into effect (officially 25 August 1970) <mask>, son of Talihina's police chief, told Charles E. Brown, that the government was dissolving the Choctaw tribe. Alarmed, and believing that most Choctaw did not realize "Belvin's law" was a termination bill rather than a per capita payment bill, Brown began organizing other urban Choctaw, primarily in the Oklahoma City area. With a key group of organizers they began using kin networks to contact Choctaw relatives throughout the country and traditional Choctaw Nation to urge them to fight against termination and be proud of their Choctaw heritage. They printed a newsletter called Hello Choctaws and lobbied Congress and the BIA to stop termination.It is clear that the youth activists felt Belvin was in favor of termination and that he was a traitor to tribal objectives. It is equally clear that Belvin felt that activists were personally attacking him and that he scheduled meetings throughout the Choctaw Nation to justify his actions. It is hard to judge the effectiveness of the Choctaw Youth Movement in actually overturning the termination legislation. Public sentiment was changing with the passage of the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, the Supreme Court ruling in the Menominee Tribe v. United States decision and even President Lyndon B<mask> was advocating for policy which "ends the old debate about "termination" of Indian programs and stresses self-determination". <mask> had been speaking publicly and pressing legislators to overturn the legislation for at least 2 years and he was a proponent of tribes having the autonomy to elect their own leadership. In those goals, he and the youth activists were not far apart, as, after stopping termination, one of the activist's primary goals was the ability to elect their own tribal chief. Activists saw the BIA appointment of their leadership as an infringement on their identity as a sovereign people.Where <mask> and youth activists differed was that <mask> seemed to see the tribe as a simple corporate entity whose role was to manage tribal assets. Activists saw the tribe as a multifaceted organization which spurred community development and fostered Choctaw identity. What the movement did in unequivocal terms was foster pride in being Choctaw and brought about a rebirth in Choctaw nationalism. Indian Education
As a teacher and educator, <mask> had on ongoing interest in furthering education for Native Americans. He participated in the 1956 American Indian Institute Conference at the University of Oklahoma and urged that education had to include teaching underprivileged Indians the skills necessary to earn a living. He acknowledged that while education would bring about economic change, for Indians to progress they "could not neglect the culture and heritage" that they had contributed to the country. Belvin agreed to serve on the Institute's planning committee for the following year.In 1959, a dispute among the Mississippi Choctaw found <mask> encouraging support for a Choctaw high school in Mississippi. Victor Kaneubbe, a worker at a Baptist mission in Philadelphia, Mississippi was an Oklahoma Choctaw with a white wife and a mixed-blood daughter, who was unable to attend either the agency schools or white schools in Mississippi. Choctaw administrators refused to allow his daughter admittance and the Neshoba County School Board refused admittance as well. He brought the issue of racism to the fore and urged his missionary network to petition Congress for creation of a Choctaw high school. The adverse publicity enraged the Baptist community, and cost Kaneubbe his job, forcing him to transfer to the Navajo reservation. Kaneubbe left but the problem of inadequate education remained for eastern Choctaw. Appeals to the BIA resulted in responses that students could attend out of state boarding schools, thus squarely putting pressure on the eastern Choctaw to relocate or face lack of educational opportunity.Agitation from the National Congress of American Indians, the Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs, Oklahoma Choctaw Chief <mask>, and other civil rights activists forced Mississippi's congressional delegation to request a high school and dormitory for the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, though it took several more years of negotiation to make the high school become a reality. <mask> was acutely aware that his generation had been urged to learn English and not Choctaw, but claims that his father's  encouragement to speak only English had caused Belvin to advocate for full assimilation and favor eliminating the study of Choctaw, are not born out by his work in education. <mask> remained involved with his alma mater, Southeastern State College (now Southeastern Oklahoma State University) in Durant. Around 1969, with <mask> and other educators' full support and input, the college began a Bilingual Education Program, which was sponsored by a grant from the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare National Institute of Education. The program targeted four elementary schools in the heart of Choctaw country, Battiest, Broken Bow, Smithville and Wright City in McCurtain County, Oklahoma. The program, as designed had 3 principal goals, all aimed at mainstreaming the student without sacrificing his/her native identity:

 Students should have positive image reinforcement both inside and outside of the classroom;
 Choctaw language must be accepted to be the basis for learning as the student develops a facility with English which will supplement learning;
 Teachers and classroom attendants must understand Choctaw language, thought patterns and behavior and accept those as equal to their English counterparts. The program continued until around 1982, when federal funding initiatives were cut.Indian Health
In 1955, the Indian Health Service was transferred from the administration of the BIA to the Public Health Service, which resulted in an almost immediate improvement in funding, training and services. At that time, the Talihina Indian Hospital (now known as the Choctaw Nation Health Care Center) was designated as the Public Health Service Indian Hospital and was the chief facility in Oklahoma providing comprehensive, preventative and other treatment services for the Choctaw. <mask> worked with Floyd Gale Anderson, the first full-blood Indian to hold the position of Service Unit Director, to expand the Choctaw health system. Under their tutelage, to make health care more accessible, satellite clinics were opened in Broken Bow, Hugo and McAlester. Also during <mask>'s term, in 1969. the Choctaw Nation created a Community Health Representative Program to help those Indians residing within the tribal service area of the Choctaw Nation boundaries to maintain health for their families. The program targets people who predominantly reside in rural settings and may not be near medical facilities and assists them with health checks, monitoring health issues, nutritional needs, education, and referral services. Choctaw Nation Housing Authority
In the 1960s as part of the War on Poverty programs introduced by President Lyndon B<mask>, <mask> submitted an application to the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to create a tribal housing authority.He realized that Federal programs administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs were aimed primarily at reservation communities, and the unique status of Oklahoma tribes without extensive land bases, meant that  many programs designed for Indians did not benefit the Five Civilized Tribes. He further had become aware that programs which the BIA had offered for loans, had evaporated with the enactment of the termination bill. HUD denied Belvin's application based on various reasons, but included that the Choctaw were not policing tribal lands. In 1966, he then resubmitted the application under the requirements for a state agency, rather than a tribal authority, and designated himself, as chief, with the powers vested in a mayor for the purposes of the Act. According to the state requirements, a 5-person board of commissioners was appointed to oversee the housing authority. By 1971, 364 homes designed for low-income Indian families to purchase or rehabilitate housing and 116 units of low-rent housing had been finished, with an additional 274 homes under construction. By 1973, 885 houses had been completed and were occupied and an additional 331 were under construction.Tribal Election of 1971
On 22 October 1970, the US Congress passed an Act (84 Stat. 1091) authorizing each of the Five Civilized Tribes to popularly elect their Principal Chief. The BIA selected an election committee of eight Choctaws to determine who would be eligible to vote in the first free election since the Dawes Act. The committee decided "to permit all lineal descendants of Choctaw by blood Dawes enrollees to vote," which resulted in about 25% of the ballots being from absentee voters. Though <mask> won the election, it would be his last term as chief. His efforts at rebuilding the tribal structure were seen as insignificant and not aggressive enough, his failure to define membership procedures to admit unenrolled descendants of enrolled
members, and his lack of planning to develop the tribe led to his defeat in 1975. Offices, Recognition and Awards
 1947-1953 State President of the Choctaw-Chickasaw Confederation
 1948-1950 President of the Board of Trustees for the Goodland Academy & Indian Orphanage, Hugo, Oklahoma
 1948 Chairman of Oklahoma Presbyterian Educational Campaign
 1949-1975 member of the Inter-Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes
 1957 Outstanding Indian of Oklahoma, Tulsa Indian Democratic Club
 1959 Outstanding American Indian by the Anadarko Indian Exposition.6 October 1968 was proclaimed by the American Indian Institute of the University of Oklahoma as "<mask> Day" in honor of his service to Indian Education
 1968 - 1972 member Oklahoma City Indian Health Service Advisory Board
 1968 - 1972 member Surgeon General's Advisory Board on Indian Health
 1 June 1975 dedicated Harry J. W. Belvin Indian Health Center in Hugo, OK to honor the Chief
 18 July 1975 honored by the Inter-Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes as an Outstanding American Indian Citizen

Personal life
On December 21, 1922, in Boswell, Oklahoma, <mask> married Lucille Brightwell (25 June 1903 - 24 August 1991). They had one child, <mask> Frazier. <mask> was an elder in the Presbyterian Church. He died 19 September 1986 in Bryan Memorial Hospital and was buried in Highland Cemetery, Durant, Oklahoma. References

Choctaw people
Native American tribes in Oklahoma
1900 births
1986 deaths
People from Durant, Oklahoma
History of Oklahoma
United States federal Indian policy
Native American state legislators in Oklahoma
Members of the Oklahoma House of Representatives
Oklahoma state senators
20th-century American politicians
People of Indian Territory
20th-century Native

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<mask> (July 10, 1911 – January 30, 2006) was an artist, author, and illustrator. He is known in the United States for his oil paintings, which focused predominantly on marine subjects. He is also known for his books on space travel, which were both authored and illustrated by <mask>. Besides his own works, <mask> also provided illustrations for advertisements and magazine covers and articles. During World War II, he served as an artist and correspondent for YANK magazine, capturing and conveying wartime scenes from the front lines. Over the course of his career, <mask> produced more than 1,000 paintings and taught art classes for 45 years. He retired in May 2001 and died at his home in Pennsylvania in January 2006.Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in London, England on July 10, 1911, the only child of Ethel May (née Dobby) and Sydney George <mask>. <mask> was Regimental Corporal Major of the First Regiment of Life Guards, the part of the Household Cavalry responsible for guarding the British Monarch; <mask> was born in his father's barracks. During World War I, <mask> served with, and was commissioned by the regiment. After the war, he was appointed regimental Riding Master, but he was retired when the 1st and 2nd Life Guards were amalgamated into a single regiment under the Geddes Axe. A fellow officer, married to an American steel heiress, offered Sydney work as a secretary to his wife, and the <mask> family emigrated to Long Island, New York in 1923. Education
While his father served with the Life Guards Regiment in France during World War I, <mask> and his mother lived with family in Folkestone, Kent. He attended the Imperial Service College, a public school preferred by army families.After moving to New York, <mask> enrolled at Roslyn High School in Roslyn Heights where he found difficulty in adjusting to the difference between military school in England and New York city public school. After graduation from Roslyn in 1928 at age 17, he enrolled in the New York City Grand Central School of Art and studied under Edmund Greacen, George Pearse Ennis, and Wayman Adams. In the early years, he painted advertising signs to support himself. With a grounding in fine art techniques, <mask> graduated to the Art Students League of New York, where he studied from 1933 to 1934 under noted artist Frank DuMond. Marriage and later life

While a member of the faculty of Hunter College in New York, <mask> met Alma Wood, a fashion and photographic model. They married in 1948 and moved to Pike Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania, where <mask> had purchased an old farm. Alma named their home "Crestfield," which, according to <mask>, meant absolutely nothing.<mask> taught his wife to paint, and she had success as an artist in her own right under the name Alma Woods. The couple would hold annual joint exhibitions for many years. <mask> assisted her husband in the planning, research and typing of many of his books, and he acknowledged her efforts with book dedications to her. He taught art classes at the Wyomissing Institute of the Arts from 1957 until 2001, despite being handicapped by the loss of his left eye due to infection after an operation. <mask> was a signature member and Master Pastelist of the Pastel Society of America, a Fellow of the American Society of Marine Artists, a member of the American Ordnance Association, the U.S. Naval Institute, and an adviser to the boards of the Philadelphia Maritime Museum and the Reading Public Museum. He died at his home in Berks County, Pennsylvania at the age of 94 and willed his body to medical science.Alma Wood-<mask> died March 4, 2007. <mask> and <mask> had no children and were survived by several nieces and nephews. Illustrator, author and artist

Military illustrations of World War II

<mask>'s interest in sailing and maritime subjects began in London when he would sail model yachts on Round Pond in Kensington Gardens. This interest developed into a lifelong passion during his teens when he sailed small craft on Hempstead Harbor, near his new home on Long Island. During the early years of World War II, <mask> took a sampling of his war illustrations to Worthen Paxton, the art director of LIFE Magazine, who commissioned <mask> to produce a drawing of an imaginary coastal invasion of England. <mask> was paid $250 for that work, a large sum at the time, which paid his rent for five months. Appearing on July 15, 1940, this was the first of many war time illustrations for LIFE.Some of <mask>'s works are in the Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection. During the early 1940s, <mask> obtained more work producing war pictures for other magazines, including a series of double-page spreads for the controversial newspaper PM, and illustrations for The Saturday Evening Post. Throughout the war years, most of the output of many large corporations was reserved for materiel production; however, management were keen to promote their connection to the war effort and keep their name before the buying public until they could resume peacetime sales. <mask> received advertising commissions from such corporations including Elco, Koppers, US Steel, and Westinghouse. He also received commissions from the U.S. War Department for aircraft recognition charts, and he was intrigued to later find these charts used during his army basic training. Because of the quality of his maritime illustrations, <mask> was invited by publisher Doubleday to provide artwork for a children's book about the U.S. Navy; the author being Fletcher Pratt, the well known military historian. <mask> was invited to participate in Pratt's Naval Game, based on a wargame developed by Fred T. Jane involving dozens of tiny wooden ships, built on a scale of one inch to fifty feet.These were spread over the floor of Pratt's apartment and their maneuvers were calculated via a complex mathematical formula. The result of Pratt and <mask>'s first collaboration, published in 1941, was Fighting Ships of the U.S. Navy, a volume that described in text and illustrated in full color every class of ship in the Navy. <mask> was called up for Army service, and enlisted on April 8, 1943. He was pulled from basic training at Fort Eustis, Virginia before he could complete it to work as an illustrator for YANK magazine. He was originally introduced to the Commanding Officer and Editor of YANK, Colonel Franklin Forsberg, by Fletcher Pratt. On May 20, 1943, <mask> commenced work at the head office of YANK in New York, where he worked until his departure for Britain. <mask> became a naturalized citizen of the United States on August 19, 1943.He served as an artist for British YANK in London until August 2, 1945, and was discharged from the U.S. Army on November 3, 1945. After serving as a Private for most of his time abroad, he finally made Corporal, and just before discharge, Sergeant. While in Britain, <mask> spent time on a Royal Navy convoy in the North Sea, witnessed the bombing of Saint-Lô, and flew over Berlin in a Lancaster bomber. He also spent time on a U.S. PT boat patrolling the beaches and made a trip into Brittany with an armored column. Events from all of these sorties were illustrated in YANK magazine in double page spreads. <mask> was "bugged" by the fact that the Liberty Ship to which he had been assigned for the Normandy Landings got to Utah Beach only on D-Day plus one. He saw lively action, but bemoaned missing the big show.During his time in Britain, <mask> also wrote articles on war rockets and the German Navy which were published in YANK. Science and science-fiction illustrations

During the late 1940s and early 1950s <mask>'s marine art was featured on covers of Yachting Magazine and other publications, as well as on advertising material, and his science-fiction art illustrated covers for pulp science fiction magazines. These included Galaxy Science Fiction, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction and Thrilling Wonder Stories. Due to reduced interest in his pre-war work, <mask> applied for a position teaching watercolor at Hunter College. He taught watercolor painting there from 1948 to 1952. In New York, as a result of his friendship with Fletcher Pratt, <mask> was introduced to the members of the Hydra Club, where he met Judith Merril and L. Ron Hubbard. <mask> was also invited to join Pratt's Trap Door Spiders club, where he became closely associated with L. Sprague de Camp and Isaac Asimov.The contact with such visionary thinkers complemented his exposure to the German V-2 rockets in Europe and served to strengthen his growing interest in space travel, rockets, and science fiction. In 1951 and 1952, <mask> collaborated again with Fletcher Pratt on two classic books: Rockets, Jets, Guided Missiles & Space Ships, and By Space Ship to the Moon. The books were released amidst the great wave of interest in space travel sweeping the United States and the rest of the world in the 1950s, and they were published in several countries and translated into other languages. These books made the prospect of space exploration seem a practical possibility. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) scientists used the books to demonstrate their ideas to Congressmen when seeking funding for the space program, and there are many NASA scientists today who retain fond memories of the influence the books had on their careers. Books

Between 1941 and 1983, <mask> wrote or illustrated 44 books on a wide range of marine, military, historical and educational themes. Among his more famous works is the 1962 authoring and illustration of Arms and Equipment of the Civil War.Dale E. Biever, registrar at the Civil War Library and Museum in Philadelphia, described the work as "not about generals or battles but about the things one should know before delving into those areas ... a welcome addition to any Civil War library." It was republished several times, most recently in 2004. In 1966, <mask> wrote and illustrated The Horseman's Bible, which sold over 500,000 copies with a revised edition published in 1984. In this book <mask> acknowledges his father "whose twenty five years in the cavalry and lifetime interest in horses made his advice invaluable." <mask>'s last book was Marine Painter's Guide, which was first published in 1983. After the book was published, he decided to stop writing to concentrate more on painting. A new edition of Marine Painter's Guide was published in 2005 by Dover Publications, the publisher of new editions for several of his books.Other paintings and illustrations

In 1968, <mask> was invited to undertake part of a voyage on the NOAA vessel USC&GS Discoverer (OSS-02) from Barbados and commissioned to paint several images of the ship and crew. Harris B. Stewart was the chief scientist who commissioned and personally paid for the artwork, which remained his personal property; Stewart was the author of the cited report. <mask> relied on a realistic style that was executed in oils, for which he had a preference. However, he also painted works in water colors and other media. The majority of his paintings have a maritime theme, about which he wrote "It seems strange that with so much of the globe covered by water, so few artists know how to paint it." His stated preference in art styles was "a direct splashy type of realistic painting" and he admired the New Hope school of Redfield and Garber, with "no liking for 'modern art. A catalog listing well over 1000 works has been posthumously compiled by his relatives.A retrospective exhibition and sale of artworks found in <mask>'s home after his death was held at the Wyomissing Institute of the Arts in late 2006. This consisted of about 300 previously unseen oils, watercolors, and other printed materials. An annual "Jack Coggins Award" to be given to a deserving local artist was financed from part of the proceeds from the sale of these works. , <mask>'s paintings are owned by the Philadelphia Maritime Museum, the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, the U.S. Navy, and the United States Coast Guard, among many other institutions, corporations, and private collectors. His original manuscripts and illustrations are part of The University of Southern Mississippi's Permanent Collection of outstanding authors and artists. Recognition
<mask>'s work has been accepted for show by the American Watercolor Society, the Salmagundi Club, the American Artist Professional League, and the Pastel Society of America. <mask> received a number of awards and accolades during his career, including the American Revolution Round Table Award in 1969, the Daniel Boone National Foundation's Americanism Award in 1985, the Mystic Maritime Gallery's Purchase Award in 1989, the International Maritime Exhibition's Rudolph Shaeffer Award from 1987 to 1990, and Berks Art Council's Pagoda Award in 1995.In 2000, he was inducted to the International Association of Astronomical Artists Hall of Fame as a Living Legend and celebrated master of the genre of Space Art. References

Further reading

External links
 <mask> reference site and tribute – created by his family – includes images of many of his works

 <mask> at Galenet
 <mask> in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction

1911 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American painters
20th-century British painters
American male painters
British male painters

American illustrators
American Impressionist painters
American marine artists
United States Army personnel of World War II
American science fiction writers
American war artists
American watercolorists
Art Students League of New York alumni
British emigrants to the United States
British illustrators
British Impressionist painters
British marine artists
Hunter College faculty
People educated at the Imperial Services College
People from Berks County, Pennsylvania
People from Folkestone
People from Roslyn Heights, New York
Realist painters
Science fiction artists
Writers from Pennsylvania
Writers who illustrated their own writing
World War II artists
United States Army soldiers

masks:
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<mask> (1838 - September 1919) was an enslaved African American who accompanied his owners, Andrew and <mask>, referred to as a "manservant" in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. He was also a carpenter and he helped found and build the first black church in his hometown, West Point, Mississippi. Early life
<mask> was born in 1838 on the <mask> plantation in Virginia. He was moved with the family to Mississippi near the towns of Palo Alto, Mississippi and of West Point, Mississippi at about the age of 2. He was trained as a carpenter. Around 1860 he married Lucy Garvin, although marriages between slaves such as this were not recognized by Mississippi law. Lucy was the child of a mulatto house slave named Polly and an unnamed plantation owner.Civil War
At the outset of the American Civil War, the <mask>s had 36 slaves. <mask> was sent to serve Sergeant <mask>, who initially enrolled in a company called the Palo Alto Confederates which later became part of Company F of the 44th Mississippi Infantry. <mask>' descendants believed that <mask> had saved money earned doing odd jobs as a carpenter and attempted to buy his freedom before the war started. However, manumission of <mask> was likely illegal under Mississippi law, and some descendants believe <mask> may have been defrauded of the money he gave to his <mask> masters in an attempted transaction. In 1861, Andrew and <mask> were photographed together armed and wearing Confederate uniforms; both men held a bowie knife and <mask> held a rifle which was laid across both of their laps. A pistol was stuffed into <mask>' shirt, Andrew was holding another pistol and a third pistol was tucked into Andrew's belt. Most of these weapons were probably photographer's props.<mask>'s service to Andrew during the war included transporting messages between Andrew and the <mask> family. When Andrew was captured in the Battle of Shiloh, he feared that <mask> would also be captured and then be sent to the North where he might be freed. <mask> was shot in the leg during the 1863 Battle of Chickamauga in Tennessee. Nearly 30% of his regiment were killed or wounded in the battle. The Army surgeon recommended the leg be amputated. <mask> may have used a gold coin sewn into his jacket for emergencies to buy a crate of whiskey to bribe the surgeon to let him remove Andrew from the military hospital to be treated elsewhere, and he smuggled Andrew onto a boxcar to Atlanta where they met Andrew's uncle, <mask>, who brought them back to their home. Another version of the story has Kyle purchasing the whiskey, which may have been for a hometown doctor and not an Army surgeon.Regardless, <mask> was instrumental in getting Andrew to Atlanta, away from the Army doctors. Andrew's leg was saved but it never returned to full function. <mask> was then sent back to the front to serve as a servant for Andrew's younger brother, <mask>, in the 9th Mississippi Cavalry. <mask> was with <mask> when he was a part of a detached escort of guards for Confederate President Jefferson Davis when Davis fled Richmond, Virginia. On May 7, 1865, <mask> was a part of that escort which was ordered to disband in order for Davis' escort to be less conspicuous as secrecy became paramount due to the collapse of the Confederacy. Some in the <mask> family later claimed that <mask>'s service showed his loyalty to the white members of the family, although, others point to his desire to keep in touch with his wife and the birth of his first son, William Henry, during the war as the cause of his loyalty. After the war
<mask> returned to West Point after the war.<mask> and Lucy had 12 children, of whom 8 survived childhood:  William Henry, Clarence Rufus, Charlie, Robert E., George, Mamie, Willie B., and Sarah. He continued to work as a carpenter and taught the trade to his sons. His family contributed to the building of many homes, churches, banks, and other buildings in the town and throughout the state. In 1868, <mask> and other freedmen founded Mount Hermon Baptist Church on land purchased by <mask> and his wife Lucy adjacent to his home. <mask> purchased and donated the land. <mask> applied for a pension in 1916 which depicts him as a servant rather than a soldier. <mask> appeared as witness in support of the claim for pension.<mask> died in September, 1919, at age 82. His former masters Benjamin and Andrew died in 1909 and 1920 respectively. Legacy
The relationship between <mask> and Andrew and <mask>' role in the Confederate Army has long been of interest. In a 1949 newspaper article in the West Point, Mississippi Daily Times includes the photo and gives <mask> the title of slave, not soldier. However, by the 1990s, a descendant of <mask>'s named Bobbie <mask> believed that <mask> might have been a soldier - possibly having learned this from a write-up in the neo-Confederate publication, the Southern Partisan. In 1994, the Sons of Confederate Veterans and the United Daughters of the Confederacy placed a metal cross beside his tomb in West Point, Mississippi to honor his service as a Confederate soldier. One of the catalysts of the 1994 ceremony was the use of the photo in a Washington Times story in the early 1990s.For that story, a copy of the photo was donated by Bobbie <mask>, who was working for the paper. Since the 1994 ceremony, accounts of black Confederate troops surged in popularity, accounts which are held up in defense of the display of Confederate symbols on public land. Also in 1994, an anthology of essays about black Confederate soldiers written by <mask> Battaille Sr., a descendant of <mask>, wrote, "It is not difficult to speculate that as a result of sharing these very trying life experiences that a special bond existed between [Andrew and <mask>]". In a 2007 book, Clint Johnson calls <mask> the most well-recognized black Confederate soldier. As late as 2010, the Corinth Interpretive Center at Shiloh said that during the war, <mask> was Andrew's "former slave" and says that "both boys fought together at Chickamauga" and that <mask> received a "Mississippi Confederate Veteran Pension", while in reality <mask> was a slave during the war and <mask>' pension was under the "Application of Indigent Servants of Soldiers and Sailors of the Late Confederacy" and the center later updated its presentation. In 2010, <mask> Battaile, Jr. had the original tintype of the photo appraised on the TV show, Antiques Roadshow, and later the relationship between Andrew and <mask> was featured in the show History Detectives. In the 2000s and 2010s, pro-Confederate websites sold merchandise depicting the pair.The pair continued to be used as an example of black Confederate soldiers at least up until January 2016, where they were used in a syndicated column of the Richmond Times-Dispatch. Descendants of both Andrew and <mask> have agreed that <mask> was a slave and not a soldier and had the Confederate honors at <mask>'s grave removed. Notes

References

Bibliography

1838 births
1919 deaths
19th-century American slaves
People from West Point, Mississippi
African Americans in the American Civil War
American carpenters
20th-century African-American people

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Silas Chandler
Benjamin Chandler
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Andrew Chandler
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<mask> (7 May 1916 – 7 June 2006) was an Australian political activist and journalist, who in 1946 founded the far-right Australian League of Rights, which he led until 1992. He was known as a staunch anti-communist and virulent anti-Semite. He died in Victoria in 2006, aged 90. Background and early career
<mask> was born in the Victorian country town of Benalla, although he lived most of his life near Melbourne. In the 1930s he became a follower of the British economist C. H. Douglas and his Social Credit theories. From 1938 <mask> wrote for the Australian Social Credit newspaper New Times. <mask> served in the Australian Army during World War II.According to one of his obituarists: "He served as a gun sergeant for twenty months without leave in the Torres Straits, taught troops as an instructor at Canungra Jungle Training School for six months, transferred to the Officers Training School at Seymour, Victoria, and was honourably discharged at the end of the Pacific phase of the war." Political activities and publishing career
By the time <mask> left the army, his political activities were under surveillance by Australian security authorities, as documents in the Australian archives indicate. In July 1940 the Victorian publicity censor, Crayton Burns (father of Creighton Burns, a later editor of The Age), wrote: "I have taken steps to warn the provincial and country press that the activities of this gentleman and his assistants are being closely watched by the authorities. There is no doubt that the general trend of their propaganda is damaging to the financial side of the war effort." In December 1941, the Commonwealth's chief publicity censor, E.G. Bonney, banned a series of Butler's New Times articles, one of which described Soviet Russia as "a Jewish slave state ... controlled by international Jewish financiers in New York." In 1945, Attorney-General, Dr H.V.Evatt, began an inquiry into <mask>'s activities. He told Parliament: "In the opinion of the Director-General of Security, <mask> has written articles constituting an attempt to create adverse public reaction to war loan campaigns and to the war effort generally." <mask> was not charged. In 1946 <mask> published The International Jew, in which he claimed that Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and John Curtin were covert communists, that the Russian Revolution was a Jewish plot and that the Nazi Holocaust was a myth. <mask>'s eulogist Nigel Jackson described this book as "an essay built around an analysis of the controversial Protocols of the Elders of Zion. In it <mask> challenged the Jewish role in international finance and its connections with communism. Of all <mask>'s publications, this was perhaps the one which roused the greatest fury."This was hardly surprising in the wake of the Nazi Holocaust, particularly since the Protocols were well known in 1947 to be a forgery. <mask> founded the South Australian League of Rights in 1946, centred on the anti-bank nationalisation campaign, and subsequently other state branches were formed, before the national Australian League of Rights was established in 1960. The League was never registered as a political party. <mask> served as the League's National Director until his retirement in 1992. Although <mask> ran for the Australian House of Representatives (as an independent) in 1951, the League was not intended to be a political party. Rather it was a lobby group and "grass roots" organisation, promoting <mask>'s mix of anti-communist, social credit, monarchist and pro-British ideas. Besides the New Times, the League's many publications included the weekly On Target and the monthly Intelligence Survey.In 1949 <mask> began contributing articles on national and international affairs to the Melbourne morning newspaper The Argus, then a conservative paper, but when it was revealed that the articles were based on a League of Rights study course, the series was cancelled. In the 1960s, the League garnered much unfavorable publicity when it was revealed that members were also participating in the Liberal and Country Parties. The Country Party was a mainstream conservative rural party (now the National Party of Australia). A close associate of <mask>'s, Arthur Chresby, was elected to Federal Parliament in Queensland as a Liberal. This tactic achieved some success elsewhere, particularly in areas where small farmers were under economic pressure, such as Gippsland, the Riverina, the Darling Downs, the Yorke Peninsula and the Western Australian wheatbelt. The League pamphlet They Want Your Land alleged that "international financiers" were trying to force Australian farmers off their land by manipulating commodity prices. Successive Country Party and National Party leaders warned against League infiltration and League-controlled branches were occasionally disaffiliated.Queensland Nationals Senator Ron Boswell was particularly outspoken in attacking League infiltration of the Queensland Nationals. A Liberal federal MP, James Killen, was identified as a League supporter in the 1960s, and traveled to Europe with <mask> in 1962, but later severed his connections with the League. In the 1960s and 1970s, <mask> devoted much time to promoting the anti-communist philosophy of white minority regimes in Southern Africa. He traveled on multiple occasions to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and South Africa, then governed under apartheid. <mask> also served as a Far East correspondent for American Opinion, a magazine of the John Birch Society. In July 1972 <mask> achieved some public attention when he debated Max Teichmann, senior lecturer in politics at Monash University, on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Monday Conference program. Teichmann confronted <mask> with his many explicit anti-Semitic statements from the 1930s and 1940s and challenged him to disavow them, a challenge which <mask> evaded.The program highlighted the issue of League infiltration of the Country Party in the period before the December 1972 federal election, at which the long-serving conservative government was defeated. The League formed a number of front organisations, including the Institute of Economic Democracy and Ladies in Line Against Communism (LILAC). In the 1990s, the League lost its position as the leading extreme right political organisation in Australia. <mask> complained that Pauline Hanson and her One Nation Party had stolen his policies. It also lost support to the Citizens Electoral Council, which had been a League front, but which was taken over by followers of the American politician Lyndon LaRouche, and developed a much higher public profile than the League itself. Personal life
<mask> lived most of his life in rural Victoria, in his later years on a farm at Panton Hill, where his home was used as a meeting place for League and other extreme right activists. In the 1950s he was a member of the Eltham Shire Council for some years and served as Shire President.He retired as League Director in 1992, handing control of the organisation to David Thompson, but remained politically active until shortly before his death. In 1999 he chaired an address by the Holocaust denier David Irving. <mask> died in Victoria in 2006, aged 90. See also
 Australian League of Rights
 Far-right politics in Australia

References

External links
Essay on League from Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History, 1997. Fascist fruitcake held surprising political sway, The Australian, 13 June 2006

Victoria (Australia) politicians
Australian Army soldiers
People from Adelaide
1916 births
2006 deaths
Australian social crediters
Australian political journalists
Australian anti-communists
Australian Holocaust deniers
Australian Army personnel of World War II

masks:
Eric Dudley Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
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Butler
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Butler


texts:
<mask> (married names, <mask> and <mask>; 1870–1952) was an American operatic soprano, well known in Germany in the 1880s and 1890s. She inherited her musical talents from her father, a choir leader and chorister, and received early training from a brother, who was a pianist. <mask> retired from the stage in 1905 and died in 1952. Family and education
<mask> was born at Brattleboro, Vermont, in 1870. Of New England ancestry, her father was <mask>, a photographer, and Cynthia (Sherman) <mask>. She had six siblings, N. Sherman, Fred, Alice, Jeanette, John C. and Lucien. She inherited her musical talent from her father, who was a successful choir leader and chorister for many years.Her brother Lucien was an accomplished musician, having attained a reputation as a pianist. <mask>'s childhood was spent at home. She was often told that she could sign a tune before she could walk alone. When a little girl, she wanted to be a "big singer,” and her greatest delight was to put on an old calico apron for a “trail,” make a stage of old boxes and give concerts. Her first public experience on the stage was at the age of four, in a little cantata given by children. Her second, at the age of nine, was in an operetta called “The Quarrel Among the Flowers.” She had the part of “The Dahlia,” and did so well in it that from that time on, unusual things were expected of her. <mask>'s first teacher in singing and instrumental music was her brother, <mask>.At the age of nine or eleven, she took the part of “Josephine” in a children’s performance of H.M.S. Pinafore. . As she had to lead the chorus as well, the effort proved to be somewhat of a strain on her voice, and she was not allowed to sing much during the next year. Her first concert of importance was in 1880, at Newfane, Vermont. In the early 1880s, when <mask> was in her teens and unknown to musical fame outside of her native town, she made her debut in Western Vermont as a concert singer. The occasion was the opening concert of the first festival of the Rutland Music Festival Association. She scored a marked artistic success, and at once established herself in popular favor. The first money <mask> ever earned by singing was paid to her as soprano in a church choir in her home town when she was 14.Her father, at that time 70 years of age, but still retaining a strong, clear, tenor voice, was the choir leader. At the age of 16, she went with her brother to Boston, where he was continuing his musical studies. She had vocal lessons of Charles R. Adams and profited greatly by his training. At home during the next summer, she became acquainted with Aline Osgood, the soprano, whose encouragement and example at this time were invaluable to <mask>. She spent part of the following winter in Philadelphia with Mrs. Osgood, and continued her studies with Prof. Siegfried Behrens, the teacher and conductor. The following year, she went abroad in company with her brother, and for two years studied singing and acting in the school of Auguste Götze in Dresden. Career

Early years
During the second year in Dresden, <mask> sang in concerts in that city and several smaller German cities.In May, 1888, came the opportunity for a first trial in Grand Opera, at Kroll Opera House in Berlin. Her first role was that of “Amina” in La Sonnambula. Having pleased the public and the critics, she was given a three months’ engagement, and sang also the leading soprano part in Lucia and Il Barbier di Sesiglia. One of the foremost critics in Berlin said of her: "At nineteen years of age she shows more signs of being a second Patti than any woman in the world. I do not say now that she is a second Patti, but I do assert that she will be a formidable rival in a few years." At the close of this engagement, <mask> returned home to Brattleboro. The great interest and goodwill of home friends was shown on the occasion of a testimonial concert in August 1888.In September, she sang at two concerts of the Worcester, Massachusetts, music festival. After giving a few concerts in New England cities, she decided to go abroad again for the purpose of continuing her studies for the operatic stage. In company with her brother, she went to Paris, and there had lessons with Mathilde Marchesi. Later, she studied with Luigi Vannuccini in Florence, Italy. <mask>vin
By the  mid 1890s, nearly every large city, and many smaller ones, east of the Mississippi River had heard <mask> in concert, and the chief music festivals of the country had her name at one time or another at the head of the list of artists announced as attractions. After <mask>'s marriage to William Lavin, the tenor, she changed her name to <mask>-Lavin. In 1897, it was reported that during the past year, <mask> had been singing as "guest" in many of the German opera houses.At Stettin, they called her a nightingale, and said it was not merely astonishing but actually incredible that such a tone could come from a human throat. Another journal in the same city said that in the whole compass of the round earth at this time no other such singer was anywhere to be found. This was for her Violetta in "Traviata. At Danzig, her first appearances were in Rossini's Barber of Seville, and they praised her spontaneous and delightful comedy, but returned immediately to the fundamental note of all her critiques, the magical beauty of her voice. She introduced the famous virtuoso piece from Félicien David's Perle de Brazil, and a Frühlingsstimmen, by Strauss. In Augsburg, she began in Lucia di Lammermoor, and they talked about the exquisite purity, agility, and pleasing quality of her tone as well as the unexampled richness of compass and expressive quality. Retirement
Of the many photographs of <mask>, nearly all were taken by her brother, John C<mask>.After marrying Edward Burton of Massachusetts on October 24, 1905, she retired. She died in 1952. References

Attribution

Bibliography

1870 births
1952 deaths
American operatic sopranos
People from Brattleboro, Vermont
Singers from Vermont

masks:
Mary Howe
Mary Howe Lavin
Mary Howe Burton
Howe
Mary Howe
Caleb Lysander Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Lucien Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe La
Howe
Howe
Mary Howe
Howe Lavin
Howe
. Howe


texts:
<mask> is an American cinema and media theorist and cultural critic. <mask>'s work on science fiction films and phenomenology of film is perhaps her most recognized. She is a prolific writer and has authored numerous books and articles across a diverse range of subjects; from historiography to film noir to work on documentary film, new media, and film feminism. Her work has been featured in such publications as Film Comment and Camera Obscura. She is the author and editor of many books on film and media. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in 1940 in Brooklyn and grew up in Long Island. Sobchack attended Barnard College.While at Barnard, Sobchack often frequented the nearby Thalia Theater, which offered up a diverse schedule of classic and foreign films. She received her degree in English Literature in 1961 with aspirations to write fiction. She published some poetry and began work on a novel, but within two years of graduating moved into a career counseling college grads in search of their first jobs. This led her to a new position, sponsored by President Johnson’s Anti-Poverty Program, counseling troubled high school dropouts towards sustainable careers. Career
She remained in New York until 1966 when she relocated to Salt Lake City where her husband Thomas J<mask> had taken an Assistant Professorship in the English Department at the University of Utah. It was there that Sobchack got her first teaching experience. She took part-time work with the University, teaching film courses—some of the first offered in the early 1970s.<mask> stayed with the part-time teaching at the University of Utah while she brought up her son. In Salt Lake City, she also became involved in the establishment of a film club with the intention of bringing hard-to-find films to a city with only one art house theater. The success of this film club eventually led to the inauguration of the Utah Film Festival (which, as it grew, eventually led to the establishment of the US Film Festival and ultimately, the Sundance Film Festival). <mask> earned her master's degree in Critical Studies from UCLA’s Department of Theater Arts/Division of Motion Pictures and Television in 1976. Her Masters Thesis became her first book, The Limits of Infinity: The American Science Fiction Film 1950-1975 (In 1987 greatly expanded and retitled Screening Space: The American Science Fiction Film). In 1978, she took a position as Visiting Lecturer at the University of Vermont in Burlington, in the Department of Communication. On her trip back to her family in Utah, she visited the University of Southern Illinois-Carbondale, where she ultimately decided to pursue her Ph.D. the following year in the Department of Speech Communication, with an emphasis on Philosophy of Language.In 1984, she was awarded her Ph.D. Her dissertation on the phenomenology of film became the basis for her groundbreaking film theory book The Address of the Eye: A Phenomenology of Film Experience (1992). <mask> began teaching at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1981. While at Santa Cruz, along with pursuing her own research and writing, she served in a number of administrative capacities including becoming the first Dean of the Arts Division and effectively helping to establish the University’s Film Studies curriculum. In 1992, she moved to the University of California, Los Angeles as a professor in the Critical Studies area of the UCLA Department of Film Television, and Digital Media and Associate Dean of the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television. She retired from administration and currently teaches classes in Visual Phenomenology, Contemporary Film Theory, Historiography, and Cultural Studies. The Society for Cinema and Media Studies awarded Sobchack the 2005 Distinguished Service Award and the 2012 Distinguished Career Achievement Award.She also won the 1995 Pilgrim Career Award for science fiction scholarship from the Science Fiction Research Association. She has served as a juror on the American Film Institute Awards Motion Picture Committee five times since 2000. She is on numerous editorial and advisory boards for print and electronic publications—Film Quarterly, Cultural Theory and Technology, Signs, Journal of Film and Video, Journal of Popular Film and Television, and Cinema Journal, to name a few. She has been an on-camera participant and voice-over commentator for several DVD features and featurettes. She can be seen delivering commentary, for example, on the bonus features of Dark City, Buffy the Vampire Slayer(Season 7) and Warner Bros. Tough Guys set of DVDs. She did a voice-over commentary on His Kind of Woman for Warner Bros. Film Noir Classic Collection, Vol. 3.Works

Books
Carnal Thoughts: Embodiment and Moving Image Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004). Beyond the Gaze: Recent Approaches to Film Feminisms [special issue of Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society] Vol. 30: no.1 (Autumn 2004), Co-editor with Kathleen McHugh. Meta-Morphing: Visual Transformation and the Culture of Quick Change, Editor (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 2000). The Persistence of History: Cinema, Television and the Modern Event, Editor (New York: AFI Film Reader Series, Routledge, 1996). New Chinese Cinemas: Forms, Identities, Politics, Co-editor with Nick Browne, Paul Pickowicz, and Esther Yau (London: Cambridge University Press, 1994). The Address of the Eye: A Phenomenology of Film Experience (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,1992).Screening Space: The American Science Fiction Film (New York: Ungar Press,1987, rpt., Rutgers University Press, 1997). The Limits of Infinity: The American Science Fiction Film 1950-1975 (South Brunswick, NJ & New York: A.S. Barnes/London: Thomas Yoselloff, Ltd., 1980). An Introduction to Film, Co-author with <mask>, (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1980). Articles
"Waking Life: <mask> on the experience of Innocence," Film Comment 41, no. 6 (November/December 2005): 46-49. "Nostalgia for a Digital Object: Regrets on the Quickening of QuickTime," Millennium Film Journal 34 (Fall 1999): 4-23. available at:
"Toward a Phenomenology of Non-Fictional Experience," in Collecting Visible Evidence, ed. Michael Renov and Jane Gaines (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 241-254."'Lounge Time': Post-War Crises and the Chronotope of Film Noir," in Refiguring American Film Genres: History and Theory, ed. Nick Browne (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 129-170. "The Scene of the Screen: Envisioning Cinematic and Electronic ‘Presence," in Materialities of Communication, ed. Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht and K. Ludwig Pfeiffer (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), 83-106. "The Active Eye: A Phenomenology of Cinematic Vision," Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 12, no. 3 (1990): 21-36. "Cities on the Edge of Time: The Urban Science Fiction Film," East-West Film Journal, 3, no.1 (December 1988): 4-19. References

External links
Biography at Ryerson
screeningthepast.media.latrobe.edu.au
Online articles at artbrain.org
cinema.ucla.edu
Scholars on Sobchack at film-philosophy.com

1940 births
Living people
American film critics
Barnard College alumni
American film historians
Film theorists
Jewish American writers
Jewish philosophers
Women film critics
Writers from Brooklyn
American women historians
Historians from New York (state)
American women critics

masks:
Vivian Carol Sobchack
Sobchack
Sobchack
Vivian Finsmith
. Sobchack
Sobchack
Sobchack
Sobchack
Thomas Sobchack
Vivian Sobchack


texts:
<mask>,  (6 February 1895  18 July 1976) was a Scottish anaesthetist, who worked at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (RIE). For gallantry as a serving soldier in WWI he was awarded the Military Cross. He founded the department of anaesthetics in the RIE and became its first director. The Gillies anaesthetic machine which he devised was the first British closed circuit anaesthetic device and was in use until the 1960s. With his colleague HWC ('Griff') Griffiths he pioneered the technique of high spinal anaesthesia to produce hypotension and 'bloodless' operating fields. Gillies anaesthetised King George VI in Buckingham Palace and was made Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) for this service. He was president of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland from 1947 to 1950.Early  life
<mask> was born in Edinburgh the son of Archibald  <mask> and his wife Jessie Jane <mask>. He was educated at Broughton High School, Edinburgh, going on to study medicine at the  University of Edinburgh Medical School from 1913. At the outbreak of WWI he  volunteered for army service and served in  the  British Expeditionary Force. He was  commissioned in the Highland Light Infantry, was awarded the Military Cross and spent the last seven months of the war as a prisoner of war in Germany. He returned to Edinburgh and completed his medical studies, graduating MB ChB in 1923. Career

<mask> was a house physician in Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle before entering general practice in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Much of his work involved giving anaesthetics for operations performed by one of his partners.To gain experience in this field he went to London in 1931 to study anaesthetic technique under Dr <mask> and  Dr (later Sir)  Ivan Magill, a pioneer of  endotracheal tube anaesthesia. The following year he returned to Edinburgh to work as an anaesthetist at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children. He was then appointed as anaesthetist to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (RIE). Here he worked in the professorial surgical unit, initially  with  Sir <mask> and subsequently with  Sir James Learmonth and latterly with Sir <mask>. In 1940 <mask> set up the Department of Anaesthetics in the RIE, the first such in Scotland with two junior anaesthetists whose training he supervised. When  the National Health Service was established in 1948 he was appointed  Director of Anaesthesia. He determined to make anaesthetics an academic discipline in Edinburgh and recommended that anaesthetists in the RIE should have university status.He  was appointed lecturer in anaesthetics by the University. and was later promoted to  J Y Simpson Reader in anaesthesia. Among the contributions which he made was the invention of the Gillies anaesthetic machine, thought to be the first British closed circuit apparatus. The first commercial model was made by Charles King Ltd of London from 1941. A second improved version was available from 1948 and from 1951 the Mark III version was produced by the Coxeter–King division of the British Oxygen Company. The machine continued in use in Britain until the 1960s. With his RIE anaesthetic colleague  HWC Griffiths he popularised  the technique of high spinal anaesthesia, which they had introduced  to induce hypotension and to produce a 'bloodless' operating field.<mask>, with RJ Minnitt, jointly wrote the sixth and seventh editions of Textbook of Anaesthetics. in March 1949, <mask> anaesthetised King George VI for the operation of lumbar sympathectomy, performed in Buckingham Palace by his colleague Sir James Learmonth. It is likely that he gave the anaesthetic using his own Gillies machine. He retired in 1960 and died in 1976. Honours and awards

For services in anaesthetising King George VI  he was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO). He was elected to numerous presidencies including president of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland from 1947 to 1950, president of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists in 1950, President of the  section of anaesthesia of the Royal Society of Medicine the following year and president of the Association of Anaesthetists of Edinburgh in 1952. He was awarded the Hickman Medal of the Royal Society of Medicine, the <mask> Medal of the Association of Anaesthetists and was H. J. Shields Lecturer at the University of Toronto.He was awarded the Gold Medal of the Canadian Anesthsiologists' Society. Uniquely for an anaesthetist he was awarded the Lister Victoria Jubilee Medal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Family
<mask> married  Agnes McGilchrist Anderson and they had four children. Legacy
In 1977 the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists established the <mask> Memorial Lecture in his memory. Selected publications

<mask>, J. (1941) Anaesthesia in the shocked patient. The Lancet, 237, 6129, 226-227.<mask>, J. (1942). Modern anæsthesia. Edinburgh Post-Graduate Lectures in Medicine, 2, 1940–41. <mask>, J. (1943). The Time Factor in Surgical Operations.Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 36, 9, 457–462. <mask>, J. (1949). Anæsthesia for the Surgical Treatment of Hypertension. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 42, 5, 295–298. <mask>, J. (1952).Physiological Trespass in Anæsthesia: President's Address. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 45, 1, 1–6. Minnitt, R. J., <mask>, J. (1948). Textbook of Anaesthetics ... With a section on regional analgesia by L.B. Wevill, etc. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone.References

1895 births
1976 deaths
Medical doctors from Edinburgh
People educated at Broughton High School, Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
Scottish anaesthetists
British Army personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Military Cross
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
University of Edinburgh Medical School alumni
20th-century surgeons

masks:
John Gillies
John Gillies
George Gillies
Gillies
Gillies
John Hunter
John Fraser
John Bruce
Gillies
Gillies
Gillies
John Snow
Gillies
Gillies
Gillies
Gillies
Gillies
Gillies
Gillies
Gillies


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Archbishop <mask> (November 2, 1923 – August 28, 2011) was a hierarch of the Orthodox Church in America. He served as archbishop of the church's Diocese of the South from 1978 to 2009 and was the ruling bishop of the Mexican Exarchate from 1972 to 2008. The territory of the diocese covered fourteen states in the United States – Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. In Orthodox Christian circles he is sometimes called the Apostle to the South. Birth
Archbishop <mask> was born as <mask> in Teague, Texas on November 2, 1923 and was raised as a Southern Baptist, being baptized (by single immersion) in the name of the Holy Trinity at age 12. Though his father was non-practicing, his mother was devout. Robert was instilled with a deep reverence for the Holy Scriptures at an early age.It was, for this reason, that he and his older sister became convinced that the spirit of Protestantism and the spirit of the Holy Scriptures were incompatible. Conversion to Orthodoxy
After finding incompatibility between Protestantism and the Holy Scriptures he and his sister began to search for "the original scriptural community and roots of the early church". He later stated:

We began to look around. We visited a number of Churches. We had a big book called the Book of World Religions, or something like that, in which all religions and denominations were described, Rather briefly, but at the same time rather completely. There was a rather complete description of the Eastern Orthodox Church in there. It described the Orthodox Church as being the mother of all Christian Churches.We began to look at the New Testament rather carefully and pick out portions of the New Testament that reflected in some way what the Church was in the Apostolic Age. Really, when you put it together, there is quite a bit of it. It isn't as skimpy or as sketchy a description as it might appear on the surface. After attending Orthros and Divine Liturgy at age 15 he later recalled: We knew from that moment that we would probably not go anywhere else...It was so evident that something really took place...the Holy Spirit transforming the bread and wine. The two formally began their inquiry in 1939, with the personal blessing of Archbishop Athenagoras (at the time Archbishop of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America) with Father Daniel Sakalarios as their teacher. He and his sister were eventually received into Orthodoxy in 1941 at Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church in Dallas, Texas. Priesthood and episcopacy
He entered North Texas State University but left in 1943 to join the Army.While in the Army he served as a Japanese language interpreter on the staff of General Douglas MacArthur in the Philippines and Japan. After leaving the Army he resumed his studies, eventually becoming a Spanish language instructor at Southern Methodist University. He received his Master of Arts in Spanish. In 1954, <mask> was ordained to the priesthood, and served as the rector of St. Seraphim Orthodox Church in Dallas from then until 1969. On June 29, 1969, he was consecrated as Bishop of Berkeley, vicar of the Diocese of San Francisco and the West. In 1970, Bishop <mask> was assigned as Bishop of Washington, auxiliary bishop to Metropolitan Irenaeus (Bekish). On October 19, 1971, Bishop <mask> was elected Bishop of Hartford and New England.In 1978, Bishop <mask> became the first ruling bishop of the newly created Diocese of the South. He was elevated to the rank of archbishop in 1993. Being a senior bishop in his church, <mask> was the locum tenens of the Metropolitan's see and temporary head of the OCA from September 4, 2008 until the election of a new primate, Metropolitan Jonah on November 12, 2008. On March 31, 2009 the then 85-year-old archbishop was granted retirement from active pastoral duties by the Holy Synod of the OCA. Death
Archbishop <mask> died in Dallas on August 28, 2011, on the Julian calendar feast of the Dormition, which was his favorite feast day. Although originally interred in Restland Cemetery in Dallas, Texas, he was disinterred on March 4, 2016 in order to transfer his body to his new tomb in the Saint Seraphim Cathedral also in Dallas. However, when they removed his body from his place of burial, his body was found to be untouched by decay (a sign of sainthood in Orthodox Christianity).This fact was attested to by a local specialist who was hired for the exhumation process. Bibliography
 articles
 A Christian Understanding of Freedom
 The Commandment of Love
 Confession
 The Goal of Lent
 Liturgical Commemorations in Preparations for the Nativity
 «The Lord Is My Shepherd»
 The Meeting of Our Lord
 Pentecost
 Reconciliation, Education, Evangelization
 St. Thomas Sunday
 The Seventh Sunday of Pascha
 Sunday of the Cross
 The Sundays after Pentecost
 The Theotokos
 «Thus It Becometh Us to Fulfill All Righteousness»
 The Transfiguration of Christ
 The Veneration of the Virgin Mary in the Orthodox Church
 What’s in the Stars? A Close Look at Astrology

 books
The Parables (1996). St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.  . The Kingdom of God: The Sermon on the Mount (1997). St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.  . The Miracles of Christ (1999).St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.  . The Epistle to the Hebrews: A Commentary (2003). St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.  .
St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans: A Pastoral Commentary (2008). St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.  . The Epistle of St. James: A Commentary (2010). St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.  .

Episcopal succession

Notes

1923 births
2011 deaths
People from Freestone County, Texas
United States Army personnel of World War II
20th-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
Bishops of the Orthodox Church in America
Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Protestantism
21st-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
Former Baptists
20th-century American clergy
21st-century American clergy

masks:
Dmitri
Dmitri
Robert Roscoe Royster
Royster
Dmitri
Dmitri
Dmitri
Dmitri
Dmitri


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<mask> (Russian: Юрий Леонидович Воробьёв; born on 2 February 1948), is a Russian statesman, who is currently a member of the Federation Council, representing Vologda Oblast, on legislative authority, since 2007. He is award the title Hero of the Russian Federation. <mask> is an honored Rescuer of the Russian Federation, twice laureate of the Prize of the Government of Russia in the field of science and technology, the acting state adviser of the Russia of the 1st class. He is a retired army officer a colonel. He was also the chairman of the Governing Council of the Russian Geographical Society. In August 1991, he was the Deputy Chairman of the Russian Rescue Corps. From August to December 1991, he worked as Deputy Chairman of the State Committee of the RSFSR for Emergency Situations.From December 1991 to January 1994, he was the First Deputy Chairman of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters. From January 1994 to April 2007 he was the First Deputy Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters. Biography

Yury <mask> was born in Krasnoyark on 2 February 1948. He began his career after graduating from the 9th grade of secondary school in 1964 at the Krasnoyarsk plant "Krasmash", worked as an apprentice machine operator, grinder and at the same time studied at an evening school for working youth 1964 to 1966. He graduated from the Krasnoyarsk Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals in 1971, with a degree in Foundry of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals, with the qualification as metallurgical engineer. After graduating from the institute, from 1971 to 1972, he worked as a junior researcher at the Krasnoyarsk Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals named after V.I. M. I. Kalinina.From 1972 to 1980, he worked in various positions (senior process engineer, design engineer, head of the technological bureau, deputy head of the shop, head of the shop, deputy director) at the Krasnoyarsk trailer plant. From 1980 to 1982, he was the Secretary of the Party Committee of the Krasnoyarsk Automobile Trailer Plant. From 1982 1985, he was promoted to 1st Deputy Director of the Krasnoyarsk Automobile Trailer Plant. From 1985 to 1988, he was the first 1st Secretary of the Sosnovoborsk City Committee of the CPSU. From 1988 to 1990, he was theInspector of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Committee of the CPSU. From 1990 to 1991, he was the general director of the Krasnoyarsk Fund for Support of Small Enterprises for the Development of Social and Economic Reforms and Foreign Economic Relations in the Sphere of Small Business. On 21 April 1991, By Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No.229, <mask> was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Russian Rescue Corps. <mask> was one of the organizers of the Russian Rescue Corps and the founders of the EMERCOM of Russia, made a great contribution to the creation and development of the RSChS system, for many years from 1991 until 2007, and was the organizer of their successful functioning. He was the direct leader of a number of operations to eliminate large-scale emergencies, one of the organizers of peacekeeping operations during interethnic conflicts in South Ossetia in 1992, Transnistria in 1992, Abkhazia in 1993, in the Balkans from 1993 1995, and in the African countries under the auspices of the UN, humanitarian operations both in Russia and abroad. From August 1991 to December 1991, he worked as Deputy Chairman of the State Committee for Emergency Situations of the RSFSR. Between December 1991 and January 1994, he was the First Deputy Chairman of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters. In 1992, he graduated from the Russian Academy of Management in Moscow with a degree in Theory of Social and Political Relations, with the qualification of political scientist. He was an adviser and an expert on social and political issues and relations with social and political associations.He had headed the task force of the State Committee for Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation in the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic since June 1992. Between January 1994 and April 2007, <mask> was the First Deputy Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters, serving under Sergey Shoygu. He was the Member of the Government Commission for Road Safety in 1994, and 1997 until 2003. From 20 February 1995 to 14 January 2003, he was the Deputy Chairman of the IAC for Prevention and Elimination of the Consequences of Emergency Situations. From 1996 to 1997, Member of the IAC for the participation of the Russian Federation in international organizations of the UN system,

On 6 February 1996, he was the Member of the International Committee of the Security Council of Russia for Public Security, Combating Crime and Corruption. In 1996, by the decision of the dissertation council of the Russian Academy of State Service under the President of the Russian Federation dated 27 December 1996, No. 8, he was awarded the degree of candidate of political sciences.On 14 April 1997, he became of the Member of the IAC for the Protection of State Secrets. In 1997, he was the Chairman of the Interdepartmental Maritime Coordination Commission for the Prevention and Elimination of the Consequences of Emergencies at Sea and in the Water Basins of Russia. On 25 October 1997, he was the Member of the International Committee of the Russia for the Council of Europe Affairs. On 10 December 2002, he was theDeputy Chairman of the Federal Anti-Terrorist Commission. From 2003 to 2006, he was the Deputy Chairman of the Government Commission for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergencies and Fire Safety

13 September 2004, he was the Member of the Commission for the Coordination of the Activities of Federal Executive Bodies in the Southern Federal District. From 2006 to 2008, he was the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the All-Russian public organization "Russian Union of Rescuers". He substantiated the need to implement state support for the market segment in the field of security services, as a component of a unified policy in the field of life safety.On 4 May 2007, <mask> became a member of the Federation Council, representative from the legislative (representative) body of state power of the Vologda Oblast. He became  aDeputy Chairman of the Federation Council since 19 September 2008. From September 2008 to December 2011, he was in charge of anti-corruption issues at the legislative level, was responsible for developing the policy of the Federation Council in the field of anti-corruption activities. By the decision of the Presidium of the Council of Legislators dated 13 March 2009, he was approved by the Chairman of the Commission of the Council for Interaction of the Federation Council with the legislative (representative) bodies of state power of the constituent entities o Russia, through the Council of Legislators, to improve the legal regulation of combating corruption. He was a member of the Federation Council Committee on Northern Affairs and Indigenous Peoples, as well as the Federation Council Commission on National Maritime Policy, and the Federation Council Commission on Physical Culture, Sports and Development of the Olympic Movement. He coordinated the work of the Federation Council Committee on Agrarian and Food Policy and Environmental Management. He supervised the preparation and holding of the International Congress "Road Safety for the Safety of Life".He interacted with the National Anti-Terrorism Committee, the State Anti-Drug Committee. He also supervised the activities of the Expert Council under the Federation Council on the legislative support of the military-industrial complex and military-technical cooperation from 2013 to 2018. In 2010, he is the member of the Board of Trustees of the All-Russian public organization "Russian Geographical Society". He coordinates the work of the Federation Council Committee on Defense and Security. He had supervised the activities of the Council for Social Protection of Servicemen, Law Enforcement Officers and Members of Their Families under the Federation Council. He supervises the work on mobilization training and civil defense in the Federation Council. Vorobyov organizes interaction of the Federation Council with the legislative and executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of Russia located within the Central Federal District (from 2011 to the present), North-Western federal district (from 2011 to 2017), and North Caucasus federal districts (in 2015).He had been the chairman of the Federation Council Commission for Control over the Reliability of Information on Income, Property and Property Liabilities Submitted by Members of the Federation Council. He had represented the Federation Council under the President of Russia for Combating Corruption, in the Council under the President of Russia for Cossack Affairs. He had organized work on the implementation of the Agreement between the Federation Council and the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of the Consequences of Natural Disasters. He had headed the delegation of the Federation Council to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. He interacts with the Russian organizing committee "Victory". He supervises the preparation and holding of the forum of the regions of Russia and Belarus. He also participates in the work of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union of Belarus and Russia.He also participates in the work of the Interparliamentary Commission of the F[ederation Council and the Council of the Republic of the National Assembly] of Belarus on interregional cooperation. He had been the chairman of the Russian part of the Interparliamentary Commission on Cooperation between the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the National Assembly of Armenia. He also organizes work on the implementation of the Memorandum of Interparliamentary Cooperation between the Federation Council and the Council of Cantons of the Federal Assembly of the Switzerland. As the chairman of the Expert Council of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, <mask> designed to provide expert support to the management in the field of civil defense, protection of the population and territories from emergencies, ensuring fire safety, safety of people at water bodies in cases of extreme difficulty in preparing and making decisions on the conduct of work to prevent emergencies, and uniting more than 40 leading scientists of the country in the field of security. In January 2012, he was reelected as the Chairman of the Supreme Council of ROSSOYUZSPAS. From 2017 to 2019, he was the Honorary President of ROSSOYUZSPAS. Since August 2014, he became the Chairman of the Committee for Public Support of Residents of the southeastern Ukraine under the Federation Council.The work of the committee is aimed at coordinating the activities of the constituent entities of Russia, public organizations and citizens to provide humanitarian assistance to residents of southeastern Ukraine, assistance to refugees and internally displaced persons who arrive on the territory of our country. Since November 2014, he was the Chairman of the Governing Council of the All-Russian Public Organization Russian Geographical Society. Since December 2014, he was the Honorary Chairman of the Expert Council of the EMERCOM of Russia. He subsequently became the Honorary Chairman of the Vologda branch of the Russian Geographical Society. He was the ember of the Board of Trustees of the All-Russian public-state organization "Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Army, Aviation and Navy of Russia" (DOSAAF of Russia). He was also a member of the Board of Trustees of the All-Russian Children and Youth Military Patriotic Movement "YUNARMIA". He was also the editor of the journal "Problems of Risk Analysis".Honors

The mentor of the children's educational center is the cadet school "Ship of Prionezhia" named after him, as <mask> was awarded the title Hero of the Russian Federtion. Family

He is married to Lyudmila <mask>, and has two sons, Andrey and Maskim, and grandchildren. Andrey is the eldest son, who had been the  Deputy Chairman of the State Duma, the head of the United Russia faction in the State Duma of the sixth convocation (2011-2012), head of the Central Executive Committee of the United Russia party (2005—2012), and currently serving as the Governor of Moscow Oblast since 2013. Maksim is a younger son, (born 9 August 1976), who is a businessman. He is currently the chairman of the board of directors of the Russian Sea Group of Companies. In 1998 he graduated from the Faculty of International Economic Relations of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. In 2006, he was in the Global Executive MBA course of the Spanish business school IESE.Since 2002, he is a professional participant in the securities market (certificate of the Federal Commission for the Securities Market Russia). Yury is fond of sports and tourism. References

1948 births
Living people
United Russia politicians
People from Krasnoyarsk
Heroes of the Russian Federation
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
Recipients of the Order "For Personal Courage"
Soviet mechanical engineers
Members of the Federation Council of Russia (after 2000)

masks:
Yury Leonidovich Vorobyov
Vorobyov
Vorobyov
Vorobyov
Vorobyov
Vorobyov
Vorobyov
Vorobyov
Vorobyov
Vorobyova


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<mask> (pronounced "Vair-akee-oh'-nee;" January 14, 1932 – January 6, 2018) was an American athlete. Varrichione was best remembered for being part of the 1953 University of Notre Dame football team that shared the collegiate national championship with a 9-0-1 record and for having played eleven seasons in the National Football League (NFL). During his collegiate career <mask> was named a Third Team All-American in 1954, recognized as one of the top 33 players in the college game. He would be the first lineman selected in the 1955 NFL draft, the league's sixth pick overall. <mask>'s stint in the NFL would include six seasons playing for the Pittsburgh Steelers before a trade ahead of the 1961 season sent him to the Los Angeles Rams, for whom he would play for five more years. During his career Varrichione would make five NFL Pro Bowl appearances between 1955 and 1964, indicative of his status as atop echelon offensive lineman. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born January 14, 1932 at  Natick, Massachusetts.His parents, Joseph and <mask>, were born in Italy and emigrated to the United States in 1913 — first arriving in Boston before moving slightly more than 20 miles inland to the town of Natick. He was the youngest of ten children in a Roman Catholic family. Large and strong from his early boyhood years, Varrichione took up football as a 9th grade student at Natick High School. He graduated early and then was enrolled in a Catholic prep school, St. Thomas Aquinas in Rochester, New York, where he attracted the attention of recruiters for the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana. Collegiate career
Following graduation at St. Thomas Aquinas, Varrichione was enrolled on scholarship to Notre Dame. He was a 210-pound Freshman on the 1951 team, slated for immediate use on a depleted offensive line for what was expected to be one of the youngest varsity teams in school history. Varrichione was made a starter as a Freshman, the only such on the offensive side of the ball for the 1951 Fighting Irish Team.Varrichione's initial campaign was marred by injury, however, when the young right guard went down in an October 27, 1951 game against the University of Pittsburgh. The injury was not season-ending, however, and by the November 8 game against the University of Oklahoma, Varrichione's number 60 jersey was again seen on the field. During his Junior year Varrichione showed improvement on the defensive side of the ball, tutored by Notre Dame head coach <mask>. Varrichione thrived in his defensive role, scoring two points on a safety in an October 1953 game against the Pitt Panthers. The play helped Varrichione earn national Lineman of the Week honors from the Associated Press. He would also earn a place in Notre Dame lore as an offensive tackle in helping Notre Dame escape with a tie against the University of Iowa by spontaneously suffering a phantom injury which stopped the clock with no timeouts remaining and time winding down at the end of the first half, helping to enable a critical touchdown. His dramatic flop at a critical moment would help Varrichione earn the moniker "Faintin' <mask>."He would also be the recipient of a deluge of flowers and get-well-soon cards from sarcastic Hawkeye football fans, perturbed by the outcome of Varricihone's timely ailment. The tie against Iowa would prove to be the only blemish on a 9-0-1 record, and the 1953 Fighting Irish football team would go on to claim a share of the 1953 College Football Championship. Varrichione's ability was recognized during his senior season when he was named a Third Team NFA All American for 1954. Pittsburgh Steelers
As a four-year starter for the high-profile Notre Dame Fighting Irish, <mask> was a highly sought-after player in the 1955 NFL Draft. He was selected in the 1st Round by the Pittsburgh Steelers, the league's 6th pick overall, and the first offensive lineman chosen. Informed of his selection by a Pittsburgh newspaper writer via telephone, Varrichione predicted no difficulty in coming to financial terms with the Steelers and indicated a desire to play professional football for "as long as I can last." Varrichione's prediction proved accurate and by the first days of February he was under contract with the Steelers to play the 1955 season.Varrichione's first pro deal paid him $8,000 for the year — a substantial sum for an offensive lineman in that day. Varrichione was well suited to the professional game and he was named to the 1955 Pro-Bowl Game, held in January following his rookie season. He saw action as part of the East team that eked out a controversial 31-30 victory over their other conference rivals. His eagerness to sign a first NFL contract had dissipated by 1957, and Varrichione remained unsigned as the Steelers assembled at St. Bonaventure University in Olean, New York for the opening of training camp. No raise was forthcoming, however, and following a telephone conversation with team president Art Rooney, <mask> signed on August 6 to play with the Steelers for another year, thereby completing the team's 45-man roster. Three days of practice were missed. Despite revelations that he battled partial deafness which forced him to wear a special helmet outfitted with a hearing aid,<ref>UPI, "Hearing Helmut," Mason City [IA] Globe-Gazette," October 21, 1957, pg.11.</ref> the season proved to be another good one for the 240-pound tackle and Varrichione was named to his second Pro Bowl at the end of the year. <mask> would repeat the feat in 1960 as one of five Pittsburgh Steelers named to the East squad. He was rewarded following the season with a new contract with the Steelers, this a three-year deal for an undisclosed amount — the longest contract of his career. The six-year veteran Pro Bowler seemed poised to finish his career in Steeler black and gold. Los Angeles Rams
In April 1961, <mask>'s world was turned upside down when the Pittsburgh Steelers with which he had just signed a three-year deal traded his contract to the Los Angeles Rams for that of defensive tackle Lou Michaels, a 1958 first round pick who was just starting to come into his own as an NFL defensive star. The Steelers had hated to part company with a top offensive lineman like Varrichione, head coach Buddy Parker told the press at the time of the transaction, but the deal had to be done to provide vitally needed defensive strength. The exchange was an even one, with no other considerations changing hands.It would be the Rams with whom Varrichione played the rest of his career. Due to family considerations, Varrichione threatened retirement following the 1961 season. "My wife is expecting her fourth child, and this traveling around is awfully tough," he told the press. "She doesn't want me to play anymore." Despite initially telling Rams general manager Elroy "Crazylegs" Hirsch that he planned to quit, <mask> eventually relented and by the start of training camp for the 1962 campaign, he was ready to don the blue and gold of the Rams again. Together with his Rams teammate Joe Carollo, a fellow Notre Dame alum, Varrichione played every single offensive play of the 1963 NFL season — 14 games in all. By his 11th and final season the right tackle Varrichione was honored by his peers through his choice as offensive captain of the team.Varrichione played in a total of 133 NFL games over the course of his 11-year career. He was never made wealthy by the NFL, his top contract with the Rams bringing him just $20,000 per year. Varrichione was named to five NFL Pro Bowl teams, making the squad in 1955, 1957, 1958, 1960 and 1962. Life after football
Varrichione was prepared in measure for life after football by the fact that he had never really made enough playing the game to live even in his prime. During his Steeler playing days he ran a drive-in restaurant in Natick, while he took to selling real estate during the off season in his Ram playing days. Varrichone retired from football in 1965 and moved to Michigan, where he worked in sales for a trucking firm. After three years there, Varrichione returned to Natick to take over the family's paint contracting business there.He retired briefly in 1986 but came back two years later to run a coffee shop with his wife, finally retiring for good in 1992. In 1995 Varrichione was named to the Boston section of the Italian-American Sports Hall of Fame. Varrichione died on January 6, 2018, at the age of 85. See also

 1954 College Football All-America Team
 1955 Pittsburgh Steelers season
 1956 Pittsburgh Steelers season
 1957 Pittsburgh Steelers season
 1958 Pittsburgh Steelers season
 1959 Pittsburgh Steelers season
 1960 Pittsburgh Steelers season
 1961 Los Angeles Rams season
 1962 Los Angeles Rams season
 1963 Los Angeles Rams season
 1964 Los Angeles Rams season
 1965 Los Angeles Rams season

Footnotes

Further reading
 Jim Sargent, "<mask>," The Coffin Corner,'' vol. 21, no. 5 (1999)

1932 births
2018 deaths
American people of Italian descent
American football offensive linemen
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
Los Angeles Rams players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
People from Natick, Massachusetts
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Sportspeople from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
University of Notre Dame alumni
Western Conference Pro Bowl players

masks:
Frank Joseph Varrichione
Varrichione
Varrichione
Frank Varrichione
Mary Varrichione
Frank Leahy
Frank
Varrichione
Varrichione
Varrichione
Varrichione
Varrichione
Frank Varrichione