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<mask>  (27 October 191724 April 1993) was a South African anti-apartheid politician and revolutionary who served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1967 to 1991. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on 27 October 1917 in the village of Nkantolo in Bizana; eastern Pondoland in what is now the Eastern Cape. The village <mask> was born in was made up mostly of farmers. His father, <mask>, was the son of a farmer and an assistant salesperson at a local trading store. Mzimeni had four wives and ten children, all of whom were literate. <mask>'s mother, Mzimeni's third wife, was called Julia. <mask> graduated in 1938 as one of the top students.After this, <mask> was admitted to the University of Fort Hare but in 1940 he, along with several others including Nelson Mandela, was expelled for participating in a student strike. In 1942, <mask> returned to his former high school in Johannesburg to teach science and mathematics. League
In 1944, <mask>, Mandela and Walter Sisulu founded the ANC Youth League, with <mask> becoming its first National Secretary and a member of the National Executive in 1948. The Youth League proposed a change in the tactics of the anti-apartheid movement. Previously, the ANC had sought to further its cause by actions such as petitions and demonstrations; the Youth League felt these actions were insufficient to achieve the group's goals and proposed their own "Programme of Action". This programme advocated tactics such as boycotts, civil disobedience, strikes, and non-collaboration. In 1955, <mask> became Secretary-general of the ANC after Sisulu was banned by the South African government under the Suppression of Communism Act.In 1958, he became Deputy President of the ANC and in 1959 was served with a five-year banning order by the government. Exile in London
In response, <mask> was sent abroad by the ANC to mobilise opposition to apartheid. He settled with his family in Muswell Hill, north London, where he lived until 1990. His exile took a toll on him not seeing his wife and three children, but his wife Adelaide supported the ANC at home by taking in ANC members arriving from the UK. In 1967, <mask> became Acting President of the ANC, following the death of Chief Albert Lutuli. He sought to keep the ANC together even after he was exiled from South Africa. Due to his skillful lobbying, he was able to attract talented South African exiles, one of them being Thabo Mbeki.On 30 December 1979 in Lusaka, Zambia, <mask> as president and Alfred Nzo, then secretary-general of the ANC, met Tim Jenkin, Stephen Lee and Alex Moumbaris, ANC members and escapees from incarceration at Phillip Kgosi Prison as political prisoners. Their presence was officially announced by the ANC in early January and <mask> introduced them at a press conference on 2 January 1980. Guerrilla activity
<mask> was directly responsible for organizing active guerilla units. Along with his comrades Nelson Mandela, Joe Slovo, and Walter Sisulu, <mask> directed and facilitated several attacks against the South African public. In a 1985 interview, <mask> was quoted as saying, "In the past, we were saying the ANC will not deliberately take innocent life. But now, looking at what is happening in South Africa, it is difficult to say civilians are not going to die." The post-apartheid Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in 1997–1998 identified <mask> as the person who gave final approval for the 20 May 1983 Church Street bombing, which resulted in the death of 19 people and injuries to 197–217 people.The attack was orchestrated by a special operations unit of the ANC's Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), commanded by Aboobaker Ismail. Such units had been authorised by <mask> as President of the ANC in 1979. At the time of the attack, they reported to Joe Slovo as chief of staff. The ANC's submission said that the bombing was in response to a South African cross-border raid into Lesotho in December 1982 which killed 42 ANC supporters and civilians, and the assassination of Ruth First, an ANC activist and wife of Joe Slovo, in Maputo, Mozambique. It claimed that 11 of the casualties were SADF personnel and hence a military target. The legal representative of some of the victims argued that as they were administrative staff, including telephonists and typists, they could not be considered a legitimate military target. Ten MK operatives, including Ismail, applied for amnesty for this and other bombings.The applications were opposed on various grounds, including that it was a terrorist attack disproportionate to the political motive. The TRC found that the number of civilians versus military personnel killed was unclear. South African Police statistics indicated that seven members of the SADF were killed. The commission found that at least 84 of the injured were SADF members or employees. Amnesty was granted by the TRC. In 1985, he was re-elected President of the ANC. Return to South Africa
He returned to South Africa on 13 December 1990 after over 30 years in exile, after having been elected National Chairperson of the ANC in July of the same year.He was able to return to South Africa because of the legalization of the ANC. When he returned after his time in exile he received much support. Some of that support even came from old rivals. However, because of his stroke in 1989. It was harder for him to fulfill his duties as President of the ANC, so in 1991 Nelson Mandela took over as president of the ANC. When he stepped down as president, however, the congress created a special position for him as the National Chairman. Death
After suffering complications following a stroke, <mask> died on April 24, 1993, at the age of 75.His death came 14 days after Chris Hani's assassination and one year before the 1994 general election in which Nelson Mandela became President. Mandela, Thabo Mbeki and Walter Sisulu attended the funeral. <mask> was buried in Benoni, Gauteng. International relationships

The strong fight against apartheid brought Tambo to form a series of intense international relationships. In 1977, Tambo signed the first solidarity agreement between the ANC and a municipality: the Italian town of Reggio Emilia was the first city in the world to sign such a pact of solidarity. This was the beginning of a long understanding which brought Italy to put an effort into concrete actions to support the right of southern African people's self-determination; one of these actions was the organization of solidarity ships. The first one, called "Amanda", departed from Genova in 1980.It was <mask> Emilia to mint Isitwalandwe Medals, the greatest of the ANC's honors. Honours

In 2004, he was voted number 31 in SABC3's Great South Africans, scoring lower than H. F. Verwoerd, before the SABC decided to cancel the final rounds of voting. The decision to cancel the results was largely informed by the fact that the majority of blacks South Africans did not participate in the voting, as SABC3 caters predominantly to English speakers. In late 2005, ANC politicians announced plans to rename Johannesburg International Airport after him. Then-President Thabo Mbeki at this time did not side with this idea and there was a behind closed door meeting deliberating on this. This went on and on and Thabo Mbeki even requested that they name only a small road in the city of Inthokozo in the heart of Soshanguve in Johanesburg then former capital of South Africa before Pretoria became the Capital City.Votes were in favour of the idea and against Mbeki and The proposal was accepted and the renaming ceremony occurred on 27 October 2006. The ANC-dominated government had previously renamed Jan Smuts Airport as Johannesburg International Airport in 1994 on the grounds that South African airports should not be named after political figures.There is a sculpture of <mask> at the Albert Road Recreation Ground, Muswell Hill, close to his London home. In February 2021, Haringey Council renamed the park as the O.R. Tambo Recreation Ground. In June 2013, the city of Reggio Emilia in Italy celebrated <mask> with the creation of a park dedicated to the President of the African National Congress. His house at 51 Alexandra Park Road, Muswell Hill, London, was purchased by the South African Government in 2010 as a historic monument and now bears a plaque. <mask>'s grave was declared a National Heritage site when he died but lost this status when his wife, <mask>, died and was buried alongside him. However their grave was re-declared a National Heritage site in October 2012.To conclude the centenary celebrations of the birth of Tambo, a commemoration was held at Regina Mundi Catholic Church in Moroka, Soweto on 27 October 2017. This same event marked also the centenary of the sinking of the troopship SS Mendi. The event was curated by Ambassador Lindiwe Mabuza and Fr Lawrence Mduduzi Ndlovu, together with the Thabo Mbeki Foundation and the Oliver and Adelaide Tambo Foundation. See also

 List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid

Notes

Further reading

ANC biography
SAHO biography
https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-National-Congress

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Oliver-Tambo
The African Activist Archive Project website includes the audio of a January 1987 Reception Honoring ANC President <mask>. <mask> hosted by the American Committee on Africa and The Africa Fund with remarks by Harry Belafonte, Jennifer Davis, and Tambo. The website includes other material on Tambo. Books
Baai, Gladstone Sandi (2006): <mask> Tambo: Teacher, Lawyer & Freedom Fighter, Houghton(South Africa): Mutloatse Arts Heritage Trust. Callinicos, L. (2004).<mask>: Beyond the Engeli Mountains. Claremont, South Africa: David Philip. Pallo Jordan, Z. (2007): <mask> Remembered, Johannesburg: Pan Macmillan. <mask>, O., & Reddy, E. S. (1987): <mask> and the Struggle against Apartheid, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, in collaboration with the Namedia Foundation. Tambo, Oliver & Tambo, Adelaide (1988): Preparing for Power: <mask> Speaks, New York: G. Braziller, ©1987. <mask>, O., & Reddy, E. S.(1991): <mask>, Apartheid and the International Community: Addresses to United Nations Committees and Conferences, New Delhi: Namedia Foundation: Sterling Publishers.Van Wyk, Chris (2003): <mask>bo. Gallo Manor, South Africa: Awareness Pub. Learning African history freedom fighters series. 1917 births
1993 deaths
People from Mbizana Local Municipality
Xhosa people
South African Anglicans
Presidents of the African National Congress
Anti-apartheid activists
South African revolutionaries
People from Muswell Hill
South African exiles
South African expatriates in the United Kingdom
University of Fort Hare alumni
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
UMkhonto we Sizwe personnel

masks:
Oliver Reginald Kaizana Tambo
Oliver Tambo
Tambo
Mzimeni Tambo
Oliver
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambogio
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Adelaide Tambo
Oliver R
Tambo
Oliver Reginald
Oliver Tambo
Oliver Tambo
Tambo
Oliver Tambo
Oliver Tambo
Tambo
Oliver Tambo
Oliver Tam


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<mask> (朱瑱) (20 October 888 – 18 November 923), often referred to in traditional histories as Emperor Mo of Later Liang (後梁末帝, "last emperor") and sometimes by his princely title Prince of Jun (均王), né <mask> (朱友貞), known as <mask> (朱鍠) from 913 to 915, was the emperor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Liang from 913 to 923. He was the third and last emperor of Later Liang, the first of the Five Dynasties. He ordered his general Huangfu Lin (皇甫麟) to kill him in 923 when Emperor <mask> of Later Tang (Li Cunxu), the emperor of Later Liang's enemy Later Tang to the north, was on the cusp of capturing the Later Liang capital Daliang. His death marked the end of Later Liang, which was to be the longest among the Five Dynasties. Despite his ten-year reign being the longest of all the Five Dynasties emperors (if one does not count Li Cunxu's reign as the Prince of Jin prior to taking imperial title) sources on his era are relatively scarce, as many Later Liang records were destroyed following the Later Tang conquest of Later Liang (as Later Tang viewed Later Liang as an illegitimate regime). Background
<mask> was born 888, at what was then Tang Dynasty's Bian Prefecture (汴州, in modern Kaifeng, Henan), as the fourth son of his father <mask>, who was then a major warlord as the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered at Bian Prefecture). His mother was <mask>'s wife Lady Zhang, and he was her only known biological son.He was described to be handsome, not talkative, and favoring scholars. In 900, he received the title of military advisor at Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., the Luoyang region). During Emperor Taizu's reign
In 907, <mask> had Tang's final emperor Emperor Ai yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang with him as its Emperor Taizu. He created his sons princes, and <mask> received the title of Prince of Jun. Around that time, Emperor Taizu had just established a corps of imperial guards known as the Tianxing Army (), and he made <mask> one of the two commanders of the Tianxing Army. In 910, Emperor Taizu gave him the honorary title of acting Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies) and, in addition to command of the Tianxing Army, gave him the title of commander of forces at the eastern capital (i.e., Bian Prefecture, which by this point was known as Daliang, with Emperor Taizu having established Luoyang as capital). During <mask>i's reign
By 912, Emperor Taizu was seriously ill.He was considered to have favored his second son—an adoptive son, not a biological one—<mask> the Prince of Bo, the most. (At that time, he had his daughters-in-law attend to him in the palace, and he often made them have sexual relations with him. He favored <mask>'s wife Lady Wang the most, and partly due to that favored <mask> the most as well.) When he believed that he was near death, he sent Lady Wang to Daliang, where <mask> was serving as its defender, to summon <mask>wen to him. This drew anger and fear from his third son, <mask>i the Prince of Ying, particularly since at that time he also issued an edict sending <mask>i out of the capital to serve as the prefect of Lai Prefecture. <mask>i thus entered the palace and assassinated Emperor Taizu. Keeping Emperor Taizu's death a secret, he sent the eunuch Ding Zhaopu () to Daliang, and, in Emperor Taizu's name, ordered <mask> to kill <mask>wen.After <mask> did so and Ding returned to Luoyang to inform him, he announced Emperor Taizu's death, blaming the assassination on <mask>. He then took the throne. He made <mask> the defender of Daliang and the capital of Kaifeng Municipality (i.e., the Daliang region). However, it was said that <mask>i quickly caused the people to be discontented with him, due to his frivolous acts. Further, the rumors that he had been the one who killed Emperor Taizu were spreading in the army. Soon thereafter, <mask>'s brother-in-law (Emperor Taizu's son-in-law) Zhao Yan and cousin (Emperor Taizu's nephew) Yuan Xiangxian were secretly plotting to overthrow <mask>i. Zhao informed this to <mask>, and <mask> agreed with the plot, and further sent his close associate Ma Shenjiao () to Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) to persuade the major general Yang Shihou the military governor of Tianxiong to join the plot, and Yang agreed.<mask> further persuaded the elite Longxiang Army () soldiers then at Daliang to join the plot as well, and then prepared to rise and attack Luoyang. However, before <mask> could launch his own forces, Yuan and Zhao rose at Luoyang and killed <mask>i. They then offered the throne to <mask>, who accepted, but moved the capital to Daliang and took the throne there. Reign

Early reign
After he took the throne, <mask> changed his name to <mask>, and later to <mask>. He sent overtures to the general <mask>, who had submitted Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) to Later Liang's archrival Jin, upon <mask>i's assassination of Emperor Taizu, and <mask>an agreed to resubmit to Later Liang. The return of <mask>an to the Later Liang fold, however, did not change the threat against Later Liang of Jin's expanding power, which Emperor Taizu had been very concerned about prior to his death. He also had to guard against two other rival states, Qi and Wu.In 914, he stationed the general Kang Huaiying () at Yongping Circuit (永平, headquartered in modern Xi'an, Shaanxi), to guard against Qi. Meanwhile, he tried to commission his brother <mask> () the Prince of Fu as the military governor of Wuning Circuit (武寧, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), to replace the <mask>gui-commissioned military governor Wang Yin (). Wang, in fear, submitted to Wu. <mask> sent the generals Niu Cunjie () and Liu Xun, and they, after repelling the Wu general <mask>, captured Wuning's capital Xu Prefecture (). Wang committed suicide. In 915, Yang Shihou died. As <mask> had long been apprehensive of Yang's hold over the army, he outwardly mourned Yang but was in fact pleased.Zhao Yan and the official Shao Zan () advocated using this opportunity to weaken Tianxiong Circuit, as it had, for most of Tang history up to this point, been a circuit that was de facto independent and difficult to control. <mask> agreed, and ordered that Tianxiong be divided into two circuits, with three of Tianxiong's six prefectures to belong to a new Zhaode Circuit (昭德, headquartered at Xiang Prefecture (), in modern Handan as well). The Tianxiong soldiers resented this division, and mutinied under the leadership of the officer Zhang Yan (), holding the Later Liang-commissioned military governor He Delun () hostage. <mask> sent a eunuch, Fu Yi (), to try to comfort the Tianxiong soldiers, but was not receptive to Zhang's request that Tianxiong's division be cancelled. Zhang thus decided to surrender the circuit to Jin. Li Cunxu shortly thereafter arrived at Tianxiong and took over control of the circuit. Intense campaigns between the Later Liang army, under Liu Xun's command, and the Jin army subsequently were waged, but the Jin army was continuously victorious over the Later Liang army, and two ambitious surprise-attack attempts by Liu and Wang Tan () on the Jin capital Taiyuan were repelled by Jin.By fall 916, nearly all of the Later Liang territory north of the Yellow River had fallen to Jin. (During the campaign, the Later Liang morale was sufficiently shaken such that there was even a mutiny against <mask> at Daliang itself, led by the officer Li Ba (), during which <mask> had to personally lead guards to defend the palace gate, but the general Du Yanqiu shortly after crushed the mutineers.) During the campaign, <mask>'s wife Consort Zhang died. (<mask> had wanted to create her empress, but she continuously declined in light of the fact that he had not yet offered sacrifice to heaven and earth to solemnify his reign.) His younger brother <mask>jing () the Prince of Kang, who had long wanted to displace him, tried to use the occasion of Consort Zhang's funeral as an opportunity to rise to assassinate <mask>. The emperor, however, discovered this as the assassination was about to take place, and, after fleeing, had the imperial guards locate and kill the hidden assassins, and then executed <mask>jing. After this incident, it was said that <mask> only trusted Zhao, as well as Consort Zhang's brothers Zhang Handing () and Zhang Hanjie () and cousins Zhang Hanlun () and Zhang Hanrong (), such that he only listened to their advice, to the exclusion of others, including the senior chancellor Jing Xiang and director of imperial governance Li Zhen, both greatly trusted by Emperor Taizu previously.In 917, an erstwhile vassal of Later Liang's, Liu Yan the military governor of Qinghai Circuit (清海, headquartered in Guangzhou, Guangdong), declared himself emperor of a new independent state of Yue (shortly after to be renamed Han, and therefore known historically as Southern Han). Also in 917, Liu Xun, who had for some time refused to report to Daliang after his defeats at Li Cunxu's hands, finally did go to Daliang to pay homage to <mask>. <mask> relieved him of his command as the commander of the forces against Jin, and replaced him with He Gui, who had been able to suppress a mutiny at Qing Prefecture (慶州, in modern Qingyang, Gansu) in 916. Later that year, at Zhao's suggestion, <mask> prepared a grand ceremony to sacrifice to heaven and earth at Luoyang, and departed Daliang to do so, despite the contrary advice of Jing. After he left Daliang, however, Jin forces attacked and captured the border fort of Yangliu (楊劉, in modern Liaocheng, Shandong), south of the Yellow River. When the news of Yangliu's fall arrived at Luoyang, it greatly shocked the imperial officials who were attending to <mask> at that point, and there were rumors that Jin had further captured Daliang. <mask>, in panic, and to quell such rumors, cancelled the ceremony and returned to Daliang.After this incident, Jing submitted a petition, discussing his concerns about the northern war with Jin, and offered to command the army himself; <mask>, with Zhao and the four Zhangs disagreeing, declined Jing's offer. In 918, Li Cunxu gathered all the elite Jin troops that he could garner, and decided to launch one massive attack on Later Liang. Shortly after new year 919, he crossed the Yellow River and headed toward Daliang. He Gui intercepted him at Huliu Slope (胡柳陂, in modern Heze, Shandong). The battle was an initial major rout by the Later Liang forces over Jin forces, but a subsequent Jin counterattack led to massive Later Liang losses as well, making the battle essentially a draw, with both Later Liang and Jin suffering casualties of two-thirds of their army. For quite some time thereafter, neither side dared to attack the other. (Indeed, the Later Liang army was said to have collapsed so completely such that it took over a month for it to reorganize itself.)Late reign
In 920, <mask>an, after his having his son <mask>de () taking over Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Weinan, Shaanxi) was initially met with anger by <mask>, rebelled against Later Liang and again submitted to Jin. <mask> sent Liu Xun to attack <mask>an, but Liu was defeated by the Jin generals Li Cunshen (Li Cunxu's adoptive brother) and Li Sizhao (Li Cunxu's adoptive cousin), allowing <mask>an to retain Huguo and remain in the Jin fold. (Subsequently, <mask>, suspecting Liu of having intentionally not defeating <mask>an (as Liu and <mask>an had children who were married to each other), poisoned Liu to death.) In 921, Li Cunxu's major ally Wang Rong the Prince of Zhao was assassinated by his adoptive son Wang Deming, who then took over Zhao lands and changed his name back to the birth name of Zhang Wenli. Zhang initially pretended to continue to submit to Li, but fearing (correctly) that Li would act against him, secretly made overtures to both Later Liang and Khitan Empire in preparation for a campaign of resistance. Jing Xiang, pointing out that this was the prime opportunity to counterattack against Jin, argued for launching an army to aid Zhang, while Zhao Yan and the four Zhangs argued against it, reasoning that the Later Liang forces were needed to protect Later Liang's own territory. <mask> ended up not aiding Zhang Wenli,  Zhang Wenli subsequently died and was succeeded by his son Zhang Chujin, who held out against Jin forces until late 922, but was eventually defeated, with Li absorbing Zhao territory into Jin.During Jin's campaign against Zhao, the new Later Liang supreme commander Dai Siyuan was able to attack Wei Prefecture (衛州, in modern Puyang, Henan) and surprise the Jin garrison there, capturing it; this allowed Later Liang to regain its foothold north of the Yellow River and greatly recover in its morale. In 923, what appeared to be an even greater opportunity for Later Liang to counter the Jin gains occurred. After Li Sizhao died battle in the Zhao campaign in 922, his son Li Jitao seized control the circuit that he had commanded, Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), and Li Cunxu, not willing to wage a campaign against him, commissioned him as the acting military governor, renaming it Anyi (安義, as naming taboo for Li Sizhao). However, in spring 923, Li Jitao, fearing that Li Cunxu would eventually act against him anyway, submitted his circuit to Later Liang. <mask> commissioned him as full military governor and renamed the circuit Kuangyi. Shortly after, Li Cunxu declared himself the emperor of a new Later Tang. Shortly after, believing that a surprise move against Later Liang was necessary to break the stalemate between the two states, he sent his adoptive brother Li Siyuan to launch a surprise attack Later Liang's Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), south of the Yellow River, catching Later Liang unprepared and capturing Tianping's capital Yun Prefecture ().In fear and anger over Yun's fall, <mask> demoted Dai (who was Tianping's military governor but who was away commanding the army against Later Tang at the time) and commissioned Wang Yanzhang as the commander of the army against Later Tang instead. Wang quickly attacked and captured the border fort Desheng (德勝, in modern Puyang), intending to use it to cut off the supply line between Later Tang proper and Yun. However, his subsequent battles against Li Cunxu himself were indecisive; further, his commission caused much apprehension in the hearts of Zhao and the Zhangs, as he had long despised what he saw as their wickedness. Zhao and the Zhangs thus defamed him before <mask>, who then removed him and replaced him with Duan Ning. Meanwhile, <mask> also destroyed the Yellow River levee at Hua Prefecture (滑州, in modern Anyang, Henan), causing a flood area, believing that it would impede further Later Tang attacks. Duan prepared an ambitious plan for a four-prong counterattack against Later Liang:

 Dong Zhang would head toward the major Later Tang city Taiyuan (formerly Jin's capital). Huo Yanwei would head toward Zhen Prefecture (鎮州, in modern Baoding, Hebei, formerly Zhao's capital).Wang and Zhang Hanjie would head toward Yun Prefecture. Duan himself, along with Du Yanqiu, would confront Later Tang's emperor Li Cunxu. However, the Later Liang officer Kang Yanxiao, at this junction, defected to Later Tang, revealing Duan's plan to the Later Tang emperor and pointing out that the plan left the Later Liang capital Daliang defenseless, and pointing out that Wang's and Zhang Hanjie's army was the weakest of the four prongs and could easily be defeated. Li Cunxu decided to take the risky move himself, and advanced to Yun to join forces with Li Siyuan, and then engage Wang and Zhang Hanjie. He defeated them, capturing both Wang and Zhang Hanjie at Zhongdu (中都, in modern Jining, Shandong), and then headed directly toward the defenseless Daliang. With Duan's army trapped north of the Yellow River and unable to come to his rescue, <mask> saw the situation as hopeless. He ordered his general Huangfu Lin () to kill him; Huangfu did, and then committed suicide himself.This thus ended Later Liang. The Song Dynasty historian Sima Guang, in his Zizhi Tongjian, commented:

Li Cunxu had <mask>'s body buried with respect, but kept his head at the imperial temple. It was not until after Later Tang itself fell that Shi Jingtang, the emperor of the succeeding Later Jin, ordered that <mask>'s head be properly buried. Personal information
 Father
 <mask> Wen
 Mother
 Lady Zhang, posthumously honored Empress Yuanzhen
 Wife
 Consort Zhang, imperial consort title Defei
 Major Concubine
 Consort Guo
 Daughter
 Princess Shouchun
 Princess Shouchang
 Princess Jin'an

Notes and references

 Old History of the Five Dynasties, vols. 8, 9, 10. New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 3.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 266, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272. |-

|-

888 births
923 deaths
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) emperors
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) generals
Mayors of Kaifeng
10th-century Chinese monarchs
Politicians from Kaifeng
Suicides by sharp instrument in China
Generals from Henan

masks:
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Huang
Zhuangzong
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Quanzhong
Zhu Quanzhong
Zhu Quanzhong
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youwen
Zhu Youwen
Zhu Youwen
Zhu Youwen
Zhu You
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu You
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Youwen
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Huang
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Youqian
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youzhang
Zhu You
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Jin
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Zhen
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu You
Zhu Zhen
Zhu You
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Ling
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Zhen
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu


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<mask> (1 October 1860 – 5 August 1935) was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. <mask> was born in Goldap, East Prussia. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde (English edition published by the Smithsonian under the title Handbook of Systematic Malacology) is a standard work. From 1904 until his retirement in 1925 he was the curator of the malacological collection at the Museum für Naturkunde (Museum of Natural History) in Berlin. Thiele described more than 1.500 new species of molluscs; until today their types are deposited with the Museum of Natural History in Berlin. Especially important are his works on the Mollusca of the First German Antarctica Expedition and of the German Deep Sea Expedition aboard the vessel Valdivia. Thiele's classification of Gastropoda has been in use up to the past decade.It modified an earlier concept of Henri Milne-Edwards (1848) with three subclasses: Prosobranchia, Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata. <mask>'s classification was based on overall similarity between the species. This classification has been modified over the years, one recent example being the classification of Ponder & Lindberg, 1997, based on phylogenetic arguments. He became the first to describe Geodia exigua in 1898. Bibliography

 1891–1893. Das Gebiss der Schnecken, zur Begründung einer natürlichen Classification. Bd.2, 402 p., Berlin (Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung. (Continuation of the work started by Franz Hermann Troschel in 1866–1879). 1891. Das Gebiis der Schnecken, zur Begründung einer natürlichen Classification. Nicolai, Berlin, 2(7): 249–334, plates 25–28. 1893. Das Gebiis der Schnecken, zur Begründung einer natürlichen Classification.Nicolai, Berlin, 2(8): 337–409, plates 29–32. 1891. Die Stammesverwandtschaft der Mollusken. Ein Beitrag zur Phylogenie der Tiere. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft 25, 480–543. 1892. Wurmmollusken.Sitzungsberichte der naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft ISIS in Dresden 1892, 3–4. 1894. Über die Zungen einiger Landdeckelschnecken. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 26, 23–25. 1894. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Amphineuren. I. Über einige Neapler Solenogastres.Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 58, 222–302. 1895. Hemitrichia guimarasensis n. sp. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 27, 131–132. 1895bÜber die Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Amphineuren. Biologisches Centralblatt 15, 859–869. 1897.Zwei australische Solenogastres. Zoologischer Anzeiger 19, 398–400. 1900. Verzeichnis der von Herrn Dr. Alfred Voeltzkow gesammelten marinen und litoralen Mollusken. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 26, 241–252. 1900. Proneomenia thulensis n. sp..In: Fauna Artica, Eine Zusammenstellung der arktischen Tierformen, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nördliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898 (Römer, F. & Fritz Schaudinn, ed. ), vol. 1, 111–116. 1902. Proneomenia amboinensis n. sp. Denkschriften der Medizinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 8, 733–738. 1906.Zwei neue Macrodontes-Arten. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 38, 69–71
 Martens & Thiele, J. 1908. Beschreibung einiger im östlichen Borneo von Dr. Martin Schmidt gesammelten Land- und Süßwasser-Conchylien. Mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4, 251–291. Thiele & Jaeckel 1931. Muscheln der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition.In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer "Valdivia" 1898–1899 (Chun, C. ed. ), vol. 21, No. 1, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena. 1910. Molluskenfauna Westindiens.Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere Suppl.11, 109–132. 1910. Eine arabische Ennea und Bemerkungen über andere Arten. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 6, 280–284. 1911. Mollusken der deutschen Zentralafrika-Expedition. In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Zentralafrika-Expedition 1907 bis 1908, vol.3, 175–214. 1911. Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger südwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905, vol. Band III, Lieferung 11, Prof. Dr. W. Michaelsen und Dr. R. Hartmeyer, Verlag von Gustav Fischer Verlag in Jena. 1912. Die antarktischen Schnecken und Muscheln, In: Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 (Erich von Drygalski, E.v.ed. ), vol. 8, No. 5, Georg Reimer, Berlin. 1920. Familia Limidae. In: Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz (Küster, H.C., Wilhelm Kobelt & Fritz Haas ed.), vol. 7, No. 2, Bauer & Raspe, Nürnberg. 1925. Thiele J., 1925. Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. In:.Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer “Valdivia” 1898–1899  II. Teil, vol. 17, No. 2, Gustav Fischer, Berlin
 1927. Über die Familie Assimineidae. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 53, 113–146. 1927.Über einige brasilianische Landschnecken. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 40, 305–329. 1928. Revision des Systems der Hydrobiiden und Melaniiden. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 55, 351–402. 1928. Mollusken vom Bismarck-Archipel, von Neu-Guinea und Nachbar-Inseln.Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 55, 119–146. 1929–1935. Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde. 2 Bände. 1–1154. 1154 p., 584 figs. 1930.Gastropoda und Bivalvia. In: Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger südwest-asutralischen Forschungsreise 1905 (Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. ed. ), vol. 5, No. 8, 561–596.1931. Über einige hauptsächlich afrikanische Landschnecken. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1930, 392–403. References

Bieler, R. & P. M. Mikkelsen (eds.) (1992). Handbook of Systematic Malacology, Part 1 (Loricata [Polyplacophora]; Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Smithsonian Institution and National Science Foundation, xviii + 625 pp., 470+1 text-fig.(Annotated English-language edition of: <mask>, J., Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, Teil 1). Also published, in 1993, by Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart/Jena/New York. External links

 Kenneth J. Boss and Rudiger Bieler: <mask>, <mask>. "To Zoology. Part 2. Genus-Group Names (Mollusca).", Nemouria, Occasional Papers of the Delaware Museum of Natural History nr. 39, 1991

1860 births
1935 deaths
People from East Prussia
People from Gołdap
20th-century German zoologists
German malacologists
Teuthologists
19th-century German zoologists

masks:
Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele
Thiele
Thiele
Thiele
Thiele
Johannes


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<mask> (12 February 1950), also known by the nicknames of "The Mole", "Chiefy", and "The Ubiquitous Elwell", is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England and Lancashire, and at club level for Widnes and on loan to Barrow, as a  or , i.e. number 1, or 9. Background
<mask>'s birth was registered in Warrington district, Lancashire, England. Playing career

International honours
<mask> won caps for England while at Widnes in 1978 against France, and Wales, and won caps for Great Britain while at Widnes in the 1977 Rugby League World Cup against Australia, and in 1980 against New Zealand (2 matches). Challenge Cup Final appearances
<mask> played  in Widnes' 14–7 victory over Warrington in the 1974-75 Challenge Cup Final during the 1974–75 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 10 May 1975, in front of a crowd of 85,998, played , and scored a drop goal in the 5–20 defeat by St. Helens in the 1975–76 Challenge Cup Final during the 1975–76 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 8 May 1976, in front of a crowd of 89,982, played  in the 7–16 defeat by Leeds in the 1976–77 Challenge Cup Final during the 1976–77 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 7 May 1977, in front of a crowd of 80,871, the 7–16 victory over Wakefield Trinity in the 1978–79 Challenge Cup Final during the 1978–79 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 5 May 1979, in front of a crowd of 94,218, played  in the 18–9 victory over Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1980–81 Challenge Cup Final during the 1980–81 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 2 May 1981, in front of a crowd of 92,496, played  in the 14–14 draw with Hull F.C. in the 1981–82 Challenge Cup Final during the 1981–82 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 1 May 1982, in front of a crowd of 92,147, played  in the 9–18 defeat by Hull F.C.in the 1981–82 Challenge Cup Final replay during the 1981–82 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Wednesday 19 May 1982, in front of a crowd of 41,171, played  in the 19–6 victory over Wigan in the 1983–84 Challenge Cup Final during the 1983–84 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 5 May 1984, in front of a crowd of 80,116. County Cup Final appearances
<mask> played  in Widnes' 6–2 victory over Salford in the 1974–75 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1974–75 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 2 November 1974, played  in the 16–11 victory over Workington Town in the 1976–77 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1976–77 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 30 October 1976, played  in the 15–13 victory over Workington Town in the 1978–79 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1978–79 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 7 October 1978, played , and scored a drop goal in the 11–0 victory over Workington Town in the 1979–80 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1979–80 season at the Willows, Salford on Saturday 8 December 1979, played  in the 3–8 defeat by Leigh in the 1981–82 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1981–82 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 26 September 1981, and played  in the 8–12 defeat by Barrow in the 1983–84 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1983–84 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 1 October 1983. BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final appearances
<mask> played  in Widnes' 0–5 defeat by Leigh in the 1972 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final during the 1972–73 season at Central Park, Wigan on Tuesday 19 December 1972, played  in the 7–15 defeat by Bramley in the 1973 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final during the 1973–74 season at Naughton Park, Widnes on Tuesday 18 December 1973, and played  in the 13–7 victory over St. Helens in the 1978 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final during the 1978–79 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Tuesday 12 December 1978. Player's No.6 Trophy/John Player/John Player Special Trophy Final appearances
Keith Elwell played  in Widnes' 2–3 defeat by Bradford Northern in the 1974–75 Player's No.6 Trophy Final during the 1974–75 season at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington on Saturday 25 January 1975, played  in the 19–13 victory over Hull F.C. in the 1975–76 Player's No.6 Trophy Final during the 1975–76 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 24 January 1976, played  in the 4–9 defeat by Warrington in the 1977–78 Players No.6 Trophy Final during the 1977–78 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 28 January 1978, played , and scored 2-drop goals in the 16–4 victory over Warrington in the 1978–79 John Player Trophy Final during the 1978–79 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 28 April 1979, played  in the 0–6 defeat by Bradford Northern in the 1979–80 John Player Trophy Final during the 1979–80 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 5 January 1980, and played  in the 10–18 defeat by Leeds in the 1983–84 John Player Special Trophy Final during the 1983–84 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 14 January 1984. Open Rugby inaugural World XIII
The Open Rugby inaugural World XIII was revealed in June 1978, it was; Graham Eadie, John Atkinson, Steve Rogers, Jean-Marc Bourret, Green Vigo, Roger Millward, Steve Nash, Jim Mills, Keith Elwell, Steve Pitchford, Terry Randall, George Nicholls and Greg Pierce. Career records
Keith Elwell holds Widnes' "Most Appearances in a Career" record with 591, he also holds the rugby league world record for consecutive games played with a total of 239 (242?)from the 1976–77 Challenge Cup Final against Leeds on Saturday 7 May 1977, to the match at Hull F.C. on Sunday 26 September 1982, 5-years 4-months and 19-days later. Honoured at Widnes
<mask> is a Widnes Hall of Fame Inductee. References

External links
Statistics at rugby.widnes.tv
Hall Of Fame at rugby.widnes.tv

1950 births
Living people
Barrow Raiders players
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Lancashire rugby league team players
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league hookers
Rugby league players from Warrington
Widnes Vikings players

masks:
Keith Elwell
Elwell
Keith Elwell
Keith Elwell
Keith Elwell
Keith Elwell
Keith Elwell


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<mask> (born 4 June 1962) is an industrial designer. <mask> has won numerous design awards, including becoming an Overall Winner of an Australian Design Award, Good Design Award USA, and Red Dot Germany. Career

After graduation, <mask> joined a leading product design consultancy in Sydney. His training included working for several years under master Sony designer Masahiro Takahashi. In 2000, he jointly began Cube Sydney, and in 2004 expanded into Cube Design China. Cube is now a global business with an international client base. In 2003, <mask> created several unique designs for EcoSmart Fire, one of which has featured by Bang and Olufsen in Paris.Working with Breville in 2004, <mask> helped to create a range of electric home appliances, including working on the Breville Ikon kettle and Breville variable temp kettle, both of which are now the largest selling kettles in the world (in excess of 1.5 million). Many of his designs have been showcased on the covers of and within the pages of magazines, including Belle, Vogue and Wallpaper. <mask> has also worked with Midea and Breo. In 2008, <mask> began a new direction in his new career, expanding business into Shenzhen China. There, he was the guest of the Red Dot in China. <mask> is also active in a variety of exhibitions, such as the International Creative Design Expo(Shenzhen). He currently divides his time between Australia and China.Design

Besides the EcoSmart Fire system, one of <mask>'s most famous designs is the Breville IKON home appliance range. The Ikon kettle has sold over 1.5 million kettles per year. Other designs he has created for every day use includes a Vodafone mobile phone, the Energiser 3-in1 flashlight, Johnson & Johnson tooth flosser, Midea air conditioners and many other consumer goods. He has stated that his aim it to develop more mass-produced products which embrace environmental factors. Professional experience

<mask> is the CEO of  Cube Design China Limited. He now works in conjunction with large multinational Chinese companies, with a goal of helping to raise design standards in that country. His client list includes Midea, Joyoung, Shenzhen Breo, Top Electric Appliances, Saab Appliances, Fromone Homewares and many more.In Sydney, he is the Co-Owner and a Director of Cube Industrial Design, where the clients include Breville, Blueye Eyewear, Johnson and Johnson, Hydro Surfing Products, Greentech products, Vodafone, Bang and Olufsen, Tupperware and Phillips. <mask> was also the Managing Director of	Think Product Design until 2007, as well as Senior Designer at Design Recourse International, where his projects included working with clients such as AGL, Eveready, Black and Decker, Netcomm, IBM Australia and Sun Moon Star. Additional professional activities

<mask> has spoken at worldwide forums, served on judging panels and has lectured in industrial design. (Breville blender)
 Winner Home beautiful awards 2007, & 2006 ( smart fire )
2006
 Ecosmart Vision- Interior Design Magazine’ s Best of Year “Roscoes” Award(USA), Australia Home Beautiful Design Award
 Breville BKE 450 Moda Kettle-IDEA, Good Design Award, Voted NO.1 in the Australian Newspaper People Choice Award
 Winner Home beautiful awards 2007, & 2006 ( smart fire )
2005
 Breville IKON Blender- Australia Home Beautiful Design Award
2004
 Breville IKON Kettle- Good Design Award
 Breville IKON Toaster- Good Design Award
 Breville IKON Kettle- Good Design Award
2002
 Hydro Sport- Good Design Award
2001
 Target Drill-Good Design Award
1999
 Blue-eye - Good Design Award
1998
 Compost Bin- Good Design Award

References

External links
Red Dot Design awards:talk at product design:Manufacturers and designers of a wide variety of industrial products. Breville
Midea:one of the largest white household appliance production bases and export bases in China. Design Awards Australia
Breville awards

1962 births
Living people

masks:
Paul Cohen
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul


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<mask> (November 12, 1782 – May 16, 1850) was a Democratic-Republican member of the House of Representatives from 1816 to 1822, the third governor of Indiana from 1822 to 1825, and an Anti-Jacksonian member of the U.S. Senate from 1825 to 1837. He led much of his family into politics and founded one of the largest political families in Indiana. He was the uncle of <mask> County was named in his honor. His term as governor was spent repairing the state's finances to later enable large scale internal improvements. The establishment of the basic framework of the state's public school system and the transfer of the capital from Corydon to Indianapolis also occurred during his term. Early life

Family and background
<mask> was born in Ligonier Valley, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania on November 12, 1782, the son of Abraham and <mask>.His father was a prominent man in the community and a state legislator. He was the brother of <mask> and <mask>, the uncle of Vice President Thomas Andrews <mask>, and the father of <mask> Jr. He attended a common school in Ligonier Valley where he was a classmate of Jonathan Jennings and <mask>. Wick, who later became his close political allies. After completion of the lower grades <mask> attended Jefferson College (now Washington & Jefferson College) until 1810. After completing college he moved west to Ohio where his older brother Obadiah operated a law practice, and briefly lived in his home. He studied law with him a short time and was admitted to the bar. From 1810 to 1812 he made a living as a school teacher while he studied law in Cincinnati and lived in the home of his sister, Ann.He remained there until he was admitted to the bar. Move to Indiana Territory

After 1813 he moved to Madison in the Indiana Territory. Madison remained his home for the rest of his life. During his early days in there, he set up a printing press he brought with him from Cincinnati, and  became the proprietor of the Western Eagle, the second newspaper to be printed in the territory. His paper and the positions he supported helped him to quickly gain popularity in the local community. The anti-slavery eastern part of the territory was at that time locked in a struggle with the pro-slavery western party for control of the territorial government. The Western Eagle combated the pro-slavery Vincennes Sun, and garnered considerable support from the eastern settlers.He later used his printing press to print the first codification of Indiana state laws during his term as governor. <mask> married Ann Parker Paul of Hardin County, Kentucky. She was the daughter of Colonel John Paul, who was the founder of Madison. The couple had nine children. <mask> Jr became a state legislator. Two sons were killed during the American Civil War and two other children died in infancy. Ann outlived her husband by some thirty-seven years, and died at Madison on September 12, 1887.Public office

Territorial legislator
In February 1813 <mask> was elected clerk of the territorial legislature in Vincennes. In May the capital was moved to Corydon following the outbreak of the War of 1812 and the reorganization of the territory. The legislature, which was then dominated by the anti-slavery and pro-statehood faction, appointed <mask> as printer and charged with publishing the assembly's records. The following year he was elected as a representative of Jefferson County, of which Madison was the county seat. In the legislature he fell into party with speaker Dennis Pennington and the anti-slavery faction. In 1814 <mask> was chosen to succeed Pennington and became speaker of the legislative assembly. The same year he opened his own law practice and stopped printing his newspaper for lack of time for the enterprise.He received several lucrative positions from the territorial government, including being appointed prosecutor of several eastern counties. He was also appointed by President James Madison as U.S. Attorney for the entire territory. In 1816 he attended the state Constitutional Convention held in Corydon as an unofficial delegate. Although only two years since he entered the territory, he had become so well known and popularized that he served as the convention's secretary. He was again in party with Jonathan Jennings, Dennis Pennington, and others seeking to institute a constitutional ban on slavery. His actions at the convention further strengthened his reputation for business aptitude and political skills. Congressman
Jennings was elected Governor of Indiana in the first election leaving his congressional seat vacant.That same year <mask> was elected as the only Indiana representative, defeating former territorial governor Thomas Posey. His election occurred shortly before Indiana's statehood had been approved by Congress and there was a brief debate about the legality of seating him when he arrived in Washington D.C., but the situation was resolved in his favor. He served in the 14th Congress, succeeding Jennings. <mask> was reelected three times, serving from December 11, 1816, until the 17th Congress when he resigned July 25, 1822. In Congress he was a member of the Select Committee on Roads and Canals. He supported legislation to fund the construction of the National Road, which would connect Indiana with the eastern states. He also supported several measures to fund other minor road and canal projects, but was unsuccessful.He was a proponent of rapidly granting statehood to the western states, and delivered several speeches urging the statehood of Illinois and Missouri. In his final reelection bid, he won by a margin of ten to one, and was recognized as one of the most popular political figures in the state. Governor

In 1822 <mask> ran unopposed for the position of Governor of Indiana and succeeded Jonathan Jennings; Jennings in turn succeeded <mask> in his congressional seat. <mask> won 100% of the 18,340 votes, the only governor in Indiana history to win by that margin. He assumed the office on December 5, 1822. While governor he occupied the Governor's Headquarters in Corydon, which he purchased from Davis Floyd. He served as governor from 1822 until 1825.He was the last governor to serve while the capital remained in Corydon. When he came to office, the state was still in a poor financial condition because the state's bank failures caused by the Panic of 1819 and the ensuing collapse of the modest internal improvement programs. The state's bonds had been depreciated in 1821 and severely hurt the state's credit and ability to borrow funds. The state budget was still in deficit, and the state's sparse population was producing very little revenue. The situation was resolved by selling public land to raise money to pay off a significant portion of the outstanding debt, and government accounts were moved to the Second Bank of the United States since there were no banks operating in Indiana. The foundation of state's school system—the first state-funded system in the nation—also began to be laid during Hendricks's administration. During his tenure as governor each township was granted land on which a public school could be established.The value of these improvements totaled over $1.25 million, making it the highest dollar item on the budget to that date. Construction of the State Seminary, later to become Indiana University, also began during his term. <mask> also contributed personally to Hanover College. As the state's finances would not allow the large-scale improvements <mask> envisioned, he focused efforts on creating critical routes and approved legislation that required state residents to spend allotted amounts of time helping to build the state roads. Existing roads and rivers were improved by clearing obstacles. <mask> codified Indiana's laws for the first time in 1822, creating the Indiana Code. In 1824 a Seneca family was murdered by a group of men near Pendleton, Indiana, and tension between the natives in northern Indiana and the settlements in central Indiana moved quickly toward conflict.Governor <mask>, hoping to maintain peace and enforce justice for the tribe, ordered the murderers to be captured and tried. While one of the murderers escaped, the others where captured and all were sentenced to death. One of the murderers was a minor and was later pardoned by Governor James B. Ray. Governor <mask> had denied his appeal for clemency and used the execution to show the natives his goodwill. This was the first time a white man was executed for killing a Native American in the United States. One of his final acts as governor was to approve a move of the capitol from Corydon to Indianapolis. There had been an intense debate to keep the capitol in the south where almost all of the state's population resided.Indianapolis was  north of the nearest settlement and on the edge of the frontier. Despite considerable pressure, <mask> signed the measure in late 1824. Senator

On February 14, 1825, <mask> resigned his position as Governor to become a United States Senator after being elected to that position by the legislature, defeating Chief Justice Isaac Blackford. Lieutenant Governor Ratliff Boon had resigned earlier and the governorship devolved to James B. Ray, the Senate president pro tempore. Back in Congress in 1825, <mask> was an Anti-Jacksonian, supporting federal funding for western internal improvements. He chaired the committee on roads and canals from 1831 until 1837 and joined fellow Indiana congressman Ratliff Boon in support of federal funding for the Wabash and Erie Canal in the Senate. He failed in his attempt to be reelected to his seat in the Senate in 1836.He served in the Senate from March 4, 1825, to March 3, 1837 after having lost the election in 1836 to Whig Oliver H. Smith. <mask> also served as a trustee on the Indiana University Board from 1829 to 1840. Later life

Having served in public office for twenty-nine years continually, <mask> returned to private life in Madison in 1839. During his life he had gathered a large estate which he returned to manage and to also practice law. Being a large landholder in the Madison area, he built many homes and leased them to individuals. In his later years he was criticized for not wanting to sell them, and was accused of behaving in an aristocratic fashion in that regard. On May 16, 1850, while he was overseeing the construction of his family vault, he suddenly became ill.He died the same day and was buried in the Fairmount Cemetery. In his obituary the Indiana Gazetteer said: "Governor <mask> was for many years by far the most popular man in the State. He had been its sole representative in Congress for six years, elected on each occasion by large majorities, and no member of that body, probably, was more attentive to the interests of the State he represented, or more industrious in arranging all the private or local business entrusted to him. He left no letter unanswered, no public office or document did he fail to visit or examine on request; with personal manners very engaging, he long retained his popularity." See also

List of governors of Indiana

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
Indiana Historical Bureau: Biography of <mask>
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress: <mask>
Western Eagle listing in the Library of Congress
<mask> at Findagrave

Governors of Indiana
1782 births
1850 deaths
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana
Washington & Jefferson College alumni
United States senators from Indiana
People from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Members of the Indiana Territorial Legislature
Indiana Territory officials
United States Attorneys for the District of Indiana
People from Jefferson County, Indiana
Indiana Democratic-Republicans
Indiana Whigs
Delegates to the 1816 Indiana constitutional convention
Indiana National Republicans
National Republican Party United States senators
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians

masks:
William Hendricks
Thomas Andrews Hendricksricks
Hendricks
Ann Jamison Hendricks
Thomas Hendricks
John Hendricks
Hendricks
William Hendricks
William W
Hendricks
Hendricks
William Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
William Hendricks
William Hendricks
William Hendricks


texts:
<mask> (5 November 1967) is an Italian artist and architect. Biography
He graduated in architecture in 1994 at the Politecnico di Milano. That same year he won the first prize of San Carlo Borromeo at La Permanente of Milan, with Achille Castiglioni and Giancarlo De Carlo among the jury, with the Ekeberg sauna made in Sweden. He founded Atelier Forte in 1998, an architecture and sculpture research laboratory that deals with the design and creation of artistic and architectural works. Every year since 2003, he has organized an art and architecture workshop in Sweden called StugaProject, near the town of Grythyttan. He has been a member of the Swedish Association of Architects since 2005. He participated in the 11th International Architecture Exhibition of Venice (2008) with Sleipnir Venexia.It was on 12 February 2009, for the 200th anniversary of Darwin's birth, that <mask> <mask> wrote the Arkizoic Manifesto, the architectural style characterized by the union between architecture and Anemos, the breath of life. He participated in the 12th International Architecture Exhibition of Venice (2010) with Sleipnir Convivalis. He participated to the XXI Triennale International Exhibition of Milan in 2016 with the work URSUS at the exhibition Rooms, curator Beppe Finessi. "His whole life is a workshop. He is the veritable "Craftsman" of the Italian architecture, both designer and builder. He doesn't need to talk to the workers or constantly see what they are doing. He does everything himself.His pencil is a saw, his AutoCAD is a welder. He makes everything he needs with his own hands, partly because it would be very difficult to explain to anyone else what's going on inside his complicated, visionary, fantastic head." (Beppe Finessi,  Domus 935, April 2010])

ArkiZoic Manifesto

ArkiZoic style is determined by the rule (points 1–4), and the shape (points 5–8)

1. METHOD ArkiZoic style stems from the heuristic method application, the use of analogy, symbol and metamorphosis. It seeks the rigor of the method but imprecision of result too. It has its foundation in mathematics, in Fibonacci numbers and the golden Ratio. 2.EVOLUTION Arkizoic style develops according to natural evolution, by the respect of tradition, the exploitation of chance and natural selection. 3. MATHEMATICS Arkizoic manifesto interprets mathematics as the ordering principle of nature, a principle which is supported by studying the conduct of the Fibonacci numbers in the golden ratio. In particular the observation of analogies between the human figure and objective nature. 4. REPRESENTATION ArkiZoic form cannot be represented by geometric design, the executives are sketches that convey the emotion of the project. The drawings are produced after the end of physical realisation.5. STRUCTURE Complexity is typical of living beings as the known forms are the result of millions of years of evolution. The reading of ArkiZoic work observed a musical recording with several melodies, the rhythm comes from the frequency of the adjacent elements and the possibility of an ideal continuation of the same. The Arkizoic works have articulation and they are constructed so that they can not ever really be considered finished. 6. SYMMETRY Natural forms are linked to the concept of imperfect symmetry. The order is determined by the symmetrical principle but the perfect membership to this principle is not binding, but rather disturbing perception.7. MATERIALS Used only natural and traditional materials. There are no prefabricated artificial or recycled materials. The materials require maintenance, show evident signs of working and age, and they are rough. 8. DECORATION ArkiZoic form presents board, surface and punctual decoration. It is inspired by nature, from the animal kingdom to the vegetable one, and by tradition.Works
 2019 – ArkiZoic Project III 55249 – Solo Exhibition – Francesco Zanuso Gallery, Milano
 2018 – Birnam Wood IV 35677 – Installation at Palazzo Sebelloni, Milano

 2018 – Sleipnir XLVIII Laterna 27697 – Permanent Installation at Grythyttan, Sweden
 2018 – Sleipnir XLII Latemar 2797 – Respirart Sculpture Park – Trentino
 2018 – ArkiZoic Project II 7297 –  Spazio Giovannoni, Milano
 2017 – Sleipnir XLV Ciconiae II 8737  – 45th Sleipnir (Odin’s height legs horse) build in north side of Chiaravalle Abbey in Milano. 2017 – Turris Pithagorica II 14891
 2017 – Yggdrasill Triennale 13217
 2017 – Finis Extra Munch 11279
 2016 – URSUS – Temporary installation – XXI Triennale, Triennale di Milano. 2012 – February – Sleipnir Lambrus – Installazione temporanea presso Officina Temporanea – Ventura Lambrate, Milano
 2011 – November – Phoenix Turris, Torino. 2011 – September – Sleipnir Ex Silva, Politecnico di Milano. 2011 – April – Mammuthus Belli, Milano. 2011 – February – La Foresta di Sleipnir, Rotonda della Besana, Milano. 2011 – January – Sleipnir Biologiska, Biologiska Museet, Stockholm
 2010 – September- Fafnir, exhibition IL TESORO DI BOMISA, Triennale di Milano.2010 – August – Sleipnir Convivalis Quintus, exhibition AILATI, Biennale di Venezia. 2010 – August – Sleipnir Ratatoskr, Grythyttan, Svezia
 2010 – July- Sleipnir Albus exhibition at Galleria Il Frantoio, Capalbio (GR)
 2010 – May – WOOD 2010, exhibition Virserum Art Museum
 2010 – April – Sleipnir Trebuchet at Triennale Bovisa
 2010 – April – OSPITI INASPETTATI. Case di ieri, design di oggi. Milano (Italy), 5 February 2010<ref>Ambra Craighero, , Corriere della sera ed. Milano (Italy), February 5, 2010</ref>
 text Annamaria Sbisà in La Repubblica (Italy), 15 March 2010
 text Beppe Finessi, photo Santi Caleca in Abitare (Italy), n. 456 December 2005, pages 56–63
 text Cristina Morozzi, photo Tilde De Tullio in Interni'' (Italy), n. 506 November 2000, pages 110–119
 text Marco Petroni, in "DomusWeb", 9 Maggio 2016

External links
Sito di AtelierFORTE

Notes

1967 births
Living people
Architects from Milan
Polytechnic University of Milan alumni

masks:
Duilio Forte
Duilio
Forte


texts:
<mask> (October 25, 1909 – March 5, 1996) was an American character actor. Early life
Born in New York City, Bissell was the son of surgeon Dr. J. Dougal Bissell and Helen Nutting Bissell. He was educated at the Allen-Stevenson School and the Dalton School in New York City. He was related to <mask>, who was awarded the Badge of Military Merit, the predecessor of the Purple Heart, by George Washington. He trained with the Carolina Playmakers, a theatrical organization associated with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he majored in drama and English. Career
Bissell had a number of roles in Broadway theatre, including the Air Force show Winged Victory, when he was an airman serving in the United States Army Air Forces. In a film career that began with Holy Matrimony (1943), Bissell appeared in hundreds of films and television episodes as a prominent character actor.Regularly cast in low-budget science fiction and horror films, his roles include a mad scientist in the film I Was a Teenage Werewolf (1957) and Professor Frankenstein in I Was a Teenage Frankenstein (also 1957). He played the attending psychiatrist who treats the protagonist, Dr. Miles Bennell, played by Kevin McCarthy, in Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) and appeared in Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954). Bissell appeared as a guest star in many television drama series between the early 1950s and the mid-1970s, with more sporadic appearances after that. He guest-starred in a couple of episodes of The Lone Ranger. He appeared on other syndicated series, including Sheriff of Cochise, Whirlybirds, Peyton Place and The Brothers Brannagan. He was cast in the religion series Crossroads and Going My Way, and in the NBC education drama series Mr. Novak.Bissell played murderer Larry Sands on CBS's Perry Mason ("The Case of the Crooked Candle", 1957), along with Max Pompey in "The Case of the Lavender Lipstick" (1960), Laurence Barlow in "The Case of the Nautical Knot" (1964) and Dennison Groody in "The Case of the Carefree Coronary" (1965). He appeared in an episode of Mr. Adams and Eve in 1957 and of Peter Gunn in 1958. He played different roles in multiple episodes of the ABC series The Rifleman. From 1959 to 1961, Bissell was a regular for the third and fourth seasons of the television series Bachelor Father, costarring John Forsythe, Noreen Corcoran, and Sammee Tong. He appeared in an episode of Straightaway in 1961. He was cast three times on the long-running NBC western series The Virginian. Bissell played General Heywood Kirk in 30 episodes in the 1966–1967 season of the science-fiction television series The Time Tunnel.He often played silver-haired figures of authority, here as in many other roles (as described by AllMovie), "instantly establishing his standard screen characterization of fussy officiousness", leavened in many instances with a military bearing. Other examples of such authoritative roles as military or police officials, include appearances in The Caine Mutiny, The Manchurian Candidate, The Outer Limits (1963), Hogan's Heroes (1966), and The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1966). Bissell also appeared in Barnaby Jones; episode titled "Murder in the Doll's House" (March 25, 1973). Bissell appeared in the classic episode "The Trouble with Tribbles" of Star Trek, footage of which was re-used in Star Trek: Deep Space Nines "Trials and Tribble-ations". In 1978 and 1980, Bissell appeared in two episodes of The Incredible Hulk, first in the second-season episode "Kindred Spirits" as Professor Williams, and next (and lastly) as Professor John Zeiderman in the second part of the fourth season two-parter "Prometheus". He played a different professor in both episodes.<mask> portrayed the undertaker (who sees every man, no matter his race, as "just another future customer") in the film The Magnificent Seven (1960). In 1960, <mask> had appeared in George Pal's production of The Time Machine, as Walter Kemp, one of the Time Traveller's dining friends. He also appeared in a 1978 TV movie adapting the H. G. Wells novel for a more modern setting. Bissell's Time Tunnel co-star John Zaremba also appeared in the telemovie. Thirty-three years later, in 1993 the documentary film Time Machine: The Journey Back (which featured <mask>, Rod Taylor and Alan Young), Bissell recreated his 1960 role as Walter in the opening sequence. It was Bissell's last acting performance. Bissell received a life career award from the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films in 1994.He also served for many years on the board of directors of the Screen Actors Guild, and represented the actors' branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences board of governors. Personal life
Bissell was married three times and had three daughters (Kathy Marden, Victoria Brown and <mask>) and a stepson, Brian Forster. Forster was the second actor to play the role of Chris Partridge on The Partridge Family TV series. Wives:
Adrienne Marden (November 23, 1938 – 1954) (divorced), two children. Dilys Mary Shan Jukes (December 5, 1954 – January 11, 1958) (her death), one child. Jennifer Raine (November 24, 1967 – January 5, 1993) (her death). Death
Bissell died in 1996 at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, California from the effects of Parkinson's disease.He was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. (1952) as Mr. Yarbrough (uncredited)
The Sellout (1952) as Wilfred Jackson
The Turning Point (1952) as Buck (uncredited)
Devil's Canyon (1953) as Virgil Gates
It Should Happen to You (1954) as Robert Grau
Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954) as Dr. Edwin Thompson
Riot in Cell Block 11 (1954) as Snader
The Shanghai Story (1954) as Paul Grant
The Caine Mutiny (1954) as Navy psychiatrist Lt. Commander Dickson (uncredited)
Three Hours to Kill (1954) as Deke
Target Earth (1954) as Tom, Chief research scientist
Masterson of Kansas (1954) as Joe the Poker Player winning against Doc Holliday (uncredited)
The Atomic Kid (1954) as Dr. Edgar Pangborn
The Big Combo (1955) as Doctor (scenes deleted)
Not as a Stranger (1955) as Dr. Dietrich
The Naked Street (1955) as Dist. Atty. Blaker
The Desperate Hours (1955) as FBI Agent Carson
Trial (1955) as Sam Wiltse
Shack Out on 101 (1955) as Eddie
At Gunpoint (1955) as Clem Clark
Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) as Dr. Hill (uncredited)
The Proud Ones (1956) as Mr. Sam Bolton
Dakota Incident (1956) as Mark Chester
Man from Del Rio (1956) as Breezy Morgan
Cheyenne The Broken Pledge — Season 2, Episode 20 (06/04/1956) as Gen. Custer (credited as <mask> Bissel)
The Young Stranger (1957) as Grubbs, Theater Manager
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957) as John P. Clum
I Was a Teenage Werewolf (1957) as Dr. Alfred Brandon
Johnny Tremain (1957) as Josiah Quincy
The Wayward Girl (1957) as Ira Molson
The Tall Stranger (1957) as Adam Judson
Mr. Adams and Eve (1957) as Manager (Episode: "The Business Manager")
I Was a Teenage Frankenstein (1957) as Prof. Frankenstein
 Perry Mason (1957–1965) as
 Larry Sands (1957 episode The Case of the Crooked Candle)
 Max Pompey (1960 episode The Case of the Lavender Lipstick)
 Laurence Barlow (1964 episode The Case of the Nautical Knot)
 Dennison Groody (1965 episode The Case of the Carefree Coronary)
Gang War (1958) as Mark (scenes deleted)
The Defiant Ones (1958) as Lou Gans
The Black Orchid (1958) as Mr. Harmon
Monster on the Campus (1958) as Dr. Oliver Cole
No Name on the Bullet (1959) as Pierce
Warlock (1959) as Petrix
Never So Few (1959) as Capt. Alofson — Psychiatrist
The Time Machine (1960) as Walter Kemp
The Magnificent Seven (1960) as Chamlee the Undertaker
Birdman of Alcatraz (1962) as Dr. Ellis
Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man (1962) as Ludstrum (scenes deleted)
The Manchurian Candidate (1962) as Medical Officer (uncredited)
The Virginian (1963 episode "The Final Hour") as Burns
Spencer's Mountain (1963) as Dr. Campbell
Hud (1963) as Mr. Burris
Seven Days in May (1964) as Sen. Frederick Prentice
Advance to the Rear (1964) as Capt.Queeg
Where Love Has Gone (1964) as Professor Bell
The Hallelujah Trail (1965) as Hobbs
Fluffy (1965) as Dr. Braden
I Dream of Jeannie (1966) as Horace Sedgwick, in episode "The Fastest Gun in the East"
The Time Tunnel (1966–1967) as Lt. General Heywood Kirk
A Covenant with Death (1967) as Bruce Donnelly
The Invaders (1967) as Col.Harris, in episode "Dark Outpost"
5 Card Stud (1968) as Dr. Cooper
Once You Kiss a Stranger (1969) as Dr. Haggis
Airport (1970) as Mr. Davidson
Justin Morgan Had a Horse (1972) as Mr. Mays
The Salzburg Connection (1972) as Jim Newhart
Pete 'n' Tillie (1972) as Minister
Soylent Green (1973) as Gov. Santini
"Barnaby jones"(1973) as Mr. Bantree
Psychic Killer (1975) as Dr. Paul Taylor
Flood! (1976) as Dr. Ted Horne
The Lincoln Conspiracy (1977) as Sen. John Conness
The Last of the Mohicans (1977, TV Movie) as Gen. Webb
Casey's Shadow (1978) as Dr. Williamson
The Time Machine (1978, TV Movie) as Ralph Branly

References

External links

  (as <mask>ner Bissell)

1909 births
1996 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
Neurological disease deaths in California
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Male Western (genre) film actors
Male actors from Los Angeles
Male actors from New York City
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Western (genre) television actors

masks:
Whitner Nutting Bll
Daniel Bissell
Bissell
Bissell
Bissell
Amanda Whiteley
Whit
Whit


texts:
<mask> (1810 – November 21, 1884) was an American painter, diplomat, and author. He studied at the National Academy of Design in New York City and in Rome, Italy. He expatriated to Rome in 1841 when he was appointed U.S. Consul to Ancona, in the Papal States. Early life and career in America
<mask> was born on Indian Island, in New Brunswick, Canada, less than one mile distant from Eastport, Maine, where his parents lived. His father, <mask>, was a merchant and navigated the waters between the bustling seaports frequently with his wife <mask>. In 1816 <mask> was sent to live with relatives in rural Otsego County, New York, but little else is known of his early life or his family circumstances. In 1826 <mask> moved to New York City in order to study painting.There he encountered William Dunlap, a noted portraitist and history painter, whose works the young <mask> could have seen in upstate New York. Dunlap encouraged <mask> to enroll in the National Academy of Design in New York City, a nascent institution of which Dunlap was a founding member. <mask> joined the National Academy of Design's Antique School in its inaugural year, 1826, alongside two other notable American painters, William Sidney Mount and William Page. <mask> debuted at the National Academy of Design's Fourth Annual Exhibition in 1829 with Portrait of a Gentleman (unlocated). He was elected an Associate Member of the National Academy of Design on May 14, 1831 and elected to the prestigious position of Academician on May 1, 1833. By 1831 <mask> began to paint fancy pictures, typically life-sized, single-figure (occasionally multi-figure) paintings which were similar in appearance to portraits but possessed a greater expressiveness and which frequently depicted hired models rather than paying sitters. Many of <mask>’s associates, including Samuel F. B. Morse, Charles Cromwell Ingham, Henry Inman, Mount, and Page, were also painting fancy pictures, as was Washington Allston, who began painting them in the first decade of the century.<mask> would also have been familiar with 18th-century European fancy pictures by Joshua Reynolds, Jean-Baptiste Greuze, and Thomas Gainsborough, as well as the 17th-century secular works by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo that inspired the genre. Like many aspiring American painters of the era, however, <mask> continued to rely upon bespoke portraiture for his livelihood and became semi-itinerant in the 1830s, seeking and fulfilling commissions in Cooperstown, New York, Litchfield, Connecticut, New Orleans, Louisiana, and Utica, New York, from his home base in New York City and, later, Albany, New York. Financed by his enlightened patron base in Albany, led by John Adams Dix, <mask> embarked for England in September 1836. He carried letters of introduction from Morse to the esteemed Anglo-American painter Charles Robert Leslie in London and the eminent Danish neoclassical sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen in Rome. Traveling through England, thence to Paris, Marseilles, and the Italian port of Leghorn, <mask> arrived in Rome on November 30, 1836, and took quarters at Via Laurina 97. There were only two other American artists concurrently residing at Rome, the neoclassical sculptor Thomas Crawford and the painter Frederick William Philip. <mask> and Crawford were allowed to attend the life school of the so-called English Academy, which convened nightly to work from nude models in the deconsecrated church of San Giovanni della Ficozza at Via dei Maroniti 29.Their British peers there included Morris Moore, Patrick Allan-Fraser, <mask> Ward, and the brothers Robert Scott Lauder and <mask> Lauder. During his brief nine-month sojourn in Rome <mask> painted Masaniello (private collection), a fancy picture of the Italian folk hero Tommaso Aniello, known as Masaniello, who led a successful uprising against Spanish rule of Naples in 1647 and became a potent symbol of Italian unification. <mask>'s choice of subject matter reveals his own early support for the cause of the Italian Risorgimento.<mask> departed Rome in September 1837 and is recorded back in Albany, New York that December. Consulship and political activities
<mask>'s return to the United States proved disappointing, as he received neither the financial support nor critical approbation that he had anticipated. Assisted by his Albany political connections, namely Dix, Horatio Seymour, Thurlow Weed, and William H. Seward, he lobbied the administration of Martin Van Buren for a consulship to enable him to settle permanently in Italy. In April 1840 he was officially named the first U.S. Consul to Ancona, part of the Papal States. He sailed from New York City in January 1841, received his exequatur in Rome that spring, and visited Ancona that July.His position was essentially a sinecure, however, and <mask> soon designated a local man to serve as his vice-consul and returned to Rome to pursue his art. He never went to Ancona again. On May 14, 1848 <mask> married Horatia Augusta Latilla, an Anglo-Italian sculptor in Florence. They made their home together at Via Capo le Case 68 in Rome, which also contained their studios. Domestic bliss and artistic pursuits were marginalized shortly thereafter, however, as a series of revolts spread throughout the peninsula in the wake of the Italian Risorgimento. Rome became embroiled after the assassination of Pope Pius IX's prime minister, Pellegrino Rossi, on November 15, 1848. Soon thereafter (November 24, 1848) the pope fled Rome refusing to come back; therefore, the Romans between December and January organized and held ballots to elect a Constitutional Assembly which in February 1849 proclaimed the Roman Republic; the volatile situation proved overwhelming to the U.S. Consul to Rome, Nicholas Brown III, and he enlisted <mask>'s assistance, since he still held the title of U.S. Consul to Ancona but was staying in Rome.When French troops bombarded Rome in June 1849 in order to restore the pope's temporal authority over the city, most foreigners fled the violence and turmoil, but <mask> remained. His firsthand chronicle of the siege was published in the New York Evening Post that August. Within days after the French breached the city walls and on July 3, 1849 they occupied Rome, Consul Brown - who had come into conflict with the French for hiding wanted Italian patriots in his home - claimed to be ill and hastily departed his post, appointing <mask> acting Roman consul in his absence. <mask> embraced the opportunity to assist those who had fomented and abetted the revolution. He personally erected the American flag on Margaret Fuller's balcony on Locanda Dies in via Gregoriana, fearing that her pro-Italian, anti-French dispatches to the New York Tribune could have placed her in danger. He hid the apostate Italian priest Alessandro Gavazzi in his home for three nights and helped him escape to England. Most significantly, <mask> contrived a sort of improvised passport for thousands of Italians who faced certain death if captured by the French or Austrians, ensuring their safe passage out of Italy and, ostensibly, to America.All of this he apparently did out of personal conviction and with the expectation that his diplomatic post would immunize him from prosecution; however, his consulship to Ancona was suddenly revoked and given to the sculptor Joseph Mozier and a new consul replaced Brown at Rome. Fortunately, the American Chargé d'Affaires Lewis Cass Jr. attached <mask> to his legation, thereby guaranteeing he could stay on at Rome as an artist after the pope was reinstalled. Artistic career in Italy

For more than forty years, <mask> remained a prominent fixture of the vibrant art scene in Rome, painting fancy pictures of humble Italian contadini, impish street urchins, Madonna-like rustic beauties, and blind mendicants for an international clientele. These sentimental character studies were appealing for their artless beauty, an ideal closely allied to the 18th-century cult of sensibility, which advocated that strong emotional responses to visual and literary stimuli could help foster compassion and ethical behavior. <mask>’s dedication to the communicative potential of the fancy picture resulted in a remarkably cohesive oeuvre that constitutes his lasting legacy to American art. In many of his works <mask> expressed his ardent support for nationhood and religious freedom in Italy, as well as abolition and tolerance in the United States. In his painting The Savoyard Boy in London (1865, Smithsonian American Art Museum).<mask> makes parallels between Italy’s internal struggle for unification with the American Civil War. Artistically, <mask> reached the pinnacle of his career by mid-century. American tourists, however, were slow to return to Rome after the political tumult that defined the late 1840s, so he began to cultivate a new base of European⎯primarily English⎯clients, who already recognized and esteemed the idiom of the fancy picture in which he specialized. <mask>'s fortunes continued to decline in the 1860s as aesthetic tastes changed and his physical abilities⎯his eyesight most notably⎯declined with age. He increasingly devoted his energies to literary pursuits, beginning with Photographs from Recent Pictures by J. E<mask>, N.A. (1870), in which he coupled photographs after his paintings with prose and poetry, and culminating with two volumes of memoirs. Memoirs
In 1877 <mask> published the first volume of his memoirs, entitled Gatherings from an Artist’s Portfolio, followed in 1883 with Gatherings from an Artist’s Portfolio in Rome.As their titles suggest, the collection of anecdotes and stories that fill the two volumes of Gatherings is similar to the miscellaneous scenes that fill an artist’s sketchbooks. <mask> alternated chapters on some of the eminent people he knew in Rome, such as John Gibson, William Makepeace Thackeray, Crawford, and the Italian Princess Borghese (née Guindalina Talbot) with others devoted to the contadini who populated his fancy pictures, such as Giovannina of Saracinesca, the young boy Angelo, and “La Nonna," who he called "my venerable model.” The memoirs proved popular with both the public and the critics, and they were likened to Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Marble Faun and Our Old Home, as well as to William Wetmore Story’s Roba di Roma. Today Freeman's Gatherings continue to be consulted by scholars for their unique insight and invaluable historical information about the international art scene at Rome in the 19th century. References

Further reading
 <mask>, <mask>. Gatherings from an Artist’s Portfolio. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1877. <mask>, <mask>. Gatherings from an Artist’s Portfolio in Rome. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1883.McGuigan Jr., John F. and Mary K. McGuigan. <mask><mask>, 1808–1884: An American Painter in Italy. Utica, NY: Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute, 2009. McGuigan, Mary K. and John F. McGuigan Jr. “Ragged Grace and Picturesque Naturalness: <mask><mask> and the Painting of Sentiment.” The Magazine ANTIQUES 176, no. 5 (November 2009): 88–93. Vance, William L. America's Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.Vance, William L., Mary K. McGuigan, and John F. McGuigan Jr. America's Rome: Artists in the Eternal City, 1800–1900. Edited by Paul S. D'Ambrosio. Cooperstown, N.Y.: Fenimore Art Museum. 2009. 1810 births
1884 deaths
19th-century American painters
American male painters
National Academy of Design alumni
National Academy of Design members

masks:
James Edward Freeman
Freeman
Joshua Edwards Freeman
Eliza Morgan Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Edward Matthew
James Eckford
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
. Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
James E
Freeman
James E
James E
. Freeman
James E
. Freeman


texts:
<mask> (pen name, Theodosia; 171711 November 1778) was an English Baptist hymn writer and essayist. For a full century after her death, she filled a larger place in United States and British hymnals than any other woman. At an early age, <mask> showed a taste for literature, and would often entertain her friends by her poetical compositions. To a fervour of devotion, which increased as she got older, she developed a fondness for sacred literature, which led her to compose a considerable number of pieces in prose and verse. These works were published using the pseudonym, "Theodosia". Portions of these spiritual lyrics soon found their way into collections, while the diffidence of the authoress because of her pen name, left her comparatively unknown beyond the circle of her personal friends. In 1760, two volumes, appeared under the title of Poems on Subjects chiefly Devotional, by Theodosia.After her death, which occurred in 1778, a new edition was published with an additional volume and a Preface by the Rev. Dr. Caleb Evans of Bristol (Bristol, 1780). In the three volumes, there are 144 hymns, 34 Psalms in verse, and about 30 short poems. They were reprinted in one volume by D. Sedgwick, 1863. <mask>'s hymns were first made available for congregational use in 1769, 62 of them being then introduced into the Bristol Baptist Collections of Ash & Evans, the letter T for "Theodosia" being affixed; 47 were also given in Dr. Rippon's Selections, 1787, and 26 in Dr. W. B. Collyer's Collections, 1812. The original edition of "Theodosia"'s works are kept in the Library of the Baptist College, Bristol. Early years
<mask> ("Nanny") <mask> was born at Broughton, Hampshire, in 1717.She was descended from a family of Puritans. Her father, <mask>, was the minister of a community of Baptists, and he himself was descended from preachers. At an early age, <mask> manifested a pious disposition, and at the age of fourteen, had become a member of the church of which her father was pastor. Owing to an accident in childhood, she was always an invalid, and often confined to her chamber. Career
<mask> discovered in early life her love of the Muses, and often entertained her friends with her poetical and pious writing. But it was not without extreme reluctance that she finally submitted any of them to be read by the public. Her father's diary mentions <mask>'s first publication in 1757:— "1757, Nov. 29.This day Nanny sent a part of her compositions to London to be printed." Again: "Her brother brought with him her poetry, not yet bound." <mask>'s stepmother, the second Mrs. <mask>, shared the father's admiration, but they were anxious that any public expression of <mask>'s abilities as a writer should not injure her character. They prayed that she would remain humble. It was not till she was 44 that she consented to the publication of her hymns, that they might be available for public use. In 1760, she published Poems on Subjects Chiefly Devotional under the name Theodosia. This book had a second edition (3 vols.Bristol, 1780), for which Caleb Evans wrote a preface. Her complete works were published in one volume by Daniel Sedgwick (London, 1863), as Hymns, Psalms, and Poems by <mask>, with a memoir by John Sheppard. It comprised 144 hymns, thirty-four metrical psalms and fifty moral poems. Some of them, e.g. "Father of mercies, in Thy word," have found their way into the collections of other churches. She has been called the Frances Ridley Havergal of the 18th-century. Several of <mask>'s hymns appear in the Sacred Harp.In 1780, a new edition of the Poems, comprising a third and posthumous volume of Miscellanies, was published by Dr. Caleb Evans, the profits of which were to be given to the "Bristol Education Society", also known as the Baptist College of Bristol, of which he was at that time President; to that volume, the Editor prefixed a biography of "Mrs. <mask>", as she was more commonly called. A Selection of Hymns for Public Worship, a hymn book compiled by William Gadsby and first published in 1814, includes twenty-seven of the hymns by <mask>. This book is used mainly by some of the Calvinistic Strict Baptist churches in England. <mask>, like the Welsh poet, William Williams Pantycelyn, wrote missionary hymns before modern missionary and Bible societies were established. She also wrote a well-known Sunday school hymn before Sunday schools were established. Personal life
It has often been written that the drowning of her betrothed, Robert Elscourt, a few hours before the time fixed for her marriage, deeply affected an otherwise quiet life. However, modern research refutes the details of this story.One man did ask for the hand of <mask>, in 1742. This was Benjamin Beddome, but she turned him down, and remained unmarried. <mask> loved the retirement of her Hampshire home. A quiet life suited her best. She said of herself:— "I enjoy a calm evening on the terrace walk, and I wish, though in vain, for numbers sweet as the lovely prospect, and gentle as the vernal breeze, to describe the beauties of charming spring; but the reflection how soon these blooming pleasures will vanish, spreads a melancholy gloom, till the mind rises by a delightful transition to the celestial Eden—the scenes of undecaying pleasure and immutable perfection." She sometimes wrote hymns on creation and providence; and although these lack the powerful originality of those of classical hymnists, they were full of warm, tender, thankful feeling. Always of a delicate constitution, it appears that <mask>'s habits were very reclusive.For many years, she was confined to her room because of illness, during which period, she was engaged in writing essays, principally of a religious nature, in prose and verse. In 1769, <mask>'s father died, and it is said that she never recovered from the shock. After the death of her father, she spent the remaining nine years of her life in the house of her brother, William, which he had built very near the old family home. Unlike most authors of her day, <mask> was in a financial position which enabled her to devote the profits of her books to religious and charitable uses, and the same course was pursued by her surviving relatives. No portrait of <mask> was ever made. She died in her native village, on 11 November 1778, at the age of 62, and was interred in the family vault at Broughton Church cemetery. Style
<mask>'s hymns included class religious terms, which had a charm to those familiar with them, and who belonged to the "favoured" class, but had an unpleasant technical character to the ordinary reader.For example, the words 'dear' and 'dearest' were used till they seemed weak, and wearied the reader. Themes
<mask>'s hymns, which were much used by Baptists, emphasized the less optimistic phases of Christian experience. Among Baptist hymnwriters, <mask> stood at the head, if regarded either by the number of her hymns which found a place in the hymnals of the nineteenth century, or the frequency with which they were sung. Although few of them could be placed in the first rank of lyrical compositions, they were almost uniformly simple in language, natural and pleasing in imagery, and full of genuine Christian feeling. <mask> may not inappropriately be compared with Frances Ridley Havergal. In both, there was the same evangelic fervour, in both the same intense personal devotion to Jesus. But whilst <mask> seemed to think of Him more frequently as her "bleeding, dying Lord"—dwelling on His sufferings in their physical aspect, Havergal more often referred to His living help and sympathy, recognized with gladness His present claims as "Master" and "King," and anticipated almost with ecstasy His second coming.Looking at the whole of <mask>'s hymns, there is a wider range of thought than in Miss Havergal's compositions. <mask> treats a greater variety of subjects. Selected works

 Poems on subjects chiefly devotional, 2 volumes
 Miscellaneous Pieces in Verse and Prose by Theodosia
 The works of Mrs. <mask>

See also
English women hymn-writers (18th to 19th-century)

 Eliza Sibbald Alderson
 Augusta Amherst Austen
 Sarah Bache
 Charlotte Alington Barnard
 Sarah Doudney
 Charlotte Elliott
 Ada R. Habershon
 Katherine Hankey
 Maria Grace Saffery
 Emily Taylor
 Emily H. Woodmansee

References

Attribution

Bibliography

External links

 Gospel Standard Trust Publications, present day source of A Selection of Hymns for Public Worship
 Expressing the Ineffable

Selected Works of <mask>; Refuge of my Weary Soul

1717 births
1778 deaths
18th-century Baptists
18th-century English non-fiction writers
18th-century British women writers
People from Test Valley
Christian hymnwriters
English hymnwriters
English Baptists
Pseudonymous women writers
English essayists
Women essayists
British women hymnwriters
18th-century pseudonymous writers

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