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<mask> (born February 27, 1992) is an American football inside linebacker who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Michigan. He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the fourth round of the 2015 NFL Draft. High school career
In high school, <mask> was rated as the 30th best high school football inside linebacker in the country by Rivals.com. He was rated as the 60th and 81st best outside linebacker in the national class of 2010 by ESPN.com and Scout.com, respectively. He was regarded as the 34th best player in the state of Ohio by Rivals. <mask> was a participant in the Ohio North–South All-Star game.He recovered the onside kick to secure the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) championship as a junior. <mask> had offers from Ball State, Toledo and a number of other Mid-American Conference, but he grew  and  prior to his senior year. Since Saint Ignatius High School has many Michigan Wolverine alumni, <mask> suspects that sudden late interest from Michigan was prompted by one of them. College career

<mask> redshirted his freshman year for the 2010 Michigan Wolverines football team. As a redshirt freshman, he started in the September 3 opener for the 2011 team against Western Michigan as a result of a back injury to Cam Gordon. In the game, <mask> deflected a pass that was intercepted and returned for a touchdown. He went on to start 11 games and play in all 13.On September 24, 2011 against new head coach Brady Hoke's former team, San Diego State, <mask> had two fumble recoveries. His first career quarterback sack came on October 1 in the Little Brown Jug rivalry game against Minnesota. It was his only sack that year until the final game of the season. In the January 3, 2012 Sugar Bowl 23–20 overtime victory against Virginia Tech, <mask> had 4 tackles for a loss, including one sack and one 22-yard loss by David Wilson. During the game, he had his season-high 7 tackles (6 solo). For the season, he earned 2011 Big Ten All-Freshman team recognition from both ESPN.com and BTN.com as well as 2011 Rivals.com 2nd team All-Freshman and College Football News All-Freshman honorable mention honors. <mask> finished among the conference leaders in tackles for a loss/game (.85, t-15th).Prior to the second game of the 2012 season against Air Force, <mask>'s number was changed from 90 to 47 following a ceremony for Bennie Oosterbaan in which his retired number was placed back into circulation as a Michigan Football Legend jersey. On October 13, <mask> was selected as Big Ten Defensive player of the week when he posted a career-high 11 tackles (3.5 for a loss and 1.5 sacks). <mask> was named an All-Big Ten second team selection by the media and an honorable mention selection by the coaches. During Spring practice in 2013, <mask> tore his anterior cruciate ligament. When <mask> was initially injured in the spring, there was no official diagnosis of his expected return to football, but ACL injuries typically require a year to fully heal. By August <mask> was expected to return to the field in mid October. On August 25, 2013, he was named one of four team co-captains along with Taylor Lewan, Courtney Avery, and Cam Gordon.<mask> was cleared to play by doctors on October 7, ahead of the October 12 contest against Penn State. <mask> entered the 2014 season on the preseason watchlists for the Bronko Nagurski Trophy, Butkus Award, Lombardi Award, and Bednarik Award. <mask> was a late addition to the Lott IMPACT Trophy watch list. In the offseason, Michigan announced that <mask> would be moving to middle linebacker. In the September 6 Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry game, <mask> tied his career high with 11 tackles against Notre Dame. On October 13, <mask> was recognized as Big Ten co-Defensive Player of the Week (along with Damien Wilson) after recording 10 tackles (3 for a loss) against Penn State on October 11. On October 27, <mask> became one of 15 semifinalists for the Butkus Award.On November 3, <mask> was again recognized as Big Ten co-Defensive Player of the Week (along with Louis Trinca-Pasat) after recording 11 tackles (2.5 for a loss and 2 forced fumbles) against Indiana on November 1. On November 24, <mask> was named one of five finalist for the Butkus Award. Following the regular season, he was named first team All-Big Ten by both the coaches and the media. He was an honorable mention selection to the 2014 College Football All-America Team by Sports Illustrated. He won The Roger Zatkoff Award as the team's top linebacker in 2012, 2013, and 2014. College statistics

Professional career
On December 13, 2014, it was announced that <mask> had accepted his invitation to play in the 2015 East–West Shrine Game. On January 17, 2015, <mask> attended the East–West Shrine Game and recorded five combined tackles, a tackle for a loss, and one sack as part of Mike Singletary's East team that defeated the North 19–3.He was one of 34 collegiate linebackers to attend the 2015 NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana. <mask> completed all of the combine drills and finished fifth among all participating linebackers in the three-cone drill, tied for sixth in the short shuttle, and finished eighth in the 40-yard dash. On March 12, 2015, <mask> attended Michigan's pro day, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only perform positional drills for scouts and team representatives from 18 NFL teams. During the pre-draft process, <mask> attended a private visit with the Miami Dolphins. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, <mask> was projected to be a fourth or fifth round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the 12th best outside linebacker prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com and was ranked the 15th best outside linebacker by ESPN. Green Bay Packers

2015
The Green Bay Packers selected <mask> in the fourth round (129th overall) of the 2015 NFL Draft.He was the 15th linebacker drafted in 2015. On May 7, 2015, the Green Bay Packers signed <mask> to a four-year, $2.73 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $456,678. Throughout training camp, <mask> competed for a job as a starting inside linebacker after they were left vacant after the release of A. J. Hawk and Brad Jones. He competed against Clay Matthews III, Sam Barrington, Nate Palmer, Joe Thomas, and Carl Bradford. Head coach Mike McCarthy named <mask> the fourth inside linebacker on the depth chart behind Clay Matthews, Sam Barrington, and Nate Palmer to begin the regular season. He made his professional regular season debut in the Green Bay Packers' season-opener at the Chicago Bears and recorded one solo tackle during their 31–23 victory. <mask> was promoted to the third inside linebacker after Sam Barrington suffered a season-ending foot injury during the game.In Week 3, <mask> recorded a solo tackle on special teams as the Packers defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 38–28. He left the game in the third quarter after sustaining a hamstring injury and was sidelined for the next two games (Weeks 4–5). On November 8, 2015, <mask> recorded a season-high ten combined tackles during a 37–29 loss at the Carolina Panthers. In Week 10, <mask> made his first career start after defensive coordinator Dom Capers elected to start him at inside linebacker over Nate Palmer. He recorded a season-high tying ten combined tackles in the Packers' 27–23 win at the Detroit Lions. He remained the starting inside linebacker with Clay Matthews for the last five games of the season. <mask> finished his rookie season in  with 50 combined tackles (35 solo) and a fumble recovery in 14 games and five starts.Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 42.5 for his rookie season. His overall grade was poor due to his issues with pass coverage. The Green Bay Packers finished second in the NFC North with a 10–6 record and received a playoff berth. On January 10, 2016, <mask> started his first career playoff games and recorded five combined tackles in a 35–18 victory at the Washington Redskins in the NFC Wildcard game. They were eliminated after being defeated 26–20 in overtime by the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Divisional round. 2016
During open practices and organized team activities, <mask> and rookie Blake Martinez impressed coaches by developing a rapport and chemistry while they both received first team at inside linebacker. They were dubbed by "<mask> and Blake" by fans, a play on "Shake and Bake", a catchphrase of popularized by the film Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby.<mask> was named the starting inside linebacker with Blake Martinez to start the regular season, with Clay Matthews moving back to starting outside linebacker with Nick Perry. He started the Green Bay Packers' season-opener at the Jacksonville Jaguars and made seven combined tackles and his first career pass deflection during their 27–23 victory. In Week 9, <mask> recorded a season-high 12 combined tackles and broke up a pass as the Packers lost to the Indianapolis Colts 31–26. On November 13, <mask> suffered an ankle injury during a 47–25 loss at the Tennessee Titans missed the next two games. <mask> finished the  season with a career-high 82 combined tackles (57 solo) and three pass deflections in 14 games and ten starts. He received an overall grade of 76.4 from Pro Football Focus and was ranked their third most improved second year Player. The Green Bay Packers finished atop their division with a 10–6 record and received a playoff berth.On January 8, 2017, <mask> recorded 12 combined tackles and a career-high three pass break ups in the Packers' 38–13 win against the New York Giants in the NFC Wildcard game. After defeating the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Divisional round, the Green Bay Packers lost 44–21 at the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship. In the loss to the Falcons, <mask> had four total tackles. 2017
<mask> and Martinez returned as the starting inside linebackers to begin the 2017 regular season. He was sidelined for a Week 3 win against the Cincinnati Bengals after sustaining a hamstring injury and concussion the previous week. December 3, 2017, <mask> recorded ten combined tackles and made his first career sack on Tampa Bay Buccaneers' quarterback Jameis Winston during a 26–20 victory. In Week 16, <mask> collected a season-high 11 combined tackles in the Packers' 16–0 loss to the Minnesota Vikings.He finished the  season with 81 combined tackles (52 solo) and a sack in 15 games and 12 starts. Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 82.1, which ranked 19th among all qualified linebackers in 2017. The Green Bay Packers did not qualify for the playoffs after they finished third in the NFC North with a 7–9 record. Offensive coordinator Edgar Bennett and defensive coordinator Dom Capers were both fired at the end of the season. 2018
On July 30, 2018, <mask> suffered a knee injury in training camp and was carted off the field. On August 1, an MRI revealed that he suffered a torn ACL, keeping him out the rest of the year. Jacksonville Jaguars
On March 19, 2019, <mask> signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars.He was placed on the reserve/non-football injury list on August 31, 2019 to start the season. He was activated on November 30, 2019. He was placed back on injured reserve on December 10, 2019. On February 24, 2020, the Jaguars declined the option on <mask>'s contract, making him a free agent. Baltimore Ravens
<mask> signed with the Baltimore Ravens on May 4, 2020. He was released on June 11 with a non-football injury designation. Career statistics

Regular season

Postseason

Personal life
<mask> comes from a family of football players: older brother Connor (wide receiver) and younger brother Zack (linebacker) played for Ball State; father, Tim, was a wide receiver at Wake Forest (1980–84); maternal grandfather, Francis E. Sweeney, an Ohio Supreme Court justice, played defensive tackle for Xavier as well as in the Canadian Football League.<mask> is Catholic. References

External links

Green Bay Packers bio
Michigan Wolverines bio
<mask> at NCAA
<mask> at CBS Sports
<mask> at ESPN.com
<mask> archive at Michigan Daily
Ryan archive at AnnArbor.com

1992 births
Living people
American football linebackers
Baltimore Ravens players
Green Bay Packers players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Michigan Wolverines football players
People from Fairview, Ohio
People from Westlake, Ohio
Players of American football from Ohio
Sportspeople from Cuyahoga County, Ohio

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Jacob William Ryan
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<mask> (born circa 1951/1952) is a British radio and television presenter. He was the opening announcer and TV anchor at the Live Aid concert in 1985, and is the only presenter to have fronted all three of the BBC's leading pop music programmes, The Old Grey Whistle Test and Top of the Pops on television and the Radio One Top 40 show. Early career
<mask> grew up in Portsmouth where he attended Portsmouth Grammar School. In 1970, while still at school, he co-founded Portsmouth Hospital Broadcasting, a radio station serving the Royal Portsmouth Hospital. He later became a newspaper reporter for The News in Portsmouth and a newspaper in Kent before joining BBC Radio Medway as a music presenter. Later in 1971, <mask> joined BBC Radio Solent as a station assistant; he would later present weekly pop show Beat 'n Track on Solent. Radio 1
In October 1973, <mask> joined BBC Radio 1 as one of the original presenters of Newsbeat.He continued in this role until 1980, when he became a regular presenter of music programmes for Radio 1, taking over the Monday-Thursday evening show from Mike Read in December 1980. At the same time <mask> continued with Newsbeat as a studio producer and also worked as an in-vision continuity announcer for Thames Television. According to <mask>, during his time working on Newsbeat he broke the news of the death of John Lennon to Paul McCartney's household by phone in the early hours of 9 December 1980. In late 1981, <mask> became presenter of Radio 1's Rock On magazine show on Saturday afternoons and Roundtable on Friday evenings, on which he and guests would review the week's new releases. He continued with the programme until late 1985. In addition to Roundtable, from 1983 <mask> presented the Saturday Live show from 4 to 6:30pm alongside Andy Batten-Foster. On 30 September 1984, 17 years to the day after Radio 1 began, <mask> took over the Sunday afternoon Top 40 show, also broadcast on FM.That same day David Jensen, who had just left Radio 1, started presenting The Network Chart Show on commercial radio in competition. On BBC television, <mask> presented Top of the Pops from 1980 to 1985 and The Old Grey Whistle Test from 1984 to 1986. He also played two roles in the Band Aid and Live Aid phenomenon of the 1980s. Instead of publicising a new Boomtown Rats release as planned, Bob Geldof announced the creation of the Band Aid project on <mask>'s Radio 1 show in 1984. Then on 13 July 1985, <mask> made the opening announcement at Live Aid ("It's twelve noon in London ...") as the event got underway. He also fronted the first hours of BBC TV's Bafta Award-winning coverage. Capital London
In the spring of 1986, <mask> left Radio 1 to join Capital Radio, and was replaced on the chart show by Bruno Brookes, the only Top 40 presenter to leave by his own accord.At Capital, he presented on its FM Album Rock station CFM and hosted The Way It Is – Capital's equivalent of Radio 1's Newsbeat. Return to Radio 1
In October 1988, when Radio 1 – which had acquired its own FM transmitters – extended its hours, <mask> rejoined the station to host a midnight show to play a mix of album-orientated music. In late 1989, <mask> took over the Saturday afternoon Radio 1 show the 'Saturday Sequence' from Roger Scott following the latter's early death from cancer. In 1991 <mask> also took over the helming of Scott's series Classic Albums. In April 1990, he left the midnight show to be replaced by Bob Harris, but continued with the Saturday Sequence, where he remained until 1991, when Johnnie Walker took over. GLR
From the turn of the 1990s, while still at Radio 1, <mask> also presented a daily show on BBC GLR, an eclectic mix of music, recorded and live, and live interviews from pop to politics. This continued until the end of December 1992.Virgin Radio
On 30 April 1993, he hosted Virgin Radio's first programme playing two exclusive premiere cover tracks: "Born To Be Wild" by INXS and "Purple Haze" by The Cure. His weekday morning show ran from then until the autumn of 1996. Magic
After a short spell at London's Liberty Radio as breakfast presenter alongside Carol McGiffin, in 1997 <mask> joined London's Melody FM, which later became Magic 105.4, presenting the mid-morning show for six years until September 2003. In August 2013 <mask> returned to Magic 105.4 to provide cover for holidaying presenters. <mask> also continued to provide cover in 2014. Virgin Radio Classic Rock
In late 2003, <mask> was freelancing at the south-coast station Wave 105. Then in early 2004 he rejoined Virgin Radio on the London digital station Virgin Radio Classic Rock, where he hosted the mid-morning show, which was initially recorded, but broadcast live from 27 June 2005.During this period, he provided holiday cover on Virgin Radio. He left when live programming on Virgin Radio Classic Rock was abandoned in December 2005. Classic Gold/BBC Radio Berkshire
After freelancing on the Classic Gold network, in April 2006 <mask> joined BBC Radio Berkshire to host the Saturday and Sunday mid-morning programmes. During this time he also covered for holidaying presenters. He left on 6 January 2008. Original 106
In January 2008, <mask> joined Original 106 presenting weekday mid-mornings and the show <mask>'s Original Album Chart on Sunday afternoons. Xfm/Radio X
<mask> joined Xfm, now known as Radio X, in January 2009 to present the station's networked mid-morning show in London and Manchester.<mask> left Xfm in August 2011. Absolute Radio 70s

In October 2011, <mask> was announced to host the opening show for the station Absolute Radio 70s on 29 November. <mask> presented afternoons on Absolute Radio 70s through March 2012. Afterwards, Martyn Lee replaced <mask> as afternoon host. References

External links

1950s births
British radio personalities
British radio DJs
Living people
People educated at Portsmouth Grammar School
People from Portsmouth
BBC Radio 1 presenters
Top of the Pops presenters

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<mask>, frequently also J. F<mask>, (11 February 1725 – 24 March 1792) was a Danish-Norwegian industrialist, major general, landowner and founder of Det Classenske Fideicommis. He served as chancellery adviser to King <mask><mask> built the manor house Arresødal in 1773, he renovated the Neoclassical manor house Corselitze in 1777, and built the General's Summerhouse by the Corselitze Forest. Early years
<mask> was born in Oslo (then called Christiania), where his father (from Sønderborg on the Danish island of Als), was an organist. The father, who had the same name as his son, was born 1697 and died 1775; his mother, Maria, born Walter (1702-1768 ), was from a Norwegian farmer family. After having gone through grammar school in his hometown, he became a theology candidate at University of Copenhagen in 1741, taking his examinations three years later. Career

Despite his studies, it was not <mask>'s intention to make a theological career. He seems immediately to have thrown himself into other activities after coming into contact with Norwegian businessmen, possibly also participating in the high-level college of commercial advisors known as Kommercekollegiet of which a relative, Counsellor Christian Walter, was a member.When <mask> V visited Norway in 1749, Classen accompanied Admiral Andreas Rosenpalm, who was associated with various Norwegian businessmen including Erik Anker and Matthias Wærn of Norway's Moss Cannon Foundry. When only 24, Classen became a supplier of munitions to the State, in particular as commissioner for the Moss foundry, a post he held until c. 1759. As such, he conducted negotiations with army headquarters. He seems to have had influential friends in the king's immediate circle. In 1751, he received the title of Chancellry Counsellor and in 1753, was appointed Secretary of Kommercekollegiet. Immediately after the 1750 death of the Danish merchant, Andreas Bjørn, Classen became involved in the annual delivery of munitions to the Berbers in Algiers. He began by delivering 8,000 cannonballs, followed by gunpowder (500 centner), rope and timber, soon receiving a permanent contract to provide the delivery annually.His international trading ties developed through his connection with the former Spanish ambassador in Copenhagen, Marqués de Puente Fuerte. The work brought him into contact with a variety of industrialists, inciting him to become a businessman himself. In 1754, <mask> unsuccessfully sought to establish a glassworks; the following year, he bought a ceramic kiln factory outside Copenhagen's Østerport. In 1756, a dispute arose between <mask> and the directors of the Moss foundry, and by 1759, <mask> ceased to be an agent there. The same year, <mask> V entrusted <mask> and another businessman, Just Fabritius, with land at Agatmølle, the point where the Arresø runs into Isefjorden, on which to develop a cannon and munitions factory. De Peyrembert, a Frenchman, had unsuccessfully attempted to produce cannons there. Responding to the king's wishes, <mask> and Fabritius embarked not only on the production of cannons and gunpowder but on all types of weaponry.As the land had been allocated by Frederik V, Classen named the foundry "Frederiksværk"; it became Denmark's first factory town. Fabritius provided the capital but it was <mask> who became the active leader of the Frederiksværk operations, receiving the appointment of Commissioner General for War and Munitions with the title of chancellor. The business did well, benefitting from supplies for the Seven Years' War from 1756. Although he was interested in the technical side of the enterprise, it was above all <mask>'s abilities as an administrator and businessman which led to the factory's success. Within a few years, Frederiksværk became Denmark's one and only industrial town. Thanks to the quality of both its gunpowder and cannons, the factory quickly became competitive. By 1765, the number of workers had increased to some 400.While there were later minor reductions in the workforce, the factory was able to support the development of a small town as the facilities expanded to include a watermill, a brickyard, an oven foundry, a candle factory, a decorative iron works, a goldsmiths and a rope walk. Classen's enterprise also received support from the State. In 1760, to supplement the workforce a number of tenant farms were transferred to the enterprise and in 1764 all the tenant farms in the surrounding parishes of Kregme, Vinderød, Melby and Torup were included, as well as Halsnæs, Rorup and Havelse Skove came under its jurisdiction. In 1757, as commissioner for war and munitions, Classen earned 800 rigsdaler a year while in 1760, he received the position of commissioner general of the army commissariat, the body with which he signed contracts for army supplies. When Fabritius said he wished to withdraw from Frederiksværk, the king bought the factory for 130,000 rigsdaler, but <mask> was allowed to remain in control so that "on his own account he can pick and choose as he wishes." One of Classen's patrons was Saint-Germain who was striving to improve Danish artillery. In 1767, with the agreement of the king, this led to a contract whereby Frederiksværk and its only real competitor, the Kronborg rifle factory, were to support Classen while the State committed an annual sum of 120,000 rigsdaler over the next 30 years for the purchase of arms and munitions from the two factories.Shortly afterwards, however, Saint-Germain was dismissed and in April 1768, an investigative committee was set up with <mask>'s opponent, Ditlev Reventlow (1712–1783) as chairman. The committee found that the arrangements had all been set up in favour of <mask> with the result that he had to give up the Kronborg rifle factory, which was transferred to Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann, and pay 100,000 rigsdaler for Frederiksværk without any guarantee of contracts from the state. After an attempt to reestablish Copenhagen's Gjethuset as a cannon foundry proved unsuccessful, <mask> concluded a contract with the army in 1770 which guaranteed that he was to be its sole supplier of gunpowder and cannons. The contract, which also specified an annual subsidy for operating the factory in addition to payments for the supplies, was renewed every year until Classen died. Furthermore, Frederiksværk concluded contracts for supplying weapons and munitions to large trading companies and to the navy. In 1769, the business was extended to produce stoves and cooking pots although not all <mask>'s attempts to bring other industries to the town were successful. Other occupations

In addition to his industrial and trading activities, <mask>litze and Carlsfeldt estates on Falster from Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel and, in 1773 and 1776, established Arresødal and Grønnesøgård on the Frederiksværk estate. His powers of initiative and administration also benefitted his agricultural ventures. He established the fishing communities of Sølager and Liseleje and developed large-scale plantations around Frederiksværk although his eagerness to persuade farmers to adopt better production methods does not appear to have led to meaningful results. In 1756, he bought a summer residence with a large garden near Østerport from the Danneskjold-Laurwigenske heirs. He increased its size in 1765 when he bought an adjacent property known as Fiskerhuset from Hans von Ahlefeldt. Today it is known as Classens Have (Classen's Garden). A patron of literature, Classen bought books at home and abroad until he had amassed a large library.Recognition
Classen's extensive business operations brought him both wealth and recognition. In 1775, he was given the title of major-general and was awarded the Order of the Dannebrog while in 1783 he received the status of excellency. He also enjoyed friendships with the most influential figures of the times including Adam Gottlob Moltke, Hans Ahlefeldt, the Bernstorffs, Saint-Germain, Ove Høegh-Guldberg, General Heinrich Wilhelm von Huth and General Peter Elias von Gähler. Legacy

In his will, with the exception of Frederiksværk, Classen left all his assets and possessions to a charitable foundation, Det Classenske Fideicommis. It was to be used "to educate good people to become the best in the State, to support and promote industriousness and diligence in the areas most necessary for the country's well-being, and to help to alleviate poverty and misery." The fund, still with considerable assets today, has been used to establish Næsgaard Agerbrugsskole, a farming school in Stubbekøbing, Falster (now Næsgaard Efterskole). The Classen Library in Amaliegade in Copenhagen was built for his extensive library of some 20,000 volumes, with significant collections in the areas of economics, geography and science.In 1867, it was shared between the Agricultural University and the University Library in Copenhagen. Personal life
Classen married Anna Elisabeth Fabritius de Tengnagels (1735-1786). She had two daughters from her first marriage, Marie Margarethe Baroness Iselin (1756-1814) and Anna Elisabeth Baroness Iselin (1760-1805). His brother, Peter Hersleb <mask> (1738–1825), a high-level State official, later became director of Det Classenske Fideicommis. References

1725 births
1792 deaths
18th-century Danish businesspeople
Norwegian emigrants to Denmark
People from Frederiksværk
Danish industrialists
Danish manufacturing businesspeople
Danish company founders
Danish philanthropists
Businesspeople from Copenhagen
Danish generals
Noble Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
Bibliophiles
18th-century philanthropists

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Johan Frederik Classen
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<mask> (September 13, 1941 – April 1, 2010) was an American engineer, entrepreneur and medical doctor who invented the first commercially successful personal computer in 1974. He is most often known as "the father of the personal computer." He founded Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) in 1970 to sell electronics kits to model rocketry hobbyists, but the first successful product was an electronic calculator kit that was featured on the cover of the November 1971 issue of Popular Electronics. The calculators were very successful and sales topped one million dollars in 1973. A brutal calculator price war left the company deeply in debt by 1974. <mask> then developed the Altair 8800 personal computer that used the new Intel 8080 microprocessor. This was featured on the cover of the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics, and hobbyists flooded MITS with orders for this $397 computer kit.Bill Gates and Paul Allen joined MITS to develop software and Altair BASIC was  Microsoft's first product. <mask> sold MITS in 1977 and retired to Georgia where he farmed, studied medicine and eventually became a small-town doctor living in Cochran, Georgia. Early life
<mask> was born on September 13, 1941 in Miami, Florida to Henry Melvin <mask>, an appliance repairman, and <mask> <mask>, a homemaker. His younger sister Cheryl was born in 1947. During World War II, while his father was in the Army, <mask> and his mother lived on the Wilcher family farm in Wheeler County, Georgia. After the war, the family returned to Miami, but <mask> would spend his summers with his grandparents in rural Georgia. <mask>' father had an appliance repair business in Miami.<mask> became interested in electronics and built a small relay-based computer while in high school. Medicine was his true passion, however, and he entered University of Miami with the intention of becoming a doctor, the first in his family to attend college. There he met a neurosurgeon who shared his interest in electronics. The doctor suggested that <mask> get an engineering degree before applying to medical school, and <mask> changed his major to electrical engineering. <mask> married Joan Clark while at the university, and when she became pregnant <mask> knew that he would have to drop out of school to support his new family. The U.S. Air Force had a program that would pay for college, and in May 1962 he enlisted with the hope of finishing his degree through the Airman Education & Commissioning Program. After basic training, <mask> attended the Cryptographic Equipment Maintenance School at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas.Because of his electrical engineering studies at college, <mask> was made an instructor at the Cryptographic School when he finished the course. To augment his meager enlisted man's pay, <mask> worked on several off-duty projects and even set up a one-man company, Reliance Engineering. The most notable job was to create the electronics that animated the Christmas characters in the window display of Joske's department store in San Antonio. In 1965, he was selected for an Air Force program to complete his college degree and become a commissioned officer. <mask> earned an electrical engineering degree from Oklahoma State University in 1968 and was assigned to the Laser Division of the Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland AFB in Albuquerque, New Mexico. In 1968, he looked into applying to medical school but learned that, at age 27, he was considered too old. Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems

Roberts worked with Forrest Mims at the Weapons Laboratory, and both shared an interest in model rocketry.Mims was an advisor to the Albuquerque Model Rocket Club and met the publisher of Model Rocketry magazine at a rocketry conference. This led to an article in the September 1969 issue of Model Rocketry, "Transistorized Tracking Light for Night Launched Model Rockets". <mask>, Mims, and lab coworkers Stan Cagle and Bob Zaller decided that they could design and sell electronics kits to model rocket hobbyists. <mask> wanted to call the new company Reliance Engineering, but Mims wanted to form an acronym similar to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's MIT. Cagle came up with Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). They advertised the light flasher, a roll rate sensor with transmitter, and other kits in Model Rocketry, but the sales were disappointing. Mims wrote an article about the new technology of light-emitting diodes that was to be published in the November 1970 issue of Popular Electronics magazine.He asked the editors if they also wanted a project story, and they agreed. <mask> and Mims developed an LED communicator that would transmit voice on an infrared beam of light to a receiver hundreds of feet away. Readers could buy a kit of parts to build the Opticom LED Communicator from MITS for $15. MITS sold just over a hundred kits. Mims was now out of the Air Force and wanted to pursue a career as a technology writer. <mask> bought out his original partners and focused the company on the emerging market of electronic calculators. Calculators

<mask>'s first real experience with computers came while at Oklahoma State University where engineering students had free access to an IBM 1620 computer.His office at the Weapons Laboratory had the state of the art Hewlett-Packard 9100A programmable calculator in 1968. <mask> had always wanted to build a digital computer and, in July 1970, Electronic Arrays announced a set of six LSI integrated circuits that would make a four-function calculator. <mask> was determined to design a calculator kit and got fellow Weapons Laboratory officers William Yates and <mask> to invest in the project with time and money. The first product was a "four-function" calculator that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. The display was only eight digits, but the calculations were performed with 16 digits precision. The MITS Model 816 calculator kit was featured on the November 1971 cover of Popular Electronics. The kit sold for $179 and an assembled unit was $275.Unlike the previous kits that MITS had offered, thousands of calculator orders came in each month. The monthly sales reached $100,000 in March 1973, and MITS moved to a larger building with 10,000 square feet (930 square meters) of space. In 1973, MITS was selling every calculator that they could make, and 110 employees worked in two shifts assembling them. The functionality of calculator integrated circuits increased at a rapid pace and <mask> was designing and producing new models. The popularity of electronic calculators drew the traditional office equipment companies and the semiconductor companies into the market. In September 1972, Texas Instruments (TI) introduced the TI-2500 portable four-function calculator that sold for $120. The larger companies could sell below cost to win market share.By early 1974, <mask> found that he could purchase a calculator in a retail store for less than his cost of materials. MITS was now $300,000 in debt, and <mask> was looking for a new hit product. Altair 8800 computer

<mask> decided to return to the kit market with a low cost computer. The target customer would think that "some assembly required" was a desirable feature. In April 1974, Intel released the 8080 microprocessor that <mask> felt was powerful enough for his computer kit, but each 8080 chip sold for $360 in small quantities. <mask> felt that the price of a computer kit had to be under $400; to meet this price, he agreed to order 1,000 microprocessors from Intel for $75 each. The company was down to 20 employees and a bank loan for $65,000 financed the design and initial production of the new computer.<mask> told the bank that he expected to sell 800 computers, but he guessed that it would be around 200. Art Salsberg, editorial director of Popular Electronics, was looking for a computer construction project, and his technical editor Les Solomon knew that MITS was working on an Intel 8080-based computer kit. <mask> assured Solomon that the project would be complete by November to meet the press deadline for the January 1975 issue. The first prototype was finished in October and shipped to Popular Electronics in New York for the cover photograph, but it was lost in transit. Solomon already had a number of pictures of the machine, and the article was based on them. <mask> and Yates got to work on building a replacement. The computer on the magazine cover was an empty box with just switches and LEDs on the front panel.The finished Altair computer had a completely different circuit board layout than the prototype shown in the magazine. MITS products typically had generic names such as the Model 1440 Calculator or the Model 1600 Digital Voltmeter. The editors of Popular Electronics wanted a more alluring name for the computer. MITS technical writer David Bunnell came up with three pages of possible names, but <mask> was too busy finishing the computer design to choose one. There are several versions of the story of who selected Altair as the computer name. At the first Altair Computer Convention (March 1976), Les Solomon told the audience that the name was inspired by his 12-year-old daughter Lauren. "She said why don't you call it Altair – that's where the [Star Trek] Enterprise is going tonight."The December 1976 issue of Popular Science misquoted this account, giving credit to <mask>' daughter. His only daughter Dawn was not born until 1983. Both of these versions have appeared in many books, magazines, and web sites. Editor Alexander Burawa recalls a less dramatic version. The Altair was originally going to be named the PE-8 (Popular Electronics 8-bit), but Les Solomon thought this name to be rather dull, so Solomon, Burawa, and John McVeigh decided that: "It's a stellar event, so let's name it after a star." McVeigh suggested "Altair", the twelfth-brightest star in the sky. When the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics reached readers in mid-December 1974, MITS was flooded with orders.They had to hire extra people just to answer the phones. In February, MITS received 1,000 orders for the Altair 8800. The quoted delivery time was 60 days, but it was many more months before the machines were shipped. By August 1975, they had shipped over 5,000 computers. The Altair 8800 computer was a break-even sale for MITS. They needed to sell additional memory boards, I/O boards, and other options to make a profit. The April 1975 issue of the MITS newsletter Computer Notes had a page-long price list that offered over 15 optional boards.The delivery time given was 60 or 90 days, but many items were never produced and dropped from future price lists. Initially, <mask> decided to concentrate on production of the computers. Prompt delivery of optional boards did not occur until October 1975. There were several design and component problems in the MITS 4K Dynamic RAM board. By July, new companies such as Processor Technology were selling 4K Static RAM boards with the promise of reliable operation. <mask> acknowledged the 4K Dynamic RAM board problems in the October 1975 Computer Notes. The price was reduced from $264 to $195 and existing purchasers got a $50 refund.MITS released its own 4K Static RAM board in January 1976. Several other companies started making add-in boards and the first clone, the IMSAI 8080, was available in December 1975. Altair BASIC

Bill Gates was a student at Harvard University and Paul Allen worked for Honeywell in Boston when they saw the Altair computer on the cover of Popular Electronics. They had previously written software for the earlier Intel 8008 microprocessor and knew the Intel 8080 was powerful enough to support a BASIC interpreter. They sent a letter to MITS claiming to have a BASIC interpreter for the 8080 microprocessor. <mask> was interested, so Gates and Allen began work on the software. Both had experience with the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-10 minicomputers that they would use.Allen modified the DEC Macro Assembler to produce code for the Intel 8080 and wrote a program to emulate the 8080 so they could test their BASIC without having an Altair computer. Using DEC's BASIC-PLUS language as a guide, Gates determined what features would work with the limited resources of the Altair computer. Gates then started writing the 8080 assembly-language code on yellow legal pads. In February Gates and Allen started using a PDP-10 at Harvard to write and debug BASIC. They also enlisted another Harvard student, Monte Davidoff, to write the floating-point math routines. Paul Allen flew to Albuquerque, New Mexico, in March 1975 to test BASIC on a real Altair 8800 computer. <mask> picked him up at the airport in his pickup truck and drove to the nondescript storefront where MITS was located.Allen was not impressed. The Altair computer with 7 kB of memory that BASIC required was still being tested and would not be ready until the next day. <mask> had booked Allen in the most expensive hotel in Albuquerque and the room was $40 more than Allen brought with him. <mask> paid for the room and wondered who is this software guy who can not afford a room in a hotel. The next day the Altair with 7 kB had finally passed its memory test and Allen had their BASIC interpreter on a paper tape Bill Gates had created just before Allen left Boston. It took almost 15 minutes for the Teletype to load the program into the Altair then the Teletype printed "MEMORY SIZE?" Allen entered 7168 and the Teletype printed "READY".Both Allen and <mask> were stunned their software and hardware actually worked. They entered several small programs and they worked. The BASIC interpreter was not complete and crashed several times, but <mask> had a high level language for his computer. <mask> hired Allen as Vice President and Director of Software at MITS. Bill Gates also worked at MITS; the October 1975 company newsletter gives his title as "Software Specialist". Bill Gates remained at Harvard, but continued working on BASIC. Students were allowed to use the DEC PDP-10, but officials were not pleased when they found that Gates was developing a commercial product.The school then implemented a policy that forced Gates to use a commercial time share service to work on BASIC. On July 22, 1975, MITS signed a contract for the Altair BASIC with Bill Gates and Paul Allen. They received $3,000 at signing and a royalty for each copy of BASIC sold, with a cap of $180,000. MITS received an exclusive worldwide license to the program for 10 years. They also had exclusive rights to sublicense the program to other companies and agreed to use its "best efforts" to license, promote and commercialize the program. MITS would supply the computer time necessary for development on a PDP-10 owned by the Albuquerque school district. MITS realized that BASIC was a competitive advantage and bundled the software with computer hardware sales.Customers who purchased the computer, memory, and I/O boards from MITS could get BASIC for $75; the standalone price was $500. Many hobbyists purchased their hardware from a third-party and "borrowed" a copy of Altair BASIC. <mask> refused to sub-license BASIC to other companies; this led to arbitration in 1977 between MITS and the new "Micro-Soft". The arbitrator agreed with Microsoft and allowed them to license the 8080 BASIC to other companies. <mask> was disappointed with this ruling. Since both Allen and Gates had been employees of MITS and he paid for the computer time, <mask> felt it was his software. Sale to Pertec
In 1976, MITS had 230 employees and sales of $6 million.<mask> was tiring of his management responsibilities and was looking for a larger partner. MITS had always used Pertec Computer Corporation disk drives and on December 3, 1976, Pertec signed a letter of intent to acquire MITS for $6 million in stock. The deal was completed in May 1977 and <mask>' share was $2–3 million. The Altair products were merged into the Pertec line, and the MITS facility was used to produce the PCC-2000 small-business computer. The Albuquerque plant was closed in December 1980 and the production was moved to the Pertec plants in Irvine, California. Medical doctor
In late 1977 <mask> returned to rural Georgia and bought a large farm in Wheeler County where he had often visited his grandparents' home in his youth. He had a non-compete agreement with Pertec covering hardware products, so he became a gentleman farmer and started a software company.His age could have thwarted his dream of becoming a medical doctor, but nearby Mercer University started a medical school in 1982. <mask> was in the first class and graduated with an M.D. in 1986. He did his residency in internal medicine and in 1988 established a practice in the small town of Cochran, Georgia. In 2009, Dr. <mask> was elected to Alpha Omega Alpha, the medical honor society. He was nominated by Mercer alumnus Guy Foulkes, MD based on <mask>’ dual accomplishment of developer of the first personal computer and his devotion to rural medicine. Personal life
<mask> married Joan Clark (b.1941) in 1962 and they had five sons, Melvin (b. 1963), Clark (b. 1964), John David (b. 1965), <mask> (b. 1970), Martin (b. 1975) and a daughter Dawn (b. 1983).They were divorced in 1988. <mask> married Donna Mauldin in 1991 and they were still married when interviewed by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution in April 1997. He was married to Rosa Cooper from 2000 until his death. <mask> died April 1, 2010 after a months-long bout with pneumonia, at the age of 68. His sister, Cheryl R <mask> (b. November 13, 1947 – d. March 6, 2010), of nearby Dublin, Georgia died at age 62, a few weeks before his death. During his last hospitalization in Macon, Georgia, hospital staffers were stunned to see an unannounced Bill Gates, who had come to pay last respects to his first employer. He was survived by his wife, all six of his children and his mother, <mask> <mask>.All live in Georgia. Works
Books

Magazines

  Part 2 in the February 1975 issue. Part 2 in the December 1975 issue. Notes

References

External links

  Commentary on <mask>' life and medical practice. STARTUP: Albuquerque and the Personal Computer Revolution New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science
Altair 8800 Computer at Vintage-Computer Web Site
Brief History of the Altair. Copies of Altair articles in Popular Electronics
Obituary in The Independent by Marcus Williamson

1941 births
2010 deaths
American electrical engineers
American inventors
Physicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Deaths from pneumonia in Georgia (U.S. state)
Mercer University alumni
Model rocketry
Oklahoma State University alumni
United States Air Force officers
University of Miami College of Engineering alumni
People from Bleckley County, Georgia
Miami Senior High School alumni

masks:
Henry Edward Roberts
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Edna Wilcher
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Ed Laughlin
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Major General Sir <mask>,  (9 July 1859 – 30 September 1944) was a cavalry officer and major-general in the British Indian Army. Younghusband was commissioned into the 17th Foot in 1878. He later transferred to the British Indian Army's Guides Cavalry and served in several conflicts, including the Second Afghan War, the Mahdist War, the Third Burmese War, the Second Boer War and finally in the First World War. Due to wounds received on the battlefield, he was forced to retire from the army in 1917. In his later life he became a noted author of several books, and the Keeper of the Jewel House at the Tower of London, until his death on 30 September 1944, at Crickhowell in Wales. Early life
<mask> was born on 9 July 1859, at Dharamshala in India, the eldest son of Major-General <mask> and Clara Jane Shaw, and the elder brother of <mask>. He was educated at Clifton College and the Royal Military College Sandhurst.In May 1878, after graduating as the Queen's (India) Cadet, he was commissioned, as a second-lieutenant, into the 17th Foot, on probation for the India Staff Corps. He fought in the Second Afghan War and was promoted to lieutenant on 15  March 1880, before transferring to the India Staff Corps, in October 1883. Indian Army
After joining the Indian Army he was involved in several conflicts in a short period of time. The 1885 Mahdist War, operations on the North West Frontier in 1886, and in the Third Burmese War. His next promotion came on 1 May 1889, when he was promoted to captain. Six years later, in 1895, he was mentioned in dispatches, while serving as the Brigade Major for the 4th Brigade, part of the Chitral Relief Force. He was further recognized by promotion to brevet major in January 1896.The following year, he was on 22 January 1897 appointed to a staff position as deputy assistant adjutant-general in Sirhind, under the Punjab Command. In 1898 he was appointed as a military observer during the Spanish–American War in the Philippines, and in May that year promoted to substantive major. Command

Younghusband's first command came during the Second Boer War, when he was promoted to temporary lieutenant-colonel and commanding officer of the 3rd Battalion Imperial Yeomanry on 20 January 1900. He left Liverpool with the battalion on board SS Winifredian in late January 1900, arriving in South Africa the following month. While commanding the battalion he was mentioned in dispatches in 1901. The same year he received a brevet promotion to lieutenant-colonel and was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). He left the 3rd to command the 26th (Younghusband's Horse) Battalion Imperial Yeomanry in December 1901, and was again mentioned in dispatches in June the following year.He was wounded, and in late May 1902 left South Africa on the SS Roslin Castle which arrived at Southampton the following month. He relinquished the command of the 26th battalion on 30 August 1902. After that war he was promoted to colonel in April 1905. He was then involved in the Mohmand expedition of 1908. Then in February 1909, was promoted to temporary brigadier-general while serving on the General Staff. In 1909, he became commander of the Fyzabad Brigade, part of the 8th (Lucknow) Division, and the Derajat Brigade from 1911. The same year he was promoted to major-general.He was still in command, when appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1913. In the First World War, <mask> was given command of the 28th Indian Brigade, part of the 10th Indian Division. They were initially deployed to defend the Suez Canal. Until 1916, when the brigade was sent to take part in the defence of Aden. It then moved to Basra to participate in the Mesopotamia Campaign. During the subsequent operation <mask> was again mentioned in dispatches. His last command position was in 1916, as commander of the 7th (Meerut) Division, still in Mesopotamia, but he was forced to relinquish that position due to wounds received.Family and later life
In March 1917, King <mask> appointed <mask> as the Keeper of the Jewel House at the Tower of London. Then in April 1919, the King approved his retirement from the army. He was not entirely finished with the army however and in January 1928, he was appointed the Regimental Colonel of the 10th Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force) and of the 5th Battalion, (Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides) 12th Frontier Force Regiment. His son Brigadier <mask> <mask>, of the 3rd The King's Own Hussars, served with the 2nd Armoured Division during the Second World War. <mask> <mask> died on 30 September 1944, aged eighty-five, at Crickhowell in Wales.

masks:
George John Younghusband
George John Younghusband
John William Younghusband
Francis Younghusband
Younghusband
Younghusband
George V
Younghusband
George Edward
Younghusband
George John
Younghusband


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<mask> (April 28, 1842 – March 26, 1924) was bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Central New York from 1904 to 1924. Early life
<mask> was born in Cohoes, N. Y. on April 28, 1842. His parents were <mask>. and Ardelia (Wilkinson) Olmsted. "The surname has been spelled both as "Olmsted" and "Olmstead." This difference in spelling is reflected in the various references used in this article. However, this article always uses the Olmstead spelling because that is the spelling used by the Diocese of Central New York on its website's listing of the BISHOPS OF CENTRAL NEW YORK. In 1852, when the boy was ten years old, the family moved to Newport, Kentucky.Four years later, he began to work with his father in building the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. While working on the railroad, he "continued his studies." In 1853, he started attending the Brooks' Classical School located in Cincinnati, across the Ohio River from Newport. He studied there three and one-half years in preparation for college. Therefore, when the family moved back to New York state, settling in Lockport, he was ready to enter college. However, because of his father's financial condition, <mask> could not enter college until 1862. Education and teaching
In 1862, Olmstead entered the Sophomore class at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., an Episcopal Church school.He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1865 and with a Master of Arts in 1868. <mask> felt called to the ministry in the Episcopal Church, so he enrolled in the Berkeley Divinity School in Middletown, Connecticut. While a student in the Berkeley Divinity School, <mask> also tutored Latin and Greek at St. Stephen's College at Annandale during the academic year 1865–66. During the next academic year (1866–68), he taught "mathematics and natural philosophy" at St. Stephen's. Ministry as a priest
In 1867, <mask> was ordained a deacon in the Episcopal Church, and in 1868 he was ordained a priest. In November 1868, <mask> was called to be an assistant minister in the Trinity Chapel of Trinity Church, New York City. While in this position, he married Catharine Lawrence, daughter of Joseph and Rosette (Townsend) Lawrence of New York city, on April 25, 1876.He stayed in that position until May 1884, when he became Rector of Grace Church, Utica, N. Y. Grace Church, under <mask>'s leadership, "prospered greatly, both in spiritual and material matters." The buildings were improved. <mask> was a founder of the Utica Clerical Union. He had a hand in forming the Central New York Choir Guild. He served as chaplain of the Good Shepherd, St. Luke's Hospital, and the Guild of St. Barnabas for Nurses. He also organized the Ladies Aid Society, the  Girls Friendly Society, the Employment Society, the Boys Friendly Society, the Senior and Junior Brotherhood of St. Andrew.In 1893, <mask> became a trustee of  St. John's Military School in Manlius, N. Y. During his tenure as Rector of Grace Church, <mask> was elected as a deputy to the 1892, 1895 and 1898 General Conventions of the Episcopal Church. In April 1899, <mask> returned to Trinity Parish, New York. This time it was as Vicar of St. Agnes' Chapel on West 92nd Street. At that time, St. Agnes included the Trinity School. <mask> was qualified to be in charge of the school because of his experience in teaching at St. Stephens' College. During his time at St. Agnes, both the church and the school grew.Ministry as a Bishop
In October 1902, <mask> was elected bishop coadjutor of the Diocese of Central New York. He was consecrated in Grace church, Utica, N.Y. on October 2, 1902. His consecrators were Bishops Frederic Dan Huntington of Syracuse, Henry C. Potter of New York, and William David Walker of Western New York. Immediately after his consecration, <mask> began his duties as coadjutor to Bishop Huntington. Huntington had been unable to perform all of his duties because of his "advanced age." A newspaper editorial about the election of <mask> as Bishop Coadjutor praised him as "a man of brilliant scholarship and great activity" and as "a speaker of original and convincing power." Also, as "a man of strong convictions," but "nevertheless, a man of kindly disposition and sympathetic."Regarding his fitness for his new duties, the editorial said that "he has the executive ability to perform" them. <mask> was a bishop in Diocese of Central New York for twenty-two years: as bishop coadjutor from 1902 to 1904 and as bishop diocesan from 1904 to his death in 1924. In 1903, on Washington's birthday, <mask>, while bishop coadjutor, addressed the 1903 banquet of the Board of Managers of the Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York. Bishop Dan Huntington died in July 1904, leaving <mask> as his successor diocesan bishop. A newspaper story dated October 13, 1905, was headlined "Bishop <mask> Asks Clergymen of the Episcopal to Do All in Their Power to Keep Ladies from Showing Their Beautiful Hair." <mask> was quoted as saying, "Let at least this good custom of the mothers of Israel prevail, that they pray in public with covered heads." In 1906, at the thirty-eighth annual convention of the Diocese of Central New York, in the Bishop's Address, <mask> said,
	"The Church Of Jesus Christ should not be in alliance either with individuals or with corporations whose principles and methodsare known to be illegal and corrupt.All the talk about "tainted money" seems to me to be beside the mark. Money itself, I suppose,cannot be tainted, but it may at times represent a tainted partnership, and it is not well for the Church to have her tongue tied byany such coalition, because it is her duty to be ready to denounce wickedness in high places as well as in low places. The Church can never gain by getting wealth which paralyzes her proper functions." On October 8, 1907, <mask> spoke to the triennial meeting of the Episcopal Church's Church Periodical Club. The newspaper account characterized him as a speaker "with decided ability." On June 2, 1921, following the advice of his Standing Committee regarding irreconcilable differences between a rector and his vestry, <mask> signed this order: "I hereby render my decision, that in accordance with the above report, the Rev. Arthur H. Beaty, resign the rectorship of Grace Church, Cortland, N. Y.."

Awards and memberships
In 1893, Hobart College gave <mask> the degree of Doctor of Divinity.In 1903, Syracuse University conferred the degree of Doctor of Canon Law. In 1908, Hamilton College (New York) awarded him the degree of Doctor of Laws. <mask> was a member of the Oneida Historical Society. Ill health and Death
On January 31, 1914, Mrs. <mask> died. After that his niece lived with him until he died. In the early part of 1924, <mask>'s health became so bad that he had to turn over most of his duties to his coadjutor Bishop <mask>. On March 26, 1924, he "died suddenly of heart disease" at his home in Utica, N. Y.He had been bishop for twenty-two years. Tributes
After <mask>'s death, some of his associates wrote tributes about him. They included these words:

References

1842 births
1924 deaths
American Episcopalians
People from Cohoes, New York
People from Newport, Kentucky
Trinity College (Connecticut) alumni
Berkeley Divinity School alumni
Episcopal bishops of Central New York

masks:
Charles Tyler Olmstead
Charles Tyler Olmstead
Charles A
Olmstead
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Charles Fiske
Olmstead


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<mask> (originally <mask>; March 17, 1916 – January 31, 2008) was a Chilean communist politician, lawyer, and author. Personal life
Born in Chillán to Jewish immigrants (Ukrainian <mask> and Bessarabian Sara Volosky), <mask> was interested in literature from an early age. He finished high school, then began his studies in the Faculty of Law of the University of Chile, where at graduation he presented his senior thesis “The Dawn of Capitalism - The Conquest of America.”

At the age of 29, Teitelboim married Raquel Weitzmann, who had also studied law. In the 1940s, while Teitelboim, like other members of the Communist Party, was forced to go underground, Weitzman became pregnant with the child of a former university colleague. The child, named Claudio, was adopted by Teitelboim and Weitzman's affair was hushed up. Due to Teitelmboim's frequent long periods of absence due to party activities, persecution, and imprisonment, the marriage suffered, and finally ended in 1957, when Weitzman left for Cuba in company of Jaime Barros. Teitelboim then took charge of Claudio, who was 10 years old at the time.When, in 2005, Claudio learned that he had been deceived and that his father was actually the lawyer Álvaro Bunster, he broke relations with <mask> and took on his biological father's surname. <mask>'s second marriage, at the age of 51, was to Eliana Farías. Together, while in exile in Moscow following the Chilean military coup d'état of September 11, 1973, they raised Faría's son, Roberto Nordenflycht, and their own daughter, whom they named Marina. Roberto followed Teitlboim's example and also became a communist. He was killed in August 1989 while taking part in a guerrilla action in Chile with the Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front. The grief over Roberto's death marked the end of Teitelboim's marriage to Farías. Marina, for her part, eventually became a career diplomat.<mask> died on January 31, 2008, at the Catholic University's hospital in Santiago of kidney failure resulting from lymphatic cancer. He and Claudio Bunster reportedly reconciled at the end. Political career
Teitelboim joined the Chilean Communist Party's youth section at the age of sixteen. During the 1940s he endured persecution, along with all the militants of the Communist Party, and was imprisoned in Pisagua under the so-called Democratic Defense Law (also known as Ley maldita, or "cursed law"). In 1961 he was elected to Congress as a Deputy for Valparaíso and Quillota, a post he held until 1965, when he was elected Senator for Santiago. He was re-elected to this post in March 1973, but was only able to further serve in it until Congress was disbanded following the September 11, 1973, coup d'état. During the military regime of Gen. Augusto Pinochet Teitelboim lived in exile in Moscow, where he launched the twice-weekly radio program Escucha, Chile ("Listen, Chile").Despite the risk, he clandestinely returned to Chile in 1988 and campaigned for a provisional government following the regime's having been handed a defeat in that year's national plebiscite. The following year he was elected president of the Communist Party, a position he held until 1994. Literary work
<mask>'s literary work, for which he was awarded Chile's National Prize in Literature in 2002, as well as the Literature prize of the 1931 Floral Games, is chiefly in the form of memoirs, biographies, and literary essays. His first book Antología de poesía chilena (Anthology of Chilean Poetry) was published in conjunction with Eduardo Anguita in 1932, and compiled the great poets of Chile. He would later say that it committed the errors of omitting Gabriela Mistral and of accentuating the dispute between Vicente Huidobro, Pablo de Rokha, and Pablo Neruda. His series of memoirs, Un muchacho del siglo XX (A Boy of the Twentieth Century, 1997), La gran guerra de Chile y otra que nunca existió (The Great War of Chile and Another That Never Existed, 2000) and Noches de radio (Radio Nights, 2001) present from a political and social perspective the great arch of Chilean history during the 20th century. His best known capacity is that of a biographer, in which he wrote about Jorge Luis Borges, Vicente Huidobro, and with the most critical acclaim, Pablo Neruda and Gabriela Mistral.In terms of membership in literary movements, he is generally located within the Chilean Generation of '38. List of published works
Antología de poesía chilena (Anthology of Chilean Poetry) - 1935
El amanecer del capitalismo. La conquista de América (The dawn of capitalism. The conquest of America) - 1943
Hijo del salitre (Son of saltpeter) - 1952
La semilla en la arena.

masks:
Volodia Teitelboim Volosky
Valentín Teitelboim Volosky
Moisés Teitelboim
Teitelboim
Teitelboim
Teitelboim
Teitelboim
Teitelboim


texts:
<mask> (born Oct. 28, 1962) is an American cognitive neuroscientist in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College. He directs the NSF EPSCoR Attention Consortium. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2014. Early life and education

<mask>, who has German and Chinese heritage, grew up in New York City. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1984, studying physics and mathematics. After graduating from Dartmouth, he worked for the Peace Corps as a schoolteacher in Nepal, studied philosophy of mind at the University of Konstanz, Germany, and worked for Kobe Steel Corporation in Japan. He began his studies at Harvard University in 1992, receiving his PhD in cognitive psychology under Patrick Cavanagh and Ken Nakayama in 1998.<mask> served as a postdoctoral researcher with Nikos Logothetis at the Max Plank Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tübingen, Germany. He joined Dartmouth's faculty in 2001. Cognitive neuroscience

The focus of <mask>'s work in cognitive neuroscience is mid- and high-level human vision. In the domain of mid-level vision his group has worked on deciphering the rapid form-motion computations that go into the construction of subsequent conscious visual experience. His group focuses on visual illusions because they are mistakes made by the visual system that can inform us about the nature of processing that goes into the construction of conscious experience. In the field of high-level vision and attention, <mask>'s group has focused on two main directions: the influence of top-down volitional operations on visual experience, and the nature of volitional mental operations that go into the construction of internal virtual experience or imagination. In his work on the neural basis of the human imagination, he has emphasized the importance of volitional and non-volitional verb-like mental operations over noun-like representations, such as imagined visual objects.Using fMRI, his group has argued that representations and operations can be decoded by creating classifiers in one part of the brain, and applying them to different parts of the brain. This supports the idea that the brain might not be as modular as previously thought, and that certain types of brain processing may happen in a fundamentally distributed manner. In particular, the model of working memory operations that emerges suggests that traditional models of working memory, such as Baddeley's, are too modular and hierarchical. Philosophy of neuroscience
In his 2013 book The Neural Basis of Free Will, <mask> focused on the question of mental causation, in particular the proposition that mental events (and information in general, as in genetics) can be downwardly causal even though realized in, or supervenient upon, physical events. Exclusion argument: He challenged the Exclusion Argument (EA) of Jaegwon Kim, according to which causal efficacy resides solely in the physical domain of the rootmost level of energy, by arguing that the EA does not hold if indeterminism is the case. This, he argues, provides an opening for information to be downwardly causal in the universe, whether high-level supervenient events such as conscious percepts or a concept, such as that of a 'home-run' in a baseball game, or 'voting' in a democracy. Information is downwardly causal, not as a force, he argues, but by filtering out possible paths that are open at the particle level which are not consistent with informational criteria.Under 'criterial causation' (see below) only physically causal paths which are also informational causal paths are permitted to occur in the nervous system and other information processing systems, such as underlie genetic inheritance, protein formation, membrane channel formation, or social interactions such as speaking or institutional interactions. Possible physical particle-level paths which do not meet high-level informational criteria are effectively filtered out by a criterial assessment. Thus information is causal, not as a force, or via attributes such as impact or force, but is causal as a filter on what possibilities can become real. Criterial causation: <mask> gets around the impossibility of self-causation (i.e. of informational events altering their own physical basis) by positing what he has variously called 'parameter-,' 'pattern-,' 'phase-' or 'criterial causation'. According to <mask>, Science and Philosophy have overly focused on 'active' modes of causation, such as Newtonian energy transfer among billiard balls. He points out that manipulationist and interventionist conceptions of causation, such as those of Woodward, have largely neglected the 'passive' causal efficacy of manipulations of parameters for responses to subsequent inputs.For example, a neuron tuned to 'dog' at one moment can be reparameterized to respond optimally to 'cat' in subsequent input by altering the chains of synaptic weights that feed driving input into that neuron. The neural code: <mask> argues that thinking of the neural code as one where neural spikes trigger neural spikes, much like billiard balls triggering motion in other billiard balls, is misleading and incomplete. He argues that the neural code is in fact as much a synaptic reweighting (i.e. informational reparameterization) code as it is a code based on neural spikes or action potentials. <mask> argues that criterial causation offers a middle path between the extremes of determinism, where one's decisions and their consequences were 'set in stone' ages before one was even born, and informationally unconstrained indeterminism, where decisions happen randomly, for no reason at all. He argues that David Hume was wrong when he wrote "tis impossible to admit of any medium betwixt chance and an absolute necessity." The middle path between the two is afforded by criterial causation.For example, if commanded to think of a woman politician, people will name whichever one comes to mind first. But if the universe could be rewound to the moment of the command, they might have generated a different name, say 'Margaret Thatcher' this time instead of 'Angela Merkel'. This was not utterly random, since it had to meet the criteria of being a woman and a politician, but it was also not determined, and might have turned out otherwise. Free will: <mask> argues that discussants often argue past each other because they have different underlying definitions of the term 'free will'. If one has (1) a 'low-octane' definition according to which one's decisions and intentions can influence one's subsequent actions uncoerced by external forces or intentions, one can believe that free will is compatible with determinism, because nowhere in this definition is it required that events have the possibility of turning out otherwise. However, if one has a (2) 'mid-octane' definition, where this requirement must be met, then, by definition, one must hold that free will is incompatible with determinism, where there is only one possible unfolding of events. One must also be an incompatibilist under (3) a 'high-octane' definition of free will, which Tse also terms 'metafree will', according to which one must have the capacity not only to choose among possible courses of action as in (2), but to choose among possibilities that entail becoming a different kind of chooser in the future.<mask> argues that the human brain realizes both types (3) and (2) free will, whereas other animals, such as a tiger, realize type (2) only. As such, <mask> is an incompatibilist regarding definitions (2) and (3), and a compatibilist regarding definition (1). He believes indeterminism is the case, so falls in the camp of Free Will Libertarianism along with philosophers such as Robert Kane. For example, a tiger seeing a tapir in the Sumatran jungle can internally weigh various possible paths toward capturing the tapir given criteria such as path and effort minimization and stealth maximization. But no tiger thinks to itself, "next year I want to become a different kind of tiger, one that eats fewer tapirs and more pangolins." A human, in contrast, can envision future possible selves, weigh their merits, and then choose to become a desired self, and with effort realize such a self. For example, a person may desire to learn a foreign language, envision learning numerous possible foreign languages, deliberate among them, weighing various pros and cons, and then select, say, 'Swahili'.After a year of hard work, a person can have transformed their nervous system into a new type of nervous system and mind, namely, one that can now process Swahili inputs and produce Swahili outputs. As such, Tse views the human imagination to be the central engine of free will, when combined with the physical and motivational wherewithal to realize imagined futures. In contrast, he has argued that the Libet experiments (where preceding brain activity can be used to decode picking this versus that option, such as turning left versus right, or the timing of an event, such as a finger motion, before a person becomes conscious of willing) are largely irrelevant to free will, because free will is rooted in imaginative deliberation and choosing, not picking among arbitrary and meaningless alternatives. Libet's picking paradigm also misses the fundamental importance of willpower in realizing envisioned future paths or future selves, where, for example, a person can envision numerous possible flying machines, but then must also have the determination and perseverance to build that machine, and thereby transform the world, as the Wright brothers did. Similarly, he has dismissed Wegner's claims that there is no free will with the statement, "Just as the existence of visual illusions does not prove that all vision is illusory, the existence of illusions of conscious agency does not prove that conscious operations cannot be causal of action in certain cases." References

External links
 <mask> <mask>, Dartmouth College Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
 EPSCor Attention Consortium

1962 births
Living people
American neuroscientists
Cognitive neuroscientists
Dartmouth College alumni
Dartmouth College faculty
Harvard University alumni

masks:
Peter Ulric Tse
Tse
Tse
Tse
Tse
Tse
Tse
Tse
Tse
Tse
Tse
Tse
Tse
Peter Ulric
Tse


texts:
<mask> (born October 27, 1975) is a Canadian actor. He has played dozens of characters on television, most notably in science fiction and fantasy genres. His career in the world of voice-over and performance capture is extensive, with roles in film, television, and video games, and voice-overs in animations and commercials. Career

Acting

<mask> graduated from high school in 1994 and went on to obtain a diploma of college studies in theater from Dawson College in Montreal, in 2000. In 2001, he moved to New York City. After a little over a year, and a handful of off-on Broadway and fringe festival plays, he returned to Canada. Toufexis acted in small television roles at first, eventually playing Morton in the made-for-television film The Five People You Meet in Heaven, based on a book by Mitch Albom.He then played Webber in an episode of Supernatural. <mask> followed this with his second appearance on Smallville as the character Bronson, who can travel between radio frequencies and who kidnaps Lex Luthor. His third character on Smallville was Emil Lasalle, a.k.a. Warp, a member of the Suicide Squad from DC Comics. He has since played the "villain of the week" on shows like Criminal Minds, The Listener, Painkiller Jane, Flashpoint, Flash Gordon, Stargate Atlantis, Lost Girl, and Houdini & Doyle. He has also appeared on The Expanse, where he plays two major characters. In season one, he plays the role of Kenzo Gabriel, the spy that joins the crew of the Rocinante.In season two, he portrays, via performance capture, the role of the hybrid creature or "The Seventh Man". Voice and motion capture
Toufexis began his video game voice-over and performance-capture career in 2006 with Need for Speed: Carbon. Two of his most popular characters are Andriy Kobin and Adam Jensen. Kobin is one of the villains in Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction, where Toufexis developed a cult following due to his manic and humorous performance. He reprised the role, this time as a main supporting character, in a far more expanded role, in Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist. Adam Jensen is the main character in Deus Ex: Human Revolution; Toufexis' wife, Michelle Boback, had a major supporting role in this game as scientist Megan Reed. Toufexis has publicly stated that he is a fan of the Deus Ex series, particularly the one released in 2000.The actor was cast to play the protagonist of Far Cry 3, Jason Brody. However, he was replaced by another voice actor, Gianpaolo Venuta, after he worked on the role for two years, as the publisher of the game did not want players to confuse Brody with Jensen. He played the lead role in Far Cry Primal, a spin-off of the Far Cry series. <mask> reprised his role as Jensen in Deus Ex: Mankind Divided, a sequel to Human Revolution. On February 28, 2018, Toufexis announced on Twitter that he was voicing a character in the new BattleTech video game by Harebrained Schemes, stating that he had sought out a role and was accepted. That character was later revealed to be Commodore Samuel Ostergaard of the Taurian Concordat Navy, a primary antagonist in the game. Filmography

Animation
 Anti-Hero as Auspex (voice)
 Blood of Zeus as Seraphim (voice)
 Max Steel: Bio Crisis as Iago (voice)
 Max Steel: Dark Rival as Iago (voice)
 The Legend of Sarila as Kauji (voice)

Live-action
 Against the Wall as O'Leary
 Alphas as Cornell Scipio
 Ascension as Mark Hayes
 Ba'al as McCulloch
 Bitten as Joey Stillwell
 Blade: The Series as Young Donny Flannigan
 Bloodsuckers as Officer Brackish
 Brilliant as Adam
 Conduct Unbecoming as Captain Cannon
 Connor's War as Captain
 Criminal Minds as Dustin
 Crisis Point as Scott Sanders
 Da Vinci's Inquest as Constable Dan Archibald
 Dead Like Me as Brian
 Decoys as Roger
 Engaged to Kill as Sullivan
 Eureka as Adam Barlowe
 FBI as Curt Williams
 Flash Gordon as Rundle
 Flashpoint as Danny Lucic
 Fries with That?

masks:
Elias Toufexis
Toufexis
Toufexis
Toufexis


texts:
Sandra Cason "<mask>" <mask> (born October 31, 1937), was an American radical student activist and civil rights worker in the 1960s. Recognized for her defense of direct action in the struggle against racial segregation, in 1960 she was an early recruit to Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). With Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Mississippi  <mask> was a strategist and organizer for the 1964 Freedom Summer. In the internal discussion that followed its uncertain outcome, she clashed with the SNCC national executive. <mask>'s vision was of a "radically democratic" movement driven by organizers in the field. In defending grassroots organization she believed she was also advocating for the voice of women. In "Sex and Caste" (November 1965), a reworking of an internal memo they had drafted with other SNCC women, <mask> and Mary King drew  "parallels" with the experience of African-Americans to suggest that women are "caught up in a common-law caste system that operates, sometimes subtly, forcing them to work around or outside hierarchical structures of power."Since regarded as a bridge connecting civil rights to women's liberation, <mask> describes its publication as her "last action as a movement activist." In the decades since, she has continued to acknowledge the civil-rights struggle of the era as the forerunner for women, and for all those, who have taken up "the idea of organising for themselves." Early life
<mask> was born Sandra Cason on October 31, 1937, in Austin, Texas, as a fourth-generation Texan. She was raised in Victoria, Texas, in a "“multigenerational matriarchal family”—by her mother, Eula Weisiger Cason ("the only divorced woman in town"), her mother's sister, and her grandmother. An unconventional arrangement, she believed it cultivated in her from the outset an affinity for those on the margins. Campus activist
In 1957 Cason enrolled as junior at The University of Texas. She moved out of campus dorms into the Social Gospel and racially integrated Christian Faith and Life Community, and as officer of Young Women's Christian Association and member of the Social Action Committee of the university's Religious Council was soon engaged in civil-rights education and protest.Continuing from 1959 as a UT English and philosophy graduate student, she participated in a successful sit-in campaign to desegregate Austin-area restaurants and theaters. In a dramatic intervention at the National Student Association convention in Minneapolis in August 1960, Cason turned back a broadly supported motion that objecting to sit-ins would have denied support to the fledgling Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). “I cannot say to a person who suffers injustice, ‘Wait,’ And having decided that I cannot urge caution, I must stand with him.” Among the delegates who, after a moments silence, gave her a standing ovation were SDS president Alan Haber, who, as she recalls, "scooped" her up, and <mask> editor of University of Michigan student newspaper. Stirred by her "ability to think morally [and] express herself poetically," he followed her into Haber's new left-wing grouping. At the SNCC second coordinating conference in Atlanta in October 1960, Cason reported herself transfixed by the idea of the Beloved Community as espoused by James Lawson and Diane Nash of the Nashville Student Movement. With the SNCC in the South

In the summer of 1961 Cason moved to New York City and lived with <mask>. In a ceremony invoking Albert Camus--"I, on the other hand, choose justice in order to remain faithful to the world"—they  married in October, and then moved to Atlanta."Godmother of the SNCC" Ella Baker had hired Cason (now <mask>) for a YWCA special project, travelling to southern campuses to conduct integrated race-relations workshops (secretly in the case of some white schools). She also worked in the SNCC office on, among other projects, preparations for the Freedom Riders who were to challenge non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia (1960). In December, as Freedom Riders themselves, the <mask>s were arrested in Albany, Georgia. It was from the jail cell that <mask> began drafting what was to become the Port Huron Statement, adopted by the SDS at its convention in June 1962 in Ann Arbor, Michigan. With <mask> elected SDS president for the 1962–1963 academic year, and <mask> heeding the SNCC call to return to Atlanta, they separated, divorcing in 1965. While she had had the reputation in the SDS of being "one of the boys,"  much of the discussion within the SDS inner circle struck her as young men posturing. Her heart was with the SNCC where, consistent with the focus on action, greater value was placed on building relationships, and where women, Black women, spoke out.In 1963, <mask> moved to Mississippi where, along with Doris Derby, she was asked to begin a literacy project at Tougaloo College in an all-black community outside Jackson. The comparative safety of the college was a consideration: out in the field the increased visibility she brought as a white woman was a risk not only to herself, but also to her comrades. But it was also important to <mask> that the "request was specifically made" because of her background in English education:

As a Southerner, I considered the Southern Freedom Movement Against Segregation mine as much any one else's. I was working for my right to be with who I chose to be with as I chose to be with them. It was my freedom. However, when I worked full time in the black community I considered myself a guest of that community, which required decency and good manners, as every Southerner knows. I considered myself a support person; my appropriate role was to provide support from behind the lines, not to be a leader in any public way.It was not that within SNCC she did not have a "right to leadership" but that "it would have been counterproductive." Not being "a leader in any public way," however, did not leave <mask> feeling in any way excluded. Although she appears quicker to recognize the  advantage it was to her as a woman in the movement than to her as a "guest" in the community, <mask> noted that because of "the participatory, town-hall, consensus-forming nature of the SNCC operation" being "on the Executive Committee or a project director didn't carry much weight anyway." Her ability to make decisions and to control her own work was not a matter of formal position. In 1964 she became organizer and strategist for Freedom Summer and for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in the challenge they were to mount to the seating of the all-white regulars at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. She explains that in those roles:
I did the work all the way up and down. That means I did my own typing and mimeographing and mailing and I also did my own research and analysis and writing and decision making, the latter usually in conversation with other staff.As we said at the time, both about our constituencies and ourselves, "The people who do the work should make the decisions." There were no secretaries in SNCC, with the exception of Norma Collins in the Atlanta office, so there was no office hierarchy. I was at the center of the organization, unlimited except by my own choices and challenged at every turn to think and do and grow and care. However, it is the recollection of Elaine DeLott Baker that when she joined <mask> in Jackson just the month before Freedom Summer, the era when "the beloved community"  operated "in a space beyond race and gender" was already being spoken of with nostalgia.There was a hierarchy in place that determined the definition of the "people" in the phrase, "Let the people decide". There was an unspoken understanding of who should speak up at meetings, who should propose ideas in public places, and who should remain silent. [It] was not the traditional hierarchy, it was a hierarchy based on considerations of race, the amount of time spent in the struggle, dangers suffered, and finally, of gender . . . —black men at the top of the hierarchy, then black women, followed by white men, and at the bottom, white women."Women, black and white," still retained "an enormous amount of operational freedom, they were indeed the ones that were keeping things moving." But as people began to debate the direction the movement should take "in the post-freedom summer reality," there was "little public recognition of that reality." At the end of the summer, <mask> describes everyone in the movement "reeling from the violence," from the impact of "the new racial imbalance" following the influx of white-student volunteers, and from "the lack of direction and money." Most of all they were staggered to find the Democratic Party "in the role of racist lunch counter owner refusing entrance to the MFDP at the Atlantic City convention. The core of SNCC's work, voter registration, was open to question." As an opportunity to take stock, to critique and reevaluate the organization, a retreat in Waveland, Mississippi was organized for November. "Sex and Caste"
Among the Position Papers circulated at Waveland, number 24 ("name witheld by request") opened with the observation that the "large committee" formed to present "crucial constitutional revisions" to the staff "was all men."Although <mask> and another Ella Baker YWCA protégé, Mary King, were soon outed as authors, a number of women in the Jackson office contributed to the drafting. Elaine DeLott Baker recalls King, in her "organized style," summarizing the discussion, while <mask>, with her "impressive intellect and commitment," "helped us see how the feminist readings that fuelled our discussions related to our experiences as women in the movement." <mask>, for her part, remembers DeLott Baker writing the opening section ("a list of complaints about inequality of access to leadership on the part of women in SNCC"), and "as we thought about parallels between being black" of helping to draw this out. "Assumptions of male superiority," the paper proposed, "are as widespread and deep rooted and every much as crippling to the woman as the assumptions of white supremacy are to the Negro," so that many women,

masks:
Casey
Hayden
Hayden
Hayden
Hayden
Hayden
Casey Hayden
Tom Hayden
Tom Hayden
Casey Hayden
Hayden
Tom Hayden
Tom Hayden
Casey Hayden
Casey Hayden
Hayden
Hayden
Hayden
Hayden
Hayden
Hayden
Hayden
Hayden