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<mask><mask>. is a merchant banker, public policy expert, and philanthropist currently residing in New York.<mask>'s professional career has spanned the worlds of merchant banking, media, public policy, politics, law and education. <mask> was appointed by US President William Clinton as Chairman of the Board of the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars; a US government think-thank. In that capacity, he was recognized for recruiting the Honorable Lee Hamilton as President of the Center, supporting his appointment as Co-Chair of the 9-11 Commission and building bi-partisan support within the US Congress. <mask> also worked with UN Ambassador Richard Holbrooke on the issue of US funding of the United Nations. He is a Member of the Council on Foreign Relations. <mask> currently also serves on the Board of Directors of the Westlake New Energy Group (a European based clean energy company with corporate headquarters in the Netherlands and Germany). On the healthcare front, <mask> founded Ciavierella Partners, a family office investing in healthcare and technology.He sits the board of Directors of Biolinka, a London based Merchant Bank, and on the Advisory Board of Hi55, a London and Washington D.C. based fintech company. <mask> has participated in the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, and has been published on foreign policy issues on various publications, including The Financial Times, World Policy Journal, Beirut Daily News, New York Times, Chicago Sun Times and the Chicago Tribune. He previously served as Chairman of the Board of Directors of the World Policy Institute. He has lectured on foreign policy and US presidential politics at the US Lebanese American University in Beirut, Lebanon; Loyola Marymount University (Los Angeles) and Villanova University (Philadelphia). Biography

Family and education
<mask>, an Italian American, was raised in Chicago, Illinois. He is the son of Dr. <mask> and <mask>, and has 3 siblings. <mask> Sr. was a prominent physician and surgeon in Chicago who headed the Department of Family Medicine at Mercy Hospital Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois.Dr. <mask> was also the author of "The Delivery of Emergency Care" [1] who served on the faculty of University of Illinois at Chicago Medical School, and as the Chief Medical Officer for the Chicago Fire Department. Mrs. <mask> served as a Member of the Women's Auxiliary of the Mercy Hospital & Medical Center. She was a homemaker and mother of five children. Cari graduated cum laude from the University of Notre Dame with a B.A. degree in sociology. As an undergraduate at Notre Dame, he was a member of the Varsity baseball team, and was president of Fisher Hall. In 1978 he earned a J.D.from the University of Notre Dame Law School. Cari was awarded, and completed, a fellowship at the Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Personal life

<mask> married Rita Bahr, a corporate lawyer who specialized in mergers and acquisitions for Motorola Corporation. Ms. Bahr passed in 2002. [2]<mask> has one daughter, Nicole, who resides in Los Angeles. Business career
Cari's professional career has spanned the worlds of merchant banking, media, public policy, politics, law and education. Charitable activities
Rita Bahr Scholarship Fund:

<mask> established the Rita Bahr Cari Memorial Fund at the University of Notre Dame's Law School, Center for Civil and Human Rights.This fund was created as a living memorial for his wife, who spent her childhood in Central and South America. The fund is used to advance the Center's mission to aid victims of human rights violations and "will enable the center to enhance its innovative and internationally renowned contributions in teaching, research, and service on behalf of human rights. All graduates of this program (a number of whom are from Central and South America) are an integral part of an international network of lawyers who, through their teaching and practice, strive to develop a global human rights culture.Rita Bahr Scholars for 2012:

Audrey Mena (Colombia) is an Afro-Colombian human rights lawyer who earned her law degree from the Technological University of Chocó in 2010. Inhabited largely by the descendants of African slaves brought by Colombia's Spanish colonizers, the department of Chocó is economically, ethnically and culturally distinct from the majority population in Colombia. Ms. Mena's research and advocacy focus on the human rights violations experienced by Afro-Colombians in Chocó, which result from crushing poverty, socio-environmental conflicts that result from illegal gold mining, and violence from guerillas and paramilitaries who seek to control this remote jungle for coca cultivation and drug smuggling routes. In 2009, the U.S. Embassy in Bogota awarded Ms. Mena the Martin Luther King, Jr. Fellowship for Young Afro-Colombian Leaders, recognizing her exceptional potential as an advocate for racial and environmental justice in Colombia. Sara Milena Ferrer (Colombia), also an Afro-Colombian human rights lawyer, earned her law degree from the University of Cartagena in 2008.After graduation, Ms. Ferrer became the first graduate of her law school to receive a clerkship with the Colombian Constitutional Court, one of the most highly regarded constitutional tribunals in the world. As a clerk for Justice Sierra Porto, her work includes writing draft decisions for cases involving economic, social and cultural rights violations. Ms. Ferrer also works for Racial Discrimination Watch in Bogota, where she provides guidance to Afro-Colombian organizations in their effort to seek reparations for victims of extrajudicial violence from Colombia's armed conflict. Christian Gonzalez (Guatemala) earned his LL.B. magna cum laude from the Jesuit Rafael Landivar University in 2010, where he is also completing an M.A. in Philosophy. Mr. Gonzalez became involved in human rights work through assisting two alumni of the CCHR's human rights program in successfully representing the family of Florencio Chitay Nech before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights; the Court held Guatemala responsible for the 1981 forced disappearance of Mr. Chitay Nech, an indigenous Mayan political leader.Currently, Mr. Gonzalez works for a law firm where he represents victims of human rights violations and government corruption before domestic tribunals. His pro bono work includes presenting workshops on HIV transmission on behalf of the National Council for the Prevention of HIV/AIDS and promoting access to justice in rural indigenous communities. Rita Bahr Children's Art for Haiti, University Of Notre Dame, ACE program in Haiti: Cari sponsored the Children's Art for Haiti Program which supports meals for children of Basile Moreau School and fosters creativity by sharing the beauty of their artwork and their dreams for the future. •	Democratic National Committee, Member of Executive Committee, 2000. •	Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, Vice Chairman of Finance committee, 1995. •	Democratic National Committee, General Counsel to Rules Committee, 1980 & 1984. •	Democratic National Committee, Member of Platform Accountability Commission, 1983.Presidential campaigns
•	Gore for President, National Finance Chairman, 2000. [3]
•	Kerrey (D-Neb.) for President, Finance Committee Member, 1991–1992. •	Biden for President, Mid-West Political Director, 1987. •	Mondale for President, Associate General Counsel, 1984. •	Carter for President, Illinois General Counsel, 1980. Public service

Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars
<mask> worked closely with authors & editors of books published by the Wilson Center Press, driving thought leadership in the subjects of politics, culture, society and history between the years 1995 and 2002, including the following titles:

 Bridled Ambition: Why Countries Constrain Their Nuclear Capabilities.Mitchell Reiss, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1995. Race: The History of an Idea in the West. Ivan Hannaford, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1996. Funding the Modern American State, 1941–1995. W. Eliot Brownlee, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1996. The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia. R.H. Taylor, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1996.Preparing for the Urban Future. Michael A. Cohen, Blair A. Ruble, <mask>. Tulchin and Allison M. Garland, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1996. The Crisis in Kashmir: Portents of War, Hopes of Peace. Sumit Ganguly, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1997. For Democracy's Sake. Kevin F. Quigley, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1997. Reconstructed Lives: Women and Iran's Islamic Revolution.Haleh Esfandiari, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1997. American Diplomacy and the End of the Cold War. Robert L. Hutchings, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1997. The Historical Imagination in Early Modern Britain. Donald R. Kelley and David Harris Sacks, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1997. Beyond the

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. Cari Jr
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Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
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Joseph
Elaine Cari
Joseph Cari
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Elaine Cari
Cari
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Joseph S


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texts:
 Monolith. Peter J. Stavrakis, Joan DeBardeleben and Larry Black, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1997.Beyond Gender. Betty Friedan, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1997. Churchill as Peacemaker. James W. Miller, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1997. Brothers in Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance 1945-1963-Cold War International History Project Series. Odd Arne Westad, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1998. India and Pakistan: The First Fifty Years.Selig S. Harrison, Paul Kreisberg and Dennis Kux, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1998. At the End of the American Century. Robert L. Hutchings, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1998. Dilemmas of Scale in America's Federal Democracy. Martha Derthick, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1998. Race, Self-Employment, and Upward Mobility. Timothy Bates, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1998.In the Face of the Facts. Robert Whitman Fox and Robert B. Westbrook, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1998. The Quest for Sustained Growth: Southeast Asian and Southeast European Cases. Samuel F. Wells Jr., Barry M. Hager, Keith Crane, Paul Tibbitts and Karen Zietlow, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1999. Taking Stock: American Government in the Twentieth Century. Morton Keller and R. Shep Melnick, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1999. Reading Mixed Signals: Ambivalence in American Public Opinion about Government.Albert H. Cantril and Susan Davis Cantril, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1999. Strategic Balance and Confidence Building Measures in the Americas. <mask>. Tulchin, Francisco Rojas Aravena and Ralph H. Espach, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1999. Paradoxes of Democracy. S. N. Eisenstadt, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1999. Welfare Reform: A Race to the Bottom?. Sanford F. Schram and Samuel H. Beer, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1999.The American Planning Tradition: Culture and Policy. Robert Fishman, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1999. Inventing Grand Strategy and Teaching Command: The Classic Works of Alfred Thayer Mahan Reconsidered. Jon Tetsuro Sumida, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1999. Comparative Peace Processes in Latin America. Cynthia J. Arnson, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1999. Rabin and Israel's National Security.Efraim Inbar, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1999. NetPolicy.com: Public Agenda for a Digital World. Leslie David Simon, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2000. The Future of Merit: Twenty Years after the Civil Service Reform Act. James P. Pfiffner and Douglas A. Brook, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2000. Rogue States and U.S. Foreign Policy: Containment after the Cold War. Robert S. Litwak, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2000.Combating Corruption in Latin America. <mask>. Tulchin and Ralph H. Espach, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2000. Nationalism and the Crowd in Liberal Hungary, 1848–1914. Alice Freifeld, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2000. The United States and Pakistan, 1947–2000: Disenchanted Allies. Dennis Kux, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2001. Second Metropolis: Pragmatic Pluralism in Gilded Age Chicago, Silver Age Moscow, and Meiji Osaka.Blair A. Ruble, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2001. Asian Americans and Politics: Perspectives, Experiences, Prospects. Gordon H. Chang, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2001. The Breakdown of Class Politics: A Debate on Post-Industrial Stratification. Terry Nichols Clark and Seymour Martin Lipset, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2001. Economic Cold War: America's Embargo against China and the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949-1963-Cold War International History Project Series. Shu Guang Zhang, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2001.Between the State and Islam. Charles E. Butterworth and I. William Zartman, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2001. Kinship and Capitalism: Marriage, Family, and Business in the English-speaking World, 1580–1740. Richard Grassby, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2001. Regional Russia in Transition: Studies from Yaroslavl. Jeffrey W. Hahn, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2001. Congress and the People.Donald R. Wolfensberger, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2001. Commerce in Russian Urban Culture 1861–1914. William Craft Brumfield, Boris V. Anan'ich and Yuri A. Petrov, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2001. European Defense Cooperation: Asset or Threat to NATO?. Michael Quinlan, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2001. A Revolutionary Year: The Middle East in 1958. Wm.Roger Louis and Owen Roger, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2002. Political Parties after Communism: Developments in East-Central Europe. Tomáš Kostelecký, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2002. Replicating Microfinance in the United States. James H. Carr and Zhong Yi Tong, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2002. Entangled Evolutions: Media and Democratization in Eastern Europe. Peter Gross, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2002.The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union. Anthony Pagden, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2002. Fragmented Space in the Russian Federation. Blair A. Ruble, Jodi Koehn and Nancy Popson, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2002. The Communitarian Persuasion. Philip Selznick, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2002. Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions since 1947.Sumit Ganguly, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2002. Beyond State Crisis? Post-Colonial Africa and Post-Soviet Eurasia in Comparative Perspective. Mark R. Beissinger and Crawford Young, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2002. Rural Reform in Post-Soviet Russia. David J. O'Brien and Stephen K. Wegren, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2002. Uncle Sam and Us: Globalization, Neoconservatism, and the Canadian State.Stephen Clarkson, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2002. A Creative Tension: The Foreign Policy Roles of the President and the Congress. Lee H. Hamilton and Jordan Tama, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2002. Environmental Peacemaking. Ken Conca and Geoffrey D. Dabelko, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2002. Democracy and the Internet: Allies or Adversaries?. Javier Coralles, Donald R. Wolfensberger and Leslie David Simon, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press (Copub: Johns Hopkins University Press), 2002.Federal plea agreement
In 2005, after full cooperation with the US Attorney's office in Chicago, Cari entered into a plea agreement for violation of 18 U.S.C § 1951. The Court, with the agreement of the government, commuted <mask>'s case on April 24, 2013. References

External links
 Politics & Economics Blog – JosephCari.com. Washington supports an ideology based on ethnic purity. Official Website – JoeCari.com. <mask> on the Obama Administration transition to power and implications for Middle East region at DailyStar.com on 03/05/09. Mr. <mask> on Palestinian Economic Development at FT.com on 12/17/08.Mr. <mask> on Israel, America, & a One-State Solution at FT.com on 12/10/09. American lawyers
Philanthropists from Illinois
American chief executives of financial services companies
University of Notre Dame alumni
Notre Dame Law School alumni
Harvard Kennedy School people
Notre Dame Fighting Irish baseball players
1952 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Chicago
Private equity and venture capital investors
American chairpersons of

masks:
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Joseph S
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<mask> (born September 29, 1935) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. Nicknamed the Killer, he has been described as "rock n' roll's first great wild man and one of the most influential pianists of the 20th century." A pioneer of rock and roll and rockabilly music, <mask> made his first recordings in 1956 at Sun Records in Memphis. "Crazy Arms" sold 300,000 copies in the South, but it was his 1957 hit "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On" that shot <mask> to fame worldwide. He followed this with the major hits "Great Balls of Fire", "Breathless", and "High School Confidential". However, his rock and roll career faltered in the wake of his marriage to Myra Gale Brown, his 13-year-old cousin. His popularity quickly eroded following the scandal and with few exceptions such as a cover of Ray Charles's "What'd I Say", he did not have much chart success in the early 1960s.His live performances at this time were increasingly wild and energetic. His 1964 live album Live at the Star Club, Hamburg is regarded by music journalists and fans as one of the wildest and greatest live rock albums ever. In 1968, <mask> made a transition into country music and had hits with songs such as "Another Place, Another Time". This reignited his career, and throughout the late 1960s and 1970s he regularly topped the country-western charts; throughout his seven-decade career, <mask> has had 30 songs reach the Top 10 on the Billboard Country and Western Chart. His No. 1 country hits included "To Make Love Sweeter for You", "There Must Be More to Love Than This", "Would You Take Another Chance on Me" and "Me and Bobby McGee". <mask>'s successes continued throughout the decades and he embraced his rock and roll past with songs such as a cover of The Big Bopper's "Chantilly Lace" and Mack Vickery's "Rockin' My Life Away".In the 21st century, <mask> continues to tour around the world and still releases new albums. His 2006 album Last Man Standing is his best-selling release to date, with over a million copies sold worldwide. This was followed by Mean Old Man in 2010, which has received some of the best sales of <mask>'s career. <mask> has a dozen gold records in both rock and country. He has won four Grammy awards, including a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and two Grammy Hall of Fame Awards. <mask> was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986, and his pioneering contribution to the genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. He was also a member of the inaugural class inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame.In 1989, his life was chronicled in the movie Great Balls of Fire, starring Dennis Quaid. In 2003, Rolling Stone listed his box set All Killer, No Filler: The Anthology number 242 on their list of "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". In 2004, they ranked him No. 24 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. <mask> is the last surviving member of Sun Records' Million Dollar Quartet and the album Class of '55, which also included Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, and Elvis Presley. Music critic Robert Christgau has said of <mask>: "His drive, his timing, his offhand vocal power, his unmistakable boogie-plus piano, and his absolute confidence in the face of the void make <mask> the quintessential rock and roller." Early life

<mask> was born to Elmo Kidd <mask>. and Mary "Mamie" Herron <mask> in Ferriday, Concordia Parish.He grew up in an impoverished farming family in eastern Louisiana. In his youth, he began playing the piano with two of his cousins, Mickey Gilley (later a popular country music singer) and Jimmy Swaggart (later a popular television evangelist). His parents mortgaged their farm to buy him a piano. <mask> was influenced by a piano-playing older cousin, Carl McVoy (who later recorded with Bill Black's Combo), the radio, and the sounds from Haney's Big House, a black juke joint across the tracks. On November 19, 1949, <mask> made his first public performance of his career, playing with a country and western band at a car dealership in Ferriday. The hit of his set was a cover of R&B artist Sticks McGhee's "Drinkin' Wine, Spo-Dee-O-Dee". On the live album By Request, More of the Greatest Live Show on Earth, <mask> is heard naming Moon Mullican as an artist who inspired him.His mother enrolled him at the Southwest Bible Institute in Waxahachie, Texas so that he could sing evangelical songs exclusively. When <mask> daringly played a boogie-woogie rendition of "My God Is Real" at a church assembly, it ended his association with the school the same night. Pearry Green, then president of the student body, related how during a talent show <mask> played some "worldly" music. The next morning, the dean of the school called <mask> and Green into his office to expel them. After that incident, he went home and started playing at clubs in and around Ferriday and Natchez, Mississippi, becoming part of the burgeoning new rock and roll sound and cutting his first demo recording in 1952 for Cosimo Matassa in New Orleans. Around 1955, he traveled to Nashville, where he played in clubs and attempted to build interest, but was turned down by the Grand Ole Opry, as he was already at the Louisiana Hayride country stage and radio show in Shreveport. Career

Sun Records

In November 1956, <mask> traveled to Memphis, Tennessee to audition for Sun Records.Label owner Sam Phillips was in Florida, but producer and engineer Jack Clement recorded <mask>'s rendition of Ray Price's "Crazy Arms" and his own composition "End of the Road". In December 1956, <mask> began recording prolifically, as a solo artist and as a session musician for other Sun artists, including Carl Perkins and Johnny Cash. His distinctive piano playing can be heard on many tracks recorded at Sun in late 1956 and early 1957, including Carl Perkins's "Matchbox", "Your True Love", and "Put Your Cat Clothes On" and <mask> Riley's "Flyin' Saucers Rock'n'Roll". On December 4, 1956, Elvis Presley dropped in on Phillips to pay a social visit while Perkins was in the studio cutting new tracks with <mask> backing him on piano. Johnny Cash was also there watching Perkins. The four then started an impromptu jam session and Phillips left the tape running. These recordings, almost half of which were gospel songs, have been released on CD as Million Dollar Quartet.Tracks also include Elvis Presley's "Don't Be Cruel" and "Paralyzed", Chuck Berry's "Brown Eyed Handsome Man" and Pat Boone's "Don't Forbid Me". <mask>'s own singles (on which he was billed as "<mask> Lee Lewis And His Pumping Piano") advanced his career as a soloist during 1957, with hits such as "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On", a Big Maybelle cover, and "Great Balls of Fire", his biggest hit, bringing him international fame, despite criticism for the songs, which prompted some radio stations to boycott them. In 2005, "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On" was selected for permanent preservation in the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress. According to several first-hand sources, including Johnny Cash, <mask>, a devout Christian, was troubled by the sinful nature of his own material, which he believed was leading him and his audience to Hell. This aspect of <mask>'s character was depicted in Waylon Payne's portrayal of <mask> in the 2005 film Walk the Line, based on Cash's autobiographies. As part of his stage act, <mask> pounded the keys with his heel, kicked the piano bench aside and played standing, raking his hands up and down the keyboard for dramatic effect, sat on the keyboard and even stood on top of the instrument. <mask> told the Pop Chronicles that kicking over the bench originally happened by accident, but when it got a favourable response, he kept it in the act.His first TV appearance, in which he demonstrated some of these moves, was on The Steve Allen Show on July 28, 1957, where he played "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On". His dynamic performance style can be seen in films such as High School Confidential (he sang the title song from the back of a flatbed truck), and Jamboree. He has been called "rock & roll's first great wild man" and also "rock & roll's first great eclectic". Classical composer Michael Nyman has also cited <mask>'s style as the progenitor of his own aesthetic. Marriage controversy
<mask>'s turbulent personal life was hidden from the public until a May 1958 British tour where Ray Berry, a news agency reporter at London's Heathrow Airport (the only journalist present), learned about <mask>' third wife Myra Gale Brown. She is <mask>'s first cousin once removed and was 13 years old (even though <mask> said that she was 15) – while <mask> was 22 years old. The publicity caused an uproar, and the tour was cancelled after only three concerts.In 1960, Phillips opened a new state-of-the-art studio at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, abandoning the old Union Avenue studio where Phillips had recorded B.B. King, Howlin' Wolf, Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins, <mask>, Johnny Cash and others, and also opened a studio in Nashville. It was at the latter studio that <mask> recorded his only major hit during this period, a rendition of Ray Charles's "What'd I Say" in 1961. In Europe, other updated versions of "Sweet Little Sixteen" (September 1962 UK) and "Good Golly Miss Molly" (March 1963) entered the hit parade. On popular EPs, "Hang Up My Rock and Roll Shoes", "I've Been Twistin'", "Money" and "Hello Josephine" also became turntable hits, especially in nascent discothèques. Another recording of <mask> playing an instrumental boogie arrangement of the Glenn Miller Orchestra favorite "In the Mood" was issued on the Phillips International label under the pseudonym "the Hawk". Smash Records
<mask>'s Sun recording contract ended in 1963, and he joined Smash Records, where he made several rock recordings that did not further his career.The team at Smash (a division of Mercury Records) came up with "I'm on Fire", a song that they felt would be perfect for <mask> and, as Colin Escott writes in the sleeve to the retrospective A Half Century of Hits, "Mercury held the presses, thinking they had found <mask>'s comeback hit, and it might have happened if the Beatles hadn't arrived in America, changing radio playlists almost overnight. Mercury didn't really know what to do with <mask> after that." One of Smash's first decisions was to record a retread of his Sun hits, Golden Hits of <mask> <mask>, which was inspired by the continuing enthusiasm European fans had shown for <mask>'s firebrand rock and roll. In June 1963, <mask> returned to the UK for the first time since the scandal that nearly ended his career five years earlier, to headline a performance on the MV Royal Daffodil, for a cross-channel rock and roll cruise from Southend, Essex, UK to Boulogne, France. For this performance, he was backed by Ritchie Blackmore and the Outlaws. However, despite his successful live tours, none of <mask>'s early Smash albums, including The Return of Rock, Memphis Beat, and Soul My Way, were commercial successes. Live at the Star Club, Hamburg
One major success during these lost years was the concert album Live at the Star Club, Hamburg, recorded with the Nashville Teens in 1964, which is considered one of the greatest live albums ever.In Joe Bonomo's book Lost and Found, producer Siggi Loch stated that the recording setup was uncomplicated, with microphones placed as close to the instruments as possible and a stereo mic placed in the audience to capture the ambience. The results were sonically astonishing, with Bonomo observing, "Detractors complain of the album's crashing noisiness, the lack of subtlety with which <mask> revisits the songs, the fact that the piano is mixed too loudly, but what is certain is that Siggi Loch on this spring evening captured something brutally honest about the Killer, about the primal and timeless centre of the very best rock & roll..." The album showcases <mask>'s skills as a pianist and singer, honed by relentless touring. In a 5-out-of-5-stars review, Milo Miles wrote in Rolling Stone magazine that "Live at the Star Club, Hamburg is not an album, it's a crime scene: <mask> <mask> slaughters his rivals in a thirteen-song set that feels like one long convulsion." Country comeback

Frustrated by Smash's inability to score a hit, <mask> was planning on leaving the label when promotions manager Eddie Kilroy called him and pitched the idea of cutting a pure country record in Nashville. With nothing to lose, <mask> agreed to record the <mask> song "Another Place, Another Time", which was released as a single on March 9, 1968, and, to everyone's amazement, shot up the country charts. At the time of the release, <mask> had been playing Iago in a rock and roll adaptation of Othello called Catch My Soul in Los Angeles but was soon rushed back to Nashville to record another batch of songs with producer <mask>. What followed was a string of hits that no one could have ever predicted, although country music always remained a major part of <mask>'s repertoire.As Colin Escott observes in the sleeve to the 1995 compilation Killer Country, the conversion to country music in 1968 "looked at the time like a radical shift, but it was neither as abrupt nor as unexpected as it seemed. <mask> had always recorded country music, and his country breakthrough "Another Place, Another Time" had been preceded by countries country records starting with his first, 'Crazy Arms', in 1956." The last time <mask> had a song on the country charts was with "Pen and Paper" in 1964, which had reached number 36, but "Another Place, Another Time" would go all the way to number 4 and remain on the charts for 17 weeks. Between 1968 and 1977, <mask> had 17 Top 10 hit singles on the Billboard country chart, including four chart-toppers. Hits include "What's Made Milwaukee Famous (Has Made A Loser Out of Me)", "To Make Love Sweeter For You", "She Still Comes Around (To Love What's Left of Me)", "Since I Met You Baby", "Once More With Feeling", "One Has My Name (The Other Has My Heart)", and "Sometimes A Memory Ain't Enough". The production on his early country albums, such as Another Place, Another Time and She Even Woke Me Up To Say Goodbye, was sparse, quite different from the slick "Nashville sound" that was predominant on country radio at the time, and also expressed a full commitment by <mask> to a country audience. The songs still featured <mask>'s inimitable piano flourishes, but critics were most taken aback by the rock and roll pioneer's effortlessly soulful vocals, which possessed an emotional resonance on par with the most respected country singers of the time, such as George Jones and Merle Haggard.In his book <mask> <mask>: His Own Story, biographer Rick Bragg notes that the songs <mask> was recording "were of the kind they were starting to call 'hard country', not because it had a rock beat or crossed over into rock in a real way, but because it was more substantial than the cloying, overproduced mess out there on country radio". In a remarkable turnaround, <mask> became the most bankable country star in the world. He was so huge in 1970 that his former Smash producer Shelby Singleton, who purchased Sun Records from Sam Phillips in July 1969, wasted no time in repackaging many of <mask>'s old country recordings with such effectiveness that many fans assumed they were recent releases. One of his latter unreleased Sun recordings, "One Minute Past Eternity", was issued as a single and soared to number 2 on the country chart, following <mask>'s recent Mercury hit "She Even Woke Me Up To Say Goodbye". Singleton would milk these unreleased recordings for years, following The Golden Cream of the Country with A Taste of Country later in 1970. Grand Ole Opry appearance
<mask> played the Grand Ole Opry for the first and only time on January 20, 1973. As Colin Escott writes in the liner notes to A Half Century of Hits, <mask> had always maintained ambivalent feelings towards Music City ever since he'd been turned away as an aspiring musician before his glory days at Sun Records: "It was 18 years since he had left Nashville broke and disheartened... <mask> was never truly accepted in Nashville.He didn't move there and didn't schmooze there. He didn't fit in with the family values crowd. <mask> family values weren't necessarily worse, but they were different." As recounted in a 2015 online Rolling Stone article by Beville Dunkerly, <mask> opened with his comeback single "Another Place, Another Time". Ignoring his allotted time constraints— and, thus, commercial breaks— <mask> played for 40 minutes (the average Opry performance is two songs, for about eight minutes of stage time maximum) and invited Del Wood— the one member of the Opry who had been kind to him when he had been there as a teenager— out on stage to sing with him. He also blasted through "Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On", "Workin' Man Blues", "Good Golly Miss Molly", and a host of other classics. The Session and Southern Roots
<mask> returned to the pop charts with "Me and Bobby McGee" in 1971 and "Chantilly Lace" in 1972, and this turn of events, coupled with a revitalized public interest in vintage rock and roll, inspired Mercury to fly <mask> to London in 1973 to record with a cadre of gifted British and Irish musicians, including Rory Gallagher, Kenney Jones, and <mask>.By all accounts the sessions were tense. The remake of <mask>'s old Sun cut "Drinking Wine Spo-Dee-O-Dee" would be the album's hit single, reaching number 20 on the Billboard country chart and peaking at number 41 on the pop chart. The Session would be <mask>'s highest pop charting album since 1964's Golden Hits of <mask> Lee Lewis, hitting number 37. It did far better on the country albums chart, rising to number 4. Later that same year, he went to Memphis and recorded Southern Roots: Back Home to Memphis, a soul-infused rock album produced by Huey Meaux. According to Rick Bragg's authorized 2014 biography, "the Killer" was in a foul mood when he showed up at Trans Maximus Studios in Memphis to record: "During these sessions, he insulted the producer, threatened to kill a photographer, and drank and medicated his way into but not out of a fog." During one exchange that can be heard on the 2013 reissue Southern Roots: The Original Sessions, Meaux asks <mask>, "Do you wanna try one?", meaning a take, to which <mask> replies, "If you got enough fuckin' sense to cut it." <mask> was still pumping out country albums, although the hits were beginning to dry up. His last big

masks:
Jerry Lee Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Jerry Lee
Lewis
Lewis Sr
Lewis
Lewis
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Lewis
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Billy Lee
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Jerry
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Jerry Lee
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Jerry Lee
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Jerry Lee
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Jerry Chesnut
Lewis
Jerry Kennedy
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Jerry
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
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Jerry Lee
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Albert Lee
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 hit with Mercury was "Middle Age Crazy", which made it to number 4 in 1977. Later career

In 1979, <mask> switched to Elektra and produced the critically acclaimed <mask> <mask>, although sales were disappointing. In 1986, <mask> was one of the inaugural inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Although looking frail after several hospitalizations due to stomach problems, <mask> was responsible for beginning an unplanned jam at the end of the evening, which was eventually incorporated into all future events. That year, he returned to Sun Studio in Memphis to team up with Orbison, Cash, and Perkins along with longtime admirers like John Fogerty to create the album Class of '55.In 1989, a major motion picture based on his early life in rock and roll, Great Balls of Fire!, brought him back into the public eye, especially when he decided to re-record all his songs for the movie soundtrack. The film was based on the book by <mask>'s ex-wife, Myra Gale <mask>, and starred Dennis Quaid as <mask>, Winona Ryder as Myra, and Alec Baldwin as Jimmy Swaggart. The movie focuses on <mask>'s early career and his relationship with Myra and ends with the scandal of the late 1950s. A year later, in 1990, <mask> made minor news when a new song he recorded called "It Was the Whiskey Talkin' (Not Me)" was included in the soundtrack to the hit movie Dick Tracy. The song is also heard in the movie, playing on the radio. The public downfall of his cousin, television evangelist Jimmy Swaggart around the same time, resulted in more adverse publicity to a troubled family. Swaggart is also a piano player, as is another cousin, country music star Mickey Gilley.All three listened to the same music in their youth and frequented Haney's Big House, the Ferriday club that featured black blues acts. <mask> and Swaggart have had a complex relationship over the years. In 1998, <mask> toured Europe with Chuck Berry and Little Richard. On February 12, 2005, he was given a Lifetime Achievement Award by The Recording Academy. On September 26, 2006, a new album titled Last Man Standing was released, featuring many of rock and roll's elite as guest stars. Receiving positive reviews, the album charted in four different Billboard charts, including a two-week stay at number one on the Indie charts. A DVD entitled Last Man Standing Live, featuring concert footage with many guest artists, was released in March 2007.In October 2008, as part of a successful European tour, <mask> appeared at two London shows a special private show at the 100 Club on October 25 and at the London Forum on October 28 with Wanda Jackson and his sister, Linda Gail <mask>. In August 2009, in advance of his new album, a single entitled "Mean Old Man" was released for download. It was written by Kris Kristofferson. An EP featuring this song and four more was also released on November 11. On October 29, 2009, <mask> opened the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 25th Anniversary concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City. In May 2013, <mask> opened a new club on Beale Street in Memphis. <mask> is still considered actively performing in concert, though he had to cancel all shows since his February 28, 2019 stroke, waiting for his doctors' go-ahead.In 2017 <mask> made a personal appearance at The Country Music Television 'Skyville Live' show. It was a specially recorded performance featuring a whole array of artists paying tribute to the music of <mask>. In March 2020, it was announced that <mask>, together with producer T-Bone Burnett, was recording a new album of gospel covers. It was the first time he entered a recording studio following his stroke. On October 27, 2020, to celebrate <mask>' 85th birthday, a livestream aired on YouTube, Facebook and his official website. The livestream special, Whole Lotta Celebratin' Goin' On, featured appearances and performances by Willie Nelson, Elton John, Mike Love, Priscilla Presley, Joe Walsh, and others. John Stamos served as the host.Music legacy

Accolades

Along with Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, and Roy Orbison, <mask> received the first Grammy Award in the spoken-word category for the very rare album of interviews released with some early copies of the Class of '55 album in 1986. The original Sun cut of "Great Balls of Fire" was elected to the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998, and <mask>'s Sun recording of "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On" received this honor in 1999. Only recordings that are at least 25 years old and have left a lasting impression can receive this honor. On February 12, 2005, <mask> received the Recording Academy's Lifetime Achievement Award the day before the Recording Academy's main Grammy Awards ceremony, which he also attended. In June 1989, <mask> was honored for his contribution to the recording industry with a star along Hollywood Boulevard on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. On October 10, 2007, <mask> received the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's American Music Masters Award. His next album, Mean Old Man, was released in September 2010 and reached No.30 on the Billboard 200 album chart. On November 5, 2007, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, honored <mask> with six days of conferences, interviews, a DVD premiere and film clips, dedicated to him and entitled The Life And Music of <mask> <mask>. On November 10, the week culminated with a tribute concert compered by Kris Kristofferson. <mask> was present to accept the American Music Masters Award and closed his own tribute show with a rendition of "Over the Rainbow". On February 10, 2008, he appeared with John Fogerty and Little Richard on the 50th Grammy Awards, performing "Great Balls of Fire" in a medley with "Good Golly Miss Molly". On June 4, 2008, <mask> was inducted into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame and appeared on A Capitol Fourth and performed the finale's final act with a medley of "Roll Over Beethoven", "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On" and "Great Balls of Fire". In December 2019, <mask> was honored with a Mississippi Country Music Trail marker at his ranch in Nesbit, Mississippi to celebrate his contributions to country music.Piano style
<mask> was an incendiary showman who often played with his fists, elbows, feet, and backside, sometimes climbing on top of the piano during gigs and even apocryphally setting it on fire. Like Chuck Berry's guitar playing, <mask>'s piano style has become synonymous with rock and roll, having influenced generations of piano players. In a 2013 interview with Leah Harper, Elton John recalls that up until "Great Balls of Fire", "the piano playing that I had heard had been more sedate. My dad collected George Shearing records, but this was the first time I heard someone beat the shit out of a piano. When I saw Little Richard at the Harrow Granada, he played it standing up, but <mask> <mask> actually jumped on the piano! This was astonishing to me, that people could do that. Those records had such a huge effect on me, and they were just so great.I learned to play like that." <mask> is primarily known for his "boogie-woogie" style, which is characterized by a regular left-hand bass figure and dancing beat, but his command of the instrument and highly individualistic style set him apart. Appearing on Memphis Sounds with George Klein in 2011, <mask> credited his older piano-playing cousin Carl McVoy as being a crucial influence, stating, "He was a great piano player, a great singer, and a nice-looking man, carried himself real well. I miss Carl very much." <mask> also cited Moon Mullican as a source of inspiration. Although almost entirely self-taught, <mask> conceded to biographer Rich Bragg in 2014 that Paul Whitehead, a blind pianist from Meadville, Mississippi, was another key influence on him in his earliest days playing clubs. Although <mask>'s piano playing is commonly labelled boogie-woogie, gospel music was another major influence in the formation of his technique.In Joe Bonomo's 2009 book Jerry Lee Lewis: Lost and Found, Memphis producer and musician Jim Dickinson calls <mask>'s occasional penchant for interrupting the standard boogie woogie left-hand progression by omitting the seventh and repeating the fifth and sixth, creating a repetitive, driving, quasi-menacing momentum, "revolutionary, almost inexplicable. Maybe Ella Mae Morse, Moon Mullican had done it, but not in a way that became the propelling force of the song. Rock and roll piano up to that point had been defined by Rosco Gordon, Ike Turner, and to an extent, Ray Charles. None of them was doing that. Even Little Richard, as primitive as he plays, wasn't doing that shuffle... There was something in <mask> that didn't want to play that seventh, and that's the church. Certainly in white spiritual music you avoid sevenths."Personal life

Relationships and children
<mask> has been "married" seven times, including bigamous marriages and a marriage with his own underage cousin. He had six children during his marriages. In 1962, his son Steve Allen <mask> drowned in a swimming pool accident at age three, and in 1973, <mask> <mask>. died at the age of 19 when he overturned the Jeep he was driving. When he was 16, he married Dorothy Barton, the daughter of a preacher. Their union lasted for 20 months from February 1952 to October 1953. His second marriage in September 1953, to Jane Mitchum, was of dubious validity because it occurred 23 days before his divorce from Barton was final. After four years, <mask> filed for divorce in October 1957.The couple had two children: <mask> <mask>. (1954–1973) and Ronnie Guy <mask> (b. 1956). His third marriage was to 13-year-old Myra Gale Brown, his first cousin once removed, on December 12, 1957. However, his divorce from Jane Mitchum was not finalized before the ceremony took place, so he remarried Brown on June 4, 1958. In 1970, Brown filed for divorce on the grounds of adultery and abuse, charging that she had been "subject to every type of physical and mental abuse imaginable." They had two children: Steve Allen <mask> (1959–1962) and Phoebe Allen <mask> (b. 1963).His fourth marriage was to Jaren Elizabeth Gunn Pate (October 1971 – June 8, 1982). Pate drowned in a swimming pool at the home of a friend with whom she was staying, several weeks before divorce proceedings could be finalized. They had one daughter, <mask> <mask> (b. 1972). Mary Kathy 'K.K.' Jones of San Antonio, Texas, testified in court during <mask>' income tax evasion trial in 1984 that she lived with him from 1980 to 1983. His fifth marriage, to Shawn Stephens, lasted 77 days from June to August 1983, ending with her death.Journalist Richard Ben Cramer alleged that <mask> abused her and may have been responsible for her death, but the allegations have never been verified. His sixth marriage, to Kerrie McCarver, lasted 21 years from April 1984 to June 2005. They have one child: <mask> <mask> (b. 1987). In 1993, <mask> moved to Ireland with his family in what was suggested (but denied) to be a move to avoid issues with the Internal Revenue Service. He lived in a rented house on Westminster Road in Foxrock, Dublin, and during his time there was sued by the German company Neue Constantin Film Production GmbH for failure to appear at a concert in Munich in 1993. <mask> returned to the US in 1997 after his tax issues had been resolved by Irish promoter Kieran Cavanagh.<mask> lived on a ranch in Nesbit, Mississippi with his family. <mask> married his seventh wife <mask> (née Brown) on March 9, 2012. The next day, <mask> severed business ties with his daughter <mask>-Loftin who was his manager and revoked her power of attorney. In 2017, <mask> sued his daughter and her husband Zeke Loftin claiming that she owed him "substantial sums of money." In the lawsuit, <mask>, his wife <mask>, and his son <mask> <mask> III also claimed Loftin defamed them on Facebook. <mask> and her husband counter-sued, claiming <mask> and <mask> <mask> interfered in the business relationship. In April 2019, U.S. District Judge Neal Biggers ruled that most of the claims were barred by a three-year statute of limitations except the defamation claims.Religious beliefs
As a teenager, <mask> studied at the Southwest Bible Institute in Waxahachie, Texas before being thrown out for daring to play a boogie-woogie version of "My God Is Real", and that early incident foreshadowed his lifelong conflict over his faith in God and his love of playing "the devil's music". <mask> had a recorded argument with Sam Phillips during the recording session for "Great Balls of Fire", a song he initially refused to record because he considered it blasphemous ("How can…  How can the devil save souls? What are you talkin' about?" he asks Phillips during one heated exchange.) During the famous Million Dollar Quartet jam involving <mask>, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, and Johnny Cash, they performed several gospel songs. <mask>'s biographer Rick Bragg explains that part of the reason the recording only features <mask> and Elvis singing is because "only Elvis and <mask> [were] raised in the Assembly of God", and Johnny and Carl didn't really know the words...  they was Baptists', [<mask>] said, and therefore deprived." In the 1990 documentary The Jerry Lee Lewis Story, <mask> said to the interviewer, "The Bible doesn't even speak of religion.No word of religion is even in the Bible. Sanctification! Are you sanctified? Have you been saved? See, I was a good preacher, I know my Bible? I find myself falling short of the glory of God." Gospel music was a staple of his performing repertoire.After a string of hit country albums, he decided to record a gospel album for the first time in 1970. Graceland arrest
On November 22, 1976, <mask> was arrested outside Elvis Presley's Graceland home for allegedly intending to shoot him. <mask> almost killed his own bass player, Butch Owens, on September 29, 1976 (<mask>'s 41st birthday) when a .357 Magnum accidentally went off in his hand. In Rick Bragg's 2014 authorized biography, <mask> <mask>: His Own Story, <mask> said that the reclusive Presley had been trying to reach him and finally did on November 23, imploring him to "come out to the house." <mask> replied that he would if he had time, but that he was busy trying to get his father, Elmo, out of jail in Tunica for driving under the influence. Later that night, <mask> was at a Memphis nightclub called Vapors drinking champagne when he was given a gun. <mask> suddenly remembered that Elvis wanted to see him and, climbing aboard his new Lincoln Continental with the loaded pistol on the dash and a bottle of champagne under his arm, tore off for Graceland.Just before three o'clock in the morning, <mask> accidentally smashed into the famous Graceland gates. Presley's astonished cousin Harold Lloyd was manning the gate and watched <mask> attempt to hurl the champagne bottle out the car window, not realizing the window was rolled up, smashing both. Bragg reports that <mask> denies ever intending to do Presley harm, that the two were friends, but "Elvis, watching on the closed-circuit television, told guards to call the police. The Memphis police found the gun in the car and put <mask>, protesting, hollering, threatening them, away in handcuffs." <mask> said, "The cops asked Elvis, 'What do you want us to do? And Elvis told 'em, 'Lock him up.' That hurt my feelings.To be scared of me – knowin' me the way he did – was ridiculous." <mask> was charged with carrying a pistol and public drunkenness. Released on a $250 bond, his defiant mugshot was wired around the world. Presley himself died at Graceland eight months later. Financial issues

In 1979, the IRS seized property from <mask> to compensate a $274,000 tax debt. The property included several automobiles, a tractor, five motorcycles, jewelry, musical instruments, home entertainment equipment and firearms. In 1980, an auction was held, but only 150 potential bidders showed up.The auction amassed $91,382, less than a third of the debt. In 1984, he was found innocent of evading taxes. However, the next year, the IRS seized property from <mask>’ ranch in Nesbit, Mississippi. In 1988, <mask> filed for bankruptcy, petitioning that he was more than $3 million in debt, including $2 million he owed to the IRS. Health problems
On February 28, 2019, <mask> suffered a major stroke in Memphis. He fully recovered, but had to cancel upcoming appearances. Selected discography

 <mask> <mask> (1958)
 <mask>'s Greatest (1962)
 Live at the Star Club, Hamburg (1964)
 The Return of Rock (1965)
 Country Songs for City Folks/All Country (1965)
 Memphis Beat (1966)
 Soul My Way (1967)
 Another Place, Another Time (1968)
 She Still Comes Around (1969)
 Sings the Country Music Hall of Fame Hits, Vol.1 (1969)
 Sings the Country Music Hall of Fame Hits, Vol. 2 (1969)
 The Golden Cream of the Country (1969)
 She Even Woke Me Up to Say Goodbye (1970)
 A Taste of Country (1970)
 There Must Be More to Love Than This (1971)
 Touching Home (1971)
 Would You Take Another Chance on Me? (1971)
 The Killer Rocks On (1972)
 Who's Gonna Play This Old Piano? References

Bibliography

External links

 <mask> <mask> at 45cat.com
Rockin' My Life Away by Jimmy Guterman, a full online biography
Rock ‘n’ Roll Hall of Fame

Listing of all <mask>'s Sun Records recordings and alternatives

1935 births
Living people
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singers
21st-century American composers
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singers
American blues pianists
American blues singers
American country singer-songwriters
American gospel singers
American male composers
American male film actors
American male pianists
American male pop singers
American male singer-songwriters
American male stage actors
American multi-instrumentalists
American Pentecostals
American pop pianists
American rock pianists
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
American rockabilly musicians
American soul singers
Blues musicians from Louisiana
Blues musicians from Mississippi
Charly Records artists
Child marriage in the United States
Christians from Louisiana
Christians from Mississippi
Country musicians from Louisiana
Country musicians from Mississippi
Grammy Award winners
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Mercury Records artists
People from Ferriday, Louisiana
People from Nesbit, Mississippi
Rock and roll musicians
Singer-songwriters from Louisiana
Singer-songwriters from Mississippi
Sire Records artists
Smash Records artists
Sun Records

masks:
Lewis
Jerry Lee
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Jerry Lee
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Lori Lee
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Jerry Lee
Lewis III
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Judith Lewis
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Phoebe Lewis
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Judith Lewis
Jerry Lee
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Judith Lewis
Jerry Lee
Lewis III
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Jerry Lee
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<mask>  (26 April 1655 (baptised) – 29 November 1716), Bishop of Exeter and religious controversialist, was born in London. Early life and education
Baptized on 26 April 1655 at St Gregory by Paul's, he was the son of <mask> (bapt. 1621; died 1688), freeman of the Haberdashers' Company and later alderman of the City of London, and his wife, Martha (bapt. 1625; d. 1701? ), daughter of <mask>, rector of St Antholin, Budge Row, and trier of the second presbyterian classis (or eldership) of London. <mask>'s father owned land in several counties as well as property in the city, and although he conformed to the established church may have retained some puritan sympathies.During <mask>'s youth his parents resided in Lordshold Manor, an 'ancient brick house' in Dalston, Middlesex (VCH Middlesex, 10.89). He was educated in nearby Hackney, perhaps at the free school of which Robert Skingle was master, before being admitted as a pensioner to St Catharine's College, Cambridge, on 26 April 1671. He graduated BA in 1675, proceeded MA in 1678, and was elected in 1679 (by the interest, it was rumoured, of William Wake) to a fellowship, which he resigned in 1687. He was ordained deacon on 11 March 1677 and priest on 19 December 1680. The university awarded him the degree of DD in 1700. Cleric
On 14 January 1690 <mask> was instituted to the rectory of South Ockendon, Essex; he resigned this for the rectory of St Mary Aldermary, London, to which he was presented by the dean and chapter of St Paul's on 6 November 1694. He also held the city lectureships of St Olave Jewry from 1695 to 1698, and St Dunstan-in-the-West from 1698.He was appointed chaplain to William and Mary, although it was later alleged that he had been a nonjuror and had refused to swear allegiance to the new monarchs for two years. <mask> was nominated to the bishopric of Exeter by the personal determination of Queen Anne, upon the recommendation of John Sharp, archbishop of York, but without the knowledge of her ministers, whose politically expedient recommendations the queen, mindful of the royal prerogative, deemed insufficiently orthodox. It was consequently remarked wittily that he was the 'queen's bishop'. He was consecrated at Lambeth on 8 February 1708. To supplement his episcopal revenues he was permitted to hold, in addition to his bishopric, the deanery of St Buryan, Cornwall, the rectory of Shorbrook, Devon, and the offices of archdeacon and treasurer of Exeter. He was a diligent bishop in his diocese, and he was also instrumental in the institution of charity schools in Exeter. He lived to see the establishment of two such schools for boys and two for girls, of fifty pupils each.<mask> was consecrated a bishop at Lambeth on 8 February, 17008 by the Bishop of London. By a strange twist of fate, Sir William Dawes was on the same date consecrated a bishop at nearby Westminster by the Bishop of Winchester. Dawes later edited and published a posthumous two-volume edition of <mask>'s sermons. Public life and works
<mask> came to public prominence in 1699 when he engaged in a controversy with the Irish deist and pamphleteer John Toland. In his Life of John Milton (1699), Toland had disputed Charles I's authorship of Eikon Basilike. In a brief aside Toland remarked that if such a recent deception could remain undiscovered, it was not surprising that the dubious authorship of some ancient Christian writings had likewise gone undetected. <mask> understood that Toland had slyly insinuated that parts of the New Testament were forgeries.In a sermon before the House of Commons on 30 January 1699, <mask> called on the Commons to act against this denial of the authenticity of the revelation of God, which if left unchecked would undermine public morality as well as Christian doctrine. Toland replied with Amyntor, or, A Defence of Milton's Life (1699), which attacked <mask> in a highly personal manner and accused him of theological ignorance. Toland disingenuously claimed he had disputed the authenticity not of the New Testament, but of 'spurious' apocryphal Christian works, of which he provided an extensive catalogue. <mask>'s response, Mr <mask>'s Reasons for not Replying to a Book Lately Published Entitled Amyntor (1699), ably demonstrated that Toland's words should most naturally have been taken to have referred to the New Testament, but <mask> nevertheless acknowledged Toland's apparent retraction. <mask>'s altercation with Toland had brought him to prominence as a defender of revealed religion against the attacks of the deists. Consequently, he was chosen to deliver the Boyle Lectures in 1700. These consisted of seven sermons, which he preached at St Paul's Cathedral, on the theme 'The sufficiency of a standing revelation'.Ten years after his exchange with Toland, <mask> found himself embroiled in controversy again, this time with a fellow clergyman. On 8 March 1709, the anniversary of Queen Anne's accession, <mask> preached a sermon before the queen in St James's Chapel, on the text Romans 13:4. It was later published, with the title The Divine Institution of Magistracy (1709). Its themes echoed those of a sermon which <mask> had preached on the same occasion in 1705, at St Dunstan's, and which had also been published. It was a strong attack on the doctrines of popular sovereignty and the right of resistance, in which <mask> maintained that the magistrate's authority was a 'Portion of the Divine Authority ... entrusted with him by God' (p. 3). It also maintained the independent jure divino basis of clerical authority in spiritual matters. Benjamin Hoadly, in Some Considerations Humbly Offered to the … Bishop of Exeter (1709), took offence to both sermons, which, he alleged, condemned the revolution of 1688–9.Hoadly claimed that the revolution had involved resistance to James II, but that such resistance was justified by the necessity of self-preservation. <mask>, in The Lord Bishop of Exeter's Answer to Mr Hoadly's Letter, dismissed Hoadly's premise that civil authority derived from an original contract. He undertook to reply again to Hoadly only if he kept to issues of scriptural interpretation, and avoided speculations concerning matters such as an alleged 'State of Nature' about which the scriptures were silent. Hoadly's subsequent Humble Reply failed to comply with <mask>'s conditions, and he did not therefore respond to it. The numerous pamphlets which were published on either side during the ensuing controversy included an anonymous work in support of <mask>, entitled The Best Answer Ever was Made (1709), by the Irish nonjuror and formidable controversialist Charles Leslie. As <mask> was by now a bishop, Hoadly's attack on him was later cited to justify the forthright treatment Hoadly received in the Bangorian controversy, after he himself had been elevated to the episcopal bench. Ironically <mask>'s same accession-day sermon of 1705, The Subjects Duty, had been attacked on its first publication by tory patriarchalist writers, who accused him of being a republican.The anonymous work An essay upon government: wherein the republican schemes reviv'd by Mr. Lock, Dr. Blackal &c. are fairly consider'd and refuted (1705), as well as linking <mask>'s name with that of John Locke, took <mask> to task for contending that the precise form of government in any nation was a matter of human, and not divine, institution. <mask> suffered further abuse in a pamphlet entitled Dr <mask>'s Offspring (1705). Despite being attacked from both sides <mask> was considered by contemporaries to have distinct high church and tory principles. Gilbert Burnet went so far as to judge that, although <mask> claimed to be loyal to the government, 'his notions were all on the other side', that is, the Jacobite side, and that he 'seemed to condemn the Revolution, and all that had been done pursuant to it'. In fact <mask> was a consistent 'revolution tory' and maintained the high-church doctrines of passive obedience and non-resistance to sovereign powers, while denying the Filmerian tenet of divine hereditary right. By holding that sovereignty was always absolute, but that it belonged in the English constitution to the monarch in parliament, <mask> was articulating an important theory by which tories reconciled themselves to the revolution.Sermons
During his lifetime <mask>'s reputation as a preacher was considerable, and his Works were published after his death (2 vols., 1723, edited by <mask>'s friend, William Dawes). His major literary work was a series of 87 sermons issued as Discourses on the Sermon on the Mount. These sermons are both expository and pastoral, and in an uncomplicated style; but receded into relative obscurity. 1708. <mask>, Offspring. The rules and measures of alms-giving, and the manifold advantages of charity schools. A sermon preach'd at St. Peter's in Exeter, 26 September 1708.First preach'd, and now printed, to promote the setting up of charity schools, for the instruction and education of the children of the poor in that city, and other paces in the diocess. By Offspring, Lord Bishop of Exon. To which is added, his letter to the clergy of his diocess, upon the same subject. – Exon : printed by Sam. Farley, for Phil. Bishop, 1708. – 32p; 4°.– *WSL; Dredge p. 42; Plymouth Athenaeum p. 50; Plymouth Public Library L2897; DUL 4764; Devon & Exeter Institution, appendix, p. 127. The divine institution of magistracy, and the gracious design of its institution. A sermon preach'd before the Queen, at St. James's, on Tuesday, 8 March. 1708. … By Ofspring Lord Bishop of Exon. … – London: printed by J. R. for W. Rogers, 1709.. – 24p. ; 8+.Family life
<mask> married Anne Dillingham of London (died 1762), probably the daughter of Theophilus and Elizabeth Dillingham. Seven of their children—Theophilus, John, Charles Ofspring, Elizabeth, Ann, Mary, and Jane—survived the death of their father on 29 November 1716 in Exeter. <mask> had fallen from a horse in the spring of that year, and as a consequence he suffered a long and painful illness during which he developed gangrene. An earnest account of <mask>'s life and death, and particularly of the sufferings of his final illness, can be found in William Dawes's preface to <mask>'s Works. <mask> was buried on 2 December in Exeter Cathedral, on the south side of the choir. In accordance with his will, no funeral sermon was preached, and his grave was not marked by any monument or inscription. His will was proved on 26 January 1717.He was granted Arms. References

Attribution

External links

Bibliography
  Bibliographic directory from Project Canterbury

Biographies
  Offspring <mask>, Lives of the Bishops of Exeter by the Reverend George Oliver D.D. (1861)

Archival documents
  (Ofspring OR Offspring) Blackall search at The National Archives
  National Church Institutions Database of Manuscripts and Archives contains related information on manuscript and archive collections held at Lambeth Palace Library (LPL) and the Church of England Record Centre (CERC). Portraits
  National Portrait Gallery (London) Portraits of Offspring <mask> (Blackhall)
  Devon Libraries Local Studies Service The  Rt. Reverend Dr. Ofspring <mask> late Ld. Bishop of Exeter

1655 births
1716 deaths
17th-century Anglican theologians
18th-century Church of England bishops
18th-century Anglican theologians
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
English Anglican theologians
Bishops of Exeter
Burials at Exeter Cathedral
Deaths from gangrene
English sermon writers
People from South Ockendon
People from the City of London
People from Dalston
People from the London Borough of Hackney

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Charles Ofspring
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texts:
<mask>  (born 25 February 1957) is an Australian diplomat and former Liberal Party politician who has been Ambassador to the United States since February 2020. He served as Chief of Staff to Prime Minister John Howard from 1997 to 2007 and was a Senator for New South Wales from 2011 to 2019, becoming a minister in the Abbott and Turnbull Governments. <mask> was born in Newcastle, New South Wales, and attended the University of Newcastle. For many years he was a public servant until becoming a political adviser. In 2007 he was appointed Chief of Staff to John Howard. After Howard's defeat at the 2007 election, <mask> spent time working for both Goldman Sachs and the National Australia Bank, before being appointed to fill a vacant seat in the Senate in 2011. After the Liberal victory at the 2013 election, newly-elected Prime Minister Tony Abbott appointed Sinodinos Assistant Treasurer.<mask> later stepped aside from his ministerial duties in 2014 during an investigation by the New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). In September 2015, after Malcolm Turnbull's appointment as Prime Minister, <mask> was appointed Cabinet Secretary. He was later made Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science in January 2017. He resigned from the Government in December 2017, due to receiving treatment for cancer. In May 2019, Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced that <mask> would become Ambassador to the United States. Background and early career
<mask> was born in Newcastle, New South Wales, to Greek immigrant parents. His father was a member of the left-aligned Seaman's Union that, during <mask>' early years, was campaigning against the United States intervention in Vietnam.His mother recalled stories of the Greek Civil War of the 1940s where Communist insurgents would knock on the door of their family home at night. <mask> has said that this helped him form his early political views. <mask> graduated from the University of Newcastle in 1979 with a Bachelor of Commerce with Honours. He then entered the Australian Public Service as a graduate recruit, working within the Department of Finance, before working in the Department of the Treasury between 1980 and 1987 and again between 1989 and 1995. He was the Chief of Staff to then Prime Minister John Howard from 1997 to 2006, after serving with him previously from 1987 to 1989 when he was Opposition Leader and rejoining him in 1995. As a close confidant of the Prime Minister, he was regarded as one of the most powerful people in the country. Corporate career
<mask> left his position as the Prime Minister's Chief of Staff to become a director with the investment bank Goldman Sachs JBWere, and a regional general manager at the National Australia Bank; he reportedly declined an offer to become Australian Ambassador to the United States.In 2008, he was part of a panel that mediated public input into the Defence White Paper. In March 2009, he was appointed a managing director at the National Australia Bank. <mask> became a director of Australian Water Holdings Pty Ltd (AWH) in 2008 and chairman in 2010. He resigned from these positions on becoming a senator. Political career

<mask> was appointed to fill the vacant New South Wales Senate seat opened by the resignation of Helen Coonan on 13 October 2011. He served as honorary Finance Director (2009 to 2011) and President (2011–2012) for the NSW branch of the Liberal Party. Initially touted as a candidate for the lower house seat of Bradfield, <mask> was appointed to the Australian Senate representing New South Wales, replacing the resigned Liberal Senator Helen Coonan for the remainder of her term, which was due to expire on 30 June 2014.At the 2013 election he was elected to a further six-year term from 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2020. Howard was present in Parliament when <mask> delivered his maiden speech. <mask> is a member of the board of Global Panel Foundation – Australasia, a non-governmental organisation. During 2012 <mask> was a regular columnist, writing in The Australian. On 19 March 2014, <mask> stood aside from his role as Assistant Treasurer prior to giving evidence as a witness before New South Wales's Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). During the enquiry <mask> advised he was unaware of a $74,000 donation made to the Liberal Party by Australian Water Holdings, despite being Deputy chairman on a $200,000 salary. At the time of the payment <mask> was also Treasurer of the Liberal Party.He formally resigned on 19 December 2014 as Assistant Treasurer and was succeeded as Assistant Treasurer by Josh Frydenberg. ICAC eventually made no adverse findings against Sinodinis. In January 2017, Sussan Ley temporarily stood aside as the Minister for Health and Aged Care and Minister for Sport and then subsequently resigned from the ministry. <mask> briefly acted in her portfolios until a subsequent rearrangement of the Turnbull ministry where <mask> was appointed as the Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science. In October 2017, <mask> took leave from parliament and the ministry to aid his recovery from an unnamed type of cancer. He "believes the prognosis is very positive and that the cancer is eminently treatable". This was later revealed to be a stage four Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, for which Sinodinos required a bone marrow transplant.He was voluntarily removed from cabinet in the December 2017 rearrangement. Ambassador to the United States
In May 2019, it was announced that <mask> would be appointed the next Australian Ambassador to the United States. He resigned as a member of the Senate on 11 November 2019. He replaced Joe Hockey as ambassador on 7 February 2020. Honours
<mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in 2008 for service to politics through the executive function of government, to the development of economic policy and reform, and to the Greek community. Personal
<mask> lives in New South Wales with his wife, whom he met at a Greek Orthodox Church, and their children, Dion (June 7, 2001), Isabella (June 28, 2010) and Alexandria (October 29, 2012). He has been a director of the Mary MacKillop Foundation.References

External links
 Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator <mask> on TheyVoteForYou.org.au
 <mask> parliamentary profile on aph.gov.au

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1957 births
Abbott Government
Australian investment bankers
Australian people of Greek descent
Ambassadors of Australia to the United States
Chiefs of Staff to the Prime Minister of Australia
Government ministers of Australia
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Living people
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Officers of the Order of Australia
People from Newcastle, New South Wales
Turnbull Government
University of Newcastle (Australia) alumni
21st-century Australian politicians

masks:
Arthur Sinodinos
Sinodinos
Sinodinos
Sinodinos
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Sinodinos
Sinodinos
Sinodinos
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Sinodinos
Sinodinos
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texts:
Junius was the pseudonym of a writer who contributed a series of letters to the Public Advertiser, from 21 January 1769 to 21 January 1772. The signature had been already used, apparently by him, in a letter of 21 November 1768. These and numerous other personal letters were not included in his Letters of Junius collection, published in 1772. Choice of "Junius" as a pseudonym
The name may have been chosen because the same author had already signed Lucius and Brutus, and wished to exhaust the name of <mask>, the Roman patriot who led the overthrow of the Roman monarchy. Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Roman poet Juvenal, who was thought also to have had the nomen Junius. Some say that the author of the Junius letters had previously written under numerous other pseudonyms, and that he continued to do so, under different pseudonyms, after the 36-month period (January 1769 – January 1772) in which the Junius letters were published. He may, for example, have written as Philo-Junius, a character who came to the rescue of Junius when it was clear that the public was misinterpreting his messages.There is weak evidence that he also wrote as Veteran, Nemesis and other anonymous correspondents published in the Public Advertiser. Objectives, goals and achievements
There is a marked distinction between the main Letters of Junius, intended for the erudite public, and his miscellaneous letters. The latter deal with a variety of subjects, some of a purely personal nature, such as the alleged injustice of the Viscount Barrington, the secretary at war, to the officials of his department. The Letters of Junius had a definite objective:
 to inform the public of their historical and constitutional rights and liberties as Englishmen;
 to highlight where and how the government had infringed upon these rights. Foremost in his sights was the ministry of Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, a fellow Whig whom Junius viewed as particularly corrupt. Grafton's administration had been formed in October 1768, when William Pitt the Elder was compelled by ill health to retire from office, and was a reconstruction of his cabinet of July 1766. Junius fought for the return to power of Pitt, who had recovered and was not on good terms with his successors.Amongst the letters' promotion of Whig causes (e.g. sympathy with the American colonists and John Wilkes) is the recurrent Whig hostility towards Scots and a resentment of perceived Scottish political and Court influence. As with Wilkes's satirically-named publication The North Briton, <mask> resented the King's identity as a Briton, not an Englishman, claiming "believe me, Sir, you were persuaded to pay a very ill-judged compliment to one part of your subjects at the expense of another" and asserting that the Scots "have no claim to your favour". <mask>' private correspondence has been preserved, written in his usual disguised handwriting. He communicated with Pitt, with George Grenville, with Wilkes (all opponents of the Duke of Grafton), and also with Henry Sampson Woodfall, printer and part owner of the Public Advertiser. The letters are of interest on three grounds:
 their political significance;
 their style; and
 the mystery which long surrounded their authorship. The matter of his letters is considered by some to be invective, though close inspection of his writings reveals a principled man ahead of his time, exposing blatant corruption by the only means available (anonymity) in a country struggling with the idea of freedom of speech.He began with a general attack on the ministry for their personal immorality. An ill-judged defence of John Manners, Marquess of Granby, the popular Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, by Sir William Draper gave Junius an easy victory over a vulnerable opponent with weak arguments. It was in this short tussle that Junius' style and wit first developed a reputation and public audience. Junius then realised the potential he had to influence public opinion. Confidently, Junius then went on to expose the problems at their cause—the ministries of Grafton, Lord North (Grafton's cousin) and the Duke of Bedford. The core of Junius' arguments were the arbitrary appointments made by Grafton, presumably to stay in favour with the Duke of Bedford and his party (also known as the Bedfordites or Bloomsbury Gang). Most notable was Col. Henry Lawes Luttrell (later 2nd Earl Carhampton), whom Grafton appointed MP for Middlesex (instead of the duly elected Wilkes), and Richard Rigby, whom Grafton made Paymaster of the Forces.Junius ended with an assault on Lord Chief Justice Mansfield, who Junius argued had set dangerous legal precedents regarding press freedom and political libel from the Wilkes affair. Junius was highly disappointed not to have influenced King George III in his 19 December 1769 letter. He tried to encourage the King to overcome his resentments towards the petty Wilkes and also to relinquish his trust in corrupt officials. <mask> was not a radical anti-royal Whig, as many texts suggest, though he did trouble himself with explaining to the public the real constitutional role of the royal prerogative, and (if engaged correctly) how it benefited the country. Contrary to some opinions, the practical effect of the letters was highly significant—they made Grafton unpopular enough to end his ministry in January 1770. Junius could only have been disappointed by Grafton's replacement, Lord North. Junius confessed himself beaten in his private letter to Woodfall of 19 January 1773 for not having achieved his goals.Despite this, Junius' letters were noticed and talked about for generations afterwards and spread throughout Europe in many languages. His concepts on democratic elections, freedom of the press, legal history and the constitutional rights of individuals are now common-place. Few in history have influenced so many and sparked an interest in such real concepts of liberty. Style

Latin literature (such as the satires of Juvenal, and the speeches of Cicero against Verres and Catiline) was not only studied but imitated at that time, and supplied the inspiration for numerous writings. If <mask> was doing what others did, he did it better than anybody else, a fact which sufficiently explains his rapid popularity. His superiority lay in his style. Here also he was by no means original, and he was uneven.There are passages in his writings which can be best described in the words which Burke applied to another writer: "A mere mixture of vinegar and water, at once vapid and sour". But at his best Junius attains to a high degree of artificial elegance and vigour. He shows the influence of Bolingbroke, of Swift, and above all of Tacitus, who appears to have been his favourite author. The imitation is never slavish. Junius adapts, and does not only repeat. No single sentence will show the quality of a style which produces its effect by persistence and repetition, but a typical passage as follows displays at once the method and the spirit. It is taken from Letter XLIX to the duke of Grafton, 22 June 1771:
"The profound respect I bear to the gracious prince who governs this country with no less honour to himself than satisfaction to his subjects, and who restores you to your rank under his standard, will save you from a multitude of reproaches.The attention I should have paid to your failings is involuntarily attracted to the hand which rewards them; and though I am not so partial to the royal judgment as to affirm that the favour of a king can remove mountains of infamy, it serves to lessen at least, for undoubtedly it divides, the burden. While I remember how much is due to his sacred character, I cannot, with any decent appearance of propriety, call you the meanest and the basest fellow in the kingdom. I protest, my Lord, I do not think you so. You will have a dangerous rival in that kind of fame to which you have hitherto so happily directed your ambition, as long as there is one man living who thinks you worthy of his confidence, and fit to be trusted with any share in his government.... With any other prince, the shameful desertion of him in the midst of that distress, which you alone had created, in the very crisis of danger, when he fancied he saw the throne already surrounded by men of virtue and abilities, would have outweighed the memory of your former services. But his majesty is full of justice, and understands the doctrine of compensations; he remembers with gratitude how soon you had accommodated your morals to the necessities of his service, how cheerfully you had abandoned the engagements of private friendship, and renounced the most solemn professions to the public. The sacrifice of Lord Chatham was not lost on him. Even the cowardice and perfidy of deserting him may have done you no disservice in his esteem.The instance was painful, but the principle might please." What seems artificial and stilted in this style did not offend the would-be classic taste of the eighteenth century and no longer conceals a venomous hate and scorn that the laboriously arranged words and artfully counterbalanced clauses convey. Readership
The pre-established harmony between Junius and his readers accounts for the rapidity of his success, and for the importance attributed to him by Burke and Johnson. Before 1772 there appeared at least twelve unauthorized republications of his letters, made by speculative printers. In that year he revised the collection titled Junius: Stat nominis umbra, with a dedication to the English people and a preface. Other independent editions followed in quick succession. In 1801 one was published with annotations by Robert Heron.In 1806 another appeared with notes by John Almon. The first new edition of real importance was issued by the Woodfall family in 1812. It contained the correspondence of <mask> with Henry Sampson Woodfall, a selection of the miscellaneous letters attributed to Junius, facsimiles of his handwriting, and notes by John Mason Good. Curiosity as to the mystery of the authorship began to replace political and literary interest in the writings. <mask> himself had been early aware of the advantage he secured by concealment. "The mystery of Junius increases his importance" is his confession in a letter to Wilkes dated 18 September 1771. Woodfall felt assured that

when kings and ministers are forgotten, when the force and direction of personal satire is no longer understood, and when measures are only felt in their remotest consequences; this book will, I believe, be found to contain principles worthy to be transmitted to posterity.Identity of Junius

The identity of Junius is open to question and debate, and may never be finally resolved unless documents are found which establish his identity. Some scholars support the identification of Philip Francis. The 1st Marquess of Lansdowne claimed to know the 'Junius secret' a fortnight before his death, but died without revealing what he thought he knew. More recent use of Junius

Samuel Saenger, political editor of the Fischer publishing house's journal Neue Rundschau from 1908 to 1934, signed several of his articles as 'Junius'. Most of these were political chronicles that presented a critical left-liberal perspective on German politics. Many of these texts were titled 'Aus Junius' Tagebuch' - 'From Junius' Diary'. Rosa Luxemburg published the Junius Pamphlet in Switzerland in April 1916, and it was secretly distributed in Germany.The text, also known as The crisis in German Social Democracy, had been started in prison in February 1915. It was adopted as the founding policy statement of the International Group, better known as the Spartacus League, which became one element of the Communist Party of Germany in January 1919. The pseudonym was used as well by the great Italian economist Luigi Einaudi, who expressed his liberal beliefs in two series of letters signed 'Junius': the former published in 1920, the latter in 1944, while he was living as a refugee in Switzerland. Robert Goddard's 2005 suspense novel Sight Unseen is set in the present day; however, the identity of Junius is a major theme in the novel. The Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail has carried the following legend on its editorial or front page for many years: "The subject who is truly loyal to the Chief Magistrate will neither advise nor submit to arbitrary measures. Junius". A Boston, Massachusetts, indie-rock band has been performing and recording under the name Junius since around 2003.In the third season of the HBO series "True Detective," Junius is a central figure to the cover-up and mystery. The character had been identified earlier as "Mr. June." See also
 Letters of Junius
 Identity of Junius

Notes

References

Ellegård, Alvar: Who was Junius? Almquist and Wiksell, Stockholm, (1962); discussed by
Katritzky, Linde: Johnson and The Letters of Junius; New Perspectives on an Old Enigma Peter Lang Publishing, New York (1996)
Cordasco, Francesco: A Bibliography of the Letters of Junius with a Checklist of Juniuan Scholarship and Related Studies, Junius-Vaughn Press, Fairview, N.J. (1986)

18th-century English writers
18th-century English male writers
Political history of England
Unidentified people
18th-century pseudonymous writers

masks:
Lucius Junius Brutus
Junius
Junius
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Junius


texts:
<mask> (born 23 July 1946, St. Louis, Missouri) is an American business theorist and the Thomas D. Dee II Professor of Organizational Behavior at the Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and is considered one of today's most influential management thinkers. Biography
Pfeffer graduated high school from the Webb School of California. He received his BS and MS degrees from Carnegie-Mellon University and his PhD from Stanford University. He began his career at the business school at the University of Illinois and then taught at the University of California, Berkeley from 1973-1979. Pfeffer has given talks in 39 countries around the world and has taught management seminars for numerous companies and associations in the United States including Sutter Health, the Mayo Clinic, Kaiser Permanente, John Hancock, Hewlett-Packard, and the Online Publishers Association now called Digital Content Next (DCN). Pfeffer has served on the boards of several human capital management companies including Resumix, Unicru, and Workstream. He also served on the board of publicly traded Sonosite (SONO) for ten years and on the boards of private high-technology companies Actify and Audible Magic.He is currently on the board of directors of the nonprofit, Quantum Leap Healthcare, as well as on the advisory boards of several private companies. Pfeffer has won numerous awards for his articles and books. He was elected a fellow of the Academy of Management more than 25 years ago, was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences, won the Richard D. Irwin award for scholarly contributions to management, is in the Thinker's 50 Hall of Fame, and in 2011, was awarded an honorary doctorate from Tilburg University in The Netherlands. Work
Pfeffer formalized the study of resource dependence theory in his text The External Control of Organizations:  A Resource Dependence-Perspective, which he co-authored with Jerry Salancik. Pfeffer has done theoretical and empirical research on the subjects of human resource management, power and politics in organizations, evidence-based management, the knowing-doing gap, leadership, stratification and labor markets inside organizations, the sociology of science, how and why theories become self-fulfilling, the psychological relationship between time and money, and economic evaluation. Pfeffer has also been recognised for writing case studies, and was listed among the top 40 case authors published by The Case Centre in 2016. He was ranked 25th in 2015/16.Elective on power in organizations
Pfeffer has taught both elective and core classes in human resource management and the core course in organizational behavior. When he joined the Stanford faculty, he developed an elective on power in organizations. First called Power and Politics in Organizations, some years ago the class was retitled The Paths to Power. The elective has been consistently popular, with Pfeffer teaching two sections per year and, over the years, other colleagues teaching sections as well. Writings
Pfeffer has written more than 150 articles and book chapters. He is the author of 15 books including The Human Equation:  Building Profits by Putting People First, Managing with Power:  Politics and Influence in Organizations, The Knowing-Doing Gap:  How Smart Companies Turn Knowledge Into Action, Hidden Value:  How Great Companies Achieve Extraordinary Results with Ordinary People, Hard Facts, Dangerous Half-Truths, and Total Nonsense:  Profiting from Evidence-Based Management, What Were They Thinking? Unconventional Wisdom About Management, and Power:  Why Some People Have It—And Others Don't, published and released in September 2010 .Pfeffer's book, entitled Leadership BS: Fixing Workplaces and Careers One Truth at a Time, was published in 2015 by HarperBusiness. His latest book “Dying for a Paycheck” analyzes workplace practices that are detrimental to employees’ health. He estimates that such practices cause 120,000 excess deaths per year in the USA, about half of which might be preventable. Pfeffer has written cases on how individuals acquire power and manage their careers, including cases on Keith Ferrazzi, <mask>, Ross Walker, Amir Dan Rubin, Zia Yusuf, and Laura Esserman. He has also written cases on companies that practice high commitment/high performance work arrangements, including Southwest Airlines, DaVita Inc., the Men's Wearhouse, Holy Cross Hospital, SAS Institute, and the Andean region of Kimberly-Clark. For five years, Pfeffer wrote a monthly column for the Time-Warner magazine, Business 2.0. For almost three years, he wrote a career advice column for Capital, the leading economics and business magazine in Turkey.He currently writes an online column about twice a month for Fortune. Publications
 1978. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. with Gerald R. Salancik. Harper & Row
 1975. Organizational Design (A H M Publications, 1975)
 1981. Power in Organizations (HarperCollins, 1981)
 1982.Organizations and Organization Theory (HarperCollins, 1982)
 1992. Managing with Power: Politics and Influence in Organizations (Harvard Business School Press, 1992)
 1994. Competitive Advantage Through People: Unleashing the Power of the Work Force (Reed Business Information, 1994)
 1997. New Directions for Organization Theory:  Problems and Prospects (Oxford University Press USA, 1997)
 1998. The Human Equation:  Building Profits by Putting People First (Harvard Business School Press, 1998)
 2000. The Knowing-Doing Gap:  How Smart Companies Turn Knowledge into Action. With Robert I. Sutton (Harvard Business School Press, 2000)
 2000.Hidden Value:  How Great Companies Achieve Extraordinary Results with Ordinary People With Charles A. O'Reilly III (Harvard Business School Press, 2000)
 2006. Hard Facts, Dangerous Half-Truths, and Total Nonsense: Profiting from Evidence-Based Management With Robert I. Sutton (Harvard Business School Press, 2006)
 2007. What Were They Thinking: Unconventional Wisdom About Management (Harvard Business School Press, 2007)
 2010. Power: Why Some People Have It and Others Don't (HarperBusiness, 2010)
 2015. Leadership BS:  Fixing Workplaces and Careers One Truth at a Time (HarperBusiness, 2015). In other media

Music
On their 2016 album Who Has The Time, Tulsa, Oklahoma band The Earslips released a song titled "<mask>ffer's Wikipedia Article Summary." The lyrics are simply the lines from the first paragraph of the English Wikipedia article about him.References

External links

 <mask>'s Biography
 <mask>’s personal home page
 <mask>'s Stanford GSB website
 Website for evidence-based management
 Pfeffer’s Business Educators Member Profile

1946 births
Living people
American business theorists
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Stanford University alumni
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Stanford University Graduate School of Business faculty
People from St. Louis
Bestselling case authors

masks:
Jeffrey Pfeffer
Jeffrey Sonnenfeld
Jeffrey Pfe
Jeffrey Pfeffer
Jeffrey Pfeffer
Jeffrey Pfeffer