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Nicholas Bracegirdle (born 28 February 1971), known professionally as <mask>, is an English musician, composer, songwriter, and record producer. Among his works are singles "Offshore", an Ibiza trance anthem included in many compilations in both chill-out and dance versions; "Saltwater", which featured vocals by Clannad member Máire Brennan, and the UK number-one hit "Don't Give Up", featuring vocals by Bryan Adams, which also became a top ten hit on singles charts across Europe and Australia. Far from the Maddening Crowds, <mask>'s debut studio album from 1997, is still considered a seminal release among the trance music community, and his second studio album, 2000's Behind the Sun, was certified gold in the UK. In 2007, after the hindrance of an ultimately unreleased album (Easy to Assemble) in the intervening time, the third artist album Somersault was released on Bracegirdle's independent record label, followed shortly after by a tenth anniversary re-release of Far from the Maddening Crowds which included a new mix of "Offshore" ("Offshore 2007"). He released his fourth studio album Giants in 2010, with the fifth studio album Thousand Mile Stare following less than two years later, in spring 2012. The sixth studio album, The Sum of Its Parts, appeared in early 2015, and his seventh studio album, The Place You Can't Remember, the Place You Can't Forget, was released in 2018. The eighth studio album, Everything We Had to Leave Behind, was released in 2021.In addition, Bracegirdle also worked with Leo Elstob under the alias Disco Citizens, producing a handful of less radio-friendly, vocal-less tracks with a stronger progressive house sound. Working with singer Vanessa St. James and producer Mr. Joshua, Bracegirdle was part of the Mr. Joshua Presents Espiritu project, known for the song "In Praise of the Sun", released with both English and French vocals. Bracegirdle contributed with executive production on Tomski's "14 Hours to Save the Earth". Nick Bracegirdle has also used the alias, Sitvac, to produce a one-time single, "Wishful Thinking". Early life
While having trained in classical guitar and piano at an early age, Bracegirdle's earliest influences in electronic music came from melodic composers such as Jean Michel Jarre and Vangelis, and synthpop pioneer Vince Clarke; a further influence was the dance hit "Anthem" by the house music group N-Joi. All of this convinced him to pursue the creation of melodic electronic dance music. By the age of 12, he was making music in recording studios and sending demos to record labels.Career

1996–1998: Initial success and Far from the Maddening Crowds
Bracegirdle's first release was the four track EP Cyanide Music Volume One in 1996. This contained music styles varying from deep house to trip hop and nu-disco. This was released the Cyanide record label and was a little known precursor to "Offshore". The Cyanide label then released Offshore EP #1, which contained the original version of "Offshore" as well three other tracks, again of varying styles. Eventually Bracegirdle founded his own record label Modena Records, which holds the rights to all his songs and licenses them to other labels for release and distribution. A partnership with Leo Elstob produced the first Disco Citizens single, "Right Here Right Now", in 1995, as well as the first Chicane single, "Offshore", in 1996. "Offshore" would be the first of Chicane's many releases on Edel UK Records and independent UK dance music record label Xtravaganza Recordings, then-newly founded by DJ and Bracegirdle's college friend Alex Gold.It reached No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart (and No. 1 on other UK-based charts compiled by Mixmag, Record Mirror, and others), the top 40 in multiple European countries, and No. 5 on the US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play charts in 1997 upon re-release. Its inclusion on numerous Ibiza-themed trance music compilation albums (such as Café del Mar) attest to its popularity in the nightclubs on the island, one of the worldwide epicentres of dance music. "Sunstroke", the follow-up single, attained similar popularity and chart numbers. A third single, "Offshore '97" (a separate item from the re-release of "Offshore") is a mashup of "Offshore" with the a capella from the Power Circle song "A Little Love, a Little Life", mixed by producer and DJ Anthony Pappa.Originally a bootleg, it was turned into an official release, credited to "Chicane with Power Circle". Following these releases, Bracegirdle's debut studio album Far from the Maddening Crowds was released in September 1997. Additional singles that followed were "Lost You Somewhere", the Benelux release "Red Skies", and the non-album single "Strong in Love", for which Bracegirdle used vocals by British singer Sylvia Mason-James (after discovering that she was the vocalist on the Paul Oakenfold and Steve Osborne remix of "Lemon" by U2) and first collaborated on production with Ray "Madman" Hedges (producer for B*Witched and Boyzone). 1999–2003: Collaborations and Behind the Sun
1999 saw the release of "Saltwater", a song based on Máire Brennan's vocals from "Theme from Harry's Game" by the Celtic band Clannad. It surpassed all previous Chicane singles, reaching No. 6 on the UK charts and No. 1 on all five major UK dance charts.The song was used in a Belfast City advertisement broadcast in 2005–2006 across regional channels. The version of the vocals used in "Saltwater", however, was a new recording by Brennan herself. After producing a radio remix of Bryan Adams's "Cloud Number Nine", Bracegirdle offered Adams the vocal position on the song "Don't Give Up". The vocals Adams recorded were subsequently heavily processed through a vocoder so as to play down his rock music vocal style. The vocal credit was initially not publicised when the single was sent to Pete Tong's BBC Radio 1 program Essential Selection. On the show, Tong made the song his first "Essential New Tune" selection of the new millennium. It was also <mask>'s biggest hit, debuting at No.1 on the UK charts (and notably replacing "American Pie", Madonna's No. 1 single of the previous week), reached No. 3 on the US dance chart and No. 1 on Australian and Russian charts, and made other charts across Europe as well. On 27 March 2000, Bracegirdle released his second studio album Behind the Sun. It was certified gold by the BPI, while "Don't Give Up" was certified silver. Two other singles were released from the album—the double A-side "No Ordinary Morning / Halcyon", and "Autumn Tactics"—but neither were as successful as the preceding releases.In 2002, Bracegirdle co-wrote two songs on Cher's album Living Proof, "You Take It All" and "Alive Again", the latter which was released as a single in Europe only. The 2001 Edition of the EA Sports Formula One Video Game Series included the songs "Sunstroke", "The Drive Home", and a remix of "Nagasaki Badger". Label lawsuit
For the next two years, Bracegirdle became engaged in a lawsuit with Xtravaganza, which ended in <mask>'s departure from the label and its signing with WEA for the release of a third album, Easy to Assemble. As a result of the lawsuit, <mask> lost the rights to the sound recordings from Behind the Sun (and its singles). Originally scheduled for 2003, the album's release was preceded by the lead single "Love on the Run", followed by a promotional single, "Locking Down". After promotional copies of the album were distributed, however, Easy to Assemble was not commercially released as expected—though over the following year, the official <mask> website was periodically updated with messages announcing further delays towards a still-expected release. More recently, biographies, interviews, and publicity have stated that the album's release was outright prevented due to an Internet leak and bootlegging of the promotional album.It was also revealed that Bracegirdle had left Warner following its 2003 sale to Edgar Bronfman Jr. and was planning an independent release at the time. 2006–2008: New management and Somersault

Eventually, under the new management of John Cavanagh, April 2006 saw the release of a new single, "Stoned in Love", on Globe Records through Universal Music Group, featuring singer Tom Jones on vocals. (Press Release). At the time of the announcement the song was also played twice by Pete Tong. The track received substantial UK TV promotion in the run up to the week of release, featuring utterly live performances on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, The New Paul O'Grady Show and a semi-live performance on BBC's now defunct Top of the Pops. Jones and Bracegirdle were also interviewed on Channel 5 News; When asked in the 5 News interview where he had been since "Don't Give Up", Bracegirdle replied that he had been "basically stuffed" by the internet bootlegging of the album Easy to Assemble. In February 2007, <mask> departed from Universal as well; according to the official website, all new material would be released through Modena itself.The follow-up single "Come Tomorrow" was released on 16 July 2007, followed by the third official studio album, Somersault, a week later on 23 July 2007. Bracegirdle has entirely self-financed these initial independent releases, as well as subsequent live performances. On 4 May 2007, the Cicada remix of "Come Tomorrow" was played on Radio 1 by Pete Tong. On 25 August 2008, <mask> released "Bruised Water" with Natasha Bedingfield. Promotional copies of the track were made available, with remixes from Mischa Daniels and Adam K. Following the leak of his 2003 album, <mask> now employs the international internet policing company, Web Sheriff to prevent links to unlicensed material, such as this single and other tracks from his upcoming album, from being posted on various blogs and websites. In October 2008, <mask> released a greatest hits compilation, The Best of <mask> - 1996-2008 which features his previous singles, along with a new track called "Wake Up", a collaboration with Keane. "No Ordinary Morning", "Don't Give Up" and "Saltwater" were re-recorded for the album as the original sound recordings were still owned by Xtravaganza and were unable to be licensed due to the dispute between <mask> and Alex Gold in 2002.Chicane's Xtravaganza recordings from Far From The Maddening Crowds were no longer owned by Xtravaganza and thus were included in their original form. 2009–2010: Giants
Bracegirdle worked with producers James Hockley and Richard Searle on the Re-Work EP for a targeted summer 2009 release, along with a new and fourth Chicane album and mixes of forthcoming productions by BT and William Orbit. The lead track from the Re-work EP, "Poppiholla" based on the track "Hoppípolla" by Sigur Rós, was A-listed on Radio 1. It charted at No. 7 in the top 10 on 19 July 2009, and was added to a reissued version of the Best of album. The download single contained a remix by the Thrillseekers, along with a mix by Bracegirdle's moniker Disco Citizens. The follow-up to this single was revealed as "Hiding All the Stars", which contains a sample of Gary Numan's "Cars", which had its first full play on Radio 1's Floorfillers on 21 August 2009.In September, <mask> produced a remix of the classic track "Relax (Don't Do It)" by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, which is part of the 25-year anniversary of the seminal track. It was learned that the Re-Work EP was cancelled although no official announcement was ever made in regards to this. Other 'reworked' tracks that were due to appear on the EP were never mentioned from the initial announcement. Recently stated from Chicane Management; there were actually quite a few that people never got to hear. In a June 2010 interview with Impact Magazine, Bracegirdle commented on the 'Re-work EP' issue. "We covered House Arrest and there's a massive bag of legal problems with that record. God knows why.Poppiholla became this complete and utter monster... The best laid plans of mice and men can go completely astray once you have a big record. Things change all the time... the plan was to (release Re-worked) and then the whole thing went completely mental... in a good way." The first official word on <mask>'s fourth studio album, Giants, came in January through his Facebook artist profile. "Come Back", the first single in connection with the new album, is a rework of

masks: Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane


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 the Paul Young 1980s hit "Come Back and Stay" and came with a remix by Riley & Durrant. The single was released on 25 April. The same month a new track, "Barefoot", was added to <mask>'s website.A laidback, Baleric-style tune, it proved popular with listeners awaiting the new album. This was followed by the track "Titles". In May, Bracegirdle officially announced the new album through Facebook. He also revealed a new single "Middledistancerunner", featuring Owl City's Adam Young on vocals. "The Nothing Song" is a remake of another Sigur Ros song: "Untitled 4". The album also features the singles "Hiding All the Stars", "Come Back" and "Poppiholla". The album and "Middledistancerunner" were released on 2 August 2010.During the first week of release, a new track, called Velo, was given away as a free download via <mask>'s website. In November the track "Where Do I Start" was released as a single. Among others it was remixed by Armin van Buuren. 2011–2015: Thousand Mile Stare and The Sum of Its Parts

An upcoming Chicane single was announced in April through Twitter. "Going Deep", featuring British producer and rapper Aggi Dukes, had its first airplay on Steve Smart's radio show Friday Night Kiss on 8 April. The video was released at the start of July and tells the story of Aggi Dukes—represented by a comical puppet, starting off in a cafe in the UK, before he undertakes on an epic party holiday to Magaluf, Mallorca. The single was released on 14 August, and remixes were made by Steve Smart & WestFunk, and VillaNaranjos.On 18 June, <mask> released the 'Wawa Remix' of his production "Spirit" as a free download from the official homepage. On 29 July 2011, <mask> revealed a preview of the title track for the then forthcoming artist album Thousand Mile Stare on YouTube. Unfortunately, by November it was clear that the album had been leaked onto the internet, the second time such an occasion had occurred in <mask>'s career. For a time it seemed doubtful whether the album would ever get released, but an exclusive box set version of Thousand Mile Stare was released on 12 December 2011. It included a cassette-shaped USB flash drive of rare material and an album of remixes. Each early order contained the buyer's name on the album sleeve. The regular version of the album, which contained three previously unreleased tracks, was released on 16 April 2012, with an album launch live show following in London at Koko on 27 April with guest performances from Kate Walsh, Vigri, Aggi Dukes and support from VillaNaranjos.On 13 April 2012, the Dutch label Armada Music announced that they had joined with <mask>'s UK record label Modena Records. After having worked together extensively throughout the past four years, with Armada Music releasing <mask>'s singles and albums for the Benelux, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Poland, Armada will be representing <mask> worldwide in the future. In July 2012, <mask> collaborated with Ferry Corsten to write and produce a track called "One Thousand Suns", featuring singer Christian Burns, and loosely based on <mask>'s "Thousand Mile Stare". In a 9 December 2012 interview with Eightoctaves.com, <mask> announced that he was working on a new album. He also said in the interview that "There are going to be some pretty stunning collaborations and guest appearances, I hope. I've just been recording in Mumbai with Anushka and that track is going to be stunning." In 2013, <mask> released "One More Time" which featured the vocals of Duane Harden.In April 2014, <mask> had a dispute with DJ Mark Knight about his unauthorized sampling of "Saltwater" in Knight's track "The Return of Wolfy". On 25 May 2014, <mask> released the single "No More I Sleep", featuring the vocals of Senadee. In the July 2014 issue of the Sun:Sets radio show, <mask> named the title of the upcoming album The Sum of Its Parts. It was released on 25 January 2015. An unconfirmed pre-order listing on iTunes UK showed an early release date (16 November 2014) and a different track list running order. The fourth single from the album is called "Still With Me" and is sung by British artist Bo Bruce. A remix by Andreas Van Hoog was premiered on Forth One Radio.The single was officially released on 26 October 2014. <mask> released "Oxygen" as a remix EP on 5 July 2015, the fifth single from The Sum of Its Parts. On 2 October 2015, he released two new tracks "Ibiza Strings" and "Ibiza Bleeps" as part his second extended play Ibiza. He released the sixth and final single "Fibreglasses" on 30 October 2015. 2016–2019: Twenty and The Place You Can't Remember, the Place You Can't Forget
On 29 July 2016, <mask> released a compilation album titled Twenty as a celebration of his Twentieth anniversary in the music industry. The album was preceded by the lead single "Carry Me Home" (a rework of the song of the same name by Gloworm) featuring the vocals of Steve Edwards; released on 3 June 2016. Twenty features <mask>'s greatest hits, plus brand new remixes by Philip George, Kryder, Grum, Jody Wisternoff, Thomas Datt, and himself.As with the 2008 best of album, "No Ordinary Morning", "Don't Give Up" and "Saltwater" are re-recordings as the original sound recordings were still owned by Xtravaganza and were unable to be licensed for this compilation due to a dispute between <mask> and Xtaravagnza boss Alex Gold, dated back to 2002. <mask>'s previous Xtravaganza recordings which had been distributed by Edel Records in 1996/1997 are featured in their original form as Xtravaganza lost the rights to those sound recordings, with "Strong in Love" being released for the first time since its original release in 1998. On 16 February 2018, <mask> released a mix compilation album titled Sun:Sets 2018 (Selected by <mask>). In 2018, <mask> announced his seventh studio album on his weekly Sun:Sets podcast. The album The Place You Can't Remember, the Place You Can't Forget was released on 8 June 2018. It includes the singles "Gorecki" (originally written & performed by Lou Rhodes and the band Lamb) and "Serendipity" featuring Tracy Ackerman. In 2019, <mask> released the follow up to the original Sun:Sets compilation with the album titled Sun:Sets 2019 (Selected by <mask>).2020–present: Everything We Had to Leave Behind

In May 2020, <mask> released Behind The Sun (2020 Anniversary Mixes), featuring new mixes and remixes from other artists of the original tracks from the 2000 album. On 23 April 2021, <mask> released his eighth studio album, titled Everything We Had to Leave Behind. Musical style

Style
Bracegirdle describes his music as being strongly influenced by the relaxed, summer atmosphere of Ibiza, where he was taken on holidays as a child. In an interview in 2012, Bracegirdle stated that he does not draw inspiration from dance music; but from film soundtracks and musicians like Brian Eno and Trevor Horn. He wrote "I have a lot of time for producers like myself, BT, Eric Prydz, but as I said, they are not really an influence upon me. It's artists such as Vangelis that inspired me many years back". His first two studio albums, along with Giants – the fourth studio album – are known for atmospheric, ambient melodies and shifting moods and tempos, particularly Far from the Maddening Crowds, which has been called "a soundtrack for an average day".Bracegirdle's career took a turn following the release of Behind the Sun, at which point he stated desires to focus on being a recording artist and producer, starting with planned work on Bryan Adams' then-upcoming studio album. (However, Adams would not release another studio album until 2004.) Bracegirdle also put remix work on hold at this point, reportedly turning down Jean Michel Jarre, Moby, and both Kylie and Dannii Minogue. The music that followed also changed; in more recent interviews, Bracegirdle has noted that he is consciously moving away from the influences of Ibiza in his songwriting—calling it a return to his "song writing background" as opposed to dance music. Bracegirdle's dance music productions have caused him to be incorrectly identified as a DJ throughout his career. As early as 1997, The Mirror called him a "top DJ" in an article, while the Portland Press Herald published a 2000 review in which both <mask> and BT were referred to as DJs. Most recently, in 2007, Bracegirdle remarked in an interview that many people still hold this belief.Far from the Maddening Crowds and Behind the Sun were both primarily recorded at <mask>'s personal recording studio, Modena One (sharing the name of his own record label), located at his parents' house. Co-producers who worked on these albums are Leo Elstob, Salt Tank, Ray "Madman" Hedges, and Martin Brannigan. Tomski was commissioned to program the opening tracks ("Early" and "Overture") on both albums and contributed snippets and sounds to other tracks. However, Bracegirdle has stated that he works alone when in his own studio. Recently, references to a studio called "Modena 2" have appeared in liner notes since the April 2006 release of the "Stoned in Love" single. With the April 2011 premiere of the Chicane single "Going Deep" Bracegirdle stressed his own statement, that 'Chicane music is not bound by a certain genre'. 'Going Deep' is certainly a new turn in the sound as it is a blend of 90s retro disco, rap in a modern house, trance package.Live
Chicane also performs live shows as a full-fledged band, which has included a rotating line-up of singers, guitarists, drummers, and flautists, as well as Bracegirdle himself on keyboards. Justine Suissa, who provided vocals on "Autumn Tactics" from Behind the Sun, toured with the band in 2000. English electronic producer Tom Jankiewicz (Tomski) was a frequent musical collaborator with <mask> from 1995 to 2006, and he also played keyboards and engineered in the band during that period. Session drummers in the band, notably, have included Mark Pusey (Eminem, Natasha Bedingfield, Sway), Shovell from M People, Simon Merry (Natalie Imbruglia) and David Barbarossa from Bow Wow Wow. The band's current line-up since 2006 consists of the following musicians:

 Nick Bracegirdle (Chicane) – keyboards, programming
 Natasha Andrews, Kristin Hosein or Jaki Graham – vocals
 Simon Small – guitars
 Carl Holt – bass
 Mark Pusey (2005-present) – drums
 Simon Merry – drums (2009–present)
Though the band's singers usually substitute for the original vocalists from the song due to the latter's other recording commitments, there have been exceptions; for example, both Maire Brennan and Bryan Adams performed live with the band in Ibiza in 2000. The former took place at one of the annual Ibiza festivals held by MTV at the turn of the 2000s, while the latter took place at a heavily promoted concert hosted by Xtravaganza on 4 August at Privilege Ibiza, which was attended by over 7000, including Bono and Noel Gallagher. <mask> has also played at major European music festivals, such as the Glastonbury Festival and Creamfields in England and the Roskilde Festival in Denmark; as well as Red Square in Moscow.<mask> has performed remixes (specifically, the "Tomski vs. Disco Citizens" remixes) live, as shown by a track listing from <mask>'s 22 January 2000 performance at the Palladium in Cologne, Germany. This is unusual in that remixes, as products of audio editing, are not generally considered instrumental performances in their own right. At least some aspects of this are credited to Tomski himself, on stage. Bracegirdle also made a guest appearance live with Bryan Adams at the 2000 Slane Concert, as seen on Adams' Live at Slane Castle DVD. Discography

Studio albums
 Far from the Maddening Crowds (1997)
 Behind the Sun (2000)
 Somersault (2007)
 Giants (2010)
 Thousand Mile Stare (2012)
 The Sum of Its Parts (2015)
 The Place You Can't Remember, the Place You Can't Forget (2018)
 Everything We Had to Leave Behind (2021)

References

External links

 VK-community

 Official Bebo Page
 Review of Live Performance at Ministry of Sound (2013) by TranceFixxed
 Chicane biography at MN2S Booking Agency

1971 births
Ambient musicians
Chill-out musicians
English record producers
English house musicians
Living people
People from Chalfont St Giles
Musicians from Buckinghamshire
English trance musicians
Progressive house musicians
Electronic dance music

masks: Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane


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<mask> (18 December 1911 – 5 July 2007) was an American  animator and one of the founders of classic 1940s animation. An innovator in the animation industry, he co-founded United Productions of America (UPA). The studio gave its artists great freedom and pioneered the modern style of animation. As Animator and Professor Tom Sito noted: "Arguably, no studio since Walt Disney exerted such a great influence on world animation." He and Zack Schwartz went on to start Tempo Productions which became an early leader in television animated commercial production. In short, he played an important role in the new directions the art form took in the 1940s and '50s. <mask> studied art in schools in both Detroit and Cleveland.The great depression began when he was 18, and with its huge economic dislocation promoted political activism and consequential legislation: the Social Security Act and the National Labor Relations Act. In 1932 he traveled with friends to Russia, where all of their parents had been born. He stayed for six months in Leningrad, worked in a theater and studied stagecraft and art. Unable to speak Russian and finding Russians too dogmatic, he returned to Cleveland. There he resumed his education at Case Western Reserve University, earning a B.S. in Art Education in 1934 and continuing his involvement with theater at the Cleveland Play House eventually securing a job teaching art in high school. He married, became aware of a talent search for artists being held by Walt Disney Productions and submitted a portfolio.He became one of 29 artists hired out of several thousand applicants. <mask> began in animation as an assistant animator and shortly was asked by Bill Tytla to join his unit working on the dwarf sequences in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the world's first animated feature film. The movie, which had been a major gamble for the Walt Disney studio became a huge artistic and financial success and lead to a series of pioneering animation features. He went on to do layout on six short films and was then put in charge of pre-production layout for Bambi. In preparation, he learned how to use the studio's huge new multiplane camera used for the panoramas through the woods. He was proud of the work done at the studio. Many artists had worked long unpaid hours on Snow White.Instead of overtime pay, virtually all employees were given bonuses for their efforts, some large, some small. This procedure was afterwards discontinued, and  much of the revenues from the feature went into building the new Disney Studio in Burbank. Importantly, the Studio's revenues had been cut in nearly half by the WWII in Europe. By early 1941 artists were being let go without explanation, even when senior and very skilled. These layoffs lead directly to the Disney animators' strike in the spring of 1941. In an FBI interview three weeks after the strike began, Disney blamed these staff cuts for the strike. Nevertheless, two weeks later Disney placed an ad in Hollywood trade papers stated the strike was caused by Communist agitation!The after effects of the Studio's economic downturn and the strike included a major exodus of talent from Disney. In 1943 <mask>, Zack Schwartz and Steve Bosustow, set up a new studio, which became UPA. Notable early films to which he contributed included his most political films: Point Rationing of Foods which was shown nationwide as part of the war effort, then for FDR's 1944 re-election campaign: Hell Bent for Election and Brotherhood of Man. The pamphlet on which Brotherhood was based, was written by two eminent anthropologists, Ruth Benedict and Gene Weltfish , but was nevertheless banned by the War Department as subversive due to its assertion that racial differences were superficial. <mask> was drafted into the army toward the end of World War II and a year after his return to civilian life he sold his interest in UPA. The end of the war and the 1946 elections brought a sharp right turn in American politics. Exploiting fears of the Soviet Union (unrealistic given the decimation of the Soviet Union by the war and Stalin's policies) the Second Red Scare began.In 1947 the House Un-American Activities Committee met in Hollywood. Walt Disney blamed the strike on communist agitators rather than acknowledging unexplained layoffs of artists previously attributed to the studio's financial stress. Disney named several artists, including Hilberman as Communists. Similarly, other movie studio executives named many union activists as Communists and the attack on the unions turned into a nasty witch-hunt. Best known for the 10 Screen Writers denounced as Communists, the Hollywood Blacklist began. The social justice issues which motivated the Hilbermans to attend some Communist Party meetings in the late 1930s and early 1940s—worker's rights, unions, women's rights, an end to racism – were regarded as subversive. One of the FBI special agents who was involved chasing commies found himself thinking "Gee this isn't all that bad.They want equal rights in the union for minorities and blacks and equal pay for women. What the hell is wrong with this?" In 1947 <mask> and Zack Schwartz founded another studio in New York City in 1947. Tempo Productions went on to become the earliest and most successful producer of television animated commercials of high artistic merit. In December 1953 at the height of the red scare Red Channels distributed Counterattack, which in December 1953 listed the companies that had used Tempo and urged a boycott of the firm. Abruptly, orders for commercials were withdrawn and all employees had to be laid off. The business was sold and the family traveled to Europe the next spring as <mask> looked for work in Western Europe.Their boat trip to Europe overlapped with the Army-McCarthy hearings, which were to mark the beginning of end of the witch-hunt, if not its substantial political and personal after-effects. After talking to film producers and directors in France and Italy, <mask> chose work in London for over a year where he set up a TV animated commercial department for Pearl and Dean and directed Man of Action and Calling All Salesmen. The family returned home in late 1955. In New York, he produced and directed Little Blue and Little Yellow, based the book of the same name by Leo Leonni which had an anti discrimination theme. He also directed a fanciful PR film for ESSO, designed by Ronald Searle: Energetically Yours with old Disney & UPA associates Bill Melendez and Art Babbitt doing the animation at their respective companies. Melendez took the simplified modern animation style and use of artist's individual characters pioneered at UPA to the Peanuts TV series. Back in Los Angeles, at Churchill Films he designed and directed educational films: Quest for Freedom, Ancient New World, Transportation, Land of Immigrants, Hooked and Girl to Woman.He also worked at Hanna-Barbera doing layout for a variety of projects, a connection which began at Disney's and lasted many years. In 1963 <mask> returned to school part-time earning an MA in Theater Arts from UCLA in 1965. He was invited to teach at San Francisco State University in 1967, where he taught animation and helped start the Film department. A number these films are available on YouTube and other internet sites. After leaving SF State in 1973 he and his wife lived in the SF Bay Area for many years. He made several films on Synanon including The People's Ranch, What is Synanon? and The Synanon Wedding, worked with Jeff Hale at Imagination, Inc. and designed sets for the Palo Alto Children's Theater.He resumed doing layout work for Hanna-Barbera, which included a six-month stint in Japan coordinating production in East Asia for The Smurfs. His wife Libbie's warmth and caring held the family together through many difficult moves. She died on 11 July 2006, <mask> a year later on 5 July 2007. They are survived by 3 children, 9 grandchildren and 8 great-grandchildren. He was Jewish. He expressed his religion primarily by a commitment to social justice, racial and gender equality and direct support for workers through health insurance, unions and similar programs and policies. Awards
 Annie Awards, 1992, Winsor McCay Award - For Distinguished Lifetime Achievement to the Art of Animation: https://web.archive.org/web/20130102013212/http://annieawards.org/20th-annie-awards
 Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Golden Award for 50 years service to the craft, 1986.Four CINE Golden Eagle awards

References

1911 births
2007 deaths
Walt Disney Animation Studios people
Artists from Cleveland
American animators
American animated film directors
American animated film producers
Hanna-Barbera people
Jewish American military personnel
UCLA Film School alumni

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David Hilberman
Hilberman
Hilberman
David Hilberman
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<mask> (September 24, 1898 – March 3, 1990) was an American astronomer. She is known for her extensive spectroscopic studies of the Sun and chemical elements. Her tables of data are known for their reliability and are still used regularly. Early life and education

<mask> was born to George W. and <mask> in Ercildoun, Pennsylvania, a small village near Coatesville. Her father was the Superintendent of Schools for Chester County and her mother was a schoolteacher. Her parents were Quakers and <mask> was a lifelong member of Fallowfield Friends Meeting. She attended Swarthmore College, where she participated in many extracurricular activities such as ice hockey, student government, glee club, and tutoring.In order to pay her tuition, <mask> was a substitute teacher, one of the few ways she thought she could work her way through college. She wanted to pursue a career outside teaching because "I did not enjoy the teaching that I did from first grade through high school. I succeeded at it, but I didn’t like it; it was too wearing." <mask> graduated from Swarthmore in 1920 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics and went on to Princeton to work as a human computer. Career
On the recommendation of her mathematics professor at Swarthmore, <mask> obtained a job at the Princeton University Observatory working for Professor Henry Norris Russell as a human computer carrying out calculations needed to use photographic plates in determining the position of the Moon. Over time, while working for Russell, <mask>'s interest in astrophysics began to blossom. Russell and <mask> researched binary stars and stellar mass, and published extensively on the subject over the years of their collaboration.Her research included an effort to classify 2500 stars based on their spectra. After five years at Princeton, as part of an ongoing collaboration between Russell and research groups there, she moved to the Mount Wilson Observatory where she worked extensively on solar spectroscopy, analyzing the spectral lines of the Sun and thereby identifying the chemical elements in the Sun. With her collaborators, she analyzed the spectra of sunspots. <mask> was able to deduce the temperature of sunspots to be about 4,700 degrees kelvin. Her pictures from the Mount Wilson Observatory helped redetermine the new International Angstrom scale. She earned a Ph.D. in astronomy in 1931 from the University of California, Berkeley on a Lick Fellowship; she was not able to study at Princeton because they did not accept women - and would not for the next 30 years. While working on her Ph.D, she continued researching spectroscopy and collected and analyzed data about the spectra of chemical elements and molecules.After obtaining her Ph.D, she returned to Princeton to continue work with Russell as a research assistant. One of her most significant contributions to physics was her identification of technetium in sunlight, the first example of technetium naturally existing. She joined the then National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in 1945. Her tables of atomic spectra and energy levels, published by NBS, have remained essential references in spectroscopy for decades. While there, she began to research the infrared solar spectrum and atomic energy levels. Beginning in 1946, <mask> was able to extend her work on ultraviolet spectral lines thanks to the work of Richard Tousey and measurements taken on V-2 rockets; prior to this <mask>'s studies were limited to telescopic observations partially blocked by the earth's atmosphere. <mask> collaborated with Tousey for decades and led to her 1950 publication "Ultraviolet Multiplet Table."In 1949 she became the first woman elected as an associate of the Royal Astronomical Society of Great Britain, in honor of her work on multiplet tablets and in identifying solar spot electra. Throughout her career she authored and co-authored over 100 papers and attended the tenth general assembly of the International Astronomical Union on the Joint Commission on Spectroscopy in Moscow in 1958. Sitterly retired from her position at the NBS when she turned 70, in 1968, but continued her research at the Naval Research Laboratory. Sitterly was honored by the Journal of the Optical Society of America by a commemorative issue in 1988. Photographs from the Utrecht astronomy symposium 1963

Personal life
While working at Princeton in the 1920s, she met physicist Bancroft W<mask>, whom she eventually married on May 30, 1937. She continued to publish journals under her maiden name because most of her recognition was under that name. She believed that traveling is one of the most important aspects of a scientist's life, as it promotes collaboration between scientists.She enjoyed gardening, traveling, and music with her husband until his death in 1977. She continued her research until her death from heart failure at the age of 91. Honors
Awards
Annie J. Cannon Award (1937)
Fellow of the Optical Society (1959) - member of the first class of OSA Fellows, one of only five women in the class of 115. Federal Woman's Award (1961)
William F. Meggers Award of the Optical Society (1972)
Bruce Medal (1990)
Service
 Vice President, American Astronomical Society
 Vice President, American Association for the Advancement of Science Section D
 President, Commission on Fundamental Spectroscopic Data, International Astronomical Union
Named after her
Asteroid 2110 <mask>terly

Works
A Multiplet Table of Astrophysical Interest, 1933
The Solar Spectrum  (with Harold D. Babcock), 1947
The Masses of the Stars (with Henry Norris Russell), 1940
Ultraviolet Multiplet Table, 1950
Atomic Energy Levels as Derived from the Analyses of Optical Spectra, 1958

Further reading
BAAS Obituary
Bibliography from the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
"Oral History Transcript — Dr. <mask> Sitterly", American Institute of Physics. Biography from Smithsonian Magazine

References

American women astronomers
1898 births
1990 deaths
Recipients of the Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy
Swarthmore College alumni
People from Chester County, Pennsylvania
20th-century American astronomers
20th-century American women scientists
Fellows of the Optical Society

masks:
Charlotte Emma Moore Sitterly
Charlotte Moore
Elizabeth Walton Moore
Charlotte
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
. Sitterly
Moore Sit
Charlotte Moore


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<mask> (born January 20, 1957) is a Canadian politician, who represented the Stikine electoral district Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 2009 to 2020. He is a member of the British Columbia New Democratic Party and was first elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the 2009 election and re-elected in the 2013 and 2017 elections. During the 41st Parliament (2017-2020) he served in the Executive Council as the Minister of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development. In that role he led the government through adopted several bills including amending the Heritage Conservation Act to create a legal duty-to-report discoveries of specific sites or objects with potential heritage value and amending the Forest Act to insert consideration of the "public interest" in decisions to approve the forestry dispositions. As a member of the official opposition in the 39th and 40th Parliaments he served in various critic and deputy roles at different times, such as on issues relating to mines, energy, finance and children and family development issues. He introduced one private member bill to amend the Oil and Gas Activities Act to prohibit the conversion of natural gas pipelines to transmit oil or diluted bitumen. Prior to becoming an MLA, <mask> had lived in numerous towns in British Columbia, including Field, British Columbia where he worked in Yoho National Park, Prince George, Telkwa, Houston, and Smithers.He eventually settled in Hazelton where he worked with the Gitxsan Nation and ran a non-profit organization, the Storytellers Foundation, which focused on community-level economic development. He spent ten years as a municipal councilors, having been elected or acclaimed in the 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2009 local government elections. Background
With his father working in the Royal Canadian Air Force, <mask> was born in 1957 at the Canadian Forces' Zweibrücken Air Base in Germany. <mask> completed a bachelor's degree in Biology and moved to Field, British Columbia where he worked in Yoho National Park for 8 years before leading private guided tours  of the area. After completing a Masters in Journalism he had numerous articles published in the Calgary Herald and The Vancouver Sun but moved to Smithers where he wrote for a local newspaper, The Interior News. He took a job in Prince George with the CBC Morning Show but moved back to the Bulkley Valley area, living in Telkwa as a technologist in the forestry industry before moving to Houston working as a manager at Northwest Community College (later renamed "Coast Mountain College"). Finally, <mask> settled in the village of Hazelton where he became the communications officer for the Gitxsan Treaty Office.In 1992, he starting teaching journalism at the Gitxsan Wet'suwet'en Education Society located in the same village. In 1994, he co-founded the non-profit group Storytellers Foundation which focuses on civic literacy and economic development on the community-level. He got involved in municipal politics in 1999 when he became a member of the municipal council of the village of Hazelton. He retained his seat in the 2002 local government elections, and won re-election in November 2005. For the May 2005 provincial election, <mask> put his name forward to represent the BC New Democratic Party in the Bulkley Valley-Stikine constituency. In the nomination race he defeated three other candidates, including the former MLA Bill Goodacre. This riding was expected to be competitive as it had traditionally supported the NDP but was being held by BC Liberal Party member Dennis MacKay.<mask> was supported party leader Carole James who visited the riding during the campaign but had to defend party campaign promises that appeared to mean removing provincial funding for major upgrades to a Smithers ice arena and a Houston swimming pool. Also, during the election campaign, Elections BC identified third-party advertising violations at <mask>'s campaign office where they were distributing B.C. Government Employees Union-sponsored lawn signs; Elections BC told the campaign office to cease the distribution and account for the signs as part of their own campaign expenditures. Mackay, a retired provincial coroner, won re-election by defeating <mask>. <mask> would again be the NDP nominee for the 2009 provincial election, but in the years between the election he continued to being active on the Hazelton council. He led the council and the Union of B.C. Municipalities to adopt a resolution asking the province to place a moratorium on new fish farm licences until the report by the provincial Special Committee on Sustainable Aquaculture was made public.<mask> also supported efforts which called for a suspension of the Klappan Coalbed Methane Project in the Sacred Headwaters. Provincial politics
For the May 2009 provincial election <mask> won the NDP nomination in March and campaigned throughout April and May. Party leader Carole James visited the riding to support <mask>. The incumbent, Dennis MacKay, had retired but <mask> faced two new opponents: vehicle service manager Scott Groves for the BC Liberals and Smithers HVAC engineer Roger Benham for the BC Green Party. While <mask> won the riding, the BC Liberals were re-elected to form another majority government. The BC NDP formed the official opposition and Bruce Ralston was named Finance critic with <mask> as his deputy. 39th Parliament
During the 39th Parliament he was appointed to the Select Standing Committee on Finance and Government Services where he served as deputy chair.As part of this committee he traveled the province for public consultation on budget matters. In the first session (2009), <mask> and the NDP supported 75% of the recommendations, dissenting on the others that related to the introduction of the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST). <mask> was opposed to the replacement of the Provincial Sales Tax with the HST, claiming that the BC Liberals were "wildly inflating its benefits". During the second session (2010), <mask> again traveled the province with the committee but led the NDP in withdrawing their participation after Premier Gordon Campbell announced, two weeks before the committee's report was due, that he had already allocated all the province's discretionary funding. A petition asking to the HST to be repealed was circulated within his riding; the FightHST organization claimed 3,648 people (30% of voters) signed in the Stikine riding and in the Summer 2011 referendum on the issue 3,300 people in the riding voted to repeal the HST. <mask> opened two constituency offices, one in Hazelton and the other in Smithers. On local issues, <mask>, along with his federal counterpart Nathan Cullen, tried to stop Nav Canada from replacing flight observers with electronic monitoring devices at the Smithers Airport.<mask> initiated a writing contest supported by hockey player Dan Hamhuis, the Gitxsan Nation, and the Community Police, where youths described how sports activities helped them resist gang activity and contributed to their community. <mask> became an advocate of strong environmental assessment reviews as a means of creating investor certainty in projects. His opposition to the proposed Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines angered Premier Campbell. <mask> was critical of the provincial government's negotiation skills with federal government on RCMP contracts and funding relating to changes in crime legislation and with First Nations engagement on mining proposals. <mask> was a supporter of BC NDP leader Carole James, but after her resignation, he supported Mike Farnworth during the leadership election, citing Farnworth's view of rural economic development which includes using a triple bottom line that involves social, environmental and economic criteria. Due to the leadership election, <mask> also became the NDP critic on Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, in addition to being the deputy critic on Finance. Adrian Dix eventually won the leadership and kept Ralston and <mask> as the critic and deputy critic on Finance but moved <mask> to deputy critic on Energy and Mines.A year later, in July 2012, Dix split the Energy and Mines critic role and appointed <mask> to be critic of Mines, while removing him from the Finance portfolio. As critic of Mines, <mask> questioned the government's approval of allowing 200 temporary foreign workers to fill positions in a Tumbler Ridge coal mine but was supportive of the government's refusal of a copper-gold-molybdenum mine, near Granisle, due to the adverse effects on fisheries. 40th Parliament
Entering the May 2013 general election, <mask> was acclaimed as the NDP candidate in December 2012 with his primary opponent Sharon Hartwell, the former mayor of Telkwa, being announced as the BC Liberal candidate in April. Also in the election, <mask> faced Roger Benham of the BC Green Party again, as well as the former leader of the Christian Heritage Party Rod Taylor, BC Conservative Jonathan Dieleman, and independent candidate Jesse O'Leary. The polls projected <mask> and the NDP to win the election. While <mask> did win re-election, the NDP again formed the Official Opposition to the BC Liberals who won an expanded majority. As the 40th Parliament began, <mask> was reassigned to be the critic for aboriginal relations and reconciliation.In July 2014, new party leader John Horgan re-assigned <mask> to be the critic for children and family development issues but upon the July 2016 announcement of Norm Macdonald not seeking re-election, <mask> was again re-assigned to Macdonald position as critic for Energy and Mines. <mask> sponsored one private member bill, the British Columbia Oil and Gas Activities Amendment Act, 2014 which proposed to prohibit the conversion of natural gas pipelines to transmit oil or diluted bitumen. While the bill did not advance beyond first reading, its proposal was implemented by the Minister of Natural Gas Development as a regulation. 41st Parliament
<mask> sought re-election in the 2017 provincial election, where he was challenged by Gitanyow Band Councillor Wanda Good for the BC Liberals and, again, Rod Taylor of the Christian Heritage Party. While <mask> again won the Stikine riding, his BC NDP formed the Official Opposition to a BC Liberal minority government as the 41st Parliament began. As neither opposition parties were willing to support the BC Liberal government, they lost a confidence vote and the BC NDP was offered the opportunity to form a minority government. NDP leader John Horgan became the Premier and appointed <mask> to his Executive Council as Minister of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development.In this role, he led three bills through parliament. First, Bill 37 of the 3rd session, titled Land Statutes Amendment Act, 2018, was introduced on October 1 and adopted on October 31, 2018. It amended the Land Act, Land Title Act, Strata Property Act and Property Transfer Tax Act to allow for more e-signature and e-filings technologies, and amended the Boundary Act to allow certain adjustments of the border between BC and Alberta to be made without a referendum. Bill 21 of the 4th session, titled Forest and Range Practices Amendment Act, 2019 and adopted on May 16, 2019, amended the Forest and Range Practices Act to require forest companies publish Forest Operation Maps and update stewardship plans every 5 years or following a wildfire. Bill 14, the Heritage Conservation Amendment Act, 2019 and adopted on May 30, 2019, amended the Heritage Conservation Act to create a legal duty-to-report discoveries of specific sites or objects with potential heritage value and expanded the government's to amend and refuse permits and otherwise enforce the act. Finally, also adopted on May 30, Bill 22 amended the Forest Act to insert consideration of the "public interest" in decision to approve the disposition of Forest Act agreements and require ministerial approval of the transferring of a timber licences between companies. In addition, at that time <mask>'s ministry initiated a review of its approach to logging of old-growth forest with the recommendations announced in September 2020.However, amid speculation of a snap election in that same month, <mask> announced he would not be seeking re-election. In the subsequent October election, his NDP retained the Stikine seat with Nathan Cullen winning the riding. Election history

References

External links
 Legislative Assembly of British Columbia - <mask>
 Member of the Legislative Assembly - <mask> (Stikine)
 British Columbia New Democratic Party - <mask>

1957 births
Living people
British Columbia New Democratic Party MLAs
Journalists from British Columbia
Members of the Executive Council of British Columbia
21st-century Canadian politicians

masks:
Doug Donaldson
Donaldson
Doug Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
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Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
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Donaldson
Donaldson
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Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Doug Donaldson
Doug Donaldson
Doug Donaldson


texts:
<mask> (born 29 June 1953) is a British-born Australian musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He came to prominence as the lead vocalist of the band Men at Work and later as a solo artist. <mask>'s music has been used frequently by actor and director Zach Braff in his work, which helped a career rebirth in the mid-2000s. <mask> has also been a member of Ringo Starr's Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band. <mask> has made appearances in movies such as Cosi and in television shows such as The Larry Sanders Show, JAG, The Mick Molloy Show, A Million Little Things, and Scrubs. along with episodes of ABC's What About Brian, NBC's The Black Donnellys, CBS's Cane, and the BBC hospital drama Casualty, have included performances of some of his previous songs; in Scrubs he performs an acoustic version of the Men at Work hit "Overkill". Early life
<mask> was born in Kilwinning to parents James and <mask>.In 1967, at the age of 14, the <mask>s emigrated to Melbourne in Australia. Career

1978–1986: Men at Work

In 1978, <mask> met Ron Strykert and they formed an acoustic duo. In 1979, <mask> and Strykert added Jerry Speiser and Greg Ham started composing songs for what would become Men at Work. The group released their debut album, Business as Usual, in 1981, which was followed by Cargo and Two Hearts before breaking up in January 1986. In 1986, <mask> joined as guest vocalist with the Incredible Penguins in for a cover of "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)", a charity project for research on little penguins, which peaked at No. 10 on the Australian Kent Music Report in December 1985. 1987–1993: solo career beginnings
Following the breakup of Men at Work in 1986, <mask> released his debut single "Hold Me" in January 1987.The song peaked at number 40 on the Kent Music Report. His debut studio album, Looking for Jack was released in March 1987 and peaked at number 58. <mask> to relocate to Los Angeles in 1989. He settled in the Topanga region of the city and has resided in the United States since. In January 2016 he became a US citizen. In March 1990, <mask> released "Into My Life", the lead single from his second studio album, Wayfaring Sons, which was released in April 1990. Neither single or album reached the ARIA top 100.The album was credited to The <mask> Band which consisted of Gerry Hale, Paul Gadsby and Robert Dillon. In 1992, <mask> released the acoustic album Peaks & Valleys. The album featured <mask>'s sister, Carol on vocals. 1994–2004: ARIA Hall of Fame and Lazy Eye Records
At the ARIA Music Awards of 1994, <mask> was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame as part of Men at Work. In 1994, <mask> established his own recording label, Lazy Eye Records, and released his fourth studio album, Topanga. In 1996, <mask> reunited with Men at Work and toured South America, which lead to the live Men at Work album, Brazil. In October 1998, <mask> released his fifth studio album, Transcendental Highway and in 1999 recorded and released the song "Misty Bay" with his girlfriend, Cecilia Noël.In 2000, <mask> released his sixth studio album, Going Somewhere. On 1 October 2000, <mask> performed with Men at Work at the 2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. In 2002, <mask> released his seventh studio album Company of Strangers and the video album Live at the Continental recorded in 2000. In July 2003, <mask> released his eighth studio album, Man @ Work, re-recording some Men at Work hits and his solo songs. <mask> Starr, as a member of his Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band. In 2004 <mask> launched his one-man show named Man at Work, a mixture of songs and stories. 2005–2020: Continued success
In 2006 <mask> provided his voice for one of the characters in the animated movie The Wild.In April 2007, <mask> released his ninth studio album, Are You Lookin' at Me?. In 2008, <mask> plays the role of Nick at the horror movie The Uninvited. In May 2009, <mask> performed at the Artist for the Arts Foundation benefit at Barnum Hall, Santa Monica High School, Santa Monica, California. Performing alongside Curt Smith of Tears for Fears, Fee Waybill of the Tubes, Venice, and over 70 members of the Santa Monica High School Orchestra and Girls Choir, the benefit helped to provide funds for the continuation of music education in public schools. In August 2009, <mask> released his tenth studio album, American Sunshine. In 2010, <mask> released the live album, Live at the Corner, filmed in 2007 at The Corner hotel in Melbourne, Australia. In August 2010, <mask> performed in Missoula, Montana with a Los Angeles Roots rock band named Patrolled By Radar.In May 2011, <mask> released his eleventh studio album Gathering Mercury. In 2011, <mask> commented on his early solo career, stating, "After Men at Work, for the better part of a decade, I was stumbling around being unfocused. It was pre-internet; I really had to try to find my audiences by going out on tour. Men at Work really didn't build a foundational audience. We came in as a pop band with enormous radio success; once that goes away and the band breaks up the audience tends to go away with it. You're left with what you want to make of it. When you start out doing those tours, you start again [and] you tend not to attract a very big number of people.I'd play to a hundred people or sometimes less." In December 2013, <mask> announced on his website that he was done touring "for the time being" and would spend 2014 writing and recording. In February 2015, <mask> released his twelfth studio album, Next Year People. The album was preceded by the single "Trying To Get To You". On 4 August 2015, <mask>: Waiting for my Real Life, a documentary film about the singer, debuted at the Melbourne International Film Festival. On 27 January 2017, he released the first single, "A Thousand Million Reasons", from his thirteenth studio album Fierce Mercy, released in March 2017. Fierce Mercy debuted at number 44 on the ARIA chart, becoming his second solo chart entry in Australia.The album was promoted with his segments on Julia Zemiro's Home Delivery and Sunday Night. Also in 2017, <mask> released his first audio book, Aesop's Fables with <mask>, published by Devault-Graves Digital Editions, for which he narrated 24 of Aesop's Fables written by author Tom Graves. 2021–present: "Down Under" remix success
In August 2021, <mask> released his fourteenth studio album, I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself. The album features 10 versions of some of <mask>'s favourite songs. In late 2021, Australian producer Christian "Luude" Benson (from the Tasmanian tech house dance duo Choomba) remixed Men at Work's "Down Under" as a drum and bass track, with <mask> re-recording the vocal for the track's release on the Sweat It Out record label. "Down Under" by Luude featuring <mask> charted at number 32 on the UK Singles chart on 7 January 2022 and at number 48 in Australia (ARIA Top 50 Singles for
week of 10 January 2022). Personal life
<mask> is married to singer Cecilia Noël, who often provides backup vocals at his shows.Noël has also helped with production on <mask>'s solo albums. <mask> said of his album, Are You Lookin' At Me? "She was really crucial. She was a really great sounding board for me. She's a really good producer in the sense that she's very musical and has a great sense of song structure and so forth. So she was great to bounce ideas off. And she sang on nearly all the songs.So she was really a great part of this record". <mask> and Noël live in Topanga Canyon in the Los Angeles, California area. On 13 February 2009, former Men at Work band member Ron Strykert was arrested for allegedly making death threats against <mask>. <mask> became an American citizen in 2016. He also has a residence in St Kilda, Melbourne. Discography

 Looking for Jack (1987)
 Wayfaring Sons (1990)
 Peaks & Valleys (1992)
 Topanga (1994)
 Transcendental Highway (1998)
 Going Somewhere (2001)
 Company of Strangers (2002)
 Man @ Work (2003)
 Are You Lookin' at Me? (2007)
 American Sunshine (2009)
 Gathering Mercury (2011)
 Next Year People (2015)
 Fierce Mercy (2017)
 I Just Don't Know What to Do With Myself (2021)

Acting
After performing in Men at Work, <mask> performed in a number of films and TV shows, usually in small roles.{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film/Show !! Role !! |-
| 2020 || <mask> || Distinguished Services Award ||

Countdown Australian Music AwardsCountdown was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974 to 1987, it presented music awards from 1979 to 1987, initially in conjunction with magazine TV Week''. The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards. |-
| 1982
| himself (Men at Work)
| Best Songwriter
|
|-
| 1983
| himself
| Songwriter of the Year
|
|-

References

External links

 [ <mask>] at Allmusic.com

1953 births
Living people
APRA Award winners
Australian expatriates in the United States
Australian male actors
Australian rock guitarists
Australian rock singers
Male new wave singers
Men at Work members
People from Kilwinning
Reggae rock musicians
Scottish emigrants to Australia
Australian male guitarists
Australian male singer-songwriters
Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band members

masks:
Colin James Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Isabela Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Colin Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
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Hayo
Hay
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Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
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Colin Hay
Hay
Colin Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Colin Hay
Hay
Hay
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Hay
Hay
Colin
Hay
Colin Hay
Colin Hay


texts:
<mask> (born 8 June 1993), known as <mask>, is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder. He currently plays for Metalist Kharkiv in the Ukrainian First League. Career

Early career
Born in Westminster, London, <mask> once held the record for the youngest player ever to appear for Wycombe in the Football League, breaking Ikechi Anya's record set in 2004 by coming on as a substitute for the final 12 minutes against Yeovil Town in December 2009, aged 16 years and 201 days. Wycombe Wanderers
<mask> made his home debut for the club against Gillingham on the last day of the 2009–10 season. He found his chances for first team football limited in the 2010–11 season, only featuring for 25 minutes in the Football League Trophy tie with Bristol Rovers. He scored his first goal for the first team in the quarter-final of the Berks & Bucks Senior Cup against Burnham. <mask> was awarded the League Two Apprentice of the Year at the Football League Awards in April 2011 and later that month was one of four Wycombe scholars to be awarded professional contracts by the club.<mask> was subject to a £50,000 bid by Premier League side Fulham in July 2011 but the offer was rejected by Wycombe. <mask> made a late cameo appearance on the first day of the 2011–12 season against Scunthorpe United, replacing Joel Grant. He then made his first start in a competitive match for Wycombe in the League Cup during Wycombe's clash with Colchester United on 9 August 2011. Wycombe won on penalties but the game also saw <mask>' record as youngest player broken by Jordon Ibe. On 24 September 2011, <mask> made his first league start for club in a 1–0 win over Sheffield United. He was a first team regular and 22 appearances during the first half of the 2011–12 season, before departing the club in January 2012. <mask> made 26 appearances in all competitions for Wycombe and scored no goals.Cardiff City

On 30 January 2012, <mask> signed for Championship side Cardiff City on a three-and-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee. His maiden call up to the first team came in a 3–1 league defeat to Blackpool on 4 February 2012, when he was an unused substitute. He was an unused substitute on a further three occasions during the 2011–12 season and was not called into the squad for the playoffs or the 2012 League Cup final. <mask> was only called into the first team squad on one occasion during the 2012–13 Championship-winning season, when he made his debut in a 2–1 FA Cup third round defeat against Macclesfield Town on 5 January 2013. <mask> started the match and was substituted for Tommy O'Sullivan after 64 minutes. <mask> received his first call into the first team squad of the 2013–14 season on 28 August 2013, when he was an unused substitute for a 2–0 League Cup first round win over Accrington Stanley. He was again an unused substitute in the following round, which saw Cardiff lose 3–2 to fellow Premier League side West Ham United.Loans Spells
After putting in an "outstanding" performance for Cardiff in a Professional Development League game versus Brentford, on 18 October 2013 <mask> joined the League One side on a loan running until 5 January 2014. The following day, he was included in the squad to face Colchester United and after replacing Will Grigg on 65 minutes, he scored the first senior goal of his career in a 3–1 win. <mask> scored his second Brentford goal in an FA Cup first round tie against local neighbours Staines Town on 9 November, scoring the second in a 5–0 victory. <mask> was stretchered off with a hamstring problem in a 3–0 victory over Preston North End on 21 December, casting doubt on his loan being extended. On 26 December it was reported that <mask> would be out for a month, with manager Mark Warburton keen on extending the loan. <mask> tweeted on 29 December that he would be returning to Cardiff, leaving plans to extend his loan up in the air. <mask> made 11 appearances for Brentford and scored two goals.It was reported in mid-March 2014 that <mask> was close to a return to the Bees to cover for the injured Sam Saunders, despite being sidelined with an ankle injury himself. The following season, <mask> started to become a regular under new manager, Russell Slade, who was appointed in October. He played his first league game for Cardiff in a 5–3 loss to Bournemouth, on 20 December. <mask> scored his first goal for The Bluebirds in a FA Cup win against Colchester United, following this with his first league goal against Norwich City. On 22 August 2015, <mask> joined League One side Barnsley on loan until 21 November 2015. He made his debut in a goalless draw against Bradford City and went onto make 14 appearances for Barnsley before returning to Cardiff. Return to first team
In August 2016, <mask> received a lot of praise from Cardiff fans and manager, Paul Trollope, after his performances against Blackburn Rovers and Fulham in an unusual right wing back position.<mask> continued to impress under new manager, Neil Warnock and eventually found his first goal on 14 January, scoring in the Severnside derby against Bristol City in a 3–2 win. He followed this by scoring two to help Cardiff come back from 2 goals down to beat Derby County, 4–3, before scoring his third in two games against Rotherham United. His performance throughout the season saw <mask> gifted the number 11 shirt for the 2017–18 season. However, an ankle injury suffered during pre-season ruled him out for 3 months. Following several games for the under-23 side, <mask> eventually made his return to the first team in a 0–0 draw at Sheffield Wednesday, replacing Junior Hoilett. <mask> scored his first goal since returning from injury in the 2018–19 season, in a 4–2 win over Fulham in the Premier League, Cardiff's first win of the campaign. Sheffield Wednesday
On 13 July 2019, it was announced that <mask> had signed for Sheffield Wednesday on a free transfer.He would score on his debut away to Reading on the opening day of the 2019/20 season. He would finish his first season at the club scoring 3 goals in 47 appearances across all competitions. In his second season, he would be shown a straight red-card at home to Bournemouth on 3 November 2020. On 20 May 2021 it was announced that he would leave Sheffield Wednesday at the end of the season, following the expiry of his contract. Metalist Kharkiv
On 20 September 2021, it was announced that <mask> had signed by the Ukrainian First League (the second tier of Ukrainian football pyramid) side Metalist Kharkiv on a free transfer. He made his debut on 21 September 2021 in the 1/16 stage of the Ukrainian Cup with a 2–1 win against Desna Chernihiv, and scored on the 73rd minute to equalize the score. Career statistics

Honours
Individual
Football League Two Apprentice of the Year: 2010–11

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
Footballers from Westminster
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Wycombe Wanderers F.C.players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Black British sportspeople
FC Metalist Kharkiv players
Ukrainian First League players
English expatriate footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Expatriate footballers in Ukraine

masks:
Kadeem Raymond Mathurin Harris
Kadeem Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris


texts:
<mask> (Mazuha Hokshina or "Trader Boy", May 13, 1915 – October 7, 1983) was a Yanktonai Dakota artist from South Dakota, who became well known for his casein and tempera paintings. He is credited with influencing contemporary Native American art, paving the way for future artists. His art style is marked by bright color, dynamic motion and pristine lines. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1915 in Joe Creek, South Dakota on the Crow Creek Sioux Reservation. His Dakota name was Mazuha Hokshina, or "Trader Boy." Descended from hereditary chiefs, he belonged to the Yanktonai band of Dakota people. He attended the Pierre Indian School (a boarding school) in South Dakota in 1933.His artistic talent was recognized when he was young, and <mask> studied in Dorothy Dunn’s art program at the Studio of Santa Fe Indian School from 1933 to 1938. In 1940 <mask> was sent by the South Dakota Artists Project (a division of the Works Progress Administration in the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration) to Fort Sill Indian Art Center in Lawton, Oklahoma, to study mural painting techniques with Olle Nordmark. WPA artists were being commissioned to do murals in numerous federal buildings and sometimes local public buildings as well. After working for several years and serving in World War II, <mask> went to college on the GI Bill, earning his B.A. degree at Dakota Wesleyan University in 1952. Having worked as an artist for more than a decade, he also taught as Artist-in-Residence. He received his M.F.A.at the University of Oklahoma in 1954. <mask> met his future wife Heidi Hampel in Germany while serving overseas during World War II. He was discharged in 1945 and returned to the United States. After winning the Grand Purchase Prize in 1947 at the Indian Art Annual, sponsored by Philbrook Art Center, he had enough funds to send for Heidi to come to the United States, and they married. In 1948 they had a daughter, Inge Dawn, their only child. Art career
<mask>'s early paintings are similar to other work produced by the Santa Fe Indian School. Later he developed a distinctive style of his own.<mask> began with traditional Sioux "straight line" painting, based on hide and later ledger paintings of the 19th century. It was "an artistic form which symbolizes truth or righteousness." He infused it with the Native American art style Tohokmu (spider web). His work has been compared to Cubism, though he rejected the neo-Cubist label in favor of situating his work firmly within Lakota epistemology. Through his art, he wanted to portray the contemporary realities of his tribal culture. During the 1930s and the Great Depression, <mask> was employed by the Works Progress Administration in South Dakota. He painted a set of murals for the municipal auditorium in Mobridge and a mural within the dome of the Carnegie Library, now the Carnegie Resource Center, in Mitchell, South Dakota.<mask> worked as an art instructor at Pierre High School in 1939. From 1948 to 1971, he designed panels for the Corn Palace in Mitchell. <mask> became Professor of Art at the University of South Dakota, in Vermillion, South Dakota, in 1957. He taught there until 1983. Survey texts and articles on Native American modern art often credit <mask> with influencing the development of contemporary art in the Indian community. In 1958 he was rejected from a show of Native American art at the Philbrook Museum because his work did not meet the criteria of "traditional" Indian style. <mask> wrote in protest,
"Are we to be held back forever with one phase of Indian painting that is the most common way?Are we to be herded like a bunch of sheep, with no right for individualism, dictated to as the Indian has always been, put on reservations and treated like a child and only the White Man know what is best for him... but one could easily turn to become a social protest painter. I only hope the Art World will not be one more contributor to holding us in chains. "His protest led to the acceptance of abstraction within the community. Over his 41-year career, <mask> won numerous awards, including grand and first prizes. His works were displayed all over the world, including Paris, France and London, England, with more than 50 solo shows. Honors
 1960, named Artist Laureate of South Dakota. 1966, awarded the Waite Phillips trophy for outstanding contributions to American Indian art from the Philbrook Art Center, Tulsa, Oklahoma.1970 received the Golden Bear Award from the University of Oklahoma, Norman
 1973 first recipient of the South Dakota Governor's Award for Creative Achievement
 1971 appointed Lecturer to the Near East and South Asia by the United States Department of State. He presented programs during his tour in nine countries. Two exhibition spaces are dedicated to showing his work: the Oscar Howe Art Gallery at the Dakota Discovery Museum in Mitchell, and the Oscar Howe Gallery at the University of South Dakota in Vermillion. From April 17, 2007 to February 17, 2008, an exhibit of <mask>'s work was on display at the South Dakota Art Museum in Brookings. Most of these works were done in casein paint. There were also works in graphite on paper and sculpture of stone and bronze on display. An elementary school in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, is named after him.A yearly lecture is held in his honor at the University of South Dakota. The Oscar Howe Memorial Association at the University of South Dakota is named after him and is dedicated to promoting research and educational projects in Native American art. The Oscar Howe Memorial Association also sponsors the USD Summer Art Institute, the Oscar Howe Archive Project, the Oscar Howe Memorial Lecture and the Robert Penn Northern Plains Contemporary Indian Art Collection. Notes

Further reading
Anthes, Bill. Native Moderns: American Indian Painting, 1940-1960. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006. Day, John."Arthur Amiotte and <mask>: Sympathy and Divergence." Arthur Amiotte Retrospective Exhibition: Continuity and Diversity. Ed. John A. Day. Pine Ridge, SD: The Heritage Center, Inc., Red Cloud Indian School, 2001. 19-24.Day, John A. "<mask>: A Master Revisited." South Dakota Magazine. 12, no. 2 (July–August 1996): 18-27. Dockstader, Frederick J., ed. <mask>: A Retrospective; Catalogue Raisonné.Tulsa: Thomas Gilcrease Museum Association, 1982. Dunn, Dorothy. "<mask>: Sioux Artist." El Palacio. 64, nos. 5-6 (May–June 1957): 167-173. <mask>, <mask>.“Theories and Beliefs – Dakota.” South Dakota Review. 2, no. 2 (1969). Jacobson, <mask>. North American Indian Costumes. 2 vols. Nice, France: C. Szwedzicki, 1952.Jacobson, <mask>., and Jeanne d'Uncel. American Indian Painters. Nice, France: C. Szwedzicki, 1950. Milton, John R. <mask>: The Story of an American Indian. Minneapolis: Dillon Press, 1972. Pennington, Robert. <mask>: Artist of the Sioux.Sioux Falls: Dakota Territory Centennial Committee, 1961. Sharples, Riva J. "In the Presence of Greatness." South Dakota Magazine. (November–December 2008): 34-41. Snodgrass King, Jeanne. "<mask>: Power, Strength, and Individualism."Four Winds. 3, no. 2 (Autumn 1982): 8-15. Welch, Eddie. "Bridging Cultures Abroad: <mask>'s American Specialist Tour." South Dakota History. South Dakota State Historical Society.37, no. 3 (Fall 2007): 185-208. White, Mark Andrew. "<mask> and the Transformation of Native American Art." American Indian Art Magazine. 23, no. 1 (Winter 1997): 36-43.External links
 OscarHowe.org
 <mask> gallery, University of South Dakota
   <mask> Howe Gallery, Dakota Discovery Museum

Artists from South Dakota
University of South Dakota faculty
Native American painters
1915 births
1983 deaths
Dakota people
University of Oklahoma alumni
Dakota Wesleyan University faculty
American male painters
20th-century American painters
20th-century male artists

masks:
Oscar Howe
Oscar Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Oscar Howe
Oscar Howe
Oscar Howe
Oscar Howe
Oscar Howe
Oscar Howe
Howe
Oscar
Oscar B
Oscar B
Oscar Howe
Oscar Howe
Oscar Howe
Oscar Howe
Oscar Howe
Oscar Howe
Oscar


texts:
<mask> (born 1981 in Damascus, Syria) is a British-based musician and musicologist of Iraqi descent. He is best known as a contemporary player of the Arabic oud lute (working both with traditional Arabic repertoire and with contemporary compositions and cross-disciplinary music) and has also written about and lectured on Arabic music. <mask> has studied oud and composition with a variety of musicians and composers from the Arab world, including Ehsan Emam, Naseer Shamma, Abdo Dagher, Hazem Shaheen and Mehmet Bitmez. His most prominent public appearance to date has been at the 2010 Proms concerts in London. He performed on 9 August 2010 as part of Prom 33: BBC Radio 3 World Routes Academy alongside one of his mentors, Iraqi guitarist and singer Ilham Al Madfai. He also currently performs and promotes oud-based concerts in London under the title of Ud and Elsewhere, in which he collaborates with other musicians from diverse backgrounds. <mask> has also worked within the rock music field as a drummer and bass guitarist, having played for bands including Knifeworld, Ursa, Art of Burning Water and Gales.Biography and career

Background and early life

<mask> <mask> was born into an Iraqi family in Damascus, Syria, in 1981. Although his parents were not actively musical, he grew up surrounded by Arabic music (as well as music from other cultures). From the age of seven he learned accordion and violin, and at the age of eight played the role of a young violinist in Rimon Butrus’s 1991 film Al-Tahaleb. The <mask> family relocated to London, UK, when <mask> was nine years old. Musical activity before 2003 (alternative rock)

In his teenage years, <mask> rejected his original Iraqi background. He abandoned his former instruments, stopped speaking Arabic and immersed himself in Western rock (in particular, bands such as  Soundgarden, Melvins, Killing Joke, Tool, Aqua, Blink 182 and The Waterboys. During this period he also learned how to play guitar, bass guitar and drums.In 1996 <mask> joined the London based hardcore punk band Ursa as drummer (alongside singer/guitarist Jodie Cox, bass player Paul Arnold  and guitarist Wayne Pennell). Ursa worked together for four years and released one single, "Copper Eight" (on Schism Records) as well as various appearances on indie rock compilations. In their last year of existence, Ursa met and worked with The Monsoon Bassoon (whose Iranian-born guitarist Kavus Torabi would become one of <mask>’s future collaborators). Following the amicable split of Ursa in 2000, <mask> became the bass guitarist and occasional vocalist for the gothic punk/sludge metal band Art of Burning Water (with guitarist/vocalist Geith Al-Robei and drummer Michael Frances McKenna). However, <mask> had remained interested in the music of the Middle East, which had continued to inspire him throughout his time in rock bands. In 2002, he began to experiment with playing the oud, but his initial attempts were unsuccessful and he gave up after a few weeks. Musical activity since 2003 (oud player)

A drastic change in <mask>’s musical career was precipitated by the invasion of Iraq in 2003.Despite never having been to Iraq himself (he would later describe it as "a land I had never seen, air I have never breathed, people I hardly knew") <mask> found that the invasion forced him to reappraise and revive his own cultural roots. Pained and shaken by events ("Iraq burned and I couldn't do a single thing about it") he opted to demonstrate solidarity by making a serious attempt to take up oud playing and began studies with the London-based Iraqi 'ud maestro Ehsan Emam. In March 2004 <mask> bought his own oud and decided to dedicate his life to the instrument and to its music, quitting Art of Burning Water in order to do so. In addition to his studies with Emam, <mask> took an Ethnomusicology course at the University of London’s School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), graduating in 2008 with a BA Honours degree. This in turn led to a scholarship to continue his studies for a master's degree in Music Performance as Research, specialising in the Iraqi oud school and its antecedents. He began playing concerts in London and elsewhere as part of this work. Performances during this period included a concert in June 2008 with the Sabina Rakcheyeva Trio in Baku, Azerbaijan (broadcast on the national Azeri television station AZTV) and a solo oud session for BBC Radio 3’s World Routes programme in August 2008.In 2009, <mask> studied at Beit al-‘Ud al- ‘Arabi in Cairo with another Iraqi oud master, Naseer Shamma (on a research grant from the British Institute for the Study of Iraq). He also studied composition with Abdo Dagher (basing the work on Dagher’s own compositions) and Egyptian oud repertoire and technique with Hazem Shaheen. In December 2009 he began working with the Royal Shakespeare Company, providing music for the two-month run of the play Arabian Nights at the Courtyard Theatre in Stratford-Upon-Avon. In April 2010, <mask> studied Turkish oud with Mehmet Bitmez in Istanbul. During the same year, he gained mentorship from BBC Radio 3's World Routes Academy program, travelling to the Middle East for three weeks to work with various musicians including the renowned Iraqi singer/guitarist Ilham Al Madfai. This culminated, in August 2010, with <mask> performing in front of an audience of thousands at the 2010 Proms, as part of a double bill with Ilham al-Madfai which was also broadcast live on BBC Radio 3. <mask> based his own performance on repertoire from the Iraqi maqam, and duetted with al-Madfai on a number of songs.Work as composer

In addition to his work on maintaining the existing oud repertoire, <mask> is an active composer. He has stated that in addition to being influenced by Arabic composers such as Hossein Alizade, Abdo Dagher and Naseer Shamma he draws inspiration from contemporary classical and rock composers and musicians including Frank Zappa, King Crimson, Secret Chiefs 3, Philip Glass, Jaz Coleman and others. Work as promoter and concert host

<mask> currently hosts an ongoing concert series in small venues in London, called "'Ud and Elsewhere". These concert feature solo performances by <mask> as well as collaborative performances from musicians of various cultures. Ongoing work as rock musician (2008 onwards)

Since graduating from SOAS, <mask> has also resumed his work as occasional rock musician. He has played drums for two experimental rock bands - Knifeworld (led by Kavus Torabi) and Gales (an experimental rock quartet featuring ex-Foe guitarist Jason Carty (who was also <mask>'s replacement in Art of Burning Water). See also
List of oud players
List of British Iraqis

References

External links
<mask> <mask> homepage
Strange Glue meets Khyam <mask> - in-depth interview
Khyam <mask> YouTube
Khyam <mask> Twitter
Khyam Allami Instagram

1981 births
Living people
Oud players
Middle Eastern folk oud players
People from Damascus
British people of Iraqi descent

masks:
Khyam Allami
Allami
Allami
Khyam
Allami
Allami
Khyam
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami
Khyam
Allami
Allami
Allami
Allami


texts:
<mask> (July 4, 1828 – July 17, 1863) was an American author, lawyer, and soldier. He served in the army of the Confederate States of America, fighting in the 1862 Peninsula Campaign and played a prominent role in the Battle of Gettysburg. Despite starting the Gettysburg Campaign commanding a brigade, Pettigrew took over command of his division after the division's original commander Henry Heth was wounded. In this role, Pettigrew was one of three division commanders in the disastrous assault known as Pickett's Charge on the final day of Gettysburg. He was badly wounded during the assault and was later mortally wounded during a Union attack while the Confederates retreated to Virginia near Falling Waters, West Virginia, dying several days later. Early years

<mask>rew was born at his family's estate "Bonarva" in Tyrrell County, North Carolina, on July 4, 1828. His father was from a wealthy family of French Huguenot background.One of Pettigrew's cousins, <mask>, would later become a major general for the Union during the Civil War. Pettigrew enrolled at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill at the age of 15. Pettigrew is reported to have performed well in his studies, as well as in boxing and fencing. He earned praise for his achievements from President <mask>. Polk, who appointed him an assistant professor at the United States Naval Observatory. Pettigrew studied law, traveled to Europe, and eventually moved to Charleston, South Carolina, where he worked in the legal field with his uncle, <mask> Petigru. He was also an author, writing a book about the culture of Spain titled Notes on Spain and the Spaniards in the Summer of 1859, With a Glance at Sardinia. Returning to the United States, Pettigrew was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1856.Despite his education and legal experience, Pettigrew leaned toward the military as a way to serve his country and his state. In December 1860, he was serving as an aide to the governor of South Carolina and the following April participated in the negotiations between the governor's office, the South Carolina military authorities, and the Union commander of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Civil War
When war began, Pettigrew joined the Hampton Legion, a force raised in South Carolina by Wade Hampton, as a private, although he quickly accepted a commission as colonel of the 1st South Carolina Rifle Militia Regiment. Pettigrew was later assigned to command the 12th (later renamed the 22nd) North Carolina Infantry. Confederate President <mask> urged him to accept higher command, but he declined because of his lack of military experience. Despite this inexperience, Pettigrew was promoted to brigadier general by <mask> during the lead-up to the Peninsula Campaign. Peninsula Campaign
During the Peninsula Campaign in the summer of 1862, Pettigrew was severely wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines.He was hit by a Minié ball that damaged his throat, windpipe, and shoulder. Pettigrew nearly bled to death, and while lying wounded, he received another bullet wound in the arm and was bayoneted in the right leg. Pettigrew was left for dead on the field, as his wounds were believed to be mortal. However, he recovered consciousness as a Union prisoner of war. Exchanged two months later, the general recovered from his wounds, spent the fall commanding a brigade in Maj. Gen. Daniel Harvey Hill's division around Richmond, and in the winter commanded a brigade in North Carolina and southern Virginia. He returned to his North Carolina brigade just in time to begin the Gettysburg Campaign in June 1863. Gettysburg Campaign

The Confederate War Department had assigned Pettigrew's Brigade to Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, and Pettigrew traveled northward to join Lee's army.Pettigrew's brigade, along with the brigades of <mask> Archer, <mask>. Brockenbrough, and <mask>. Davis, was assigned to Major General Henry Heth's division of Lt. Gen. A. P. Hill's Third Corps. Both Heth's division and Hill's corps were new organizations, having been created as part of Lee's reorganization following the death of Stonewall <mask>. <mask>'s Brigade was the strongest in Heth's division. Freshly uniformed and armed with rifles from state military depots, his regiments presented a fine military appearance during the march through Maryland and Pennsylvania. Some of his regimental officers were also members of the North Carolina planter "aristocracy", including Colonel Collett Leventhorpe leading the 11th North Carolina Infantry and twenty-one-year-old Harry Burgwyn at the head of the 26th North Carolina Regiment, the largest Confederate regiment at Gettysburg. Not having been in serious combat for nearly a year, his brigade mustered a strength over 2,500 officers and men. Pettigrew's Brigade tangled with the Iron Brigade on July 1, 1863, at the McPherson and Herbst farms to the west of Gettysburg, where all four of his regiments suffered devastating losses—over 40 percent—but were successful in driving the Union forces off of McPherson's Ridge.That afternoon, General Heth suffered a head wound that kept him out of action, and Pettigrew took over command of the battered division. On July 3, 1863, Gen. Lee selected Pettigrew's division to march at the left of Maj. Gen. George Pickett's in the famous infantry assault popularly known as Pickett's Charge (sometimes called the "Pickett-Pettigrew-Trimble Assault", as Pickett's division was not the only one to participate in the charge). Pettigrew's old brigade, now commanded by <mask>. Marshall, had been roughly handled on the first day of the battle, and was not in good condition for the charge. Pettigrew's division ran into a heavy fire from Union general Alexander Hays' division, which was posted on Cemetery Ridge. Birkett Fry, now commanding <mask>'s brigade was wounded, Marshall was killed. Pettigrew's division suffered heavy casualties and were unable to break Hays' line. The division was driven off, and Pettigrew had his horse shot out from under him, requiring him to lead his division on foot.Pettigrew also suffered a painful arm wound. During the Confederate retreat from Gettysburg, Pettigrew remained in command until Heth recovered. Stopped by the flooded Potomac River at Falling Waters, West Virginia, Pettigrew's brigade (temporarily combined with Archer's former brigade) was deployed as a rear guard unit. Union cavalry probed the southern defenses throughout the night as Lee's army crossed the pontoon bridges into West Virginia. On the morning of July 14, 1863, Pettigrew's brigade was one of the last Confederate units still north of the Potomac River when the Union attacked his position. On foot and in the front line, Pettigrew was directing his soldiers when he was shot by a Union cavalryman from the Michigan Brigade at close range, the bullet striking him in the abdomen. He was immediately carried to the rear and across the Potomac, having refused to be left in federal hands.He died three days later at Edgewood Manor plantation near Bunker Hill, West Virginia. His brigade, which lost an estimated 56% casualties, had been ruined as an effective combat organization. Legacy

An official day of mourning was held for him in North Carolina. His death also affected Lee, who remarked: "The army has lost a brave soldier and the Confederacy an accomplished officer." General Pettigrew's body was returned to North Carolina and interred at his family estate, "Bonarva", which is now part of Pettigrew State Park in Washington and Tyrrell Counties. General <mask> Pettigrew Camp #1401 of the Sons of Confederate Veterans in Lenoir, North Carolina, was named for the fallen officer. In 1912, a building on the campus of the University of North Carolina was named for Pettigrew.In popular media
Actor George Lazenby portrayed Pettigrew in the 1993 film Gettysburg. See also
 List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

References

Bibliography
 Busey, <mask>., and David G. Martin. Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg. 4th ed. Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 2005. .
 Gottfried, Bradley M. Brigades of Gettysburg. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002. .

 Tagg, Larry. The Generals of Gettysburg.Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998. .
 U.S. War Department. The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901. Further reading
 Wilson, Clyde N. Carolina Cavalier: The Life and Mind of <mask> Pettigrew. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990. .
 Gragg, Rod. Covered With Glory: The 26th North Carolina Infantry at Gettysburg. New York: HarperCollins, 2000. .

 Trescot, William Henry.Memorial of the Life of J<mask> Pettigrew: Brigadier General of the Confederate States Army. Charleston, SC: J. Russell, 1870. . External links
Confederate memorial addresses : Monday, May 11, 1885, New Bern, N. C (1886)- includes biographical sketch of <mask> Pettigrew

1828 births
1863 deaths
American Civil War prisoners of war
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
Confederate States military personnel killed in the American Civil War
People from Tyrrell County, North Carolina
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
Writers from North Carolina
19th-century American politicians

masks:
James Johnston Pettigrew
Johnston Pettig
John Gibbon
James K
James Louis
Jefferson Davis
Jefferson Davis
James Jay
John M
Joseph R
Jackson
Pettigrew
James K
James Archer
James Johnston
John W
James Johnston
. Johnston
James Johnston