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<mask> (August 23, 1785 – August 23, 1819) was an American naval commander, born in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. As the best-known and most prominent member
of the <mask> family naval dynasty, he was the son of Sarah Wallace Alexander and United States Navy Captain <mask>, and older brother of Commodore Matthew C<mask>. <mask> served in the West Indies during the Quasi War of 1798–1800 against France, in the Mediterranean during the Barbary Wars of 1801–1815, and in the Caribbean fighting piracy and the slave trade, but is most noted for his heroic role in the War of 1812 during the 1813 Battle of Lake Erie. During the war against Britain, <mask> supervised the building of a fleet at Erie, Pennsylvania. He earned the title "Hero of Lake Erie" for leading American forces in a decisive naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie, receiving a Congressional Gold Medal and the Thanks of Congress. His leadership materially aided the successful outcomes of all nine Lake Erie military campaign victories, and the victory was a turning point in the battle for the west in the war. He is remembered for the words on his battle flag, "Don't Give Up the Ship", which was a tribute to the dying command of his colleague Captain James Lawrence of USS Chesapeake.He is also known for his message to General William Henry Harrison which reads in part, "We have met the enemy and they are ours; ..."

<mask> became embroiled in a long-standing and bitter controversy with the commander of , Captain Jesse Elliott, over their conduct in the Battle of Lake Erie, and both were the subject of official charges. In 1815, he successfully commanded  in the Mediterranean during the Second Barbary War. So seminal was his career that he was lionized in the press (being the subject of scores of books and articles). He has been frequently memorialized, and many places, ships and persons have been named in his honor. Childhood and early life
As a boy, <mask> lived in Tower Hill, Rhode Island, sailing ships in anticipation of his future career as an officer in the United States Navy. He was the oldest of five boys born to Christopher and <mask>. <mask> came from a long line of accomplished naval men from both sides of his family.His mother taught <mask> and his younger brothers to read and write and had them attend Trinity Episcopal Church regularly, where he was baptized by Reverend William Smith on April 1, 1794, at the age of nine. Reverend Theodore Dehon, rector of the church from 1797 to 1810, had a significant influence on the young <mask>. He was educated in Newport, Rhode Island. Early naval career
Through his father's influence, <mask> was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy, at the age of thirteen, on April 7, 1799. <mask> sailed aboard , of which his father was commanding officer, on her maiden voyage in June 1799. The ship made its first stop in Cuba, charged with receiving American merchant ships and providing escort from Havana to the United States. <mask>'s service aboard General Greene continued during the Quasi-War with France.He first experienced combat on February 9, 1800, off the coast of the French colony of Haiti, which was in a state of rebellion. During the First Barbary War, he served aboard  and later was first lieutenant (second in command) of . He then served under Captain John Rodgers on  and USS Essex. He was placed in charge of construction of gunboats in Newport and Westerly, Rhode Island. Beginning in April 1809, he commanded the sloop , engaging in patrol duties to enforce the Embargo Act, as well as a successful raid to regain an American ship held in Spanish territory in Florida. On January 9, 1811, Revenge ran aground off Rhode Island and was lost. "Seeing fairly quickly that he could not save the vessel, [<mask>] turned his attention to saving the crew, and after helping them down the ropes over the vessel's stern, he was the last to leave the vessel."The subsequent court-martial exonerated <mask>, placing blame on the ship's pilot. In January 2011, a team of divers claimed to have discovered the remains of Revenge, nearly 200 years to the day after it sank. Cannons from Revenge were salvaged by the U.S. Navy in 2017. Following the court-martial, <mask> was given a leave of absence from the Navy. On May 5, 1811, he married Elizabeth Champlin Mason of Newport, Rhode Island, whom he had met at a dance in 1807. They enjoyed an extended honeymoon touring New England. The couple would eventually have five children, with one dying in infancy.War of 1812

At the beginning of the War of 1812, the British Royal Navy controlled the Great Lakes, except for Lake Huron, while the United States Navy controlled Lake Champlain. The American naval forces were very small, allowing the British to make many advances in the Great Lakes and northern New York waterways. The roles played by commanders like <mask>, at Lake Erie and Isaac Chauncey at Lake Ontario and Thomas Macdonough at Lake Champlain all proved vital to the naval effort. Naval historian E. B. Potter noted that "all naval officers of the day made a special study of Nelson's battles". <mask> was no exception. At his request, he was given command of the American naval forces on Lake Erie during the war. Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton had charged prominent merchant seaman Daniel Dobbins with building the American fleet on Presque Isle Bay at Erie, Pennsylvania, and <mask> was named chief naval officer.<mask> knew battle was coming, and he "consciously followed Nelson's example in describing his battle plans to his captains." <mask>'s instructions were:

Hero of Lake Erie

On September 10, 1813, <mask>'s command fought a successful fleet action against a squadron of the Royal Navy in the Battle of Lake Erie. It was at the outset of this battle that <mask> famously said, "If a victory is to be gained, I will gain it." Initially, the exchange of gunfire favored the British. <mask>'s flagship, , was so severely disabled in the encounter that the British commander, Robert Heriot Barclay, thought that <mask> would surrender it, and sent a small boat to request that the American vessel pull down its flag. Faithful to the words of his battle flag, "DON'T GIVE UP THE SHIP" (a paraphrase of the dying words of Captain James Lawrence, the ship's namesake and <mask>'s friend), <mask>, with Lawrences chaplain and purser as the remaining able crew, personally fired the final salvo, and then had his men row him a half-mile (0.8 km) through heavy gunfire to transfer his command to . Once aboard, <mask> dispatched Niagara commander, Captain Jesse Elliott, to bring the other schooners into closer action while he steered Niagara toward the damaged British ships.Like Nelson's  at Trafalgar, Niagara broke the opposing line. <mask>'s force pounded Barclay's ships until they could offer no effective resistance and surrendered. Although he had won the battle aboard Niagara, he received the British surrender on the deck of the recaptured Lawrence to allow the British to see the terrible price his men had paid. <mask>'s battle report to General William Henry Harrison was famously brief: "We have met the enemy and they are ours; two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop." This was the first time in history that an entire British naval squadron had surrendered, and every captured ship was successfully returned to Presque Isle. Although the engagement was small compared to Napoleonic naval battles such as the Battle of Trafalgar, the victory had disproportionate strategic importance, opening Canada up to possible invasion, while simultaneously protecting the entire Ohio Valley. The loss of the British squadron directly led to the critical Battle of the Thames, the rout of British forces by Harrison's army, the deaths of Tecumseh and Roundhead, and the breakup of his Indian alliance.Along with the Battle of Plattsburgh, it was one of only two significant fleet victories of the war. In fact, <mask> was involved in nine battles that led to and followed the Battle of Lake Erie, and they all had a seminal impact. "What is often overlooked when studying <mask> is how his physical participation and brilliant strategic leadership influenced the outcomes of all nine Lake Erie military campaign victories:

 Capturing Fort George, Ontario in the Battle of Fort George; Destroying the British munitions at Olde Fort Erie (see Capture of Fort Erie); Rescuing five vessels from Black Rock; Building the Erie fleet; Getting the ships over the sandbar; Blocking British supplies for a month prior to battle; Planning the Thames invasion with General Harrison; Winning the Battle of Lake Erie; and Winning the Battle of Thames. The Battle Flag

"Don't give up the ship", a phrase repeated by Captain James Lawrence during his dying days after being wounded by enemy fire aboard the Chesapeake on June 1, 1813, became the battle cry of <mask> <mask>. <mask> learned of Lawrence's demise upon arrival at Presque Isle and commanded that Lawrence would be honored with the name of a brig, which would simply be called Lawrence. A battle flag would also be needed, and the words of <mask>'s good friend Lawrence would be just the battle cry suited for the coming days. A woman named Margaret Forster Steuart, resident of Erie Pennsylvania, wife of Army Captain Thomas Steuart and sister to Thomas Forster, both friends of <mask>'s, Forster being commander of the Erie Light Infantry that had guarded the fleet, was enlisted to make the battle flag.With the help of her two daughters, three nieces, and a cousin, she had the flag ready for <mask> within just a few days. As of July 2009, <mask>'s flag, Steuart's work, and Lawrence's dying words can still be seen today, as the flag has been placed on display in Bancroft Hall at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis. <mask> controversy

While Nelson had Collingwood, <mask> had Jesse Elliott, and was considerably less well served. Elliott, while serving with Isaac Chauncey at Lake Ontario, was tasked to augment <mask>'s squadron with 11 officers and 91 men, "and none were sent but the worst." Subsequently, detailed by Chauncey to command Niagara, Elliott stated "that if he could have foreseen that he himself should be sent to Lake Erie, his selections would have been different." Elliott then appropriated the "best of the worst" for Niagara; and <mask> "in the interest of harmony" accepted the situation, though with growing ill-will.In his initial post-action report, <mask> had praised Captain Elliott's role in the American victory at Lake Erie; and as news of the battle spread, <mask> and Elliott were both celebrated as national heroes. Soon after, however, several junior officers publicly criticized Elliott's performance during the battle, charging that Elliott allowed Lawrence to suffer the brunt of the British fire while holding Niagara back from the fight. William Vigneron Taylor, <mask>'s sailing master, in a letter to Taylor's wife, put it thus:

The meeting between Elliott and <mask> on the deck of Niagara was terse. Elliott inquired how the day was going. <mask> replied, "Badly." Elliott then volunteered to take <mask>'s small boat and rally the schooners, and <mask> acquiesced. As <mask> turned Niagara into the battle, Elliott was not aboard.Elliott's rejoinder to history's criticism of inaction was that there had been a lack of effective signaling. Charges were filed, but not officially acted upon. Attempting to restore his honor, Elliott and his supporters began a 30-year campaign that would outlive both men and ultimately leave his reputation in tatters. In <mask>'s report to Secretary of the Navy William Jones, written three days after the battle, he mentioned Elliott in what, at first, seem to be complimentary terms, but, when read carefully, betray his disdain for Elliott. <mask> wrote, "In this action he evinced his characteristic bravery and judgement; and, since the close of the action, has given me the most able and essential assistance." Congressional Gold Medal

On January 6, 1814, <mask> was honored with a Congressional Gold Medal, the Thanks of Congress, and a promotion to the rank of Captain. This was one of 27 Gold Medals authorized by Congress arising from the War of 1812.Elliott was also recognized with a Congressional Gold Medal and the Thanks of Congress for his actions in the battle. This recognition would prove to fan the flames of resentment on both sides of the <mask> controversy. In recognition of his victory at Lake Erie, in 1813 <mask> was elected as an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati. Later commands and controversies

In May 1814, <mask> took command of a squadron of seven gunboats based in Newport. He held this command for only two months as in July he was placed in command of , a 44-gun frigate which was under construction in Baltimore. While overseeing the outfitting of Java, <mask> participated in the defenses of Baltimore and Washington, D.C., during the British invasion of the Chesapeake Bay. In a twist of irony, these land battles would be the last time the career naval officer saw combat.The Treaty of Ghent was signed before Java could be put to sea. For <mask>, the post-war years were marred by controversies. In 1815, he commanded Java in the Mediterranean during the Second Barbary War. While moored in Naples, <mask> slapped the commander of the ship's Marines, Captain John Heath, whom <mask> considered incompetent and insubordinate. The ensuing court-martial found both men guilty, but levied only mild reprimands. After the crew returned home, Heath challenged <mask> to a pistol duel, which was fought on October 19, 1817, on the same field in Weehawken, New Jersey where Aaron Burr shot and killed Alexander Hamilton. Heath fired first and missed.<mask> declined to return fire, satisfying the Marine's honor. <mask>'s return from the Mediterranean also reignited the feud with Elliott. After an exchange of angry letters, Elliott challenged <mask> to a duel, which <mask> refused. (While it was normally considered cowardly to refuse a duel, <mask>'s stature as a hero was such that no one doubted his physical courage and few felt that <mask> had wrongly offended Elliott's honor.) He instead, on August 8, 1818, filed formal court-martial charges against Elliott. <mask> filed a total of six charges and twenty-one specifications including "conduct unbecoming an officer," and failure to "do his utmost to take or destroy the vessel of the enemy which it was his duty to encounter." Wishing to avoid a scandal between two decorated naval heroes, Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson and President James Monroe suppressed the matter by offering <mask> a diplomatic mission to South America in exchange for dropping his charges.This put an official end to the controversy, though it would continue to be debated for another quarter century. Mission to Venezuela and death
In 1818 <mask> purchased a large house on Washington Square in Newport which was built in 1750 for merchant Peter Buloid. The house remained in the <mask> family until 1865 and now serves as an antique bookstore. In 1819, <mask> sailed for the Orinoco River, Venezuela, aboard of the frigate  with the frigate  and the schooner , arriving on July 15 to discourage piracy, while still maintaining friendly relations with Republic of Venezuela and the Republic of Buenos Aires. Shifting his flag to USS Nonsuch, due to its shallower draft, <mask> sailed upriver to Angostura to negotiate an anti-piracy agreement with President Simón Bolívar. A favorable treaty was signed on August 11 with Vice-President Francisco Antonio Zea in the absence of Bolivar (who was engaged in the liberation of New Granada), but when the schooner started downriver, many of her crew, including <mask>, had been stricken with yellow fever. Despite the crew's efforts to reach Trinidad for medical assistance, the commodore died on board USS Nonsuch on August 23, 1819, his 34th birthday, as the ship entered the Gulf of Paria and was nearing Port of Spain.He was buried in Port of Spain with great honors while the

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Oliver Hazard Perry
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Christopher Raymond Perry
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 Nonsuchs crew acted as honor guard. His remains were later taken back to the United States in 1826 and interred in Newport, Rhode Island. Originally interred in the Old Common Burial Ground, his body was eventually moved to Newport's Island Cemetery. Family

<mask>'s parents were Christopher Raymond <mask> (1761–1818), who was also born in South Kingstown, Rhode Island, and Sarah Wallace Alexander (1763–1830). Through his mother, <mask> was a direct descendant of the uncle of Scottish nobleman and military leader William Wallace (d. 1305), whose life was the inspiration for the movie Braveheart. <mask> married Elizabeth Champlin Mason in 1811. They had five children, four of whom lived to maturity.They were:

 Brigadier General Christopher Grant Champlin <mask>, RIM (April 2, 1812 – April 5, 1854), commander of the Artillery Company of Newport from 1845-1854, m. Murial Frances Sergeant of Philadelphia (great-granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin); their daughter Margaret Mason <mask> married the artist John LaFarge;
 <mask> <mask> (February 23, 1813 – March 4, 1814), died in infancy;
 Lieutenant <mask> <mask>, Jr., USN (February 23, 1815 – August 20, 1878), m. 1) Elizabeth Ann Randolph (1816–1847) (Virginia Randolph family) and m. 2) Mary Ann Moseley;
 First Lieutenant Christopher Raymond <mask>, USA (June 29, 1816 – October 8, 1848), never married;
 Elizabeth Mason <mask>, m., as his 2nd wife, the Reverend Francis Vinton, rector of Trinity Episcopal Church in Newport. <mask>'s son Christopher Grant Champlin <mask> was a physician, and served as commander of the Artillery Company of Newport from April 1848 until his death in 1854. In May 1849 he was commissioned as a brigadier general in the Rhode Island Militia and given command of the 1st Brigade encompassing Newport and Bristol Counties. <mask>'s son <mask> <mask>, Jr. entered the Navy as a midshipman in 1829, rose to the rank of lieutenant and resigned in 1849. He served on the United States Exploring Expedition under Captain Charles Wilkes from 1839 to 1842. Although he is buried in the same cemetery as his parents, for unknown reasons, he is not buried in the same plot with his parents. <mask>'s son Christopher Raymond <mask> graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1842.He served during the Mexican War and fought at the Battle of Palo Alto on May 8, 1846, and at the Battle of Resaca-de‑la‑Palma on May 9, 1846. He died on active duty as a 1st lieutenant in 1848. His extended family's descendants include Commander John Rodgers, the second person to become a United States naval aviator, and well known civilian aviator Calbraith <mask>, the first person to fly an airplane—the Vin Fiz—across the United States. <mask>'s nephew by marriage, George Champlin Mason, Sr., was a noted architect and historian. <mask> <mask> Farge (December 19, 1901 – August 2, 1963), <mask>'s great-great-grandson and namesake, was an American writer and anthropologist, best known for his 1930 Pulitzer Prize–winning novel Laughing Boy. His great-grandnephew <mask> <mask> (November 12, 1858 – June 10, 1908) from Buffalo, NY was an American socialite and United States Representative from New York. <mask>'s great-grandniece, Ruth Black (November 1893 – September 3, 1964), married Gulf Oil executive Willard F. Jones.<mask> <mask> Morton (August 4, 1823 – November 1, 1877) (no relation)—the 14th Governor of Indiana, a famous Republican politician and U.S. Senator, who was a leader among the Radical Republican reconstructionists—was named in his honor. Dates of rank
 Midshipman – 7 April 1799
 Lieutenant – 15 January 1807
 Master Commandant – 28 August 1812
 Captain – 10 September 1813

Although <mask> is often referred to as "<mask>," it should be kept in mind that, prior to the American Civil War, commodore was not a rank in the U.S. Navy but, rather, the title of an officer in command of a squadron of two or more ships. <mask> first held the title of commodore when he took command of the Lake Erie squadron in 1813. Assignments
 Midshipman, USS General Greene – April 1799 to May 1801
 Acting Lieutenant, USS Adams – June 1802 to November 1803
 Second Lieutenant, USS Constellation – May 1804 to July 1805
 First Lieutenant, USS Nautilus – July 1805 to December 1805
 Acting Lieutenant, USS Constitution – December 1805 to c. July 1806
 Second Lieutenant, USS Essex – c. July 1806 to c. October 1806
 Officer in Charge of Gunboat construction in Newport and Westerly, RI – October 1806 to April 1809
 Commanding Officer, USS Revenge – April 1809 to January 1811
 Commanding Officer, Gunboat Squadron, Newport, RI – c. 1811 to January 1813
 Commanding Officer, Lake Erie Squadron – March 1813 to c. October 1813
 Commanding Officer, Gunboat squadron, Newport, RI – May 1814 to July 1814
 Commanding Officer, USS Java (under construction) – July 1814 to August 1815
 Commanding Officer, USS Java (in commission) – August 1815 to c. May 1817
 Senior Naval Officer, Newport, RI – c. May 1817 to May 1819
 Commanding Officer, Venezuelan diplomatic mission – June 1819 to August 1819 (deceased)

Note – Time gaps between assignments were probably in a "waiting orders" status. Geographical namesakes
Many locations, both in Rhode Island and near Lake Erie, are named in his honor, including:
Perry Traditional Academy, Pittsburgh, PA
 Perrysville Avenue (Old Rt. 19 connection), Pittsburgh, PA
 Perry North (Observatory Hill) and Perry South (Perry Hilltop) neighborhoods on the Northside section in the city of Pittsburgh, PA
 Oliver Hazard Perry Elementary School, Cleveland, OH
 Perry Elementary School, Erie, PA
 Commodore Perry School District, including Perry Township, Mercer County, Pennsylvania
 Oliver Hazard Perry Middle School, Providence, RI
 Training Ship Oliver Hazard Perry, Newport, RI
 All of the ten Perry counties in the U.S.
 Perryville and Perry County, Missouri
 The hamlet of Perrysburg and the surrounding township; and the Village of Perry, New York and the surrounding township,
 The city of Perry, Michigan in Perry Township
 The city of Perry, Georgia
 The town of Perry, Maine
 The village of Perry, Illinois
 The cities of Perrysburg, Perrysville, North Perry and Perry; Perrysburg Township; and Perry County, Ohio.The unincorporated hamlet of South Perry, in Perry Township, Hocking County, Ohio. Perry Township, between Canton and Massillon in Stark County, Ohio. The local high school is also named in his honor. The borough of Perryopolis and Oliver Township, within Perry County, and Oliver Township and Perry Township in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania. The village of Perryville in the town of South Kingstown, Rhode Island. The portion of U.S. Route 1 near Perryville is named the Commodore <mask> <mask> Highway. Perry Street in Newport is also named after him.The City of Hazard in Perry County, Kentucky. Perry County, Tennessee
 Perry Street, New York
 Fort Perry in Box Springs, Georgia

An eastbound service plaza along the Ohio Turnpike is named the Commodore Perry Service Plaza, located in Sandusky County, Ohio. Inn at Perry Cabin, St Michael’s, Maryland. 4 star Hotel. Also Stars restaurant 4 star. Purser’s pub. Exquisite resort as well as Links at Perry Cabin golf course.Monuments
The national monument commemorating <mask> is the <mask>'s Victory and International Peace Memorial at Put-In-Bay, Ohio. Its  tower, the world's most massive Doric column, was constructed by a multi-state commission between 1912 and 1915. Other monuments include:
 Memorial plaque, Trinity Episcopal Church, Newport, Rhode Island, dedicated by <mask>'s widow on August 23, 1855, the 36th anniversary of his death. Perry Monument, Public Square, Cleveland, Ohio, monument and statue by William Walcutt, dedicated on September 10, 1860, the 47th anniversary of the Battle of Lake Erie. Walcutt's marble statue was replaced with a bronze copy in 1929. The monument was relocated to Fort Huntington Park in 1991. Walcutt's marble <mask> statue is on long-term loan to the Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial.<mask> <mask> by William Greene Turner, Eisenhower Park, Newport, Rhode Island, dedicated September 10, 1885, the 72nd anniversary of the Battle of Lake Erie. <mask> <mask> by Charles Henry Niehaus, Front Park, Buffalo, New York, dedicated on September 25, 1916. Perry Monument, Perry Square, Erie, Pennsylvania, designed by Paul Philippe Cret, 1925, features a bronze copy after William Greene Turner's 1885 statue. <mask> <mask> Memorial Gateway, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, dedicated April 1925. Captain Henry E. Lackey, the United States Navy representative at the dedication, arrived aboard the newly commissioned light cruiser . Perry Monument at Misery Bay, Presque Isle State Park, Erie, Pennsylvania, dedicated in 1926. <mask> <mask> (bronze copy after William Walcutt), on the south front of the Rhode Island State House, Providence, Rhode Island, dedicated in 1928.Perry Monument, Perrysburg, Ohio, dedicated in 1997, features a bronze copy after William Walcutt's 1860 statue. The reverse of the 2013 "<mask>'s Victory" quarter shows William Walcutt's statue of <mask> (1860) with the Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial in the distance. The family farm in South Kingstown, where <mask> was probably born and later built a house, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. A larger than life portrait of <mask> hangs in the Executive Chamber of the Rhode Island State House. Paintings

 "Commodore <mask> <mask>" (1818-1828) by Gilbert Stuart and Jane Stuart, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. <mask>'s Victory on Lake Erie (1865) by William Henry Powell, Rotunda, Ohio Statehouse, Columbus. Dimensions: .Battle of Lake Erie (1873) by William Henry Powell, United States Capitol, Washington D.C. Dimensions: . Portrait of <mask> <mask> (1900), by Gari Melchers, Executive Chamber, Rhode Island State House. Battle of Lake Erie ( 1911) by Edward Percy Moran. Battle of Lake Erie, 10 September 1813. (1959) by Charles Robert Patterson and Howard B. French, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland. Documentary
In 2016, principal photography began on We Have Met the Enemy, a feature-length documentary produced by Lou Reda (Vietnam in HD, The Blue and the Gray), for a planned spring 2017 release. Eponymous ships
Commodore <mask> has been repeatedly honored with ships bearing his name., a sailing brig 1843–1865
 , an armed side-wheel ferry built in 1859 by Stack and Joyce, Williamsburg, New York and purchased by the Navy on October 2, 1861; and commissioned later in the month, Acting Master F. J. Thomas was in command
 , a  (1900–1919)
 , a  converted into a high-speed minesweeper and re-designated DMS–17 effective November 19, 1940. Served 1921–1944; sunk in Battle of Peleliu. , a Liberty ship. See List of Liberty ships (M–R). , a  (1945–1970)
 , a guided-missile frigate (1976–1997), and the s, of which it was a member, are named in his honor. The Navy built 51 of the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates, with the first going into service in 1977, and the last to be finally moth-balled in 2015. See also USS Perry.SSV <mask> <mask>, a Rhode Island Educational Foundation tall ship

See also

 The <mask> Family
 Jesse Elliot
 Matthew C. <mask>
 List of books about the War of 1812
 Bibliography of early American naval history

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

 , Book
  E'book
  E'book
 {{cite book |last1=Paullin |first1=Charles Edward |ref=Paullin |year=1918 |location=Cleveland, Ohio |publisher=The Raufin Club |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rH8TAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA205|title=The Battle of Lake Erie (a collection of documents, mainly those by <mask> <mask>) |access-date=August 18, 2011}}
 , Book
  Url

 , Book

 Further reading
 Axelrod, Alen; Phillips, Charles. The Macmillan Dictionary of Military Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1998.) p. 343. Bancroft, George, 1800–1891; Dyer, <mask>, 1824–1907. (1891) History of the battle of Lake Erie: and miscellaneous papers (New York: R. Bonner's sons) 292 pp. at American Library Association. Burges, Tristam (1770–1853) (1839) Battle of Lake Erie, with notices of Commodore Elliot's conduct in that engagement (Providence, Brown & Cady) at Internet Archive.Conners, William James, 1857–; Emerson, George Douglas. (1916) The Perrys victory centenary. Report of the <mask>’s victory centennial commission, state of New York (Albany, J. B. Lyon Company, Printers). Coles, Harry L; Borstin, Daniel J., eds. August 1966 The War of 1812 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) . Cooper, James Fenimore (1846) Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers Kingman Press and here  for American Library Association.Cooper, James Fenimore, History of the Navy (1839). Dillon, Richard. (1978) We have met the enemy: <mask> <mask>, wilderness commodore (New York: McGraw-Hill). .

 Dutton, Charles J. (1935) Oliver <mask> <mask> (New York: Longmans, Green and Co.) 308 pp. (Scholar's Bookshelf; First Edition. October 15, 2006)  . Downloadable resources regarding <mask> <mask>, American Library Association.Eaton, Joseph Giles (1847–1905) (1905) <mask>'s Victory on Lake Erie. Military Historical Society of Massachusetts (Boston, For the Society, by Houghton Mifflin) at American Library Association. Elliott, Jesse D. Address of Com. Jesse D. Elliot, U.S.N., Delivered in Washington County, Maryland, to His Early Companions at Their Request, on November 24, 1843 (Philadelphia: G.B. Zeiber & co., 1844) 137 pp. at Google books. Hickey, Donald R. (1990) The War of 1812: The Forgotten Conflict Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.National Historical Society Book Prize and American Military Institute Best Book Award. ; . Hickey, Donald R. (2006) Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) . Lyman, Olin H. (1905) Commodore <mask> <mask> and the War on the Lakes. Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell 1803–1848.(1915) Commodore <mask> <mask>: famous American naval hero, victor of the battle of Lake Erie, his life and achievements (Akron, Ohio: Superior Printing Co.) at Internet Archive. Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, 1803–1848 (1840) The life of Commodore <mask> <mask>. (New York, Harper) Volume 1, Volume 2. Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1840–1914)(1905) Sea Power in Its Relation to the War of 1812 (2 vols.) (Boston: Little Brown) American Library Association. , E'book

 Morton, Edward Payson (1869–1914) Lake Erie and the story of Commodore <mask> Chicago: Ainsworth & company Internet Archive digitized by Google. Niles, John Milton (Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books, 1830) The Life of <mask> <mask>. Reid, George. (1913) <mask> at Erie:how Captain Dobbins, Benjamin Fleming and others assisted him. (Erie, Pennsylvania: Journal publishing company). Skaggs, David Curtis; Altoff, Gerard T. Altoff A Signal Victory: The Lake Erie Campaign, 1812–1813 (Naval Institute Press), winner John Lyman Book Awards 1997. .

 Skaggs, David Curtis. <mask> Triumphant (April 2009 Volume 23, Number 2) Naval History Magazine United States Naval Institute. White, James T. (1895) p. 288.National Cyclopaedia of American Biography''. External links

 <mask> @ the National Park Service. <mask> @ the Naval Historical Center. <mask>'s account of the Battle of Lake Erie (See Further reading, Pauilin, supra.) The <mask> <mask> papers William L. Clements Library. "Log of the Battle of Lake Erie" by Sailing Master William Taylor. US Brig Niagara
 Commodore <mask> I.P.A.and Tasting guide, Commodore <mask> India Pale Ale by Great Lakes Brewing Co.

 Perry Monument, Buffalo Historical Markers and Monuments website. Correspondence of <mask> <mask> at Dartmouth Digital Library

1785 births
1819 deaths
19th-century American naval officers
United States Navy personnel of the War of 1812
Burials in Rhode Island
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
American people of English descent
People from Newport, Rhode Island
People from Rhode Island in the War of 1812
People from South Kingstown, Rhode Island
<mask>
United States Navy admirals
United States Navy commodores
United States Navy ship

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texts:
<mask> (May 27, 1813 – September 8, 1886), an early convert to the Latter Day Saint Movement, was a pioneer of the American West best remembered as a ringleader in the Mountain Meadows massacre. He was raised on a farm in New York, and became a Baptist at age 18, hoping to become a missionary in Burma. He educated himself, and found work as a schoolteacher. He converted to Mormonism and set out to convert others in his neighborhood, building up a branch with forty members. To escape religious persecution, his family (wife and infant daughter, parents, one brother and two sisters, all of whom had joined the church) arrived in Nauvoo, Illinois in July, 1842. He worked as a constable in Nauvoo, and was frequently asked to serve as a bodyguard for Joseph Smith. <mask> was the first member of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints to hear of the death of Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint Movement, when the messenger delivering the news of his assassination rode up to the Nauvoo Temple, which <mask> was guarding.He emigrated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) to Utah in 1847. In December, 1849 <mask> and fifty others were sent by Brigham Young to explore the mountains in southern Utah, about 300 miles south from Salt Lake City. Among these explorers were Parley P. Pratt and George A. Smith, who also established a winter home there. From 1850 to 1852, he was sent to England to learn iron making, and upon his return was placed in charge of purchasing and assembling supplies for thousands of new European converts to cross the plains. In 1853, he married two additional wives. Upon his return to Utah, he was appointed to the territorial legislature, and was the first mayor of Cedar City, Utah where he was a farmer. Mountain Meadows massacre

At the time of the Mountain Meadows massacre, <mask> was the Stake President over several Wards in the area.<mask> was in command of the Second Battalion, Tenth Regiment (or Iron County Militia), in which capacity he ordered the massacre of September 11, 1857, of the Baker-Fancher party of emigrants during the Utah War. The Baker-Fancher train was one of several emigrant trains traveling through the area on their way to California at the time. George A. Smith had come down to southern Utah settlements and given orders for residents to prepare for war with United States troops who were approaching Utah to replace Governor Brigham Young. <mask> promised Smith that the Tenth Regiment (of which <mask> was second-in-command) could accomplish the ambush and destruction of "invading" federal troops before the troops would be able to make their way down through the canyons into the valleys. Jacob Hamblin had just been called to be the new president of a mission to Utah's Native Indian tribes. Hamblin had been dispatched to escort Chief Tutsegavit and other southern Utah Paiute chiefs to Salt Lake City where they were to meet with Brigham Young. At this meeting, Young communicated to them the policy that if the natives assisted the Latter-day Saints in fighting the Americans, the tribes were to be granted all the cattle on the California trails.Meanwhile, militia in southern Utah were mustered to search the canyons for invading troops and assist natives raiding settlers' stock. Later in the afternoon of September 5:
at a meeting of the high council in Cedar City, a divisive and quarrelsome debate was held to discuss the recent troubles with the passing emigrant train. Those present - stake president <mask>, his counselor John Higbee, Bishop Klingensmith and high councilor Laban Morrill among others - generally agreed on the grievances they perceived in the company that had passed the previous Thursday. The cloud of war spreading over the territory prompted open debate of such extreme measures as attacking the train. Other, more moderate options were proposed. But there was no consensus on what action to take. Morrill extracted a promise that an express rider would be dispatched immediately for Great Salt Lake Valley to get directions from Brigham Young.On September 6, <mask> gave a speech in which he said, "I am prepared to feed to the Gentiles the same bread they fed to us. God being my helper, I will give the last ounce of strength and if need be my last drop of blood in defense of Zion." That evening, the extended families making the Baker-Fancher train set up their camp in Mountain Meadows. After a siege of the train by Paiutes and militiamen (some of whom were disguised as Natives) for four or five days, militiamen ceremoniously arrived at the scene without disguise and approached the embattled train. For reasons still unclear, the militia used a subterfuge of offering safe passage to the emigrants in exchange for the emigrants' disarming and turning their cattle over to the Paiutes—but after the emigrants were disarmed, militia members and Paiutes murdered all of the emigrant party except young children: about 120 slaughtered with seventeen children spared. Scholars still debate whether senior LDS Church leadership, including Brigham Young, directly instigated the massacre or if responsibility lies with the local leaders of southern Utah. Aftermath
Investigations were interrupted by the U.S. Civil War.Brigham Young removed <mask> and certain others of the conspirators from good standing (excommunicated them) from the LDS Church in 1870. By 1874, <mask> and eight others (John D. Lee, John M. Higbee, William H. Dame, Philip Klingensmith, William C. Stewart, Elliot Willden, Samuel Jukes, and George Adair, Jr.) were indicted. <mask> went into hiding with his son, <mask>, in Mormon outposts in southern Utah, Mexico, and Arizona. He remained a fugitive from federal authorities for the rest of his life. A reward of $500 each was posted for the capture of <mask>, Higbee and Stewart. Only John D. Lee ever stood trial. Lee was convicted and executed by firing squad on March 23, 1877.<mask> died September 8, 1886, in Thatcher, Arizona at the age of 73. Notes

References
. External links
 Sketch of <mask>'s life
 "Tragedy at Mountain Meadows", by Robert H. Briggs
Woolley, <mask> Parry. I Would to God: A Personal History of <mask>. Edited by <mask> <mask> and Janet Burton. Cedar City, UT: Southern Utah University Press, 2009. 1813 births
1886 deaths
19th-century American politicians
American leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Converts to Mormonism
Latter Day Saints from Illinois
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Members of the Utah Territorial Legislature
Mormon pioneers
Mountain Meadows Massacre
People excommunicated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
People from Iron County, Utah
People of the Utah War

masks:
Isaac Chauncey Haight
Haight
Haight
Haight
Haight
Haight
Haight
Haight
Haight
Haight
Haight
Haight
Haight
Caleb
Haight
Death Haight
Haight
Caroline Keturah
Isaac Haight
Blanche Cox
Clegg


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Sir <mask> (; 21 November 186312 May 1944) was a Cornish writer who published using the pseudonym Q. Although a prolific novelist, he is remembered mainly for the monumental publication The Oxford Book Of English Verse 1250–1900 (later extended to 1918) and for his literary criticism. He influenced many who never met him, including American writer Helene Hanff, author of 84, Charing Cross Road and its sequel, Q's Legacy. His Oxford Book of English Verse was a favourite of John Mortimer fictional character Horace Rumpole. Life

<mask> (d.1884), who was a noted physician, folklorist and historian  who married Mary Ford and lived at 63, Fore Street, Bodmin, until his death in 1884. Thomas was the product of the union of two ancient local families, the Quiller family and the Couch family.<mask> was the third in a line of intellectuals from the Couch family. His grandfather, Jonathan Couch, was an eminent naturalist, also a physician, historian, classicist, apothecary, and illustrator (particularly of fish). His younger sisters Florence Mabel and Lilian M. were also writers and folklorists. <mask>-Couch had two children. His son, Bevil Brian Quiller-Couch, was a war hero and poet, whose romantic letters to his fiancée, the poet May Wedderburn Cannan, were published in Tears of War. Kenneth Grahame inscribed a first edition of his The Wind in the Willows to <mask>'s daughter, Foy Felicia, attributing Quiller-Couch as the inspiration for the character Ratty. He was educated at Newton Abbot Proprietary College, at Clifton College, and Trinity College, Oxford, where he took a First in Classical Moderations (1884) and a Second in Greats (1886).From 1886 he was for a brief time a classical lecturer at Trinity. After some journalistic experience in London, mainly as a contributor to the Speaker, he settled in 1891 at Fowey in Cornwall. In Cornwall he was an active political worker for the Liberal Party. He was knighted in 1910, and in 1928 was made a Bard of the Cornish cultural society Gorseth Kernow, adopting the Bardic name Marghak Cough ('Red Knight'). He was Commodore of the Royal Fowey Yacht Club from 1911 until his death. He was president of the Village Drama Society which was based at Kelly House in Devon. Quiller-Couch died at home in May 1944, after being slightly injured by a jeep near his home in Cornwall in the preceding March during his daily walk to the Royal Fowey Yacht Club.He is buried in Fowey's parish church of St. Fimbarrus. World War I
Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry 10th Btn. (Cornwall Pioneers). The 10th was an unusual battalion, having been raised in March 1915, not by the War Office, but by the Mayor and citizens of Truro. It initially had only two officers – Colonel Dudley Acland Mills who had retired from the Royal Engineers six years earlier, and Couch, who was devoid of any military experience. Neither of them was paid. Their work in raising and training a battalion for war was remarkable by any standard, but their herculean efforts appears never to have been recognised by the military hierarchy.It must have been an enormous relief to these two gentlemen when the War Office took over the 10th Battalion on 24 August 1915. Literary and academic career

In 1887, while he was attending Oxford, he published Dead Man's Rock, a romance in the style of Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island, and later The Astonishing History of Troy Town (1888), a comic novel set in a fictionalised version of his home town of Fowey, and The Splendid Spur (1889). Quiller-Couch was well known for his story "The Rollcall of the Reef", based on the wreck of HMS Primrose during 1809 on the Cornish coast. He published during 1896 a series of critical articles, Adventures in Criticism, and in 1898 he published a completion of Robert Louis Stevenson's unfinished novel, St. Ives. From his Oxford time he was known as a writer of excellent verse. With the exception of the parodies entitled Green Bays (1893), his poetical work is contained in Poems and Ballads (1896). In 1895 he published an anthology from the 16th- and 17th-century English lyricists, The Golden Pomp, followed in 1900 by the Oxford Book of English Verse, 1250–1900.Later editions of this extended the period of concern to 1918 and it remained the leading general anthology of English verse until Helen Gardner's New Oxford Book of English Verse appeared in 1972. In 1910 he published The Sleeping Beauty and other Fairy Tales from the Old French. He was the author of a number of popular novels with Cornish settings (collected edition as 'Tales and Romances', 30 vols. 1928–29). He was appointed King Edward VII Professor of English Literature at the University of Cambridge in 1912, and retained the chair for the rest of his life. Simultaneously he was elected to a Fellowship of Jesus College, which he also held until his death. His inaugural lectures as the professor of English literature were published as the book On the Art of Writing.His rooms were on staircase C, First Court, and known as the 'Q-bicle'. He supervised the beginnings of the English Faculty there — an academic diplomat in a fractious community. He is sometimes regarded as the epitome of the school of English literary criticism later modified by his pupil F. R. Leavis. Alistair Cooke was a notable student of Quiller-Couch and Nick Clarke's semi-official biography of Cooke features Quiller-Couch prominently, noting that he was regarded by the Cambridge establishment as "rather eccentric" even by the university's standards. Quiller-Couch was a noted literary critic, publishing editions of some of Shakespeare's plays (in the New Shakespeare, published by Cambridge University Press, with Dover Wilson) and several critical works, including Studies in Literature (1918) and On the Art of Reading (1920). He edited a companion to his verse anthology: The Oxford Book of English Prose, which was published in 1923. He left his autobiography, Memories and Opinions, unfinished; it was nevertheless published in 1945.Legacy

His Book of English Verse is often quoted by John Mortimer's fictional character Horace Rumpole. Castle Dor, a re-telling of the Tristan and Iseult myth in modern circumstances, was left unfinished at Quiller-Couch's death and was completed many years later by Daphne du Maurier. As she wrote in the Sunday Telegraph in April 1962, she began the job with considerable trepidation, at the request of Quiller-Couch's daughter and "in memory of happy evenings long ago when 'Q' was host at Sunday supper". He features as a main character, played by Leo McKern, in the 1992 BBC television feature The Last Romantics. The story focuses on his relationship with his protégé, F. R. Leavis, and the students. His Cambridge inaugural lecture series, published as On the Art of Writing, is the source of the popular writers' adage "murder your darlings":

Works

Fiction

 Dead Man's Rock  (1887)
 The Astonishing History of Troy Town (1888)
 The Splendid Spur (1889)
 The Blue Pavilions (1891)
 The Delectable Duchy: Stories, Studies and Sketches (1893)
 I Saw Three Ships and Other Winter's Tales (1893)
 Wandering Heath: Stories, Studies, and Sketches (1895)
 Ia, A Love Story (1896)
 St Ives (1898), completing an unfinished novel by Robert Louis Stevenson. Noughts and Crosses: Stories, Studies and Sketches (1898)
 The Ship of Stars (1899)
 A Fowey Garland (1899)
 Old Fires and Profitable Ghosts (1900)
 The Westcotes (1902)
 The White Wolf and Other Fireside Tales (1902)
 Hetty Wesley (1903) (This was based on the life of the poet Mehetabel Wesley Wright.)The Adventures of Harry Revel (1903)
 Fort Amity (1904)
 The Shining Ferry (1905)
 Shakespeare's Christmas and Other Stories (1905)
 The Mayor of Troy (1906)
 Sir John Constantine (1906)
 Merry Garden and Other Stories (1907)
 Poison Island (1907)
 Major Vigoureaux (1907)
 True Tilda (1909)
 Corporal Sam and Other Stories (1910)
 Lady Good-for-Nothing: A Man's Portrait of a Woman (1910)Brother Copas (1911)Hocken and Hunken: A Tale of Troy (1912)
 My Best Book (1912)News from the Duchy (1913)Nicky-Nan, Reservist (1915)Mortallone and Aunt Trinidad: Tales of the Spanish Main (1917)Foe-Farrell: A Romance (1918)Castle Dor (1962) This novel was left unfinished at his death, and completed by Daphne Du Maurier. A collected edition of Q's fiction appeared as Tales and Romances (30 volumes, 1928–29). Verse

 Green Bays, Verses and Parodies (1893)
 Poems and Ballads (1896)
 The Vigil of Venus and Other Poems (1912)

Criticism and anthologies

 The Golden Pomp, a procession of English lyrics from Surrey to Shirley (1895)
 Adventures in Criticism (1896)
 Oxford Book of English Verse, 1250–1900 also online (1900)
 From a Cornish Window (1906)
  English Sonnets (Published in 1897, reprinted in 1910)
 The Sleeping Beauty and other Fairy Tales from the Old French (1910)
 The Oxford Book of Ballads (1911)
 In Powder and Crinoline: Old Fairy Tales Retold (1913)
 On the Art of Writing (1916)
 Notes on Shakespeare's Workmanship (1917)
 Studies in Literature First Series and Second Series (1918)
 On the Art of Reading (1920)
 The Oxford Book of Victorian Verse (1922)
 Oxford Book of English Prose (1923)

Autobiography

 Memories and Opinions (unfinished, published 1945)

References

Sources

 Brittain, Frederick, Arthur Quiller-Couch, a Biographical Study of Q (Cambridge: University Press, 1947)
 Quiller-Couch, A. T., Memories and Opinions (Unfinished; it was nevertheless published in 1945 though only the years up to 1887 are covered.) Rowse, A. L., Quiller-Couch: a Portrait of "Q" (1988)

Further reading

 Archer, William (1902). "A.T. Quiller-Cough." In: Poets of the Younger Generation.New York: John Lane, the Bodley Head, pp. 94–104. Joshi, S.T. (2004). "Sir <mask>-Couch': Ghosts and Scholars". In: The Evolution of the Weird Tale. New York: Hippocampus Press, pp.49–52. Mais, S.P.B. (1920). "'Q' as Critic." In: Books and their Writers.'' London: Grant Richards, pp. 200–230.External links

 On the Art of Writing

 The Warwickshire Avon by Sir <mask>-Couch New York : Harper & Bros.

 'Quiller-Couch Family Papers' at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. 'Quiller-Couch', dedicated website

Sir <mask>-Couch's The Legend of Sir Dinar audiobook with video at YouTube
Sir <mask>-Couch's The Legend of Sir Dinar audiobook at Libsyn

1863 births
1944 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Anthologists
Bards of Gorsedh Kernow
British literary critics
Burials in Cornwall
Novelists from Cornwall
Poets from Cornwall
Fellows of Jesus College, Cambridge
Knights Bachelor
People educated at Clifton College
People from Bodmin
Road incident deaths in England
Writers of style guides
People from Fowey
King Edward VII Professors of English Literature

masks: Arthur Quiller CouchThomas Quiller Couch


texts:
<mask> (September 10, 1886 – March 13, 1969) was an American modern and abstract expressionist painter. Childhood
<mask> was born Isadore Berlin to Jacob and Julia Berlin in 1886 in New York. The family name was originally Berlinsky. His father was from London. His mother from a small city in Northern Germany near the Polish border. <mask> grew up in New York City and London, the oldest of three children. His sister, Carrie, was born in 1890, his brother, David, in 1895.<mask> disliked the name Isadore, and stopped using it as soon as he could, when he left home at 16. He found it too painful to discuss his early years, and he refused to do so. Once on his own, he changed his name to <mask> Burlin. By 1911,  Harry had become H. and by 1915 it was gone altogether. <mask> had completely separated from his family and his past, and continued to be forward thinking his whole life. Artistic education
From 1900 to 1912, <mask> was a part-time student at the National Academy of Art and the Art Student's League. Travels
Burlin was able to travel in Europe in 1908 to 1909.He visited the southwest United States in 1910. The southwestern paintings he made on the trip to Santa Fe were shown in New York in 1911. The critical acclaim of this exhibition led to his invitation to participate in the Armory Show. Armory Show
Burlin was invited to participate in the 1913 69th Regiment Armory Show in New York, the first Modern art exhibition in the United States. This was the exhibit that brought the work of the European vanguard, such as Picasso, Manet, Monet, and Degas to the United States. Santa Fe
Burlin moved to Santa Fe in 1913 and painted there until 1920, while exhibiting his work in New York City. He painted portraits of Pueblo Indians, landscapes, and scenes of local daily life.These themes sold well in New York. <mask> was heavily influenced by the spirituality of the Pueblo Indians. Realist works gave way to experimentation with symbols and anthropomorphism. His work was shown at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts exhibition in 1919. First marriage
<mask> met Natalie Curtis (1875–1921), in 1914. <mask> married Natalie Curtis, in 1917. She was an ethnomusicologist working to preserve Native American Indian music in New Mexico.Natalie Curtis is best known for her 1907, "The Indians' Book". European artistic exile
<mask> and Natalie moved to Paris in 1921. Shortly after a successful presentation at a conference on ethnomusicology, Natalie was struck by a taxi on the street and killed. <mask> was devastated. He remained in France. In 1924, he married his second wife, Margarete (Margot) Koop. Margarete was the mother of his only child, Barbara, who was born in 1927.<mask> exhibited in New York, and in Paris. He studied European abstract painting styles, which influenced his increasingly socially concerned themes. Living in Europe for a decade may have contributed to Burlin's reception back home. It certainly gave him an opportunity to develop his style. His work was included in the New York Museum of Modern Art's Ninth Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture by Living Americans in 1930. Three of his paintings were shown:  Flowers, 1927, Horses in Stable, ca. 1928, and Hills and Houses.<mask> was not able to attend, however, since he was still in Paris. Return to the United States
In 1932, <mask>, his wife, and daughter moved back to the United States. They settled in New York, where <mask> lived for the rest of his life, when he was not traveling or working as an artist in residence. He worked as a member of the Federal Project of the Whitney Museum. <mask> was also among those who signed the call for the American Artist's Congress in 1936. In 1936, <mask> and Margarete divorced. <mask> married in 1937, to Helen Simonson.Second World War
<mask> used images from Greek mythology to paint commentary against the brutality of war. He was especially concerned with Jewish persecution. <mask>'s own abstract expressionist form crystallized. His key symbols begin to emerge. <mask> exhibited in the 1944 Art in Progress show. Abstract expressionism
<mask> begins to use abstract expressionism as a mode for personal expression. <mask> divorced his third wife in 1946 and married Margaret (Peggy) Timmerman in 1947.He and Margaret remained together for the rest of his life. <mask> was invited to be Artist in Residence at many universities and museums such as the University of Minnesota, Washington University in St. Louis, University of Colorado, University of Wyoming, USC, Union College of New York, and the University of Texas. Last days
In the 1950s, Burlin began to lose his sight. In the next ten years he underwent eight cornea implants. His despair at losing his sight was often a theme in his work. He painted, even at the times when he was declared legally blind. In a respite from the darkness, he painted The Series of Nine very near the end of his life.<mask> died in 1969. The nine final paintings, which summarize and celebrate the life of the painter were shown at the NY MOMA in 1971, and at the Pasadena Museum in 1972. Honors and awards
 1913 Art exhibited in the Armory Show
 1930 Included in the New York Museum of Modern Art's Ninth Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture by Living Americans
 1945 The artist's jury for the Pepsi-cola "Portrait of America" contest awarded <mask> first prize for his work titled the "Soda Jerker". The prize was to be $2500. But, Pepsi-cola chose another winner, and Burlin was not allowed to collect. 1959 One of three first prize winners of $1000 for Art USA: 59, New York, for "Rose, White, Uptight." 1962 First prize from the Pennsylvania Academy for "Red, Red, Not the Same II"
 1962 Listed as one of 102 Artists "To Wax Enthusiastic About" in Time Magazine, July 6, 1962.1963 <mask> mentioned in the 50th anniversary of the 1913 Armory Show. Retrospectives
 1962: The American Federation of Arts: Exhibitions in Philadelphia, Boston and New York, sponsored by the Ford Foundation Program in Humanities and the Arts
 1970-1971: The Museum of Modern Art, New York and the Pasadena Art Museum, Pasadena, California, Exhibition of The Last Nine

Public Collections
 Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Museum of Modern Art
 Whitney Museum of American Art
 New Mexico Museum of Art

References

 "102 Artists to Wax Enthusiastic About". Time Magazine. July 6, 1962. Filreis, Alan. "Beyond The Rhetorician's Touch": Stevens's Painterly Astractions, American Literary History, Spring 1992, pp. 230–63.Myers, Bernard: The Painting of <mask>, "Perspectives". Washington University: St. Louis, Spring 1954. HIS: Armory Show Veteran at Alan Gallery. "Art News", 57:11, February 1958. "Unprized Prizewinner". Time Magazine. Dec. 31, 1945.Wedell, Eugene. "<mask> Burlin Catalog", Burlin Art Trust, 2008. Whitney, George. Abrupt Ending: The Work of <mask>. Arts. Sept. 1981, p. 97. External links

 Library listing for <mask>urlin papers including letters, sketchbooks and interviews
 Burlin painting
 Painting at Washington University from <mask>’s time as artist in residence
 List of 102 Artists, including Burlin, “To Wax Enthusiastic About”
 “Unprized Prizewinner” article about Burlin’s Soda Jerker
 Provincetown, MA Art Association and Museum permanent collection
 New York Times article, Art: <mask>, A Case Of December Flowering, September 11, 1981
Smithsonian archives of American art
 Art Student’s League list of past instructors, <mask>urlin
 Article about Modernism in Santa Fe
 Burlin Quote on Abstract painting
 Duchamp’s 1963 speech about the painters included in the 1913 show
 Website dedicated to Natalie Curtis, a groundbreaking musicologist and Burlin’s first wife
 Alice Klauber’s account which includes <mask> and Natalie Burlin’s years in Paris for 12 years beginning in 1921
 Natalie Curtis Burlin article
 Dissertation on Natalie Curtis Burlin
 Works at New Mexico Museum of Art

1886 births
1969 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Abstract expressionist artists
Art Students League of New York alumni
Artists from New York City
Artists from Santa Fe, New Mexico
Painters from New Mexico

masks:
Paul Burlin
Paul Burlin
Paul
Paul
Harry Paul
Paul
Burlin
Burlin
Paul Blin
Burlin
Paul
Paul
Paul
Burlin
Paul
Paul
Paul Burlin
Paul
Paul
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Paul B
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Paul B
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texts:
<mask>  (July 29, 1938August 7, 2005) was a Canadian-American television journalist who served as the sole anchor of ABC World News Tonight from 1983 until his death from lung cancer in 2005. He dropped out of high school, yet he transformed himself into one of American television's most prominent journalists. <mask> started his career early, hosting a Canadian radio show at age 9. He began his professional career with CJOH-TV in Ottawa during its early years, anchoring the local newscasts and hosting the teen dance show Saturday Date on Saturdays. In 1965, ABC News tapped him to anchor its flagship evening news program. Critics and others in the television news business attacked his inexperience, making his job difficult. He became a foreign correspondent in 1968, reporting from the Middle East.<mask> returned as one of World News Tonight three anchormen in 1978, and he was promoted to sole anchorman in 1983. He was also known for his marathon coverage of breaking news stories, staying on the air for 15 hours or more to anchor the live broadcast of events such as the Gulf War in 1991, the millennium celebrations in 1999-2000, and the September 11 attacks in 2001. In addition to anchoring, he was the host of many ABC News special reports and moderated several American presidential debates. He was always fascinated with the United States and became an American citizen in 2003. <mask> was one of the "Big Three" news anchormen, along with Tom Brokaw of NBC and Dan Rather of CBS, who dominated American evening network news from the early 1980s until his death in 2005, which closely followed the retirements from anchoring evening news programs of Brokaw in 2004 and Rather in 2005. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born on July 29, 1938, in Toronto, Ontario; he and his younger sister Sarah were children of Elizabeth (née Osborne) and <mask>, a prominent radio broadcaster for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). <mask> started his broadcasting career at the age of nine, hosting Peter's People, a half-hour, Saturday morning, CBC Radio show for kids.His father was on a business trip to the Middle East when the show debuted; upon returning, <mask>, who harbored a deep dislike of nepotism, was outraged to learn that the network had put his son on the air. When <mask> was 11 he began attending Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario, where he excelled in sports. After the CBC moved his father to its Ottawa headquarters in the early 1950s, <mask> transferred to Lisgar Collegiate Institute. He struggled academically, and <mask> later surmised that it was out of "pure boredom" that he failed 10th grade and dropped out. "I loved girls," he said. "I loved comic books. And for reasons I don't understand, I was pretty lazy."<mask> then briefly attended Carleton University, where he says he "lasted about 10 minutes" before dropping out. He also attended the University of Ottawa. Although <mask> dreamed of following in his father's footsteps in broadcasting, his first job was as a bank teller for the Royal Bank of Canada. He had hoped that the company would assign him to its Havana branch; instead, it located him to the small town of Prescott, Ontario, before transferring him to its nearby Brockville branch. During this time, he explored acting by appearing in several amateur musical productions with the Orpheus Musical Theatre Society, including Damn Yankees and South Pacific. It was in Brockville that the 21-year-old <mask> started his rise in broadcasting. In 1959, CFJR, a local radio station, hired him as a member of its news department; many of his stories were picked up by the CBC.By 1961, <mask> had joined the staff of CJOH-TV, then a new television station in Ottawa. When the station launched in March 1961, <mask> was initially an interviewer and co-producer for Vue, a late-night news program. His producers saw a youthful attractiveness in him that resembled that of Dick Clark, and <mask> soon found himself hosting Club Thirteen, a dance show similar to American Bandstand. The next year, CTV, Canada's first private TV network and a fledgling competitor of his father's network, hired the 24-year-old <mask> as co-anchor of its late-night national newscast. While reporting for CTV, he was the first Canadian journalist to arrive in Dallas after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In 1964, CTV sent <mask> to cover the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey. There, he ran into Elmer Lower, then president of ABC News, who offered him a job as a correspondent for the American network, an opportunity <mask> initially rejected."The job was pretty intimidating for a guy like me in a tiny city in Canada," <mask> later recalled. "I thought, What if I screw up? What if I fail?" Three months later though, he changed his mind and moved to the United States. United States' youngest anchor

<mask> started reporting for ABC at its New York news bureau. At the time, ABC lagged behind the more established news divisions of NBC and CBS, and the network was trying to attract younger viewers. On February 1, 1965, ABC plucked the fresh-faced Canadian from the field and placed him at the anchor desk of <mask> With the News, then a 15-minute nightly newscast.He replaced Ron Cochran, a fellow Canadian. At 26, <mask> was, and remains, the youngest-ever U.S. network news anchor. "ABC was in bad shape at the time," <mask> said. "They were willing to try anything, and, to demonstrate the point, they tried me." An inexperienced <mask> had a hard time keeping up with his rivals at the other networks, and he – and the upstart ABC News – could not compete with the venerable newscasts of Walter Cronkite at CBS and Chet Huntley and David Brinkley at NBC. Some in the American audience disliked <mask>'s Canadian accent. He pronounced lieutenant as "leftenant", mangled the pronunciation of "Appomattox", and misidentified the "Marines' Hymn" as "Anchors Aweigh" at Lyndon B. Johnson's presidential inauguration; his lack of in-depth knowledge of American affairs and culture led critics to deride <mask> as a "glamorcaster"."It was a little ridiculous when you think about it," he later reflected. "A 26-year-old trying to compete with Cronkite, Huntley and Brinkley. I was simply unqualified." After three rocky years at the anchor desk, <mask> quit to become a foreign correspondent. Foreign correspondent
<mask> attempted to build his journalism credentials abroad. In 1968, he established ABC's Middle East bureau in Beirut, Lebanon, the first American television news bureau in the Arab world. The next year, he demonstrated his growing sympathies regarding Middle Eastern affairs with Palestine: New State of Mind, a half-hour documentary for ABC's Now news program.As ABC's Beirut bureau chief, <mask> favored the Arab cause in the Arab–Israeli conflict, including the rise of the Palestinian Black September Organization during the early 1970s. He conducted the first American television interview with Palestine Liberation Organization chairman Yasser Arafat. While stationed in the Lebanese capital, <mask> dated Palestinian activist Hanan Ashrawi, who was then a graduate student in literature at the American University in Beirut. In 1972, <mask> covered his first major breaking news story, the Munich Olympics massacre of Israeli athletes by Black September. His live reporting, which drew on the sympathy he had acquired for the Arab world, sought to influence Americans who were critical of the Palestinian group. By hiding with his camera crew close to the athletic compound where the Israeli athletes were being held hostage, <mask> was able to provide ABC with clear video of the masked hostage-takers. He would later be criticized for insisting on using the terms "guerillas" and "commandos" instead of "terrorists" to describe the members of Black September.After events in Munich, <mask> continued to report on Middle East issues. In 1973, he covered the Yom Kippur War, and the following year, he served as chief correspondent and co-producer of Sadat: Action Biography, a profile of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat that would win him his first of two George Foster Peabody Awards. The documentary established <mask> as Sadat's favorite correspondent. That year, <mask> married for the second time, to Anouchka Malouf, a Lebanese photographer. His first wife was childhood sweetheart Valerie Godsoe. <mask> returned to the U.S. at the end of 1974 to become Washington correspondent and news anchor for ABC's new morning program AM America, a predecessor to Good Morning America. ABC was hoping that the show, in which it had invested US$8 million, would challenge NBC's highly popular Today.AM America debuted on January 6, 1975, with <mask> delivering regular newscasts from Washington. The show never gained ground against Today, and was canceled in just ten months. In November 1975, <mask> moved abroad, this time as ABC's chief foreign correspondent. He continued to cover the Middle East, and in 1978 he was the first North American reporter to interview the Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran, then in exile in Paris. Meanwhile, ABC News and its newly installed president, Roone Arledge, were preparing an overhaul of its nightly news program, which was then known as ABC Evening News and whose ratings had languished in third place behind CBS and NBC since its inception. In the late 1970s, a disastrous pairing of Harry Reasoner and Barbara Walters at the anchor desk left the network searching for new ideas. Arledge decided to implement a three-anchor format for the program.On July 10, 1978, World News Tonight debuted with Frank Reynolds in Washington, Max Robinson in Chicago, and <mask> in London. <mask>'s official title was "Foreign Desk Anchor," although he continued to serve as the network's chief foreign correspondent. By mid-1979, the broadcast, which featured some of the same glitzy presentation as Arledge's previous television show，Wide World of Sports, had climbed in the ratings. The newscast had gained 1.9 million households from its debut, and was now in a dead heat with NBC's evening newscast. In 1979, <mask> married for the third time to fellow ABC correspondent Kati Marton. That same year, he became a father when Marton gave birth to their daughter, Elizabeth. In 1982, <mask>' and Marton's second child, Christopher, was born.As part of ABC's triumvirate, <mask> continued to cover major international news, especially Middle East issues. His nightly appearance at an anchor desk in London convinced some viewers that ABC News was more dedicated to foreign news than the other networks. <mask> reported on the Iranian Revolution and subsequent hostage crisis, the assassination of Sadat, the Falklands War, Israel's 1982 conflict with the Palestine Liberation Organization in Lebanon, and Pope John Paul II's 1983 visit to Poland. His insistence on covering the major international stories himself irked some of his fellow ABC foreign correspondents, who came to resent being scooped by what they deemed as "<mask>' Flying Circus." <mask>, too, was not completely satisfied with his job in London. When his contract expired with ABC in the early 1980s, <mask> flirted with the possibility of moving back to Canada and working with the CBC on its new nightly newscast, The Journal. The CBC could not meet <mask>' renegotiation demands，though, and the deal fell through.Sole anchor
In 1983, Reynolds fell ill with multiple myeloma, a type of blood cancer that often attacks the bones, and was forced to stop anchoring in April. His absence caused a dip in the ratings for ABC's nightly newscast. ABC originally expected a full recovery, and relocated <mask> to its Washington bureau to fill in for Reynolds while he was sick; the move helped buoy the newscast's ratings, though it remained in third place. On July 20, 1983, Reynolds died unexpectedly after developing acute hepatitis. On August 9, 1983, ABC announced that <mask> had signed a four-year contract with the network and would become the sole anchor and senior editor for World News Tonight on September 5. <mask> would anchor the program from New York City, the program's new base of operations. The announcement signaled a generational shift in the evening news broadcasts, and the beginning of what the media would deem the "Big Three" era of <mask>, Dan Rather of CBS, and Tom Brokaw of NBC.Rather had already been elevated to anchor in 1981 after the retirement of Walter Cronkite, and Brokaw of NBC Nightly News was set to become sole anchor the same day as <mask>. At the time, <mask> expressed apprehension that the impending competition among the three newsmen was at risk of becoming superficial. "With me, Brokaw and Rather, I recognize that there will be the factor of three pretty faces," he said. "That's an inevitable byproduct of television. But if that is what it comes down to in terms of the approach we take, if our approach is that singular, then we will all have made a mistake." <mask>' debut on September 5, 1983, marked the beginning of a steady climb in the ratings for ABC News. He spent his first year at the anchor desk educating himself on American domestic affairs in preparation for the 1984 presidential campaign season.In June 1984, <mask>, who later admitted that his political knowledge was limited at the time, co-anchored ABC's coverage of the Democratic National Convention with David Brinkley. "I had not covered an election campaign in 16 years," <mask> said, "so here was I going to co-anchor with David Brinkley in 1984, and he wasn't even sure I knew who the faces belonged to, and he was right." <mask> and ABC were criticized for suddenly halting coverage of the convention for 30 minutes and airing a rerun of Hart to Hart instead. Despite a shaky start at the anchor desk, <mask>'s broadcast began to climb in the ratings. <mask> was praised for his performance during the

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 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, when he anchored ABC's coverage of the event for 11 straight hours. By 1989, competition among the three nightly newscasts had risen to fever pitch. When the Loma Prieta earthquake struck the San Francisco Bay area, media pundits praised <mask> and ABC News for their prompt on-air response, while criticizing the delayed reaction of Tom Brokaw and NBC News.The next month, Brokaw redeemed himself by scooping the other networks with news of the fall of the Berlin Wall. It was World News Tonight, however, that ended the year at the top; ABC's evening newscast spent the last 13 weeks of the year in first place, and its average ratings for the entire year beat CBS for the first time. <mask>'s on-air success continued in 1990, and World News Tonight consistently led the ratings race. In January, he anchored the first installment of <mask> Reporting—hour-long, prime-time ABC News specials dedicated to exploring a single topic. His inaugural program on gun violence in America drew praise. His second installment of <mask> Reporting in April, "From the Killing Fields", focused on U.S. policy towards Cambodia. The program alleged that the federal government was covertly supporting the Khmer Rouge's return to power in the Asian nation, a charge that the Bush administration initially denied.On July 18, the White House announced that it was ending recognition of the Khmer Rouge. When the Gulf War started on January 17, 1991, <mask> began a marathon anchoring stint to cover the story, spending 20 of the first 48 hours of the war on-air, and leading ABC News to its highest-ever ratings. After interrupting regular Saturday morning cartoons on January 19 to broadcast a military briefing from Saudi Arabia, <mask> and ABC became concerned about the emotional impact of the war coverage on children. Out of that concern, <mask> hosted a 90-minute special, War in the Gulf: Answering Children's Questions the next Saturday morning; the program featured <mask>, ABC correspondents, and American military personnel answering phoned-in questions and explaining the war to young viewers. On October 12, 1991, breaking news forced ABC News to interrupt regular Saturday morning programming again. <mask> was once again mindful of his audience, prefacing the coverage of the Senate confirmation hearings for Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas with remarks for children. "You may hear some not very nice language," said <mask>.He noted that Thomas and his accuser, Anita Hill, "have a very painful disagreement about some things the woman says the man did to her when they were working together. ... You can ask your parents to tell you more." <mask> continued to produce special programs aimed at young viewers, anchoring Growing Up in the Age of AIDS, a frank, 90-minute-long discussion on AIDS in February 1992; and Prejudice: Answering Children's Questions, a forum on racism in April 1992. Politics dominated network news in 1992. <mask> moderated the final debate among the Democratic presidential candidates in March, and anchored <mask> Reporting: Who Is Ross Perot? and a subsequent 90-minute town forum with Perot and a studio audience in June. On September 9, 1992, ABC announced that it would be switching the format of its political coverage to give less recognition to staged sound bites."We're aware that a lot of you are turned off by the political process and that many of you put at least some of the blame on us," <mask> told viewers on World News Tonight. "We'll only devote time to a candidate's daily routine if it is more than routine. There will be less attention to staged appearances and sound bites designed exclusively for television." After Bill Clinton was elected as president in November 1992, <mask> featured the new administration in two of his specials for children; he anchored President Clinton: Answering Children's Questions in February 1993; and Kids in the Crossfire: Violence in America in November 1993, a live special from a Washington, DC, junior high school which featured Attorney General Janet Reno and rapper MC Lyte. The early 1990s also served up a series of difficult experiences and public embarrassment for <mask>. On August 13, 1993, <mask> and Kati Marton publicly announced their separation in Newsday. The couple had previously split in 1987 for four months after <mask> found out that Marton was having an affair with Washington Post columnist Richard Cohen.In January 1994, he locked horns with his executive producer on World News Tonight, Emily Rooney. The public firing of Rooney made national headlines, and put <mask> on the defensive. With the rise of media watchdog groups, such as the conservative Media Research Center (MRC), <mask> came under increasing scrutiny for what some observers deemed a liberal bias. He was strongly criticized by conservatives, such as the MRC and Cal Thomas, for his November 14, 1994, remarks on ABC Radio, in which he analyzed the results of the 1994 U.S. midterm elections. "Some thoughts on those angry voters. Ask parents of any two-year-old and they can tell you about those temper tantrums: the stomping feet, the rolling eyes, the screaming," said <mask>. "Imagine a nation full of uncontrolled two-year-old rage.The voters had a temper tantrum last week....Parenting and governing don't have to be dirty words: the nation can't be run by an angry two-year-old." Despite winning a Peabody Award, <mask> Reporting: Hiroshima: Why the Bomb Was Dropped, which aired on July 27, 1995 a week before the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, also drew scorn. Reviewing the show for The Washington Post, Ken Ringle called it "an ingenue's stroll down the narrow tunnels of academic revisionism" that "purports to discover a post-World War II coverup -- a smoke screen designed to refute any suggestion that the Hiroshima bombing was anything but a military necessity." The conservative Media Research Center called the show "a one-sided version of revisionist history" for suggesting "the U.S. dropped the bomb not to save lives, but to play a cynical Cold War game of intimidating the Soviets." Some viewers of the documentary mailed bus fares to <mask>, telling him to return to Canada. <mask> pleased some conservatives though, after his three-year lobbying effort to create a full-time religion correspondent at ABC News succeeded in the hiring of Peggy Wehmeyer in January 1994, making her the first such network reporter. ABC increased its coverage of religious topics, and in March 1995, <mask> anchored <mask> Reporting: In the Name of God, a well-received documentary on the changing nature of American churches.At a taping of a "town meeting" segment for KOMO-TV of Seattle in February 1995, <mask> expressed regret for his ABC radio remarks on the 1994 midterm elections. "People thought I had insulted their sacred mandate and some thought I should go back to Canada," he said. "I hope I don't make that mistake again." During the mid-1990s, some television critics praised <mask> for his insistence on not letting the O. J. Simpson murder case swamp the newscast. Instead, <mask> devoted his energies to covering the Bosnian War, anchoring three hour-long prime time specials on the subject and one Saturday-morning special aimed at children. ABC dedicated more time to covering the conflict than any other network from 1992 to 1996. <mask> received the Goldsmith Career Award for Excellence in Journalism from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, in large part for his passion for the story.<mask> was also credited for raising the profile in the U.S. of another international story, the 1995 Quebec referendum. Some members of the Canadian press in particular raved about his in-depth coverage of the issue, and he was the only anchor to broadcast from Canada on the eve of the referendum. Despite these critical successes, in 1996, World News Tonight started gradually slipping in the ratings race. Bolstered by strong viewership of its coverage of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games and heavy coverage of O.J. Simpson's trial, NBC's Nightly News overtook the ABC newscast for two weeks in late July and early September. This short bump provided momentum for NBC, which started making steady gains in the ratings. Worried, <mask> and ABC decided to cut back on international reporting and give more air time to "soft stories", in an effort to emulate the success of Nightly News.The changes provoked a backlash from regular viewers, and ratings plummeted. "We did very badly with it," <mask> said. "The audience kicked us in the teeth." Although changes were made to World News Tonight to restore its commitment to major issues and stop the hemorrhaging, Nightly News ended 1997 as the number-one evening newscast. The slide in the ratings coincided with some rockiness at ABC News. The company scrapped plans to develop a cable news channel. On May 29, 1998, David Westin succeeded Roone Arledge as president of ABC News.Both denied that the disappointing ratings performance of World News Tonight contributed to the decision. A 24-hour strike by the National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians disrupted ABC's coverage of 1998's November elections after talks between the union and ABC broke down. Several Democratic candidates denied interviews to support the union. None of the shake-ups helped <mask> retake the nightly ratings crown, but World News Tonight still offered stiff competition at second place. As the millennium approached, <mask> and the network started preparing for extensive retrospectives of the 20th century. The anchor teamed with former Life magazine journalist Todd Brewster to pen The Century, a 606-page book on 20th-century America. Designed as a companion book for ABC's upcoming documentary series of the same name, the book topped The New York Times Best Seller list in December 1998, a month after it debuted.On March 29, 1999, <mask> anchored the first installment of ABC's 12-hour miniseries, The Century; production on the monumental project started in 1990, and by the time it aired, it had cost the network US$25 million. <mask> also anchored a longer, 15-hour version, The Century: America's Time, on the History Channel in April 1999. On December 31, 1999, <mask> was on the air for 23 straight hours to anchor ABC 2000 Today, ABC's massive millennium eve special. An estimated 175 million people tuned into at least a portion of the program. <mask>'s American prime-time audience, an estimated 18.6 million viewers, easily outpaced the millennium coverage of rival networks. Television critics praised the program, and described the anchor as "superhuman". Although production costs totaled a hefty $11 million (compared with $2 million each for NBC's and CBS's millennium projects), ABC managed to make a profit of $5 million.The success of the program, though, failed to transfer into any lasting change in the viewership of World News Tonight; ABC's evening newscast spent the first week of January as ratings leader, before dropping back to second place. With another presidential election taking place in 2000, <mask> had some more political reporting duties that year. On January 5, <mask> moderated the Democratic primary debate, held at the University of New Hampshire. He hosted the primetime news special The Dark Horizon: India, Pakistan, and the Bomb, which ABC broadcast on March 22, as then-President Clinton began his trip to the region. <mask> was the only American news anchor to travel to India for Clinton's trip. Paul A. Slavin became the new executive producer for World News Tonight in April. September 11
<mask> anchored ABC's coverage of the September 11 attacks for 17 straight hours, an effort described as "Herculean" by television critics.Like other network news anchors, he was widely praised for guiding Americans through the disaster. At one point, <mask> broke his composure after receiving phone calls from his children. "We do not very often make recommendations for people's behavior from this chair," he said, "but...if you're a parent, you've got a kid in some other part of the country, call them up. Exchange observations." His coverage was not without controversy. <mask> was criticized by Rush Limbaugh among others for commenting about President George W. Bush on-air: "Where is the president of the United States? ...I know we don't know where he is, but pretty soon the country needs to know where he is." ABC was flooded with more than 10,000 angry phone calls and e-mails. On September 13, <mask> received more criticism — this time for hosting a forum for Middle East experts that included Palestinian Authority negotiator Hanan Ashrawi. In mid-2002, <mask> and ABC refused to allow Toby Keith to open their coverage of July 4 celebrations with "Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue (The Angry American)", prompting criticism from Keith and country music fans, who highlighted the anchor's Canadian citizenship. The events of September 11 added new meaning to In Search of America, the project <mask> and Brewster started after the success of their previous collaboration. The two began writing the book in early 2001; after the terrorist attacks, they revisited many of the people they had interviewed to see how the events had affected them. To promote the book, the anchor and World News Tonight started a 50-state tour of the United States in April 2002 as part of a yearlong project, 50 States/One Nation/One Year.<mask> also anchored a six-part television series in September 2002, which featured the same name as the book. Despite the success of the TV series and heavy promotion by the book's publisher, In Search of America failed to generate much interest or sales. <mask>'s work on In Search of America and the September 11 attacks contributed to his decision in 2003 to become a dual citizen of Canada and the United States. "I think that

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