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<mask>  (born 2 August 1953) is a British educator and contemporary historian. As an author, he is known in part for his political biographies of Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, David Cameron and Theresa May. He was the 13th Master (headmaster) of Wellington College, one of Britain's co-educational independent boarding schools. He was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Buckingham from 2015 to 2020, when he was succeeded by James Tooley. In 2009, he set up The Wellington Academy, the first state school to carry the name of its founding independent school. Before that, he was head of Brighton College. <mask> is the author or editor of more than 35 books on contemporary history, politics and education.He was the co-founder and first director of the Centre for Contemporary British History, is the co-founder of Action for Happiness, is a governor of the Royal Shakespeare Company, and is on the board of a number of charities and educational bodies. He is also both honorary historical adviser to 10 Downing Street and a member of the First World War Centenary Culture Committee. <mask> was knighted in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to education and modern political history. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Stepney, the youngest son of economist <mask>, who co-founded the Institute of Economic Affairs and directed academic affairs at the think tank for 30 years. His father was the child of Jewish immigrants who fled anti-semitic pogroms in Russia. <mask> was educated first at Bickley Park School, then Tonbridge School, followed by Worcester College, Oxford, where he received a BA degree in Politics, Philosophy and Economics. He then obtained a PhD degree in Economics at the London School of Economics in 1981.He also has an MBA degree from the Polytechnic of Central London. He qualified as a schoolteacher at King's College London. <mask>'s first teaching appointment was at Whitgift School in Croydon in 1983, where he was Head of Politics and taught in the Sixth Form. In 1989 he returned to his old school, Tonbridge, and became Head of History and General Studies. In 1993 he was appointed Deputy Headmaster and, ultimately, Acting Headmaster of St Dunstan's College in London. He then became Headmaster of Brighton College from September 1997 until he joined Wellington College in January 2006 as its 13th Master. He became Executive Principal at The Wellington Academy (a separate school) in 2013.He took a three-month sabbatical from January to March 2014 (leaving Wellington to be run in the interim by his Second Master, Robin Dyer, who as Acting Master, stated it would be "business as usual"). Dr <mask> announced on 23 April 2014 that he would be leaving Wellington College in the summer of 2015, after nearly ten years as the 13th Master. In September 2015, he replaced Terence Kealey as Vice-Chancellor of University of Buckingham, the first private university in Britain. History, politics and other writing
<mask>'s books include Churchill's Indian Summer (1981), which won a Best First Work Prize; Major, A Political Life (1997); The Powers Behind the Prime Minister (1999) co-written with Professor Dennis Kavanagh; 10 Downing Street: The Illustrated History (2000); The Foreign Office: The Illustrated History Of The Place And Its People (2001); Blair (2004); Blair Unbound (2007), Trust (2009); Brown at 10 (2010) with Guy Lodge; Public Schools and The Great War (2013) with David Walsh; The Architecture of Diplomacy: The British Ambassador's Residence in Washington (2014) with Daniel Collings; and Cameron at 10 (2015) with Peter Snowdon. He has edited many books, including the series The Thatcher Effect (1989); The Major Effect (1994); The Blair Effect (2001); The Blair Effect 2001–2005 (2005); Blair's Britain (2007); and The Cameron Effect (2015) with Dr Mike Finn. Other edited books include Ruling Performance, with Professor Peter Hennessy and Conservative Century, with Professor Stuart Ball. He has written a number of booklets on education, including Private and Public Education: The Divide Must End (2000); Partnership not Paternalism (2001); An End To Factory Schools (2010); The Politics of Optimism (2012); and School United (2014).His 2011 Cass Lecture was published as 'Why Schools? Why Universities?' He also founded two journals, Contemporary British History (as Contemporary Record) and Twentieth Century British History. During his time at Brighton College, <mask> wrote Brave New City: Brighton & Hove Past, Present, Future, an analysis of the city of Brighton and Hove focused principally on its buildings. Work in education
<mask> is a head teacher and appears on television and radio and in the press, and has written regularly for national newspapers including The Times, The Sunday Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Independent and The Guardian. His views on education have been sought by the government and political parties, with <mask> promoting co-education, the International Baccalaureate, independent education, the teaching of happiness and well-being, and "all-round" education. <mask> has promoted well-being or happiness classes, which he introduced at Wellington College in 2006, and campaigned for a holistic, personalised approach to education rather than what he calls "factory schools."He is a proponent of the Harkness table teaching approach used in the US and the 'Middle Years' approach of the IB, as well a more international approach to education, including a focus on modern languages teaching and setting up sister schools in China. Achievements and awards

<mask> has honorary doctorates or fellowships from the University of Buckingham, the University of Brighton and Richmond University and is a former Professor of Education at the College of Teachers. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (FRHistS) and of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA). He was appointed a Fellow of King's College London (FKC) in 2013. He was knighted in the Queen's 2014 Birthday Honours list. Other work
In 1986 <mask> co-founded, with Professor Peter Hennessy, the Institute of Contemporary British History, a body whose aim is to promote research into, and the study of, British history since 1945. <mask> is a co-founder of Action for Happiness with Richard Layard (Baron Layard), and Geoff Mulgan.He is on the Advisory Board of the New College of the Humanities in London. <mask> is also a patron of The Iris Project, which runs literacy schemes through Latin in schools in deprived urban areas and of DrugFAM, which supports families affected by a loved one's abuse of drugs or alcohol. He is a Board Member of the Royal Shakespeare Company and was Executive Producer of the 2017 film version of Journey's End. Television and radio
Among his television work, he has presented In Search of Tony Blair (Channel 4, 2004) and Trust Politics (BBC Two, 2010). <mask> was married to Joanna, who died in December 2016. Joanna was the daughter of Maurice Henry Pappworth. References

External links

1953 births
Living people
People educated at Tonbridge School
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Alumni of King's College London
Fellows of King's College London
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the University of Westminster
English biographers
English historians
English Jews
Headmasters of Brighton College
Masters of Wellington College, Berkshire
Knights Bachelor
Heads of schools in London
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Heads of schools in England
People associated with the University of Buckingham
Schoolteachers from Berkshire
Schoolteachers from Wiltshire

masks:
Sir Anthony Francis Seldon
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Seldon
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Arthur Seldon
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Career Seldon
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<mask> is a filmmaker, writer and artist best known for the documentary films How to Lose Your Virginity (Women Make Movies, 2013), I Was A Teenage Feminist (Women Make Movies, 2005), How I Learned to Speak Turkish (IndiePix, 2006) and the short "#SlutWalkNYC" (2013). She is also the creator of "The V-Card Diaries," an online collection of over 300 stories of "sexual debuts and deferrals" submitted by readers. In 2013, the collection was featured in  The Kinsey Institute's Juried Art Show. <mask>'s work challenges double standards and gender stereotypes, and how they affect women's lives and identity. She is an advocate for comprehensive sex education and media criticism to combat misinformation about sex for teens and young people. She is currently directing her documentary My So-Called Selfish Life, about the childfree movement, and has written about such issues for Self, Real Simple, Topic, and other publications. Her production company, Trixie Films, is based in Brooklyn.Personal life & Previous Work
<mask> studied at the Ontario College of Art and Design (OCAD) in Toronto. She worked as an Art Director at the Toronto Star and then as Design Director for The Financial Times of Canada, edited by John Edward Macfarlane. In 1990, <mask> moved to Chicago to work at the Chicago Tribune, where she worked for nine years, rising to the position of Associate Graphics and Design Editor. She has won numerous awards from Society for News Design, the New York and Toronto Art Director's Clubs, and a Peter Lisagor award from the Chicago Headline Club. She also won three games on the Canadian game show Split Second in late 1986. While at the Chicago Tribune, she attended Columbia College in Chicago, studying film and video. In 1999, <mask> left Chicago for New York City in order to pursue her interest in film and work for  Robert De Niro's company Tribeca Productions as assistant to Jane Rosenthal.After leaving Tribeca Productions, <mask> volunteered at the Sundance Film Festival, which she cites as having changed her view of the documentary genre and filmmaking in general. When Shechter returned from Sundance, she enrolled in a documentary workshop with filmmaker Macky Alston at Union Theological Seminary. She worked as a researcher on his film Questioning Faith, and Alston continued to mentor Shechter as she filmed her first feature I Was A Teenage Feminist (2005). <mask> currently lives and works in Brooklyn, NY. Through her production company, Trixie Films, she continues to explore feminist issues as they pertain to sexuality and sex education. Shechter frequently lectures on the college circuit, screening her films for young audiences across the U.S. She has participated as a panelist at  Harvard's Rethinking Virginity Conference and has appeared as a featured guest on Fusion TV, Sex Nerd Sandra and Brooklyn Independent Television. Feature Films

My So-Called Selfish Life (2020)
In 2016, Shechter began her current documentary film, My So-Called Selfish Life.The film will explore the concept of being "childfree by choice" by documenting the lives of women and men who are "choosing not to have kids in a culture where motherhood feels mandatory." Subjects of the film will include poet and biographer Molly Peacock, author of Paradise, Piece by Piece, and journalist Anne Kingston, who wrote about maternal regret for Maclean's Magazine. How to Lose Your Virginity (2013)
In the documentary film, How to Lose Your Virginity, Shechter explores how the concept of virginity affects the lives of men and women through interviews and personal narrative. The film details the historical, political and religious construction of virginity as well as its place in modern pop culture. "How to Lose Your Virginity" had its U.S. premiere at DOC NYC in Fall 2013 and its U.S. Broadcast premiere on Fusion in February 2014. International screenings and film festivals have taken place in Tel Aviv, Haifa, Croatia, Turkey, Chile, Canada, the Czech Republic and Korea. I Was A Teenage Feminist (2005)
Shechter's first feature-length film I Was A Teenage Feminist examines the discomfort a growing number of young people feel in identifying themselves as feminists. She uses her own personal journey as the driving force of the film while she interviews past and present feminist icons as well as women and men struggling for and against the concept of feminism.The film won Best Film at the Jewish Women's Film Festival and Special Mention at the Karachi International Film Festival. Short Films

#SlutWalkNYC (2013)
In "#SlutWalkNYC", Shechter documents the controversial global, grassroots anti-rape movement on the day it filled the streets of New York City. This short debuted at the 2013 Hamptons International Film Festival, and screened at Barnard College in 2013 and the Athena Film Festival in 2014. The End (2010)
The End is a silent, 16mm and hand-cut narrative short film about a woman attempting to end a relationship with a persistent suitor. The full film is available on Vimeo via Trixie Films. How I Learned to Speak Turkish (2006)
Shechter filmed "How I Learned to Speak Turkish" as a chronicle of her own growing obsession with Turkish language and culture as she navigates new relationships with Turkish men. The documentary examines cultural clichés, the male gaze and the idea of the exotic other.The film won the Short Documentary Jury Prize at the Atlanta Film Festival in 2006. Womanly Perfection (2003)
<mask>'s animated short film examines "the nature of beauty and womanhood through the lens of fashion magazines." The full film was released on Vimeo via Trixie Films. Other Work

"The V-Card Diaries"
An ongoing project, "The V-Card Diaries" is a crowd-sourced collection of sexual experiences curated on the Internet. The transmedia story-sharing site gives readers a chance to anonymously submit personal narratives. The submissions detail positive sexual encounters as well as many instances of slut-shaming, older virginity and sexual assault. "The V-Card Diaries" was developed over the course of two POV Hackathons - PBS-sponsored events where web developers are paired with artists and activists for multimedia creation.The project was featured in  The Kinsey Institute's Juried Art Show (2013) as their first interactive installation. Writing
Shechter has written articles for a variety of publications, most notably:
Nerve, Talking Points Memo, Women & Hollywood, Adios Barbie, Chicago Tribune,  Bitch Magazine Blog, Girl With Pen, Film Independent Magazine and Skirt! Magazine. She also edits and writes for the companion blog to her feature film How to Lose Your Virginity. The blog covers virginity-related issues in the news, purity culture, uses of the concept in pop culture and media, and publishes stories that are submitted via "The V-Card Diaries." References

External links

Official Website
The V-Card Diaries
How I Learned to Speak Turkish
#SlutWalkNYC

Film directors from New York City
Feminist filmmakers
OCAD University alumni
Columbia College Chicago alumni
American feminist writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Artists from Chicago
Living people
Childfree

masks:
Therese Shechter
Shechter
Shechter
Therese
Shechter
Therese
Shechter
Shechter


texts:
<mask> (, , ; born 15 July 1953) is a Thai economist, business theorist, and politician. A mentee of Philip Kotler, he has (co-)authored books on competitiveness and taught marketing at Thai universities. He was a co-founder and leader of the Thai Rak Thai Party (TRT) and was mainly responsible for developing the party's progressive and reformist economic and social platform. After the party's electoral victory, he served as Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Finance, and Minister of Commerce in Thaksin Shinawatra's government. Following the coup d'état in 2006, the junta chose him as an economic envoy, advocating the royally-endorsed "self-sufficiency" economic agenda. As one of 111 executive members of the TRT, he was banned from political activities for five years after the 2006 coup d'état. After another military coup in 2014, he served as the junta's advisor on foreign economic relations.Since September 2014 he has been a full member of the so-called National Council for Peace and Order. Early life
Somkid was born in Bangkok and grew up in a large, but modest Thai Chinese (Teochew) family, one of 10 children. His great-great grandfather immigrated from China during the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (early 19th century). Despite being born and raised in Thailand, Somkid still speaks Thai with a strong Chinese accent. One of his older brothers, Som Jatusripitak later became president of Siam City Bank and Commerce Minister in Chavalit Yongchaiyudh's government. His wife, Anurachanee <mask>, teaches at Chulalongkorn University. They have three children.Education and academic career
<mask> went to Triam Udom Suksa School and graduated with a bachelor's degree from the Faculty of Economics, Thammasat University in 1972. Later, he completed an MBA in Finance from the Graduate School of Business Administration (NIDA Business School), National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA) and a Ph.D. in marketing from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. After graduating, he joined a teaching position and became Associate Professor in Marketing at the Graduate School of Business Administration (NIDA Business School). He also served as an Associate Dean at NIDA Business School. <mask>'s thinking was greatly influenced by Michael Porter's "Competitiveness of Nations". He focused much of his academic research on the development of national and business competitiveness. Along with his mentor Philip Kotler, he was a strong supporter of the concept of Nation Branding.In 1997, Somkid co-authored "The Marketing of Nations: A Strategic Approach to Building National Wealth" with Philip Kotler. The book outlined how countries could improve their competitiveness through marketing and appropriate policies to support it. Somkid's book, Borisat Prathet Thai ("Thailand Inc: Concepts and Strategy"), stressed how Thailand should use marketing to improve its competitiveness. Business career
<mask> was a co-founder of the Manager Media Group, along with Sondhi Limthongkul. He played a role in the establishment of the Phatra Research Institute. He became a Director of the Saha Pattanapibul Group, a major Thai consumer goods conglomerate. He was appointed to become Advisor of the Stock Exchange of Thailand, Director of PTTEP, and Director of the Petroleum Authority of Thailand.Political career

Advisor to Foreign Minister Thaksin Shinawatra
Somkid became secretary to Foreign Minister Thaksin Shinawatra under Banharn Silpa-Archa's government (1995–96). Advisor to Finance Minister Thanong Bidaya
Somkid became secretary to Finance Minister Thanong Bidaya under Chavalit Yongchaiyudh's government (1996–97). Founding of the Thai Rak Thai Party
<mask> was one of the co-founders of the Thai Rak Thai party in 1998, along with party leader Thaksin Shinawatra. His senior stature in the party was apparent from his no. 3 position in the TRT's 2001 election party list, behind Thaksin Shinawatra and Purachai Piemsomboon. Somkid has been called "the man behind Thaksinomics", and was the mastermind of the populist policies that helped propel the Thai Rak Thai party to a landslide election victory in 2001. The TRT "won by embracing
populism on a grand scale," said the Far Eastern Economic Review.Somkid's chief policy innovations included the universal healthcare program, 1 million THB development funds for each of Thailand's 70,000 villages, a 3-year loan freeze for farmers, fast-track privatization of state enterprises, and a national asset management corporation (AMC) to buy up the $20 billion in bad debt carried by Thai banks. Somkid also pioneered the TRT party's rural small and medium enterprise (SME) policy. Noting that agriculture remains the most important economic sector, employing 60-70% of the Thai population, the economic challenge was to develop the agricultural sector and link it with the modern sector. This became one of the founding principles of the Thaksin government's popular One Tambon One Product (OTOP) program. At the time, The Nation newspaper exclaimed that these policies "amount to a revolution in Thai public policy". Minister in Thaksin's government
From the TRT's landslide election win of 2001, Somkid was a core member of Thakin's economic inner cabinet - starting off as Finance Minister and then becoming Commerce Minister. Finance Minister

In his term as Finance Minister (February 2001 to February 2003), Somkid
oversaw a management reshuffle at state-owned Thai Airways International
led the establishment of the national asset management corporation (AMC)
supported the controversial restructuring of Prachai Leophai-ratana's Thai Petrochemical Industry (TPI)
In 2002, Somkid established the village fund program.This program gave each of Thailand's 70,000 villages a self-managed fund of 1 million THB (approx. 25,000 USD), to be used for grassroots social and economic investments. Commerce Minister

In his term as Commerce Minister (August 2005 to September 2006), Somkid
 oversaw the recovery of tourism industry in the Andaman coast after the tsunami of 2004
 agreed to draw up a comprehensive road map for increasing trade, investment and cooperation with the United Kingdom
 boosted Board of Investment incentives in three target sectors - electronics, petrochemicals and vehicle tyres

During the anti-Thaksin demonstrations of 2005-2006, Thaksin noted that Somkid was one of four individuals who might succeed him as Prime Minister if he stepped down. In March 2006, during the height of the anti-Thaksin protests, Somkid underwent balloon angioplasty surgery to relieve a blood clot in an artery near his heart. After Thaksin Shinawatra's announcement that he would not accept the Premiership from Parliament after the April 2006 elections, Somkid was widely seen as a potential replacement. In a poll of businessmen, 57% said Somkid was the most suitable candidate for new premier. The next highest TRT politician was Bhokin Bhalakula, who received only 12%.Soon later, a broad coalition of TRT factions, including Wang Nam Yom (130 MPs), Rim Nam (15 MPs), Lamtakong (7 MPs), Wang Phya Nag (10 MPs), Chon Buri (7 MPs) and the Central provinces (10 MPs) decided to push for <mask> Jatusripitak as the next prime minister. Aftermath of the 2006 coup
The Thai military staged a successful coup against the Thaksin government on 19 September 2006. At the time, Somkid was in Paris, attending the Thai-France Cultural Exhibition with Princess Sirindhorn and Foreign Minister Kantathi Supamongkhon. On 21 September 2006 arrived back to Bangkok. Unlike several other senior members of Thaksin's Cabinet, he was not arrested by the junta. Somkid kept a low profile, until on 2 October 2006 he resigned from the  Thai Rak Thai Party, along with Thaksin Shinawatra. He continued to lead a low profile, until in February 2007, he was appointed head of a government committee charged with "preaching" King Bhumibol's self-sufficient economy policy.The appointment provoked great controversy, as critics claimed that the populist economics czar had no role promoting self-sufficiency. Somkid appointment was supported by General Saprang Kalyanamitr, a powerful member of the junta, and Sondhi Limthongkul of the People's Alliance for Democracy, a long-time colleague of Somkid's. Somkid later decided to resign from the committee, which was then dissolved. Somkid's long-time rival, Finance Minister Pridiyathorn Devakula volunteered to help perform the committee's role, and denied any role in Somkid's resignation. In early May 2007, a group of former elected senators said they were ready to support Somkid in forming a new political party, the so-called Dharma Thippatai group. Among those included Suraporn Danaitangtrakoon, Anek Laothamatas (former leader of the Mahachon Party), and former Thai Rak Thai members Suranand Vejjajiva and Pimol Srivikorn. On 26 June 2007, they founded Ruam Jai Thai.However, on 30 May 2007 the Constitutional Tribunal had produced a verdict, barring all 111 former executive members of Thai Rak Thai Party, including Somkid, from holding political office for five years. In 2012, Somkid founded the Thailand Future Study Institute, a think tank which is sponsored by major Thai business corporations and seeks to provide research and consulting to public bodies and private sector. Advisor and member of the 2014 junta

After the 22 May 2014 coup d'état, the junta—which calls itself National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO)—appointed Somkid member of its "advisory board" in charge of foreign economic relations, especially with Asian countries China and Japan. On 16 September Somkid—as one of two civilians— was appointed as a member of the NCPO. Selected works
 (co-authored with Philip Kotler and Liam Fahey). (co-authored with Philip Kotler and Suvit Maesincee). Notes

1953 births
Living people
Somkid Jatusripitak
20th-century economists
21st-century economists
Business theorists
Business writers
Business educators
Somkid Jatusripitak
Kellogg School of Management alumni
Somkid Jatusripitak
Somkid Jatusripitak
Somkid Jatusripitak
Somkid Jatusripitak
Somkid Jatusripitak
Institute directors
Somkid Jatusripitak
Somkid Jatusripitak

masks:
Somkid Jatusripitak
Jatusripitak
Somkid
Somkid
Somkid
Somkid
Somkid


texts:
<mask> (Luri/) was the Bakhtiari supreme chieftain (ilkhani) of the Chahar Lang branch, and major contender for supremacy in western Iran after the death of Nader Shah in 1747. He was the autonomous ruler of Golpayegan (1749-1751) and Isfahan (1750-1751), assuming the title of Vakil-e daulat ("deputy of the state"), with the Safavid prince Ismail III as a figurehead that legitimized his rule. He was, however, driven back by <mask>and's forces, and after a number of clashes throughout the years, was murdered by two Zand chieftains at his own encampment, in 1754. Biography

Aftermath of the death of Nader Shah and the Bakhtiaris return to western Iran

Ali Mardan is first mentioned after the death of the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah in 1747, as one of the supporters of the latters nephew <mask>, who was crowned as Adil Shah ("righteous king") in Mashhad. The new ruler, however, "lacked his uncle's imperious magnetism to pull together the surviving elements of a sprawling and exhausted empire." Rather than marching to the old Safavid capital of Isfahan to ensure the safeguard of the city, he sent his brother Ebrahim Mirza to the city instead, and stayed at Mashhad and held festives. This, however, reduced in the dissatisfaction of his underemployed army, while the city was weakened to near-poverty.In late 1747, <mask> asked for Adil Shahs allowance to allow him to lead his Bakhtiari men home, which the latter declined. Nonetheless, <mask> and his men ignored his order and left the city—they were hunted by a force sent by Adil Shah, which they inflicted an overwhelming defeat on. <mask> and his men eventually reached the Zagros ranges of western Iran, while Ebrahim Mirza was gathering supporters in Isfahan to claim the throne from his brother. Other Bakhtiaris had already heavy influence and authority, under the Haft Lang chieftain Abu'l-Fath <mask>ri, who was the governor of the city. In the summer of 1748, Ebrahim Mirza defeated and blinded Adil Shah, and ascended the throne as the new Afsharid king. He was, however, shortly defeated and killed by the forces of Nader Shah's grandson Shahrokh Shah, who remained in Mashhad, and did not make any effort to restore Afsharid rule in western Iran, which was in turmoil. Meanwhile, <mask> and his men clashed with the forces of Zakariya <mask> and the Zand chieftain Karim <mask>.Initially defeated, <mask> managed to emerge victorious and seize Golpayegan, a key spot on the route to Isfahan. In the spring of 1750, he attempted to capture Isfahan, but was defeated at Murchakhur, a town near the city. He then started to dispatch messengers at Golpayegan to his regional opponents, which included Karim <mask> and Zakariya <mask>, who accepted his offer of terms, and combined their forces with the latter, which made the number of their men strengthen to 20,000. De facto rule in Isfahan and its surroundings

On May 1750, they stormed the gates of Isfahan—its governor Abu'l-Fath and other prominent residents assembled to protect the fortress of the city, but agreed to surrender and collaborate with them after Ali <mask>'s reasonable proposals. Abu'l-Fath, together with <mask> and Karim <mask>, formed an alliance in western Iran under the cover of restoring the Safavid dynasty, appointing a 17 year old Safavid prince, Abu Torab, as a puppet ruler—on June 29, Abu Torab was declared shah, and assumed the dynastic name of Ismail III. <mask> then took the title of Vakil-e daulat ("deputy of the state") as the head of the administration, while Abu'l-Fath maintained his post as governor of Isfahan, and Karim <mask> was appointed commander (sardar) of the army, and was given the task of conquering the rest of Iran. However, a few months later, while Karim <mask> was on an expedition in Kurdistan, <mask> began breaking the terms which they had promised the inhabitants of Isfahan—he greatly increased his shakedown on the city, which New Julfa suffered the most from.He then further broke the terms he had made with the two chieftains, by having Abu'l-Fath deposed and killed. He then appointed his uncle as the new governor of the city, and without conference, marched towards Shiraz and began pillaging the province of Fars. Furthermore, he also started having his deputies replaced, whilst extracting heavy tax and numerous riches to keep his army supplied with the equipment and goods they required. This resulted in various of his bureaucrats and officers to depart from him, while a great deal of them had one of their eyes removed. After having plundered Kazerun, <mask> left for Isfahan, but was ambushed at the
dangerous passage of Kutal-e Dokhtar by regional guerrillas under Muzari <mask>, who was the chieftain of the neighbouring Khisht village. They managed to seize the plunder of <mask> and kill 300 of his men, which forced the latter to withdraw to a more difficult passage to reach Isfahan. By winter, the forces of <mask> had decreased even more due to abandonment from some of his men.War with Karim <mask>and over supremacy in western Iran

The situation worsened further for <mask>, when Karim <mask> returned to Isfahan in January 1751 and restored order in the city. A battle shortly occurred between them in Lorestan—during the battle, Ismail III and Zakariya <mask> (who was now his vizier), together with several prominent officers, deserted <mask> and joined Karim <mask>, who eventually emerged victorious, forcing <mask> and the remains of his men, together with the governor of Lorestan, <mask> Feyli, to retreat to Khuzestan. There <mask> made an alliance with Shaykh Sa'd, the governor of Khuzestan, who reinforced him with soldiers. In the late spring of 1752, <mask>, together with <mask> Feyli, marched to Kermanshah. The forces of Karim <mask> shortly attacked their encampment, but were repelled. <mask> then went further into domains of the Zands, which resulted in a battle with Karim <mask> near Nahavand. <mask>, however, was once again defeated, and forced to withdraw into the mountains, where he went to the Ottoman city of Baghdad.There he became acquainted with Mostafa <mask> Shamlu, the former diplomat of Nader Shah, who had been in 1746 sent to Baghdad to confirm the Treaty of Kerden with the Ottomans. A son of the former Safavid shah Tahmasp II (r. 1729–1732), who had managed to escape Isfahan during the massacre of the members of the Safavid family by Mahmud Hotak in 1725, was also in the city. This provided a key opportunity for <mask>, <mask> Feyli and Mostafa <mask> to use the prince to return to Iran in the pretext of attempting to restore the Safavid dynasty. A year later, in early 1753, they began assembling an army in Lorestan, and received the support of the Pashtun military leader Azad <mask>. Some months later, they marched into the domains of Karim <mask>, but Tahmasp II's son, who had been announced as Sultan Husayn II, began revealing himself as an unfit candidate as Safavid shah—this hindered their march, and resulted in the desertion of many of their men. Furthermore, after doing a thorough check of Sultan Husayn II's background, <mask> and his associates exposed his true identity, and found out that he was in reality not of Safavid descent, but the son of an Azeri man and an Armenian woman. <mask>'s men in Kermanshah, after two years of besiegement by the Zand forces, surrendered and were spared by Karim <mask>, who shortly clashed with <mask> once again, defeating the latter and capturing Mostafa <mask>.<mask> managed to flee with Sultan Husayn II, but not after long had him blinded and sent to Iraq, due to being more heavy weight than of use to him. In the spring of 1754, <mask> captured two of Karim <mask>'s relatives, <mask> Zand and Shaykh <mask> Zand. He then took them into his encampment near Kermanshah, and began negotiating with them about the possibility of an alliance, which, however, was fruitless. The two Zand chiefs, at a coordinated signal, attacked <mask> and killed him with his own dagger, and then fled from the camp on horseback, under fire from <mask>'s men. References

Sources

External links

Bakhtiari people
18th-century Iranian people
Year of birth unknown
1754 deaths
Afsharid generals
18th-century monarchs in the Middle East

masks:
Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari
Karim Khan Z
Ali Qoli Khan
Ali Mardan
Ali Mardan
Ali Mardan
Khan Bakhtia
Ali Mardan
Khan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Khan
Khan
Mardan
Ali Mardan
Khan
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Khan
Khan
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Ali Mardan
Ali Khishti
Ali Mardan
Ali Mardan
Khan Z
Ali Mardan
Khan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Ismail Khan
Ali Mardan
Ali Mardan
Ismail Khan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Khan Bigdili
Ali Mardan
Ismail Khan
Khan
Khan Afghan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Ali Mardan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Ali Mardan
Khan
Mohammad Khan
Ali Khan
Ali Mardan
Ali Mardan


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<mask> (born August 20, 1941, in Lauban, Germany [now Lublań, Poland]) is a businessman of German ancestry, who served as president and CEO of Compaq from 1991 to 1999. He was named as one of Time "Cyber Elite Top 50" for 1998. Personal life
His father was a prisoner of war during World War II, while Pfeiffer and his mother fled the advancing Soviet troops. He received his MBA from Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. Compaq
He joined Compaq from Texas Instruments, and established operations from scratch in both Europe and Asia. Pfeiffer was given US$20,000 to start up Compaq Europe. He started up Compaq's first overseas office in Munich in 1984.By 1990, Compaq Europe was a $2 billion business, and foreign sales contributed 54 percent of Compaq's revenues. When Michael S. Swavely retired as president of Compaq's North American division on July 12, 1991, Pfeiffer was named to succeed him. Pfeiffer also received the title of Chief Operating Officer. Ascension to CEO
Pfeiffer became president and CEO of Compaq in 1991, as a result of a boardroom coup led by board chairman Ben Rosen that forced co-founder Rod Canion to resign as president and CEO. Canion had allowed competitors such as Dell Computer, AST Research, and Gateway 2000 to undercut Compaq with cheaper offerings, that led to a $71 million loss for that quarter, Compaq's first loss as a company. An analyst stated that "Compaq has made a lot of tactical errors in the last year and a half. They were trend-setters; now they are lagging".Rosen and Canion had disagreed about how to counter the cheaper Asian PC imports, as Canion wanted Compaq to build lower cost PCs in-house, while Rosen believed that Compaq needed to buy standard components from suppliers and reach the market faster. While Canion developed an 18-month plan to create a line of low-priced computers, Rosen sent his own Compaq engineering team to Comdex without Canion's knowledge and discovered that a low-priced PC could be made in half the time and at lower cost than Canion's initiative. In addition, it was believed that Canion's consensus-style management slowed the company's ability to react in the market, whereas Pfeiffer's autocratic style would be suited to price and product competition. Rosen initiated a 14-hour board meeting, and the directors also interviewed Pfeiffer for several hours without Canion's knowledge. At the conclusion, the board was unanimous in picking Pfeiffer over Canion. Canion declined an offer to remain on Compaq's board and was bitter about his ouster as he didn't speak to Rosen for years, although their relationship became cordial again. In 1999, Canion admitted that his ouster was justified, saying "I was burned out.I needed to leave. He [Rosen] felt I didn't have a strong sense of urgency". Two weeks after Canion's ouster, five other senior executives resigned, including remaining company founder James C. Harris as SVP of engineering. These departures were motivated by an enhanced severance or early retirement, as well as an imminent demotion as their functions were to be shifted to vice presidents. Market dominance
Under Pfeiffer's tenure as chief executive, Compaq entered the retail computer market with the Presario which made them one of the first manufacturers in the mid-1990s to market a sub-$1000 PC. In order to maintain the prices it wanted, Compaq became the first first-tier computer manufacturer to utilize CPUs from AMD and Cyrix. The two price wars resulting from Compaq's actions ultimately drove numerous competitors from the market, such as Packard Bell, and by 1994 Compaq had overtaken Apple Computer and even surpassed I.B.M.as the top PC manufacturer. Compaq's inventory and gross margins were better than that of its rivals which enabled it wage the price wars. Management shuffle
In 1996, despite record sales and profits at Compaq, Pfeiffer initiated a major management shakeup in the senior ranks. Pfeiffer's vision was to move Compaq beyond its main business of manufacturing retail PCs and into the more lucrative business services and solutions that IBM did well at. Earl Mason, hired from Inland Steel effective in May 1996, immediately made an impact as the new CFO. Under Mason's guidance, Compaq utilized its assets more efficiently instead of focusing just on income and profits, which increased Compaq's cash from $700 million to nearly $5 billion in one year. Also Compaq's return on invested capital (after-tax operating profit divided by operating assets) has doubled to 50 percent from 25 percent in that period.Acquisitions
Pfeiffer also made several major acquisitions. In 1997, Compaq bought Tandem Computers, known for their NonStop server line. This acquisition instantly gave Compaq a presence in the higher end business computing market. In 1998, Compaq acquired Digital Equipment Corporation, the leading company in the previous generation of computing during the 1970s and early 1980s. This acquisition made Compaq, at the time, the world's second largest computer maker in the world in terms of revenue behind I.B.M. However, Pfeiffer had little vision for what the combined companies should do, or indeed how the three dramatically different cultures could work as a single entity, and Compaq struggled as a result of a strategy that had the company caught in between the low end and high end. Mark Anderson, president of Strategic News Service, a research firm based in Friday Harbor, Wash. was quoted as saying "The kind of goals he had sounded good to shareholders -- like being a $50 billion company by the year 2000, or to beat I.B.M.-- but they didn't have anything to do with customers. The new C.E.O. should look at everything <mask> acquired and ask: did the customer benefit from that. If the answer isn't yes, they should get rid of it." On one hand, Compaq struggled to compete in the PC market with the Dell Computer Corporation, which sold directly to buyers, avoiding the dealer channel and its markup, and built each machine to order to keep inventories and costs at a minimum. At the same time, Compaq, though its acquisitions of the Digital Equipment Corporation last year and Tandem Computer in 1997, has tried to become a major systems company, like I.B.M. and Hewlett-Packard.Ouster
By summer 1998, Compaq was suffering from product-quality problems. Pfeiffer also refused to develop a potential successor, rebuffing Rosen's suggestion to recruit a few executives to create the position of Compaq president. The board complained that Pfeiffer was too removed from management and the troops, as he surrounded himself with a "clique" of Chief Financial Officer Earl Mason, Senior Vice-president John Rose, and Human Resources Chief Hans Gutsch. On April 17, 1999, just nine days after Compaq reported first-quarter profit being at half of what analysts had expected, the latest in a string of earnings disappointments, Pfeiffer was forced to resign as CEO in a coup led by board chairman Ben Rosen. Reportedly, at the special board meeting held on April 15, the directors were unanimous in dismissing Pfeiffer. During three out of the last six quarters of Pfeiffer's tenure, the company's revenues or earnings had missed expectations. While rival Dell Computer had 55% growth in U.S. PC sales in the first quarter of 1999, Compaq could only manage 10%.Rosen suggested that the accelerating change brought about by the Internet had overtaken Compaq's management team, saying "As a company engaged in transforming its industry for the Internet era, we must have the organizational flexibility necessary to move at Internet speed." In a statement, Pfeiffer said "Compaq has come a long way since I joined the company in 1983" and "under Ben's guidance, I know this company will realize its potential." Rosen's priority was to have Compaq catchup as an E-commerce competitor, and he also moved to streamline operations and reduce the indecision that plagued the company. Pfeiffer received $6 million in severance pay, and received $70 million worth of stock options that vested immediately as a result of his forced resignation. At the time of his departure, Pfeiffer held 9.5 million exercisable options valued at nearly $340 million which vested but Pfeiffer had not yet cashed the options. Aftermath
Rosen assumed the capacity of interim CEO and began "cleaning house", as shortly afterward many of Pfeiffer's top executives resigned or were pushed out, including John Rando, Earl Mason, and John Rose. Rando, senior vice president and general manager of Compaq Services, who had been said to be the heir-apparent to Pfeiffer; his division had performed strongly as it had sales of $1.6 billion for the first quarter compared to $113 million in 1998, which met expectations and was anticipated to post accelerated and profitable growth going forward.CFO Mason, who had previously been offered the job of chief executive of a company outside the personal computer industry, informed Compaq's board that he accepted the offer. Rose, head of Compaq's Enterprise Computing group, was reportedly upset that he was not considered for the CEO vacancy; his division reportedly accounted for one third of Compaq's revenues and likely the largest part of its profits. <mask>'s permanent replacement was Michael Capellas, who had been serving as Compaq's CIO. Immediately after Pfeiffer's ouster, Capellas was elevated to interim chief operating officer by Rosen, and after several months Capellas was made president and CEO, also assuming the title of chairman on September 28, 2000, when Rosen retired from the board of directors. Capellas was able to restore some of the luster lost in the latter part of the Pfeiffer era and he repaired the relationship with Microsoft which had deteriorated under his predecessor's tenure, but the company still struggled against lower-cost competitors such as Dell who took over the top spot of PC manufacturer from Compaq in 2001. Post-Compaq activities
Pfeiffer was one of the founders of Accoona, an Internet search engine provider, and has been its chairman since December 2004. Pfeiffer serves on the boards of several major corporations including Ericsson, and DirecTV.References

External links
Accoona press release on naming <mask> as chairman, December 3, 2004
Compaq profile, 1998
"Cyber Elite: <mask> Pfeiffer". Time. 1998. Living people
1941 births
American chief executives
German emigrants to the United States
American chief operating officers
Compaq
Texas Instruments people

masks:
Eckhard Pfeiffer
Eckhard
Pfeiffer
Pfeiffer
Eckhard


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<mask> (January 18, 1873 – June 3, 1938) was an American writer, actress and mother to poet, playwright and social activist <mask>. Childhood and family background
Carolina (<mask>) <mask> was the daughter of <mask> and Mary Leary (one of the first black women to attend Oberlin College). <mask>'s father, <mask>, was the son of a prosperous Virginia planter and a slave woman of both American Indian and African descent. An ardent abolitionist and follower of John Brown, he also served as associate editor of the Historic Times (a black community newspaper in Lawrence, Kansas), as president of the local Colored Benevolent Society, and as grandmaster of Lawrence's Black Masonic Fraternity. His brother (<mask>'s paternal uncle), <mask>, was a post-emancipation congressman from Virginia who later served as Minister to Haiti and Dean of Howard University's Law School. Mary Leary's first husband, Lewis Sheridan Leary, died in 1859 from injuries incurred aiding John Brown during the Harper's Ferry raid on the federal arsenal. Leary's bloodied bullet-riddled death shroud, sent to Mary Leary as a sign of his death, would become a significant family symbol: grandson <mask> placed it in a New York City Fifth Avenue bank safe deposit box in 1928.<mask> had a foster brother, Desalines (foster son to Charles); a half-sister, Loise (daughter to Mary by Lewis Sheridan Leary); and a brother, Nathaniel Turner <mask> (named for the legendary slave revolt leader). Nathaniel Turner <mask> was born in 1870 and killed in a flour mill accident at age 27. Social and political significance
At fifteen, <mask> <mask> was a "belle of black society" in Lawrence, Kansas. At eighteen, she was publicly reading papers she'd written and recited an original poem before the Inter-State Literary Society. She became central to Lawrence's St. Luke's Progressive Club and was elected 'Critic' by a rival society at the Warren Street Second Baptist Church. In 1892, The American Citizen newspaper dubbed <mask> and three others as "the most beautiful girls in Kansas." <mask> wrote for The Atchison Blade, a family-operated African-American newspaper published out of Atchison, Kansas.In 1892, writing as a young, single, black woman, she refuted what she termed “the male notion” that females were content with their position in life. Her writing was influenced by her father and his support of the 1867 Kansas suffrage referendum. Her words were aimed at Midwestern black men who maintained strict ideas about women's place in society. She especially encouraged the participation of Black women in politics. She spoke publicly on women in journalism, addressed A.M.E. Church conventions, and served as deputy clerk in a district court office. Personal life
<mask>'s first marriage was to <mask>, a descendant of two prominent white Kentucky grandfathers and African-descendant grandmothers. Their wedding was an elopement, a civil ceremony on April 30, 1899 in Guthrie, Oklahoma, with neither friends nor family attending.'Shotgun wedding' rumors spread, though she may have become pregnant within days of their marriage. The couple moved to Joplin, Missouri where <mask> got a job as a stenographer and <mask> <mask> experienced a miscarriage. From Joplin, the couple moved to Buffalo, New York with plans to move to Cuba. <mask> <mask> learned she was pregnant again; she returned to Joplin. However <mask>, seeking to escape segregation in the U.S., moved to Mexico where he spent most of the rest of his life becoming fairly prosperous. <mask> gave birth on February 1, 1902 to James Mercer <mask> <mask> in Joplin, Missouri. <mask> hoped to reunite with her husband so when <mask> was five years old she took him to Mexico to meet his father.While there, Mexico was struck by the historic April 14, 1907 earthquake. That event sent <mask> <mask> with her son swiftly back to the States; young <mask> <mask> witnessed prayer and wreckage there from his father's shoulders impacting him for the rest of his life, as evidenced in his later writing. Mother and son returned to Lawrence where she left her son to be cared for by her mother (now about seventy) while she moved to Topeka. <mask> <mask> returned several months later to take her son to Topeka planning to enroll him in the Harrison Street School. Harrison's principal, Eli S. Foster, demanded <mask>  attend the more-distant colored children's Washington School. <mask> <mask> claimed her young son could not walk that distance daily but she still met resistance; she took her case to the Topeka Board of Education and won. But before the end of the school year, <mask> was back with his grandmother in Lawrence.Almost fifty years later, in a federal lawsuit regarding the same school board, a Supreme Court decision would end school segregation in the United States. <mask> <mask> called herself different names throughout her life; these names included <mask>, <mask>, <mask> Clark sometimes spelled Clarke (referring to her having wed Homer Clark following the divorce from <mask>'s father), and <mask> or Clarke. She also lived many places with and without her son while he was growing up. As a result, <mask> <mask> was raised for the most part by <mask>'s mother, Mary Leary, in Lawrence, Kansas with his mother making occasional visits. <mask>'s peripatetic life was driven by job searches and boredom. The deaths of her parents (<mask> died in 1892; Mary Leary died on April 8, 1915) left her bereft of both the political privileges they had provided and the social consciousness they had instilled in her. Her second husband, Homer Clark, had a son from a previous alliance named Gwyn Shannon Clark (b. September 24, 1913) who accompanied <mask> through most of the rest  of her adult life.In March 1933, <mask>'s lifelong wish to be an actress of some success was fulfilled: she appeared on Broadway as Sister Susie May Hunt in Hall Johnson's theatrical production, Run, Little Chillun. James Nathaniel <mask>, <mask> <mask>'s father, died on October 22, 1934 of complications from several strokes; neither <mask> nor <mask> <mask> were mentioned in his will. On May 14, 1935, in a letter to <mask> <mask> who was living in Mexico, <mask> wrote of "a very bad blood tumor" on her breast; on June 3, 1938, <mask> died of breast cancer. <mask> counted among her friends Zora Neale Hurston. References

1873 births
1938 deaths
African-American women writers
19th-century African-American activists
19th-century American women writers
African-American actresses
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
19th-century African-American women
19th-century African-American writers

masks:
Carolina Mercer Langston
Langston Hughes
Carrie
Mercer Langston
Charles Langston
Carrie Langston
Charles Howard Langston
Carrie Langston
John Mercer Langston
Langston Hughes
Carrie Langston
Langston
Langston
Carrie Mercer
Langston
Carrie Langston
Langston
Carrie Langston
James Hughes
James Hughes
Carrie Langston
Hughes
Carrie Langston
Hughes
James Hughes
Carrie
Langston
Hughes
Carrie
Langston
Carrie Langston
Hughes
Langston
Hughes
Carrie Langston
Hughes
Langston
Carrie Langston
Hughes
Langston
Carrie Langston
Hughes
Caroline Langston
Carolyn Hughes
Carolyn Hughes
Langston
Carrie Clark
Langston
Hughes
Carrie Langston
Carrie Langston
Charles Langston
Carrie Langston
Carrie Langston
Hughes
Langston
Hughes
Carrie Langston
Langston
Hughes
Langston
Hughes
Carrie Langston
Carrie Langston
Carrie Langston


texts:
<mask> (24 October 1947 – 22 November 2015) was a Nigerian career banker and politician who was the first civilian governor of Kogi State. He ruled Kogi State twice (first in the Third Republic and second, in the Fourth Republic). His first tenure was from January 1992 until November 1993 and the second from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2003. He died due to a bleeding ulcer shortly after the announcement of the election results on 22 November 2015, while seeking to be re-elected as governor on the platform of Nigeria's ruling party, All Progressives Congress (APC). Early life and education

<mask> was born on 27 October 1947, to the family of his Royal Highness, the late <mask>, Orego Atta of Igala Land and the paramount ruler of Ogbonicha-Alloma in Ofu Local Government Area of Kogi State. He started his education at the N.A. Junior Primary School, Alloma, and later N.A.Senior School Ankpa, from where he proceeded to Dennis Memorial Grammar School, Onitsha. He later transferred to the Jos Commercial College where he obtained both the GCE O and A level. Professional career

After a stint as a bank worker, <mask> later proceeded to London from 1975-1978 where he studied banking and personnel management, obtaining professional qualification as a certified secretary, and as a Fellow of the Association of International Accountants of London, as well as fellowship of the Chartered Institute of Industrial Administration of Nigeria. <mask>'s banking career lasted for a total of 25 years, which he spent with First Bank - formerly known as Standard Bank. Here, he served in various capacities at management level until 1991. He also made history as the bank's first training officer of African descent and also as one of the first black senior management staff of Standard Chartered Bank in London and New York. In 1991, he was appointed Executive Director of FSB International Bank PLC.Politics and public service

<mask>'s public service began in 1986, when he was appointed as Commissioner for Finance and Economic Planning in the old Benue state. He served in this capacity until 1988 when the cabinet was dissolved. He then returned to First Bank of Nigeria PLC as a General Manager. In August 1991, Kogi state was created from parts of the old Benue and Kwara states. This coincided with one of Nigeria's many previous encounters with democracy, and <mask>, being part of those who had advocated for the creation of the state and a notable son of the soil, was invited to contest for governorship. He contested on the platform of the National Republican Convention (NRC) and won the election held in November, 1991. He was subsequently sworn in as the first executive governor of Kogi state in January 1992.In 1998, democracy was again re-introduced and <mask>, now with the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP), was elected again with over 700,000 votes. He was sworn in on 29 May 1999, during the 1999 Kogi State gubernatorial election as the 2nd Executive Governor of Kogi State. Major achievements

Infrastructure
His socio-economic contribution in the state is to date a point of reference to the generality of the people and many aspiring leaders. Some of his major achievements during his brief first term of office include the establishment of three different housing schemes for public officers consisting of over 1,500 housing units in Lokoja, the transformation of Lokoja township with asphalt roads, street lights, aesthetic roundabouts, the construction of inter-township and rural roads, over 75 electrification schemes and 50 water projects. Others include the founding of Kogi State Polytechnic, the establishment of a television station, radio station (both AM and FM), a state newspaper (The Graphic) and the transformation of the colonial residence of Lord Lugard into an ultra modern government house complex, the construction of office blocks for ministries as the new state had no office accommodation, the construction of shopping arcade complex to enhance commercial activities, among others. Abuja State Liaison Office, Sports Complex and Confluence Beach Hotel

He also pioneered the construction of the first ultra modern state liaison office in Abuja. His administration also built an ultra modern stadium and a five star hotel in Lokoja, the Confluence Beach Hotel.Obajana Cement Factory

He also took steps to woo prospective investors to harness the numerous solid mineral potentials in the State. The big prize was the establishment of Obajana Cement Factory. The project, which was on going before he left office, attracted the support of the United States Government. During the visit of former U.S.President Bill Clinton to Nigeria, the State Government signed the agreement with the US Trade Development Agency (TDA) for a grant to finalize the feasibility work on the project. The cement project is now operational. Establishment of the Kogi State University, Anyigba

The establishment of a state university, Kogi State University Anyigba, is another testimony to the vision and resourcefulness. The foundation stone was laid on 30 November 1999, when former President Olusegun Obasanjo, visited the state.About a year later, the president returned to Anyigba during a state visit to commission the university complex. According to a report of a visitation panel to the university from the Nigeria University Commission, the institution was then described as the fastest growing university in the country. The university received tremendous international support, which included an affiliation programme with Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland. Also, seven visiting professors from various universities in the United States were at the university to review its curriculum and align it with their own universities and prepare the students for exchange programme to give the university an international acceptability. Audu completed several landmark projects within four years. They include: 250 units housing estate, a sport complex, a specialist eye hospital and 25 other medical institutions. Others were a government girls secondary school on student exchange programme, 350 borehole schemes, 300 kilometers of township roads, the procurement of 100 transit buses and completion of 40 rural electrification projects.He was also named the best governor in the 1999-2003 dispensation, despite being a governor on the platform of the opposition, the ANPP. Relationship with the international community

A highly traveled politician, <mask> brought so many honors to the country through his personal relationships with foreign statesmen. He enjoyed a relationship with the former British Prime Minister, John Major. In 1993, he and the member of his family were special guests of the British Prime Minister at No. 10 Downing Street where he hosted them to a state banquet. Also in 1993, he attended the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Cyprus. His connection with the international community saved Nigeria during the heady days of Shonekan administration from economic embargo.In December 1999, he was on the delegation of President Olusegun Obasanjo during the state visit to Germany. Subsequent gubernatorial bids

<mask> contested in the 2003 Kogi State gubernatorial elections but lost. In the 2007 election, <mask> was again defeated due mainly to resentment created by his dictatorial and authoritarian style exhibited during his previous tenure as governor of the state and the incumbent, Ibrahim Idris, was reelected. <mask> went to the election tribunal who nullified that election, and ordered fresh elections. <mask> again contested against Ibrahim Idris, and again was defeated. In 2012, <mask> contested against a newcomer to the field, Captain Idris Ichalla Wada, and was defeated by another election allegedly fraught with fraud. The result of the particular election were allegedly announced while collation was still ongoing.Corruption allegations

When <mask> left office in 2003, he was charged by Nigeria's anti-corruption agency, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), with corruption. This case has been on for twelve years and many say it was coined as an attempt by the ruling PDP to smear <mask>'s image, especially in light of the achievements recorded during his tenure. He responded to these allegations, stating that while he was governor, the state received less than N400 million as monthly allocation, and that it would have been impossible to embezzle the N12 billion that the agency claims he did when he received less than N19 billion in total, yet embarked on many projects. 2015 gubernatorial run

<mask> emerged as the candidate of the All Progressive Congress (APC) at the 28 August Kogi State gubernatorial primary election. Subsequently, he announced James Abiodun Faleke, a legislator, as his running mate. Death

<mask> died of a bleeding ulcer on 22 November 2015, shortly before the Independent National Electoral Commission announced the Kogi State gubernatorial election as inconclusive. He had recorded more votes than his opponent in the elections but due to the dilemma created by his sudden death, his party APC, chose the runner up of the primary elections, Yahaya Bello, as the candidate to replace him.See also
All Progressives Congress
Bola Tinubu
John Odigie Oyegun
Kogi

References

External links

2015 deaths
1947 births
Governors of Kogi State
All Nigeria Peoples Party politicians

masks:
Prince Abubakar Audu
Audu
Pa Audu Oyidi
Audu
Audu
Audu
Audu
Audu
Audu
Audu
Audu
Audu
Audu
Audu
Audu
Audu
Audu
Audu


texts:
<mask>, better known as <mask> and, sometimes, as <mask> (Arcisate, 16 August 1871 – Pavia, 25 January 1937), was an Italian scientist. A biologist, physiologist, limnologist and zoologist, in 1907 she became the first woman to obtain a university chair in the Kingdom of Italy. Biography
<mask> was born 16 August 1871 in Arcisate, Italy to <mask>, a magistrate, and Luigia Mapelli. After moving to Monza, she graduated from the Alessandro Manzoni high school in 1887. <mask> graduated in natural sciences, after studying the nervous system of insects, from the University of Pavia in 1892, where she worked for a decade. By doing so, she renounced the high school teaching posts typically accepted by educated women of her time, choosing instead to continue her research at the university level. University work
Beginning in 1891 Monti frequented the renowned neuro-histology laboratory of Camillo Golgi where she learned his pioneering microscopic techniques.In 1906, Golgi was named a Nobel Prize winner. <mask>'s first job was working for the University of Pavia's chair of mineralogy Francesco Sansoni; she published three papers on petrography in his journal. Then she became assistant to Leopoldo Maggi director of the comparative anatomy cabinet, and later she replaced him in that position from 1902 to 1905, as teacher and cabinet director. Meanwhile she obtained the title she needed to be allowed to teach anatomy and comparative physiology (1899). In 1905 she taught zoology and comparative anatomy at the University of Siena on a temporary assignment and, during this time, she repeatedly competed to be named to a university professorship but was denied several times. These events led <mask>, in 1906, to write,I have little hope to receive a professorship. In general, the Italian authorities are not very inclined to consider the scientific performances of women of equal value to those of men.Two years later, in another competition involving 18 academic candidates, she was named chair of the department at the University of Sassari, which made the 36-year-old <mask> <mask> the first woman to obtain a university chair in the history of the Kingdom of Italy.In 1910, at the same university, she was finally appointed a tenured professor. In 1915 she returned to the University of Pavia, to occupy the chair of zoology and, later, that of comparative anatomy. She held these positions until 1924, when she was invited to the newly formed University of Milan, where she held the chair of comparative anatomy and physiology, while also taking courses in general biology and zoology in the medical school. Despite her intense research activity and frequent university trips, Monti lived a vibrant private life. From her marriage to Augusto Stella (1863–1944), geologist and professor of mining sciences, she had two daughters, one of which, Emilia Stella (1909–1994), became a well-known limnology researcher. Scientific activity
In Pavia, at the beginning of her career, Monti made a name for herself in the zoo-neuro-histological field, with new research on the nervous system of insects. Subsequently she turned to hydrobiology, which at the time was neither very popular nor understood in Italy.In particular, she used a comparative perspective (incorporating mineralogy, zoology, anatomy and microbiology) to study the life of inland lakes (limnology). To study the varieties of life found in alpine lakes, as well as in insubric lakes, she combined field research and complex laboratory analyses, paying particular attention to the lakes in the Italian mountains of Val d'Aosta and Val d'Ossola first, then of Trentino. To explore the mountain waterways, Monti took on demanding mountaineering excursions: camping on the shores of the lakes, traveling the waters with a special boat, the Pavesia, that was designed and built for her, and using nets of her own invention to collect specimens. Monti also documented the extinction of life in Lake Orta resulting from pollution caused by industrial waste, emphasizing the need to respect the ecological balance. Last years
Monti dedicated her last few years to the Trentino lakes, aided by her daughter, Emilia Stella. Together they studied Lake Molveno (1934) and did a genetic study on cladocera (water fleas) (1936). In 1936, "on the instructions of the Ministry, she was placed in retirement."<mask> died a few months later on 25 January 1937 in Pavia. Because of her initial findings, the study of limnology grew in Italy under the tutelage of her students, and since 1938 has been the subject of the Institute of Hydrobiology, founded in Pallanza. Tributes
Lake Monti, a permanently frozen lake in the Terra Nova bay, discovered in Antarctica in 1988, during an Italian scientific expedition, is dedicated to <mask> <mask>. Via "Rina Monti Stella," a road in the northwestern area of Pavia, was named for her in In 2013. The Italian Institute of Hydrobiology in Pallanza, on the shores of Lake Maggiore, was named after her in 2015. Memberships
<mask> was a corresponding member of some of the most prestigious international societies of anatomy of her day: the Royal Lombard Institute of Sciences and Letters in Milan, the Association des Anatomistes in France (since 1998, Association des morphologistes), and the Anatomische Gesellschaft in Germany. Selected works
According to WorldCat.org, <mask> authored 120 works in 184 publications.Journals

Microscopic research on the nervous system of insects. Preliminary note in "Royal Lombard Institute of Sciences and Letters. Reports." Series 2, Volume 25, Fascicolo 7, 1892, pp. 533-540. Contribution to the knowledge of the nerves of the digestive tract of fish, Bernardoni, Milan 1895. On the nervous system of freshwater dendroceles.Note I, Bizzoni, Pavia 1896. On the comparative morphology of the excretory ducts of the gastric glands in vertebrates, Bizzoni, Pavia 1898. The salivary glands of terrestrial gastropods in the different functional periods, Hoepli, Milan 1899. The regeneration of marine planaria, Hoepli, Milan 1900. The physical-biological conditions of the Ossola and Valle d'Aosta lakes in relation to psychulture, Tip. Cooperative, Pavia 1903. Thalassographic explorations along the coasts of northern Sardinia, Fusi, Pavia 1910.Contribution to the biology of alpine hydrachnids in relation to the environment, Fusi, Pavia 1910. The internal reticular apparatus of golgi in the nerve cells of crustaceans, Accademia dei Lincei, Rome 1914. Chondriosomes and Golgi systems in nerve cells. Comparative research, Niccolai, Florence 1915. The biological physiognomy of Sardinia and the new ideas about the origins and the geographical destruction of the species, Fusi, Pavia 1915. The comparative limnology of insubric lakes, L'universale, Rome 1929. The battle against the beetles, in "New annals of agriculture."IX (1929), pp. 509-529. The gradual extinction of life in Lake Orta, Hoepli, Milan 1930
The genetics of Italian whitefish and their variability in relation to the environment, Jovene, Naples 1933. Contribution to the hydrobiology of the Albanian Alps. Floridia Allegri Mission, Fusi, Pavia 1934. Molveno lake. Life in a zootrophic lake, (written with E. Stella), Scotoni, Trento 1934.The Daphnia cucullata GO Sars in Tridentine lakes, (with P. Perotti Razzini), Scotoni, Trento 1935. Numbers, sizes and volumes of pelagic organisms living in Italian waters, in relation to the lake economy, Hoepli, Milan 1936. Texts

 Petrographic studies on some rocks of the Canonica valley, Fusi, Pavia 1894. Microscopic research on the nervous system of insects, Bizzoni, Pavia 1894. Anatomo-comparative research on the minute innervation of the trophic organs in the lower craniotes, Rosenberg and Sellier, Turin 1898
 The limnology of the Lario in relation to the repopulation of waters and fishing, Luzzatti, Rome 1924. The flowering of the waters on the Lario, se, Milan 1925. Lessons in comparative anatomy, Mariani, Milan 1927.Biology of whitefish in Italian lakes, Istituto Editoriale Scientifico, Milan 1930. Zoology and comparative anatomy, 2 vols., Bruni-Martelli, Pavia 1931-1935

References

External links

 L. Pirocchi, In memoriam <mask> <mask>, in Proceedings of the Italian Society of Natural Sciences , LXXVI (1937), pp. 55-69
 E. Baldi, <mask> <mask>, in Trentino Studies of Natural Sciences , LXXXIV (1937), pp. 85-91
 B. Schreiber, <mask> M. Stella, in Italian Journal of Zoology, VIII (1937), pp. 77-78
 M. Vialli, <mask> <mask>, 1871-1937, in Anatomischer Anzeiger, LXXXIV (1937), pp. 399-409
<mask> <mask> in scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie

1872 births
1937 deaths
Scientists from Pavia
University of Pavia alumni
University of Pavia faculty
Italian anatomists
Italian women chemists
19th-century Italian women scientists
20th-century women scientists
University of Sassari faculty
University of Milan faculty

masks:
Cesarina Monti
Rina Monti
Rina Monti Stella
Monti
Francesco Monti
Monti
Monti
Monti
Rina
Monti
Monti
Rina
Monti
Monti
Monti
Rina
Monti
Rina
Monti
Rina
Rina
Monti
Rina
Monti


texts:
<mask> (Russian: Анатолий Исаевич Кудрявицкий; born 17 August 1954) is a Russian-Irish novelist, poet, editor and literary translator. Biography
Kudryavitsky's father, Jerzy, was a Ukrainian-born Polish naval officer who served in the Russian fleet based in the Far East, while his mother Nelly Kitterick, a music teacher, was the daughter of an Irishman from County Mayo who ended up in one of Joseph Stalin's concentration camps. His aunt Isabel Kitterick, also a music teacher as well as a musicologist, published a critically acclaimed book titled Chopin's Lyrical Diary. Having lived in Russia and Germany, Kudryavitsky now lives in South Dublin. Samizdat writer
Educated at Moscow Medical University, Kudryavitsky later studied Irish history and culture. In the 1980s he worked as a researcher in immunology, a journalist, and a literary translator. He started writing poetry in 1978, but under the communists was not permitted to publish his work openly.American poet Leonard Schwartz described him as "a samizdat poet who had to put up with a good deal of abuse during the communist period and who has only been able to publish openly in recent years. In his 'poetics of silence' the words count as much for the silence they make possible as for what they say themselves"

In Russia after 1989

Since 1989, <mask> has published a number of short stories and seven collections of his Russian poems, the most recent being In the White Flame of Waiting (1994), The Field of Eternal Stories (1996), Graffiti (1998), and Visitors' Book (2001). He has also published translations from English into Russian of such authors and poets as John Galsworthy (Jocelyn), William Somerset Maugham (Up at the Villa), Stephen Leacock (Selected Stories), Arthur Conan Doyle (Selected Stories), Emily Dickinson (Selected Poems); Stephen Crane (Collected Poems), Jim Morrison (Selected Poems), all in book form. From 1993 till 1995 he was a member of the Meloimaginists poetry group. In the mid-1990s he edited the literary magazines Strelets/The Archer and Inostrannaya Literatura/Foreign Literature, as well as Poetry of Silence (A & B Press, 1998), an anthology of new Russian poetry. Two other anthologies, Zhuzhukiny Deti (NLO Publications, 2000), an anthology of Russian short stories and prose miniatures written in the second half of the twentieth century, and the anthology titled Imagism (Progress Publishing, 2001) were published more recently. The latter won The Independent/Ex Libris Best Translated Poetry Book of the Year Award in 2001.<mask> is a member of the Russian Writers' Union and Irish and International PEN. In 1998 he founded the Russian Poetry Society and became its first President (1998–1999). Joseph Brodsky described him as "a poet who gives voice to Russian Silence". In the West

After moving to Ireland in 2002, <mask> has written poetry, including haiku, predominantly in English, but continues to write fiction in Russian. Between 2006 and 2009 he worked as a creative writing tutor giving classes to members of Ireland's minority language communities. His book of English poems entitled Shadow of Time (2005) was published in Ireland by Goldsmith Press. Irish poet Iggy McGovern mentioned Shadow of Time among the best Irish books of the year (Poetry Ireland Review Newsletter, January/February 2006).A Night in the Nabokov Hotel, the anthology of contemporary Russian poetry translated into English by <mask>, was published in 2006 by Dedalus Press. He has translated more than forty contemporary Irish, English and American poets into Russian, and his own work has been translated into nine languages. He won the Edgeworth Prize for Poetry in 2003, and in 2017, the Mihai Eminescu Poetry Prize in Romania. In 2007, he re-established Okno, a Russian-language poetry magazine, as a web-only journal after a lapse of some 83 years, and edited it until 2014. In 2008, <mask>'s novel titled The Case-Book of Inspector Mylls was published in Moscow by Zakharov Books. This satirical novel is set in London, and bears the markings of the magic realism genre. In early 2009, another magic realist work of his, a novella entitled "A Parade of Mirrors and Reflections", appeared in "Deti Ra", a Russian literary magazine.In this novella, Yuri Andropov undergoes cloning. <mask>'s other novella titled "A Journey of a Snail to the Centre of the Shell" appeared in the same "Deti Ra" magazine in July 2010. It is an extended haibun about the life and writings of a fictitious 19th-century Japanese haiku poet. His second novel, "The Flying Dutchman", the first part of which has appeared in Okno magazine, was published in book-form in 2013. The work of magic realism has a subtitle, "A Symphonic Poem", and is written as a narrative mosaic of episodes set in both real and surreal worlds. It is about a Russian musicologist living in the 1970s and researching into the operas based on the old legend of the Flying Dutchman. He suddenly finds himself in trouble with the KGB, survives an attempt on his life and has to go into hiding.He escapes to a remote Russian province and rents an old house located on the bank of a big Russian river, where he lives like a recluse, observing nature and working on his new book. The house, which used to be an old barge, undergoes strange metamorphoses, rebuilding itself as a medieval ship. After some time the Russian police and the KGB locate his new whereabouts, put him under surveillance, and later figure out his identity. Now he is facing a choice between staying in the real world and escaping into another reality on board the Flying Dutchman's ship. The English translation of his third novel, "Shadowplay on a Sunless Day", has been published in England by Glagoslav Publications in autumn 2013, simultaneously with the Russian edition, under one cover with his novella "A Parade of Mirrors and Reflections". The book titled "DisUNITY" was launched at the Frankfurt Book Fair 2013. The novel narrates about life in modern-days Moscow and emigrant life in Western Germany, and deals with problems of self-identification, national identity and the crises of the generation of "new Europeans".According to Dublin Review of Books,

Kudryavitsky explores and exposes the complexities of immigrant experience and identity, and the often arbitrary and dubious desires of a society to improve itself through selection and exclusion. Carol Ermakova wrote the following in The Linguist:

<mask>'s work is often poetic, even lyrical, and one of the stylistic devices he often makes use of is the extended metaphor, often in association with the personification of nature. Another common theme is the overlap of the real/surreal, the merging of "waking reality" and the dream, and the juxtaposition of the beautiful and the grotesque. <mask> was one of the judges for the 2010 International Dublin Literary Award. Haiku involvement
<mask> started writing haiku in Ireland. In 2006, he founded the Irish Haiku Society with Siofra O'Donovan and Martin Vaughan. He is the current chairman of the society and editor of Shamrock Haiku Journal.In 2007, one of his haiku won Honourable Mention at the Vancouver International Cherry Blossom Festival. In the same year he was awarded Capoliveri Haiku 2007 Premio Internazionale di Poesia (International Haiku Award, Italy). In 2008, he won the Suruga Baika Haiku Prize of Excellence (Japan) with the following haiku:

sheep unmoved
in the green grass...
a slow passing of clouds

In 2012, he won the Vladimir Devide International Haiku Award (Osaka, Japan) with the following haiku:

on the steps
of the Freedom Memorial,
a discarded snake skin

In 2014, he won that award for the second time, with the following haiku:

Fathers’ Day –
children measure old oaks
by the length of their arms

He has translated haiku from several European languages into English. His haiku collection titled Capering Moons (2011) was short-listed for the Haiku Foundation Touchstone Distinguished Book Award 2011. In 2012, he edited an anthology of haiku poetry from Ireland, Bamboo Dreams, which was short-listed for the Haiku Foundation Touchstone Distinguished Book Award 2012, and in 2016, an anthology of new haiku writing from Ireland, Between the Leaves (Arlen House). The same year Red Moon Press (USA) published his collection of haiku and related poems titled Horizon. In 2020, a book of his new and selected haiku and haibun entitled Ten Thousand Birds was published in India by Cyberwit Press.In his interview for the Haiku International Association website he said the following:

"Haiku writing seems to be intuitive. Also, it changes a haiku poet’s personality. Succumbing to the habit of self-observation, a poet can trace those changes in himself. This will probably give him a chance to look into himself, to connect with his inner self in this way…"

Surrealist poet
His other poems published since 2015, especially the ones included in his chapbook entitled Stowaway and his 2019 collection, The Two-Headed Man and the Paper Life, have been described as Surrealist. According to the critic Michael S. Begnal, reviewing <mask>'s Stowaway, "his style is abstract... Alliteration and sibilance lead the way to a spectacular image. He is interested in the way images and language both construct our perception of the world, of consciousness." Another critic noted that in his work, "ever-present is a tension between abstraction and reality, a questioning of the existence of Truth."Since 2017 <mask> has been editing SurVision Magazine, an international online outlet for Surrealist poetry, which also has a book-publishing imprint, SurVision Books. Translator

He edited and translated into English four anthologies of Russian poetry and anthologies of contemporary German and Ukrainian poetry published in the UK and Ireland. In 2020, he won the English PEN Translate Award for Accursed Poets, his anthology of dissident poetry from Soviet Russia. Bibliography

Novels
Истории из жизни сыщика Мыллса (The Case-Book of Inspector Mylls) (Moscow, Zakharov Books, 2008)
Летучий Голландец (The Flying Dutchman) (Moscow, Text Publishers, 2013), EKSMO BOOKS, 2019; English translation: Glagoslav Publications, London, 2018. Игра теней в бессолнечный день (Shadowplay on a Sunless Day). (Moscow, Text Publishers, 2014). English translation: Glagoslav Publications, London, 2013.Novellas and short stories
Парад зеркал и отражений: повести и рассказы (A Parade of Mirrors and Reflections: Novellas and Short Stories) - Moscow, Text Publishers, 2017. English translation of A Parade of Mirrors and Reflections in DisUNITY, Selected Novels by <mask> Kudryavitsky. London, Glagoslav Publications, 2013)
Поездка в Где-нас-нет (A Passage to the Unknown). Novellas and Short Stories. Elephant Publishing, New Jersey, USA, 2011
Dream. After Dream Novellas (in English translation). Honeycomb Press, Dublin – New York, 2011.Poetry

In English

Books
 Scultura involontaria (English, with Italian translations). Multimedia Edizione, Italy, 2020. Selected Poems 1990 – 2011) Lynx Press, Dublin, 2011. Ветер зеленых звезд (The Wind from the Green Stars. New and Selected Poems.) DOOS Books, Moscow, 2015. Книга гиммиков, или Двухголовый человек и бумажная жизнь (The Book of Gimmicks, or The Two-Headed Man and the Paper Life.Selected Prose poems.) Evgeny Stepanov Publishing, Moscow, 2017. Очертания (Outline) Free Poetry, Cheboksary – Moscow, 2020

Limited edition publications
Осенний корабль (The Ship of Autumn) (UDN University Press, Moscow, 1991)
Запечатанные послания (Sealed Up Messages) (Valentine Books, Moscow, 1992)
Звезды и звуки (Stars and Sounds) (Lenore Books, Moscow, 1993)
Between the Lines  (Third Wave, 1997)

In translation
Bărbatul cu două capete și viața de hârtie ("The Two-Headed Man and the Paper Life"). Translated into Romanian. Editura Revers, Romania, 2017. Scultura involontaria Translated into Italian (bilingual English/Italian). Casa della poesia, Italy, 2020.Anthologies editedPoetry of Silence (A&B Press, Moscow, 1999)Zhuzhukiny Deti. Russian Short Stories in the Second Half of the 20th Century (NLO Books, Moscow, 2000)Bamboo Dreams. An Anthology of Haiku Poetry from Ireland. (Doghouse Books, Ireland, 2012)Between the Leaves. An Anthology of New Haiku Writing from Ireland. (Arlen House, Dublin, 2016)

Anthologies edited and translatedImagism, an anthology. (Progress Publishing, Moscow, 2001)A Night in the Nabokov Hotel.20 Contemporary Poets from Russia in English Translation. (Dedalus Press, Dublin, 2006)Coloured Handprints. 20 Contemporary German-Language Poets in English Translation. (Dedalus Press, Dublin, 2015) The Frontier: 28 Contemporary Ukrainian Poets in English Translation. An Anthology. (Glagoslav Publications, UK, 2017) Mirror Sand: An Anthology of Russian Short Poems in English Translation. (Glagoslav Publications, UK, 2018) message-door: An Anthology of Contemporary Surrealist Poetry from Russia.(SurVision Books, Ireland, 2020) Accursed Poets: Dissident Poetry from Soviet Russia 1960-80 (Smokestack Books, UK, 2020)

Translations of poetry
 Sergey Biryukov. Transformations, transl. from Russian (with Erina Megowan). (SurVision Books, Ireland, 2018)
 Alexander Korotko. Irrazionalismo'', transl. from Russian (SurVision Books, Ireland, 2019)

Notes

External links

<mask>'s personal website
<mask>'s prose poems in Stride Magazine, England
<mask>'s prose poems in Shadowtrain magazine, England (translated from the Russian by Siobhán McNamara)
Short story, "A Symphony's Farewell", in Asymptote Journal

1954 births
Russian male novelists
Magic realism writers
Irish poets
Surrealist poets
Russian male poets
Writers from Moscow
English-language haiku poets
Living people
Russian emigrants to Ireland
20th-century Russian translators
English–Russian translators
Irish translators
Irish editors
Irish magazine editors
Russian editors
20th-century Russian male writers

masks:
Anatoly Kudryavitsky
Kudryavitsky
Kudryavitsky
Kudryavitsky
Kudryavitsky
Kudryavitsky
Kudryavitsky
Kudryavitsky
Kudryavitsky
Kudryavitsky
Kudryavitsky
Kudryavitsky
Anatoly
Kudryavitsky
Kudryavitsky
Kudryavitsky


texts:
<mask> (24 February 1848 – 14 November 1907) was an Australian founding father and co-author of the Australian Constitution; he was also an engineer, barrister, politician, electoral reformer and jurist. He initially qualified as an engineer, but he re-trained as a barrister to effectively fight for social causes which deeply concerned him. After a long political career, mostly spent as Attorney-General and briefly as Opposition Leader, he was appointed a Senior Justice of the Supreme Court of Tasmania. Despite being acknowledged as the leading expert on the Australian Constitution, he was never appointed to the High Court of Australia. He popularised the Hare-<mask> voting system, and introduced it to Tasmania. In addition <mask> was a prolific author, though most of his writings were never published, rather they were circulated privately. <mask> was also Vice-Chancellor of the University of Tasmania.Throughout his life, <mask> was a progressive. He championed the rights of workers to organise through trades unions, universal suffrage (including women's suffrage) and the rights to a fair trial – all issues which today we take for granted, but were so radical in the 1880s that he was described as a 'communist' by the Hobart Mercury. "<mask> was an Australian Jefferson, who, like the great American Republican, fought for Australian independence; an autonomous judiciary; a wider franchise and lower property qualifications; fairer electoral boundaries; checks and balances between the judicature, legislature and executive; modern, liberal universities; and a Commonwealth that was federal, independent and based on natural rights." Yet he also had a rich and warm home life. He is described as "never too busy to mend a toy for a child, and his wife once wrote on hearing of his imminent return from America: 'to celebrate your return I must do something or bust". The Australian federal Division of Clark is named after him. Early life and marriage

<mask> was born in Hobart, Tasmania, the son of a Scottish engineer, <mask>.He was educated at Hobart High School. After leaving school, he was apprenticed to his family's engineering business, becoming a qualified engineer, and finally its business manager. His father had established a highly successful engineering business, based on an iron foundry. The business was also involved with industrial design and construction of flour mills, water mills, coal mines and other substantial undertaking. He grew to manhood during the 1860s, when the major issue, even in remote Tasmania, was the American Civil War and emancipation. This last issue had an especial resonance in Tasmania where a form of slavery, transportation, had been abolished as recently as 1853. Convicts were still a common sight for years later.As late as 1902, <mask> would publicly be moved to tears when discussing slavery. <mask> became fascinated by all things American. In 1872, <mask> disappointed his father by leaving to study law, becoming an articled clerk with R. P. Adams. He was called to the bar in 1877. <mask>, as a child attended a Baptist Sabbatical School until 1872 when the chapel was dissolved on a motion put by <mask> due to the "lack of discipline and proper order of government in worship." He then joined a Unitarian chapel, which led him into contact with leading American Unitarians, including Moncure Conway and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. The friendship formed with the latter would strongly influence his views and the development of the <mask>s' draft of the Australian Constitution.Early in his life, <mask> developed a passion for justice and liberty. He joined the Minerva Club where he participated in debate on contemporary social issues. In 1874, he edited its journal Quadrilateral. As a 'young ardent republican', he was also a member of the American Club, where at the 1876 annual dinner, he declared "We have met here tonight in the name of the principles which were proclaimed by the founders of the Anglo-American Republic... and we do so because we believe those principles to be permanently applicable to the politics of the world". He was inspired by Italian Risorgimento, especially by Joseph Mazzini of whom he had a picture in every room. He became a radical, a democrat and a republican. In 1878 he married Grace Paterson (Ross) <mask>, the daughter of local shipbuilder John Ross, with whom he had five sons and two daughters:

 Esma (1878)
 Alexander (1879) Marine engineer
 <mask> (1882) Justice of the Supreme Court of Tasmania 1928–1953.Conway (1883) Architect
 Wendell (1885) Doctor
 Melvyn (1886)
 Carrel (1888) Clerk of Tasmanian Legislative Council
 Ethel (1889)

One of the many mysteries of <mask>'s private life is the circumstances of his marriage. As the son of a prominent family, and a leading figure of his church who was marrying the daughter of a well-known businessman, his marriage might have been expected to be a major social event. Instead, they slipped away to Melbourne, where they were married in the presence of a few friends. Political career

In 1878, <mask> stood for election to the House of Assembly, despite his reputation as an extreme ultra-republican. He was attacked by the Hobart Mercury for "holding such very extreme ultra-republican, if not revolutionary, ideas" that his proper place should be among the 'Communists', and the Launceston Examiner as a "stranger from Hobart". He was elected, unopposed to the electorate of Norfolk Plains. His election was largely due to the influence of Thomas Reibey, a political power broker and a recent Premier.<mask> was the founder of the Southern Tasmania Political Reform Association, whose agenda included manhood suffrage, fixed term parliaments, and electoral reform. While a member of the House of Assembly, <mask> was regarded as republican and ultra-progressive. He was one of the few members legislate as a backbencher and introduce a private members bill. He failed to reform industrial law by amending the Master and Servant Act, but he succeeded with the Criminal Procedure Amendment Act in 1881.The ADB refers to "Criminal Law Amendment Act" of 1880. The Tasmania House of Assembly records do not include an Act with this title. There was however a "Criminal Procedure Amendment Act" in 1880. This confusion is complicated by the lack of a Hansard service prior to 1979.He also assisted with reframing the customs tariff. In the 1882 election, <mask> was defeated. He failed when he stood for election in 1884 (East Hobart) and 1886 (South Hobart). In 1887, <mask> was re-elected, in a by-election as member for East Hobart. In 1888, he was re-elected as member for South Hobart and remained there until the seat was abolished in 1897. He was then the member for Hobart until he resigned upon his appointment to the Supreme Court in 1898. In March 1888, he became Attorney General in the government of Sir Philip Fysh.Since the Premier was in the Legislative Council, <mask> was responsible for introducing legislation into the Assembly. Over the next five years he shepherded through the lower house much progressive and humanitarian legislation. His goal was to break the power of property in Tasmanian politics. The legislation covered such diverse reforms as legalising trades unions, providing parliamentary salaries, preventing cruelty to animals, reforming laws on lunacy, trusteeship and companies, the custody of children and the protection of children from neglect and abuse. He also introduced laws to restrict the immigration of Chinese. <mask> failed in his attempts to impose a land tax, introduce universal (including female) suffrage and centralise the police. <mask> was the most important 19th-century Attorney-General of Tasmania.His considerable drafting skills enabled him to modernise and simplify the law over a number of areas. He introduced a total of 228 bills into the Assembly. His best known achievement as Attorney-General was the introduction of proportional representation based on the Hare-Clark system of the single transferable vote. One of the major political issues addressed by <mask> during his career concerned the Tasmanian Main Line Railway – a railway which connected Tasmania's two main cites, Hobart and Launceston. In 1873, the Main Line Railway Company began the construction of the line, which opened in 1876. There were a series of disputes between the Company and the government over payments due to the Company under its Deed of Concession.ADB Audley Coote, Chief Engineer of the Mainline Railway Co Clark had spoken about the problem, advocating the acquisition of the Company by the government as early as 1878. With his dual qualifications as both an engineer and a lawyer, <mask> was in a unique position to understand the issues involved.As Attorney-General, he was the government's chief negotiator. In 1889, the Supreme Court awarded the Company arrears of interest. <mask> urged the government to appeal, and in 1890 he went to England to argue the case before the Privy Council. <mask> may have been a poor speaker in court, but he was a superb negotiator. It was his forte. With full powers, he settled the case out of court by arranging the purchase of the Company's property by the government. In 1891, <mask> returned to Tasmania from London by way of the United States.It was a fateful choice. He was introduced to a fellow Unitarian Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr, with whom he corresponded for the rest of his life. The contacts and people he met in Boston were to profoundly inform his views about political constitutions. Not the least of the consequences was the introduction of the term "commonwealth" to describe the Australian polity. This term is used in two ways: the Commonwealth Government and the Commonwealth of Australia. In 1892, the fall of the Fysh government ended <mask>'s term as Attorney-General. When Sir Edward Braddon formed a government in 1894, <mask> again became Attorney-General, the same year he was given the title 'Honourable' for life.He resigned in 1897, when his colleagues failed to consult him over the lease of Crown land to private interests, after which he became Leader of the Opposition. <mask> left politics to become a Justice of the Supreme Court of Tasmania in 1898. Hare–<mask> electoral system

In 1896, after several failed attempts, <mask> was able to get a system of proportional representation adopted by the Tasmanian Parliament, but it was to be only on a trial basis for both Hobart (to elect 6 MPs) and Launceston (to elect 4 MPs). The modified single transferable vote method, immediately known as the Hare–<mask> system, was renewed annually until suspended in 1902. <mask> died in 1907, just as permanent proportional representation struggled through Parliament and over a year before it was used for the first time throughout Tasmania at the general election in April 1909. Early legal career

<mask> was called to bar in 1877. He soon gained a reputation as a criminal lawyer in a 'poisoning case', but went on to gain a large practice in civil and commercial law as well.He practiced law both while in and out of parliament. During those periods when he was not serving as Attorney-General, he worked hard to build a successful practice. He failed to find his fortune in the law due to his generosity and refusal 'to accept anything beyond a reasonable and modest fee'. In 1887 he went into partnership with Matthew Wilkes Simmons. His career in private practice gave him a broad grounding in the law which stood him in good stead once he was promoted to the bench. <mask> was knowledgeable in all branches of the law, but pre-eminent as a constitutional lawyer and jurist. <mask>, never in robust health, in fact described as "small, spare, [and] nervous" by Alfred Deakin, died at his home 'Rosebank' in Battery Point on 14 November 1907.He is buried in the old Queenborough Cemetery at Sandy Bay. ReferencesNotesCitations'

External links

Dictionary of Australian Biography
University of Tasmania digital collections containing many letters to and from <mask>s <mask>

Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
1848 births
1907 deaths
Single transferable vote
Australian federationists
Leaders of the Opposition in Tasmania
Judges of the Supreme Court of Tasmania
Attorneys-General of Tasmania
Colony of Tasmania judges
19th-century Australian politicians
Australian republicans

masks:
Andrew Inglis Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Alexander Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Andrew
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Andrew Ingli
Clark