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 Washington without permission. On May 3, a member of Sheridan's staff arrested <mask> as he arrived in Chicago. The arrest sparked public outrage. The New York Herald called Grant the "modern Caesar" and asked, "Are officers... to be dragged from railroad trains and ignominiously ordered to stand aside until the whims of the Chief magistrate ... are satisfied?" Grant relented but insisted that Terry—not <mask>—personally command the expedition. Terry met <mask> in St. Paul, Minnesota, on May 6. He later recalled that <mask> "with tears in his eyes, begged for my aid.How could I resist it?" <mask> and Terry both wrote telegrams to Grant asking that <mask> lead his regiment, with Terry in command. Sheridan endorsed the effort. Grant was already under pressure for his treatment of <mask>. His administration worried that if the "Sioux campaign" failed without <mask>, then Grant would be blamed for ignoring the recommendations of senior Army officers. On May 8, <mask> was told that he would lead the expedition, but only under Terry's direct supervision. Elated, <mask> told General Terry's chief engineer, Captain Ludlow, that he would "cut loose" from Terry and operate independently.Battle of the Little Bighorn

By the time of <mask>'s Black Hills expedition in 1874, the level of conflict and tension between the U.S. and many of the Plains Indians tribes (including the Lakota Sioux and the Cheyenne) had become exceedingly high. European-Americans continually broke treaty agreements and advanced further westward, resulting in violence and acts of depredation by both sides. To take possession of the Black Hills (and thus the gold deposits), and to stop Indian attacks, the U.S. decided to corral all remaining free Plains Indians. The Grant government set a deadline of January 31, 1876, for all Lakota and Arapaho wintering in the "unceded territory" to report to their designated agencies (reservations) or be considered "hostile". At that time the 7th Cavalry's regimental commander, Colonel Samuel D. Sturgis, was on detached duty as the Superintendent of Mounted Recruiting Service and in command of the Cavalry Depot in St. Louis, Missouri, which left Lieutenant Colonel <mask> in command of the regiment. <mask> and the 7th Cavalry departed from Fort Abraham Lincoln on May 17, 1876, part of a larger army force planning to round up remaining free Indians. Meanwhile, in the spring and summer of 1876, the Hunkpapa Lakota holy man Sitting Bull had called together the largest ever gathering of Plains Indians at Ash Creek, Montana (later moved to the Little Bighorn River) to discuss what to do about the whites.It was this united encampment of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians that the 7th met at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in the Crow Indian Reservation created in old Crow Country. (In the Fort Laramie Treaty (1851), the valley of the Little Bighorn is in the heart of the Crow Indian treaty territory and accepted as such by the Lakota, the Cheyenne and the Arapaho). The Lakotas were staying in the valley without consent from the Crow tribe, which sided with the Army to expel the Indian invaders. About June 15, Major Marcus Reno, while on a scout, discovered the trail of a large village on the Rosebud River. On June 22, <mask>'s entire regiment was detached to follow this trail. On June 25, some of <mask>'s Crow Indian scouts identified what they claimed was a large Indian encampment in the valley near the Little Bighorn River. <mask> had first intended to attack the Indian village the next day, but since his presence was known, he decided to attack immediately and divided his forces into three battalions: one led by Major Reno, one by Captain Frederick Benteen, and one by himself.Captain Thomas M. McDougall and Company B were with the pack train. Reno was sent north to charge the southern end of the encampment, <mask> rode north, hidden to the east of the encampment by bluffs and planning to circle around and attack from the north, and Benteen was initially sent south and west to scout Indian presence and potentially protect the column from the south. Reno began a charge on the southern end of the village but halted some 500–600 yards short of the camp, and had his men dismount and form a skirmish line. They were soon overcome by mounted Lakota and Cheyenne warriors who counterattacked en masse against Reno's exposed left flank, forcing Reno and his men to take cover in the trees along the river. Eventually, however, the troopers engaged in a bloody retreat up onto the bluffs above the river, where they made their own stand. This, the opening action of the battle, cost Reno a quarter of his command. <mask> may have seen Reno stop and form a skirmish line as <mask> led his command to the northern end of the main encampment, where he may have planned to sandwich the Indians between his attacking troopers and Reno's command in a "hammer and anvil" maneuver.According to Grinnell's account, based on the testimony of the Cheyenne warriors who survived the fight, at least part of <mask>'s command attempted to ford the river at the north end of the camp but were driven off by Indian sharpshooters firing from the brush along the west bank of the river. From that point the soldiers were pursued by hundreds of warriors onto a ridge north of the encampment. <mask> and his command were prevented from digging in by Crazy Horse however, whose warriors had outflanked him and were now to his north, at the crest of the ridge. Traditional white accounts attribute to Gall the attack that drove <mask> up onto the ridge, but Indian witnesses have disputed that account. For a time, <mask>'s men appear to have been deployed by company, in standard cavalry fighting formation—the skirmish line, with every fourth man holding the horses, though this arrangement would have robbed <mask> of a quarter of his firepower. Worse, as the fight intensified, many soldiers could have taken to holding their own horses or hobbling them, further reducing the 7th's effective fire. When Crazy Horse and White Bull mounted the charge that broke through the center of <mask>'s lines, order may have broken down among the soldiers of Calhoun's command, though Myles Keogh's men seem to have fought and died where they stood.According to some Lakota accounts, many of the panicking soldiers threw down their weapons and either rode or ran towards the knoll where <mask>, the other officers, and about 40 men were making a stand. Along the way, the warriors rode them down, counting coup by striking the fleeing troopers with their quirts or lances. Initially, <mask> had 208 officers and men under his direct command, with an additional 142 under Reno, just over 100 under Benteen, and 50 soldiers with Captain McDougall's rearguard, accompanying 84 soldiers under 1st Lieutenant Edward Gustave Mathey with the pack train. The Lakota-Cheyenne coalition may have fielded over 1,800 warriors. Historian Gregory Michno settles on a low number of around 1,000 based on contemporary Lakota testimony, but other sources place the number at 1,800 or 2,000, especially in the works by Utley and Fox. The 1,800–2,000 figure is substantially lower than the higher numbers of 3,000 or more postulated by Ambrose, Gray, Scott, and others. Some of the other participants in the battle gave these estimates:

Spotted Horn Bull – 5,000 braves and leaders
Maj. Reno – 2,500 to 5,000 warriors
Capt.Moylan – 3,500 to 4,000
Lt. Hare – not under 4,000
Lt. Godfrey – minimum between 2,500 and 3,000
Lt. Edgerly – 4,000
Lt. Varnum – not less than 4,000
Sgt. Kanipe – fully 4,000
<mask>en – fully 3,000
Fred Gerard – 2,500 to 3,000

An average of the above is 3,500 Indian warriors and leaders. As the troopers of <mask>'s five companies were cut down, the native warriors stripped the dead of their firearms and ammunition, with the result that the return fire from the cavalry steadily decreased, while the fire from the Indians constantly increased. The surviving troopers apparently shot their remaining horses to use as breastworks for a final stand on the knoll at the north end of the ridge. The warriors closed in for the final attack and killed every man in <mask>'s Last Stand". Personal life

On February 9, 1864, <mask> married Elizabeth Clift Bacon (1842–1933), whom he had first seen when he was ten years old.He had been socially introduced to her in November 1862, when home in Monroe on leave. She was not initially impressed with him, and her father, Judge Daniel Bacon, disapproved of <mask> as a match because he was the son of a blacksmith. It was not until well after <mask> had been promoted to the rank of brigadier general that he gained the approval of Judge Bacon. He married Elizabeth Bacon fourteen months after they formally met. In November 1868, following the Battle of Washita River, <mask> was alleged (by Captain Frederick Benteen, chief of scouts Ben Clark, and Cheyenne oral tradition) to have unofficially married Mo-nah-se-tah, daughter of the Cheyenne chief Little Rock in the winter or early spring of 1868–1869 (Little Rock was killed in the one-day action at Washita on November 27). Mo-nah-se-tah gave birth to a child in January 1869, two months after the Washita battle. Cheyenne oral history tells that she also bore a second child, fathered by <mask> in late 1869.Some historians, however, believe that <mask> had become sterile after contracting gonorrhea while at West Point and that the father was, in actuality, his brother Thomas. Clarke's description in his memoirs included the statement, "<mask> picked out a fine looking one and had her in his tent every night." Death
It is unlikely that any Native American recognized <mask> during or after the battle. Michno summarizes: "Shave Elk said, 'We did not suspect that we were fighting <mask> and did not recognize him either alive or dead.' Wooden Leg said no one could recognize any enemy during the fight, for they were too far away. The Cheyennes did not even know a man named <mask> was in the fight until weeks later. Antelope said none knew of <mask> being at the fight until they later learned of it at the agencies.Thomas Marquis learned from his interviews that no Indian knew <mask> was at the Little Bighorn fight until months later. Many Cheyennes were not even aware that other members of the <mask> family had been in the fight until 1922 when Marquis himself first informed them of that fact." Several individuals claimed responsibility for killing <mask>, including White Bull of the Miniconjous, Rain-in-the-Face, Flat Lip, and Brave Bear. In June 2005, at a public meeting, Northern Cheyenne storytellers said that according to their oral tradition, Buffalo Calf Road Woman, a Northern Cheyenne heroine of the Battle of the Rosebud, struck the final blow against <mask>, which knocked him off his horse before he died. A contrasting version of <mask>'s death is suggested by the testimony of an Oglala named Joseph White Cow Bull, according to novelist and Custer biographer Evan Connell. He says that Joseph White Bull stated he had shot a rider wearing a buckskin jacket and big hat at the riverside when the soldiers first approached the village from the east. The initial force facing the soldiers, according to this version, was quite small (possibly as few as four warriors) yet challenged <mask>'s command.The rider who was hit was mounted next to a rider who bore a flag and had shouted orders that prompted the soldiers to attack, but when the buckskin-clad rider fell off his horse after being shot, many of the attackers reined up. The allegation that the buckskin-clad officer was <mask>, if accurate, might explain the supposed rapid disintegration of <mask>'s forces. However, several other officers of the Seventh, including William Cooke, <mask> and William Sturgis, were also dressed in buckskin on the day of the battle, and the fact that each of the non-mutilation wounds to <mask>'s body (a bullet wound below the heart and a shot to the left temple) would have been instantly fatal casts doubt on his being wounded or killed at the ford, more than a mile from where his body was found. The circumstances are, however, consistent with David Humphreys Miller's suggestion that <mask>'s attendants would not have left his dead body behind to be desecrated. During the 1920s, two elderly Cheyenne women spoke briefly with oral historians about their having recognized <mask>'s body on the battlefield and said that they had stopped a Sioux warrior from desecrating the body. The women were relatives of Mo-nah-se-tah, who was alleged to have been <mask>'s lover in late 1868 and through 1869, and borne two children by him. Mo-nah-se-tah was among 53 Cheyenne women and children taken captive by the 7th Cavalry after the Battle of Washita River in 1868, in which <mask> commanded an attack on the camp of Chief Black Kettle.Mo-nah-se-tah's father, Cheyenne chief Little Rock, was killed in the battle. During the winter and early spring of 1868–69, <mask> reportedly sexually assaulted teenage Mo-nah-se-tah. Cheyenne oral history alleges that she later bore <mask>'s child in late 1869. (<mask>, however, had apparently become sterile after contracting venereal disease at West Point, leading some historians to believe that the father was really his brother Thomas). In the Cheyenne culture of the time, such a relationship was considered a marriage. The women allegedly told the warrior: "Stop, he is a relative of ours," and then shooed him away. The two women said they shoved their sewing awls into his ears to permit <mask>'s corpse to "hear better in the afterlife" because he had broken his promise to Stone Forehead never to fight against Native Americans again.When the main column under General Terry arrived two days later, the army found most of the soldiers' corpses stripped, scalped, and mutilated. <mask>'s body had two bullet holes, one in the left temple and one just below the heart. Capt. Benteen, who inspected the body, stated that in his opinion the fatal injuries had not been the result of .45 caliber ammunition, which implies the bullet holes had been caused by ranged rifle fire. Some time later, Lieutenant Edward S. Godfrey described <mask>'s mutilation, telling Charles F. Bates that an arrow "had been forced up his penis." The bodies of <mask> and his brother Tom were wrapped in canvas and blankets, then buried in a shallow grave, covered by the basket from a travois held in place by rocks. When soldiers returned a year later, the brothers' grave had been scavenged by animals and the bones scattered."Not more than a double handful of small bones were picked up." <mask> was reinterred with full military honors at West Point Cemetery on October 10, 1877. The battle site was designated a National Cemetery in 1886. Controversial legacy

Public relations and media coverage during his lifetime
<mask> has been called a "media personality", and he valued good public relations and used the print media of his era effectively. He frequently invited journalists to accompany his campaigns (one, Associated Press reporter Mark Kellogg, died at the Little Bighorn), and their favorable reporting contributed to his high reputation, which lasted well into the latter 20th century. <mask> enjoyed writing, often writing all night long. He wrote a series of magazine articles of his experiences on the frontier, which were published in book form as My Life on the Plains in 1874.The work is still a valued primary source for information on US-Native relations. Posthumous legacy
After his death, <mask> achieved lasting fame. Despite some initial criticism, the public eventually saw him as a tragic military hero. <mask>'s wife, Elizabeth, who had accompanied him in many of his frontier expeditions, did much to advance this view with the publication of several books about her late husband: Boots and Saddles, Life with <mask> in Dakota, Tenting on the Plains, or <mask> in Kansas and Texas and Following the Guidon. The deaths of <mask> and his troops became the best-known episode in the history of the American Indian Wars, due in part to a painting commissioned by the brewery Anheuser-Busch as part of an advertising campaign. The enterprising company ordered reprints of a dramatic work that depicted "Custer's Last Stand" and had them framed and hung in many United

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 States saloons. This created lasting impressions of the battle and the brewery's products in the minds of many bar patrons.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote an adoring (and in some places, erroneous) poem. President Theodore Roosevelt's lavish praise pleased <mask>'s widow. President Grant, a highly successful general but recent antagonist, criticized <mask>'s actions in the battle of the Little Bighorn. Quoted in the New York Herald on September 2, 1876, Grant said, "I regard <mask>'s Massacre as a sacrifice of troops, brought on by <mask> himself, that was wholly unnecessary – wholly unnecessary." General Phillip Sheridan took a more moderately critical view of <mask>'s final military actions. General Nelson Miles (who inherited <mask>'s mantle of famed Indian fighter) and others praised him as a fallen hero betrayed by the incompetence of subordinate officers. Miles noted the difficulty of winning a fight "with seven-twelfths of the command remaining out of the engagement when within sound of his rifle shots."The assessment of <mask>'s actions during the American Indian Wars has undergone substantial reconsideration in modern times. Documenting the arc of popular perception in his biography Son of the Morning Star (1984), author Evan Connell notes the reverential tone of <mask>'s first biographer Frederick Whittaker (whose book was rushed out the year of <mask>'s death.) Connell concludes:

These days it is stylish to denigrate the general, whose stock sells for nothing. Nineteenth-century Americans thought differently. At that time he was a cavalier without fear and beyond reproach. Criticism and controversy

The controversy over blame for the disaster at Little Bighorn continues to this day. Major Marcus Reno's failure to press his attack on the south end of the Lakota/Cheyenne village and his flight to the timber along the river after a single casualty have been cited as a factor in the destruction of <mask>'s battalion, as has Captain Frederick Benteen's allegedly tardy arrival on the field, and the failure of the two officers' combined forces to move toward the relief of Custer.Some of <mask>'s critics have asserted tactical errors. While camped at Powder River, <mask> refused the support offered by General Terry on June 21 of an additional four companies of the Second Cavalry. <mask> stated that he "could whip any Indian village on the Plains" with his own regiment, and that extra troops would simply be a burden. At the same time, he left behind at the steamer Far West, on the Yellowstone, a battery of Gatling guns, knowing he was facing superior numbers. Before leaving the camp all the troops, including the officers, also boxed their sabers and sent them back with the wagons. On the day of the battle, <mask> divided his 600-man command, despite being faced with vastly superior numbers of Sioux and Cheyenne. The refusal of an extra battalion reduced the size of his force by at least a sixth, and rejecting the firepower offered by the Gatling guns played into the events of June 25 to the disadvantage of his regiment.<mask>'s defenders, however, including historian Charles K. Hofling, have asserted that Gatling guns would have been slow and cumbersome as the troops crossed the rough country between the Yellowstone and the Little Bighorn. <mask> rated speed in gaining the battlefield as essential and more important. Supporters of <mask> claim that splitting the forces was a standard tactic, so as to demoralize the enemy with the appearance of the cavalry in different places all at once, especially when a contingent threatened the line of retreat. Attacks on Indigenous Peoples

Sharply criticizing the self-styled “Indian fighter,” Indigenous people's movements have emphasized <mask>'s role in the U.S. government's land theft, treaty violations and atrocities against Native Americans. Standing Rock Sioux theologian and author Vine Deloria, Jr. told the Los Angeles Times in 1996 that he considered <mask> “the Adolf Eichmann of the Plains.” In his 1969 book <mask> Died for Your Sins, Deloria condemned <mask>'s violations of the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty that established the Black Hills region as unceded territory of the Sioux and Arapaho peoples. <mask>'s violations of the Fort Laramie Treaty included a 1874 gold expedition and the 1876 Battle of Greasy Grass (Battle of the Little Bighorn). Critics have also highlighted <mask>'s 1868 Washita River surprise attack that killed Cheyenne non-combatants including mothers, children, and elders.<mask> was following Generals William Sherman and Philip Sheridan's orders for “total war” on the Indigenous nations. Describing total war methods, Sherman wrote, “We must act with vindictive earnestness against the Sioux, even to their extermination, men, women, and children...during an assault, the soldiers can not pause to distinguish between male and female, or even discriminate as to age." There is “credible evidence” that following the attack, <mask> and his men took “sexual liberties” with female captives, in the euphemism of one historian. Another historian writes, “There was a saying among the soldiers of the western frontier, a saying <mask> and his officers could heartily endorse: ‘Indian women rape easy.’”

Indigenous criticism of <mask>’s posthumous legacy may have begun immediately after <mask> died. Good Fox (Lakota) recounted:
"I was told that after the battle two Cheyenne women came across <mask>’s body. They knew him, because he had attacked their peaceful village on the Washita. These women said, ‘You smoked the peace pipe with us.Our chiefs told you that you would be killed if you ever made war on us again. But you would not listen. This will make you hear better.’ The women each took an awl from their beaded cases and stuck them deep into <mask>’s ears.”

In 1976, the American Indian Movement (AIM) celebrated the centennial anniversary of Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho victory in the Battle of Greasy Grass, performing a victory dance around the marker of <mask>’s death. AIM continued protesting there demanding the official renaming of the “Custer Battlefield,” finally winning this demand in 1991. In May 2021, the United Tribes of Michigan unanimously passed a resolution calling for the removal of a Custer statue in Monroe, Michigan. The resolution stated in part:
"(It) is widely perceived as offensive and a painful public reminder of the legacy of Indigenous people's genocide and present realities of systemic racism in our country... <mask> is notoriously known as the 'Indian Killer' [...] <mask> does not deserve any glory, nor the right to further torment minoritized citizens 145 years postmortem." Monuments and memorials

 Counties are named in <mask> Mine, which was named for Custer), Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and South Dakota.Townships in Illinois, Michigan, and Minnesota were named for <mask>. Other municipalities named after Custer include the villages of Custer, Michigan, and Custar, Ohio; the city of Custer, South Dakota; and the unincorporated town of Custer, Wisconsin. Custer National Cemetery is within Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, the site of Custer's death. The <mask> Custer Equestrian Monument of Custer, by Edward Clark Potter, was erected in Monroe, Michigan, Custer's boyhood home, in 1910. Fort Custer National Military Reservation, near Augusta, Michigan, was built in 1917 on 130 parcels of land, as part of the military mobilization for World War I. During the war, some 90,000 troops passed through Camp Custer. The establishment of Fort Custer National Cemetery (originally Fort Custer Post Cemetery) took place on September 18, 1943, with the first interment.On Memorial Day 1982, more than 33 years after the first resolution had been introduced in Congress, impressive ceremonies marked the official opening of the cemetery. Custer Hill is the main troop billeting area at Fort Riley, Kansas. Custer's 1866 residence on the post has been preserved and is currently maintained as the Custer House Museum and meeting space (also sometimes referred to as Custer Home). The 85th Infantry Division was nicknamed The Custer Division. The Black Hills of South Dakota is full of evidence of Custer, with a county, town, and Custer State Park all located in the area. A prominent mountain peak in the Black Hills bears his name. The <mask> house at Fort Abraham Lincoln, near present-day Mandan, North Dakota, has been reconstructed as it was in Custer's day, along with the soldiers' barracks, block houses, etc.Annual re-enactments are held of <mask>'s 7th Cavalry's leaving for the Little Bighorn. On July 2, 2008, a marble monument to Brigadier General <mask> was dedicated at the site of the 1863 Civil War Battle of Hunterstown, in Adams County, Pennsylvania. <mask> Monument at the United States Military Academy was first unveiled in 1879. It now stands next to his grave in the West Point Cemetery. <mask> Memorial Monument at his birthplace was erected by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical society in 1931. It is located near the remains of the foundation of his birthplace homestead in New Rumley, Ohio. <mask> Monument is managed locally by the Custer Memorial Association.Miscellany

In addition to "Autie", <mask> acquired a number of nicknames. During the Civil War, after his promotion to become the youngest brigadier general in the Army at age 23, the press frequently called him "The Boy General". During his years on the Great Plains in the American Indian Wars, his troopers often referred to him with grudging admiration as "Iron Butt" and "Hard Ass" for his physical stamina in the saddle and his strict discipline, as well as with the more derisive "Ringlets" for his long, curling blond hair, which he frequently perfumed with cinnamon-scented hair oil. <mask> was quite fastidious in his grooming. Early in their marriage, Libbie wrote, "He brushes his teeth after every meal. I always laugh at him for it, also for washing his hands so frequently." He was 5'11" tall and wore a size 38 jacket and size 9C boots.At various times he weighed between 143 pounds (at the end of the 1869 Kansas campaign) and a muscular 170 pounds. A splendid horseman, "<mask> mounted was an inspiration." He was quite fit, able to jump to a standing position from lying flat on his back. He was a "power sleeper", able to get by on very short naps after falling asleep immediately on lying down. He "had a habit of throwing himself prone on the grass for a few minutes' rest and resembled a human island, entirely surrounded by crowding, panting dogs." Throughout his travels, he gathered geological specimens, sending them to the University of Michigan. On September 10, 1873, he wrote Libbie, "the Indian battles hindered the collecting, while in that immediate region it was unsafe to go far from the command...."

He was well-liked by his native scouts, whose company he enjoyed.He often ate with them. A May 21, 1876, diary entry by Kellogg records, "General <mask> visits scouts; much at home amongst them." Before leaving the steamer Far West for the final leg of the journey, <mask> wrote all night. His orderly John Burkman stood guard in front of his tent and on the morning of June 22, 1876, found <mask> "hunched over on the cot, just his coat and his boots off, and the pen still in his hand." During his service in Kentucky, <mask> bought several thoroughbred horses. He took two on his last campaign, Vic (for Victory) and Dandy. During the march he changed horses every three hours.He rode Vic into his last battle. <mask> took his two staghounds Tuck and Bleuch with him during the last expedition. He left them with  orderly Burkman when he rode forward into battle. Burkman joined the packtrain. He regretted not accompanying <mask> but lived until 1925, when he took his own life. The common media image of <mask>'s appearance at the Last Stand—buckskin coat and long, curly blonde hair—is wrong. Although he and several other officers wore buckskin coats on the expedition, they took them off and packed them away because it was so hot.According to Soldier, an Arikara scout, "<mask> took off his buckskin coat and tied it behind his saddle." Further, <mask>—whose hair was thinning—joined a similarly balding Lieutenant Varnum and "had the clippers run over their heads" before leaving Fort Lincoln. Dates of rank

See also

 Cultural depictions of <mask> <mask>
 <mask>'s Revenge
 Fort Abraham Lincoln
 German-Americans in the Civil War
 Half Yellow Face
 White Swan
 List of American Civil War generals (Union)
 List of German Americans

References

Bibliography

 Ambrose, Stephen E. (1996 [1975]). Crazy Horse and Custer: The Parallel Lives of Two American Warriors. New York: Anchor Books. .
 Barnett, Louise (1996) Touched by Fire: The Life, Death, and Mythic Afterlife of <mask> <mask>  New York, Henry Holt and Company, Inc.
 Boulard, Garry (2006) The Swing Around the Circle: Andrew Johnson and the Train Ride that Destroyed a Presidency
 Caudill, Edward and Paul Ashdown (2015). Inventing Custer: The Making of An American Legend. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Goodrich, Thomas. Scalp Dance: Indian Warfare on the High Plains, 1865–1879. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997. Longacre, Edward G. (2000). Lincoln's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac. Stackpole Books. .
 Longstreet, James, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America, J.B. Lippincott, 1908. Mails, Thomas E. (1972).Mystic Warriors of the Plains. Doubleday. Marshall, Joseph M. III. (2007). The Day the World Ended at Little Bighorn: A Lakota History. New York: Viking Press. Merington, Marguerite, Ed.The <mask> Story: The Life and Intimate Letters of General <mask> and his Wife Elizabeth. (1950)
 Michno, Gregory F. (1997). Lakota Noon: The Indian Narrative of <mask>'s Defeat. Mountain Press Publishing Company. .

 Perrett, Bryan. Last Stand: Famous Battles Against the Odds. London: Arms & Armour, 1993. Punke, Michael, "Last Stand: <mask> Grinnell, the Battle to Save the Buffalo, and the Birth of the New West", Smithsonian Books, 2007,
 Robbins, James S. The Real <mask>: From Boy General to Tragic Hero.Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2014,
 Tagg, Larry. (1988). The Generals of Gettysburg. Savas Publishing. .
 Urwin, Gregory J. W., Custer Victorious, University of Nebraska Press, 1990, . Utley, Robert M. (2001). Cavalier in Buckskin: <mask> <mask> and the Western Military Frontier, revised edition. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. .
 Vestal, Stanley.Warpath: The True Story of the Fighting Sioux Told in a Biography of Chief White Bull. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1934. Welch, James, with Paul Stekler. (2007 [1994]). Killing Custer: The Battle of Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. Wert, Jeffry D. <mask>: The Controversial Life of <mask> <mask>.New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996. .

Further reading

 Stiles, T.J<mask>'s Trials: A Life on the Frontier of a New America (2015), Pulitzer Prize. External links

 Indian Wars and the Year of <mask>
 Friends of the Little Bighorn Battlefield
 Custer Battlefield Museum
 Little Big Horn Associates
 Little Bighorn History Alliance
 Kenneth M Hammer Collection on Custer and the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Harold G. Andersen Library, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater
 Gallery of Custer images
 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -<mask>, <mask>

 George A. and Elizabeth B<mask> papers, Vault MSS 364 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
 Charles F. Bates Papers. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 1839 births
1876 deaths
People from Harrison County, Ohio
American people of German descent
American people of English descent
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Union Army generals
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
People of Michigan in the American Civil War
People of the Great Sioux War of 1876
United States Army personnel who were court-martialed
Comanche campaign
United States Military Academy alumni
People from Monroe, Michigan
Michigan Brigade
American military personnel killed in the American Indian Wars
Deaths by firearm in Montana
Burials at West Point Cemetery
Battle of the Little Bighorn
Genocide

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<mask> (born 4 March 1968) is an English former professional footballer and manager who was most recently manager of League Two club Stevenage. <mask>'s playing career, spent mostly as a striker in non-League football, was curtailed due to injury whilst playing for Kingstonian. It was at Kingstonian that he started his managerial career, at the age of 28, managing them for five months, before spending a year in charge of Enfield. In 1999, <mask> became manager of Farnborough Town, guiding them to the Football Conference in 2002. He left Farnborough the following season, to become manager of Stevenage. He took the club to within one game of promotion to the Football League, but left the club in 2006 when his contract expired. <mask> then had a brief spell with Rushden & Diamonds, as well as acting as caretaker manager at Kettering Town.He took a year out of the game, before rejoining Stevenage in May 2008. He managed the club to FA Trophy success in 2009, before securing promotion to the Football League for the first time in the club's history in April 2010, finishing the season as league champions. The club won back-to-back promotions in his first season as a Football League manager, following Stevenage's successful 2010–11 League Two play-off campaign. At the start of 2012, <mask> left Stevenage to join Preston North End. He was sacked by the club in February 2013. A month later, <mask> rejoined Stevenage, his third spell at the club. He managed the club for another two years, before leaving again in May 2015.He took charge at Peterborough United four months later, before being sacked shortly before the end of the 2015–16 season. He was appointed manager at Newport County in October 2016, with the club lying bottom of the Football League, and was sacked five months later. He was appointed as head coach of Barnet in January 2018, before managing Stevenage for a fourth time for two months from December 2019. Playing career
<mask> was born in Hounslow, London and he started his footballing career as an apprentice with Queens Park Rangers. During his time at QPR, <mask> represented England at under-18 level. He then joined Gillingham in March 1986. He made two Third Division appearances for the club before joining Barnet.He made three appearances and scored one goal for them in the Football Conference during the 1987–88 season, making his debut for the club in a 2–2 draw against Macclesfield Town at Moss Rose. <mask> joined Wycombe Wanderers in the latter stages of 1987 for a fee of £7,500, making a scoring debut in a 2–1 away victory at Telford United. He scored in Wycombe's next two games, and was a first team regular until manager Peter Suddaby left the club in January 1988. <mask> played just once under new manager Jim Kelman and left soon afterwards to sign for Kingstonian. He played 24 times for Wycombe, scoring five goals in all competitions during the club's 1987–88 campaign. He later played for a number of non-League clubs, including Kingstonian, Wealdstone, Farnborough Town, Harlow Town, Enfield, Aylesbury United, Harrow Borough, Tooting & Mitcham United, Molesey and Walton & Hersham – three of which he would later go on to manage. He was voted Player of the Season at Enfield, before being swapped to Aylesbury in exchange for Darren Collins in December 1992.During his time at Kingstonian, he suffered a dislocated ankle and broken leg in three places, which subsequently cut his playing career short as he never fully recovered from the injury. Managerial career

Early management
While recovering from a broken leg, at the age of 28, <mask> was appointed as manager of Kingstonian in December 1996 after approaching the club about their vacant managerial post. His first two games as manager of the club both ended in 4–4 draws against Walton & Hersham and Harrow Borough, with <mask> saying "at the time, there was something raw and exciting about the team that I sent out. Although there was also something evidently missing". His first victory as manager was a 2–0 victory over Wokingham Town in the Isthmian League Cup, before securing his first league win in the following game, a 5–2 win away at Aylesbury United. Kingstonian drew clear of relegation, with <mask> recalling a 3–2 victory over champions Yeovil Town at Huish Park as a "memorable victory". Despite helping Kingstonian avoid relegation, he was sacked after five months, being replaced by Geoff Chapple.He managed Kingstonian for 25 games, recording nine wins, eight losses, and eight draws. In September 1997, <mask> was appointed as manager of another club he had previously played for in the form of Isthmian League Premier Division club Enfield. He appointed <mask> as his assistant, who had also previously played for, and managed, Enfield. He outlined his ambition of ensuring the club returned to the top tier in non-League, despite the club struggling with financial difficulties, he stated "my ambition is to see silverware in the table, and if you can't take the pressure, you shouldn't take big jobs like this one". His first game as manager of Enfield was a 2–0 home defeat to St Albans City. Enfield finished in seventh place in <mask>'s first season there and he left the club after nine months in charge. He managed the club for 41 games; winning 19, losing 16, and drawing six, with a win percentage of 46.34%.Farnborough Town
In 1999, <mask> bought a controlling interest in Farnborough Town and appointed himself as manager. He managed the club to a 12th-place finish in his first season and enjoyed success in the Isthmian Cup; winning the competition in 2000. The following season, Farnborough won the Isthmian League Premier Division; securing 31 victories from 42 matches and amassing 99 points. <mask> overhauled the squad shortly after the club's promotion to the Football Conference, which he later stated as a "huge regret". At this point, he also tried to arrange a merger with Kingstonian, citing the club's "Football League rated ground" as the reasoning behind his proposed idea, although it never happened due to "fans resistance". During the 2001–02 season, the club consolidated their position in the first tier of non-League football; finishing in seventh place in the league. The following season, <mask> managed the club to the Third Round of the FA Cup after a 3–0 victory at Southport, where they faced Football League competition in the form of Darlington at Feethams.They won the match 3–2 and the club were rewarded with a Fourth Round tie at home to Arsenal. The match was moved to Highbury, Arsenal's home stadium, because the tie stood to make around £600,000 in gate receipts from playing at Highbury, whereas playing at Cherrywood Road would have generated the club an estimated £50,000. <mask> left the club after the sell-out 'home' tie at Highbury, which they lost 5–1. Shortly after his resignation, he became manager at Football Conference club Stevenage Borough in January 2003, signing a three-year contract. <mask> confirmed he would be leaving his shareholding in Farnborough to other existing shareholders, and would also be withdrawing his financial backing at the club. On moving to Stevenage, <mask> said "I've enjoyed my time at Farnborough, but I feel that I need to move on now and that I need to concentrate on football management, which is where my ambitions lie". He also stated that Stevenage's "long-term potential" was another key factor behind the move.Stevenage
When <mask> took over the Hertfordshire club, Stevenage were positioned in 21st place in the Football Conference, and were six points adrift of safety. Unlike his position at his previous club, <mask> was appointed as first team manager, with no board involvement. With an initial objective of keeping the club in the highest tier in non-League football, he signed seven players from his previous club Farnborough, as well as his former assistant <mask> and goalkeeping coach <mask>. His first game as manager of the club was a 1–1 draw at home to Morecambe on 13 February 2003, before waiting three games for his first win, a 2–0 victory away at local rivals Barnet on 8 March 2003. The victory served as the catalyst for an eight-game unbeaten run, recording six consecutive victories to ensure the club avoided relegation. <mask> guided the club from 21st in the table to a 12th-place finish by the end of the season. Stevenage finished in eighth place during the 2003–04 season, <mask>'s first full season.As was the case in previous seasons, <mask> made wholesale changes at the end of the season, releasing several of the players he had originally signed from Farnborough, and replacing them with a mixture of players with Football League experience – in the form of Brian Quailey, Dannie Bulman, and Matt Hocking, as well as players from lower divisions such as Jon Nurse and Craig McAllister. <mask> also gave first team opportunities to players who had progressed through the club's youth system, which included George Boyd. The new squad lost five games of the opening eight games of the club's league season. Following a 4–1 home defeat to  part-time Canvey Island, with Stevenage supporters calling for <mask> to leave the club, he walked across the pitch to  the East Terrace and told supporters he "would turn it around". The team responded with four consecutive victories, and stayed close to the play-offs places. Stevenage went into the final day of the season needing to beat already-relegated Leigh RMI, and had to rely on Tamworth to hold Morecambe, who were currently occupying the final play-off spot. Stevenage beat Leigh 2–0, while Tamworth held Morecambe to a goalless draw, ultimately meaning Westley's team had reached the play-offs on the final day of the season.Stevenage overcame second-placed Hereford United 2–1 on aggregate, before losing 1–0 to Carlisle United at the Britannia Stadium in the final. The 2005–06 season marked <mask>'s third season in charge as manager of the club, and although the club were consistent at Broadhall Way throughout the season, the team did not replicate this form away from home, winning four away games all season. <mask> had also fallen out with the club's top goalscorer the previous season, striker Anthony Elding, was eventually sold to Kettering Town in January 2006. There were also question marks surrounding the discipline of the squad under <mask>'s control, as Stevenage received 14 red cards during the season, more than any other club in the league. A 2–0 defeat away to relegation-threatened Forest Green Rovers on the final day of the season meant that Stevenage failed to reach the play-offs, finishing sixth in the league table. After failing to reach the play-offs, <mask> confirmed in May 2006 that he would leave the club when his contract expired in June, ending his three-and-a-half years with the Hertfordshire club. Rushden & Diamonds
He was appointed manager of Conference National club Rushden & Diamonds in December 2006, with the club placed 22nd in the league table, two points adrift of safety.<mask>'s first game as manager of Rushden was a 1–0 victory away at Cambridge United on 26 December 2006. <mask> signed several players who he had previously managed at Stevenage; signing Jamie Cook, David Perpetuini, and Dino Maamria. <mask> also brought in Michael Bostwick and Chris Beardsley, younger players who he had previously written about in his weekly column in The Non-League Paper. The newly assembled team won five consecutive games in the league, including victories away at the top two teams in the league at the time, Oxford United and Dagenham & Redbridge. Despite managing an upturn in the form of the club, <mask> was sacked after a 2–2 draw at Aldershot Town in February 2007. He had taken the club from 22nd in the league to 12th in the space of two-and-a-half months, and the club were on a seven-match unbeaten run at the time. <mask> managed Rushden for thirteen games; winning seven, drawing three and losing three.No reasons were given as to why <mask> left the club and he was replaced two days later by Garry Hill. Kettering Town
Shortly after leaving Rushden, <mask> was appointed caretaker manager of Conference North club Kettering Town for the rest of the 2006–07 season on 20 April 2007. Due to the date he joined, <mask> was unable to bring any new players, with just two games remaining until the end of the season. His first game as manager was a 0–0 draw away to Stalybridge Celtic, shortly followed by a 1–0 defeat to Alfreton Town at Rockingham Road enough to ensure Kettering finished the season in second place. He managed Kettering in the play-offs, as they were beaten on penalties by Farsley Celtic in the semi-final after a 1–1 aggregate scoreline over two legs, he left shortly after when his short-term contract expired in May 2007, managing the club for four games. Return to Stevenage

After almost a year without work in football, <mask> returned as manager of Stevenage on 2 May 2008, two years after he had left. On his return, <mask> stated he had come to "finish the job he started", referring to trying to guide the club into the Football League for the first time in its history.He said that "the moment was right" for him to come back into football and that he "had some very good times at Stevenage before". His appointment was met with scepticism by some Stevenage supporters, but <mask> promised to deliver a winning team. <mask> started by overhauling the squad in the summer transfer window and brought in 12 players. Among those brought in were Gary Mills and David Bridges, who <mask> had managed during his time at Kettering. He also signed Michael Bostwick and Mark Albrighton, who he had also signed at Rushden & Diamonds. <mask> also signed Andy Drury and Eddie Odhiambo respectively, both of whom were players <mask> had previously earmarked. Stevenage started the season poorly, losing three out of their first four games and conceding thirteen goals in the process, including a 5–0 defeat to Wrexham on the first day of the season.The club secured its first victory of the season on 30 August 2008, a 3–1 win away at Barrow, before winning four consecutive matches throughout September. Through the first half of the club's 2008–09 campaign, <mask>'s team were suffering from the same inconsistency that was common in his first spell as manager of the Hertfordshire club, losing three consecutive matches in November, the last of which was a 2–1 home defeat to Wrexham; it was to be Stevenage's last defeat at Broadhall Way in the league for 18 months. <mask> brought in former player, Dino Maamria as first-team coach at the club. This, coupled with signings during the season, such as Chris Day, Mark Roberts, and Jon Ashton, meant that Stevenage improved during the second half of the season. A club record 24-game unbeaten run lasting from December 2008 to April 2009 meant that the club made the Conference Premier play-offs, finishing in the last play-off place. Despite taking a 3–1 lead into the second leg, Stevenage lost 4–3 on aggregate to Cambridge United. The club won the FA Trophy that season, beating York City 2–0 in the Final at Wembley Stadium.The FA Trophy success was <mask>'s first managerial honours won as manager of Stevenage. After the game, <mask> signed a one-year contract extension. The majority of the squad that performed well in the second half of the club's 2008–09 campaign were retained, with very little transfer activity in comparison to previous seasons under <mask>. Steve Morison, the club's top goalscorer for the past three seasons, transferred to Millwall for a fee of £130,000, while both John Martin and Calum Willock were released by <mask> in late May 2009. Midfielder Gary Mills was the last departure of the close season; rejecting a contract and instead opting to join fellow Conference Premier club Mansfield Town. Five players joined the club during the close season. Charlie Griffin was the first signing of the season, joining Stevenage from Salisbury City on a free transfer.Yemi Odubade, Chris Beardsley, and Joel Byrom signed for the club shortly after; the latter commanding a transfer fee of £15,000. <mask> had previously managed Beardsley at Rushden & Diamonds and Kettering Town. The last signing of pre-season was Stacy Long; who joined the club on a free transfer from Ebbsfleet United. No players departed the club during the season,

masks:
Graham Neil Westley
Westley
Westley
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Westley
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Westley
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Graham Pearce
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Graham Pearce
Graham Benstead
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 with Tim Sills the only addition, signing for an undisclosed fee from Torquay United in January 2010. Stevenage started the 2009–10 season by recording one win from their first five games of the season. Following a 2–1 defeat to Oxford United in August 2009, the team went on a 17-game unbeaten run from August to December 2009, propelling the club into the top two. Unlike in previous seasons, the club were performing strongly away from home, and secured victories at promotion rivals Luton Town and Mansfield Town.A 4–1 victory against Cambridge United on New Year's Day meant that Stevenage were positioned in first place in the league table for the first time in the season. Two away defeats within the space of a week in February meant that rivals Oxford United had an eight–point lead going into March 2010. Stevenage responded by winning eight consecutive games; including a 1–0 victory over Oxford United in late March, subsequently replacing Oxford at the top of the table. Stevenage earned promotion to the Football League with two games to spare following a 2–0 win against Kidderminster Harriers at Aggborough on 17 April 2010. The team won their last six games of the league campaign without conceding a goal, and recorded 42 points from a possible 45 from their last 15 league fixtures. Stevenage finished the season having amassed 99 points from 44 games, winning the league by 11 points. The promotion meant <mask> had led Stevenage to the Football League for the first time in their history, as well as managing a Football League team for the first time in his managerial career.<mask> also guided the club to another FA Trophy Final; this time losing 2–1 after extra-time against Barrow at Wembley Stadium. At the end of the season, <mask> signed a new two-year contract; keeping him contracted to the club until 2012. On signing the new deal, <mask> said "I am grateful for all the support that we have all been given in the past two years. I am delighted to have the opportunity to manage the launch of the club into the Football League". In his first two seasons back at the club, from May 2008 to May 2010, <mask> has been in charge for 114 games, winning a total of 70 games – recording a win percentage of 61.40%. Similarly to the club's successful campaign the season before, but in complete contrast to his first spell at the club, the 2010–11 season saw five players joining the club, while five players left the club in the close season. The club started the season inconsistently, with <mask> stating the season would be a "massive learning curve" for both himself and the players.Following four defeats in six games in December 2010 and January 2011, Stevenage found themselves in 18th position, just four points above the relegation zone. Throughout February and March 2011, Stevenage won nine games out of eleven, propelling the club up the league table and into the play-off positions. This included winning six games in a row, a sequence only matched by Bury that season. A 3–3 draw against Bury on the final day of the season meant that Stevenage finished the season in sixth place. They faced fifth-placed Accrington Stanley in the 2010–11 League Two play-off semi-finals, winning both legs by a 3–0 aggregate scoreline. They beat Torquay United 1–0 in the Final at Old Trafford on 28 May 2011. The victory meant that <mask> had guided the club to back-to-back promotions, playing in League One for the first time in the club's history.On securing promotion, <mask> said "It's a fantastic feeling. The players work so hard and they deserve everything they get". During the 2010–11 season, <mask> also guided the club to the Fourth Round of the FA Cup, where they lost to Reading 2–1. In the previous round, Stevenage beat Premier League club Newcastle United 3–1 at Broadhall Way. After the match, <mask> said before the game he had told the players to "go out and win the match 5–0. We established that if we did just 20% of what it would take to win 5–0 then we would still win the game". At the start of the 2011–12 season, <mask> signed a three-year contract extension at Stevenage that kept him contracted to the club until 2014.Westley acquired five players on free transfers, while also releasing five of the existing squad. Stevenage started their first ever League One campaign well, beating the 2010–11 League One play-off semi-finalists, AFC Bournemouth, 3–1 at Dean Court to secure their first victory of the season on 16 August 2011. Stevenage were exceeding expectations in the third tier of English football, sitting just outside the play-off places after securing a notable 5–1 victory against Sheffield Wednesday at Broadhall Way in September 2011. The club also inflicted Charlton Athletic's first league defeat of the season after a 1–0 win against the league leaders. The victory against Charlton was to spark a 13-game unbeaten run for the team, and a 6–1 away victory at Colchester United on Boxing Day 2011 meant the club were in sixth place, the final play-off position. After managing Stevenage for three-and-a-half years, <mask> left Stevenage in January 2012, joining fellow League One club Preston North End. His final game as manager of Stevenage was a 1–0 away victory at Reading in the FA Cup Third Round.Preston North End
In January 2012, Preston North End asked for permission to speak to <mask> with the view to employing him as their new manager. Though the Hertfordshire club described the approach as "unwelcome", permission was granted. After personal terms and a compensation package were agreed, <mask> was appointed as Preston's new manager on 13 January 2012. His first game in charge of the club was a 2–0 home defeat against Leyton Orient on 21 January 2012. He picked up his first win as Preston manager in his fourth game in charge, securing a 1–0 home victory over Hartlepool United on 14 February 2012. Following Preston's 2–0 televised defeat to Sheffield Wednesday on 31 March 2012, <mask> stated that a Sheffield Wednesday player had informed him that four Preston players had leaked the Preston team and tactics to opposition players ahead of the match. <mask> stated "It doesn't surprise me.When you have got people in your own camp working against you it is tough". Preston won two games out of the next 17 during the remainder of the campaign, and finished the season in 15th place. At the end of the season, <mask> criticised the club's "mediocre" mentality, stating the squad have "not got a clue what it takes to get success". <mask> subsequently went about overhauling the squad ahead of the 2012–13 season. In May 2012, Preston announced that 21 players would be leaving the club; 14 of which were released at the end of their contracts, while a further seven were transfer-listed. Preston signed 18 players during the summer transfer window, including Scott Laird, John Mousinho, Joel Byrom, and Chris Beardsley, four players from Westley's former club, Stevenage. <mask> stated a desire for the new group of players to be committed to his ideas – "My job is to develop a plan that would see the club back on an upward curve.The plan is in place. I'm looking forward to working with a group that thinks along the same lines that I do". Preston started the season by beating Championship club Huddersfield Town 2–0 at Deepdale in the League Cup. Later on in the month, Preston went on to secure consecutive 4–1 home victories, beating Crystal Palace and Swindon Town respectively, as well as defeating Hartlepool United 5–0 a month later. After this, the club went on to win two leagues matches in a four-month period from October 2012 to February 2013. A day after Preston's 3–1 away defeat to Yeovil Town on 12 February 2013, the club released a statement announcing <mask> had been sacked. With Preston sitting just five points above the relegation zone, "the board felt that a change of manager was the only way forward".On his time at Preston, <mask> stated he had to "slash the wage bill by 60 percent", and as a result the "re-building was well underway but the club lost confidence in me whilst I was doing it. They just want results. Short-term pain is necessary sometimes. It was necessary at Preston. And the fans got restless. I get that. Just as managers have to be brave enough to grit their teeth and face up to that, so owners have to be brave at difficult times.And they have to be able to understand the issues. I knew the answers to problems but I wasn't being allowed to solve all the problems". Third spell at Stevenage
After a month out of work, <mask> rejoined Stevenage on 30 March 2013, his third spell in charge at the club. On the appointment, Stevenage chairman Phil Wallace stated – "<mask> was keen to come back to Stevenage and, although I met some strong candidates, without doubt I think he's the best man for the job right now. The club enjoyed a great deal of success before he left last year and we moved forwards significantly in his time here on several levels". On his return, <mask> stated "I'm really happy to be back, the training ground is fantastic, the club just keeps moving forward. All the facilities keep improving and I hope that I can come back and make another positive difference".In his first game back in charge of the club, Stevenage secured a 1–0 victory over Hartlepool United on 1 April 2013. Stevenage ended the 2012–13 season in 18th place, and <mask> released four players and transfer-listed three others. He signed seven players in preparation for the 2013–14 season, and further strengthened by signing striker François Zoko in September. However, Stevenage never recovered from a poor start to the season, and despite a late run of six undefeated games ended the campaign in last-place and were therefore relegated into League Two, finishing eight points shy of safety. Westley responded by releasing nine players, whilst a further four were sold on. <mask> was forced to largely rebuild the squad for the 2014–15 season, and brought in 15 new signings, including Dean Wells, Calvin Zola, and Charlie Lee. He guided the team to a play-off place with a sixth-place finish, before they were beaten by Southend United 4–2 on aggregate in the semi-finals after conceding two goals in extra-time of the second leg fixture at Roots Hall.On 21 May 2015, <mask> was replaced as manager by ex-England striker Teddy Sheringham. Peterborough United
In September 2015, <mask> was appointed manager of League One club Peterborough United. He was named as League One Manager of the Month for November 2015 after his team secured 12 points and 14 goals from four league games, which earned him praise for his side's open, attacking play. Despite lifting the "Posh" into the play-off places in January, a very poor run of form saw Peterborough slide down the table and <mask> was appointed manager of League Two bottom side Newport County on 7 October 2016, following the sacking of Warren Feeney. Despite <mask> criticising his players with some "harsh words", saying he was "not prepared to tolerate that sort of rubbish anymore", Newport went on to lose eight successive games, which <mask> described as "embarrassing" and "humiliating". Club secretary <mask> resigned in December, saying "<mask> is an impossible man to work with... he needs to learn some manners and start treating people with some respect".Shortly afterwards <mask> again courted controversy after refusing to leave opposition manager Derek Adams's press conference. He signed 14 players in the January transfer window, a move he admitted was a "short-term risk". However, he failed to arrest the team's declining fortunes and was sacked on 9 March 2017 with Newport 11 points adrift at the bottom of League Two. The club's board said that they had consulted both fans and the players over their decision to sack <mask>; he had been confronted by irate supporters at Rodney Parade and after his sacking transfer-listed midfielder Mark Randall came out to say he had been "treated quite unfairly" by <mask>. Caretaker-manager Michael Flynn managed to organise an unlikely escape from relegation for the "Exiles" after overseeing seven victories in the remaining 12 games of the 2016–17 season. <mask> maintained that his strategy had played a key part in Newport's survival, stating "If you go back to the AGM just after the turn of the year, Newport were rooted to the bottom of the Football League and I was very clear there was one way out of it – turning the whole squad over in January. I put together a team to function on the bog of a pitch that was Rodney Parade and my strategy is what kept that club in the Football League.Yes, it happened under Flynny's management but I think anyone who is honest would say I did a very good job in working out a way of surviving and building a squad that would win the games at home to keep them in the League". Barnet
<mask> was appointed as head coach of League Two club Barnet on 15 January 2018. Barnet chairman Anthony Kleanthous stated the move had come about after <mask> had been recommended to him by Peterborough United director of football, Barry Fry. Despite his previous ties with local rivals Stevenage, <mask> had been identified as a "high impact manager" capable of changing Barnet's fortunes, with the club sitting bottom of League Two at the time of his appointment. He joined Barnet on a rolling contract. <mask>'s first game in charge was a 1–1 draw with promotion-chasing Lincoln City on 20 January 2018. He was sacked by Barnet on 19 March 2018, just two months into his time there, and was immediately replaced with Martin Allen.Barnet had won two games out of eleven with <mask> in charge, drawing four and losing five. Fourth spell at Stevenage
On 15 December 2019 <mask>'s return to Stevenage as manager was announced, four-and-a-half years after his last spell ended and taking over from caretaker manager Mark Sampson who reverted to first team coach. <mask> returned with the club 23rd in EFL League Two, signing a contract until the end of the 2019–20 season. On 21 December 2019 Sampson completed his final match in charge of the club, losing 5–1 at home to Crewe Alexandra. <mask> started his role two days later but won just one and drew three of the next 13 league matches, despite signing nine players in the January 2020 transfer window. <mask> resigned as manager on 16 February 2020 with Stevenage in 24th place and seven points adrift at the bottom of League Two, having lost all six of his final matches in charge. Stevenage youth team manager Alex Revell replaced <mask> as team manager until the end of the 2019–20 season.Personal life
<mask> wrote a weekly column in The Non-League Paper, sharing his views and experiences on the non-League game. He is the chief executive of the Aimita Corporation, an organisation that provides performance management consulting. <mask> has also gained a Master of Arts degree in company direction. Statistics

Playing statistics
Source:

Managerial statistics

Honours

Farnborough Town
Isthmian League Cup: 2000–01
Isthmian League Premier Division: 2000–01

Stevenage
FA Trophy: 2008–09; runner-up: 2009–10
Conference Premier: 2009–10
League Two play-offs: 2010–11

Individual
 Conference Premier Manager of the Month: October 2005, January 2009, January 2010
 League One Manager of the Month: November 2015

References

1968 births
Living people
Footballers from Hounslow
English footballers
England youth international footballers
Association football forwards
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Barnet F.C. players
Wycombe Wanderers F.C.players
Kingstonian F.C. players
Wealdstone F.C. players
Farnborough F.C. players
Harlow Town F.C. players
Enfield F.C. players
Aylesbury United F.C. players
Harrow Borough F.C.players
Tooting & Mitcham United F.C. players
Molesey F.C. players
Walton & Hersham F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Isthmian League players
Southern Football League players
English football managers
Kingstonian F.C. managers
Enfield F.C. managers
Farnborough F.C. managers
Stevenage F.C.managers
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. managers
Kettering Town F.C. managers
Preston North End F.C. managers
Peterborough United F.C. managers
Newport County A.F.C. managers
Barnet F.C. managers
Isthmian League managers
National League (English football) managers
English Football League managers
English

masks:
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Westley
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Westley
Westley
Westley
Westley
Graham
Westley
Westley
Westley
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Westley
Westleyley
Westley
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Graham Bean
Graham Westley
Westley
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Westley
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<mask> ( , ; 5 July 19112 April 1974) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1969 until his death in 1974. He previously was Prime Minister of France from 1962 to 1968—the longest tenure in the position's history. He had long been a top aide to President Charles de Gaulle. <mask> was elected President of France in 1969. As head of state, he was a moderate conservative who repaired France's relationship with the United States and maintained positive relations with the newly independent former colonies in Africa. He strengthened his political party, the Union of Democrats for the Republic ("Union des démocrates pour la République" or UDR), to make it a bastion of the Gaullist movement. <mask> died in office in 1974.His presidency is generally held in high esteem by French political commentators. Biography
The family of <mask> was of very modest origins:  he was the grandson of farmers of modest means in Cantal on both his father's and his mother's side. His parents were teachers. Thus his case is often cited as a typical example of social mobility in the Third Republic, thanks to public schooling. <mask> <mask> was born on 5 July 1911 in the commune of Montboudif, in the department of Cantal in central France. After his khâgne at Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where he befriended future Senegalese poet and statesman Léopold Sédar Senghor, he attended the École Normale Supérieure, from which he graduated with a degree of agrégation in literature. He first taught literature at the lycée Henri IV in Paris until hired in 1953 by Guy de Rothschild to work at Rothschild.In 1956, he was appointed the bank's general manager, a position he held until 1962. Later, he was hired by Charles de Gaulle to manage the Anne de Gaulle Foundation for Down syndrome (de Gaulle's youngest daughter Anne had Down syndrome). Prime Minister
Jacques Chirac served as an aide to Prime Minister <mask> and recalled:

{{quote|The man gave the appearance of being secretive, wily, a little cunning – which he was, to a degree. However, it was primarily his intelligence, culture, and competence that conferred indisputable authority on him and commanded respect.... I remember his untamed eyebrows, his penetrating, very kindly gaze, his perceptive smile, full of humour and mischievousness, his voice with its wonderful low, warm, gravelly tone, and a figure that was both powerful and elegant. Naturally reserved, little given to emotional outbursts, <mask> did not forge very close ties with his colleagues.<ref>Jacques Chirac, M Life and Politics" (2011) p 24</ref>}}

He served as prime minister of France under de Gaulle after Michel Debré resigned, from 14 April 1962 to 10 July 1968, and to this day is the longest serving French prime minister under the Fifth Republic. His nomination was controversial because he was not a member of the National Assembly.In October 1962, he was defeated in a vote of no-confidence, but de Gaulle dissolved the National Assembly. The Gaullists won the legislative election and <mask> was reappointed as Prime Minister. In 1964, he was faced with a miners' strike. He led the 1967 legislative campaign of the Union of Democrats for the Fifth Republic to a narrow victory. <mask> was widely regarded as being responsible for the peaceful resolution of the student uprising of May 1968. His strategy was to break the coalition of students and workers by negotiating with the trade-unions and employers (Grenelle conference). However, during the events of May 1968, disagreements arose between <mask> and de Gaulle.<mask> did not understand why the President did not inform him of his departure to Baden-Baden on 29 May. Their relationship, until then very good, would be strained from then on. <mask> led and won the 1968 legislative campaign, overseeing a tremendous victory of the Gaullist Party. He then resigned. Nevertheless, in part due to his actions during the May 1968 crisis, he appeared as the natural successor to de Gaulle. <mask> announced his candidature for the Presidency in January 1969. Some weeks later, his wife's name was mentioned in the Marković affair, thus appearing to confirm her husband's status as a cuckold.<mask> was certain that de Gaulle's inner circle was responsible for this smear. In social policy, <mask>'s tenure as prime minister witnessed the establishment of the National Employment Fund in 1963 to counter the negative effects on employment caused by industrial restructuring. Presidency
After the failure of the 1969 constitutional referendum, de Gaulle resigned and <mask> was elected president of France. In the general election of 15 June 1969, he defeated the centrist President of the Senate and Acting President Alain Poher by a wide margin (57%–42%). Though a Gaullist, <mask> was more pragmatic than de Gaulle, notably facilitating the accession of the United Kingdom to the European Community on 1 January 1973. He embarked on an industrialisation plan and initiated the Arianespace project, as well as the TGV project, and furthered the French civilian nuclear programme. He was sceptical about the "New Society" programme of his prime minister, Jacques Chaban-Delmas.In 1972, he replaced Chaban-Delmas with Pierre Messmer, a more conservative Gaullist. While the left-wing opposition organised itself and proposed a Common Programme before the 1973 legislative election, <mask> widened his presidential majority by including Centrist pro-European parties. In addition, he paid special attention to regional and local needs in order to strengthen his political party, the UDR (Union des Democrates pour la Ve République), which he made a central and lasting force in the Gaullist movement. Foreign affairs
The United States was eager to restore positive relations with France after de Gaulle's departure from office. New US President Richard Nixon and his top adviser Henry Kissinger admired Pompidou; the politicians were in agreement on most major policy issues. The United States offered to help the French nuclear programme. Economic difficulties, however, arose following the Nixon Shock and the 1973–75 recession, particularly over the role of the American dollar as the medium for world trade.Pompidou sought to maintain good relations with the newly independent former French colonies in Africa. In 1971, he visited Mauritania, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, and Gabon. He brought a message of cooperation and financial assistance, but without the traditional paternalism. More broadly, he made an effort to foster closer relations with North African and Middle Eastern countries in order to develop a hinterland including all nations bordering the Mediterranean. Modernising Paris
<mask>'s time in office was marked by constant efforts to modernise France's capital city. He spearheaded construction of a modern art museum, the Centre Beaubourg (renamed Centre Pompidou after his death), on the edge of the Marais area of Paris. Other attempts at modernisation included tearing down the open air markets at Les Halles and replacing them with the shopping mall of the same name, building the Montparnasse Tower, and constructing an expressway on the right bank of the Seine.Death in office

While still in office, <mask> died on 2 April 1974, at 9 PM, while in his apartment, from Waldenström macroglobulinemia. His body was buried on 4 April, in the churchyard of Orvilliers, where he had bought an old baker's house which he turned into a weekend home. The official memorial service for him was held at Notre-Dame de Paris with 3000 dignitaries in attendance (including 28 heads of state and representatives from 82 countries). Attendees included :
  Secretary General Kurt Waldheim
  Director General René Maheu
  President of the European Commission Jean Rey
  Secretary General Joseph Luns
  (Interim) President Alain Poher
  President Richard Nixon
  Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau
  Prime Minister Harold Wilson and predecessor Edward Heath
  Chancellor Willy Brandt
  President Manfred Gerlach
  Chancellor Bruno Kreisky
  President Hans-Peter Tschudi
  King Hassan II
  King Baudouin
  Queen Juliana
  Emperor Haile Selassie
  President Habib Bourguiba
  President Giovanni Leone
  Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit
  President  Urho Kekkonen
  President Nikolai Podgorny
  Prime Minister Petar Stambolić
  President Gustáv Husák
  Prime Minister Poul Hartling
  Prime Minister Olof Palme
  President of Portugal Americo Tomas
  Crown Prince Juan Carlos I of Spain
  Prince Rainier III
  Grand Duke Jean
  Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka
  Prime Minister Kim Jong-pil
  Foreign Minister Nguyễn Duy Trinh
  President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu

A controversy arose surrounding the secrecy kept over <mask>'s illness, and the political class "agreed" that future presidents of the Republic will have to provide reports on the state of their health. However, President François Mitterrand, who had pledged during his 1981 campaign to publish regular health bulletins, would also conceal, after his accession to power, the severity of the cancer from which he was suffering. Pompidou's wife Claude Pompidou would outlive him by more than thirty years. The couple had one (adopted) son, Alain Pompidou, who went on to serve as president of the European Patent Office.France withdrew from the Eurovision Song Contest 1974, which took place just four days after <mask>'s death, as a mark of respect. Works
 Anthologie de la Poésie Française, Livre de Poche/Hachette, 1961
 Le Nœud gordien, éd. Plon, 1974
 Entretiens et discours, deux vol., éd. Plon, 1975
 Pour rétablir une vérité, éd. Flammarion, 1982

Medal
 Legion of Honour :
 Chevalier de la Legion of Honour : (France) (1948);
 Officier de la Legion of Honour : (France) (1957);
 Grand-croix de la Legion of Honour : 1969, grand-maître de l'ordre (France) (1969-1974, as president of the republic);
 Grand-croix de l'Ordre national du Mérite (France);
 Grand Cross of Order of St. Olav (Norway) (1962);
 Grand Cordon of Order of Leopold (Belgium). Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom) (1972)
 Knight Grand Cross with Collar of Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1973). See also

Centre Georges Pompidou
Lycée Français International Georges Pompidou - A French school in Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

References

Further reading
 Bell, David et al.eds. Biographical Dictionary of French Political Leaders Since 1870 (1990) pp 346–349. Bell, David. Presidential Power in Fifth Republic France (2000) pp 105–26. Demossier, Marion, et al., eds. The Routledge Handbook of French Politics and Culture'' (Routledge, 2019). Offices and titles

1911 births
1974 deaths
20th-century presidents of France
20th-century Princes of Andorra
Deaths from cancer in France
Deaths from lymphoma
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Gaullism
French Army personnel of World War II
French Roman Catholics
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
People from Cantal
People of the Cold War
Princes of Andorra
Sciences Po alumni
Lycée Henri-IV teachers
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
French Army officers

masks:
Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou
Pompidou
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Georges Pompidou
Georges Jean
Raymond Pompidou
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<mask> (née Griffiths; born 18 March 1976) is an English television presenter  and former model. She is known for her television and radio work with Channel 5, BBC, ITV, and Heart FM. <mask> has presented Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother (2013–2018), as well as the spin-off series Big Brother's Bit on the Side (2011–2015). Since 2014, she has presented The Voice UK. In 2019 and 2021, <mask> presented the second and third series of The Circle. Early life
<mask> was born in Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, West Midlands, attending Wylde Green Primary School and then John Willmott School in Sutton Coldfield. She began modelling at the age of 15, and during her career worked for a range of magazines, retailers and companies including Marie Claire, Elle, Vogue, GAP and Chanel.Career
<mask> got her first big break presenting on MTV in 2002 before presenting various other shows, including guest-hosting shows such as CD:UK, This Morning and Loose Women. ITV
In 2007, <mask> presented ITV2 spin-off series I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW! with her husband Matt before departing in 2008. She presented numerous episodes of The Hot Desk on ITV2 between 2008 and 2014. In September 2012, <mask> became a permanent presenter on This Morning, presenting segments in The Hub, taking over from Coleen Nolan. The feature was axed in 2014.She was also a stand-in presenter on the main show when Holly Willoughby or Ruth Langsford were absent and returned to guest present the show with Rylan Clark-Neal in 2018. <mask> hosted two series of the ITV2 reality show Girlfriends in 2012 and 2013. On 16 November 2012, <mask> was drafted in to guest anchor Loose Women and has since presented on several occasions as a stand-in presenter. In 2013, <mask> guest presented an episode of The Paul O'Grady Show, while O'Grady was away. In 2013, <mask> co-presented the ITV game show Prize Island with Alexander Armstrong. In 2015, <mask> was a team captain on the six-part ITV2 comedy panel show Reality Bites, hosted by Stephen Mulhern. On 2 July 2015, it was announced that <mask> would present a new three-part series for ITV called What Would Be Your Miracle, about modern miracles.The series began on 28 April 2016. In January 2017, The Voice UK moved from BBC One to ITV. It was confirmed on 9 June 2016 that <mask> would present the series after co-hosting three previous series on the BBC. She also presented two series of The Voice Kids on ITV since 2017. In 2017, she presented The BRITs Are Coming live on ITV. She co-presented the 2017 BRIT Awards in February alongside Dermot O'Leary. She hosted The BRITs Are Coming for a second year in 2018.She presented Your Song in 2017, a one-off special for ITV. On 3 March 2018, <mask> made a surprise appearance on Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway, as she presented Win the Ads while the main hosts playing the game as part of the show's 100th episode. Channel 4
In 2007, <mask> guest hosted the tenth week of Big Brother's Big Mouth. In 2010, <mask> began presenting a Celebrity Big Brother online spin-off show entitled Celebrity Big Brother's Big i. While presenting the online spin-off in the same series, <mask> also presented another edition of Big Mouth when Davina McCall entered the Big Brother house as part of a task. She was then later announced as the new co-presenter on the final series of Big Brother's Little Brother, hosting opposite George Lamb. In 2019, <mask> replaced Alice Levine and Maya Jama as host of The Circle.Channel 5
In 2010, it was announced that <mask> would replace Melinda Messenger on the Channel 5 series Live from Studio Five, but after only two months, <mask> announced she would be departing in order to co-present Big Brother's Little Brother and was therefore replaced by Jayne Middlemiss. In 2011, it was confirmed that she would be returning to the revived series, presenting the spin-off show Big Brother's Bit on the Side. On 13 March 2013, it was reported that Brian Dowling would be axed from Big Brother and be replaced by <mask> with a source saying, 'Brian has been a great host but <mask> is seen by channel chiefs as a true successor to Davina. They're talking to her now about taking over the role from the summer.' It was later confirmed, on 2 April 2013 by Channel 5 that <mask> would be replacing Dowling as the new host of Big Brother. On 13 June 2013, she began presenting the fourteenth series of Big Brother. Even though <mask> presents the main Big Brother and celebrity series, she still continued to host the spin-off show Bit on the Side, sharing the presenting duties with Rylan Clark.On 2 February 2015, it was announced that <mask> was to present her final edition of Bit on the Side that night, and Clark would take over as the main presenter of the spin off show. <mask> infamously interrogated Winston McKenzie during his exit interview on Celebrity Big Brother over his controversial opinions. <mask> has expressed personal pride on this moment in her career. On 30 March 2014, <mask> presented the Mum of the Year Awards, with the highlights being shown on Channel 5 that same evening. BBC
In 2013, <mask> was confirmed as the replacement for Holly Willoughby on the BBC One talent show  The Voice UK. On 11 January 2014, she began co-presenting the third series with JLS singer Marvin Humes, who replaced Reggie Yates. In March 2014, it was announced that The Voice UK had been renewed for two future series.Both <mask> and Humes returned to the show for the fourth series in 2015 and fifth series in 2016. The show was axed by the BBC after series 5 and moved to ITV in 2017. <mask>, and Reggie Yates co-hosted the Saturday night game show Prized Apart on BBC One. The series began on 13 June 2015 and was axed after the first series, due to poor ratings. Radio
On 5 August 2012, <mask> began co-presenting Sunday Morning Breakfast with Stephen Mulhern across the Heart network. Other work
In 2015, she became the celebrity ambassador for Gillette Venus and Oral-B. Awards
In September 2013, <mask> received a longlist nomination for Most Popular Entertainment Presenter at the National Television Awards in 2014.It was her second successive longlist nomination for the award. Personal life
On 5 July 2008, <mask> married Busted member <mask> at Rushton Hall, Northamptonshire, after three years of dating. The wedding was featured in OK magazine. She gave birth to their first child, Isabelle, in June 2009. In November 2011, the couple had a second child, Ace, and in May 2016, <mask> gave birth to her third child, Trixie. In an episode of Who Do You Think You Are?, <mask> confirmed that she has longstanding roots in Birmingham, West Midlands with her family tree being traced back to her great-great-great-grandfather, who was named James Gretton and was listed as a Horn and Hair Merchant in the census records. She also found she had Irish ancestors, a fact that came as a surprise to her.The revelations about her ancestry left her extremely uncomfortable with the actions of one, who she discovered was a violent Orangeman, but overall she was happy to have found a connection to her more broad Irish heritage. <mask> is a supporter of Aston Villa F.C. In 2019, <mask> obtained a qualification as a maternity care assistant following her experience on the W series Delivering Babies. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, <mask> and her husband completed training with St John Ambulance to act as vaccination volunteers. Filmography

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
English television presenters
Heart (radio network)
<mask>
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
Comic Relief people

masks:
Emma Louise Willis
Willis
Willis
Emma Willis
Willis
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Emma Griffiths
Matt Willis
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Matt Willis


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Sir <mask>, GCMG (24 July 1926 – 22 June 2017) was the second President of Botswana, in office from 1980 to 1998. He was honored with the Knighthood of the Grand Cross of Saint Michael and Saint George by Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II in 1990. He was a leading figure in the independence movement and then the new government, and played a crucial role in facilitating and protecting Botswana's steady financial growth and development. He stepped down in 1998 and was succeeded by Vice-President Festus Mogae, who became the third President of Botswana. Early life
<mask> was born on 24 July 1926 in Kanye, Botswana into a cattle-herding family to Gaipone (née Kgopo) and <mask>. He grew up in a community where male commoners, such as himself, were expected to become low-paid migrant labourers in the mines of apartheid South Africa. From an early age Masire set himself apart through academic achievement.After graduating at the top of his class at the Kanye school, he won himself a scholarship to further his education at the Tiger Kloof Educational Institute in South Africa. In 1950, after graduating from Tiger Kloof, Masire helped found the Seepapitso II Secondary School, the first institution of higher learning in the Bangwaketse Reserve. He served as the school's headmaster for about six years. During this period he clashed with Bathoen II, the autocratic Bangwaketse ruler. Resenting Bathoen's many petty interferences in school affairs, Masire, working through the revived Bechuanaland African Teachers Association, became an advocate for the autonomy of protectorate schools from chiefly authority. In 1957, Masire earned a Master Farmers Certificate and established himself as one of the territory's leading agriculturalists. His success led to renewed conflict with the jealous Bathoen, who seized his farms as a penalty for the supposed infraction of fencing communal land.In 1958, <mask> was appointed as the protectorate reporter for the African Echo/Naledi ya Botswana newspaper. He was also elected to the newly reformed Bangwaketse Tribal Council and after 1960, the protectorate-wide African and Legislative Councils. Although he attended the first Kanye meeting of the People's Party, the earliest nationalist grouping to enjoy a mass following in the territory, he declined to join the movement. Masire married Gladys Olebile <mask> in 1958. Sir Quett and Lady Masire had six children. Politics and governance
In 1961, Masire helped found the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP). He was instrumental in the formation of the party, and served as its first secretary-general.In 1965, the Democratic Party won 28 of the 31 contested seats in the new Legislative Assembly, giving it a clear mandate to lead Botswana to independence. He was elected to the National Assembly in March 1965 and became Deputy Prime Minister in 1966. <mask> became the new nation's Vice-President, serving under Seretse Khama, in 1966. Until 1980 he also held the significant portfolios of finance (from 1967) and development planning (from 1967), which were formally merged in 1971. As a principal architect of Botswana's steady economic and infrastructural growth between 1966 and 1980, Masire earned a reputation as a highly competent technocrat. However, his local Bangwaketse political base was eroded by his old nemesis Bathoen. During the initial years of independence the Democratic Party government moved decisively to undercut many of the residual powers of the chiefs.As a result, in 1969 Bathoen II a Seêpapitsô abdicated, only to reemerge as the leader of the opposition National Front. This set the stage for Bathoen's local electoral victory over <mask> during the same year. However, the ruling party won decisively at the national level, thus allowing <mask> to maintain his position as one of the four "specially elected" members of Parliament. Presidency

Khama died on 13 July 1980, and <mask> automatically became acting president per the Constitution. Five days after Khama's death, <mask> was elected as President by secret ballot at the National Assembly on 18 July 1980. Masire's three full terms were characterised by an emphasis on developments through regional and international organisations. Masire was chairman of the Southern African Development Community and vice chairman of the Organisation of African Unity; he was also chairman of the Global Coalition for Africa and a member of the UN group on Africa Development.On August 7, 1988, while flying with his staff to a summit in Angola, his executive jet was accidentally shot at by an Angolan Air Force MiG-23. The plane was damaged and Masire was injured, but the co-pilot was able to make a successful emergency landing. Post-Presidency and death
Following his retirement in 1998, Sir Ketumile <mask> was involved in numerous diplomatic initiatives in a number of African countries, including Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Ghana and Swaziland. Between 1998 and 2000 he served as Chairman of the International Panel of Eminent Personalities Investigating the Circumstances Surrounding the 1994 Rwanda Genocide, and between 2000–2003 was the facilitator for the Inter-Congolese National Dialogue, which had the objective of bringing about a new political dispensation for the Democratic Republic of Congo, in terms of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement. In 2007, Sir Ketumile <mask> set up the Sir Ketumile Masire Foundation to promote the social and economic well being of the society of Botswana. The Foundation strives to facilitate and drive efforts to promote peace, good governance and political stability internationally; assist children with disabilities from birth; and promote innovation and alternatives in agriculture. During the last decade of his life, Masire became increasingly unhappy with the direction of the Botswana Democratic Party and the government of Ian Khama.Events such as the loss of about a fifth of the membership to the breakaway Botswana Movement for Democracy in 2010, and the bitter 2011 BOFEPUSU strike made him question leadership decisions. He came to conclude that the BDP had lost its original ideas, and had instead been taken over by opportunists looking to benefit from senior government positions. As a result, he became estranged from the party for the first time in his life. Sir Ketumile is also a founding Member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an organization which works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organization composed of former heads of government, senior governmental and international organization officials who work closely with Heads of Government on governance-related issues of concern to them. In May 2010 Sir Ketumile Masire led an African Union Election Observer Mission to the May 2010 Ethiopia Legislative Elections, and in October 2010 he co-led (with fellow GLF Member Joe Clark) a National Democratic Institute pre-election assessment mission in Nigeria, which identified a number of hurdles that could undermine a successful process surrounding the 2011 state and national polls.He was the chancellor of the University of Botswana from 1982 to 1998. Masire died at Bokamoso Hospital in Mmopane, Botswana, surrounded by his family, on 22 June 2017 at the age of 91. He had been hospitalized on 18 June after undergoing surgery for an unspecified reason, but his health deteriorated afterwards. He was buried on the morning of Thursday 29 June 2017 in his home village Kanye, Botswana. Honours and accolades
Three Honorary Doctorates of Law (L.L.D.) from St. John University, New York, and Williams College, Massachusetts, in the United States (1980), and in the United Kingdom (1988)
Two Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Ohio University (1988), and DePaul University (1994) in the United States. Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger (1988)
Grand Counsellor of the Royal Order of Sobhuza II, Swaziland (1988)
Honorary Knighthood of the Grand Cross of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG), UK (1990)
Namibia's Order of the Welwitschia (1995)
Free Market Award from the Free Market Foundation of South Africa (2000)

References

Further reading
Masire, <mask> Ketumile Joni and Stephen R. Lewis Jr.(ed. ), Very Brave or Very Foolish: Memoirs of an African Democrat (2008). Palgrave Macmillan. External links

1926 births
2017 deaths
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Presidents of Botswana
Vice-presidents of Botswana
Finance ministers of Botswana
Botswana Democratic Party politicians
People from Kanye, Botswana
Botswana independence activists
Botswana educators

masks:
Ketumile Quett Joni Masire
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