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<mask> (born August 5, 1934) is an American novelist, poet, essayist, environmental activist, cultural critic, and farmer. He is an elected member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers, a recipient of The National Humanities Medal, and the Jefferson Lecturer for 2012. He is also a 2013 Fellow of The American Academy of Arts and Sciences. <mask> was named the recipient of the 2013 Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Achievement Award. On January 28, 2015, he became the first living writer to be inducted into the Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame. <mask> was the first of four children to be born to <mask>, a lawyer and tobacco farmer in Henry County, Kentucky, and <mask>. The families of both parents had farmed in Henry County for at least five generations.<mask> attended secondary school at Millersburg Military Institute and then earned a B.A. (1956) and M.A. (1957) in English at the University of Kentucky. In 1956, at the University of Kentucky he met another Kentucky writer-to-be, Gurney Norman. He completed his M.A. and married Tanya Amyx in 1957. In 1958, he attended Stanford University's creative writing program as a Wallace Stegner Fellow, studying under Stegner in a seminar that included Larry McMurtry, Robert Stone, Ernest Gaines, Tillie Olsen, and Ken Kesey.<mask>'s first novel, Nathan Coulter, was published in April 1960. A John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship took <mask> and his family to Italy and France in 1961, where he came to know Wallace Fowlie, critic and translator of French literature. From 1962 to 1964, he taught English at New York University's University Heights campus in the Bronx. In 1964, he began teaching creative writing at the University of Kentucky, from which he resigned in 1977. During this time in Lexington, Kentucky, he came to know author Guy Davenport, as well as author and monk Thomas Merton and photographer Ralph Eugene Meatyard. On July 4, 1965, <mask>, his wife, and his two children moved to a 12-acre farm that he had purchased, Lane's Landing, and began growing corn and small grains on what eventually became a homestead of about . They bought their first flock of seven Border Cheviot sheep in 1978.Lane's Landing is in Henry County, Kentucky in north central Kentucky near Port Royal, and his parents' birthplaces, and is on the western bank of the Kentucky River, not far from where it flows into the Ohio River. <mask> has farmed, resided, and written at Lane's Landing ever since. He has written about his early experiences on the land and about his decision to return to it in essays such as "The Long-Legged House" and "A Native Hill". From 1977 until 1980, he edited and wrote for the Rodale Press, including its publications Organic Gardening and Farming and The New Farm. From 1987 to 1993, he returned to the English Department of the University of Kentucky. <mask> has written at least twenty-five books (or chapbooks) of poems, sixteen volumes of essays, and eleven novels and short story collections. His writing is grounded in the notion that one's work ought to be rooted in and responsive to one's place.Activism
On February 10, 1968, <mask> delivered "A Statement Against the War in Vietnam" during the Kentucky Conference on the War and the Draft at the University of Kentucky in Lexington:

On June 3, 1979, <mask> engaged in nonviolent civil disobedience against the construction of a nuclear power plant at Marble Hill, Indiana. He describes "this nearly eventless event" and expands upon his reasons for it in the essay "The Reactor and the Garden." On February 9, 2003, <mask>'s essay titled "A Citizen's Response to the National Security Strategy of the United States" was published as a full-page advertisement in The New York Times. <mask> opened the essay—a critique of the G. W. Bush administration's post-9/11 international strategy—by asserting that "The new National Security Strategy published by the White House in September 2002, if carried out, would amount to a radical revision of the political character of our nation." On January 4, 2009, <mask> and Wes Jackson, president of The Land Institute, published an op-ed article in The New York Times titled "A 50-Year Farm Bill." In July 2009 <mask>, Jackson and Fred Kirschenmann, of The Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, gathered in Washington DC to promote this idea. <mask> and Jackson wrote, "We need a 50-year farm bill that addresses forthrightly the problems of soil loss and degradation, toxic pollution, fossil-fuel dependency and the destruction of rural communities."Also in January 2009, <mask> released a statement against the death penalty, which began, "As I am made deeply uncomfortable by the taking of a human life before birth, I am also made deeply uncomfortable by the taking of a human life after birth." And in November 2009, <mask> and 38 other writers from Kentucky wrote to Gov. Steve Beshear and Attorney General Jack Conway asking them to impose a moratorium on the death penalty in that state. On March 2, 2009, <mask> joined over 2,000 others in non-violently blocking the gates to a coal-fired power plant in Washington, D.C. No one was arrested. On May 22, 2009, <mask>, at a listening session in Louisville, spoke against the National Animal Identification System (NAIS). He said, "If you impose this program on the small farmers, who are already overburdened, you're going to have to send the police for me. I'm 75 years old.I've about completed my responsibilities to my family. I'll lose very little in going to jail in opposition to your program – and I'll have to do it. Because I will be, in every way that I can conceive of, a non-cooperator." In October 2009, <mask> combined with "the Berea-based Kentucky Environmental Foundation (KEF), along with several other non-profit organizations and rural electric co-op members" to petition against and protest the construction of a coal-burning power plant in Clark County, Kentucky. On February 28, 2011, the Kentucky Public Service Commission approved the cancellation of this power plant. On December 20, 2009, due to the University of Kentucky's close association with coal interests in the state, <mask> removed his papers from the university. He explained to the Lexington Herald-Leader, "I don't think the University of Kentucky can be so ostentatiously friendly to the coal industry … and still be a friend to me and the interests for which I have stood for the last 45 years.… If they love the coal industry that much, I have to cancel my friendship." In August 2012, the papers were donated to The Kentucky Historical Society in Frankfort, KY.

On September 28, 2010, <mask> participated in a rally in Louisville during an EPA hearing on how to manage coal ash. <mask> said, "The EPA knows that coal ash is poison. We ask it only to believe in its own findings on this issue, and do its duty." <mask>, with 14 other protesters, spent the weekend of February 12, 2011 locked in the Kentucky governor's office to demand an end to mountaintop removal coal mining. He was part of the environmental group Kentuckians for the Commonwealth that began their sit-in on Friday and left at midday Monday to join about 1,000 others in a mass outdoor rally. In 2011, The Berry Center was established at New Castle, Kentucky, "for the purpose of bringing focus, knowledge and cohesiveness to the work of changing our ruinous industrial agriculture system into a system and culture that uses nature as the standard, accepts no permanent damage to the ecosphere, and takes into consideration human health in local communities."In July 2020, <mask> and his wife Tanya Amyx <mask> sued the University of Kentucky to prevent the removal of a mural that has been criticized for being "racially offensive." The mural was commissioned in the 1930s and was done by Ann Rice O'Hanlon, a relative of Tanya Amyx <mask>. Ideas
<mask>'s nonfiction serves as an extended conversation about the life he values. According to him, the good life includes sustainable agriculture, appropriate technologies, healthy rural communities, connection to place, the pleasures of good food, animal husbandry, good work, local economics, the miracle of life, fidelity, frugality, reverence, and the interconnectedness of life. The threats <mask> finds to this good simple life include: industrial farming and the industrialization of life, ignorance, hubris, greed, violence against others and against the natural world, the eroding topsoil in the United States, global economics, and environmental destruction. As a prominent defender of agrarian values, <mask>'s appreciation for traditional farming techniques, such as those of the Amish, grew in the 1970s, due in part to exchanges with Draft Horse Journal publisher Maurice Telleen. <mask> has long been friendly to and supportive of Wes Jackson, believing that Jackson's agricultural research at The Land Institute lives out the promise of "solving for pattern" and using "nature as model."Jedediah Britton-Purdy has considered many of <mask>'s major themes and concerns:Over the years, he has called himself an agrarian, a pacifist, and a Christian—albeit of an eccentric kind. He has written against all forms of violence and destruction—of land, communities, and human beings—and argued that the modern American way of life is a skein of violence. He is an anti-capitalist moralist and a writer of praise for what he admires: the quiet, mostly uncelebrated labor and affection that keep the world whole and might still redeem it. He is also an acerbic critic of what he dislikes, particularly modern individualism, and his emphasis on family and marriage and his ambivalence toward abortion mark him as an outsider to the left.The concept of "Solving for pattern", coined by <mask> in his essay of the same title, is the process of finding solutions that solve multiple problems, while minimizing the creation of new problems. The essay was originally published in the Rodale Press periodical The New Farm. Though Mr. <mask>'s use of the phrase was in direct reference to agriculture, it has since come to enjoy broader use throughout the design community. <mask>, who describes himself as "a person who takes the Gospel seriously," has criticized Christian organizations for failing to challenge cultural complacency about environmental degradation, and has shown a willingness to criticize what he perceives as the arrogance of some Christians.He is an advocate of Christian pacifism, as shown in his book Blessed Are the Peacemakers: Christ's Teachings About Love, Compassion and Forgiveness (2005). <mask>'s core ideas, and in particular his poem "Sabbaths III, 1989 (Santa Clara Valley)," guided the 2007 documentary feature film The Unforeseen, produced by Terrence Malick and Robert Redford. In the film <mask> narrates his own poem. Director Laura Dunn went on to make the 2016 documentary feature Look & See: A Portrait of <mask>, again produced by Malick and Redford. Poetry

<mask>'s lyric poetry often appears as a contemporary eclogue, pastoral, or elegy; but he also composes dramatic and historical narratives (such as "Bringer of Water" and "July, 1773", respectively) and occasional and discursive poems ("Against the War in Vietnam" and "Some Further Words", respectively). <mask>'s first published poetry book consisted of a single poem, the elegiac November Twenty Six Nineteen Hundred Sixty Three (1964), initiated and illustrated by Ben Shahn, commemorating the death of John F. Kennedy. It begins,

We know
The winter earth
Upon the body
Of the young
   President,
   And the early dark
   Falling;

and continues through ten more stanzas (each propelled by the anaphora of "We know").The elegiac here and elsewhere, according to Triggs, enables <mask> to characterize the connections "that link past and future generations through their common working of the land." The first full-length collection, The Broken Ground (1964), develops many of <mask>'s fundamental concerns: "the cycle of life and death, responsiveness to place, pastoral subject matter, and recurring images of the Kentucky River and the hill farms of north-central Kentucky"

According to Angyal, "There is little modernist formalism or postmodernist experimentation in [<mask>'s] verse." A commitment to the reality and primacy of the actual world stands behind these two rejections. In "Notes: Unspecializing Poetry," <mask> writes, "Devotion to order that is not poetical prevents the specialization of poetry." He goes on to note, "Nothing exists for its own sake, but for a harmony greater than itself which includes it. A work of art, which accepts this condition, and exists upon its terms, honors the Creation, and so becomes a part of it"

Lionel Basney placed <mask>'s poetry within a tradition of didactic poetry that stretches back to Horace: "To say that <mask>'s poetry can be didactic, then, means that it envisions a specific wisdom, and also the traditional sense of art and culture that gives art the task of teaching this wisdom"

For <mask>, poetry exists "at the center of a complex reminding"  Both the poet and the reader are reminded of the poem's crafted language, of the poem's formal literary antecedents, of  "what is remembered or ought to be remembered," and of "the formal integrity of other works, creatures and structures of the world.". The Sabbath Poems
From 1979 to the present <mask> has been writing what he calls "Sabbath poems."They were first collected in A Timbered Choir: The Sabbath Poems 1979-1997. This was followed by Sabbaths from 1998 to 2004 in Given: New Poems; and those from 2005 to 2008 are in Leavings. All Sabbath poems through 2012 are published in This Day: New and Collected Sabbath Poems 1979 - 2012. Sabbaths 2013 has been published by Larkspur Press. A Small Porch contains nine Sabbath poems from 2014 and sixteen from 2015. One Sabbath poem, "What Passes, What Remains" (VIII from 2016), is published as the epilogue in The Art of Loading Brush. That poem, along with fourteen others, can also be found in Sabbaths 2016, published by Larkspur Press.The poems are motivated by <mask>'s longtime habit of walking out onto the land on Sunday mornings. As he puts it, "I go free from the tasks and intentions of my workdays, and so my mind becomes hospitable to unintended thoughts: to what I am very willing to call inspiration." He writes in a poem from 1979,
The bell calls in the town
Where forebears cleared the shaded land
And brought high daylight down
To shine on field and trodden road. I hear, but understand
Contrarily, and walk into the woods. I leave labor and load,
Take up a different story. I keep an inventory
Of wonders and of uncommercial goods.The Sabbath poems have been described as "written from a particular place and on particular Sabbaths, and so should be read as part of a spiritual practice and as poems, in some sense, devoted to dwelling, to living thoughtfully in one place." Oehlschlaeger links <mask>'s project to a key observation by Henry David Thoreau,

As Thoreau continues in 'Life Without Principle,' he notes the constant busyness of Americans, so engaged in 'infinite bustle' that 'there is no sabbath.'And he notes later that 'there is nothing, not even crime, more opposed to poetry, to philosophy, ay, to life itself, than this incessant business.' The logic is clear: destruction of the Sabbath is contrary to 'life itself.' That, I suggest, is the context in which we should read the Sabbath poems that <mask> has been writing for nearly the last thirty years. Fiction

<mask>'s fiction to date consists of eight novels and fifty-five short stories (forty-three of which are

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 collected in That Distant Land, 2004 and A Place in Time, 2012), and one verse drama which, when read as a whole, form a chronicle of the fictional small Kentucky town of Port William. Because of his long-term, ongoing exploration of the life of an imagined place, <mask> has been compared to William Faulkner. Yet, although Port William is no stranger to murder, suicide, alcoholism, marital discord, and the full range of losses that touch human lives, it lacks the extremes of characterization and plot development that are found in much of Faulkner. Hence <mask> is sometimes described as working in an idealized, pastoral, or nostalgic mode, a characterization of his work which he resists: "If your work includes a criticism of history, which mine certainly does, you can't be accused of wanting to go back to something, because you're saying that what we were wasn't good enough."The effect of profound shifts in the agricultural practices of the United States, and the disappearance of traditional agrarian life, are some of the major concerns of the Port William fiction, though the theme is often only a background or subtext to the stories themselves. The Port William fiction attempts to portray, on a local scale, what "a human economy … conducted with reverence"  looked like in the past—and what civic, domestic, and personal virtues might be evoked by such an economy were it pursued today. Social as well as seasonal changes mark the passage of time. The Port William stories allow <mask> to explore the human dimensions of the decline of the family farm and farm community, under the influence of expanding post-World War II agribusiness. But these works rarely fall into simple didacticism, and are never merely tales of decline. Each is grounded in a realistic depiction of character and community. In A Place on Earth (1967), for example, farmer Mat Feltner comes to terms with the loss of his only son, Virgil.In the course of the novel, we see how not only Mat but the entire community wrestles with the acute costs of World War II. <mask>'s fiction also allows him to explore the literal and metaphorical implications of marriage as that which binds individuals, families, and communities to each other and to Nature itself—yet not all of Port William is happily or conventionally married. "Old Jack" Beechum struggles with significant incompatibilities with his wife, and with a brief yet fulfilling extramarital affair. The barber Jayber Crow lives with a forlorn, secret, and unrequited love for a woman, believing himself "mentally" married to her even though she knows nothing about it. Burley Coulter never formalizes his bond with Kate Helen Branch, the mother of his son. Yet, each of these men find themselves firmly bound up in the community, the "membership," of Port William. Of his fictional project, <mask> has written: "I have made the imagined town of Port William, its neighborhood and membership, in an attempt to honor the actual place where I have lived.By means of the imagined place, over the last fifty years, I have learned to see my native landscape and neighborhood as a place unique in the world, a work of God, possessed of an inherent sanctity that mocks any human valuation that can be put upon it." Elsewhere, <mask> has said, "The only thing I try to accomplish in fiction is to show how people act when they love each other." The novels and stories can be read in any order. In January, 2018, the Library of America published a volume of <mask>'s fiction—the first of a projected four volumes of his writing. <mask>: Port William Novels & Stories (The Civil War to World War II) contains four novels and twenty-three short stories in chronological order according to the stories' events. <mask> is the only living writer currently featured in the Library of America catalog. Nathan Coulter (1960)
In <mask>'s first novel, young Nathan "comes of age" through dealing with the death of his mother, the depression of his father, Jarrat, the rugged companionship of his brother Tom, and the mischief of his uncle Burley.Kirkus Review concludes, "A sensitive adolescent theme is handled rather poetically, but so uniform in tone that no drama is generated and no sense of time passing is felt." John Ditsky finds William Faulkner's influence in Nathan Coulter, but notes, "Not only does the work avoid the pitfalls encountered by Faulkner's initial attempts to escape his postage stamp of native soil, but Nathan Coulter also seems a wise attempt to get that autobiographical first novel out of one's system, and to do so [with] honesty." A Place on Earth (1967/1983)
Set in the critical year of 1945, this novel focuses on farmer Mat Feltner's struggle over the news that his son Virgil has been listed as missing in action while also telling multiple tales of the lives of other Port William residents, such as Burley Coulter, Jack Beechum, Ernest Finley, Ida and Gideon Crop. Reprinting by North Point Press in 1983 allowed <mask> to radically revise the novel, removing almost a third of its original length. Jeffrey Bilbro believes that these substantial changes marked growth in <mask>'s approach. "In <mask>'s revised edition, his technique caught up with his subject. He allows us, as readers, to participate in the ignorance of his characters, and in doing so, we may be able to understand more fully the painful difficulty of choosing fidelity to the natural order while living in the midst of mystery."The Memory of Old Jack  (1974)
This third novel of Port William begins with Jack Beechum as a very old man in 1952 and continues back into his youth and maturity to uncover his life and work as a dedicated farmer, conflicted husband, and living link to past generations. The story ranges from the Civil War to just past World War II. Josh Hurst comments on <mask>'s ability to avoid certain narrative pitfalls, "Jack's story could be presented us either as heroic ballad or as cautionary [tale]—and there is much in his life to support both admiration and gentle tisk-tisking—but the gift of this book is how it allows a man's memories to wash over us as though unshaped by narrative or conscious editorializing." Remembering (1988)
In <mask>'s fourth novel, an adult Andy Catlett wanders through San Francisco remembering, but feeling alienated from, his native Port William. He struggles to come to terms with himself, his marriage, his farm, and the distorted values of American society. Of <mask>'s vision here, Charles Solomon writes, "<mask> contrasts modern American agribusiness--which he depicts as an artificial conglomeration of sterile flow charts, debts and mechanization--with the older ideal of farming as a nurturing way of life." But along these lines, Bruce Bawer finds a problem with the novel, "Here, for the first time in a Port William novel, <mask> seems more interested in communicating opinions than in portraying sympathetic characters in plausible situations; the opening episode, set at a conference on agricultural policy, paints the ideological conflict between Andy and his adversaries in broad, unsubtle strokes."A World Lost (1996)
Young Andy Catlett's uncle Andrew had been murdered back in 1944, and now an adult Andy is reconstructing the event and its aftermath. "Looking back with a mixture of a young boy's incomprehension and an older man's nostalgia, Andy evokes the past not as a narrative but as a series of disembodied fragments in the flow of time." In this fifth novel of Port William, <mask> considers the violence of men and its impact on the family and community that must come to terms with it. "<mask> shows us the psychic costs of misplaced family pride and social rigidity, and yet he also celebrates the benevolent blessing of familial love. This is simple, soul-satisfying storytelling, augmented by understated humor and quiet insight." Jayber Crow (2000)
Port William's barber recounts his life's journey in <mask>'s sixth novel. Jayber's early life as an orphan near Port William is followed by studies towards a possible vocation to Church ministry.A questioning mind, however, sends him in other directions until he finds himself back in Port William with an ever-growing commitment to that place and its people. As Publishers Weekly notes, "Crow's life, which begins as WWI is about to erupt, is emblematic of a century of upheaval, and <mask>'s anecdotal and episodic tale sounds a challenge to contemporary notions of progress. It is to <mask>'s credit that a novel so freighted with ideas and ideology manages to project such warmth and luminosity." Hannah Coulter (2004)
<mask>'s seventh novel presents a concise vision of Port William's "membership." The story encompasses Hannah's life, including the Great Depression, World War II, the postwar industrialization of agriculture, the flight of youth to urban employment, and the consequent remoteness of grandchildren. The tale is told in the voice of an old woman twice widowed, who has experienced much loss yet has never been defeated. Somehow, lying at the center of her strength is the "membership"—the fact that people care for each other and, even in absence, hold each other in a kind of presence.All in all, Hannah Coulter embodies many of the themes of <mask>'s Port William saga. Andy Catlett: Early Travels (2006)
Andy Catlett, age nine, makes his first solo journey to visit with both sets of grandparents in Port William. The New York Times reviewer notes, "What the grown-up Andy recalls of that experience is transformed into 'a sort of homage' to a now-vanished world. Title characters from <mask>'s earlier Port William volumes — Jayber Crow, Old Jack, Hannah Coulter — appear here in affectionate cameos as the adult Andy, echoing Wordsworth, observes that 'in my memory, all who were there ... seem now to be gathered into a love that is at once a boy's and an aging man's.'" Awards

Works

Fiction

Uncollected short stories
"Nothing Living Lives Alone". The Threepenny Review. Spring 2011.PEN/O. Henry Prize Story, 2012
"Dismemberment". The Threepenny Review. Summer 2015. "One Nearly Perfect Day" Sewanee Review. Summer 2015. "How It Went" Sewanee Review.Summer 2016. "A Clearing" The Hudson Review. Autumn 2018. "The Great Interruption: The Story of a Famous Story of Old Port William and How It Ceased to be Told (1935-1978)" The Threepenny Review. Fall 2018. (A discussion of this story can be found on Front Porch Republic.) "A Conversation".The Threepenny Review. Winter 2020. "One of Us (1949)" Larkspur Press, Monterey, KY 2020; and The Threepenny Review. Fall 2020. "A Time and Times and the Dividing of Time". The Threepenny Review. Fall 2021.Nonfiction

Uncollected essays
 "KCADP's YouTube Channel." April 24, 2009. "To Break The Silence" Appalachian Heritage Vol 41 (3), Summer 2013, pp 78–84. Poetry

Interviews
Weinreb, Mindy. "A Question a Day: A Written Conversation with <mask>"  in Merchant, 1991
Beattie, L. Elisabeth (Editor). "<mask>" in Conversations With Kentucky Writers,  University Press of Kentucky, 1996. Minick, Jim."A Citizen and a Native: An Interview with <mask>" Appalachian Journal, Vol. 31, Nos 3–4, (Spring-Summer, 2004)
Berger, Rose Marie. "<mask> interview complete text," Sojourner's Magazine, July 2004
Brockman, Holly. "How can a family 'live at the center of its own attention?' <mask>'s thoughts on the good life", January/February 2006
Grubbs, Morris Allen (Editor). Conversations with <mask>, University Press of Mississippi, 2007. Hooks, Bell."Healing Talk: A Conversation" in "Belonging: A Culture of Place", 2009, Routledge. Smith, Peter. "<mask>'s still unsettled in his ways." The Courier-Journal, September 30, 2007, A1. "<mask>: A conversation," The Diane Rehm Show. WAMU 88.5 American University Radio, November 30, 2009. Leonard, Sarah."Nature as an Ally" Dissent, Vol. 59, No. 2, Spring, 2012
"<mask>: Poet & Prophet," Moyers & Company. PBS. October 4, 2013. Lehrer, Brian. The Brian Lehrer Show WYNC, October 17, 2013
"Distant Neighbors: <mask> & Gary Snyder",  part of 2014 Festival of Faiths: Sacred Earth / Sacred Self
"<mask>, Burkean" Interview with Gracy Olmstead.The American Conservative, February 17, 2015. Fisher-Smith, Jordan. "Field Observations: An Interview with <mask>'"
DeChristopher, Tim. "To Live and Love with a Dying World: A conversation between Tim DeCristopher and <mask>". Orion, Spring 2020. Forewords, introductions, prefaces, and afterwords

See also

Agrarianism
Fellowship of Southern Writers
Front Porch Republic
The Land Institute
John Seymour (author)
Local food
Localism (politics)
Southern Agrarians
Sustainability
Subsidiarity
Wallace Stegner
Wes Jackson

References

Further reading
Baker, Jack and Jeffrey Bilbro, ed. Telling the Stories Right: <mask>'s Imagination of Port William.Eugene, OR: Front Porch Republic Books, 2018. Baker, Jack and Jeffrey Bilbro. <mask> and Higher Education: Cultivating Virtues of Place. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2017. Bilbro, Jeffrey. Virtues of Renewal: <mask>'s Sustainable Forms. Lexington, University Press of Kentucky, 2019.Bilbro, Jeffrey. "The Way of Love: <mask>'s Vision of Work in the Kingdom of God," in Loving God's Wildness: The Christian Roots of Ecological Ethics in American Literature. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2015. 138-178. Bonzo, J. Matthew and Michael R. Stevens. <mask> and the Cultivation of Life: A Reader's Guide. Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2008.Goodrich, Janet. The Unforeseen Self in the Works of <mask>. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001. Heinzelman, Kurt (1980), Indigenous Art: The Poetry of <mask>, in Bold, Christine, (ed. ), Cencrastus No. 2, Spring 1980, pp. 34 – 37,
Merchant, Paul, ed.<mask> (American Authors Series). Lewiston, Idaho: Confluence, 1991. Mitchell, Mark and Nathan Schlueter. The Humane Vision of <mask>. Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2011. Oehlschlaeger, Fritz. The Achievement of <mask> Berry: The Hard History of Love.Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011. Peters, Jason, ed. <mask>: Life and Work. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007. Shuman, Joel James and Owens, L. Roger (eds). <mask> and Religion: Heaven's Earthly Life. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2009.Smith, Kimberly K. <mask> and the Agrarian Tradition: A Common Grace. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003. Sutterfield, Ragan. <mask> and the Given Life. Cincinnati, OH: Franciscan Media, 2017. Wiebe, Joseph R. The Place of Imagination: <mask> and the Poetics of Community, Affection, and Identity. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2017

External links

The Wendell Berry Catalogue from Counterpoint Press
Internet Resources
The Membership: A <mask> Berry Podcast
The Berry Center

1934 births
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American poets
21st-century American essayists
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American poets
American agrarianists
American agricultural writers
American anti-globalization writers
American Christian pacifists
American environmentalists
American male essayists
American male novelists
American male poets
American male short story writers
American short story writers
Baptists from Kentucky
Farmers from Kentucky
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Living people
National Humanities Medal recipients
Neo-Luddites
New York University faculty
Novelists from Kentucky
People from Henry County, Kentucky
Poets from Kentucky
Rockefeller Fellows
Rural community development
Simple living advocates
Stegner Fellows
University of Kentucky alumni
University of Kentucky faculty
Writers of American Southern literature
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male

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<mask> (born April 23, 1979) is an Ecuadorian model, and actor best known for his roles in telenovelas. Starting his career in Ecuador, and later doing telenovelas for Telemundo in Colombia. Biography

He was born April 23, 1979, in Guayaquil – Ecuador, under the sign of Taurus, the last of five children. <mask> always stood out within the family circle for being a curious child with general knowledge, communications, arts and creativity. <mask>'s father, a renowned cardiologist of his country and his mother Mencha Miranda, a dedicated educator, gave <mask> a family that supported the development of skills and talents grew so motivated to discover their potential. <mask> studied his years at the Liceo Panamericano primary, where he was involved in all kinds of artistic activities that particularly stood out as a student participation. It also showed interest in the topics of social awareness, as part of groups like the Nature Foundation and undertaking campaigns that touched these issues on their own initiative and their friends like."I remember when I was 8 or 9 years, we had a club of friends, which sold all sorts of things in the doorways of our homes, from popcorn to wooden coasters painted for us was to raise funds for social projects . Met scholarships to a child and feel of the work done was of absolute fullness, felt that we were changing the world. " At the time of the school, <mask> studied at the traditional high school Javier in Guayaquil, where he distinguished himself for his creativity in the projects he undertook. "The high school to me was a period that involved major challenges of adaptation and growth level was the confrontation of values education I had in my home, with the real world, with the pressure of adolescents and the desire to be accepted . When choosing a career, <mask> chose the Social Communication with a concentration in Graphic Design at the Universidad Casa Grande in Guayaquil. "I remember it as one of the best times of my life, in which I could discover and develop my creativity , expands my personality and discover the career potential it had "While studying experienced and performed several jobs and trades, including Cinemark teller, TV presenter and creative advertising at BBDO, where he started out as a promising publicist. However, he decided to leave these jobs to concentrate on finishing his college career that culminated with honors since <mask> received the award for most creative student, he  graduated in Technical Advertising (2000) and its degree in Communications (2002).Upon completion of this phase of education and pursue professional communication Spiral mounted an advertising agency in order to work in Social Marketing. Despite the economic success that this company is represented, the fullness wasn't part of his life, and felt dissatisfied "For a year I thought I was happy, that was what I wanted, but it was the success that made me believe that so was, then I realized that I'm not made for an office or a computer, I need to create beyond ... with my body. " To take a radical turn to his life, he closed his agency and traveled to Peru, where he worked as a waiter one time free of responsibilities as he wished. "Causality of life, I ended up stuck in an acting workshop that Productions Guana people gave me, that's where the magic happened and I discovered my passion, I discovered the freedom and the challenge of standing on a stage, the dedication required to take someone's life and nudity that it faces in vulnerability the theater. " For health complications from his father who had been diagnosed with cancer decide to return to the country and pursuing a career in acting. A short time later, <mask> received his first acting opportunity and enter the talent to be part of a series called "The Sorceress "in which he plays an antagonist, since this project will definitely open the television set in Ecuador for three years and performs a series of characters in such productions as" I sell black eyes "," Jocelito "," My Premiums "" Singles without Commitment "," Archives of Fate, "" Heart Dominated "also venturing into the boards with plays such as" Humor of Chekhov one-act "," Cultural Pentagram "and" Venice. "" I am infinitely grateful that television has led me to the theater because that's really where I trained as an actor, I consider myself very lucky to have spent that process. "After building a successful career in his native country <mask> decides it's time to go and seek new horizons and new opportunities and decides to move to Colombia from which to project itself internationally thanks to the great entertainment industry in the country neighbor "When you're attentive to life and listen to your heart, you know what your path is and no risk of being mistaken, for me Colombia was a natural movement of life, something I knew I had to do without giving room of fear or doubt. Part of this certainly gave me my father, shortly before he died he told my family that no one should dwell on this trip because I will find my destiny, after my dad passed I went to Colombia "

In Colombia I achieved several roles in television and theater: In the shadow of the volcano, Fathers and Children, That's life, murdered women, Victoria and Doña Bárbara, which airs on Telemundo. In Colombia things weren't always easy for <mask>, start from scratch in a new market involved a series of challenges to face and he were meant great opportunities for growth as he tells us. "Colombia has been the best time of my life, and precisely because it was not an easy undertaking, I had to deal with economic distress, unemployment, loneliness, but that caused me to develop aspects that did not have before such as thrift, determination, discipline, absolute confidence towards life and toward myself. " One of the first projects in which <mask> attended the play "In the shadow of the volcano," a story that deals with child sexual abuse, along with great actresses and actors like Alejandra Borrero, Gustavo Angarita, Diana Angel. " It was an honor for me to share the stage with great actors, definitely a learning experience in my acting career and the opportunity to bring my work to open dialogue on a topic as important and on which there is both taboo. "After participating in the series "Fathers and Sons", "That's life" and "Killer Women", and participating in countless advertising campaigns.Finally <mask> achieved the role of the noble and proud Sebastian Villanueva in the telenovela "Victoria" at Telemundo, pulling its international projection. But this was only the beginning, then saw <mask> on the soap opera Dona Barbara, playing Maria Nieves, a cowboy sullen, bad-tempered and rude that concealed a very sensitive and we took more of a laugh and an occasional tear. Then came the moment that <mask> has secured its first international starring role on the soap opera "The Victorine" also by Telemundo. "I am very grateful to the life of a chance to be part of this project is far from a romance novel, it is more like a suspense thriller and action, with the possibility of developing a complex and interesting protagonist, alongside a cast of first. In 2013 participates in soap opera Marido En Alquiler  playing Kike. Personal life
On August 27, 2021, Manrique publicly came out as gay and said that he had been in a relationship with his current boyfriend for seven years. Filmography

Theater
 2014: Los hombres no mienten - Maximiliano
 2014: Mitad y Mitad
 2012: Confesiones del Pene
 2012: Herejía
 2010: El Clon
 2009: Victorinos
 2009: La gata sobre el tejado caliente
 2006: Humor de Chéjov en un acto
 2005: Pentagrama cultural
 2004: Venecia
 2003: A la sombra del volcán

References

External links

 Official website

Ecuadorian male models
Ecuadorian male stage actors
Ecuadorian male telenovela actors
Ecuadorian male television actors
People from Guayaquil
1979 births
Living people
LGBT people from Ecuador
Gay actors

masks:
Roberto Manrique
Roberto
Xavier Manrique
Roberto
Roberto
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<mask> (born May 13, 1950), nicknamed "<mask>", is a former American professional baseball player and manager. He also served as the athletic director at Sacred Heart University. <mask> played for the Los Angeles Dodgers (1969, 1971–72), California Angels (1973–1975), New York Mets (1977–78), and Seattle Mariners (1979) in MLB. He managed the Texas Rangers (1985–1992), the New York Mets (1996–2002), and the Boston Red Sox (2012) of MLB, as well as the Chiba Lotte Marines of Nippon Professional Baseball (1995, 2004–2009). <mask> has been an analyst for ESPN's Sunday Night Baseball. In February 2013, CBSSports.com hired <mask> to represent its Fantasy Sports business, including running a viral marketing campaign in which he made fun of the many times he was fired in his career and gave fans a chance to "Hire or Fire <mask>" one more time. In August 2021, a video went viral of <mask> accidentally leaving his phone on while recording a Cameo and he submitted an 8 minute long video that included him not picking up his dog's poop in a neighbor's yard.He also claims to have invented the wrap sandwich. On November 2, 2021, <mask> lost the election to become Mayor of his hometown of Stamford, Connecticut to Caroline Simmons, the first female elected Mayor in Stamford. Early years
<mask> was born in Stamford, Connecticut, to Joseph and <mask>. He attended Rippowam High School in Stamford, Connecticut, where he was an All-State player in football, baseball and track. He is one of just a handful of three-time All-State football players in Connecticut history. He set state records for career touchdowns (53), career interceptions for TD (5) and 60-yard dash. The career interception for TD record remains, having later been tied by two other players.As a sophomore in 1965, he averaged 5.6 yards a carry, scored 21 touchdowns and led Rippowam to a 9–0 record and a state championship. He was also a champion ballroom dancer as a teenager, winning a regional competition with his partner at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York and took part in the opening ceremonies of the 1964 New York World's Fair. He was president of the student council. He was recruited by the University of Nebraska, the University of Notre Dame and the University of Southern California as a star in football and baseball, but ultimately chose USC. In 1967, he played collegiate summer baseball for the Yarmouth Indians of the Cape Cod Baseball League. The Los Angeles Dodgers drafted him fifth overall in the 1968 Major League Baseball draft and he signed with the Dodgers, receiving a $65,000 signing bonus. He attended both USC and Arizona State University while in the Dodgers organization and was a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity.His roommate at USC was Bill Buckner who was the Dodgers second round pick in 1968. Playing career

Minor leagues (1968–1970)
At age 18, <mask> made his professional debut playing with the Ogden Dodgers of the Rookie Pioneer League, winning the league's MVP Award, hitting .281 with a .460 slugging percentage and leading the league with 20 stolen bases. He was one of only three players in the league to appear in every game. His roommate was Tom Paciorek and was also teammates with Bill Buckner and Steve Garvey. The manager at Ogden was Tommy Lasorda, the start of a friendship that has lasted four decades. In 1969, <mask> impressive enough in Spring Training that he was promoted to the Class AAA Spokane Indians of the Pacific Coast League. After the PCL season ended, he debuted with the Los Angeles Dodgers as a September call-up in 1969 at 19 years old.Though he did not record a major league at-bat that season, he appeared in 5 games as a pinch runner, scoring three runs. Back with the Spokane Indians for 1970, <mask> was again his league's MVP after batting .340 with fourteen home runs and leading the Pacific Coast League in eight offensive categories. Led by <mask> and manager Lasorda, Spokane won the league championship over the Hawaii Islanders. He suffered a fractured cheekbone when he was beaned in the PCL playoffs that season and also had right knee surgery to repair a ruptured ligament in January 1971. Los Angeles Dodgers (1971–1972)
<mask> made the Dodgers out of Spring Training in 1971 and batted .249 with one home run and 25 RBIs in 101 games. His first career MLB hit came on April 25, 1971, an RBI single off Milt Wilcox, scoring Steve Garvey in a 4–2 Dodgers win over the Reds. The following season in 1972, he managed to play in 119 games by playing many different positions—including shortstop, second base, third and all three outfield positions and his batting average improved to .274.He missed time after sustaining a broken nose. Following the season on November 28, 1972, he was packaged in a trade along with Frank Robinson, Billy Grabarkewitz, Bill Singer and Mike Strahler to the California Angels for Andy Messersmith and Ken McMullen. California Angels (1973–1975)
Prior to the start of the 1973 season, <mask> was named Caribbean Series MVP playing shortstop for the series champions from the Dominican Republic, Tigres del Licey. The team was managed by Tommy Lasorda. As a regular starter for the Angels, <mask> had a strong start, leading the Angels with a .302 batting average. Four days after his 23rd birthday, he suffered a multiple compound leg fracture on May 17, 1973, at Anaheim Stadium in a game against the Oakland Athletics after his spikes got caught in the outfield's chain link fence while attempting to catch a home run ball hit by Dick Green, one of only three home runs hit by Green during the season. He missed the remainder of the 1973 season and never regained his speed as the bones did not heal properly.Two days prior to the injury, <mask> was playing center field when Nolan Ryan threw his first career No-hitter. <mask> would later be Ryan's manager in Texas for his last two No-hitters (6th and 7th). In 1974, despite still recovering from his leg injury, <mask> made 414 plate appearances, the second most of his career, and batted .261 with three home runs. On April 4, 1975, the Angels loaned him to the Charleston Charlies, a AAA Pittsburgh Pirates organization where he played in 56 games before returning to the Angels organization on June 20, 1975. He was assigned to the Angels AAA affiliate Salt Lake City Bees and played in 46 games batting .306 before being called back up to the Angels  On September 17, 1975, he was traded to the San Diego Padres with Rudy Meoli for Gary Ross (baseball). On September 19, 1975, in his first game as a Padre, <mask> homered off Mike Caldwell in a 3–1 loss to the Giants. San Diego Padres/New York Mets (1976–1978)
In 1976, <mask> spent most of the season with Padres AAA affiliate, the Hawaii Islanders, playing in 120 games batting .304 with 13 home runs.On June 15, 1977, after playing 44 games with the Padres, he was part of the New York Mets infamous "Midnight Massacre", when the Mets traded Dave Kingman to San Diego for minor league pitcher Paul Siebert and <mask>, sent Tom Seaver to the Cincinnati Reds for Pat Zachry, Doug Flynn, Steve Henderson, and Dan Norman, and Mike Phillips to the St. Louis Cardinals for Joel Youngblood. Seattle Mariners
<mask>'s role with the Mets became even more limited, and he was released in spring training, 1979. He signed with the Seattle Mariners shortly afterwards, and made his debut as a catcher that season. Following the season, he retired from baseball at 29 years of age. Managerial career

Texas Rangers
Valentine was serving as a member of the Mets coaching staff when he was selected by the Texas Rangers to take over managing duties from Doug Rader 32 games into the 1985 season. The Rangers went 53–76 the rest of the season, finishing with an overall record of 62–99. In 1986 the Rangers finished second in the American League West with a record of 87–75, and <mask> finished second in voting for the AL Manager of the Year.The Rangers fell back into sixth place the following two seasons, and <mask> was fired by managing partner George W. Bush halfway through the 1992 season with a record of 45–41. Toby Harrah took over as manager, and led the Rangers to a 77–85 record and a fourth-place finish. <mask> finished his Rangers' managerial career with a record of 581 wins and 605 losses with no post–season appearances. In 1989, while still managing the Rangers, <mask> worked as an on-the-field analyst for NBC's 1989 ALCS coverage alongside Bob Costas and Tony Kubek. Norfolk Tides
In 1994, <mask> managed the Mets' Triple-A affiliate, the Norfolk Tides, to a 67–75 record, and finished fourth in the five-team West Division of the International League. Chiba Lotte Marines
In 1995, <mask> began his first stint as manager of the Chiba Lotte Marines in the Japanese Pacific League. That season, the team surprised most Japanese baseball fans by finishing in second place (69–58–3); the Marines had not won the Japanese Pacific league pennant since 1974.However, he was fired abruptly due to a personal conflict with general manager Tatsuro Hirooka, despite having a two-year contract. New York Mets
<mask> returned to the Norfolk Tides in 1996, managing them to an 82–59 record and second place in the International League's West Division. He then was promoted to manager of the Mets with 31 games left in the 1996 season, and led them to a 12–19 record the rest of the way. Over the next two seasons, <mask> led a Mets resurgence, finishing 14 games over .500 (88–74) both years. In the 12th inning of a 14-inning marathon against the Toronto Blue Jays on June 9, 1999, <mask> was ejected by home plate umpire Randy Marsh for arguing a catcher's interference call against Mike Piazza. <mask> returned to the dugout an inning later disguised with sunglasses and a fake moustache made from eye black. The Mets went on to win the game 4–3, and Major League Baseball fined <mask> $5,000 and suspended him for two games.<mask> led the Mets to a record of 97–66 and a wild card playoff berth that season. The Mets defeated the Arizona Diamondbacks in four games (3–1) en route to the National League Championship Series, where they eventually lost to their division rival the Atlanta Braves in six games (4–2). In early 2000, <mask>, in which he allegedly mentioned to students at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business somewhat cynical, insider comments regarding a handful of Mets players and the organization as a whole. The incident was  called "The Whartongate Affair". The year <mask> returned as Mets manager, finishing with a 94–68 record and another wild card playoff berth. This time the Mets were successful in winning the National League pennant, defeating the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2000 National League Championship Series in five games (4–1). The Mets lost the 2000 World Series to their crosstown rivals

masks:
Robert John Valentine
Bobby V
Valentine
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Bobby V
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Grace Valentine
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 the New York Yankees in five games (4–1).On July 14, 2001, <mask> won his 1,000th game as manager, doing so against the Boston Red Sox in his 1,958th game as manager. <mask> won the 2002 Branch Rickey Award for his donations and personal work with survivors of the September 11 attacks. <mask> had an uneasy, if not volatile relationship with general manager Steve Phillips, who fired three of <mask>'s coaches and selected the replacements himself during the 1999 season (in a move many observers felt was an attempt to get <mask> to quit) and eventually fired him after the 2002 season. He finished his Mets managerial career with a record of 536 wins and 467 losses. Second stint with the Chiba Lotte Marines

In 2004, <mask> rejoined the Chiba Lotte Marines as manager, and in 2005 led the Marines to their first Pacific League pennant since 1974 following a close playoff with the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks. On October 26, 2005, the Marines won the Japan Series in a four-game sweep of the Hanshin Tigers. The next day <mask> issued a challenge to the World Series champion Chicago White Sox on behalf of the Marines, calling for a series to be played between the American and Japanese championship teams.Following their Japan Series championship, the Marines won the inaugural Asia Series by defeating the Samsung Lions of the Korea Baseball Organization in November 2005. <mask> aided in bringing innovative promotions to Japan, which doubled Marine attendance during his tenure. Some of these gimmicks, like allowing children to run the bases after games or dedicated autograph sessions, are common in America but were unseen in Japan; others, such as <mask> hosting dance classes for female fans, played on the manager's personal appeal (and his history—<mask> was a competition ballroom dancer in his youth). In 2008, <mask> was the subject of the ESPN Films documentary The Zen of Bobby V., which followed <mask> and his 2007 Marines team. The Zen of Bobby V. was an official selection at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival. The Marines let <mask> go after the 2009 season after an extensive smear campaign led by club president Ryuzo Setoyama, which ironically backfired and resulted in an overflow of support for <mask> by local fans. In the end, <mask> was fired, even though a petition to extend his contract was presented to the organization with 112,000 signatures.ESPN
<mask> accepted a position as a baseball analyst for ESPN. He had previously appeared on the cable network's Baseball Tonight show in 2003. He made his broadcasting debut for the 2009 American and National League Championship Series and World Series. In late 2009, <mask> was a candidate to replace Eric Wedge as manager of the Cleveland Indians, however the job went to Manny Acta. <mask> continued working with ESPN for the 2010 MLB season. He was interviewed for the Baltimore Orioles managerial position after manager Dave Trembley was fired in early June; <mask> later withdrew his name from consideration. <mask> was considered a front runner for the Florida Marlins managerial position that opened after Manager Fredi González was fired in late June.However, <mask> confirmed he was no longer a candidate for the position after the Florida Marlins owner, Jeffrey Loria stated that Edwin Rodríguez, the interim manager they summoned to replace Gonzalez, would manage the team through the 2010 season. With the firing of the New York Mets manager Jerry Manuel at the end of the 2010 season, <mask> had been speculated by the local New York sports media of returning to the team. It was also reported that the Toronto Blue Jays and Seattle Mariners had interviewed <mask> for their open managerial job. <mask> was interviewed by the Milwaukee Brewers for their managerial opening in October 2010. He was believed to be a finalist along with Bob Melvin, Joey Cora, and Ron Roenicke. The position eventually went to Angels bench coach Roenicke. On December 1, 2010, <mask>, Orel Hershiser and Dan Shulman were named as ESPN's new Sunday Night Baseball crew for the 2011 MLB season.In June 2011, news outlets reported that <mask> was once again a candidate for the Florida Marlins managerial position after the ballclub free fell in the standings. That did not come to fruition, however, as the Marlins hired former White Sox manager Ozzie Guillén. Boston Red Sox

On November 21, 2011, <mask> met with the Boston Red Sox for a formal interview for the open manager's position, and on November 29, it was reported that he would be the new Red Sox manager and the successor to Terry Francona. <mask> was introduced by Red Sox General Manager Ben Cherington on December 2, 2011, and chose to wear number 25 in honor of the late Tony Conigliaro, with whom he briefly roomed during spring training 1976 with the San Diego Padres. <mask>'s first and only season with Boston was marred by injuries, public feuds with players, run-ins with the media, and a tumultuous relationship with his coaches. Under <mask>'s management, the 2012 Red Sox finished last in the AL East at 69–93, their worst record in 47 years. <mask> was fired by the Red Sox on October 4, 2012, just one day after the conclusion of the regular season.Managerial record

Sacred Heart University
<mask> took over as athletic director at Sacred Heart University in Fairfield, Connecticut on July 1, 2013. During his tenure <mask> helped to raise the visibility of Pioneer athletics, with appearances on ESPN, SNY and other national and regional media outlets. He oversaw the replacement of the playing surface on Campus Field, as well as its surrounding track, in addition to renovations to William H. Pitt Center. Sacred Heart University invested $21.8 million in the construction of the <mask> Valentine Health and Recreation Center, a 57,400-square foot, three-story, fitness facility for the whole student population, which includes an indoor track, a bowling center, an 18-bike spin center, a 45-foot climbing wall and exercise and weight-training rooms. The facility opened in August 2019. In addition, the Pioneers won their NEC-best eighth Joan Martin Commissioner's Cup for excellence in women's athletics in 2015, and overall the Pioneers have captured 13 conference championships since he has taken the helm. Programs have garnered national acclaim in that time, with the football team finishing the 2014 season nationally ranked, and the fencing squad finishing 11th in the NCAA at the 2014 championship.In September 2016 <mask> was named the ECAC Division I Administrator of the Year. Awards and honors
Elected to the Connecticut High School Coaches Hall of Fame (1986)
New Jersey Sports Writers Association "Sports Humanitarian of the Year" (2001)

Beyond baseball
Since 1980, <mask> has owned and operated Bobby V's Restaurant & Sports Bar, a sports bar that is located in his hometown of Stamford, with franchises slated to open in Norwalk, Connecticut, Arlington, Texas, and Middletown, Rhode Island. In 2010, <mask> started the production company, Makuhari Media, with producing partner Andrew J. Muscato. The company produces sports themed documentaries. In 2011, Mayor Michael Pavia named <mask> Director of Public Safety for the city of Stamford, Connecticut. <mask> was paid a token $10,000 salary for this position, which he pledged to donate to city charities. <mask> left the position 11 months later to manage the Red Sox.In 2013, on the twelfth anniversary of the September 11 attacks, <mask> made comments that accused the New York Yankees of not contributing support to the New York community in the wake of the attacks. He was widely criticized for the inaccuracy of his comments, as many media sources documented several occasions on which the Yankees visited victims and workers after the attacks, and for the untimeliness of trying to take credit for helping. TBS had originally planned to feature <mask> as a studio analyst during its MLB on TBS coverage for the 2013 postseason, but reportedly declined to do so after the negative publicity his comments attracted. On December 9, 2016, WEEI reported that, on the recommendation of New Jersey governor Chris Christie, <mask> was being considered by Donald Trump's presidential transition team for appointment as the United States Ambassador to Japan. In August 2021, <mask> accidentally left his phone on while recording a Cameo and submitted an 8 minute long video that included him not picking up his dog's poop in a neighbor's yard. 2021 Stamford mayoral election
On May 7, 2021,  <mask> announced he was running for mayor of Stamford, Connecticut, in the 2021 election. He ran as an unaffiliated candidate.He was challenged by Democratic state representative Caroline Simmons in the Stamford mayoral election that took place on Tuesday November 2, 2021. <mask> lost the election to Simmons by 1,505 votes. With her election, Simmons became the first woman Mayor of Stamford by taking 52.5% of the vote. <mask> obtained 47.5% of the vote. Personal life
<mask> was married to Mary Branca, the daughter of former Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca and together they have a son. They separated in 2011 and later divorced in October 2021. He is currently in a relationship with a Japanese woman named Junko Ogino who he met in 1995 and became romantically involved with in 2007 while still married to Mary Branca.See also

 List of Major League Baseball managers by wins

References

External links

Baseball Gauge
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
<mask>'s Sports Academy

1950 births
Living people
Baseball coaches from Connecticut
American expatriate baseball people in Japan
Arizona Instructional League Dodgers players
Arizona State University alumni
Baseball players from Connecticut
Boston Red Sox managers
California Angels players
Charleston Charlies players
Chiba Lotte Marines managers
Cincinnati Reds coaches
Drinking establishment owners
Expatriate baseball managers in Japan
Hawaii Islanders players
American people of Italian descent
Leones del Caracas players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball infielders
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Managers of baseball teams in Japan
New York Mets coaches
New York Mets managers
New York Mets players
Norfolk Tides managers
Ogden Dodgers players
Pacific Coast League MVP award winners
Sacred Heart Pioneers athletic directors
Salt Lake City Gulls players
San Diego Padres players
Seattle Mariners players
Spokane Indians players
Sportspeople from Manhattan
Sportspeople from Stamford, Connecticut
Texas Rangers managers
Tigres del Licey players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
USC Trojans baseball players
Yarmouth–Dennis Red Sox players
Candidates in the 2021 United States

masks:
Valentine
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<mask>  <mask> (1853 – 21 April 1905), a professional sculler, was born in London where his family was well known in aquatic circles. He married <mask> on 30 November 1875 in Gore St Fitzroy, Victoria, and died in Sydney, Australia. The couple had eight children including the original Australian superstar of Rugby League and Rugby Union, <mask>. and the younger <mask>, who also represented Australia in Rugby League. Antecedent
His father James was a noted sculler and boat builder who in 1854 won the World Sculling Championship from Tom Cole (rower). James held the title for four years until beaten by the well known sculler Harry Kelley. <mask>' grandfather, <mask>, was a Queen's waterman and bargemaster to Queen Victoria on the River Thames.In 1862 he won the sculling race down the Thames, the renowned and historical Doggett's Coat and Badge, the oldest rowing race in the world and which is mentioned in the famous diary of Samuel Pepys FRS 1633–1703. For centuries it was considered the sculling championship of the world. Personal and sculling chronology
<mask> migrated to Australia in the early 1870s in search of sculling fame and fortune. He gained a job in his trade as a boatbuilder at Greenlands Boatbuilders in Melbourne, where boatsheds still exist to this day, east of Princes Bridge (2020). At the time of his marriage (1875) he was living at Emerald Hill on the land on which is now the South Melbourne Town Hall.(2020). His main competitors in Melbourne were John Christie and John Cazaly, father of the later famous Australian Rules footballer, Roy Cazaly, of Up There Cazaly fame. On 1 July 1878 it was John Christie whom <mask> defeated for the sculling championship of Victoria.Even though, courtesy of the Gold Rush, Melbourne was the second largest city in the British Empire, word came to <mask> that there was a rowing and sculling "fever" in NSW whereby races along the Parramatta River were enjoying over 100,000 spectators and the prize monies were much more generous than in Melbourne. He grew his reputation. In a famous race against Elias Laycock, <mask> was dubbed the "Melbourne man" and his competitor the "Sydney man". When <mask> was clearly winning the race, supporters of Laycock, who were following the race in a ferry, crossed in front of <mask> and swamped him, thus ensuring the win for Laycock. Despite this, <mask> returned to Melbourne, collected his wife and child (Bill) and shifted to Sydney. He set up a boatshed and boatbuilding business and a home at Balmain's Mort Bay where his second and third son (<mask> Jnr and "Dally" (April 1883) were born. Due to the intensity of Sydney development, in 1884 <mask> dismantled his business and home in Balmain and floated it in stages across to Double Bay.Here his business prospered as enthusiastic young people of Sydney took up sculling and sailing in boats mainly built by the <mask>s. All five <mask> sons, Bill, <mask>, Dally, Ernie, and Wally,  became apprentice boatbuilders to their father. In an attempt to capitalise on the exuberance of a large following of boat enthusiasts, from May 1889 to Dec 1889, while retaining the Double Bay business, <mask> became the licensee of Messenger's Tattersall's Hotel in Penrith on the Nepean River. It was here at Penrith that <mask> became part of the support team for another outstanding rower, Bill Beach, who successfully competed for the Championship of the world. He then returned to Double Bay. Sculling

His principal performances in Sydney were in a waterman's skiff race at the national regatta where he rowed third to Power (15 lbs) and Harry Pearce (55 lbs). In the third division of the Walker Whiskey race, he finished third to Michael Rush (rower) and R. Edwards.At the Grafton 1881 regatta, he started in the outrigger race against Rush and Elias C. Laycock, and was badly beaten. In 1882 <mask> travelled to Auckland in New Zealand where he competed under the assumed name of ‘Carter.’ His trainer was Harry Floyd who was associated with many of the Sydney scullers. At the Mercury Bay regatta on 26 January 1882, <mask> beat <mask> in an outrigger race. A later match race between them for £100 a side had the same result as did another race at the Auckland Regatta. Later it was revealed who ‘Carter’ was. In March 1882 <mask> and William Hearn raced in Wellington for the Single Sculls Championship of New Zealand. See New Zealand Sculling Championship.The stake was £100 a side and Hearn won without any trouble. <mask>'s  rowing weight was 11 stone (70 kg)

Strange race

One of the strangest races ever recorded was that between <mask> and Bill Beach in March 1883 in the Anniversary regatta held in Sydney. Largan, the English sculler, was also in the race, but had his boat cut in two by a 14-ft. open sailing boat shortly before the start. He, however, started in a borrowed outrigger, but retired after going 200 yards. The weather was very rough, and, after changing places repeatedly, <mask>, who was leading, had his boat burst open and swamped forward by a sea, the after part sticking up in the air about three feet. Beach who had broken his slide and was pulling on a fixed seat, then shot up to him and yelled out, "I've beaten you now." <mask> was, of course, inclined to give in, but the people on the steamer yelled at him to go on in hopes something would happen to Beach also.Sure enough they were right, for in a few minutes the stern of his boat sank and the bow cocked up at an angle of 45 degrees. Then, <mask> seeing hope once more, removed his feet from the straps, took off his roller slides and held them in his mouth, and then standing up in his boat, half of which was completely buried under water, he turned round and sat straddle legs across the boat, his legs dangling in the water, a tempting bait for any shark in the vicinity. He faced the nose of the boat, and after an hour's hard rowing, during which the water was breaking over him, he rowed his boat stern first the last quarter of a mile, and passing the flagship a winner of one of the most singularly contested races ever recorded. After swamping, Beach gave up the contest. References

Observer newspaper, Auckland, 10 March 1883, Wanganui Chronicle 6 July 1878, 14 February 1882
Evening Post, 27 March 1882
Edward Hanlan, Champion Sculler, published Melbourne Albert S Manders & Co 1884

1853 births
1905 deaths
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Rowers from Sydney
Australian male rowers
19th-century Australian people
English emigrants to Australia

masks:
Charles
Amos Messenger
Annie Frances Atkinson
Dally Messenger
Wally Messenger
Charles
James Arthur Messenger
Charles Messenger
Messenger
Charles
Messenger
Messenger
Messenger
Messenger
Charles
Messenger
Messenger
Messenger
Charles
Charles Messenger
Messenger
Messenger
Messenger
A White
Messenger
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<mask> (October 2, 1843 – October 19, 1886) was a Scottish-born American industrialist. He was the brother of steel magnate <mask> and co-founder of the Edgar Thomson Steel Works (a steel manufacturing company). Early life

He was born in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland, on October 2, 1843. His parents were Will and <mask>, and he had a brother, Andrew, who was eight years older. A sister, Ann, had been born in 1840 but died in infancy. His first cousin was future industrialist George Lauder. His father was a master weaver, and his mother sold food in the home and sewed soles on leather boots to help provide income.Left destitute by automation (which threw his father, a hand weaver, out of work), the family emigrated to the United States in 1848 and settled in "Slabtown"—an immigrant neighborhood in Allegheny City, at the time a distinct and fast-growing city on the north side of the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers across from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The family rented rooms from a relative who owned a house at 336 Rebecca Street. (The street is gone, replaced by Three Rivers Stadium football stadium.) Allegheny City was an unpleasant place to live. It had no municipal water system until 1848, no natural gas lines until 1853, and no sewer system, and wild hogs roamed the streets attacking children. There, <mask> attended local public school. As a boy, <mask> was "the beautiful white-haired child with lustrous black eyes, who everywhere attracted attention".He was generally considered well-mannered but reserved, and often went into a quiet room during social gatherings. He was also noted for his quick and wry sense of humor. And while some, such as <mask> biographer Joseph Frazier Wall have concluded that <mask> secretly favored <mask>, others such as Richard S. Tedlow disagree and conclude that <mask> was largely isolated and lonely within the extended <mask> family and their large coterie of friends. It is well documented that Andrew and <mask> did not have the same group of friends, and that <mask>' group was smaller. In time, <mask> became a lifelong heavy drinker. Career

His older brother Andrew made a good deal of money from stock investing, and in 1853 purchased their rented home on Rebecca Street. In 1858, after Andrew had been appointed <mask>'s assistant, the <mask> family sold their Rebecca Street home and bought a large home in Altoona.Andrew was appointed superintendent of the western division of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1859, and he made <mask> (who had quit school) his assistant. (This was not the end of <mask>' schooling. As an adult, he would later take classes at Duff College.) In 1859, the family moved back to Pittsburgh and resided at 10 Hancock Street (later renamed Eighth Street, and now part of the Downtown Pittsburgh central business district). But the pollution from nearby factories and iron forges proved too much, and after only a few short months on Hancock Street, Andrew purchased a Victorian home for <mask> and their mother in Homewood, then a middle-class village on the edge of Pittsburgh. Andrew and <mask> rode the train to and from work together, and attended the theater frequently. In 1861, Andrew persuaded <mask> to invest in the Columbia Oil Company, and it paid off handsomely.That <mask> should ask an 18-year-old boy to be a stock investor was not unusual. When Andrew traveled to Scotland with his mother and a friend in 1862, he left <mask> in charge of his numerous business affairs (assets by that time nearing $47,860 or roughly $8.5 million in 2009 inflation-adjusted dollars). Union Iron Mills
Thomas' business ventures were often pulled along in the wake of his older brother's interests, and he made his fortune in iron and steel because of Andrew. In 1861, <mask><mask>, Henry Phipps (the son of the shoemaker <mask> did home work for), Anthony Kloman, and Andrew Kloman organized the Iron City Forge in Pittsburgh to take advantage of the booming need for iron products during the American Civil War. <mask> subsequently bought out Anton Kloman's share. Phipps and <mask> later learned that Andrew Kloman had sold a one-ninth share in the business to a local man who subsequently died during the war, and <mask> bought his share (raising his ownership in the business to four-ninths). Kloman, <mask>, and Phipps were soon at odds over these transactions and one another's refusal to sell out to the others, and they sought <mask>'s assistance in resolving the dispute.On September 1, 1863, <mask> drew up new incorporation papers which made <mask> a "special partner" in the firm and which also made <mask> a partner in the business. The money for <mask>' investment came from Andrew. A clause in the contract permitted Kloman and Phipps to oust <mask> and make him a silent partner, which they quickly did. The same clause, however, gave <mask> the right to purchase the extra one-ninth share <mask> had obtained, and <mask> immediately financed this purchase. When <mask>, one of Andrew's closest friends, protested, Andrew induced <mask> to plead with him to acquiesce lest Andrew's reputation as a fair dealer suffer. <mask> did so. Meanwhile, <mask> established a rival firm, the Cyclops Iron Company, with <mask> as an investor.The Cyclops firm opened in October 1864. <mask>, however, was deeply concerned that the Cyclops company would harm his own interests in Iron City Forge, and successfully prevailed on Andrew to merge the two firms. (It may also be true that Andrew always intended to merge the two firms in order to gain control of both, and used <mask> for this purpose.) Kloman and Phipps at first refused, but <mask> made an offer of all the shares in Cyclops plus an additional payment of $50,000 (a very large sum at the time). On May 1, 1865, the new Union Iron Mills Company was formed. <mask> was to "help out" as needed, and appointed vice president of the firm. While Andrew and Miller spent the better part of the next year touring Europe, <mask> flourished at the Union Iron Mills.The company struggled financially as the end of the Civil War led to sharp drops in the need for iron products, but <mask> proved to be a warm and friendly executive where his brother was cold and austere. <mask>' ability to make friends allowed the firm to receive numerous contracts and even infusions of capital when needed, and it is unlikely the company would have survived without him. Andrew wrote to <mask> extensively from Europe, constantly criticizing his business decisions, providing him with micromanaging instructions, and generally demeaning him. From Europe, Andrew also badgered <mask> to make improvements to their home in America, and decided to call the rapidly expanding mansion "Fairfield." <mask>' judgement proved to be more prescient than Andrew's when, in July 1865, Andrew became fascinated with the "Dodd process," a new English method of welding steel facing to iron railroad rails and, despite <mask>' misgivings, he purchased the American patent for the process. The process proved unworkable, and although he made additional investments in retooling the mill, the rails produced by the new process were just as brittle and breakable as the those formerly manufactured. <mask> advised him to conserve his money, but Andrew purchased yet another steel welding patent to try to fix the process.That, too, failed and soon <mask>'s steel-welding business was bankrupt. <mask> correctly foresaw that Andrew too easily believed his judgment was infallible, and soon a coal mining process Andrew had purchased also led to significant financial losses. Meanwhile, <mask> began courting Lucy Coleman, daughter of Pittsburgh iron manufacturing magnate William Coleman. Coleman provided <mask> with critical advice on how to improve the Union Iron Mills, and inside information on the coming railroad building boom. Another critical business relationship was with Piper & Shiffler (later known as the Keystone Bridge Company), an iron bridge building firm invested in by Andrew in 1862. Andrew diverted much of Piper & Shiffler's contracts to the Union Iron Mills, further bolstering the company's profits. <mask> often tried to rein in some of his brother's excesses, but to no avail.For example, in 1866 Andrew proposed purchasing a pipe works adjacent to the old Cyclops Iron Works. <mask> opposed the purchase, arguing that the time for expansion was not ripe and that the pipe works used a kind of iron which the Union Iron Mills did not produce. The pipe works turned out to be a white elephant, but they burned down shortly thereafter (saving the firm from further losses). The Lucy Furnace and Thomson Works
Thomas Carnegie played a critical role in the expansion of the Carnegie Bros. & Co. company into the production of pig iron. Iron ore was usually smelted into pig iron first, a brittle but refined product (often cast in ingots) which was usually sold to other companies and turned into wrought iron or steel. Several investors in the Union Iron Mills wished to invest in companies producing pig iron, but William Coleman advised against it and advocated building a wholly owned modern furnace under the company's control. A division of the Union Iron Mills (named the Isabella Furnace Company) was organized on December 1, 1870, and the company's first blast furnace (named the "Lucy furnace" after <mask>' wife) was constructed on 51st Street in Pittsburgh.Most of the investors who joined the Isabella Furnace Company were <mask>' friends, not Andrew's. <mask> supervised the operation of the Lucy furnace, and he was almost alone in contributing to its business success. The Lucy furnace was enormous— high with a  bosh (the widest part of the furnace and the hottest due to its proximity to the hearth)—and was producing a record-shattering  a day by 1872. A second Lucy furnace was built in 1877. In 1881, a two-thirds share in the company was sold to Wilson, Walker & Co. and James R. Wilson relieved <mask> and John Phipps of their duties overseeing the operation of the furnaces. <mask>'s experience in running the Lucy furnaces led him to co-found the Edgar Thomson Steel Works. In early 1871, William Coleman became interested in the new Bessemer process steel-making furnaces, and he traveled throughout Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania to view these new works.Coleman invited <mask> to join him in building the new steel works, and together they purchased  of land about  east of Pittsburgh known as Braddock's Field (a historic battlefield where French and Indian forces from Fort Duquesne defeated British General Edward Braddock on July 5, 1755, in the Battle of the Monongahela). (<mask> borrowed the money for his investment from his brother.) Coleman and <mask> lived near one another in Homewood and went to work together on the streetcar, and it was during these daily commutes that the men worked on their plans for the new steel works. Although <mask> asked Andrew to invest in the new mill, Andrew refused (considering it too risky a venture). <mask> then prevailed upon <mask>, a wealthy Pittsburgh merchant and vice president of the Exchange National Bank. <mask> agreed, and brought in William P. Shinn (who would, 11 years later, be awarded the Norman Medal, the top award for civil engineering, in 1883) as treasurer. In the spring of 1872, <mask> (while on a bond-selling trip) made a survey of Bessemer steel works in Europe and returned to the U.S. highly enthusiastic about the new project.Andrew subsequently invested $250,000 in the works. Meanwhile, Coleman, McCandless, Scott, and <mask> had purchased a newly platted tract in Pittsburgh, subdivided it, and sold the lots at a significant profit. The partners then invested $50,000 each in the steel mill. A new company, Carnegie, McCandless & Co., was formed on January 13, 1873, to build the works. <mask> was on vacation with Andrew and their mother at the upscale resort town of Cresson Springs in September 1873 when they learned of the failure of the investment bank of Jay Cooke & Company, which precipitated the Panic of 1873. The Panic created financial difficulties for the company, and it floated bonds to stay alive. J. Edgar Thomson, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad and a mentor and close friend to many of the partners, bought many of these bonds in late 1873, helping keep the firm afloat.The partners dissolved Carnegie, McCandless & Co. to take advantage of a new Pennsylvania law permitting the formation of limited liability companies, and the Edgar Thomson Steel Company Ltd. was created on October 12, 1874. The company took its name from J. Edgar Thomson, who although not a large investor in the works had a superb reputation as an honest and trustworthy person (an important asset in risky financial times). Over the next several years, <mask> generally oversaw the Edgar Thomson Steel Company. His success in this endeavor was summed up by a corporate historian this way:
Mr. T.M<mask>'s abilities were too numerous and complex to be summed up in a sentence. He was a man of sterling integrity; and it was a common saying in Pittsburg that his word was better than some men's bond. He had remarkable judgment; and his opinion on commercial questions was valued above that of much older and more experienced men.Quick and keen in his perceptions, cautious but progressive in his ideas, faithful to his engagements, and just in all his dealings, he gave to his

masks:
Thomas Morrison Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie
Margaret Carnegie
Thomas
Thomas Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie
Margaret Carnegie
Thomas
Thomas
Carnegie
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas Carnegie
Thomas Scott
Carnegie
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Andrew Carnegie
Thomas
Thomas N
. Miller
Margaret Carnegie
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie
Miller
Thomas Carnegie
Thomas
Miller
Thomas Carnegie
Miller
Andrew Carnegie
Miller
Thomas
Miller
Miller
Andrew Carnegie
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Carnegie
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas Carnegie
Thomas Carnegie
Thomas Carnegie
Thomas Carnegie
Thomas
Carnegie
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Thomas
David McCandless
McCandless
Andrew Carnegie
Thomas Carnegie
Thomas
Thomas Carnegie
. Carnegie


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 company that which corporations are habitually lacking, namely, a conscience. Other historical assessments conclude <mask> had a solid grasp of the steel business and was a respected manager, even if Andrew considered him overly cautious. William Abbott, chairman of Carnegie, Phipps, & Co., considered <mask> the better businessman than Andrew, "solid, shrewd, farseeing, absolutely honest and dependable." <mask> lacked Andrew's ambition, but "was content with a good, prosperous, safe business and cared nothing for expansion. He disapproved of Andrew's skyrocketing tendencies, regarded him as a plunger and a dangerous leader. Tom wanted earnings in the shape of dividends, whereas Andrew insisted on using them for expansion." Although he shied away from publicity, he was a hard worker and well liked by both management and workers.His one flaw was his drinking: He often left work at noon and drank heavily for the rest of the day. Crony capitalism was an important part of American industrialism during this period. <mask>, however, was not very adept at it. There is conflicting evidence as to whether he mixed widely in Pittsburgh society, with at least one scholar claiming he did and another that he did not. He was reserved at social gatherings, using his attendance at parties to pick up business gossip and industry buzz. He played cards on a weekly basis with Henry Clay Frick, Philander Knox, Andrew and <mask>, and George Westinghouse. His closest friend was David A. Stewart, a co-partner in the Thomson works, and Stewart readily defended <mask> against the criticisms and jibes of others (particularly <mask>).<mask> sold half his interest in Edgar Thomson Steel to his older brother in 1876 after disagreement broke out over whether to build another "Lucy furnace." <mask>, however, held no position on the Thomson board of directors, a situation <mask> wanted rectified the moment a position on the board became available. This occurred in the summer of 1876, but William P. Shinn (the second-largest stockholder in the company) complained bitterly to Andrew (traveling in Europe) that the seat should have gone to him. Nonetheless, <mask> was not only added to the board but made chairman upon <mask>'s return to the U.S. a few months later. Shinn eventually had enough, and resigned as manager of the Thomson steel works in September 1879. <mask> replaced Shinn as manager. <mask> decided to stop relying solely on his company's own furnaces for coke, and began seeking to buy the fuel on the open market.<mask> and Henry Phipps had alerted Andrew to the need for a greater and steadier supply for coke for the growing steel works. In 1881, Andrew sent <mask> to meet with Henry Clay Frick, owner of H.C. Frick & Co.—the largest coke producing company in the U.S. Thomas' goal was to induce Frick to buy the Carnegie coke ovens. In November 1881, <mask> proposed selling the Monastery Coke Works near Latrobe, Pennsylvania, to Frick, or at least have Frick take over the marketing and selling of the coke produced there. <mask>' offer came as Frick was planning his wedding, and it fell to Andrew to meet with Frick and his new bride as they honeymooned in New York City. By this time, <mask> had negotiated most of an agreement with Frick, as well as planned the meeting with Andrew. <mask> took a 10 percent interest in H.C. Frick & Co., Frick took a 50 percent interest in the Monastery coke works, and H.C. Frick & Co. would become the exclusive supplier of coke to Carnegie Bros. & Co. and the Edgar Thomson Steel Works. <mask> was assigned to negotiate the price of coke on an annual basis with Frick, and over the next two years H.C. Frick & Co. made a 23 percent profit on the coke sold.By 1885, Andrew Carnegie had purchased enough stock in H.C. Frick & Co. to own 50 percent of the company. Frick now attempted to buy into the Carnegie steel companies by selling 12 of the remaining 16 percent of the H.C. Frick which he still owned, but <mask> warned him not to try and to instead seek a position as a manager within the company. <mask> also played a key role in the consolidation of Andrew's businesses. <mask> had become more involved with the management of Edgar Thomson Steel and less with the Isabella Furnace and Union Iron companies. It was <mask> who suggested to Andrew that the companies be consolidated into a single firm, and that <mask>' stake in the new firm be raised commensurate with his managerial role. His older brother agreed. On April 1, 1888, <mask> reorganized his iron and steel businesses into one company, Carnegie Bros. & Co., with <mask> holding 17 percent of the stock.Included in the reorganization were the Lucy and Isabella furnaces, Union Iron Mills, and Homestead works. Dungeness

In 1880, with seven children at Fairfield and the city of Pittsburgh becoming increasingly hazardous to health due to its burgeoning industry, <mask> and Lucy began seeking a summer home along the southern East Coast for their family. The previous year, the <mask>s had met reporter Frederick Ober while on vacation in Fernandina Beach, Florida. Ober told them about an island plantation he was writing an article about. In 1880, Lippincott's Monthly Magazine published an article by Ober about Dungeness, a plantation on the barrier island of Cumberland Island on the southern Atlantic coast of the state of Georgia. Although it had suffered an extensive fire in 1866 and was uninhabitable, the mansion had a storied past. The article drew the attention of <mask> (who had attended boarding school as a girl in nearby Fernandina), and the <mask>s decided the place would be an ideal summer home.The mansion's owner was ex-Confederate General William George <mask> Davis, a first cousin of Confederate President Jefferson Davis who bought the plantation from its creditors in 1879. <mask> offered to buy Dungeness on August 25, 1880, for $25,000 but his offer was rejected. But after the death of Gen. Davis' son and grandson at the property, Davis desired to leave the place which had brought him such grief and <mask> offered and Davis accepted a price of $35,000. The sale for the  property (which included orange and olive groves, gardens, several cottages, and outbuildings) was final on November 17, 1881. Over the next four months, the burned-out mansion was demolished and noted Pittsburgh architect Andrew Peebles designed a massive Queen Anne Style mansion with wraparound verandas, high ceilings, several porches, many turrets, and a  high tower. In April 1882, <mask> and his cousin, Leander <mask>, jointly purchased an adjoining  property. The cornerstone for the new Dungeness was laid on February 26, 1884, and the $285,000,  mansion (fully furnished) completed on January 1, 1885.There was even a landing for <mask>'s steam-powered yacht, the Missoe. The <mask>s visited Dungeness irregularly over the next year, traveling to Georgia in a private railroad car. With the purchase of his Cumberland Island estate, <mask> resolved to retire from business and spend more time in Georgia. The stress of working for his brother had left him exhausted. Social life
Both Andrew and <mask> had been members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, a highly exclusive wealthy businessman's club which operated a mountaintop retreat overlooking Lake Conemaugh, one of the largest man-made lakes of the day. Lake Conemaugh was formed by the construction of the South Fork Dam in 1853, but had been drained and abandoned prior to its purchase by the South Fork organization. The club, which formed in 1879, restored the South Fork Dam and refilled the reservoir.Andrew and <mask> built a cottage near the clubhouse, and often stayed there. The South Fork Dam failed on May 31, 1889, resulting in the disastrous Johnstown Flood. Personal life
In June 1866, <mask> married Lucy Ackerman Coleman (1847–1916), the daughter of Pittsburgh iron manufacturing magnate William Coleman. Their marriage was followed by a honeymoon around Europe. They had been courting since 1864. By 1881, the couple had nine children, including:

 William Coleman <mask> (1867–1944), a sportsman and traveler. Never married, no issue
 <mask> <mask> (1868–1917)
Never married, no issue
 <mask> II (1870–1947), who married Bertha Sherlock (1863–1943).They had three children including <mask> Rockefeller who married James Stillman Rockefeller
 <mask> <mask> (1872–1927), who married Oliver Garrison Ricketson (1864–1943). <mask> <mask>, Jr. (1874–1944), who married Virginia Beggs (1878–1952)
 George Lauder <mask> (1876–1921), who married <mask> Thaw (1877–1942), the daughter of William Thaw and <mask> Copley. No issue
 Florence Nightingale <mask> (1879–1962), who married Frederick Curtis Perkins (1870–1935). <mask> (1880–1911), who died of pneumonia at age 31. Never married, no issue
 Nancy Trovillo <mask> (1881–1954), who married <mask>' coachman, George Hever. The children were tutored at home, although they also attended a private school for a portion of the day. In 1867, Andrew moved to New York City, giving "Fairfield" to <mask>, Lucy, and his mother <mask>.<mask> moved to New York City to live with her older son in 1870. Death
In late September 1886, <mask> fell ill with what he believed to be a cold. He was sick off and on for the next several weeks. On October 16, he left work thinking he was suffering from yet another cold, but died of pneumonia just three days later. His wife and all of his children except <mask> (who was attending a boarding school in New York) were at his bedside when he died. For most of his life, <mask> had been a member of the Swedenborgian Church. His funeral, however, was conducted by an Episcopalian, and <mask> was buried on October 21, 1886, in Allegheny Cemetery in Pittsburgh.His mother, also quite ill for some time, died on November 10 (never learning of her younger son's death). <mask>' death was a serious blow to <mask>'s financial interests. <mask> had run most of Andrew's enterprises, and to fill his role <mask> turned to Henry Clay Frick as his replacement. Frick later played a critical role in the Homestead Strike and in brokering the deal between <mask> and J. P. Morgan that created U.S. Steel. Some time before Lucy Coleman <mask> died in January 1916, <mask>'s body was disinterred and reburied at the Carnegie family cemetery on Cumberland Island. Although the cemetery is still maintained by the <mask> family, it is located on land which is now part of the Cumberland Island National Seashore. Estate
<mask>' will named Lucy his sole executrix and legatee.The will asked (but did not require) her to seek the advice of her brother-in-law Andrew and her father (who had already died eight years earlier, in 1878) in disposing of <mask>' business interests. Although Andrew advised her to sell out to him, she refused and retained ownership in businesses which led to rapid rises in her personal wealth over the next several decades. Footnotes

Bibliography
"<mask>." In Encyclopedia Americana. New York: Americana Corp., 1966. Barefoot, Patricia. Cumberland Island.Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2004. Boardman, Jr., Fon W. America and the Robber Barons, 1865 to 1913. New York: Walck, 1979. Bridge, James Howard. The Inside History of the Carnegie Steel Company: A Romance of Millions. New York: The Aldine Book Company, 1903. Bullard, <mask>.Cumberland Island: A History. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 2005. Burlingame, Dwight F. The Responsibilities of Wealth. Bloomington, Ind. : Indiana University Press, 1992. <mask>, Andrew. The Gospel of Wealth, and Other Timely Essays.Cambridge, Mass. : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962. "<mask>, Andrew." In Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Rev. ed. James Grant Wilson and John Fiske, eds.New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1887. Derbyshire, Wyn. Six Tycoons: The Lives of John Jacob Astor, Cornelius Vanderbilt, <mask>, John D. Rockefeller, Henry Ford and Joseph P. Kennedy. London: Spiramus Press, 2008. Dilsaver, Lary M. Cumberland Island National Seashore: A History of Conservation Conflict. Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Press, 2004. "Mrs. <mask> Dead."New York Times. November 11, 1886. Nasaw, David. <mask>. New York: Penguin Press, 2006. "<mask><mask>'s Funeral." New York Times.October 31, 1886. Seabrook, Charles. Cumberland Island: Strong Women, Wild Horses. Winston-Salem, N.C.: J.F. Blair, 2004. Skrabec, Quentin R. The World's Richest Neighborhood: How Pittsburgh's East Enders Forged American Industry. New York: Algora Publishing, 2010.Standiford, Les. Meet You in Hell: <mask>, Henry Clay Frick, and the Bitter Partnership That Transformed America. New York: Crown Publishers, 2005. Swank, <mask>. History of the Manufacture of Iron in All Ages. Philadelphia: American Iron and Steel Association, 1892. Tedlow, Richard S. Giants of Enterprise: Seven Business Innovators and the Empires They Built.New York: HarperBusiness, 2001. Warren, Kenneth. Triumphant Capitalism: Henry Clay Frick and the Industrial Transformation of America. Reprint ed. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000. External links

1843 births
1886 deaths
<mask>
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh
People from Dunfermline
Lauder Greenway Family
Scottish emigrants to the United States
People from Cumberland Island
Burials at Allegheny Cemetery
Deaths from pneumonia in Pennsylvania
<mask> family
19th-century Scottish

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas Carnegie
Richard Mellon
Thomas
Andrew Carnegie
Thomas
Thomas Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie
Thomas
Andrew Carnegie
Thomas
Andrew Carnegie
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Carnegie
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
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Andrew Carnegie
Thomas
Thomas
Carnegie
Lucy Carnegie
Carnegie
MacKay
Carnegie
Carnegie
Carnegie
Morris
Thomas Carnegie
Carnegie
Thomas
Thomas Carnegie
Thomas
Carnegie
Carnegie
Frank Morrison
Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie
Nancy Carnegie
Margaret Coleman
Carnegie
Thomas Morrison
Carnegie
Carnegie
Margaret Copley
Mary Sibbet
Carnegie
Coleman Carnegie
Carnegie
Thomas
Thomas
Margaret
Margaret
Thomas Carnegie
Margaret
Thomas
Carnegie
Thomas
Andrew Carnegie
Thomas
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie
Carnegie
Thomas Carnegie
Carnegie
Thomas
Thomas
Andrew Carnegie
Mary Ricketson
Carnegie
Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie
Thomas M
. Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie
James Moore
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie