texts:
<mask> the Evangelist (Latin: Lucas; , Loukâs; , Lūqās; , Lūqā') is one of the Four Evangelists—the four traditionally ascribed authors of the canonical gospels. The Early Church Fathers ascribed to him authorship of both the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles, which would mean <mask> contributed over a quarter of the text of the New Testament, more than any other author. Prominent figures in early Christianity such as Jerome and Eusebius later reaffirmed his authorship, although a lack of conclusive evidence as to the identity of the author of the works has led to discussion in scholarly circles, both secular and religious. The New Testament mentions <mask> briefly a few times, and the Pauline Epistle to the Colossians refers to him as a physician (from Greek for 'one who heals'); thus he is thought to have been both a physician and a disciple of Paul. Since the early years of the faith, Christians have regarded him as a saint. He is believed to have been a martyr, reportedly having been hanged from an olive tree, though some believe otherwise. The Catholic Church and other major denominations venerate him as Saint <mask> the Evangelist and as a patron saint of artists, physicians, bachelors, surgeons, students and butchers; his feast day is 18 October.Life

Many scholars believe that <mask> was a Greek physician who lived in the Greek city of Antioch in Ancient Syria, although some other scholars and theologians think <mask> was a Hellenic Jew. While it has been widely accepted that the theology of <mask>–Acts points to a gentile Christian writing for a gentile audience, some have  concluded that it is more plausible that <mask>–Acts is directed to a community made up of both Jewish and gentile Christians since there is stress on the scriptural roots of the gentile mission (see the use of Isaiah 49:6 in Luke–Acts). Others have only been prepared to conclude that <mask> was either a Hellenistic Jew or a god-fearer. His most early notice is in Paul's Epistle to Philemon—. He is also mentioned in  and , two Pauline works. The next earliest account of <mask> is in the Anti-Marcionite Prologue to the Gospel of Luke, a document once thought to date to the 2nd century, but which has more recently been dated to the later 4th century. Helmut Koester, however, claims that the following part, the only part preserved in the original Greek, may have been composed in the late 2nd century:

Epiphanius states that <mask> was one of the Seventy Apostles (Panarion 51.11), and John Chrysostom indicates at one point that the "brother" Paul mentions in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians 8:18 is either <mask> or Barnabas.(Homily 18 on Second Corinthians on 2 Corinthians 8:18)

If one accepts that <mask> was indeed the author of the Gospel bearing his name and also the Acts of the Apostles, certain details of his personal life can be reasonably assumed. While he does exclude himself from those who were eyewitnesses to Jesus' ministry, he repeatedly uses the word "we" in describing the Pauline missions in Acts of the Apostles, indicating that he was personally there at those times. There is similar evidence that <mask> resided in Troas, the province which included the ruins of ancient Troy, in that he writes in Acts in the third person about Paul and his travels until they get to Troas, where he switches to the first person plural. The "we" section of Acts continues until the group leaves Philippi, when his writing goes back to the third person. This change happens again when the group returns to Philippi. There are three "we sections" in Acts, all following this rule. <mask> never stated, however, that he lived in Troas, and this is the only evidence that he did.The composition of the writings, as well as the range of vocabulary used, indicate that the author was an educated man. A quote in the Epistle to the Colossians differentiates between <mask> and other colleagues "of the circumcision." This comment has traditionally caused commentators to conclude that <mask> was a gentile. If this were true, it would make <mask> the only writer of the New Testament who can clearly be identified as not being Jewish. However, that is not the only possibility. Although <mask> is considered likely to have been a gentile Christian, some scholars believe him to have been a Hellenized Jew. The phrase could just as easily be used to differentiate between those Christians who strictly observed the rituals of Judaism and those who did not.<mask>'s presence in Rome with the Apostle Paul near the end of Paul's life was attested by 2 Timothy 4:11: "Only <mask> is with me". In the last chapter of the Book of Acts, widely attributed to <mask>, there are several accounts in the first person also affirming <mask>'s presence in Rome, including : "And when we came to Rome... ." According to some accounts, <mask> also contributed to the authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews. <mask> died at age 84 in Boeotia, according to a "fairly early and widespread tradition". According to Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos, Greek historian of the 14th century (and others), <mask>'s tomb was located in Thebes, whence his relics were transferred to Constantinople in the year 357. Authorship of Luke and Acts

The Gospel of Luke does not name its author. The Gospel was not, nor does it claim to be, written by direct witnesses to the reported events, unlike Acts beginning in the sixteenth chapter. However, in most translations the author suggests that they have investigated the book's events and notes the name (Theophilus) of that to whom they are writing.The earliest manuscript of the Gospel (Papyrus 75 = Papyrus Bodmer XIV-XV), dated circa AD 200, ascribes the work to <mask>; as did Irenaeus writing circa AD 180, and the Muratorian fragment, a 7th-century Latin manuscript thought to be copied and translated from a Greek manuscript as old as AD 170. The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles make up a two-volume work which scholars call Luke–Acts. Together they account for 27.5% of the New Testament, the largest contribution by a single author. As a historian

Most scholars understand <mask>'s works (Luke–Acts) in the tradition of Greek historiography. The preface of The Gospel of Luke drawing on historical investigation identified the work to the readers as belonging to the genre of history. There is disagreement about how best to treat <mask>'s writings, with some historians regarding <mask> as highly accurate, and others taking a more critical approach. Based on his accurate description of towns, cities and islands, as well as correctly naming various official titles, archaeologist Sir William Ramsay wrote that "<mask> is a historian of the first rank; not merely are his statements of fact trustworthy....[He] should be placed along with the very greatest of historians." Professor of Classics at Auckland University, E.M. Blaiklock, wrote: "For accuracy of detail, and for evocation of atmosphere, <mask> stands, in fact, with Thucydides. The Acts of the Apostles is not shoddy product of pious imagining, but a trustworthy record. ...It was the spadework of archaeology which first revealed the truth." New Testament scholar Colin Hemer has made a number of advancements in understanding the historical nature and accuracy of <mask>'s writings. On the purpose of Acts, New Testament Scholar <mask> Johnson has noted that "<mask>'s account is selected and shaped to suit his apologetic interests, not in defiance of but in conformity to ancient standards of historiography." Such a position is shared Richard Heard who sees historical deficiencies as arising from "special objects in writing and to the limitations of his sources of information."During modern times, <mask>'s competence as a historian is questioned, depending upon one's a priori view of the supernatural. Since post-Enlightenment historians work with methodological naturalism, such historians would see a narrative that relates supernatural, fantastic things like angels, demons etc., as problematic as a historical source. Mark Powell claims that "it is doubtful whether the writing of history was ever <mask>'s intent. <mask> wrote to proclaim, to persuade, and to interpret; he did not write to preserve records for posterity. An awareness of this, has been, for many, the final nail in <mask> the historian's coffin." Robert M. Grant has noted that although <mask> saw himself within the historical tradition, his work contains a number of statistical improbabilities, such as the sizable crowd addressed by Peter in Acts 4:4. He has also noted chronological difficulties whereby <mask> "has Gamaliel refer to Theudas and Judas in the wrong order, and Theudas actually rebelled about a decade after Gamaliel spoke (5:36–7)", though this report's status as a chronological difficulty is hotly disputed

Brent Landau writes:

As an artist

Christian tradition, starting from the 8th century, states that <mask> was the first icon painter.He is said to have painted pictures of the Virgin Mary and Child, in particular the Hodegetria image in Constantinople (now lost). Starting from the 11th century, a number of painted images were venerated as his autograph works, including the Black Madonna of Częstochowa and Our Lady of Vladimir. He was also said to have painted Saints Peter and Paul, and to have illustrated a gospel book with a full cycle of miniatures. Late medieval Guilds of Saint Luke in the cities of Late Medieval Europe, especially Flanders, or the "Accademia di San Luca" (Academy of Saint Luke) in Rome—imitated in many other European cities during the 16th century—gathered together and protected painters. The tradition that <mask> painted icons of Mary and Jesus has been common, particularly in Eastern Orthodoxy. The tradition also has support from the Saint Thomas Christians of India who claim to still have one of the Theotokos icons that Saint <mask> painted and which Saint Thomas brought to India. Symbol

In traditional depictions, such as paintings, evangelist portraits, and church mosaics, Saint <mask> is often accompanied by an ox or bull, usually having wings.Sometimes only the symbol is shown, especially when in a combination of those of all Four Evangelists. Relics
Despot George of Serbia purportedly bought the relics from the Ottoman sultan Murad II for 30,000 gold coins. After the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia, the kingdom's last queen, George's granddaughter Mary, who had brought the relics with her from Serbia as her dowry, sold them to the Venetian Republic. In 1992, the then Greek Orthodox Metropolitan Ieronymos of Thebes and Levathia (who subsequently became Archbishop Ieronymos II of Athens and All Greece) requested from Bishop Antonio Mattiazzo of Padua the return of "a significant fragment of the relics of St. Luke to be placed on the site where the holy tomb of the Evangelist is located and venerated today". This prompted a scientific investigation of the relics in Padua, and by numerous lines of empirical evidence (archeological analyses of the Tomb in Thebes and the Reliquary of Padua, anatomical analyses of the remains, carbon-14 dating, comparison with the purported skull of the Evangelist located in Prague) confirmed that these were the remains of an individual of Syrian descent who died between AD 72 and AD 416. The Bishop of Padua then delivered to Metropolitan Ieronymos the rib of <mask> that was closest to his heart to be kept at his tomb in Thebes. Thus, the relics of Saint <mask> are divided as follows:
 The body, in the Abbey of Santa Giustina in Padua;
 The head, in the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague;
 A rib, at his tomb in Thebes.Gallery

See also
 John the Evangelist
 Mark the Evangelist
 <mask> the Evangelist

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

 This is a three-volume work documenting the international congress in Padua in 2000 on the topic of <mask> the evangelist, including his relics. (In Greek and Latin parallel)

Further reading

 I. Howard Marshall. Luke: Historian and Theologian. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. F. F. Bruce, The Speeches in the Acts of the Apostles. London: The Tyndale Press, 1942. Helmut Koester.Ancient Christian Gospels. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International, 1999. Burton L. Mack. Who Wrote the New Testament? : The Making of the Christian Myth. San Francisco, California: HarperCollins, 1996. J. Wenham, "The Identification of Luke", Evangelical Quarterly 63 (1991), 3–44

External links

 Biblical Interpretation of Texts of Saint Luke
 Early Christian Writings: Gospel of Luke e-texts, introductions
 National Academy of Sciences on <mask> the Evangelist
 Patron Saint <mask>
 Photo of the grave of <mask> in Padua (in German)
 DNA testing of the Saint <mask> corpse
 Catholic Online

84 deaths
1st-century Christian martyrs
1st-century Greek physicians
1st-century writers
Four Evangelists
Ancient Syrian physicians
Antiochian Greek Christians
Black Madonna of Częstochowa
Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles
Burials in Greece
Christianity in Roman Achaia
Gospel of Luke
Saints from Roman Anatolia
People in Acts of the Apostles
People in the Pauline epistles
Prophets in the Druze faith
Seventy disciples
Saints from Roman Syria
Year of birth unknown
Anglican saints

masks:
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke Timothy
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Saint Luke
Luke
Matthew
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke
Luke


type: original

texts:
<mask> (January 21, 1894 – October 30, 1967) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of St. Augustine from 1940 until his death in 1967. He also held diplomatic posts in Europe and Asia. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Cleveland, Ohio, one of nine children of Michael and Anna (née Durkin) <mask>. His parents were both Irish immigrants; his father was originally from County Mayo, and his mother from Sligo. <mask> received his early education at Holy Name School from 1901 to 1909, and then attended St. Ignatius High School until 1912. He was the only one among his siblings to continue his education past age 16.He applied to West Point, for which he was nominated by U.S. Representative Robert J. Bulkley before it was discovered that <mask> was not an actual resident of Bulkley's 21st congressional district. <mask> attended John Carroll University in Cleveland from 1912 to 1915. At John Carroll, he was president of the College Debating Society and the speaker at the commencement ceremony. He also played football for the Geiger Clothes Company team, earning the nickname "The Breezer." He began his studies for the priesthood at St. Bernard's Seminary in Rochester, New York, and was assigned to further theological studies at St. Mary's Seminary in his native Cleveland in 1917. During his summer vacations at St. Mary's, he worked as a naval observer in Sandusky. Priesthood
On May 29, 1919, <mask> was ordained a priest by Bishop <mask> Farrelly at the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist.His first assignment was as an assistant pastor at St. Columba's Church in Youngstown, where he remained for four years. In 1923, he received an interim assignment to St. Philomena's Church in East Cleveland. Later that year, he was appointed to Immaculate Conception Church in Cleveland. In 1927, <mask> accepted an offer to serve as secretary to Archbishop Edward Mooney, his former professor at St. Mary's Seminary and now Apostolic Delegate to India. He later accompanied Mooney to Japan when he was transferred to the Apostolic Delegation there in 1933. Following Mooney's return to the United States as Bishop of Rochester, <mask> served as chargé d'affaires of the Apostolic Delegation in Japan from 1933 to 1934. During this period, he helped resolve a conflict that arose between Japan and Canada after the newspapers in Kagoshima accused Canadian Catholic missionaries of conducting spying operations on the fortified islands off Kagoshima Bay.<mask> was named a Domestic Prelate by Pope Pius XI in 1934. That same year, he became the first American to serve as an official of the Vatican Secretariat of State. During his work at the Secretariat of State, he acted as a liaison between the Holy See and the American Catholic hierarchy. He thus played an influential role in shaping the Vatican's policy towards Father Charles Coughlin, a controversial Michigan priest and radio personality. Episcopacy
On August 16, 1940, <mask> was appointed the sixth Bishop of St. Augustine, Florida, by Pope Pius XII. It was believed by some that his appointment was made in order for him to remain in contact with the ailing Myron Charles Taylor, the American emissary to the Vatican. Others believed the appointment was a punishment; <mask> had become a critic of the wartime policy of the Vatican, believing Pope Pius XII was overly fearful about communism and not fearful enough about Nazism.He received his episcopal consecration on the following October 6 from Cardinal Luigi Maglione, with Archbishops Celso Costantini and Clemente Micara serving as co-consecrators, at the chapel of the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome. Returning to the United States, he was installed as Bishop of St. Augustine on November 26 of that year. The bishop was instrumental in building up the Diocese, which encompassed all of Florida at the time. Bishop <mask>, according to one retired priest, would fly around the state and locate property where the several new interstates were being planned. <mask> would buy up the properties to established church parishes for the future. His vision allowed the Catholic Church to grow rapidly throughout the years. Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> was considered the most outspoken interventionist among the American Catholic bishops.He made enemies among isolationist Catholic clergy and laity by labeling the Nazi Party "public enemy No. 1" of the United States and the Catholic Church. He declared, "The foe of all we love, both as Americans and as Catholics, is the Nazi. Communism is still our enemy but ... in point of urgency if not in point of teaching, communism has now ceded its primacy to national socialism." In an editorial in his diocesan newspaper in 1943, he became the only Catholic bishop to issue a clarion call to Catholics to speak out against the extermination of the Jews taking place in the Nazi concentration camps, claiming that "the very basis of the Roman Catholic faith" compelled Catholics to challenge the "orgies of extermination" being perpetrated against the Jews. During World War II, <mask> aligned himself with the U.S. Department of State and began to act under the direction of government officials. His efforts were largely composed of black propaganda, the use of false source attributions.In a radio address in July 1941, he expressed his belief that President Franklin D. Roosevelt alone should decide upon U.S. entry into the war, saying, "It is up to him to safeguard the interests of the nation in times of great emergency. ...The problem [of entering the war] should be left to the Commander-in-Chief, who alone ... is capable of bringing us safely through." These remarks drew sharp criticism from Archbishop Francis Beckman, who subsequently denounced the "dictatorship pseudo-officially canonized by a brother cleric." <mask> described the Allied bombing of Rome as a "tragically mistaken decision," and predicted that "much of our national unity, much of the respect we enjoy abroad now lie with San Lorenzo, in ruins." He also opposed the idea that the United States should ally with Germany to oppose the Soviet Union. In 1945, in addition to his role as Bishop of St. Augustine, <mask> made a return to the papal diplomatic service and was appointed by Pius XII as regent ad interim to Yugoslavia. He thus became the first American to be raised to the equivalent rank of a nuncio.Relations between the Vatican and Yugoslavia had been deteriorating following the end of the war; the new communist government had been accused of murdering priests and the Church was charged with "obstructionist" activity. During his five years in Yugoslavia, <mask> negotiated with Marshal Josip Broz Tito and worked closely with U.S. officials. In 1946, he represented Pius XII at the show trial of Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac by Marshal Tito for "crimes against the people." However, his relationship with Pius became strained after <mask> expressed his opposition to both the Vatican's policy towards Marshal Tito and to the removal of Archbishop Stepinac from his post in Croatia. In 1949, <mask> was relieved of his diplomatic post in Yugoslavia, and was given the personal title of Archbishop on August 14 of that year. Between 1962 and 1965, he attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council. Stateside, <mask> was a staunch opponent of outspoken Civil Rights actions during the 1960s, even avoiding Martin Luther King Jr. at the airport when their paths crossed unexpectedly.King would eventually write him a letter requesting his support for the movement—though to no avail. <mask> became ill while attending the Synod of Bishops in Rome, and returned to Florida for treatment. After being nominated on July 1, 1966, he served on the St. Augustine Restoration and Preservation Commission, which would be renamed the Historic St. Augustine Preservation Board in 1970. He later died at Mercy Medical Center in Orlando, at age 73. Notes

References
Gallagher, Charles R. 2008. Vatican Secret Diplomacy: <mask><mask> and Pope Pius XII. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.External links
Archdiocese of Omaha

1894 births
1967 deaths
Religious leaders from Cleveland
Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland
Roman Catholic bishops of Saint Augustine
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
John Carroll University alumni

masks:
Joseph Patrick Hurley
Joseph Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
John Patrick
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Joseph P
. Hurley


texts:
<mask> I (, , ;  1040 – 29 July 1095), also known as Saint Ladislas, was King of Hungary from 1077 and King of Croatia from 1091. He was the second son of King <mask> of Hungary. After Béla's death in 1063, <mask> and his elder brother, Géza, acknowledged their cousin Solomon as the lawful king in exchange for receiving their father's former duchy, which included one-third of the kingdom. They cooperated with Solomon for the next decade. <mask>'s most popular legend, which narrates his fight with a "Cuman" (a Turkic nomad marauder) who abducted a Hungarian girl, is connected to this period. The brothers' relationship with Solomon deteriorated in the early 1070s, and they rebelled against him. Géza was proclaimed king in 1074, but Solomon maintained control of the western regions of his kingdom.During Géza's reign, <mask> was his brother's most influential adviser. Géza died in 1077, and his supporters made Ladislaus king. Solomon resisted Ladislaus with assistance from King <mask> of Germany. <mask> supported <mask>'s opponents during the Investiture Controversy. In 1081, Solomon abdicated and acknowledged <mask>'s reign, but he conspired to regain the royal crown and Ladislaus imprisoned him. Ladislaus canonized the first Hungarian saints (including his distant relatives, King Stephen I and Duke Emeric) in 1085. He set Solomon free during the canonization ceremony.After a series of civil wars, <mask>'s main focus was the restoration of public safety. He introduced severe legislation, punishing those who violated property rights with death or mutilation. He occupied almost all Croatia in 1091, which marked the beginning of an expansion period for the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. <mask>'s victories over the Pechenegs and Cumans ensured the security of his kingdom's eastern borders for about 150 years. His relationship with the Holy See deteriorated during the last years of his reign, as the popes claimed that Croatia was their fief, but <mask> denied their claims. <mask> was canonized on 27 June 1192 by Pope Celestine III. Legends depict him as a pious knight-king, "the incarnation of the late-medieval Hungarian ideal of chivalry."He is a popular saint in Hungary and neighboring nations, where many churches are dedicated to him. Early years (before 1064)

<mask> was the second son of the future King Béla <mask> of Hungary and his wife, Richeza (or Adelaide), who was a daughter of King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland. <mask> and his elder brother, Géza, were born in Poland, where Béla had settled in the 1030s after being banished from Hungary. <mask> was born around 1040. <mask>'s "physical and spiritual makeup testified to God's gracious will even at his birth", according to his late-12th-century Legend. The almost contemporaneous Gallus Anonymus wrote that <mask> was "raised from childhood in Poland" and almost became a "Pole in his ways and life". He received a Slavic name: "<mask>" is derived from "Vladislav".Béla and his family returned to Hungary around 1048. Béla received the so-called "Duchy"which encompassed one-third of the kingdomfrom his brother, King Andrew I of Hungary. The Illuminated Chronicle mentions that Andrew's son, Solomon, "was anointed king with the consent of Duke Bela and his sons Geysa and <mask>" in 1057 or 1058. Béla, who had been Andrew's heir before Solomon's coronation, left for Poland in 1059; his sons accompanied him. They returned with Polish reinforcements and began a rebellion against Andrew. After defeating Andrew, Béla was crowned king on 6 December 1060. Solomon left the country, taking refuge in the Holy Roman Empire.Béla <mask> died on 11 September 1063, some time before German troops entered Hungary in order to restore Solomon. <mask> and his brothers, Géza and Lampert, went back to Poland, and Solomon was once again crowned king in Székesfehérvár. The three brothers returned when the Germans left Hungary. To avoid another civil war, the brothers signed a treaty with Solomon on 20 January 1064, acknowledging Solomon's reign in exchange for their father's duchy. Duke in Hungary (1064–1077)

<mask> and Géza probably divided the administration of their duchy; <mask> seems to have received the regions around Bihar (now Biharia, Romania). Géza and <mask> cooperated with King Solomon between 1064 and 1071. The most popular story in Ladislaus's later legendshis fight with a "Cuman" warrior who abducted a Christian maidenoccurred during this period.The relationship between the king and his cousins became tense in the early 1070s. When Géza accompanied Solomon on a military campaign against the Byzantine Empire in 1072, <mask> stayed behind with half of the ducal troops in Nyírség to "avenge his brother with a strong hand" if Solomon harmed Géza. Realizing that another civil war was inevitable, the king and dukes launched negotiations to obtain the assistance of foreign powers. First, <mask> visited the Kievan Rus', but he returned without reinforcements. He then went to Moravia, and persuaded Duke <mask> of Olomouc to accompany him back to Hungary with Czech troops. By the time they returned to Hungary, the royal army had already invaded the duchy and routed Géza's troops at the Battle of Kemej on 26 February 1074. <mask> met his fleeing brother at Vác, and they decided to continue the fight against Solomon.A legend preserved in the Illuminated Chronicle mentions that before the battle, <mask> "saw in broad daylight a vision from heaven" of an angel placing a crown on Géza's head. Another legendary episode also predicted the dukes' triumph over the king: an "ermine of purest white" jumped from a thorny bush to <mask>'s lance and then onto his chest. The decisive Battle of Mogyoród was fought on 14 March 1074. <mask> commanded "the troops from Byhor" on the left flank. Solomon was defeated, but instead of surrendering to his cousins, he fled to the western borders of the kingdom to seek assistance from his brother-in-law <mask> of Germany. Géza was proclaimed king, but Solomon established himself in Moson and Pressburg (now Bratislava, Slovakia). During his brother's reign, Ladislaus administered all of their father's former duchy.He repelled Solomon's attack on Nyitra (present-day Nitra, Slovakia) in August or September 1074, but he could not seize Pressburg. <mask> was also his brother's main advisor. Legend says that Géza decided to build a church dedicated to the Holy Virgin in Vác after <mask> explained the significance of the wondrous appearance of a red deer at the place where the church would be erected:

His reign

Consolidation (1077–1085)

Géza I died on 25 April 1077. Since Géza's sons, Coloman and Álmos, were minors, his supporters proclaimed Ladislaus king instead. Gallus Anonymus emphasizes that King Boleslaus II the Bold of Poland "drove out" Solomon "from Hungary with his forces, and placed [<mask>] on the throne"; Boleslaus even called Ladislaus "his king". Although the Illuminated Chronicle emphasizes that Ladislaus "never placed the crown upon his head, for he desired a heavenly crown rather than the earthly crown of a mortal king", all his coins depict him wearing a crown, suggesting that Ladislaus was actually crowned around 1078. Shortly after his coronation, <mask> promulgated two law books, which incorporated the decisions of an assembly of the "magnates of the kingdom", held in Pannonhalma.The majority of these laws were draconian measures to defend private property, showing that Ladislaus primarily focused on internal consolidation and security during the first years of his reign. Those who were caught stealing were to be executed, and even criminals who committed minor offenses against property rights were blinded or sold as slaves. His other laws regulated legal proceedings and economic matters, including the issuing of judicial summons and the royal monopoly on salt trade. The Illuminated Chronicle claims that Ladislaus planned to "restore the kingdom" to Solomon and "himself have the dukedom", but almost all contemporaneous sources contradict this report. Ladislaus approached Pope <mask>, who was the primary opponent of Solomon's ally, <mask> of Germany. At the Pope's request, Ladislaus sheltered Bavarian nobles who had rebelled against Henry. In 1078 or 1079, <mask> married Adelaide, a daughter of Rudolf of Rheinfelden, whom the German princes had elected to take the place of Henry IV as king.Ladislaus supported <mask>, Margrave of Austria, who also rebelled against Henry IV; however, the German monarch forced Leopold to surrender in May 1078. Taking advantage of the internal conflicts in the Holy Roman Empire, Ladislaus besieged and captured the fortress of Moson from Solomon in early 1079. However, Henry IV stormed the western regions of Hungary, and secured Solomon's position. The German invasion also prevented Ladislaus from assisting Boleslaus the Bold, who fled to Hungary after his subjects expelled him from Poland. Ladislaus initiated negotiations with Solomon, who abdicated in 1080 or 1081 in exchange for "revenues sufficient to bear the expenses of a king". However, Solomon soon began conspiring against Ladislaus, and Ladislaus imprisoned him. The first five Hungarian saints, including the first king of Hungary, <mask>, and Stephen's son, Emeric, were canonized during Ladislaus's reign.Stephen's canonization demonstrates Ladislaus's magnanimity, because Ladislaus's grandfather, Vazul, had been blinded on Stephen's orders in the 1030s. Historian László Kontler says that the canonization ceremony, held in August 1083, was also a political act, demonstrating Ladislaus's "commitment to preserving and strengthening" the Christian state. Ladislaus even dedicated a newly established Benedictine monasterySzentjobb Abbeyto Stephen's right arm, known as the "Holy Dexter", which was miraculously found intact. <mask> released Solomon at the time of the ceremony; legend said that Stephen's grave could not be opened until he did so. After his release, Solomon made a final effort to regain his crown. He persuaded a Pecheneg chieftain, Kutesk, to invade Hungary in 1085. Ladislaus defeated the invaders at the upper courses of the Tisza River.Expansion (1085–1092)

In August 1087, German princes who opposed <mask>'s rule held a conference in Speyer. The contemporaneous Bernold of St Blasien mentions that <mask> sent envoys to the meeting, and "promised that he would assist [them] with 20,000 knights, if it became necessary". <mask> also recognized Pope <mask> as the legitimate pope, rather than <mask>, who had been elected pope at <mask>'s initiative. However, Ladislaus provided no further support to <mask>'s opponents after he was informed of Solomon's death in 1087. King Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia's wife, Helen, was <mask>'s sister. After the death of Zvonimir and his successor, Stephen II, a conflict developed between factions of Croatian noblemen. At Helen's request, <mask> intervened in the conflict and invaded Croatia in 1091.The same year, he wrote to Oderizius, Abbot of Monte Cassino in Italy, about his invasion. Thomas the Archdeacon's chronicle describes how <mask> "occupied the entire land from the River Drava to the mountains called the Iron Alps without encountering opposition". However, his opponents crowned a local nobleman, Petar Svačić, as king. Svačić fought in the Gvozd Mountains, preventing the complete conquest of Croatia. <mask> appointed his nephew, Álmos, to administer the occupied territory. Around the same time, <mask> set up a separate diocese in Slavonia, with its see in Zagreb. The bishop of the new see became the suffragan to the archbishop of Esztergom in Hungary.<mask> admitted in his letter to Oderizius that he could not "promote the cause of earthly dignities without committing grave sins". Historian Bálint Hóman says that <mask> was referring to a developing conflict with Pope Urban II, who objected to Ladislaus's refusal to acknowledge the Holy See's suzerainty over Croatia. In the letter, <mask> styled himself as "king of the Hungarians and of Messia". Historian Ferenc Makk writes that the latter title referred to Moesia, implying that <mask> had taken the regions between the Great Morava and Drina rivers from the Byzantine Empire. No other documents refer to <mask>'s occupation of Moesia, suggesting that if

masks:
Ladislaus
Béla I
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Henry IV
Ladislaus
Henry IV
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
I
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
I
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Otto I
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Henry IV
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Gregory VII
Henry IV
Ladislaus
Leopold II
Stephen I
Ladislaus
Henry IV
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Victor III
Clement III
Henry IV
Henry IV
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus


texts:
 Ladislaus did occupy the region, he lost it quickly. Alexandru Madgearu says that "Messia" should rather be associated with Bosnia, which was occupied during <mask>'s campaign against Croatia. The Cumans invaded and plundered the eastern part of the kingdom in 1091.The invading Cumans were leading by chieftain Kapolcs, they broke first in Transylvania, then the territory between the Danube and Tisza rivers. The Cumans tried to leave Hungary with their huge booty and prisoners, but King <mask> reached and defeated them near the Temes river. <mask> offered the Christianity for the Cuman survivors, the majority of them accepted, thus the king settled them in Jászság. The rumor of the losing battle reached the Cuman camp, the Cumans threatened King <mask> with revenge and demanded to free the Cuman prisoners. King <mask> marched to the Hungarian border to prevent the next invasion. The two armies clashed near Severin, the Hungarian army was victorious, King <mask> killed Ákos, the Cuman chieftain. Makk argues that the Byzantines persuaded them to attack Hungary, while the Illuminated Chronicle states that the Cumans were incited by the "Ruthenians".In retaliation, the chronicle continues, Ladislaus invaded the neighboring Rus' principalities, forcing the "Ruthenians" to ask "for mercy" and to promise "that they would be faithful to him in all things". No Rus' chronicle documents Ladislaus's military action. Bernold of St Blasien writes that Duke Welf of Bavaria prevented a conference that Emperor <mask> "had arranged with the king of the Hungarians" in December 1092. A letter written by Henry refers to "the alliance into which [he] once entered" with <mask>. Pope Urban II also mentioned that the Hungarians "left the shepherds of their salvation", implying that Ladislaus had changed sides and acknowledged the legitimacy of Antipope Clement III. In the deed of the Benedictine Somogyvár Abbey, <mask> stated that the abbot should be obedient to him, proving that Ladislaus opposed the Church's independence, which was demanded by the Gregorian Reforms. Ladislaus personally presided over an assembly of the Hungarian prelates that met in Szabolcs on 21 May 1091.The synod recognized the legitimacy of a clergyman's first marriage, in contrast to the requirements of canon law, which states that members of the clergy may not marry at all. According to a scholarly theory, the sees of the dioceses of Kalocsa and Bihar were moved to Bács (now Bač, Serbia) and Nagyvárad (present-day Oradea, Romania), respectively, during <mask>'s reign. Last years (1092–1095)

<mask> intervened in a conflict between Władysław <mask>, Duke of Poland, and the duke's illegitimate son, Zbigniew, on the latter's behalf. He marched to Poland and captured Herman's younger son, Boleslaus, in 1093. At <mask>'s demand, Władysław <mask> declared Zbigniew his legitimate son. The Illuminated Chronicle also mentions that the Hungarian troops captured Cracow during <mask>'s campaign, but the credibility of this report has been questioned. The Illuminated Chronicle states that "messengers from France and from Spain, from England and Britain, and especially from Willermus, the brother of the King of the Franks" visited <mask> in Bodrog (near present-day Bački Monoštor in Serbia) on Easter 1095, asking him to lead their crusade to the Holy Land.<mask>'s legend says that he decided "to go to Jerusalem, and to die there for Christ". The whole story was  invented, probably during the reign of King Béla <mask> of Hungary (who was actually planning to lead a crusade to the Holy Land in the 1190s), according to historian Gábor Klaniczay. However, <mask> did plan to invade Bohemia, because he wanted to assist his sister's sons, Svatopluk and Otto. He became seriously ill before reaching Moravia. The Illuminated Chronicle narrates that <mask>, who had no sons, "called together his chief men", telling them that his brother's younger son, Álmos, "should reign after him". <mask> died near the Hungarian-Bohemian border on 29 July 1095. A papal bull of Pope Paschal II in 1106 states that Ladislaus's "venerable body rests" in Somogyvár Abbey, implying that Ladislaus had been buried in Somogyvár.On the other hand, <mask>'s late 12th-century "Legend" provides that his attendants buried him in Székesfehérvár, but the cart carrying his body "set out to Várad on its own, unassisted by any draft animal". Family

Historian Gyula Kristó says that <mask> had a first wife, but her name and family are not known. She gave birth to a daughter, whose name is also unknown. <mask>'s daughter married Prince <mask> Sviatopolchich of Volhinia around 1090. <mask> married again in 1078, to Adelaide, a daughter of the German anti-king Rudolf of Swabia. Their only known child, Piroska, became the wife of the Byzantine Emperor <mask> Komnenos in 1105 or 1106. <mask>'s family and relatives who are mentioned in the article are shown in the following family tree.*According to a scholarly theory suggesting that Ladislaus had two wives. Legacy

Consolidation of the Christian monarchy

For centuries, hagiographers and historians have emphasized Ladislaus's prominent role in the consolidation of the Christian monarchy. The chronicles also stressed his idoneitas, or personal suitability, to reign, because the legitimacy of his rule was questionable. The Illuminated Chronicle clearly states that Ladislaus knew that "the right of law between him and [Solomon] was not on his side but only the force of fact". After Ladislaus's victories over the Pechenegs and the Cumans, the nomadic peoples of the Pontic steppes stopped invading Hungary until the Mongol invasion of 1241. Kristó suggests that the Székely peoplea community of Hungarian-speaking warriorsstarted settling the easternmost borderlands under Ladislaus. The "historic association of the Kingdom of Hungary and Croatia", which ended in 1918, began with Ladislaus's conquest of Croatia.His conquest marked the beginning of a period of Hungarian expansion, which ensured that Hungary developed into a leading Central European power during the following centuries. It became a customary rite for a newly crowned Hungarian king to make a pilgrimage to Ladislaus's shrine at Várad. <mask> of Hungary, who made many attempts to expand his territory in the Balkan Peninsula, showed a special respect for Ladislaus. Veneration

Gábor Klaniczay emphasizes that Ladislaus "seemed expressly designed to personify the knight-king ideal" of his age. During the reign of <mask>'s successor, Coloman the Learned, Bishop Hartvik said that Ladislaus's "character was distinguished by the respectability of morals and remarkable for the splendor of his virtues". The so-called Gesta Ladislai regis ("The Deeds of King Ladislaus"), which are the texts about Ladislaus's life and reign preserved in 14th-century Hungarian chronicles, were written during Coloman's rule. Five significant events of Ladislaus's life, which were not included in his official legend, were only preserved in the Gesta.The most popular story describes <mask>'s fight with a "Cuman" warrior after the Battle of Kerlés (at present-day Chiraleș, Romania) in 1068. In the battle, the united armies of Solomon, Géza and <mask> routed a band of Pechenegs or Oghuz Turks who were plundering the eastern parts of the kingdom. According to the version recorded in the Illuminated Chronicle, <mask> spotted a pagan warrior fleeing from the battlefield with a captive Hungarian maiden. <mask> pursued the "Cuman", but he could not stop him. On <mask>'s advice, the maiden pulled the warrior off his horse, allowing <mask> to kill the "Cuman" after a long fight on the ground. Archaeologist Gyula László says that murals depicting this legend in medieval churches preserved the elements of pagan myths, including a "struggle between forces of light and darkness". During the reign of <mask> of Hungary, <mask>'s shrine in the cathedral of Várad became a preferred venue for trials by ordeal.However, it cannot be determined whether <mask> became subject to veneration soon after his death, or if his cult emerged after he was canonized by Béla <mask> of Hungary on 27 June 1192. Béla had lived in the Byzantine court, where <mask>'s daughter, <mask>, was venerated as a saint. According to Thomas the Archdeacon, Pope <mask> declared that <mask> "should be enrolled in the catalogue of saints", but his report is unreliable, because Celestine <mask> was Pope at the time. Celestine <mask>'s bulls and charters make no reference to <mask>'s canonization, implying that <mask> was canonized without the Holy See's authorization. The nearly contemporaneous Regestrum Varadinense says that a bondsman, named "Tekus, son of the craftsman Dénes", opened <mask>'s tomb at the beginning of the ceremony, after which Tekus was granted freedom. Parts of <mask>'s head and right hand were severed so that they could be distributed as relics. The 15th-century silver reliquary that contains <mask>'s head is displayed in the Győr Cathedral.<mask>'s official legend, which was compiled after 1204, attributes a number of miracles to him. According to one of his legends, a pestilence spread throughout the kingdom during <mask>'s reign. <mask> prayed for a cure; he then shot an arrow into the air at random, hitting a herb which cured the illness. This plant became known as "Saint <mask>'s herb" in Hungary. <mask> is a patron saint of Hungary, especially along the borders. In particular, soldiers and the Székely people venerate him. A late medieval legend says that <mask> appeared at the head of a Székely army fighting against and routing a plundering band of Tatars in 1345.He is also called upon during times of pestilence. He is often depicted as a mature, bearded man wearing a royal crown and holding a long sword or banner. He is also shown on his knees before a deer, or in the company of two angels. Gallery

See also

 Szent László Infantry Division
 Isten, Hazánkért térdelünk (God, We Kneel for our Country)
 New England (medieval)

References

Sources

Primary sources

"Bernold of St Blasien, Chronicle" (2008). In Robinson, I. S. Eleventh-Century Germany: The Swabian Chronicles. Manchester University Press. pp.245–337. .
"Hartvic, Life of King Stephen of Hungary" (Translated by Nora Berend) (2001). In Head, Thomas. Medieval Hagiography: An Anthology. Routledge. pp. 378–398. .
"The letters of Henry IV: Henry thanks Duke Almus for his support and promises him a reward" (2000). In Imperial Lives & Letters of the Eleventh Century (Translated by Theodor E. Mommsen and Karl F. Morrison, with a historical introduction and new suggested readings by Karl F. Morrison, edited by Robert L. Benson).Columbia University Press. pp. 52–100. . The Deeds of the Princes of the Poles (Translated and annotated by Paul W. Knoll and Frank Schaer with a preface by Thomas N. Bisson) (2003). CEU Press. . The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. .
"The Laws of King Ladislas I (1077–1095)".In The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301 (Translated and Edited by János M. Bak, György Bónis, James Ross Sweeney with an essay on previous editions by Andor Czizmadia, Second revised edition, In collaboration with Leslie S. Domonkos) (1999). Charles Schlacks, Jr. Publishers. pp. 11–22. . . . . . (ISBN may be misprinted in the book as 88445-29-2). Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split (Latin text by Olga Perić, edited, translated and annotated by Damir Karbić, Mirjana Matijević Sokol and James Ross Sweeney) (2006). CEU Press. . Secondary sources

Further reading

External links

St. <mask> (in The Catholic Encyclopedia)
<mask>, King of Hungary (a painting from around 1326 in the Museo della Consolazione in Altomonte, Italy)
Üdvözlégy, kegyelmes Szent László király (Hail, Merciful King St Ladislaus) (a hymn to King <mask>)

|-

1040s births
1095 deaths
Beatified and canonised Árpádians
Kings of Hungary
Kings of Croatia
House of Árpád
People from Kraków
Hungarian Roman Catholic saints
Polish Roman Catholic saints
Burials at Oradea Cathedral, Crişana
11th-century Christian saints
Medieval Hungarian saints
Roman Catholic royal saints
Angelic visionaries
11th-century Hungarian

masks:
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Henry IV
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
I Herman
Ladislaus
I Herman
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
III
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Iaroslav
Ladislaus
John II
Ladislaus
Louis I
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Stephen II
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
III
Ladislaus
Irene
Innocent III
Ladislaus
III
III
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
Ladislaus
St Ladislaus
St Ladislaus


texts:
<mask> is a Scottish prisoner who was found guilty, but later cleared on appeal,  of one of his convictions "collecting terrorist-related information, setting up websites...and circulating inflammatory terrorist publications", resulting in a sentence of eight years' imprisonment. His defence has consistently been that he was a curious 20-year-old youth, still living with his parents, who was "looking for answers on the internet". One of his convictions was quashed on appeal on the 29th of January, 2010. He remains a convicted terrorist. BBC programme maker Peter Taylor reported in his acclaimed three part series "Generation Jihad" that <mask> was linked to extremist Abid Khan, who was later imprisoned for Terrorist offences also. <mask>'s parents, of South Asian descent, run a general store in Alva, Clackmannanshire which their son believed should stop serving alcohol as an off-licence. Arguments with his parents led to his running away from home once, before returning.<mask> attended Alva Academy where he was a "model student", before enrolling as a Computing Technician student at Glasgow Metropolitan College. Arrests
On April 12, 2006, <mask> was accompanying his 40-year-old paternal uncle <mask> on a trip to his farm in the Punjab region, when officials at Glasgow International Airport informed the pair that they would not be allowed to fly. The laptop computer that Siddique was carrying was confiscated, and agents DC Murray and Leigh Graham opened the computers files, against police protocol. His cell phone was also seized, after a photograph of Islamic protestors of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons was discovered. It was alleged he was flying to meet Aabid Khan, a friend of one of the Toronto 18, and thus may have been plotting to involve himself with the group. At 7am the following morning, local police officers, MI5 and Special Branch stormed the Siddique house with a battering ram, arresting <mask>, his older brother Asif, their uncles Rafiq and <mask>, 46 - the latter of whom was a 26-year resident of Stirlingshire. The uncles were released from Govan police station after thirteen days imprisonment.<mask> was charged the next day under Section 58(1b) of the Terrorism Act 2000, collecting information that would "likely be useful" to a terrorist. Asif, who was a 25-year-old law student, was released the day after <mask>'s charges were laid, after he was questioned about his feelings towards the September 11th attacks after police found postcards sent from friends he maintained in New York City. Trial
During the four-week trial under judge Lord Carloway, <mask> was accused of having shown photographs of suicide bombers to students at Glasgow Metropolitan College, classmate Kyle Ramsey stated that <mask> had encouraged him to watch an online video of a beheading, and classmate Fozia Begum testified that he had claimed Osama bin Laden was his god, and he was a member of al-Qaeda. He was also accused of carrying on email correspondence with a suspected militant identified only as "The Englishman" in court proceedings. The emails had been discovered after Canadian authorities requested Britain monitor a suspected militant recruiter living in Northern England. The advocate depute was Brian McConnachie, who characterized the material stating "It's clear from that material that the whole idea was to glorify martyrdom operations..."

In June, Evan Kohlmann was given access to the contents of <mask>'s laptop by the Central Scotland Police, and he submit an 18-page summary stating that the images, documents and videos that Siddique had downloaded comprised "a formidable archive of authentic Al-Qaida recruitment and technical material that is designed and likely to be used for purposes relating to the commission, perpetration, or instigation of an act of terrorism—most specifically, a suicide or 'martyrdom' operation". Forensic analyst Michael Dickson also argued that because the majority of files were kept in the c:\windows\options folder, it showed a clear intent to "hide" his interest.The trial concluded with nine hours of deliberation by the jury of nine women and six men, resulting in a Guilty verdict on September 27, 2007. After the conviction, Kohlmann said that <mask> "apparently lacked in the skills, sophistication, lengthy credentials, and cold-blooded professionalism" associated with actual terrorists and described him as "undoubtedly naive". After the trial ended, the prosecution alleged that it had been his intention to disappear once in Pakistan to join a Toronto-based group arrested on allegations of wanting to bomb Canadian targets, though his counsel pointed out that no evidence was ever produced to support the allegation, and referred to it as a "smear". Following the trial, Lord Carloway announced he intended to seek contempt of court charges against Siddique's solicitor Aamer Anwar for making "disparaging remarks" about the outcome of the trial, referring to an "atmosphere of hostility". <mask>'s leading counsel was Donald Findlay. Appeal
On the 29th of January, 2010, one of the charges against Siddique was overturned on appeal. The appeal judge, Lord Osborne, stated that some directions given to the jury by the trial judge, Lord Carloway, were a "material misdirection" and amounted to a "miscarriage of justice".The Crown Office issued a statement on 9 February 2010  indicating that it had decided not to seek a retrial of <mask> <mask> on terrorism charges following the Criminal Appeal Court's decision two weeks ago to quash a conviction under section 57 of the Terrorism Act 2000, on the basis that the trial judge misdirected the jury as to the relevant law. The statement continues as follows:

“The law in relation to section 57 of Terrorism Act 2000 has, since the trial judge charged the jury, further developed through a number of decisions in the English courts. “After careful consideration of the Appeal Court’s judgment, the Crown has decided not to seek authority for a retrial. The fact that Mr <mask> has already served the majority of his sentence for charge 1, and has de facto served his sentence in full for the other terrorist offences, of which he remains convicted, means that a retrial would have little practical effect. Accordingly, the Crown has concluded that a retrial would not be in the public interest. "<mask> <mask> remains convicted of the other charges on the indictment which were:
 section 54 of the Terrorism Act 2000: setting up websites providing links to documents providing instructions on how to operate weaponry and make explosives
 section 2 of the Terrorism Act 2006: circulating terrorist publications by means of websites to encourage, induce or assist the commission, preparation or instigation of acts of terrorism)
 breach of the peace: showing images of suicide bombers, murders and beheadings to fellow students, threatening to be a suicide bomber and to carry out terrorism in Glasgow or elsewhere." References

Scottish people of Pakistani descent
People convicted on terrorism charges
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Clackmannanshire
Overturned convictions in Scotland

masks:
Mohammed Atif Siddique
Siddique
Siddique
Siddique
Siddique
Mohammed Rafiq
Siddique
Mohammed Niaz
Siddique
Siddique
Siddique
Siddique
Siddique
Siddique
Siddique
Mohammed Atif
Siddique
Siddique
Mohammed Atif
Siddique


texts:
<mask>ville, Duke of Piney-Luxembourg, commonly known as Luxembourg (8 January 1628 – 4 January 1695), and nicknamed "The Upholsterer of Notre-Dame", was a French general and Marshal of France. A comrade and successor of the Great Condé, he was one of the most accomplished military commanders of the early modern period and is particularly noted for his exploits in the Franco-Dutch War and War of the Grand Alliance. Not imposing physically, as he was a slight man and hunchbacked, Luxembourg was nonetheless one of France's greatest generals. He never lost a battle in which he held command. Early years
<mask> was born at Paris. His father, the <mask>, had been executed six months before his birth for participating in a duel against the Marquis <mask>uvron. His aunt, <mask>, Princess of Condé, took charge of him and educated him with her son, the Duke of Enghien.The young Montmorency (or Bouteville as he was then called) attached himself to his cousin, and shared his successes and reverses throughout the troubles of the Fronde. He returned to France in 1659 and was pardoned, and Condé, then much attached to the Duchess of Châtillon, Montmorency's sister, contrived the marriage of his adherent and cousin to the greatest heiress in France, <mask> <mask>, Princess of Tingry and heiress of the Luxembourg dukedom (1661), after which he was created Duke of Luxembourg and peer of France. Luxembourg as general

War of Devolution and the Franco-Dutch War
At the opening of the War of Devolution (1667–68), Condé, and consequently Luxembourg, had no command, but during the second campaign he served as Condé's lieutenant general in the conquest of Franche-Comté. During the four years of peace which followed, Luxembourg cultivated the favour of Louvois, and in 1672 held a high command against the Dutch during the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678). He defeated a counterattack by the Prince William III of Orange at Woerden but was blocked by the Dutch Water Line. On 27 December the inundations were frozen over and he began to cross over the ice, but a sudden thaw cut his force in half. Retreating, <mask> found the fortress town of Bodegraven abandoned by its garrison and ordered the entire civilian population to be burned alive with their houses.The Dutch anti-French propaganda quickly exploited this massacre and when <mask> bragged to Louis XIV that he had roasted any Dutchman he could find in the town, he was surprised to find that some at court considered such cruelties unnecessary. In 1673 he made his famous retreat from Utrecht to Maastricht with only 20,000 men in face of 70,000, an exploit which placed him in the first rank of generals. In 1674 he was made captain of the Garde du Corps, and in 1675 Marshal of France. In 1676 he was placed at the head of the Army of the Rhine replacing Condé, who was in bad health. However, he could not relieve the siege of Philippsburg. This fortress had been invested by Imperial troops under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine on 1 May. Luxembourg could neither break through the defenses of Wissembourg established by the Imperials, nor draw them out to do battle.Philippsburg fell on 17 September. In 1677 he stormed Valenciennes, defeated William of Orange again at Cassel and in 1678, repulsed another of his assault at Saint-Denis after the signature of the Peace of Nijmegen. His reputation was now high and it is reputed that he quarrelled with Louvois, who managed to involve him in the "Affair of the Poisons" and get him sent to the Bastille. Rousset in his Histoire de Louvois has shown that this quarrel is probably apocryphal. Luxembourg doubtlessly spent some months of 1680 in the Bastille, but on his release took up his post at court as capitaine des gardes. War of the Grand Alliance 1688-97
By 1690, during the War of the Grand Alliance, Luxembourg was entrusted with the command of King Louis' army in the Spanish Netherlands, superseding <mask> Crevant, Duke of Humières. On 1 July 1690, he won his greatest victory over William's allied commander, the Prince of Waldeck, at Fleurus.In the following year he was again victorious at Leuze on 18 September 1691. In the next campaign he covered the king's 1692 Siege of Namur, and defeated William at Steenkerque in 1692; and again on 29 July 1693, won the most famous of his battles over his eternal adversary at Neerwinden, after which he was called "Le Tapissier de Nôtre Dame" (The Upholsterer of Notre Dame) due to the number of captured enemy flags that he sent to the cathedral. He was received with enthusiasm at Paris by all but the king, who looked coldly on a relative and adherent of the Condés. St-Simon describes in the first volume of his Memoirs how, instead of ranking as eighteenth peer of France according to his patent of 1661, he claimed through his wife to be duc de Piney of an old creation of 1571, which would place him second on the roll. The affair is described with St-Simon's usual interest in the peerage, and was chiefly checked through his assiduity. In the campaign of 1694, Luxembourg did little in Flanders, except conducting a famous march from Vignemont to Tournai in face of the enemy. Death
On his return to Versailles for the winter he fell ill, and died.In his last moments he was attended by the famous Jesuit priest Bourdaloue, who said on his death, "I have not lived his life, but I would wish to die his death." Luxembourg was considered immoral, even in those times, but as a general he was Condé's grandest pupil. Though slothful like Condé in the management of a campaign, at the moment of battle he seemed seized with happy inspirations, against which no ardour of William's and no steadiness of Dutch or English soldiers could stand. His death and Catinat's disgrace close the second period of the military history of the reign of Louis XIV. Reputation
St-Simon said of Luxembourg:
...in his final calculations no one was ever more conscientious than M. <mask>; no one more brilliant, prudent and far-sighted in the face of the enemy or in battle. He had daring and confidence, and at the same time a cool-headedness that allowed him to observe and foresee in the midst of the fiercest cannonade, in dangerously critical moments. That was when he was truly great.At all other times he was idleness itself; no exercise, except where absolutely necessary; gambling; conversing with intimates; every night a small supper party; nearly always with the same company, and, if they happened to be near a town, an agreeable mingling of the sexes. He was distinguished for a pungent wit. One of his retorts referred to his deformity. "I never can beat that cursed humpback", William was reputed to have said of him. "How does he know I have a hump?" retorted Luxembourg, "he has never seen my back." He left four sons, the youngest of whom was a marshal of France as Marechal <mask>.Marriage and children

On 17 March 1661 François-<mask> Montmorency married <mask> Clermont-Tonnerre, duchess of Luxembourg, princess of Tingry, comtess of Ligny, baronness of Dangu, and had 5 children:

 Charles Frédéric <mask>-Luxembourg (1662–1726), duc de Piney-Luxembourg, father of Charles II Frédéric (1702–1764) Marshal of France (1757) ;
 Pierre Henri <mask>ncy-Luxembourg (1663–1700), abbot of Saint-Michel d'Orcamp ;
 Paul Sigismond <mask>-Luxembourg (1664-? ), duc de Châtillon, comte de Luxe and baron d'Apremont ;
 Angelique <mask> <mask>-Luxembourg (1666–1736), mademoiselle  de Luxembourg ; married Louis Henri <mask>, bâtard de Soissons, illegitimate son of <mask> Bourbon and had issue; had two children;
 Christian Louis <mask>-Luxembourg (1675–1746), prince de Tingry, comte de Luxe, pair de France, Marshal of France (1734). References
 Beaurain's Histoire militaire du duc de Luxembourg (Hague and Paris, 1756)
 Mémoires pour servir a l'histoire du maréchal due de Luxembourg (Hague and Paris, 1758)
 Courcelles, Dictionnaire des generaux français (Paris, 1823), vol. viii. Desormeaux's Histoire de la maison de Montmorency (1764), vols. iv. and v.
 Camille Rousset's Louvois''
 biography of Luxemburg by Count de Segur (1907)

1628 births
1695 deaths
1680 crimes
Nobility from Paris
Francois Henri
Dukes of Piney
Marshals of France
French military personnel of the Nine Years' War
French military personnel of the Franco-Dutch War
17th-century peers of France
Prisoners of the Bastille
Affair of the Poisons
Military personnel from Paris

masks:
François Henri de Montmorency Boute
François Henri de Montmorency
François de Montmorency Bouteville
de Be
Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency
Madeleine de
Luxembourg
de Luxembourg
de Luxembourg
Louis de
de Luxembourg
de Montmorency
Henri de
Madeleine de
de Montmorency
de Montmore
de Montmorency
Cunegonde
de Montmorency
de Bourbon
Louis de
de Montmorency


texts:
<mask> (born 19 October 1959 in Perth, Australia), is a mental health researcher, author and was a Labor member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly from February 2001 until he retired from state politics in March 2013. During his parliamentary and research career <mask> has been a prominent critic of increasing child mental health medication prescribing rates. Research
Whilst still in politics Whitely wrote Speed Up and Sit Still - The Controversies of ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment (UWA Publishing 2010). Since retiring from politics he completed a PhD (thesis title ADHD Policy, Practice and Regulatory Capture in Australia 1992–2012). Subsequently, he has researched Australian mental health policy and practice and pharmaceutical and medical device regulation. His research has primarily focused on the drivers and outcomes of prescription mental health medication use by children, adolescents and young adults for ADHD and depression. ADHD research
Whitely led two research projects examining the effect of relative-age within a school classroom on the probability of school-children being medicated for ADHD.The first, Influence of birth month of Western Australian children on the probability of being treated for ADHD, was published in the Medical Journal of Australia in 2017. It found that among West Australian school children aged 6–10 the youngest in class (born in June) were approximately twice as likely to take ADHD medication as their oldest classmates (born the previous July). The second, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder late birthdate effect common in both high and low prescribing international jurisdictions: a systematic review, published in 2019  examined 22 studies in 13 countries covering 15.4 million children. It found that is the global norm for the youngest students within a school year grade to be diagnosed with and medicated for ADHD than there older classmates. <mask> also co-authored a paper published in 2020, Look west for Australian evidence of the relationship between amphetamine‐type stimulant prescribing and meth/amphetamine use. It reviewed Western Australian (WA) evidence of the relationship between prescribing amphetamine type stimulants for ADHD and the illicit use of amphetamines. It found that the non-medical use of prescription ATS by WA secondary school students is the major component of their illicit amphetamine use.It also reported that since at least 2002 WA adults have been prescribed ATS at a much higher rate than other Australian adults and WA adult illicit amphetamine use rates have consistently been among the highest in Australia. Research examining antidepressant use and suicide by young Australians
Whitely led research published in 2020, Antidepressant Prescribing and Suicide/Self-Harm by Young Australians: Regulatory Warnings, Contradictory Advice, and Long-Term Trends. It examined the Australian response to the US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) 2004 black box warnings that antidepressant use was associated with an elevated risk of suicidal thinking and behaviours in people aged under 25.This research found that in the four years following the 2004 FDA warning there was a 31% decrease in antidepressant prescribing and a small fall in the rate of suicide by young Australians. However from 2009 to 2018 the rates of antidepressant use and suicide by young Australians increased consistently. In 2009 there were 275 suicides by Australians aged under 25 years, in 2018 this number rose to 458. <mask>, and his co-authors Prof Jon Juriedini and Dr Melissa Raven, concluded “correlation does not prove causation. However, given that the FDA warned that antidepressants were associated with an approximately doubled risk of suicidality relative to placebo, we are not surprised that rising dispensing rates have been accompanied by increasing youth suicide rates”.Parliamentary career
<mask> represented the electorate of Roleystone from 2001 to 2005. Following the abolition of Roleystone, he represented the electorate of Bassendean and was the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Agriculture, Food and Forestry from August 2006 until the Carpenter government lost office in September 2008. Anti-ADHD child medication parliamentary advocacy
From 1995 until his election to parliament in 2001, <mask> was a secondary school teacher. During this period Western Australian ADHD child prescribing rates rose rapidly. By 2000 they were among the highest in the world and over twice the per-capita rate in of the second highest Australian state (New South Wales). In his first parliamentary speech (2001) he called for tighter ADHD prescribing controls. In late December 2002 the Western Australian Health Minister Bob Kucera and <mask> jointly announced the abolition of “en bloc authorisation” which allowed “specialists to prescribe stimulants without individual patient authorisation”.In August 2003 the Stimulant Regulatory Scheme began collecting detailed annual reporting of ADHD stimulant in Western Australia. Data from the Stimulant Regulatory Scheme shows after these changes the number of Western Australian children prescribing stimulants fell from 8,859 in 2004 to 5,636 in 2010, despite the state's population increasing by approximately 17%. This approximates to a 46% decrease in per capita ADHD stimulant child prescribing rates over this period. Beginning in 2011 there was a rebound in child prescribing rates with most of the increase occurring after <mask> retired. By 2017, the number of Western Australian children who received at least one prescription of an ADHD stimulant had jumped to 9,587 . So from 2010 until 2017 the number of children medicated increased by 70% while the state's population increased by only 15%. <mask> also campaigned to influence national (Australian) ADHD policy.He unsuccessfully sought to prevent non-stimulant ADHD medication Strattera (Atomoxetine Hydrochloride) from being added to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme because of its boxed warning for increased risk of suicidality. Strattera was added to the PBS in 2007. Until 17 February 2018 the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) had received 149 reports of adverse events. This included 78 reports of suicidal/homicidal/self-harm ideation or behaviour, with four incomplete suicide attempts (including a 7-year-old girl) and three completed suicides (including a nine-year-old boy). Because adverse event reporting to the TGA by doctors is voluntary the actual number of adverse events associated with Strattera (or any medication) in Australia is unknown. He also campaigned to prevent the endorsement by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) ADHD national treatment guidelines developed by the Royal Australian College of Physicians (RACP). The guidelines were never endorsed by the NHMRC because of concerns about conflicts of interest among guidelines panel members and the heavy reliance on research lead by high-profile ADHD medication proponents with undisclosed significant conflicts of interest, most notably Professor Joseph Biederman.<mask>'s self-described “at times obsessive” campaign against the use of ADHD medications by children has attracted considerable criticism. Prominent Australian psychiatrists including Professors Florence Levy and Alasdair Vance, have been highly critical of <mask>, who has no medical training, for politicising the disorder, ignoring scientific evidence and promoting an emotive and sensationalist debate. However, <mask> has received praise for offering a "proven public health cure...for the false epidemic of ADHD" from prominent American psychiatrist Professor Allen Frances who led the development of the DSMIV on behalf of the American Psychiatric Association. Criticism of the diagnosis of Psychosis Risk Disorder
<mask> was also prominent in Australian efforts to prevent the official recognition of ‘Psychosis Risk Disorder’ in the influential American Psychiatric Association's, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM5) published in 2013. Psychosis Risk Disorder (officially termed Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome) was removed from the draft of the DSM5 after its inclusion lost the support of former prominent advocates including former Australian of the Year, psychiatrist Professor Patrick McGorry. References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20121108005453/http://www.martinwhitely.com/
Speed Up and Sit Still: The Controversies of ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment
<mask> discusses ADHD, psychiatric drugs, and the needs of children on the Dr. Peter Breggin Hour - 11/7/11. 1959 births
Living people
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Western Australia
21st-century Australian politicians

masks:
Martin Paul Whitely
Whitely
Whitely
Whitely
Whitely
Whitely
Whitely
Whitely
Whitely
Whitely
Whitely
Whitely
Whitely
Martin Whitely


texts:
<mask> (July 25, 1941August 28, 1955) was a 14-year-old African American who was lynched in Mississippi in 1955, after being accused of offending a white woman in her family's grocery store. The brutality of his murder and the fact that his killers were acquitted drew attention to the long history of violent persecution of African Americans in the United States. <mask> posthumously became an icon of the civil rights movement. <mask> was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois. During summer vacation in August 1955, he was visiting relatives near Money, Mississippi, in the Mississippi Delta region. He spoke to 21-year-old Carolyn Bryant, the white married proprietor of a small grocery store there. Although what happened at the store is a matter of dispute, <mask> was accused of flirting with or whistling at Bryant.<mask>'s interaction with Bryant, perhaps unwittingly, violated the unwritten code of behavior for a black male interacting with a white female in the Jim Crow-era South. Several nights after the incident in the store, Bryant's husband Roy and his half-brother J.W. Milam, who were armed, went to <mask>'s great-uncle's house and abducted <mask>. They took him away and beat and mutilated him, before shooting him in the head and sinking his body in the Tallahatchie River. Three days later, <mask>'s body was discovered and retrieved from the river. <mask>'s body was returned to Chicago where his mother insisted on a public funeral service with an open casket which was held at Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ. It was later said that "The open-coffin funeral held by Mamie <mask> exposed the world to more than her son <mask> <mask>'s bloated, mutilated body.Her decision focused attention not only on U.S. racism and the barbarism of lynching but also on the limitations and vulnerabilities of American democracy". Tens of thousands attended his funeral or viewed his open casket, and images of his mutilated body were published in black-oriented magazines and newspapers, rallying popular black support and white sympathy across the U.S. Intense scrutiny was brought to bear on the lack of black civil rights in Mississippi, with newspapers around the U.S. critical of the state. Although local newspapers and law enforcement officials initially decried the violence against <mask> and called for justice, they responded to national criticism by defending Mississippians, temporarily giving support to the killers. In September 1955, an all-white jury found Bryant and Milam not guilty of <mask>'s murder. Protected against double jeopardy, the two men publicly admitted in a 1956 interview with Look magazine that they had killed <mask>. <mask>'s murder was seen as a catalyst for the next phase of the civil rights movement. In December 1955, the Montgomery bus boycott began in Alabama and lasted more than a year, resulting eventually in a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregated buses were unconstitutional.According to historians, events surrounding <mask> <mask>'s life and death continue to resonate. An Emmett Till Memorial Commission was established in the early 21st century. The Sumner County Courthouse was restored and includes the Emmett Till Interpretive Center. Fifty-one sites in the Mississippi Delta are memorialized as associated with <mask>. Early childhood
<mask> <mask> was born in 1941 in Chicago; he was the son of Mamie Carthan (1921–2003) and <mask> (1922–1945). <mask>'s mother Mamie was born in the small Delta town of Webb, Mississippi. The Delta region encompasses the large, multi-county area of northwestern Mississippi in the watershed of the Yazoo and Mississippi rivers.When Carthan was two years old, her family moved to Argo, Illinois, as part of the Great Migration of rural black families out of the South to the North to escape violence, lack of opportunity and unequal treatment under the law. Argo received so many Southern migrants that it was named "Little Mississippi"; Carthan's mother's home was often used by other recent migrants as a way station while they were trying to find jobs and housing. Mississippi was the poorest state in the U.S. in the 1950s, and the Delta counties were some of the poorest in Mississippi. Mamie Carthan was born in Tallahatchie County, where the average income per white household in 1949 was $690 (). For black families, the figure was $462 (). In the rural areas, economic opportunities for blacks were almost nonexistent. They were mostly sharecroppers who lived on land owned by whites.Blacks had essentially been disenfranchised and excluded from voting and the political system since 1890, when the white-dominated legislature passed a new constitution that raised barriers to voter registration. Whites had also passed ordinances establishing racial segregation and Jim Crow laws. Mamie largely raised <mask> with her mother; she and <mask> separated in 1942 after she discovered that he had been unfaithful. Louis later abused her, choking her to unconsciousness, to which she responded by throwing scalding water at him. For violating court orders to stay away from Mamie, <mask> was forced by a judge in 1943 to choose between jail or enlisting in the U.S. Army. In 1945, a few weeks before his son's fourth birthday, he was executed for the murder of an Italian woman, and the rape of two others. At the age of six, <mask> contracted polio, which left him with a persistent stutter.Mamie and <mask> moved to Detroit, where she met and married "Pink" Bradley in 1951. <mask> preferred living in Chicago, so he returned there to live with his grandmother; his mother and stepfather rejoined him later that year. After the marriage dissolved in 1952, "Pink" Bradley returned alone to Detroit. Mamie <mask> and <mask> lived together in a busy neighborhood in Chicago's South Side, near distant relatives. She began working as a civilian clerk for the U.S. Air Force for a better salary. She recalled that <mask> was industrious enough to help with chores at home, although he sometimes got distracted. His mother remembered that he did not know his own limitations at times.Following the couple's separation, Bradley visited Mamie and began threatening her. At eleven years old, <mask>, with a butcher knife in hand, told Bradley he would kill him if the man did not leave. Usually, however, <mask> was happy. He and his cousins and friends pulled pranks on each other (<mask> once took advantage of an extended car-ride when his friend fell asleep and placed the friend's underwear on his head), and they also spent their free time in pickup baseball games. He was a natty dresser and was often the center of attention among his peers. Plans to visit relatives in Mississippi
In 1955, Mamie <mask>'s uncle, 64-year-old Mose Wright, visited her and <mask> in Chicago during the summer and told <mask> stories about living in the Mississippi Delta. <mask> wanted to see for himself.Wright planned to accompany <mask> with a cousin, Wheeler Parker; another cousin, Curtis Jones, would join them soon. Wright was a sharecropper and part-time minister who was often called "Preacher". He lived in Money, Mississippi, a small town in the Delta that consisted of three stores, a school, a post office, a cotton gin, and a few hundred residents,  north of Greenwood. Before <mask> departed for the Delta, his mother cautioned him that Chicago and Mississippi were two different worlds, and he should know how to behave in front of whites in the South. He assured her he understood. Statistics on lynchings began to be collected in 1882. Since that time, more than 500 African Americans have been killed by extrajudicial violence in Mississippi alone, and more than 3,000 across the South.Most of the incidents took place between 1876 and 1930; though far less common by the mid-1950s, these racially motivated murders still occurred. Throughout the South, whites publicly prohibited interracial relationships as a means to maintain white supremacy. Even the suggestion of sexual contact between black men and white women could carry severe penalties for black men. A resurgence of the enforcement of such Jim Crow laws was evident following World War II, when African-American veterans started pressing for equal rights in the South. Racial tensions increased after the United States Supreme Court's 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education to end segregation in public education, which it ruled as unconstitutional. Many segregationists believed the ruling would lead to interracial dating and marriage. Whites strongly resisted the court's ruling; one Virginia county closed all its public schools to prevent integration.Other jurisdictions simply ignored the ruling. In other ways, whites used stronger measures to keep blacks politically disenfranchised, which they had been since the turn of the century. Segregation in the South was used to constrain blacks forcefully from any semblance of social equality. A week before <mask> arrived in Mississippi, a black activist named Lamar Smith was shot and killed in front of the county courthouse in Brookhaven for political organizing. Three white suspects were arrested, but they were soon released. Encounter between <mask> and Carolyn Bryant

<mask> arrived in Money, Mississippi, on August 21, 1955. On August 24, he and cousin Curtis Jones skipped church where his great-uncle Mose Wright was preaching and joined some local boys as they went to Bryant's Grocery and Meat Market to buy candy.The teenagers were children of sharecroppers and had been picking cotton all day. The market mostly served the local sharecropper population and was owned by a white couple, 24-year-old Roy Bryant and his 21-year-old wife Carolyn. Carolyn was alone in the front of the store that day; her sister-in-law was in the rear of the store watching children. Jones left <mask> with the other boys while Jones played checkers across the street. The facts of what took place in the store are still disputed. According to what Jones said at the time, the other boys reported that <mask> had a photograph of an integrated class at the school he attended in Chicago, and <mask> bragged to the boys that the white children in the picture were his friends. He pointed to a white girl in the picture, or referred to a picture of a white girl that had come with his new wallet, and said she was his girlfriend.According to Jones' account, one or more of the local boys then dared <mask> to speak to Bryant. However, writing a personal account of the incident in a book released in 2009, <mask>'s cousin Simeon Wright, who was also present, disputed Jones' version of what happened on that day. According to Wright, <mask> did not have a photo of a white girl in his wallet and no one dared him to flirt with Bryant. Speaking in 2015, Wright said: "We didn't dare him to go to the store – the white folk said that. They said that he had pictures of his white girlfriend. There were no pictures. They never talked to me.They never interviewed me." The FBI report completed in 2006 notes: "[Curtis] Jones recanted his 1955 statements prior to his death and apologized to Mamie <mask>". According to some versions, including comments from some of the youngsters standing outside the store, <mask> may have wolf-whistled at Bryant. <mask>'s cousin, Simeon Wright, who was with him at the store, stated that <mask> whistled at Bryant, saying, "I think [<mask>] wanted to get a laugh out of us or something", adding, "He was always joking around, and it was hard to tell when he was serious." Wright stated that following the whistle he became immediately alarmed. "Well, it scared us half to death", Wright recalled. "You know, we were almost in shock.We couldn't get out of there fast enough, because we had never heard of anything like that before. A black boy whistling at a white woman? In Mississippi? No." Wright stated "The Ku Klux Klan and night riders were part of our daily lives". Following his disappearance, a newspaper account stated that <mask> sometimes whistled to alleviate his stuttering. His speech was sometimes unclear; his mother said he had particular difficulty with pronouncing "b" sounds, and he may have whistled to overcome problems asking for bubble gum.She said that, to help with his articulation, she taught <mask> how to whistle softly to himself before pronouncing his words. During the murder trial, Bryant testified that <mask> grabbed her hand while she was stocking candy and said, "How about a date, baby?" She said that after she freed herself from his grasp, the young man followed her to the cash register, grabbed her waist and said, "What's the matter baby, can't you take it?" Bryant said she freed herself, and <mask> said, "You needn't be afraid of me, baby", used "one 'unprintable' word" and said "I've been with white women before." Bryant also alleged that one of <mask>'s companions came into the store, grabbed him by the arm, and ordered him to leave. According to historian Timothy Tyson, Bryant admitted to him in a 2008 interview that her testimony during the trial that <mask> had made verbal and physical advances was false. Bryant had testified <mask> grabbed her waist and uttered obscenities but later told Tyson "that part's not true".As for the rest of what happened, the 72-year-old stated she could not remember. Bryant is quoted by Tyson as saying "Nothing that boy did could ever justify what happened to him". However, the tape recordings that Tyson made of the interviews with Bryant do not contain Bryant saying those things. In addition, the woman with Bryant at the interviews, her daughter-in-law, Marsha Bryant, says that Bryant never told Tyson that. Decades later, <mask>'s cousin Simeon Wright also challenged the account given by Carolyn Bryant at the trial. Wright claims he entered the store "less than a minute" after <mask> was left inside alone with Bryant, and he saw no inappropriate behavior and heard "no lecherous conversation". Wright said <mask> "paid for his items and we left the store together".In their 2006 investigation of the cold case, the FBI noted that a second anonymous source, who was confirmed to have been in the store at the same time as <mask> and his cousin, supported Wright's account. Author Devery Anderson writes that in an interview with the defense's attorneys, Bryant told a version of the initial encounter that included <mask> grabbing her hand and asking her for a date, but not <mask> approaching her and grabbing her waist, mentioning past relationships with white women, or having to be dragged unwillingly out of the store by another boy. Anderson further notes that many remarks prior to <mask>'s kidnapping made by those involved indicate that it was his remarks to Bryant that angered his killers, rather than any alleged physical harassment. For instance, Mose Wright (a witness to the kidnapping) said that the kidnappers mentioned only "talk" at the store, and Sheriff George Smith only spoke of the arrested killers accusing <mask> of "ugly remarks". Anderson suggests that this evidence taken together implies that the more extreme details of Bryant's story were invented after the fact as part of the defense's legal strategy. In any event, after Wright and <mask> left the store, Bryant went outside to retrieve a pistol from underneath the seat of a car. The teenagers saw her do this and left immediately.It was acknowledged that <mask> whistled while Bryant was going to her car. However, it is disputed whether <mask> whistled toward Bryant or toward a checkers game that was occurring just across the street. One of the other boys ran across the street to tell Curtis Jones what happened in the store. When the older man with whom Jones was playing checkers heard the story, he urged the boys to leave quickly, fearing violence. Bryant told others of the events at the store, and the story spread quickly. Jones and <mask> declined to tell his great-uncle Mose Wright, fearing they would get in trouble. <mask> said he wanted to return home to Chicago.Carolyn's husband Roy Bryant was on an extended trip hauling shrimp to Texas and did not return home until August 27. Historian Timothy Tyson said an investigation by civil rights activists concluded Carolyn Bryant did not initially tell her husband Roy Bryant about the encounter with <mask>, and that Roy was told by a person who hung around down at their store. Roy was reportedly angry at his wife for not telling him. Carolyn Bryant told the FBI she didn't tell her husband because she feared he would beat <mask> up. Lynching
When Roy Bryant was informed of what had happened, he aggressively questioned several young black men who entered the store. That evening, Bryant, with a black man named J. W. Washington, approached a black teenager walking along a road. Bryant ordered Washington to seize the boy, put him in the back of a pickup truck, and took him to be identified by a companion of Carolyn's who had witnessed the episode with <mask>.Friends or parents vouched for the boy in Bryant's store, and Carolyn's companion denied that the boy Bryant and Washington

masks:
Emmett Louis Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Emmett
Till
Till
Till Bradley
Emmett
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Emmett
Till
Till
Emmett
Till
Louis Till
Emmett
Emmett
Louis Till
Louis Till
Emmett
Emmett
Emmett
Till Bradley
Emmett
Emmett
Emmett
Emmett
Emmett
Till Bradley
Emmett
Emmett
Emmett
Till
Emmett
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till Mobley
Till
Till
Till
Emmett
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till
Till