texts:
<mask> (born December 31, 1992) is an American-Canadian hurdler. He grew up in Agoura Hills, California and competed for the Agoura High School football team and track and field team. He attended the University of Oregon where he competed as a member of the track and field team. Personal
Born in Northridge, California, <mask> grew up in Agoura Hills, California and graduated from Agoura High School in 2011. His hurdle coach since he was 8 years old was his father, <mask>, who encouraged him to try hurdles in youth track. Throughout his time at Agoura High School, where he currently holds both the 110- and 300-meter hurdle records his father held the position of head hurdle coach. He has one younger sister Jontelle and his mother, <mask> née Côté, is a massage therapist and native of Péribonka, Quebec.At age 8 his father and mother divorced. High school track and field career

Freshman year
During 2008 at Agoura high School <mask> <mask> was running the 110 meter hurdles. He was also introduced to the 300 meter hurdles by head coach Tracy Spencer. Sophomore year
During the 2009 CIF Southern Section Finals, <mask> ran the 10th fastest 110-meter hurdle time in the state that year with a time of 14.15 seconds. He qualified for the CIF State Prelims where he was disqualified for falling and interfering with another competitor. Junior year
<mask> was ranked third in the nation in the 110-meter hurdles during 2010. His personal record that season was 13.54 wind-aided at the CIF State Championships.His fastest wind-legal time was 13.63 seconds at the Junior World Championships (representing the United States). He was the California State Champion in the 110-meter hurdles with his time of 13.54,  and earned 5th place in the 300-meter hurdles with a time of 37.57. Senior year
Cabral finished his senior year as the national leader in both the 110 and 300-meter hurdles. He posted times of 13.43 in the 110-meter hurdles and 36.42 in the 300-meter hurdles at Arcadia Invitational, setting two new meet records and the fastest combined hurdles performance in meet history. The following week he broke the Mt. SAC Relays 110-meter high school meet record with a time of 13.48 seconds. His 110-meter personal best was posted at the CIF Southern Section Masters meet with a wind-aided time of 13.27 seconds.The time did not break Chris Nelloms' U.S. 110-meter national record of 13.30 due to the wind illegality. Nevertheless, he qualified for the CIF California State Meet where he won in both the 110-meter and 300-meter hurdles with times of 13.79 and 36.20 respectively. His state wins qualified him to compete in the U.S. Junior Track and Field National Championships where he ran his fastest wind-legal time of 13.36 in the Men's 110-meter Junior Prelims. During the Men's 110-meter Junior Finals, <mask> hit the 10th hurdle and fell, ultimately crossing the finish line in 7th with a time of 14.36. Unable to compete for USA at the 2011 Pan American Games, <mask> attended the Canadian Junior Championships in Winnipeg, MB which served as the Pan American Junior Trials. He posted the top time in the 110-meter preliminaries with a time of 13.43 seconds, but was determined ineligible to compete in the finals despite his Canadian citizenship status.Nevertheless, his time broke the previous Canadian National Record of 13.72. Still pursuing the 110-meter national record of 13.30, <mask> competed in the Golden West Invitational and won both hurdle events with a time of 13.41 in the 110-meter hurdles and his fastest 300-meter hurdle time of 35.76. College

Freshman year
As a freshman, Cabral earned Pac-12 Newcomer of the Year honors in the 2011-12 season. He made appearances at the Pac-12 Championships, NCAA National Championships, and US Olympic Trials. He placed 11th at the National Championships earning him 2nd team All-American honors. His outdoor season best came at the NCAA West Preliminary Rounds in Austin, Texas (5/26/12) where he ran the 110 Meter Hurdles in 13.45. His indoor season was also successful as he ran a seasonal best 7.83 at the MPSF Championships.That was the third fastest time in school history. Sophomore year
As a sophomore, <mask> earned his 2nd consecutive All-American honor, placing 5th at the NCAA National Championships. He earned a personal best during his win at the Texas relays, running 13.33. He continued his indoor success while placing 6th at the NCAA Indoor Championships, running a 7.72 in the prelims and a 7.73 in the finals. <mask> <mask> finished 2nd in the Canadian National Championships which earned him a spot at the Pan Am Games in Toronto. Junior year
As a junior, <mask> placed 4th in the NCAA Indoor Championships with a time of 7.65, good for a PR and a school record. His outdoor season was marred by injury.He qualified for the NCAA Championships after finishing second in the semifinal of the West Regionals and received NCAA All-America honorable mention after failing to finish due to injury. Senior year
His senior year, he opened his outdoor season with back-to-back wins at the Pepsi Team Invitational and Oregon Twilight meets. He then finished his season with a 2nd-place finish in the 110H in the NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships with a time of 13.22w. Professional career

Bang Out Track Club
In June 2015, <mask> <mask> joined Bang Out Track Club, a running club based in Davis, CA. <mask> competed in the Bang Out jersey for the majority of the 2016 season. He earned victories at the MT. Sac Relays and Canadian National Championships while competing for Bang Out TC.2016 Olympics
In July 2016, he was named to Canada's Olympic team. He qualified for the Olympic final of the event and ultimately placed 6th. References

1992 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Los Angeles County, California
American male hurdlers
Canadian male hurdlers
World Athletics Championships athletes for Canada
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes of Canada
American people of Portuguese descent
Canadian people of Portuguese descent

masks:
Johnathan Knight Cabral
Cabral
John Cabral
Ghislaine Cabral
Johnathan
Cabral
Cabral
Cabral
Cabral
Cabral
Cabral
Cabral
Johnathan
Cabral
Cabral
Johnathan
Cabral
Cabral


type: original

texts:
<mask>-Ghifari Al-Kinani (, ), also spelled <mask>, born Jundab ibn Junādah (), was the fourth or fifth person converting to Islam, and from the Muhajirun. He belonged to the Banu Ghifar, the Kinanah tribe. No date of birth is known. He died in 652 CE, at Al-Rabadha, in the desert east of Medina. <mask> is remembered for his strict piety and also his opposition to Muawiyah during the caliph Uthman ibn Affan era. He is venerated by Shia Muslims as one of The Four Companions, early Muslims who were followers (Shia) of Ali ibn Abi Talib. He was regarded by many, including Ali Shariati, Muhammad Sharqawi and Sami Ayad Hanna, as a principal antecedent of Islamic socialism,  the first Islamic socialist, or the first socialist altogether.He protested against the accumulation of wealth by the ruling class during 'Uthmān's caliphate and urged the equitable redistribution of wealth. Early life
Little is known of his life before his conversion to Islam. <mask> is said to have been a serious young man, an ascetic and a monotheist even before he converted. He was born to the Ghifar clan, found to the western south of Medina. <mask> was apparently typical of the early converts to Islam, described by Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri as "young men and weak people". They were a branch of the Banu Kinanah tribe. The Quraysh clan of Muhammad was also a branch of the Banu Kinanah tribe.Popular accounts of <mask> say that his tribe lived by pillaging caravans, but that he preferred to live a poor but honest life as a shepherd. Having heard the contention that a new prophet had arisen in Mecca, <mask> and his brother travelled to Mecca to find the prophet. The young seeker converted instantly and rushed out to declare his new faith in front of the Kaaba, which at that time was a pagan temple. He was beaten for his religious belief. He did this three days in a row, after which the Islamic prophet Muhammad told him to return to his clan, where he taught his people about Islam. He and his tribe then joined Muhammad after the Hijra, or migration to Medina in 622 CE. Muhammad once said that "the sky did not spread its canopy on any man who was more truthful than <mask>r."This seems to be a simplified account of stories reported in these hadiths, ,  and . According to the early Islamic historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, <mask> claimed to have been the fourth or fifth convert to Islam. However, Saad bin Abi Waqqas made the same claim. While the exact order of conversion may never be established, no one doubts that he was a very early convert. Military campaigns during Muhammad's era

During the Expedition of Ka'b ibn 'Umair al-Ghifari  his son Umair al-Ghifari was killed. In this expedition Muhammad ordered an attack on the  Banu Quda'a tribe because Muhammad received intelligence that they had gathered a large number of men to attack the Muslim positions

In response Muhammad ordered the  Third Expedition of Dhu Qarad to take revenge for the killing of the son of <mask> Ghifari at al-Ghaba

After Muhammad's death
<mask> had begun his agitation in Medina after Uthman had given 500,000 dirhams to Marwan I, 300,000 to al-Harith ibn al-Hakam, and 100,000 to the Medinan Zayd ibn Thabit from the khums of the booty seized in Ifriqiya in 27/647. He then quoted relevant Qur'anic passages threatening the hoarders of riches with hell-fire.Marwan complained to Uthman, who sent his servant Natil to warn <mask>, but to no avail. Uthman displayed patience for some time until, in the presence of the caliph, <mask> launched an angry verbal attack on Ka'ab al-Ahbar, who had backed Uthman's free use of public money. Uthman now chided <mask> and sent him to Damascus. There is a tradition that Muhammad predicted this sad end during the Battle of Tabouk, when <mask>r was left behind because his camel was ill or too weak. So he alighted from it and, placing the pack on his back, walked to the rest of the army. Muhammad saw him and exclaimed:
<mask>r, may Allah have mercy upon you! You'll live alone, die alone and enter Paradise alone.Sunni view

Many hadith, oral traditions, are traced to <mask>. He is respected as an early and observant Muslim, and a man who was honest and direct to a fault. He was, according to the Sunni tradition, a rough, unlettered Bedouin who held no high office, but who served the Muslim community, the Ummah, with everything he had to give. During the caliphate of Uthman, he stayed in Damascus and witnessed Muslims deviating from Islam, going after worldly pleasures and desires. He was saddened and repelled by this. So Uthman invited him to come to Madinah. where he was also hurt by people's pursuit of worldly goods and pleasures.Al-Rabathah

<mask>har then asked Uthman for permission to live in al-Rabathah, a small village in eastern Madinah. Uthman approved his request. <mask> stayed there away from people, holding on to the traditions (sunnah) of Muhammad and his companions. A man visited him once and when he found his house almost bare, he asked <mask>: "Where are your possessions?" <mask> said: "We have a house yonder (meaning the Hereafter), to which we send the best of our possessions." The man understood what <mask> meant and said: "But you must have some possessions so long as you are in this abode." "The owner of this abode will not leave us in it," replied <mask>r.Also, when the Prince (Amir) of Syria sent <mask> three hundred dinars to meet his needs, he returned the money saying, "Does not the Amir find a servant more deserving of it than I?" <mask> continued in his simple life, and dedicated himself to Allah only until he died, in 32 A.H.

Shi'a view

Aba Dharr is considered one of the greatest and most loyal sahaba, along with Salman the Persian, Miqdad ibn Aswad, and Ammar ibn Yasir. When <mask> was exiled to al-Rabathah by Caliph Uthman bin Affan under duress from Muawiyah, Ali and his sons, Hasan and Husayn, advanced to see him off. Ali said to him:

<mask>r, you've become very angry for Allah. The people are worried about their religion, and you are worried about your religion. So, leave what they are worried about in your hands and escape from them with what you're worried about. They're in need of what you've prevented them from.And you're in no need of what they've prevented you from. Tomorrow you'll know who will be the winner. <mask>r, nothing amuses you but the truth and nothing annoys you but the untruth. <mask>, his wife, and his daughter were exiled to al-Rabathah, a rural town outside Madinah, as he recalled Muhammad's words: "<mask>r, may Allah have mercy upon you. You'll live alone, die alone, rise from the dead alone and enter Paradise alone." <mask> was a man of extreme devotion to Islam and Muhammad is believed to have said:
<mask>r is like Isa ibn Maryam (Jesus) of my nation in his zuhd (asceticism) and wara' (piety). Neither has the sky shaded one more truthful and honest than <mask>har nor has the earth had anyone walk over it like him.Lebanon has two shrines dedicated to <mask> commemorating his effort in spreading Islam, one in Sarepta and the other in Meiss al-Jabal. See also
 Sahaba
 Sulaym ibn Qays
 Ghaffari
 Sunni view of the Sahaba
 Muadh ibn Jabal
 List of expeditions of Muhammad

Notes

References

Further reading
 Madelung, Wilferd -- Succession to Muhammad, Cambridge University Press, 1997
 Watt, Montgomery -- Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford University Press, 1953
 Watt, Montgomery -- Muhammad at Medina, Oxford University Press, 1956

External links
 <mask> al-Ghifari (al-islam.org)
 And Once Again <mask>har by Dr. Ali Shariati
Short biographical sketch
About his asceticism
The power of belief

Year of birth missing
652 deaths
Muhajirun
Sahabah hadith narrators
Kinana

masks:
Abu Dharr Al
Abu Zr
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dharr
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu D
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dharr
Abu Dhar
Abu Dhar
Abu Dharr
Abu Dhar
Abu Dharr
Abu Dhar
Abu D
Abu Dharr
Abu Dhar
Abu D


texts:
<mask> (August 25, 1893 – October 3, 1970) was a U.S. Army infantry officer, military attache, and intelligence officer. He collected valuable intelligence on German military capabilities while serving in Berlin before World War II. During the war, he was a personal advisor to General George C. Marshall. He influenced the establishment of the new Bundeswehr to play a role in the Cold War. Early life and career

He was brought up and attended schools in Stamford, Connecticut. His father was killed in action at Cebu, Philippine Islands (February 1900). He attended Yale (1912–15) and earned a B.A., 100 years after his namesake grandfather.He was a graduate student at Columbia (1915–1916). He married Katherine Alling Hollister in 1917. U.S. Army

He served on the Mexican border as a lieutenant in the New York National Guard (1916), and was commissioned second lieutenant in the Regular Army November 30, 1916. In World War I he was a company commander and battalion commander in the U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment in France during the Marne and Meuse-Argonne Campaigns. He received the Silver Star (recommended for Distinguished Service Cross) and promotion to major for leading his battalion in capture of the Bois de Foret. He was in Coblenz during the occupation of Germany as political advisor to the officer in charge of civil affairs (January 1919 – June 1920), followed by nearly four years as assistant military attaché in Berlin (June 1920 – April 1924). In November 1922, <mask> was sent to Munich to research a local political organizer, Adolf Hitler.In his report filed to Washington, he prophetically identified the young Hitler as a "marvelous demagogue," who was the dominating force in his Bavarian fascist movement and that his forceful, logical, and fanatical speaking could sway a neutral listener. <mask> returned to Berlin as military attaché from 1935 to 1939. During the eleven years between postings in Berlin, he completed the U.S. Infantry School, Ft. Benning, Georgia (1927), attended the Command and General Staff School, Ft. Leavenworth (1928), returned to the Infantry School as an instructor (1928–32), attended the Army War College (1933), and served with the 27th infantry regiment, Schofield Barracks, Hawaii (June 1933 – April 1935). He returned to Washington, D.C., as a specialist on Germany in the U.S. Army military intelligence division, and as a personal adviser to General George C. Marshall (1939–1945). From Berlin in the late 1930s, he reported on German rearmament, Luftwaffe capabilities, and the increasing extent of the Germans' organization for war. He was friendly with important officers such as Werner von Blomberg (Minister of War). He arranged (May 1936) the first of Colonel Charles Lindbergh's five inspection trips to the German aircraft industry and the Luftwaffe.Senior Luftwaffe officers discussed air tactics and operations with Lindbergh; he flew a Messerschmitt Bf 109. The trips produced valuable intelligence. Lindbergh's public opposition to Roosevelt's war policies, among other things, made him unpopular. Accepting a medal from Hermann Göring fueled suspicion that he was a Nazi sympathizer and disloyal to his country. <mask> represented that Lindbergh's visits in fact provided valuable intelligence. <mask> was himself vulnerable to vilification as a defeatist or a German sympathizer, but Marshall, who had commanded him at Fort Benning, protected him. <mask>, by all accounts, served the army well during World War II, but he and his wife remained staunchly anti-Roosevelt in their outlook.Upon hearing of Roosevelt's death in April 1945, <mask> and his wife burst into roars of laughter and embraced each other and a friend. Retirement

He sought the Republican nomination for Connecticut's 4th congressional district in 1946, but lost to Hon. John Davis Lodge in 1946. He advised the Eberstadt (Armed Forces) Committee, part of the first Hoover Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch (1945–1946, or 1948). He was military aide to the governor of Connecticut. He translated, edited, and wrote the preface for Invasion, 1944: Rommel and the Normandy Campaign, by Lieutenant General Hans Speidel, Rommel's chief of staff. In 1958, General Albert Wedemeyer published an autobiographic book about WW II.In this book, he praised <mask> for his achievements during his time in Berlin and the quality of the reports he delivered, i.e. about the German re-armament. Wedemeyer pointed out that <mask> (and Charles Lindbergh) earned gratefulness of the United States but were criticized by a clique of politicians that wanted to ignore the war preparations of the Nazi regime. Awards
Distinguished Service Medal
Silver Star
World War I Victory Medal
American Defense Service Medal
American Campaign Medal
World War II Victory Medal
Army of Occupation Medal with "Germany" clasp

Distinguished Service Medal citation
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Colonel (General Staff Corps) <mask> (ASN: 0-4619), United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility, during the period from August 1935 to March 1938, and from 23 February 1942 through 19 January 1945. General Orders: War Department, General Orders No. 8 (February 7, 1945)

Action Date: August 1935 – March 1938 & February 23, 1942 – January 19, 1945

Silver Star citation
By direction of the President, under the provisions of the act of Congress approved July 9, 1918 (Bul. No.43, W.D., 1918), Captain (Infantry) <mask>, United States Army, is cited by the Commanding General, American Expeditionary Forces, for gallantry in action and a silver star may be placed upon the ribbon of the Victory Medals awarded him. Captain <mask> distinguished himself by gallantry in action while serving with the 4th Infantry Regiment, 3d Division, American Expeditionary Forces, in action in the Bois de Foret, France, 22 October 1918, and by his brilliant leadership of his battalion. General Orders: GHQ, American Expeditionary Forces, Citation Orders No. 4 (June 3, 1919)

Action Date: October 22, 1918

Dates of rank
2nd lieutenant, NYNG – 28 March 1916
1st lieutenant, NYNG – 11 November 1916
1st lieutenant, Regular Army – 6 December 1916
Captain – 14 July 1917
Major – 7 April 1919
Reverted to rank of captain – 16 March 1920
Major – 16 March 1928
Lieutenant colonel – 1 July 1938
Retired and called to active duty temporary rank of colonel – 1 February 1942
Released from active duty – 13 June 1946

Publications

1946    German General Staff Abdicates. Infantry Journal. 58: 22–7. Jan., 1946.1946    Stalingrad or Bust. Infantry Journal. 59:14-19. Aug., 1946. 1956    Lindbergh and the Luftwaffe. American Mercury. 82:93.April, 1956. 1960    Infamous- Record of Soviet Espionage. Reader's Digest. 77:36-42. Aug., 1960. (unpublished)

References

Further reading
 Gole, Henry G. Exposing the Third Reich: Colonel <mask> in Hitler's Germany (University Press of Kentucky; 2013) 400 pages

External links

1893 births
1970 deaths

People from West Point, New York
People from Stamford, Connecticut
Yale College alumni

Columbia University alumni
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army colonels
National Guard of the United States officers
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Recipients of the Silver Star
Deaths in Connecticut
United States Army War College alumni
New York National Guard personnel

masks:
Truman Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Truman Smith
Truman Smith
Smith
Truman Smith


texts:
<mask> (born August 31, 1982) is an American former competition swimmer, five-time Olympic medalist, and former world record-holder. During his career, he set world records in the 50- and 100-meter butterfly (long course and short course) and the 100-meter freestyle (short course). He has won a total of twenty-one medals in major international competition, spanning the Olympics, the FINA World Aquatics Championships, and the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships. He currently coaches for Western Hills Aquatic Club and has helped coach the Longhorns swim camp in 2019 as well as other years. Career
<mask>, who specializes in the butterfly, has received five Olympic medals in his career. In addition to his accomplishments at the Olympics, Crocker was the first man to ever swim under 51 seconds in the 100-meter butterfly. Crocker improved his world record of 50.98 twice, down to a time of 50.40 set at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, before being bested by Michael Phelps in 2009.2000-2001

At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Crocker was a member of the gold medal-winning 400-meter medley relay team and barely missed winning a bronze in the 100-meter butterfly. At the 2001 World Aquatics Championships, <mask> won a silver medal in the 100-meter butterfly, finishing behind Lars Frölander. 2003 World Aquatics Championships

At the 2003 World Aquatics Championships, Crocker won a total of three medals, two golds and one silver medal. In his first event, the 50-meter butterfly, Crocker won a silver medal finishing behind Australian Matt Welsh, who set the world record. <mask> is best known in these Championships for his world record performance in the 100 m butterfly final. After the semi-finals of the 100-meter butterfly, it seemed Crocker was out of the gold medal position after Andrii Serdinov and Michael Phelps went under the former world record. However, in the final of the 100-meter butterfly, Crocker swam a 50.98 to become the first man under 51 seconds and win the gold medal.When Crocker saw the time after the race, he thought the world record belonged to Phelps. <mask> earned his final medal, a gold, in the 4×100-meter medley relay. The American team recorded a time of 3:31.54 to beat the former world record set in 2002. 2004 Athens Summer Olympic Games

At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Crocker received a bronze medal as a member of the 400-meter freestyle relay team, a silver medal in the 100-meter butterfly, and a gold medal as a member of the world-record setting 400-meter medley relay team. Of the three medals he won at the 2004 Olympics, he is best remembered for his silver, as teammate Michael Phelps overtook him at the very end of the 100-meter butterfly to win the race by 0.04 seconds. Traditionally, the Olympian who places highest in an individual event will be automatically given the corresponding leg of the 4×100-meter medley relay for the finals swim. This gave Phelps an automatic entry into finals for the medley relay but he deferred that spot to the world record-holder and swam the butterfly leg in preliminary heats instead.Crocker had swum a slow leg leading off the 4×100-meter freestyle relay final, which may have cost the Americans a better medal, so Phelps' gesture gave Crocker a chance to make amends in a final. <mask> and the American medley team went on to win the event in world record time. (Phelps still received a gold, since he had swum in the preliminary heat of the medley relay.) 2005 World Aquatics Championships

At the 2005 World Aquatics Championships, <mask> won a total of three medals, two golds and one silver medal. In his first event, the 50 m butterfly, <mask> won a silver medal finishing behind South African Roland Schoeman, who set the world record. In the final of the 100 m butterfly, Crocker recorded a time of 50.40 to beat his own world record of 50.76 and win the gold medal. Crocker also handed Michael Phelps one of the worst losses in his career when Phelps finished over a second behind.With this win, <mask> was awarded a spot in the 4 × 100 m medley relay. <mask> did not disappoint and swam the butterfly leg in 50.39. The American team went on to win the gold medal. 2007 World Aquatics Championships
At the 2007 World Aquatics Championships, <mask> won two silver medals. In the 50-meter butterfly, Crocker won a silver medal finishing behind Schoeman. In the 100 m butterfly final, <mask> finished second to Phelps 50.82 to 50.77. In the heats of the 4×100-meter medley relay, Crocker dove in too early on an exchange, causing the disqualification of the American team.2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games

<mask> competed in his third Olympics as a medal contender for his signature 100-meter butterfly. Many felt <mask>'s career was on a slide due to a poor showing in the Olympic trials and having not broken the 51-second barrier in over 12 months. <mask> finished in a tie for third in the semi-finals, behind Australia's Andrew Lauterstein. In the finals, he finished fourth behind teammate Phelps, Milorad Čavić, and Lauterstein, beating Kenyan swimmer Jason Dunford. He missed the medal stand by one hundredth of a second. Despite not earning a medal in his signature event, Crocker was given the opportunity to swim for the 4×100-meter medley relay in the preliminary heats. He earned a gold medal for his contribution.2011 return to drug testing pool
In the third quarter of 2011, <mask> returned to the USADA drug-testing pool. This fueled speculation that he might be considering a return to competitive swimming after more than three years away from the sport. Personal

Crocker attended Cheverus High School in Portland, Maine. Following the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, he has taken a break and started a swim school with former Longhorn teammate Neil Walker. He is now the head coach for a swim club in Austin, Texas, called the Western Hills Athletic Club (WHAC). See also

 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
 List of University of Texas at Austin alumni
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (men)
 World record progression 50 metres butterfly
 World record progression 100 metres freestyle
 World record progression 100 metres butterfly
 World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
American male butterfly swimmers
American male freestyle swimmers
World record setters in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in swimming
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming
Sportspeople from Portland, Maine
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Texas Longhorns men's swimmers
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers from Maine
Cheverus High School alumni

masks:
Ian Lowell Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Ian Crocker


texts:
<mask> (born June 29, 1992) is an American professional mixed martial artist. She is signed to the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where she competes in the women's strawweight division and is the two-time and current UFC Women's Strawweight Champion. As of January 17, 2022, she is ranked #3 in UFC women's pound-for-pound rankings. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on , to Lithuanian parents who had moved to the United States in September 1991. She was named <mask> () in honor of her great-grandmother Rožė Gotšalkaitė Namajūnienė, whose husband Juozas was an Independent Lithuania military officer. He enlisted in the Lithuanian military in 1933, and was promoted to lieutenant in 1936. During the Soviet invasion of Lithuania in 1939, he fought in the resistance.After the Soviets occupied the country, Juozas was forced to enlist in the Red Army. Following the German declaration of war on the Soviet Union and the subsequent Soviet retreat from the Baltic states, Juozas left the Red Army and retired to civilian life. When the Soviets re-occupied Lithuania, Juozas was arrested by the NKVD and sent to a prison camp. He was killed by Soviet KGB agents near his home in 1968. Namajunas's grandfather Algimantas Andriukonis was a successful wrestler, and won national championships in Lithuania and competitions in the USSR. Namajunas regularly visits Lithuania and communicates in the Lithuanian language with her grandparents. Namajunas's father Arturas, who suffered from schizophrenia, left the family when <mask> was still young and died of pneumonia in Germany in 2008, when <mask> was 16.Her mother was a pianist, trained at the Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre. Namajunas grew up in Milwaukee in a tough neighborhood, where she was a witness to violence from a young age. Her mother worked a lot and her brother was only rarely home. Her neighborhood friends nicknamed her "Thug <mask>", due to the fact that she was the only white girl among them and was the smallest, yet she was the toughest one in their friend group. Namajunas has mentioned being a victim of child sexual abuse, while emphasizing that she does not want to speak about specific details. She graduated from Milwaukee High School of the Arts, where she was an accomplished cross-country runner. Martial arts training
<mask> started practicing taekwondo at the age of 5.She earned her poom belt (junior black belt) at age 9. After that, she went on to practice both karate and bjj. While in high school, she started training in kickboxing and mixed martial arts with Duke Roufus at Roufusport, and she was also a senior-year wrestler at Milwaukee High School of the Arts. Namajunas was scheduled to compete in a grappling match against Danielle Kelly on December 30, 2021, at Fury Pro Grappling 3 but was forced to withdraw from the event at the last minute due to a positive Covid-19 test and was replaced by Carla Esparza. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> began competing in MMA as an amateur in 2010. She trained under Greg Nelson at Minnesota Martial Arts Academy. She racked up a perfect amateur record of 4–0 with 2 wins by TKO and 2 by decision.Both of the finishes came in the first round. Invicta Fighting Championship
She made her professional debut against Emily Kagan at Invicta FC 4: Esparza vs. Hyatt on January 5, 2013. After two back-and-forth rounds, <mask> was able to secure the victory via submission due to a rear-naked choke in round three. The victory in her pro debut also earned her the Submission of the Night bonus. In her second professional appearance, <mask> faced Kathina Catron at Invicta FC 5: Penne vs. Waterson on April 5, 2013. She won the fight by submission due to a flying armbar just 12 seconds into the first round. This performance garnered Namajunas her second Invicta Submission of the Night award.Namajunas fought fellow undefeated prospect Tecia Torres at Invicta FC 6: Coenen vs. Cyborg on July 13, 2013. Namajunas lost the fight by unanimous decision. The Ultimate Fighter
On December 11, 2013, it was announced that Namajunas was signed by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) along with 10 other strawweight fighters to compete on season 20 of The Ultimate Fighter, which would crown the first-ever UFC strawweight champion. Namajunas was the fourth pick by coach Gilbert Melendez. She defeated Alex Chambers by submission due to a rear-naked choke in the preliminary round of the tournament. In the quarter-finals, Namajunas faced Joanne Calderwood. She won the fight via kimura in the second round.In the semi-finals, <mask> faced Randa Markos. She again won the fight via kimura in the first round. In the final of the tournament, she fought Carla Esparza on December 12, 2014 at The Ultimate Fighter: A Champion Will Be Crowned Finale for the inaugural UFC Women's Strawweight Championship. She lost the bout via rear-naked choke in the third round. Ultimate Fighting Championship

Despite losing in The Ultimate Fighter finale, <mask> was awarded two season $25,000 bonus awards for Performance of the Season and Fight of the Season for her bout with Joanne Calderwood. <mask> was expected to face Nina Ansaroff on May 23, 2015, in a preliminary bout at UFC 187. Prior to the fight, Ansaroff missed weight by 4 pounds and was fined 20 percent of her fight purse.The bout was scrapped entirely a couple of hours before the event, as Ansaroff was declared medically unfit to compete due to illness. According to Ansaroff's camp, she contracted the flu the week before, and the weight cut exacerbated the illness, forcing Ansaroff to abandon her weight cut early, and ultimately withdraw from the fight. Though the fight could not take place, Namajunas was paid her full fight purse (show- and win money). Namajunas fought Angela Hill on October 3, 2015, at UFC 192. After some back-and-forth striking exchanges on the feet, Namajunas took Hill down with a trip off a punch. As Hill stood up, Namajunas quickly secured a rear-naked choke, submitting Hill in the first round. In a quick turnaround, Namajunas faced streaking prospect Paige VanZant in the main event of UFC Fight Night 80 on December 10, 2015, replacing an injured Joanne Calderwood.<mask> won the fight midway through the fifth round via submission due to a rear naked choke. The win also earned <mask> her first Performance of the Night bonus award. On April 16, 2016, <mask> faced the undefeated Tecia Torres at UFC on Fox 19 in a rematch of their 2013 fight at Invicta FC 6. <mask> won the fight via unanimous decision. On July 30, 2016, <mask> fought Karolina Kowalkiewicz at UFC 201 in a match regarded as a title eliminator. Kowalkiewicz defeated <mask> via split decision. Both participants were awarded Fight of the Night for their performance.Namajunas faced Michelle Waterson on April 15, 2017, at UFC on Fox 24. Namajunas won by submission due to a rear-naked choke in round 2, marking the 5th submission finish in her career. Strawweight champion
<mask> faced Strawweight champion Joanna Jędrzejczyk at UFC 217 at Madison Square Garden in New York on November 4, 2017. She came in as a big underdog against the undefeated champion. Namajunas, in what was regarded as a huge upset, won by KO in first round to be crowned the new UFC Women's Strawweight Champion. The win also earned Namajunas her second Performance of the Night bonus award. This was <mask>'s first knockout victory in her professional career (2 TKO-wins as an amateur).At the UFC 217 post-fight press conference, Namajunas stated that she intended to use her champion status as a platform to spread awareness of mental illness. In the first defense of her title, Namajunas faced Jędrzejczyk in a rematch that took place on April 7, 2018, at UFC 223. She won the fight by unanimous decision. Namajunas spent the remainder of the year recovering from a lingering case of spinal stenosis from a C6 vertebral compression fracture, symptoms of which manifested while training with Valentina and Antonina Shevchenko in 2017, and had intensified during training camp for UFC 223. In her second title defense, Namajunas faced Jéssica Andrade in the main event at UFC 237 on May 11, 2019, in Andrade's home country of Brazil, in what would be <mask>'s first MMA fight outside the United States. Namajunas lost the fight by knockout via a slam in the second round. The fight earned her the Fight of the Night award.Post-reign
<mask> was scheduled to face Jéssica Andrade for a rematch on April 18, 2020 at UFC 249. On April 8, 2020, <mask> withdrew from the event, with her manager citing a pair of deaths in the family related to the COVID-19 pandemic as the reason. Instead the bout was rescheduled and eventually took place on July 12, 2020 at UFC 251. <mask> won the fight via split decision. This fight earned her the Fight of the Night award. Second reign as strawweight champion
<mask> faced Zhang Weili for the UFC Women's Strawweight Championship on April 24, 2021 at UFC 261. She won the fight by knockout early in the first round after landing a head kick, claiming the UFC Women's Strawweight World Champion for the second time.Namajunas became the first female fighter to regain a UFC Championship belt. The win earned Namajunas a Performance of the Night bonus award. The rematch between <mask> and Zhang for UFC Women's Strawweight Championship took place on November 6, 2021 at UFC 268. After a back and forth bout, Namajunas defended her title, winning the bout via split decision. 14 out of 22 media scores gave it to Namajunas. Fighting style
Namajunas utilizes forward movement while pressuring opponents with jabs and high kicks. She is known for her advanced technical striking and footwork, using a variety of angles and several creative adjustments.During her fight at Invicta FC 6, she directed a series of axe kicks, front kicks, and forward roundhouse kicks to her opponent's head. After closing the distance, she will sometimes attempt to grapple and execute a submission. Personal life
Namajunas is a Christian, and is an anti-communist. Prior to her first bout against Chinese fighter Zhang Weili, Namajunas spoke of the history of communist oppression in her ancestral homeland Lithuania and mentioned the documentary The Other Dream Team as an inspiration. She said the documentary gives a "good idea as to what my family had to go through, the reason I'm in the United States today, the reason that I do mixed martial arts, all of that stuff". She said that she viewed her fight with Zhang as symbolizing a fight between communism and freedom, saying that "Weili is red" and  "represents [communism]", relating it to her family's history under the former USSR regime in Lithuania, and stating that it is "better dead than red". In a further interview, Namajunas stated that her comments were not directed personally at Zhang, and said it was more about her own "internal battles" as well as some "generational PTSD".Zhang later said she ignored Namajunas' comments, stating "I believe as an athlete you have to focus on yourself." In describing her background and motivation for fighting, Namajunas stated, "I’ve got the Christ consciousness, I’ve got Lithuanian blood and I’ve got the American dream." Namajunas formerly had the nickname "The Riveter", which was a reference to the American cultural icon Rosie the Riveter. Her current moniker, "Thug Rose", was given by friends when she was young because of her intimidating scowl. Family
Namajunas is the fiancée and training partner of former Glory and UFC heavyweight  Pat Barry. <mask> and Barry met at Duke Roufus' gym, where Barry started training after losing his home to Hurricane Katrina in 2005, while Namajunas started training there during high school. He claims he fell in love with Namajunas the first time he saw her.In a December 2014 interview, Barry said that he and Namajunas were dating "for almost five years now", while Namajunas felt like it was "two or three years". The couple got engaged in 2014. Namajunas has a brother named Nojus, who once operated a private piano studio. Namajunas herself has played the piano since the age of five. Nojus also is a mixed martial artist, and made his professional debut in March 2021.

masks:
Rose Gertrude Namajunas
Namajunas
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas
Namajunas


texts:
<mask> (born 9 September 1975) is a retired New Zealand rugby union player. Previously, he played as a hooker for Marlborough (one of the predecessors to today's Tasman side) and Otago in the National Provincial Championship and Air New Zealand Cup, and spent twelve seasons with the Highlanders in Super Rugby. He earned 59 caps for his country and for a period was All Blacks captain. Early life
<mask> was born 9 September 1975 in Invercargill and spent the early years of his life in several small towns in the deep south of NZ. When he was seven he moved to Blenheim where he went on to be Head Boy of Marlborough Boys' College in 1993. During this time, <mask> made all of the possible New Zealand age group rugby teams – Under17, Under19, Under21, and the NZ Secondary Schools Team – captaining them all. He initially played at number 8 for the NZ under 17s.The following year he changed positions to hooker and made his provincial debut for Marlborough against Nelson Bays in when he was sixteen. He also represented NZ Secondary schools and 19s in 1993 – captaining both teams. In 1994, he represented NZ Under 19s (again the captain) and NZ Under 21s, and represented the Under 21s for the next two years – captaining the team in his last year. <mask> then went Dunedin in 1994 to study at the University of Otago and ended up spending his next 14 years there. He made his debut for the Otago first team in 1994 and played for Otago for 13 years. <mask> also played for the Highlanders rugby team and held the record for the most games for the Highlanders at 127. <mask> captained both teams.He also completed degrees in Commerce (Finance) and Physical Education while being a full professional rugby player. <mask>'s father <mask> was also an All Blacks captain, making them the first and only father-son All Black captains in history. All Blacks
<mask> first made the All Blacks as a reserve for a Bledisloe cup test match in 1995 aged 19. He was drafted directly from the NZ U21s team. He played his first game for the All Blacks the following year against Eastern Province in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Remarkably, almost twenty years to the day after his father played his first game for the All Blacks on the same ground against the same opposition. <mask> played his first test match against Fiji 1997.<mask> created the first father and son captain combination for the All Blacks when he was appointed as All Blacks captain in 2001. Father Frank <mask> captained the All Blacks in 1978 and was one of the hardmen of New Zealand rugby. He then ruptured his Achilles tendon at the end of the Super 12 season in 2002, which forced him to miss the entire All Black season. <mask> then made the All Blacks the following year, Reuben Thorne was now the captain. <mask> was dropped for the World Cup in Australia and was a surprise recall to the team in 2004 for the end of the year tour reflecting a desire by the coaching staff for the All Blacks to regain the forward power that so characterised the All Black team of 1995–97. From then until his retirement from international rugby after the 2007 Rugby World Cup, he was either the first choice hooker for the All Blacks or contending for first choice with Keven Mealamu. In total he played 298 first class games.[2] and was in a member of the All Blacks for thirteen years – an astonishingly long time and a testament to <mask>'s ability, resilience and tenacity. <mask> was labelled as the "thinking man's rugby player" and in his book autobiography "<mask>, Inside" (2005) he wrote about many issues that face the modern day All Blacks that had not been discussed before. ‘Inside’ was widely regarded as erudite, insightful and not the norm for a rugby book. After All Blacks
In May 2007, <mask> signed a two-year contract to play with French rugby club Toulon after the completion of the Rugby World Cup. He joined up with legends of the world rugby game, including Springbok Victor Matfield, former Wallaby Captain George Gregan, former All Black Andrew Mehrtens and former All Black captain Tana Umaga. After 14 years in Otago playing rugby <mask> decided that it was time for a change. Turning down numerous offers to play rugby in the United Kingdom <mask> chose to play rugby in France, which he felt would be more suited to his love of culture.<mask> helped Toulon win the Pro D2 title and earn automatic promotion to the following season's Top 14. He then decided to leave Toulon after only one year and announced his retirement from professional rugby, heading to the University of Oxford to study for a postgraduate degree. Retirement
At the University of Oxford, <mask> read for an MSc in Biodiversity, Conservation and Management at Worcester College. His dissertation involved him travelling to the Ringgolds Islands, an outlying archipelago of Fiji, for a month of research on the relationship between poverty and conservation. He played a major role in the 2008 Varsity Match against Cambridge, the first victory for Oxford in four years. [4][5]

<mask> then spent the next three years living and working in London. He currently works for asset managers M&G in London in a corporate governance position for M&G's global equities team.During this time he also went to the University of Cambridge where he read for an Executive MBA and is a member of Pembroke College. <mask>'s dissertation focused on leadership in business, specifically sense making and sense giving: how leaders make sense of an uncertain, chaotic economic environment and then how leaders communicate and ‘make sense’ of this information to different stake holders. Life outside rugby
<mask> is known as a modern NZ renaissance man because of his rare interest and involvement in sport, academia, the arts, and various environmental, social and political issues. He is a well known supporter of the arts and has friends with several prominent NZ poets, writers and painters. He posed nude for a Simon Richardson realist painting that challenged cultural and sporting stereotypes, although he had not intended for it to become public knowledge that he was the artist's model. In 2013 <mask> toured NZ with the NZ Symphony Orchestra narrating Prokofiev's ‘Peter and the Wolf’. In tandem with the tour <mask> went to several schools advocating to students the role of the arts in their lives – specifically the role the arts can have in finding one's authentic self and as a medium for a greater emotional engagement with oneself.He was also a member of Save Central and an outspoken critic against Meridian Energy's Project Hayes, a planned new 630MW windfarm. Save Central won the last hearing in the High court and Project Hayes has not been granted consent and <mask> was a publicly – as a current All Black at the time, this was a very rare and controversial position. More recently <mask> became a water conservation spokesperson for Fish and Game, bring awareness to river degradation and overuse issues in a NZ context. He has written on environmental issues for the literary journal Landfall. <mask> was Marlborough Boys’ College's sportsman of the decade, has been inducted into the University of Otago's Hall of Fame. He is also one of KEA's World Class New Zealanders. <mask> has written an autobiography called ‘Inside’ and presented three television non-fiction documentaries.He is patron and ambassador for several environmental and child health charities, including patron to the Yellow-eyed Penguin Trust and patron to Generation Zero, a youth-led organisation focused on minimising climate change. He is an Ambassador for Cure Kids, a charity that funds research into finding cures for life-threatening illnesses that affect children, and an Ambassador for the Shackleton Foundation, which supports budding leaders and social entrepreneurs with inspirational projects that have the power to make a difference to the lives of disadvantaged and socially marginalised young people. <mask> has had an interest in politics, being the patron for the Coalition of Open Government and a spokesperson for the MMP Referendum. He also has a pilot's licence. References

Sources
The Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Rugby by Ron Palenski, Rod Chester & Neville McMillan, page 165 (4th edition 2005, Hodder Moa Beckett, Auckland)

External links

1975 births
Living people
New Zealand international rugby union players
New Zealand rugby union players
Highlanders (rugby union) players
Oxford University RFC players
Rugby union players from Invercargill
Rugby union players from Dunedin
Rugby union hookers
Barbarian F.C. players
RC Toulonnais players
University of Otago alumni
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Marlborough rugby union players
People educated at Marlborough Boys' College
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge

masks:
Anton David Oliver
Oliver
Anton
Anton
Oliver
Oliver
Anton
Frank Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Anton Oliver
Anton Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Anton


texts:
<mask> (18 August 1907 in Torgau – 19 November 1993) was a German prehistorian and also a pioneer of Medieval archaeology, especially of the excavation of abandoned villages and castles. <mask> worked on various periods, but mainly in central Germany – the names of two important Neolithic archaeological cultures in the area, the Baalberge group and the Salzmünde group derive from him. His comprehensive excavations in Hohenrode and Tilleda are important milestones in the history of German archaeology. Life

Early career
<mask>, son of a paymaster, graduated from high school at Aschersleben in 1925 and then studied at the University of Halle, where he was instructed in prehistory, history, classical archaeology, German studies, geography and geology until 1929. He first participated in an excavation in 19 27 under Hans Hahne. From 1929 he was a research assistant at the State Bureau for Prehistory. In 1929 he was awarded a doctorate for his dissertation on Die vor- und frühgeschichtliche Besiedlung des Unterharzes und seines Vorlandes auf Grund der Bodenfunde (The Prehistoric and Protohistoric Settlement of Lower Harz and its Foothills on the basis of Archaeological Finds).His examiners were Hahne and Georg Karo. <mask> was a member of the German Youth Movement and from 1926 to the völkisch youth league Adler und Falke (Eagle and Falcon). Well before the Nazi seizure of power he was a member of the Mannus-Society for "Aryan prehistory" and the prehistoric division of the Militant League for German Culture. On 1 February 1933, <mask> joined the Nazi Party and was registered as party member 1,447,316. He was a Blockleiter from 1933 to 1934. In 1935, <mask> was curator and acting director of the State Bureau for Volk Studies in Halle. From 1935 he was editor of the journal Mitteldeutsche Volkheit – Hefte für Vorgeschichte, Rassenkunde und Volkskunde (Central German Volk Studies – Volumes on Prehistory, Racial Studies and Volk Studies) along with the leader of the Volk Studies department, Heinz-Julius Niehoff.After he achieved his habilitation with his work on the Salzmünde Culture he was employed as Reader and Director of the State Bureau of Volk Studies in Halle from 1939 to 1945. Second World War

On 22 October 1940, <mask> was called up for military service. From January 1942 until November 1942 <mask> was an employee of the "Sonderstabs Vor- und Frühgeschichte" (Task force for Prehistory and Protohistory) at the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce. The Rosenberg Taskforce was a subdivision of the Nazi party tasked with confiscating artistic and cultural treasures throughout German-occupied Europe and to use them to advance Nazi ideology. <mask> was also leader of the State Agency for Prehistory and Protohistory in Kiev was first tasked with taking control of the various prehistoric artefacts in the Ukraine, especially those which could be used to argue for the role of Germanic peoples in Ukrainian prehistory, and with putting on an exhibition in Kiev for the Wehrmacht based on Nazi historical ideas. He organised the transfer of the Collection of the Kiev Institute of Archaeology from the destroyed Lavra to a new museum. In the following years, the Ukrainian and German sides praised his great personal service, as manifested in his sound scholarly work and his personal conduct towards Ukrainian museum staff.From November 1942 until December 1944, <mask> was drafted into the army for a second time. After he was discharged due to sickness, <mask> was employed by the Institute for Eastern Studies in Schloss Höchstädt, Dillingen. There, with several colleagues, <mask> managed the most important depot of prehistoric and protohistoric artefacts and Volkish objects plundered from the occupied Soviet territories. Immediately before the arrival of the American army, <mask> was promoted to be Leader of the "Bergungsstätte Höchstädt" (Höchstädt Collection Point). <mask> surrendered the collections to the Americans and left Höchstädt for Halle in June 1945, without questioning. Ernst Klee, Gunter Schöbel und Thomas Widera accuse <mask> of being at the very least an accomplice in the theft of artefacts from the occupied territories. <mask> had not demonstrably participated in the conveyance of Ukrainian artefacts to Höchstädt from Kiev, so this accusation is controversial.Joachim Herrmann argues that <mask> did not support the appropriation and even subverted it. Given <mask>'s activities in Kiev and Höchstädt, however, it is impossible to deny his knowledge. Postwar activities
In December 1945, <mask> was dismissed from the public service for his membership in the Nazi party. On 26 February 1946, <mask> was arrested by the NKVD and interned in the Special camp at Torgau. In December 1946 he was taken from there to Buchenwald, from which he was released on 3 February 1950. He was never sentenced by the Soviet side and was later invited to archaeological conferences in Russia and the Ukraine on several occasions. In 1951 he became a member of the East Berlin Academy of Sciences and worked in the Commission for Prehistory and Protohistory.After holding several teaching positions, he became Professor of the Humboldt University of Berlin in 1955 and from 1957 he was the assistant to the director of the Institute for Prehistory and Protohistory in the Academy of Sciences. In 1955 he was also made a member of the German Archaeological Institute. From 1956 until 1972 he was editor in chief of the journal Ausgrabungen und Funde, Nachrichtenblatt für Vor- und Frühgeschichte (Excavations and Finds, Current Events in Prehistory and Protohistory). He was a member of the editorial board of Natur und Heimat (Nature and Home) from 1953 to 1962 and Zeitschrift für Archäologie (Journal of Archaeology) from its first volume in 1967 until 1973. <mask> participated extensively in popular scholarship through articles, brochures and tours of excavations as well as through his membership in the Cultural Association of the DDR, for which he delivered numerous lectures about many subjects, especially the excavations at Tilleda. Especially in his pioneering excavations of the abandoned Medieval village of Hohenrode and Tilleda Palace, the first entirely excavated Kaiserpfalz, <mask> was responsible for great advances in German archaeology. These excavations and especially his theoretical discussions made <mask> a pioneer of Medieval archaeology.He stressed that archaeological and literary sources had essentially equal authority, but nevertheless saw a close connection between the archaeological and historical data. Publications (Selection)
Hohenrode, eine mittelalterliche Siedlung im Südharz. [Hohenrode, a Medieval Settlement in South Harz] Halle 1939 (= Veröffentlichungen der Landesanstalt für Volkheitskunde Halle, 11)
Die vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Burgwälle der Bezirke Halle und Magdeburg. [The Prehistoric and Protohistoric Earthworks in the Districts of Halle and Magdeberg] Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1958 (= Handbuch vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Wall- und Wehranlagen, ed. by Wilhelm Unverzagt, Part 1 = Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Schriften der Sektion für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Vol. 6)
Der Beitrag der Archäologie für die Erforschung des Mittelalters.[The Value of Archaeology for Research on the Middle Ages] (in Heinz A. Knorr (Ed. ): Probleme des frühen Mittelalters in archäologischer und historischer Sicht, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1966, pp. 39–74)
Tilleda; eine Königspfalz am Kyffhäuser Teil 1. Die Hauptburg. [Tilleda; a Royal Palace at Kyffhäuser. Part 1. The Donjon] Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1968 (= Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.Schriften der Sektion für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Vol. 24)
Tilleda; eine Königspfalz am Kyffhäuser Teil 2. Die Vorburg und Zusammenfassung. [Tilleda; a Royal Palace at Kyffhäuser. Part 2. The Bailey and Synopsis] Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1990 (= Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Schriften der Sektion für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Vol.40)

Bibliography
 Karl-Heinz Otto, Joachim Herrmann (Ed.). Siedlung, Burg und Stadt. Studien zu ihren Anfängen. Akademie, Berlin 1969 (Schriften der Sektion für Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Vol. 25, ) [Festschrift for <mask>]. Lothar Mertens.Das Lexikon der DDR-Historiker. Saur, München 2006, , pp. 247–248. Henrik Eberle. Die Martin-Luther-Universität in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus. Mdv, Halle 2002, , pp. 372f

External links

 Detailed website in memorial of Prof. <mask> with detailed documents, records, a biographical precis and a list of publications.Brief biography of <mask> in the Catalogus Professorum Halensis, accessed 1 October 2009

References

1907 births
1993 deaths
People from Torgau
People from the Province of Saxony
Nazi Party members
German medievalists
Prehistorians
Archaeologists from Saxony
German male non-fiction writers
Militant League for German Culture members
Humboldt University of Berlin faculty
German Army personnel of World War II

masks:
Paul Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Paul Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Paul Grimm
Paul Grimm
Grimm
Grimm
Paul Grimm
Paul Grimm
Paul Grimm


texts:
<mask> (, born 19 August 1987) is a German professional racing driver who currently serves as a reserve driver for the Aston Martin F1 Team. He drove in Formula One in  and from  to . In 2015, he also contested two rounds of the 2015 FIA World Endurance Championship season for Porsche, winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans on his first attempt. He was the 2009 champion of the GP2 Series, and is a previous champion of both the Formula 3 Euro Series and A1 Grand Prix, as part of A1 Team Germany. He is one of six drivers since 2005 to win the GP2 Series/Formula 2 championship in his debut season, the others being Lewis Hamilton, <mask>, Charles Leclerc, George Russell, and Oscar Piastri. , Hülkenberg holds the record for the most Formula One career starts without a podium finish, a record he broke when he failed to finish in his 129th race (the 2017 Singapore Grand Prix) and in so doing passed Adrian Sutil's previous record of 128; Hülkenberg's record stands at  . Hülkenberg raced in Formula One in  with the Williams team.Despite claiming the first pole position for Williams in more than five years, he was not retained for  and joined Force India as a test and reserve driver. He was promoted to a race seat with the team for the  season, joining Paul di Resta. In  he drove for the Sauber team, with Mexican driver Esteban Gutiérrez as his teammate. <mask> returned to Force India for the  season. In October 2016, it was confirmed that he would switch to Renault for . He was replaced by Esteban Ocon for the 2020 Formula One season. He returned to Formula One in 2020, driving for Racing Point in three races.Early life
<mask> was born in Emmerich am Rhein, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany to Klaus Dieter and Susanne <mask>. Dieter <mask> owns a shipping company, Hülkenberg Spedition e. K, based in Emmerich am Rhein. Hülkenberg trained as a freight forwarding agent at his father's company. He is fluent in Dutch, German, French and English. Career

Early career
Hülkenberg made his karting debut in 1997, at the age of 10. In 2002 he was German Junior Karting Champion and the following year he won the German Kart Championship. Hülkenberg was previously managed by Willi Weber, the long-time manager of Michael Schumacher.Weber predicted that <mask> would be ready for Formula One by . He also praised <mask> as an "unbelievable talent" and said he reminded him of Schumacher as a young driver. He also stated that he nicknamed him "The Hulk", after the fictional superhero, in reference to <mask> changing his personality whilst at the wheel. Formula BMW (2005)
Hülkenberg made his German Formula BMW debut in 2005, dominating the championship and winning the title comfortably. He finished first in the Formula BMW world final but was stripped of the win after it was claimed he had brake-tested his rivals during a safety car period. A1 Grand Prix (2006–2007)

<mask> also joined the German A1 Grand Prix team for the 2006–07 season. Nine wins in his rookie season made him the most successful driver in A1GP history.It meant he almost single-handedly won Germany the championship with 128 points, 35 more than Team New Zealand. Formula Three (2006–2008)

<mask> finished fifth in the German Formula Three Championship (ATS Formel 3 Cup) in 2006. For 2007 he switched to the Formula 3 Euro Series with the ASM team that had taken Lewis Hamilton and Paul di Resta to the last two championships. His first win came at the Norisring from 18th on the grid, he won again in the rain at Zandvoort and added a third at the Nürburgring. But he ran into trouble at Magny-Cours, being penalised in qualifying for passing the chequered flag twice, and crashing into Filip Salaquarda in the race. Hülkenberg won the non-championship Masters of Formula 3 race at Zolder from teammate (and F3 Euro Series championship leader) Romain Grosjean after Grosjean stalled at the start. <mask> won the Formula 3 Euro Series championship in 2008.Hülkenberg amassed 76 of his total of 85 points during the feature races on Saturdays, taking seven wins in the progress. GP2 Series (2009)

Hülkenberg made his GP2 Asia Series début for the ART Grand Prix team at the third round of the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series in Bahrain, where he took pole position at his first attempt. He finished both races in fourth place and this left him in seventh place in the championship. His second race weekend in Qatar, saw him become the first night race pole-sitter, and promptly turned that into becoming the first race-winner under lights after a dominant performance. Such was his performance that he ended up over thirteen seconds clear of second-placed driver Sergio Pérez. He finished third in the sprint race, taking his championship points tally to 27 from just four races. Despite this, he finished sixth in the championship.Hülkenberg continued with ART into the 2009 GP2 Series, partnering Pastor Maldonado, and took his first win in dominant fashion, during his home round of the series at the Nürburgring. With the series' top eight inverted grid, <mask> started eighth for the sprint race. He won the sprint race as well, becoming the first driver to do the weekend double since Giorgio Pantano at Monza in the 2006 season. In doing so, he became only the second driver to complete the clean sweep, with pole position, two fastest laps and two wins; equalling the achievements of Nelson Piquet, Jr., who achieved it at the Hungaroring, also in 2006. <mask> clinched the title with two races to spare, after a third-place finish in the Monza sprint race, shadowing Brazilians Luiz Razia and Lucas di Grassi home. The result left him with an unassailable 22-point lead heading to the final round, and in the process becoming the first driver to clinch the championship without the need for a final round decider. A fifth win followed at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve, allowing Hülkenberg to break the 100-point barrier, and eventually won the title by 25 points from Vitaly Petrov.Worthy of note is that Hülkenberg ended the season 64 points clear of his teammate Pastor Maldonado, who would later go on to get his Williams race seat for the 2011 Formula One season. Formula One

Hülkenberg first drove a Formula One car in a test for Williams in 2007. His manager, Willi Weber, had organised the test after failing to conclude a deal with Renault boss Flavio Briatore. The two-day test was held at the Circuito de Jerez in Spain, and Hülkenberg outpaced Williams's driver Kazuki Nakajima, and set laptimes 0.4 seconds slower than <mask>. Hülkenberg's performance at the test led to the Williams team signing him as a test driver, and he competed in several test sessions in addition to racing in lower formulae. His test contract with Williams was extended for 2009, despite in-season tests being banned from that season. Hülkenberg would also act as the team's reserve driver, in the event of the regular drivers being unable to compete.Williams (2010)
On 2 November 2009, <mask> was confirmed to race for Williams in . <mask>'s teammate for his first season would be the experienced driver Rubens Barrichello, who moved from Brawn GP which in turn was bought out by Mercedes-Benz. Hülkenberg made his debut at the , recovering from an early spin to finish in fourteenth position. At the second round in Australia, he was involved in a first-lap incident with Kamui Kobayashi, after the Japanese driver's front wing failed and sent him into the barrier, rebounding into the path of <mask>. At the third round in Malaysia, Hülkenberg made it to Q3 for the first time, qualifying in fifth place; out-qualifying teammate Barrichello for the first time. <mask> looked set to finish eleventh in the race until Fernando Alonso blew his engine three laps from the end, thus promoting <mask> to tenth place and with the new-for-2010 points system, <mask> along with Jaime Alguersuari scored their first points in Formula One. He was tenth again at Silverstone, and at the  he finished sixth, a career best.He also picked up points finishes in Italy, Singapore, and Korea. At the , Renault driver Vitaly Petrov misjudged a move at the start and cut across <mask>'s nose thus taking them both out of the race. Towards the end of the season there were reports that he could lose his seat at Williams to the GP2 Series champion Pastor Maldonado due to the money Maldonado could bring to the team. Force India's Adrian Sutil was also linked to replace Hülkenberg at Williams. On 6 November Hülkenberg gained his first Formula One pole position, by 1.049 seconds over Sebastian Vettel at the  in a rain-affected qualifying session. This was the Williams team's first pole position since the 2005 European Grand Prix. <mask> completed a final lap after pole position was already secured, increasing his gap to the rest of the field.After losing the lead on the opening lap, he eventually finished the race in eighth place, having been passed by drivers in more competitive cars. After the , team boss Frank Williams confirmed that Hülkenberg would not be driving for the team in . Force India (2011–2012)
2011

On 26 January 2011, <mask> was confirmed as Force India's reserve driver for the  season, where he would drive for the team in the Friday practice sessions. He replaced Paul di Resta, who was promoted to a race position in the team. Hülkenberg competed in the first practice sessions of all the races apart from Monaco, Hungary, Korea, India and Abu Dhabi. 2012

On 16 December 2011, Force India announced di Resta and <mask> would be their drivers for the 2012 season. <mask> qualified ninth for the , six places ahead of di Resta, but his race ended on the first lap after picking up damage in a first-corner incident before retiring further round the course.He picked up his first points for Force India the following weekend, at the ; he finished in ninth place, having started the race in sixteenth. He again qualified sixteenth, for the . He achieved his best Formula One finish with a fourth place at the . He had been running 2nd in the race, when he was jumped by Kimi Räikkönen during the pit stops, before the faster Red Bull of Sebastian Vettel passed them both. <mask> did not score any points in Italy or Singapore, but collected points at all of the next five , except on the Yas Marina Circuit where he was involved in a collision on the first lap, and subsequently retired. This was the first time he scored points in more than two races in a row. In the last race of the season, the 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix, <mask> qualified 7th but was promoted to 6th after Pastor Maldonado received a 10 place grid penalty.By lap three he had moved forward two places and on lap five he passed Fernando Alonso for third place. He moved into second position when McLaren's Lewis Hamilton pitted on lap 11. <mask> then passed Jenson Button at the start of lap 19 to take the lead. He and Button built up a 45-second lead before the safety car was deployed because of debris on the track. He still led until he was passed by Hamilton, after sliding at the entry of Turn 8 on lap 49. On lap 55 he collided with Hamilton when the rear of Hülkenberg's car slid out while trying to pass him at Turn 1. This ended Hamilton's last race for McLaren.After being given a drive-through penalty as a result of the incident, <mask> finished fifth - letting his first race win and podium finish slip through his fingers. Nevertheless, this allowed him to take 11th place in the Drivers' Championship from Kamui Kobayashi. <mask> finished the year 17 points ahead of his teammate Paul di Resta and he out-qualified him 12 times, to di Resta's eight. Sauber (2013)
On 31 October 2012 Sauber confirmed they had signed <mask> for the 2013 season to replace Kamui Kobayashi. Hülkenberg failed to start the  due to a leak in the fuel system of his Sauber C32; he had qualified eleventh for the race, but was withdrawn for safety reasons. At the , <mask> qualified in twelfth, but finished the race in eighth place. <mask> put in his best qualifying performance of the season to date at the Italian Grand Prix to put himself 3rd on the grid.After losing two places to the Ferraris of Felipe Massa and Fernando Alonso, he managed to keep 5th place even though harried by the Mercedes of <mask> towards the end of the race. By finishing in fifth place, he overtook Toro Rosso driver Jean-Éric Vergne in the Drivers' Championship. His best finish was at the Korean Grand Prix where he finished 4th after close battle with Hamilton and Alonso, in which he showed impressive defending skills and made no mistakes, in a battle where he overtook Hamilton more than once. Return to Force India (2014–2016)
2014

On 3 December 2013, Force India confirmed they had signed <mask> for 2014 to race alongside

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 Sergio Pérez. In the first round, Hülkenberg finished the  in seventh place – his first finish in Melbourne – but was promoted to sixth after the disqualification of second-placed Daniel Ricciardo. He later finished fifth at the , spending a large amount of time in fourth place, holding off Ferrari's Fernando Alonso before being overtaken. Another fifth place at Bahrain put Hülkenberg in third place of the drivers' standings, behind the two Mercedes drivers, Lewis Hamilton and <mask>.At the  <mask> took sixth place, taking eight points. He fell to fourth place in the Drivers' Championship after Fernando Alonso finished in third place. Force India lost second in the Constructors' Championship to Red Bull Racing. Consistent point scoring runs throughout the season meant that <mask> finished the season in 9th place in the Drivers' Championship with 96 points, a career best, compared to his teammate's 59 points and helped Force India achieve sixth place in the Constructors' Championship, following the improvements of Williams and McLaren throughout the season. His best result of the season was fifth place, which he achieved four times. In October 2014, Force India confirmed they had re-signed <mask> for 2015. 2015

In the opening round in Australia, he finished seventh, a lap down.However, he would not score again, in an uncompetitive Force India, until Canada. In Hungary, mid-race, he suffered a big crash at turn one when his front wing detached and he drove over it, sending him slightly airborne and into the barriers, costing him a potential fourth place. He then failed to finish five of the next seven races. In Belgium, he had a power unit failure on the way to the grid, while in Singapore, he was tagged by Felipe Massa at turn three and spun into the barriers, and received a three place grid penalty after being deemed responsible. In Russia he spun at turn two at the start and collected Marcus Ericsson, potentially costing him a podium finish, and in the United States he slid into Daniel Ricciardo and broke his front right suspension. He finished the season 10th with 58 points, 20 points behind his teammate, and helped Force India to secure fifth place in the Constructors' Championship and his best result of the season was sixth, which he achieved three times. 2016

<mask> again raced for Force India in 2016 alongside Sergio Pérez.In the opening round in Australia, he finished seventh. He would finish the next two races in 15th position with the Force India being uncompetitive. In Russia, he was hit by his former teammate Esteban Gutiérrez and retired from the race. He would also retire from the next race with an oil leak. A podium, once again, escaped <mask>'s grasp in Monaco. He qualified fifth and was set to finish on the podium, when he got stuck in traffic following his pit stop and his teammate jumped him for the final podium place. He eventually finished sixth, passing the eventual World Champion <mask>, who had struggled throughout the race, just before the finish line on the last lap.This was followed by points finishes at the next two races. He spun in qualifying during the 2016 European Grand Prix held at Baku, when the Force India was very competitive. This caused him to qualify 13th and finish 9th while Pérez qualified 2nd (demoted to seventh after a grid penalty) and finished third. At the following race in Austria, he put in another strong qualifying performance to qualify third, which became second when <mask> served his five-place grid penalty. However, he had a poor start, and was overtaken by quicker cars as the race went on, until his brakes failed and he had to retire. This was followed by five consecutive points finishes, including fourth at the 2016 Belgian Grand Prix, his best result of the season, when he was initially running second after the first lap but was eventually passed by the faster cars of Daniel Ricciardo and Lewis Hamilton. At the following race in Singapore, he was involved in a first lap collision, where he was squeezed between two drivers, and had to retire from the race.Hülkenberg finished eighth at the next two races. Having announced his decision to move to Renault for the 2017 season before the 2016 United States Grand Prix, <mask> put on some rejuvenated performances. He qualified seventh in the USA, before retiring after being squeezed in between Valtteri Bottas and Sebastian Vettel. He then qualified fifth in Mexico, ahead of the Ferraris and finished seventh. He outqualified his teammate again in Brazil and was running fourth, but he picked up a puncture from debris on the track, following Kimi Räikkönen's crash, costing him a podium finish, and fell outside the points before recovering to seventh, fending off Daniel Ricciardo towards the end of the race. He capped off his season in Abu Dhabi by outqualifying Pérez again to seventh place and finishing in the same position, having survived a collision with Max Verstappen on the first lap. Hülkenberg scored 72 points in the season, finishing ninth in the Drivers' Championship and helping Force India finish the Constructors' Championship in fourth.Renault (2017–2019)
2017

On 14 October 2016, Renault Sport announced that <mask> had signed a multiyear agreement to race with the Renault Sport Formula One team. He got his first points for the team at the third race of the season in Bahrain with 9th place, followed by 8th in Russia. <mask> then finished in 6th place in Spain, Renault's best result in the sport since returning in 2016. His point scoring streak ended in Monaco when he retired, when running in the points, with gearbox issues. He finished 8th in Canada, which was followed by a retirement in Azerbaijan, when he clumsily clipped the wall while running in a promising 6th place. In Austria, he finished 13th, finishing behind his teammate Jolyon Palmer for the first time, following a bad start. A new Renault upgrade brought massive improvement at the 2017 British Grand Prix as <mask> qualified and finished 6th.The car also proved to be the 'best of the rest' (behind Mercedes, Ferrari and Red Bull) in Hungary as he qualified 7th, but a 5 place grid penalty for a new gearbox meant that he started 12th on the grid. He was set to score points in the race, before a slow pit stop dropped him down the field and he eventually retired from the race. There was an incident during the race, when Kevin Magnussen had pushed Hülkenberg off the track as they were battling for position. Magnussen received a time penalty for the incident. <mask> confronted Magnussen while he was interviewed by Danish TV in the media pen, labelling him 'nasty' and the 'most unsporting driver of the whole grid' and Magnussen foul-mouthedly responded with 'suck my balls, mate'. <mask> entered the summer break with 26 points and in 10th place in the championship. <mask> returned from the summer break in Belgium in good form as he qualified 7th and finished 6th in the race.At Singapore, it was announced that Carlos Sainz Jr. would replace Jolyon Palmer, who at that time had scored 0 points to Hülkenberg's 34 points, for the 2018 season. <mask> qualified 'best of the rest' in 7th. After the first lap of the race, <mask> found himself in 3rd place, following the first corner collision and subsequent retirements of Sebastian Vettel, Kimi Räikkönen, Max Verstappen and the fast-starting McLaren of Fernando Alonso. He looked set to take his long-awaited first podium finish in Formula 1, until Daniil Kvyat crashed and brought out the Safety Car and a blunder in strategy by Renault left him in 5th place. He eventually got up to 4th place, before an oil leak brought about his retirement from the race, in which he succeeded Adrian Sutil to become the record holder for the most starts in Formula 1 without a podium finish. At the Japanese Grand Prix, it was announced that Carlos Sainz Jr. would replace Palmer for the rest of the season beginning at the next Grand Prix in Austin. In the race, he was running comfortably in the points for the majority of the race, when a failure in the DRS mechanism of his car, meant he had to retire from the race.In their time together as teammates <mask> scored 34 points to Palmer's 8 points and outqualified Palmer in all 16 races. In the USA, <mask> retired on lap 4 with an engine issue. In Mexico, he once again retired, again from a net 4th place, with an engine issue. This was the third time in a row that he had failed to finish a race and the fourth time in five races. At the Brazilian Grand Prix, he led home teammate Sainz to 10th place, his first points in almost 3 months, with his previous points finish being his 6th place finish at Belgium in August. He qualified 'best of the rest' in Abu Dhabi with 7th place. He finished the race in 6th place, having received a contentious 5-second penalty for passing Sergio Pérez off the track at the start of the race, when many believed he should have given the position back.He ended up building enough of a gap to Pérez that the time penalty did not affect his position. With 6th place, Renault overtook Toro Rosso in the Constructors' Championship for 6th place. This confirmed Renault's position as 6th in the Constructors' Championship and moved Hülkenberg up to 43 points for the season, the same as Massa, but courtesy of more 6th-place finishes, he ended the season 10th in the standings. He had outqualified his teammates over the course of the season 19-1 and outscored his teammates 43-14 over the course of the season. 2018
For the 2018 season, Hülkenberg remained at Renault, alongside Carlos Sainz, who was competing in his first full season for the Renault F1 team. Hülkenberg and Renault started the season well with a 7th and two 6th places in the first 3 races. The first race in Australia with Sainz finishing in 10th, marked the first double points finish for Renault in F1 since the 2011 Turkish Grand Prix.At the fourth race of the season in Baku, <mask> was handed a 5 place grid penalty for changing his damaged gearbox. He qualified 9th and would start 14th. This meant the end of his streak of starting the last 6 races 7th on the grid. He had made his way up to 5th place by lap 10, when he lost the rear of his car on lap 10, and clattered the wall with his left rear tyre and retired with suspension damage, ending his 5 race point-scoring streak. It was second time in two years that he had retired from a top 6 position in Baku from an unforced error. <mask>'s misfortune continued at the next race in Spain. He went out in Q1 for the first time in 59 races due to a fuel pressure problem with his car.Then he was taken out by the spinning Romain Grosjean on the first lap of the race. <mask> criticised Grosjean's driving following the crash, for which the Frenchman received a grid penalty for the next race. In Monaco, <mask> was outqualified by a teammate by merit for the first time since the 2016 Japanese Grand Prix. Nevertheless, he finished the race in 8th, having started in 11th, with his teammate Sainz obeying team orders late in the race to let him past. He followed this up with another point-scoring finish in Canada after qualifying and finishing the race in 7th. The next three races made up Formula One's first ever triple header in France, Austria and Britain. <mask> finished 9th in France, followed by a retirement from 9th in Austria with an engine failure.It was his 3rd retirement in 6 races and his 7th retirement in his last 16 races. However, he finished the triple header on a high, finishing 6th at the British Grand Prix. <mask> achieved his best ever result for Renault at his home grand prix in Germany with 5th place, overtaking Kevin Magnussen late on when the rain started to fall. After a refuelling problem limited him to only 13th on the grid, he finished 12th at the Hungarian Grand Prix. Nevertheless, he entered the summer break with 52 points and 7th in the championship as the effective leader of the midfield, which many drivers had started to dub the B championship of Formula 1 or 'Formula 1.5', due to very large gap in performance to the top three teams of Mercedes, Ferrari and Red Bull. In Belgium, Hülkenberg triggered a massive first corner collision after starting 18th due to engine penalties. Hülkenberg outbraked himself and hit Fernando Alonso, who was launched above the Sauber of Charles Leclerc, with one of Alonso's tyres hitting the new controversially introduced safety device, the halo.The collision also ultimately ended the races of both Kimi Räikkönen and Daniel Ricciardo. <mask> was deemed to have 'completely misjudged the situation' by the race stewards and handed a 10 place grid penalty for the next race. The spectacular crash was likened to the crash at the 2012 Belgian Grand Prix

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 initiated by Romain Grosjean. Following the incident, <mask> who had been a vocal opposer to the halo, introduced in 2018, admitted that it was 'pretty useful'. <mask> suffered a tough period of results, coinciding with Renault's loss of competitiveness, by only scoring 1 point in the next 4 races. He bounced back with a 6th place finish at the United States Grand Prix. With Sainz finishing in 7th, this was the best team result for Renault in a race since they rejoined the sport in 2016, beating the 7th and 8th place the two drivers had achieved in Canada earlier in the year.This was followed by another strong race in Mexico with another 6th place. His season ended with two successive retirements due to high engine temperatures in Brazil and after being rolled over into the barriers by Romain Grosjean in Abu Dhabi. Nevertheless, he finished the season as the "champion of the rest" in 7th place with 69 points, 7 points ahead of Sergio Pérez, as Renault also secured 4th place in the Constructor's Championship. 2019

For the 2019 season, <mask> was joined at Renault by multiple Grand Prix winner Daniel Ricciardo, who was signed from Red Bull. Hülkenberg, yet to score a podium in 158 races by the beginning of the 2019 season, said his "future in the sport depends on the outcome of the duel" as his ability could be measured "against a Grand Prix winner", for the first time since his rookie season in 2010, when he was teammate to Rubens Barrichello at Williams. Meanwhile, Renault managing director, Cyril Abiteboul, believed that the driver pairing was "one of the strongest - if not the strongest - driver line-up on the grid". Hülkenberg started the season strongly, outqualifying new teammate Ricciardo at his home race, but an engine issue prevented him from reaching Q3, leaving him 11th.He made a very strong start and finished the race in 7th. However, he was hit by misfortune in the next race in Bahrain. An engine mapping issue restricted him to 17th in qualifying. However, he had a fantastic race, moving up 11 places and being on course to finish 6th, surviving contact with Ricciardo on the way, when the Australian slid into him as <mask> overtook him. Then, on lap 53, 4 laps from the end, disaster struck as both <mask> and Ricciardo, running 6th and 10th respectively, both retired with engine issues at the same corner. Abiteboul stated that Renault's engine problems were "unacceptable". These issues were compounded, when <mask> again retired from a points-scoring position with engine issues at the next race in China, this time with a software issue.In Spain, <mask> crashed in qualifying and damaged his front wing. He had to fit a different specification front wing, which broke parc fermé rules, ensuring he would have to start the race in the pit lane. He would finish the race in 13th In the following race in Monaco, a chance of a points finish evaporated, when the Ferrari of Charles Leclerc hit Hülkenberg, while attempting an overtaking move, which the German labelled "too ambitious". Both drivers suffered punctures. <mask> recovered to 13th, but Leclerc eventually retired from the race. He then finished the next two races in 7th and 8th place in Canada and France respectively. At the British Grand Prix, he recovered to a 10th place finish, after he was hit by former teammate Sergio Pérez and his engine momentarily failing and going into 'limp mode', whilst also bemoaning the team's strategy.<mask> then crashed out of his home race in precarious wet conditions. He was in 4th place, having run as high as 2nd at one point, when he crashed out at Turn 16, where fellow drivers Charles Leclerc, race leader Lewis Hamilton and former teammate Carlos Sainz also went off. The latter two managed to survive their incidents and continue, while both Leclerc and Hülkenberg retired. Both retirees criticised the run-off of the corner, which is a different tarmac used for dragster racing, which meant there was no grip in the wet conditions to help prevent the accident. At the following race in Hungary, Hülkenberg was in the running for points, but then he suffered yet another engine problem on his Renault, which meant he was only able to finish in 12th place. Going into the summer break, Hülkenberg was only 14th in the championship with 17 points, 5 points behind new teammate Daniel Ricciardo in 11th place. Renault's points total of 39 points was 43 points behind the position they were in the previous year, after they suffered a disappointing first half of the season.Just before the Belgian GP it was announced by Renault that <mask> would be replaced by Mercedes reserve driver and former Force India driver Esteban Ocon for the 2020 season. <mask> said the decision was "not only about performance", alluding that the French Renault team desired a French driver, such as Ocon. Four-time World Champion Alain Prost, non-executive director for Renault Sport, said that Renault offered <mask> a new one-year contract, but the German refused the offer. <mask> would continue with Renault for the rest of the season, and started the second half of the season strongly by qualifying 7th in Belgium. A grid penalty meant he started 12th, and he fell even further back when he took evasive action to avoid collisions involving Verstappen, Räikkönen, Ricciardo and Stroll. However, he executed an alternate two-stop strategy and made up 3 places in the last lap to finish 8th. In Italy, both Renaults had a very strong weekend, with Ricciardo and Hülkenberg qualifying 5th and 6th respectively, with both drivers moving up a place to finish 4th and 5th, after Sebastian Vettel spun out of contention.This was Renault's best points haul since returning to the sport in 2016, and <mask>'s joint best result for the team. In Singapore, <mask> had initially qualified 9th but as teammate Daniel Ricciardo had been disqualified from qualifying as his car exceeded the MGU-K power limit, he started the race in 8th. In the race, <mask> was involved in a first lap collision with former teammate Carlos Sainz Jr. Both drivers suffered punctures and had to pit on the first lap and fell to the back of the field. However, he managed to recover to 9th place for his 3rd points finish in a row. <mask> started the next race in an impressive 6th place. However, his race was compromised by a bad start which left him outside the top 10.Having recovered to 9th place, the Renault pit crew dropped his car off the jack, which again dropped him out of the top 10. He eventually recovered to finish in 10th, overtaking Lance Stroll towards the end of the race. After the race, <mask> said that "everything that could go wrong did go wrong". Further misfortune hit Hülkenberg in Japan. He was restricted to only 15th in qualifying, after a mechanical failure in Q2 meant he could not set a representative time to progress further. However, in the race he made a fantastic start and was up to 10th place by the end of the first lap and he would end up finishing the race in that position. However, following a protest by rival constructor Racing Point, both Renault cars were disqualified for having a pre-set automated brake bias system that was deemed to be a driver aid, and thus illegal.This was <mask>'s first disqualification in his entire F1 career. He then managed to salvage a point at the following race with 10th after he was spun into the wall by Daniil Kvyat at the last corner of the last lap, when running in 9th. He crossed the line in 11th, without a rear wing, but was promoted to 10th after Kvyat was penalised for the incident. He followed this up with yet another points finish in the USA with 9th place. He suffered a difficult race in Brazil, where two safety car periods interfered in his strategy and left him 12th on the line. He was penalised for overtaking Kevin Magnussen before the safety car line during the safety car restart, and thus was classified 15th, his worst result of the year. He was voted Driver of the Day in the season finale in Abu Dhabi,  taking the title for the first time, after finishing 12th in what was his possible final race in Formula One, having failed to secure a drive for the 2020 season.He finished the season in 14th place, his lowest placing in the standings in the sport since his debut season in 2010, having scored 37 points across the season, 17 less than teammate Daniel Ricciardo. Racing Point (2020)
<mask> did not have a contract for the 2020 F1 season. He replaced Sergio Pérez at Racing Point for the British Grand Prix and 70th Anniversary Grand Prix after Pérez tested positive for SARS-2 coronavirus. For the British Grand Prix he qualified thirteenth but did not start the race due to an engine failure before the start of the race. <mask> would get another chance to race for the team at the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix  also at Silverstone Circuit after Pérez tested positive for COVID-19 again. He qualified in third behind the two Mercedes cars and although was on course to finish in 4th, Hülkenberg unexpectedly had high levels of tyre wear, which forced him to pit again. He then went on to finish seventh behind teammate Lance Stroll.Hülkenberg did not race at the Spanish Grand Prix as Sergio Pérez returned to racing after testing negative for COVID-19. He would replace the team's other driver, Lance Stroll, for the Eifel Grand Prix after the Canadian had sat out final practice due to feeling unwell. He finished the race in 8th after qualifying 20th, and last, on the grid, winning him the fans' vote of "Driver of the Day". Aston Martin (2021–present)
Aston Martin F1 Team (previously Racing Point) signed Hülkenberg as a reserve and development driver for the  season. Sportscars

It was confirmed in November 2014 that Hülkenberg would compete in the 2015 24 Hours of Le Mans in a third factory-backed Porsche 919 Hybrid. He also contested the Spa-Francorchamps round of the World Endurance Championship as preparation. On 14 June 2015, he won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race, driving alongside Britain's Nick Tandy and Earl Bamber of New Zealand.They completed 395 laps, one lap ahead of the car of their Porsche teammates Mark Webber, Brendon Hartley and Timo Bernhard, who took second place. This win was Porsche's first overall victory in the event since the 1998 24 Hours of Le Mans. Hülkenberg's triumph made him the first active Formula One driver to win at Le Mans since Johnny Herbert and Bertrand Gachot, who performed the same feat in 1991. IndyCar test
On 25 October 2021, Hülkenberg took part in a private IndyCar test at Barber Motorsports Park, driving the No. 7 Arrow McLaren SP (AMSP) car, with AMSP team principal Taylor Kiel stating in a report that Hülkenberg was in consideration for a third part-time entry in 2022. After completing over 100 laps, he set a best time of 77.454 seconds in his first test, roughly a second off of the fastest time, which was set by 2021 Indy Lights runner-up David Malukas. Hülkenberg ultimately declined an opportunity to pursue a career in IndyCar with McLaren, stating that he was unwilling to race on ovals and that he found the Dallara DW12 to be significantly harder to drive physically than the Formula One cars he was used to.Karting record

Karting career summary

Racing record

Racing career summary

Single seater racing results

Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Driver failed to finish the race, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. Sports car racing results

24 Hours of Le Mans results

Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Emmerich am Rhein
Racing drivers from North Rhine-Westphalia
German racing drivers
Formula BMW ADAC drivers
German Formula Three Championship drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans winning drivers
A1 Team Germany drivers
Formula 3 Euro Series drivers
Formula 3 Euro Series champions
GP2 Series drivers
GP2 Series Champions
GP2 Asia Series drivers
German Formula One drivers
Williams Formula One drivers
Force India Formula One drivers
Sauber Formula One drivers
Renault Formula One drivers
Racing Point Formula One drivers
Josef Kaufmann Racing drivers
ART Grand Prix drivers
Porsche Motorsports

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Nico Hülkenberg
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