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<mask>  (5 September 1904 – 18 October 1974) was a Norwegian political organiser, speaker and editor who led his eponymously named political party Anders Lange's Party into parliament in 1973. Educated as a forestry technician, <mask> got involved in politics following his stay in Argentina in the late 1920s. He joined the right-wing Fatherland League organisation upon his return to Norway in 1929, and he became a popular speaker at public rallies. His provocative style however often led to controversies. Although his agitation was chiefly directed against the political left, he also rejected the efforts of the far-right. He left the organisation in 1938 to join Landsforeningen Norges Sjøforsvar, where he agitated for strengthening the Norwegian armed forces and warned against the future world war. He was initially blocked from entering the organised Norwegian resistance during the Second World War, but nonetheless did work to assist resistance members, and he was arrested by the Germans and imprisoned twice.After the war, <mask> initially focused on his work as a kennel-owner, as well as to write and publish his own dog-owner's paper. Although he had pledged to not enter politics again, he became increasingly politically active. He started touring the country to speak at his public rallies, and the paper he published became increasingly political. He was a charismatic right-wing public speaker who first and foremost objected to high taxes, state-regulations and public bureaucracy. He gained a considerable following among youth in the 1960s, and their activities included to counter-demonstrate against left-wing demonstrations. Increasingly called upon by his supporters to establish a new political party, it was not until 1973 that he finally agreed to do so. The new party, named <mask>'s Party (ALP) was founded by popular acclamation during a public meeting at Saga kino.He successfully entered the Norwegian Parliament after the election later the same year, but his new-found political career came to an abrupt end when he died the following year. <mask>'s political party was reformed and renamed to the Progress Party after his death. Early life

<mask> <mask> was born in Nordstrand, Aker (now a part of Oslo) to doctor Alf <mask> (1869–1929) and Anna Elisabeth Svensson (1873–1955). He had two older siblings, Alexander and Karen. Although he was born in Aker, the family moved to Foss in Bjelland when he was only six weeks old, owing to his father being appointed district physician for a region consisting of Bjelland, Grindheim and Åseral. The <mask> family was originally from Holstein and Denmark, and included several prominent public officials, priests, doctors and businessmen. <mask> lived in Foss for his first seven years.<mask>'s parents were divorced in 1911, and Anna Elisabeth moved to Bergen with her three children. They lived in humble conditions in a guest house in Fjøsanger for the first two to three years. The family thereafter moved to Kristiania (now named Oslo), settling in Skillebekk. <mask> started his secondary education at Vestheim School in 1921, but failed to graduate examen artium. He subsequently moved to Kristiansand in 1923, and finished his education at Kristiansand Cathedral School in 1924. He was not interested in politics in his youth, spending his free time in outdoor recreation and sports. In Kristiania (Oslo), <mask> had played football and ice hockey for the club Mercantile SFK, and he continued to play football for FK Donn in Kristiansand.He broke his nose several times during play, giving him his characteristic crooked nose. <mask> held his first public speech (albeit a short one), the Kristiansand russ speech, on 17 May 1924 in honour of Henrik Wergeland. He thereafter served in the Royal Guards for his conscription service. During his time in the military, <mask> became interested in forestry after reading the 1923 book Skogen og folket by Christian Gierløff. He graduated as a forestry technician at the Oddernes forestry school in 1926. He had part of his practice in Andebu, and after graduating he continued working there for a local farmer. A cousin of his father later tipped him that he could get work at a forestry school in Argentina, and <mask> set out for the country in 1927.He went to port in Buenos Aires, got in connection with Kristiansand-based Norwegians, and travelled north to Tartagal near the border to Paraguay. He became engaged with the Saco company, and headed a work team of 15 men. <mask> had also brought with him football equipment to the country, and he became known by the locals as "Don André". <mask> lived in Argentina from November 1927 to June 1929, when he went home with his father's casket, his father having died of a heart attack when visiting <mask> at his office in Argentina. Political career

Interwar period
<mask> began his political career in the Norwegian right-wing Fatherland League organisation, which had been founded in 1925 by prominent figures such as Christian Michelsen and Fridtjof Nansen. <mask> received a letter from writer Olaf Benneche, supplemented with a letter from Nansen requesting him to come back to Norway and join the anti-communist movement, and he was invited to Nansen's property Polhøiden. According to <mask> himself, it was communism that shaped his views.He had read about communism since his youth, and concluded that it was a "poison" that would destroy humans, take away their liberties and relinquish the independence of nations. <mask> had also noted the stark political conflicts in Argentina during his stay in the country. His experience as an emigrant had led him to debunk what he saw as the left's negative view of patriotism (fedrelandskjærlighet). The growth of the left-wing labour movement at the same time caused a polarisation of Norwegian politics, and the Fatherland League's stated aim was to unite the political right against left-wing revolutionaries. <mask> became secretary of the Fatherland League's Agder branch in 1929, and marked himself in the first year by writing op-eds in newspapers and speaking at public rallies. In early 1933, when Vidkun Quisling was Defence Minister, <mask> was scheduled to host him at a public rally that was endorsed by the Agrarian Party (of which Quisling was a member at the time). The event led <mask> to get a complete distaste of him.<mask> was set to drive Quisling to the rally, and already when they met <mask> noted that Quisling seemed "as distracted as a St. Bernard," and that his handshake was "as limp as a sponge." Quisling did reportedly not say a single word during the five-mile drive to the rally, and his speech was a disaster due to his failure to speak audibly (he would not use a microphone). At the Fatherland League's subsequent national convention in 1933, a faction sought to tie the organisation closer to Quisling's then-newly founded party, but <mask> loudly opposed the proposal and attacked Quisling as "the worst Defence Minister this country has ever had." Quisling left the Fatherland League following the convention. Although accused by the left of fascism, <mask> distanced himself from the ideology, and instead considered it to "live on" through socialism and trade unions. <mask>'s later activities consisted mainly of holding public rallies, and his provocative style often got him into physical altercations with left-wing labour activists. His most controversial stunt was in 1935, when he sought to "demonstrate" the Labour Party's attitude towards the existing society.Inspired by an earlier stunt of the Labour Party's youth organisation (AUF), <mask> demonstratively stood above a volunteer soaked in pig's blood, lying over a truck, and "threatening" him with a hammer. The stunt led to clashes with AUF activists (<mask> eventually broke his jaw), and as <mask>'s stunt had not been approved by neither the Fatherland League's local branch nor its central leadership, <mask> was transferred to Oslo. He then held the position as national leader of the Fatherland League's youth organisation from 1935 to 1936. <mask> was considered a great speaker, and his rhetoric changed between being largely gentle or more vulgar. During a 1935 speech, <mask> warned against both socialism and Nazism, often alleging the "dictatorial tendencies" he saw in the Labour Party. He in turn criticised Norway for being "ripe for dictatorship," owing to Norwegians having "stopped thinking" and uncritically accepted "supervisory boards, editorials, propaganda and dozy parliamentarians." <mask> travelled through most of the country to hold speeches, including Northern Norway.<mask> left the Fatherland League at the end of 1938, and joined Landsforeningen Norges Sjøforsvar ("Country Confederation for the Naval Defense of Norway") as its general secretary. The organisation's purpose was to inform about the importance for Norway of the sea, and thus of the Norwegian navy. <mask> continued to travel around the country in order to show films and hold speeches. He agitated for strengthening the Norwegian Armed Forces, and increasingly warned against a possible world war, and how Norway could be pulled into it. <mask>sen rifle, telling the audience to "get ready for war," and asking rhetorically when Norway would arm its forces. <mask> travelled to the Norwegian Parliament on 8 April 1940, and begged Labour Party MP Torvald Haavardstad to mobilise the Norwegian army.Haavardstad in turn responded that <mask> should quit "this hysterical defence talk." Second World War
On 9 April 1940, Norway was invaded by Nazi Germany. Part of the background for <mask>'s predictions about the future war was the letters he sent to several foreign heads of state, including Winston Churchill and Adolf Hitler. He asked in a letter what Hitler's plans were with his "Third Reich", and received response from German authorities that "Nazi Germany will triumph on all fronts." <mask> had several Jewish friends, and considered their situation to be under such threat in 1939/40 that he thought they should escape before a German invasion of Norway. He managed to reserve 100 seats on the Norwegian America Line for Jews to escape, but none of the seats were taken. <mask> and several of his friends from the Fatherland League were eager to join the resistance forces of the Norwegian Campaign, and they set out to Nordmarka on skis on 10 April.<mask> had with him a machine gun and 1,000 bullets, but was forced to turn his weapon in when they met other resistance members. He was considered to be "not reliable" on account of his time in the Fatherland League, and he was left to ski back to Oslo. <mask> became dejected and bitter as a result of his treatment, and he was left to think that the Labour Party, which he had criticised for not arming the defence before the invasion, had now also taken over control of Nordmarka. <mask> was imprisoned at Møllergata 19 in September 1940 for getting into a fight at Theatercaféen with Eyvind Mehle, an associate of Vidkun Quisling. The incident happened the day after Mehle had attacked King Haakon VII in a speech. <mask> refused to greet Mehle when he came past his table, responding that "I don't greet Norway's greatest turd in another way than this," and then slapped Mehle in the face. <mask> thereafter grabbed Mehle and threw him through a door twice.<mask> refused to apologise to Mehle, and was captured by German police the following day. <mask> was imprisoned for four months, and was released in early 1941. His house was searched several times by the Gestapo when he was in prison. On other occasions, <mask> and his family also hid Norwegians who planned to escape to Sweden in their house. Following his release from prison, <mask> assisted resistance members with information work. He thus came under investigation by the police, as he was "known for being an opponent of NS." In 1942 he was captured and imprisoned once more at Møllergata 19 after his house was raided by German police.It was during his times in prison that <mask> started thinking seriously about practical politics. He was according to himself not tortured or abused in prison, but to his satisfaction he was left alone to just read books and think. Postwar years
For the 1945 parliamentary election, <mask> was offered to run for election by the Conservative Party, the Agrarian Party and the Labour Party, but he turned the offers down. <mask> instead started working as the secretary of Norsk Kennel Klubb, a Norwegian dog-owner's club. He was also hired as a columnist in Morgenbladet, writing about the dog community every Monday. <mask> moved to Svartskog, Oppegård with his family in late 1946, where he started working to establish a kennel. He thereafter quit his engagement for Morgenbladet as he started his own paper instead, Hundeavisen (lit."dog paper"). At the time, there were no independent publications such as this for the dog community, and <mask> went to great lengths to spread news about his paper. He (helped by his family) sent about 75,000 letters to dog owners, institutions and dog associations throughout the country, informing them about the new paper. The first issue was published in June 1948. He maintained that politics were to be "banished" from the paper, except for issues directly related to the dog community; he thus criticised the tax on dog-keeping, and the ban on dogs in Oslo tenements. Although <mask> had promised to quit politics after the war, he sought to restart the Country Confederation for the Naval Defense of Norway by late 1947. He thought that the Labour Party government had returned to the pre-war negligence of the Norwegian defence, and that it was a "tactic" by the "communists" in order to allow the Soviet Union to grow itself stronger.His attempt to start the organisation again did however not materialise. Instead of this, one of the main issues for <mask> until the early 1950s was to agitate for animal rights. This

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 in turn led him back to his earlier issues of criticising bureaucracy, state capitalism and socialism. He arranged a public meeting at Youngstorget for the first time in 1950, and was thereafter sponsored by an anonymous group to hold one hundred political speeches throughout the country. One time he gathered a crowd of 19,000 people on Youngstorget, who started chanting "<mask>, Norway needs you, Norway needs you." <mask> himself was rather startled by the event, as he thought it recollected pre-war personality cults. He stopped touring in 1953 due to financial problems.He also stopped publishing the paper Hundeavisen in September 1953, as one of his associates had embezzled  from the paper's funding. Although <mask> got most of the money back, the paper was not published for seven years. <mask> had great oratory talents, and he liked to consider himself a "demagogue" in the ancient Greek sense of the word. <mask> planned a massive campaign with public speeches after the 1953 parliamentary election, but he was not able to raise the necessary funding. He largely stopped his political activities until 1959, when he again planned speeches at Youngstorget. <mask> was often encouraged to start a political party during the 1950s, but he did not endorse the idea then. Although <mask> kept contacts with all kinds of people, it was his contacts with businessmen and ship-owners that provided him with funds to keep up his political activities.During the 1960s, <mask> was an immensely popular lecturer at secondary schools. He gained a considerable following among youth, and his followers were popularly called hundeguttene, the "dog boys." They were often from the right-wing of the Young Conservatives, and they joined <mask> for counter-demonstrations against meetings of the Socialist People's Party, May Day demonstrations, and protests against the Vietnam War. In February 1960 the first issue of Hundeavisen was published after seven years. The paper, which originally was about dogs and animals, soon took a radical turn. The name of the paper was changed to Anders Langes Avis (<mask>'s Newspaper) in 1962, and it gradually became increasingly political. In its last years it had turned into a solely political paper.In 1961 <mask> founded the "Independence Party", but he did not register it publicly. Some of the issues for the "party" was to abolish direct taxes, sell state-owned companies, drastic cuts in public expenses, delegate tasks away from municipalities to the state, abandon the welfare system and cover it over the state budget, and revoke public employees' right to vote and run for parliament. The party held a counter-demonstration against a demonstration against the Bay of Pigs Invasion in Oslo in November 1962, and they handed out flyers in support of US President John F. Kennedy. The party changed name several times, to the "Independence Movement" in 1963, to the "Freedom Party" in 1965, and a few months later to "<mask> Lange's Freedom Movement." <mask>'s Party
By the end of 1972 <mask> felt a growing support for his views, and he was again asked to start a new political party. He nonetheless questioned if he had become too old, and he initially rejected the idea. Towards 1973 he however increasingly felt a revival of the time from the Fatherland League, and he became sufficiently inspired to start seriously discuss creating a new party.On 8 April 1973, <mask> held a public meeting at the cinema Saga kino, which eventually turned into the founding meeting of a new party. Norwegian politics was in turmoil at the time, with voters disaffected six months after the Norwegian EC membership referendum and generally disgruntled with the mainstream centre-right as a viable alternative to the Labour Party. <mask> held a two-hour speech at Saga kino, which resulted in the establishment of <mask>'s Party for a Strong Reduction in Taxes, Duties and Public Intervention; usually shortened to <mask>'s Party (ALP). The issues promoted before the meeting concerned taxes, regulations, alcohol policies, private property, reduction in foreign aid as well as the political leadership. <mask> thereafter again started touring and speaking at public rallies; he did not use a manuscript for his speeches. On 5 May, a crowd of 5,000 people turned up at Youngstorget to listen to <mask> and his Danish counterpart Mogens Glistrup. On his first appearance in a political television debate, <mask> showed up with a bottle of egg liqueur and a Viking sword he had received from Geirr Tveitt, and his appearance in the debate became a success.<mask> was not a big drinker, but he used egg liqueur during speeches to clear his throat. His use of the drink nonetheless led sales of Advocaat to soar. <mask> finally entered the Norwegian Parliament after the 1973 parliamentary election, together with three other representatives from his party. <mask> set a record of speeches during his first year in parliament, speaking more than any other representative. He was elected into the Consumer and Administration Committee, which he dismissed as a redundant entity. During his time in parliament he came on good terms with politicians from all parties. <mask> said he only felt hostility from Kåre Willoch, leader of the Conservative Party, whose presence he considered to "fill the room with hate;" Willoch had expressed little respect for <mask> before the 1973 election, labeling him as a "mad-man" and agitator without visions.<mask> had originally intended to create a popular movement rather than a political party, and an internal conflict erupted over the nature of the party. <mask> favoured the superiority of the parliamentary group instead of the party organisation. The wing led by Carl I. Hagen and Kristoffer Almås wanted a more effective party structure, and even wished to throw <mask> as leader and change the party's name. After increasing pressure, during the party's first regular national convention in Hjelmeland in January 1974, <mask> and his deputy Erik Gjems-Onstad were forced to give concessions that gave ALP the outlines of a regular party. <mask> however continued voicing his opposition against the new development, while Hagen and Almås maintained their views on the leadership and naming issues. After initially indicating that he would grant Hagen his wish of being hired as party secretary, <mask> later stated in Dagbladet that Hagen only would be hired "over my dead body." The conflict led Hagen and Almås to leave ALP in July, and Almås went on to form the Reform Party with Hagen as a passive member.The conflict was not resolved until October 1974, when <mask> died of heart failure following a heart attack. As Hagen had been elected as <mask>'s parliamentary deputy in 1973 he took over <mask>'s place as member of parliament. Hagen later became leader of the party and reformed it as the Progress Party. As the party had grown to become the second largest in Norway, an oil painting portraying <mask> was in 2005 put up and unveiled in the big conference room in the Norwegian parliament by Hagen and future leader Siv Jensen. Political views
<mask> supported the economic policies of Milton Friedman. When questioned during the 1973 parliamentary election about who his "political philosopher" was, <mask> responded succinctly "Ayn Rand and Milton Friedman". He also said that his motto was "stand on your own feet, and not on others'."<mask> voted in favour of the European Economic Community (mostly for military reasons), but he was satisfied that Norway did not join it following the 1972 referendum. This was as he expressed concern that the EEC would likely develop into a massive bureaucracy, and that France in his mind probably would misuse it due to the French "need to dominate." Guttorm Hansen, who was the President of the Parliament of Norway when <mask> was a Member of Parliament, once said that he believed <mask>'s apparent goal was to "make [Parliament] into a political circus with himself as the main clown." <mask> said many unexpected things in Parliament. He once bragged about his own potency, and another time spoke about how much moonshine he had consumed in his lifetime, and how terrible it was. He was also censored for the use of unparliamentary language. <mask> wrote in 1963: "Everyone who claims black majority rule in South Africa are traitors of the white race.No vote rights for negroes; Stop mixed marriages, No humanitarian aid for blacks." African relations
Starting in 1962, <mask> began promoting South Africa and Rhodesia in his paper. One of his main motivations was fears that the countries would turn communist, and he was critical of what he considered to be a one-sided and biased presentation of the conditions in the countries. He also had several Norwegian friends in South Africa who traded and did business in the country, and who also considered information about the country in Norway to be naïve and one-sided. <mask> said that he received his information about the countries from numerous Norwegian, American and African magazines. <mask> was on several occasions visited by South Africans in Norway, both friends of Norwegian ancestry and people with central positions in the country, including General Charles Edward More. <mask> and his wife Karin visited the country in early 1972 for three weeks, the trip having been arranged by long-time family friend Major John M. Gray.Their flight was welcomed by government representatives at an airport 50 kilometers outside Pretoria, and he met with prominent figures such as head of the Department of Information Eschel Rhoodie. He also met the leader of the Progressive Party, a party <mask> praised for being the purest capitalist party in the world. He was also impressed with what he saw in the country, including the Bantu chiefs he met. <mask> also advocated that Norway should recognize Ian Smith's Rhodesia, an internationally unrecognized state. He wrote to Smith that <mask> Langes Avis was the only paper in Norway that consistently supported his regime and sent issues of his paper to the Rhodesian Department of External Services. In response his paper received greetings and thanks from Smith and Rhodesian government officials. In March 1979 as part of the Muldergate Scandal, the British newspaper The Guardian wrote that <mask> and ALP had received 180,000 NOK from a secret South African fund.In December 1981, Gordon Winther claimed that ALP and <mask> had received about 400,000 NOK since 1972. People who had been close to <mask> however rejected that he had received money from the South African government. In a letter from 1967, <mask> however notes that he would be delighted if he would get funds from South Africa (which he in any event had not received by that time), while another anonymous person who had been close to <mask> claimed that he did indeed receive money, even to the point that it saved him from financial ruin. Personal life
<mask> married Anne-Marie Bach-Evensen (1906–1967) in 1930. They had exchanged letters when <mask> was in Argentina, and became a couple soon after his return to Kristiansand, where she lived. They had three children. Anne-Marie got diabetes right before the German invasion, and she became very ill.This left <mask> with more responsibilities of keeping in charge of their house and children. Although the family was poorly off itself during the war, they regularly invited homeless people into their house for oatmeal soup. <mask> and his family moved to a farm in Tomter, Østfold, where they rented a house from October 1941 to 1946. During the war, <mask> was hired as forest manager for the Løvenskiold family, and worked at their estate for two years. Frederik Macody Lund, who had died in 1943, had long considered <mask> to be his "adoptive son" as he had no children himself. As his first wife Augusta died in 1946, <mask> inherited Svartskog in Oppegård, an 80 decare forest property. There, he established a kennel which he named Macody Lunds Minde-Vildmark, in honour of his late patron.In 1949 <mask> however started seeing his neighbours' 21-year-old nanny. He filed for divorce from his wife Anne-Marie at the end of 1950, and the divorce was finalised on 18 February 1952. <mask> thus moved from Svartskog, leaving it to Anne-Marie, and planned to marry his new girlfriend. They were engaged in 1951, but the relationship fast broke apart. <mask> thereafter met Karin Thurmann-Moe (1927–1978), and they married on 17 June 1952, just two months after they first met. They had one child. In late 1952 <mask> bought a 22 decare farm with a kennel, Trollstein in Heggedal, Asker.He received financial support to buy the property from a circle around the libertarian organisation Libertas. In addition to dogs, they had geese, hens, cows and pigs at Trollstein, and they grew potatoes and vegetables for their own use. In January 1972, <mask> unsuccessfully sought appointment as the broadcast manager of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. <mask> died of heart failure at Bærum Hospital on 18 October 1974, following a heart attack at Asker Station on 10 October. Writing
<mask> was the author and editor of some publications:
 Editor of Hundeavisen (1948–53 and 1960–61)
 Editor of Anders <mask>s Avis (1962–74)

References

Bibliography

External links

 <mask>'s speech at Saga kino in 1973

1904 births
1974 deaths
People from Akershus
People from Vest-Agder
People educated at Kristiansand Cathedral School
Conservatism in Norway
Norwegian footballers
Norwegian expatriates in Argentina
Members of the Storting
Progress Party (Norway) politicians
Politicians from Oslo
Fatherland League (Norway)
Norwegian prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Germany
Norwegian activists
Norwegian newspaper editors
Norwegian columnists
Norwegian anti-communists
20th-century Norwegian writers
Political party founders
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Association footballers not categorized by

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<mask> (21 August 1947 – 10 July 2011, aged 63) was an American luthier and machinist from California. In 1974, he partnered with Marc McElwee and Gary Kramer to start Travis Bean Guitars, which made high-end electric guitars and basses featuring machined aluminum necks. This was an unusual design, departing from more traditional wood necked instruments. The aluminum center section ran through the instrument body, with the pickups directly mounted to the aluminum. The majority of these instruments featured solid koa wood bodies and humbucker pickups. Though praised for their sound, the aluminum necks made <mask> guitars heavier than other electric guitars. Models included the Artist, Standard, Wedge (rare), and TB500 (rare) with single coil pickups.Kramer and <mask> parted ways in 1975, with the former starting Kramer Guitars. The first series of Kramer guitars were redesigned aluminum-necked instruments but utilizing wooden inserts along the back of the neck to cut down on weight and provide a more traditional feel; these modifications also avoided patent infringement of <mask>'s original neck design. Around 3,600 guitars and basses were produced between 1974 and 1979. In the late 1990s, <mask> teamed with master machinist/designer B. Kelly Condon and produced a run of 24 high end, custom instruments. These guitars and basses were aluminum-neck instruments, each machined from a 125-pound billet of 7075 aluminum. The pans weighed just over 4 pounds when finished and all were serial numbered and identified inside the pan. Models
TB500 (Bass) - 1 produced
TB500 (Budget Model) - 351 produced
TB1000S (Standard) - 1422 produced
TB1000A (Artist) - 755 produced
TB2000 (Standard Bass) - 1020 produced
TB3000 (Wedge) - 45 produced
TB4000 (Wedge Bass) - 36 produced

Players

Guitarists
 Steve Albini of Shellac - plays TB500 and Wedge
 Steve Pedersen of Criteria - plays a TB1000S.Matthew Bolger of The Redneck Manifesto - plays TB1000S & TB1000A
 Duane Denison of The Jesus Lizard - played TB1000S (Sea Foam Green)
 Roger Fisher of Heart - played TB1000A
 Ace Frehley - Played a black TB1000S in the '75 KISS ALIVE era. Vincent Gallo plays a TB500, TB1000S, TB1000A and TB3000 Wedge model
 Jerry Garcia - played TB1000A and TB500
 John Haughm of Agalloch - plays TB1000S (natural koa) and TB1000A (black)
 Rubberduck Jones, a Finnish punk rock guitarist, who is most well known as the guitarist of several Pelle Miljoona related bands, like Pelle Miljoona & 1980 and the Suspenders. Stanley Jordan - plays TB1000S
 Alex Kane of AntiProduct, on the recommendation of bandmate Nino Del Pesco, was asked by <mask> to test an early guitar prototype during a gig at the Garage. It was the first, and possibly only, time a guitar from the new run was played during a live performance. Greg Lake
 Keith Levene of Public Image Ltd - played Wedge and TB1000S
 John MacLean of Six Finger Satellite
 Stephen Malkmus of Pavement owns a TB1000A
 Efrim Menuck
 Ceylon Mooney of Pezz
 Eddie Rivas of Leopold and Distorted Pony plays a koa TB1000A and a magnolia TB1000S
 Colin Newman of Wire played a TB1000A during the mid-1980s. Rick Nielsen - Played a red and black TB1000S. Both pictured in his book Guitars of The Stars.Stephen O'Malley of Sunn O))) plays TB1000S
 Buzz Osborne of Melvins
 Joe Perry - played Wedge and TB1000S (black and silver)
 Yannis Philippakis of Foals uses a TB1000S (natural and black) and black TB500
 Lee Ranaldo of Sonic Youth - played TB1000A (several were stolen in July 1999) Also played TB1000S "bullseye" (which was destroyed) and TB1000S
 Keith Richards - played a TB1000 on the Rolling Stones 1975 tour and a custom made 5-string TB1000A during the 1979 New Barbarians tour. Used a black TB500 during the Rolling Stones 1978 Saturday Night Live performance. Brian Robertson played a TB1000A during his time with Thin Lizzy
 Billy Rowe Jetboy (band)
 Kelly Ryall played a TB1000 during early High Pass Filter shows. Ty Segall played a TB1000S and a TB1000A
 Kevin DeFranco of Super Unison Plays a TB1000A
 Garry Shider of Parliament Funkadelic
 Slash played a TB1000S live when he was still with Guns N' Roses. Only known use was on the song "Bad Obsession"
 Ronnie Wood - played a TB2000 on the Rolling Stones 1975 tour, a TB1000A and a white TB500 during the 1979 New Barbarians tour. Milić Vukašinović of Vatreni Poljubac during whole career. Rich Zoran of Bacchus Lotus played TB1000A in the early 1980s.David Lebón of Seru Giran (Argentine rock supergroup) played a TB1000S, natural finish
 Johan Folkesson of Swedish sludge/doom band Switchblade plays TB1000S'
 John Mayer played a TB1000A at various times during the 2019 Fall Fun Run tour with Dead & Company. Bassists
 Liam Andrews of My Disco plays a TB2000. Emidio Clementi of Massimo Volume
 Nino Del Pesco of AntiProduct worked with <mask> and B. Kelly Condon in the 1990s, testing the bass prototypes during the new run. Nino also played the first bass prototype on one song during an AntiProduct gig at the Garage (now the Virgil). It was the first, and possibly only, time a bass from the new run was played during a live performance. Johnny Docherty of The Twilight Sad plays a <mask>
 Peggy Foster, The Runaways, Steve Vai, TB4000 Wedge Bass #25, TB2000 Fretless #248
 Chosei Funahara of Plasmatics - played two of black TB4000 Wedges #5 and #31
 Vincent Gallo plays a TB500 bass, TB2000 and a TB4000 Wedge bass. Matt Gentling of Archers of Loaf plays a TB2000.Bruce Hauser of Touch, Stepson & Honeymoon played a Flamed Koa TB2000 1977 - 1978. It was a gift from Marc McElwee and later stolen when Bruce's home was burgled. Mick Karn of Japan - played a fretless TB2000 serial number 002
 Alan Lancaster of Status Quo
 Bill Laswell 1976 TB2000 {Band} Sonor Eclipes
 Tim Midgett of Bottomless Pit and Silkworm - plays TB4000 Wedge. During Silkworm, Tim played a TB1000S modified to baritone and TB2000. Burke Shelley of Budgie plays a TB2000 occasionally. Bob Weston of Shellac and the Volcano Suns
 Bill Wyman of the Rolling Stones - Wyman used a custom made short-scale TB2000 from 1977 until 1986. A total of 4 short-scale TB2000 bases were made for Wyman.Anders Steen, formerly a member of Swedish sludge/doom band Switchblade played TB2000's

See also
Frying pan (guitar) - The first aluminum neck guitar, 1930s
Veleno (guitar) - another maker of aluminum neck guitars

References

External links
 Travis Bean Guitars - an unofficial site for enthusiasts of the 1970s guitars. 1947 births
2011 deaths
Guitar makers
American luthiers
Machinists
Deaths from cancer in the United States
American musical instrument makers

masks:
Clifford Travis Bean
Travis Bean
Bean
Travis Bean
Bean
Travis
Travis Bean
Travis Bean


texts:
Ketevan the Martyr (, ketevan tsamebuli) (c. 1560 – September 13, 1624) was a queen of Kakheti, a kingdom in eastern Georgia. She was regent of Kakheti during the minority of her son Teimuraz I of Kakheti from 1605 to 1614. She was killed at Shiraz, Iran, after prolonged tortures by the Safavid suzerains of Kakheti for refusing to give up the Christian faith and convert to Islam. She has been canonized as a saint by the Georgian Orthodox Church. Life
Ketevan was born to Prince Ashotan of Mukhrani (Bagrationi) and married Prince David of Kakheti, the future David I, king of Kakheti from 1601 to 1602. After David's death, she engaged in religious building and charity. However, when David's brother Constantine I killed his reigning father, Alexander II, and usurped the crown with the Safavid Iranian support in 1605, Ketevan rallied the Kakhetian nobles against the patricide and routed Constantine's loyal force.The usurper died in battle. According to the Safavid official and chronicler, Fażli Ḵuzāni, Ketevan showed characteristic mercy to Constantine's surviving supporters and his Qizilbash officers. She ordered that the wounded enemy soldiers be treated accordingly and accepted in service if they desired. The Muslim merchants, who suffered in the war, were compensated and set free. Ketevan had Constantine's body laid in rest and sent to Ardebil. After the uprising she negotiated with Shah Abbas I of Iran who was the suzerain over Georgia, to confirm her underage son, Teimuraz I, as king of Kakheti, while she assumed the function of a regent. In 1614, sent by Teimuraz as a negotiator to Shah Abbas, Ketevan effectively surrendered herself as an honorary hostage in a failed attempt to prevent Kakheti from being attacked by the Iranian armies.She was held in Shiraz for several years until Abbas I, in an act of revenge for the recalcitrance of Teimuraz, ordered the queen to renounce Christianity, and upon her refusal, had her tortured to death with red-hot pincers in 1624. Portions of her relics were clandestinely taken by the St. Augustine Portuguese Catholic missioners, eyewitnesses of her martyrdom, to Georgia where they were interred at the Alaverdi Monastery. The rest of her remains were said to have been buried at the Church of St. Augustine in Goa, India. After several expeditions to Goa in the 21st century to search for the remains, they were believed to be found in late 2013. Sainthood
Queen Ketevan was canonized by Patriarch Zachary of Georgia (1613–1630), and September 13 (corresponding to September 26 in the modern Gregorian calendar) was instituted by the Georgian Orthodox Church as the day of her commemoration. The account of Ketevan's martyrdom related by the Augustinians missioners was exploited by her son, Teimuraz, in his poem The Book and Passion of Queen Ketevan (წიგნი და წამება ქეთევან დედოფლისა, ts'igni da ts'ameba ketevan dedoplisa; 1625) as well as by the German author Andreas Gryphius in his classical tragedy Catharina von Georgien (1657). The Georgian monk Grigol Dodorkeli-Vakhvakhishvili of the David Gareja Monastery was another near-contemporaneous author whose writings, a hagiographic work as well as several hymns, focus on Ketevan's life and martyrdom.The Scottish poet William Forsyth composed the poem The Martyrdom of Kelavane (1861), based on Jean Chardin's account of Ketevan's death. Relics and archaeological findings

Portugal
In 2008, it was discovered that Graça Convent in Lisbon, Portugal contained a previously unknown, large panoramic azulejo depicting Queen Ketavan's martyrdom in Persia. The scenes were based on accounts of her martyrdom by Portuguese Augustinian missionaries who witnessed her death. Panoramic tilework was in a state of disrepair and Georgia offered thousands of euros for repairs. In 2017, a full replica of the Portuguese depiction of Ketevan's martyrdom was unveiled in Georgia and displayed at Château Mukhrani. In October 2017, President of Georgia Giorgi Margvelashvili visited Queen Ketevan's mural at the Graça Convent during his official trip to Portugal. Restoration works continued and an agreement was signed between the convent and the National Agency of Cultural Heritage Preservation of the Ministry of Culture of Georgia.India (Goa)
The importance of Queen Ketevan for the Georgian people has led to a relic "hunt" during the last decades, notably in Goa. Since 1989, various delegations coming from Georgia have worked together with the Archaeological Survey of India to try to locate Ketevan's grave within the ruins of the Augustinian convent of Our Lady of Grace, at Old Goa, Goa. These efforts were thwarted because the teams were unable to correctly interpret the Portuguese documents that provided clues as to Ketevan's burial place. These historical sources stated that Ketevan's palm and arm bone fragments were kept inside a stone urn beneath a specific window within the Chapter Chapel of the Augustinian convent. In May 2004, the Chapter Chapel and window mentioned in the sources were found during a collaboration work between Portuguese and Overseas Citizen of India architect Sidh Losa Mendiratta and the Archaeological Survey of India, Goa-circle (at the time when Nizammudin Taher was superintendent archaeologist). Although the stone urn itself was missing, its coping stone and a number of bone fragments were found close to the window mentioned in the Portuguese sources. Dr. Niraj Rai, Manvendra Singh and Dr. Gyaneshwer Chaubey of the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India and Estonian Biocentre Estonia carried out ancient DNA analysis on these human bone remains excavated from the St. Augustine convent by sequencing and genotyping of the mitochondrial DNA.The investigations of the remains revealed an unusual mtDNA haplogroup U1b, which is absent in India, but present in Georgia and surrounding regions. Since the genetic analysis corroborates archaeological and literary evidence, it is likely that the excavated bone belongs to Queen <mask> of Georgia. However, it is important to keep in mind that Ketevan's palm and arm bone fragments were kept in the same urn as the complete remains of two European missionaries, friar Jerónimo da Cruz and friar Guilherme de Santo Agostinho. Therefore, it would be crucial to determine the sex and the kind of bone of the fragments tested in order to have conclusive results. According to a story in India's Mint on Sunday newspaper, "additional tests confirmed that the U1b bone came from a woman. So, in 2013, it was established that the bone found in two pieces in 2005 was consistent with being from a Georgian woman". In 2017, celebrating twenty five years of diplomatic relations between India and Georgia, the relics were sent to Georgia for a period of six months during which both religious and scientific events were staged.The Indian government has offered some parts of the holy relics of Goa to Georgia. On July 9, 2021, the relics were handed over to the Georgian government and to Catholicos-Patriarch Ilia II of Georgia by Indian Foreign Minister S. Jaishankar. References
General sources

Lang, David Marshall (1976). Lives and Legends of the Georgian Saints. New York: Crestwood. (Excerpt "The Passion of Queen Ketevan")
Notes

1560 births
1624 deaths
House of Mukhrani
Queens consort from Georgia (country)
People from Georgia (country) murdered abroad
Saints of Georgia (country)
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Georgia (country)
Torture victims from Georgia (country)
Executed women from Georgia (country)
People executed by Safavid Iran
Christians executed for refusing to convert to Islam
17th-century Christian saints
17th-century Eastern Orthodox martyrs
17th-century people from Georgia (country)
Christian saints killed by Muslims
Christian female saints of the Early Modern era
17th-century women rulers
17th-century women from Georgia (country)
17th-century people of Safavid Iran


texts:
<mask>, NNOM (9 November 1941 – 4 September 2016), was a Nigerian novelist and critic. He won the 1976 African Arts Prize for Literature, and the 1993 Commonwealth Writers' Prize, Best Book Africa. Also a classicist and scholar, he has been described as one of the most brilliant men of his generation and one of Nigeria's most iconic literary figures. His academic career took him to the US, where he lived with his wife and four children since 1991 until his death, in Binghamton, New York. According to Professor G. G. Darah of the Nigerian Oral Literature Association (NOLA), <mask> "will be best remembered for his original contribution to the discourse of oral literature and epics. The value of his scholarship in this area is comparable to that of Professor Cheikh Anta Diop of Senegal on Egyptian sciences and philosophy, Professor Samir Amin of Egypt on African political economy, Professor Ali Mazrui of Kenya on African history, and Professor John Henrik Clarke on African American history and arts." Early life and education
<mask> was born in Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria.His Urhobo father, <mask>, was from Abraka, in Delta State, a retired senior laboratory technician, and his Igbo mother was from Asaba. <mask> attended St Patrick's College in Asaba, going on to University College, Ibadan, from where he earned a first-class Honours degree in Classics. He obtained his PhD in comparative literature from the University of Denver (1976) and a D.Litt. in the humanities from the University of London (2000). Career
His early career began with working at the Federal Ministry of Education, the Federal Ministry of External Affairs, and the Longman publishers, where he served as an editor for eight years. Subsequently, pursuing his doctorate in the US, he became an academic there, teaching at the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York from 1974 to 1976, University of Ibadan from 1976 to 1990, Harvard University from 1990 to 1991, and Binghamton University. He was a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in 1982, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in 1982, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in 1988, the W.E.B.Du Bois Institute in 1990, National Humanities Center in 1997, and 2003 Guggenheim Fellowship. He also served as President of the International Society for the Oral Literatures of Africa (ISOLA). <mask> died aged 74 on 4 September 2016 in hospital in Binghamton, New York, where he had lived and taught since 1991. Survived by his wife Obiageli <mask> and children Ediru, Ugo, Afigo, and Onome, he was buried in Gate of Heaven Cemetery, East Hanover, New Jersey, on 18 September. Writing and scholarship
Prolific in his output, <mask> wrote, co-wrote and edited some 14 books, dozens of articles and a seminal booklet, A Portrait of the Artist as a Scholar (an inaugural lecture delivered at the Faculty of Education Lecture Theatre, University of Ibadan, on 18 May 1989). He was the author of four respected novels, which are widely studied in Africa and other parts of the world, and translated into other languages: The Victims (1970), The Last Duty (1976, winner in manuscript of the African Arts Prize for Literature, an international competition organized by the African Arts Center, UCLA), Tides (1993, winner of that year's Commonwealth Writers' Prize, Africa region), and Call Me By My Rightful Name (2004). As a scholar and proponent of oral literature in Africa, he was particularly noted for his seminal academic monographs The Epic in Africa: Toward a Poetics of the Oral Performance (1979) and Myth in Africa: A Study of its Aesthetic and Cultural Relevance (1983).In the words of Niyi Osundare: "Novelist, poet, folklorist, scholar, and university administrator, Okpewho was a Jack of many trades and master of all, who left his mind-prints on virtually every aspect of African literature and literary studies. With his foundational books, The Epic in Africa and Myth in Africa, Okpewho summoned all his scholarly prowess as a truly First Class Classics scholar and carved out a niche for African oral lore and its inexhaustible possibilities at a time when virtually every claim to high culture and intellectual accomplishment was denied to the 'Dark Continent.'" The many honours accorded Okpewho included fellowships in the humanities from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (1982), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (1982), Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University (1988), the W.E.B. Du Bois Institute at Harvard University (1990), National Humanities Center in North Carolina (1997), and the Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (2003). He was also elected Folklore Fellow International by the Finnish Academy of the Sciences in Helsinki (1993). Selected awards
1972: Winner of the African Arts Prize for Literature, for manuscript of The Last Duty
1993: Winner of Commonwealth Writers' Prize (Africa), for Tides
1998: Dean's Award for Honors Teaching Excellence, SUNY Binghamton
2010: Nigerian National Order of Merit (NNOM) in humanities

Bibliography

Novels
The Victims, Longman, 1970, . US editions: Garden City: Doubleday Anchor, 1971; Washington, DC: Three Continents, 1980
The Last Duty Longman, 1976; 1986,
Tides, Longman, 1993,
Call Me By My Rightful Name, Africa World Press, 2004,

Selected non-fiction
The Epic in Africa: Toward a Poetics of the Oral Performance, Columbia University Press, 1979,

A Portrait of the Artist as a Scholar: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered at the Faculty of Education Lecture Theatre, University of Ibadan, Thursday, 18 May 1989, Longman Nigeria, 1990 (35pp.), .Blood on the Tides: The Ozidi Saga and Oral Epic Narratology, Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora, University of Rochester Press, 2014,

References

External links
 <mask> Okpewho CV. G. G. Darah, "<mask> Okpewho: The scholar as epic hero", The Guardian (Nigeria), 17 September 2016. 1941 births
2016 deaths
Nigerian male novelists
Alumni of the University of London
University of Denver alumni
University at Buffalo faculty
University of Ibadan faculty
Harvard University faculty
Binghamton University faculty
People from Delta State
20th-century Nigerian novelists
21st-century Nigerian novelists
Recipients of the Nigerian National Order of Merit Award
20th-century male writers
21st-century male writers

masks:
Isidore Okpewho
Okpewho
Isidore Okpewho
David Okpewho
Okpewho
Okpewho
Okpewho
Okpewho
Isidore
Isidore


texts:
Lieutenant Colonel <mask> MC, better known as A. D<mask>, (30 September 1897 – 11 May 1966) was a British military officer in the 1st The Royal Dragoons who served in the First and Second World Wars. He was the first non-lawyer to achieve a unanimous verdict in his favour in the House of Lords, and is considered one of London's greatest eccentrics. Early life
The son of <mask>, a diplomat, by his wife Emma Teresa (née King), <mask> was born in Mariupol, East Ukraine. In 1901, the family went to live in Dunkirk; he was subsequently educated in France and Germany, becoming fluent in French and German. World War I
At the outbreak of war, 16-year-old <mask> was in Dunkirk and claimed to have "irregularly attached" himself to Commander Samson's armoured-car unit, witnessing Uhlans being shot on one occasion in Belgium. <mask> wished to see military action. In summer 1915, his father agreed to his son's early entry into the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, from which he was commissioned in less than four months.Less than a week later, he was at the front. On his first night a shell burst near him, splashing over him the entrails of his sergeant (to whom he had just been introduced). <mask> later admitted to being petrified. As the bombardment continued, he dealt with his fear by standing at attention and saluting. As he later wrote, "Within thirty seconds I was able to become again an Englishman of action and to carry out calmly the duties I had been trained to perform". The incident was typical, both of a series of remarkable escapes and his pride at being an Englishman (as opposed to being born "a chimpanzee or a flea, or a Frenchman or a German"). He saw action at Ypres, the Somme, La Bassée and Festubert, supposedly capturing the village of Vesle single-handedly before handing it over to the New Zealanders (who were about to attack it in force).His luck ran out during Third Battle of Ypres in 1917 as he helped manhandle an 18-pounder field gun across a "crater-swamp". The gun-carriage wheel hit an unexploded shell; he woke up in a field hospital without his left eye, one kneecap and several fingers. At age 19, <mask>'s right eye was so damaged that he had to wear a monocle for the rest of his life. He was sent back to England to convalesce by the "infernal quacks"; it appeared that his war was over but <mask> had other ideas. He was soon planning his escape from the Southern General Hospital back to the front, attending a nurses-only dance in their billets (disguised as a nurse) before finally making his escape. He recorded that his monocle was a dead give-away and the particularly unpleasant matron was unimpressed with his antics. <mask> entrained for France with a warrant signed by a friend of his father's; he had a "moderately successful year of action" with the 119th Battery, 22nd Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (RFA).His Military Cross was gazetted in the London Gazette of 2 April 1919, and the citation was published on 10 December. According to his obituary, he received his MC in the mail the same day it was announced in the London Gazette. The citation read:

For marked gallantry and initiative on 4th Nov. 1918 near Jolimentz. He went forward with the infantry to obtain information and personally accounted for 35 prisoners. On 9th Nov. he took forward his section well in front of the infantry and throughout the day he showed initiative of a very high order and did excellent work. <mask> later recalled that he could not remember anything about either incident. He is said to have regarded the period between the First and Second World War as "intensely boring".World War II
When World War II began in September 1939, <mask> tried everything to persuade his superiors to allow him to go to France. When they refused, he planned to resign his commission and form his own army "to take the war to the Hun". In his book Most Secret War, Reginald Victor Jones recalls encountering Wintle on matters of air intelligence. He was impressed by an army officer with enough technical knowledge to distinguish a spectroscope from a spectrograph, and who noted details in intelligence reports which might have indicated their authenticity (or otherwise). After chatting with <mask> on Horse Guards Parade one morning, he recorded that he was surprised to see a news headline a few days later: "Cavalry Officer in the Tower". After the French surrender, <mask> demanded an aircraft (with which he intended to rally the French Air Force to fly their planes to Britain and continue fighting Germany from British air bases); when refused, he threatened an RAF officer (Air Commodore A.R. Boyle) with a gun.It was alleged that he had threatened to shoot himself and Boyle, and for this he was imprisoned in the Tower of London. On the way to his prison, the lieutenant colonel was escorted by a young soldier via train. The soldier is reported to have lost the arrest warrant; disgusted by this, <mask> declared the man incompetent, told him to wait where he was and went to get a new warrant. Since there was no other officer of higher rank at the warrant office, he signed the paper himself. Of his time in the Tower, he wrote:

My life in the Tower had begun. How different it was from what I had expected. Officers at first cut me dead, thinking that I was some kind of traitor; but when news of my doings leaked out they could not do enough for me.My cell became the most popular meeting place in the garrison and I was as well cared for as if I had been at the Ritz. I would have a stroll in the (dry) moat after breakfast for exercise. Then sharp at eleven Guardsman McKie, detailed as my servant, would arrive from the officers' mess with a large whisky and ginger ale. He would find me already spick and span, for though I have a great regard for the Guards, they have not the gift to look after a cavalry officer's equipment. The morning would pass pleasantly. By noon visitors would begin to arrive. One or two always stayed to lunch.They always brought something with them. I remember one particularly succulent duck in aspic - it gave me indigestion - and a fine box of cigars brought by my family doctor. Tea time was elastic and informal. Visitors dropped in at intervals, usually bringing along bottles which were uncorked on the spot. I don't recall that any of them contained any tea. Dinner, on the other hand, was strictly formal. I dined sharp at eight and entertained only such guests as had been invited beforehand.After a few days of settling in, I was surprised to find that - as a way of life- being a prisoner in the Tower of London had its points. When his case was heard, <mask> was read the three charges against him. The first was that he had feigned defective eyesight (and infirmity, to avoid active duty). This charge was dismissed after <mask>'s defence provided medical evidence. The second charge was assaulting Air Commodore Boyle, and the third was conduct contrary to (and to the prejudice of) good order and military discipline. To the latter was added the claim that he had drawn a gun in the presence of the RAF officer, and stated that "people like you ought to be shot". Jones recalled that far from denying this, <mask> admitted the act and produced a list of people whom he felt should likewise be shot as a patriotic gesture.The list must have been a topical one; after he had read out the sixth name upon it (Hore-Belisha, then Secretary of State for War), that charge was also dropped. The government, embarrassed by his accusations, upheld the court decision to drop all charges bar one: the assault on Air Commodore Boyle (for which <mask> received a formal reprimand). Jones went on to add that <mask> was in the relatively safe position of being tried by an Army court on charges brought by the RAF. <mask> was then sent abroad to rejoin his old regiment (1st The Royal Dragoons), and went into action gathering intelligence and coordinating raids on the Vichy French in Syria. After the Allied victory in Syria, <mask> was asked to go to Vichy France in disguise to determine the condition of British prisoners-of-war held there. While waiting to make contact with sympathetic elements of the Vichy French government <mask> was betrayed, arrested as a spy and imprisoned by the Vichy. During his captivity, he informed his guards that it was his duty as an English officer to escape; he successfully did so once by quickly unhinging his cell door and hiding in a sentry box before slipping out quietly, but was betrayed and recaptured within a week.<mask>'s guard was doubled from this point on. He responded by going on a 13-day hunger strike in protest against the "slovenly appearance of the guards who are not fit to guard an English officer!" He also informed anyone who would listen (including Maurice Molia, the camp commandant) exactly how he felt about their cowardice and treachery to their country. He informed them that he still intended to escape, and that anyone who called himself a Frenchman would come with him. Shortly after, he sawed through the iron bars of his cell, hid in a garbage cart, and slipped over the wall of the castle, making his way back to Britain via Spain. Molia later claimed on <mask>'s This Is Your Life programme in 1959 that shortly after the escape, "because of <mask>'s dauntless determination to maintain English standards and his constant challenge to our authority" the entire garrison of 280 men had gone over to the Resistance. Postwar years
<mask> had married his wife, Dora, in 1944.After the war, he stood as a Liberal Party candidate for the 1945 general election at Norwood. The seat had little in terms of a Liberal voting tradition, and he finished third with about 11 percent of the vote. He was once so furious about the lack of first-class carriages on a train that he commandeered the engine and refused to move until more carriages appeared. <mask> made legal history when he brought a legal action against a dishonest solicitor named Nye, whom he accused of appropriating £44,000 from the estate of <mask>'s deceased cousin, by inveigling her into leaving the residue of her estate to Nye in her will. To publicise the case, in 1955 <mask> served time in prison after forcing Nye to remove his trousers and submit to being photographed. He pursued Nye through the courts over the next three years, losing his case on two occasions. By 1958, <mask> ran out of money and had to present the case himself.On 26 November 1958 the Lords announced that they had found for <mask>, the reasons for judgement being reserved. In its subsequent written reasons, the House of Lords held that the burden was on the solicitor Nye to establish that the gift of the residue of the deceased cousin's estate to the solicitor in the will that he had drawn was not the result of his fraud, and that he had failed to discharge this exceptionally heavy burden so that the trial jury's validation of the gift to Nye could not be allowed to stand. <mask> thus became the first non-lawyer to achieve a unanimous verdict in his favour in the House of Lords. A comprehensive analysis of the legal issues in the <mask> v Nye lawsuit is provided by Kerridge in "Wills made in Suspicious Circumstances: the Problem of the Vulnerable Testator". The author provides a brief overview of the factual background to the case and a discussion of the procedural difficulties faced by <mask> in prosecuting the civil case. The author suggests the ultimate victory by Wintle was the "right result by the wrong route", because at the time of the appeal to the House of Lords "everyone was mindful of the newspaper headlines"; he suggests that the Law Lords were forced to resort to sophistry to uphold <mask>'s appeal, and concludes that it "is a case which has haunted this branch of the law for a generation". Nevertheless, it could also be said that the House of Lords decision is consistent with long standing principles and authority that a person in a fiduciary position such as a solicitor should not be permitted to benefit from abusing that relationship, particularly in the case of an elderly client "unversed in business" like the testator in this case.Although <mask> lost his case on the first appeal, Lord Justice Sellers (one of the three judges on the Court of Appeal) dissented and considered that he should have won it. Thus, of the nine judges who heard the case at its various stages, six sided with Wintle. The editor of The Times preserved a letter that <mask> sent him in 1946:

<mask> died in May 1966 aged 68 at his home in Wrotham and was cremated at Maidstone Crematorium, although he had wanted a funeral at Canterbury Cathedral with a full church service and the 1st The Royal Dragoons on parade playing "My Old Tarpaulin Jacket":

An encounter with Wintle in the El Vino wine bar on Fleet Street is related in a letter to the editor of The Spectator published 8 May 1999. The heading was "Bower's bans" (Letters to the Editor, The Spectator, 8 May 1999):

He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1959 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at London's Hay's Wharf. Author

<mask> began writing in 1924 after he broke his leg while horseback riding. In a March 1962 interview on the BBC, <mask> stated, "I did not fall off my horse as a dentist might. A horse fell on top of me and broke my leg."<mask> initially wrote fiction under the nom de plume "Michael Cobb" stating, "For a cavalry officer, to be literate, let alone write, is a disgrace." The Michael Cobb novel The Emancipation of Ambrose (1928) was filmed in 1936 as Wolf's Clothing. Other works, published as A. D. Wintle, include the fictional biography Aesop (1943), the novel Ilium: A Story of Troy (1944), and The Club (1961). Quotes
 "I am never bored when I am present." (on being asked on his release from prison if he had found it boring)
 "It may have escaped your attention, but there is no fighting to be done in England." (on being told he was being removed from active duty against his will following an injury)
 "No true gentleman would ever unfurl one." (his umbrella)
 "This umbrella was stolen from Col. A.D. <mask>" (note left in his permanently furled umbrella)
 "Time spent dismounted can never be regained.""No true gentleman would ever leave home without one." (his monocle)
 "Guy Fawkes was the last man to enter Parliament with good intentions. You need another like me to carry on his good work." "I get down on my knees every night and thank God for making me an Englishman. It is the greatest honour He could bestow. After all, he might have made me a chimpanzee, or a flea, a Frenchman or a German!" "What I like about Isherwood's paintings is that there is no doubt about which way they hang."(on art)
 "Attend a German school sir? I would rather cut my hands off and blind myself in one eye. Only an English school is good enough for me." (young <mask>, on being told by his father that he was to attend a German school)
 "Stop dying at once and when you get up, get your bloody hair cut." (to Trooper Cedric Mays, 1st Royal Dragoons, who recovered and lived to the age of 95)
 "Great War peace signed at last." (diary, 19 June 1919)
 "I declare private war on Germany." (diary, 20 June 1919)
 "It was not until I got to the Lords was I dealing with my intellectual equals."(explaining his legal victory in the House of Lords after losing at trial and before the Court of Appeal)

A brief biography can be found in the Spring 1989 Victorian Bar News. A full-length autobiography, compiled after his death by his friend Alastair Revie from more than a million words left by <mask>, was published in 1968 by Michael Joseph as The Last Englishman. Another short biography of Wintle can be found in chapter 13 ("Colonel 'Debag' rides again", pp 143–153) of Robert Littell's It Takes All Kinds published by Reynal & Co, New York, 1961. J.D. Casswell, KC represented <mask> at his World War II court-martial and devotes pages 152–159 to <mask> in his 1961 autobiography, A Lance For Liberty. References

Further reading

External links
 Time magazine article on Wintle from 1955
 BBC recording of Wintle as guest on radio programme Desert Island Discs broadcast 12 March 1962

1897 births
1966 deaths
Recipients of the Military Cross
1st The Royal Dragoons officers
Royal Artillery officers
11th Hussars officers
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
British Army personnel of World War II
British Army personnel of World War I
Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Prisoners in the Tower of London

masks:
Alfred Daniel Wintle
. Wintle
John Edward Wintle
Alfred Daniel Wintle
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Wintle
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Wintle


texts:
<mask> (; born 13 February 1942) is a Cambodian radio journalist and politician with French dual citizenship. He is the owner and director of Phnom Penh's Beehive Radio, which the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) described in 2012 as "one of Cambodia's few independent news outlets". He also acts as a political commentator for the station. <mask> has been imprisoned three times on charges related to his reporting: a 2003 arrest for "inciting riots", a 2005 arrest for defamation, and a 2012 arrest for insurrection. His twenty-year prison sentence for the latter was protested by human rights groups, and US President Barack Obama expressed concerns about the case in a meeting with Prime Minister Hun Sen. The sentence was overturned by an appeals court in March 2013, and <mask> was instead given a five-year suspended sentence on charges of causing civil unrest. Biography
<mask> was born on 13 February 1942 in a small district called Kampong Siem in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia.His father, <mask> Soth, was a lawyer. His mother Eam Ouch was born in Battambang province. <mask> traveled to Paris in 1964 for school. He attended the Vaugirard State Technical College of Photography and Cinematography, in Paris, France, from 1969 to 1970. In 1973, he received a bachelor's degree with major in sociology and cinematography and audio visuals, at the Paris XV  University. He left Cambodia again in 1975 to avoid the rule of the Khmer Rouge, remaining in France until 1993. That year, he returned to Cambodia and acquired a broadcasting license for a new station which he named Beehive Radio.He used the station to advertise a new political party, the Beehive Democratic Society Party, and stood in the 1998 parliamentary election. According to the Asia Times, his campaign only won him "a reputation as an eccentric, spouting Buddhist philosophy, pleas for democracy and a personal campaign for attention." After failing to be elected, <mask> dissolved his party, but continued broadcasting on Beehive Radio as an independent journalist. <mask> is the owner and director of Beehive Radio. In 2012, Human Rights Watch described Beehive Radio as "a key platform for promotion of human rights and democracy in Cambodia". The station is one of the few to address controversial topics, including "Cambodian civil society, the fight against HIV/AIDS, maternal mortality and human trafficking, campaigns for women's rights and gender equality, political and economic transparency, equitable and sustainable development, labor rights, environmental protection, the rule of law, and electoral education and election monitoring." It also carries programming by Radio Free Asia, Voice of America, the Cambodian Center for Human Rights, and Radio France Internationale.The station is funded by a combination of advertising and private donations. Some companies have declined to advertise with Beehive Radio due to its occasionally controversial reporting and political stances. Sonando also refuses to run advertisements for "vice" products, including cigarettes. 2003 arrest
In January 2003, riots broke out in Phnom Penh after a Cambodian newspaper incorrectly reported that a Thai actress had stated Angkor Wat properly belonged to Thailand. On 29 January, the Thai embassy was burned, and hundreds of Thai immigrants fled the country to avoid the violence. During the riots, a caller to Beehive Radio claimed incorrectly that Cambodian embassy officials were killed in Bangkok. On 31 January, Sonando was arrested and accused of "relaying false information", "inciting discrimination", and "inciting crime".He stated to reporters, "They blame me for broadcasting an opinion of a listener which turned out to be untrue. But if I have to go to jail to allow people to express their opinion I am happy." <mask> was formally charged in court on 1 February; ten days later, he was released on bail. The charges never came to trial. 2005 arrest
<mask> was arrested again on 11 October 2005 after reporting on Prime Minister Hun Sen's treaty with Vietnam settling the two nations' border dispute; the report included a discussion with a French-based expert who criticized Hun Sen's concessions. <mask> was charged with "criminal defamation", "disseminating false information", and "incitement". On 3 November, he was denied bail.<mask>'s arrest was criticized by the United Nations and the European Union. A coalition of 70 Cambodian civil society organizations also pushed for his release. CPJ condemned the arrest as part of a "broad crackdown on freedom of expression", and Amnesty International named him a prisoner of conscience. In late January 2006, <mask> was granted bail ahead of a visit by US Assistant Secretary of State Christopher R. Hill. Hun Sen described the release as a "gift" to the visitor. The charges against <mask> were dropped before the end of the month. 2012 arrest

In mid-2012, Beehive Radio reported on an International Court of Justice complaint against Prime Minister Hun Sen blaming him for the 2010 Phnom Penh stampede, in which 347 people were killed.The report sparked a new series of disputes between <mask> and Hun Sen. On 26 June 2012, Hun Sen called for <mask>'s arrest while Sonando was out of the country, accusing him of heading a separatist plot in Kratié Province to break it away from the rest of the nation. From 15 to 17 May, the province had been the site of a protest against evictions for a new rubber plant that residents accused of "land grabbing". On the final day of the protests, soldiers opened fire on a crowd of families, killing a 14-year-old girl. Though <mask> returned during the 2012 ASEAN meeting, he was not arrested until 15 July, a few days after its end. Hun Sen accused Sonando of attempting to create a "state within a state", and Sonando was formally charged with "insurrection" and "inciting people to take up weapons against state". The charges carried a maximum sentence of 30 years in prison. Secessionist charges were also brought against several community activists from the province.According to Ou Virak of the Cambodian Center for Human Rights, <mask> was then imprisoned in a cell shared with 17 other people, leaving him "half a square meter [5 square feet] to sleep in". On 22 July, he was moved to a prison hospital on account of illness. <mask>'s arrest quickly generated domestic and international criticism. A coalition of 22 Cambodian rights groups, known as the Cambodian Human Rights Action Committee, called on the government to free Sonando "to save the country's reputation". Members of Beehive Radio and the Association of Democrats protested in front of Phnom Penh's royal palace on 23 July. CPJ called for Sonado's immediate release, stating that Hun Sen had "a well-worn history of leveling unsubstantiated anti-state charges against journalists to stifle criticism of the administration." Human Rights Watch said that "<mask>'s arrest on the heels of [US Secretary of State Hillary] Clinton's visit is a brazen signal that Hun Sen thinks that the US wants his cooperation on other matters so much that he isn't afraid to lower the boom on his critics".Amnesty International again named <mask> a prisoner of conscience, "held for the peaceful exercise of his right to freedom of expression". The International Federation for Human Rights and the World Organisation Against Torture issued a joint statement noting that they were "gravely concerned" about the charges and calling for <mask>'s immediate release. Reporters Without Borders described the arrest as "like a parting slap to all those who attended last week's ASEAN summit in Phnom Penh. As soon the diplomats leave, the authorities arrest dissidents." The Ireland-based NGO Front Line Defenders included him on the short list for its 2013 Human Rights Defender at Risk award. On 1 October 2012, <mask> was found guilty by a Phnom Penh court. He was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment and fined 10 million riel (US$2,500).In November, US President Barack Obama raised concerns about the case during a meeting with Hun Sen. French Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault also called for Sonando to be released. An appeals court overturned Sonando's conviction on anti-state charges on 14 March 2013, finding that there had been no evidence to convict him. The court instead gave Sonando a five-year suspended sentence on charges that he had been involved in the Kratié unrest. A crowd of hundreds of Sonando supporters gathered outside the courthouse to hear the verdict. Amnesty International called the ruling "a positive step for freedom of expression in the country", but added that "Mam Sonando should never have been imprisoned in the first place, and the convictions that stand appear baseless." Sonando was released from prison on 15 March, the day after the ruling. Following his release, Sonando stated his intention to clear his name of the remaining charges.2014 protest

In January 2014, <mask> <mask> organized a mass demonstration, which demanded the government to expand his radio reach and open a TV station. The Minister of Information Khieu Kanharith denied the permission for the expansion but <mask> <mask> told reporters the denial is unconstitutional. Protesters clashed with police on 28 January injuring at least 9 of the demonstrators. In response to the violence, Human Rights Watch calls for the United Nations to pressure the Cambodian government. Reporters Without Borders and Freedom House have also condemned the violence. Personal life
<mask> is married to Den Phanara. He is a devout Buddhist who constructed a Buddhist temple beside his radio station, and is an avid fan of jazz.He is Soth Polin's brother-in-law. References

Notes

Citations

External links

Living people
1942 births
Cambodian nationalists
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Cambodia
Cambodian emigrants to France
Cambodian prisoners and detainees
Cambodian radio journalists
French people of Cambodian descent
French people imprisoned abroad
French radio journalists
People from Kampong Cham province
Cambodian Theravada Buddhists

masks:
Mam Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Mam Sonando
Mam
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Sonando
Mam
Sonando
Mam
Sonando
Sonando


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<mask> (, ; 4 February 1811 – 1 August 1868) was a French Catholic priest and founder of two religious institutes: the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament for men and the Servants of the Blessed Sacrament for women. Eymard entered the novitiate of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate in June 1829. His first attempt as a seminarian ended because of serious illness. Throughout his life, <mask> suffered from poor health, particularly ‘weakness of the lungs’ and migraine headaches. Life
<mask> was born 4 February 1811 at La Mure, Isère, in the French Alps. His father was a smith whose second wife was <mask>'s mother. All his life <mask> (or Pierre-Julien in French) had an intense devotion to Mary, the Mother of Jesus.Before his First Communion on 16 March 1823, he went on foot to the shrine of Notre-Dame du Laus. Later, he came to know about the apparition of Notre-Dame de La Salette and enjoyed traveling to various Marian shrines throughout France. When his mother died in 1828 <mask> resolved to enter the novitiate of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate and, despite his father's opposition, did so in June 1829. His first attempt as a seminarian ended because of serious illness. Throughout his life, Eymard suffered from poor health, particularly ‘weakness of the lungs’ and migraine headaches. After his father's death in 1831, he succeeded – with the help of his former superior – in gaining admission to the major seminary of the Diocese of Grenoble. On 20 July 1834, he was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Grenoble.He was assigned as assistant pastor at the town of Chatte, and three years later appointed pastor of Mount Saint-Eynard. On his second assignment at Monteynard, the parish, which had a dilapidated church and poor rectory, consisted of a farming community with few people attending Mass. There had not been a regular pastor there for some time. The bishop urged <mask>'s two sisters to move with him to the rectory, which they did. In fact, they furnished the rectory, for the parish was very poor. Although Eymard is known to have revitalized the place, he was dissatisfied with parish work, and decided to join the Marists (the Society of Mary). His two sisters were quite devastated as they had dedicated their lives to serving him.On August 20, 1837, he entered the Society of Mary seminary at Lyon and made his profession in February 1840. He worked with lay organizations promoting devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary and to the Eucharist, particularly in the Forty Hours. He rose to the position of Provincial of the Society at Lyon in 1844. His new responsibilities included being in charge of the Third Order of Mary, a lay group dedicated to Marist spirituality and to the promotion of the Christian family. St. John Vianney was a member. His eucharistic spirituality did not spring full-grown from some mystical experience, but progressively. As visitor-general, Eymard travelled throughout France to inspect the various Marist communities.He became familiar with the practice of sustained eucharistic worship during a visit to Paris in 1849, when he met with members of the Association of Nocturnal Adorers who had established exposition and perpetual adoration of the Blessed Sacrament at the Basilica of Our Lady of Victories. After praying at the shrine of Our Lady of Fourviere on 21 January 1851, Eymard moved to establish a Marist community dedicated to eucharistic adoration. However, his desire to establish a separate fraternity promoting adoration of the Blessed Sacrament was not seen as part of the charism of the Marists. His superiors disapproved, transferring him to the Marist College at La Seyne-sur-Mer. Eventually, <mask> resolved to leave the Society of Mary to begin his new religious congregation with the diocesan priest Raymond de Cuers. Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament

On 13 May 1856, the Paris bishops consented to <mask>'s plans for a ‘Society of the Blessed Sacrament’. After many trials, <mask> and de Cuers established public exposition of the Blessed Sacrament in Paris on 6 January 1857 in a run-down building at 114 rue d’Enfer (which literally meant ‘street of hell’).The Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament began working with children in Paris to prepare them to receive their First Communion. It also reached out to non-practicing Catholics, inviting them to repent and begin receiving Communion again. Father <mask> established a common rule for the members of the society and worked toward papal approval. A second community was established in Marseille in 1859, and a third in Angers in 1862. Pius IX granted a Decree of Approbation in June 1863. <mask> was a tireless proponent of frequent Holy Communion, an idea given more authoritative backing by Pope Pius X in 1905. On 10 January 1969 Pope Paul VI issued a Letter to the Superior General, Father Roland Huot, S.S.S., of the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament, lauding the most excellent function of Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament Outside Mass declaring all those who do so make their Eucharistic Adoration "in the name of the Church".This concession is included in the revised Roman Ritual, Holy Communion and the Worship of the Eucharist Outside Mass, No. 90 in the editio typica. By DECREE of the Congregation for the Sacraments and Divine Worship, dated 9 December 1995, SAINT PETER JULIAN EYMARD, PRIEST, was inserted in the General Roman Calendar with the rank of optional memorial. Font and fullness of all evangelization and striking expression of the infinite love of our divine Redeemer for mankind, the Holy Eucharist clearly marked the life and pastoral activity of <mask> <mask>. He truly deserves to be called an outstanding apostle of the Eucharist. In fact, his mission in the Church consisted in promoting the centrality of the Eucharistic Mystery in the whole life of the Christian community. The French sculptor Auguste Rodin received counsel from <mask> when Rodin entered the Congregation as a lay brother in 1862, having given up art after the death of his sister.<mask> recognized Rodin's talent and advised him to return to his vocation. Rodin later produced a bust of <mask>. Servants of the Blessed Sacrament

In 1858, together with Marguerite Guillot, he founded the Servants of the Blessed Sacrament, a contemplative congregation for women. He is quoted as saying, "You take Communion to become holy, not because you already are." Contemporaries

<mask> was a friend and contemporary of saints John Marie Vianney, <mask>, Marcellin Champagnat, Blessed Basil Moreau and Pauline-Marie Jaricot . He died at the age of fifty-seven in La Mure on 1 August 1868, of complications from a brain haemorrhage. His remains were buried in the cemetery at La Mure until 1877, when they were moved to the Blessed Sacrament Congregation's Corpus Christi Chapel in Paris, which had been consecrated in September 1876.Veneration
He was declared venerable in 1908, beatified by Pope Pius XI on 12 July 1925, and canonized by Pope John XXIII on 9 December 1962. (Also canonized with Eymard were Servite priest Anthony Mary Pucci (1819–92) and the Capuchin lay brother Francis Mary of Camporosso (1804–66). His feast day is celebrated in the Roman Catholic Church on 2 August. John Paul II named <mask> "Apostle of the Eucharist". Patronage
Saint <mask> Eymard is a patron saint of Saint Jean Baptiste Catholic Church in New York City. A shrine to the saint in the church contains a reliquary bearing the right humerus bone of the saint. Legacy

Eymard is recognised as a major contributor to nineteenth-century French spirituality.The following landmarks were named to honor Father Eymard:

 Rue Julien-Eymard (Julien Eymard Street), located in Shawinigan, Quebec, Canada;
 Eymard Drive (formerly Sunnyside Drive), located along E. Rodriguez St., Quezon City, Philippines, where the provincial house of the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament, Province of our Lady of the Assumption is located;
 <mask> Julian Eymard Street., located in Sto. Nino Homes Phase 3-C, Brgy. Perez, Meycauayan City, Bulacan, Philippines;
 Catholic parishes dedicated to St. <mask> Eymard are located in Algiers, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Holiday, Florida, USA; Mooroolbark, Victoria, Australia; and Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. See also
 <mask> <mask>, patron saint archive

References

Sources
 Cash S.S.S., Damien. The Road to Emmaus: A History of the Blessed Sacrament Congregation in Australia, David Lovell Publishing, 2007
Letellier, Arthur. "Venerable Pierre-Julien <mask>." The Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 29 Jun. 2013

External links

Tesniere, Albert. The Priest of the Eucharist, London, Burns & Oates, 1881
Eymardian literature and legacy - a bibliography and essay

19th-century French Roman Catholic priests
Founders of Catholic religious communities
French Roman Catholic saints
1811 births
1868 deaths
Our Lady of La Salette
19th-century Christian saints
Incorrupt saints
Canonizations by Pope John XXIII
Deaths by intracerebral hemorrhage
Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate

masks:
Peter Julian Eymard
Eymard
Eymard
Julian
Peter Julian
Julian
Father Eymard
Eymard
Eymard
Eymard
Eymard
Eymard
Peter Julian
Eymard
Eymard
Eymard
Eymard
Eymard
Peter Chanel
Eymard
Peter Julian
Peter
Peter Julian
Saint Peter
Julian Eymard
Eymard


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Brigadier-General <mask>Frank' Montague-Bates, , (1876–1954) was a British Army officer in the early part of the 20th century, seeing active service in the Second Boer War, the First World War, the Occupation of Constantinople, the Anglo-Irish War, and the Second World War. Family life
<mask>-Bates was born on 8 February 1876, the only son of Henry Montague Bates and Mary Montague-Bates, her second husband, whom she married in 1872, following the death of her first husband from Cholera, Colonel Andrew Gammell of the 12th Lancers, in 1869. The family lived in London and also had property in Manaccan, Cornwall. Captain Montague Bates was married in Canada in 1910 to Gladys Thomas of Plymouth. They had one son, Patrick Montague Bates born in 1914, who, after education at Wellington College on a scholarship, joined Imperial Airways. He was a member of the RAFVR, called up in late 1939, trained as a pilot officer in 1940 and was shot down by a Messerschmidt 109 and killed in action in early 1941 piloting a Blenheim IV, whilst returning from a mission bombing a viaduct during the invasion of Crete by German Forces

<mask> was educated at Appuldurcombe College on the Isle of Wight. Military career

Second Boer War
When the Second Boer War broke out in October 1899, Montague-Bates was in Rangoon, Burma.He volunteered for service in South Africa, and was accepted on 12 February 1900 and served for a few months (135 days) as a corporal in B Section in Lumsden's Horse, a mounted infantry unit raised by Colonel Lumsden and supported by Sir Giles Playfair. The Unit was mainly composed of volunteers from regiments of the Indian Volunteer Force. On 4 August 1900 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 2nd Battalion East Surrey Regiment, which was serving elsewhere in the South African theatre, and for a while he commanded a section of a composite mounted infantry company formed from 2nd East Surreys and 1st Battalion Durham Light Infantry. He was promoted to lieutenant on 21 May 1902, shortly before the end of the war. After the Boer War, Montague-Bates was seconded for four years to the South African Constabulary organised by Major-General Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of the Scout Movement. (In 1913 Montague-Bates published a book on infantry scouting.) He was promoted to Captain in 1909 and again seconded, from 1910 to 1912, to the Canadian Forces.When World War I broke out in August 1914, Montague-Bates was serving as Adjutant of the 6th Battalion East Surreys, a Territorial Force unit based at Kingston upon Thames. Western Front
In November 1914 he was sent to the Western Front with a draft of reinforcements to join the 2nd Bn Queen's (Royal West Surrey) Regiment, which had suffered badly in the 1st Battle of Ypres. As the senior officer present he took command of the battalion, becoming a Temporary Major in December. Holding the line in the Ypres Salient, 2nd Queens' were actively engaged in trench raids during this period. A major attack was ordered for the afternoon of 18 December, when the 7th Division attacked Well Farm near La Boutillerie. The attack was led by 2nd Bn Royal Warwickshire Regiment, with two companies of 2nd Queen's in support. The preliminary bombardment had done little damage to the German defences, and the Warwicks were halted in the wire just short of the enemy trench.Going forward, the Queen's could do no more than reach the wire and reinforce the Warwicks in the dusk. Realising that the attack had failed, Montague-Bates decided not to renew it, but issued orders for the survivors to get back as best they could. Casualties were heavy in the barely reformed battalions, but senior commanders testified to the gallantry and devotion they had shown in attempting an impossible task. When a more senior officer of the Queen's arrived at the end of the year, Montague-Bates reverted to his previous rank of captain and became adjutant of the battalion until after the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in March 1915, when he was posted to fill the same appointment with the Warwicks. In the summer of 1915 he returned to 1st Battalion of his own regiment, which was serving in 5th Division, succeeding to command of the battalion (with promotion to major and temporary lieutenant-colonel) in August, when the commanding officer was invalided home. Salonika
At the end of 1915, Montague-Bates was sent to the Egyptian Expeditionary Force and then to the Salonika Front, where in January 1916 he took command of 12th Bn Cheshire Regiment, a 'Kitchener Army' battalion serving in 66th Brigade of 22nd Division. At first the British Salonika Army was restricted to digging into its bridgehead around the port (nicknamed 'The Birdcage'), but in April, 66th Bde led the way inland towards the Bulgarian frontier.On 27 August 1916 Montague-Bates was promoted to Temporary Brigadier-General to take temporary command of 77th Brigade in the neighbouring 26th Division, then moved on 25 September to 83rd Brigade in 28th Division. Finally, on 15 November 1916, he returned to 22nd Division to assume command of 66th Brigade, which position he held until the demobilisation of the division in Turkey in March 1919. He was in charge of the brigade during the heavy fighting of the Battles of Doiran of 1917 and 1918. In September 1919 he once more took over 83rd Brigade in 28th Division, which was then forming part of the British Army of Occupation in Turkey. Turkey
Following the Occupation of Constantinople, 83rd Bde was garrisoning the Dardanelles forts, but in November 1919 it was moved to the Izmit area to guard the Anatolian Railway. In March 1920 it moved back to Constantinople, but a new independent brigade (242nd Brigade) was formed at Izmit under Montague-Bates. This consisted of British and Indian  infantry battalions, with supporting troops.During August Montague-Bates authorised a sortie over the River Sarkaria to protect his perimeter against attacks by Nationalist Turks. He was reprimanded by Major-General Edmund Ironside who had just taken over command of the Izmit area. One of Montague-Bates' staff reported that the two generals 'had heated words' and 'When Brigadier Bates came out of the meeting he was white with rage, said good-bye, and having collected his belongings left with hardly a word'. Montague-Bates returned to Constantinople and was sent home. The staff officer wrongly believed that Montague-Bates had resigned his commission, and wrote that 'Monty' was 'a great loss to the army, for though not liked by many, was a first-class soldier'. Ireland
On return to the United Kingdom Montague-Bates had to relinquish his temporary rank of Brigadier-General and reverted to the Brevet lieutenant-colonelcy he had been awarded in June 1916. He rejoined the 2nd Bn East Surreys and in June 1921 he became Officer Commanding Troops at Dublin Castle during the peak of the violence during the Anglo-Irish War.Regimental service
In August 1922 Montague-Bates returned from Northern Ireland to the 1st Bn East Surreys stationed in Egypt. He commanded the battalion from December 1923 to December 1927,  in Hong Kong and India. During this period, Montague-Bates was promoted to Brevet-Colonel, and in March 1928 after his term of regimental command expired, he was appointed Brigade Commander of 141st (5th London) Brigade of the Territorial Army, based at the Duke of York's Headquarters in Chelsea. He retired from the army in 1932, but served again in Cornwall, commanding  the Home Guard unit for the Helford Estuary with its headquarters in Gweek. Home Guard during the World War II invasion scare of 1940–41. Frank Montague-Bates died on 21 June 1954 at his home at Manaccan. His funeral was held on 30 June at Kensal Green Cemetery.Awards
During his career Montague-Bates received the following awards and honours:
 CB (1919)
 CMG (1918)
 DSO (1917)
 Mentioned in dispatches six times (1915–19)
 Legion of Honour, 4th Class (France)
 Croix de Guerre avec Palme (France)
 Commander of the Order of the Redeemer, 3rd Class (Greece)

Publications
 The Infantry Scout: An outline of his training, pub'd Hugh Rees, Ltd, London, 1913, reprinted (twice) in 1915. References

Sources
 L.S. Amery (ed), The Times History of the War in South Africa 1899-1902, London: Sampson Low, Marston, 6 Vols 1900–09. Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 1: The Regular British Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1934/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, . Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3a: New Army Divisions (9–26), London: HM Stationery Office, 1938/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, .Ian Lyster, Among the Ottomans: Diaries from Turkey in World War I, London: Tauris, 2010, . Quarterly Army List January 1932'. Aland Wakefield & Simon Moody, Under the Devil's Eye: Britain's Forgotten Army at Salonika 1915–1918, Stroud: Sutton, 2004, .
 Who Was Who 1951–60''. External sources
 Queens Royal Surrey regimental website
 AngloBoerWar.com
 London Gazette

1876 births
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
East Surrey Regiment officers
British Army generals
British Army personnel of World War I
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
1954 deaths

masks:
Francis Stewart '
Francis Stewart Montague
Francis Stewart Montague Bates