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<mask> (born 8 November 1990), known professionally as <mask> is a Chilean singer, songwriter, and actress. Early life
<mask> was born in Santiago, Chile. She has two brothers, one sister, and is the youngest of four children. Her mother, Liselotte, is an industrial designer, and her father, Christian, works in ceramics. When <mask> was eight years old, her parents separated. She studied at Santiago College, a  bi-lingual private school in Providencia, Santiago, Chile. While attending school, <mask> stated she was bullied because her family was not wealthy.<mask> currently lives in Santiago with her mother, sister, and niece. Acting career
In 2006, <mask> began her television career as a member of the successful Canal 13 Chilean tween musical series, Amango, playing "Maria Fernanda Mc Gellar" better known as "Feña". The series premiered on  June 16, 2007 and ended on September 1, 2007. In Amango, <mask> participated also as one of the members of the telenovela's pop group of the same name. The band  successfully released three albums with the music used in the show. The second season of Amango began filming at the end of 2007. It premiered on March 28, 2008 and ended in  June  2008.<mask> also filmed  Amango: The Tour in 2008. This documentary featured the cast members of "Amango" as they prepared and promoted the series while on a national tour throughout Chile. Following the success of her participation in Amango, Canal 13 commissioned a spin-off series called El Blog de la Feña. <mask> reprised her role as "Feña"; the program allowed viewers to vote for the next storyline using text message voting. It was released in June 2008 and received high ratings on Canal 13 in 2 timeslots. In 2009, <mask> portrayed Martina Valdivieso Rey in Corazón Rebelde, the Chilean remake of the popular 2002 Argentine telenovela, Rebelde Way. <mask> also took part in the telenovela's spin-off band, CRZ: Corazón Rebelde.In 2010, she travelled to Buenos Aires, Argentina to study acting, dance and voice for six months. She returned to Santiago following the conclusion of her classes. <mask> made her film debut in the comedy-drama, El Limpiapiscinas in July 2011. At the end of 2011, she began filming for two acting projects. The film, El Babysitter, was released in cinemas in Chile on January 24, 2013. In April 2012, <mask> made her theatre debut as Paz in the Chilean Broadway-style musical, Que Cante La Vida. Performances began on June 7, 2012, at Teatro Municipal de Las Condes in Santiago, Chile.In April 2013, after taking a four-year break from television projects as a protagonist, <mask> announced that she had been cast as "Jessica Lorca", a character in the web page of Chilean television network MEGA's and  newest program, Chico reality. Filming for the television series began in Chile on April 22, 2013. The series is expected to air sometime in 2014. At the end of 2011 and for part of the 2012, <mask> also participated in the teen television series, El Nuevo, for TVN in Chile. Although filmed in 2011, the television series, El Nuevo aired special preview on July 4, 2013 for TVN in Chile. The program began airing Monday through Friday on July 8, 2013 and finish on July 26, 2013 for TVN in Chile. Two ages after, <mask> acting in the telenovela of TVN, Matriarcas in the role of Sandra Bravo Peñaloza.In January 2016, <mask> made her theatre as Princesa Jazz in the Mall Plaza's Chilean musical Aladino, el musical, based on the Disney's movie Aladdín. Music career

Early career and telenovela soundtracks (2008-2010)
<mask> showed an interest in music at a young age. She recorded her first CD consisting of four songs called Renacer in 2006, but it was never released to the public. <mask> participated in the Amango and Amango 2 soundtracks in 2007 and 2008, as well as a Christmas album called Amango: Villancicos. In June 2008, <mask> released her first solo single, "No Quiero Escuchar Tu Voz", as part of the promotion for her TV series El Blog de la Feña; the song reached number 8 in Top 100 Chile. At the end of 2010, following the completion of her role in the Chilean telenovela Corazón Rebelde and the band CRZ: Corazón Rebelde, <mask>  began working on her first solo album, featuring music of her own composition. Solo career and debut album (2011-2015)
In May 2011, <mask> released her solo promotional single, "Men", a controversial cover version of Gladys Knight's 1991 single.In November of the same year, <mask> released her first single, "I Wanna Give My Heart". The lyrics were written by <mask> and composed by Neven Ilic. On May 18, 2012, <mask>'s second official single, "Just Better Alone", was premiered online in Chile by La Tercera.cl. In September 2012, <mask> released her third official single, "Dance" featuring the Chilean hip-hop group Crossfire. The single was written by <mask>. In March 2013, <mask> announced that her first album as a solo artist was expected to be released in Chile sometime in April. She revealed that the album is a mixture of urban, pop and R&B influences.<mask> released her debut album, Fiesta, on November 6, 2013. <mask> released her album under the stage name "D-Niss". The album contains 11 "Spanglish" songs written or co-written by <mask>. Physical copies were available exclusively for FeriaMix Santagio in Chile. The album was released digitally on iTunes on November 8, 2013 for the United States and Chile. The album is available to stream for free on <mask>'s official SoundCloud account. <mask> worked on the album for eight months in Santiago, Chile.In May 2014, <mask> announced that the fifth single from her solo album would be "Revolution". She partially filmed a music video for the single in Santiago later that month. After she suffered a neck injury in minor car accident, production was delayed. After spending a few weeks to recover, <mask> completed production on the music video in July 2014. To promote the single, <mask> surprised fans by  performing at a metro station in Santiago with a flash mob of 30 dancers. The controversial music video for "Revolution" was released following an exclusive live acoustic concert, which streamed online for Movistar Chile, on August 18, 2014. Second album Cambio de Piel (2015-present)
The album Cambio de Piel was released on December 6, 2017."Cambio de Piel" was released as the album's lead-single on November 25, 2016. Its music video, was released on December 6, 2016. The second single, "Isidora" was released on September 1, 2017. Its music video, was released on August 31, 2017. It was directed by Claudia Huaiquimilla. The other songs released were "Cabello de Ángel" on January 25, 2018. A music video was released on the same day and shows the singer dancing in different places and singing in front of a blue background wearing a flower crown, "Lucha en Equilibrio" and "Encadená".On February 14, 2019, <mask> performed "Soñar de a Dos", alongside Camilo Zicavo. Five months later, on July 13, 2019, she released a song called "Agua Segura", with Spanish Mala Rodríguez. She followed this with the singles "El Amor no Duele" on August 22, "Ni un fruto" on November 28, and "Tiene Sabor" on February 20, 2020. In February 2020, <mask> won the Silver and Golden Seagull after their presentation in Viña del Mar International Song Festival. Filmography

Television

Film

Theatre

Discography

Solo artist

Singles
As lead artist

As featured artist

Other charted songs

Soundtracks

With El Blog de la Feña

With Amango

With CRZ

References

External links

<mask> official web site

1990 births
Living people
Chilean actresses
21st-century Chilean women singers
People from Santiago
Chilean people of German-Jewish descent
Chilean Jews
LGBT rights activists from Chile
Chilean child singers

masks:
Denise Sofía Rosenthal Schalchli
Denise Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
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Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
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Rosenthal
Denise
Denise Rosenthal


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<mask> (September 14, 1775 – September 12, 1830) was the third Episcopal bishop of New York (1816–1830). He vigorously promoted the extension of the Episcopal Church in upstate New York, as well as founded both the General Theological Seminary in New York City and Geneva College in Geneva in the Finger Lakes area (in 1852 renamed Hobart Free College after him and now operating as Hobart and William Smith Colleges).He was the beloved pastor of the Catholic Saint Elizabeth Seton before her conversion to Catholicism. Biography

Early life and family
<mask> was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sept. 14, 1775; the son of Capt. Enoch and Hannah (Pratt<mask>. His grandfather <mask> had moved from Hingham, Massachusetts to Philadelphia, where he married a Swedish woman and became a member of the Anglican Church. His great-grandfather <mask> was a graduate of the University of Cambridge, England, 1629, and teacher and pastor in Suffolk; he emigrated to America in 1635. Education
Captain <mask> died when the future bishop was an infant, and was buried in the family tomb at Christ Church Burial Ground.At age nine, <mask> was a pupil in the Episcopal Academy. He studied classics under professor <mask>, 1785–90, and followed when his mentor became vice-provost of the University of Pennsylvania, which <mask> attended, 1790–91. He transferred to the junior class of the College of New Jersey (Princeton) and graduated, A.B., 1793, A.M., 1796. <mask> worked as a tutor at Princeton, 1797–98, while pursuing his studies in theology under the direction of Bishop William White. Ministry
<mask> was ordained deacon by Bishop White in Philadelphia on June 3, 1798, and as a priest by Bishop Provoost on April 5, 1801, in Trinity Church. He then served as pastor of Trinity Church in Oxford and All Saints in Perkiomen in Pennsylvania, before moving to New Jersey to serve at Christ Church, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Trinity Church in New York hired <mask> as its assistant minister in 1803.<mask> showed his zeal for the historic episcopacy, An Apology for Apostolic Order and its Advocates in 1807, a series of letters to <mask>. Mason, who, in The Christian's Magazine, of which he was editor, had attacked the Episcopacy in general and in particular <mask>'s collection of Essays on the Subject of Episcopacy (1806). In 1811, <mask> was elected assistant bishop of New York, with the right of succession. The ill-health of Bishop Benjamin Moore led <mask> to effectively run the diocese for several years before formally succeeding on the latter's death in February 1816. As bishop, <mask> worked to build up his diocese, attempting to visit every parish annually. He was able, impetuous, frank, perfectly fearless in controversy, a speaker and preacher of much eloquence. A supporter of missions to the Oneida Indians, <mask> helped relocate many of the Oneida from New York State to Wisconsin. <mask> was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814.The AAS holds numerous books and pamphlets authored by or related to <mask>, including many sermons and other theologically related texts. One of the founders of the General Theological Seminary, <mask> became its professor of Pastoral Theology in 1821, served as its first dean and governed the seminary as bishop. He opposed the plan of Philander Chase, Bishop of Ohio, for an Episcopal seminary in that diocese; but when the Ohio seminary was made directly responsible to the House of Bishops, <mask> withdrew his opposition. Bishop <mask> supported the High Church Movement within the Episcopal Church. A predecessor of the Anglo-Catholic Movement deriving from the Oxford Movement in the 1830s and 40s, the High Church movement, like the Anglo-Catholic, stressed continuity with the pre-Protestant Reformation church, while at the same time strongly opposed certain Roman Catholic doctrines. The movement emphasized the Apostolic Succession and Anglican Covenantal Theology. In contrast to the later Anglo-Catholic movement, <mask>'s High Churchmanship did not have a significant liturgical character.<mask> emphasized the significance of baptism and apostolic succession, and how the apostolic succession affected Episcopal ecumenical relationships and ministry with "non-apostolic" churches. The seminary became a center for the High Church Movement and later for the Oxford Movement in America. Through General Seminary, <mask> in particular influenced two future bishops: Benjamin Onderdonk and Jackson Kemper. <mask> also opposed the American Bible Society, perhaps part of his strong opposition to dissenting churches. In 1816 he published a pamphlet to dissuade Episcopalians from joining the new movement, which he thought the Protestant Episcopal Church had not the numerical or the financial strength to control. Instead, in 1818, to counterbalance the Bible Society's influence and especially of Scott's Commentaries, <mask> began to edit the Family Bible of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. He also delivered episcopal charges to the clergy of Connecticut and New York entitled The Churchman (1819) and The High Churchman Vindicated (1826), in which <mask> accepted the label high churchman, explaining his principles to distinguish them from the corruptions of the Church of Rome and from the Errors of Certain Protestant Sects.By 1818, Hobart had also become convinced that an institution of higher education was needed in the western reaches of the state of New York. Though he had visited many areas as a bishop, he selected the small village of Geneva on Seneca Lake for his new outpost of learning. The site for the new Geneva College was selected in 1820, and the first building erected in 1822. Geneva College became Hobart Free College, later renamed Hobart College in 1852 in honor of its founder, and which became Hobart and William Smith Colleges. In failing health, <mask> visited Europe from 1823 to 1825. Upon his return, he preached a sermon entitled The United States of America compared with some European Countries, particularly England (published 1826). <mask> so criticized the establishment, state patronage, cabinet appointment of bishops, low discipline, and the low requirements of theological education, as to rouse much hostility in England, where he had been highly praised for two volumes of Sermons on the Principal Events and Truths of Redemption (1824).Death and legacy
Bishop <mask> died at Auburn, New York, on September 12, 1830, and is buried at Trinity Churchyard near his beloved General Theological Seminary in Manhattan. The Episcopal Church remembers Bishop <mask> annually on the anniversary of his death, September 12. The village of Hobart, New York was named after him in 1828. The Church of the Holy Apostles in Oneida, Wisconsin was dedicated in his memory, and nearby Hobart, in Brown County, Wisconsin, was named for him in 1908. Consecrators
 William White, first and fourth Presiding Bishop, first Bishop of Pennsylvania
 Samuel Provoost, third Presiding Bishop, first Bishop of New York
 Abraham Jarvis, second Bishop of Connecticut

Publications
 A Clergyman's Companion (1805)
 A Companion for the Altar (1804)
 A Companion to the Book of Common Prayer (1805)
 Festivals and Fasts (1804)

See also
 List of bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America

References

 The Catholic Movement in the American Episcopal Church (2nd Ed.) by George E. DeMille (Philadelphia: Church Historical Society, 1950)
 A History of the Episcopal Church by Robert Prichard (Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Pub., 1999)
 The Episcopal Church Annual. Morehouse Publishing: New York, NY (2005).Further reading
 Memorial of Bishop <mask>, containing a Memoir (New York, 1831)
 <mask>, The Early Life and Professional Years of Bishop <mask> (New York, 1834)
 <mask>, The Closing Years of Bishop <mask> (New York, 1836). External links

 from History of the Church of the Ascension, Chicago, Illinois
 Material by and about <mask> <mask> online from Project Canterbury
 <mask> <mask> at Trinity Wall Street Archives

1775 births
1830 deaths
Episcopal bishops of New York
History of Christianity in the United States
People from Geneva, New York
Clergy from Philadelphia
People of pre-statehood Wisconsin
Writers from New York (state)
Writers from Philadelphia
Writers from Wisconsin
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Princeton University alumni
Anglican saints
19th-century Anglican bishops in the United States
People of colonial Pennsylvania
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Anglo-Catholic bishops
American Anglo-Catholics
General Theological Seminary faculty
18th-century Anglican theologians
19th-century Anglican theologians
Anglican devotional writers
Early modern Christian devotional writers
Modern Christian devotional writers

masks:
John Henry Hobart
John Henry Hobart
) Hobart
John Hobart
Peter Hobart
Hobart
John
John Andrews
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
John M
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
John McVickar
Hobart
John McVr
Hobart
John Henry
Hobart
John Henry
Hobart


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<mask> (24 February 1934, in Manchester – 5 February 2012) was a British head teacher, writer, and critic of the failures of multiculturalism. In the early 1980s, when he was headmaster of Drummond Middle School in Bradford, Yorkshire, he wrote an article critical of multiculturalism and its effect on British education: this was published in January 1984, in The Salisbury Review, a conservative magazine edited by the philosopher Roger Scruton. <mask> was suspended after being accused of racism, then regained his job after an appeal to the High Court. However, faced with a hostile campaign, he was subsequently persuaded to take early retirement. <mask> was born into a large working-class family, and grew up in very poor conditions. His father was an unskilled labourer who, after being wounded in the First World War, could work only intermittently. <mask>'s mother was the daughter of Irish immigrants.Of his 10 siblings, six died in childhood. The small house which the family occupied in Manchester did not contain a single book. <mask> failed his eleven plus exam and went to Manchester Technical School. At 15 he started work in an office to support his family. At the same time he attended evening classes to train as a teacher. In later years he took an MA in Linguistics at Lancaster University. Before becoming headmaster of Drummond Middle School in 1981, <mask> taught at various secondary schools in the Manchester area, including Lostock School.By 1985 Drummond Middle School had around 500 pupils: more than 90 per cent were non-white, and 85 per cent were Asian. Press controversy
An article written by <mask> for the Salisbury Review in 1984 discussed ethnicity, culture and assimilation, and educational performance. He had already publicised his views in two letters in 1982, sent to the Times Educational Supplement (TES) and a local Bradford paper, and then in an extended article in the TES in November 1982. In the latter, he argued that the onus for integration and the constraints on educational performance lay in the home environment of immigrant families. He attacked what he saw as the misplaced use of multiculturalism in schools, including the failure to teach children English from a young age: "Those of us working in Asian areas are encouraged, officially, to 'celebrate linguistic diversity', ie applaud the rapidly mounting linguistic confusion in those growing number of inner-city schools in which British-born Asian children begin their mastery of English by being taught in Urdu." He countered that "if a school contains a disproportionate number of children for whom English is a second language (true of all Asian children, even those born here), or children from homes where educational ambition and the values to support it are conspicuously absent (i.e. the vast majority of West Indian homes a disproportionate number of which are fatherless) then academic standards are bound to suffer."The result, he said, was "a small but growing group of dispossessed, indigenous parents whose schools are, as a direct result of the multiracial dimension, failing their children". He also attacked "political correctness" and the "race relations lobby" for employing "a dubious, officially approved argot which functions to maintain a whole set of questionable beliefs and attitudes about education and race attitudes which have much more to do with professional opportunism than the educational progress of ethnic minority children". <mask> had already been in discussion with his Local Education Authority after the 1982 TES article, in the context of Bradford Council guidelines on educational aims issued in that year, but had not been disciplined. After the second article, Bradford's then Labour Mayor, Mohammed Ajeeb, called for his dismissal, and <mask> was suspended in April 1985. However, after his successful appeal to the High Court, <mask> was reinstated in September. He then became the target of a campaign by an action group involving a number of parents; sections of <mask>'s writings were translated into Urdu, and protests were held outside his school. <mask> had to be given police protection, and in December he finally took early retirement, about two years after The Salisbury Review article was published.Posthumous assessment
Mohammed Ajeeb, in an interview with the BBC published after <mask>'s death in 2012, defended his action against <mask>: "His job was not to wander into race politics. His comments were taken up by racist people who made him a hero. I received hate mail saying I should go. [...] It's not the substance of what he said that was so offensive. It's how he said it and the right-wing journal in which he chose to say it." Graham Mahony, who was appointed Bradford Council's chief race relations officer in 1984, said in an interview after <mask>'s death: "<mask> had some valid points that should have been discussed, but because of the way he expressed them the opposite happened. The debate was suppressed and didn't surface again until the riots (in 1995 and 2001)."The latter riot resulted in the Ouseley Report, which noted that Bradford had become deeply divided by segregated schooling, resulting in children leaving full-time education with little knowledge of the lives of other communities. The journalist and author Robert Winder said that <mask> made "a serious point" when he argued that the kind of multiculturalism "which encouraged [pupils] to work within their own cultures and languages...was cumbersome, inefficient and divisive". However, Winder said, <mask> had made his case "intemperately", and as "Bradford had an Asian mayor, and over two hundred Asian community organisations", his dismissal was inevitable. In his autobiography, Scruton wrote, "<mask> was branded as a racist, horribly pilloried, and eventually sacked, for saying what everyone now admits to be true". Notes

External links

1934 births
2012 deaths
Alumni of Lancaster University
Heads of schools in England
20th-century British people
Critics of multiculturalism
English people of Irish descent
Schoolteachers from Greater Manchester
People from Manchester
Conservative Party (UK) councillors
Councillors in Greater Manchester

masks:
Raymond Honeyford
Honeyford
Life Honeyford
Honeyford
Honeyford
Honeyford
Honeyford
Honeyford
Honeyford
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Honeyford
Honeyford
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Ray Honeyford


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<mask>  (born 17 September 1946) is a former professional footballer and manager, who is most often associated with West Ham United with whom he spent 27 years as player and manager. He played 799 first-team games for West Ham in a career spanning 21 seasons. Background
Born in Woolwich, south-east London, Bonds grew up in nearby Eltham, where he played for a Sunday boys' team, Moatbridge, and Kent Schoolboys and joined the groundstaff at Charlton Athletic after leaving school at 15. He played in the youth and A team and occasionally in the reserves before joining the playing staff shortly before his 18th birthday in September 1964. Club career
<mask> made his League debut for Charlton against Northampton Town in February 1965 and became a regular in the first team, going on to make 95 League appearances, scoring one goal, before being signed by Ron Greenwood for West Ham United for a fee of £50,000 in May 1967. He made his first appearance for West Ham in a testimonial match for Ken Brown in the same month and made his League debut against Sheffield Wednesday in the opening game of the 1967–68 season. He was ever-present in the 1968–69 and 1969–70 seasons and played 124 consecutive league games until injury ended his run of appearances in October 1970.Bonds played his first three seasons as a right-back before Greenwood switched him to midfield in the 1970–71 season where he counterbalanced the skills of Trevor Brooking. Bonds was at his peak in the early 1970s, helping West Ham to the semi-final of the Football League Cup in the 1971–72 season, where they lost to Stoke City after a second replay, and topping the scorers list at West Ham in the 1973–74 season with 13 goals, including a hat-trick against Chelsea. After the departure of Bobby Moore in March 1974, Bonds was appointed to the captaincy and led the club to an FA Cup final victory over Fulham in 1975 and to the final of the 1976 European Cup Winners' Cup despite a groin injury that interrupted the latter half of the 1974–75 season and part of the 1975–76 season. Greenwood moved Bonds from midfield to the back four as centre-half alongside Tommy Taylor shortly before the end of the 1976–77 season, where he was able to come out from defence with the ball. He experienced relegation with West Ham at the end of the 1977–78 season but led West Ham to a second FA Cup victory over First Division club Arsenal in 1980, becoming the only West Ham captain to lift the FA Cup on two occasions. In 1980–81, he led West Ham to the final of the League Cup, which was lost to Liverpool after a replay, and to promotion back to the First Division. Bonds passed Bobby Moore's club record of appearances in 1982–83 and 'officially' retired in May 1984, relinquishing the captaincy to Alvin Martin.A spate of injuries to first-team players saw him return to the squad and make 26 league and cup appearances in 1984–85. He missed the entire 1985–86 season due to a toe injury but, having passed his 40th birthday, he was able to re-establish himself in the first-team during the 1986–87 season. A knee injury that forced him out of the last two games of the 1987–88 season led to a decision to finally retire in the summer of 1988, having played his last game at Southampton in April 1988 at the age of 41 years and 226 days. Bonds had remained at the club as a player for over 20 years, scoring 48 goals in a club record 663 League appearances. He established himself as a local hero and was the supporters' choice for 'Hammer of the Year' in 1971, 1974, 1975 and 1987. He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in January 1988 and was presented with the PFA Merit Award in April 1988 by his fellow professional players. In May 2013 Bonds was awarded West Ham United's first ever lifetime achievement award.On 6 February 2019, it was announced that the East Stand at The London Stadium will be renamed the <mask>s Stand. The unveiling took place ahead of West Ham's home fixture against Newcastle United on 2 March. International career
<mask> was capped twice at England Under-23 international level and was on the bench as a non-playing substitute for the senior international team for a World Cup qualifying match against Italy in November 1977. A collision with goalkeeper Phil Parkes in the last game of the 1980-1981 season broke two of Bonds' ribs, and ruled him out of selection for England against Brazil in May 1981. <mask> and Alvin Martin were in line to make their England debuts in that game. Managerial career
After <mask> retired as a player in 1988, West Ham manager John Lyall appointed him as youth coach. He unsuccessfully applied for the manager's post when Lyall left the club in July 1989 after West Ham had been relegated.However, when new manager Lou Macari resigned seven months later, <mask> was appointed manager in February 1990. In his first full season in charge, he took the club to promotion, when they finished as runner-up to Oldham Athletic in 1990-91 season, also reaching the semi-finals of the FA Cup where they lost to Nottingham Forest. He was awarded a second testimonial in the same season. West Ham were relegated in the 1991–92 season in bottom place, but the board kept faith in Bonds and he led them to promotion the following season, when they finished as runner-up to Newcastle United. Bonds guided West Ham to a 13th-place finish in the 1993–94 Premier League. He resigned in August 1994, just before the new season began, when he was replaced by Harry Redknapp. He had spells in coaching at Queens Park Rangers and Reading before making a return to management with Millwall in May 1997.He managed 53 games before being sacked by the club the following year as they finished in the bottom half of Division Two. Career statistics

References

External links

1946 births
Living people
English footballers
England under-23 international footballers
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
English football managers
Premier League managers
English Football League managers
West Ham United F.C. managers
Queens Park Rangers F.C. non-playing staff
Millwall F.C. managers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Footballers from Woolwich
English Football League players
English Football Hall of Fame inductees
Association football defenders
Association football coaches
FA Cup Final players
Reading F.C.non-playing staff
West Ham United F.C. non-playing staff

masks:
William Arthur Bonds
Bonds
Billy Bond
Bonds
Bonds
Bonds
Bonds


texts:
<mask> (November 9, 1872 – March 14, 1939) was the superintendent of lighting for Seattle for 28 years and was the first administrator of the Bonneville Power Administration. He was instrumental in developing the Cedar Falls and Skagit River hydroelectric power plants. A self-taught engineer, <mask> advocated for public utilities and regional power networks. He also later served as a member of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Early life
<mask> was born November 9, 1872, in Chatham, Ontario. His mother died when <mask> was two years old. When he was 16, his father died.Fascinated by science from a young age, <mask> became an expert in electricity through books and experimentation. In 1891, he graduated from Chatham Collegiate Institute. After teaching school for six years, he headed to the Klondike gold fields in 1898. After a year and a half of prospecting, <mask> moved to Anacortes, Washington where he was a steam engineer in a cannery. Later, he moved to Seattle to open his own electrical business. Seattle City Light

When Seattle voters approved a bond measure for a municipal power plant on the Cedar River, <mask> developed blueprints for the infrastructure of what would become the Seattle Municipal Light and Power Plant and submitted them to the city engineer, Reginald H. Thomson. In 1903, <mask> was appointed assistant city engineer and chief electrical engineer for Seattle.He began the Cedar Falls project with a timber dam which raised the river's level by . The water was directed by the dam into an  diameter pipeline that was  long and connected to a steel penstock. The water flowed from the penstock to two Pelton impulse waterwheels that turned two 1,200-kilowatt generators. The generators supplied power to the light bulbs in the powerhouse for the first time on October 7, 1904, and to the city of Seattle by January 31, 1905 through the newly-established Seattle City Light. <mask> was appointed superintendent of lighting for Seattle in 1911, a position he would hold for 28 years. As superintendent, he instituted programs to make Seattle City Light a national model for municipal ownership, such as encouraging the use of electricity for home heating, cooking, and other appliances, and directly selling appliances to customers. He staffed each branch office with an appliance salesman, offered free appliance repair, and arranged for home economists to give lessons on new labor-saving devices.In the 1914 mayoral election, due the popularity of <mask>'s programs, both candidates promised that <mask> would remain superintendent of lighting. A masonry dam to replace the timber dam at Cedar Falls that <mask> pushed for against geologists' warnings caused two floods, one in 1915 and one in 1918, the first destroying the town of Moncton and the second destroying the town of Edgewick. During the early decades of the twentieth century, Seattle was a battleground between private and public utility interests. <mask> was a proponent of municipal ownership of utilities, and felt the duplication of infrastructure by competing privately-owned utilities was wasteful. Puget Sound Power & Light, a private utility company, frequently attacked City Light, and <mask> personally, through the local newspapers, public campaigns, and in lawsuits. When World War I began, the need for power to support war production multiplied. <mask> obtained approval from the Department of Agriculture to build dams on the Skagit River as part of the Skagit River Hydroelectric Project, because Puget Sound Power & Light, which held permits to build there, had failed to begin construction within the required time.The city council approved $1.5 million in bonds for construction. The construction camp was set up at the mouth of Newhalem Creek, giving the unincorporated community its name. Contractors built a 25-mile rail line to Gorge Creek, allowing Seattle City Light to control access to the area. After the railroad reached the site above Newhalem, a two-mile tunnel was dug between the dam and the powerhouse. Work was frequently delayed by floods, mudslides, and avalanches. The schedule was further delayed by workers leaving to hunt for gold, labor troubles, a forest fire, and a shortage of electricity. Although <mask> had estimated that the Skagit River operation would provide electricity to Seattle by 1921, those various delays pushed the date to 1924.<mask> oversaw the construction of three dams for the project: one on Gorge Creek, one in Diablo Canyon, and one at Ruby Creek. The Gorge Dam generators were formally started by President Calvin Coolidge on September 17, 1924. From 1928 until the start of World War II, <mask> began a program in which City Light offered guided tours of the Skagit Project. From Rockport, visitors rode City Light's steam locomotive 23 miles to Newhalem. Dormitories were provided, as were meals in The Gorge Inn. The next day, visitors boarded another train to Diablo, where they toured the powerhouse and rode an incline lift to the top of the dam. Next, they rode a barge or tour boat to Ruby Creek, then returned to Rockport.Over 100,000 people visited the Skagit Project by 1941. After the war, shortened tours resumed. <mask> would personally narrate slide shows for the tours. <mask>'s hobby was gardening, which he put to good use creating tropical gardens at the Skagit River project. In 1931, a charter amendment that would give <mask> authority over engineering projects for City Light was on the ballot, which was opposed by political opponents and which local newspapers predicted would lose decidedly. On March 9, the day before the election, Seattle mayor Frank Edwards abruptly fired <mask> for "inefficiency, disloyalty, and willful neglect of duty" and for "participation in politics". Although the mayor had expected the firing to become public the following day, The Seattle Star published a special late evening edition carrying a story by <mask> and urging voters to pass the charter amendment.The amendment passed, and partisans of <mask> began a recall campaign against the mayor. On July 13, 1931, voters elected a new mayor, Robert Harlin, who promptly appointed <mask> back to his position. The controversy had gained attention outside of Washington. New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt sent <mask> a letter of congratulations on his reappointment. In 1937, supporters of <mask> began raising funds to have his likeness carved into Mount Ross, however the project never came to fruition. Later endeavors

<mask> was appointed to the Securities and Exchange Commission in 1935 by Roosevelt, who was now president. In 1937, <mask> resigned from the SEC, and became the first administrator of the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA).<mask> supported Roosevelt's intent that the BPA should give preference to rural communities. In a 1937 interview, <mask> predicted "All the energy in the Columbia River Basin may not be needed right now, but the time is going to come when the country will use it—every single kilowatt of it. Just as someday there may be insufficient oil or coal in America, there also may be a shortage of electric power." In 1931, <mask> accepted Roosevelt's invitation to be a consulting engineer on New York's Saint Lawrence River project, the Moses-Saunders Power Dam. While serving as BPA Administrator, he remained City Light's superintendent. In 1934, the Federal Power Commission (FPC) consulted him on the National Power Survey. In 1935, <mask> was an advisory engineer to the Public Works Administration.In 1938, Roosevelt was concerned by the results of a survey of the nation's power facilities by the FPC and War Department. <mask> was directed to investigate the feasibility of linking power resources across the country, an idea that expanded on <mask>'s vision of a regional power network in the west. He advised the President that underground cables linking electrical supply would be "safer from aerial attack in time of war". In his first BPA report, <mask> revealed a master plan that would link Bonneville and the Grand Coulee dams with backbone lines connecting south to California, east to Montana, and southeast to Idaho. Personal life

<mask> married Alice M. Wilson in 1907. They had no children. <mask> died on March 14, 1939, age 66, from a massive heart attack soon after an operation at the Mayo Clinic.<mask> was buried at Mount Ross, in the heart of the Skagit Project. Alice died on April 5, 1956, at age 69, and was buried with <mask>. Their graves are marked with a granite tomb with a bronze plaque embossed with a statement written by Roosevelt:

Ross Dam, the third Skagit River project dam which was completed the year after his death, Ross Lake, and Mount Ross were named in his honor. Ross Lake became part of Ross Lake National Recreation Area in October, 1968. References

External links
<mask><mask> archives

1872 births
1939 deaths
American civil engineers
People from Seattle
History of Seattle
Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

masks:
James Delmage Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
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Ross
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Ross
Ross
Ross
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Ross
Ross
Ross
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James D
. Ross


texts:
<mask> (March 14, 1909 – June 1, 1997) was an American physicist who participated in the Manhattan Project. Serber's lectures explaining the basic principles and goals of the project were printed and supplied to all incoming scientific staff, and became known as The Los Alamos Primer. The New York Times called him “the intellectual midwife at the birth of the atomic bomb.”

Early life and education
He was born in Philadelphia, the eldest son of Rose (Frankel) and <mask>. His family was Jewish. His mother died in 1922 and his father married her cousin Frances Leof in 1928. <mask> earned his B.S. in engineering physics from Lehigh University in 1930 and earned his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison with John Van Vleck in 1934.He married Charlotte Leof (26 Jul 1911 – 1967), the daughter of his stepmother's uncle, in 1933. Shortly before receiving his doctorate, Serber was selected for a National Research Council postdoctoral fellowship and planned on conducting research at Princeton University with Eugene Wigner. However, after spontaneously enrolling at the University of Michigan's physics summer school, he changed his plans and went to work with J<mask> Oppenheimer at the University of California, Berkeley. For the next four years, he shuttled with Oppenheimer between Berkeley and the California Institute of Technology, where Oppenheimer held a secondary faculty appointment. In 1938, he took one of the era's few tenure-track professorships in physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he stayed until he was recruited for the Manhattan Project. Manhattan Project
He was recruited for the Manhattan Project in 1941, and was in Project Alberta on the dropping of the bomb. When the Los Alamos National Laboratory was first organized, Oppenheimer decided not to compartmentalize the technical information among different departments.This increased the effectiveness of the technical workers in problem solving, and emphasized the urgency of the project in their minds, now they knew what they were working on. So it fell to Serber to give a series of lectures explaining the basic principles and goals of the project. These lectures were printed and supplied to all incoming scientific staff, and became known as The Los Alamos Primer, LA-1. It was declassified in 1965. Serber developed the first good theory of bomb assembly hydrodynamics. Serber's wife <mask> was appointed by Oppenheimer to head the technical library at Los Alamos, where she was the only wartime female section leader. Serber created the code-names for all three design projects, the "Little Boy" (uranium gun), "Thin Man" (plutonium gun), and "Fat Man" (plutonium implosion), according to his reminiscences (1998).The names were based on their design shapes; the "Thin Man" would be a very long device, and the name came from the Dashiell Hammett detective novel and series of movies of the same name; the "Fat Man" bomb would be round and fat and was named after Sydney Greenstreet's character in The Maltese Falcon (from Hammett's novel). "Little Boy" would come last and be named only to contrast to the "Thin Man" bomb. This differs from the unsupported theory, now abandoned, that "Fat Man" was named after Churchill and "Thin Man" after Roosevelt (see Links). Serber was to go on the camera plane for the Nagasaki mission, "Big Stink", but it left without him when group operations officer Major James I. Hopkins ordered him off the plane as he had forgotten his parachute, reportedly after the B-29 had already taxied onto the runway. Since Serber was the only crew member who knew how to operate the high-speed camera, Hopkins had to be instructed by radio from Tinian on its use. Serber was with the first American team to enter Hiroshima and Nagasaki to assess the results of the atomic bombing of the two cities. Post-war work and personal life
Although Oppenheimer sought an appointment for Serber in the Berkeley physics department following the end of the war, this was soon forestalled, possibly because of the anti-Semitism of department chair Raymond Thayer Birge.Birge had previously refused to offer a tenure-track appointment to Serber after he received his University of Illinois offer, opining that "one Jew in the department is enough." Oppenheimer prevailed in placing him as head of the theoretical division of the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory under Ernest Lawrence; however, as his mentor segued into policy consultancies and the presidency of the Institute for Advanced Study in 1947, Serber frequently took over his courses, ultimately resulting in his appointment to the Berkeley faculty. In 1948, Serber had to defend himself against anonymous accusations of disloyalty, mostly because his wife Charlotte's family were Jewish intellectuals with socialist leanings, and also because he tried to remove politics from discussions of the feasibility of the fusion bomb, leading to arguments with Edward Teller. Although he had been cleared of any potential wrongdoing at a subsequent hearing that year, he was denied a prerequisite security clearance for a Japanese physics conference in 1952, precipitating his refusal to join a Teller-chaired Department of Defense advisory group. While he reluctantly signed the loyalty oath stipulated by the Levering Act for Berkeley personnel in 1950, growing antagonism between Oppenheimer and the more conservative Lawrence eventually spurred his departure. In 1951, he became a professor of physics at Columbia University at the behest of Manhattan Project colleague I. I. Rabi. He served as chair of the department from 1975 until his retirement as professor emeritus in 1978.At Columbia, Serber served as doctoral advisor to future Nobelist Leon Cooper. He also collaborated with Abraham Pais on meson studies and developed the Serber-Dancoff method, a refined technique for analyzing strong coupling. He also consulted numerous labs, businesses, and commissions, including Brookhaven National Laboratory (where he worked one day a week during the academic year and occasional summers for twenty years) and Fermilab, as a specialist in the proton–proton chain reaction and the focusing properties of particle accelerators. Although largely bereft of any ideology, he refused to join the Defense Department-affiliated JASON consulting group because of his previous clearance issues and opposition to the Vietnam War. After being diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, <mask> suffered from depression and took her own life with an overdose of sleeping pills on May 22, 1967. In the years thereafter, he began a relationship with the widowed Kitty Oppenheimer. She talked him into buying a  yawl, which they sailed from New York to Grenada.In 1972, they purchased a  ketch, with the intention of sailing through the Panama Canal and to Japan via the Galapagos Islands and Tahiti during Serber's sabbatical. They set out, but Kitty became ill, and was taken to Gorgas Hospital, where she died of an embolism on October 27, 1972. <mask> and Toni Oppenheimer scattered her cremains near the Oppenheimers' longtime vacation home in Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands, which he continued to use. Following his retirement, he married Fiona St. Clair, a fabric designer from Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, in 1979. He adopted her son Zachariah, and they had another son, William, in November 1980. He served as president of the American Physical Society in 1971. A year later, Serber was awarded the J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize.Serber appears in the Oscar-nominated documentary The Day After Trinity (1980). In the 1989 movie dramatization of the Manhattan Project, Fat Man and Little Boy, he was portrayed by H. David Politzer, a professor of theoretical physics at Caltech. Politzer was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004. Serber died June 1, 1997 at his home in Manhattan from complications of surgery for brain cancer. Bibliography

 Original 1943 "LA-1", declassified in 1965, plus commentary and historical introduction. <mask>er 1909—1997 A Biographical Memoir by <mask>. Crease, 2008, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. References

Further reading

External links
1994 Audio Interview with <mask> by Richard Rhodes Voices of the Manhattan Project
1982 Audio Interview with <mask>er by Martin Sherwin Voices of the Manhattan Project
Annotated bibliography for <mask> from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
Naming of Fat Man & Thin Man after Churchill, Roosevelt?Oral History interview transcript with <mask> Bohr Library and Archives
 Oral History interview transcript with <mask> 10 February 1967, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
 Eyewitness Account of the Trinity Test

1909 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American physicists
Manhattan Project people
Central High School (Philadelphia) alumni
Lehigh University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty
Columbia University faculty
Jewish American scientists
People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Deaths from brain tumor
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)

masks:
Robert Serber
David Serber
Robert Serber
. Robert
Charlotte Serber
Charlotte Serber
Serber
Robert Serb
Robert P
Robert Serber
Robert Serb
Robert Serber
Robert Serberels
Robert Serber


texts:
<mask> (born 23 August 1949) is a French actor, director, and writer. Life and career
Passionate about drama from his youth, <mask> joined the Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique at the age of 20, and won the prix d'Excellence when he left. He joined Robert Hossein in Reims. He then began a rich theatrical career and a sporadic cinema career. Marcel Cravenne hired him in 1970 for Tartuffe. In 1972, he was Haroun in Faustine et le Bel Été and played the role of Hugo in État de siège by Costa-Gavras. He was seduced by Claude Jade in Le Malin Plaisir (1975), and by Anicée Alvina in Une femme fatale (1976).The young actor with much sex-appeal (he appeared in Le Malin Plaisir completely naked) was in Bel Ami (1983) after the 1885 novel by Guy de Maupassant in the adaptation by Pierre Cardinal. On television, he was, among others, Le Comte de Monte-Cristo by Denys de La Patellière and Judge Antoine Rives in the show by Gilles Béhat. Noticeable on film as Comte de Guiche in Cyrano de Bergerac (1990) and Don Juan (1998), where he seduces Emmanuelle Béart. In 2008, he joined Isabelle Adjani in a televised adaptation of Figaro which he directed for France 3. From 1979 to 1985, he appeared at the Centre dramatique national in Lyon (Théâtre du ), and from 1986 to 2001, the Théâtre de Nice, Centre dramatique national Nice-Côte d'Azur. He has starred and directed in many of the great roles of classical theatre, including Cyrano, where he excelled for many seasons. <mask> published Des petits coins de paradis in October 2009, his first work, which relates to his work as an artist and his friends.He is married to <mask> and has three children: two sons, Tommy and Stanley, and one daughter, Kim.

masks:
Jacques Weber
Jacques Weber
Jacques Weber
Christine Weber


texts:
<mask> (born January 21, 1941) is an American literary critic, feminist, and writer on cultural and social issues. She influenced feminist literary criticism in the United States academia, developing the concept and practice of gynocritics, a term describing the study of "women as writers". Showalter has written and edited numerous books and articles focused on a variety of subjects, from feminist literary criticism to fashion, sometimes sparking controversy, especially with her work on illnesses. Showalter has been a television critic for People magazine and a commentator on BBC radio and television. She is a recipient of the Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism. Career
Showalter is a specialist in Victorian literature and the Fin-de-siècle (turn of the 19th century). Her most innovative work in this field is in madness and hysteria in literature, specifically in women's writing and in the portrayal of female characters.She is the Avalon Foundation Professor Emerita. Her academic honors include a Guggenheim Fellowship and a Rockefeller Humanities fellowship (1981–82). She is also the past-president of the Modern Language Association (MLA). Showalter's best known works are Towards a Feminist Poetics (1979), The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture (1830–1980) (1985), Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Siecle (1990), Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Media (1997), and Inventing Herself: Claiming a Feminist Intellectual Heritage (2001). In 2007 Showalter was chair of the judges for the prestigious British literary award, the Man Booker International Prize. In 2012, she also received an honorary degree from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. Critical importance
Showalter's book Inventing Herself (2001), a survey of feminist icons, was the culmination of a lengthy interest in communicating the importance of understanding feminist tradition.Showalter's early essays and editorial work in the late 1970s and the 1980s survey the history of the feminist tradition within the "wilderness" of literary theory and criticism. Working in the field of feminist literary theory and criticism, which was just emerging as a serious scholarly pursuit in universities in the 1970s, Showalter's writing reflects a conscious effort to convey the importance of mapping her discipline's past in order to both ground it in substantive theory, and amass a knowledge base that will be able to inform a path for future feminist academic pursuit. In Towards a Feminist Poetics Showalter traces the history of women's literature, suggesting that it can be divided into three phases:
 Feminine: In the Feminine phase (1840–1880), "women wrote in an effort to equal the intellectual achievements of the male culture, and internalized its assumptions about female nature" (New, 137). Feminist: The Feminist phase (1880–1920) was characterized by women's writing that protested against male standards and values, and advocated women's rights and values, including a demand for autonomy. Female: The Female phase (1920— ) is one of self-discovery. Showalter says, "women reject both imitation and protest—two forms of dependency—and turn instead to female experience as the source of an autonomous art, extending the feminist analysis of culture to the forms and techniques of literature" (New, 139). Rejecting both imitation and protest, Showalter advocated approaching feminist criticism from a cultural perspective in the current Female phase, rather than from perspectives that traditionally come from an androcentric perspective like psychoanalytic and biological theories, for example.Feminists in the past have worked within these traditions by revising and criticizing female representations, or lack thereof, in the male traditions (that is, in the Feminine and Feminist phases). In her essay Feminist Criticism in the Wilderness (1981), Showalter says, "A cultural theory acknowledges that there are important differences between women as writers: class, race, nationality, and history are literary determinants as significant as gender. Nonetheless, women's culture forms a collective experience within the cultural whole, an experience that binds women writers to each other over time and space" (New, 260). Showalter does not advocate replacing psychoanalysis, for example, with cultural anthropology; rather, she suggests that approaching women's writing from a cultural perspective is one among many valid perspectives that will uncover female traditions. However, cultural anthropology and social history are especially fruitful because they  "can perhaps offer us a terminology and a diagram of women's cultural situation" (New, 266). Showalter's caveat is that feminist critics must use cultural analyses as ways to understand what women write, rather than to dictate what they ought to write (New, 266). However isolationist-like Showalter's perspective may sound at first, she does not advocate a separation of the female tradition from the male tradition.She argues that women must work both inside and outside the male tradition simultaneously (New, 264). Showalter says the most constructive approach to future feminist theory and criticism lies in a focus on nurturing a new feminine cultural perspective within a feminist tradition that at the same time exists within the male tradition, but on which it is not dependent and to which it is not answerable. Gynocritics
Showalter coined the term "gynocritics" to describe literary criticism based in on a female perspective. Probably the best description Showalter gives of gynocritics is in Towards a Feminist Poetics:
In contrast to [an] angry or loving fixation on male literature, the program of gynocritics is to construct a female framework for the analysis of women's literature, to develop new models based on the study of female experience, rather than to adapt male models and theories. Gynocritics begins at the point when we free ourselves from the linear absolutes of male literary history, stop trying to fit women between the lines of the male tradition, and focus instead on the newly visible world of female culture. (New, 131)

This does not mean that the goal of gynocritics is to erase the differences between male and female writing; gynocritics is not "on a pilgrimage to the promised land in which gender would lose its power, in which all texts would be sexless and equal, like angels" (New, 266). Rather gynocritics aims to understand women's writing not as a product of sexism but as a fundamental aspect of female reality.Showalter acknowledges the difficulty of "[d]efining the unique difference of women's writing" which she says is "a slippery and demanding task" in "Feminist Criticism in the Wilderness" (New, 249). She says that gynocritics may never succeed in understanding the special differences of women's writing, or realize a distinct female literary tradition. But, with grounding in theory and historical research, Showalter sees gynocriticism as a way to "learn something solid, enduring, and real about the relation of women to literary culture" (New, 249). She stresses heavily the need to free "ourselves from the lineal absolute of male literary history". That is going to be the point where gynocritics make a beginning. The Female Malady was consulted by <mask>o in "A Proper Education for Girls." Criticism and controversy

Feminist theory and criticism
Duke University-based Toril Moi, in her 1985 book Sexual/Textual Politics, described Showalter's as a limited, essentialist view of women.Moi particularly criticized Showalter's ideas regarding the Female phase, and its notions of a woman's singular autonomy and necessary search inward for a female identity. In a predominantly poststructuralist era that proposes that meaning is contextual and historical, and that identity is socially and linguistically constructed, Moi claimed that there is no fundamental female self. According to Moi, the problem of equality in literary theory does not lie in the fact that the literary canon is fundamentally male and unrepresentative of female tradition, rather the problem lies in the fact that a canon exists at all. Moi argues that a feminine literary canon would be no less oppressive than the male canon because it would necessarily represent a particular socio demographic class of woman; it could not possibly represent all women because female tradition is drastically different depending on class, ethnicity, social values, sexuality, etc. A female consciousness cannot exist for the same reasons. Moi objects to what she sees as an essentialist position – that is, she objects to any determination of identity based on gender. Moi's criticism was influential as part of a larger debate between essentialist and postmodern feminist theorists at the time.Hysteria and "modern" illnesses
Showalter's controversial take on illnesses such as dissociative identity disorder (formerly called multiple personality disorder), Gulf War syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome in her book Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Media (1997) has angered some in the health profession and many who suffer from these illnesses. Writing in the New York Times, psychologist Carol Tavris commented that "In the absence of medical certainty, the belief that all such symptoms are psychological in origin is no improvement over the belief that none of them are." Showalter (who has no formal medical training) admits to receiving hate mail, but has not been deterred from her position that these conditions are contemporary manifestations of hysteria. Popular culture
Showalter also came up against criticism in the late 1990s for some of her writing on popular culture that appeared in magazines like People and Vogue. Deirdre English, in the American magazine The Nation, wrote:
As the poststructuralist critique of identity politics took hold over the following decade and more, it became unfashionable, in ideas and in dress, it seemed, for the avant-garde of the female professoriate to identify with either men or women. English quotes Showalter's controversial 1997 Vogue article:

From Mary Wollstonecraft to Naomi Wolf, feminism has often taken a hard line on fashion, shopping, and the whole beauty Monty.... But for those of us sisters hiding Welcome to Your Facelift inside The Second Sex, a passion for fashion can sometimes seem a shameful secret life....I think it's time I came out of the closet. Showalter was reportedly severely criticized by her academic colleagues for her stance in favour of patriarchal symbols of consumer capitalism and traditional femininity. Showalter's rejoinder was: "We needn't fall into postmodern apocalyptic despair about the futility of political action or the impossibility of theoretical correctness as a pre-condition for action" (English). Academic teaching
Teaching Literature (2006) was widely and positively reviewed, especially in the American journal Pedagogy, which gave it three review-essays and called it "the book we wish we had in our backpacks when we started teaching." Summaries of major works
Showalter's Ph.D. thesis is called The Double Critical Standard: Criticism of Women Writers in England, 1845–1880 (1969) and was later turned into the book A Literature of Their Own: British Women Novelists from Brontë to Lessing (1978), which contains a lengthy and much-discussed chapter on Virginia Woolf. The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830–1980 (1985) discusses hysteria, which was once known as the "female malady" and according to Showalter, is called depression today. Showalter demonstrates how cultural ideas about proper feminine behaviour have shaped the definition and treatment of female insanity from the Victorian era to the present.Sexual Anarchy: Gender at Culture at the Fin de Siecle (1990) outlines a history of the sexes and the crises, themes, and problems associated with the battle for sexual supremacy and identity. In the 1990s, Showalter began writing for popular magazines, bringing her work further into the public sphere than it ever had been during her academic career. Showalter was the television critic for People magazine in 1996. She explains her impetus to do popular cultural work: "I've always really loved popular culture, but it wasn't something serious intellectuals were supposed to be concerned about. … I would like to be able to bring my background and my skills to subjects that do reach a wide audience" (Plett). In Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Media (1997) Showalter argues that hysteria, a medical condition traditionally seen as feminine, has persisted for centuries and is now manifesting itself in cultural phenomena in the forms of socially  and medically accepted maladies. Psychological and physical effects of unhappy lives become "hysterical epidemics" when popular media saturate the public with paranoid reports and findings, essentially legitimizing, as Showalter calls them, "imaginary illnesses" (Hystories, cover).Showalter says "Hysteria is part of everyday life. It not only survives in the 1990s, but it is more contagious than in the past. Newspapers, magazines, talk shows, self-help books, and of course the Internet ensure that ideas, once planted, manifest themselves internationally as symptoms" (Plett). This view has caused Showalter to be criticized by patient's rights groups and medical practitioners, who argue that Showalter, with no formal medical training, is not qualified to make this determination. Inventing Herself: Claiming a Feminist Intellectual Heritage (2001) surveys feminist icons since the 18th century, situated mostly in the US and the United Kingdom. Showalter covers the contributions of predominately intellectuals like Mary Wollstonecraft, Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Camille Paglia. Noting popular media's importance to the perception of women and feminism today, Showalter also discusses the contributions of popular personalities like Oprah Winfrey and Princess Diana.Teaching Literature (2003) is essentially a guide to teaching English literature to undergraduate students in university. Showalter covers approaches to teaching theory, preparing syllabi and talking about taboo subjects among many other practical topics. Showalter says that teaching should be taken as seriously and given as much intellectual consideration as scholarship. Faculty Towers: The Academic Novel and Its Discontents (2005) is a study of the Anglo-American academic novel from the 1950s to the present. A Jury of Her Peers: American Women Writers from Anne Bradstreet to Annie Proulx (2009)  makes a claim for a literary tradition of American women writers. This book won the 2012 Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism. "The Civil Wars of Julia Ward Howe" (2017) is a biography of American feminist pioneer Julia Ward Howe, best known for writing the words to The Battle Hymn of the Republic.Personal life
Born <mask> in Boston, Massachusetts, Showalter pursued an academic career against the wishes of her parents. She earned a bachelor's degree at Bryn Mawr College, a master's degree at Brandeis University, and a PhD in 1970 at the University of California, Davis. Her first academic appointment was at Douglass College at Rutgers University. She joined Princeton University's faculty in 1984, and took early retirement in 2003. Her father was in the wool business and her mother was a housewife. At age 21, Showalter was disowned by her parents for marrying outside the Jewish faith. Her husband, English Showalter, is a Yale-educated professor of 18th century French literature.The Showalters have two children, <mask>, an actor and comedian, and Vinca <mask> LaFleur, a professional speechwriter. Archives
Papers of <mask> are held at the Women's Library at the Library of the London School of Economics, ref  7ESH and at the Pembroke Center Archives, Brown University (MS.2020.007). Bibliography

<mask>, <mask>. A literature of their own: British women novelists from Brontë to Lessing. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977. <mask>, <mask>. "Towards a Feminist Poetics," Women's Writing and Writing About Women.London: Croom Helm, 1979. <mask>, <mask>. "Feminist Criticism in the Wilderness," Critical Inquiry 8. University of Chicago: Winter, 1981. <mask>, <mask>. The female malady: women, madness, and English culture, 1830–1980. New York: Pantheon Books, 1985.<mask>, <mask>, ed. New feminist criticism: essays on women, literature, and theory. New York: Pantheon Books, 1985. <mask>, <mask>. Sexual anarchy: gender and culture at the fin de siècle. New York: Viking, 1990. <mask>, <mask>.Sister’s Choice: Tradition and Change in American Women’s Writing. The Clarendon Lectures 1989. New York: Viking, 1991. <mask>, <mask>. Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Media. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. <mask>, <mask>.Inventing herself: claiming a feminist intellectual heritage. New York: Scribner, 2001. <mask>, <mask>. Teaching literature. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003. <mask>, <mask>. Faculty Towers: The Academic Novel and Its Discontents.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. References

Further reading
English, Deirdre. "Wollstonecraft to Lady Di", The Nation. June 11, 2001. Moi, Toril. Sexual/Textual Politics. London: Routledge, 1985.Plett, Nicole. "Plague of the Millennium", PrincetonInfo.com. May 15, 1997. Rouse, John. "After Theory, the Next New Thing." Urbana: Mar 2004. Vol.66, No. 4; pg. 452, 14 pgs. External links

 Audio: <mask> in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programme The Forum
<mask> papers, 1968-2001, London University, London School of Economics, The Women's Library. <mask>ter papers - Pembroke Center Archives, Brown University
 Open Yale Lecture on "The Classical Feminist Tradition," delivered by Paul Fry
 Twitter feed of <mask>ter

1941 births
Living people
Brandeis University alumni
University of California, Davis alumni
American sociologists
American women sociologists
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Feminist studies scholars
Feminist theory
Granta people
Jewish American writers
Jewish feminists
American literary critics
Women literary critics
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Rutgers University faculty
Princeton University faculty
Postmodern feminists
American women critics

masks:
Elaine Showalter
Elaine DiRoll
Elaine Cottler
Michael Showalter
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<mask> (June 15, 1733 – February 6, 1793) was a Moravian lawyer and historian. He was a leading enlightenment figure in the Habsburg Monarchy and an early exponent of the Moravian Revival in Moravia. <mask> played a key role in the development of modern Moravian historiography. He was a professor of law and, in 1780, the rector at the University of Olomouc. Biography

Early life, studies in Prague and Vienna
<mask> was the eighth of nine children born into the family of a municipal legal official in the Vysočina Region. His parents were <mask> and <mask> (née Moudrá). The family lived at house number eight on the main square at Nové Město na Moravě ().<mask> attended the local school. When <mask> was 14, his father died. His uncle, a local priest also named <mask>, sent him to study at a Jesuit gymnasium (school) in Telč. He covered the (normally) six year high school curriculum in four years  and then, in 1752 he left for Prague, where he studied at the Faculty of Philosophy of Charles University, gaining a master's degree. By this time <mask> was becoming interested in the history of his own nation, which, since the Battle of White Mountain back in 1620, had been subjected to Catholicisation and Germanisation, while the Czech language had become no more than a means of communication between the peasants. <mask> left Prague for Vienna, where he attended the Faculty of Law at the University of Vienna and obtained a doctorate "juris utriusque" (of both civil and canon law) in 1762. While still in Vienna, <mask> published his dissertation (in Latin), married Marie Anna and mastered Italian.Professor of law at University of Olomouc

In 1764 <mask> moved to Olomouc, where he became an advocate. In 1768 he was appointed a professor of law at the University of Olomouc for which he received 900 gulden a year, lecturing on public and natural law. He still also found time to continue with his advocacy work. After Professor <mask> Sommer, died in 1774, <mask> added to his responsibilities Sommer's courses on Roman and Canon law. 1774 was also the year in which he changed his middle name from Vít to <mask>, a determined reflection of his "motto": "Return the Old Glory to the Homeland!" (). The lectures on Canon law for theology students were given separately at the Faculty of Theology until 1771, after which they started to be officially taught by the secular professors of law.Classes normally comprised some 50 law students, but for Monse's Canon law classes, some 300 theology students of theology also took to attending. By this time Monse had become a fierce proponent of the newly developing enlightenment ideals. In his lectures he defended the reforms of Joseph II. While the traditional theologians were merely resentful of to his spoken lectures, the publication of his ideas evoked real outrage. The Catholics leadership incited the town's poor against Monse, spreading malicious gossip that the altar-bread fell out of his mouth during Communion, and that the burning of a nearby village represented God's punishment for Monse's teachings. The theologians' fury peaked when Monse published the work of an anonymous 13th century French author entitled in , a dialogue between a priest and a soldier discussing the relative status of popes and of kings. The treatise was found by one of the Monse's former students in a library at Znojmo monastery.He sent the work to <mask>, who translated it, adding an introduction and commentary while preserving the original content, and published it. Well aware that the ideas in the thesis were still controversial even 500 years after they had first been written, he added at the end of the book that it was published with the best of intentions, and "not to irritate". That did not help much. <mask> received harsh criticism not only from Olomouc, but also from Prague and Vienna, and came close to being ousted from the University. <mask>'s advocacy of the suppression of church institutions in favour of the secular state was nevertheless welcomed at the royal court, and he was able to retain the professorship of secular law, but was nonetheless prevented from giving lectures on canon law. Despite the dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773, the Catholics maintained a strong grip over the University of Olomouc. In the second half of the 1770s some shortcomings by the University management were uncovered, which was used by the emperor as pretext to move the University beyond the reach of the church at Olomouc, and the university was for a few years, until 1782, relocated to Brno.At the same time as this relocation the Directorate of Law was established (replacing the previously existing Professorate of Law) and <mask> became its head. However <mask> was not able now to continue with his advocacy career. In Brno <mask> started to publish works about history of Moravia, this time in German. Rector of the University, elevation to noble status
In 1780 <mask> was appointed Rector of the University; he gave his inauguration speech on the history of Moravia. He was also elevated to noble status (together with his family) on December 1, 1780. Despite these achievements, or maybe because of them, <mask> remained the main target of catholic reaction. In the same year <mask> started the lectures about Moravian history according to  () written by Ctibor Tovačovský z Cimburka in the 1490s.He also started writing his own history of Moravia, although this work only reaches to 1306. <mask> became a member of the learned societies of Hesse-Homburg (1780), Burghausen (1782) and Prague (1785). (He was lawyer-member in the first two societies, and a historian-member of the Prague society.) He was also in frequent contact with other figures of enlightenment in Habsburg Monarchy, such as Riegger and <mask>ský and many others. In 1782 the first Archbishop of Olomouc Antonín Theodor Colloredo-Waldsee enforced relocation of the University back to Olomouc by decree of Emperor Joseph II. At the same time the institution lost its university status, becoming a mere three-year Lyceum. The Emperor had decided to retain only three universities, in Prague, Vienna, and Lviv.The Collegium Nobilium was also dissolved by the emperor. Back in Olomouc, <mask> started publishing in Czech (Moravian) language. At the same time <mask> insisted upon the establishment of a Department of National (=Moravian) Law and History: however this department lasted only until 1786, when it was dissolved. Meanwhile, in 1784, the Directorate of Law became Faculty of Law. <mask>'s health was by now deteriorating and he ceased lecturing in 1792. The persisting issues with the catholic reaction as well as his health problems led to a reduction in <mask>'s publishing activity. He died in Olomouc on February 6, 1793.With his death the lectures on Moravian law and history also ended. Legacy
Through his interest in both Moravian humanism and Benedictine historiography <mask> linked the earlier Societas eruditorum incognitorum in terris Austriacis in Olomouc with the Société patriotique in Brno. The record of his lectures demonstrates an increasing willingness to link the early Enlightenment claims made on behalf of natural law with an appreciation of the virtues of the historical law of Moravia. This reveals the influence both of a critical historical perception and of the judicial theory of the renowned jurist, Joseph von Sonnenfels. <mask> also saw the need for an ideological basis capable of uniting the new educated middle class with the Enlightened intelligentsia's interest in the arts and sciences. He found such a basis in critical historiography, and eventually created the platform for a Moravian patriotic revival, enriched by historical Renaissance humanism. Do morawskýho Gazyka přeložil Vpřjmný Milownjk swé Wlasti (translation; about witches, superstitions, etc.), Olomouc 1792

See also
Karel Ferdinand Irmler
Kryštof <mask>t
Johann Heinrich Bösenselle
Societas eruditorum incognitorum in terris Austriacis

References

Czech lawyers
Czech jurists
Czech educators
Enlightenment scientists
Enlightenment philosophy
Age of Enlightenment
1733 births
1793 deaths
Enlightenment philosophers
People from Nové Město na Moravě
Palacký University Olomouc faculty
Rectors of the Palacký University Olomouc

masks:
Josef Vratislav Monse
Monse
Josef Vít Monse
Johann Karl Monse
Anna Monse
Josef Monse
Monse
Josef Monse
Monse
Monse
Monse
Monse
Josef Antonín
Monse
Vratislav
Monse
Monse
Monse
Monse
Monse
Monse
Monse
Monse
Monse
Monse
Josef Dobrov
Monse
Monse
Monse
Monse
Monse
Monse
Josef Holland


texts:
<mask> (May 18, 1945 – August 18, 2017) was a New York State-based Republican Party (GOP) consultant who worked for conservative and right-wing candidates in the United States, Canada, Israel, Central and Eastern Europe over four decades. With his brother, Ronald, Finkelstein ran a political consulting and survey-research firm based in Irvington, New York. His specialties were polling, strategy, message, media, ad placement, and advising on general campaign management. Early life and education
<mask> grew up in a lower-middle-class Jewish family, living in Brooklyn's East New York section until age 11, then in Levittown, New York, and later Queens. He and his two brothers attended local public schools; Finkelstein ultimately graduated from Forest Hills High School. Their parents were immigrants from Eastern Europe, and the father worked as a cabdriver and did various jobs in the garment trade. While a student at Columbia University, Finkelstein interviewed and helped produce radio programs for author/philosopher Ayn Rand, and was a volunteer at the New York headquarters of the Draft Goldwater Committee in 1963–64 (the famous "Suite 3505").He eventually earned a bachelor's degree in economics and political science from Queens College in 1967. Career

1968–76 - Buckley, Nixon, Helms, Reagan
In 1968, Finkelstein did behind-the-scenes election analysis for NBC News, part of the network's team working under former Census director Richard M. Scammon and exit-polling pioneer Irwin A. "Bud" Lewis. In 1969–70, he worked as a computer programmer in the Data Processing department of the New York Stock Exchange at its offices on 11 Wall Street in lower Manhattan. During this period, he was a familiar face in Greenwich Village, where he often argued politics from a street-corner soapbox. In his spare time, he aided State Senator <mask> in his unsuccessful Republican-Conservative campaign for Mayor of New York City in 1969. F. Clifton White, mastermind of the Draft Goldwater Committee, was Finkelstein's political patron and consulting partner in the early 1970s in the firm, DirAction Services.The young pollster's first electoral success came at age 25 in 1970, with the independent Conservative campaign of <mask>. Buckley for senator from New York. This was one of several New York statewide contests where he was able to maneuver his clients to victory in three-way scenarios. Buckley won a plurality upset victory over GOP incumbent Charles Goodell and favored Democrat Richard Ottinger. Of that election night, Buckley later wrote, "By 10 pm, ... <mask> (my volunteer analyst who called the final results within one-tenth of one percent based on a Sunday-night telephone survey) assured me that I had won." <mask> encapsulated Buckley's message in the catchphrase, "Isn't it about time we had a Senator?" <mask>'s work in New York led to his serving in 1971-72 as one of several pollsters for President Richard M. Nixon's re-election campaign developing sophisticated demographic analysis. The 1972 election also saw the first of his three victorious campaigns to elect <mask>s as U.S. senator from North Carolina.After the election, Finkelstein worked with Helms political aides Tom Ellis and Carter Wrenn to establish a permanent conservative organization, the National Congressional Club, which lasted until 1995. <mask> and White went their separate ways in the mid-1970s, and he founded his own firm, Arthur J. Finkelstein & Associates (often later shortened to AJF & Associates). In the 1976 presidential primaries, White supported Gerald Ford, while Finkelstein worked for Ronald Reagan's insurgent campaign. He helped Helms's Congressional Club turn around the faltering Reagan effort with a victory in the April North Carolina primary. His work continued in the subsequent Texas primary. "<mask> had been a key figure in 1976, when he helped orchestrate Reagan's campaign-saving comeback in North Carolina" which was crucial in Reagan's further political advancement. At <mask>'s urging, Reagan made a major issue of the impending Panama Canal Treaties, which Gerald Ford was negotiating and which infuriated conservative voters.(This proved to be Reagan's signature issue throughout the late 1970s.) As <mask> later reported, "Tens of thousands of Wallace voters were gradually cut adrift during his slide [in the primaries] ... and Reagan media man <mask> recruited a Wallaceite from Fort Worth to radio and television spots for Reagan ... It was dynamite." The Associated Press's Mike Robinson wrote Finkelstein was "viewed by many as instrumental in Gov. Reagan's 1976 primary successes in North Carolina and Texas." 1975–80 - NCPAC, Senate, Reagan
Passage of the post-Watergate Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) amendments, and the subsequent 1976 Supreme Court decision in Buckley v. Valeo, drastically altered the rules by which Presidential and Congressional contests were waged. Finkelstein was among the first to sense an opportunity, and pioneered the concept and execution of independent expenditure campaigns, which would operate as a third force in an election beyond the control of candidate or party officials.Beginning in 1975, Finkelstein was the chief strategist behind the most successful IE operation of this period, the National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC). Its Executive Director was Finkelstein protégé Terry Dolan. In 1981 New Right activist Richard Viguerie wrote, "NCPAC relies heavily on research and polling, a reflection of one of its founders, conservative pollster <mask>." In 1978, NCPAC was instrumental in the defeat of Democrats Dick Clark in Iowa and Thomas J. McIntyre in New Hampshire. Both liberal senators were replaced by committed conservatives. NCPAC ran hard-hitting ads for television, radio and newspapers, crafted by Finkelstein. A central idea behind the strategy was to expose the liberal words and actions in Washington of elected officials, usually senators, whose moderate or conservative public image at home was at odds with their actual voting record.NCPAC hit its peak in 1980, operating IEs in six states, its ads and organizing efforts helping to topple liberal Democrats in Iowa (<mask>ver), Indiana (Birch Bayh), Idaho (Frank Church) and South Dakota (George McGovern). Less well-known were NCPAC's TV ads in the presidential contest, both negative (one featuring <mask> in a 1976 debate, another with Edward Kennedy shouting "And no more <mask>!") and positive (footage of Ronald Reagan speaking on values); Finkelstein concentrated these ad buys in closely contested Southern states (e.g., Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama), all of which switched from Carter to Reagan in 1980. Finkelstein believed in the usefulness of third forces to help conservatives win elections, but not a conservative third party (a much-discussed option in the mid-1970s). At a February 1977 conference, he told activists, "The development of a third party may very well hurt conservative options in the future by diluting them," warning that traditional and emotional ties to party labels would keep many conservatives in their present parties. He said the Watergate scandal had cost the GOP the one clear advantage it had over the Democrats - the perception by voters that it was the more honest of the two parties. Nevertheless, he counseled against third-party option, saying this would succeed only in drawing conservatives out of both parties, creating a weak satellite party and leaving the major parties more liberal.Besides NCPAC, Finkelstein found particular success during this period in guiding individual Senate and House campaigns. Reagan backer and political unknown Orrin Hatch won a resounding 56% victory in Utah in 1976 against a three-term Democratic incumbent. In 1978, he was consultant to the successful re-election campaigns of <mask> in North Carolina and Strom Thurmond in South Carolina — the latter being Thurmond's last seriously contested race (he served until 2002, age 100). That same year, Finkelstein shepherded Carroll Campbell to his first win in South Carolina's Greenville-area 4th Congressional District. After a brief interlude early in 1979 as adviser to conservative Congressman Phil Crane, <mask> returned as one of the pollsters advising Ronald Reagan's primary campaign. His services were also reportedly sought by the George H.W. Bush campaign.In 1980, he engineered the improbable Senate victory of Long Island supervisor Alfonse D'Amato over incumbent <mask>, another three-way contest where the Democrat (Congresswoman Liz Holtzman) was favored. He advised the successful campaign of 31-year-old State Senator Don Nickles for U.S. Senate from Oklahoma. Most unlikely was the victory (aided by National Congressional Club allies) of <mask> in the North Carolina Senate contest;<ref name="Allen, Kenneth S. 1988">Allen, Kenneth S., St. Petersburg Times, April 11, 1988, "Attack politics' specialist to lead Mack campaign"</ref> East was a little-known professor who used a wheelchair, recruited for the race by <mask>s and elected through the efforts of Ellis, Wrenn, Finkelstein and the Helms organization. Besides Campbell, House winners included Duncan Hunter in California and Denny Smith in Oregon (both 1980), the latter toppling House Ways and Means Committee chair Al Ullman. <mask> also had his share of Senate losses, including two by previous client <mask> (1976, New York, and 1980, Connecticut), and with Avi Nelson (1978, Massachusetts). Finkelstein was also pollster-strategist for Maryland Congressman Robert Bauman, who narrowly lost his seat after he was charged in DC with homosexual solicitation, one month before the November election. 1980s
During the 1980 campaign <mask> was a Reagan pollster and had been "aboard the Reagan campaign" since mid-1979.from the early primary days all the way through November. Having ridden (and driven) the Republican wave of 1977–80, he found the 1980s a period of consolidation, helping clients grow their base and win re-election. In 1981, <mask> was one of four pollsters designated to do work on behalf of the Reagan White House, paid by the Republican National Committee. (The others were Richard Wirthlin, Robert Teeter and Tully Plesser). Newsweek reported in 1982 that "each of the President's top three advisers has his own numbers man: "Wirthlin became Edwin Meese's pollster, Teeter became <mask>'s and now <mask> has become Michael Deaver's." Throughout Reagan's first term and into the 1984 re-election campaign, Finkelstein advised Deaver, conducting polls and planning events and visuals (e.g. Reagan's trip to France for the 40th anniversary of D-Day).As The Washington Post reported: "For the White House, Finkelstein is more of an idea man than a pollster, specializing in media events such as the president's "spontaneous" drop-ins on disadvantaged individuals and institutions." He also began dabbling in gubernatorial contests—in New Jersey (1981), for <mask> (defeated by Tom Kean in the GOP primary); and in New York (1982), for Paul Curran (defeated by Lewis Lehrman for the nomination). In 1982, Finkelstein client Orrin Hatch sailed to re-election in Utah, while in Florida, banker Connie Mack III won his first campaign for the House. But his efforts on behalf of Democrat-turned-Republican Congressman Eugene Atkinson of Pennsylvania ended in defeat, as did the Congressional campaign in Westchester County of <mask>, chairman of Oppenheimer Funds. That year, NCPAC (with Finkelstein as pollster-strategist) was successful in only one targeted race (helping to oust Democrat Howard Cannon in Nevada), failed in several others (e.g. Maryland), and thereafter declined in influence. The pitfalls of running IEs and campaigns at the same time were illustrated when NCPAC was sued for running ads in early 1982 against New York Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan—around the same time as Finkelstein was working for GOP Senate candidate Bruce Caputo.In 1986, a federal court ruled against NCPAC, and The Washington Post editorialized, "Both NCPAC and the Caputo campaign used the same pollster, <mask>. They could hardly be said to be independent unless the Caputo side of Mr. Finkelstein's brain refrained from communicating with the NCPAC side." (<mask> himself was not sued or charged; ironically, Caputo's campaign had imploded after revelations he'd lied about serving in the military, and Moynihan was never seriously challenged.) As late as 1987, Finkelstein was doing surveys for NCPAC (e.g. in New Mexico). During the early 1980s, Finkelstein became involved in international polling, for groups such as Canada's National Citizens Coalition and (in 1986) the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario after losing their majority in the Ontario Legislature following the 1985 elections. The 1984 election cycle saw him involved in three pitched battles for the Senate, the most heralded being the challenge of Democratic Governor <mask> to Helms in North Carolina.The Ellis-Wrenn-Finkelstein team used the permanent assets of the National Congressional Club to wage a three-year campaign to undermine Hunt, including a groundbreaking opposition-research and advertising effort that redefined the popular governor as a tax-raising national Democrat. Helms won with 52%, in what was then the most expensive Senate race in history. However, this was the last Helms campaign on which Finkelstein would serve as pollster. Before Helms' 1990 re-election campaign, Finkelstein told the North Carolina team he couldn't work for the Senator any more. According to Carter Wrenn the New Yorker was polite about it, didn't offer a reason and recommended one of his proteges, <mask>, handle the survey and strategy work. At the time, Helms was becoming one of the leading critics of the gay rights movement. "I took it that <mask> wasn't comfortable with <mask>'s stand on the social issues," Wrenn said, and chalked it up to Finkelstein's libertarian views.in November 1984, Finkelstein also found success in New Hampshire, as he aided freshman conservative Sen. Gordon Humphrey in overcoming a tough challenge from long-time Democratic Congressman Norman D'Amours. But in Massachusetts, after winning a contested primary against Elliot Richardson, businessman Ray Shamie lost a close uphill battle to Lt. Gov. <mask> for the Senate seat vacated by Paul Tsongas. Another client, Congressman Tom Corcoran, failed to dislodge incumbent Charles Percy from the Senate nomination in Illinois, despite tough ads (attributed to Finkelstein) suggesting Percy was personally close to PLO leader Yasser Arafat. His Congressional clients in 1984 included three New Yorkers -- <mask> (who won election in Westchester County), Robert Quinn (who lost in Nassau County) and Serphin Maltese (who lost a close race for Geraldine Ferraro's seat in Queens). He helped guide Bill Cobey to an upset victory for Congress in North Carolina against incumbent Ike Andrews. In 1985, Finkelstein polled for the gubernatorial campaign of Virginia Attorney General Marshall Coleman, losing the nomination to Wyatt Durrette (who was then defeated by Democrat Gerald Baliles).Republicans lost their Senate majority in the November 1986 midterm elections. Nevertheless, Finkelstein's leading clients won re-election — Alfonse D'Amato in New York, and Don Nickles in

masks:
Arthur Jay Finkelstein
Finkelstein
John Marchi
James L
Finkelstein
Finkelstein
Finkelstein
Jesse Helm
Finkelstein
Finkelstein
Finkelstein
Jules Witcover
Arthur Finkelstein
Arthur Finkelstein
John Cul
Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter
Jesse Helms
Finkelstein
Jacob Javits
John East
Jesse Helm
Finkelstein
James Buckley
Finkelstein
Finkelstein
James Baker
Finkelstein
Jim Wallwork
John Fossel
Arthur Finkelstein
Finkelstein
Jim Hunt
John McLaughlin
Arthur
Jesse
John Kerry
Joseph DioGuardi