texts:
<mask> MBE (25 July 1905 – 8 September 1990) was a British naturalist, an illustrator, art teacher and a children's author under the pseudonym "BB". He won the 1942 Carnegie Medal for British children's books. Early life

<mask> was born in Lamport, Northamptonshire, the second son of the Revd. Walter Watkins-Pitchford and his wife, Edith. His elder brother, Engel, died at the age of thirteen. <mask> was himself considered to be delicate as a child, and because of this was educated at home, while his younger twin, Roger, was sent away to school. He spent a great deal of time on his own, wandering through the fields, and developed a love of the outdoors, which was to influence his writing.He enjoyed shooting, fishing and drawing; all these things were to influence his writing greatly. At the age of fifteen, he left home and went to study at the Northampton School of Art. He won several prizes while there, but was irked by the dry, academic approach, and longed to be able to draw from life. While at the Northampton School of Art, Watkins-Pitchford won a travelling scholarship to Paris. He was later to say that he could not remember how long he had spent in Paris, but Quinn suggests that it was probably about three months. He worked at a studio in Montparnasse, and attended drawing classes. It is unknown exactly where he studied.In the autumn of 1924, he entered the Royal College of Art in London. In 1930 he became an assistant art master at Rugby School where he remained for seventeen years. While at Rugby School he began contributing regularly to the Shooting Times and started his careers as an author and an illustrator. He wrote under the nom de plume of '"BB"', a name based on the size of lead shot he used to shoot geese, but he maintained the use of his real name as that of the illustrator in all his books. He later illustrated books by other writers, and sold his own paintings locally. Later years

Watkins-Pitchford married in 1939, and had two children, Robin, who died at the age of seven from Bright's Disease, and Angela. Tragedy entered his life a second time in 1974, when his wife, Cecily, became unwell after working in the garden while a farmer was spraying his fields at the other side of the hedge.She died a few weeks later. By the late 1980s, Watkins-Pitchford needed regular dialysis treatment. He was awarded an honorary MA by Leicester University in 1986, and was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1990. He collapsed suddenly in September of that year, and died while under anaesthetic in the operating theatre. Works

For The Little Grey Men, published by Eyre & Spottiswoode in 1942, BB won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book by a British subject. Look ye also while life lasts. This quote, so apt for his works, has sometimes been thought to have been another one of 'BB'’s creations but it was in fact copied from a tombstone in a north-country churchyard by his father.Adaptations of his works

In 1975 The Little Grey Men was adapted into a 10 part animated series called Baldmoney, Sneezewort, Dodder and Cloudberry by Anglia Television in the U.K.  Brendon Chase was dramatised into a 13-part series by Southern Television in 1980. In 1970, the Swiss public TV station SRG SSR adapted Bill Badger and the Pirates into an 18 part marionette children's program entitled Dominik Dachs und die Katzenpiraten, in Swiss-German dialect. It was rebroadcast in March 2012. Trivia

The Little Grey Men was one of Syd Barrett's favourite books; an excerpt from it was read at his funeral. References

External links

 The BB Society
 BB or <mask> Watkins-Pitchford biography at Stella & Rose's Books
 Model train gallery at Countryside Models — based on The Forest of Boland Light Railway
  (includes work published as by BB or B. B.) Michael Traherne at LC Authorities, 1 record (another pseudonym)

English children's writers
English fantasy writers
British children's book illustrators
Carnegie Medal in Literature winners
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Writers who illustrated their own writing
People from West Northamptonshire District
1905 births
1990 deaths
Place of death missing
20th-century English novelists

masks:
Denys James Watkins Pitchford
Denys Watkins Pitchford
Denys
Denys


type: original

texts:
<mask> (1971 – September 28, 1994) was a Lithuanian serial killer who killed six people and attempted to kill three more between July and December 1992, in several municipalities around the country (Kelmė, Šiauliai, Raseiniai, Šakiai and Jurbarkas). He targeted lonely elderly people living in remote villages and robbed their houses to pay for his alcohol addiction. He was later executed for these crimes, the fifth of seven people executed before the capital punishment was abolished in Lithuania. Early life
Varnelis was born on January 1, 1971 in the village of  in the Telšiai District, in a family with six more children (three boys and three girls). The family was dysfunctional: both parents were alcoholics and all of their children, including young Antanas, were sent to various homes. Varnelis ended up in an orphanage in Viešvilė. There, he established himself as reserved and unsociable, often running away and wandering around the neighborhood.He was prone to theft and asocial behavior, for which, at the age of 11, he was transferred to a specialized boarding school for difficult teenagers in the town of Gelgaudiškis. Varnelis abused alcohol, smoked cigarettes, and picked on those weaker than him, but was respectful to those stronger than him. He continued to steal and run away, and showed no academic inclinations. After leaving the school, the state provided Varnelis with a workplace and dormitory room. At the same time, he tried to study at an agricultural school in Kudirkos Naumiestis, but soon abandoned it. In August 1987, at the age of 16, <mask> was first convicted of stealing 12 beer bottles and a chicken from grocery store. He underwent an examination in a psychiatric hospital in , where he was diagnosed with mild intellectual disability with pronounced psychopathic tendencies but was judged competent to stand trial.He was sentenced to 2 years and 3 months in an educational colony, but the sentence was postponed. Just a few months later, he robbed a passer-by stealing his wallet, and was sentenced to 4 years imprisonment in Pravieniškės. He was released on January 14, 1992. Murders

After his release, Varnelis cohabited with an acquaintance from the orphanage, but soon quarreled with him and left for his older brother Pranas, who worked on a private farm in Gelgaudiškis. There, Varnelis, according to eyewitnesses, was parasitic, living on his brother's expenses and abusing alcohol. The farm owners quickly got tired of Varnelis' behavior, and both he and his brother were kicked out. While in Gelgaudiškis, in June 1992, under the threat of a knife, Varnelis attempted to rape a 13-year-old local resident, also stealing a loaf of bread and 300 rubles from her.After this, he did not have a more permanent place and wandered around various villages. In July, together with his brother Pranas, Varnelis robbed a house of a forester in  in the Šakiai District. Pranas was apprehended while Varnelis escaped. On July 28, he committed his first murder in  in the Šakiai District. The victim was a lonely 70-year-old local, whom Varnelis beat to death. He then stole 2,000 rubles and set the house on fire to cover his tracks. The police arrested six suspects, but they had an alibi.Varnelis traveled on foot avoiding larger settlements and sleeping in random barns. Three weeks later, on August 18, Varnelis committed the second murder in  in the Telšiai District. The victim was another lonely pensioner. Varnelis stole 12,000 rubles and ate while the man was still alive. The investigators initially did not make a connection between the two murders. They did receive a description of Varnelis and were able to prepare a facial composite from two men that Varnelis sold the stolen items to. At the end of August 1992, Varnelis arrived in the town of Šimkaičiai in the Jurbarkas District, where he met a friend from the orphanage and got a job working with him on a farm.There, he was known to the locals as the young guy who often visited discos and met many girls. On the night of October 31, Varnelis attacked once again, breaking into the house of an 86-year-old. He hit him with an axe on the head several times and then robbed the house. The victim died a week later in hospital without regaining consciousness. Varnelis was almost caught red-handed at the site: while he was still in the house cooking eggs, a relative of the victim arrived to check upon the old man. Varnelis managed to convince him that he was helping the old man with housework. While the relative was checking with a neighbor, Varnelis escaped to the forest and hid to watch the commotion.On November 14, near the village of  in the Kelmė District, Varnelis killed for the 4th time – another lonely pensioner, from whom he stole a bicycle, a raincoat, a coffee grinder, hair spray, several bottles of homemade wine and groceries. The body of the 68-year-old woman, who was hit a total of nine times with an axe, was found a week later covered by straws. Varnelis lived in the victim's house for at least a day after the murder. The police arrested five suspects, but they provided an alibi and were released. Between November 20 and 21, near  in the Šiauliai District, Varnelis broke into an empty house but did not find anything of value. He then separately attacked two villagers with an axe – a 48-year-old man who was robbed of his motorbike and a 69-year-old woman who was robbed of 6,000 talonas. Both survived the attacks.On December 5, in the village of  in the Raseiniai District, Varnelis killed two women, a 92-year-old woman and her 68-year-old daughter-in-law. He remained in the house overnight drinking found champagne, and on leaving, he stole several bottles of alcohol, two pairs of watches, two gold wedding rings, groceries and 15,000 talonas. The daughter-in-law was found still alive but she died later in hospital. Four days after the murder, <mask>' photo was shown on TV and published by newspapers asking the public for information. The Ministry of the Interior formed a task force to catch the perpetrator. The police searched for Varnelis in Gelgaudiškis. Arrest and trial
Upon learning that he was wanted, Varnelis changed his tactics.Now he only moved at night and slept in abandoned houses or barns during the day. He headed towards Vilnius from where he planned to escape. On the evening of December 21, 1992, in the village of  in the Kaunas District, Varnelis was identified by locals based on his tattoos. Varnelis immediately confessed to the murders and robberies, but not to the attempted rape. He underwent a forensic psychiatric examination in Utena which concluded that he was competent to stand trial. At the trial, Varnelis' defense focused on his disability, difficult childhood, and the fact that he confessed and cooperated with the police. His attorney asked for a second psychiatric examination, but Varnelis refused.In his final statement, <mask> asked the court that, taking into account all the mentioned circumstances, he be sentenced to life imprisonment. However, on February 1, 1994, the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, chaired by , found the 23-year-old <mask> guilty of all charges and sentenced him to be executed by shooting. His clemency petition was rejected by the President of Lithuania Algirdas Brazauskas on September 16, and <mask> was executed on September 28, 1994 in Vilnius. He was buried in the  in the section for those unclaimed by relatives. See also
 List of serial killers by country

References

1971 births
1994 deaths
Male serial killers
Lithuanian serial killers
20th-century criminals
Executed serial killers
People convicted of murder by Lithuania
Executed Lithuanian people
People executed by Lithuania by firearm
20th-century executions by Lithuania
People from Telšiai County

masks:
Antanas Varnelis
Varnelis
Varnelis
Varnelis
Varnelis
Varnelis


texts:
Early Life
<mask> (born July 6, 1952 in Massachusetts) and raised in Berkeley, California, <mask> began playing the piano at 8 years old and studied classical music until he was 15. He lost interest in classical at that time and started playing the Organ with a local group of high schoolers called “The Rubber Band”. He played with the band through High School attempting to do originals as well as blues covers. After high school <mask> attended the University of California, Berkeley but dropped out to concentrate on music. During the next few years <mask> studied piano with some very good jazz teachers notably, Bill Bell (Carmen McRae), Tom Coster (Santana, Gabor Szabo) and Wilbert Baranco. Career

1970s
In the early 70's <mask> formed a band called “Rags” with Pat Thrall (Pat Travers Band, Meatloaf ) and Kelly Keagy (Night Ranger). After trying to write original songs the band started playing covers in clubs to earn a living.Pat was unhappy with the decision and left. The band went on to play clubs in California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Alaska from 1973 to 1978. <mask> realized that he wasn't getting any closer to his goal of playing on records so, with Pat Thrall's help he met Alphonso Johnson (Weather Report) who was trying to form a progressive rock band for Electra/Asylum Records. After moving to L.A. <mask> spent the next year writing songs with Alphonso, forming a band that included Vinnie Appice (Dio, Black Sabbath) and Joe Turano (Michael Bolton) and making a record. Unfortunately, Electra/Asylum dropped the album before its release. Through his friend Darrel Verdusco (John Hiatt, Mickey Thomas) <mask> met John Hiatt. John was unsigned at the time, but he had a good band and some club dates in L.A.So, <mask> joined his band. Through John, <mask> met Ry Cooder. 1980s
Ry asked <mask> to play on his Borderline album and then signed John and his band to tour Europe as his backup musicians in the winter of 1980 to promote the record. A U.S. Tour followed in 1981. Hiatt signed with Geffen Records and the rest of 1981 was spent recording the CD All of a Sudden in New York and London with Tony Visconti as producer. The Album was released in 1982 and a tour opening for Graham Parker followed. But the album had poor sales and Hiatt let the band go.Immediately <mask> joined is friend Pat Thrall again to tour in support of Pat's new project The Hughes/Thrall Band with Glenn Hughes (Deep Purple, Trapeze) and Tommie Aldridge (Black Oak Arkansas, Ozzie Ozborne, White Snake). The band toured the U.S. playing arenas as the opening act for Santana. But that album also had poor sales and was dissolved. Soon after <mask> got a call from producer Keith Olsen to do some additional recording on a single from Three Lock Box an album he had made for Sammy Hagar. Sammy had been hiring a studio keyboard player and a studio backup singer to make his last two records and he had nobody in his band to reproduce the parts on tour, so in late 1982 <mask> joined his band. Most of 1983 was spent on the road touring to support Three Lock Box. The album earned a Gold Record and the tour sold out arenas all across the U.S. 1984-85 were spent making Sammy Hagar's platinum album VOA (which included one of <mask>'s songs, Don't Make Me Wait and the support tour, which was one of the most successful tours of the year, selling out arenas and stadiums in the U.S.In 1985 Sammy opted to join Van Halen, the last date his old band played was Farm Aid at University of Illinois stadium which featured Eddie Van Halen on guitar. In late 1985 <mask> focused on writing songs and in early 1986 <mask> got a call from Ted Templeman again to work on David Lee Roth's platinum Eat 'Em and Smile CD (Steve Vai, Billy Sheehan, Greg Bissonette). After playing on the CD <mask> turned down Roth's offer to join his band in order to work on his own songwriting. Most of 1986 was spent trying to form his own band under the guidance of John Kolodner at Geffen Records. In 1987 <mask> reunited with Sammy Hagar to make his I Never said Goodbye CD with Eddie Van Halen on Bass. The Album included one of <mask>'s songs Back Into You and went Gold in the U.S. In 1987 <mask> signed a Publishing contract with Geffen music and spent the rest of the year unsuccessfully trying to put together his own band.In 1988 one of <mask>'s songs, Walk On Water was recorded by Eddie Money and went on to reach #9 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was a number one Rock track as well as a number one MTV video. The album Nothing to Lose went Gold, Walk on Water also was on Eddie's Greatest Hits which sold Platinum. In 1989 <mask> toured with Eddie Money as part of his band that included original guitarist Jimmy Lyons. Later in 1989 <mask> began writing songs with Kevin Cronin (REO Speedwagon). At the time REO was inactive but with the support of management the band was reformed. <mask>'s friend Dave Amato (Ted Nugent, Cher) was added on guitar and Brian Hitt (Wang Chung) on drums. 1990s
1990 was spent writing and touring with REO Speedwagon as well as recording their CD The Earth, A Small Man, His Dog And A Chicken, which <mask> co-produced and included Live It Up which reached #6 on the Rock Chart and 5 more of his songs.During 1990 <mask> also wrote a song, Fallen From Grace that appeared on Heart's Double Platinum CD Brigade. <mask> left REO in 1991 to get married and focus on Songwriting for MCA Music. 1991 through 1995 were spent in L.A. as a staff writer producing songs that appeared on CD's by Patty Smyth (Gold Record), Bad English (European #1), MSG, and Johnny Van Zandt etc. In 1996 <mask> co-wrote a song (Both Sides Now) with Sammy Hagar, which brought them back together. In 1997 <mask> worked on Sammy's Marching To Mars CD, playing keyboards and co-writing 6 songs. Sammy and <mask> then put together a band that would later be called the Waboritas and toured in 1997-1998 to support the Album, which went Gold. In 1998-1999 <mask> was the co-producer and Pro-Tools engineer, as well as playing keys and singing on the Hagar CD Red Voodoo which included 3 of his songs.The band toured in 1998-1999 to support the album which went Gold. The CD included the #1 rock track Mas Tequila which helped launch Sammy's Cabo Wabo tequila brand. 2000s
In 2000 <mask> co-produced, played keys and sang on Sammy's lackluster Ten 13 CD which included one of his songs and the band toured into 2001 to support the album. In 2002 Sammy released Not 4 Sale which included <mask>'s song Things've Changed which was the only single released from the CD. 2002-2003 also included the “Heavyweights of Rock” tour with David Lee Roth and more touring in support of the ill-fated Not 4 Sale. In 2004 <mask> was the Producer and Pro-Tools engineer on Guitar Shorty's CD Watch Your Back which also included 5 of his songs as well as writing, producing and engineering his own solo CD The Best of What I've Got. <mask> also wrote 3 songs, including the title track, on Guitar Shorty's follow up CD We the People which won the Handy Blues Award.In 2005 <mask> purchased a Marin Music Center in Novato, California which he operated until he sold it in 2019. Discography

with Sammy Hagar solo
VOA (1984)
I Never Said Goodbye (1987)
Marching to Mars (1997)

with Sammy Hagar and The Waboritas
Red Voodoo (1999)
Ten 13 (2000)
Not 4 Sale (2002)
Live: Hallelujah (2003)

with David Lee Roth
Eat 'Em and Smile (1986)

with Eddie Money
Nothing to Lose (1988)

with REO Speedwagon
The Earth, a Small Man, His Dog and a Chicken (1990)

with McAuley Schenker Group
 M.S.G. (1992)

<mask> solo
The Best of What I've Got (2004)

References

External links

American rock keyboardists
Sammy Hagar & the Waboritas members
REO Speedwagon members
Living people
Year of birth uncertain
People from Novato, California
McAuley Schenker Group members
1952 births
20th-century American keyboardists

masks:
Jesse Harms
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse Harms


texts:
<mask> (17 June 1905 – 7 February 2001) was a German architect who became particularly known for his striking high-rise buildings in the 1960s and 1970s. The architectural firm he founded, Hentrich, Petschnigg und Partner (HPP), still exists under the name . Life

Education
Born in Krefeld, <mask> was the son of the civil engineer <mask>. Already during his school years, he was interested in art, architecture and completed internships in the architectural offices of  and Franz Brantzky. After graduating from high school, <mask> initially gave in to his father's urging and began studying law at the Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg in Breisgau in 1922, but switched to the architecture faculty of the Vienna University of Technology in 1924 and a year later to the Technical University of Berlin to study under Hans Poelzig, Heinrich Tessenow and Hermann Jansen. In Berlin, <mask> became acquainted with modern architecture, which was on the rise, and worked in the architectural offices of Hugo Häring and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe during semester breaks, but it was above all Hans Poelzig who shaped his understanding of architecture. During his studies in Berlin, he met Albert Speer,  and Rudolf Wolters, who also studied there.<mask> passed his diploma main examination with distinction in 1928. 1929 until 1945
After graduating, <mask> began a Referendariat in 1929. (as Regierungsbauführer) in order to qualify for civil service. He worked as a construction supervisor on the reconstruction of the Andreaskirche in Düsseldorf's old town. Also in 1929, he received the  for the design of a College for the Art of Dance, with which his father had also been awarded in 1892, and earned his doctorate at the Vienna University of Technology with a thesis on modern dance theatre based on this design. In the early 1930s he worked in Paris in the architectural practice of Ernő Goldfinger and in New York City in the architectural practice of Norman Bel Geddes and travelled extensively in the US, China, India and other countries. Returning to Germany, <mask> passed the second state examination to become a government architect (assessor) in 1933.He was to take up a position in the state building construction office Gussew (East Prussia), but chose the path of self-employment and opened an architectural office in Düsseldorf in the same year. After initially working with , <mask> founded an office partnership with him in 1935 (Hentrich & Heuser) and was able to establish himself in Düsseldorf with competition successes and residential buildings. Both won a competition for the Orsoy Deichtor in 1937 and increasingly took part in official competitions of the Organisation Todt or the Hitler Youth. The year before, <mask> had already been accepted as a member of the Academy for Urban, Reich and Regional Planning. In 1938, he was represented at the Second German Architecture Exhibition of the National Socialists in the Munich Haus der Kunst with the Reichsautobahn-Rasthof Rhynern. From 1938 onwards, <mask> was a member of the working staff of  (GBI) for the Reich capital Berlin (among others façade design of the Reich Insurance Office) and was a member of the "Arbeitsstab Wiederaufbauplanung" ("Reconstruction Staff Speer") created on 11 October 1943 for the cities destroyed in the war (among other things. reconstruction planning for his native town of Krefeld, or urban planning designs for the redesign of Hamburg by ).In 1941-1945, <mask> was a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party. In the final phase of World War II, <mask> was included by Hitler in the Gottbegnadeten list of the most important architects, which saved him from wartime service. <mask> wrote in his memoirs (Bauzeit. Aufzeichnungen aus dem Leben eines Architekten. Düsseldorf 1995,) about his work in the so-called Third Reich: "The interesting work on these buildings was always only factual and never coloured by political aspects." He carried out commissions for the Organisation Todt. After 1945

In the post-war period, <mask> hit the headlines when the , founded by Bernhard Pfau, accused the head of the city planning office, Friedrich Tamms, of favouring formerly high-ranking friends from the staff of the general building inspector - who, in addition to Julius Schulte-Frohlinde, Konstanty Gutschow and Rudolf Wolters, also included <mask>."In fact, Düsseldorf is becoming a centre of former Nazi prominence," the architects' association formulated in a memorandum. Despite these objections, <mask> - an honorary member of the cultural committee of the city of Düsseldorf - was able to participate in the reconstruction plans for the city; his architectural office shaped the appearance of the inner city with representative banks and administrative buildings. It certainly helped that <mask>'s student friend Friedrich Tamms was head of the city planning office and Julius Schulte-Frohlinde had been head of the structural engineering office of the city of Düsseldorf since 1952. After the death of Hans Heuser in 1953, <mask> took Hubert Petschnigg into the architectural office. While <mask>'s commercial buildings of the early post-war period still had strong echoes of the neoclassicism of the 1930s, later <mask>'s buildings were characterised by the International Style with its cool objectivity determined by glass and steel. <mask> gained worldwide recognition with the construction of the Dreischeibenhaus from 1957 to 1960; with its significant appearance, the building is still one of the best-known and most important high-rise buildings in Germany. In 1969, the office partnership was expanded by six partners and renamed HPP Hentrich-Petschnigg & Partner.HPP subsequently won numerous competitions and developed into one of the largest architectural firms of the post-war period, specialising in the field of administrative buildings. In 13 cities in West Germany and South Africa, their large office built a total of more than 40 high-rise buildings. In addition, <mask> was chairman of the board of the Malkasten in Düsseldorf 1945-1955. In 1960, <mask> was appointed professor by the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia. In 1972, the office partnership was transformed into a limited partnership. Two years later, Hentrich and Petschnigg transferred the management of the office to their two partners Hans Joachim Stutz and Rüdiger Thoma. They themselves retired to the office's advisory board, but continued to participate in the various projects.<mask>rich in 1963. <mask> died in Düsseeldorf at the age of 95. Realisations
 1934–1935: Einfamilienhaus für Schmitz-Egelhoff in Krefeld. 1935–1936:  in Düsseldorf, Scheibenstraße / Inselstraße 34 (with Hans Heuser)
 1937–1938: Hitlerjugend-Heim in Rheinhausen, Werthauser Straße (with Hans Heuser). 1937: Musterhaus zur Reichsausstellung Schaffendes Volk for sculptor Hellwig Reiss-Schmidt (b. 1904) in der Künstlersiedlung Schlageterstadt (today Golzheimer settlement), Franz-Jürgens-Straße 10
 1937–1938: Deichtor in Orsoy (with Hans Heuser). 1938–1939: Jugendheim in Hilden
 1938: Jagdhaus Brandt in Brandenberg (Hürtgenwald).vor 1939: Einfamilienhaus für Dr. Rohde in Düsseldorf. vor 1939: Haus für Dr. Blassendorf in Meerbusch. vor 1939: Fünffamilienhaus für Poensgen in Düsseldorf, Rheinallee (with Hans Heuser). vor 1943: Haus Ö. [Oetker] in Krefeld (with Hans Heuser). 1949: Werkswohnungen (Zwei Doppelhäuser) für FA Kümpers in Rheine, Basilikastraße (with Hans Heuser)
 1949–1950: HSBC Trinkaus in Düsseldorf
 1949–1953: Gerling-Hochhaus in Cologne (Entwurf with Hans Heuser, Änderungen durch Hans Gerling). 1958–1960: BAT-Hochhaus in Hamburg
 1961–1964: Unilever-Haus in Hamburg (today Emporio-Hochhaus)
 1961–1964: KHD-Hochhaus (now trade fair tower) in Cologne
 1961–1967: Conversion of the  for the  in Düsseldorf
 1962–1970: Construction of the Westdeutscher Rundfunk in Cologne
 before 1963: Kaufhaus Merkur in Neuss.before 1963: High-rise residential buildings on Dorotheenstrasse in Hamburg. 1963–1964: Europa-Center in Charlottenburg
 1963–1972: Overall planning and institute building of the Ruhr University Bochum. 1964–1965: Protestant Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Kirche in Düsseldorf-Garath
 1966: Administration building of the  (torn down). 1967–1968: Administration building, Rheinallee 9, Düsseldorf-Heerdt ((staff polygon, protected))
 1967–1970: Verwaltungszentrum für Procter & Gamble in Schwalbach am Taunus
 1968–1970: Hauptverwaltung für Rank Xerox in Düsseldorf
 1963–1966:  an der Esplanade in Hamburg
 1965–1970: Standard Bank Center in Johannesburg
 1970–1974: Hauptverwaltung des TÜV Rheinland e. V. in Köln-Poll
 1971–1974: Diamond Sorting Building in Kimberley, Northern Cape
 1972–1975:  in Düsseldorf, Königsallee / Trinkausstraße
 1971–1974: RWI-Haus in Düsseldorf
 1973–1974: Haus Hentrich in Düsseldorf
 1973–1976: Head office of the Rheinbraun in Cologne
 1973–1978 and 2005: Tonhalle Düsseldorf
 before 1976: Conversion of a mill building in . 1977–1981: Marriott Riyadh Hotel in Saudi Arabia
 1977–1980: Ministry of the Interior of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia in Düsseldorf
 1978: Erweiterungsbau für das Fernmeldeamt Düsseldorf 1, Königsallee. 1979–1981: Sheraton Hotel in Essen
 1980–1983: Forum Hotel in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
 1980–1983: Handelsblatthaus in Düsseldorf
 1981: . 1984:Post office and telecom exchange in .1987: Zweit-Auslands-Telephone exchange in Frankfurt-Nied. 1987–1988: Conversion of the  in Cologne
 1988–1993: Trianon-Hochhaus of the BfG  in Frankfurt
 1990–1992:
 1993–1996: Haus des Buches in Leipzig
 1993–1996: Restoration and conversion of the "Tobacco Mosque" (former Yenidze cigarette factory) in Dresden
 1994–1998: M. DuMont Schauberg-Haus in Cologne
 1994–1995: Eurotower in Frankfurt
 1995: Postamt Bielefeld 1. 1997–2001: Arena AufSchalke in Gelsenkirchen
 1997–2000: Refurbishment and conversion of the Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus of the Federal Ministry of Finance in Berlin
 2010: Facade conversion on "maxCologne" (former Lufthansa high-rise) in Cologne

References

Further reading
 Gudrun Escher: Pragmatiker zuerst. <mask> 1905–2001. In DBZ 4/2001,
 <mask>rich: Bauzeit. Aufzeichnungen aus dem Leben eines Architekten. Düsseldorf, 1995.Henry-Russell Hitchcock: HPP Hentrich-Petschnigg & Partner. Düsseldorf, 1973. HPP Hentrich-Petschnigg & Partner: 50 Jahre HPP. Düsseldorf, 1985. Sabine Tünkers: <mask>, Heuser, Petschnigg 1927–1955. Weimar, 2000. Klaus-Dieter Weiß: Architektenporträt Helmut <mask>.Perfektion versus Philosophie? In Der Architekt 1/1986,
 Agnes Wolf: <mask>. In Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon. Die Bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker (AKL). Vol. 72, de Gruyter, Berlin 2012,

External links

 Architekten-Porträt Helmut Hentrich
 Helmut-<mask>-Archiv im Archiv der Academy of Arts, Berlin

20th-century German architects
Architects in the Nazi Party
Architecture firms of Germany
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1905 births
2001 deaths
People from Krefeld

masks:
Helmut Hentrich
Hentrich
Hubert Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
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<mask> (14 November 1919 – 26 December 1999) was a prominent British artist. She is known mostly for her paintings, though she also made prints and created assemblages of collected objects. She was awarded the Jerwood Prize for painting, and received a retrospective exhibition at Tate Britain. Background
Born on 14 November 1919 in Chelsea, London to an affluent upper-middle-class family, she was initially educated privately by her father, the poet Eric Taylor, before enrolling as a part-time student at the Chelsea School of Art (now Chelsea College of Art and Design) in 1937. In 1938, she took classes at Chelsea with the sculptor Henry Moore. Her aunt was Irish designer Eileen Gray. <mask> lived in London throughout her career.Career
Apart from wartime service, during which she worked as a cartographer for the Office of War Information, <mask> painted full-time until her death in 1999, supplementing her income with teaching posts at Chelsea (1956–69) and Wimbledon School of Art (1966-97). The <mask>-Taylor family often holidayed in Southwold, and in 1945 <mask>'s mother Thora <mask> purchased Woldside house in Southwold, which became an important base for the artist until it was sold after Thora's death in 1966. <mask> retained strong links with the area throughout her career; the coastal landscape, a local quarry, and fishermen at nearby Lowestoft and Yarmouth harbours provided significant early subjects. <mask> also produced a number of still lifes. <mask> had her first solo show at the Leger Gallery in London in 1947. In 1951, <mask> participated in the exhibition 60 Paintings for '51, organised by the Arts Council to coincide with the 1951 Festival of Britain, for which they commissioned 60 artists to produce paintings of 4 by 5 feet or more. <mask>'s submission was entitled Lowestoft Harbour (1951), a painting of two fishermen weighing a catch of fish.The painting was subsequently purchased by the Arts Council Collection. <mask>'s early subject matter led to her being linked with Neo-Romantic artists such as John Minton and Michael Ayrton. From the 1950s onwards, she increasingly painted the industrial landscapes of post-WWII Britain. Although based in London, she made frequent trips to East Anglia and the Midlands. During the 1950s, <mask> became close friends with the painter and critic John Berger; they went drawing together in the marshalling yards at Willesden Junction. <mask> also visited a number of factories and industrial sites with the sculptor Ghisha Koenig, and became close friends with the painter David Carr, who also shared her interest in the industrial landscape as a subject. These trips resulted in a number of paintings of men and women at work in factories and on building sites, together with images of power stations, electrical plants and chemical works.The novelist Margaret Drabble has noted that while many of her early paintings included the human figure, it gradually disappeared from her works, and <mask>'s canvases became more abstract during the 1960s and 1970s. In 1960, <mask> had her first retrospective at the Whitechapel Art Gallery, under the directorship of the curator Bryan Robertson. During a 1982 interview with Robertson, which was published in the catalogue for an exhibition of <mask>'s work held that year at the Warwick Arts Trust, the artist described how: "I prefer to look at the urban or industrial scene or any unconsidered piece of ground." In the latter decades of her career, <mask> made a number of abstract works that reference fragments of urban detritus and rubbish that she found on the streets of London, such as plastic bags, discarded gloves, and oil stains. The first time she exhibited these paintings was in 1989 in a show entitled <mask> <mask>: Recent Paintings, 1980-1989 at Annely Juda Fine Art Gallery in London. The exhibition was a “critical and financial success” and helped <mask> gain recognition and popularity. The early 1980s saw <mask> embark on a series of paintings that focussed on an abstracted 'gate' motif, and she also became fascinated by the shadows cast by passing people on subway walls, creating a number of works on this theme.In 1979, <mask> played a key role in helping to organise the major retrospective of Eileen Gray's work at the Victoria & Albert Museum and the Museum of Modern Art, New York. Although <mask> worked predominantly as a painter, she was also an accomplished printmaker. <mask> created lithographs early in her career, and from the early 1960s often worked at the Curwen Studio in Plaistow. Throughout her career, <mask> also made a number of assemblages from found objects that she gathered on her trips to industrial sites, the extent of which only became clear when these were discovered in her studio after her death. <mask>'s work enjoyed increasing recognition from the 1970s onwards, with exhibitions at the Serpentine Gallery in 1976, followed by shows at the Warwick Arts Trust, the Camden Arts Centre and Kettle's Yard. From 1988 <mask> was represented by Annely Juda Fine Art. In 1999, the year of her death, she was awarded the Jerwood Prize for Painting, and in 2007 she received a retrospective exhibition at Tate Britain.<mask> <mask> is recognized as an accomplished artist, yet did not become as famous as some of her peers. A contributing factor to this was her love of privacy. She also was very generous in regards to money and her art. She would let people reproduce her work, but did not want money for it. When she sold or gave away a painting, she did not try to exercise authority or ownership over it anymore. Artistic Style
<mask> <mask>'s paintings often share a mild or neutral colour palette, sometimes with punctuating strong or harsh colors. <mask> cites the weather in England as the probable cause for this trend.<mask> often made changes to her paintings after she had begun working on them. In doing this she left traces of the old lines and shapes, creating a many-layered surface. Her actual painting techniques furthered this by adding more texture. “<mask> employed thick impasto, she daubed, she scraped, she gauged and scratched, she obliterated, experimenting with a variety of mixed media”. Gerard Hastings has described how <mask> used a variety of tools and materials to apply paint to her canvas and create a variety of visual effects, including sandpaper, wire wool, rollers, wallpaper scrapers, and pieces of wire mesh. She would sometimes mix textured materials like sand into her paint. <mask>'s paintings gave unique views of everyday features of the urban landscape.<mask> <mask> sometimes took photographs of her subject matter, but more important to her was the memory of the experience of seeing something. "Her subjects are closely observed details and scenes from the landscape. The images are combined and filtered through memory, and evolve through a slow process of layering and re-working." In an interview with Bryan Robertson she said, “I work from the subject matter, things perceived, and the things that I see tend to be somewhat murky”. Awards
The City of London Midsummer Prize (1977)
The £30,000 Jerwood Prize for painting (1999)
She declined an OBE in 1968 and a CBE in 1979. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff
New Walk Museum & Art Gallery, Leicester
Pallant House Gallery, Chichester
Pembroke College, Oxford
Plymouth City Council Museum & Art Gallery
Reading Museum
Rugby Art Gallery & Museum
Salford Museum & Art Gallery
Southampton City Art Gallery
Southwark Art Collection, London
Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens
Tate, London
Tate Britain, London
2 Willow Road (National Trust) London
Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool
Whitworth Gallery, Manchester
York Art Gallery

Death
She died on 26 December 1999, aged 80, following a battle with cancer. Favourite quote
 "Painting is like throwing oneself into the sea to learn to swim."(Édouard Manet, often quoted in interviews by <mask>)

Sources
<mask> <mask>, Banks, R. (Ed.) (2003, London, Annely Juda Fine Art),

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> at the Tate. Includes scanned diaries

1919 births
1999 deaths
English women painters
People from Chelsea, London
Deaths from cancer in England
Academics of Wimbledon College of Arts
20th-century British women artists
Artists from London
Women printmakers
People of the United States Office of War Information
20th-century English women
20th-century English people

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<mask> ( ; né Jorgensen; born January 12, 1964) is an American entrepreneur, media proprietor, investor, computer engineer, and commercial astronaut. He is the founder and executive chairman of Amazon, where he previously served as the president and CEO. With a net worth of around US$176 billion as of February 2022, <mask> is the second-wealthiest person in the world according to Bloomberg's Billionaires Index and third-wealthiest person according to Forbes. Born in Albuquerque and raised in Houston and Miami, Bezos graduated from Princeton University in 1986. He holds a degree in electrical engineering and computer science. He worked on Wall Street in a variety of related fields from 1986 to early 1994. Bezos founded Amazon in late 1994, on a cross-country road trip from New York City to Seattle.The company began as an online bookstore and has since expanded to a wide variety of other e-commerce products and services, including video and audio streaming, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence. It is currently the world's largest online sales company, the largest Internet company by revenue, and the world's largest provider of virtual assistants and cloud infrastructure services through its Amazon Web Services branch. Bezos founded the aerospace manufacturer and sub-orbital spaceflight services company Blue Origin in 2000. Blue Origin's New Shepard vehicle reached space in 2015, and afterwards successfully landed back on Earth. The company completed the first commercial suborbital human spaceflight in July 2021. He also purchased the major American newspaper The Washington Post in 2013 for $250 million, and manages many other investments through his venture capital firm, Bezos Expeditions. In September 2021, Bezos co-founded biotechnology company Altos Labs with Mail.ru founder Yuri Milner.The first centibillionaire on the Forbes wealth index, <mask> was named the "richest man in modern history" after his net worth increased to $150 billion in July 2018. In August 2020, according to Forbes, he had a net worth exceeding $200 billion. In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, his wealth grew by approximately $24 billion. On July 5, 2021, <mask> stepped down as the CEO of Amazon and transitioned into the role of executive chairman; Andy Jassy, the chief of Amazon's cloud computing division, replaced <mask> as the CEO of Amazon. On July 20, 2021, he flew to space alongside his brother Mark. The suborbital flight lasted over 10 minutes, reaching a peak altitude of . Early life
<mask> Jorgensen was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on January 12, 1964, the son of Jacklyn (née Gise) and Theodore Jorgensen.At the time of <mask>'s birth, his mother was a 17-year-old high school student and his father was 19 years old. Theodore Jorgensen had ancestry from Denmark and was born in Chicago to a family of Baptists. After completing high school despite challenging conditions, Jacklyn attended night school while bringing <mask> along as a baby. After his parents divorced, his mother married Cuban immigrant Miguel "Mike" <mask> in April 1968. Shortly after the wedding, Mike adopted four-year-old <mask>, whose surname was then legally changed from Jorgensen to Bezos. After Mike had received his degree from the University of New Mexico, the family moved to Houston, Texas, so that he could begin working as an engineer for Exxon. <mask> attended a Montessori school in Albuquerque, New Mexico, when he was two years old.<mask> attended River Oaks Elementary School in Houston from fourth to sixth grade. <mask>' maternal grandfather was Lawrence Preston Gise, a regional director of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in Albuquerque. Gise retired early to his family's ranch near Cotulla, Texas, where <mask> would spend many summers in his youth. <mask> would later purchase this ranch and expand it from  to . <mask> displayed scientific interests and technological proficiency, and once rigged an electric alarm to keep his younger siblings out of his room. The family moved to Miami, Florida, where Bezos attended Miami Palmetto High School. While Bezos was in high school, he worked at McDonald's as a short-order line cook during the breakfast shift.<mask> attended the Student Science Training Program at the University of Florida. He was high school valedictorian, a National Merit Scholar, and a Silver Knight Award winner in 1982. In his graduation speech, <mask> told the audience he dreamed of the day when mankind would colonize space. A local newspaper quoted his intention "to get all people off the earth and see it turned into a huge national park". In 1986, he graduated summa cum laude from Princeton University with a 4.2 GPA and a Bachelor of Science in Engineering degree (B.S.E.) in electrical engineering and computer science; he was also a member of Phi Beta Kappa. While at Princeton, <mask> was a member of the Quadrangle Club, one of Princeton's 11 eating clubs.In addition, he was elected to Tau Beta Pi and was the president of the Princeton chapter of the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS). Business career

Early career
After <mask> graduated from college in 1986, he was offered jobs at Intel, Bell Labs, and Andersen Consulting, among others. He first worked at Fitel, a fintech telecommunications start-up, where he was tasked with building a network for international trade. <mask> was promoted to head of development and director of customer service thereafter. He transitioned into the banking industry when he became a product manager at Bankers Trust. He worked there from 1988 to 1990. He then joined D. E. Shaw & Co, a newly founded hedge fund with a strong emphasis on mathematical modelling in 1990 and worked there until 1994.<mask> became D. E. Shaw's fourth senior vice-president at age 30. Amazon

In late 1993, <mask> decided to establish an online bookstore. He left his job at D. E. Shaw and founded Amazon in his garage on July 5, 1994, after writing its business plan on a cross-country drive from New York City to Seattle. Prior to settling on Seattle, <mask> had investigated setting up his company at an Indian reservation near San Francisco in order to avoid paying taxes. <mask> initially named his new company Cadabra but later changed the name to Amazon after the Amazon River in South America, in part because the name begins with the letter A, which is at the beginning of the alphabet. At the time, website listings were alphabetized, so a name starting with "A" would appear sooner when customers conducted online searches. In addition, he regarded "Amazon," the name of the world's largest river as fitting for what he hoped would become the world's largest online bookstore.He accepted an estimated $300,000 from his parents and invested in Amazon. He warned many early investors that there was a 70% chance that Amazon would fail or go bankrupt. Although Amazon was originally an online bookstore, <mask> had always planned to expand to other products. Three years after <mask> founded Amazon, he took it public with an initial public offering (IPO). In response to critical reports from Fortune and Barron's, <mask> maintained that the growth of the Internet would overtake competition from larger book retailers such as Borders and Barnes & Noble. In 1998, Bezos diversified into the online sale of music and video, and by the end of the year he had expanded the company's products to include a variety of other consumer goods. Bezos used the $54 million raised during the company's 1997 equity offering to finance aggressive acquisition of smaller competitors.In 2000, Bezos borrowed $2 billion from banks, as its cash balances dipped to only $350 million. In 2002, Bezos led Amazon to launch Amazon Web Services, which compiled data from weather channels and website traffic. In late 2002, rapid spending from Amazon caused it financial distress when revenues stagnated. After the company nearly went bankrupt, he closed distribution centers and laid off 14% of the Amazon workforce. In 2003, Amazon rebounded from financial instability and turned a profit of $400 million. In November 2007, Bezos launched the Amazon Kindle. According to a 2008 Time profile, Bezos wished to create a device that allowed a "flow state" in reading similar to the experience of video games.In 2013, <mask> secured a $600-million contract with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) on behalf of Amazon Web Services. In October of that year, Amazon was recognized as the largest online shopping retailer in the world. In May 2016, <mask> sold slightly more than one million shares of his holdings in the company for $671 million, the largest sum he had ever raised from selling some of his Amazon stock. On August 4, 2016, <mask> sold another million of his shares for $756.7 million. A year later, <mask> took on 130,000 new employees when he ramped up hiring at company distribution centers. By January 19, 2018, his Amazon stock holdings had appreciated to slightly over $109 billion; months later he began to sell stock to raise cash for other enterprises, in particular, Blue Origin. On January 29, 2018, he was featured in Amazon's Super Bowl commercial.On February 1, 2018, Amazon reported its highest ever profit with quarterly earnings of $2 billion. Due to the growth of Alibaba in China, Bezos has often expressed interest in expanding Amazon into India. On July 27, 2017, Bezos momentarily became the world's wealthiest person over Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates when his estimated net worth increased to just over $90 billion. His wealth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017, and he was formally designated the wealthiest person in the world by Forbes on March 6, 2018, with a net worth of $112 billion. In March 2018, Bezos dispatched Amit Agarwal, Amazon's global senior vice president, to India with $5.5 billion to localize operations throughout the company's supply chain routes. Later in the month, U.S. President Donald Trump accused Amazon and Bezos, specifically of sales tax avoidance, misusing postal routes, and anti-competitive business practices. Amazon's share price fell by 9% in response to the President's negative comments; this reduced Bezos's personal wealth by $10.7 billion.Weeks later, <mask> recouped his losses when academic reports out of Stanford University indicated that Trump could do little to regulate Amazon in any meaningful way. During July 2018, a number of members of the U.S. Congress called on Bezos to detail the applications of Amazon's face recognition software, Rekognition. Criticism of Amazon's business practices continued in September 2018 when Senator Bernie Sanders introduced the Stop Bad Employers by Zeroing Out Subsidies (Stop BEZOS) Act and accused Amazon of receiving corporate welfare. This followed revelations by the non-profit group New Food Economy which found that one third of Amazon workers in Arizona, and one tenth of Amazon workers in Pennsylvania and Ohio, relied on food stamps. While preparing to introduce the bill, Sanders opined: "Instead of attempting to explore Mars or go to the moon, how about <mask> pays his workers a living wage?" He later said: "Bezos could play a profound role. If he said today, nobody who is employed at Amazon will receive less than a living wage, it would send a message to every corporation in America."Sanders's efforts elicited a response from Amazon which pointed to the 130,000 jobs it created in 2017 and called the $28,446 figure for its median salary "misleading" as it included part-time workers. However, Sanders countered that the companies targeted by his proposal have placed an increased focus on part-time workers to escape benefit obligations. On October 2, 2018, Bezos announced a company-wide wage increase, which Sanders applauded. The American workers who were being paid the minimum wage had this increased to $15 per hour, a decision that was interpreted as support for the Fight for $15 movement. In February 2021, <mask> announced that in the third quarter of 2021 he would step down from his role as CEO of Amazon, to become the Executive Chairman of the Amazon Board. He will be replaced as CEO by Andy Jassy. On February 2, 2021, Bezos sent an email to all Amazon employees, telling them the transition would give him "the time and energy [he] need[s] to focus on the Day 1 Fund, the Bezos Earth Fund, Blue Origin, The Washington Post, and [his] other passions."In his final letter to Amazon shareholders, Bezos quoted geneticist Richard Dawkins: "Staving off death is a thing that you have to work at... If living things don't actively work to prevent it, they would eventually merge with their surroundings and cease to exist as autonomous beings. That is what happens when they die." Blue Origin

In September 2000, <mask> founded Blue Origin, a human spaceflight startup. <mask> has long expressed an interest in space travel and the development of human life in the Solar System. He was the valedictorian when he graduated from high school in 1982. His speech was followed up with a Miami Herald interview in which he expressed an interest to build and develop hotels, amusement parks, and colonies for human beings who were in orbit.The 18-year-old <mask> stated that he wanted to preserve Earth from overuse through resource depletion. Rob Meyerson led Blue Origin from 2003 to 2017 and served as its first president. After its founding, Blue Origin maintained a low profile until 2006 when it purchased a large tract of land in West Texas for a launch and test facility. After the company gained the public's attention during the late 2000s, <mask> additionally indicated his interest in reducing the cost of space travel for humans while also increasing the safety of extraterrestrial travel. In September 2011, one of the company's unmanned prototype vehicles crashed during a short-hop test flight. Although the crash was viewed as a setback, news outlets noted how far the company went from its founding-to-date in advancing spaceflight. After the crash, <mask> has been superstitiously wearing his "lucky" Texas Cowboy boots to all rocket launches.In May 2013, <mask> met with Richard Branson, chairman of Virgin Galactic, to discuss commercial spaceflight opportunities and strategies. He has been compared to Branson and Elon Musk as all three are billionaires who prioritize spaceflight among their business interests. In 2015, <mask> announced that a new orbital launch vehicle was under development and would make its first flight in the late-2010s. Later in November, Blue Origin's New Shepard space

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 vehicle successfully rocketed into space and reached its planned test altitude of 329,839 feet (100.5 kilometers) before executing a vertical landing back at the launch site in West Texas. In 2016, Bezos allowed select journalists to visit, tour, and photograph his facility. He has repeatedly called for increased inter-space energy and industrial manufacturing to decrease the negative costs associated with business-related pollution. In December 2017, New Shepard successfully flew and landed dummy passengers, amending and pushing its human space travel start date into late 2018.To execute this program, Blue Origin built six of the vehicles to support all phases of testing and operations: no-passenger test flights, flights with test passengers, and commercial-passenger weekly operations. Since 2016, <mask> has spoken more freely about his hopes to colonize the solar system, and has been selling US$1 billion in Amazon stock each year to capitalize Blue Origin in an effort to support this endeavor. In May 2018, <mask> maintained that the primary goal of Blue Origin is to preserve the natural resources of Earth by making the human species multi-planetary. He announced that New Shepard would begin transporting humans into sub-orbital space by November 2018. In July 2018, it was announced that <mask> had priced commercial spaceflight tickets from $200,000 to $300,000 per person. On July 20, 2021, he launched on the NS-16 mission with his brother Mark Bezos, Wally Funk, and Oliver Daemen. He launched nine days after Richard Branson launched onboard The Virgin Galactic Unity 22 mission.The Washington Post

On August 5, 2013, <mask> announced his purchase of The Washington Post for $250 million in cash, at the suggestion of his friend, Don Graham. To execute the sale, he established limited liability company Nash Holdings to serve as a holding company through which he would own the newspaper. The sale closed on October 1, 2013, and Nash Holdings took control. In March 2014, <mask> made his first significant change at The Washington Post and lifted the online paywall for subscribers of a number of U.S. local newspapers in Texas, Hawaii, and Minnesota. In January 2016, <mask> set out to reinvent the newspaper as a media and technology company by reconstructing its digital media, mobile platforms, and analytics software. Throughout the early years of ownership, <mask> was accused of having a potential conflict of interest with the paper. <mask> and the newspaper's editorial board have dismissed accusations that he unfairly controlled the paper's content and Bezos maintains the paper's independence.After a surge in online readership in 2016, the paper was profitable for the first time since Bezos made the purchase in 2013. Bezos Expeditions

Bezos makes personal investments through his venture capital vehicle, Bezos Expeditions. He was one of the first shareholders in Google, when he invested $250,000 in 1998. That $250,000 investment resulted in 3.3 million shares of Google stock, worth about $3.1 billion in 2017. He also invested in Unity Biotechnology, a life-extension research firm hoping to slow or stop the process of aging. Bezos is involved in the healthcare sector, which includes investments in Unity Biotechnology, GRAIL, Juno Therapeutics, and Zocdoc. In January 2018, an announcement was made concerning Bezos's role within a new, unnamed healthcare company.This venture, later named Haven, is expected to be a partnership between Amazon, JPMorgan, and Berkshire Hathaway. Bezos also supports philanthropic efforts through direct donations and non-profit projects funded by Bezos Expeditions. Bezos used Bezos Expeditions to fund several philanthropic projects, including an Innovation center at the Seattle Museum of History and Industry and the Bezos Center for Neural Circuit Dynamics at Princeton Neuroscience Institute. In 2013, Bezos Expeditions funded the recovery of two Saturn V first-stage Rocketdyne F-1 engines from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. They were positively identified as belonging to the Apollo 11 mission's S-1C stage from July 1969. The engines are currently on display at the Seattle Museum of Flight. Altos Labs

In September 2021, Bezos co-founded Altos Labs with Mail.ru founder Yuri Milner.Altos Labs is a generously funded biotechnology company dedicated to harnessing cellular reprogramming to develop longevity therapeutics. The company has recruited prominent scientists such as Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte (known for work on rejuvenation through reprogramming), Steve Horvath (known for work in epigenetic aging clocks), and Shinya Yamanaka (the Nobel Prize-winning inventor of cellular reprogramming in mammalian cells). The company left stealth mode and launched on January 19, 2022, with a start capital of $3 billion and an executive team led by Hal Barron. Public image

Journalist Nellie Bowles of The New York Times has described the public persona and personality of Bezos as that of "a brilliant but mysterious and coldblooded corporate titan". During the 1990s, Bezos earned a reputation for relentlessly pushing Amazon forward, often at the expense of public charity and social welfare. Journalist Mark O'Connell criticized Bezos' relentless customer focus as "very small" in terms of impact on humanity as a whole, a sentiment technologist Tim O'Reilly agreed with. His business practices projected a public image of prudence and parsimony with his own wealth and that of Amazon.<mask> was a multi-billionaire who drove a 1996 Honda Accord. Throughout the early 2000s, he was perceived to be geeky or nerdy. Bezos was seen by some as needlessly quantitative and data-driven. This perception was detailed by Alan Deutschman, who described him as "talking in lists" and "[enumerating] the criteria, in order of importance, for every decision he has made." Select accounts of his persona have drawn controversy and public attention. Notably, journalist Brad Stone wrote a book that described Bezos as a demanding boss as well as hyper-competitive, and opined that Bezos perhaps "bet the biggest on the Internet" than anyone else. <mask> has been characterized as a notoriously opportunistic CEO who operates with little concern for obstacles and externalities.During the early 2010s, Bezos solidified his reputation for aggressive business practices, and his public image began to shift. Bezos started to wear tailored clothing; he weight trained, pursued a regimented diet and began to freely spend his money. His physical transformation has been compared to the transformation of Amazon; he is often referred to as the metonym of the company. His physical appearance increased the public's perception of him as a symbolically dominant figure in business and in popular culture, wherein he has been parodied as an enterprising supervillain. Since 2017, he has been portrayed by Kyle Mooney and Steve Carell on Saturday Night Live, usually as an undercutting, domineering figure. In May 2014, the International Trade Union Confederation named Bezos the "World's Worst Boss", with its general secretary Sharan Burrow saying: "<mask>s represents the inhumanity of employers who are promoting the North American corporate model", while in 2019, Harvard Business Review, which ranked Bezos the best-performing CEO for 4 years in a row since 2014, did not rank him even in the top 100 citing Amazon's "relatively low ESG (environment, social, and governance) scores" that reflect "risks created by working conditions and employment policies, data security, and antitrust issues." During the late 2010s, Bezos reversed his reputation for being reluctant to spend money on non-business-related expenses.His relative lack of philanthropy compared to other billionaires has drawn a negative response from the public since 2016. <mask> has been known to publicly contest claims made in critical articles, as exemplified in 2015 when he sent a memo to employees denouncing a New York Times piece. Leadership style
<mask> used what he called a "regret-minimization framework" while he worked at D. E. Shaw and again during the early years of Amazon. He described this life philosophy by stating: "When I'm 80, am I going to regret leaving Wall Street? No. Will I regret missing the beginning of the Internet? Yes."During the 1990s and early 2000s at Amazon, he was characterized as trying to quantify all aspects of running the company, often listing employees on spreadsheets and basing executive decisions on data. To push Amazon forward, <mask> developed the mantra "Get Big Fast", establishing the company's need to scale its operations to produce market dominance. He favored diverting Amazon profits back into the company in lieu of allocating it amongst shareholders in the form of dividends. <mask> uses the term "work–life harmony" instead of the more standard "work–life balance" because he believes that balance implies that you can only have one and not the other. He believes that work and home life are interconnected, informing and calibrating each other. Journalist Walt Mossberg dubbed the idea that someone who cannot tolerate criticism or critique shouldn't do anything new or interesting "The Bezos Principle". Bezos does not schedule early morning meetings and enforces a two-pizza rule—a preference that meetings are small enough for two pizzas to feed everyone in the board room.When interviewing candidates for jobs at Amazon he has stated he considers three inquiries: can he admire the person, can the person raise the common standard, and under what circumstances could the person become exemplary. He meets with Amazon investors for a total of only six hours a year. Instead of using presentation slides, Bezos requires high-level employees to present information with six-page narratives. Starting in 1998, Bezos publishes an annual letter for Amazon shareholders wherein he frequently refers to five principles: focus on customers not competitors, take risks for market leadership, facilitate staff morale, build a company culture, and empower people. Bezos maintains the email address jeff@amazon.com as an outlet for customers to reach out to him and the company. Although he does not respond to the emails, he forwards some of them with a question mark in the subject line to executives who attempt to address the issues. Bezos has cited <mask> (of New Enterprise Associates), Warren Buffett (of Berkshire Hathaway), Jamie Dimon (of JPMorgan Chase), and Bob Iger (of Walt Disney) as major influences on his leadership style.<mask> is known for creating an adversarial environment at Amazon, as well as insulting and verbally abusing his employees. As journalist Brad Stone revealed in his book The Everything Store, <mask> issued remarks to his employees such as "I'm sorry, did I take my stupid pills today? ", "Are you lazy or just incompetent? ", and "Why are you ruining my life?". Additionally, <mask> reportedly pitted Amazon teams against each other, and once declined to give Amazon employees city bus passes in order to discourage them from leaving the office. Recognition
 In 1999, <mask> received his first major award when Time named him Person of the Year. In 2008, he was selected by U.S. News & World Report as one of America's best leaders.<mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate in science and technology from Carnegie Mellon University in 2008. In 2011, The Economist gave <mask> and Gregg Zehr an Innovation Award for the Amazon Kindle. In 2012, <mask> was named Businessperson of the Year by Fortune. He is also a member of the Bilderberg Group and attended the 2011 Bilderberg conference in St. Moritz, Switzerland, and the 2013 conference in Watford, Hertfordshire, England. He was a member of the executive committee of The Business Council for 2011 and 2012. 2014–2018, he was ranked the best-performing CEO in the world by Harvard Business Review. He has also figured in Fortunes list of 50 great leaders of the world for three straight years, topping the list in 2015.In September 2016, <mask> received a $250,000 prize for winning the Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization, which he donated to the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. In February 2018, <mask> was elected to the National Academy of Engineering for "leadership and innovation in space exploration, autonomous systems, and building a commercial pathway for human space flight". In March 2018, at the Explorers Club annual dinner, he was awarded the Buzz Aldrin Space Exploration Award in recognition of his work with Blue Origin. He received Germany's 2018 Axel Springer Award for Business Innovation and Social Responsibility. Time magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world on five separate occasions between 2008 and 2018. Wealth

<mask> first became a millionaire in 1997 after raising $54 million through Amazon's initial public offering (IPO). He was first included on the Forbes World's Billionaires list in 1999 with a registered net worth of $10.1 billion.His net worth decreased to $6.1 billion a year later, a 40.5% drop. His wealth plummeted even more the following year, dropping 66.6% to $2.0 billion. He lost $500 million the following year, which brought his net worth down to $1.5 billion. The following year, his net worth increased by 66.66% to $2.5 billion. From 2005 to 2007, he quadrupled his net worth to $8.7 billion. After the financial crisis and succeeding economic recession, his net worth would decrease to $6.8 billion—a 17.7% drop. His wealth rose by 85.2% in 2010, leaving him with $12.6 billion.This percentage increase ascended him to the 43rd spot on the ranking from 68th. After a rumor broke out that Amazon was developing a smartphone, <mask>'s net worth rose to $30.5 billion in 2014. A year later, <mask> entered the top ten when he increased his net worth to a total of $50.3 billion. <mask> rose to be the 5th richest person in the world hours before market close; he gained $7 billion in one hour. By the time the Forbes list was calculated in March 2016, his net worth was registered at $45.2 billion. However, just months later in October 2016, his wealth increased by $16.2 billion to $66.5 billion, unofficially ranking him the third richest person in the world behind Warren Buffett. After sporadic jumps in Amazon's share price, in July 2017 he briefly unseated Microsoft cofounder Bill Gates as the wealthiest person in the world.<mask> would continue to sporadically surpass Gates throughout the month of October 2017 after Amazon's share price fluctuated. His net worth

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 surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017, after Amazon's share price increased by more than 2.5%. When the 2017 list was issued, Bezos's net worth was registered at $72.8 billion, adding $27.6 billion from the previous year. <mask> was officially ranked as the third wealthiest person in the world up from the 5th spot in 2016. His wealth's rapid growth from 2016 to 2017 sparked a variety of assessments about how much money Bezos earned on a controlled, reduced time scale. On October 10, 2017, he made an estimated $6.24 billion in 5 minutes, slightly less than the annual gross domestic product of Kyrgyzstan. On March 6, 2018, <mask> was designated the wealthiest person in the world with a registered net worth of $112 billion.He unseated Bill Gates ($90 billion) who was $6 billion ahead of Warren Buffett ($84 billion), ranked third. He is considered the first registered centi-billionaire (not adjusted for inflation). His wealth, in 2017–18 terms, equaled that of 2.7 million Americans. Bezos's net worth increased by $33.6 billion from January 2017 to January 2018. This increase outstripped the economic development (in GDP terms) of more than 96 countries around the world. During March 9, Bezos earned $230,000 every 60 seconds. The Motley Fool estimated that if Bezos had not sold any of his shares from its original public offering in 1997, his net worth would sit at $181 billion in 2018.According to Quartz, his net worth of $150 billion in July 2018 was enough to purchase the entire stock markets of Nigeria, Hungary, Egypt, Luxembourg, and Iran. Following the report by Quartz, Amazon workers in Poland, (Germany), and Spain participated in demonstrations and labor strikes to draw attention to his growing wealth and the lack of compensation, labor rights, and satisfactory working conditions of select Amazon workers. On July 17, 2018, he was designated the "wealthiest person in modern history" by the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, Fortune, MarketWatch, The Wall Street Journal, and Forbes. In 2019, <mask>'s wealth was reduced by his divorce from his wife <mask>. According to Forbes, had the Washington state common law applied to their divorce without a prenuptial agreement, <mask>'s wealth could have been equitably divided with his ex-wife; however, she eventually received 25% of Bezos's Amazon shares, valued at approximately $36 billion, making her the third richest woman in the world. <mask> retained his interest in The Washington Post and Blue Origin, as well as voting control of the shares received by his ex-wife. In June 2019, Bezos purchased three adjoining apartments overlooking Madison Square Park in Manhattan, including a penthouse, for a combined total of US$80 million, making this one of the most expensive real estate purchases within New York City in 2019.In February 2020, <mask> purchased the Warner Estate from David Geffen for $165 million, a record price paid for a residence in the Los Angeles area. The previous record high price of $150 million was paid by Lachlan Murdoch for the Chartwell Mansion. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was reported that <mask>'s fortune had grown by $24 billion, citing a surge in demand from households on lockdown shopping on Amazon. He further expanded his residential holdings in february 2022, purchasing a $16.13 million dollar apartment at a 24-story boutique condominium, located across from Madison Square Park in the Flatiron neighbourhood, where he already owns all the units on the top floors. Bezos is the owner of the Y721, a luxury superyacht estimated to cost more than $500,000,000. It is the largest yacht in the world. Personal life

In 1992, <mask> was working for D. E. Shaw in Manhattan when he met novelist MacKenzie Tuttle, who was a research associate at the firm; the couple married a year later.In 1994, they moved across the country to Seattle, Washington, where Bezos founded Amazon. <mask> and his now ex-wife MacKenzie are the parents of four children: three sons, and one daughter adopted from China. <mask> and MacKenzie have not disclosed their religious status. Public records, family history, and biographical details suggest that both were raised under some form of Christianity. In March 2003, <mask> was one of three passengers in a helicopter that crashed in West Texas after the craft's tail boom hit a tree. Bezos sustained minor injuries and was discharged from a local hospital the same day. In 2016, <mask> played a Starfleet official in the movie Star Trek Beyond, and joined the cast and crew at a San Diego Comic-Con screening.He had lobbied Paramount for the role apropos of Alexa and his personal/professional interest in speech recognition. His one line consisted of a response to an alien in distress: "Speak Normally." In his initial discussion of the project which became Alexa with his technical advisor Greg Hart in 2011, <mask> told him that the goal was to create "the Star Trek computer." Bezos's family office Zefram LLC is named after Zefram Cochrane, a character from Star Trek. On January 9, 2019, Bezos and MacKenzie announced on Twitter their intent to divorce after a "long period" of separation. On April 4, 2019, the divorce was finalized, with <mask> keeping 75% of the couple's Amazon stock and MacKenzie getting the remaining 25% ($35.6 billion) in Amazon stock. However, <mask> would keep all of the couple's voting rights.On February 7, 2019, <mask> published an online essay in which he accused American Media, Inc. owner David Pecker of "extortion and blackmail" for threatening to publish intimate photos of Bezos and current girlfriend Lauren Sánchez if he did not stop his investigation into how his text messages and other photos had been leaked to the National Enquirer. Politics

According to public campaign finance records, Bezos supported the electoral campaigns of Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell, two Democratic U.S. senators from Washington. He has also supported Democrats U.S. representative John Conyers, as well as Patrick Leahy and Republican Spencer Abraham, U.S. senators serving on committees dealing with Internet-related issues. <mask> and <mask> have supported the legalization of same-sex marriage, and in 2012 contributed $2.5 million to Washington United for Marriage, a group supporting a yes vote on Washington Referendum 74, which affirmed a same-sex marriage law enacted in the state. <mask> donated $100,000 towards a movement against a Washington state income tax in 2010 for "top earners". In 2012, he donated to Amazon's political action committee (PAC), which has given $56,000 and $74,500 to Democrats and Republicans, respectively. After the 2016 presidential election, <mask> was invited to join Donald Trump's Defense Innovation Advisory Board, an advisory council to improve the technology used by the Defense Department.Trump has repeatedly attacked Bezos via Twitter, accused Bezos of avoiding corporate taxes, gaining undue political influence, and undermining his presidency by spreading "fake news". In 2014, Amazon won a bid for a cloud computing contract with the CIA valued at $600 million. A 2018, $10 billion contract known as the Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) project, this time with the Pentagon, was allegedly written up in a way that favors Amazon. Controversy over this was raised when General James Mattis accepted a headquarters tour invitation from Bezos and co-ordinated the deal through Sally Donnelly, a lobbyist who previously worked for Amazon. In November 2019, when the contract was awarded to Microsoft instead, Amazon filed a lawsuit with allegations that the bidding process was biased. On July 6, 2021, the Pentagon cancelled the JEDI contract with Microsoft, citing that “due to evolving requirements, increased cloud conversancy, and industry advances, the JEDI Cloud contract no longer meets its needs.” Despite Bezos's support for an open borders policy towards immigrants, Amazon has actively marketed facial recognition software to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). In 2019, a political action committee linked to Bezos spent over $1 million in an unsuccessful attempt to defeat the reelection bid of Seattle city council member and activist Kshama Sawant.On November 22, 2021, <mask> donated $100 million to the Obama Foundation to "to help expand the scope of programming that reaches emerging leaders," and requested the Obama Presidential Center's plaza to be named after John Lewis. Saudi hacking claim

In March 2018, Bezos met in Seattle with Mohammad bin Salman, the crown prince and de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia, to discuss investment opportunities for Saudi Vision 2030. In March 2019, Bezos's security consultant accused the Saudi government of hacking Bezos's phone. According to BBC, Bezos's top security staffer, Gavin de Becker, "linked the hack to the Washington Posts coverage of the murder of Saudi writer Jamal Khashoggi at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul". Khashoggi, a Saudi journalist and dissident was employed as a writer at the Washington Post, owned by Bezos. Khashoggi was killed in late 2018, in Turkey's Saudi consulate for his critical stance and journalism against the Saudi government and its leader. In January 2020, The Guardian reported that the hack was initiated before the murder but after Khashoggi wrote critically about the crown prince in the Washington Post.Forensic analysis of Bezos's mobile phone conducted by advisory firm FTI Consulting, concluded it "highly probable" that the hack was achieved using a malicious file hidden in a video sent in a WhatsApp message to Bezos from the personal account of the crown prince on May 1, 2018. Saudi Arabia has denied the claim. Philanthropy

<mask> donated to the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center several times between 2009 and 2017. In 2013, he pledged $500,000 to Worldreader, a non-profit founded by a former Amazon employee. In September 2018, Business Insider reported that Bezos was the only one of the top five billionaires in the world who had not signed the Giving Pledge, an initiative created by Bill Gates and Warren Buffett that encourages wealthy people to give away a majority of their wealth. That same month, Janet Camarena, director of transparency initiatives at Foundation Center, was quoted by CNBC as having questions about Bezos's new , including the fund's structure and how exactly it will be funded. In May 2017, Bezos gave $1 million to the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, which provides pro bono legal services for American journalists.On June 15, 2017, he posted a message on Twitter asking for ideas for philanthropy: "I'm thinking about a philanthropy strategy that is the opposite of how I mostly spend my time—working on the long term". At the time of the post, <mask>'s lifetime spending on charitable causes was estimated to be $100 million. Multiple opinion columnists responded by asking Bezos to pay higher wages to Amazon warehouse workers. A year later in June, he tweeted that he would announce two philanthropic foci by the end of summer 2018. <mask> announced in September 2018 that he would commit approximately $2 billion to a fund to deal with American homelessness and establish a network of non-profit preschools for low income communities. As part of this announcement, he committed to establishing the "Day 1 Families Fund" to finance "night shelters and day care centers for homeless families" and the "Day 1 Academies Fund" for early childhood education. In January 2018, <mask> made a $33 million donation to TheDream.US, a college scholarship fund for undocumented immigrants brought to the United States as minors.In June 2018, Bezos donated to Breakthrough Energy Ventures, a private philanthropic fund founded by Bill Gates aimed at promoting emissions-free energy. In September 2018, Bezos donated $10 million to With Honor, a nonpartisan organization that works to increase the number of veterans in political office. In February 2020, Bezos pledged $10 billion to combat climate change through the Bezos Earth Fund. Later that year, in November, Bezos announced $791M of donations to established, well-known groups, with $100M each going to Environmental Defense Fund, Natural Resources Defense Council, The Nature Conservancy, World Resources Institute and World Wildlife Fund, and the remainder going to 11 other groups. In April 2020, early in the COVID-19 pandemic, Bezos donated $100 million to food banks through Feeding America. In November 2021, Bezos pledged to donate $2 billion towards restructuring food systems and nature conservation at the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference. Bezos Academy is a group of tuition-free preschools for students from low-income families, which was created by Bezos, and which operate in a manner similar to the Montessori method.See also
 List of Princeton University alumni
 List of richest Americans in history
 List of Time Person of the Year recipients
 The World's Billionaires

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

 Davenport, Christian (2018). The Space Barons: Elon Musk, <mask>, and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos. PublicAffairs. .

 Fernholz, Tim (2018). Rocket Billionaires: Elon Musk, <mask>, and the New Space Race. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. .
 Leibovich, Mark. The New Imperialists (Prentice Hall, 2002) pp 55–104.online

External links

 Bezos Expeditions
 Forbes Profile

1964 births
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
Amazon (company) people
American adoptees
American aerospace businesspeople
American astronauts
American billionaires
American chairpersons of corporations
American computer businesspeople
American computer programmers
American Internet company founders
American manufacturing businesspeople
American mass media owners
American online retailer founders
American people of Danish descent
American philanthropists
American software engineers
American technology chief executives
American technology company founders
American venture capitalists
Blue Origin people
Businesspeople from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Businesspeople from Houston
Businesspeople from Miami
Businesspeople from Seattle
Commercial astronauts
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Life extensionists
New Shepard passengers
People from Albuquerque, New Mexico
People from Medina, Washington
People in the space industry
People who have flown in suborbital spaceflight
Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Space advocates
Time Person of the Year
The Washington Post

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<mask> (born Zoltán Verebes in 1978, in Budapest) is a Hungarian filmmaker and production designer. He graduated from London Film School as a director with a production designer distinction. He is the son of Hungarian actor/director/media personality István Verebes and grandson of actor Károly Verebes. Starting as an amateur filmmaker,  <mask> made his first two short films (Without With 1998, The Something 1999,)  which were nominated both year in competition in the biggest film festival in Hungary. Since being intertested in the boundaries of conventional filmmaking he applied  to the very pragmatic London Film School. While studying in London he had made two short films Sense (2001) Limit (2002) and worked in several film projects as a production designer. He graduated as a MA director and production designer with his diploma film called T?ick (2004) and wrote dissertation in the topic of non-narrative film theories.After living and studying in the United Kingdom, he returned to his hometown, Budapest where he started developing on his first feature film based on a Stanislaw Lem essay, with the help of his former mentor Zoltan Kamondi's company Honeymood Films. Meanwhile, he was making several experimental films and visual projects like RECYCLEd – Pro – Reo – Neo (2006) which also attracted attention to him. His first feature film 1 (2009) reached a big success for a debut film in Hungary, and also collected awards abroad. He is primarily interested in unique experimental style of mystic and surreal elements in shifted space and time with visual allegories and codes. He considers himself a filmmaker who approaches filmmaking as a visual communication in the face of storytelling. During the years he had experienced working in different fields of professional film and television crews, such as assistant for director Zoltán Kamondi in The Alchemist And The Virgin (1999) assistant production designer for Academy Award winner Luciana Arigghi in Being Julia (2004) art director for Kevin Phipps production designer (Eyes Wide Shut, Fifth Element, Dune, Slipstream, etc. )in a Cadbury commercial which was directed by Brian Buckley, or production designer of <mask> Strickland's third feature film The Duke Of Burgundy (2014).In 2015 he made the production design on several Hungarian feature films such as 'My Night Is Your Day / Éjszakám a nappalod (2015), Well / Kút (2015), Troupers / Vándorszínészek (2015), in 2016 Budapest Noir (2016), in 2017 Swoon (2018), and in 2018 BUÉK (2018). He is currently developing his second feature film based on Boris Vian's Heartsnatcher, and working freelance in Hungary. Jappan & Barnsz / Holnap Hajnalig (2016/director: Miki357)– production designer
Ivan & The Parazol / F.É.SZ.E.K. (2011/director: Áron Mátyássy) – art director
Idol (2011/director: Geir Hornes) – production designer
Big Brother (2011/director: Geir Hornes) – production designer
Skai Vi Danse (2011/director: Geir Hornes) – production designer
aurA (2011) – production designer
Please sir! Granada International Film Festival – audience award for ’1’
2009 – 40th Hungarian Film Week – best visual design for ’1’
2009 – 40th Hungarian Film Week  / student jury – best debut feature for ’1’
2009 – 10th Golden Blade Creative Festival – Silver Heart Award for a social advertisement
2006 – 37th Hungarian Film Week  – special mention for Recycled/Pro-Reo-Neo
1998 – 30th Budapest Independent Film Festival – 3rd prize for Without With

External links
The Internet Movie Database
End And End Image
1 on Facebook

1978 births
Living people
Hungarian film directors
Alumni of the London Film School

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<mask> of Han (Liu Shi 劉奭; 75 BC – 8 July 33 BC) was an emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty. He reigned from 48 BC to 33 BC. Emperor <mask> promoted Confucianism as the official creed of the Chinese government. He appointed Confucius adherents to important government posts. However, at the same time that he was solidifying Confucianism's position as the official ideology, the empire's condition slowly deteriorated due to his indecisiveness, his inability to stop factional infighting between officials in his administration, and the trust he held in certain corrupt officials. Family background
When <mask> was born as Liu Shi in 75 BC, his parents Liu Bingyi and Xu Pingjun were commoners without titles. Bingyi was the great-grandson of Emperor Wu, and his grandfather Liu Ju was Emperor Wu's crown prince, until he was forced by Emperor Wu's paranoia into a failed rebellion in 91 BC while Bingyi was still just an infant.The aftermath of the failed rebellion was that Prince Ju committed suicide and virtually his entire family was wiped out. Bingyi was spared because of his young age, but became a commoner and survived on the largess of others. One of his supporters was chief eunuch Zhang He, who had been an advisor for Prince Ju before his rebellion, and who was punished by being castrated. Around 76 BC, Zhang wanted to marry his granddaughter to Bingyi, but his brother Zhang Anshi (), then an important official, opposed this, fearing that it would bring trouble. Zhang, instead, invited one of his subordinate eunuchs (who had also been castrated by Emperor Wu), Xu Guanghan (), to dinner, and persuaded him to marry his daughter Xu Pingjun to Liu Bingyi. When Xu's wife heard this, she became extremely angry and refused, but because Zhang was Xu's superior, Xu did not dare to renege on the promise. Bingyi and Pingjun were married in a ceremony entirely paid for by Zhang (because Bingyi could not afford the cost).Zhang also paid the bride price. After their marriage, Bingyi heavily depended on his wife's family for support. Childhood and career as crown prince
Shi was less than a year old when something highly unusual happened to his father. Shi's great-granduncle, <mask>, had died that year and the regent, Huo Guang, having been dissatisfied with his initial selection of Prince He of Changyi, deposed Prince He and offered the throne to the commoner Bingyi instead. Bingyi accepted and took the throne as Emperor Xuan. Shi's mother Xu Pingjun was created empress. This action would cost Empress Xu her life, however, and cost Prince Shi his mother.Huo Guang's wife, Xian (), would not be denied her wish of making her daughter Huo Chengjun () an empress. In 71 BC, Empress Xu was pregnant when Lady Xian came up with a plot. She bribed Empress Xu's female physician Chunyu Yan (), under guise of giving Empress Xu medicine after she gave birth, to poison her. Chunyu did so, and Empress Xu died shortly after she gave birth. Her doctors were initially arrested to investigate whether they cared for the empress properly. Lady Xian, alarmed, informed Huo Guang what had actually happened, and Huo, not having the heart to turn in his wife, instead agreed to Chunyu's release. In 70 BC, Emperor Xuan created Huo Chengjun empress.Accustomed to luxury living, her palace expenditures far exceeded the late Empress Xu. Huo Chengjun becoming empress was a threat to Prince Shi's life. In 67 BC, Emperor Xuan created the eight-year-old as Crown Prince Shi and created Empress Xu's father and Prince Shi's grandfather, Xu Guanghan, the Marquess of Ping'en. Huo Guang opposed these actions. Huo's wife, Lady Xian  was shocked and displeased, because if her daughter ever had a son, that son could only be a prince and not the future emperor. She instructed her daughter to murder the crown prince. Allegedly, Empress Huo did make multiple attempts to do so, but failed each time.Around this time, the emperor also heard rumours that the Huos had murdered Empress Xu, which led him to begin stripping the Huos of actual power, while giving them impressive titles. In 66 BC, after there had been increasing public rumours that the Huos had murdered Empress Xu, Lady Xian finally revealed to her son and grandnephews that she had, indeed, murdered Empress Xu. In fear of what the emperor might do if he had actual proof, Lady Xian, her son, her grandnephews, and her sons-in-law formed a conspiracy to depose the emperor. The conspiracy was discovered, and the entire Huo clan was executed by Emperor Xuan. Empress Huo was deposed but not executed, but 12 years later she was exiled and, in response, she committed suicide. What Empress Huo tried to do influenced <mask> in his choice of his next wife. At that time, he favoured his consorts Hua, Zhang and Wei, each of whom bore him children.He almost settled on Consort Zhang as his new empress. However, he hesitated, remembering how Empress Huo had tried to murder the crown prince. He therefore resolved to create an empress who was childless and kind. He decided on the gentle Consort Wang, and created her empress in 64 BC. Emperor Xuan put Prince Shi in her care, and she cared for him well. Empress Wang would have a role in Crown Prince Shi's eventual choice of a wife. In the middle of the 50s BC, Consort Sima, the favourite consort of Prince Shi, died from an illness.Prince Shi was grief-stricken and became ill and depressed. Emperor Xuan was concerned, so he had Empress Wang select the most beautiful of the young ladies in waiting and had them sent to Prince Shi. Wang Zhengjun was one of the ladies in waiting chosen. She bore him his first-born son Liu Ao (劉驁, later <mask>) c. 51 BC. Prince Ao became Emperor Xuan's favourite grandson and often accompanied him. During his years as crown prince, Prince Shi did not have a major role in government, given the forceful nature of his father's personality. He was taught the Confucian classics by a succession of Confucian scholars during his pre-teen and teenage years.Prince Shi became a mild-mannered and strict adherent of Confucian principles, unlike his father who made effective use of both Legalist and Confucian principles in his governance. This would bring his father's ire on him. In 53 BC, when Emperor Xuan and Prince Shi were having dinner, he suggested that Emperor Xuan employ more Confucian officials in key positions. Emperor Xuan became extremely angry and commented that Confucian scholars were impractical and could not be given responsibilities, and further commented that Emperor <mask>'s reign would lead to the downfall of the Liu imperial clan, words that would turn out to be prophetic. This would also bring his father to consider changing the succession plans, as he was also disappointed by Prince Shi's general lack of resolve. He considered creating Prince Shi's younger brother, Liu Qin, the Prince of Huaiyang, crown prince instead. However, he could not bring himself to do so, remembering how Prince Shi's mother, Empress Xu, was his first love and had been murdered by poisoning, and also how he depended on his father-in-law in his youth.Prince Shi's position therefore was not seriously threatened. In 49 BC, Emperor Xuan became seriously ill. Before his death, he commissioned his cousin-once-removed Shi Gao (), Prince Shi's teacher Xiao Wangzhi (:zh:蕭望之), and Xiao's assistant Zhou Kan () to serve as regents. After he died, Prince Shi ascended the throne as Emperor <mask>. Reign as emperor
As emperor, Emperor <mask> immediately started a regimen of reducing governmental spending, with the objective of reducing the burdens of the people. He also started a program for social assistance to provide stipends for the poor and also for new entrepreneurs. Contrary to his father's governing philosophy, he relied heavily on Confucian scholars and put them into important governmental positions. In 48 BC, Emperor <mask> created Consort Wang Zhengjun, the mother of his first-born son, Prince Ao, empress.In 47 BC, he created Prince Ao crown prince. In 46 BC, alarmed at the high human and monetary cost of occupying Hainan and suppressing the frequent native rebellions, Emperor <mask> decreed that the two commanderies on the island be abandoned. Similarly, in 40 BC, alarmed at the high cost of maintaining imperial temples, he reduced the number of standing temples. Factionalism
Early in Emperor <mask>'s administration a factional schism developed, a phenomenon that would plague his entire reign and cause officials to concentrate on infighting rather than effective governance. One faction included mainly Confucian scholars, his teachers, Xiao and Zhou, aligned with an imperial clan member who was also a Confucian scholar, Liu Gengsheng (劉更生, later named Liu Xiang 劉向), and imperial assistant Jin Chang (). The other faction was his cousin-twice-removed Shi, imperial secretary Hong Gong () and chief eunuch Shi Xian (). The Confucian faction derived their power from the fact that Emperor <mask> trusted and respected their advice.The "court faction" derived their power from their physical closeness to the emperor and their key roles in processing reports and edicts for Emperor <mask>. Policy-wise, the Confucian faction advocated returning to the ancient policies of the early Zhou Dynasty, while the court faction advocated keeping the traditions of the Han Dynasty. In 47 BC, Hong and Shi used procedural traps which led to Zhou and Liu being demoted to commoners and Xiao retired. Later that year, the court faction further pressed Xiao into committing suicide. They did this by tricking <mask> into deciding to have Xiao investigated for inducing his son to make a petition for him, something considered inappropriate. Hong and Shi calculated that Xiao would rather commit suicide than face an investigation, and that was what Xiao did. As a result, the court faction prevailed.Consistent with his personality, <mask> rebuked Hong and Shi harshly for misleading him and buried Xiao with

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