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 34 off 26 balls (1 four, 2 sixes) as his side lost by only 1 run. He started his World Twenty20 campaign with a 3/24 against Afghanistan. He took 1/16 against Australia, 2/16 against Pakistan and a 2/23 against South Africa. He ended up being the highest wicket taker for India in the tournament though he could not meet expectations with his bat. He got selected for the Test series against England at home.He later played 3 test matches in the 4 match test series against England after which he was dropped. He later was selected for the India-Pakistan Series, returning to form in the second T20I by scoring a blistering 72 off just 36 balls. He could not make an impact in the One Day series against Pakistan and England, only scoring 1 half century in 7 matches. For his performances in 2012, he was named in the T20I XI of the year by Cricinfo. In September 2013, <mask> made a comeback to India's limited-overs squad for the Twenty20 and first three ODIs of the home series against Australia. In October 2013, <mask> scored 77 off 35 in the only T20I against Australia at Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium in Rajkot. India faced a required run rate of nearly 12 per over when at 100 for 4 in the 12th over, but <mask>'s unbeaten 102 run partnership with Dhoni guided India to victory.However, <mask> had a woeful time in the ODI series that followed, scoring 19 runs in four innings, and being visibly troubled by the pace of Mitchell Johnson. <mask> was unable to return to form in both the home ODIs against West Indies and in the subsequent tour of South Africa, and was dropped for the New Zealand tour given the conditions in that country and the hosts' pace-heavy attack. He was not selected for 2014 Asia Cup in Bangladesh but he was selected for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in the same place. In a Super 10 match against Pakistan he missed a full delivery and was bowled on his second ball by pacer Bilawal Bhatti. In the same match he dropped a catch that would have resulted in the wicket of Mohammad Hafeez, and later against the West Indies dropped a delivery hit by Chris Gayle. <mask> then scored 60 off 43 balls against Australia at Mirpur, his eighth T20I fifty and third against Australia. His 84-run partnership with Mahendra <mask>i is India's third-highest for the fifth wicket.On 5 July 2014, he played for the Rest of the World XI against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in the Bicentenary Celebration match at Lord's, as he had been left out of India's ODI team. Under Shane Warne's captaincy, he struck a century at nearly a run a ball to rescue his team, who were struggling at 59 for 3. His 100 came up as he hit Sachin Tendulkar for a boundary. The Rest of the World finished on 293 for 7 after 50 overs, but the MCC went on to win the match by 7 wickets. <mask> in an interview with Hindustan Times during his cancer treatment, said  ‘Even if I die let India win World Cup’. Notably, <mask> was one of five senior members of India's 2011 World Cup squad who were not considered for the 2015 Cricket World Cup and was not included in India's 30-man probable list for the tournament. Late career
<mask>e Trophy, where he was the third-highest run scorer with 341 runs at an average of 85.25.He finished the three-match series with 15 runs after getting to bat in just one innings, while also taking two wickets. He played a crucial role in India's titular run in Asia Cup 2016, often teaming up with Virat Kohli to take the team home. He was also a part of the Indian team in the ICC T20 World Cup 2016. He was not named in the T20I squad for India's tour of West Indies in August. Meanwhile, he was named captain of the India Red side for the 2016–17 Duleep Trophy. His team lost to India Blue in the final. <mask> was picked in India's ODI squad for the home series against England in January 2017.This came on the back of his fine performances in the Ranji Trophy, having scored 672 runs in five games for Punjab, which included a 260 against Baroda. In the second match of the series, he scored his career best score 150, which came off 127 balls, a knock that included 21 fours and three sixes. He put on 256 runs for the fourth wicket along with Dhoni and helped the team post a total of 381. Following the team's 15-run victory, he was named the Player of the Match. Following the match, <mask> revealed that he had thought of quitting after having been dropped from the team. He said, "When I came back from cancer it was hard work. I was not performing and after being dropped I thought [about] whether I wanted to continue or not."<mask> was selected to play in the Champions Trophy 2017. He scored 53 off 32 balls in a group stage match against Pakistan and won the man of the match award. However, as a result of failing to clear the yo-yo test, <mask> was dropped from the squad before the tour of Sri Lanka in August 2017 which ended his international career. Retirement from international cricket
On 10 June 2019, <mask> <mask> announced his retirement from international cricket. <mask> <mask> held a press conference in Mumbai where he announced his decision to retire from all formats of the game. He said that he had decided to "Move On". <mask> recounted his best memories through his career, while also recalling his worst."I would say I am extremely lucky to play 400-plus games for India. I would've not imagined doing this when I started my career in cricket. Through this journey, some matches that remain in my memory are - the 2002 NatWest series final, my first Test hundred in Lahore in 2004, the 2007 Test series in England, of course the six sixes and the 2007 T20 World Cup. And then the most memorable one was the 2011 World Cup finals." "And then, probably the worst day in my career, was the 2014 World T20 final against Lanka where I scored 11 off 21 balls. It was so shattering that I felt my career was over." He also said "As for now, I have decided to provide service and help for cancer affected people."Speculations of return
In September 2020, <mask> <mask> hinted at making a return to the Punjab team and play domestic T20s for them. He said that it was on the suggestion of Punjab Cricket Association secretary Puneet Bali that he has considered to come out of retirement. However, his return was denied from Punjab Cricket Association, as he took part in foreign franchise league's. T20 franchise cricket

Indian Premier League
<mask> was the icon player and captain for Indian Premier League (IPL) team Kings XI Punjab in the first two seasons; in 2010, the third season, icon player status was discontinued and the captaincy given to Kumar Sangakkara. The Kings XI Punjab came second in the round-robin phase of the tournament, but lost the semi-finals to the Chennai Super Kings. On 1 May 2009, <mask> registered his first hat-trick in T20 cricket against Royal Challengers Bangalore at Kingsmead in Durban, the same ground where he hit his six sixes. He dismissed Robin Uthappa, Mark Boucher and Jacques Kallis.On 17 May 2009, <mask> took his second Twenty20 hat-trick against Deccan Chargers at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg. <mask> dismissed Herschelle Gibbs, Andrew Symonds and Venugopal Rao. The Pune Warriors were a new team introduced for the 2011 IPL. <mask> <mask> was bought by the team and chosen as captain. Pune Warriors finished ninth, ahead of only the Delhi Daredevils. From 14 matches, <mask> took 11 wickets and also scored 343 runs at an average of 34.30, including two half-centuries. After much controversy, the BCCI allowed Pune Warriors to find a replacement for <mask> for the 2012 Indian Premier League, citing his medical condition and non-availability for 2012 IPL as the reasons for doing so.In 2014, <mask> was bought by the Royal Challengers Bangalore for 14 crore. A Kingfisher employee union sent a letter to <mask> requesting him not to play for Royal Challengers Bangalore. He had a successful stint with RCB, scoring 376 runs and taking six wickets. In 2015, he was bought by Delhi Daredevils for Rs.16 Crores, the highest ever bid at an IPL auction. at the time. In the 2016 IPL auction he was bought by Sunrisers Hyderabad for Rs.7 crores. He had a very successful IPL campaign with the Sunrisers Hyderabad with them winning the 2016 Indian Premier League.He played several crucial knocks at crunch moments, and some experts called him the "Unsung hero of SRH's titular run". <mask> scored 38 runs from 23 balls in the final. <mask> was retained by Sunrisers Hyderabad for the 2017 Indian Premier League. In the 2018 IPL auction, he was picked by Kings XI Punjab for base price of 2 crores. He scored only 64 runs from 6 innings at a low average of 12.80. He batted at four different positions during those six innings and was not given a consistent run by the team management. <mask> was released by Kings XI Punjab ahead of the 2019 IPL Auction, where was purchased by Mumbai Indians for his base price of ₹1 crore.He scored 53 in his debut match for Mumbai Indians, and smashed a hattrick of sixes against Yuzvendra Chahal in the next match, but he wasn't given a longer run by the team management, and was dropped after he failed in the next two matches. He was released by the Mumbai Indians ahead of the 2020 IPL auction. Other leagues
In June 2019, <mask> was selected to play for the Toronto Nationals franchise team in the 2019 Global T20 Canada tournament. He also played for the Maratha Arabians in the Abu Dhabi T10 League 2019. In 2020, <mask> played in the Ultimate Kricket Challenge. Playing style

<mask> is primarily a left-handed batsman but can bowl part-time left-arm orthodox spin, which he improved in the latter part of his career. He is regarded as a better batsman against fast bowling than spin bowling, and cites the Indian Oil Cup 2005 as a turning point in his career.<mask> is one of the athletic fielders in the Indian team, fielding primarily at point & covers with a good aim at the stumps. <mask> is a natural stroke player with an aggressive style of play, as seen by his strike rate of above 150 in T20 internationals & just below 90 in ODIs. Many regard him as one of the best clean strikers of the ball, with his trademark punch through the covers a treat to watch. When in good touch, he can clear the ropes quite effortlessly. A Cricinfo report published in late 2005 showed that since 1999, he was the fourth most prolific fielder in affecting ODI run outs, and of those on the list of prolific fielders, he had the second highest rate of effecting a run out. Achievements and honours

In a 2007 ICC World Twenty20 match, he hit six sixes in a single over. He holds the record for fastest T20 fifty by scoring it in 12 balls against England national cricket team during the 2007 ICC World Twenty20
He was the Man of the Tournament in the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011.He was awarded with the Arjuna Award (India's second highest, Sporting Award) in 2012 by the President of India. In 2014, he was awarded with the Padma Shri Award. In February 2014, he was honoured with FICCI Most Inspiring Sportsperson of the Year Award. He is a two-time Indian Premier League champion. He won one championship with the Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2016 and another one with the Mumbai Indians in 2019. Outside cricket

Charity and commercial interests

<mask> was signed by Microsoft to be a brand ambassador for the Xbox 360 video game console when it was launched in India in 2006. He appeared in advertisements for the console alongside Bollywood actor Akshay Kumar.Codemasters' cricket video game Brian Lara International Cricket 2007 was released with his endorsement in India, titled "Yuvraj Singh International Cricket 2007". The Bollywood animated film, Jumbo features cricketer <mask> <mask>'s voice therefore starting his career in Bollywood. The upcoming animated full-length feature film Captain India features <mask> <mask> as the main protagonist. <mask> has also been involved in sports based e-commerce; he is a brand ambassador of sports365.in, an online store focused on selling sports goods and fitness equipment. <mask> is also the brand ambassador for the sports brand Puma. He was appointed as the brand ambassador of Ulysse Nardin watch in 2013. <mask>'s own charity YouWeCan has treated over hundreds of cancer patients.In April 2015, he announced the intention to invest INR 40–50 crores in online startups, expanding the YouWeCan proposition by setting up YouWeCan Ventures in order to do so. In 2015, YouWeCan also initiated the nationwide cancer awareness in association with Jayakrishnan, the founder of Heyyo Media. The campaign took cancer awareness to many students across the country. <mask> <mask> also participated in the ‘Celebrity Clásico 2016′ which was played with an objective to generate funds for charitable initiatives. References

External links

<mask> <mask> at Indian Premier League

1981 births
Living people
Indian cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
India Test cricketers
India Twenty20 International cricketers
Punjab, India cricketers
North Zone cricketers
Yorkshire cricketers
Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers
ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers
Punjab Kings cricketers
Pune Warriors India cricketers
Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers
India Blue cricketers
India Red cricketers
Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup
Punjabi people
Cricketers from Chandigarh
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Man of the Tournament in ODI Worldcup
Cricketers who have acted

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<mask> (; born December 5, 1955) is a Chinese politician, the current Communist Party Secretary of Beijing, and a member of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. Cai began his career in Fujian province. He has served successively as the mayor of Sanming, the mayor of Quzhou, the Communist Party Secretary of Taizhou, Zhejiang, and mayor of Hangzhou. Beginning in 2010 he served as the Executive Vice Governor of Zhejiang Province, and in 2014 was transferred to Beijing to serve as deputy director of the General Office serving the National Security Commission (rank equivalent of minister). Largely due to <mask>'s extensive experience working in Zhejiang province, he is believed to be a political ally of Party General Secretary Xi Jinping. Cai was also known for his extensive use of social media and his unorthodox approach to governance. <mask> has referred to Xi as "Xi Dada" (Father Xi) and "Boss Xi!"in public media. The Economist opined in 2017 as <mask> "rocketed up the Communist Party’s ranks" that "Xi Jinping has chosen an unusual man to lead the capital city." <mask> is said to have been a fan of Kevin Spacey's House of Cards TV serial, and was cited as a fan of the iPhone product. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born in Youxi County, Fujian province on December 5, 1955. During the latter years of the Cultural Revolution he worked at a rural commune. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1975. Cai attended Fujian Normal University and graduated in 1978 with a degree in political economics.Fujian years
In the 1980s, <mask> served in the General Office of the provincial party organization in Fujian province, gaining a series of rapid promotions. He worked as deputy chief of staff serving provincial leaders, including as secretary to the provincial party chief. Between 1994 and 1997, he pursued a master's degree in law at his alma mater. In September 1996 <mask> took on his first major role in local government as the deputy Party secretary and later mayor of the city of Sanming in Fujian province. He was transferred to Zhejiang in May 1999 serving as the deputy Party Secretary and Mayor of Quzhou. Between March 2002 and April 2004 <mask> served as Quzhou's party secretary, the top political office of the city. In April 2004 <mask> became party chief of Taizhou, Zhejiang; at the time, Xi Jinping was the party chief of Zhejiang province.In April 2007, <mask> was promoted to the position Mayor of Hangzhou, the provincial capital, also serving as deputy Party Secretary. In January 2010, he became a member of the provincial Party Standing Committee as head of the party's provincial Organization Department. In November 2013, <mask> became the Executive Vice Governor of Zhejiang province. He made the announcement of his change in jobs on his microblog account. <mask> has a doctoral degree in political economics which he obtained from September 1999 to July 2007 at Fujian Normal University. Beijing years
In March 2014, <mask> was said to have been transferred to Beijing to work as the deputy General Office chief of the National Security Commission, a body led by party General Secretary Xi Jinping, though no official announcement was made about this appointment. Given his Zhejiang work experience and his current position and seniority, <mask> has been named as a member of the so-called "New Zhijiang Army", i.e., officials who at one point worked under Xi Jinping during his term as Zhejiang party chief.After his transfer to Beijing, <mask> stopped updating his various social media accounts. The only indication of his whereabouts appeared in news footage at numerous "study sessions" of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, where he was shown seated next to other minister-level officials, suggesting that he was an official of full provincial-ministerial rank and working for the central party organization. It was later confirmed that he was serving as Deputy Director of the Office of the National Security Commission. On 31 October 2016, <mask> was appointed acting mayor of Beijing, replacing Wang Anshun; he was confirmed in January 2017. In May 2017, <mask> <mask> was appointed party secretary of Beijing. <mask>'s appointment broke nearly all conventions in post-Cultural Revolution political tradition: he was neither a member nor alternate member of the Central Committee, and took on an office that would, under normal circumstances, be accorded Politburo membership. The move assured him a Politburo seat at the 19th Party Congress.In June 2017 <mask> was appointed President of the Beijing Organising Committee for the 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. In June 2020, <mask> was appointed to lead the team charged with the elimination of coronavirus in the Xinfadi market. He was awarded the Gold Olympic Order after the 2022 Winter Olympics. Social media
<mask> maintains a Weibo microblog account under the subtitle "<mask> <mask>, a Bolshevik", which has been active since May 2010. The account was initially opened under the name <mask>hui (潜水; literally, "scuba diving"), but he was eventually 'outed' by internet users. The account is 'followed' by over ten million people. He used it regularly to communicate with ordinary internet users.As a sub-provincial-level official <mask> was one of the highest-ranking officials to maintain a regular social media presence, though he has not updated his Weibo feed since being called to work in Beijing. It is the opinion of certain political scholars that <mask> used this Weibo tool to circumvent existing CCP apparatus and thereby gain public profile, "considerable influence" within the CCP and thereby promotion. <mask> has stated of the CCP that:

During the 2012 National People's Congress, an incident occurred in which vicious dogs allegedly belonging to a state agency were said to be injuring people. After seeing news of the incident reported online, <mask> immediately called the agency in question to ask for an explanation, then posted the results of his discussion on his microblog feed. Cai's role in resolving the issue earned him accolades online. On the evening of September 14, 2013, a mother of an ordinary government staffer working for the national revenue agency posted on her microblog feed that her son was expected to partake in heavy drinking with superiors on a regular basis as part of his work and that it was affecting his health. The mother pleaded for attention to the case by then Zhejiang party organization chief <mask> <mask>.A day later Cai responded to her asking which department her son worked at and vowed publicly "your son doesn't have to drink from now on." References

1955 births
Living people
People from Sanming
Mayors of Hangzhou
Mayors of Beijing
Political office-holders in Fujian
Members of the 19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Fujian Normal University alumni
Presidents of the Organising Committees for the Olympic Games
Recipients of the Olympic Order
Delegates to the 13th National People's Congress
Delegates to the 11th National People's Congress
Delegates to the 9th National People's Congress

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Yamīn-ud-Dawla Abul-Qāṣim Maḥmūd ibn Sebüktegīn (; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030), usually known as <mask> of Ghazni () or <mask>haznavi was the founder of the  Turkic<ref>Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. p. 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time.</ref> Ghaznavid dynasty, ruling from 998 to 1030. At the time of his death, his kingdom had been transformed into an extensive military empire, which extended from northwestern Iran proper to the Punjab in the Indian subcontinent, Khwarazm in Transoxiana, and Makran. Highly Persianized, Sultan <mask> continued the bureaucratic, political, and cultural customs of his predecessors, the Samanids, which established the ground for a Persianate state in northwestern India. His capital of Ghazni evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual centre in the Islamic world, almost rivalling the important city of Baghdad. The capital appealed to many prominent figures, such as al-Biruni and Ferdowsi. Mahmud ascended the throne at the age of 27 upon his father's death, albeit after a brief war of succession with his brother Ismail. He was the first ruler to hold the title Sultan ("authority"), signifying the extent of his power while at the same time preserving an ideological link to the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphs.During his rule, he invaded and plundered the richest cities and temple towns, such as Mathura and Somnath, in medieval India seventeen times, and used the booty to build his capital in Ghazni. Background
<mask> was born in the town of Ghazni in the region of Zabulistan (now present-day Afghanistan) on 2 November 971. His father, Sabuktigin, was a Turkic slave commander who laid foundations to the Ghaznavid dynasty in Ghazni in 977, which he ruled as a subordinate of the Samanids, who ruled Khorasan and Transoxiana. <mask>'s mother was the daughter of an Iranian aristocrat from Zabulistan, and is therefore known in some sources as <mask>-i Zavuli ("<mask> from Zabulistan"). Not much about Mahmud's early life is known, other than that he was a school-fellow of Ahmad Maymandi, a Persian native of Zabulistan and foster brother of his. Family
Mahmud married a woman named Kausari Jahan, and they had twin sons, Mohammad and Ma'sud, who succeeded him one after the other; his grandson by Mas'ud, Maw'dud Ghaznavi, also later became ruler of the empire. His sister, Sitr-e-Mu'alla, was married to Dawood bin Ataullah Alavi, also known as Ghazi Salar Sahu, whose son was Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud.<mask>'s companion was a Georgian slave, Malik Ayaz, about whom poems and stories have been told. Early career

In 994 <mask> joined his father Sabuktigin in the capture of Khorasan from the rebel Fa'iq in aid of the Samanid Emir, Nuh II. During this period, the Samanid Empire became highly unstable, with shifting internal political tides as various factions vied for control, the chief among them being Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri, Fa'iq, AbuAli, the General Bekhtuzin as well as the neighbouring Buyid dynasty and Kara-Khanid Khanate. Reign
Sabuktigin died in 997, and was succeeded by his son Ismail as the ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty. The reason behind Sabuktigin's choice to appoint Ismail as heir over the more experienced and older <mask> is uncertain. It may due to Ismail's mother being the daughter of Sabuktigin's old master, Alptigin. <mask> shortly revolted, and with the help of his other brother, Abu'l-Muzaffar, the governor of Bust, he defeated Ismail the following year at the battle of Ghazni and gained control over the Ghaznavid kingdom.That year, in 998, <mask> then traveled to Balkh and paid homage to Amir Abu'l-Harith Mansur b. Nur II. He then appointed Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini as his vizier, and then set out west from Ghazni to take the Kandahar region followed by Bost (Lashkar Gah), where he turned it into a militarised city. Mahmud initiated the first of numerous invasions of North India. On 28November 1001, his army fought and defeated the army of Raja Jayapala of the Kabul Shahis at the Battle of Peshawar. In 1002 Mahmud invaded Sistan and dethroned Khalaf ibn Ahmad, ending the Saffarid dynasty. From there he decided to focus on Hindustan to the southeast, particularly the highly fertile lands of the Punjab region. Mahmud's first campaign to the south was against an Ismaili state first established at Multan in 965 by a da'i from the Fatimid Caliphate in a bid to curry political favor and recognition with the Abbasid Caliphate; he also engaged elsewhere with the Fatimids.At this point, Jayapala attempted to gain revenge for an earlier military defeat at the hands of <mask>'s father, who had controlled Ghazni in the late 980s and had cost Jayapala extensive territory. His son Anandapala succeeded him and continued the struggle to avenge his father's suicide. He assembled a powerful confederacy that suffered defeat as his elephant turned back from the battle at a crucial moment, turning the tide in Mahmud's favor once more at Lahore in 1008 and bringing Mahmud control of the Shahi dominions of Udbandpura. Ghaznavid campaigns in Indian subcontinent
Following the defeat of the Indian Confederacy, after deciding to retaliate for their combined resistance, Mahmud then set out on regular expeditions against them, leaving the conquered kingdoms in the hands of Hindu vassals and annexing only the Punjab region. He also vowed to raid and loot the wealthy region of northwestern India every year. In 1001 <mask> of Ghazni first invaded modern day Pakistan and then parts of India. Mahmud defeated, captured, and later released the Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapala, who had moved his capital to Peshawar (modern Pakistan).Jayapala killed himself and was succeeded by his son Anandapala. In 1005 <mask>la's army attacked him. The following year <mask> of Ghazni attacked and crushed Sukhapala, ruler of Bathinda (who had become ruler by rebelling against the Shahi kingdom). In 1013, during Mahmud's eighth expedition into eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Shahi kingdom (which was then under Trilochanapala, son of Anandapala) was overthrown. In 1014 Mahmud led an expedition to Thanesar. The next year he unsuccessfully attacked Kashmir. In 1018 he attacked Mathura and defeated a coalition of rulers there while also killing a ruler called Chandrapala.The city of Mathura was "ruthlessly sacked, ravaged, desecrated and destroyed". In particular, Al-utbi mentioned in his work Tarikh-e-yamini, that <mask> Ghaznavi destroyed a "great and magnificent temple" in Mathura. According to Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah, writing an "History of Hindustan" in the 16th-17th century, the city of Mathura was the richest in India, and was consecrated to Vāsudeva-Krishna. When it was attacked by <mask> of Ghazni, "all the idols" were burnt and destroyed during a period of twenty days, gold and silver was smelted for booty, and the city was burnt down. The Art of Mathura fell into decline thereafter. In 1021 Mahmud supported the Kannauj king against Chandela Ganda, who was defeated. That same year Shahi Trilochanapala was killed at Rahib and his son Bhimapala succeeded him.Lahore (modern Pakistan) was annexed by <mask>. Mahmud besieged Gwalior, in 1023, where he was given tribute. Mahmud attacked Somnath in 1025, and its ruler Bhima I fled. The next year, he captured Somnath and marched to Kachch against Bhima I. That same year Mahmud also attacked the Jats of Jud and defeated them. Christoph Baumer notes that in 1026 CE, Jats "inflicted heavy losses" on the army of Mahmud while it was on its way from Somnath to Multan. Later in 1027 CE, he avenged the attack by the Jats, who had been resisting "forced Islamisation" for the past 300 years, by ravaging their fleet in the Indus river.Even though the Jats had a bigger fleet than Mahmud, he is said to have had around 20 archers on each of his 1400 boats, stocked with "special projectiles" carrying naphtha, which he used to burn the Jats' fleet. The Indian kingdoms of Nagarkot, Thanesar, Kannauj, and Gwalior were all conquered and left in the hands of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist kings as vassal states and he was pragmatic enough not to neglect making alliances and enlisting local peoples into his armies at all ranks. Since Mahmud never kept a permanent presence in the northwestern subcontinent, he engaged in a policy of destroying Hindu temples and monuments to crush any move by the Hindus to attack the Empire; Nagarkot, Thanesar, Mathura, Kannauj, Kalinjar (1023) and Somnath all submitted or were raided. Attack on the Somnath Temple

In 1025 Mahmud raided Gujarat, plundering the Somnath temple and breaking its jyotirlinga. He took away booty of 2 million dinars. The conquest of Somnath was followed by a punitive invasion of Anhilwara. Some historians claim that there are records of pilgrimages to the temple in 1038 that do not mention damage to the temple.However, powerful legends with intricate detail had developed regarding Mahmud's raid in the Turko-Persian literature, which "electrified" the Muslim world according to scholar Meenakshi Jain. Historiography concerning Somnath
Historians including Thapar, Eaton, and A. K. Majumdar have questioned the iconoclastic historiography of this incident. Thapar quoted Majumdar (1956):
Thapar also argued against the prevalent narrative:

Political challenges
The last four years of Mahmud's life were spent contending with the influx of Oghuz and Seljuk Turks from Central Asia and the Buyid dynasty. Initially, after being repulsed by Mahmud, the Seljuks retired to Khwarezm, but Togrül and Çagrı led them to capture Merv and Nishapur (1028–1029). Later, they repeatedly raided and traded territory with his successors across Khorasan and Balkh and even sacked Ghazni in 1037. In 1040, at the Battle of Dandanaqan, they decisively defeated <mask>'s son, Mas'udI, resulting in Mas'ud abandoning most of his western territories to the Seljuks. <mask> died on 30 April 1030.His mausoleum is located in Ghazni, Afghanistan. Campaign timeline

As emir
 994: Gains the title of Saif ad-Dawla and becomes Governor of Khorasan under service to NuhII of the Samanid Empire in civil strife
 995: The Samanid rebels Fa'iq (leader of a court faction that had defeated Alptigin's nomination for Emir) and Abu Ali expel <mask> from Nishapur. <mask> and Sabuktigin defeat Samanid rebels at Tus
 997: Kara-Khanid Khanate

As sultan
 999: Khorasan, Balkh, Herat, Merv from the

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 Samanids. A concurrent invasion from the north by the Qarakhanids under Elik Khan (Nasr Khan) ends Samanid rule. 1000: Sistan from Saffarid dynasty
 1001: Gandhara: <mask> defeats Raja Jayapala in the Battle of Peshawar; Jayapala subsequently abdicates and commits suicide. 1002: Seistan: Is imprisoned in Khuluf
 1004: Bhatia (Bhera) is annexed after it fails to pay its yearly tribute. 1005-6: Multan: Fateh Daud, the Ismaili ruler of Multan revolts and enlists the aid of Anandapala.Mahmud massacres the Ismailis of Multan in the course of his conquest. Anandapala is defeated at Peshawar and pursued to Sodra (Wazirabad). Ghor and Muhammad ibn Suri are then captured by <mask>, made prisoner along with Muhammad ibn Suri's son, and taken to Ghazni, where Muhammad ibn Suri dies. Appoints Sewakpal to administer the region. Anandapala flees to Kashmir, fort in the hills on the western border of Kashmir. 1005: Defends Balkh and Khorasan against NasrI of the Kara-Khanid Khanate and recaptures Nishapur from Isma'il Muntasir of the Samanids. 1005: Sewakpal rebels and is defeated.1008: <mask> defeats the Indian Confederacy (Ujjain, Gwalior, Kalinjar, Kannauj, Delhi, and Ajmer) in the Battle of Chach near Hazro in Chach, and captures the Shahi treasury at Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. Note: A historical narrative states in this battle, under the onslaught of the Gakhars, <mask>'s army was about to retreat when King Anandapala's elephant took flight and turned the tide of the battle. 1010: Ghor; against Amir Suri
 1010: Multan revolts. Abul Fatah Dawood is imprisoned for life at Ghazni. 1012-1013: Sacks Thanesar
 1012: Invades Gharchistan and deposes its ruler Abu Nasr Muhammad. 1012: Demands and receives remainder of the province of Khorasan from the Abassid Caliph. Then demands Samarkand as well but is rebuffed.1013: Bulnat: Defeats Trilochanpala. 1014: Kafiristan is attacked
 1015: <mask>'s army sacks Lahore, but his expedition to Kashmir fails, due to inclement weather. 1015: Khwarezm: Marries his sister to Abul Abbas Mamun of Khwarezm, who dies in the same year in a rebellion. Moves to quell the rebellion and installs a new ruler and annexes a portion. 1017: Kannauj, Meerut, and Muhavun on the Yamuna, Mathura and various other regions along the route. While moving through Kashmir he levies troops from vassal Prince for his onward march; Kannauj and Meerut submit without battle. 1018-1020: Sacks the town of Mathura.1021: Raises Ayaz to kingship, awarding him the throne of Lahore
 1021: Kalinjar attacks Kannauj: he marches to their aid and finds the last Shahi King, Trilochanpaala, encamped as well. No battle, the opponents leave their baggage trains and withdraw from the field. Also fails to take the fort of Lokote again. Takes Lahore on his return. Trilochanpala flees to Ajmer. First Muslim governors appointed east of the Indus River. 1023: Lahore.He forces Kalinjar and Gwalior to submit and pay tribute:  Trilochanpala, the grandson of Jayapala, is assassinated by his own troops. Official annexation of Punjab by Ghazni. Also fails to take the Lohara fort on the western border of Kashmir for the second time. 1024: Ajmer, Nehrwala, Kathiawar: This raid is his last major campaign. The concentration of wealth at Somnath was renowned, and consequently it became an attractive target for Mahmud, as it had previously deterred most invaders. The temple and citadel are sacked, and most of its defenders massacred. 1025: Somnath: Mahmud sacks the temple and is reported to have personally hammered the temple's gilded Lingam to pieces, and the stone fragments are carted back to Ghazni, where they are incorporated into the steps of the city's new Jama Masjid (Friday Mosque) in 1026.He places a new king on the throne in Gujarat as a tributary. His return detours across the Thar Desert to avoid the armies of Ajmer and other allies on his return. 1025: Marches against the Jats of the Jood mountains who harry his army on its return from the sack of Somnath. 1027: Rey, Isfahan, Hamadan from the Buyids Dynasty. 1027: Devastates the fleet of Jats in Indus river to avenge the "heavy losses" suffered by his army in an onslaught by Jats in 1026 CE. 1028, 1029: Merv, Nishapur are lost to Seljuq dynasty

Attitude on religion and jihad

Under the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the region broke away from the Samanid sphere of influence. While he acknowledged the Abbasids as caliph as a matter of form, he was also granted the title Sultan in recognition of his independence.Following Mahmud's recognition by the Abbasid caliphate in 999, he pledged a jihad and a raid on India every year. In 1005 Mahmud conducted a series of campaigns during which the Ismailis of Multan were massacred. Modern historians such as Romila Thapar and Richard M. Eaton have noted that his religious policies toward Hindus were in contrast to his general image in the modern era, in that his raiding was actually "undertaken for material reasons," and not religious fanaticism. Mahmud used his plundered wealth to finance his armies which included mercenaries. The Indian soldiers, whom Romila Thapar presumed to be Hindus, were one of the components of the army with their commander called sipahsalar-i-Hinduwan and lived in their own quarter of Ghazna practicing their own religion. Indian soldiers under their commander Suvendhray remained loyal to Mahmud. They were also used against a Turkic rebel, with the command given to a Hindu named Tilak according to Baihaki.Indian historian Mohammad Habib states that there was no imposition of Jizya on "non-Muslims" during the reign of <mask> of Ghazni nor any mention of "forced conversions":

A. V. Williams Jackson, Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages in Columbia University has written in his book History of India, "Mahmud vowed that every year he would wage a Holy War against the infidels of Hindustan". Legacy

By the end of his reign, the Ghaznavid Empire extended from Ray in the west to Samarkand in the north-east, and from the Caspian Sea to the Yamuna. Although his raids carried his forces across the Indian subcontinent, only a portion of the Punjab and of Sindh in modern-day Pakistan came under his semi-permanent rule; Kashmir, the Doab, Rajasthan, and Gujarat remained under the control of the local Hindu dynasties. The booty brought back to Ghazni was enormous, and contemporary historians (e.g. Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Ferdowsi) give descriptions of the magnificence of the capital, as well as of the conqueror's munificent support of literature. He transformed Ghazni, the first centre of Persian literature, into one of the leading cities of Central Asia, patronizing scholars, establishing colleges, laying out gardens, and building mosques, palaces, and caravansaries. Mahmud brought whole libraries from Ray and Isfahan to Ghazni.He even demanded that the Khwarizmshah court send its men of learning to Ghazni. <mask> patronized the notable poet Ferdowsi, who after laboring 27 years, went to Ghazni and presented the Shahnameh to him. There are various stories in medieval texts describing the lack of interest shown by <mask> to Ferdowsi and his life's work. According to historians, Mahmud had promised Ferdowsi a dinar for every distich written in the Shahnameh (which would have been 60,000 dinars), but later retracted his promise and presented him with dirhams (20,000 dirhams), at that time the equivalent of only 200dinars. His expedition across the Gangetic plains in 1017 inspired Al-Biruni to compose his Tarikh Al-Hind in order to understand the Indians and their beliefs. During Mahmud's rule, universities were founded to study various subjects such as mathematics, religion, the humanities, and medicine. On 30 April 1030 <mask> died in Ghazni at the age of 58.<mask> had contracted malaria during his last invasion. The medical complication from malaria had caused lethal tuberculosis. The Ghaznavid Empire was ruled by his successors for 157 years. The expanding Seljuk empire absorbed most of the Ghaznavid west. The Ghorids captured Ghazni in 1150, and Mu'izz al-Din (also known as Muhammad of Ghori) captured the last Ghaznavid stronghold at Lahore in 1187. The military of Pakistan has named its short-range ballistic missile the Ghaznavi Missile in honour of <mask> of Ghazni. In addition, the Pakistan Military Academy, where cadets are trained to become officers of the Pakistan Army, also gives tribute to <mask> of Ghazni by naming one of its twelve companies Ghaznavi Company.The 2005 Indian Tamil-language revenge film Ghajini by A. R. Murugadoss, about an amnesiac businessman, is named after the sultan (whose name is pronounced "Ghajini" in Tamil) in reference to his persistent efforts despite several failures. The film was later remade in Hindi in 2008 with the same name which was also adapted as a videogame titled Ghajini – The Game. Personality
<mask> thought of himself as "the Shadow of the God on Earth", an absolute power whose will is law. He paid great attention to details in almost everything, personally overseeing the work of every department of his diwan (administration). Mahmud appointed all his ministers himself without advising his wazir (chief advisor) or diwan, though occasionally he had to, as his religion dictated that Muslims should consult each other on all issues. Most of the time he was suspicious of his ministers, particularly of the wazir, and the following words are widely believed to be his: "wazirs are the enemies of kings..." <mask> had numerous spies (called ) across his empire, supervised by the special department within his diwan. Mahmud was a patron of literature, especially poetry, and he was occasionally found in the company of talented poets either in his palace or in the royal garden.He was often generous to them, paying unstintingly for their works according to their talent and worth. See also
 Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent

References

Sources

External links

 UCLA website
 <mask>ud Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
 Ghaznavid Dynasty Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
 Ghaznavids and Ghurids Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
 Mahmud Ghazni
 History of Iran: Ghaznevid Dynasty
 Rewriting history and Mahmud of Ghazni
  Online Copy:Last Accessed 11 October 2007 Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period''
 Tarikh Yamini, or Kitabu-l Yami  of Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al Jabbaru-l 'Utbi. 971 births
1030 deaths
10th-century rulers in Asia
11th-century rulers in Asia
Ghaznavid rulers
History of Pakistan
Medieval

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<mask> (; ; born 10 October 1985), known mononymously as <mask> (often stylized in all caps) and previously by the stage name <mask> and the Diamonds, is a Welsh singer-songwriter. Born in Brynmawr to a Welsh mother and Greek father, <mask> was raised in Abergavenny and moved to London as a teenager to become a professional singer, despite having little formal musical experience. In 2009, she came to prominence upon placing second in the BBC's Sound of 2010. Her debut studio album, The Family Jewels (2010), incorporated indie pop and new wave musical styles. It entered the UK Albums Chart at No. 5 and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry. The album's second single, "Hollywood", peaked at No.12 on the UK Singles Chart. Her follow-up record, Electra Heart (2012), was a concept album about a character of the same name which became her first No. 1 project in the UK. The album was certified gold in the US and UK, with its singles "Primadonna" and "How to Be a Heartbreaker" becoming international hits. <mask>'s synthpop-inspired third studio album, Froot (2015), became her third top 10 album in the UK and her first top 10 entry on the US Billboard 200, where it charted at No. 8. Produced entirely by <mask> and David Kosten, it was praised for its cohesive sound and introspective lyrical content.In 2018, she was featured on Clean Bandit's single "Baby", which reached the top 15 in the UK. Her fourth studio album, Love + Fear, was released on 26 April 2019. The album charted at No. 5 on the UK album chart. She released her fifth studio album, Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land, in June 2021 which charted at No. 17 in the UK. Early life

<mask> <mask> was born on 10 October 1985 in Brynmawr, and grew up near Abergavenny.She has one elder sister. Her Welsh mother and Greek father met at Newcastle University and separated when Diamandis was four years old. Following the separation, her father returned to Greece but would occasionally visit, while she remained in a bungalow in Wales with her mother; she described her childhood as "simple and idyllic" and "peaceful, very normal, poor". Diamandis admitted to being a "tomboy" as a child, playing football every day and spending more time with the opposite sex. As a child, Diamandis attended Haberdashers' Monmouth School for Girls. She said, "I sort of found my talent there... I was the one who always skived off choir, but I had an incredible music teacher who managed to convince me I could do anything."At the age of 16, she moved to Greece to her father "to connect with [her] heritage and learn to speak the language", and sang Greek folk songs with her grandmother. Having earned an International Baccalaureate at St. Catherine's British Embassy School in Athens, she returned to Wales two years later. She and her mother then moved to England, settling in Ross-on-Wye. Obsessed with becoming a singer "almost as if it was a disease", she worked at a petrol station for two months in order to earn money to move to London. Despite not having a musical background, Diamandis had a childhood love of writing. She first began writing music when she was 18 years old; she moved to London to attend dance school, but quit after two months. She studied music at the University of East London and transferred to a classic composition course in Middlesex University the following year, but dropped out after two months.Career

2005–2008: Career beginnings and early recordings

Knowing that the Spice Girls were formed by an advertisement in The Stage, Diamandis applied for auditions listed in that newspaper. She travelled for several unsuccessful auditions, including opportunities with the musical for The Lion King and a boy band organized by Virgin Records, during which she managed to leave her CV with an A&R representative, but was unable to audition at the time of the appointment as she felt sick. In 2005, she created the stage name "<mask> and the Diamonds"; after she came to prominence, "the Diamonds" was established as a reference to her fans, instead of her backing band. Inspired by the example of self-produced outsider musician Daniel Johnston, <mask> decided to compose her own music and stop going to auditions. She taught herself how to play the piano. She self-composed and produced her earlier demos with GarageBand, and independently released her debut extended play Mermaid vs Sailor through Myspace in 2007. She met with fourteen music labels, rejecting all but one as she believed it was the only one which would not dictate her image.She came to the attention of Neon Gold Records' Derek Davies in 2008, which managed her for six months, and was hired as the supporting act for Australian recording artist Gotye. Davies reflected "She just had something that really resonated with me. Even with the quite limited production of her early bedroom demos, she had this powerful yet vulnerable vocal and writing style that didn't sound like anyone else at the time". In October, Diamandis finalized a recording contract with 679 Recordings (eventually renamed 679 Artists), a subdivision of Warner Music Group. 2009–2011: Breakthrough with The Family Jewels

<mask>'s debut single "Obsessions" was released on 14 February 2009 through Neon Gold Records, while her first extended play The Crown Jewels EP followed on 1 June. That summer, she performed at BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend, the Glastonbury Festival, and the Reading and Leeds Festivals. She also performed at iTunes Live, releasing a second EP in July 2009 of performances from that festival.In December 2009, <mask> was ranked in second place on the Sound of 2010 poll organized by BBC, behind Ellie Goulding; she was one of three nominees for the Critics' Choice Award at the 2010 BRIT Awards, which also went to Goulding. "Mowgli's Road" was released on 13 November 2009, with <mask> describing it as "uncommercial", but it received attention after its video was shared by bloggers including Perez Hilton and Kanye West. "Mowgli's Road" was followed by "Hollywood" on 1 February 2010, which reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart, and was eventually certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). <mask>'s debut studio album The Family Jewels was released on 15 February 2010; it debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 27,618 copies, and was eventually certified gold by the BPI. A 2012 press release from Atlantic Records noted that the album had sold 300,000 copies. Atlantic Records signed <mask> to Chop Shop Records in the United States in March 2010. Through the label, she released her third extended play The American Jewels EP, and  The Family Jewels in the United States.The latter project debuted at number 138 on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 4,000 copies, and on Billboards Top Heatseekers and Top Rock Albums charts, it peaked at numbers 2 and 49 respectively. Later in 2010, Diamandis released three more singles from the album: "I Am Not a Robot", "Oh No!" and "Shampain",  peaking at 26, 38 and 141 in the UK charts respectively. In October 2010, she won Best UK & Ireland Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards. To further promote The Family Jewels, <mask> embarked on The Family Jewels Tour, which visited Europe, North America and Australia throughout 2010 and 2011. In January 2011, in an Australian radio interview, she expressed disappointment at her career, particularly in her failure to attract an American audience. She put this down to inaction by her label and American listeners' contemporary taste for "pumping beats" by artists such as Lady Gaga.2012–2013: Electra Heart and international success

In summer 2011, <mask> and Swedish recording artist Robyn performed as the opening acts for American recording artist Katy Perry's California Dreams Tour. On 30 September, <mask> released the track "Radioactive" through the iTunes Store; it peaked at number 25 on the UK Singles Chart. Her second studio album was preceded by its lead single "Primadonna" in April 2012; the song is notable for being <mask>'s highest-charting track on the UK Singles Chart, where it reached number 11. It is certified Silver by the BPI, gold in Austria and the United States, and platinum by the respective authorities in Australia, Denmark and New Zealand. The final product Electra Heart is a concept album lyrically united by the ideas of "female identity" and "a recent breakup". <mask> created the titular character "Electra Heart" as a protagonist for the project; she portrays the personas "Teen Idle", "Primadonna", "Homewrecker", and "Housewife", which represent several female archetypes of stereotypical American culture. The project was released on 27 April 2012, and debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 21,358 copies.It became <mask>'s first chart-topping album in the United Kingdom, although at the time it was additionally distinguished as the lowest-selling number-one record of the 21st century in the country. The album was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry and the Irish Recorded Music Association. Electra Heart debuted at 31 on the US Billboard 200 with 12,000 copies sold its first week, and as of May 2015  has sold 150,000 copies in that country. "Power & Control" and "How to Be a Heartbreaker" were subsequent single releases, with the latter missing the cut-off for initial inclusion on the record; however, it was featured in the revised track listing for the American version. The two songs were minor chart entries in the UK, and the latter was certified gold in the United States for sales over 500,000 copies. Throughout 2012, <mask> travelled for The Lonely Hearts Club Tour, her second headlining concert tour, and Mylo Xyloto Tour headlined by Coldplay, for which she served as an opening act. On 8 August 2013, she released a music video for the previously unreleased title track "Electra Heart"; it depicted the death of the character, and symbolically ended the promotional campaign for Electra Heart.2014–2016: Froot and musical hiatus

After spending one month in New York City, <mask> announced in February 2013 that she had begun writing material for an upcoming third studio album. The single "Froot" was released on 10 October 2014, her 29th birthday, and announced as the title track. The album was announced to be released on 3 April 2015 with a new track from the album being announced each month. However, due to an Internet leak, the release was brought forward. Entirely produced by <mask> and David Kosten, the album was praised for its cohesive sound. Froot debuted at number 8 on the Billboard 200 chart, and is her highest-charting album in the United States. Froot peaked at 10 in the UK.In early 2015, it was announced that <mask> would perform at Lollapalooza Brazil, Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and the Boston Calling Music Festival in March, April and May 2015 respectively. From October 2015 to the following October she embarked on the Neon Nature Tour across Europe and the Americas; each performance was split into three acts, one for each of her albums, with most songs coming from Froot. Her 4 November performance at the House of Blues in Boston was broadcast live by Yahoo. During a question-and-answer video, <mask> said that subsequent tours would be different, as her usual tours had been "a hard lifestyle". In April 2016, she said she would take a break from music after her tour. She returned to performing two months later, clarifying that she would rather work on a consistent basis than a cycle of touring and resting. 2017–2019: Stage name change and Love + Fear

In June 2016, <mask> told Fuse that she had begun writing new material for upcoming songs.In December 2016, electronic group Clean Bandit confirmed that "Disconnect", a song they had performed with <mask> at the 2015 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, would be released on their new album; it was released as a single in June 2017 and she performed it with them at Glastonbury. To mark a new stage in her career, <mask> announced via Twitter in 2018 that she would be dropping her "and the Diamonds" moniker to release music as simply  "<mask>", explaining that "It took me well over a year to figure out that a lot of my identity was tied up in who I was as an artist and there wasn't much left of who I was." In November 2018, a second collaboration with Clean Bandit and Puerto Rican singer Luis Fonsi, "Baby", was released, peaking at number 15 in the UK. On 11 December 2018, <mask> performed at the Royal Variety Performance

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 alongside Clean Bandit with their song "Baby". On 31 January 2019, Diamandis teased the new album by posting a picture on her Instagram with the caption "8 Days". The day after, she revealed in an interview that the new album would come out sometime in early 2019. On 6 February 2019, it was revealed that the title of the lead single of the album would be "Handmade Heaven", which was subsequently released two days later.Her bipartite fourth studio album Love + Fear  was then released in two halves on 4 and 26 April 2019. On 29 April 2019, <mask> embarked on her Love + Fear Tour with six UK gigs, including sold-out dates in London and Manchester. In July 2019, she was scheduled to play a number of music festivals across Europe and the UK, before taking the tour to North America with 19 dates across the US and Canada during September and October, followed by a second run of UK dates and a short European tour. She was featured on Gryffin's song (also featuring Model Child) If I Left the World, released on 23 October 2019, along with a solo version of her only. 2020–present: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

On 16 January 2020, <mask> posted two photos on Instagram with the caption "Writing songs in Paris". On 24 January 2020, she posted a photo on Instagram with the caption "Album 5". On 7 February 2020, <mask> released "About Love" from the soundtrack for the movie To All the Boys: P.S.I Still Love You. On 14 February 2020, she announced her upcoming April tour, The Inbetweenie Tour. However, on 16 March 2020, she announced that this tour would be cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 8 March 2020, she posted a snippet of a new song named "Man's World" on her Instagram story. The song was released on 18 November 2020. The single debuted at number 99 on the Official UK Singles Sales Chart and at number 96 on the Official UK Singles Download Chart, respectively, after two days release. On 12 April 2021, Diamandis announced a new single, "Purge the Poison", alongside a website and a mailing list to accompany it.Later that day, her web team accidentally uploaded the music video onto YouTube, resulting in an early leak of the song and music video. <mask> released the single cover and release date soon after, possibly as a result of the early leak. Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land was released on 11 June 2021. The album was well received by critics. The album's fifth single, "Happy Loner", was released on 3 December 2021, to coincide with the deluxe version of the album. On October 1, 2021, <mask> announced on Instagram that she started working on her sixth studio album. Artistry

Musical style and influences

Diamandis has a musical style consisting of indie pop, art pop, electropop, synth-pop, experimental pop, bubblegum pop, and disco-pop.She is known for her mezzo-soprano vocal abilities. As a child, she would take inspiration from the differing musical tastes of her parents – Dolly Parton, Enya and George Michael from her mother, and Haris Alexiou from her father – while also admiring pop acts of the era including the Spice Girls, Britney Spears and S Club 7. Diamandis has said that "Madonna was the reason I wanted to be a pop star from the age of 15"; however she also stated that she did not listen to music "properly" until the age of 19, when she took influence from acts including PJ Harvey, Fiona Apple and The Distillers. She began smoking two years later in an attempt to sound like The Distillers' frontwoman Brody Dalle, "but it never worked, and now I'm just stuck with a bad habit." She has cited Dalle and Spears as her musical influences, and has expressed a particular interest in Daniel Johnston and the lo-fi production he uses. She has jokingly stated that "I probably have a bit of a different sound because I don't really know what I'm doing! ", referencing her lack of formal musical training.Diamandis has synesthesia, and as a result associates particular colours with musical notes and days of the week. A self-described "DIY musician" and "indie artist with pop goals", Diamandis considers her music to be "alternate pop". Paul Lester wrote in 2008 that Diamandis's musical direction was "hard to fathom", given the frequency with which she alternated "simple keyboards-based ballads" and "quirky new wave-inflected numbers". Whereas The Family Jewels incorporated prominent elements of new wave music, Electra Heart was heavily inspired by electropop musical styles. Diamandis opined that the United States was more welcoming of said musical transition than the United Kingdom, and suggested that the American audience embraced the humour behind the latter "tongue-in-cheek record". Froot is a pop record, with elements of europop and pop rock. At the start of her career, Diamandis was compared to other British female singer-songwriters, with Paul Lester from The Guardian writing that she had a "zeitgeist-y female essence", although she took exception at such comparisons and said that all she shared with Kate Nash was "a vagina and a keyboard".During the Electra Heart era, she called comparisons to Lady Gaga, Katy Perry and Lana Del Rey "really annoying", preferring to be classed as herself. Her vocals have been compared to those of Karen O, Regina Spektor, Kate Bush, Florence Welch, Britney Spears, and Siouxsie Sioux, with an androgynous timbre akin to those of Annie Lennox and Heather Small. When reviewing The Family Jewels, Joe Copplestone from PopMatters noted that <mask>'s vocal delivery occasionally overpowers the "inventive" melodies showcased in her songs. <mask>'s lyrical content typically analyses components of human behaviour; she has noted that she would have become a psychologist had she been unsuccessful in the music industry. The song "Savages", from Froot, reflects on humanity's proneness to violent acts. Rory Cashin of Slate lauded Diamandis's lyrics as "esoteric", likening her to an "emotionally intelligent outsider who knew how to perfectly articulate those weird thoughts and reactions we all have but would never admit to." Laurence Day of The Line of Best Fit considered Froot to be "an anthology of astute nihilistic, existentialist discussions".Public image and personal life

Diamandis has identified Sophia Loren, Leigh Lezark, Shirley Manson and Gwen Stefani as her fashion icons, and Asli Polat and Mary Benson as among her favourite designers. As part of Selfridges' "Sound of Music", <mask> and Paloma Faith designed their own window display for the London Oxford Street branch in May 2010, and additionally appeared as "live mannequins" for the display. In November, Diamandis was featured on the website for the British edition of Vogue, where she contributed to the "Today I'm Wearing" column that month. In February 2011, she became a brand ambassador for Max Factor. In 2013, she launched a fashion brand named 11 Diamonds and designed a line of T-shirts for it, but has had little involvement with it since. According to Emily Jupp of The Independent, despite various changes in musical direction, an "unconventional fashion sense" has been a constant in Diamandis's career. In the video to "How to be a Heartbreaker", she "subverts the norm" by wearing more clothes than male models in the background; she reflected that "I don't think it suits me to wear very little clothing, it just wouldn't feel right.I'd rather people listen to what I have to say instead of staring at my bum." In 2011, when promoting The Family Jewels, Diamandis described her fashion styles as "vintage, cheerleader, and cartoon". Four years later, she described her costumes then as "very badly put together vintage, kind of glittery ensemble", and her outfits for Froot as a "mix of '70s with digital fiberware ... something surreal and '70s". She has been described as a "pop enigma", an artist who "never felt like she belonged to the masses" and one with a cult following. It was written in Billboard in June 2016 that she is among "pop artists with major fanbases in the U.S. and a consistent stream of excellent music who are nonetheless kept a tier below these other musicians in terms of national presence, because they never had that one hit that everyone simply has to know them from". She told Vice News in February 2016 that "I'm not really a [pop] starry person. Stars are people who equal celebrity culture.I don't really feel part of that at all". Diamandis estimates that gay people comprise 60% of her concert audience; she attributes her status as a gay icon to her campness and sense of humour, in addition to lyrics on being a societal outsider. In 2012, she won the Best Music Award at gay magazine Attitude's award show. She headlined an NYC Pride event in June 2016 in the aftermath of the Orlando nightclub shooting, wearing a rainbow-striped cape. Diamandis plays down her popularity in the gay community in order to avoid sounding like a "cliché pop star" and hopes for a time when acceptance will mean that people do not label themselves by their sexuality. Despite knowing the elements of Greek Orthodox, <mask> states that she was not raised Christian and identifies as an atheist. She considers herself an introvert and revealed on Twitter that she is an INFJ in the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator; one of her songs that is especially focused on her introverted side and appreciating solitude is "Solitaire".Social views
Diamandis has frequently been an advocate of feminism and equal gender rights, sharing her social views in music, interviews, and on social media, having been named "the sound of feminism" in Nylon magazine. The singer has been critical of traditional gender roles and societal prejudice towards women in general as well as in the pop landscape and music industry. Her second album focused on exploring the feminine psyche and the ways women are embodied in American cultural stereotypes, with the track "Sex Yeah" often described as a "feminist statement". A few years later Diamandis decided to work with an exclusively all-female team on her fifth studio album to produce a longer feminist narrative, explaining that "this story can only be told by women". In 2020, <mask> started speaking openly about growing out her grey hair on Instagram to challenge unhealthy beauty standards. "I started getting silver / grey hairs around 15 years old. I've been dying my hair since I was 22 because I literally thought I had no other option.Grey equalled old to me – something most women are told is a bad, bad thing. Anything that symbolised this simply HAD to be covered!" Mental health
Diamandis has openly spoken about dealing with depression and anxiety. Her song "Happy", the opener from the album Froot, discusses her battle with depression, with the whole record dedicated to celebrating happiness. The song was preceded by tracks from previous records such as "Numb", "Are You Satisfied? ", "Living Dead", and "Teen Idle" about her depression from her teen years and twenties. In 2017 she began a Tumblr blog named "Marinabook" about a variety of topics surrounding mental health.To celebrate World Mental Health Day 2017 (and her 32nd birthday) <mask> posted an essay about her battle with her mental health struggles. Over the years she attended various psychology courses, which earned her an alias of a "pop psychologist". Discography

The Family Jewels (2010)
 Electra Heart (2012)
 Froot (2015)
 Love + Fear (2019)
 Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land (2021)

Tours
Headlining
 The Family Jewels Tour (2010–2011)
 The Lonely Hearts Club Tour (2012–2013)
 Neon Nature Tour (2015–2016)
 Love + Fear Tour (2019)
 The Inbetweenie Tour (2020; cancelled due to COVID-19 outbreak)
 Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land Tour (2022)

Supporting
 Katy Perry – California Dreams Tour (2011)
 Coldplay – Mylo Xyloto Tour (2011–2012)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Alumni of Middlesex University
Alumni of the University of East London
Art pop musicians
Atheist feminists
Atlantic Records artists
British indie pop musicians
British synth-pop musicians
British women in electronic music
Women new wave singers
Feminist musicians
MTV Europe Music Award winners
People educated at Haberdashers' Monmouth School for Girls
People from Blaenau Gwent
Singers from London
Synth-pop singers
Welsh atheists
21st-century Welsh women singers
Welsh feminists
Welsh keyboardists
Welsh new wave musicians
Welsh people of Greek descent
Welsh pop pianists
Welsh pop singers
Welsh singer-songwriters
Welsh women pianists
Wonky pop musicians
21st-century pianists
679 Artists artists
Welsh electronic

masks: Diamandis Diamandis Diamandis Diamandis Marina Diamandis Diamandis Diamandis Diamandis Diamandis Marina


texts:
<mask>  (born 12 November 1975) is a British former rower and current Chair of UK Sport. She is a 2012 Summer Olympics gold medallist, four-time Olympic silver medallist and six-time World Champion. She served as Chancellor of Oxford Brookes University between 2015 and 2020, and is currently Chancellor of the University of Glasgow. <mask> first won silver at the Sydney Olympics in 2000 in the woman's quadruple sculls. In Athens in 2004, she won silver in the coxless pairs. In Beijing 2008 she won her third silver, again in the quadruple sculls. At the London Olympics 2012, Anna Watkins and <mask> broke the Olympic record as they qualified for the double sculls final, before winning the gold medal.Grainger won a silver medal at the Rio Olympic Games 2016 with Victoria Thornley, after a two-year break from the sport. Grainger has won eight medals at the World Championship between 1997 and 2011. Early life and education
Born in Glasgow in 1975, she attended Mosshead Primary School prior to attending Bearsden Academy in East Dunbartonshire near Glasgow. <mask>'s family later moved to Netherley, Aberdeenshire. <mask> holds a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from the University of Edinburgh, a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Medical Law and Medical Ethics from the University of Glasgow, and a Doctor of Philosophy in law from King's College London. Her doctoral research was supervised by Elaine Player and Ben Bowling. In July 2013 King's made <mask> a fellow.She remarked, "Without planning it both my Olympic career and my PhD have met at the same time and the culmination for both is 2012 – not by design." Career

Rowing
Grainger took up rowing at the University of Edinburgh in 1993 and represented Edinburgh's St Andrew Boat Club and/or Marlow Rowing Club in rowing events. She trained on the River Dee. She first won silver at Sydney in 2000 in the woman's quadruple sculls with Guin Batten, Gillian Lindsay and Miriam Batten losing to a German team. Four years later in Athens in 2004, she won silver again when she took part in the coxless pairs with Cath Bishop, losing to Georgeta Damian and Viorica Susanu of Romania. She returned to the quadruple sculls in Beijing 2008, when she won her third silver with Annabel Vernon, Debbie Flood and Frances Houghton, narrowly losing to China after taking the lead for some of the race. On 3 August 2012, she won an Olympic gold medal at London in the double sculls with Anna Watkins.At the 2016 Olympics, she won a silver medal in double sculls with Vicky Thornley. Grainger has won eight medals at the World Championships. The first of these was a bronze in 1997 in the eight, then a gold with Bishop in 2003, a gold in 2005 with the quadruple scull, with Houghton, Sarah Winckless, and Rebecca Romero, and in 2006 her quadruple scull was promoted to gold following a drugs test on the winning Russian crew. This quad had Debbie Flood instead of Romero, who had retired after the 2005 world championships. Another gold came in 2007, again in the quadruple sculls, with Annabel Vernon replacing the injured Sarah Winckless. In 2009, having switched to the single scull after the Beijing Olympics, Grainger claimed a surprise silver at the World Championships in Poland. In 2010, Grainger teamed up with Anna Watkins in the double sculls and they embarked on an unbeaten season, culminating in victory in November in the World Championships in Lake Karapiro, New Zealand, and then defending the title in an injury disrupted season in 2011 in Bled, Slovenia.She has won the Rowing World Cup in the quadruple sculls in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010 and the double sculls in 2010, 2011 and 2012. On 14 March 2015, Grainger was part of the composite crew that won the Women's Eights Head of the River Race on the River Thames in London, setting a time of 18:58.6 for the 4 1⁄4-mile (6.8 km) championship course from Mortlake to Putney. Her GB rowing team senior final trials results include:
2015 - 2nd, Single Scull
2012 – 1st, Single Scull
2011 – 2nd, Single Scull
2004–2010 – 1st, Single Scull
2001 – 1st, Double Scull
1998 – 1st, Single Scull
Following retirement, <mask> also regularly raced at the HOCR in Boston in a 'Director's Challenge Mixed 8' made up of a crew containing several past rowing Olympians and in 2019 they placed 1st in this event. Administration
In April 2017, <mask> was appointed chair of UK Sport. She was reappointed for a second term on 1 July 2021. In March 2015, <mask> was appointed the fourth chancellor of Oxford Brookes University, at a ceremony joined by her three predecessors, Shami Chakrabarti CBE, Jon Snow and Baroness Helena Kennedy QC. Charity work
<mask> is a board member for the Youth Sport Trust, the British Olympic Association's Athlete Commission and is a Patron for Netball Scotland, Winning Scotland, the NCI and Aberlour children's charity.<mask> was previously a board member of International Inspiration (2012-2017), a charity that promoted access to sport, play, and physical exercise for low and middle income families with children around the world. It was the first international development legacy initiative linked to an Olympic and Paralympic Games. International Inspiration's board members included British broadcaster David Davies, former UK government minister Andrew Mitchell, and Sir Sebastian Coe. In 2014 she judged the category prize 'dreams' for the Koestler Trust's annual exhibition "Catching Dreams", curated by previous Koestler award entrants. The exhibition at the Southbank Centre presented art works by prisoners, detainees and ex-offenders. Honours and awards
<mask> was elected President of the Edinburgh University Boat Club in 1996/97. She twice received the Edinburgh University Sports Union's Eva Bailey Cup for the university's most outstanding female athlete in 1995/96 and 1996/97 and was inducted to the University's Sports Hall of Fame on 29 May 2008.She was elected as honorary president of the Scottish Amateur Rowing Association in November 2005, and a steward of Henley Royal Regatta in 2008, only the third rower to be elected while still competing. She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2006 Birthday Honours, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to rowing, and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to sport and charity. In August 2012, a postbox in Aberdeen was painted gold to celebrate her 2012 Olympic gold medal. In March 2013, she became patron of the National Coastwatch Institution. In June 2017, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Aberdeen. In July 2017, it was announced that trophy awarded to the winners of the Senior Women's competition at the Home International Regatta would be known as Dame <mask> Quaich. The first winners of the trophy were Scotland.In 2020 she was appointed as the Chancellor of the University of Glasgow, in succession to Professor Sir Kenneth Calman. She is the first woman to hold the office at Glasgow University, founded in 1451. References

1975 births
Living people
Scottish female rowers
British female rowers
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic rowers of Great Britain
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in rowing
Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Scottish Olympic medallists
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh School of Law
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Alumni of King's College London
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Stewards of Henley Royal Regatta
People educated at Bearsden Academy
Sportspeople from Glasgow
World Rowing Championships medalists for Great Britain
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Sporting dames
Thomas Keller Medal recipients
Fellows of King's College London
European Rowing Championships medalists

masks:
Dame Katherine Jane Grainger
Grainger
Grainger
Grainger
Grainger
Grainger
Grainger
Grainger
Grainger
Grainger
Grainger
Grainger
Grainger
Katherine Grainger


texts:
is a Japanese politician who served as the Minister of the Environment from September 2019 to October 2021. He also serves as a member the Member of the House of Representatives for the Liberal Democratic Party. He is the second son of former Prime Minister <mask> and the younger brother of actor <mask>. After graduating from university, <mask> worked as a researcher at the Washington-based think tank Center for Strategic and International Studies, and became active politically as Young Leader of the Pacific Forum CSIS. He also spent time working as a political secretary for his father in the final years of his second term as Prime Minister. At the 2009 election, he was elected to the House of Representatives for the seat his father had occupied for more than 35 years. After the election of the Abe Government in 2012, <mask> was appointed as a Vice-Minister for Reconstruction, focusing on the northeastern region of Japan that was devastated by the March 2011 tsunami and subsequent nuclear disaster.He publicly opposed his father's calls for Japan to abandon nuclear energy immediately. In 2019, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe appointed <mask> to the Cabinet as Minister of the Environment, a role he retained when Yoshihide Suga succeeded Abe as Prime Minister in September 2020. In January 2020, <mask> received international news attention when he announced his plans to take two weeks of paternity leave when his first child was born. Early life
<mask> grew up in Yokosuka, his father's home district, attending Kanto Gakuin University in Yokohama from elementary school through university with a Bachelor of Economics degree in 2004. When he was a student in junior high and senior high schools, he was engrossed in playing sports, especially baseball. He received his master's degree in political science from Columbia University. He spent one year as a part-time research fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and as Young Leader of the Pacific Forum CSIS before returning to Japan in 2007.After that, he worked as a private secretary of Junichirō, his father. Political career
Following his father's announced retirement in 2008, he was elected to his father's former seat representing the Kanagawa 11th district in the August 2009 general election, in which many other LDP seats were lost to the Democratic Party of Japan. He faced criticism for being a hereditary politician. He campaigned in a rented Toyota Prius with a volunteer staff. <mask> became head of the LDP's young legislators caucus in October 2011, a post previously held by Prime Ministers Takeshita, Uno, Kaifu, Abe and Asō. In February 2012, he started a project called "Team 11," which sent members of the division to areas of the Tōhoku region affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on the 11th of each month to talk to locals and report back on the state of the reconstruction efforts. The group had 82 members, all under the age of 45, as of March 2013.Some observers compared the group to the powerful "Machimura faction" led by Nobutaka Machimura in terms of its political weight. He was critical of the LDP under party president Sadakazu Tanigaki. In his first meeting as a party officer, he stated that "the image of the party is that it doesn't listen to the opinions of young people, has old thoughts and a hard head. That is why trust will not be restored." He argued in a November 2011 speech that the party's stance on the controversial Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement needed to be clarified. He later advocated breaking up the LDP's agreement with the Democratic Party of Japan and Komeito to pass an overhaul of the social security and tax system, directly arguing to Tanigaki that the party's mission should be to take down the DPJ government and to restore LDP control, and drawing comparisons to his father's maverick reputation. <mask> broke ranks with the LDP in August 2012 as one of seven LDP legislators who refused to walk out of the no-confidence vote instigated by Ichiro Ozawa against Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda, in which the LDP and NK had agreed to throw out their votes.Although <mask> voted for the no-confidence resolution, it was ultimately voted down 246–86. He voted for Shigeru Ishiba against Shinzō Abe in the LDP leadership election of September 2012, but did not make his vote public until after the election in order to avoid influencing others' votes. <mask> was re-elected in the December 2012 general election, which restored LDP control of the government under Abe. In the subsequent House of Councillors election in July 2013, he focused his campaigning efforts on disaster zones, outlying islands and areas in rapid population decline, giving speeches in support of their local LDP candidates. Kenichi Tokoi, a nonfiction author who wrote a book about <mask>, said that his goal was to shake as many individual hands as possible and to leave the impression that he was kind enough to visit them, something which he could not achieve by campaigning in big cities. In October 2013, he was appointed Parliamentary Secretary in charge of Tohoku Recovery, in which capacity he would oversee post-disaster reconstruction efforts in Iwate Prefecture and Miyagi Prefecture. Ishiba, then secretary general of the LDP, stated that <mask> "made a very strong case" with local disaster victims "about what he wanted to do and why."Tokoi characterized this posting as a test of <mask>'s administrative ability. <mask> was reportedly considered for a formal cabinet post under the Abe government in the reshuffles of October 2015 and July 2017. On 11 September 2019, Abe appointed <mask> as Minister of the Environment. He advocated for environmentalist policies, including ending Japan's use of nuclear and coal power, despite serving in a government considered skeptical of such policies. However, he supports the construction of new coal-fired power stations in Japan, despite their particulate and greenhouse gas emissions. His support for the construction of two coal-fired power stations in Yokosuka has led him to be a "a target of activists' wrath". In late August 2020, after the resignation of Shinzo Abe, <mask> was named as one of his possible successor.A Kyodo News survey showed that almost 9% of those surveyed recommended him for prime minister, though some inside the party consider him too young to be in charge of the country. He later formally withdrew his candidacy and endorsed Minister of Defense Tarō Kōno. In the party's leadership election of 2021 (which ended with Fumio Kishida being elected as leader and later prime minister), <mask> again endorsed Kōno for the position. Views

Like his father, <mask> visits Yasukuni Shrine on 15 August, the anniversary of Japan's surrender in World War II. He visited in 2012 and again in 2013. In a May 2013 interview with the Sankei Shimbun, he refused to comment on Osaka mayor Toru Hashimoto's controversial remarks on comfort women, characterizing the issue as one that should be discussed among experts and historians rather than politicians. He described the perceived nationalist shift in Japanese politics as "Chinese propaganda" and stated that the government needed to wage a better public relations campaign against it while focusing on the successful implementation of Abenomics.He also commented on the Japanese Constitution, stating that amendments were necessary but that there were more immediate problems to be solved: "I go to the disaster zones in Tohoku every month, and the constitution has not come up even once as an issue when I walk down the street there." <mask> was critical of the Abe government's decision to terminate a corporate tax surcharge intended to fund the Tohoku recovery, and views nuclear power as unsustainable in the long term, mirroring views that his father expressed in 2013. Popularity

<mask> had a 75.6% approval rating at the start of his stint as parliamentary secretary for Tohoku recovery. In a December 2013 TBS poll, he ranked second after Shinzo Abe as the most favoured candidate for prime minister, although 57% responded that they had no particular favoured candidate. In April 2017, in the aftermath of the Moritomo Gakuen scandal surrounding Prime Minister Abe, polls by Yomiuri and NTV showed <mask> as the most favoured LDP leader (and presumptive Prime Minister), surpassing both Abe and challenger Shigeru Ishiba. Following the December 2012 election, the National Diet Building gift shop began selling "Shinji-Rolls" (進次ろうる), souvenir green tea-flavoured roll cakes branded with <mask>'s likeness. Shinji-Rolls became the gift shop's second most popular item in 2013, outselling souvenirs branded with the likenesses of LDP leaders Shigeru Ishiba and Taro Aso, and outsold only by manju bearing the likeness of Shinzo Abe.Personal life
On 7 August 2019, television announcer and news presenter Christel Takigawa announced that she married Shinjiro <mask>. She gave birth to a son on 17 January 2020. Ancestry

See also
 Koizumi family

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
People from Yokosuka, Kanagawa
Shinjiro
Columbia University alumni
Members of the House of Representatives (Japan)
Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) politicians
Children of prime ministers of Japan
Kanto Gakuin University alumni
Environment ministers of Japan
21st-century Japanese politicians
Politicians from Kanagawa Prefecture

masks:
Junichirō Koizumi
Kotaro Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi
Koizumi


texts:
<mask> (February 19, 1878 – November 6, 1954), born <mask>, was an American journalist and author, known for his opposition to the New Deal and U.S. involvement in World War II. <mask> was born February 19, 1878, at Pana, Illinois, and grew up on a farm near Burlington, Iowa. He left home as a teenager, finding work as a printer's devil in Cleveland. In 1898, he moved to Washington, D.C., where he covered the administration of William McKinley as a newspaper reporter and then changed his first name to "<mask>", which he pronounced the same as "<mask>." In 1900, he moved to New York City, where he became a financial reporter. By 1910, he had become a financial columnist for the New York Evening Post. In 1913, he became editor of The New York Times Annalist, a new financial weekly later known simply as The Annalist, and, in 1915, he joined the editorial council of The New York Times.In 1916, at 38, he became the executive editor of the New-York Tribune. In 1922, he became the principal writer on economic issues for the Saturday Evening Post, a position he held until 1942. From 1944 to 1950 he edited American Affairs, the magazine of The Conference Board. In his career, <mask> was a confidant of Bernard Baruch and Herbert Hoover. <mask> wrote 13 books: Where the Money Grows (1911), The Blue Wound (1921), The Driver (1922), The Cinder Buggy (1923), Satan's Bushel (1924), Ouroboros, or the Mechanical Extension of Mankind (1926), Harangue (1927), The American Omen (1928), A Bubble That Broke the World (1932), A Time Is Born (1944), The Wild Wheel (1952), The People's Pottage (1953) and The American Story (1955). <mask>'s most-read work is The People's Pottage, which consists of three essays. "The Revolution Was" portrays the New Deal as a "revolution within the form" that undermined the American republic."Ex America" charts the decline in America's individualist values from 1900 to 1950. "Rise of Empire" argues that America has become an imperial state, incompatible with <mask>'s views, "a constitutional, representative, limited government in the republican form." <mask> <mask> was married three times: to Bessie Hamilton in 1900, to Ida Irvin in 1908, and to Dorothy Williams Goulet in 1947. He had no children. He died November 6, 1954, at his home in the Tuckahoe section of Upper Township, New Jersey, while inspecting the proofs of The American Story. Political viewpoint
<mask> was called a conservative in his obituary, and after his death, his book The People's Pottage was adopted as one of the "twelve candles" of the John Birch Society. He is now sometimes called a member of the Old Right and is seen as a libertarian or classical liberal.Under the editor George Horace Lorimer at the Saturday Evening Post, in the 1920s, <mask> attacked proposals for American forgiveness of European war debts and for the bailout of American farmers. After the election of Franklin Roosevelt, he became one of the most vocal opponents of Roosevelt's centralization of political and economic power in the federal government. He attacked the New Deal in articles in the Saturday Evening Post between 1933 and 1940. In 1940, he became the Post'''s editor-in-chief. <mask> opposed the Roosevelt administration's moves toward intervention in the Second World War in Europe and was one of the most widely-read non-interventionists. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> supported the war but was still fired from the Post. Connection to Ayn Rand
The libertarian writer Justin Raimondo argued that <mask>'s novel The Driver,  which is about a speculator called Henry M. Galt who takes over a failing railroad, was the source of the name "Galt" and the rhetorical device, "Who is John Galt?"for Ayn Rand in her novel, Atlas Shrugged, which has a mystery character named John Galt. In contrast, Chris Matthew Sciabarra argued Raimondo's "claims that Rand plagiarized...The Driver" to be "unsupported". <mask>'s biographer, Bruce Ramsey, wrote, "Both The Driver and Atlas Shrugged have to do with running railroads during an economic depression, and both suggest pro-capitalist ways in which the country might get out of the depression. But in plot, character, tone, and theme they are very different." Mises Daily, October 25, 2007
GaretGarett.org
Garet Garrett Podcast Library

1878 births
1954 deaths
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American economics writers
American foreign policy writers
American male journalists
American male non-fiction writers
American political journalists
American political writers
Anti–World War II activists
Non-interventionism
Old Right (United States)
People from Burlington, Iowa
People from Pana, Illinois
People from Upper Township, New Jersey
Writers from Illinois

masks:
Garet Garrett
Edward Peter Garrett
Overview Garrett
Garet
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garet
Garrett
Garett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett


texts:
<mask>  (1 February 1921 – 21 June 1988), known as <mask>, was a British High Tory journalist and writer. Early life
He was adopted by Miss <mask> and christened <mask>, although he was always known as Peter. At the age of nine, he was struck with blindness. He developed a meticulous memory, after being forced to rely on having books read aloud to him, and learnt how to dictate logical arguments in clear prose. In 1939, <mask> was living with his adoptive mother and her younger sister Ruth, a schoolmistress, at Windermere in Westmorland. Educated privately as a child, <mask> went on to read History under Kenneth Pickthorn and Charles Smyth at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, graduating with a First with distinction. <mask> died in September 1940.Journalism
Leaving Cambridge during the Second World War, <mask> initially joined the staff of the Royal Institute of International Affairs at Chatham House, then went into journalism, and by 1944 was a leader writer for The Times. He composed its leader in response to the 20 July plot to kill Hitler and welcomed it as evidence of anti-totalitarian forces in Germany which might help end the war if encouraged. However, he rewrote the article after the Foreign Office objected to any hint of willingness to negotiate with a post-Nazi German government. <mask>'s revised leader omitted any mention of support for German resistance to Hitler. After the war, he also became leader-writer for The Observer and The Sunday Times. His greatest influence over the next decade, however, lay in his role as the in-house philosopher of the Conservative Party, producing pamphlets and delivering lectures on Toryism. In The Conservatives and the Critics (1956) and Not Guilty: The Conservative Reply (1957), <mask> defended Butskellism as a genuine Burkean alternative to "both Socialist doctrinaires and middle-class militants".In 1964 he supported R. A. Butler for the Conservative leadership. In 1964 he became leader writer for The Daily Telegraph and, together with the deputy editor Colin Welch, he recruited young Conservative journalists to the paper. He later became, according to The Times, the "spiritual father of the “Young Fogeys”". In his 1968 study of <mask> Powell's political philosophy, he interpreted Powellism as an attempt to convert the Conservative Party to radical economic liberalism that would replace its paternalistic statism. <mask> supported <mask>'s moves in this direction but he was dismayed when Heath, as Prime Minister, moved back towards corporatism. After the beginning of The Troubles in Northern Ireland during the late 1960s, <mask> began to focus on Ulster. In the general election of February 1974, <mask> stood unsuccessfully as the Ulster Unionist Party candidate for North Antrim, gaining 21.01% of the vote but losing to Ian Paisley of the Democratic Unionist Party.His 1975 work, Lessons of Ulster,  was described by The Times as "less a study of Irish politics than a brilliant dissection of the inadequacies of liberal statecraft faced with the intransigent passions of nationalism". The editor of The Irish Times called <mask> "the ghost of the Morning Post rattling his chains in the corridors of The Daily Telegraph". <mask> was an early supporter of <mask> and under her leadership he became a consultant to Conservative Central Office. He was also one of her speech writers and had an input in her Sermon on the Mound. <mask> argued that Thatcherism, rather than being a radical deviation from traditional conservatism, was a necessary application of Conservative principles to the problems of an over-powerful state and trade union militancy. In 1980 <mask> was appointed deputy editor at the Daily Telegraph and in 1985 he began a weekly political column for the paper. In 1987 he moved back to The Times, working as the Obituary Editor and as a columnist.This latter move was occasioned by a falling-out with Max Hastings, the then editor of The Telegraph, who disagreed with <mask>'s views on matters relating to Northern Ireland. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1980. Personal life
In 1951 <mask> married Brigid Viola Mary (1927–2012), daughter of Dermot Morrah, a Times journalist, Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, and later Arundel Herald Extraordinary at the College of Arms. <mask> and his wife had two sons and two daughters. One son, <mask>, is a columnist for the Daily Mail. A chain smoker and heavy drinker, <mask>'s financial situation was often precarious. He died in London on 21 June 1988.Assessment
After <mask>'s death, The Times acclaimed him as "the most distinguished Conservative journalist of his generation. He was an important influence on the thinking of the Tory Party, an intellectual precursor of <mask>ism, and throughout his life a mentor – revered, consulted and endlessly quoted – to the young". <mask> also paid tribute to <mask>:

Few people have possessed such a complete understanding of the central tenets and principles of Toryism as <mask>. Certainly no one has articulated them with more eloquence. He stood in the tradition of the great Tory philosophers—Hooker, Burke and Lord Salisbury. Drawing on that tradition, he delivered powerful and incisive judgments on leading political, social and moral issues over a period of more than forty years. Though his range was remarkable, questions affecting the Anglican Church and the unity of the nation always had pride of place in his work.He was, quite simply, the most distinguished Tory thinker of our time. Works
Essays in Conservatism (1949). Modern Political Thought (1952). The Conservatives and the Critics (1956). Documents of Modern Political Thought (Joint editor, 1957). Not Guilty: The Conservative Reply (1957). <mask> (1957).Occasion for Ombudsmen (1963). Your Money and Your Life (1964). <mask> Powell: The Man and his Thinking (1968). What Laws May Cure (1968). Ulster - A Short Background Analysis (1972). Lessons of Ulster (first edition: 1975, second edition: 1997). Charles Moore and Simon Heffer (editors), A Tory Seer: The Selected Journalism of T. E<mask> (1989).References

External links
Written Statement by Mrs. <mask> on the death of T.E<mask> (22 June 1988)
Mrs. <mask>'s preface to A Tory Seer (17 July 1989)
T. E. Uttley appearance on BBC TV, 1974

1921 births
1988 deaths
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Blind people from England
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English male journalists
The Times people
Ulster Unionist Party politicians
The Daily Telegraph people
20th-century English businesspeople

masks:
Thomas Edwin Utley
Peter Utley
Ann Utley
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Edward Heath
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Margaret Thatcher
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Margaret Thatcher
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Peter Utley
Edmund Burke
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