texts:
K<mask> (26 July 1915 – 18 May 2009) was an Indian yoga guru who developed and popularized the flowing style of yoga as exercise known as Ashtanga vinyasa yoga. In 1948, <mask> established the Ashtanga Yoga Research Institute in Mysore, India. <mask> is one of a short list of Indians instrumental in establishing modern yoga as exercise in the 20th century, along with B. K. S. Iyengar, another pupil of <mask> in Mysore. <mask> sexually abused some of his yoga students by touching inappropriately during adjustments. <mask> has publicly apologised for his grandfather's "improper adjustments". Biography

Early life

<mask> () was born in a brahmin family on 26 July 1915 (Guru Pūrṇimā, full moon day) in the village of Kowshika, near Hassan, Karnataka, South India. <mask>'s father was an astrologer, priest, and landholder.His mother took care of the house and the nine children - five girls and four boys - of whom <mask> <mask> was the fifth. From the age of five, he was instructed in Sanskrit and rituals by his father, which is standard training for Brahmin boys. No one else in his family learned yoga. Education

In 1927, at the age of 12, <mask> attended a lecture and demonstration at the Jubilee Hall in Hassan, Karnataka by T<mask> and became his student the next day. He stayed in Kowshika for two years and practiced with <mask> every day. In 1930, <mask> ran away from home to Mysore to study Sanskrit, with 2 rupees. Around the same time <mask> departed Hassan to teach elsewhere.Two years later, <mask> was reunited with <mask>, who had also made his way to Mysore. During this time, the Maharaja of Mysore, <mask> Wodeyar, had become seriously ill and it is said that <mask> had healed him, through yoga, where others had failed. The Maharaja became <mask>'s patron and established a yogaśala for him at the Jaganmohan Palace. <mask> often accompanied <mask> in demonstrations, and occasionally assisted <mask> in class and taught in his absence. <mask> studied with <mask> from 1927 to 1929 in his own village, and then in Mysore from 1932 to 1953. He studied texts such as Patañjali's Yoga Sūtra, Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā, Yoga Yajñavalkya and the Upaniṣads. In 1924 <mask> supposedly researched an ancient text which he called the Yoga Korunta; he described this as badly damaged and with many missing portions, and claimed he had learned the text from a teacher named Rama Mohan Brahmachari on a supposed seven-year stay in the Himalayas.<mask> began his studies with <mask> in 1927 and was taught what <mask> called the Yoga Korunta method. An entire system of practices including pranayama, bandhas, (core muscular and energetic locks) and drishti (visual focal points) were included along with āsanas (postures) and vinyāsas (connecting movements), defining the method that <mask> went on to teach. <mask> stated that he had never seen the text; its authenticity is impossible to validate as no copy has ever been seen by scholars. A major component of Ashtanga Yoga absent from <mask>'s early teachings was Surya Namaskar, the Sun Salutation. However, Surya Namaskar already existed, and <mask> was aware of it in the 1930s, as it was being taught, as exercise rather than as yoga, in the hall next to his Yogaśala in the Mysore palace. Career

The Maharaja of Mysore sometimes attended classes when <mask> was assisting, and offered <mask> a teaching position at the Sanskrit College in Mysore with a salary, scholarship to the college and room and board. <mask> held a yoga teaching position at the Sanskrit College from 1937 to 1973, becoming vidwan (professor) in 1956, as well as being Honorary Professor of Yoga at the Government College of Indian Medicine from 1976 to 1978.In 1948, <mask> established the Ashtanga Yoga Research Institute at their home in Lakshmipuram. In 1964 he built an extension in the back of the house for a yoga hall. In 1964, a Belgian named André Van Lysebeth spent two months with <mask> learning the primary and intermediate series of the Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga system. Not long afterward, van Lysebeth wrote the book J'apprends le Yoga (1967, English title: Yoga Self-Taught) which mentioned <mask> and included his address. This brought Westerners to Mysore to study yoga. The first Americans came, after <mask>'s son Manju demonstrated yoga at Swami Gitananda's ashram in Pondicherry. To accommodate the increasing number of students, he opened a new school in Gokulam in 2002.<mask> continued to teach at the Ashtanga Yoga Research Institute in Mysore, now in the neighbourhood of Gokulam, with his only daughter Saraswathi Rangaswamy (b. 1941) and his grandson Sharath for the rest of his life. He published the book Yoga Mālā, in Kannada in 1958; an English translation appeared in 1999. His first trip to the West was in 1974, to South America, to deliver a lecture in Sanskrit at an international yoga conference. In 1975 he stayed for four months in Encinitas, California, marking the beginning of Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga in America. Norman Allen, one of his first western students, collaborated with <mask> on his trips to America. He had said on many occasions that there might be only twenty or thirty students practising Ashtanga Yoga in America then, but, 'gradually, gradually, in twenty years, it will be fully spreading'.He returned to the US several times over the next 20 years, to teach yoga at Encinitas and beyond. Parampara, the passing of knowledge from teacher to pupil (traditionally, from guru to shishya), is said to lie at the heart of Jois's Ashtanga Yoga. Teachers are certified through many years of daily practice and extended trips to Mysore, India, to become authorized "lineage holders". Haing studied under <mask> for many years, Jois expected the same from his students, creating among the most stringent requirements anywhere in yoga teacher training. Family life

On the full moon of June 1933, when <mask> was 18 years old, he married Savitramma, who affectionately came to be known as Amma by Pattabhi Jois's family and students alike. They had three children: Saraswathi, Mañju and Ramesh. In 1948, with the help of his students, <mask> purchased a home in the section of town called Lakshmipuram.According to Tim Miller, <mask> continued to practice asanas until his son Ramesh committed suicide when <mask> was in his early 60s. Re-evaluation

Criticisms

According to B.K.S. Iyengar, <mask> was assigned to teach asana at the Sanskrit Pathshala when <mask>'s yogaśala was opened in 1933, and was "never a regular student". <mask> claimed he was B. K. S. Iyengar's teacher, although Iyengar has denied this, and the two men's yoga systems are different; both were taught by <mask>. The obituary in The Economist questioned <mask>'s adherence to the yogic principle of ahimsa or non-violence, writing that "a good number of Mr <mask>'s students seemed constantly to be limping around with injured knees or backs because they had received his "adjustments", yanking them into Lotus, the splits or a backbend." Adjustments by Jois have been characterized as "overwhelming, producing fear and extreme discomfort in students as they are pushed beyond their physical and psychological comfort zones in often-difficult, even dangerous asana." Sexual abuse

The Economist obituary questioned <mask>'s adherence to the yogic principle of brahmacharya or sexual continence, and made the accusation that some students received different "adjustments"; further evidence and accusations soon emerged in 2009.In 2010, it became public knowledge that <mask> had systematically sexually abused some of his female and male yoga students, both in Mysore and during his travels, until his death in 2009. Some of this was straightforward sexual abuse, some under the guise of "adjustments" and sometimes under the guise of "welcoming" and "saying goodbye" to students. The number of victims is unknown, but women and men have described their experiences of abuse, with video and photographic evidence. Some well known Ashtanga Yoga teachers have come forward to corroborate the accusations. In 2019, R. Sharath <mask> published an acknowledgement of his sadness over his grandfather's conduct, apologising to the students concerned, and encouraging them to forgive his grandfather. "It brings me immense pain that I also witnessed him giving improper adjustments", Sharath wrote. Legacy

In the early 21st century, <mask>'s grandson, R. Sharath <mask>, led the Ashtanga Yoga community as director of the K. Pattabhi Jois Ashtanga Yoga Institute (KPJAYI) in Mysore.Jois's organization Sonima often provides organizational support to Sharath's world tours, and produces online programs that provide supplementary teaching tools for Ashtanga. <mask>'s daughter, Saraswathi, and granddaughter, Sharmila, run a yoga school in Mysore and travel the world on teaching tours. A student, David Life, co-founder of Jivamukti Yoga, has said of <mask>, "He was not a monk or a renunciate; he was fearless about combining the path of yogi with the path of participant. He never saw it as separate from our lives. He thought that anyone could attain to yoga if they had the desire and the enthusiasm." A 2006 film Guru was made about him by Robert Wilkins. Bibliography

 <mask>, <mask> (1999; revised ed.2012). Yoga Mala. New York: North Point Press. See also

 Bikram Choudhury

Notes

References

External links

1915 births
2009 deaths
Indian yoga gurus
People from Hassan district
Modern yoga pioneers
Modern yoga gurus

masks:
. Pattabhi Jois
Jois
Pattabhi Jois
Krishnamacharya
Jois
Sharath Jois
Krishna Pattabhi Jois
Jois
Pattabhi
Jois
Jois
. Krishnamacharya
Krishnamacharya
Jois
Krishnamacharya
Jois
Krishnamacharya
Krishna Rajendra
Krishnamacharya
Krishnamacharya
Jois
Krishnamacharya
Krishnamacharya
Jois
Krishnamacharya
Krishnamacharya
Jois
Krishnamacharya
Krishnamacharya
Jois
Jois
Krishnamacharya
Krishnamacharya
Jois
Jois
Jois
Jois
Jois
Jois
Jois
Jois
Jois
Krishnamacharya
Jois
Jois
Jois
Jois
Jois
Krishnamacharya
Jois
Krishnamacharya
Jois
Jois
Jois
Jois
Jois
Jois
Jois
Jois
Jois
Jois
Pattabhi


type: original

texts:
Sir <mask> (or Morison or Morysine) (ca. 1513 – 1556) was an English humanist scholar and diplomat. He was a protégé of Thomas Cromwell, propagandist for Henry VIII, and then ambassador to the German court of Charles V for Edward VI. Life
<mask> was the son of Thomas Morison of Hertfordshire by a daughter of Thomas Merry of Hatfield. He had a sister, Amy, who married Stephen Hales (d. 27 March 1574), esquire, of Newland, Warwickshire, brother of John Hales. <mask> attended Cardinal College, Oxford (now Christ Church) ca. 1526 and met Nicholas Udall, who became the master of Eton College and was known as the father of English comedy.He graduated B.A. at Oxford on 19 January 1527–8, and directly entered the service of Thomas Wolsey; but he soon left the cardinal, visited Hugh Latimer at Cambridge, and went to Italy to study Greek. He attended the University of Padua in 1532, making the acquaintance there of Michael Throckmorton. In Italy both these young humanists had links with a group of reformers later called 'spirituali', whom Morison met through contacts with Edmund Harvel and Bishop Cosimo Gheri. He became a proficient if impoverished scholar at Venice and Padua, and retained an interest in literature, along with his adopted Calvinistic religious views. Writing in February 1536 to Thomas Cromwell, he said that he wished to do something else than be wretched in Italy. Cromwell summoned him home, and gave him an official appointment.Morison and Throckmorton subsequently took up diametrically opposed religious positions: while Throckmorton would embark on a career as agent for Reginald Pole, Morison returned to England to become Henry VIII's propagandist, producing A Remedy for Sedition in response to the Pilgrimage of Grace. Cromwell used a whole coterie of "divers fresh and quick wits" that also included Nicholas Udall, John Bale, John Heywood (C. 1497–1580), Thomas Gibson, William Marshall, John Rastell, Thomas Starkey, <mask> and John Uvedale. On 17 July 1537 he became prebendary of Yatminster in Salisbury Cathedral, and derived benefit from the Dissolution of the Monasteries. He received the mastership of the hospitals of St. James's, Northallerton, Yorkshire, and St. Wulstan, Worcester, with other monastic grants. The King in 1541 is said to have given him the library of the Carmelites in London. In 1546 Morison went as ambassador to the Hanseatic League. On Henry VIII's death he was furnished with credentials to the king of Denmark, and ordered by the council to announce Edward VI's accession.On 8 May 1549 he was made a commissioner to visit the university of Oxford, and before June 1550 was knighted. In 1550 Morison replaced Sir Philip Hoby as Ambassador to the Emperor. Setting off in July, he went with Roger Ascham as his secretary, the two reading Greek every day together. His despatches to the council were long, but Morison found time to travel in Germany with Ascham, who published in 1553 an account of their experiences in A Report of the Affaires of Germany. The emperor frequently remonstrated through Morison about the treatment of the Princess Mary; and he did not altogether like Morison, who was in the habit reading Bernard Ochino's Sermons or Machiavelli to his household 'for the sake of the language.' After Edward's death, Morison was revoked as ambassador. On 5 August 1553 he and Sir Philip Hoby received a recall for a political gaffe: they had alluded to Guilford Dudley as king in a letter to the council.The next year Morison withdrew to Strasburg with Sir John Cheke and Anthony Cooke, and spent his time in study under Peter Martyr, whose patron he had been at Oxford. He was at Brussels early in 1555, and is said also to have passed into Italy, but he died at Strasburg on 17 March 1556. Morison died a rich man, and had begun to build the mansion of Cashiobury in Watford, Hertfordshire. Works
Morison said:

 ‘Apomaxis Calumniarum,’ London, 1537, an attack on Cochlæus, who had written against Henry VIII, and who retorted in 'Scopa in Araneas Ricardi Morison Angli,' Leipzig, 1538. A translation of the 'Epistle' of Sturmius, London, 1538. 'An Invective ayenste the great detestable vice, Treason,' London, 1539. 'The Strategemes, Sleyghtes, and Policies of Warre, gathered together by S. Julius Frontinus,' London, 1539; translation of a work on tactics by Sextus Julius Frontinus.A translation of the 'Introduction to Wisdom' by Juan Luis Vives, London, 1540 and 1544, dedicated to Gregory Cromwell. He is also said to have written 'Comfortable Consolation for the Birth of Prince Edward, rather than Sorrow for the Death of Queen Jane,' after the death of Jane Seymour on 24 October 1537. 'Defending the Marriage of Preistes', by Philip Melanchthon. is sometimes incorrectly assigned to Morison. In manuscript are 'Maxims and Sayings,' Sloane MS. 1523; 'A Treatise of Faith and Justification,' Harl. MS. 423 (4); 'Account of Mary's Persecution under Edward VI,' Harl. MS. 353.Morison suggested to king Henry VIII that the popular Robin Hood plays should be suppressed in favour of anti-papist propaganda. His attitude is clear in a Cottonian manuscript entitled A Discourse Touching the Reformation of the Lawes of England (1535):

Marriage and issue
<mask> married Bridget Hussey, the daughter of John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford; after his death she remarried twice, in 1561 to Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland and then in 1566 to Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford. By her he had a son Sir Charles, and three daughters:

 Jane married to Edward, Lord Russell, son of Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, and secondly to Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton
 Elizabeth to William Norris and secondly to Henry Clinton, 2nd Earl of Lincoln
 Mary to Bartholomew Hales. <mask>'s son Charles (1549–1599) completed Cashiobury, which later passed to Charles's son, <mask> (1587–1628). The estate then passed into the Capel family by the marriage of the younger Charles's daughter Elizabeth with Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham. According to Anthony Wood, Morison left illegitimate children. By his mistress Lucy Peckham (d. 31 July 1552), the daughter of Thomas Peckham, and wife of Sir George Harper (d. 12 December 1558), <mask> had a son and three daughters.According to the inquisition post mortem taken 18 October 1560, these children were Marcellus Harper (d. 1 February 1559); Frances, who married William Patrickson, gentleman; Mary, who married Bartholomew Hales, gentleman, brother of John Hales; and Anne, who died unmarried. Notes

References

Jonathan Woolfson, ‘Morison, Sir <mask> (c.1510–1556)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008

Attribution

Further reading

External links
 Morison, Sir <mask> (1514–56), History of Parliament
 Will of Sir <mask>, National Archives
 Hales, John (d.1572), History of Parliament
 Hales, Stephen (d.1574), History of Parliament
 Will of Stephen Hales, National Archives
 Harper, George (1503–58), History of Parliament
 Will of Sir George Harper, National Archives

His autograph in Greek. 1510s births
Year of birth uncertain
1556 deaths
English Renaissance humanists
People associated with the Dissolution of the Monasteries
16th-century English diplomats
Ambassadors of England to the Holy Roman Empire
Knights Bachelor

masks:
Richard Morrison
Richard Morrison
Morrison
Richard Taverner
Morrison
Richard
Charles Morrison
Morrison
Richard
Richard
Richard Morison


texts:
is a Japanese musician, songwriter and record producer. He is recognized as the most successful producer in Japanese music history and introduced dance music to the Japanese mainstream. He was also a former owner of the disco Velfarre located in Roppongi, Tokyo. In the Oricon singles chart of April 1996, he monopolized all the top 5 positions as the songwriter and producer, a world record. In 1995, he monopolized all top 3 positions of the copyright distribution rankings for the JASRAC Award, a record in Japan's music history. At his peak as a record producer the artists he predominantly produced for came to be known as TK Family and at one time included Namie Amuro, hitomi, TRF, Tomomi Kahara and Ami Suzuki amongst others. As of 2008, records produced by him had sold more than 170 million copies, primarily in Japan.Total sales of the singles he has written exceed 42 million copies, making him the fourth best-selling lyricist in Japan. Life and career

1979–1994: Early career and TM Network

His career started as a keyboardist for Speedway in 1979. In 1984, he created the TM Network with Takashi Utsunomiya and Naoto Kine. A year later, in 1985, his first solo work was the soundtrack Vampire Hunter D for the anime movie Vampire Hunter D, and his band, TM Network, did the closing credits song "Your Song". He subsequently composed other soundtracks such as Heaven and Earth and Seven Days War. As a solo singer, Komuro released singles "Running to Horizon" and "Gravity of Love" in 1989. "Running to Horizon" topped the Oricon charts."Gravity of Love" also topped the Oricon charts, beating out Seiko Matsuda's "Precious Heart". In 1989 and 1990, Komuro collaborated with Warren Cuccurullo. As a composer and producer, Komuro wrote a song "My Revolution" for Misato Watanabe. The song received the Golden Award at 28th Japan Record Awards in 1986. TM Network released single "The Point of Lovers' Night" on July 7, 1990. The single also topped the Oricon weekly charts, beating out Wink's single "Yoru ni Hagurete (Where Were You Last Night)". TM Network changed its name to TMN in 1990.In 1991, he collaborated with X Japan drummer and pianist Yoshiki as V2. TMN disbanded in 1994. 1994–1997: Success as a record producer
By the early 1990s, Komuro was spending much of his time writing songs for and producing many other musicians and bands. He was also an early pioneer of dance music in Japan, and came to stardom in the 1990s as producer with a long string of hits with artists such as TRF (TK Rave Factory), Tomomi Kahala, Namie Amuro, Ami Suzuki, hitomi, Ryoko Shinohara and H Jungle with t. In 1994, he composed the musical score to the Japanese anime film Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie, based on the Capcom video game. Ryōko Shinohara recorded the theme song of the anime film, "Itoshisa to Setsunasa to Kokoro Zuyosa to", with <mask> Komuro. The single of the theme song was released on July 21, 1994, and sold over two million copies on Oricon charts. This score was removed from the US release of the film.He was mainly helped in this task by the mix engineers Pete Hammond and Dave Ford. Both were working for PWL, which was the home of the British producing team Stock Aitken Waterman. Not only that, "TK" is also credited for the rise to fame of Daisuke Asakura, a popular Japanese composer, keyboardist and music producer who began his major musical career as a backup keyboardist for TM Network. Asakura is reported to view Komuro as his "Sensei" or "Teacher". In 1997, he started his overseas career with the remix of the theme music for the soundtrack to the 1997 American film Speed 2: Cruise Control, which Japanese MMA fighter Kazushi Sakuraba and English pro wrestler Johnny Smith later adopted as their entrance music. 1998–2007: Following career

Komuro also released albums as a solo singer or musician and was involved in the bands Globe, Kiss Destination and Gaball. On December 31, 1998, his band Globe's song "Wanna Be A Dreammaker" received the grand prix award at the 40th edition of Japan Record Award.In 1999, <mask>, Utsunomiya and Kine reunited under their old name of TM Network, and remain active to this day. Komuro worked in collaboration with French keyboardist Jean Michel Jarre from 1998 to 2001. The duet wrote the theme song for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, "Together Now", as well as several other tracks and remixes. He and Jarre also performed a concert on beaches in Okinawa on January 1, 2001. 2008: Fraud
On November 4, 2008, Komuro was arrested and charged with fraud, for taking ¥500,000,000 in exchange for a promise to sell to a Hyōgo-based investor the copyright to his songs, which he had already sold to somebody else (which was Avex Group Holdings according to reports). Reportedly, he planned to use the money to pay a portion of his ex-wife's alimony. He admitted the fraud at his trial in January 2009.In March 2009, Masato Matsuura, president of the Avex Group Holdings, recovered the losses for the plaintiff, paid him extra ¥100 million in compensation and a further ¥48 million in delay damages. Matsuura also stated that Komuro will work at Avex in a company position directly under his control. On May 11, 2009, Komuro received a suspended three-year prison sentence. According to the sentencing judge, Komuro's acceptance of responsibility and the fact that restitution had been made greatly influenced the final sentence, and further went on to state that no good to society would come from Komuro's imprisonment. 2009–2020: Comeback
At the Avex Group Holdings' concert tour a-nation 2009, Komuro made a surprise appearance on August 22, 2009. He played a medley of his hit songs at the piano and later reunited on stage with his fellow members of the J-pop group globe, Marc Panther and his wife Keiko. Komuro composed AAA's double A-side single "Aitai Riyū/Dream After Dream (Yume Kara Sameta Yume)".The single was released on May 5, 2010. He composed almost all the songs on Love Songs, the 2010 album of Japanese pop-star Ayumi Hamasaki. He also composed the 2013 single "Feel The Love" by Ayumi Hamasaki. In January 2018, <mask> announced his retirement from the music industry, following revelations of an affair he had with a nurse who had been taking care of his wife Keiko after her brain surgery. In July 2020, <mask> once again returned to the industry producing singles for Ayumi Hamasaki & Nogizaka46. It was speculated that Komuro's return was financially motivated; since the fraud controversy, Komuro has had financial difficulties. During much of 2019 and 2020, it was reported that negotiations between him and Keiko for a divorce settlement were underway, although nothing official was ever reported.in February 2021, it was reported that Keiko's divorce had been finalized. Discography
Studio albums
 Digitalian is Eating Breakfast (December 9, 1989)
 Psychic Entertainment Sound (with Mr. Maric, September 21, 1990)
 Hit Factory (October 21, 1992)
 Piano Voice: TK Piano Works (March 19, 2003)
 Far Eastern Wind – Winter (February 13, 2008)
 Far Eastern Wind – Spring (March 5, 2008)
 Far Eastern Wind – Summer (July 23, 2008)
 Far Eastern Wind – Autumn (September 10, 2008)
 Digitalian is Eating Breakfast 2 (May 4, 2011)
 Digitalian is Eating Breakfast 3 (March 6, 2013)
 EDM Tokyo (April 2, 2014)
 Jobs #1 (March 15, 2017)

Live albums
 Tetsuya Komuro Jungle Massive (July 19, 1995)
 TK-Trap (May 22, 1996)
 Synthesized Trance Vol. 1 (November 20, 2002)
 Synthesized Trance Vol. (DJ TK Mix)" (April 1, 2007)
 "Now 1" (January 30, 2013)
 "Nijūniseiki e no Kakehashi" (with Kenichi Maeyamada, December 4, 2013)
 "Freedom (Remode)/Love Again (Remode)" (July 8, 2015)
 "#Run" (feat. Sayaka Kanda & Tofubeats, December 23, 2015)
 "Have Dreams!" (with Tsunku feat. May J., April 13, 2016)
 "A New Lease on Life" (May 9, 2016)
 "Blue Ocean" (June 15, 2016)
 "Get Wild 2017 TK Remix" (March 8, 2017)
 "Guardian" (feat.Beverly, June 6, 2018)
 "Running to Horizon (206 Mix)" (April 28, 2021)

References

External links

 Tetsuya Komuro Infosite
 Tetsuya Komuro anime at Media Arts Database
 <mask> Komuro at Oricon

1958 births
Anime composers
Avex Group artists
Globe (band) members
Japanese composers
Japanese fraudsters
Japanese guitarists
Japanese film score composers
Japanese keyboardists
Japanese male composers
Japanese male film score composers
Japanese male singer-songwriters
Japanese singer-songwriters
Japanese record producers
Japanese techno musicians
Living people
People from Fuchū, Tokyo
Sony Music Entertainment Japan artists

masks: Tetsuya Komuro Komuro Komuro Tetsuya


texts:
<mask> (born June 11, 1980) is a German heavyweight kickboxer of African American descent, currently competing in K-1. He is former European muay thai champion and two time K-1 Croatia tournament champion. He is trained by Michael Damboer and fights out of Thai-Bombs Mannheim. Biography and career

<mask> wurde am 11. 06. 1980 in Mannheim/Deutschland als Sohn einer deutschen Mutter und eines Afro-Amerikanischen Vaters geboren. Bereits im jugendlichen Alter von 11 Jahren entdeckte er die Faszination des Kampfsports für sich.Die ersten vier Jahre trainierte er vor allem Karate, erweiterte aber das Training um weitere Kampfkunst-Arten wie Judo, JKD, Kali, Wing Tsung, Aikido und Kickboxen. Im Alter von nur 17 Jahren entdeckte er zusätzlich die Kampfsportart “Muay Thai” für sich, in der er in den kommenden Jahren zahlreiche Siege feiern durfte. Während der Amateurlaufbahn wurde er im Jahr 2002 unter anderem auch Muay Thai Europameister. Als sportbegeisterter Kämpfer komplettierte er seine Techniken noch mit klassischem Boxen (Schwergewicht) und holte sich auch hierfür zwei Meistertitel ab. <mask> kämpfte von 1999 – 2003 in der deutschen Nationalmannschaft. Mit den Kenntnissen und sportlichen Fähigkeiten und Erfolgen wandte sich <mask> auch den K1 – Kämpfen zu. Hier erlangte er zahlreiche weitere Meistertitel, unter anderem ist er aktuell der amtierende Weltmeister im K-1 – 86 Kg.Außerdem wurde er zwei mal Europmeister im Kickboxen. Das hohe Engagement im Kampfsport und die unglaublichen Erfolge führten dazu, das <mask> sein Wissen um die Techniken und sein Können so perfektionierte, dass er die von ihm praktizierten Kampfkünste weitergeben kann. Deshalb gründete er im Jahr 2010 das “Team Phillips Fight and Fitness” und bildet seither junge Nachwuchstalente aus. Seine ruhige und ausgeglichene Art und die besonders in der Kampfkunst notwendige, weise Überlegenheit zeichnen ihn im Umgang mit seinen Schülern in besonderem Maße aus. <mask> ist verheiratet und Vater von zwei Töchtern. <mask> was born in 1980 in Mannheim, of African American heritage. He started his martial arts training at the age of 13.He studied karate and kickboxing for 4 years before moving on to Muay Thai in 1997 with the Thai-Bombs Mannheim e.V. He also competed in amateur boxing. He is married and father of two girls. Titles
Professional
 2014 IKBO World K-1 champion (86 kg)
 2011 Fight Night Mannheim Champion
 2010 IKBF European Kickboxing champion (91 Kg)
 2010 K-1 Collizion Croatia Vize Champion
2009 K-1 ColliZion Croatia champion
 2009 K-1 Collizion World Grand Prix (Final Elimination)
 2007 K-1 Network World Grand Prix
 2007 K-1 Fighting Network Croatia champion
 2006 Fight Night Mannheim champion
 2005 K-1 Final Battle champion
 2005 The Fight Club Riccione tournament champion
 2004 WMC / S1 Heavyweight Tournament Champion
 2003 IKBF European Kickboxing champion (86 kg)

Amateur
 2003 IMTF Teilnahme an der Amateur Muay Thai World championship in Bangkok
 2002 IMTF European Amateur Muaythai champion – (Europameister Muay Thai)
 2001 IMTF Teilnahme an der Amateur Muay Thai World championship in Bangkok
 2000 IMTF German Amateur Muay Thai Champion – (deutscher Meister Muay Thai)
 2000 IMTF Swiss Amateur Muay Thai Champion – (Schweizer Meister Muay Thai)
 2000 IMTF 3. Place European Amateur Muay Thai Champion
 2000 Baden-Württembergischer Amateur Muay Thai Champion
 1999 IMTF Teilnahme an der Amateur Muay Thai World championship in Bangkok
 1999 IMTF German Amateur Muay Thai Champion – (deutscher Meister Muay Thai)
 1999 Bayerischer Amateur Champion
 1998 IMTF German Amateur Muay Thai Vize Champion
 1998 Baden-Württembergischer Amateur Muay Thai Champion

Kickboxing record

|-
|-  bgcolor="FFBBBB"
| 2016-05-07 || Loss ||align=left| Bogdan Stoica || Showdown Fight Night || Mannheim, Germany || KO || 2 ||
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2015-09-12 || Win ||align=left| Errol Konning  || It's Fight Time 2 || Darmstadt, Germany || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2014-04-26 || Win ||align=left| Almedin Hasanagic  || Rhein Neckar Fight Night || Ludwigshafen, Germany || KO || 2 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2007-09-01 || Win ||align=left| Florian Ogunade || Fight Night Mannheim "The Battle Continues" || Mannheim, Germany || Ext. R Decision (Split) || 4 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2007-06-23 || Loss ||align=left| Zabit Samedov || K-1 World Grand Prix 2007 in Amsterdam || Amsterdam, Netherlands || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2007-03-10 || Win ||align=left| Ante Varnica || K-1 Fighting Network Croatia 2007 || Split, Croatia || KO (Right hooks) || 2 || 1:01
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2007-03-10 || Win ||align=left| Damir Tovarovic || K-1 Fighting Network Croatia 2007 || Split, Croatia || TKO (Knee to the body) || 1 || 1:33
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2007-03-10 || Win ||align=left| Dragan Jovanović || K-1 Fighting Network Croatia 2007 || Split, Croatia || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2007-01-27 || Win ||align=left| Roman Kupcak || Fight Night || Mannheim, Germany || KO (High kick) || 2 || N/A
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2006-09-16 || Win ||align=left| Mohamed Oudriss || Fight Night Mannheim 2006 || Mannheim, Germany || TKO (Corner stoppage) || 2 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2005-12-10 || Win ||align=left| Waldemar Dohmke || K-1 Final Battle 2005 || Lübeck, Germany || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2005-10-29 || Win ||align=left| Rodney Faverus || K-1 New Talents 2005 in Germany || Koblenz, Germany || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2005-06-25 || Win ||align=left| Attila Karacs || The Fight Club Riccione 4-men tournament || Riccione, Italy || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2002-10-28 || Win ||align=left| Unknown Fighter || IMTF European championships || Portugal || Decision || 4 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2001-10-27 || Win ||align=left| Mdiba || Kickbox Gala in Ratheim || Ratheim, Germany || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:

See also
 List of K-1 Events
 List of K-1 champions
 List of male kickboxers

External links
 Fight & Fitness

References

1980 births
Living people
German Muay Thai practitioners
Sportspeople from Mannheim
German people of African-American descent
German male kickboxers
SUPERKOMBAT kickboxers

masks:
James Phillips
James Phillips
James
James
James
James
James Phillips


texts:
<mask> (October 9, 1894 – June 8, 1984) was an American politician, jurist and, with Warren Atherton, one of the "Fathers of the G.I. Bill." He is the only Arizonan to serve in the highest office in all three branches of Arizona government, two at the state level, one at the federal level. He was a Democratic Senator from Arizona from 1941 to 1953 (Majority Leader from 1951 to 1953) before he was the tenth governor of Arizona from 1955 to 1959. Finally, <mask> sat as Chief Justice on the Arizona Supreme Court in 1968. Early life
<mask> was born to William Thomas and Keziah (Smith) <mask> on October 9, 1894, in a log cabin on his family's farm in Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma, near Earlsboro. When he was eight, his family moved to Okemah for a year before it returned to Earlsboro.That had the effect of delaying <mask>'s education for a year as Okemah then had no schools. As a result, he graduated from Earlsburg High School in 1914. After high school. <mask> enrolled at East Central State Normal School in Ada, Oklahoma. He completed the required work for a temporary teaching certificate after one quarter. In late 1914 and early 1915, <mask> taught in a one-room school in Schoolton, Oklahoma, to raise funds for his education. He then returned to East Central and taught mathematics at Ada High School to pay for his education.Meanwhile, he was active in his school's debating societies and began a friendship with Robert S. Kerr, who was a member of the same debate club. In mid-1915, <mask> completed his studies at East Central and left the school with a lifetime teaching certificate. After East Central, <mask> enrolled at the University of Oklahoma. Working various part-time jobs, he initially studied mathematics with the intention of having a career in education. After a year he changed majors to pre-law. Studying at an accelerated rate, <mask> graduated with a bachelor's degree on June 5, 1917. Following his graduation, <mask> joined the US Navy soon after the US entered World War I, <mask> enlisted in the U.S. Navy.He entered the military on December 11, 1917, as a seaman second class and was assigned to the Great Lakes Naval Training Station. The climate on the shore of Lake Michigan did not agree with him, and he was admitted to a naval hospital on March 3, 1918, as suffering from pneumonia. <mask> spent the next several months in the hospital dealing with a variety of problems, including pericarditis, emphysema, and pleurisy. It was not until early 1919 that <mask> had recovered enough for a navy medical board to recommend he receive an honorable discharge, which became effective on January 31, 1919. Early career
After leaving the Navy, <mask> returned to Oklahoma for a short time before he decoded to move to Arizona. He arrived in Phoenix on May 10, 1919, and after several days found employment at a local bank. Seeing little opportunity for advancement at the bank, he applied to the Stanford University Law School.Before leaving to begin classes, he filed for a  homestead near Casa Grande. <mask> would later refer to the land as his "jackrabbit farm." <mask> attended law school for four quarters before he took a break. His parents and younger brother had moved to Arizona. At the time, Stanford recommended all law students to spend a quarter interning at a legal office. Feeling homesick after a year in California, <mask> worked at the Phoenix office of Phillips, Cox, and Phillips. Hewas legal clerk for future Arizona Governor John Calhoun Phillips.<mask> was also introduced to a variety of figures within the Arizona political establishment. At the completion of his internship, he returned to Stanford. <mask> completed work on his Juris Doctor in the summer quarter in 1922. In addition to his law degree, he had completed the class work for a Masters of Arts degree in political science. <mask> was admitted to the Arizona Bar later that year. Upon graduation from law school, <mask> moved to Casa Grande to "prove up" his homestead claim and open his first legal practice. The Arizona economy was doing poorly, and he found little legal work.He dealt with the lack of work by becoming involved in politics. <mask> worked for George W. P. Hunt's campaign during the 1922 governor's race. After Hunt won the election, <mask> received an appointment as assistant attorney general. In mid-1924, he returned to Stanford to complete work on his master's degree. Later that year he was elected county attorney for Pinal County. As state law required the county attorney to reside in the county seat, <mask> moved to Florence. He served three 2-year terms in that position.<mask> married Clair Collins on January 1, 1926. The couple had initially met at a Christmas party at Stanford in 1919. They had corresponded after their initial meeting, and by the time <mask> was elected, Collins was working at a teacher at Florence's high school. The couple had a son, <mask>, in 1927 and a daughter, Jean Clair, in February 1929. William became ill and died several days before his sister's birth, and Jean died two days after her birth. <mask>'s wife suffered from depression following the loss of their two children. She showed signs of improvement in 1930 as the couple expected a third child.The third child, Juliette, was stillborn, and <mask> developed postpartum complications, which led to her death on December 12, 1930. By February 1930, <mask> represented the state during Eva Dugan's final appeal before her execution, a task that he found very unpleasant. Shortly afterwards, he decided that he was tired of being a prosecutor. Instead, <mask> ran for a seat on the Superior Court in Pinal County but lost the race to the incumbent, Judge E. L. Green, 1464 to 1358. Upon leaving office as county attorney, <mask> joined with his chief assistant, Tom Fulbright, to found the law office of McFarland and Fulbright. The practice gained public recognition when <mask> won an appeal that determined Winnie Ruth Judd to be insane, but its primary area of effort was water law. Despite the success of his legal practice, <mask> still wished to become a judge.He ran a second time in 1934, defeated E. L. Green 2543 to 1542 in the primary, and was unopposed in general election. In 1935, <mask> was sworn in, and he sat on the bench for the next six years. As his workload in Pinal County was light, he accepted cases from other parts of the state, which allowed him to sit on the bench in every county in the state and to gain experience in issues in all parts of the state. As a judge, his rulings were well respected, and he was overturned on appeal only three times. While on the bench, <mask> became romantically involved with a widow, Edna Eveland Smith, who had a young daughter, Jewell. She taught history and mathematics at Florence High School until the couple married in Tucson on June 1, 1939. <mask> also adopted his wife's daughter.US Senator
<mask> considered a run for a seat in the US House of Representatives following the resignation of Isabella Greenway and was repeatedly encouraged to run for Arizona Attorney General. Realizing that he lacked the resources for a statewide campaign, he did not run for those offices. During the Senate election of 1940, <mask> counted on voters in Phoenix and Tucson to oppose any candidate from the other city. He toured the state and reacquainted himself to various political leaders he had met during his time on the bench, but he waited to announce his intentions to run. <mask>'s late entry did not hurt him as he won the primary by nearly two-to-one and defeated the incumbent, Henry F. Ashurst. He went on to win the general election and took office in January 1941. His initial committee assignments were to Indian Affairs, Interstate Commerce, Irrigation and Reclamation, Judiciary, and Pensions.Shortly after arriving in the Senate, Senator Gerald Nye convinced the Senate to create a committee looking into use of propaganda by the radio and motion picture industries. Senator Burton K. Wheeler recommended <mask> be placed on Nye's committee under the assumption the freshman senator "would keep his mouth shut." Instead of remaining silent, <mask> became an outspoken critic of the committee and pointed out many accusations against films were being made by individuals who had not seen any of the films in question. <mask> gained national attention for his actions on the committee, with most of the nation viewing him favorably. As a member of the Communications subcommittee, <mask> was involved in hearings dealing with the impact of developments in airmail, radio, telephones, and teletypes to the nation's telegraph services. The US telegraph market was dominated by Postal Telegraph and Western Union. Postal had been borrowing money from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to maintain its infrastructure even though it was becoming obvious that Postal would be unable to pay back the loans.Those dealings with the FCC led <mask> to develop an interest in communications. <mask>'s experience in World War I led him to take an interest in the welfare of the troops during World War II. Arguing that many members of the military had left jobs, families, and schools to fight during the war, <mask> sponsored the GI Bill as a means to assisting soldiers and sailors as they transitioned back into civilian life. <mask> was re-elected to the Senate in 1946 and received an honorary L.L.D. from the University of Arizona in 1950. In 1950, the Democratic membership of the Senate formed a 12-person team to ensure that at least one member of their party was on the floor of the Senate whenever the Senate was in session. That was done to ensure that the Democratic membership could be called to the floor if ever a vote was to be taken.<mask> was selected leader of the team and found it easier to remain on the floor himself than to find others to take the duty. During the 1950 election, the two leading candidates for Democratic majority leader lost their re-election bids. With other members of his party appreciative of his efforts, <mask> was encouraged to run for a leadership position in January 1951. <mask> was selected to be Senate Majority Leader for the 82nd  Congress. As majority leader, <mask> hosted a monthly lunch meeting to which he invited all committee chairmen and all freshmen senators. He used the informal setting as a forum to conduct a variety of Senate business. For two years, <mask> had sat next to Harry Truman while they were both in the Senate.Both men then friends during this time, a situation that made it easy for the Senate Majority Leader to work with Truman after he became president. <mask> believed it was part of his duty as majority leader to inform the president of an accurate view of what his fellow senators felt: "I never hesitated to present views contrary to those of the President in our conferences. As I've said before, I think that too frequently, the President is only told things people think he wants to hear. I would like to emphasize that it is not pleasant to present a view contrary to that of the President in such conferences." He felt that his duties as majority leader were separate from those of representing the interests of his constituents. He spoke before appropriations committee to ask for funds to bring water from the Colorado River to Central Arizona. He became an expert on water law because of his efforts on Irrigation and Reclamation Committee.He lost to Republican Barry Goldwater in both the 1952 and 1958 Senate elections. Governor
<mask> was elected governor of Arizona in 1954 and re-elected in 1956. He worked with members of the Bureau of Reclamation to pick a location for the Glen Canyon Dam, and he emphasized education during his two terms in office. Television venture
Shortly after he returned from the Senate, he and several friends formed the Arizona Television Company to start a television station in Phoenix. <mask> had long been intrigued by the still-new medium. In 1955, shortly after he had become governor, he opened KTVK, Phoenix's third television station. He chose the call letters "because TV would be our middle name."KTVK was the ABC affiliate for much of Arizona until 1995 and then became one of the nation's most successful independent stations. It remained in the hands of <mask>'s family until 1999. Return to law
<mask> tried unsuccessfully to unseat Goldwater in 1958. After serving as governor, he returned to his law practice and was elected associate justice of the Arizona Supreme Court in 1964. He took part in Miranda v. Arizona and served as Chief Justice in 1968, thus completing a political "grand slam." Later life

In his mid-1970s, <mask> served as director of the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco and president of the Arizona Television Company. He died in Phoenix and is buried in that city's Greenwood/Memory Lawn Mortuary & Cemetery.Legacy
There is now a monument at the Arizona State Capitol honoring him as the "Father of the G.I. Bill." Also, the McFarland State Historic Park in Florence, Arizona, contains a preserved courthouse and other buildings from when Arizona was just a territory in 1878. McFarland purchased and donated them to the Arizona State Parks Board. References

External links

 McFarland State Historic Park
 McFarland Collection of historic documents
 Arizona State Capitol Monument
 Congress Biography
 Biography from the Senate

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1894 births
1984 deaths
People from Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma
American people of Scottish descent
Democratic Party United States senators from Arizona
Arizona Democrats
Governors of Arizona
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Chief Justices of the Arizona Supreme Court
20th-century American judges
People from Casa Grande, Arizona
Politicians from Phoenix, Arizona
Lawyers from Phoenix, Arizona
Stanford University alumni
University of Oklahoma alumni
East Central University alumni
Justices of the Arizona Supreme Court
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Military personnel from Oklahoma
United States Navy sailors
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers

masks:
Ernest William McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
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William Ernest
McFarland
Clare McFarland
McFarland
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McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
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McFarland


texts:
<mask> (1877–1958) was an American journalist and political theorist of the 1920s and 1930s whose Baltimore Sun column "The Great Game of Politics" was syndicated nationally. Background

<mask> was born in 1877 in Baltimore, Maryland. His uncle was <mask>, also a prominent journalist. Career

1900s-1910s

<mask> was based in Baltimore, where he started as a cub reporter for the Baltimore Sun in 1898 or 1900. His colleague was H.L. Mencken. In 1902, he wrote state and local politics.In 1910, he spent a year as Washington correspondent. In 1911, he became managing editor of both the Baltimore Sun and the Baltimore Evening Sun at the behest of the newspaper's new owner, Charles H. Grasty. 1920s
In 1922, he became London correspondent. In 1923, <mask> began a daily column on the front page of the Baltimore Sun called "The Great Game of Politics", syndicated to 140 papers nationwide (thanks in part of support from <mask>. Roosevelt. He was one of the big-name journalists who covered the Scopes "Monkey Trial" in 1925. <mask> championed President Herbert Hoover. The Maryland Democratic Party approached <mask> to run for office, but he declined in part because he despised methods of campaign financing and cherished his independence.<mask> wrote a column on Washington for The New Republic magazine during the administrations of Presidents Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover. 1930s

Although a nominal member of the Democratic Party, by the 1930s he was one of the leading conservative critics of the New Deal programs of the incoming administration of 32nd President <mask>. Roosevelt (1882-1945, served 1933-1945), which attempted to fight and counteract the deepening Great Depression since the Wall Street Crash of 1929, at the beginning of the previous Republican Party administration of 31st President  Herbert Hoover. Writing from the Washington Bureau of The Sun of Baltimore, <mask> espoused  his viewpoints with a daily column that beside informing just Baltimoreans and Marylanders but that reached millions of readers in syndicated additional newspapers across the country. Media historians group him with commentators/columnists  David Lawrence, Walter Lippmann, Mark Sullivan, and Arthur Krock as influential political commentators in the 1930s. But by 1934 <mask>, a lifelong Democrat, turned against the New Deal. He criticized FDR and liberals who tried to disrupt his cherished Jeffersonian principles - the balanced budget, limited spending by the federal government, and a limited government. As his criticism became more severe, he charged that the Democrats no longer stood for states' rights.<mask> pronounced the New Deal's AAA farm program  a failure and was astonished that the Roosevelt administration did not propose to abandon it, but intended, instead, "to proceed from one experiment that has failed to a more drastic experiment along the same line" in the direction of greater control over agricultural production. As for the centerpiece of New Deal efforts to promote economic recovery, NRA, <mask> found no enthusiasm for it any longer. People no longer looked to see if there was an NRA Blue Eagle in the windows of the stores where they shopped. But the principal objection to the NRA was the growing conviction that the Roosevelt administration had ceased to consider the NRA and AAA as "merely temporary devices for the duration of the emergency". <mask> rejoiced when the Supreme Court invalidated the National Recovery Act. Desiring Roosevelt's defeat in the 1936 election, <mask> was crushed by the election results. In 1938, <mask> aide Harry Hopkins saying, "We are going to spend, spend, spend, tax, tax, tax, elect, elect and elect", leading to the phrase he coined, "tax-and-spend Democrat".1940s

In 1947, <mask> retired as journalist. On February 27, 1949, <mask> wrote on "Labor Bill Facts" for his "Great Game of Politics" column. <mask> stated that the "multitudinous arguments and allegations" for and against repeal of the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act were too detailed for the "average citizen to grasp". However, <mask> had four major points that any reader could understand. First, he explained, "the real force behind the drive to repeal are the CIO bosses and their publicity agencies", although supported by the AFL, UMW, and Railroad Brotherhood. Second, the CIO's "anti-Taft-Harley propaganda" vastly outweighed the act's supporters in terms of "violence, volume and in cost ... Literally, millions of dollars have been spent", more by the CIO than any other group.Third, labor unions care only for themselves, not the general public, while President Truman last year "used not only the arguments of Mr. Lee Pressman assailing the Taft-Hartley bill but much of his actual language. Fourth, the Truman administration owes labor so much for his 1948 election that he will sacrifice all others for them. Over the years, <mask>'s column went from daily to twice-weekly to thrice-weekly and finally to Sunday weekly. 1950s

In the 1950s, <mask> championed President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Vice President Richard M. Nixon. In January 5, 1958, <mask> published the last installment of his column. At the time of his death three months later, he was vice president of A.S. Abell Company, publisher of the Baltimore Sun. Personal life and death

<mask> married Minnie Whitman, who died in 1910; they had one child, <mask><mask> Jr.In 1916, he married Elizabeth Thomas. <mask> started as a Wilsonian liberal but came out against FDR and his New Deal. Alice Roosevelt Longworth, daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt and widow of Speaker of the House Nicholas Longworth, was one of <mask>'s chief sources of both gossip and inside information in Washington. She and <mask> held regular social sessions in Washington. Rumor had it that they were lovers. <mask> served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known and Society for Science & the Public, from 1923-1927. <mask> died age 80 on April 14, 1958, at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland.At his death, obituaries were read into the Congressional Record from the Baltimore News-Post, Baltimore Evening Sun, Washington Evening Star, Washington Post, Roanoke Times, Pittsburgh Press, and Charleston News & Courier. Legacy

"The Great Game of Politics"

The start of Kent's daily column "The Great Game of Politics" was of such note that weekly news magazine Time covered it with its own article. Memorial lecture

The Johns Hopkins University sponsors a <mask><mask> Memorial Lecture in Journalism. Speakers have included: Russell Baker, Walter Cronkite, Sam Donaldson, David Halberstam, Ted Koppel, Jane Bryant Quinn, James Reston, and Marvin Kalb. Recognition

In 1923, Time magazine wrote, "<mask><mask>, of the Baltimore Sun, has a habit of writing articles for his paper that would be produced in toto in Time would space and the copyright law permit." After becoming chief of the Washington bureau of the New York Times in 1931, Arthur Krock said that <mask>, Richard V. Oulahan (Krock's predecessor at the Times) and J. C. O'Laughlin of the Chicago Tribune were the best and most influential members of the Washington press corps, "not only in their coverage of the general news, but in producing news of special depth and authority due to the fact that they had quick access to presidents, Cabinet members and the leaders of Congress." At the time of his death in 1958, the New York Times called him "a spear that knew no brother" (referring to his disregard for having "friends in the Senate").In 1997, the Baltimore Sun said of <mask>:Before "Crossfire" and "The McLaughlin Group," before Germond-Witcover, before Robert Novak and William Safire, before Sam and George and Cokie and even before David, before "Meet the Press" with Tim Russert, even before "Meet the Press" with Lawrence Spivak, there was -- <mask>. <mask> ... who more or less invented "inside-the-Beltway" journalism in the 1920s and honed it into its present-day shape and sharpness in the 1930s. In the 1990s, House Speaker Newt Gingrich argued that <mask> should serve as the model for Washington journalists because <mask> genuinely liked politicians and understood them as human beings. Works

<mask>'s book The Great Game of Politics (1924) was an influential statement that influenced V. O. Key Jr. and the "behavioral school of politics". <mask> explained the real rules of the game of politics as actually played by politicians. The Story of Maryland Politics (1911)
 The Great Game of Politics (1924)
 History of the Democratic Party (1925)
 Political Behavior (1928)

References

External links
 <mask><mask> Memorial Lecture: Phillip Potter, "The Press, the President, and Vietnam", 10 May 1968

Further reading
 Best, Gary Dean. The Critical Press and the New Deal: The Press Versus Presidential Power, 1933-1938 (1993)
 Fitzgerald, Keith."History, institutions, and political culture: V.O. Key as an exemplar for a revived research program". Political Science Reviewer (December 31, 2000). Goll, Eugene W.  "<mask><mask>'s Opposition to <mask>. Roosevelt and the New Deal", Maryland Historical Magazine 1968 63(2): 158–171. Riley, Sam G. ed. Biographical Dictionary of American Newspaper Columnists (1995) pp 155–6
 <mask>, <mask>. The Great Game of Politics: An Effort to Present the Elementary Human Facts About Politics, Politicians, and Political Machines, Candidates and Their Ways (1923)

1877 births
1958 deaths
American male journalists
American political writers
American political scientists

masks:
Frank Richardson Kent
Frank Richardson Kent
Frank Richardson
Kent
Kent
Franklin D
Kent
Kent
Kent
Franklin D
Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
KentDR
Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
Frank R
. Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
Frank R
. Kent
Frank R
. Kent
Kent
Kent
Frank R
Kent
Frank Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
Frank R
. Kent
Frank R
. Kent
Franklin D
Kent
Frank R


texts:
<mask> (December 25, 1889 – February 18, 1982) was an American composer, conductor, clarinetist, pianist, business executive, and music director. Early career
<mask> (originally named Natan Schüldkraut) was born in New York City, United States, to parents who emigrated from Lemberg (now Lviv in Ukraine). His father played a number of instruments, and made certain that Nat and his three brothers were all accomplished musicians at an early age. Older brother <mask> was a fine pianist who also worked in the insurance industry. Younger brother <mask> had a career that paralleled <mask>'s career: he played clarinet and piano, recorded extensively, and conducted and played piano on the radio and in motion pictures. The youngest brother <mask> was a medical doctor, who worked his way through school playing trumpet, and continued to play trumpet frequently in <mask>'s orchestras, particularly for radio broadcasts, long after he was a practicing allergist. <mask>'s brother-in-law, <mask>, was a violinist in many organizations in his youth and was musical director for Paramount Pictures and later for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, at one time being <mask>'s boss.<mask> was a child prodigy, touring the country with the New York Boys' Orchestra from the ages of seven to thirteen as their clarinet soloist. From his late teens to mid-twenties he was a clarinetist in the best New York music organizations, including the New York Philharmonic Society (under Vasily Safonov and Gustav Mahler), the New York Symphony Orchestra, the Metropolitan Opera House Orchestra, the Russian Symphony Orchestra, Victor Herbert's Orchestra, Arnold Volpe's Orchestra, Sousa's Grand Concert Band, Arthur Pryor's Band, and Edwin Franko Goldman's Band. He was also a rehearsal pianist for Walter Damrosch, playing for stars who included dancer Isadora Duncan. In June 1914, he married Anne Finston (née Anna Finston aka Finkelstein; 1895–1958), sister of a fellow musician <mask> (né <mask> Finkelstein; 1890–1979). <mask> and Anna Finston had a son, <mask> (1915–1982). He joined the Foreign Department of the Victor Talking Machine Company (later RCA Victor) around 1915, and soon was made manager of the department. In 1926, <mask> became "director of light music" for Victor.He directed thousands of recordings, possibly more than anyone in recording history. His son Arthur estimated the sales of these records was of the order of 50 million copies. He formed, wrote arrangements for, and conducted the Victor Salon Orchestra. He was the conductor of choice for many of Victor's innovative recordings. He conducted Victor's first record made by the electrical process in 1925, the first commercial (albeit unsuccessful) Victor Long Playing record in 1931, and was the first conductor to successfully dub an electrically recorded orchestral accompaniment over the acoustically recorded vocals of Enrico Caruso, Victor's star recording artist, who died in 1921, before electrical recording was developed. The premiere recording of George Gershwin's symphonic poem An American in Paris, in 1929, was one of five conducted by <mask> that later earned Grammy Awards. <mask> also conducted Paul Whiteman's Orchestra in the first electrical recording of Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue in 1927 (after Whiteman refused to conduct following a disagreement with Gershwin).Radio and the recording studio
He was also one of radio's earliest stars, estimating that he made over 3000 broadcasts between 1925 and 1941, including being the conductor for The Eveready Hour, regarded as the first major commercial broadcast and the first major variety show. His sponsors included Camel, Carnation, Chesterfield, Esso, Eveready, General Electric, General Motors, Hires Root Beer, Knickerbocker, Lysol, Maxwell House, Mobil Oil, Palmolive, RCA Victor, Salada tea and Smith Brothers' Cough Drops. Between his conducting for records and for radio, virtually every musical star of the day performed under the baton of <mask>. His orchestra members included Jimmy Dorsey, Tommy Dorsey, Benny Goodman, Lionel Hampton, Glenn Miller, Artie Shaw, Mike Mosiello, Joe Lipman and Del Staigers. George Gershwin, Jascha Heifetz, Mischa Elman and Andrés Segovia all played under his direction. Opera stars Rose Bampton, Lucrezia Bori, Feodor Chaliapin, Jon Crain, Richard Crooks, Miguel Fleta, Emilio de Gogorza, Amelita Galli-Curci, Mary Garden, Beniamino Gigli, Helen Jepson, Maria Jeritza, Giovanni Martinelli, Nino Martini, John McCormack, James Melton, Grace Moore, Jan Peerce, Lily Pons, Rosa Ponselle, Elisabeth Rethberg, Gladys Rice, Tito Schipa, Gladys Swarthout, John Charles Thomas, and Lawrence Tibbett were all conducted by <mask> in their recordings of light-classical and popular songs. The lists of popular singers and foreign artists that played under his direction are just as impressive.Compositions

He composed and arranged thousands of pieces. His best-known popular composition was "The Lonesome Road", first sung by co-writer Gene Austin, and later by Jules Bledsoe (dubbing Stepin Fetchit) in the final scene of the 1929 part-talkie film version of Show Boat, and recorded by more than two hundred artists, including Louis Armstrong, Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra and Paul Robeson. He composed the theme song "Lady Divine" for the Academy Award-winning film The Divine Lady in 1929. He also composed the theme song "Some Sweet Day" for the film Children of the Ritz in the same year. His composition "Jeannine, I Dream of Lilac Time" sold almost two million copies of sheet music and was also recorded by over a hundred top artists, including Louis Armstrong, Skitch Henderson, Guy Lombardo, The London Philharmonic Orchestra, John McCormack, Mitch Miller, Hugo Montenegro, The Platters, and Lawrence Welk. His Concerto for Trombone was premiered in 1945 by Tommy Dorsey, playing with the New York Symphony Orchestra, under the direction of Leopold Stokowski. The piece was unavailable to the public from the mid-1950s until Scottish trombonist Bryan Free rescued it from obscurity at the beginning of the 21st century.It was re-premiered at Carnegie Hall by the New York Pops, under the direction of Skitch Henderson, with Jim Pugh as soloist. Since its revival, the Concerto for Trombone has been performed about eighty times (with more performances scheduled) in the United States, Canada and several European countries. Later career
<mask> left RCA Victor in mid-1935, but continued to record occasionally for the company. His last recording released on the Victor label was the American Banjo Album (P-218) recorded in October 1946. This album was reissued shortly after the Victor issue as one side of an LP under the Aztec label. <mask> moved to Los Angeles in late 1935 and there contributed music scores and musical direction for a string of Hollywood films for RKO (as musical director from 1935 to 1937), Walter Lantz Productions (one of the studio's musical directors during 1937) and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (as a musical director from 1942 to 1946). His films included Mary of Scotland (1936), Swing Time (1936), The Plough and the Stars, and Shall We Dance?(1937) and several films of Laurel and Hardy. He also received an Oscar nomination for his work scoring the film version of Maxwell Anderson's stage drama Winterset (1936). In 1939, he conducted a group of soloists (including tenor Jan Peerce) and the Victor Symphony Orchestra for RCA Victor's multi-disc tribute to Victor Herbert, which were recorded following a special NBC radio broadcast, and he recorded a number of other albums in 1939 and 1940. Due to a serious abdominal operation for cancer removal, he did not conduct for most of 1941. In 1944–45, <mask> led the collaborative project that created Genesis Suite, a work for narrator, chorus, and orchestra based on the events in the biblical Book of Genesis. This collaboration involved <mask>, plus six other composers who immigrated to the United States from Europe – most of whom were Jewish – contributing one movement each: Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Darius Milhaud, Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, Alexandre Tansman and Ernst Toch. Shilkret also tried to involve Béla Bartók in the collaborative project, but this was unsuccessful.He worked at RKO-Pathe, making short films from 1946 through the mid-1950s. During this same period he recorded at least 260 transcriptions for SESAC. He was the pit orchestra conductor for the Broadway show Paris '90 in 1952. In 1951, <mask> wrote the music for a brief documentary titled, The Flying Padre, that was directed by a young Stanley Kubrick. He lived in his son's home in Franklin Square, New York from the mid-1950s, until his death in 1982. He was a great-uncle of actress Julie Warner. References

External links

<mask>
Nathaniel Shilkret recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings., written and directed by James A. Fitzpatrick; fictional 11-minute 1925 film short about Franz Liszt; <mask> appears, conducting his orchestra. 1889 births
1982 deaths
American male composers
American composers
Big band bandleaders
Musicians from New York (state)
Jewish American composers
Jewish American songwriters
Victor Records artists
Songwriters from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
American male songwriters

masks:
Nathaniel Shilkret
Shilkret
Lew Shilkret
Jack Shilkret
Nathaniel
Harry Shilkret
Nathaniel
Nathaniel Shilkret
Nathaniel Finston
Nathaniel Shilkret
Shilkret
Nathaniel Finston
Nathaniel William
Nathaniel Shilkret
Arthur Shilkret
Shilkret
Shilkret
Shilkret
Nathaniel Shilkret
Nathaniel Shilkret
Shilkret
Shilkret
Shilkret
Shilkret
Shilkret
Nat Shilkret
Nathaniel Shilkret


texts:
<mask> is an American college soccer coach. <mask> is best known for his longstanding tenure as the head coach of the William & Mary Tribe men's soccer program in Williamsburg, Virginia and as a former President of United Soccer Coaches, the largest soccer coaches organization in the world. Early life
<mask> attended Baltimore City College High School (Class of 1965). He left Baltimore to study at The College of William & Mary (Class of 1969) where he played varsity lacrosse and soccer and majored in sociology. Coaching at William and Mary
Albert accepted an offer to be the full-time coach of the men's lacrosse and men's soccer programs at The College of William and Mary in 1971. As soccer became increasing popular both on campus and across the country – by 1977 - <mask> was exclusively coaching soccer at W&M. <mask> led the William and Mary "Tribe" men's soccer team as head coach for 33 seasons before retiring from coaching in January 2004.He amassed a record of 401–187–64 (.664) during his tenure and became just the eighth coach in NCAA Division I history to reach 400 wins, and just the third to have earned all those wins at one school. The Tribe ranked as one of the top programs in the nation throughout the 1990s, placing eighth in wins (149) and 13th in winning percentage (.708). The Tribe strung together 29 consecutive winning seasons and 26 straight campaigns of 10 wins or more under <mask>'s supervision. This level of winning consistency has only been matched by a handful of elite soccer programs across the country: UCLA, Clemson, St. Louis, Indiana, SMU, and UVA. Many of <mask>'s former players at William and Mary went on to have successful professional soccer careers; while many distinguished themselves in other ways outside the game. A great communicator, one of <mask>'s trademarks at W&M was the way he connected personally with his players on and off the field – even after graduation. In tribute to <mask>'s lasting impact on the landscape of sport at William and Mary, the university hosts all of its home soccer and lacrosse games at Albert-Daly Field, named after <mask> and long-time women's soccer head coach John Daly.Other Endeavors

Bibliography
<mask> authored the historical record William and Mary Men's Soccer (Images of Sports), published by Arcadia Publishing in 2010 as part of their Images of Sports series. The book is a 45-year retrospective of the program, and contains a foreword written by Tribe soccer's most famous alumnus, Jon Stewart of the Daily Show. Community Partnership
The Soccer Community Partnership in Williamsburg, VA was founded by <mask> in 2003 after his retirement from college coaching. The organization exists to provide local elementary school children the opportunity to play organized soccer regardless of socio-economic status. All of the programs are made possible by private donations and a legion of devoted volunteers. Hundreds of local children have participated in clinics, after-school activities, and the local recreational league through the Soccer Community Partnership. Maccabiah
<mask> assumed the role of head coach of the U.S. men's open soccer team at the 1981 and 1985 Maccabiah Games in Israel,  earning the silver medal in 1981.More recently, he assisted Amos Magee at the 2007 Pan-Am Maccabiah Games where the U.S. men's open team won the gold medal defeating the host Argentina 2–0 in the final game. NSCAA
The National Soccer Coaches Association of America ("NSCAA") is the largest single sport coaching organization in the world. In 2006, out of 22,000 members worldwide, <mask> was elected to serve as the NSCAA's 60th President. Today <mask> continues to be an active statesman within the organization, where he supports various coaching and developmental initiatives. <mask> was selected by the NSCAA as the 2011 recipient of the Association's Honor Award. The prestigious Honor Award is the final presentation given annually at the NSCAA Awards Banquet. Tidewater Soccer Camp
<mask> owned and operated Tidewater Soccer Camp for over 35 years.Tidewater Soccer Camp provided a soccer camping experience to thousands of young men and women from 1974 to 2009. Williamsburg Wizards
The Williamsburg Wizards were a dominant youth soccer team based in Williamsburg, Virginia. <mask> coached the Wizards for ten seasons. The team consisted of local boys born in 1979 and 1980. The team traveled across the country and Europe competing against the best teams in their age group. The Wizards won six Virginia State Cup championships at u-11, u-13, u-14, u-15, u-16, and u-19. Former players

William & Mary
Jon Stewart 1984 – Host of the Daily Show with Jon Stewart on Comedy Central
Mark Goldberg – Former owner/chairman of Crystal Palace Football Club (played 1982 and 1983 only)
Steve Christie – NFL veteran kicker (played spring only)
Curtis Pride – Major League Baseball outfielder and designated hitter (played spring only)
Greg Lalas – Soccer journalist (played 1990 only)
Scott Budnick 1993 – American professional soccer player
Paul Grafer 1996 – American professional soccer player and US Soccer Youth National Team Assistant Coach
Steve Jolley 1997 – American professional soccer player
Wade Barrett 1998 – American professional soccer player and former MLS coach
Adin Brown 2000 – American professional soccer player
Ralph Bean 2002 – Bermudian soccer player and coach
Carlos García 2003 – Colombian professional soccer player

Other
Jeff Agoos, 1985 World Maccabiah selection – American professional soccer player
Matt Behncke, Williamsburg Wizards – American professional soccer player
Daniel Cruz, Tidewater Soccer Camp – Colombian professional soccer player
Jarryd Goldberg, 2007 Pan-Am Maccabiah selection – American professional soccer player
Noah Palmer, Williamsburg Legacy – American professional soccer player
Gonzalo Segares, Williamsburg Legacy – Costa Rican professional soccer player

<mask> resides in Williamsburg, Virginia with his wife.They have two children. <mask> is currently the Associate Director of Athletic Development at The College of William and Mary. See also
 List of college men's soccer coaches with 400 wins

References

1949 births
Baltimore City College alumni
Jewish American sportspeople
Living people
Sportspeople from Williamsburg, Virginia
William & Mary Tribe men's soccer coaches
William & Mary Tribe men's soccer players
William & Mary Tribe men's lacrosse players
Association footballers not categorized by position
American soccer coaches
Soccer players from Maryland
Lacrosse players from Maryland
Sportspeople from Baltimore
Association football players not categorized by nationality

masks:
Al Albert
Albert
Albert
Albert
Albert
Albert
Albert
Al
Albert
Albert
Al Albert
Albert
Albert
Al Albert
Albert
Albert
Al Albert
Albert
Personal Albert
Albert


texts:
<mask>. (May 11, 1799 – March 4, 1836) was an American businessman, early philanthropist, and through his will, founder of the Lowell Institute. <mask> was the son of pioneer industrialist <mask> (1775–1817), one of the founders of the region's textile industry, and Hannah Jackson, sister of Patrick Tracy Jackson, another industrial pioneer. His grandfather and namesake, <mask> (1743–1802), referred to as The Old Judge, served in the Congress of the Confederation in 1782 and was appointed later to federal benches by presidents George Washington and <mask>. After receiving his early education in the Boston public schools, young <mask> was taken by his father to Europe and placed at the high school of Edinburgh. In 1813, at the age of 14, he returned to America and entered Harvard College. Plagued with ill health, he left college after two years and entered his family's mercantile firm, sailing before the mast to India, the East Indies, and England. Career
Returning from his voyages with invigorated health, <mask> devoted himself to business and, in his leisure time, to book collecting, reading, and politics, serving on the Boston Common Council and in the Massachusetts State Senate.The 1820s and 1830s were a turbulent period in New England, marked by intense political and religious conflict between an insurgent popular democracy, which challenged economic and religious establishments, and an emergent capitalist elite which, though almost invariably defeated at the polls, was learning to use its wealth to advance its political agenda through non-political means. Conflict between the Unitarian elite and the evangelical urban masses intensified in the 1820s, as followers of popular ministers like Lyman Beecher openly challenged elite-controlled institutions like Harvard and the Boston Athenaeum using a variety of voluntary associations—young men's and mechanics societies, lyceums, debating clubs, and temperance groups. The continuing erosion of the elite's cultural authority was deeply troubling to <mask> and his contemporaries. Within a few short months in 1830 and 1831, tragedy struck <mask>'s household, with the deaths of his wife and two children. Heartbroken, <mask> retired from business and attempted to assuage his grief with travel, first to the western states and subsequently in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Before departing for Europe in 1832, he wrote a will in which, according to his biographer, "he set aside a large portion of his ample property to be expended, forever, in the support of those courses of lectures in the city of Boston." Over the course of the next four years, <mask> traveled through France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Armenia, Persia, and Egypt, down the Nile to Khartoum, through Ethiopia, and ultimately to India.Although the bequest providing for "the maintenance and support of public lectures, to be delivered in Boston, upon philosophy, natural history, the arts and sciences, or any of them, as the trustee shall, from time to time, deem expedient for the promotion of the moral, and intellectual, and physical instruction or education of the citizens of Boston" had been set forth before his departure from Boston, "– in a codicil to his will written "amidst the ruins of Thebes" and, subsequently, in letters written from Egypt, he further amplified his ideas about the trust. Although he expressed a preference for lectures on religion and on topics that would contribute to the material prosperity of the region, he ceded to his trustee discretion to "establish lectures on any subject that, in his opinion, the wants and taste of the age may demand". <mask> became gravely ill during a camel trip across the Egyptian desert and died on March 4, 1836, shortly after arriving in Bombay, India. Lowell Institute

Although large-scale philanthropic gestures were a relative novelty in early nineteenth century America, the idea of an elite institution providing popular lectures by eminent scientists and scholars was not. Having spent much of his youth in England, <mask> was undoubtedly familiar with the Royal Institution – an entity that sponsored basic scientific research and popular lectures and demonstrations. <mask>, a supporter of the Lyceum movement, first showed interest in providing education for the public as a founding member of the Boston Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in 1830. After becoming ill while traveling through Egypt in 1835, <mask> Jr. revised his will to create a trust to fund free public lectures in Boston on the subjects of philosophy, natural history, and the arts and sciences.The trust—or Lowell Institute, as it came to be known—had an unusual mode of governance: a single trustee who was empowered to appoint his successor and who was, in the language of <mask>'s will, "always choose in preference to all others some male descendant of my grandfather, <mask>, provided there be one who is competent to hold the office of trustee, and of the name of <mask>." Despite this odd restriction (or perhaps because of it), the Institute proved to be an extraordinarily innovative philanthropic force. The first lecture supported by the trust, by Yale geologist Benjamin Silliman, was offered in December 1839. Under its first trustee, the founder's cousin, <mask> <mask> (1798–1881), the Institute flourished. <mask> was both a man of extraordinary financial acumen and a man of high intellect. The list of Lowell Lecturers during his tenure was a veritable pantheon of the most internationally celebrated figures in science, literature, political economy, philosophy, and theology, including Britain's most celebrated geologist, Sir Charles Lyell, Swiss naturalist Louis Agassiz, and novelists Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray. The lectures were so immensely popular that crowds crushed the windows of the Old Corner Bookstore where the tickets were distributed and certain series had to be repeated by popular demand.See also
 <mask> family
 First Families of Boston
 Lowell Institute
 Charles Gleyre

Notes

References

Further reading
Bode, Carl. (1956) The American Lyceum, New York: Oxford University Press. Dalzell, Robert F. (1987) Enterprising Elite: The Boston Associates and the World They Made, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Gelfand, Mark I. (1998) Trustee for a City: <mask> of Boston, Boston: Northeastern University Press. <mask>, <mask>, Jr. The <mask> Jr. papers, Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society.Knight Smith, Harriette. (1898) The History of the Lowell Institute, Boston: Lamson and Wolffe. Story, Ronald. (1981) The Forging of an Aristocracy: Harvard and Boston's Upper Class, Middletown: Wesleyan University Press. Weeks, Edward. (1966) The Lowells and Their Institute, Boston: Little Brown. 1799 births
1836 deaths
Harvard College alumni
Businesspeople from Boston
Philanthropists from Massachusetts
19th-century American philanthropists
19th-century American businesspeople

masks:
John Lowell Jr
Family Lowell
Francis Cabot Lowell
Judge John Lowell
John Adams
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
John Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
John Lowell
Lowell
John Lowell
Lowell
John Amory
Lowell
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Ralph Lowell
Lowell
John
John Lowell


texts:
Joseph-<mask>  was born on June 10, 1758 in Dompaire, in the Vosges region of France. He was a French-American architect who is noted for designing New York City Hall and St. Patrick's Old Cathedral in New York City. There is no information regarding his date or place of death. Early life

<mask> was born in 1758 in the Vosges region of France, the son of Jean-<mask>, the king's surgeon, and Marie Anne Milot, both from Dompaire. He left Dompaire around 1773 to study at a high school in Nancy, where he graduated in 1777. He then studied law at the University of Nancy, where he graduated in 1781. After spending a few years near Nancy as a lawyer, he decided to move to St Domingue (today Haiti) to make a fortune.He left France from Nantes on Oct, 25th 1784 and arrived in St Domingue on Dec, 7th 1784. Joseph François <mask> and his brother Charles had to flee Saint Domingue in 1793 as a consequence of the slave revolt which started in 1792. They arrived in New York City in December 1793. He became a surveyor for NYC, followed by becoming the architect of NYC Hall, St Patrick's original Cathedral, his business partner John McComb was the builder of city hall. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1796. Career
In New York, <mask> became a protégé of Alexander Hamilton, and, as a result of Hamilton's influence, <mask> was hired by the federal government to design fortifications for New York harbor. He also designed the city's first theatre in 1795, and the first prison for New York state, in the village of Greenwich on the Hudson River, which would, when subsumed by the growth of the city, become Greenwich Village.<mask> was appointed to be one of the handful of official recognized "city surveyors", he was a Military Engineer during the war of 1812  the United States. <mask> was at pains to point out to Hamilton his love for and allegiance to his adopted country: "I am an American, and the last drop of my blood will be shed in the service of my country." Prior to the New York City Commissioner’ Plan of 1811, the city's Common Council in 1797 commissioned city surveyors Casimir Goerck and Mangin to survey the streets of the city; Goerck and <mask> had each submitted individual proposals to the council, but then decided to team up. Goerck died of yellow fever during the course of the surveying, but <mask> completed it and delivered the draft of the Mangin-Goerck Plan to the Council in 1799 for correction of street names; the final engraved version would be presented to the Council in 1803. Unfortunately, Mangin had gone beyond the terms of the commission, and the map not only showed the existing streets of the city, but also, in <mask>'s words, "the City ... such as it is to be..."  In other words, the plan was a guide to where Mangin believed future streets should be laid out. The Council accepted the Mangin-Goerck Plan as "the new Map of the City" for four years, and even published it by subscription, until political machinations perhaps organized by Aaron Burr, the political enemy of <mask>'s mentor Alexander Hamilton, brought the plan into disrepute, and the Council ordered that copies which had already been sold be bought back, and that a label warning of "inaccuracies" be placed on any additional copies sold. Nevertheless, as the city grew, the Mangin-Goerck Plan became the de facto reference for where new streets would be built, and when the Commissioners' Plan was revealed in 1811, the area of the plan which the public had been warned was inaccurate and speculative, had been accepted wholesale by the commission, their plan being almost identical to Mangin's in that area.In 1802, <mask> and John McComb Jr- Builder. won a design contest to build New York's City Hall. The design, which was primarily <mask>'s – <mask> was renowned as the talented designer, while McComb came from a family of talented builders – won out over a field of 25 other entries, including one from Benjamin Henry Latrobe – a protogé of Alexander Hamilton's political enemy, Aaron Burr – who would go on to be known as the "Father of American Architecture", but would never design a building in New York City. Historian Gerard Koeppel speculates that it this snubbing of an architect from his circle for one from Hamilton's circle which was the cause of the downfall of the Mangin-Goerck Plan. <mask> would, for some time, be denied credit for his City Hall design: in 1803 the Common Council ordered some changes in the design. Perhaps because he disagreed with them, McComb supervised the work, and, as a result, the cornerstone for the building only listed McComb's name, and not <mask>'s. Then in the 1890s, a descendant of McComb erased <mask>'s name from the drawing they had submitted for the competition, so as to increase their value.In 1915, The New York Times, the city's "paper of record" accepted that McComb was the sole designer of the building, mentioning only that <mask> was "reputed" to have been associated with it. It wasn't until 2003 that <mask>'s true role as the principle designer of City Hall was uncovered by research, and an official ceremony was held to unveil a new cornerstone with his name on it. In Spring 1807, <mask> sold his property in New York City and purchased a tract of land -square in upstate New York, in Madrid in St. Lawrence County. He went to live there, intending it to be his lifelong residence, but returned to the city before the winter was out, getting back his old position as a city surveyor. He sought out military contracts, but did not get any. After his return to New York City, <mask> designed the First Presbyterian Church on Wall Street (1810), which was rebuilt twice before being taken apart and moved to Jersey City; and the city's original Greek Revival-style St. Patrick's Cathedral (1809-1815) at the corner of Mott and Prince Streets, which was altered after a fire in 1866 into a Gothic parish church, and was elevated to basilica status in 2010. <mask>'s work as a surveyor encompassed locations not only in New York City, but in New Jersey and in upstate New York.Legacy
Mangin Street, as laid out in the Commissioner's Plans, ran from Grand Street north to Houston Street to the East River at Rivington Street, which was extended as landfill areas were incorporated into Manhattan, and now extends just west of the FDR Drive. During urban renewal projects, most of the street disappeared, except for two short stretches under the Williamsburg Bridge and from Baruch Place to East Houston Street. <mask> Avenue in St. Albans, Queens may also have been named after Mangin. Controversy
For many years, incorrect information circulated about <mask>'s life. He was mistaken for another Joseph-François <mask> born in France around the same period, or was a slave, followed by becoming a student of one of the most prominent French architects, Ange-Jacques Gabriel. Mangin being an extremely common last name in the East of France, the "other" Joseph-François <mask> was mistakenly found by late Pr. Robert L. Alexander from university of Iowa during his research in France.The one he found was born in 1764 in Châlons. His parents were <mask> and Jeanne Marie Anne Morin, and got married in Paris on 27 August 1806 to Marie Eleonore Antoinette Diodet. References
Notes

Bibliography

Leroy, Thibaud (2020). Joseph François <mask>, l'homme qui imagina Manhattan. (), (ASIN B081K5C76X). Federalist architects
Greek Revival architects
American ecclesiastical architects
Architects of cathedrals
French emigrants to the United States
18th-century French architects
19th-century French architects
1758 births
1818 deaths
People from Vosges (department)

masks:
François Mangin
Joseph François Mangin
Baptiste François Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Mangin
Joseph Mangin
Mangin