texts:
<mask> (also spelled Kalish, born Beylke Kalakh; 17 May 1874 – 18 April 1939) was a Ukrainian-Jewish-American actress. Though she was well-established as an entertainer in Eastern Europe, she is best remembered as one of the several "larger-than-life" figures that dominated New York stages during the "Golden Age" of American Yiddish Theatre during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Historians estimate that, during her career, <mask> performed more than 125 different roles in seven different languages. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born Beylke Kalakh in Lemberg, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (today Lviv, Ukraine), the only child of Solomon Kalakh, a poor brush manufacturer and amateur violinist. Her mother was Babette Halber Kalakh, a seamstress who often made costumes for local theaters. Babette was an active opera fan and her devotion inspired a love for the stage in her daughter. They often attended performances together and when young Bertha came of age, her parents scraped together their meager funds to send her to private music and drama schools.At age thirteen, she joined the chorus of the local Polish theater and later attended the prestigious Lemberg Conservatory. While still barely a teen, <mask> sang in the chorus for La Traviata in the Lviv Polish Theatre Opera. A fellow actor, Max Gimpel then offered her a job at his pioneering Yiddish-language theater group, Yankev Ber Gimpel. During this period of her life, <mask> had been performing in Polish, Russian, and German, but when Gimpel's leading lady left for America, <mask> became his prima donna, winning the title role in  Avrom Goldfaden's operetta Shulamis. After a series of performances in Budapest, Goldfaden offered her a permanent position with his company, and <mask> left later that year for Romania. She was able to pick up Romanian in a matter of months, and was subsequently able to appear in major roles there with the state theater. According to historian Daniel Soyer, "she was such a success that anti-Semitic theatergoers, who had come with the intention of pelting her with onions, threw flowers instead."<mask> married Leopold Spachner in 1890 at the age of 16. They had two children, a son Arthur (who died young) and a daughter Lilian. Coming to America

Even at that age, <mask> already had a major career in at least three countries and four languages. Her success prompted jealousies, however and in 1894 there was rumored to be an assassination plot in the works by some of her rivals. Joseph Rumshinsky, whom she had met during her the Shulamis tour, introduced her to Joseph Edelstein of the People's Theatre who offered to sponsor her to New York. His newly founded Thalia Theater was looking for fresh talent, and there <mask> appeared in Di Vilde Kenigin (The wild queen) and a Yiddish production of La Belle Hélène (Beautiful Helen). She took reprised former roles of Shulamis, Juliette, and Desdemona in a number of Yiddish-language productions.In her new home, <mask> set out to emphasize her dramatic skills over her musical talents, working hard as a proponent of the Yiddish theater movement, hoping to help the theatres gain credibility in addition to notoriety. Anti-semitism in America had initially led audiences to believe that Jewish immigrants were incapable of producing anything more than low-brow, minstrel entertainment, but Thalia had made a name for itself with its revolutionary Yiddish-language translations of Shakespeare. <mask> played a number of roles in these landmark works, even beating out the other male stars for a chance to play the coveted role of Hamlet. According to Yiddish theatre scholar Joel Berkowitz, Shakespeare's plays served "as both sources and symbols" in helping Jewish immigrants "cross the bridge from Yiddish to American culture." It didn't hurt that fans compared Kalich to another famous female Hamlet of the era, Sarah Bernhardt, and in fact many newspapers would go on to call her the "Jewish Berhardt" in the years to come. In addition to her work with Shakespeare, <mask>'s performance in Leon Kobrin's The East Side Ghetto won enormous critical praise and increased <mask>'s fanbase outside of the Jewish community. This production in combination with her performances in playwright Jacob Gordin's didactic plays brought unprecedented attention to the Yiddish stage.In 1900, she starred as Freydenyu in the premiere of Gordin's God, Man and the Devil, and that prompted Gordin to write the role of Etty in The Kreutzer Sonata and the title role in his Sappho and Phaon especially for Kalich. These productions made it out of the Yiddish playhouses, going all the way to Broadway, and establishing <mask> as a household name. Along with her male counterpart, Boris Thomashefksy (1868–1939), <mask> became a darling of the press, admired by her fans and critics alike. According to theatre historian Henry Bial, minorities in American had not yet seen such accolades:

[They] were celebrated in the Yiddish press and idolized by Jewish audiences. They were the royalty of American Jewry, embodying the immigrant success story and enjoying a celebrity attained by few Jewish artists before or since. Thanks to the exalted status of its stars, the Yiddish theatre itself has come to play a central role in the narrative of Jewish inmmigration to the United States. Her roles tended to be "women of the world", such as the title characters she played in Pierre Berton and Charles Simon's play Zaza, Victorien Sardou's Fédora (1905), Sappho and Phaon, and Magda in Hermann Sudermann's Heimat.Under the tutelage of Harrison Grey Fiske, she gained in reputation, eventually going on to star in plays such as Maeterlinck's Monna Vanna. She picked up English easily, however, her accent was slow to fade. She worked with Minnie Maddern Fiske for months to correct her speech, but was never completely successful. <mask> acted in a number of plays for Fiske, both original works and adaptations of roles that she had created in Yiddish. On the decline
By 1910, though, "she was having trouble finding suitable roles in the light American theater for her more emotional and tragic style." Although she would go on to work with heavy hitters such as producers Lee Shubert and Arthur Hopkins, her Broadway career had already begun to fade. She left New York for Hollywood in 1914, where she appeared in a few notable films, including a reprise of her hit Broadway role in Marta of the Lowlands.Success was short-lived, however, and by 1915, <mask> was frequently returning to Yiddish roles to supplement her income. Her mainstream success in the American theatrical world enhanced her prestige there, and she began to receive top billing at the Second Avenue Theatre alongside stars like David Kessler. Later years

By the late 1920s, <mask>'s eyesight was failing, and she gradually became blind. Though she officially retired in 1931, she continued to appear onstage occasionally, especially at evenings mounted in her honor that served to elevate her legacy in the Yiddish theatre community. Late in her life, she recorded scenes from Goldfaden's historical plays for "The Forward Hour" on radio station WEVD, but her poor health meant that she needed to rehearse long, grueling hours even for short parts. Her last public appearance came on February 23, 1939, at a benefit for her at the Jolson Theater, where she recited the final scene of Louis Untermeyer's poem Heine's Death. Death
<mask> <mask> died on 18 April 1939, aged 64, from undisclosed causes.Her remains were interred at Mount Hebron Cemetery in Flushing, Queens, New York. Fifteen hundred people attended her funeral, considered a disappointing turnout, considering her status in the Jewish community. She had come to be seen as "a relic of the theatrical past, with a manner too romantic and grand even for the Yiddish stage", Soyer notes. "But, nevertheless, in the prime of her career at the beginning of the twentieth century, <mask> played an important role in efforts to improve the artistic standards of the Yiddish theater, whose status she also helped to raise with her success with English-speaking audiences." Works

Theatre
 Fedora [Revival] by Victorien Sardou. Prod. George Fawcett.American Theatre, New York. 22 May 1905 - May 1905. Monna Vanna by Maurice Maeterlinck, Trans. John Severance. Prod. Harrison Grey Fiske. Manhattan Theatre, New York.23 October 1905 - December 1905. [Giovanna]
 The Kreutzer Sonata [Revival] adapted from the Yiddish play written by Jacob Gordin by Langdon Mitchell, based on a story by Leo Tolstoy. Dir. Harrison Grey Fiske. Lyric Theatre, New York. 10 September 1906 - September 1906. [Miriam Friedlander]
 Sappho and Phaon by Percy MacKaye, music by A.A. Stanley. Des. Frank E. Gates, E. A. Morange, and Percy Anderson. Prod. Harrison Grey Fiske. Lyric Theatre, New York. 21 October 1907 - October 1907.Marta of the Lowlands by Àngel Guimerà. Des. Frank E. Gates and E. A. Morange. Prod. Harrison Grey Fiske. Garden Theatre, New York. 24 March 1908 - April 1908.The Witc''' by Hans Wiers-Jenssen, book adapted by Hermann Hagedorn. Prod. Lee Shubert and J.J. Shubert. New Theatre, New York. 14 February 1910
 Rachel by Carina Jordan. Prod. F. C. Whitney.Knickerbocker Theatre, New York. 1 December 1913 - December 1913. The Riddle: Woman by Charlotte E. Wells and Dorothy Donnelly. Prod. George Mooser. Harris Theatre, New York. 23 October 1918 - March 1919
 Jitta's Atonement by George Bernard Shaw, adapted from the play by Siegfried Trebitsch.Dir. Lester Lonergan. Prod. Lee Shubert. Comedy Theatre, New York. 17 January 1923 - February 1923. [Jitta Lenkheim]
 The Kreutzer Sonata [Revival] adapted from the Yiddish play Jacob Gordin by Langdon Mitchell, based on a story by Leo Tolstoy.Prod. Lee Shubert. Frazee Theatre, New York. 14 May 1924 - June 1924. [Miriam Friedlander]
 Magda [Revival] by Hermann Sudermann, Trans. Charles Edward Amory Winslow. Dir.Edgar J. MacGregor. 49th Street Theatre, New York. 26 January 1926 - February 1926. [Magda]

Film
 The Bomb Boy by Bertram Millhauser. Dir. George Fitzmaurice. Manhattan Film Company, 1914.Marta of the Lowlands based on the play by Àngel Guimerà. Dir. J. Searle Dawley. USA, 1914. [Marta]
 Slander, by Will S. Davis. Dir. Will S. Davis.with Eugene Ormonde and Mayme Kelso. Fox Film Corp, 1916. [Helene Ayers]
 Ambition by Mary Murillo. Dir. James Vincent. Fox Film Corp, 1916. [Marian Powers]
 Love and Hate'' by Mary Murillo, based on a story by James R. Garey.Dir. James Vincent. Fox Film Corp, 1916. [Helen Sterling]

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> papers, 1866-1955, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
 <mask> <mask> portrait gallery at NYP Library
 —,
 Stuber, Irene, Women of achievement and Herstory, May 17, retrieved February 28, 2004. <mask> <mask> portrait Otto Sarony

1874 births
1939 deaths
19th-century American actresses
American stage actresses
20th-century American actresses
Jewish American actresses
Yiddish theatre performers
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Austro-Hungarian Jews
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Lviv Conservatory alumni
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
Actors from Lviv
Burials at Mount Hebron Cemetery (New York City)

masks:
Bertha Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Bertha
Kalich
Kalich
Bertha
Kalich
Bertha
Kalich
Bertha
Kalich


type: original

texts:
<mask><mask> is a retired major general of the United States Army. She served as the Deputy Chief of the United States Army Reserve and Deputy Chief of United States Army Public Affairs, prior to be appointed Commanding General of the United States Army Reserve Joint and Special Troops Support Command (redesignated as the 76th Operational Reserve Command in 2013) in October 2009. She retired from the army in 2013. Early life and education
A native of Grove City, Pennsylvania, <mask> graduated from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania with a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1975 and a Master of Arts in English in 1976. <mask> entered the United States Army in 1977, and, after receiving her commission as a second lieutenant in the Signal Corps, she served at Fort McClellan, Alabama and then Fort George G. Meade, Maryland until leaving active duty in September 1982 and transitioning to the Army Reserve. Eder's military education includes the Signal Officer Basic Course, the Military Police and Military Intelligence Officer Advanced Courses, the Public Affairs Officer Course, the Command and General Staff College, and the Army War College. She holds bachelor's and master's degrees in English from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania and a master's degree of strategic studies from the United States Army War College.She is also a graduate of Senior Executive and leadership programs at the National Defense University and the Army War College. She is also a graduate of the advanced program in mass communications at the University of South Carolina and completed the Training with Industry Fellowship with Fleishman-Hilliard Public Relations in Washington, DC. She is an experienced speaker and guest lecturer and has served as an adjunct professor at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, the NATO School, and Sweden's International Security Command. Eder received a Doctor of Humane Letters (honors causa) from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania on December 14, 2013. Career

Eder served over 36 years in the army, inclusive of both Active and Army Reserve service. Eder commanded at the company, battalion, brigade and division level. Her previous assignments include the United States Army's Deputy Chief of Public Affairs, commander of the 6th Brigade (Professional Development), 80th Division (Institutional Training) while concurrently serving on active duty as the Chief of Staff with the Reserve Forces Policy Board (RFPB) in the Office of the Secretary of Defense.Eder had additional joint experience, serving with the United States European Command in Stuttgart, Germany where she was assigned as the Deputy Director of Public Affairs. There she directed theater media relations during NATO operations in Kosovo and at the inception of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. Eder consults, advises, and speaks frequently at colleges and universities on national security issues, communications (including cyber and AI), ethics, and leadership. She has spoken on "The Information Apocalypse" to audiences ranging from the Atlanta Council on International Relations to the World Affairs Council Ambassador's Roundtable in Connecticut, and at George Mason University's Character Assassination and Populism conference in Arlington, Virginia. Eder has an established record of scholarship, research, and publishing. Her book, Leading the Narrative: The Case for Strategic Communication, is used in a number of university communications courses. She is the author of numerous case studies and articles on military ethics, leadership, and strategic communications as well as two books of children's stories.<mask> was named an Honorary Member of the United States Army Judge Advocate General Corps in 2011, an accolade only accorded to two other individuals previously. She was named to the Communications Hall of Fame at Edinboro University of PA in 2013 and inducted into the Army Public Affairs Hall of Fame in 2017 and became the fourth recipient of the Joe Galloway Lifetime Achievement Award. Now in her second term as Trustee with the United States Army War College Foundation, she was elected to the Executive Committee in March, 2017 and serves as Board Secretary. Personal life
As a civilian, <mask> served as the Director of Public Affairs at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. There she built the Center's strategic plan for marketing communications from the ground up and taught the role of a free press in democratic societies to government officials from over 36 nations. In addition to serving as an adjunct professor and lecturer at the NATO School, Sweden's International Security Command and at Norway's military Command and Staff Centre. She has led and spoken at communications and public diplomacy conferences in Croatia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Italy, and Jordan and at the National Defense University, the Army War College, and the Naval War College.Her articles in the "Information Apocalypse" series are used in international relations and communications courses at universities ranging from Appalachian State University to the University of Tokyo. A book based on these articles, American Cyberscape, was released in November 2020. An inspirational book of stories about women in World War II and their influence today will be published in August 2021. She is active in animal rescue and supports a number of groups that support dog adoption. Awards and decorations
Eder's awards and decorations include the Army Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, the Meritorious Service Medal with silver oak leaf cluster, the Joint Service Commendation Medal with three oak leaf cluster, the Army Commendation Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Joint Service Achievement Medal, the Army Achievement Medal, the Office of the Secretary of Defense Identification Badge, and the Army Staff Identification Badge. Eder received the Vatican award of the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Gregory the Great from Pope Benedict XVI in 2011. References

External links
 General Officer Management Office
 U.S. Army Reserve Joint and Special Troops Support Command Official Website

Female generals of the United States Army
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
People from Grove City, Pennsylvania
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women
Military personnel from Pennsylvania

masks:
Mari K
. Eder
Eder
Eder
Eder
Eder


texts:
<mask> (6 September 1836 – 13 October 1893) was an English Victorian-era artist best known for his nocturnal scenes of urban landscapes. Today, he is considered one of the great painters of the Victorian era, as well as one of the best and most accomplished nightscape and townscape artists of all time. He was called a "remarkable and imaginative painter" by the critic and historian Christopher Wood in Victorian Painting (1999). <mask>'s love for realism stemmed from a passion for photography, which would eventually lend itself to the creative process. Though entirely self-taught, he is known to have used a camera obscura or lenses to project scenes onto canvas, which made up for his shortcomings as a draughtsman and his imperfect knowledge of perspective. This technique, allegedly also used by Caravaggio, as well as Vermeer, was condemned by a number of his contemporaries who believed it demonstrated less skill than painting by eye, with some claiming that his paintings appeared to "show no marks of handling or brushwork", while others "were doubtful whether they could be accepted as paintings at all". However, many recognised his mastery of colour, lighting and shadow, as well as his unique ability to provoke strong emotional responses in the viewer.James McNeill Whistler, who <mask> worked with in his Chelsea studios, stated, "I considered myself the inventor of nocturnes until I saw Grimmy's moonlit pictures." His early paintings were signed "JAG", "J. A. <mask>", or "<mask> Grimshaw", though he finally settled on "<mask>". Life

He was born on 6 September 1836 in a back-to-back in Park Street, Leeds to Mary and <mask>. In 1856 he married his cousin Frances Hubbard (1835–1917). In 1861, at the age of 24, to the dismay of his parents, he left his job as a clerk for the Great Northern Railway to become a painter. He first exhibited in 1862, mostly paintings of birds, fruit, and blossom, under the patronage of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society.He and his wife moved in 1866 to a semi-detached villa, which is now numbered 56 Cliff Road in Headingley and has a Leeds Civic Trust blue plaque, and in 1870 to Knostrop Old Hall. Grid Reference: SE 32125 32100. He became successful in the 1870s and rented a second home, Castle-by-the-Sea in Scarborough, Scarborough became a favourite subject. He died on 13 October 1893 of tuberculosis and is buried in Woodhouse Cemetery, now called St George's Fields, in Leeds. Four of his children, Arthur E<mask> (1864–1913), Louis H<mask> (1870–1944), Wilfred <mask> (1871–1937), and <mask> (1877–1970) also became painters. Work

<mask>'s primary influence was the Pre-Raphaelites. True to the Pre-Raphaelite style, he created landscapes of accurate colour and lighting, vivid detail and realism, often typifying seasons or a type of weather.Moonlit views of city and suburban streets and of the docks in London, Hull, Liverpool, and Glasgow also figured largely in his art. His careful painting and his skill in lighting effects meant that he captured both the appearance and the mood of a scene in minute detail. His "paintings of dampened gas-lit streets and misty waterfronts conveyed an eerie warmth as well as alienation in the urban scene." Dulce Domum (1855), on whose reverse <mask> wrote, "mostly painted under great difficulties", captures the music portrayed in the piano-player, entices the eye to meander through the richly decorated room, and to consider the still and silent young lady who is listening. <mask> painted more interior scenes, especially in the 1870s, when he worked under the influence of James Tissot and the Aesthetic Movement. On Hampstead Hill is considered one of <mask>'s finest works, exemplifying his skill with a variety of light sources, in capturing the mood of the passing of twilight into night. In his later career his urban scenes under twilight or yellow streetlighting were popular with his middle-class patrons.His later work included imagined scenes from the Greek and Roman empires, and he painted literary subjects from Longfellow and Tennyson — pictures including Elaine and The Lady of Shalott. <mask> named his children after characters in Tennyson's poems. In the 1880s, <mask> maintained a London studio in Chelsea, not far from the studio of James Abbott McNeill Whistler. After visiting <mask>, Whistler remarked that "I considered myself the inventor of Nocturnes until I saw Grimmy's moonlit pictures." Unlike Whistler's Impressionistic night scenes, <mask> worked in a realistic vein: "sharply focused, almost photographic", his pictures innovated in applying the tradition of rural moonlight images to the Victorian city, recording "the rain and mist, the puddles and smoky fog of late Victorian industrial England with great poetry." <mask>'s paintings depicted the contemporary world but eschewed the dirty and depressing aspects of industrial towns. Shipping on the Clyde, a depiction of Glasgow's Victorian docks, is a lyrically beautiful evocation of the industrial era.<mask> transcribed the fog and mist so accurately as to capture the chill in the damp air, and the moisture penetrating the heavy clothes of the few figures awake in the misty early morning. Reputation and legacy
<mask> left behind no letters, journals, or papers. His reputation rested on, and his legacy is based on, his townscapes. There was a revival of interest in <mask>'s work in the second half of the 20th century, with several important exhibitions devoted to it. A retrospective exhibition "<mask> – Painter of Moonlight" ran from 16 April – 4 September 2011 at Mercer Art Gallery in Harrogate and subsequently in the Guildhall Art Gallery, London. Gallery

References

Further reading
Alexander Robertson, <mask>, London, Phaidon Press, 1996
Yorkshire Art Journal <mask> <mask>, York, 2014 - Historical Feature

External links

Artcyclopedia.com

19th-century English painters
English male painters
Fantasy artists
1836 births
1893 deaths
Artists from Leeds
People from Scarborough, North Yorkshire
People from Knowsthorpe

masks:
John Atkinson Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
John Atkinson
Atkinson Grimshaw
David Grimshaw
. Grimshaw
. Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Elaine Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Atkinson Grimshaw
Atkinson Grimshaw
John Atkinson
Grimshaw


texts:
Johannes Carolus (<mask><mask> (born 27 March 1957) is Principal Investigator at the Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research (KNAW) and the Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Professor at Utrecht University and Oncode Investigator. Clevers was the first to identify living stem cells in the intestine and is one of the world's leading researchers on adult stem cells, their role in cancer and their potential for regenerative therapy. He will be appointed the head of Roche Pharma Research and Early Development in March 2022. By culturing living stem cells from the intestinal tract, he developed the first organoids: 3D-mini-organs that behave cellularly and molecularly like the organ the stem cell derived from. Organoids can now be grown from a large number of tissues and are increasingly being used to study the physiology and pathology of many human organs and to develop personalized treatments and new drugs. Early life and education
<mask> began studying biology at the University of Utrecht in 1975, then began studying medicine as well. He spent part of his seven years of biological study in Nairobi, Kenya, and also, in his words, “did some rotations” at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda.He received an M.Sc. in Biology in 1982, an M.D. in 1984 and a Ph.D. in 1985. For his Ph.D. he studied under Rudy Ballieux. From 1986 to 1989 he did postdoctoral work under the direction of Cox Terhorst at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute at Harvard University. After his stay at Harvard, he returned to the Netherlands to start his own research group at the department of Clinical immunology of the UMC Utrecht. Describing his path to his career as a medical researcher, Clevers said the following: “There was a bit of an awkward route.I actually studied biology first, and then took up medical school at about the same time....Did two separate studies, graduated from both, was going to be a pediatrician, then decided to spend a year in science, liked it so much more that I realized I didn’t – I shouldn’t become a real doctor. I was not good with – I liked patients, but I was a little bit impatient with them. I then decided to go for a post-doc at Boston to Dana Farber, where I really learned the trade.”

Career
In 1991 Clevers became a professor of immunology at the University Medical Center in Utrecht. Since 2002 he has been a professor of molecular genetics at UMC Utrecht and Utrecht University. From 2002 to 2012 he was director of the Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem-Cell Research at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2008 and 2015 he received ERC Advanced Investigator Grants. In 2013 he was awarded the $3 million Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for his work.In March 2012, <mask>, who since 2000 had been a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, was elected its president, succeeding Robbert Dijkgraaf. In connection with his election to this position, he resigned as director from the Hubrecht Institute but kept his research lab there. From 2012–2015 he was President of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). From 2015–2019 he was director Research of the Princess Maxima Center for paediatric oncology, located on the Utrecht Science Park close to the Hubrecht where he maintains his lab. Presently, <mask> leads research groups, at the Hubrecht Institute as well as at the Princess Maxima Center. Research

Highlights of research
To summarise his scientific highlights, <mask> identified the crucial downstream component of the Wnt signaling cascade, TCF, and the mechanism by which Wnt signals activate specific TCF target genes. With these insights and in a collaboration with Bert Vogelstein, he proposed that in APC-deficient colon cancer, it is the inappropriate activation of the Wnt pathway that transforms cells.He was the first to link Wnt signaling with adult stem cell biology, when he showed that TCF4 gene disruption leads to the abolition of crypt stem cell compartments of the gut. He went on to show that the Tcf4-driven target gene program in colorectal cancer cells is the malignant counterpart of a physiological crypt stem cell program. Clevers then described the Wnt target Lgr5 as a marker for adult stem cells and wth this, discovered the stem cells of intestinal crypts. By the creation of several ingenious Lgr5-based transgenic mice, he established the intestinal crypt as one of the pre-eminent models to visualize and study adult stem cells in mammals. He described several counter-intuitive characteristics for crypt stem cells: Lgr5 stem cells are abundant, they cycle rapidly, they divide symmetrically, and utilize their Paneth cell-daughters as their niche. He then identified the Wnt signal-enhancing Rspondins as ligands of Lgr5, and exploited the Rspondin/Lgr5 axis to develop a 3D organoid culture system for indefinite expansion of normal intestinal epithelium starting from a single adult Lgr5 stem cell. Similar results were then reported by him for multiple additional human and mouse tissues.This has opened ways to replace animal experimentation, to generate disease models directly from patients as well as avenues for regenerative medicine. Asked in a 2008 interview what had been the highlights of his research up to that point, Clevers said there would probably be three. There was a first one, when I just started my lab, within the first few months we cloned the gene that they call TCF1, T-cell factor 1, I used to be a T-cell embryologist when we first started out. And that paper was published in EMBO in ’91. So in that paper we described cloning of this vector, which at that time maybe on the world scale was not great but for my own lab to clone this gene was my first thing I ever did alone. This gene then in ’96 we found to be the crucial missing component of what’s called the Wnt signaling pathway. Clevers and his team thus showed that “there is that this TCF transcription factor, there is a small family of them, they occur in every animal on the planet, they are the end point of the signal transcription cascade, and they control virtually every decision in a developing animal.When we realized this we started changing our model systems, we used to work on lymphocytes, and we changed it, first to frogs and flies, drosophila, where the Wnt pathway had been studied by many other people that way we could use assays of those people. We then realized that in mammals Wnt signaling...was not only important in embryos but also crucial in adults, which is novel. And we switched to the gut, we found that one of our knockouts, the TCF4 knockout, one of the four members of that family had no stem cells in the gut. And this is the first link in the literature, this was also a ’97 paper in Nature Genetics, between Wnt signaling and stem cells in adults. And in that same year we found in a collaboration with Bert Vogelstein that colon cancer comes about by the disregulation of TCF4, and those two phenomena are really linked. So stem cells need TCF4, cancers disregulate TCF4 by mutating a gene upstream in that pathway called APC. After this, Clevers' team continued to work on the intestine.Other activities

Corporate boards
Clevers is inventor on multiple patents and was involved in the establishment of the biotech firm Ubisys, which, with Ton Logtenberg as CEO, later merged with Introgene to become Crucell. In addition, his corporate roles include:
 Roche, Non-Executive Member of the Board of Directors (since 2019)
 Decibel Therapeutics, Member of the Scientific Advisory Board (since 2016)
 Surrozen, Co-Founder

Editorial boards
He is on the editorial board of several scientific journals, including Cell, Cell Stem Cell, Stem Cell Reports. He is also an honorary professor at Central South University in Changsha, Hunan, China and honorary director of the organoid center of Fudan University, Shanghai. All his publications can be found on pubmed. References

External links

 Homepage

1957 births
Living people
Dutch geneticists
Dutch immunologists
Fellows of the AACR Academy
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Members of Academia Europaea
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
People from Eindhoven
Spinoza Prize winners
Stem cell researchers
Utrecht University alumni
Utrecht University faculty
Winners of the Heineken Prize

masks:
Hans
) Clevers
Hans Clevers
Clevers
Clevers
Hans Clevers


texts:
<mask> (14 September 1936 – 16 December 2011) was a British actor, once described by playwright John Osborne as "the greatest actor since Marlon Brando". He was also described by Samuel Beckett as "touched by genius" and viewed by many critics as "the Hamlet of his generation" during the late 1960s. Early life
<mask> was born on 14 September 1936 (he would later claim 1938 in Who's Who) in Hamilton, Lanarkshire, Scotland, the son of a factory owner. When he was 18 months old, his family moved to Birmingham, England. <mask> was sent back to Hamilton to live with his grandparents during World War II due to Birmingham's susceptibility to bombing, but returned when the war ended, and was educated at the Central Grammar School for Boys, Birmingham. He left school at 16 to begin work in his father's factory and later attended the Birmingham School of Speech & Drama. He recalled his time there as "a disaster" and claimed "it was nothing more than a finishing school for the daughters of local businessmen".Career

Stage and screen
After his national service as a gunner in the Airborne Division, <mask> made his professional debut with the Dundee Repertory Theatre in 1960 and the following year appeared with the Arts Theatre in Cambridge. In 1962 he made his London debut as Flute in Tony Richardson's production of A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Royal Court Theatre. His first major success came in 1964 with John Osborne's Inadmissible Evidence, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award when it transferred to Broadway the following year. In spring 1981, he and original director Anthony Page revived the play for a six-week engagement at the Roundabout Theatre (23rd Street) in New York, fifteen years after the original Broadway run. The same year, he appeared as Vladimir in Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot at the Royal Court. He starred in the film version in 1968. <mask>'s Hamlet for Tony Richardson at the Roundhouse caused a sensation; it was later transferred to New York and made into a film, with a cast including Anthony Hopkins and Marianne Faithfull.Faithfull later stated in her autobiography Faithfull that she and <mask> had an affair while filming Hamlet. His most celebrated film role was as Merlin the magician in the King Arthur epic Excalibur in 1981. Director John Boorman cast him opposite Helen Mirren as Morgana over the protests of both actors; the two had previously appeared together on stage in Macbeth, with disastrous results, and they disliked each other intensely. It was Boorman's hope that the very real animosity that they had towards each other would generate more tension between them on screen. <mask> gained recognition from a much wider fanbase for his performance as Merlin. A review of Excalibur in The Times in 1981 states: "The actors are led by <mask>'s witty, perceptive Merlin, missed every time he's off the screen." According to Mirren, she and <mask>, free from the problems with Macbeth, "wound up becoming very good friends" during Excalibur.Some of his other notable cinematic performances include as a troubled Irish soldier in the 1968 Jack Gold film The Bofors Gun; in 1975 as an intelligence officer in apartheid South Africa in The Wilby Conspiracy (starring Sidney Poitier and Michael Caine); as Sherlock Holmes in the 1976 Herbert Ross film The Seven-Per-Cent Solution; and as Little John in the 1976 Richard Lester film Robin and Marian. Additionally, he portrayed an MI6 bureaucrat in The Human Factor (1979) (adapted from a novel by Graham Greene), an alcoholic attorney in I'm Dancing as Fast as I Can (1982); a colonel in the Cincinnati Gestapo in the Neil Simon comedy The Cheap Detective; Lord Louis Mountbatten in Lord Mountbatten - The Last Viceroy (1985); the dual roles of Dr. Worley/The Nome King in Return To Oz (1985); Father Morning in The Exorcist III (1990); Badger in the 1996 movie adaptation of Kenneth Grahame's Wind in the Willows; and as Cogliostro in the 1997 movie adaptation of Todd McFarlane's comic book Spawn. <mask> made a major contribution to the documentary John Osborne and the Gift of Friendship, recalling episodes from his long professional relationship with Osborne. Recorded excerpts of his award-winning stage performance in Inadmissible Evidence also feature in the video. <mask> was known for throwing onset tantrums and onstage antics. During the Philadelphia tryout of Inadmissible Evidence, a play in which he delivered a performance that would win him a Tony Award nomination in 1965, he punched the equally mercurial producer David Merrick. In 1968, he apologised to the audience for his performance one night while playing Hamlet and then walked off the stage, announcing he was retiring.In the early 1970s, <mask> left The Dick Cavett Show prior to a scheduled appearance, leaving the host and guest Nora Ephron to fill the remaining time. In 1976, he slapped actor Jim Litten during the curtain call for the Broadway musical Rex. In 1991, he hit co-star Evan Handler on the backside with a sword during a Broadway performance of I Hate Hamlet. Other work
Following a late-night chat show appearance in which he showcased his singing talents, <mask> released an album of songs in 1971 on the CBS label (S 64045). The album contained songs such as "Didn't We", "It's Impossible" and "Help Me Make It Through the Night". In 1974, <mask> recorded an abridged reading of The Hobbit for Argo Records, authorisation for the abridgement having been provided by J.R.R. Tolkien's publisher.The recording was produced by Harley Usill. According to his official website, <mask> re-edited the original script himself, removing many occurrences of "he said", "she said", and so on, as he felt that an over-reliance on descriptive narrative would not give the desired effect; he performed each character in a distinctive voice. In 1978, he portrayed a murderous behaviour expert in the Columbo episode "How To Dial A Murder". Personal life
In 1971, <mask> married actress Jill Townsend, who had played his daughter in the Broadway production of Inadmissible Evidence. They had a son, Luke, but divorced in 1977. Despite concerns over his health in the 1970s, <mask> admitted drinking heavily and claimed to smoke 80 cigarettes a day. In an episode of The David Frost Show in the 1960s, during a discussion about death, which also involved poet John Betjeman, <mask> revealed that he was very much afraid of dying, saying that "I think of death constantly, throughout the day" and that "I don't think there is anything after this, except complete oblivion."Death
<mask> died on 16 December 2011, aged 75, two years after being diagnosed with esophageal cancer. In accord with <mask>'s wish the news of his death was released a month later, as he did not want a fuss made over his death. Filmography

Film

Television

Stage

Awards
<mask> <mask> was nominated for three BAFTA Awards, a Saturn Award, two Tony Awards, and won the Silver Shell for the Best Actor from the San Sebastián International Film Festival in 1969 for his performance in Laughter in the Dark. BAFTA Awards

|-
| 1969
| The Bofors Gun
| Best Actor in a Leading Role
|
|-
| 1970
| Inadmissible Evidence
| Best Actor in a Leading Role
|
|-
| 1973
| The Gangster Show: The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui
| Television Award for Best Actor
|

Drama Desk Awards

|-
| 1969
| Hamlet
| Outstanding Performance
|
|-
| 1974
| Uncle Vanya
| Outstanding Performance
|
|-
| 1976
| Rex
| Outstanding Actor in a Musical
|

Saturn Awards

|-
| 1982
| Excalibur
| Best Supporting Actor
|

Tony Awards

|-
| 1966
| Inadmissible Evidence
| Best Actor in a Play
|
|-
| 1974
| Uncle Vanya
| Best Actor in a Play
|

References

Further reading
Dowsing, Martin. Beware of the Actor! The Rise and Fall of <mask> <mask>. Createspace / Testudines, 2017.Hershman, Gabriel. Black Sheep – The Authorised Biography of <mask> <mask>. The History Press, 2018. External links

 Obituary, The Independent, 26 January 2012
 Obituary, The Guardian, 26 January 2012
 Obituary, Financial Times, 27 January 2012
 Reading Samuel Beckett

1936 births
2011 deaths
20th-century Scottish male actors
Alumni of Birmingham School of Acting
Deaths from cancer in the Netherlands
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Drama Desk Award winners
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
People from Hamilton, South Lanarkshire
Scottish male film actors
Scottish male stage actors
Scottish male television actors

masks:
Thomas Nicol Williamson
Thomas Nicol Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
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Williamson
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Nicol
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Williamson


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<mask> (; 26 November 1964 – 6 February 2013), also transliterated as Shokri Belaïd, was a Tunisian politician and lawyer who was an opposition leader with the left-secular Democratic Patriots' Movement. Belaïd was a vocal critic of the Ben Ali regime prior to the 2011 Tunisian revolution and of the then Islamist-led Tunisian government. On 6 February 2013, he was fatally shot outside his house in El Menzah, close to the Tunisian capital, Tunis. As a result of his assassination, Tunisian Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali announced his plan to dissolve the existing national government and to form a temporary "national unity" government. Early and personal life
Belaïd was born in the town of Djebel Jelloud in Tunisia on 26 November 1964. He was a student activist in the 1980s. He worked as a lawyer and was also part of the defence team of former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein during his trial for crimes against humanity.He spoke out against a 2008 clampdown on miners, and was a noted political critic of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the strongman Tunisian leader in office for 23 years, whose 2011 self-exile to Saudi Arabia was the first tangible result of the Arab Spring uprisings. <mask> was also a poet, and one of his poems is dedicated to Lebanese intellectual Husayn Muruwwa, who was assassinated by Islamists in the late 1980s. <mask> was married and had two daughters. The family lived in a rented apartment. Politics
Belaïd was the coordinator of the far-left Democratic Patriots' Movement, which was part of a 12-member umbrella organisation called the Popular Front. He identified with pan-Arabism and was active opponent of normalizing relations with Israel. and was a strong critic of the supporters of fundamentalist Islam, sometimes referred to as Salafists, whose confrontational tactics since the change of government in 2011 have prevented some plays and music concerts from being held in Tunisian cities.The Salafists also have been blamed for attacking the US Embassy in Tunisia in 2012. <mask> was succeeded by Ziad Lakhdhar as secretary general of the party. Assassination
On 6 February 2013, as Belaïd was leaving his house in the neighborhood of El Menzah 6, Tunis, he was shot by Kamel Gaghgadhi, who later fled with an accomplice on a motorbike, four times in the head and chest. He was rushed into the Ennasr clinic, and died there. According to Tunis Afrique Presse, Belaïd died in hospital. <mask> had reportedly received multiple death threats in the days prior to his death. The night before he was killed, <mask> said; "All those who oppose Ennahda become the targets of violence."Earlier that week, Belaïd said that the committees established out of the revolution were a "tool" used by the Islamists. Following news of his death, police used tear gas to disperse thousands of people demonstrating in front of the Interior ministry in Tunis. Other protests spontaneously occurred in cities throughout the country, including Mezzouna, Gafsa and Sidi Bouzid, where tear gas was also used to disperse protesters. The interim President of Tunisia Moncef Marzouki cut short an overseas trip to Cairo as a result of the protests and assassination. Perpetrators
On 26 February, four radical Islamists were detained due to their alleged connections to the assassination of <mask>. The suspect in the murder was identified as Boubacar Hakim, a hardline Salafist. On 2 October, Chokri Belaid defence committee spokesman Tayeb Oqaili claimed that, according to official documents, Abdulhakim Belhadj was involved in the killings of both <mask> <mask> and Mohamed Brahmi, pointing to links between the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, Ansar al Sharia and the Ennahda Movement.The left-wing leader maintained that Belhadj apparently intended to carry out terrorist attacks in Tunisia, and trained the Ansar al-Sharia cell that killed the opposition politicians, all under close observation by Ennahda leaders Rashid al-Ghannushi, Hamadi Jebali and Samir Dilou, among others. Reactions
Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali called the killing "a political assassination and the assassination of the Tunisian revolution." In a televised address, Jebali announced the formation of a caretaker government composed of technocrats, which would rule the country until a new election is held. The Islamist political party Ennahda issued a statement calling the attack a "heinous crime" that targeted the "security and stability of Tunisia". The premises of Ennahda in the central town of Mezzouna and in the north-eastern town of El Kef were torched by demonstrators and the party's office in Gafsa was ransacked. Four opposition parties, Belaid's own Popular Front bloc, Nidaa Tounes, the Al Massar party, and the Republican Party, announced that they were pulling out of the national assembly and called for a general strike. International reactions included:
 – The ruling Muslim Brotherhood said that assassinations were a crime and must be stopped; while the National Salvation Front expressed its fear of similar political assassinations happening in Egypt.– Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle expressed his "horror" and "sadness." – President François Hollande stated that "this murder robs Tunisia of one of its most courageous and free voices". – The Foreign Office released a statement condemning the killing and calling it a "cowardly and barbaric act aimed at destabilising Tunisia's democratic transition." – The spokesperson for the State Department, Victoria Nuland, condemned the killing and called it an "outrageous and cowardly act." She also called for a "fair, transparent and professional investigation to ensure that the perpetrators are brought to justice consistent with Tunisian law and international norms". The assassination of <mask> <mask> prompted responses from the Tunisian intellectual community. Funeral
<mask>'s funeral service was held in Tunis on 8 February.It was attended by at least a million people amid clashes between police and protesters His body was buried at Jellaz cemetery. The following day en Nahda called for its supporters to gather in Tunis. See also
 Mohamed Brahmi
 Nahed Hattar

References

External links

1964 births
2013 deaths
African democratic socialists
Arab socialists
Assassinated Tunisian politicians
Deaths by firearm in Tunisia
People from Jendouba Governorate
People murdered in Tunisia
Popular Front (Tunisia) politicians
Tunisian Arab nationalists
Tunisian lawyers
Tunisian secularists
Tunisian socialists

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Chokri Belaïd
Belaid
Belaid
Belaid
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Chokri
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<mask> (born <mask>; January 14, 1979) is an American Christian hip hop artist signed to Gotee Records until late 2010. <mask> has sold over 200,000 copies of his first four albums. He released his sixth album, Sex, Drugs and Self-Control on December 22, 2009. The album was nominated for a Dove Award for Rap/Hip-Hop Album of the Year at the 42nd GMA Dove Awards, while the song "No Be Nah" was nominated for Rap/Hip-Hop Recorded Song of the Year. <mask> continues to tour, and has played and recorded music with many popular Christian music artists such as Five Iron Frenzy, Relient K, The O.C. Supertones, Luke Dowler, Hawk Nelson, MC Lars, and TobyMac. Background
<mask> is of Jewish heritage and according to his MySpace, his mother is the owner of a Christian Death Metal record label.His brother is Maker Studio CEO Danny Zappin. Raised in Pataskala, Ohio, a suburb of Columbus, <mask> got his start in rapping by taking the bus into the city to rap on open mic nights and participate in rap battles at the age of fifteen. <mask> later released Monuments, an independent EP, which caught the attention of Gotee Records. They took a chance, signing him to the label and releasing his first project, Are We There Yet?, in 2000. TobyMac, the founder of Gotee Records, provided vocals for the album's final track, "God is Love." The album was nominated for a Dove award in 2002. <mask>'s next release, Hindsight (2002), continues his use of a wide variety of musical genres and thoughtful, often funny lyrics.The album was praised as a "truly eclectic and creative hip-hop album that blends old-school sounds with progressive production." Once thought to be a Christian version of Eminem, <mask>'s first two releases established him as an original, witty, sarcastic musician, as well as Gotee's top-selling solo rap artist. Professional Rapper (2003) marked <mask>'s debut as a self-producing artist. The album is noticeably different from his previous efforts, using more instruments and less DJ sampling for the tracks. Along with these differences, the album is noticeably darker in both lyrics and feel. It includes several somber tracks which allow a glimpse into <mask>'s struggles and self-doubt. Adrienne Camp of The Benjamin Gate contributes vocals to two tracks on the album.The following year <mask> released So In Hindsight the Professional Rapper Isn't There Yet (2004), an album of remixed versions of songs from his first three albums. The Boy vs. The Cynic (2005) continued <mask>'s trek from the non-serious songs which characterized his earlier work to music that's far more somber and meditative. Reportedly, when the time came for him to submit his work for the album, <mask> turned in enough tracks for two albums, one light hearted, the other more serious. Rather than releasing a two disc release, the label decided to splice them together into The Boy vs. The Cynic. Relient K's Matt Thiessen contributed to the album's second track, "Nuisance".Tim Skipper of the band House of Heroes appeared on the track "So Glad". On this album most of <mask>'s songs used more "traditional" musical instruments, typically the guitar, though he experimented with many different instruments and musical styles. At this time <mask> also filmed and released the pilot for a reality show detailing his "rise" to stardom while poking fun at many of the conventions of reality television. Though the show was never picked up, the pilot was released on YouTube. <mask> released his fifth album, Word of Mouth, on February 6, 2007 which took on more experimental characteristics, with the aid of Beck producer Joe Baldridge. Allmusic.com called Word of Mouth an "unqualified triumph" and said that "You won't find a truer, more honest, or more celebratory album this year." Two songs from the album, "Focus" and "Good Evening," were included in the 2007 video game, Thrillville: Off the Rails.Gotee Records released <mask>'s sixth studio album, Sex, Drugs and Self-Control on December 22, 2009. The first single, "Town Folk" was released on July 14, 2009. The next single, "Jamboree", was released August 18, 2009. Followed by "Confident", which was released September 15, 2009, "No be Nah" was released October 14, 2009. In 2010 a best of collection entitled Zappin was released, before <mask> entered an unannounced musical hiatus that would span until fall of 2016. It was at this time that in anticipation of his next album, <mask> released two singles, "Old as Religion" on September 16, and on December 9, a collaboration with Issac Ryan Brown and Aaron Cole, titled "Angel and Drums". On May 19, 2017 <mask> independently released his seventh studio album Reubonic.The album stirred minor controversy for the inclusion of several curse words within the lyrics, <mask> quickly responded on Instagram and was unapologetic. <mask> released a self-titled album in early 2020. Discography

Studio albums
2000: Are We There Yet? A Gotee Tribute to dc Talk's "Jesus Freak." (Cover Compilation, 2006)
  Gotee Records: Twenty Years Brand New (Cover Compilation, 2014)

References

External links

<mask> at Purevolume
Interview at Christianity Today'' (March 2007)
<mask> Music Videos at Rapzilla.com

1979 births
Living people
Midwest hip hop musicians
American performers of Christian music
Jewish American musicians
Musicians from Columbus, Ohio
Performers of Christian hip hop music
Gotee Records artists
Jewish rappers
People from Licking County, Ohio
21st-century American Jews

masks:
John Reuben
John Reuben Zappin
Reuben
Reuben
Reuben
Reuben
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Reuben
Reuben
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Reuben
Reuben
Reuben
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Reuben
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John Reuben
John Reuben


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<mask>'Keefe III (1916–2000) was an expert in planetary science and astrogeology with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) from 1958 to 1995. He and his co-authors, <mask> and Ken Squires, are credited with the discovery that the Earth had a significant third degree zonal spherical harmonic in its gravitational field using U.S. Vanguard 1 satellite data collected in the late 1950s. The Earth's pear shape as it was known became front-page news and was even the subject of a "Peanuts" cartoon. For that, he is credited as the "father of space geodesy". He was the first to propose the idea of a scanning microscope in 1956 and he is the co-discoverer of the YORP effect (short for Yarkovsky-O’Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddock effect), an effect resulting from sunlight which causes a small celestial body such as an asteroid or meteor to spin up or down. Biography

Early Years
O'Keefe was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, on October 13, 1916. He was the oldest of four children of Edward Scott O'Keefe and Ruth Evans.O'Keefe spent his last two years of high school at Exeter Academy. He then went to Harvard, following in the footsteps of his father and grandfathers on both sides as well as all four of his uncles. He graduated in 1937 with an A.B. degree in astronomy. He spent another year at the Harvard College Observatory doing graduate study under Harlow Shapley. At Shapley's urging he went on to graduate studies at the Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago where he earned his Ph.D. in Astronomy in 1941. His first major discovery, while in graduate school (1938), was that clouds of solid carbon cause the peculiar dips in the light curve  of R Coronae Borealis, the archetype of a class of carbon-rich stars.After earning his doctorate he spent a year at Brenau University teaching Mathematics and Physics. Army Map Service career
When World War II broke out, O'Keefe was rejected by the draft so he instead joined the Army Map Service Corps of Engineers as a civilian producing improved maps for the war effort. He continued this work during the cold war. His best-known protégé at Army Map Service was William M. Kaula, who went on to become an authority on satellite geodesy. NASA career
O'Keefe joined NASA in December 1958 and became the assistant chief of the Theoretical Division under Robert Jastrow at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. He spent the rest of his professional career at Goddard. During the early Project Apollo-era, O'Keefe was one of the major leaders in developing the American lunar science program and was instrumental in securing astrogeologist Eugene Shoemaker to work with NASA in developing a geology program for the Apollo astronauts.Shoemaker referred to O'Keefe as the "godfather of astrogeology". In 1997, Shoemaker and his wife, Carolyn, named asteroid 6585 after O'Keefe. Prior to the moon landings O'Keefe developed a theory that tektites, natural glass objects found in discrete strewn fields around the world, are actually volcanic ejecta from the Moon. He suggested that explosive, hydrogen-driven lunar volcanoes may be the mechanism that launched the tektites to Earth. After the moon landings his claim was apparently supported by a chemical analysis of a portion of lunar sample 12013 retrieved by Apollo 12 astronaut Pete Conrad that showed a similar major element composition to some tektites found in Southeast Asia. Some Apollo 14 samples also had chemistries similar to tektites. However, most other lunar data strongly challenged the O'Keefe hypothesis, and almost all researchers in this field now accept that tektites are of terrestrial origin, the products of large meteorite or cometary impacts on Earth.This is supported by geochemical, isotopic and mineralogical evidence, and the fact that most tektite strewn fields can now be confidently matched to known impact craters of similar age on Earth. Several of O'Keefe's ideas about the physics of tektite formation, especially pertaining to Stokes' Law and the slow formation or 'fining' of tektites (apparently not possible in a rapid impact event), still remain as challenges to modern explanations of how tektites might have formed. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center conferred its highest honor, the Award of Merit, on O'Keefe in 1992. Advancing Parkinson's disease forced him to retire in 1995. Personal life
While at the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, O'Keefe and other graduate students took their meals at the Tulane house. Here he met his future wife, Martha Sylvia Tulane. They later settled in Chevy Chase, Maryland where they had three sons and six daughters.Their second son, Roy Tulane O'Keefe (Michele Bourdeau) was born on January 5, 1946. Roy joined the Army in 1965, and later was a medic in the Special Forces. He was killed in Vietnam during the Tet Offensive on February 6, 1968. The children all attended Blessed Sacrament grade school in Chevy Chase. The sons all attended the Abbey School in Washington, D.C.  O'Keefe was Roman Catholic. Death
O'Keefe died on September 8, 2000 in Sioux Falls, South Dakota from complications of liver cancer and Parkinson's disease. He was surrounded by his wife and children.Notes

References
 Gray, M. <mask> of Attack: Harrison Storms and the Race to the Moon. W.W. Norton, New York: 1992. O'Keefe, J.A. (June 5, 1970) Tektite glass in Apollo 12 sample. Science, Vol 168, 1209–1210. O'Keefe, J.A. (Feb. 26, 1985) The coming revolution in planetology.Eos, Vol. 66, No. 9, pp. 89–90. O'Keefe, J.A. (1993) The origin of tektites. Meteoritics, Vol.29, No. 1, pp. 73–78. O'Keefe, J.A. (1976) Tektites and Their Origin. Elsevier. Povenmire, H., O'Keefe, J.A., ed.(2003) Tektites: A Cosmic Paradox. Florida Fireball Network. Koeberl C. (1994) Tektite origin by hypervelocity asteroidal or cometary impact: target rocks, source craters, and mechanisms. Geological Society of America Special Paper Vol. 293, pp. 133–151. McCall GJH (2001) Tektites in the Geological Record: Showers of Glass from the Sky.Geological Society of London, London. Varricchio, L. (2006) Inconstant Moon: Discovery and Controversy on the Way to the Moon. Xlibris/Random House, New York. 1916 births
2000 deaths
American Roman Catholics
NASA people
American astronomers
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Harvard University alumni
Harvard College Observatory people
University of Chicago alumni
American geodesists

masks:
John Aloysius O
Ann Eckels
Angle


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<mask> (born February 25, 1983) is an American author, blogger, and atheist activist. <mask> is a regular speaker at atheist events, and has been a board member of charitable organizations such as the Secular Student Alliance and the Foundation Beyond Belief. <mask> used to run the Friendly Atheist blog on Patheos, in which he and his associates published articles several times a day, and also co-hosts a weekly podcast called the Friendly Atheist Podcast. The blog stopped its activities on Patheos from December 14, 2021, as <mask> and several others of his associates moved to a new platform called OnlySky (Onlysky.media). <mask> currently also publishes on Substack. On April 1, 2020, <mask> won his first appearance on the television game show Jeopardy! Biography
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1983.He graduated from the University of Illinois at Chicago in 2004 with a double degree in math and biology and began teaching in 2007. He acquired a master's degree in math education from DePaul University in 2010 and a national board certification in teaching in 2012. He taught high school math at Neuqua Valley High School until 2014 when he announced on Facebook and his blog that he had submitted his resignation to the school, citing that "As much as I love being in the classroom, the opportunities online are just a lot greater right now, and I don’t want to have any regrets down the road about not taking this chance while I have it." After his resignation, he stayed on as the head coach of the school's speech team. <mask> was raised in the Jain faith. He became an atheist as a teenager. Seeking to learn more about what motivated many Americans to be religious, he decided to attend and take notes at a number of churches across the United States.He based his choice of churches to attend on the results of an eBay auction in which he offered his bidders, ”I am an atheist. You can bid on where I go to church or a temple or a mosque, etc." <mask>'s experiences at the churches became the basis for his book, I Sold My Soul on eBay. He is the father of two children. Activism
<mask> <mask> established a secular student group, Students WithOut Religious Dogma (SWORD), at the University of Illinois at Chicago while earning dual degrees there. Later, still in college, he served as board chair for the Secular Student Alliance. He interned at the Center for Inquiry where he became familiar with a lot of the national organizations and leaders in the activist world at that time.Now, he serves on the board of directors for the Foundation Beyond Belief, a non-profit charitable organization. <mask> is a regular speaker at freethought and skeptical events around the U.S. He attempts to build bridges of understanding between believers and non-believers through his blog, The Friendly Atheist. Due in part to his positive message, he is also invited to speak at atheist events such as the one he presented at The Reason Rally or  at the American Atheists Annual Convention in March 2012. A vocal advocate of building an atheist community, <mask>'s activism includes fundraising for charitable causes. He helped establish and serves on the board of the Foundation Beyond Belief, which has raised more than $2,400,000 since it launched in 2010. He also established a church cleanup fund in response to reports of church vandalism in Bend, Oregon, in 2012.The vandals tagged the church with allusions to the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, and <mask>'s readers contributed nearly $3,000 in one day to help clean up the damage. <mask> writes for the "On Faith" column in the Washington Post and has been featured in a New York Times debate on prayer. When asked about his beliefs his response is clear: "Simply put, I have never seen any evidence of 'God's work' in action. I've seen what people think is God's work, but which actually has perfectly natural explanations. I believe that most people are good, even when nobody's looking. I believe our best path to discovering the truth lies in science, not religion." In June 2013, <mask> wrote for the "Room for Debate" series in the New York Times, where he argued that "There’s a very real downside to praying.It lulls believers into a false sense of accomplishment." In July 2013, he held an open discussion at the Oak Hills Church in San Antonio, Texas, where he explained his frustration at being confronted time and again with the same arguments for believing in God. He also commented that "Many Christians had negative stereotypes about atheists that prevented fruitful conversation." <mask> was a guest on CNN on August 20, 2013, to discuss the rise of atheism among the millennial generation. Also in 2013 he began publishing "The Atheist Voice" series of video discussions on YouTube, which had over 215 thousand subscribers in 2020. He started a second channel, Friendly Atheist, in 2019, on which he currently has 29 thousand subscribers. <mask> is the co-host, with Jessica Bluemke, of a weekly podcast named the Friendly Atheist Podcast, which has produced over 270 episodes as of June 2019.He also has a YouTube channel Friendly Atheist. Published works
In January 2006, <mask> posted an auction on eBay where he explained his background in atheism and offered to go to the worship services of the winning bidder's choosing. The auction ended on February 3, 2006 with a final bid of $504 from Jim Henderson, a minister from Seattle, Washington. <mask> later donated that money to the Secular Student Alliance, a non-profit organization for which he served as chair of the board of directors. Nearly a month after the auction, an article about <mask>'s experiences appeared on the front page of The Wall Street Journal,. He was featured in the Chicago Sun-Times, the Seattle Times, and the Village Voice, and on National Public Radio. Henderson asked <mask> to visit a variety of churches and write about the experiences on Henderson's website, offthemap.com.<mask> eventually wrote about his visits at nine different churches as well as two additional pieces dealing with atheist conventions and Christian media. I Sold My Soul on eBay contains <mask>'s observations and critiques of the churches along with background on how he became an atheist. Other published works include The Young Atheist's Survival Guide published in 2012 and The Friendly Atheist: Thoughts on the Role of Religion in Politics and Media published in 2013. The former is aimed at students, teachers, and parents who may face ostracism due to their lack of religious belief. The latter is intended as a study guide for the many things written by <mask>. In August 2014, <mask> announced his latest project, God is an Abusive Boyfriend (and you should break up), based on his YouTube series, The Atheist Voice. However, <mask> cancelled the project after receiving negative feedback from his readers.References

External links
Friendly Atheist blog on Patheos
Friendly Atheist blog on Substack
Hemant <mask> on Onlysky.media
Friendly Atheist Podcast
YouTube video of speech at Reason Rally, March 2012
Interview on The Young Atheist’s Survival Guide on the Token Skeptic podcast (Ep. 149)

1983 births
American atheism activists
American bloggers
DePaul University alumni
Living people
Former Jains
Writers from Naperville, Illinois
University of Illinois at Chicago alumni
American people of Indian descent
American podcasters
Writers about religion and science
Jeopardy! contestants

masks:
Hemant Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Hemant
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta


texts:
<mask> of Samos (or Douris) (; BCafter 281BC) was a Greek historian and was at some period tyrant of Samos. <mask> was the author of a narrative history of events in Greece and Macedonia from 371BC to 281BC, which has been lost. Other works included a life of Agathocles of Syracuse and a number of treatises on literary and artistic subjects. Personal and political life
<mask> claimed to be a descendant of Alcibiades. He had a son, Scaeus, who won the boys' boxing at the Olympian Games "while the Samians were in exile"; that is, before 324BC. From 352 to 324 Samos was occupied by Athenian cleruchs who had expelled the native Samians. <mask> therefore may well have been born at some date close to 350BC, and, since his main historical work ended with the death of Lysimachus in 281 BC, must have died at an unknown date after that.Some modern sources assume that the Olympic victor Scaeus must have been the father, not the son, of the historian <mask>; hence he is described in at least two encyclopedias as "son of Scaeus". The ancient sources, admittedly meagre, do not support this. <mask> was the brother of Lynceus of Samos, author of comedies, letters and the essay Shopping for Food. Many 20th century works state that <mask> was a pupil of Theophrastus at Athens. There is no evidence for this claim other than a conjectural emendation by Adamantios Korais of the text of the Deipnosophistae of Athenaeus. The emendation was published by J. Schweighäuser in 1802 and has been accepted by all subsequent editors of Athenaeus. The manuscript text says not that <mask> studied under Theophrastus, but that his brother Lynceus and Lynceus's correspondent Hippolochus did so.The only recorded fact about <mask>'s public life is that he was tyrant, or sole ruler, of Samos. How he attained this position, for how long he held it, and what events took place under his rule, are unknown. "His reign was uneventful", Hazel guesses. Writings
<mask> was the author of a narrative history of events in Greece and Macedonia from the battle of Leuctra (371BC) down to the death of Lysimachus (281BC). This work, like all his others, is lost; over thirty fragments are known through quotations by other authors, including Plutarch. It was continued in the Histories of Phylarchus. Other works by <mask> included a life of Agathocles of Syracuse, which was a source for books 19-21 of the Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus.<mask> also wrote historical annals of Samos arranged according to the lists of the priests of Hera; and a number of treatises on literary and artistic subjects. List of works
Parts of eight of <mask>'s works survive, ranging from 33 fragments of his Histories to a single, small fragment from his On Sculpture. A full listing is:

 Histories (also listed as Macedonica and Hellenica; 33 fragments)
 On Agathocles (also listed as Libyca; 13 fragments)
 Annals of Samos (22 fragments)
 On Laws (2 fragments)
 On Games (4 fragments)
 On Tragedy (and perhaps On Euripides and Sophocles; 2 fragments)
 On Painters (2 fragments)
 On Sculpture (1 fragment)

Later opinions
Of those later authors who knew <mask>'s work, few praise it. Cicero accords him qualified praise as an industrious writer. Plutarch used his work but repeatedly expresses doubt as to his trustworthiness. Dionysius of Halicarnassus speaks disparagingly of his style. Photius regards the arrangement of his work as altogether faulty.By contrast with recent predecessors such as Ephorus, <mask> served as the exemplar of a new fashion for "tragic history" which gave entertainment and excitement greater importance than factual reporting. In Plutarch's "Life of Pericles" a telling example is <mask>'s elaborate (and, according to Plutarch, exaggerated) description of cruelty and extensive destruction at Samos when Athenian forces, led by Pericles, subdued the island. Recent critics, believing that <mask> was a pupil of Theophrastus, have attempted either to demonstrate that "tragic history" agreed with the teachings of the Peripatetic school or to analyse <mask>'s motives for taking a different line from his supposed teachers. The debate was inevitably inconclusive. References

Bibliography

Editions of the fragments
C. Müller, Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum vol. 2 (Paris, 1848) pp. 466–488.[Greek with Latin translation and commentary]
F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker vol. 2A pp. 1136–1158 [Greek text]; vol. 2C pp. 115–131 [German commentary]

Modern scholarship
J. P. Barron, "The Tyranny of Duris of Samos" in Classical Review new series vol. 12 (1962) pp. 189–192.C. O. Brink, "Tragic History and Aristotle's School" in Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society vol. 186 (1960) pp. 14–19. A. Dalby, "The Curriculum Vitae of Duris of Samos" in Classical quarterly new series vol. 41 (1991) pp. 539–541.R. B. Kebric, In the Shadow of Macedon: Duris of Samos. Wiesbaden, 1977. R. B. Kebric, "A Note on Duris in Athens" in Classical Philology vol. 69 (1974) pp. 286–287. F. Landucci Gattinoni, Duride di Samo. Roma, 1997.L. Okin, Studies on Duris of Samos. University of Michigan dissertation, 1974. L. Okin, "A Hellenistic Historian Looks at Mythology" in Panhellenica (Lawrence, Kansas, 1980). P. Pédech, Trois historiens méconnus: Théopompe, Duris, Phylarque. Paris, 1989. E. Schwartz, "Duris (3)" in Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: neue Bearbeitung (Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1894-1980) vol.5 pt 2 cols 1853-1856. F. W. Walbank, "History and Tragedy" in Historia vol. 9 (1960) pp. 216–234. C. Baron, Timaeus of Tauromenium and Hellenistic Historiography (2012) pp. 247–255. Other encyclopedias
M. von Albrecht, "Duris (1)" in Der kleine Pauly ed.Konrat Ziegler, Walther Sontheimer (Munich: Artemis, 1975). D. Bowder, "Duris of Samos" in Who Was Who in the Greek World (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1982) pp. 101–102. "Duris of Samos" in The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. (2008). J. Hazel, "Duris (2)" in J. Hazel, Who's Who in the Greek World (London, 1999) p. 89. R. Schmitt, "Duris of Samos" in Encyclopædia Iranica.OCLC 311688910

4th-century BC births
3rd-century BC deaths
Classical-era Greek historians
Hellenistic-era historians
3rd-century BC historians
Ancient Greek tyrants
Ancient Samians

masks: Duris Duris Duris Duris Duris Duris Duris Duris Duris Duris Duris Duris Duris Duris Duris Duris Duris Duris


texts:
<mask>. (born February 19, 1993) is a Filipino-American professional basketball player for Nagoya Diamond Dolphins of the Japanese B.League. A 6'4" guard, he played college basketball for the NU Bulldogs for three years before declaring for the NBA draft in 2015 where he went undrafted. Early life and high school career
<mask> was born in Parañaque, Metro Manila to <mask>. and Marifer Celine Barbosa. His father was playing basketball in the Philippines. <mask>. had been drafted 58th overall in the third round of the 1984 NBA draft and went on to become a seven-time Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) Best Import awardee and Hall of Famer. <mask>. and Barbosa separated. Barbosa moved to Los Angeles in 2003, while <mask>. left for Memphis, Tennessee, in 2005.<mask> and his younger sister, Celine, remained in the Philippines until 2006, when his sister went to live with their mother, while he went to live with his father and his stepfamily, who were also Filipino. After moving to Memphis, <mask> started playing organized basketball at the age of 13. As a freshman and sophomore, he attended St. George's Independent School in Collierville, Tennessee, where he was named Tennessee's Division II-A Mr. Basketball as the state's private school player of the year in 2009. <mask> transferred to Melrose High School for the 2009–10 season and helped his team win a class AAA state championship. In November 2010, he committed to Georgia Tech as the No. 31-ranked shooting guard in the class of 2011, but later decommitted and followed his father back to the Philippines. College career
In September 2010, <mask> enrolled in a computer course at National University in Manila with the hopes of playing for the NU Bulldogs in 2011.Since <mask> came from a foreign high school, he had to sit out one year before the 2011 season, which prevented him from winning Rookie of the Year as he would no longer be considered a fresh graduate. Needless to say, he  still qualified for the MVP award, which he eventually won during his first University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) season with the Bulldogs, as <mask> averaged 20.0 points, 6.5 rebounds, 2.9 assists, 1.1 blocks and 1.1 steals per game and was named the Most Valuable Player of seasons 74 and 75. Professional career

In 2015, <mask> was in pursuit of being the first Filipino-born player to play in the NBA. He became automatically eligible for the 2015 NBA draft as an international player who turned 22 during the calendar year of the draft. In June 2015, prior to the 2015 NBA draft, <mask> was invited to work out for the Utah Jazz, Brooklyn Nets, Dallas Mavericks, Atlanta Hawks and Boston Celtics. <mask> went undrafted, but received an invitation from the Dallas Mavericks to play for their Summer League team. In six games for Dallas, he averaged 3.0 points and 1.7 rebounds per game, becoming the first Filipino-born player to play in the Summer League.NBA D-League
On October 31, 2015, <mask> was selected by the Texas Legends in the second round of the 2015 NBA Development League Draft. He became the second Filipino to be drafted in the NBA D-League after Japeth Aguilar in 2012. <mask> made his debut with the Legends on November 23, 2015 against the Austin Spurs. He went scoreless in 10 minutes of play and went 0-of-2 from the field. On December 13, 2015, he scored his first basket for the Legends. <mask>' putback layup with 14.5 seconds remaining gave him his first-ever basket in the D-League. He also finished with one assist and three rebounds in six minutes of action against the Sioux Falls Skyforce.On April 1, 2016, he scored a career-high 16 points against the Oklahoma City Blue. In 2015–16, <mask> averaged 4.6 points and 1.9 rebounds in 32 games. After the Legends did not retain <mask> for the 2016–17 season, he entered the 2016 NBA Development League Draft, where he was selected in the sixth round by the Westchester Knicks. He was unsuccessful in gaining an opening-night roster spot with Westchester, as the team waived him on November 9, 2016. ASEAN Basketball League
On November 18, 2016 <mask> officially joined Alab Pilipinas of the ASEAN Basketball League (ABL). On December 11, 2016, he scored a career-high 41 points and 14 rebounds against the Kaohsiung Truth. After his first season with Alab Pilipinas, he was named the local MVP of the season.MPBL
After his stint the ABL, <mask> joined the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (MPBL), an amateur regional league in the Philippines which imposes a cap on imports, including Filipinos with foreign heritage like himself. He was signed in by Mandaluyong El Tigre in May 2018. PBA

Blackwater Elite
<mask> entered the 2018 PBA draft where he was selected by Blackwater Elite. He was the second overall pick for that draft. TNT Tropang Giga
Parks was traded to the TNT Tropang Giga from Blackwater Elite in November 2019 in the middle of the 2019 PBA Governors' Cup. With TNT, <mask> had his first semifinal run only for his team to lose to eventual finalist Meralco Bolts. After the conclusion of the 2019 season, he signed a new one-year deal with TNT in February 2020.In the Philippine Cup, which was the lone conference for the 2020 season, <mask> helped TNT to its first "All-Filipino" finals in seven years only losing to eventual champions Barangay Ginebra San Miguel. <mask> contract with TNT expired after the 2020 season. In March 2021, <mask> announced that he would not feature in the PBA for the 2021 season citing personal reasons to tend to his family. However the move risked a fallout between <mask> and TNT with team owner and PLDT chairman Manny V. Pangilinan to express his doubts on <mask> reason for sitting out the 2021 season through social media posting a photo of him having a vacation in La Union. While <mask> is a free agent, TNT still hold the signing rights to him; he would only be able to play for another PBA team if TNT release him without pre-conditions or trade him. TNT and the PBA allowed <mask> to play in Japan in July 2021 but TNT would have exclusive rights to re-sign him if he decides to return to the PBA within five years. B.League

Nagoya Diamond Dolphins
On August 24, 2021, <mask> signed with the Nagoya Diamond Dolphins of Japan's B. League as the team's Asian import. National team career
In 2015, <mask> played for Gilas Cadets at the SEABA championships and the Southeast Asian Games. In July 2016, <mask> played for Gilas Pilipinas at the FIBA Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Manila. <mask> was part of the team that represented the Philippines in the 2017 Southeast Asian Games. They won the gold medal after beating Indonesia 94-55, winning his 3rd SEA Games Gold medal in the process.

masks:
Bobby Ray Barbosa Parks Jr
Parks
Bobby Parks Sr
Parks Sr
Parks Sr
Parks Sr
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks


texts:
David Albert "Panama" <mask> (December 21, 1918 – November 13, 2001) was an American swing jazz drummer who played on numerous hit recordings in the 1950s. Early life
<mask> was born in Miami, Florida, on December 21, 1918. His father was Haitian, and "his mother came from an English property-owning background in the Bahamas". His father collected records. The young David was enthusiastic about music and playing the drums even before attending school. He initially played in marching bands and local drum and bugle corps. Career
<mask> first played professionally in the 1930s.He was part of George Kelly's band from 1934 to 1938, and was then with the Florida Collegians in 1938. After moving to New York that year, he worked with Tab Smith, Billy Hicks, and Roy Eldridge before the 1940s. <mask> acquired his nickname from Eldridge "at a moment when [<mask>] was wearing a panama hat and Eldridge could not remember his new drummer's name". <mask> joined Lucky Millinder's big band in 1940, so often played at the Savoy Ballroom. After leaving Millinder he was with Willie Bryant's band (1946), and then Cab Calloway (1947–52); he was in three short films alongside the latter. For much of the 1950s, <mask> was a studio musician in New York, accompanying rhythm-and-blues and rock-and-roll groups and singers. The hits he played on included: Bobby Darin ("Splish Splash"); the Four Seasons ("Big Girls Don't Cry", "Walk Like a Man"); the Platters ("The Great Pretender", "My Prayer", "Only You", "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes"), Dion DiMucci  "Runaround Sue",  Neil Sedaka ("Calendar Girl"); and Jackie Wilson ("Reet Petite").From 1963 <mask> toured with singer Dinah Shore for five years. He then resided in California but struggled to find work. He toured Japan with saxophonist Sam "the Man" Taylor in 1970–71, and appeared on film again in 1972, in Lady Sings the Blues. Back in New York, <mask> was part of Sy Oliver's nonet from 1973 to 1975, during which time he also appeared at jazz festivals and toured internationally with other bands. He revived the Savoy Sultans jazz and dance band in 1979, and he appeared regularly at the Rainbow Room in New York City for eight years from 1980. <mask> became drummer in the Benny Goodman Quartet for concerts in 1982. He appeared in the 1994 film The Statesmen of Jazz as a member of the Statesmen of Jazz.Personal life and final years

<mask> died on November 13, 2001, following a stroke, at age 82. Discography

As leader
 Latin American Dixieland (MGM, 1954)
 Exploding Drums (Epic, 1959)
 The Beat Behind the Million Sellers (ABC-Paramount, 1960)
 Gettin' in the Groove (Black and Blue, 1979)
 <mask> and the Savoy Sultans (Classic Jazz, 1980)

As sideman
With Eddie Barefield
 Eddie Barefield (RCA, 1974)
 The Indestructible E. B. (Famous Door, 1977)
With Wilson Pickett
 In the Midnight Hour (Atlantic Records, 1965)
With Milt Buckner
 Green Onions (Black and Blue, 1975)
 Midnight Slows Vol 6 (Black and Blue, 1977)
With Ray Bryant
 Groove House (Sue, 1963)
 Hot Turkey (Black and Blue, 1979)
With Sam Cooke
 My Kind of Blues (RCA Victor, 1961)
 Twistin' the Night Away (RCA Victor, 1962)
With John Lee Hooker
 It Serve You Right to Suffer (Impulse! (Savoy, 1984)
 Oscar Brown Jr., Sin & Soul (Columbia, 1960)
 Gene Conners, Coming Home (Belter 1978)
 Dorothy Donegan, The Many Faces of Dorothy Donegan (Mahogany 1975)
 Roy Eldridge, At the Arcadia Ballroom Broadway New York City 1939 (Musidisc, 1975)
 Roy Gaines, Superman (Black and Blue, 1975)
 Dizzy Gillespie, The Melody Lingers On (Limelight, 1966)
 Lloyd Glenn, Old Time Shuffle (Black and Blue, 1976)
 Tiny Grimes, Some Groovy Fours (Black and Blue, 1974)
 Lionel Hampton, At Newport '78 (Timeless, 1980)
 Woody Herman, Hey! Heard the Herd? (Verve, 1963)
 Eddie Heywood, Eddie Heywood at the Piano (Mercury, 1960)
 Claude Hopkins, Music of the Early Jazz Dances (20th Fox, 1958)
 Dick Hyman, Traditional Jazz Piano (Project 3 1973)
 Johnny Letman, The Many Angles of John Letman (Bethlehem, 1960)
 Little Willie John, Fever (Regency 1956)
 Odetta, Sometimes I Feel Like Cryin'  (RCA Victor, 1962)
 Andrew Odom, Farther on Down the Road (Bluesway, 1973)
 Red Prysock, Swing Softly Red (Mercury, 1961)
 Charlie Shavers, Horn o' Plenty (Bethlehem, 1954)
 Carrie Smith, Do Your Duty (Black and Blue, 1976)
 David T. Walker, Going Up! (Revue 1969)
 Dick Wellstood, Fats Waller Revisited (Classic Jazz, 1975)
 Jimmy Witherspoon, Sing the Blues with Panama Francis and the Savoy Sultans (Muse, 1983)

Singles

References

External links
Panama Francis bio

American jazz drummers
Musicians from Miami
Musicians from Orlando, Florida
Swing drummers
1918 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Savoy Sultans members
Statesmen of Jazz members
Black & Blue Records artists
The Cab Calloway Orchestra members

masks:
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
David Francis
Panama Francis


texts:
<mask> (born 19 February 1954) is an American writer, architect and historian specializing in historic preservation, author of several histories and fiction works, including The New York Times best-selling novel The Paris Architect. Biography
He was born in 1954 as the son of <mask>, a second class yeoman of the U.S. Navy, who was in service during World War II, Korean and Vietnam War, and Polish immigrant Kristine Vetulani, a celebrated translator, teacher and activist. He grew up in Woodlawn, the suburbs of Baltimore, Maryland, and attended the Woodlawn High School. In 1983 he graduated from the Pratt Institute with a Bachelor in Architecture and in 1993 from the Columbia University with a Master of Science in Real Estate Development. He is a specialist in historic preservation. He taught at Pratt Institute and at the Goucher College in Baltimore, and has been a freelance contributor to The New York Times and The Baltimore Sun. He published several architectural histories and was a recipient of a Graham Foundation national grant for architectural research.At one point of his career, he began to write novels. The Paris Architect, <mask>'s first novel, was published by Sourcebooks Landmark on October 8, 2013 in the U.S. Following the story of a French architect Lucien Bernard, being paid to create temporary hiding places for Jews in Nazi-occupied Paris, the book received generally positive reviews. Malcolm Gladwell of The Guardian chose The Paris Architect his favourite book of 2013, calling it “a beautiful and elegant account of an ordinary man's unexpected and reluctant descent into heroism during the second world war”. <mask>'s debut in fiction was found among finalists of the 2015 International Dublin Literary Award and hit The New York Times best seller list in an e-book category in July 2015. StudioCanal and The Picture Company acquired the rights to film The Paris Architect. Chris Salmanpour was signed up to adapt the script.Belfoure's second novel, House of Thieves, was published on September 15, 2015. Set in 1886 in New York, it tells the story of an architect forced to join a criminal gang, and therefore plan robberies of the buildings he had previously designed to pay off his son’s debts. Publishers Weekly praised the work, pointing out that “Belfoure holds together each and every thread of the novel, resulting in a most memorable, evocative read”. Jocelyn McClurg of USA Today gave the book three out of four stars, saying that “channeling Dickens, Belfoure designs a rollicking story but overloads on improbabilities. No matter – it’s a blueprint for great fun”. House of Thieves was said to be adapted for television by the Mark Gordon Company, with Francis Lawrence to direct the series. Belfoure's third novel, The Fallen Architect, was released on October 9, 2018.Set in 1905, it tells the story of a British architect in the Edwardian era. Publishers Weekly reviewer called it an “exceptional mystery” and said that “Belfoure offers the reader glimpses of early motion pictures, variety hall jokes that are still funny, and a description of Edward VII consuming a 10-course meal. This wonderfully realized background coupled with insights into British society make this a standout”, yet Kirkus Reviews contributor pointed out that several “structural failures loom” in the course of the plot, and one of the plot twists “is a cul de sac from which Belfoure, himself an architect, cannot design a convincing exit. The music hall décor and atmosphere help distract from the flawed whodunit”. The Fallen Architect was announced a 2019 Nero Award Finalist. In 2018, <mask> announced that he has been working on his fourth novel. The Fabergé Secret, released by Severn House of London on January 5, 2021 in the U.K. and the U.S., takes place on the court of Nicholas II of Russia.It is about a prince whose life is changed after witnessing the 1903 Easter Sunday pogrom in Kishinev. Spanish translation of The Fabergé Secret was published in Mexico. <mask> uses his architectural background to develop the plot of his novels. He said that he never took creative writing lessons and that he “hesitated writing fiction”, but discovered that John Grisham, who was also never trained in writing, has been using his legal background for his fiction works. Belfoure decided to use his knowledge in the field of architecture in a similar way. When asked about the works that influenced him most, he pointed to Robert Caro's The Power Broker, William Golding's Lord of the Flies and novels by Thomas Hardy, especially Jude the Obscure and The Mayor of Casterbridge. Belfoure lives in Westminster, Maryland.His son Christopher Belfoure graduated in history from West Virginia University in 2010, and died due to a fatal ATV accident the following year. A memorial scholarship – The <mask> Chinese Studies Travel Abroad Fund – was established to honor his memory. Belfoure also has a daughter, Julie. Works

Novels
 The Paris Architect (2013)
 House of Thieves (2015)
 The Fallen Architect (2018)
 The Fabergé Secret (2021)

Monographs
 The Baltimore Rowhouse (with Mary Ellen Hayward, 1997)
 Monuments to Money: The Architecture of American Banks (2005)
 Edmund G. Lind: Anglo-American Architect of Baltimore and the South (2009)
 Rebuilding Baltimore. The Azola Legacy – 50 Years (with Martin P. Azola, 2018)

Awards
 Finalist of the International Dublin Literary Award for The Paris Architect (2015)
 Finalist of the Nero Award for The Fallen Architect (2019)
 Preservation Award, awarded by the Baltimore Heritage for the restoration and rehabilitation of the Marburg House, 6 E. Eager Street, Baltimore (2019)

References

External links

1954 births
Living people
Architects from Baltimore
Writers from Baltimore
21st-century American novelists
American historical novelists
Pratt Institute alumni
Columbia University alumni
Pratt Institute faculty
Novelists from Maryland
Novelists from New York (state)

masks:
Charles Belfoure
Charles William Belfoure
Belfoure
Belfoure
Belfoure
Belfoure
Christopher Belfoure