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<mask> (5 April 1909 – 11 April 1979) was a German aeronautical engineer, aviator and the Head of Technical Development at the Reich Ministry of Aviation of Nazi Germany during World War II. Early career
<mask> attended the Technische Hochschule Berlin, from which he graduated in 1933 with a dual major of theoretical experimental physics and aeronautical engineering. He was affiliated with the Academic Flying Group. In 1935 <mask> was a flight instructor for the Reich Air Ministry, a civilian organisation at the disposal of the German military. By 1936 <mask>'s invention of the Dreieckrechner hand-held flight computing device, similar to American Lt. Philip Dalton's contemporaneous E6B invention, was starting to become commonplace in both military Luftwaffe aviation and German civil pilots' use. He enlisted in the Luftwaffe after the outbreak of World War II, on 4 September 1939. World War II

After serving as Field Marshal Walter von Brauchitsch's pilot during the brief Invasion of Poland, <mask> was assigned to the Rowehl Reconnaissance Group.During his time with this group <mask> flew hundreds of reconnaissance flights in every theatre of the German war. In autumn 1939, <mask> flew a reconnaissance mission to Narvik, Norway to observe whether the British had occupied Narvik seaport. While on this mission <mask> took photographs of the British Home Fleet at Scapa Flow and outmanoeuvred two Spitfires to escape with the photographs. Based on this intelligence  of the Kriegsmarine sank the British battleship  in a famous incident. For this, <mask> was awarded his first Iron Cross. In April 1943, <mask> was appointed the technical officer of General Dietrich Peltz, who was responsible for the air war against England. In this capacity he established a program focused on capturing and re-fitting enemy aircraft, as a means to gain a tactical advantage and assist the Luftwaffe's internal research efforts.In 1943, alarmed that Allied advances in aviation technology threatened to tip the balance of the war against Germany, Hermann Göring convened a conference at Carinhall among his senior leadership. Peltz brought <mask> with him to this conference, and Göring was enamored with <mask>'s innovative ideas. After the conference Göring declared "Knemeyer is my boy!" and in July 1943 reassigned him to be his personal technical advisor. Several months later <mask> was promoted to Oberst and made Director of Research and Development of the Luftwaffe. Göring came to call Knemeyer the "Star Gazer" and would greet him with the question, "Now, my Star Gazer, what do you see in your crystal ball?" In November 1943, <mask> was appointed Head of Technical Development for the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM), under Oberst Edgar Petersen's command.By February 1944, <mask> had surprisingly never flown a German heavy bomber of any sort, until he got his turn to fly one of the Heinkel He 177B prototypes on 24 February at the Wiener Neustadt military airfield. His favourable opinion on the twin tail-equipped He 177 V102 aircraft's "excellent handling qualities" compelled him to recommend that the Heinkel firm place the He 177B design's priority above that of the Heinkel He 343 four-jet medium bomber design, which was still in its early stages. Shortly after rising to his top-level technical appointment within the RLM, <mask> became close with old colleague, General Werner Baumbach. <mask> was included on a Special Committee of top-ranking Luftwaffe administrators in November 1943 for the purpose of advocating broad adoption of and investment in the Me-262. Aviation book authors J. Richard Smith and Eddie Creek credit <mask> and General Adolf Galland as the men responsible for Germany's finally putting the Me 262A-1a jet fighter into mass production. In 1944, the German hierarchy placed a renewed call for creative plans to reverse the now-inevitable defeat descending on Nazi Germany. Familiar with the newest technologies, Knemeyer conceived a plan to develop a long-range bomber that would drop a radioactive "dirty bomb" on New York City, in hopes of intimidating the United States out of the war.This idea was embraced and <mask> set up and personally supervised a competition between the three most promising technologies: Wernher von Braun's Aggregat A-9 rocket missile and A-10 booster rocket; Eugen Sänger's Silbervogel, and the Horten brothers' Horten Ho 229 turbojet-powered flying wing fighter. While this competition accelerated the progress of leading edge aviation technology, of these specified aerospace design projects, only one prototype example of the Ho 229 (the Versuchs-Zwei, or Ho 229 V2 second prototype) flew prior to the end of the war. Operation Paperclip
<mask> was arrested in the British Zone of Occupation and was interned in Münster and then at the Latimer prison camp. <mask> was part of Operation Paperclip and in June 1948 he was awarded a permanent contract of employment with the United States Air Force, Air Material Command. His family was then able to join him in America. <mask> began with the United States War Department on 1 July 1947. As acknowledgement of his contributions, in 1966 he received the highest civilian award granted by the U.S. military, the U.S. Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award.Awards
In Germany
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class
 1st Class
 German Cross in Gold on 27 July 1942 as Hauptmann in the 4.Staffel/Aufklärungsgruppe of the OB.d.L. Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 August 1943 as Major im Stabsamt des RLM (with the staff of the Air Ministry) and Gruppenkommandeur of Aufklärungs-Lehr-Gruppe of the OB.d.L. In the United States
 Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award

References

Citations

Bibliography

Baumbach, Werner (1960). The Life and Death of the Luftwaffe. Ballantine Books. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 60-11283. Green, William (1970).The Warplanes of the Third Reich. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 88-29673. Herwig, Dieter and Rode, Heinz (1998). Luftwaffe Secret Projects: Strategic Bombers 1935–1945. .
Kahn, David (1978). Hitler’s Spies. Myrha, David and The History Channel (2005). Nazi Plan to Bomb New York.DVD. ASIN: B001CU7W76. Shepelev, Andrei and Ottens, Huib (2006). Horten Ho 229: Spirit of Thuringia. .
Smith, J. Richard and Creek, Eddie J. (1982). Jet Planes of the Third Reich. .
Smith, J. Richard, Creek, Eddie J. and Petrick, Peter (2003). On Special Missions: The Luftwaffe’s Research and Experimental Squadrons 1923–1945. .
Smith, J.R. and Kay, Anthony L. (1972).German Aircraft of the Second World War. .

1909 births
1979 deaths
People from the Province of Westphalia
Technical University of Berlin alumni
Engineers from North Rhine-Westphalia
People from Minden
German people of the Spanish Civil War
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Luftwaffe pilots
Messerschmitt Me 262
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
Operation Paperclip
German emigrants to the United States

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<mask> (19 April 192114 December 2011) was an Australian-born British film director. His best known films were made for Hammer in the 1960s, and included The Kiss of the Vampire (1963) and Rasputin, the Mad Monk (1966). In 1965 he directed The Face of Fu Manchu, based on the character created by Sax Rohmer, and starring Christopher Lee. <mask> also directed the sequel The Brides of Fu Manchu (1966). In the 1980s he was also responsible for several hugely popular miniseries adapted from the novels of Barbara Taylor Bradford. Early career

Early life
<mask> was born in Hobart, Tasmania, in 1921, according to official military records and his own claims, even though reference sources cite 1922 as his year of birth. He was the second of four children.He attended St Virgil's College and began appearing regularly in theatre productions at the Playhouse Theatre in Hobart, where he trained under a young Stanley Burbury. He later said this was prompted "by a desi re not to study to become an accountant, which is what my parents wanted for me." Among the plays <mask> appeared in were You Can't Take It With You and Our Town. He also directed a production of Stage Door. He studied accountancy in the evenings but this was interrupted by war service. War service
<mask> enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force on 7 April 1941 and was transferred to Singapore. In addition to his military duties he appeared in radio and on stage with a touring English company.Among his radio performances were Escape and the Barretts of Wimpole Street. "The acting bug had definitely gotten hold of me," says <mask>, "and I did a bit of it  while I was in the RAAF as well, in the odd moment." <mask> was invalided out before the city fell to the Japanese. He returned to Melbourne and recuperated at Heidelberg Hospital. He spent the majority of his war service in Melbourne, appearing in amateur theatre productions of "Quality Street" and "The Late Christopher Bean" as well as recorded broadcasts and ABC plays. In early 1943 he moved to Hobart. He appeared in a theatre production of Interval by Sumner Locke Elliott, also serving as assistant director.Following this he appeared in a theatre revue, Khaki Capers, notably in a sketch which figured a flag flown over the air force station in Singapore which <mask> had brought back with him. <mask> was discharged from the air force on 17 March 1944 at the rank of corporal. Acting career
After the war <mask> did not want to return to Hobart. He auditioned for and won an understudy's position in  J. C. Williamson Limited version of the Broadway comedy Kiss and Tell ; when a bout of laryngitis injured one of the leads two weeks later, <mask> stepped into the role. He toured in the production from 1944-1945 then went on to appear in such plays as Arsenic and Old Lace (1945) and The Dancing Years. He worked for Morris West's production company in radio and played a small role in Smithy (1946), one of the few feature films shot in Australia at this time. <mask> also toured Japan performing for the occupying troops there.From Japan he went to London in 1948. ""I could have gone on with a theatrical
career in Australia," says <mask>, "but what I  really wanted was movies. So I went to England." Move to England

Ha'Penny Breeze
Arriving in England in 1948, <mask> got some stage work quickly "but I couldn't even get an appointment to see a casting director" for films. He was sharing a flat with an assistant director and they decided to make their own movie. He co-wrote Ha'penny Breeze (1950), with a fellow Australian, Frank Worth. Together with another man, Darcy Conyers, they formed a production company and raised finance to make the £8,000 film.<mask> also played a leading role, did the accounts and helped with the direction. The film was not a large hit but it was theatrically released. <mask> also got a small role in a British radio adaptation of Robbery Under Arms (1950). <mask> said "Shortly after, a number of influential film people made contact with me, but none of them offered me a job as an actor— they all asked if  I would write for them!" <mask> was unable to cash in on Ha'penny Breeze as he came down with a recurrence of tuberculosis and spent nearly two years in hospital, during which he had six ribs and one lung removed. Group 3
When <mask> recovered he got some acting roles in such films as The Planter's Wife (1952), Appointment in London (1953), The Cruel Sea (1953) and You Know What Sailors Are (1954). Several of these films were directed by Ken Annakin who <mask> says was particularly helpful giving him jobs when needed.He began to turn increasingly to writing and directing. <mask> said his background as an actor was useful for his development as a director, in particular it developed his sense of timing:
You’ve got to know, for example, a thing I was taught early in theatre – if there's a scene in a movie, in a play, that always gets good laughs, on a good night, when there's a good and laughing audience, you’ll get laughs in the build-up to it, in the five or ten minutes beforehand, because it's a good audience who's appreciative of what's going on. On a bad night, when the audience are not laughing, increase your pace, get them at the point. And this teaches you a control of speed and how to control an audience. . . . Working with good actors, you get a feeling of timing with them; although sometimes the timing between them can be good but their overall pace, which is quite different, can be wrong – its context in the film, because of the situation in the film, perhaps there should be that little more urgency, therefore pace, in the scene. <mask>'s career was revived when he was called in to work for Group Three, a new government-backed film company which had a brief to support new talent. <mask> sold them an original script called Child's Play (made 1952, released 1954).Group Three liked <mask>'s work and assigned him to work on the script for Background; he was also given the job as assistant to the producer which he later called "the most wonderful education". Group Three bought a story of <mask>'s, originally called The Norfolk Story. He turned this into a novel called Conflict of Wings (1954), the title under which it was filmed; <mask> also collaborated on the screenplay with John Pudney, and did some second unit directing. <mask> and Pudney then wrote The Blue Peter (1955) for Group Three. Once again, <mask> also directed second unit, and he began to develop ambitions to direct. <mask> was offered a job at Ealing Studios as a production assistant but decided to turn it down. Director

Early films and documentaries
<mask> left Group Three to direct some documentaries for Pathe.He worked on a proposed film at Ealing about the Skeleton Coast which was never made. <mask> turned feature film with The Stolen Airliner (1955) for the Children's Film Foundation, based on a script by Pudney. <mask> then received an offer from the BBC to replace fellow Australian, Bruce Beeby, as an actor on the science fiction serial Journey into Space. The show was recorded on a Sunday enabling <mask> to continue with his writing and directing work while appearing in it. <mask> was hired by Ealing to adapt the novel Robbery Under Arms into a feature film script. He says some of his work was included in the final script which was ultimately done by Bill Lipscomb. <mask> made some television documentary shows for Pathe.During the making of one of them, Crossroads (1955), a film about why British soldiers left the army, he met actor Mary Steele who he later married. <mask> directed a "three reeler" for Warwick Films in Rome called Arrivederci Roma (1956). This was followed by a documentary for Martin Films, The Passing Years (1957), a dramatised documentary about the British motor industry. <mask>'s second feature film as director as another for the Children's Film Foundation, The Adventures of Hal 5. He received an offer to direct second unit on Carve Her Name with Pride (1958), directed by Lewis Gilbert; <mask> was responsible for various action sequences. <mask> wrote and directed The Golden Disc (1959), the first British rock 'n' roll movie – released a year before the Cliff Richard vehicle Expresso Bongo (1959) and a full two years ahead of Beat Girl (1960). It starred Mary Steele, who <mask> married two years earlier.<mask> was hired to do more second unit work, on Harry Black (1958), which involved shooting tiger footage in India. After this he made a documentary for American television at Expo 58, and one for the British army called Keeping the Peace (1959). Independent Artists
After an unsuccessful attempt to get up finance for a film with Lonnie <mask> <mask> made two films for Independent Artists. The first was a low-budget thriller,  The Professionals (1960), which screened on US TV as part of the Kraft Mystery Theatre. The second was Linda (1960), a teen drama starring Carol White for Independent Artists, which went out as a support feature for Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960) and is now considered a lost film. <mask> then made another army documentary. He went into TV, becoming the resident director for the first season of Ghost Squad (1961–62).<mask> directed Two Guys Abroad (1962) with George Raft, which was intended as a pilot for a TV series or as a B movie, but ended up not being released at all. <mask> then directed second unit on The Fast Lady (1962) for Ken Annakin. Hammer Films and Harry Alan <mask> received an offer from Tony Hinds of Hammer Films who had seen The Professionals and was looking for a director for Hammer's vampire movie The Kiss of the Vampire (1963). <mask> had never seen a horror movie before but agreed after watching several Hammer films. According to his obituary <mask> helped make an "atmospheric, suspenseful gothic horror and giving a depth to the characters that was sometimes missing in Hammer's other vampire productions." The Kiss of the Vampire is now one of Hammer's highest regarded horrors; <mask>'s New York Times obituary says "Not a few Hammer fans contend that "The Kiss of the Vampire" is one of the greatest Gothic horror movies ever made". The Kiss of the Vampire was shot in 1962.After making it, <mask> went back to television, directing episodes of The Human Jungle, then made another teen

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 musical in the vein of The Golden Disc, It's All Happening (1963), with Tommy Steele. He returned to Hammer for a swashbuckler, The Devil-Ship Pirates (1964). It starred Christopher Lee, who would make several movies with <mask>. By now Kiss of the Vampire had been released, and <mask> started receiving offers to direct more horror films; he says Milton Subotsky offered him the choice of three scripts to direct but <mask> liked none of them. Instead <mask> made Witchcraft (1964), for producer Robert L. Lippert. <mask> called it "a little four-week movie, very quickly done, but it received some lovely notices". <mask> then spent several months directing second unit on Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines (1965).<mask> said "I had to think very hard about going back to second unit after directing a half-dozen features — but it was so tempting, especially after my air force days. So I did it; and it was tremendously exciting, and a marvelous movie to work on." <mask> did find shooting footage with old airplanes very slow - "you're fortunate if you can get two set-ups in a day" so when it was over he asked his agent to get him any job. Lippert had a sequel to The Fly, Curse of the Fly (1965), and <mask> did it. "I'm afraid they'd pretty much run out of ideas," said <mask> who says he and the writer "both had the feeling,'Oh dear, what a pity they're making another one'." <mask> reteamed with Lee for The Face of Fu Manchu (1965), produced by Harry Alan Towers. <mask> later said "I like Harry, a great deal... but Harry will get more kick out of  making $5 in a slightly crooked and fast way, than he would making $100 legitimately;  he's a dealer rather than a movie maker, and he enjoys getting the best part of a deal.But he does have a certain enthusiasm, and a sense of showmanship. In order to make a good film while working with Harry, you have to be insistent." Fu Manchu was a big hit and led to four sequels; <mask> only directed the first of these, but he worked several more time for Towers who later said "I kept using <mask> because his films came in on budget and were without exception very successful. On top of that he was a most agreeable person of very good character – no tantrums – clear headed – resourceful; a gentleman too." The movie would give <mask> a reputation for action movies. He later stated his philosophy:
You can’t do big action sequences and then have flabby, everyday stuff round it. Those movies have got to have a feeling of latent energy in there... You can’t do action sequences as an entity in themselves.They’ve got to be part of the way a whole movie is developing. You’ve got to have, apart from energy, a very good sense of editing, what a camera can do... a sense of timing... and an ability to have a visual of exactly what it's going to look like... Also, I enjoyed it... some directors... didn’t get the same enjoyment out of it; it was a necessity rather than a pleasure. I always liked doing it, liked doing action. It was back to Hammer for Rasputin, the Mad Monk (1966), with Lee in the title role. <mask> disliked this experience working for Hammer as the budgets were being tightened. <mask> followed it with two films for Towers, Our Man in Marrakesh (1966), a spy spoof starring Tony Randall, and The Brides of Fu Manchu (1966), again with Lee. After this he worked on an adaptation of H.G.Wells' The Sleeper Awakes which he said Sam Arkoff at AIP ultimately decided not to make because it did "not have enough sex and violence". <mask> then made Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon (1967), an adventure tale in the vein of Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines for Towers. <mask> and Towers were meant to follow this with Casanova, a film in the style of Tom Jones (1963) from a script by Peter Yeldham to be shot in Czechoslovakia starring Horst Buchholz. This film was ultimately cancelled due to tensions following the Six-Day War. Neither made was another proposed Sharp-Towers collaboration, Legion of the Damned, based on a script by Harry Spalding, which was to have been shot in Spain; <mask> says Towers was unable to raise the finance, and their collaborations ended

<mask> said "after a couple of months of doing nothing" he returned to TV, directing some episodes of The Avengers (1968) and The Champions (1969). <mask> was hired by producer George Willoughby to direct Taste of Excitement (1969), which then led to making The Violent Enemy for the same producers (the former would be released first). <mask> was offered The Vengeance of She at Hammer but been unable to take the job.<mask> was offered the chance to direct the feature film version of Till Death Us Do Part but clashed with Johnny Speight over the script and was fired before filming. Puppet on a Chain and 70s movies
<mask> said he was "out of work for about a year" when he got an offer to direct a boat chase sequence for Puppet on a Chain (1971), based on a novel by Alistair MacLean. The producers liked his work so much they hired him to shoot some additional footage. In 2007 <mask> said the film earned him a reputation as "The Doctor" and he was still getting royalties from the movie. <mask> worked on a number of films which did not get made including Turncoat from a script by Peter Yeldham, a project with Judy Geeson called Dead, and the aforementioned Israel film. Michael Carreras of Hammer asked <mask> to take over from Seth Holt who had died while directing Blood from the Mummy's Tomb (1971) but <mask> was unable as he had a contract to make a film in Israel for the producers of Puppet; that movie was not made either. According to Filmink "it’s a great shame <mask> only worked with" Hammer three times "because he was one of their best ever directors."<mask> was put under long term contract to a company called Scotia who assigned him to direct Psychomania (1973), the final movie of George Sanders. This movie has become a cult classic; <mask> called it "great fun to do, especially after doing several films in a row like The Violent Enemy. It was a great change, geared for a younger audience as it was." Scotia loaned our Sharp's services to make Dark Places (1973). <mask> then developed further projects with Scotia, and worked for months on another project to be made in Israel; neither was made, nor was a proposed version of the Robin Hood story. <mask>'s next project was Callan (1974), a big screen adaptation of the TV series starring Edward Woodward (1967–72). During the making of that film <mask> received an offer to direct a thriller, Hennessy (1975), with Rod Steiger in the title role, as an IRA man out to assassinate Queen Elizabeth II.This led to <mask> receiving an offer from producer Harry Saltzman to work on The Micronauts, a "shrunken man" epic to have starred Gregory Peck and Lee Remick. <mask> worked on the film for months before deciding to leave the project, which was ultimately never made. Michael Carreras offered <mask> the job of directing To the Devil a Daughter for Hammer and he was interested but <mask> ultimately pulled out due to dissatisfaction with the script. <mask> worked on some films that were not made: a proposed film adaptation of Alistair MacLean's The Way to Dusty Death; a horror film, Croc; an adaptation of Jeffrey Archer's Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less; an adaptation of Alistair MacLean's Bear Island (originally postponed); a biopic of Kim Philby. <mask> received an offer to direct the fourth version of The Four Feathers (1978), made for American TV but released theatrically in some markets. He then directed another remake, The Thirty Nine Steps (1978), with Robert Powell (who had been in Four Feathers). Producer Greg Smith said he hired <mask> "because he's one of Britain's best action adventure directors and he was familiar with the period."The film was very popular. Eventually the Bear Island (1979), project was re-activated and was made starring Richard Widmark, <mask> and Vanessa Redgrave. It was one of the most expensive Canadian films ever made and a box office flop. Following this <mask> was going to make a version of two other MacLean novels, Goodbye California, with Charlton Heston, and Air Force One is Down, but the finance fell through for both. Neither made were adaptations of Quicksand by Wilfred Greatorex, Scoop by Evelyn Waugh. Later career
<mask> returned to TV with episodes of Hammer House of Horror (1980) ("Guardian of the Abyss") and QED (1982) (TV series). "It was nice to shoot something again," said <mask>.<mask> developed several projects that were not made - Spy Ship, a biopic of John Simpson Kirkpatrick, Red Alert West, a film about the Spanish Civil War. A film that was made was What Waits Below (1984) shot in America with Robert Powell in the lead role; it was an unhappy experience for <mask>. He developed a film version of A Prayer for the Dying. However <mask> then had a big success when called in to replace the original director on the mini series A Woman of Substance (1984); based on the novel by Barbara Taylor Bradford, and starring Jenny Seagrove and Deborah Kerr, this was a huge ratings success. Tusitala (1986) was an Australian mini series shot in Samoa. Hold the Dream (1986), was a mini-series sequel to Woman of Substance, with Jenny Seagrove reprising her role. Tears in the Rain (1988) was a TV movie from a novel by Pamela Wallace which gave an early starring role to Sharon Stone.Act of Will (1989) was another mini series based on a novel by Barbara Taylor Bradford, which starred Liz Hurley. Personal life
<mask> married an Australian actress, Gwenda Wilson, in 1945 after appearing on stage with her in Kiss and Tell. In 1956 he married actress Mary Steele who he had met while shooting a documentary, Crossroads. <mask> died on 14 December 2011, after a short spell in hospital. He was survived by Mary Steele, two sons and a daughter. Another son, Massive Attack producer Jonny Dollar, predeceased him. A Wasted Life: RIP <mask>
"DON SHARP, DIRECTOR: AN APPRECIATION", Cinema Retro
<mask> at Britmovie
<mask> at AustLit

1921 births
2011 deaths
Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom
British film directors
Australian film directors
Horror film directors
Male actors from Hobart
Royal Australian Air Force airmen
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
People educated at St Virgil's

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<mask> (; born 1947) is an Israeli expert in international law and former ambassador of the state of Israel to Canada. He is the director of the Institute for Contemporary Affairs at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs and a former partner in the Tel Aviv law firm of Moshe, Bloomfield, Kobo, Baker & Co. He was a military prosecutor and senior legal adviser in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and represented the Ministry of Defense at international conferences, and then joined the Foreign Ministry as legal adviser. He participated in the negotiation and drafting of agreements and peace treaties with Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and the Palestinians. In January 2012 he was appointed by Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu to the three member committee chaired by former Justice Edmund Levy to examine the legal aspects of land ownership in the West Bank. The committee's report, referred to as Levy Report, was published by the Israeli government in Hebrew in July 2012. Life and career
<mask> was born to a traditional Jewish family in the UK.He studied law at University College London, where he received his Bachelor of Laws in 1969, when the family emigrated to Israel, and has a Master of Laws in International Law from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1972). He was admitted to the Israel Bar Association in 1977. <mask> spent the bulk of his professional career working in different capacities for Israel. Two years after graduating from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, <mask> became a Military Prosecutor and Senior Legal Officer in the International Law Branch of the Military Advocate General's Unit. Most of <mask>'s dealings during this time revolved around international humanitarian law, human rights law, and the law of armed conflict. Serving in this capacity until 1979, <mask> returned to public service in 1985 where he was seconded by the government of Israel to the United Nations in New York serving as a senior legal adviser. This role, which lasted until 1988, saw <mask> dealing directly with specialized agencies and bodies within the UN system such as the Administrative Tribunal.In 1995, <mask> also served as Israel's representative to the international negotiations of the International Criminal Court (ICC) as well as the Rome Diplomatic Conference in 1998. Beginning in 1974, over the decades <mask> has engaged in direct negotiations with Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and the Palestinians. Accordingly, <mask>'s role during these meeting largely focused on the fields of international law. More specifically, <mask> contributed to discussions on international humanitarian law, crime prevention, disarmament, aviation law, and water resources. Moreover, he has represented Israel at international conferences and negotiations, including Israel's legal presentation to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the issue of IsraeL's security barrier in 2004. Accordingly, among <mask>'s most recent publications concerns UNWRA role in perpetuating refugeedom, UNESCO's undermining of Jewish religious heritage, and the implications of the Balfour Declaration 100 years since its signing. From 1996 to 2004, he was legal adviser and deputy director-general of Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and served as Israel's ambassador to Canada from 2004 to 2008.He retired from government service in February 2009 and joined the Tel Aviv law firm of Moshe, Bloomfield, Kobo, Baker & Co. In 2010 he took up the post of Director of the Institute for Contemporary Affairs at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. At this institution, <mask> also oversees the Global Law Forum. His publications range from the legal dimensions of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict to the interaction between international organizations and Israel. <mask> is a member of the Israel Bar, the International Law Association, the International Institute of Humanitarian Law, the International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists, and serves as a member of Israel's panel of arbitrators at the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Opinions
On the question of legality of Israeli settlements in the occupied territories, <mask> outlined Israel's interpretation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention in a 2003 interview:

<mask> explained the reference to the continued Israeli presence in the West Bank pursuant to the Oslo accords between the PLO and Israel in the interview as follows, stating:

And he explains the status of Israeli residents of settlements in the West Bank,

In January 2012 <mask> was appointed by Prime Minister Netanyahu to serve on a three-member government committee to "examine real estate issues in the West Bank". The committee's report published in July 2012, usually referred to as Levy Report, recommends procedures for ensuring that settlement construction is carried out legally, and comes to the conclusion that Israel's presence in the West Bank is not occupation, and that the Israeli settlements are legal under international law.Selected publications
 "The Use of Children in Armed Conflict", Justice, Vol 26, Winter 2000 (together with Harel Ben-Ari). "Legal and Tactical Dilemmas Inherent in Fighting Terror: Experience of the Israeli Army in Jenin and Bethlehem (April–May 2002)", US Naval War College Yearbook, 2003. "The question of Palestinian recognition of Israel as a Jewish state," Haaretz, May 3, 2009. "Just what did Goldstone expect?,"The Jerusalem Post, Oct. 18, 2009. "A Paradox of Peacemaking: How Fayyad's Unilateral Statehood Plan Undermines the Legal Foundations of Israeli-Palestinian Diplomacy," Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs, No. 574, November 2009. "Reasons not to join the International Criminal Court in The Hague," Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, January 10, 2010."The Fallacy of the “1967 Borders – No Such Borders Ever Existed," Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Vol. 10, No. 17, December 21, 2010. "The Fatah-Hamas Reconciliation - The Gilad Schalit Test," The Jerusalem Post, May 23, 2011. "The Proposed General Assembly Resolution to Recognize a Palestinian State 'within 1967 Borders' – An Illegal Action," Letter to the UN Secretary General. "The Gaza Flotillas to Come: Some Ground Rules before Setting Out," Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Vol. 11, No.3, June 5, 2011. "The Correct Guide for Building Peace by Barak Obama," Ynet, September 22, 2011. "Manipulation and Deception: The Anti-Israel "BDS" Campaign (Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions)," Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 2, March 19, 2012. "The opening of a Spanish consulate in Gaza" The Jerusalem Post, April 22, 2013. "The EU's glaring hypocrisy regarding Israel" Haaretz, July 31, 2013."International humanitarian law, ICRC and Israel's status in the Territories," International Review of the Red Cross, 94, No. 886, Winter 2013. "Is the condemnation by the United Nations secretary-general genuine or politically biased?" The Jerusalem Post, August 6, 2015. "Israel-Diaspora relations at a crossroads" The Jerusalem Post, November 23, 2015. References

External links
 Website Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
 Website Moshe, Bloomfield, Kobo, Baker & Co
 Becoming the ITDM (IT diplomat)

Living people
Israeli lawyers
20th-century Israeli lawyers
21st-century Israeli lawyers
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Law alumni
1947 births
Alumni of University College London
British Jews
British emigrants to Israel
Israeli Jews
Place of birth missing (living people)
Ambassadors of Israel to Canada
Israeli settlers

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<mask> (February 4, 1818January 8, 1880), known as <mask>, was a resident of San Francisco, California, who in 1859 proclaimed himself "<mask> I., Emperor of the United States". In 1863, after Napoleon III invaded Mexico, he took the secondary title of "Protector of Mexico". <mask> was born in England but spent most of his early life in South Africa. Leaving Cape Town, probably in late 1845, he arrived in Boston, via Liverpool, in March 1846 and San Francisco in late 1849. Nothing is known of his whereabouts or occupations in the intervening three-and-a-half years. For the first few years after arriving in San Francisco, <mask> made a successful living as a commodities trader and real estate speculator. However, he was financially ruined following a failed bid to corner the rice market during a shortage prompted by a famine in China.He bought a shipload of Peruvian rice at 12 cents per pound; but more Peruvian ships arrived in port, causing the price to drop sharply to 4 cents. He then lost a protracted lawsuit in which he tried to void his rice contract, and his public prominence faded. <mask> re-emerged in September 1859, laying claim to the position of Emperor of the United States. Though <mask> received many favors from the city, merchants also capitalized on his notoriety by selling souvenirs bearing his name. "San Francisco lived off the <mask>," <mask>'s biographer William Drury wrote, "not <mask> off San Francisco". <mask> had no formal political power; nevertheless, he was treated deferentially in San Francisco, and currency issued in his name was honored in the establishments that he frequented. His rule was recognized by the  Kingdom of Hawaii.Some considered him insane or eccentric, but citizens of San Francisco celebrated his imperial presence and his proclamations, such as his order that the United States Congress be dissolved by force and his numerous decrees calling for the construction of a bridge and tunnel crossing San Francisco Bay to connect San Francisco with Oakland. On January 8, 1880, <mask> collapsed at the corner of California and Dupont (now Grant) streets and died before he could be given medical treatment. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, upwards of 10,000 people lined the streets of San Francisco to pay him homage at his funeral. <mask> has been immortalized as the basis of characters in the literature of Mark Twain, Robert Louis Stevenson, Christopher Moore, Morris and René Goscinny, Selma Lagerlöf, G. S. Denning, Neil Gaiman and Charles Bukowski. Early life
<mask>'s parents were <mask> (d. 1848) and Sarah Norden (d. 1846), who were English Jews. John was a farmer and merchant, and Sarah was a daughter of Abraham Norden and a sister of Benjamin Norden, a successful merchant. The family moved to South Africa in early 1820 as part of a government-backed colonization scheme whose participants came to be known as the 1820 Settlers.Most likely, <mask> was born in the Kentish town of Deptford, today part of London. The best available evidence points to February 4, 1818, as the date of <mask>'s birth. Obituaries published in 1880, following <mask>'s death, offered conflicting information about his birth date. The second of two obituaries in the San Francisco Chronicle, "following the best information obtainable," cited the silver plate on his coffin which said he was "aged about 65", suggesting that 1815 could be the year of his birth. However, <mask>'s biographer, William Drury, points out that "about 65" was based solely on the guess that <mask>'s landlady offered to the coroner at the inquest following his death. In a 1923 essay published by the California Historical Society, Robert Ernest Cowan claimed that <mask> was born on February 4, 1819. However, the passenger lists for the La Belle Alliance, the ship that carried <mask> and his family from England to South Africa, list him as having been two years old when the ship set sail in February 1820.This information appears not to have been known until after 1934, the year that <mask>'s headstone was placed at his grave in Colma, California—when Cowan's account remained prominent. This may help to explain why those who had the stone made used 1819 as the birth year. The February 4, 1865, edition of The Daily Alta California newspaper included an item in which the Alta wished <mask> a happy 47th birthday, indicating that his birth date was February 4, 1818 (not 1819, as Cowan claimed)—a date that would line up with La Belle Alliances passenger list from two years later. Moreover, when Cowan quoted the 1865 Alta item in his essay, he used an altered version in an apparent attempt to advance his claim of an 1819 birth date. Persistent claims for an 1819 birth date are of doubtful provenance, tracing to unsubstantiated assertions made online, during the early years of the Internet. The Emperor's Bridge Campaign (now known as The Emperor Norton Trust), a nonprofit that engages in <mask> research and education, produced a 2018 bicentennial series, Emperor Norton at 200, that took as its starting point a February 4, 1818, birth date for <mask>. Supporting and participating in the series were a number of institutions that long have helped to preserve the historical record of <mask>: the California Historical Society, the San Francisco Public Library, the Mechanics' Institute and the Society of California Pioneers.There are often-repeated historical claims that <mask> arrived in San Francisco on a specific vessel, the Franzeska, on November 23, 1849; that he arrived with $40,000, in whole or in part a bequest from his father's estate; and that he parlayed this into a fortune of $250,000. None of this is substantiated by contemporaneous documentation. What is known is that, after <mask> arrived in San Francisco, he enjoyed a good deal of success in commodities markets and in real estate speculation, and that by late 1852, he was one of the more prosperous, respected citizens of the city. In December 1852, <mask> thought he saw a business opportunity when China, facing a severe famine, placed a ban on the export of rice, causing the price of rice in San Francisco to increase from four to thirty-six cents per pound (9 to 79 cents/kg). When he heard the Glyde, which was returning from Peru, was carrying  of rice, he bought the entire shipment for $25,000 (or twelve and a half cents per pound), hoping to corner the market. Shortly after he signed the contract, several other shiploads of rice arrived from Peru, causing the price of rice to plummet to three cents a pound. <mask> tried to void the contract, stating the dealer had misled him as to the quality of rice to expect.From 1853 to 1856, <mask> and the rice dealers were involved in a protracted litigation. Although <mask> prevailed in the lower courts, the case reached the Supreme Court of California, which ruled against <mask>. Later, the Lucas Turner and Company Bank foreclosed on his real estate holdings in North Beach to pay <mask>'s debt. He filed for bankruptcy and by 1858 was living in reduced circumstances at a working class boarding house. "Emperor" of the United States

Declaring himself emperor

By 1859, <mask> had become completely discontented with what he considered the inadequacies of the legal and political structures of the United States. On September 17, 1859, he took matters into his own hands and hand-delivered the following letter, declaring himself "Emperor of these United States", to George Fitch, editor of the San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin:

Fitch printed the letter announcement in that evening's edition, for humorous effect, and thus began his whimsical 21-year "reign" over America. <mask> issued numerous decrees on matters of state, including a decree on October 12, 1859, to formally abolish the United States Congress.In it, he observed:

<mask> ordered all interested parties to assemble at Musical Hall in San Francisco in February 1860 to "remedy the evil complained of". In an imperial decree the following month, <mask> summoned the Army to depose the elected officials of the U.S. Congress:

<mask>'s orders were ignored by the Army, and Congress likewise continued without any formal acknowledgement of the decree. Further decrees in 1860 ordered dissolution of the republic and forbade the assembly of any members of the former Congress. <mask>'s battle against the elected leaders of America persisted for the remainder of his life. He issued a mandate in 1862 ordering both the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant churches to publicly ordain him as "Emperor", hoping to resolve the many disputes that had resulted in the Civil War. <mask> then turned his attention to other matters, both political and social. He declared the abolition of the Democratic and Republican parties on August 12, 1869, "being desirous of allaying the dissensions of party strife now existing within our realm".The failure to treat <mask>'s adopted home city with appropriate respect is the subject of a particularly stern edict that often is cited as having been written by <mask> in 1872, although evidence is elusive for the authorship, date, or source of this decree:

<mask> was occasionally a visionary, and some of his Imperial Decrees exhibited profound foresight. He issued instructions to form a League of Nations, he explicitly forbade any form of conflict between religions or their sects, and he decreed the construction of a suspension bridge or tunnel connecting Oakland and San Francisco. His later decrees, however, became increasingly irritated at the lack of prompt obedience by the authorities:

Long after his death, similar structures were built in the form of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and the Transbay Tube, and there have been campaigns to rename the bridge "The Emperor Norton Bridge". <mask>'s Imperial acts

<mask> spent his days inspecting San Francisco's streets in an elaborate blue uniform with gold-plated epaulettes, given to him by officers of the United States Army post at the Presidio of San Francisco. He also wore a beaver hat decorated with a peacock feather and a rosette. He frequently enhanced this imperial posture with a cane or umbrella. During his inspections, he would examine the condition of the sidewalks and cable cars, the state of repair of public property, and the appearance of police officers.He would also frequently give lengthy philosophical expositions on a variety of topics to anyone within earshot. <mask> caricaturist Edward Jump started a rumor that two noted stray dogs named Bummer and Lazarus (which were also San Francisco celebrities) were <mask>'s pets. <mask> ate at free-lunch counters where he shared his meals with the dogs, although he did not in fact own them. Special officer Armand Barbier was part of a local auxiliary force whose members were called "policemen" but in fact were private security guards paid by neighborhood residents and business owners, and he arrested <mask> in 1867 to commit him to involuntary treatment for a mental disorder. The arrest outraged the citizens and sparked scathing editorials in the newspapers, including the Daily Alta which wrote "that he had shed no blood; robbed no one; and despoiled no country; which is more than can be said of his fellows in that line". Police Chief Patrick Crowley ordered <mask> released and issued a formal apology on behalf of the police force, and <mask> granted an Imperial Pardon to Barbier. Police officers of San Francisco thereafter saluted him as he passed in the street.<mask> did receive some tokens of recognition for his position. The 1870 U.S. census lists <mask> as 50 years old and residing at 624 Commercial Street, and his occupation is listed as "Emperor". It also notes that he was insane. During the 1860s and 1870s, there were occasional anti-Chinese demonstrations in the poorer districts of San Francisco, and riots took place, sometimes resulting in fatalities. Starting in the late 1870s, these riots were fomented at rallies that took place on Sunday afternoons at the sandlots across from City Hall. The rallies were led by Denis Kearney, a leader of the anti-Chinese Workingmen's Party of California. At a sandlot rally held on April 28, 1878, <mask> appeared just before the start of

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 proceedings, stood on a small box and challenged Kearney directly, telling him and the assembled crowd to disperse and go home.<mask> was unsuccessful, but the incident was widely reported in local papers over the next couple of days. <mask> issued his own money in the form of scrip, or promissory notes, which were accepted from him by some restaurants in San Francisco. These notes came in denominations between fifty cents and ten dollars, and the few surviving notes are collector's items that routinely sell for more than $10,000 at auction. The city of San Francisco also honored <mask>. When his uniform began to look shabby, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors bought him a suitably imperial replacement. <mask> sent a gracious thank you note and issued a "patent of nobility in perpetuity" for each supervisor. Foreign diplomacy
Throughout his reign, <mask> commented on the policies and actions of foreign governments, issuing proclamations and sending letters to foreign leaders in attempts to establish congenial and fruitful relations with them and their countries and, if he felt it necessary, to cajole better behavior.In 1862, Mexico was invaded by French Emperor Napoleon III after not being able to pay war reparations after the disastrous Reform War. Napoleon installed the Habsburg Maximilian I as his puppet ruler. That news would quickly reach the United States, and in San Francisco one man suggested that Emperor <mask> take the title "Protector of Mexico"—both because no one had been appointed protector yet and because of a popular legend stating <mask> was the son of Napoleon III. <mask> happily obliged adding the title to many of his proclamations. But, he later would revoke this title, stating "It is impossible to protect such an unsettled nation". <mask> wrote Queen Victoria multiple letters suggesting they could marry to strengthen ties between their nations. This would ultimately prove futile as the Queen would never respond.<mask>'s also sent multiple letters to Kamehameha V, the King of Hawaii at the time, regarding an estate in Hawaii. Near the end of his reign Kamehameha would refuse to recognize the democratic U.S. government, instead opting to only recognize <mask> as sole leader of the United States. Later years and death
<mask> was the subject of many tales. One popular story suggested that he was the son of Emperor Napoleon III and that his claim of coming from South Africa was a ruse to prevent persecution. Rumors also circulated that <mask> was supremely wealthy and was feigning poverty because he was miserly. Starting a few years after <mask> declared himself Emperor, local newspapers—notably, the Daily Alta California—began to print fictitious decrees; it is believed that newspaper editors themselves drafted these fake proclamations to suit their own agendas. Weary of this, <mask> in  January 1871 named the Black-owned and -operated Pacific Appeal his "imperial organ."Between September 1870 and May 1875, the Appeal published some 250 proclamations over the signature of <mask> I. Historians and researchers who have studied <mask> closely generally regard these proclamations as being authentic. On the evening of January 8, 1880, <mask> collapsed on the corner of California Street and Dupont Street (now Grant Avenue) in front of Old Saint Mary's Cathedral while on his way to a lecture at the California Academy of Sciences. His collapse was immediately noticed, and "the police officer on the beat hastened for a carriage to convey him to the City Receiving Hospital", according to the next day's obituary in the San Francisco Morning Call. <mask> died before a carriage could arrive. The Call reported, "On the reeking pavement, in the darkness of a moonless night, under the dripping rain... <mask> I, by the grace of God, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico, departed this life". Two days later, the San Francisco Chronicle led its article on <mask>'s funeral with the headline "Le Roi Est Mort."It quickly became evident that <mask> had died in complete poverty, contrary to rumors of wealth. Five or six dollars in small change was found on his person, and a search of his room at the boarding house on Commercial Street turned up a single gold sovereign, worth around $2.50. His possessions included his collection of walking sticks, his rather battered saber, a variety of headgear including a stovepipe, a derby, a red-laced Army cap, and another cap suited to a martial band-master, an 1828 French franc, and a handful of the Imperial bonds that he sold to tourists at a fictitious 7% interest. There were fake telegrams purporting to be from Emperor Alexander II of Russia congratulating <mask> on his forthcoming marriage to Queen Victoria, and from the President of France predicting that such a union would be disastrous to world peace. Also found were his letters to Queen Victoria and 98 shares of stock in a defunct gold mine. Initial funeral arrangements were for a pauper's coffin of simple redwood. However, members of a San Francisco businessmen's association called the Pacific Club established a funeral fund that provided for a handsome rosewood casket and arranged a dignified farewell.<mask>'s funeral on Sunday, January 10 was solemn, mournful, and large. Paying their respects were members of "all classes from capitalists to the pauper, the clergyman to the pickpocket, well-dressed ladies and those whose garb and bearing hinted of the social outcast".The next day, the San Francisco Chronicle reported, under the headline "Le Roi Est Mort," that some 10,000 people had come to view the Emperor's body in advance of the 2 p.m. funeral. Notwithstanding the later legend of a "two-mile-long cortege," the Chronicle reported in the same article that people lined the streets for only the first block or two; the Emperor's casket was attended by "only three carriages," with no mourners on foot; and that there were "about thirty people" at the burial service in the Masonic Cemetery. In 1934, <mask>'s remains were transferred to a grave site at Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Colma, California. In popular culture

Details of <mask>'s life story may have been forgotten, but he has been immortalized in literature. Mark Twain resided in San Francisco during part of <mask>'s public life, and he modeled the character of the King in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn on him. Robert Louis Stevenson made <mask> a character in his 1892 novel The Wrecker.Stevenson's stepdaughter Isobel Osbourne mentioned <mask> in her autobiography This Life I've Loved, stating that he "was a gentle and kindly man, and fortunately found himself in the friendliest and most sentimental city in the world, the idea being 'let him be emperor if he wants to.' San Francisco played the game with him." In more modern times, the life of Emperor <mask> is the inspiration for L'Empereur Smith, a Lucky Luke comic book adventure published in 1976. And, <mask> appeared as a character in the comic book The Sandman, Vol. 2, No. 31, "Three Septembers and a January", by Neil Gaiman and Shawn McManus and was voiced by John Lithgow in the audio book version of the comic. There have been a number of television adaptations of the <mask> story.In the June 15, 1956, episode of the western anthology series Death Valley Days, titled "<mask>", Parker Garvie played the title character. In the February 27, 1966, episode of the western television series Bonanza, titled "The Emperor Norton", Sam Jaffe played the lead role. The episode also featured William Challee as Sam Clemens, a.k.a. Mark Twain. Since 1974, the Imperial Council of San Francisco has been conducting an annual pilgrimage to <mask>'s grave in Colma, Calif., just outside San Francisco. In January 1980, ceremonies were conducted in San Francisco to honor the 100th anniversary of the death of "the one and only Emperor of the United States". The Emperor Norton Trust—founded and based in San Francisco from 2013 to 2019, and originally known as The Emperor's Bridge Campaign—is a nonprofit that engages in research, education, and advocacy to advance the legacy of <mask>.<mask> is considered a patron saint of Discordianism, and a park in the Republic of Molossia is named "Norton Park". Efforts to recognize <mask>'s call for a bridge across San Francisco Bay
In 1939, the group E Clampus Vitus commissioned a plaque commemorating <mask>'s call for the construction of a suspension bridge between San Francisco and Oakland, via Yerba Buena Island (formerly Goat Island). The group intended to place the plaque on the recently opened San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge or, failing that, the new Transbay Terminal. This was not approved by the bridge authorities, however, and the plaque was installed at the Cliff House in 1955. It was moved to the Transbay Terminal in 1986, in connection with the 50th anniversary of the bridge. The Terminal was closed and demolished in 2010 as part of the project to construct a new Transbay Transit Center, and the plaque was placed in storage. After being restored in late 2018, the plaque was rededicated and reinstalled at the new transit center in September 2019.There have been two 21st-century campaigns to name all or parts of the Bay Bridge for <mask> Norton. San Francisco District 3 Supervisor Aaron Peskin introduced a resolution to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in November 2004, after a campaign by San Francisco Chronicle cartoonist Phil Frank calling for the entire bridge to be named for <mask>. On December 14, 2004, the Board approved a modified version of this resolution, calling for only "new additions," i.e., the planned replacement for the bridge's eastern section, to be named "The Emperor Norton Bridge". Neither the City of Oakland nor Alameda County passed any similar resolution, so the effort went no further. In June 2013, eight members of the California Assembly and two members of the California Senate introduced a resolution to name the western section of the bridge for former California state Speaker and San Francisco Mayor Willie Brown. In response, there have been public efforts seeking to revive the earlier Emperor Norton effort. An online petition launched in August 2013 calls for the entire bridge system to be named for him.The petition was the impetus for the creation of The Emperor's Bridge Campaign—now known as The Emperor Norton Trust—which is carrying forward the bridge-naming effort, citing the precedent of 30 California bridges for which the state has authorized multiple names. The Trust calls on the legislature simply to add "Emperor Norton Bridge" as an honorary name for the Bay Bridge, leaving in place all existing names. Currently, the organization hopes to sponsor a legislative resolution that would take effect in 2022, the 150th anniversary of <mask>'s proclamations of 1872, setting out the original vision for the bridge. See also

 Bummer and Lazarus
 Frederick Coombs
 José Sarria
 Frank Chu

Notes

References

 Cowan, Robert Ernest. "<mask> I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico (Joshua A<mask>, 1819–1880)" in Quarterly of the California Historical Society, October, 1923. San Francisco: California Historical Society, 1923. Cowan, Robert E., et al.The Forgotten Characters of Old San Francisco. Los Angeles: The Ward Ritchie Press, 1964. Lumea, John (2014–present). Articles on the life and legacy of <mask> for The Emperor Norton Trust. External links

 The Emperor Norton Trust, nonprofit that advances the legacy of <mask> through research, education and advocacy
 "<mask>'s Grave" at Atlas Obscura

1810s births
1880 deaths
American folklore
History of San Francisco
Culture of San Francisco
People from San Francisco
Financial District, San Francisco
North Beach, San Francisco
English emigrants to the United States
American people of English-Jewish descent
People from Deptford
English Jews
English emigrants to South Africa
South African Jews
South African emigrants to the United States
American monarchists
Former monarchies of North America
Self-proclaimed monarchy
Pretenders
Discordianism
California folklore
<mask>
19th-century monarchs in North America
Burials at Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery (Colma, California)
Burials at Masonic Cemetery (San

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<mask> (born March 10, 1935) is an American businessman, state legislator, and lobbyist from Oregon. He was an electric equipment sales executive with Martin Electric and served six terms in the Oregon House of Representatives. In 1978, <mask> ran for governor of Oregon, but lost to Victor Atiyeh in the Republican primary. Following the 1978 election, <mask> became a lobbyist at the Oregon State Capitol. Early life

<mask> was born in Portland, Oregon on 10 March 1935, the son of Ray and Georgiana <mask>. He grew up in Portland and attended Central Catholic High School there. He went on to attend the University of Oregon, receiving a bachelor's degree in history in 1957.After college, he served in the United States Army and Army Reserve from 1957 to 1963. <mask> then went to work for Martin Electric, an electrical supply company owned by his family. He was also a partner in United Sales Associates. He was active in the Lake Oswego Rotary Club and the local Toastmasters group. In the early 1960s, he was a member of the citizen group that advised the Portland area Metropolitan Transportation Study Committee. Political career

In 1962, <mask> ran as a Republican for a seat in the Oregon House of Representatives. He ran in District 7, one of four seats that represented Clackamas County.He got 9,722 votes, but lost to the incumbent Democrat. <mask> ran again in 1964. This time he got over 26,000 votes, but was still unable the unseat the incumbent. That same year, <mask> was appointed chairman of a volunteer committee chartered to reform Lake Oswego's city government. The result of that effort was the creation a city manager position to oversee the city's day-to-day business. <mask> ran a third time for the District 7 House seat in 1966. This time, his campaign was helped by a strong personal endorsement from Tom McCall, Oregon's popular Secretary of State and future governor.<mask> easily defeated his Democratic opponent in the general election, receiving 59 percent of the votes cast in District 7. He took his seat in the state legislature in January 1967. <mask> was active in the 1967 legislative session which lasted from 11 January until 14 June. He served on the elections, local government, and fish and game committees. He also served on the tax committee during a special legislative session held in November 1967. <mask> was easily re-elected to his District 7 seat in 1968 and 1970. The Republicans enjoyed a majority in the House during both sessions.<mask>'s Republican colleagues selected him to serve as Speaker Pro Tempore during the 1971 legislative session. After the 1971 legislative session, the Oregon House of Representative was re-districted and <mask>'s home in Lake Oswego became part of District 24. The new  district represented much of the area previously covered by District 7. In 1972, he ran for the House seat in District 24, winning with 55 percent of the district's vote. Following his election, he served in the regular legislature session from January through July 1973 and then a special legislative session from mid-January through mid-February 1974. <mask> was re-elected to his District 24 seat two more times, in 1974 and 1976. This allowed him to serve in the legislature's regular sessions in 1975 and 1977 plus two special sessions, one in December 1975 and the other in September 1978.During this period, <mask>'s Republican colleagues in the state House of Representatives elected him as their leader. Because Democrats held the majority of seats in House, he served as the House minority leader for four years. During the stormy 1977 legislative session, <mask> helped build a coalition of Republicans and moderate and conservative Democrats that ultimately stripped the Democratic speaker, Philip D. Lang, of his power. At the beginning of the session, <mask> encouraged his Republicans colleagues to vote for conservative Democrat, Dick Magruder, for speaker. As a result, Magruder came within one vote of being elected speaker. While unsuccessful, that effort encouraged further cooperation between the Republican minority and conservative Democrats in the House. The influence of this coalition continued to grow throughout the legislative session.In May 1977, a small group of moderate Democrats joined the coalition. In a quick legislative move, the expanded coalition voted to transfer the speaker's power to the House Rules Committee which was controlled by the coalition leaders. While the speaker was not removed from office, the Rules Committee took control of virtually every aspect of House operations. As a member of the Rules Committee, <mask> helped set the legislative agenda for the remainder of the 1977 session. In 1978, <mask> decided not to run for another term in the Oregon House of Representative. Instead, he ran for governor. He faced former governor Tom McCall and state senator Victor Atiyeh in the Republican primary.In his campaign, <mask> highlighted his business background and experience as a leader in the state legislature. He emphasized his ability to craft common sense solutions for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of state government without raising taxes. Here is what <mask> said in the primary election voters' pamphlet:

In the May 1978 primary election, 42,644 Republicans voted for <mask>. That was 17 percent of the ballots cast in the Republican primary. He finished third behind Atiyeh (who got with 46 percent of the vote) and McCall (who got 33 percent). Atiyeh went on to defeat incumbent governor Robert W. Straub in the general election in November 1978. Lobbyist

After leaving the legislature, <mask> became a lobbyist at the Oregon State Capitol.He founded Roger E. Martin and Associates in 1978, a public relations and lobbying firm. By 1979, <mask>'s clients included the Oregon Transportation Association, United Grocers, Oregon World Trade Council, Hood River Distillers, Chemical Specialties Manufactures Association, Oregon Library Association, and the Oregon Catholic Conference. In 1981, Oregon's state circuit judges hired <mask> to represent them at the state capitol. As a lobbyist, <mask> was particularly active in advocating issues for retail grocers and transportation interest groups. Over the years, he was also engaged in lobbying for several public policy issues. In 1984, he led a campaign to get a sales tax initiative on the state ballot. Two years later, he headed an effort to defeat an initiative to legalize marijuana in Oregon.Between 2001 and 2006, he joined Democratic congressman <mask> and other former state legislators to oppose legislative term limits. For more than three decades, <mask> has been an active lobbyist. In 2009, his client list included the City of Lake Oswego, Oregon Transit Association, Alaska Airlines, Union Pacific Railroad, Oregon Amusement and Music Operators Association, Williams Companies, WOW Energies, Oregon Golf Association, and the Oregon Catholic Conference. As of 2014, <mask> was still representing the Oregon Catholic Conference, Oregon Amusement and Music Operators Association, Oregon Golf Association, and Williams Company as a lobbyist. Legacy

As a former state legislative, many public documents with information about <mask>'s legislative career are maintained by the Oregon State Archives. <mask>'s personal papers and other private documents are now part of the Oregon Historical Society research library collection in Portland, Oregon. The historic records cover the period 1950 through 1987, with much of the documentation coming from the 1960s and 1970s when <mask> was serving in the Oregon State Legislature.References

External links
Oregon Legislators and Staff Guide from Oregon Secretary of State
<mask><mask> papers at Oregon Historical Society Research Library
Interview with <mask> for Oregon State Capitol Foundation Oral History Project

1935 births
Living people
Members of the Oregon House of Representatives
Oregon Republicans
Politicians from Lake Oswego, Oregon
Businesspeople from Portland, Oregon
United States Army personnel
Central Catholic High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni
University of Oregon alumni
United States Army reservists

masks:
Roger Edward Martin
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Earl Blumenauer
Martin
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. Martin
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<mask> (born 6 October 1956) is a former Australian cricketer who played in three Test matches and eight One Day Internationals in 1984 and 1985. Early career
<mask> made a promising start to his career as a left arm orthodox spin bowler by making a successful foray into Sydney Grade Cricket for St. George in 1973–74 and was selected for the New South Wales combined schoolboy team. During the 1976–77 season, he broke into the New South Wales Colts, the state youth team. Playing in two matches for the summer, he took nine wickets at 10.44. In the second of these matches he scored 102 not out and took a total of 6/34 in an innings win over Queensland Colts. Despite this, he failed to gain selection in the youth team in the following season and he did not reappear until the 1978–79 season. He took six wickets at 12.66 but failed to make any impact with the bat, scoring 19 runs at 4.75.The following season, he played another two games for the Colts, taking five wickets at 28.80 and scoring an unbeaten 116 in one match. First-class debut
However, the bespectacled <mask> was unable to break through to first-class level until his Sheffield Shield debut in the 1982–83 season at the age of 26. In his debut match against Western Australia, he took 2/74 from 52 overs including 25 maidens, his victims being for Test players Craig Serjeant and Tony Mann. He also scored an unbeaten 30 in a high-scoring draw. In the following match against Tasmania, he took 4/55 from 40.1 overs in another economical performance that featured 22 maidens, but was unable to prevent a seven-wicket defeat. <mask> went wicketless in the next match against South Australia, but did score an unbeaten 59, his maiden-first-class fifty. The spinner broke through for his first five-wicket haul in the next match against Western Australia.After taking 3/47 in the first innings, he claimed 5/39 to dismiss the Western Australians for 197. Of his match total of 65.2 overs, 39 were maidens. This left New South Wales with a target of 230 and <mask> made 21 not out to see them to the victory with four wickets in hand. <mask> continued his strong debut season in the next match against England, taking 4/65 and 5/123. In the first innings, he denied Geoff Cook his century, having him caught by fellow spinner Holland for 99, and in the second innings he removed Cook again this time for 77, as well as top-scorer Chris Tavare for 147. He made 29 in the lower-order in the run-chase, but was unable to prevent a 26-run defeat. Despite this, <mask> had taken 23 wickets at 21.08 in his first five matches at senior level.<mask> had less success in the second half of the season, only taking 15 wickets in the remaining eight matches, with a best of 4/9 against Victoria, totalling 6/106 for the match. His victims included Dav Whatmore and Dean Jones, removing both twice. New South Wales made the Shield final and <mask> was retained in spite of his modest late-season form. He contributed little in a narrow victory. His state batted first and contributed only in a total of 271. <mask> bowled economically, but was unable to take a wicket, conceding 50 runs from 29 overs as the Western Australians replied. In the second innings he managed only nine as New South Wales reached 280 to set a target of 293.<mask> was against wicketless, conceding 39 runs from 22 overs, but his colleagues were able to deliver with the ball and New South Wales won by 54 runs. <mask> ended his debut season with 38 wickets at 28.26 and 356 runs at 32.36. He played in three one-dayers for his state taking three wickets at 30.03 at an economy rate of 3.03. <mask> was rewarded with selection in a Young Australia team for a month-long tour of Zimbabwe. The squad played two first-class and two one-day matches against the hosts' national team. In the opening first-class fixture, <mask> scored 24 and totalled 2/49 as the tourists won by an innings. He then scored 21 and 35 in the Australians' 126 and 216 as the hosts squared the series; Holland took a total of 3/64.<mask> was not effective in the one-dayers; he took a total of 1/108 from 20 overs. Known for his accuracy and his well-disguised arm ball, he quickly formed an integral part of the bowling attack that made the state the dominant domestic team in the Sheffield Shield in the 1980s. Forming a spin-oriented attack with Bob Holland (leg spin) and Greg Matthews (off spin), <mask> played in all of New South Wales' ten round-robin Shield matches, as well as two first-class fixtures against the touring England and Sri Lankan cricket team. <mask> continued to struggle in limited-overs cricket the following Australian season. In the first match of the season against Western Australia, the opposition batsmen attacked him and he conceded 63 runs from his ten overs, scoring more than a third of their total from his bowling. As a result, <mask> was dropped from the one-day team for the rest of the season. The spinner maintained his position in the first-class team and played nine matches for New South Wales.In his third Shield match, <mask> made a tail-wagging 46 as New south Wales made 245. He then took 5/15 to dismiss the South Australians for 101, and his state went on to a 109-run win. In the return match, <mask> made 48 not out and took 3/45 in a high-scoring draw. He also scored 54 and took 3/62 in a match against Tasmania. <mask> otherwise did not take more than two wickets in an innings and ended with 20 wickets at 36.55 and 202 runs at 25.25. New South Wales failed to defend their title and did not qualify for the final. ODI selection
During the winter of 1984, <mask> travelled to England to play in the Lancashire League for Ramsbottom Cricket Club as their overseas professional.He started relatively slowly, taking 12 wickets in his first five innings with the ball. Towards late June, he entered a strong run of form, taking 35 wickets in seven innings, claiming at least four wickets in each innings. <mask> scored five half-centuries with a best of 85 not out against Haslingden and best bowling figures of 7/27 against Lowerhouse. He took 83 wickets at 10.14 and scored 716 runs at 42.11. Despite his poor domestic form in one-dayers, <mask> was selected for the Australian team on a One Day tour to India in 1984, making his ODI debut in the fifth and final match of the series in Indore, taking an economical 0/37 from his ten overs as the hosts made 5/235. He was not required to bat as the Australians completed a six-wicket victory. He then took 1/33 from his ten overs as the tourists defeated Bombay before returning to Australia.In the 1984-85 Sheffield Shield, <mask> struggled to make the NSW team when not playing in Sydney, however, he made the most of his chance in the tour match against the powerful West Indians, the dominant team in world cricket at the time. Before this match, he had taken only two wickets in as many first-class matches for the season. In the first innings <mask> made an unbeaten 16 in his team's 287, before taking 2/53 to help dismiss the tourists for 212, securing a 75-run lead. His victims were Gus Logie and the leading batsmen in world cricket at the time, Viv Richards. In the second innings, he made six as the hosts collapsed for 129 to leave the Caribbean visitors with a target of only 205. He took 6/32 in the second innings, his best figures in first-class cricket, including the wickets of opener Desmond Haynes, Richards and captain Clive Lloyd to give NSW victory over the tourists by 72 runs. In the next match, <mask> continued his barren run and went wicketless against South Australia, and was dropped from the state team.Test selection
At the same time, the West Indies had won the first three Tests against Australia in a dominant fashion, and they had already sealed the series. The selectors brought <mask> into the team despite his lean form overall, because of his match-winning performance against the Caribbean tourists when they struggled against spin in the tour match. The fourth Test in Melbourne saw <mask> make his Test debut over the Christmas holiday period. While not taking a wicket and totalling 0/90 at almost four runs per over without managing a maiden, <mask> made 22 not out in the first innings and survived the final overs of the match with the bat, remaining on 3 at the end. Australia had two wickets in hand to end the West Indies 11-Test winning streak, then a Test record. For the fifth Test at the spin-friendly Sydney Cricket Ground, <mask> retained despite his wicketless debut and pair selected for the first time in combination with his NSW spin bowling partner, Bob Holland. The match unfolded in a manner similar to the New South Wales tour match.While Holland was the Player of the Match with 10/94 wickets, <mask> scored 23 and contributed 2/45 and 3/79. In the first innings, he removed wicket-keeper Jeff Dujon to claim his maiden Test wicket before removing Michael Holding for a duck to help finish off the tail. In the second innings, <mask> removed Richie Richardson and then bowled Richards for 58 with an arm ball. Australia won the Test by an innings to end the West Indies' record of 27 Tests without loss. Following his success in the Tests, <mask> was retained for ODIs. He had taken a total of 3/53 from 19 overs in his two domestic one-dayers for the season up to that point. <mask> played in the first five matches in the 1984-85 World Series Cup.In the first match at Melbourne, he bowled an economical spell of 1/23 from his ten overs, his maiden ODI wicket being Gordon Greenidge. <mask>'s effort was not enough to stop the West Indies from reaching their target of 241 with seven wickets and more than five overs in hand as they scored quickly from his colleagues. He then returned to his home crowd at the SCG and took 1/44 from his ten overs, removing Brendon Kuruppu before the Australian batsmen completed a six-wicket win over Sri Lanka. In the next match in Brisbane, the West Indian batsmen began to get the better of <mask> after his success in matches earlier in the season. <mask> batted for the first time in ODIs and scored three as Australia were dismissed for 191. He was then attacked by the tourists, who took 21 runs from his three overs en route to a five-wicket win with more than 12 overs in hand. The series proceeded back to Sydney for the next match, but <mask> had no success on his home turf as the West Indies took 40 runs from his six overs and completed another five-wicket win.After taking 0/48 from nine overs in a defeat to Sri Lanka, <mask> was dropped for the remaining 11 ODIs of the Australian summer. He ended the ODI campaign with two wickets at 88.00 and an economy rate of 4.63. <mask> returned to state duty and helped New South Wales complete their second Shield title in three seasons. He scored 22 and took 3/39 in the first innings of an innings win over Queensland. <mask> then played a match-winning role against Victoria. After making 19 of his state's 310, he took 3/47 to secure a 67-run first innings lead. Defending a target of 269 in the second innings, <mask> took 6/57 to secure a close-run 25-run win.In the final, he took 2/54, removing Australian captain Allan Border and future international batsman Glenn Trimble, and then made 10 in the first innings as Queensland took a 56-run lead. In the second innings, he removed Trimble and Test batsmen Greg Ritchie in his 4/32 as New South Wales dismissed their opponents for 163 to set up a target of 220. In a tense finish, <mask> could only manage a solitary run before being dismissed, but New South Wales' last pair reached the target to seal the Shield. <mask> was recalled to the limited-overs team and played his final 2 ODIs in the Four-Nations Cup in Sharjah. In their first match, Australia bowled first against England and restricted their opponents to 8/177; <mask> took 2/27 from his ten overs. Australia found their low run-chase to be difficult and <mask> came out in the closing stages, only to run out for a duck. Border's men scraped home by two wickets on the last ball to reach the final, where they met India.<mask> made a duck as Australia were bowled out for 139 and he took 0/35 from his ten overs as the Indians won by three wickets with more than ten overs to spare. Dropped from the national team

He was selected for the 1985 Ashes tour to England, but took only three wickets in four first-class matches of the Tests and was overlooked for the opening Ashes match. During June, <mask> was released from the squad to play for Church in the Lancashire League, and he took 11 wickets in two single-innings matches before rejoining the Test team. He only took 12 wickets in his next six county matches, but after taking 1/99 and 4/39 in the last of these games, which helped Australia to a seven-wicket over Kent, he was called up for the final Test of his career at The Oval. Australia were trailing 1–2 heading into the Sixth Test, and a win would have been enough for them to retain the Ashes. <mask> had little effect, taking 1/111 and scoring 12 and 11 as England won by an innings to win the series 3–1. His only wicket was that of Mike Gatting and he ended the tour with only 16 wickets at 47.87 and 111 runs at 15.85 in 11 matches.Initially, <mask> accepted an offer to join the rebel tour to South Africa in 1985–86, who were banned from international sport because of their policies of apartheid. This would have earned him a suspension from mainstream cricket, but he withdrew at an early stage without financial inducement.—

<mask> was overlooked for national selection during the 1985–86 season and played in all of New South Wales's 11 Shield matches for the season. In the fourth match of the season, he took 4/56 in the second innings against the touring New Zealand, removing John Wright, John Reid, Bruce Edgar and Jeremy Coney. He then played a prominent role in consecutive Shield victories. <mask> made an unbeaten 55 in a rearguard fightback that took New South Wales to 286, before taking 4/47, helping his state to a 99-run first innings lead over Western Australia. The match was eventually won by 151 runs. He then took 4/38 and 3/32 in an innings win over South Australia.In these two matches, <mask> tied down the opposition; 44% of his overs were maidens and he conceded 1.39 runs per over. <mask> later took 4/71 against Victoria and was prominent in an innings win over Tasmania. He scored an unbeaten 57 and took 3/53 and 2/23. <mask> ended the season with 32 wickets at 27.40 and 300 runs at 33.33. Final domestic seasons
During the 1986–87 season, <mask>'s bowling waned. In six Shield matches he took only nine wickets at 49.33 with a best of 3/79 against Western Australia. Although his lower-order batting still yielded 190 runs at 31.66, he was dropped in the latter stages of the season and missed New South Wales' victory in the Shield final.He was selected for only one limited-overs match; he had no success, conceding 34 runs from five overs without taking a wicket. <mask> continued playing for NSW until the 1987–88 season. His last season was not a success. Playing in only five of the Sheffield Shield matches because of his lack of productivity, <mask> took only four wickets at 43.50 and scored 33 runs at 5.50, and was dropped for the last time in January. He was not selected in any one-day matches. He finished his first-class career with 1437 runs at 23.95 including four fifties and 157 wickets at 30.92. He served as NSW Assistant Coach from 1991–92 to 1993-94 and as NSW Selector from 1990–91 to 1996–97.Still heavily involved with the St George District Cricket Club, <mask> served as president for a time and the club's talent identification and development program is named the <mask> Pathway. He was known to be selling insurance in 2007. References

1956 births
Living people
Australia Test cricketers
Australia One Day International cricketers
New South Wales cricketers
Australian cricketers
Cricketers from Brisbane

masks:
Murray John Bennett
Bennett
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Murray Bennett


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<mask>. (born September 7, 1994) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Joventut Badalona of the Spanish Liga ACB. He played three seasons of college basketball for the University of Notre Dame before being drafted 45th overall by the Celtics in the 2016 NBA draft. High school career
<mask> played high school basketball for Marian High School. As a junior, he averaged 22.3 points per game, 6.6 rebounds per game, 4.4 assists per game, and 2.0 steals per game; led his school to sectional championship; and was named to the All-State Underclass First Team. As a senior, <mask> averaged 25.9 points, 5.7 rebounds, 2.9 assists, and 2.6 steals per game, finishing as runner-up for the Indiana Mr. Basketball to Zak Irvin. He concluded his career at Marian as the all-time leading scorer in St. Joseph County with 1,934 career points. His performances with Marian earned him a selection for the 2013 McDonald's All-American Boys Game, and he was the first Northern Indiana native to receive this honor since Shawn Kemp in 1988.<mask> finished the game with 5 points, 4 assists, and 2 steals and won the Jack Daly Sportmanship Award and the Skills Competition. College career

Freshman season
<mask> committed to play for Notre Dame, under coach Mike Brey. In his freshman season he was expected to back up guards Eric Atkins and Jerian Grant. <mask> commented on the situation, saying that although he had been apprehensive to play along a senior point guard, he realized that it would benefit his game. He scored in double digits for the first time versus Santa Clara, tallying 13 points. In February, he missed two games in order to deal with academic issues. Upon returning to the team, he scored a season-high 17 points against Miami.He concluded the season having started half of his 30 games and averaging 6.0 points, 2.1 rebounds, and 1.8 assists per game. Sophomore season
In his sophomore season, <mask> scored a career-high 22 points against Michigan State; this was the first meeting between the schools in 35 years. A couple of weeks later, he tied this mark against Purdue. <mask> produced solid performances for the Irish in the 2015 ACC Tournament against Miami, Duke, and North Carolina and he was eventually named to the All-ACC Tournament second team. He helped his team proceed to the Elite 8 of the 2015 NCAA Tournament by scoring 20 points against Wichita State. Throughout the season, he averaged 12.4 points, 3.6 rebounds, 3.1 assists, and 1.6 steals per game, appearing in all 38 games of his team. On April 14, 2015, it was reported by ESPN that <mask> would return to the Fighting Irish squad for his junior season.Junior season
On February 1, 2016, he was named one of 10 finalists for the Bob Cousy Point Guard of the Year Award. He was named to the 35-man midseason watchlist for the Naismith Trophy on February 11. On March 29, 2016, <mask> declared for the NBA draft, forgoing his final year of college eligibility. Professional career

Boston Celtics (2016–2017)
On June 23, 2016, <mask> was selected by the Boston Celtics with the 45th overall pick in the 2016 NBA draft. On July 27, 2016, he signed with the Celtics. On November 6, he made his professional debut in a 123–107 loss to the Denver Nuggets, recording eight points, three rebound and two assists in 11 minutes off the bench. During his rookie season, he has received multiple assignments to the Maine Red Claws, the Celtics' D-League affiliate.On July 15, 2017, <mask> was waived by the Celtics. Houston Rockets (2017–2018)
On August 21, 2017, <mask> signed a two-way contract by the Houston Rockets. Under the terms of the deal, he split time between the Rockets and their G League affiliate, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers, becoming the first player in franchise history to sign such a deal. While he got playing time in Houston early in the season due to an injury to Chris Paul, his playing time declined in the weeks following Paul's return. As a result, his two-way contract with Houston was terminated on January 6, 2018, although he would sign a 10-day contract with the Rockets the same day. He was assigned to Rio Grande Valley immediately and took part in the 2018 G League Showcase. Philadelphia 76ers (2018–2019)
On January 14, 2018, <mask> was signed to a two-way contract with the Philadelphia 76ers and NBA G League affiliate the Delaware 87ers.He was re-signed to a second two-way deal for the 2018–19 season. South Bay Lakers (2019–2020)
On August 13, 2019, the Los Angeles Lakers announced that they had signed <mask>. On October 21, 2019, <mask> was waived by the Lakers. He was then added to the roster of the South Bay Lakers. Rytas Vilnius (2020)
On August 8, 2020, <mask> signed with Rytas Vilnius of the Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL). On October 1, 2020, after averaging 13 points, 4.5 rebounds, and 8.5 assists per game, <mask> was named the Lithuanian League MVP of September. On October 30, 2020, <mask> terminated his contract with Rytas Vilnius due to undisclosed family circumstances, possibly related with health concerns as the club sincerely wished good health to his relatives.Joventut Badalona (2021)
On January 29, 2021, he has signed with Joventut Badalona of the Spanish Liga ACB. <mask> lived in two different foster homes after the age of twelve, before finally settling with the Whitfields, the family of then basketball teammate Michael Whitfield. As a student in the University of Notre Dame, he enrolled in the College of Arts and Letters. References

External links

 Notre Dame Fighting Irish bio

1994 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Lithuania
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from South Bend, Indiana
BC Rytas players
Boston Celtics draft picks
Boston Celtics players
Delaware 87ers players
Delaware Blue Coats players
Houston Rockets players
Joventut Badalona players
Liga ACB players
Maine Red Claws players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball players
People from Mishawaka, Indiana
Philadelphia 76ers players
Point guards
Rio Grande Valley Vipers players
South Bay Lakers players
21st-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Demetrius Montell Jackson Jr
Jackson
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