texts:
 of Kant's philosophy helps him understand the relation between phenomenal world and metaphysical ontology, it is his teacher Xiong Shili who makes him realize the fundamental union of the two via the intellectual intuition. The idea of intellectual intuition is widely manifested in Confucianism, Neo-Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism, especially in the thought of Wang Yangming, who assimilates moral learning with the course of action such as archery and calligraphy. According to Mou, intellectual intuition is not the central concept of a highly complex speculative system, but a form of knowledge acquired through our deeds (including emotions and intentions). Mou's "misplacement"
Some scholars argue that <mask> <mask>'s critique of Heidegger's fundamental ontology actually “misplaces (wuzhi)” Heidegger's transcendental metaphysics. It turns out that Mou may agree with Heidegger more than he believes. Heidegger's discussions of Being actually achieve a similar metaphysical level with <mask>'s discussions of transcendental concepts, such as God, freedom, ren or Dao.Instead of being “floating”, Heidegger's fundamental ontology finds its root in the “transcendent metaphysics” in Being. Far away from “a way of being” in immanent metaphysics, Heidegger's Being actually serves as an ontological basis for beings in phenomenal world. Moreover, in Heidegger's theory, the unveiledness of the Being of beings (“beings” encompass the phenomenal world) is inseparable from the practical and ethical reason. This echoes with <mask>’ belief in unifying phenomenal world with metaphysical ontology through the intellectual intuition. They also share a similar interpretation of the “knowledge”. Mou believes moral learning can pave a way to moral metaphysics, while Heidegger also believes that we can open ourselves to the Being in our daily lives. <mask>'s “misplacement” of Heidegger's transcendental metaphysics may arise from his misconception of Heidegger's Time (Zeit, shijian).Heidegger's concept of Time is different from the time as a priori knowledge for Kant, which is actually the temporality (Zeitlichkeit, shijian xing) of Dasein (the experience of being that is peculiar to human beings). Heidegger's Time serves not only as the fundamental character for Being, but also as the fundamental unveiledness of Being. Mou confuses Heidegger's Time (Zeit, shijian) with temporality (Zeitlichkeit, shijian xing) and thereby fails to see the transcendental nature in neither Time nor Being. The different understanding of the concept Time further causes Mou's disagreement with Heidegger's discussions of finitude of human beings. In fact, Heidegger's discussions of finitude are based on his interpretation of the temporality of Dasein. It is not the rejection of the transcendental ontology. Mou fails to recognize that Heidegger's Time represents the transcendental metaphysics that overcome the normal sense of time in phenomenal world.This failure limits Mou's understanding of Heidegger's philosophy only as the immanent metaphysics that stick to the attached (phenomenal) ontology. Mou's moral metaphysics
Moral metaphysical systems have been proposed prior to Mou, most notably in the Platonic Form of the Good and the Confucian concept of dao. In one sense, Mou's philosophy attempts to reconcile these systems. Concurrently, Mou's philosophy was influenced by Yogacara Buddhism, which believes that no objectivity is possible aside from subjectivity. Mou's beliefs regarding the relationship between philosophy and culture and his view of the future of humanity dictate his construction of a philosophy that argues for the necessity to develop “Confucian Modernity”. Akin to his view of intellectual intuition, Mou constructs a vertical philosophical system that emphasizes the relation between the subject and an ontological objective, as opposed to a horizontal system where one's relationship to the world functions through the subject-object dichotomy. Mou's ontological ultimate is benti, or ultimate reality.Mou's moral metaphysics, which includes the natural and ethical universe, attempts to validate morality through the notion of tiandao, the principle of the natural universe, which, for Mou, equates to the moral principle. Further, Mou believes that one's uncomfortable reaction to crime and degeneracy indicates the presence of moral consciousness, which Mou signifies as the inner essence of human beings. This belief, that the infinite within benti similarly exists within human beings, known as the doctrine of infinite mind, can be compared with Heidegger's acceptance of being-with-others as a feature of Dasein, Wittgenstein’s rejection of a private language, and Husserl’s discussion of the immediacy of our recognition of others and their mental states within the lived world. Subsequently, Mou uses 良知 (liangzhi, or good consciousness) and 智的直觉 (zhi de zhijue, or intellectual intuition) to identify the substance in his system. Again, Mou chooses to translate his philosophy in Kantian terminology. Here, liangzhi refers to the foundation or essence of morality. Within Confucianism liangzhi also means the essence of human beings, explaining why Mou writes that, “the substance of human being is one and the same as that of the world, the world of value, but not the world of reality.” For Mou, this substance is independent of social background.This idea reflects the human nature proposed by Mencius through the example of the apparent, innate reaction of an individual to seeing a child sitting precariously on a well (The Four Beginnings). Here, <mask> departs from traditional Confucianism by defining the essence of an individual in terms of modern individualism. Thus with regards to Mencius’ example, it is the very life of the child that evokes a reaction, and not the individual's relation to the child. Mou notes that the basic implications of this example – an individual's inherent benevolence – are consistent with the autonomy of a moral subject. This autonomy, the motivating force for morality according to Mou, exists within the transcendental and philosophical mind of the individual. In accord with his notions of intellectual intuition, Mou is committed to the idea of moral transformation, whereby all individuals can transcend themselves to ultimately become sages. Mou borrows this conception of moral transformation from Confucianism, as well as the concept of summum bonum, in which there exists a connection between one's worthiness of happiness and the actual attainment of happiness.Discussion and criticism of Mou’s philosophy
Several consequences arise from Mou's moral metaphysics. Some scholars view <mask> as a defender of Zen Buddhism over other critical Buddhisms, pointing to Mou's morality, which, similar to Zen Buddhism, maintains that the possibility of enlightenment is more important than actually attaining it. Additionally, ascribing human beings intellectual intuition ultimately assigns humans moral responsibility. However, this allows individuals access to Kant's noumenon. According to Mou, intellectual intuition for human beings is the foundation of all of Chinese thought. In Phenomena and Noumena <mask> <mask> writes that, “if it is true that human beings cannot have intellectual intuition, then the whole of Chinese philosophy must collapse completely”. Despite the fact that this is Mou's claim, many scholars debate its validity, maintaining the legitimacy of Chinese philosophy and New Confucianism independent of intellectual intuition.Some traditional Confucians reject Mou, citing his wholesale acceptance of Western liberty and democracy as problematic. Despite <mask>'s attempt at Confucian Modernity, critics claim that New Confucianism cannot handle modernity's interconnectedness and its inevitable negative consequences. Others argue that because Mou is not political, he should not even be considered a Confucian because much of Confucian doctrine advocates for the active pursuit of change. However, the limitations of speech in China during the time period when Mou philosophized may address this criticism. Scholarship in English
Angle, Stephen C. “Sagehood: The Contemporary Significance of Neo-Confucian Philosophy.” New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Asakura, Tomomi. “On Buddhistic Ontology: A Comparative Study of <mask> Zongsan and Kyoto School Philosophy.” Philosophy East and West 61(4): 647–678.Billioud, Sebastien. Thinking Through Confucian Modernity: A Study of <mask> <mask>'s Moral Metaphysics. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2011. Chan, N. Serina. The Thought of <mask> <mask>. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2011. Chan, Wing-Cheuk.“<mask> <mask>’s Transformation of Kant’s Philosophy.” Journal of Chinese Philosophy 33(1): 125–139. Clower, Jason, "<mask> <mask> Tsung-san) ," Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Clower, Jason T. The Unlikely Buddhologist: Tiantai Buddhism in the New Confucianism of <mask> <mask>. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2010. Clower, Jason (ed.). Late Works of <mask> <mask>: Selected Essays on Chinese Philosophy. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2014. Clower, Jason."Chinese Ressentiment and Why New Confucians Stopped Caring about Yogācāra" in Transforming Consciousness: Yogacara Thought in Modern China, ed. John Makeham. New York: Oxford, 2014. Kantor, Hans-Rudolf. "Ontological Indeterminacy and Its Soteriological Relevance: An Assessment of <mask> <mask>'s (1909-1995) Interpretation of Zhiyi's (538-597) Tiantai Buddhism." Philosophy East and West 56(1): 16–68. Lin Chen-kuo."Dwelling in Nearness to the Gods: The Hermeneutical Turn from MOU Zongsan to TU Weiming." Dao 7: 381–392. Lin Tongqi and Zhou Qin. "The Dynamism and Tension in the Anthropocosmic Vision of <mask> <mask>." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 22. Liu, Shu-hsien. “<mask> Tsung-san (<mask> Zongsan)” in Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy, ed.A.S. Cua. New York: Routledge, 2003. Rošker, Jana S. The Ideological Foundations of Taiwanese Modernity: <mask> <mask>'s New Moral Philosophy. Asian and African Studies, ISSN 1408-5429, Vol. 15, Issue two https://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/as/article/viewFile/2882/2871
 Rošker, Jana S. The Fusion of Modern Confucianism and Buddhism: <mask> <mask>'s Journey from Double to Fundamental Ontology. Taiwan journal of East Asian studies, ISSN 1812-6243, 2016, Vol. 13, No.1, pp. 57–76. Rošker, Jana S.. The Rebirth of the Moral Self: the Second Generation of Modern Confucians and their Modernization Discourses. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, cop. 2016
Stephan Schmidt. “<mask> <mask>, Hegel, and Kant: The Quest for Confucian Modernity.” Philosophy East and West 61(2): 260–302.Students

Cai Renhou 蔡仁厚
Dai Lianzhang 戴璉璋
Wang Bangxiong 王邦雄
Zeng Zhaoxu 曾昭旭
Lu Xuekun 盧雪崑
Huizhen You 尤惠貞
Chen Guimiao 陳癸淼

Wei Zhengtong 韋政通
He Shujing 何淑靜
Zhu Jianmin 朱建民
Fan Liangguang 范良光
Wang Caigui 王財貴
Lee Shui-chuen 李瑞全
Zhou Yangshan 周楊山

Yang Zuhan 楊祖漢
Yan Guoming 顏國明
Lin Yuehui 林月惠
Li Minghui 李明輝
Zhuang Yaolang 莊耀郎
Liu Jinxian 劉錦賢

Xie Daning 謝大寧
Lin Anwu 林安梧
Fan Kewei 樊克偉
Tu Weiming 杜維明
Wu Rujun (Ng Yu-kwan) 吳汝鈞
Chen Rongzhuo (Wing-cheuk Chan) 陳榮灼

References

External links
 <mask> <mask>, Nineteen Lectures  excerpted from <mask> <mask>, Nineteen Lectures on Chinese Philosophy translated by Julie Wei. 1909 births
1995 deaths
20th-century essayists
20th-century Chinese philosophers
20th-century translators
Chinese Confucianists
Chinese Culture University faculty
Chinese University of Hong Kong people
Educators from Shandong
Hong Kong philosophers
National Taiwan University faculty
National Taiwan Normal University faculty
New Confucian philosophers
Republic of China essayists
Republic of China philosophers
Republic of China translators
Philosophers from Shandong
Tunghai University faculty
Taiwanese people from Shandong
Taiwanese philosophers
Translators to Chinese
Translators from German
University of Hong Kong
Writers from Yantai
Zhejiang University

masks: Mou Zongsan Mou Mous Mou Mou Mou Mou Zongsan Mou Mou Mou Zongsan Mou Zongsan Mou Zongsan Mou Zongsanu Mou Zongsan Mou Zongsan Mou Zongsan Mou Zongsan Mou Mou Mou Zongsan Mou Zongsan Mou Zongsan Mou Zongsan Mou Zongsan


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 27 May 1962 in Amerang) is a German physicist and university professor at the University of Regensburg. Life
<mask> studied physics from 1982 to 1987 at the Technical University of Munich and at Eidgenössische Technischen Hochschule Zürich. He received a diploma in experimental physics in 1988 with Professor Gerhard Abstreiter and continued with a PhD in physics with Nobel Laureate Gerd Binnig at the IBM Physics Group Munich on atomic force microscopy. After submitting his PhD thesis in the end of 1991, he continued for 6 months as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the IBM Physics Group Munich and moved to Silicon Valley to join Park Scientific Instruments, Inc as a senior scientist and later director of vacuum products from mid 1992 until the end of 1994. He joined the Munich office of management consulting firm McKinsey & Company from 1995 to 1996 as a senior associate. During that time, he invented the qPlus sensor, a new probe for atomic force microscopy and continued experimental and theoretical work on the force microscope at the chair of Professor Jochen Mannhart at University of Augsburg where he received a habilitation in 2001. In 2005, he obtained offers for a chair at the University of Bristol (England) and University of Regensburg (Germany).In 2006, he joined the faculty at the Department of Physics at the University of Regensburg in Germany. From about 2005, he collaborated with the scanning tunneling microscopy groups of IBM Almaden Research Center and IBM Zurich Research Laboratory and from about 2010 with National Institute of Standards and Technology to help to establish combined scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy at ultralow temperatures. He was a visiting fellow at the center for nanoscience and technology (CNST) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and a visiting professor at University of Maryland, College Park from fall 2015 to spring 2016. Some of Giessibl's experimental and simulated images inspired the offset print editions Erster Blick (2000)  and Graphit (2004) by visual artist Gerhard Richter. <mask> is married and has two sons. Scientific contributions
Giessibl spent most of his professional career improving atomic force microscopy, and published papers on ground breaking experiments, instrumentation
and theoretical foundations
of atomic force microscopy. Giessibl is the inventor of the  qPlus sensor, a sensor for Non-contact atomic force microscopy that relies on a quartz cantilever.His invention has enabled atomic force microscopy to obtain subatomic spatial resolution on individual atoms and submolecular resolution on organic molecules. Today, the qPlus sensor is used in many commercial and homebuilt atomic force microscopes. 1992: Built the first low-temperature force microscope for ultrahigh vacuum with Gerd Binnig (PhD adviser) and Christoph Gerber (F.J. Giessibl, C. Gerber, G. Binnig, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B 1991 and obtained atomic resolution on KBr with it (F.J. <mask>, G. Binnig, Ultramicroscopy 1992)]. KBr has a very low reactivity, yet major challenges such as jump-to-contact of AFM tip and sample had to be overcome to obtain atomic resolution. 1992: Proposed a mechanism allowing atomic resolution in noncontact-AFM Phys Rev B 1992). 1994: Solved the problem of imaging reactive samples and obtained for the first time atomic resolution on Silicon 7x7 by force microscopy using frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy in noncontact mode with large amplitudes (Science 1995). 1996: Invented the qPlus sensor, a self sensing AFM quartz sensor that is self sensing (piezoelectric effect), highly stable in frequency and stiff enough to allow sub-Angstrom oscillation amplitudes (Patents DE19633546, US6240771, Appl.Phys. Lett. 1998). 1997: Introduces a formula that connects frequency shifts and forces for large amplitudes (Phys Rev B 1997). 2000: Obtains atomic spatial resolution using qPlus sensor (Appl. Phys. Lett.2000). 2000: Observes subatomic resolution on tip features (F.J<mask>, S. Hembacher, H. Bielefeldt, J. Mannhart, Science 2000). 2001: Invents an algorithm to deconvolute forces from frequency shifts (Appl Phys Lett 2001.). 2003: Extended version of his habilitation thesis is published in Reviews of Modern Physics (RMP 2003). 2003: Obtaines atomically resolved lateral force microscopy (F.J<mask>, M. Herz, J. Mannhart, PNAS 2003). 2004: Achieves sub-Angstrom resolution on tip features using a qPlus sensor in a low temperature AFM using higher harmonic force microscopy (S. Hembacher, F.J. <mask>, J. Mannhart, Science 2004). 2005–2008: Helps to spread out qPlus sensor technology to IBM Research Laboratories Almaden and Rüschlikon, leading to measurements of forces that act during atomic manipulation (M. Ternes, C.P.Lutz, C. Hirjibehedin, F.J. Giessibl, A. Heinrich, Science 2008) and single-electron charges on single gold atoms (Science 2009). 2012: Introduces carbon monoxide front atom identification (COFI), a method for the atomic and subatomic characterization of scanning probe tips (J. Welker, F.J. Giessibl, Science 2012). 2013: Observes evidence for superexchange interaction and very low noise data of exchange interactions between CoSm tips and antiferromagnetic NiO (F. Pielmeier, F.J. <mask>, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2013). 2013: Observes atomic resolution in ambient conditions without special sample preparation (D. Wastl, A.J.Weymouth, F.J. Giessibl, Phys. Rev. B 2013). 2014: Measurement of CO-CO interactions by lateral force microscopy (A.J. Weymouth, T. Hofmann, F.J. Giessibl, Science 2014). 2015: Atomic resolution of few atom metal clusters and subatomic resolution of single metal atoms (M. Emmrich et al., Science 2015). 2016: Simultaneous inelastic tunneling spectroscopy and AFM (N. Okabayashi et al., Phys.Rev. B 2016), AFM with superconductive tips (A. Peronio, F.J<mask>, Phys. Rev. B 2016), Multifrequency AFM using bimodal qPlus sensors (H. Ooe et al., Appl Phys Lett 2016). 2018: Simultaneous inelastic tunneling spectroscopy and AFM shows bond weakening effect (N. Okabayashi et al., PNAS 2018). 2018: Joint study with John Sader group on well- and ill posed force deconvolution schemes (J. Sader, B. Hughes, F. Huber, F.J<mask>, Nature Nanotechnology 2018). 2019: Review article about qPlus sensors and applications (Review of Scientific Instruments 2019).2021: Measurement of very weak bonds to artificial atoms formed by quantum corrals ( https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe2600 Science 2021''). Selected publications

Books
1. Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy: Volume II (NanoScience and Technology), S. Morita, F.J<mask>, R. Wiesendanger (Eds. ), Springer 2012

2. Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy: Volume III (NanoScience and Technology), S. Morita, F.J<mask>, E. Meyer, R. Wiesendanger (Eds. ), Springer 2015

3. Erster Blick in das Innere eines Atoms – Begegnungen mit Gerhard Richter zwischen Kunst und Wissenschaft, <mask> J. Gießibl, Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther und Franz König, Köln, Germany (2022)

4.First View inside an Atom― Encounters with Gerhard Richter between Art and Science, English Edition, <mask>. Gießibl, Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther und Franz König, Köln, Germany (2022)

Awards and honors

 1994: R&D 100 Award (together with Brian Trafas)
 2000: Deutscher Nanowissenschaftspreis
 2001: Rudolf-Kaiser-Preis
 2009: Karl Heinz Beckurts-Preis
 2010: Ehrenfest Kolloquium Leiden (Netherlands)
 2013: Zernike Kolloquium Groningen (Netherlands)
 2014: Joseph F. Keithley Award For Advances in Measurement Science of the American Physical Society
 2015: Rudolf-Jaeckel Prize of the German Vacuum Society
 2016: Foresight Institute Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology

References

External links
  <mask><mask> at Google Scholar
 Mark Wendman nanoscience blog

University of Regensburg faculty
21st-century German physicists
21st-century German inventors
Technical University of Munich alumni
1962 births
Living people
Microscopists
People from Rosenheim (district)

masks:
Franz Josef Gießibl
Giessibl
Franz Giessibl
Giessibl
. Giessibl
. Giessibl
Giessibl
Giessibl
. Giessibl
. Giessibl
. Giessibl
. Giessibl
Franz
Franz J
Franz J
. Giessibl


texts:
<mask> (née Bamber; 24 September 1899 – 13 November 1970) was a British Labour Party politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for the Liverpool Exchange division from 1945 to 1970. She was a member of Liverpool County Borough Council from 1930 to 1961. Although she never held office in government, she won a national reputation for her forthright campaigns in connection with housing, public health and other social issues. <mask> inherited much of her campaigning spirit from her mother, Mary Bamber, an early socialist and trade union activist. After some years in the Independent Labour Party (ILP), <mask> joined the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) on its foundation in 1920, but quickly became disillusioned with the party's dictatorial tendencies. She left the CPGB in 1924 and later joined the Labour Party. Before the Second World War, alongside her husband <mask> she established a reputation as a crusading left-wing councillor, frequently at odds with her party while pursuing an agenda of social reform.During the war she worked in Liverpool's ambulance service, before winning the Exchange division for Labour in the 1945 general election. With her formidable physique and outspoken manner, <mask> was a pugnacious presence in parliament, and a keen supporter of the 1945–51 Attlee ministry's reform agenda, particularly the establishment of the National Health Service in 1948. She served on Labour's National Executive Committee between 1947 and 1969. Her combative style led to a brief suspension from parliament in 1952. For most of her parliamentary career she remained a member of Liverpool's council, and was a central figure in the controversy that arose in the 1950s over the city's decision to acquire and flood Capel Celyn in a valley along Afon Tryweryn in Wales for the construction of the Llyn Celyn reservoir. Between 1953 and 1957 <mask> served on the Royal Commission for Mental Health which led to the Mental Health Act 1959. From the early 1950s she moved steadily to the right wing of her party, and was increasingly acerbic in her judgements of her former colleagues on the left.When Labour won the 1964 general election she refused office on the grounds of age and health; thereafter her parliamentary contributions dwindled as her health worsened. Towards the end of her life she became Liverpool's first woman freeman. After her death in 1970 her Guardian obituarist hailed her as "one of the most distinctive political personalities of the century". Life

Early years

Childhood
Elizabeth Bamber was born on 24 September 1899 at 23 Zante Street, in the Everton area of Liverpool, the eldest daughter of Hugh Bamber, a bookbinder, and his wife Mary, née Little. Mary had come to Liverpool as a child when her father, a well-to-do Edinburgh lawyer, abandoned his family after his descent into alcoholism and poverty. Liverpool in the late 19th century suffered extremes of deprivation, and had the highest infant mortality rate in the country. Mary became a trade union organiser and campaigner against deplorable social conditions, and established a reputation as an outstanding platform speaker.She was the dominant early influence on her daughter Elizabeth, who formed a lifelong determination to represent and fight for the disadvantaged. In 1902 the Bamber family relocated to Smollett Street in nearby Bootle, one of several moves that caused Elizabeth's formal education to be divided among different schools. Alongside her normal schooling, her political education began at the Marmaduke Street Socialist Sunday School, and through the medium of her mother's campaigning activities. One of Elizabeth's early memories was of the soup kitchen for the destitute which Mary helped to run on St George's Plateau: "I remember the faces of the unemployed when the soup ran out ... I remember blank, hopeless stares, day after day, week after week, all through the hard winter of 1906–07". At the age of eleven Elizabeth left the Sunday School and joined the youth section of the Independent Labour Party (ILP), where she studied socialism alongside a busy programme of social activities. She later described herself at this time as "strong, agile, fond of walking and eating".By this time  Mary Bamber was working as an organiser for the Warehouse Workers' Union; Elizabeth assisted her mother, sometimes acting as a steward at meetings. Mother and daughter were both present at St George's Plateau on 13 August 1911, when a baton charge by police and troops broke up a rally in support of Liverpool's striking transport workers. Hundreds were injured, and in the disturbances that followed, two demonstrators were shot dead. The day became enshrined in Liverpool's working-class history as "Bloody Sunday". ILP years
Elizabeth left school in 1913, and began work filling seed packets for five shillings a week. The job was too monotonous to engage her for long, and after a few months she found a post in the drapery department of the Walton Road Co-operative store. At her mother's insistence she became a member of the Shopworkers' Union.Meanwhile, she attended classes run by the Workers' Educational Association and the Plebs' League: "They told me how the capitalists controlled money, business and the land, and ... hung on to them". Within the group of young socialists who gathered regularly at the ILP's local headquarters, there were three Elizabeths. To avoid confusion, lots were drawn to decide who should be known respectively as Elizabeth, Betty, or <mask>. By this means Elizabeth Bamber took the name <mask>, which she retained for the rest of her life. Among the other ILP activists at Kensington was Sydney Silverman, four years older than <mask>, the son of a poor draper. Silverman was a considerable influence on the youthful <mask>; he would be her future colleague, both in the Liverpool council chamber and the House of Commons. When the First World War began in August 1914, the ILP opposed it as "an appalling crime upon the nations" who had been "stampeded by fear and panic".On the introduction of conscription in 1916, Silverman and others adopted positions of uncompromising pacifism, and were imprisoned. The ILP welcomed news of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and vigorously opposed allied intervention in the civil war that followed it. <mask> played a leading role in a TUC "Hands Off Russia" rally in Liverpool's Sheil Park, where she and others resisted the efforts of the British Empire Union to capture the ILP's red flag. At the end of the war in 1918, <mask> left the Co-op and took a clerical post with the Warehouse Workers' Union. In the course of her ILP activities she had met and befriended John "Jack<mask>, a wagon builder and union activist with a reputation as a firebrand. He had arrived in Liverpool from Dewsbury in 1915, hoping to emigrate to Canada, but had stayed in the port and immersed himself in left-wing politics and the fight to improve working conditions. He and <mask> became very close; in 1919 they helped Mary Bamber to fight for a Liverpool council seat, as the ILP's candidate in the Everton district.The election campaign was bitter and at times violent, but resulted in Bamber's victory by the slim margin of 13 votes. Communist activist
By 1920 Mary Bamber, <mask> and <mask> had become disillusioned with the ILP, which seemed to them to lack the necessary radicalism to march with the times. At the time, Sylvia Pankhurst's Workers' Socialist Federation, the British Socialist Party and other socialist organisations were increasingly coordinating their activities, and in 1920 merged to form the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). Under Mary Bamber's influence, both <mask> and <mask> left the ILP to become members of the new party. Within the CPGB the young couple became acquainted with Wal Hannington, leader of the National Unemployed Workers Committee Movement. They joined his "work or maintenance" campaign which aimed to raise the levels of Poor Law relief to what they considered a proper subsistence level. The couple did not endear themselves to the CPGB hierarchy when, on egalitarian grounds, they opposed the levels of salary which the party wanted to pay to its full-time officials.In the joint autobiography written with Jack, The Braddocks (1963), <mask> cites the formative experience of police violence on "Bloody Sunday" in 1911 as a motivating factor for her CPGB activities. On 12 September 1921, again at St George's Plateau, she attended a rally for the city's jobless, organised by the Liverpool Unemployed Workers' Committee. Again there was police intervention; Jack and Mary Bamber were charged with unlawful assembly and received a token one day's imprisonment. In 1922 <mask> and other party members provided comfort and shelter to Hannington's hunger marchers, as the columns of unemployed passed through Lancashire on their way to London. <mask> combined her party roles—she was treasurer of the Liverpool branch—with her full-time union post; Jack, meanwhile, was only intermittently in work, as his incendiary reputation meant that employers were reluctant to give him a job. He had been living for some time at the Bambers' home when, in February 1922, the couple were married at Brougham Terrace registry office, during the course of a working day. After a brief reception they returned to their respective duties—<mask> to her union job and Jack to his volunteer work for the CPGB.The Braddocks were not comfortable as CPGB members. They objected to the lack of autonomy afforded to local branches by the party's central "Political Bureau", and to what they perceived as the leadership's unquestioning subservience to the Soviet Union. Mary Bamber, after a visit to Russia, opined that there were as many true communists in Liverpool as in Moscow. In 1924, increasingly convinced that communist rule would lead to the enslavement rather than the liberation of workers, the entire leadership of the Liverpool CPGB branch, including both Braddocks, resigned from the party. Liverpool council
After leaving the CPGB, the Braddocks continued their socialist activism in Liverpool. Jack's role in the Merseyside Council of Action (an impromptu militant action group) during the 1926 General Strike made employers even less willing to engage him. He was rescued by the action of Sir Benjamin Johnson, a liberal-minded industrialist, who lent him the money to purchase a Co-operative Insurance Society agency.Jack and <mask> were now determined to pursue their political aims by democratic methods, and in 1926 they joined the Fairfield ward of the Liverpool Labour Party. In the 1929 Liverpool council elections, Jack was returned unopposed as the Labour councillor for the Fairfield ward. A year later <mask> joined him, elected in the St Anne's ward. St Anne's, one of the most deprived areas of the city, contained a closed workhouse at Brownlow Hill, which the Conservative-controlled council had decided to sell to the Roman Catholic Church as the potential site for a cathedral. The Labour group's official policy was to delay the sale for several years, so that the empty workhouse buildings could be used as temporary housing during slum clearance and rebuilding. The issue split Labour on religious lines; nearly all the Catholic members of the Labour group defied party policy and voted for an immediate sale. Among the rebels was the sitting St Anne's councillor, Olive Hughes.She was thereupon deselected by the St Anne's ward, which chose <mask> as their candidate for the 1930 election. <mask> faced a difficult task, since Hughes chose to stand against her as an Independent Socialist, with the support of leading local Catholics in a ward where the electorate was 85 per cent Catholic. An intense campaign, during which <mask> claimed to have visited every street in the ward, brought her success. This victory did not delay the workhouse's fate; the site was duly sold to the Catholic Church for £110,000, and demolition began in January 1931. Nevertheless, <mask>, who had been appalled by the housing conditions in the ward, helped to instigate a slum clearance campaign which slowly brought improvements. As a member of the council's Port Sanitary and Hospitals Committee, which controlled all the city's hospitals and residential homes for the elderly, <mask> discovered that the hospitals were generally verminous, drably decorated and poorly ventilated, with inadequate cooking facilities. Patients' record-keeping systems were rudimentary, with little or no communication between hospitals.She became involved in the reform, reorganisation and modernisation of many of the city's health facilities, particularly those related to mothers and children. From 1934 she was chairman of the Maternity and Child Welfare subcommittee, and in June 1936 worked with other women's groups to organise a national conference on maternity and child welfare issues. The Labour group on the council remained divided. The group's leader was Luke Hogan (1885–1954), of Irish stock and closely identified with the Catholic caucus. He enjoyed the strong support of around two-thirds of the Labour councillors; the Braddocks, and from 1932 Sydney Silverman, were part of the smaller leftist wing of the group. Clashes between the two sides were frequent, the main contention being the supposed attempts by Hogan and his followers to "catholicise" the local party. When in 1936 Hogan tried to block the renewal of a grant to a local birth control clinic, <mask> led a cross-party rebellion of councillors which ensured that the grant was maintained.She argued that most of the 87 women who had died in childbirth the previous year might have survived with access to contraception. Mostly, <mask> was uncompromising in her attitude towards the council's ruling Conservatives; on one occasion she was ejected from the council chamber by the police, after she had called the Housing Committee chairman a liar and refused the mayor's order to withdraw the remark. She justified this behaviour on the grounds that "if you didn't do something outrageous, nobody would take any notice of you". She had earlier resorted to using a two-foot megaphone in a council meeting, to demand action over housing conditions and slums. Inspired by her colleague Silverman, who in the 1935 general election became MP for Nelson and Colne, <mask> determined to seek a parliamentary career of her own. This ambition contrasted with that of Jack, who turned down the chance to be Labour's candidate in the Everton constituency to concentrate on his local government role. In 1936 <mask> was selected as Labour candidate for Liverpool Exchange.This inner-city division had long been held by the Conservatives, mainly because of a substantial "business vote" which, before the abolition of plural voting in 1948, gave owners of businesses an extra vote in the constituency where their business operated. In the recent election the seat had been held by the Conservative, Sir John Shute, with a majority of 4,412. <mask> was then 36 years old; she would have to wait for nearly 10 years before she could fight her seat, as the general election that would normally have been held in 1939 or 1940 was postponed by the Second World War. In the years immediately before the war <mask> was concerned at the extent of recruitment in the city by the British Union of Fascists. She was outspoken in her attacks on fascist groups, and in her defence of those who attacked their parades. The death of her mother Mary Bamber in June 1938, at the age of 63, was a considerable personal blow to <mask>, and was widely mourned within Liverpool's socialist community. Second World War
On the outbreak of war in September 1939, <mask> left her union post and joined G Division of the Liverpool Ambulance Service, as a driver.Initially her main job was to train other drivers, mostly young women. She became a section leader and then a deputy leader of G Division, an administrative post that should have kept her at headquarters. However, she records that she drove her ambulance through all the 68 major air raids that struck Liverpool during the war years. It was dangerous work; on a single day, 3 May 1941, 14 drivers lost their lives. <mask> remained with the ambulance service almost until the end of the war in 1945. In 1942 <mask> and Jack moved to what would be their home for the remainder of their lives, a suburban semi-detached house in ZigZag Road, in Liverpool's West Derby district. They remained active members of Liverpool council, and in 1943 Jack became deputy leader of the Labour group.Two years later the Braddocks healed the rift with Hogan by proposing and seconding his appointment as the city's Lord Mayor for the year 1945–46; Jack succeeded him as leader of the Labour group on the council, a post he held until his death in 1963. <mask> became honorary president of the Liverpool Trades Council and Labour Party (LTCLP), the body that had been formed in 1921 when the Liverpool Trades Council merged with the newly

masks:
Elizabeth Margaret Braddock
Braddock
Braddock
Jack Braddock
Braddock
Braddock
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
" Braddock
Bessie
Bessie
Jack Braddock
Bessie
Jack Braddock
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie


texts:
 formed local Labour Party to form a united labour front. Labour MP

Labour government 1945–51

Despite some opinion polls indicating a Labour lead, most commentators expected that Winston Churchill's prestige would ensure a comfortable Conservative victory in the July 1945 general election. Before polling day, The Manchester Guardian surmised that "the chances of Labour sweeping the country and obtaining a clear majority ... are pretty remote". The News of the World predicted a working Conservative majority, while in Glasgow a pundit forecast the result as Conservatives 360, Labour 220, Others 60. The expectations of a Labour victory in Liverpool Exchange were not high, but <mask>'s chances were boosted by the poor local record of the sitting member, Colonel Shute, and she herself was confident. Defying most forecasts, across the country Labour won 393 seats, and with an overall majority of 146, Clement Attlee formed the first majority Labour government.<mask> won Liverpool Exchange with a majority of 665 from 16,000 votes cast. In an assessment of the new MPs, the Daily Express described <mask> as "a character among the Labour women. Very forthright in her speech, strong in her Labour faith ... never hesitates to call a spade a spade". Physically imposing—she admitted to weighing 15 stone (210 pounds, 95 kg)—she made an impact with her maiden speech on 17 October 1945, during a debate on the national housing shortage. After taunting the Conservative opposition by claiming to have "filched" the Exchange seat—"the prize Division of the [Liverpool] Tory Party"—she made an impassioned plea to the new Minister of Health, Aneurin Bevan, for immediate measures to improve the slum housing conditions in Liverpool, and throughout the country: "Particularly in industrial areas, people are living in flea-ridden, bug-ridden, rat-ridden, lousy hell-holes". She ended her speech with a promise that she and other Labour back-benchers would continue to agitate until the conditions in which many were forced to live, "as a result of having been represented for so long by the Conservative Party", were removed. <mask>'s aggressive anti-Toryism was frequently in evidence during her first years in parliament, especially when she could attribute to them the economic miseries of her Liverpool constituents.In a Commons debate on 28 March 1946 she welcomed the government's decision to close the Liverpool Cotton Association, which she denounced as "the bulwark of the Tory administration in Liverpool", nothing more than a group of financiers who gambled with the industry in order to make profits for themselves. On 1 May 1947 The Manchester Guardian, reporting the chaotic Commons scenes during the divisions following a debate on the nationalisation of the railways, recorded that "Mrs E.M. <mask> ... danced a jig as she moved over to the Opposition benches where she occupied the seat usually used by Mr Churchill." When the Bolton Evening News called her performance "nauseating, a sorry degradation of democratic discussion" she sued the newspaper for defamation. She lost the case, and a subsequent appeal was unsuccessful. In 1947 <mask> was elected to the Labour Party's National Executive Committee (NEC). At the time she was generally identified with the left wing of the party, and was associated with a grouping known as the "Socialist Fellowship", which espoused a programme of colonial freedom, workers' control and reduced arms expenditure. She resigned from the Fellowship in 1950, along with fellow-MPs Fenner Brockway and Ellis Smith, when it condemned the United Nations intervention in the Korean War.She continued her wholehearted campaigning on behalf of the poorest in the country, pleading with parliament to "remember the queues outside the Poor Relief offices", and castigating the "New Look" fashion of 1948 as wasteful, "the ridiculous whim of idle people". <mask>'s fiery reputation did not harm her electorally; in the February 1950 general election, with the Exchange constituency greatly increased by boundary changes, her majority rose to 5,344. Nationally, Labour lost 76 seats, and its parliamentary majority was reduced to five. Attlee's second government was short-lived; in the October 1951 general election <mask> increased her personal majority again, to 6,834, but nationally Labour was defeated by the Conservatives and went into opposition. Outside her political duties <mask>, a keen fan of boxing, accepted the honorary presidency of the Professional Boxers' Association, and was a passionate defender of the sport. Her enthusiasm arose in part from her experiences as a juvenile court magistrate; she believed that the sport fostered character and mutual respect. She was frequently at odds with her parliamentary colleague Edith Summerskill, a physician who wrote the anti-boxing tract The Ignoble Art, and campaigned for the sport's abolition.1950s: Rightward shift
After leaving Socialist Fellowship, <mask> moved steadily towards the centre and right of her party, distancing herself from colleagues with whom she had earlier found common cause. She did not support Aneurin Bevan when he resigned from the government in April 1951 over the introduction of National Health Service charges, and later asserted that, by making dissidence fashionable, Bevan had "weakened the [Labour] National Executive to the point where it could no longer deal effectively with infiltrating Trotskyists and Communists". In 1955 her opposition to the Bevanite faction was such that she supported efforts by Hugh Gaitskell and Herbert Morrison to have Bevan expelled from the party. She regularly attacked the Labour left at party conferences, and in 1952 was involved in scuffles with other delegates after the unexpected success of Bevanite candidates in the NEC elections. Also in 1952, <mask>'s volatile temperament caused her to become the first woman member to be suspended from the House of Commons, after she repeatedly protested to the Deputy Speaker for failing to call her during a debate on the textile industry, a matter of great concern to her constituents. In general, however, her forthright attitude won her cross-party respect, and in 1953 she was appointed by Churchill (who had returned as prime minister in 1951) to the Royal Commission on Mental Health, otherwise known as the Percy Commission, whose work led to the Mental Health Act 1959. <mask>'s increasingly centrist stance troubled party members in Liverpool Exchange, where the Bevanite faction was generally popular.In 1954 the local party passed a motion requesting that she step down before the next general election. This was rejected by the NEC, who believed that Bessie was a national electoral asset. Shortly before the May 1955 general election the Exchange party tried again, and voted by 40 to 39 to deselect her. <mask>, convinced that this vote had been rigged, appealed to the NEC, who set the decision aside and imposed her on the constituency. These party machinations had no effect on <mask>'s popularity with the voters; in the election on 26 May, despite the intervention of a left-wing Independent Socialist candidate, she increased her majority to 7,186. Nevertheless, nationally the Conservatives retained power with an increased parliamentary majority. In the municipal elections held that same month, Labour won control of Liverpool's council for the first time; <mask> became council leader.<mask> gave up her St Anne's ward seat, after 25 years, but remained on the council as a co-opted alderman. Campaigns and controversies, 1956–59
In May 1956 <mask>'s concerns about the treatment of prisoners in Walton Prison led to an investigation by Sir Godfrey Russell Vick, which revealed numerous instances of violence by members of the prison staff, and brought about reforms. In July that year, during a home affairs debate, <mask> demanded tougher regulations on the supply and licensing of air pistols, which under the existing law were readily available to juveniles. She alarmed the house by brandishing two such pistols which, she explained, she had confiscated in the course of her duties as a juvenile court magistrate. When rebuked by the Deputy Speaker, she replied that she had deliberately used shock tactics, reprising her earlier council chamber argument that "no one takes any notice unless someone does something which is out of order, or is unusual". She also campaigned for the rights of larger women to obtain fashionable clothes; using her substantial 50" – 40" – 50" measurements to advantage, she took part in a fashion show aimed at the larger-than-average woman. In 1956, as part of a Liverpool council delegation, the Braddocks visited the Soviet Union at the invitation of the mayor of Odessa, a city with which Liverpool had informal fraternal links.Her overall impression of the country was of drabness and oppression, with welfare provision generally well below British levels, although she conceded that medical facilities were excellent. Before returning home she informed the mayor of Odessa that "after forty years of socialism ... you haven't achieved half of what we have in Britain". In the later 1950s an issue arose which tarnished the reputations of both Braddocks in the eyes of much of Liverpool's Welsh community and the people of Wales. In 1955 Liverpool council applied for the compulsory purchase of land in the Tryweryn Valley, Merionethshire, North Wales, for the construction of a reservoir to serve Liverpool's increasing needs for water—some 65 million gallons a day. The proposal would mean the flooding of the small village of Capel Celyn, and several farms. On 7 November a deputation led by the Plaid Cymru president Gwynfor Evans sought to address the council in a plea for a change in policy. According to <mask>'s biographer Ben Rees, while Evans was speaking, <mask> banged on the table and joined other councillors in insulting Evans and demanding that he "go back to Wales".In July 1957, when the enabling legislation reached its second House of Commons reading, <mask> described the scheme as regional rather than local, and claimed that some parts of Wales would benefit from it. The land to be flooded in the Tryweryn Valley was not, she said, of high agricultural value, and "nothing was done that was not agreed to by the tenants in the area". The bill became law, and construction began in 1959, but protests and demonstrations continued until the reservoir's opening in 1965. The slogan Cofiwch Dryweryn ("Remember  Tryweryn") was coined by nationalists, says Rees, as "a reminder of Liverpool's greed and lack of sensitivity". In October 2015, on the 50th anniversary of the reservoir's completion, protestors demonstrated around the statue of Bessie at Liverpool Lime Street station. In the October 1959 general election the Conservatives, now led by Harold Macmillan, increased their majority in parliament to 100 seats. In Liverpool Exchange Bessie defied the national swing, and increased her proportion of the vote.On a reduced turnout her personal majority fell slightly, to 6,971. Later career, 1960–68
In 1961 <mask>'s aldermanic term on Liverpool's council expired. That year, the Conservatives briefly took control of the council, and used their majority to block her reappointment. This ended 31 years' service on the council. In 1963, when Labour regained control, she did not seek re-instatement. The year 1963 saw the publication of The Braddocks, in which <mask> made a sustained attack on communism and Trotskyism: "The purpose of this book is to bring home to the rank and file how wide that influence is ... unless positive steps are taken by the workers themselves ... democracy will be dead". Reviewing the book for the Socialist Standard, Lawrence Weidberg thought it gave a useful picture of early 20th century working-class life in Liverpool, but concluded that "from the evidence of this book the Braddocks qualified fully for the role of blind leaders of the blind".On 12 November 1963 <mask> died of a heart attack at the age of 71, while attending an official function in Liverpool. The October 1964 general election brought Labour a narrow victory under Harold Wilson, while in Liverpool Exchange, <mask> achieved her best personal majority to date, 9,746. She did not take a post in the new government; according to The Guardian she was offered a job, but declined on the grounds of health and age. Although she fought the next election, in March 1966, and held Liverpool Exchange easily, for the final six years of her parliamentary life she was relatively inactive and often absent through illness. Her last contribution in the House was on 27 January 1969, a question regarding facilities for disabled drivers. Final years and death
In 1968 <mask> became vice chairman (and therefore chairman-elect) of the Labour Party. However, in February 1969 she collapsed with exhaustion and was hospitalised.In August she resigned from the NEC on health grounds, thus forgoing her succession to the party chairmanship. In September she announced that she did not intend to contest the next general election, and would retire from politics, a decision which shocked and disappointed her constituents. In April 1970 she was awarded the freedom of the City of Liverpool, the first woman thus honoured. <mask> formally left parliament at the dissolution before the June 1970 general election; on 13 November 1970 she died in Liverpool's Rathbone Hospital, at the age of 71. At her funeral service held a few days later at Anfield Crematorium, in the course of his tribute, Harold Wilson summed her up thus: "She was born to fight for the people of the docks, of the slums, of the factories and in every part of the city where people needed help". The service was non-sectarian in accordance with her atheism. Appraisal

At the time of her death, commentators described <mask> as one of the most notable political personalities of her time, and perhaps the best-known woman in Britain after Queen Elizabeth II.She was especially appreciated in Liverpool, where much of her campaigning zeal for better housing and healthcare was concentrated. Widely known and remembered as "Battling <mask>", thirty years after her death she was placed eighth in a BBC poll of "great Merseysiders". <mask> was renowned for the sharpness of her tongue, either in pursuit of her campaigns or in denouncing her enemies. She frequently used inflammatory, colourful language, once describing an opposing councillor as a "blasted rat", and another time telling the Tory majority that she was willing "to take a machine gun to the lot of you". In contrast to this aggressive public, <mask>'s private life was unostentatious. She did not smoke or drink, dressed conventionally and holidayed modestly in Scarborough. Nevertheless, she enjoyed the company of many glamorous friends from the worlds of show business and boxing.Towards perceived adversaries, <mask> showed neither patience nor respect, especially those with whom she had once shared common ground on the far left. Apart from her attacks on Bevan, she displayed particular scorn for the future Labour Party leader Michael Foot, whose practice in the 1950s of writing articles attacking the Labour leadership for right-wing newspapers was, she thought, disloyal. A much reported exchange between her and Churchill has her accusing him of being drunk, and him concurring but adding: "My dear you are ugly, but tomorrow I shall be sober and you will still be ugly"—or similar words. There is no reliable evidence that any such exchange took place; despite its popularity, commentators are generally sceptical. In 1984, Radio City, an independent Liverpool radio station, broadcast a 4-part dramatisation of Jack and <mask> <mask>'s lives. <mask> <mask> is commemorated in Liverpool by the statue in Lime Street Station, and by a blue plaque erected at her modest home in ZigZag Road. In a 2014 Fabian Society essay the Labour MP Lisa Nandy wrote that <mask> "brought her experiences of life in the slums of Liverpool right into the heart of Westminster.Now, more than ever, we need the voices of working women to be heard in parliament". Notes and references

Notes

Citations

Books

Newspapers and journals

Online

External links

 Watch Anglia News from 1962 with <mask> speech recorded in Norfolk

1899 births
1970 deaths
Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers-sponsored MPs
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Liverpool constituencies
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Councillors in Liverpool
20th-century British women politicians
English atheists
English socialists
English people of Scottish descent
Industrial Workers of the World members
Labour Party (UK) councillors
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Lancashire
Women councillors in

masks:
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Braddock
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Jack Braddock
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Jack Braddock
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Bessie
Braddock
Bessie
Braddock
Bessie
Braddock


texts:
<mask><mask> (born 21 May 1987) is a director, activist, producer and official Forbes Council member. He directed the feature film 51 Degrees North and co-founded the global awareness movement Asteroid Day with astrophysicist and Queen guitarist Brian May. <mask> was Kevin Spacey's filmmaker-in-residence at the Old Vic Theatre and activist Stephen Sutton's documentarian before Sutton's death in 2014. He filmed and produced his first documentary at the age of 11. He also walked from Paris to Berlin to advocate for refugee children who are stuck in Greek refugee camps. Biography
Born and raised in Hamburg, Germany, <mask> has been making films since he was old enough to hold a camera. He became a child model at the age of two.His childhood home had access to the river Alster, a right tributary of the Elbe river in Northern Germany. At the age of seven, he set up a stand at the river and started selling hot dogs and drinks to people on boats, making him over one thousand Euros on a good day, enough money to buy expensive camera equipment. In 2003, he moved to the UK and attended the sixth-form college Hurtwood House where he earned the school's "Best Director" award. In 2003 he directed his first commercial for the fitness and wellness chain Meridian SPA

In 2004, he used the money he saved from his days as a child model and directed a short film called "Dean's Life" which ran at several festivals. German actor Mario Adorf was originally attached to play the character "Ashriel" but eventually dropped out due to a conflict in his schedule. In 2006, he worked as an assistant at the Berlin-based production company Egoli Tossell Film where he helped to secure the music rights for Paul Verhoeven's film Black Book and helped cast Helen Mirren in The Last Station after Meryl Streep dropped out. That same year he directed a short film, IMAGINE, while studying direction under Academy Award-winning Czech film director Miloš Forman at the Film and TV School of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague.In 2007 he moved to New York City where he worked as a consultant for MTV on shows like the MTV Music awards while he developed the concept for a TV show with VH1. His apartment was overlooking the Hudson River. When Chesley Sullenberger landed the plane on the Hudson River, Richters saw it and filmed it. In 2010 he moved to London where he started working for Kevin Spacey at the Old Vic Theatre. During this time he also directed his first feature film 51 Degrees North which lead to the creation of the United Nations Asteroid Day. The IAU renamed small body 8664 Grigorijrichters after him for co-founding Asteroid Day. In 2020 he got Married during Covid 19 Pandemic in a small private ceremony.Stephen Sutton
In 2013, while working for Kevin Spacey at the Old Vic theatre in London he was hired by UEFA to film the Opening Ceremony of the Champions League Final between Bayern Munich and Borussia Dortmund at Wembley Stadium. During the rehearsals he met Stephen Sutton who was one of many drummers during the Opening Ceremony. <mask> and Sutton quickly became friends. Richters' production company Films United started managing Sutton's website, helping him run his social media and produced a documentary about his life which still hasn't been finished. After Sutton's death in 2014, Richters gave several interviews on his behalf. 51 Degrees North
Richters began working on his debut feature film 51 Degrees North in 2010. It took him five years to make the film on a €10,000 budget.Synopsis
Damon Miller is a filmmaker grappling with the pressures of an impoverished profession and a dissolving relationship. One routine assignment will change his life as he is involved in the disturbing research into Near-Earth Objects. Production highlights
While filming on Tower Bridge, a bus driver believing one of the actors to be carrying a bomb released the bus UNDER ATTACK signal and a counter-terrorism squad was called. For the climactic moment of the movie, the producers cast 600 Extras and asked them to act as if the world ended on a Saturday Night at Piccadilly Circus. To everyone's surprise 1500 Extras showed up and an additional 1000 passers-by ended up being in some of the shots. This made the production the second largest film shoot at Piccadilly Circus and the low-budget movie with the most Extras in history. Richters met QUEEN guitarist Dr. Brian May in late 2013.After watching an edit of the film, May agreed to compose the music for the film. They recorded the music in March 2014 at London's Sarm Studios. Release
The first private screening of the film took place in September 2014 at the Starmus Festival. The screening was attended by Stephen Hawking, Alexei Leonov, Richard Dawkins and May. The official premier took place on 30 June 2015 at the Science Museum in London. Discovery Channel bought the rights to the film for one year and released the film worldwide in 2015. It became their first ever scripted film.Asteroid Day
After screening his feature film 51 Degrees North at the Starmus Festival in 2014 he met Stephen Hawking who inspired Richters to create a global awareness day. Just a few months after the festival he teamed up with Brian May, President of B612 Danica Remy and Apollo 9 astronaut Rusty Schweickart to create Asteroid Day. On 6 December 2016, the United Nations General Assembly declared 30 June as International Asteroid Day. #SpaceConnectsUs
In response to the Coronavirus crisis in 2020, Richters organised #SpaceConnectsUs with the European Space Agency, Asteroid Day and Markus Payer. "They teamed up to connect Europe and the world with astronauts, scientists and world-famous performers, bringing a message of hope and support for everyone faced with the Coronavirus crisis," it reads on the Asteroid Day website. Helping refugees

One million steps for refugees
On 27 October 2018 Richters started walking from Paris to Berlin, making over one million steps, to raise awareness about 1,000 unaccompanied children who live in refugee camps such as Moria Refugee Camp in Greece. His initiative is supported by Queen guitarist Dr. Brian May, influencers Lisa and Lena, astronaut Chris Hadfield, Stephen Fry but also politicians like German state minister Michael Roth.After arriving in Berlin on December 9, the German government agreed to finding a solution for the children. We Are The Children
In March 2019 <mask> teamed up with British producer Danielle Turkov Wilson and German filmmaker Uwe Praetel. Together they launched the #WeAreTheChildren campaign. The three met while Richters was walking from Paris to Berlin, in 2018. On 20 March 2019, Italian MEP Brando Benifei and President of the European Parliament Antonio Tajani hosted an event with the group at Parliament in Brussels. The goal of the event was to ask European MEPs and Government leaders to relocate the 1,000 children from Greek refugee camps to other European countries. At the centre of the campaign is a music video for the QUEEN song Is this the world we created...?which was co-written by Brian May and Freddie Mercury in 1984. The campaigners have asked the public to record themselves lip-syncing to the song. The video was premiered in Parliament on 20 March 2019. On 28 March 2019, the video was released online across all QUEEN social media channels and the video platform TikTok. Terror in Hanau
After a far-right terror attack in Hanau on 19 February 2020, Richters organised a protest in memory of the victims. References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Film directors from Hamburg

masks:
Grigorij S
. Richters
Richters
Richters
Richters
Richters


texts:
<mask> (4 October 1922 – 4 November 2017) was an Australian composer and conductor. He was the Principal Conductor of the Royal Opera House orchestra for three years and worked as a composer on British television. He worked on the BBC science-fiction series Doctor Who, for which he composed incidental music during the 1960s and 1970s. When <mask> died aged 95 in 2017, The Guardian wrote that he was "at his most prolific as the creator of incidental music for Doctor Who in the 1960s and 70s, contributing to 62 stories over almost 300 episodes – more than any other composer." Among his television work was the music for Moonstrike (1963), theme music for The Brothers (1972), The Tomorrow People (1973), Moonbase 3 (1973), The Ascent of Man (1973) and Blake's 7 (1978). He also composed music for several plays from the BBC Television Shakespeare series. Early life and career
<mask> was born in the Melbourne suburb of Malvern East.He learned piano as a child, served in New Guinea during World War II and then studied orchestration and composition at the Melbourne Conservatorium of Music at the University of Melbourne. <mask> became assistant conductor, pianist and later musical director for the Borovansky Ballet Company, forerunner to The Australian Ballet. He moved to the UK and after a season as guest conductor at Covent Garden, he became Principal Conductor of the Royal Opera House orchestra for three years. He accompanied the touring section of the Royal Ballet with Margot Fonteyn as principal ballerina. <mask> started working for the BBC in 1961. Music for science fiction television

Doctor Who (1963)
<mask>'s first work on Doctor Who was during William Hartnell's era as the First Doctor in Planet of Giants, in 1964, but he is primarily associated with the programme in the 1970s. He also appeared on screen as a music hall conductor in the Fourth Doctor story The Talons of Weng-Chiang (1977) at the invitation of Philip Hinchcliffe, who was the producer at the time.<mask> had to be paid a special fee for this appearance, as he was a member of the Musicians' Union and not Equity. When John Nathan-Turner became producer of Doctor Who in 1980, he decided that the music needed to be updated, and took <mask> out for a meal telling him how much he appreciated his work on Doctor Who but that it would no longer be required as he intended to have the BBC Radiophonic Workshop provide music from that point. While <mask> was contracted to score Shada, the unfinished nature of that production meant he never started work. As a result, his last broadcast work on Doctor Who was for The Horns of Nimon. In 1993 <mask>'s music for five Doctor Who serials from the early Fourth Doctor era was released on an album called Pyramids of Mars. In the 2017 restoration of Shada, a dedication to <mask> was shown in the end credits. Blake's 7 (1978)
In 1978 the BBC launched a new science fiction series, Blake's 7, produced by former Doctor Who director David Maloney.It ran for 4 series and 52 episodes, created by Welsh writer Terry Nation, set in a fictional spaceship, known as the Liberator (Series 1 to Series 3) and Scorpio (Series 4), manned by the following crew  members: Roj Blake (Gareth Thomas), Jenna Stannis (Sally Knyvette), Kerr Avon (Paul Darrow), Vila Restal (Michael Keating), Olag Gan (David Jackson), Cally (Jan Chappell) Dayna Mellanby (Josette Simon), Del Tarrant (Steven Pacey) and Soolin (Glynis Barber), plus the supercomputers: Zen, Orac and Slave, all voiced by (Peter Tuddenham) and the villains: Travis (Stephen Greif in Series 1), (Brian Croucher in Series 2) and Servalan (Jacqueline Pearce). <mask> provided the theme music for the series and was also responsible for the incidental music for 50 of the episodes that were broadcast from 2 January 1978 to 21 December 1981. The two exceptions are the episode entitled "Duel" (the eighth episode of series one) for which director Douglas Camfield chose to use stock music, and "Gambit" (the eleventh episode of series two), which was scored by Elizabeth Parker of the Radiophonic Workshop, the special sound creator of series two to four. The Tomorrow People (1973)
<mask> composed the theme tune to the ITV-based Thames Television science fiction series The Tomorrow People (1973–1979).

masks:
Dudley George Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson


texts:
<mask> (June 21, 1933, Krivoy Rog — October 23, 1963, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR) was a Soviet painter and graphic artist. Biography
<mask> was born on June 21, 1933 in the city of Krivoi Rog. He spent his youth and his brief life in Kiev. From 1941 to 1944, together with his mother and younger sister, he was evacuated to Krasnodar and later to Turkmenistan. In 1947 the family joined their father in Magadan, where <mask> spent his childhood years. His talent for drawing, discovered in early childhood, brought the young man to T.G. Shevchenko Kiev Republican Art School.Having graduated, he entered the Graphic department of the   Kiev Art Institute (1952–1958). He was fortunate to have V. Kasiyan and I. Pleschinsky as his tutors, and A. Paschenko, a famous Ukrainian graphic artist and a talented teacher, as his thesis supervisor. He graduated from the Art Institute with the honours degree and in the same year the twenty-five-year-old became the member of the Union of Artists of Ukraine. While still a student, his works were exhibited at Ukraine and USSR wide exhibitions. They attracted the attention of laymen and specialists alike with their perfection of form, profound meaning and accomplished craftsmanship. During his brief life the artist managed to create, monumental in their stature and execution, a series of lithographs dedicated to creative labour: "About People of Work" (1957–1958), "The New Ukrainian Semiletka Buildings" (1959–1960), "People of the Semiletka" (1960–1961) Like the majority of Ukrainian artists of the time, he engaged with the literary classics, creating a series of works dedicated to T. Shevchenko (1961–1962), illustrations to the great poet's works and to L. Ukrainka's poetry. Despite these considerable achievements for a budding artist, in 1960-1962 he continued to study at the creative workshops of the Academy of Arts of the USSR in Kiev, under the patronage of the National Artist of the USSR Michail Deregus.Work

The artist was destined to create his entire legacy in just five years. There was no early, middle or late period in his professional life. This established gradation was compacted into five short years filled with creative search, struggle with humdrum existence, faith in his talent and irrepressible strive for perfection. At the time there were neither monographs nor extensive articles in art journals dedicated to his work, as he was just a budding young artist. All this and recognition, success and fame were just a beckoning alluring dream then. And it all was bound to happen to the artist, as, with his thesis alone, he revealed his great talent to the world. His thesis series of easel graphic works "About People of Work" (1958) demonstrated not only a rather high level of academic proficiency, but also <mask>’ own perspective on the obligatory, in those days, depiction of socialist everyday life.He brought a personality to the foreground of his graphic sheet, abandoning the stereotype of portraying "an ordinary soviet man". For the six completed lithographs of the series the artist created numerous sketches, demonstrating a wide variety of the compositional ideas and subject interpretations. Alongside genre drawings, the artist completed portraits in coal, creating an expressive gallery of manly, proud and intellectual images of steelmakers. "The New Ukrainian Semiletka Buildings" (1959–1960) is also a lithographic series, created on a commission by the Union of Artists, in which, alongside the key moments of Kremenchug Hydro Electric Station construction, a lot of attention is paid to the rank and file participants of the grandiose building project. In this series the artist emphasizes images of women, as if juxtaposing the beauty and fragility of the female figures with the surrounding construction giants. The artist also remained true to the humanistic concept of art in the third lithographic series "The People of Semiletka" (1960–1961). "Reminiscence of the Black Sea" became the most vivid and the most unconventional of the series.Through the prism of his depicting the fishermen's work one could clearly observe the unmistakable romantic notes of the European art tradition. Not only was <mask> a master of lithography, he also had a perfect command of watercolour technique; he sensed its specificities and masterfully varied intense and serene colours. It gave the artist an opportunity to create, amazing in their execution, watercolours of sea views, piers and ships at anchor. Crimean landscapes always excited <mask>’ creative imagination. The biggest attraction for him was the subtle beauty of Koktebel, which had become a magnet for creative circles when Maximillian Voloshyn settled there. The artist's refined personality, as if merging with the translucent watercolours, was expressed in the lyrical landscapes, imbued with gentle crystal fragility. Although for the artist the sea was not only primordial beauty imbued with inimitable harmony, but also a dwelling place of the manmade objects- the ships.In depiction of the latter he predominantly employs graphic techniques: coal sketching, graphite pencil, drypoint print, etching and linocut print. He is unsurpassed as regards compositional variations in depicting ships or fishermen's life. Every sheet is representative of the original nonrecurring compositional scheme, the most corresponding to realizing each concrete artistic idea. The lyrical nature of the artist's character, to a great extent, defined his perspective on the interpretation of the soviet woman-worker image. Remaining confined to the unavoidable industrial themes of the official commissions, he first and for most emphasizes the femininity in his fish factory workers, helmswomen, attendants and electricians. Even the drab shapelessness of their working uniforms is powerless to conceal it. Every work reveals to the viewer a "soviet Madonna"; slightly mysterious with her hint of a smile and averted daydreaming gaze.Perhaps she is not always beautiful, but inimitably unique, and thusly so attractive. However, his favourite and most frequently portrayed model was his wife Zoya. He could draw her endlessly: at the seaside, sleeping, lying sick in bed with a high fever, running to the skating rink, reading a book, dreaming, sad, leaning over her textbooks and exhausted after a busy working day. Everyone expresses his love as he can: writing poems, bringing flowers, showering with gifts. <mask> expressed his love with what he knew best: his countless portrait drawings of his young wife. Amongst his works there also were commissioned portraits of outstanding historical personalities: Nikolay Przhevalsky, Victor Hugo and Heinrich Heine. For each one he managed not only to convey the portrait features, but also recreate a characteristic emotional image, as some echo of their famous literary masterpieces or scientific achievements.His amazing ability to see beauty in the mundane was reflected in the artist's approach to the landscape. His pencil drawings are, indeed, unique in their invocation of the post war Kiev atmosphere. Old wooden cottages, curved streets, infrequent cars, Kudryavsky Descent, Andreevsky Descent, Podol; on these sheets the quiet city life of the 1950s is forever preserved on these sheets by the keen hand of the artist. Incidentally, whatever genre <mask> employed, he always found the trappings of life quite odious. So it is not by chance, that his cityscapes are always genuine and authentic; they win the viewer over with their sincerity and spirituality. <mask> is also concise and even fragmentary in his landscapes-miniatures. What is meant here is not size.A little forest clearing, lonely oak trees or pines on the edge of a meadow, a delicately lacy tree brunch in early spring; everything is imbued with the solemnity of being, affirmation of the beauty of the mundane. An apple tree in bloom, a little bridge over a stream and a village street are all elevated to the eternal and the beautiful in the eye of the artist. Every nation, every people has its own eternal cultural values. For the Ukrainians they are first and foremost Taras Shevchenko's and Lesya Ukrainka's poetry. <mask> was inspired not only by the literary works of the Great Kobzar, but also by his tragic destiny. It resulted in the creation of printed lithographs reflecting the most dramatic moments from the poet's life, when he was exiled by court order to a distant military outpost and banned from writing and drawing. To some degree it was reminiscent of the events in <mask>'s own life.In the artist's private archive there is a small notebook with sketches of numerous searches for various characters from T. Shevchenko's poems. The only completed works were created for the poems "The Owl" and "The Neophyte". The illustrations to Lesya Ukrainka's poems "The Sinner" and "In the Catacombs" are imbued with the unvanquished spirit. It's no coincidence that of all her poems the artist chose the ones with main themes of strong spirit, freedom or striving to break out of slavish submission even by paying the ultimate price of one's own life. These were the last works in <mask> artistic career. "It is very difficult to make people, who did not know <mask>, his inner world, fine sense of humour, cheerful laughter and secret sorrow in his eyes, encyclopaedic knowledge, complete and utter helplessness in day to day life and constant process of creative search to understand. It is a complicated task, but it is also my duty, so I will try."It was an introduction to the memoirs written by <mask>'s widow Zoya Davydovna Ginsburg. It was exclusively due to her efforts, her amazing charm and energy (despite her quite advanced years) that the name of <mask> was brought back from oblivion. She became the main instigator and organizer of three personal exhibitions (1964, 2010, 2013), the author and sponsor in creating an album dedicated to the artist life's work "<mask>, A Bright Light of a Short Life." Zoya Davydovna also wrote the most touching chapter of this book: recollections of their youth, which are paramount to coming close to understanding the work and personality of <mask>, feel his living presence, hear his words, comprehend his ideas, share his emotions and joy brought on by first success. These were the first steps of his creative life, such a promising beginning... In one of the letters to his parents he wrote: "It started snowing a little today, you could see through the window that the street was already white. The day flew by, tomorrow once again business to attend to, work.I couldn’t say anything definite about work though; everything is still at a very early stage, I don’t even know which one of my numerous ideas to choose. There are plenty of sketches; plenty of themes, there are things to work on…" 4.11.1962

Exhibitions
Exhibited since 1957. Worked in easel and printed book graphic. The main works: : "About People of Work" (1957–1958), "The New Ukrainian Semiletka Buildings" (1959–1960), "People of the Semiletka" (1960–1961) "T. G. Shevchenko" (1961–1962) and illustrations to L. Ukrainka's works (1962) and T. Shevchenko's works (1963). Link
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYbeVrF9NSA Video. Ukrainian language. Gallery

.1933 births
1963 deaths

masks:
Boris Naumovich Ginsburg
Boris Naumovich Ginsburg
Boris
Boris
Boris Ginsburg
Boris
Boris Ginsburg
Boris Ginsburg
Boris Ginsburg
Boris Ginsburg
Boris Ginsburg
Boris Ginsburg
Boris
Boris Ginsburg
Boris Ginsburg
Boris Ginsburg
Boris Ginsburg


texts:
<mask> (1941 – March 30, 1982) was an American novelist. His works include Principato, Farragan's Retreat (nominated for the National Book Award), Alinsky's Diamond, School Spirit, The Lady from Boston, and Dear Friends. He was born in Avoca, Pennsylvania, and received a Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of Iowa. He committed suicide in Florida in 1982. Early life
Thomas "<mask><mask> was  born in 1941 in Avoca, Pennsylvania located nine miles (15 km) southwest of Scranton. He was the eldest of six children from an Irish-Catholic family. His family’s Irish-American ethnicity and Roman Catholicism would become prominent elements in his novels.He worked as a caseworker for the Department of Public Assistance in Philadelphia for a brief period. He attended Jesuit Catholic schools including Scranton Preparatory (1955–1959)  and was a graduate of Temple University in the early 1960s. He went on to earn a Master of Fine Arts from the University of Iowa Writers Workshop. He had planned to be a doctor and attended medical school but changed his mind and dropped out. Career
After the success of his first novel, Principato in 1972, McHale secured the position of writer-in-residence at Monmouth University in West Long Branch, New Jersey, a position he held until the end of his life. Shortly before his death he was offered a teaching position at the University of Pennsylvania that was to commence in fall semester, September, 1983. McHale took an interest in writing early on, however, after attending a wedding in Israel in the late 1960s he decided to "give the writing monster inside me a chance and stayed there a year to see what I could do, to see if anything came up.I wrote a first novel. It was so bad that I tore it up into little pieces, took it out to the Negev Desert and threw it all over." Shortly after, he wrote a second novel and traveled to Paris, France, where he shared it with the widow of novelist Richard Wright. She liked what she saw and the book was later published as Principato, <mask>'s first important work. During a period of 12 years between 1970 and 1982, he produced six novels that received wide acclaim and positive reviews. In 1976, McHale noted that he "writes in longhand, then has his work transcribed by a typist he describes as 'marvelous', she actually knows the English language and corrects my spelling and punctuation." He would spend an average of 18 months working on each novel but admitted that School Spirit only took him about seven months.During that period he was living in Boston, Massachusetts, and expressed that he would like to work on a movie script next because "I'm terribly interested in film. It's such a vast medium, so many people can see a movie. A novel, however, is limited in its appeal." <mask> described his work;

By 1972, Paramount pictures was very enthused about <mask>'s first novel, Farragan's Retreat. They even hired screenwriter Ring Lardner Jr. to turn the novel into a screenplay. This was during the time of Richard Nixon's election and Paramount eventually decided that the War in Vietnam was going to end soon. Because the book was about a young man who had gone to Canada to avoid the draft, the studio decided against using the story because they worried that by the time the film finally came out, the war would be over and the American public would have lost interest.As it turns out, Nixon prolonged the war, but by then Paramount had moved on. Lardner mentioned several years later, in 1982, that he regretted that Paramount dropped the project because it was the screenplay he "liked the very best that never got made." Reception
Reviewers compared <mask>'s novels to those of Joseph Heller, Kurt Vonnegut Jr., John Updike and Philip Roth because of his black comic humor. They also saw considerable talent in his quickly growing body of work. A New York Times review in March, 1971 noted that "There are many young writers with healthy reserves of rags and chaos, some indeed with little else. What distinguishes <mask> is not only the fertility of his invention but the humanity—remarkable in a writer of 28—that penetrates even his crudest characters.". An article in Life Magazine in 1971 went on to say that "<mask> writes as if born to the craft.He imagines and schemes like a beery poet. He sees, pokes, probes. He tells fabulous jokes---<mask>'s capacity to trigger emotions ranges from laughter to compassion to cold horror. Realism, pathos, mystery, <mask> is not another new writer. He is himself." By 1976, a review from Associated Press gave much credit to the novel School Spirit for grappling with "questions that men have long pondered, questions such as the sanctity of life, guilt, punishment, redemption, but instead of creating what should have been a heavy philosophic text, he successfully produced a comic novel that makes the reader think, even as he laughs." Not all reviews were favorable.In 1971 a scathing review of Farragan's Retreat noted that "this is an absurd book that started well. Now that this talented author has this novel out of his system, we can only hope that he'll live up to his potential." Personal life
<mask> was married to <mask> and had homes in Kittery, Maine and Killington, Vermont. McHale enjoyed working with masonry in his spare time. He started in his mid-twenties by building fieldstone walls and later built fireplaces. In 1976, he proudly talked about the home in Maine, 60 miles from Boston, that he was looking forward to the construction of that summer; "It'll give me a chance to do some physical work. Outside, I'll do the masonry work on the base of the house and inside, I'll do the fireplace."<mask> committed suicide at age 40 at his sister’s home in Pembroke Pines, Florida. Bibliography
 Principato (1970) –  The novel was "almost universally hailed as a remarkable debut effort." This is religious fiction and is a story about Angelo Principato, an Italian-American Catholic social worker from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania who marries an Irish-Catholic girl named Cynthia Corrigan who is the daughter of a wealthy mortician. Farragan's Retreat (1972) –  The book received even more enthusiastic reviews than Principato  and was named a finalist for the National Book Award later that year. Like his first novel, it was a story about Irish and Italian Catholics in Philadelphia. Alinsky's Diamond (1974) –  Adeptly combined satire and comedy, by then a style very familiar to <mask>. It is the story of Frances X. Murphy, an Irish-American hustler who marries into a "fine" French family.School Spirit (1976) – Explored the consequences of exposing a "long-buried secret" and was <mask>'s first suspense novel." The Lady from Boston (1978) –  Dealt with the manipulation and betrayal of a young man by a beautiful woman and was far more cynical and darker than previous works. Dear Friends (1982) –  His last written work was a deeply dark novel about a lawyer whose life unravels in a matter of days after witnessing two suicides and later discovering his firstborn child was fathered by another man. Unfinished works
 Elspath's War Canoe (1977) – A story about a young man who comes to Boston from Kansas City. He's determined to knock the world for a loop but he gets knocked instead. Awards
In 1974, <mask> was awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship for Fiction for Alinsky's Diamond. He also received the Thomas More Association medal, an award given annually for the most distinguished contribution to Catholic Literature for his novel School Spirit in 1976.References

External links
 <mask> at the Literary Encyclopedia

1941 births
1982 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
Temple University alumni
University of Iowa alumni
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
Writers from Scranton, Pennsylvania
Suicides by carbon monoxide poisoning
1982 suicides
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Pennsylvania

masks:
Tom McHale
Tom
" McHale
McHale
McHale
McHale
McHale
McHale
McHale
McHale
Tom McHale
McHale
Suzanne McHale
McHale
McHale
McHale
McHale
Tom McHale


texts:
<mask> (born May 14, 1860) was a United States (U.S.) civil engineer, and entrepreneur. His career was in various states of the United States, particularly in the state of California. His most significant achievement was managing the construction of a canal system that transformed the Colorado Desert (in southern California  into a verdant agricultural development known as the Imperial Valley. He is also infamous for directing modifications to that same canal system which lead to the accidental creation of the Salton Sea in southern California. Early life
<mask><mask> grew up in the U.S., working on his parents farm . near Flint, Michigan. Both parents were of Puritan descent.His mother was a direct descendant of <mask>, one of the organizers of the Mayflower expedition which established the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts prior to the founding of the U.S.

From a very young age, <mask> desired a good education. In 1878 he graduated at the top of his high school class. Immediately after graduation, he enrolled at the University of Michigan in an engineering program. Unfortunately, problems with his vision forced him to drop out. He intended to return to school and complete his degree but never did. Early career
After departing the university he began working as a surveyor in various U.S. states, starting in Denver for the Rio Grande Railway in the state of Colorado. Over the course of the next few years he worked for several railroad companies in the capacity of a civil engineer.In 1889 he returned to survey work as an employee of the United States Geological Survey. A year later he became the chief engineer of an irrigation project in the state of Washington. In 1892 he quit the position and moved to California. There he did survey work in Sonora, California and the state's Colorado Desert, confirming the potential of irrigating those lands for farming. A favorable report from Rockwood on irrigating the Colorado Desert prompted his employer to create a subsidiary company named the Colorado River Irrigation Company. This company was tasked with creating a canal system that could deliver water from the Colorado River into the Colorado Desert for agricultural use. Because of the financial panic of 1893, the company failed before canal construction began.California Development Company and the Alamo Canal
In 1895 <mask> began promoting the irrigation project himself, eventually forming the California Development Company (CDC). It took several more years of effort to raise funding for the project. In March 1900, George Chaffey, known for several other successful irrigation projects, joined the CDC as an investor and engineer. Under Mr. Chaffey's direction, construction began on the first section of what would be known as the Alamo Canal (also known as the Imperial Canal) during December 1900. The canal was designed to bring water from the Colorado River to the soon to be named Imperial Valley for agricultural irrigation. Connection with the Salton Sea

During the first couple years of operation, silt deposits built up in the upper section of the Alamo Canal reducing the amount of water it could deliver to the Imperial Valley. The lack of water caused great discontent among farmers and did significant harm to the ever expanding agriculture endeavors in the valley.In order to maintain adequate water supplies for farming, <mask> was forced to dig additional channels to increase the water flow. In September 1904 <mask> directed his engineers and workers to dig the largest of these new channels, bypassing the silt clogged section of the canal. The new channel was built without control infrastructure to manage the water flow because of delays in getting permits. The new channel solved the water flow problem, making water plentiful for all of the farms in the Imperial Valley. It also created a new problem. Since there was no method to control water flow, oftentimes the amount of water delivered to the Imperial Valley was far in excess of what could be used by farmers. The unused water was allowed to flow into the Salton Sink.This marked the birth of the modern Salton Sea. The first few months of 1905 saw several large floods from the Colorado River deepen and widen the bypass channel. Initially, Rockwood was not worried about the increased water supply and saw no need to stem the flow. Later that year fall and winter flooding of the river made the opening of the channel even wider. This caused the river to shift its course. Instead of following its usual course to the Gulf of California, the entire volume of the Colorado River flowed into the canal system and onto the Imperial Valley and Salton Sink. For almost two years the river ran unchecked into the Salton Sink, creating the Salton Sea.Many attempts were made to stop the flooding, but they all failed. Finally in early 1907, with help from Edward H. Harriman of the Southern Pacific Railroad, the uncontrolled flooding was stopped. Later career
In April 1906 <mask> resigned his position as assistant manager at the CDC and became a consulting engineer for the same company. Later that year, just before the flooding of the Salton Sink was halted, he severed his ties with the CDC and moved withing California to Los Angeles. From 1906 to 1909 he worked with several different companies on various development projects in the Imperial Valley. During this time he also attempted to win compensation for assets of the CDC that the Southern Pacific Railroad had taken control of. He was not successful in his endeavors against the railroad.After 1909 <mask> relocated to the Santa Maria Valley and oversaw the construction of several railways. In November 1914 he returned to the Imperial Valley and served as the chief engineer and general manager of the newly formed Imperial Irrigation District until 1919. Achievements, recognition, and criticisms
<mask> has been referred to as the father of the Imperial Valley. The efforts he made in creating a canal system to bring water to the Colorado Desert turned the region into productive farmland. His name is ensconced on streets, parks, structures, and other locations around the Salton Sea and Imperial Valley in recognition of his contributions. Several history books blame <mask> for the flooding that occurred in the Salton Sink from 1905 to 1907. Some authors even going so far as to declare his actions criminal.While his actions did lead to the accidental flooding of the Salton Sink and creation of the Salton Sea, he made those decisions to preserve the existence of the farms in the Imperial Valley. His efforts to save the valley from drought would never have been necessary if the man in charge of construction for the Alamo Canal, George Chaffey, had followed the original plans. Unfortunately Mr. Chaffey changed the route of the canal, modified its design, and improperly constructed a headgate at Pilot Knob, California. If not for all of the mistakes made by Mr. Chaffey, <mask> would never have been forced to dig the channel that lead to the flooding and creation of the Salton Sea. Reality of the flooding in the Salton Sink and Imperial Valley

During the flooding of the Salton Sea many newspapers focused on the threat it represented to the Imperial Valley. Many stories that were published exaggerated the extent of the flood danger. Charts that tracked the rising level of the sea were included with these stories, furthering the narrative that farms were in danger of being flooded.These stories were false. It can be considered understandable at the time, given they did not have historical perspective. While certain businesses like the New Liverpool Salt works and Southern Pacific Railroad suffered damages resulting from the flooding, the vast majority farms that existed at the time were not in any imminent danger. Based on the volume of the Salton Sink, in California's Coachella Valley and Imperial Valley it would take approximately 700 cubic miles of water to fill the entire basin up to sea level. Given the average flow volume of the Colorado River is about 14 cubic miles per year, it would take a long time to completely flood. When absorption and evaporation are accounted for, it would require almost a century to completely flood the region. Unknown at the time, the construction of Boulder Dam (later renamed Hoover Dam) would have arrested the flow of the river long before any flood waters reached the majority of farms that existed at that time.Personal life and death
<mask> was married twice. His first wife was Katherine Davenport of Vacaville, California. They had one daughter, Estelle, who was born in 1888. His second marriage was to Mildred Cassin of Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. He died on March 3, 1922 at his home in Los Angeles at age 62.

masks:
Charles Robinson Rockwood
Charles R
. Rockwood
John Robinson
Rockwood
Rockwood
Rockwood
Rockwood
Rockwood
Rockwood
Rockwood
Rockwood
Rockwood
Rockwood