texts:
<mask> (born January 22, 1965) is an American actress and producer. Born and raised in New York City, <mask> made her screen debut at age 14 in George Roy Hill's 1979 film A Little Romance. Laurence Olivier, who played a major supporting role in the film, called her "the new Grace Kelly". The two films that could have catapulted her to star status, Streets of Fire and The Cotton Club, were both commercial and critical failures, and her career languished as a result. After taking a break, <mask> returned to acting to appear in The Big Town and Lady Beware, but did not make another big impression on a sizable audience until 1989's popular and critically acclaimed TV miniseries Lonesome Dove, for which she was nominated for an Emmy Award. It was not until 1999 that <mask> earned further recognition for her role in A Walk on the Moon, and that was followed by her performance alongside George Clooney and Mark Wahlberg in the 2000 blockbuster The Perfect Storm. She was especially lauded and honored for the 2002 film Unfaithful, which earned her Satellite, New York Film Critics Circle, and National Society of Film Critics awards for Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Drama).Her performance in Unfaithful also garnered her Academy Award, Golden Globe, and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations for Best Actress. She was also highly lauded by critics for her performance in the immediately subsequent film Under the Tuscan Sun. For much of the rest of the decade, she alternately appeared as a lead actress in romantic films such as Must Love Dogs (2005) and Nights in Rodanthe (2008), and thrillers such as Fierce People (2005), Hollywoodland (2006), and Untraceable (2008). She has appeared in four films directed by Francis Ford Coppola: The Outsiders, Rumble Fish, The Cotton Club, and Jack. She has been in one film directed by his wife Eleanor Coppola: Paris Can Wait. She also played the recurring role of Martha Kent, the adoptive mother of Superman, in Man of Steel (2013) and appeared in subsequent films of the DC Extended Universe. Her most recent film is the 2020 neo-western Let Him Go.Early life
<mask> was born January 22, 1965, in New York City. Her mother, Colleen Leigh Farrington, was a nightclub singer and Playboy centerfold (Miss October 1957), who was also known as "Colleen Price". Her father, Burton Eugene <mask>, was a Manhattan drama coach who ran an acting workshop with John Cassavetes, worked as a cab driver, and later taught humanities  at City College. When <mask> was 13 days old, her parents separated. <mask>'s mother went to Mexico and obtained a divorce while retaining custody of <mask> until she was six years old. <mask>'s father received custody of her after <mask>'s mother moved to the state of Georgia. <mask> and her father lived in a number of residential hotels in New York City and she rode with him in his taxi.When <mask> was 15, she declared her independence from her father and flew to Los Angeles for a week with actor and friend Christopher Atkins with whom she starred in the 1981 movie Child Bride of Short Creek. <mask> later remarked, "It was reckless behavior that comes from having too much independence too young." She returned to New York and moved in with a friend's family, paying them rent. In 1981, she enrolled in high school after taking correspondence courses. However, <mask>'s mother kidnapped her and took her back to Georgia. <mask> and her father challenged her mother in court, and six weeks later, she was back in New York. <mask> did not speak to her mother for the next three years, but they eventually reconciled.Career

Early work: From A Little Romance to A Walk on the Moon
<mask>'s grandmother, Eleanor Scott, was a Pentecostal preacher of the Apostolic denomination, and <mask> was influenced theatrically by the demonstrative quality of her grandmother's sermons. <mask> began acting professionally at the age of six at the La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in New York, where she appeared in a production of Medea. When <mask> was 12 years old, she had a role in Joseph Papp's production of The Cherry Orchard with Meryl Streep and Irene Worth. At this time, <mask> was enrolled in an accelerated program at Hunter College High School; however, her grades suffered from her busy schedule. When <mask> was 13, she turned down a role in Runaways on Broadway to make her feature-film debut opposite Laurence Olivier in A Little Romance. <mask> won high praise from Olivier, who declared her "The New Grace Kelly". At the same time, <mask> was featured on the cover of Time, which declared her one of Hollywood's "Whiz Kids".In the early 1980s, <mask> made a successful transition from inexperienced actress to confirmed roles. She was cast as the young female outlaw Little Britches in the 1981 Lamont Johnson film, Cattle Annie and Little Britches, with Amanda Plummer in her own debut role as Cattle Annie. She played the role of Heather (Breezy) in Six Pack (1982) with Kenny Rogers. <mask> starred as Corinne Burns, leader of a punk rock band in 1982's Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains, with Laura Dern and punk musicians Steve Jones and Paul Cook of the Sex Pistols, and Paul Simonon from the Clash. The film has become a cult classic. <mask>'s breakout performances came with back-to-back adaptations of novels by S. E. Hinton, adapted and directed by Francis Ford Coppola: The Outsiders and Rumble Fish, both in 1983. Both films also featured memorable performances from a number of young male actors who would go on to become leading men in the next decade (as well as members of the so-called "Brat Pack"), including Tom Cruise, Rob Lowe, Judd Nelson, C. Thomas Howell, Emilio Estevez, Patrick Swayze, Mickey Rourke, Nicolas Cage, and Matt Dillon.<mask>'s distinction among these heavily male casts advanced her career while affiliating her with young male actors. Andy Warhol proclaimed her, "the undisputed female lead of Hollywood's new rat pack". However, the two films that could have catapulted her to star status, Streets of Fire (she turned down Splash and Risky Business for this film) and The Cotton Club, were both commercial and critical failures, and her career languished as a result. After The Cotton Club, <mask> dropped out of the movie business and lived with her mother in Georgia. According to the actress, "I hadn't been close to my mom for a long time, so we had a lot of homework to do. We had to repair our relationship because I wanted my mother back." <mask> returned to acting to appear in The Big Town and Lady Beware, but <mask> had not made another big impression on a sizable audience until 1989's popular and critically acclaimed TV miniseries Lonesome Dove, and was nominated for an Emmy Award for her role.She came very close to being cast as Vivian Ward in 1990's blockbuster hit Pretty Woman (which had a much darker script at the time), but due to scheduling conflicts, was unable to take the role. Apparently, costume fittings were made for <mask>, before the role fell to Julia Roberts. She was given positive reviews for her performance in the independent film My New Gun, which was well received at the Cannes Film Festival. She went on to appear as actress Paulette Goddard in Sir Richard Attenborough's big-budget biopic of Charles Chaplin, 1992's Chaplin. Over the next seven years <mask> would star in ten movies, including Jack and Judge Dredd. It wasn't until 1999 that <mask> earned further recognition for her role in A Walk on the Moon. The film also stars Liev Schreiber, Viggo Mortensen, and Anna Paquin.One reviewer wrote, "<mask>, after years in post-young-career limbo, is meltingly effective." The film's director, Tony Goldwyn, described <mask> as having "this potentially volcanic sexuality that is in no way self-conscious or opportunistic." <mask> earned an Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best Female Lead. At this time, she was interested in making a film about actress Jean Seberg in which she would play Seberg. Recent work: From Unfaithful to the present
In 2000, <mask> had a supporting role as Mark Wahlberg's love interest in The Perfect Storm. In 2002, she starred in Unfaithful, a drama directed by Adrian Lyne and adapted from the French film The Unfaithful Wife. <mask> played a housewife who indulges in an affair with a mysterious book dealer.The film featured several sex scenes, and <mask>'s repeated takes for these scenes were very demanding for the actors involved, especially for <mask>, who had to be emotionally and physically fit for the duration. Unfaithful received mostly mixed reviews, though <mask> earned widespread praise for her performance. Besides winning the Best Actress National Society of Film Critics Award and the New York Film Critics Circle Award, she also received Best Actress Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations. Entertainment Weekly critic Owen Gleiberman stated that "<mask>, in the most urgent performance of her career, is a revelation. The play of lust, romance, degradation, and guilt on her face is the movie's real story." Following Unfaithful, <mask> starred in Under the Tuscan Sun, a film based on the best-selling book by Frances Mayes for which <mask> won a further Best Actress Golden Globe nomination. This was followed by lead roles in Fierce People, Must Love Dogs, and Hollywoodland.In 2008, <mask> reunited with Richard Gere for the romantic drama Nights in Rodanthe. It is the third film Gere and <mask> filmed together, and is based on the novel of the same title by Nicholas Sparks. <mask> also co-starred in Jumper and Untraceable in the same year. She then appeared in Killshot with Mickey Rourke, which was given a limited theatrical release before being released on DVD in 2009. While promoting Nights in Rodanthe, she expressed frustration with being typecast and stated that she was "gunning for something that's not so sympathetic. I need to be a bitch, and I need to be in a comedy. I've decided.No more Miss Nice Guy." <mask> had even contemplated quitting acting and spending more time with her family if she is unable to get these kinds of roles. She said in an interview, "I can't do anything official. My agents won't let me. Between you and me, I don't have anything else coming out." Despite her concerns with being typecast, <mask> signed on to Secretariat (2010), a Disney film about the relationship between the 1973 Triple Crown-winning racehorse and his owner, Penny Chenery, whom <mask> portrayed. <mask> then starred in Cinema Verite (2011), an HBO movie about the making of the first reality television show An American Family.<mask> earned Emmy, Screen Actors Guild, Satellite, and Golden Globe award nominations for her portrayal of Pat Loud. In 2012, <mask> was featured in the PBS documentary Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide (produced by Show of Force along with Fugitive Films), which showcased women and girls living under very difficult circumstances and bravely fighting to challenge them. Following the success of Cinema Verite, <mask> starred in Zack Snyder's Superman film Man of Steel, playing Martha Kent. Snyder said of her casting, "We are thrilled to have <mask> in the role because she can convey the wisdom and the wonder of a woman whose son has powers beyond her imagination." <mask> reprised her role as Martha Kent in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) and Justice League (2017). Shortly after the release of Man of Steel, <mask> was tapped to play Hillary Clinton in an NBC miniseries, Hillary, which was supposed to "start with the Monica Lewinsky morning-after ... And then continue on until she was embarking on her [2008] presidential bid." Intense media backlash ultimately caused NBC to cancel the series.In 2015, <mask> appeared in the drama Every Secret Thing (alongside Dakota Fanning and Elizabeth Banks), had a voice role in the Pixar animated feature Inside Out, and co-starred in the biopic Trumbo (opposite Bryan Cranston and Helen Mirren), which received a Screen Actors Guild nomination for Best Ensemble Cast. Besides Justice League, <mask> appeared in two other films in 2017: Eleanor Coppola's Paris Can Wait and Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House. In the end of 2012, and before her divorce from Josh Brolin in early 2013, <mask> returned to her theater roots and headlined a production of the David Cromer directed Sweet Bird of Youth (by Tennessee Williams) at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago. <mask> played Princess Kosmonopolis, a fading Hollywood movie star, opposite Finn Wittrock, who portrayed Chance, her attractive gigolo. This was the first time she had done a stage play since 1989, when she played Olivia in William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night at the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts. <mask> returned to theatre in the winter of 2015, starring with Tony Shalhoub in the off-Broadway original production of Bathsheba Doran's The Mystery of Love and Sex. In 2016, nearly four decades after she first appeared on Broadway, <mask> starred in a play in which she previously performed: Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard (1977).While <mask> played a child peasant (with no lines) in Broadway's 1977 run of the play, this time she played the lead role of Madame Lyubov Andreyevna Ranevskaya. In 2018, <mask> starred in the Amazon original miniseries The Romanoffs, which premiered in October, and as Annette Shepherd in the final season of Netflix's hit series House of Cards, which was released on the streaming service on November 2. These roles "seemingly "mark[ed] rare TV appearance[s] for <mask>, who has primarily worked in film throughout her career." In 2019, she played one of Matthew McConaughey's character's love interests in the thriller Serenity. She will also star in an untitled Reed Morano-directed film with Jeff Bridges (whom she previously worked with in Wild Bill), in addition to starring in the forthcoming series on FX based on the post-apocalyptic science fiction comic book series Y: The Last Man. <mask> also co-starred with Kevin Costner in the 2020 thriller Let Him Go. Personal life

Family

<mask> met actor Christopher Lambert in Paris while promoting The Cotton Club in 1984.They had a brief affair and split up. They met again two years later in Rome to make a film together, entitled Priceless Beauty, and in two weeks they were a couple again. <mask> and Lambert married in October 1988 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. They have a daughter, Eleanor Jasmine Lambert. They divorced in March 1994. <mask> became engaged to actor Josh Brolin in July 2003 and they were married on August 15, 2004. On December 20 of that year, she called police after an altercation with him, and he was arrested on a misdemeanor charge of domestic battery.<mask> declined to press charges, however, and the couple's spokesperson described the incident as a "misunderstanding". <mask> and Brolin filed for divorce in February 2013. Their divorce was finalized on December 2, 2013. Charity work
<mask> is also involved in several charities, including Heifer International, which focuses on world hunger, and Artists for Peace and Justice, a Hollywood organization that supports Haiti relief. However, she tries not to draw attention to her humanitarian efforts: "Sometimes I give with my heart. Sometimes I give financially, but there's something about [helping others] that I think ought to be anonymous. I don't want it to be a boastful thing."<mask> was featured heavily in the documentary Half the Sky, based on the book Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide. The documentary had <mask> and several other A-list actresses/celebrities visit Africa and other areas where women are oppressed. <mask> has become very much an ambassador for this kind of work and charity work in general. On August 22, 2014, <mask> was honored for her work with Heifer International at its third annual Beyond Hunger: A Place at the Table gala at the Montage Beverly Hills. <mask> says working with Heifer International has affected her life and nurtured the relationship she has with her daughter. Theater
At age 6, <mask> landed her first acting role in La Mama Experimental Theatre Company's 1971 production of Medea in which she played Medea's daughter. From then until 1976, she performed with La MaMa, E.T.C.in New York and toured with them abroad. Some of the plays she performed in include The Trojan Women, Electra, Bertolt Brecht's The Good Woman of Szechuan, Federico García Lorca's Blood Wedding, Paul Foster's The Silver Queen, and Shakespeare's As You Like It. Most of these plays were directed and/or adapted by Andrei Șerban and Elizabeth Swados. From 1976 to 1977, <mask> appeared in The Cherry Orchard and Agamemnon at New York's Vivian Beaumont Theater. After participating in the first production of Runaways when it was off-Broadway, <mask> took a decade-long hiatus from theatre. In 1989, <mask> returned to the stage to play Olivia in Twelfth Night at the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts. <mask> took another hiatus from theatre until 2012, when she starred opposite Finn Wittrock in Sweet Bird of Youth at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago (directed by David Cromer).<mask> then returned to New York theatre and starred off-Broadway in Bathsheba Doran's The Mystery of Love and Sex in 2015 (alongside Tony Shalhoub) and in Broadway's revival of Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard in 2016 (alongside Joel Grey and Harold Perrineau). Awards and nominations
Four days before the New York Film Critics Circle's vote in 2002, <mask> was given a career tribute by the Film Society of Lincoln Center. A day before that, Lyne held a dinner for the actress at the Four Seasons Hotel. Critics and award voters were invited to both. She went on to win the National Society of Film Critics, the New York Film Critics Circle awards and was nominated for a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for Best Actress. In 2003, she was named ShoWest's 2003 Female Star of the Year, and was a co-recipient of the Women in Film Crystal Award honoring outstanding women in entertainment. <mask> ranked at No.79 on VH1's 100 Greatest Kid Stars. She was ranked No. 45 on AskMen.com's Top 99 Most Desirable Women in 2005, No. 85 in 2006 and No. 98 in 2007. Honors

 2003: Honored as the Female Star of the Year by the ShoWest Convention. 2004: Received the American Riviera Award during the Santa Barbara International Film Festival.2012: Received the Outstanding Achievement in Cinema Award during the Savannah Film Festival. 2017: Received the Career Achievement Award during the Sarasota Film Festival. Accolades

References

Further reading

External links

<mask> at Film Reference
<mask> at Emmys.com

1965 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New York City
American child actresses
Female models from New York (state)
American film actresses
American television actresses
American stage actresses
American voice actresses
Hunter College High School alumni
People from Manhattan

masks:
Diane Colleen Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Diane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Diane Lane
Diane Lane


type: original

texts:
<mask><mask>  (born 28 March 1972) is a journalist and human rights activist from Kizhathadiyoor village, Palai, Kottayam District in Kerala, India. His wife Sindhu is an employee at the LSG department and he is the father of five children – Liya Maria, Diya Ann, Evana Elza, <mask> and Catherine Rebecca. <mask><mask> is the son of Pala Moolayilthottathil Baby <mask> and Ammini. History
The journeys of <mask><mask> are always through the paths less traversed by politician and social workers. Invoking public conscience against social issues ignored by rulers and officials has been his passion for the last 21 years. "None of us are bothered about our responsibilities to the Indian Constitution though we are fond of making incessant lectures on the merits and demerits of the Constitution", says <mask>. He has every right to say that, attests several legal battles initiated by <mask> to protect the basic principles of Indian Constitution.<mask> uses all available sources including media to create awareness among people on the responsibilities of a citizen to our Constitution. He organised many such movements, both successful and unsuccessful. Credentials
A student politician-turned-journalist and social worker, <mask> has to his credit the titles of several magazines like Pala Times, Kera Sabdam, Information Today, India Monitor and Dil Se. At present, he is editing the monthly Gulf Life. To strengthen his fights, <mask> had joined some organisations and organised some movements. National Unity Front, Rajiv Gandhi Peace Foundation, Catholic Youth Council of India, Cheriyan J. Kappan Foundation, Anti Narcotic Movement of India and Small Scale Farmers' Federation served as suitable platforms for <mask> to raise various demands. When the film stars in Kerala formed an organisation called 'AMMA', Eby retaliated with an organisation of viewers called 'AMMAYI'.He is now serving as the chairman of Mahatma Gandhi National Foundation. Political activism
His determination to fight against vices was seen during the campaigns against drugs, pan masala, single digit lottery and for creating AIDS awareness. Kottayam and Delhi were the locations for these campaigns. Stance against Padma award for celebrities
The campaign initiated by <mask> against awarding Padma honours to film stars and sports stars had invited the attention of national media. "Padma awards have been instituted to honour the great sons of India who give rich contribution to the development of the country. We can't include film and cinema stars in these category. They do their work by accepting handsome remuneration.Many of them do not even pay tax and don't even know the value of a Padma award", says <mask>. He had already written to the President of India and Prime Minister requesting not to give Padma award to film and sports personalities in future. Support for Prohibition
<mask>'s protest against a recent liquor advertisement by Padmasree award winner and actor Mohanlal was hot news for national and international media. "Prohibition is part of the directive principles listed in Indian Constitution. But, this Padma awardee had acted in a liquor commercial by accepting remuneration worth Crores. We have requested him to refrain from the ad for the sake of morality but of no avail", explains <mask>. According to the sections of Prohibition Act – 1950, promoting liquor is a crime.My argument was based on that but he didn't pay heed to it. Even the reports in international media like BBC and CNN could not prevent him from doing that ad, says <mask>. <mask> wrote to Mohanlal's parents and wife requesting them to correct their beloved. "The government has removed the ads from KSRTC buses and directed to remove the hoardings on road. Now the company displays the same ad for a chips brand. Can you buy the chips manufactured by that company from anywhere in the world? ", asks <mask>, who vows that he will continue campaigning against the Superstar's anti social policies.He says even Mohanlal's new movie Hello promotes the habit of drinking. On the contrary, <mask> had a sweet experience from the distributors of Rajanikanth's latest movie Sivaji in Kerala. The initial posters of Sivaji carried the ad of a liquor brand. <mask> wrote to <mask> Sagarika, who had the distribution rights in Kerala and the agency withdrew those posters and issued fresh ones. You may remember the shocking visuals aired by Surya TV some years back that portrayed a man being drowned by another in Padmatheertha pond in Thiruvananthapuram. The visual also showed police men and fire force personnel with disgust. Moved by the visuals, <mask> wrote a letter to the High Court.<mask> Subban and <mask> Amma registered a petition based on that letter. They ordered to give a compensation of Rs. One lakh to the victim's family. It was a rare case, in which one who has no relation to the victim had approached the Court and secured a favourable order. Campaign against Union Ministers
<mask> is also leading a battle against Union Ministers including the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. According to him, these ministers reached the cabinet through the back door, that is through Rajya Sabha, without facing the public directly. He sees this as a bid on the life of democracy."When a candidate who lost the polls becomes the Minister, the one who had defeated him waits in the queue to meet him. This is irony", explains <mask>. Campaign for proper use of the national flag
If you ask him which is his masterpiece campaign, <mask> will point his finger to a well kept and clean national flag in his room. For the past 15 years, this young man has been engaged in relentless fight to ensure that the tri colour always flown high. "It all started accidentally. Once I got an opportunity to travel with then Minister A.C. Shanmukhadas. In the evening, the driver took the national flag from the bonnet of the car neatly wrapped it and kept inside.I asked what was wrong in keeping it there", says <mask> about the birth his most dedicated campaign. Das told him that the national flag could only be used during day time, after the sun rise and before the sun set. That was a new piece of knowledge to him. He began to collect all the details about our national flag like its history and the rules to be followed while using the flag. His sharp eyes soon began to detect the misuse of national flag in and around. The flags put on tables at the meeting of some social organisations, plastic ones, those with heads down, the flags in which slogans are printed. He collected a number of evidences and approached the High Court with a petitition, admitted by then Chief Justice A.R.Lakshman. Four days ahead of our 53rd Independence Day, <mask> reminded all cititzens about the greatness of the tri color and the code of conduct to be observed while handling the flag. From ace motorist Narain Karthikeyan to the architects of Tamil movie 'Annian'. many careless citizens had to taste <mask>'s legal notices that are intended to educate them about the national flag. Recently, Babu M. Pallissery MLA withdrew the national flag from his web page after an alert from <mask>. The latest errant is the optical firm Essilor India Private Limited. After reading a letter sent by <mask>, the company withdrew its advertisement featuring tri colour printed on the eyelids of a model.He has recently launched a project 'Mission Flag' to create awareness among school children about the National flag. He targets to reach 10000 schools in five-year with this message. Mission Flag Campaign

<mask> J. <mask> have undertaken this nationally important campaign named Mission Flag

The National Flag (flag) is a symbol of the Nation's respect and pride. There is a liberal use of the flag on Independence Day and Republic day. The duty of every individual to maintain proper respect of the National Flag. From this point of view the following dos & donts will prove useful. Do's and Don'ts

Hoist the Flag at a height in a suitable manner.Do not let small children use the National Flag as a toy. Do not use or buy plastic Flags. Do not use paper Flags to pin up on shirt pockets, etc. Take care to see that the Flag does not get crumpled. Do not use the Flag as a banner or for decoration. Take care to see that the National Flag is not trampled upon or torn. Do not let the Flag fall on the ground.Do not join cloth pieces to resemble the National Flag. As a part of this campaign:

1. Mahatma Gandhi National Foundation is attempting to educate children in various schools, putting up appeals for display in public places and on notice boards, so also attempting to reach maximum people through the medium of Internet. 2. The Foundation has also appealed to people through the newspapers to implement the above measures. 3. The Foundation has met the President of India and has demanded that strict action be taken in cases of insult to the National Flag.Guideline for Disposal of Damaged Flag

When the Flag is in a damaged or soiled condition, it shall be destroyed as a whole in private, preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the Flag. – Flag Code of India 2002, Section II, Point 2.2 (xiii). See also: Flag code of India. From this point of view obey the following measures

1. Hoist National Flag on a height in proper manner. 2. Do not let small children use National Flag as toys.3. Do not use or purchase plastic flag. Responsible Citizen
Zee News – "Hum Bharat Ke Log; Kartavye Nibhayein, Rashtra Banayein" initiative launched on 2 October 2011, in association with Ministry of Youth Affairs (NYKS & NSS) is a unique campaign with an objective of invoking people's thought on the importance of performing their duties for building up the Nation and motivating them to own up their dutiesand act in accordance.As per this campaign <mask> J<mask> selected as Responsible Citizen . (See item no. 9)

School of rights and duties
<mask> J. <mask> has proposed to set up a free school to instruct citizens on the rights guaranteed by the Constitution and their duties to the nation. Named as "School of rights and duties", the facility would offer three-month courses to the candidates on the rights guaranteed to them by the Constitution and the duties expected of them as responsible citizens. A study conducted by Mahatma Gandhi National Foundation has found that a majority of people are not sufficiently aware of their Constitutional rights.This results in exploitation of the majority by a privileged minority. If citizens are properly instructed of their rights, they could, to a great extent, resist exploitation. ”Similarly, it is important for responsible citizens to be conscious of their duties to the nation. In our formal educational syllabus, these basic issues are often not given due importance. Ours is a modest beginning to overcome these lacunae", <mask> J<mask>, director of the venture, said. Even many of those young persons who choose political and social careers were not adequately aware of these aspects and this was the cause for lack proper perspective in their approach. Published Book

<mask> J<mask> has written a biography of the late president under the title K.R.Narayanan Bharathathinte Suryathejassu.It is written in Malayalam, in the mother tongue of Dr.K.R. Narayanan. This book traces the not-so-rosy paths through which this great man had to travel. Documentary film

K R Narayanan Foundation (KRNF) is producing a documentary film (both in Malayalam and English) on the life of K R Narayanan, title THE FOOTPRINTS OF SURVIVAL, aimed at propagating the ideals and perpetuating the memory of K. R. Narayanan. This documentary film will be directed by Mr.<mask>, a senior journalist. The script would be based on a biography of the late President written by <mask> J<mask>, who is also General Secretary of the K R Narayanan Foundation. The Foundation has planned to distribute the DVD copies of the creative work to all schools, colleges and public libraries.References
bbcnews
cnn-ibn
The Telegraph
The Peninsulaqatar
The Peninsulaqatar
Kerala High Court 1999  Eby J. <mask> Vs. Union of India and others – 11 August 1999 Issue:Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act (69 of 1971)

External links
Ebyjjose
Blog
K.R.Narayanan Foundation
zeenews
Eby and Kerala Police
Eby with Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Mohanlal interview asianet
News at Amirtha TV
News at Indiavision
Disrespect to Indian Independence Struggle on twenty20 malayalam movie News at Jeevan TV
Apology from Actor Dileep and Moser baer – twenty20 malayalam movie News at Jeevan TV

People from Pala, Kerala
1972 births
Living people
Indian human rights activists
Indian activist journalists
Activists from Kerala

masks:
Eby J
. Jose
Joseph Kurian
Eby J
. Jose
Joseph
Eby J
. Jose
Eby
Eby
Eby
Eby
Eby
Eby
Eby
Eby
Eby
Eby
Eby
Eby
Eby
Eby
Eby
Johny
Eby
Justice Sankara
Justice Lakshmykkutty
Eby
Eby
Eby
Eby
Justice Radhakrishnan
Eby
Eby
Eby
Eby
Jose
Eby
. Jose
Eby
Jose
Eby
. Jose
Eby
. Jose
Sunny Joseph
Eby
. Jose
Jose


texts:
Richard Anthony "<mask><mask> (born July 13, 1946) is an American actor, musician, comedian, and activist who gained recognition as part of the comedy act Cheech & Chong during the 1970s and early 1980s with Tommy Chong and as Don Johnson's partner, Insp. Joe Dominguez, on Nash Bridges. He has also voiced characters in several Disney films, including Oliver & Company, The Lion King, the Cars series, Coco and Beverly Hills Chihuahua. <mask>'s trademark is his characters' strong Chicano accents, although <mask> himself is not fluent in Spanish. Early life
<mask> was born on July 13, 1946 in South Los Angeles, California, to Mexican American parents Elsa (née Meza), a secretary, and <mask>, a police officer for the LAPD. <mask> was born with a cleft lip, which was surgically repaired. According to <mask>, he identifies as Chicano; he speaks some Spanish and often uses it in his movies, but he is not fluent.<mask>'s nickname "Cheech" is short for "chicharron", fried pork rind, which is a popular snack and ingredient in Latin American cuisine. In a 2017 NPR interview, <mask> attributed the nickname to his uncle: "I came home from the hospital, I was like a couple of days old or something, my uncle came over and he looked in the crib and he said [in Spanish], 'Ay, parece un chicharrón.' Looks like a little chicharrón, you know?" <mask> graduated from Bishop Alemany High School and then studied English at San Fernando Valley State College (now California State University, Northridge), where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa and graduated in 1968. <mask> then auditioned to sing for Frank Zappa in 1967, but instead moved to Vancouver, British Columbia in September to evade the draft during the Vietnam War. <mask> met his future comedic partner, Tommy Chong, in Calgary, Alberta. Career

Comedy albums and films

As a part of the highly successful comedy duo Cheech & Chong, <mask> participated in a number of comedy albums and feature film comedies in the 1970s and 1980s.Tommy Chong directed four of their films while co-writing and starring in all seven with <mask>. Later films and television work
After Cheech & Chong disbanded in 1985, <mask> starred in a number of films as a solo actor, most notably Born in East L.A., The Shrimp on the Barbie, Tin Cup, and Once Upon a Time in Mexico. He made a cameo appearance as a dockworker in Ghostbusters II. In 2004 he made his second appearance as a policeman, as "Officer Salino" in the film adaptation of John Grisham's holiday novel "Skipping Christmas", under the title "Christmas With the Kranks", starring Tim Allen and Jamie Lee Curtis. <mask> appeared in the Fox sitcom Married... with Children as the voice of the Bundy's Briard dog, Buck; he voiced the character in three episodes: Look Who's Barking, Change for a Buck and Assault and Batteries. <mask> made the transition to full-time television work when he co-starred on the short-lived The Golden Girls spin-off The Golden Palace (1992–1993), and later with Don Johnson, Jaime P. Gomez, and Yasmine Bleeth in the police show Nash Bridges (1996–2001), in which they played San Francisco police-detective partners. In recent years he has been active in playing supporting roles in films and performing voice overs for animated features.After appearing in a supporting role in Judging Amy, playing an independently wealthy landscape designer, <mask> starred in the CBS sitcom Rob, with Rob Schneider. <mask> is a frequent collaborator of the director Robert Rodriguez, who has worked with <mask> seven times; the last two installments of the Mexico trilogy, the Spy Kids trilogy, From Dusk Till Dawn and Machete. He provided his voice for several Disney animated films, most notably Tito the Chihuahua in Oliver & Company (1988), Banzai the hyena in The Lion King (1994), and Ramone in Cars (2006) and its sequels Cars 2 (2011) and Cars 3 (2017). He also played Pancho in The Cisco Kid (1994), and reprised the Banzai role in the video game Kingdom Hearts II. <mask> appears in several episodes of AMC's "Lodge 49" as El Confidente, a member of Lodge 55 in Mexico. Children's music albums and related works
<mask> has released two best-selling albums in the children's music genre, My Name is <mask>, the School Bus Driver (1992) and My Name is Cheech, The School Bus Driver "Coast to Coast" (1997). Both albums were released bilingually.In July 2007, the book Cheech the School Bus Driver was released, written by <mask>, illustrated by Orlando L. Ramirez, and published by HarperCollins. In 2005, <mask> lent his voice to the animated children's series Dora the Explorer. He appeared in the episode "A Crown for King Juan el Bobo", as the Puerto Rican folk hero Juan Bobo. Additional television appearances
In late 2006, <mask> participated in Simon Cowell's Celebrity Duets, having sung with Peter Frampton, Randy Travis, Clint Black, Aaron Neville, and Al Jarreau. He was the fourth to be eliminated. <mask> had a recurring role in the hit television series Lost, playing David Reyes, Hurley's father. He was a co-host for WWE Raw on March 1, 2010, with his comedy partner Tommy Chong, in Oklahoma City.<mask> also sings on the hidden track "Earache My Eye" on Korn's album Follow the Leader. In 2009, he appeared in the Hallmark Channel movie Expecting a Miracle. On March 18, 2010, <mask> beat journalist Anderson Cooper and actress Aisha Tyler on Celebrity Jeopardy! '''s Million Dollar Celebrity Invitational. Cooper admitted he was "crushed" by <mask>. <mask> also won his semifinal round early May but lost in the May 6–7 final to Michael McKean. He had previously won the first Celebrity Jeopardy!tournament in 1992. In January 2012, he was one of eight celebrities participating in the Food Network reality series Rachael vs. Guy: Celebrity Cook-Off. He was eliminated in the third week of the competition. Other interests
<mask> is an avid collector of Chicano art. Two national touring exhibitions have featured works from his private collection. <mask> started collecting Chicano art in the 1980s.He feels that it's important to "use his celebrity status to call attention to what he saw as an under-appreciated and under-represented style of art". In collaboration with the city of Riverside, California, and the Riverside Art Museum, Marin established The Cheech Marin Center for Chicano Art, Culture & Industry, in the City of Riverside, which is due to open June 18, 2022. <mask> will be donating his collection of over 700 pieces of Chicano art, the largest collection of such art in the world. The center will provide a location for the presentation and study of Chicano art, and is expected to draw international attention. He is an avid golfer, although he initially disliked the sport until he co-starred  in the golf-themed comedy Tin Cup. He also enjoys horse archery, which he practices on a special course that he has built on his private land. On April 19, 2018, Cheech (as part of GLE Brands Inc) signed an agreement with Heritage Cannabis Holdings Corporation (CSE: CANN) to have exclusive rights to use cannabis and cannabis-related products utilizing the Private Stash brand throughout Canada for a period of 2 years, with the agreement automatically renewing for an additional year upon achieving various milestones.Personal life
<mask> was married in 1975 to Darlene Morley, who co-produced Cheech & Chong's The Corsican Brothers and also played minor roles in earlier Cheech & Chong films under the name Rikki <mask>. The couple had one child and divorced in 1984. <mask> married artist Patti Heid in 1986; they had two children and have since divorced. <mask> married his longtime girlfriend, Russian pianist Natasha Rubin, on August 8, 2009, in a sunset ceremony at their home. <mask> resides in Malibu, California. Guy: Celebrity Cook-Off (TV) (2012) ...as Himself (celebrity contestant)
 Anger Management (TV) (2014) ...as Hector
 Jane the Virgin (TV) (2015) ...as Edward
 Elena of Avalor (TV) (2017-2019) ...as Quita Moz (Guest voice)
 Rob Riggle's Ski Master Academy (TV) (2018) ...as Condor De Bogota
 Lodge 49 (TV) (2018) ...as El Confidente
 Broke (TV) (2020) ...as Don Dominguez (Episode: "The Test")
 Home Economics (2022) ...as Roberto (Episode: "Round-Trip Ticket SAN-OAK, $234)Unknown!Funky CopsVideo gamesAnimated Storybook: The Lion King (1994) - BanzaiKingdom Hearts II (2006) - BanzaiCars (2006) - RamoneCars Mater-National Championship (2007) - RamoneCars Race-O-Rama (2009) - RamoneCars 2 (2011) - RamoneKinect Rush: A Disney-Pixar Adventure (2012) - RamoneDisney Infinity (2013) - RamoneCars: Fast as Lightning (2014) - Ramone

Theme park attractionsIt's Tough to Be a Bug! (1998) - ChilicRadiator Springs Racers (2012) - Ramone

Discography
 Cheech and Chong (1971)
 Big Bambu (1972)
 Los Cochinos (1973), won Best Comedy Recording at the 16th Annual Grammy Awards
 Cheech & Chong's Wedding Album (1974)
 Sleeping Beauty (1976)
 Up in Smoke (1978)
 Let's Make a New Dope Deal (1980)
 Get Out Of My Room (1985)
My Name Is Cheech the School Bus Driver (Released October 27, 1992)
 Follow the Leader'' (1998)

Books

References

External links

1946 births
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American art collectors
American cannabis activists
American male actors of Mexican descent
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American male screenwriters
American male video game actors
California State University, Northridge alumni
Comedians from California
Grammy Award winners
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
Living people
Male actors from Los Angeles
Screenwriters from California

masks:
Cheech
" Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Oscar Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Cheech
Marin
Cheech
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin
Marin


texts:
<mask> (born July 18, 1945) is an American author, biographer and historian who specializes in the cultural and social history of early 20th Century America. Nasaw is on the faculty of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, where he is the Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Professor of History. In addition to writing numerous scholarly and popular books, he has written for publications such as the Columbia Journalism Review, American Historical Review, American Heritage, Dissent, The New Yorker, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Slate, The London Review of Books, and Condé Nast Traveler. Nasaw has appeared in several documentaries, including The American Experience, 1996, and two episodes of the History Channel's April 2006 miniseries 10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America: "The Homestead Strike" and "The Assassination of President McKinley". He is cited extensively in the US and British media as an expert on the history of popular entertainment and the news media, and as a critic of American philanthropy. Early life and education
<mask> was born on July 18, 1945, in Cortland, New York, the oldest son of lawyer Joshua Nasaw (19091970) and Beatrice Kaplan (19172010), an elementary school teacher.Nasaw is the older brother of Jonathan Lewis Nasaw (b. August 26, 1947), the prolific author of at least nine thrillers; and Elizabeth Perl Nasaw (May 29, 1956  February 28, 2004), who as "Elizabeth Was" (later "Liz Was" and finally "Lyx Ish") was a poet and publisher of avant-garde magazines, and the cofounder of Xexoxial Editions and Dreamtime Village in West Lima, Wisconsin. Nasaw grew up in Roslyn, New York, and, after a year studying in Denmark as an exchange student, graduated from Roslyn High School in 1963. Nasaw graduated from Bucknell University with a Bachelor of Arts in 1967, before enrolling in Columbia University, where he was awarded a Ph.D. in 1972 for his dissertation "Jean-Paul Sartre: Apprenticeship in History (1925–45)". While studying at Columbia University, for more than two years from 1970 Nasaw was one of two full-time teachers in the Elizabeth Cleaners Street School, a short-lived experimental alternative free high school founded in New York City. The experience gave rise to the book "Starting Your Own High School," written by the students and edited by Nasaw. Career
Nasaw began teaching history at the College of Staten Island in 1978. During the 1987–1988 academic year, he was as a Fulbright Professor of American Studies at Hebrew University in Jerusalem.Nasaw has been on the doctoral faculty of the City University of New York's Graduate Center since 1990, where he also served as chairman. He was director of the CUNY Graduate Center's Center for the Humanities, and the chairman of the advisory board of the Leon Levy Center for Biography at the university. Nasaw is a founder of the Radical History Review. Personal life
Since June 10, 1978, Nasaw has been married to Dinitia Smith, a novelist, Emmy award-winning filmmaker, and journalist, who worked as a correspondent for The New York Times for 12 years. They are the parents of twin sons: Peter Caleb Nasaw and journalist Daniel Allen Nasaw, born in 1980. Thoughts
Although he has published three biographies, Nasaw describes himself as an academic historian, rather than a biographer. A historian, he says, "sweeps away the fables, the myths, the stories" and places scholarly subjects "in time and over time", while for biographers, the organization of the work is laid out in advance."Writing history is not an art but a craft," Nasaw has said. "It requires interpretation and fifty sources and integrating and assembling this material into a story told by an individual voice." Awards
 2013 – Finalist, Pulitzer Prize for biography
 2007 – Finalist, Pulitzer Prize for biography
 2006 – American History Book Prize
 2006 – New-York Historical Society American History Book Prize
 2001 – Bancroft Prize
 2001 – Ambassador Book Award
 2001 – J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize
 2001 – Ann M. Sperber Biography Award for Journalism

Bibliography

Books

 Schooled to Order: A Social History of Public Schooling in United States (Oxford University Press, 1979, 1980). Children of the City: At Work and at Play (Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1985; Oxford University Press, 1986). In this Nasaw's highly cited history, Nasaw "unearthed the long-forgotten story of the Newsboy Strike." The book inspired the Disney film Newsies and the subsequent Broadway musical. Course of United States History: To 1877, Vol.1, ed. (Thomson Wadsworth, 1987)
 Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements (Basic Books, 1993)
Going Out "unearths fascinating details about everything from the early history of the movies to pre-World War I dance crazes," wrote critic Jackson Lears in the New York Times. Nasaw "raises fundamental questions about the web of connections joining commercial play, public space and cultural cohesion," he wrote. The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst (Houghton Mifflin, 2000)
Nasaw's 2000 biography of the American newspaper baron was praised as "an absorbing and ingeniously organized biography... of the most powerful publisher America has ever known",  and for "immediacy that almost makes the reader forget that the author himself was not there as the story unfolded". In 2001, The Chief won the J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize and the Bancroft Prize for American history. It was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award. Andrew Carnegie (Penguin Press, 2006)
Nasaw's 2006 biography of the American steel mogul, was a finalist for the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for biography.A reviewer praised Nasaw for "bringing to life the fascinating world of business moguls, statesmen, journalists and intellectuals in which Carnegie moved." Praising Nasaw's "keen all-rounder's eye", Christopher Hitchens wrote: "The great strength of this immense biography is the way in which <mask>saw causes these tributaries — capitalism, radicalism, and educational aspiration — to converge like the three rivers (the Allegheny, the Ohio, and the Monongahela) whose confluence makes the site of Pittsburgh possible." The book was among The New York Times''' 100 Notable Books of the Year, and among the Favorite Books of 2006 by the Los Angeles Times, which praised it as "a fresh and thorough assessment." The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy (Penguin Press, November 2012)
Following the success of Nasaw's 2000 biography of William Randolph Hearst, Senator Ted Kennedy approached Nasaw to write a biography of his father, Kennedy patriarch Joseph P. Kennedy. Nasaw told the family that as an academic historian, he had no interest in writing an "authorized biography". "I told him I would undertake this project if I had guarantees to see all the documents at the Kennedy Library and elsewhere, and if I were free to write whatever I wanted, with no censorship or interference of any kind," Nasaw said. Senator Kennedy said he had read and admired Nasaw's book on Hearst and believed the historian would make a "fair evaluation of his life and contributions."The Kennedy family agreed to sit for interviews and to make Joseph Kennedy's private papers available. After publication, the book was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 2013.

masks:
David Nasaw
David George Naw
David Na


texts:
<mask> (born January 3, 1950), later known as <mask>, is an American actress, producer, entrepreneur, and author, best known for her role as Pamela Barnes Ewing on the American primetime television soap opera series Dallas. She spent nine years on the long-running series, leaving in 1987. Afterwards, she opened her own production company, Victoria Principal Productions, focusing mostly on television films. In the mid-1980s, she became interested in natural beauty therapies, and in 1989, she created a self-named line of skincare products, Principal Secret. <mask> became a best-selling author, writing three books about beauty, skincare, fitness, well-being, and health: The Body Principal (1983), The Beauty Principal (1984), and The Diet Principal (1987). In the 2000s, she wrote a fourth book, Living Principal (2001). She is also a two-time Golden Globe Award nominee.Early life
Vicki Ree <mask> was born in Fukuoka, Japan, the elder daughter of United States Air Force sergeant Victor Rocco <mask>, who was then stationed in Fukuoka. She spent her first three months of life on Japanese soil. Her paternal grandparents were immigrants from Italy, originally surnamed <mask>. Her mother, Ree () <mask>, was a native of Gordon, Georgia. <mask> has a younger sister, Kim, who is married to composer Russell Fetherolf. As her father was in the U.S. military, the family moved often; she grew up in London, Puerto Rico, Florida, Massachusetts, and Georgia, among other places. She attended 17 different schools, including studying at the Royal Ballet School while her family was stationed in England.Principal began her career in TV commercials, appearing in her first at age 5. After graduating from South Dade Senior High School in 1968, she enrolled at Miami–Dade Community College, intending to study medicine. However, months before completing her first year of studies, she was seriously injured in a car crash while driving home from the library. The other driver was convicted of drunk driving and served jail time. Principal spent months in recovery and was faced with the prospect of having to take her first year of studies over again. After a period of serious introspection, she drastically changed her life by moving to New York City to pursue her acting career, and shortly thereafter to Europe. She studied privately with Jean Scott (professor at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art) in London, and then in 1971 moved to Los Angeles.Career

Early acting
In 1970, <mask> moved to Los Angeles, California. She won her first film role as Marie Elena, a Mexican mistress, in John Huston's The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972) (opposite Paul Newman), for which she earned a Golden Globe nomination as Most Promising Newcomer. On the basis of the positive response to <mask>'s acting work, her role was enlarged by writer John Milius. During this period, Warren Cowan flew in, introduced himself to <mask>, and offered to represent her free-of-charge for the next year. She went to Arizona as an unknown, when she returned to Los Angeles three months later, the commercial flight she was on was greeted by paparazzi. Subsequently, she appeared in the film The Naked Ape (1973) and appeared nude in the September 1973 issue of Playboy magazine to promote the film. However, the failure of the film disappointed her.In 1974, she was cast in the disaster film Earthquake. <mask> won the role after she showed for her third audition after cutting her waist-length brown hair, dyed it black, and put it into an afro. The producer was stunned and impressed by <mask>'s risky transformation to look closer to the character Rosa. She continued to act in lesser-known films such as I Will, I Will ... for Now and Vigilante Force with Kris Kristofferson. <mask> signed a three-picture deal with Brute Productions. Behind the scenes, transition and return to acting
<mask> decided to leave acting and became a Hollywood talent agent and booking agent, which was her profession from 1975 to late 1977. She then had ambitions to study at law school and would support herself if needed through small acting roles on television and film, so as to fund her future college tuition.In 1977, she made a return to acting in a guest appearance on the pilot of the television series Fantasy Island which aired on the ABC network, and in the 1977 television film The Night They Took Miss Beautiful on the NBC network. The urge to return to acting came when television producer Aaron Spelling offered <mask> a role in the pilot of his television series Fantasy Island, which she accepted. Dallas TV Series
When <mask> obtained the pilot audition script for Dallas, her academic career ambitions changed, and she decided to return to the full-time acting profession. As <mask> explained to TV Guide Network in 2004, "I had left acting to be an agent and was on my way to law school, but when a friend dropped off a Dallas script, I read it. When I finished, I knew my life had changed - that part was mine. So I called the [casting] person and said, "I'm sending someone in." She said, "Who?"I said, "Just put down my name. It will be a surprise." And it certainly was a surprise - I showed up with me! I sent myself in for it!" <mask> landed the role of Pamela Barnes Ewing on the long-running prime time TV soap opera series Dallas that aired on the CBS network from 1978 to 1991. <mask> explained to People in 2018, "When I went in for the part on Dallas, I had already fallen in love with the show and with the part. So my feeling from the moment I read it was that it was incredibly special and that I really, really wanted to be a part of it.I could not imagine not being Pam." As <mask> told TV Insider in 2018, "I believed that Dallas would be a hit from the moment I read it. In fact, I turned down a major role that would have conflicted with Dallas in the belief that I would be offered the role of Pam. So that happened!" <mask> was her own manager in contract negotiations with CBS and  Lorimar Productions, which produced Dallas. When <mask> signed her Dallas contract, she removed the clause that would have given the network the right to consent and profit from her outside endeavors. She explained, "As a result that's why, you can only notice in hindsight, I was the only person in the cast who did commercials, who was doing movies of the week, who wrote books and these all belong to me.I retained the control and ownership of my image. No one owns me." Dallas became a global phenomenon with the 1980 "Who shot J.R.?" cliffhanger mystery reveal. At the time, it was the highest-rated aired television episode in American history. Titled "Who Done It" the episode is the fourth episode in the fourth season (1980–1981) of Dallas, and remains the second highest rated prime-time telecast ever. In 1981, <mask> appeared on the song "All I Have to Do Is Dream" with singer Andy Gibb.The single reached #51 on the US Hot 100 chart. In 1983, <mask> earned her second Golden Globe nomination, this time as Best Actress in a Television Series for Dallas. <mask> took to other ways of improving her character, such as taking voice lessons for a better Texas accent. <mask>'s character Pamela Ewing's relationship with Duffy's character, Bobby Ewing, was one of the major components of the series. Duffy's character, however, was killed off. When Duffy returned to Dallas in 1986, after being killed off a year earlier, the entire previous year was written by the show's writers as a dream that Pam had. Being told that the entire previous year was nothing more than a dream that one of the characters had didn't go over very well with some of the show's fans.Consequently, that season of Dallas is sometimes known as the show's "dream season", the entirety of the ninth season was only Pam's dream. In 2018, recalling the first days of filming on the Dallas set in 1978, <mask> told TV Insider, "What I remember most about the first day of shooting Dallas was an unexpected feeling of déjà vu. Everything was new to me; I was nervous, and yet I felt strangely sure that I was where I was supposed to be and with the people I was supposed to be with as though this had happened before. I remember looking at Patrick [Duffy] when he did not know it and thinking, 'this is a nice person.' And that made falling into his arms and our love scenes that day so much easier and natural. Describing the on-screen relationship between <mask> and Duffy, or Bobby and Pam, Duffy stated to The Huffington Post in 2017, "We had great chemistry on the show and that just fell into place. It was the luckiest bit of casting, I think, that has occurred in a long time on television.Everybody was absolutely perfect for the parts they played. For a Romeo and Juliet basically subject matter for Bobby and Pam, we were absolutely the most comfortable two actors when we were working together. <mask> had a wonderful sense of humor. We could just go crazy between takes and then get right back into the moment. Over the course of her nine-year run on Dallas, <mask> found worldwide fame. After the series, <mask> left Dallas in 1987, after a two-year decision to prepare with the series' producers for the final season of her character's arc. However, as an actress, she intentionally worked on separating her own persona from that of her on-screen character, as she explained in 1987 to The New York Times in an interview during her final week of shooting on the Dallas set, "A lot of work has gone into keeping <mask> separate from Pam Ewing.To stay on the show any longer would really seal my fate in the industry." Reflecting on her time at Dallas, <mask> stated to People in  2018, "At year seven, it was time for me to renegotiate my contract and I was very candid about my concern and my disappointment, that we had had such good writing and so many wonderful plots, and that when the time came to renegotiate the writers' contracts, I felt that a number of writers had left because they had not gotten the right deal." As she further explained to Entertainment Weekly in 2018, "The first five years on Dallas were so unbelievably wonderful — then some key writers departed, and by year seven there was a decline in the writing, which was an enormous part of my decision to leave. I informed the producers during renegotiations in the seventh year that I would only stay for two more. They wanted a longer contract, and I said no. I was completely transparent. I learned a lot from playing Pam.She was someone with such innate goodness and who was courageous in fighting for what she believed in. It was really a privilege to play her." 1987–present
<mask> went on to star in various television films, some of which she produced through her production company Victoria Principal Productions, before stepping away to focus on her health and wellness projects. She has produced and starred in a half dozen major television productions, including Naked Lie (1989), Blind Witness (1989), and Sparks: The Price of Passion (1990). In 1994, <mask> appeared in an episode of the hit TV sitcom Home Improvement. Through the late 1990s and in 2000, she continued to appear as a guest star on several TV sitcoms and primetime drama series, including Just Shoot Me!, Family Guy, Providence, and The Practice, as well as appearing as herself on the comedy skit show Tracey Takes On.... In 1998, <mask> co-starred in the French comedy feature film, Michael Kael vs. the World News Company, written by and starring Benoît Delépine.The cast included Marine Delterme, Mickey Rooney, Elliott Gould, William Atherton, and Féodor Atkine. The plot centers on a journalist who disrupts the cynical collusion between a CNN-type entity and covert operators in Washington in 1999, at Miami-based international news giant corporation WNC, where star co-anchors Leila Parker (Principal) and James Denit (Atherton) hate each other's guts. Their boss, Coogan (Gould), reminds them they pull in top ratings as a pair. <mask> returned to primetime soap-opera television in 2000, when she appeared in another Aaron Spelling production, the short-lived NBC television series Titans, with co-stars John Barrowman, Perry King, and Yasmine Bleeth. Thirteen episodes were filmed, of which 11 were actually aired. Produced by Spelling, the series was initially marketed as a "Dynasty for the new millennium," attempting to emulate the style of Spelling's earlier hit series. However, low ratings led NBC to cancel the series before its first season was completed.After appearing in NBC's Titans, <mask> dedicated her time fully to her skincare company and to philanthropic activities, as she confirmed to People  in 2018, "By the time I turned 50, I felt that I wanted to make a change in my life" — she says, of ultimately leaving Hollywood after 2001 — 'My interest had shifted in such a way that would totally pursue my passion, which more and more really was my skincare company and creating products that could help many people." In 2004, <mask> featured along with other original Dallas cast members in Dallas Reunion: The Return to Southfork, a television special celebrating the 1978–1991 primetime series that aired on CBS. Music
<mask> recorded a pop single duet song with English singer-songwriter Andy Gibb, titled "All I Have to Do Is Dream" (1981). The recording is a cover version of the original song by the Everly Brothers,

masks:
Vicki Ree Principal
Victoria Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principale
Principal
Victoria
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Victoria
Principal
Principal
Victoria Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal


texts:
 written by husband-and-wife songwriting team Felice and Boudleaux Bryant (credited solely to Boudleaux), The Gibb/<mask> 1981 duet song was released on RSO Records in August 1981. The single peaked at number 51 on the US Billboard Hot 100 on September 12, 1981. The song was Gibb's last charting single, and the only single recorded by <mask>. Entrepreneur
When asked about the benefits of her entrepreneurial success — her skincare empire, best-selling author, television and film producer <mask> stated to The Huffington Post in 2012, that it is "Working for myself and being willing to take all of the blame when things go wrong and happy to take the credit when I get it right."Victoria Principal Productions
After <mask> left the Dallas TV series in 1987, she began her own production company, Victoria Principal Productions, producing mostly television films. <mask> went on to star in various television films, some of which she produced through her production company, before stepping away to focus on her health and wellness projects. She has produced and starred in a half dozen major television productions, including Naked Lie (1989), Blind Witness (1989), and Sparks: The Price of Passion (1990). Principal Secret Skincare
In the mid-1980s, <mask> became interested in natural-beauty therapies, and in 1989, she created a self-named line of skincare products, Principal Secret. Over the past 25 years, <mask> has built her skincare empire. In 2000, <mask> became a member of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists (SCC). The SCC is dedicated to the advancement of cosmetic science, and strives to increase and disseminate scientific information through meetings and publications.In January 2011, she launched a line of jewelry called Keys & Hearts available on the same site as her skincare line. In August 2013, the CEO of Guthy Renker revealed to Women's Wear Daily that <mask>'s business, Principal Secret Skincare, had revenue of more than $1.5 billion to date, an increase of more than a half-billion dollars over the revenue up to 2007. As <mask> told TV Insider in 2018, "I continue to be passionately dedicated to running my skincare company, Principal Secret. We are about to celebrate 27 years in business. And I have never forgotten that Dallas gave me the springboard to achieve so many of my dreams. In April 2019, <mask> announced that she was stepping away from Principal Secret with Guthy Renker acquiring the business. <mask> announced that she would be focusing on her foundation The Victoria Principal Foundation for Thoughtful Existence.Books
In the 1980s, <mask> became a best-selling author, writing three books about beauty, skincare, fitness, well-being and, health: The Body Principal (1983); The Beauty Principal (1984); and The Diet Principal (1987). In the 2000s, she wrote a fourth book Living Principal (2001). After 12 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list in the general non-fiction category, The Body Principal was the first "Advice, How-To, and Miscellaneous" No. 1 bestseller when that List debuted January 1, 1984. Awards
Principal is a two-time Golden Globe Award nominee: 1973, nominee for Most Promising Newcomer — Female: The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean; and 1983, nominee for Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series — Drama: Dallas. In 1981 and 1982, <mask> was the recipient of the "Bravo Otto" Award, a German accolade honoring excellence of performers in film, television, and music. She was also a nominee for the award in 1983.In 1993, <mask> received an honorary law degree from the University of West Los Angeles School of Law. In 1995, <mask> was named Entertainment Business Woman of the Year by the National Association of Women Business Owners. In 1999, <mask> became the youngest recipient of the Genii Lifetime Achievement Award for Women in Television. In 2003, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to <mask>'s career. In 2004, she received an honorary degree from Drexel University's Business School and gave the commencement address. On October 2, 2010, <mask> was honored at the opening of Legacy Park in Malibu near the Pacific Coast Highway as a founding member of the park back in 2004. Over a 12-year period, she served the Arthritis Foundation as honorary chairman and ambassador to government.Personal life
<mask> has been married and divorced twice, and has no children. Her first marriage was to writer-producer Christopher Skinner, whom she met in 1978 when he played a bit acting part on Dallas. The couple wed soon after beginning their relationship; however, they filed for divorce two years later in 1980, it was finalized in 1981. <mask> had a high-profile relationship with English singer-songwriter Andy Gibb. The pair met on The John Davidson Show in January 1981 and had immediate chemistry. They celebrated their love in a duet song, "All I Have to Do Is Dream" (1981), a modest pop-chart hit that peaked at number 51 on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 12, 1981. The recording was the last single by Gibb, and is the only single recorded by <mask>.The relationship ended in March 1982, due to Gibb's escalating drug addiction problems. After Gibb's death in 1988, <mask> explained to People, "Our breakup was preceded and precipitated by Andy's use of drugs," she clarified, "I did everything I could to help him, but then I told him he would have to choose between me and his problem." <mask> met prominent Beverly Hills plastic surgeon, Dr. Harry Glassman in 1983. They married on June 22, 1985 in Dallas, Texas, when <mask> was seven years into her role on Dallas. The couple lived in Beverly Hills. In May 2006, <mask> filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. The couple divorced in December 2006, with <mask> stating, "We have had a loving relationship for over 20 years."<mask> later moved to Malibu, California. She owns properties in Big Sur, California, and in Switzerland. In 2007, <mask> showed interest in training for her booked flight on the Richard Branson's commercial space flight venture, the galactic passage ticket which she purchased in 2009. <mask> stated, "Going into space fulfills many desires I have of seeing the planet, going fast, going someplace very few people have been—and hopefully coming back down!" <mask> and Branson held a joint worldwide press conference in New Mexico, where the space center is to be built. In 2012, <mask> withdrew from the Branson-led program. Since 2012, <mask> has developed a ranch property outside of Los Angeles, where she rescues and rehabilitates animals.Philanthropy

Principal told The Huffington Post in 2012, "My deepest concern is for the planet and every living thing on it. Without a healthy planet, education won't matter, hunger won't matter, and science won't matter because we will not survive. Unless we rectify the damage we have done to our land and our oceans, then I truly believe, the planet will reclaim itself. In 2006, <mask> formed a charitable organization, the Victoria Principal Foundation For Thoughtful Existence, to help subsidize the environmental movement, of which she had been an active participant since 1978. The impetus of the foundation is to help financially support the planet and life upon it. <mask> is particularly involved with ecology, oceans, banning toxic substances, helping children, and rescuing and rehabilitating animals. She provided  aid those in need after the 2008 California wildfires.On June 2, 2010, she donated $200,000 to the cleanup effort in the Gulf Coast region. Her donations brought together two huge environmental nonprofits, Oceana and Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), to work together on the cleanup. <mask> appeared with other celebrities on June 21, 2010, in a CNN Larry King–sponsored telethon to support the Gulf Coast region following the Deepwater Horizon explosion. <mask> was on a panel with King, answered phones, and spoke to donors for the entire two hours. The telethon raised over $1.8 million. <mask> is a former co-chairman of Victory Over Violence, the LA County Domestic Violence Council Community Advisory Board. The board is a coalition of representatives from the entertainment industry, business, government, and community who have come together with the dual purposes of increasing public awareness of issues surrounding domestic violence and increasing shelter and victim resources.On December 13, 2011, <mask> donated a substantial sum to the nonprofit marine conservation organization Oceana, and to NRDC to stop the expansion of offshore drilling in the Gulf of Mexico and the Arctic Ocean, fearing such activity could lead to another disastrous oil spill. On December 20, 2011, the Giving Back Fund named <mask> as one of the Top 30 Celebrity Charity Donors for 2011. In 2012, <mask> funded and participated in an online campaign with the NRDC in an effort to stop sonic blasting along the California coastline and prevent the deaths of hundreds of marine mammals and marine life. In 2012, she funded, through Tree People, the creation of a mobile emergency fire warning system for the Los Angeles area. In 2013, this system was completed and implemented, the first of its kind in California. In 2013, <mask> funded an ad bringing awareness to the plight of sea lion pups washing up along the California coastline and provided funds to Wildlife Org. for their rescue and rehabilitation.In 2013, after the deadly Moore, Oklahoma, EF5 tornado, <mask> funded the American Humane Association's famous Red Star Rescue Team to help search, rescue, and shelter injured and missing animals with the ultimate goal of reuniting them with their families. In August 2013, she funded in collaboration with Tree People a new mobile system that allows citizens to participate in critical wildfire prevention by texting. In July 2014, <mask> made a substantial contribution to NRDC's campaign for Save the Bees. She stated, "As of yesterday, I've now made a substantial donation and joined in support of the NRDC's campaign for Save the Bees. Without bees, our fruit- and vegetable-bearing plants and trees will cease to be productive." In August 2014, she fully funded with, the help of Mission K9 rescue, the return of military working dog Maxi from Japan to the United States to be reunited with her former Marine handler. Two months later, she donated $100,000 to support Malibu ballot initiative Measure R, which sought to limit the environmental impact of development in Malibu by requiring a vote on any new developments over 20,000 square feet.In November, the initiative was passed by voters. In May 2015, <mask> fully funded the Red Star Rescue Team of the American Humane Association for the rescue and rehabilitation of 150 dogs that had been injured and displaced by tornadoes and floods in Oklahoma and Texas. The following year, she created the Moki fund to help rescue animals and provide medical care so that they can be adopted into permanent homes. In August 2016, <mask> worked with the American Red Cross to provide shelter and food for the victims of the 2016 Louisiana floods, as well as the American Humane Association to help rescue and shelter animals that were displaced in Louisiana and attempt to reunite them with their owners. In April 2018, <mask> announced that she will double the impact of individual gifts by matching donations to Oceana, up to $50,000 to help protect U.S. coasts from the dangers of offshore oil and gas. Explaining her commitment, <mask> has stated, "Oceana successfully protected much of the Atlantic and Arctic from new drilling in the past, but now those protections are at risk. Oceana knows how to win victories for our oceans, and I am making this commitment to encourage people across the country to join me in the fight to protect our coasts."In September 2018, Principal donated a fleet of rescue boats to help American Humane with animal disaster relief efforts in the Carolina's after Hurricane Florence. Filmography

Film

Television
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Amanda Rebecca
| Episodes: "Da Boom", "Road to Rhode Island"
|-
| 2000
| Providence| Donna Tupperman
| 3 episodes
|-
| 2000
| The Practice| Courtney Hansen
| Episode: "Black Widows"
|-
| 2000-2001
| Titans| Gwen Williams
| Series regular, 13 episodes
|-
| 2004
| Dallas Reunion: The Return to Southfork| Herself / Pamela Barnes Ewing
| TV special
|-
|}

Books

 The Beauty Principal. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984; .The Diet Principal. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987; . Living Principal: Looking and Feeling your Best at Every Age. New York: Villard, 2001; . References

External links

 <mask>'s Roots in the Peachtree State Genealogy Magazine''. 1950 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
Actors from Fukuoka Prefecture
Actresses from Los Angeles
American film actresses
American people of English descent
American writers of Italian descent
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
American women in business
American women non-fiction writers
Miami Dade College alumni
Businesspeople from Florida
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
RSO Records artists
South Dade Senior High School

masks:
Principal
Principal
— Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Principal
Victoria Principal


texts:
<mask> is a linguist specialising in the phonology and syntax of second language acquisition (SLA). Young-Scholten was born in Hanover, New Hampshire and obtained a Masters in linguistics at the University of Washington, Seattle. Her PhD at the same institution concerned the structure of phonology in a second language. She has been a Prof of SLA at the School of English Literature, Language and Linguistics, Newcastle University in the United Kingdom since September 2006. The Minimal Trees Hypothesis
Young-Scholten is most notable within linguistics and SLA for developing the Minimal Trees Hypothesis with Anna Vainikka, an "important theory," where 'tree' is a metaphor of syntax for the branching structure showing how words of a phrase or sentence co-relate. The hypothesis concerns what aspects of a language learner's first language (L1) is carried over into the grammar of their second language (L2), in addition to mechanisms of universal grammar that allow new acquisition to take place. Whereas many researchers lean towards a 'Full Transfer' view in which all the L1 grammar transfers - i.e.the initial state of the L2 is the final state of the first - Young-Scholten and Vainikka have argued that only lexical categories (e.g. the noun phrase) are drawn from the L1, and that functional categories (e.g. the inflectional phrase that represents tense) do not; rather, the learner 'grows' new ones because they start their L2 acquisition with only a 'minimal' syntactic tree. Several competing accounts for the role of transfer and universal grammar persist in SLA; the Minimal Trees Hypothesis remains particularly controversial, and has been strongly critiqued in syntactic research on both empirical and conceptual grounds: some researchers argue that linguistic behaviour does not follow the model, and others claim that it is theoretically misconceived. For example, the idea that a component of language could be absent from the initial stage, so that the system selectively extracts only one part of the L1, is unacceptable to those who favour 'Full Transfer' rather than 'Partial Transfer'. Second language acquisition and formal linguistics
Young-Scholten's primary research focus involves the phonology of second language acquisition, particularly in German and English as L2s. Data collected from three adolescent native speakers learning German in Germany has formed the basis of several papers.The different paths of acquisition that the three speakers took - acquiring German pronunciation deviant or not at all - led Young-Scholten to argue that the nature of the linguistic input they received was crucial to their performance. For example, one learner whose exposure to German came largely through orthography (writing) did not acquire pronunciations that are unrepresented in written German, despite constantly hearing them. Young-Scholten is also involved in formal linguistics research on exceptional language acquisition, e.g. where learning is atypical due to problems such as dyslexia or specific language impairment; the comprehension approach to foreign language instruction; and the (mainly negative) effect of orthography on the early stages of language learning. Published Work
 Vainikka A, Young-Scholten M. Finding their heads: How immigrant adults posit L2 functional projections. In: Arteaga,D, ed. Festschrift for Julia Herschensohn.Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2017. In Preparation. Vainikka A, Young-Scholten M, Ijuin C, Jarad S. Literacy in the development of L2 English morphosyntax. In: Sosinski,M, ed. Low-educated Second Language and Literacy Acquisition: Theory, Practice and Policy. Granada: University of Granada, 2017. In Preparation.Young-Scholten M, Limon H. Creating new fiction for low-educated immigrant adults: Leapfrogging to Digital. The International Journal of the Book 2015, 13(4), 1-9. Young-Scholten M, Langer M. The role of orthographic input in L2 German: Evidence from naturalistic adult learners’ production. Applied Psycholinguistics 2015, 36(1), 93-114. Young-Scholten M. Who are adolescents and adults who develop literacy for the first time in an L2, and why are they of research interest?. Writing Systems Research 2015, 7(1), 1-3. Young-Scholten M. Great expectations in phonology?Second language acquisition research and its relation to the teaching of younger and older learners. In: Whong, M., Marsden, H., Gil, K, ed. UG and the Second Language Classroom. Springer, 2013. In Press. Young-Scholten <mask>. Low-educated immigrants and the social relevance of second language acquisition research.Second Language Research 2013, 29(4), 441-454. Leung A, Young-Scholten M. Reaching out to the other side: Formal-linguistics-based SLA and Socio-SLA . Applied Linguistics Review 2013, 4(2), 259-290. Vainikka A, Young-Scholten M. Stage-like development and organic grammar. In: Julia Herschensohn and <mask>-Scholten, ed. The Cambridge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp.581–604. Herschensohn J, Young-Scholten M, ed. The Cambridge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Vainikka A, Young-Scholten M. Universal Minimal Structure: Evidence and theoretical ramifications. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 2013, 3(2), 180-212. Vainikka A, Young-Scholten M. The straight and narrow path.Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 2012, 2(3), 319-323. Young-Scholten M. Development in phonology: Another perspective on age. In: Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, K., Wrembel, M., Kul, M, ed. Achievements and Perspectives in SLA of Speech. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2011, pp. 331–342. Vainikka A, Young-Scholten M. The Acquisition of German: Introducing Organic Grammar.Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2011. Cazzoli-Goeta M, Young-Scholten M. Yo gusto... Expanding choice or syntactic attrition?. In: Potowski, K., Rothman, J, ed. Bilingual Youth: Spanish in English-Speaking Societies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, pp. 201–226.Cazzoli-Goeta M, Guijarro-Fuentes P, Young-Scholten M. Investigating UK Spanish variety: Implications for heritage speaker acquisition. In: Guijarro-Fuentes, P; Domínguez, L, ed. New Directions in Language Acquisition: Romance Languages in the Generative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars, 2010. Wilkinson M, Young-Scholten M. Writing to a brief: Creating fiction for immigrant adults. In: 6th Annual Conference on Low Educated Adult Second Language and Literacy Acquisition. 2010, Cologne, Germany: LOT.Piske T, Young-Scholten M, ed. Input Matters in SLA. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 2009. Young-Scholten <mask>, Strom Nancy. First-time L2 readers: Is there a critical period?. In: Kurvers, Jeanne; van der Craats, Ineke; Young-Scholten, <mask>, ed. Low Educated Adult Second Language and Literacy.Utrecht: LOT, 2006, pp. 45–68. Young-Scholten M, Ijuin C. How can we best measure adult ESL student progress?. TESOL Adult Education Interest Section Newsletter 2006, 4(2), 1-4. Vainikka A, Young-Scholten M. Minimalism vs. Organic Syntax. In: Karimi, S., Simiian, V., Wilkins, W, ed. Clever and Right : Linguistic Studies in Honor of Joseph Emonds.Dordrect: Kluwer, 2006, pp.to appear. Unsworth S, Parodi T, Sorace A, Young-Scholten M, ed. Paths of Development in L1 and L2 Acquisition. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2006. Vainikka A, Young-Scholten M. The roots of syntax and how they grow: Organic Grammar, the Basic Variety and Processability Theory. In: Unsworth, S., Parodi, T., Sorace, A., Young-Scholten, M, ed. Paths of Development in L1 and L2 Acquisition: In honor of Bonnie D. Schwartz.Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2006, pp. 77–106. Young-Scholten M. Is there a critical period for learning to read?. In: IATEFL Conference Selections. 2004, Liverpool, UK. Young-Scholten M. Prosodic constraints on allophonic distribution in adult L2 acquisition. International Journal of Bilingualism.Special Issue on the Acquisition of Second Language Phonology 2004, 8(1), 67-77. Vainikka A, Young-Scholten M. [Book review] Hawkins, R. 'Second Language Syntax: A Generative Introduction', Wiley-Blackwell: 2001. Lingua 2003, 113(1), 93-102. Archibald J, Young-Scholten M. The second language segment revisited. Second Language Research 2003, 19(3), 163–167. Young-Scholten M. Orthographic input in L2 phonological development. In: Burmeister, P., Piske, T., Rohde, A, ed.An Integrated View of Language Development: Papers in Honor of Henning Wode. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2002, pp. 263–279. Vainikka A, Young-Scholten M. Restructuring the CP in L2 German. In: XXVI Conference on Boston University Conference on Language Development. 2002, Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Cascadilla Press. Klove MH, Young-Scholten M. Repair of L2 Syllables through Metathesis.International Review of Applied Linguistics 2001, 39(2), 103-134

See also
Linguistics
Second language acquisition
Phonology
Syntax
First language
Second language
Comprehension approach
Monitor Theory

Footnotes

References

Schwartz BD (1998) 'On two hypotheses of ʺtransferʺ in L2A: minimal trees and absolute L1 influence. In Flynn S, Martohardojono G & O'Neil W (eds) The Generative Study of Second Language Acquisition. pp. 35–59. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Schwartz BD & Sprouse RA (1994) 'Word order and nominative case in nonnative language acquisition: a longitudinal study of (L1 Turkish) German interlanguage.' In Hoekstra T & Schwartz BD (eds) Language Acquisition Studies in Generative Grammar: Papers in Honor of Kenneth Wexler from the 1991 GLOW Workshops.pp. 317–368. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Schwartz BD & Sprouse RA (1996) 'L2 cognitive states and the full transfer/full access model.' Second Language Research 12: 40-72. Unsworth S, Parodi T, Sorace A & Young-Scholten M (eds) (2005) Paths of Development in L1 and L2 Acquisition. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Vainikka A & Young-Scholten M (1994) 'Direct access to X'-theory: evidence from Korean and Turkish adults learning German.' In Hoekstra T & Schwartz BD (eds) Language Acquisition Studies in Generative Grammar: Papers in Honor of Kenneth Wexler from the 1991 GLOW Workshops. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Vainikka A & Young-Scholten M (1996) 'Gradual development of L2 phrase structure.' Second Language Research 12: 7-39. Vainikka A & Young-Scholten M (1998) 'Functional categories and related mechanisms in child second language acquisition.' In Flynn S, Martohardojono G & O'Neil W (eds) The Generative Study of Second Language Acquisition.Vainikka A & Young-Scholten M (2003) 'Review of Roger Hawkins (2001): Second Language Syntax: a Generative Introduction.' Lingua. White L (1991) 'Adverb placement in second language acquisition: some effects of positive and negative evidence in the classroom.' Second Language Research 7: 133-161. White L (2003) Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Young-Scholten M (1993) The Acquisition of Prosodic Structure in a Second Language.Tübingen: Niemeyer. Young-Scholten M (1994) 'Positive evidence and ultimate attainment in L2 phonology.' Second Language Research 10: 193-214. Young-Scholten, M. (1995) 'The negative effects of 'positive' evidence on L2 phonology.' In Eubank L, Selinker L & Sharwood Smith M (eds) The Current State of Interlanguage. Amsterdam: Benjamins. pp.107–121. Young-Scholten M (2002) 'Orthographic input in L2 phonological development.' In Burmeister P, Piske T and Rohde A (eds) An Integrated View of Language Development - Papers in Honour of Henning Wode. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier. pp. 263–279. Young-Scholten M (2004a) 'Prosodic constraints on allophonic distribution in adult L2 acquisition.'International Journal of Bilingualism 8: 67-77. Young-Scholten M (2004b) 'Longitudinal treasures out of Pandora's Box.' Voies vers le Plurilinguisme. Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté. Young-Scholten M, Akita M & Cross N (1999). 'Focus on form in phonology: orthographic exposure as a promoter of epenthesis.' In Robinson P & Jungheim NO (eds) Pragmatics and Pedagogy: Proceedings of the Third PacSLRF.Volume 2. Tokyo: Aoyama Gakuin University. pp. 227–233. Young-Scholten M & Piske T (eds) (forthcoming). Input Matters. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.External links
<mask> Scholten: Newcastle University =staff profile. 'Adult first-time readers in a second language.' On-line article at developingteachers.com. Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Linguists from the United States
Women linguists
Academics of Newcastle University
People from Hanover, New Hampshire
University of Washington alumni

masks:
Martha Young Scholten
Martha
Martha Young
Martha
Martha
Martha Young