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<mask> (3 February 182131 May 1910) was a British physician, notable as the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States, and the first woman on the Medical Register of the General Medical Council. <mask> played an important role in both the United States and the United Kingdom as a social awareness and moral reformer, and pioneered in promoting education for women in medicine. Her contributions remain celebrated with the <mask> Medal, awarded annually to a woman who has made significant contribution to the promotion of women in medicine. <mask> was initially uninterested in a career in medicine, especially after her schoolteacher brought in a bull's eye to use as a teaching tool for studying the anatomy enabling vision. Therefore, she became a schoolteacher in order to support her family. This occupation was seen as suitable for women during the 1800s; however, she soon found it unsuitable for her. <mask>'s interest in medicine was sparked after a friend fell ill and remarked that, had a female doctor cared for her, she might not have suffered so much.<mask> began applying to medical schools and immediately began to endure the prejudice against her sex that would persist throughout her career. She was rejected from each medical school she applied to, except Geneva Medical College, currently known as Norton College of Medicine at State University of New York Upstate Medical University, in which the male students voted for <mask>'s acceptance. Thus, in 1847, <mask> became the first woman to attend medical school in the United States. <mask>'s inaugural thesis on typhoid fever, published in 1849 in the Buffalo Medical Journal, shortly after she graduated, was the first medical article published by a female student from the United States. It portrayed a strong sense of empathy and sensitivity to human suffering, as well as strong advocacy for economic and social justice. This perspective was deemed by the medical community as feminine. <mask> also founded the New York Infirmary for Women and Children with her sister <mask> in 1857, and began giving lectures to female audiences on the importance of educating girls.She also played a significant role during the American Civil War by organizing nurses. Early life

<mask> was born on 3 February 1821, in Bristol, England, to <mask>, who was a sugar refiner, and his wife Hannah (Lane) <mask>. She had two older siblings, Anna and Marian, and would eventually have six younger siblings: Samuel (married Antoinette Brown), Henry (married Lucy Stone), Emily (second woman in the U.S. to get a medical degree), Sarah Ellen (a writer), John and George. She also had four maiden aunts: Barbara, Ann, Lucy, and Mary, who also lived with them. In 1832, the family emigrated from Bristol, England, to New York because <mask> had lost their most profitable sugar refinery to a fire. In New York, <mask>'s father became active in abolitionist work. Therefore, their dinnertime discussions often surrounded issues such as women's rights, slavery, and child labor.These liberal discussions reflected Hannah and Samuel's attitudes toward child rearing. For example, rather than beating the children for bad behavior, <mask> recorded their trespasses in a black book. If the offenses accumulated, the children would be exiled to the attic during dinner. <mask> was similarly liberal in his attitude towards the education of his children. <mask> was a Congregationalist and exerted a strong influence over the religious and academic education of his children. He believed that each child, including his girls, should be given the opportunity for unlimited development of their talents and gifts. This perspective was rare during that time, as most people believed that the woman's place was in the home or as a schoolteacher.<mask> had not only a governess, but private tutors to supplement her intellectual development. As a result, she was rather socially isolated from all but her family as she grew up. The family moved to Cincinnati, Ohio a few years later. When <mask> was 17, her father died, leaving the family with little money. Early adulthood
The <mask>s' financial situation was unfortunate. Pressed by financial need, the sisters Anna, Marian and <mask> started a school, The Cincinnati English and French Academy for Young Ladies, which provided instruction in most, if not all, subjects and charged for tuition and room and board. The school was not terribly innovative in its education methods – it was merely a source of income for the <mask> sisters.<mask>'s abolition work took a back seat during these years, most likely due to the academy. <mask> converted to Episcopalianism, probably due to her sister Anna's influence, in December 1838, becoming an active member of St. Paul's Episcopal Church. However, William Henry Channing's arrival in 1839 to Cincinnati changed her mind. Channing, a charismatic Unitarian minister, introduced the ideas of transcendentalism to <mask>, who started attending the Unitarian Church. A conservative backlash from the Cincinnati community ensued, and as a result, the academy lost many pupils and was abandoned in 1842. <mask> began teaching private pupils. Channing's arrival renewed <mask>'s interests in education and reform.She worked at intellectual self-improvement: studying art, attending various lectures, writing short stories and attending various religious services in all denominations (Quaker, Millerite, Jewish). In the early 1840s, she began to articulate thoughts about women's rights in her diaries and letters and participated in the Harrison political campaign of 1840. In 1844, with the help of her sister Anna, <mask> procured a teaching job that paid $1,000 per year in Henderson, Kentucky. Although she was pleased with her class, she found the accommodations and schoolhouse lacking. What disturbed her most was that this was her first real encounter with the realities of slavery. "Kind as the people were to me personally, the sense of justice was continually outraged; and at the end of the first term of engagement I resigned the situation." She returned to Cincinnati only half a year later, resolved to find a more stimulating way to spend her life.Education

Pursuit of medical education
Once again, through her sister Anna, <mask> procured a job, this time teaching music at an academy in Asheville, North Carolina, with the goal of saving up the $3,000 necessary for her medical school expenses. In Asheville, <mask> lodged with the respected Reverend John Dickson, who happened to have been a physician before he became a clergyman. Dickson approved of <mask>'s career aspirations and allowed her to use the medical books in his library to study. During this time, <mask> soothed her own doubts about her choice and her loneliness with deep religious contemplation. She also renewed her antislavery interests, starting a slave Sunday school that was ultimately unsuccessful. Dickson's school closed down soon after, and <mask> moved to the residence of Reverend Dickson's brother, Samuel Henry Dickson, a prominent Charleston physician. She started teaching in 1846 at a boarding school in Charleston run by a Mrs. Du Pré.With the help of Reverend Dickson's brother, <mask> inquired into the possibility of medical study via letters, with no favorable responses. In 1847, <mask> left Charleston for Philadelphia and New York, with the aim of personally investigating the opportunities for medical study. <mask>'s greatest wish was to be accepted into one of the Philadelphia medical schools. Upon reaching Philadelphia, <mask> boarded with Dr. William Elder and studied anatomy privately with Dr. Jonathan M. Allen as she attempted to get her foot in the door at any medical school in Philadelphia. She was met with resistance almost everywhere. Most physicians recommended that she either go to Paris to study or take up a disguise as a man to study medicine. The main reasons offered for her rejection were that (1) she was a woman and therefore intellectually inferior, and (2) she might actually prove equal to the task, prove to be competition, and that she could not expect them to "furnish [her] with a stick to break our heads with".Out of desperation, she applied to twelve "country schools". Medical education in the United States
In October 1847, <mask> was accepted as a medical student by Geneva Medical College, currently known as Norton College of Medicine at State University of New York Upstate Medical University, located in Syracuse, New York. The dean and faculty, usually responsible for evaluating an applicant for matriculation, were not able to make a decision due to the special nature of <mask>'s case. They put the issue up to a vote by the 150 male students of the class with the stipulation that if one student objected, <mask> would be turned away. The young men voted unanimously to accept her. When <mask> arrived at the college, she was rather nervous. Nothing was familiar – the surroundings, the students, and the faculty.She did not even know where to get her books. However, she soon found herself at home in medical school. While she was at school, she was looked upon as an oddity by the townspeople of Geneva. She also rejected suitors and friends alike, preferring to isolate herself. In the summer between her two terms at Geneva, she returned to Philadelphia, stayed with Dr. Elder, and applied for medical positions in the area to gain clinical experience. The Guardians of the Poor, the city commission that ran Blockley Almshouse, granted her permission to work there, albeit not without some struggle. <mask> slowly gained acceptance at Blockley, although some young resident physicians still would walk out and refuse to assist her in diagnosing and treating her patients.During her time there, <mask> gained valuable clinical experience but was appalled by the syphilitic ward and those afflicted with typhus. Her graduating thesis at Geneva Medical College was on the topic of typhus. The conclusion of this thesis linked physical health with socio-moral stability – a link that foreshadows her later reform work. On 23 January 1849, <mask> became the first woman to achieve a medical degree in the United States. The local press reported her graduation favorably, and when the dean, Dr. Charles Lee, conferred her degree, he stood up and bowed to her. Medical education in Europe
In April 1849, <mask> made the decision to continue her studies in Europe. She visited a few hospitals in Britain and then headed to Paris.Her experience there was similar to her experience in America; she was rejected by many hospitals because of her sex. In June, <mask> enrolled at La Maternité; a "lying-in" hospital, under the condition that she would be treated as a student midwife, not a physician. She made the acquaintance of Hippolyte Blot, a young resident physician at La Maternité. She gained much medical experience through his mentoring and training. By the end of the year, Paul Dubois, the foremost obstetrician in his day, had voiced his opinion that she would make the best obstetrician in the United States, male or female. On 4 November 1849, when <mask> was treating an infant with ophthalmia neonatorum, she accidentally squirted some contaminated fluid into her own eye and contracted the infection. She lost sight in her left eye, requiring its surgical extraction and leaving her without hope of becoming a surgeon.After a period of recovery, she enrolled at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London in 1850. She regularly attended James Paget's lectures. She made a positive impression there, although she did meet  opposition when she tried to observe the wards. Feeling that the prejudice against women in medicine was not as strong there, <mask> returned to New York City in 1851 with the hope of establishing her own practice. Career

Medical career in the United States
Stateside, <mask> was faced with adversity, but did manage to get some media support from entities such as the New-York Tribune. She had very few patients, a situation she attributed to the stigma of women doctors as abortionists. In 1852, she began delivering lectures and published The Laws of Life with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls, her first work, a volume about the physical and mental development of girls that concerned itself with the preparation of young women for motherhood.In 1853, <mask> established a small dispensary near Tompkins Square. She also took Marie Zakrzewska, a Polish woman pursuing a medical education, under her wing, serving as her preceptor in her pre-medical studies. In 1857, Dr. Marie Zakrzewska, along with <mask> and her sister Emily, who had also obtained a medical degree, expanded Blackwell's original dispensary into the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children. Women served on the board of trustees, on the executive committee and as attending physicians. The institution accepted both in- and outpatients and served as a nurse's training facility. The patient load doubled in the second year. Civil War efforts
When the American Civil War broke out, the <mask> sisters aided in nursing efforts.<mask> sympathized heavily with the North due to her abolitionist roots, and even went so far as to say she would have left the country if the North had compromised on the subject of slavery. However, <mask> did meet with some resistance on the part of the male-dominated United States Sanitary Commission (USSC). The male physicians refused to help with the nurse education plan if it involved the <mask>s. In response to the USSC, <mask> organized with the Woman's Central Relief Association (WCRA). The WCRA worked against the problem of uncoordinated benevolence, but ultimately was absorbed by the USSC. Still, the New York Infirmary managed to work with Dorothea Dix to train nurses for the Union effort. Medical career at home and abroad
<mask> made several trips back to Britain to raise funds and to try to establish a parallel infirmary project there.In 1858, under a clause in the Medical Act of 1858 that recognised doctors with foreign degrees practicing in Britain before 1858, she was able to become the first woman to have her name entered on the General Medical Council's medical register (1 January 1859). She also became a mentor to <mask> Anderson during this time. By 1866, nearly 7,000 patients were being treated per year at the New York Infirmary, and <mask> was needed back in the United States. The parallel project fell through, but in 1868, a medical college for women adjunct to the infirmary was established. It incorporated <mask>'s innovative ideas about medical education – a four-year training period with much more extensive clinical training than previously required. At this point, a rift occurred between Emily and <mask>. Both were extremely headstrong, and a power struggle over the management of the infirmary and medical college ensued.<mask>, feeling slightly alienated by the United States women's medical movement, left for Britain to try to establish medical education for women there. In July 1869, she sailed for Britain. In 1874, <mask> established a women's medical school in London with Sophia Jex-Blake, who had been a student at the New York Infirmary years earlier. <mask> had doubts about Jex-Blake and thought that she was dangerous, belligerent, and tactless. Nonetheless, <mask> became deeply involved with the school, and it opened in 1874 as the London School of Medicine for Women, with the primary goal of preparing women for the licensing exam of Apothecaries Hall. <mask> vehemently opposed the use of vivisections in the laboratory of the school. After the establishment of the school, <mask> lost much of her authority to

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 Jex-Blake and was elected as a lecturer in midwifery.She resigned this position in 1877, officially retiring from her medical career. While <mask> viewed medicine as a means for social and moral reform, her student Mary Putnam Jacobi focused on curing disease. At a deeper level of disagreement, <mask> felt that women would succeed in medicine because of their humane female values, but Jacobi believed that women should participate as the equals of men in all medical specialties. Time in Europe – social and moral reform

After leaving for Britain in 1869, <mask> diversified her interests, and was active both in social reform and authorship. She co-founded the National Health Society in 1871. She perceived herself as a wealthy gentlewoman who had the leisure to dabble in reform and in intellectual activities – the income from her American investments supported her. She was rather occupied with her social status, and her friend, Barbara Bodichon helped introduce <mask> into her circles.She traveled across Europe many times during these years, in England, France, Wales, Switzerland and Italy. Her greatest period of reform activity was after her retirement from the medical profession, from 1880 to 1895. <mask> was interested in a great number of reform movements – mainly moral reform, sexual purity, hygiene and medical education, but also preventive medicine, sanitation, eugenics, family planning, women's rights, associationism, Christian socialism, medical ethics and antivivisection – none of which ever came to real fruition. She switched back and forth between many different reform organisations, trying to maintain a position of power in each. <mask> had a lofty, elusive and ultimately unattainable goal: evangelical moral perfection. All of her reform work was along this thread. She even contributed heavily to the founding of two utopian communities: Starnthwaite and Hadleigh in the 1880s.She believed that the Christian morality ought to play as large a role as scientific inquiry in medicine and that medical schools ought to instruct students in this basic truth. She also was antimaterialist and did not believe in vivisections. She did not see the value of inoculation and thought it dangerous. She believed that bacteria were not the only important cause of disease and felt their importance was being exaggerated. She campaigned heavily against licentiousness, prostitution and contraceptives, arguing instead for the rhythm method. She campaigned against the Contagious Diseases Acts, arguing that it was a pseudo-legalisation of prostitution. Her 1878 Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of their Children was an essay on prostitution and marriage arguing against the Contagious Diseases Acts.She was conservative in all senses except that she believed women to have sexual passions equal to those of men, and that men and women were equally responsible for controlling those passions. Others of her time believed women to have little if any sexual passion, and placed the responsibility of moral policing squarely on the shoulders of the woman. The book was controversial, being rejected by 12 publishers, before being printed by Hatchard and Company. The proofs for the original edition were destroyed by a member of the publisher's board and a change of title was required for a new edition to be printed. Personal life

Friends and family
<mask> was well connected, both in the United States and in the United Kingdom. She exchanged letters with Lady Byron about women's rights issues and became very close friends with Florence Nightingale, with whom she discussed opening and running a hospital together. She remained lifelong friends with Barbara Bodichon and met <mask> Stanton in 1883.She was close with her family and visited her brothers and sisters whenever she could during her travels. However, <mask> had a very strong personality and was often quite acerbic in her criticism of others, especially other women. <mask> had a falling out with Florence Nightingale after Nightingale returned from the Crimean War. Nightingale wanted <mask> to turn her focus to training nurses and could not see the legitimacy of training female physicians. After that, <mask>'s comments upon Florence Nightingale's publications were often highly critical. She was also highly critical of many of the women's reform and hospital organisations in which she played no role, calling some of them "quack auspices". <mask> also did not get along well with her more stubborn sisters Anna and Emily, or with the women physicians she mentored after they established themselves (Marie Zakrzewska, Sophia Jex-Blake and <mask> Anderson).Among women at least, <mask> was very assertive and found it difficult to play a subordinate role. Kitty Barry

In 1856, when <mask> was establishing the New York Infirmary, she adopted Katherine "Kitty" Barry (1848–1936), an Irish orphan from the House of Refuge on Randall's Island. Diary entries at the time show that she adopted Barry half out of loneliness and a feeling of obligation, and half out of a utilitarian need for domestic help. Barry was brought up as a half-servant, half-daughter. <mask> did provide for Barry's education. She even instructed Barry in gymnastics as a trial for the theories outlined in her publication, The Laws of Life with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls. However, <mask> never permitted Barry to develop her own interests.She made no effort to introduce Barry to young men or women her own age. Barry herself was rather shy, awkward and self-conscious about her slight deafness. Barry followed <mask> during her many trans-Atlantic moves, during her furious house hunt between 1874 and 1875, during which they moved six times, and finally to <mask>'s final home, Rock House, a small house off Exmouth Place in Hastings, Sussex, in 1879. Barry stayed with <mask> all her life. After <mask>'s death, Barry stayed at Rock House, and then moved to Kilmun in Argyllshire, Scotland, where <mask> was buried in the churchyard of St Munn's Parish Church. In 1920, she moved in with the <mask>s and took the <mask> name. On her deathbed, in 1936, Barry called <mask> her "true love", and requested that her ashes be buried with those of <mask>.Private life

None of the five <mask> sisters ever married. <mask> thought courtship games were foolish early in her life, and prized her independence. When commenting on the young men trying to court her during her time in Kentucky, she said: "...do not imagine I am going to make myself a whole just at present; the fact is I cannot find my other half here, but only about a sixth, which would not do." Even during her time at Geneva Medical College, she rejected advances from a few suitors. There was one slight controversy, however, in <mask>'s life related to her relationship with Alfred Sachs, a 26-year-old man from Virginia. He was very close with both Kitty Barry and <mask>, and it was widely believed in 1876 that he was a suitor for Barry, who was 29 at the time. The reality was that <mask> and Sachs were very close, so much so that Barry felt uncomfortable being around the two of them.Sachs was very interested in <mask>, then 55 years old. Barry was in love with Sachs and was mildly jealous of <mask>. <mask> thought that Sachs lived a life of dissipation and believed that she could reform him. In fact, the majority of her 1878 publication Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of the Children was based on her conversations with Sachs. <mask> stopped correspondence with Alfred Sachs after the publication of her book. Last years and death
<mask>, in her later years, was still relatively active. In 1895, she published her autobiography, Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women.It was not very successful, selling fewer than 500 copies. After this publication, <mask> slowly relinquished her public reform presence, and spent more time traveling. She visited the United States in 1906 and took her first and last car ride. <mask>'s old age was beginning to limit her activities. In 1907, while holidaying in Kilmun, Scotland, <mask> fell down a flight of stairs, and was left almost completely mentally and physically disabled. On 31 May 1910, she died at her home in Hastings, Sussex, after suffering a stroke that paralyzed half her body. Her ashes were buried in the graveyard of St Munn's Parish Church, Kilmun, and obituaries honouring her appeared in publications such as The Lancet and The British Medical Journal.Legacy
The British artist Edith Holden, whose Unitarian family were <mask>'s relatives, was given the middle name "<mask>" in her honor. Influence
After <mask> graduated in 1849, her thesis on typhoid fever was published in the Buffalo Medical Journal. In 1857, <mask> opened the New York Infirmary for Women with her younger sister Emily. At the same time, she gave lectures to women in the United States and England about the importance of educating women and the profession of medicine for women. In the audience at one of her lectures in England, was a woman named <mask> Anderson, who later became the first woman doctor in England, in 1865. In 1874, <mask> worked together with Florence Nightingale, Sophia Jex-Blake, <mask> Anderson, <mask>, and Thomas Henry Huxley to create the first medical school for women in England, London School of Medicine for Women, for which she acted as the Chair of Hygiene. <mask> settled in England in the 1870s and continued working on expanding the profession of medicine for women, influencing as many as 476 women to become registered medical professionals in England alone.Up until her death, <mask> worked in an active practice in Hastings, England, and continued to lecture at the School of Medicine for Women. Honors
Two institutions honour <mask> as an alumna:
Hobart and William Smith Colleges, the current name of Geneva College, the founding institution of Geneva Medical College. The State University of New York Upstate Medical University, which was acquired in 1950 by the State University of New York. Since 1949, the American Medical Women's Association has awarded the <mask> Medal annually to a female physician. Hobart and William Smith Colleges awards an annual <mask> Award to women who have demonstrated "outstanding service to humankind." In 1973, <mask> was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. The artwork The Dinner Party features a place setting for <mask>.In 2013 the University of Bristol launched the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research. On 3 February 2016, National Women Physicians Day was declared a National Holiday championed by Physician Moms Group [www.Mypmg.com] after publishing a study in JAMA exposing that the majority of women physicians report still facing discrimination due to their gender and/or being a mother. The National Holiday pays tribute to Dr. <mask> of the role she has played influencing women physicians in present-day and their strive for equity and equality. On 3 February 2018, Google honoured her as a doodle in recognition of her 197th birth anniversary. In May 2018, a commemorative plaque was unveiled at the former location of the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children, which <mask> and her sister <mask> founded. For the event, Jill Platner, a jewelry designer, designed a Blackwell Collection of jewelry inspired by <mask>. Hobart and William Smith Colleges erected a statue on their campus honoring <mask>.A 2021 book by Janice P. Nimura, The Doctors Blackwell, chronicles the life story of <mask> and her sister <mask>. Works

1849 The Causes and Treatment of Typhus, or Shipfever (thesis)
1852 The Laws of Life with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls (brochure, compilation of lecture series) pub. by George Putnam
1856 An appeal in behalf of the medical education of women
1860 Medicine as a Profession for Women (lecture published by the trustees of the New York Infirmary for Women)
1864 Address on the Medical Education of Women
1878 Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of their Children in Relation to Sex (eight editions, republished as The Moral Education of the Young in Relation to Sex)
1881 "Medicine and Morality" (published in Modern Review)
1887 Purchase of Women: the Great Economic Blunder
1871 The Religion of Health (compilation of lecture series to the Sunday Lecture Society, three editions)
1883 Wrong and Right Methods of Dealing with Social Evil, as shown by English Parliamentary Evidence
1888 On the Decay of Municipal Representative Government – A Chapter of Personal Experience (Moral Reform League)
1890 The Influence of Women in the Profession of Medicine
1891 Erroneous Method in Medical Education etc. (Women's Printing Society)
1892 Why Hygienic Congresses Fail
1895 Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women – Autobiographical Sketches (Longmans, reprinted New York: Schocken Books, 1977)
1898 Scientific Method in Biology
1902 Essays in Medical Sociology, 2 vols (Ernest Bell)

See also
<mask> Anderson, first woman to gain a medical qualification in Britain
<mask>, Sister <mask>, physician
James Barry, possibly the first female bodied doctor (assigned female at birth but living as a man)
List of first female physicians by country
Rebecca Lee Crumpler, first African American female physician
State University of New York Upstate Medical University

References

Further reading

 Baker, Rachel (1944). The first woman doctor: the story of Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D. J. Messner, Inc., New York, OCLC 848388
Howard, Carol (2018). "Elizabeth Blackwell" Dictionary of Unitarian Universalist Biography.Morantz, Regina. "Feminism, Professionalism and Germs: The Thought of Mary Putnam Jacobi and <mask>," American Quarterly (1982)  34:461–478. in JSTOR
 Morantz-Sanchez, Regina. "Feminist theory and historical practice: Rereading <mask>," History & Theory (1992) 31#4 pp 51–69 in JSTOR

 Ross, Ishbel (1944). Child of Destiny. New York: Harper. Wilson, Dorothy Clarke (1970).Lone woman: the story of <mask>, the first woman doctor. Little Brown, Boston, OCLC 56257

External links

 Elizabeth Blackwell Collection on New York Heritage Digital Collections
 Women in Science
 An online history at the National Institutes of Health, including copies of historical documents
 An online biography of <mask>, with links to more articles on <mask> and others in her famous family, plus links to many resources on the Net
 Biography from the National Institute of Health
 <mask> at the Hobart and William Smith Colleges Archives
 Elizabeth Blackwell Resources Available in Hobart and William Smith Colleges Archives
 Chronological Bibliography of Selected Scholarly Works by Dr. <mask>
 <mask> at winningthevote.org
 Papers, 1835–1960. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Michals, Debra. "<mask>". National Women's History Museum. 2015.Finding aid to <mask> letters at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. 1821 births
1910 deaths
American abolitionists
American feminists
19th-century American women physicians
19th-century American physicians
American women's rights activists
Anti-contraception activists
Anti-vivisectionists
<mask> family
Burials at Kilmun Parish Church
Christian abolitionists
English emigrants to the United States
Geneva Medical College alumni
Medical doctors from Bristol
People from Hastings
Physicians from Cincinnati
Physicians from New York City
Sex educators
American socialist feminists
Women in the American Civil War
Women medical researchers
Women of the Victorian era
Physicians from Rochester, New York
Anti-prostitution activists
American Christian socialists
American eugenicists
Education activists
Female Christian socialists
British socialist

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<mask> (born 17 May 1953 in Szczecin) is a Polish composer of electronic music. Career
He is an alumnus of the Academy of Music in Poznan (Music College in Poznan). He owes his popularity in the music market to his bestseller album "The Garden of the King of Dawn"  and video "Escape From The Tropics", which was voted by TV audiences as the best clip of 1984. By then he had already been awarded a “Gold Disc" and had given many concerts in Poland and abroad (e.g. in Berlin, Hamburg, Bremen, Prague, Moscow and Kuwait). Moreover, he was awarded the first prize in Poland for the most popular multi-instrumentalist for five consecutive years (1981–1985). For the next 4 years (1986–1990) he was a lecturer in the Academy of Music in Kuwait.At this period of time he created compositions with Arabic influences. The most well known composition in Poland that emerged from this period of time was the symphonic fantasia "Faces of the Desert". This composition was supposed to be used in the celebration of the 30th anniversary of Kuwait's independence, but the Iraqi invasion precluded realization of the event. After the Persian Gulf War, the "Faces of the Desert" (which was visualized by photos of artist-photographer Jacek Wozniak ) represented Kuwait on the Global Exhibition EXPO’92 in Seville, Spain. After returning to Poland he regained his place in instrumental music. He transferred his earlier albums to compact discs. In 1994 he produced a new CD called "The Child of the Sun".Inspired by his music, choreographer Ewa Wycichowska created the ballet called “The Child of the Sun” which was performed by the Polish Theater of Dance. The premiere of this event took place in The Great Theater in Poznan at the end of November 1995. Among other performances, he presented a recital called "Music Tales" for TVP2 (Polish TV Station 2). As a composer, musician and juror he often takes part in radio and TV programs. His music appeared in cinema and television films (inter alias "Friend of Merry Devil" and "Close encounters with Merry Devil" directed by Jerzy Lukaszewicz.). Likewise his music was used in "The Wheel of Fortune" quiz show, in the Gala of the Polish Phonographic Industry Awards -"Fryderyk’96", "Fryderyk’97" and on CD-ROM discs in Poland and abroad, mainly in "The Minden Pictures Collection" in USA. In collaboration with another composer, Wojciech Trzcinski, <mask> Bilinski had written the music for a drama, "Brother of Our God", written by Karol Wojtyla - present Pope John Paul II, and directed by Andrzej Marja Marczewski.<mask> Bilinski was awarded as the best composer and virtuoso of synthesizers in 1995 in the Polish professional magazine "Music". In 1998 he was commissioned to write a suite, "Reflection: I - Toscania, II - Loara, III - Bolero, IV - Seville", in celebration of the thirtieth anniversary of the artistic work of Agnieszka Duczmal and her Chamber Orchestra "Amadeus". This piece was composed for chamber orchestra and percussion and each movement bears the names of the places where the orchestra performed. The premiere of the suite occurred in November 1998 at the National Philharmonic in Warsaw. "Reflections" were received very enthusiastically by the audience. As the first in Poland and in this part of Europe, following the steps of Jean - Michel Jarre, he performed great outdoor concerts of music and light in Szczecin ('93) and Kraków ('94), which were viewed together by 50,000 spectators. Other Concerts of this type were the following:

In July 1996 during the Festival of Euro-Eko Meeting in Zlotów, <mask> Bilinski presented a very unusual concert - " The Beginning of the Light", with international musicians: Hannibal Means (tenor)- USA, Sarhan Kubeisi (ethnic percussion instruments) - Syria, Edyta Kulczak (soprano)- Poland, Stanislaw Skoczynski (percussion instruments) - Poland and others.With laser, light and picture most of his important compositions were played at the concert. TVP1 recorded and showed the entire concert on September 1, 1996. It was recognized as one of the most interesting artistic events of the year. On March 12, 2000 in Gniezno he performed a concert, "Gniezno - 2000 - Sound - Fire - Light - Color", in honor of Five European Presidents Summit. <mask> Bilinski shared the stage with Michal Grymuza, Wojciech Pilichowski, Michal Dabrówka, Piotr "Jackson" Wolski and others. They used the biggest drums in Europe for this occasion. The show was on live transmission by TVP1.On June 21, 2003 in Old Town of Gdansk on the bank of Motlawa, he gave a multimedia performance, "St. John’s - Night". <mask> Bilinski played with Piotr Cugowski, <mask> Raduli, Mieczyslaw Jurecki, Mariusz "Fazi" Mielczarek, Tomasz Losowski, Ryszard Bazarnik, Krzysztof Krzyskow. The whole music program was embellished by the dancers on the boats. <mask> Bilinski's compositions deduces from the best standards of classical and romantic music. His talent and knowledge unite tradition with vision of modern world sounds. Discography

Studio albums
 Ogród Króla świtu (eng. The Garden Of The King Of Dawn) - 1983, Wifon LP053
 E≠mc² - 1984, Polton LPP-010
 Wolne Loty (eng.Open Flights) - 1986, Polton LPP-026
 Ucieczka do Tropiku (eng. Escape to the Tropics) - 1987, Polton PC-029
 Dziecko Słońca (The Child of the Sun) - 1994
 Fire - 2008, Bi Ma
 Mały Książę (eng. The Little Prince) - 2010

Singles & EP
 „Fontanna radości” (eng. Fountain of Joy) / „Taniec w zaczarowanym gaju” (eng. Dancing in a magic grove)- 1982, Tonpress S460
 „Dom w Dolinie Mgieł” (eng. House In The Foggy Valley) / „Ucieczka z tropiku” (eng. Escape From The Tropics) - 1983, Tonpress S488
 Porachunki z bliźniakami (eng.Settle With Twins) - 1984, Polton MSP001
 „Kosmiczne opowiadania” (eng. Cosmic Tales) / „Gorące lato” (eng. Hot summer) - 1985, Tonpress S584
 Refleksje I-IV (1998)

Compilations
 <mask> Biliński The Best of (1998)
 Best of the Best (2014)

Split
 Mabi Plays World Hits (1993)

References

External links
 Artist's official webpage
 Artist's official YouTube channel

1953 births
Polish electronic musicians
Living people

masks:
Marek Biliński
Marek
Marek
Marek
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<mask> (March 3, 1927 – February 3, 1987) was an American designer, builder and racer of the famous Magnum Marine, Cary, Cigarette, Donzi, and Formula speedboats. He built speedboats for the Shah of Iran, Charles Keating, Robert Vesco, Malcolm Forbes, and George H. W. Bush. Retired President Lyndon B. Johnson owned several 16 ft. Donzi speedboats on his Texas ranch with which he would race his Secret Service agents. Early life and education
<mask> was born in the Sheepshead Bay neighborhood of Brooklyn, the youngest son of Russian-Jewish immigrants Herman and <mask>. He had two elder sisters, Sylvia and Lillian. His father owned a gas station and then a taxi company which collapsed during the Great Depression. He graduated a top athlete from James Madison High School in 1944, worked as a life guard at Coney Island, and enrolled at Brooklyn College.In 1945, he joined the merchant marine and worked overseas until the end of World War II. In 1947, he returned to the USA and completed his studies graduating from Brooklyn College in 1948 with a physical education degree earning letters in football, wrestling, and track. Career
After school, he worked as a physical education teacher for a time until he accepted a job at his father-in-law's southern New Jersey construction business which was booming thanks to demand from returning World War II veterans. In 1953, he established his own construction company, the Aronow Corporation which quickly became one of the largest construction companies in the state. In 1959, at age of 32, the now-millionaire Aronow moved to Miami with his family, where he began racing boats as a hobby. The hobby evolved into a business and by the end of 1962, he had formed the Formula Marine boat company, which he then sold to Merrick Lewis' Alliance Machine Corp out of Dayton, Ohio. In 1964 he started Donzi Marine made the Donzi brand an international success and quickly sold the company to Teleflex Inc. in mid 1965.In 1966, he founded Magnum Marine and in 1967 proceeded to win his first World Championship driving two 27' Magnums, a single engine inboard and a triple engine Mercury powered outboard. Since he was not supposed to be building boats in 1969, according to his non-compete clause following the sale of Magnum Marine, <mask> built the first Cigarette boat under the name Cary, with the help of Elton Cary's Miami Beach facility. After campaigning his boat "The Cigarette" around the world with mechanic Norris "Knocky" House as his cockpit companion, he won his second World Championship in three years, and third consecutive United States Championship while becoming only the 2nd American in history to win the UIM Gold Medal of Honor (Gar Wood was America's first UIM champion). Once <mask> was able to formally open his new company, he started Cigarette Racing Team using his own designs in 1970. Having sold Cigarette for the last time in 1982 (after having sold it and purchasing it back in the late 1970s while merging it with his own Squadron Marine), he formed USA Racing Team and built the Blue Thunders, 39-foot catamarans used by the United States Customs Service to patrol U.S. waters and run down illegal offshore activities, especially drug smuggling. <mask>'s close friend at the time, Vice President George Bush, was a former Cigarette owner and was involved in testing out the 39-foot cats prior to government approval. Aronow's boats won over 350 offshore races and he was a two-time world champion and three-time U.S. champion.He has been elected to every powerboating Hall of Fame in existence and as stated above, he and Gar Wood were the only two Americans to have ever received the UIM Gold Medal of Honor. Murder
The great speed of Cigarette boats also made them a popular choice among cocaine smugglers. On February 3, 1987, <mask> was murdered in his car at the end of 188th Street in North Miami Beach where his boat companies operated. <mask> had just left a meeting with Bob Saccenti, part owner of Apache Power Boats together with partner Ben Kramer. Witnesses said a powder blue Lincoln pulled up next to <mask>'s car from the opposite direction, and when Aronow rolled down its window the driver opened fire. Another witness tried to follow the Lincoln as it fled but could not catch the killer(s). The Lincoln drove over the grass to get away.Nearly a decade later, two men pleaded no contest to charges related to <mask>'s killing. In 1995, career criminal Bobby Young admitted to shooting Aronow and pleaded no contest to second degree murder, eventually providing a full confession in 2009 shortly before his death. Ben Kramer, winner of the 1986 American Power Boat Association Offshore Championship, pleaded no contest to manslaughter in 1996. Kramer had a business dispute with Aronow after buying the latter's USA Racing Team but was forced to sell it back to Aronow after the Customs Service refused to do business with him. Kramer was already in prison on a life sentence with no possibility of parole following 1988 and 1989 convictions for drug smuggling and gun charges, as well as receiving a 1990 conviction for a failed escape attempt by helicopter from a federal prison near Miami. The story was also the basis for the 2009 documentary film Thunder Man: The <mask> Story and the 2018 movie Speed Kills with John Travolta. Personal life
Aronow married twice.In 1948, he married Shirley Goldin who he had met while working as a lifeguard on Coney Island. They had three children:
Michael who was a star athlete at the University of Florida until he was severely injured in a car accident in 1970 and used a wheelchair after that. David
Claudia is a New York artist and ex-wife of real estate developer Martin Kimmel. Their son is menswear designer Adam Kimmel, who is married to the actress Leelee Sobieski. His second wife was former Wilhelmina model, Lillian Crawford, 24 years his junior. They had two sons, Gavin and Wylie. Wylie is one of the cofounders of Bored Ape Yacht Club, a prominent NFT collection.References

Further reading
 <mask>: The King of Thunderboat Row, 1994, by <mask>
 Historic Offshore Race Boat Association - <mask>ow
 Blue Thunder: How the Mafia Owned and Finally Murdered Cigarette Boat King <mask>, 1990, Thomas Burdick and Charlene Mitchell

 "The Murder of Speedboat Builder <mask>", Matt Meltzer, Miami Beach 411, September 18, 2007
 "Rock around the States: <mask>" by Antonio Soccol
 "30 for 30 Shorts: Collision Course" Documentary on Aronow's Murder

1927 births
1987 deaths
American boat builders
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Murdered American Jews
Deaths by firearm in Florida
People murdered in Florida
James Madison High School (Brooklyn) alumni
Brooklyn College alumni

masks:
Donald Joel Aronow
Aronow
Ruth Aronow
Aronow
Aronow
Aronow
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Aronow
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Don Aronow
Don Aronow
Michael Aronow
Donald Aron
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<mask><mask> (January 24, 1856 – March 18, 1927) was an itinerant photographer who spent most of his life in central Nebraska, in the Great Plains region of the United States. A settler under the Homestead Act, he began in 1886 to produce a photographic record of the history of white settlement in the region. Over 3,000 of his negatives survive; more than 1,000 of these depict sod houses. <mask> wrote two books incorporating his photographs: Pioneer History of Custer County and Short Sketches of Early Days in Nebraska (1901), and Sod Houses, or the Development of the Great American Plains (1904). <mask> was unable to achieve financial success as a farmer, as a photographer, or in a number of other schemes later in his life, and at the time of his death felt that he had been a failure. However, the number and scope of his photographs of Nebraska pioneer life have made them a valuable resource to students of that period of history, and they have become a staple of historical texts and popular works alike. His oeuvre has been described as "the most important chronicle of the saga of homesteading in America".Early life

<mask><mask> was born on January 24, 1856, the oldest child of Thomas Jefferson <mask> and Esther (Ullom<mask>, in Burton in Wetzel County, in what was then the state of Virginia but later became part of West Virginia. In 1860, his family moved to LaSalle County, Illinois, where his father worked for the Illinois Central Railroad. The family remained there for nearly twenty years. <mask> finished high school in 1874 and was briefly apprenticed to a tintypist, who taught him the business of photography. In the winter term of 1875–76, he attended the Henry Military School in Henry, Illinois. He then worked as a travelling salesman for a firm in Clyde, Ohio until 1880. In 1880, Thomas Jefferson <mask> announced that he was leaving his secure job with the railroad and moving west, to establish a homestead in Custer County, Nebraska.Although <mask> had a good job, he had grown tired of his work, and "had already thought seriously of seeking my fortune in the great west". In March 1880, a party consisting of <mask>, his father, his brother George, and his brother-in-law J. R. Wabel started westward in two covered wagons. After seven weeks, they arrived in northeastern Custer County, where they occupied homesteads near the north bank of the Middle Loup River, west-northwest of present-day Sargent. The party began construction of a sod house, and <mask> quickly came to rue his decision to go west: "I soon came to the conclusion that any man that would leave the luxuries of a boarding house, where they had hash every day, and a salary of $125 a month to lay Nebraska sod for 75 cents a day... was a fool." Upon the completion of the house, <mask> and his father returned to Illinois to bring his mother and his youngest brother to Nebraska. However, <mask> did not return with them: he stayed in Illinois for several months, returning to Nebraska with only three days left to construct a dwelling on his homestead; failure to do so would mean forfeiting his claim. <mask>, his father, and two of his brothers built and occupied a dugout, saving the claim.Two weeks later, however, he once again went back east, moving to Milwaukee, Wisconsin and abandoning his homestead. "I would not have remained and kept batch for five years for the whole of Custer county," he declared. <mask> attended medical college in Minneapolis in the winter and spring of 1881–2. There, he met Lillie M. (Barber) Hamilton, a young widow working as a nurse at the hospital. The two were married in May 1882. Soon thereafter, <mask> once again decided that the West was the place for him. "I had just seen enough of the wild west to unfit me for living contentedly in the East", he wrote.In October 1882, the couple returned to Custer County, where they moved in with his father. During that winter, he worked as a schoolteacher. Photographer on the Plains

<mask> was able to save some of his teacher's salary, and to borrow enough more to open the first photography studio in Custer County. The studio was housed in a lath-and-adobe building, measuring , with a dirt floor and with cotton sheeting in lieu of glass to cover the windows and the skylights. As a backdrop for the photos, he used an old cloth wagon cover. The cloth had been gnawed by rats and was full of holes, which Lillie patched. To keep the patches from showing up in photographs, <mask> attached two coil springs from an old bed to the ceiling, then hung the backdrop from them.Before taking a picture, he plucked the backdrop so that it oscillated on the springs; the motion, combined with the long exposure time required, blurred the backdrop so that the patches would not be visible in the photograph. Photography alone was not enough to pay the bills. <mask> opened a post office in his studio, which he named "Jefferson" after his father. This proved less than lucrative: his postal income came from stamp cancellations, and in the first three months amounted to 68 cents. He also did farm work for his father, at a wage of 50 to 75 cents per day. In December 1884, the town of Walworth was established near <mask>'s homestead. <mask>, his wife, and their two children moved there and built a sod house.In Walworth, <mask> found a business partner, A. W. Darling, who supplied the money to put up a frame building for a studio. However, Walworth did not last: it had been established at a time when rains had been unusually good, and the resumption of normal dry conditions led to the town's demise. <mask>'s family had to leave their sod house after six weeks of residence. He and Darling were forced to sell their building, which was moved to the town of West Union; there, they rented it for five years. Pioneer History

In the spring of 1886, <mask> conceived the idea of writing an illustrated history of Custer County. This, he thought, would be the key to fame and riches. "At last, Eureka!Eureka! I had found it. I was so elated that I lost all desire for rest and had to take morphine to make me sleep." To embark upon this project, he needed financing. Unlike <mask>, his father had succeeded as a farmer, running a gristmill and a freighting business as well; it was to him that <mask> turned for assistance. Thomas Jefferson <mask> was initially skeptical; but after his son had arranged to photograph 75 homesteads, he agreed to provide a team and wagon for the project. In June 1886, <mask> took the first photograph for the book.He met a certain amount of skepticism—"Some called me a fool, others a crank..."  He began his work only thirteen years after the establishment of the first homestead in the county, when it could hardly be said to have a history. He persevered: from 1886 to 1892, he took over 1,500 photographs and recorded over 1,500 narratives. Hard times struck Custer County in the early 1890s. Crops failed in 1890; good crops in the following two years were offset by low prices. The harvest was small in 1893, and the spring and summer of 1894 were almost entirely devoid of rain. The county also partook of the nationwide depression that began with the Panic of 1893. <mask> was an early victim of this agricultural and economic collapse: in 1892, he lost his farm, and was forced to suspend his history project.The Populist Party and its predecessor, the Farmers' Alliance, were strong in Custer County in the 1890s, carrying elections for a decade beginning in 1889. <mask> attached himself to the movement and, in 1896, was elected Justice of the Peace and Clerk of the Election for West Union. Rising farm prices and a generally improving economy allowed him to secure a home and to get himself nearly out of debt, and in 1899 he was about to resume work on the history. In 1899, however, <mask>'s house burned down, destroying its entire contents, including the pioneer narratives and the photographic prints. Fortunately for the history project, the glass negatives were stored in a granary, and escaped the fire. The house had carried no insurance, however, and <mask> was once again left penniless. <mask> persevered, again setting himself to the task of compiling pioneer narratives.He secured the assistance of George B. Mair, the editor of the Callaway Chronicle, in editing these accounts and in preparing the manuscript. To cover the cost of engraving, typesetting, and publishing, he recruited Ephraim Swain Finch, an early settler of Custer County and now a wealthy rancher. Finch, whom <mask> knew through his Populist activities, agreed to underwrite these expenses; moreover, he placed an advertisement in the Custer County Chief, assuring readers that orders for <mask>'s forthcoming book would be filled. Orders for the book began flowing in. The first edition of 1000 copies sold out before its delivery date, in the summer of 1901; a second printing, of either 500 or 1000 copies, was issued before Christmas of that year. The book, titled Pioneer History of Custer County and Short Sketches of Early Days in Nebraska, included 200 engravings in its more than 400 pages. Later career

Encouraged by the success of Pioneer History, <mask> began planning similar photographic histories of Buffalo and Dawson counties, which border Custer County on the south.He moved to Kearney, the county seat of Buffalo County, in 1902; there, he opened a photography studio together with his son Lynn. He roamed more widely still, through Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming; carrying his equipment in a wagon, he made negatives on the site, then shipped these to Kearney, where Lynn and several women employees made the prints and mailed them back to the customers. <mask> pere et fils also ran a postcard business, making over 2

masks:
Solomon D
. Butcher
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 million cards for the local trade. In 1904, he published a second book, Sod Houses; or, The Development of the Great American Plains, at the urging of a lawyer who hoped to use <mask>'s photographs and accounts to sell land in Nebraska. In 1909, he visited Yellowstone National Park and produced a set of 100 stereographic postcards. <mask> abandoned the history of Buffalo and Dawson counties after spending more than a thousand dollars on the project. Discontented with his profession as photographer, which had failed to make him a fortune or even to put him on a sound financial footing, he turned his efforts elsewhere.In 1911, he turned the Kearney studio over to his son and began work as an agent for the Standard Land Company. He gave stereopticon lectures throughout Buffalo and Dawson counties promoting the company's irrigated lands in south Texas, and made plans to move there himself. Before he could move, however, he had to dispose of his thousands of  glass-plate negatives. He also had to get himself out of debt once again. In an attempt to accomplish both of these at once, he offered his collection of negatives to the Nebraska State Historical Society. To Addison Sheldon, head of the Society's Legislative Reference Bureau, he wrote, "Now is the time to buy me cheap, when I need the money so badly." In November 1911, he and Sheldon signed a contract for the sale of the negatives for $1000.<mask> was to receive $100 down; the rest would be paid after the Nebraska legislature passed a bill appropriating funds for the purchase. Unfortunately for <mask>, a feud was raging between Sheldon and Clarence S. Paine, secretary of the Historical Society. Sheldon was an ardent Populist; Paine, a follower of conservative Democrat J. Sterling Morton. Sheldon believed that Paine had used underhanded tactics to displace his predecessor as secretary; Paine believed that Sheldon was scheming to bring the Society under control of the University of Nebraska regents. At the legislature's next biennial session, in 1913, Sheldon had an appropriations bill introduced to pay for the Butcher purchase. The bill passed the House unanimously, but ran into stiff opposition in the Senate, probably at Paine's instigation.In the end, <mask> was forced to accept a compromise payment of only $600. <mask>'s Texas land deals came to nothing. In 1915, he moved to Broken Bow, back in Custer County. In December of that year, Lillie <mask>, who had suffered ill health for many years, died. For a short time in early 1916, <mask> worked for Sheldon, annotating his collection of negatives and adding narratives that had not been included in Pioneer History. In 1917, he married Mrs. Laura M. (Brachear) Nation. <mask> briefly worked as a travelling salesman for a grain and flour mill.However, he abandoned this for less practical schemes. He invented what he described as an "electromagnetic oil detector", applying the principles of dowsing to the discovery of oil. In 1921, he planned a photographic expedition to Central America to produce material for a series of travelogue lectures, and tried to interest Sheldon in it; Sheldon was skeptical, and the expedition was never launched. In about 1924, he began marketing a patent medicine, consisting chiefly of alcohol, dubbed "<mask>'s Wonder of the Age". In 1926, the <mask>s moved to Greeley, Colorado; <mask> died there on March 18, 1927. Works

<mask>'s work received little notice outside of Nebraska during his lifetime. Although there was a market for photos depicting the romance of the Wild West, the public preferred mountains and canyons to open prairie.Later in his life, popular taste inclined toward the modern and the sophisticated; images of rustics gathered around sod houses were out of fashion. His photographs had little to recommend them from an artistic standpoint. Biographer John Carter describes him as unconcerned with aesthetics, and with no more than adequate technical abilities. "Unquestionably he was not a prairie Stieglitz." Recognition of <mask>'s work came only later, when the history of the settlement of the Plains began to be written. His photographs became staples of textbooks and popular works dealing with the homestead era. According to Carter, "They are the images that we conjure up when we think of plains settlement."<mask> has been compared to painter George Catlin, who painted Native Americans in the 1830s, and to Nebraska writer and photographer Wright Morris, who depicted rural Nebraska in the 1930s and 1940s. Like them, <mask> recognized that an era in Plains history was passing, and tried to document it visually before it was gone. Even during his short career, the face of Nebraska changed; the sod houses of his earlier photographs are increasingly supplanted by frame buildings in his later ones. <mask> did not confine himself to recording events that took place when he was present. He was not above re-enacting historical events for a photo: for example, the 1878 lynching of two Custer County homesteaders at the behest of rancher Print Olive, or the cutting of another rancher's fences by homesteaders. The latter photograph has been uncritically accepted by many historians as documentation of the actual event, although a closer examination reveals that the wire-cutters are made out of wood. <mask> also did not hesitate to retouch photos.He photographed a hill in Cherry County that had been important to early settlers because of its cedar trees; since the trees had been cut long before he got there with his camera, he scratched trees on the bare hill on his negative. To illustrate Ephraim Swain Finch's account of how he had battled an 1876 infestation of grasshoppers, he posed Finch in his cornfield, then incised scores of dots and specks into the negative to depict the flying insects. When he sought to illustrate a large flock of ducks, but realized that the birds were flying too fast for his camera to record, he photographed the scene without the waterfowl and then scratched dozens of ducks into the negative. <mask> retouched for his own purposes as well. On one occasion, he damaged a spot on a negative, producing a hole in a photograph of a sod house. Rather than undertaking a round trip of  to re-shoot the scene, he concealed the damage by inking a crudely drawn turkey on the negative. Upon seeing the finished product, the homesteader expressed wonderment, declaring that he owned no white turkeys; but he was persuaded to put aside his doubts, since the camera was incapable of lying.<mask>'s determination to record a vanishing era led him to photograph every detail of life in the homestead era. According to the editor of a 1965 edition of Pioneer History, "There was nothing too inconsequential for him to direct his camera upon." The <mask> collection at the Nebraska State Historical Society consists of nearly 3,500 negatives; nearly 1,500 were taken in Custer County, and more than 1,000 show sod houses. The number and scope of <mask>'s photographs has made them a valuable resource to the historian of the period. Nebraska folklorist Roger Welsch conducted a detailed analysis of <mask>'s sod-house photos, including furnishings, farm equipment, animals, etc., for his 1968 Sod Walls, which initiated present-day investigations of sod-house construction and living. Studies based on the photographs continue: in the 21st century, digital image processing enabled researchers to see details inside doors and windows, which appeared as nothing more than dark oblongs in the original prints. Although <mask> never achieved financial success or artistic recognition, and died believing himself a failure, his work has endured.According to one writer, "No other photographer captured settlement in the Great Plains with such insight into the experience of homesteading." Notes

References

<mask>, S. D. (1901). Pioneer History of Custer County, and Short Sketches of Early Days in Nebraska. Broken Bow, Nebraska. <mask>, <mask>. (1904). Sod Houses, or the Development of the Great American Plains. Kearney, Nebraska and Chicago, Illinois: Western Plains Publishing Co.
Carter, John (1985).<mask><mask>: Photographing the American Dream. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. Chrisman, Harry E. (1965). Introduction to <mask><mask>, Pioneer History of Custer County, Nebraska, with which is combined Sod Houses of the Great American Plains. Denver: Sage Books. pp. v-viii.Diffendal, Annie Polk (1978). Retrieved 2012-06-10. Gaston, W. L. and A. R. Humphrey (1919). History of Custer County, Nebraska. Lincoln, Nebraska: Western Publishing and Engraving Company. Kampinen, Andrea L. (2008). "The sod houses of Custer County, Nebraska".Masters thesis, University of Georgia. Retrieved 2011-10-22. McAsh, Heather (1991). "Remnants of Power: Tracing Cultural Influences in the Photography of <mask><mask>". American Studies, vol. 32, no. 2 (Fall 1991), pp.29–39. Available online via JSTOR. Retrieved 2012-06-05. McKee, Jim (2010). "Jim McKee: Photographer <mask> 'saved' the sod house". Lincoln Journal Star. 2010-01-24.Retrieved 2012-06-15. Welsch, Roger L. (1968). Sod Walls: The Story of The Nebraska Sod House. Broken Bow, Nebraska: Purcells, Inc. External links
"Prairie Settlement 1862–1912". Includes links to a number of digitized <mask> photos, and an index of photographic subjects. At American Memory, Library of Congress.Selection of <mask> photos. At

Interview with the curator of Solomon D. Butcher Photograph Collection, 2015. C-SPAN

1856 births
1927 deaths
People from Broken Bow, Nebraska
People from LaSalle County, Illinois
People from Wetzel County, West Virginia
Photographers from Nebraska
Photographers from West Virginia
People from Kearney, Nebraska
People from Greeley,

masks:
Butcher
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<mask> (born May 10, 1930) is former United States Ambassador to Italy (2001–2005), and former Ambassador to Australia and Nauru (1989–1993). He has also served as Chairman of the Board of the Sembler Company, which develops and manages shopping centers, and co-founder of Straight, Inc., a controversial drug-treatment center. Sembler is the chairman of the Scooter Libby Legal Defense Trust, and was a co-chair of the Florida Finance Committee for Mitt Romney. Early life and education
Sembler was born in 1930 in St. Joseph, Missouri, and earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Northwestern University in 1952. He is of Jewish descent. Political fund raising career
Sembler has been a Republican fundraiser since 1979, raising a record $21.3 million at a single dinner in April 2000. During the 1988 Presidential campaign, Sembler served on the National Steering Committee and the National Finance Committee for the George H.W.Bush for President campaign. Additionally, he was finance co-chairman for the state of Florida for the George Bush for President campaign. He served on President Reagan's White House Conference for a Drug-Free America and was an advisor on drug policy to President Bush and to Florida's former governor Bob Martinez. He served as co-chairman of the Republican National Committee's Team 100 and finance co-chairman of the American Bicentennial Presidential Inaugural, and from 1993 to 1995 he was finance chairman of the Republican Party of Florida. Sembler served as finance chairman for the Republican National Committee from 1997 to 2000, as Florida's National Committeeman to the Republican National Committee from 1994–2000, as honorary chairman of the Republican Jewish Coalition, as chairman of the Drug Free America Foundation, served on the boards of the Florida Governor's Mansion Foundation, and the Florida Holocaust Museum. He is a resident member of the Florida Council of 100, a business advisory council to the governor of Florida. Sembler serves on the boards of the International Council of Shopping Centers, Freedom's Watch, the American Enterprise Institute, American-Australian Education Leadership Foundation, George Bush Presidential Library Foundation, American Momentum Bank and the Moffitt Cancer Center.Sembler was a supporter of the presidential candidacy of Mitt Romney and is one of the more prominent Jewish donors to the Republican party. On October 11, 2011, Republican presidential hopeful Mitt Romney announced that he had appointed Sembler to his Florida Finance Team. Sembler is a vocal opponent of medical marijuana. In 26 April 2016, he pledged to begin a fundraising drive to defeat the proposed constitutional amendment in Florida that would legalize medical marijuana. Orlando attorney and major democratic donor John Morgan challenged Sembler through Twitter to match his own $7 million contribution in support of the amendment, calling Sembler "<mask> Moocher." Financial career
Sembler has served on the Board of Directors of several banks, including the First Bank of Treasure Island, the National Bank, First Union Bank, and presently serves on the Board of Directors of American Momentum Bank. He founded the Sembler Company, a shopping center development and management firm, and served as the spokesman for the shopping career industry as the 1986-1987 President of the International Council of Shopping Centers, where he served for 25 years.The Sembler Company came to the attention of federal investigators in 2008 after a planned shopping center in Boynton Beach, Florida, that had previously been denied a zoning variance, was suddenly approved after a payment of $100,000 had been made to lobbyist Hugo Unruh. Unruh's name had previously "popped up" in a corruption investigation that led to the conviction of two Palm Beach county commissioners in 2006. Diplomatic career
In February 1989, President George H. W. Bush appointed Sembler United States Ambassador to Australia and Nauru, where he served for three and a half years. On August 23, 1989, cartoonist Garry Trudeau published a Doonesbury comic strip which seemed to imply that Sembler had purchased the ambassadorship. It has been pointed out that Sembler had no previous diplomatic experience and had donated $100,000 to the presidential campaign of George H. W. Bush shortly before his appointment. During his tenure as ambassador, however, his performance "won favorable reviews and quieted his critics". At the recommendation of the Governor-General of Australia and with the approval of Queen Elizabeth II, Sembler was named an Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia at an investiture ceremony in October 2000, recognising achievement or meritorious service to Australia or humanity at large.Sembler was appointed U.S. Ambassador to Italy by President George W. Bush, being sworn in on 16 November 2001. In February 2005 Sembler had an annex to the U.S. Embassy in Rome named after him (the <mask> Building), an honour never before bestowed on a sitting diplomat, and made possible due to an amendment by Congressman Bill Young to an appropriations bill. President George W. Bush appointed Sembler to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008. He received the America Award from the Italy-USA Foundation in 2014. Straight, Incorporated

In 1976, Sembler and his wife, Betty, founded Straight, Incorporated, an adolescent drug treatment program which has treated more than 12,000 young people who were labeled as addicts. The group now operates as the Drug Free America Foundation.In May 1983, Straight, Inc was convicted of false imprisonment after being sued by then 20-year-old Fred Collins Jr., who alleged he had been held captive by the program against his will. The program was ordered to pay $40,000 in compensatory and $180,000 in punitive damages. In 1990, a jury awarded Karen Norton $721,000 in damages due to mistreatment by Straight. In 1982, while a patient in Straight's Florida facility, Norton alleged that staff members assaulted her, and denied her health care. It has been suggested that licensing for Straight's Florida-based programs had been renewed under pressure from Sembler on state senators. Sembler's Drug Free America Foundation continues to campaign for hard-line drug policy. Former Governor Jeb Bush of Florida, the brother of President George W. Bush, former Drug Enforcement Administration Administrator Karen Tandy, and Congressman Dan Lungren of California are on the advisory board.Personal history
Sembler and his wife Betty () were married in 1953. They had three sons, Steve, Brent, and Greg plus eleven grandchildren. Betty died on February 16, 2022. References

External links
 United States Department of State profile
 Sembler Company bio of <mask>r

1930 births
Living people
People from St. Joseph, Missouri
20th-century American Jews
Ambassadors of the United States to Australia
Ambassadors of the United States to Italy
Florida Republicans
Northwestern University alumni
Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia
21st-century American Jews
20th-century American diplomats
21st-century American diplomats

masks:
Melvin Floyd Sembler
Mel the
Mel Sembler
Mel Semble


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<mask> (born November 21, 1989) is a Venezuelan professional baseball second baseman and outfielder for the Samsung Lions of the KBO League. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees, San Diego Padres and Philadelphia Phillies, and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp. He made his major league debut in 2014. Early life
<mask> was born in Valera, Trujillo, Venezuela. Professional career

Minor leagues
<mask> signed with the New York Yankees as an international free agent, receiving a $300,000 signing bonus. He made his professional debut with the Yankees in 2007 for the Dominican Summer League Yankees 1. He reached Triple-A for the first time in 2013 with the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League.After the season, he played for the Aguilas del Zulia of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League. <mask> began the 2014 season with the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders. He ended the International League season with a .305 batting average (5th in the league), 87 runs (leading the league), 11 triples (leading the league), 10 home runs, and 60 runs batted in (RBIs). He was named a midseason All-Star, a postseason All-Star, and an MiLB.com Organization All Star. New York Yankees
On September 16, 2014, the Yankees promoted <mask> to the major leagues. He made his major league debut on September 22, hitting a triple in his first at bat, and a single later in the game. In seven games with the Yankees in 2014, he batted .333 with two triples and three RBIs.On September 25, 2014, <mask>'s single in the Yankees' last home game of the season against the Baltimore Orioles set up Derek Jeter's walk-off hit in his final at-bat at Yankee Stadium. <mask> singled to leftfield and subsequently replaced by pinch-runner Antoan Richardson, who scored the winning run on Jeter's hit. <mask> suffered a concussion on March 22, 2015, in a spring training game against the New York Mets while playing center field. He ran into the outfield wall while chasing a fly ball. On April 2, he was placed on the 7-day disabled list to begin the season due to his concussion, and a week later he was transferred to the 15-day disabled list. On June 7, he hit his first major league home run against the Los Angeles Angels. He batted .256 with 1 RBI in 18 games before he was optioned to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre on June 10.San Diego Padres

On November 11, 2015, the Yankees traded <mask> to the San Diego Padres for minor league pitcher Ronald Herrera. He began the 2016 season with the El Paso Chihuahuas of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League, and was promoted to the Padres on April 22. <mask> played in 15 games with the Padres in 2016, making nine starts at second base and one in right field, before being optioned to El Paso when Yangervis Solarte was activated from the disabled list on May 21. <mask> was shut down in June with an Achilles tendon injury after playing in only 35 minor league games on the season. He had originally hurt the Achilles in the spring and it affected his performance all season. <mask> was non-tendered in the 2016 offseason, and became a free agent. He signed a minor league contract with the Padres on December 13, 2016.<mask> began the 2017 season with El Paso, where he batted .331/.387/.635 with 13 home runs in 181 at bats. The Padres promoted <mask> to the Major Leagues on June 6. <mask> was slotted into left field and impressed with his bat, securing the number three spot in the batting order by August and holding onto the left field position after Opening Day left fielder Travis Jankowski came off the disabled list. <mask> saw his season ended in mid-September with a sprained finger, but he led the Padres regulars in batting average, on-base percentage, and slugging percentage, and was the Padres nominee for the Hank Aaron Award. He finished 2017 with a .288/.347/.490 batting line with 10 home runs and 40 RBIs in 83 games, playing 72 games in the outfield, 7 games at second base, 5 games at first base, and 1 game at third base. <mask> began 2018 as a starter for the Padres, but he saw his playing time significantly shrink as the season progressed. He began the season as the regular left fielder, but took over second base from Carlos Asuaje in May as Franchy Cordero moved over to left.When Asuaje was recalled from El Paso on July 1 and moved back onto second base, <mask> had no regular position but continued to appear as a pinch hitter and utility player. In 2018 with San Diego he batted .249/.300/.345 with 5 home runs and 32 RBIs in 146 games. <mask> started the 2019 season in AAA but was recalled to the majors on April 19, 2019, before being placed on the injured list with an oblique strain five days later. For El Paso he batted .353/.401/.674 with 18 home runs in 221 at bats. He was designated for assignment on July 22. Philadelphia Phillies
On July 27, 2019, the Padres traded <mask> to the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for cash considerations. With the AAA Lehigh Valley IronPigs he batted .281/.331/.455 with 4 home runs and 14 RBIs in 121 at bats.With the Phillies he batted .235/.316/.471 with one home run and two RBIs in 17 at bats. In the major leagues through 2019, Pirela had played 127 games at second base, 105 games in left field, 14 games at first base, 14 games in right field, and one game at third base. Hiroshima Toyo Carp
On November 2, 2019, <mask> signed with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). On June 19, 2020, he made his NPB debut. On December 2, 2020, he become a free agent. Samsung Lions
On December 16, 2020, <mask> signed with the Samsung Lions of the KBO League for $600,000 in salary and signing bonus, with an additional $200k possible from incentives. <mask> led the team with 29 home runs and 97 RBIs in 140 games played.He re-signed with the club for the 2022 season for $800,000 in salary and signing bonus, with an additional $400k possible from incentives. Playing style
<mask> is a free-swinger in the batter's box, with a 6.4% walk rate in the major leagues. Despite this, he has kept his strikeout rate at 19.9%. In the field, <mask> has appeared in the majors at first base, second base, third base, and in both of the outfield corners. See also
 List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Águilas del Zulia players
Charleston RiverDogs players
Dominican Summer League Yankees players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
El Paso Chihuahuas players
Gulf Coast Yankees players
Hiroshima Toyo Carp players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball right fielders
New York Yankees players
Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders
People from Valera
Philadelphia Phillies players
Phoenix Desert Dogs players
San Diego Padres players
Samsung Lions players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players
Tampa Yankees players
Trenton Thunder players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Japan
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in South Korea

masks:
José Manuel Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela


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<mask> (<mask>, 14 November 1864 – 20 July 1950) was an English journalist, novelist, music lyricist, short story writer, music critic and collaborated on successful plays. He is best remembered as a satirist of the "Naughty Nineties". Biography
<mask> was born in Speldhurst in Kent, the eldest son of the Rev. <mask>, and his wife Abigail Elizabeth Smythe. He was educated at Clifton College, the Royal College of Music and early on had a desire to be a musician. Later in life he would become music critic on The World, taking the place of George Bernard Shaw. He studied at the London School of Journalism.Hichens was a great traveller. Egypt was one of his favourite destinations – he first went there in the early 1890s for his health. For most of his later life he lived outside England, in Switzerland and the Riviera. <mask> was a homosexual; he never married. Hichens first novel, The Coastguard's Secret (1886), was written when he was only seventeen. He first became well known among the reading public with The Green Carnation (1894), a satire of Hichens's friends Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas; since the work made clear Wilde was homosexual it was withdrawn from publication in 1895,  but not before helping set the stage for Wilde's public disgrace and downfall. <mask> was also friends with several other writers, including E. F. Benson and Reggie Turner, as well as the composer Maude Valérie White.Hichens's first big success was An Imaginative Man (1895); set in the city of Cairo, Egypt, a place which fascinated Hichens, it is a study of insanity, in which the hero has a number of sexual adventures and then smashes his head against the Great Sphinx. Other early fiction includes The Folly of Eustace (1896), a collection of stories including some supernatural; Flames (1897), a story resembling Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde; The Londoners (1898), a satire about decadent London; The Slave (1899), a fantasy about an amazing emerald; Tongues of Conscience (1900), a collection of five horror stories including "How Love Came to Professor Guildea" (this story is about a supernatural visitation and is thought by some to be Hichens's best fiction – it is frequently anthologised). "How Love Came to Professor Guildea" was not initially well-received, with Frederic Taber Cooper calling the story "a hideous bit of morbidity" and Edmund Wilson dismissing the story as "trash". Later reviews of the story were more positive; J. A. Cuddon called it "outstanding" and compared it with "The Horla" by Guy de Maupassant and "The Beckoning Fair One" by Oliver Onions. Brian Stableford described the story as an "authentic masterpiece of horror fiction", and Jason Colavito called it "possibly one of the greatest stories of its age". Hichens's Felix (1902), is an early fictional treatment of hypodermic morphine addiction, while The Garden of Allah (1904) sold well internationally, and was made into a film three times.Hichens published his memoirs in 1947, Yesterday. Selected bibliography
Novels
 The Coast Guard's Secret (1886)
 The Green Carnation (published anonymously, 1894; republished, 2009) – available at  Wikisource
 An Imaginative Man (1895)
 Flames (1897)
 The Londoners (1898)
 The Slave (1899)
 The Prophet of Berkeley Square (1901)
 Felix (1902)
 Black Spaniel, and Other Stories (1905)
 The Garden of Allah (1904), elaborately presented as a play in New York City and filmed thrice, in 1916, 1927 (with Alice Terry) and 1936 (one of the earliest three-strip Technicolor features, with Marlene Dietrich and Charles Boyer)
 The Woman with the Fan (1904)
 The Call of the Blood (1906)
 Barbary Sheep (1907)
 A Spirit in Prison (1908)
 Bella Donna (1909), in which Alla Nazimova starred on Broadway in 1912, filmed in 1915, in 1923 with Pola Negri and in 1934 with Mary Ellis and Conrad Veidt. The Fruitful Vine (1911)
 The Dweller on the Threshold (1911)
 The Way of Ambition (1913)
 In the Wilderness (1917)
 Snake-Bite (1919)
 Mrs. Marden (1919)
 Spirit of the Time (1921)
 December Love (1922)
 The Last Time (1924)
 After the Verdict (1924)
 The Bracelet (1930)
 The First Lady Brendon (1931)
 Mortimer Brice (1932)
 The Paradine Case (1933) – film version directed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1947
 The Power To Kill (1934)
 The Pyramid (1936)
 The Sixth of October (1936)
 Daniel Airlie (1937)
 Secret Information (1938)
 The Journey Up (1938)
 That Which Is Hidden (1939)
 The Million (1940)
 A New Way of Life (1942)
 Veils (1943)
 Harps in the Wind (1945)
 Beneath the Magic (1950)

Collections
The Folly of Eustace: And Other Stories (1896)
Bye-Ways (1897)
Tongues of Conscience (1898, 1900)
The Black Spaniel: And Other Stories (1905)
Snake-Bite: And Other Stories (1919)
The Return of the Soul and Other Stories (2001; ed. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Volume 153: Late-Victorian and Edwardian British Novelists. First Series. Detroit: Gale Research, 1995.Author and Book Info.com

External links

 <mask> <mask>, brief bibliography at Fantastic Fiction

Two plays by <mask> on Great War Theatre

1864 births
1950 deaths
People from Speldhurst
19th-century English novelists
20th-century English novelists
Alumni of the London School of Journalism
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
English autobiographers
English horror writers
English male novelists
British gay writers
LGBT writers from England
People educated at Clifton College
19th-century English male writers
20th-century English male writers
English male non-fiction writers
People from the Borough of Tunbridge Wells

masks:
Robert Hichens
Robert Smythe Hichens
Hichens
Frederick Harrison Hichens
Hichens
Hichens
Robert S
Hichens
Robert Hichens


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<mask> RSA, RGI (born 1947 in Braco, Perthshire, Scotland) is an artist who is primarily a painter but who has also made films throughout his career. He is an academician of the Royal Scottish Academy (elected Associate, 1996, Academician, 2005), was elected a Professional Member of the Society of Scottish Artists in 1971 and a member of the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts in 2013. <mask> studied at Edinburgh College of Art from 1964–1968, and was awarded an S.E.D postgraduate scholarship there from 1968–1969. He later studied education at Jordanhill College, Glasgow, from 1970–71. After periods between 1969 and 1973 when he taught in the secondary and further education sectors, <mask> moved into teaching posts in art schools. He was Head of Painting in both Crawford School of Art, Cork (1974–78) and Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, University of Dundee (1995–2001), where he also established and directed the Masters Course in Public Art and Design and the MFA Course from 1983–1995. He was a lecturer at Glasgow School of Art (1979–2003), and is Honorary Visiting Professor of Fine Art at the University of Abertay, Dundee, (2003–present).He has also served on the boards of a range of trusts and arts charities including Hospitalfield Arts, Perthshire Public Arts Trust, Dundee Public Art Programme, Workshop and Artist Studio Provision Scotland (WASPS) and the Glasgow League of Artists. The Work
Forbes’s art reflects the complex visual languages of modern life while referencing mythology and art history, and, as Dr Tom Normand wrote in "Portfolio: Treasures from the Diploma Collection of the Royal Scottish Academy", 2013, "his work has explored a philosophical discourse that speculates on the nature of reality." Dr Peter Hill noted in his essay in "<mask>: (mind)games", 2005 that <mask> is regarded as one of Scotland’s leading figurative painters, while Dr Carol Gow, writing in Cencrastus issue 36, 1990, noted that <mask> prefers the term "imagist" rather than "figurative." Dennis Adrian, Chicago historian, critic and collector, wrote in Riddles and Puzzles: Paintings by <mask>,

 "<mask> is a metaphysical painter out of the necessities of his own perceptions. His metaphysical qualities are those which can be found in much modern and older art; a sensibility which evidences an unshakeable conviction that the full perception and comprehension of our experience are not and cannot be achieved through logic alone and that there are other forms of knowledge to which we have access in art through images and symbols as well as the forms and colors which manifest them. In <mask>’s painting, this sort of awareness (logical thought plus perceptual awareness) is a disrupted state in which no one single structural system or vocabulary of images has primacy. Accordingly, <mask>’s imagery seems never to be presented through a consistent and uniform language of form and image, but usually presents several such systems simultaneously within a "single" composition.The result has been called collage-like." Professional activity
There have been solo, group and curated exhibitions of <mask>’s work in Scotland, England, Ireland, USA, Australia, Japan, France and the Netherlands. His paintings are held in a range of public collections in the UK, Ireland, the USA, Poland and Australia. He has received many prizes, including the Guthrie Medal from the Royal Scottish Academy, and awards from bodies such as the Leverhulme Trust, the Carnegie Trust, the Scottish Arts Council and the Hope-Scott Trust. His films have been shown in many exhibitions and have been part of the official selection for film festivals including Glasgow Short Film Festival, Abstracta Film Festival, Rome, Italy Lucerne International Film Festival, Switzerland and Skepto Film Festival, Cagliari, Italy. Throughout his career, <mask> has fulfilled a number of artist residencies in Scotland, The Netherlands and Australia, including the Leverhulme Senior Art Fellowship at the University of Strathclyde, 1973–74, Artist in Residence in Livingston New Town, 1978–80, the Scottish Arts Council Amsterdam Studio Award 1980, Artist in Residence at the University of Tasmania Art School, Hobart, Australia in 1995, and the Leverhulme Trust Artist in Residence at the Scottish Crop Research Institute (now the James Hutton Institute) 2006–08. <mask> has been curator of a number of exhibitions such as ‘Focus on Film’ at the Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh, Scotland in 2014 and the Celtic Connections Festival Visual Art Exhibition, Glasgow, Scotland in 1994 and 1995.He has also been founder and organiser of artists groups including the Glasgow League of Artists in 1971. Amsterdam Studio Award
1979 Scottish Arts Council Award for Film-making
1979 R.S.A. Guthrie Award, Royal Scottish Academy
1975 Prize for film, "Between Dreams" in BBC "Scope" Film Competition
1968 Prize in Scottish Young Contemporaries Exhibition
1967 1st prize in first Scottish Young Contemporaries Exhibition
1964–69 Numerous awards and prizes at Edinburgh College of Art

References

1947 births
Living people
Royal Scottish Academicians
Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art
20th-century Scottish painters
Scottish male painters
21st-century Scottish painters

masks:
Ronald Forbes
Forbes
Forbes
Ronald Forbes
Forbes
Forbes
Ronald Forbes
Ronald Forbes
Forbes
Forbes
Forbes
Forbes
Forbes