texts:
<mask> (, pen name of Dan Barbilian; 18 March 1895 –11 August 1961) was a Romanian mathematician and poet. His name is associated with the Mathematics Subject Classification number 51C05, which is a major posthumous recognition reserved only to pioneers of investigations in an area of mathematical inquiry. Early life
Born in Câmpulung-Muscel, Argeș County, he was the son of Constantin Barbilian and Smaranda, born Șoiculescu. He attended elementary school in Câmpulung, Dămienești, and Stâlpeni, and for secondary studies he went to the Ion Brătianu High School in Pitești, the Dinicu Golescu High School in Câmpulung, and finally the Gheorghe Lazăr High School and the Mihai Viteazul High School in Bucharest. During that time, he discovered that he had a talent for mathematics, and started publishing in Gazeta Matematică; it was also then that he discovered his passion for poetry. <mask> was known as "one of the greatest Romanian poets of the twentieth century and perhaps the greatest of all" according to Romanian literary critic Alexandru Ciorănescu. As a poet, he is known for his volume Joc secund ("Mirrored Play").He was a student at the University of Bucharest when World War I caused his studies to be interrupted by military service. He completed his degree in 1921. He then went to the University of Göttingen to study number theory with Edmund Landau for two years. Returning to Bucharest, he studied with Gheorghe Țițeica, completing in 1929 his thesis, Canonical representation of the addition of hyperelliptic functions. Achievements in mathematics

Apollonian metric
In 1934, Barbilian published his article describing metrization of a region K, the interior of a simple closed curve J. Let xy denote the Euclidean distance from x to y. Barbilian's function for the distance from a to b in K is

At the University of Missouri in 1938 Leonard Blumenthal wrote Distance Geometry. A Study of the Development of Abstract Metrics, where he used the term "Barbilian spaces" for metric spaces based on Barbilian's function to obtain their metric.And in 1954 the American Mathematical Monthly published an article by Paul J. Kelly on Barbilian's method of metrizing a region bounded by a curve. Barbilian claimed he did not have access to Kelly's publication, but he did read Blumenthal's review to it in Mathematical Reviews and he understood Kelly's construction. This motivated him to write in final form a series of four papers, which appeared after 1958, where the metric geometry of the spaces that today bears his name is investigated thoroughly. He answered in 1959 with an article which described "a very general procedure of metrization through which the positive functions of two points, on certain sets, can be refined to a distance." Besides Blumenthal and Kelly, articles on "Barbilian spaces" have appeared in the 1990s from Patricia Souza, while  Wladimir G. Boskoff, Marian G. Ciucă and Bogdan Suceavă wrote in the 2000s about "Barbilian's metrization procedure". Barbilian indicated in his paper Asupra unui principiu de metrizare that he preferred the term "Apollonian metric space", and articles from Alan F. Beardon, Frederick Gehring and Kari Hag, Peter A. Häströ, Zair Ibragimov and others use that term. According to Suceavă, "Barbilian’s metrization procedure is important for at least three reasons: (1) It yields a natural generalization of Poincaré and Beltrami-Klein’s hyperbolic geometries; (2) It has been studied in the context of the study of Apollonian metric; (3) Provides a large class of examples of Lagrange generalized metrics irreducible to Riemann, Finsler, or Lagrange metrics."Ring geometry
Barbilian made a contribution to the foundations of geometry with his articles in 1940 and 1941 in Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung on projective planes with coordinates from a ring. According to Boskoff and Suceavă, this work "inspired research in ring geometries, nowadays associated with his, Hjelmslev’s and Klingenberg’s names." A more critical stance was taken in 1995 by Ferdinand D. Velkamp:
A systematic study of projective planes over large classes of associative rings was initiated by D. Barbilian. His very general approach in [1940 and 41] remained rather unsatisfactory, however, his axioms were partly of a geometric nature, partly algebraic as pertaining to the ring of coordinates, and there were a number of difficulties which Barbilian could not overcome. Nevertheless, in 1989 John R. Faulkner wrote an article "Barbilian Planes" that clarified terminology and advanced the study. In his introduction he wrote:
A classical result from projective geometry is that a Desarguesian projective plane is coordinatized by an associative division ring. A Barbilian plane is a geometric structure which extends the notion of a projective plane and thereby allows a coordinate ring which is not necessarily a division ring.There are advantages ...

Works
 1956: Teoria aritmetică a idealelor (în inele necomutative), Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, Bucharest. 1960: Grupuri cu operatori: Teoremele de descompunere ale algebrei, Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, Bucharest. Academic career
In 1942, Barbilian was named professor at the University of Bucharest, with some help from fellow mathematician Grigore Moisil. As a mathematician, Barbilian authored 80 research papers and studies. His last paper, written in collaboration with Nicolae Radu, appeared posthumously, in 1962, and is the last in the cycle of four works where he investigates the Apollonian metric. Political creed
<mask> was mostly apolitical, with one exception: around 1940 he became a sympathizer of the fascist movement The Iron Guard (hoping to get a professorship if they came to power), dedicating some poems to one of its leaders, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. In 1940, he also wrote a poem praising Hitler.Death and legacy

<mask> died in Bucharest in 1961, and is buried at Bellu Cemetery. The Ion Barbu Theoretical High School in Pitești, the Ion Barbu Technological High School in Giurgiu, and the Dan Barbilian Theoretical High School in Câmpulung are all named after him. Presence in English language anthologies
 Born in Utopia - An anthology of Modern and Contemporary Romanian Poetry - Carmen Firan and Paul Doru Mugur (editors) with Edward Foster - Talisman House Publishers - 2006 -
 Testament – Anthology of Modern Romanian Verse / Testament - Antologie de Poezie Română Modernă – Bilingual Edition English & Romanian – <mask> (editor and translator) with Eva Foster and Daniel Reynaud – Minerva Publishing 2012 and 2015 (second edition) -
 Testament - Anthology of Romanian Verse - American Edition - monolingual English language edition - <mask> (editor and principal translator) with Eva Foster, Daniel Reynaud and Rochelle Bews - Australian-Romanian Academy for Culture - 2017 -

References

1895 births
1961 deaths
People from Câmpulung
Gheorghe Lazăr National College (Bucharest) alumni
University of Bucharest alumni
University of Bucharest faculty
Romanian avant-garde
Romanian male poets
20th-century Romanian inventors
Romanian textbook writers
20th-century Romanian mathematicians
20th-century Romanian poets
20th-century Romanian male writers
Pseudonymous mathematicians
Members of the Romanian Academy elected posthumously
Members of the Romanian Academy of Sciences
Burials at Bellu Cemetery
Geometers
20th-century pseudonymous writers

masks:
Ion Barbu
Barbu
Barbu
Ion Barbu
Daniel Ioniță
Daniel Ioniță


type: original

texts:
<mask> (<mask><mask>, S. G. <mask>; ), (25 January 1887, Odessa – 21 April 1938, Kommunarka, Butovo) was a Soviet trade representative in United States and Great Britain. He is best known as Chairman of Amtorg Trading Corporation in New York City (1927–1930) and Chairman of the All-Russian Co-operative Society (ARCOS) in London (1930–1931). He became a victim of Stalin's Great Purge and was executed on 21 April 1938. He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1956. Early years
<mask> (Shoil Gershkovich) <mask> was born 25 January 1887 in Odessa (Ukraine, Russian Empire), in a Jewish family. He graduated the Odessa gymnasium and began his higher education at the Kiev Institute of Commerce (now Kyiv National Economic University). From 1905 to 1907 he continued his education in Europe, where he studied the grain trade and earned a doctorate in economics from the University of Zurich.After his return to Ukraine, he participated in development of Jewish agricultural colonies in Kherson Gubernia and taught at Novopoltavka Jewish agricultural school. Political affiliation
As a student at Kiev Commercial Institute <mask> was involved in the social-democratic movement, popular among secular Jews in the Ukraine as a reaction to anti-Semitism in the Russian Empire. In 1913 became a member of the Jewish Social Democratic Labor Party of Ukraine; in 1918–1919 – socialist-federalist. In 1919 became a member of VKP(b), after the latter merged with the Jewish Communist Party (a split-off of the Jewish Social Democratic Labor Party). Professional career
In 1921 <mask> became a member of the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine. In 1921–1923 he acted as commissioner for foreign trade of Ukrainian SSR and representative of the People’s Commissariat of Trade and Industry of the RSFSR at the Council of People’s Commissars of Ukraine; he was also a member of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. After formation of the USSR in 1922, <mask> served on the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR (VSNKh).In 1924 he began work for the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry of the RSFSR and was appointed Director of the Russian Bank for Foreign Trade (Roskombank, later Vneshtorgbank USSR). In 1925–1926 he headed the Soviet grain exporting agency, Exportkhleb. (He was successor of the first President of the agency, Leonid Krasin.) In 1926 <mask> began his work for the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade of the USSR (under A. I. Mikoyan), and in March 1927 was appointed chairman of Amtorg Trading Corporation in New York. Prior to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the U.S. and the USSR in 1933, Amtorg, technically a private corporation, served as a de facto trade delegation and a quasi-embassy of the USSR. <mask> was the third chairman of Amtorg. He replaced A. V. Prigarin (1925–1926) and was replaced by P. A. Bogdanov (1930–1934).<mask> was the first president of Amtorg whose command of English enabled him to negotiate without the aid of interpreters (he was also fluent in German and French). His tenure (1927–1930) concurred with the introduction of the first five-year plan, and his role was to contract with major American companies to help build Soviet industrial infrastructure. On 9 October 1928 and 24 May 1929 Bron signed two contracts with International General Electric (I.G.E. ), which became a key element in carrying out the electrification plan of the Soviet Union (GOELRO). In Dearborn, Michigan, he negotiated the US$30m contract with the Ford Motor Company for assistance in building the first Soviet automobile plant (GAZ) near Nizhnii Novgorod (Gorky). This contract was signed on 31 May 1929 by Henry Ford and Peter E. Martin on behalf of the company, by Bron, representing Amtorg, and by V. I. Mezhlauk, representing VSNKh. An additional two-part US$40m contract for construction of the plant was signed with The Austin Company on 23 August and 30 October 1929.On 8 May 1929 Bron signed an historic contract with the firm of the leading American industrial architect from Detroit, Albert Kahn, to design the first Soviet tractor plant in Stalingrad (now Volgograd). On 9 January 1930 he signed the second contract with Kahn for his firm to become consulting architects for all industrial construction in the Soviet Union. Under these contracts, during 1929–1932, Kahn's firm, at its headquarters in Detroit and the especially created design bureau in Moscow, Gosproektstroi, trained over 4,000 Soviet architects and engineers and designed over 500 plants and factories, including Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant and Uralmash plant in Sverdlovsk. Among other American firms, commissioned by <mask> to provide technical aid to the USSR, were Hugh L. Cooper (construction of the Dneproges Dam), Arthur G. McKee (design and construction of Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant), Freyn Engineering (Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant), DuPont de Nemours, Radio Corporation of America, and more than a hundred other companies. In 1930 <mask> was transferred to London, where he was appointed chairman of ARCOS and head of the USSR Trade Delegation in Great Britain. During 1930–1931 he negotiated and signed several large contracts with British firms, including Imperial Chemical Industries, Armstrong-Vickers, Associated British Machine Tool Makers, and Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Company. On 20 September 1931, on Stalin's initiative, the Politburo recalled <mask> back to the USSR.He remained a member of the Collegium of the Commissariat of Foreign Trade and in 1933 was appointed Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce of the USSR. However, in 1935, he was demoted and given a job as a deputy to the head of the State publishing agency OGIZ, Mikhail P. Tomsky. Arrest and death
<mask> was arrested on 25 October 1937. He was falsely accused of being a member of an anti-Soviet terrorist organization; of preparing, together with Tomsky, a terrorist act against Stalin; and of being an agent of British intelligence. After five months in Lubyanka prison, on 21 April 1938 he was tried in a closed session by the troika (the three-member Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR). He was sentenced to death and was executed the same day. <mask> was buried in a mass grave at Kommunarka, Butovo, near Moscow, one of the sites of mass executions during Stalin's Great Terror in the 1930s–1950s.He was posthumously rehabilitated by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on 25 April 1956. Family
From 1931 to 1937, <mask> and his family resided in Moscow, at 2/20 Serafimovich Street, apt. No. 403, a newly built massive building across the river from the Kremlin, known as Dom pravitel'stva ("Government House"), the residence of the upper echelons of the Soviet hierarchy, described by Yuri Trifonov in his novel, House on the Embankment. After <mask>'s arrest, his wife, Klara <mask>, was arrested too, and the children, son Lev and daughter Miriam, were evicted from the apartment and banished from Moscow. Klara (Chaya) Azarievna <mask> (Kholodovskaia) was born in 1885 in Uman, Kievskaya Gubernia. She worked as a researcher at the Institute of World Economy and World Politics, Moscow.Arrested in 1937 as a "family member of a traitor of the Motherland"; sentenced on 16 May 1938 by Special Council of the NKVD of USSR to 8 years at Akmolinsk labor camp No.17 for wives of "traitors of the Motherland" (ALZHIR) in Kazakhstan. She did not survive her term and died on 25 January 1945. She was rehabilitated in 1956.

Notable works

References

Main Sources
Melnikova-Raich, Sonia. "The Soviet Problem with Two 'Unknowns': How an American Architect and a Soviet Negotiator Jump-Started the Industrialization of Russia. Part I: Albert Kahn". IA, Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology 36 (2): 57–80 (2010). . . "Part II: <mask>".IA, Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology 37 (1/2): 5–28 (2011). . (abstract)

Rasstrel'nye spiski: Moskva, 1937–1941: "Kommunarka", Butovo: kniga pamiati zhertv  politicheskikh repressii L. S. Eremina, A. B. Roginskii, eds. (2000). M: Memorial – Zven'ia (in Russian).  .

Khaustov V. N. (2011). Lubyanka: The Soviet elite on Stalin`s Golgotha: 1937-1938: Stalin`s archive: Documents and comments (in Russian). M.: Mezhdunarodnyi fond "Demokratiia".  . External links
"The Martyrolog of victims of political repression shot and buried in Moscow and Moscow oblast' during the period of 1918–1953", electronic data base, The Andrei Sakharov Museum and Public Center «Peace, Progress, Human Rights», Moscow.http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/martirolog/?t=page&id=3828 (in Russian)

Victims of Political Repressions. Museum "The House on the Embankment", Moscow. http://museumdom.narod.ru/repres.html (in Russian)

1887 births
1938 deaths
Businesspeople from Odessa
History of the Soviet Union
Great Purge victims from Ukraine
Members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union executed by the Soviet Union
Jews executed by the Soviet Union
Odessa Jews
Jewish socialists

masks:
Saul Grigorievich Bron
Saul G
. Bron
Bron
Saul Grigorievich
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Saul Bron


texts:
Papali'itele Max Amata Taogaga (born 28 April 1949) is a Samoan retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in the late-1980s under the ring name Siva Afi. Early life
Max Taogaga was born in Samoa on 28 April 1949. He attended Avele Agricultural College in Apia. As a young man, he relocated to New Zealand where he worked in a slaughterhouse. Professional wrestling career

Early career (1975–1978)
After deciding to become a professional wrestler, Taogaga went to Steve Rickard and Peter Maivia who trained him for two years. In his debut match in 1975, Taogaga defeated one of New Zealand's top light heavyweights, Del Adams.For the next four years Taogaga continued to work his way up through the ranks, wrestling the majority of foreign visitors to the country. Finally in 1978 he earned his big break, defeating Big John Da Silva in the final of an elimination tournament to decide the new, New Zealand Heavyweight Champion. Over the next few months, Taogaga successfully defended the title before heading to the U.S. at the end of 1978.

International appearances (1978–1986)
For the next seven years Taogaga split his time between the U.S., New Zealand, Australia and Japan. However, it was in Hawaii that Taogaga would be the most successful. It was here, in 1985, where he wrestled Ric Flair to a one-hour time limit draw for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in front of 12,000 people. World Wrestling Federation (1986–1988)
In January 1986, Taogaga signed with Vince McMahon's World Wrestling Federation (WWF), making his debut on January 23 at a house show in Anaheim, CA in a win over Tim Patterson. He would later make his debut on Prime Time Wrestling, where he was billed as "'Superfly' <mask>", and deemed to be the cousin of Jimmy Snuka.On the March 8th episode of The Body Shop, <mask> was introduced to viewers of WWF All Star Wrestling as Snuka's cousin. <mask> was undefeated initially, albeit against lower level competition such as Rene Goulet, Barry O, Ron Shaw, and Matt Bourne. On March 6, 1986 he gained his first significant victory when he pinned Bret Hart at a house show in Buffalo, NY. <mask>'s undefeated streak ended three days later when he lost to Hart's partner Jim Neidhart in Landover, MD, but he continued to be pushed. <mask> gained victories in April over Hercules Hernandez and Paul Roma. However fans were unaccepting of <mask> as the replacement for the departed Jimmy Snuka, and openly heckled him in matches. He began to slide down the card, losing that spring to Bret Hart, Don Muraco, and Jake Roberts.By the summer all momentum had ceased. Now billed as "Sivi Afi", he became a near enhancement talent and lost to the likes of Bret Hart, Randy Savage, Harley Race and Ted DiBiase. In the summer of 1986 he formed a short lived tag-team with King Tonga, but the duo was generally unsuccessful. Toagaga entered 1987 firmly established as an upper-level enhancement star, losing regularly to Hercules and others but continuing to gain victories against other opening-level talent such as Frenchy Martin and Terry Gibbs. He was used frequently as a substitute when other wrestlers could not make house shows, teaming with others such as Raymond Rougeau. In the summer of 1987 he entered a lengthy losing streak, falling to preliminary competition such as Steve Lombardi and Frenchy Martin. Following a loss to Ted Dibiase on December 9 at a Wrestling Challenge taping in Fort Myers, Toagaga went on a hiatus.In 1988, after teaming for a short time with Haku as one half of The Islanders, he also wrestled in six man tags with the original Islanders, Haku and Tama. He debuted a new gimmick, that of "High Chief <mask>", a Samoan chieftain. As part of his gimmick, Taogaga had gotten his legs and abdomen heavily tattooed (ala High Chief Peter Maivia). Unfortunately for Taogaga, it was all for naught; Tama would shortly thereafter depart from the WWF and Haku was repackaged as "King Haku" to replace the injured Harley Race, leaving Taogaga without a team or manager. His last match came on August 27, 1988 in Burlington, VT against SD Jones. Taogaga left the WWF and went on to work for Burt Reynolds as a stuntman and bodyguard. Late career (1988–1997)
Taogaga made his return to New Zealand in 1990 to appear for Steve Rickard's "The Main Event".Taogaga defeated all comers during the short-lived show, becoming the new Commonwealth Heavyweight Champion in the process. After the cancellation of "The Main Event", Taogaga resumed touring the world appearing in areas as far flung as Palestine, Israel, England and Africa. in 1991 Siva found Jeff Miller aka The Metal Maniac, realizing his gift of Gab and athletic ability Siva broke Metal Maniac into the business, training him in the basics and securing a spot to travel and work with Superfly Jimmy Snuka. In 1997, after over 23 years on the road, Taogaga retired from the business, wrestling his final match in South Africa. Personal life
Upon receiving a traditional pe'a Taogaga adopted the honorific Papali'itele. In October 1997, Taogaga was indicted by the Cuyahoga County, Ohio Grand Jury for acting as the "getaway driver" for a robbery, burglary and kidnapping carried out in January 1996. He was subsequently convicted of one count of aggravated burglary, two counts of aggravated robbery, and seven counts of kidnapping, and sentenced to 15 to 40 years' incarceration.Following a series of appeals against his original sentence, Taogaga was released from the North Central Correctional Institution in 2007 and deported back to Samoa. In 2008, Taogaga published his autobiography, "Dance with Fire". Bibliography
 "Dance with Fire" (2008)

Championships and accomplishments
50th State Big Time Wrestling
NWA Hawaii Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Pacific International Championship (1 time, final)
NWA Polynesian Pacific Heavyweight Championship (1 time, first)
All Star Pro Wrestling
NWA British Empire/Commonwealth Championship (1 time)
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA North American Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA New Zealand
NWA New Zealand Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him # 384 of the 400 best singles wrestlers of the PWI's WWE Top 400 in 2003
United States Wrestling League
USWL Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with King Kaluha

References

External links

1949 births
Converts to Christianity
Living people
Professional wrestling jobbers
Samoan evangelicals
Samoan professional wrestlers
Samoan emigrants to New Zealand
Samoan emigrants to the United States
Sportspeople from Apia
Stampede Wrestling alumni
The Heenan Family members

masks: Afi Afi Afi Afi Afi Afi Afi


texts:
<mask> (born <mask> 30 September 1902 - 17 January 1994) was a German Communist party activist. She spent most of the twelve Nazi years in state detention, arrested in 1934 after her "political work" became illegal. Following the war she worked on the Committee of Ravensbrück Concentration Camp survivors ("Komitee der Ravensbrücker"), later serving for many years as the General Secretary of the International Ravensbrück Concentration Camp Committee. She worked with the powerful Party Central Committee of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) though she was never herself a member of it. She was, however, a member of the East German national parliament ("Volkskammer") between 1958 and 1986. Life
<mask> was born into a working-class family in Breslau. Together with her eight siblings she grew up as an orphan with an aunt in Dresden.She would later describe the aunt as "good and full of love" ("Gut und voller Liebe"). After completing her schooling she went on to undertake a training between 1918 and 1920 in commerce, before taking an office job. She joined the Young Communists in 1922: shortly after this she was arrested for the first time. The period was one of enduring economic, social and political crisis and for several weeks starting in November 1923 the party in Germany had been banned: her arrest resulted from her having spent an evening doing some party related typing for a comrade. In 1925 she joined the Communist Party itself, and took a job working for the Party Central Committee which she would retain till 1934. It was in this connection that in 1927 she was a member of a party delegation to the Soviet Union. Another delegate was Karl Thoma whom she married, moving to live with him in Berlin in 1928.Régime change arrived in January 1933 and the new government lost little time in imposing one-party dictatorship, one effect of which was to make political activity (except in support of the Nazi party) illegal. <mask>'s husband was one of a large number of left-wing activists arrested in the aftermath of the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933. She herself was arrested later in 1933 for "illegal party-political activity", and in 1934 sentenced to six years in prison for "preparing high treason" ("Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat"). She would never see her husband again: he was released after a few years and died at the start of 1939, fighting in the Spanish Civil War. She spent her own six-year sentence at a Correctional Institution in Jauer. By 1941 the country was at war, and <mask> Thomas was transferred directly from the correctional institution to Ravensbrück concentration camp where fellow inmates recruited her to work in the infirmary. It was probably in 1942 that she was transferred to Auschwitz, where she again undertook nursing work.In 1943, on the recommendation of a Camp supervisor, and backed by the personal authorisation of the SS chief, Heinrich Himmler, she was one of five internees released from the concentration camp. The release was conditional, however, on working as a domestic servant at the home of the concentration camp doctor, the Baron von Bodmann. She worked as a servant at the home of von Bodmann till May 1945 when war ended, her employer killed himself, and <mask> Thoma returned home to Berlin. The part of Germany surrounding Berlin now found itself administered as the Soviet occupation zone. Between 1945 and 1956 she worked for the Party Executive ("Partei Vorstand") which in due course became the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED). The SED itself was founded in April 1946 as a more broadly based replacement, at least within the Soviet occupation zone, for the Communist Party. She was employed in the Central Committee's "Resistance Department".The resistance in question was the resistance between 1933 and 1945 to the Nazi regime:  her work focused on locating concentration camp survivors and persuading them to write down their experiences. The objective was to preserve the memory of Nazi war crimes against comrades so as to inform future generations. It was in the course of her work for the Central Committee that <mask> Thoma came across <mask> whom she had last seen in September 1934 when the two of them were among those arrested for participating in an illegal political meeting. The two were married in 1947, united in their a commitment to building up what was relaunched, in October 1949, as the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). <mask> <mask> resigned from her Central Committee work in 1956 in order to devote herself to her voluntary work, which continued to be focused on Concentration Camp survivors both within East Germany and internationally. Although her work for the Central Committee was not combined with any political office, in 1947 <mask> <mask> became the first spokesperson for the "Ravensbrück Camp Community" ("Lagergemeinschaft Ravensbrück"). The next year she became a member of the secretariat of the Berlin branch of the Democratic Women's League ("Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands" / DFD).She was also, briefly, a member of the supervisory board of the Berlin Consumer Co-operative. During the Nazi years the Ravensbrück concentration camp had contained more female inmates than any of the other concentration camps in Germany, and the political establishment in the new East German state, always keen to highlight the contrast between the brutality of the Nazi dictatorship with their own political approach, during the 1950s developed the concentration camp site into a memorial and exhibition of the horrors it had witnessed. In 1955 <mask> <mask> became vice-president of the International Ravensbrück Concentration Camp Committee, a role which she filled actively till 1993, voted in as general secretary of the Concentration Camp Committee in 1963, while also remaining energetic in her commitment to the DFD. In 1958  <mask> <mask> was elected to the East German national parliament ("Volkskammer"). Under the single list voting system in operation, the  ruling party's list of candidates was endorsed, as usual, by more than 99% of those voting. Nevertheless, the system imposed one-party rule not by banning alternative political parties but by controlling them. Seats in the legislature were allocated after general elections according to a predetermined quota to candidates acceptable to the ruling party.In order to broaden further the legitimacy of the legislature, smaller quotas of seats in it were also allocated to certain approved Mass organisations. <mask> <mask> herself entered the Volkskammer not as a member of the ruling SED party. nor of any other Bloc party, but as one of 29 members representing the DFD. The last election at which she was returned to the Volkskammer took place in 1981. The number of members had grown from 466 to 500, and the number of seats allocated to the DFD was now 35:  <mask> occupied one of them. Until her husband's death in 1962 she was one of a husband and wife team in the chamber, since <mask> was also a Volkskammer member. Awards and honours

 1955 Patriotic Order of Merit in bronze
 1959 Clara Zetkin Medal
 1962 Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
 1967 Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
 1972 Patriotic Order of Merit gold clasp
 1977 Order of Karl Marx
 1982 Star of People's Friendship in silver
 1987 Star of People's Friendship in gold

Notes

References

1902 births
1994 deaths
Politicians from Wrocław
People from the Province of Silesia
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Volkskammer
Communists in the German Resistance
Ravensbrück concentration camp survivors
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime members
Recipients of the Order of Karl Marx
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp)

masks:
Emmi Handke
Emmi Christoph
Emmi Christoph
Emmi
Emmi
Emmi
Emmi
Georg Handke
Emmi
Handke
Emmi
Handke
Emmi
Handke
Emmi
Handke
Emmi
Handke
Emmy Handke
Georg Handke


texts:
Pierre-<mask> (7 May 1694 – 10 September 1774) was a collector of and dealer in old master prints, a renowned connoisseur, especially of prints and drawings, and a chronicler of the careers of French Italian and Flemish artists. He was born and died in Paris, and was a central figure in the artistic culture of the city for decades. Early life and training
Mariette was born to a long-established and highly successful family of engravers, book publishers and printsellers in Paris. His father was <mask> (1660–1742). In 1657 his father's father,  <mask> (ii) (1634–1716), had bought the family business from his ailing father, <mask> (i) (1596–1657), for 30,000 livres. Family connections put him in contact as a young man with antiquarians such as the comte de Caylus, for whom Mariette would write his Lettre sur Leonardo da Vinci, printed as a preface to Caylus's book on Leonardo's caricatures, 1730. In 1722 he first met the immensely rich patron of the arts Pierre Crozat, whom he advised, whose collection he catalogued and from whose sale he purchased outstanding drawings.After he attended the Jesuit college in Paris, his father sent him on tour in 1717, to sharpen his connoisseurship and further family connections. First he went to Amsterdam, which was the center of the art trade, and then to Germany. In Vienna Mariette catalogued the art collection of Prince Eugene of Savoy. Everywhere the affable, curious and sociable Mariette made acquaintances and formed contacts with the scholarly and artistic community in Europe, which he maintained through correspondence. Later career
Through his artistic connections, Mariette was named a member of the prestigious Accademia delle Arti del Disegno, Florence, in 1733. His knowledge of prints and his close friendship with Caylus and the artist Charles-Antoine Coypel secured him a position reorganizing the old master print collection of the Bibliothèque Royale. In 1741 Mariette was asked to write the sale catalogue of Crozat's collection of paintings and antiquities, the first example of the modern descriptive sale catalogue.He purchased some of Crozat's drawings at the sale himself; a provenance from Mariette's collection, with its discrete collector's stamp, adds allure even to great Old Master drawings: a head by Andrea del Sarto, from the collections of Giorgio Vasari, Crozat and Mariette fetched £6,504,000 (ca $11,740,072) at auction in 2005

Mariette engraved and printed several plates, an aspect of the family business. His engravings illustrated the Cours d'architecture qui comprend les ordres de Vignole ä ceux de Michel-Ange of Augustin-Charles d'Aviler (Paris, 1760), Before the death of his father in 1742, Mariette had already been running the family publishing and print-making business, an aspect of his career often overlooked by art historians. The firm had published Pierre Fauchard's Le chirurgien dentiste, ou traité des dents 1728, the first modern work on dentistry and a milestone of medical history,

By 1750 he sold the family business that he had inherited in 1744, in order to purchase the office of Contrôleur Général de la Grande Chancellerie, a sinecure that allowed him to devote the rest of his life to his researches and to increasing his celebrated collection. He concentrated on prints and drawings, but also included paintings, bronzes and terracottas. Among his great drawings was a Michelangelo study of a nude for the Sistine Chapel. He shared Crozat's taste for the drawings of Rubens: at Crozat's sale he purchased sixty-two of the finest for his own collection. When his collections were dispersed at auction after his death,<ref>The sale catalogue is Frits Lugt, Répertoire des catalogues de ventes publiques 1600-1900, 1852.</ref> 1266 drawings were acquired by the Crown; they now form part of the collection at the Bibliothèque nationale.The albums of more than 3500 prints mounted on fine paper, which  had been begun by his father, <mask>, passed into the collection of the Earls Spencer. These "Spencer Albums" of Mariette's prints are one of the most important acquisitions made by the Harvard University Art Museums in recent years. The albums include etchings and engravings in a near-perfect state of preservation by Italian, Dutch, and Flemish printmakers, including Jacques Callot, Jusepe de Ribera, and Adriaen van Ostade. Mariette also collected contemporary French paintings, Although he was immune to the forceful realism of Chardin, the more sentimental charm of Greuze found a place on his walls: Greuze's Young Peasant Boy, shown at the Salon of 1763 had already been purchased by Mariette, together with its pendant, before it was exhibited. Mariette's further published works were not many. In 1750 he published a Traité historique des pierres gravées du Cabinet du Roi, on the hardstone carvings in the royal collection. His reputation as a connoisseur, who laid down the principles by which the hands of Italian master drawings could be ascertained, led to him being made an associate, then an honorary (1757) member of the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture.In 1764-65 he got into a public dispute in the pages of the Gazette littéraire de l'Europe with Giovanni Battista Piranesi, whom Mariette admired greatly as an artist, over Piranesi's polemical stand that the magnificence of Roman art derived from its Etruscan roots, rather than from its Greek borrowings

Mariette's circle of friends was large, included Andre-Charles Boulle and was broad enough to define the state of art connoisseurship in France during his time, beginning with the circle he met at the houses of the prodigious collection Pierre-Antoine Crozat, where besides artists like Antoine Watteau and the classicizing sculptor Edmé Bouchardon, Mariette met the abbé de Maroulle and the comte de Caylus, who helped sharpen his eye. Mariette married Angélique-Catherine Doyen in 1724. He acquired a country house at Croissy, which he named "Le Colifichet" was ennobled during the reign of Louis XV, and honored with the Order of the Saint-Esprit. Mariette's dictionary of artists
His major ambition was to write a history of engraving and a dictionary of artists. In preparation, he compiled numerous annotations to the Abecedario pittorico (1719 edition) of Pellegrino Antonio Orlandi. His father's notes on artists, accumulated in the course of the art trade, and his own wide experience and correspondence among the cognoscenti, were the basis of these projects, none of which, however, ever came to fruition. Caylus used Mariette's notes on Vasari's Lives for his manuscript Vies d’artistes du XVIIIe siècle.Fortunately a corpus of Mariette's assembled materials— pamphlets, manuscripts, salon and exhibition catalogues, including the salon criticism of Diderot—came into the hands of Charles-Nicolas Cochin, an artist and guiding spirit of Neoclassicism, and, greatly augmented, was deposited in 1880 at the Bibliothèque Nationale

Not until 1851 were Mariette's notes and anecdotes entered in the Abecedario compiled by Philippe de Chennevières and Anatole de Montaiglon, in the six volumes of Abecedario de P.J. Mariette et autres notes inédites de cet amateur sur les arts et les artistes  (Paris, 1851–60). Louvre exhibition
An exhibition at the Musée du Louvre in 1967 drew together materials to honour his memory, occasioning a rich catalogue and a vita by the editor of The Burlington Magazine; it provoked a resurgence of scholarly interest in the history of taste and the role of other Parisian taste-makers, such as the marchands-merciers, like Edme-François Gersaint. Notes

References
"Mariette, Pierre-Jean" (archive copy of 4 February 2012), Dictionary of Art HistoriansMarjorie B. Cohn, 1992. A Noble Collection: The Spencer Albums of Old Master Prints (Harvard University)
Jules Dumesnil. Histoire des plus célèbres amateurs français et de leurs relations avec les artistes, vol. I "Pierre-Jean Mariette 1694-1774", (Paris: Renouard) 1856.Kobi, Valérie, Dans l'oeil du connaisseur. Pierre-<mask> (1694-1774) et la construction des savoirs en histoires de l'art, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2017. Montaiglon, Anatole de, ed., Abecedario de P. J. Mariette et autres notes inédites de cet amateur sur les arts et les artistes, vol. 5 Paris (1859)
Exhibition catalogue  Musée du Louvre. Le Cabinet d'un Grand Amateur: P.-J<mask> 1694-1774, (Paris: Musée du Louvre) 1967. Occhipinti, C. Piranesi, <mask>, Algarotti.Percorsi settecenteschi nella cultura figurativa europea. Roma, UniversItalia, 2013. Association Mariette : http://www.associationmariette.com
 Kristel Smentek, <mask> and the Science of the Connoisseur in Eighteenth-Century Europe, Farnham, Surrey and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2014. Walsh, Amy L. (1996). "Mariette family", vol. 20, pp. 415–418, in The Dictionary of Art'', 34 volumes, edited by Jane Turner.New York: Grove. . External links

French art historians
French art collectors
Artists from Paris
1694 births
1774 deaths
French male non-fiction writers

masks:
Jean Mariette
Jean Mariette
Pierre Mariette
Pierre Mariette
Jean Mariette
Jean Mariette
. Mariette
Mariette
Mariette


texts:
<mask><mask> (May 22, 1914 – August 15, 1998) was an American labor activist for the Congress of Industrial Organizations's Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC) and later United Steel Workers of America (USWA), who in 1946 left labor for management and became an "outspoken" business executive in the steel industry. Background

<mask><mask> was born on May 22, 1914, in St. Paul, Minnesota. He had a younger brother, Stanley. He spent his childhood in Greene County, Pennsylvania, where his father owned grocery stores. In 1935, he received a bachelor's degree in Sociology and Economics from the University of Pittsburgh. Career

Steel union years

While a student,  he served as investigator on the U.S. Senate's Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, AKA the "Nye Committee" (where Alger Hiss served as counsel). The Nye Committee assigned him to work at Federal Laboratories in Pittsburgh; this organization provided munitions to steel companies and to both warring factions in Cuba.He also helped Caroll Dougherty, Economics professor, research material for Brookings Institution publications, through which he became interested in the Amalgamated Iron and Steel Workers Union (AKA Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers or "AA"). He then worked for the Pennsylvania Security League and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), which formed in 1936. <mask> became regional research director of the Pittsburgh for the Steel Workers Organization Committee (SWOC), itself created by the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). He and brother Stanley collaborated on articles. In 1942, the brothers also worked with Hetzel, Lee Pressman, and Vincent Sweeney in writing the initial legal brief to the National War Labor Board (NWLB) for the Little Steel strike. In 1938 and again from 1942 to 1944 during World War II, he served as assistant director for steel in the War Production Board, which included the "Steel for Victory" drive in Pittsburgh (Summer 1943). By 1946, he had added chair of the CIO's wage research committee to USWA research director.The committee challenged U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics figures on fallen labor productivity 1939–1944, used by industry to justify refusals to grant adequate wage increases. Split

In his obituary, the  New York Times summarized a 1971 letter he had written that explained his decision to leave the labor movement and move to industry: He said that the leadership of the steelworkers' union had let him and two others resign from the union rather than have the union agree to pursue a policy that the three "had advocated of assuming responsibility along with management for increasing productivity as employment benefits increased so that the union could restrain steel price increases." He recalled that both the union and the management sides had refused to do that in 1945 and 1946. He left the union when the USWA failed to implement his policy recommendations on wages. Steel industry years

In 1946, Cyrus Eaton hired <mask> for the Portsmouth Steel Company as vice president in charge of labor relations because he wanted to "make a lot of money.". In 1949, he left Portsmouth to head Stardrill-Keystone Drilling Machine Company, Humanation Associates, and United Steel and Wire Company. His specialty was to rescue companies in financial difficulty.In 1948, <mask> set off an investigation into former CIO and SWOC colleague Lee Pressman. On May 19, 1948, Securities and Exchange Commission official Anthon H. Lund accused Pressman of interfering in a lawsuit filed against the Kaiser-Frazer car manufacturing company in a Federal District Court in New York City. He specified that between February 3 and 9, 1948, <mask>]], then vice president of Portsmouth Steel Corporation, had contacted Pressman for advice on "how to go about filing a stockholder's suite against Kaiser-Frazer." Later in May, during testimony before an SEC board of inquiry, Pressman declared he had "absolutely nothing to do with" the suit. "I have not been requested by anyone to suggest the name of a lawyer who would file a lawsuit against the Kaiser-Frazer Corporation." He stated, "I demand that I be given the opportunity to examine Mr. Lund under oath on the stand to determine who gave him that inaccurate information." The trial's examiner Milton P. Kroll informed Pressman, "You have been given the opportunity to state your position on the record.Your request is denied." In 1958, <mask> said in speech that steelworkers needed "steady jobs with 52 regular pay checks a year" over higher hourly wages. He also criticized David J. McDonald, USWA president, for "sidetracking the dynamic concept of the annual wage" and for resisting ties between wage increases and heightened industrial efficiency. He also criticized steel executives for lack of leadership. In 1968, in the aftermath of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, he served as chairman of Rehovoth Instruments Company in Israel through 1978. In 1973, he became chairman and chief executive the AVM Corporation, where he remained until his death in 1998 (by which time AVM Corporation had become known as the American Locker Group, Inc., manufacturer and distributor of coin-operated metal lockers and plastic security mail boxes). Personal and death

About 1936, <mask> married Katherine Monori (1914–2002).They had four children. In 1968, the <mask>s lived part-time in Israel through 1993. He died age 84 at home on August 15, 1998, in Pittsburgh of heart failure. Legacy

In 1958, the New York Herald Tribune called <mask> "the brilliant research director and economic wizard for the United Steel Workers and the righthand man of Philip Murray," USWA and CIO president. The New York Times eulogized him, stating "In his years in the labor world and in management, Mr. <mask> was a perennial advocate of improving ties between the two sides." Lynn R. Williams cited The Dynamics of Industrial Democracy (1942) by <mask> and Clinton S. Golden as a major inspiration to his own work and career. Works

 The Strategy of Industrial Peace (1939)
 "War and the Steel Ghost Towns," Harper's with Stanley H<mask> (January 1940)
 The Dynamics of Industrial Democracy with Clinton S. Golden (1942)
 Self-Developing America (1960)
 My Life in Steel: From CIO to CEO (2001)

See also

 Stanley H. Ruttenberg
 Congress of Industrial Organizations
 Steel Workers Organizing Committee
 United Steel Workers of America
 Nye Committee
 Little Steel strike
 Lee Pressman

References

External sources

 Rauh Jewish Archives: Photo of <mask><mask> (undated)
 Penn State University:  <mask>. <mask> papers, 1933-1967
 Archives.org: 1960 letter from Allen W. Douglas to Ruttenberg
 EDGAR Online: American Locker Group Inc: ALGI (OTC)

1914 births
1998 deaths
University of Pittsburgh alumni
People from Saint Paul, Minnesota
American male non-fiction writers
American civil servants
Activists from Minnesota
Economists from Minnesota
20th-century American economists
20th-century American male writers

masks:
Harold J
. Ruttenberg
Harold J
. Ruttenberg
Ruttenberg
Ruttenberg
Ruttenberg
Ruttenberg
Ruttenberg
Ruttenberg
Ruttenberg
Ruttenberg
Ruttenberg
Ruttenberg
. Ruttenberg
Harold J
. Ruttenberg
Harold J
Ruttenberg


texts:
<mask> (10 March 1827 – 9 February 1912), better known by his religious name <mask>, was a famous French preacher and theologian. He was a Roman Catholic priest who had been a Sulpician and a Dominican novice before becoming a Discalced Carmelite and provincial of his order, but left the Roman Catholic Church, in 1869, after major excommunication was pronounced against him. He was known especially for his eloquent sermons at Notre Dame de Paris and sought to reconcile Catholicism with modern ideas. Biography
<mask> was born in Orléans, France, on 10 March 1827. He was baptised Charles Jean Marie; named after the poet <mask>, his uncle. He was educated in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, by private professors where his father was rector of the University. His mother was of the noble Burnier-Fontonel family of the Chateau de Reiquier, Savoy.One brother, Jules Theodore <mask>, became a priest and professor at the Collège de Sorbonne in Paris, and one sister became a nun. In 1845, entered the seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Paris and was ordained four years later. He successively taught philosophy at the seminary in Avignon, and theology at the seminary in Nantes and officiated in his ecclesiastical capacity at Saint-Sulpice. He eventually resigned his post to assume the vows of a friar of the Order of the Carmelites, taking the religious name of Hyacinthe. He then spent two years in the Carmelite convent in Lyon, and attracted much attention by his preaching at the Lycée in Lyons. As a preacher in Lyon and Bordeaux, Loyson acquired his reputation as the most effective pulpit orator of his day; and his success soon afterwards induced him to seek the more critical audiences of Paris, where Loyson further established his fame at the Église de la Madeleine and Notre Dame de Paris. Mullinger wrote that Loyson's "resonant voice and impassioned rhetoric possess, especially for his own countrymen, a powerful charm."His eloquence drew all Paris to his Advent sermons in Notre Dame de Paris between 1865 and 1869, but his orthodoxy fell under suspicion. In 1868, he was summoned to Rome and was ordered to stop preaching on any controversial subject, and to confine himself exclusively to those subjects upon which all Roman Catholics were united in belief. In June 1869, <mask> delivered an address before the Ligue internationale de la paix, which was founded by Frédéric Passy, in which he spoke of the Jewish religion, the Catholic religion, and the Protestant religion, as being the three great religions of civilized peoples; this expression elicited severe censures from the Catholic press. In 1869, he protested against the manner in which the First Vatican Council was convened. He was ordered to retract, but he refused and broke with his order in an open letter of 20 September 1869, addressed to the General of the Discalced Carmelites, but evidently intended for the governing powers of the Church. In it he protested against the "sacrilegious perversion of the Gospel", and went on to say: "It is my profound conviction that if France in particular and the Latin races in general, are given up to social, moral, and religious anarchy, the principal cause is not Catholicism itself, but the manner in which Catholicism has for a long time been understood and practised." His manifesto against the alleged abuses in the Church created intense excitement, not only in France, but throughout the civilized world, and the young monk was hailed as a powerful ally by all the open opponents of the Papacy.He was excommunicated and resumed his name as <mask>. Soon after, he left France for America, landing in New York City on 18 October 1869. He was warmly welcomed by the leading members of the various Protestant sects in the United States, and though he fraternized with them to a certain extent, he constantly declared that he had no intention of quitting the Catholic Faith. In 1870 he associated himself with Ignaz von Döllinger's protest against the dogma of Papal infallibility. On 3 September 1872, he was married in London at the Marylebone Registry Office, to Emilie Jane Butterfield Meriman, daughter of Amory Butterfield and widow of Edwin Ruthven Meriman of the United States; the Dean of Westminster, Arthur Stanley, and Lady Augusta Stanley, his wife, were present. He claimed that in 1872, before he was publicly married in England, he had his marriage privately blessed in Rome by Archbishop Luigi Puecher Passavalli. A law was enacted that restricted episcopal and parochial jurisdiction in the canton unless sanctioned by the government; and that, for the future, all parish priests should be elected by the Catholic inhabitants, and be removed, if shown sufficient cause, by the State.The canton was divided into twenty-three parishes, three of which were in Geneva; and in the following March, Loyson was invited by the Old Catholics to lecture in Geneva. In a series of discourses he boldly advocated a complete system of Church reform, to be carried out in conjunction with the Old Catholic party. He urged that every nation establish a national Christian Church and the different established Churches become an international confederation. His views and talents were regarded favorably. <mask> was elected, by liberal Catholics, in the following October, in 1873, along with Hurtault and Chavard, to the three vacant parishes in Geneva. It was impossible for the bishop to retaliate under Swiss law. In 1874, he introduced reforms in worship and soon had to resign.Identified as one of the Old Catholics, Loyson continued to write and preach and ultimately settled in Paris in 1877 and established as a separate church the Église gallicane, which drew upon the long French tradition of Gallicanism. He died in February 1912, in Paris, in the apartment of his playwright son, <mask> <mask>, and was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery. References

Notes

Footnotes

Further reading

External links

1827 births
1912 deaths
19th-century Roman Catholic priests
20th-century Christian clergy
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French Roman Catholic priests
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
People from Orléans

masks:
Charles Jean Marie Loyson
Père Hyacinthe
Loyson
Charles Loyson
Loyson
Loyson
Charles Loyson
Loyson
Paul Hyacinthe
Loyson


texts:
<mask> (, March 10, 1904 – April 4, 1996) was a Ukrainian and Ukrainian American writer, one of the most prolific authors of the literary Ukrainian diaspora. Biography
<mask>ія Гуменна) was born on 10(23) March 1904 in the village of Zhashkiv Kiev Oblast (now Cherkasy region). She was born to a peasant family (line of her father Kuzma Humenny). Mother, Dariya Kravchenko, came from an impoverished noble family. <mask> studied in Zvenygorodska gymnasium. In 1920 she entered a teachers' college in Stavyshche. Finally, she studied literature at the University of Kiev, graduating in 1926.Her first literary essay "U Stepu" (In the Steppe, 1924) secured her a place in the major Soviet Ukrainian literary magazines, and she joined the union of rural writers «Pluh» ("The Plough"). Humenna's cycles of essays and novels Lysty z Stepovoyi Ukrainy (Letters from the Ukraine Steppe, 1928-1929),  Strelka kolebletsja (The Arrow is Oscillating, 1930), Kampanija (“The Campaign”) and «Eh, Kuban Ty Kuban Khliborodnaya» , 1929) were published in the magazines Pluh and Chervonyi shlyah, and described the decline of Ukrainian life and culture. These works provoked harsh censure from the Soviet regime, and <mask> was not admitted to the newly created Union of the Writers of Ukraine and she was silenced, although she escaped more dire punishment. She had to work as a stenographer in Kiev. In 1937 she participated in the during excavations of Tripolie culture settlements in Kiev. In 1940 she published a short story, "Virus," which led to another round of harsh criticism. During World War II, she was forced to emigrate in 1943, traveling on foot to Lviv, where she contributed to the local journals.After the war, she emigrated  to Austria and Germany. During her stay in displaced persons' camps in 1946–1949, she joined the artistic-literary organization Mystetsky Ukrainsky Rukh (MUR). Humenna  published the collection "Kurkulska Viliya" (1946) and embarked on her major four-volume work, Dity Chumatskoho Shliakhu ("Children of the Milky Way", 1948-1951), which she completed after moving to the United States for permanent residence in 1950. She became a U.S. citizen in 1959. She was active in Ukrainian American organizations, and  started to publish the literary works which she had not been able to publish in Ukraine. H  She is the author of more than 20 books that put her among the most fruitful writers of the Ukrainian diaspora. She was interested in the history and archeology of Ukraine and ancient art.She was also interested in discovering the origin of spiritual life of her ancestors. Her abiding interest in feminism, prehistoric life, mythology and archaeology are evident in works such as "Mana" ("Delusion", 1952), "Velyke Tsabe" ("The Great Tsabe", 1952, an accessible exposition of Trypillian culture), "Zolotyi Pluh" ("The Golden Plough", 1968) and others. Her travels are reflected in the collection of essays "Bahato Neba" ("A Lot of Sky", 1954) and "Vichni Vohni Alberty" ("The Eternal Flames of Alberta", 1959), and in the short stories in "Sered Khmarosiahiv" ("Among the Skyscrapers", 1962). <mask> was directly involved in the creation of the Association of Ukrainian writers "Slovo". <mask> <mask> died on April 4. 1996 in her apartment in Manhattan, New York City. She was buried at the St. Andrew Ukrainian Orthodox Cemetery in South Bound Brook, New Jersey.References

 http://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Humenna_Dokia/
 http://studentam.net.ua/content/view/8481/97/

References from Ukrainian Wikipedia article
В. О. Мельник. Гуменна Докія Кузьмівна // Енциклопедія сучасної України : у 30 т / ред. кол. І. М. Дзюба [та ін.] ; НАН України, НТШ, Координаційне бюро енциклопедії сучасної України НАН України. — К., 2003–2019. — .Гуменна

masks:
Dokiya Humenna
Dokiya Humennaок
Humenna
Humenna
Humenna
Dokiya
Humenna


texts:
 Докія // Енциклопедія українознавства : Словникова частина : [в 11 т.] / Наукове товариство імені Шевченка ; гол. ред. проф., д-р Володимир Кубійович. — Париж ; Нью-Йорк : Молоде життя ; Львів ; Київ : Глобус, 1955–2003. — Т. 2.— С. 459. *
Літературний шлях Докії Гуменної: До 60-ліття письменниці // Тарнавський Остап. Відоме й позавідоме. — К.: Час, 1999. — С. 330–335.*
Дар Евдотеї. Іспит памяті. — Балтимор; Торонто, 1990. — T. 2. — С. 278–295. Білоус-Гарасевич М. Авторський вечір Докії Гуменної // Ми не розлучались з тобою, Україно: Вибране.— Детройт, 1998. — С. 311–317. Бурій В. Слово про Докію Гуменну / Валерій Бурій // Місто робітниче (Ватутіне). — 2004. — 6 берез. — С.4. Бурій В. Письменниця з Шевченкового краю / Валерій Бурій // Катеринопільський вісник. — 1999. — 17 квіт. — С. 4. Бурій В. Слово про Докію Гуменну / Валерій Бурій // Шевченків край (Звенигородка).— 1997. — 1 лист. — С. 2. Васьків М. Роман Д.Гуменної «Діти Чумацького Шляху» у контексті вітчизняної і зарубіжної романістики ХІХ-ХХ століть // Український еміграційний роман 1930-50-х років. — Кам'янець-Подільський: ПП «Медобори-2006», 2011. — С.129–145. Дражевська Л. Спогад про Докію Гуменну // Нові дні. — 1996. — No. 558. — С. 19–20.Жила В. Відрадне явище // Визвольний шлях. — 1984. — No. 9.- С. 1150–1151. Жила В. Збуджують думки, викликають роздуми... // Визвольний шлях. — 1993.— No. 1. — С. 115–120. Іщук-Пазуняк Н. Всесвіт вражень від постати, долі й творів Докії Гуменної // Вибрані студії з історії, лінгвістики, літературознавства і філософії. — К.: Вид-во ім. Олени Теліги, 2010.— С. 247–262. Коломієць О. Проза Докії Гуменної (проблемно-тематичні та жанрово-стильові особливості): Автореф. дис ... канд. філол. наук / О. В. Коломієць . — Київ: Б.в., 2007 .— 18 с.
Костюк Г. На перехрестях життя та історії: до 70-річчя і 50-річчя літ. діяльності Докії Гуменної // У світі ідей і образів. Вибране. — Мюнхен: Сучасність, 1983. — С. 311–352. Лаврусенко М. І. Український літературний процес 1920-30-х років в оцінці Докії Гуменної (на матеріалі спогадів «Дар Евдотеї») // Вісник ЛНУ імені Тараса Шевченка.— 2011. — No. 3, Ч.1. — С. 134–140. [2]
Ляшко С. М. Гуменна Докія. // Енциклопедія Трипільської цивілізації.— К., 2004. — Т. II. — С. 140. Мариненко Ю. Докія Гуменна та її роман «Діти Чумацького Шляху» // Дивослово. — 2000. — No.8. -С. 9-13. Мушинка М. Докія Гуменна та її «діти…» // Слово і час. — 1993. -No. 1.— С. 26–35. Мушинка М. П'ять разів «перехоронена», а все-таки жива // Сучасність. — 1995. — No. 4. — С.139–143. Несіна О. «Родинний альбом» Докії Гуменної // Нові дні. — 1971. — No. 261. — С.13–15. Ніколюк Т. Інтертекстуальність як спосіб «інакомовлення» у повісті Докії Гуменної «Небесний змій» //Слово і Час. — 2005. — No. 10. -С. 22–30.Олександрів Б. Ювілей видатної письменниці (До 70-ліття Докії Гуменної) // Жіночий світ. — 1974.- No. 5. — С. 5–6. Онишкевич Л. Гуменна Докія //Енциклопедія української діяспори / Гол. ред.В. Маркусь, спів-ред. Д. Маркусь. — Нью-Йорк — Чикаго, 2009. — Кн. 1. — С. 192–193.Українська діаспора: літературні постаті, твори, біобібліографічні відомості / Упорядк. В. А. Просалової. — Донецьк: Східний видавничий дім, 2012. — 516 с.
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Ukrainian-American culture
Ukrainian women writers
1906 births
1996 deaths
American people of Ukrainian descent
People from Zhashkiv
People from Kiev Governorate
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni
20th-century women writers
Burials at Ukrainian Orthodox Church Cemetery, South Bound


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<mask> (born 22 June 1983) is an Australian actor, writer, film director and producer. He is the co-founder (2006) and director of theatre company Black Lung and director of the feature film Acute Misfortune (2019). As an actor he came to attention in Jane Campion's series Top of the Lake, for which he was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the (US-Canadian) Critics' Choice Awards. He is set to direct a new thriller, The Unknown Man, in 2020 for See-Saw Films and Anonymous Content starring Joel Edgerton and Sean Harris, as soon as COVID-19 restrictions in Australia are lifted. Early life
<mask> was born on 22 June 1983 in Melbourne. Career

Theatre
Wright created the theatre company Black Lung, also known as The Black Lung Theatre and Whaling Firm, in 2006, with fellow writer and director <mask>. Their first production, Avast, was called "Insanely fast-paced, artfully arrhythmic, meta-theatrical - a breathtaking combination of precision and chaos" by Chris Kohn, writing for Realtime.Under the Black Lung banner, <mask> created productions with Adelaide Festival and Darwin Festival, Belvoir, Malthouse Theatre, and Queensland Theatre Co. and Brisbane Festival. Black Lung were hailed as one of the most influential theatre companies of the decade. <mask> was the director, co-writer and production designer of Doku Rai, a production created over four and a half years, with a three-month rehearsal process on the remote island of Atauro Island, East Timor. Doku Rai came about after <mask> formed a close relationship with <mask>, then Chief Military Advisor to the President of East Timor, José Ramos-Horta. Stone facilitated <mask> flying in and out of the country over a number of years. Doku Rai was created with a group of independent Timorese artists, a number of them former resistance fighters. The film sequences in Doku Rai were co-directed by <mask> with director Amiel Courtin-Wilson.As an actor he played lead roles for the Malthouse Theatre, Melbourne Theatre Company and Sydney Theatre Company, including the title role Baal in the controversial production commissioned by Cate Blanchett and Andrew Upton and directed by Simon Stone in 2011. Television and film
<mask> came to attention of the world as an actor in the Disney Channel Original Movies, Stepsister From Planet Weird and Zenon: The Zequel in the early 2000s, and later in the Sundance / BBC TV series Top of the Lake in 2013, for which he was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the US Critics' Choice Awards. Regarding his casting as Johnno <mask> in the series, director Jane Campion compared him to a young Daniel Day-Lewis. He appeared as cult-figure Steven Linder in the 2013 US adaptation of The Bridge. Executive Producer Elwood Reid said of <mask>’s audition for the series: "...it was the best audition I have ever seen. He walked in and the temperature of the room changed". In 2015, <mask> played the guide <mask> in the feature film Everest, based on the 1996 Mount Everest disaster, in which eight climbers were killed and several others were stranded by a storm.He also played the murdered journalist Brian Peters in Balibo (2009), and <mask> in Van Diemen's Land. <mask> featured in the film The Man With The Iron Heart (2016), an adaptation of Laurent Binet's Prix Goncourt-winning novel, HHhH, with Jack O'Connell, Rosamund Pike, Stephen Graham and Jason Clarke. He also filmed the Sony / WGN America Series Outsiders in the lead role of Sheriff Wade Houghton for producers Peter Tolan and Paul Giamatti. His performance was cited as the standout of the series by Hollywood Reporter and Variety. In 2017 <mask> was the subject of an Archibald Prize finalist portrait by <mask>, Antagonist, Protagonist (<mask>. <mask>), with a scene set up to look like a crime drama, with <mask> as protagonist. In 2018 he featured in Warwick Thornton's Sweet Country, which received the Venice Film Festival's Special Jury Prize, the AACTA Award for Best Film and the Toronto Film Festival's Platform Prize. He co-wrote, directed and produced the feature film Acute Misfortune, released in 2019, based on Sydney journalist Erik Jensen's award-winning biography of Australian artist Adam Cullen, Acute Misfortune: The Life and Death of Adam Cullen.The film received The Age Critics' Prize at Melbourne International Film Festival, where it premiered. It received a five star review in The Guardian, and was named one of The Guardian'''s "10 Best Australian Films of the decade 2010-2020" and the best Australian film of 2019. It was given a "Notable mention" (along with Sweet Country) in The Monthly Awards 2018, and Screen Daily called it an "Overlooked gem" in their list of the year's best films. The film was nominated for the 2019 AACTA Award for Best Independent Film. The score, by Evelyn Ida <mask>, was nominated for best soundtrack at the 2018 ARIA Music Awards. The Hollywood Reporter called Acute Misfortune "one of the year's most striking and accomplished directorial debuts". <mask> is nominated in the Best Director (Feature Film) category for the 2020 Australian Director's Guild Awards.In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, it was announced that a new film, The Unknown Man'', would begin filming in South Australia as soon as enough of the COVID-19 restrictions are lifted. Written and directed by <mask>, it will be produced by and star Joel Edgerton. Sean Harris will play the second lead role. The film was originally announced at Berlin’s European Film Market in February, and will be made by Anonymous Content and See-Saw Films, with support from Screen Australia and the South Australian Film Corporation. Filmography

Film

Television

Stage

References

Further reading
 (Login via state library to access extended records)

External links

1983 births
Living people
Australian male television actors
Australian male film actors
Australian male child actors
Male actors from Melbourne
21st-century Australian male actors

masks:
Thomas Michael Wright
Wright
Thomas Henning
Wright
Wright
Wright
Michael Stone
Wright
Wright
Wright
Mitcham
Wright
Wright
Mike Groom
Thomas Bodenham
Wright
Wright
Marcus Wills
Thomas M
Wright
Wright
Morris
Wright
Wright


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<mask> (;  – ) was a Serbian military pilot who flew in the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. A graduate of Serbia's Military Academy, <mask> was one of six Serbian military personnel selected to undergo training at Henri and Maurice Farman's flying school in Étampes, near Paris, in 1912. Following his completion of the Farman brothers' training program, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale issued <mask> with pilot's license #979, making him one of the first 1,000 pilots certified by the organization. Upon completing his training, <mask> returned to Serbia, together with the other newly certified Serbian pilots. During the Siege of Scutari (modern-day Shkodër, Albania), <mask> was embedded with the nascent Serbian Air Force's newly formed Littoral Air Detachment, which was tasked with carrying out reconnaissance missions over the city and its surroundings. In March 1913, <mask> fell out of his Farman HF.20 while completing a mission over the city, and was killed. His death negatively affected the morale of his unit.Under pressure from the Great Powers, Montenegro and Serbia retreated from Scutari in May, the Littoral Air Detachment ceased conducting flights over the city and its pilots returned to Serbia. <mask> was the first Serbian Air Force pilot to be killed in the line of duty and only the second such fatality in the history of military aviation. In September 2018, the air base adjacent to Niš Constantine the Great Airport was named after him. Biography

Early life and flight training
<mask> <mask> was born in the village of Vlakča, near Stragari, on . He completed his primary education in his native village and later attended a military high school in Kragujevac, but failed to graduate. After only managing to secure menial work in Belgrade, <mask> travelled to Russia in 1902 and applied to a military academy in Saint Petersburg, but was not accepted. Upon returning to Serbia, he enrolled in Belgrade's Military Academy with the aim of becoming a non-commissioned officer in an artillery unit.He graduated from the Military Academy in 1905 as the best student in his class. His first posting was as a lieutenant () in Niš. He was later reassigned to Kragujevac and Belgrade. In 1910, he was promoted to the rank of sergeant (). In 1912, <mask> was among six recruits selected by the Royal Serbian Government to undergo training at Henri and Maurice Farman's flying school  in Étampes, near Paris. They arrived in France in April of that year. The recruits were tested in flying their planes for one hour non-stop at an altitude over , landing at a predetermined airfield and gliding with a dead engine.<mask> made his first solo flight after only 20 days, and was the first of the recruits to fly without an instructor, on 29 May 1912. During the training process, the recruits incurred 13,000 francs worth of damage to their aircraft. The training they received did not encompass combat scenarios. Following his completion of the training program, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale issued <mask> with pilot's license #979, making him one of the first 1,000 pilots certified by the organization. According to the historian Boris Ciglić, Serbia initially purchased six aircraft; three from Blériot and three from Farman. Two more were subsequently purchased from Deperdussin, piloted by French aviators. According to the air historian Paul E. Fontenoy, the Serbian government purchased a total of 11 aircraft in 1912.The newly certified pilots requested that the Serbian government permit them to undergo combat training, during which they would be trained in flying at altitudes over , but the government declined. After three months, the pilots left France. They advised their superiors that it would be advisable for the government to procure the same types of aircraft they had received their flight training in. The government only partially obliged this request. Aircraft produced by Bleriot were procured for pilots who had trained on Bleriot planes. Pilots trained to fly planes produced by Maurice Farman instead received aircraft produced by Henri Farman. <mask> was among three pilots who were assigned a plane they were not trained to fly.First Balkan War

The newly procured aircraft were to be transported to Serbia via Italy and Montenegro. By the time they had reached Montenegro, the First Balkan War had already broken out. The aircraft were transported to Salonika by ship, where they arrived in December 1912. By January 1913, the planes had arrived in Niš, where they were assembled and underwent their first domestic test flights. Four Frenchmen—three pilots and a mechanic—were enlisted to fly and maintain the aircraft alongside their Serbian counterparts. <mask> began training on the Farman HF.20 reconnaissance biplane at Trupalsko polje, near Niš. He was subsequently assigned to the nascent Serbian Air Force's newly formed Littoral Air Detachment (), which was taking part in the siege of Scutari (modern-day Shkodër, Albania).The detachment was tasked with flying reconnaissance missions over the city and its surroundings. Its commander was Major Kosta Miletić. On , the detachment departed for Scutari from Salonika. Three foreign pilots, two Frenchmen and a Russian, accompanied it on its journey. The detachment's three planes—one Deperdussin, one Bleriot and one Farman—reached the port of Shëngjin several days later. From there the aircraft were transported to the village of Barbullush, near Scutari, where the detachment had established an operating base. On the morning of , captains Miloš Ilić and Živojin Stanković attempted to embark on a reconnaissance mission, but were forced to turn back due to strong winds.Captain Jovan Jugović decided to complete Ilić and Stanković's mission with his plane, but strong winds forced him to abort as well. Two different accounts exist of the circumstances that led to <mask>'s death. By one account, <mask> was confident he would not be affected by the wind and readied his plane. The flight was approved by Miletić. Before Petrović took off, Ilić warned him not to fly above , above which altitude wind would begin to affect the aircraft; while <mask> agreed not to do so, his plane rose above that altitude regardless. At 10:35 a.m., a strong gust of wind tilted the aircraft at an angle, and the untethered <mask> was pushed out of his seat and fell  to his death. The pilotless Farman HF.20 crashed and was damaged beyond repair.According to the second account, <mask> and Miletić took off as pilot and observer, and successfully completed their mission. Descending towards Barbullush, Miletić shut off the plane's engine and attempted to glide to a landing. The aircraft suddenly went into a spin and <mask> was thrown from the plane, falling to his death on the banks of the Drin River. Military medics quickly arrived at the site where <mask> had fallen, but he was declared dead on the scene, and buried the following day near Barbullush. His death negatively affected the morale of his unit. <mask> is considered the first Serbian Air Force pilot to have been killed in the line of duty. He was also only the second fatality in military aviation history.Under pressure from the Great Powers, Montenegro and Serbia retreated from Scutari in May 1913, the Littoral Air Detachment ceased conducting flights over the city and its pilots returned to Serbia. After the Balkan Wars, <mask>'s remains were exhumed and reburied in the Montenegrin capital, Cetinje. On 1 October 1931, his remains were exhumed once again, and transported to Belgrade's New Cemetery, where they are now interred. The house in which <mask> was born is still standing, and is marked with a commemorative plaque. Belgrade's Aeronautical Museum contains 76 of <mask>'s personal possessions, some of which are on display. In September 2018, the Serbian Air Force base adjacent to Niš Constantine the Great Airport was named after him. See also
Miodrag Tomić

References

External links
Aviation Safety Network

1884 births
1913 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Deaths by falling out of an aircraft
Serbian aviators
Serbian military personnel of the Balkan Wars

masks:
Mihajlo Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Mihajlo
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Legacy Petrović
Petrović
Petrović
Petrović


texts:
<mask> (born April 26, 1974) is an American college basketball coach and the former head coach at Fairfield University for the Fairfield Stags men's basketball team. Previously, <mask> was the head coach at Princeton University from 2007 to 2011 where he led the Princeton Tigers men's basketball team to the 2011 Ivy League Title and the 2011 NCAA Tournament. A 1997 Princeton alumnus, <mask> played for the Tigers from 1993 to 1997. As a player, he was a member of the 1995–96 Ivy League champions and undefeated (in conference) 1996–97 Princeton Tigers. He earned Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Year recognition for the undefeated 1997 team. He continues to hold the Ivy League record for consecutive three point shots made and the league record for most single-game three point shots made without a miss as well as the Princeton Tigers record for career steals. His college career was marked by many memorable overtime performances, game-winning shots and game-clinching free throws.Nonetheless, his greatest recognition came for his defense. During a seven-year professional career, he won three championships in Europe. After being hired in 2007, he has been the youngest coach in the Ivy League for his entire four-year tenure there. In his fourth season, he coached the 2010–11 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team to a league championship. Previously as an assistant he was part of the 2006–07 Big East Conference champions. Playing career
<mask> spent much of his childhood in Baltimore. He played his sophomore and junior season of high school basketball at Moorhead Senior High School in Moorhead, Minnesota.<mask> transferred from Minnesota to Towson Catholic High School prior to his senior season. During the early signing period from November 13 through November 20, 1991, <mask>, who was considering several Ivy League schools as well as Northeastern University, verbally committed to Boston University. On December 1, 1991, Boston University announced that <mask> signed a letter of intent. During his senior season, <mask> lead Towson to the Baltimore Catholic Basketball League Championship. Following the season, he earned Baltimore Catholic Basketball League All-league first-team recognition. He was also selected to participate in the Rodney Beasley East vs. West All-Star Games, sponsored by the Baltimore Metro Coaches Association. He was also a second team All-metro selection and following his 1992 graduation attended the Fork Union Military Academy in Virginia for a postgraduate year.In April 1993, after playing a year a Fork Union, <mask> signed a letter of intent with Herb Sendek's Miami (OH) team, but upon being accepted by Princeton University in June of that year, he revoked his letter. <mask> showed strong leadership skills early at Princeton and is the only three-time captain in university history. During his freshman year, he was twice named Ivy League Men's Basketball Rookie of the Week for the 1993–94 team. That season the 11–3 Tigers could not match the  who were led by Jerome Allen and Matt Maloney. <mask> provided heroics for the 1994–95 Tigers on a couple of occasions. On December 27, 1994, he hit what The New York Times described as "a falling-down 3-point basket with three seconds left in regulation". The basket forced overtime.At the end of the third overtime period <mask> converted two foul shots with three seconds left to cement a 71–66 victory over . Later that season, he set a career-high with a 25-point performance against  in a double-overtime victory. He recorded seven steals in a game against  on February 3, 1995, which is one shy of the school record. Again the Tigers could not get past . As a junior, he was named Ivy League Player of the week for the second weekend in February as he led the team on both ends of the court. The following week, he posted 21 points against , which established his season-high. Even after Allen and Maloney graduated, Princeton's only two losses were to .After Princeton and Penn ended the 1995–96 season tied as Ivy League Co-Champions, <mask> made the decisive three point shot with one minute and four seconds remaining in overtime in the one-game playoff, corralled a defensive rebound, added a pair of free throws with 24 seconds left and then made a steal. The win ended an eight-game losing streak to Penn. The win earned the team the conference automatic bid to the 1996 NCAA Tournament and following the game head coach Pete Carril announced his retirement. The thirteen seeded team was matched against the defending national champion UCLA Bruins in its first round pairing. He was the team's leading scorer with 11 points in the 43–41 first round victory over UCLA in the 1996 NCAA Tournament. The team fell behind 41–34 with over six minutes remaining. His 3-of-7 three point shooting performance included a shot to bring the team to within 4.He also made the game-tying layup to knot the score at 41. He also defended Toby Bailey's last second shot after Princeton took the lead with 3.9 seconds remaining. During the game, UCLA jumped out to a 7–0 lead at the first TV timeout, and <mask>'s leadership held the team together early when UCLA looked strong. As a senior, his new head coach, Bill Carmody described him as a shutdown defender. He was 1997 Ivy League Men's basketball Player of the Year. <mask> earned the award for his defense and was the first winner with a single-digit scoring average. He scored 15 on February 22, when Princeton clinched the Ivy League regular season championship by defeating .The following week, he established Ivy League records for most consecutive three-point field goals made, with 11, and the most single-game three-point field goals made with no misses (6 for 6) against Columbia Lions men's basketball on February 28, 1997, and Cornell Big Red men's basketball (first 5) on March 1, 1997. He had twelve points in the regular season finale during which Princeton tied the school record with its nineteenth consecutive win. In the 1997 NCAA Tournament opening round matchup against the Cal Bears, when a final second pass was intercepted, he attempted to shoulder the blame with the press. He retired as the Princeton University all-time leader in steals. His 169 total steals were fifth in Ivy League history at the end of his career and was eleventh at the end of the 2009-10 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. He retired second in Princeton history in career three point shots and fourth in career assists. After writing his senior thesis on Kenyan education under British colonial rule and graduating with a bachelor's degree in history, <mask> declined the postgraduate scholarship that he was awarded and played five years in Italy followed by two in Spain.<mask> played professional basketball in the Lega Basket Serie A and Legadue Basket in Italy and Liga Española de Baloncesto in Spain, one season each for Gorizia Pallacanestro A2, Viola Reggio Calabria, Adecco Milano/Ducato Siena, Casademont Girona and Montepaschi Siena. He played two seasons with the Avellino in Italy from 2000 to 2002. He had a seven-year professional career before becoming a coach. In 1998, he won an Italian Second Division championship as a starter for Gorizia Pallacanestro. In 1999, he earned another league championship with for Reggio Calabria, and in his final professional season in 2004 he earned a league title with Siena. With Reggio Calabria, he teamed with Brent Scott, Brian Oliver, and Manu Ginóbili to win a championship. Coaching career

Georgetown
Johnson was then brought on as an assistant to the newly appointed head coach at Georgetown, John Thompson III in 2004.The team was coming off of a losing record and made it to a 2005 National Invitation Tournament. The team reached the Sweet Sixteen round of the 2006 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. During his tenure at Georgetown, he helped coach the team to an overall 72–30 record over 3 seasons and the 2006–07 team  the 2007 Big East regular season championship, the 2007 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament championship, and a trip to the Final Four of the 2007 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. Princeton
When Scott abandoned his struggling Princeton team to coach at Denver in 2007, athletic director Gary Walters hired <mask> to take over the program. <mask> emerged from a field of Princeton offense veterans that included Mike Brennan, Robert Burke, Craig Robinson, Bill Carmody, Armond Hill, Chris Mooney, and Mitch Henderson. <mask>'s demeanor as a coach is said by players to be more benevolent than his predecessor, Joe Scott, who left for the University of Denver after compiling a losing record in three years at Princeton. He was regarded as an inexperienced coach because he only had three years of experience as an assistant coach.He became the youngest coach in the Ivy League. <mask> inherited a team that had gone 2–12 in conference the prior season and 38–45 overall during the prior three season. Among the lowlights that the team had achieved during the Scott era was a 21-point performance that tied the record for fewest points since the inception of the three point shot and the shot clock. The team had ranked last in the nation in scoring in both 2006 and 2007. Although race is an issue among collegiate coaching ranks, in <mask>'s first year, he was one of six African-American men's basketball head coaches in the 8-team Ivy League. <mask> employs the Princeton offense. Former Tiger stars Brian Earl and Scott Greenman were among <mask>'s assistants at Princeton.After a tumultuous first season of rebuilding during which it posted a 3–11 record, Princeton began to show great improvement in 2008–2009. Even with only three games left on their schedule and a 7–4 conference record, they still controlled their own destiny for a possible postseason bid. They finished 13–14 with an 8–6 record in the Ivy League, which tied them with  for second place. Along the way, the Tigers defeated , , and  during their non-conference schedule and also notched wins over  twice. One highlight of the season was an early season victory over eventual Ivy League champs Cornell who had possessed a 19-game Ivy League winning streak. The Ivy League does not name a coach of the year in any sport, but Collegeinsider.com named <mask> Ivy League Coach of the Year. During <mask>'s third season, the 2009–10 team rebounded from a 2–4 start to win 20 of its final 25 games and earn a berth in the 2010 College Basketball Invitational.Princeton's 22 wins were its most since 1999, as were its two postseason wins, and the postseason berth was its first since 2004. In the March 17, opening round game at home, Princeton defeated the Duquesne Dukes 65–51. The game was Princeton's first postseason appearance since the 2003–04 team went to the 2004 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament and the first postseason victory since the 1998–99 team won two games in the 1999 National Invitation Tournament. On March 22, the team defeated IUPUI 74–68 in double overtime at IUPUI Gymnasium in Indianapolis, Indiana. The Tigers had previously won in the postseason in Indianapolis when the Johnson-led 1995–96 team pulled off a first round upset of the national defending champion UCLA in the 1996 Tournament. In the tournament semifinals the team was defeated by Saint Louis University 69–59 at Chaifetz Arena in St. Louis, Missouri on March 24. <mask> again earned Collegeinsider.com Coach of the Year.In 2010, <mask> tweaked the motion Princeton offense to be a bit more uptempo, resulting in more possessions and higher scores. On March 5, 2010, the 2010–11 team had a chance to clinch an outright 2010–11 Ivy League men's basketball season championship, but lost to Harvard who clinched a share of the title. Following the game, <mask> made his team sit on the bench and watch the Harvard fans celebrate. On March 8, Princeton defeated Penn to force a one-game playoff at the Payne Whitney Gymnasium in New Haven, Connecticut. On March 12, Princeton earned the Ivy League's automatic bid to the 2011 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, making the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament for the first time since 2004 and 24th time in school history by defeating Harvard 63–62. Princeton was awarded the number thirteen seed and a first round match against the Kentucky Wildcats. Kentucky had eliminated Ivy League representative Cornell the prior season.Kentucky emerged victorious by a 59–57 margin on a last second layup. He was named as a finalist for the Hugh Durham Award, the Ben Jobe Award, and the Skip Prosser Award. Fairfield

In April 2011, <mask> accepted a head coaching position at Fairfield University, replacing Ed Cooley. He coached the 2011–12 Stags to the semifinals of the 2012 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament where they lost to Mercer, after defeating Yale, Manhattan and Robert Morris to finish with a 22–15 record. Mercer went on to win the tournament. For the second season in a row, he was a finalist for the Ben Jobe Award. The 2012–13 team started the season 10–10 (2–6) before winning five consecutive and seven out of eight Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference games.The team then lost its two final conference games to finish 9–9 in conference. Eventually the team finished 19–15 (9–9). On March 11, 2019, Fairfield fired <mask>. He finished at Fairfield with an eight-year record of 116–147. Air Force
Johnson was named associate head coach on former Princeton basketball player Joe Scott's staff at Air Force for the 2020–21 season. Personal
<mask>'s history professor father, Leroy, divorced from his mother when <mask> was young. He grew up in a series of college towns.<mask>'s father played basketball for Indiana in the late 1950s. He was also one of the first Americans to play professionally in France. His brother Steve was on the California Bears team that defeated the two-time defending champion Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team in the 1993 NCAA Tournament. While at Princeton, <mask> was a member of the Cap and Gown Club. <mask> met his wife Jennifer (née Zarr) <mask> when they were freshmen in Princeton's Wilson College. When he was initially hired by Princeton the couple had two children: 2-year-old son, Jalen, and newborn daughter, Julia. <mask> had been very involved with the university as a whole during his head coaching career, participating in a task force charged with surveying the impact of Princeton's eating clubs  on campus life, and sitting with his players in the student section at many home football games.Head coaching record

References

External links
 Fairfield profile

1974 births
Living people
African-American basketball coaches
African-American basketball players
Air Force Falcons men's basketball coaches
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Michigan
Basketball players from Michigan
CB Girona players
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Fairfield Stags men's basketball coaches
Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball coaches
Liga ACB players
Mens Sana Basket players
Olimpia Milano players
Princeton Tigers men's basketball coaches
Princeton Tigers men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Lansing, Michigan
Viola Reggio Calabria players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

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