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<mask> (July 27, 1857 – December 31, 1931) was best known as a premier bamboo fly rod maker and innovator. During his time, the fly rods he made were considered the best of their kind. He worked for H.L. Leonard, co-created the Kosmic Rod, produced fly rods under his own name and manufactured them for the large sporting goods companies. His contributions were crucial in the creation of what today we regard as the 'modern fly rod'. Early life and Leonard
<mask> was born July 27, 1857 in the U.S. state of Maine. He was the son of <mask> a civil engineer and mother, Susan Jane Parsons.As a young adult, he tried his hand at a few different occupations before joining the Leonard Rod Company in 1882 as one of Leonard's first apprentices. He left Maine to follow Leonard to Central Valley, New York as an apprentice rod builder. Other great rod makers worked there as well: F.E. Thomas, E.F. Payne, Fred Devine, George Varney, Hiram Hawes and Loman Hawes—with whom Leonard developed his revolutionary beveling machine. E.W. Edwards Rodmaker

Kosmic and beyond
In 1889 <mask>, along with F.E. Thomas and Loman Hawes left the Leonard shop to start a new rodmaking partnership.With <mask>' bamboo processing skills, Hawes' mechanical ingenuity, and Thomas' management experience, the firm quickly established themselves under the name 'Kosmic' for A.G. Spalding (sports equipment) & Bros.. They built some of the most desirable rods and began setting standards for the 'modern fly rod'. Shortly after the partnership was formed, Loman Hawes left and was replaced by E.F. Payne. The 'Kosmic' fly rod enjoyed many awards and accolades in its short time. Edwards and Hawes received patents for ferrule designs in 1890. 'Kosmic' rods were displayed at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago and won a gold medal. In 1894 in a climate of a growing economic depression, Spalding sold its interest in the 'Kosmic' partnership to U.S. Net & Twine.'Kosmic' Rods have become legendary despite their brief time of production. After the sale of the Kosmic partnership to USN&T, the original founders broke up. Thomas returned to Maine, as did Payne to Connecticut, both to venture into independent rodmaking. <mask> left to explore Los Angeles and may have had relatives in that area—some think he apprenticed briefly with a professional photographer in either Chicago or L.A.--and returned to the New York and New England area after about a year. Experiments and innovation
At the age of 58, after a fifteen-year hiatus from rod building, E.W<mask> began to production again. He experimented with the Arundinaria Amabilis material in secrecy.When he began manufacturing rods again, they contained some revolutionary technical advantages. He developed a way to temper Tonkin Cane to increase its resiliency, quickening its recovery time (damping) and lessened its weight, with open flame. The newly tempered bamboo allowed <mask> to shorten the length of the rod. It achieved the desired performance without the full working length of rod then standard in fly fishing. His seven and a half foot and shorter lengths became a sensation. These were some of the innovations that made <mask>' rods seminal in the creation of the 'modern dry fly rod'. Between 1914 and 1919, E.W.<mask> made rods in Brewer, Maine, with his sons Bill and Gene. These rods took on some of the distinctive hallmarks of the E.W. Edwards Rod, such as the "autograph" in white script on the bamboo near the grip. They made rods bearing the name, Abercrombie & Fitch, the sporting goods house. In 1919 Winchester Repeating Arms Company purchased the E.W. Edwards Rod Company. Winchester
Edwards was retained to oversee the operations in New Haven, Connecticut.While there, <mask> largely produced two lines of bamboo rods—one that was lower quality and that he is generally believed only to have supervised at best, and another more exclusive line that was handmade by <mask>. The latter were extremely high quality rods, and included a few seven-foot examples. After his five-year contract expired, <mask> left Winchester in 1924, though he continued to build rods at his home. Winchester continued to make all of the Edwards-designed rods until 1930. Mt. Carmel
<mask> moved to 40 Filbert St in Hamden while still at Winchester, purchasing the house in 1922. He lived there the rest of his life.His last wife, Bertha, continued to live at 40 Filbert St after his death, as did his son Bill. He worked out of the Filbert St house until early 1927, when he moved his business to a large building in Mt. Carmel, a nearby town. <mask> produced four ranges of models. He had six employees, including his sons Bill and Gene. Master Rodmaker, Clarence "Sam" Carlson also worked there as a boy. In 1927, the name of the company changed to E.W.Edwards & Sons. The company made rods for various suppliers:  Abbey & Imbrie, Weber, Paul H. Young as well as others. In 1931, E.W. Edwards & Sons sold to Horton Manufacturing. Personal life
Eustis <mask> was born in 1857 in Maine U.S.A..  His grandfather was the editor and part-owner of the Portland Advertiser newspaper in Maine, his great-grandfather was an Advocate General in the Continental Army. Throughout his life, <mask> tried various occupations. As a young adult, he started a small business selling fruit and confections, he was a bookkeeper and laborer before becoming an apprentice rodmaker.He practiced professional photography. In 1886, Eustis married Jennie Gordon. They gave birth to son, William in 1887. In 1895, <mask> and family left for Los Angeles; an ill-fated journey as Jennie became sick and died en route. Eustis moved back to New York and worked as a photographer. The next year, he moved to Brewer, Maine and began making fly rods in partnership with F.E. Thomas, before returning to photography again while continuing to work part-time for Thomas.In roughly 1915 <mask> began to make and sell rods under his own name. <mask> remarried in 1900 to Bertha Ford. In 1902, their son Gene was born. After becoming ill in 1931, <mask> made arrangements to sell his fly rod company. The deal became difficult due to the Great Depression. Eustis <mask> died at Mt. Carmel, Connecticut, on New Year's Eve of that year.He is buried in Highland Mills, New York at Cemetery of the Highlands, the same resting place as  Jim Payne and H.L. Leonard. References

External links
 http://classicflyrodforum.com/

1857 births
1931 deaths
American businesspeople
American fishers
American woodworkers
Fly rod makers
People from Piscataquis County, Maine
People from Woodbury, Orange County, New York

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<mask>. (born October 2, 1987) is an American professional ice hockey winger and an alternate captain for the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has previously played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Boston Bruins. <mask> is a two-time Stanley Cup champion, winning back-to-back championships with the Penguins in 2016 and 2017. <mask> is a product of the USA Hockey National Team Development Program as an identified elite player under the age of 18. He finished his amateur career playing collegiate hockey in the NCAA for the University of Minnesota in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA) conference. He was then selected fifth overall in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft by the Boston Bruins. After his rookie season, 2006–07, he was awarded the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for overcoming testicular cancer while continuing his professional career.In 2009, <mask> was traded from Boston to the Toronto Maple Leafs where he spent six seasons before being dealt to the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2015. <mask> won his first and second Stanley Cup championships with the Pittsburgh Penguins in back to back seasons with wins over the San Jose Sharks and the Nashville Predators, respectively. <mask> is known as a natural goal scorer and for his iron man streak – he is one of four players in the NHL with an active streak (to date) of over 500 consecutive games. <mask> plays internationally for the United States, and has played at three World Championships and the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, winning a silver medal in 2010 and being named the top forward in 2014. Playing career

Amateur
<mask> played youth hockey with the AAA Madison Capitols in his hometown of Madison, Wisconsin. An offensive standout from a young age, <mask> put up 286 points (176 goals and 110 assists) in 86 games with his AAA bantam squad in 2001–02. He followed up on that effort the next year with the Capitols under-18 team where, during the 2002–03 season, he produced 158 points (113 goals and 45 assists) in 71 games.<mask> credits former Capitols coach and 1980 U.S. Olympian Bob Suter for becoming the player he is today. For the 2003–04 season, <mask> moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan, to join the United States National Team Development Program's U17 squad. He set NTDP records for goals (52) for a U17–18 players. During the 2004–05 season, <mask> played full-time on the U18 team scoring 52 goals and 98 points, both of which were, at the time, records for an U18 player. His points record was surpassed by Patrick Kane who recorded 102 points and same 52 goals in the next 2005–06 season. Almost 15 years later, on March 15, 2019, another Wisconsin phenom Cole Caufield scored a career-high six goals to reach 105 and pass <mask>'s career 104 goals from 2003–05 for the NTDP lead. <mask> graduated from Pioneer High School in 2005.However, because his birthday falls after September 15, he was not eligible for the NHL Entry Draft that year. After finishing his two years at NTDP, <mask> enrolled at University of Minnesota on a sports scholarship and played for the Golden Gophers men's ice hockey team for the 2005–06 season. His first collegiate goal came on a penalty shot, marking the first time in team history that a player scored his first career goal on a penalty shot. As a rookie freshman, <mask> finished second on the team in scoring with 51 points (18 goals and 33 assists) in 39 games. He was named the 2005–06 WCHA Rookie of the Year and named to the 2005–06 All-Rookie Team. <mask> was drafted fifth overall by the Boston Bruins in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft. He subsequently signed an entry level contract with the team on August 17, 2006, thereby forgoing his final three years of college eligibility.Professional

Boston Bruins (2006–2009)
On August 17, 2006, the Bruins announced that they had signed <mask> to a three-year, entry-level contract worth the rookie maximum of $850,000. On December 11, 2006, <mask>'s family announced that he was hospitalized for a reason unrelated to hockey, and WBZ-TV reported that <mask> was diagnosed with a form of testicular cancer. On December 16, <mask> was pronounced cancer-free. On January 5, 2007, he was assigned to the Providence Bruins, Boston's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, for conditioning purposes and then recalled on January 7. <mask> returned to the Bruins lineup on January 9, against the Ottawa Senators, after missing only 11 regular season games following cancer surgery. <mask> was named to the 2007 NHL YoungStars Game in Dallas on January 23, 2007. He recorded a hat-trick (including a unique powerplay goal, plus the game-winner) and an assist during a 9–8 Eastern Conference victory.While <mask> was not among top rookies in goals or assists, for the 2006–07 season he was second among rookies with four shootout goals (in seven attempts). Each was a game-deciding goal. At the conclusion of the season, <mask> was voted by Boston sports writers as the team's candidate for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy after battling testicular cancer. At the 2007 NHL Awards Ceremony at the Elgin Theatre in Toronto, <mask> was officially selected as the recipient of the 2007 Masterton Trophy. For the 2007–08 season <mask> led the league with 5 game-deciding shootout goals (out of 13 attempts in shootouts). He set a Bruins career record with 9 shootout-deciding goals, surpassed by Patrice Bergeron seven years later. <mask> scored the first Bruins goal of the 2008–09 season, in a 5–4 Bruins victory against the Colorado Avalanche.<mask> ended the regular season on a high note, scoring his second career hat-trick in the April 12, 2009, 6–2 visitors' victory against the New York Islanders, and amassing the highest number of NHL regular season goals so far in his career with 36, the most on the Bruins that season. He also tied Ed Olczyk for longest point streak by an American-born NHL player (18 games, 14 goals and 14 assists for 28 points during streak) in late 2008. It is now the third-longest such point streak after Patrick Kane's 26-game streak in late 2015 and 20-game streak in the beginning of 2019. <mask> played an integral role in Boston's run during the 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs, leading the Bruins with six goals before losing to the Carolina Hurricanes in the Eastern Conference Semifinals in seven games. After the playoffs, it was reported that <mask> would need off-season shoulder surgery to repair an injury most likely incurred during a 2–0 loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets. The surgery was successfully performed during the off-season, with recuperation forcing <mask> to miss the start of the 2009–10 season. Toronto Maple Leafs (2009–2015)
On September 18, 2009, the Bruins traded <mask> to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for a 2010 first-round pick (Tyler Seguin), a 2010 second-round pick (Jared Knight) and a 2011 first-round pick (Dougie Hamilton).Immediately afterward, the Leafs signed him to a five-year, $27 million contract. <mask>, however, was sidelined for the first month of the season with a shoulder injury incurred the year before that required surgery. Finally, on November 3, 2009, <mask> made his much-anticipated debut as a Leaf against the Tampa Bay Lightning. He had a total of ten shots on goal in the game, a career-high, though he did not record any assists or goals. Despite not recording any points and his team falling 2–1 to the Lightning in overtime, <mask> was named the third star of the game. He scored his first goal as a Maple Leaf just four days later in a 5–1 win over the Detroit Red Wings at the Air Canada Centre. December 5, 2009, marked the first time that <mask> played against his former team, the Bruins, at TD Garden.His return to Boston was marked with thunderous taunting chants of his name by his former home crowd, along with a chorus of boos every time he had possession of the puck. <mask> was on the ice for the first three of the seven goals that Boston scored in their 7–2 victory, eventually finishing the game a −3 plus-minus with two shots on the night. After the game, <mask> said in a post-game interview on NESN that the fans' reaction "did not affect [him]." He did state, however, that it was the "worst game [he] had played in a while", and that he needed to "play better." After the 2010 NHL Winter Classic between the Boston Bruins and Philadelphia Flyers on January 1, 2010, USA Hockey announced that <mask>, along with then-Maple Leaf teammate Mike Komisarek, made the Olympic roster to represent Team USA at the 2010 Winter Olympics. (Komisarek, however, would miss the Olympics due to injury). In six games at the Olympics, <mask> tallied a goal and an assist as the U.S. won a silver medal, falling to Canada in the final.On April 2, 2011, <mask> posted his third consecutive 30-goal season, reaching the mark after scoring against the Ottawa Senators. At the time, he was among eight other NHL players, including League stars Sidney Crosby and Alexander Ovechkin, who have scored 30 goals or more in a season three times since the 2008–09 regular season. <mask> had another strong start to a season in 2011–12, scoring his first hat-trick as a Maple Leaf (a career third) in just the team's second game of the season. He would go on to finish the month as the NHL's top scorer and was subsequently named the NHL's First Star of the Month for October. That season, <mask> was once again named an NHL All-Star and was selected to Team Chara in the eighth round of the Fantasy Draft by Toronto linemate Joffrey Lupul. On February 6, 2012, <mask> reached the 300-point plateau after a three-point performance against the Edmonton Oilers. The next day, he hit the 30-goal mark for the fourth-straight year (third-straight as a Maple Leaf) after beating Ondřej Pavelec of the Winnipeg Jets.Later that month, <mask> continued to reach milestones, scoring his 65th point of the season (which broke his old career-high) in a 2–1 loss to the San Jose Sharks. An NHL player's poll conducted by Sports Illustrated and released in February 2012 named <mask> "the easiest (player) to intimidate" in the NHL. He was named by 15% of NHL player respondents while Vancouver Canucks' Daniel and Henrik Sedin were next with 8%. The results were based on the input of 145 NHL players who responded to Sports Illustrated'''s survey. The poll drew controversy from many, including then-Toronto General Manager Brian Burke due to the inflammatory nature of the question and which players were polled (i.e. no one in the Maple Leafs' or Canucks organizations agreed to have players complete the survey). In another player survey, this one by The Hockey News, <mask> was ranked as the 16th best player in the League by his peers.The results in this survey were based on responses from five players from each of the 30 NHL teams. Players were not allowed to vote for members of their own team. On March 31, 2012, <mask> scored his 37th goal of the season in a 4–3 win over the Buffalo Sabres, eclipsing his career-high of 36 set with Boston. He finished the season with 37 goals and 82 points, both new career-highs, and both placed him sixth in the NHL. After the season he was awarded the Molson Cup for the third straight year since becoming a Maple Leaf. <mask> began the 2012–13 season with his longest goal drought to begin a season at ten games, finally breaking the slump after scoring the game-winning goal against Winnipeg on February 7, 2013. On April 20, 2013, in a 4–1 win against Ottawa in which <mask> recorded two assists, he and the Maple Leafs clinched a playoff spot in the 2013 Stanley Cup playoffs.This marked the first time <mask> had made it to the

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 playoffs since his move to the Maple Leafs and ended a seven-year playoff drought for the club dating back before the 2004–05 NHL lockout. To conclude the season, <mask> scored ten goals and seven assists for 17 points over his last ten games to retake the scoring lead for Toronto. <mask> would go on to finish seventh in NHL scoring, posting his second consecutive point-per-game season. On October 1, 2013, <mask> signed an eight-year contract extension that will pay him an average of $8 million annually through to the 2021–22 season. During the 2013–14 campaign, in the week of October 21 and 27, <mask> scored in all three of Toronto's games. In the Maple Leafs' first game, he scored his fourth career hat-trick, including the game-winner, in a 4–2 victory of the Anaheim Ducks. He then scored in Toronto's next game, a 5–2 loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets, and concluded the week by recording a goal and an assist in a 4–1 victory over the Pittsburgh Penguins.For his efforts, <mask> was named Second Star of the Week after leading the NHL with five goals scored in that timeframe. <mask> continued his successful week with a two-goal, two-assist effort against Edmonton in a 4–0 Maple Leafs victory. After the 2014 NHL Winter Classic, in which Toronto defeated Detroit Red Wings 3–2 in a shootout, it was announced that <mask>, along with teammate James van Riemsdyk, had been named to Team USA's roster for participation in the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. On February 1, 2014, <mask> scored his fifth career hat-trick, which was also his 30th goal of the season, marking the fifth time he has had scored at least 30 goals in one season in the NHL. On February 15, he scored another hat-trick, this time for Team USA against Slovenia during the 2014 Winter Olympics. He finished with five goals and three assists for eight points in six games to lead the tournament in scoring, was named to the tournament All-Star Team and earned Best Forward honors. Despite the personal success, however, <mask> and the U.S. lost the bronze medal game against Finland, falling 5–0.In the end of the 2014 NHL year he led Toronto in goals, assists and points for the third consecutive season. Throughout the 2014–15 season Toronto slid down in the Eastern Conference standings: head coach Randy Carlyle was fired on January 15, 2015, after Toronto lost seven of their last ten games, and interim head coach Peter Horachek won just nine of the last 42 games of the season. Even <mask> did not have a significant impact on his personal statistics, collected only 61 points (the most among Maple Leafs). Pittsburgh Penguins (2015–2019)
After weeks of trade rumors, on July 1, 2015, the Toronto Maple Leafs, who were entering a rebuilding phase, traded <mask>, Tyler Biggs, Tim Erixon, and a conditional second round draft pick to the Pittsburgh Penguins in a blockbuster deal for Kasperi Kapanen, Scott Harrington, Nick Spaling, and conditional first- (Sam Steel) and third-round (James Greenway) draft picks. Toronto also retained $1.2 million of <mask>'s salary for the remaining seven seasons of his contract. <mask> scored his first regular season goal as a Penguin on October 10, while playing Arizona in the team's second game of the 2015–16 season. On December 19, 2015, <mask> played his 500th consecutive game, becoming the 23rd player in league history to reach this milestone.On June 12, 2016, <mask> won the Stanley Cup after defeating the San Jose Sharks in six games. <mask> played on a line with Nick Bonino and Carl Hagelin that was the most effective line for the Penguins in the playoffs (called the HBK line). <mask> led the Penguins in playoff scoring with 10 goals and 22 points and also led the team in shots with 98. <mask> narrowly missed winning the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP, falling short of teammate and captain Sidney Crosby by three points. In the 5-3-1 point distribution scheme based on the ballots of 18 voters, Crosby had nine first-place votes, five second-place votes, and three third-place votes, while <mask> had seven first-place votes, eight second-place votes, and one third-place vote. As a member of the 2015–16 Stanley Cup winning team, <mask> was entitled to spend a day with the Stanley Cup. For his day with the cup, <mask> initially brought the cup to his hometown of Madison, Wisconsin, where he celebrated with family and friends.He then returned to Toronto, bringing the trophy to SickKids Hospital to share it with patients and their families. When <mask> won his second championship trophy he took pictures of himself eating hot dogs out of the Stanley Cup. In the 2017–18 season he scored 92 points, a career high, placed him eighth in the NHL. He also posted a new career-best 58 assists in the season. On October 11, 2018, during the third Pittsburgh game of the 2018–19 season, <mask> scored his sixth career hat-trick, which occurred as his first natural, and first as a Penguin. From February 1 to March 5, 2019, <mask> did not score a goal in 16 games (however, he collected 11 assists), which was the longest goal-drought in his entire career. On March 19, 2019, <mask> played in his 320th consecutive game for the Penguins, passing Craig Adams for the longest in their history.After the last game of the regular season, <mask> was second in points for Penguins, and led the league with 10 game-winning goals. <mask> and the Penguins were swept by the New York Islanders in the first round of the 2019 Stanley Cup Playoffs in what would be <mask>'s final postseason with the Penguins; he scored a goal to go with an assist in the four-game loss. Arizona Coyotes (2019–present)

On June 29, 2019, <mask> was traded from Pittsburgh to the Arizona Coyotes along with Dane Birks and a fourth-round pick, in exchange for Alex Galchenyuk and Pierre-Olivier Joseph. On May 7, 2021, <mask> scored his 900th point in the NHL, a breakaway goal against the San Jose Sharks. International play

<mask> represented the United States in international competition for the first time when his under-17 National Team Development Program squad played at the 2004 World U17 Hockey Challenge finishing fourth. He finished the tournament fourth overall in points (10) and second overall in goals (6). Later in 2004, <mask> played as an underaged player at the IIHF World U18 Championship, where the U.S. won silver.He finished with ten points (seven goals and three assists) in six games, leading the tournament in goals and being named to the tournament all-star team. During <mask>'s 2004–05 campaign with the NTDP, he played for Team USA at the IIHF U20 World Championship held in Grand Forks, North Dakota, where the team ultimately finished fourth. He had four goals and two assists in seven games . In 2005, <mask> once again participated in the World U18 Championship, this time winning a gold medal. He finished with nine goals and seven assists for 16 points in six games, leading the tournament in all said offensive statistics. <mask> was named the tournament's best forward and was also named to the tournament All-Star Team. <mask> then played in the 2006 World Junior Championship, where the U.S. finished fourth for the second-straight year.<mask> led the tournament in points (11) and assists (10). Senior
<mask> made his debut in senior international competition in 2006, when he competed at the 2006 IIHF World Championship in Riga. In seven games, he scored one goal and one assist as the U.S. placed seventh. Following his rookie year with Boston, <mask> competed at the 2007 IIHF World Championship in Moscow, where the U.S. finished fifth. He improved on his performance at the previous World Championship, scoring two goals and five assists in seven games. <mask> competed at the World Championship for the third time in the 2008 edition held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Quebec City. Again, however, the U.S. underwhelmed, finishing in sixth place.On a personal level, <mask> finished ninth overall in points with ten (six goals and four assists) in seven games. In 2010, <mask> played for Team USA at the Winter Olympics in Vancouver. The U.S. finished second, winning the silver medal. In six games, <mask> had a goal and an assist. On January 1, 2014, after the completion of the 2014 Winter Classic, <mask> was announced as a member of the 2014 Olympic Team and went on to compete at the Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. Although the US finished out of the medals, <mask> enjoyed individual success, scoring 5 goals and 3 assists in 6 games, leading the tournament in points (8), being named as best forward, and being named to the All-Star Team. Despite his successful Stanley Cup winning campaign with the Pittsburgh Penguins where he scored 10 goals and 22 points in the playoffs, he was left off the American roster of the 2016 World Cup of Hockey.Following the elimination of Team USA after a 4–2 loss to Team Canada, <mask> tweeted "Just sitting around the house tonight w my dog. Felt like I should be doing something important, but couldn't put my finger on it." This was interpreted by several Team USA players and personnel, including Dean Lombardi, John Tortorella, David Backes, Zach Parise, and Derek Stepan as <mask> jabbing following his snub. <mask> stated that his comments were not directed at anyone, and that he didn't mean any disrespect towards anyone. Personal life
<mask> is from Verona, Wisconsin. The entire <mask> family features successful athletes. His father <mask> Sr., a college quarterback at Northern Michigan University, was drafted by the Washington Redskins of the National Football League, spending his first year on the injured reserve and then subsequently being released.<mask>'s brother Blake, a defenseman, was drafted by the New York Islanders in the sixth round of the 2007 NHL Entry Draft and last played for the Orlando Solar Bears of the ECHL. The <mask> sister Amanda also plays hockey, currently with the National Women's Hockey League as well as internationally with the United States with whom she won gold with during the Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics. <mask>'s cousin, David Moss, played most recently for Switzerland's NLA with the EHC Biel. <mask> is an avid poker player in his free time, and often plays high stakes tournaments, casino cash games and home games with his teammates. Although able to play Texas hold 'em well, he prefers to play Pot-limit Omaha, a game he was taught by his father. <mask> has played in the World Series of Poker (WSOP) every year since 2012, entering high stakes tournaments with entry fees as high as $25,000. As of June 2019, <mask> has totaled $17,022 in live tournament winnings, stemming from cashing in six different WSOP tournaments.<mask> is also good friends with professional poker player Daniel Negreanu, who himself has nearly $40 million in live poker tournament winnings. <mask>. Retrieved March 16, 2019. 1987 births
Living people
American expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
American men's ice hockey right wingers
Arizona Coyotes players
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
Boston Bruins draft picks
Boston Bruins players
Ice hockey players from Wisconsin
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Minnesota Golden Gophers men's ice hockey players
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first round draft picks
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in ice hockey
People from Verona, Wisconsin
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Providence Bruins players
Sportspeople from Madison, Wisconsin
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
USA Hockey National Team Development Program

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<mask> (July 2, 1934 – June 22, 2010) was an Italian literary critic, essayist and university professor specialized in French literature. Life

Childhood and adolescence
<mask> was born in Palermo to a wealthy family: his father, <mask>, was a lawyer and the grandson of <mask>, President of the Italian Council. Following the onset of WWII, the <mask> family was forced to move to a country home near Terrasini, where <mask> began his studies. In 1943, following the American arrival in Sicily, his family returned to Palermo where the young <mask> attended Jesuit secondary school before ultimately studying at the public secondary school. These secondary-school years were formative for <mask>'s intellectual development; he became interested in music, literature and theatre. In addition, <mask>'s family environment was stimulating, they often hosted musical evenings in which the young <mask> was asked to perform on the piano and sing. Through his father's substantial library, he was able to explore a wide range of topics: indeed, at the age of 15, he published a translation of Victor Hugo's Hernani.University training and career
After completing a degree in Law at the University of Palermo, <mask> followed in his father's footsteps and changed course by undertaking studies in Literature 1955. Through Baron Pietro Sgàdari di Lo Monaco, <mask> makes the acquaintance of the Prince and Sicilian writer Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa. He joined Tomasi's literary circle, where he received lessons in English, English Literature and French Literature. It was at this time that he is introduced to psychanalysis through his tutor's wife, Alexandra Wolff Stomersee, a student of Sigmund Freud. Following a meeting with Angelo Pizzorusso, a Professor at the University of Pisa who made note of his potential, <mask> became his student and specializes in French literature. His studies culminated in his first scholarly work, L'opera di Louis Ramond, dedicated to geologist, botanist and French explorer Louis Ramond de Carbonnières. In 1959, <mask> was awarded a scholarship to study in Paris, where he worked on a thesis titled Rotrou dalla tragicommedia alla tragedia', which constituted an important contribution to studies on French baroque theater.In 1967, he became professor of French literature in the Department of Literature and Foreign Languages at the University of Pisa. During the events of May 1968, he appeared in support of the student effort, yet remained in favor of academic activities continuing at their regular pace; he asked that disturbances to the academic calendar be limited. Following this time, around 1970, he petitioned for a transfer to the University of Naples Federico II, but maintained close collaboration with Pisa until his move to the Ca' Foscari University of Venice in 1975. In 1971, he published Lettura freudiana della "Phèdre", a course taught at the University of Pisa delineating the first volume of his Freudian cycle. The logical and formal rereading of the Freudian text, as a textual analysis tool applied to literature, and the confrontation with structural linguistics and semiotics garner him international recognition. He moved back to Pisa in 1982 and resumed his former position as Professor of Literature at the University of Pisa, where he became, in 1994, the first professor to teach a course on Literary Theory in Italy. In 1993, Giulio Einaudi editore published Gli oggetti desueti nelle immagini della letteratura, translated into English as "Obsolete objects in the literary imagination: ruins, relics, rarities, rubbish, uninhabited places, and hidden treasures" and published by the Yale University Press in 2006.<mask> retired from his university career in 2004, but pursues continued research in literature and published his first novel, titled La doppia seduzione. He died in Pisa in 2010. Obsolete objects in the literary imagination: ruins, relics, rarities, rubbish, uninhabited places, and hidden treasures Obsolete objects in the literary imagination: ruins, relics, rarities, rubbish, uninhabited places, and hidden treasures, text first published in Italian in 1993, is considered <mask>'s magnum opus. Therein, he posits that the theoretical effort of defining literature is analogous to the passionate reading of texts in the Western tradition, from Antiquity to the 19th century. The theoretical crux of the books is faithful to the ambivalent orlandian view of time: time destroys or valorizes, but also destroys and valorizes. According to <mask>, this fundamental ambivalence is an anthropological constant for humankind, one that can be emphasized through literature, as this medium has the right to consider the representation of useless and disgusting objects, while also rejecting their esthetic value. The proliferation of this type of literary images, according to <mask>'s perspective, testifies to a critique of existing expectations of order, efficiency and functionality typical of bourgeois society.Published works
 La foresta è tutta del sole. 1949-1954, poetry, S.F. 78–89
 Le costanti e le varianti : studi di letteratura francese e di teatro musicale, Il Mulino, 1983
 « Freud and Literature. Eleven Ways He Did It », in Poetics, 1984
 « Letteratura e psicanalisi: alla ricerca dei modelli freudiani », in Letteratura italiana, IV, L’interpretazione, Torino, Einaudi, 1985, pp. 549–587
 Gli oggetti desueti nelle immagini della letteratura. I (La cultura del romanzo), Einaudi, 2001
 La doppia seduzione, Einaudi, 2010 (roman)

 English translations
 Toward a Freudian Theory of Literature: with an Analysis of Racine's « Phèdre », trans. by Charmaine Lee, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978
 Obsolete Objects in the Literary Imagination: Ruins, Relics, Rarities, Rubbish, Uninhabited Places, and Hidden Treasures, trans.by Gabriel Pihas and Daniel Seidel, in collaboration with Alessandra Grego ; preface by David Quint, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2006

 French translations
 Lecture freudienne de « Phèdre », trans. by Danièle and Thomas Aron, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1986
 Un souvenir de Lampedusa (1962) followed by A distances multiples (1996), trans. by Michel Balzamo, Paris, l'Inventaire, 1996
 Les objets désuets dans l'imagination littéraire: ruines, reliques, raretés, rebuts, lieux inhabités et trésors cachés, trans. by Paul-André et Aurélie Claudel, Paris, Garnier, 2010
 L'Intimité et l'Histoire: lecture du « Guépard », trans. by Chetro De Carolis, Paris, Garnier, 2014

 Prefaces
 Sigmund Freud, Il motto di spirito e la sua relazione con l'inconscio (Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewussten), trans. by S. Daniele et E. Sagittario, Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 1975
 Carmelo Samonà, Fratelli e tutta l'opera narrativa, Mondadori, 2002
 '''Il vero in maschera: dialogismi galileiani. Idee e forme nelle prose scientifiche del Seicento by Emanuele Zinato, Liguori, 2003
 Racconti, facezie, libelli by Voltaire, Gianni Iotti's edition, Einaudi, 2004
 Corrispondenza con la madre (1887-1905) by Marcel Proust, Rocco Carabba, 2010
 Marcel Proust, Contro Sainte-Beuve, trans.Testimonianze e ricordi, ETS, 2012
 Thomas Aron, « Présentation de <mask> Orlando », Semen, 1983
 Gianni Iotti, voix du Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, LXXIX, Roma, Treccani, 2013

Notes and references

Italian literary critics
Italian essayists
Male essayists
1934 births
Writers from Palermo
2010 deaths
University of Pisa faculty
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa faculty
Italian male non-fiction writers

masks:
Francesco Orlando
Francesco Orlando
Camille Orlando
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
Orlando
Orlando
Orlando
Orlando
Orlando
Francesco
Orlando
Orlando
Orlando
Orlando
Orlando
Francesco Orlando
Orlando
Orlando
Francesco


texts:
<mask>, QSM (12 April 1916 – 19 November 2011) was a composer and arranger who wrote a wide variety of music for screen, stage and broadcast. <mask> was born in Oakland, California, but was a longtime resident of New Zealand. Self-taught, his break came when he substituted for an ill colleague on a radio show. Subsequently, he went on to become a composer/arranger at NBC Studios for such television shows as Rawhide 1962 and Laredo, 1965–67. He worked at Universal Studios and MGM, where at the latter he composed and conducted the original scores for such films as George Pal's The Time Machine (1960) and Atlantis, the Lost Continent (1961). He also orchestrated the music for Father Goose (1964) and The Benny Goodman Story (1956). <mask> collaborated with many Hollywood musicians and celebrities, including Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong, Anita O'Day, Mel Torme, Julie London, Oscar Peterson, Stan Kenton, Maynard Ferguson, Walt Disney, Orson Welles, Jane Wyman, Ronald Reagan, Andy Williams, Judy Garland, Henry Mancini, and Charlie Chaplin making arrangements and conducting orchestras as needed.Russ loved to ski so he would write on-site scores to ski-content films. Personal life
One of five brothers, <mask> grew up in what he said was an "ordinary" household where music was something that came out of the radio. When his family noticed the five-year-old Russ standing by the radio every Sunday morning waiting for the New York Philharmonic to come on, it was obvious the child had a special interest in music. One of his brothers presented him with an old cornet he bought for $5, which Russ taught himself to play. In school he started a jazz band to play his new horn, and ended up using the band as an outlet for his compositions and arrangements of standards, all of which were self-taught. "I've been able to read music since I was little," he said at the time. "I don't know how, because I had lessons only when I went to high school.Call it instinct, call it a gift, I've never questioned my musical ability. I'm thankful for it. If I take up a sheet of manuscript paper and a pen there's a whole orchestra playing in my head. At times I can't write quickly enough to keep up with what's flowing out of me." <mask> and his wife Gina Mauriello <mask>, a published author and singer-lyricist-writer in her own right, were members of the Baháʼí Faith since 1955. In 1966, at the height of his career, the <mask>s sold their home and possessions, bought a boat, and set sail on June 1. However, the couple knew nothing about sailing and Gina did not know how to swim; the early arrival of Hurricane Alma forced them to return after only two days at sea.It was December before damage to the boat was finally repaired and they set forth once again. This time they reached Nassau without further complications and spent several years as "travel-teachers" for the Baháʼís as they went around the world to places like the Galapagos Islands, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands. When they reached Fiji in 1969, musicians from Auckland, New Zealand invited <mask> to do some live concerts, radio and television shows and to lecture at various universities around the country on behalf of the New Zealand Broadcasting Commission and Music Trades Association. <mask>, when finished with his lectures and concerts and on advice of friends, drove up to the Bay of Islands in the north of North Island. <mask> and his wife fell in love with the location and bought a house on the water's edge of Tangitu Bay in the Te Puna Inlet, east of the Purerua Peninsula near Kerikeri. They spent many years there, but after they moved to Kerikeri, <mask> continued to compose and arrange, including projects in the United States and around the world. His most recent project prior to his death was his and Gina's first opera, The Unquenchable Flame.Together, the <mask>s further volunteered their services on a regular basis to teach primary school children in New Zealand about the virtues gained through the use of songs, stories, games and creative exercises. Events and awards
On Memorial Day weekend, 2003, <mask> and Buddy Childers had an event Contemporary Concepts Presented – A 4 Day Jazz Festival Celebrating The West Coast Big Band Sound in Concert in Los Angeles. Speakers/Panelists included  <mask>, Buddy Childers, Pete Rugolo, and Allyn Ferguson. On 27 May 2005 the L.A. Jazz Institute honoured <mask> for his more than 60 years of contributions to jazz. The evening was hosted by Tierney Sutton and guest speakers included Bill Holman, Duane Tatro and Bud Shank. Charmed Life: Shaynee Rainbolt Sings <mask> is a recent CD release featuring his work in collaboration. <mask> and <mask> both received the 2009 Queen's Service Medal for New Zealand for their service to music.Professional career
When he was eleven years old, the Oakland Symphony Orchestra performed his arrangement of "Stardust". By the time <mask> was in high school, he was working five nights a week playing music and earning more than his father, who was a credit manager in a large department store. After one year at San Francisco State University he dropped out because he felt he was not learning enough and instead went on the road with several big bands. But he remained unsatisfied because, he said, "I wasn't advancing fast enough." He recalled, "I quit and went to Hollywood and had lessons with the best teachers I could find." He studied composition, harmony, orchestration, counterpoint and form. He took lessons on every instrument so he could write for each with a deeper awareness, rather than just by ear as he had done in the past.He also conducted the West Hollywood Symphony Orchestra once a week for two years, a remarkable experience for a young man in his 20s; he said it primed him for what was to come. His first break came in 1939, when the composer/conductor of the radio show This is Our America fell ill and <mask> was recommended to fill in. He so impressed the director, Ronald Reagan, that he was kept on for two years. Reagan was then married to Jane Wyman who recommended <mask> to NBC, where he was hired as a staff composer and arranger. As word got out, he said he never had to look for work: "It's always come to me. I do lead a charmed life." Soon after, Henry Mancini called on <mask> and his extraordinary talent of transcribing note for note, instrument for instrument, to work on The Glenn Miller Story.Universal Studios contracted <mask> to work as composer, arranger and conductor in the 1950s. He remained in the post for 15 years. According to <mask>'s obituary in the Los Angeles Times and his obituary by Marc Myers in Jazzwax, a daily jazz blog <mask> did the orchestration for "the 65-piece studio symphony" for Charlie Chaplin's 1952 film Limelight. However, in 1972, when Limelight won an Oscar for the best original dramatic score, the three Oscars were given to Chaplin, Raymond Rasch and posthumously to <mask>, who was also a composer and movie arranger at the time. In 1957, through his Universal Studios contract, he arranged and conducted Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald's record album Porgy And Bess. He undertook three more albums and a concert at the Hollywood Bowl with Armstrong. Bethlehem Records often called on <mask> for his arranging abilities; he was one of the few Hollywood soundstage and studio veterans who could easily and naturally switch from film scoring to jazz arranging.Developing a parallel career, not only did he provide arrangements for many singers and instrumentalists, he recorded over 60 albums under his own name, as well as composing for cutting-edge projects such as the Stan Kenton Neophonic Orchestra. He was considered an innovator with his music using experimental frameworks on which newer and greater presentations could be fashioned, as he proved, assembling his unexpected and groundbreaking four-trombone band with brass players Frank Rosolino, Tommy Pederson, Maynard Ferguson and Herbie Harper. Marty Paich can even be heard on some of these sessions at the piano. He used this instrumentation and sound to great success in collaborations with singers like Frances Faye and Anita O'Day, and brought it back in his most recent collaboration: a recording of all <mask> originals with New York vocalist Shaynee Rainbolt. Although he loved what he was doing, he decided to walk away from it all in 1966. "I fought in the Battle of the Bulge during World War II and vowed that if I ever got out of it alive, I was going to dedicate myself to world peace." The Garcias decided to sail the Pacific Ocean, carrying the message of peace and the Baháʼí Faith to the remote islands of the South Pacific.<mask> said, "Not many people have the chance to follow their hearts with no financial worries. We had the "charm" working for us: we knew the royalties would see us through for some years." They spent the next six years on their 13-metre fiberglass trimaran the Dawn-Breaker, as "traveling teachers," anchoring in such exotic locations as Jamaica, the Galapagos Islands, the Marquesas and Tahiti. In Fiji, in 1969, the "charm" spun again when musicians visiting from Auckland invited <mask>, on behalf of the New Zealand Broadcasting Commission and the Music Trades Association, to do live concerts, radio and TV shows as well as lecture at universities around the country, a perfect fit seeing as <mask> is also known in music circles as the author of what are considered the definitive textbooks on composition: The Professional Arranger Composer Books I and II. They have been translated into six languages and are used in universities and conservatories around the world. At the age of ninety-two, <mask> was still composing and touring internationally, and he conducted his own 95th birthday concert in Kerikeri. Discography
 1950 – Radar Secret Service
 1953 – Limelight (miscredited 1972 Oscar for Best Original Dramatic Score given to Raymond Rasch and <mask>)
 1955 – Wigville
 1955 – Four Horns and a Lush Life
 1956 – The Johnny Evergreens
 1956 – That Old Black Magic (with Peggy Connelly)
 1956/57 – About the Blues (with Julie London)
 1956 – The Complete Porgy and Bess
 1957 – Porgy and Bess (Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong)
 1957 – Louis Under the Stars (Louis Armstrong)
 1957 – I've Got the World on a String (Louis Armstrong)
 1957 – The Warm Feeling
 1957 – Listen to the Music of <mask>
 1957 – Make Love to Me (Julie London)
 1957 – Sounds in the Night
 1958 – Anita Sings the Winners (Anita O'Day)
 1958 – Carioca
 1959 – Get Happy!The Path to Peace incorporated nine major principles from The Promise of World Peace, published by the Baháʼí international administrative body, the Universal House of Justice, in 1985. The "[p]rinciples that promote peace include the equality of men and women, universal education, and the elimination of extremes of wealth and poverty." References

External links

 Garcia Website
 SoundTrackNet
 Interview
 LA Jazz Institute

1916 births
2011 deaths
American Bahá'ís
American male composers
American composers
American music arrangers
American male songwriters
Musicians from Oakland, California
New Zealand Bahá'ís
New Zealand composers
Male composers
New Zealand music arrangers
New Zealand songwriters
Male songwriters
People from the Bay of Islands
Converts to the Bahá'í Faith
20th-century Bahá'ís
21st-century Bahá'ís
American expatriates in New Zealand
Songwriters from California
American military personnel of World War II

masks:
Russell Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Russell
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Russell Garcia
Russell
Gina Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Larry Russell
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Larry Russell
Russell Garcia


texts:
<mask> (6 May 1959, Kohtla-Järve – 27 October 2012, Tallinn) was an Estonian cleric, politician, lawyer, and businessman, most notable for being a voter for the Estonian restoration of Independence. Education
Hallaste studied in Kohtla-Järve, and from the 7th grade in the Otepää branch of the Tallinn Sports Secondary School. In 1977, he graduated from Kohtla-Järve Secondary High School. After graduating from high school, Hallaste began studying at the Faculty of Law of the University of Tartu, where he was thrown out for being religious, which was discouraged by the Soviet government at the time. He eventually graduated in 1995. After graduating from the University of Tartu, Hallaste began studying at the Institute of Theology of the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church. In 1982, he was ordained a teacher at St Mary's Cathedral, Tallinn.Career
Hallaste served a number of parish throughout the late 20th century, including in Laiuse and Palamuse parishes from 1982 to 1983, Torma and Kodavere parishes from 1983 to 1988, and Kadrina and Ilumäe parishes from 1988 to 1993. From 2005 to his death in 2012, he was a vicar teacher in Ida-Harju. He has also served as deputy head of the Järva provost and eastern Harju Assistance Front. After leaving politics, Hallaste established the law office of the same name and offered legal services. Lastly, he headed the company Viimars OÜ. In addition, he organized the Season Travel travel agency and was a member of the Board of the Kirik Varahaldus OÜ, the company managing the real estate of EELK. Political career
Hallaste became a part of politics through the heritage protection movement.In October 1988, he attempted to stand in the Rakvere District against the "official" candidate nominated by the Communist Party, Vaino Väljas, in the replacement of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR, and created a precedent in post-war Estonia. However, bringing the formal reasons to excuse (a meeting of the group setting up the working group was convened as a trade union group, not as a trade union committee), he was denied the candidacy. In March 1989, Hallaste applied for election to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union in the same constituency, but remained under Siim Kallas in 1989. In 1989, he was one of the founders of the Estonian Christian Union (later the Estonian Christian-Democratic Union) and was its chairman until 1992. EKDL considered itself the successor to the Christian People's Party founded in 1919. Between 1990 and 1992, he was a member of the Estonian Supreme Soviet and the Congress of Estonia, the 1990 Estonian Committee and the 1991-1992 Constituent Assembly. He was among the 69 members of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia who on 20 August 1991 voted for the Estonian restoration of Independence.In the Riigikogu elections in 1992, the EKDL participated in the election campaign of "Isamaa" with the Conservative People's Party of Estonia, the Estonian Christian Democratic Party, the Republican Conservatives, and the Estonian Liberal Democratic Party (ELDP). The election coalition was the winner, receiving 22.00% of the votes and 29 seats in the Riigikogu. After the election, in the same year, the EKDL joined all but the ELDP, forming a new party: the Pro Patria National Coalition Party. <mask> lost his position as party leader (Mart Laar later became the leader of the new party), but <mask> was a member of the Riigikogu from 1992 to 1995. Hallaste led the Pro Patria National Coalition Party until 27 October 1993. On 30 June 1994, he left the faction and joined the Right-wing faction, whose members were members of the People's Party of Republicans and Conservatives on 9 October 1994, as the founders of the newly formed Party of the Republicans from the Republican and Conservative People's Party (VKRE). On April 5, 1998, the VKRE joined the Estonian Peasantry Party, forming the Estonian People's Party, but was compulsorily terminated on 14 December 1999 because it failed to comply with the 1000-member requirement of the new Political Parties Act.In 1998, Hallaste and businessman Toivo Ninnas were caught in a sex scandal involving inviting ten female guests to the Viking hotel in Pärnu. Ninna and Hallaste denied the allegations, but the People's Party forced out Hallaste. As a result of the scandal, former president Arnold Rüütel did not award him the same award given to all members of the Supreme Council who voted on 20 August 1991 to restore Estonia's independence. "I have not seen this list," Hallaste said of the President's decision. "Everyone who voted [for independence] got the award except for me. Why can't I? Is morale a thing?For me, this is completely incomprehensible...". In 2000, police in Tallinn fined Hallaste for going 107 km/h on the freeway while driving under the influence, despite being part of the leadership of the Alcohol Policy Council. From 2001 to his death, Hallaste was a part of the Estonian Reform Party. Personal life
In 1978, Hallaste married Hilja Seppenen. They had eight children (three sons and five daughters). Bibliography
 Hallaste, <mask> "Eesti Vabariigi põhiseaduse sünd" Juridica 9/1996, pages 438–442
 Hallaste, Illar. "Kanoonilise õiguse käsiraamat".2011

References

External links
 Koit Luus, "Illar Hallaste – tegija poliitikas ja äris" – Äripäev 20 May 1997
 Risto Berendson, "Illar Hallaste loobub Kati Murutari kohtusse kaebamast" – Eesti Päevaleht 24 May 1998
 Hans Väre, "Illar Hallaste üheksas amet" – Äripäev 31 July 2000
 "Seksipastor Illar Hallaste astus Reformierakonda" – EPL, 6 February 2002
 Teet Korsten, Illar Hallaste: "Just sellist Eestit me tahtsime!" - Põhjarannik 23 August 2008
 Monika Reedik, "Poliitilise kogemusega vaimulik" – Eesti Kirik 6 May 2009
 Virumaa Entsüklopeedia: "Hallaste, Illar – pastor, poliitik, ärimees"
 "Illar Hallaste: ma ei mäleta Volga ostuloa taotlust" – Õhtuleht, 27 August 2011
 Juhan Haravee "Jumalamehe lahkumine: energiline Illar Hallaste oleks jõudnud veel palju" Õhtuleht, 29 October 2012

1959 births
2012 deaths
People from Kohtla-Järve
Voters of the Estonian restoration of Independence
Estonian Lutheran clergy
Estonian Reform Party politicians
People's Party of Republicans and Conservatives politicians
University of Tartu alumni
Burials at Metsakalmistu
20th-century Estonian politicians
Members of the Riigikogu, 1992–1995

masks:
Illar Hallaste
Hallaste
Hallaste
Illar


texts:
<mask>,  RA (born <mask>j; 13 March 173311 November 1810) was a German neoclassical painter who was active mainly in England, Italy and India. His works appear in many prominent British collections, including the National Gallery, the Tate Gallery and the Royal Collection, as well as institutions in continental Europe, India, the United States and Australia. His name is sometimes spelled Zoffani or Zauffelij (on his grave, it is spelled Zoffanij). Life and career
Of noble Hungarian and Bohemian origin, <mask> was born near Frankfurt on 13 March 1733, the son of a cabinet maker and architect in the court of Alexander Ferdinand, 3rd Prince of Thurn and Taxis. He undertook an initial period of study in a sculptor's workshop in Ellwangen during the 1740s, possibly the shop of Melchior Paulus, and later at Regensburg with the artist . In 1750, he travelled to Rome, entering the studio of Agostino Masucci. In the autumn of 1760, he arrived in England and initially found work with the clockmaker Stephen Rimbault, painting decorative designs for his clocks.By 1764, <mask> was enjoying the patronage of King George III and Queen Charlotte for his charmingly informal scenes such as Queen Charlotte and Her Two Eldest Children (1765), in which the queen is shown at her toilette inside Buckingham House. He was also popular with the Austrian imperial family and was created a baron of the Holy Roman Empire in 1776 by Empress Maria Theresa. A founding member of the new Royal Academy in 1768, <mask> enjoyed great popularity for his society and theatrical portraits. He painted many prominent actors and actresses, in particular David Garrick, the most famous actor of his day, often in costume  – Garrick as Hamlet and Garrick as King Lear. <mask> was a master of what has been called the 'theatrical conversation piece', a sub-set of the 'conversation piece' genre that arose with the middle classes in the 18th century. (The conversation piece – or conversazione – was a relatively small, though not necessarily inexpensive, informal group portrait, often of a family group or a circle of friends. This genre developed in the Netherlands and France, and it became popular in Britain from about 1720.)<mask> has been described by one critic as "the real creator and master of this genre". He painted a number of 'conversation pieces' featuring a violoncello – the Cowper-Gore family, Sharp family, Morse and Cator family, and the family of Sir William Young. Around 1780, he painted a portrait of the octogenarian professional cellist and composer Giacomo Cervetto. In the later part of his life, <mask> was especially known for producing huge paintings with large casts of people and works of art, all readily recognizable by their contemporaries. In paintings like The Tribuna of the Uffizi, he carried this fidelity to an extreme degree – the Tribuna was already displayed in the typically cluttered 18th-century manner (i.e. with many objects hanging in a small area, stacked high on the wall), but Zoffany added to the sense of clutter by having other works brought into the small octagonal gallery space from other parts of the Uffizi. <mask> spent the years 1783 to early 1789 in India, where he painted portraits including the Governor-General of Bengal, Warren Hastings, and the Nawab Wazir of Oudh, Asaf-ud-Daula; an altarpiece of the Last Supper (1787) for St John's Church of England, Calcutta; and a vibrant history painting, Colonel Mordaunt's Cock Fight (1784–86) (Tate), described by historian Maya Jasanoff as ‘easily the liveliest illustration of early colonial India’.In the usual way, he sired several children by an Indian mistress, or ‘uppa-patni’. Returning to England, he was shipwrecked off the Andaman Islands. The survivors held a lottery in which the loser (a sailor) was eaten. William Dalrymple describes <mask> as having been "the first and last Royal Academician to have become a cannibal". <mask> died in his home at Strand-on-the-Green on 11 November 1810. He is buried in the churchyard of St Anne's Church, Kew. The painters Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Kirby are coincidentally buried nearby.Marriages and children
Around the age of 27, <mask> married the daughter of a court official in Würzburg. She accompanied him to London but returned to Germany within a decade or so. <mask> left for Florence in 1772 and was followed by young Mary Thomas, the daughter of a London glovemaker, who was carrying his first child. Whether they married in Europe is uncertain, but <mask>'s portrait, Mary Thomas, the Artist’s second wife (c. 1781–82), shows her wearing a wedding ring. Following the death of his first wife in 1805, <mask> married ‘Mary Thomas … Spinster’ in accordance with Church of England rites. <mask> and Mary Thomas had five children, including a son (who died in infancy) and four daughters. Their second daughter, Cecilia (1779–1830), was involved in a well-publicised child custody case in Guernsey in 1825.Critical legacy

Despite the high-profile the artist enjoyed in his day, as court painter in London and Vienna, <mask> has, until very recently, been overlooked by art historical literature. In 1920, Lady Victoria Manners and Dr. G. C. Williamson published <mask>, R.A., his life and works. 1735–1810 – the first in-depth study of the artist and his work, privately printed, presumably at some cost (with 330pp, numerous black/white and a few colour plates), in a limited edition of 500 copies. In 1966, Oliver Millar published <mask> and his Tribuna on the painter's Uffizi group-portrait now in the Royal Collection. This was followed by <mask>, 1733–1810, an illustrated guide for the exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery, London in 1977. In December 2009, Penelope Treadwell published the first full biography, <mask>: Artist and Adventurer, Paul Holberton Publishing. This biography traces <mask>'s footsteps, from his youth in Germany, through his first years in London – working for clockmaker Stephen Rimbault – to his growing success as society and theatrical portraitist and founder-member of the Royal Academy, and following him on his Grand Tour and sojourn in India.Illustrated in full colour with more than 250 works by <mask> and his peers, many of which are in private collections, Treadwell's biography provides a timely reassessment of the artist's life and work. In 2011 Mary Webster published her long-awaited and splendidly produced monograph on the artist: <mask> 1733–1810 (Yale University Press). In 2011–12 the Yale Center for British Art and the Royal Academy, London, showed an exhibition <mask>, RA: Society Observed, curated by Martin Postle, with Gillian Forrester and MaryAnne Stevens, with a catalogue of the same name, edited by Martin Postle and including much original research. For a review of this and Mary Webster's biography, see Edward Chaney, "Intentional Phallacies", The Art Newspaper, no. 234, April 2012, p. 71. A 2014 book by David Wilson describes <mask>'s relationship with Robert Sayer (1725–94). A leading publisher and seller of prints, maps and maritime charts in Georgian Britain, based in Fleet Street, London, Sayer organised the engraving of paintings by some leading artists of the day, most importantly <mask>, and sold prints from the engravings.In this way he helped to secure <mask>'s international reputation. Sayer and the artist became longstanding friends as well as business associates. In 1781 <mask> painted Robert Sayer in an important ‘conversation piece’. The Sayer Family of Richmond depicts Robert Sayer, his son, James, from his first marriage, and his second wife, Alice Longfield (née Tilson). Behind the family group is the substantial villa on Richmond Hill overlooking the River Thames, built for Sayer between 1777 and 1780 to the designs of William Eves, a little known architect and property developer. On Sayer's death in 1794 the house was to become the residence of a future king of Great Britain. In recent decades, <mask>'s paintings have provoked significant controversy.Mary Webster's monumental study in 2011, while based on extensive research, has sometimes been seen as austere. Other scholars have drawn attention to the artist's propensity for wry observations, risqué allusions and double meanings, so that many of his paintings conceal as much as they reveal. In literature and media

In the comic opera The Pirates of Penzance, by  Gilbert and Sullivan, the Major-General brags of being able to distinguish works by Raphael from works by Gerard Dou and <mask>. A scene in Stanley Kubrick’s film Barry Lyndon (1975) is said to have been inspired by <mask>’s Tribuna of the Uffizi

Zoffany Street in Archway, London is named after him. This street name is notable as being the last to appear in the index of London's famous street atlas, the A–Z. Works

References

External links

 Connected Histories: British History Sources, 1500–1900 This JISC-funded web service provides federated searching of online historical resources for research. The web link provides access to primary sources which refer to <mask>.Dexter Edge: "Not Mozart, Not Zoffany. So . . . What? ", 24 August 2013. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Michael Lorenz. Zoffany House – Strand on the Green

1733 births
1810 deaths
18th-century English painters
18th-century German painters
19th-century English painters
19th-century German painters
19th-century male artists
Artists from Frankfurt
Burials at St. Anne's Church, Kew
Chiswick
English male painters
Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England
German male painters
Royal Academicians
German neoclassical painters

masks:
Johan Joseph Zoffany
Johannes Josephus Zaufalli
Johan Zoffany
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Johan Zoffany
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texts:
<mask> (born October 9, 1976) is an American professional basketball coach and former player who is the head coach for the Beaumont Panthers of The Basketball League (TBL). A Texas native, Sneed played high school basketball at West Brook in Beaumont. He then played two years in junior college at San Jacinto, being named a first team NJCAA All-American. He played his junior and senior seasons in the NCAA Division I with the Memphis Tigers, being a two-time all-conference selection. After going undrafted in the 1999 NBA draft, Sneed started his professional career in Colombia. Over the years he has played in several countries in Asia, Europe and South America, being the top scorer of the Dutch league in 2001 and being named in the top-5 of the Israeli Basketball Premier League. He retired from professional basketball in 2015 after a season in the Turkish second division.High school career
Sneed was born in Texas to Robert and Gertrude Sneed. He attended West Brook High School in Beaumont, where he averaged 32 points per game as a sophomore in the 1992–93 season. As a senior, Sneed averaged 21 points and 13 rebounds per game, being selected in the All-State First Team by the Texas Association of Basketball Coaches (TABC). College career

San Jacinto
Sneed was recruited by NCAA Division I programs Houston and Texas during his high school career. He signed with Houston in April 1995; however, Sneed did not qualify academically to play in the NCAA, and he decided to play for a junior college in the NJCAA, choosing San Jacinto College, a community college in the Houston area which competed in the NJCAA Division I. In his freshman season Sneed averaged 21 points and 10.9 rebounds per game, shooting 60.3% from the field. At the end of the season, Sneed was named in the All-TEC first team as one of the best players in the conference.As a sophomore, Sneed played along future NBA player Steve Francis, who had joined San Jacinto as a freshman in 1996; in a game against Blinn College, Sneed scored a career-high 43 points. Sneed averaged 24.2 points and 11.3 rebounds per game, shooting 58.2% from the field, and was ranked 7th in the nation among junior college players. San Jacinto reached the championship game during the 1997 NJCAA Division I Tournament in Hutchinson, Kansas, losing to Indian Hills Community College of Iowa, 80–89. Sneed was the top scorer of the game with 26 points (18 in the first half). At the end of the season, Sneed was named the 1997 TEAC MVP, and was included in the All-Conference First Team; he was also a first-team All-American, and the Basketball Times named him JUCO National Player of the Year. Memphis
In May 1997, Sneed signed a National Letter of Intent to play for Memphis in the NCAA Division I. He chose to wear jersey number 31 and made his debut with the Tigers in the season opener against Louisiana–Monroe on November 15, 1997; in the following game, he recorded a double-double with 23 points and 10 rebounds against Vanderbilt.On December 20, he scored a new career-high 30 points against Tennessee. On February 2, 1998 Sneed was named Conference USA Player of the Week; on February 11, he posted 37 points and 20 rebounds, career-highs at Memphis, in a double overtime loss against DePaul. On February 21, he scored 34 points (with 8 rebounds) against Louisville, earning his second Conference USA Player of the Week nomination on February 23. He had 12 double-doubles in the season, leading the team in scoring in 18 games and in rebounding in 16 games. He also led the Conference USA in scoring (22.7 points per game) and rebounding (9.7) in conference games only (16 appearances). He started all 29 games, playing a total of 1,053 minutes (36.3 per game), and averaged 20.9 points and 9.2 rebounds for the season, shooting 58.5% from the field. At the end of the season he was named the team MVP, and a first-team All-Conference USA selection.He was also named in the USBWA All-District 4 team and in the NABC District 7 First Team, and the Tennessee Sports Writers Association named him Player of the Year. Before the start of his senior season, Sneed was named in the preseason first-team All-Conference USA by the coaches, who also named him the preseason Conference USA Player of the Year. The USBWA also named him in the preseason watchlist for the Oscar Robertson Trophy. Sneed debuted in the season opener against UNC Wilmington, scoring 10 points. Sneed averaged 16.7 points and 7.5 rebounds per game, leading the team in scoring and rebounding. During his senior year he recorded 6 double-doubles, bringing his career total to 18. He started all 28 games, playing 890 total minutes (31.8 per game).He played his last game with Memphis on March 3, 1999, against South Florida during the 1999 Conference USA Tournament, fouling out in the final minute after having posted 16 points and 10 rebounds. At the end of the year, Sneed was named in the NABC All-District 7 First Team and in the All-Conference USA Second Team. Sneed scored a total of 1,072 points in two seasons (the fourth player to do so in Memphis history), which at the time of his retirement ranked him 29th in the program's all-time scoring list. College statistics

|-
| align="left" | 1997–98
| align="left" | Memphis
| 29 || 29 || 36.3 || .585 || .238 || .667 || 9.2 || 2.2 || 1.6 || 0.4 || 20.9
|-
| align="left" | 1998–99
| align="left" | Memphis
| 28 || 28 || 31.8 || .506 || .162 || .642 || 7.5 || 1.7 || 1.4 || 0.2 || 16.7
|-
| align="left" | Career
| align="left" |
| 57 || 57 || 34.1 || .548 || .190 || .655 || 8.4 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 0.3 || 18.8
|-

Professional career
After the end of his senior season, Sneed was automatically eligible for the 1999 NBA draft, where he went undrafted. He was selected by the San Diego Stingrays in the third round (24th overall) of the 1999 IBL draft, and by the Rockford Lightning in the eighth round (65th overall) of the 1999 CBA draft. Sneed opted to play abroad, and signed with Sabios de Manizales in Colombia in the fall of 1999, playing in the Copa Costeñita, the national basketball championship of Colombia. He then signed in November 1999 for Melco Ieper in Belgium, and played one game for the team; he also played for San Lázaro in the Dominican Republic.In 2000 he signed for BSW Weert of the Dutch Basketball League, and he led the league in scoring in the 2000–01 season, averaging 27.1 points per game. He was also named the All-Star Game MVP after posting 30 points and 14 rebounds. In the summer of 2001, Sneed played for the Houston Rockets in the Rocky Mountain Revue, an NBA Summer League tournament. He then joined Power Wevelgem in Belgium, where he ranked second in the league in scoring with 20.9 points per game. Sneed was selected by the Huntsville Flight in the 12th round (92nd overall) in the 2002 National Basketball Development League draft. Instead of signing for a NBDL team, Sneed joined Znicz Pruszków, and during the 2002–03 Polish Basketball League season he averaged 17.5 points, 5.6 rebounds, 2.2 assists and 1.4 steals per game over 25 appearances. In October 2003, Sneed signed for the London Towers in the British Basketball League.He played 33 games in the 2003–04 BBL season, averaging 22.3 points, 8.8 rebounds, 4 assists and 1.7 steals per game, placing fifth in the league in rebounding. Sneed had his first experience in Israel in the 2004–05 season, during which he played for Elitzur Ashkelon. He averaged 19.1 points, 7.3 rebounds, 3.2 assists and 1.4 steals per game for the team in the regular season, and he also participated in the playoffs. For the following season, Sneed signed with another Israeli team, Maccabi Rishon LeZion: he averaged 18.4 points, 7.4 rebounds and 4.3 assists per game, earning his first selection in the Israeli Basketball Premier League Quintet, the all-league first team. In 2006, Sneed signed a contract for Lokomotiv Rostov of the Russian Super League, and he averaged 11.5 points, 7 rebounds and 2.3 assists per game over 22 appearances, placing fifth in the league in rebounding. He also took part in the 2006–07 FIBA EuroCup with the team. He stayed with the club for the following season, and played 4 games (14.7 points, 2.3 rebounds, 2 assists) before moving to Iran and signing for Kaveh BC of Tehran.During the 2007–08 Iranian Basketball Super League he also took part in postseason play in the series lost 0–3 by Kaveh to Mahram, scoring 30, 23 and 27 points, respectively. He also played in the 2008 WABA Champions Cup with Saba Battery, another club from Tehran. In July 2008 he signed with Hapoel Jerusalem, thus returning to Israel and finding coach Guy Goodes who had already coached him Maccabi Rishon LeZion in 2004–05. With Hapoel he averaged 14.7 points, 7.2 rebounds and 5 assists (a career-high) per game in the 2008–09 season, earning his second nomination in the Premier League Quintet. He also took part in the 2008–09 FIBA EuroChallenge, averaging 15.8 points and 5 rebounds over 5 games. In 2009 he left Hapoel and returned to Elitzur Ashkelon for a second stint with the club. He averaged 16 points, 7 rebounds and 3 assists per game during the 2009–10 season.He then signed for Pinar Karşıyaka of the Turkish Basketball Super League and played 7 league games (13 points, 4.7 rebounds, 2.7 assists) and 4 games in the 2010–11 FIBA EuroChallenge (2 in the qualifying rounds and 2 in the regular season) before leaving the team in December 2010. In late 2011 he participated in the Liga Uruguaya de Básquetbol with Defensor Sporting, and was later cut during the season after 3 games. He signed for Mersin BB in January 2012, and played 15 games during the 2011–12 Turkish Basketball League, averaging 16.9 points, 6.7 rebounds and 3.2 assists per game. In 2012 he played 9 games between June and July for the Powerade Tigers during the 2012 PBA Governors' Cup. He returned to Mersin for the 2011–12 Turkish Basketball League, averaging 12.5 points and 6.1 rebounds over 11 appearances. After being inactive for the 2013–14 season, he briefly played for Ankara DSİ in the Turkish Basketball First League, the second tier of Turkish basketball, appearing in 2 games (2 points and 4 rebounds per game). References

External links
Career stats at ProBallers.com
Profile at RealGM.com
College stats at Sports-Reference.com
Dutch league stats
Israeli league stats
Turkish league stats

1976 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Belgium
American expatriate basketball people in Colombia
American expatriate basketball people in the Dominican Republic
American expatriate basketball people in Iran
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in the Netherlands
American expatriate basketball people in the Philippines
American expatriate basketball people in Poland
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American expatriate basketball people in the United Kingdom
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Texas
BSW (basketball club) players
Hapoel Jerusalem B.C.players
Ironi Ashkelon players
Karşıyaka basketball players
London Towers players
Maccabi Rishon LeZion basketball players
Memphis Tigers men's basketball players
Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi S.K. players
PBC Lokomotiv-Kuban players
Philippine Basketball Association imports
Power forwards (basketball)
Powerade Tigers players
San Jacinto Central Ravens men's basketball players
Small forwards
Sportspeople from Beaumont, Texas
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople


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<mask> (born 29 August 1935) is a scholar of psychology: studies theoretical psychology, social psychology and economic psychology. Early life
<mask> was born in Budapest. He graduated in philosophy and psychology from the Faculty of Arts of Budapest University (1959). He obtained his Candidate degree from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences with a thesis on a specifically human basic need (1968). He obtained his Doctor of Science degree from the Hungarian Academy of Science with a  thesis on social identity and paradoxes of its psychic elaboration (1988). Teaching
Moscow State Univ. (1969—theoretical psychology)

Nice Univ.(from 1981—social psychology)

California State Univ. (Bakersfield and San Bernardino, 1990—economic psychology)

University of Szeged (formerly: Attila Jozsef Univ. – 1994-2005; from 1997 – prof. of economic psychology;  1997-2000 – head of Dept of Economic Psychology he founded)

Professional work
<mask> <mask> started his career as editor at the Encyclopaedia Department of the Hungarian academic publishing house Akadémiai Kiadó. After the defence of his thesis above on specifically basic human need, he concluded this research as a fellow of the Institute for Philosophy of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1964–1971). According to his  hypothesis, a paradoxical need for a needfree activity is specific for humans and substantial for their other needs. The structure of the hypothesized need is isomorphic with that of the work considered as a "specifically human basic activity" and defined as that of arranging in one and the same structure ends and means. The hypothesis is based on the activity theory of Alexei Leontiev.He won a Keldysh Scholarship (post doctoral scholarship founded by Keldysh, president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, to support joint Soviet-Hungarian academic research projects) to the Department of scientific discoveries’ psychology in the Institute for History of Natural Sciences and Technology in the Soviet Academy of Sciences (Moscow, 1969-1970)). There Garai studied simultaneous scientific discoveries (such as that of Bolyai and Lobachevsky). In 1970, Garai founded in the Institute for Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences a research unit that became the first in Hungary research team of economic psychology and a center of Vygotskian theoretical research. head of that department (1971–79) and research advisor (1998-2002). He worked at the Laboratoire Européen de Psychologie Sociale (Paris, 1971, 1973 and 1977) and directed psycho-economic research supported by the National Scientific Research Foundation (1990-2005). <mask> was a member of the advisory board of the Hungarian Ministry of Finance. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Russian and East European Psychology.Selected publications
 1966 : "Problèmes des besoins spécifiquement humains." Récherches Internationales: Psychologie. [Paris] 9. (51). 42-60. 1966 : "Историко-материалистический подход к проблеме специфически-человеческих потребностей" ("The problem of the specifically human needs approached by historical materialism"). Вопросы психологии (Voprosy Psikhology).3. 61-73. 1968 : "Las necesidades específicamente humanas" in: A. Luria, A. Massucco Costa, R. Zazzo and B. Teplov: Problemática científica de la psicología actual. Editorial Orbelus. Buenos Aires. 63-85)
 1969 : Személyiségdinamika és társadalmi lét (Personality dynamics and social existence). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó [Academic Press]; 231 p. -- "Review:" F. Erős: Personality Dynamics and Social Existence, by L. Garai.European Journal of Social Psychology. 4/3 [1974]. pp. 369–379
 1969 : "La régulation communicative de la relation sociale et le devenir conscient des contenus de mémoire". In: J. Janousek (szerk. ): Experimental social psychology: Papers and reports from the International Conference on Social Psychology: Institute of Psychology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. Prague, 1969.1971 : "Hypothesis on the Motivation of Scientific Creativity". XIII International Congress of the History of Science. USSR, Moscow, August 18–24, 1971. "Nauka" Publishing House. M., 224-233. 1971 : "Гипотеза о мотивации научного творчества" ("Hypothesis on the Motivation of Scientific Creativity"). 13-ый Международный конгресс по истории науки.СССР, Москва, 18-24-го aвгустa 1971-го года (XIII International Congress of the History of Science. USSR, Moscow, August 18–24, 1971. Мoсквa: Изд. «Наука» ("Nauka" Publishing House. Moscow.) 1971: "Interpretation of needs in foreign language psychology and the question of motives of a scientific activity" [in Russian]. In: Iaroshevsky, M.(ed. ): Problemy nauchnogo tvorchestva v sovremennoy psikhologii. M.: Nauka, 224-233. 1973 : "Strength and Weakness of Psychological Science". International Social Science Journal. 25. 447-460.1973 : "La puissance et l'impuissance de la science psychologique". Revue Internationale des Sciences Sociales. 25. 491-504. 1978 : "Les Débuts de la catégorisation sociale et les manifestations verbales. Une étude longitudinale" (Co-author: M. Kocski; translation et adaptation: Paul Wald). Langage et Société.4. (). 3-30. 1978 (with F. Eros) : "Marx's social theory and the concept of man in social psychology". Studia Psychologica. 20: 5-10
 1979 "La régulation communicative de la relation sociale et le devenir conscient des contenus de mémoire". In: Prangishvili et al.(eds): The Unconscious. Vol. 3. Metsniereba. Tbilisi. 476-484. 1979 (with F. Eros, K. Járó, M. Köcski, S. Veres) : "Towards a Social Psychology of Personality: Development and Current Perspectives of a School of Social Psychology in Hungary".Social Science Information. 1: 137-166
 1980 Szabadságszükséglet és esztétikum (The need for freedom and the aesthetics) Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó [Academic Press]; 160 p.
 1981 : "Les paradoxes de la catégorisation sociale". Recherches de Psychologie Sociale. 3. 131-141. R. Pages: "Les paradoxes classificatoires de Garai: espaces de repérage et d'affectation". Recherches de Psychologie Sociale.1981. 143-151. 1983 : "Marxian Personality Psychology". In: Rom Harré, Roger Lamb, eds., The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 364-366
 1984 : "Vers une théorie psychoéconomique de l'identité sociale". Recherches Sociologiques.313-335. 1985 : "Thesis on the Brain, Meaning and Dualism". Studia Psychologica. 27. 2. 157-168. 1986 : "Social Identity: Cognitive Dissonance or Paradoxe?"New Ideas in Psychology. 4:3. 311-322. 1987 : "Determining economic activity in a post-capitalist system". Journal of Economic Psychology. 8: 77-90
 1988 : "Activity theory and social relations theory" (co-author: Margit Kocski). In: Hildebrand-Nielsohn, M. and Rückriem, G. (eds): Proceedings of the 1stInternational Congress on Activity Theory.Vol. 1. Berlin: Druck und Verlag System Druck. 119-129. 1988 : "Two Principles in Vygotsky's Heritage: Activity and Community" [co-author: Margit Kocski]. In: Erôs, F. and Kiss, Gy. (eds) Seventh European CHEIRON Conference Budapest, Hungary, 4–8 September 1988.Hungarian Psychological Association and Institute of Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Bp., 1988. 191-201)
 1988 : Alkotáspszichológia felé: Esettanulmány József Attiláról (Toward a creativity psychology: A case study on Attila Jozsef). Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences)
 1988 : "The case of Attila József: A reply to Gustav Jahoda" in New Ideas in Psychology 6:2. 213-217. 1989 :  "The principle of social relations and the principle of activity" (co-author: M. Kocski). Soviet Psychology.4. 50-69. 1990 : "...kis pénz - kis foci"? Egy gazdaságpszichológia megalapozása. (Foundation of an economic psychology). Budapest: Hungarian Economic Society. 1990 : "On the mental status of activity and social relation: To the question of continuity between the theories of Vygotsky and Leontiev" [in Russian; co-author: M. Kocski).Psykhologichesky Zhurnal, 11:5. (1990) 17-26. 1991 (with M. Kocski) : "Positivist and hermeneutic principles in psychology: activity and social categorisation". Studies in Soviet Thought. 42: 123-135 preview
 1991 (with M. Kocski) : "Positivistische und hermeneutische Prinzipien in der Psychologie: Tätigkeit und gesellschaftliche Kategorisierung: Über die Frage von Kontinuität und Diskontinuität zwischen Vygotskij und Leont'ev". Europäische Zeitschrift für Semiotische Studien. Vol.3 [1-2]. 1-15. 1993 : "...elvegyültem és kiváltam": Társadalomlélektani esszé az identitásról (A psychosocial essay on identity). Budapest: T-Twins. 231 p.
 1995 : Quo vadis, tovaris? A modernizáció útjáról és a rajta vándorló emberrôl. Budapest: Scientia Humana
 1996: Vygotskian implications: On the meaning and its brain.A keynote paper. In: Международная конференция „Культурно-исторический подход: Развитие гуманитарных наук и образования”. Proceedings. Российская Академия образования и Российский Государственный гуманитарный университет. Москва, 21-24-го октября 1996. No. 3.1998 : Emberi potenciál mint tôke: bevezetés a gazdaságpszichológiába. Budapest: Aula Kiadó
 1998 (with P. Popper) : Sajtópszichológia. Budapest: MÚOSz Bálint György Újságíró Akadémia
 2003 : Identitásgazdaságtan: gazdaságpszichológia másképpen. Budapest: Tas
 2005 : József Attila identitásai: alkotáspszichológiai esettanulmány. Budapest: Magyar Filmtörténeti Fotógyűjtemény Alapítvány
 2008 : "A specifikusan emberi alapszükséglet" ("Specifically human basic need"). Magyar Tudomány 2008/9
 2012 : Interview with Laszlo <mask> on the Activity Theory of Alexis Leontiev and his own Theory of Social Identity as referred to the meta-theory of Lev Vygotsky. Journal of Russian and East European Psychology, vol.50, no. 1, January–February 2012, pp. 50–64. 2013 : Theoretical_Psychology_Vygotskian_Writings
 2017 : Reconsidering Identity Economics – Human Well-Being and Governance. New York: Palgrave Macmillan

Notes

External links
 Personal page at University of Szeged
 "Tool and Sign" Vygotskian Research Network
 Lev Vygotsky Archive
 Survey of <mask>'s work on Attila Jozsef, 1987-2005 (in Hungarian)

Bibliography
 F. Eros, "Personality Dynamics and Social Existence by L. <mask>" [review article]. European Journal of Social Psychology vol. 3 (1974) pp.369–379
 Miklós Gábor, "Interjú: Garai László" [interview]. Népszabadság. 26 January 1993: 19. Pogonyi Lajos, "A gazdaságnak is van identitása: beszélgetés Garai László pszichológussal" [interview]. Népszabadság. 22 February 2003. 1935 births
Hungarian psychologists
Hungarian economists
Living people

masks:
László Garai
Garai
László
Garai
Garai
Garai
Garai
Garai


texts:
<mask> (, ‘Omrī;  Ḫûmrî [ḫu-um-ri-i]; fl. 9th century BC) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the sixth king of Israel. He was a successful military campaigner who extended the northern kingdom of Israel. Other monarchs from the House of Omri are Ahab, Ahaziah, Joram, and Athaliah. Like his predecessor, king Zimri, who ruled for only seven days, <mask> is the second king mentioned in the Bible without a statement of his tribal origin. One possibility, though unproven, is that he was of the tribe of Issachar. Nothing is said in Scripture about the lineage of Omri.His name may be Amorite, Arabic, or Hebrew in origin. <mask> is credited with the construction of Samaria and establishing it as his capital. Although the Bible is silent about other actions taken during his reign, he is described as doing more evil than all the kings who preceded him. An alternative modern hypothesis maintains that, as founder of the House of <mask>r III also mention his name; however, in the case of the Black Obelisk the reference is to the dynasty named for <mask> rather than to <mask> himself. A minor thesis, argued by Thomas Thompson and Niels Peter Lemche, suggests that Omri may be a dynastic name indicating the apical founder of the Kingdom of Israel rather than one denoting an actual historical king. Name
The name "Omri" itself is puzzling to scholars.Its etymology is uncertain, and theories have proposed an origin in several Semitic languages. In the Hebrew Bible, the name "Omri" appears three times outside of references to the king, first to denote a son of Becher, the second of Benjamin's ten sons, second to denote a descendant of Perez, son of Judah, and finally to denote a prince of the tribe of Issachar, seemingly suggesting an Israelite origin for the name. Likewise, that Jezreel was the site of Omri's estate has been taken by some scholars as indicating that Omri had called the area home, which may imply he was a scion of the tribe of Issachar, but this remains unproven. If Omri, and by extension his name, were indeed of Israelite provenance, a number of Hebrew etymologies have been proposed for ‘Omrī: including a hypocorism of the unattested personal name ‘Omrīyyā ( "servant of Yah"), and derivation from the verb ‘āmar () meaning "to bind, gather". Reign

Struggle for the succession
According to the biblical narrative, Omri was "commander of the army" of King Elah when Zimri, "commander of half the king's chariots", murdered Elah and made himself king. Instead, the troops at Gibbethon chose Omri as king, and he led them to Tirzah where they besieged it. When Zimri saw that the city was taken, he committed suicide by shutting himself in the royal palace and setting it ablaze.He died after a reign of only seven days. Although Zimri was eliminated, "half of the people" supported Tibni in opposition to <mask>. It took <mask> four years to subdue Tibni and at last proclaim himself undisputed king of Israel. Samaria and successor
Initially, the capital was in Tirzah, which had been besieged and the royal palace had been burned down. The Jewish Encyclopedia suggests that "the associations of Tirzah were so repellent and sanguinary, and the location so poor for a capital, that <mask> purchased a new site" for his residence. This was in Samaria, on a hill purchased from Shemer for two talents of silver, where <mask> built a new capital for the kingdom. In Samaria, <mask> reigned until his death and was buried there.His son Ahab became the next king. Date
<mask> became king of Israel in the 31st year of Asa, king of Judah and reigned for 12 years, 6 years of which were in Tirzah. The biblical reference to the period of rivalry with Tibni is from the 27th year of Asa to the 31st year. There are several possible dates: William F. Albright has dated his reign to 876–869 BC, E. R. Thiele offers the dates of 888 BC to 880 BC for his rivalry with Tibni and 880–874 BC for his sole reign, while Paul L. Maier affirms that it happened between 881–873 BC. Archaeological sources

The fortress at Jezreel was situated on one of the main east–west routes through the kingdom. Hugh Williamson believes it served not only a military function, but also a political one; a very visible example of grandiose public works used as a means of social control and to assert claims of legitimacy. The Moabite Mesha stele (on display in the Louvre) indicates that <mask> expanded his holdings to include northern Moab east of the Jordan River.It makes reference to the oppression of Moab by "Omri King of Israel". Israel would later become identified in sources as the "House of Omri" (Bit-Humria), with the term "Israel" being used less and less as history progressed (the other defining term for "Israel" is "Samaria", beginning in the reign of Joash). Thomas L. Thompson (The Bible in History), however, interprets the Mesha stele as suggesting that Omri is an eponym, or legendary founder of the kingdom rather than an historical person. The Assyrian Black Obelisk in the British Museum has been interpreted as referring to Jehu "son of Omri", though that interpretation has been questioned. The Omride Dynasty

The short-lived dynasty founded by <mask> constituted a new chapter in the history of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. It ended almost fifty years of constant civil war over the throne. There was peace with the Kingdom of Judah to the south, and even cooperation between the two rival states, while relations with neighboring Sidon to the north were bolstered by marriages negotiated between the two royal courts.This state of peace with two powerful neighbors enabled the Kingdom of Israel to expand its influence and even political control in Transjordan, and these factors combined brought economic prosperity to the kingdom. On the other hand, peace with Sidon also resulted in the penetration of Phoenician religious ideas into the kingdom and led to a kulturkampf between traditionalists (as personified by the prophet Elijah and his followers) and the aristocracy (as personified by <mask>'s son and heir Ahab and his consort Jezebel). In foreign affairs, this period paralleled the rise of the Kingdom of Aram based in Damascus, and Israel soon found itself at war in the northeast. Most threatening, however, was the ascendancy of Assyria, which was beginning to expand westward from Mesopotamia: the Battle of Qarqar (853 BC), which pitted Shalmaneser III of Assyria against a coalition of local kings, including Ahab, was the first clash between Assyria and Israel. It was the first in a series of wars that would eventually lead to the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC and the reduction of the Kingdom of Judah to an Assyrian tributary state. In 841 BC, the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III campaigned along the Mediterranean coast and forced Jehu to pay tribute. Assyrian kings frequently referred to Omri's successors as belonging to the "House of Omri" (Bit Hu-um-ri-a).See also
History of ancient Israel and Judah
List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

References

9th-century BC Kings of Israel
Omrides

masks: Omri Omri Omri Omriese Omri Omri Omri Omri Omri Omri Omri Omri Omri Omri Omri


texts:
<mask> (born January 2, 1990) is an American professional boxer. As an amateur, he won the 2007 U.S. National Championships at the age of 17 and represented the United States the following year at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Personal life
<mask>'s father, Miguel, had a successful amateur boxing career in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, before he migrated to the United States. His older brother Carlos is a highly regarded prospect with a 17-1-1 record, and his twin brother, <mask>, fights on the Mexican Olympic team. Amateur career
With a Vicente Fernández ring entrance song of "No Me Se Rajar", a tune that reflects the macho culture that prevails in Mexico, <mask> finished his amateur career with a record of 111-12. He won a bronze medal at the 2006 Cadet World Championships at lightweight and a national title at the 2006 Junior Olympic International Invitational. He knocked down Karl Dargan (a two-time 141-pound U.S. champion and winner of the 2007 Pan American Games) twice at the U.S. championships.He then won against Jeremy Bryan and Dan O'Connor, followed by Brad Solomon in the finals, to win the junior welterweight title. At the World Championships in 2007, he beat Azerbaijan's Emil Maharramov, the 2005 bronze medalist, 27-10, but lost to England's 2008 Olympian Bradley Saunders. 2008 Olympics
At the Olympic qualifier, <mask> beat Myke Carvalho and then sealed his qualification with a win over Canada's Kevin Bizier. He lost his Olympic debut 1:14 to Boris Georgiev of Bulgaria. According to at least one doctor, it was a fight that never should have taken place. After it was over, Coach Dan Campbell said <mask> had gone into the bout with a small hole in his lung, which allowed air to seep out beneath the skin. Professional career
<mask> is signed to the promotional company Goossen Tutor.In his third fight, he got a second round K.O. over veteran Miguel Garcia. Professional boxing record

|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;"
|align="center" colspan=8|22 Wins (9 knockouts), 4 Losses, 0 Draw
|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;"
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Res.

masks:
Javier Molina Casillas
Molina
Oscar Molina
Molina
Molina
Molina
Molina