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 incarnation took on its own distinct appearance and characterization. For example, some Deadman incarnations were unearthly and zombie-like while others were Goth and more humanized.The earliest of The Undertaker's Deadman incarnations (nicknamed in external media as "The Old West Mortician" to distinguish from his other Deadman incarnations) depicted him as a menacing derivative of the Wild West undertakers depicted in television westerns. In his own rendition, he was garbed in a black trench coat; gray-striped tie; gray-ribboned, black stetson hat; gray boot spats; and gray gloves (black gloves for first few appearances before gray). However, most of <mask>'s Deadman character development (sleeve tattoos, longer/straightened/black hair, purple/blue color representation, elements of thunder and lightening, etc.) would not surface until his first reincarnation into what was his Real Deadman variation, lasting from SummerSlam 94' (rebirthed from a death angle with Yokozuna with updated character features to contrast from the fake, impostor Deadman character played by Brian Lee) through Buried Alive: In Your House (The Undertaker buried alive by Mankind and numerous other WWF wrestlers). In these initial zombie-like incarnations of his gimmick, he was portrayed as impervious to pain, something accomplished by Calaway not selling his opponents' attacks. Among the ways this was showcased was in <mask>'s maneuver of raising up from a taken down supine position into a high Fowler's position, dubbed "the sit-up." Beginning early on, <mask>'s persona was complemented with histrionically spooky manager Paul Bearer, introduced to represent and guide <mask> Deadman.Playing a key role, Bearer used an urn to transmit mysterious powers to <mask> that had invigoratingly healing effects on him during combat. Also linked to <mask>'s Deadman gimmick were the druids–a team of mysterious, incognito cult-like members, completely disguised in black hooded clergy robes. A mysterious choir chanting sounded whenever the druids presented. The druids typically appeared for the purposes of removing <mask> where he had seemingly been extinguished by his enemies (as opposed to EMTs or medical personnel used for the rest of WWF/E talent). The druids were also seen reproducing <mask> in recovered, wrathful states to those same enemies who were thought to have extinguished him. The Undertaker took to many trademarked idiosyncrasies and themes, including a stylized throat-slashing gesture, grimacing facial expressions fit with eyeballs rolled back so that only the whites of his eyes displayed, backwards hair-whips so as to expose his ominous facial expressions, fixed stares on adversaries, protruding tongue displays, sonorous vocalizations, jolting of his head with a fury so that it faced the direction of his antagonists, his celebratory take-the-knee pose, etc. A main attraction of the Deadman gimmick, <mask> mesmerized his opponents and viewers alike through elaborately "bone-chilling" entrances.His magic powers were put on display in these moments, triggering lights back to the arena from raised arms before entering the ring. During most of his appearances as the Deadman, <mask> used an extended remix of Frédéric Chopin's Funeral March as his theme music. WWF Composer Jim Johnston embellished on the Chopin march, using the historic melody as a pre- and post-chorus to a main chorus of bell tolls, along with an original transition section to the song of a slow, lugubrious instrumental feel. According to Johnston, the funereal music helped project "tragedy and sadness and all these different elements that touch on the mysterious backstory of <mask> Undertaker’s character". Alternate identities of <mask> Undertaker gimmick
After a hiatus, Calaway made a return in 2000 in which he expanded on <mask>taker gimmick with a semifictional redneck biker identity, thoroughly abandoning his fully fictional Deadman identity. In performing this alternate identity, he rode to the ring on motorcycles, chewed tobacco, donned leather garments and/or denim, printed shirts, and sporty fashion accessories (sunglasses, necklaces, bandanas). His entrance music was replaced with popular rock songs of the time, initially Kid Rock's "American Bad Ass" (from which <mask> Undertaker's subtitle used to refer to this second identity derived), and eventually Limp Bizkit's "Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle)".According to Bruce Prichard, Calaway requested this metamorphosis of character since he wanted to be "the biker–he wanted to be the guy that he is in everyday life". This transition lasted 3 and a half years until 2004 when <mask> resurrected his Deadman identity in hybrid form—residual features of his American Badass identity remaining. Among subtle details left over from his biker identity were his penchant to unstrap and lower his tank top, as well as celebrating victories with an arm-raised fist. For <mask>'s final encounter, a Boneyard Match at WrestleMania 36 in 2020, he introduced a three-dimensional identity that brought all of his identities into one, dubbed "The Unholy Trinity:" a mix of his Deadman identity, American Badass identity, and his natural and genuine identity as Mark Calaway. Gimmick reflective nicknames
<mask> Undertaker generated many nicknames from commentators and spectators alike throughout the course of his active wrestling career, some of those names more associated with his Deadman Undertaker identity, including "The Grim Reaper" (variants of this used were "The Reaper" and "The Reaper of Wayward Souls"), "The Demon of Death Valley", "The Man from the Dark Side", "The Prince of Darkness", "The Lord of Darkness", etc. He also generated nicknames associated with his American Badass Undertaker identity, including "Big Evil" (used in reference to his American Badass heel side), "Booger Red", etc. Some of his nicknames were not identity specific but used for <mask> gimmick in general, such as "Taker", "The Phenom", etc.Domestic backstory, parents and brother
<mask> gimmick has a dark and disturbed family backstory which involves him intentionally burning down his family funeral home as a teenager, thus killing his parents and purportedly a brother of his as well. The <mask> initially denied his then ex-manager Paul Bearer's charges of him committing the arson murder of his family (The <mask> would not confess to these intentional acts of arson until a year later from his initial denials, in latter 1998). The <mask>, instead, laid the charges against his younger brother of whom he thought long dead from the incident, describing him as a "pyromaniac". This led to Bearer's shocking warnings to proof in the form of the brother, "Kane", as alive and well. In late 1997 at In Your House Badd Blood, Bearer unleashed a vengeful Kane: the fire-personified, juggernaut half-brother of <mask>, who was fit with a mask to conceal the scarring from <mask>'s arson. In what became a fickle sibling relationship with Bearer (later revealed to be Kane's father) only adding to the pendulum and complexities, <mask> Undertaker and Kane went back and forth from one extreme to the other, feuding barbarically at points and yet teaming as The Brothers of Destruction at other points. In the duo's final feud in late 2009 through 2010, Kane emerged victorious in all of their matches.Gimmick fused with wrestling move set and style
<mask>'s wrestling performance and move set were carried out with significant amounts of character-driven physical theatre and kinesics. In keeping with his Deadman routine for example, <mask> was forbiddingly slow and measured in much of his maneuvering and offense. Taking his opponents and audience by surprise, however, he combined his slow, measured physicality with wrestling moves and action uncharacteristic of a wrestler of his vast height and weight. Not limited to just ground offense and power moves, <mask> was conspicuously aerial, swift, agile, loose-limbed and animated in the other half of his wrestling style and move set: flying clotheslines, guillotine leg drops, running DDTs, ability to land on his feet poised and motionless if thrown from the ring, over-the-top-rope suicide dives (on one occasion, over the top rope and combined active flames during an Inferno match at In Your House Unforgiven), etc. During matches, <mask> would also pay homage to Don Jardine by performing an arm twist ropewalk chop, dubbed "Old School." Calaway's performance of <mask> Deadman
Most famed for his Deadman Undertaker identity in particular, the role won Calaway the Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards for Best Gimmick a record-setting 5 years in a row (1990–1994). Calaway was highly protective of his Deadman public image: for the vast majority of his career while performing the gimmick, he was so private that he wasn't seen outside of character in the media.Calaway's approach of presenting only in character publicly was done in order to maintain the mystique of the Deadman and facilitate disbelief suspension. However, during the last few years of his wrestling career, he allowed himself to be seen out of character, giving interviews as Mark Calaway and filming a documentary called The Last Ride. Legacy and reception
<mask> has been named one of the greatest wrestlers of all time. The Undertaker was voted the greatest WWE wrestler ever in a 2013 Digital Spy poll. In naming him the second greatest wrestler ever, IGN described The Undertaker as, "one of the most respected wrestlers, and characters, in the business; treated with actual reverence. Like a cherished, invaluable artifact". Luis Paez-Pumar of Complex wrote that The Undertaker character is "easily the best gimmick in the history of professional wrestling".Luke Winkie of Sports Illustrated listed <mask> as the fifth greatest wrestler of all time. His consecutive matches with Shawn Michaels at WrestleManias XXV and XXVI were met with critical acclaim, with both matches winning the Pro Wrestling Illustrated and Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards for Match of the Year in 2009 and 2010 respectively. Wrestler Big Show named <mask> as the greatest professional wrestler of all time, while Mark Henry and WWE chairman Vince McMahon have called him their favorite. WWE Hall of Famer and former company executive, Jim Ross, said: "Without question, The Undertaker is the greatest big man in the history of wrestling... There is no greater WWE star ever than <mask>". Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition recognized <mask> as having the most consecutive victories at WrestleMania in 2016. In November 2015, Telegraph journalist Tom Fordy called <mask> "the world's greatest sportsman".<mask>'s Deadman character in particular has been praised as one of the best in professional wrestling. He received the Wrestling Observer Newsletters Best Gimmick award from 1990 to 1994. Tim Friorvant of ESPN named The Undertaker "a character that has been a cornerstone of the WWE for more than three decades". Shawn Valentino of Pro Wrestling Torch said "The Undertaker may have been the greatest character in the history of professional wrestling". A 12-minute match between <mask> and Stone Cold Steve Austin drew a 9.5 rating on June 28, 1999. It stands as the highest-rated segment in Raw history. Reception to later career

In contrary to the high praise he received during the vast majority of his career, <mask> was criticized for continuing to wrestle through the latter part of his career, particularly after his first defeat at WrestleMania.Calaway would state that, after suffering a severe concussion in his match against Lesnar, he lost his confidence. At WrestleMania 33, after his second defeat against Roman Reigns, Luis Paez-Pumar of Rolling Stone said that <mask> "should have retired when <mask> Streak was broken", but "lived on to pass the rub on to Reigns in the sloppiest, saddest manner possible". The <mask> himself said he was disappointed by his performance against Reigns. After his match against John Cena at WrestleMania 34, IGN posted an article titled "<mask>'s return was awesome, but now he needs to retire". After his match at Crown Jewel in November 2018, Pro Wrestling Torchs Wade Keller wrote that <mask> looked "brittle" and Jason Powell of Pro Wrestling Dot Net said "they [<mask>, Kane, Michaels and Triple H] need to accept their limitations, stop pretending they belong in main events, and stop acting like being in these main events isn't stealing the spotlight". His subsequent match with Goldberg at Super ShowDown in June 2019 was also widely pilloried, with Bryan Rose of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter calling it "sad more than anything". In reviewing the show, Dave Meltzer of the same publication wrote that Goldberg "has juice left, while <mask> doesn't".The <mask> himself called the match "a disaster" in 2020. Despite this criticism, two of <mask>'s later matches, teaming with Roman Reigns against Drew McIntyre and Shane McMahon at Extreme Rules 2019, as well as his cinematic Boneyard match with AJ Styles at WrestleMania 36 were both widely praised, with many fans and critics alike citing both matches as his best performances in recent years. The former would be ranked #25 on WWE.com's 25 best matches of 2019, and the latter was ranked #1 on WWE.com's 25 best matches of 2020. The Boneyard match would also win WWE's Half-Year Award for best Cinematic Match, as well as winning the Slammy Award for 2020's Match of the Year. Personal life
Calaway was married to his first wife Jodi Lynn between 1989 and 1999; they have a son, Gunner Vincent Calaway, born in 1993. Calaway married his second wife, Sara Frank, in 2000. In 2001, she made televised appearances with the WWE (then known as the WWF) as part of a feud between Calaway and Diamond Dallas Page, in which she was acknowledged as Calaway's wife.They had two daughters together, Chasey and Gracie Calaway, before divorcing in 2007. In 2010, he married former

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 wrestler Michelle McCool. Their first child together, a daughter named Kaia Faith Calaway, was born in 2012. In the 1990s, Calaway started a "posse" called the Bone Street Krew that consisted of fellow wrestlers Yokozuna, Savio Vega, Charles Wright, <mask>winns, and Rikishi. Each member had the initials "BSK" tattooed onto themselves, with <mask>'s being prominently shown across his stomach. Calaway invests in real estate with his business partner, Scott Everhart. The two finished construction on a $2.7 million building in Loveland, Colorado, called "The Calahart" (a portmanteau of their last names), in 2007.A dog lover, Calaway and his ex-wife Sara established The Zeus Compton Calaway Save the Animals Fund at the Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences to help pay for lifesaving treatments for large-breed dogs. Calaway is a fan of boxing and mixed martial arts. He has practiced Brazilian jiu-jitsu and earned a black belt in 2011. In mid-2020, Calaway was slammed by some of his WWE fans for tacit support of Blue Lives Matter (a countermovement against Black Lives Matter) in which he donned a T-shirt that displayed the Blue Lives Matter logo in televised editions of his tell-all professional wrestling biography. According to comments in 2020 by Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter, Calaway and Chris Jericho are active Trump supporters, the two making the largest donations of all professional wrestling athletes to the 2020 Trump reelection campaign. In February 2021, Calaway shared that he would endorse fellow WWE alumna, <mask>, if he were to run for president. Referencing the acute United States political divide of the present, Calaway expressed that he felt that <mask> could be the great "uniter".Appearances and references in external media forms
Television programming and cinema
Calaway made his film debut as Hutch in the 1991 film Suburban Commando. He had guest roles on Poltergeist: The Legacy and Celebrity Deathmatch. In 2002, Calaway appeared out of character on the Canadian sports show Off the Record with Michael Landsberg.Filmography{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!class="unsortable"|Notes
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|1991 || Suburban Commando || Hutch ||
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|1999 || Beyond the Mat || Himself || Documentary
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|2015 || The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! || rowspan="3" | The Undertaker (voice) ||
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|2016 || Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon ||
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|2017 || Surf's Up 2: WaveMania ||
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|2021 || Escape the Undertaker || The Undertaker ||Interactive
|-
|}Television{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|1999 || Poltergeist: The Legacy || Soul Chaser Demon || 2 episodes
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|1999 || Downtown || rowspan="2" | The Undertaker (voice) || Episode: "The Con"
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|1999 || Celebrity Deathmatch || Episode: "Halloween Episode I"
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|2001
| America's Most Wanted
| The Undertaker
|
|}

WWE-related media
Calaway's WWE character has been included in numerous WWE video games, beginning with WWF Super WrestleMania (1992). A special Undertaker-themed version of WWE 2K14 was released in 2013. Undertaker has also made the most appearances out of any wrestler, having appeared in every game in the franchise.WWE Video games{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |1992
|WWF Super WrestleMania
|
|-
|WWF WrestleMania: Steel Cage Challenge
|Cover athlete
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|WWF Superstars 2
|Cover athlete
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| rowspan="3" | 1993
|WWF Royal Rumble
|Cover athlete
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|WWF King of the Ring
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|WWF Rage in the Cage
|Cover athlete
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| 1994
|WWF RAW
|Cover athlete
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| 1995
|WWF WrestleMania: The Arcade Game
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| 1996
|WWF In Your House
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| 1998
|WWF War Zone
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| rowspan="2" |1999
|WWF Attitude
|Cover athlete
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|WWF WrestleMania 2000
|Cover athlete
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| rowspan="4" | 2000
|WWF SmackDown! |
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|WWF Royal Rumble
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|WWF No Mercy
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|WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role
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| rowspan="4" | 2001
|WWF Betrayal
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|With Authority! |
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|WWF Road to WrestleMania
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|WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It
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| rowspan="4" | 2002
|WWF Raw
|Cover athlete
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|WWE WrestleMania X8
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|WWE Road to WrestleMania X8
|Cover athlete
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|WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth
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| rowspan="4" | 2003
|WWE Crush Hour
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|WWE WrestleMania XIX
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|WWE Raw 2
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|WWE SmackDown! Here Comes the Pain
| Cover athlete
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| rowspan="3" | 2004
|WWE Day of Reckoning
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|WWE Survivor Series
| Cover athlete
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|WWE SmackDown!vs. Raw
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| rowspan="4" | 2005
|WWE WrestleMania 21
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|WWE Aftershock
|Cover athlete
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|WWE Day of Reckoning 2
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|WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw 2006
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| 2006
|WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007
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| 2007
|WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008
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| 2008
|WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009
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| rowspan="2" | 2009
|Legends of WrestleMania
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|WWE SmackDown vs.Raw 2010
| Cover athlete
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| 2010
|WWE SmackDown vs. The song that was played, entitled "The Graveyard Symphony", incorporates funeral bell tolls and was created by WWE composer Jim Johnston as an embellished remix of Frédéric Chopin's "Funeral March". During the rally, the song was accompanied with a music video playing on big-screen monitors, advancing through multitudes of scenes intended to alarm the public of looming danger resulting from the presidency of Joe Biden (46th and current President of the United States). The song continued to play out for 30 seconds following the attack ad against Biden, ending just short of Trump making his entrance. Other than his music being played, <mask>taker was not reported to have any association with the affair. Championships and accomplishments

 The Baltimore Sun Feud of the Year (2007)
 Best Match of the Decade (2000s)
 Match of the Year (2009)
 Match of the Year (2010)
 CBS Sports Worst Angle of the Year (2018)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated Comeback of the Year (2015)
 Feud of the Year (1991)
 Feud of the Year (2015)
 Match of the Year (1998)
 Match of the Year (2009)
 Match of the Year (2010)
 Match of the Year (2012)
 Ranked No. 2 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2002
 Ranked No.21 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
 United States Wrestling Association USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 World Class Wrestling Association WCWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE WWF/WWE Championship (4 times)
 World Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
 WWF Hardcore Championship (1 time)
 WWF World Tag Team Championship (6 times) – with Stone Cold Steve Austin (1), Big Show (2), <mask> (1), and Kane (2)
 WCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kane
 Royal Rumble (2007)
 WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2022)
Tuwaiq Mountain Trophy (2020)
Undisputed WWF Championship #1 contender’s Tournament (April 2002)
 Slammy Award (15 times)
 Best Entrance Music (1997)
 Best Tattoo (1997)
 Match of the Year (2009, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2020) , , , ,

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<mask>. Lemméy (   ) is an American entrepreneur, inventor, designer, technology expert, and innovation strategist. She is CEO and founder of LENS Ventures, an innovation and investment firm based in San Francisco. Lemméy was named one of the 100 Most Creative People in Business in 2013 by Fast Company (magazine) and one of the MCP 1000: The Most Creative People in Business. She is an inventor with over seventy US and international utility and design patents. Innovation and economic policy
Lemméy is a member of Rework America, the Markle Economic Future Initiative created by the Markle Foundation to invent new strategies and scalable solutions for jobs, broad participation in economic prosperity, economic security and growth in America. Lemméy is a co-author of America’s Moment. Creating Opportunity in the Connected Age (2015), a book by Rework America.Lemméy has spoken on risk and innovation — at DO USA, Techonomy, TED India, Fortune Brainstorm Tech, Future in Review, Digital Media and Learning Conference, and has been published in Wired, Business Week, and the Harvard Business Review. Lemméy is CEO and Founder of LENS, an innovation and investment firm that works with institutions in creating next markets. She was an early advisor to Nest Labs and CEO Tony Fadell, led the strategy for Ribbit acquired by British Telecom, and served on the board of Discovery Mining acquired by Interwoven, now part of HP. Lemméy was CEO and founder of Net Power & Light, a developer of patented technology for high-fidelity video collaboration and live experiences in sports, entertainment, education, and healthcare. Lemméy was profiled in The Power of Pull: How Small Moves, Smartly Made, Can Set Big Things in Motion (John Hagel III, John Seely Brown and Lang Davison), in 2010 (Bloomberg BusinessWeek). She is a regular participant at the Aspen Institute, contributing to "Solving the Dilbert Paradox" a report from the Aspen Round Table on Talent Development. She was the Founding Chair of Policy, Law & Ethics at Singularity University and has been a visiting lecturer at Stanford, Harvard, MIT, Columbia, and U.C.Berkeley. National security, technology and privacy
Lemméy served as a co-chair of the Technology Working Group on the Markle Foundation's Task Force on National Security in the Information Age and was the lead architect of the SHARE information environment recommendation which became the ISE, the new way of information sharing for the intelligence and national security community post 9/11. Lemméy was on the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Privacy Advisory Committee, which provides external expert advice to the Department's Secretary and the Chief Privacy Officer on matters relating to privacy and civil liberties preservation in relation to national security improvements. Earlier, Lemméy was President of the Electronic Frontier Foundation  and was a member of the founding board of TRUSTe. Public diplomacy
Lemméy has collaborated with the United States Department of State on public diplomacy and outreach programs around the world with her speaking tours on entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic growth, most recently in Switzerland and Turkey. In 2009 she was part of the U.S. State Department's Technology Delegation to Mexico, which explored ways for U.S. technology companies to support Mexican citizens’ resistance against the country's drug cartels. In 2010 she was a delegate to the White House Council on Women and Girls Women's Entrepreneurship Conference, which was formed to address critical challenges and opportunities and identify public policy initiatives needed to move the women's business agendas forward.Previously, Lemméy was a Commissioner on the Embassy of the Future Task Force at the Center for Strategic and International Studies as the "Ambassador from Silicon Valley" contributing to the commission's Report that provided key recommendations for making the diplomatic pursuit of U.S. interests abroad more effective in the 21st century. Future of learning and higher education
Lemméy created DGREE.ORG — an initiative funded by the Lumina Foundation to envision the future of higher education and exploring how technology and innovation can drive new models for student-centered, lifetime learning. In 2010 Lemméy hosted the DGREE Summit which brought together business leaders, venture capitalists, education foundations, and university leaders and accreditors to focus on student-centric learning in a sustainable educational ecosystem. Lemméy has collaborated with Harvard Professor Michael Sandel to create a Global Classroom to pioneer the use of mobile technology and mobile video for global live debates about justice, rights, and democracy. The series of live experiences in the fall semester of 2012 brought together students of Sandel's course Justice with those in China, India, Japan and Brazil, featuring a guest appearance by philosopher Peter Singer joining the Harvard audience in Sanders Theater live from New York. The video recordings of the Global Classroom experiment were featured in Sandel's EdX massive open online course in 2013. The Global Classroom experiment was covered by the BBC, Fast Company and was recognized by ComputerWorld's 2013 Honors award program.Health and integrative medicine
Lemméy is part of the leadership team at the Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine of the University of Arizona, with her role at the Center focused on innovation. Lemméy has collaborated with Andrew Weil and Victoria Maizes on Public Forum on nutrition and health, part of the center's annual Nutrition and Health Conference. Lemméy moderated the Public Forum on “Food and Health: Public Policy and Personal Choice” with Weil, Robert Lustig and Michael Pollan, held in 2011 in San Francisco. Awards and honors
 Fast Company MCP 1000: Most Creative People in Business
 Fast Company 100 Most Creative People in Business in 2013
 2013 ComputerWorld Honors Laureates (Mobile Access)

References

Living people
21st-century American inventors
American designers
American technology company founders
American technology chief executives
American women chief executives
American women company founders
American educators
Business speakers
Women inventors
American venture capitalists
American women investors
Private equity and venture capital investors
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American businesswomen


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<mask> (3 June 1805 – 11 August 1860) was a Scottish businessman, economist, and Liberal politician who founded The Economist weekly and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, which merged with Standard Bank in 1969 to form Standard Chartered. He was the first Finance Member of the Viceroy's Executive Council from December 1859 till his death in August 1860. Sent there to put order into the chaos that followed the "Sepoy Mutiny" of 1857, he presented India's first budget, and was responsible for the government accounting system, Pay Office, and audit, apart from government paper currency, Indian Police, a Military Finance Commission, and a Civil Finance Commission. Early life
<mask> was born in Hawick in the Scottish Borders. His Quaker father <mask> owned a hat manufactury, and his ancestors were local sheep farmers. He was the fourth of fifteen children, of whom ten reached adulthood. His mother died when <mask> was young.A successful disciplined autodidact scholar from a Quaker family, he was destined to be a schoolmaster but hated it so much that he "would rather to be the most menial servant in [his] father's mill". After considering studying law with a view to becoming an advocate, a profession which would have meant abandoning his family religion, <mask> decided instead to learn business, and at the age of sixteen became an apprentice in a hat factory. Later, his father bought the business for him and his elder brother, William. When <mask> was nineteen, the brothers left Scotland and migrated to London, with a gift of £2,000 each, . Career

Business
The brothers established a manufacturing factory—Wilson, Irwin & Wilson—that they dissolved in 1831. <mask> continued in the same line of business with much success (his net worth was £25,000 in 1837, . During the economic crisis of 1837, he lost most of his wealth when the price of indigo fell.By 1839, he had sold most of his property and avoided bankruptcy. However, in 1853 he founded the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, which later merged with the Standard Bank to form Standard Chartered Bank in 1969. Journalism
<mask> was generally opposed to privileging the Church of England, the secret ballot when it was proposed in 1853, and the Corn Laws. He wrote a pamphlet titled Influences of the Corn Laws, as affecting all classes of the community, and particularly the landed interests. It slowly received positive feedback and <mask>'s fame had grown. He then went on writing on currency, and especially The Revenue; or, What should the Chancellor do?. He started to write for newspapers, including the Manchester Guardian.In 1843 he established The Economist as a newspaper to campaign for free trade, and acted as Chief editor and sole proprietor for sixteen years. His overarching goal to end vested interests in the Westminster parliament wherever these led to poverty or starvation, as the Corn Laws most notably had done. An article <mask> published in April 1848 in opposition to the Ten Hours Bill was criticised by Karl Marx for misunderstanding profit and the working day. The Economist is still published today, now with a weekly circulation of over 1.6 million globally. <mask> was the most respected statistician of his times and saw economics as an optimistic and rational way of mediating socially sustainable futures drawing on the Scottish School of Adam Smith and the French "Entrepreneur" School of Jean-Baptiste Say. Politics
<mask> entered the House of Commons as Liberal Member of Parliament for Westbury, Wiltshire, in 1847. Because of his economic experience, in 1848 prime minister Lord John Russell appointed <mask> as Secretary of the Board of Control, which supervised the East India Company’s control of British India, a post he held until the government fell in 1852.He then served as Financial Secretary to the Treasury between 1853 and 1858, firstly in Lord Aberdeen's coalition government and secondly in Lord Palmerston's first administration. In 1857 he was returned to Parliament for Devonport. He again briefly held office under Palmerston as Paymaster-General and Vice-President of the Board of Trade between June and August 1859 and was sworn of the Privy Council the same year. In August 1859 <mask> resigned these offices and his seat in parliament to sit as the financial member of the Council of India. He was sent by Queen Victoria to India to establish the tax structure, a new paper currency, and remodel India's finance system after the Rebellion of 1857. However, he was in office only a year before he died. In 1860 he refused to leave the stifling summer heat of Calcutta, contracted dysentery, and died in August of that year at age 55.Despite his prominent public role, <mask> was buried unknown at a cemetery at Mullick Bazar in Kolkata. His grave was discovered in 2007 by CP Bhatia, a joint commissioner of Income Tax, while researching a book on India's tax history. Due to the efforts of CP Bhatia the tombstone was restored by the Christian Burial Board. Family
<mask> married Elizabeth Preston of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in January 1832. They had six daughters, of whom Eliza, the eldest, married Walter Bagehot. Works
Influences of the corn laws, as affecting all classes of the community, and particularly the landed interests
Fluctuations of currency, commerce, and manufactures : referable to the corn laws

References

External links

1805 births
1860 deaths
19th-century publishers (people)
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
People from Hawick
Anglo-Scots
British business and financial journalists
Hat makers
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Scottish bankers
Scottish economists
Scottish journalists
Scottish magazine editors
Scottish magazine publishers (people)
Scottish politicians
Scottish Quakers
The Economist editors
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
United Kingdom Paymasters General
19th-century British journalists
British male journalists
Standard Chartered people
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Devon

masks:
James Wilson
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William Wilson
James
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James Wilson
Wilson
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texts:
<mask> (born April 6, 1943) is an American actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Tolsky began acting in high school and later studied nursing at the University of Texas at Austin before switching her major to theater. In 1967, she relocated to Hollywood and made her television debut on the sitcom The Second Hundred Years. Within a year, she earned a main role on the ABC comedy Western series Here Come the Brides (1968–70) as Biddie Cloom. A self-described character actress, <mask> made her film debut in Pretty Maids All in a Row (1971) and gained wider recognition as a regular on the variety series The New Bill Cosby Show (1972–73) on CBS. Following several guest roles on television throughout the 1970s, <mask> was part of the main cast on the syndicated sitcom Madame's Place (1982–83) in the role of Bernadette Van Gilder. Her film credits include supporting roles in Charley and the Angel (1973), Record City (1977), and How to Beat the High Cost of Living (1980).<mask> ventured into voice acting in the late 1980s, beginning with the animated children's series Foofur (1986–88). She continued her career in voice-over in the next decade with recurring roles as Aunt Ruth on Bobby's World (1990–98), Binkie Muddlefoot on Darkwing Duck (1991–92), and Aunt Janie on Pepper Ann (1997–2000). She also provided guest voice roles on a number of Disney Television Animation productions. <mask>'s most recent credit is the Disney Channel animated comedy series The Buzz on Maggie (2005–06), where she voiced Mrs. Pesky. Early life and education

<mask> <mask> was born on April 6, 1943, in Houston, Texas, to shop owners Sarah (née Hartstein) and <mask>. She is of Russian descent. She has one sister, Noel.<mask> became interested in comedy at a young age. At age eight, she performed a one-woman show at slumber parties in her neighbourhood. She attended Bellaire High School, where she grew fond of acting and stand-up comedy. She credits her high school drama teacher as her "best influence". As a child, she also had a fascination with the field of medicine and read Gray's Anatomy at age ten. She started volunteering in hospitals at age 15. When her father advised her not to pursue a career in acting, she enrolled at the University of Texas at Austin to major in nursing.While in college, <mask> worked as a nurse's aide in the Texas Medical Center after school and on weekends. She took care of children at Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital until officials believed she "could work anywhere" in the medical center. She then began working as a medical technician and was involved in obstetrics and gynecology. Despite her initial plans to acquire a degree in medicine and become a doctor, she quit during her second year of pre-medical. She said, "I quit because of the battle within me. I believe in euthanasia and could not truly shake it from my mind." As "the lure of acting proved strong", she transferred to the Department of Drama and switched her major to theater and English.She recalled:

At university, she regularly appeared in school plays, stating that she "acted [her] head off in everything from Greek tragedy to musical comedy". In her senior year, talent scout and casting director Eddie Foy III visited on behalf of the New Talent Program at Screen Gems, and <mask> auditioned in a scene from Barefoot in the Park. Foy advised her to try acting in Hollywood, where she later moved after graduating with a degree in the fine arts in 1967. She shared an apartment in Hollywood with actress <mask>. <mask> frequently visited wholesalers in Los Angeles as a buyer for her parents' shop in Houston. Acting career

1968–1970: Early roles and Here Come the Brides
When <mask> arrived in Hollywood, Foy was unable to grant her a contract with Screen Gems, and instead introduced her to people who worked in casting and helped her get an agent. Foy let her join the New Talent Program without being under contract, which allowed her to read new scripts.In 1968, <mask> made her television debut on an episode of The Second Hundred Years, where she had one line, followed by a small role on an episode of Bewitched, both on ABC. During this time, she worked with the Columbia Pictures Workshop and the Los Angeles Repertory Company to find extra work. In 1968, Howard, a contract actress at Screen Gems, brought home a script for the pilot episode of the comedy Western series Here Come the Brides. The plot was loosely based on the Mercer Girls, women who moved from the East Coast of the United States to Seattle, Washington, in the 1860s. Howard believed <mask> was perfect for the role of Biddie Cloom. Foy was less enthused of her chances of securing the part, believing she could not play a character from Massachusetts due to her Southern accent. In January 1968, <mask> read for the part after convincing Foy, and she recalled that the audition was "awful", stating that she was a "nervous wreck".Two weeks later, she landed the role. Written as a minor character, <mask> had "like three, or four lines" in the pilot episode. She initially struggled with the New England accent, which amused her colleagues. The studio tested the pilot of Here Come the Brides with a test audience and Biddie was well received. Screen Gems then wanted her to sign a contract with the studio, but because they did not offer her a contract from the beginning, she declined. She recalled, "I said, 'I want a contract just to do the show,' because I knew they could have done that when I first came out. They didn't do it, so I said, 'No.'"She then fired her agent who advised her to sign the contract with Screen Gems, and hired a manager. <mask> chose not to sign a long-term contract with the studio as she knew that "all too often they mean seven years of forced labor in the wrong roles". A few weeks later, she was given a contract for Here Come the Brides as a series regular. The series aired from September 1968 to April 1970, running for two seasons on ABC. In the second season, the character Biddie received "more attention" and "Biddie's Theme" was composed. <mask> recalled, "The second year they gave me a little more latitude – the dimension of my character ... When you see Biddie walking, she has her own theme, and I was enormously honored by that because I was not in the regular cast – I came in on a fluke."1971–1979: Film debut and The New Bill Cosby Show
<mask> made her film debut in Roger Vadim's comedy-mystery film Pretty Maids All in a Row (1971) as Miss Craymire, the secretary of Rock Hudson's character. The film received generally negative reviews in the press, and was described as a "sex satire-murder mystery". After watching the final product at a preview, <mask> told Vadim, "Now I know why I'm the only girl in the movie who didn't get asked to take off her clothes." <mask> was slated to appear in Dirty Little Billy (1972) as the Texan girlfriend of Michael J. Pollard's title character, but the plans fell through. In 1972, <mask> guest starred on the season four finale of the CBS sitcom Here's Lucy, starring Lucille Ball and her daughter Lucie Arnaz. The episode was a backdoor pilot for a proposed spin-off starring Arnaz. <mask> was one of three finalists for the role of Arnaz's friend Sue Ann Ditbenner, and she landed the role after reading for the part at Ball's home.The spin-off was ultimately not picked up by the network. <mask> then guest starred as another character, Miss Quigley, on a season five episode of Here's Lucy. In the early 1970s, <mask> regularly appeared as a guest on talk shows hosted by Merv Griffin and Virginia Graham. Following an appearance on The Merv Griffin Show, producer George Schlatter took notice of her and enlisted her for the main cast of The New Bill Cosby Show (1972–73), a variety series hosted by Bill Cosby on CBS. The cast portrayed themselves and different characters in sketches. Cosby told the New York Daily News that he "fought and won a battle" with the network to not establish <mask>'s character as a "dumb dame". In an interview prior to the series premiere, he stated, "<mask> will be smart but different.She won't be a nasal sounding dumb person as they wanted to make her." The variety series premiered in September 1972 and was canceled after one season. The series was met with mixed reactions from critics, although <mask>'s performance was better received. <mask>'s next film credit was Charley and the Angel (1973), a Disney comedy film directed by Vincent McEveety, in which she portrayed the character Miss Partridge. While reviewing the film, the Austin American-Statesman Marjorie Hoffman wrote that <mask> "has a few good scenes as a self-admiring spinster". From 1972 to 1973, <mask> acted on two episodes of ABC's anthology television series Love, American Style. She was a contestant on the ABC game show The Dating Game in September 1973, and appeared as a celebrity guest on the game show Showoffs for a week in August 1975.In the later part of the decade, she acted in the comedy film Record City (1977) and Stan Dragoti's comedy horror film Love at First Bite (1979). <mask> starred in the television pilot Front Page Feeney with Don Knotts, which aired in syndication in August 1977. She also made episodic appearances on the drama series Quincy, M.E. (1977) and Fantasy Island (1978), and portrayed Mammy Yokum in a Li'l Abner television special, the musical film Li'l Abner in Dogpatch Today (1978). 1980–2006: Madame's Place and voice acting
In the 1980s, <mask> appeared on four episodes of the CBS sitcom Alice, portraying different one-time characters, from 1980 to 1983. She appeared in the films How to Beat the High Cost of Living (1980), directed by Robert Scheerer, and The Devil and Max Devlin (1981), directed by Steven Hilliard Stern. She also guest starred on two episodes of the ABC sitcom Barney Miller in 1981 and 1982, for which the scripts were not finished at the time of filming.<mask> said, "We went there, and they would bring down like two pages and then they'd be 'Okay, everybody have a break and we'll come down with some more pages.'" She said the cast and crew were "wonderful", and that the experience as a whole was "joyous" even if they had to wait for the scripts to be finished. She also guest starred on an episode of the crime drama series Matt Houston in 1982. <mask> earned her third main role on television on Madame's Place (1982–83), a comedy series about a puppet, controlled by Wayland Flowers, named Madame who hosts a late-night talk show from her mansion. <mask> portrayed Bernadette Van Gilder, Madame's shy secretary. The series was well received by television critics and viewers alike. Madame's Place had a very rushed shooting schedule and aired five days a week in first-run syndication.According to <mask>, 75 episodes were shot in a span of fifteen weeks, and she considers it one of her "most enjoyable" experiences, after Here Come the Brides. She said, "We had a fabulous crew on that ... We did a show a day, so we did have a close crew." She felt that pleasant experiences on set became "less and less common by the 1980s"; she recalled, "The fifties and sixties and seventies – that was a wonderful era." For the remainder of the decade, <mask> had few roles; she appeared in the comedy crime film The Longshot in 1986, and had a guest role on an episode of the sitcom Webster in 1988. After her guest appearance on Webster, <mask>'s acting credits only consist of voice roles in animation. She first became involved in voice acting on the NBC animated children's television series Foofur (1986–88), where she voiced Annabell. In the 1990s, she lent her voice to several animated television series; she had recurring roles as Aunt Ruth on Bobby's World (1990–98), Binkie Muddlefoot on Darkwing Duck (1991–92), Scara on Aladdin (1994), and Aunt Janie, the aunt of the titular character on Pepper Ann (1997–2000).She also voiced characters in single episodes of several Disney Television Animation productions, including TaleSpin (1991), Goof Troop (1992), and Jungle Cubs (1996). <mask>'s most recent credit is the Disney Channel animated comedy series The Buzz on Maggie (2005–06), where she was part of the main cast. She provided the voice of Mrs. Pesky, the mother of the title character. The series premiered in June 2005 to a positive response from television critics, who praised its humor, voice acting, and writing. The Buzz on Maggie was canceled after one season, airing its final episode in May 2006. Personal life
<mask> dated actor Christopher Stone, whom she met through the New Talent Program at Screen Gems in the late 1960s, for five years. <mask>'s interest in medicine remained after quitting pre-medical.She continued to read medical dictionaries and her social circle consisted of people working in the field. While visiting friends in hospitals, she had "this fantasy and make believe" the speaker operator would call for "Dr. <mask>". She also has an interest in cooking, which she describes as her "special thing". Her recipe for one-layer chocolate cake appeared in the Valley News and Green Sheet in February 1970. In the 1970s, <mask> resided in Sherman Oaks in the San Fernando Valley. <mask> rarely watches her own work, asserting that it is "quite frightening" for her. She considers herself a character actress as she realized at a young age that she was "one of those girls who had a good personality".She said, "I really wasn't what you'd call 'beautiful' ... I realized quite young that if I made people laugh, I could go anywhere." In an interview in 2007, she said that she still received fan mail because of Here Come the Brides. She stated, "It's shocking that people still remember that show ... They come up and they go, 'You're Biddie.' I'm honored that people remember things like that." Filmography

Film

Television

References

Citations

Print sources

External links

1943 births
Living people
American people of Russian descent
Bellaire High School (Bellaire, Texas) alumni
University of Texas at Austin College of Fine Arts alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Houston
American television actresses
American film actresses
American voice actresses

masks:
Susan Gaye Tolsky
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Susan Gaye
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Abe Tolsky
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Susan Howard
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Susan
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texts:
<mask> (June 26, 1911 – March 7, 2000) was an American law professor, academic leader, and government lawyer. He served as dean of the University of Chicago Law School from 1950 to 1962, president of the University of Chicago from 1968 to 1975, and then as United States Attorney General in the Ford Administration. <mask> is regularly cited as the "model of a modern attorney general", the "greatest lawyer of his time", and is credited with restoring order after Watergate. He is considered, along with Yale's Whitney Griswold, the greatest of postwar American university presidents. Born in Chicago, <mask> graduated from the University of Chicago and Yale University. He served as an Attorney General during World War II before returning to the University of Chicago Law School, where he was later named dean. After leaving government service in the Ford administration, <mask> returned to teaching in Chicago.Early life
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Elsa B. (<mask>) and Gerson B<mask>, a rabbi from Scotland. His maternal grandfather was Reform rabbi Emil Gustav <mask>, son of the German philosopher and rabbi <mask>. He received his A.B. Phi Beta Kappa from the undergraduate college of the University of Chicago in 1932, and later his J.D. at the University of Chicago Law School in 1935. The following year he was named an assistant professor of law at the Law School and was admitted to the Illinois bar.He earned a J.S.D. from Yale Law School, where he was also a Sterling Fellow in 1938. Education and political career
During World War II he served as a special assistant to the Attorney General of the United States. In 1945, he returned to the University of Chicago Law School and was named dean of the law school in 1950. In 1950, he also worked as chief counsel for the Subcommittee on Monopoly Power of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary. He resigned as law school dean and became provost of the university in 1962. He was a member of the White House Central Group on Domestic Affairs in 1964, the White House Task Force on Education from 1966 to 1967 and the President's Task Force on Priorities in Higher Education from 1969 to 1970.He became the University of Chicago's president in 1968, serving until 1975, when President Gerald R. Ford appointed him 71st Attorney General of the United States. <mask> was the first Jewish Attorney General of the United States. During his presidency of the University of Chicago he refused to call the Chicago City Police to evict students occupying the university administrative building. During his term as Attorney General, he issued a set of guidelines (in 1976) to limit the activities of the FBI. These guidelines required the FBI to show evidence of a crime before using secret police techniques like wiretaps or entering someone's home without warning. These guidelines were replaced by new ones issued in 1983 by Ronald Reagan's Attorney General, William French Smith. He urged President Ford to appoint Robert Bork, who was his former student and Solicitor General, or fellow Chicagoan John Paul Stevens to the United States Supreme Court, and Ford followed his advice.<mask> later testified in support of Bork at his confirmation hearing. Serving under him, in various high staff positions, were such people as Rudolph Giuliani, Robert Bork, Antonin Scalia, Rex E. Lee, and Arthur Raymond Randolph. <mask> filed a lawsuit preventing the formation of the Westheimer Independent School District, a proposed school district in Texas that was to break away from the Houston Independent School District, on the grounds of the U.S. Voting Rights Act as his last official action before leaving his post as Attorney General. Later life
After his term as Attorney General, he returned to teaching at the University of Chicago's Law School and College. He was a visiting professor at Stanford University Law School from 1977 to 1978. He was the author of An Introduction to Legal Reasoning, which was first published in 1949 and his speeches were collected in Point of View: Talks on Education. He was a trustee of the University of Chicago and the MacArthur Foundation.He was a chairman and a member of the Council on Legal Education for Professional Responsibility. He died in Chicago, Illinois, aged 88, of Alzheimer's disease on March 7, 2000. <mask> was the father of three sons, David, Michael, and John. David F<mask> is a former federal judge who served as dean of Duke Law School. John G<mask> served on the Board of Directors of the Legal Services Corporation. Legacy

<mask><mask> Award
In 2005, the Justice Department commemorated the 30th anniversary of his appointment as Attorney General with a ceremony and creation of the <mask><mask> Award for Outstanding Professionalism and Exemplary Integrity. The Award was established to pay tribute to the memory and achievements of Mr. <mask>, whose career as an attorney, law professor and dean, and public servant exemplified these qualities in the best traditions of the Department.Friends and former colleagues, including former Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld; U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justices John Paul Stevens and Antonin Scalia; former Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach; and former U.S. Court of Appeals Judge and Solicitor General Robert H. Bork, gathered to honor Mr. <mask>. References

External links
 Guide to the <mask>. <mask> Papers 1894–1998 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
 Guide to the University of Chicago Office of the President, Levi Administration Records 1918–1975 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

1911 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Ford administration cabinet members
20th-century American politicians
American people of German-Jewish descent
Jewish American members of the Cabinet of the United States
Jewish American attorneys
Lawyers from Chicago
Presidents of the University of Chicago
United States Attorneys General
University of Chicago alumni
University of Chicago faculty
University of Chicago Laboratory Schools alumni
University of Chicago Law School alumni
Yale Law School alumni
20th-century American lawyers
Law school deans
Awards and decorations of the United States Department of Justice
Neurological disease deaths in Illinois

masks:
Edward Hirsch Levi
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. Levi
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Samuel Hirsch
Levi
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Edward H
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texts:
<mask> (April 9, 1926 – January 31, 1997) was an English-born author, described as the "Father of Spirulina" for popularizing spirulina cyanobacteria as a food supplement. He also wrote 30 books on consciousness, meditation, yoga and spiritual evolution, divining, world government, aquaculture, and personal health. <mask> was variously headlined by the press as a "Western Guru Scientist", "Natural Foods Pioneer", "Evolutionary Revolutionary" and a "Modern Merlin". As a commodities trader and art patron in Jamaica, he retired from business at an early age to follow a spiritual quest that took him around the world as a speaker, author, entrepreneur and pioneer of algae as an efficient source of food and fuel for humanity. Early biography
Born in Grimsby, England to a family of fishermen, <mask> grew up sailing the North Sea. In 1940 he enrolled as a cadet in nautical school and joined the British Merchant Navy during World War II. At sea, <mask> had several life and death experiences that formed his views on karma, divinity and destiny.At the end of the war, as navigating officer for an Esso oil tanker docked in Curaçao, he set up shop as a commodities trader with branch offices in Venezuela and Aruba. When a client reneged on a deal, <mask> moved to Jamaica. There with the help of the philanthropist Percy Junor he founded commodity companies specializing in sugar, bananas, insurance, telegraph communications and agricultural spices pimento, nutmegs and ginger. Financing for the first export corporation came from British businessman Andrew Hay, then husband of best-selling motivational author Louise Hay who in the 1950s was a high-fashion model and family friend. In 1950 <mask> married an English woman, Norah Bremner, deputy headmistress of Wolmer's School in Kingston. Her father, Bernard E. Bremner B.E.M., was the Magistrate, Chief of Customs, and Mayor of King's Lynn, Norfolk who in 1951 co-founded the King's Lynn Festival with concert pianist Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy. Lady Fermoy, wife of Baron Fermoy, is Diana, Princess of Wales' maternal grandmother.The <mask>es had two sons, both born in Jamaica. The family sailed to England for events such as the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II and Mayor Bremner's presenting Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother with Freedom of the Borough, which encompassed the royal family's home at nearby Sandringham. Jamaica business leader
From 1949 to 1967, <mask> and Norah <mask> became influential in Jamaica's commerce, art, politics and culture. Believing that Jamaica's strength lay in its agriculture, <mask> co-founded the Jamaica Agriculture & Industrial Party (AIP) as an alternative to the two major political parties: Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) and People's National Party (PNP), both of which he felt were too busy warring with each other to look out for the middle class and the country people who were the backbone of Jamaica's rural economy. Despite competing vigorously in the polls, the <mask> couple were nevertheless close friends with JLP leader Sir Alexander Bustamante and Norman Manley, head of the PNP, who both served as Jamaican Prime Ministers. Norman Manley in fact had been best man at the <mask>' wedding. In 1951 <mask> and Norah <mask> founded Hills Galleries Ltd, which, in cooperation with the Prime Minister's wife Edna Manley, became a nexus of the Jamaican art movement.The Gallery & Antiques showroom at 101 Harbour Street, Kingston was built on the site of Simon Bolivar's Jamaica residence where, in 1815, the revolutionary wrote his famous letter Carta de Jamaica. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s Hills Galleries supplied and exhibited local celebrity artists Ian Fleming and Noël Coward, enjoyed the patronage of British royals and such high-profile clients as Sadruddin Aga Khan, Winthrop Rockefeller, Elizabeth Taylor, Lady Bird Johnson, Grace Kelly and Errol Flynn. Hills Galleries was also the main agent for Rowney's, Grumbacher and Winsor & Newton art supplies in the West Indies. Through multiple exhibitions, the Hillses nurtured or launched the careers of a plethora of talented Jamaican artists, such as Gaston Tabois, Kenneth Abendana Spencer, Carl Abrahams, Barrington Watson, Albert Huie, Gloria Escoffery, Karl Parboosingh, Vernon Tong and the revivalist preacher/painter/sculptor Mallica Reynolds. <mask> opened a Hills Galleries branch on Jamaica's north coast at Montego Bay, mooring his yacht, the Robanne at Round Hill, a popular resort for foreign leaders and industrialists vacationing in the Caribbean. It was there he met then Vice President Lyndon Johnson and CBS president William S. Paley, who in 1956, sponsored a Hills Galleries exhibition of Jamaican art at Barbizon Plaza in New York City, which awoke U.S. art collectors to Jamaica's dynamic sphere of artistic talent. The exhibition was described by the Daily Gleaner as "Epochal in the establishment of a market for West Indian art."The <mask> family spent weekends and holidays at Port Antonio visiting friends and clients including their neighbor, novelist Robin Moore at Blue Lagoon. There <mask> met Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza who asked <mask> to curate part of his art collection. For five years many classic works of the baron's international art acquisitions decorated the walls of the <mask>' home. Von Thyssen also granted <mask>' children access to his private island at San San near Port Antonio. In 1955 <mask> had just returned from sailing the Robanne to Havana when he met Adlai Stevenson who had given a speech honoring a visit to Jamaica by Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon. At the gallery Stevenson fell in love with <mask>' George III period Sheraton bow-fronted desk, immediately purchasing it for his own office in Chicago. Over dinner, <mask> shared his observations of simmering revolution in Cuba, while he and Stevenson compared their concepts of justice, democracy, conflict and dictatorships — a conversation that inspired <mask> to publish his ideas for uplifting the world's underprivileged masses in his landmark volume Rise of the Phoenix.Rastafari movement

<mask> also became an advocate for Jamaica's Rastafari movement, who were being oppressed in the late fifties. He gave Rastafarians jobs as woodcarvers, free paints to poor artists, such as the now-famed Ras Dizzy and bailed them out of Spanish Town Prison while encouraging rasta brethren to sustain themselves through art and music. <mask> and Norah <mask> were personally thanked for their years of support for struggling rastas by Mortimo Planno, the Rasta teacher of Bob Marley and one of the few Rastafarian elders to have met with Emperor Haile Selassie in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. <mask> also "reasoned" Gandhian nonviolence with Leonard Howell, the original "Gong" activist who founded Pinnacle, a Rastafarian community farm at Sligoville, a few miles from <mask>' home. In 1958 Pinnacle was raided in a brutal crackdown by the authorities, ostensibly for growing marijuana, but in fact Rastafari at that time was regarded by The Crown as a threat to social harmony. <mask> interceded with the Prime Minister but, with an election coming, law and order politics prevailed and many sustainable farming families had to leave the land. For his support, <mask> was given the moniker "The First White Rasta".Unlike his skeptical friends and business colleagues, he saw Rastafarian spirituality as a righteous way of life, indeed growing out his hair and beard in solidarity and also in keeping with his emerging interest in the sadhus and enlightened sages of India who had much in common with the vegetarian mystical Rastafarians. Spiritual awakening
By 1960 <mask> had accumulated a large metaphysical library on frequent trips to Samuel Weiser Books in New York, while writing his own books, Kingdom of Desire, Power of the Doctrine and The Power of Increased Perception. At 30 he retired from business and began to research multiple spiritual paths and the physics of what Albert Einstein called Unified field theory. Prolific research papers and lectures came out of <mask>' laboratory in the Blue Mountains (Jamaica) on subjects such as bioenergetics, hypnosis, tele-thought, biophysics, effects of solar radiation on living organisms, resonant systems of ionosphere, and capacitor effects of human body on static electricity and electron discharge of the nervous system. In 1960 he began a 30-year project to document the effects of sound and color on human consciousness and states of health. Global outreach

With Norah <mask> running the galleries, <mask> set forth on a two-year journey travelling in Asia, Europe, Pakistan and India, meeting with members of the UN and calling on politicians, scientists and religious leaders. UNESCO hired him to shoot 1,000 photographs of their projects in faraway countries, which appeared in an exhibit at United Nations headquarters.<mask>' global odyssey's itinerary grew out of publishing his views on conflict resolution and alternative government in a manifesto, Framework for Unity, that was circulated to The Commission for Research in the Creative Faculties of Man, a network he had founded of thinkers around the world which, in 1961, included Prof. Oliver Reiser, Humphry Osmond, Dr. Andrija Puharich, David Ben-Gurion, and Lady Isobel Cripps, among its 500 members. After teaming up with his good friend and noted lawyer Luis Kutner (co-founder of Amnesty International), <mask> decided to search the world for a spot to establish a Center where a dedicated community could live and test his World Constitution for Self-Government by Nature's Laws, which he published in a book with an introduction by Bertrand Russell. Friendship with Nehru

Working his way on a speaking tour through Europe in the direction of India, <mask> decided to make a precarious expedition to the remote Himalayan Hunza Valley where he had long been curious about the diet and extraordinary longevity of the Pashtun, Balti and Uzbek hill tribes. In Pakistan, <mask> was the guest of Professors Duranni and Walid Uddin at Peshawar's College of Engineering. Visiting Sufi holy men and Islamic scholars in Karachi, he met Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to discuss possible Indo-Pakistan cooperation in algae cultivation in the climatically suitable Gujrat-Sind border region, which is where Bhutto and his ancestors were from. Later, when Bhutto was overthrown in a military coup, <mask> orchestrated urgent appeals to General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq for clemency, but, like many westerners protesting Bhutto's imprisonment, was ignored, and Bhutto was hanged. In the 1950s <mask> became known to Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru through his friend the Deputy leader of India's Congress Party, Surendra Mohan Ghose, a Bengali revolutionary and relative of Sri Aurobindo.<mask> invited Ghose to Jamaica, to speak at the 1961 Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference, and together they formed a partnership to promote World Union and global famine relief through algae aquaculture. S.M. Ghose was one of the founders of Auroville, an experimental sustainable-living International Village in Tamil Nadu. In 1962 Ghose took <mask> to Sri Aurobindo Ashram for a personal audience with Aurobindo's successor, spiritual head of the ashram, Mirra Alfassa, known as "The Mother". Later Ghose arranged for <mask>' son, <mask>, to give the keynote address at the World Parliament of Youth in Puducherry in 1971. In 1959 <mask> had lobbied Nehru to approve a government in exile for the Dalai Lama fleeing persecution in Tibet and to grant full refugee status to exiled Tibetans. He had become connected to the Tibetans through his study of Buddhism and in 1960 provided funding for the Young Lama's Home School in Dalhousie, Himachal Pradesh founded by his English friend Freda Bedi, one of Gandhi's handpicked satyagrahis who became Gelongma Karma Kechog Palmo, the first Western woman to take ordination in Tibetan Buddhism.Freda Bedi is the mother of film and television star Kabir Bedi. In 1968 <mask> contributed to Freda Bedi's building of the Karma Drubgyu Thargay Ling nunnery at Tilokpur in the Kangra Valley and helped organize her journey to the West with the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje in 1974. When <mask> arrived in India, he found Nehru besieged by border disputes with China and discussion inevitably turned to <mask>' theories of conflict resolution and how to avoid war. Their connection also evolved out of the fact that India was experiencing famine in some states. With dependence on wheat shipments from the United States, <mask> helped lobby President Lyndon Johnson for an increase in wheat aid, which was granted. But when <mask> mentioned his research with algae as a food source, then Nehru became interested and offered to support cultivation in India. (PDF will be posted)

While in New Delhi, <mask> spent time with the prime minister at Teen Murti Bhavan, enjoying Jawaharlal Nehru's rose gardens and meeting his daughter Indira Gandhi.<mask> was the guest of Indian industrialist G.D. Birla, where on his first day in India, he had met Swami Shantananda, an enlightened sage and a remarkably politically connected guru with whom <mask> would travel throughout India for two years, much like a roaming sanyassin. On one of his "pilgrimages", <mask> was taken by Shantanananda and Nehru's Parliamentary Secretary S.D. Upadhyaya to Brindavan for a private audience with India's highest female yogini Sri Anandamayi Ma, from whom he felt a "genuine sublime holiness" and received one of the most significant blessings in his life. In Patna, Bihar, <mask>, along with Dr Raynor Johnson, were the only Europeans to attend the 1961 Science & Spirituality Conference, where seeds were sown for <mask>' decade of cooperation with hundreds of Indian scientists and yogis, many of whom eventually journeyed to visit Hills' centers in the West and who comprised many of the delegates for a 1970 Yoga conference <mask> staged in New Delhi. In 1963, the Sri Aurobindo Ashram and Gandhi Peace Foundation sponsored another conference in Patna, hosted by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Mahatma Gandhi's longtime right-hand disciple and first President of India. Prasad was supposed to speak at the conference but became ill, and <mask>' guru Shantananda was leading prayers for him every day at the Sadaqat Ashram in Patna. Prasad requested to meet <mask>, whose goals for World Union he had heard about from Nehru.<mask> considered Prasad the most spiritual of the founders of Independent India, and their meeting was a profound encounter in which Prasad gave his blessing for <mask>' global endeavors, but then the president lost consciousness, tightly holding onto <mask>' hand. Apparently Prasad never recovered, and at the time, there was a controversy that the man who, through satyagraha, had resisted multiple British governments and Viceroys and been jailed by them for so many years, had said his last words to an Englishman. Microalgae International
In earlier travels from Jamaica to Japan, <mask> had formed an aquaculture research company with his friend and colleague, biologist Dr Hiroshi Nakamura, Dean of Tokyo Women's University. Dr Nakamura was a noted scientist and a colleague of Emperor Hirohito (himself a marine biologist) who asked Nakamura to research alternative food sources for Japan after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki had devastated food supplies. The goal of Hills and Nakmura's organization Microalgae International Union, was to develop strains of algae as a way of harnessing the sun's energy for biofuels and human nutrition and as a solution to World Hunger. Presented with M.I.U. 's feasibility studies, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru endorsed <mask>' proposal for bringing the cultivation of protein-rich Chlorella algae to the villages of India.With India's Home Minister, Gulzari Lal Nanda, <mask> had co-founded the Institute of Psychic and Spiritual Research in New Delhi. A devout Gandhian, Nanda feared social upheaval and possible communal violence if poor and hungry villagers started migrating to India's cities so he threw his support behind <mask>' plan for developing rural economies via small footprint aquaculture that could help villages become sustainable. A detailed plan for a pilot project in the Rann of Kutch was approved by the Indian government. However, the initiative became mired in bureaucracy when Nehru died in 1964. Nanda became acting prime minister but only until the new Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri was nominated to succeed Nehru. Shastri continued working with <mask> and had his staff prepare a budget request for Parliament to fund the

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 chlorella algae project. However, because it competed with traditional agricultural interests, the aquaculture project became victim to political jockeying as well as an outbreak of war with Pakistan.With Shastri's mysterious death at the 1966 India-Pakistan peace conference in Tashkent, the project lost its key sponsor. Nevertheless, the networks <mask> had established with the founders of modern India proved valuable when his son, <mask>, was introduced by Nanda and S.M. Ghose to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, who helped the younger <mask> garner support among India's Congress party and religious leaders for India's largest conference of Western scientists and Indian yogis. Centre House, London

Three years after Jamaica's 1962 declaration of Independence from Britain, the <mask> family moved to London, at the suggestion of two of his mentors, Bertrand Russell and Sir George Trevelyan, 4th Baronet. They helped <mask> find and purchase a six-story Edwardian building in London's leafy Kensington. There <mask> and others, including Kevin Kingsland, founded Centre House, a self-discovery and human-potential community known as a nucleus of yoga and spirituality in the emerging New Age movement throughout the late sixties and seventies. Seekers came from all over the world to study with visiting gurus, such as Swami Satchidananda, Muktananda, B.K.S.Iyengar, Sangharakshita and John G. Bennett as well as Sanskrit scholar Dr. Rammurti Mishra, Christmas Humphreys, Tibetan lamas, chief Druids, homeopathic  doctors and scientists studying meditation, telepathy and neuroplasticity in Hills' Yoga Science laboratory. It was here <mask> wrote his magnum opus, Nuclear Evolution – recognized as a definitive treatise on the chakras as they relate to the human endocrine system, light frequencies and human personality. Yoga Journal described the book as, "Synthesizing a vast amount of information ranging from the structure of DNA to the metaphysics of consciousness" and also as, "A giant step forward in integrating science with religion in a meaningful way." Centre House was an experiment in group consciousness where the majority of residents were well-educated students, teachers and scientists interested in the convergence of science and spirituality. For a while the large basement kitchen was a macrobiotic restaurant, first run by Craig Sams, then called Gandalf's Garden which counted John Lennon amongst its health-conscious patrons. Its founder, Muz Murray (Ramana Baba), was one of the early residents of Centre House and there published the first issues of Gandalf's Garden magazine, a publication chronicling the vitality of London's New Age scene. Kevin Kingsland went on to found the Centre for Human Communication in Devon and Grael Associates (a Community Company)..

World Conference on Scientific Yoga, New Delhi

In December 1970 <mask>, his son John, and Kevin Kingsland organized the world's first World Conference on Scientific Yoga (WCSY) in New Delhi, bringing 50 Western scientists together with 800 of India's leading swamis, yogis and lamas to discuss their research and establish a network for the creation of a World Yoga University.The conference generated some controversy when Indian politics intersected with religion, particularly the concept of Christ Yoga, a book <mask> had written linking Christ's teachings to those of Buddha and the Vedas. But the conclave nevertheless emerged as a milestone in the soon-to-be-booming migration of Indian yogis to the West. <mask>, helped by his father's prior relationship with Nehru, worked with India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and the Nehrus' yoga master Dhirendra Brahmachari to steer a fractious committee of MPs, ministers and often competitive spiritual leaders from disparate religions and castes into creating a uniquely diverse and widely hailed program of events. Presenters from the West included transpersonal psychology pioneer Dr. Stanislav Grof and Dr. Sidney Jourard who compared their research in lively sessions with Indian scholars, scientists, philosophers and yogis such as B.K.S. Iyengar, Shri K. Pattabhi Jois, Jiddu Krishnamurti, Swami Satchidananda, Padma Bhushan Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi, R.R. Diwaker, Swami Rama, Acharya Dharma Deva Vidya Martand, Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center and yoga hospital founder Dr. G. S. Melkote, M.P. The actor James Coburn, a yoga and martial arts practitioner, described the World Conference on Scientific Yoga as "Very rewarding for me, definitely worth the time and money getting here."During the conference, Dhirendra Brahmachari presided over the wedding of organizer Kevin Kingsland and yoga teacher Venika Mehra. James Coburn also attended. Kevin and Venika Kingsland went on to establish various Centres for Human Communication in the UK, USA and India, teaching yoga, human communication and promoting community consciousness. Post-conference, the select delegates' presentations were published in CHAKRA magazine, founded with the help of Tantra scholar Ajit Mookerjee and Indian art patron Virendra Kumar and edited by <mask> whose first venture in publishing was mentored by Baburao Patel M.P., editor of Filmindia and Mother India magazines. The conference was deemed a success and <mask> was elected by a majority of the delegates to establish a World Yoga University somewhere on the planet. A mission that would take him from the United Kingdom to the United States. University of the Trees

As the spiritual axis shifted to America, <mask> visited his friend Laura Huxley who urged him to move to the United States where he settled in Boulder Creek, California, and became a U.S. citizen.There, amidst the ancient redwoods, he founded in 1973, an accredited college, University of the Trees, an alternative education and research center for the social sciences to study the laws of nature and their relation to human consciousness. Students lived on campus and studied subjects as diverse as Radionics and dowsing (<mask> was a well-known diviner), meditation, hatha yoga, the Vedas, and early forms of social networking he called "Group Consciousness". The campus housed University of the Trees Press which published <mask>' writings and the research of a number of resident students who obtained degrees at the university and wrote books on light & color frequencies and the science of Radionics. A small workshop produced pendulums for dowsing and a line of negative ion generators. With the buildup of the vitamin business surrounding discoveries that spirulina had significant weight loss benefits University of the Trees became one of the largest employers in the San Lorenzo Valley and leased more than 10 buildings in Boulder Creek for housing students and warehousing for Light Force, a burgeoning nutritional products brand based on spirulina. From this base in California, <mask> extended his hospitality to a pantheon of visiting scientists, writers, philosophers and scholars such as Alan Watts, Edgar Mitchell, Barbara Marx Hubbard, Allen Ginsberg, Thelma Moss, Hiroshi Motoyama, Haridas Chaudhuri, Sri Lanka president Ranasinghe Premadasa, Menninger Foundation's Swami Rama, Dr. Evarts G. Loomis, Viktoras Kulvinskas, Max Lüscher, Marcia Moore, Bernard Jensen and countless others in the fields of human potential, holistic health, aquaculture, religion, quantum physics and alternative medicine. Supersensonics
Within the campus, <mask> founded an experimental laboratory, managed by physicist Dr. Robert Massy, to develop his theories on the Electro Vibratory Body – documenting what Hills' colleague Stanford University's William A. Tiller Ph.D, calls "subtle energies" or "psychoenergetics".Shortly before he died radionics pioneer George de la Warr donated a substantial portion of his research files, library and instruments to <mask>. In 1975 <mask> wrote the book Supersensonics: The Science of Radiational Paraphysics, widely considered "The Bible of dowsing" The book sheds new light on divining, telepathy, The I Ching, Egypt's Pyramids, Biblical miracles and discusses the value of low level extrasensory phenomena vs higher levels of insight, wisdom and consciousness. New Age Journal magazine called Supersensonics "A short course in miracles for scientist and seeker alike." International philanthropy
With the Cold War in full swing liberation from the evils of totalitarianism was a constant theme in <mask> writings. He lobbied hard against the KGB's persecution of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and the internal exile with police surveillance of Andrei Sakharov and the denial of an exit visa for Natan Sharansky's emigration to Israel. <mask>' lifelong crusade against dictatorships and Man's inhumanity was manifested in the book Rise of the Phoenix while his passionate beliefs against deficit spending were set forth in a book on the global economy—The Golden Egg. A recurring theme throughout all <mask>' approaches to world, local and family problems was a process he developed called "Creative Conflict"—the same principles of solving differences between individuals, political parties and even nations that <mask> had debated with Adlai Stevenson, Nehru and Luis Kutner.Throughout the seventies and eighties <mask> focused on international affairs, particularly the emergence of democracy in the Soviet Republics, eventually traveling to Russia to meet with Mikhail Gorbachev where he joined the Soviet Peace Committee. U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush bestowed awards on <mask> for his commitment to democratic freedom and his humanitarian support for victims of oppression. The Christopher Hills Foundation donated more than $9 million worth of spirulina products to charitable organizations in the U.S. and abroad. When the Soviet Union had occupied Afghanistan, <mask> learned from his friends in Peshawar that Afghan freedom fighter Ahmad Shah Masoud's mujahadeen troops as well as Tajik and Pashtun tribals were starving because supply routes had been cut by Russian forces. <mask> donated and shipped $300,000 worth of spirulina, which was packed in by mules with help from Senator Charlie Wilson to sustain the Afghans. In 1989 Sri Lanka president Ranasinghe Premadasa, struggling to find a formula to end the Sri Lankan Civil War, traveled to Boulder Creek to meet with <mask> and learn more about his conflict resolution concepts. The two men shared a spiritual connection and established a close friendship.Premadasa then brought the Ceylon conflict closer to a democratic solution than any other Sri Lankan president had. However, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam hierarchy had split and in 1993 a faction assassinated Premadasa in a suicide bombing that killed 23 people. Spirulina: food from sunlight
<mask> and Nakamura had a vision of feeding the world from lakes, seas and backyard aquaculture and in 1975 they authored a book, Food from Sunlight which published all their proprietary research as open source for the world to use in the cause against global famine and malnutrition. Their company, Microalgae International, invested in research and technology to find a super food for solving World Hunger. Early research focused on chlorella but its cellular structure was too small to be collected without expensive centrifuges. However, in 1967, while Dr Nakamura was living at Centre House, they discovered that women at Lake Chad were harvesting an algae in baskets to make dihé, a highly nutritious sun-baked biscuit. After studying the lakes of Africa, <mask> and Dr Nakamura developed seed culture for a strain of 70% protein algae called spirulina that they had collected from Lake Aranguachi in Ethiopia.Later, in 1981, Dr <mask> made an expedition to Lake Chiltu at the invitation of Mr. Wollie Chekal, Minister of Trade for the Ethiopian Revolutionary Government and brought back a new set of spirulina samples to his California laboratory for hybridizing an optimal strain for commercial cultivation. For millennia spirulina had been a food staple for natives of Lake Chad and also for the Aztecs but <mask> funded much of the early experimentation needed for its successful modern day mass cultivation, described in Dr Nakamura's book Spirulina: Food for a Hungry World. To manufacture spirulina nutritional products <mask> started the Light Force company in Santa Cruz, California, which was one of the early models for multi-level marketing. Customers began reporting weight loss and health benefits from spirulina and the success story was featured in The National Enquirer. Sales skyrocketed into the millions of dollars propelling Light Force to 50,000 distributors worldwide. To grow that much spirulina Hills formed joint ventures with Koor Foods in Eilat, Israel, Taiwan Aqua in Taipei and Sosa Texcoco at Lake Texcoco in Mexico. Hills also had an association with Cyanotech on the Big Island of Hawaii which grew a very pure Pacifica brand of spirulina.By 1995 more than 5,000 tons of spirulina a year were being imported for Light Force products. To encourage domestic research and production Hills purchased a 150-acre farm and built raceway ponds filled from the land's own natural geothermal aquifer in Desert Hot Springs, California. Professor Nakamura's student and protégé Dr Kotaro Kawaguchi relocated from Japan as chief research scientist and working with Sebastian Thomas, an algae cultivation expert from India, they refined desert-grown spirulina into consumable powder using the world's first  solar heated dryer. While a staff of 40 ran the Southern California "Green Gold Farms," harvesting its own U.S.-grown spirulina for Light Force, Hills built a  home/laboratory on a mountain in the redwoods of Boulder Creek, California, dedicated to researching neutraceuticals and as a gathering place for scientists, innovators and spiritual "map makers". Three years after moving to the new home Norah <mask> died from Alzheimers eliciting an outpouring of affection from the many who had seen her as the "divine mother" and a significant force in all that <mask> had achieved. Santa Cruz sanctuary

At the property he built a Hollywood quality video production studio to produce films on Enlightenment and, through new media, to inspire people to celebrate what he called the "Divine Goddess". The studio is run today by his second wife, artist/producer Penny Slinger <mask>.In 1996, after three decades of globetrotting, <mask> visited Vietnam to invest in a naturally carbonated underground spring water venture. He contracted an obscure virus which caused a deterioration of his health. Light Force and the research company Biogenics were sold to Royal Body Care which continued to market the products. <mask> died at home January 31, 1997 leaving his wife Penny Slinger <mask>, two sons, <mask> and <mask> and four grandchildren. He believed that "Algae biomass was God's way of providing an inexhaustible source of energy from the sun". Today millions of health conscious people enjoy the health benefits of spirulina in myriad products worldwide. Recent innovations have moved algae to the front burner as researchers recognize its efficiency as a carbon sequestration mechanism and alternative biofuel.<mask>' legacy of bio-innovation and commitment to hunger relief is being carried forward by the Christopher Hills Foundation. Bibliography

<mask> wrote over 30 books. The following are a selection of his works:

The Power of Increased Perception—Philosophical Library New York, 1958
Kingdom of Desire—Philosophical Library New York, 1959
Supersenonics—The Science of Radiational Paraphysics,  (1975)
Nuclear Evolution: Discovery of the Rainbow Body (2nd ed. ),  (1977) (hardcover)
Food from Sunlight—Planetary Survival for Hungry People,  (1978)
Rise of the Phoenix—Universal Government by Nature's Laws,  (1979)
The Golden Egg,  (1979)
Creative Conflict—The Secret to Heart-to-Heart Communication,  (1980)
The Christ Book,  (1982)
Spirulina—Food for a Hungry World,  (1982)
Instruments of Knowing—Human Biological Sensitivity,  (1985)
The Book of Vision,   (1995)

Christopher Hills Foundation is a 501(c)(3) organization dedicated to empowerment of rural economies and feeding the world's hungry. References

External links

 Penny Slinger
 John Hills
 Christopher Hills Foundation

British male writers
20th-century British businesspeople
British philanthropists
Consciousness researchers and theorists
New Age writers
Philanthropists from California
University and college founders
1926 births
1997 deaths
Algaculture
Arts in Jamaica
Businesspeople from California
English emigrants to the United States
Rastafari
People from Grimsby
People from Boulder Creek,

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