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<mask> (May 18, 1915 – September 14, 2006) was an American economist who was the Armand G. Erpf Professor of Modern Corporations of the Graduate School of Business at Columbia University. Before that he was a professor in the Department of Economics at Yale University. His scholarly efforts concerned industrial relations and labor economics, the economies of corporations and corporate planning, national planning, and social values and corporate social responsibility. He was the author of nineteen books, editor of six more, published numerous articles in academic journals, and wrote an intellectual memoir as well. His range of research and writing was unusually wide, but his biggest contribution to the field of economics was in the study of industrial relations and especially in his analysis of bargaining power. Early life, education, and writing
<mask> was born on May 18, 1915, in Charlotte, North Carolina, as the son of <mask> and the former <mask>on. When he was two years old the family moved to Ohio and he grew up in Lakewood, Ohio.From the time of junior high school on, he was interested in creative writing, working on poems, short stories, and an incomplete novel. While at Lakewood High School, which he began as the Great Depression was starting, he took third prize in national Scholastic Art & Writing Awards with a short story called "Hunger". Another short story, "A Millionaire's Debut", was published in the Cleveland News. During vacations when he was 17 and 18, <mask> traveled around the country by hitchhiking and freighthopping. A San Francisco newspaper recounted his  wandering journey with another 18-year-old friend from Cleveland to there, in which they started with only $3.77, washing dishes for funds while staying in hobo jungles and sometimes encountering long waits for cars to pick them up. By the age of 19, he said he had traveled some  and seen 41 states. He offered to give 15-minute talks, titled "The Category of Dreamers" and concerning the state of youth, in the Lakewood area.He attended Adelbert College of Western Reserve University, having been granted a scholarship, and initially majored in history. He was elected Phi Beta Kappa as a senior. He was also a poet there, winning first prize as a junior and second prize as a senior in the Rupert Hughes Prizes in Poetry. In 1937, he graduated with an A.B. degree magna cum laude. <mask> was initially primarily interested in writing as a career possibility. While a freshman he was also working as editor of the People's Penny Weekly, a magazine intended to provide local coverage of Lakewood.During his senior year in college he worked part-time at the Cleveland bureau of the International News Service. There he covered many significant developments in labor relations during the mid-1930s. These included the Fisher Body sit-down strike against General Motors. By his account he then tried two other writing and editing jobs before, after a year's lapse, returning to his education to give himself an understanding of the forces at play in these labor disputes. At the Graduate School at Western Reserve University, he earned an M.A. degree in economics in 1939. At the same time he wrote a play about the Chrysler Auto Strike of 1939, From Now to Hallelujah, which he later said was accepted for production at a local theater group but never put on due to a scheduling conflict.He also later recalled functioning as executive secretary of a successful campaign to amend the Cleveland city charter to bring most civil service employees under the merit system. <mask> then obtained a Ph.D. in economics from Ohio State University in 1942. The topic of his dissertation was "The Nature and Practice of Collective Bargaining". By now his practice of other forms of writing was being replaced by his interest in economic research. During the latter portion of this time he was a research fellow at the Brookings Institution. <mask> married the former Mariam Kenosian in 1942. During the World War II period, he was in the United States Naval Reserve from 1942 to 1946, where he began as an ensign and finished as a lieutenant.There he did work related to cryptography. Meanwhile, his wife worked as an analyst for the Office of Strategic Services during the war and then earned a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University in 1950. Early career
Following his service, <mask> was given a Social Science Research Council demobilization fellowship and in 1946 found a position as research director at the Yale Labor and Management Center, which had shortly before been founded by E<mask> Bakke. By 1947 he was also an assistant professor of economics at Yale. His first major book, The Union Challenge to Management Control , was published in 1948. In 1949 he became assistant director of the Labor and Management Center. That same year, he became an associate professor.<mask>'s early work at Yale and the center and his books published during this time focused on exploring matters related to bargaining in the context of labor-management conflicts, the social impact of strikes, and the idea of managerial discretion and how unions challenged it. His insights into industrial relations theory as a whole became a substantial addition to scholarly knowledge. His definition of bargaining power, which is based upon the notion of the "inducement to agree", became widely used. Examining the history of many labor-management actions and conflicts as case studies, he analyzed their tactics with his framework of how each sought to influence relative bargaining power. His analysis of bargaining power and its effects went beyond concepts introduced by others earlier and provided a springboard for the examination of behavioral aspects of the bargaining process as well as bargaining power as a dynamic entity. Influencing several generations of scholars, <mask>'s work on bargaining power would become his most significant contribution to the field. His 1951 textbook Collective Bargaining presented some of these ideas and was twice later republished in revised editions.His work on strikes, which was published in two books, Social Responsibility and Strikes (1953) and The Impact of Strikes: Their Social and Economic Costs (1954), was done in collaboration with Jane Metzger Schilling, an assistant in research at the center and a doctoral student in the Department of Economics at Yale who was working on research into invention and innovation and into the scope of bargaining units. Their work devised a quantitative framework for analyzing the effect of strikes on the various parties involved as well as on the general public, making use of reliable figures when available and forming imprecise judgments when not, then sought to evaluate seventeen recent strikes in the coal, rail, and steel industries in these terms. They also made public policy recommendations regarding when government intervention should be undertaken, saying that such action must take into effect the loss of income for producers as well as the loss of goods and services for consumers. The second of these books became one of <mask>'s works to be translated into other languages, in this case Japanese. While <mask> self-identified as an industrial relations specialist, he nonetheless next wrote A General Theory of Economic Process, an attempt to define the overall economic environment in ways that provided entrée for the insights of his labor analyses. It was the most ambitious effort he ever undertook. In its preface he wrote, "Such an effort may appear pretentious when made by one who lays no claim to being a general theoretician ...I feel (almost apologetically) a need to explain the existence of this work." In it he used bargaining as the central element for economic analysis. Middle career
<mask> moved to Columbia University, where he was a professor of economics in its Graduate School of Business from 1954–59. There he replaced the retiring Paul Frederick Brissenden as head of the school's program in Labor and Industrial Relations. This was part of a wave of hirings as the business school sought to improve its intellectual standing by strengthening its research program and instituting a Ph.D. program separate from that of the Department of Economics. During this time, <mask> was recruited by Thomas H. Carroll of the Ford Foundation, who was starting an effort for the improvement of business school education. <mask> thus became director of the Program in Economic Development and Administration at the foundation from 1957 to 1960,  where he also focused a research program on business decision making.<mask> subsequently returned to Yale as a professor of economics for the period 1959–1967. In the 1960s, <mask>'s research began to focus on theory of the firm and industrial organization, as exemplified by his 1962 book The Firm: Micro-Economic Planning and Action. In particular he examined corporate planning and public planning. These works adopted some of the approaches of institutional economics and were less quantitative and more philosophical than some of the author's previous efforts. He then branched out even further afield, writing about nuclear disarmament in 1963 and population economics in 1970. In the first, he argued that "if what everyone says [they want] (peace and disarmament) is eventually achieved, the consequences are almost certain to be the end of 500 years of Western world supremacy." <mask> was prominent in the Industrial Relations Research Association, serving on its executive board during 1955–58 and its president in 1967.<mask> served on the board of editors of The American Economic Review from 1957–59, the board of directors of the Salzburg Seminar in American Studies for 1957–78, the editorial council of Management International during 1960–70, and two stints on the board of trustees of the Columbia Journal of World Business (1969–72, 1975–80). He and his wife Mariam <mask> divorced in 1967. She joined the Ford Foundation and became the director of its higher education program; the grants she dispensed during the 1970s would become instrumental in establishing the place of women's studies at colleges in the United States. Meanwhile, he married Harriet Feigenbaum in 1968. She is a sculptor most known for a 1990 installation in New York City, Memorial to Victims of the Injustice of the Holocaust. <mask> returned to Columbia's Graduate School of Business again to stay for good in 1967, heading a new program in Corporate Relations and Public Policy. He was named the Armand G. Erpf Professor of Modern Corporations in 1969.In the wake of the Columbia University protests of 1968, <mask> was on the side of those who prized the restoration of order in American and European academies, signing on to a 1969 statement by hundreds of faculty members proclaiming that, "Academic freedom and the sanctuary of the university campus extend to all who share these aims and responsibilities. They cannot be invoked by those who would subordinate intellectual freedom to political ends, or who violate the norms of conduct established to protect that freedom. Against such offenders the university has the right, and indeed the obligation, to defend itself." Later career
During the latter part of his career, <mask> took on the analysis of the role of corporation management in society. In a series of books from 1973 on he became known as an economist who found insights in the relationship of business power to social power. He also became involved in community-related projects such as a 1972 plan to help decentralize city services in nearby Washington Heights, Manhattan. Tackling the issue of corporate responsibility, his 1973 book The Limits of Corporate Responsibility <mask> said that businesses could do "remarkably little" about urban problems, environmental degradation, product safety, or worker dissatisfaction, because the values of the business culture are incompatible with such goals and economic forces will constrain businesses to only actions which result in growth and profit.Writing for The New York Times Book Review, Stephen B. Shepard said that <mask> made a strong case for business not being able to solve urban woes, but that elsewhere he overstated his thesis and underestimated the chances that businesses could be part of environmental improvement solutions. <mask> retired in 1980, after which he became the Armand G. Erpf Professor Emeritus at Columbia. His last academic book, Social Strategy and Corporate Structure, was published in 1982. Over the course of his career, <mask> became more pessimistic in his conclusions, believing that notions about union-management collaboration would have scant impact on the corporation's ability to react to external events. He also grew dissatisfied with the development of economic analysis, believing it too formal and beholden to quantitative methods and lacking a value-based look at how corporate management behaved. Indeed, <mask> became skeptical about his discipline as a whole. In the context of a 1980 New York Times piece about the hazards of poorly conducted social science research, he was quoted as saying, "We know very little about what we profess to know.We have claimed too much as a profession." He came to have philosophical doubts about the entire study of economics, believing that purposeful action, unforeseen trends, and random occurrences combine to give economic theories that are based upon the observation of what has taken place in the past little predictive ability or policy-making usefulness in terms of what will take place in the future. <mask> thus abandoned economic work altogether after 1982, deciding that he wanted to return to writing fiction. He worked on at least two novels during this period, although nothing was published, and he painted as well. He published a memoir of sorts, Intellectual Odyssey: An Economist's Ideological Journey, in 1996. It traced the development of his interests and summarized the work and conclusions of many of his books. The last chapter of the memoir includes lengthy excerpts from one of the novels, whose protagonist is a disillusioned economics professor considering whether to retire and struggling with philosophical questions.<mask> died at age 91 on September 14, 2006. Legacy
Writing in the Journal of Economic Issues in 1996, Charles J<mask>n said that "<mask>'s career in economics has been extraordinary." In a 1983 retrospective of <mask>'s career written shortly after his retirement and published in the British Journal of Industrial Relations, three business professors at Columbia University – James W. Kuhn, David Lewin, and Paul J. McNulty – analyzed where his work had had the greatest scholarly influence and where it had been less so. Their conclusion was that despite a fair amount of the latter, "<mask> stands ... as an intellectual giant and a major intellectual force, whose legacy will endure." <mask>'s definition of bargaining power is still taught and used, such as in its presentation in the 2012 textbook Fundamentals of Labor Economics by Thomas Hyclak, Geraint Johnes, and Robert Thornton and in the 2004 fifth edition of the popular International City/County Management Association "Green Book" Management Policies in Local Government Finance. In terms of the labor history discipline, <mask> came to be seen as part of the mainstream, along with scholars such as Sumner Slichter and Richard Lester, who focused on institutions and laws, as opposed to "new labor history" and its adherents, such as David Brody and Nelson Lichtenstein, who focused more on demographics and social history. Like two other scholarly pioneers in industrial relations and labor research, Robert F. Hoxie and John R. Commons, <mask> was dissatisfied with neoclassical economics-based theory and sought to provide new and different explanations for the economic process.This foray into general theory, like those of the other two, generally found few followers in the field. <mask> was given a lifetime achievement award by the Industrial Relations Research Association for 2002, handed out during its 2003 meeting. He was one of the first members of that association to be so honored. Following his death, Dean of the Columbia Business School Glenn Hubbard said <mask> that "produced work of great importance to the greater business community, always with an active and curious mind." David B. Lipsky, former Dean of the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations, characterized <mask> as "one of the greatest of all industrial relations scholars" and said that, "For scholars of my generation, <mask> was a giant – through the rigor and originality of his research he inspired us to believe that a career devoted to industrial relations research could be a noble undertaking."

masks:
Neil Cornelius Wolverton Chamberlain
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Henry Bryan Chamberlain
Elizabeth Wvert
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. Wight
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. Whale
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<mask> (31 July 1916 – 2 February 1982) was an Indian politician, who served as the Chief Minister of Rajasthan state for 17 years (1954–1971). He became chief minister at the age of 38 and was responsible for bringing major reforms and developments in Rajasthan. For this, he is still widely revered as the "founder of modern Rajasthan". Later in his career, <mask> also served as the Governor of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Early life
<mask> was born in a Jain family of Jhalawar, Rajasthan. His father,ram lal <mask>, was a well known cricketer of the Bombay and Saurashtra teams. After completing primary education in Nathdwara and Udaipur, <mask> went to Mumbai for a diploma in electrical engineering from VJTI.There, he was elected General Secretary of the student body. Mr. Berley, the British principal of the college, wanted to invite governor of Bombay in a college ceremony. <mask>, along with other students, vehemently opposed the idea and asserted to invite then Chief Minister of Bombay B. G. Kher instead. Finally, college authorities had to bow down against the demands of students. <mask> had successfully led his first revolt against British Rule exemplifying his uncanny leadership abilities and managerial skills. In college, he came in contact with prominent national leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Yusuf Meherally and Ashok Mehta. <mask> regularly attended meetings of Congress workers and volunteers headed by Patel in Mumbai.When he came back to Nathdwara, he started a small Electrical workshop. This shop was essentially a meeting place where <mask> and his friends would discuss about the ubiquitous autocracies of British rule and socio-economic reforms in the region. Various education and social awareness programs were schemed and executed in the region by <mask> and his fellow workers. He married Indubala on 1 June 1938 in Beawar. This inter-caste marriage was not an ordinary event in those days. Expecting a stiff backlash in Nathdwara and Udaipur, <mask> decided to perform the ceremony in Beawar adhering to customs of the Arya Samaj. When he returned to Nathdwara with Indubala, he was hailed by a large number of his supporters.Young overjoyed supporters thronged the streets of Nathwara, steered a huge rally across the town and greeted him with slogans, "<mask>ya Jindabad". This remained to be one of the most memorable and inspiring moments of his life. <mask> himself acknowledged this fact to one of his protagonists a few days before his death. Contribution in freedom struggle
On account of excessive taxes and autocratic rule of princes and jagirdars, Praja Mandals were formed in different states of Rajputana. These mandals provided wider base to the agitation and direction to the civil right movement and administrative reforms in various princely states. In Udaipur state, Mewar Praja Mandal was founded in 1938 having renowned social activist and freedom fighter Manikya <mask> as its president. After one year of foundation, Mandal received a dose of fresh vigor with promising youth Mohal <mask> joining it.Freedom struggle in Rajasthan was facing twofold and threefold resistance in form of British raj, princely states and local zamindars. Sukhadia along with other activists traveled across remote tribal areas and villages of the region, established direct contact with local peasants and tribesmen, edified them about their constitutional rights and encouraged to espouse the national movement. Fearing the torment of their zamindars, most of the locals were reluctant to shelter national activists in their houses. Public workers were not allowed to enter Bhil villages as zamindars considered contact of activists with simple-minded peasants undesirable. Often they were beaten and arrested by police for entering Bhil villages. In 1946, Praja Mandals of various states merged to form a statewide organization and named it Rajputana Prantiya Sabha. <mask> was inducted in Executive Committee of this newly formed organization.Party meetings were held in one of the Rajputana provinces in every two-three months where representatives of different provinces discussed and debated on common problems of the states. <mask>'s matter-of-fact and efficient problem solving tactics were valued highly in these meetings that earned him recognition of top leaders in the state. Responding to Mahatma Gandhi's call of "Quit India" in 1942, entire Rajasthan plunged into Quit India Movement with leaders like Manikya <mask>, Heera <mask>, Gokulbhai Bhatt, Jai Narayan Vyas and <mask> <mask> playing instrumental role in channelizing it. Seeing the situation go beyond control, British Government decided to contain top leadership by incarcerating them. <mask> stayed in jail for one and half years at the age of 25. Intense torrential rainfall of 1943 devastated Bhilwara and nearby areas causing huge destruction of property and life. <mask> mobilized relief workers and arranged food supply, medicines and clothing for the people.Independence and participation in government
On 15 August 1947,  22 princely states of Rajasthan (erstwhile Rajputana) agreed to join the Union of India. Their merger and unification took place in a phased manner over a period of 2 years. In the first phase,  four Princely States of Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karauli formed the Matsya Union. On 25 March 1948, Union of Rajasthan was formed comprising Banswara, Bundi, Dungarpur, Jhalawar, Kishangarh, Pratapgarh, Shahapura, Tonk, and Kota. Three days after formation of Union of Rajasthan, Maharana of Udaipur decided to join Union of Rajasthan on 28 March 1948. It was formally inaugurated by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on 18 April 1948 and cabinet was formed under the leadership of Manikya <mask>.<mask> <mask> joined the cabinet as Irrigation and Labor Minister. In the fourth phase, states of Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jaipur and Jodhpur merged with Union of Rajasthan. Sardar Patel inaugurated unified Rajasthan on 30 March 1949 and  Heera <mask> formed the cabinet to become first Chief Minister of Rajasthan. On 15 May 1949, Matsya Union also merged with Rajasthan. After Heera <mask> resigned from the post on 26 March 1951, Jai Narayan Vyas took over his post. <mask> was appointed as minister in newly created cabinet. First state Legislative elections of Rajasthan were held in 1952.Tika Ram Paliwal became Chief Minister on 3 March 1952 for a brief period of time. Jai Narayan Vyas replaced him on 1 November 1952. <mask> handled Revenue, Irrigation, Agriculture and other significant portfolios during this period. After elections in 1952, 22 members of Ram Rajya Parishad joined Congress Party on persuasion of Jai Narayan Vyas. However, congress workers objected to his decision as most of the Ram Rajya Parishad members were former zamindars and believed this would affect ongoing land reforms in the state. Amidst growing resentment against Jai Narayan Vyas, Congress High command directed him to seek Vote of Confidence of Congress legislative members. Veteran Jai Narayan Vyas was directly pitched against the 38-year-old Revenue Minister of his own cabinet, Shri <mask> <mask>.First time in history of Democratic India, two people were openly contesting for post of Chief Minister. <mask> defeated him by 8 votes to become youngest Chief Minister of India. He continued on this post for record making 17 years(13 Nov 1954 – 8 July 1971). His record of longest-serving Chief Minister in Indian political history was untouched until Jyoti Basu surpassed it in 1994. Sukhadia era of Rajasthan politics

Founding and development of Rajasthan Congress
Formation of Rajasthan Congress started in 1946 when Praja Mandals of various states merged into the Rajputana Prantiya Sabha to form a common decision making and organization framework. <mask> <mask> was one of the fifteen members of Executive Committee of Prantiya Sabha that consisted of prominent political elites of Rajasthan. <mask> along with other members of this committee played the crucial role of formulating and publicizing the policies and resolutions of the party.Desire for the inclusion of party in Indian National Congress was finally realized in April 1948 at the Bombay session of All-India Congress organization, when Rajputana Prantiya Sabha was declared as one of the provincial units of Indian national Congress. Initial years were impaired by instability within the party, which witnessed four chief ministers in less than first six years (1948–1954), until <mask> was given the responsibility of leading the government. Major credit for deploying stability and institutionalization in Congress party goes to leadership abilities and political skills of <mask> <mask>. Serving on the post of Chief Minister for almost two decades clearly denotes the kind of support, affection and honor Sukahdia enjoyed from his party members and public. Land reforms in the state
Zamindari system, which had prevailed in Rajasthan for centuries, percolated deeply in socio-economic system of the state by the time of independence. Poor peasants were subjected to atrocities of their zamindars, had no right on the land they tilled and often had to pay very high land revenues. Congress government under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru passed a law to abolish the zamindari system.Impact of law was very limited in beginning years as zamindars approached the Supreme Court challenging the orders. To come up with the backdrop, the Congress Government passed the Rajasthan Jagir Abolition Act in 1952. With this Act,  Jagirdari system in the state was abolished and the power of judicial review over these legislations was taken away from the courts and the fundamental right to the property was amended. <mask> was given the challenging post of Revenue Minister in the cabinet, reckoning that land reforms would not be easy without establishing an efficient or uniform system of revenue administration. When <mask> took over as Chief Minister in 1954, the challenging task of implementing the reforms lay ahead of him. <mask>'s government passed Rajasthan Zamindari and Biswedari Abolition Act in 1959 that transferred the title of land to the tenants, doing away with centuries-old zamindari system in Rajasthan. Factors like political influence of jagirdars and jamindars, confusing varieties of land system in the different princely states and lack of reliable land records made the implementation immensely difficult.<mask> confronted all these hindrances and led land reforms in the state successfully. Development in health and education sector
In his famous tryst with destiny speech, India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru declared the eradication of ‘ignorance and disease’ as one of the most crucial tasks that the country faced. Challenge to eradicate ‘ignorance and disease’ was even bigger in Rajasthan as this was one of the least developed states in India at the end of British rule. During the early decades of the twentieth century Rajasthan had one of the lowest levels of education and highest levels of mortality of all provinces in India. Sukhadia Era in Rajasthan witnessed a dramatic reversal of the colonial policy of almost complete neglect of the education and health sectors. Sukhadia government's commitment to the social sector is brought out by the fact that despite facing a very precarious budgetary situation, it steadily increased its expenditure on social service. One of the clearest signals of this was decision of <mask> to retain the Education portfolio even after becoming the Chief Minister of the state.Results were evident by the end of 1970. Rajasthan's outlays on health  and education were significantly higher than all other North-Central Indian states and all-India average. By 1969 Rajasthan's education spending as a proportion of total SDP (3.2%) was double that of UP (1.5%). Similarly, in the health sector, Rajasthan's expenditure grew to Rs.8.23 per capita in 1970–71 whereas UP spent only Rs.3.2

References

Bibliography

External links

 His Excellency <mask> <mask> with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on her visit to Raj Bhavan
 His Excellency <mask> Sukhadia taking oath of Governorship from Chief Justice
 <mask> <mask> visiting Wool Research Laboratories in Australia in 1963
 Link of Rajasthan Assembly

1916 births
1982 deaths
Chief Ministers of Rajasthan
Governors of Andhra Pradesh
Governors of Karnataka
Governors of Tamil Nadu
7th Lok Sabha members
Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan
Chief ministers from Indian National Congress
Rajasthan MLAs 1957–1962
Rajasthan MLAs 1962–1967
Rajasthan MLAs 1967–1972

masks:
Mohan Lal Sukhadia
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Tomás Óg Mág Samhradháin (anglicised Thomas McGovern Junior) was chief of the McGovern Clan and Baron or Lord of Tullyhaw barony, County Cavan from 1584 until his death at the end of the 16th century. Ancestry
His ancestry was Tomás Óg son of <mask> son of Tomás (d. 1532) son of Maghnus (d. 1497) son of Tomás Óg (d. 1494) son of Tomás na Feasoige (d. 1458) son of Fearghal (d. 1393) son of Tomás (d. 1343) son of <mask> ‘Breaghach’ Mág Samhradháin (d. 1298). He was the second eldest son and had two brothers who both were chiefs of the clan, <mask>g Mág Samhradháin and Feidhlimidh Mág Samhradháin, together with a third brother Emonn of Lissanover. Chieftainship
On the death of the McGovern chief, <mask>g Mág Samhradháin in 1584, Tomás took the chieftaincy and moved to the chief's residence in Ballymagauran. Coffey Magaurans
A sub-sept of the McGoverns known as the Coffey Magaurans, centered on the northern part of Tullyhaw called Largay (now the town of Blacklion) seemed to be exercising a degree of independence from the main chieftaincy at Ballymagauran as, in an Indenture dated 1585 between the Lord Deputy of Ireland John Perrot and, inter alia, Turlough McGovern of Largay, the said Turlough claimed to be chief of the McGoverns. The indenture reads-

Turlough McGovern's genealogy was Turlough son of Cobhthach (the Coffey after whom the Coffey McGoverns are named) son of Aodh son of Tomás Maol son of Feidhlimidh son of Donnchadh Ballach (d. 1445) son of Fearghal Mág Samhradháin, chief of the McGovern Clan from 1359 until his death in 1393. The Annals of the Four Masters for 1593 state-

A warlike dissension arose in the month of May in this year between Sir George Bingham of Ballymote and Brian-na-Samhthach, i.e.<mask>, the son of <mask>, son of <mask>, son of Owen O'Rourke. The cause of this dissension was, that a part of the Queen's rent had not been received out of Breifny on that festival, <mask>'Rourke asserting that all the rents not paid were those demanded for lands that were waste, and that he Bingham ought not to demand rent for waste lands until they should be inhabited. Sir George sent soldiers into Breifny to take a prey in lieu of the rent; and the soldiers seized on O'Rourkes own milch cows. <mask> went to demand a restoration of them, but this he did not at all receive. He then returned home, and sent for mercenaries and hireling troops to Tyrone, Tirconnell, and Fermanagh; and after they had come to him, he set out, and he made no delay by day or by night until he arrived at Ballymote. On his arrival in the neighbourhood of the town, he dispersed marauding parties through the two cantreds of the Mac Donoughs, namely, Corann and Tirerrill; and there was not much of that country which he did not plunder on the excursion. He also burned on that day thirteen villages on every side of Ballymote; and he ravaged Ballymote itself more than he did any other town.Their losses were of little account, except the son of Coffey Roe Magauran, on the side of <mask>; Gilbert Grayne, a gentleman of Sir George's people, who was slain on the other side. The son of O'Rourke then returned back to his own territory loaded with great preys and spoils. This was done in the first month of summer. Turlough's territory was an escape route after the Battle of the Ford of the Biscuits. The Annals of the Four Masters for 1594 state-

O'Donnell, as we have stated, was encamped, laying siege to Enniskillen, from the middle of June to the month of August, until the warders of the castle had consumed almost all their provisions. Messengers came to O'Donnell from the Scots, whom he had before invited over, to inform him that they had arrived at Derry. And those who had come thither were Donnell Gorm Mac Donnell, and Mac Leod of Ara.O'Donnell then set out with a small number of his forces to hire them; and he left another large party of them with Maguire to assist him, and he ordered them to remain blockading the castle. When the Lord Justice, Sir William Fitzwilliam, had received intelligence that the warders of Enniskillen were in want of stores and provisions, he ordered a great number of the men of Meath, and of the gentlemen of the Reillys and the Binghams of Connaught, under the conduct of George Oge Bingham, to convey provisions to Enniskillen. These chieftains, having afterwards met together, went to Cavan, O'Reilly's town, for provisions; and they proceeded through Fermanagh, keeping Lough Erne on the right, until they arrived within about four miles of the town. When Maguire (Hugh) received intelligence that these forces were marching towards the town with the aforesaid provisions, he set out with his own forces and the forces left him by O'Donnell, together with Cormac, the son of the Baron, i.e. the brother of the Earl O'Neill; and they halted at a certain narrow pass, to which they thought they the enemy would come to them. The ambuscade was successful, for they came on, without noticing any thing, until they fell in with Maguire's people at the mouth of a certain ford. A fierce and vehement conflict, and a spirited and hard-contested battle, was fought between both parties, till at length Maguire and his forces routed the others by dint of fighting, and a strages of heads was left to him; and the rout was followed up a great way from that place.A countless number of nobles and plebeians fell in this conflict. Many steeds, weapons, and other spoils, were left behind in that place by the defeated, besides the steeds and horses that were loaded with provisions, on their way to Enniskillen. A few fugitives of Meath and of the Reillys escaped from this conflict, and never stopped until they arrived in Breifny O'Reilly. The route taken by George Oge Bingham and the few who escaped with him from the field was through the Largan, the territory of the Clann-Coffey Magauran, through Breifny O'Rourke, and from thence to Sligo. The name of the ford at which this great victory was gained was changed to Bel-atha-na-mBriosgadh, from the number of biscuits and small cakes left there to the victors on that day. When the warders of the castle heard of the defeat of the army, they surrendered the castle to Maguire; and he gave them pardon and protection. Elizabethan Wars
Tomás is mentioned in the Fiants of 19 January 1586 when Queen Elizabeth I of England granted a pardon to Tho.oge m'Brien m'Tho. Magawran, of Magawranstowne, for fighting against the Queen's forces. Tomás paid little heed to the terms of the pardon as he then joined in a rebellion in Connacht but the rebellion was defeated at the end of July 1586. The costs of the rebellion to the English government were covered by cattle seizures and fines. The Governor of Connacht, Sir Richard Bingham (soldier) wrote about Tomás to the Lord Deputy of Ireland, Sir John Perrot on 19 August 1586 to as follows-

From whence I will also go to M'Gawran, lying between O'Rourke and Maguire, and cause him to submit himself, and yield composition for his land, or else I will give him a wipe of a thousand cows, wherein your Lordship shall not, I hope, mislike my doings. Death
John O'Hart in his book Irish Pedigrees; or the Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation, p. 414, mentions a Baron MacGauran in an incident that occurred at Kilnavert Church c.1590. The Baron was probably Tomás Óg.Family
Tomás had four children, a daughter Wony or Una and three sons, of whom the eldest was Cormac Mág Samhradháin. In the Plantation of Ulster the lands of Garrerishmore, one poll; Dufferagh, one poll; Killanaigy, one poll and half the poll of Meligg; in all, 175 acres at an annual rent of £1-17s-4d., were granted to the four children jointly. References

Irish lords
16th-century deaths
People from County Cavan
16th-century Irish people

masks:
Brian
Brian
Brian Ó
Brian Ó
Brian Oge
Brian
Brian
Brian O
Brian
Brian


texts:
<mask> (Somali: Cali Macow Macallin; also Mao Moallim and Mao' Mo'allim; 1954 – 22 July 2013) was a Somali hospital cook and health worker from Merca who is the last person known to have been infected with naturally occurring Variola minor smallpox. He was diagnosed with the disease in October 1977 and made a full recovery. Although he had many contacts, none of them developed the disease, and an aggressive containment campaign was successful in preventing an outbreak. Smallpox was declared to have been eradicated globally by the World Health Organization (WHO) two years later. Maalin was subsequently involved in the successful poliomyelitis eradication campaign in Somalia, and he died of malaria while carrying out polio vaccinations after the re-emergence of the poliovirus in 2013. Smallpox eradication in Africa
Smallpox is an infectious disease caused by two strains of virus, Variola major and V. minor. V. minor is the rarer of the two strains, and causes a much less severe disease (sometimes called alastrim), with a fatality rate of around 1%.No treatment is available, and the only protection is vaccination. The virus is usually transmitted by prolonged face-to-face contact with a person showing symptoms. The incubation period averages 12–14 days. One of the most feared diseases of human history, smallpox was still causing an estimated 2 million deaths every year as late as 1967. The global effort to eradicate smallpox from endemic areas such as Africa began in 1959 with a mass vaccination campaign. This approach met with little success, and a more effective targeted approach was developed in the late 1960s. This involved active surveillance by case hunting, combined with rapid containment of infection in areas reporting outbreaks by intensive vaccination.The majority of African countries were free from smallpox by 1972. By the end of 1975, the virus had been eradicated worldwide except in Ethiopia and Somalia in the Horn of Africa, and their neighbour Kenya. The nomadic people of the Ogaden Desert retained endemic smallpox with an unusually mild form of the disease, which facilitated persistence in the population. From 1975, WHO efforts were concentrated on this region. Ethiopia saw its last case in August 1976 and Kenya in February 1977. Somalia proved particularly challenging because much of its population of 3.5 million was nomadic. A mass vaccination campaign in the country in 1969 had failed because many nomadic people in the region had cultural objections to vaccination, and either refused or avoided it.Elimination efforts relied on an intensive reporting system. A severe drought in 1975 exacerbated the difficulties by increasing movement across the border with Ethiopia, and frequent outbreaks continued. In March 1977, surveillance efforts found over 3000 cases in the south of the country. The Somali government declared a state of emergency and successfully appealed to the United Nations for assistance. By June, when the outbreak peaked, 3,000 Somali health workers supervised by 23 international advisers were involved in the eradication efforts. Eradication work was hampered in July when the Ogaden War broke out, limiting access to the desert. <mask>'s case

Maalin worked as a cook at the hospital in the port-town of Merca in southern Somalia, as well as an occasional vaccinator for a WHO smallpox eradication team.He had not been successfully vaccinated, even though smallpox vaccination was obligatory for hospital employees. According to CDC epidemiologist Jason Weisfeld, one of the people who led the later containment effort in Merca, Maalin had received the smallpox vaccine but it had failed to take, and he had not been protected. Other sources state that he had not been vaccinated. In an interview in 2007, Maalin said that he had not been vaccinated, explaining: "I was scared of being vaccinated then. It looked like the shot hurt." In August 1977, an outbreak developed in a Somalian nomadic group of twenty families; eight children developed symptoms in August to October. On 12 October 1977, two children with smallpox symptoms were discovered at an encampment near the small inland settlement of Kurtunawarey, around 90 km (60 miles) from Merca.Local officials drove the children to Merca, where there was a nearby isolation camp. Maalin, then aged 23, served as a guide to the party taking them in a closed Land Cruiser from the hospital where he worked either to the home of a surveillance supervisor or directly to the isolation camp. He is believed to have been infected during the journey, which lasted no more than 5–15 minutes. One of the children, a six-year-old girl named Habiba Nur <mask>, died two days later. She was the last person to die from naturally acquired smallpox. The outbreak among the nomadic group was successfully contained by WHO workers by 18 October, but – critically – investigators failed to identify Maalin as a contact. On 22 October, Maalin fell ill with fever and headache, and received malaria treatment in hospital.After four days a rash appeared. Perhaps working on the assumption that he had been successfully vaccinated against smallpox, Maalin was then believed to have chickenpox and was discharged from hospital. Over the next few days, his symptoms developed to indicate smallpox as the cause. Not wishing to be put into isolation, Maalin failed to report himself. On 30 October, a male nurse colleague reported him, possibly for the reward of 200 Somali shillings (around $35), and Maalin was transferred to the isolation camp. He was diagnosed with an infection of the Variola minor strain of smallpox, based on his symptoms and later confirmed by laboratory tests. The date of diagnosis is sometimes stated as 26 October 1977.Maalin did not experience complications, and subsequently recovered fully and was discharged in late November. Donald Henderson, who directed the WHO eradication programme from 1967 until 1976, describes Maalin's case as "a classic one in depicting omissions and mistakes in program operations." Maalin, described by Henderson as "a popular man," had been visited by many relations and friends during his illness before he entered isolation. While hospitalised with fever, he had walked freely around the hospital, interacting with multiple patients. Containing the potential outbreak
Multiple measures were used to contain the potential outbreak in the town of Merca. The response was coordinated by Weisfeld and Karl Markvart. Maalin's contacts were all traced by the WHO eradication team.A total of 161 contacts were identified, 41 of whom had not been vaccinated. There were 91 people who had been in face-to-face contact with Maalin, 12 of whom were unvaccinated. Some of his contacts lived up to 120 km (75 miles) outside the town. All contacts were kept under surveillance for six weeks. His face-to-face contacts and their families were vaccinated, but none showed any sign of having been infected. Merca Hospital was closed to new patients, all its medical staff were vaccinated and existing patients were quarantined in situ. The residents of the fifty houses neighbouring Maalin's lodgings were vaccinated, and vaccinations were later extended to the ward of the town in which Maalin lived.House-to-house searches throughout the entire town looked for cases. Police checkpoints on all exits to the town, including footpaths, were established to vaccinate anyone passing who had not been recently immunised. A total of 54,777 people were vaccinated in the two weeks following Maalin's isolation. The response later broadened, with monthly house-to-house searches across the region widening to a search throughout Somalia, completed in December 1977. The containment efforts proved effective and, on 17 April 1978, WHO's Nairobi office sent a telegram stating: "Search complete. No cases discovered. <mask> Maalin is the world's last known smallpox case."Although there was one further smallpox outbreak in 1978 acquired from a laboratory in Birmingham, UK, Maalin remains the last case of naturally acquired smallpox in the world. On 26 October 1979, two years after the day when Maalin's rash appeared, WHO declared that smallpox had been eradicated globally. Later life and involvement in polio eradication campaign
Maalin remained in the Merca area, where he was employed in a range of roles. In the mid-1990s, he was selling medicines in a nearby small town. Maalin was among the 10,000 volunteers who participated in the effort to eradicate poliomyelitis from Somalia, which succeeded in 2008. He explained his motivation for volunteering: "Somalia was the last country with smallpox. I wanted to help ensure that we would not be the last place with polio too."Maalin worked for WHO as a local coordinator with responsibility for social mobilisation, and spent several years travelling across Somalia, vaccinating children and educating communities. The Boston Globe described him as one of the "most valuable" local coordinators for WHO. He encouraged people to be vaccinated by sharing his experiences with smallpox: "Now when I meet parents who refuse to give their children the polio vaccine, I tell them my story. I tell them how important these vaccines are. I tell them not to do something foolish like me." He continued to work as a regional coordinator for the vaccination drive, and was hailed as one of the "true heroes" of the campaign. After the 2013 reintroduction of poliovirus into Somalia, Maalin was again carrying out vaccinations in the Merca district when he developed a fever, and died days later, on 22 July 2013, of malaria.See also
 Rahima Banu: The last person to contract smallpox from naturally occurring Variola major
 Janet Parker: The last person to die from smallpox, which occurred after she acquired the virus from a laboratory source in Birmingham, UK
 List of unusual deaths

References

Sources
Barrett, Scott. Why Cooperate? : The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods (Oxford University Press; 2007) ()
Behbehani, Abbas M. (1983) The smallpox story: life and death of an old disease. Microbiological Reviews 47: 455–509 (pdf)
Fenner, Frank, Henderson, Donald A, Arita, Isao et al. Smallpox and its Eradication (World Health Organization; 1988) () (pdf)
Porter, Roy, ed. The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine (Cambridge University Press; 1996) ()
Tucker, Jonathan B. Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox (Grove Press; 2002) ()

Further reading
Donald A Henderson. Smallpox: The Death of a Disease: The Inside Story of Eradicating a Worldwide Killer (Prometheus Books; 2009) ()

1954 births
2013 deaths
Ethnic Somali people
Smallpox eradication
Deaths from malaria
Polio

masks:
Ali Maow Maalin
Maalin
Ali
Ali Maow


texts:
<mask> (; 12 September 1905 – 9 January 2011), also known as <mask>, was a Chinese sociologist, activist, and politician. Educated in the United States, she taught at Yenching University, China University of Political Science and Law, and Peking University in Beijing, and Soochow University, St. John's University, University of Shanghai, and Aurora University in Shanghai. She was a cofounder of Zhongzheng University in Jiangxi during the Second Sino-Japanese War. She co-founded the China Association for Promoting Democracy (CAPD), one of the eight legally recognized non-Communist parties in China. After performing manual labour during the Cultural Revolution, she served as Vice-Mayor of Beijing (1977–1983), Vice-President of the All-China Women's Federation, Vice-Chair of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (1986–1988), Vice-Chair of the National People's Congress (1988–1998), and Chair of the CAPD (1987–1997). Early life and education
<mask> was born 12 September 1905 in Guangzhou during the late Qing dynasty, with her ancestral home in Taishan, Guangdong. Her grandfather went to the United States during the California Gold Rush and became a prosperous businessman, but left his third son <mask> (1875–1926) in Guangdong to receive a traditional Chinese education.<mask> Zichang won a juren degree before the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty in 1911. He then studied law in Beijing and became a lawyer and magazine editor in Guangdong. <mask> <mask> was born to <mask> Zichang and his wife Li Peizhi. Lei's father provided her with a progressive education and sent her to study in California when she was 19. After learning English, she studied chemical engineering at the University of California and Far East studies at Stanford University, before graduating from the University of Southern California in 1931 with a master's degree in sociology. While a student she supported herself by teaching Chinese to Chinese-American children. Wartime career
In 1931 Lei returned to China and became a lecturer at the Sociology Department of Yenching University (later merged with Peking University).As Japan invaded Manchuria and encroached upon North China, Lei and her students joined the December 9th Movement to demand that the Nationalist Government resist Japanese aggression. After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, the Japanese occupied Beijing and launched a full-scale war to invade China. Lei went to Nanchang, Jiangxi Province to join the National Salvation Movement. She served in a women's advancement group which cared for wounded soldiers and was awarded the rank of colonel. She also taught at a women's training class at the Jiangxi Political Movement Institute, one of whose two deans was Chiang Ching-kuo, the future President of the Republic of China. When Nanchang fell to the Japanese in 1939, she moved to Ji'an in southern Jiangxi, where she became a friend of the Communist leader Zhou Enlai. In 1933, Lei published an article advocating family planning.During the Sino-Japanese War, she wrote many essays based on her studies of women's lives, careers, and struggles in wartime. They were later published in the two-volume Selected Works of <mask> Jieqiong. In 1940 Lei helped to found Zhongzheng University (now Nanchang University). A year later she went to Shanghai, where she became a professor at Soochow University and also taught at St. John's University, University of Shanghai, and Aurora University. In 1945 she cofounded the political party China Association for Promoting Democracy (CAPD), and would serve as its chairwoman decades later. After the end of the World War II, in June 1946 the Shanghai Union of People's Associations sent 11 representatives, including Lei, to capital Nanjing to petition the Kuomintang government not to resume the civil war against the Communists. When they arrived at Xiaguan train station in Nanjing, they were assaulted by thugs and injured.The Xiaguan incident raised an outcry in Chinese media, which blamed the KMT government for the attack. Zhou Enlai visited them in the hospital. At the end of the year, <mask> returned to Yenching University and became a professor of sociology. People's Republic of China

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Lei held high-ranking positions in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and the National People's Congress (NPC) for over 40 years. She also served as vice-dean of Beijing College of Political Science and Law (now China University of Political Science and Law). During the Cultural Revolution, she and her husband were sent to perform manual labour in rural Anhui province, but Zhou Enlai managed to relieve them from "reform through labour". After the Cultural Revolution, <mask> served as a law professor at Peking University and was appointed Vice-Mayor of Beijing (1977–1983).She also served as Vice-President of the All-China Women's Federation, Vice-Chair of the CPPCC (1986–1988), Vice-Chair of the NPC (1988–1998), and Chair of the CAPD (1987–1997). Lei taught at Peking University until the age of 100. She died on 9 January 2011 at the age of 105. Personal life
In 1941, <mask> Jieqiong married , also an American-educated sociologist and cofounder of the CAPD. They did not have children. He died in 1976. References

1905 births
2011 deaths
Chinese women sociologists
Chinese women educators
Chinese women in politics
Politicians from Guangzhou
Members of the China Association for Promoting Democracy
University of Southern California alumni
Yenching University faculty
Peking University faculty
Soochow University (Suzhou)
China University of Political Science and Law faculty
Deputy mayors of Beijing
Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress
Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Chinese expatriates in the United States
Chinese centenarians
Stanford University alumni
University of California alumni
Women centenarians
All-China Women's Federation people

masks:
Lei Jieqiong
Kit King Lei
Lei Jieqiong
Lei Zichang
Lei
Lei
Jieqiong
Lei
Lei
Lei
Lei
Lei


texts:
<mask>, Sr. (1 September 195725 December 2010) was an Australian rules footballer who represented St Mary's Football Club in the Northern Territory Football League (NTFL),  in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and  in the Victorian Football League. Acknowledged as one of the greatest players of his era, <mask> was one of the first Indigenous Australian footballers to have a significant impact on Victorian football, and was named in the centre for the Indigenous Team of the Century. A highly skilled and solidly built centreman with exquisite ball-handling skills and lightning reflexes, <mask> was a renowned performer on the big stage. After retiring from football, <mask> became a politician in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, and then worked in community services on the Tiwi Islands. Early days

Northern Territory
Born into the to-become famous Rioli footballing family on Melville Island off the coast of the Northern Territory, the young <mask> learnt the game at the Garden Point Orphanage on the island. He was educated at St John's College, Darwin. He joined St Mary's in the Darwin competition for the 1974–75 season; football in the top end is played during the summer months, or 'wet season'.Richard Woodgate a scout from the South Fremantle club in Perth spotted the sixteen-year-old and lured him to Western Australia to join his brother for the coming season. At this stage in his sporting life, <mask> was also an excellent amateur boxer, who some thought good enough to go to represent Australia at the Olympics. He later won state amateur titles at light middleweight and welterweight. Western Australia
<mask> chose to sign on with South Fremantle as a professional footballer and quickly won a reputation as brilliant, elusive centreman. During this era, <mask> was one of a number of brilliant Aboriginal players in the WAFL who caught the eyes of recruiting scouts from the VFL clubs in Victoria. South Fremantle, under ex-Richmond player Mal Brown, were a form team of the competition, playing in three consecutive WAFL grand finals between 1979 and 1981, including winning a premiership in 1980. <mask> won the Simpson Medal as best player afield in the 1980 and 1981 Grand Finals.<mask> was recruited by Richmond for the 1982 VFL season, after playing 121 games for South Fremantle between 1975 and 1981. Impact in Victoria
To this point, few Aboriginal players had had extended careers in the VFL. On his arrival in 1982, which coincided with the transfer of the Krakouer brothers to North Melbourne, <mask> spoke about the racial taunts and obstacles faced by Indigenous players in the game. <mask> chose to shrug much of the racism off, and he was certainly possessed with an intense concentration on the field. His reputation as a boxer probably helped to avoid confrontation during a game – <mask> was a scrupulously fair competitor who found no trouble with the umpires. Richmond
Richmond awarded <mask> the number 17 made famous by Jack Dyer. Richmond supporters quickly warmed to their much-heralded recruit, who specialised in the audacious baulk, the pinpoint foot pass and the lightning-fast handball.His ability to work the ball out of packs and congestion was uncanny. Although his leg speed wasn't very fast, his quick mind appeared several steps ahead of the play and he had no problem adjusting to the faster tempo of Victorian football. It was just as well, because the Tigers opted to play him in his favoured centre position where Geoff Raines had dominated. For the previous five years, Raines had been the best player in the team (winning three best and fairest awards) and acknowledged as the best centreman in the competition, but he was moved to accommodate <mask>. The change worked well, and Richmond finished the season on top of the ladder for the first time since 1974. The Tigers booked a berth in the Grand Final with a comfortable win in the semi-final against arch-rivals . Pitted once more against Carlton, Richmond went into the match as slight favourites.However, despite leading at half-time, the Tigers lost the match. <mask> created history by winning the Norm Smith Medal as best afield, the first Indigenous player and the first player from a losing team to do so; when combined with his consecutive Simpson Medals from the 1980 and 1981 WAFL Grand Finals, <mask> had been best on ground in three consecutive Grand Finals. Shortly after, <mask> won the Jack Dyer Medal as the club's best and fairest to cap off an amazing first season. But problems lay immediately ahead. Raines approached the club and requested a contract commensurate with <mask>'s earnings. When refused, Raines walked out and asked for a clearance to . Other prominent players fell into financial dispute with the club and left.Rapidly falling from the success of 1982, the decimated team struggled and finished third-last in 1983. <mask>, however, had another stellar season, again winning the best and fairest, finishing runner-up in the Brownlow medal, gaining Western Australian and All-Australian selection, and winning the Simpson Medal for his state of origin performance. An acknowledged star of the game and arguably the best player at the club, <mask> continued to stand out in a mediocre team. He represented Australia in Gaelic football against Ireland, and was an immediate choice for Western Australia in state of origin matches. However, after finishing second in the Richmond best and fairest in 1985, his days there soon looked set to end. In the summer of 1985–86, the new private owner of the Sydney Swans, flamboyant and controversial doctor Geoff Edelsten, had been frantically signing talent on massive contracts to play for his team. <mask> was announced as one of his many signings.It was the salary cap that saved <mask> from leaving for Sydney. After rumours that he would either join  or return to South Fremantle, he eventually returned to the Tigers midway through the 1986 season. <mask> performed patchily through the season and the next, when Richmond finished last for only the third time in its history. <mask> captained Western Australia in the state game that year against his teammate Dale Weightman, who led Victoria. colspan=3 | Career
! 118 !! 80 !!57 !! 1645 !! 852 !! 2497 !! 243 !! 55 !! 0.7 !!0.5 !! 13.9 !! 7.2 !! 21.2 !! 2.1 !! 2.6 !! 60
|}

Honours and achievements

Playing honours
Team
 2× VFL premiership player (): 1982, 1983
 McClelland Trophy (): 1982
 WAFL premiership player (South Fremantle): 1980

Individual
 Norm Smith Medal: 1982
 3× All-Australian team: 1983, 1986, 1988
 2× Jack Dyer Medal: 1982, 1983
 Australian Football League Indigenous Team of the Century 1904-2003
 Northern Territory Team of the Century
 3× Simpson Medal: 1980, 1981, 1983
 State of Origin (Western Australia): 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987 (c)
 State of Origin (Northern Territory): 1988 (c)
 Indigenous All-Stars team: 1983

Coaching honours
Individual
 Indigenous All-Stars team: 1994

Return to South Fremantle and later career
Following the 1987 season, at 30 years of age and after 118 games with the Tigers, <mask> decided that his time in Melbourne was up and headed back to South Fremantle to be appointed as captain for the 1988 and 1989 seasons.In his absence, the football landscape in the west had altered dramatically with the formation of the West Coast Eagles. <mask> opted to play at the lower level, and the scheduling of seasons allowed him to captain-coach the Waratahs club in Darwin during the summer. He was still good enough to win All-Australian honours for a third time after the 1988 Bicentennial Carnival. <mask> played in the 1989 WAFL Grand Final, but South Fremantle went down to Claremont. In 1990, he finished as a player in Perth after 166 games for South Fremantle, but he continued as a player in Darwin until 1991. He followed that with a two-year stint as non-playing coach of the Waratahs. In 1993, he was invited by the AFL to present the Norm Smith medal at the Grand Final.Fittingly, it was won by another Territorian Aboriginal player, Michael Long (Essendon), who had played at St Mary's in Darwin, where <mask> had started his senior football a generation before. Post-career accolades
In 2004, <mask> was inducted into the WA Football Hall of Fame. In 2016, he was posthumously inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. The grandstand of the Marrara Oval in Darwin has been named in his honour. In 2018, he was posthumously honoured with a Richmond life membership. Politics and community work

|}
After permanently relocating with his family to Darwin, <mask> was elected as the member for Arafura in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly for the Labor Party in 1992. He held this position until 2001 when he retired from parliament.Although he played football for almost a decade in Perth and only six years in Melbourne, <mask> is still recognised as one of the best-known Northern Territorians. He was a trailblazer for indigenous Australian football players at the elite level of the game and was an acknowledged elder statesman among Aboriginal players. After leaving politics, <mask> worked as a Community Services manager for the Tiwi Islands Council until his death, as well as spending his personal time mentoring young footballers. Family
The <mask> family is one of the most notable families in the history of Australian rules football. In 1972, <mask>'s older brother <mask>, became one of the first Aboriginal footballers from the Northern Territory to move to Western Australia to play football for South Fremantle. <mask> followed in 1975 and became the most successful footballer of the eight <mask> brothers. Brothers Cyril Jr and Willie also played league football for South Fremantle, and John, Manny and Laurence also moved to Fremantle, but returned to Darwin without playing senior football.Willie was drafted by  in 1990, but did not make his AFL debut. <mask> is the uncle of former  player <mask> (son of Cyril Jr), current  player <mask> (son of Willie Sr), former  player <mask> (son of Sebastian) and great uncle to Richmond player <mask>. His son, <mask> Jr. was drafted by Richmond under the father-son rule in 2020 and made his debut in 2021. Death
On Christmas Day 2010 <mask> collapsed and died at a family barbecue being held in Darwin, after suffering a heart attack; he was 53. The Northern Territory Government announced a few days later that they would hold a state funeral for him. Tributes
Upon the announcement of his death, tributes flowed in from around the country, in particular throughout the football world. Richmond chief executive Brendon Gale immediately extended condolences on behalf of <mask>'s former club, saying: <mask> was an enormously important figure in the game as a player, and more broadly in the leading role he played for Aboriginal Australians.He will be remembered as one of the greatest players in the Tigers' proud history. Former teammate and club legend Dale Weightman stated: <mask> was the cream of the crop. You couldn't tackle him, you couldn't touch him, but he was also a great tackler. He also did so much for Aboriginal players. He was always thinking about his people. On behalf of the AFL, chief executive officer Andrew Demetriou said on Boxing Day: ... he was a wonderful skilled player who could control a game. He was the trailblazer for footballers from the Northern Territory in making their mark in the VFL and the AFL and he continued to serve his community long after his playing days, with his work in public life.Former teammate and current leading AFL commentator Brian Taylor noted about <mask>'s on-field skills that "He was absolutely electrifying ... He was just one of the greatest natural talents I have ever seen. He was the best tackler in his day and is still the best tackler I have ever seen." Richmond legend and <mask>'s first coach at the Tigers, Francis Bourke, and former teammate and star player Geoff Raines, were amongst others to also pay tribute to <mask> in the days after his death. Funerals
<mask>'s state funeral was held at St Mary's Star of the Sea Cathedral in Darwin on 7 January 2011. The funeral was a Catholic service said by the Bishop of Darwin, Eugene Hurley, but hundreds of Aboriginal mourners also paid their respects through traditional "sorry business", with faces painted, clapping sticks, and wailing throughout the ceremony. Many football identities, including AFL coaching great and noted champion of Indigenous players, Kevin Sheedy, attended the service.A traditional funeral was held for <mask> at Garden Point on Melville Island on 10 January 2011, led by his 75-year-old father <mask> senior, and attended by hundreds of residents from the Tiwi Islands. Family members, including nephew and Hawthorn star <mask>, painted their bodies and danced and chanted their family's Dreaming story of the turtle to farewell <mask>. Cyril said that he remembered his uncle more for his work on the Tiwi Islands—including helping people with alcohol, drug, and other problems—rather than his exploits on the football field. Other clans danced their own Dreaming stories, and wailing men and women threw themselves on his coffin throughout the three-hour ceremony. Following the funeral proceedings, mourners carried <mask>'s coffin to the cemetery, where he was buried near a mango tree. References

Further reading
 Hogan P: The Tigers of Old, Richmond FC, Melbourne 1996

External links

 Farewell comments in NT Hansard
 Biography

1957 births
2010 deaths
Richmond Football Club players
South Fremantle Football Club players
Western Australian State of Origin players
Members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Norm Smith Medal winners
Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
Indigenous Australian politicians
Australian sportsperson-politicians
Jack Dyer Medal winners
All-Australians (1953–1988)
St Mary's Football Club (NTFL) players
West Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Australian rules footballers from the Northern Territory
People educated at St John's College, Darwin
Tiwi Islands people
Australian Labor Party politicians
Australian Labor Party members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Australian Roman Catholics
21st-century Australian politicians
Australia international rules football team players
<mask> family

masks:
Maurice Joseph Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Maurice
Sebastian Rioli
Maurice
Rioli
Maurice
Cyril Rioli
Willie Rioli
Dean Rioli
Daniel Rioli
Maurice Rioli
Maurice Rioli
Rioli
Maurice
Maurice
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Cyril Rioli
Cyril Rioli
Maurice
Rioli
Rioli


texts:
<mask> (born 27 June 1966) is Global Director Transnational Education for Navitas Limited, a leading global education provider. Professor <mask> was Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dundee which he held from January to November 2019. During his period as Principal of the University of Dundee, it rose to 4th in the UK for student satisfaction, its highest ever result, and to its highest league table position of 24th in the Sunday Times University Guide and 3rd in Scotland. During <mask>'s tenure the University was also named Student Experience University of the Year by the Sunday Times as a result of its rise in student satisfaction. Prior to this role, he held academic and directorial positions at the universities of Durham, Lincoln, and Lancaster. His areas of academic interest are business and entrepreneurship, particularly related to small and medium-sized enterprises and China. Education

Atherton read Chinese and Economics at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, graduating in 1989.This was followed, in 1992, by a Master's degree in International and Development Economics at Yale University in the United States. As a result of his studies of China, he is fluent in Mandarin. <mask> completed a PhD by publication in 2012 on the effectiveness of government enterprise policy at the University of Lincoln. Career

Atherton began his academic career at Durham University, in the Small Business Centre, Durham University Business School. He was Director of the Policy Research Unit within the Small Business Centre from 1995 to 1999, establishing the Centre as an international policy research unit. In 1999, he became Head of Department of the department the Foundation for SME Development at the Durham University, which at that time was one of the world's leading centres for small and medium enterprise development and enterprise. He then moved to the University of Lincoln in 2002, where he worked for 10 years, initially as Director of Research in the Business School and then as Acting Dean of the School.He was appointed Pro Vice-Chancellor Strategy and Enterprise in 2006 and in 2010 became Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor. In this role he worked toward the establishment of the School of Engineering, the first new engineering school in the UK for over 20 years, as well as contributing to the emergence of the University as one of the leading modern universities in the UK. From Lincoln, he moved on to Lancaster in 2013 as Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Professor of Entrepreneurship. As Deputy Vice-Chancellor at the University of Lancaster, he was responsible for the development of the University, leading on resource planning and the annual planning cycle. He also led on creation of the Health Innovation Campus, a science park adjacent to the University, and was part of a team that attracted the Eden Project to Morecambe to create Eden North At Lancaster, Atherton also led on creation of a new campus in China, as a Joint Institute with Beijing Telecommunications University and creation of Lancaster University Leipzig, a campus based in Germany, which recruited its first students in 2019. Atherton has published extensively on enterprise and small and medium enterprise development. On small and medium-size enterprises in China, Atherton had a book published (Entrepreneurship in China) with co-author Alex Newman in 2017.After the retirement of Professor Sir Pete Downes from his principality at the University of Dundee, <mask> was announced as his successor in 2018. His tenure officially began on 1 January 2019. During his period as Principal, the University rose to 4th in the UK for student satisfaction, its best ever result, and to its highest league table position of 24th in the Sunday Times University Guide and 3rd in Scotland. The University was named Student Experience University of the Year by the Sunday Times as a result of its rise in student satisfaction. On 30 and 31 October 2019, several Scottish newspapers reported that <mask> had been suspended from office, pending an independent investigation into allegations that he had failed to pay rent in full on the Principal's official residence—University House. The financial statements 2019 for the University state that an outstanding balance of one month's rent was settled on 1 August 2019. On 8 November 2019, it was announced that <mask> had resigned.The University of Dundee confirmed that Professor <mask> had tendered his resignation in a brief statement. It said:

“The University of Dundee has announced the departure of Professor <mask>, Principal and Vice-Chancellor. “In the short time that Professor <mask> has been with the University he has shown a commitment to excellence. His broad experience has brought fresh ideas, a focus on sustainability and a drive to further enhance the University’s national and global standing. However, it has become apparent that the University’s vision for its future and the values it holds are different to the aspirations of Professor Atherton. He has therefore decided to step down so that the University can continue to pursue its current strategy". <mask> is currently Global Director Transnational Education (TNE) at Navitas Limited, a leading global education provider.At Navitas he is responsible for establishing new offshore campuses with University partners globally. He is also advising the University of Cumbria on creating a new campus in Barrow-in-Furness. <mask> has been a Trustee of the Board of SOAS University London since 2017. Selection of published works

 Small firm success and the art of orienteering: the value of plans, planning, and strategic awareness in the competitive small firm with Hannon, (Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development Vol 5 Issue 2 1998) https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EUM0000000006759/full/html
 The uncertainty of knowing: An analysis of the nature of knowledge in a small business context, (Human Relations Vol 56 Issue 11 2003) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00187267035611005
 Examining clusters formation from the ‘bottom-up’:  An analysis of four cases in the North of England), (Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy vol. 21 no. 1 2003) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/c0115
 Should government be stimulating start-ups? An assessment of the scope for public intervention in new venture creation), (Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy vol.24 no. 1 2006) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1068/c0436
 Structuring qualitative enquiry in management and organization research: A dialogue on the merits of using software for qualitative data analysis with Elsmore, (Qualitative research in organizations and management: An International Journal Vol 2 Issue 1 2007)
 Cases of start-up financing: An analysis of new venture capitalisation structures and patterns, (International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research Vol 18 Issue 1 2012)
 Promoting private sector development in China – The challenge of building institutional capacity at the local level", Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, vol. 31, no. 1 2013) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1068/c1125b
 The decision to moonlight: Does second job holding by the self-employed and employed differ?, (Industrial Relations Journal vol. 47, no. 3 2016) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/irj.12135
 The emergence of the private entrepreneur in reform era China: Re-birth of an earlier tradition?, (Business History vol. 58 no.3, 2016 Special Issue, History and Evolution of Entrepreneurship and Finance in China) https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00076791.2015.1122702
 Entrepreneurship in China: The Emergence of the Private Sector'' with Newman  (2017) https://www.routledge.com/Entrepreneurship-in-China-The-Emergence-of-the-Private-Sector-1st-Edition/Atherton-Newman/p/book/9781138650121

References

1966 births
Yale University alumni
Principals of the University of Dundee
Academics of the University of Dundee
Academics of the University of Lincoln
Academics of Lancaster University
Academics of Durham University
Living people

masks:
Andrew Atherton
Atherton
Atherton
Andrew
Atherton
Atherton
Atherton
Atherton
Andrew Atherton
Atherton
Atherton
Atherton


texts:
<mask> (ca 1445 – 6 October 1501),  was a courtier of Louis XI of France and a formative influence on Charles VIII, whom he strongly encouraged in the French adventure into Italy in the First Italian War (1494–95). Biography

<mask>'s forebears originated in Provence, appearing since the eleventh century, as modest seigneurs of Comps, Dieulefit, Béconne, Montjoux and  Espeluche, with some experience in the Crusades; the chronicler <mask>ines, an enemy of Vesc, belittled his background. He spent his youth in the Dauphiné, not part of France until 1486, finishing a courtly training in the household of the Dauphin at Plessis-les-Tours, where he served as valet de chambre from the age of seventeen, about 1462. In 1470, Louis XI, looking for persons who would prove affidés et sûrs made Vesc the governor of the household at Amboise of Charles, the future Charles VIII, who remained attached to Vesc and to the château d'Amboise the rest of his life. The education he provided his young charge was largely derived from fanciful romans courtois the romances of chivalry; his services to the King included some embassies, as far away as Spain. In 1475 he took a wife, from a rich family of bourgheois background, whose late father had been an avocat au parlement de Paris and whose mother had remarried into a family of goldsmiths. His devoted attendance during a long illness of the young prince and other services were well rewarded by Louis, and he took part in the dauphin's wedding, July 1483.After his attendance at the king's deathbed later that year, Vesc was a member of the council of regency. Among his duties was an embassy to Avignon to diplomatically check the ambitions of the Cardinal Legate Giulio Della Rovere, nephew of the late Pope Sixtus IV. In the entourage of Charles, Vesc had doubtless made the acquaintance of Jean II <mask>, prince of Orange, seigneur de Caromb, which Vesc purchased in 1484 for the very considerable sum of 10,000 livres and made into an important center of the Comtat Venaissin, which remained a papal enclave within France until 1792. Pope Innocent VIII confirmed his rights as seigneur in what was papal territory in 1489, and Vesc constructed a grand château, completed in 1486. In addition to the outright purchase, <mask> Châlons granted him fiefs as well, securing part of Vesc's allegiance as his vassal. Vesc scarcely had time to reside in his château; he was appointed sénéchal of Carcassonne, then of Beaucaire and Nîmes, largest in extent in France, positions of great importance. In the Italian campaign

The extinction of the House of Anjou in the person of René, count of an independent Provence and King of Naples (1480), rendered Charles VIII the heir to Angevin titles to the Kingdom of Naples.According to Commines' chronicle, <mask> <mask> was among the most ardent proponents of a chivalrous adventure to recapture the rights of the King of France to Naples, and to gain some duchies in the south, pressed by his own ambition, thirsty for grandeur and titles. Commines reflected on Vesc's naivety in matters of war. The preliminary arrangements for the entry into Italy were in Vesc's hands. Turin and Asti welcomed the French; Milan was theirs; Piero <mask>' Medici opened the gates of Florence, 17 November: a few days later Charles declared that he was the very champion of Religion against the Turks. Pope <mask> had cooled to the too-triumphant French; Vesc arranged for safe passage for French forces across the Papal States, and even for some strongholds left in French hands to assure their safe return passage: the treaty was signed on 15 January. Welcomed as they proceeded, the French troops were in Naples by 19 February, and Charles was able to make his triumphant entry three days later, Alphonso having fled, abdicating his crown to his son. Invested with territories, including the duchy of Nola and made chamberlain, put in charge of the kingdom's finances, Vesc was also in charge of the fortress of Gaeta, commanding a major port.After arranging some festive jousts, the king decided to return to France in April 1495, his Neapolitan kingdom securely won, leaving a small occupation force under Louis II, Count of Montpensier as viceroy, but taking the major force to face the league that was assemblinmg against him in the north. On 20 May, however, the Neapolitan populace was up in arms, the experience of a rapacious, ill-paid occupying army loosely organized under captains having proved more onerous than expected. A revolt at Gaeta also had to be repressed. When Ferdinand of Aragon disembarked at Naples, with nine galleys and some thirty Spanish caravels, he was welcomed by the Neapolitans: Vesc on 6 July had scarcely time to shut himself up in the Castello Nuovo: Charles, at the battle of Fornovo the same day, was forced to abandon his rich baggage train laden with booty from Naples and return to France. Expected reinforcements never arrived in Naples. Vesc, with the viceroy M. <mask> and the rest of the French who remained, embarked in a small flotilla laden with booty and artillery for Salerno on 25 October, leaving Naples to the Neapolitans and Ferdinand. In March 1496 he was sent back to France to organize rescue efforts, loading the contents of a warehouse of butin sacré et profane.In May he was once again with the young king, who was already planning a return engagement. <mask> was reimbursed for his expenses defending Gaeta and placed in charge of sending required materials to the garrisons, who were being forced out of one fortress after another in the Kingdom of Naples. Gaeta, the last French toehold in the Regno, capitulated, 19 November 1497, and the last of the expedition was over, an expense of two and a half million francs. Vesc continued to be enthusiastic about a return to Italy, but the royal council was against it. In February 1498 a treaty reassigned Naples to the Aragonese. In April Charles VIII died. <mask> <mask> was retained in his posts of concierge du Palais and Sénéchal of Beaucaire by Louis XII.In September <mask> was charged with negotiations with the Republic of Venice, and he contributed a fully fitted-out galleasse for Louis XII's brief expedition to Naples. His magnificent late Gothic tomb is to be found in the church of Caromb, Drôme. See also
Italian Wars

Notes

External links
  Jean Gallian, Histoire <mask>omb: Caromb sous les Vesc Source for information in this article. Much information about <mask>c (under the name of "<mask> Vers") in:

1440s births
1501 deaths
Medieval French nobility
15th-century French people
16th-century French people

masks:
Étienne de Vesc
Étienne de Vesc
Philippe de Comm
de Châlons
Jean de
Étienne de
Vesc
de
Alexander VI
de Montpenr
Vesc
Étienne de
Vesc
Vesc
de Car
de Ves
Stephen de


texts:
<mask><mask> is Associate Dean for Research of College of Engineering, Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Philip and Virginia Sproul Professor at Iowa State University. <mask> is Elected Fellow of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for “contributions to theory and applications of computer networks” from 1999 to 2017 and Life Fellow of IEEE since 2018. He is Distinguished Engineer of Association for Computing Machinery(ACM) and Elected Fellow of The American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). Biography
<mask> received a B.E. (Hons.) degree in Electronics Engineering from Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani in 1973, an M.Tech in Computer Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology in 1979 and an MSEE in Electrical Engineering from McGill University in 1983. In 1985, after completing his Ph.D at McGill University, he joined the faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering Department at University of Washington, serving as assistant professor from 1985 to 1990, associate professor from 1990 to 1995 and professor till 1997.In 1997, he joined the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Iowa State University. He served as David C. Nicholas Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering from 1997 to 2002, Jerry R. Junkins Endowed Chair Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering from 2002 to 2014, Director of Information Infrastructure Institute from 2002 to 2015 and Chair of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department from 2003 to 2010. He is serving as Anson Marston Distinguished Professor since 2007, Associate Dean for Research of College of Engineering since 2013 and Philip and Virginia Sproul Professor since 2014, all at Iowa State University. During 2010-2011, <mask> served as Ram Rajindra Malhotra Professor at Indian Institute of Technology. He also served as an honorary distinguished professor at National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (Taiwan Tech) since 2010 and a visiting professor at Gujarat Technological University. Professor <mask> also is serving as a Fulbright Specialist from 2019 to 2024. Early life and family
<mask> <mask> was raised by Dulari <mask> and <mask> <mask>
in Beawar, India, and attended Government Patel Higher Secondary School before pursuing his engineering degrees and joining the workforce.His education was partially supported by a National Scholarship in India and Canadian Commonwealth Scholarship. He and his wife, Manju <mask>, raised three children. Contributions
System-Level Diagnosis is a field of study in which computing units can be utilized to test each other to locate faulty units. <mask> developed a generalized theory for system-level diagnosis

in the presence of an arbitrary fault set in a multi-computer system. He characterized diagnosable systems
in terms of their testing requirement under various model of test result interpretation and faults scenarios where faults occur sequentially or simultaneously. He also developed distributed fault diagnosis algorithms

for applications in multi-processor systems that exploit the regularity and symmetry of interconnection topology to diagnose larger sized fault sets correctly with a very high probability

In fault tolerant computer system architecture area, <mask> developed MESHKIN, a new fault tolerant computer system architecture based on distributed fault diagnosis and reconfiguration approach to tolerate multiple faults and maintain high reliability while minimizing the hardware complexity and performance penalty for the Boeing company implemented. The Boeing company implemented a fault tolerant computer system based on this work.Analyzing highly reliable systems is a complex process. The primary reason for the complexity is because these systems operate in multiple phases

with different requirements and follow involute maintenance schedules
. Hierarchical Modelling and Analysis Package (HIMAP)

developed for the Boeing Company by Somani facilitate such complex system analysis. HIMAP has also been used by other companies and universities. Most parallel computing is performed using cluster computing today. <mask> designed and implemented a fully reconfigurable

high-performance system, Proteus, for computer vision applications in 1990’s that allows overlapping of computation and communication to minimize communication penalty and optimize performance. This system used a large grain message passing network model at high level and shared memory multiprocessor node at the lowest level with software-controlled cache coherency and optimization in cache design.The Proteus design utilized universal interconnection topologies Enhanced Hypercube (EHC), Generalized Folding Cube (GFC), and Helical Binary-cube (HBC)

for embedding any arbitrary permutation routing requests in circuit switched mode. Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)-based Fiber-optics form the basis of today backbone network and wavelength conversion is considered a performance improving concept. <mask>’s research group characterized the role of wavelength converters

in optical WDM network and showed the concept is most valuable only in a class of networks. His research also developed efficient algorithms for placement of converters and then focused on a practical and cost-effective solution leading to development of alternate architecture

that employs no wavelength conversion and uses multiple fiber with fewer wavelengths on each fiber. Several efficient mechanisms for traffic grooming architectures, algorithms, and frameworks for resource allocation of efficient traffic grooming also resulted from this research

In high-speed network such as WDM-based optical network, fiber failures are not only common, but also have disastrous effects. <mask>’s research led to development of dependable routing

and connection management method, attack detection

and diagnosis techniques in WDM-based fiber-optic networks, and effectiveness study of these techniques

Dependability of computer systems in the presence of transient and soft faults is a major concern in processor and memory system designs. <mask> studied the error propagation characteristics due to transient faults in processor registers, logic, and cache memories

and developed low-overhead techniques to enhance system robustness.The shadow caching

for multi-bit error correction in cache memory system, and circuit and logic level error detection and correction in processor systems
Most applications running under a given operating environment do not exert the critical path every cycle, leaving room for significant performance improvements that can be achieved through dynamically adjusting clock frequency at run time beyond worst case limits. To improve both the performance and reliability of processor systems, <mask> developed a design methodology to overcome the clock rates upper bound that is determined using the worst-case timing paths to avoid timing errors

Works

References

External links
Personal website
Department profile
Google Scholar page

Living people
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Iowa State University faculty
McGill University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Arun K
. Somani
Somani
Somani
Somani
Somani
Arun
Somani
Somani
Kanwarlal
Somani
Somani
Somani
Somani
Somani
Somani
Somani
Somani
Somani


texts:
<mask><mask> (born May 9, 1958) is a Hungarian American poet and literary translator. He is known for translating American poetry to Hungarian and Hungarian poetry to English. <mask><mask> is a member of the Szépírók Társasága – Hungarian Society of Writers, Critics and Literary Translators

Life
<mask> was born in Hungary in 1958. He left Hungary for Holland in 1986. In 1988, he moved to the U.S., where he worked until moving back to Budapest in 2002. Career
<mask>cs was the founder of a series of open poetry readings combined with jazz in Hungary starting in1999. His current work focuses on translations of Native American poetry and American poetry.<mask> and Michael Castro used to collaborate on translations of contemporary poems from Hungarian to English between 1989 and 2000. Together, they also translated the poetry of Attila József. Music: Ágoston Béla soprano and C melody saxophones, alto clarinet, kaval, glissonic, fijura, Bori Viktor piano, Pengő Csaba double bass, <mask>or <mask>cs poetry
 Beépített arcok, jazz poetry in Hungarian, Origo Studio, Budapest, 2018. Music: Ágoston Béla soprano and C melody saxophones, alto clarinet, kaval, glissonic, fijura, Bori Viktor piano, Dóra Attila soprano saxophone, bass clarinet, Eichinger Tibor guitar, <mask> <mask>cs poetry
 Sand Snail, English language poetry;  Frogpond Productions, New York, 2000. Music: Mark Deutsch. Guest Poet:  Nagy Imola Borzos

Exhibition
The Afterlife of a Book; the poetry of <mask> G<mask> with the eyes of contemporary fine artists, 15 poems –19 artists – 21 artworks, Mucius Gallery, Budapest April 11- May 12, 2005
Versvonzatok; the poetry of <mask> G<mask> with the eyes of contemporary fine artists. 21 poems – 21 artists – 25 artworks, Petőfi Literary Museum, Budapest, December 4, 2018- January 20, 2019

Magazines
Látó literary magazine American issue 2006/5; guest editor, translator

References

Hungarian male poets
American male poets
Hungarian translators
Living people
1958 births
20th-century Hungarian poets
21st-century Hungarian poets
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers

masks:
Gabor G
. Gyukics
Gabor G
. Gyukics
Gyukics
Gyuki
Gyukics
Gab
G Gyuki
Gabor
G Gyuki
Gábor
. Gyukics
Gábor
. Gyukics