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<mask>  (born 17 July 1968) is a former Royal Navy Officer and LGBT rights defender in the UK armed forces. <mask> was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 2006 New Years Honours List for services to Equality and Human Rights in the Armed Forces. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 17 July 1968 in Bingley, West Yorkshire and was educated at Bingley Grammar School prior to joining the University of Portsmouth. He was a member of Southampton University Royal Naval Unit in the rank of Midshipman Royal Navy Reserves between 1986 and 1989 and trained in HMS FENCER. Mid-way through his degree studies he was offered a Commission in the Royal Navy. Naval career
<mask> joined Britannia Royal Naval College Dartmouth in 1989 and passed out in April 1990. He completed his Fleet Time in  HMS UPTON, HMS ARIADNE and HMS ALACRITY, before joining the Fleet as a Lieutenant in HMS CORNWALL in 1992.He was the Royal Navy's first Helicopter Fast Rope Boarding Officer and led operations to clear stranded shipping from the Shatt Al Arab after the 1st Gulf War. He was an Executive Officer in the border regions of Northern Ireland during "the troubles" conducting counter terrorism boardings and searches in the coastal regions. Later he was Deputy Navigator of the aircraft carrier HMS INVINCIBLE during Operation Bolton. After completing the Principal Warfare Officers Course, he was the Operations Officer of the Amphibious Flagship HMS FEARLESS. In 2004 he was the Fleet Signals Intelligence Officer at Northwood HQ and his final role was at the Ministry of Defence as the Maritime Signals Intelligence Procurement Officer. From the day of the lifting of the gay ban on 12 January 2000 and until leaving the Service in 2008, <mask> led the LGBTQ community in the British Armed Forces and  negotiated with Service Chiefs the unravelling of the impact of decades of prohibition. Military law and homosexuality

Homosexuality was decriminalised under the Sexual Offences Act 1967, but this did not extend to members of the armed forces where men & women serving were dishonourably discharged if their sexuality was discovered.Warrant Officer Robert Ely, a bandsman who joined the army at seventeen and served for twenty years before being dismissed for his homosexuality, set up Rank Outsiders in 1994 with Lt Elaine Chambers, a Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps nurse who had endured a harrowing dismissal from a much loved career. Royal Navy Officer Edmund Hall later joined Rank Outsiders and set up the Armed Forces Legal Challenge Group in 1995 and is credited with winning the support of Stonewall to drive the British Government into lifting the ban. In 1998, the campaign worked with Stonewall on behalf of Jeanette Smith, who had been thrown out of the Royal Air Force, and Duncan Lustig Prean, a Royal Navy commander who was being dismissed. They asked Stonewall to arrange legal representation, leading to a long battle through the courts with Graham Grady and John Beckett also joining the case. Although the judges in the High Court and Court of Appeal said that they felt the ban was not justified they could not overturn it and Stonewall had to take the case to Strasbourg and the European Court of Human Rights before winning it. On 12 January 2000 the long-standing ban on homosexuals in the British Armed Forces was finally lifted. Announcing the change to Parliament, the Secretary of State for Defence, Rt Hon Geoff Hoon acknowledge that "There will be those who would have preferred to continue to exclude homosexual, but the law is the law.We cannot choose the decisions we implement. The status quo is simply not an option." Campaigner
As the "gay ban" was lifted  <mask> came out in an ill-prepared Armed Forces which had opposed the lifting of the ban for decades. By his own admission he forcefully petitioned Service Chiefs to unravel the impact of decades of prohibition, and is widely credited with driving change at a pace which was counter to the MODs intent. In 2005 the Royal Navy was the first armed service to sign up to Stonewalls Diversity Champions programme. In 2006, then a relatively junior officer, he was exceptionally and reluctantly given leave by the MOD to speak in the United States Congress tacitly advocating for the repeal of "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) with members of Congress and Staffers. <mask> continued to receive criticism at the Ministry of Defence for speaking openly about the resistance of some service chiefs to change, notably about the MOD not allowing members of the armed forces to march in uniform at Pride.In 2006 the Royal Navy was given permission to march in uniform at Pride followed by the Royal Air Force in 2007 and Army in 2008. He returned to Washington in 2009 for discussions at Brookings as the Pentagon prepared for their own policy change. In 2008, <mask> was engaged as a consultant to the Equality and Human Rights Commission during their compliance investigation of the alleged harassment of women in the Armed Forces. The enquiry found that the Armed Forces were making steady progress and working towards greater compliance. <mask> was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 2006 for services to Equality and Human Rights in the Armed Forces and completed his service career in 2008. To mark the 20th anniversary of the lifting of the British Armed Forces 'gay ban' <mask> edited and published Fighting with Pride, a charity anthology book which brings together LGBT+  servicemen and women who have served in every conflict since WW2 to the present. Fighting with Pride was launched as a charity, supporting LGBT+ veterans on 12 January 2020.Minister of State for the Armed Forces, Anne-Marie Trevellyan MP read extracts from Fighting with Pride at a 20th anniversary reception at the House of Commons hosted by Johnny Mercer MP. <mask> is currently a member of the MOD Veterans Advisory and Pensions Committee. Bibliography

References

British gay writers
Living people
1968 births
LGBT military personnel
21st-century LGBT people

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Craig Jones
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<mask> (; born 29 March 1986) is a Russian high jumper. He won a gold medal at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships and is a two-time European Indoor champion (2009 and 2011). He was also the silver medallist at the 2010 European Athletics Championships and the winner of the high jump at the inaugural 2010 IAAF Diamond League. In the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, he won the gold medal, but it was announced on 1 February 2019 that all his results from 16 July 2012 to 31 December 2015 were being disqualified for doping. <mask> has broken the Russian national record indoors four times: jumping 2.39 meters on 28 January 2007 in Moscow; besting that with a 2.40 m jump on 25 February 2009 in Athens; and establishing a new absolute record (indoors & outdoors) of 2.41m (7' 10-3/4") on 16 January 2014 in Chelyabinsk; and then achieving 2.42 m on 25 February 2014 in Prague. His best outdoor effort, 2.39 m, was set in Cheboksary on 5 July 2012. His leap of 2.40m (7 feet 10 1/2 inches) in 2009 made him the 11th man in history to jump 2.40 or better, and only four of those men have jumped higher (indoors and out); only three men have jumped higher indoors (Patrik Sjöberg, 2.41 in 1987; Carlo Thränhardt, 2.42 in 1988, and Javier Sotomayor, 2.43 in 1993).His 2.42 ties him for the third best high jumper of all time, only behind Mutaz Essa Barshim and Sotomayor. Career

Early career
Ukhov gave an interview for an IAAF news report in May 2013, while "training" with a Moscow-area basketball team. In between dunks, he said, "I played basketball for about 10 years, between the ages of seven and 16 for my school team. I became the best player in my town and region." Previously, in a July 2010 interview for BBC News, Ukhov – whom friends call Vanya – said his love of sports began at age 7 when his mother enrolled him in basketball: "After nine years of playing it I quarrelled with my coach and decided to take up a different, individual sport. I was quite big and chose discus, then at the age of 17 I tried the high jump. After training for about a year I set the Russian junior record and decided that it would be easier to carry on jumping than discus", he said.In a May 2014 interview <mask> further elaborated that, in his first year of throwing the discus he did well enough to compete at the Russian Junior Championships in 2004. At that meet he (somehow) entered the High Jump and with no coaching he won by clearing 2.12 meters (6 feet, 11½ inches). Ukhov immediately dropped the discus and began to learn proper high jump mechanics, he established a personal best of 2.15m on 28 June 2004. One year later he improved to 2.30 (on 4 July 2005) at a meet in Tula, Russia, and he won the European Junior Championship in 2005 with a leap of 2.23/7-3¾. He represented Russia at the 2004 IAAF World Junior Championships in Grosseto, Italy, but failed to qualify amongst the top 12 jumpers on 13 July, and did not make the finals. He won the gold medal at the 2005 European Athletics Junior Championships (age 19 and under), held in Kaunas. He was the only competitor to clear 2.23 m, and said afterwards "I feel a bit confused.I still can not believe that I am a winner." 2006
<mask>'s performances in 2006 confirmed that he was better indoors than outside. On Monday 16 January 2006, jumping in the first leg of the Moravia High Jump Tour in Trinec, he won the competition with a first attempt clearance of 2.28, and was the only competitor who was really close at 2.30. He achieved a personal best outdoor jump of 2.33 meters, in Langen, Germany (on 25 June 2006), and was named to the Russian team for the 19th European Athletics Championships held in Goteborg, Sweden in early August. He qualified for the 12-man Finals with a jump of 2.23, but two days later, 9 August 2006, he could manage no better than 2.20 for equal last place. 2007
The 20-year-old Ukhov won all three of the meets he entered in January 2007, with heights of 2.30 or better. At the annual Russian Winter Cup meet in Moscow, held on 28 January 2007 at the Vladimir Kutz Arena, the 20-year-old Ukhov elevated his personal best by 6 cm, jumping 2.39 to set a new Russian national record in the High Jump.<mask> broke the record of 2.38, set in Sweden by Yaroslav Rybakov in February 2005. <mask> was pushed to the record in a tactical duel with (reigning World Indoor champion) Rybakov. After each cleared 2.31, Rybakov took the lead with a first try clearance at 2.35. <mask> failed in his first attempt and, with second-place already assured, he elected to pass. With the bar raised to 2.37, <mask> flew over the bar on his first attempt, while Rybakov failed and decided to use his two remaining jumps at 2.39, one centimetre higher than his record of 2.38. Rybakov did not succeed, but <mask> once again thrilled the Moscow crowd with a first-try clearance, and then failed at 2.41. The 2.39 effort ranked him tied for sixth place among the top indoor high jumpers of all time.One week later, at the Arnstadt, Germany meet on 3 February 2007, Rybakov would win, tying his personal best of 2.38, while <mask> finished fourth at 2.31. 2008–2009
In September 2008, <mask> was not invited to the Grand Prix IAAF meetings, because of his intoxicated actions during the Athletissima competition in Lausanne held on 2 September. There, he was found to have drunk Vodka and Red Bull prior to the competition, and was unable to make a valid jump. The IAAF issued a strong warning to Ukhov in respect of his conduct: the IAAF did not suspend him, but he did not compete afterwards. Pavel Voronkov, his manager, later said: "There's no denying that <mask> was drunk but he had a fight with his girlfriend and was also upset at failing to qualify for the Olympics. Obviously, <mask> regrets it very much and we have already reimbursed the organisers for all their expenses. He is still young and it should be a good lesson for him but a year ban would just completely destroy him as an athlete."He returned to competition at the annual Moravia High Jump Tour in late January 2009. <mask> won both Tour events and outjumped all of his competitors, first jumping 2.33 on 21 January at Trinec, then bettered that with a 2.34 clearance at Hustopece on 24 January. At the Athens indoor meeting on 25 February 2009, Ukhov cleared 2.40 m, setting a new national record and the world's best season mark. The 2.40 mark (7 ft 10 1/2in) also made him the equal-fifth highest jumper in the history of the sport. He also improved his outdoor best on 25 July 2009 at the Russian National Championships in Cheboksary when he cleared 2.35 to win the event beating Yaroslav Rybakov, who cleared the same height. At the 2009 IAAF World Championships in Berlin Ukhov jumped 2.30m in qualifying, but when a torrential downpour wreaked havoc with the High Jump Final, Ukhov could manage only 2.23 and finished in 10th place: Rybakov won gold with a first-attempt clearance at 2.32m. Ukhov won five summer meets with jumps of 2.34–2.35, and defeated Rybakov three times before losing in the rain in Berlin.2010
<mask> began his 2010 indoor season at the 6th Moravia High Jump Tour, winning both competitions: first at the meeting in Hustopece, Czech Republic on 23 January, he set a meet record of  (which would be the best jump in the world indoors or out in 2010); then he won the second leg on 27 January in Triniste with a leap of 2.34 m.

At the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships in March he claimed his first world title with a jump of 2.36 m, beating national rival Yaroslav Rybakov in the process. One of the finest high jump competitions of the year was at Lausanne, Switzerland on 8 July 2010, when 11 men were still in competition at 2.30m. Only four cleared it, with Ukhov going to defeat Rybakov – on misses – at 2.33, with a superb first attempt clearance at 2.33. <mask> won again at Monaco, on 22 July, with a world-leading 2.34m. At Monaco, four jumpers attempted 2.31, but only <mask> made it (on his first attempt), and then 2.34 on his first effort, before failing three times at 2.36. One week later he competed at the 2010 European Athletics Championships, in Barcelona, Spain. The Men's Final was held 29 July, and this time he ended up behind a fellow Russian, as Aleksandr Shustov took gold at 2.33 and <mask> was the silver medallist – his first European outdoor medal – with a jump of 2.31m.At London, on 14 August 2010, in conditions described as "wet and chilly", Ukhov won again, out-jumping his competitors with a second-effort clearance at 2.29m, as second- and third-place tied at 2.27m. <mask> again outjumped the field at the Weltklasse meet in Zurich on 19 August, with another first-try clearance at 2.29, then trying 2.35 without success. The win in Zurich ensured that he finished the top of the rankings in the High Jump series at the inaugural 2010 IAAF Diamond League. <mask> entered a total of 20 competitions in 2010 – indoors and out – and won 14 of them. He jumped an outdoor best of 2.36 m at the 5th annual Opole jumping festival in Opole, Poland on 11 September, a mark which was the best by any athlete in 2010. <mask>'s jump was all the more remarkable given that second place was 2.26, while he went on to clear 2.30 and 2.33 on his first jumps, then made 2.36 on his third, followed by three misses at 2.41. 2011

The Moravia High Jump Tour on 29 January saw him start the 2011 indoor season in strong form, opening – as he usually does – at 2.20 and progressing to eventually clear 2.38 m (7 ft 9 1/2 in) on his second try, and then came close in an attempt to break Javier Sotomayor's world indoor mark of 2.43.With Sotomayor standing behind him watching, <mask> first two attempts at 2.44 (8 ft) were excellent, accelerating through his 11-step approach and getting his hips over cleanly before the back of his thighs brushed the bar on the way down, barely bouncing the bar off. On 3 February, he won the Moscow High Jump with Music Cup for the fourth time in his career, with a jump of 2.30, outjumping four other Russian competitors who could manage no higher than 2.27. He repeated his 2.38 performance on 9 February at the Europa SC High Jump meeting in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He cleared every height on his first attempt through 2.38, then again had the bar set at 2.44 (8 feet). <mask>'s attempts at the would-be world (indoor) record height were said to be even closer than his previous efforts two weeks earlier in Hustopece. Uhkov skipped the 2011 Russian Indoor Championships (held in Moscow on 16–18 February), in order to compete in the special Hochsprung mit Musik competition in Arnstadt, Germany, on 19 February, which he won with a jump of 2.34 (three cm better than second-place). At the European Indoor Championships in Paris, <mask> held off Czech Jaroslav Bába to win the gold medal on Saturday 5 March 2011, equalling his season-best, and world-leading, jump of .The 24-year-old was tied with Baba at 2.34 after each cleared on their first attempt, while fellow Russian Aleksandr Shustov secured the bronze medal with his third attempt clearance at 2.34. <mask> then cleared 2.36 on his first jump and Baba, after missing, passed to 2.38. Once again <mask> delivered a first jump clearance, while Baba missed and decided to make his third attempt at 2.40 m (7 feet 10 1/2 inches). Baba missed and <mask>, having secured the victory with eight jumps, passed at 2.40 (the meet record) and instead had the bar raised to a new European – and world indoor – record 2.44 (8 feet). But he failed on all three attempts. Uhkov opened his international outdoor competition in the Czech Republic at the 50th Golden Spike Ostrava meet on 31 May, which he won (on a tie-breaker) with a height of 2.32 (7' 7 1/4"). He was tied with German Raul Spank after each opened at 2.15 and then jumped "clean" with no misses through 2.32, breaking the meet record of 2.31.After both missed all three tries at 2.36 the tie-breaker was implemented: each was given a fourth attempt at 2.36, then the bar was lowered to 2.34 and then returned to 2.32, which only <mask> was able to clear a second time for the win. The fourth Diamond League competition of the year, the Prefontaine Classic in Eugene, Oregon on Saturday 4 June brought together an elite 8-man field of the world's best jumpers. <mask> was only able to clear only 2.29 for sixth place – his first loss of the year – while three men cleared 2.32: (current world-leader) Jesse Williams (USA), (reigning Olympic champion) Andrey Silnov (Russia), and the winner Raúl Spank (Germany). He qualified for the final at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, but having taken three attempts to clear 2.32 m and a failure at 2.35 m he finished fifth on count-back. 2012 season
At the beginning of the year he cleared 2.32 m to win the Trinec Moravia High Jump Tour meet. He was runner-up at the Hochsprung mit Musik behind compatriot Aleksey Dmitrik, but defeated world champion Jesse Williams at the Europa SC High Jump with a mark of 2.33 m. <mask> won the 2012 Russian Indoor Championships, held in Moscow on 23 February: both <mask> (2nd try) and Andrey Silnov (3rd try) were the only men to clear 2.34, and when both failed at 2.36, <mask> was the victor based on the count-back. At the Russian National Championships on 5 July 2012, <mask> finished in first place with a (first jump) clearance of 2.39m (7' 9.75"), the highest jump in the world this year: he is still wearing only sprinter spikes with no support in the heels.Three jumpers cleared 2.35, securing their Olympic berths. When teammate Andrey Silnov cleared 2.37 to take the lead and <mask> missed, <mask> then passed that height in favor of an attempt at 2.39 for the win. After clearing 2.39, he then took two attempts at 2.41, hoping to break his Russian record of 2.40. 2012 London Olympics
<mask> entered the 2012 London Olympics

masks:
Ivan Sergeyevich Ukhov
Ukhov
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 as the favorite and did not disappoint. In the qualifying round on Sunday 5 August, Ukhov scaled 2.29 for an automatic berth in the finals. In the finals on Tuesday evening 7 August, <mask> (and most of the field of 14 jumpers) opened at 2.20. After a rare miss on his first attempt at 2.29, he had first try clearances at 2.33, 2.36 and 2.38 (7' 9 3/4").It was the second-highest jump in Olympic history. He made one attempt at a new Olympic record 2.40 and then retired. His toughest competition proved to be himself, as he misplaced his uniform singlet between jumps and then had to jump 2.33 while wearing a blue T-shirt with his spare competitor's number pinned to it as his allotted time nearly expired. Afterwards he wore his teammate Silnov's singlet. While eight men cleared 2.29, only <mask> and American Erik Kynard were able to scale 2.33. There was a 3-way tie for third. A very light rain began to fall about halfway through the competition, but the rain did not appear to affect the jumpers.As usual, Ukhov competed wearing only sprinter's spikes, not jumping shoes. 2013 Indoor season
<mask>'s best indoors was also one of his earliest competitions, winning the high jump-only competition at Hustopece on 26 January 2013 with a first attempt clearance of 2.30m, edging out Mutaz Essa Barshim who needed all 3 attempts to clear the same height. 2013 Outdoor season
Ukhov saved his best for last, but his season-best leap - a first try clearance of 2.35m - at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics in Moscow on 15 August 2013 was only good for 4th place, as two men cleared 2.38m, and Ukrainian Bohdan Bondarenko established a new championship record of 2.41m to win the gold medal. 2014 Indoor season
<mask>'s indoor campaign in 2014 is the greatest single season by a high jumper in over 20 years, with three jumps of 2.40m or higher in the space of 6 weeks. He finished a disappointed second at the World Indoor Championships on 9 March, clearing the winning height of 2.38m but losing the gold medal on the tie-breaking count-back. 11 JAN, 1st - 2.38m: <mask> opened his 2014 Indoor campaign on Saturday 11 January in the Russian city of Novocheboksarsk with a world-leading leap of 2.38m. Competing at the Chuvashya Governor Cup, he cleared his first four heights – 2.15m, 2.24m, 2.30m and 2.35m – on his first attempt, equalling his best mark from the entire 2013 season.(By 2.30m he was jumping alone, as only one other jumper cleared 2.24m.) He then cleared 2.38m on his third attempt, and then made three attempts at 2.41m, the last being very close with just his heel clipping the bar. It was his highest jump since his Olympic victory in August 2012, also 2.38m. It also equaled his best ever seasonal debut as <mask> jumped the same height in his opening competition of 2011 before going on to win the European indoor title. It improved by six centimeters the world-leading mark set by Andrey Silnov, who cleared 2.32m in December. Not only was the height remarkable for so early in the season, but for so early in the day- the Men's High Jump competition got underway at 11AM local. 16 JAN, 1st - 2.41m: Ukhov produced the best indoor performance in the world for 21 years when he cleared 2.41 at the Yuriy Lukasevich Memorial meeting in the Russian city of Chelyabinsk on Thursday 16 January.This added one centimeter to his own national indoor record, achieved in Athens five years earlier, and also to the Russian absolute record held jointly by himself and Vyacheslav Voronin, who jumped 2.40m outdoors in London back in 2000. Ukhov jumped 2.15m, 2.23m, 2.32m and 2.36m with his first attempts before getting over 2.41m (7' 10-3/4") on his third attempt, just brushing the bar with his heels. He immediately asked the bar to be raised to an (absolute) world record height of 2.46m (8' 0-1/2"), but then decided to rest without attempting. Compatriots Andriy Silnov and Yevgeniy Korshunov were second and third respectively, both going over 2.29m. Statisticians at Track & Field News report only 3 men have ever jumped higher (indoors or outdoors), and this is the highest jump in history in the month of January. Note: Video of Ukhov's 2.41m leap in Chelyabinsk shows he is still competing in sprinter spikes, eschewing a jumping shoe. 28 JAN, 1st - 2.36m: <mask> won the "High Jump With Music Cup" meet in Moscow, with second attempt clearance of 2.36m (7' 8-3/4").He was pushed by Ukrainian jumper Andriy Protsenko, who cleared 2.33 (7'7-3/4") for second place. <mask> made one attempt at 2.40m and then retired, saving his legs for the "Winter Meet". 2 FEB, 1st - 2.36m: Won the IAAF-approved "Russian Winter Meet" in Moscow for a fifth time, this one in a dominating fashion, with a first attempt clearance of 2.36m (7' 8-3/4"). He then attempted to break his own meet record (2.39m) but failed in three tries at 2.40m (7' 10-1/2"), his only misses on the night. Only two other jumpers, Protsenko and (Russian) Daniel Tsyplakov, were able to clear 2.28m. 8 FEB, 1st - 2.40m: Won the 38th annual High Jump with Music meet at Arnstadt, Germany with a first try clearance of 2.40m (7' 10-1/2") (breaking the old meet record of 2.38m) He was "pushed" by compatriot Aleksey Dmitrik, who improved his personal best by 4 cm when he cleared 2.40m on his second attempt. Dmitrik then made 3 tries at a Russian record 2.42m, while <mask> passed in order to try a World Indoor Record height of 2.44m, his second and third attempts being very close.Note: Dmitrik is now the first jumper in history to leap 2.40m and finish second. <mask> has 3 previous wins at Arnstadt, from 2009 to 2011, while Dmitrik won in 2012 and 2013. 18 FEB, 1st - 2.38m: Won the Russian Indoor Nationals, held at the CSKA Indoor Arena in Moscow, with a jump of 2.38m (7' 9-3/4"), beating Daniil Tsyplakov who finished second with a personal best jump of 2.34m. Ukhov then made two unsuccessful attempts at a would-be world indoor record height of 2.44 m (8 ft) and passed his final attempt. Afterwards he said he was simply tired, because with 37 jumpers in the competition it took a long time to get through the lower heights. 25 FEB, 1st - 2.42m: Won at the 02 Arena in the Czech capital Prague with an absolute Russian record, equal European record, and 2014 world-leading height of 2.42m (7' 11-1/4") on Tuesday 25 February. He did so in dominating fashion, taking just 4 jumps- all first attempt clearances at 2.15, 2.25, 2.33m, and 2.42m.A video camera focused on the bar revealed <mask> cleared the record height with nearly 5 cm (2 inches) of daylight between his torso and the bar. Only Cuban legend Javier Sotomayor has jumped higher, with his indoor record of 2.43m set at the Indoor world championships in 1989. Ukhov then made three attempts at 2.44 (8' 0"), none of them very close. <mask>'s coach - former Olympic champion Sergey Klyugin - said afterwards that Ukhov was slightly frustrated by the placement of the high jump pit too close to the inside turn of the track, as this limited the length of his approach: he started his run-up from the base of the banked turn. There were only 4 men in the special high jump competition at the Prague Indoor Meet. After <mask> and Russian compatriot Aleksey Dmitrik were the only ones to clear 2.33m (both on their first attempt) they agreed to immediately raise the bar to 2.42m. 8-9 MAR, 2nd - 2.38m: The 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held in the seaside city of Sopot, in northern Poland.In the qualifying session on Saturday 8 March at noon, <mask> took the bare minimum number of jumps (two) required to qualify amongst the top 8, with an effort of only 2.25m. In the Finals on Sunday afternoon, all 8 men began jumping at 2.20m (7' 2-1/2"). Ukhov then passed every-other height, jumping only at 2.29 and 2.34 (7' 8") and clearing both on his first attempts, while still wearing his warmup tights. He then passed at 2.36m and watched as Mutaz Essa Barshim (Qatar) and Andriy Protsenko (Ukraine) cleared on their first attempts. With the bar then raised to 2.38 (7' 9-3/4") Barshim again cleared on his first attempt, while <mask> (his pants removed) needed all three tries to clear. Both men then failed at 2.40, and <mask> was relegated to second place because of his misses at 2.38. 2014 Outdoor season
<mask> won the first major international meeting of the season, the Diamond League meet in Doha, Qatar, on Friday evening 9 May with a "best in the world" jump of 2.41m, which tied him for the third best jumper outdoors in history.He then made one attempt at 2.43m before retiring. In a bold move, after he missed his first attempt at 2.37m and both Erik Kynard and Derek Drouin cleared on their first attempts, Ukhov elected to pass, and then was the only jumper to clear 2.39 (on his first attempt.) Drouin entered the meet with the world outdoor lead, having cleared 2.40 on 25 April. Doping
On 1 February 2019, Ukhov was banned from athletics for four years due to doping. On appeal, his ban was reduced from four years to two years and nine months with all of his results from 16 July 2012 to 31 December 2014 disqualified, including his Olympic gold medal from 2012 and his European bronze medal from 2014. Jumping shoes
In order to gain firm traction as they "plant" their take-off foot to jump, high jumpers are permitted to use a special shoe, one with a built-up sole – for comfort and stability – and which contains six or seven spikes in the front and no more than four spikes in the heel. Ukhov is unique in that he uses ordinary sprint spikes when he competes, which lack the added traction in the heel.In a 2010 interview for the Russian sports daily Sovietskiy Sport, he was asked about the lack of heel spikes and said, "Yes, that's true. Before every season I think it's time to move on and use high jumping shoes but I still haven't switched to them. Somehow they do not work for me." Failure to use a "normal" jumping shoe does makes it difficult to jump in wet conditions. When it rained during the Men's High Jump final at the 2009 World Championships in Berlin, he finished in tenth place, saying "When the rain started, I started experimenting with new spikes but in vain". A year later, at the 2010 European Athletics Championships in Barcelona, heavy rains came just before the Men's High Jump final, but Ukhov said he "started with my sprint spikes and kept them on". He finished in second place.Racing shoes were once limited to 6 spikes (or "pins") in the toe section, with an additional 4 allowed in the heel for jumping shoes. The IAAF changed its rules in the early 1990s to allow a maximum of 11 spikes/pins for all shoes: most high jumpers place 7 in the toe and 4 in the heel. Photographs taken during competitions reveal <mask> uses 10 in the toe, none in the heel. <mask>'s 2011 indoor season included three meets where he won and then attempted to set a world indoor record of 8 feet (2.44m). In an interview for BBC News filmed in Moscow in early spring 2011, <mask> admitted his difficulty of jumping in wet conditions without heel spikes and acknowledged this could be a liability at the 2012 Olympics in London. Personal life
Ukhov is  and lists his competition weight as 83 kg (183 lb). He jumps off his left leg.At a press conference in Russia at the start of the 2011 indoor season, <mask> said that the birth of his child had stabilized his life: "Having a family helps. If it weren't for my family, I would not be able to compete so consistently and successfully", he said. In an undated interview for BBC News filmed in Moscow – probably in early spring 2011 – <mask> was shown walking in a snow-covered park with his wife, Polina, and baby daughter Melaniya. According to the official website of Russian Athletics, as of early 2011, <mask> lives in Moscow and is trained by Sergey Klyugin (the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games high jump champion.) In an interview published at the end of the 2010 outdoor season, Ukhov said he began jumping under the tutelage of Yevgeniy Zagorulko, but "I could not win a major title", so two years ago (2008) he changed coaches to Klyugin: "Sergey had just finished competing himself and was coaching his wife Viktoriya (the 2009 European Athletics Indoor Championships high jump bronze medallist). He approached me and invited me to train with him and I said 'Let's give it a try'." In a 2010 interview, Ukhov was asked about reports that his weight fluctuated."Is it true that two days before an event you stop eating? ", Ukhov answered: "No, I am responsible about these things, my weight when I am competing is about 85 kg (187 lb), but in the off-season my weigh can go up to 105 kg (231 lb). I lose the kilos quickly when I am doing weight training. It only takes about two weeks to lose the weight." Another question was: "Many athletes complain that they feel weak when they lose only a few kilos, but here we are talking about 20 kg (44 lb). What does your coach think about this? ", and Ukhov responded: "We had a training camp in Spain, and I think the extra weight helped.A bit of extra weight protects the muscles and ligaments. It is like training with a barbell – only it always with you." Although he stands well over 6 feet tall, <mask> described his physique as "stocky". Major competition record

See also
List of doping cases in athletics

References

1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Chelyabinsk
Russian male high jumpers
Olympic male high jumpers
Olympic athletes of Russia
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Competitors stripped of Summer Olympics medals
World Athletics Championships athletes for Russia
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
European Athletics Championships medalists
Russian Athletics Championships winners
European Athletics Indoor Championships winners
Diamond League winners
Doping cases in athletics
Russian sportspeople in doping

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<mask> (; Middle French: Jean Cauvin;
 ; 10 July 150927 May 1564) was a French theologian, pastor, and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, including its doctrines of predestination and of God's absolute sovereignty in the salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation. Calvinist doctrines were influenced by and elaborated upon the Augustinian and other Christian traditions. Various Congregational, Reformed and Presbyterian churches, which look to <mask> as the chief expositor of their beliefs, have spread throughout the world. <mask> was a tireless polemicist and apologetic writer who generated much controversy. He also exchanged cordial and supportive letters with many reformers, including Philipp Melanchthon and Heinrich Bullinger. In addition to his seminal Institutes of the Christian Religion, <mask> wrote commentaries on most books of the Bible, confessional documents, and various other theological treatises.<mask> was originally trained as a humanist lawyer. He broke from the Roman Catholic Church around 1530. After religious tensions erupted in widespread deadly violence against Protestant Christians in France, <mask> fled to Basel, Switzerland, where in 1536 he published the first edition of the Institutes. In that same year, <mask> was recruited by Frenchman William Farel to join the Reformation in Geneva, where he regularly preached sermons throughout the week. However, the governing council of the city resisted the implementation of their ideas, and both men were expelled. At the invitation of Martin Bucer, <mask> proceeded to Strasbourg, where he became the minister of a church of French refugees. He continued to support the reform movement in Geneva, and in 1541 he was invited back to lead the church of the city.Following his return, <mask> introduced new forms of church government and liturgy, despite opposition from several powerful families in the city who tried to curb his authority. During this period, Michael Servetus, a Spaniard regarded by both Roman Catholics and Protestants as having a heretical view of the Trinity, arrived in Geneva. He was denounced by <mask> and burned at the stake for heresy by the city council. Following an influx of supportive refugees and new elections to the city council, <mask>'s opponents were forced out. <mask> spent his final years promoting the Reformation both in Geneva and throughout Europe. Life

Early life (1509–1535)

<mask> was born as Jehan Cauvin on 10 July 1509, at Noyon, a town in Picardy, a province of the Kingdom of France. He was the second of three sons who survived infancy.His mother, Jeanne le Franc, was the daughter of an innkeeper from Cambrai. She died of an unknown cause in <mask>'s childhood, after having borne four more children. <mask>'s father, Gérard Cauvin, had a prosperous career as the cathedral notary and registrar to the ecclesiastical court. Gérard intended his three sons—Charles, Jean, and Antoine—for the priesthood. Young <mask> was particularly precocious. By age 12, he was employed by the bishop as a clerk and received the tonsure, cutting his hair to symbolise his dedication to the Church. He also won the patronage of an influential family, the Montmors.Through their assistance, <mask> was able to attend the Collège de la Marche, Paris, where he learned Latin from one of its greatest teachers, Mathurin Cordier. Once he completed the course, he entered the Collège de Montaigu as a philosophy student. In 1525 or 1526, Gérard withdrew his son from the Collège de Montaigu and enrolled him in the University of Orléans to study law. According to contemporary biographers Theodore Beza and Nicolas Colladon, Gérard believed that <mask> would earn more money as a lawyer than as a priest. After a few years of quiet study, <mask> entered the University of Bourges in 1529. He was intrigued by Andreas Alciati, a humanist lawyer. Humanism was a European intellectual movement which stressed classical studies.During his 18-month stay in Bourges, <mask> learned Koine Greek, a necessity for studying the New Testament. Alternative theories have been suggested regarding the date of <mask>'s religious conversion. Some have placed the date of his conversion around 1533, shortly before he resigned from his chaplaincy. In this view, his resignation is the direct evidence for his conversion to the evangelical faith. However, T. H. L. Parker argues that, although this date is a terminus for his conversion, the more likely date is in late 1529 or early 1530. The main evidence for his conversion is contained in two significantly different accounts of his conversion. In the first, found in his Commentary on the Book of Psalms, <mask> portrayed his conversion as a sudden change of mind, brought about by God:
God by a sudden conversion subdued and brought my mind to a teachable frame, which was more hardened in such matters than might have been expected from one at my early period of life.Having thus received some taste and knowledge of true godliness, I was immediately inflamed with so intense a desire to make progress therein, that although I did not altogether leave off other studies, yet I pursued them with less ardour. In the second account, <mask> wrote of a long process of inner turmoil, followed by spiritual and psychological anguish:
Being exceedingly alarmed at the misery into which I had fallen, and much more at that which threatened me in view of eternal death, I, duty bound, made it my first business to betake myself to your way, condemning my past life, not without groans and tears. And now, O Lord, what remains to a wretch like me, but instead of defence, earnestly to supplicate you not to judge that fearful abandonment of your Word according to its deserts, from which in your wondrous goodness you have at last delivered me. Scholars have argued about the precise interpretation of these accounts, but most agree that his conversion corresponded with his break from the Roman Catholic Church. The <mask> biographer Bruce Gordon has stressed that "the two accounts are not antithetical, revealing some inconsistency in <mask>'s memory, but rather [are] two different ways of expressing the same reality." By 1532, <mask> received his licentiate in law and published his first book, a commentary on Seneca's De Clementia. After uneventful trips to Orléans and his hometown of Noyon, <mask> returned to Paris in October 1533.During this time, tensions rose at the Collège Royal (later to become the Collège de France) between the humanists/reformers and the conservative senior faculty members. One of the reformers, Nicolas Cop, was rector of the university. On 1 November 1533 he devoted his inaugural address to the need for reform and renewal in the Roman Catholic Church. The address provoked a strong reaction from the faculty, who denounced it as heretical, forcing Cop to flee to Basel. <mask>, a close friend of Cop, was implicated in the offence, and for the next year he was forced into hiding. He remained on the move, sheltering with his friend Louis du Tillet in Angoulême and taking refuge in Noyon and Orléans. He was finally forced to flee France during the Affair of the Placards in mid-October 1534.In that incident, unknown reformers had posted placards in various cities criticizing the Roman Catholic mass, to which adherents of the Roman Catholic church responded with violence against the would-be Reformers and their sympathizers. In January 1535, <mask> joined Cop in Basel, a city under the enduring influence of the late reformer Johannes Oecolampadius. Reform work commences (1536–1538)

In March 1536, <mask> published the first edition of his Institutio Christianae Religionis or Institutes of the Christian Religion. The work was an apologia or defense of his faith and a statement of the doctrinal position of the reformers. He also intended it to serve as an elementary instruction book for anyone interested in the Christian faith. The book was the first expression of his theology. <mask> updated the work and published new editions throughout his life.Shortly after its publication, he left Basel for Ferrara, Italy, where he briefly served as secretary to Princess Renée of France. By June he was back in Paris with his brother Antoine, who was resolving their father's affairs. Following the Edict of Coucy, which gave a limited six-month period for heretics to reconcile with the Catholic faith, <mask> decided that there was no future for him in France. In August he set off for Strasbourg, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire and a refuge for reformers. Due to military manoeuvres of imperial and French forces, he was forced to make a detour to the south, bringing him to Geneva. <mask> had intended to stay only a single night, but William Farel, a fellow French reformer residing in the city, implored him to stay and assist him in his work of reforming the church there. <mask> accepted his new role without any preconditions on his tasks or duties.The office to which he was initially assigned is unknown. He was eventually given the title of "reader", which most likely meant that he could give expository lectures on the Bible. Sometime in 1537 he was selected to be a "pastor" although he never received any pastoral consecration. For the first time, the lawyer-theologian took up pastoral duties such as baptisms, weddings, and church services. During late 1536, Farel drafted a confession of faith, and <mask> wrote separate articles on reorganizing the church in Geneva. On 16 January 1537, Farel and <mask> presented their Articles concernant l'organisation de l'église et du culte à Genève (Articles on the Organization of the Church and its Worship at Geneva) to the city council. The document described the manner and frequency of their celebrations of the Eucharist, the reason for, and the method of, excommunication, the requirement to subscribe to the confession of faith, the use of congregational singing in the liturgy, and the revision of marriage laws.The council accepted the document on the same day. As the year progressed, <mask> and Farel's reputation with the council began to suffer. The council was reluctant to enforce the subscription requirement, as only a few citizens had subscribed to their confession of faith. On 26 November, the two ministers hotly debated the council over the issue. Furthermore, France was taking an interest in forming an alliance with Geneva and as the two ministers were Frenchmen, councillors had begun to question their loyalty. Finally, a major ecclesiastical-political quarrel developed when the city of Bern, Geneva's ally in the reformation of the Swiss churches, proposed to introduce uniformity in the church ceremonies. One proposal required the use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist.The two ministers were unwilling to follow Bern's lead and delayed the use of such bread until a synod in Zurich could be convened to make the final decision. The council ordered <mask> and Farel to use unleavened bread for the Easter Eucharist. In protest, they refused to administer communion during the Easter service. This caused a riot during the service. The next day, the council told Farel and <mask> to leave Geneva. Farel and <mask> then went to Bern and Zurich to plead their case. The resulting synod in Zurich placed most of the blame on <mask> for not being sympathetic enough toward the people of Geneva.It asked Bern to mediate with the aim of restoring the two ministers. The Geneva council refused to readmit the two men, who then took refuge in Basel. Subsequently, Farel received an invitation to lead the church in Neuchâtel. <mask> was invited to lead a church of French refugees in Strasbourg by that city's leading reformers, Martin Bucer and Wolfgang Capito. Initially, <mask> refused because Farel was not included in the invitation, but relented when Bucer appealed to him. By September 1538 <mask> had taken up his new position in Strasbourg, fully expecting that this time it would be permanent; a few months later, he applied for and was granted citizenship of the city. Minister in Strasbourg (1538–1541)

During his time in Strasbourg, <mask> was not attached to one particular church, but held his office successively in the Saint-Nicolas Church, the Sainte-Madeleine Church and the former Dominican Church, renamed the Temple Neuf.(All of these churches still exist, but none are in the architectural state of <mask>'s days.) <mask> ministered to 400–500 members in his church. He preached or lectured every day, with two sermons on Sunday. Communion was celebrated monthly and congregational singing of the psalms was encouraged. He also worked on the second edition of the Institutes. <mask> was dissatisfied with its original structure as a catechism, a primer for young Christians. For the second edition, published in 1539, <mask> dropped this format in favour of systematically presenting the main doctrines from the Bible.In the process, the book was enlarged from six chapters to seventeen. He concurrently worked on another book, the Commentary on Romans, which was published in March 1540. The book was a model for his later commentaries: it included his own Latin translation from the Greek rather than the Latin Vulgate, an exegesis, and an exposition. In the dedicatory letter, <mask> praised the work of his predecessors Philipp Melanchthon, Heinrich Bullinger, and Martin Bucer, but he also took care to distinguish his own work from theirs and to criticise some of their shortcomings. <mask>'s friends urged him to marry. <mask> took a prosaic view, writing to one correspondent:I, who have the air of being so hostile to celibacy, I am still not married and do not know whether I will ever be. If I take a wife it will be because, being better freed from numerous worries, I can devote myself to the Lord.Several candidates were presented to him including one young woman from a noble family. Reluctantly, <mask> agreed to the marriage, on the condition that she would learn French. Although a wedding date was planned for March 1540, he remained reluctant and the wedding never took place. He later wrote that he would never think of marrying her, "unless the Lord had entirely bereft me of my wits". Instead, in August of that year, he married Idelette de Bure, a widow who had two children from her first marriage. Geneva reconsidered its expulsion of <mask>. Church attendance had dwindled and the political climate had changed; as Bern and Geneva quarrelled over land, their alliance frayed.When Cardinal Jacopo Sadoleto wrote a letter to the city council inviting Geneva to return to the Catholic faith, the council searched for an ecclesiastical authority to respond to him. At first Pierre Viret was consulted, but when he refused, the council asked <mask>. He agreed and his Responsio ad Sadoletum (Letter to Sadoleto) strongly defended Geneva's position concerning reforms in the church. On 21 September 1540 the council commissioned one of its members, Ami Perrin, to find a way to recall <mask>. An embassy reached <mask> while he was at a colloquy, a conference to settle religious disputes, in Worms. His reaction to the suggestion was one of horror in which he wrote, "Rather would I submit to death a hundred times than to that cross on which I had to perish daily a thousand times over." <mask> also wrote that he was prepared to follow the Lord's calling.A plan was drawn up in which Viret would be appointed to take temporary charge in Geneva for six months while Bucer and <mask> would visit the city to determine the next steps. The city council pressed for the immediate appointment of <mask> in Geneva. By mid-1541, Strasbourg decided to lend <mask> to Geneva for six months. <mask> returned on 13 September 1541 with an official escort and a wagon for his family. Reform in Geneva (1541–1549)

In supporting <mask>'s proposals for reforms, the council of Geneva passed the Ordonnances ecclésiastiques (Ecclesiastical Ordinances) on 20 November 1541. The ordinances defined four orders of ministerial function: pastors to preach and to administer the sacraments; doctors to instruct believers in the faith; elders to provide discipline; and deacons to care for the poor and needy. They also called for the creation of the Consistoire (Consistory), an ecclesiastical court composed of the elders and the ministers.The city government retained the power to summon persons before the court, and the Consistory could judge only ecclesiastical matters having no civil jurisdiction. Originally, the court had the power to mete out sentences, with excommunication as its most severe penalty. The government contested this power and on 19 March 1543 the council decided that all sentencing would be carried out by the government. In 1542, <mask> adapted a service book used in Strasbourg, publishing La Forme des Prières et Chants Ecclésiastiques (The Form of Prayers and Church Hymns). <mask> recognised the power of music and he intended that it be used to support scripture readings. The original Strasbourg psalter contained twelve psalms by Clément Marot and <mask> added several more hymns of his own composition in the Geneva version. At the end of 1542, Marot became a refugee in Geneva and contributed nineteen more psalms.Louis Bourgeois, also a refugee, lived and taught music in Geneva for sixteen years and <mask> took the opportunity to add his hymns, the most famous being the Old Hundredth. In the same year of 1542, <mask> published Catéchisme de l'Eglise de Genève (Catechism of the Church of Geneva), which was inspired by Bucer's Kurze Schrifftliche Erklärung of 1534. <mask> had written an earlier catechism during his first stay in Geneva which was largely based on Martin Luther's Large Catechism. The first version was arranged pedagogically, describing Law, Faith, and Prayer. The 1542 version was rearranged for theological reasons, covering Faith first, then Law and Prayer. Historians debate the extent to which Geneva was a theocracy. On the one hand, <mask>'s theology clearly called for separation between church and state.Other historians have stressed the enormous political power wielded on a daily basis by the clerics. During his

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 ministry in Geneva, <mask> preached over two thousand sermons. Initially he preached twice on Sunday and three times during the week. This proved to be too heavy a burden and late in 1542 the council allowed him to preach only once on Sunday. In October 1549, he was again required to preach twice on Sundays and, in addition, every weekday of alternate weeks. His sermons lasted more than an hour and he did not use notes. An occasional secretary tried to record his sermons, but very little of his preaching was preserved before 1549.In that year, professional scribe Denis Raguenier, who had learned or developed a system of shorthand, was assigned to record all of <mask>'s sermons. An analysis of his sermons by T. H. L. Parker suggests that <mask> was a consistent preacher and his style changed very little over the years. <mask> was also known for his thorough manner of working his way through the Bible in consecutive sermons. From March 1555 to July 1556, <mask> delivered two hundred sermons on Deuteronomy. Voltaire wrote about <mask>, Luther and Zwingli, "If they condemned celibacy in the priests, and opened the gates of the convents, it was only to turn all society into a convent. Shows and entertainments were expressly forbidden by their religion; and for more than two hundred years there was not a single musical instrument allowed in the city of Geneva. They condemned auricular confession, but they enjoined a public one; and in Switzerland, Scotland, and Geneva it was performed the same as penance."Very little is known about <mask>'s personal life in Geneva. His house and furniture were owned by the council. The house was big enough to accommodate his family as well as Antoine's family and some servants. On 28 July 1542, Idelette gave birth to a son, Jacques, but he was born prematurely and survived only briefly. Idelette fell ill in 1545 and died on 29 March 1549. <mask> never married again. He expressed his sorrow in a letter to Viret:

I have been bereaved of the best friend of my life, of one who, if it has been so ordained, would willingly have shared not only my poverty but also my death.During her life she was the faithful helper of my ministry. From her I never experienced the slightest hindrance. Throughout the rest of his life in Geneva, he maintained several friendships from his early years including Montmor, Cordier, Cop, Farel, Melanchthon and Bullinger. Discipline and opposition (1546–1553)

<mask> encountered bitter opposition to his work in Geneva. Around 1546, the uncoordinated forces coalesced into an identifiable group whom he referred to as the libertines, but who preferred to be called either Spirituels or Patriots. According to <mask>, these were people who felt that after being liberated through grace, they were exempted from both ecclesiastical and civil law. The group consisted of wealthy, politically powerful, and interrelated families of Geneva.At the end of January 1546, Pierre Ameaux, a maker of playing cards who had already been in conflict with the Consistory, attacked <mask> by calling him a "Picard", an epithet denoting anti-French sentiment, and accused him of false doctrine. Ameaux was punished by the council and forced to make expiation by parading through the city and begging God for forgiveness. A few months later Ami Perrin, the man who had brought <mask> to Geneva, moved into open opposition. Perrin had married Françoise Favre, daughter of François Favre, a well-established Genevan merchant. Both Perrin's wife and father-in-law had previous conflicts with the Consistory. The court noted that many of Geneva's notables, including Perrin, had breached a law against dancing. Initially, Perrin ignored the court when he was summoned, but after receiving a letter from <mask>, he appeared before the Consistory.By 1547, opposition to <mask> and other French refugee ministers had grown to constitute the majority of the syndics, the civil magistrates of Geneva. On 27 June an unsigned threatening letter in Genevan dialect was found at the pulpit of St. Pierre Cathedral where <mask> preached. Suspecting a plot against both the church and the state, the council appointed a commission to investigate. Jacques Gruet, a Genevan member of Favre's group, was arrested and incriminating evidence was found when his house was searched. Under torture, he confessed to several crimes including writing the letter left in the pulpit which threatened the church leaders. A civil court condemned Gruet to death and he was beheaded on 26 July. <mask> was not opposed to the civil court's decision.The libertines continued organizing opposition, insulting the appointed ministers, and challenging the authority of the Consistory. The council straddled both sides of the conflict, alternately admonishing and upholding <mask>. When Perrin was elected first syndic in February 1552, <mask>'s authority appeared to be at its lowest point. After some losses before the council, <mask> believed he was defeated; on 24 July 1553 he asked the council to allow him to resign. Although the libertines controlled the council, his request was refused. The opposition realised that they could curb <mask>'s authority, but they did not have enough power to banish him. Michael Servetus (1553)

The turning point in <mask>'s fortunes occurred when Michael Servetus, a brilliant Spanish polymath who introduced the Islamic idea of Pulmonary circulation to Europe, and a fugitive from ecclesiastical authorities, appeared in Geneva on 13 August 1553.Servetus was a fugitive on the run after he published The Restoration of Christianity (1553), <mask> scholar Bruce Gordon commented "Among its offenses were a denial of original sin and a bizarre and hardly comprehensible view of the Trinity." Decades earlier, in July 1530 he disputed with Johannes Oecolampadius in Basel and was eventually expelled. He went to Strasbourg, where he published a pamphlet against the Trinity. Bucer publicly refuted it and asked Servetus to leave. After returning to Basel, Servetus published Two Books of Dialogues on the Trinity () which caused a sensation among Reformers and Catholics alike. When <mask> alerted the Inquisition in Spain about this publication, an order was issued for Servetus's arrest. <mask> and Servetus were first brought into contact in 1546 through a common acquaintance, Jean Frellon of Lyon; they exchanged letters debating doctrine; <mask> used a pseudonym as Charles d' Espeville and Servetus used the moniker Michel de Villeneuve.Eventually, <mask> lost patience and refused to respond; by this time Servetus had written around thirty letters to <mask>. <mask> was particularly outraged when Servetus sent him a copy of the Institutes of the Christian Religion heavily annotated with arguments pointing to errors in the book. When Servetus mentioned that he would come to Geneva, "Espeville" (<mask>) wrote a letter to Farel on 13 February 1546 noting that if Servetus were to come, he would not assure him safe conduct: "for if he came, as far as my authority goes, I would not let him leave alive." In 1553 Servetus published Christianismi Restitutio (English: The Restoration of Christianity), in which he rejected the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and the concept of predestination. In the same year, <mask>'s representative, Guillaume de Trie, sent letters alerting the French Inquisition to Servetus. Calling him a "Spanish-Portuguese", suspecting and accusing him of his recently proved Jewish converso origin. De Trie wrote down that "his proper name is Michael Servetus, but he currently calls himself Villeneuve, practising medicine.He stayed for some time in Lyon, and now he is living in Vienne." When the inquisitor-general of France learned that Servetus was hiding in Vienne, according to <mask> under an assumed name, he contacted Cardinal François de Tournon, the secretary of the archbishop of Lyon, to take up the matter. Servetus was arrested and taken in for questioning. His letters to <mask> were presented as evidence of heresy, but he denied having written them, and later said he was not sure it was his handwriting. He said, after swearing before the holy gospel, that "he was Michel De Villeneuve Doctor in Medicine about 42 years old, native of Tudela of the kingdom of Navarre, a city under the obedience to the Emperor". The following day he said: "..although he was not Servetus he assumed the person of Servet for debating with <mask>". He managed to escape from prison, and the Catholic authorities sentenced him in absentia to death by slow burning.On his way to Italy, Servetus stopped in Geneva to visit "d'Espeville", where he was recognized and arrested. <mask>'s secretary, Nicholas de la Fontaine, composed a list of accusations that was submitted before the court. The prosecutor was Philibert Berthelier, a member of a libertine family and son of a famous Geneva patriot, and the sessions were led by Pierre Tissot, Perrin's brother-in-law. The libertines allowed the trial to drag on in an attempt to harass <mask>. The difficulty in using Servetus as a weapon against <mask> was that the heretical reputation of Servetus was widespread and most of the cities in Europe were observing and awaiting the outcome of the trial. This posed a dilemma for the libertines, so on 21 August the council decided to write to other Swiss cities for their opinions, thus mitigating their own responsibility for the final decision. While waiting for the responses, the council also asked Servetus if he preferred to be judged in Vienne or in Geneva.He begged to stay in Geneva. On 20 October the replies from Zurich, Basel, Bern, and Schaffhausen were read and the council condemned Servetus as a heretic. The following day he was sentenced to burning at the stake, the same sentence as in Vienne. Some scholars claim that <mask> and other ministers asked that he be beheaded instead of burnt, knowing that burning at the stake was the only legal recourse. This plea was refused and on 27 October, Servetus was burnt alive at the Plateau of Champel at the edge of Geneva. Securing the Protestant Reformation (1553–1555)
After the death of Servetus, <mask> was acclaimed a defender of Christianity, but his ultimate triumph over the libertines was still two years away. He had always insisted that the Consistory retain the power of excommunication, despite the council's past decision to take it away.During Servetus's trial, Philibert Berthelier asked the council for permission to take communion, as he had been excommunicated the previous year for insulting a minister. <mask> protested that the council did not have the legal authority to overturn Berthelier's excommunication. Unsure of how the council would rule, he hinted in a sermon on 3 September 1553 that he might be dismissed by the authorities. The council decided to re-examine the Ordonnances and on 18 September it voted in support of <mask>—excommunication was within the jurisdiction of the Consistory. Berthelier applied for reinstatement to another Genevan administrative assembly, the Deux Cents (Two Hundred), in November. This body reversed the council's decision and stated that the final arbiter concerning excommunication should be the council. The ministers continued to protest, and as in the case of Servetus, the opinions of the Swiss churches were sought.The affair dragged on through 1554. Finally, on 22 January 1555, the council announced the decision of the Swiss churches: the original Ordonnances were to be kept and the Consistory was to regain its official powers. The libertines' downfall began with the February 1555 elections. By then, many of the French refugees had been granted citizenship and with their support, <mask>'s partisans elected the majority of the syndics and the councillors. On 16 May the libertines took to the streets in a drunken protest and attempted to burn down a house that was supposedly full of Frenchmen. The syndic Henri Aulbert tried to intervene, carrying with him the baton of office that symbolised his power. Perrin seized the baton and waved it over the crowd, which gave the appearance that he was taking power and initiating a coup d'état.The insurrection was soon over when another syndic appeared and ordered Perrin to go with him to the town hall. Perrin and other leaders were forced to flee the city. With the approval of <mask>, the other plotters who remained in the city were found and executed. The opposition to <mask>'s church polity came to an end. Final years (1555–1564)

<mask>'s authority was practically uncontested during his final years, and he enjoyed an international reputation as a reformer distinct from Martin Luther. Initially, Luther and <mask> had mutual respect for each other. A doctrinal conflict had developed between Luther and Zurich reformer Huldrych Zwingli on the interpretation of the eucharist.<mask>'s opinion on the issue forced Luther to place him in Zwingli's camp. <mask> actively participated in the polemics that were exchanged between the Lutheran and Reformed branches of the Reformation movement. At the same time, <mask> was dismayed by the lack of unity among the reformers. He took steps toward rapprochement with Bullinger by signing the Consensus Tigurinus, a concordat between the Zurich and Geneva churches. He reached out to England when Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer called for an ecumenical synod of all the evangelical churches. <mask> praised the idea, but ultimately Cranmer was unable to bring it to fruition. <mask> sheltered Marian exiles (those who fled the reign of Catholic Mary Tudor in England) in Geneva starting in 1555.Under the city's protection, they were able to form their own reformed church under <mask> and William Whittingham and eventually carried <mask>'s ideas on doctrine and polity back to England and Scotland. Within Geneva, <mask>'s main concern was the creation of a collège, an institute for the education of children. A site for the school was selected on 25 March 1558 and it opened the following year on 5 June 1559. Although the school was a single institution, it was divided into two parts: a grammar school called the collège or schola privata and an advanced school called the académie or schola publica. <mask> tried to recruit two professors for the institute, Mathurin Cordier, his old friend and Latin scholar who was now based in Lausanne, and Emmanuel Tremellius, the former Regius professor of Hebrew in Cambridge. Neither was available, but he succeeded in obtaining Theodore Beza as rector. Within five years there were 1,200 students in the grammar school and 300 in the advanced school.The collège eventually became the Collège Calvin, one of the college preparatory schools of Geneva; the académie became the University of Geneva. Impact on France
<mask> was deeply committed to reforming his homeland, France. The Protestant movement had been energetic, but lacked central organizational direction. With financial support from the church in Geneva, <mask> turned his enormous energies toward uplifting the French Protestant cause. As one historian explains:
He supplied the dogma, the liturgy, and the moral ideas of the new religion, and he also created ecclesiastical, political, and social institutions in harmony with it. A born leader, he followed up his work with personal appeals. His vast correspondence with French Protestants shows not only much zeal but infinite pains and considerable tact and driving home the lessons of his printed treatises.Between 1555 and 1562, more than 100 ministers were sent to France. Nevertheless French King Henry II severely persecuted Protestants under the Edict of Chateaubriand and when the French authorities complained about the missionary activities, the city fathers of Geneva disclaimed official responsibility. Last illness

In late 1558, <mask> became ill with a fever. Since he was afraid that he might die before completing the final revision of the Institutes, he forced himself to work. The final edition was greatly expanded to the extent that <mask> referred to it as a new work. The expansion from the 21 chapters of the previous edition to 80 was due to the extended treatment of existing material rather than the addition of new topics. Shortly after he recovered, he strained his voice while preaching, which brought on a violent fit of coughing.He burst a blood-vessel in his lungs, and his health steadily declined. He preached his final sermon in St. Pierre on 6 February 1564. On 25 April, he made his will, in which he left small sums to his family and to the collège. A few days later, the ministers of the church came to visit him, and he bade his final farewell, which was recorded in Discours d'adieu aux ministres. He recounted his life in Geneva, sometimes recalling bitterly some of the hardships he had suffered. <mask> died on 27 May 1564 aged 54. At first his body lay in state, but since so many people came to see it, the reformers were afraid that they would be accused of fostering a new saint's cult.On the following day, he was buried in an unmarked grave in the Cimetière des Rois. The exact location of the grave is unknown; a stone was added in the 19th century to mark a grave traditionally thought to be <mask>'s. Theology

<mask> developed his theology in his biblical commentaries as well as his sermons and treatises, but the most comprehensive expression of his views is found in his magnum opus, the Institutes of the Christian Religion. He intended that the book be used as a summary of his views on Christian theology and that it be read in conjunction with his commentaries. The various editions of that work spanned nearly his entire career as a reformer, and the successive revisions of the book show that his theology changed very little from his youth to his death. The first edition from 1536 consisted of only six chapters. The second edition, published in 1539, was three times as long because he added chapters on subjects that appear in Melanchthon's Loci Communes.In 1543, he again added new material and expanded a chapter on the Apostles' Creed. The final edition of the Institutes appeared in 1559. By then, the work consisted of four books of eighty chapters, and each book was named after statements from the creed: Book 1 on God the Creator, Book 2 on the Redeemer in

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 Christ, Book 3 on receiving the Grace of Christ through the Holy Spirit, and Book 4 on the Society of Christ or the Church. The first statement in the Institutes acknowledges its central theme. It states that the sum of human wisdom consists of two parts: the knowledge of God and of ourselves. <mask> argues that the knowledge of God is not inherent in humanity nor can it be discovered by observing this world. The only way to obtain it is to study scripture.<mask> writes, "For anyone to arrive at God the Creator he needs Scripture as his Guide and Teacher." He does not try to prove the authority of scripture but rather describes it as autopiston or self-authenticating. He defends the trinitarian view of God and, in a strong polemical stand against the Catholic Church, argues that images of God lead to idolatry. <mask> famously said "the human heart is a perpetual idol factory". At the end of the first book, he offers his views on providence, writing, "By his Power God cherishes and guards the World which he made and by his Providence rules its individual Parts." Humans are unable to fully comprehend why God performs any particular action, but whatever good or evil people may practise, their efforts always result in the execution of God's will and judgments. The second book includes several essays on original sin and the fall of man, which directly refer to Augustine, who developed these doctrines.He often cited the Church Fathers in order to defend the reformed cause against the charge that the reformers were creating new theology. In <mask>'s view, sin began with the fall of Adam and propagated to all of humanity. The domination of sin is complete to the point that people are driven to evil. Thus fallen humanity is in need of the redemption that can be found in Christ. But before <mask> expounded on this doctrine, he described the special situation of the Jews who lived during the time of the Old Testament. God made a covenant with Abraham, promising the coming of Christ. Hence, the Old Covenant was not in opposition to Christ, but was rather a continuation of God's promise.<mask> then describes the New Covenant using the passage from the Apostles' Creed that describes Christ's suffering under Pontius Pilate and his return to judge the living and the dead. For <mask>, the whole course of Christ's obedience to the Father removed the discord between humanity and God. In the third book, <mask> describes how the spiritual union of Christ and humanity is achieved. He first defines faith as the firm and certain knowledge of God in Christ. The immediate effects of faith are repentance and the remission of sin. This is followed by spiritual regeneration, which returns the believer to the state of holiness before Adam's transgression. Complete perfection is unattainable in this life, and the believer should expect a continual struggle against sin.Several chapters are then devoted to the subject of justification by faith alone. He defined justification as "the acceptance by which God regards us as righteous whom he has received into grace." In this definition, it is clear that it is God who initiates and carries through the action and that people play no role; God is completely sovereign in salvation. Near the end of the book, <mask> describes and defends the doctrine of predestination, a doctrine advanced by Augustine in opposition to the teachings of Pelagius. Fellow theologians who followed the Augustinian tradition on this point included Thomas Aquinas and Martin Luther, though <mask>'s formulation of the doctrine went further than the tradition that went before him. The principle, in <mask>'s words, is that "All are not created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and, accordingly, as each has been created for one or other of these ends, we say that he has been predestinated to life or to death." <mask> believed that God's absolute decree was double predestination, but he also confessed that this was a horrible decree: "The decree is dreadful indeed, I confess.(latin. "Decretum quidem horribile, fateor. "; French. "Je confesse que ce decret nous doit epouvanter.") The final book describes what he considers to be the true Church and its ministry, authority, and sacraments. He denied the papal claim to primacy and the accusation that the reformers were schismatic. For <mask>, the Church was defined as the body of believers who placed Christ at its head.By definition, there was only one "catholic" or "universal" Church. Hence, he argued that the reformers "had to leave them in order that we might come to Christ." The ministers of the Church are described from a passage from Ephesians, and they consisted of apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors, and doctors. <mask> regarded the first three offices as temporary, limited in their existence to the time of the New Testament. The latter two offices were established in the church in Geneva. Although <mask> respected the work of the ecumenical councils, he considered them to be subject to God's Word found in scripture. He also believed that the civil and church authorities were separate and should not interfere with each other.<mask> defined a sacrament as an earthly sign associated with a promise from God. He accepted only two sacraments as valid under the new covenant: baptism and the Lord's Supper (in opposition to the Catholic acceptance of seven sacraments). He completely rejected the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation and the treatment of the Supper as a sacrifice. He also could not accept the Lutheran doctrine of sacramental union in which Christ was "in, with and under" the elements. His own view was close to Zwingli's symbolic view, but it was not identical. Rather than holding a purely symbolic view, <mask> noted that with the participation of the Holy Spirit, faith was nourished and strengthened by the sacrament. In his words, the eucharistic rite was "a secret too sublime for my mind to understand or words to express.I experience it rather than understand it." Controversies

<mask>'s theology caused controversy. Pierre Caroli, a Protestant minister in Lausanne accused <mask> as well as Viret and Farel of Arianism in 1536. <mask> defended his beliefs on the Trinity in Confessio de Trinitate propter calumnias P. Caroli. In 1551 Jérôme-Hermès Bolsec, a physician in Geneva, attacked <mask>'s doctrine of predestination and accused him of making God the author of sin. Bolsec was banished from the city, and after <mask>'s death, he wrote a biography which severely maligned <mask>'s character. In the following year, Joachim Westphal, a Gnesio-Lutheran pastor in Hamburg, condemned <mask> and Zwingli as heretics in denying the eucharistic doctrine of the union of Christ's body with the elements.<mask>'s Defensio sanae et orthodoxae doctrinae de sacramentis (A Defence of the Sober and Orthodox Doctrine of the Sacrament) was his response in 1555. In 1556 Justus Velsius, a Dutch dissident, held a public disputation with <mask> during his visit to Frankfurt, in which Velsius defended free will against <mask>'s doctrine of predestination. Following the execution of Servetus, a close associate of <mask>, Sebastian Castellio, broke with him on the issue of the treatment of heretics. In Castellio's Treatise on Heretics (1554), he argued for a focus on Christ's moral teachings in place of the vanity of theology, and he afterward developed a theory of tolerance based on biblical principles. <mask> and the Jews
Scholars have debated <mask>'s view of the Jews and Judaism. Some have argued that <mask> was the least anti-semitic among all the major reformers of his time, especially in comparison to Martin Luther. Others have argued that <mask> was firmly within the anti-semitic camp.Scholars agree that it is important to distinguish between <mask>'s views toward the biblical Jews and his attitude toward contemporary Jews. In his theology, <mask> does not differentiate between God's covenant with Israel and the New Covenant. He stated, "all the children of the promise, reborn of God, who have obeyed the commands by faith working through love, have belonged to the New Covenant since the world began." Nevertheless, he was a covenant theologian and argued that the Jews are a rejected people who must embrace Jesus to re-enter the covenant. Most of <mask>'s statements on the Jewry of his era were polemical. For example, <mask> once wrote, "I have had much conversation with many Jews: I have never seen either a drop of piety or a grain of truth or ingenuousness—nay, I have never found common sense in any Jew." In this respect, he differed little from other Protestant and Catholic theologians of his day.Among his extant writings, <mask> only dealt explicitly with issues of contemporary Jews and Judaism in one treatise, Response to Questions and Objections of a Certain Jew. In it, he argued that Jews misread their own scriptures because they miss the unity of the Old and New Testaments. Political thought

The aim of <mask>'s political theory was to safeguard the rights and freedoms of ordinary people. Although he was convinced that the Bible contained no blueprint for a certain form of government, <mask> favored a combination of democracy and aristocracy (mixed government). He appreciated the advantages of democracy. To further minimize the misuse of political power, <mask> proposed to divide it among several political institutions like the aristocracy, lower estates, or magistrates in a system of checks and balances (separation of powers). Finally, <mask> taught that if rulers rise up against God they lose their divine right and must be deposed.State and church are separate, though they have to cooperate to the benefit of the people. Christian magistrates have to make sure that the church can fulfill its duties in freedom. In extreme cases the magistrates have to expel or execute dangerous heretics. But nobody can be forced to become a Protestant. <mask> thought that agriculture and the traditional crafts were normal human activities. With regard to trade and the financial world he was more liberal than Luther, but both were strictly opposed to usury. <mask> allowed the charging of modest interest rates on loans.Like the other Reformers <mask> understood work as a means through which the believers expressed their gratitude to God for their redemption in Christ and as a service to their neighbors. Everybody was obliged to work; loafing and begging were rejected. The idea that economic success was a visible sign of God's grace played only a minor role in <mask>'s thinking. It became more important in later, partly secularized forms of Calvinism and became the starting-point of Max Weber's theory about the rise of capitalism. Selected works

<mask>'s first published work was a commentary of Seneca the Younger's De Clementia. Published at his own expense in 1532, it showed that he was a humanist in the tradition of Erasmus with a thorough understanding of classical scholarship. His first theological work, the Psychopannychia, attempted to refute the doctrine of soul sleep as promulgated by the Anabaptists.<mask> probably wrote it during the period following Cop's speech, but it was not published until 1542 in Strasbourg. <mask> produced commentaries on most of the books of the Bible. His first commentary on Romans was published in 1540, and he planned to write commentaries on the entire New Testament. Six years passed before he wrote his second, a commentary on First Epistle to the Corinthians, but after that he devoted more attention to reaching his goal. Within four years he had published commentaries on all the Pauline epistles, and he also revised the commentary on Romans. He then turned his attention to the general epistles, dedicating them to Edward VI of England. By 1555 he had completed his work on the New Testament, finishing with the Acts and the Gospels (he omitted only the brief second and third Epistles of John and the Book of Revelation).For the Old Testament, he wrote commentaries on Isaiah, the books of the Pentateuch, the Psalms, and Joshua. The material for the commentaries often originated from lectures to students and ministers that he reworked for publication. From 1557 onwards, he could not find the time to continue this method, and he gave permission for his lectures to be published from stenographers' notes. These Praelectiones covered the minor prophets, Daniel, Jeremiah, Lamentations, and part of Ezekiel. <mask> also wrote many letters and treatises. Following the Responsio ad Sadoletum, <mask> wrote an open letter at the request of Bucer to Charles V in 1543, Supplex exhortatio ad Caesarem, defending the reformed faith. This was followed by an open letter to the pope (Admonitio paterna Pauli III) in 1544, in which <mask> admonished Paul III for depriving the reformers of any prospect of rapprochement.The pope proceeded to open the Council of Trent, which resulted in decrees against the reformers. <mask> refuted the decrees by producing the Acta synodi Tridentinae cum Antidoto in 1547. When Charles tried to find a compromise solution with the Augsburg Interim, Bucer and Bullinger urged <mask> to respond. He wrote the treatise, Vera Christianae pacificationis et Ecclesiae reformandae ratio in 1549, in which he described the doctrines that should be upheld, including justification by faith. <mask> provided many of the foundational documents for reformed churches, including documents on the catechism, the liturgy, and church governance. He also produced several confessions of faith in order to unite the churches. In 1559, he drafted the French confession of faith, the Gallic Confession, and the synod in Paris accepted it with few changes.The Belgic Confession of 1561, a Dutch confession of faith, was partly based on the Gallic Confession. Legacy

After the deaths of <mask> and his successor, Beza, the Geneva city council gradually gained control over areas of life that were previously in the ecclesiastical domain. Increasing secularisation was accompanied by the decline of the church. Even the Geneva académie was eclipsed by universities in Leiden and Heidelberg, which became the new strongholds of <mask>'s ideas, first identified as "Calvinism" by Joachim Westphal in 1552. By 1585, Geneva, once the wellspring of the reform movement, had become merely its symbol. <mask> had always warned against describing him as an "idol" and Geneva as a new "Jerusalem". He encouraged people to adapt to the environments in which they found themselves.Even during his polemical exchange with Westphal, he advised a group of French-speaking refugees, who had settled in Wesel, Germany, to integrate with the local Lutheran churches. Despite his differences with the Lutherans, he did not deny that they were members of the true Church. <mask>'s recognition of the need to adapt to local conditions became an important characteristic of the reformation movement as it spread across Europe. Due to <mask>'s missionary work in France, his programme of reform eventually reached the French-speaking provinces of the Netherlands. Calvinism was adopted in the Electorate of the Palatinate under Frederick III, which led to the formulation of the Heidelberg Catechism in 1563. This and the Belgic Confession were adopted as confessional standards in the first synod of the Dutch Reformed Church in 1571. Several leading divines, either Calvinist or those sympathetic to Calvinism, settled in England (Martin Bucer, Peter Martyr, and Jan Laski) and Scotland (<mask>).During the English Civil War, the Calvinistic Puritans produced the Westminster Confession, which became the confessional standard for Presbyterians in the English-speaking world. As the Ottoman Empire did not force Muslim conversion on its conquered western territories, reformed ideas were quickly adopted in the two-thirds of Hungary they occupied (the Habsburg-ruled third part of Hungary remained Catholic). A Reformed Constitutional Synod was held in 1567 in Debrecen, the main hub of Hungarian Calvinism, where the Second Helvetic Confession was adopted as the official confession of Hungarian Calvinists. Having established itself in Europe, the movement continued to spread to other parts of the world including North America, South Africa, and Korea. <mask> did not live to see the foundation of his work grow into an international movement; but his death allowed his ideas to break out of their city of origin, to succeed far beyond their borders, and to establish their own distinct character. <mask> is recognized as a Renewer of the Church in Lutheran churches commemorated on 26 May, and on 28 May by the Episcopal Church (USA). <mask> is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 26 May.See also

Theology of <mask>
Corpus Reformatorum
Franciscus Junius (the elder)
Genevan psalter
History of Protestantism
Immanuel Tremellius
<mask>'s views on Mary
Otto Zeinenger
Swiss Reformation
Theodore Beza
 Wilhelm Heinrich Neuser
Criticism of Protestantism

Notes

References

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Further reading

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Tamburello, Dennis E. (2007), Union with Christ: <mask> and the Mysticism of St. Bernard, Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press,

Archive sources
 The State Archives of Neuchâtel preserve the autograph correspondence sent by <mask> to other reformers

External links

The <mask> Calvin Bibliography of the H. Henry Meeter Center for Calvin Studies
Calvinism Resources Database
Catholic Encyclopedia, Roman Catholic criticism of <mask>

Theologians from the Republic of Geneva
Writers from the Republic of Geneva
1509 births
1564 deaths
16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
16th-century French theologians
16th-century French writers
16th-century male writers
Anglican saints
Bible commentators
Burials at Cimetière des Rois
Calvinism
Converts to Calvinism from Roman Catholicism
Critics of the Catholic Church
Critics of atheism
Former Roman Catholics
Founders of religions
French Calvinist and Reformed ministers
French Calvinist and Reformed theologians
French lawyers
French religious writers
Huguenots
People from Noyon
Systematic theologians
People from Geneva
University of Orléans alumni
University of

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Calvin


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J. I<mask> (February 15, 1931 – March 11, 2008) worked in college and professional sports for 53 years notably as the General Manager and several key Director spots in the CFL. He worked in the CFL, NFL and NCAA, and NASL. Background
<mask> was the son of wealthy New York businessman <mask>. Born in St. James, New York, <mask> grew up in Long Island and Brooklyn and attended Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn. He went on to attend Georgia Military College where he lost an eye in an accident. Because of this, he decided to pursue the closest thing to war, which to him at the time was football. Name
<mask> has claimed over the years that his initials have stood for nothing.However, in an interview with the Ottawa Sun he revealed that they stand for Just Incredible. When he was born, he said, there were complications which led the delivering doctor to fear that he or his mother would die at his birth, and asked his father who he wanted to live, the baby or the mother. His father said "both." Both mother and son survived, and in commemoration the parents selected the unusual name. However, they were not allowed to use it on his birth certificate, and thus he went by his initials all his life. Early career
<mask> went on to work under General Robert Neyland whom he named his second son, <mask> Neyland after. At the University of Tennessee he won his first national championship.He then went on to recruit for several other NCAA teams and served for one season as the general manager of the Harlem Globetrotters. <mask> then worked for the Denver Broncos, San Francisco 49ers, Oakland Raiders, and the New England Patriots of the NFL. In Canada he worked for the Montreal Alouettes where he got his first Grey Cup as part of the 1970 team. He was fired by Sam Berger in Montreal and went to work for the New England Patriots of the NFL. After a few years with the Patriots during the Grogan - Plunkett years he was hired by Bill Hodgson, owner of the Old Mill in Toronto and the Toronto Argonauts to serve as the team's general manager. After the Argos he went on to be the general manager of the Toronto Metros Croatia where he developed a love and respect for the game of soccer and the Croatian people. Montreal Alouettes
Albrecht served as the general manager of the Montreal Alouettes during the 1970s and hired Marv Levy as head coach of the team.He guided the Alouettes to the Grey Cup championship in 1970, 1974, and 1977. He had a special love for the city of Montreal and his best friend, Herb Trawick, played for the Alouettes. <mask> was named as the Montreal Alouettes all-time general manager for the 20th century in a fan vote. He brought many outstanding players to Montreal, many who were successful on the field, then as coaches and in business. Almost 40 years after their time in Montreal, many players still kept in touch with <mask>. Players whom he recruited and signed include Wally Buono, Larry Smith, <mask> You, <mask>, Steve Smear, Heisman Trophy winner <mask>, Dan Yochum, & Ed George. Atlantic Schooners/Cape Breton
In 1984 <mask> was granted a conditional expansion team to play out of Halifax, Nova Scotia.The Schooners folded before they played a single game because <mask>'s ownership group could not secure the financing for a new stadium. His main investor, RB Cameron pulled out after being unable to secure government financing for the stadium. <mask> had sunk several years into the project and fell in love with the city of Halifax, where he lived with his beloved dog Higgins, the English Bulldog who actually had his own article in the paper titled, "The World as Seen Through the Eyes of Higgins". He wrote in the paper, had a radio show, managed a radio station, and generally enjoyed life. It was in Halifax that he met his second wife Kathryn, who died of cancer a year after they separated. They moved together to Cape Breton where <mask> took over the athletic director's job at the University College of Cape Breton where he launched the football program. The team started with just 21 players, where almost everyone played both ways.<mask> brought in his lifelong friend George Brancato to coach the team. While at Cape Breton he brought in many players who went on to play professionally, such as George Nimako, Mark Pearce, and several others. Though the team was shelved after one year, won their last game of the season. Ottawa Rough Riders and Shreveport Pirates
<mask> was a consultant/personnel director to the Ottawa Rough Riders during the 1992 and 1993 seasons. He later became the Executive Vice President of Football Operations for the Shreveport Pirates. <mask>, one of <mask>'s best friends, and former 2nd round draft pick at Denver, was hired by him as the head coach for the Pirates' inaugural season in 1994. However Huard was fired by team President Lonie Glieberman before coaching a single game.Huard and <mask> later sued the Pirates. Quarterback <mask> Tolliver and the City of Shreveport also brought legal action against the team in separate suits. Toronto Argonauts
<mask> came back to the team in 2000 when he was hired to be managing director of the Argos by new owner Sherwood Schwarz, his first cousin. His brief term was controversial. Huard, who had been fired by the Shreveport Pirates six years earlier, became <mask>'s first choice as the new head coach of the Toronto Argonauts. His quirky, abrasive style did not endear himself to many, and he resigned from his post after a 1-6-1 record culminating with a 51-4 loss to the B.C. Lions.Despite all the disasters, <mask> did hire player Michael Clemons as head coach. The decision came after several hours of discussion with Schwarz and his son, <mask>, where the two decided that they should have a young insider to take over the team as head coach. His son tabled the names Paul Masotti and Pinball Clemons. The elder <mask> was emphatic about hiring Clemons, and the decision was made. Although <mask> indicated he had been given a 10-year contract, he was fired after a single year. Later life
<mask> suffered a stroke in 2002 and spent the last year and a half of his life at a Toronto nursing home. After an article was written in both the Ottawa and Montreal papers, many of his old players publicly expressed their appreciation for what he had done for them in the past.He was working on his autobiography, entitled Just J.I: A Fisher Of Men and was seeking a publisher. Unfortunately, files he had been keeping for his autobiography were lost. On March 8, 2008, <mask> died at a Toronto nursing home at the age of 77. References

1931 births
2008 deaths
New England Patriots executives
New England Patriots scouts
Montreal Alouettes general managers
Ottawa Rough Riders personnel
Toronto Argonauts general managers
People from St. James, New York

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