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<mask> is an Advocate of the High Court of Kenya. He is also a Canadian attorney, a barrister and solicitor in Toronto, Canada. Miguna served as a senior adviser to former Kenyan Prime Minister Raila Odinga from 2009 to 2011. Early life and career
<mask> was born in 1962 in Magina, Kenya. He attended Apondo Primary School in Magina Village-Nyando before proceeding to the prestigious Njiiri School in Murang'a for his High School and then the University of Nairobi, where he became a student leader in 1986 and 1987. He was detained by the Moi regime and expelled from the university in 1987 for championing multi-party democracy in Kenya. Upon his release, he fled to the neighbouring Tanzania on foot where he was granted asylum by the UNHCR, staying there briefly before being granted asylum in the Kingdom of Swaziland.Subsequently, he was granted permanent political asylum in Canada in 1988, where he continued to pursue his higher education. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts in political science and philosophy from the University of Toronto in 1990 and thereafter studied law at Osgoode Hall Law School of York University in Toronto, obtaining a Juris Doctorate degree in 1993. He was admitted to the Ontario Bar in 1995. He obtained a Masters of Laws (LLM) from the Osgoode Hall Law School of York University in 2001. Miguna served as the Coordinator for the Committee for Democracy in Kenya (CDK) from 1988 to 1994. He articled at the civil rights law firm of Charles Roach (Roach, Schwartz and Associates) in Toronto setting up his law practice where he stayed until 2007 when he returned to Kenya. He was admitted to the Kenyan Bar in 2008.Political career
Upon his return to Kenya, he contested in the primaries of the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)'s nomination for Nyando Constituency, but lost to Frederick Outa Otieno. He was part of the ODM's campaign team during the 2007 general election. In March 2009, he was appointed as Prime Minister Raila Odinga's senior adviser on coalition affairs and concurrently served alongside Kivutha Kibwana as the Joint-secretary to the Permanent Committee on the Management of the Grand Coalition Affairs. In August 2011, he was accused of gross misconduct and was thereby suspended without pay. The suspension was lifted on 29 December 2011 but Miguna rejected his reinstatement. In 2010, some members from the Party of National Unity side of the coalition accused him of being a foreigner for holding a Canadian passport, as Kenyan law didn't recognise dual citizenship at the time he acquired Canadian citizenship, although the Kenyan constitution was changed in 2010 to allow for it. They wrote, "While Mr. <mask> <mask> was born in Kenya, he has since become a citizen of Canada.Like all other expatriates working in the country, our laws require that Mr Miguna apply for and obtain the relevant permits to live and work in Kenya." Miguna responded that he was a Kenyan citizen by birth and that he had never renounced his citizenship. However, he did acquire Canadian citizenship at some point while in exile. <mask> justified his actions by saying at the time, "When fleeing a dictatorial regime, one uses any means and even Mr. Odinga once used a Tanzanian passport." On 14 July 2012, he launched his first memoir titled Peeling Back the Mask: A Quest for Justice in Kenya. The book was very critical of Raila Odinga and purported to expose him as a charlatan. It sparked protests from Odinga's supporters in Ahero who burned Miguna's effigy and mock coffin and thereafter sprinkled its ashes into River Nyando.He was attacked whilst promoting his book at a hotel in Mombasa and had to be rescued by the police. In September 2012, he terminated his life membership from ODM and announced his candidacy for Governor of Nairobi County in the 2013 gubernatorial election as an independent candidate. He later on cancelled his candidacy. He launched a sequel to his memoir in February 2013 titled Kidneys for the King: Deforming the Status Quo in Kenya. Odinga, on his part, has declined to answer to the claims made in <mask>'s books and did not sue Miguna for defamation, although since Odinga has been widely viewed in Kenya as a leading proponent of political reforms, his image could be badly sullied if the claims made in <mask>'s book were accepted as true. In an act of rejection of his former political boss, <mask> endorsed Uhuru Kenyatta, Odinga's rival, in the 2013 presidential election. Kenyatta went on to win the poll, albeit amid accusations made by Odinga that the election was marred by poll fraud.In March 2016, <mask> declared that he would be vying for the position of Governor for Nairobi as an independent candidate. He unveiled a manifesto in August 2016. The manifesto promised visionary leadership based on integrity, clear and progressive transformative policies, programs and a commitment for service delivery, job creation and infrastructure development. Although he came in fourth in the 2017 Nairobi gubernatorial elections held on 8 August 2017, <mask> refused to concede defeat. In the August 2017 presidential election, Odinga and his supporters alleged that Kenyatta's election victory was a fraud. The Supreme Court of Kenya nullified the declaration of Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto as validly elected president and Deputy President, respectively. The Supreme Court also held that the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) had committed numerous illegalities and irregularities and failed to conduct the 8 August 2017 presidential election in strict adherence to the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 and other applicable statues.The Court ordered the election repeated within sixty days. But it also ordered the IEBC to open its servers and KIEMS kits for a forensic audit before the repeat election. High Court of Kenya ruled that the election was not procedurally valid, and another election was held in October. Mr. Odinga boycotted that election, saying it would not be conducted fairly and credibly. Kenyatta was declared the winner with 98% of the vote, although the election was marred by irregularities, and people in some areas were not allowed to vote. In a dramatic reversal of stance, <mask> became one of Odinga's most outspoken advocates after the 2017 presidential election; he also emerged to become one of the sternest critics of the Kenyatta administration, accusing it of despotism and rigging itself into power. Miguna is the leader of the National Resistance Movement, an opposition group for civil disobedience activities that supported Odinga.On 30 January 2018, the Kenyan government declared the National Resistance Movement to be an organised crime group. On 30 January 2018, in a mock swearing in ceremony, Miguna administered an oath of office to Raila Odinga, where Odinga proclaimed himself "the people's president". The government reacted by shutting down all television and radio broadcasts and arresting Miguna and another lawyer (T J Kajwang') who had witnessed the ceremony (but did not arrest Odinga, since that would further inflame his supporters). Miguna was taken to court and charged with "being present and consenting to the administration of an oath to commit a capital offence, namely treason". The High Court ordered that Miguna be released on bail and that television broadcasts be permitted, but the government disobeyed the orders. Chief justice David Maraga criticised the actions of the officials, saying: "Disobeying court orders is inimical to the rule of law." <mask>'s Kenyan passport was seized and he was forced out of the country.Interior Cabinet Secretary Fred Matiang'i said that the reason his passport had been seized is that it had been issued irregularly and fraudulently. Government officials said that Miguna did not disclose his Canadian citizenship when he applied for a Kenyan passport in 2009, so his application was not valid. Miguna countered that "The constitution is crystal clear: no one can invalidate or purport to cancel the citizenship of a Kenyan born citizen." The government also declared the National Resistance Movement to be organised crime group. On 26 March 2018, Miguna tried to return to Kenya. He arrived at the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi on a flight from Dubai, and when he demanded to be granted entry pursuant to multiple valid court orders, agents of the Uhuru Kenyatta regime refused to allow him into the country, insisting that he should enter as a "tourist" or "visitor," which he refused to do. Miguna argued, rightly, that if he entered as a visitor or tourist, he would have surrendered his rights and the regime could arrest him when he participated in political activities.He also argued that because the courts had ruled his removal illegal and ordered the state to facilitate his return and return unconditionally, the conditions being demanded were further contempt of court order. On the day he arrived, state security agents physically assaulted him, tore his clothes and tried to force him into a KLM flight to Amsterdam that was preparing to depart, but he loudly resisted. The heavily armed security agents tore Miguna's clothes and detained him at the airport despite further orders directing his unconditional release. Video footage of the incident was circulated widely on the internet. He was detained at the airport incommunicado for 2–3 days, tortured, and was forcibly returned to Dubai. He had smuggled his Canadian passport out of the airport in order to thwart his second illegal and forceful removal and presented only his Kenyan national ID card when requesting entry to the country, which was refused as an improper document for use when entering the country from Dubai. He did not have a Kenyan passport because it had been seized by government officials when he was expelled from the country the previous month.He said his refusal to provide the Canadian document was "because I arrived in Kenya on March 26 as a Kenyan born citizen". One of his attorneys said in an affidavit that <mask>'s Canadian passport had been seized by Kenyan officials, but Miguna and the Kenyan authorities both later contradicted that statement, and once Miguna was returned to Dubai he was able to proceed to Canada from there – presumably by producing the Canadian passport. During his incommunicado detention, several court order were issued directing the Kenyan authorities to release him, not to remove him from the jurisdiction of the court and when the government officials refused, The Honourable Justice George Odinga of the High Court in Nairobi convicted the Minister for Interior, Fred Matiang'i, the Principal Secretary for Immigration, Gordon Kihalangwa, the Director General of Police, Boinett and the head of the CID, George Kinoti for contempt of court and fined them. In defiance of court orders, the Kenyan authorities had insisted that Miguna must complete forms to "regularise" his Kenyan citizenship, but he refused to fill out the forms and tore them up, saying that he was a citizen by birth who never lost and could not lose his citizenship and should not need to apply for restoration of his citizenship. On 28 March 2018, Human Rights Watch issued a statement calling for Miguna's release. Otsieno Namwaya of Human Rights watch said "Kenyan authorities should urgently obey the numerous court orders to either release or produce Miguna in court. Holding him at the airport without any form of judicial review, in violation of court orders, is a blatant example of arbitrary detention."On 28 March, just hours before Miguna was forcefully removed from the country by the despotic regime of Uhuru Kenyatta in violation of his constitutional and birth rights, High Court judge George Odunga declared the interior minister, the national police chief, and the head of immigration to be in contempt of court for their actions in defying a court order to release Miguna, and fined them US$2000 (UK£1,400) each. Miguna said that he had been physically assaulted, tortured and forcibly drugged with an intravenous sedative before being put on the plane back to Dubai, and was unconscious on the journey. He released a photograph of an injury to his hand that he said had been inflicted by the injection of the sedative. A number of journalists covering the story said they had been assaulted by government officials. In a Facebook post, Miguna said "I was dragged, assaulted, drugged and forcefully flown to Dubai" and "I'm sick. My ribs and body is hurting all over. This is a travesty of justice."On 29 March, Irungu Houghton, the executive director of Amnesty International for Kenya, released a statement calling for authorities to allow Miguna to enter the country to participate in judicial proceedings, saying "The way Miguna was treated showed blatant disregard for his human rights, after the High Court ordered that he be allowed to re-enter the country. The Kenyan government must also respect and protect the right to freedom of expression and allow journalists to freely report on the case without harassment, intimidation or attacks." Amnesty said "The continuous disregard for court orders and attacks on the media is steadily eroding the rule of law and weakening human rights safeguards in the country," and requested to "also launch a thorough, independent and impartial investigation into the unlawful use of force by the police to prevent journalists from doing their job". On 12 April 2018, former Kenyan Chief Justice Dr Willy Mutunga is reported to have called Miguna's treatment inhumane and unconstitutional in an interview with John Githongo, He is quoted as stating that "It is nauseating. It is very painful." On 14 December 2018, the High court of Kenya released a landmark judgment in which it strongly indicted the state for having grossly violated Miguna's constitutional and fundamental rights such as his right to citizenship by birth which it ruled he did not lose and the state could not terminate. The Court also held that Miguna was a citizen entitled to a Kenyan Passport and ordered the State to issue him with a new and valid passport.The Court held that the destruction of Miguna's house, his arrest, incommunicado detention and forceful removal from Kenya were illegal and inhumane; that they constituted physical, emotional and psychological torture. Justice Enoch Chacha Mwita awarded Dr <mask> Miguna Sh7 million as damages for the violation of his rights during his rights and Kshs. 270,000 as special damages for the destruction of his house in  Runda by the state. The court ordered the state officers who had been sued to pay the damages personally. In December 2019, <mask> Miguna made public his intention to return to Kenya through his Twitter account in what would be his third attempt. Citing protection from a court order issued in December 2018 to allow his return, he stated that his flight  would land in Nairobi's Jomo Kenyatta International Airport on the morning of 11 January 2020. However, his return aborted when both Lufthansa and Air France airlines denied him admission to their flights citing red alerts that had been issued by the Kenyan government over his intended trip

On 6 January 2020, Kenyan high court Judge Justice Weldon Korir ordered the government to facilitate the entry of Dr Miguna back to the country, and that the registrar should release Miguna's Kenyan passport which was currently under custody.Kenyan Justice John Mativo summoned the Kenyan Attorney General Mr Paul Kihara Kariuki to appear in court on 13 January 2020, to explain why orders allowing lawyer <mask> <mask>'s return to Kenya had not been obeyed. The Attorney General did not appear in court and instead sent a team of lawyers to appear in court on his behalf, prompting protest from <mask> <mask>'s lawyers, who said that the state was treating the matter casually. Works

References

External links

Miguna's Column on the Star

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Kenyan lawyers
Kenyan writers
Kenyan columnists
Kenyan Luo people
University of Toronto alumni
Osgoode Hall Law School alumni
Kenyan Luo politicians
Kenyan pan-Africanists
Kenyan expatriates in Canada
People from Kisumu County

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Miguna Miguna
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Abele Rizieri Ferrari (May 12, 1890 – November 29, 1922), better known by the pen name <mask>, was an Italian individualist anarchist, illegalist and anti-fascist poet, philosopher and militant, now mostly known for his posthumously published book Toward the Creative Nothing (Verso il nulla creatore) and associated with ultra-modernist trends of futurism. His thought was influenced by Max Stirner, Friedrich Nietzsche, Georges Palante, Oscar Wilde, Henrik Ibsen, Arthur Schopenhauer and Charles Baudelaire. Biography

Background
Abele Ricieri Ferrari was born in Arcola, Liguria, Italy on May 12, 1890 in a poor peasant family. He did not adjust to school discipline and quit in the first year never coming back after that. While he worked in his father's farm, he self-educated himself with an emphasis in poetry and philosophy. Around his town, he was surrounded by a vibrant anarchist scene which he started to come close to. Writing and action
He discovered Max Stirner, Errico Malatesta, Peter Kropotkin, Henrik Ibsen, and  Friedrich Nietzsche, whom <mask> often quoted.From 1908 on he embraced individualist anarchism. In 1910, he was charged with the burning of a local church and spent three months in prison, but his participation in the fire was never proven. A year later, he went on the lam for several months because the police wanted him for theft and robbery. On September 30, 1911, the police arrested him for vandalism. He justified refusal of work and he thought, in his personal philosophy of life, that he has the right to expropriate from the rich people what he needed for his daily survival, and using force wasn't a problem for him. In 1914, he began to write for anarchist papers. He was drafted in 1912 but quickly discharged for unknown causes.As the Great War approached he deserted his regiment on April 26, 1918 and was sentenced to death by a military tribunal for desertion and high treason on October 31. He left his village and fled, propagating the desertion from the Army and the armed uprising against the state. <mask> was married with two children at the time and when his younger son died in the last months of 1918, <mask> came back to his home, risking the arrest only to give him a last goodbye. He was involved in an anarcho-futurist collective in La Spezia which he led (along with Auro d'Arcola) to be active in the militant anti-fascist Arditi del Popolo. He was close friends with Enzo Martucci and Bruno Filippi. <mask> <mask> wrote for many anarchist papers (Cronaca Libertaria, Il Libertario, Iconoclastal, Gli Scamiciati, Nichilismo, Pagine Libere) where he debated with other anarchists (among them Camillo Berneri). He published a magazine, Vertice, which has unfortunately been lost apart from few articles.<mask> collaborated in the individualist anarchist journal Iconoclasta! alongside the young stirnerist illegalist Bruno Filippi. Death
In May 1919, the city of La Spezia fell under control of a self-proclaimed Revolutionary Committee and he fought alongside it. On June 30, 1919, <mask> was hidden in a hut in the countries near the city of Sarzana. A farmer told the police about him and he was sentenced to ten years in prison, but was released in a general amnesty a few months later. By the early 1920s Italy was about to be taken over by Fascism. He decided to go underground and in 1922 he joined the gang of the famous robber of anarchist inspiration: .He was killed in an ambush by carabinieri in Teglia, near Genoa, on November 29, 1922 while being with Pollastro but Pollastro managed to escape. On <mask>'s body the detectives found some false documents, a Browning gun with two full magazines, one hand grenade and a ring with a secret container filled with a lethal dose of cyanide. Worldview

<mask> talked of the "heroic beauty of the anti-collectivist and creative I" which is beyond both bourgeois and proletarian manners and morality. He spoke of his individual situation as living "In the Reign of the Phantoms" recalling Stirner. He summarizes his view of his situation as existing among social conformism saying "The world is one pestulant church covetous and slimy where all have an idol to fetishistically adore and an altar on which to sacrifice themself." In this way he speaks of religion saying "if you will patiently await the desolate calvary to then nail yourself on the cross, becoming the image of ME that is the ManGod, you will be the perfect human creature worthy of sitting at the right of my father who is in the kingdom of heaven.". As far as democracy and the legacy of the Enlightenment he says "the French Revolution says to you: I have proclaimed the rights of man.If you will enter devoutly in the symbolic cloister of human social justice to sublimate and humanize through the moral canon of social life, you will be a citizen and I will give you the rights I proclaimed to man." "Progress (?) and Civilization (? ), Religion (?) and the Ideal (? ), have closed life in a mortal circle where the phantoms most grim have erected their viscid reign. Time to end it!We must break the circle violently and exit". As an exit of this situation he proclaims "revolution is the fire of our will and a need of our solitary minds; it is an obligation of the libertarian aristocracy. To create new ethical values. To create new aesthetic values. To communalize material wealth. To individualize spiritual wealth. Because we-violent celebralists and passional sentimentalists at the same time-understand and know that revolution is a necessity of the silent sorrow that suffers at the bottom and a need of the free spirits who suffer in the heights."He summarizes the three options in life as "The stream of slavery, the stream of tyranny, the stream of freedom! With revolution, the last of these streams needs to burst upon the other two and overwhelm them. It needs to create spiritual beauty, teach the poor the shame of their poverty, and the rich the shame of their wealth." Nevertheless, <mask> had an individualist permanent conception of revolution which he believed could at some point come into conflict with the masses. He wrote, "You are waiting for the revolution! Very well! My own began a long time ago!When you are ready – God, what an endless wait! – it won’t nauseate me to go along the road awhile with you! But when you stop, I will continue on my mad and triumphant march toward the great and sublime conquest of Nothing!". Alongside this, he manifests an insurrectionary point of view such as when he manifests that "Every society you build will have its fringes, and on the fringes of every society, heroic and restless vagabonds will wander, with their wild and virgin thoughts, only able to live by preparing ever new and terrible outbreaks of rebellion!". He says he views "Only ethical and spiritual wealth" as "invulnerable. This is the true property of individuals. The rest no!The rest is vulnerable! And all that is vulnerable will be violated!" <mask> sees thoses similar to him as "anarchists. And individualists, and nihilists, and aristocrats." and as "the lovers of every miracle, the promoters of every prodigy, the creators of every wonder! "; "the enemies of all material domination and all spiritual leveling." He adheres to nihilism but denies "christian nihilism" as he sees it denies life.He says instead "Since the only serious people are those who know how to be actively engaged laughing." and so the individualists must go "Forward, for the destruction of the lie and of the phantoms! Forward, for the complete conquest of individuality and of Life!". <mask> described himself as an anarchist and defined that term as follows;

<mask> is critical of the individualism of Herbert Spencer which he thinks "it is true that he fights against the state, but he fights against it only because the state as it is doesn’t function as he would like". He also sees that Spencer "does not penetrate or understand the mysterious, aristocratic, vagabond, rebel individual!". And so he is critical of thinkers such as "Darwin, Comte, Spencer and Marx" which he sees as sociologists who will tend to not being "able to understand the varied, the particular,... sacrifices the one or the other on the altar of the universal." Instead he takes sides with authors who are for him "the giants of Art and Thought like Nietzsche, Stirner, Ibsen, Wilde, Zola, Huysmans, Verlaine, Mallarmé...".Influence
The notorious Italo-Argentinian anarchist Severino Di Giovanni dedicated a poem to <mask> shortly after knowing about his death. Later he will establish the "Anarcho-individualist Group Renzo Novatore" which enters the “Italian Anti-fascist Alliance” in Argentina. <mask> <mask> has received attention recently in post-left anarchy and insurrectionary anarchism as can be seen in the writings of Wolfi Landstreicher. In his introduction to "Towards the Creative nothing" by <mask> <mask>, Landstreicher writes "It is difficult to find anarchist works in English that are at the same time "individualist" and explicitly revolutionary, that emphasize the centrality of the aim of individual self-determination to a revolution that will "communalize material wealth" as it will "individualize spiritual wealth". For this and other reasons I chose to translate Toward the Creative Nothing by <mask> <mask> and publish several of his shorter pieces." In an article called "Whither now? Some thoughts on creating anarchy" Wolfi Landstreicher writing as Feral Faun says "Then we can cease to be merely on the margins of society and will each, as unique wild beings, become the center of an insurrectionary project that may destroy civilization and create a world in which we freely live, relate and create as our unique desires move us.We will become – to quote <mask> <mask> again – "a shadow eclipsing any form of society which can exist under the sun." Bibliography
  (The Anarchist Library)

See also
Individualist anarchism in Europe
Anarchism in Italy
Bruno Filippi
Biennio rosso
Illegalism
Post-left anarchism
Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche

References

Sources

External links

  NovAtore.it Sito dedicato alla memoria di <mask> <mask> mostly in Italian with a small section in English and includes many of <mask>'s works in English
Archive of <mask> Novatore´s writings in english at the Anarchist Library
"Twilight Dance" by <mask> <mask> a long poem
"The expropiator" by <mask> <mask> an essay in praise of illegalism and individual reclamation

1890 births
1922 deaths
20th-century Italian philosophers
Anti–World War I activists
Critics of work and the work ethic
Egoist anarchists
Futurist writers
Illegalists
Individualist anarchists
Insurrectionary anarchists
Italian anarchists
Italian atheists
Italian anti-fascists
Italian male poets
People from the Province of La Spezia
20th-century Italian poets
20th-century Italian male writers

masks:
Renzo Novatore
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<mask> (July 2, 1913 – January 3, 1958) was an American journalist, nationally known for investigative reporting. As a communist, he reported for The Daily Worker; later, he became anti-communist and wrote for publications including the New York Journal-American and Confidential magazine. Rushmore killed himself and his wife in a murder-suicide in 1958. Background
<mask> was born in Mitchell, South Dakota, the only child to <mask> (1877–1947) and <mask> (née Palmer; 1882–1955). He was a tenth-generation American whose father's New England ancestors fought in the Revolutionary War. His mother's ancestors "came to the dark and bloody ground" of the Great Plains "with Daniel Boone from the East." Ancestors of both parents were among the first American settlers of Missouri Territory.One of <mask>'s grandfathers fought for the Confederate Army. Rushmore described his own inauspicious beginnings: "When I was eight, my father lost his job in the railroad yards of Sheridan, Wyoming and took advantage of the government homestead offers to 'prove up' a 320-acre claim. We had no irrigation, no modern machinery; a flat-bed wagon was our only means of transportation." He worked from dusk to dawn, seven days a week, while his mother milked the cows and slopped the hogs and tended a large garden. His father, now "a fifteen-hour-a-day farmer pitted two hundred pounds of muscle and bone against the black gumbo (local soil) finally lost." Rushmore's parents worked hard for very little in return. "They grew old before my eyes," he would write.<mask> and his parents returned to his mother's hometown of Mexico, Missouri, sometime during the mid-1920s, where they settled temporarily at her nearby family's house. <mask>'s father found work as a brickyard worker but the family was hit hard economically by the Great Depression, which started Rushmore's lifelong interest in politics. He grew up in poverty in Mexico, and his family moved constantly from house to house. A defeated man, <mask>'s father was apolitical, but his wife was an optimistic Democrat and strong supporter of President Franklin Roosevelt, which influenced her son's early political outlook. In appearance, <mask> was usually described as an gangly, 6'5" teenager. Political columnist and friend George Sokolsky would later describe Rushmore as "at heart a hillbilly, proud of his colonial ancestry ... he himself was an enormous disappointment to himself ... a sad mountain boy, morose, looking for something he could never find." As a result of his appearance and manner, he was held in ridicule by his peers in high school.Rushmore wanted to make his mark as a progressive journalist and at the age of 16 wrote for two newspapers—the Mexico High School Yellow Yap and The Mexico Ledger. During his junior year of high school, he was expelled for publishing several exposés in the Ledger that the school administration regarded as defamatory about themselves and the teaching staff. Rushmore's parents then enrolled him in St. Brendan's Catholic School, despite the family being Methodists. There Rushmore was even further ostracized, resulting in his quitting school altogether. Career

Communist publications
Rushmore continued as a reporter for the Mexico Intelligencer. On January 12, 1931, he witnessed the lynching of Raymond Gunn, in which the African-American suspect was seized from the local sheriff, doused with gasoline atop a roof and set aflame while several thousands watched. The event made an indelible mark on the 17-year-old <mask>, who, even at the height of his anti-communist career, would maintain Gunn's complete innocence.In the 1940s, when the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) in Kansas City organized an anti-lynching committee led by Harlem-based party organizer Abner Berry, <mask> was impressed by the bravery and anti-racist stance of the communists. Through the committee, <mask> met Jack Conroy, editor of The Anvil, a communist literary magazine. Conroy encouraged Rushmore's literary ambitions by suggesting he submit short stories. By April 1935 <mask> had become an associate editor of the magazine. Later that year, <mask> joined the Young Communist League USA (YCLUSA) in St. Louis despite having neither a technical knowledge of Marxist philosophy nor its history. This lifelong ignorance would hamper his authority as a professional communist and anti-communist as critics would question his qualifications on the subject. As a member of the YCLUSA, Rushmore organized farmers in the Dakotas and Iowa.Conroy then sent <mask> to New York City in May 1935, where he attended the American Writers Congress. There he was asked to join the editorial staff of the Young Worker, the organ of the YCLUSA. Taking advantage of his perceived all-American background, the CPUSA rapidly promoted Rushmore. All staff members of the Young Worker were assigned to a political unit of the YCLUSA; Rushmore belonged to the Harlem unit, where he met Ruby Bates, a recent recruit to the youth league. Bates was one of the two plaintiffs of the Scottsboro Boys case, who later tried to recant her original testimony during the Patterson trial. <mask> graduated to The Daily Worker as "a $25-a-week writer." After a series of girlfriends, he began dating Ruth Garvin, who wrote the women's column for the Sunday Worker Progressive Weekly.They married on October 12, 1936, when <mask> was aged 23. <mask> rose to become the paper's official film critic by 1939, but in December he was fired for giving an ambivalent review of Gone with the Wind; despite describing the film as a "magnificent bore" "the Daily Worker regarded Charles Chaplin and Edward G. Robinson as what we call in the newspaper business 'sacred cows,' people you trust favorably. I don't know whether or not [Robinson] is a Communist, but for ten years he has been joining front organizations and is still doing it." However, unknown to the public at large, since 1943 the United States Army Signal Intelligence Service was decrypting Soviet intelligence traffic through the Venona project, which revealed that most Soviet agents operated in the eastern U.S. While Soviet agents like Otto Katz operated propaganda fronts like the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League in the 1930s, Venona failed to reveal any Soviet agent working in Hollywood directly involved with espionage or sabotage, though many film industry figures associated with the CPUSA would be blacklisted by the major studios. The public's unawareness of Venona enabled <mask> to exaggerate the threat of communists in Hollywood. But at the HUAC hearings, <mask> did correctly identify Gerhart Eisler as the probable Soviet leader of the CPUSA.The opening of the Soviet archives decades later showed that Eisler, a Comintern agent, used his political authority to make Earl Browder the American "leader" of the CPUSA during a mid-1930s leadership dispute. As a professional anti-communist, even unknowns were targeted by <mask> beyond the HUAC hearings. At least two suicides resulted from his exposés, including Minnie Gutride, a 40-year-old elementary school teacher and Russian-American widow, who killed herself by putting her head inside a gas oven in her Manhattan apartment after being fired by William Jansen, the NYC school superintendent. The United Federation of Teachers complained that Jansen was influenced by allegations from the Journal-American, which said that Gutride was a secret communist organizer for the longshoremen unions. Rushmore would later boast about causing Gutride's suicide, much to the consternation of his friends. His fame and notoriety increased by such incidents, <mask> would eventually be seen dining with William F. Buckley at the Stork Club  and even inside the club's inner sanctum, the Cub Room  with "his wife (Frances), Roy Cohn and his girl-friend." McCarthy
On November 27, 1949, <mask> published in the Journal-American allegations of communist infiltration of U.S. naval vessels.Though the facts of the article were invented by <mask>, by coincidence the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was conducting its own investigation on the same matter. Initially, J. Edgar Hoover thought that <mask> had access to genuine intelligence and ordered his telephone tapped. Later, in Olympia, Washington, <mask> testified before the Canwell Committee, a state committee to investigate subversive activities at the University of Washington. There he switched the subject to Washington, D.C., waving a piece of paper that he claimed was an FBI report that named 150 federal employees as members of a Soviet spy ring. When FBI agents intercepted him in a hotel lobby and asked about the document, he showed them a four-page letter that he typed himself. Then, in the spring of 1953, Senator Joseph McCarthy asked Hoover about Rushmore's bonafides. The FBI's reply warned against relying on <mask>'s veracity: "[His] writings have proved unreliable, due to his tendency to sensationalize and blow up fragments of information."Though the FBI regarded <mask> as a publicity seeker, McCarthy hired <mask> anyway. During the late 1940s–early 1950s, a group of State Department employees complained about "left-wingers" and "pro-Reds" working at the
Voice of America (VOA) facilities at 57th Street, New York City. They managed to get the interest of Senator McCarthy, who assumed chairmanship of the Subcommittee on Investigations in 1953. After clearing the VOA hearings with Republican senate leaders, McCarthy hired <mask> as director of research that spring. The 1953 televised hearings would be held in New York City. Chief counsel Roy Cohn set up headquarters at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, where witnesses would be questioned and evidence collected. During the hearings, McCarthy himself would repeat the Rushmorean flourish of waving a suspect list.Before the hearings were over, however, <mask> resigned from the subcommittee for a brief return at the Journal-American. As director of research, he channeled all pre-hearing testimony through his office, which he would use as raw material for sensational newspaper articles. The public would read about the subcommittee's plan of attack before it could be presented at the hearings, thus sabotaging the entire purpose of the proceedings. As chief counsel, Cohn could have fired <mask> and initiated felony charges against him for leaking evidence, but Cohn instructed the staff not to release information to <mask> unless it was cleared with him. Despite Cohn's restraint, <mask> quit in outrage. After criticizing his estranged friend in print, <mask> was fired from the Journal-American. Then his old mentor, Walter Winchell, got him a new editorial job.Confidential

Harrison
Under Winchell's sponsorship, <mask> became the chief editor of a New York scandal magazine, Confidential. Its publisher, Robert Harrison, began as an office boy and later writer for Bernarr McFadden's New York Graphic during the 1920s, an ancestor of the supermarket tabloids that would emerge in the 1960s. It was at the Graphic where the young Harrison first met Winchell. As an adult Harrison was on the editorial staff of the Motion Picture Herald, a trade publication whose conservative Catholic owner, Martin Quigley, Sr., had close ties to the Hays Office. Having learned from Quigley what he could get away with legally, Harrison struck out on his own with a series of non-pornographic "cheesecake" magazines. Supposedly inspired by the Kefauver Committee hearings, Harrison later launched a tabloid-style gossip magazine focused on the substance abuse habits, criminal records and hidden political and sexual preferences of celebrities. Film historian Mary Desjardins described Confidentials editorial style as using "research methods and writing techniques that recycled old stories or created 'composite' facts as the basis of new ones."Harrison himself described it thus: "Once we establish the star in the hay and that's documented, we can say anything we want and I think we make them a hell of a lot more interesting than they really are.

masks:
Howard Clifford Rushmore
Howard Rushmore
Clifford Glen Rushmore
Rosa Lee Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore
Rushmore


texts:
 What's a guy gonna do, sue us and admit he was in the hay with the dame, but claim he didn't do all the other things we dress the story with?" Before <mask>'s tenure at Confidential, Harrison published stories like "Is It True What They Say About Johnnie Ray?" and "Why Joe DiMaggio Is Striking Out with Marilyn Monroe!" With "Winchell Was Right About Josephine Baker! ", Harrison came out in support of his childhood mentor at the Graphic during the Stork Club controversy. Though Harrison would publish non-show business stories involving "racketeering, consumer scams and politicians' peccadilloes," "exposés of star secrets" became Confidential'''s prime focus.From his headquarters in New York City, Harrison developed a Hollywood network of informants—prostitutes, hotel employees, down-on-their-luck actors and vengeful celebrities—working with local detective agencies like the Fred Otash Detective Bureau and H. L. Von Wittenburg's Hollywood Detective Agency. Among the informants were minor actresses like Francesca De Scaffa (ex-wife of Bruce Cabot) and Ronnie Quillan (ex-wife of screenwriter Joseph Quillan). According to Harrison, Barbara Payton would stop by Confidentials Hollywood office and sell a story whenever she was short of cash. However, the informants could rise to the level of prominent Hollywood columnists like Florabel Muir and in some cases, all the way up to a producer like Mike Todd or even a studio head like Harry Cohn. Money, publicity, revenge or blackmail was the lure. Editorship
<mask>, having earned the enmity of McCarthyite papers like those of the Hearst chain, found himself cut off from his usual employment. He hoped to use Confidential as a new venue to expose communists, though he often had to settle for suspected Hollywood "fellow travellers", who, he implied in his stories, were sexual "deviates."Kenneth G. McLain (July 1955), "The Untold Story of Marlene Dietrich," Confidential (New York City, New York), pp. 22–25, 56, 58 While his anti-communist hit pieces appeared under his own name, Rushmore used a host of pseudonyms for Hollywood exposés such as "Juan Morales" for "The Lavender Skeletons in TV's Closet" and "Hollywood—Where Men Are Men, and Women, Too! ", or "Brooks Martin" for the Zsa Zsa Gabor story "Don't Be Fooled by the Glamour Pusses." Beside Rushmore-authored pieces unmasking communists and homosexuals in Washington and Hollywood, he also wrote how-to articles on divorce and conducting extramarital affairs, echoing his past relationships with his two wives. Rushmore did spare his mentor from Missouri, Jack Conroy, from the pages of Confidential. In January 1955, Rushmore flew to Los Angeles to confer with old Harrison informants like De Scaffa and Quillan. He also recruited new ones like Mike Connolly of The Hollywood Reporter and Agnes Underwood of the Los Angeles Herald Express.One of <mask>'s most prolific discoveries was United Press columnist Aline Mosby. Despite his high salary, <mask> was repelled by the informants and Harrison. <mask> considered his employer a "pornographer," even though he himself was a collector of erotica. Contrary to the popular legend that Confidential double-checked its facts before publishing its articles, as well as being vetted by the magazine's lawyers as "suit-proof", proposed stories were either immediately printed without vetting or, more typically, Marjorie Meade  Harrison's 26-year-old niece and the head of Confidentials intelligence-gathering front, Hollywood Research Inc.  would either personally visit a subject or dispatch an agent to present a copy of a future issue as a "buy-back" proposal, agreeing to hold the story back for in exchange for information on other celebrities. In this capacity, Meade played a key role in the Harrison enterprise's evolution into a "quasi-blackmail operation." However, in 1955 actors Lizabeth Scott and Robert Mitchum decided to sue the magazine rather than give in their demands. Their attorney was Jerry Geisler.On July 8, 1955, during an appearance on The Tom Duggan Show in Chicago, <mask> claimed on air that he was on a secret mission to uncover the communist assassins of former Secretary of Defense James Forrestal, and appealed to viewers to help him locate the leader of the "Chicago Communist Party," whose name was given as "Lazarovich." <mask> later disappeared from his hotel room, leading to a nationwide manhunt by the FBI. As the nation speculated that <mask> was either kidnapped or murdered by communists, he was discovered hiding under the name "H. Roberts" at the Hotel Finlen in Butte, Montana. Meanwhile, news reporters found "Lazarovich" living in Manhattan under his real name of William Lazar. Lazar said, "It's a simple fact that I live quite normally in Manhattan and that any green cub reporter would not have the slightest difficulty in locating me if he honestly wanted to." Associate Director of the FBI, Clyde Tolson, wrote in the margin of a report on the disappearance: "Rushmore must be a 'nut.' We should have nothing to do with him."J. Edgar Hoover added: "I certainly agree." 1957 mistrial
Meanwhile, <mask>'s second marriage was deteriorating. In addition to his amphetamine abuse, <mask> had become an alcoholic, as had his wife Frances. On Monday, September 5, 1955, Frances jumped into the East River in a suicide attempt but was rescued by an air terminal worker. After admitting to the police that she jumped into the water on her own volition, she was taken to Bellevue for observation. Having quit the Journal-American after eleven years, Frances became an account executive for Klingman & Spencer, a prominent Manhattan public relations firm. Meanwhile, <mask> tried to get Harrison to publish a story about former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt having an alleged affair with her African-American chauffeur.When Harrison refused, <mask> quit. By early February 1956, he was reportedly an editor at the National Police Gazette. The next spring, despite Giesler's reassurances to the press, Scott's legal effort against Confidential would go nowhere; since the magazine was domiciled in New York State, and the plaintiffs were California residents who initiated the suits in their own state, the suits were quashed. Despite this setback, in addition to Scott's suit, "Giesler said he also would refile in New York a $2 million suit by actor Robert Mitchum against the magazine if it also is quashed here." Though Giesler's initial attack failed, lawsuits from other actors continued to pile up. Back in New York, <mask> used his severance pay from Confidential to buy a plane ticket to California, where he contacted Giesler's office and offered to become a witness in exchange for a job in Hollywood; Giesler refused. <mask> then became a witness for California Attorney General Edmund "Pat" Brown.Since Confidential was ensconced in New York State, and New York refused to let Brown extradite Harrison to California, Brown instead put Meade and Hollywood Research Inc. on trial. On August 7, 1957, The People of the State of California v. Robert Harrison et al. trial began.INS (Wednesday, August 7, 1957), "Lawyer Opens Trial Of Two Magazines," Anderson Daily Bulletin (Anderson, Indiana), p. 3 It would eventually involve over 200 actors, most of whom fled California to avoid defense subpoenas. <mask>, now the state's star witness, testified that Confidential knowingly published unverified allegations despite the magazine's reputation for double-checking facts: "Some of the stories are true and some have nothing to back them up at all. Harrison many times overruled his libel attorneys and went ahead on something." According to Rushmore, Harrison told the attorneys, "I'd go out of business if I printed the kind of stuff you guys want." Rushmore even fingered Aline Mosby, who was in the press galleries covering the trial for United Press, revealing that she had written upward to twenty-four stories for Confidential; United Press was forced to replace Mosby with another reporter.James P. O'Connell (September 26, 1958; accessed December 14, 2015), "Subject: Mosby, Aline," Federal Bureau of Investigation, Security Support Division. FBI memo notes that United Press fired Mosby for the Confidential leaks. Despite the testimony, the case ended in a mistrial on October 1, 1957, when the jury could not agree on a verdict after two weeks of deliberations. Brown preempted Confidentials win by calling for a retrial, rattling Harrison. To spare his niece another ordeal, Harrison promised Brown to publish only positive stories in his magazine from that point forward. Death
Though Rushmore thought himself a hero for exposing Confidential, he became a pariah in the publishing world. He was no longer an editor at the Police Gazette, though he would stop by to scrounge up work.By 1957, he was reduced to writing occasional articles on hunting for outdoors magazines. <mask>'s last known assignments were for True War'' magazine. In December 1957, <mask> chased his wife and teenaged step-daughter Lynn out of their Manhattan home with a shotgun. Two days before Christmas, Frances and her daughter left their home on the advice of her psychiatrist and stayed with Frances' eldest daughter, 20-year-old Jean Dobbins of Greenwich Village. Frances and Lynn later took over a friend's apartment. While Frances was under psychiatric care since the East River incident, <mask> himself was now under psychiatric care. On January 3, 1958, at 6:15 pm, a few days before Frances was scheduled to lead a group of editors on a trip to Brazil, the Rushmores met inside the lobby of their apartment building in a final attempt at reconciliation.Frances was due to have dinner at the Dobbins' at 8 pm. When an argument broke out between the couple, Frances left to hail a taxi. Taxi driver Edward Pearlman picked her up at Madison Avenue and 97th Street. Simultaneously, <mask> entered the cab. As the two continued arguing, Pearlman ordered him out of the cab to which he replied, "I'm her husband, don't worry about it." "Where do you want to go?" Pearlman asked."Take me to a police station," Frances said. As the cab raced to the 23rd Precinct at Third and 104th, <mask> shot Frances in the right side of the head and neck, then put the pistol to his temple and shot himself. At the police station, an unregistered .32 caliber Colt revolver was found in <mask>'s hand and a seven-inch commando knife inside the waistband of his trousers. Jean Dobbins speculated that her mother's refusal to take <mask> to Brazil might have started the argument that ended in the shooting. Contrary to general expectations, Dobbins said her parents quarreled "over personal things, not Rushmore's controversial public life ... 'He was very possessive, very jealous, and wanted to go everywhere with her." Frances' father, Louis Everitt, the owner of a women's shoe store in Charlotte, brought his daughter's body back to North Carolina. A police search of the Rushmore apartment at 16 East 93rd Street revealed "a valuable gun collection ... along with an extensive collection of pornographic pictures."Dobbins was initially hesitant to claim her stepfather's body, though willing to do so if no blood-relation was willing; she did not want him to be buried in New York City's "potter's field." After <mask>'s body lay unclaimed at Bellevue for five days, his first wife Ruth, now a secretary, took custody. She held a private service at an undisclosed location, had the body cremated and sent the ashes back to be buried in Mexico, Missouri, "back to the 'dark and bloody ground.'" References

1913 births
1958 suicides
American communists
American families of English ancestry
American film critics
American Methodists
American investigative journalists
Deaths by firearm in Manhattan
Journalists from New York City
Murder–suicides in New York
New York (state) Republicans
People from Mexico, Missouri
People from Mitchell, South Dakota
Suicides by firearm in New York City
20th-century American writers
American

masks: Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore Rushmore


texts:
<mask> (Brahmi: 𑀕𑁄𑀢𑀫𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢 𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀓𑀡𑀺, Gotamiputa Sātakaṇi, IAST: ) was a ruler of the Satavahana Empire in present-day Deccan region of India. He was mentioned as the important and greatest ruler of Satavahana Dynasty. He ruled in the 1st or 2nd century CE, although his exact period is uncertain. His reign is dated variously: 86-110 CE, c. 103-127 CE, 106-130 CE, or more recently and specifically ca. 60-85 CE. The information available about <mask> comes from his coins, the Satavahana inscriptions, and the royal genealogies in the various Puranas. The best known of these is the Nashik prashasti (eulogy) inscription of his mother Gautami Balashri, which credits him with extensive military conquests.Historical evidence suggests that Gautamiputra revived the Satavahana power after a decline caused by Saka invasions. Ancestry

Except the Brahmanda Purana, all the Puranas that contain the genealogy of Satavahana kings mention Gautamiputra. According to Bhagavata, Matsya and Vishnu Puranas, his predecessor was Shivasvati (IAST: Śivasvāti). However, Shivasvati remains historically unattested: no coins or inscriptions issued by him have been discovered. The Vayu Purana names the predecessor of Gautamiputra as Shivasvami (IAST: Śivasvāmi). The Brahmanada Purana does not mention the name "Gautamiputra" at all; instead it names a king called "Yantramati", who ruled for 34 years, and was preceded by Svātisena. The mother of Gautamiputra Satakarni was Gautami Balashri (IAST: Gautami Bālaśri), as attested by Nasik prashasti, an inscription found at Cave No.3 of the Pandavleni Caves in Nashik.The inscription is dated to the 19th regnal year of his son Vasishthiputra Pulumavi (or Pulumayi). It records the grant of a village to the Buddhist monks of the Bhadrayaniya sect. "Gautamiputra" literally means "son of Gautami", while Satakarni is a title common to several Satavahana kings. Such matronymics also appear in the names of other Satavahana kings, including Vasishthiputra Pulumavi ("Pulumavi, son of Vasishthi"). These do not indicate a matriarchy or a matrilineal descent system. The real explanation for matronymics seems to be that since the rulers married a number of wives from different royal families, a prince was best identified with reference to his mother. Military conquests

Historical evidence suggests that the Western Kshatrapas (known to the Satavahanas as Shakas) expanded their empire at the expense of Satavahanas in the years preceding the reign of Gautamiputra <mask>.Based on the Nashik inscription of his mother, it appears that Gautamiputra revived the Satavahana power. The inscription states that he defeated the Shakas (Western Kshatrapas), the Pahlavas (Indo-Parthians), and the Yavanas (Indo-Greeks). It also states that he emerged victorious in several fights against a confederacy of enemies. Imperial extent according to Nashik prashasti
The Nashik prashasti inscription of Gautamiputra's mother, located in the Nasik Caves, calls him the "king of kings", and states that his orders were obeyed by the circle of all kings. It indicates that his rule extended from Malwa and Saurashtra in the north to Krishna river in the south; and from Konkan in the west to Vidarbha (Berar) in the east. It states that he ruled the following regions:

 Asika (area in Godavari valley)
 Aśmaka (Ashmaka in Godavari valley)
 Muḍhaka or Mulaka (area around Paithan)
 Surāṣṭra (Saurashtra)
 Kukura
 Aparanta (north Konkan)
 Anupa (area around Mahishmati in Narmada valley)
 Vidarbha (Berar)
 Akara-Avanti (eastern and western Malwa)

The identity of "Kukura" is uncertain. R G Bhandarkar identified it with a part of Rajputana, while Alexander Cunningham identified it with Gurjara.Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya identified it with an area in Madhya Pradesh, possibly near the western part of the Vindhyas. The inscription also calls Gautamiputra the lord of following mountains:

 Vindhyāvat (part of Vindhyas)
 Pāriyātra (part of Vindhyas)
 Sahya (Western Ghats)
 Krishnagiri (Kanhagiri)
 Malaya (southern portion of Western Ghats)
 Mahendra
 Sreshtha-giri or Setagiri
 Chakora

Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya identifies Mahendra, Sreshtha-giri and Chakora with portions of Eastern Ghats. He, therefore, believes that Gautamiputra's empire included the Telangana and Coastal Andhra regions. M. Rama Rao also supports this theory on the basis of coins discovered in the eastern Deccan region. Although coins can travel via trade, Chattopadhyaya believes that the Nashik inscription corroborates this theory. However, there are no other records of Satavahana presence in the eastern Deccan region before the period of his son Vashishtiputra Pulumavi. An inscription at Karle records the grant of Karajika village (identified with a village in Pune district) by Gautamiputra, confirming that the Pune region was under his control.The Nashik prashasti inscription further states that the horses of Gautamiputra drank waters of the "three oceans" (the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean). This implies that Gautamiputra subdued the Cholas and the Pandyas in southern India. However, there is no historical evidence of this. One view is that this is just a conventional literary device: Gautamiputra's empire was not as extensive as the inscription claims. Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya speculates that Gautamiputra might have raided some territories in the South. According to American academic Carla M. Sinopoli, it is not clear if Gautamiputra actually had effective control over all the territories claimed as a part of his empire in the inscription. In any case, his military successes were short-lived.Gautamiputra and Nahapana

Caves excavated by Gautamiputra <mask> as well as the Western Kshatrapa king Nahapana are located at Nashik. The Nashik prashasti inscription states that Gautamiputra uprooted the Kshaharata (or Khagarata) family, to which Nahapana belonged. The Nashik inscription dated to the 18th year of Gautamiputra's reign states that he reaffirmed a grant of land to Buddhist monks living at the Triraśmi peak. This land was earlier in the possession of Nahapana's son-in-law Rishabhadatta (also known as Ushavadata), who had donated it to the monks. A hoard of Nahapana's coins, discovered at Jogalthambi in Nashik district, includes coins re-struck by Gautamiputra. These coins feature an arched chaitya (Buddhist shrine) and the "Ujjain symbol" (a cross with four circles at the end). Most historians now agree that Gautamiputra and Nahapana were contemporaries, and that Gautamiputra defeated Nahapana.M. K. Dhavalikar dates this event to c. 124 CE, which according to him, was the 18th regnal year of Gautamiputra. R.C.C. Fynes dates the event to sometime after 71 CE, in the same line, Shailendra Bhandare places the victory of Gautamiputra and the end of Nahapana's reign to the start of Saka era, 78 CE, in the year of Castana's accession, and considers Gautamiputra's whole reign to ca. 60-85 CE. Last years

According to the Matsya Purana and the Vayu Purana, Gautamiputra ruled for 21 years. However, an inscription dated to his 24th regnal year has been found at the Nashik cave. The inscription mentions his mother as jiva-suta ("having a living son").D. C. Sircar interpreted this to mean that the king was ill, and the term jiva-suta was intended to assure the people that the king was alive, while his mother ran the administration. Shailendra Nath Sen also speculated that the king might have been assisted by his mother in administration because of his illness or military preoccupation. V. V. Mirashi dismissed Sircar's theory as "ridiculous", arguing that jiva-suta is an expression used in several ancient sources and simply emphasizes the good fortune of a woman. Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya also criticizes Sircar's interpretation, pointing out that the first line in the inscription refers to the king's order. He adds that jiva-suta is simply an "affectionate expression of a mother", and should not be over-analyzed. D. R. Bhandarkar and R. G. Bhandarkar believed that <mask> and his son Vasishthiputra Pulumavi ruled jointly during the last years of his reign. This theory is based on their interpretations of the various Satavahana inscriptions.In Nashik prashasti, Gautami Balashri calls herself the mother of the great king as well as the grandmother of the great king, indicating that both were kings at that time. There are also indications that Gautamiputra was alive, when this inscription was issued in the 19th regnal year of his son. Despite this, the inscription describes the achievements of <mask> Satakarni, but remains silent about the exploits of his son. Based on these arguments, Bhandarkar speculated that Gautamiputra ruled eastern Deccan, while Vasishthiputra ruled western Deccan. This theory has been dismissed by several other scholars, including K. A. Nilakanta Sastri and H. C. Raychaudhuri. G.J. Dubreuil theorizes that the excavation of the cave (where this inscription was found) began during the reign of Gautamiputra.However, the work was finished only after his death, and the inscription was placed on his behalf by his mother, during the reign of his son. Bhandarkar's theory is further weakened by the fact that there is clear historical evidence of Gautamiputra's rule over western Deccan. Moreover, no inscriptions issued jointly by the father-son duo are available. It is possible that by the end of his reign, Gautamiputra lost some of his territory to the Kardamakas, a Western Kshatrapa dynasty that succeeded Nahapana's Kshaharata dynasty. The Junagadh inscription of the Kardamaka ruler Rudradaman I states that he defeated <mask>, the lord of Dakshinapatha (Deccan), twice. It also states that he spared the life of the defeated ruler because of close relations. "Satakarni" is a title common to several Satavahana kings.According to D. R. Bhandarkar and Dineshchandra Sircar, the ruler defeated by Rudradaman was <mask> Satakarni. However, E. J. Rapson believed that the defeated ruler was his son and successor Vasishthiputra Pulumavi. Shailendra Nath Sen and Charles Higham believe that the defeated ruler was Vashishtiputra's successor Shivaskanda or Shiva Sri Pulumayi (or Pulumavi). Administration

The location of Gautamiputra's capital is uncertain. In the Nashik inscription dated to his 18th regnal year, he is described as the "Lord of Benakataka". Carla M. Sinopoli identifies Benakataka as a place in the Nashik region. V. V. Mirashi identified it with Pauni Bhandara district.The inscriptions of <mask> <mask> indicate that his empire was divided into units known as āhāras. Each āharā was governed by an amātya or amaca. Three types of settlements are named in the inscriptions: nagara (city), nigama (town) and gama (village). The Nashik prashasti inscription calls him ekabrahmana. One interpretation of this word is "a peerless Brahmin" or "a staunch Brahmin", since the same inscription also states that he destroyed the haughtiness of other Kshatriyas. However, this term has also been interpreted differently as "the only protector of the Brahmins" or "a proud champion of Brahmanism". Nevertheless, the king also patronized Buddhist monks.According to one of his Nashik inscriptions, the monks were exempted from taxes and granted immunity from any interference by the royal officers. The Nashik prashasti also states that the king's joys and sorrows were same as those of his citizens. It claims that he did not like to destroy life, even that of the enemies who offended him. The edict compares him to legendary heroes such as Rama, Keshava, Arjuna, Bhimasena, Nabhaga, Nahusha, Janamejaya, Sagara, Yayati and Ambarisha. In popular culture

Gautamiputra Satakarni, a Telugu language film directed by Krish and featuring Nandamuri Balakrishna in the titular role, was released on 12 January 2017. References

Bibliography

2nd-century Indian monarchs
Satavahana dynasty

masks:
Gautamiputra Satakarni
Gautamiputra Satakarni
Satakarni
Satakarni
Gautamiputra
Gautamiputra
Satakarni
Gautamiputra
Gautamiputra
Satakarni


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<mask> (born 13 June 1984) is a Mexican former professional footballer who last played as a forward for Rayo Vallecano and played most matches in his career for Olympiacos. As a player of the Mexico national team he played 21 games and scored 6 goals. Early years
<mask> was born in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, where his father, a Uruguayan professional footballer, had played for the local team of San Luis. He is also of Italian descent. The family moved to South America while <mask> was still a small child. He started playing for Uruguayan side Danubio's youth team. While playing in a Brazilian tournament, <mask> was spotted by scouts from European clubs.He went on to trials with Manchester United, but failed to obtain a work permit and the transfer did not materialise. Club career

Olympiacos
At the age of 16, <mask>'s father and agent accepted an offer from the Greek club Olympiacos. Three years after he joined Olympiacos, <mask> became a regular starter in both domestic and European competitions. He became a fan favourite with the Gate 7 Ultras and was even given the number 7 shirt in deference to them. <mask> was part of the Olympiacos squad that won the next three consecutive league titles. He was the club's leading scorer during the preparatory phase for the 2006–07 season, accumulating seven goals in friendly games. He finished the season second to Rivaldo in goals scored and assists for the club, with three goals scored in five Champions League games.In early 2006, his father and agent began negotiations with the Mexico club Chivas de Guadalajara, but talks were suspended because Olympiacos weren't interested in selling the player at the time. Subsequently, in 2007, Olympiacos accepted Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk's offer of €20 million for <mask>'s services. Before this, in what <mask> correctly anticipated would be his last game for Olympiacos, he scored with a free kick shot, after "stealing" the kick from the teammate who was preparing to take it. Shakhtar Donetsk
On 31 July 2007, <mask> joined Ukrainian side Shakhtar Donetsk on a five-year contract for a fee of €20 million. This became the most expensive transfer for a Ukrainian club to date. <mask> scored his first goal for Shakhtar while playing against SV Salzburg in the Champions League. He had only played in a few games for Shakhtar when, in a league match versus FC Naftovyk-Ukrnafta Okhtyrka, Shakhtar won a penalty kick.<mask> refused to give the ball to designated penalty kick-taker Cristiano Lucarelli and took the penalty himself, which was saved by the goalkeeper. <mask> was immediately substituted from the game. Coach Mircea Lucescu commented "What <mask> did, from a professional point of view, I've never seen anything like it before in my whole life. There will be some measures taken against <mask>". Manchester City (loan)
On 18 December 2007, it was announced that <mask> had signed a one-year loan agreement with Manchester City, commencing on 1 January 2008. Reportedly <mask> was keen to make the move happen and, in a highly unusual move, paid half of the loan fee himself. Sven-Göran Eriksson commented "He was desperate to come to us, desperate to come to England, desperate to come to the Premier League", and said he had never seen a player pay for half the transfer deal himself before.<mask> played his first game for Manchester City on 5 January 2008 in the third round of the FA Cup, away to West Ham United. However, in the replay on 16 January 2008, his first home appearance for the club, he was stretchered off after 32 minutes with a broken shoulder. He ended the season with nine appearances, seven of them coming in the Premier League. Failing to secure a place at Manchester City, <mask> returned to Shakhtar Donetsk at the end of his loan in January 2009. Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk (loan)
After Shakhtar Donetsk had failed to even include <mask> on the bench for the first two matches of the 2009/2010 season he was loaned to Ukrainian league rivals Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk for a year on 30 July 2009. Chicago Fire (loan)
On 17 July 2010, the Chicago Fire announced the signing of <mask> as their newest designated player. He arrived on loan with Chicago holding the option to make the transfer from Shakhtar Donetsk permanent.In being signed as a designated player, he became the second youngest designated player in Major League Soccer history. Aris
<mask> joined Aris on a six-month loan on 19 January 2011. He played his first game for Aris on 30 January 2011, against local rivals PAOK. <mask> terminated his contract with Shakhtar Donetsk and signed a two-year contract with Aris on 1 July 2011. He scored his first league goal for Aris of the 2011/12 season on 8 January 2012 in a 1–0 win over PAS Giannina. He scored his first brace in a 3–1 victory over Doxa Drama on 22 January. He scored his second consecutive brace seven days later in a 2–1 win over Levadiakos.<mask> scored again on 5 February in a 2–0 win over Xanthi, bringing his goal tally to six. Pachuca
On 14 June 2012, <mask>'s moved to the Liga MX club Pachuca on a three-year contract. It was the first time <mask> played in the Mexico league after eight years of playing abroad. León (loan)
On 10 December 2012, <mask> was loaned to Club León for six months, for whom he made seven appearances in total. Rayo Vallecano
On 9 July 2013, he went to Spanish club Rayo Vallecano on a free transfer from Pachuca. International career

Choosing nationality
<mask> was eligible for citizenship in four countries; Uruguay because his father is from there; Italy due to his maternal grandparents; Greece because he resided there for more than six years and Mexico where he was born. His first experience of international football came when he was called up to a Uruguay U-17 training camp.However, he was released after playing a few friendly games. Next the Greek coach Otto Rehhagel tried to secure his services for the Greece national football team. Greece were reportedly willing to pay <mask> $800,000, including fast-tracked citizenship as part of the offer. Ultimately, <mask> decided to play for the country of his birth and joined the Mexico national football team. Mexico national team

He made his international debut for Mexico on 2 June 2007 vs Iran, in his hometown San Luis Potosí with Mexico winning the game 4–0, and went on to represent his country in the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup, where he scored his first international goal against Cuba, and in the 2007 Copa America. In the 2007 Copa America, a pre-tournament injury to Jared Borgetti gave <mask> a starting berth, and he scored l in Mexico's first match of the tournament, a 2–0 win against Brazil. He scored again against Ecuador, as Mexico secured a place in the knockout stages, and scored a brace in the quarter-final against Paraguay, the first goal from the penalty spot.Overall, <mask> was the third highest goal scorer of the tournament with four goals, behind Juan Román Riquelme and Robinho. After retirement
Following his retirement from football, he dedicated himself to selling fishing equipment and gear in Athens, Greece. He also has a branch in fournoi island near Ikaria. Career statistics

Club

International goals

Honours
Olympiacos
 Super League Grecce: 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07
 Greek Cup: 2004–05, 2005–06

Shakhtar Donetsk
 UEFA Cup: 2008–09

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Association football forwards
Mexican footballers
Mexican people of Italian descent
Mexican people of Uruguayan descent
Mexico international footballers
Mexican expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Ukraine
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in England
2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2007 Copa América players
Danubio F.C. players
Olympiacos F.C. players
FC Shakhtar Donetsk players
Manchester City F.C. players
FC Dnipro players
Chicago Fire FC players
Aris Thessaloniki F.C.players
C.F. Pachuca players
Designated Players (MLS)
Club León footballers
Rayo Vallecano players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Premier League players
Super League Greece players
Major League Soccer players
Liga MX players
La Liga players
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in England
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in the United States

masks:
Nery Alberto Castillo Confalonieri
Nery Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo


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<mask><mask> is recognized for her well-established research on behavioral treatments of obesity. Dr. <mask>'s research examined positive outcomes for long-term weight loss as well as halting weight gain in individuals who are currently overweight. This led to an important development in <mask>'s research which was the layout of a lifestyle intervention for those with diabetes, particularly type 2. <mask> graduated with a Ph.D. in Social Relations and later completed her postdoctoral fellowship by 1973. Dr. <mask> was a professor at University of Pittsburgh for 25 years. During her time in Pittsburgh she took part in various organizations working on different treatments for diabetes. Currently, <mask> is a professor at Brown University as well as the director of research focused on studying weight control.Not only has she dedicated her time to serving on different councils and panels, she has published over 250 peer-reviewed articles. She achieved this while simultaneously mentoring many junior faculty members on her topic of focus. All of these accomplishments have resulted in <mask> receiving many awards. Research completed and in progress
<mask> <mask> has been actively researching behavioral treatments of obesity for about forty years. She has examined many aspects of weight loss. <mask> has completed research on four different questions examining the health benefits of modest weight loss, how behavioral treatment of obesity can be improved, whether it is possible to prevent weight gain and subsequent obesity, and the characteristics of successful weight loss maintainers. <mask> is currently studying successful weight losers comparing those with normal weight controls versus obese weight controls.Health benefits of modest weight loss
While examining the various health benefits of weight loss, <mask> developed an intervention which was ultimately used in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). DPP was a trial which tested the effective differences between lifestyle interventions or metformin, a diabetes medication, and whether these differences were significantly variant on their ability to delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. During her research on the health benefits of modest weight loss, <mask> recruited more than 3,000 overweight patients who suffered from impaired glucose tolerance. These patients were randomly assigned either a placebo, metformin, or a lifestyle intervention. The results of this study found that reduced risks of developing diabetes from an average weight loss of 14 pounds (considered to be modest weight loss) was 58% with the placebo in comparison to 31% with the patients who received the metformin. <mask> has continued to investigate this, but has changed her focus towards cardiovascular morbidity or mortality. She is currently testing over 5,000 overweight individuals who have type 2 diabetes.This study not only focuses on the effects of weight loss in terms of cardiovascular morbidity, but also has an interest in the impact this weight loss has for the long-term (12 years). Improving behavioral treatment of obesity
<mask> has also looked into how behavioral treatment of obesity can be improved. She has compared the different strategies included in behavioral programs. One example of this would be that high exercise goals and structured approaches to diet increase the chances of improving weight loss outcomes. <mask>'s studies analyzed the role of involving overweight spouses, using financial incentives, encouraging taking breaks from dieting, and creating intra-group and inter-group competitions. Currently <mask> is gathering more information on the effects of reducing variety in the diet and examining the effect of modifying the home environment. <mask> has decided to expand her studies on this particular topic by looking at how the internet has an effect on behavioral techniques.She is focusing on various approaches of e-mail counseling or automated counseling. Preventing weight gain and obesity
<mask> is curious as to whether it is statistically possible to prevent weight gain and subsequent obesity. It has been found that there are three critical points in a person's life which have the most effective weight loss. These are childhood, the time surrounding pregnancy, and the menopausal transition. Leonard Epstein worked alongside <mask> to assist in complete multiple trials on the behavior treatments of obese children around the ages of 8–12 years old and their overweight parent(s). Research has started to shift in this area towards focusing on children as young as 4–8 years old, and adolescents. <mask> concluded that the lifestyle intervention successfully reduced weight gain and the increase in LDL-cholesterol that are usually found in middle-aged women.Characteristics for maintaining weight loss
<mask> recognized that maintenance of weight loss is an important issue when it comes to the treatment of obesity. She is the founder of the National Weight Control Registry, which has a registry of over 5,000 people who have lost over at least 30 pounds, with an average loss of 70 pounds, and kept that weight off for at least one year, with an average of 5.7 years. Information has been collected on the various behaviors that are correlated with long-term maintenance of weight loss through self-reported data. <mask> has proven that it is possible to teach the strategies of successful weight losers, resulting in improving others' ability to maintain their own personal weight loss. In an effort to continue and help others, <mask> assisted in a project called STOP Regain, where she found that a self-regulation intervention through the internet or face-to-face had the ability to reduce the risk of weight regain. Knowing this, <mask> created a study which compares successful weight losers with normal weight controls and obese controls in terms of behavioral measures and brain responses to food cues. <mask> focused on whether successful weight losers who have reduced to normal weight now respond to food cues as always-normal weight controls, or if they continue to respond as if obese.Career
Dr. <mask> <mask> received her bachelor's degree in psychology from Connecticut College in 1967. In 1968, she earned her master's degree and doctorate degree in Social Psychology, graduating in 1971. She completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the National Institute of Mental Health as well as at Harvard Medical School in the department of Psychiatry by 1973. Dr. <mask> then spent the next 25 years as a teacher at the University of Pittsburgh. She lectured in psychiatry, psychology, and epidemiology. In between her work in Pittsburgh, <mask> also spent a few years as a lecturer in psychology at Stanford University in California. During her years in Pittsburgh, she became the director of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) in 1999.After she concluded her time in Pittsburgh, she continued her teaching at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. Dr. <mask> is currently a professor at Brown University, and also dedicates her time to many other research panels and councils. References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Obesity researchers
Harvard University alumni
University of Pittsburgh faculty
Brown University faculty
Connecticut College alumni

masks:
Rena R
. Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Rena
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Rena
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing


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<mask> (born April 3, 1958) is a Romanian economist and politician. A former member of the National Liberal Party (PNL), he was the Minister of Public Finance of Romania in the first Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu cabinet (between August 22, 2005 and April 4, 2007) and starting from December 23, 2009 in the Emil Boc cabinet. Biography

Education
<mask> was born on 3 April 1958. <mask> graduated in 1983 from the Commerce Faculty of the Academy of Economic Studies in Bucharest and then, the postgraduation studies in Capital Markets, Direct Investments, organized by Merrill Lynch (1997). After graduating, he worked as an economist (in charge of debt collection) at COS Târgoviște (1983) and economist (in charge of carrying out investment programs, acquisitions, payments to suppliers) at IRVMR Bucharest (1983-1990). After the Revolution of December 1989, he entered the private sector as a shareholder and financial director at the following companies: Gas Prod Com SRL Bucharest (1990-1992), Comp Banc SRL Bucharest (1992-1994) and Medist S.A. Bucharest (1994-1997), dealing with the coordination of marketing and financial-banking activities, financing, payments and foreign exchange operations. Politician
Member of NLP, <mask> becomes after the parliamentary elections of October 1996, Secretary of State at the Ministry of Industry and Trade (January - June 1997), being responsible for the financial department, hiring payments including subsidies and transfers, and the representative of the Ministry of Industry and Trade negotiations with the IMF and the World Bank.In parallel, he also worked at Eximbank, in the Interministerial Commission for Guarantees for External Credits (February - August 1997). During the Romanian Democratic Convention government, he was a State Secretary and a Counselor in the Ministry of Industry and Commerce in the Victor Ciorbea cabinet (1997) and in the Ministry of Finance (between 1998 and 2000, during the premierships of Radu Vasile and Mugur Isărescu). He then serves as an adviser to the Minister of Industry and Trade, a representative of the MIC in negotiations with the IMF and the WB and on the implementation of agreements (July - December 1997) and an adviser to the Minister of Finance on budgetary issues, capital markets, SME development, etc. (January - April 1998). After a short journey as a shareholder and chief financial officer at Medist S.A. Bucharest (1998–1999), Vladescu returns to the Ministry of Finance as an advisor to the Minister of Finance on budgetary issues, capital markets, development of SME activities, etc. (October-December 1999) and Secretary of State (January-December 2000). In 2000 he was appointed in parallel as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of AVAB, Chairman of the Romanian Chamber of Auditors, member of the Interministerial Commission for Guarantees for External Loans at Eximbank, member of the Privatization Commission of BCR and the Board of Directors of CEC, fulfilling all these functions until January 2001.With the change of government after the elections in November 2000, <mask> returned as CFO to Medist S.A. Bucharest (2001-2005). During this period, he was appointed by PNL as a member of the Board of Directors of Petromservice (2002 - February 2003), Upetrom 1 Mai Ploiești (2002-2005) and Petrom (2005), as well as chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Banca Comercială Română. (April - August 2005). Personal life
<mask> speaks French, English and Italian very well. According to the daily Evenimentul Zilei, he is Traian Băsescu mate. Minister of Finance
On 22 August 2005, <mask> was appointed Minister of Finance in the Tariceanu Government, holding this position until April 5, 2007, when the Ministry of Finance was merged with the Government of Romania. Following the reorganization of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, Vladescu was appointed the Secretary of State for International Relations and Treasury.In the summer of 2007, he came into conflict with Minister Varujan Vosganian because he claimed that the budget did not have the financial resources to increase pensions, posing a danger to macroeconomic stability. "It is a budgetary effort of about two billion euros, money that will be cut from investments and will be found directly in consumption," he said. Vosganian said the funding for increased pensions will be provided by additional budget revenues, driven by economic growth. <mask> resigned as Secretary of State on 22 October 2007, after the completion of the privatization process of Automobile Craiova (where Vladescu held the position of President of the Privatization Commission) with the American company Ford. <mask> is a member of two Boards of Directors, respectively Petrom S.A. and Upetrom S.A. He is also a shareholder in the following companies: PVB Euroconsulting S.R.L . ; Boss Exim Trading Group S.R.L .; Boss Construction and Consulting S.R.L . ; Hemat-Rom S.R.L . ; "Polimed" Medical Center; Romanian Soft Company S.R.L., Climate Change S.R.L., Rapid Credit S.R.L. In August 2011, <mask> became a consultant for Roșia Montană Gold Corporation, the Romanian subsidiary of Gabriel Resources, which intends to carry out the Roșia Montană gold mining project, a project contested by a large part of civil society. Controversies
In 2018 he was arrested for taking bribes linked to a railway contract. He denies the charges, but brought 3 kilograms of gold worth €110,000 EUR and an additional €315,000 in cash to bail himself on corruption charges. The bail procedure was recently introduced in the Romanian penal code and represents an alternative to preventive arrest.Since the procedure came into force in 2014, this is the first time a bail was partially or fully redeemed in gold, according to the DNA website. For the rest of the €1 million sum, Mr.Vladescu offered real-estate guarantees. The valuables were deposited in an account belonging to the National Anticorruption Directorate according to the institution's press releases. References

1958 births
Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies alumni
Living people
Romanian Ministers of Finance
Romanian bankers
Romanian economists

masks:
Sebastian Teodor Gheorghe Vlădescu
Sebastian Vlădescu
Vlădescu
Sebastian Vladescu
Vlădescu
Sebastian Vlădescu
Sebastian Vlădescu
Sebastian Vlădescu
Vlădescu
Sebastian Vlădescu


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<mask>. (born February 3, 1993) is an Antiguan-Lebanese professional basketball player for the Cleveland Charge of the NBA G League. A ,  center, he played at three different high schools in the Los Angeles area and was ranked as one of the top recruits in his class. He was prohibited from competing in college after failing to meet academic requirements, choosing to immediately turn professional in 2013. <mask> spent his rookie year with the Delaware 87ers of the NBA Development League. He then moved to the Dacin Tigers in Taiwan, where he was named an All-Star, and returned to the 87ers at the end of the season. In 2015, <mask> joined Lebanese club Homenetmen Beirut, leading the league in blocks. In the next season, he began a two-year stint with Pallacanestro Varese in Italy, closing the 2017–18 season with Auxilium Torino.<mask> has played in the NBA for the Philadelphia 76ers, Brooklyn Nets, Sacramento Kings, New York Knicks, and Utah Jazz. He holds Antiguan, American, and Lebanese citizenship, and has experience with the Lebanon national basketball team. Early life
<mask> was born in St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda, to <mask> Sr. and Darlene <mask>. When <mask> was three years old, his family moved to Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands, and when he was seven, they moved to United States for better work opportunities. His father was a welder, while his mother managed the garden center at a Home Depot store. High school career
In his freshman season, <mask> played basketball for Lakewood High School in Lakewood, California, where he was touted as one of the top recruits in his class. His school was located near his family's residence in Long Beach, California.As a sophomore, <mask> transferred to Manuel Dominguez High School in Compton, California, playing under head coach Duane Cooper. After Cooper was dismissed from the team, <mask> revealed plans to move to a different high school program. He moved to Frederick K. C. Price High School in Los Angeles but was sidelined for his junior season due to transfer rules. Despite his absence, the team won the CIF Southern Section Division 4AA championship, led by Allen Crabbe and Richard Solomon. With three games left in his senior campaign, <mask> was averaging 15 points, 10 rebounds, and 5 blocks per game. In his high school career, <mask> was ranked as high as the No. 1 center in his class by recruiting service Rivals.He was rated a four-star recruit by ESPN and 247Sports. Despite his success on the court, he struggled in the classroom, achieving only a 2.6 grade-point average and failing to meet college entrance exam requirements two times. After joining St. John's at the NCAA Division I level, he was ruled ineligible for taking summer classes at Northeast Preparatory School in Philadelphia. He decommitted from the program, signing a letter of intent with Iona, but was again ruled academically ineligible. He then played for Los Angeles College Preparatory Academy. Professional career

Delaware 87ers (2013–2014)
After ultimately skipping college, <mask> entered the 2013 NBA draft, attempting to become the first draftee without college or international experience since 2005. However, he withdrew days prior because of severe blisters and warts on his foot that had to be surgically removed.Later in the year, he was selected as the sixth overall pick at the 2013 NBA Development League draft by the Delaware 87ers. In the 2013–14 season with the 87ers, <mask> averaged 5.5 points, 3.1 rebounds, and 1.4 blocks in 13.1 minutes per game. He scored a season-high 18 points on December 11, 2013, against the Idaho Stampede. Dacin Tigers (2014–2015)
On July 29, 2014, <mask> signed with the Dacin Tigers of the Taiwanese Super Basketball League (SBL). In 30 games with the team, he averaged 15.3 points and 14.2 rebounds. <mask> had a notable performance in December 2014 versus Kinmen Kaoliang Liquor Basketball, posting a double-double of 27 points and 26 rebounds. He was named to the SBL All-Star Game and earned All-SBL honorable mention accolades from basketball website Asia-Basket.Return to the 87ers (2015)

On March 10, 2015, <mask> returned to the Delaware 87ers of the NBA Development League but played only four games in the 2014–15 season. His best performance came on March 20 against the Erie BayHawks, recording 10 points, 5 rebounds, and 4 blocks. He averaged 5.3 points, 3.0 rebounds, and 2.3 blocks per game. Homenetmen Beirut (2015–2016)
On December 14, 2015, <mask> signed with Homenetmen Beirut of the Lebanese Basketball League. On January 20, 2016, <mask> only scored 3 points but grabbed 23 rebounds in a 96–88 win over the Al Moutahed. After 32 games, he averaged 11.8 points, 12.7 rebounds, and a league-high 2.9 blocks per game. <mask> joined the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA) at the 2016 Orlando Pro Summer League.Varese (2016–2018)
On July 28, 2016, <mask> signed a two-year contract with Pallacanestro Varese of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). Upon his arrival, head coach Paolo Moretti said, "The qualities of <mask> that have most impressed me are his explosive strength, aggressiveness and athleticism." <mask> played for the Miami Heat at the 2017 NBA Summer League in both Orlando and Las Vegas. Auxilium Torino (2018)
On February 13, 2018, <mask> signed with Auxilium Pallacanestro Torino for the remainder of the 2017–18 season. Delaware Blue Coats (2018–2019)
After the season concluded, <mask> competed for the Philadelphia 76ers at 2018 NBA Summer League in Las Vegas, averaging 7.4 points, 4.2 rebounds, and 1.2 blocks per game through five contests. He later joined the 76ers for training camp. On October 10, 2018, <mask> was waived.He signed with the Delaware Blue Coats for their training camp roster. On January 23, 2019, <mask> was suspended for five games without pay for violating the G League's Anti-Drug program. Homenetmen Beirut (2019)
On March 30, 2019, <mask> signed with Homenetmen Beirut of the Lebanese Basketball League for the remainder of the season. Philadelphia 76ers (2019–2020)
On July 2, 2019, <mask> signed with the Philadelphia 76ers with a two-way contract. On February 7, 2020, his deal was converted to a standard contract. Canton Charge (2021)
On December 19, 2020, <mask> was signed and then waived by the Cleveland Cavaliers. On January 22, 2021, <mask> was included in roster of the Canton Charge.Brooklyn Nets (2021)
On January 28, 2021, <mask> signed with the Brooklyn Nets, but was later waived by the Nets on February 16 after appearing in three games. Return to Canton (2021)
<mask> was officially re-acquired by the Canton Charge on February 21, 2021. Sacramento Kings (2021)
On February 25, 2021, <mask> signed a 10-day contract with the Sacramento Kings. New York Knicks (2021)
On April 2, 2021, <mask> signed a 10-day contract with the New York Knicks. On April 12, he signed a second 10-day contract. On April 22, <mask> signed a multi-year deal with the Knicks. On July 31, the Knicks waived <mask>.Cleveland Charge (2021)
On November 15, 2021, <mask> signed with the Cleveland Charge as a returning player. Boston Celtics (2021–2022)
On December 25, 2021, <mask> was signed to a 10-day contract by the Boston Celtics. Utah Jazz (2022)
On January 7, 2022, the Utah Jazz signed <mask> to a 10-day contact. He appeared in three games for the Jazz. Cleveland Charge (2022)
On January 20th, the Cleveland Charge announced that they have reacquired <mask> after his 10-day contract with the Jazz finished. National team career
<mask> is a citizen of Antigua and Barbuda, Lebanon, and the United States but represents Lebanon at the international level. He debuted for them at the 2017 FIBA Asia Cup, averaging 9.3 points, 5.0 rebounds, and 4.0 blocks per game, en route to a 6th-place finish.Against the Philippines, he nearly recorded a triple-double with 23 points, 13 rebounds, and 9 blocks.

masks:
Norvel Pelle Jr
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Norvel
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle