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<mask>, FAIA (February 18, 1894 – January 23, 1980) was an American architect based in Los Angeles, California. He practiced mostly in Southern California and designed the homes of numerous celebrities, including Frank Sinatra, Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, Lon Chaney, Barbara Stanwyck and Charles Correll. He also designed many public and private buildings. Early life and education
<mask> came from a family of middle class Memphis residents: Chester Stanley and <mask>. They migrated to Los Angeles in 1893 with their son, Chester, to start a fruit business, but were not successful. <mask> was born in Los Angeles on February 18, 1894. His father died in 1896 from tuberculosis and his mother two years later from the same illness, leaving the boys in foster care.He  was eventually adopted by C.I. Clarkson and his wife. <mask> was the only African-American student in his elementary school. He studied at the Los Angeles School of Art and Design and at the Los Angeles branch of the New York Beaux-Arts Institute of Design Atelier, subsequently working as a landscape architect with Wilbur Cook, Jr. He studied architectural engineering from 1916 to  1919 at the University of Southern California, where he earned his degree, designing several residential buildings while a student there. <mask> became a certified architect in California in 1921 and the first certified African-American architect west of the Mississippi. He married Della Mae Givens on June 27, 1917, at the First AME Church in Los Angeles.They had three children: <mask> <mask>. (born and died June 30, 1925, buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles); Marilyn Frances <mask> (born December 25, 1926) and Norma Lucille <mask> (born September 18, 1928). Career

<mask> won an architectural competition at age 25, and three years later opened his own office. Known as an outstanding draftsman, he perfected the skill of rendering drawings "upside down." This skill was developed because in the 1920s many of his white clients felt uncomfortable sitting directly next to a Black man. He learned to draft upside down so that he could sit across the desk from his clients who would see his drafts right-side-up. Struggling to gain attention, he served on the first Los Angeles City Planning Commission in 1920. From 1921 through 1924, <mask> worked for Los Angeles architect John C. Austin, eventually becoming chief draftsman, before establishing his own office.In 1923, <mask> became the first African-American member of the American Institute of Architects (AIA). In 1939, he won the AIA Award of Merit for his design of the MCA Building in Beverly Hills (now headquarters of the Paradigm Talent Agency). At one point in his career <mask> became interested in prefabricated structures. He worked together with Wallace Neff to design experimental Airform structures which were small homes that only took a few days to construct using simple materials. A. Quincy Jones (1913–79) was an architect who is claimed to have hired <mask> and later collaborated with him on projects in Palm Springs, including the Palm Springs Tennis Club (1947) and the Town & Country (1948) and Romanoff's on the Rocks (1948) restaurants. Lockheed and Guerdon Industries recruited <mask> to design a concept for a car-alternative travel system in Las Vegas. He developed the idea of a monorail-like system called the Skylift Magi-Cab that would bring people to and from McCarran Airport and the city center.During World War II, <mask> worked for the Navy Department as an architect. During his career <mask> designed over 2,000 buildings. Awards, recognition and honors

During his lifetime
In 1951, <mask> won the Omega Psi Phi fraternity, Man of the Year award and in 1953 he received the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP for his outstanding contributions as an architect and member of the African-American community. <mask> also received honorary doctorates from Lincoln University of Missouri (doctor of science, 1941), Howard University (doctor of architecture, 1952), and the Tuskegee Institute (doctor of fine arts, 1956). In 1956, he won an award for service, from Wisdom magazine, for "contributions to knowledge and distinguished service to mankind." In 1957, he became the first Black member to be inducted into the AIA's College of Fellows. An April 2, 1957 letter from the Executive Secretary of AIA, offered <mask> the honor of Fellowship and membership in the College of Fellows "for your notable contribution in Public Service."Posthumous honors
USC listed him among its distinguished alumni in the television commercial for the school shown during its football games in 2004. The American Institute of Architects (AIA) gave him its gold medal in 2017, 37 years after <mask>'s death. Publications
Book: The Small Home of Tomorrow (1945), with a successor volume New Homes for Today (1946). Essay: "I Am a Negro," American Magazine (1937). The following is a quote from that essay:I came to realize that I was being condemned, not by lack of ability, but by my color. I passed through successive stages of bewilderment, inarticulate protest, resentment, and, finally, reconciliation to the status of my race. Eventually, however, as I grew older and thought more clearly, I found in my condition an incentive to personal accomplishment, and inspiring challenge.Without having the wish to “show them,” I developed a fierce desire to “show myself.” I wanted to vindicate every ability I had. I wanted to acquire new abilities. I wanted to prove that I, as an individual, deserved a place in the world. Works

Private homes

<mask> designed more than 2,000 private homes, most of which were in the Hollywood Hills and the Mid-Wilshire portion of Los Angeles (including his own home in Lafayette Square), part of historic West Adams, Los Angeles. He also designed at least one home in the San Rafael district along with many others in Pasadena and La Cañada Flintridge. The Linda Vista Area of Pasadena has many Spanish Colonial and French Country homes of his design including many commissioned by business magnates (Chrysler Corporation) and actors. His most famous homes were for celebrities, and he was well regarded for his mastery of various architectural styles.Modern interpretations of Tudor-revival, French Chateau, Regency, French Country, and Mediterranean architecture were all within his vernacular. One notable home, the Jay Paley House, which he designed for Jay Paley in Holmby Hills, and later the residence of Barron Hilton, was used as the 'Colby mansion' in exterior scenes for The Colbys television series. <mask>'s client list included Frank Sinatra (the notorious pushbutton house), Bill "Bojangles" <mask>, Lon Chaney, Sr., Lucille Ball, Julie London, Tyrone Power (two houses), Barbara Stanwyck, Bert Lahr, Charles Correll, Will Hays, Zasu Pitts, and Danny Thomas. In contrast to these splendid mansions, <mask> co-designed with Hilyard <mask> the first federally funded public housing projects of the post-war period (Langston Terrace in Washington, D.C.) and later the Pueblo del Rio project in southeast Los Angeles. <mask> famously remarked upon the bitter irony of the fact that most of the homes he designed, and whose construction he oversaw, were on parcels whose deeds included segregation covenants barring Black people from purchasing them. A number of his works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Works
(In Los Angeles, unless otherwise noted)

28th Street YMCA, 1006 E. 28th St., Los Angeles (<mask>, <mask> R.), NRHP-listed
421 La Fayette Park Place, Los Angeles, CA
Angeles Mesa Elementary School, Los Angeles, California
Angelus Funeral Home, 1010 E. Jefferson Blvd., Los Angeles (<mask>, <mask>.), NRHP-listed
Arrowhead Springs Hotel & Spa, San Bernardino, California;
Beverly Hills Hotel (redesigned & added rooms in the 1940s)
Baldwin Hills Mall (original anchor stores).<mask> managed the interior and exterior redesign in 1950, then oversaw a second renovation after the restaurant was badly damaged by a fire in 1954. Pueblo del Rio Housing Project, Los Angeles, 1941
 Roberts House Ranch "The Tropical Terrace", Malibu, CA (The remains of the burned down structures can be explored on Solstice Canyon Trail in Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area.) Saks Fifth Avenue, Beverly Hills, 9600 Wilshire Bd, Los Angeles (with Parkinson & Parkinson)
 Seaview Palos Verdes, a mid-century modern tract neighborhood built from 1959 to 1960
Second Baptist Church, 1100 E. 24th St., Los Angeles (<mask>, <mask>.), NRHP-listed
Shrine Auditorium (<mask> helped prepare construction drawings as a young architect.) The retro-futuristic googie styled Theme Building at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). (In the 1960s as part of the Pereira & Luckman firm and with consulting engineers, <mask> helped design this futuristic landmark.) The Gatehouse (1940), for aviation pioneer Thomas F. Hamilton (Lake Arrowhead, California);
 UCLA Botany Building
Woodrow Wilson High School
One or more works in 27th Street Historic District, along 27th St., Los Angeles (Williams, <mask>), NRHP-listed
One or more works in Berkley Square, area bounded by Byrnes Ave., D St., Leonard Ave., and G St., Las Vegas, NV (<mask>, <mask> R.)
501 World Way, first parking structure at LAX, built in 1965

He also designed the Al Jolson tomb in Hillside Memorial Park, to where Jolson's body was moved in 1951. The tomb and fountain are prominently visible from the adjacent San Diego Freeway.It is perhaps a fitting tribute to both <mask> and Jolson that he was chosen to design Jolson's resting place since Jolson had a long history of supporting African-American entertainers, in a time when that was controversial. Professional records

In 1955, <mask> was hired to transform a W.W.Woolworth store at the corner of Broadway and 45th in Los Angeles into the Broadway Federal Savings and Loan. When the bank opened, <mask> safeguarded much of his business papers in the bank. During the fires that consumed the area after the <mask> trial in 1992, the Broadway Bank burned and it was feared that much of <mask>’ archives had been lost. <mask> family had carefully curated the documents and <mask>’ granddaughter, Karen Elyse Hudson,  agreed to the acquisition of the archive by the Getty Research Institute and the USC School of Architecture. In June 2020, Milton Curry of USC announced the contents of the archive: about 35,000 architectural plans, 10,000 original drawings, blueprints, photographs, and correspondence that help “fill the gaps of Los Angeles Modernism in the 20th century.”

Death

<mask> retired his practice in 1973, and died from diabetes on January 23, 1980, at age 85. His funeral was held at the First AME Church he designed, and the presiding minister, Rev.Cecil Murray, was joined in the pulpit by Dr. William H.D. Hornaday, the Senior Minister of Founder's Church of Religious Science, that <mask> also had designed. Dr. Hornaday described <mask> as a gentle and courtly man of the highest integrity. <mask> was interred in the Sanctuary of Radiance, Manchester Garden Mausoleum at Inglewood Park Cemetery, Inglewood. <mask>'s widow <mask> (1895–1996) co-founded (with Fannie <mask>) 'The Wilfandel Club' Established November 21, 1945, by black women active in the Los Angeles, California, community. The Wilfandel Club's goal has been to promote civic betterment, philanthropic endeavors, and general culture. The Wilfandel Club is the oldest African-American women's club in Los Angeles.Club meetings are still held at the beautiful Wilfandel Club House on 3425 West Adams Blvd in Los Angeles. <mask> survived her famous husband by 16 years, living to the age of 100; she died on July 24, 1996. Her funeral was held at Founder's Church of Religious Science, designed by her husband. She was interred in the <mask> crypt Inglewood Park Cemetery, Inglewood. On October 29, 2015 a monument and memorial plaza to <mask> was dedicated just to the north of the Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Building as part of its recent renovation. The monument, made by artist Georgia Toliver features a 9-foot-tall bas relief of <mask> with many of his significant works. The bas relief is flanked with interpretive panels with a biography of Mr. <mask> as well as a history of the Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company.Quotes

"If I allow the fact that I am a Negro to checkmate my will to do, now, I will inevitably form the habit of being defeated." "Planning is thinking beforehand how something is to be made or done, and mixing imagination with the product – which in a broad sense makes all of us planners. The only difference is that some people get a license to get paid for thinking and the rest of us just contribute our good thoughts to our fellow man." "Without having the wish to 'show them,' I developed a fierce desire to 'show myself,'" <mask> wrote in his 1937 essay for American Magazine, I Am a Negro. "I wanted to vindicate every ability I had. I wanted to acquire new abilities. I wanted to prove that I, AS AN INDIVIDUAL, deserved a place in the world.""Expensive homes are my business and social housing is my hobby." "Being a Californian was to my advantage. In California the people are interested in ideas that are new and fresh without the traditional or historical ties that are ordinarily more associated with East Coast thinking." Legacy
 <mask> is featured on the documentary series Profiles of African-American Success. Hollywood Style is a book by Karen Hudson (<mask>'s granddaughter) about his houses. The 99% Invisible podcast "The Architect of Hollywood" looks into <mask>' life and influence
 The documentary Hollywood's Architect: The <mask><mask> Story aired on PBS in February 2020. A collection of 280 photographs was published in 2020 by Janna Ireland featuring <mask>' work, called Regarding <mask>. <mask>: A Photographer's View.Notes

References

 Sennot, Stephen, Samudio, Jeffrey B. (contributing editor), "Encyclopedia of 20th Century Architecture: <mask> <mask>", Routledge, Taylor & Francis Publishers, January, 2004, 1,500 word biography of life and professional work
 Yenser, Thomas (editor), Who's Who in Colored America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Persons of African Descent in America, Who's Who in Colored America, Brooklyn, New York, 1930-1931-1932 (Third Edition)
 Hewitt, Mark Alan, "<mask>, <mask>.," in Joan Marter, Editor, Grove Encyclopedia of American Art (New York: Oxford Univ. Press: 2011); online edition. Getty, USC acquire vital archives,  Files of <mask> https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/latimes/default.aspx?edid=0ab16371-019d-4332-93b6-54231ce617a6

External links

  Hollywood’s Architect: The Paul R<mask> Story
 USC Trojan biographical page
 1928 <mask> Renovation Photos, James V. Coane & Associates Architects
 Paul <mask>ere Williams Project Website

African-American architects
20th-century American architects
Architects from Los Angeles
Mediterranean Revival architects
1894 births
1980 deaths
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
People from South Los Angeles
Burials at Inglewood Park Cemetery
USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni
Spingarn Medal winners
USC School of Architecture alumni
Beaux-Arts Institute of Design (New York City) alumni
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles
Recipients of the AIA Gold Medal

masks:
Paul Revere Williams
Williams
Lila Wright Williams
Paul
Williams
Williams
Paul Revere
Williams Jr
Williams
Williams Harvey
Williams
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Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
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Williams
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Williams
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Robinson
Williams
Robinson
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Paul R
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Paul R
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Paul
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Paul
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Rodney King
Williams
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Della Williams
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Della Williams
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Paul Williams
Paul Williams
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<mask> is a Lithuanian artist and sculptor. The art critic Virginijus Kinčinaitis  said of his work:

Biography
<mask> was born in 1947 in Dusmenys Village, Lithuania. From 1966 to 1972 he studied sculpture at the State Institute of Art (in 1989 renamed to Vilnius Academy of Art). His tutors were Bronius Vyšniauskas, Gediminas Jokūbonis and Konstantinas Bogdanas. After graduation, from 1972 to 1973 he worked at the Vilnius Monument Restoration Institute and served in the army. Since 1973 he has lived and worked in Panevėžys. From 1974 to 1987 he worked as a teacher of art at the Panevėžys art school.He has been a member of the Lithuanian Artists' Union since 1975. During the period from 1989 to 1993 he was elected chairman of the Panevėžys branch of the Lithuanian Artists' Union. He created numerous copper sheet reliefs and sculptures for interior and exterior as commissioned by the public institutions, as well as small sculpture and ceramic sculpture pieces, plastic compositions, objects and pastels. Solo exhibitions
 1977 Exhibition Plastic Compositions. Lithuanian Art Foundation, Vilnius
 1992 Exhibition of sculpture and plastic compositions. Panevėžys Art Gallery
 1993 Exhibition of Small Plastic works and Drawings. Gallery XX, Panevėžys
 1993 Exhibition of Sculpture plastic compositions.St.Jonas str. Gallery, Vilnius
 1994 Exhibition of Small Plastic works. Gallery of Medals, Vilnius
 Pastel Works, Panevėžys Art Gallery
 1995 Exhibition of Small Plastic works. Germed Gallery, Berlin, Germany
 1997 Exhibition of Sculpture and Drawings. Panevėžys Civic Art Gallery
 Exhibition of Sculpture and Drawings. Arka Gallery, Vilnius
 1998 Exhibition of sculpture and drawings. J.Miltinis Drama Theatre, Panevėžys
 2000 Exhibition of Sculpture plastic compositions.Gallery „Kauno langas“, Kaunas
 2001 Exhibition of Sculpture. Panevėžys Civic Art Gallery
 2002 Exhibition of Sculpture plastic compositions. Panevėžys Civic Art Gallery
 Exhibition of Sculpture plastic compositions. Gallery of Medals, Vilnius
 2003 Exhibition of Sculpture plastic compositions. Bikuskis Manor
 Small form sculpture, Academy of Sciences of the RofL, Vilnius
 2005 Exhibition of Sculpture plastic compositions. Laiptai Gallery, Šiauliai
 2007 Exhibition of Sculpture plastic compositions. Panevėžys Art Gallery

Group exhibitions
 1973 The Second National Exhibition of Young Artists' Work.Čiurlionis Art Museum, Kaunas
 1974 The Third National Exhibition of Young Artists'Work. Art Palace, Panevėžys
 1975 Exhibition „Our Country“. Art Palace, Vilnius
 1976 National Exhibition of Young Artists' Work. Art Palace, Vilnius
 1983 National Sculpture Exhibition. Art Palace, Vilnius
 1974-1990 Spring Exhibition of the Panevėžys Artists' Work. Panevėžys Art Palace, Panevėžys Art Gallery
 1992 Exhibition of Lithuanian Sculpture. Abenraa, Denmark
 1995 7th Panevėžys International ceramic symposium exhibition.Panevėžys Civic Art Gallery
 Exhibition „1995: Art in Lithuania“. Contemporary Art Center, Vilnius
 1996 Exhibition of the Panevėžys Artists' Work. Art Exhibition Palace, Klaipėda
 1998 Exhibition of the Panevėžys Artist's Work. Kėdainiai Town Hall Art Gallery
 Exhibition „Panevėžys Art –30“. Panevėžys Civic Art Gallery
 Exhibition of artist's group "Plekšne". Arka Gallery, Vilnius
 1999 Exhibition of artist’s group „Plekšne“. Gallery of Medals, Vilnius
 11th Panevėžys International ceramic symposium exhibition.Panevėžys Civic Art Gallery
 Exhibition "Lithuanian Ceramics". Schloss Ort castle, Gmunden, Austria
 Panevėžys Art Days in Vilnius. Artists Palace, Vilnius
 2000 Exhibition "Chamber Sculpture". Gallery of Medals, Vilnius
 "Arka" 10th anniversary exhibition. Arka Gallery, Vilnius
 "Panevėžys Civic Art Gallery Ceramic Collection 1989-1999". Panevėžys Civic Art Gallery
 2001 Lithuanian Collection of the ceramics generated during the Panevėžys
 International ceramic symposiums. Arka Gallery, Vilnius
 Exhibition of Works of the Lithuanian Sculptors.The President's Office Gardens, Vilnius
 13th Panevėžys International ceramic symposium exhibition. Panevėžys Civic Art Gallery
 Exhibition of Works of the Lithuanian Sculptors. Birštonas Local Government Building
 Exhibition of Photographs of Monuments as Tombstones. Gallery of Medals, Vilnius
 Gallery of Medals 10th anniversary exhibition. Gallery of Medals, Vilnius
 2002 Sculpture exhibition "Bronze Metamorphoses". Gallery of Medals, Vilnius
 Exhibition "10x10". Gallery XX, Panevėžys
 Exhibition "New creation".Gallery of Medals, Vilnius
 "Collection' 2002" fine arts review arranged by the Lithuanian Artists Union, Šiauliai Art Gallery
 2003 Exhibition-contest "Sculpture Gardens of Bernardins", St.John's Gallery, Vilnius
 Exhibition "Panevėžys Art Days'2003". Panevėžys Civic Art Gallery
 Exhibition of Lithuanian ceramics "Paraphrases". Hacettepe University Art Gallery, Turkey
 Ceramic Collection of Panevėžys Civic Art Gallery. The President's Office Gardens, Vilnius
 2004 Exhibition of the Panevėžys Artists' Work. LDS Gallery, Kaunas
 15th Panevėžys International ceramic symposium exhibition. Panevėžys Civic Art Gallery
 National exhibition "SPACE- monumental art-architecture". Arka Gallery, Vilnius
 2005 Exhibition of the Panevėžys Artists' Work.LDS Gallery, Klaipėda
 Exhibition "Panevėžys Art Days'2005". Panevėžys Civic Art Gallery
 Exhibition of the Panevėžys Artists' Work "Panevėžys – Vilnius". Arka Gallery, Vilnius
 Project "Clay on Clay"(KLAAI OP KLAAI). Exhibition "Selected works of Panevėžys
 "International Ceramic Symposiums". Groate Kerk St. Jacobiparochie, Het Bildt, The Netherlands
 Contemporary Art of Aukštaitija. Panevėžys Civic Art Gallery
 2006 Exhibition "SPACE 1990-2005. Monumental art".Panevėžys Civic Art Gallery
 Exhibition of the Panevėžys Artists' Work "Panevėžys – Jelgava". G. Eliasa museum of art and history, Jelgava, Latvia
 National exhibition of graphic arts and sculpture "Space – plane – body". Contemporary Art Center, Vilnius
 2007 Exhibition "Selected works of the Panevezys International Ceramic Symposiums", Lithuanian Center, the Lithuanian Embassy in Poland, Warsaw, Poland

Symposiums, Pleinairs
 1995 7th Panevėžys International Ceramic Symposium
 1999 11th Panevėžys International Ceramic Symposium
 2000 International Ice Sculpture Symposium, Jelgava, Latvia
 2001 1st International Pleinair. Ecological –educational actions „Vision of Metal“, Onuškis, Lithuania
 13th Panevėžys International Ceramic Symposium
 5th bronze symposium. Foundry "Bronze Age" of the Lithuanian Artists Union, Vilnius
 2004 15th Panevėžys International Ceramic Symposium

Sculptures in public spaces
 Sculpture on the grave of actor Bronius Babkauskas (architect R. Eigelis). 1976, granite, 210x70 cm, Graveyard of the Christ the King Cathedral, Ramygalos Str., Panevėžys
 Birds (architect R. Vyšniauskas). 1985, copper, 645x150 cm, Front yard of the Panevėžys Water Supply and Sewer organization (in 1995 renamed to Joint Stock Company „Aukštaitijos vandenys“ (Aukštaitija Waters)
 Spring.1986, copper, 190x100 cm, Interior of the Panevėžys Water Supply and Sewer organization office building (in 1995 renamed to Joint Stock Company „Aukštaitijos vandenys“ (Aukštaitija Waters)
 Waiting. 1987, copper, 170x70 cm, Panevėžys Land Museum
 Tranquility. 1987, copper, 137x50 cm, Panevėžys Land Museum
 Sails (architect M. Steponavičius). 1988, copper, 270x100 cm, Panevėžys Local Government Building
 Pieta (architect V. Andriuška). 1990, copper, granite, 400x80 cm, Churchyard of the Panevėžys Holy Trinity church
 Snail (architect A. Barzdžiukas). 1995, granite, 120x80 cm, Exterior of the Lithuanian Savings Bank Panevėžys office
 Monument to participants of the 1863 year uprising (architect A. Beresnevičius). 1998, granite, 280x176x120 cm, Uprising square, Panevėžys
 Tranquility.1999, copper, 180x50 cm, Vytauto str., Palanga
 Blossom (architect R. Lukšas). 1999, copper, 120x120 cm, Urbšio str. Panevėžys
 Monument to St. Roch in Onuškis township. 2004, stoneware, metal, 450x80x80 cm, Onuškis, central square

References

1947 births
Living people
People from Trakai District Municipality
Lithuanian artists
Vilnius Academy of Arts alumni

masks:
Juozas Lebednykas
Juozas Lebednykas


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<mask>. Previously, he served as Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries under Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt. From 2004 to 2013 he served as a Member of the European Parliament for the Social Democrats, as a part of the Party of European Socialists. Early life and education
<mask> grew up in Morud on the Danish island of Funen, attended high school at Nordfyns Gymnasium, and university at the University of Aarhus, from which he holds a master's degree in Political Science. He also studied Political Science at the University of Washington. Political career

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–2013
<mask> became a Member of the European Parliament for Denmark in the 2004 European elections with 10,350 personal votes and re-elected in 2009 with 233,266 personal votes. In parliament, <mask> was the head of the Danish delegation of Social Democrats, the country's largest group at the time.He served as vice-chair of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety from 2004, and was a substitute on the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, he was also a member of the parliament's delegation for relations with Iran and a substitute on the delegation for relations with the United States. Career in Danish politics
In February 2014, as Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, <mask> signed a regulation which banned ritual slaughter of animals without prior stunning. In the 2015 Danish general election, <mask> became a member of the Folketing. Minister of Climate and Energy and Public Utilities, 2019 - present
<mask> became Minister of Climate and Energy and Public Utilities in the Mette Frederiksen cabinet, following the June 2019 election. <mask> and his government have made international news with the agreement to reduce Denmark's territorial emissions by 70% in 2030 compared to 1990, the decision to stop oil and gas exploration after 2050 (also driven by the fact that only one company applied for a lease in the latest auction), and the energy islands in the North Sea. Also in 2020, Denmark agreed with Germany on closer cooperation in their offshore wind power development via clusters in the North and Baltic Seas to spur renewable energy and hydrogen production.However, green NGOs have largely viewed <mask>'s tenure negatively in 2020. More than a year after having set an ambitious reduction target for the decade, there are in February 2021 no concrete plans for dealing with the remaining two thirds of the needed reductions to achieve the Danish 2030 emission target. The government has described their climate action strategy as a "hockey stick"-model. This means they plan to await new technologies and falling costs and thus only achieve most reductions at the end of the decade - this strategy has been described by other political parties as a "Bjørn Lomborg" dream. Despite pleas from the UNFCCC, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Danish Economic Councils and the Danish Council on Climate Change, <mask> has postponed the implementation of a higher carbon pricing mechanism, even though Denmark was a pioneer with its adoption in 1992. The opposition to higher carbon taxes was positively received by associations representing the major emitting sectors such as the Confederation of Danish Industry and Danish Agriculture and Food Council. As of January 2021, Denmark stands to have a much lower price on carbon than its neighbours in 2030, with consequences such as trucks from Germany waiting to refuel until they are in Denmark to benefit from the low diesel prices in Denmark.Denmark is also one of the four EU countries without carbon taxes on passenger flights. In fact, <mask>'s government had plans to guarantee domestic flights during the COVID-19 crisis by subsidising domestic flights, a decision decried by green NGOs and the supporting parties Red-Green Alliance and the Socialist People's Party. The decision was not implemented as the European Commission would not approve it due to regulations on state aid. <mask> and the Danish government's initial proposal for a law on electric vehicles would add 500.000 electric vehicles (incl. plugin-hybrid vehicles) by 2030. Had the proposal been agreed upon, it would have meant more cars with only internal combustion engines than in 2020 in Denmark. Because of pressure from other political parties, it was agreed that there would be 775.000 electric vehicles by 2030.During his tenure, <mask> entered a formal agreement with the cement manufacturer Aalborg Portland (Denmark's largest carbon emitter standing for 4% of the national emissions) concluding that they did not have to reduce their annual emissions below their 1990 level of 1.54 million CO2 tons. Similarly, <mask> has been criticised for allowing state-owned companies to continue the build-out of fossil fuel infrastructure like a natural gas pipeline of 115 km, with an associated socio-economic cost of $113 million for Denmark. In a formal answer to the Parliament, <mask> confirmed that the gas pipeline would not reduce the carbon emissions in the short term nor add any jobs in Denmark. <mask> received a "nose" in June 2020, a formal criticism by a majority in the Parliament for delaying negotiations with other political parties on biofuels. As stipulated in the Climate Act, the Danish Council on Climate Change has to make annual recommendations for and provide a status update on the Danish government's climate efforts. In February 2021, the Danish Council on Climate Council does not find it likely that <mask>'s government will achieve the target of a 70% reduction of greenhouse gases by 2030. Following the release of the 6th IPCC report, <mask> said that alarm bells should ring for anyone having influence on climate politics in Denmark or abroad.While Denmark is one of the countries with the largest carbon footprint per capita, <mask> added that Denmark should not increase their ambitions, but help other countries copy Denmark's efforts. He also commented that large emitters should not be treated equally: large companies growing their production should not be compared to the ones not transforming their production, disregarding the fact that what matters with regards to global warming is the total amount of carbon emissions, not the intensity of the production. Despite these controversies, <mask> is a strong climate change communicator. Some examples include a podcast in English called Planet A and a campaign with videos on Facebook advising Danes to put more vegetables in their meatballs. The campaign with Mogens Jensen cost Danish taxpayers 1.2 million kroner. Bibliography
Staunings arv - vejen til et lykkeligt Danmark (2018, People's Press)
Beyond deniers and believers - towards a map of the politics of climate change (2015, Global Environmental Change, co-author)
Grønt håb - Klimapolitik 2.0 (2010, Forlaget Sohn)
Mellem Mars og Venus - EU's rolle i fremtidens verdensorden (2009, Forlaget Sohn)
Politikere med begge ben på jorden hænger ikke på træerne (2009, Informations Forlag)
Grøn Globalisering - miljøpolitik i forandring (2007, Hovedland)
Eurovisioner - Essays om fremtidens Europa (2006, Informations Forlag)

References

External links

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1975 births
Living people
People from Odense
Aarhus University alumni
Government ministers of Denmark
Agriculture ministers of Denmark
Danish Ministers of Climate and Energy
Social Democrats (Denmark) politicians
Social Democrats (Denmark) MEPs
MEPs for Denmark 2009–2014
MEPs for Denmark 2004–2009
Members of the Folketing 2015–2019
Members of the Folketing 2019–2023

masks:
Dan Jannik JørgensenMette Frederiksen
Jørgensen
Jørgensen
Jørgensen
Jørgensen
Jørgensen
Dan Jørgensen
Jørgensen
Jørgensen
Jørgensen
Jørgensen
Dan Jørgensen
Jørgensen
Jørgensen
Dan Jørgensen
Dan Jørgensen
Dan Jørgensen
Dan Jørgensen
Dan Jørgensen
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<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (November 26, 1923 – July 18, 2011) was an American sports announcer who specialized in doing play-by-play radio broadcasts of games that he had never seen, using information sent using Morse code from the stadiums where the games were played to provide listeners with vivid recreations of the actual games, in which <mask> would describe each pitch and play, combined with sound effects to make the depiction more vivid to listeners. <mask> was hired by the Brooklyn Dodgers to announce recreated games played away from Ebbets Field to a network of radio stations on the East Coast that included more than 100 stations, providing facsimile coverage of 1,500 Dodgers games, despite never having seen one in person. Early life
<mask> was born in Dallas, Texas on November 26, 1923. As a child, he moved with his family to Ridgeway, Virginia, and would recreate games in his imagination using lineups that he had taken from the local paper. He served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. After receiving training in radio broadcasting, <mask> hosted musical and dance programs on the air, and covered baseball and other sporting events for stations in the Washington area, producing both live and recreated accounts. Dodgers game recreation
Walter O'Malley, owner of the Dodgers, wanted to create a radio network to reach fans of the Dodgers located on the East Coast of the United States.Someone who had previous experience simulating games was desired, as such broadcasts were far less expensive than sending announcers and the required support staff to various stadiums. Assigned to find the right candidate, Dodgers president Buzzie Bavasi hired <mask>, who was working at the time for radio station WEAM in Virginia. Invited to spend time with the Dodgers at spring training, he observed the players in action, with an eye for details of each player's mannerisms that he could use in his recreations. <mask> began his broadcasting career with the Dodgers in 1949, and his recreations were presented on more than 100 radio stations by the following season. During his time with the Dodgers, he broadcast 1,500 games from a studio in Washington, D.C., beginning each one with a statement required by the Federal Communications Commission that the contents of the radio program were a recreation of an actual game and then starting each game by stating "This is <mask>, from Ebbets Field!" <mask> maintained notes and pictures in his studio of each National League ballpark to help make his descriptions as vivid as possible. An assistant sitting outside his recording booth would take details from the play by play feed and prepare a script listing the details of each half inning.<mask> would be notified of any gap in game play so that he would be able to stretch out the material with added commentary until the typed sheets needed for the next half inning were completed. Using the information transmitted about each pitch from the ballpark, <mask> would provide a running account of the game, using his knowledge of the players and their individual characteristics and quirks to provide a running color commentary for a game he could not see. Most of the sound effects he used were from recordings, though he had a knack for using dental clicks to simulate the sound of a ball being struck by the bat. He used records and tape recordings of the National Anthem, crowd murmurs, roars and jeers to help maintain the verisimilitude of the broadcasts, though sportswriter Leslie Timms of the Spartanburg Herald-Journal would reminisce that he could never figure out why the same vendor was shouting "Cold Beer, Here" regardless of which stadium the Dodgers were playing in. <mask> himself supplied the voice of the beer vendor, leaning away from the microphone to simulate the voice coming from the stands. If transmissions were not received from the live game, he might add in improvised foul balls; extensive lags could be turned into an imaginary rain delay to buy additional time, with thunder simulated by crinkling a piece of cellophane. In a 1955 article, sportswriter Red Smith described how <mask> never claimed to be broadcasting from Ebbets Field, but didn't make it clear that he wasn't, "kind of leaving it up to the listeners to decide for themselves."After Fred Saigh, then owner of 90% of the St. Louis Cardinals, was convicted of income tax evasion and sentenced to 15 months in federal prison in January 1953, <mask> was part of a group of prospective buyers that sought to buy the team from Saigh. A month later, Saigh sold the team to a group led by the owners of Anheuser-Busch, accepting a lower offer of $3.75 million to keep the team in St. Louis. From 1950 until 1961, <mask> did 1,500 broadcasts of games played by the Dodgers, though he never saw the team play in person. Washington Post sportswriter Bob Addie called <mask> the "king of the baseball re-creators", an art whose practitioners included Ronald Reagan. He was awarded a ring when the Dodgers won the 1955 World Series, their only championship in Brooklyn. Improving technology and the move of the Dodgers to Los Angeles in 1958 cost <mask> many of his fans, with the team's evening home games starting at 11:00 PM in the Eastern Time Zone where his radio stations were located. Custom recreations
In the years after he retired from broadcasting for the Dodgers, <mask> began a company producing simulated recreations of sporting events, in which he would insert names supplied by customers as part of the recording.One client wanted to have himself inserted as a catcher for Dizzy Dean, pitching for the Cardinals in the 1934 World Series against the Detroit Tigers, while another customer had his father's name inserted into a game in which he supposedly played alongside Babe Ruth for the New York Yankees. Other recordings had couch potatoes playing for the Boston Celtics, boxing at Madison Square Garden and playing golf at the U.S. Open. During the 1981 Major League Baseball strike, <mask> produced a manufactured account of the All-Star Game that was scheduled to have been played that year at Municipal Stadium in Cleveland, but had been cancelled due to the work stoppage. The Washington Post lauded "the fantasy created by Mr. <mask>" that evening, noting that he "had listeners sensing a breezy, summer Ohio night perfect for baseball". Before the strike was settled after half of the 1982 NFL season had been lost, Allbright broadcast eight simulated games featuring the Washington Redskins facing their scheduled opponents, setting the imaginary pace for a season in which the Redskins would in reality go on to win Super Bowl XVII. Death
<mask> died of pneumonia on July 18, 2011, in Arlington, Virginia at the Virginia Hospital Center. He was survived by his wife, as well as by a daughter and a son.References

1923 births
2011 deaths
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Brooklyn Dodgers announcers
Deaths from pneumonia in Virginia
Major League Baseball broadcasters
People from Ridgeway, Virginia
Military personnel from Dallas

masks:
Nathan Matthew
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<mask> (; July 7, 1914 – January 29, 2004) was a Russian  and Soviet composer, who was born in the Imperial Russia, and died in Russia. He was often credited as S<mask> in his musical works and his cameo appearance in Russian television series. <mask> is known for his patriotic and officially ideological compositions. Early years
<mask> was born in Kaluga, western Russia, to the family of bookkeeper Grigoriy Boboedov. Both parents of <mask> were active in choirs during their youth, and <mask> was deeply immersed in music during his childhood. He was eventually enrolled into the Kaluga Academy of Music, and at the age of 18, he studied at many conservatoires in Russia. A promising composer
During the mid-1940s <mask> composed a range of melodious lyrical-patriotic songs which became quite popular, for instance, "The Kursk Nightingale" ("Курский соловей"), with lyrics by Olga Fadeeva.The majority of these songs celebrated the return of peaceful life to war-torn Russia. <mask> was also heavily influenced by the post-war trend in Soviet popular music towards increasingly archaic and folkloristic imagery and melodic formulas, for instance, in songs such as "They have come for a sojourn" ("Приезжали на побывку") (lyrics by Yakov Belinsky), "Moscow the Capital" ("Москва-столица"), and "Blossom, my Homeland!" ("Цвети, наш край")(lyrics by Sergei Vasiliev). National fame came to <mask> in 1947, when he composed "We Are for Peace" ("Мы - за мир! "), with lyrics by , a marching song meant to mobilize the masses all over the world on behalf of the USSR-led effort to prevent the escalation of international tensions during the early phase of the Cold War. In 1951, <mask> composed "March of the Soviet Youth" ("Марш советской молодежи") (lyrics by Yevgeniy Dolmatovsky) which received the First Prize at the 3rd World Festival of Youth and Students held in East Berlin. This march continued and developed the pattern established by the composer in "We Are for Peace!"; unbridled optimism, mass-mobilizing appeal, and sunny imagery. The initial version of the "March of the Soviet Youth" contained the following words: "Our youth carry love for their Great Leader in their hearts! Stalin is leading us into the future! The path he has chosen for us is the right one!" After Nikita Khrushchev's "de-Stalinization" campaign in 1956, these words were duly replaced. Throughout most of the 1950s, <mask> continued to compose for all sorts of official ideological occasions, including Communist Party of the Soviet Union congresses, youth festivals, and professional conventions. <mask>'s style of optimism found its expression in such songs as "This is Us, the Youth!"("Это мы, молодежь")(lyrics by Lev Oshanin), written on the occasion of the 5th World Festival of Youth and Students held in Warsaw in 1955, "My Beloved Motherland" ("Родина любимая моя") (lyrics by Andrei Dostal), dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the October Revolution in 1957. With time, <mask>'s style of mass-marching songs had undergone some substantial changes. In the beginning his marches were dynamic and energetic, strongly influenced by the mass songs of Isaak Dunayevsky, but by the late 1950s, <mask>'s marches became more solemn, more static and more hymnal, as in "My Beloved Motherland". In his more lyrical songs of his early career, <mask> developed his style of heartfelt and quiet melodies. Such songs include "My Love, my Life" ("Жизнь моя, любовь моя") (lyrics by Anton Prishelets), "I Love You, my Sea" ("Я люблю тебя, море") (lyrics by Anatoly Salnikov), "Above the Moscow River" ("Над Москвою-рекой") (lyrics by Lev Kondyrev), and "Golden Altai" ("Алтай золотой") (lyrics by Tsezar Solodar). The composer also made his contribution to a subgenre of the Soviet song, the army song. He authored a song dedicated to the Soviet Pacific Fleet, "Above the Bleak Kuriles Range" ("Над серой Курильской грядою") (lyrics by Nikolai Bukin), a work which combined elements of heroic devotion to the Motherland with pensiveness and longing for the far-away family and its comforts.In reflecting on the sources of inspiration for his songs, <mask> <mask> later confessed that it came mostly from the reminiscences of his homeland, Kaluga, and most of the elements within the songs were present in Kaluga. In the early 1960s, <mask> would write a song dedicated to Kaluga, properly entitled "The Town of My Youth" ("Город юности моей") (lyrics by Mikhail Pliatskovsky), a sweet and unassuming yet sincere and heartfelt song. During Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign of bringing the vast steppes of Kazakhstan and South Siberia into agricultural use, <mask> composed another well known song, "Komsomol Direction" ("Комсомольская путевка") (lyrics by Tsezar Solodar), which declared: "On the go! On the go! The Komsomol direction calls us! And the merry song at the threshold sees us off forward!" Mature phase

Many of the older generation of Soviet composers did not feel particularly comfortable after the onset of the television age in the 1960s.<mask> <mask> adjusted himself, and established himself as one of the leading and most popular Soviet songwriters.) His repertoire, as well as the stylistic forms he used, expanded significantly. On the one hand, <mask> composed such near-hymnal solemn songs as "Lenin is Forever with You" (lyrics by Lev Oshanin), perhaps one of the most successful and widely known Soviet songs dedicated to Vladimir Lenin, and "Motherland" (lyrics by Yuri Polukhin). On the other hand, he wrote songs which clearly carried in themselves an imprint of the cultural thaw of the 1960s, such as "Smile!" (lyrics by Mikhail Pliatskovsky), "Equation with One Unknown" (lyrics by Mikhail Pliatskovsky), and "This will Never Be Repeated" (lyrics by Mikhail Pliatskovsky) These contained no explicit elements of ideology or patriotism, and they were decidedly divorced from the folkloristic tradition in which the majority of <mask>'s lyrical songs of the 1940s-50s were rendered. <mask> continued to contribute mass songs dedicated to various important events in Soviet history and politics. His song "To the Distant Planets!"(lyrics by Yuri Polukhin) was a work of optimism designed to celebrate the USSR's technological breakthroughs. Unsurprisingly, it was written in the wake of Yuri Gagarin's first space journey in 1961. In 1964, <mask>'s only opera, Barankin, bud' chelovekom, premiered in Moscow. In the late 1960s <mask> began to compose songs with overtly neo-Slavophile overtones. They were all dedicated to Russia, yet were different from his previous patriotic style. They became explicitly more folkloristic and filled with rural and natural imagery, such as Russia's meadows, fields, sky, lakes and rivers. The elements of wistfulness and even light sadness, as if bidding farewell to something destined to extinction, became more and more prominent.Examples of this period include  "There, Far Away is my Russia" (lyrics by Vladimir Kharitonov), "Love Confession" (lyrics by Mikhail Tanich), "Treasure Russia" (lyrics by Oleg Miliavsky), and "My Native Homeland" (lyrics by Peter Gradov). <mask> continued to write songs dedicated to the Soviet Army, its exploits and traditions, such as "Veterans' Souls Do Not Age" (lyrics by Yakov Belinsky), which became popular with the USSR leadership, itself composed of many who actively participated in the Great Patriotic War, and "The Son of Russia" (lyrics by Vladimir Kharitonov). <mask> became notorious for composing multiple songs about Lenin and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. For instance, an incredibly pompous and anthem-like song "I Sing of My Motherland" (lyrics by Nikolai Dorizo) was dedicated to the opening of the 26th Party Congress in 1981. The song praised the strength and the global mission of the Soviet state and pointed out that this strength was not based on fear and intimidation but rather on genuine achievements and generosity of the Soviet people. In the early 1960s <mask> wrote a very successful song about Moscow, "I sing of you, my Moscow" (lyrics by Yuri Polukhin). The phrase "Moscow, your fame is flying on the wings of your glory all over the world!Moscow, you are the heart of my Motherland!" became legendary. In the 1970s, <mask> contributed several songs to the project of constructing the Baykal-Amur Mainline railway, launched by the Soviet government in 1974–75. The "BAM Waltz" (lyrics by Mikhail Pliatskovsky) became perhaps the most famous of these songs. Assessment

As the Soviet Union unravelled in the late 1980s, <mask> <mask> found himself increasingly isolated to deal with the change. <mask>'s traditionalism, as well as his penchant for slow-flowing and sweet lyrical tunes, was sharply at odds with the newly fashionable avant-garde and radical rejection of harmony and tranquility in music, in favor of cacophony and wild rhythms. <mask> gradually faded away from public prominence.He died in retirement in 2004. Some of his musical legacy has been resurrected by the lovers of Soviet music. However, the majority of what has been reissued and revived has been <mask>'s most non-political, light lyrical music of the 1960s-70s. References

External links
Biography on the website Yandex. Dictionary
  Honorary Citizens of Kaluga
  Туликова А. С.  Жизнь, прожитая не зря. Личность и творчество композитора Серафима Туликова. - Москва: Издательский Дом Тончу, 2014.- 560с. , ил. 1914 births
2004 deaths
People from Kaluga
People from Kaluga Governorate
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Russian male classical composers
Soviet composers
Soviet male composers
Russian opera composers
Male opera composers
Soviet classical pianists
20th-century classical pianists
Russian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
People's Artists of the USSR
People's Artists of the RSFSR
Stalin Prize winners
Soviet classical musicians
Russian classical musicians
Russian songwriters
Russian film score composers
Male film score composers
Moscow Conservatory alumni
Socialist realism
Burials at Vagankovo Cemetery
20th-century Russian male musicians

masks:
Serafim Sergeyevich Tulikov
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<mask> (born in Vega Baja, Puerto Rico) has contributed to the field of Latino/a Studies as an author and professor. She is the founding director of The Latinx Project, and has written eight books and many articles on issues ranging from depictions of public images of Latinos, marketing to Latinos, cultural politics in Puerto Rico, and Latinization of the United States. Her research focuses on race and ethnicity, media studies, and Puerto Rican national identities. She is a professor at New York University. Education and academic career
In 1987, <mask> received her bachelor of arts in anthropology from Tufts University. In 1990, she received a master's degree in Anthropology and Museum Studies from New York University. She received her Ph.D. in Cultural Anthropology from the City University of New York in 1996.She is affiliated with the American Anthropological Association, the Puerto Rican Studies Association, the American Studies Association and the Latin American Studies Association. Davila holds the title of Professor of Anthropology, American Studies and Social and Cultural Analysis at New York University. Her primary focus and research has been on Latino experiences in the United States and their representation in the media. Research interests
Race and ethnicity: <mask> highlights the cultural clashes that occur between Latinos in her book Barrio Dreams as well as in her other texts. By addressing the issues of race and ethnicity that arise not only with the United States but also the racial divides that occur between Latinos, Davila brings to light how race and ethnicity dominate not only in other cultural areas but also within the Latino community. Nationalism: <mask> focuses on this subject in Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico. She highlights the importance of understanding the sense of cultural nationalism that exists between Puerto Ricans and the United States.The subject of how nationalism has become a political construct is analyzed in various different forms. Media studies: <mask> devotes her attention to the marginalization of Latinos in the media and their general stereotypical representation that can be seen in various different media outlets. Political economy and globalization: The politics of museum and visual representation
Urban studies: <mask> focus her attention on Latinos in urban areas, primarily Puerto Ricans in New York. Creative Economies and Consumption: <mask> delves into the issues surrounding the Latino market and how Latino consumption can be analyzed by contemporary Latino politics. Latinos in the US: This is <mask>'s main focus of her written work, analyzing how Latinos are viewed and the dynamics that arise from the Latino culture in the United States. Book descriptions
Barrio Dreams: <mask> writes about the Latino and specifically Puerto Rican experience in New York with a focus on social and racial classes. The University of California Press said “Barrio Dreams makes a compelling case that—despite neoliberalism's race-and ethnicity-free tenets—dreams of economic empowerment are never devoid of distinct racial and ethnic considerations.”
Latinos, Inc: Dávila explores the increasing marketing to and of Latinos as their population increases in the US.<mask> concludes that Latinos are increasingly exoticized and invisible in the marketplace despite their presence and increase in population. The University of California press describes the book: “In a fascinating discussion of how populations have become reconfigured as market segments, she [<mask>] shows that the market and marketing discourse become important terrains where Latinos debate their social identities and public standing.”
Latino Spin: <mask> argues that Latinos do contribute to US society and are more American than Americans. She contrasts her argument with the increasingly common US attitude that Latinos are negatively impacting US national identity. Latinx Art: <mask> draws on numerous interviews with artists, dealers, and curators to explore the problem of visualizing Latinx art and artists. Providing an inside and critical look of the global contemporary art market, <mask>'s book is at once an introduction to contemporary Latinx art and a call to decolonize the art world and practices that erase and whitewash Latinx artists. Mambo Montage: <mask> looks at Mambo (a Cuban dance) and the latinization of New York City. Sponsored Identities: <mask> examines the Institute for Puerto Rican Culture, the Puerto Rican national identity, and authenticity in Puerto Rican culture.She also describes commercialization increasingly as culture in Puerto Rico. Culture Works: <mask> shows that the cultural economy, while appearing to be accessible to all, is not. Neoliberal policies and racial and social divides keep the cultural economy specific to certain races and classes. <mask> uses Puerto Rico, New York City, and Buenos Aires as examples as how similar processes of unequal cultural production and distribution of its benefits transcend locales. El Mall: <mask> looks at hopping mall culture that exists in Latin America. Her research takes into account the spatial and class politics of Latin American shopping malls. She argues that shopping malls anchor significant debates on the future of Latin American societies and influence modernity and democracy.Published works

Books
El Mall: The Spatial and Class Politics of Shopping Malls in Latin America. University of California Press, 2016. Culture Works: Space, Value and Mobility Across the Neoliberal Americas NYU Press, 2012. Latino Spin: Public Image and the Whitewashing of Race. NYU Press, 2008
Barrio Dreams: Puerto Ricans, Latinos and the Neoliberal City. University of California Press, 2004
Latinos Inc.: Marketing and the Making of a People. University of California Press, 2001.Mambo Montage: The Latinization of New York, co-edited with Agustin Lao. Columbia University Press, 2001
Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico. Temple University Press, 1997
Latinx Art: Artists, Markets, Politics

Selected Articles
(2005) El Barrio's ‘We Are Watching You Campaign’: On the Politics of Inclusion in a Latinized Museum. AZTLAN: A Journal of Chicano Studies. 30 (1): 153-178
(2004) El Barrio's 'We Are Watching You Campaign:' On the Politics of Inclusion in a Latinized Museum. AZTLAN: A Journal of Chicano Studies. 30 (1): 153-178
(2004) Empowered Culture?New York City's empowerment Zone and the Selling of El Barrio. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 594: 49-64
(2002) Culture in the Adworld: Producing the Latin Look. In The Social Practice of Media: Anthropological Interventions in the Age of Electronic Reproduction. Lila Abu-Lughod, Faye Ginsburg and Brian Larkin, eds. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Berkeley: University of California Press.pp. 264–281
(2000) Mapping Latinidad: Spanish, English and “Spanglish” in the Hispanic TV Landscape. Television and New Media. Vol. 1(1):73-92. Reprinted in Globalization on the Line: Culture, Citizenship and Capital at U.S. Borders.Claudia Sadowski-Smith, editor. St. Martin Press
(2000) Talking Back: Hispanic Media and U.S. Latinidad. Centro: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies. Vol. 12(1): 37-48. Mary Romero, Jaime Cardenas and Michalle Habell-Pallan, Eds. New York, NY: New York University Press
(1998) Local and Diasporic Tainos: Rethinking Taino Reality and Imagery.Latino Review of Books. 3(3): 2-10. Reprinted in Taino Revival: Critical Perspectives on Puerto Rican Identity and Cultural Politics. New York: Center for Puerto Rican Studies. Edited by Gabriel Haslip-Viera. pp. 11–30
New York Times Article: “A Fix for Ignorance and Exclusion” Davila wrote this article in April 2011 concerning a possible National Museum of the American Latino.She states that she supports the project because it would highlight Latino-specific history in American history which is lacking. Current work

Awards
<mask> <mask>'s book Latino Spin: Public Image and the Whitewashing of Race was selected as the 2010 best book in Latino Studies by the Latin American Studies Association. See also
New York University
Anthropology
American Studies
Latinidad
Latino Studies

References

External links
 http://arlenedavila.com/1/?page_id=35
 http://anthropology.as.nyu.edu/object/arlenedavila.html
 http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520240933
 http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520227248
 http://metropolitanstudies.as.nyu.edu/object/arlenedavila.html
 http://www.theasa.net/resources/distinguished_speakers_bureau/#davila

Living people
New York University alumni
New York University faculty
People from Vega Baja, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican academics
Tufts University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Arlene Dávila
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Nebuchadnezzar I or Nebuchadrezzar I (), reigned  1121–1100 BC, was the fourth king of the Second Dynasty of Isin and Fourth Dynasty of Babylon. He ruled for 22 years according to the Babylonian King List C, and was the most prominent monarch of this dynasty. He is best known for his victory over Elam and the recovery of the cultic idol of Marduk. Biography

He is unrelated to his later namesake, Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur II, who has come to be known by the Hebrew form of his name “Nebuchadnezzar.” Consequently, it is anachronistic but not inappropriate to apply this designation retroactively to the earlier king, as he does not make an appearance in the Bible. He is misidentified in the Chronicle Concerning the Reign of Šamaš-šuma-ukin as the brother of Širikti-šuqamuna probably in place of Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur I. He succeeded his father, Ninurta-nādin-šumi, and was succeeded in turn by his son Enlil-nādin-apli, brother Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē and then nephew Marduk-šāpik-zēri, the only members of this family known to have reigned during the dynasty. The Enmeduranki legend, or the Seed of kingship, is a Sumero-Akkadian composition relating his endowment with perfect wisdom (nam-kù-zu) by the god Marduk and his claim to belong to a “distant line of kingship from before the flood” and to be an “offspring of Enmeduranki, king of Sippar.” It begins with a lament over preceding events:

War with Elam

The duration of Nebuchadnezzar's war with Elam and the number of campaigns he conducted are not known, though it is reasonable to believe that this was a protracted effort with diverse strategic considerations.According to a later literary tradition, an invasion of Elam was thwarted when his army was struck by plague and he narrowly escaped death in the stampede to return home. A raid, or šiḫṭu, commemorated in a kudurru created during his reign describes a successful campaign. In this raid he was accompanied by the Kassite chieftain Šitti-Marduk who struck the decisive blow, he was able to overrun Elam in a surprise attack conducted from Dēr during the hottest of the summer months, Dumuzi, when

According to the kudduru, Nebuchadnezzar routed the Elamite king <mask>šinak on the banks of the river Ulaya in an engagement that saw the dust of the battle darkening the sky. No contemporary or later source records a sack of Susa by Nebuchadnezzar, but according to another kudurru he was able to retrieve the statue of Marduk (here called Bēl) and that of the goddess <mask>-āliya (DINGIR.URU-ia) during this or another campaign. The campaign destroyed Elam as a power and provided a defining moment for the Babylonians akin to the siege of Troy for the ancient Greeks. This famous victory was celebrated in hymns, & epic poetry; and alluded to in the Marduk prophecy. Known as “Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur and Marduk” or the Epic of Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur a poetic document dealing with the legendary story of his recovery of the statue of Marduk; and is one of two hymns glorify his military achievements.It opens with the king in despair, lamenting over the absence of Marduk, "beautiful Babylon pass through your heart, Turn your face toward (your temple) Esagila, which you love!”

The Hymn to Marduk, celebrating victory over the Elamites, is assigned to him rather than Ashurbanipal who had a similar triumph, on stylistic grounds. There is a poetic pseudo-autobiography, which does not actually mention him by name. An interlinear Sumero-Akkadian text describes the events preceding the return of the statue from Elam and its joyous installation in Babylon. A seventh-century astrological report alludes to observations made during his reign and their relationship to his devastation of Elam. Other conflicts

The Synchronistic History relates his entente cordiale with his contemporary, the Assyrian king Aššur-rēša-iši I, and subsequently the outcome of two military campaigns against the border fortresses of Zanqi and Idi that he conducted in violation of this agreement. The first was curtailed by the arrival of Aššur-rēša-iši’s main force, causing Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur to burn his siege engines and flee, while the second resulted in a battle in which the Assyrians apparently triumphed, “slaughtered his troops (and) carried off his camp.” It even reports the capture of the Babylonian field marshal, Karaštu. He is titled as the conqueror of the Amorite lands, “despoiler of the Kassites,” in the Šittti-Marduk kudurru, despite the beneficiary being a Kassite chieftain and ally, and having smitten the mighty Lullubû with weapons.Domestic affairs

His construction activities are memorialized in building inscriptions of the Ekituš-ḫegal-tila, temple of Adad, in Babylon, on bricks from the temple of Enlil in Nippur and appear in the later king Simbar-Šipak’s reference to his having built the throne of Enlil for the Ekur-igigal in Nippur. A late Babylonian inventory lists his donations of gold vessels in Ur and Nabonidus, ca. 555 to 539 BC, consulted his stele for the ēntu-priestess. The earliest of three extant economic texts is dated to his eighth year. Together with three kudurrus and a stone memorial tablet, these are the only contemporary commercial or administrative records extant. Apart from the two deeds related to the Elamite campaign, the other kudurru bears witness to a land grant to the nišakku of Nippur, a certain Nudku-ibni. His name appears on four Lorestān bronze daggers and there is a prayer to Marduk on two more.He may be the Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur who is mentioned in the Chronicle of Market Prices which records his ninth year but the context is lost. Period literature

The Uruk List of Sages and Scholars names Šaggil-kīnam-ubbib as the ummânu, or sage, who served under him and the later king Adad-apla-iddina when he would author the Babylonian Theodicy, and several literary texts are thought to originate from his age, written in both Sumerian and Akkadian. Lambert has suggested that it was during his reign that Marduk was elevated to the head of the pantheon, displacing Enlil and that the Enûma Eliš was possibly composed, but some historians claim an origin during the earlier Kassite dynasty. A text concerning chemical process (imitations for precious stones) bears a colophon identifying it as a copy of an older Babylonian original but places it in his library. See also
 Kudurru for Šitti-Marduk
 Neminath

Notes

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources

12th-century BC Babylonian kings
Babylonian kings
12th-century BC rulers
Kings of the Universe
Late Bronze Age collapse

masks:
Ḫulteludiš Inšu
Il


texts:
<mask> (born February 21, 1988) is an American professional baseball pitcher in the New York Yankees organization. He attended Oklahoma State University (OSU) at Stillwater and played college baseball for the Cowboys. The New York Yankees selected him in the 10th round of the 2009 amateur draft, but he chose to remain at OSU. The next year, the St. Louis Cardinals made him a ninth round pick, and he signed. Along with the Yankees, he has played in MLB for the St. Louis Cardinals and Pittsburgh Pirates. In 2011, while pitching for the Palm Beach Cardinals of the Florida State League in the minor leagues, <mask> pitched the first no-hitter in team history. He is a three-time recipient of the Pacific Coast League Pitcher of the Week Award.High school and college
Born in Lubbock, Texas, <mask> attended Frenship High School  where he was a multi-sport athlete. He lettered in football for three years. On the baseball field, <mask> was a two-time district MVP and was named All-City Player of the Year his senior season by the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. <mask> attended Oklahoma State University where he majored in sport management and played baseball for the Cowboys from 2007 to 2010. In 2008 he posted 12 wins, fourth-best nationally, while earning second-team All-Big 12 honors. He was strong in the classroom as well, being named first-team Academic All-Big 12. In the summer of 2008, <mask> was chosen to play for Team USA.His 11 appearances without giving up an earned run helped the team to a 24-0 record and a gold medal in the FISU World Championships. In 2009 <mask> tied for the team lead with seven wins, while earning an All-Big 12 honorable mention. He played collegiate summer baseball in 2009 for the Chatham Anglers of the Cape Cod Baseball League. Professional career

Minor Leagues
The New York Yankees drafted <mask> in the 10th round of the 2009 amateur draft, but he chose to return to OSU. The Cardinals selected him in the ninth round in 2010, and he signed. <mask> signed too late to play in the Cardinals minor league system in 2010; however, in 2011 he pitched for the Palm Beach Cardinals of the Florida State League. On August 8, 2011, he threw the first no-hitter in Palm Beach's history, a 10–0 win over the Fort Myers Miracle.<mask> struck out eight and faced two batters over the minimum in his eighth career professional start. He finished the 2011 season with an overall record of 9-4 with an ERA of 4.50 over 94 innings pitched. <mask> split the 2012 season between the Cardinals Double-A affiliate Springfield Cardinals of the Texas League and Triple-A Memphis Redbirds of the Pacific Coast League (PCL). In 12 starts for Springfield, he was 5-4 with a 3.92 ERA. <mask> struggled to adjust, however, after moving up to Memphis, going just 4-9 with a 4.28 ERA over 88 innings (15 starts) for the Redbirds. St. Louis Cardinals

2013
<mask> started the 2013 season with Memphis, posting a record of 2–1 in eight starts with a 4.47 ERA prior to his first major league call-up. He made his major league debut with the Cardinals on May 22, 2013, against the San Diego Padres at Petco Park, allowing one run and four hits over seven innings as the Cardinals won, 5–3.After winning his first two games, <mask> began to struggle on the mound. On June 22 the Cardinals optioned <mask> to Triple A Memphis and called up Michael Blazek. In his previous four starts, <mask> gave up at least four earned runs in each start and saw his ERA climb to 5.51; his ultimate appearance lasted just  innings on June 21 against the Texas Rangers. <mask> made six more appearances – two starts – in the rest of 2013, and finished the year 2–4 with a 4.75 ERA in 12 games. The Cardinals appeared in the World Series, but left <mask> off the playoff roster. 2014
Beginning the 2014 season again in Memphis, <mask> made three starts before the Cardinals recalled him on April 21 to replace the injured Joe Kelly in the rotation. He made four starts with two relief appearances sandwiched between as the temporary fifth starter, going 0–3 with a 6.12 ERA and 23 strikeouts in 25 innings.Following a May 12 start in which he gave up 9 runs in 4 innings pitched, he was placed on the disabled list with a shoulder strain, and replaced in the rotation by Jaime García. <mask> pitched most of the rest of the season in Memphis, where he had a six-game streak of winning his starts. In St. Louis in 2014, <mask> went 0-4 in 11 appearances (four starts), posting a 4.42 ERA with 36 strikeouts and a 1.200 WHIP. 2015
Filling roles as a sixth starter and swingman in 2015, the Cardinals recalled <mask> from Memphis to replace injured starters, including Adam Wainwright and Lance Lynn. After a brief stint in April, the club optioned <mask> back to Memphis. For the week ending June 7, he named PCL Pitcher of the week after defeating both the Salt Lake Bees and Iowa Cubs. Combined, he allowed a 0.00 ERA, 0.54 WHIP and .136 batting average against while striking out 13 in 13 IP.The Cardinals then recalled him to replace Lynn. <mask> made his next MLB start on June 13, stopping a winless streak of 13 MLB starts by pitching a 3–2 victory over the Kansas City Royals. He struck out five in six innings. <mask>' next start, against the Philadelphia Phillies on June 19, was his second win of the season by a 12–4 margin. While hitting, he collected his first major league run batted in and base on balls and hit two singles. He reached base and scored in all three plate appearances. In his first relief appearance of the season, <mask> completed  scoreless innings in a 10–5 loss to the Pittsburgh Pirates on August 13.It was the Cardinals' first scoreless relief outing of at least five innings since Manny Aybar did so in 1999. Starting against the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 30, <mask> completed seven scoreless innings with just four hits and no walks allowed while the Cardinals won their 100th game of the season by an 11–1 score and clinched their third consecutive National League Central division title. Reaching new major league career highs in multiple categories, <mask> appeared in 17 games and 60 innings for the Cardinals, with eight starts, 3.75 ERA, 3–1 W–L record, 60 strikeouts, and 12 home runs allowed. 2016
In 2016, <mask> made 30 appearances out of the bullpen and finished the year 2-0 with a 3.38 ERA. On November 10, 2016, <mask> underwent right knee surgery, which required 5–6 months to recover. The procedure was performed by Dr. George Paletta, a former team physician of the Cardinals. 2017
In 2017, <mask> began the season on the disabled list but returned in late May.Upon his return to St. Louis, he worked strictly out of the bullpen. He was 4-1 and posted career best marks in ERA (2.83), WHIP (1.09), and K/9 innings (11.3) in 54 relief innings pitched. 2018
After compiling an 8.64 ERA in 27 relief appearances, <mask> was designated for assignment on July 27, 2018. He cleared waivers and was outrighted to the Triple-A Memphis Redbirds, where he spent the remainder of the year. He declared free agency on October 2, 2018. Pittsburgh Pirates
On January 1, 2019, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates. He opened the 2019 season with the Indianapolis Indians.His contract was selected on May 4. On May 8, he was designated for assignment. He was released on August 11. New York Yankees
On August 15, 2019, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the New York Yankees. On September 1, the Yankees selected <mask>' contract. <mask> was outrighted off the Yankees roster on November 4, and elected free agency. On February 3, 2020, <mask> signed a new minor league contract with the Yankees.On September 22, 2020, <mask> was selected to the 40-man and active rosters. <mask> was outrighted off of the roster on September 25. On January 6, 2021, <mask> re-signed with the Yankees on a minor league contract. Awards and accomplishments
 3× Pacific Coast League Pitcher of the Week (July 7, 2013; August 3, 2014; June 7, 2015)
 1st no-hitter in Palm Beach Cardinals history: 10–0 win over Fort Myers Miracle (August 8, 2011)

Personal life
<mask> proposed to longtime girlfriend Jennifer Sutton in November 2015 and they were married on December 3, 2016, in Anna, Texas. The couple's first child, a daughter, was born in December 2017. See also

References

External links

Oklahoma State Cowboys bio

1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Lubbock, Texas
Baseball players from Texas
Major League Baseball pitchers
St. Louis Cardinals players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
New York Yankees players
Oklahoma State Cowboys baseball players
Chatham Anglers players
Palm Beach Cardinals players
Springfield Cardinals players
Memphis Redbirds players
Peoria Javelinas players
Indianapolis Indians players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players

masks:
Tyler William Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons
Lyons


texts:
<mask> (Lettish: Ludvigs Rihters) ( – 9 November 1923) was a German political activist and an influential early member of the Nazi Party. Scheubner-Richter was a Baltic German from Russia and fought against the Russian Revolution of 1905 before serving in the Imperial German Army during World War I, witnessing and producing documentation of the Armenian genocide. He was leader of the Aufbau Vereinigung and a leading ideologist of Nazism at the beginning of the Interwar period. Scheubner-Richter became a key influence and close associate of Adolf Hitler, and an activist of the Nazi Party instrumental in securing financing for its early stages. Scheubner-Richter was killed during the Beer Hall Putsch in November 1923 and part of Hitler's Mein Kampf was dedicated to him. He was elevated to status of Blutzeuge ("blood witness") and national hero upon the founding of Nazi Germany in 1933. Early life
<mask> was born on 21 January 1884 in Riga, Russian Empire, the son of a German musician and a Baltic German mother.Richter lived a large part of his early life in the Governorate of Livonia, and studied chemistry at the Riga Polytechnical Institute from 1904 to 1906. Richter joined a pro-government private army during the Russian Revolution of 1905 and married Mathilde <mask>, the daughter of the owner of a factory he was tasked with protecting. Mathilde was 19 years his senior and a noblewoman. After the conclusion of the revolution in 1907, Richter moved to the German city of Munich, Bavaria, where he continued his studies and became a Doktoringenieur. In 1912, Scheubner was prefixed to his own name upon adoption by one of his wife's relatives, an old German form of having one's lineage ennobled. World War I and Armenian genocide
On 10 August 1914, shortly after the outbreak of World War I, Scheubner-Richter joined the Bavarian Army as a volunteer and was assigned to the 7th Chevauleger Regiment on the Western Front. However, Scheubner-Richter was relocated to the Eastern Front from November 1914, where Germany was fighting the Imperial Russian Army, after one of his superiors discovered his knowledge of the Russian language.In December 1914 Scheubner-Richter became the German vice consul of Erzerum, Turkey, succeeding Dr. Paul Schwarz – this appointment was a disguise for a secret operation by the Germans to sabotage the Russian oil fields in the Caucasus, under the belief it would cause the Russian war effort to grind to a halt. The Germans hoped to infiltrate during an Ottoman offensive on Russian fortifications in Kars, but the operation was cancelled when the Ottomans were not as successful as expected. Russian resistance made infiltration of the Caucasus impossible, and Scheubner-Richter remained working as a consul in Turkey for the remainder of the war. While holding that post, Scheubner-Richter also documented the Turkish massacres of Armenians as part of the Armenian genocide. At the time, he was considered one of the most outspoken individuals against the deportations and subsequent massacres of Armenians. Scheubner-Richter believed that the deportations were based on "racial hatred" and that none could survive such a journey. Scheubner-Richter concluded that the deportations were a policy of "annihilation".At various times he demanded the German government intervene on behalf of the Armenians which lead to a meeting between Talaat Pasha and . In the meeting, Talaat Pasha claimed that the deportations of the Armenians were for their own safety. Nevertheless, on 15 June 1915 Talaat ordered the protection of the deported Armenians in Elazığ, Bitlis and Diyarbakır giving a reason for this order the fact that a convoy of Armenian deportees coming from Erzurum had been assaulted. This didn't stop the deportations in Erzurum though, and by August 1915, Scheubner-Richter acknowledged that there were no Armenians present in the district of his consulate. In October he was succeeded by Friedrich-Werner Graf <mask> Schulenburg Von Scheubner-Richter did manage to save individual Armenians, but his interventions in Constantinople and Berlin were ineffective. As the marginal notes to his letter in the Embassy of Constantinople show, his behaviour towards the Armenians was even regarded as unworldly and not appropriate to the political situation. After the war, Scheubner-Richter returned to the Baltic in the midst of the Russian Civil War that had begun after the October Revolution in November 1917.He was involved in the counter-revolutionary activity and joined the Baltic Freikorps, an extension of the Freikorps in the Baltic States. Nazi activity
In 1918, Scheubner-Richter and Alfred Rosenberg moved to Germany from Russia with the returning German Army and became members of the Aufbau Vereinigung (Reconstruction Organisation), a far-right conspiratorial organisation composed of White Russian émigrés and early German National Socialists. The Aufbau Vereinigung sought to overthrow the governments of Weimar Germany and the Soviet Union to install authoritarian far-right regimes, and its members committed a number of terrorist acts, including the assassination of German Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau. In March 1920 Scheubner-Richter took part in the Kapp Putsch which necessitated his fleeing to Munich, where he became a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party or Nazi Party. He had extensive contacts with potential financial contributors and soon became a leading personality in the party. The Aufbau Vereinigung under Scheubner-Richter's leadership has been considered one of the major early influences of Adolf Hitler and the NSDAP, of which Scheubner-Richter and Rosenberg became prominent members. Scheubner-Richter met Hitler in October 1920, soon becoming his foreign policy adviser and a financier identifying other sources of income for the party.Scheubner-Richter was particularly noteworthy for his extensive contacts with conservative and right-wing circles in Germany, including the famous World War I general Erich Ludendorff. Scheubner-Richter used his financial and political ties to court the support of the German elite, including industrialists, high ecclesiastical posts, aristocrats such as the Prussian Junkers and the Wittelsbachs, and wealthy Russian émigrés. Scheubner-Richter appealed to exiled Russian monarchists across Europe, who hoped, through support from the NSDAP, to influence German policy in the direction of eliminating the Soviet Union and re-establishing the Tsar in Russia. These efforts generated considerable financial resources for the NSDAP. At the end of September 1923, Scheubner-Richter provided Adolf Hitler with a lengthy plan for revolution, writing: "The national revolution must not precede the seizure of political power; the seizure of the state's police power constitutes the promise for the national revolution" and "to lay hands on the state police power in a way that is at least outwardly legal". Death
Scheubner-Richter was a participant in the Beer Hall Putsch, marching on the Feldherrnhalle in Munich along with two thousand NSDAP members. On 9 November 1923, Scheubner-Richter, walking arm-in-arm with Hitler, was shot in the lungs and died instantly as he and others marched toward armed guards during the Putsch.Hitler was brought down and his right shoulder was dislocated as Scheubner-Richter's body fell after being shot dead. Scheubner-Richter was the only "first-tier" Nazi leader to die during the Beer Hall Putsch, and of all the early party members who died in the Putsch, Hitler claimed Scheubner-Richter to be the only "irreplaceable loss". The first part of Hitler's book, Mein Kampf, is dedicated to Scheubner-Richter and the other fifteen men who died in the Putsch. The Aufbau Vereinigung declined rapidly after Scheubner-Richter's death, and its increasing integration with the NSDAP saw most of its Russian membership abandon the organization over the growing notions of anti-Slavism and Lebensraum. In 1933, the establishment of Nazi Germany led to Scheubner-Richter being venerated as a national hero. Scheubner-Richter was one of the most prominent Blutzeuge, a term for Nazis killed before the NSDAP's rise to power who were considered martyrs of the Nazi movement. Scheubner-Richter's name was featured on a panel attached to the Feldherrnhalle with the names of the Nazis who died in the Beer Hall Putsch.The panel was guarded by an honor guard of the SS, and every passer-by was expected to perform the Hitler salute. Numerous streets in towns across Germany were renamed after Scheubner-Richter. In 1935, the Ehrentempel ("Honor Temples") were erected at Königsplatz in Munich to house the sarcophagi of Scheubner-Richter and the other Blutzeuge that died in the Beer Hall Putsch. See also
Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide
Dietrich Eckart
Alter Kämpfer

References

External links
 Report On Armenian Genocide by Eye Witness, Scheubner-Richter, German Consule/Administrator in Erzerum. 1884 births
1923 deaths
Politicians from Riga
People from the Governorate of Livonia
Baltic-German people
Nazi Party officials
Witnesses of the Armenian genocide
Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Kapp Putsch participants
Deaths by firearm in Germany
Russian anti-communists
German anti-communists
German monarchists

masks: Ludwig Maximilian Erwin von Scheubner Richter


texts:
Juan Luis Londoño Arias (born 28 January 1994), known professionally as <mask>, is a Colombian singer, songwriter, and actor. Born and raised in Medellín, he developed an interest in music at a young age, and began recording songs at age sixteen. He released his debut album, Magia, a year later in 2012. However, his breakthrough album was 2015's Pretty Boy, Dirty Boy, which led to successful collaborations with several artists. He released F.A.M.E. in 2018, to further commercial success. He followed it up with 11:11 in 2019, and Papi Juancho, released without further announcement in 2020.His single "Hawái" reached number three on the Billboard Global 200, and became the first number one single on the Billboard Global Excl. U.S. chart. With sales of over 18 million records (albums and singles), <mask> is one of the best-selling Latin music artists. Musically, <mask>'s songs have been described as reggaeton, Latin trap, and pop. <mask> has a number of singles that have charted within the top ten on Billboard Hot Latin Songs, including "Felices los 4", "Borró Cassette", and "Corazón". His collaborative efforts "Chantaje" with Shakira and "Medellín" with Madonna have reached the top of the Hot Latin Songs and the Dance Club Songs chart, respectively. He has worked with other international artists, such as Ricky Martin, J Balvin, and The Weeknd.<mask> has won a Latin Grammy Award, an MTV Video Music Award, two Latin American Music Awards, and been nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album. Early life
<mask> was born to Marlli Arias and Luis Londoño and grew up with an older sister, Manuela. He took an early interest in football which he started playing as a toddler through middle school, competing in the lower divisions in the teams Atletico Nacional and Equidad Sports Club. Additionally, he developed a keen interest in music during his early teenage years and was famed as a good singer in his high school. He graduated from Hontanares School in El Retiro where he was encouraged by many of his friends to enter local singing competitions. He got his first musical break when he was fifteen after he composed, together with a close friend, a song titled "No quiero"; a year later Juan Parra, his uncle, offered him the opportunity to record it in a studio as his birthday present. After impressing a group of music producers, he was asked to choose a name that would be easy to remember and be accepted by followers of the urban genre.He chose the stage name <mask>, which is a combination of the first syllable of the names of his mother Marlli, his father Luis and his sister Manuela. Career

2010–2013: Beginnings and Magia
<mask> began his musical career in 2010, recording singles. After "Farandulera" became a radio hit, Sony Music and its subsidiary label Sony Music Colombia decided to sign the singer to record his first studio album. The label then launched the next single, "Loco", which was inspired by "rampant and uncontrolled love". In 2012, <mask> released his first studio album, titled Magia. The video for the single "Obsesión" was filmed at the Antioquia Department Railway Station and featured Colombian model Lina Posada, who had previously appeared in the music video for the song "Taboo" (2011) by Don Omar. So far the video has more than 185 million views on YouTube.Other singles released from the album include "Miss Independent" and "Pasarla Bien", with "Miss Independent" reaching number two on the Colombian National-Report songs chart, becoming his first top five song on the chart. <mask> was also nominated for a 2012 Shock Award as "Best New Artist". The final two singles from his debut album, "Primer Amor" and "Miss Independent"; the latter was accompanied with a music video, recorded in Medellín, gathering 48 million views on YouTube. In 2013, "La Temperatura", featuring Puerto Rican singer Eli Palacios, was released as the first single from his upcoming mixtape, PB.DB The Mixtape; the song reached number seven on the National-Report charts. It also became his first single to enter the US charts for the Latin audience by Billboard; it reached number 25 on the Tropical Songs chart, number 8 on the Latin Pop Airplay songs chart, number 24 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart and number 4 on the Latin Rhythm Airplay songs chart. 2014–2018: Pretty Boy, Dirty Boy and F.A.M.E. In 2014, he released the music videos for the singles "La Curiosidad", "Carnaval" and "Addicted".He also collaborated with singer Elvis Crespo, on the theme song "Olé Brazil" recorded for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. On 16 July 2014, <mask> appeared at the 2014 Premios Juventud, where he performed "La Temperatura". That same month, the singer was confirmed as a judge/coach on Caracol Television's The Voice Kids, alongside Fanny Lu and Andrés Cepeda. In August, he made his debut as a host at the inaugural awards Kids' Choice Awards Colombia of 2014. In early 2015, <mask> released the mixtape PB.DB The Mixtape, a compilation of various singles. His second album Pretty Boy, Dirty Boy was released in late 2015, containing elements of reggaeton, pop and urban music. The singles "Borró Cassette", "El Perdedor" and "Sin Contrato" entered the top 10 on Billboard Hot Latin Songs.In April of that year he performed at the newly named Riccardo Silva Stadium for the inaugural match of the new NASL soccer team The Miami FC. He then embarked on The Pretty Boy, Dirty Boy World Tour in May 2016. In 2017, his hit single "Felices los 4" became his fifth top 5 on the Hot Latin Songs chart, followed by "Corazón", which also reached the top 5 on the chart. The music videos for both singles have over 1 billion views on YouTube. He also released the short film X, which featured his songs "GPS" featuring French Montana, "Vitamina" featuring Arcángel and "23". <mask> recorded the Spanish version of "Colors", one of the theme songs of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and performed in English by Jason Derulo. <mask> returned to the Riccardo Silva Stadium in Miami to record the video, one of a growing number of artists using the city to shoot music videos.<mask>'s third studio album F.A.M.E. was released on 18 May 2018. In an interview he expressed its name means "Faith, Alma [Soul in Spanish], Music & Essence". He worked with producers Jay Cash, Vinylz and collaborators Daddy Yankee, Prince Royce and Jason Derulo on the album. He performed "Felices los 4" at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards. With "Mala Mia", he topped the Latin Airplay, Latin Pop Songs and Latin Rhythm Airplay charts for the second time in the year, following "Clandestino". 2019–present: 11:11 and Papi Juancho

In 2019, <mask> collaborated with American singer-songwriter Madonna, appearing on the songs "Medellín" and "Bitch I'm Loca" from her album Madame X.In April it was announced that <mask> will star in Marry Me alongside Jennifer Lopez.He starred in Walt Disney Animation Studios 60th film Encanto

On 17 May 2019, <mask> released his fourth studio album 11:11, supported by the singles "HP", "11 PM", "Instinto Natural" with Sech and "No Se Me Quita" with Ricky Martin. Another collaboration with Madonna, "Soltera", appeared on the album. To promote the album, <mask> embarked on the 11:11 World Tour, with concerts around the world between May 2019 and September 2020. On 26 September 2019, he collaborated with Colombian singer J Balvin on his single "Qué Pena". <mask> surprise-released his fifth studio album, Papi Juancho, on 21 August 2020. The second single from Papi Juancho, "Hawái", became a commercial success. It reached number one in multiple countries and topped the Hot Latin Songs chart for nine consecutive weeks, becoming his second number-one hit on the chart.He also released a remix featuring The Weeknd. The remix peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became <mask>'s highest peak on the chart. On 29 January 2021, <mask> released an EP titled #7DJ (7 Días en Jamaica) featuring seven songs along with their music videos on his YouTube channel. Artistry
<mask> possesses the vocal range of a tenor. <mask> defines his music as "urban pop". A Billboard editor wrote, "<mask>'s brand of reggaetón syncs nicely with his image, managing to be both romantic and raw. His sound represents an evolution of the genre."In a 2016 interview, he stated:

He has cited Héctor Lavoe, Justin Timberlake and Michael Jackson as his main musical influences. He considers the folkloric elements Shakira incorporated into her music an important influence on his career. He has also said that Ricky Martin "is one of the artists I wanted to be growing up, He's my idol in the industry". Personal life
<mask> is Catholic but has said he appreciates aspects of other religions. <mask>'s romantic life has been the subject of much speculation, which he has kept private for the most part. However, in an interview in January 2018 he admitted to being in a relationship with Cuban-Croatian model Natalia Barulich. He said of the relationship: "We have a great time together, we have fun, we love each other, and we also support each other...I think those are the fundamentals.It's the most important thing. Right now, we're dating. We like what we have, I like her company, and she supports me and loves me, so you're all seeing me like never before." <mask> and Barulich broke up in 2019. Maluma started dating Russian supermodel Vivien Rubin at the end of 2019. Rubin and <mask> were seen spending New Years in Aspen along with his family. Public image

In 2019, Vogue called Maluma "Menswear Icon in the Making", saying "Maluma has attitude, Maluma has style.He likes his clothes brights and bold, which goes quite nicely with his bright and bold music, personality, and overall demeanor." Through his music, he has also carried out social activism, such as the music video for "El Perdedor", where showcased the racism and discrimination by the US police to people of Latin descent living in the country. <mask> has publicly declared his support for the LGBT community. In October 2016, the song "Cuatro Babys" featuring Noriel, Bryant Myers, and Juhn received controversy over its lyrics, as some considered them to objectify women. A petition was posted on Change.org demanding the removal of the song from digital platforms. Despite this controversy, the popularity of "Cuatro Babys" earned it a 12× Latin Platinum certification by the RIAA. Awards and nominations

In 2013, <mask> was nominated for several awards, including for Best Latin America Central Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards, and the Best New Artist at the Latin Grammy Awards, as well as a win for Best Radio Song at the Shock Awards for "La Temperatura".In 2017, <mask> was nominated for two categories at the Billboard Music Awards, including Top Latin Artist. In 2019 he was awarded El Premio ASCAP for Songwriter of the Year. He won a MTV Video Music Award for Best Latin in 2020. Discography

 Magia (2012)
 Pretty Boy, Dirty Boy (2015)
 F.A.M.E. (2018)
 11:11 (2019)
 Papi Juancho (2020)
 Encanto (soundtrack) (2021)
 Marry Me (2022)

Tours
 Pretty Boy, Dirty Boy World Tour (2016–17)
 F.A.M.E. Tour (2018)
 11:11 World Tour (2019–20)
 Papi Juancho Tour (2021)

Filmography

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
People from Medellín
Colombian child singers
21st-century Colombian male singers
Colombian reggaeton musicians
Urbano musicians
Latin trap musicians
Colombian Roman Catholics
Latin Grammy Award winners
Colombian pop singers
Sony Music Latin artists
MTV Europe Music Award winners

masks: Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma Maluma