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<mask> (13 January 1888 – 16 August 1972) was a British psychoanalyst. He first studied medicine and surgery, and it was his elder brother, <mask> (1882–1926) who attracted him towards psychoanalysis. Both brothers were analysed in Berlin by Karl Abraham; indeed, the "list of Karl Abraham's analysands reads like a roster of psychoanalytic eminence: the leading English analysts <mask> and <mask>" at the top. He then settled down in London where he became an influential member of the British Psycho-Analytical Society in 1921. He was also close to Ernest Jones. Amongst <mask>'s most lasting achievements in the combined field of psychotherapy and criminology – aside from his clinical work and extensive publications – are his roles as: co-founder of the Psychopathic Clinic (renamed the Portman Clinic in 1937) and the Institute for the Study and Treatment of Delinquency, joint founder of The British Journal of Criminology – he was co-editor until his death – and co-founder of the British Society of Criminology. He was one-time chairman of the medical section of the British Psychological Society.He is publicly remembered in the annual <mask> lecture, delivered under the auspices of the Portman Clinic. Early life
<mask> was the third son of a highly gifted country schoolmaster who was a professed Darwinian agnostic. He suffered family tragedies throughout his life. His second brother died at the age of 6 when <mask> was 4, and James, his much-admired elder brother, died in his 30s. Later in life his first wife died in childbirth along with their child. From his second marriage he had a daughter who suffered from Down's Syndrome, whom <mask> and his wife cared for at home for many years. <mask> entered the medical school in Glasgow at the age of 16 and graduated at 21 with distinction.It is reported that as a student he was prominent in socialist politics and was involved in a revolutionary move to propose Keir Hardie as rector of the university. There followed several years of academic medicine, working first in Glasgow with the professor of medicine and paediatrics and then in pulmonary medicine in London. With the outbreak of the First World War he was appointed medical superintendent of a sanatorium for the treatment of early chest diseases in Birmingham. Early texts (1924–1939)
Between 1924 and 1939, <mask> published his first book as well as some eighteen articles on psychoanalytic subjects ranging from "Notes on Oral Character" through "The Screening Function of Traumatic Memories" to "A Note on Idealisation". '<mask> once [1931] wrote a very interesting paper in which he investigated the ways in which incomplete or inexact interpretations, and also other psychotherapeutic procedures, influence the patient's mind...[as] artificial substitute symptoms, which may make the spontaneous symptoms superfluous. Lacan would make use of <mask>'s findings to support his exploration of "The function and field of speech and language in psychoanalysis" on more than one occasion: 'Mr <mask> in a remarkable paper...[suggests] not only is every spoken intervention received by the subject in terms of his structure, but the intervention takes on a structuring function in him in proportion to its form'. Thus '<mask>...finds interpretation everywhere, being unable to stop it anywhere, even in the banality of a medical prescription'.<mask>'s "Lectures on Technique in Psychoanalysis"(1927–28) would seem to have offered a dry, neutral, asceptic classical psychoanalysis. Thus on the question of whether analysis should close with a "cooling-off" period, he followed the classical line 'that "to the very end we continue the analytic process", as the English analyst <mask> wrote in The Technique of Psychoanalysis, first published in 1928 and revised in 1955. <mask> sternly continues, "In the first session we laid down the association rule, and this remains in force to the last minute of the last session". Similarly on the question of the early "deep interpretation" favoured for example by Melanie Klein, <mask> argued: 'Once the analyst departs from sparing, provisional interpretations, he not only disturbs the listening situation but has made it difficult to re-establish it'. Psychoanalytic controversies
<mask> was a combative intellectual personality who took a principled stand on many of the variegated controversies of the first psychoanalytic half-century, promoting a 'pure Freudianism'. In the early 1920s, when Karl Abraham 'feared that Ferenczi and, far worse, Rank, were caught in an act of "scientific regression". English psychoanalysts, notably Ernest Jones and the brothers <mask> and <mask>, wholly agreed with Abraham'.In the later 1920s, when Freud made something of a minority stand in support of Lay analysis, 'some of the British psychoanalysts, among them <mask> and John Rickman, saw no harm in nonmedical therapists conducting analysis, provided one kept therapy "sharply divided from diagnosis: the latter must be left to medically qualified persons"'. <mask> worked with Jones in the British Medical Association in obtaining the so-called "Psycho-Analytical Charter" – '<mask> and myself had for over three years fought at heavy odds against our twenty-five bitter opponents'. In the thirties, <mask> found himself increasingly opposed to the innovations and influence of Melanie Klein, who found "from 1934 onwards, a hostility within the British Psycho-Analytic Society" led by "<mask> [who] was scientific secretary of the British Society" – "hostility which lasted for the best part of a decade until the 'vituperative opposition from <mask> and Melitta Schmideberg had vanished when <mask> gave up his membership of the British Psycho-analytical Society the 24th January 1944, confirmed the next 1 February'". At this point, <mask> declared that 'The British Psycho-Analytical Society is no longer a Freudian society' and its 'deviation from psychoanalysis'; and the following year, the fundamental Kleinian position paper by Susan Sutherland Isaacs on "Phantasy" was publicly 'attacked by <mask> (1945)', in the first volume of The Psychoanalytic Study of the child, where he described what he called "the Klein System of Child Psychology" as 'a bio-religious system which depends on faith rather than science...a variant of the doctrine of Original Sin'. In the following decade, <mask> turned his fire from Klein to Jung: his book, Freud or Jung? (1956) is a partisan Freudian—though defensible—polemic'. In it he argued (incidentally) for the firm conceptual separation of art and psychopathology.'<mask> put this view most trenchantly: "Whatever its original unconscious aim, the work of art represents a forward urge of the libido seeking to maintain its hold on the world of objects...not the result of a pathological breakdown". In the 1960s, <mask> aroused the ire of Lacan by way of his attack on Franz Alexander's concept of the corrective emotional experience: 'When I read in the Psychoanalytic Quarterly an article like the one by Mr <mask>, entitled Freudian or Neo-Freudian, directed entirely against the constructions of Mr Alexander, I sense a sordid smell of stuffiness,...Alexander being counter-attacked in the name of obsolete criteria'. Publications
 War, Sadism and Pacifism: Three Essays, London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1933. War, Sadism and Pacifism. Further essays on group psychology and war, London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1947. Freud or Jung ?, Publisher: Meridian Books, NY, 1957
 Psycho-Analysis, Publisher: Roberts Press, 2007,

References

Further reading

 Paul Roazen : Oedipus in Britain: <mask> and the Struggle over Melanie Klein, Publisher: Other Press, 2001,
Franz Alexander et al., Psychoanalytic Pioneers (1995)
Pearl King/Riccardo Steiner, The Freud-Klein Controversies (London 1992)

External links
 <mask>

1888 births
1972 deaths
British psychoanalysts
Translators of Sigmund Freud
Analysands of Karl Abraham

masks:
Edward George Glover
James Glover
Edward
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<mask> (born <mask>; November 18, 1908 – June 2, 2001) was an American comic actress best known for her role opposite Sid Caesar on Your Show of Shows. Starting out in vaudeville as a child acrobat, she studied ballet and wished to have a serious career in music and dance, graduating to decades of stage musical revues, cabaret and summer stock. In her 40s, she began a celebrated career as a comedian on television, starring in six series and guest starring on successful television programs from the 1940s to the 1990s. She was nominated for five Emmy Awards for Your Show of Shows, winning Best Actress in 1951 and singled out for a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting in 1953. <mask> was also nominated for a Tony Award in 1978 for On the Twentieth Century and received a sixth Emmy nomination at the age of 80 for an episode of Moonlighting. She possessed a rubbery face capable of the broadest expressions — Life magazine compared her to Beatrice Lillie and Charlie Chaplin and described her characterizations as taking "people or situations suspended in their own precarious balance between dignity and absurdity, and push(ing) them over the cliff with one single, pointed gesture". The magazine noted a "particularly high-brow critic" as observing, "The trouble with most comedians who try to do satire is that they are essentially brash, noisy and indelicate people who have to use a sledge hammer to smash a butterfly.Miss <mask>, on the other hand, is the timid woman who, when aroused, can beat a tiger to death with a feather." Aside from vaudeville, cabaret, film, theater and television, she voiced children's cartoons and was even featured in the 1984 MTV music video "Bag Lady" by the band EBN-OZN, ultimately working well into her 80s. In a 1999 interview, Robert Ozn said during the shoot she was required to sit on the sidewalk in snow for hours during a blizzard with 15 degree (F) temperatures. "While the rest of us 20-somethings were moaning about the weather, warming ourselves by a heater, this little 75-year-old lady never once complained - put us all to shame. She was the most professional artist I've ever worked with." Early life
Born Emogeane <mask> in Philadelphia, <mask> was the daughter of Joseph Fernandez <mask>, a violinist and vaudeville orchestra conductor and Sadie Brady, a dancer and magician's assistant. <mask>'s father was of Spanish descent (the family surname was originally Fernández y <mask>), the son of Joseph F<mask>, Sr. and his wife, Laura.<mask> took lessons in piano, dance and voice as a child and while still a teenager moved from Philadelphia to New York City to become a dancer. She got her first job in the chorus of the Broadway musical When You Smile and became a headliner in Manhattan nightclubs with music arranged by her first husband, Robert Burton. She gained prominence when she began to combine music with comedy; her first critical success was in New Faces of 1934. A well-received part of her act was a comic striptease, during which <mask> made sultry faces and gestures but would manage to remove only one glove. She committed this routine to film in the Educational Pictures comedy short The Bashful Ballerina (1937) and co-starred opposite another newcomer to films, Danny Kaye, in Educational's 1937 short Dime a Dance. Both of these comedies were filmed in New York. Career
She played opposite Sid Caesar on The Admiral Broadway Revue (January to June 1949), and then in the sketch comedy program Your Show of Shows, which was immensely popular from 1950 to 1954, winning the Emmy for Outstanding Variety Series in 1952 and 1953.The 90-minute show was aired live on NBC every Saturday night in prime time. She won the second-ever Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1951 and was nominated for four other Emmys for her work in the show. She won a 1953 Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting. Her success in that program earned her her own series, The Imogene Coca Show, which ran 1954-55. Prior to working with Caesar she had starred in an early ABC series, Buzzy Wuzzy, which lasted four episodes in 1948. She went on to star in two more series. In the 1963–64 TV season, <mask> portrayed a comic temporary helper in the NBC sitcom Grindl.It competed with the second half of The Ed Sullivan Show and lasted only one season. <mask> later starred as a cave woman with Joe E. Ross in the 1966–67 time-travel satire sitcom It's About Time. She continued to appear on comedy and variety series throughout the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s including several appearances each on The Carol Burnett Show, The George Gobel Show, The Hollywood Palace and Ed Sullivan's Toast of the Town and Bob Hope specials. She appeared on other shows and specials by Dean Martin, Jackie Gleason, Jerry Lewis, Dick Clark, Danny Kaye and Andy Williams. The Sid Caesar, <mask> <mask>, Carl Reiner and Howard Morris Special won a 1967 Emmy for Outstanding Variety Special. She made memorable guest appearances on sitcoms including two appearances on Bewitched, The Brady Bunch and Mama's Family. She appeared with Milton Berle and Your Show of Shows co-star Howard Morris in "Curtain Call", a 1983 episode of Fantasy Island.<mask> appeared in a number of literary adaptations for children. In 1960 she was Miss Clavel in Sol Saks' adaptation of Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline for Shirley Temple's Storybook. In 1972, she voiced the character of Princess Jane Klockenlocher in The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye, a Rankin/Bass version of Hans Christian Andersen's The Emperor's New Clothes. In 1978, she appeared in A Special Sesame Street Christmas. In 1985, she played The Cook in Alice in Wonderland, an all-star TV miniseries adaptation of the book by Lewis Carroll. Among her final roles was voicing characters in Garfield and Friends. In 1988, <mask> appeared as the mother of Allyce Beasley's Agnes in the Moonlighting episode "Los Dos Dipestos", written by David Steinberg.She received her sixth Emmy nomination, as Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series, for the role. The same year she was the female recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award in Comedy at the second annual American Comedy Awards, alongside male recipient George Burns. <mask> appeared only sporadically in films such as The Incredible Incident at Independence Square, filmed in her hometown of Philadelphia, as well as Under the Yum Yum Tree (1963), Nothing Lasts Forever, Papa Was a Preacher, Buy & Cell and National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), as "Aunt Edna". After having appeared in several Broadway musical-comedy revues and plays between the 1930s and the 1950s, <mask> returned to Broadway at the age of 70 with a Tony Award-nominated performance as religious zealot Letitia Primrose in On the Twentieth Century, a 1978 stage musical adapted from the film Twentieth Century (1934). Her role, that of a religious fanatic who plasters decals onto every available surface, had been a male in both the film and the original stage production, and was rewritten specifically as a vehicle for <mask>. She appeared in the Broadway run with Kevin Kline and Madeline Kahn, continued with the national tour starring Rock Hudson and Judy Kaye and returned for a later tour revival in the mid-1980s with Kaye and Frank Gorshin. She also co-starred with singer Maxine Sullivan in My Old Friends and touring productions including musicals such as Once Upon a Mattress and Bells Are Ringing and plays such as The Prisoner of Second Avenue and Luv.She rejoined Sid Caesar in 1961–62, 1977 and 1990–91 for a traveling stage revue and made an appearance with Caesar and Howard Morris at Comic Relief VI in 1994. One of <mask>'s early stock characters on the Caesar series blended comedy with socially conscious pathos as a bag lady and she was frequently asked to reprise the role, including by Carol Burnett for her 60s series and by Red Skelton as love interest to one of his own familiar characters in the 1981 TV special Freddie the Freeloader's Christmas Dinner. New wave group Ēbn-Ōzn featured <mask> as the title character in the music video to their song "Bag Lady (I Wonder)", which was a top-40 dance hit in 1984. Personal life and legacy

<mask> had no children, but was married twice: for 20 years to Bob Burton, from 1935 until his death in 1955, and later for 27 years to King Donovan, from 1960 until his death in 1987. Burton's death came only one month after her mother had died. <mask> was a practicing Roman Catholic. <mask> was a Democrat who supported the campaign of Adlai Stevenson in the 1952 presidential election.Hours after <mask> and Donovan completed their New Year's Eve 1972 performance of  "Fourposter" at the Showboat Dinner Theater in  St. Petersburg, Florida, they were involved in a serious auto accident. They had been driving in foggy weather to their home in Clearwater, Florida, when Donovan collided with another car driven by 19-year-old Cheryl Lynn Rice. Rice was unharmed, but Donovan sustained a slight leg injury, and the rear-view mirror entered <mask>'s right eye, smashing her cheekbone. Transported to the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, <mask> underwent plastic surgery and a cosmetic lens covered her now-blind eye for the rest of her career, which resumed with her long stint in Broadway's On the Twentieth Century beginning in 1978. Performers citing <mask> as an influence include Carol Burnett, Lily Tomlin, Whoopi Goldberg and Tracey Ullman. Your Show of Shows is considered a television classic and was the basis for a well-received 1982 film, My Favorite Year. A 1992 musical version of the film made its way to Broadway, in which comedic actress Andrea Martin won a Tony Award for her portrayal of Alice Miller.In 1995, <mask> was honored with the second annual Women in Film Lucy Award, honoring women's achievement in television and named after Lucille Ball. Death
On June 2, 2001, <mask> died at her home in Westport, Connecticut, aged 92, from natural causes incidental to Alzheimer's disease. She was cremated and her ashes scattered. Filmography

Television
 Buzzy Wuzzy (1948; cancelled after 4 weeks)
 The Admiral Broadway Revue (1949–1950)
 Your Show of Shows (139 episodes 1950–1954)
 The Imogene Coca Show (1954–1955)
 Playhouse 90 ("Made in Heaven" 1956)
 General Electric Theater ("Cab Driver" 1957)
 Sid Caesar Invites You (1958, U.S.)
 Sid Caesar Invites You (1958, UK [BBC])
 The George Gobel Show (4 episodes 1959–1960)
 Shirley Temple's Storybook: Madeline (1960)
 Grindl (32 episodes 1963–1964)
 It's About Time (18 episodes 1966–1967)
 The Sid Caesar, <mask> <mask>, Carl Reiner, Howard Morris Special (1967)
 The Carol Burnett Show (4 episodes 1967–1969)
 Love, American Style (2 episodes 1970, 1972)
 Bewitched (2 episodes 1971)
Rod Serling's Night Gallery (The Merciful)- with husband, King Donovan. The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye: The Emperor's New Clothes (1972)
 The Brady Bunch (1972)
 The Incredible Incident at Independence Square
 Trapper John, M.D. ("Quarantine" 1980)
 Freddie the Freeloader's Christmas Dinner (1981)
 Return of the Beverly Hillbillies (1981)
 Fantasy Island ("Curtain Call" 1983)
 Mama's Family ("Aunt Gert Rides Again" 1983)
 One Life to Live (cast member from 1983–1984)
 As the World Turns (cast member in 1983)
 Alice in Wonderland (1985)
 Moonlighting ("Los Dos Dipestos" 1988)
 Monsters ("The Face" 1989)
 Garfield and Friends (Voice, 14 episodes 1994)
 Comic Relief VI (1994)

Film
 Bashful Ballerina (1937)
 Dime a Dance (1937)
 They Meet Again (1941)
 Promises! Promises!

masks:
Imogene Coca
Emogeane Coca
Coca
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<mask><mask>, Ph.D., is an archaeologist who teaches in the anthropology department at the University of California, Los Angeles. Her fields of research cover many topics, but she specializes in the prehistoric and early contact era of the Pacific Coast of North America, in California and British Columbia. Her work in these areas has been directed to resolving the economies and political evolutionary trajectories of complex hunter-gatherer groups. Background

<mask> was born in northern Ohio and had an early start on her decision to pursue a career in archaeology and anthropology when she attended a National Science Foundation field school in western Pennsylvania during high school. Her B.A. in anthropology came from the University of Michigan in 1976. From there she attended graduate school at the University of California, Santa Barbara to receive her M.A.in 1979 and Ph.D. in 1983. In the 1970s, she assisted on a University of Michigan project in the Netherlands investigating Neolithic and Mesolithic cultures and served as a field co-director in Michigan surveying the Raisin River region, but once attending graduate school in California, her work turned to the Pacific Coast. In 1980, she began her research in the Channel Islands of California, followed in the late 1980s and 1990s by several major National Science Foundation projects under her direction, analyzing the development of complex hunter-gatherer-fisher groups. Her excavations and research on the Chumash people of the Channel Islands have been continuous since then. Most recently, the Channel Islands Household Archaeology Project aims to understand household and community organization of maritime complex hunter-gatherers located along the Pacific Coast. <mask> has worked with students and colleagues to better understand these complex groups and their political economies. Many articles also detail maritime resources, the origins of ocean-going canoes, and their relation to emerging sociopolitical complexity.<mask>'s work on the Fraser River Valley Project in British Columbia (2002–2006) has explored late pre- and post-contact village sites along one of the world's richest salmon rivers and enhanced knowledge about local Sto:lo First Nations culture. Since 2001, <mask> has been a member of the UCLA Center on Everyday Lives of Families, directed by Elinor Ochs, participating in a long-term, systematic study of modern-day middle-class families and their built spaces in the Los Angeles area. <mask> designed the ethnoarchaeology part of the research. Using “systematic recording of each family member’s uses of home spaces at closely timed intervals, a digital archive of photographs of each home’s indoor and outdoor spaces, detailed floor plans of homes and yards, and self-narrated video home tours by parents and older children explaining their perceptions of their homes,” an analysis of modern American homes and their changes emerges. Employment history

<mask> has been professor of anthropology at the University of California, Los Angeles, since 1988 and was Vice Chair from 2001–2007 and Associate Director of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA for 11 years. She has been principal investigator for several excavation projects funded by the National Science Foundation on the Channel Islands. Also, she has directed many archaeological field schools in California.She has served as a Research Associate in Anthropology at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History since 1989. Awards and honors

In 2003, <mask> was commended by the U.S. Department of the Interior for her 14 years of serving on the Society for American Archaeology National Historic Landmarks Committee

Key excavations

Excavations in the California Channel Islands have included extended fieldwork on Santa Cruz Island, CA, from 1980 through the present and direction of  UCLA archaeological field classes from 1990-1998. She has also co-directed, along with colleagues from Simon Fraser University, University of British Columbia, and Sto:lo Nation, excavations in the Fraser River Valley in British Columbia, beginning in 2002. Research emphases

<mask>'s research emphasizes the complex hunter-gatherer-fisher societies on the Pacific Coast of North America. She has examined the households and complex organization of the Chumash Indians as well as the Sto:lo people in British Columbia. Her findings highlight the importance of securing control over the labor of unrelated members of society by aspiring leaders in the emergence of these societies, using the Channel Islands data as a case study. <mask>'s model suggests that emerging complex societies reorganize fundamental labor relations, often in the context of stressful social and/or ecological conditions.The research included analyzing the importance of various marine food resources and significant paleoclimatic shifts to these societies. <mask> has been working on the Channel Islands since 1980, most recently on well-preserved house remains and large-scale, specialized craft production industries of central importance to the Island Chumash such as shell-bead manufacturing. She has emphasized the daily lives of politically complex hunter-gatherer societies on the Pacific Coast and how technologies such as sophisticated boats and the reorganization of key production and trade systems led to their increasing complexity. Selected books and monographs

2001. <mask>, J.E. (Editor). The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands.University of Utah Press. 1996. <mask>, J.E. (Editor). Emergent Complexity: The Evolution of Intermediate Societies. International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor. 2004.<mask>, J.E. (Editor). Foundations of Chumash Complexity. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles. 1987. <mask>, J.E. Craft Specialization in the Prehistoric Channel Islands, California.University of California Press, Berkeley. Selected papers

1992 Complex Hunter-Gatherer-Fishers of Prehistoric California: Chiefs, Specialists, and Maritime Adaptations of the Channel Islands. American Antiquity, 57:60-84. 1993 Labor and the Rise of Complex Hunter-Gatherers. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 12:75-119. 1995 Transportation Innovation and Social Complexity among Maritime Hunter-Gatherer Societies. American Anthropologist 97:733-747.1995 Social Inequality, Marginalization, and Economic Process. In Foundations of Social Inequality, T.D. Price and G.M. Feinman (eds. ), pp. 87–103. Plenum, New York.1996 The Archaeology of Complex Hunter-Gatherers. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 3:77-126. 2000 Revisiting Power, Labor Rights, and Kinship: Archaeology and Social Theory. In Social Theory in Archaeology. M.B. Schiffer ed. University of Utah Press.2000 The Origins of Hierarchy and the Nature of Hierarchical Structures in Prehistoric California. In Hierarchies in Action: Cui Bono? (M.W. Diehl, ed. ), pp. 221–240. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper 27, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.2004 (w/ M. Walsh and S. Hollimon) The Archaeology of California. Journal of Archaeological Research 12:1-73
2004 A Transcontinental Perspective on the Evolution of Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways on the Plateau: Discussion and Reflection. In Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Evolution and Organization of Prehistoric Communities on the Plateau of Northwestern North America (W. Prentiss and I. Kuijt, eds. ), pp. 171–181. University of Utah Press. 2005 (w/ J. Bernard) Negotiating the Coasts: Status and the Evolution of Boat Technology in California.World Archaeology 37:109-131. 2006 Households on the Pacific Coast: The Northwest Coast and California in Comparative Perspective. In Household Archaeology on the Northwest Coast (E. A. Sobel, D. A. Trieu Gahr, and K. M. Ames, eds. ), pp. 270–285. International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor. 2007 Credit Where Credit is Due: The History of the Chumash Oceangoing Plank Canoe.American Antiquity 72:196-209. Notes

External links
Faculty Info Page
Center on Everyday Lives of Families homepage
California Channel Islands Laboratory
Fraser River Valley Project

American archaeologists
Living people
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
American women archaeologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

masks:
Jeanne E
. Arnold
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<mask>,  (15 January 1891 – 31 May 1922) was a Danish-born Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in battle that could be awarded to a member of the Australian armed forces. <mask> emigrated to Australia in 1909, becoming a British subject at Adelaide, South Australia, in 1914. A sailor and labourer before World War I, he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in March 1915, serving with the 10th Battalion during the latter stages of the Gallipoli campaign. After the Australian force withdrew to Egypt, <mask> was transferred to the newly formed 50th Battalion, and sailed for France with the unit in June 1916. On the Western Front, he was wounded during the battalion's first serious action, the Battle of Mouquet Farm in August, and only returned to his unit in late January 1917. On 2 April, his battalion attacked the Hindenburg Outpost Line at Noreuil, where his actions leading to the capture of over fifty German soldiers resulted in the award of the Victoria Cross. In June 1917, the 50th Battalion was involved in the Battle of Messines; the following month, <mask>, now a corporal, was posted to a training unit in the United Kingdom.He returned to his battalion in October, and was promoted to temporary sergeant in November. In March 1918, the German spring offensive was launched, and <mask> fought with his battalion at Dernancourt and Villers-Bretonneux. Shortly after the fighting at Villers-Bretonneux, <mask> was on patrol when he received a severe head wound, and was evacuated to the United Kingdom, then repatriated to Australia, where he was discharged in Adelaide at the end of the war. He worked as a marine store dealer and married in 1921, but died the following year, having never fully recovered from his war wounds. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 15 January 1891 in Løgstør, Denmark, the son of <mask> <mask> and Christiane Sørensen, who was apparently also known as <mask>. Sørensen was a single mother who worked in agriculture. The younger <mask>'s early life was difficult, but he was a good student, and entered the fishing industry.In 1908, aged 17, he travelled to the United Kingdom before emigrating to Australia. He sailed to Melbourne in March 1909, then moved to Morgan, South Australia, and later Port Pirie, working respectively as a sailor on river steamers on the Murray River, and as a labourer. He was naturalised as a British subject in Adelaide on 7 September 1914. World War I
On 23 March 1915, <mask> enlisted as a private in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) for service in World War I; he was allotted to the 6th reinforcements to the 10th Battalion. His reinforcement draft embarked on HMAT Borda at Outer Harbor on 23 June, and joined the battalion at Gallipoli, Turkey, on 4 August. By the time <mask> arrived, nearly half of the battalion had been evacuated sick with dysentery. For the remainder of the Gallipoli campaign, the 10th Battalion rotated through various positions in the line defending the beachhead until withdrawn to Lemnos in November.<mask> remained with his unit throughout, except for a week in September–October that he spent in hospital. The battalion embarked for Egypt in late November and spent the next four months training and assisting in the defence of the Suez Canal. While in Egypt, the battalion was split into two, one half forming the nucleus of the new 50th Battalion, which was part of the 13th Brigade, 4th Division. In April 1916, <mask> and several other 10th Battalion men were transferred to the 50th Battalion; later that month <mask> was charged for not being in his tent at tattoo. On 5 June the battalion embarked for France, arriving in Marseilles six days later. The unit then entrained for the Western Front, entering the trenches for the first time on 28 June near Fleurbaix. The 50th Battalion saw its first serious action during the Battle of Mouquet Farm in mid-August 1916.During the battle, the 50th Battalion suffered 414 casualties, largely from the heavy German artillery bombardment. On 14 August, <mask> was hit in the left shoulder by a piece of shrapnel. He was evacuated to the UK and admitted to Graylingwell War Hospital in Chichester, West Sussex. While in the UK, he was charged with more disciplinary infractions in September, December and January, on one occasion being sentenced to 28 days field punishment for missing the troop train to return to France, and on another serving 12 days detention for being absent without leave. He did not rejoin his unit until 28 January 1917. The 50th Battalion continued to rotate through front line, support and reserve positions, and underwent training in rear areas. The battalion was also involved in pursuing the Germans as they withdrew to the Hindenburg Line of fortifications.On 2 April, the 13th Brigade attacked the Hindenburg Outpost Line at Noreuil. The attack consisted of the 51st Battalion attacking the village from the north, and the 50th Battalion from the south. During this assault, which was preceded by a weak artillery barrage, the 50th Battalion suffered extraordinary difficulties, and the centre company, to which <mask> belonged, was forced to detach a party of men equipped with a large number of hand grenades (then known as bombs) to deal with a strongly barricaded German post that was holding out between their company and the one on their right. <mask> was a member of this party. His actions during the reduction of this post resulted in a recommendation for the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in battle that could be awarded to a member of the Australian armed forces at that time. He was assisted in his actions by Private William Quinlan O'Connor and four others. The recommendation read:

During the assault on Noreuil, <mask> also freed Australian prisoners, and assisted in the "mopping-up" of German resistance in the village itself when he captured a German officer or non-commissioned officer, who pointed out which building the fire was coming from.The 50th Battalion suffered 360 casualties, including 95 dead, and captured 70 Germans, nearly all of whom were taken by <mask> and his party. O'Connor was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his part in capturing the German post. On 4 April, <mask> was promoted to lance corporal. His award of the Victoria Cross appeared in The London Gazette on 8 June, by which time the 50th Battalion was involved in the Battle of Messines, suffering 149 casualties. After being relieved, the battalion continued its rotation through front line, support and reserve positions. In July 1917, <mask> was temporarily promoted to corporal and transferred to the 13th Training Battalion at Codford in the UK as an instructor. While there, he was entertained by Danish residents of Kingston upon Hull.He was invested with his VC by King George V at Buckingham Palace on 21 July. After another disciplinary infringement, he returned to France, rejoining his battalion on 6 October. He was temporarily promoted to sergeant in early November, and the battalion spent the winter of 1917–18 rotating through the front line. In late March 1918, the battalion left its rest area and, along with many other Australian units, was quickly deployed to meet the German spring offensive south of the River Ancre. On 5 April, the battalion took up positions at Dernancourt and there contributed to the defeat of the "largest German attack mounted against Australian troops during the war" during the Second Battle of Dernancourt. The fighting at Dernancourt was followed by a move to the Villers-Bretonneux sector, where, on 25 April, the battalion took part in the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux that drove the Germans from that village, at a cost to the battalion of 254 casualties. On 5 May, <mask> was on patrol near Villers-Bretonneux when he was shot in the head.Severely wounded, he was admitted to hospital in France, and on 18 May was evacuated to the UK, where he was admitted to the Richmond Military Hospital in Surrey. <mask> reverted to the rank of corporal on being evacuated. Following two weeks' leave, he was repatriated to Australia, along with nine other Victoria Cross recipients, in August 1918 to take part in a recruiting campaign on the invitation of Prime Minister Billy Hughes. He disembarked in Adelaide on 11 October, and was discharged from the AIF on 2 December. He was assessed to be partially disabled, and received a small pension. For his service during the war, as well as his Victoria Cross he was issued the 1914–15 Star, British War Medal and Victory Medal. Post-war

After his discharge, <mask> worked for a short time as a barman in Truro, then as a marine store dealer in Adelaide.He married Katy Herman ( Arthur), a divorcée, at the Adelaide Registry Office on 13 July 1921. Their marriage was heavily affected by his wartime experiences. In April 1922, a photograph of <mask> and his horse-drawn cart, with "J. C. Jensen V.C." painted on the side, was published on the front page of The Sunday Times newspaper in Sydney; the caption noted that he employed several men in his business. On 28 May, <mask> was admitted to the Adelaide Hospital, and died of congestion of the lungs three days later, aged 31. He had never fully recovered from the wounds he had received during the war. On 2 June, <mask>'s casket was carried on a horse-drawn gun carriage to the West Terrace Cemetery, followed by hundreds of former members of the 50th Battalion, and he was buried with full military honours in the AIF section of the cemetery.It was reported as "one of the most impressive funerals which have passed through the gates of the West Terrace Cemetery", and "probably one of the largest military funerals ever held in Adelaide". The pastor at the service said that <mask> was, "modest always... ever ready to enlarge on the bravery of others, without touching on his own accomplishments". <mask>'s medal set, including his Victoria Cross, was donated by a family member to the Australian War Memorial in 1987 at a ceremony attended by Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and is displayed in the Hall of Valour of the memorial. In 2006, a memorial to <mask> was unveiled in Løgstør by the Australian ambassador to Denmark, and a book about him was published in Denmark in the same year. Each year, wreaths are placed at the memorial in memory of <mask>, and in 2014 a wreath was placed by the Australian ambassador, Damien Miller. Footnotes

References

Books

News

Websites

External links

1891 births
1922 deaths
Australian Army soldiers
Australian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
Burials at West Terrace Cemetery
Danish emigrants to Australia
People from Vesthimmerland Municipality

masks:
Jørgen Christian Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jørgen
Christian Jensen
Jørgen
Christian Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen


texts:
<mask> (15 December 1908 – 25 April 2005) was a Hindu swami of the Ramakrishna Math order. He served as the 13th president of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission. Biography
<mask>, (pre-monastic name Shankaran Kutty), was born on 15 December 1908 in a village called Trikkur near Trichur, in Kerala to Neelakanta Sastry and Lakshmikutty Amma . As a teenager, he was attracted by the teachings of Swami Vivekananda and Ramakrishna and joined the Mysore centre of Ramakrishna Order as a Brahmachari in 1926. He served the Mysore Centre for 9 years and was under Swami Siddheswarananda and another 3 years under him in the Bangalore centre. He was initiated as a Sannyasi (monk) in 1933, on the 70th anniversary of Vivekananda's birth by Shivananda, a direct disciple of Ramakrishna. Between 1939 and 1942, he served as the secretary and librarian at the Rangoon branch of Ramakrishna Mission.In 1942, during the Second World War, when Japan bombed Burma (Myanmar today) and the centre had to be wound up, Swami <mask> came back to Dhaka preferring the land route trekking along with thousands of other refugees, although more comfortable alternatives were available. He then served as the president of the Karachi centre of Math from 1942 to 1948 until the partition of India, after which the mission found it difficult to continue its activities at Karachi. At Karachi, L.K. Advani came in contact with him and listened to his discourses on the Bhagavad Gita. Advani said that <mask> was a "great influence" during his formative years. According to Advani, at Karachi, Mohammed Ali Jinnah had once listened to <mask>'s lecture on Islam and Prophet Mohammed and remarked, "Now I know how a true Muslim should be." From 1949 to 1962, he served as a secretary at the Delhi centre.Then from 1962 to 1967, he served as the Secretary of the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Kolkata, director of School of Humanistic & Cultural studies, editor of mission's monthly. The swami became president of the Hyderabad branch in 1973, where he developed the Vivekananda Vani School of Languages, a temple, and a library. He was elected to the post of vice-president of Ramakrishna Math and Mission in 1988. In 1998 he was elected as the president of the mission. <mask> was chosen by the Indian government for Padma Vibhushan award in 2000. He declined the Padma Vibhushan as it was conferred on him in his individual capacity and not for the Mission. He accepted the Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration in 1987 and the Gandhi Peace Prize in February 1999 as both were conferred on the Ramakrishna Mission.Since his residence in Bangalore in the 1930s, <mask> has been a popular teacher and lecturer on Indian spiritual culture. By the mid-1950s he was known within India as an authority on practical Vedanta. Since the 1960s he made nearly annual lecture tours to Western Europe, the United States, Australia, and Singapore. He also lectured in Iran and in the Soviet Union. <mask> is noted for this contributions that bridges science and Vedantic spirituality. <mask> was regarded a great scholar and teacher. He has authored over 50 books.The Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan has published around twenty-nine of these books. His famous book includes Eternal Values for a Changing Society and commentaries on the messages of the Bhagavad Gita and Upanishads. He was known as a good orator. His weekly classes and public lectures were popular among the followers. Ganapathy, a correspondent of The Hindu writes that "In all his lectures, <mask> had stressed on the philosophy of eternal religion, a practical Vedanta, which teaches universal acceptance". He conducted moral and religious classes for the prisoners in the Bangalore and Mysore jails. In Delhi, <mask> organised social services at hospitals and worked for the relief of leprosy patients.Indian prime minister, Manmohan Singh described Swamis <mask> and Vivekananda as "leaders with a modern mind and scientific temper." <mask> lived the last days of his life in the headquarters of the Ramakrishna Mission at Belur in West Bengal. He died at the Woodlands Medical Centre, Kolkata, at 3:51 p.m. on Monday, 25 April 2005, owing to cardiac arrest. He was 96. His body was kept for darshan at Belur Math (near Kolkata) on that day, then was cremated the next day. India Post released a postage stamp in the denomination of Rs 5 to commemorate the 100th birth anniversary of Swami <mask>, during December 2008 at Kolkata. His life and work has been documented in many biographies, including the one in Malayalam by D. Vijayamohan.Quotations
 "Are you growing spiritually? Can you love others? Can you feel oneness with others? Have you peace within yourself? and do you radiate it around you? That is called spiritual growth, which is stimulated by meditation inwardly, and by work done in a spirit of service outwardly." "I am not alone in the world. . .We belong to a world. . .The vast world is around us.We cannot do without it. We cannot become human without a human world around us. How much we owe to the world of other human beings around us!" "Efficiency and energy comes from emotion, not from intellectual knowledge, which can only direct that emotional energy. But the real impulse comes from emotion. It makes you work at your best." "So, work hard; perform all duties; develop yourself; then come and surrender to the highest.Do a whole day's honest work, then sit and meditate; then resign yourself to God. Otherwise, that meditation has no meaning or value. Meditation at the end of a lazy day has no meaning; but the same at the end of an active day, filled with good deeds, has meaning, and is rewarding." "How can we find joy in work? By working for oneself? No; it is not possible to find that continuous joy in work through selfish motivations. Frustration and ennui are the end of all selfish motivations.Frustrations and nervous breakdowns are the end of a self-centred life. The first advice of modern psychiatry to such people is to get out of this prison of self-centredness, and to find a genuine interest in other people. Everyone has to learn the lesson some day that, the best way to be happy is to strive to make others happy. So wherever you find frustration, you will always discover that the person concerned had been too self-centred, and the only hope for him is through learning to take interest in other people, to find joy in the joy of other people. This is the royal path that makes for health, for strength, for efficiency. This great truth—universal and human—we should apply to the world and to our life in it." The great new mantra today is "Work" and 'Hard Work'; along with Hard Work, intelligent work co-operative teamwork.All great undertakings are product of teamwork. We can meet the challenge of freedom only when we have learnt this character-efficiency involved in teamwork, and intelligent hard work. This is the philosophy which we have to learn consciously, not unconsciously, somehow stumbling into it. Work from ego point of view is all tension. But behind ego, there is an infinite spiritual dimension. When that is realised even a little, then extra work won't make one feel that it is heavy. Even ordinary experiences will tell you: Whenever there is love in the heart, the worker doesn't feel heavy.When there is no love in the heart, even a little work makes one feel very heavy. As soon as you have love for a particular cause, you can do anything; do hard work, but have a spirit of detachment based on a larger love. Work is no work at all. It is a question of agency and attachment. When these two are not there, work ceases to be work, it becomes a play, it becomes spontaneous, and it becomes natural. When you become thoroughly detached, then all that tension goes away. You are working, but you don't feel that you are working.What a beautiful idea!" Work is drudgery; Sri Krishna will not allow that attitude. There is joy in work also. Do not abandon work; go on doing work; but, mentally renouncing all actions. It is a wonderful state of mind-working, and yet not working. Those who work, work with a zest and with joy and in work, learn calmness and the serenity of the human mind and heart; what a wonderful joy it is to work in such a way! When science insists on studying things from the point of view of the objects themselves by eliminating the personal equation, it is in effect, emphasising the sakshi-bhava or sakshi point of view (witness attitude); for, the limited and circumscribed vision of the ego gives place to the unlimited and universal vision of the sakshi, by the practice of scientific or intellectual detachment.The endeavours and conclusions of the sense-bound intellect can not be the last word in man’s search for truth. An intellectual approach to truth will end only in agnosticism; and often in cynicism. But the whole being of man seeks to experience truth, to realise it. … This rising above rationalism to direct experience and realisation, this growth of man from the sensate to the super-sensual dimension, is the special message of Indian spiritual tradition. Mysticism, studied seriously, challenges basic tenets of Western Cultures: a) the primacy of reason and intellect; b) the separate, individual nature of man; c) the linear organisation of time. Great mystics, like our own great scientists, envision the world as being larger than those tenets, as transcending our traditional views. Notes and references

Bibliography

External links
 <mask> - a monk with a mission
 Educational philosophy of Swami Ranganathananda
Lectures
 Vivekachudamani

Presidents of the Ramakrishna Order
1908 births
2005 deaths
People from Thrissur
Malayali people
Vailoppilli Sreedhara Menon Memorial Government Vocational Higher Secondary School alumni
20th-century Hindu religious leaders
20th-century Indian scholars
Scholars from Kerala
Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission

masks:
Swami Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda
Ranganathananda
Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda
Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda
Ranganathananda
Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda
Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda


texts:
<mask> (born July 26, 1970) is a Canadian pianist, composer, arranger, conductor, recording artist, and educator specializing in jazz. Described as "a magical, musical alchemist of hip hybrids", <mask>'s compositional work frequently draws upon other musical styles, fusing them with jazz. The Winnipeg native has been employed as director of jazz studies at the University of Connecticut since the fall of 2000. Early years

<mask> was born and raised in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. His father, <mask>, is an avid bagpiper who authored "The Church Piper" book series. <mask> has one sibling, Janine Mackie, a journalist and freelance writer based in Surrey, British Columbia. <mask> began taking music lessons at age five, starting on electronic organ.As a teenager he earned money playing the organ for Winnipeg Jets hockey games (1985-1988). He attended Silver Heights Collegiate Institute, where his high school stage band was nationally recognized, winning "Most Outstanding" and Gold awards at the 1988 MusicFest Canada competition. Also during high school, <mask> began taking classical piano lessons with Darrel Loewen and Shirley Kwok at the Manitoba Conservatory for Music and Arts. He also studied music theory with Francis Sanderson. Education & musical training
<mask> earned a bachelor of music degree in 1992 from McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where he majored in jazz performance. His jazz piano teachers included Fred Henke, Luc Beaugrand and André White. He studied arranging with Christopher Smith, composition with Jan Jarczyk, and improvisation with trumpeter Kevin Dean.<mask>'s graduate studies spanned 1993 to 1995 at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. He apprenticed with Kenny Barron who recorded <mask>'s composition, "Wanton Spirit" while he was still a graduate student. The song was released as the title track of Barron's Grammy-nominated CD with Roy Haynes and Charlie Haden. At Rutgers, <mask> studied arranging with Michael Philip Mossman and played in ensembles under the direction of Ralph Bowen. <mask> has augmented his formal education by participating in the BMI Jazz Composers' Workshop under the direction of Jim McNeely, Michael Abene and Mike Holober. He also attended the Summer Jazz Workshop in Banff, Canada in 2001, and has audited conducting courses at UConn with Dr. Jeffrey Renshaw. Maynard Ferguson & Big Bop Nouveau
<mask> joined Maynard Ferguson's touring band in 1998, following a one-year teaching appointment at Bowling Green State University.He worked with Ferguson for two years, performing across North America, Europe and Asia. One studio album was recorded during <mask>'s tenure with Ferguson: "Big City Rhythms", a collaboration with singer Michael Feinstein. Video recordings of several concerts have been publicly released, including <mask>'s second performance with the band, which was released on DVD as "Maynard Ferguson - Live from the King Cat Theatre" (in Seattle, WA). <mask>'s bandmates with Ferguson included:
 trumpeters Carl Fischer, Scott Englebright, Adolfo Acosta, Michael Bogart, Brian Ploeger, Thomas Marriott, Frank Abrahamson & Pete Ferguson
 trombonists Rodney Lancaster, Mike Bravin, Kelsley Grant & Reggie Watkins
 saxophonists Mike Dubaniewicz, Jeff Rupert, Mike MacArthur, Kelly Jefferson & Jim Brenan
 bassists Paul Thompson, Nathan Peck & Brian Stahurski
 drummers Dave Throckmorton & Brian Wolfe

In 1999, upon the departure of bassist Paul Thompson, Ferguson appointed <mask> musical director of Big Bop Nouveau. As musical director, <mask> rehearsed the ensemble, selected performance repertoire, made personnel recommendations and wrote musical arrangements. In the lineage of Ferguson's pianists, <mask> succeeded Ron Oswanski. Following <mask>'s departure in 2000, Ferguson hired Bryn Roberts and later Will Bonness, both of whom were <mask>'s former students from Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.Teaching
At the post-secondary level <mask> has taught at:
 St. Francis Xavier University in Nova Scotia (1996-1997),
 Bowling Green State University in Ohio (1997-1998), and at
 the University of Connecticut (2000–present)

At UCONN he teaches courses in improvisation and arranging, while also directing student ensembles and administering the jazz program. He was tenured and promoted to Associate Professor in 2005. Beyond his primary teaching position, <mask> frequently participates as a clinician, guest conductor and teacher at summer camps. In recent years he has taught at the Kincardine Summer Music Festival, Jazz In July at UMASS Amherst and Marshall University's "Jazz-MU-Tazz" camp in West Virginia. Awards, nominations & recognition

Professional
 2003: Sammy Nestico Award, for outstanding big band arrangement, sponsored by the USAF
 2003: Artist Fellowship, Connecticut Commission on the Arts
 2004: Best Jazz Group, Hartford Advocate's Reader's Poll (the <mask> 6)
 2003: Parent's Choice Award for "Treblemakers Jazz It Up" CD. 2007: Finalist, Charlie Parker/BMI Jazz Composition Award
 2008: Finalist, ArtEZ Jazz Composition Contest, the Netherlands
 2009: Artist Fellowship, Connecticut Commission on Culture and Tourism
 2011: JUNO award nomination for Traditional Jazz Album of the Year
 2011: 10th Annual Independent Music Awards, winner, jazz song category
 2011: Best Jazz Group, Hartford Advocate readers' poll (New Directions Ensemble)
 2011: Finalist, ArtEZ Jazz Composition Contest, the Netherlands
 2014: JUNO award nomination for Contemporary Jazz Album of the Year

Academic
 2003: AAUP Excellence Award for Teaching Promise
 2004: New Scholar Award, School of Fine Arts, University of Connecticut
 2006: AAUP Excellence Award for Teaching Innovation
 2011: UConn School of Fine Arts Special Achievement Award
 2013: UConn School of Fine Arts Outstanding Faculty Award

Musical ensembles

Jazz Orchestra (Big Band)

<mask> has released two albums of his compositions and arrangements for 17-piece jazz orchestra (big band): "UConn Jazz" (2002) and "Re:Visions - Works for Jazz Orchestra" (2010). The latter received a Juno Award nomination for traditional jazz album of the year in 2011.Reviewer, Dan Bilawsky asserted, "Re:Visions goes beyond where most big bands go and the music here establishes <mask> as a major force in the world of jazz composition." <mask>'s big band arrangements are published through eJazz Lines. C.O.W. (Creative Opportunity Workshop)

In 2013 <mask> released an album with the unorthodox instrumentation of cello, saxophone, percussion and piano. <mask> said, "This band, the Creative Opportunity Workshop, was formed to serve as a personal playground for experimentation and fusions." The CD, "Mirror of the Mind" received a JUNO award nomination for contemporary jazz album of the year and a garnered many favorable reviews. New Directions Ensemble

<mask> currently serves as Musical Director and Composer-In-Residence for the Hartford Jazz Society's New Directions Ensemble.The group's instrumentation consists of 2 trumpets, 1 trombone, 1 French horn, 3 saxophones (1 alto, 1 tenor, 1 bari), piano, bass and drums. Owen McNally of the Hartford Courant described the band and outlined its mission, stating "the fresh-sounding New Directions Ensemble taps into the rich lode of area talent, provides a vital forum for original compositions, spreads the good word about contemporary band music in its educational role, and provides a prominent public face for its sponsor, the Hartford Jazz Society. The New Directions Ensemble is set to swing in its own fresh way, generating contemporary band music that lives in the present, independent, cliché-free and untethered to conventional big band nostalgia." Discography

Albums as leader

Recorded collaborations

Personal life

Currently, <mask> lives in Mansfield, CT with his wife, Jana (née Smith). The couple were married in 2003 in South Windsor, CT. Together they have two young children. References

External links
 <mask>'s Home Page

1970 births
Living people
Canadian jazz pianists
Canadian music arrangers
Canadian jazz composers
Canadian classical composers
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American music arrangers
American jazz bandleaders
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Musicians from Winnipeg
People from Tolland County, Connecticut
McGill University School of Music alumni
Rutgers University alumni
University of Connecticut faculty
21st-century American composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century Canadian pianists
20th-century American composers
Jazz musicians from Connecticut
21st-century Canadian pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century American pianists
21st-century American pianists
20th-century jazz composers
21st-century jazz composers

masks:
Earl MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
Keith MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
Earl MacDonald
MacDonald
Earl MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
Earl MacDonald


texts:
Esen (; ) was a powerful Oirat taishi and the de facto ruler of the Northern Yuan dynasty between 1454 and 1455. He is best known for capturing the Emperor Yingzong of Ming in 1450 in the Battle of Tumu Fortress and briefly reuniting the Mongol tribes. The Four Oirat reached the peak of their power under his rule. Name
Esen is also spelled Yexian (也先) in Chinese. Taish or Taishi is derived from the Chinese word 太師 (taishi), meaning grand preceptor. Youth and early career

Esen was born to his father, Toghan, the Choros taishi who had expanded Oirat territory substantially, with more Mongol tribes acknowledging his supremacy. As an Oirat, Esen himself was not descended from Genghis Khan, which would hamper his claim to the title of great khan throughout his life.In his early campaigns he fought against the Chaghatayid khans of Moghulistan. <mask> three times defeated and twice captured the Moghul ruler Uwais Khan (Ways Khan, 1418–1432). <mask> released him out of respect for his Chinggisid blood in both cases. The third time, Uwais Khan granted <mask> his sister Makhtum Khanim, who bore his two sons. <mask> nominally converted to Islam in order to marry the Muslim princess, but remained effectively a shamanist. After his father died in 1438, <mask> inherited his position, taishi, for the reigning khan Taisun Khan (reigned 1433–52). Under <mask> <mask>'s leadership, the Mongols under Taisun Khan unified the North Yuan, including the Jurchens and Tuvans in Manchuria and Siberia.In the 1430s, Esen also took over control of the Mongol kingdom known as Kara Del in the Hami oasis between the Gobi and the Takla Makan deserts. After 1443–45 the Northern Yuan reached Korea. Conflict with Ming dynasty

Background
Esen entered into conflict with the Ming dynasty. The Ming dynasty had for some time pursued a "divide and rule" strategy in dealings with their northern neighbors, maintaining trade relationships, functioning as a kind of state-subsidized monopoly, with multiple leaders who they could then turn against one another by inciting jealousy or suggesting intrigue. However, a unified Northern Yuan was less susceptible to such tactics. Many of the tribes brought under Oirat dominion had inhabited areas claimed by the Ming, and other tribes had been pushed south into Ming territory seeking to escape Oirat subjugation. The Chagatayid Hami oasis, furthermore, had paid tribute to the emperor before Esen convinced its ruler to pay tribute to the Oirats instead.Throughout the 1440s, <mask> increased both the frequency of tribute missions to the Ming and the number of representatives sent on each mission. According to surviving Chinese accounts, the Oirats asked for more and more lucrative tribute and trade agreements. The Ming tried to stir rivalry between Taisun Khan, but <mask> chose "rivals" below him in status to counter the divide and rule strategy. So the Ming resorted to another strategy: to buy off the Northern Yuan with gifts. <mask> encouraged hundreds of Mongol, Hami, and Samarkand-based Muslim merchants to accompany his missions to the Ming Emperor. Beginning in 1439 Taisun Khan and <mask> sent envoys to the Ming, often numbering more than 1,000. They asked for more and more gifts.In response to this inflation of numbers, the Zhengtong Emperor (1427–64; 大明英宗正統皇帝；明英宗) decreased trade with <mask> and Taisun Khan, and closed border trade with the Northern Yuan. Capture of the Emperor Yingzong of Ming
In retaliation to these trade sanctions, <mask> <mask> led an invasion of the Ming Empire in 1449 that culminated in the capture of the Ming emperor during the Tumu Crisis. The large-scale, three-pronged invasion began in July, with Taisun Khan leading the easternmost force to Liaodong, the grand councillor Alag attacking Xuanfu, and <mask> himself leading the troops that sacked Datong in August. Another column of the Mongols invaded Ganzhou. The campaign was a massive victory for the Northern Yuan, with the Mongols crushing Zhu Qizhen's forces. Even though Zhu's troops in the region are estimated to have numbered as many as 500,000, Zhu was still crushed by <mask> <mask>'s 20,000 cavalry. Datong lay next to the south side of the Great Wall of China.After the initial attack on Datong, <mask> pretended to retreat back into the Mongolian steppes. The emperor and his hastily raised army chased the invaders west and met an ambush upon arriving at Datong. Mongol horsemen harried Zhu's retreat back towards the wall for four days while hampered by thunderstorms. The imperial army eventually reached the Tumu Fortress. However rather than having secured a defensible position, Zhu's troops were trapped against the northern side of the fortress, and the Northern Yuan horsemen annihilated Zhu's army. Most of the remaining soldiers were slaughtered. <mask> was still some distance away, near Xianfu.Six weeks later, when the captured emperor Zhu Qizhen was brought to his camp, Esen attempted to ransom the emperor back to the Ming. According to some accounts, it was at this point that <mask> was granted the title "Taishi." In any case, the Ming refused to negotiate a ransom, perhaps in part because the emperor's brother (prince Zhu Qiyu, later the Jingtai Emperor) was by then installed on the throne and not eager to give up his new position. Yu Qian (于謙), the defense minister of Ming, who was organizing the counterstrike, commented that the emperor's life is not as important as the fate of the country. He also believed that ransoming the emperor might boost the Northern Yuan's morale and reduce that of the Ming. Beijing

Esen still considered the emperor more valuable alive than dead. <mask> then laid siege to Beijing, but it failed.<mask> offered the emperor his sister in marriage (Heqin), but the emperor rejected <mask>. The Ming Beijing garrison led by Yu Qian soon turned the situation around. Yu Qian ordered his forces to pretend that they had lost control of the city gate in order to lure Mongol horsemen into the city. Once a large portion of the Mongol force was inside, the gate was shut and the Mongols were ambushed. <mask>'s sworn blood brother was killed in the attack. Having failed to take the city, <mask> was forced to retreat under pressure from his own troops and by the arrival of Ming reinforcements. <mask> and Taisun Khan turned to attack Manchuria and East Siberia, under Ming rule, around the Nen River and Songhua River, but failed and were defeated by the Ming.Negotiations
The Ming court elevated the Jingtai Emperor (reigned 1449–57) to the throne. <mask> sent the captured emperor back in 1450. Since the Mongol economy relied on their trade with the Ming dynasty, <mask> was obligated to reopen negotiations, now under a much weaker position. While Ming-Mongol trade did not cease entirely during the Tumu Crisis, <mask> had not only failed to win better terms than the prior arrangements, he was forced to accept less favorable terms in return for resumption of trade with the Ming. The Northern Yuan then entered a vassal relationship with the Ming for some time. Reign and death
Taisun Khan and <mask> <mask> quarreled over the heir to the throne. <mask> wanted a son of his sister to be the successor of Taisun Khan, but Taisun nominated another son of the eastern Mongol khatun as his heir instead.Taisun Khan supported the Three guards and openly led his own forces against <mask> in 1451, but they were outnumbered by Oirat loyalists and the nominal khan was caught and killed by eastern tribesmen as he attempted to retreat. Taisun Khan's brother Agbarjin jinong (viceroy), who married <mask>'s daughter Tsetseg, deserted to the Oirats and was promised the title of khagan of the Northern Yuan dynasty. However, <mask> murdered him at a feast which he had been invited. <mask> attempted to kill the baby of his daughter, Agbarjin's son, but she and <mask>'s grandmother, Samur Gunj, hid the infant prince, Batu-Mongke, who would be a direct ancestor of Dayan Khan. Eighteen months after his defeat of Taisun Khan, in 1453, <mask> himself took the title of Great Khan of the Great Yuan (大元天盛大可汗). At the same time the Oirats launched an invasion against Moghulistan, Tashkent, and Transoxiana. The Ming emperor was among the first to acknowledge the new title, but the reaction of <mask>'s fellow Mongols, Oirat and otherwise, mostly ranged from disapproving to enraged.Though <mask>'s lineage was related to the royal line descended from Temüjin (Genghis Khan) through his grandmother Samur gunji (princess), it was unlikely that he would have been considered eligible for election as Khan, and in any case <mask> ignored the usual selection process. Rather than the title of khan falling automatically to the eldest eligible male of the line, as in primogeniture, Mongol leaders were traditionally chosen by means of the kurultai, an elective monarchy system, with the members of a lineage voting to choose the title's successor from among themselves. This dissatisfaction soon escalated into open revolt against <mask>. <mask> gave his son Amasanj the title of taishi, an action that led his powerful general Alag, who had expected to receive the title himself, into rebellion. Oirat leaders joined the rebellion against <mask>, who was defeated in battle and murdered in 1455, a year after his assumption of the title of khan. After his death, the Oirat no longer held sway over Mongolia, which had come under their control through <mask>'s influence, and remained divided among themselves for many years. The 17th and 18th century Zunghar rulers considered themselves to be descendants of <mask> Taishi.See also
 List of khans of the Northern Yuan dynasty
 Four Oirat
 Tumu Crisis
 Kara Del

References and notes

Notes

Reading

 Twitchett, Denis, Frederick W. Mote, & John K. Fairbank (eds.) (1998). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, the Ming Dynasty, Part 2, 1368–1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 233–239. . Google Print. Retrieved 2 November 2005.Mancini, Robert David (publication year unknown). "Dharma Daishi, Great Teacher of Buddhism and the Martial Arts". van der Kuijp, Leonard W.J. (1993). "Jambhala: an imperial envoy to Tibet during the late Yuan". The Journal of the American Oriental Society 113 (4), 538–? Navigation

1455 deaths
History of Mongolia
Mongol khans
Northern Yuan rulers
Oirats
15th-century Mongol rulers
15th-century Chinese monarchs
Year of birth unknown

masks: Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Taishi Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Taishi Esen Esen Taishi Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Taishi Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen


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<mask> (born Wolf Stefan Priwin; 21 October 1925 – 9 July 1993) was a German-born American director of television episodes and feature films and film production executive. <mask> began his film career in 1943 as an editor for MGM and later Universal Studios. In 1950, he moved to Europe. Previn directed numerous television series, and a decade later, directed several features for Walt Disney in Europe. In 1965 he went to work for Eon Productions in London as a television executive and in 1966 joined Paramount London as a film executive. In 1970 he segued to Commonwealth United Entertainment, Inc., as a production executive and also freelanced in Europe on several films. While living in London, <mask>, in the 1970s, served as the English Representative and Production Executive for American International Pictures.He was the brother of musician <mask> and second cousin once-removed of American-born film composer <mask>. <mask> (then known as Wolf Priwin) steamed aboard the SS Hamburg from Hamburg, Germany to New York from January 16, 1936, to January 24, 1936, to join a family friend in New York, Rudolph Polk (1895–1957), a concert violinist who, at the time, lived at 35 West 81st Street in Manhattan. <mask>'s immediate family — Jacob, Charlotte (<mask>'s mother, née Epstein; 1893–1996), Leonore (<mask>'s sister; 1923–1959; husband – Sidney Saul Young; 1912–1987), and Andreas Priwin — steamed aboard the SS Manhattan from Le Havre, France to New York City, arriving October 27, 1938. Jacob Priwin listed his cousin, <mask> (1884–1954) (who lived on the Upper West Side in Manhattan), as his U.S. contact. Charlotte, Andreas, and Leonore then sailed from New York to Los Angeles from November 26, 1938, to December 11, 1938, aboard the SS City of Newport News. In Los Angeles, <mask> turned a hobby as a musician into a career as a music teacher. <mask> was married to <mask>.They had a son, <mask>. References General references International Motion Picture Almanac, 1975 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1975)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1976 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1976)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1977 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1977)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1978 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1978)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1979 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1979)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1980 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1980)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1981 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1981)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1982 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1982)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1984 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1984)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1986 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1986)Inline citations'

American television directors
American people of German-Jewish descent
1925 births
1993 deaths
Previn family
German emigrants to the United States

masks:
Stephen Wolf Previn
Previn
Previn
André Previn
Charles Previn
Steve Previn
Steve
Steve
Steve
Leo Previn
Jack Previn
Steve Previn
Elizabeth Previn
Nicholas Previn


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<mask> (born April 30, 1980) is an Argentine former professional basketball player who currently serves as the Amministratore delegato for the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA) team Pallacanestro Varese. A three-time All-EuroLeague selection with Tau Ceramica, he signed with the Houston Rockets in 2007, and was voted to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. Later on, he played for the Phoenix Suns, Indiana Pacers, Toronto Raptors and Brooklyn Nets. <mask> has been a regular member of the Argentina national basketball team since 1999, winning an Olympic gold team medal in 2004 and a bronze team medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics. In 2010 <mask> won the Konex Award Merit Diploma as one of the five best basketball players from the last decade in Argentina. He also play for the Los Angeles lakers with a 10 days contracts. He was honored as the national flag bearer at the 2016 Summer Olympics.Professional career

Ferro Carril Oeste (1995–1998)
<mask> started his career with the Buenos Aires youth teams of Ferro Carril Oeste. He made his professional debut with the same club's pro team in the Argentine league during the 1995–96 season, at the age of 15. Gijón (1998–2000)
After the 1997–98 basketball season in the Argentine League, <mask> moved to Spain and signed with Saski Baskonia. He was loaned to Gijón Baloncesto, where he helped the then Spanish League Second Division club achieve promotion to the Spanish League First Division. He then was loaned back to Gijón through the 1999–2000 season, before arriving at Baskonia, where he played for seven seasons. Baskonia (2000–2007)
With Saski Baskonia, <mask> reached the EuroLeague Finals in the 2000–01 season, and three consecutive EuroLeague Final Fours, between 2005 and 2007. His outstanding performances earned him an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in 2005, as well as two All-EuroLeague First Team selections in 2006 and 2007.Although <mask> did not win the EuroLeague championship with Baskonia, he did win with them every major Spanish League title, winning a Spanish ACB League championship in 2002, three Spanish King's Cups in 2002, 2004, 2006, and three Spanish Supercups in 2005, 2006, 2007. Houston Rockets (2007–2012)
In the summer of 2005, the San Antonio Spurs of the NBA (who drafted <mask> in 2002), attempted to negotiate with Baskonia to buy out his contract. The teams settled on a number of over $3 million for the buyout of the contract. This made it difficult for <mask> to join fellow Argentina national team member Manu Ginóbili in San Antonio, because of the NBA's rule which limits teams to paying no more than $500,000 of a player's buyout. <mask> would have been responsible for paying Baskonia the remaining $2.5 million amount of the buyout. When the deal to buy out <mask>'s contract fell through, the Spurs instead signed an Argentine national team teammate and friend of <mask>'s, Fabricio Oberto. On July 12, 2007, the Spurs traded the rights to <mask>, along with center-forward Jackie Butler, to the Houston Rockets, in return for Vassilis Spanoulis, a future second-round draft pick, and cash considerations.He signed with the Rockets soon after and his US$3.2 million buyout was completed a few days later. <mask> signed a three-year contract with the Rockets, at a salary of $9.5 million. <mask> placed third in the NBA 2007–08 Rookie of the Year Award voting and he was also named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. On March 13, 2010, he scored a career-high 44 points against the New Jersey Nets. On the afternoon of December 8, 2011, the day before the 2011 NBA lockout ended and players could move between teams, the Rockets, the Los Angeles Lakers and the New Orleans Hornets agreed to a trade that would have sent <mask>, along with Goran Dragić, Kevin Martin, and Lamar Odom to the Hornets. In exchange, the Rockets would have received Pau Gasol, and the Lakers would have received star point guard Chris Paul. That night, after other team owners voiced their opposition, league commissioner David Stern nullified the trade.On July 13, 2012, he was waived by the Rockets using the league's amnesty clause to provide salary cap relief. It was widely noted, however, that <mask> was not cut due to a lack of performance; rather, the deal was an attempt to clear cap space for the Rockets to trade for former Orlando Magic All-Star center Dwight Howard. Howard was instead traded to the Los Angeles Lakers, but the Rockets used their cap space to gain former Oklahoma City Thunder Sixth Man of the Year shooting guard and Olympic gold medalist James Harden. Phoenix Suns (2012–2013)

On July 15, 2012, <mask> was claimed off amnesty waivers by the Phoenix Suns. Reportedly, the Dallas Mavericks and the Cleveland Cavaliers were also interested in acquiring him during the amnesty process. On November 21, 2012, he was relegated to playing off the bench for the first time in his NBA career since the start of his rookie season. He regained his starting spot less than a month later, and on December 29, he scored a season-high 33 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves.While <mask> did become a leader for the Suns, he finished the season with declining averages, as his 12.8 points per game were his lowest since the 2008–09 season. Indiana Pacers (2013–2015)
On July 27, 2013, the Suns traded <mask> to the Indiana Pacers in exchange for Gerald Green, Miles Plumlee, and a future second round draft pick. In his two seasons for the Pacers, he played a back-up power forward role to David West as he started just 18 games over his two-year stint. Toronto Raptors (2015–2016)
On July 15, 2015, <mask> signed with the Toronto Raptors. He made his debut for the Raptors in their season opener on October 28, recording eight rebounds while taking no field goal attempts in a 106–99 win over the Indiana Pacers. He helped the Raptors make the Eastern Conference Finals in 2016 for the first time in franchise history. Brooklyn Nets (2016–2017)
On July 13, 2016, <mask> signed with the Brooklyn Nets.He made his debut for the Nets in their season opener on October 26, scoring eight points in a 122–117 loss to the Boston Celtics. On February 27, 2017, he was waived by the Nets. Shanxi Brave Dragons (2017–2018)
On July 9, 2017, <mask> signed with the Shanxi Brave Dragons of the Chinese Basketball Association. Shanghai Sharks (2018–2019)
On August 10, 2018, <mask> signed with the Shanghai Sharks of the Chinese Basketball Association. Olimpia Milano (2019–2020)
On 29 September 2019, Olimpia Milano head coach, Ettore Messina, during the press conference of the 2nd round match of the 2019–20 LBA season lost against Germani Basket Brescia, announced that <mask> had signed with the team for the rest of season. On 11 June 2020, <mask> left Olimpia Milano. Varese (2020–2021)
On 1 July 2020, <mask> announced that he would play at least one year more before retirement and signed with Pallacanestro Varese of the LBA for the 2020–21 season with an option to extend for the next year.Post-playing career
On September 20, 2021, Pallacanestro Varese announced that <mask> would re-join them as Chief executive officer. National team career

Junior national team

With Argentina's junior national teams, <mask> won the gold medal at the 1995 South American Cadet Championship, the gold medal at the 1996 South American Junior Championship, the gold medal at the 2000 FIBA Americas Under-20 Championship, and the bronze medal at the 2001 FIBA Under-21 World Cup. Senior national team
As a member of the senior Argentina national team, <mask> has won multiple medals: the silver medal at the 1999 South American Championship, the bronze medal at the 1999 FIBA Americas Championship, the gold medal at the 2001 FIBA Americas Championship, the silver medal at the 2002 FIBA World Championship, the silver medal at the 2003 FIBA Americas Championship, the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics, the silver medal at the 2007 FIBA Americas Championship, the bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics, the bronze medal at the 2009 FIBA Americas Championship, the gold medal at the 2011 FIBA Americas Championship and the bronze medal at the 2013 FIBA Americas Championship among other titles. At the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship tournament, <mask> became the all-time leading scorer in FIBA AmeriCup history, and won his 4th tournament MVP. <mask> broke two records of the Argentina national team at the FIBA World Cup, during the 2010 edition: top overall scorer for Argentina at a World Cup (beating Ernesto Gehrmann's 331 points) and most points scored for Argentina in one game at a World Cup (scoring 37 against Brazil in the round of 16, therefore beating Alberto Desimone's 35 points scored against Mexico in 1963). In 2019, at 39 years old, he was part of the team that won the gold medal at the Pan American Games. At the 2019 FIBA World Cup, he scored 135 points and 57 rebounds in the seven matches en route to the final.<mask> scored 23 points against Nigeria in a preliminary round of the 2019 World Cup game at Wuhan, giving him a total of 611 points in his World Cup career. With this <mask> passed Andrew Gaze's total of 594, and is now second only to Brazilian scoring great Oscar Schmidt's 906 points in the tournament. <mask> scored a team high 23 points in a loss to Slovenia in the preliminary round of the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo. Play was paused during <mask>'s final game at the 2020 Summer Olympics, when his Argentinian team was playing Australia. With less than a minute left in the game <mask> was checked out and players from both teams, coaches and those in the stadium gave him a standing ovation out of respect. The referee's allowed this pause in the game as they understood the importance of the occasion. He also holds a Spanish passport.In July 18, 2017, <mask> was named as an ambassador for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires.

masks:
Luis Alberto Scola Balvoa
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
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Scola
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<mask> (born December 31, 1939) is a cognitive scientist, theoretical and computational psychologist, neuroscientist, mathematician, biomedical engineer, and neuromorphic technologist. He is the Wang Professor of Cognitive and Neural Systems and a Professor Emeritus of Mathematics & Statistics, Psychological & Brain Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering at Boston University. Career

Early life and education
<mask> first lived in Woodside, Queens, in New York City. His father died from Hodgkin's lymphoma when he was one year old. He moved with his mother and older brother, Mitchell, to Jackson Heights, Queens. He then attend Stuyvesant High School in lower Manhattan after passing its competitive entrance exam. He graduated first in his class from Stuyvesant in 1957.He began undergraduate studies at Dartmouth College in 1957, where he first conceived of the paradigm of using nonlinear differential equations to describe neural networks that model brain dynamics, as well as the basic equations that many scientists use for this purpose today. He then continued to study both psychology and neuroscience. He received a B.A. in 1961 from Dartmouth as its first joint major in mathematics and psychology. <mask> then went to Stanford University, from which he graduated in 1964 with an MS in mathematics and transferred to The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now The Rockefeller University) in Manhattan. <mask> received a PhD in mathematics from Rockefeller in 1967 for a thesis that proved the first global content addressable memory theorems about the neural learning models that he had discovered at Dartmouth. His PhD thesis advisor was Gian-Carlo Rota.Entering academia
<mask> was hired as an assistant professor of applied mathematics at MIT following strong recommendations from Kac and Rota. In 1969, <mask> was promoted to associate professor after publishing a stream of conceptual and mathematical results about many aspects of neural networks. Upon not getting tenure at MIT, <mask> was hired as a full professor at Boston University in 1975, where he is still on the faculty today. While at Boston University, he founded the Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems, several interdisciplinary research centers, and various international institutions. Research
<mask> is a founder of the fields of computational neuroscience, connectionist cognitive science, and neuromorphic technology. His work focuses upon the design principles and mechanisms that enable the behavior of individuals, or machines, to adapt autonomously in real time to unexpected environmental challenges. This research has included neural models of vision and image processing; object, scene, and event learning, pattern recognition, and search; audition, speech and language; cognitive information processing and planning; reinforcement learning and cognitive-emotional interactions; autonomous navigation; adaptive sensory-motor control and robotics; self-organizing neurodynamics; and mental disorders.<mask> also collaborates with experimentalists to design experiments that test theoretical predictions and fill in conceptually important gaps in the experimental literature, carries out analyses of the mathematical dynamics of neural systems, and transfers biological neural models to applications in engineering and technology. He has published seventeen books or journal special issues, over 500 research articles, and has seven patents. <mask> has studied how brains give rise to minds since he took the introductory psychology course as a freshman at Dartmouth College in 1957. At that time, <mask> introduced the paradigm of using nonlinear systems of differential equations to show how brain mechanisms can give rise to behavioral functions. This paradigm is helping to solve the classical mind/body problem, and is the basic mathematical formalism that is used in biological neural network research today. In particular, in 1957–1958, <mask> discovered widely used equations for (1) short-term memory (STM), or neuronal activation (often called the Additive and Shunting models, or the Hopfield model after John Hopfield's 1984 application of the Additive model equation); (2) medium-term memory (MTM), or activity-dependent habituation (often called habituative transmitter gates, or depressing synapses after Larry Abbott's 1997 introduction of this term); and (3) long-term memory (LTM), or neuronal learning (often called gated steepest descent learning). One variant of these learning equations, called Instar Learning, was introduced by <mask> in 1976 into Adaptive Resonance Theory and Self-Organizing Maps for the learning of adaptive filters in these models.This learning equation was also used by Kohonen in his applications of Self-Organizing Maps starting in 1984. Another variant of these learning equations, called Outstar Learning, was used by <mask> starting in 1967 for spatial pattern learning. Outstar and Instar learning were combined by <mask> in 1976 in a three-layer network for the learning of multi-dimensional maps from any m-dimensional input space to any n-dimensional output space. This application was called Counter-propagation by Hecht-Nielsen in 1987. Building on his 1964 Rockefeller PhD thesis, in the 1960s and 1970s, <mask> generalized the Additive and Shunting models to a class of dynamical systems that included these models as well as non-neural biological models, and proved content addressable memory theorems for this more general class of models. As part of this analysis, he introduced a Liapunov functional method to help classify the limiting and oscillatory dynamics of competitive systems by keeping track of which population is winning through time. This Liapunov method led him and Michael Cohen to discover in 1981 and publish in 1982 and 1983 a Liapunov function that they used to prove that global limits exist in a class of dynamical systems with symmetric interaction coefficients that includes the Additive and Shunting models.John Hopfield published this Liapunov function for the Additive model in 1984. Most scientists started to call Hopfield's contribution the Hopfield model. In 1987, Bart Kosko adapted the Cohen-Grossberg model and Liapunov function, which proved global convergence of STM, to define an Adaptive Bidirectional Associative Memory that combines STM and LTM and which also globally converges to a limit. <mask> has introduced, and developed with his colleagues, fundamental concepts, mechanisms, models, and architectures across a wide spectrum of topics about brain and behavior. He has collaborated with over 100 PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. In 1981, he founded the Center for Adaptive Systems at Boston University and remains its Director. In 1991, he founded the Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems at Boston University and served as its chairman until 2007.In 2004, he founded the NSF Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science, and Technology (CELEST) and served as its Director until 2009. All of these institutions were aimed at answering two related questions: i) How does the brain control behavior? ii) How can technology emulate biological intelligence? In addition, <mask> founded and was first President of the International Neural Network Society (INNS), which grew to 3700 members from 49 states of the United States and 38 countries during the fourteen months of his presidency. The formation of INNS soon led to the formation of the European Neural Network Society (ENNS) and the Japanese Neural Network Society (JNNS). <mask> also founded the INNS official journal, and was its Editor-in-Chief from 1988 - 2010. Neural Networks is also the archival journal of ENNS and JNNS.<mask>'s lecture series at MIT Lincoln Laboratory triggered the national DARPA Neural Network Study in 1987–88, which led to heightened government interest in neural network research. He was General Chairman of the first IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks (ICNN) in 1987 and played a key role in organizing the first INNS annual meeting in 1988, whose fusion in 1989 led to the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), which remains the largest annual meeting devoted to neural network research. <mask> has also organized and chaired the annual International Conference on Cognitive and Neural Systems (ICCNS) since 1997, as well as many other conferences in the neural networks field. <mask> has served on the editorial board of 30 journals, including Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Cognitive Brain Research, Cognitive Science, Neural Computation, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, IEEE Expert, and the International Journal of Humanoid Robotics. Awards
Awards granted to Grossberg:
 1991 IEEE Neural Network Pioneer Award
 1992 INNS Leadership Award
 1992 Boston Computer Society Thinking Technology Award
 2000 Information Science Award of the Association for Intelligent Machinery
 2002 Charles River Laboratories prize of the Society for Behavioral Toxicology
 2003 INNS Helmholtz Award. Memberships:
 1990 member of the Memory Disorders Research Society
 1994 Fellow of the American Psychological Association
 1996 Fellow of the Society of Experimental Psychologists
 2002 Fellow of the American Psychological Society
 2005 IEEE Fellow
 2008 Inaugural Fellow of the American Educational Research Association
 2011 INNS Fellow

<mask> received the 2015 Norman Anderson Lifetime Achievement Award of the Society of Experimental Psychologists "for his pioneering theoretical research on how brains give rise to minds and his foundational contributions to computational neuroscience and connectionist cognitive science". His acceptance speech can be found here.He received the 2017 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Frank Rosenblatt Award with the following citation: "For contributions to understanding brain cognition and behavior and their emulation by technology". He won the 2019 Donald O. Hebb award from the International Neural Network Society which is given "for outstanding achievements in biological learning". ART theory
With Gail Carpenter, Grossberg developed the adaptive resonance theory (ART). ART is a cognitive and neural theory of how the brain can quickly learn, and stably remember and recognize, objects and events in a changing world. ART proposed a solution of the stability-plasticity dilemma; namely, how a brain or machine can learn quickly about new objects and events without just as quickly being forced to forget previously learned, but still useful, memories. ART predicts how learned top-down expectations focus attention on expected combinations of features, leading to a synchronous resonance that can drive fast learning. ART also predicts how large enough mismatches between bottom-up feature patterns and top-down expectations can drive a memory search, or hypothesis testing, for recognition categories with which to better learn to classify the world.ART thus defines a type of self-organizing production system. ART was practically demonstrated through the ART family of classifiers (e.g., ART 1, ART 2, ART 2A, ART 3, ARTMAP, fuzzy ARTMAP, ART eMAP, distributed ARTMAP), developed with Gail Carpenter, which has been used in large-scale applications in engineering and technology where fast, yet stable, incrementally learned classification and prediction are needed. New computational paradigms
<mask> has introduced and led the development of two computational paradigms that are relevant to biological intelligence and its applications:

Complementary Computing

What is the nature of brain specialization? Many scientists have proposed that our brains possess independent modules, as in a digital computer. The brain's organization into distinct anatomical areas and processing streams shows that brain processing is indeed specialized. However, independent modules should be able to fully compute their particular processes on their own. Much behavioral data argue against this possibility.Complementary Computing (Grossberg, 2000, 2012) concerns the discovery that pairs of parallel cortical processing streams compute complementary properties in the brain. Each stream has complementary computational strengths and weaknesses, much as in physical principles like the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. Each cortical stream can also possess multiple processing stages. These stages realize a hierarchical resolution of uncertainty. "Uncertainty" here means that computing one set of properties at a given stage prevents computation of a complementary set of properties at that stage. Complementary Computing proposes that the computational unit of brain processing that has behavioral significance consists of parallel interactions between complementary cortical processing streams with multiple processing stages to compute complete information about a particular type of biological intelligence. Laminar Computing

The cerebral cortex, the seat of higher intelligence in all modalities, is organized into layered circuits (often six main layers) that undergo characteristic bottom-up, top-down, and horizontal interactions.How do specializations of this shared laminar design embody different types of biological intelligence, including vision, speech and language, and cognition? Laminar Computing proposes how this can happen (Grossberg, 1999, 2012). Laminar Computing explains how the laminar design of neocortex may realize the best properties of feedforward and feedback processing, digital and analog processing, and bottom-up data-driven processing and top-down attentive hypothesis-driven processing. Embodying such designs into VLSI chips promises to enable the development of increasingly general-purpose adaptive autonomous algorithms for multiple applications. See also
 Grossberg network

References

External links
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