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<mask><mask> is the president and chief executive officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy in Los Angeles, California. He is concurrently a research professor at the University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism. Previously, he has served as partner and executive vice president for International Operations at Best Associates in Dallas, Texas. He also occupied a number of senior management positions at the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California, where he was awarded the RAND Medal for Excellence. Among these positions, he served as corporate research manager, director of international programs and development, and director of the Center for Middle East Public Policy. He has also served as a professor of political science at the University of Michigan and the University of Arizona. His work on Middle East policy and politics has appeared in such publications as Comparative Politics, The Harvard Journal of World Affairs, The Huffington Post, the Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Politique Étrangère, the RAND Review, Survival, World Politics, and many others.Early life

Born in Boston, Massachusetts, he graduated with a B.A. with Distinction in politics (summa cum laude) from University of Massachusetts at Boston. He has both a M.A. and Ph.D. in political science from the University of Chicago, where he specialized in Middle East politics. <mask> conducted research in Iran during the period of the Iranian Revolution as a fellow at the Tehran-based Iran Communications and Development Institute. <mask> was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to Cairo University in 1982. <mask> started his academic career as a professor in the Department of Political Science and Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan.He then became a professor of political science and sociology at the University of Arizona, where he served as director for The Center for Middle Eastern Studies. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, has served on numerous study groups focusing on international policy, as well as track II initiatives with Iran and Libya. He has spoken at conferences and other gatherings around the world. Career
In 1996, <mask> became the director at the Center for Middle East Public Policy at the RAND Corporation, and then director of international programs and development at RAND. During that time, <mask> authored numerous pieces on issues including NATO policy in the Mediterranean, US-Middle East relations, the security policies of Iran,  and democracy and Islam in Afghanistan. <mask> also served as partner and executive vice president for international operations at Best Associates, a privately held merchant banking firm with global operations, and executive vice president for academic affairs for the Whitney International University System and the senior advisory board of Academic Partnerships, both based in Dallas, Texas. <mask> later returned to RAND, where he oversaw an attempt to broaden RAND's Middle East-based policy analysis work.<mask> has lectured on six continents and has been a visiting fellow at the Chinese Academy of Social Science's West Asian Studies Center in Beijing, China; a visiting lecturer at the Havana based Center for African and Middle East Studies, a fellow at the Australian Defence College, and delivered papers at conferences sponsored by the Iranian Institute of International Affairs in Tehran, Iran. <mask> has lived abroad as a Fulbright Fellow in Egypt, three years in Israel, and conducted field research in Iran. He has visited virtually every other Middle Eastern country. Since 2008, <mask> has served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy in Los Angeles. Advisory roles
Dr. <mask> is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the California Club, the Lincoln Club, U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy, the Los Angeles Coalition for the Economy and Jobs Tourism Committee, and the USC Center on Public Diplomacy Advisory Board. Dr. <mask> also serves as an International Medical Corps ambassador. He is currently a reserve deputy sheriff with the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department after serving as a specialist reserve officer with the Los Angeles Police Department, where he advised on issues related to terrorism and intelligence.He received a Meritorious Service Award for his work. Dr. <mask> is also currently a technical advisor to Activision Publishing where he consults on the highly successful Call of Duty video game series. Dr. <mask> previously served on the Board of Directors of the California Club, the Advisory Committee of The Asia Society of Southern California, the Advisory board of Whitney International University, the Advisory Board of Academic Partnerships, the Board of Managers of Falcon Waterfree Technologies, and the Board of the Middle East Institute at Columbia University. Dr. <mask> served as a member of the U.S. Secretary of the Navy Advisory Panel for eight years, and was awarded the Distinguished Civilian Service Award. Other previous roles

President and CEO of the Pacific Council
In 2008, <mask> became the president and chief executive officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy, located in Los Angeles, California. The Pacific Council is "committed to building the vast potential of the West Coast for impact on global issues, discourse, and policy" through its events, conferences, delegations and task forces. The Pacific Council focuses on four specific initiatives: Global Water Scarcity Project, Global Los Angeles, Mexico Initiative, and the Guantánamo Bay Observer Program.The Pacific Council has hosted events with featured speakers such as former Secretaries of State Hillary Clinton, John Kerry, Condoleezza Rice, former President George W. Bush, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti, former CIA Director Leon Panetta, General James Mattis, foreign dignitaries, U.S. ambassadors, members of Congress, and foreign policy experts, among others. <mask> has led three U.S. Department of Defense-sponsored delegations to Afghanistan and another to Iraq. He has also led Pacific Council fact-finding delegations to Argentina, Chile, China, Cuba, France,  Myanmar, North Korea, Russia, Uzbekistan, and South Sudan. In addition, <mask> served as a member of a joint task force between the Pacific Council and the Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos Internationales (COMEXI)  that looked at the U.S.–Mexican border. He has also represented the Pacific Council as an observer at the legal proceedings being conducted at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, by the U.S. Department of Defense. Recommendations made by the Council's Guantánamo Bay task force were included in the FY2018 Defense Bill by Congressman Adam Schiff (D-CA). In March 2019, <mask> received the 2019 World Trade Week Southern California Stanley T. Olafson Bronze Plaque Award on behalf of the L.A. Area Chamber of Commerce.The award is presented to a member of the community whose dedication and achievements have advanced trade in the Southern California region. Publications
 Revolution in Iran: The Politics of Countermobilization. Praeger, 1982. "Friends of the Devil: U.S.-Iran Ties Beyond a Nuclear Deal", Huffington Post World, 21 October 2014. "Obama, Take Note: Wireless Revolution is Coming to Myanmar", Huffington Post World, 24 May 2013. "The Ghosts of Abu Ghraib Exorcised?" with William Loomis; Huffington Post,  15 July 2010."La politique américaine et le conflit iraélo-palestinien", Politique Étrangère,  July–September 2002. "No Escape", The World Today, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, London, 2002. "A Memo to the President: Structural Problems in the Middle East", Middle East Insight, November 2000. "The Information Revolution and Political Opposition in the Middle East", Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, 1999. "An Atlantic Partnership in the Middle East", with <mask> and F. Steven Larrabee; RAND Review, Spring 1999. "Where Are The Arabs?" Survival, 1998."Gulf Security With the Gulf States?" Harvard Journal of World Affairs: The Journal for International Policy, 1995. "Israel's Right is Wrong", Al Ahram Weekly (Cairo), 9 November 1995. "Conflict, Consensus, and Gulf Security", The Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Winter 1993. "Ideology and Pragmatism in Iranian Foreign Policy", Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Fall 1993. "Iran's Foreign Policy: Between Enmity and Conciliation", Current History January 1993. "Parallel Cities", The New York Times Book Review, 17 November 1991."U.S. AID's Democratic Pluralism Initiative: Pragmatism or Alturism?" Ethics and International Affairs 1991. "The Rationality of Collective Political Action: Germany, Israel, and Peru," – Senior Investigator, Funded by the National Science Foundation – 1987–1991. "Are Arab Politics Still Arab?" World Politics, July 1986. "Terrorism in the Middle East", U.S.A. Today, 11 November 1985. "Countermobilization as a Revolutionary Form", Comparative Politics, January 1984."Qadhafi's Not Always to Blame", Wall Street Journal, 11 May 1984. Social Science Research Council/Joint Committee on the Middle East of the American Council of Learned Societies Research Grant (Supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Ford Foundation) – 1983–1984

Awards and honors

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
RAND Corporation people
University of Southern California faculty
Arabic-speaking people
University of Massachusetts Boston alumni
University of Chicago alumni
University of Michigan faculty
People from Boston
University of Arizona faculty

masks:
Jerrold D
. Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
David Gompert


type: original

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<mask> ( is the stage name of Bruno Beausir (; May 10, 1974 in Clichy-sous-Bois), a French hip hop musician. His music is typically characterized as a ragga/rap style, that has found its fan base in France. Early life, family and education
Born in Clichy-sous-Bois, France on May 10, 1974, Beausir's mother was of Guadeloupean origin and his father white. In 1990, he moved with his family to Paris, to Porte de la Chapelle, a district to which he would often pay homage in his songs. Career
<mask> launched his career at age 19, writing a few tracks for the hardcore rap group Ministère AMER. After this rap group parted, Virgin Records signed him with the intent of converting his demos into an album in Paris. This project partially fell through; <mask> then traveled to Los Angeles to work with American producer Ken Kessie.The result of this work would be Première Consultation, released in April 1996, which received large media praise and huge success both in France and the world. Singles from the album include "Est-ce que ça le fait? ", "Viens voir le docteur", "Dans Ma Rue", "Passements de Jambes", and "Né Ici". In France, the album will sell more than 1 million copies. Two years later on December 1, 1998, his second album, Liaisons Dangereuses, was released. Although the main single "C'est Beau La Vie" was a flop, the album still sold reasonably well. Later in a radio interview, <mask> admitted that he regretted the collaboration he had with  politician Bernard Tapie, saying «Je vous le répète, parfois je me goure» ("I'm telling again, sometimes I slip up") .In the spring of 2001, <mask>'s third album Quality Street was released. Guest stars on the album included the Wu-Tang Clan and Gregory Isaac. The album's first single, "Caramel", met little success, although it was also included on Putamayo Grooves, a compilation album. <mask>ynéco's fourth album Solitaire was released in August 2002. It proved to be popular. <mask> received the "Victoires de la Musique" award for Best Hip-hop/Rap Album of the Year. Singles included "Funky Maxime", "Frotti Frotta", and "Flash".'Menu Best-of', a collection of his hit singles since the beginning of his career was released in 2004. During 2006 the album Homme Nature was released. After a musical break, he made a comeback in 2016 with a re-release of his first album, Première consultation, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the album's release. In 2018, he released his seventh solo album, 1.000%. Style
After the release of his first album, his sexual and provocative lyrics provoked discussion and criticism. However, the album sold 800,000 copies and <mask>co became part of the popularising rap movement of the 1990s. His music, a mix of ragga and rap,  addresses controversial subjects like drugs, sex, women, racism, and poverty.For example, one of his biggest hit at the time was “Nirvana,” a pessimistic song in which he promotes the use of drugs: “Je veux me droguer aux aspirines façon Marilyn” (‘I wanna pop pills like Marilyn’). In this song he explains how damaged life is in our society and how it pushes him to use drugs and, eventually to commit suicide: “Je veux atteindre le Nirvana” (‘I want to reach Nirvana”). Like "Nirvana", a lot of his songs are very nostalgic and refer to poverty and the poor living conditions in French social housing estates. The reason for this is  that he had actually lived in the such estates since birth. His song "Né ici" ('Born here') expresses the perceived lack of social mobility among those living in the projects . He says: “Ma mère est née là-bas, mon père est né là-bas, moi je suis né ici dans la misère et les cris” ('My mom was born over there, my dad was born over there [in the Caribbean] but I was born here [in a Parisian housing estate] amidst all the poverty and pain'). Hence, one principal role for his work is to underline the issues of contemporary society.Like many French rap artists, his works caused controversy; he was criticized for demeaning the status of women. Not all critics characterized him that way, though; one wrote, "Unjustly attacked for misogyny, he is in fact capable of encapsulating complex poetic emotion into the crude language of a ghetto love song such as 'Ma Salope a Moi' - 'My Slut'." He has also been criticized for promoting drug use, and dealing with other sensitive subjects (such as suicide in his song "Nirvana"). He stands apart, however, for rarely promoting violence in his works, something that had become a trademark for rap artists in France. He was part of a movement that popularized rap in the 1990s, along with groups such as IAM or Suprême NTM and took it to every home. His laid-back attitude, his style, as well as his appreciation, knowledge and involvement with popular or controversial subjects like football, sex or drugs all strongly contributed to his fame, particularly among France's adolescent population. Riding his popularity, his appearance in French television shows became regular, particularly at the start of the new century, using his appearance and style as a catalyst.Even though he appears as a womaniser, he does not promote violence in his videos. He disapproves of the acts of violence that occur in the projects. He says that the young people in the projects should not express themselves through violence because it will not improve their situation. Politics
Unlike many French rappers, Beausir's politics are conservative, and he is close to politician Nicolas Sarkozy, showing him his support during his presidential campaign. Despite claiming in 2001 to be close to the Socialist Party, in 2006 he joined the Union for a Popular Movement and announced his support for Sarkozy in a party meeting in Marseille. Other rappers have denounced <mask> as a traitor, not least since his current politics contrast against an earlier stage in his career when he was critical of the French state: “Je kiffe quand les keufs cannent (I get a kick when cops croak it);” “France is a country of cops. There are a hundred on every street corner.To keep order, they get away with murder.” His support of Sarkozy has been controversial: Stomy Bugsy no longer considers Beausir a friend partly because of it, and Beausir was booed off a stage in Geneva in August 2007. Discography

Solo albums
 Première Consultation (1996)
 Liaisons Dangereuses (1998)
 Quality Street (2001)
 Solitaire (2002)
 Un Homme Nature / Doc Gynéco Enregistre Au Quartier (2006)
 Peace Maker (2008)
 1.000% (2018)

Compilations
 Menu Best Of (2003)
 Le Doc au pays (2006)
 Première consultation (20th anniversary edition) (2016)

Common albums
 Secteur Ä Live À L'Olympia (1998) - With Secteur Ä
 Double Pénétration (2001, Cancelled) - With Stomy Bugsy

News, featurings and appearances on compilations
1994
Ministère A.M.E.R. Feat Doc Gynéco - Autopsie, on the album "95200" of Ministère A.M.E.R. du film Le Boulet
Doc Gyneco Feat Stomy Bugsy - BugsDoc 18 sur la mixtape "Explicit Dix-Huit"
Doc Gyneco - C'est Non ! (diffusé gratuitement sur le site internet officiel de Doc Gynéco entre les deux tours des élections présidentielles)
Lord Kossity Feat <mask>yneco - Gunshot sur l'album de Lord Kossity, "Koss City"
2003
Doc Gyneco Feat Jeff Joseph - Du Spy Dans L'air sur la B.O. du film Taxi 3
Laurent Voulzy Feat Doc Gynéco - Radio Pfff sur l'album Sol En Cirque
Doc Gyneco - Taxi enregistré pour la B.O. du film Taxi 3, mais disponible sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of.Doc Gynéco - Trop Belle au naturel. Morceau inédit paru sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of
Doc Gynéco Feat Stomy Bugsy & MC Janik - Big Up. Morceau inédit paru sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of
2004
Doc Gynéco Feat Dimidonkya & Mamido - La Vérité sur la compilation "Dis L'Heure 2 Ragga"
Ministère A.M.E.R. Feat Doc Gynéco & Hamed Daye - Le Colis (diffusé gratuitement sur le site internet officiel de Hamed Daye)
Ministère A.M.E.R. Feat Doc Gynéco & Hamed Daye - Plan B sur la mixtape de DJ Noise, "Los Angeles Most Wanted Vol.1"
2006
Johnny Hallyday Feat Ministère A.M.E.R. & Doc Gynéco - Le Temps Passe sur l'album de Johnny Hallyday, "Ma vérité"
2007
Doc Gynéco Feat Matinda - La Vie est un Rêve sur le CD accompagnant le livre "Les grands esprits se rencontrent"
Doc Gynéco - A Chaque Guerre sa Paix sur le CD accompagnant le livre "Les grands esprits se rencontrent"
Doc Gynéco Feat MC Janik & Boulet du groupe 2 Doigts - On ne chante pas pour du fric sur le CD accompagnant le livre "Les grands esprits se rencontrent"

References

1974 births
Living people
People from Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine
French rappers
Virgin Records artists
Guadeloupean musicians
French people of Guadeloupean descent

masks:
Doc Gynéco
Doc Gynéco
Doc Gynéco
Doc Gyneco
Doc Gynéco
Doc G
Doc Gynéco
Doc Gyné
Gynéco
Doc G


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Sue-Ellen Cassiana "<mask>" <mask>  (; born 3 April 1980) is a British politician. She was appointed Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland in February 2020 and has been the member of parliament (MP) for Fareham since 2015. A member of the Conservative Party, she chaired the European Research Group (ERG) from 19 June 2017 to 9 January 2018. She formerly practised as a barrister. Early and personal life
<mask> was born to Christie and Uma Fernandes of Indian origin,  who had emigrated to Britain in the 1960s from Kenya and Mauritius. Her mother was a nurse and a councillor in Brent and her father, of Goan-ancestry in South India, worked for a housing association. She was born in Harrow, Greater London, and grew up in Wembley.Braverman attended the Uxendon Manor Primary School in Brent and the fee-paying Heathfield School, Pinner, on a partial scholarship, after which she read law at Queens' College, Cambridge. During her undergraduate studies, she was chair of the Cambridge University Conservative Association. Braverman lived in France for two years, as an Erasmus Programme student and then as an Entente Cordiale Scholar, where she completed a master's degree in European and French law at Pantheon-Sorbonne University. She married Rael <mask> in February 2018 at the House of Commons. Their first child, George, was born on 10 July 2019 and their second child, Gabriella, was born on 7 March 2021. <mask> is a member of the Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly known as the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order) and attends the London Buddhist Centre monthly. She took her oath of office on the Dhammapada.Her mother, Uma Fernandes, was the Conservative candidate in Tottenham in the 2001 general election and in the 2003 Brent East by-election. Legal career
<mask> was called to the bar at Middle Temple in 2005. She completed her pupillage at 2–3 Gray's Inn Square (now Cornerstone Barristers) and then was based at No5 Chambers in London specialising in commercial litigation, judicial review, immigration and planning law. She was appointed to the Attorney General's C Panel of Counsel in 2010. Political career

Conservative candidate
At the 2005 general election, <mask> contested Leicester East, finishing in second place behind Labour's Keith Vaz. She sought selection as the Conservative candidate in Bexhill and Battle, but was unsuccessful, and was eventually selected to be the Conservative candidate in Fareham. <mask> also sought election to the London Assembly at the 2012 Assembly elections, being placed fourth on the Conservative London-wide list.She missed out, however, as only the first three Conservative candidates were elected. Parliamentary activity
<mask> was elected to the House of Commons as the MP for Fareham in 2015 with 56.1% of the vote and a majority of 22,262. She gave her maiden speech on 1 June 2015. She has taken a particular interest in education, home affairs and justice and has written for The Daily Telegraph, Bright Blue,  i News, HuffPost, Brexit Central and ConservativeHome. From 2015 to 2017, <mask> was a member of the Education Select Committee and the Education, Skills and the Economy Sub-Committee. Between November 2015 and February 2016, she was a member of the Joint Committee on the Draft Investigatory Powers Bill. <mask> chaired the all-party parliamentary group (APPG) on Financial Education for Young People from September 2016 to May 2017.Working with the charity Young Enterprise and the money-saving expert Martin Lewis, she led the APPG's inquiry into the provision of financial education in schools and launched its report, Financial Education in Schools: Two Years On – Job Done?, which called for better financial education in schools. <mask> was also a commissioner on the Social Market Foundation commission on inequality in education, a cross-party initiative which is examining the causes and effects of inequality in education at primary and secondary levels in England and Wales. <mask> joined the Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme in 2016, graduating from the scheme in 2017. <mask> opened a Westminster Hall debate in the House of Commons on the failings of Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust and has chaired meetings with the Trust's executives along with other MPs on the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Hampshire in which instances of poor care quality and the deaths of patients were investigated. <mask> was a member of the panel of an inquiry, led by the think-tank British Future, to examine how the government can protect the rights of EU citizens in the UK. <mask> campaigned to leave the European Union in the 2016 EU membership referendum; a majority (55%) of votes in her constituency were for leaving. She was chair of the European Research Group, a pro-Leave group of Conservative MPs, until her promotion to ministerial office; she was replaced by Jacob Rees-Mogg.Following the 2017 general election, <mask> was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the ministers of the Treasury. During the January 2018 reshuffle, <mask> was appointed as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Exiting the European Union. On 15 November 2018, <mask> resigned on the same day that Davis' successor, Dominic Raab, resigned as Brexit Secretary in protest at Theresa May and Olly Robbins's draft Brexit deal, which was released the day before. In March 2019, <mask> stated in a speech for the Bruges Group that "[a]s Conservatives, we are engaged in a battle against Cultural Marxism". Journalists present at the event included Dawn Foster who challenged <mask>'s use of the term "cultural Marxism", highlighting its anti-Semitic history and its connection to the manifesto of the mass murderer Anders Breivik. <mask> responded, "Yes, I do believe that we are in a fight against cultural Marxism. We have a culture evolving from the far left which is about snuffing out freedom of speech."Her use of the cultural Marxism conspiracy theory, an antisemitic conspiracy theory often employed by neo-Nazis and alt-right activists as a means of attacking Jewish people involved in politics, was condemned as hate speech by other MPs, the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the anti-racist organisation Hope Not Hate, among other anti-racist charities. Braverman denied that the term was an antisemitic trope, saying, "We have culture evolving from the far left which has allowed the snuffing out of freedom of speech, freedom of thought. [...] I'm very aware of that ongoing creep of cultural Marxism, which has come from Jeremy Corbyn." After meeting with her later, the Board of Deputies of British Jews said in a subsequent statement that she is "not in any way antisemitic", saying it believed that she did not "intentionally use antisemitic language", while finding that she "is clearly a good friend of the Jewish community" and that they were "sorry to see that the whole matter has caused distress". Attorney General
In the 13 February 2020 reshuffle, <mask> was appointed as Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland, succeeding Geoffrey Cox who had been dismissed from government. She is the second female Attorney General and the first Conservative female Attorney General. <mask> was designated as a Minister on Leave on 2 March 2021, shortly after the Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 was enacted to allow this arrangement.Michael Ellis became Attorney General in an acting capacity. She resumed office on 11 September 2021. Political and legal positions

Free schools
<mask> is the chair of governors at the Michaela Community School, and supports plans to create a free school in Fareham. She sits on the advisory board of the New Schools Network, a charity which aims to support groups setting up free schools within the English state education sector. Rights versus responsibilities
In a December 2015 op-ed, <mask> wrote, "In essence, rights have come to fill the space once occupied by generosity." She quotes Eric Posner's theories on what the Brazilian state sees as its right to use torture by "the police in the name of crime prevention. They justify this by putting a general right to live free from crime and intimidation above their rights of those who are tortured."She closes,

Parliamentary sovereignty and international treaties
In 2020, as Attorney General, she stated the UK Government's legal position about the possible impact of the UK Internal Market Bill on the Northern Ireland Protocol:

See also
 Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021

Notes

References

External links

 Official website

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1980 births
21st-century British women politicians
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Alumni of the Erasmus Programme
British people of Goan descent
British politicians of Indian descent
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English Buddhists
English Queen's Counsel
English people of Indian descent
English people of Kenyan descent
English people of Mauritian descent
Female justice ministers
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Friends of the Western Buddhist Order
Living people
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
21st-century English women
21st-century English people
Women government ministers in the United Kingdom

masks: Suella Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman Braverman


texts:
Sir <mask>,  (born 22 July 1944) is a former lawyer, judge and ombudsman who served as the 19th Governor-General of New Zealand from 2006 to 2011. Satyanand was chair of the Commonwealth Foundation for two 2-year terms, ending in December 2016. He then chaired the Commonwealth Observation Group of the National Elections of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea in 2017. In 2018, the New Zealand Government appointed him to lead the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in State care and in the care of Faith-based Institutions, which is scheduled to continue until 2023. In November 2019, at the conclusion of its build-up phase, he is to step down as chair. In August 2019 he was elected to be Chancellor of the University of Waikato for a 4-year term. Early life and family

<mask> was born on 22 July 1944 and raised in Auckland to an Indo-Fijian family.His grandparents arrived in Fiji from India in 1911, and his grandfather worked as a government interpreter. His father, Mutyala <mask>, was born in Sigatoka in 1913 and arrived in New Zealand in 1927 to attend high school and later university. His mother Tara Tillak was from Suva, and trained as a Karitane nurse in New Zealand. She married Mutyala <mask> in 1940, after moving to New Zealand. Satyanand attended Sacred Heart College in Auckland, and then undertook the medical intermediate course at the University of Otago in Dunedin. He was not successful in gaining entry to the medical school and later said "in reality I did not do well enough ... (but) ... Looking back over that year, I remembered that one of the things I had really enjoyed was the debating and forum meetings involving students."So instead he turned to law studies, working part-time as a law clerk in Auckland. He worked at Westfield Freezing Works to help fund his studies and developed a friendship with David Lange who also worked there at the same time. He graduated with a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Auckland in 1970. He worked as a lawyer for the next 12 years, some of that with the Crown Solicitor's firm and then as a Partner with the legal firm Shieff Angland. His legal work centred on criminal law and revenue law. He served on the Council of the Auckland District Law Society from 1979 until his appointment as a Judge of the District Court of New Zealand in 1982. During the 1966 general election, Satyanand helped Clive Edwards (later Tongan Deputy Prime Minister) when he stood in Auckland Central for National.Later, in the 1975 general election, <mask> and his wife helped David Lange in his first, unsuccessful attempt at election (for Labour, in the seat of Hobson). In 1995 <mask> was appointed an Ombudsman, and he served two 5-year terms. Between 2005 and his appointment as governor-general he chaired the Confidential Forum for Former In-Patients of Psychiatric Hospitals, reviewed the Banking Ombudsman scheme, and installed the Pecuniary Interests Register and Scheme for Members of Parliament. <mask> has been married to Susan Sharpe since 1970. She was born in Sydney, Australia, in 1947 and moved to New Zealand with her family in 1955. Susan and <mask> have three adult children. <mask>'s daughter Anya is an advocate of gay marriage, being in a civil union with her partner Ange.In 2002, <mask> and his wife were involved in a serious car accident in Dome Valley north of Warkworth, Northland, where an oncoming car crossed the centre line and crashed head-on into their car. Both were injured, and Satyanand suffered serious spinal injury; he broke his C2 and C3 vertebrae, and had to wear a halo traction to keep his head straight. As well as English, Satyanand also speaks some Fijian, Hindi, and Māori. Governor-General of New Zealand
In 2006, Satyanand was appointed Governor-General by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of the New Zealand government under Prime Minister Helen Clark. He succeeded Dame Silvia Cartwright as governor-general on 23 August 2006. His appointment was welcomed by every parliamentary party leader. He was the first governor-general of Indian descent and the first Roman Catholic governor-general.Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Grand Prior of the Order of St John, received <mask> as governor-general designate on 7 July 2006 and invested him as a Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem. In May 2007 changes were made to the Queen's Service Order. Under the previous Royal Warrant, the governor-general was ex-officio Principal Companion of the Order but was not a member of the Order. The Royal Warrant now provides for the appointment of the governor-general as a Companion of the Order in their own right. The first bill to which Satyanand granted Royal Assent was the Coroners Bill. Starting on New Year's Day 2009, <mask> issued a "New Year's Message" intended to highlight "issues New Zealanders might consider as they looked to the future". <mask> was the first governor-general not to hold a knighthood before entering office (Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, Governor of New Zealand 1855–1861, was knighted in office).However, following the changes to the New Zealand honours system announced by Prime Minister John Key on 8 March 2009, the Queen approved <mask>'s redesignation from a Principal Companion in the New Zealand Order of Merit (PCNZM) to a Knight Grand Companion of that Order (GNZM) on 27 March 2009. On assuming the role of governor-general, Satyanand received the style The Honourable for life; in 2010, he was advanced to the style of The Right Honourable. This style was accorded for life to all future governors-general, prime ministers, chief justices, and Speakers of Parliament. Satyanand completed his term of office as governor-general on 23 August 2011. Finances
The New Zealand Government pays for the costs associated with the Queen's representative, the governor-general, in their exercising of the powers of the Crown on behalf of the Queen, including travel, security, residences, offices, ceremonial occasions. In the 2010 Budget, the total cost of supporting the governor-general was $3,591,000 for Support Services and Maintenance of the residences, $1,710,000 for Depreciation Expenses on Government Houses, $1,279,000 Remuneration and Travel and an estimated $1,680,000 for Policy Advice and Co-ordination; a total of $7,610,000 and $11 million on capital investment in Government House, Wellington, principally used for its conservation, a total of over $18 million. Fijian coup talks
On 30 November 2006, <mask> hosted a meeting between the Prime Minister of Fiji, Laisenia Qarase, and Fiji's military commander, Commodore Frank Bainimarama, at Government House in Wellington in an attempt to resolve the escalating crisis in Fiji.Although he hosted the meeting, he did not take part in the discussions, which were chaired by New Zealand's then Foreign Minister, Winston Peters. This was the last serious effort by the international community to avert a military coup, which followed on 5 December. Public transport in Auckland
At the opening of the new New Lynn Train Station on 25 September 2010, <mask> stated heavy investment in motorways and the decline of public transport after trams were taken off the roads in the 1950s had led to severe congestion to the detriment of both individuals and the economy. Paul Henry controversy
On 5 October 2010, TVNZ Breakfast show host Paul Henry questioned whether Satyanand was "even a New Zealander". He then repeated the question, saying of Satyanand's replacement, "Are you going to choose a New Zealander who looks and sounds like a New Zealander this time ... are we going to go for someone who is more like a New Zealander this time?" Henry attracted criticism from both sides of politics and New Zealand's race relations commissioner Joris de Bres. Henry later apologised, was suspended, and then resigned from TVNZ.Subsequent roles
Since returning to private life, <mask> and his wife have remained in Wellington. He was Chair of the Commonwealth Foundation for two 2-year terms, ending in December 2016. He then led the Commonwealth team in observing the National Elections of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. He maintains active interests in several organisations, including as President of the NZ Institute of International Affairs and as a member of Transparency International's Anti-Corruption Council. He is a Distinguished Fellow at the University of Auckland Law School, visiting on a monthly basis. Susan and <mask> are both active members of the Rotary Club of Wellington; both have been made Paul Harris Fellows, and <mask> received the Rotary International Award of Honour in 2011.

masks:
Anand Satyanand
Anand Satyanand
Satyanand
Satyanand
Satyanand
Satyanand
Satyanand
Anand
Satyanand
Satyanand
Satyanand
Satyanand
Satyanand
Satyanand
Satyanand
Satyanand
Satyanand
Anand
Satyanand


texts:
<mask> (1900–1994) was a Danish nurse who spent several decades working and seeking education abroad before returning to Denmark and helping to establish educational and training initiatives in Denmark. She helped draft minimum curriculum requirements for nursing students, as well as continuing education guidelines. She was active in the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and sought to find ways to bring nursing education to developing areas most in need of trained nursing staff. She received the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1961 for her contributions to nursing excellence. Early life
<mask> was born on 11 February 1900, in Horsens, Denmark, to Anna (née Raahauge) and Peter Johannes Broe. She was the youngest child in the family, which had three daughters. Her father was a pastor at the local prison.She completed her secondary education at Horsens State School in 1916. Then, because she wanted to travel and she saw nursing as a way to do that, Broe enrolled in a student nursing program at Bispebjerg Hospital in 1919, but was rejected by Charlotte Munck, the head of the program, because she was too young. Broe moved to England, where she had a sister living with her English spouse and remained until 1921, when she was accepted into the program at Bispebjerg now that she was almost 22, the minimum age for admission. She competed her training in 1924. Career
Broe began her career at Otto Møller's Birth Clinic but, encouraged by Munck, she shortly afterwards took a job as a private nurse with an English family who lived in Morocco. She then worked as a private nurse in Paris and later in the Netherlands. In 1930, she studied and worked at the East Harlem Nursing and Health Service and New York City's Presbyterian Hospital, but had to return to Denmark to care for her father who was ailing.She became head of the  briefly and then began working at the Central Tuberculosis Center in Copenhagen. In 1933, Broe became the head nurse at Sundby Hospotal, which had just opened in the Copenhagen district of Sundby, serving there until 1938. During her tenure she helped establish a continuing education curriculum for nurses to help reduce infant mortality. The work was influential and allowed her to take a leave of absence and study nursing organization and administration at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City during the 1936-1937 term, along with Elisabeth Larsen and <mask> Schrøder. The curriculum also spurred the adoption of legislation in 1937, titled the Law on Control of Morbidity and Mortality to establish standards. The National Board of Health created guidelines for teaching nurses at Aarhus University, the leading trainer of nurses until the Danish Nursing School opened in 1938. Simultaneously, Broe became involved with the Danish Nurses Organisation ().Between 1934 and 1935, she served on the Committee for Additional Training and from 1934 to 1950, worked among others on the Building Committee. From 1938, Broe served on DSR's Teaching Committee and was its chair between 1943 and 1946. The committee task was to propose minimum curriculum for nursing students along with basic educational prerequisites. When Broe returned from study in New York in 1938, she was hired as training manager for the new program offered at Aarhus University to train nurses and senior nurses. It was a twelve-year appointment, marked with three sabbaticals. Broe joined the Danish Florence Nightingale Committee and the Nurses' Cooperative of Nordic Countries () in 1940 and increasingly sought international cooperation in developing nursing standards. Between April and May 1945, Broe worked at the Padborg Quarantine Station set up by the Danish Red Cross.The rescue mission was an evacuation of sick prisoners from the Neuengamme concentration camp in Sweden to Denmark. After arriving at one of three quarantine stations, the prisoners were bathed, fed, hydrated and given basic medical aid. After a night of stabilization, all evacuees proceed to Sweden where their care continued until Germany‘s unconditional surrender. In 1947, Broe joined the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and took a leave to study abroad, first at Columbia's Teachers College again and then at the University of Toronto. She went abroad again to study in 1950 at the University of Chicago. In 1951, Broe was appointed as director of the ICN's Education Department at the Florence Nightingale International Foundation (FNIF) of London. Under her direction, the FNIF prepared reports on the range of nursing education at various levels.She visited numerous countries to study their systems and provided advice to enhance their training of nurses, as well as participating in negotiations with authorities. Her travels led her to Australia, India, Jordan, Lebanon, Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan and several European countries. She spearheaded planning and led two international conferences in nursing research: the Sèvres, France, conference of 1956 and the New Delhi, India, conference in 1960. The goal of her work was to guide international nursing organizations to enhance training and education, especially in developing nations. Her work was recognized when she was honored with the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1961. In 1962, Broe resigned from the ICN and returned to Denmark for a rest. Beginning in 1963, she became a nursing consultant for the Danish Red Cross and led an effort to recruit staff for a Danish hospital which was being built in Zaire.She retired in 1971 and received the Pro Humanitate Medal from the organization. In her retirement, Broe helped found the Senior Association for Nurses, which joined the DSR in 1982. Legacy and death
Broe died on 1 September 1994 at the Liobasøstrenes Nursing Home in Copenhagen. In addition to publishing a large number of articles in both Danish and international journals on nursing education and research, Broe wrote a textbook on Nursing History and its development. Publications
In addition to numerous contributions to journals and other works, Broe published two books:

References

Citations

Bibliography

1900 births
1994 deaths
People from Horsens
Women educators
Women nurses
Danish nurses
Danish women writers
Danish non-fiction writers
Florence Nightingale Medal recipients
20th-century non-fiction writers

masks:
Ellen Johanne Broe
Ellen Johanne Broe
Ellen Margrethe


texts:
<mask> (14 October 1742 – 10 August 1814) was an Irish Tory politician. Life
He was born 14 October 1742, the only child of <mask> (1704–1746). He was brought up at Rossminoge, near Camolin, County Wexford, under the care of one Miller, vicar of the parish, and was imbued through life with strong Protestant feeling. <mask> received his early education at Kilkenny College. He had literary tastes and composing, while at Rossminoge, two songs which are still popular. The earlier, called "Banna's Banks" beginning "Shepherds, I have lost my love", was said to be inspired by Miss Stepney, of Durrow House, Queen's County, afterwards Mrs. Burton Doyne of Wells. The second, "Moll Ashore", was written to celebrate the charms of Mary Moore, whose sister Elizabeth, daughter of William Moore of Tinrahan, County Wexford, subsequently became his wife.Burns, writing to Thomson 7 April 1793, described <mask>'s "Baana`s Banks" as "heavenly" and "certainly Irish"; but it was included in "Songs of Scotland", 1851. A gentleman of wealth and fashion, <mask> appears to have been affluent visitor at Laly Miller's assemblies at Bath, and he contributed to the volume, Poetical Amusements at a Villa near Bath, published by that lady's admirers in 1775. Some songs by him appear in Crofton Croker's Popular Songs of Ireland and in Samuel Lover's Poems and Ballads, where the fine lyric is assigned to him known as Banish Sorrow. He declined to publish any of his poems himself. In 1768, <mask> was elected to the Irish House of Commons as a member for Wexford County, and he sat for that constituency till 1796. A brilliant speaker, he delighted in 'splendid superlatives and figurative diction, whilst the spirit and energy of his manner corresponded to the glowing warmth of his expressions'. He joined the whig party, and, although in favour of extending to Ireland popular rights and legislative independence, he was opposed to catholic emancipation, and was a staunch upholder of the established church.Before 1778, he was challenged to a duel by Barney Coyle, a whisky distiller and member of the catholic board, on the ground that he had publicly said that "a papist could swallow a false oath as easily as a poached egg". Eight shots were exchanged, but the combatants remained unhurt. <mask> declared that the remark which led to the encounter had been misreported, and he had referred not to "papists", but to "rebels". Shortly afterward he publicly stated that

In 1779, he attacked Fox and the opposition in England for not resisting with greater vivacity Lord North's coercive policy in Ireland. Fox wrote to the Duke of Leinster explaining the difficulties of the parliamentary situation at Westminster, and expressed especial regret at <mask>'s dissatisfaction "because I have always heard that he is a very honest man and a good whig". In 1779, <mask> joined the association called the Monks of St. Patrick. In 1782, he became a colonel in the Irish Volunteers, actively supported that movement, and strongly asserted the claim of Ireland to legislative independence.But when the national convention assembled at Dublin under Lord Charlemont's presidency, in November 1783, <mask> is said to have delivered a message purporting to come from Lord Kenmare to the effect that the Catholics of Ireland were satisfied with the privileges they had already obtained and desired no more. Kenmare at once denied that he had authorised the delivery of such a message. According to later accounts, Sir Boyle Roche was responsible for the incident, but the contemporary reports saddle <mask> alone with the responsibility for the ruse. In 1783, <mask> was admitted to the Irish privy council, and in the following year obtained the patent place of registrar of deeds at Dublin, at a salary of £1,300 a year. The step was taken "from some disarrangement of his family affairs, as it is supposed", but his constituents were content, and no difference appeared in his political action. His zeal for wise reform was not diminished, and in April 1786, when the relations of landlords and Protestant clergy to the tenants were under discussion, he described the landlords as "great extortioners". In 1789, he opposed the English government's proposals for a regency.In February 1793, he denounced Hobart's Catholic Relief Bill, and prophesied that the admission of Catholics to political power must lead either to separation or to a legislative union. In 1796, when he became governor of Wexford, he retired from the House of Commons and lived mainly on his estate, Bellevue, in County Wexford. But in the disturbed period of 1798, he consented to reenter parliament as a member for Dublin City. Although he voted against the Act of Union in 1800, he was returned to the united parliament of 1801 as the representative of Dublin City, and finally retired in 1804. He died at Bellevue on 10 August 1814. A statue to his memory, by John Smyth, was placed in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, at a cost of £130. He had no children.Notes

Attribution:

References
Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922, edited by B.M. Walker (Royal Irish Academy 1978)
The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), 2nd edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)
Whelan, Kevin. "Politicisation in County Wexford and the Origins of the 1798 Rebellion" in Ireland and the French Revolution, edited by Hugh Gough and David Dickson, 156–178. Dublin: Irish Academy, 1990. External links

1742 births
1814 deaths
18th-century Anglo-Irish people
19th-century Anglo-Irish people
People educated at Kilkenny College
Irish MPs 1769–1776
Irish MPs 1776–1783
Irish MPs 1783–1790
Irish MPs 1790–1797
Irish MPs 1798–1800
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Dublin constituencies (1801–1922)
UK MPs 1801–1802
Grand Masters of the Orange Order
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Wexford constituencies
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Dublin constituencies

masks:
George Ogle
George Ogle
Ogle
Ogle
Ogle
Ogle
Ogle
Ogle
Ogle
Ogle
Ogle
Ogle


texts:
<mask> (March 31, 1915 – September 23, 2013) was an American herpetologist and illustrator known for his field guides and popular books as well as his studies of reptiles and amphibians. His Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966, is still considered the definitive reference of its kind, owing to both the quality of the illustrations and the comprehensiveness of the text. A professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, for over 30 years, he was the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, a 1949 Guggenheim fellow, and author of over 70 scientific articles. His discovery of the ring species phenomenon in Ensatina salamanders is now a textbook example of speciation, and he performed extensive research on the parietal eye of reptiles. He produced nature films, supported science education in primary grades, and organized conservation efforts that aided in the passing of the 1994 California Desert Protection Act. After retirement he continued to paint, collect field notes, and write books. Stebbins is commemorated in the scientific names of three species: Batrachoseps stebbinsi, the Tehachapi slender salamander; Anniella stebbinsi, a legless lizard; and Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi, the endangered Sonora tiger salamander.Early life

<mask> was born on March 31, 1915, in Chico, California, to parents <mask> and <mask> (née Beck). His father, born in Wisconsin of English descent, was an instructor at Chico State Normal School who had also published on birds and agriculture, stressing the importance of gardening in education. The oldest of seven children, young <mask> grew up learning about local birds and exploring the wildlife of Northern California. His mother, born in Switzerland and educated at the Normal School, instilled a sense of artistry in <mask>, painting pictures for <mask> and his siblings in her spare time. When Stebbins was seven, his family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area, where his father worked on agricultural curriculum for children and taught at the University of California, Berkeley. Around the age of nine, his family moved to Southern California, living first in Pomona, then in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles. Stebbins spent time hiking in the nearby Santa Monica Mountains, exploring the wildlife and amassing a collection of bird and mammal specimens which he prepared and mounted himself.Stebbins attended North Hollywood High School, where his father taught hygiene and agriculture. <mask> graduated in 1933. He discovered his artistic talents around sixteen years old. His early work consisted of cartoons: he drew illustrations on classmates' clothing and contributed cartoons to youth magazines, winning several awards. University and early career (1933–1945)
Shortly after graduating high school, Stebbins enrolled in the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He initially majored in civil engineering, thinking it a better career option than biology, but became unhappy with the program. Struggling with poor performance and health issues related to congenital heart problems, he took a leave for year and a half.During his time in recuperation, he turned his attention back to natural history, and was persuaded to return to UCLA by <mask>, a biology professor there. Stebbins returned with enthusiasm despite the perceived lack of job security, remarking in 1985: "I was cautious because of the Great Depression, but I was determined to pursue biology even if it meant standing on a corner with a tin cup." He switched his major to zoology and graduated in 1940 with highest honors. After graduating, Stebbins split his time between a summer job as a naturalist at Lassen Volcanic National Park and pursuing graduate school at UCLA. Over the next few years he also obtained teaching credentials in junior college, high school, and elementary education. Stebbins initially planned to study birds, with an eye towards roadrunners, but felt the field of ornithology was too crowded, while herpetology, the study of reptiles and amphibians, offered more opportunities for new research. <mask> became his graduate advisor.The main focus of Stebbins' graduate research was the biology of fringe-toed lizards, a group of sand-dwelling lizards of the American Southwest. For his master's degree (completed in 1942) he studied the anatomical structure of the nasal passages of the lizards, documenting in detail the looped, horseshoe-shaped structure of the nasal passages that functions as a u-trap, preventing sand grains from being inhaled while the lizards lay buried at the sand's surface. His Ph.D dissertation (completed in 1943) further explored the anatomical, behavioral, and physiological adaptations of the lizards. During this time he also published on the behavior of the sidewinder rattlesnake, and, with his father, produced two field guides to birds, providing illustrations to his father's text. Their first book, What Bird is That?, was pressed in the family garage. Stebbins considered his father "a pioneer of sorts in the extensive use of drawings in teaching natural history," a tradition he later strove to continue in his own works. On June 8, 1941, Stebbins married Anna-rose <mask>, who would eventually type the text of all of Stebbins' field guides.Part of their honeymoon was spent camping in the Owens Valley of southeastern California. Career (1945–1978)

In 1945 Stebbins was hired an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, and became the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, where he would remain throughout his career. The first faculty member to teach herpetology at Berkeley, he wrote new lab manuals, created the herpetology teaching collection, and co-taught a popular course on vertebrate natural history. Ring species in salamanders

Stebbins soon became interested in Ensatina salamanders, which occur from British Columbia to Baja California and are present in both the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California but absent in the Central Valley. Finding the salamanders in Berkeley very different from the ones he was used to seeing in the mountains of Southern California, he embarked upon a research program examining color differences throughout California. In his resulting monograph, published in 1949, he proposed that the color varieties—many previously regarded as distinct species—were actually various races or subspecies of a single species that in most locations interbreed where two forms co-occur, creating hybrids that partially resemble both forms. However, at the southern edge of the Central Valley, where the Sierra foothill populations come into contact with those of the Coast Range, the populations do not interbreed, instead acting as distinct species.This phenomenon is known as a ring speciation, with different populations representing different stages of speciation, the process by which one species becomes two. Zoologist Arnold Grobman called Stebbins' research "without doubt, the most outstanding study of a genus of American salamanders that has yet appeared." The Ensatina complex has been the focus of research ever since, and is a widely used textbook example of evolutionary processes. Reptilian parietal eye
Stebbins' early work with lizards in the southern California desert led to a series of papers from the 1950s through the 1970s exploring the parietal eye of reptiles (also called the "third eye", a tiny light-sensitive organ on the forehead) and the associated pineal gland, both of which are now known to influence circadian rhythms. Aided by a Senior Postdoctoral Fellowship from the National Science Foundation, Stebbins and colleagues found that lizards with the parietal eye surgically removed changed their behavior: they became active much earlier in the day, spent more time in the sun, and remained active much later than control lizards. Further studies over the next few decades focused on the parietal eye of the tuatara, the pineal gland's effects on lizard reproductive behavior, and parietal skull openings in fossil "mammal-like reptiles" such as Lystrosaurus. His work had implications beyond reptile biology: Nobel laureate Julius Axelrod, after reading the work of Stebbins and others, began investigating the pineal gland in mammals, with emphasis on the effect of melatonin on activity cycles.Melatonin has since been found to influence human health. Stebbins was proud of his parietal and pineal work, calling it "possibly the single piece of research which gives me the most satisfaction." Other research, conservation, and field guides
In 1949 Stebbins received a Guggenheim Fellowship that allowed him to extend his studies throughout the western United States and to collect enough material to begin preparing his first amphibian field manuals. The first of these to appear was Amphibians of Western North America (1951, University of California Press), covering the U.S. and Canada roughly west of the 102nd meridian. Praised for its thoroughness as well as its illustrations, the book "unquestionably provides more information concerning the 51 species ... covered than any preceding it," wrote <mask>. Bogert: "The maps provided for each species and subspecies are on the whole the most detailed and accurate of any thus far published." Stebbins' second herpetological field guide, Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America (1954, McGraw-Hill), was similarly praised. In 1964 Stebbins visited the Galápagos Islands on a research expedition and studied the ecology and behavior of marine iguanas and lava lizards.Also on the expedition was Roger Tory Peterson, who recalled "While the rest of were enjoying high adventure on the more remote islands and sea-girt rocks, he patiently snared 200 frisky lizards with a noose of thread suspended from a rod. He took their cloacal temperatures, marked them with dye, and then dosed them with radioactive iodine, which enabled him to locate the elusive reptiles later with a Geiger counter." In 1966, Stebbins produced what became his best-known book, A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians (Peterson Field Guides), which Peterson called "a classic ... one of the most beautiful as well as scholarly works in the series". Stebbins was also committed to education and conservation. He made appearances on the TV series Science in Action, traveled to Asia to promote science education, and chaired a U.C. elementary school science project which recommended that science be taught to children as early as six. In conjunction with the Sierra Club he produced two educational films: Nature Next Door (1962) and No Room for Wilderness?(1967). Stebbins co-authored revisions of the widely used textbooks General Zoology (5th ed.,1972; 6th ed., 1979) and Elements of Zoology (4th ed., 1974), books originally written by Tracy Storer and <mask>er. In the late 1960s Stebbins became concerned about the impacts that increasingly popular off-road vehicle (ORV) driving was having on desert ecosystems of southern California—witnessing environmental degradation in some of the same places he had studied during graduate school—and became actively involved in over a decade of conservation efforts. Stebbins and colleagues studied the diversity of organisms in and around ORV areas, communicated research to Bureau of Land Management officials, and petitioned President <mask> to limit all-terrain vehicle use in deserts. Stebbins faced opposition from ORV riders and their lobbyists: American Motorcyclist magazine called him a "staunch abolitionist in the war against motorized vehicles in the desert." Stebbins' efforts eventually helped secure the passing of the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 which established the Mojave National Preserve and elevated Joshua Tree and Death Valley from national monuments to more protected national parks. In 1998 Stebbins was recognized in the U.S. Congress by Representative George Miller and the Contra Costa Times as one of 10 environmental leaders deemed "national treasures" for their activism.Other research included field work in Colombia, South Africa, and Australia, and the description of several species: the Jemez Mountains salamander, southern torrent salamander,  yellow-eyed ensatina, and the panamint alligator lizard. Two salamanders were named in his honor during his time at Berkeley: the Tehachapi slender salamander (Batrachoseps stebbinsi) and the Sonora tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi). Over his 32 years at Berkeley, Stebbins was the advisor to 29 graduate students, including Wade Fox, Richard G. Zweifel, and R. Bruce Bury. Upon his retirement from UC Berkeley in 1978, Stebbins was awarded the highest faculty honor, the Berkeley Citation. Retirement years (1978–2013)
After retiring, Stebbins remained active in painting, conservation, and education, and continued to make natural history observations. He revised his well-known and widely used Field Guide in 1985 and again in 2003. He co-wrote the non-specialist book A Natural History of Amphibians with former student <mask> in 1997, and revised his Field Guide to California Amphibians and Reptiles in 2012, with new contributions by Samuel McGinnis, another former student.In 2009 he produced Connecting With Nature: A Naturalist's Perspective, a book intended to help connect children with nature. He took additional art lessons, broadened his subject matter to include landscapes, African wildlife, portraits, and still lifes, and took up the violin, which he had studied decades earlier. His paintings have been shown and sold in galleries and museums in Berkeley, Palm Springs, and Oregon. Stebbins was a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences, which awarded him its highest honor, the Fellows Medal, in 1991. Stebbins died at age 98 at his home in Eugene, Oregon on September 23, 2013, having been in declining health over the previous year. He was survived by his wife and three children. Only one week before his death, he was honored in the scientific name of a newly described species of legless lizard, Anniella stebbinsi.His collected field notes, comprising over 35 bound volumes, are archived in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. The "Stebbins"

Stebbins' book A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966 and revised in 1985, 2003, and 2018, has widely been considered "the bible of the field" for American herpetologists. Often referred to simply as "Stebbins", the book has educated and inspired generations of naturalists and herpetologists. On the impact of the guide, professor Samuel Sweet of UC Santa Barbara stated "Before that book, if people went out to look for snakes, it was so they could gather them up to sell to pet shops or just show off to their buddies. What [Stebbins] did was help make a transition to a similar situation as bird watching, where it became OK to just look at the animals and leave them alone." In 2017 the book was ranked #7 in BookFinder.com's "out-of-print and in demand", a list of the most searched for out-of-print titles. In 1966, the Houghton-Mifflin Company first published A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians as part of its Peterson Field Guide series.While including some illustrations from Stebbins' previous books, the high quality of the artwork was immediately recognized, as was the quality and thoroughness of the writing. Biologist David Wake, then of the University of Chicago but later to work with Stebbins at Berkeley, considered the only "serious defect" to be absence of any coverage of snake-bite first aid. Wake also noted that the geographic area covered left a gap ranging from 75 miles to over 400 miles wide when paired with the earlier Peterson Guide to eastern reptiles and amphibians by <mask>t. The second edition, published in 1985, included several changes such as 37 new species, 12 new plates of illustrations, the inclusion of endemic species of the Baja California Peninsula, and new common names chosen to enhance clarity. In his 1986 review, Sweet remarked on the frankness of imperfect knowledge: "For the first time we have a field guide that indicates clearly which taxonomic interpretations are tentative and where distributions and life history features remain poorly known." Concerned about the impact of over-collecting, Stebbins reduced coverage of collecting and keeping animals, and also removed a section on handling venomous snakes. The third edition, published in 2003, included 36 new species and several new paintings.Stebbins considered keeping up-to-date with current scientific literature the most daunting task due to the volume of recent publications. The fourth edition was published posthumously in 2018, with Samuel McGinnis as co-author. It covers 332 species compared to the third edition's 281, a result of taxonomic changes in the preceding 15 years, although only two of the newly included species are illustrated. Books

 2nd ed., 1985; 3rd ed., 2003; 4th ed., 2018

Films
Nature Next Door. Sierra Club, National Press. Palo Alto, California. (1962)
No Room for Wilderness?Lawrence Dawson Productions, San Francisco. (1967)

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

"Discovering a ring species", Understanding Evolution, University of California
Video: Stebbins on Life (2005), at YouTube
Photographs by <mask>. Stebbins at CalPhotos, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology collection

Finding Aid to the <mask> C. Stebbins papers at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology
Collection guide to <mask>. Stebbins illustrations of western reptiles, amphibians and birds, Bancroft Library, U.C. Berkeley

1915 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American zoologists
American conservationists
American herpetologists
American people of English descent
American people of Swiss descent
Animal artists
People from Chico, California
Artists from Eugene, Oregon
Scientists from the San Francisco Bay Area
University of California, Berkeley faculty
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Activists from Los Angeles
North Hollywood High School alumni

masks:
Robert Cyril Stebbins
Robert Stebbins
Cyril Adelbert
Louise Stebbins
Robert
Robert
Robert
Robert
Raymond Cowles
Cowles
Cooper
Charles M
Robert Using
Jimmy Carter
Nathan Cohen
Roger Conan
Robert C
Robert
Robert C


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<mask> (March 2, 1816 – January 17, 1882) was an American lawyer, politician, and businessman from Massachusetts. First a Whig and then a Republican, he served three terms (1866–69) as the 26th Governor of Massachusetts. He was actively opposed to the expansion of slavery before the American Civil War, playing a major role in the New England Emigrant Aid Society, founded in 1855 to settle the Kansas Territory with abolitionists. He was for many years involved in the insurance industry in Worcester, where he also served one term as mayor. <mask> was educated as a lawyer, and married into the wealthy Hazard family of arms manufacturers, becoming one of the state's wealthiest men. He served in the state legislature during the war, and was active in recruiting for the war effort. He was an advocate of temperance, and of the expansion of railroads in the state.Early years
<mask> <mask> was born on March 2, 1816, in Royalston, Massachusetts, the son of Sarah (Davis) and <mask>. His father was a merchant and farmer who also owned a small mill and was active in local politics. He attended the local schools before going to Leicester Academy. <mask> graduated from Amherst College in 1836 and from Harvard Law School in 1840. He was then admitted to the Massachusetts Bar and joined the law practice of Emory Washburn in Worcester. However, he drifted away from the law, becoming involved in the insurance business as an agent. He eventually joined the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, which had John Davis as its first president.In 1842 <mask> became active in political and public service. He served as a military assistant to John Davis, who was Governor of Massachusetts that year, after which he was frequently referred to as "<mask>". In that year he also became editor of the National Aegis, a Whig newspaper with which he would remain associated for many years. In 1844 <mask> married Elvira Hazard, daughter of Augustus George Hazard of Enfield, Connecticut; they had three children, including explorer <mask> Workman. Elvira's father was owner of a major munitions factory, and upon his death in 1868 the Bullocks inherited a significant fortune, becoming one of the wealthiest families in the state. Massachusetts legislature
<mask> was first elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a Whig in 1844, serving until 1848; for two years he was chairman of the Judiciary Committee. In 1849 he served in the Massachusetts Senate.In 1854, <mask> became a principal in the New England Emigrant Aid Company, established by Eli Thayer to send anti-slavery settlers to the Kansas Territory after the Kansas-Nebraska Act specified that slavery in the territory was to be determined by popular sovereignty. Worcester politics
When Worcester was chartered as a city in 1848, <mask> was elected to serve on its inaugural Common Council. He first ran for mayor of Worcester in 1853, but lost the election. In 1859, he was elected mayor of Worcester, narrowly defeating Republican William W. Rice. During his one-year term he donated his $1,000 salary to the awarding of medals to recognized students in the city's schools. The city authorized the establishment of a public library, and acquired the land for its construction. He did not stand for reelection in 1860.<mask> was elected a member of the Worcester-based American Antiquarian Society in 1855. He served as president of the Worcester County Horticultural Society from 1860 to 1863. Civil War
In 1861 <mask> was again elected to the state legislature, serving until 1866. <mask> was elected Speaker of the House in January 1862, serving in that role until 1865 with near-unanimous support. He was energetic in recruitment of troops for the Union Army, and was diligent in the oversight of the state's finances during the conflict. He supported labor reforms, in particular legislation limiting the length of the workday, although such legislation would not be enacted in the state until 1874, when a ten-hour workday was mandated (albeit with significant loopholes). Governor of Massachusetts
<mask> received the Republican Party nomination for governor in 1865 after John A. Andrew decided not to stand for reelection.<mask> defeated Civil War General Darius Couch in the general election, and served three consecutive one-year terms. <mask> was a member of an informal group of Republicans known as the "Bird Club" (for its organizer, paper magnate Francis W. Bird), which effectively controlled the state Republican Party organization and dominated the state's elected offices into the 1870s. During his tenure he improved the state's finances, reducing war-related debts. <mask> was an outspoken advocate of women's suffrage, although the more conservative legislature never enacted enabling legislation. He also favored state support for railroads, signing bills providing loans totalling $6 million to the Troy and Greenfield Railroad for the construction of the Hoosac Tunnel in each of his terms. He was also responsible for hiring Benjamin Latrobe, Jr. to oversee the work on that troubled project. One of the more contentious issues during <mask>'s tenure was the state's alcohol prohibition law, which had been enacted in the 1850s, and which politically divided the otherwise dominant Republicans.Easing of either the law's strict rules or their enforcement was regularly debated in the legislature. <mask>, in contrast to the laissez-faire approach of Andrew before him, enforced the prohibition law more strictly than any other governor of the period. This policy was probably responsible for the declining margins of victory in his three elections. In 1868, legislative proponents of relaxed rules secured passage of a law abolishing the state police, who were tasked with the law's enforcement. <mask> vetoed this bill, pointing out that the state police performed other vital functions. At the same time, a law replacing abolition with a licensing scheme was passed; <mask> allowed this bill to become law without his signature. In 1869, a more conservative legislature restored the previous prohibition statute.<mask> declined to run for reelection in 1868, promoting Henry L. Dawes as his successor. Opposing Dawes for the Republican nomination was George F. Loring, a protégé of Benjamin Franklin Butler. <mask>'s mentor Francis Bird worked behind the scenes to secure the nomination instead for William Claflin, who went on to win the election. Later years
After leaving office, <mask> returned to the insurance business, in which he remained until the end of his life. He refused repeated offers to stand for the United States Congress, and in 1879 turned down an offer by President Rutherford B. Hayes of the ambassadorship to the United Kingdom. In early January 1882, he was elected president of the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, but died quite suddenly in Worcester on January 17, 1882. He was buried in Worcester's Rural Cemetery.See also

 83rd Massachusetts General Court (1862)
 84th Massachusetts General Court (1863)
 85th Massachusetts General Court (1864)
 86th Massachusetts General Court (1865)

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References

External links

Governors of Massachusetts
Amherst College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Massachusetts Whigs
19th-century American politicians
Massachusetts lawyers
Massachusetts Republicans
Mayors of Worcester, Massachusetts
Massachusetts state senators
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
1816 births
1882 deaths
People from Royalston, Massachusetts
Burials at Rural Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts)
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Americana

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Alexander Hamilton Bullock
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Fanny Bullock
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<mask> (; born January 25, 1991) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She is the recipient of multiple accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and nominations for an Academy Award, a Tony Award, two BAFTA Awards, and two Critics Choice Movie Awards. <mask> made her television debut competing on So You Think You Can Dance. She then made her Broadway debut in the musical Bring It On: The Musical in 2011 and appeared in further Broadway roles in Motown: The Musical in 2013 and Pippin in 2014. She also appeared in the original cast of Hamilton from 2015 to 2016 and as Jane in A Bronx Tale from 2016 to 2017. In 2018, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her role as Donna Summer in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical. <mask> also appeared in the filmed stage recording of Hamilton, which was released in 2020 on Disney+.She played Alyssa Greene in Netflix's The Prom (2020) and Emma in the Apple TV+ musical comedy series Schmigadoon! (2021). In 2021, her role as Anita in Steven Spielberg's musical film West Side Story (2021), an adaptation of the 1961 film of the same name and inspired by the 1957 play of the same name, earned her worldwide recognition and several accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award, and nominations for two British Academy Film Awards, two Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and an Academy Award. Early life
<mask> was born on January 25, 1991, in Raleigh, North Carolina. Her mother, <mask>, is an 8th grade teacher. <mask> trained in dance at CC & Co. Dance Complex in Raleigh. <mask> has stated that her father is Puerto Rican and her mother is white, and that she also has African-American and Italian ancestry.Career

2009–2017: Early work
<mask> made her television debut in 2009, when she competed on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance, making it into the Top 20. She later appeared on the soap opera One Life to Live and played Inez in the North Carolina Theatre's production of Hairspray before appearing in the role of Nautica in the 2011 Alliance Theatre production of Bring It On. She also appeared in the ensemble of the New York Philharmonic production of Company, which was filmed for television. At the end of 2011, Bring It On embarked on a national tour across the United States. <mask> continued her role into the 2012 Broadway production and understudied the character Danielle. In 2013, <mask> played Mary Wilson in Motown on Broadway, understudying the role of Diana Ross. She later joined the cast of Pippin on Broadway, playing a noble and a player and understudying the role of the Leading Player, which she ended up taking over for a short period in 2014.She can be heard playing director/choreographer Zoey Taylor in As the Curtain Rises, an original Broadway soap opera podcast from the Broadway Podcast Network. In 2015, <mask> left Pippin to join the ensemble of the off-Broadway musical Hamilton. The show moved to Broadway later that year. She left Hamilton in July 2016 and made a guest appearance on the TV series Blue Bloods as Sophia Ortiz. She also starred as Daphne in the thriller film Seaside. From November 2016 to August 2017, <mask> portrayed Jane on Broadway in A Bronx Tale. 2017–present: Breakthrough and further recognition
In late 2017, <mask> received her breakthrough role, playing Disco Donna in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical at San Diego's La Jolla Playhouse.She reprised this role in the Broadway production, which opened in April 2018. She was nominated for the 2018 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. <mask> played Alyssa Greene in the film adaptation of The Prom, directed by Ryan Murphy. In March 2021, <mask> released a dance-pop recording and video of Rodgers & Hammerstein's "Shall We Dance" for the album R&H Goes Pop, produced by Justin Goldner and arranged by Benjamin Rauhala. In 2021, <mask> played Emma Tate in the parody musical comedy series Schmigadoon! on Apple TV+. She will also star in the spy film Argylle for the service.Despite initially not seeing herself playing the role and refusing to audition for it, <mask> played Anita in the 2021 film adaptation of the musical West Side Story, directed by Steven Spielberg. The film was released in December 2021 to critical acclaim. <mask> herself received critical attention for her performance of Anita, with Caryn James of BBC praising her performance, declaring, "Anita, in a layered, dynamic performance by <mask> <mask>, is the centre of attention, swirling her skirt and dancing to the Latin rhythms that infuse the film." David Fear of Rolling Stone magazine wrote, "DeBose...strong contender for Most Valuable Player here, whose energy—in her singing, her dancing, her line-reading, her side-eyeing—could power a metropolitan block." She also received multiple accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award, and nominations for the Academy Award, BAFTA Award, and Critics' Choice Movie Award. In February 2021, it was announced that she would play Kira Foster in the upcoming film I.S.S. On January 6, 2022, <mask> was announced as the host of Saturday Night Live on January 15, 2022.Personal life
<mask> identifies as queer and came out to her grandparents in 2015. In December 2020, <mask> and Jo Ellen Pellman launched the Unruly Hearts Initiative. The initiative was created to help young people connect with organizations and charities that advocate for the LGBTQ+ community. Acting credits

Theatre

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links
Official website

Living people
1991 births
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American women singers
Actresses from North Carolina
African-American actresses
21st-century African-American women singers
American actresses of Puerto Rican descent
American musical theatre actresses
American people of Italian descent
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
LGBT people from North Carolina
Queer actresses
21st-century American singers
21st-century LGBT people

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Ariana DeBose
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DeBose
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Gina DeBose
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Ariana
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<mask><mask> and Gisela Kolb Endowed Chair in Outpatient Psychiatry and a Professor of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology at the University of Louisville. <mask> has four daughters: Cristina, Sabrina, Belinda, and Melina. <mask> is the Founder and President of the NGLY1 Foundation. He is married to <mask>, a research assistant professor at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville who studies autism genetics. He has a personal blog titled "Cortical Chauvinism". His son-in-law is Matt Might, director of the Hugh Kaul Personalized Medicine Institute at the University of Alabama Birmingham.Education and early career
<mask> earned his medical degree from the University of Puerto Rico. He then completed clinical and research fellowships at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, including three years in neuropathology, where he was in-charge of pediatric neuropathology, which was when his interest in developmental disorders of the brain arose. He subsequently helped establish two brain banks, the Johns Hopkins Brain Resource Center and the Brain Bank Unit of the Clinical Brains Disorders Branch at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). <mask> spent several years as a deputy medical examiner for Washington, D.C., where he gained experience with the postmortem examination of sudden infant death syndrome and child abuse, which was when he began publishing extensively on postmortem techniques, including neuronal morphometry immunocytochemistry, neurochemistry, and autoradiography. He also worked as a consultant and was staff neuropathologist at Sinai Hospital in Maryland, the North Charles Hospital, and the D.C. General Hospital. He is also a former lieutenant commander in the US Public Health Service. After serving as a professor of psychiatry and neurology at the Medical College of Georgia, he subsequently joined the University of Louisville faculty.In June 2014, he moved to the University of South Carolina and the Greenville Health System. Research
<mask>'s recent research projects have examined brain abnormalities in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders and dyslexia. His interest has gradually come to focus on abnormalities of cortical neurocircuitry, in particular on the cell minicolumn, a vertical conglomerate of eighty to one hundred neurons that have in common a latency of response to stimulation. Using computerized imaging analysis, he has established the anatomical validity of the cell minicolumn. <mask> has reported interhemispheric differences in the morphometry of minicolumns that could provide explanations for the speciation of hominids. Localized in Brodmann area 22—part of Wernicke’s language region—the morphometric difference may play a role both in the development of language and in related disorders. His neuromorphology research, conducted in collaboration with other researchers from around the globe, has found there are drastic differences in the brains of autistic individuals.The studies that he conducted show that minicolumns (or 'brain strands') of autism spectrum individuals have more cells, but they are narrower and more densely packed, which he says can limit the brain's ability to send messages. <mask> claimed this helps explain symptoms since "there's not enough juice to actually power very long connections in the brain". <mask> has also been studying the autonomic nervous system in autistic individuals. He found that the sympathetic branch of the ANS is overactive in autistic children, which leads to higher levels of anxiety. Additionally, he believes that TMS and neurofeedback can reduce autonomic dysfunction that is linked to certain foods. <mask> notes that one of the problems with brain banks is that preserved brain tissue can deteriorate over time, but claims that brain banks promote far more research insight than MRI scans. Recognition
His expertise in the field of postmortem techniques was recognized by honorary appointments as a Scientific Expert for the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and as a Professorial Lecturer for the Department of Forensic Science at George Washington University.Awards

 Presidential Award of the American Medical Association, Puerto Rico Chapter (1981)
 Physician's Recognition Award by the American Medical Association (1982-5)
 National Research Service Award (1984-6)
 Stanley Scholar (1994)
 Distinguished Faculty, The Medical College of Georgia (1995)
 Scientific Advisory Board, National Alliance for Autism Research (1996)
 Tissue Advisory Board, Autism Tissue Board (1999-2000)
 Senior Scientist Award, 11th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia (2002)
 Distinguished Clinical Research Award, Medical College of Georgia (2003)
 Gottfried and Gisela Kolb Endowed Chair in Psychiatry (2003)
 Chairperson, NIH-CSR Developmental Brain Disorders Study Section (2007-9)
 Magisterial Presentation. Third World Congress of Autism (2010)
 Contributing Piece Award presented by Families for Effective Autism Treatment (FEAT) (2011)
 Opening Speaker for the International Symposium 2012 of the FRA/CIBERER on Advances in the Biomedical Research of Autism Spectrum Disorders (2012)
 Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee for Generation Rescue (2013)
 Magisterial presentation. XV Simposio de investigaciones en salud: discapacidad y ciclo vital (2013)
 Honorary Professor the International Autism Institute (2013)
 Scientific Advisory Board, Clearly Present Foundation (2013)
 Scientific Advisory Board, Center for Advanced Diagnostics, Evaluation, and Therapeutics, LLC (2013)
 Miembro equipo fundador: Autismo Colombia (2014)
 Scientific Advisory Board, Autism Research Institute, San Diego CA (2015)
 Honorary Doctor of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (2015)
 Visiting Professor of the Krasnoyarsk State Medical University (2015)
 President elect, International Consortium of Autism Institutes (2016)
 Special Recognition, Distinguished Seminar Series, University of Louisville (2016)
 Advisory Board, Our Sunny World, Russia (2017)
 Member of the Irlen International Professional Advisory Board (2017)
 The Outstanding Scholar Award (2017)
 Frontiers Spotlight Award (2017)

Views on neurodiversity

Casanova has stated that most of the neurodiversity movement is based on the good intention to destigmatize autism, but some of their scientific arguments are questionable. He sees many other positives in the movement, such as the desire for acceptance and accommodations. Casanova states that the concepts behind neurodiversity originated in ancient Greek times, when Socrates attempted to determine which behaviors were a disorder and which ones were simply differences. According to him, those ideas were also seen in the Renaissance, the Romantic era, and the antipsychiatry movement. He further claims that Leo Kanner originated the modern version of the neurodiversity movement through studying autistic individuals.However, he says that the loudest voices in the neurodiversity camp are disruptive. <mask> said on their views that “They see the world in black and white, and either you are with them or against them” and “it might end up hurting research, and hurting the delivery of services to those people who most need them.”  Additionally, he said  “It’s not a blessing to have head-banging, eye-gouging or self-biting; those have serious side effects, including retinal detachment, cauliflower ears, they can get brain trauma, contusions. Those people need to be treated.”

In response to neurodiversity's claim that autistic individuals do not need medical treatment, <mask> points out that parents that support therapy or treatment for autistic children say that it will reduce their suffering and give them the best chance to succeed in adulthood. <mask> additionally claimed that until recently, the neurodiversity movement wilfully neglected the roles of Leo Kanner and Bernard Rimland in advocating for accommodations, claiming that they were ignored because those individuals also wanted medical treatments for autism. <mask> has also claimed that Neurotribes by Steve Silberman was unfairly weighted against Leo Kanner. <mask> has also written against Silberman's perspective that Hans Asperger, one of the first autism researchers, should be forgiven for his involvement in the Nazi regime. "Contrary to Mr. Silberman," <mask> wrote in response, "I do not defend or condone [Asperger’s] murderous actions."<mask> claims that some media sources have misrepresented his views on autism and neurodiversity. One article from WAVE 3 claimed that <mask> wanted to wipe out autism entirely when he said that was not true. Additionally, a Newsweek article claimed that <mask> received death threats from writing about autism, but this actually happened because some autistic individuals falsely thought he wanted to wipe out autism based on the WAVE 3 article. References

External links

<mask> - Professor of Psychiatry, University of Louisville Google Scholar Profile
WAVE3.com - 'UofL Neuroscientist So Close To Autism Breakthrough He's Helping Fund Research', Lori Lyle, (July 14, 2006)

American neurologists
Autism researchers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Manuel F
. Casanovafried
Casanova
Cristina Casanova Might
Emily Casanova
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