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 limb, which Capp himself had experienced as a boy.One of Capp's grandchildren recalls that at one point, tears were streaming down the cartoonist's cheeks while he was watching a documentary about the Jonestown massacre. Also, it is reported that Capp gave money anonymously to charities and "people in need" at various points in his life. Sexual misconduct claims
In her autobiography, American actress Goldie Hawn stated that Capp sexually propositioned her on a casting couch and exposed himself to her when she was 19 years old. When she refused his advances, Capp became angry and told her that she was "never gonna make anything in your life" and that she should "go and marry a Jewish dentist. You'll never get anywhere in this business." Two biographies, one about Goldie Hawn and the other about Grace Kelly, describe Capp as trying to force Kelly into having sex with him, and he later tried to do the same with Hawn. In 1971, investigative journalist Jack Anderson wrote that <mask> had exposed his genitals to four female students at the University of Alabama.In 1972, after an incident at the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire, Capp was arrested. He pleaded guilty to a charge of attempted adultery, while charges of indecent exposure and sodomy were dropped. He was fined US$500 (). In 2019, Jean Kilbourne was inspired by the MeToo movement to publish in Hogan’s Alley her own experience of being groped and sexually solicited by <mask> while doing freelance writing and research work for him in contemplation of a permanent job in 1967. Production methods
Like many cartoonists, Capp made extensive use of assistants (notably Andy Amato, Harvey Curtis, Walter Johnson, and Frank Frazetta). During the extended peak of the strip, the workload grew to include advertising, merchandising, promotional work, public service comics, and other specialty work—in addition to the regular six dailies and one Sunday strip per week. From the early 1940s to the late 1950s, there were scores of Sunday strip-style magazine ads for Cream of Wheat using the Abner characters, and in the 1950s, Fearless Fosdick became a spokesman for Wildroot Cream-Oil hair tonic in a series of daily strip-style print ads.The characters also sold chainsaws, underwear, ties, detergent, candy, soft drinks—including a licensed version of <mask>'s moonshine creation, Kickapoo Joy Juice—and General Electric and Procter & Gamble products, all requiring special artwork. No matter how much help he had, Capp insisted on his drawing and inking the characters' faces and hands—especially of Abner and Daisy Mae—and his distinctive touch is often discernible. "He had the touch," Frazetta said of Capp in 2008. "He knew how to take an otherwise ordinary drawing and really make it pop. I'll never knock his talent." As is usual with collaborative efforts in comic strips, his name was the only one credited— although, sensitive to his own experience working on Joe Palooka, Capp frequently drew attention to his assistants in interviews and publicity pieces. A 1950 cover story in Time even included photographs of two of his employees, whose roles in the production were detailed by Capp.Ironically, this highly irregular policy (along with the subsequent fame of Frank Frazetta) has led to the misconception that his strip was "ghosted" by other hands. The production of Li'l Abner has been well documented, however. In point of fact, Capp maintained creative control over every stage of production for virtually the entire run of the strip. <mask> originated the stories, wrote the dialogue, designed the major characters, rough penciled the preliminary staging and action of each panel, oversaw the finished pencils, and drew and inked the hands and faces of the characters. Frazetta authority David Winiewicz described the everyday working mode of operation in Li'l Abner Dailies: 1954 Volume 20 (Kitchen Sink, 1994):

There was also a separate line of comic book titles published by the Caplin family-owned Toby Press, including Shmoo Comics featuring Washable Jones. Cartoonist Mell Lazarus, creator of Miss Peach and Momma, wrote a comic novel in 1963 entitled The Boss Is Crazy, Too which was partly inspired by his apprenticeship days working with <mask> and his brother Elliot at Toby. In a seminar at the Charles Schulz Museum on November 8, 2008, Lazarus called his experience at Toby "the five funniest years of my life".Lazarus went on to cite Capp as one of the "four essentials" in the field of newspaper cartoonists, along with Walt Kelly, Charles Schulz, and Milton Caniff. <mask> detailed his approach to writing and drawing the stories in an instructional course book for the Famous Artists School, beginning in 1956. In 1959, <mask> recorded and released an album for Folkways Records (now owned by the Smithsonian) on which he identified and described "The Mechanics of the Comic Strip". Frazetta, later famous as a fantasy artist, assisted on the strip from 1954 to December 1961. Fascinated by Frazetta's abilities, <mask> initially gave him a free hand in an extended daily sequence (about a biker named "Frankie," a caricature of Frazetta) to experiment with the basic look of the strip by adding a bit more realism and detail (particularly to the inking). After editors complained about the stylistic changes, the strip's previous look was restored. During most of his tenure with <mask>, Frazetta's primary responsibility—along with various specialty art, such as a series of Li'l Abner greeting cards—was tight-penciling the Sunday pages from studio roughs.This work was collected by Dark Horse Comics in a four-volume hardcover series entitled <mask>'s Li'l Abner: The Frazetta Years. In 1961, <mask>, complaining of declining revenue, wanted to have Frazetta continue with a 50% pay cut. "[<mask>] said he would cut the salary in half. Goodbye. That was that. I said goodbye," (from Frazetta: Painting with Fire). However, Frazetta returned briefly a few years later to draw a public service comic book called Li'l Abner and the Creatures from Drop-Outer Space, distributed by the Job Corps in 1965.Public service works
Capp provided specialty artwork for civic groups, government agencies, and charitable or nonprofit organizations, spanning several decades. The following titles are all single-issue, educational comic books and pamphlets produced for various public services:

<mask> by Li'l Abner— Public service giveaway issued by the Red Cross (1946)
Yo' Bets Yo' Life!— Public service giveaway issued by the U.S. Army (circa 1950)
Li'l Abner Joins the Navy— Public service giveaway issued by the Dept. of the Navy (1950)
Fearless Fosdick and the Case of the Red Feather— Public service giveaway issued by Red Feather Services, a forerunner of United Way (1951)
The Youth You Supervise— Public service giveaway issued by the U.S. Department of Labor (1956)
Mammy Yokum and the Great Dogpatch Mystery!— Public service giveaway issued by the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith (1956)
Operation: Survival!— Public service giveaway issued by the Dept. of Civil Defense (1957)
Natural Disasters!— Public service giveaway issued by the Department of Civil Defense (1957)
Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story— Public service giveaway issued by The Fellowship of Reconciliation (1958)
Li'l Abner and the Creatures from Drop-Outer Space— Public service giveaway issued by the Job Corps (1965)

In addition, Dogpatch characters were used in national campaigns for the U.S. Treasury, the Cancer Foundation, the March of Dimes, the National Heart Fund, the Sister Kenny Foundation, the Boy Scouts of America, Community Chest, the National Reading Council, Minnesota Tuberculosis and Health Association, Christmas Seals, the National Amputation Foundation, and Disabled American Veterans, among others. Public figure
In the Golden Age of the American comic strip, successful cartoonists received a great deal of attention; their professional and private lives were reported in the press, and their celebrity was often nearly sufficient to rival their creations. As Li'l Abner reached its peak years, and following the success of the Shmoos and other high moments in his work, <mask> Capp achieved a public profile that is still unparalleled in his profession, and arguably exceeded the fame of his strip. "Capp was the best known, most influential and most controversial cartoonist of his era," writes publisher (and leading Shmoo collector) Denis Kitchen."His personal celebrity transcended comics, reaching the public and influencing the culture in a variety of media. For many years he simultaneously produced the daily strip, a weekly syndicated newspaper column, and a 500-station radio program..." He ran the Boston Summer Theatre with The Phantom cartoonist Lee Falk, bringing in Hollywood actors such as Mae West, Melvyn Douglas, and Claude Rains to star in their live productions. He even briefly considered running for a Massachusetts Senate seat. Vice President Spiro Agnew urged Capp to run in the Democratic Party Massachusetts primary in 1970 against Ted Kennedy, but <mask> ultimately declined. (He did, however, donate his services as a speaker at a $100-a-plate fundraiser for Republican Congressman Jack Kemp.) Besides his use of the comic strip to voice his opinions and display his humor, <mask> was a popular guest speaker at universities, and on radio and television. He remains the only cartoonist to be embraced by television; no other comic artist to date has come close to Capp's televised exposure.<mask> appeared as a regular on The Author Meets the Critics (1948–'54) and made regular, weekly appearances on Today in 1953. He was also a periodic panelist on ABC and NBC's Who Said That? (1948–'55), and co-hosted DuMont's What's the Story? (1953). Between 1952 and 1972, he hosted at least five television shows–three different talk shows called The <mask> Show (1952 and 1968) and <mask> (1971–'72), <mask>'s America (a live "chalk talk," with <mask> providing a barbed commentary while sketching cartoons, 1954), and a CBS game show called Anyone Can Win (1953). He also hosted similar vehicles on the radio—and was a familiar celebrity guest on various other broadcast programs, including NBC Radio's long-running Monitor with its famous Monitor Beacon audio signature, as a commentator dubbed "An expert of nothing with opinions on everything." His frequent appearances on NBC's The Tonight Show spanned three emcees (<mask>, Jack Paar, and Johnny Carson), from the 1950s to the 1970s.One memorable story, as recounted to Johnny Carson, was about his meeting with then-President Dwight D. Eisenhower. As <mask> was ushered into the Oval Office, his prosthetic leg suddenly collapsed into a pile of disengaged parts and hinges on the floor. The President immediately turned to an aide and said, "Call Walter Reed (Hospital), or maybe Bethesda," to which Capp replied, "Hell no, just call a good local mechanic!" (<mask> also spoofed Carson in his strip, in a 1970 episode called "The Tommy Wholesome Show".) <mask> portrayed himself in a cameo role in the Bob Hope film That Certain Feeling, for which he also provided promotional art. He was interviewed live on Person to Person on November 27, 1959, by host Charles Collingwood. He also appeared as himself on The Ed Sullivan Show, Sid Caesar's Your Show of Shows, The Red Skelton Show, The Merv Griffin Show, The Mike Douglas Show, and guested on Ralph Edwards' This Is Your Life on February 12, 1961, with honoree Peter Palmer.Capp also freelanced very successfully as a magazine writer and newspaper columnist, in a wide variety of publications including Life, Show, Pageant, The Atlantic, Esquire, Coronet, and The Saturday Evening Post. Capp was impersonated by comedians Rich Little and David Frye. Although Capp's endorsement activities never rivaled Li'l Abner's or Fearless Fosdick's, he was a celebrity spokesman in print ads for Sheaffer Snorkel fountain pens (along with colleagues and close friends Milton Caniff and Walt Kelly), and—with an irony that became apparent later—a brand of cigarettes (Chesterfield). Capp resumed visiting war amputees during the Korean War and Vietnam War. He toured Vietnam with the USO, entertaining troops along with Art Buchwald and George Plimpton. He served as chairman of the Cartoonists' Committee in President Dwight D. Eisenhower's People-to-People program in 1954 (although Capp had supported Adlai Stevenson for president in 1952 and 1956), which was organized to promote Savings bonds for the U.S. Treasury. Capp had earlier provided the Shmoo for a special Children's Savings Bond in 1949, accompanying President Harry S. Truman at the bond's unveiling ceremony.During the Soviet Union's blockade of West Berlin in 1948, the commanders of the Berlin airlift had cabled <mask>, requesting inflatable shmoos as part of "Operation: Little Vittles". Candy-filled shmoos were air-dropped to hungry West Berliners by America's 17th Military Airport Squadron during the humanitarian effort. "When the candy-chocked shmoos were dropped, a near-riot resulted," (reported in Newsweek—October 11, 1948). In addition to his public service work for charitable organizations for the handicapped, <mask> also served on the National Reading Council, which was organized to combat illiteracy. He published a column ("Wrong Turn Onto Sesame Street") challenging federally funded public television endowments in favor of educational comics—which, according to Capp, "didn't cost a dime in taxes and never had. I pointed out that a kid could enjoy Sesame Street without learning how to read, but he couldn't enjoy comic strips unless he could read; and that a smaller investment in getting kids to read by supplying them with educational matter in such reading form might make better sense." <mask>'s academic interests included being one of nineteen original "Trustees and Advisors" for "Endicott, Junior College for Young Woman", located in Pride's Crossing (Beverly), Massachusetts, which was founded in 1939.<mask> is listed in the 1942 Mingotide Yearbook, representing the first graduating class from Endicott Junior College. The yearbook entry includes his credential as a "Cartoonist for United Feature Syndicate" and a resident of New York City. "Comics," wrote Capp in 1970, "can be a combination of the highest quality of art and text, and many of them are." Capp produced many giveaway educational comic books and public services pamphlets, spanning several decades, for the Red Cross, the Department of Civil Defense, the Department of the Navy, the U.S. Army, the Anti-Defamation League, the Department of Labor, Community Chest (a forerunner of United Way), and the Job Corps. Capp's studio provided special artwork for various civic groups and nonprofit organizations as well. Dogpatch characters were used in national campaigns for the Cancer Foundation, the March of Dimes, the National Heart Fund, the Boy Scouts of America, Minnesota Tuberculosis and Health Association, the National Amputation Foundation, and Disabled American Veterans, among others. They were also used to help sell Christmas Seals.In the early 1960s, <mask> regularly wrote a column entitled <mask>'s Column for the newspaper The Schenectady Gazette (currently The Daily Gazette). He was the Playboy interview subject in December 1965, in a conversation conducted by <mask>. In August 1967, <mask> was the narrator and host of an ABC network special called Do Blondes Have More Fun? In 1970, he was the subject of a provocative NBC documentary called This Is <mask>. The 1960s and 1970s
<mask> and his family lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Harvard during the entire Vietnam War protest era. The turmoil that Americans were watching on their television sets was happening live—right in his own neighborhood. Campus radicals and "hippies" inevitably became one of Capp's favorite targets in the sixties.Alongside his long-established caricatures of right-wing, big business types such as General Bullmoose and J. Roaringham Fatback, Capp began spoofing counterculture icons such as Joan Baez (in the character of Joanie Phoanie, a wealthy folksinger who offers an impoverished orphanage ten thousand dollars' worth of "protest songs"). The sequence implicitly labeled Baez a limousine liberal, a charge she took to heart, as detailed years later in her 1987 autobiography, And A Voice To Sing With: A Memoir. Another target was Senator Ted Kennedy, parodied as "Senator O. Noble McGesture", resident

masks:
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 of "Hyideelsport". The town name is a play on Hyannisport, Massachusetts, where a number of the Kennedy clan have lived. Capp became a popular public speaker on college campuses, where he reportedly relished hecklers. He attacked militant antiwar demonstrators, both in his personal appearances and in his strip. He also satirized student political groups.The Youth International Party (YIP) and Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) emerged in Li'l Abner as "Students Wildly Indignant about Nearly Everything!" (SWINE). In an April 1969 letter to Time, Capp insisted, "The students I blast are not the dissenters, but the destroyers—the less than 4% who lock up deans in washrooms, who burn manuscripts of unpublished books, who make combination pigpens and playpens of their universities. The remaining 96% detest them as heartily as I do." <mask>'s increasingly controversial remarks at his campus speeches and during television appearances cost him his semi-regular spot on the Tonight Show. His contentious public persona during this period was captured on a late sixties comedy LP called <mask> On Campus. The album features his interaction with students at Fresno State College (now California State University, Fresno) on such topics as "sensitivity training," "humanitarianism," "abstract art" (Capp hated it), and "student protest".The cover features a cartoon drawing by Capp of wildly dressed, angry hippies carrying protest signs with slogans like "End Capp Brutality", "Abner and Daisy Mae Smoke Pot", "Capp Is Over [30, 40, 50—all crossed out] the Hill!! ", and "If You Like Crap, You'll Like Capp!" Highlights of the strip's final decades include "Boomchik" (1961), in which America's international prestige is saved by Mammy Yokum, "Daisy Mae Steps Out" (1966), a female-empowering tale of Daisy's brazenly audacious "homewrecker gland", "The Lips of Marcia Perkins" (1967), a satirical, thinly-veiled commentary on venereal disease and public health warnings, "Ignoble Savages" (1968), in which the Mob takes over Harvard, and "Corporal Crock" (1973), in which Bullmoose reveals his reactionary cartoon role model, in a tale of obsession and the fanatical world of comic book collecting. The cartoonist visited John Lennon and Yoko Ono at their 1969 Bed-In for Peace in Montreal, and their testy exchange later appeared in the documentary film Imagine: John Lennon (1988). Introducing himself with the words "I'm a dreadful Neanderthal fascist. How do you do? ", <mask> sardonically congratulated Lennon and Ono on their Two Virgins nude album cover: "I think that everybody owes it to the world to prove they have pubic hair.You've done it, and I tell you that I applaud you for it." Following this exchange, Capp insulted Ono ("Good God, you've gotta live with that? "), and was asked to "get out" by Lennon publicist Derek Taylor. Lennon allowed him to stay, however, but the conversation had soured considerably. On <mask>'s exit, Lennon sang an impromptu version of his song "The Ballad of John and Yoko" with a slightly revised, but nonetheless prophetic lyric: "Christ, you know it ain't easy / You know how hard it can be / The way things are goin' / They're gonna crucify Capp! " Despite his political conservatism in the last decade of his life, Capp is reported to have been liberal in some particular causes; he supported gay rights, and did not tolerate any attempts at homophobic jokes. He is also said to have supported Martin Luther King Jr. and the fight for racial equality in American society, although he was very sceptical of the tactics of the Black Panthers and Malcolm X.In 1968, a theme park called Dogpatch USA opened at Marble Falls, Arkansas, based on <mask>'s work and with his support. The park was a popular attraction during the 1970s, but was abandoned in 1993 due to financial difficulties. By 2005, the area once devoted to a live-action facsimile of Dogpatch (including a lifesize statue in the town square of Dogpatch "founder" General Jubilation T. Cornpone) had been heavily stripped by vandals and souvenir hunters, and was slowly being reclaimed by the surrounding Arkansas wilderness. On April 22, 1971, syndicated columnist Jack Anderson reported allegations that in February 1968 <mask> had made indecent advances to four female students when he was invited to speak at the University of Alabama. Anderson and an associate confirmed that Capp was shown out of town by university police, but that the incident had been hushed up by the university to avoid negative publicity. The following month, <mask> was charged in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, in connection with another alleged incident following his April 1 lecture at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. <mask> was accused of propositioning a married woman in his hotel room.Although no sexual act was alleged to have resulted, the original charge included "sodomy". As part of a plea agreement, <mask> pleaded guilty to the charge of "attempted adultery" (adultery was a felony in Wisconsin) and the other charges were dropped. <mask> was fined $500 and court costs. In a December 1992 article for The New Yorker, Seymour Hersh reported that President Richard Nixon and Charles Colson had repeatedly discussed the <mask> case in Oval Office recordings that had recently been made available by the National Archives. Nixon and <mask> were on friendly terms, Hersh wrote, and Nixon and Colson had worked to find a way for <mask> to run against Ted Kennedy for the U.S. Senate. "Nixon was worried about the allegations, fearing that <mask>'s very close links to the White House would become embarrassingly public", Hersh wrote. "The White House tapes and documents show that he and Colson discussed the issue repeatedly, and that Colson eventually reassured the president by saying that he had, in essence, fixed the case.Specifically, the president was told that one of Colson's people had gone to Wisconsin and tried to talk to the prosecutors." Colson's efforts failed, however. The Eau Claire district attorney, a Republican, refused to dismiss the attempted adultery charge. In passing sentence in February 1972, the judge rejected the D.A. 's motion that <mask> agree to undergo psychiatric treatment. The resulting publicity led to hundreds of papers dropping his comic strip, and <mask>, already in failing health, withdrew from public speaking. Celebrity biographer James Spada has claimed that similar allegations were made by actress Grace Kelly.However, no firsthand allegation has ever surfaced. "From beginning to end, <mask> was acid-tongued toward the targets of his wit, intolerant of hypocrisy, and always wickedly funny. After about 40 years, however, <mask>'s interest in Abner waned, and this showed in the strip itself," according to Don Markstein's Toonopedia. On November 13, 1977, <mask> retired with an apology to his fans for the recently declining quality of the strip, which he said had been the best he could manage due to declining health. "If you have any sense of humor about your strip—and I had a sense of humor about mine—you knew that for three or four years Abner was wrong. Oh hell, it's like a fighter retiring. I stayed on longer than I should have," he admitted, adding that he couldn't breathe anymore."When he retired Li'l Abner, newspapers ran expansive articles and television commentators talked about the passing of an era. People magazine ran a substantial feature, and even the comics-free New York Times devoted nearly a full page to the event", wrote publisher Denis Kitchen. Capp's final years were marked by advancing illness and by family tragedy. In October 1977, one of his two daughters died; a few weeks later, a beloved granddaughter was killed in a car accident. A lifelong chain smoker, Capp died in 1979 from emphysema at his home in South Hampton, New Hampshire. Capp is buried in Mount Prospect Cemetery in Amesbury, Massachusetts. Engraved on his headstone is a stanza from Thomas Gray: The plowman homeward plods his weary way / And leaves the world to darkness and to me (from Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, 1751).Legacy
"Neither the strip's shifting political leanings nor the slide of its final few years had any bearing on its status as a classic; and in 1995, it was recognized as such by the U.S. Postal Service", according to Toonopedia. Li'l Abner was one of 20 American comic strips included in the Comic Strip Classics series of USPS commemorative stamps. <mask>, an inductee into the National Cartoon Museum (formerly the International Museum of Cartoon Art), is one of only 31 artists selected to their Hall of Fame. <mask> was also inducted into the Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 2004. Sadie Hawkins Day and double whammy are two terms attributed to <mask> that have entered the English language. Other, less ubiquitous Cappisms include skunk works and Lower Slobbovia.The term shmoo also has entered the lexicon, defining highly technical concepts in no fewer than four separate fields of science, including the variations shmooing (a microbiological term for the "budding" process in yeast reproduction), and shmoo plot (a technical term in the field of electrical engineering). In socioeconomics, a "shmoo" refers to any generic kind of good that reproduces itself, (as opposed to "widgets" which require resources and active production). In the field of particle physics, "shmoo" refers to a high energy survey instrument, as used at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to capture subatomic cosmic ray particles emitted from the Cygnus X-3 constellation. Capp also had a knack for popularizing certain uncommon terms, such as druthers, schmooze, and nogoodnik, neatnik, etc. In his book The American Language, H.L. Mencken credits the postwar mania for adding "-nik" to the ends of adjectives to create nouns as beginning—not with beatnik or Sputnik—but earlier, in the pages of Li'l Abner. <mask>'s life and career are the subjects of a new life-sized mural commemorating the 100th anniversary of his birth.Created by resident artist Jon P. Mooers, the mural was unveiled in downtown Amesbury on May 15, 2010. According to the Boston Globe (as reported on May 18, 2010), the town has renamed its amphitheater in the artist's honor, and is looking to develop an Al Capp Museum. <mask> is also the subject of an upcoming WNET-TV American Masters documentary, The Life and Times of <mask>, produced by his granddaughter, independent filmmaker Caitlin Manning. Since his death in 1979, <mask> and his work have been the subject of more than 40 books, including three biographies. Underground cartoonist and Li'l Abner expert Denis Kitchen has published, co-published, edited, or otherwise served as consultant on nearly all of them. Kitchen is currently compiling a biographical monograph on <mask>. At the San Diego Comic Con in July 2009, IDW announced the upcoming publication of <mask>'s Li'l Abner: The Complete Dailies and Color Sundays as part of their ongoing The Library of American Comics series.The comprehensive series, a reprinting of the entire 43-year history of Li'l Abner, spanning a projected 20 volumes, began on April 7, 2010. <mask>, <mask>, Real Magazine (December 1952) "The REAL Powers in America"
<mask>, <mask>, The World of Li'l Abner (1953) Farrar, Straus & Young
Leifer, Fred, The Li'l Abner Official Square Dance Handbook (1953) A.S. Barnes
Mikes, George, Eight Humorists (1954) <mask>, Tom, The Tom Lehrer Song Book, introduction by <mask> (1954) Crown Publishers
<mask>, <mask>, <mask>'s Fearless Fosdick: His Life and Deaths (1956) Simon & Schuster
<mask>, <mask>, <mask>'s Bald Iggle: The Life it Ruins May Be Your Own (1956) Simon & Schuster
Capp, <mask>, et al. Famous Artists Cartoon Course — 3 volumes (1956) Famous Artists School
Capp, <mask>, Life Magazine (January 14, 1957) "The Dogpatch Saga: <mask>'s Own Story"
Brodbeck, Arthur J, et al. "How to Read Li'l Abner Intelligently" from Mass Culture: Popular Arts in America, pp. 218–224 (1957) Free Press
Capp, <mask>, The Return of the Shmoo (1959) Simon & Schuster
Hart, Johnny, Back to B.C., introduction by <mask> (1961) Fawcett Publications
Lazarus, Mell, Miss Peach, introduction by <mask> (1962) Pyramid Books
Gross, Milt, He Done Her Wrong, introduction by <mask> (1963 Ed.) Dell Books
White, David Manning, and Robert H. Abel, eds. The Funnies: An American Idiom (1963) Free Press
White, David Manning, ed.From Dogpatch to Slobbovia: The (Gasp!) World of Li'l Abner (1964) Beacon Press
<mask>, <mask>, Life International Magazine (June 14, 1965) "My Life as an Immortal Myth"
Toffler, <mask>, Playboy Magazine (December 1965) interview with <mask>, pp. 89–100
Moger, Art, et al. Chutzpah Is, introduction by <mask> (1966) Colony Publishers
Berger, Arthur Asa, Li'l Abner: A Study in American Satire (1969) Twayne Publishers, (1994) Univ. Press of Mississippi
Sugar, Andy, Saga Magazine (December 1969) "On the Campus Firing Line with <mask>"
Gray, Harold, Arf! The Life and Hard Times of Little Orphan Annie, introduction by <mask> (1970) Arlington House
Moger, Art, Some of My Best Friends are People, introduction by <mask> (1970) Directors Press
<mask>, <mask>, The Hardhat's Bedtime Story Book (1971) Harper & Row
Robinson, Jerry, The Comics: An Illustrated History of Comic Strip Art (1974) G.P. Putnam's Sons
Horn, Maurice, The World Encyclopedia of Comics (1976) Chelsea House, (1982) Avon
Blackbeard, Bill, ed.The Smithsonian Collection of Newspaper Comics (1977) Smithsonian Inst. Press/Harry Abrams
Marschall, Rick, Cartoonist PROfiles No. 37 (March 1978) interview with <mask>
Capp, Al, The Best of Li'l Abner (1978) Holt, Rinehart & Winston
Lardner, Ring, You Know Me Al: The Comic Strip Adventures of Jack Keefe, introduction by <mask> (1979) Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Van Buren, Raeburn, Abbie an' Slats — 2 volumes (1983) Ken Pierce Books
Capp, <mask>, Li'l Abner: Reuben Award Winner Series Book 1 (1985) Blackthorne
Marschall, Rick, Nemo, the Classic Comics Library No. 18, pp. 3–32 (April 1986)
Capp, <mask>, Li'l Abner Dailies — 27 volumes (1988–1999) Kitchen Sink Press
Marschall, Rick, America's Great Comic Strip Artists (1989) Abbeville Press
Capp, Al, Fearless Fosdick (1990) Kitchen Sink
Capp, <mask>, My Well-Balanced Life on a Wooden Leg (1991) John Daniel & Co.
Capp, Al, Fearless Fosdick: The Hole Story (1992) Kitchen Sink
Goldstein, Kalman, "<mask> and Walt Kelly: Pioneers of Political and Social Satire in the Comics" from Journal of Popular Culture; Vol. 25, Issue 4 (Spring 1992)
Caplin, Elliot, <mask> Remembered (1994) Bowling Green State University
Theroux, <mask>, The Enigma of <mask> (1999) Fantagraphics Books
Lubbers, Bob, Glamour International #26: The Good Girl Art of Bob Lubbers (May 2001)
Capp, Al, The Short Life and Happy Times of the Shmoo (2002) Overlook Press
Capp, Al, Al Capp's Li'l Abner: The Frazetta Years — 4 volumes (2003–2004) Dark Horse Comics
Al Capp Studios, Al Capp's Complete Shmoo: The Comic Books (2008) Dark Horse
Capp, Al, Li'l Abner: The Complete Dailies and Color Sundays Vol. 1 – Vol.x(ongoing) (2010–present) The Library of American Comics
<mask>, <mask>, <mask>'s Complete Shmoo Vol. 2: The Newspaper Strips (2011) Dark Horse
Inge, M. Thomas, "Li'l Abner, Snuffy and Friends" from Comics and the U.S. South, pp. 3–27 (2012) Univ. Press of Mississippi
Kitchen, Denis, and Michael Schumacher, <mask>p: A Life to the Contrary (2013) Bloomsbury Publishing

External links

 Li'l Abner official site

 Denis Kitchen biography: <mask>
 Animation Resources: <mask>p part I
 Animation Resources: <mask> part II
 Animation Resources: <mask> part III
 Animation Resources: <mask>p part IV
 Animation Resources: <mask>p part V
 <mask> Deserves a Tribute (Newburyport News, 28 Sept. 2009)
 Dogpatch USA amusement park. The Dogpatch Family Band Mechanical Toy
 Dogpatch and Li'l Abner on Broadway in Life, January 14, 1957, pp. 71–83
The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum Art Database

1909 births
1979 deaths
American amputees
American comic strip cartoonists
American satirists
20th-century American writers
Deaths from emphysema
American people of Latvian-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Inkpot Award winners
Jewish American artists
Jewish American writers
Artists from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Artists from New Haven, Connecticut
School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts alumni
Reuben Award winners
Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees
Comedians from Connecticut
Obscenity controversies

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<mask> "Charlotte Antoinette" <mask> (1782/84 – 25 September 1828), was a blind Swedish concert singer, harpsichordist, composer and poet, known as "The Blind Song-Maiden". She was active in Sweden, Finland and Russia. Her last name is also spelled as Seijerling and Seyerling. Her first name was <mask> (or Antonia), but in the French fashion of the time, she was often called Charlotte Antoinette. She was the author of the popular song "Sång i en melankolisk stund". Early life
<mask> was the daughter of <mask> and <mask>, actors and directors of a travelling theatre company. She became blind at the age of four due to an incompetent smallpox vaccination.Four years later, at the age of eight, she contracted smallpox, and the scars made people consider her ugly, which made her shy. As a child, she contributed to the household by singing songs she had composed herself to the music of the harp in her parents' theatre. She was widely advertised as a wonder: the singing and music-making blind child. She also played the guitar. Her father was very ambitious and upheld a high standard in the plays at his theatre company, often performing famous plays from the continent, such as plays by Shakespeare. Her mother was a good actress who became the first Swedish speaking Julia in Romeo and Juliet in Norrköping in 1776. They toured in both Sweden and Finland, and even performed at the Swedish court on at least one occasion.They were popular among the public, but often had financial difficulties and problems with irregular staff – during periods of staff-shortage they were forced to use dolls on stage. Charlotta's sister Carolina Fredrika <mask> was also an actress, but she married a vicar in 1789 and retired. Career
After the death of her father in 1795, her mother took sole charge of the theatre and moved to Finland, where the competition was small, to tour as the director of her troupe. She sent her daughter to Stockholm to have an eye-operation by the famous doctors Rislachi and af Bjerkèn, that was promised to give her eyesight back. The operation, however, failed, and as Seuerling did not have the money to join her mother in Finland. She was thereby forced to stay in a boardinghouse for poor women. Her musical talent was discovered in 1806 by Per Aron Borg, who gave piano lessons to the poor women of the boardinghouse piano playing.He was impressed by her ability, and accepted her as his private student in musical theory in 1807, giving her a home with his family. Impressed by her ability to learn, he added more subjects, and soon, she excelled in nature sciences and languages. She also composed her own poems, and created a device by which she could write her poems down. Borg invented a blind-writing, by which she could learn to read notes, German and French. She was uninterested in subjects traditionally given to her gender, and Borg published a pamphlet where he argued that women were capable of learning subjects from which they were banned. Borg also taught her medicine; also in this subject, she was so successful that he argued that women would be equally and even better as medical doctors than men. Inspired by her ability to learn, Borg founded the first Institute for blind and deaf in Sweden (1808).Seuerling was his first student, and she is sometimes regarded as the first blind student of her country. In 1808, Borg held a demonstration during which Seuerling displayed her ability and talent in reading and writing, playing the harp and clavichord, read notes, speak French and German, as well as weaving, sewing and knitting. During this time period in history, blind and deaf people were often suspected to be unable to educate, and the demonstration of <mask> <mask> was of great help to the institute. Her ability attracted attention, and a lot of the support of the newly founded institute is attributed to her. On 5 July 1809, Borg held a public exam for his pupils in front of five hundred guests, among them the queen, Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp. <mask> <mask> performed her own song: "I, who does not enjoy the pleasure to see the treasured Queen". Upon this, the queen complimented her, and Charlotta, entirely in the taste of the time, dropped her harp and fainted with happiness.She won a great success. The scene was described in a poem by Gustaf Snoilsky: Upon this the blind songmaiden was moved / and by her gratitute stagger..., which made her known as the "Songmaiden". After this, the queen became the protector of the institute, and it was also given government support. <mask> wrote the song "Sång i en melankolisk stund" (English: Song in a Moment of melancholy) for harp music. The song was very popular in Sweden during the entire 19th century. It teams depression, suicide and betrayal, but also of the happiness of friendship and the hope it gives, interpreted as her own feelings when she was given tuition by Pär Aron Borg and her life changed. It begins: No ray of light shine from above, the night was terrifying and darkness surrounded me..., and ends: "...then as the first ray of dawn a light broke through the mist and friendship came; and with its radiance calm and joy filled my heart."In 1810, Seuerling joined her mother in Finland, which was now a part of Russia, and performed in her mother's theatre troupe. In 1811, her mother met with financial difficulties. They were then both put under the protection of the Russian empress dowager, Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg), who had heard of Seuerlings reputation as a harpist, and each received a pension of 600 rubles. Charlotta moved to Russia, where she assisted in the development of Valentin Haüys Institute for the Blind in Saint Petersburg, where she received a position. Death and legacy
Seuerling returned to Sweden in 1823, and died five years later. Seuerling's harp, letters, and poems written by her hand are kept at Stockholm Music Museum. Among her writings are also kept a writing test, which is the oldest example of blind text in Sweden, written with a writing device constructed for the blind before Braille, kept at Kungliga biblioteket.Her song "Sång i en melankolisk stund" was published anonymously many times after 1828, and with her name in the song book "Miniaturvisbok" (1852) alongside work by Johan Olof Wallin, Fredrika Bremer and Gunnar Wennerberg. See also
 Maria Theresia von Paradis
 Pauline Åhman

References
 Carl Christoffer Gjörwell: Brefväxling, Volym 5–6
 Birger Schöldström: Mörkt och Ljust 1893
 Carin Österberg: Svenska kvinnor: Föregångare, nyskapare (Swedish women: Predecessors, pioneers) 1990
 Beatrice Christenssen Sköld (Swedish): Valentin Haüy blindpedagogikens fader (Valentin Haüy the father of blind learning)
 Kjell Dellert: Synskadades Museum
 Birger Schöldström: Mörkt och Ljust 1893 (Darkness and Light)
 Axel Nelson: Manillahistoria, Nordisk Tidskrift för Dövundervisningen (NTD) nr 3, 1989. (History of Manilla, Nordic script for teaching the deaf) (Swedish)
 Axel Nelson: Utblickar kring en sprucken harpa, NTD nr 3, 1988. (Contemplations from a broken harp) (Swedish)
 Axel Nelson: Några Glimtar ur Dövas historia. (Peeks in to the history of the Deaf) (Swedish)
 Axel Nelson: Nya Glimtar ur dövas historia. (New Peeks in to the history of the deaf) (Swedish)

External links
 Charlotte Seuerling, den blinda harpospelerskan. (Biography in Swedish, with an image.)Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon
 Svensk Läraretidning, 20:e årg. 1901
 Per Aron Borg och Manilla

1780s births
1828 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Swedish actresses
19th-century Swedish musicians
19th-century Swedish women musicians
19th-century Swedish women writers
Blind classical musicians
Blind writers
Finnish stage actresses
Swedish classical composers
Swedish women singers
Swedish stage actresses
Swedish women poets
Swedish women classical composers
19th-century women composers

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Charlotta Antonia
Seuerling
Charlotta Antoinetta
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Carl Gottfried Seuerling
Margareta Seuerling
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O'Shea Jackson Sr. (born June 15, 1969), known professionally as <mask>, is an American rapper, actor, and filmmaker. His lyrics on N.W.A's 1988 album Straight Outta Compton contributed to gangsta rap's widespread popularity, and his political rap solo albums AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted (1990), Death Certificate (1991), and The Predator (1992) were critically and commercially successful. He has also had an active film career since the early 1990s. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of N.W.A in 2016. A native of Los Angeles, Jackson formed his first rap group called C.I.A. in 1986. In 1987, with Eazy-E and Dr. Dre, he formed the pioneering gangsta rap group N.W.A.As its lead rapper, he wrote some of Dre's and most of Eazy's lyrics on Straight Outta Compton, a landmark album that shaped West Coast hip hop's early identity and helped differentiate it from East Coast rap. N.W.A was also known for their violent lyrics, threatening to attack abusive police and innocent civilians alike, which stirred controversy. After a monetary dispute over the group's management by Eazy-E and Jerry Heller, <mask> left N.W.A in late 1989, teaming with New York artists and launching a solo rap career. <mask> entered cinema by playing Doughboy in director John Singleton's feature debut Boyz n the Hood, a 1991 drama named after a 1987 rap song that <mask> wrote. <mask> also cowrote and starred in the 1995 comedy film Friday; it premised a successful franchise and reshaped his persona into a bankable movie star. His directorial debut was the 1998 film The Players Club. As of 2020, he has appeared in about 40 films, including the 1999 war comedy Three Kings, family comedies like the Barbershop series, and buddy cop comedies 21 Jump Street, 22 Jump Street, and Ride Along.He was an executive producer of many of these films, as well as of the 2015 biopic Straight Outta Compton. Life and side ventures

<mask> was born on June 15, 1969, in Los Angeles, to Doris, a hospital clerk and custodian, and Hosea Jackson, a machinist and UCLA groundskeeper. He has an older brother, and they had a half-sister who was murdered when <mask> was 12. He grew up on Van Wick Street in the Westmont section of South Los Angeles. In ninth grade at George Washington Preparatory High School in Los Angeles, <mask> began writing raps after being challenged by his friend "Kiddo" in typewriting class. Kiddo lost. Explaining his stage name, <mask> implicates his older brother: "He threatened to slam me into a freezer and pull me out when I was an ice cube.I just started using that name, and it just caught on." <mask> also attended William Howard Taft High School in Woodland Hills, California. He was bused 40 miles to the suburban school from his home in a high-crime neighborhood. Soon after he wrote and recorded a few locally successful rap songs with N.W.A, he left for Arizona to enroll in the Phoenix Institute of Technology in the fall 1987 semester. In 1988, with a diploma in architectural drafting, he returned to the Los Angeles area and rejoined N.W.A, but kept a career in architecture drafting as a backup plan. In 1990, he formed his own record label, Street Knowledge, whereby a musical associate via the rap group Public Enemy introduced him to the Nation of Islam (NOI). <mask> converted to Islam.Although denying membership in the NOI, whose ideology often rebukes whites and especially Jews, he readily adopted its ideology of black nationalism, familiar to the rap community. Still, he has claimed to heed his own conscience as a "natural Muslim, 'cause it's just me and God". Questioned in 2017, he said, in part, that he thinks "religion is stupid". He estimated, "I'm gonna live a long life, and I might change religions three or four times before I die. I'm on the Islam tip—but I'm on the Christian tip, too. I'm on the Buddhist tip as well. Everyone has something to offer to the world."On April 26, 1992, <mask> married Kimberly Woodruff, born September 1970. They have four children together. In 2005, asked about the balance between his music and his parenting, <mask> discussed counseling his children to appraise the violence depicted in all media, not just in music lyrics. His eldest son, O'Shea Jackson Jr., portrayed him in the 2015 biopic Straight Outta Compton. In a 2016 interview, he cited the 1975 film Jaws as his favorite movie, and his favorite among his own songs as "It Was a Good Day". Commercially, <mask> has endorsed Coors Light beer and St. Ides malt liquor, and licensed a clothing line, Solo by Cube. In 2017, he launched Big3, a 3-on-3 basketball league starring former NBA players.Its first season started that June with eight teams, an eight-week regular season, playoffs, and a championship game. Musical career
In 1986 at the age of 16, <mask> began rapping in the trio C.I.A., but soon joined the newly formed rap group N.W.A. He was N.W.A's lead rapper and main ghostwriter on its official debut album, 1988's Straight Outta Compton. Via financial dispute, he left by the start of 1990. During 1990, his debut solo album, AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted, found him also leading a featured rap group, Da Lench Mob. Meanwhile, he helped develop the rapper Yo Yo. 1986: C.I.A.With friend Sir Jinx, <mask> formed the rap group C.I.A., and performed at parties hosted by Dr. Dre. Since 1984, Dre was a member of a popular DJ crew, the World Class Wreckin' Cru, which by 1985 was also performing and recording electro rap. Dre had Cube help write the Wreckin Cru's hit song "Cabbage Patch". Dre also joined Cube on a side project, a duo called Stereo Crew, which made a 12-inch record, "She's a Skag", released on Epic Records in 1986. In 1987, C.I.A. released the Dr. Dre-produced single "My Posse". Meanwhile, the Wreckin' Cru's home base was the Eve After Dark nightclub, about a quarter of a mile outside of the city Compton in Los Angeles county.While Dre was on the turntable, <mask> would rap, often parodying other artists' songs. In one instance, <mask>'s rendition was "My Penis", parodying Run-DMC's "My Adidas". In 2015, the nightclub's co-owner and Wreckin' leader Alonzo Williams would recall feeling his reputation damaged by this and asking it not to be repeated. 1986–1989: N.W.A. At 16, <mask> sold his first song to Eric Wright, soon dubbed Eazy-E, who was forming Ruthless Records and the musical team N.W.A, based in Compton, California. Himself from South Central Los Angeles, <mask> would be N.W.A's only core member not born in Compton. Upon the success of the song "Boyz-n-the-Hood"—written by Cube, produced by Dre, and rapped by Eazy-E, helping establish gangsta rap in California—Eazy focused on developing N.W.A, which soon gained MC Ren.<mask> wrote some of Dre's and nearly all of Eazy's lyrics on N.W.A's official debut album, Straight Outta Compton, released in August 1988. Yet by late 1989, <mask> questioned his compensation and N.W.A's management by Jerry Heller. <mask> also wrote most of Eazy-E's debut album Eazy-Duz-It. He received a total pay of $32,000, and the contract that Heller presented in 1989 did not confirm that he was officially an N.W.A member. After leaving the group and its label in December, <mask> sued Heller, and the lawsuit was later settled out of court. In response, N.W.A members attacked <mask> on the 1990 EP 100 Miles and Runnin', and on N.W.A's next and final album, Niggaz4Life, in 1991. 1989–1993: Early solo career, AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted, Death Certificate, and The Predator
In early 1990, <mask> recorded his debut solo album, AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted, in New York with iconic rap group Public Enemy's production team, the Bomb Squad.Arriving in May 1990, it was an instant hit, further swelling rap's mainstream integration. Controversial nonetheless, it drew accusations of misogyny and racism. The album introduces <mask>ube's affirmation of black nationalism and ideology of black struggle. Cube appointed Yo-Yo, a female rapper and guest on the album, to the head his record label, and helped produce her debut album, Make Way for the Motherlode. Also in 1990, <mask>-E as a "house nigga", the track blames N.W.A's manager Jerry Heller for exploiting the group, mentions that he is a Jew, and calls for his murder. <mask> contended that he mentioned Heller's ethnicity merely incidentally, not to premise attack, but as news media mention nonwhite assailants' races. The track "Black Korea", also deemed racist, was also thought as foreseeing the 1992 Los Angeles riots. While controversial, Death Certificate broadened his audience; he toured with Lollapalooza in 1992. <mask>'s third album, The Predator, arrived in November 1992.Referring to the 1992 Los Angeles riots, the song "Wicked" opens, "April 29 was power to the people, and we might just see a sequel." The Predator was the first album ever to debut at No. 1 on both the R&B/hip-hop and pop charts. Singles include "It Was a Good Day" and "Check Yo Self", songs having a "two-part" music video. Generally drawing critical praise, the album is his most successful commercially, over three million copies sold in the US. After this album, <mask>'s rap audience severely diminished, and never regained the prominence of his first three albums. During this time, Cube began to have numerous features on other artists' songs.In 1992, <mask> appeared on Del the Funky Homosapien's debut album I Wish My Brother George Was Here, on Da Lench Mob's debut Guerillas in tha Mist, which he also produced, and on the Kool G Rap and DJ Polo song "Two to the Head". In 1993, he worked on Kam's debut album, and collaborated with <mask>-T on the track "Last Wordz" on 2Pac's album Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z..

1993–1998: Lethal Injection and forming Westside Connection
Cube's fourth album, Lethal Injection, came out in late 1993. Here, <mask> borrowed from the then-popular G-funk popularized by Dr. Dre. Although not received well by critics, the album brought successful singles, including "Really Doe", "Bop Gun (One Nation)", "You Know How We Do It", and "What Can I Do?" After this album, <mask> effectively lost his rap audience. Following Lethal Injection, <mask> focused on films and producing albums of other rappers, including Da Lench Mob, Mack 10, Mr. Short Khop, and Kausion. In 1994, <mask> teamed with onetime N.W.A groupmate Dr. Dre, who was then leading rap's G-funk subgenre, for the first time since <mask> had left the group, and which had disbanded upon Dre's 1991 departure.The result was the <mask> and Dre song "Natural Born Killaz", on the Murder Was The Case

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 soundtrack, released by Dre's then-new label, Death Row Records. In 1995, <mask> joined Mack 10 and WC in forming a side trio, the Westside Connection. Feeling neglected by East Coast media, a longstanding issue in rap's bicoastal rivalry, the group aimed to reinforce West pride and resonate with the undervalued. The Westside Connection's first album, Bow Down (1996), featured tracks like "Bow Down" and "Gangstas Make the World Go 'Round" that reflected the group's objectives. The album was certified Platinum by year's end. Interpreting rapper Common's song "I Used to Love H.E.R." as a diss of West Coast rap, <mask> and the Westside Connection briefly feuded with him, but they resolved amicably in 1997.It was also at this time that <mask> began collaborating outside the rap genre. In 1997, he worked with David Bowie and Nine Inch Nails singer Trent Reznor on a remix of Bowie's "I'm Afraid of Americans". In 1998, <mask> was featured on the band Korn's song "Children of the Korn", and joined them on their Family Values Tour 1998. 1998–2006: War & Peace Vol. 1 & 2 and Westside Connection reunion
In November 1998, <mask> released his long-awaited fifth solo album War & Peace Vol. 1 (The War Disc). The delayed sixth album, Volume 2, arrived in 2000.These albums feature the Westside Connection and a reunion with his old N.W.A members Dr. Dre and MC Ren. <mask> also received a return favor from Korn, as they appeared on his song "Fuck Dying" from Vol. 1. Many fans maintained that these two albums, especially the second, were lesser in quality to his earlier work. In 2000, <mask> also joined Dr. Dre, Eminem and Snoop Dogg for the Up in Smoke Tour. In 2002, <mask> appeared on British DJ Paul Oakenfold's solo debut album, Bunkka, on the track "Get Em Up". Released in 2003, Westside Connection's second album, Terrorist Threats, fared well critically, but saw lesser sales."Gangsta Nation" (featuring Nate Dogg), the only single released, was a radio hit. After a rift between <mask> and Mack 10 about <mask>'s film work minimizing the group's touring, the Westside Connection disbanded in 2005. In 2004, <mask> featured on the song "Real Nigga Roll Call" by Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz, the then leaders of rap's crunk subgenre. 2006–2012: Laugh Now, Cry Later, Raw Footage, and I Am the West
In 2006, <mask> released his seventh solo album, Laugh Now, Cry Later, selling 144,000 units in the first week. Lil Jon and Scott Storch produced the lead single, "Why We Thugs". In October, <mask> was honored at VH1's Annual Hip Hop Honors, and performed it and also the track "Go to Church". Cube soon toured globally in the Straight Outta Compton Tour—accompanied by rapper WC from the Westside Connection—playing in America, Europe, Australia, and Japan.Amid Cube's many features and brief collaborations, September 2007 brought In the Movies, a compilation album of <mask> songs on soundtracks. <mask>'s eighth studio album, Raw Footage, arrived on August 19, 2008, yielding the singles "Gangsta Rap Made Me Do It" and "Do Ya Thang". Also in 2008, <mask> helped on Tech N9ne's song "Blackboy", and was featured on The Game's song "State of Emergency". As a fan of the NFL football team the Raiders, <mask> released in October 2009 a tribute song, "Raider Nation". In 2009, <mask> performed at the Gathering of the Juggalos, and returned to perform at the 2011 festival. On September 28, 2010, his ninth solo album, I Am the West, arrived with, <mask> says, a direction different from any one of his other albums. Its producers include West Coast veterans like DJ Quik, Dr. Dre, E-A-Ski, and, after nearly 20 years, again <mask>'s onetime C.I.A groupmate Sir Jinx.Offering the single "I Rep That West", the album debuted at #22 on the Billboard 200 and sold 22,000 copies in its first week. Also in 2010, <mask> signed up-and-coming recording artist named 7Tre The Ghost, deemed likely to be either skipped or given the cookie-cutter treatment by most record companies. In 2011, <mask> featured on Daz Dillinger's song "Iz You Ready to Die" and on DJ Quik's song "Boogie Till You Conk Out". In 2012, <mask> recorded a verse for a remix of the Insane Clown Posse song "Chris Benoit", from ICP's The Mighty Death Pop! album, appearing on the album Mike E. Clark's Extra Pop Emporium. In September 2012, during Pepsi's NFL Anthems campaign, Cube released his second Raiders anthem "Come and Get It". 2012–present: Everythang's Corrupt and forming Mount Westmore
In November 2012, Cube released more details on his forthcoming, tenth studio album, Everythang's Corrupt.Releasing its title track near the 2012 elections, he added, "You know, this record is for the political heads." But the album's release was delayed. On February 10, 2014, iTunes brought another single from it, "Sic Them Youngins on 'Em", and a music video followed the next day. Despite a couple of more song releases, the album's release was delayed even beyond <mask>'s work on the 2015 film Straight Outta Compton. After a statement setting release to 2017, the album finally arrived on December 7, 2018. In 2014, <mask> appeared on MC Ren's remix "Rebel Music", their first collaboration since the N.W.A reunion in 2000. In 2020, <mask> joined rappers Snoop Dogg, E-40, Too Short and formed the supergroup Mt.Westmore. The group's debut album is slated for release in January 2022. Film and television career
Since 1991, <mask> has acted in nearly 40 films, several of which are highly regarded. Some of them, such as the 1992 thriller Trespass and the 1999 war comedy Three Kings, highlight action. Yet most are comedies, including a few adult-oriented ones, like the Friday franchise, whereas most of these are family-friendly, like the Barbershop franchise. Narrative
John Singleton's seminal film Boyz n the Hood, released in July 1991, debuted the actor <mask> playing Doughboy, a persona that <mask> played convincingly. Later, <mask> starred with <mask>-T and Bill Paxton in Walter Hill's 1992 thriller film Trespass, and in Charles Burnett's 1995 film The Glass Shield.Meanwhile, <mask> declined to costar with Janet Jackson in Singleton's 1993 romance Poetic Justice, a role that Tupac Shakur then played. <mask> starred as the university student Fudge in Singleton's 1995 film Higher Learning. Singleton, encouraging <mask>, had reportedly told him, "If you can write a record, you can write a movie." <mask> cowrote the screenplay for the 1995 comedy Friday, based on adult themes, and starred in it with comedian Chris Tucker. Made with $3.5 million, Friday drew $28 million worldwide. Two sequels, Next Friday and Friday After Next, arrived in 2000 and 2002. In 1997, playing a South African exiled to America who returns 15 years later, <mask> starred in the action thriller Dangerous Ground, and had a supporting role in Anaconda.In 1998, writing again, the director <mask> debuted in The Players Club. In 1999, he starred alongside George Clooney and Mark Wahlberg as a staff sergeant in Three Kings, set in the immediate aftermath of the Gulf War, whereby the United States attacked Iraq in 1990, an "intelligent" war comedy critically acclaimed. In 2002, <mask> starred in Kevin Bray's All About the Benjamins, and in Tim Story's comedy film Barbershop. In 2004, <mask> played in Barbershop 2 and Torque. The next year, he replaced Vin Diesel in the second installment of the XXX film series, XXX: State of the Union, as the main protagonist, which he reprises the character in the third installment and reunited with Diesel 12 years later, XXX: Return of Xander Cage. He also appeared in the family comedy Are We There Yet?, which premised his role in its 2007 sequel Are We Done Yet?. In 2012, <mask> appeared in 21 Jump Street.He also appeared in its sequel, 22 Jump Street, in 2014. That year, and then to return in 2016, he played alongside comedian Kevin Hart in two more Tim Story films, Ride Along and Ride Along 2. Also in 2016, <mask> returned for the third entry in the Barbershop series. And in 2017, <mask> starred with Charlie Day in the comedy Fist Fight. Documentary
In late 2005, <mask> and R. J. Cutler co-created the six-part documentary series Black. White., carried by cable network FX. <mask> and basketball star LeBron James paired up to pitch a one-hour special to ABC based on James's life.On May 11, 2010, ESPN aired <mask>'s directed documentary Straight Outta L.A., examining the interplay of Los Angeles sociopolitics, hip hop, and the Raiders during the 1980s into the 1990s. Serial television
Ice Cube's Are We There Yet? series premiered on TBS on June 2, 2010. It revolves around a family adjusting to the matriarch's new husband, played by Terry Crews. On August 16, the show was renewed for 90 more episodes, amounting to six seasons. <mask> also credits Tyler Perry for his entrée to TBS. In front of the television cameras, rather, <mask> appeared with Elmo as a 2014 guest on the PBS children's show Sesame Street.Controversies
In 2020, he was accused of a "long, disturbing history of anti-Semitism". This traces to his 1991 song "No Vaseline", which uses racial slurs against the other former members of N.W.A. and calls the group's manager Jerry Heller a "white man", "white boy", "Jew", "devil", "white Jew", and "cracker". In 2015, <mask>ube expressed regret at including the word "Jew" in the song, as he intended to attack Heller, not "the whole Jewish race". That same year, he was sued for—but has denied—ordering a rabbi to be assaulted. In June 2020, some of Ice Cube's Twitter posts—promoting Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, an allegedly antisemitic mural, with the caption, "Fuck the new normal until they fix the old normal! ", and associated conspiracy theories—triggered wide accusations of antisemitism.Calling himself "just pro-Black", not "anti anybody", Cube dismissed "the hype", and professed "telling my truth". According to the Hollywood Reporter, in October 2021, <mask> was set to star in the comedy film Oh Hell No alongside Jack Black, but left the project after refusing to get vaccinated for COVID-19. The project would have paid him $9 million. Discography

Studio albums
 AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted (1990)
 Death Certificate (1991)
 The Predator (1992)
 Lethal Injection (1993)
 War & Peace Vol. 1 (The War Disc) (1998)
 War & Peace Vol. 2 (The Peace Disc) (2000)
 Laugh Now, Cry Later (2006)
 Raw Footage (2008)
 I Am the West (2010)
 Everythang's Corrupt (2018)

Filmography

Films

Television

Video games

Awards and nominations

Film awards
<mask> has received nominations for several films in

masks:
Cube
Cube
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Ice Cube
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<mask> (born 1954 in Dortmund, Germany) is a German political scientist and professor for International Relations and East European Studies at Freie Universität Berlin. He is also the founder and director of the Center for Global Politics at Freie Universität Berlin, which offers four distinct graduate study programs designed for professionals and young leaders. His research interests include theories of International Relations, transformations in the former Soviet Union, international political economy, and globalization. Biography
From 1974-1979, <mask> studied history, Slavic languages, political science, and philosophy at Ruhr University Bochum and University of Konstanz, completing his studies with both a master's degree and Staatsexamen (government-recognized exam for future teachers). In 1984, he obtained his PhD (Dr. phil.) from Bremen University with a study on the USSR during the Second World War.<mask> worked as research fellow at a project on Soviet reform politics at the University of Bremen and later as research fellow at JWG University in Frankfurt am Main. From 1990-1995, he joined Germany´s leading think tank on politics, the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) at Ebenhausen and in 1992 qualified as professor with a book on systemic change in the Soviet Union. After working as professor for International Relations at the University of Konstanz in 1995, <mask> became professor for Political Science and East European Politics at the Institute for East European Studies and the Otto-Suhr-Institut at Freie Universität Berlin. He has conducted several research projects – among others one on Post-Soviet Puzzles (on spaces, territories, elites and interests in the FSU; published 1994/95) and one on Explaining Post-Soviet Patchworks (1998–2000) – and has implemented as well as supervised different study projects which since 2007 are integrated in the Center for Global Politics. <mask> is a member of several scientific boards of organizations of international repute including the German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP) the Gulf Research Center, and the Institute for European Politics. As visiting scholar he has worked, amongst others, at Stanford University, George Washington University, Harvard University, Columbia University and Fudan University. He is also a member of the Governing Board of the European Humanities University.Fields of activity
As both Chair for Political Science at the Institute for East European Studies at Freie Universität Berlin and Professor for International Relations, <mask>’ research interests cover a broad range of topics. He directed research projects on the political and societal transformations in East Europe and in the Former Soviet Union (“Post-Soviet Puzzles”; “Explaining Post Soviet Patchworks”) and headed a research project “Global City Regions” (2002–2004) exploring the role of city regions as sub-state political entities within the context of contemporary globalization processes. According to Segbers, globalization and global flows of capital, trades and services, information and people are dramatically altering the nature of politics and the opportunities for nation-states to control or influence events. “Politics can no more be masterminded, engineered, implemented, executed, organized and controlled. Politics, rather, is happening, as the result of thousands of moves by a multitude of actors on different levels of action.” Segbers suggests that politicians should reduce
expectations and not try to function as engineers but as moderators, or as navigators. Another proposal is to shift decision-making processes from the nation-state to the local and supranational level. Presently, Segbers is engaged in advancing blended learning study courses as well as in fostering international academic cooperation.He is founder and director of the Center for Global Politics which unites four graduate study programs: the M.A. programs East European Studies Online (EES Online) and International Relations Online (IR Online), the Global Politics Seasonal Schools, and German Studies Russia, in cooperation with the Moscow Institute for International Relations, Moscow. Selected bibliography
Vom Ende der Politik. Sechs Gründe warum Debatten und Beratung immer schwieriger werden. In: Internationale Politik, Februar 2013, S. 54-63. Debating Flinders. In: Democratic Politics, Vol.18.1 2012, S. 28-32. Cities and Global Governance. New Sites for International Relations (with Mark Amen, Noah J. Toly, Patricia L. McCarney). Surrey: Ashagate, 2011. Das Ende der Politik. Ein Debattenbeitrag, Spiegel Online, 18.11.2011, http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/debattenbeitrag-das-ende-der-politik-a-779256.html
Alles fliesst – Ansätze für ein neues Politikverständnis. In: Josef Braml, Thomas Risse, Eberhard Sandschneider (Ed.).Einsatz für den Frieden. Sicherheit und Entwicklung in Räumen begrenzter Staatlichkeit. Jahrbuch Internationale Politik, Band 28, 2010, München: Oldenbourg, S. 30-34. Global Politics and the Collapse of the Political West Divide: The Emerging New Global Landscape. In: 20 Years After the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Singapore: KAS, 2009, S. 61 – 73. Riesenstädte – neue Beziehungsspiele.In: fundiert. Das Wissenschaftsmagazin der Freien Universität Berlin. 2009/01, S. 56-62. The making of Global City Regions. Johannesburg, Mumbai/ Bombay, São Paulo, and Shanghai (ed. ), Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. Deutsche Außenpolitik gegenüber Osteuropa: Die wichtigste Nebensache?In: Stephan Böckenförder, Chancen der deutschen Außenpolitik. Analyse – Perspektiven – Empfehlungen. Dresden: TUDpress, 2005, 150-159. Public Problems, Private Solutions? Globalizing Cities in the South (with Simon Raiser, Krister Volkmann – eds. ), Aldershot, Burlington/VT: Ashgate, 2005. Resistance to Globalization.Political Struggle and Cultural Resilience in the Middle East, Russia, and Latin America (with Harald Barrios, Martin Beck, Andreas Boeckh – eds. ), Hamburg, London: LIT, 2003. Gullivers Bindungen. Aussenpolitiken der  Bundesrepublik Deutschland in den neunziger Jahren: Die innere Dimension. In: Werner Süss (Hg. ), Deutschland in den neunziger Jahren. Politik und Gesellschaft zwischen Widervereinigung und Globalisierung.Opladen: Leske und Budrich, 2002, 349 – 361. Explaining Post-Soviet Patchworks (Ed.). Volumes 1 – 3, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001
Vom (großen) Nutzen und (kleinen) Elend der Komparatistik in der Transformationsforschung. In: Ulrich Menzel (Hg. ), Vom Ewigen Frieden und vom Wohlstand der Nationen. Dieter Senghaas zum 60. Geburtstag.Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2000, 493–518
The Globalization of Eastern Europe. Teaching International Relations Without Borders (with Kersin Imbusch – eds. ), Münster, Hamburg, London: Lit Verlag, 2000 (i.E.) Post-Soviet Puzzles. Mapping the Political Economy of the Former Soviet Union (with Stephan De Spiegeleire – eds. ), 4 vls., Baden-Baden 1995. “The European Peace Movements, The Soviet Union and the American Left”.Telos 54 (Winter 1982-3). New York: Telos Press. References

External links
Homepage of <mask>

1954 births
German political scientists
Living people
Writers from Dortmund
Free University of Berlin faculty

masks:
Klaus Segbers
Segbers
Segbers
Segbers
Segbers
Segbers
Klaus Segbers


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<mask> (November 14, 1820 – February 23, 1870) was an American lawyer, Republican/American Party legislator, diplomat, and abolitionist. As diplomat, he served as the U.S. minister to China (1862–1867) and then as China's envoy to the U.S., which resulted in the 1868 landmark Burlingame Treaty. Early life
<mask> was born in New Berlin, Chenango County, New York. In 1823 his parents (<mask> and Freelove Angell) took him to Ohio, and about ten years afterwards to Michigan. Between  1838 and 1841 he studied at the Detroit branch of the University of Michigan, and in 1846 graduated from Harvard Law School. On June 3, 1847, he married Jane Cornelia Livermore. They had sons Edward Livermore Burlingame (born 1848) and <mask> (born 1852), as well as a daughter Gertrude Burlingame (born 1856).Early career
<mask> practiced law in Boston, Massachusetts, and won a wide reputation by his speeches for the  Free Soil Party in 1848. He was a member of the Massachusetts constitutional convention in 1853, of the Massachusetts State Senate from 1853 to 1854, and of the United States House of Representatives from 1855 to 1861, being elected for the first term as a Know Nothing and afterwards as a member of the new Republican Party, which he helped to organize in Massachusetts. He was a brother of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Sigma chapter). <mask> vs. Preston Brooks
In May 1856, Senator Charles Sumner (R-Massachusetts) delivered a fiery anti-slavery speech. He was subsequently brutally assaulted in the Senate chamber by Representative Preston Brooks (D-South Carolina), who was hailed as a hero by pro-slavery South. Shortly afterwards, <mask> delivered what The New York Times referred to as "the most celebrated speech" of his career: a scathing denunciation of Brooks' assault on Sumner, branding him as "the vilest sort of coward" on the House floor. In response, Brooks challenged <mask> to a duel, stating he would gladly face him "in any Yankee mudsill of his choosing".<mask> eagerly accepted; as the challenged party, he had his choice of weapons and location. A well-known marksman, he selected rifles as the weapons and the Navy Yard on the Canadian side of the U.S. border in Niagara Falls as the location (in order to circumvent the U.S. ban on dueling). Brooks, reportedly dismayed by both <mask>'s unexpectedly enthusiastic acceptance and his reputation as a crack shot, neglected to show up, instead citing unspecified risks to his safety if he were to cross "hostile country" (the northern U.S. states) in order to reach Canada. <mask>'s solid defense of a fellow Bostonian greatly raised his stature throughout the North. Diplomatic posts

Minister to China (Qing Empire)
On March 22, 1861, after <mask> lost his bid for re-election, President Abraham Lincoln appointed <mask> as Minister to the Austrian Empire, but <mask>, who had championed the Hungarian Lajos Kossuth and his drive for independence from the Austrian Empire, was not acceptable and did not serve. On June 14, 1861, Lincoln instead appointed <mask> as minister to the Qing Empire. <mask> worked for a cooperative policy rather than the imperialistic policies of force which had been used during the First and Second Opium Wars and developed relations with the reform elements of the court.As he put it, the "cooperative policy... substituted for the old doctrine of violence one of fair diplomatic action," and the representatives of the Western powers agreed that they would not interfere in the internal affairs of China. <mask> reported that he had used his diplomacy to get the European powers to agree that they would "give to the treaties a fair and Christian construction; that they ... never would menace the territorial integrity of China." China's envoy to U.S. and European nations
The success of this diplomacy was not lost on Qing dynasty court officials. On November 16, 1867, when he was set to retire and return to his political career at home, the Chinese government appointed  <mask> envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to head a Chinese diplomatic mission to the United States and the principal European nations. The mission, which included two Chinese ministers, an English and a French secretary, six students from Peking, and a considerable retinue, arrived in the United States in March 1868. <mask> used his personal relations with the Republican administration to negotiate a relatively quick and favorable treaty. In a series of speeches  across the country, he displayed eloquent oratory to advocate equal treatment of China and a welcoming stance toward Chinese immigrants.On July 28, 1868, the mission concluded at Washington, D.C., a series of articles, supplementary to the Reed Treaty of 1858, and later known as the Burlingame Treaty. The treaty provided that Chinese subjects in the United States should enjoy the same rights as citizens of the most favored nation, a legal strategy which up until that point had only been used to expand foreign privileges in China. <mask> worked successfully to include a clause permitting Chinese to become citizens, which was barred by American law. This treaty was the first equal treaty between China and a western power after the Opium War. Subsequently, <mask> also negotiated treaties with Denmark, Sweden, Holland, and Prussia. He died suddenly at Saint Petersburg on February 23, 1870, while negotiating terms for a treaty with Russia. He was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.Family
His son Edward L<mask> was founding editor of Scribner's Magazine. His grandson (Edward's son), <mask> was an author of fiction, nonfiction, and biographies. Legacy

After <mask>'s death, the spirit and many of the specific provisions of the treaty bearing his name were reversed. Foreign powers continued to encroach upon China, and Congress  passed strict laws against Chinese immigration. The success of the Communist Revolution of 1949 led to animosity between the two countries and <mask>'s reputation was as a naive and euphoric advocate of China. After warming of relations in the 1980s, <mask>'s reputation began to rise again, however. Burlingame, California; Burlingame, Kansas; and Anson, Wisconsin, are all named after <mask> Burlingame.The ranch which Burlingame purchased in San Mateo on the San Francisco Bay retained his name and was eventually developed after his death. In 2018, upon the 150th anniversary of the Burlingame Treaty, a new bust of <mask> <mask> sculpted by Zhou Limin was unveiled at an international ceremony held at the Burlingame Public Library in Burlingame, California. References

Citations

Further reading
 Anderson, David L. "<mask> Burlingame: American Architect of the Cooperative Policy in China, 1861–1871." Diplomatic history 1.3 (1977): 239–256. online
 Anderson, David L. "<mask> Burlingame: Reformer and Diplomat." Civil War History 25.4 (1979): 293–308. online
 Biggerstaff, Knight."The Official Chinese Attitude Toward the Burlingame Mission" American Historical Review, 41#4 (1936), pp. 682–702 online
 Schrecker, John. "'For the Equality of Men -- for the Equality of Nations': <mask> Burlingame and China's First Embassy to the United States, 1868," Journal of American-East Asian Relations 17.1  (2010):  9-34. online
 Williams,  Frederick Wells. <mask> <mask> and the First Chinese Mission to Foreign Powers (New York: Scribner's,  1912). online

External links

External links

 <mask> <mask> and the Daimyo Oak
 Burlingame Public Library – History: <mask> Burlingame

1820 births
1870 deaths
People from New Berlin, New York
Massachusetts Free Soilers
Know-Nothing members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Massachusetts Republicans
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American diplomats
Ambassadors of the United States to Austria
Ambassadors of the United States to China
Massachusetts state senators
Burlingame, California
Harvard Law School alumni
University of Michigan alumni
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
19th-century American politicians
American duellists

masks:
Anson Burlingame
Burlingame
Joel Burlingame
Walter Angell Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
. Burlingame
Roger Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Burlingame
Anson
Anson
Burlingame
Anson
Anson
Anson
Anson
Burlingame
Anson
Burlingame
Anson


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<mask> (, ) (born 1972) is a German-born Syrian-American pianist and composer. He is the founder of the nonprofit organization Pianos for Peace, which aims to build peace through music and education. Jandali immigrated to the United States and studied music in North Carolina. Since then, he has performed with orchestras across the world and composed a number of modern classical works. His music was described as "a major new addition to the 21st century symphonic literature" by Fanfare Magazine with "heart-rending melodies, lush orchestration, clever transitions and creative textures", according to American Record Guide. <mask>'s music ranges from chamber works to large symphonic compositions integrating Middle-Eastern and Western influences. Life
<mask> was born to Dr <mask> and Lina Droubi, citizens of Homs in Syria.He has a brother, Rami, and a cousin, Mona Simpson, a novelist and English teacher at UCLA. Other cousins include Mona's brother, Steve Jobs, and Bassma Al Jandaly, a Russian-born Emirati journalist. He began his musical career as a classical pianist after his studies at the Higher Institute of Music in Damascus with Vladimir Zaritsky and Victor Bunin of the Tchaikovsky Moscow Conservatory. Jandali won first place in the Syrian National Young Artists Competition in 1988, and in 1995 received a scholarship to attend North Carolina School of the Arts under Eric Larsen. He graduated from Queens University, where he studied under Paul Nitsch and received the Outstanding Musical Performer Award of the school. While in the Charlotte area, he was an organist and choir director for St. James Catholic Church in Concord, North Carolina. He studied composition and orchestration with Eddie Horst, Harry Bulow, Lawrence Dillon and Richard Prior.In 2004 he received his master's degree from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and in 2015 the Carnegie Corporation of New York named him a "Pride of America" honoree for his notable contributions to society. <mask> currently lives in New York City. Music

As performer

<mask> has performed in London, Cairo, Damascus, Istanbul, Paris, Atlanta, at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., the Stude Hall of the Shepherd School of Music at Rice University in Houston, the Konzerthaus in Vienna, the Kaufman Center and Carnegie Hall in New York City, National Auditorium in Madrid, Cadogan Hall, The Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto, and the Madinat Theater in Dubai. He has performed with orchestras including the Cairo Symphony Orchestra, the Russian Philharmonic Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Ludwig Symphony Orchestra, Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra, The Stockholm Solister and the Syrian National Symphony Orchestra at Damascus Opera House. In 2013 he launched his ongoing world tour "The Voice of the Free Syrian Children" from the Berman Center in Detroit to raise awareness and much needed humanitarian aid for the suffering Syrian children. The tour reached Europe and the Middle East with benefit concerts along with lectures and academic workshops. As composer
<mask> has composed works ranging from solo instrumental pieces to chamber music and works for large ensemble or orchestras.He has a special interest in Arab music and combines the maqamat or modes with western harmony in his piano and orchestral compositions. <mask>'s compositions not only integrate Middle-Eastern modes into Western classical forms and harmony, they echo UNESCO's call to preserve and protect the rich cultural heritage of Syria and the Silk Road at a time when it is in danger of being eradicated. He incorporates ancient melodies from Aleppo, Damascus and other stops on the Silk Road in his compositions. He released his first album of compositions for piano and orchestra, Echoes from Ugarit, in June 2009. The album was briefly in the international music charts of the United Arab Emirates. The title track is based on a hymn to Nikkal, one of the Hurrian songs inscribed on cuneiform clay tablets discovered in Ugarit, Syria, and thought to date from 1400 BC and thus to be the oldest notated music in the world. In early 2012 Jandali released his album Emessa (Homs), which he dedicated to "the Syrian people and their noble quest for freedom - especially the people of Homs".The album includes his Freedom Qashoush Symphony, named after Ibrahim Qashoush, who wrote a song popular with Syrian protesters and who was killed and had his vocal cords torn out. Jandali's Syrian Symphony was released in late 2014 and premiered at Carnegie Hall in January 2015. The album includes three major works, "Syrian Symphony" presented in four movements recorded with the Russian Philharmonic Orchestra, "Variations for Piano and Orchestra", based on the ancient Syrian theme 'Lamma Bada Yatathana''', and "Phoenix in Exile", recorded with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London. In 2015 his latest album SoHo was released, which tells the story of his journey from Syria to SoHo in New York City and contains compositions that are inspired by and named after the works of Sufi poets Rumi and Ibn Arabi as well as poets Rita Dove, Gabriela Mistral among others. The album features his chamber works for piano, oud and cello, performed by the Malek Jandali Trio. Activism and other endeavors

Jandali is the founder of nonprofit organization 'Pianos for Peace', which aspires to use the power of music to enrich communities through an annual outdoor festival and several year-round community outreach programs serving under-resourced local schools and organizations in Atlanta. He is also the founder of the Malek Jandali International Youth Piano Competition, which encourages talented young pianists from around the globe to embrace the music of their homelands and submit applications for the chance to perform at Carnegie Hall in New York City.Jandali frequently contributes to charity events collaborating with international organization's UNICEF, MSF, Save The Children among others, to raise humanitarian aid for children in need around the world. He has visited refugee camps in Turkey, Syria, Croatia and Malta to raise awareness and humanitarian aid for refugees, and was inspired to launch his ongoing world tour "The Voice of the Free Syrian Children" in 2013. That same year he was awarded the GUSI International Peace Prize for his humanitarian and peace activism. In 2014 <mask> was awarded the Global Music Humanitarian Award for his contribution to peace and justice for the Syrian children. Inspired by stories from the Arab Spring, in April 2011 Jandali wrote Watani Ana (I am my Homeland). In June his scheduled appearance at the annual convention of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) was cancelled, reportedly because he planned to perform Watani Ana. The initial statement issued by the ADC did not make clear the reason for the cancellation, and attracted criticism from other organizations including the Arab-American Institute.The ADC issued a further statement in April 2012, in which it said that it had reached "an amicable resolution" with Jandali. In July 2011 Jandali performed Watani Ana at a protest in Lafayette Park. Shortly afterwards, his parents, Dr. Mamoun <mask> and Lina Droubi, were severely beaten and their home in Homs was ransacked. Jandali blamed Syrian security forces for the attack, and told reporters that as his mother was beaten, she was told "we're going to teach you how to raise your son." Photographs published on Facebook showed evidence that the couple had been brutally beaten. In September two armed attackers broke into the house and again ransacked it; <mask>'s parents were not there, as they had fled Syria after the previous attack. Jandali is regularly invited to speak and participate in panel discussions and academic workshops.He was on the panel of the 2012 Doha Debates at Georgetown University in Qatar and was featured in the 2014 BBC series "What Freedom Looks Like". In 2016, he spoke at the annual Skoll World Forum at Oxford University and Aspen Ideas Festival. Jandali has given lectures, masterclasses and workshops at numerous universities and institutions such as Duke, Rutgers, Fordham, CU Boulder, the Hammer Museum and Complutense University of Madrid.

masks:
Malek Jandali
Jandali
Malek Jandali
Mamoun Jandali
Jandali
Jandali
Jandali
Malek
Jandali
Jandali
Jandali


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<mask> (Greek: Στέλιος Καζαντζίδης, 29 August 1931 – 14 September 2001) was a prominent Greek singer. A leading singer of Greek popular music, or Laïkó, he collaborated with many of Greece's foremost composers. Biography
<mask> was born in Nea Ionia, in Athens, Greece. He was the first of two brothers born to <mask> (of Pontian roots from Ordu) and <mask>, who came from the town of Alanya (known as Alaiya) in Southern Turkey and migrated to Greece as a result of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). He was orphaned at the age of 13 when his father, a member of the Greek Resistance, was beat to death by right-wing guerillas in 1947, during the Greek Civil War. This forced Kazantzidis into employment, working as a baggage-carrier at Omonia Square and then for an interstate bus company, as a seller of roasted chestnuts at open markets, and as a labourer at the Nea Ionia textile mills. His life changed when the owner of a factory, which was located in the Perissos working district, gave him a guitar.He spent long hours playing music. He made his first public appearance at a Kifissia night club in the early 1950s and soon after, in July 1952, made his first studio recording at Columbia studios with a song entitled "I'm going for a swim" (Για μπάνιο πάω), written by Apostolos Kaldaras. It did not do well but he tried again, recording Giannis Papaioannou's "The suitcases" (Οι βαλίτσες) soon after. The song became the first of many hits and with his newfound popularity he began to make appearances in some of the biggest clubs of the time, like "Theios", "Mpertzeletos" and "Rosignol". With his career in full swing, Kazantzidis began to collaborate with some of the biggest names in Greek music, among them Manolis Chiotis, Manos Hadjidakis, Mikis Theodorakis, and Stavros Xarhakos. A hallmark in his career – and an event of great importance for the musical scene of post-war Greece – was his cooperation with composer Vassilis Tsitsanis. Starting in 1956 it resulted in several new songs as well as reinterpretions of Tsitsanis older songs.Kazantzidis, thus, sung and popularized such rebetiko classics as "Synnefiasmeni Kyriaki", "Bakse tsifliki" and "Ta Kavourakia". These songs, and many others, previously unknown to the wide public suddenly became cherished and sought-after. A few years later <mask> started to develop his own musical style, a style with influences ranging from rebetika to Indian music. This new turn met with considerable success and became a template for later developments in Greek popular music. "Mantoubala" for example, a Kazantzidis original, was inspired by Madhubala, an Indian actress he saw. This was the first record in Greece to sell over 100,000 copies, an amazing fact since the total population of the country (at the time) was about 7.5 million. <mask> <mask> married Marinella on 7 May 1964 and they toured together in Germany and the United States.The two of them became a legendary duo. In 1965, <mask>, whilst at the peak of his career, decided to stop appearing in nightclubs. For the next ten years, he only released studio albums. In September 1966 he divorced Marinella, and they recorded their last duets ("Mh Mou Lete Gia Authn", "Apopse Se Eho Stin Agalia Mou" and "I Kardia Tis Manas") for Philips the following year. Following Marinella's departure Litsa Diamandi became his primary female harmony vocalist in 1968. The album simply titled Stelios Kazantzidis (often referred to as the "balloon album", due to its cover artwork), was a transitional album. Marinella sang on some songs (including "Pame Tsarka"-an updated version of Tsitsanis' "Bakse Tsifliki") and Diamandi on others (e.g.the big hit "Efiye Efiye"). In 1968, Kazantzidis recorded "Nyhterides Ki Arahnes", written by newcomer Hristos Nikolopoulos; the song became an immediate success. The follow-up to this album, Ena Gramma had a number of hits, which included "Sto Trapezi Pou Tha Pino", "Pare T' Ahnaria", "Tha Kopso to Telefono" and "Kai Oi Andres Klene" (men cry too). Marinella had an "answer back" to that latter song, by releasing "Oi Andres Den Klene" (men don't cry). In 1973 he collaborated with songwriter Akis Panou and released an album with six songs, including one of his biggest hits, "I zoi mou oli", and in 1974 he recorded "Stin Anatoli", composed by Theodorakis. The next year he recorded another one of his biggest hits, "Iparho", penned by Pythagoras. Suddenly Kazantzidis rocked the Greek music industry again, when he announced his decision to stop recording.He accused his label of "colonial-like" contracts and took a leave from recording. In 1987 he recorded again for the first time after 12 years. "Ο Dromos Tis Epistrofis" (Ο Δρόμος της Επιστροφής) sold 200,000 copies and became a commercial success. He continued to release records occasionally for the rest of his life. Kazantidis, besides his work on folk music, also recorded four records with Pontic music alongside Chrysanthos Theodoridis, the greatest Pontic singer, songwriter, and lyricist. Foreign audiences
In Israel, he was a musical icon. Many of his songs were translated into Hebrew and performed by the country's leading singers.Yaron Enosh, an Israel Radio broadcaster who often plays Greek music on his programs, described the singer's ability to combine joy with sorrow: "This is the task of music: to touch the entire range of feelings...Kazantzidis could do this; he played on all the strings." To the Greek Jews who immigrated to Israel, Kazantzidis was "the voice of the world they left behind, for good or for bad." According to the operator of Radio Agapi, a station that plays Greek music 24 hours a day, "Kazantzidis was the voice of the people, of the weary, the exploited, the betrayed. And the voice of the refugee and the emigre, too." Kazantzidis also sang in Turkish. In the 1970s/80s, many Greek recording artists, including Kazantzidis, had recordings issued by the New York-based P.I. (Peters International) label, for the Greek diaspora in the USA.Minos also had Kazantzidis recordings issued in Israel, for the local market there. Death
Kazantzidis died of a brain tumor on 14 September 2001. His death was an emotional event for Greece, as attested to by the many obituaries in appreciation of his life and work. Kazantzidis was given a state funeral through the streets of Elefsina (26 km from Athens) which was broadcast live on Greek television. His music was also beloved by the Greek diaspora all over the world, capturing their feelings in the difficult post-war period. He was commemorated on a Greek postage stamp in 2010. Film
Greek popular music had long been intertwined with Greek post-war cinema.In the 50s and 60s, almost every film contained portions of music performed on screen, often by Kazantzidis. I kyria dimarhos (1960) – Mrs Mayor
 Paixe, bouzouki mou glyko (1965) – Play, my sweet Bouzouki
 I timoria (1965) – The punishment
 Afiste me na ziso (1965) – Let me live
 Adistaktoi (1965) – The Ruthless
 Oi angeloi tis amartias (To limani) (1966) – Angels of sin
 Foukarades kai leftades (1966) – The unfortunate and the rich
 Eho dikaioma na s' agapo! (1966) – I have the right to love you
 O gerontokoros (1967) – The aged bachelor
 I ora tis dikaiosynis (1967) – The hour of justice
 Adiki katara (1967) – Unjust Curse
 Ta psihoula tou kosmou (1968) – The breadcrumbs of the world
 Oi andres den lygizoun pote! (1968) – Men never bend
 O gigas tis Kypselis (1968) – Kypseli's Giant
 Kravges ston anemo (1976) – Shouts in the wind

Two of his songs ("To Psomi tis Ksenitias" and "Ena Sidero Anameno" (Ένα σίδερο αναμένο)) are featured in Season 2 of the hit HBO TV series The wire, during the season's second-to-last episode, "Bad Dreams". The first is heard in the background of a restaurant while the second is heard in multiple of the final scenes of the episode; the music was not sourced anywhere on set, a technique rarely used by the show's producers. "Epsahna Adika Na Vro" is audible in the Movie "Summer Lovers". However, it does not appear on the soundtrack album, nor is it in the film credits.Discography

Albums
1961 – 1963
"Kazantzidis & Marinella – Megales Epitihies" (Great hits) 1964
"Chrysos Diskos Kazantzidi & Marinellas" / "Songs from the North American Tour" 1965 (Actually studio recordings of the songs they performed in the US/Canada. Taping of the Carnegie Hall show was planned but never occurred. Other tour stops were in Montreal, Toronto, Chicago, and Boston. No bootleg recordings of any of these concerts, are known to exist). "Kazantzidis #3" (mid-1960s recordings on Odeon, not to be confused with another album, also called "#3" which is on Regal, and is a hits compilation)
"Tragoudise Mazi Mas" (Sing together) 1966
"Stelios Kazantzidis" (self-titled, "Balloon Cover" album) 1968
"Kazantzidis & Marinella" 1969
"Nichterides Ki' Arachnes" (Bats and spiders) 1969
"Ena Gramma" (One Letter) 1970
"I Stenahoria Mou"(My distress)1971
"Iparcho" (I exist) 1975
"I Gialinos Kosmos" (A World of Glass) 198? "O Gyrismos" (The Return) 198? "Elevtheros" (The Victor) 1988
"Stelios Kazantzidis & Marinella – Ta Tragoudia Tis Amerikis" (The songs of America) 1991
"Kai Pou Theos" 1994
"Synapanteman" 1994
"O Stelios Tragoudaei" (<mask> is singing) 2001–02
"<mask> Kazantzidis: Ta zeibekika" 2003

Appearances on Compilation albums
Retsina and Bouzouki No.2 and #3(HMV, Greece)
Greek Serenade(Capitol, USA)....includes "Vraho Vraho ton Kaimo Mou" and "O Kyr-Antonis"
Nina "Custom Series"(Nina, USA)....late 1950s Greek hits compilation of various artists, spread through six discs—the first four have no Kazantzidis songs, but he appears on the last two, with "Tha Vro Moumouri Baglama" and "Enoho Chryma"... He is on the B-side of the single, "Ap' To Pono Tha Pethano"
Christos Nikolopoulos....Bouzouki player for Kazantzidis in the 1970s/80s has solo recordings out. Daviko......Israeli singer has an album called "Yassoo Kazantzidi". Songs are a mix of Greek and Hebrew. "Efiye Efiye" has been sampled, and used in the songs by J Love("Track 19") and Action Bronson("Eastern Promises"). Zohar Argov, Israeli singer, had a local hit called "Elinor"---which is "Yparho" but with new lyrics written in Hebrew. Dimitris Mitropanos, another famous Greek singer, had covered a Kazantzidis song, "Gyrizo Ap' Tin Nychta" TWICE.....both the studio and live versions became hits in Greece.References

External links
Official fan community <mask> Kazantzidis
Who is <mask> Kazantzidis?, Trapezounta

Syllogos filon <mask> Kazantzidis

1931 births
2001 deaths
20th-century Greek male singers
Greek laïko singers
Greek rebetiko singers
PolyGram Records (Greece) artists
Minos EMI artists
Singers from Athens
Thessaloniki Song Festival entrants
Deaths from cancer in Greece
Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens

masks:
Stelios Kazantzidis
Kazantzidis
Haralambos Kazantzidis
Gesthimani Kazantzidis
Kazantzidis
Stelios
Kazantzidis
Kazantzidis
Stelios
Stelios
Stelios
Stelios
Stelios