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<mask> (April 17, 1911 – July 28, 1979) was an American screenwriter, playwright, film director and producer, and theatre director. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in South Bend, Indiana, of Swedish descent, the son of Olga (Berglund) and Charles Stenius, who was a chef and restaurant manager. He was baptized as Roman Catholic. He grew up in a Detroit Jewish neighborhood, and described himself as a "Shabas goy". So he went on to learn Hebrew in an Orthodox Jewish Yeshiva and was even bar mitzvahed. He attended Exeter and was meant to go to Yale but instead auditioned for Jesse Bonstelle's drama school in Detroit. She hired him for her stock company at $15 a week.Actor
<mask> worked in stock and on radio. He worked as an actor on radio station WXYZ. John L. Barrett played the Lone Ranger on test broadcasts of the series in early January 1933, but when the program became part of the regular schedule <mask> was cast in the title role. In later years, he claimed to have devised the cry "Hi-yo, Silver" because he couldn't whistle for his horse as the script required. <mask> also wrote several plays, one of which was read by an executive at MGM who offered him a contract. Writer at MGM
<mask>, along with fellow writer and friend Robert Pirosh, joined Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a contract writer in 1933. He was credited on the scripts for Student Tour (1934) and The Winning Ticket (1935) and did some uncredited work with Robert Pirosh on A Night at the Opera (1935).<mask>'s first major screen credit was the Marx Brothers comedy A Day at the Races (1937). He left MGM in 1937, unhappy at being restricted to comedies. He did some uncredited work on the script for Stage Door (1937) and The Wizard of Oz (1939). He wrote a play But Not Goodbye. Columbia
Seaton went to Columbia where he was credited on the scripts for The Doctor Takes a Wife (1940), This Thing Called Love (1940) and Bedtime Story (1941). At Columbia <mask> first met William Perlberg. 20th Century Fox
In the early 1940s, he joined 20th Century Fox, where he remained for the rest of the decade, writing scripts for That Night in Rio (1941) with Don Ameche and Alice Faye.For a time he specialised in musicals and comedy: Moon Over Miami (1941), with Betty Grable and Ameche, and Charley's Aunt (1941), with Jack Benny. <mask> wrote a historical war film, Ten Gentlemen from West Point (1942), then did the comedies The Magnificent Dope (1942) with Ameche and Henry Fonda, and The Meanest Man in the World (1943) with Jack Benny. <mask> wrote The Song of Bernadette (1943) which was a big success. It was produced by William Perlberg who would have an important influence on <mask>'s career. <mask> followed it with the Betty Grable musical Coney Island (1943). He also wrote The Eve of St. Mark (1944). But Not Goodbye, <mask>'s 1944 Broadway debut as a playwright, closed after only 23 performances, although it later was adapted for the 1946 MGM film The Cockeyed Miracle by Karen DeWolf.Director
<mask> had been so successful as a writer he was able to turn director. His first film was Diamond Horseshoe (1945) with Grable, which he also wrote. It was produced by William Perlberg, who would go on to produce all of <mask>'s films from this time on. The film was very successful. <mask> did some uncredited directing on Where Do We Go from Here? (1945) then wrote and directed Junior Miss (1945), based on a popular play, with Peggy Ann Garner. <mask> wrote and directed The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (1947) with Grable.He followed it with Miracle on 34th Street (1947), which quickly became acknowledged as a classic. <mask> won an Oscar for his screenplay. <mask> wrote and directed two comedies, Apartment for Peggy (1948) with William Holden and Jeanne Crain, and Chicken Every Sunday (1949) with Dan Dailey. He did a drama about the Berlin Airlift with Montgomery Clift, The Big Lift (1950), then did another comedy, For Heaven's Sake (1950), with Clifton Webb. Perlberg-Seaton Productions
In November 1950 <mask> and Perlberg signed a multi-million-dollar contract with Paramount for six years. <mask> would write and direct films, and they would also produce films from others. They produced, but did not write or direct, the comedy Rhubarb (1951), Aaron Slick from Punkin Crick (1952), and Somebody Loves Me (1952) with Betty Hutton.<mask>'s first film as writer director for Paramount was Anything Can Happen (1952), a comedy with José Ferrer. <mask> made two films with Bing Crosby. Little Boy Lost (1953) was not a success but The Country Girl (1954), based on the play by Clifford Odets was a notable triumph. Grace Kelly earned an Oscar for Best Actress and <mask> won an Oscar for his screenplay. <mask> and Perlberg The Bridges at Toko-Ri (1954), directed by Mark Robson, with Holden and Kelly. It was a huge hit. In 1955 <mask> was elected president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.He would serve three terms. <mask> directed the 28th Academy Awards in 1956. <mask> wrote and directed The Proud and Profane (1956) with William Holden and Deborah Kerr, which was a box office disappointment. He directed a short film Williamsburg: The Story of a Patriot (1957) and produced The Tin Star (1957), directed by Anthony Mann. <mask> and Perlberg were borrowed by MGM to direct and produce a comedy with Clark Gable and Doris Day, Teacher's Pet (1958). He did not write. In April 1958 <mask> announced he and Perlberg would produce six more films for Paramount.The first of these were But Not for Me (1959) and The Rat Race (1960), directed by Robert Mulligan. <mask> worked as director only on The Pleasure of His Company (1961) with Fred Astaire and Debbie Reynolds. He wrote and directed The Counterfeit Traitor (1962) with Holden. They ended to follow it with The Hook then Night Without End adapted by Eric Ambler from an Alistair MacLean novel. MGM
Perlberg-Seaton Productions moved to MGM where <mask> directed Kirk Douglas in The Hook (1963) a Korean War drama. He was uncredited producer on Twilight of Honor (1963) and directed some additional scenes on Mutiny on the Bounty (1963). <mask> announced he would make Merrily We Roll Along but the film was never made.<mask> wrote and directed 36 Hours (1964), a war time thriller based on a story by Roald Dahl. Broadway
In May 1965 <mask> announced the end of his partnership with Perlberg. He returned to Broadway to direct Above William. (1965)

He then directed the Norman Krasna play Love in E Flat, which was a critical and commercial flop. The musical Here's Love, adapted from his screenplay for Miracle on 34th Street by Meredith Willson, proved to be more successful. Universal
<mask> went to Universal where he signed a three-picture contract. The first film was the comedy What's So Bad About Feeling Good?(1968) which <mask> produced and directed as well as writing with Robert Pirosh, with whom he had cowritten A Day at the Races (1937). <mask> disliked writing, producing and directing. "It's too much work," he said. <mask> then had the biggest hit of his career with the all-star Airport (1970), which <mask> adapted from the novel by Arthur Hailey. It was produced by Ross Hunter. <mask>'s script earned him an Oscar nomination. <mask>'s last film as director was his third for Universal Showdown (1973), which he also produced.He announced he was looking for another film to make but none eventuated. <mask> died of cancer in Beverly Hills, California in 1979. He had been suffering from it for two years. Partial filmography

 A Day at the Races (1937)
 The Doctor Takes a Wife (1940) (writer)
 Bedtime Story (1941) (writer only)
 The Song of Bernadette (1943)
 The Meanest Man in the World (1943)
 Junior Miss (1945)
 The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (1947)
 Miracle on 34th Street (1947)
 Apartment for Peggy (1948)
 Chicken Every Sunday (1949)
 The Big Lift (1950)
 For Heaven's Sake (1950)
 Anything Can Happen (1952)
 Little Boy Lost (1953)
 The Country Girl (1954)
 The Proud and Profane (1956)
 Williamsburg: the Story of a Patriot (1957)
 Teacher's Pet (1958)
 The Pleasure of His Company (1961)
 The Counterfeit Traitor (1962)
 The Hook (1963)
 36 Hours (1964)
 What's So Bad About Feeling Good? (1968)
 Airport (1970)
 Showdown (1973)

References

External links

<mask> Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research. 1911 births
1979 deaths
American theatre directors
Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners
Presidents of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Writers from South Bend, Indiana
Lone Ranger
Deaths from cancer in California
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award winners
American people of Swedish descent
Film directors from Indiana
20th-century screenwriters

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<mask> (July 2, 1836 – September 7, 1894) was an American soldier, writer, public official and lawyer. He served in the Union Army as a brigadier general of volunteers in cavalry service during the American Civil War ("Civil War") and was promoted to the grade of major general of volunteers at the end of the war. <mask> was one of the few nonprofessional soldiers in the Union cavalry in the East to be promoted to the grade of general. He led his brigade in several major battles, especially during the Overland Campaign, the Battle of Trevilian Station, the Siege of Petersburg and the Appomattox Campaign at the end of the war. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City, the eldest son of Judge <mask><mask>. He was educated at Harvard, Williams, and Columbia colleges, and was admitted to the bar in 1857. On August 10, 1858, he married Julia Rich, daughter of John T. Rich and Julia Van Voorhies, at Fishkill-on-Hudson, New York.They had one son, <mask>. <mask> was the nephew of Union Army Brigadier General and Brevet Major General Thomas Alfred <mask>. Civil War service
At the outbreak of the Civil War, <mask><mask> became a captain of the 5th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment and fought in one of the first battles of the war, the Battle of Big Bethel, Virginia on June 10, 1861. In August 1861, <mask> was appointed major of the 2nd New York Cavalry Regiment. The regiment was attached to Major General Irvin McDowell's corps on the Rappahannock River line during the Peninsula Campaign. The regiment was heavily engaged in the campaign of Second Manassas. <mask> was promoted to lieutenant colonel in December 1862 and to colonel in June 1863.In June 1863, the 2d New York Cavalry suffered heavy casualties at Beverly's Ford, Virginia during the Battle of Brandy Station on June 9, 1863 and at the Battle of Aldie, Virginia on June 17, 1863. The regiment was stationed at the Union Army supply base at Westminster, Maryland during the Battle of Gettysburg. <mask> was appointed brigadier general of volunteers on September 16, 1863, although his appointment was not confirmed by the United States Senate until April 1, 1864. He served with distinction in the Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac in brigade and three brief periods of temporary division command until the end of the war. <mask> was one of the few nonprofessional soldiers in the Union cavalry in the Eastern theater of the Civil War to be promoted to the grade of general. <mask>'s brigade initially was the 1st Brigade of the 3rd Cavalry Division of the Army of the Potomac. In late 1863, the brigade participated in the inconclusive Bristoe Campaign.Before the Overland Campaign, it became the 1st Brigade of the 2d Cavalry Division of the Army of the Potomac, commanded until early February 1865 by Brigadier General and later Brevet Major General David McMurtrie Gregg. The brigade included the 1st New Jersey Volunteer Cavalry, the 10th New York Volunteer Cavalry, the 24th New York Volunteer Cavalry, five companies of the 1st Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry and Battery A of the 2d United States Artillery. During the Overland Campaign, <mask>'s brigade participated in cavalry corps commander, Major General Philip Sheridan's May 1864 raids toward Richmond, Virginia and in the Battle of Trevilian Station in June 1864. At the Battle of Haw's Shop on May 28, 1864, <mask>'s saber was cut in half by a Minié ball and his horse's tail was shot off. The brigade was involved in several engagements during the siege of Petersburg, including the defense of the Union position along the Vaughan Road against a much larger force during the Battle of Vaughan Road, which was related to the larger Battle of Peebles' Farm. <mask>'s brigade participated in raids on the Weldon Railroad in December 1864. <mask> was wounded during the Battle of Hatcher's Run on February 6, 1865.After Gregg's resignation in early February 1865, the brigade had temporary commanders, including <mask> between March 14 and March 27, 1865. On March 8, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln nominated <mask> for the award of the grade of brevet major general of volunteers to rank from October 1, 1864 for his role in the Battle of Vaughan Road during the Battle of Peebles' Farm. The U.S. Senate confirmed the award on March 10, 1865. On March 26, 1865, Major General George Crook was appointed commander of the 2d Cavalry Division of the Army of the Potomac to replace Gregg. <mask>'s brigade was heavily engaged in cavalry operations, including those during the Battle of Dinwiddie Court House on March 31, 1865, that contributed to the Union breakthrough at Petersburg and the evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond by the Confederates on the night of April 2, 1865. The brigade also was engaged in the Appomattox campaign, including its role as the main Union force in the Battle of Amelia Springs, Virginia in which the brigade, near Paineville, Virginia, destroyed about 200 wagons of a Confederate supply train, captured equipment and animals and took more than 300 and perhaps as many as 1,000 prisoners and several battle flags. The campaign ended with the surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.A staff officer of Major General Crook, Major <mask>. Tremain, stated that <mask>'s men were "as fine a body of cavalry for their size as could be found in the service." On June 7, 1865, <mask> was appointed to the full substantive grade of major general of volunteers to rank from May 4, 1865. The promotion was not confirmed by the U. S. Senate until February 23, 1866. Following the war, <mask> stayed in the army briefly, but resigned on January 1, 1866 while commanding the military Middle District of Alabama. Later life
General <mask><mask> subsequently became a prominent New York lawyer and held the public offices of Public Administrator of the City of New York from January 1, 1866 to January 1, 1869 and Assistant District Attorney of the United States for the Southern District of New York from July, 1870 to January 1, 1873. He then returned to the private practice of law. He later moved to Beacon, New York.<mask> was the author of Ten Days on the Plains (1871), <mask> Memoir (1895 posthumous) and General Sheridan (1895 posthumous), in the "Great Commander Series." General <mask> died suddenly on September 7, 1894 while visiting friends in Middleboro, Massachusetts and was buried in St. Luke's Churchyard in Beacon, New York. He was survived by his wife and son. See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References
 <mask>, <mask>. Genealogical and Biographical Monograph on the Family and Descendants of <mask> of Litchfield, Connecticut. Privately Printed, 1895. . Rutland, Vermont: Tuttle Antiquarian Books, Inc., undated. . Retrieved January 28, 2011. <mask>, <mask>.General Sheridan. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1895. . Retrieved December 27, 2010. Davis, Burke. To Appomattox: Nine April Days, 1865. New York: Eastern Acorn Press reprint, 1981. . First published New York: Rinehart, 1959
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War.New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .
 Grimsley, Mark. And Keep Moving On: The Virginia Campaign, May–June 1864. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. .
 Longacre, Edward G. The Cavalry at Appomattox: A Tactical Study of Mounted Operations During the Civil War's Climactic Campaign, March 27 – April 9, 1865. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003. .
 Longacre, Edward G. Lincoln's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000. .
 Salmon, John S. The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. .68-4.Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Tremain, <mask>. The Last Hours of Sheridan's Cavalry. New York: Bonnell, Silvers and Bowers, 1904. Reprint of 1871–1872 publication. Retrieved December 22, 2010.Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964. . External links

1836 births
1894 deaths
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
Harvard University alumni
Williams College alumni
Columbia College (New York) alumni
American non-fiction writers
New York (state) lawyers
19th-century American lawyers

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<mask> "Uticensis" ("of Utica"; ; 95 BC – April 46 BC), also known as <mask> the <mask> (), was a conservative Roman senator in the period of the late republic. A noted orator and a follower of the Stoic philosophy, he is remembered for his stubbornness and tenacity (especially in his lengthy conflict with Julius Caesar), as well as his immunity to bribes, his moral integrity, and his famous distaste for the ubiquitous corruption of the period. His epithet "the Younger" distinguishes him from his great-grandfather, <mask> the Elder. Early life

<mask> was born in 95 BC, the son of <mask> and his wife, Livia. His parents died when he was young, and he was cared for by his maternal uncle, Marcus Livius Drusus, who also looked after <mask>'s sister Porcia, half-brother Gnaeus Servilius Caepio, and two half-sisters, Servilia Major and Servilia Minor. <mask> was four when his uncle was assassinated in 91 BC, an event which helped to spark the Social War. <mask>'s stubbornness began in his early years.Sarpedon, his teacher, reports a very obedient and questioning child, although slow in being persuaded of things. A story told by Plutarch tells of Quintus Poppaedius Silo, leader of the Marsi and involved in controversial business in the Roman Forum, who made a visit to his friend Marcus Livius and met the children of the house. In a playful mood, he asked the children's support for his cause. All of them nodded and smiled except <mask>, who stared at the guest suspiciously. Silo demanded an answer from him and, seeing no response, took <mask> and hung him by the feet out of the window. Even then, <mask> would not say anything. Plutarch recounts a few other stories as well.One night, as some children were playing a game in a side room of a house during a social event, they were having a mock trial with judges and accusers as well as a defendant. One of the children, supposedly a good-natured and pleasant child, was convicted by the mock accusers and was being carried out of the room when he cried out desperately for <mask>. <mask> became very angry at the other children and, saying nothing, grabbed the child away from the "guards" and carried him away from the others. Plutarch also tells a story about <mask>'s peers' immense respect for him, even at a young age, during the Roman ritual military game, called "Troy", in which all aristocratic teenagers participated as a sort of "coming of age" ceremony, involving a mock battle with wooden weapons performed on horseback. When one of the adult organizers "appointed two leaders for them, the boys accepted one of them for his mother's sake (he was a son of Metella, Sulla's wife), but would not tolerate the other, who was a nephew of Pompey, named Sextus, and refused to rehearse under him or obey him. When Sulla asked them whom they would have, they all cried 'Cato', and Sextus himself gave way and yielded the honour to a confessed superior." Lucius Cornelius Sulla, the Roman dictator, liked to talk with <mask> and his brother Caepio, and often requested the child's presence even when the boy openly defied his opinions and policies in public.Sulla's daughter Cornelia Sulla was married to the boys' uncle Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus. According to Plutarch, at one point during the height of the civil strife, as respected Roman nobles were being led to execution from Sulla's villa, <mask>, aged about 14, asked his tutor why no one had yet killed the dictator. Sarpedon's answer was thus: "They fear him, my child, more than they hate him." <mask> replied to this, "Give me a sword, that I might free my country from slavery." After this, Sarpedon was careful not to leave the boy unattended around the capital, seeing how firm he was in his republican beliefs. Political development

After receiving his inheritance, <mask> moved from his uncle's house and began to study Stoic philosophy and politics. He began to live in a very modest way, as his great-grandfather Marcus Porcius <mask> the Elder had famously done.<mask> subjected himself to violent exercise, and learned to endure cold and rain with a minimum of clothes. He ate only what was necessary and drank the cheapest wine on the market. This was entirely for philosophical reasons; his inheritance would have permitted him to live comfortably. He remained in private life for a long time, rarely seen in public. But when he did appear in the forum, his speeches and rhetorical skills were most admired. <mask> was known to drink wine generously. <mask> was first engaged to Aemilia Lepida, a patrician woman, but she was married instead to Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio, to whom she had been betrothed.Incensed, <mask> threatened to sue for her hand, but his friends mollified him, and <mask> was contented to compose Archilochian iambics against Scipio in consolation. Later, <mask> was married to a woman called Atilia. By her, he had a son, Marcus Porcius <mask>, and a daughter, Porcia, who would become the second wife of Marcus Junius Brutus. <mask> later divorced Atilia for unseemly behavior. In 72 BC, <mask> volunteered to fight in the war against Spartacus, presumably to support his brother Caepio, who was serving as a military tribune in the consular army of Lucius Gellius. Gellius is often remembered as an indifferent commander, but his army inflicted the only defeat on Spartacus before Crassus raised his six legions and ultimately defeated the slave uprising. As a military tribune, <mask> was sent to Macedon in 67 BC at the age of 28 and given command of a legion.He led his men from the front, sharing their work, food, and sleeping quarters. He was strict in discipline and punishment but was nonetheless loved by his legionaries. While <mask> was in service in Macedon, he received the news that his beloved brother Caepio, from whom he was nearly inseparable, was dying in Thrace. He immediately went to see him but was unable to arrive before his brother died. <mask> was overwhelmed by grief, and for once in his life, he spared no expense to organize, as his brother had wished, lavish funeral ceremonies. At the end of his military commission in Macedon, <mask> went on a private journey through the Roman provinces of the Near East. The Optimates

On his return to Rome in 65 BC, <mask> was elected to the position of quaestor.As with everything else in his life, <mask> took unusual care to study the background necessary for the post, especially the laws relating to taxes. One of his first moves was to prosecute former quaestors for illegal appropriation of funds and dishonesty. Cato also prosecuted Sulla's informers, who had acted as head-hunters during Sulla's dictatorship, despite their political connections among <mask>'s own party and despite the power of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, who had been known as the "teenage butcher" for his service under Sulla. Sulla's informers were accused first of illegal appropriation of treasury money, and then of homicide. At the end of the year, <mask> stepped down from his quaestorship amid popular acclaim, but he never ceased to keep an eye on the treasury, always looking for irregularities. As senator, <mask> was scrupulous and determined. He never missed a session of the senate and publicly criticized those who did so.From the beginning, he aligned himself with the Optimates, the conservative faction of the senate. Many of the Optimates at this time had been Sulla's personal friends, whom <mask> had despised since his youth, yet <mask> attempted to make his name by returning his faction to its pure republican roots. In 63 BC, he was elected tribune of the plebs for the following year, and assisted the consul, Marcus Tullius Cicero, in dealing with the Catiline conspiracy. Lucius Sergius Catilina, a noble patrician, led a rebellion against the state, raising an army in Etruria. Upon discovery of an associated plot against the persons of the consuls and other magistrates within Rome, Cicero arrested the conspirators, proposing to execute them without trial. In the senate's discussion on the subject, Gaius Julius Caesar agreed that the conspirators were guilty, but argued for distributing them among Italian cities "for safekeeping". In contrast, <mask> argued that capital punishment was necessary to deter treason and that it was folly to await the ultimate test of the conspirators' guilt—the overthrow of the state—because the very proof of their guilt would make it impossible to enforce the laws.Convinced by <mask>'s argument, the Senate approved Cicero's proposal, and after the conspirators had been executed, the greater portion of Catiline's army quit the field, much as Cato had predicted. Cato's political and personal differences with Caesar appear to date from this time. In a meeting of the senate dedicated to the Catiline affair, Cato harshly reproached Caesar for reading personal messages while the senate was in session to discuss a matter of treason. Cato accused Caesar of involvement in the conspiracy and suggested that he was working on Catilina's behalf, which might explain Caesar's otherwise odd position—that the conspirators should receive no public hearing yet be shown clemency. Caesar offered it up to Cato to read. Cato took the paper from his hands and read it, discovering that it was a love letter from Caesar's mistress Servilia, Cato's half-sister. After divorcing Atilia, Cato married Marcia, daughter of Lucius Marcius Philippus, who bore him two or three children.While <mask> was married to Marcia, the renowned orator Quintus Hortensius Hortalus, who was <mask>'s admirer and friend, desired a connection to <mask>'s family and asked for the hand of Porcia, <mask>'s eldest daughter. <mask> refused because the potential match made little sense: Porcia was already married to Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, who was unwilling to let her go; and Hortensius, being nearly 60 years old, was almost 30 years Porcia's senior. Denied the hand of Porcia, Hortensius then suggested that he marry <mask>'s wife Marcia, on the grounds that she had already given Cato heirs. On the condition that Marcia's father consented to the match, <mask> agreed to divorce Marcia, who then married Hortensius. Between Hortensius' death in 50 BC and <mask>'s leaving Italy with Pompey in 49 BC, <mask> took Marcia and her children into his household again. Ancient sources differ on whether they were remarried. The First Triumvirate

After the Catiline conspiracy, <mask> turned all of his political skills to oppose the designs of Caesar and his triumvirate allies, Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had among them held the reins of power in a finely balanced near-monopoly.Caesar gained influence over the senate through Pompey and Crassus. Pompey gained influence over the legions of Rome through Crassus and Caesar. Crassus enjoyed the support of the tax-farmers and was able to gain a fortune by exploitation of the provinces controlled by Caesar and Pompey. <mask>'s opposition took two forms. First, in 62 BC, Pompey returned from his Asian campaign with two ambitions: to celebrate a Triumph and to become consul for the second time. In order to achieve both goals, he asked the senate to postpone consular elections until after his Triumph. Due to Pompey's enormous popularity, the senate was willing to oblige Pompey at first, but <mask> intervened and convinced the senate to force Pompey to choose.In opposition to this action, Quintus Metellus Celer, Pompey's brother-in-law, attempted to repeal the act, but he was unsuccessful. Pompey did not run for the consulship that year, choosing instead to hold his third Triumph, one of the most magnificent ever seen in Rome. When faced with the same request from Caesar, <mask> used the device of filibuster, speaking continuously until nightfall, to prevent the senate from voting on the issue of whether or not Caesar would be allowed to stand for consul in absentia. Thus Caesar was forced to choose between a Triumph or a run for the consulship. Caesar chose to forgo the Triumph and entered Rome in time to register as a candidate in the 59 BC election, which he won. Caesar's consular colleague was Marcus Bibulus, the husband of <mask>'s daughter Porcia. The next year Cato attempted to obstruct the syndicate tax contractors seeking to collect taxes in the province of Asia.The syndicate's winning bid was far greater than the syndicate was able to recoup through the tax collection. Because the bid was paid in advance, the heavy losses prompted them to ask the senate to renegotiate and thus refund a fraction of the bid. Crassus gave strong support to the plea, but Cato then promptly succeeded in vetoing it, regardless of the likelihood of a backlash from other equites with business interests the Roman government could affect. When Caesar became consul, <mask> opposed the agrarian laws that established farmlands for Pompey's veterans on public lands in Campania, from which the republic derived a quarter of its income. Caesar responded by having Cato dragged out by lictors while Cato was making a speech against him at the rostra. Many senators protested this extraordinary and unprecedented use of force by leaving the forum, one senator proclaiming he would rather be in jail with Cato than in the senate with Caesar. Caesar was forced to relent but countered by taking the vote directly to the people, bypassing the senate.Bibulus and <mask> attempted to oppose Caesar in the public votes but were harassed and publicly assaulted by Caesar's retainers. Eventually, Bibulus confined himself to his home and pronounced unfavorable omens in an attempt to lay the legal groundwork for the later repeal of Caesar's consular acts. <mask> did not relent in his opposition to the triumvirs, unsuccessfully attempting to prevent Caesar's 5-year appointment as governor of Illyria and Cisalpine Gaul and the appointment of Crassus to an Eastern command. Cyprus

Publius Clodius Pulcher, who worked closely with the triumvirate, desired to exile Cicero, and felt that <mask>'s presence would complicate his efforts. He, with the support of the triumvirs, proposed to send Cato to annex Cyprus. Plutarch recounts that Cato saw the commission as an attempt to be rid of him, and initially refused the assignment. When Clodius passed legislation conferring the commission on Cato "though ever so unwillingly", Cato accepted the position in compliance with the law.His official office while in Cyprus was Quaestor pro Praetore, an extraordinary quaestorship with praetorian powers. <mask> appeared to have two major goals in Cyprus. The first was to enact his foreign policy ideals, which, as expressed in a letter to Cicero, called for a policy of "mildness" and "uprightness" for governors of Roman-controlled territories. The second was to implement his reforms of the quaestorship on a larger scale. This second goal also provided <mask> with an opportunity to burnish his Stoic credentials: the province was rich both in gold and opportunities for extortion. Thus, against common practice, <mask> took none, and he prepared immaculate accounts for the senate, much as he had done earlier in his career as quaestor. According to Plutarch, Cato ultimately raised the enormous sum of 7,000 talents of silver for the Roman treasury.He thought about every unexpected event, even to tying ropes to the coffers with a big piece of cork on the other end, so they could be located in the event of a shipwreck. Unfortunately, luck played him a trick. Of his perfect accounting books, none survived: the one he had was burnt, the other was lost at sea with the freedman carrying it. Only <mask>'s untainted reputation saved him from charges of embezzlement. The senate of Rome recognized the effort made in Cyprus and offered him a reception in the city, an extraordinary

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 praetorship, and other privileges, all of which he stubbornly refused as unlawful honours. Caesar's civil war

The triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus was broken in 54 BC at the same time as <mask>'s election as praetor. Judging their enemy in trouble, <mask> and the Optimates faction of the senate spent the coming years trying to force a break between Pompey and Caesar.It was a time of political turmoil, when popular figures such as Publius Clodius Pulcher tried to advance the cause of the common people of Rome, going so far as abandoning his patrician status to become a plebeian. As a leading spokesman for the Optimate cause, <mask> stood against them all in defense of the traditional privileges of the aristocracy. The following year, in 52 BC, <mask> ran for the office of consul, which he lost. <mask> accepted the loss, but refused to run a second time. In 49 BC, <mask> called for the senate to formally relieve Caesar of his proconsular command, which he viewed as having expired, and to order Caesar's return to Rome as a civilian and thus without proconsular legal immunity. Pompey had blocked all previous attempts at ordering Caesar back to Rome but had grown concerned with Caesar's growing political influence and popularity with the plebs. With the tacit support of Pompey, Cato successfully passed a resolution ending Caesar's proconsular command.Caesar made numerous attempts to negotiate, at one point even conceding to give up all but one of his provinces and legions, allowing him to retain his immunity while diminishing his authority. This concession satisfied Pompey, but <mask>, along with the consul Lentulus, refused to back down. Faced with the alternatives of returning to Rome for the inevitable trial and retiring into voluntary exile, Caesar crossed into Italy with only one legion, implicitly declaring war on the senate. Caesar crossed the Rubicon accompanied by the XIII Legion to take power from the senate in the same way that Sulla had done in the past. Formally declared an enemy of the state, Caesar pursued the Senatorial party, now led by Pompey, who abandoned the city to raise arms in Greece. <mask> was sent to Sicily to secure control of the grain supply. After securing control of Italy, Caesar sent the praetor Gaius Scribonius Curio with four legions to Sicily.<mask>'s garrison was insufficient to withstand a force of this magnitude; he abandoned the island and went to Greece to join Pompey. After first reducing Caesar's army at the siege battle of Dyrrhachium, where <mask> commanded the port, the army led by Pompey was ultimately defeated by Caesar in the Battle of Pharsalus. (<mask> was not present during the battle, Pompey had left him in command of Dyrrhachium). <mask> and Metellus Scipio, however, did not concede defeat and escaped to the province of Africa with fifteen cohorts to continue resistance from Utica. Caesar, after a delay in Egypt, pursued <mask> and Metellus Scipio. In February 46 BC the outnumbered Caesarian legions defeated the army led by Metellus Scipio at the Battle of Thapsus. Death

In Utica, <mask> did not participate in the battle and, unwilling to live in a world led by Caesar and refusing even implicitly to grant Caesar the power to pardon him, he committed suicide in April 46 BC.That night, <mask> sat and read Plato's Phaedo. He then called for his sword to be brought to him. According to Plutarch, <mask> attempted to kill himself by stabbing himself with his sword, but failed to do so due to an injured hand. Plutarch wrote:

Plutarch wrote that, on hearing of his death in Utica, Caesar commented, "<mask>, I grudge you your death, as you would have grudged me the preservation of your life." Starting with Pliny the Elder, later writers sometimes refer to <mask> the Younger as "<mask> Uticensis" ("the Utican"). In doing so they apply to him a type of cognomen that was normally awarded to generals who earned a triumph in a foreign war and brought a large territory under Roman influence (e.g., Scipio Africanus). Such names were honorific titles that the senate only granted for the most spectacular victories.Reference to <mask> as "Uticensis" is presumably meant to glorify him by portraying his suicide at Utica as a great victory over Caesar's tyranny. Legacy and reception

Antiquity
<mask>, who upheld the strong traditional Roman principles, was remembered particularly well. His suicide was seen as a symbol for those who followed the conservative, Optimate principles of the traditional Roman. <mask> is remembered as a follower of Stoicism and was one of the most active defenders of the Republic. The Stoics, from at least the time of Chrysippus onward, taught that the wise man should engage in politics if nothing prevents him. <mask>'s high moral standards and incorruptible virtue gained him several followers—of whom Marcus Favonius was the most well known—as well as praise even from his political enemies, such as Sallust—one of the sources for the anecdote about Caesar and <mask>'s sister. Sallust also wrote a comparison between <mask> and Caesar.Caesar, <mask>'s long-time rival, was praised for his mercy, compassion, and generosity, and <mask>, for his discipline, rigidity, and moral integrity. One should, however, consider which of these men Sallust found the more appealing. After <mask>'s death, both pro- and anti-Cato treatises appeared; among them Cicero wrote a panegyric, entitled Cato, to which Caesar, who never forgave him for all the obstructions, answered with his Anti-Cato. Caesar's pamphlet has not survived, but some of its contents may be inferred from Plutarch's Life of Cato, which repeats many of the stories that Caesar put forward in his Anti-Cato. Plutarch specifically mentions the accounts of <mask>'s close friend Munatius Rufus and the later Neronian senator Thrasea Paetus as references used for parts of his biography of <mask>. While Caesar proclaimed clemency towards all, he never forgave <mask>. This stance was something that others in the anti-Caesarian camp would remember, including <mask>'s nephew and posthumous son-in-law Brutus.Republicans under the Empire remembered him fondly, and the poet Virgil, writing under Augustus, made <mask> a hero in his Aeneid. Whilst it was not particularly safe to praise <mask>, Augustus did tolerate and appreciate <mask>. Whilst one might argue that heaping posthumous praise on Cato highlights one's opposition to the new shape of Rome without directly challenging Augustus, it was actually later generations who were more able to embrace the role model of <mask> without the fear of prosecution. Certainly under Nero, the resurgence of republican ambitions, with Cato as their ideal, ended in death for such figures as Seneca and Lucan, but Cato continued nevertheless as a righteous ideal for generations to come. Lucan, writing under Nero, also made <mask> the hero of the later books of his epic Pharsalia. From the latter work originates the epigram  ("The conquering cause pleased the gods, but the conquered cause pleased Cato", Lucan 1.128). Other Imperial authors, such as Horace, the Tiberian authors Velleius Paterculus and Valerius Maximus along with Lucan and Seneca in the 1st century AD, and later authors, such as Appian and Dio, celebrated the historical importance of <mask> the Younger in their own writings.Middle Ages
In Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, <mask> is portrayed as the guardian of the mountain of Purgatory (Cantos I–II). <mask> is one of the two pagans presented by Dante in Purgatorio, the other being Statius. Whilst <mask>'s suicide warranted a placement of his soul in the seventh circle of Hell, Dante bases his decision to place <mask> in Purgatory on Roman ethics instead of Christian ethics. Since <mask> was a follower of stoicism, he represents leading a virtuous life free from sin. Hence, <mask> embodies the cardinal virtues and is referred to as an analogue of God by Dante. To Dante, <mask>'s suicide was a sacrifice for a just cause because he sought to preserve the freedom of the Roman Republic. Given his imperfect actions, <mask> is not allowed into Purgatory proper; he instead exists on the shores of the "High Mount" in part of ante-purgatory.<mask> appears in Purgatorio not as a soul who is purifying himself of their sins but holds a more administrative role in the realm. Here, Cato welcomes the new souls who arrive on the shores of Purgatory in an angel-led ship. <mask> is depicted as a solitary old man and a figure of reverence. Contrary to his unkempt depiction in Lucan's Pharsalia, <mask>'s appearance in Divine Comedy is carefully designed to be enclosed in light. References to the four holy stars on Cato's beard strengthen his association with the cardinal virtues. At the shores of Mount Purgatory, Cato sternly questions the pilgrim's and Virgil's intentions as they are breaking the rules of the world by being here. After Virgil convinces Cato of their journey, Cato imparts geographical information on Mount Purgatory to the pilgrim and Virgil before promptly disappearing, preparing Dante the pilgrim for the climb of Mount Purgatory.In Canto II, <mask> urges Virgil and the pilgrim to make haste and ascend to Mount Purgatory. Early Modernity (1500-1800)
The 16th century French writer and philosopher Michel de Montaigne was fascinated by the example of <mask>, the incident being mentioned in multiple of his Essais, above all in Du Jeune Caton in Book I. Whether the example of <mask> was a potential ethical model  or a simply unattainable standard troubled him in particular, <mask> proving to be Montaigne's favoured role-model in the earlier Essais before he later chose to follow the example of Socrates instead. <mask> was lionized during the republican revolutions of the Enlightenment. Joseph Addison's famous play Cato, a Tragedy, first staged on April 14, 1713, celebrated <mask> as a martyr to the republican cause. Based on the last days of <mask> the Younger, it deals with such themes as individual liberty vs. government tyranny, republicanism vs. monarchism, logic vs. emotion and Cato's personal struggle to cleave to his beliefs in the face of death. The play was a popular and critical success: it was staged more than 20 times in London alone, and it was published across 26 editions before the end of the century.This play had a great influence on George Washington, who often quoted it and arranged to have it performed at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777–1778 in spite of a Congressional ban on such performances. Portuguese Romantic poet Almeida Garrett also wrote a tragedy titled Catão (Cato), featuring the last days of <mask>'s life and his struggle against Julius Caesar, a fight between virtue (Cato) and vice (Caesar), democracy (Cato) and tyranny (Caesar). In the 18th century, several distinguished composers set to music the Metastasio libretto, Catone in Utica, among them, Leonardo Leo, Leonardo Vinci, J. C. Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, Handel, Paisiello, Jommelli, Johann Adolf Hasse and Piccinni, in two versions. A collection of letters on the topic of republicanism were published in the early 18th century under the title <mask>'s Letters, using <mask> as a pseudonym. The libertarian Cato Institute think tank was later named after this work. The death of <mask> (La mort de Caton d'Utique) was a popular theme in revolutionary France, being sculpted by Philippe-Laurent Roland (1782) and painted by Bouchet Louis André Gabriel, Bouillon Pierre, and Guérin Pierre Narcisse in 1797. The title-page of the third book ("Of Morals") of David Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature features an epigraph from Lucan's Pharsalia (Book IX) which serves as the prelude to <mask>'s celebrated speech at the oracle of Jupiter Ammon – a speech that was taken by Hume and other thinkers of the Enlightenment to be an exemplar of freethinking.The sculpture of Cato by Jean-Baptiste Roman and François Rude from 1832 stands in the Musée du Louvre. Late Modernity (1800-1900)

In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Clerval, in an attempt to comfort his friend dismayed over the recent news of his young brother William's murder, remarks to Frankenstein that "even Cato wept over the dead body of his brother". Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick refers to Cato in the first paragraph: "With a philosophical flourish Cato throws himself upon his sword; I quietly take to the ship". Contemporary media
<mask> is a major character in several novels of Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome series. He is portrayed as a stubborn alcoholic with strong moral values, though he is prepared to transgress these beliefs if it means the destruction of his mortal enemy, Caesar. Cato also appears in Thornton Wilder's highly fictionalized Ides of March, where Cato is described by Caesar as one of "four men whom I most respect in Rome" but who "regard me with mortal enmity". Cato also appears as a major character in Robert Harris' Imperium and Lustrum novels, appearing as a heroic guardian of republican virtues, foreseeing Caesar's aggregation of power as perilous for the long-term stability of Rome.<mask> is a major and continuing character in the SPQR historical mystery novels by John Maddox Roberts, where he is portrayed as an impressive but rather tedious figure. In the television series Rome, <mask>, played by actor Karl Johnson, is a significant character, although he is shown as somewhat older than his actual age (mid-40s) at the time. In the 2002 miniseries Julius Caesar, <mask> as played by Christopher Walken is depicted as much older than he was, seen as a major figure in the senate when Caesar is just a young man, although Caesar was five years older than Cato. <mask> was featured in the BBC docudrama Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. See also
 Porcia gens

References
 Citations

 Sources

 Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro. The Romans: From Village to Empire. 2nd ed.New York: Oxford UP (2012): 220, 243
 Badian, E. "M. Porcius Cato and the Annexation and Early Administration of Cyprus", JRS, 55 (1965): 110–121. Bellemore, J., "Cato the Younger in the East in 66 BC", Historia, 44.3 (1995): 376–9
 Earl, D.C. The Political Thought of Sallust, Cambridge, 1961. Fantham, E., "Three Wise Men and the End of the Roman Republic", "Caesar Against Liberty? ", ARCA (43), 2003: 96–117. Fehrle, R. <mask> Uticensis, Darmstadt, 1983. Goar, R. The Legend of Cato Uticensis from the First Century BC to the Fifth Century AD, Bruxelles, 1987.Gordon, H. L. "The Eternal Triangle, First Century B.C. ", The Classical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 8. (May, 1933), pp. 574–578
 Hughes-Hallett, Lucy. Heroes: A History of Hero Worship, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York, 2004. .
 Marin, P. "<mask> the Younger: Myth and Reality", Ph.D. (unpublished), UCD, 2005
 Marin, P. Blood in the Forum: The Struggle for the Roman Republic, London: Hambledon Continuum, (April) 2009
 Marin, P. The Myth of Cato from Cicero to the Enlightenment (forthcoming)
 Nadig, Peter."Der jüngere Cato und ambitus", in: Peter Nadig, Ardet Ambitus, Untersuchungen zum Phänomen der Wahlbestechungen in der römischen Republik, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1997 (Prismata VI), S. 85–94,
 Plutarch. <mask> the Younger. Syme, R., "A Roman Post-Mortem", Roman Papers I, Oxford, 1979
 Taylor, Lily Ross. Party Politics in the Age of Caesar, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1971, . Further reading

 Drogula, F.K. (2019). <mask> the Younger: Life and Death at the End of the Roman Republic.New York: Oxford University Press

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1st-century BC Romans
95 BC births
46 BC deaths
Ancient Roman politicians who committed suicide
Correspondents of <mask> Uticensis, Marcus
Senators of the Roman Republic
Suicides by sharp instrument
Suicides in Tunisia
Optimates
Family of Servilia (mother of

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<mask> QC (pr: Sinj'n) (15 August 191624 October 1994) was a prominent Australian barrister, anti-nuclear activist and Liberal politician in the 1960s. His political career came to a controversial end after he criticised the Prime Minister <mask>. His book A Time to Speak was an account of his eventful three years in politics from 1966 to 1969. Justice Michael Kirby described <mask> John as a "contradictory, restless, reforming spirit". Early life
Born in Boggabri, New South Wales, <mask> was one of eight children of a Church of England canon and a descendant of many famous <mask> Johns, including <mask>, who converted to Roman Catholicism and became a close friend of Cardinal <mask>, and <mask>, a statesman and judge who challenged the legality of Charles I's Ship Money tax. <mask> was educated at state schools before attending the University of Sydney. His older brother was Anglican churchman <mask>.Career
<mask> became a barrister in 1940 and served in the 2nd AIF in Australia, the Middle East and the New Guinea campaign between 1940 and 1945 during World War II. Upon his return he was a law lecturer at the University of Sydney. In 1959 he was an official observer at the South African Treason Trial in Pretoria. He served in 1960 as a member of the Malta Constitutional Commission. In 1966, before entering parliament, he was an acting judge of the Supreme Court on NSW. He was also President of the Australian Section of the International Commission of Jurists. In November 1966 <mask> was elected to the House of Representatives as the Liberal member for the safe seat of Warringah.As a barrister, <mask> John successfully defended Richard Walsh, editor of the satirical magazine Oz at the first Oz obscenity trial in 1964. Of his last two major cases he successfully defended Thomas and Alexander Barton, two company directors charged with a series of alleged offences in which Barton company shareholders lost millions of dollars. The prosecutor for the NSW Corporate Affairs Commission was Tom Hughes QC, a former Liberal Attorney-General. The other was a major action arising out of the Chelmsford Hospital scandal. Controversies
<mask> John’s maiden speech before the House of Representatives on 16 May 1967 was remarkable for not being, as is usual, a paean to the beauties of the electorate, the civic pride of its inhabitants and the aims of its new representative. Instead, he criticised, in forthright terms, the conduct and findings of the Royal Commission into the Voyager disaster, calling for a second inquiry. Even more remarkably, and against all precedent, he was interrupted by an interjection from the Prime Minister – his own party leader – Harold Holt.He had effectively sacrificed his parliamentary career, but there was a second Royal Commission, largely vindicating his stand. He irritated the Government. In a debate on the new General Dynamics F-111 aircraft the Minister for Air, Gordon Freeth, said of <mask> John:
From this honourable gentleman emanates an odour of sanctity in this House which is quite nauseating. He has come here fairly recently with all the benefits of his party's endorsement for one of the safest electorates in Australia, and in this comfortable security he has been quick, very quick, to cash in on every opportunity to secure for himself a headline—always available to any member who attacks his own party. He has used this regardless of the political consequences to his own less comfortably situated colleagues. He does this with an air of the highest virtue, always proclaiming his anguish, as he did last night. On 20 March 1969, he embarrassed his party by criticising the behaviour of Prime Minister <mask>, claiming that he had offended American ambassador Crook by turning up at 1 am at the American embassy, after a late press-gallery dinner, with journalist Geraldine Willesee, the 19-year-old daughter of Labor Senator Don Willesee.Labor Senator Lionel Murphy sent a message to the House suggesting that <mask> John's comments were an inappropriate breach of the Prime Minister's privacy. <mask> John's view was that Gorton was inadequate in character, training and temperament to be prime minister, and claimed that he was not the only one dissatisfied with Gorton. However, no other party members supported him. Ms Willesee issued a statutory declaration stating that she talked with Gorton on Vietnam and politics, the two were always in mixed company throughout the morning. Gorton's wife Bettina supported her husband by sending a poem to the press gallery, referring to <mask> as "the member with the Serpent's tongue". There were moves within the Liberal Party to expel him and remove his endorsement for the coming election. Despite maintaining the support of his local electorate conference delegates, <mask> John resigned his endorsement to contest Warringah on 28 March 1969, and sometime in April resigned from the party to sit as an independent.He contested Warringah as an independent at the October 1969 election, but finished third on 20.62%, having lost more than half of his primary vote from 1966. His book about these turbulent times, A Time to Speak, was published just before the elections. During his time as an MP he spoke in parliament on many matters. He spoke in support of the Vietnam war and military conscription. He urged the development of nuclear power capacity for peaceful purposes and for deterrent purposes in case of war. After his defeat he took up an interest in mining. In 1970 he was managing director (later chairman) of prospecting company Mount Mejack Minerals Pty Ltd, and a director of its related nickel exploration company, Meekatharra Minerals NL.Activism
<mask> was a member of the conservative Association of Cultural Freedom and a friend of activist journalist B. A. Santamaria. Despite this conservatism, he set up the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa for victims of apartheid; and his election to parliament had been firmly opposed by the Australian League of Rights. <mask> helped establish global principles of the rule of law at successive meetings of the International Commission of Jurists in Bangkok, Rio de Janeiro and New Delhi, a non-governmental international human rights organisation. As an environmentalist he led the campaign against the flooding of Lake Pedder, which was dammed in 1972. After leaving politics for himself he supported Peter Garrett's Nuclear Disarmament Party candidature for the Australian Senate in 1984, which almost succeeded. Over the last decade of his life he campaigned for nuclear disarmament and peace.In 1984 he and the poet Les Murray jointly composed "The Universal Prayer for Peace: A Prayer for the Nuclear Age". A founding member of Australian Lawyers for Nuclear Disarmament in the same year, he was instrumental in its affiliation to the International Association of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms. In the mid-1980s he co-founded and chaired the Australian Peace Foundation. Inspired by his New Zealand colleague Harold Evans, he was a leading supporter of the World Court Project (WCP), through which his last quest was to ask the International Court of Justice to provide an advisory opinion on the criminality of nuclear weapons. From 1985 <mask> began writing his major work, an anti-nuclear book Judgment at Hiroshima, with some research assistance from Elizabeth Handsley but died before publication. A Japanese edition appeared in 1995 to coincide with the 50th anniversaries of the atomic destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. His widow Valerie released the English version two years later with copies distributed to research libraries in Australia and overseas.Personal life
In 1940 <mask> John married Frenchwoman Sylvette Cargher, who died by suicide in 1954. They had two daughters: Madeleine and Colette. Madeleine became a successful yet reclusive writer who was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize. In 1955 he married Valerie Winslow, who died in 2010. They had three sons: Oliver, <mask> (Ed) and Patrick. Death
<mask> John died on 24 October 1994. His funeral was held in St Luke's Anglican Church, Mosman.The address was given by Justice Michael Kirby, who recalled <mask> John's relationship to Oliver Cromwell:
In his blood, as he told the House of Representatives in 1967, were the genes of <mask> <mask> who defended <mask> when he refused to pay ship money to King Charles I. Oliver married into the Cromwell family. An obituary titled "A crusader who put his party second" was published in The Sydney Morning Herald on 26 October 1994, and another, "Maverick Liberal caused a storm", by Mungo MacCallum, was published in The Australian on 1 November 1994. References

1916 births
1994 deaths
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Independent members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Warringah
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian Army personnel of World War II

masks:
Edward Henry St John
John Gorton
St
Edward St John
St
Ambrose St John
John Henry Newman
Oliver St John
Edward St John
Roland St John
St John
St John
St
St
St
John Gorton
St
St
St John
St
St John
St John
St John
St
Edward
St
St
Oliver St
John
John Hampden


texts:
Catharina "<mask>" <mask> (; born 11 March 1955) is a German singer, songwriter, and actress. She is known for her theatrical vocals and rose to prominence during the punk and new wave movements in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Born in the former East Berlin, German Democratic Republic, <mask> began her career as an actress when she appeared in several German films alongside her mother <mask>. Around that same time, she joined the band Automobil and released the single "Du hast den Farbfilm vergessen”. After her stepfather Wolf Biermann's East German citizenship was withdrawn in 1976, <mask> followed him to Hamburg. Shortly afterwards, she was offered a record deal from CBS Records and formed the <mask> Hagen Band. Their self-titled debut album was released in 1978 to critical acclaim and was a commercial success selling over 250,000 copies.The band released one more album, Unbehagen, before their break-up in 1979. In 1982, <mask> signed a new contract with CBS and released her debut solo album NunSexMonkRock, which became her first record to chart in the United States. She followed it with two more albums: Fearless (1983) and <mask> in Ekstasy (1985), before her contract with CBS expired and was not renewed. In 1989, she was offered a record deal from Mercury Records. She released three albums on the label: <mask> (1989), Street (1991), and Revolution Ballroom (1993). However, none of the albums achieved notable commercial success. <mask> made her musical comeback with the release of her album Return of the Mother (2000).Besides her musical career, <mask> is also a voice-over actress. She wrote three autobiographies: Ich bin ein Berliner (1988), <mask>: That's Why the Lady Is a Punk (2003), and Bekenntnisse (2010). She is also noted for her human and animal rights activism. Life and career

1955–1976: Early life and career beginnings

<mask> was born in what was then East Berlin, East Germany, the daughter of <mask> (also known as Hans Oliva-<mask>), a scriptwriter, and Eva-Maria <mask> (née Buchholz), an actress and singer. Her father Hans survived the Holocaust, being held as a prisoner at a prison in Moabit between 1941 to 1945 until the liberation by the Soviet Army. Her paternal grandfather Hermann Carl <mask>, who was Jewish, was murdered at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp on May 28, 1942, at age 56. Hedwig Elise Caroline Staadt, <mask>'s paternal grandmother, was also murdered at Sachsenhausen.<mask>'s maternal grandfather Fritz Buchholz died during World War II. Her parents divorced when she was two years old. During her childhood, she saw her father infrequently. At age four, she began to study ballet, and she was considered an opera prodigy by the time she was nine. When <mask> was 11, her mother married Wolf Biermann, an anti-establishment singer-songwriter. Biermann's political views later influenced young <mask>. <mask> left school at age sixteen and went to Poland, where she began her career.She later returned to Germany and joined the cover band Fritzens Dampferband ("Fritzen's Steamboat Band"), together with Achim Mentzel and others. She added songs by Janis Joplin and Tina Turner to the "allowable" set lists during shows. From 1972 to 1973, <mask> enrolled in the crash course performance program at The Central Studio for Light Music in East Berlin. Upon graduating, she joined the band Automobil. In East Germany, she performed with the band Automobil, becoming one of the country's best-known young stars. Her most famous song from the early part of her career was "Du hast den Farbfilm vergessen (You Forgot the Colour Film)", with words by Kurt Demmler to music by Michael Heubach, a subtle dig mocking the sterile, gray, Communist state, in 1974. <mask> performed comic songs like "Hatschi-Waldera" and "Was denn" in Karel Gott´s Czech TV show in Slaný.and "Wir tanzen Tango" in 1976. Her musical career in the DDR was cut short, when she and her mother left the country in 1976, following the expulsion of her stepfather. 1976–1979: Migration to West Germany and Nina Hagen Band
The circumstances surrounding the family's emigration were exceptional: Biermann was granted permission by East German authorities to perform a televised concert in Cologne, but denied permission to re-cross the border to his adopted home country. <mask> submitted an application to leave the country. In it, she claimed to be Biermann's biological daughter, and threatened to become "the next" Wolf Biermann if not allowed to rejoin her father. Just four days later her request was granted, and she settled in Hamburg, where she was signed to a CBS-affiliated record label. Her label advised her to acclimatise herself to Western culture through travel, and she arrived in London during the height of the punk rock movement.<mask> was quickly taken up by a circle that included The Slits. Back in Germany by mid-1977, <mask> formed the Nina Hagen Band in West Berlin's Kreuzberg district. In 1978 they released their self-titled debut album, Nina Hagen Band, which included the single "TV-Glotzer" (a cover of "White Punks on Dope" by The Tubes, though with entirely different German lyrics), and "Auf'm Bahnhof Zoo", about West Berlin's then-notorious Berlin Zoologischer Garten station. The album also included a version of "Rangehn" ("Go for It"), a song she had previously recorded in East Germany, but with different music. The debut album gained significant attention throughout Germany and abroad, both for its hard rock sound and for <mask>'s theatrical vocals which drew heavily from her operatic training, far different from the straightforward singing of her East German recordings. However, relations between <mask> and the other band members deteriorated over the course of the subsequent European tour, and <mask> decided to leave the band in 1979, though she was still under contract to produce a second album. This LP, Unbehagen (which in German also means "discomfort" or "unease"), was eventually produced with the band recording their tracks in Berlin and <mask> recording the vocals in Los Angeles.It included the single "African Reggae" and "Wir Leben Immer... Noch", a German language cover of Lene Lovich's "Lucky Number". The other band members, sans <mask>, soon developed a successful independent musical career as Spliff. Meanwhile, <mask>'s public persona was steadily creating media uproar. She became infamous for an appearance on an Austrian evening talk show called Club 2, on 9 August 1979, on the topic of youth culture, when she demonstrated (while clothed, but explicitly) various female masturbation positions and became embroiled in a heated argument with other panelists, in particular, writer and journalist Humbert Fink. The talk show host, Dieter Seefranz, had to step down following this controversy. She also acted with Dutch rocker Herman Brood and singer Lene Lovich in the 1979 film Cha Cha. Brood and <mask> would have a long romantic relationship that would end when <mask> could no longer tolerate Brood's drug abuse.She would refer to Brood as her "soulmate" long after Brood committed suicide in 2001. 1980–1988: International breakthrough

A European tour with a new band in 1980 was cancelled, and <mask> turned to the United States. A limited-edition 10-inch EP was released on vinyl that summer in the U.S. Two songs from her first album Nina Hagen Band were on the A side, and two songs from her second album Unbehagen were on the B-side. All four songs were sung in German, although two had English titles and the other two were covers of English-language songs with new German lyrics. In late 1980, <mask> discovered she was pregnant, broke up with the father-to-be Ferdinand Karmelk, and moved to Los Angeles. Her daughter, Cosma <mask>, was born in Santa Monica on 17 June 1981. In 1982, <mask> released her first English-language album: NunSexMonkRock, a dissonant mix of punk, funk, reggae, and opera.She then went on a world tour with the No Problem Orchestra. In 1983, she released the album Angstlos and a minor European tour. By this time, <mask>'s public appearances frequently included discussions of God, UFOs, her social and political beliefs, animal rights and vivisection, and claims of alien sightings. The English version of Angstlos, Fearless, generated two major club hits in America, "Zarah" (a cover of the Zarah Leander (No. 45 USA) song "Ich weiss, es wird einmal ein Wunder geschehen") and the disco/punk/opera song, "New York New York" (No. 9 USA). During 1984 <mask> spent a lot of time in London and UK based MusicSzene magazine chief-editor Wilfried Rimensberger, in conjunction with Spree Film, produced a first TV feature on her and what was remaining from London's 70 Punk movement induced by artist and model Frankie Stein.Her 1985 album In Ekstase fared less well, but did generate club hits with "Universal Radio" (No. 39 USA) and a cover of "Spirit in the Sky" and also featured a 1979 recording of her hardcore punk take on Paul Anka's "My Way", which had been one of her signature live tunes in previous years. She performed songs from this album during the 1985 version of Rock in Rio. While in Brazil she met and befriended Brazilian musicians as diverse as samba diva Beth Carvalho and Brazilian punk singer Supla (who was leader of a punk-new wave band named Tokyo), that invited her to contribute vocals to the hit 1986 song "Garota de Berlim" (Portuguese for "girl from Berlin") that received huge airplay in radio in Brazil. To this day, Brazilians remember <mask> above all things as the Berlin Girl from Tokyo's song. Wilfried Rimensberger and award-winning film director Lothar Spree produced a TV documentary for the German television station ZDF. This was followed by a launch of <mask>'s UFO fashion underwear at anti-SAFT in Zurich, where again Rimensberger joined her up with New Romantic icon Steve Strange performing on stage.Simultaneously fashion photographer Hannes Schmid produced a <mask> cover for German Cosmopolitan magazine. This also coincided with leading music publications like BRAVO and MusicSzene running cover stories that all put <mask> back on the forefront of something that, in retrospect, became a final highpoint of what the punk movement was all about. At the end of 1986, her contract with CBS was over and she released the Punk Wedding EP independently in 1987, a celebration of her marriage to an 18-year-old punk South African nicknamed 'Iroquois'. It followed an independent 1986 one-off single with Lene Lovich, "Don't Kill the Animals" (see Animal Liberation). 1989–1994: <mask>, Street, and Revolution Ballroom
In 1989, <mask> released the album, <mask>, which was backed up by another German tour. In 1989 she had a relationship with French stylist and music manager Franck Chevalier which yielded their son, Otis Chevalier-<mask> (b. 1990).In the 1990s, <mask> lived in Paris with her daughter Cosma Shiva and son Otis. In 1991 she toured Europe in support of her new album Street. In 1992 <mask> became the host of a TV show on RTLplus. Also in the same year (1992) she collaborated with Adamski on the European smash and minor UK hit single "Get Your Body". The following year, she released Revolution Ballroom. In 1994, <mask> starred in the acclaimed San Francisco Goethe Institut's The Seven Addictions and Five Professions of Anita Berber, playing the singer version of "Anita" alongside dancer Darla Teagarden who portrayed the other "professions" of "Anita". Also, her voice was heard on the Freaky Fukin Weirdoz single "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick".1995 brought the German-language album FreuD euch, equally recorded in English as BeeHappy in 1996. <mask> returned to San Francisco to star in another San Francisco Goethe Institut show, "Hannusen, Hitler's Jewish Clarvoyant". <mask> also collaborated with electronic music composer Christopher Franke, along with Rick Palombi (credited as Rick Jude) on "Alchemy of Love", the theme song for the film Tenchi Muyo! in Love. 1995–1999

In May 1996, she married David Lynn, but divorced him in the beginning of 2000. In 1997 she collaborated with German hip hop musician Thomas D. In 1998, <mask> became the host of a weekly science fiction show on the British Sci-Fi Channel, in addition to embarking on another tour of Germany. In 1999, she released the devotional album Om Namah Shivay, which was distributed exclusively online and included an unadulterated musical version of the Hare Krishna mantra.<mask> believes that the Hindu incarnation of Lord Vishnu known as Krishna was ”the King of Jerusalem”, and sometimes refers to Krishna as "Christ". She also provided vocals to "Witness" and "Bereit" on KMFDM's Adios. Also in 1998, she recorded the official club anthem Eisern Union for 1. FC Union Berlin and four versions were issued on a CD single by G.I.B Music and Distribution GmbH. In 1999, she played the role of Celia Peachum in The Threepenny Opera by Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht, alongside Max Raabe. She also regularly performs songs by Kurt Weill, Hanns Eisler and Paul Dessau set to Brecht's texts. 2000–2009: Return of the Mother

In 2000, her song "Schön ist die Welt" became the official song of Expo 2000.Another cover of a Zarah Leander song "Der Wind hat mir ein Lied erzählt" was a minor hit the same year. The album Return of the Mother was released in February 2001, accompanied by another German tour. <mask>, a supporter of HIV/AIDS denialism, wrote the song "Handgrenade" on the album Return of the Mother for Christine Maggiore. In 2001 she collaborated with Rosenstolz and Marc Almond on the single "Total eclipse"/"Die schwarze Witwe" that reached No. 22 in Germany. On 14 October 2002 <mask> hit Moscow by coming there with her concert, while interviews with the eccentric singer were aired on many TV-channels. <mask> dubbed the voice of Sally in the German release of Tim Burton's The Nightmare before Christmas, Yubaba/Zeniba in Spirited Away and she has also done voice work on the movie Hot Dogs by Michael Schoemann.Due to the death of Elisabeth Volkmann (†2006), the German voice of Marge, during the dubbing of the hit TV show "The Simpsons" 17th season, <mask> was a strong contender for the role, which eventually went to Anke Engelke. <mask> has been featured on songs by other bands, for instance on Oomph! 's song "Fieber". She did a cover of Rammstein's "Seemann" with Apocalyptica. Later albums include Big Band Explosion (2003), in which she sang numerous swing covers with her then husband, Danish singer and performer, Lucas Alexander. This was followed by Heiß, a greatest hits album. The following album, Journey to the Snow Queen, is more of an audio book – she reads the Snow Queen fairy tale with Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker in the background.In 2005 <mask> headlined the Drop Dead Festival in New York City. <mask> was an active protester against the war in Iraq. In 2006 she was a part of the Popstars team. She is a vegetarian. In August 2009 she was baptized in the Protestant Reformed church of Schüttorf. On 21 October after seven years passed she visited Moscow again. Since 2010: Personal Jesus and Volksbeat
After a four-year lapse her next album, Personal Jesus, was released 16 July 2010, followed by Volksbeat, released 11 November 2011.When Angela Merkel ended her 16-year chancellorship of Germany in December 2021, she chose <mask>'s song Du hast den Farbfilm vergessen (You forgot the colour film) as one of the three pieces to be played at her Großer Zapfenstreich military leaving ceremony.

masks:
Nina
Hagen
Hagen
Eva Maria Hagen
Hagen
Nina
Hagen
Nina Hagen
Nina Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Nina Hagen
Nina Hagen
Hans Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Nina
Nina
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Shiva Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Nina
Nina
Nina Hagen
Hagen
Nina Hagen
Hagen
Nina Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Nina
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Nina
Hagen
Nina
Hagen
Nina Hagen
Hagen
Hagen


texts:
<mask> (born March 22, 1982) is a retired American professional mixed martial artist. A professional competitor from 2006-2014, <mask> also formerly competed for King of the Cage and was a cast member of Spike TV's The Ultimate Fighter: Team Nogueira vs. Team Mir. Background
<mask> attended Monta Vista High School in Cupertino, California. <mask> played high school football for the school, playing the defensive tackle position. He earned many titles such as: "Defensive Lineman of the Year" in the Santa Clara Valley League (2000), two-time first-team all-league selection (1999 and 2000), also earned second-team All-Central Coast Section honors behind first-team selection Jared Allen his senior year. <mask> was selected by the North squad for the North vs. South San Jose Charlie Wedemeyer All-Star football game, after a senior season where he racked up 53 tackles, 10 sacks and two fumble recoveries in his final year.<mask> was the captain for both his football team and his wrestling team. After graduating in 2000, <mask> attended Mesa Community College and earned his associate degree in 2003. Football career
<mask> later transferred to Arizona State University (ASU). He was a walk-on for the football team where he was a scout team member in the 2003 season and saw playing time in the 2004 season, including in ASU's 2004 Sun Bowl victory over Purdue University. Mixed martial arts

The Ultimate Fighter
<mask> fought Ryan Bader for a spot on the show, he lost to Bader by arm-triangle choke in the second round. After the discovery of two injured fighters, <mask> was brought in to replace one of them. He was picked by Antonio Nogueira's team and Nogueira called <mask> the leader of the team.In the first round of fights, Krzysztof Soszynski defeated <mask>. In the finale <mask> was matched up against Tom Lawlor. <mask> lost a unanimous decision to Lawlor at the Ultimate Fighter Finale. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> made his UFC debut against former The Ultimate Fighter: Team Nogueira vs. Team Mir castmate Tom Lawlor. He was defeated via unanimous decision on the preliminary card at The Ultimate Fighter 8 Finale. Even though <mask> did not win any fights on TUF and did not win his debut, the UFC decided to keep him signed.At UFC 104, <mask> fought in his second UFC bout against Razak Al-Hassan. The fight went to the judges and was scored in the favor of <mask> who took a split decision. <mask> defeated Jared Hamman via unanimous decision on September 15, 2010 at UFC Fight Night 22 in a bout that earned Fight of the Night honors. <mask> improved his UFC record to 3-1 after a TKO victory over Ricardo Romero in 0:21 seconds of the first round, on February 5, 2011 at UFC 126. <mask> faced Fábio Maldonado on June 4, 2011 at The Ultimate Fighter 13 Finale. He won the fight via unanimous decision and also earned the Fight of the Night honors for his performance. <mask> next faced Stephan Bonnar on November 19, 2011 at UFC 139.He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> fought UFC newcomer, Glover Teixeira on May 26, 2012 at UFC 146. <mask> lost the fight via submission in the first round. <mask> lost to debuting Jimi Manuwa on September 29, 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV 5 by TKO due to doctor stoppage. <mask> took tremendous punishment in the fight before the doctor ended the bout due to his left eye swelling shut. <mask> revealed on The MMA Hour that his orbital bone was fractured in two places but that it did not require surgery. <mask> faced Patrick Cummins on July 26, 2014 at UFC on Fox 12.He lost the fight via unanimous decision (30–27, 30–25, and 30–24) and subsequently announced his retirement from MMA. Acting
<mask> performed motion capture for Vietnam veteran turned criminal, Lincoln Clay, in Mafia III.

masks:
Kyle Loren Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kyle
Kyle
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kyle
Kyle
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury


texts:
<mask>  () (born 29 October 1970) is a Dutch football executive and former professional player who is currently the chief executive of AFC Ajax, with whom he began his senior playing career in the early 1990s; he is considered to be a member of the club's golden generation and was part of the Ajax team that won the UEFA Champions League in 1995. A goalkeeper, he left Ajax for Juventus in 1999, where he spent two years before moving to England, first to Fulham and then to Manchester United in 2005. There he won a second Champions League title in 2008, making him one of just eight players at the time to have won the competition with more than one club. He retired as a professional in 2011, but briefly came out of retirement in 2016 to play a match for Dutch amateur team VV Noordwijk, for whom he had previously played as a youth. He played 130 times for the Netherlands national team, and was the nation's most-capped player until 2017, when he was overtaken by <mask>. <mask>r is considered by critics and fellow players as one of the best goalkeepers of all time. He is also one of the most successful footballers ever, having won 26 major trophies in his career, mainly at Ajax and Manchester United.During the 2008–09 season, he set a world record by not conceding a league goal for 1,311 minutes. He is also the oldest player to win the Premier League, having done so in 2011 at the age of 40 years and 205 days. <mask> Sar has won several individual awards, including Best European Goalkeeper in 1995 and 2009, and UEFA Club Goalkeeper of the Year in 2009. Club career

Ajax
Born in Voorhout, <mask> Sar began his career at his hometown club, Foreholte, and then VV Noordwijk. At a relatively late age, he was brought to the attention of <mask> Gaal, and subsequently signed for Ajax. Even though he joined late he went into the reserve team and bided his time before getting his first-team call-up by <mask> Gaal. He enjoyed a long and successful stint in their senior side, winning the 1991–92 UEFA Cup (albeit only as the reserve, making no appearances in the run) and the 1994–95 UEFA Champions League (by now the starting goalkeeper), as well as the 1995 Best European Goalkeeper award, besides domestic honours.He was in goal for Ajax in the 1996 UEFA Champions League Final, but had to make do with a runner-up medal as they lost the penalty shoot-out against Juventus. He made a total of 226 appearances for Ajax, and scored a penalty for Ajax to complete an 8–1 victory over De Graafschap in the 1997–98 season. In his first full season as Ajax No. 1 he won the Dutch Football Goalkeeper of the Year, he would then go on to retain the award for the next 3 consecutive years. Juventus
In 1999, <mask> Sar's stature as one of Europe's top goalkeepers drew attention from Manchester United, who sought a replacement for Peter Schmeichel; however, <mask> Sar moved to Italian club Juventus for a fee believed to be in the region of £5 million. He made his debut for The Old Lady in the 1–1 draw with Reggina at the Stadio delle Alpi. He became the first non-Italian to keep goal for the Turin club.He was the first-choice goalkeeper during his first two seasons in Italy, making 66 Serie A appearances as Juventus finished runners-up in the league twice under Carlo Ancelotti, with the best defensive record in the league on each occasion. He performed well in his first season, winning the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup, and helping the club compete for the Serie A title. On the final day of the 1999–2000 season, however, Juventus lost to Perugia Calcio, after <mask> Sar was beaten by Alessandro Calori's volley; the result allowed Lazio to overtake Juventus and win the league title by a single point. The following season was less successful, however, as Juventus suffered a first-round exit in both the Coppa Italia and the Champions League, while <mask> Sar committed several errors, including a high-profile one in a league fixture at home against eventual Serie A champions Roma, on 6 May 2001, when he spilled Hidetoshi Nakata's shot, allowing Vincenzo Montella to tie the game 2–2; Juventus eventually finished two points behind the league champions. <mask> Sar lost his place in the summer of 2001, after the Bianconeri purchased Italian international goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon from Parma for 100 billion lire (approximately £32.6 million), a world-record fee for a goalkeeper. Unwilling to remain as second-choice behind Buffon, <mask> Sar made it clear he wished to move on after two years in Serie A.

Fulham

On 1 August 2001, <mask> Sar opted to play in England and joined newly promoted Fulham in a shock move worth £7 million, signing a four-year contract. The following day, <mask> Sar was officially unveiled by Fulham, and upon his arrival, he described the move as a "nice friendly atmosphere" and that he felt "appreciated".He made his league debut on 18 August 2001 in a 2–3 away defeat against Manchester United. In total, he notched up 127 league appearances while at Fulham. In a game against Aston Villa in his final season at the club, he memorably saved two penalties from Juan Pablo Ángel in a 1–1 draw. His performances for the Cottagers caught the eye of Manchester United and the attention of Sir Alex Ferguson. Manchester United
Van <mask> Sar signed for Manchester United on 10 June 2005 for a reported fee of £2 million, although the exact transfer fee was undisclosed. Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson considers him the best goalkeeper to have played for the club since Peter Schmeichel. On 5 May 2007, his penalty save from Darius Vassell helped assure a 1–0 triumph over Manchester City in the Manchester derby.The following day, Chelsea's failure to beat Arsenal at the Emirates ensured Manchester United's ninth Premier League trophy and <mask> <mask>'s first. He was also named in the 2006–07 PFA Team of the Year. Three months later, he was a catalyst in Manchester United's 16th FA Community Shield victory, as he saved three consecutive penalties in a shoot-out after Manchester United and Chelsea played to a 1–1 draw at the end of regular time. The 2007–08 season was <mask> <mask>'s best season since his arrival; he had several great performances despite a niggling groin injury. He would help United secure their second successive Premier League title on the final day and win the Champions League by saving the final penalty of the shoot-out from Nicolas Anelka. <mask> Sar signed a one-year extension to his contract with Manchester United on 12 December 2008, keeping him at the club until at least the end of the 2009–10 season. On 27 January 2009, <mask> Sar helped Manchester United set a new club and Premier League record for consecutive clean sheets – the club's 5–0 win over West Bromwich Albion meant that they had gone 11 games and 1,032 minutes without conceding a goal, beating the previous record of 10 matches and 1,025 minutes set by Petr Čech in the 2004–05 season.He then broke the overall English league record in the club's following game four days later, beating the previous record of 1,103 minutes, set by Steve Death of Reading in 1979. Another clean sheet, against West Ham on 8 February 2009, extended the record to 1,212 minutes, beating the British top-flight record of 1,155 minutes previously set by Aberdeen's Bobby Clark in 1971. Finally, on 18 February 2009, <mask> Sar further extended the record to 1,302 minutes, and in doing so, he broke José María Buljubasich's single-season world record of 1,289 minutes, set in the Chilean Clausura in 2005. His clean sheet record ended on 4 March, when he made an error allowing Peter Løvenkrands of Newcastle United to score after 9 minutes. In total, <mask> Sar had gone 1,311 minutes without conceding in the league. These clean sheets were a major factor in United clinching their 11th Premiership title as United won a lot of games 1–0 to clinch the title ahead of Liverpool. With a total of 21 clean sheets he also won the Barclays Golden Glove for 2008–09.However, he missed out on winning his third Champions League winners medal as United succumbed to a 2–0 defeat at the hands of Barcelona in the final of the tournament on 27 May 2009. Nevertheless, he won Best European Goalkeeper award from UEFA for the second time, 14 years after he first won it at Ajax. He was one of the five United players shortlisted for the PFA Players' Player of the Year award, which was ultimately given to his United teammate Ryan Giggs; however, <mask> Sar was named in the PFA Team of the Year. <mask> Sar sustained a finger injury during the Audi Cup pre-season tournament, forcing him to miss the first 12 matches of Manchester United's 2009–10 season. On 6 October 2009, <mask> Sar returned to action for United, playing 90 minutes in the reserves against Everton. On 17 October 2009, he returned to action in the first team, playing in United's 2–1 victory over Bolton Wanderers. On 21 November 2009, <mask> Sar would suffer injury again and be kept out of action for 12 games, with the combination of the Dutchman's wife suffering a brain haemorrhage just before Christmas.On 16 January 2010, <mask> Sar returned to action in a 3–0 win over Burnley. <mask> Sar signed a one-year extension to his current contract with Manchester United on 26 February 2010, keeping him at the club until at least the end of the 2010–11 season. On 23 December 2010, British press reported that Sir Alex Ferguson had confirmed <mask> <mask> would retire at the end of the 2010–11 Premier League season. Although he denied the reports at the time, <mask> Sar confirmed on 27 January 2011 it now was his intention. On 12 March, <mask> Sar was named Man of the Match against Arsenal in the FA Cup after making several fine saves. United won the match 2–0 with goals from Wayne Rooney and Fábio. He was included in the PFA Team of the Year, making his third appearance there, others in 2007 and 2008.On 22 May 2011, he played his final game at Old Trafford in a 4–2 victory over Blackpool

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Edwin van der Sar
Wesley Sneder
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Louis van
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