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<mask> (born 19 March 1988) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a central defender. A product of the Brentford youth system, he made his senior debut in 2005 and remained with the club until 2012, when he joined Millwall. He subsequently played for a number of clubs in England and Scotland and is currently head coach of Brentford Women and first team coach at Walton Casuals. Club career

Brentford

Early years (2004–2006)
A central defender, <mask> began his career with amateur club South Ruislip Rangers and spent a period with Queens Park Rangers, before trialling with youth system at Brentford at the age of 15, on the recommendation of Bobby Ross. <mask> embarked on a scholarship at the beginning of the 2004–05 season and progressed sufficiently to be named as a substitute in a youthful squad for a Football League Trophy first round match versus Milton Keynes Dons on 28 September 2004. <mask> remained unused during the 3–0 defeat and was named on the bench on two further occasions, before making his debut on the final day of the 2004–05 regular season versus Hull City. He played the full 90 minutes of the 2–1 comeback victory, but did not appear in the Bees' 2005 League One play-off campaign.<mask> signed a professional contract and made three appearances during the 2005–06 season. He spent the final two months of the season on loan at Conference South club Hayes. Breakthrough (2006–2009)
An injury crisis early in 2006–07 season under new manager Leroy Rosenior saw <mask> make regular substitute appearances in youthful matchday squads through the first six weeks of the season, before he broke into the starting lineup at right back in late September 2006. He made 24 appearances during a disastrous season, which ended with Brentford's relegation to League Two. <mask> signed a new two-year contract in June 2007 and made semi-regular appearances during the 2007–08 and 2008–09 League Two seasons. Though <mask> captained the team on occasion, a lack of confidence meant that he spent periods out of favour with manager Andy Scott, which necessitated spells away on loan at Conference Premier clubs Oxford United and Eastbourne Borough. <mask> scored the first senior goal of his career in a 1–0 win over Shrewsbury Town on 5 January 2008, when he converted a header from a Ryan Dickson corner.He followed up with four further goals during the 2008–09 season, which included a header in a 2–0 victory over Luton Town on the final day, which crowned Brentford's League Two title-winning season and gave <mask> the first silverware of his career. Final years (2009–2012)
Back in League One, <mask> began the 2009–10 season out of favour and made sporadic appearances from the bench as cover in central defence and full back. He spurned opportunities to move away on loan and finally broke into the starting lineup in March 2010. After being challenged by manager Andy Scott to hold onto his starting spot, <mask> started in 11 of Brentford's 13 remaining matches of the season and signed a new two-year contract in May 2010. <mask> fully established himself in the team and made a career-high 51 appearances during the 2010–11 season, which featured a run to the 2011 Football League Trophy Final. Talks over a new three-year contract began in January 2011, which went unresolved after the sacking of manager Andy Scott and the appointment of interim manager Nicky Forster a matter of weeks later. Injury problems meant that <mask> was in and out of the team under new manager Uwe Rösler during the 2011–12 season and he made just 27 appearances.In a U-turn, he rejected a new contract and was released in June 2012. In eight seasons at Griffin Park, <mask> made 185 appearances and scored six goals. Millwall
On 13 July 2012, <mask> signed a two-year contract with Championship club Millwall on a two-year contract. He suffered with injury during his first season at The Den and finished 2012–13 with 16 appearances and one goal, which came in a 2–1 defeat to Blackburn Rovers on 23 April 2013. <mask> was surplus to requirements during the early months of the 2013–14 season and made just one appearance before departing the club on loan on 31 October 2013, which was later extended and turned into a permanent deal on 7 January 2014. He made 17 appearances and scored one goal during 18 months with Millwall. Bristol City (loan and permanent transfer)
On 31 October 2013, <mask> joined League One club Bristol City on a one-month loan, which was later extended to 5 January 2014.He was signed as cover for injured loanee Lewis Dunk and immediately went into the starting lineup. Despite missing almost a month after incurring a suspension for a red card received at the end of November, <mask> regained his place upon his return and joined the club on a two-and-a-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee on 7 January 2014. He scored his first goal for the Robins against his former club Brentford, in a 3–1 defeat at Griffin Park on 28 January. <mask> remained a regular starter through to the end of the 2013–14 season and finished the campaign with 29 appearances and one goal. After suffering a "horrific injury" to his shin during the 2014–15 pre-season, <mask> returned to fitness in mid-August 2014, but thereafter was entirely out of favour with manager Steve Cotterill and made just three appearances during the club's League One title-winning season, though he did receive a promotion medal. He did not feature at all in the club's Football League Trophy-winning campaign. <mask> spent the entire 2015–16 season away on loan and was released in June 2016, when his contract expired.He made 32 appearances and scored one goal during two-and-a-half seasons with the Robins. Colchester United (loan)
On 26 February 2015, <mask> joined League One club Colchester United on loan until the end of the 2014–15 season. He made four appearances before suffering an injury, which led to his recall to Ashton Gate on 4 April 2015. AFC Wimbledon (loan)
On 2 July 2015, <mask> joined League Two club AFC Wimbledon on a season-long loan. He was a regular pick until his season was ended by a medial ligament injury suffered in training in February 2016. The injury meant that <mask> sat out the Dons' 2016 victorious League Two play-off campaign, though he received a winners' medal. He made 25 appearances during the 2015–16 season.Plymouth Argyle
On 24 June 2016, <mask> joined League Two club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer. A thigh injury suffered early during the 2016–17 pre-season kept <mask> out until October 2016 and as manager Derek Adams' fourth-choice central defender, he made just two appearances before being released from his contract on 16 January 2017. Kilmarnock
<mask> moved to Scotland to join Premiership club Kilmarnock on a two-year contract on 16 January 2017. Five days later, he made his debut versus Hamilton Academical in the Scottish Cup fourth round and conceded a last-minute penalty, which resulted in a 1–0 defeat. <mask> was substituted due to injury in the following match and would not appear for the club again before his departure in July 2017. Grimsby Town
On 26 July 2017, <mask> returned to England to join League Two club Grimsby Town on a one-year contract, with the option of a further year. Aside from a run of starts in January and February 2018, <mask> was barely utilised by manager Russell Slade and was released at the end of the 2017–18 season.He made 13 appearances for the Mariners. Aldershot Town
On 1 August 2018, <mask> signed a one-year contract with National League club Aldershot Town and was named as captain of the team. Calf, achilles and quad injuries saw him make just 9 appearances before his contract was terminated by mutual consent on 4 February 2019. Braintree Town
On 1 March 2019, <mask> joined National League strugglers Braintree Town on a free transfer and made just one appearance before the end of the 2018–19 season. He announced his retirement from football in June 2019. Coaching career
<mask> has a UEFA B License and began his coaching career during the 2015–16 season with Brentford Women. He was appointed to the role of head coach on a permanent basis in July 2018.Prior to the beginning of the 2020–21 season, <mask> was appointed first team coach and defensive strategist at Southern League Premier Division South club Walton Casuals. Personal life
<mask> lives in Isleworth and is an Arsenal supporter. Former Brentford teammate Ryan Peters is godfather to his son. Honours

Brentford
 Football League Two: 2008–09

Bristol City

 Football League One: 2014–15

AFC Wimbledon

 Football League Two play-offs: 2016

Career statistics

References

External links

<mask> <mask> at brentfordfc.com

1988 births
Living people
Brentford F.C. players
Oxford United F.C. players
Eastbourne Borough F.C. players
Millwall F.C.players
Bristol City F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
Hayes F.C. players
AFC Wimbledon players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Kilmarnock F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Braintree Town F.C.players
English footballers
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Scottish Professional Football League players
People from Southall
Footballers from Southall
Association football central defenders
Association football fullbacks

masks:
Karleigh Anthony Jonathan Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
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Osborne
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<mask> (March 13, 1836, Buckingham County, Virginia - August 6, 1898, Richmond, Virginia) was a Virginia State Senator, a Lieutenant Colonel, and businessman. Early life
Named after his late grandfather, <mask> was born to John F. and Harriet L<mask>, in Buckingham County. John worked with Joseph Reid Anderson and Anderson's father-in-law, Dr. Richard S. Archer, to form J. R. Anderson and Company. They produced iron for the Louisiana sugar mills. The company formed into the Tredegar Iron Works Company by 1841. John secured a job for his son at the iron company. <mask> was employed as a bookkeeper for the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond.<mask> was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Letcher Artillery in 1862. After his service in 6th Virginia Infantry, he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel in the 2nd Virginia Infantry. On September 29–30, 1864, <mask> fought at Battle of New Market Heights as part of the Siege of Petersburg. <mask> and Delaney
Col. W. E. <mask> was the head and manager of iron manufacturer companies. He dedicated his life to the iron works field. In 1867, Tanner & Delaney was founded at the junction of Canal Street and Seventh street. It was said that every Virginian had a pride for Richmond.<mask> used the Second Industrial Revolution to recover the war-torn city. They relocated on twelve acres of land on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. Tanner & Delaney became one of the largest and well-equipped American Engine-works. The company was in the form of a hollow square with three sides accompanied with running water, lakes, shrubbery, and flowers. The summit of a one-hundred foot tower contained a tank of 25,000 gallons of water. A waterhose was available to put out flames. The brick buildings were of a stylish design.The "Staunton Spectator" claimed that the secret behind the success of <mask> and Delaney was <mask>'s "talents, sagacity, and fine business qualifications." It was said that his traits were showcased in all aspects of the bold and successful enterprise. The newspaper closed with, "Richmond may well be proud of such a son." A factory was set up in the Shockoe Warehouse on 13th Street in 1868, in the building formerly occupied by sword manufacturers, Edwin Boyle and Thomas Gamble. The manufacturer was prepared to manufacture and supply at short notice, and of high quality, sash, blinds, doors, and moldings of every pattern. Virginia State Senate
As the Reconstruction Era dwindled, Radical Republicans, carpetbaggers, and ex-War Democrats lost their influence to Southern Democrats. <mask> managed to become an alderman by 1874.<mask> and Bradley Tyler Johnson ran for the historic 7th Senate District (Richmond and Henrico) in 1875. Both men were critics of the postwar policies; however, they still attempted to gain the vote of African-American Republicans. Johnson and <mask> gained support with white Redeemers and initially the Readjuster Party. It appeared that the Democrats would win the black vote. Two Independents, however, wanted to retain the postwar policies. <mask> Knight and Patrick Henry Starke declared their candidacy on the Sunday before Election Day. Knight and Starke were essentially Republicans.They could not call themselves "Republicans" and win white ex-Confederates. Johnson organized campaign groups of African-Americans "at very considerable expense." These were nicknamed "Johnson clubs." After the Democrats lost the black vote, they claimed their opponents engaged in electoral fraud. Knight and Starke supporters allegedly paid $15 to $50 to African-American voters. All African-Americans abandoned <mask> and Johnson to vote for Knight and Starke. The Democrats still defeated the Independent candidates.As Senator, <mask> visited Washington, D.C. in February, 1876. He attended the seventh annual ball of Columbia Commandery with the Knights Templar. <mask> was disgraced in 1878 after his prosecution, alongside T. C. Wilkinson and John Enders Robinson, after they unnecessarily left on their waterhose at their residence. Contribution to the arts
In 1879, <mask> and his wife traveled from Richmond to see the Handel and Haydn Society in Boston. <mask> was referred as "one of our most critical lovers of good music." He bought a Knabe full concert grand piano with the finishings from Ramos and Moses. Freemasonry
<mask>'s association with freemasonry dated back at least to the Civil War.When the Union Army reached an abandoned and burning Richmond in 1865, the city was conquered by looters, vandals, and mobsters. Mason's Hall was threatened with destruction by the angry mobs. An unnamed colonel and Fraternity member found emblems over the door of the hall. He haulted his army in order to save the hall from the criminals. <mask>, Past Master of No. 10, was ordered to gather a meeting at the Lodge. The general and their Masonic comrades gathered.<mask> persuaded the Unionists agreed to assist widows and orphans of Confederate Masons. The mob violence decreased, and <mask> was credited as the peacemaker between the opposing parties. <mask> became prominently associated with the Masonic organizations of Richmond. He most closely aligned himself with the Grand Bodies of the State. <mask>'s masonic connections were spread nationally, particularly in Providence and Boston. Education
<mask> became an advocate for higher education. In 1883, the University of Virginia introduced the <mask> medal.The medal was awarded by Greek language professors to their best graduate students. <mask> donated $250 to the university to yield $15 a year. He dedicated the medal to his late parents, whom both died earlier in the decade. The <mask> medal was in the shape of a Grecian helmet inscribed with the figure of Athena presenting a crown and the legend. <mask> corresponded with <mask>. Taliaferro late in the year. Taliaferro similarly was a war veteran whom joined the board of the College of William and Mary and the Virginia Military Institute. By 1884, <mask> secured a position as a trustee at Richmond College (Virginia).Richmond Locomotive Works
Tanner also founded the Richmond Locomotive Works in 1887. <mask>'s company grew from Tredegar Iron Works to advance to a well-known manufacturer of steam locomotive engines. <mask> had been appointed special agent for the Tredegar company in early 1887. He used his new position to embark on his new company. His decision to start the locomotive works brought Richmond out of her tumultuous past. Minnesota Car Company
In 1888, <mask> moved from Richmond to New York City for business in the railroad supply business. He did not stay a year in New York.<mask> moved to Duluth to work at the Minnesota Iron-Car Company. J. F. S. Anderson was president of the Minnesota Car Company; G. H. White was the superintendent and <mask> was the Vice President. <mask> purchased 2,000 tons of iron in St. Paul and Minneapolis in October, 1888. The Burton Electric Company
Tanner was in Duluth, but his interests remained in Richmond. By 1888, <mask> was President of The Burton Electric Company. The company pioneered commodities, such as electric light, electric heating, and electric power. The Duluth Evening Herald noted that <mask>'s electric company had effectively invented such heating for the railroad car.The company had even demonstrated their product on the Richmond cars. The company would conduct further and more exhaustive tests on the cars of the Northwest. Eickemeyer dynamo will be located in the baggage car and be driven by an engine with steam from the boiler of the locomotive. This operation was conducted on Pullman vestibule trains for one-third of a year. The acquisition of the appropriate current heaters is claimef to be solved. The dynamo to be will have such a capacity that there will be a surplus of current. Later life
<mask> was not completely comfortable in Michigan.He was a man of the South and longed to return to his old state. In November, 1889, Col. <mask> visited Richmond and other Eastern cities. <mask> returned to Richmond in 1892 to participate in the unveiling of the A. P. Hill monument in the Hermitage Road Historic District. It was said that he was one of many aids who wore red sashes. He marched with Virginian veterans, such as Henry Heth and <mask> Palmer. Personal life
<mask> married Mary Mildred Mallory. They had their first son, Charles Wortham, in 1858.Their first daughter, Helen Lauren, was born in 1862. <mask>'s next child, Harriet Maxwell, was born in 1866. They had another child, <mask>., in 1868. <mask>'s next child, Mildred Lee, was born in 1870. He had another son, John Francis, in 1871. <mask>'s next son, Albert Snead, was born in 1874. His final child, Walter Stuart, was born in 1877.Mary Mildred died in 1892. <mask> suddenly died on August 6, 1898. He was laid to rest in a family burial plot at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond. It was inscribed in his tombstone, "He has moved a little nearer to the master of all music!" See also
List of Confederate Regular Army officers

References

1836 births
1896 deaths
People from Buckingham County, Virginia
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
University of Richmond alumni
University of Virginia alumni
Businesspeople from Virginia
Virginia Democrats
Virginia state senators
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople

masks:
William Elam Tanner
Tanner
. Tanner
Civil War Tanner
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Tanner
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William Carter
Tanner
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William B
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William Henry
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<mask> ( Hagop Martayan, Istanbul, 22 May 1895 – Istanbul, 12 September 1979) was a Turkish-Armenian linguist who specialized in Turkic languages and the first Secretary General and head specialist of the Turkish Language Association. He was proficient in 12 languages, and in addition to Armenian and Turkish, Dilâçar knew English, Greek, Spanish, Azerbaijani, Latin, German, Russian and Bulgarian. Biography
Of Armenian descent, <mask> was born Hagop Martayan in Constantinople in 1895. His father was Vahan Martayan and his mother Eugenie Martayan (née Sarafian). He studied English in the local American School editing the school's publication "School News" (1907). In 1910, <mask> studied at the Robert College where he also learned German, Latin and Classical Greek, graduating from Robert College in 1915. After completing his studies, he served as an officer in the Ottoman Army's Second Division in Diyarbakır.<mask> was awarded for his bravery and continued serving in the Ottoman Army reserves. Because of his knowledge of English, he worked as a Turkish Army interpreter for the British prisoners of war held after the Siege of Kut south of Baghdad. Dilâçar was arrested and escorted to Damascus for alleged secret extrajudicial contacts with the British prisoners. In Damascus, he was introduced for the first time to Mustafa Kemal Pasha (later known as Atatürk). Mustafa Kemal Pasha was then the Commander of the Ottoman Army's Seventh Division. Mustafa Kemal was impressed by Dilâçar's intelligence and secured a pardon for him and took him into his headquarters. In 1918, <mask> moved to Lebanon, where he became the headmaster of Beirut's Sourp Nshan Armenian National School.In Lebanon, he established Louys, an Armenian periodical (in Armenian Լոյս, meaning The Light). In 1919, he returned to Istanbul where he worked as a lecturer of English at the Robert College. In 1922, he married Méliné Martayan and the couple moved to Bulgaria where he taught Ottoman Turkish and ancient East languages at Sofia University in Sofia, Bulgaria. In Sofia he also published the Armenian weekly Mshagouyt (in Armenian Մշակոյթ, meaning Culture) and the monthly Armenian periodical Rahvira (in Armenian Ռահվիրայ). Dilâçar published a study of Turkish language in Istanbul's Arevelk (in Armenian Արեւելք, meaning The East). A translated copy of the article gained the attention of Mustafa Kemal Pasha who invited him to return to Turkey where he lectured in Faculty of Languages, History and Geography. On 22 September 1932, Dilâçar was invited as a linguist to the First Turkish Language Congress held in Dolmabahçe Palace supervised by Atatürk, the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey, together with two other linguists of Armenian ethnicity, İstepan Gurdikyan and Kevork Simkeşyan.He continued his work and research on the Turkish language as the head specialist and Secretary General of the newly founded Turkish Language Association in Ankara. Following the issue of the Law on Family Names in 1934, Mustafa Kemal Pasha suggested him the surname Dilaçar (literally meaning language opener), which he gladly accepted. Nevertheless, he continued to use the surname Martayan to sign his articles in the Armenian language. In return, <mask> Martayan openly proposed the name Atatürk to Mustafa Kemal Pasha in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. <mask> taught history and language at Ankara University between 1936 and 1951. He also was the head adviser of the Türk Ansiklopedisi (Turkish Encyclopedia), between 1942 and 1960. He held his position and continued his research in linguistics at the Turkish Language Association until his death on 12 September 1979, in Istanbul.Armenian publications
In addition to his work in Turkish language, Dilâçar also published in Istanbul's Armenian media, in particular with the Armenian daily Marmara (in Armenian Մարմարա). In 1922, Dilâçar published his literary work Aratchin Portsutyun (in Armenian «Աոաջին Փորձութիւն» meaning First Try). Also in 1922, he translated Armenian playwright Levon Shant's play Hin Asdvadzner (in Armenian «Հին աստվածներ» meaning Old Gods) to English. In 1929 he published his Armenological study "Kri Dzakoume yev Daradzoume" (in Armenian «Գրի ծագումը և տարածումը» meaning the origin and spread of language) and in 1929 "Hapetapanoutyun" (in Armenian «Հաբեթաբանութիւն») in addition to an Armenian translation of a collection of English poetry under the title Albyoni Bardezen (in Armenian «Ալբիոնի պարտէզէն») also in 1929. In 1951, Dilâçar published his book Hazar Hink Harur Amyagi Khoher («1500ամեակի խոհեր» - meaning Thoughts on the 1500th Anniversary). In 1956 he published his book Asdvadzashountche yev Ashkharhapare (in Armenian «Աստուածաշունչը եւ Աշխարհաբարը» meaning The Holy  Bible and Modern Armenian language). Dilâçar had numerous written works in linguistics, literature, studies and translations in Armenian.For example his literary work Salin Vra (Kragan Portser) (in Armenian Սալին Վրայ (գրական փորձեր), a collection of poems Khonchadz Yerazner (in Armenian «Խոնջած Երազներ»), a theatrical piece Tsaykatiter (in Armenian «Ցայգաթիթեռ») and studies like "Levon Shant, Ir Pilisopayoutyune yev Kegharvesde" (in Armenian Լեւոն Շանթ՝ Իր Փիլիսոփայութիւնը եւ Գեղարուեստը, meaning Levon Shant, his philosophy and artistry) and "Hay Tyutsaznavebe, Pakhtadadagan Himi Vera" (in Armenian Հայ Դիւցազնավէպը Բաղդատատական Հիմի Վրայ meaning The Armenian heroic epic novel on a comparative basis). Armenian descent
After his death in 1979, in a news coverage, the then only Turkish TV channel TRT concealed the first name "Agop", which would suggest an Armenian descent, and instead mentioned "A. Dilaçar", using only the initial of his forename together with his surname. Controversy
It is an issue of controversy whether <mask> was the person who officially proposed the surname Atatürk to the founder of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, or Saffet Arıkan's "Ulu Önderimiz Ata Türk Mustafa Kemal" (Our Great Leader Ata Türk Mustafa Kemal) sentence in the opening speech of the 2nd Language Day on 26 September 1934 became an inspiration for surname Atatürk. I, 2004
 Համայնապատկեր հայ մշակոյթի (Hamaynabadger Hay Meshagouyti Panorama of the Armenian Culture), vol. II, 2005

See also
 Turkish language
 Turkish Language Association
 Atatürk's Reforms
 Sun Language Theory
 Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey

References

External links
Dilaçar's biography

1895 births
1979 deaths
Writers from Istanbul
Robert College alumni
Linguists from Turkey
Ankara University faculty
Turkish people of Armenian descent
Linguists of Turkic languages
People from Istanbul
Burials at Şişli Armenian Cemetery
20th-century linguists

masks:
Agop Dilâçar
Agop Dilâçar
Dilâçar
Dilâçar
Dilâçar
Agop
Dilâçar
Dilâçar


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<mask> (also known as Bärmann; 7 February 1877. – 1950), was a medical doctor and researcher into public health in the early 20th century. He worked for the former Dutch East Indies administration as a foreign scientist. He was the originator of the Baermann Technique for the extraction of larval roundworms and published his seminal work in 1917. Biography
<mask> was born in Breslau, former Prussia, now Poland to <mask> (1841-1918) and Anna Mathilde Carolina née Dompierre (1843-1931). Baermann married his first wife, Eva Helene Emilie Erika Weinbach on 31 December 1904 in Breslau, former Prussia, now Poland. He studied for his PhD at Universität Breslau, and graduated in 1905.Baermann worked with and contributed to the work of Albert Neisser whom he accompanied on his expeditions to Java in 1905 and 1907 to study venereal diseases in humans. In 1905 Neisser organised a privately funded expedition to Java. This island was chosen because of information that syphilis was more prevalent there than on Borneo or Sumatra. Participants included his wife and at least one of his trainees, <mask>n. According to Neisser, at any one time they had 10-20 orang-utans, imported from Borneo, 20-30 gibbons and 600-800 monkeys (mainly macaques) in captivity. Many also died, not of pneumonia as in Breslau, but of gastroenteritis. Apes were more easily infected with syphilis than monkeys.The incubation period typically was 3–5 weeks. To test for the dissemination of the pathogen, tissue was taken from various organs of infected animals and inserted into healthy ones. It was found that marrow and, secondly, spleen were the most consistent sites of the pathogen. Blood was never infectious. Although secondary lesions occurred only in apes, it was demonstrated that unresponsiveness did not indicate lack of dissemination in monkeys. While they were in Java in 1905, Fritz Schaudinnn (1871-1906) and Erich Hoffmann (1868-1959) in Berlin discovered the Spirochaeta pallida, the pathogen of syphilis. How Neisser learned of this discovery is uncertain, but he at once attempted to verify the finding.This was successful in humans, as well as in a few apes and monkeys. Neisser credited most of this work to Baermann. A government-funded second expedition to Java was made in 1906–07. In this, in addition to continuing the experiments with primates and monkeys, attempts were made to transmit syphilis to other mammals and chickens. Success occurred only in guinea pigs, but thereby introduced a more practical animal for syphilis experimentation. This investigation, to which Rudolf Pürckhauer was assigned, continued in Breslau until 1909. It is not clear if Baermann remained in the far-east or spent the intervening years in Breslau, however in the 1920s, he worked in Sumatra (now Indonesia) as Chief Doctor and Director of the Central Hospital at Petoembooekam (South-east Sumatra - now Indonesia)

Baermann later remarried Nina Marie Victorine Wetter (1896-1972) and they lived in Deli-Medan, Indonesia (former Dutch East Indies) raising a family of three children.While in Indonesia (former Dutch East Indies) he published a number of works on public health, parasitic disease and he was active in trying to improve medical facilities in Deli-Medan. He returned to Germany in the early 1930s setting up a medical practice. German telephone books list him from 1932 as a general practice doctor in Munich, which continue until 1947. He died in 1950. The Baermann Technique for the extraction of nematodes

The Baermann Technique involves taking a glass funnel (size depending on sample size) and affixing rubber tubing to the bottom end and closing with a Mohr or Bunsen clip. The funnel is then filled with sterilised water. A sample is held within a gauze and tied with string and suspended from a retort ring so that the sample touches the surface of the water.A light can be set up above the apparatus (in this way similar to the Tullgren-Berlese funnel). Liquor from the bottom of the apparatus is removed periodically by opening the clip into a small beaker and drops from this examined under the microscope. Eggs can be enumerated using a haemocyctometer or Coulter counter. The extraction is a partial extraction with some estimates of approximately 50% of total sample content. If the sample is too dry, nematodes may find mobility within the sample difficult and if the sample is too wet, the sample will migrate into the water contaminating the extract. Typically a sample of 100 to 200g is used of a paste-like consistency. The method has been evaluated by Todd et al.(1970) and Dinaburg (1942)

Bibliography

Baermann wrote extensively in his early career on parasitology and epidemiology exclusively in German, and his works are available in libraries worldwide, but mostly in Germany. Die gonorrhoische Epidiymitis (PhD)

Author: <mask>. Dissertation: doctoral Universität Breslau 1905

Beiträge zur Pathologie und Therapie der Syphilis

Author: G Bärmann [SIC]; Albert Neisser. Publisher: Berlin : Verl. von J. Springer, 1911. Series: Arbeiten aus dem K. Gesundheitsamte., 37 bd

Bericht über die unter finanzieller Beihilfe des Deutschen Reiches während der Jahre 1905–1909 in Batavia und Breslau ausgeführten Arbeiten zur Erforschung der Syphilis

Author: Albert Neisser; G Bärmann.Publisher: Berlin : Springer, 1911

Die spezifischen Veränderungen der Haut der Hände und Füße bei Frambösie, mit einigen allgemeinen Bemerkungen zur Frambösie und ihren Späterscheinungen : mit 27 Tafeln

Author: <mask>. Publisher: Leipzig : Barth, 1911. Series: Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene, 15, Beiheft 6

Die Assanierung der javanischen und chinesischen Arbeiterbestände der dem Serdang-Doctor-Fond, Deli-Sumatra, angeschlossenen Pflanzengebiete (Anchylostomiasis, Amöben- und Bazillendysenterie, Syphilis, Malaria, Typhus, Pneumonie, epidemische Zerebrospinal-Meningitis) ; nach einem in der Schlesischen Gesellschaft gehaltenen Vortrag

Author: <mask>n; Siegfried Bettmann. Publisher:Leipzig : Barth, 1912.Series:Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene, 16, Beiheft 5

Atlas tropischer darmkrankheiten

Author: <mask>; Otto Eckersdorff (with paintings by Fritz Skell) Publisher: Leipzig, J.A. Barth, 1913. Ankylostomiasis. Author: <mask>.Publisher: Batavia Javasche Boelch. & Dr. 1914. Die Behandlung der Surra mit "Bayer 205"

Author: <mask>. Publisher: Leipzig, Barth, 1922. Series:Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene, Pathologie u. Therapie exotischer Krankheiten, 26, Beih. 2. Impact

As well as being extensively used for parasitology in the faeces of mammals including humans, the technique has also been adapted for examination of leaf litter, and marine sediment, soils.The method has also been used for the extraction of soil rotifers; and various modifications have been suggested such as using detergents e.g. Rohrbacher (1957)

References

1877 births
1950 deaths
German public health doctors
Physicians from Wrocław
University of Breslau alumni

masks:
Gustav Karl Theodor Friedrich Baermann
Baermann
Heinrich Baermann
Gustav Baerman
Gustav Baermann
Gustav Baermann
Gustav Baerman
G Baermann
Gustav Baermann
Gustav Baermann


texts:
<mask> (October 5, 1942 – September 12, 2010) was an American conductor. After undergraduate and graduate work at Brown University ('65) and the University of Cincinnati (M.M. 1968, D.M.A. 1979), he studied conducting at the Mozarteum in Salzburg, Austria. Ansbacher was the conductor and musical director of the Colorado Springs Symphony Orchestra from 1970 to 1989, and, in 2000, founded the Boston Landmarks Orchestra, which gives free classical music concerts at various locations in the Boston area. On September 1, 2010, he was named Conductor Laureate of the Boston Landmarks Orchestra. Biography

<mask> was born on October 5, 1942 in Providence, Rhode Island to renowned Adlerian psychologists <mask> and <mask>.Ansbacher took up cello as a boy and began by conducting a Mahler piece with his high school orchestra in Burlington, Vermont. His parents encouraged his study by sending him to Greenwood Music Camp and Tanglewood. He majored in physics at Brown University but switched to music after creating a successful chamber orchestra with his classmates. He earned his master's degree in orchestral conducting from the University of Cincinnati in 1968, followed by his D.M.A. in 1979. Ansbacher held titled positions with orchestras in Boston, Moscow, Bishkek, and Sarajevo. Among his acclaimed performances were an all-Brahms program at Harvard University's Sanders Theater, Beethoven's Ninth Symphony with the Tanglewood Festival Chorus, and the same work in Belgrade with American and Russian soloists.In 2008, he was the first American conductor to appear with the Lebanese National Symphony Orchestra. The performance was received so well that he was invited to return to the podium in 2009. He also conducted the first-ever symphony orchestra concert in Boston's historic Fenway Park, and in Hanoi as the first American ever to lead the Vietnamese National Symphony Orchestra. His primary relationship was with the Boston Landmarks Orchestra, which he created in 2000 as a gift to his home community. He led the orchestra at Boston's historic Hatch Shell on the Charles River Esplanade, and at other locations throughout Boston during the summer. In the mid-nineties, while residing in Vienna, Ansbacher led multiple performances of renowned Austrian ensembles, including the Vienna State Opera, the Vienna Chamber Orchestra, and the Innsbruck Philharmonic. He also conducted the Sarajevo Philharmonic in performances throughout Austria, including at the famed Salzburg Grosse Festspielhaus, and Vienna's City Hall.He  conducted major orchestras in Canada, Colombia, Israel, Ecuador, Italy, Lithuania, South Africa, South Korea, Vietnam, and of course the United States; however, his main thrust as an orchestra leader had been to perform in nations undergoing political transition, such as Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Ansbacher organized cross-cultural exchanges, such as bringing the Sarajevo Philharmonic to Italy and Austria; leading members of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in their famed Symphony Hall featuring Croatian pianist, Ivo Pogorelich, to celebrate the opening of the Croatian consulate; conducting the world premiere of the Mandela Portrait in Johannesburg, South Africa, then bringing the piece to the United States in 2004; and conducting the Jerusalem Symphony with a Palestinian soloist, Saleem Abboud-Ashkar in December 2005. Honoring his efforts to bridge international communities, President Bill Clinton once called Ansbacher “the unofficial ambassador of America’s music.”

Building upon multiple concerts with the Moscow Symphony Orchestra in that city's Tchaikovsky Hall, as well as the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory, Ansbacher conducted the MSO on nine CD's. The Landmarks Orchestra annually incubates a new work for children, and six of these are available on MSO CD's: Make Way for Ducklings, The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere, The Journey of Phillis Wheatley, Lifting the Curse: The Story of the Red Sox, David and Old Ironsides, and John Adams: the Voice Heard 'Round the World. For adults, Ansbacher led the MSO recording Beethoven Piano Concerto No. 4 and Symphony No. 4, as well as Landmarks Overtures, Dolce, and his most recent release, the double-CD Heroic Beethoven.As a young man, <mask>er devoted almost twenty years to building the Colorado Springs Symphony, which named him Conductor Laureate when he stepped down in 1989. He was known throughout the Rocky Mountain region not only for his regular concert season, but also the music he brought to hundreds of thousands of diverse families through often-televised, innovative outdoor concerts, and the Christmas Pops on Ice that featured Olympic figure skating stars. Beyond music, <mask>er applied art to public policy-making when, as a White House Fellow, he was co-chair of the U.S. Department of Transportation's Task Force on the Use of Design, Art, and Architecture in Transportation. His interest in design and architecture led to his appointment by Mayor Federico Pena to the Blue Ribbon Committee for the design of the new Denver International Airport. He stayed in the policy realm as Chair of the Colorado Council on the Arts and Humanities, appointed by Governor Roy Romer. Soon after moving to Massachusetts, he accepted a one-year appointment as a Visiting Scholar in the Harvard Music Department (1998–1999). As he had throughout his career, Ansbacher served on the board of numerous community-focused, non-profit organizations.In 1985, he married Swanee Hunt (the US ambassador in Vienna from 1993 to 1997). He brought his teenage son and later Oscar- and Emmy-nominated filmmaker Henry into the marriage, she Lillian, born in 1982. Together, they had another son, <mask>-Hunt, and three grandchildren (by Henry). He died on September 12, 2010 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Honors and awards

In 2009, Ansbacher was honored by the City of Cambridge, MA, and the U. S.  Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon for his civic and artistic contributions in the United States and around the world. In February 2010, the National Theater of Sarajevo unveiled a plaque to thank him for his artistic leadership in the city, which began immediately after the siege in 1994 and continues today. In March 2010, the Mayor of Denver and the Governor of Colorado dedicated <mask>bacher Hall: the Art of Colorado at Denver International Airport, as a tribute to his leadership on the New World Airport Commission.In addition, Governor Bill Ritter declared March 15, 2010, to be "Charles Ansbacher Day" in the State of Colorado. On July 7, 2010, as Ansbacher led the Boston Landmarks Orchestra in Fenway Park's first full-length orchestral concert, Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick presented him with a plaque that reads:
Maestro <mask>er
visionary founder
Boston Landmarks Orchestra
Free for All Concert Fund
ensuring classical music for all
2010
The plaque will be mounted on a bench on the Esplanade. References

External links
 <mask>, biography at Boston Landmarks Orchestra. Boston Landmarks Orchestra official page
 Free for All Concert Fund official page
 <mask>er brings Beethoven to Beirut
 Can the Sarajevo Philharmonic hang on? Kyrgyzstan crisis reverberates for Boston conductor
 Vietnam to hold Reconciliation Concert
 Orchestra Brings Classical to Non-Classical Spaces
 Orchestra hits home run at Fenway
 Beethoven in the Bleachers
 Fenway Park Goes Classical
 A Home Run for Beethoven
 Cambridge resident to be named conductor laureate

American conductors (music)
American male conductors (music)
1942 births
2010 deaths
Brown University alumni
University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music alumni
Mozarteum University Salzburg alumni
Musicians from Providence, Rhode Island

masks:
Charles Ansbacher
Charles Ansbacher
Heinz Ansbacher
Rowena Ripin Ansbacher
Charles Ansbach
Charles Ansbach
Theodore Ansbacher
Charles Ans
Charles Ansbach
Charles Ansbacher
Charles Ansbach


texts:
<mask> (c. 1100/1105 – 30 August 1181), born Roland (), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 September 1159 until his death. A native of Siena, <mask> became pope after a contested election, but had to spend much of his pontificate outside Rome while several rivals, supported by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, claimed the papacy. <mask> rejected Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos' offer to end the East–West Schism, sanctioned the Northern Crusades, and held the Third Council of the Lateran. The city of Alessandria in Piedmont is named after him. Early life and career
Rolando was born in Siena. From the 14th century, he was referred to as a member of the aristocratic family of Bandinelli, although this has not been proven. He was long thought to be the 12th-century canon lawyer and theologian Master Roland of Bologna, who composed the "Stroma" or "Summa Rolandi"—one of the earliest commentaries on the Decretum of Gratian—and the "Sententiae Rolandi", a sentence collection displaying the influence of Pierre Abélard, but John T. Noonan and Rudolf Weigand have shown this to be another Rolandus.<mask> probably studied at Bologna, where Robert of Torigni notes that he taught theology. In October 1150, Pope <mask> created him Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano. Later he became Cardinal-Priest of St Mark. In 1153, he became papal chancellor and was the leader of the cardinals opposed to German Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. In 1156, he negotiated the Treaty of Benevento, which restored peaceful relations between Rome and the Kingdom of Sicily. At the diet of Besançon in October 1157, he and Cardinal Bernard of San Clemente delivered a papal message that seemed to claim that Frederick I was a papal vassal, resulting in a serious diplomatic incident. Disputed election

On 7 September 1159, <mask> was chosen to succeed Adrian IV as pope.A minority of the cardinals, however, elected the cardinal priest Octavian, who assumed the name of Victor IV and became the German Emperor's antipope. The situation was critical for <mask>, because according to many chronicles of the time (perhaps exaggerating), Barbarossa's antipope received the approval of most of the kingdoms of Europe, with the exception of the kingdoms of Portugal, Sicily and Spain. However, in 1161, King Géza II of Hungary signed an agreement and recognised <mask> as the rightful pope and declared that the supreme spiritual leader was the only one who could exercise the rite of investiture. This meant that <mask>'s legitimacy was gaining strength, as soon proved by the fact that other monarchs, such as the king of France and King Henry II of England, recognized his authority. Because of imperial strength in Italy, <mask> was forced to reside outside Rome for a large part of his pontificate. When news reached him of the death of Victor in 1164, he openly wept, and scolded the cardinals in his company for rejoicing at the end of the rival antipope. However, the dispute between <mask>, Victor IV and Victor's successors Paschal <mask> and Calixtus <mask> (who had the German imperial support) continued until Frederick Barbarossa's defeat at the Legnano in 1176, after which Barbarossa finally (in the Peace of Venice of 1177) recognized <mask> as pope.On 12 March 1178, <mask> returned to Rome, which he had been compelled to leave twice: the first time between 1162 and 23 November 1165. When <mask> was arrested by supporters of the imperialist Victor IV, he was freed by Oddone Frangipane, who sent him to safety in the Campania. <mask> again left Rome in 1167, travelling first to Benevento and later moving to various strongholds such as those of Anagni, Palestrina, Ferentino, Tusculum, and Veroli. Politics

<mask> was the first pope known to have paid direct attention to missionary activities east of the Baltic Sea. He had created the Archbishopric of Uppsala in Sweden in 1164, probably at the suggestion of his close friend Archbishop Eskil of Lund – exiled in Clairvaux, France, due to a conflict with the Danish king. The latter appointed a Benedictine monk Fulco as a bishop in Estonia. In 1171, <mask> became the first pope to address the situation of the Church in Finland, with Finns allegedly harassing priests and only relying on God in time of war.In the bull Non parum animus noster, in 1171 or 1172, he gave papal sanction to ongoing crusades against pagans in northern Europe, promising remission of sin for those who fought there. In doing so, he legitimized the widespread use of forced conversion as a tactic by those fighting in the Baltic. In 1166, <mask> received an embassy from the Byzantine emperor Manuel I. The Byzantine ambassador, the sebastos Iordanos, relayed that Manuel would end the Great Schism of the eastern and western churches if <mask> would recognize him as emperor. As emperor, Manuel would supply the pope with men and money to restore his authority in Italy. <mask> gave an evasive answer, but in 1168 he rejected outright the same proposal from a second Byzantine embassy. His stated reason amounted to it being too difficult.He appears to have feared Byzantine domination of Italy if the pope owed his position to its support. Besides checkmating Barbarossa, <mask> humbled King Henry II of England for the murder of Thomas Becket in 1170, to whom he was unusually close, later canonizing Becket in 1173. This was the second English saint canonized by <mask>, the first being Edward the Confessor in 1161. Nonetheless, he confirmed the position of Henry as Lord of Ireland in 1172. Through the papal bull Manifestis Probatum, issued on 23 May 1179, <mask> recognized the right of Afonso I to proclaim himself King of Portugal – an important step in the process of Portugal becoming a recognized independent kingdom. Afonso had been using the title of king since 1139. Efforts at reform

Even as a fugitive, <mask> enjoyed the favour and protection of Louis VII of France.In 1163 <mask> summoned clergy and prelates from England, France, Italy, and Spain to the Council of Tours to address, among other things, the unlawful division of ecclesiastical benefices, clerical usury, and lay possession of tithes. In March 1179, <mask> held the Third Council of the Lateran, one of the most important mediaeval church councils, reckoned by the Catholic Church as the eleventh ecumenical council. Its acts embodied several of the <mask>'s proposals for the betterment of the condition of the Church, among them the law requiring that no one could be elected pope without the votes of two-thirds of the cardinals. The rule was altered slightly in 1996, but was restored in 2007. The period from 1177, which saw the submission of both emperor Frederick and anti-pope Calixtus III, and this synod/council marked the summit of <mask>'s power. Nevertheless, soon after the close of the synod, the Roman Republic forced <mask> to leave the city, which he never re-entered, and on 29 September 1179, some nobles set up the Antipope Innocent III. By the judicious use of money, however, <mask> got him into his power, so that he was deposed in January 1180.In 1181, <mask> excommunicated King William I of Scotland and put the kingdom under an interdict. He died at Civita Castellana on 30 August 1181. See also

List of popes
Cardinals created by <mask> III

Notes

References

Further reading

 Myriam Soria Audebert, "Pontifical Propaganda during the Schisms: <mask> to the reconquest of Church Unity," in Convaincre et persuader: Communication et propagande aux XII et XIIIe siècles. Ed. par Martin Aurell. Poitiers: Université de Poitiers-centre d'études supérieures de civilisation médiévale, 2007,

Italian popes
People from Siena
1100s births
1181 deaths
Popes
12th-century popes
Ambassadors to the Kingdom of Sicily

masks:
Pope Alexander III
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Eugene III
Alexander III
Alexander III
Alexander III
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander III
III
III
Alexander III
Alexander III
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander III
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander III
Pope
Alexander III
Alexander III
Alexander III
Alexander III
Alexander
Alexander III


texts:
<mask> (; born January 21, 1983) is a retired Greek-American football (soccer) midfield player. Amateur
<mask> was born in the United States and played youth club soccer for nationally ranked Hewlett NOGA / Hewlett Blue Streak of Hewlett-Lawrence Soccer Club in Five Towns, New York. <mask> was a U.S. Youth Soccer Region I and Eastern New York Youth Soccer Association (ENYYSA) Olympic Development Program (ODP) player. After graduating from Glen Cove High School in Glen Cove, New York, <mask> matriculated to St. John's University in 2001. In his freshman year at St. John's, he played as a left-side attacking-midfielder. In 23 appearances (18 starts) he scored 3 goals, helping St. John's win the 2001 Big East Conference Championship.They reached the 2001 NCAA Men's Soccer Championship College Cup (Semifinals). After the 2001 season, <mask> transferred from St. John's to American University. He spent the 2002 and 2003 seasons playing as an outside-midfielder and second-striker, making 37 total appearances (35 starts), scoring 12 goals and adding 7 assists. Professional career

AEK Athens FC
In late-December 2003, after completing his junior year, <mask> tried out with AEK Athens of A' Ethniki (now called the Greek Super League). <mask> then signed a 3.5-year professional contract with the club on January 9, 2004. He was ineligible to appear in competitive matches in the 2003-04 season, since AEK already had the maximum-allowed number of non-European Union players on its roster. <mask>’ Greek citizenship papers could not be processed in time for the club to register him as a Greek player; although he could train with the team until the start of the 2004-05 season.<mask> never played for AEKby the end of the 2003-04 season AEK approached bankruptcy. <mask> was among a host of players who left the club as a result. Olympiacos
In July 2004 AEK coach Dušan Bajević controversially signed with Olympiacos, AEK's Piraeus-based A' Ethniki rivals. He recruited <mask> to sign a one-year contract with Olympiacos, Greece's most successful club, on 31 July 2004. <mask> took part in Olympiacos’ preseason tours of Spain and Cyprus, but just before the 2004-05 season he suffered an inguinal hernia on his left side that required surgery and forced him to miss season's first half. <mask> debuted for Olympiacos on 19 January 2005 in the Greek Cup against Iraklis at Kaftanzoglio Stadium. <mask> made his league debutand first starton February 27, 2005 against Chalkidona (now called Atromitos) at Olympiacos’ Georgios Karaiskakis Stadium and he made his European debut on 16 March 2005 in the UEFA Cup Round of 16 against Newcastle United at St James' Park.During the season the Greek media continually compared Philipakos to former Olympiacos star winger Stelios Giannakopoulos. Olympiacos became A' Ethniki champions and Greek Cup winners in the 2004-05 season, with <mask> making a total of 6 appearances (2 starts), playing primarily as a right-sided midfielder. At the end of the season, Olympiacos renewed <mask>’ contract for 2 years. Bajević resigned from Olympiacos in June 2005. In July Olympiacos hired Norwegian manager Trond Sollied. Sollied and <mask> experienced a tumultuous relationship. Sollied brought in Nigerian Haruna Babangida to play Philipakos’ position, making Philipakos of little use.In early-September 2005, <mask> requested to leave the club, and was made to train on the side at Olympiacos’ Renti training complex until a resolution could be found. On 31 October 2005, <mask> was officially released. <mask> is the only Greek-American to have ever played in a league match for Olympiacos. Aris FC
On 25 January 2006, <mask> signed a 6-month contract with Aris to finish the 2005-06 season. That season Aris was playing in B' Ethniki for the just the second time in the club's long history, and during the winter transfer period manager Nikos Anastopoulos hired <mask> and defender Efthimios Kouloucheriswho had also been recently released by Olympiacos. <mask> made a total of 6 appearances for Arisall as a substitute, in between injuries. On 16 April 2006, Aris took on Ethnikos Asteras at Aris’ Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium Aris dominated the match but could not convert any of their chances to score, and the match ended 0-0.After the match, <mask> grabbed his shirt and ripped it from the neck down as he left the field. Aris fans became outraged that he would do such a thing to the club symbol. <mask> apologized, but was not forgiven. Less than a week later and a week before the contract expired, <mask> and Aris agreed to terminate the contract early. Ethnikos Piraeus
On 26 July 2006 <mask> signed a 2-year contract with another B' Ethniki club, Piraeus-based Ethnikos Piraeus. Ethnikos had had one of the stronger teams in Greek football for decades, but after being relegated for the first time in 1990, the club bounced between A' and B' Ethniki for a few seasons and then stalled in B' Ethniki after 1999. Ahead of the 2006-07 season, ambitious Ethnikos signed up former Olympiacos and FC Barcelona star Giovanni and former AEK and Sevilla FC star Vassilis Tsiartas to lead the team and <mask> joined as well.<mask>’ experience with the club was a fiasco. Shortly after Philipakos signed, President Nikos Pirounias agreed to sell controlling interest to a group of investors fronted by Cypriot businessman Fivos Moridis. From the time of Moridis’ arrival, <mask> was unpaid and sat on the bench. Giovanni and Tsiartas as well as several other summer signings all left the club in the middle of the season. In January 2007 <mask> initially took legal action to receive his unpaid wages, but he dropped the case so that he could sign elsewhere. <mask> officially cut ties with Ethnikos in February 2007, but because the release came after the close of the winter transfer period, he was unable to be registered by a European club for the remainder of the 2006-07 season. <mask>os returned to his native New York, and then joined the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer at preseason training in Bradenton, Florida for a two-week trial. He did not play well and did not sign a contract. Bruce Arena, sporting director and head coach of New York, said, "I don't think he showed too well. He was pretty unfit and we just didn't have the time for him. He obviously is a player who has some potential there. We are not able to wait four to six weeks." FK SIAD Most
In April 2007, he went on trial with FK SIAD Most of the Czech first division, the Gambrinus Liga.<mask> signed a 1-year contract (with a 1-year option) with the club on May 9, 2007 under manager Zdeněk Ščasný. In a friendly match against SK Slovan Varnsdorf just prior to the start of the 2007-08 season <mask> suffered an athletic pubalgia (more commonly referred to as a "sports hernia") on his right side and tore his adductor longus muscle on the same side. His doctors did not detect the sports hernia. Once the adductor healed, <mask> made his Gambrinus Liga debut against FK Mladá Boleslav on 16 September 2007. <mask> struggled with pain and could not continue to play after his debut. Several more misdiagnoses left him in limbo for several weeks, but a trip to Germany finally revealed the hernia. In November 2007 <mask> had the problem surgically repaired at the Hernienzentrum clinic in Munich by world-renowned hernia operation specialist Ulrike Muschaweck.<mask> fully recovered and returned to normal training in late November 2007, just prior to the beginning of the league's winter break; by that time though, Most was in last place and poised for relegation. In anticipation of the drop, Most cut layers, top scorer Goce Toleski was sold to Slavia Prague, Andrew Hainault was loaned to Sparta Prague, and the club offered to work out a release with several other players, including <mask>. <mask> went in January 2008. Ethnikos Piraeus (second stint)
While <mask> was in the Czech Republic, Nikos Pirounias retook control of Ethnikos. In February 2008, Pirounias called on the Greek-American to return to Ethnikos. Though unable to play league matches, since the transfer period had already closed, he rejoined the team in training and signed a 1-year contract with the club to play the 2008-09 season. <mask> remained healthy throughout the 2008-09 season and appeared 12 in all matches, a career-high.<mask> chose not to re-sign with Ethnikos. Chersonissos
In August 2009, <mask> accepted a trial invitation from Danish club Vejle, but he returned to Greece after only a few days, suffering from an ankle injury. In the next transfer window, in January 2010, <mask> signed a 6-month contract with Greek Football League 2 club Chersonissos. <mask> re-signed with Chersonissos for the 2010-11 season, returning as team captain. Iraklis Psachna
On September 9, 2011, <mask> signed a 1-year contract with Greek club Ionikos. In late September, Ionikos was found guilty of committing contract forgery during the 2010-11 season and was relegated to Football League 2. Soon after the club voluntarily switched to Delta Ethniki.As a result, Ionikos' players were free to sign with another club. On October 14, 2011, <mask> signed a 1-year contract with Football League club Iraklis Psachna. On November 27, 2011, in the fourth week of the 2011-12 Football League season, <mask> played in Iraklis Psaxna's first win in the Greek second tier in club historya 2-0 defeat of Diagoras. Vyzas
On January 23, 2012, <mask> completed a mid-season transfer to Greek Football League club Vyzas. However, the club was unable to pay its players and <mask> was one of several players to sue for unpaid wages. International career
On March 18, 2005, <mask> was called by the Greek Under-21 National Team for UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification matches against Georgia and Albania. <mask> declined the invitation, citing a desire to focus on Olympiacos duties, while also adding he was not ready to close the door on the prospect of one day representing the United States.Honours
Olympiacos
 A' Ethniki (now called Greek Super League): 2004–05
 Greek Cup: 2004–05

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
American Eagles men's soccer players
American expatriate soccer players
American people of Greek descent
American soccer players
Association football midfielders
Ethnikos Piraeus F.C. players
Expatriate footballers in the Czech Republic
FK Baník Most players
Czech First League players
Greek footballers
Greek expatriate footballers
Olympiacos F.C. players
Sportspeople from Glen Cove, New York
Soccer players from New York (state)
St. John's Red Storm men's soccer players
Super League Greece players
Vyzas F.C. players

masks:
Peter Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Peter
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Peter
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakosak
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos
Philipakos


texts:
Antiochus <mask>ysus Epiphanes Philopator Callinicus (; between 124 and 109 BC – 82 BC) was a Hellenistic Seleucid monarch who reigned as King of Syria between 87 and 82 BC. The youngest son of Antiochus VIII and, most likely, his Egyptian wife Tryphaena, Antiochus <mask> lived during a period of civil war between his father and his uncle Antiochus IX, which ended with the assassination of Antiochus VIII in 96 BC. Antiochus <mask>'s four brothers laid claim to the throne, eliminated Antiochus IX as a claimant, and waged war against his heir Antiochus X. By 87 BC, only two claimants remained, both brothers of Antiochus <mask>: Demetrius III and Philip I. The realm of Demetrius III was initially centered in Damascus but later extended over most of Syria. Demetrius III was defeated by Philip I and went into exile in Parthia, allowing Antiochus <mask> to gain control of Damascus while Philip I remained in the Syrian capital Antioch. Antiochus <mask> consolidated his territory within inner Syria and did not seek to expand into the territories of Philip I, who attempted to annex Damascus but was repulsed.Antiochus <mask> focused his attention on Syria's southern reaches into which the Judaeans and Nabataeans sought to expand. Antiochus <mask> reinforced his southern frontier and warred with his neighbors, conducting two campaigns against Nabataea that included engagements with Judea. After several victories in his first campaign, <mask> <mask> was killed towards the end of his second campaign against the Nabateans at the Battle of Cana in 82 BC. Damascus was captured by the forces of the Nabatean King Aretas III, and the Syrian throne was claimed by Antiochus X's widow Cleopatra Selene and her son <mask> <mask>. Name and background

Antiochus, Greek for "resolute in contention", was a dynastic name borne by many Seleucid monarchs. The Seleucid dynasty's founder Seleucus I named the capital of Syria, Antioch, in honor of his father Antiochus. <mask> <mask> was the fifth and youngest son of <mask> VIII and his Ptolemaic Egyptian wife Tryphaena, who married in 124 BC.In 109 BC, Tryphaena was killed by Antiochus VIII's half-brother Antiochus IX, who fought with Antiochus VIII from 113 BC for the throne of Syria. Antiochus <mask>'s brothers were Seleucus VI, Antiochus XI, Philip I and Demetrius III. Following Antiochus VIII's assassination in 96 BC, his second wife, Tryphaena's sister Cleopatra Selene, married Antiochus IX and then his son Antiochus X, who fought with Antiochus <mask>'s four brothers for the throne. By 88 BC, only Demetrius III and Philip I remained; Demetrius III was originally based in Damascus before extending his authority to most of Syria. He was defeated by Philip I and his Parthian allies in 87 BC and exiled to Parthia, where he died of an unknown illness. Philip I took control of the capital, while Cleopatra Selene, now a widow, took shelter in Ptolemais with her sons by Antiochus X.

Reign
The departure of Demetrius III left a power vacuum in Damascus that was filled by Antiochus <mask>. Coins minted during the reign of Demetrius III are dated to the Seleucid year (SE) 225 (88/87 BC), while the earliest coins minted during the reign of Antiochus <mask> have the date 226 SE (87/86 BC), suggesting there was a rapid assumption of power by Antiochus <mask>.Monarchs of the Hellenistic period did not use regnal numbers, which is a more modern practice, but instead used epithets to distinguish themselves from similarly named monarchs; Three of Antiochus <mask>'s four epithets, Epiphanes (illustrious)–previously used by his father, Philopator (father-loving) and Callinicus (nobly victorious), served to emphasize the ancestry of his grandfather Demetrius II in contrast to the line of the latter's brother Antiochus VII, which was represented by Antiochus IX and his descendants; Callinicus may have been an echo of Demetrius II's epithet Nikator (victorious). He likely used his other epithet Dionysus to associate himself with the Greek god of wine in his role as conqueror of the East. Antiochus <mask> was depicted on coinage with an exaggerated hawked nose in the likeness of his father, as a means of strengthening the legitimacy of his succession. Policies and territory

According to historian Alfred Bellinger, Antiochus <mask> may have received assistance from Ptolemaic Egypt to gain his throne. This view is reflected in Antiochus <mask>'s policies, which were targeted at the south in Nabataea and Judaea, but not towards expansion within the kingdom of Syria. His dominion was limited to inner Syria, centered on Damascus, which served as his capital and primary mint. Antiochus <mask> also ruled over the town of Gadara, governed by an official named Philotas.In 100 BC, Gadara had been conquered by the Hasmonean king of Judea Alexander Jannaeus, who partially destroyed its walls, but it was recaptured by the Seleucids in 93 BC. Gadara held great strategic importance for Syria as it served as a major military hub for operations in the south. Controlling it was vital to the war effort against the Judaeans, which led Antiochus to rebuild the city's defenses in 228 SE (85/84 BC). Historian Aryeh Kasher suggested that Antiochus <mask> dug what the first-century historian Josephus called the "trench of Antiochus" (or valley of Antiochus) to protect Damascus from the Nabataeans; the trench was probably located in the Hula Valley. Seleucid coins often had depictions of their Greek deities, but the silver coinage of Antiochus <mask> depicted the supreme Semitic god Hadad on the reverse, possibly in recognition of the shrinking borders of the kingdom, which convinced the monarch of the importance of the local cults. By promoting indigenous deities, Seleucid kings hoped to gain the support of their non-Greek subjects. According to Bellinger, the use of Hadad indicated that Antiochus <mask> placed focus on his "intention of being first and foremost king of Damascus".During his reign, Demetrius III had also depicted a Semitic deity, Atargatis, on his currency. In the view of historian , the change of coin imagery from Atargatis to Hadad probably served two goals: to imply that Antiochus <mask> had a different policy focus than his predecessor, and to demonstrate his intention of maintaining a good relationship with the Semitic population of Damascus, who comprised the majority of the inhabitants, to avoid tension with Greek settlers. Seleucid kings presented themselves as protectors of Hellenism and patronized intellectuals and philosophers, but Antiochus <mask> may have adopted a different attitude; he ordered the expulsion of such scholars. Military campaigns

Early in his reign, Antiochus <mask> attacked the Nabataeans and the Judaeans, whose territories both lay south of his own. This conflict was recorded by Josephus, although he made no mention of the name of the Nabataean king. Josephus mentioned two campaigns against the Nabataeans, but did not explain the motives leading the Syrian King to attack them. Modern scholars presented several theories.In the view of Israel Shatzman, Antiochus <mask> may have feared the growing power of the Nabataeans, who were expanding into southern Syria. Zayn Bilkadi suggested that Antiochus <mask> wanted to take control over the Nabataeans' crude oil industry, while Alexander Fantalkin and Oren Tal suggested that the Nabataeans actively supported Philip I in his attempts to take control over Antiochus <mask>'s realm. First Nabataean campaign and the incursions of Philip I
<mask> <mask>'s first Nabataean campaign was launched in 87 BC, and might have included a battle near Motho, modern Imtan in the region of Hauran, as proposed by the historian Hans Peter Roschinski, who drew on the writings of Stephanus of Byzantium. The Byzantine historian preserved in his book, Ethica, fragments from a lost work by the historian Uranius of Apamea, who wrote a book titled Arabica, which has been dated to 300 AD. In the account of Uranius, King Antigonus I () is killed at Motho by a king of the Arabs named Rabbel. The name Motho could refer to a northern city in Hauran or a southern city in Moab. The name of Antigonus was regularly "corrected" to Antiochus by different scholars who believed that Uranius was referring to Antiochus <mask>.Roschinski considered it conceivable that Stephanus was conflating two events taking place during the reign of the Nabataean King Rabbel I: a battle of Antiochus <mask>'s first Nabataean campaign at Motho in the north, and the battle from the second Nabataean campaign in which Antiochus <mask> was killed. Shatzman, on the other hand, noted that nowhere in his work did Stephanus indicate that the battle of Motho took place in the north. Taking advantage of his brother's absence, Philip I seized Damascus, aided by the governor of the city's citadel, Milesius, who opened the gates to him. According to Josephus, Milesius received no reward from Philip I, who attributed the betrayal to the general's fear, leading Milesius to betray Philip I, who had left the city to attend an event in the nearby hippodrome. The general closed the gates, locking Philip I out, and awaited the return of Antiochus <mask>, who had hastily ended his campaign when he heard of his brother's occupation of the city. Modern scholars noted that Seleucid currency, struck during campaigns against a rival (or usurper), portrayed the King sporting a beard. During his first two years, Antiochus <mask>'s visage appeared beardless, but this changed in 228 SE (85/84 BC).This is possibly related to Philip I's attack on Damascus, but this supposition has little support, as Antiochus <mask> failed to take any action against his brother. No coins were minted during the period that Philip I held Damascus, indicating only a brief occupation of the city. Second Nabataean campaign, war in Judea and death
Although his territory directly abutted Nabataean territory, for his second Nabataean campaign Antiochus <mask> instead chose to march his forces through Judaea along the coast, probably to attack the Nabataean-dominated Negev, which would have cut off the port city of Gaza, threatened Nabataean Mediterranean trade, and curbed Nabataean ambitions in the Transjordan. This route would have allowed Antiochus <mask> to keep Alexander Jannaeus at bay. According to Josephus, the Judaean King feared Antiochus <mask>'s intentions and ordered the "Yannai Line" to be built, which consisted of a trench that fronted a defensive wall dotted with wooden towers. The trench stretched  from Caphersaba to the sea near Joppa. Antiochus <mask> leveled the trench, burned the fortifications, and continued his march into Nabataean territory.The account of the campaign, written by Josephus, is subject to some debate; the historian wrote that Antiochus <mask>'s forces defeated those of Alexander Jannaeus, but the eighth-century historian George Syncellus mentioned a defeat suffered by Antiochus <mask> at the hands of the Judaean king. The existence of the Yannai Line has been questioned by several historians, and Josephus's explanation of Alexander Jannaeus's attempt to stop the march of Antiochus <mask>, because of his fears of the latter's intentions, is unsatisfactory. Both the Nabataeans and Syrians were enemies of Judea and it would have been to Alexander Jannaeus's benefit if those two powers were in conflict. Syncellus may have been referring to an earlier confrontation between the Syrian king and Alexander Jannaeus. Thus the statement of Syncellus supports the notion that Antiochus <mask>'s second Nabataean campaign was also aimed at Judea; perhaps Antiochus <mask> sought to annex the coastal cities of Alexander Jannaeus as retribution for the defeat mentioned by Syncellus. Another objective would be subduing the Judaeans to keep them from attacking Syria while Antiochus <mask> was busy in Nabataea. The final engagement between the forces of Antiochus <mask> and the Nabataeans occurred near the village of Cana, the location of which is unknown, but is generally assumed by modern scholars to be southwest of the Dead Sea.Historian Siegfried Mittmann considered it to be synonymous with Qina, modern-day Horvat Uza, as mentioned by Josephus in Book 15 of his Antiquities. Details of the battle, as written by Josephus, spoke of the Nabataeans employing a feigned retreat, then counterattacking the Syrian forces before their ranks could be ordered. <mask> <mask> managed to rally his troops and weathered the attack, but he fought in the front lines, jeopardizing his life, and he eventually fell. The year of Antiochus <mask>'s death is debated, but his last coins struck in Damascus are dated to 230 SE (83/82 BC). Aftermath and legacy

According to Josephus, the death of the King resulted in a rout of the Syrian forces, with many being killed in the field or during the retreat. Survivors of the rout sheltered in Cana, where most died of starvation. <mask> <mask> was the last energetic Seleucid king.Little is recorded of Philip I after his attempt at annexing Damascus, which was left without a protector after the death of Antiochus <mask>. Fearing the Ituraean ruler, Ptolemy of Chalcis, the people of Damascus invited Aretas III of Nabataea to take the city. The numismatist Oliver D. Hoover suggested that Aretas III did not hold Damascus for long before the city returned to Seleucid possession. The identity of Antiochus <mask>'s wife remains unknown, but according to the sixth-century historian John Malalas, whose work is considered generally unreliable by scholars, the King had two daughters, Cleopatra and Antiochis. Cleopatra Selene, who went into hiding after the death of Antiochus X in 224 SE (89/88 BC), took advantage of Antiochus <mask>'s death and declared her son Antiochus <mask> king with herself as queen regent and regnant. Coins struck during her regency show the marks of the Damascus mint. Archeologist Nicholas L. Wright suggested that Cleopatra Selene's takeover of Damascus took place after 80 BC.Josephus called Antiochus <mask> the last Seleucid king, and Malalas, according to the translation of the historian Glanville Downey, followed suit; the last Seleucid king was in fact Antiochus <mask>, who was dethroned in 64 BC after Antioch was annexed by the Romans. Family tree

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See also

 List of Syrian monarchs
 Timeline of Syrian history

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

External links

 The biography of Antiochus <mask> in the website of the numismatist Petr Veselý. A collection of Antiochus <mask>'s coins in the website of the numismatist Petr Veselý. 2nd-century BC births
82 BC deaths
1st-century BC rulers in Asia
1st-century BC Seleucid rulers
Ancient Macedonians killed in battle
Antiochus 12
Antiochus 12
Antiochus 12
Year of birth unknown

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texts:
<mask> (born July 20, 1959) is an American education reform advocate and the author of the parenting book Simple Choices. She is the principal partner of the Keegan Company, an education policy consulting firm and the executative director of "A for Arizona," an. organization promoting a "shift (of) efforts toward studying schools that, despite being low income, are certainly on the high end of success." She served as Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction and as a senior policy advisor on education to Senator John McCain's presidential campaigns in 2000 and 2008. At the 2008 National Republican Convention in St. Paul, Minnesota she was a vice chairman of the Republican Party political platform committee, for which she wrote policy statements on education issues. Simple Choices  begins with <mask>'s memoir of building a family through divorce, abandonment, adoption, mental impairment, sexual identity and all the challenges life has to offer. Rather than weakening the family, Keegan shows how these trials can help build a stronger family bond.The book concludes with advice on how to nurture children to lead a life of service. <mask> has advocated for comprehensive education reform, including emphasis on standardized testing, school choice methods such as school vouchers, tuition tax credits, charter schools, and open enrollment. Political leaders for whom she has worked included several governors including Jeb Bush of Florida, Arnold Schwarzenegger of California, Jan Brewer of Arizona, and Chris Christie of New Jersey, and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. After the 2014 election she was appointed as education co-chair of Arizona Governor-elect Doug Ducey's transition team. Author
<mask> is the author and co-author of numerous books and articles. Her book Simple Choices: Thoughts on choosing environments that support who your child is meant to be is a parenting book published in 2013. Simple Choices begins with <mask>'s memoir of building a family through divorce, abandonment, adoption, mental impairment, sexual identity and all the challenges life has to offer.Rather than weakening the family, <mask> shows how these trials can help build a stronger family bond. The book concludes with advice on how to nurture children to lead a life of service. The forward to the book is written by <mask> McClendon and <mask>, <mask>'s step daughter and daughter respectively. They articulate the sense of family and service that <mask> imbued in her extended family. <mask> has authored numerous articles on education for Hoover Institution's magazine  Education Next and blog Liberating Learning, and other conservative groups including the Manhattan Institute and the Pioneer Institute, as well as the Arizona Republic. She co-authored the education chapter of Newt Gingrich's 2010 book To Save America: Stopping Obama's Secular-Socialist Machine. She has appeared as a speaker for think tanks, such as the Hoover Institute Board of Governors, Institute of Economic Affairs at the University of London, Empower America, Cato Institute, Heritage Foundation, and the American Enterprise Institute.Columnists such as George Will of Newsweek, David Brooks of the Weekly Standard, and Clint Bolick of National Review have featured <mask>'s reform agenda. Education consultant and reform advocate
<mask> <mask> is the principal partner of the Keegan Company, an education policy consulting firm. Since 2011 she has been a senior advisor to National School Choice Week. Previously she has been associated with Education Breakthrough Network, a coalition of organizations and individuals for school choice; and the Education Equality Project with Joel I. Klein, former Chancellor, NYC Public Schools, Dr. Michael Lomax of the United Negro College Fund, Janet Murguia, CEO, National Council of La Raza (NCLR). The EEP asserts quality education is a civil right of all Americans. <mask> has authored articles on education for Hoover Institution's magazine  Education Next and blog Liberating Learning, and other conservative groups including the Manhattan Institute and the Pioneer Institute, as well as the Arizona Republic. She has appeared as a speaker to think tanks, such as the Hoover Institute Board of Governors, Institute of Economic Affairs at the University of London, Empower America, Cato Institute, Heritage Foundation, and the American Enterprise Institute.Columnists such as George Will of Newsweek, David Brooks of the Weekly Standard, and Clint Bolick of National Review have featured <mask>'s reform agenda. <mask> is on the board of the Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility in Washington, D.C. Previously she served on Secretary's Commission on Opportunity in Athletics (Title IX), Empower America, Foundation for Teaching Economics, GreatSchools.net, Alliance for School Choice, and Children First America. She is the past-president of the school board of New Way Learning Academy, a school for special needs students. <mask> co-authored the education chapter of Newt Gingrich's 2010 book To Save America: Stopping Obama's Secular-Socialist Machine.In December 2011 it was announced that she would become the education policy advisor to Newt Gingrich's presidential campaign in early 2012. In 2018 The Center for Education Reform recognized <mask> <mask> for her unwavering commitment to providing students access to high-quality education with its Pioneer Award
. McCain campaign
During John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign, Keegan served as senior policy advisor on education issues to Republican nominee John McCain as well as vice-presidential nominee Gov.Sarah Palin. She helped to write the campaign's education policies and often served as McCain's surrogate in debates, on panels, and on radio and television where these issues were discussed. As a vice chairman of the 2008 Republican Party political platform committee, <mask> wrote national policy statements on behalf of the party. She was a prime-time speaker at the convention and was the principal spokesperson on education issues throughout McCain's campaign. She regularly debated a variety of political advisors to Senator Barack Obama's campaign on national media outlets such as Fox News and The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer on PBS. Professional background
<mask> was Arizona's Superintendent of Public Instruction from 1995 to 2001. Prior to becoming state superintendent, she served two terms in the Arizona House of Representatives from 1991 to 1995 where she was chair of the Education Committee.She was first elected as the Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1994 and reelected in 1998. This election marked first time in the history of the United States that all five of the top elected executive offices of a state were held by women: Jane Dee Hull, governor, Betsey Bayless, secretary of state, Janet Napolitano, attorney general, Carol Springer, treasurer, and <mask>, superintendent of public instruction. As superintendent, she was the director of the Arizona Department of Education, the state education agency, and oversaw the state's charter school program. A strong advocate for parental choice in education, as a legislator Keegan was the prime sponsor of one of the most comprehensive charter school law in the country. According to the Phoenix Business Journal, "As a result of her efforts... Arizona has become one of the fastest-growing charter states in the nation." Both as a legislator and Arizona's chief educational official, Keegan helped enact Arizona's Instrument to Measure Standards, which sets standards for math, reading, writing, and science students must meet for graduation. In response to criticism, Keegan took all phases of the test and posted her passing scores.She continued to resist, often unsuccessfully, political pressure to compromise the AIMS standards. Additionally, she helped the School Tuition Organization Tax Credit Bill become law. The bill created a tax-exempt funding source for funding of scholarships at private schools and enrichment programs at public schools. This law was the first time such a measure had been passed in the United States. Keegan served on Governor Jeb Bush's Restructuring Team for Florida Department of Education and on California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's Education Policy Transition Team. She was an education advisor to candidate George W. Bush and a member of the administration transition team, and one of two candidates interviewed by then President-elect George W. Bush to be Secretary of Education. In 2001, <mask> became the Chief Executive Officer of the Education Leaders Council (ELC), a non-profit, conservative education reform organization <mask> and other state school chiefs had founded in 1995.Under <mask>'s leadership, ELC gained federal funding for its project, Following the Leaders, to implement the reform policies of the new federal education law. However, an investigation by the U.S. Department of Education initially suggested that ELC did not comply with federal regulations for the funds it was expending, and federal procurement standards. A final audit, however, showed that ELC's financial and administrative management had actually undercharged the Department of Education and outstanding grant funding was ultimately paid to the ELC and its spin-off organization, Following the Leaders by the Department of Education. <mask>'s original three-year contract was extended to September 2004, after which she became an independent education and public policy consultant. From 2001 to 2004, Keegan contributed to implementing education policies and programs which include the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Following the Leaders School Implementation Program, American Board for Certification of Teacher Excellence,  Washington DC School Choice Program. In 2003 she was a member of Education Secretary Rod Paige's Title IX Commission. In 2006, Keegan became a consultant to Maricopa County, Arizona and eventually assistant county manager for community solutions and innovation.She left her job in May 2008 to join the McCain presidential campaign as education policy advisor. In 2020, she endorsed McCain's vice presidential opponent Joe Biden for president. Personal background
<mask> has a bachelor's degree in linguistics from Stanford University (1981) and a master's degree in communication disorders from Arizona State University (1983). In 1998, she received the Milton Friedman Foundation Award for free enterprise innovation in education. She received the Athena Award from Athena International, and was named Education Leader of the Year by the national Republican Party in 1999. The Adam Smith Award for Economics Education was presented to her in 2000. <mask> was inducted into the National Charter School Hall of Fame in 2013, in recognition of her service promoting parental choice in education.In 2011 the Arizona Chamber of Commerce and Industry recognized <mask>'s efforts to reform education by presenting her with Milton Friedman Transformational Leader Award. <mask> is a former senior warden in the Episcopal Church. In 1977, she won the title of National Champion by the International Arabian Horse Association. <mask> briefly served as the acting governor of Arizona in 1996 when Governor Jane Hull and other state officers were absent from the state. She is an advocate for marriage equality. In 2009, <mask> was selected for the World Leadership Award by the Arizona council of the Girl Scouts of the USA. The award was to recognize her "contribution to the community and (her) testament to the Girl Scouts' code of honor."video interview

<mask> was elected president of the Grand Canyon Council of the Boy Scouts of America in 2019. The Grand Canyon Council provides character development programs for boys and girls through most of the state of Arizona. She is the first woman to preside over the council. In 2020 she was awarded the Silver Beaver Award for “distinguished service to youth.”

<mask> is a mother of five adult children. She is married to John C<mask>, a retired military officer and judge in Arizona. References

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1959 births
21st-century American women
Arizona Republicans
Arizona State University alumni
Living people
Members of the Arizona House of Representatives
People from Palo Alto, California
Stanford University alumni
Superintendents of Public Instruction of Arizona
Women state legislators in Arizona

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