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 Potskhverashvili. In the summer of 1903, <mask> and A.S. Khakhashvili (Khakhanov), professor at the University of Moscow and specialist in the history of Georgian literature, made a tour of Svanetia (a high-altitude area in western Georgia), where they recorded some rare old Georgian folk songs. <mask> described the trip to his favourite teacher, S.I. Taneyev. in 1903–1908 with the same goal in view Paliashvili toured such districts as Racha, where he recorded local folk singers, and in particular a mestvire (Bag-piper); Guria (Ozurgeti), Imereti, Kartli and Kakheti. Some of the songs recorded by Paliashvili were published in Moscow as a collection in 1910, financed by the Georgian Philarmonic Society.These are Forty Georgian Folk Songs recorded by Z<mask> and Eight Folk songs rendered for choir and orchestra. <mask>, however, did not rest content. Whenever he had the least opportunity, he included folk songs elaborated by him in the concert programme of his choirs. Kliment Kvitka, Ukrainian musicologist and ethnographer, and the husband of Lesya Ukrainka, a distinguished Ukrainian poet, sang in one of these choirs. <mask> was a good friend of this talented daughter of the Ukrainian people and of her husband till Lesya Ukraininka's death. In 1908, on his initiative, a music school was opened under the Philharmonic Society. As the Society was short of funds, <mask> headed the school for several years without receiving any payment.Theoretical subjects were taught by Giorgi Natadze, one of <mask>'s closest friends and a graduate of Moscow Conservatorie. Ilya (Ia) Kargareteli, a prominent musician, singer and composer, initiated an association of staging operas in Georgian, which soon began to work under the patronage of the Georgian Philharmonic Society. The efforts of Kargareteli, <mask> and Niko Kartvelishvili led to the first ever Georgian-language performances of Gounod's Faust, Anton Rubinstein's Demon, Rossini's The Barber of Seville, Verdi's Aida and Bizet's Carmen in the Tbilisi opera house. The conductors were Z<mask> and N. Kartvelishvili. In May 1917, the Tbilisi Musical College was reorganised into the Tbilisi Conservatory. The post of director was offered to pianist and teacher N. Nikolayev, and that of inspector to Z<mask>. In 1918, when Nikolayev left Georgia, <mask> became the director of the Conservatorie.in 1919 he was awarded a professor's degree. <mask> continued to conduct classes in theoretical subjects at the Conservatorie. At the turn of the century, <mask> commenced working on his first opera "Abesalom da Etery". He was inspired in this by a folk legend, "Eteriany", which had been published in the Paskunji magazine (the fire bird, 1908) and rendered in the form of an opera libretto by Petre Mirianashvili, a teacher, writer and public personality of the time. The plot of the opera is based on a story of a prince who falls in love with a beautiful village girl. Believing in the sincerity of Absalom's feelings Etery marries him. At the same time, Murman, the closest friend of the prince and his visier also falls in love with Etery.Through malicious intrigues Murman destroys the happiness of the young couple. Parted from Etery Absalom falls ill and dies. Etery does not wish to live without Absalom and stabs herself to death. The opening night of this opera took place on February 21, 1919. It was produced by A. Tsutsunava and conducted by the author. The leading parts were performed by B. Zapliski (Absalom), who was soon substituted by Vano Sarajishvili; O. Bakutashvili-Shulgina (Etery) and Sandro Inashvili (Murman). The rousing success of his first opera had inspired <mask> to compose another – the lyrical-drama Daisi ("Twilight" or "Sunset") founded on the libretto by Valerian Gunia, a stage art personality, actor and playwright.The drama of love and jealousy in Daisi is shown against the background of national genre scenes. Maro, a beautiful young girl, is betrothed by the will of her parents to Kiazo, who is brave and ambitious. The girl, however, loves her childhood friend Malkhaz, a young warrior. Tsangal, the village jester, tells Kiazo about this, and the latter challenges Malkhaz. At this time the country is attacked by enemies. The people are alarmed, but the adversaries, forgetting their duty to their Motherland, continue duelling and Malkhaz is mortally wounded. The people sternly censure the man who failed to restrain his passions on the day of trial to the country.Maro grieves over the death of her sweetheart. Thus, twilight falls prematurely on the life of the three young people. <mask> dedicated this work to his only son Irakly, whose untimely death he had suffered deeply. The first showing of Daisi was held on December 19, 1923. It was produced and directed by Kote Marjanishvili, the sets were designed by Valerian Sidamon-Eristavi, the conductor was Ivane <mask>. The leading parts were performed by V. Sarajishvili (Malkhaz), E. Popova (Maro) and Krzhizhanovsky (Kiazko). When Sarajishvili died in November 1924 the part of Malkhaz was performed by a number of remarkable singers: N. Kumsiashvili, D. Andguladze, D. Badridze and M. Kvarelashvili.<mask>'s third opera, Latavra, after the libretto by Sandro Shanshiashvili, appeared five years later (the first showing was on March 16, 1928). Subsequent revisions (in 1950, particularly) noticeably improved the shortcomings of this opera which were mainly of an ideological character. "Daisi" and Latavra", a romance "who do I love?" to words by Ilia Chavchavadze and "lullaby" to the words of Mikhail Lermontov and several chamber pieces were dedicated to Nadejda Ivanovna Buzogly (Abashidze), a close friend of the composer, a merited artist of the Georgian Republic, professor of the Chair of Solo Singing of the Tbilisi Conservatorie, and candidate of sciences (arts). The "Collection of Ten Georgian and Russian folk songs" was dedicated by <mask> to Buzogly's sons Mikhail and Alexy. <mask> always enjoyed real friendship and respect of his talent in the family of the well-known civil engineer Mikhail Buzogly and his wife. Soviet period
Early in 1929 <mask> was invited to the Ukraine to conduct two concerts of Georgian music in Kharkov, then the capital of Ukrainian Soviet Republic.The concerts were held on January 28 and 29 and were very successful. The Ukrainian musical world warmly greeted the great Georgian composer. The reception in honor of <mask> was attended by distinguished representatives of Ukrainian culture and also by Henri Barbusse, a French writer who was on a visit to the Soviet Union at that time. He warmly thanked Zakharia <mask> for the aesthetic pleasure and for the discovery he had made "of a new world of musical Georgia". It was there that the idea came to produce in Kharkov Absalom and Eteri and in Tbilisi Taras Bulba, a Ukrainian classical opera by Nikolay Lysenko. Both were produced as suggested, the former in Kharkov on October 18, 1931 (Director – A. Pagava, décor – S. Nadareishvili), and the latter in Tbilisi in the winter of 1933. Absalom and Eteri was produced in Ukrainian by Konstantin Tsagareli, a gifted lawyer and close friend of the composer, jointly with O. Varava.In the summer of 1929, <mask> made his second visit to Azerbaijan. Two symphonic concerts were given in Baku, the capital of the republic, on July 23 and 24. The program was made up of <mask>'s works and the author conducted the orchestra. Sickness and death
Since the beginning of the 1930s, <mask> was frequently unwell. Having been diagnosed with sarcoma of the adrenal gland, the composer was taken to Leningrad to their friend Yustin Janelidze, a famous Soviet-Georgian surgeon. Janelidze operated on <mask>, but when he saw that surgical interference would do no good, he stopped the operation and sewed up the wound. He estimated that <mask> had only several months to live.<mask> was bedridden during the summer months of 1933 and his condition continually deteriorated, all the while a new season had begun at the Tbilisi Opera House. Several days before his death, <mask> reportedly wished to hear his opera Abesalom da Eteri for the last time. The radio was switched on and <mask> strained to listen, happy at first but soon contorted with severe pain. At 5 p.m. on October 6, 1933, he died. <mask> was buried on October 10 in the garden of the opera house next to the grave of his friend Ivane "Vano" Sarajishvili, known as the "Georgian nightingale". By a decree of the Soviet Georgian Government, the Tbilisi Second Musical School, the Tbilisi Ten-Year Musical School, the Batumi Musical School and a street in Tbilisi were named after the late composer. Later, a street in Moscow was also named after him.In 1959, the entire second floor of 10 Barnov Street, where <mask> lived from 1915 to 1933, was set aside as his Home-Museum, which contains valuable materials relating to the life and work of the composer. On October 8, 1962, a special ceremony marked the opening of a permanent exhibition at this museum. Another permanent exhibition dedicated mainly to the childhood and youth of the composer was opened in Kutaisi, in the house where he was born. There are special exhibits on <mask>'s life and work at the M. I. Glinka All-Union Museum of Musical

masks:
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
. Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
. Paliashvili
. Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili


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<mask> (), born with the surname "Zhidov" (, 30 March 1901 - 30 November 1977), was a Soviet military officer in the Red Army, who during World War II commanded the 66th Army, later renamed the 5th Guards Army, from the Battle of Stalingrad up till the end of the war. For his leadership of the army, <mask> was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. Postwar, <mask> commanded the Central Group of Forces and was deputy commander of the Soviet Ground Forces. Early life and prewar military career
<mask> was born on 30 March 1901 in the village of Nikolskoye in what is now Sverdlovsk district of Orel Oblast. He joined the Red Army in 1919 and fought in the Russian Civil War. He graduated from the Frunze Military Academy in 1934, and in 1940 he took command of a cavalry division. In late May 1941, while serving as the commander of the 21st Turkestan Mountain Cavalry Division in the Central Asian Military District, he was promoted to command the 4th Airborne Corps stationed in Pukhovichi in the Western Special Military District, the military administration of the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.Having primarily served in the Red Army's cavalry branch for 21 years, the promotion to command an airborne unit was a huge leap of responsibility for him. German Invasion of Soviet Union in 1941
During the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, Major General <mask> <mask> was en route on a train to Moscow from Tashkent in order to join the 4th Airborne Corps, which was now subordinated to the Soviet Western Front. When he arrived in Moscow on the morning of 24 June, he expected to hear news that the German attack had been promptly repulsed and the fight taken to German territory, but instead he was informed that the Soviet forces in the border areas were being battered and that communication among units and their lines of command had broken down. The next day on 25 June, he left on train for Minsk, the capital of Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. On the train, he met Colonel Nikolai Naumenko, who was en route to the headquarters of the Western Front's Air Force. After a German air raid while the train was in Orsha, further transportation on the railway was cancelled. He and Naumenko later at night continued in a staff car to Borisov, driving slowly since using headlamps were prohibited.They often got slowed down by heavy traffic moving in the opposite direction and also had to constantly avoiding German air raids. On 27 June, the panzer groups of the German Army Group Center reached the outskirts of Minsk. <mask> and Naumenko, instead of continuing to Minsk from Borisov, headed southeast to the headquarters of the Western Front located at a forest near Mogilev. On the morning of 28 June, he reported to the commander of the Western Front, General Dmitry Grigoryevich Pavlov, who simply briefed him: "The situation is complex, difficult, and most importantly is unclear." The forces of the Western Front were being mauled by German forces of Army Group Center in the Battle of Białystok–Minsk. Minsk fell to the German panzer groups of Army Group Center on 28 June, resulting in the encirclement of most of the Western Front's units. On that same day, Pavlov issued orders for the 214th Airborne Brigade of the 4th Airborne Corps to launch an airborne assault in support of Major General Andrei Grigorevich Nikitin's 20th Mechanized Corps against the supply lines of Colonel General Heinz Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group, but there was little information on the condition of 4th Airborne Corps or exactly where it was.On 27 June, the corps had been ordered by the Western Front headquarters to withdraw to the region of the Berezina River beyond the German encirclement, therefore <mask> had to drive down to the area in hopes of finding any personnel from the unit's headquarters. At first, he couldn't locate his unit, but after a few more trials, he made contact and joined the unit on the night of 29 June. In <mask>'s absence, the corps' Chief of Staff Colonel Alexander Fedorovich Kazankin had been commanding the unit, and had started preparations to execute Pavlov's orders of 28 June. On 30 June, the 214th Airborne Brigade began their attack, but since its paratroopers lacked the aircraft necessary to launch the airborne assault they deployed on trucks. The brigade failed to link up with the 20th Mechanized Corps, and both forces were easily defeated by the 2nd Panzer Group. The remnants of the brigade fought on for 3 months in the German rear and in the frontlines alongside other Soviet units. Throughout the first week of July, the 7th and 8th Airborne Brigades of the 4th Airborne Corps dug-in and defended along the banks of Berezina River.But by 7 July, the German 3rd and 4th Panzer Divisions had reached the Dnieper River far to the rear of <mask>'s two airborne brigades, which both still held their positions along the Berezina River. Therefore, <mask>'s units withdrew towards the Dnieper River to avoid being completely cut off, and by 13 July have joined up with Soviet forces defending along the river. In late September, the remnants of the 214th Airborne Brigade were trapped in an encirclement during the Battle of Kiev, but on 24 September 200 survivors escaped the pocket and reached Soviet lines near Lebedyn. On 28 September the survivors reunited with their parent corps at Engel Air Base near Moscow. Battle of Moscow
Starting on 2 August 1941, he served as the Chief of Staff of the 3rd Army, which was commanded by Lieutenant General Vasily Kuznetsov. He participated in the Battle of Moscow. Stalingrad Strategic Defensive
In May 1942 he took command of the 8th Cavalry Corps of the Bryansk Front.In October 1942 he took command of the 66th Army of the Don Front, which he commanded to the end of the war. His army took part in the Battle of Stalingrad, during which on 25 November 1942 he changed his surname from "Zhidov" to "<mask>" on Joseph Stalin's request, because the name sounded Jewish. <mask> <mask> was in reality ethnically Slav. <mask>'s 66th Army was renamed the 5th Guards Army for its bravery and tenacity displayed at Stalingrad. Battle of Kursk
In April 1943 the 5th Guards Army was subordinated to the Steppe Front, and later to the Voronezh Front on 8 July during the Battle of Kursk. The army took part in one of the largest tank battles in military history, the Battle of Prokhorovka during the Battle of Kursk. On the eve of the tank battle, his army had no tanks and was suffering from a severe shortage of artillery ammunition.Despite reporting that his army was in no shape to support the Soviet counterattack that resulted in the Battle of Prokhorovka, the failure of the counterattack was blamed on him. His army went on to perform successfully in Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev in the later phase of the Battle of Kursk, and he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for his army's performance in the Battle of Kursk. Soviet Offensives of 1944–1945
He participated in the Dnieper–Carpathian, Lvov–Sandomierz, Vistula–Oder and Prague Offensives. He was awarded Hero of the Soviet Union on 6 April 1945. On 25 April 1945, the 58th Guards Rifle Division of <mask>'s 5th Guards Army met the 69th Infantry Division of the United States First Army at the Elbe River, effectively cutting Germany in two. On 27 April in Torgau on the banks of the Elbe, the formal Handshake of Torgau was commemorated in front of cameras. On 30 April Zhadov hosted a boisterous victory party for the commanders and officers of the United States First Army and his 5th Guards Army, which included a banquet and carouse.During the party, he presented the First Army's commander, General Courtney Hodges, with the plaque of the 5th Guards Army received from the incumbent Soviet premier Joseph Stalin, and Hodges reciprocated by presenting the First Army's flag to him. Postwar
After World War II, he served as Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Ground Forces from 1946 to 1949, and as the head of the M. V. Frunze Military Academy from 1950 to 1954. From 1954 to 1955, he served as the Commander-in-Chief of the Central Group of Forces, and from 1956 to 1964 served as First Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Ground Forces. In September 1964 he became First Deputy Chief Inspector of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union. He retired from active duty in 1969. He died on 10 November 1977 and was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. His war memoir, Четыре года войны ("Four years of war"), was published the following year in 1978.Awards and decorations
Soviet Union

Foreign

References

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1901 births
1977 deaths
Bolsheviks
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Russian memoirists
Russian military personnel
Russian military personnel of World War I
Russian people of World War II
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class
Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Commanders of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients of the Order of the White Lion
Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross
Frunze Military Academy alumni
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union alumni
20th-century memoirists
Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Military Order of the White Lion
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
People from Oryol Governorate
Commandants of the Frunze Military Academy

masks:
Aleksey Semenovich Zhadov
Zhadov
Zhadov
Aleksey Zhadov
Aleksey
Zhadov
Zhadov
Zhadov
Zhadov
Zhadov
Zhadov
Zhadov
Aleksey
Zhadov
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Zhadov


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<mask> (June 28, 1885 – March 12, 1955) was the sixth chief executive of North Carolina State College (now North Carolina State University) from 1934 to 1953. An artillery officer in the U.S. Army Reserve, he was the first N.C. State alumnus to lead the institution and the first leader of the university to hold the title of Chancellor. Biography
<mask> was born in Double Shoals, North Carolina, though his postal address was listed as Lawndale, North Carolina. The son of Cleveland County farmer J. H<mask>, he was educated at Piedmont High School and then at N. C. State. Though he apparently enrolled initially as a textiles student, he changed his major to mechanical engineering by his sophomore year. He joined the college's Corps of Cadets in his sophomore year as a cadet corporal, and was promoted cadet first sergeant the following year. In July 1908, he enlisted in Company G of the 1st North Carolina Infantry, N. C. Army National Guard, serving a single term of enlistment.He was appointed captain of his cadet company in the fall of 1908, and was commended for his drilling abilities at a competition held on 16 October. Apart from his army training, Harrelson also served as historian of his sophomore class, as vice-president of his junior class, and as a commencement marshal in his senior year. He was also awarded honors in his sophomore and senior years. Harrelson graduated from the university in 1909 with a B.A. in engineering. After completing his bachelor's degree, <mask> returned to N.C. State as an instructor of mathematics in the fall of 1909, teaching arithmetic, algebra,  and plane and solid geometry, subsequently becoming a professor. During 1909 he also became a Freemason.In October 1915, he was commissioned a first lieutenant in the 1st Company of the North Carolina National Guard Coast Artillery Corps. In the same year, he completed an M.S. in mechanical engineering from N.C. State and was promoted to assistant professor of mathematics. In August 1916, <mask> was promoted to captain in the National Guard and was assigned command of the 1st Company, Coast Artillery, then stationed in Raleigh. Following the U.S. entry into World War I in 1917, <mask> took a leave of absence from N. C. State and was mobilized into the U.S. Army on July 25. He was given command of a training company at Fort Caswell, which included about 30 N.C. State alumni. In early 1918, he was posted on training courses in heavy artillery and anti-aircraft training at the Heavy Artillery School at Fort Monroe, Virginia.He resumed his command of the 7th Company at Fort Caswell on July 3, and until August 1918 also served as commander of the 1st Group Command, and as chief gunnery officer and commanding officer in charge of the post officers' school at Fort Caswell. <mask> was noted for his performance as a company commander, with his training company having produced 26 commissioned officers by that time. He was promoted to major in the National Army on August 9, 1918,  and was subsequently assigned to a post in Washington on the general staff in the office of Peyton C. March, the Chief of Staff of the United States Army. In this role, he took command of the personnel branch and wrote discharges for officers, including for himself. <mask> was demobilized in August 1919 with the rank of major, and returned to the college. In December 1920, he was transferred to the N.C. Field Artillery Corps of Organized Reserves. In the same month, he was commissioned a lieutenant colonel in the Coast Artillery Reserve, and was promoted to colonel on January 29, 1923, which led to him being popularly known as "<mask>" at the State College.Apart from teaching, Harrelson also served as a freshman football coach and as the graduate manager of athletics in 1921. Subsequently given command of the 534th Coast Artillery Regiment, on December 20, 1927, <mask> was transferred to command the 316th Field Artillery Regiment, 156th Field Artillery Brigade, 81st Division, reporting to Brigadier General Albert Lyman Cox. In 1929 he was appointed by Governor O. Max Gardner to head the State Department of Conservation and Development. He left the office in 1933 to head the Department of Mathematics at N.C. State. <mask> was a member of the local engineering fraternity Alpha Sigma Epsilon which became a chapter of Theta Tau in 1924. He was initiated as the second charter member of the new chapter. In 1934, following a reorganization at the Consolidated University of North Carolina, <mask> was appointed as the first "Dean of Administration" at N.C. State; the school's sixth chief executive and the first alumnus to lead the school.He was also appointed the North Carolina civilian aide to the Secretary of War the same year. In this appointment, he participated in the Carolina Maneuvers in the autumn of 1941 as the coordinator for the North Carolina exercises, spending two weeks on active duty. With the outbreak of war, <mask> was appointed chairman of the N.C. State Council of Civilian Defense. On February 25, 1943, <mask> was recalled to permanent active duty, becoming the first head of a major Southern college to be so assigned. Effective March 8, he was assigned to the training section of the Fourth Service Command, helping to manage military training programs in U.S. colleges and universities. In his absence during World War II, regular university affairs were administered by the faculty council. His title was changed to "Chancellor" in 1945.<mask> oversaw the establishment of the School of Design and the School of Forestry. <mask> retired from office in 1953 and became the college archivist. He left a $100,000 endowment to NC State for art purchases and a lecture series. In 1954, he was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering. On the evening of Saturday, 12 March 1955, <mask> was scheduled to give the main address, "Recollections of D.H. Hill," at the dedication of the new D.H. Hill Library building. Shortly after 8 p.m., he rose from his seat and stepped up to a microphone and podium in front of the circulation desk. Harrelson then began speaking, but before he could finish his first sentence, he suddenly collapsed to the floor, knocking over the microphone as he fell.He was rushed to Rex Hospital and placed under an oxygen tent, but was pronounced dead from a cerebral haemorrhage at 10:10 p.m.

Harrelson died two months before his 70th birthday. In his will, he left bequests to purchase outstanding mathematics works for the library, for a distinguished lecture series and for purchasing artworks for campus buildings including the library and student union. Legacy
In 2003, <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Theta Tau Alumni Hall of Fame. In 1961, <mask> Hall, a classroom building on the university's Main Campus housing mathematics and languages courses, was named after Harrelson. Notable for its unique cylindrical design, the building remained in use until 2015, shortly before its deconstruction in 2016. NCSU Libraries Special Collections Research Center currently houses <mask> <mask>'s manuscript papers and university archives. References

External links
Honorary Degrees Conferred
Crotts, Harrelson Inducted into Theta Tau 2003 Alumni Hall of Laureates
Guide to the <mask> <mask> Papers, 1908-1955
Guide to the John Harrelson Photograph circa 1940
History of the Mathematics Department at NCSU
Death notice in 1955 NCSU Agromeck

1885 births
1955 deaths
Chancellors of North Carolina State University
North Carolina State University alumni
Military personnel from North Carolina
American military personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel of World War II

masks:
John William Harrelson
Harrelson
. Harrelson
Harrelson
Harrelson
Harrelson
Harrelson
Harrelson
Colonel Harrelson
Harrelson
Harrelson
Harrelson
Harrelson
Harrelson
Harrelson
Harrelson
Harrelson
Harrelson
Harrelson
John William
Harrelson
John William
Harrelson


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<mask> (; 16 January 1878 – 16 March 1944) was an Ottoman prince, the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and his wife Bidar Kadın. Early life
<mask> was born on 16 January 1878 in the Yıldız Palace. His father was Sultan Abdul Hamid II, son of Sultan Abdulmejid I and Tirimüjgan Kadın. His mother was Bidar Kadın, a Circassian. He was the second son, and fifth child born to his father, and the second child of his mother. He had a sister Naime Sultan two years elder then him. Abdülkadir's circumcision took place in 1891, together with his younger half-brothers, <mask>, and Şehzade <mask>.Education and career
His early education took place in the Prince's School, Yıldız Palace, together with his elder brother, Şehzade <mask> Selim, and Sultan Abdulaziz's second son, Abdulmejid II. His tutor was Halil Agha. He spoke several languages, and was a pianist and a violinist, and kemenche player. He was taught to play the violin by violinist Vondra Bey, and his classical music teacher was Aranda Pasha. After graduating from the Prince's School, he was sent to Germany for his military education. He held the rank of major of cavalry regiment in the imperial Ottoman army. He was then promoted to colonel, and later to brigradier.Personal life
When Abdülkadir came of age, his father arranged his marriage to Emine Sultan, daughter of Sultan Abdulaziz and Nesrin Kadın. However, Emine abominated this decision and repudiated it as she didn't wanted to marry a man younger than her, although the Sultan considered this pertinent. Abdülkadir's first wife was Mislimelek Hanım. She was born in 1883. Her real name was Pakize Marshania. Her father was Prince <mask> Hasan Bey Marshania (1862–1917), an Abkhazian Officer in the Imperial Ottoman Army, whose family had migrated from the Caucasus, and her mother was Mevlüde Hanım. In 1890, aged seven, she was given to the palace, in order to become companion of her cousin Nemika Sultan.She married Abdülkadir on 10 June 1898. The marriage was performed by the Sultan's Senior Imam, Hafız Raşid Efendi and witnessed by Cevher Ağa, Esvabcıbaşı İsmet Bey, Imam of Sinan Paşa Mosque, Mustafa Asım Efendi, and the imperial harem departure manager, Ali Rıza Efendi. The wedding took place on 21 June 1898. She was the mother of <mask> Ahmed Orhan who died in 1901. At the exile of the imperial family in 1924, Mislimelek went to Hungary, then in 1933 to Bulgaria and later to Albania in 1943, where she was imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp between 1944–1945. At the end of World War II, she went to Beirut in 1946. She penned her memoirs in 1950s, and died in Tripoli in 1955.His second wife was Suhendan Hanım. She was born in 1882. She was an Abkhazian from Tokat. They married in 1902. She didn't have any children. They divorced in 1908. She died in 1929.His third wife was Mihriban Hanım. She was born in 1890. She was an Abkhazian born in Kayalar Memduhiye neighbourhood of Adapazarı. She had one brother. She was a slender, and beautiful woman, and had blonde hair. They married in 1907. She was the mother of Șehzade <mask> Orhan, born in 1909.After the two divorced in 1913, she went to live with her brother. She died in Egypt between 1955–1956. His fourth wife was Pervin Hanım. She was born in 1880. They married in 1908 and divorced the same year. She died in 1917. His fifth wife was Hadice Macide Hanım.She was born in 1899. She was the daughter of Mustafa Şerif Bey, Colonel in the Imperial Ottoman Army. In 1913, Abdülkadir showed his intentions to marry Macide. However, the parliament rejected the match on the basis of her family's social status. The prince married Macide Hanım despite the refusal. As a result Abdülkadir and Macide were deprived of their status. Abdülkadir's salary was halved, and the children born of this marriage were deprived from titles and inheritance.She was the mother of <mask> Ertuğrul Necib, born in 1914, and <mask> Alaeddin Kadir, born in 1917. At the exile of the imperial family, Macide went to Hungary, where the couple divorced  in 1925. She died in Vienna, Austria, in 1934. His sixth wife was Meziyet Fatma Hanım. She was born in Crete in 1908. She was the daughter of Mecid Bey, Colonel in the Imperial Ottoman Army. In 1922, Abdülkadir fell in love with her.The marriage took place in the neighbourhood of Osman Ağa in Kadıköy, and was performed by Imam Süleyman Efendi in the presence of the representatives and witnesses of the parties. Soon after, the incident was reported to the council. On the other hand, a man named Selim Sipahi, alleged that Meziyet was his wife. However, his claim was rejected because before the marriage, they had obtained permission form the Heybeli Ada Imam Şevket Efendi and the Naib of Kartal District Court of religious law. However, as the marriage was performed without the parliament's permission, it was rejected. Meziyet and the children born from this marriage were deprived from their status. She was the mother of Bidar Sultan, born in 1924, and Neslişah Sultan, born in 1925.In accordance to the Surname Law, she took the surname "Osmanoğlu". She died on 13 November 1989, and was buried in Karacaahmet Cemetery, Istanbul. His seventh wife was Irène Imer. They married in 1925. She gave birth to <mask> Osman the same year. They divorced in 1926. Later life and death
On 27 April 1909, Abdul Hamid was deposed, and sent into exile in Thessaloniki.<mask>, however, remained in Istanbul. After Thessaloniki fell to Greece in 1912, Abdul Hamid returned to Istanbul, and settled in the Beylerbeyi Palace, where he died in 1918. He had been allocated a villa on the grounds of the Yıldız Palace. Between 1909 and 1924, he lived in the Kızıltoprak Palace and Büyükdere waterfront Palace. At the exile of the imperial family in March 1924, Abdülkadir and his family settled in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary. On 14 January 1925, he gave the power of attorney to Sami Günzberg, a well-known Turkish Jewish lawyer, authorising him to regain from usurpers buildings, lands, mines, concessions left by Abdul Hamid situated in Turkish territory and elsewhere. After which, he sold Abdülkadir's mansion in Feneryolu to the former Khediva Ikbal Hanim.However, he didn't send money to the prince. Günzberg also transferred the prince's stake in Mosul oil to the American Oil Company, and sent a small amount of money to the prince for ten years. <mask> and his family later went to Sofia, Bulgaria, in 1933. In 1943, he renovated the mausoleum of Bali Efendi in Sofia. The prince suffered a heart attack in the bunker during an air raid of American aircraft on 16 March 1944. He died by being crushed during the stampede. He was buried in Sofia.Honours

 Order of the House of Osman, Jeweled
 Order of Glory, Jeweled
 Order of Distinction, Jeweled
 Order of Osmanieh, Jeweled
 Order of the Medjidie, Jeweled
 Imtiyaz Medal in Silver
 Imtiyaz Medal in Gold
 Liakat War Medal in Gold
 Hicaz Demiryolu Medal in Gold
 Iftikhar Sanayi Medal in Gold
 Greek War Medal in Gold
 Outstanding Navy Medal in Gold

Military appointments
Military ranks and army appointments
 Major of the Cavalry Regiment, Ottoman Army
 Colonel of the Cavalry Regiment, Ottoman Army
 Brigadier of the Cavalry Regiment, Ottoman Army

Issue

In popular culture
In the 2017 TV series Payitaht: Abdülhamid, Şehzade <mask> <mask> is portrayed by Turkish actor Can Sipahi. Ancestry

References

Sources

External links

 Family Tree, descendants of Sultan Mahmud II. Retrieved 2011-02-28. Abdul Hamid II
Ottoman princes
1878 births
1944 deaths
Civilians killed in World War II
Deaths by airstrike during World War II
Deaths by American airstrikes

masks:
Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir
Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir
Şehzade Ahmed Nuri
Mehmed Burhaneddin
Mehmed
Abdülkadir
Şehzade
Mehmed
Şehzade
Şehzade
Şehzade
Abdülkadir
Abdülkadir
Mehmed
Abdülkadir


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<mask>., OBE (18 February 1910 – 27 September 1946) was a British test pilot. He was  the son of <mask>, the English aviation pioneer and aircraft designer. Early life
<mask> was born on 18 February 1910 at Crux Easton, Hampshire, the son of Sir <mask>, founder of the de Havilland Aircraft Company, and his wife, Louise (1881–1949). <mask> was the eldest of three children, the others being Peter Jason (born in 1913)  and John (born in 1918).. He first flew at the age of 8 months, carried in his mother's arms in a plane piloted by his father. At the age of 6, he was flying as a passenger with his father at Hendon in a D.H.6. While he was at Stowe School from 1924 to 1927, his parents would visit him in a Gipsy Moth, landing in a field in the school grounds.In 1928, he joined the de Havilland company as a premium  apprentice, working in the engineering department, with his last two years spent in the drawing  office. Alongside his apprenticeship, he learnt to fly at the Royal Air Force Reserve School located on de Havilland's Stag Lane aerodrome. In 1929, he took his "B" licence. When his apprenticeship ended in 1932, he left to join the Aircraft Operating Company as a pilot carrying out air survey work in South Africa. This gave him very little flying experience, and at the end of six months he returned to England and became a flying instructor, first at the de Havilland Aeronautical Technical School and later at the London Aeroplane Club, Hatfield, Hertfordshire. Test pilot
In the early 1930s, Hubert Broad was the de Havilland company's chief test pilot and Robert Waight was the production test pilot; by 1934, production was increasing rapidly and <mask> was given the opportunity to assist with the production test flying. Broad left the company in 1935 and Waight took his place, but he was killed in the de Havilland T.K.4 crash in October 1937, and <mask> <mask>. then became the company's chief test pilot at the age of 27.Waight's death plunged <mask> into the  development trials of the Albatross. This was a considerable step for a pilot who had not till then flown a wide variety of aircraft. The design of the Albatross was advanced for the 1930s: the engines were new, its ply-balsa composite construction was new, and its  layout  was novel. On 22 December 1938, he undertook the maiden flight of the Flamingo, <mask>'s first all-metal stressed-skin aircraft. For the next seven years, he made the first flight, and carried out the development flying, of every <mask> Havilland prototype, including the de Havilland Mosquito and the de Havilland Vampire. On 11 April 1939, <mask> and John Cunningham narrowly escaped with their lives during a test of a Moth Minor's spin response. At 8,000 feet, the aircraft was put into a right-hand spin; however, the engine stopped, adversely affecting airflow over the rudder and tailplane so the aircraft did not respond to <mask>'s control inputs.When the aircraft had failed to recover after five turns, both men bailed out. When the UK entered the Second World War, <mask> were manufacturing Oxfords and Flamingos, which <mask> was testing. By the height of the Battle of Britain, <mask> were also carrying out emergency repairs on battle-damaged Hurricanes, and Dick Reynell, then a Hawker test pilot, visited <mask> to train <mask> on the flight characteristics of the Hurricane. On one test flight of a repaired Hurricane, the whole canopy detached at 4,000 feet and hit <mask> in the face; he was initially blinded, but could fly by holding his face close to the instrument panel, and he managed to land despite severely impaired vision. This incident left permanent scars across his nose. On another occasion, a Hurricane's oxygen bottle contained only compressed air, causing <mask> to blame its effects on him on the previous night's party. <mask> made the first flight of the Mosquito prototype (E0234) on 25 November 1940 from the Hatfield aerodrome.More challenging was the first flight of the Mosquito fighter in May 1941 . Like the original prototype, the aircraft had been manufactured in the dispersal factory at Salisbury Hall, but to save the six weeks that would have been spent in transporting and rebuilding the airframe at Hatfield, <mask> used adjacent fields as a runway by having bridges built over ditches to give him a 450-yard run for take-off, and then flew the fighter to Hatfield. Following an informal approach by Henry Tizard in January 1941, the de Havilland company began developing an experimental jet fighter that would later become the DH.100 Vampire. In preparation for its development flying, <mask> flew the Gloster E28/39. He made the first flight of the Vampire on 20 September 1943, making him the third British test pilot (after Gloster's Gerry Sayer and Michael Daunt) to conduct the maiden flight of a jet-powered aircraft. <mask> was awarded the OBE in the King's birthday honours in 1945. <mask> died on the evening of 27 September 1946 whilst carrying out high-speed tests in the de Havilland DH 108 TG306 which broke up over the Thames Estuary, the remains of the aircraft being discovered the following day in the mud of Egypt Bay, Gravesend, Kent.His body was found on the mud flats at Whitstable, his parachute pull ring untouched; he had suffered a broken neck, the result of the aircraft having undergone severe and violent longitudinal oscillations prior to break-up, which caused <mask>'s head to strike the cockpit canopy with great force. Another pilot who flew the DH 108, Capt. Eric "Winkle" Brown, suggested that a factor in <mask>'s death was his height; Brown suffered similar oscillations during a test flight but, because of his shorter stature, they did not cause his head to contact the cockpit hood. The David Lean film The Sound Barrier refers to this event. <mask> was succeeded as Chief Test Pilot by John Cunningham. Personal life
<mask> was a cousin of the actresses <mask> <mask> and Joan Fontaine. In 1933, he married Gwendoline <mask>.They divorced in 1942, and in 1943 he married Pipette Marion Scott Bruford. There were no children of either marriage. <mask>'s brother <mask> <mask> was also a test pilot for de Havilland and was killed in an accident while flying a Mosquito in 1943. References

 Birtles, Philip. "Beyond the Barrier." Aeroplane Monthly August 1973. External links
 "Britain's Test Pilots – No.5 – <mask> <mask>, OBE" a 1946 Flight article

1910 births
1946 deaths
English aviators
English test pilots
<mask>
<mask> from Ashmansworth
People from Buckinghamshire
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in England
Royal Air Force officers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Segrave Trophy recipients
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1946

masks:
Geoffrey Raoul de Havilland Jr
Geoffrey de Havilland
Geoffrey Raoul de Havilland
Geoffrey de Havilland
Geoffrey
Geoffrey
Geoffrey de
Havilland Jr
Geoffrey
de Havilland
de
de Havilland
de Havilland
de Havilland
Geoffrey
de Havilland
de Havilland
Geoffrey
Geoffrey
Geoffrey
Geoffrey
Geoffrey
Geoffrey
De Havilland
De Havilland
de Havilland
de Havilland
Geoffrey
Geoffrey
Olivia de
Havilland
Maud Alexander
Geoffrey
John de
Havilland
Geoffrey de
Havilland
De Havilland
Geoffrey People


texts:
<mask> (née Holman; born June 1, 1960) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative from Georgia's 6th congressional district. The district, which was once represented by Republicans such as former House Speaker Newt Gingrich and Senator Johnny Isakson, includes many of Atlanta's affluent northern suburbs, such as Alpharetta, Roswell, Johns Creek, Dunwoody, Sandy Springs, Brookhaven, and parts of Tucker and Marietta. McBath is a member of the Democratic Party. McBath's son, Jordan Davis, was murdered in November 2012. She became an advocate for gun control, joining other mothers of black murder victims to form the Mothers of the Movement, and spoke at the 2016 Democratic National Convention. McBath ran for the House of Representatives in 2018 and defeated Republican incumbent Karen Handel. <mask> and Handel faced each other again in the 2020 election, and McBath won.Early life and career
<mask> was born in Joliet, Illinois, on June 1, 1960. Her father, Lucien Holman, was a dentist who owned The Black Voice, an African-American newspaper, and served as president of the NAACP's Illinois chapter. Her mother, Wilma, worked as a nurse. <mask> has a sister, Lori. McBath attended Virginia State University and graduated with a bachelor's degree in political science in 1982. After college, she worked as an intern for former Virginia governor Douglas Wilder. In the 1990s, she became a flight attendant for Delta Air Lines and relocated to Atlanta, where Delta is headquartered.Political activism

In 2012, <mask>'s 17-year-old son, Jordan Davis, was shot and killed following an argument at a gas station in Florida about loud music. The shooting and its aftermath received national attention, and prompted discussion about controversial self-defense laws, commonly known as stand-your-ground laws. Her son's killer, Michael Dunn, was convicted of first-degree murder and was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Following her son's death, <mask> joined Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense in America as a national spokeswoman. She attended a speech on gun violence at the White House given by President Barack Obama, and supported the My Brother's Keeper Challenge. <mask> also joined the gun control advocacy group Mothers of the Movement, which consists of African American women whose children have been killed by gun violence. McBath opposed campus carry legislation in Florida.McBath campaigned actively for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election and spoke on her behalf at the 2016 Democratic National Convention. <mask> created a foundation, Champion In The Making Legacy, to help high school graduates continue their education and training. <mask> appeared in a 2015 documentary film, 3 1/2 Minutes, 10 Bullets, that explored her son's shooting. She also appeared in the 2015 documentary film The Armor of Light, in which Rob Schenck, a pro-life Evangelical minister, discusses gun violence in America; The Armor of Light won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Social Issue Documentary. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
2018

McBath credits her decision to run for office to a meeting with State Representative Renitta Shannon, who urged her to run. Several other factors contributed to her decision, including the election of Donald Trump and the undoing of previously enacted gun control measures. After initially planning to run for the Georgia House of Representatives against incumbent Republican Sam Teasley in 2018, she decided after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting to instead challenge Karen Handel, the incumbent Republican in the United States House of Representatives representing .Although the 6th has historically tilted Republican, Handel was thought to be vulnerable. Trump barely carried the district in 2016. Handel defeated Jon Ossoff in a hotly contested 2017 special election that remains the most expensive U.S. House race in American history. In the Democratic Party primary election on May 22, <mask> led all challengers with 36% of the vote. She defeated Kevin Abel, the second-place finisher, in the July 24 runoff election with 53.7% of the vote. <mask> faced Handel in the November general election and declared victory with 159,268 votes, surpassing Handel's 156,396 with 100% of precincts reporting. She became the first Democrat to represent this district since it moved to Atlanta's northern suburbs in 1993.Indeed, she was the first Democrat to garner even 40% of the vote in a general election for the district since Gingrich left office in 1999. A number of reports described <mask> as the first Democrat to represent this district since Gingrich won it in 1978. But for his first seven terms, Gingrich represented a district that stretched across a swath of exurban and rural territory south and west of Atlanta; he transferred to the reconfigured 6th after the 1990 census. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution called <mask>'s victory "the biggest Georgia Democratic upset of the 2018 midterms." 2020

<mask> was discussed as a possible candidate in the 2020 Georgia Senate special election. According to The Hill, Democrats considered her "one of the top potential contenders" for the seat. But she declined to run for that office, saying she preferred to continue focusing on her work in the House.<mask> raised $620,000 in the fourth quarter of 2019. As of the end of 2019, she had $1.3 million cash on hand for her reelection bid. 93% of her contributions came from small-dollar donors. She won the November 3 general election with 54.2% of the vote in a rematch against Karen Handel. She got a significant boost from Joe Biden carrying the district with 55% of the vote, the first time a Democrat had carried the district at the presidential level in its present configuration as a northern suburban district. 2022
In the 2021 redistricting session, <mask>'s district was significantly altered by Republican state legislators: the 6th district lost its portion of heavily Democratic DeKalb County in exchange for conservative exurban counties such as Forsyth and Cherokee. The new configuration shifts the district from one that voted for Biden by double digits to one that voted for Trump by double digits, likely securing the seat for Republicans in the 2022 elections.Reports speculated that <mask> could run in another district. In November 2021, <mask> announced that she would run for reelection in the 7th district. Currently held by Democrat Carolyn Bourdeaux, the district became significantly more Democratic in redistricting. Tenure
<mask> cosponsored the Honoring American Veterans in Extreme Need ("HAVEN") Act, which gives disabled veterans bankruptcy protections. <mask> co-sponsored legislation to extend Pell Grant eligibility to college students if their school closed or if school officials committed institutional fraud or misconduct. Committee assignments

 Committee on Education and Labor
 Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions
 Subcommittee on Workforce Protections
 Committee on the Judiciary
 Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law
 Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security

Caucus memberships

 Congressional Black Caucus
 New Democrat Coalition

Political positions

Abortion
<mask> supports legal abortion. She has said she supports funding programs that give women "autonomy over their reproductive decisions".Health care
McBath supports changes to the Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare. She opposes Medicare for All. <mask> supports expanding Medicaid in Georgia, and would lower the age of Medicare eligibility to 55. Economy
<mask> has said she is critical of some of the 2017 Republican tax cuts, but would like to make the temporary middle-class tax cuts permanent. McBath voted for the Raise the Wage Act, which would increase the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour. Before voting for the bill, the centrist New Democrat coalition (of which McBath is a part) secured some changes: a longer timeline to phase in the wage increases, and provisions that would pause wage increases if a federal study shows adverse economic impacts. Gun control
<mask> initially decided to run for Congress because she believed the government was not doing enough to prevent gun violence.She supports universal background checks before purchasing a firearm, as well as red flag laws to keep guns out of the hands of people at risk of violence. During the 2018 election, McBath vowed to respect Second Amendment rights. She also promised to push for "implementing background checks for all firearm purchases; raising the minimum age to purchase a gun to 21 years of age; working to defeat conceal carry reciprocity measures; and introducing legislation to keep guns out of the hands of domestic abusers and other criminals." Immigration
McBath opposes abolishing the Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency (ICE). Donald Trump
Before the Trump-Ukraine scandal, McBath had been cautious about impeaching President Donald Trump, or opposed it outright. For instance, in the aftermath of the Mueller investigation, McBath was one of 137 Democrats to vote to kill an impeachment resolution. In October 2019, <mask> voted in favor of launching an impeachment inquiry into Trump.She sits on the House Judiciary Committee, which has been tasked with handling some impeachment-related business. During a town hall event, she said she had felt "furious" about "the lack of accountability" from the Trump administration, due to what she called a lack of responsiveness to congressional subpoenas. At the same event, she said, "I don't like having to [participate in the impeachment process]. ... I don't want to have to say this about our President of the United States and the White House." On December 18, 2019, <mask> voted for articles of impeachment against Trump on the House Judiciary Committee. Joe Biden
As of August 2021, <mask> had voted in line with President Joe Biden's stated position 100% of the time.Electoral history

Personal life
<mask> grew up in a military family; her father, brother, nephew and cousin all served in the US military in some capacity. McBath has survived two bouts of breast cancer. She is married to <mask>. They live in Marietta. McBath often speaks of tragedies she has faced. In 1993, she was rushed to the emergency room while pregnant with her first son, Lucien. She suffered a fetal demise and was admitted to the hospital to deliver Lucien naturally.A year later, she was pregnant again and gave birth to her son Jordan. McBath is deeply religious and named him after the River Jordan in the Bible. In 2012, Jordan was murdered in what became known as the "Loud Music Shooting." See also
 List of African-American United States representatives
 Politics of Georgia
 Women in the United States House of Representatives
 Doreen Lawrence

References

Further reading

External links

 U.S. House website
<mask> for Congress campaign website

|-

1960 births
Activists from Georgia (U.S. state)
21st-century African-American activists
African-American members of the United States House of Representatives
African-American people in Georgia (U.S. state) politics
African-American women in politics
American gun control activists
American women activists
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Flight attendants
Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Joliet, Illinois
People from Marietta, Georgia
Women in Georgia (U.S. state) politics
Virginia State University alumni
21st-century American women
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

masks:
Lucia Kay McBath
McBath
McBath
Lucy
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
McBath
Curtis McBath
Lucy McBath


texts:
<mask> (田中智學, 1861–1939) was a Japanese Buddhist scholar and preacher of Nichiren Buddhism, orator, writer and ultranationalist propagandist in the Meiji, Taishō and early Shōwa periods. He is considered to be the father of Nichirenism, the fiercely ultranationalistic blend of Nichiren Buddhism and Japanese Nationalism espoused by such figures as Nissho Inoue, Kanji Ishiwara and Ikki Kita. Notably, however, the children's writer, poet, and rural activist Kenji Miyazawa also idolized <mask>, and both Miyazawa and Ishiwara joined his flagship organization, the Kokuchūkai, in 1920. Early life
Born Tada Tomonosuke in Tokyo (then called Edo), the third son of a noted physician and former devotee of Pure Land Buddhism who had converted to Nichiren Buddhism, <mask> was placed under the care of the Rev. Kawase Nichiren following the death of his parents in 1870. Enrolled as a novice at Kawase's temple, he later entered the Nichiren Buddhist academy of Daikyo-in (the predecessor to Rissho University), during which time he adopted the sobriquet "Chigaku", meaning "Wisdom and Learning". However, during this time, <mask> came to be disillusioned with the sect's leadership, who he considered too passive in their teachings, and in 1879 he abandoned the priesthood and set out to establish himself as a lay preacher of the "true" Nichiren Buddhism.Briefly employed at a German engineering company in Yokohama, he was quickly drawn to religious proselytizing, joining the lay organization Nichirenkai (日蓮会) as a preacher, in which capacity he honed his public speaking skills and developed his own distinct uncompromising Nichiren doctrine, which he came to refer to as "Nichirenism" (日蓮主義, Nichirenshugi). Evolution of spiritual-political philosophy
The 1890s saw <mask>'s spiritual philosophy evolve in an increasingly nationalistic manner, taking to concluding his works with the twin salutations of Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō "Homage to the Lotus Sutra" and "Imperial Japan for Ever and Ever" (). The decade saw him carry out extensive lecturing tours throughout Japan and establish his Nichiren study group, Rissho Ankokukai (立正安国会) from his new base in Kamakura. A noted anti-Christian and staunch opponent of Christian missionaries in Japan, he applauded Japan's triumph in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, stating that "The war with Russia is divinely inspired to make Japanese citizens aware of their heavenly task." In 1908, he moved his base to Miho, Shizuoka Prefecture, where he would write his most famous work, "The Doctrine of Saint Nichiren" () in 1911, in which he casts the radical 13th century priest Nichiren as the champion of the Japanese nation, and called for world unification through Nichirenism with the emperor as its core. "Japan's very purpose of existence," he writes, "is the implementation of this plan, as a country conceived for building Nichiren Buddhism." in 1914, <mask> amalgamated all of his followers into a single organization, the ( based in Miho.He would maintain a busy lecture schedule until illness curtailed his activities in the late 1930s, traveling not only throughout Japan but also embarking on speaking tours of Japanese-occupied Korea and Manchukuo, where he supported and gave lectures to Puyi, who had been appointed Emperor of Manchukuo. His nationalist and imperialist convictions only hardened with age, believing that Japan's 1931 takeover of Manchuria was divinely ordained and part of a divine plan to spread the "true" Nichiren Buddhism throughout Asia. He even went as far as to compile diagrams of the states in which the "Nichirenization" of the world would take place. By the 1950s he foresaw a total of 19,900 students, 19,200 instructors and 23,033,250 followers spread across the Asia-Pacific region reaching as far as New Zealand. While best known as a preacher and an orator, <mask> was also a skilled poet and dramatist with a keen interest in the traditional theatrical arts of Japan. He wrote and performed numerous plays, all with a heavily moralistic undertone, and produced a volume of essays, songs and poems. <mask> died in 1939 at the age of 79, and is entombed in the Myoshu Mausoleum in Tokyo.His son, Dr. Satomi Kishio, took over the reins of his organization, and remained a staunch defender of his father in the postwar era when numerous academics denounced him as a fascist for his ideology's links to such ultranationalist figures as Nissho and Kita. References

Sources

 堀まきよう (Hori Makiyo), 「井上日召の`カギの折伏、：血盟団事件について」("Inoue Nissho and his Terrorist Ideology: Some Notes on the Blood-Pledge Corps Incident") in the Waseda Journal of Political Science and Economics (早稲田政治経済学雑誌) 328 (1996). Gerald Iguchi, Nichirenism as Modernism: Imperialism, Fascism, and Buddhism in Modern Japan (Ph.D. Dissertation), University of California, San Diego, 2006 -
 Godart, G. Clinton, "Nichirenism, Utopianism, and Modernity: Rethinking Ishiwara Kanji’s East Asia League Movement," Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 42/2: 235–274
 Edwin Lee, "Nichiren and Nationalism: The Religious Patriotism of <mask> Chigaku," in Monumenta Nipponica 30:1 (1975). Murakami Shigeyoshi. Japanese Religion in the Modern Century. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1908, pp. 19–32
 大谷栄一 (Ōtani Ei'ichi), 『近代日本の日蓮主義運動』  (Modern Japan's Nichirenism Movement), Kyōto: Hōzōkan, 2001.George Tanabe Jr., " "<mask> Chigaku: The Lotus Sūtra and the Body Politic," in G. Tanabe, ed. The Lotus Sūtra in Japanese Culture. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1989. 戸頃重基 (Tokoro Shigemoto), 『近代日本宗教とナショナリズム』(Modern Japanese Religion and Nationalism), Tokyo: Fuzanbo Press, 1966. Shizuoka Profiles: <mask> (En.) Kishio Satomi; <mask> <mask>, Discovery of Japanese idealism, London : K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. ; New York : E.P. Dutton & Co., 1924
 Montgomery, Daniel (1991).Fire in the Lotus, The Dynamic Religion of Nichiren, London: Mandala, , page 217-218

Further reading

 Marchand Louis. Mystique du panjaponisme. Un « Mein Kampf » nippon. In:Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations. 1e année, N. 3, 1946. pp. 235–246.(French)
 <mask>gaku: What is Nippon Kokutai? Introduction to Nipponese National Principles. Shishio Bunka, Tokyo 1935-36

See also
 Inoue Nissho
 Ishiwara Kanji
 Japanese nationalism
 Nichiren Buddhism
 Religion in Japan

1861 births
1939 deaths
Nichiren Buddhism
Japanese Buddhists
People from Shizuoka Prefecture
People from Tokyo
Nichiren Buddhists
Founders of new religious movements

masks:
Tanaka Chigaku
Tanaka
Tanaka
Tanaka
Tanaka
Tanaka
Tanaka
Tanaka
Tanaka
Tanaka
Tanaka Chigaku
Chigaku
Tanaka
Tanaka Chi


texts:
<mask> (July 2, 1912, Larne, County Antrim, Ireland – November 15, 1998, Vancouver, BC, Canada), known as <mask> or R. J<mask>, was a linguist, a pioneer of the academic study of Ulster-Scots as well as a linguistic authority on Canadian English. Personal and early childhood

<mask>, the second child and eldest son of <mask> and Margaret McDowell, was born July 2, 1912 in a house on Glenarm Road in Larne, County Antrim, Ireland. In 1905, his grandfather <mask>, and his family, arrived in Larne from the Clough area of Co Antrim. George Gregg & Sons operated a road contracting business, and many of the roads in and around Larne were built by the Gregg Company . The McDowell family came from the Glynn/Gleno area of Larne. From a young age, <mask> was interested in linguistics. He grew up around the “urban modified English” in Larne.However, he and his brother frequently holidayed at the countryside with his mother's relatives. In the more rural areas he discovered the Ulster-Scots language. He stated in his M.A. dissertation that his 'linguistic curiosity was early aroused by the sharp contrasts' between the two language varieties, and 'these bilingual comparisons have always been discussed with interest in my own family, and with the help in particular of my mother and my brother'. By his teenage years, he began collecting linguistic material. By 1930, he was already writing down his own notes regarding his research on linguistics. He later married his wife Millicent, known also as “Penny,” (née Bowman).With her, he had three sons and a daughter. They moved with him to Vancouver, BC, Canada in 1954. Education

<mask> began his education at Larne Grammar School. It was here where he, as a teenager, began to notice the striking differences between the urban modified English taught and practiced there with the speech of some of his classmates, which included a cousin, who were from the rural areas. After graduating from Larne Grammar School, he attended Queen's University, Belfast. He graduated from Queen's in 1933 with a B.A. (Honours) degree that mainly focused on French and German and somewhat focused on Spanish.He then studied in pre-war Germany, where he experienced the effects of fascism first hand. Subsequently, his M.A. was also taken at Queen's University. His dissertation, presented May 1953, was on the historical phonology of the East Antrim Ulster-Scots

Between 1933 and the culmination of his Master's studies, he also studied Latin and Spanish. He passed his examinations in Intermediate Latin in 1948 and took a B.A. in Spanish, both at the University of London. From 1960 to 1963 he worked on his doctorate at the University of Edinburgh, where  he studied “The Boundaries of the Scotch-Irish Dialects in Ulster.”

Career

<mask> began his teaching career as a Senior Modern Languages Master at Regent House School, Newtownards, in 1934.He taught as Head of the Modern Languages Department and Senior Master at Belfast Mercantile College from 1939 to 1954. He Immigrated to Canada in 1954 and was appointed Assistant Professor of French at the University of British Columbia in January 1955. Later, he become a Professor in the Department of Linguistics in 1969, and subsequently became the Head of that Department from 1972 to 1980. After he retired from teaching, he set up the first language laboratory in Canada at the University of British Columbia. For a time he was co-editor with <mask> of the Ulster Dialect Dictionary project. This project was put on hold and <mask> went on to other things. In 1989, the Department of Education in Northern Ireland commissioned the Concise Ulster Dictionary and <mask> was enlisted as a consultant and editor through 1994.This Dictionary made its appearance in 1996. <mask> was a member of the Canadian Linguistic Association. In 1957 the Association established a Lexicographical committee, whose goal was the creation of three dictionaries. Out of this committee came the Gage Dictionary of Canadian English, of which he was a co-editor. This dictionary was a compilation of three smaller dictionaries - The Intermediate Dictionary (1963), The Beginning Dictionary (1962), and The Senior Dictionary(1967) – and “A Dictionary of Canadianism on Historical Principles. <mask> was responsible for The Senior Dictionary. This dictionary was first published in 1967 in Vancouver, BC, just in time for the Canadian Centennial.He helped preserve the Mount Currie (British Columbia) language and Sechelt language in written form in the 1960s after the elders died. Main research areas and influence

Ulster Scots
<mask> was keen on researching the Ulster-Scots language and dedicated much of his research time on linguistic analysis and the application of his research. His work was quite extensive and widely published. See the Publications list for more information on his publications. While on sabbatical from UBC in 1960, <mask> travelled back to Ulster and participated in the conference inaugurating the Ulster Dialect Archive at the Ulster Folk Museum (now the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum) in 1960. From 1960 to 1963, he also finished his doctoral fieldwork. He travelled throughout the Ulster countryside and interviewed older traditional speakers.This fieldwork culminated in a widely revered map with precise detail on the geographical boundaries of the Ulster-Scots language. “He was the first to demonstrate that Ulster-Scots was spoken in the eastern part of County Donegal in the Republic of Ireland and was thus international.”  This map is still used today, although some more recent work has shown that there are areas, such as south-west Tyrone, that have Ulster Scots characteristics even though they were not categorised as Ulster Scots by <mask>. Ulster-Scots orthography
Also starting in the 1960s, <mask> began to devise an orthography for Ulster-Scots. This orthography was based on <mask>'s extensive fieldwork in the province. “In this process he produced transcriptions of local Ulster-Scots texts, or in some cases Ulster-Scots versions of English texts, to test and demonstrate various conventions.” Near the end of his life shared his work with the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum's Concise Ulster Dictionary project, which ran from 1989–96. He was also hopeful that the new Ulster-Scots Language Society and Ulster-Scots Academy (created in 1994) would find his work useful for the Academy's language development work. Canadian English

In 1957, <mask> made a phonological assessment of Vancouver, BC, speech in 1957.In the late 1960s and early 1970s, <mask> conducted a survey of southern British Columbia English. The results were not published, but can be found in two M.A. theses. Survey of Vancouver English, 1976-1984
In 1976, <mask> and a team of students, featuring Margaret Murdoch, Gaelan Dodds de Wolf, and Erika Hasebe-Ludt, embarked on a major project surveying the English spoken by native English speakers born in Vancouver, BC, Canada. It began with a small preliminary survey from 1976 to 1978 of 60 individuals. This survey was then incorporated with the larger Survey of Vancouver English that ran from 1978 to 1984. The larger survey included the individuals from the preliminary survey as well as 240 other individuals.After its completion, it was a primary informant for de Wolf's study comparing English in Vancouver with that of English in Ottawa. The survey was funded by grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and other foundations. Awards and recognition
Named Honorary President of the Ulster-Scots Language Society in his later years. Bibliography
Source: “The Academic Study of Ulster-Scots” edited by Anne Smyth, Michael Montgomery, and Philip Robinson. Ulster-Scots
'The Ulster Dialect Dictionary: Belfast Field Club's New Project', Ulster Education (September 1951), 24–25. 'Dialect Detective: On the Trail of "a desperate coulrife crater'", Ireland's Saturday Night (13 June 1953). 'Notes on the Phonology of a Co. Antrim Scotch-Irish Dialect, Part I: Synchronic', Orbis 7 (1958), 392–406.Review of P. L. Henry's An Anglo-Irish Dialect of North Roscommon in Orbis 7 (1958), 582–584. 'Notes on the Phonology of a Co. Antrim Scotch-Irish Dialect, Part II: Diachronic', Orbis 8 (1959), 400–424. Review of P. L. Henry's 'A Linguistic Survey of Ireland: Preliminary Report' in Orbis 9 (1960), 566–567. 'The Boundaries of the Scotch-Irish Dialects in Ulster' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1963). 'Scotch-Irish Urban Speech in Ulster' in G. Brendan Adams (ed. ), Ulster Dialects: an Introductory Symposium (Holywood: Ulster Folk Museum, 1964), 163–192. 'Linguistic Change Observed: Three Types of Phonological Change in the Scotch-Irish Dialects' in André Rigault and René Charbonneau (eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Held at the University of Montreal and McGill University 22–28 August 1971 (The Hague/Paris: Mouton, 1972), 722–724. 'The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries in Ulster' in Martyn Wakelin (ed. ), Patterns in the Folk Speech of the British Isles (London: Athlone, 1972), 109–139. 'The Distribution of Raised and Lowered Diphthongs as Reflexes of M.E. ī in Two Scotch-Irish Dialects' in W. U. Dressler and F. V. Mareš (eds. ), Phonologica: Akten der 2 Internationalen Phonologie-Tagung 1972 (Vienna/Munich: Fink, 1975), 101–105.'Dialect Mixture in Scotch-Irish Urban Speech', Northern Ireland Speech and Language Forum Journal 2 (1976), 35–37. 'The Feature "Dentality" as a Sociolinguistic Marker in Anglo-Irish Dialects' in 'Proceedings of the VIIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences' at Leeds, 1975 (unpublished).Canadian English
The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries in the Province of Ulster ([Port Credit, Ontario, Canadian Federation for the Humanities], 1985). Review article on Peter Trudgill (ed. ), Language in the British Isles (Cambridge University Press, 1984) in Language and Society (1987), 245–251. (with Michael Montgomery) 'The Scots Language in Ulster' in Charles Jones (ed. ), The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language (Edinburgh University Press, 1997), 569–622. Canadian English

'Notes on the Pronunciation of Canadian English as Spoken in Vancouver, B.C.', Journal of the Canadian Linguistic Association 3 (March 1957), 20–26. 'Neutralisation and Fusion of Vocalic Phonemes in Canadian English as Spoken in the Vancouver Area', Journal of the Canadian Linguistic Association 3 (October 1957), 78–83. (ed., with W. S. Avis and M. H. Scargill) Dictionary of Canadian English: The Beginning Dictionary (Toronto: W. J. Gage Ltd., 1962). 'Canadian Lexicography' (review of J. P. Vinay et al., Le Dictionnaire Canadien [Université de Montréal: McClelland & Stewart]), Canadian Literature 14 (Autumn 1962), 68–71. (ed., with W. S. Avis and M. H. Scargill) Dictionary of Canadian English: The Intermediate Dictionary (Toronto: W. J. Gage Ltd., 1963). (ed., with W. S. Avis and M. H. Scargill) Dictionary of Canadian English: The Senior Dictionary (Toronto: W. J. Gage Ltd., 1967). 'The Phonology of Canadian English as Spoken in the Area of Vancouver, British Columbia' in Ronald H. Southerland (ed.), Readings on Language in Canada (Calgary: Dept. of Linguistics, University of Calgary, 1972), 34-54 [reprint of 'Notes on the Pronunciation of Canadian English as Spoken in Vancouver, B.C. ', JCLA 3 (March 1957) (q.v.) and 'Neutralisation and Fusion of Vocalic Phonemes in Canadian English as Spoken in the Vancouver Area', JCLA 3 (October 1957) (q.v.)]. Further editions: 1973 and 1974. (ed., with W. S. Avis et al. ), The Gage Canadian Dictionary (Toronto: Gage Educational Pub., 1973).'The Phonology of Canadian English as Spoken in the Area of Vancouver, B.C.' in J. K. Chambers (ed. ), Canadian English: Origins and *Structures (Toronto: Methuen, 1975), 133-144 [reprint of 'Notes on the Pronunciation of Canadian English as Spoken in Vancouver, B.C. ', JCLA 3 (March 1957) (q.v.) and 'Neutralisation and Fusion of Vocalic Phonemes in Canadian English as Spoken in the Vancouver Area', JCLA 3 (October 1957) (q.v.)]. (ed., with W. S. Avis et al. ), Canadian Junior Dictionary (Agincourt, Ont.: Gage Educational Pub., 1976). (ed., with W. S. Avis et al. ), Dictionary of Canadian English (Vol. 3) revised edition (Toronto: Gage Educational Pub., 1973). (with W. S. Avis and M. H. Scargill) The Canadian Intermediate Dictionary revised edition (Toronto: Gage Pub., 1979). 'An Urban Dialect Survey of the English Spoken in Vancouver, B.C. : General Background to the Survey of Vancouver English (SVEN)', H. J. Warkentyne (ed.), Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Methods in Dialectology (Victoria, B.C. : University of Victoria, 1981), 41–47. 'Canadian English' in Y. Matsumura (ed. and trans. into Japanese), Varieties of English, Commonwealth English Series (Himeji, Japan, 1981). 'Local Lexical Items in the Sociodialectical Survey of Vancouver English', Canadian Journal of Linguistics 28:1, 17–23. (with W. S. Avis and M. H. Scargill) The Gage Canadian Dictionary revised edition (Toronto: Gage Pub.Co., 1984). Final Report to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada on 'An Urban Dialect Survey of the English Spoken in Vancouver' (SVEN) (Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1984). 'The Vancouver Survey: Grammatical Usage', H. J. Warkentyne (ed. ), Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Methods in Dialectology (Victoria, B.C. : University of Victoria, 1985), 179–184. (with M. H. Scargill) The Gage Junior Dictionary revised edition (Toronto: Gage Educational Pub., 1985). 'The Standard and Where We Stand Now' in W. C. Lougheed (ed.), In Search of the Standard in Canadian English, Occasional Papers of the Strathy Language Unit, Queen's University, No. 1 (Kingston, Ont. : Strathy Language Unit, 1986), 157–168. 'The Study of Linguistic Change in the Survey of Vancouver English' in A. Thomas (ed. ), Methods in Dialectology (Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Methods in Dialectology) (Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters, 1987), 434–441. 'La lexicographie de l'anglais canadien', Revue québécoise de linguistique 18:1 (1989), 151–187. 'The Survival of Local Lexical Items as Specific Markers in Vancouver English' in R. Bosteels, L. Isebaert and P. Swiggers (eds.)Orbis 34 (1991), 231–241. 'The Survey of Vancouver English', American Speech 67:3 (1992), 250–267. 'Canadian English Lexicography' in Sandra Clarke (ed. ), Focus on Canada (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1993), 27-44 [published as G11 of the series Varieties of English Around the World.] 'The Survival of Local Lexical Items as Specific Markers in Vancouver English' in William A. Kretzschmar (ed. ), Journal of English Linguistics: Essays in Memory of Harold B. Allen 23:1&2 (1990-1995), 184–194. Canadian and Scots-Irish
'The Diphthongs [əi] and [aı] in Scottish, Scotch-Irish and Canadian English', Canadian Journal of Linguistics 18 (1973), 136–145.'Irish English' and 'Canadian English' in Collins Dictionary of the English Language (London: Collins, 1979), xxvi-xxvii. Other languages
Introduction to the Pronunciation of French, with Phonetic Texts (Vancouver: U.B.C., 1957). (with J. G. Andison) Second Year University French: A Correspondence Course (Vancouver: U.B.C., 1957). A Students' Manual of French Pronunciation (Toronto: The MacMillan Co. of Canada Ltd., 1960). Review of Jean C. Batt's 'French Pronunciation and Diction' in Journal of the Canadian Linguistic Association 6:1 (March 1960), 69–71. 'The Greeks had a Word for it' in M. H. Scargill and P. G. Penner (eds. ), Looking at Language (Toronto: W. J. Gage Ltd., 1966), 40–53.'The Indo-European Language Family' in M. H. Scargill (ed. ), Introductory Essays in Linguistics (Victoria, 1967), 166–189. (with Evangeline Tan) 'The Phonology of Tausug', Le Maître Phonétique 132 (1969), 37–39. (with Norma Olaya) 'The Phonology of Ilokano', Le Maître Phonétique 132 (1969), 39–41. 'The Linguistic Survey of British Columbia: The Kootenay Region' in Regna Darnell (ed. ), Canadian Languages in Their Social Context (Edmonton: Linguistic Research, 1973), 105–116. References

Canadian English
Ulster Scots people

masks:
Robert John Gregg
Bob Gregg
. Gregg
Robert John Gregg
Thomas Gregg
George Gregg
Gregg
Gregg
Gregg
John Braidwood
Gregg
Gregg
Gregg
Gregg
Gregg
Gregg
Gregg
Gregg
Gregg
Gregg
Gregg
Gregg


texts:
<mask> (born October 6, 1977) is an American singer who finished as the third place finalist on the sixth season of American Idol. Prior to her appearance on American Idol, Doolittle worked as a professional back-up singer for, among others, Michael McDonald, Kirk Franklin, Aaron Neville, BeBe and CeCe Winans, Alabama, Jonny Lang, Vanessa Bell Armstrong, Carman, and Anointed. Personal life
Doolittle was born in St. Louis, Missouri to Steve and Marguerite Duke Doolittle but considers Brentwood, Tennessee to be home; her Homecoming was held there after she made the Top 3 on American Idol season 6. She graduated from Union High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1995. When Doolittle told her mom that she wanted to sing at a young group talent show, her mom searched for the right words that were honest yet not going to crush her daughter's dreams. "The first thing my mom said was, ‘Baby, you’re going to have to pray – HARD,'" says Doolittle, "and that is what I did." For a month, she prayed harder than she had ever prayed before and she practiced and practiced."The night of the talent show, I got to the youth group," says Doolittle, "My youth pastor had heard me sing before and he knew the potential for disaster but he still believed in me. When I walked onto the stage I heard the music start, I closed my eyes and opened my mouth and a different voice came out." Miraculously she sang with perfect pitch that night and brought down the house. She then realized that her life could be much bigger than she realized. From that point on not only could Doolittle sing but she could hear harmonies. Although she has been singing since the seventh grade, her professional career did not begin until 1999. She was a music major at Belmont University.Since college, her vocal instruction has been provided by Janet Kenyon. American Idol

Audition
<mask> first auditioned for American Idol in Memphis, Tennessee. She went down to Memphis with some friends who were auditioning and decided to audition for fun. She sang the song "For Once in My Life", which was popularized by one of her favorite artists, Stevie Wonder. Her audition received positive feedback from all three judges, although they expressed concern about the nerves she had exhibited and told her to believe in herself. Semi-finals
<mask> managed to secure herself a spot in the Top 24, who all performed on national television. During her first broadcast performance, <mask> was highly praised for her rendition of "Sweet Sweet Baby (Since You’ve Been Gone)", by Aretha Franklin.The following week, Doolittle pulled off another winning performance with the song "My Funny Valentine". According to the judges, it was "without question the best vocal of the night. ", and it ranked number three in AOL Top 20 Idol Performances. Simon called the performance "incredible" and Paula called it "just astounding...You phrased that song so beautifully, so differently...I applaud you." For her last semi-final performance, Doolittle performed the song "I'm a Woman", causing Simon Cowell to call her "a little tiger," continuing: "I thought we had a pussycat." On March 8, 2007, Doolittle made it into the show's Top 12. Finals
Doolittle received very consistent praise from the judges for her performances and was never in a bottom two or three prior to her elimination.She was eliminated on May 16, 2007 and finished in third place. Simon Cowell later stated he believed she should have won. American Idol performances

 When Ryan Seacrest announced the results for this particular night, Doolittle was declared safe placing in the top three. Due to the Idol Gives Back performance, the Top 6 remained intact for another week. Post-Idol
Two days after the American Idol Season Finale, Doolittle appeared alongside the other nine top ten contestants on Larry King Live. In an exclusive interview with Good Morning America, Simon Cowell stated that the season six title of American Idol should have rightfully gone to <mask>. Doolittle was part of the 2007 American Idols tour, along with her fellow top 10 contestants.Her performances included "Proud Mary", which she sang as a duet with Sanjaya Malakar (joked by many critics to compare 'the best and the worst' of Season 6), a Supremes tribute with LaKisha Jones, and a solo rendition of "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman". Writer Stephen Holden of The New York Times described Doolittle as a "phenomenally gifted, stylistically adroit [...] Gladys Knight-Tina Turner hybrid [who] brings a compelling honesty to every phrase she sings," and predicted a successful post-Idol career for her. Doolittle sang "The Star-Spangled Banner" at Game 5 of the 2007 NBA Eastern Conference Finals between the Cleveland Cavaliers and Detroit Pistons. She was part of the Michael W. Smith and friends Caribbean Cruise in July 2008 as a guest performer, and joined him on his Christmas tour the same year. She is featured with Smith on the song "Amazing Love" on the soundtrack to Billy: The Early Years. She has participated in several episodes of a blogtalkradio web show called "Moments With Melinda" where fans can call and talk to her. Doolittle also contributed to the book Chicken Soup for the American Idol Soul.Her first single, "My Funny Valentine", was released by Sony BMG in February 2008 through iTunes and Amazon MP3 Downloads. Doolittle stated that she planned to work on a CD of "soul music"; it was announced in July 2008 that she had signed with the independent label Hi Fi Recordings, which released her debut CD, Coming Back to You, on February 3, 2009. In its first month, the CD sold over 30,000 copies. Since its release, the album has sold over 53,000 copies. Author
Beyond Me: Finding Your Way to Life's Next Level is a book written by Doolittle about her life before during and after her American Idol experience. It was released April 20, 2010. 2013
"Never Giving Up" is a single co-written and performed by Doolittle about her struggles post "Idol" and overcoming them.It was included on an EP, You're the Reason, which was released on November 12, 2013. USA Today said of the release "The new material doesn't rely on the same old-school soul of 2009's Coming Back to You, but there's a snap and crackle not only in the funky grooves of You're the Reason, but in the live-wire energy of Doolittle's delivery." Since 2011, <mask> has been co-hosting TVLine.com's weekly American Idol recap web series, "Reality Check" with Michael Slezak. 2016
Doolittle has also collaborated with the band Postmodern Jukebox to perform an old-school style cover of Britney Spears's song "Toxic," on their album Squad Goals. Philanthropy

In June 2007, Doolittle visited Zambia with Laura Bush and the Malaria No More organization to distribute life-saving bed nets and raise awareness. As part of the trip, she performed with a praise band at the Miracle Life Family Church in Lusaka. On November 3, 2007, Nicole Lapin interviewed Doolittle for CNN's Young People Who Rock series.In the interview she refers to her support for the Malaria No More campaign and how donating bed nets can help to eradicate malaria from the African continent. She specifically mentions her supportive fans who have donated bed nets on her behalf at each of the 59 venues of the American Idol tour and who also made a large donation on her birthday. Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

References

links

Official site

[ <mask>'s credits on Allmusic]

21st-century American singers
1977 births
Living people
20th-century African-American women singers
African-American Christians
American gospel singers
American Idol participants
American soul singers
Belmont University alumni
People from Brentwood, Tennessee
Musicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Singers from Tennessee
21st-century American women singers
21st-century African-American women singers

masks:
Melinda Marie Doolittle
Doolittle
Doolittle
Doolittle
Doolittle
Melinda
Doolittle


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<mask>li (, ; ; rarely rendered Nicholas Machiavel (see below); 3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an Italian diplomat, author, philosopher, and  historian who lived during the Renaissance. He is best known for his political treatise The Prince (Il Principe), written in about 1513 but not published until 1532. He has often been called the father of modern political philosophy and political science. For many years he served as a senior official in the Florentine Republic with responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairs. He wrote comedies, carnival songs, and poetry. His personal correspondence is also important to historians and scholars of Italian correspondence. He worked as secretary to the Second Chancery of the Republic of Florence from 1498 to 1512, when the Medici were out of power.<mask>'s name came to evoke unscrupulous acts of the sort he advised most famously in his work, The Prince. He claimed that his experience and reading of history showed him that politics have always been played with deception, treachery, and crime. He also notably said that a ruler who is establishing a kingdom or a republic, and is criticized for his deeds, including violence, should be excused when the intention and the result is beneficial to him. <mask>'s Prince has had a mixed reaction. Some considered it a straightforward description of the evil means used by bad rulers; others read in it evil recommendations to tyrants to help them maintain their power. Even into recent times, some scholars, such as Leo Strauss, have restated the traditional opinion that Machiavelli was a "teacher of evil". The term Machiavellian often connotes political deceit, deviousness, and realpolitik.Even though <mask> has become most famous for his work on principalities, scholars also give attention to the exhortations in his other works of political philosophy. While much less well known than The Prince, the Discourses on Livy (composed ) has been said to have paved the way of modern republicanism. It has also significantly influenced authors who have attempted to revive classical republicanism, including Hannah Arendt. Life

<mask> was born in Florence, Italy, the third child and first son of attorney Bernardo di <mask> <mask> and his wife, Bartolomea di Stefano Nelli. The <mask> family is believed to be descended from the old marquesses of Tuscany and to have produced thirteen Florentine Gonfalonieres of Justice, one of the offices of a group of nine citizens selected by drawing lots every two months and who formed the government, or Signoria; he was never, though, a full citizen of Florence because of the nature of Florentine citizenship in that time even under the republican regime. Machiavelli married Marietta Corsini in 1502. Machiavelli was born in a tumultuous era in which popes waged acquisitive wars against Italian city-states, and people and cities often fell from power as France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire battled for regional influence and control.Political-military alliances continually changed, featuring condottieri (mercenary leaders), who changed sides without warning, and the rise and fall of many short-lived governments. <mask> was taught grammar, rhetoric, and Latin, by his teacher, Paolo da Ronciglione. It is unknown whether Machiavelli knew Greek even though Florence was at the time one of the centers of Greek scholarship in Europe. In 1494 Florence restored the republic, expelling the Medici family that had ruled Florence for some sixty years. Shortly after the execution of Savonarola, Machiavelli was appointed to an office of the second chancery, a medieval writing office that put Machiavelli in charge of the production of official Florentine government documents. Shortly thereafter, he was also made the secretary of the Dieci di Libertà e Pace. In the first decade of the sixteenth century, he carried out several diplomatic missions, most notably to the Papacy in Rome.Florence sent him to Pistoia to pacify the leaders of two opposing factions which had broken into riots in 1501 and 1502; when this failed, the leaders were banished from the city, a strategy which Machiavelli had favored from the outset. From 1502 to 1503, he witnessed the brutal reality of the state-building methods of Cesare Borgia (1475–1507) and his father, Pope Alexander VI, who were then engaged in the process of trying to bring a large part of Central Italy under their possession. The pretext of defending Church interests was used as a partial justification by the Borgias. Other excursions to the court of Louis XII and the Spanish court influenced his writings such as The Prince. At the start of the 16th century, Machiavelli conceived of a militia for Florence, and he then began recruiting and creating it. He distrusted mercenaries (a distrust that he explained in his official reports and then later in his theoretical works for their unpatriotic and uninvested nature in the war that makes their allegiance fickle and often unreliable when most needed), and instead staffed his army with citizens, a policy that was to be repeatedly successful. By February 1506 he was able to have marching on parade four hundred farmers, suited (including iron breastplates), and armed with lances and small fire arms.Under his command, Florentine citizen-soldiers defeated Pisa in 1509. <mask>'s success did not last. In August 1512 the Medici, backed by Pope Julius II, used Spanish troops to defeat the Florentines at Prato. In the wake of the siege, Soderini resigned as Florentine head of state and left in exile. The experience would, like Machiavelli's time in foreign courts and with the Borgia, heavily influence his political writings. The Florentine city-state and the republic were dissolved, and <mask> was deprived of office and banished from the city for a year. In 1513, the Medici accused him of conspiracy against them and had him imprisoned.Despite being subjected to torture ("with the rope", in which the prisoner is hanged from his bound wrists from the back, forcing the arms to bear the body's weight and dislocating the shoulders), he denied involvement and was released after three weeks. <mask> then retired to his farm estate at Sant'Andrea in Percussina, near San Casciano in Val di Pesa, where he devoted himself to studying and writing his political treatises. He visited places in France, Germany, and Italy where he had represented the Florentine republic. Despairing of the opportunity to remain directly involved in political matters, after a time, he began to participate in intellectual groups in Florence and wrote several plays that (unlike his works on political theory) were both popular and widely known in his lifetime. Politics remained his main passion and, to satisfy this interest, he maintained a well-known correspondence with more politically connected friends, attempting to become involved once again in political life. In a letter to Francesco Vettori, he described his experience:

When evening comes, I go back home, and go to my study. On the threshold, I take off my work clothes, covered in mud and filth, and I put on the clothes an ambassador would wear.Decently dressed, I enter the ancient courts of rulers who have long since died. There, I am warmly welcomed, and I feed on the only food I find nourishing and was born to savour. I am not ashamed to talk to them and ask them to explain their actions and they, out of kindness, answer me. Four hours go by without my feeling any anxiety. I forget every worry. I am no longer afraid of poverty or frightened of death. I live entirely through them.<mask> died on 21 June 1527 at the age of 58 after receiving his last rites. He was buried at the Church of Santa Croce in Florence. An epitaph honouring him is inscribed on his monument. The Latin legend reads: TANTO NOMINI NULLUM PAR ELOGIUM ("So great a name (has) no adequate praise" or "No eulogy (would be) a match for such a great name" or "There is no praise equal to so great a name.") Major works

The Prince

<mask>'s best-known book Il Principe contains several maxims concerning politics. Instead of the more traditional target audience of a hereditary prince, it concentrates on the possibility of a "new prince". To retain power, the hereditary prince must carefully balance the interests of a variety of institutions to which the people are accustomed.By contrast, a new prince has the more difficult task in ruling: He must first stabilise his newfound power in order to build an enduring political structure. Machiavelli suggests that the social benefits of stability and security can be achieved in the face of moral corruption. Machiavelli believed that public and private morality had to be understood as two different things in order to rule well. As a result, a ruler must be concerned not only with reputation, but also must be positively willing to act unscrupulously at the right times. Machiavelli believed that,  for a ruler, it was better to be widely feared than to be greatly loved; a loved ruler retains authority by obligation, while a feared leader rules by fear of punishment. As a political theorist, Machiavelli emphasized the "necessity" for the methodical exercise of brute force or deceit, including extermination of entire noble families, to head off any chance of a challenge to the prince's authority. Scholars often note that Machiavelli glorifies instrumentality in state building, an approach embodied by the saying, often attributed to interpretations of The Prince, "The ends justify the means".Fraud and deceit are held by Machiavelli as necessary for a prince to use. Violence may be necessary for the successful stabilization of power and introduction of new political institutions. Force may be used to eliminate political rivals, to destroy resistant populations, and to purge the community of other men strong enough of a character to rule, who will inevitably attempt to replace the ruler. Machiavelli has become infamous for such political advice, ensuring that he would be remembered in history through the adjective, "Machiavellian". Due to the treatise's controversial analysis on politics, the Catholic Church banned The Prince, putting it on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. Humanists also viewed the book negatively, including Erasmus of Rotterdam. As a treatise, its primary intellectual contribution to the history of political thought is the fundamental break between political realism and political idealism, due to it being a manual on acquiring and keeping political power.In contrast with Plato and Aristotle, Machiavelli insisted that an imaginary ideal society is not a model by which a prince should orient himself. Concerning the differences and similarities in Machiavelli's advice to ruthless and tyrannical princes in The Prince and his more republican exhortations in Discourses on Livy, few assert that The Prince, although written as advice for a monarchical prince, contains arguments for the superiority of republican regimes, similar to those found in the Discourses. In the 18th century, the work was even called a satire, for example by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Scholars such

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