texts:
<mask> (; born 12 June 1988) is a Chilean footballer who currently plays for Brazilian Serie A club Flamengo and for the Chile national team. <mask> started his career in the youth system of Universidad Católica, and later moved to Italian club Udinese in 2007, where he made his professional debut. His performances earned him a transfer to defending Serie A Champions Juventus where he won consecutive league titles during his first two seasons with the team. In 2014, he was sent on loan for a season to English side Queens Park Rangers, while he also spent the next season on  loan with French club Marseille. <mask> has earned over 130 caps for Chile since his debut in 2007, and represented the nation in two FIFA World Cups (in 2010 and 2014) as well as five Copa América tournaments (in 2011, 2015, 2016, 2019 and 2021), winning the 2015 and 2016 editions. Club career

Early years
<mask> started in the youth ranks of Universidad Católica in 1999 as a forward. However his lack of height caused him to switch positions to defender, as U Católica lacked quality youth defenders.<mask> played well enough in the new position to earn a call-up to the first team in 2006, but never played an official match and in 2007, coach José del Solar sent him back to the youth team. Udinese

Isla had a notable performance during the summer of 2007 in the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada and was thereafter signed by Udinese of the Serie A in Italy on a five-year contract. He can both defend and attack and has been known to turn innocent possession-based games into quick-paced counter-attacks with ease. His technique is well accompanied by a surprising pace and stamina. <mask> made his professional debut on 19 December 2007 versus Palermo in the Coppa Italia. On 8 March 2008, <mask> played his first game as a starter in Serie A also against Palermo, a game which ended in a 1–1 draw. After the departure of Simone Pepe, <mask> often played as a right wing-back in a 3–5–2 formation during Udinese's 2010–11 Serie A campaign, due to a long-term injury to Dušan Basta.In that season, he was instrumental in helping Udinese finish fourth, thus gaining qualification to the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League play-off round. Juventus
On 15 June 2012, Juventus announced <mask>'s arrival to a medical ahead of a prospective move to join the team for the upcoming 2012–13 season. Following his move to Juventus, <mask> said moving to Juventus was his dream come true and that he was excited to join his Chilean team-mate Arturo Vidal. <mask> told TVN:This is a dream come true: We are going to be the strongest team in Italy. It is important for me as a player, but it is also vital for my family. I have been working for years to get to this point. In Udine I became a professional.But I have always said that sooner or later I would go to a bigger club like Juve. There I can challenge for trophies. I want to play and win something important, like the Champions League. Loan to Queens Park Rangers
On 6 August 2014, <mask> joined Queens Park Rangers on loan for the 2014–15 Premier League season, with an option of a permanent deal at the end of the season for a reported £8 million fee. He made his debut away against Tottenham Hotspur. He made his home debut in the next league game against Sunderland, adapting to a new right-back role in a changed formation, helping the R's to their first league win and clean sheet of the season. <mask> adapted quickly to the Premier League and this was helped when he was joined at QPR by his national teammate and close friend Eduardo Vargas, who plays just in front of him in QPR's 4–4–2 formation.This started to show when he provided an assist for Charlie Austin against reigning Premier League champions Manchester City. After settling into life in West London, <mask> signaled his intention to take up the option of making the loan permanent at the end of the season. Later years
On 31 August 2015 <mask> was loaned to Marseille by Juventus. On 10 August 2016, <mask> moved to Cagliari for a transfer fee of €4 million. He signed a three-year contract with his new club. On 21 July 2017, <mask> signed for Turkish side Fenerbahçe on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee. On 19 August 2020, <mask> signed for Brazilian club Flamengo a two and a half-year contract on a free transfer.<mask> debuted for Flamengo on 30 August 2020 as a halftime substitute in a Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1–0 win over Santos at Vila Belmiro. He was named the best right back in the league during the 2020 season as Flamengo won the league title. International career

2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup
Isla took part with Chile in the 2007 South American Youth Championship, where Chile qualified for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup. During the U-20 World Cup <mask> was noticed worldwide for his skill with the ball and versatility. Isla was an integral part of the team that finished in third place. In the quarterfinal game versus Nigeria, Isla played defender, midfield, and forward due to a number of injuries to other squad members. The game went into extra time after finishing scoreless in regulation and in the added time, Chile scored four goals.Two of the goals came from <mask>, one from the penalty spot. After each goal <mask> ran over to the Chilean telecast camera (which was marked by a Chilean flag) and dedicated his goals to his grandmother and aunt, who was pregnant. This tournament and his performance in it led <mask> to be transferred to Serie A team Udinese before his professional debut in the Chilean league, a very rare occurrence. Senior
New Chilean coach Marcelo Bielsa called <mask> up at the age of 19 for his first full Chile senior squad international cap in September 2007 in a friendly against Switzerland versus his club-mate Gökhan Inler. He started as a center midfielder. This was his debut as a professional player, before making his first team debut on Udinese. His strong performances earned another call-up in the next friendly against Israel, where he came on as a second-half substitute.He played his first 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match in March 2009 as a starter versus Peru. <mask> made another start against Uruguay where, in a scoreless draw, he was sent off after 33 minutes following two yellow cards. He was a starter in all of Chile's four 2010 World Cup games. He also played in 3 of 4 matches in the 2011 Copa América, and playing in 13 of 16 matches in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification. At the 2015 Copa América on home soil, <mask> scored the only goal in the 81st minute of a quarter-final win over holders Uruguay at the Estadio Nacional, putting Chile into the last four for the first time since 1999, as the team went on to win the tournament. Career statistics

Club

International

International goals
Scores and results list Chile's goal tally first. Style of play
A hard-working, elegant, and tactically versatile player, <mask> plays mainly on the right flank as a wing-back, but he can also play in numerous other positions in defence, including as a full-back or even as a midfielder, both in the centre and on the right wing; he has also been deployed in defensive and offensive midfield roles.This is possible due to his stamina, technique, strength, and pace. Honours

Club
Juventus
Serie A: 2012–13, 2013–14
Supercoppa Italiana: 2013, 2015

Flamengo
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2020
Supercopa do Brasil: 2021
Campeonato Carioca: 2021

International
Chile
Copa América: 2015, 2016

Individual
Copa América Team of the Tournament: 2016, 2021
Bola de Prata: 2020

See also
List of footballers with 100 or more caps

References

External links

Profile at La Gazzetta dello Sport

1988 births
Living people
People from Maipo Province
Chilean footballers
Chile international footballers
Chile under-20 international footballers
Chile youth international footballers
Chilean expatriate footballers
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in England
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Brazil
Association football midfielders
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in France
Expatriate footballers in Brazil
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2011 Copa América players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2015 Copa América players
Copa América Centenario players
2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2019 Copa América players
2021 Copa América players
Copa América-winning players
Serie A players
Premier League players
Ligue 1 players
Süper Lig players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Club Deportivo Universidad Católica footballers
Udinese Calcio players
Juventus F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Olympique de Marseille players
Cagliari Calcio players
Fenerbahçe S.K. footballers
Clube de Regatas do Flamengo footballers
FIFA Century Club

masks:
Mauricio Aníbal Isla Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla
Isla


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born August 26, 1945) is an American politician and author who served as the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security from 2001 to 2003, and the first United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2003 to 2005. Prior to this, <mask> was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1995 and the 43rd Governor of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2001. He is a Republican. <mask> was born in Munhall, Pennsylvania, and raised in veterans' public housing in Erie, Pennsylvania. After graduating from Harvard University with honors, <mask> served in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War where he was awarded the Bronze Star. He then returned to Pennsylvania and completed his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree at the Dickinson School of Law, graduating in 1972, and entered private practice.As assistant district attorney in Erie, <mask> ran for Congress in his district, where he served six terms. He then ran for governor in 1994, despite being little-known outside of northwest Pennsylvania. He won the election, and was reelected in 1998 with the most votes for a Republican governor in Pennsylvania (where Democrats outnumber Republicans by almost 500,000) in more than half a century. As Governor of Pennsylvania, <mask> is credited for statewide advances in economic development, education, health care and the environment. As of , <mask> is the last Republican to win reelection as Pennsylvania's governor. Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, U.S. President George W. Bush named <mask> the first director of the newly created Office of Homeland Security. In January 2003, the Office of Homeland Security became an official Cabinet-level Department, the Department of Homeland Security, and <mask> became the first Secretary of Homeland Security.He served in these roles for Bush's first term as president, then retired and returned to the private sector. Since re-entering the private sector, <mask> has served on the boards of The Home Depot, The Hershey Company and Exelon Corporation and as a senior advisor to Deloitte & Touche, and TechRadium. <mask> is also the founder and Chairman of Ridge Global, a Washington, D.C.–based security consulting firm. <mask> spent time campaigning with Senator John McCain during his 2008 bid for the presidency and was believed by some to have been on the short list of potential running mates. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Munhall, Pennsylvania, in Pittsburgh's Steel Valley, the eldest of three children. His parents were Laura (née Sudimack) and Thomas Regis <mask>, who was a traveling salesman and Navy veteran. <mask>'s maternal grandparents were Rusyn immigrants from the former Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia), and his paternal great-grandparents emigrated from Great Britain.<mask> was raised in veterans' public housing in Erie, Pennsylvania. He was educated at St. Andrews Elementary School and Cathedral Preparatory School and did well both academically and in sports. He attended Harvard College, where he paid his way through with construction work, played intramural baseball and football, and graduated with honors in 1967. In 1968, after his first year at the Dickinson School of Law, he was drafted into the United States Army. Military service in Vietnam
<mask> waived an opportunity for officer training school because it would have required a longer service commitment. In November 1969, <mask> arrived as a sergeant in South Vietnam where he would serve for six months as a staff sergeant with Bravo Company, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry, 11th Infantry Brigade, 23rd Infantry Division (Americal Division) during the Vietnam War. In May 1970, a ruptured appendix cut short his tour of duty in Vietnam and he was sent home; his service also aggravated a childhood ear infection which caused him afterwards to have a hearing aid in his left ear.For his service in Vietnam, <mask> received the Bronze Star with "V" Device, National Defense Service Medal, Vietnam Service Medal, Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation with Palm, Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal, and the Combat Infantryman Badge. Military awards

Legal career
After returning to Pennsylvania, he completed his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree at the Dickinson School of Law, graduating in 1972, and entered private practice. <mask> became assistant district attorney in Erie County, Pennsylvania in 1980 and prosecuted 86 cases in two years. Elected office

U.S. House of Representatives
In 1982 he won a seat in Congress from northwestern Pennsylvania by the margin of only 729 votes,  and was re-elected five times. Governor
In 1994, despite being little-known outside of northwest Pennsylvania, <mask> ran for governor. He won the election as a pro-choice Republican.He was reelected in 1998 with 57 percent of the vote in a four-way race. His share of the vote in that election was the highest for a Republican governor in Pennsylvania (where Democrats outnumber Republicans by almost 500,000) in more than half a century. During his time as governor, <mask> promoted "law and order" policies, supporting a three-strikes law and a faster death penalty process. A death penalty supporter, <mask> signed more than 224 execution warrants – five times the number signed over a 25-year period by the two previous governors – but only three voluntary executions were carried out. On social issues, he opposed same-sex marriage but supported abortion rights. Over <mask>'s tenure, the Commonwealth's budget grew by two to three percent per fiscal year and combined tax reductions totaled over $2 billion. <mask> created and grew a "Rainy Day" Fund balance to over $1 billion to be utilized during an economic downturn or recession.<mask> pushed for legislation permitting competition among electric utilities and enhanced federal and state support for the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP). He separated the Commonwealth's environmental regulatory and conservation programs into two new agencies; the Department of Environmental Protection and the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. <mask> proposed the creation of public charter schools in Pennsylvania and in establishing alternate schools for disruptive students. He launched new academic standards that established academic expectations for what students were expected to know in different grades. He proposed a school choice demonstration program. <mask> oversaw a number of e-government projects including renewing drivers' licenses and vehicle registrations to viewing historical documents and library catalogs. The Commonwealth's portal won several national awards.One of the nation's first electronic grant systems was put into place at the Pennsylvania Department of Education. He created the Link-to-Learn initiative to increase the effective use of technology in public schools and universities. <mask> signed two death warrants for African-American civil rights activist Mumia Abu-Jamal, who was convicted of killing a police officer at a traffic stop. <mask> served as governor until he resigned to become the Director of Homeland Security in 2001, following the September 11 attacks. 2000 Presidential election

<mask> was a potential running mate for Bob Dole in 1996, and served as a close advisor to Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush, a close friend from their simultaneous tenures as governors, during the 2000 presidential campaign. In return, Bush named <mask> to his short list for possible running mates, along with New York Governor George Pataki, Michigan Governor John Engler, Oklahoma Governor Frank Keating, former Missouri Senator John Danforth, and former American Red Cross President Elizabeth Dole. Homeland Security
Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, U.S. President George W. Bush created the Office of Homeland Security within the White House, and named <mask> to head it.The charge to the nation's new director of homeland security was to develop and coordinate a comprehensive national strategy to strengthen the United States against terrorist threats or attacks. <mask> formally resigned as Pennsylvania's governor on October 5, 2001. In January 2003 and after the passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, the Office of Homeland Security split into a Cabinet-level Department, the Department of Homeland Security, and the White House Homeland Security Advisory Council. <mask> left the White House and became the first Secretary of Homeland Security. The department's mission "is to (A) prevent terrorist attacks within the United States; (B) reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism; and (C) minimize the damage, and assist in the recovery, from terrorist attacks that do occur within the United States" (From H.R. 5005-8 the Homeland Security Act of 2002). The newly created department was the most comprehensive reorganization of the Federal government since the National Security Act of 1947.The Department of Homeland Security consolidates 22 agencies and 180,000 employees, unifying once-fragmented Federal functions in a single agency dedicated to protecting America from terrorism. <mask> worked with the employees from combined agencies to strengthen borders, provide for intelligence analysis and infrastructure protection, improve the use of science and technology to counter weapons of mass destruction, and to create a comprehensive response and recovery division. In January 2004, <mask> was named among others in a lawsuit filed by a Syrian-born Canadian Maher Arar who said he was tortured in Syria after being deported by American authorities. Retirement from public office and book
On November 30, 2004, <mask> submitted his resignation to the President, saying, "After more than 22 consecutive years of public service, it is time to give personal and family matters a higher priority." In his book The Test of Our Times: America Under Siege...and How We Can Be Safe Again, <mask> says his resignation was due to an effort by senior Bush administration officials to raise the nation's terror alert level in the days before the 2004 presidential vote. Work in the private sector

<mask> is the founder and Chairman of Ridge Global, an advisory firm in Washington, D.C.

<mask> served on a state-appointed incident review panel that investigated the Virginia Tech shooting. <mask> also sits on the board of directors of the Atlantic Council.Ridge Policy Group
In 2010, Ridge's two former Chiefs of Staff, Mark Campbell and Mark Holman, opened a lobbying firm after <mask> lent the firm his name. The full-service government affairs firm has offices in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Washington, D.C. In July 2010, companies seeking to use hydraulic fracturing to extract natural gas from the Marcellus Shale formation engaged Ridge and Ridge Policy Group at $75,000 a month to help them gain support. Board memberships and other corporate associations

<mask> has served on a variety of corporate boards of directors and in other roles. In 2005, he was named to the board of Home Depot, with an expected annual compensation of about $100,000. and in the same year was appointed to the board of the RFID company Savi Technology. He was appointed to the board of directors of the Exelon Corporation electric utility in 2006, with starting director compensation of $35,000 annual retainer plus a $1,500 meeting fee or per diem fee and (at the time) $60,000 in annual deferred stock units.In 2006, <mask> was announced as a senior advisor for Deloitte & Touche USA LLP. He was named to serve on the executive board of The Hershey Company in 2007, and was named senior advisor to Texas-based security technology company TechRadium, Inc. in 2008. In 2009, antimicrobial company PURE Bioscience named <mask>, along with former Wisconsin governor <mask>, to its advisory board. Political activity

2008 Presidential election
<mask> served as a senior aide to Republican presidential candidate Senator John McCain of Arizona, and was considered by some as a possible running mate for McCain. Possible 2010 Senate candidacy
According to Fox News, many Republicans hoped <mask> would run for the United States Senate against the newly turned Democrat Arlen Specter, who stated he would seek re-election in 2010 in the Democratic primary. Already seeking the Republican nomination was former Representative Pat Toomey, who narrowly lost to Specter in the Republican primary in 2004. Some Republicans thought <mask> would have a better chance against Specter than would Toomey.A Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll conducted between April 30, 2009, and May 3, 2009, placed <mask> within three points of Specter in a hypothetical matchup between the two men. Some Toomey supporters criticized the idea of a <mask> candidacy because, although <mask> was still registered to vote in Pennsylvania, he was actually living in Chevy Chase, Maryland. On May 7, 2009, <mask> announced that he would not be a candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2010. 2012 Presidential election
<mask> originally endorsed former Utah Governor Jon Huntsman for president, in September 2011. Mitt Romney announced an endorsement from <mask> on March 14, 2012. Supreme Court brief
In 2013, <mask> was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v. Perry case. Stance on the People's Mujahedin of Iran
<mask> spoke at a conference in support of the removal of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK, also PMOI, MKO) from the United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.The group was listed on the State Department list from 1997 until September 2012. They were placed on the list for killing six Americans in Iran during the 1970s and attempting to attack the Iranian mission to the United Nations in 1992. <mask>, along with other former government officials and politicians Ed Rendell, R. James Woolsey, Porter Goss, Louis Freeh, Michael Mukasey, James L. Jones, Rudy Giuliani, and Howard Dean, were criticized for their involvement with the group. Some were subpoenaed during an inquiry about who was paying the prominent individuals' speaking fees. <mask> and others wrote an article for the conservative publication National Review stating their position that the group should not be classified as a terrorist organization, raising the point that, at the time, only the United States and Iran still listed it as a terrorist group. 2015 Blue Ribbon Commission

In 2015, <mask> served as co-chair of the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense, a commission that recommended changes to U.S. policy regarding biodefense. In order to address biological threats facing the nation, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense created a 33-step initiative for the U.S. Government to implement.<mask> headed the organization with former Senator Joe Lieberman, and the Study Panel assembled in Washington D.C. for four meetings concerning current biodefense programs. The Study Panel concluded that the federal government had little to no defense mechanisms in case of a biological event. The Study Panel's final report, The National Blueprint for Biodefense, proposes a string of solutions and recommendations for the U.S. Government to take, including items such as giving the vice president authority over biodefense responsibilities and merging the entire biodefense budget. These solutions represent the Panel's call to action in order to increase awareness and activity for pandemic related issues. 2016 Presidential election
In 2016, <mask> endorsed Jeb Bush and subsequently John Kasich after Bush's withdrawal from the 2016 Republican presidential primaries. <mask> stated he would not endorse Donald Trump, following Trump becoming the presumptive nominee, or Hillary Clinton in the general election. Criticisms of President Trump
In July 2020, <mask> criticized President Trump for saying in June that vote-by-mail leads to widespread voter fraud, responding that it is not a threat and that voters need a safe way to cast a ballot in the 2020 election, amid the COVID-19 pandemic.<mask> also said that it was "sad" that the President wants to quash the legitimacy of the election. In response to <mask>'s comments, the RNC said lawsuits by Democrats to strip ballot safeguards are an attempt to delegitimize the election. <mask> is a co-chair of VoteSafe, a bi-partisan group that promotes safe voting by mail and in person. Also in July 2020, <mask> slammed his former Department for sending in federal agents to detain rioters allegedly committing federal crimes in Portland, Oregon, after more than 50 days of protests and riots there. He also said, during an interview with radio host Michael Smerconish, that it would be a "cold day in hell" before he "would consent to an uninvited, unilateral intervention" in one of his cities in Pennsylvania. The White House cited federal law to support this use of federal law enforcement. Trump later slammed <mask> on Twitter, calling him "a failed RINO" and saying he "loved watching pathetic Never Trumpers squirm!".2020 Presidential election
In September 2020, <mask> endorsed former Vice President Joe Biden for president in a Philadelphia Inquirer op-ed, which he confirmed to CNN on November 6, 2020, being also the first time he ever voted for a Democratic presidential candidate. <mask>, along with more than 100 Republican former national security officials, signed a letter in November that stated that the delay of the presidential transition imperiled the security of the nation. The 9/11 Commission finding that the shortened transition to the administration of George W. Bush during the disputed 2000 presidential election "hampered the new administration in identifying, recruiting, clearing, and obtaining Senate confirmation of key appointees" was mentioned in the statement. Memoir
<mask>'s book The Test of Our Times was published in September 2009. Written with Larry Bloom, it concerns <mask>'s time as the head of the Department of Homeland Security. He explains the challenges and decision making processes of the newly formed department, and gives his own views as to the future of the security of the United States of America. The book further discusses

<mask> wrote in his memoir that then-Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and then-Attorney General John Ashcroft pressured him to raise the terror alert level, running up to the 2004 elections, because of a pre-election message critical of President Bush from Osama Bin Laden.Recognition

 Presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Erie International Airport was co-named Tom Ridge Field in honor of <mask>. The Tom Ridge Environmental Center at Presque Isle State Park in Erie, Pennsylvania is named after the former governor. <mask> was instrumental in securing funds for the center. His picture hangs in the moot court room at the Penn State Dickinson School of Law in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Presque Isle Downs in Erie, Pennsylvania runs the $100,000 Tom Ridge Stakes every meet. Mercyhurst University named its Tom Ridge College of Intelligence Studies and Applied Science after the first U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security.Personal life
<mask>'s wife, <mask>, is the former executive director of the Erie County Library System. Married since 1979, they have two children: Lesley and <mask>. <mask> was hospitalized in critical condition in Texas after a cardiac event on November 16, 2017. On June 16, 2021, <mask> suffered a stroke while at his home in Bethesda, Maryland. He was hospitalized and underwent a successful procedure to remove a blood clot. Discharged in late June, <mask> began rehabilitation therapy in the Washington, D.C. area. Gubernatorial electoral history

References

External links

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

1945 births
American people of British descent
American people of Rusyn descent
Atlantic Council
Dickinson School of Law alumni
George W. Bush administration cabinet members
21st-century American politicians
Governors of Pennsylvania
Harvard Institute of Politics
Harvard College alumni
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Military personnel from Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Republicans
People from Chevy Chase, Maryland
Politicians from Erie, Pennsylvania
People from Munhall, Pennsylvania
Politicians from Pittsburgh
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Republican Party state governors of the United States
The Home Depot people
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Army soldiers
United States Secretaries of Homeland Security

masks:
Thomas Joseph Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Tommy Thompson
Tom Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Tom Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Tom Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge
Tom
Michele Ridge
Tommy
Ridge
Ridge
Ridge


texts:
<mask> (born 3 February 1972) is a British documentary film director working for her own company, Spanner Films, and a former drummer with indie pop group The Band of Holy Joy. She is best known for three films: The Age of Stupid, a reflection from 2055 about climate change, McLibel, about the McDonald's court case and Drowned Out, following the fight against the Narmada Dam Project. <mask> pioneered the use of crowdfunding for independent films and developed an innovative form of film distribution known as Indie Screenings. Her most recent project is the carbon reduction campaign 10:10 which she founded in the UK in September 2009, and which is now active in more than 50 countries. On International Women's Day, 8 March 2011, she was named as one of The Guardian newspaper's "Top 100 Women", in a list which included Aung San Suu Kyi, Gareth Peirce, Doris Lessing, Arundhati Roy and Oprah Winfrey. Her father is the television producer <mask>. Education
<mask> read zoology at University College London and her thesis was Is the human species suicidal?Career
<mask>'s first documentary, McLibel (1997, 2005), is an account of the McDonald's libel trial, the longest-running court action in English legal history. Filmed over ten years with no commission, no budget and a voluntary crew – including Ken Loach, who directed the courtroom reconstructions – it gained attention when lawyers prevented its broadcast, first at BBC One and then at Channel 4 in 1997. Eight years later - after the 'McLibel Two' had defeated the British government at the European Court of Human Rights – it was finally broadcast on BBC2 at 10.30pm on a Sunday, to an estimated 1 million viewers. It was well received by critics, with Time Out crediting <mask> with "gusto and wit" in telling a story that "will satisfy both head and heart". The Guardian concluded that McLibel was "absolutely unmissable". McLibel was broadcast on television in 15 countries, and in cinemas in the US in summer 2005, and this was followed in the UK in 2006. McLibel was nominated for numerous awards, including the Grierson Documentary Award and the British Independent Film Awards.It was one of only two British films, with the other being Michael Buerk's original news report which inspired Live Aid, picked for the British Film Institute's prestigious series, "Ten Documentaries which Changed the World". <mask>'s second feature documentary, Drowned Out (2002), follows an Indian family who chose to stay at home and drown rather than make way for the Narmada Dam. It was nominated for Best Documentary at the British Independent Film Awards 2004 and was released theatrically in America and on DVD in 2006. <mask> released The Age of Stupid (formerly known as Crude) in March 2009. It's a film that warns of the catastrophic effects of climate change using a mix of factual documentary and post-apocalyptic fictional styles. The film's UK premiere was on 15 March 2009, in London's Leicester Square. The screening was held in a solar-powered 'cinema tent' and conducted without use of mains electricity.An independent audit conducted by Carbon Accounting Systems found the event's carbon emissions to be 1% of those produced by a normal blockbuster premiere. Linked by satellite to 62 cinemas around the UK, the premiere received a Guinness World Record for being the largest film premiere ever, based on number of screens. The complete five-year production of The Age of Stupid was made into a film and launched exclusively on the Guardian website. It was later broadcast on the UK's terrestrial TV network, The Community Channel (UK). Through her company, Spanner Films, <mask> pioneered the "crowdfunding" finance model, which allows filmmakers to raise reasonable-size budgets whilst retaining ownership of their films. The Age of Stupid raised £900,000 from over 600 investors. <mask> also developed the "Indie Screenings" distribution system, which lets anyone make a profit by holding screenings of independent films.The producers maintain a running total of all the people who have seen Spanner's films, <mask>'s production company, via cinema, TV and local screenings, as of January 2011 it stands at just over 61 million. At the UN Climate Summit in Copenhagen in December 2009, <mask> presented a daily web TV show, The Stupid Show, which aimed to "make sense of humankind's most important get-together". In September 2009, <mask> founded the 10:10 climate campaign which aims to help all sectors of society to aim for a 10% cut 10% in their carbon emissions in 12 months. The campaign has amassed huge cross-societal support including household names such as Adidas, Microsoft, and Tottenham Hotspur F.C. The campaign launched globally in 2010 and is now active in over 50 countries. In October 2010, a short film, written by Richard Curtis, entitled No Pressure was released by the 10:10 campaign in Britain to spread awareness of climate change. The video was subsequently taken down from the organization's website due to very negative reception and offence taken.However, it is still available in several places, including YouTube. It depicted a series of scenes in which people were asked if they were going to participate in 10:10. Those who indicated they weren't planning on participating were told "no pressure" and then blown up in a gory explosion at the press of a red button. In response to questions about the message of the film, <mask> replied, "We 'killed' five people to make No Pressure – a mere blip compared to the 300,000 real people who now die each year from climate change". In March 2014, <mask> announced her new project Undercovers, a television drama series about the undercover police officers who infiltrated the British activist scene for 50 years, and the women who unknowingly had longterm relationships and even children with the spies. The series is being written by Simon Beaufoy (Slumdog Millionaire, Hunger Games, Full Monty), Alice Nutter, and <mask> <mask>, produced by Spanner Films and executive produced by Tony Garnett. Filming is due to start in Autumn 2014, with an early 2015 release.<mask> is Professor of Film at the University of Wolverhampton. Pie Net Zero, a comedic short film about climate change and biosequestration efforts in South West England written by <mask> and comedian Tom Walker and featuring <mask> as herself and Walker's character Jonathan Pie, was released in 2020. Rescue by Boris Johnson
On 2 November 2009, <mask> was threatened in the streets of north London by three girls whom she described as looking "like something straight out of central casting". They pushed her against a car and pulled out an iron bar. She cried for help and was rescued by Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, who was cycling by. He chased off the attackers and then insisted on escorting <mask> home. During this 20-minute journey, she suggested that he adopt the 10:10 policy for the tube and that he pedestrianise Camden Town.He replied that he wanted to pedestrianise areas across London. She thanked him with a 10:10 badge and a copy of Age of Stupid. When interviewed afterwards, she praised him as her "knight on a shining bicycle". Politically, she still preferred his predecessor Ken Livingstone, for whom she had campaigned but allowed that "If you find yourself down a dark alleyway and in trouble I think Boris would be of more use than Ken". Filmography
 McLibel, 1997 (50 min., TV) / 2005 (85 min.) Drowned Out, 2002 (87 min.) Baked Alaska, 2002 (26 min.)The Age of Stupid, 2009 (89 min.) Pie Net Zero, 2020 (14 min.) Awards
 Top 100 Women, 2011
 Guardian - Eco Hero of the Decade (nominated)
 New Statesman - 20 Green Heroes
  Evening Standard - 1,000 Most Influential Londoners
 Edie Green Personality of the year 2009
 ITN - Women in Film & TV, Achievement of the Year 2009
 Wild & Scenic, John de Graaf Environmental Filmmaker of the Year 2010
 Included in the BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour Power list 2020. Writing
 "Should greens vote Green?" - The Guardian, May 2010
 "Oh no, not another film about climate change" - Huffington Post, September 2009
 "MTV generation has something important to do" - The Guardian, September 2009
 "Coinflip chance of avoiding climate catastrophe" - Huffington Post, September 2009
 "What good was I to the Narmada villagers?" - Guardian article about the making of Drowned Out, August 2002
 McLibel chapter in "Battling Big Business" book published 2002
 The Age of Stupid diaries
 Franny <mask> writes regular messages for the Spanner Films email list

References

External links
 <mask> <mask> at The Age of Stupid website

 The Guardian's interview with Franny <mask>
 "The Age of Stupid is the future of film" - Huffington Post, September 2009
 Birth of the 10:10 campaign - The Guardian, September 2009
 Spanner Films interview with Franny about why and how she made The Age of Stupid

1972 births
Living people
Alumni of University College London
British documentary film directors
British women film directors
People educated at Godolphin and Latymer School
Women documentary filmmakers

masks:
Franny Armstrong
Armstrong
Peter Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Franny
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Franny
Armstrong
Armstrong


texts:
<mask> (April 19, 1921, Brooklyn, New York - November 1, 2006, Oakland, California) was one of the most important logicians and mathematicians of the 20th century. His works played a strong role in the development of logic, particularly in the theory of types. He was an active scholar at the University of California, Berkeley, where he made great contributions as a researcher, teacher, as well as in administrative positions. At this university he directed, together with Alfred Tarski, the Group in Logic and the Methodology of Science, from which many important logicians and philosophers emerged. He had a strong sense of social commitment and was a passionate defensor of his pacifist and progressive ideas. He took part in many social projects aimed at teaching mathematics, as well as projects aimed at supporting women's and minority groups to pursue careers in mathematics and related fields. A lover of dance and literature, he appreciated life in all its facets: art, culture, science and, above all, the warmth of human relations.He is remembered by his students for his great kindness, as well as for his academic and teaching excellence. <mask> is mainly known for his completeness proofs of diverse formal systems, such as type theory and first-order logic (the completeness of the latter, in its weak version, had been proven by Kurt Gödel in 1929). To prove the completeness of Type Theory, Henkin introduces new semantics, based on certain structures, called general models (also known as Henkin models). The change of semantics that he proposed permits to provide a complete deductive calculus for Type Theory and for Second-Order Logic, amongst other logics. Henkin methods have aided to prove various model theory results, both in classical and non-classical logics. Besides logic, the other branch on which his investigations were centered was algebra; he specialized in cylindric algebras, in which he worked together with A. Tarski and D. Monk. As for the philosophy of mathematics, although the works in which he explicitly approaches it are scarce, he can be considered to have a nominalist position.Life

Childhood and first youth
<mask> <mask> was born on April 19, 1921, in Brooklyn, New York, to a Jewish family that had emigrated from Russia a generation earlier. The first of the family to emigrate was <mask>, the eldest of the brothers of <mask>'s father. According to <mask>, his father had been extremely proud of him since he was just a boy. His high expectations were evident in the name he gave him: he chose to name his son Albert after a series of articles on Einstein's theory of relativity that the New York Times published shortly before <mask>'s birth. His family was sympathetic with pacifist and progressive ideas, and although he was not religious, he had deeply rooted Jewish traditions. <mask> grew up surrounded by tight family ties; he was very close to his cousins, with whom he lived during his childhood in Brooklyn. <mask> studied primarily in New York City public schools; he attended Lincoln High School, where he graduated at age 16 to enter Columbia University.Both in college and high school he was a member of the chess teams; he always preferred games that involved rational thinking to games of chance. In the years of his high school education, <mask> considered becoming a math teacher and also came to desire to become a writer (as he later expressed in a personal letter). Although he dedicated himself to university academic life, he never abandoned his interest in teaching elementary mathematics, to which he later actively contributed. The first university studies
In 1937 <mask> entered Columbia University as a mathematics student. It was during his time at this institution that he developed an interest in logic, which would determine the course of his academic career. His first contact with logic was through B. Russell's book, "Mysticism and Mathematics", which drew his interest during a visit to the library. This interest was increased and cultivated by some courses.Although the mathematics department of the University did not offer courses in Logic (these were offered by the Philosophy department), <mask> was one of the few mathematics students interested in that discipline and he decided to attend them. In the fall of 1938, in his second year as a Columbia University student, he participated in a first course in Logic taught by Ernest Nagel, who had contributed to the creation of the Association of Symbolic Logic two years earlier. This course brought him closer to Russell's book "Principles of Mathematics", where he first encountered the axiom of choice; Russell's presentation made a strong impression on him and led him to explore the Principia Mathematica that Russell wrote with Whitehead a few years later. He was struck by the general ideas of Type Theory and by the mysterious axiom of reducibility. Both the axiom of choice and Type Theory later played an important role in his doctoral dissertation. The following year, in the fall semester of 1939, Henkin took a second course of Logic with Nagel, in which formal systems of propositional logic and First-Order Logic were addressed. These constituted his first experience with the mathematical treatment of deductive systems.The course did not go into metalogical results that established a relationship between the semantics and syntactics, and the issue of completeness was not addressed at all. However, Nagel proposed to Henkin as an independent project the reading of the proof of the completeness of propositional logic given by Quine, which had appeared a few months before in the Journal of Symbolic Logic. This reading was highly significant for Henkin, not so much because of the content itself, but because with it he discovered that he could understand the research on logic and mathematics that was taking place at the time. According to <mask>, although he managed to follow Quine's demonstration, he did not manage to capture the idea of the proof: "I simply noted that the aim of the paper was to show that every tautology had a formal proof in the system of axioms presented, and I expended my utmost effort to check Quine's reasoning that this was so, without ever reflecting on why author and reader were making this effort. This strictly limited objective also kept me from wondering how the author thought of putting the steps of the proof together; the result was that I failed to get 'the idea of the proof', the essential ingredient needed for discovery." Just before <mask> began his second year at Columbia, World War II broke out. This had several repercussions on his life.One of them had a positive effect on his education. Days before the war broke out, the Polish mathematician and logician Alfred Tarski had come to Harvard, at Quine's invitation, to give a series of lectures on logic. With the invasion of Poland by Germany, Tarski found it impossible to return to Poland and he had to remain in the United States. Tarski visited several cities giving lectures on logic. One of these lectures was at Columbia, and <mask>, like the rest of the logic students, attended it with great enthusiasm. In it Tarski spoke of Gödel's work on undecidable propositions in Type Theory and on the existence of decision algorithms for formal systems, a subject that <mask> found extremely stimulating. In his last year at Columbia, in 1941, Professor F. J. Murray, knowing that <mask> was a mathematics student interested in Logic, suggested that they review together the monograph by Gödel recently published at Princeton on the consistency of the axiom of choice with the generalized continuum hypothesis.Although the meetings they had to discuss it were scarce and <mask> ended up revising this monograph practically alone, the experience was considered by him as the most enriching one in his formation at Columbia. According to Henkin, then began to take form some of the ideas that became the starting-point of his doctoral dissertation. In 1940, <mask> decided to apply for admission to a doctoral program, without having fully defined what path to follow in his research. He was accepted to three universities, from which he chose Princeton, since the renowned logician Alonzo Church was there, although at the time Henkin was unaware of his work. Postgraduate Studies
<mask> began his graduate studies at Princeton in 1941, studying under the direction of Church. The Ph.D. program he attended consisted of two years of mathematics courses, after which he was to take a "qualifying" oral examination to show he was well educated in at least three branches of mathematics; with this he would receive a M.A. degree.He would then have another two years to write a doctoral dissertation containing an original research, after which he would get the degree of Ph.D. The first two years he took courses in logic -taught by Church-, analysis and general topology. In the first logic course with Church were studied several formal systems of Propositional Logic and First-Order Logic; some proofs of completeness and discussed part of the Löwenheim-Skolem theorems were revised, as well as a presentation of Gödel's proof on the completeness of First-Order Logic. In the second one they dealt in great detail with a Second-Order system for Peano Arithmetic, as well as with the incompleteness of this axiomatic theory and the consequent incompleteness of Second-Order Logic. In 1942 the United States entered the Second World War, altering Henkin's plans. He had to rush his oral qualification exam, with which he obtained the degree of M. A. and left Princeton to take part in the Manhattan Project. This interruption would last four years, during which he contributed his mathematical knowledge working on radar problems and in the design of a plant to separate uranium isotopes.Most of his work required numerical analysis to solve partial differential equations. During this period, all of his work and readings on logic were completely suspended. Once the war was over, <mask> returned to Princeton in 1946, where he was still required to write a dissertation to complete his Ph.D. studies. Upon his return he joined the logic course that Church had begun a month earlier on Frege's theory of "sense and reference". In this course he discovered Church's theory of types, which he found extremely interesting. The questions he asked about it eventually led him to give his proof of the completeness of the theory of types, which he was able to adapt to also give a new proof of the completeness of First-Order Logic. These results, as well as others that other that emerged from the same ideas, came to take part in <mask>'s doctoral dissertation, which was titled "The completeness of formal systems", with which he graduated in June 1947.The dissertation itself was not published, although parts of it were rewritten and published in articles, and. Many years later, <mask> wrote the article "The discovery of my completeness proofs", which contains a detailed review of the contents of his dissertation. The procedures used in it have become frequent methods of proofs in various branches of logic. After the graduation
Having obtained his Ph.D. degree, <mask> spent two more years at Princeton working on post-doctoral studies. During this time, in 1948, he met Ginette Potvin, during a trip to Montreal with his sister Estelle and Princeton mathematics graduate student Harold Kuhn. Ginette would become his wife in 1950, a half year after Estelle married Harold. After completing his second year of postdoctoral studies at Princeton in 1949, <mask> returned to California, where he entered the mathematics department at the University of Southern California.There he held the position of assistant professor until 1953. In 1952 Tarski had managed to obtain a permanent position at Berkeley for <mask>. However, <mask> did not want to accept it, as he was sympathetic to the protests recently raised by the controversial oath of allegiance that had been required of university professors since 1950. Once the oath requirement dissaperead, <mask> accepted Tarski's offer and settled in Berkeley in 1953. His life in Berkeley
From 1953, most of <mask>'s academic activity revolved around Berkeley, where he collaborated with a solid research group in Logic. He remained there for almost all his academic life, except for some periods in which he traveled abroad with scholarships and grants of diverse institutes, like the one-year stay he had in Amsterdam or the one in Israel with the Fulbright Research Grants he was awarded (in 1954 and 1979 respectively). <mask> was always grateful to Tarski, as it was thanks to him that he was able to settle in Berkeley.After Tarski's death in 1983, he wrote in a personal letter: “I write to tell you that Alfred Tarski, who came to Berkeley in 1942 and founded our great Center for the Study of Logic and Foundations, died Wednesday night, at age 82 [...]. It was he who brought me to Berkeley in 1953, so I owe much to him personally as well as scientifically.”

Tarski not only offered <mask> a job opportunity, but also provided him with a very fertile interdisciplinary collaborative environment for the development of Logic. Tarski had founded the Center for the Study of Logic and Foundations in Berkeley, but with <mask>'s help he was able to bring together a group of logicians, mathematicians and philosophers who formed the Group in Logic and the Methodology of Science, which is still active today. As part of this project they created an interdisciplinary postgraduate program culminating in a Ph.D. Tarski and <mask> boosted the project by organizing important congresses and conferences on Logic, following Tarski's conception of "logic as a common basis for the whole of human knowledge". The intense activity that took place in Berkeley in the 1950s and 1960s on metalogic was largely due to the activity of Tarski and <mask>, both in teaching and research. Many results of what are today crucial to Model Theory came as a result of the academic activity in Berkeley that took place in those years. Among the research trips that <mask> did throughout the years are his visits to universities in Hanover, Princeton, Colorado, as well as to several European Universities, such as Oxford (in the United Kingdom), and others in Yugoslavia, Spain, Portugal and France.In 1979, with his second Fulbright Grant, <mask> spent a year in Israel, in Haifa, at the Department of Science Education of the Technion University. On this occasion he also visited two universities in Egypt. In 1982 he first visited  Spain. He gave conferences at several universities, including those in Barcelona, Madrid and Seville. <mask> had an active role in research and teaching, but his activities at the university went far beyond that. In addition to the dedication he put in his teaching as well as and in guiding the Group in Logic and the Methodology of Science, he held some administrative positions; he was director of the Department of Mathematics from 1966 to 1968, and subsequently from 1983 to 1985. One of the activities to which he devoted most energy was the teaching of mathematics, on which he also did some research.On some occasions <mask> attended to his children's schools to talk to elementary school children about maths, talking to them about "the negative numbers", or "how to subtract by addition". Around that time (about 1960), <mask> began to alternate his research work in mathematics with research work in teaching mathematics; the latter became increasingly frequent. In 1991 he was granted the title of Professor Emeritus at the University of Berkeley and retired. Retirement and death
After he retired, <mask> continued to work on math teaching projects. From 1991, he took part on a summer courses program at Mills College intended to give talented women from across the nation education in mathematics in

masks:
Leon Albert Henkin
Henkin
Leon Albert
Henkin
Abraham Henkin
Leon
Leon
Henkin
Leon
Henkin
Henkin
Leon
Leon
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Leon
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Leon
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin


texts:
 order to prepare them for college. Finally, Ginette and <mask> moved to Oakland, where <mask> died a few years later, in November 2006. Always kind to his students and colleagues, whom he frequently invited to his home to enjoy evenings with Ginette, he is remembered as a brilliant researcher, a teacher committed to his discipline and a person who showed solidarity with his community.One of the phrases that best captures the sentiment expressed in various testimonies of his students is that given by Douglas Hofstadter: "I feel very fortunate to have been his graduate student since I learned from him much more than logic. It is his humanity that conquered my heart. I always wish I am not less kind to my graduate students and no less eager to follow their professional growth after graduation than he was to me". Legacy

Algebra
Henkin's work on algebra focused on cylindric algebras, a subject he investigated together with Alfred Tarski and Donald Monk. Cylindric Algebra provides structures that are to first-order logic what Boolean algebra is to propositional logic. One of the purposes of <mask> and Tarski in promoting algebraic logic was to attract the interest of mathematicians to logic, convinced as they were that logic could provide unifying principles to mathematics:  "In fact we would go so far as to venture a prediction that through logical research there may emerge important unifying principles which will help to give coherence to a mathematics which sometimes seems in danger of becoming infinitely divisible". According to Monk, <mask>'s research on cylindrical algebra can be divided into the following parts: Algebraic Theory, Algebraic Set Theory, Representation Theorems, Non-representable Algebraic Constructions and Applications to Logic.Completeness Theorems
In 1949 "The completeness of the first order functional calculus" was published, as well as "Completeness in the theory of types" in 1950. Both presented part of the results exposed in the dissertation "The completeness of formal systems" with which <mask> received his Ph.D. degree at Princeton in 1947. One of <mask>'s best known results is that of the completeness of First-Order Logic, published in the above-mentioned 1949 article, which appears as the first theorem of the 1947 dissertation. It states the following:Any set  of sentences of  formally consistent in the deductive system of  is satisfiable by a numerable structure .This theorem is nowadays called the 'completeness theorem', since from it the following easily follows:If  is a set of sentences of  and  is semantic consequence of  , then  is deducible from  .This is the strong version of the completeness theorem, from which the weak version is obtained as a corollary. The latter states the result for the particular case in which  is the empty set, this is to say, the deductive calculus of first order logic is capable of deriving all valid formulas. The weak version, known as Gödel's completeness theorem, had been proved by Gödel in 1929, in his own doctoral thesis. <mask>'s proof is more general, more accessible than Gödel's and more easily generalizable to languages of any cardinality.It approaches completeness from a new and fruitful perspective and its greatest quality is perhaps that its proof can be easily adapted to prove the completeness of other deductive systems. Other results central to model theory are obtained as corollaries of the strong completeness of the first order logic proved by <mask>. From it follows, for example, the following result for a first order language  :Every set of well-formed formulas of  that is satisfiable in a −structure is satisfiable in an infinite numerable structure.This result is known as the "downwards" Löwenheim-Skolem theorem. One other result obtained from the completeness theorem is: A set  of well-formed formulas of  has a model if and only if each finite subset of it has a model. The latter is known as the "compactness theorem" of first-order logic, which can also be phrased as: "Any set of well formed formulas of  that is finitely satisfiable is satisfiable". This is to say, if for each of the finite subsets of  there is a structure in which all of its formulas are true, then there is also a structure in which all the formulas of  are true. It is known as "compactness theorem" because it corresponds to the compactness of a certain topological space, defined from semantic notions.Among the other theorems of completeness given by <mask>, the most relevant is perhaps that of the completeness of Church's Theory of Types, which is the first of the completeness theorems <mask> proved. Then, he adapted the method developed in that proof to prove the completeness of other deductive systems. This method has continued to be used to give proofs of completeness in both classical and non-classical logics, and it has become the usual proof of completeness for First-Order Logic in Logic textbooks. When <mask> published this result in 1949, completeness was not even part of the canonical subjects covered by the textbooks; some twenty years later, this theorem, along with its proof and corollaries, was part of virtually every Logic textbook. As for non-classical logics, <mask>'s method can be used, among other things, to extend the completeness of Fuzzy Logic from first order to higher order, producing a complete Fuzzy Type Theory; it also offers a way to obtain results that link classical logic with intuitionist logic; and it allows one to test results of completeness in other non-classical logics, as in the cases of Hybrid Type Theory and Equational Hybrid Propositional Type Theory. The Discovery of the Completeness Theorems
Despite being one of his best known results, <mask> got to the proof of the completeness of first-order logic "accidentally", trying to prove a completely different result. The order of publication of his articles and even the order of presentation of the theorems in his 1947 dissertation does not reflect the evolution that followed the ideas that led him to his completeness results.However, <mask> simplifies the difficult task of tracing the development and shaping of his ideas by his article "The discovery of my completeness proofs", published in 1996. In it, he describes the process of the development of his dissertation. He doesn't only explain the content of his work, but he also explains the ideas that led to it, from his first logic courses in College until the end of the writing of his thesis. At the end of the war, <mask> returned to Princeton to complete his doctoral studies, for which he still had to write a dissertation containing an original research. As soon as he arrived at Princeton, he attended Church's course in logic that had begun one month earlier, which dealt with Frege's theory of "sense and reference". Motivated by Frege's ideas, Church wanted to put them into practice through a formal axiomatic theory. To do so, he took the simple Theory of Types he had published a few years earlier, and supplied it with a hierarchy of types, inspired by the idea of "sense" exposed by Frege.It was in this course that <mask> became acquainted with Church's Theory of Types, which he found of great interest. He immediately made a conjecture about it, whose proof he hoped could become his doctoral dissertation. One of the attributes that drew <mask>'s attention to Church's Theory of Types was that the -operator allowed to name many objects in the type hierarchy. As he explains in "The discovery of my completeness proofs", he set out to find out which elements had names in this theory. He began by exploring the elements that were named in the two domains at the base of the type hierarchy. He took  as the universe of individuals, and added a constant for each the number  and the successor function , so that each element in the domain was named from  and repeated occurrences of . Going up through the hierarchy, he tried to specify which functions over those elements were nameable.The set of them was supernumerable, so there had to be some without a name, since there is only a numerable number of expressions. How could be said which elements were the nameable ones? To make each expression correspond to the element it denotated, he needed a choice function, in whose search Henkin invested many efforts. Finally, he realized that by means of the deductive calculus he could form equivalence classes of expressions whose equality could be derived by the calculus, and form with these classes a model isomorphic to the new hierarchy of types formed by the named elements. He had been focusing on the interpretations of the formal language, when the key to solving the problem lied on the deductive system. It remained to make the universe of the objects named by the propositions a set of two elements: the truth values. This could be achieved by expanding the axioms to form a maximally consistent set.Once this was achieved, it could be proved that every consistent set of formulas  has a model that satisfies exactly the formulas of  –the elements of such model are the equivalence classes of the expressions themselves–. That is, he would have managed to give a proof of the completeness of the deductive calculus. The same method used to prove the completeness of Church's Theory of Types could easily be adapted to give a proof of (strong) completeness of First-Order Logic, and of others that followed later on. The ideas on the nameable elements in the hierarchy of types underlying the discovery of <mask>in models). Henkin's method
Henkin's method to give the completeness proofs consists on building a certain model: it starts with a set of formulas , of which the consistency is assumed. A model is then constructed, which satisfies exactly the formulas of . <mask>'s idea to build a suitable model relies on obtaining a sufficiently detailed description of such model using the sentences of the formal language, and to establish which objects could be the elements of such model.If it were known, for each formula of the language of , if it should be satisfied or not by the model, we would have a comprehensive description of the model that would allow its construction. This is exactly what is being looked for: a set of sentences  containing  for which it holds that every sentence of the language or its negation belongs to Gamma. In the case of first order logic one more thing is required: that the set  be exemplified, this is, for all existential formula there is a constant that acts as a witness of it. On the other hand, since the nature of the objects that make up the model's universe is irrelevant, no objection arises against taking as individuals the terms of the language themselves –or classes of equivalence of them–. The first step that must be taken is to extend the language of  adding an infinite collection of new individual constants, and then to order the formulas of the language (which are infinite). Once this is done, the aim is to inductively construct an infinite chain of consistent and exemplified sets: we start from , systematically adding to this set every formula that doesn't make the resulting set inconsistent, adding also exemplifications of the existential formulas. Thus, an infinite chain of consistent and exemplified sets is built, whose union is a maximally consistent and exemplified set; this will be the required set .Having achieved to construct this maximally consistent and exemplified set, the model described by it can be constructed. Which individuals constitute the model's universe? In the case of First-Order Logic without equality, the elements of the domain will be the terms of the formal language. To construct the functions and relations of the model we follow thoroughly what  dictates: if the language contains a -relator , its interpretation in the model will be a relationship formed by all the -tuples of terms in the model's universe such that the formula that says they are related belongs to . If the language includes equality, the domain of the model are classes of equivalence of the terms of the language instead. The equivalence relation is established by the formulas of the maximally consistent set: two terms are equal if there is in  a formula stating they are. Summarizing, the demonstration in the case of a numerable language has two parts:

 Extending the set  to a maximally consistent and exemplified set.Constructiong the model described by the formulae of this set using the terms of the language –or its equivalence classes– as objects of the model's universe. General models
The simple Theory of Types, with the -calculus and the standard semantics is sufficiently rich to express arithmetic categorically, from where it follows, by Gödel's incompleteness theorem, that it is incomplete. Following the idea of identifying the namable elements in the hierarchy of types, <mask> proposed a change in the interpretation of the language, accepting as types hierarchies some that  previously were not admitted. If it was asked from each level of the hierarchy not that there must be all the corresponding functions, but only those that are definable, then a new semantics is obtained, and with it a new logic. The resulting semantics is known as general semantics. In it the structures that are admissible as models are those known as 'general models'. These can be used not only in Type Theory, but also, for instance, to obtain complete (and compact) Higher-Order Logics.Obtaining complete Higher-Order Logics by the use of general semantics meets the expected balance between the expressive power of a logic and the power of its deductive calculus. In Second-Order Logic with standard semantics it is known that quantifying over predicative variables gives the language an immense expressive power, in exchange for which the power of deductive calculus is lost: the latter is not enough to produce the extense set of valid formulas of this logic (with standard semantics). Changing the calculus does not solve anything, since Gödel's incompleteness theorem ensures that no deductive calculus could achieve completeness. On the contrary, by changing the semantics, that is, by changing the sets that form the universes in which the predicative variables and constants are interpreted, the logic turns out to be complete, at the cost of losing expressive capacity. In Second-Order Logic the set of valid formulas is so large because the concept of standard structure is too restrictive and there are not enough of them to find models that refute the formulas. By relaxing the conditions we ask of the structures on which the language is interpreted, there are more models in which the formulas must be true to be valid and therefore the set of valid formulas is reduced; it does so in such a way that it coincides with the set produced by a deductive calculus, giving rise to completeness. Towards a translation between logics
One of the areas in which the foundations laid by <mask>'s work have proved fruitful is in the search for a logic that works as a common framework for translation between logics.This framework is intended to be used as a metalogical tool; its purpose is not to choose "one logic" above the others, which would suppress the richness provided by the diversity of them, but to provide the adequate context to contrast them, understand them and thus make the best use of the qualities of each one. A research that takes <mask>'s ideas in this direction is that of María Manzano, one of his students, whose proposal is to use Many-Sorted Logic as a common framework for the translation of logics. The aims of this proposal can be synthesized into two: 1) to use a single deductive calculus for all of them; and 2) to use the metaproperties of Many-Sorted Logic in order to more easily proof metaproperties of other logics. In addition, having a logical framework is useful for comparing different logics

masks: Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkinnk Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin


texts:
 by comparing the theories that represent them. Although Henkin does not speak of formulae translation, nor does he make explicit a Many-Sorted Language or calculus, the ideas he uses in two of his articles serve as a basis for the approach to translation: "Completeness in the theory of types" and "Banishing the Rule of Substitution for Functional Variables". Mathematical Induction
The topic of mathematical induction was frequently addressed in Henkin's activities on teaching. Probably his experience in this field was the result of his article "On mathematical induction".This was <mask>'s favorite article of his own, of which he even wrote that he considered it his best expository article. In it he defined Peano Models as those that fulfill Peano's three Second-Order Axioms and Induction Models as those that satisfy the third of them: the induction axiom. He demonstrated that although all recursive operations can be introduced in the Peano models, this is not the case in the Induction Models. Concretely, there are Induction Models in which the exponentiation operation cannot be defined. In this article, <mask> also presents the mathematical structure that Induction models can have, which is quite simple: they can either be the standard model, that is, isomorphic to natural numbers, or in two more ways; isomorphic to cycles –which correspond to the  integers module ; or isomorphsicn to what Henkin called "spoons," which is a combination of a finite list followed by a cycle. Philosophical position
Of the articles published by Henkin, the most philosophical is "Some Notes on Nominalism", which he wrote in response to two articles on nominalism, one by Quine and the other jointly written by Quine and Goodman. The discussions relevant to this philosophical doctrine arise naturally in the proofs of completeness given by Henkin, as well as in his proposal for a change in semantics through general models.Both from the content of his works and from his own statements it is considered that his position was nominalist. Teaching
<mask>'s activity as a university professor was vigorous. He taught at all levels, putting the same care and dedication into each of them. Some of the courses he taught were directly related to his research area, such as "Mathematical Logic", "Metamathematics" or "Cylindric Algebra", but others extended to a great diversity of areas, including, among others, "Fundaments of Geometry", "Algebra and Trigonometry", "Finite Mathematics", "Calculus with Analytic Geometry" or "Mathematical Concepts for Elementary School Teachers". His students agree that his explanations were extremely clear and caught the listener's attention. In the words of one of his students, "part of his magic was his elegant expression of the mathematics, but he also worked hard to engage his audience in conjecturing and seeing the next step or in being surprised by it. He certainly captured the interest of his audiences."One of the aspects of his lectures in which he put special care was in finding an appropriate pace, facing the constant dilemma of how to find the optimal speed for learning. He considered it important that the students could follow the rhythm of the class, even if this meant that some would found it slow –they could continue at their own pace with the readings. However, he also considered that what was easily learned was easily forgotten, so he sought a balance between making his classes accessible and challenging for students, so that they would make the effort to learn more deeply. About his own experience as a student, he commented in an interview: "That easy way in which ideas came made it too easy to forget them. I probably learned more densely condensed material in what we called the 'seminar for babies in conjunctive topology', conducted by Arthure Stone. I learned more because it forced us to do all the work." In addition to his courses and supervision of graduate students, Henkin's role in the scholars education was significant.Tarski had invited him to Berkeley with a clear purpose. As a mathematician, <mask> had a key role in Tarski's project to make Berkeley a center of development of logic, bringing together mathematicians, logicians and philosophers. <mask> aided him to carry out the project, helping him in the creation of the interdisciplinary Group in Logic and the Methodology of Science, whose successful performance was largely due to <mask>'s drive. Part of this project was the creation of an interdisciplinary university program that culminated in a Ph.D. in "Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science". He also collaborated in organising important meetings and conferences that promoted interdisciplinary collaboration united by logic. The outcome was that in the 1950s and 1960s there was a vibrant development of logic in Berkeley, from which many advances in Model Theory emerged. Although <mask>'s first encounter with teaching mathematics was as a professor, later in life he began to do research in mathematics' teaching as well.Some of his writings in this field are: "Retracing Elementary Mathematics", "New directions in secondary school mathematics" or "The roles of action and of thought in mathematics education". From 1979 onwards he put special emphasis on this facet of his research and the last doctoral theses he directed are related to the teaching of mathematics or the integration of minority groups in research. <mask> liked to write expository articles, for some of which he received awards such as the Chauvenet Prize (1964), for the article "Are Logic and Mathematics Identical? " or the Lester R. Ford Award, for the article "Mathematical Foundations of Mathematics". Social Projects
Throughout his life, <mask> showed a deep commitment to society and was often called a social activist. Many of his mathematics teaching projects sought to bring minority or socially disadvantaged groups closer to mathematics and related areas. He was aware that we are part of history and the context around us, as one of his writings records:"Waves of history wash over our nation, stirring up our society and our institutions.Soon we see changes in the way that all of us do things, including our mathematics and our teaching. These changes form themselves into rivulets and streams that merge at various angles with those arising in parts of our society quite different from education, mathematics, or science. Rivers are formed, contributing powerful currents that will produce future waves of history. The Great Depression and World War II formed the background of my years of study; the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement were the backdrop against which I began my career as a research mathematician, and later began to involve myself with mathematics education. "Henkin was convinced that changes could be achieved through education and, true to his idea, he committed himself to both elementary mathematics education programs and to programs whose aim was to combat exclusion. He showed a political commitment to society, defending progressive ideas. He inspired many of his students to become involved in mathematics education.Diane Resek, one of his students with an affinity for teaching, described him as follows: "<mask> was committed to work toward equity in society. He was able to see that profes- sional mathematicians could make a difference, particularly regarding racial inequities in the United States. He was one of the first people to say that one thing holding back racial minorities and poorer people in America was their low participation rates in math/science careers. He believed that there were ways of teaching and new programs that could correct this problem. "Aware of the contributions that mathematicians could make through teaching, <mask> defended that teaching should be valued in the academy environment, as he expressed in a personal letter: "In these times when our traditionally trained mathematics Ph.D.’s are finding rough going in the marketplace, it seems to me that we on the faculty should particularly seek new realms wherein mathematics training can make a substantial contribution to the basic aims of society." Some of the social projects he formed or participated in are the following. Between 1957 and 1959 he was part of the Summer Institutes, aimed at mathematics teachers and dedicated to improving high school and college education.In 1958 the National Science Foundation authorized the committee of the American Mathematical Society –which had been interested for some years in the use of films and visual material for mathematics education– to produce experimental films for this purpose, accompanied by printed manuals with appendices that would go deeper into the content and problems to be solved. <mask> participated in this project with a film on mathematical induction, whose supplementary manual was printed by the American Mathematical Society. The film was broadcast in the series "Mathematics Today". Between 1961 and 1964, he participated in a series of courses for elementary school teachers, organized by the Committee on the Undergraduate Program in Mathematics. Also around that time, he promoted the Activities to Broaden Opportunity initiative, which sought to provide opportunities for promising students from ethnic minority groups by offering them summer courses and scholarships. He took part in the SEED (Special Elementary Education for the Disadvantaged) program, which encouraged college students to participate in elementary education, as well as in SESAME (Special Excellence in Science and Mathematics Education), the interdisciplinary doctoral program created by members of various science departments, whose purpose was to research teaching and learning of science, engineering, and mathematics. Between 1960 and 1968 he participated in a series of conferences in mathematics schools, and was involved in the development of several films produced by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM).These films dealt with topics such as the integer system and the rational number system. He also participated in support courses for female calculus students and convinced the mathematics department to allow graduate students to receive the same financial support for working as elementary school teachers as they did for working as assistant teachers in college. "He not only believed in equality, but also worked actively to see that it was brought about." Henkin's Main Articles

 <mask>, L. (1949). The completeness of the first-order functional calculus. The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 14(3), 159-166. <mask>, L. (1950).Completeness in the theory of types. The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 15(2), 81-91. <mask>, L. (1953). Banishing the Rule of Substitution for Functional Variables. The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 18(3), 201-208. <mask>, L. (1953). Some interconnections between modern algebra and mathematical logic.Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 74, 410-427. <mask>, L. (1953). Some notes on nominalism, The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 18(1), 19-29. <mask>, L. (1954) A generalization of the concept of $\omega$-consistency. The Journal of Symbolic Logic. 19(3), 183-196. <mask>, L. (1955) The nominalistic interpretation of mathematical language.Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society. 7, 137-141. <mask>, L. (1955) The representation theorem for cylindrical algebras. En Skolem, Th., Hasenjaeger, G., Kreisel, G., Robinson, A. (Eds.) Mathematical Interpretation of Formal Systems, pp. 85–97.<mask>, L. (1957) A generalization of the concept of -completeness. The Journal of Symbolic Logic. 22(1), 1-14. <mask>, L. (1960). On mathematical induction. The American Mathematical Monthly. 67(4), 323-338.<mask>, L. (1961). Mathematical Induction. En MAA Film Manual No.1 The Mathematical Association of America, University of Buffalo, Nueva York. <mask>, L., Tarski, A. (1961) Cylindric algebras. En Dilworth, R.P. (Ed.)Lattice Theory. Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics. American Mathematical Society, 2, 83-113. <mask>, L. Smith, W. N., Varineau, V. J., Walsh, M. J. (1962) Retracing Elementary Mathematics. Macmillan, New York. <mask>, L. (1962).Are logic and mathematics identical?, Science, vol.138, 788-794. <mask>, L. (1963). New directions in secondary school mathematics. En Ritchie, R. W. (Ed.) New Directions in Mathematics, 1-6. Prentice Hall, New York.<mask>, L. (1963). An Extension of the Craig-Lyndon Interpolation theorem. The Journal of Symbolic Logic. 28(3), 201-216. <mask>, L. (1963). A theory of propositional types. Fundamenta mathematicae.52, 323-344. <mask>, L. (1971). Mathematical foundations for mathematics. The American Mathematical Monthly. 78(5), 463-487. <mask>, L. (1975). Identity as a logical primitive.Philosophia 5, 31-45. <mask>, L. (1977). The logic of equality.The American Mathematical Monthly. 84(8), 597-612. <mask>, L. (1995). The roles of action and of thought in mathematics education –one mathematician's passage. Fisher, N.D., Keynes, H.B., Wagreich, Ph.D.(Eds. ), Changing the Culture: Mathematics Education in the Research Community, CBMS Issues in Mathematics Education, vol. 5, pp. 3–16. American Mathematical Society in cooperation with Mathematical Association of America, Providence. <mask>, L. (1996). The discovery of my completeness proofs, Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, vol.2(2), 127-158. Awards received
1964 — The Chauvenet Prize, Mathematical Association of America award to the author of an outstanding expository article on a mathematical topic by a member of the Association. 1972 — Lester R. Ford Award — for Mathematical foundations for mathematics, American Mathematical Monthly 78 (1971), 463–487. 1990 — First recipient of the Gung and Hu Award for Distinguished Service to Mathematics. 1991 — Berkeley Citation — the highest honor/award bestowed by the University of California. 2000 — <mask> Citation — for Distinguished Service, which is presented to a (UC) faculty member for "exceptional commitment to the educational development of students from groups who are underrepresented in the academy." See also
 Branching quantifier

References

Further reading

<mask>, <mask> (1949)."The Completeness of the First-Order Functional Calculus", Journal of Symbolic Logic. 14: 159–166. <mask>, <mask> (1949). "Fragments of the propositional calculus", The Journal of Symbolic Logic 14: 42–48. <mask>, <mask> (1950). "Completeness in the theory of types", Journal of Symbolic Logic 15: 81–91. <mask>, <mask> (1996).«The Discovery of My Completeness Proofs». Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 2 (2): 127-158. ISSN 1079-8986. doi:10.2307/421107. Manzano, María, Sain, Ildikó, Alonso, Enrique (Eds.). (2014). "The Life and Work of <mask>", Birkhauser. External links

 Berkeley Citation Award
 An interview with <mask> and others about their experiences at Princeton
 An interview with <mask> about his experience at Princeton
 <mask>, advocate for diversity in math & science, has died by Robert Sanders, UC Berkeley News press release, November 9, 2006.Obituaries: <mask>, 85: professor steered minorities and women to math by Valerie J. Nelson, Los Angeles Times, November 16, 2006, p. B-6. <mask><mask>—Cal math educator by Rick DelVecchio, San Francisco Chronicle, November 20, 2006, p. B-3. In Memoriam: <mask> Henkin by John Addison, William Craig, Carolyn Kane, and Alan Schoenfeld (University of California Academic Senate memorial). In Memoriam: <mask> <mask>, 1921–2006 by J. Donald Monk, The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, vol. 15, no. 3 (Sept. 2009), pp. 326–331.1921 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Princeton University alumni
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Henkin|Henkin, Leon
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Manhattan Project people
People from Brooklyn
Mathematicians from New York

masks:
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Leon Henkin
Leon
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Leon Henkin
Henkin
Leon
Henkin
Leon
Henkin
Leon
Henkin
Leon
Leon Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Leon Henkin
Leon Henkin
Leon A
. Henkin
Leon Albert
Leon Albert
Henkin


texts:
<mask>  <mask> (Yevzerov) (1894–1973) was a leader of the Zionist movement in Siberia and a proponent of expanding commerce, tourism and industry in both the pre-state Yishuv and the then-newly established State of Israel. <mask> was elected in 1931 to the 3rd Assembly of Representatives (Mandatory Palestine) ("Asefat Hanivcharim") representing the Revisionist Party of Ze'ev Jabotinsky, and later served as chief adviser on tourism for the first government of Israel. <mask> was the chief designer of the Middle East pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair and the organizer of the 1928 and 1934 Levant Industrial Fairs (Levant Fair or "Yerid Hamizrach"). He was the founder of Binyanei HaUma and organized its first international exhibition, Kibush Hashmama in 1953. Biography
<mask> (later Ezer), son of Miriam née Silifka and Manuel Yevzerov (the nephew of "Hamagid Hayadua" Yehuda Tzvi Yevzerov), was born on May 10, 1894, in Pryluky, Ukraine. In 1913-1915 he attended the Psychoneurological Institute in Saint Petersburg. In 1915 he  transferred to the University of Tomsk in Siberia  to complete his law degree.In St. Petersburg he established a Zionist student organization called The Friend and was the editor of a magazine  distributed to Jewish students throughout Russia. Then, while living in Siberia, the Russian Revolution broke out, and <mask> was involved in Zionist activities and support for Jewish political prisoners sent to Siberia. The Bolshevik revolution and the oppression of Jews led Yevzerov to escaped from Siberia. He journeyed by trains, horses and seventeen days on a camel back through the Gobi Desert to reach Harbin, China in October, 1920, and then to Shanghai. He found a thriving community of Jewish refugees in China. Together with another Zionist activist, Moishe Novomeiski (Chairman of the National Counsel of the Far East Jews), <mask> establish the weekly periodical Siberia-Palestine that later was renamed Jewish Life; the publication continued until 1943 under the editorship of Dr. Abraham Kaufman. <mask> was also active in the "underground rail-road" to help Russian refugees in China get certificates to allow them to immigrate to the Land of Israel (which was under the British mandate at the time).On June 12, 1921, together with 44 other members of the Siberian Zionist Organization, <mask> boarded the Lloyd Triestino Nippon cargo ship. After 40 days at sea they arrived at Port Said, Egypt and then took another ship to Jaffa, Palestine. In Jaffa <mask> joined the "Siberian Group" of new immigrants that set to pave the new road between Haifa and Geda and then built British constructions in Jenin. Laborers at that group remember <mask> as the crazy guy who after a long working day would march around the encampment reciting Russian poetry while others were entirely worn out trying to rest. When <mask> fell ill with Malaria, he was sent to the hospital in Tel Aviv and fell in love with the nurse, which later became his wife, Rebecca Volkenstein (b. Chita, Siberia, 1897–1981). Rebecca herself was active in establishing the Hadassah Nursing School in Tel Aviv; she was the head nurse in that school and after moving to Jerusalem continued to work in Hadassah Medical Center and in other care centers until her 80s. <mask> and Rebecca had two children, Manuela Fuller and Gabriel (Gabbi) <mask>, 6 grandchildren and 14 great-grandchildren.In 1973, <mask> died after a long battle with cancer. <mask> and Rebecca are buried in Israel's Har HaMenuchot Cemetery in Givat Shaul, Jerusalem. Promoting Industry
<mask> developed a vision of making Israel an industrial powerhouse. He began to organize local industrial exhibitions in 1923 and 1924, which later were expanded into an international Fairs, the 1928 and 1934 "Levant Fairs" (or Orient Fair). The symbol of the fairs was the flying camel, envisioned by <mask> and designed by the architect Arie Elchanani. These fairs grew rapidly: in the Levant Fair of 1934, 820 international companies were represented and 600,000 people from around the world came to see the public exhibitions. At the time, Tel Aviv was only populated by about 35,000 people.To accommodate the fair, <mask> and Meir Dizengoff (the first mayor of Tel Aviv) established the company "Mischar Ve Taasia" (Trade and Industry Publishing and Exhibition Co.), which purchased land north of Tel Aviv to develop the fair grounds. They also published a bi-weekly magazine, "Mischar Ve Taasia", starting in 1925, with <mask> serving as its editor. In 1927, <mask> published "Palestine from the Air", one of the first aerial photography ever taken in this region. Unfortunately, an Arab upheaval erupted in 1939, which made Tel Aviv a dangerous place for an international fair to be held. As a result, the Levant Fairs had to be canceled and instead <mask> organized the Middle-East pavilion of the 1939 World Fair held in New York City. Origin of the Name Ezer
After Israel fought and won its War of Independence, <mask> and his good friend Moshe Shertok wanted new names to go along with their new state. They decided to make their new names synonyms of each other.Shertok changed his name to Sharett, which means "to serve" in Hebrew. Yevserov changed his name to <mask>, which means "to help" in Hebrew. Moshe Sharett eventually became the first Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs and the second Prime Minister of Israel after the first Prime Minister David Ben Gurion resigned. Other work
<mask>'s next vision was to make Jerusalem, the new capital, a center for commerce, industry and culture for Israel and the world's Jews. In 1950, he built the National Conference Center of Jerusalem (Binyanei HaUmah in Hebrew). Among the famous events held at the center were the Zionist Congress, a 1953's exhibition of Israel's achievements "blooming desert" and the 1958 exhibition for the 10th anniversary of Israel. <mask> helped in the publication of the first Israeli Encyclopedia, and he founded the International Club of Hebrew Literature.He thought that the best way to help the economy of the young state was to establish a strong tourism industry. He founded the Ministry of Tourism and became the first government adviser of tourism. Additionally, he authored books and newspaper articles about the history of the Zionist movement, politics, art, culture and more. He started a radio broadcast for Soviet Jews who under the communist regime were not allowed any communications with the outside world. His radio provided the Soviet Jews with  information about Israel in an attempt to contradict Soviet propaganda. His radio pseudonym was Asaf-Tal-Or, a combination of the names of his three Israeli grandsons. Awards and recognition
He was listed as one of the 2,000 most influential men in the world and appears in Who's Who of World Jewry.The mayor of Jerusalem Teddy Kollek gave him the honorary Medallion of the city. References

1894 births
1973 deaths
People from Pryluky
Ukrainian Jews
Jews of the Russian Empire
White Russian emigrants to China
Chinese emigrants to Mandatory Palestine

masks:
Alexander
Ezer
Ezer
Ezer
Alexander Yevzerov
Alexander
Alexander Yevzerov
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Ezer
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Ezer
Alexander
Ezer
Ezer
Alexander
Alexander Yeserov
Ezer
Ezer
Ezer