texts:
<mask>, also known as Marguerite Kanenstenhawi Arosen, (17 September 1696 – 26 November 1785) was an English colonist taken captive by French and Mohawk warriors from Deerfield, Massachusetts in 1704. Taken to Canada with more than 100 other captives, the seven-year-old girl was adopted by a recently converted Mohawk family at Kahnawake and was fully assimilated into Mohawk society. Baptized as a Catholic under the name "Marguerite" and renamed A'ongonte meaning "she has been planted as a person," she eventually married a Mohawk man, François-Xavier Arosen, had several children, and remained with the Mohawk for the rest of her life. While choosing not to return to her natal family, she, along with her children, repeatedly made the trek to Deerfield to visit with her Puritan siblings over the course of her life. Her father, Rev. <mask> and her brother Samuel made numerous efforts to ransom her to no avail. Moreover, they failed to persuade her to return to Massachusetts and the bosom of her birth family.Hers was one of the more famous Indian captivity stories. Early life and education

<mask> <mask> was born on 17 September 1696, the daughter of the Puritan minister <mask> and his wife <mask> Mather <mask>. On 29 February 1704, the <mask>' home was attacked during a raid on the settlement led by French and allied Abenaki and Mohawk fighters. Later called the Deerfield Massacre, the event was part of a series of raids and conflicts between the French and English, and their Indian allies, during Queen Anne's War in the early 18th century. The Indians killed numerous settlers in their houses, including <mask>'s six-week-old sister Jerusha and younger brother <mask>, Jr. They took captive more than 100 settlers, including 7-year-old Eunice, her parents, and four of her siblings. The captives were taken on a strenuous march northward.The next day, a Mohawk warrior killed her mother after she fell while crossing the icy waters of the Green River. Others of the youngest and oldest captives were killed if they could not keep up with the large party. <mask> and the surviving members of her family reached Fort Chambly in Quebec six weeks later; from there she was taken to Kahnawake, a settlement of Catholic Mohawks south of Montreal across the St. Lawrence River. She was adopted by a woman who had recently lost her own daughter in a smallpox epidemic. <mask> was given the symbolic name Waongote, meaning "one who is planted like an Ashe", and was instructed in the Mohawk language and customs, and catechized in the Roman Catholic religion. When she converted to Catholicism, she was baptized Marguerite. When the survivors of Deerfield learned that their captured relatives and neighbors were being held in Quebec, they began negotiations through various intermediaries to ransom them.During these years, Rev. <mask> was allowed to meet with <mask> on two occasions; both times he responded to her requests for guidance by telling her to frequently recite the Puritan Catechism. Later life
When the senior <mask>' ransom and freedom were arranged about three years later, he thought to have Eunice reunited with him. The French told an intermediary that this was impossible because the Mohawk with whom she was forced to live with/adopted by "would as soon part with their hearts as the child," as she was the replacement for their child who had recently passed away. The French government would not generally interfere when the Mohawk adopted captives, even if they were European. He was able to retrieve his other children, who returned to live in Massachusetts. <mask> became fully assimilated into the tribe, at age 16 marrying a young Mohawk man, François-Xavier Arosen, age 25.They had three children together. Nonetheless, Rev<mask>, succeeded by his son Stephen, continued through the years to try to ransom and later persuade <mask> to rejoin her New England family. <mask>, called Kanenstenhawi as her adult Mohawk name, finally returned to New England in 1741, by which time her father had died. Her brother Stephen had kept in touch with her. When <mask> and her husband went to Massachusetts, it was with a guide and interpreter, as they spoke only Mohawk and French. She made two more visits to her <mask> family, bringing her children with her and one year staying for an extended period through the winter.Timeline

Source notes

Content notes

References

Printed matter

Demos, John Putnam.. The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America. New York : Alfred Knopf: distributed by Random House, Inc., 1994. Haefeli, Evan and Kevin Sweeney. "Revisiting the Redeemed Captive: New Perspectives on the 1704 Attack on Deerfield," in After King Philip's War, Presence and Persistence in Indian New England. Colin G. Calloway, editor. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1997, pp.28–71. (pbk. : alk. paper)
Jennings, Francis. The Invasion of America: Indians, colonialism, and the cant of conquest . New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1976. Lepore, Jill.The Name of War: King Philip's War and the origins of American identity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998. (hc)
Melvoin, Richard I., New England Outpost, War and Society in Colonial Deerfield. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1989. Sheldon, George. A History of Deerfield Massachusetts: The Times when and the People by whom it was Settled, Unsettled, and Resettled, with a Special Study of the Indian Wars in the Connecticut Valley. With Genealogies, Deerfield, MA 1895 (two volumes)
Williams, John, edited by Edward W. Clark.The Redeemed Captive. Amherst, Massachusetts: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1976. (Note: <mask> first published this book in 1707.) Websites

 (First printed by S. Kneeland and T. Green, ca. 1741)

External links

 A Historic and Present Day Guide to Old Deerfield  (downloadable as PDF)
 Historic Deerfield
 Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association
 The Captivation of <mask> <mask> (opera)
 <mask> <mask>' husband Arosen was one of the Mohawk negotiators of the "Treaty of Kahnawake"
 "Eunice Williams", Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 "The Deerfield Raid", Canadian Encyclopedia Online

1696 births
1785 deaths
People from Deerfield, Massachusetts
Colonial American women
People of colonial Massachusetts
Mohawk tribe
Captives of Native Americans
Captives of Native Canadians

masks:
Eunice Williams
John Williams
Eunice
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John Williams
Eunice
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John Williams
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Eunice
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. Williams
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Eunice
Williams
Williams
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Eunice
Williams


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texts:
<mask>, known as <mask> (20 September 1902 – 7 March 1971), was an English poet and novelist. She won the Cholmondeley Award and was awarded the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry. A play, <mask> by Hugh Whitemore, based on her life, was adapted into a film starring Glenda Jackson. Life
<mask>, born <mask> in Kingston upon Hull, was the second daughter of Ethel and <mask>. She was called "Peggy" within her family, but acquired the name "<mask>" as a young woman when she was riding in the park with a friend who said that she reminded him of the jockey Steve Donoghue. Her father was a shipping agent, a business that he had inherited from his father. As the company and his marriage began to fall apart, he ran away to sea and <mask> saw very little of him after that.He appeared occasionally on 24-hour shore leave and sent very brief postcards ("Off to Valparaiso, Love Daddy"). When <mask> was three years old, she moved with her mother and sister to Palmers Green in North London where she would live until her death in 1971. She resented the fact that her father had abandoned his family. Later, when her mother became ill, her aunt Madge Spear (whom <mask> called "The Lion Aunt") came to live with them, raised <mask> and her elder sister Molly and became the most important person in <mask>'s life. Spear was a feminist who claimed to have "no patience" with men and, as <mask> wrote, "she also had 'no patience' with Hitler". <mask> and Molly, raised in a family of women, became attached to their own independence, in contrast to what <mask> described as the typical Victorian family atmosphere of "father knows best". When <mask> was five, she developed tuberculous peritonitis and was sent to a sanatorium near Broadstairs, Kent, where she remained for three years.She related that her preoccupation with death began when she was seven, at a time when she was very distressed at being sent away from her mother. Death and fear fascinated her and provide the subjects of many of her poems. Her mother died when <mask> was 16. When suffering from the depression to which she was subject all her life, <mask> was so consoled by the thought of death as a release that, as she put it, she did not have to commit suicide. She wrote in several poems that death was "the only god who must come when he is called". <mask> suffered throughout her life from an acute nervousness, described as a mix of shyness and intense sensitivity. In the poem "A House of Mercy", she wrote of her childhood house in North London:
It was a house of female habitation,
Two ladies fair inhabited the house,
And they were brave.For although Fear knocked loud

Upon the door, and said he must come in,
They did not let him in. <mask> was educated at Palmers Green High School and North London Collegiate School for Girls. She spent the remainder of her life with her aunt, and worked as private secretary to Sir Neville Pearson at Newnes Publishing Company in London from 1923 to 1953. Despite her secluded life, she corresponded and socialised widely with other writers and creative artists, including Elisabeth Lutyens, Sally Chilver, Inez Holden, Naomi Mitchison, Isobel English and Anna Kallin. After she retired from Sir Neville Pearson's service following a nervous breakdown she gave poetry readings and broadcasts on the BBC that gained her new friends and readers among a younger generation. Sylvia Plath became a fan of her poetry and sent <mask> a letter in 1962, describing herself as "a desperate Smith-addict." Plath expressed interest in meeting in person but took her own life soon after sending the letter.<mask> was described by her friends as being naive and selfish in some ways and formidably intelligent in others, having been raised by her aunt as both a spoiled child and a resolutely autonomous woman. Likewise, her political views vacillated between her aunt's Toryism and her friends' left-wing tendencies. <mask> was celibate for most of her life, although she rejected the idea that she was lonely as a result, alleging that she had a number of intimate relationships with friends and family that kept her fulfilled. She never entirely abandoned or accepted the High Church Anglican faith of her childhood, describing herself as a "lapsed atheist", and wrote sensitively about theological puzzles;"There is a God in whom I do not believe/Yet to this God my love stretches." Her 14-page essay of 1958, "The Necessity of Not Believing", concludes: "There is no reason to be sad, as some people are sad when they feel religion slipping off from them. There is no reason to be sad, it is a good thing." The essay was unveiled at a meeting of the Cambridge Humanist Society.<mask> died of a brain tumour on 7 March 1971. Her last collection, Scorpion and other Poems was published posthumously in 1972, and the Collected Poems followed in 1975. Three novels were republished and there was a successful play based on her life, <mask>, written by Hugh Whitemore. It was filmed in 1978 by Robert Enders and starred Glenda Jackson and Mona Washbourne. Fiction
<mask> wrote three novels, the first of which, Novel on Yellow Paper, was published in 1936. Apart from death, common subjects in her writing include loneliness; myth and legend; absurd vignettes, usually drawn from middle-class British life; war; human cruelty; and religion. All her novels are lightly fictionalised accounts of her own life, which got her into trouble at times as people recognised themselves.<mask> said that two of the male characters in her last book are different aspects of George Orwell, who was close to <mask>. There were rumours that they were lovers; he was married to his first wife at the time. Novel on Yellow Paper (Cape, 1936)
<mask>'s first novel is structured as the random typings of a bored secretary, Pompey. She plays word games, retells stories from classical and popular culture, remembers events from her childhood, gossips about her friends and describes her family, particularly her beloved Aunt. As with all <mask>'s novels, there is an early scene where the heroine expresses feelings and beliefs which she will later feel significant, although ambiguous, regret for. In Novel on Yellow Paper that belief is anti-Semitism, where she feels elation at being the "only Goy" at a Jewish party. This apparently throwaway scene acts as a timebomb, which detonates at the centre of the novel when Pompey visits Germany as the Nazis are gaining power.With horror, she acknowledges the continuity between her feeling "Hurray for being a Goy" at the party and the madness that is overtaking Germany. The German scenes stand out in the novel, but perhaps equally powerful is her dissection of failed love. She describes two unsuccessful relationships, first with the German Karl and then with the suburban Freddy. The final section of the novel describes with unusual clarity the intense pain of her break-up with Freddy. Over the Frontier (Cape, 1938)
<mask> herself dismissed her second novel as a failed experiment, but its attempt to parody popular genre fiction to explore profound political issues now seems to anticipate post-modern fiction. If anti-Semitism was one of the key themes of Novel on Yellow Paper, Over the Frontier is concerned with militarism. In particular, she asks how the necessity of fighting Fascism can be achieved without descending into the nationalism and dehumanisation that fascism represents.After a failed romance the heroine, Pompey, suffers a breakdown and is sent to Germany to recuperate. At this point the novel changes style radically, as Pompey becomes part of an adventure/spy yarn in the style of John Buchan or Dornford Yates. As the novel becomes increasingly dreamlike, Pompey crosses over the frontier to become a spy and soldier. If her initial motives are idealistic, she becomes seduced by the intrigue and, ultimately, violence. The vision <mask> offers is a bleak one: "Power and cruelty are the strengths of our lives, and only in their weakness is there love." The Holiday (Chapman and Hall, 1949)
<mask>'s final novel was her own favourite, and is her most fully realised. It is concerned with personal and political malaise in the immediate post-war period.Most of the characters are employed in the army or the civil service in post-war reconstruction, and its heroine, Celia, works for the Ministry as a cryptographer and propagandist. The Holiday describes a series of hopeless relationships. Celia and her cousin Caz are in love, but cannot pursue their affair since it is believed that, because of their parents' adultery, they are half-brother and half-sister. Celia's other cousin Tom is in love with her, Basil is love with Tom, Tom is estranged from his father, Celia's beloved Uncle Heber, who pines for a reconciliation;  and Celia's best friend Tiny longs for the married Vera. These unhappy, futureless but intractable relationships are mirrored by the novel's political concerns. The unsustainability of the British Empire and the uncertainty over Britain's post-war role are constant themes, and many of the characters discuss their personal and political concerns as if they were seamlessly linked. Caz is on leave from Palestine and is deeply disillusioned, Tom goes mad during the war, and it is telling that the family scandal that blights Celia and Caz's lives took place in India.Just as Pompey's anti-Semitism is tested in Novel on Yellow Paper, so Celia's traditional nationalism and sentimental support for colonialism are challenged throughout The Holiday. Poetry
<mask>'s first volume of poetry, the self-illustrated A Good Time Was Had By All, was published in 1937 and established her as a poet. Soon her poems were found in periodicals. Her style was often very dark; her characters were perpetually saying "goodbye" to their friends or welcoming death. At the same time her work has an eerie levity and can be very funny though it is neither light nor whimsical. "<mask> often uses the word 'peculiar' and it is the best word to describe her effects" (Hermione Lee). She was never sentimental, undercutting any pathetic effects with the ruthless honesty of her humour."A good time was had by all" itself became a catch phrase, still occasionally used to this day. <mask> said she got the phrase from parish magazines, where descriptions of church picnics often included this phrase. This saying has become so familiar that it is recognised even by those who are unaware of its origin. Variations appear in pop culture, including "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" by the Beatles. Though her poems were remarkably consistent in tone and quality throughout her life, their subject matter changed over time, with less of the outrageous wit of her youth and more reflection on suffering, faith and the end of life.Her best-known poem is "Not Waving but Drowning". She was awarded the Cholmondeley Award for Poets in 1966 and won the Queen's Gold Medal for poetry in 1969. She published nine volumes of poems in her lifetime (three more were released posthumously). As an occasional work, <mask> wrote the text of the coffee-table book Cats in Colour (1959), for which she wrote a humorous series of captions to photographs imagining the inner lives of cats. <mask>'s poems have been the focus of writers and critics around the world. James Antoniou writes in The Australian that her 'apparent innocence masks such fierce complexities, such ambition and startling originality, that many people baulk at her work', while Michael Dirda affirms in The Washington Post that, 'certainly, an outward charm is part of <mask>'s aesthetic strategy, though there’s nothing naive or whimsical beneath her surface.' Carol Rumens writes in The Guardian that <mask> 'skewered formality, though formally deft, and challenged, with a Victorian school marm's brisk tartness, the lingering shades of late-Victorian social hypocrisy.'Works

Novels
Novel on Yellow Paper (Cape, 1936)
Over the Frontier (Cape 1938)
The Holiday (Chapman and Hall, 1949)

Poetry collections
 A Good Time Was Had By All (Cape, 1937)
 Tender Only to One (Cape, 1938)
 Mother, What Is Man? (Cape, 1942)
 Alone in the Woods (Cape, 1947)
 Harold's Leap (Cape, 1950)
 Not Waving but Drowning (Deutsch, 1957)
 Selected Poems (Longmans, 1962) includes 17 previously unpublished poems
 The Frog Prince  (Longmans, 1966) includes 69 previously unpublished poems
 The Best Beast (Longmans, 1969)
 Two in One (Longmans, 1971) reprint of Selected Poems and The Frog Prince
 Scorpion and Other Poems (Longmans, 1972)
 Collected Poems (Allen Lane, 1975)
 Selected Poems (Penguin, 1978)
 New Selected Poems of <mask> (New Directions, 1988)
  Come on Come Back 1972
 The Collected Poems and Drawings of <mask> (Faber and Faber, 2015)

Other
 Some Are More Human Than Others: A Sketch-Book (Gaberbocchus Press, 1958)
 Cats in Colour (Batsford, 1959)
 Me Again: Uncollected Writings of <mask> (Virago, 1984)
  "The Necessity of Not Believing" (Gemini No. 5, Spring 1958, Vol. 2, No. 1)

References

Further reading
<mask> and Authorship By William May Oxford University Press
<mask>'s Resistant Antics by Laura Severin, Univ of Wisconsin Press 1997

External links

Profiles

<mask> Profile, poems and audio files at the Poetry Archive. Retrieved 12 December 2010
<mask> profile at Academy of American Poets. Retrieved 12 December 2010
<mask> profile at Poetry Foundation.Poems and bibliography. Retrieved 12 December 2010

Archive
<mask> papers. Archive at University of Tulsa McFarlin Library's in special collections department. Retrieved 12 December 2010
Five autograph and typewritten poems by <mask> at the British Library. Retrieved 22 June 2020
The <mask> Papers at Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved 12 December 2010

Works
<mask> reading "Not Waving But Drowning", BBC (includes poem text and poet's photo). Retrieved 12 December 2010
Author profile for <mask>, LibraryThing.Retrieved 12 December 2010
"Pretty" by <mask> from The Times, 13 May 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2010
, Retrieved 28 June 2011

1902 births
1971 deaths
Writers from Kingston upon Hull
Pseudonymous women writers
Deaths from brain tumor
Deaths from cancer in England
English atheists
English humanists
English women poets
English women novelists
People educated at North London Collegiate School
People educated at Palmers Green High School
20th-century English poets
20th-century English women writers
20th-century English novelists
20th-century pseudonymous writers

masks:
Florence Margaret Smith
Stevie Smith
Stevie
Stevie Smith
Florence Margaret Smith
Charles Smith
Stevie
Smith
Stevie Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Stevie
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Stevie Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Stevie Smith
Stevie Smith
Stevie Smith
Stevie Smith
Stevie Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Stevie Smith
Stevie Smith
Stevie Smith
Stevie Smith
Stevie Smith
Stevie Smith


texts:
<mask> (July 17, 1892 – August 16, 1972), frequently known as A. D<mask>, was an American soldier, Virginia lawyer, state senator, state court judge, and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia. Early family life and education

Born at "Giant Poplars" in Houston, Virginia (now Halifax) to the former Hallie Bailey Craddock, and her husband, William D<mask>. His paternal grandfather, <mask> (1812-1887), had represented Halifax County in the Virginia House of Delegates during the final years of the Civil War (1863-5), after purchasing the Union Iron Works with partners Jonathan B. Stovall and <mask> in 1862. Though too young to enlist in the Confederate Army, as a militia cadet <mask> had fought at the Battle of Staunton River Bridge in 1864 before receiving his degrees and becoming a Virginia lawyer, circuit judge (initially perhaps the youngest at age 24, but elected to successive terms until his death in 1925), South Boston bank president and state senator (1897-1905)  <mask> 's mother died in 1900 but he had four elder brothers, one younger brother and four older sisters, and his father remarried. One brother become a surgeon in Lynchburg, another a Richmond Bank president and one of his sisters was supervisor of elementary education and Sunday school superintendent in Halifax County. Educated at the local public schools and the Cluster Springs Academy, <mask> received his college education in Lexington, Virginia, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree from Virginia Military Institute in 1911 at the age of 18. He then earned a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Virginia School of Law, where he was president of his class, in 1915. <mask> practiced law in Lynchburg, Virginia, from 1915 to 1916 before leaving to enter military service.Military service

<mask> served in the United States Army from 1916 to 1922, with the Virginia-based 116th Infantry Regiment of the 29th Infantry Division in Europe during World War I. Rising to the rank of captain, <mask> received the Distinguished Service Cross, the Croix de guerre, and the Chevalier Legion of Honor. Distinguished Service Cross citation

"<mask><mask>, captain, 116th Infantry. For repeated acts of extraordinary heroism in action near Samogneux, France, October 8, 1918; near Molleville, France, October 12; and in the Bois de la Grand Montagne, France, October 15, 1918. Commanding a support company during the attack of October 8, Capt. <mask> discovered that his battalion had advanced ahead of the unit on the right flank, and was suffering heavy losses from machine gun fire. Without orders he attacked and captured the guns, taking many prisoners.On October 12 he worked for over an hour, exposed to a terrific bombardment, binding the wounds of his men. On October 15 he advanced alone in a thick wood and, with the aid of his pistol, put out of action a destructive machine gun which was pouring such a deadly fire his men could not raise their heads." University of Virginia presentation

At the centennial ceremonies for the University of Virginia, Captain <mask> on behalf of the alumni presented the University with a plaque listing the names of 80 graduates killed in World War I.

Virginia lawyer, state senator and judge

<mask> returned to private practice in Lynchburg from 1922 to 1938. He aligned with the Byrd Organization, and won election to the Senate of Virginia, representing the 12th Virginia senatorial district (then Lynchburg and Campbell County and still a part-time position) from 1924 to 1928. Following the Great Depression, the Virginia General Assembly elected <mask> as Judge of the Virginia Circuit Court for the Sixth Judicial Circuit, where his father had served for so many years, and he served from 1938 to 1940. Federal judicial service

<mask> received a recess appointment from President Franklin D. Roosevelt on December 19, 1939, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia vacated by Judge Armistead <mask>. He was nominated to the same position by President Roosevelt on January 11, 1940.He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 1, 1940, and received his commission on February 5, 1940. He assumed senior status on August 1, 1957. His service terminated on August 16, 1972, due to his death. Assigned a school desegregation case involving Pulaski County, which had no high school for black students, but three secondary schools for white students, as well as manifestly unequal elementary schools, <mask> insisted that no two schools are ever precisely equal, and that the arguments of Spottswood Robinson and Oliver Hill concerning desegregation would be the death knell for consolidated high schools (black students were bused up to sixty miles per day to attend a training academy in Christiansburg). The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals soon reversed him in 1949, which stunned the Richmond News Leader, which printed an editorial by <mask> Freeman acknowledging that 44 Virginia counties and cities had no accredited black high school. Personal life

<mask> married Louisa Estill Winfree on December 15, 1934, and they had two daughters. Death and legacy

<mask> died on August 16, 1972 in Lynchburg, and is buried at its historic Spring Hill cemetery.His wartime papers from his World War I service are held by the VMI library, and those from his federal judicial service are held by the University of Virginia library. VMI established a scholarship in his name in 1974-1975. References

Sources

External links
 A Guide to the Alfred Dickinson Barksdale Papers

1892 births
1972 deaths
Virginia Military Institute alumni
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Virginia lawyers
Judges of the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia
United States district court judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt
20th-century American judges
Virginia state court judges
People from Halifax, Virginia
Virginia Democrats
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Virginia state senators

masks:
Alfred Dickinson Barksdale
. Barksdale
. Barksdale Sr
Elisha Barksdale
John P Barksdale
William Barksdale
Albert Barksdale
Barksdale
Barksdale
Barksdale
Barksdale
Alfred D
. Barksdale
Barksdale
Barksdale
Barksdale
Barksdale
Barksdale
Mason Dobie
Barksdale
Douglas Southall
Barksdale
Barksdale


texts:
Monsieur Gaston, Duke of Orléans (Gaston Jean Baptiste; 24 April 1608 – 2 February 1660), was the third son of King Henry IV of France and his wife Marie de' Medici. As a son of the king, he was born a Fils de France. He later acquired the title Duke of Orléans, by which he was generally known during his adulthood. As the eldest surviving brother of King Louis XIII, he was known at court by the traditional honorific Monsieur. Early life
Gaston Jean Baptiste was born at the Palace of Fontainebleau on 24 April 1608 and at birth was given the title of Duke of Anjou. As a child, he was raised under the supervision of the royal governess Françoise de Montglat. In 1626, at the time of his marriage to the young Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier, he received in appanage (with their respective titles) the duchies of Orléans and Chartres, and the county of Blois.He had nominal command of the army which besieged La Rochelle in 1628, having already entered upon a course of political intrigue that would occupy the remainder of his life. He was the heir presumptive to the throne of France from the death of his brother Nicolas Henri in 1611 until the birth of his elder brother's first son in 1638. On two occasions, he had to leave France for conspiring against the government of his brother and his Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu. After waging an unsuccessful war in Languedoc leading to the Battle of Castelnaudary in 1632, he took refuge in Flanders. Reconciled with his brother Louis XIII, he plotted against Richelieu in 1635, fled from the country again, and then submitted to the King and the Cardinal. Soon afterwards, the same process repeated itself. Orléans conspired with the marquis de Cinq-Mars to attempt Richelieu's assassination, and then deserted his unfortunate accomplice (1642).In 1643, upon the death of Louis XIII, Gaston became Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, and fought against Spain on the northern frontiers of France. He was created duc d'Alençon in 1646. During the wars of the Fronde (1648–1653), he demonstrated no particular loyalty to the crown and passed with great facility from one side to the other. Marriages
Gaston first married on 6 August 1626, at Nantes to Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier, daughter and heiress of Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier. They had a daughter, Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier (29 May 1627 – 5 April 1693), called Mademoiselle de Montpensier, but later being best known as the Grande Mademoiselle. Marie de Bourbon died six days after giving birth (4 June 1627), leaving her daughter the last of the line of the Montpensier line of the House of Bourbon. While taking refuge from the wrath of Cardinal Richelieu in Lorraine, Gaston fell in love at first sight with Marguerite of Lorraine, the sister of Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine.But as France and Lorraine were then enemies, he was refused the king's permission to marry a sister of its duke. Nonetheless, Gaston fled again to Lorraine and, in a secret ceremony in the presence of her family at Nancy during the night of 2 – 3 January 1632, Gaston took the princess Marguerite as his wife. Because he had not obtained the prior permission of his elder brother, the king – one of his many acts of defiance – the couple could not appear at the French court and the marriage was kept secret. But in November of that year, Henri II, Duke of Montmorency, on his way to the scaffold, betrayed Gaston, his former co-conspirator, and Louis XIII and Richelieu learnt of the elopement. The king had his brother's marriage declared null and void by the Parlement of Paris in September 1634 and, despite the protest of Pope Urban VIII,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OILFAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA336 Campagnes de Charles IV, duc de Lorraine et de Bar, en Allemagne, en Lorraine et en Franche-Comté, 1634-1638, d'après des documents inédits, par F. des Robert, Paris, Nancy, 1883, p. 336. ]</ref> the Assembly of the French clergy held in September 1635 that a prince du sang could enter matrimony only with permission of the king – consistent with French sovereignty and custom.Although Marguerite and Gaston had re-celebrated their marriage before the Archbishop of Malines, a French emissary persuaded the Pope not to protest the matter publicly, and Gaston formally accepted the annulment of his marriage. It was not until Louis XIII was on his deathbed in May 1643 that he accepted his brother's plea for forgiveness and authorized his marriage to Marguerite, whereupon the couple undertook nuptials for the third time in July 1643 before the Archbishop of Paris at Meudon, and the Duke and Duchess of Orléans were finally received at court. By right of her marriage, Marguerite became known as Madame at court. After the death of his mother in 1642, Gaston was bequeathed the Luxembourg Palace, which became the couple's Parisian residence under the name Palais Orléans once they were restored to royal favour. They also sojourned at the Château de Blois, in the Loire Valley, where their first child was born in 1645. Marguerite and Gaston d'Orléans had five children, of whom three daughters survived into adulthood:
Marguerite Louise d'<mask> (28 July 1645 – 17 September 1721) married Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and had issue-but line died out. Élisabeth Marguerite d'<mask> (26 December 1646 – 17 March 1696) married Louis Joseph of Lorraine, Duke of Guise and had issue-but line died out.Françoise Madeleine d'<mask> (13 October 1648 – 14 January 1664) married Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy but died childless. Jean Gaston d'<mask>, Duke of Valois (17 August 1650 – 10 August 1652) died in infancy. Marie Anne d'<mask> (9 November 1652 – 17 August 1656) died in infancy. Gaston had an illegitimate daughter by Marie Porcher:
Marie bâtarde d'Orléans (1 January 1631, Paris – ?). He also had an illegitimate son by Louise-Roger de La Marbelière:
Louis bâtard d'Orléans, chevalier de Charny, (13 January 1638, Joué les Tours – 1692, Spain), later General under the service of Spain. Later life

After the death of Gaston's brother Louis XIII in 1643, his nephew Philippe, brother of the new king Louis XIV, became the new Monsieur. To differentiate the older Monsieur from the younger, Gaston, the uncle, was called Le Grand Monsieur and Philippe, the nephew, was called Le Petit Monsieur.After the Fronde, Gaston was exiled by Cardinal Mazarin to Blois in 1652, and remained there until his death. All of his Orléans titles then went to his nephew, now the only Monsieur''. Ancestors

See also

 Charles de Lorme, personal medical doctor to Gaston
 List of works by James Pradier

References

Gaston Jean Baptiste de France Duc d'Orléans

Princes of France (Bourbon)
1608 births
1660 deaths
17th-century peers of France
People from Fontainebleau
House of Bourbon-Montpensier
Dukes of Valois
Dukes of Anjou
Dukes of Orléans
Dukes of Chartres
Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
Counts of Blois
Heirs presumptive to the French throne
Louis XIII
301
French people of Italian descent
French people of Hungarian descent
French people of Austrian descent
Children of Henry IV of France
French exiles
People of the Fronde
Military personnel of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)

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<mask> (born 1963) is an American musician, producer, composer and multi-instrumentalist who currently lives in London, England. <mask> is best known for his extensive work on the Bully Original Soundtrack. He is currently working on upcoming album Janktone Productions, composed primarily of cheap and fun home-made instruments, currently there is no definitive release date. Career
<mask> was born to a mother of Lebanese and American Indian ancestry and a father of Irish American ancestry. <mask> has relocated twice in pursuit of his career. He moved to Los Angeles in 1988 where he worked with The Dust Brothers and Jeff Buckley. After being in various bands, performing on The Tonight Show, a publishing deal with EMI and touring on Lollapolooza, <mask> moved to London, England.There he signed a solo record deal with Talkin' Loud. This resulted in an album Discomfort which was only promo released in France 1996. In 2000, <mask> released Monkey Boy on Wall of Sound Records. The album included <mask>'s song "Happiness", which was later recorded by million selling British artist Will Young. 2004 saw the release the album Soul Visa, in Japan only, on Rush Production!. Soul Visa was later released in 2006 worldwide under the BBE label. The album Harmonium was released in 2005 in Japan, again under Rush Production!.As <mask>'s Ping Pong Orchestra, <mask> has released 11 albums on US label Ubiquity Records and 1 under his own label Silver Fox Records: Music And Rhythm, Moods And Grooves, Voices and Choices, Strings And Things, A Very Ping Pong Christmas: Funky Treats From Santa's bag, Hits The Hits, Miles Of Styles, Under the Sun, Hooked Up Classics, World Of Funk, Reel To Reel, and Techstar. <mask>'s music has appeared in many films such as Ocean's Thirteen, The Break-Up, and Confessions of a Shopaholic, as well as on television series, such as CSI: Miami, Lost, Desperate Housewives, Nip/Tuck, Ugly Betty, and Eastbound and Down, and the Mack Dawg Productions snowboard movie Picture This. <mask> also scored the Rockstar Games video game Bully in 2006. Bully was twice nominated for best score from GameSpot (winner) and Spike VGA (Video Game Awards). He composed some pieces for The Getaway before working on Bully's score. <mask> also scored UK/Swiss feature film Save Angel Hope, which is yet to be released. The 2008 surf documentary film Under The Sun also features an original <mask> soundtrack  released on Ubiquity Records.In 2009, his song "Kiss the Sky" with Nino Moschella was featured on the second-season finale of Life, as well as in the first-season finale of the HBO comedy Eastbound & Down and the penultimate episode of the fifth season of Nip/Tuck. <mask> continues to live in London working on an array of new albums in his studio "Trans-Yank." These include collaborations with Clutchy Hopkins, Tony Joe White, Darondo, Money Mark and Tommy Guerrero. He also frequently performs with London-based electronica band Psapp, both on record and at live performances. In 2011 <mask> collaborated on an art exhibition with French visual artist Gerald Petit in Lyon, titled "A Conversation Piece". Since 2011, <mask> has collaborated with indie artist AM, who he showcased with at the 2011 South By Southwest Music Festival (SXSW) in Austin, Texas. After AM heard <mask>'s "Music and Rhythm" album on the radio in Los Angeles, he decided to reach out to <mask> on a now defunct social networking site.The two became quick friends, sharing a common love for 60's psychedelia and 70's Italian soundtracks.AM & Shawn <mask> released their debut album Celestial Electric to critical acclaim in September 2011 on ESL Music. The first single from the album, "Dark Into Light, was released on limited edition 12" vinyl on the Ubiquity label April 16, 2011 in honor of Record Store Day. When Rob Garza from Thievery Corporation heard the collaboration, he signed the debut album Celestial Electric to his record label ESL (Eighteenth Street Lounge). Due to ESL restructuring to be a digital only record, label, AM & Shawn Lee brought their second album La Musique Numérique to Park The Van Records. <mask> has also worked with many artists such as Lana Del Rey, Amy Winehouse, Alicia Keys, Psapp, Coldcut, <mask> Rhimes, Martina Mcbride, UNKLE, Tony Joe White, Chateau Flight, The Dust Brothers, St. Etienne, Jeff Buckley, Bomb the Bass, The Spice Girls, Natasha Atlas, Princess Superstar, Money Mark, Bei Bei, Misha Panfilov, Paul Elliot, Virgil Howe, Tim 'Love' <mask>, Clutchy Hopkins, Nino Moschella and Georgia Anne Muldrow. Most recently, he helped spawn Wild Belle. <mask> is also one half of Young Gun Silver Fox along with Andy Platts.They have released three albums: West End Coast in 2015, AM Waves in 2018 and Canyons in 2020. 2 (ESL Music, 2012)
La Musique Numérique (Park the Van, 2013)
Replayed Remix Album (Park the Van, 2013)
Instrumentally AM & <mask> Lee Vol. 1 (AM Sounds, 2013)
Instrumentally AM & Shawn Lee Vol.

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<mask>, 1st Viscount <mask> of Blackburn,  (24 December 1838 – 23 September 1923) was a British Liberal statesman, writer and newspaper editor. Initially a journalist in the North of England and then editor of the newly Liberal-leaning Pall Mall Gazette from 1880 to 1883, he was elected a Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party in 1883. He was Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1886 and between 1892 and 1895; Secretary of State for India between 1905 and 1910 and again in 1911; and Lord President of the Council between 1910 and 1914. <mask> was a distinguished political commentator, and biographer of his hero, William Gladstone. <mask> is best known for his writings and for his "reputation as the last of the great nineteenth-century Liberals". He opposed imperialism and the Second Boer War. He supported Home Rule for Ireland.His opposition to British entry into the First World War as an ally of Russia led him to leave government in August 1914. Background and education
<mask> was born in Blackburn, Lancashire, the son of <mask>, a surgeon, and of Priscilla Mary (née Donkin). He attended Cheltenham College. While at Oxford, he quarrelled with his father over religion, and had to leave the university early without an honours degree; his father had wanted him to become a clergyman. He wrote, in obvious allusion to this rift, On Compromise (1874). Journalism
<mask> was called to the bar by Lincoln's Inn in 1873, before deciding to pursue a career in journalism. He later described his decision to abandon the law "my long enduring regret".He edited the newly Radical-Liberal Pall Mall Gazette  from 1880 to 1883, with W. T. Stead as his assistant editor before going into politics. Political career
<mask> first stood for Parliament at the Blackburn by-election in 1869, a rare double by-election held after an election petition led to the results of the 1868 general election in Blackburn being voided. He was unsuccessful in Blackburn, and also failed to win a seat when he contested the City of Westminster at the 1880 general election. <mask> was then elected as Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Newcastle upon Tyne at a by-election in February 1883. <mask> and Newcastle
<mask> was a prominent Gladstonian Liberal. In Newcastle, his constituency association chairman was the effective Robert Spence Watson, a leader of the National Liberal Federation and its chairman from 1890 to 1902. Newcastle, however, was a dual member constituency and <mask>'s parliamentary colleague, Joseph Cowen, was a radical in perpetual conflict with the Liberal Party, who owned the Newcastle Chronicle.Cowen attacked <mask> from the left, and sponsored working men candidates on his retirement from the seat, showing favour to the local Tory candidate, Charles Hamond. <mask>, with Watson's machine, withstood the Cowen challenge until the 1895 general election, when the tactics caused the ejection of <mask> and the loss of Newcastle to the Tories. Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1886, 1892–95
In February 1886, he was sworn to the Privy Council and made Chief Secretary for Ireland, only to be turned out when Gladstone's government fell over Home Rule in July of the same year and Lord Salisbury became Prime Minister. After the severe defeat of the Gladstonian party at the 1886 general election, <mask> divided his life between politics and letters until Gladstone's return to power at the 1892 general election, when he resumed as Chief Secretary for Ireland. He had during the interval taken a leading part in parliament, but his tenure of the chief secretaryship of Ireland was hardly a success. The Irish gentry made things as difficult for him as possible, and the path of an avowed Home Ruler installed in office at Dublin Castle was beset with pitfalls. In the internecine disputes that agitated the Liberal party during Lord Rosebery's administration and afterwards, <mask> sided with Sir William Harcourt and was the recipient and practically co-signatory of his letter resigning the Liberal leadership in December 1898.He lost his seat in the 1895 general election but soon found another in Scotland, when he was elected at a by-election in February 1896 for the Montrose Burghs. Opposition to eight hours working day
From 1889 onwards, <mask> resisted the pressure from labour leaders in Newcastle to support a maximum working day of eight hours enforced by law. <mask> objected to this because it would interfere in natural economic processes. It would be "thrusting an Act of Parliament like a ramrod into all the delicate and complex machinery of British industry". For example, an Eight Hours Bill for miners would impose on an industry with great diversity in local and natural conditions a universal regulation. He further argued that it would be wrong to "enable the Legislature, which is ignorant of these things, which is biased in these things—to give the Legislature the power of saying how many hours a day a man shall or shall not work". <mask> told trade unionists that the only right way to limit working hours was through voluntary action from them.His outspokenness against any eight hours bill, rare among politicians, brought him the hostility of labour leaders. In September 1891, two mass meetings saw labour leaders such as <mask>, Keir Hardie and Robert Blatchford all called for action against <mask>. In the election of 1892, <mask> did not face a labour candidate but the Eight Hours League and the Social Democratic Federation supported the Unionist candidate. <mask> kept his seat but came second to the Unionist candidate. When <mask> was appointed to the government and the necessary by-election ensued, Hardie and other socialists advised working men to vote for the Unionist candidate (who supported an Eight Hours Bill for miners), but the Irish vote in Newcastle rallied to <mask> and he comfortably kept his seat. After a vote on an Eight Hours Bill in the Commons in March 1892, <mask> wrote: "That has taken place which I apprehended. The Labour party—that is, the most headstrong and unscrupulous and shallow of those who speak for labour—has captured the Liberal party.Even worse—the Liberal party, on our bench at any rate, has surrendered sans phrase, without a word of explanation or vindication". Ideological views
In 1880, <mask> wrote to Auberon Herbert, an extreme opponent of state intervention, that "I am afraid that I do not agree with you as to paternal government. I am no partisan of a policy of incessant meddling with individual freedom, but I do strongly believe that in so populous a society as ours now is, you may well have a certain protection thrown over classes of men and women who are unable to protect themselves". In 1885, <mask> spoke out against those Liberals who believed that all state intervention was wrong and proclaimed: "I am not prepared to allow that the Liberty and the Property Defence League are the only people with a real grasp of Liberal principles, that Lord Bramwell and the Earl of Wemyss are the only Abdiels of the Liberal Party". Later that year <mask> defined his politics: "I am a cautious Whig by temperament, I am a Liberal by training, and I am a thorough Radical by observation and experience". By the mid-1890s, <mask> adopted a doctrinaire opposition to state intervention in social and economic matters. He repeatedly expressed his hope that social reform would not become a party issue and warned voters to "Beware of any State action which artificially disturbs the basis of work and wages".Politicians could not "insure steady work and good wages" because of "great economic tides and currents flowing which were beyond the control of any statesman, Government, or community". <mask> also opposed the state providing benefits for sections or classes of the community as the government should not be used as a tool for sectional or class interests. The Unionist government had proposed to help farmers by assuming some of their rates and wanted to subsidise West Indian sugar producers. <mask> viewed these as dangerous precedents of "distributing public money for the purposes of a single class" and he asked voters: "How far are you going to allow this to take you? ... If you are going to give grants to help profits, how are you off from giving grants in favour of aiding wages?" The end of this process, <mask> warned, would see "national workshops to which anybody has a right to go and receive money out of your pockets".<mask> viewed imperialism and an interventionist foreign policy as increasing the power of the state. The increase in state expenditure due to the Boer War (1899–1902) disturbed him because it might lead to the state's revenue-raising power being used to implement great changes in the social and economic structure of the country. Francis Hirst recorded in October 1899 about <mask>: "He is depressed about national expenditure. He fears, when bad times come, that we shall have not retrenchment, but 'nefarious attacks on property and reversions to Fair Trade'." Imperialism and the increasing expenditure needed to fund it would lead to a reconstruction of the income tax and in turn would lead to taxing some people more heavily than others, something which was against the "maxims of public equity". <mask> now regretted Gladstone's budget of 1853 (where the income tax was set "on its legs") because it gave the Chancellor of the Exchequer "a reservoir out of which he could draw with ease and certainty whatever was asked for". Gladstone had "furnished not only the means, but a direct incentive to that policy of expenditure which it was the great object of his life to check".After Joseph Chamberlain came out in favour of Tariff Reform in 1903, <mask> defended Free Trade. <mask> claimed that it was no coincidence that since the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, Britain was the only great country in Western Europe not to experience "even a shadow of a civil convulsion". Protectionism was conducive to social distress, political corruption and political unrest. <mask>'s great speech at Manchester, in 1899, raises him to a special level amongst masters of English rhetoric:You may make thousands of women widows and thousands of children fatherless. It will be wrong. You may add a new province to your empire. It will still be wrong.You may increase the shares of Mr Rhodes and his Chartereds beyond the dreams of avarice. Yea, and it will still be wrong! <mask> was among the original recipients of the Order of Merit in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902, and received the order from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 8 August 1902. In July 1902, he was presented by Andrew Carnegie with the late Lord Acton's valuable library, which, on 20 October, he in turn gave to the University of Cambridge. Secretary of State for India

When Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman formed his cabinet at the end of 1905, <mask> was made Secretary of State for India. He would have preferred to have been Chancellor of the Exchequer. In this position, he was conspicuous in May 1907 and afterwards for his firmness in sanctioning extreme measures for dealing with the outbreak in India of alarming symptoms of sedition.Though he was strongly opposed by some of the more extreme members of the Radical party, on the ground of belying his democratic principles in dealing with the British Raj, his action was generally recognised as combining statesmanship with patience. While firmly opposing revolutionary propaganda, he showed his popular sympathies by appointing two distinguished native Indians to the council and taking steps for a decentralisation of the administrative government. When Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman resigned in 1908 and H. H. Asquith became Prime Minister, <mask> retained his post in the new cabinet; but it was thought advisable to relieve him of the burden imposed by a seat in the House of Commons, and he was transferred to the Upper House, being created a peer with the title of Viscount <mask> of Blackburn, in the County Palatine of Lancaster. He was the first peer to turn down a coat of arms. In September 1906, <mask> wrote favourably for staunch resistance to the railway workers agitation for higher wages. Failure to do so would damage the Liberal Party with the middle class because "railways are the middle class investment... if anybody thinks we can govern this country against the middle class, he is wrong". In 1909 the Liberal Chancellor

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 David Lloyd George increased taxes in his budget (the "People's Budget") to pay for increased armaments and social reform.<mask> said that behind the budget "hangs the spectre of Tariff Reform" because the public "may say that, if this is the best that can be done under Free Trade, they'll try something else". <mask> viewed "the Expenditure of the country" as "the most formidable of our standing problems". Lord President of the Council
As a member of the House of Lords, Lord <mask> helped assure the passage of the Parliament Act 1911, which eliminated the Lords' power to veto bills. From 1910 until the outbreak of the Great War <mask> was Lord President of the Council. In the lead-up to Great Britain's entry into World War I, on 2 August 1914 the Liberal cabinet declared its intention to defend the French coast against the German Navy. With this commitment, <mask> resigned along with <mask>. Unlike other Liberals he was not alarmed by Germany's invasion of Belgium.However, he was especially hostile to Russia and felt he could not be a part of a war alongside Russia against Germany. Retirement
In 1917, <mask> published his two volumes of memoirs, Recollections. In it, he contrasted old and new Liberalism:

The theory of new Liberalism did not seem much more piquant or fertile than the respectable old. As it happened, in the fulness of time our distinguished apostles of Efficiency came into supreme power, with a share in the finest field for efficient diplomacy and an armed struggle, that could have been imagined. Unhappily they broke down, or thought they had (1915), and could discover no better way out of their scrape than to seek deliverance (not without a trace of arbitrary proscription) from the opposing party that counted Liberalism, old or new, for dangerous and deluding moonshine. During his retirement, <mask> kept an interest in politics. He said to his friend <mask> on 15 February 1918:

I'm sick of Wilson...He hailed the Russian Revolution six months ago as the new Golden Age, and I said to Page, 'What does he know of Russia?' to which Page replied, 'Nothing'. As for his talk about a union of hearts after the war, the world is not made like that. This led Morgan to ask <mask> about the League of Nations: "A mirage, and an old one". Morgan asked: "How are you going to enforce it? ", whereupon <mask> replied: "How indeed? One may as well talk of London morality being due to the Archbishop of Canterbury.But take away Scotland Yard!" When asked in 1919 about the Covenant of the League of Nations <mask> said: "I have not read it, and I don't intend to read it. It's not worth the paper it's written on. To the end of time it'll always be a case of 'Thy head or my head'. I've no faith in these schemes". When a prominent Liberal praised someone as "a good European" <mask> remarked: "When I lay me down at night or rise in the morning I do not ask myself if I am a good European". Towards the close of 1919 he was worried about Britain's guarantee to France:

Surely a permanent commitment like that is contrary to all our foreign policy.What do the words 'unprovoked attack' by Germany mean? They are dangerously vague. I've been discussing them with Rosebery and he is as uneasy as I am. He wrote a letter to the Press about it, and the Times refused to publish it. He often criticised Labour Party policies and said to Morgan: "Have you read Henderson's speech about a capital levy? It's rank piracy". During a discussion on 6 May 1919 <mask> remarked: "I see Lloyd George has invited the Irish republicans to a conference.It's an act of inconceivable folly—he, the King's Prime Minister!" When the House of Lords were debating the Fourth Home Rule Bill <mask> said to Morgan on 6 January 1921:

I should have liked to have been there if only to have got up and said, 'If Mr. G's Home Rule Bill had been passed 30 years ago could Ireland have been worse than now? Would it have not been better?' And then fallen dead like Lord Chatham. On 1 May 1921, <mask> said: "If I were an Irishman I should be a Sinn Feiner". When asked by Morgan: "And a Republican?" <mask> said "No".He liked Winston Churchill and said to Morgan on 22 December 1921:

I foresee the day when Birkenhead will be Prime Minister in the Lords with Winston leading the Commons. They will make a formidable pair. Winston tells me Birkenhead has the best brain in England.... But I don't like Winston's habit of writing articles, as a Minister, on debatable questions of foreign policy in the newspapers. These allocutions of his are contrary to all Cabinet principles. Mr. G. would never have allowed it. In a letter to Sir Francis Webster in 1923, <mask> wrote:

Present party designations have become empty of all contents...Vastly extended State expenditure, vastly increased demands from the taxpayer who has to provide the money, social reform regardless of expense, cash exacted from the taxpayer already at his wits' end—when were the problems of plus and minus more desperate? How are we to measure the use and abuse of industrial organization? Powerful orators find "Liberty" the true keyword, but then I remember hearing from a learned student that of "liberty" he knew well over two hundred definitions. Can we be sure that the "haves" and the "have-nots" will agree in their selection of the right one? We can only trust to the growth of responsibility; we may look to circumstances and events to teach their lesson. Literature
<mask> devoted a considerable amount of time to literature, his anti-Imperial views being practically swamped by the overwhelming predominance of Unionism and Imperialism. His position as a leading British writer had early been determined by his monographs on Voltaire (1872), Rousseau (1873), Diderot and the Encyclopaedists (1878), Burke (1879), and Walpole (1889).Burke as the champion of sound policy in America and of justice in India, Walpole as the pacific minister understanding the true interests of his country, fired his imagination. Burke was <mask>'s contribution to Macmillan's "English Men of Letters" series of literary biographies, of which <mask> himself was general editor between 1878 and 1892; he edited a second series of these volumes from 1902 to 1919. The Life of Cobden (1881) is an able defence of that statesman's views rather than a critical biography or a real picture of the period. The Life of Oliver Cromwell (1900) revised Gardiner as Gardiner had revised Carlyle. <mask>'s contributions to political journalism and to literary, ethical and philosophical criticism were numerous and valuable. They show great individuality of character, and recall the personality of <mask> Mill, with whose mode of thought he had many affinities. After the death of Gladstone, <mask> was principally engaged upon his biography, until it was published in 1903.Representing as it does so competent a writer's sifting of a mass of material, the Life of Gladstone was a masterly account of the career of the great Liberal statesman; traces of Liberal bias were inevitable but are rarely manifest; and in spite of the a priori unlikelihood of a full appreciation of Gladstone's powerful religious interests from such a quarter (<mask> was an agnostic), the whole treatment is characterized by sympathy and judgement. The work was very successful, selling more than 25,000 copies in its first year. <mask> was a Trustee of the British Museum from 1894 to 1921, Honorary Professor of Ancient Literature at the Royal Academy of Arts, and member of the Historical Manuscripts Commission. He was Chancellor of the Victoria University of Manchester from 1908 until 1923, when he resigned. He was nominated for a Nobel prize in literature eleven times. He received an honorary degree (LL.D.) from the University of St Andrews in October 1902.Legacy
A philosophical Radical of a somewhat mid-19th century type, and highly suspicious of the later opportunistic reaction (in all its forms) against Cobdenite principles, he yet retained the respect of the majority whom it was his usual fate to find against him in British politics by the indomitable consistency of his principles and by sheer force of character and honesty of conviction and utterance. His legacy was a purely moral one; although in May 1870 he married Mrs. Rose Mary Ayling, the union produced no heirs. Mrs. Ayling was already married when she met <mask> and the couple waited to marry until her first husband died several years later (another similarity to <mask> Mill). She was never received into polite society, and many of his colleagues, including Asquith, never met her. <mask> had three siblings, Edward Sword <mask> (1828–1901), William Wheelhouse <mask> (1840 – c. 1870), and Grace Hannah <mask> (1842–1925). According to historian Stanley Wolpert in his 1967 book: "It is hardly exaggeration to speculate that, but for the socially unpardonable circumstances surrounding his marriage, <mask> might well have become Britain's foreign secretary, possibly even prime minister". After more than 50 years of a quietly secluded personal life, Lord <mask> died of heart failure at his home, Flowermead, Wimbledon Park, south London, on 23 September 1923, aged eighty-four, when the viscountcy became extinct.After cremation at Golders Green Crematorium, his ashes were buried at Putney Vale Cemetery. He was followed in death several months later by Rose. <mask>'s estate was valued for probate at £59,765, a surprising sum for a self-made man who devoted his life to writing and politics. <mask> inspired many leading figures of the 20th century, including Mahomed Ali Jinnah, the founding father of Pakistan. The Austrian classical liberal theorist Friedrich Hayek, writing in 1944, wrote this about <mask>'s reputation:

It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that the more typically English a writer on political or social problems then appeared to the world, the more he is to-day forgotten in his own country. Men like <mask> ... who were then admired in the world at large as outstanding examples of the political wisdom of liberal England, are to the present generation largely obsolete Victorians. Publications
Edmund Burke (1867).Critical Miscellanies (1871. Second volume; 1877). Voltaire (1871). Rousseau (1873). The Struggle for National Education (1873). On Compromise (1874). Diderot and the Encyclopaedists (1878).Burke (English Men of Letters series; 1879). The Life of Richard Cobden (1881). Aphorisms (1887)
Walpole (English Statesmen series; 1889). Studies in Literature (1891). Oliver Cromwell (1900). The Life of William Ewart Gladstone (Three volumes; 1903). Notes on Politics and History (1913 & 1914).Recollections (Two volumes; 1917). Vol. 1•Vol. 2
 Aphorisms – an address delivered before the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution

Notes

Bibliography
Hamer, D. A. <mask>: Liberal Intellectual in Politics (Oxford University Press, 1968). Hamer, David. "<mask>, <mask>, <mask> of Blackburn (1838–1923)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004); online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 13 Sept 2014 : doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35110
 Moore, R. J. "<mask>'s Acid Test: India 1906–1910", Pacific Affairs, (Dec 1968) 41#1 pp.333–340, in JSTOR
Waitt, E. I<mask> <mask>, Joseph Cowen and Robert Spence Watson. Liberal Divisions in Newcastle Politics, 1873–1895. Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD at the University of Manchester, October 1972. Copies in Manchester University, Newcastle Central, and Gateshead libraries. Wolpert, S. A. <mask> and India, 1906–1910 (University of California Press, 1967)

External links

1838 births
1923 deaths
Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford
British classical liberals
British Secretaries of State
Chief Secretaries for Ireland
English agnostics
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Royal Society
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Lord Presidents of the Council
Members of the Order of Merit
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Non-interventionism
Peers created by Edward VII
People educated at Cheltenham College
People educated at University College School
Scottish Liberal Party MPs
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Viscounts in the Peerage of the United

masks:
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
John Burns
Morley
Morley
John Morgan
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
John Stuart
Morley
Morley
Morley
John Morley
John Stuart
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Lord Morley
John Morley
Morley
John
Viscount Morley
John Morley
. John
Morley
Morley


texts:
<mask>n (; born 21 November 1990) is a Russian-Spanish ice dancer. With Sara Hurtado, he is the 2018 Rostelecom Cup silver medalist and 2017 & 2019 Spanish national champion. The two placed 12th at the 2018 Winter Olympics and are the first Spanish ice dancers to stand on a Grand Prix podium. Competing for Russia with Ksenia Monko, Khaliavin became the 2011 World Junior champion, a two-time (2009, 2010) Junior Grand Prix Final champion, and the 2015 Russian national silver medalist. Personal life
<mask> was born 21 November 1990 in Kirov, Kirov Oblast. He married Ksenia Monko in Moscow in late May 2017. He became a Spanish citizen in July 2017.Career

Early years
Khaliavin started skating in 1994. He began learning ice dancing when he was eight years old. His first coach was Tatiana Kurakina. 2000 to 2009: Early years of Monko/Khaliavin

Khaliavin teamed up with Monko in 2000. The two debuted on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series in 2006, placing 11th in Norway. They trained in Kirov before problems with ice time led them to move to Rostov in 2005. They relocated with their coach to Moscow in May 2009.2009–2010 season: First JGP Final title
Monko/Khaliavin won the Junior Grand Prix Final and the Russian Junior title. They took the bronze at the 2010 World Junior Championships. 2010–2011 season: World Junior title
Monko/Khaliavin won their second JGP Final title, and followed that up with their second Russian Junior title. They won gold at the 2011 World Junior Championships. 2011–2012 season: Senior debut
Monko/Khaliavin moved up to the senior level for the 2011–12 season. They were assigned to compete at 2011 Skate America and 2011 Cup of China as their Grand Prix events but Khaliavin fell ill with mononucleosis in September. They withdrew from both Grand Prix events but returned to competition at the Russian Championships where they finished 5th.In February 2012, Monko/Khaliavin switched coaches to Alexander Zhulin and Oleg Volkov. 2012–2013 season
They finished 6th at the 2012 Rostelecom Cup and 4th at the 2013 Russian Championships. They joined the Russian team to the 2013 World Team Trophy, replacing Ekaterina Bobrova / Dmitri Soloviev who withdrew due to injury. Monko/Khaliavin finished 3rd at the event and Team Russia finished 4th overall. The duo withdrew from the exhibitions after Khaliavin developed an infection resulting in a high fever. 2013–2014 season
Monko/Khaliavin won silver at the 2013 Nebelhorn Trophy, behind Americans Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue, and then bronze at the 2013 International Cup of Nice. Their Grand Prix results were sixth at the 2013 Trophée Eric Bompard and fifth at the 2013 Rostelecom Cup.After placing fifth at the 2014 Russian Championships, they were not selected for the Olympics. 2014–2015 season
Monko and Khaliavin placed fourth at 2014 Skate Canada International and second at 2014 NHK Trophy. They went on to place second at the 2015 Russian Figure Skating Championships. They finished 10th at the 2015 European Championships and 8th at the 2015 World Championships. 2015–2016 season: Monko/Khaliavin end partnership
Monko/Khaliavin started their season by finishing fourth at the 2015 Skate Canada International. They withdrew from their second Grand Prix assignment, the 2015 Rostelecom Cup, due to Monko's injury. In 2016, she retired from competition due to the injury.2016–2017 season: Debut of Hurtado/Khaliavin
Khaliavin and Spain's Sara Hurtado began considering skating together in late December 2015 and had a tryout in March 2016 in Moscow. He was released to skate for Spain in September 2016. They decided to be coached by Alexander Zhulin in Moscow. Making their international debut, they won gold at the Santa Claus Cup, held in December 2016 in Hungary. Later in the month, they won the Spanish national title ahead of Olivia Smart / Adrià Díaz. Hurtado/Khaliavin finished 13th at the 2017 European Championships in Ostrava, Czech Republic. It was their final competition of the season.The Federación Española Deportes de Hielo (FEDH) selected Smart/Díaz to compete at the 2017 World Championships. 2017–2018 season: Winter Olympics
In July 2017, FEDH announced that Spain's Olympic spot in ice dancing would go to the team which received the highest combined score at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb and Spanish Championships. Hurtado/Khaliavin began their season in October with a 6th-place result at the 2017 CS Finlandia Trophy. The following month, they won gold at the Open d'Andorra. In December, they finished fourth at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb, just 0.30 points behind bronze medalists Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean-Luc Baker of the United States. They outscored Smart/Díaz by 4.18 points at Golden Spin and finished second at the Spanish Championships with a 3.23 deficit, resulting in a final advantage of 0.95 points. On 17 December 2017, FEDH confirmed that Hurtado/Khaliavin would compete at the Olympics.In January, Hurtado/Khaliavin placed 7th in the short dance, 10th in the free dance, and 8th overall at the 2018 European Championships in Moscow. In February, they competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Ranked 12th in the short and 11th in the free, the two finished 12th overall. The Spanish Federation had decided to send Olivia Smart and Adria Diaz to the World Championships and so Hurtado and Khaliavin got an early start to the upcoming season. However, before that, they went to Spain and met King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia, who invited all the Winter Olympians from PyeongChang. 2018–2019 season: First Grand Prix medal
Hurtado/Khaliavin began their season with bronze at the 2018 CS Lombardia Trophy in September. The following month, making their Grand Prix debut, they placed fourth at the 2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki and then won silver at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup, becoming the first Spanish ice dancers to stand on a Grand Prix podium.Hurtado called the occasion "a goal and I dreamed of it when I saw Javier getting on the podium. It proves to skaters in Spain that you can be here when you work hard." After winning their second Spanish national title, Hurtado/Khaliavin competed at the 2019 European Championships, placing seventh, almost four points ahead of Smart/Díaz. They were consequently assigned to Spain's lone dance spot for the 2019 World Championships, where they placed twelfth. 2019–2020 season
Beginning the season on the Challenger series at the 2019 CS Ondrej Nepela Memorial, Hurtado/Khaliavin took the silver medal. They next won gold at the 2019 CS Ice Star. At their first Grand Prix assignment, the 2019 Skate Canada International, they placed fifth.Weeks later at the 2019 Rostelecom Cup, they placed third in the rhythm dance. Hurtado said there was still "some little things in the technical aspect of the program" to fix, but that they felt the program was improving. Third in the free dance as well, they won their second Grand Prix medal. After winning the silver medal at the Spanish championships, Hurtado/Khaliavin placed seventh at the 2020 European Championships, finishing ahead of Smart/Díaz. The latter were nevertheless assigned to the 2020 World Championships in Montreal, though these were subsequently cancelled as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. 2020–2021 season
Hurtado suffered a shoulder injury in the summer of 2020 that required her to return to Spain for surgery, with a projected recovery time of six months. On December 1, Khaliavin indicated that they had reunited and resumed training.While Smart/Díaz were listed on the preliminary entry list for the 2021 World Championships, the Spanish Ice Sports Federation announced on March 2 that the final determination as to which team would represent Spain would be made following a virtual skate-off between them and Hurtado/Khaliavin. On March 7, the Spanish federation announced that the berth had been awarded to Hurtado/Khaliavin. They placed eleventh in Stockholm. This qualified one place for a Spanish dance team at the 2022 Winter Olympics. 2021–2022 season
Hurtado/Khaliavin began the season at the 2021 CS Lombardia Trophy, winning the bronze medal. They next competed at the 2021 CS Finlandia Trophy, the first of three matchups with Smart/Díaz to determine who would be named to the Spanish Olympic team. They were third in the rhythm dance, ahead of Smart/Díaz, but due to free dance errors finished in fifth place, 0.25 points behind their rivals in fourth.At their first Grand Prix assignment, the 2021 NHK Trophy, Hurtado/Khaliavin placed fourth in the rhythm dance, 0.03 points behind third-place Britons Fear/Gibson. In the free dance, Khaliavin struggled to stabilize their curve lift, and they lost a level on their closing rotational lift, as a result of which they were fifth in that segment, but remained narrowly in fourth overall, 0.71 points ahead of the Canadian team Lajoie/Lagha. At the 2021 Rostelecom Cup, Hurtado/Khaliavin were fourth in both programs, again finishing fourth overall. Hurtado/Khaliavin faced off against Smart/Díaz at the 2022 Spanish Championships, and finished second in both segments of the competition with a score of 191.90, 8.12 points behind their gold medalist rivals, widening their cumulative deficit to 8.37 points. Both teams then went to the 2022 European Championships, the third and final competition for the Spanish Olympic berth. Hurtado/Khaliavin were sixth in both segments for sixth overall. Khaliavin called their performance "the best we have skated it this season and it is maybe the best we have skated together in our career."Smart/Díaz finished in fourth place, 4.96 points ahead. With a cumulative margin of 13.33 points, Smart/Díaz were subsequently named to Spain's Olympic team. Programs

With Hurtado

With Monko

Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix

With Hurtado for Spain

With Monko for Russia

Detailed results

Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. With Hurtado for Spain

With Monko for Russia

References

External links

Russian male ice dancers
1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kirov, Kirov Oblast
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Naturalised citizens of Spain
Spanish male ice dancers
Russian emigrants to Spain
Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters of Spain
Spanish people of Russian descent
21st-century Spanish dancers
Competitors at the 2013 Winter Universiade

masks:
Kirill Leonidovich Khaliavi
Kirill Leonidovich Khaliavin


texts:
<mask> (8 February 1932 – 10 August 1973) was a noted Australian journalist and author, best known for <mask>'s Rock Encyclopedia (1969). From Italy to Australia, then the USA
She was born <mask> in Alassio, Province of Savona, Italy. Her family, originally from Lwów in Ukraine, then Poland, moved to the coastal town of Alassio in Italy, where <mask> was born. As the Ropschitz family were Jewish, they migrated to Australia in 1937 to escape the rise of fascism, and they settled in Brisbane. Shortly after their arrival, the family anglicised their names; the surname <mask> was <mask>'s suggestion. She studied at the University of Queensland, where she met and had a brief affair with Zell Rabin, who gave <mask> her first job in America and who became a key associate of Rupert Murdoch in the early 1960s. She pursued further studies at the University of Sydney from 1949, where she fell in with the freewheeling movement known as the Sydney Push, then congregating at the Lincoln Inn.In the process, she attracted the attention of an ASIO operative and was "reported on 25-6-51 as a communist sympathiser". She began her career in newspapers in Sydney and for several years worked for the tabloid magazine Weekend, owned by newspaper magnate Sir Frank Packer and edited by renowned author Donald Horne. In 1959 she moved permanently to New York, becoming the first Australian female overseas correspondent and the first Australian journalist to establish a high profile in the U.S. From 1962 onward, she was the New York correspondent for The Sydney Morning Herald and over the next ten years she carved out a singular career reporting on arts, entertainment and women's issues for the Australian, American and British press. 1960s
In the mid-1960s Roxon became fascinated by pop music and the rise of groups like The Beatles, The Byrds and The Rolling Stones and she began to write regular articles on the subject. In early 1967 she visited San Francisco and was one of the first mainstream journalists to write about the nascent hippie movement, filing a landmark story for The Herald on the subject. She also contributed to Oz magazine along with the short lived Eye magazine in the late 1960s. Through her writings and her interest in pop, she became one of the leading lights of the social and musical scene that centred on the fabled New York music club Max's Kansas City, which was frequented by members of the Andy Warhol circle, Lou Reed and The Velvet Underground, Jim Morrison and many others.Roxon appears briefly, as an interviewed member of the audience in the film Celebration at Big Sur, filmed at the 1969 Big Sur Folk Festival. Rock criticism
Her articles about the burgeoning rock scene are now credited as being foundation stones of serious rock writing, and she has since been described by other leading critics as "the mother of rock". She was friendly with many leading music stars but rarely became personally involved. Although she looked young enough to mix easily with the rock crowd, she was at least ten years older than most of the musicians she wrote about. Unusually for the time, she did not smoke or take drugs and only rarely drank alcohol. These factors, together with her renowned wit, combined to give her writing a degree of ironic detachment that influenced many younger rock writers. She was one of the first mainstream journalists to treat popular music with any degree of seriousness and to regard it not as a trivial "flash in the pan" but as an important social phenomenon.During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Roxon became close friends with critic and rock manager Danny Fields, Village Voice journalist Blair Sabol, musician and writer Lenny Kaye (later the guitarist in Patti Smith's band and compiler of the original Nuggets LP), photographers Linda McCartney and Leee Black Childers and Australian academic, author and feminist Germaine Greer. In 1965 she was joined by Sydney Morning Herald's autocratic foreign correspondent Margaret Jones. It was a clash of two unbending personalities which her biographer Robert Milliken described as "like two sopranos sharing the same stage". Perhaps to keep these two apart, Margaret was posted to Washington the following year. Roxon also played host to many Australians who visited the city, including The Easybeats and singer Lynne Randell and artists including Clifton Pugh. Australian singer Helen Reddy credits Roxon for her first awareness of the women's movement and for providing much of the impetus for co-writing her international hit, "I Am Woman". Linda McCartney (then Linda Eastman) was one of Roxon's closest female friends and she did much to further Eastman's career, but the friendship ended abruptly in 1969 when Eastman moved to London, married Paul McCartney and cut all ties with all her former friends, a move which wounded Roxon deeply.<mask> eventually retaliated, four years later, with her famously scathing review of the McCartneys' first American TV special. Published in the New York Sunday News on 22 April 1973, <mask>'s review panned the documentary and poured scorn on Linda, slamming her for being "catatonic with horror at having to mingle with ordinary people", "disdainful if not downright bored ... her teeth relentlessly clamped in a Scarsdale lockjaw", and "incredibly cold and arrogant". <mask>'s Rock Encyclopedia
During 1968-69 Roxon was commissioned to write what became the world's first rock encyclopaedia, published by Grosset & Dunlap in late 1969 and the work for which she is best remembered. The work had to be written concurrently with her regular duties as the Herald correspondent and other press commitments. The punishing schedule took a heavy toll on her health and she developed asthma. <mask>'s Rock Encyclopedia was reissued in 1978, updated by Ed Naha. 1970s
In the early 1970s Roxon's profile expanded and she became more widely known for her feminist stance.She wrote a groundbreaking and highly personal report about the August 1970 women's rights march in New York, which was published in The Sydney Morning Herald under the title "There is a tide in the affairs of women". She wrote a regular column on sex and sexuality for Mademoiselle magazine (which continued after her death) and during 1971 she hosted a rock radio show that was syndicated to 250 stations. She met and became friends with David Bowie and his first wife Angie on Bowie's first tour of the US in late 1972 and was a major champion of Bowie's music in the American press as he was trying to break into the U.S. market. Roxon's health declined during the early 1970s. She made what would be her last visit home to Australia in early 1973 and while she was in Sydney in early February she was interviewed by ABC journalists Jeune Pritchard and Gary Hyde for the ABC's pop magazine program  GTK. The shorter Jeune Pritchard interview was included in a special on the current Australasian tour by The Rolling Stones, and showed Roxon looking obviously puffy and unwell. In the longer Gary Hyde interview Roxon was questioned about the current state of rock music in general; in response to Hyde's questions about up-and-coming acts, she nominated The New York Dolls and the then-unknown Bette Midler as names to watch, and concluded the interview by making a self-deprecating joke about her weight.Both clips are currently (May 2009) available for viewing on the YouTube video-sharing website. One of <mask>'s last print articles reported on the landmark New York concerts at Max's Kansas City by Iggy Pop and The Stooges and her final piece, filed in early August, was on rising British glam rock star Marc Bolan. Roxon wrote a novel, loosely based on her years in Sydney, which was never published. This manuscript now resides in Sydney's Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales, along with her large collection of letters and other papers, donated by her family and her close friend, the film producer, Margaret Fink. Death
<mask> died at the age of 41 on 10 August 1973, after suffering a severe asthma attack in her New York apartment. She was survived by two brothers Jack and Milo. Both parents predeceased her and she never married or had children.Her niece, <mask>on Place, in the Canberra suburb of Gilmore, is named in her honour. Biography and documentary
In August 2002, a biography of <mask> was published in Australia by Black Inc.: <mask>, Mother of Rock, written by the Sydney-based journalist and author Robert Milliken. A documentary film entitled Mother of Rock: <mask>, written and directed by Paul Clarke, premiered at the 2010 Melbourne International Film Festival and was partly financed by the Festival's Premiere Fund. Depictions in the media
In Lily Brett's 2012 novel Lola Bensky, based on Brett’s own experience as a music journalist, Lola meets <mask>. In the 2017 miniseries Friday On My Mind, The Easybeats travel to New York in 1967 and meet <mask>, portrayed by Ella Scott Lynch. The 2019 film I Am Woman depicts Helen Reddy's friendship with <mask>, portrayed by Tilda Cobham-Hervey and Danielle Macdonald.References

External links
 Interview with biographer Robert Milliken
 More information about the documentary Mother of Rock Retrieved 27 October 2016

1932 births
People from Alassio
Australian feminist writers
Australian music journalists
Australian music critics
People educated at Brisbane State High School
Australian Jews
1973 deaths
Australian women journalists
20th-century Australian women writers
Women writers about music
20th-century Australian journalists
The Sydney Morning Herald people

masks:
Lillian Roxon
Lillian Roxon
Lillian Ropschitz
Lillian
Roxon
Lillian
Lillian
Lillian
Roxon
Lillian Roxon
Lillian Roxon
Roxon
Lillian Roxon
Nicola Roxonox
Lillian Roxon
Lillian Roxon
Lillian Roxon
Lillian Roxon
Lillian Roxon
Lillian Roxon


texts:
<mask> (La Carlota, Córdoba, 1961) is a Spanish photographer. Graphic reporter for newspaper La Vanguardia (Barcelona) since 1983-2015. In 2015 he is appointed Deputy to the Director of La Vanguardia with responsibility for the image area of this newspaper. President of the jury of the Godó Prize for Photojournalism of the Conde de Barcelona Foundation. He has been associate professor at the University Pompeu Fabra, since 2008 he teaches graduate students at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. He is the author of the official image of Prince Felipe de Borbón y Grecia between 2002–2010, and he is also the author in 2010 of the official image of the President of the Generalitat de Catalunya, Artur Mas. He photographed Salvador Dalí during the last three years of the artist’s life.His career as a photographer started in 1975. His mentors were Juan Guerrero and Eugeni <mask>. He first published when he was only fifteen years old. He has contributed to barcelonan newspapers such as Tele/exprés, Mundo Diario, El Noticiero Universal, El Periódico de Catalunya and Diario de Barcelona. He created what has become known as the photo of consensus, now an established tradition in the Catalan press. Since 1984, on the eve of elections in Catalonia, <mask> and La Vanguardia have managed to join together candidates from all political parties for a group photo. Bibliography
 1990 Barcelona-90.In collaboration with Matías Briansó, Paco Elvira, Pepe Encinas, Antonio Espejo and Avelino Pi. Lunwerg publishers, Barcelona. 1995 Barcelona Retrat(s). Text by Eugeni Madueño. FAVB (Federació d’Associacions de Veïns de Barcelona). 2006 Barcelona a vista de pájaro. Foreword by Quim Monzó .Text by Tate Cabré, Eugeni Casanova and Jordi Rovira. La Vanguardia Publishing house. 2010 Monzó- How to succeed in life. Julià Guillamón (ed.) Galàxia Gutenberg - Cercle de Lectors Publishing house. 2010 Cultura. Generalitat de Catalunya.Departament of Culture and Mass Media. 2011 Gestos. Crònica fotogràfica. Tres dècadas rere el president Jordi Pujol. Sol90 Publishing house. 2012 Matador. Magazine cover.Portrait of Ferran Adrià. La Fábrica books. - D.L: M-13686-1995
 2012 <mask>ño. Retrats periodístics. 1977-2012. Catalogue exhibition. Author: Julià Guillamon.Edited by "la Caixa" Foundation. DL: B-6418-2012
 2012 <mask>. Seqüències. Exhibition catalogue. Texts of Juan José Caballero. Can Framis. Barcelona.Edited by Vila Casas Foundation. D.L. B-14237-2012-                                  2013  Agua, aguas. Félix de Azua, Patricio Court, Albert Espinosa, Marcos Giralt, <mask>, Din Matamoro, Pepe Moll, Quim Monzó, Nicanor Parra, M. Luisa Rojo, A. Sánchez Robayna, Suso de Toro. Edited by Agbar Foundation. Barcelona. D.L.B-8341-2013
 2015  Five minutes . <mask> Casas first prize photography. Work "Ággelos" Vila Casas Foundation.Exhibitions
1994 Urban Portraits. Sala Arcs. Photographic Spring. Barcelona. 1997 Face to face. Can Sisteré. Santa Coloma de Gramenet.Barcelona. 2000 Collective Exhibition History of the photography in Catalonia. National Museum of Art of Catalonia (MNAC). Barcelona. 2000 Collective Exhibition History of the Photography in Catalonia. Civic museum di Monza. Monza-Brianza.Italy. 2009 Collaborated in the exhibition Monzó - How to succeed in life in the Centre d'Arts Santa Mònica of Barcelona. Exhibition organised by the Department of Culture and Media of Generalitat de Catalunya and la Institució de les Lletres Catalanes. 2012 <mask>. Retrats periodístics.1977-2012. Retrospective exhibition. CaixaForum Barcelona.Commissary Julià Guillamon. 2012 Exhibition. Seqüències. Commissioner: Juan José Caballero. Museum Can Framis. Vila Casas Foundation. Barcelona.2013 Collective exhibition. Agua, aguas. Commissioner Andrés Sánchez Robayna. The Museu Agbar de les Aigües. Cornellà. Barcelona
2014 Collective exhibition A cop d’ull. Curated by Alex Brahim and Manuel Segade.The Virreina Palace. Barcelona. 2015 Collective exhibition Not Yet. On the Reinvention of Documentary and the Critique of Modernism". Curated by Jorge Ribalta. Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía. 2015 <mask>ño.Journalistic Portraits.1977-2015. Exhibition at CaixaForum Palma de Mallorca. Curated by Julia Guillamon. 2015 <mask>. Journalistic Portraits.1977-2015. Exhibition at CaixaForum Madrid. Curated by Julia Guillamon.Work
 2000 Martí i Pol - 1994. Hubert de Wangen collection - Kowasa. Barcelona
 2004 Henri Cartier-Bresson - 2003. Hubert de Wangen collection - Kowasa. Barcelona
 2010 Creative Hand - 2008. Antoni Tàpies. Documentary fund of the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía.Madrid
 2010 José Tomás - 2009. Series of six photographs. Art collection of the Vila Casas Foundation. Barcelona
 2014 Aggelos - 2011. Art collection. Vila Casas Foundation
 2014 Ocrus - 2014. Art collection.Vila Casas Foundation

External links
 Web oficial de Pedro Madueño
 Fundación Vila Casas
 Fotografíes de Pedro Madueño a l'hemeroteca de La Vanguardia
  Representation. Galeria VALID FOTO
 Exhibition "Agua,aguas"
 http://www.museoreinasofia.es/exposiciones/aun-no-sobre-la-reinvencion-del-documental

1961 births
Living people
Spanish photographers
People from Barcelona
Pompeu Fabra University faculty

masks:
Pedro Madueño Palma
Madueño
Pedro Madueño
Pedro Madue
Pedro Madueño
Pedro Madueño
Pedro Madueñoila
Pedro Madueño
Pedro Madue
Pedro Madueño