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<mask> - Tempo (; 3 August 1912 – 6 December 2000) was a leading Montenegrin communist and member of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. During World War II he served on the Supreme Staff, went on missions to Bulgaria, Greece, and Albania, and became Josip Broz Tito's personal representative in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. He held high positions in the postwar government, and was proclaimed a People's Hero of Yugoslavia. Early life
Born to <mask> and Marija Pejović in the village of Podgor in Crmnica, young <mask> grew up with three siblings: older brothers Đuro and Luka and sister Milica. In search of work, their father Nikola went over to North America where he made a living by doing manual labour in mines, but eventually returned to Montenegro. After World War I, he was an opponent of the matter of the unification of Serbia and Montenegro and held pro-Zelenaši views following the Podgorica Assembly. For this he was arrested by the royal Yugoslav regime, spending two years in prison during the early 1920s.<mask> completed primary school in his village with excellent grades, before going to Cetinje, like his brothers previously, for gymnasium studies. He did this against the wishes of his father who wanted at least one male to stay with the family at the village. His first exposure to communist ideas occurred in 1927 when his oldest brother Đuro (who studied philosophy in Paris where he became a member of the French Communist Party (PCF) and even spent time in prison in Italy over communist activity) came back to the village in poor health and soon died. Impressed with what he heard, young Svetozar became a communist and along with his first cousin Branko <mask> started reading Marxist and Soviet literature. After graduating from the Gymnasium in 1931, he moved to Belgrade with his first cousin to study at the University of Belgrade's Law School. Student days
Although a communist for a few years already, Svetozar was not a member of the Communist Party (KPJ) in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, mostly because its organization in Montenegro was still weak with sporadic activity. Immediately upon arriving to Belgrade, however, he took an active part in the revolutionary student movement that was very strong at the university.Right away, he participated in the large demonstrations during November 1931 for which he got kicked out of the dormitory the following year. He was thus forced to pay rent in various private apartments and for a time even lived with another communist activist Đuro Strugar, who was his friend from Cetinje gymnasium. In 1933, <mask> formally joined the Party along with his gymnasium friends Novica Ulićević, Dimitrije Živanović, Ratomir Popović, Branko Mašanović, and Đuro Strugar. As a student in 1933, he organized strikes and demonstrations. He graduated from the University of Belgrade's Law School in 1935. He was nicknamed Tempo because of his urging people to hurry. After publishing his memoirs in the 1980s, Tempo came back into the public spotlight by providing vocals for the rock band Bijelo dugme on their 1986 album Pljuni i zapjevaj moja Jugoslavijo.Tempo died in late 2000 in his seacoast villa in Reževići. Before his death, he explicitly requested to be buried next to his brother Luka in their home village Podgora. Execution of his brother Luka

<mask> <mask>'s own brother Luka <mask> was a Serbian Orthodox Church priest in Montenegro. He was executed by Yugoslav Partisans in May 1945, after being captured and tortured along with Metropolitan Joanikije. In fact <mask>, as a loyal communist, did nothing to save the life of his brother. The details of his capture, torture, and subsequent execution remain somewhat unclear, along with the role of his brother Tempo in the said events. In mid-1945 priest Luka <mask> was escaping Montenegro along with clergy of the Serbian Orthodox Church's Metropolitanate of Montenegro-Littoral in a mass exodus towards Slovenia and Austria.Also in the mass convoy were various members of the Podgorica Assembly who voted to unite Montenegro with Serbia in 1918 and who now feared reprisals in increasingly chaotic situation in Montenegro, as well as royal government ministers and many other royalists and chetniks who bitterly opposed communism and many of whom had collaborated with the occupying forces of the Axis. In particular, the most prominent member of the clergy in the exodus, Metropolitan Joanikije, had collaborated with the occupying Italian and German forces and supported the activities of the Serbian Chetniks. They were all on the run since November 1944. Luka's 14-year-old son Čedomir was also within the convoy. The convoy was intercepted by troops commanded by communist general from Montenegro Peko Dapčević (incidentally, also from a priest family as his father Jovan Dapčević was a deacon). According to some accounts, this happened near Zidani Most in Slovenia, and according to others it took place in Austria. Wherever it was, most of the people in the convoy were executed on the spot and buried in various unmarked graves.This is when Tempo was reportedly informed about Luka's capture and asked to decide on what should happen to his brother. His reported answer was: "The same as what happens to others". Luka's young son Čedomir, who managed to survive the bloody ordeal was later effectively raised by his uncle Tempo who took care of his nephew's living arrangements and education in Belgrade. Before the mass executions began, Metropolitan Joanikije, as the most prominent member of the clergy was separated from the group and transported to Aranđelovac vicinity in Serbia where he was imprisoned,  and eventually executed. In 1971, Tempo wrote a book entitled Revolucija koja teče (An Ongoing Revolution) in which he wrote the following about his brother: "I didn't want to talk to my mother about Luka. She didn't dare mention him in front of me. She once tried to say that he wasn't with the occupiers, but I interrupted her sternly and told her not to mention him anymore in my presence if she wants to see me in her house ever again.She never mentioned him again." Since then, towards the end of his life, and especially after the collapse of communism, Tempo defended himself in some interviews by saying he was never informed about his brother's capture. Luka's son Čedomir <mask> said he believes that his uncle Tempo found out about what happened to Luka few days after he was executed. In June 2005, as he was getting ready to go to Slovenia to commemorate 60 years since the mass execution, Čedomir <mask> gave an interview for Belgrade daily Blic and said the following: "It's untrue that my uncle gave an order for my father to be executed. I've had hundreds of conversations with my uncle on that very subject. Nobody informed him, nor consulted him. Nor did he know that my father was going to be killed.Before his death in 2000, Tempo was very motivated to find out who gave the order to have those 18,000 people executed. He came upon shocking findings - the order was given by some of his closest comrades". See also
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
 Titoism
 <mask> was a contributor for the 1992 Radio Television of Serbia documentary series entitled Yugoslavia in War 1941–1945. References

1912 births
2000 deaths
Yugoslav Partisans members
Yugoslav communists
Serbian communists
Montenegrin communists
University of Belgrade Faculty of Law alumni
Recipients of the Order of the People's Hero
League of Communists of Montenegro politicians

masks:
Svetozar Vukmanović
Nikola Vukmanović
Svetozar
Svetozar
Vukmanović
Svetozar
Svetozar
Vukmanović
Vukmanović
Svetozar
Vukmanović
Vukmanović
Vukmanović
Vukmanović


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<mask>Jim<mask> (born 6 May 1934) is an Australian public health doctor and scientist, known for research on breast cancer and for public health services and prevention programs, currently in use in Australian and international public health services. Early life

<mask> is the youngest of three children of Jack and <mask> of Castlemaine, Victoria and the grandson of <mask>, the 27th Premier of Victoria. During the Second World War, <mask> attended the local primary and high school, then he was sent as a boarder to the private Scotch College in Melbourne. Subsequently, he began medical studies at the University of Melbourne, completed with the prize in surgery and a top place as an intern at the Royal Melbourne Hospital. Following his interest in child health, <mask> began training at Melbourne's Royal Children's Hospital. In 1961, he joined an International Red Cross expedition to the Congo. There he managed together with Gerry Joyce (another Australian surgeon) a District Hospital that had been abandoned by the Belgians following the Congo independence movement and revolution.The context was difficult, as a result of the period of turmoil of those years. Afterwards, he came back to the children's hospital, where he met (and married nine months later) his future wife, Margaret Ralton. Papua New Guinea

Soon after their wedding, <mask> and Margaret left for Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea. There he managed the children's ward of the local hospital. <mask> was later awarded a Doctorate in Medicine for his research into the best ways of treating Papuan children suffering from a range of infectious conditions, including pneumonia, diarrhoeal disease and meningitis. Australian health system management

<mask> and his family returned to Melbourne, following his appointment as Medical Director of the Western General Hospital. He later moved to Hobart, as Director of Tasmanian Hospital and Health Services.During these years, he became involved in activism, writing and publishing reformist books and articles concerning ways of improving the hospital and health system. In 1974, <mask> was named Director of Health for Northern Sydney. Here he developed a range of innovative services, which were afterwards introduced as a standard part of both Australian and international public health services:
 the organisation of co-ordinated hospital and health services on a community wide basis,
 the provision of expert hospital emergency services in place of trainee medical officer based services,
 development of co-ordinated rehabilitation and geriatric services. He also introduced a series of public health prevention programs, including
 mandatory safety architectural glass in windows and doors to reduce profound lacerations,
 safe children's playgrounds,
 safety fences around private swimming pools,
 safe rules for rugby players to prevent quadriplegic neck injuries,
 health promotion among isolated rural Aboriginal communities in New South Wales,
 the successful development of groups as a means of improving social relationships among Australian mothers of new born infants(Lawson & Callaghan 1991). Academia
<mask> was recruited by the University of New South Wales and as Head of the School of Public Health, he introduced Master of Public Health programs into the Medical Faculty at this University. During the initial AIDS epidemic of 1983, together with other colleagues, he met and talked to drug users, documenting the sharing of a single intravenous needle as the main factor in the rapid spread of the disease. Breast and prostate cancer research

In 1998, one of <mask>'s post graduate students noted the strikingly lower risk of breast cancer among Asian as compared to Western women and the fact that this risk rose rapidly when Asian women migrated to the West.<mask> initiated further research, the first Australian investigations into viruses as potential causes of human breast cancer. This research had shown that human papilloma virus and mouse mammary tumor viruses are present in up to half of all breast cancers in Western women. Whether these viruses are causal of breast cancer and not harmless parasites remains to be determined. Books
<mask> has written 9 books, including

Awards

Journal articles
<mask> has written over 200 journal articles

References

1934 births
Australian health activists
Australian medical researchers
Australian surgeons
Living people
Melbourne Medical School alumni
People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne
University of New South Wales faculty

masks:
James "
" Sutherland Lawson
Jim Lawson
Kitty Lawson
Harry Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson


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<mask>  (born February 20, 1988) ( ) is a Barbadian singer, actress, fashion designer, and businesswoman. Born in Saint Michael and raised in Bridgetown, Barbados, <mask> was discovered by American record producer Evan Rogers who invited her to the United States to record demo tapes. After signing with Def Jam in 2005, she soon gained recognition with the release of her first two studio albums, Music of the Sun (2005) and A Girl Like Me (2006), both of which were influenced by Caribbean music and peaked within the top ten of the US Billboard 200 chart. <mask>'s third album, Good Girl Gone Bad (2007), incorporated elements of dance-pop and established her status as a sex symbol in the music industry. The chart-topping single "Umbrella" earned <mask> her first Grammy Award and catapulted her to global stardom. She continued to mix pop, dance, and R&B genres on her next studio albums, Rated R (2009), Loud (2010), Talk That Talk (2011), and Unapologetic (2012), the latter of which became her first Billboard 200 number one. The albums spawned a string of chart-topping singles, including "Rude Boy", "Only Girl (In the World)", "What's My Name?", "S&M", "We Found Love", "Where Have You Been" and "Diamonds". Her eighth album, Anti (2016), showcased a new creative control following her departure from Def Jam. It became her second US number one album and featured the chart-topping single "Work". During her musical career, <mask> has collaborations with artists such as rappers Drake, Eminem, Jay-Z, and Kanye West and singers Adam Levine, Paul McCartney, Ne-Yo, and Shakira. With sales of over 250 million records worldwide, <mask> is one of the best-selling music artists of all time. She has earned 14 number-ones and 31 top-ten singles in the US and 30 top-ten entries in the UK. Her accolades include nine Grammy Awards, 13 American Music Awards (including the Icon Award), 12 Billboard Music Awards, six Guinness World Records, and the NAACP's President's Award.Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012 and 2018. Forbes ranked her among the top ten highest-paid celebrities in 2012 and 2014. As of 2021, she is the wealthiest female musician, with an estimated net worth of $1.7 billion. Aside from music, <mask> is known for her involvement in humanitarian causes, entrepreneurial ventures, and the fashion industry. She is the founder of the nonprofit organisation Clara Lionel Foundation, cosmetics brand Fenty Beauty, and fashion house Fenty under LVMH; she is the first black woman to head a luxury brand for LVMH. <mask> has also ventured into acting, appearing in major roles in Battleship (2012), Home (2015), Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017), and Ocean's 8 (2018). She was appointed as an ambassador of education, tourism, and investment by the Government of Barbados in 2018, and was declared a National Hero of Barbados on the first day of the country's parliamentary republic in 2021, entitling her to the style of "The Right Excellent" for life.Early life

Robyn <mask> Fenty was born on February 20, 1988, in Saint Michael, Barbados. She is the daughter of accountant Monica (née Braithwaite) and warehouse supervisor Ronald Fenty. Her mother is an Afro-Guyanese, while her father is a Barbadian of African, Irish, English, and Scottish descent. <mask> has two brothers, Rorrey and Rajad Fenty, and two half-sisters and a half-brother from her father's side, each born to different mothers from his previous relationships. She grew up in a three-bedroom bungalow in Bridgetown and sold clothes with her father in a stall on the street. Her childhood was deeply affected by her father's alcoholism and crack cocaine addiction, which contributed to her parents' strained marriage. <mask>'s father used to physically abuse her mother, and <mask> would try to get in between them to break up fights.As a child, <mask> had many CT scans for the excruciating headaches she suffered, recalling, "The doctors even thought it was a tumor, because it was that intense." By the time she was 14, her parents had divorced, and her health began to improve. She grew up listening to reggae music. She attended Charles F. Broome Memorial Primary School and Combermere School, where she studied alongside future international cricketers Chris Jordan and Carlos Brathwaite. <mask> was an army cadet in a sub-military programme, where the later Barbadian singer-songwriter Shontelle was her drill sergeant. Although she initially wanted to graduate from high school, she chose to pursue a musical career instead. Music career

2003–2006: Beginnings and early releases
In 2003, <mask> formed a musical trio with two of her classmates.She was discovered in her home country of Barbados by American record producer Evan Rogers. Without a name or any material, the girl group managed to land an audition with Rogers who commented, "The minute <mask> walked into the room, it was like the other two girls didn't exist." <mask> went to Rogers's hotel room, where she performed renditions of Destiny's Child's "Emotion" and Mariah Carey's "Hero". Impressed, Rogers scheduled a second meeting with <mask>'s mother present and then invited <mask> to his hometown in the United States to record some demo tapes that could be sent to record labels. Recordings were intermittent, taking about a year, because she was only able to record during school holidays. "Pon de Replay" and "The Last Time" were two tracks recorded for the demo tape, which were eventually included on her debut album Music of the Sun. That same year, <mask> was signed to Rogers's and Carl Sturken's production company, Syndicated Rhythm Productions.<mask>'s demo was shipped out to Def Jam Recordings, where Jay Brown, an A&R executive at the record label, was one of the first to hear the demo. Brown played the demo tape for rapper Jay-Z, who had recently been appointed as president and CEO of Def Jam. When Jay-Z first heard the track "Pon de Replay", he felt the song was too big for her. Despite being skeptical, he invited <mask> to audition for the label. In early 2005, <mask> auditioned for Def Jam in New York City, where Jay-Z introduced her to music mogul Antonio "L.A." Reid. At the audition, she sang Whitney Houston's cover of "For the Love of You", as well as the demo tracks "Pon de Replay" and "The Last Time". Jay-Z was absolutely certain about signing her after she performed her future single "Pon de Replay".His boss, L.A. Reid, was also impressed with her audition, telling Jay-Z not to let <mask> leave the building until the contract was signed. Reid left it to Jay-Z and his team to close the deal which resulted in a six-album record deal with Def Jam. She waited in Jay-Z's office until 3:00 in the morning to get lawyers to draft up a contract because he wanted to prevent her from signing with another label. <mask> canceled other meetings with record labels and relocated from Barbados to the United States to live with Rogers and his wife. After signing with Def Jam, Jay-Z and his team did the A&R for <mask>'s debut album and spent the next three months recording and completing her debut album. She worked with different producers to complete her debut studio album, primarily Rogers and his production partner Carl Sturken. With several songs to pick as a lead single, "Pon de Replay" was chosen because it seemed like the best song suited for a summer release.In May 2005, her debut single, "Pon de Replay", was released under her mononym "<mask>". It charted successfully worldwide, peaking in the top five in fifteen countries, including at No. 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and the UK Singles Chart. The song became a club hit in the United States, peaking at No. 1 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs. Music of the Sun was released in August 2005. It debuted at No.10 on the Billboard 200 and received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of over 500,000 units. The album sold over 2 million copies worldwide. A second single, "If It's Lovin' that You Want", was not as successful as its predecessor, but reached the top 10 in Australia, Ireland and New Zealand. Aside from her work in music, <mask> made her acting debut in a cameo role in the successful straight-to-DVD film Bring It On: All or Nothing, released in August 2006. A month after the release of her debut album, <mask> began working on her second studio album. A Girl like Me was released in April 2006. Rolling Stone felt that "the burning rock guitar" and haunted strings of some of the album's tracks made "A Girl like Me [...] likable."The album was a commercial success, charting in the top 10 in 13 countries. The album reached No. 1 in Canada and No. 5 in the United Kingdom and the United States, where it sold 115,000 copies in its first week. The album became <mask>'s first to be certified Platinum by the RIAA, after selling over 1,000,000 units. Its lead single, "SOS", was an international success, charting in the top five in 11 countries. The song reached No.1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and in Australia, her first to reach this chart position. "Unfaithful", the album's second single, reached the top 10 in 18 countries, including No. 1 in Canada and Switzerland. Two more singles were released from the album: "We Ride" and "Break It Off". 2007–2008: Breakthrough with Good Girl Gone Bad
In early 2007, <mask> appeared on the single "Roll It" with Jamaican band J-Status and fellow Barbadian singer-songwriter Shontelle. The song appeared on J-Status' debut album The Beginning, released in several European countries only. Around that time, <mask> had already begun work on her third studio album, Good Girl Gone Bad.With the help of producers Timbaland, Tricky Stewart and Sean Garrett she embraced a new musical direction through uptempo dance tracks. Released in May 2007, the album charted at No. 2 in Australia and the US and topped the charts in multiple countries, including Brazil, Canada, Ireland and the UK. The album received the most positive critical reviews of her first three albums. The lead single, "Umbrella", topped the charts in 13 countries and remained at No. 1 in the UK for 10 consecutive weeks, the longest-running No. 1 single there since Wet Wet Wet's single "Love Is All Around" spent 15 weeks at the top in 1994.It was <mask>'s first single to be named one of the best-selling singles worldwide, with sales of over 8 million copies. The songs "Shut Up and Drive", "Hate That I Love You" (featuring Ne-Yo), and "Don't Stop the Music" were also released as singles, with the latter becoming an international hit. In support of the album, <mask> began the Good Girl Gone Bad Tour in September 2007, with 80 shows across the US, Canada, and Europe. <mask> was nominated for several 2008 Grammy Awards for Good Girl Gone Bad, winning Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Umbrella" alongside Jay-Z, her first Grammy Award. On June 9, 2008, <mask> released Good Girl Gone Bad Live, her first live long-form video. The DVD and Blu-ray release featured <mask>'s concert at the Manchester Arena in Manchester, United Kingdom, held on December 6, 2007, as part of the Good Girl Gone Bad Tour. The release also contained a special documentary that presented <mask> discussing her experiences during the tour.By late 2008, <mask> still remained on the charts with the release of the fifth single from Good Girl Gone Bad, "Rehab", and was named "Diva of the Year" by Entertainment Weekly for her "newfound staying power". Good Girl Gone Bad has sold over 2.8 million units in the United States alone, receiving a two-times-Platinum certification from the RIAA. It is <mask>'s best-selling album in the country to date. The album has sold 9 million units worldwide. During the late 2000s, <mask> experimented further with pop, dubstep, and rock music, officially shifting her musical style and image away from the Barbados island girl. Throughout 2008, <mask> performed on the Glow in the Dark Tour alongside Kanye West, Lupe Fiasco, and N.E.R.D. Her third studio album's reissue, Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded, was released in June 2008 with three new songs: "Disturbia", "Take a Bow" and the Maroon 5 duet "If I Never See Your Face Again", plus a Spanglish version of "Hate That I Love You" featuring Spanish pop singer David Bisbal.All four were released as singles and charted highly, reaching peak positions worldwide. In August 2008, <mask> and a host of other female singers recorded the charity single "Just Stand Up! ", the theme song to the anti-cancer campaign Stand Up to Cancer. "Live Your Life", a duet between T.I. and <mask>, was released that November and topped the Billboard Hot 100. 2009–2011: Rated R and Loud
On February 8, 2009, <mask>'s scheduled performance at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards was cancelled. Reports surfaced that then-boyfriend, singer Chris Brown, had physically assaulted her.He was arrested on suspicion of making criminal threats. On March 5, 2009, Brown was charged with assault and making criminal threats. A leaked photograph from the police department obtained by TMZ.com revealed that <mask> had sustained visible injuries. A few months after the incident, <mask> was featured on the single "Run This Town" by Jay-Z, which also featured Kanye West and was released as the second single from Jay-Z's eleventh studio album The Blueprint 3. In early 2009, <mask> began working on her fourth studio album, Rated R. Rated R was released in November 2009. The album had Rolling Stone magazine stating that <mask> "transformed her sound and made one of the best pop records of the year". Rated R featured a darker and more foreboding tone than <mask>'s previous albums.Rated R debuted at No. 4 on the US Billboard 200 chart. The album was supported by six singles, including "Rude Boy", which was the biggest worldwide success from the album, topping the US Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks and reaching top 10 positions in 22 other countries. In January 2010, <mask> released her charity cover version of "Redemption Song" for the  Hope for Haiti Now campaign. She also recorded the song "Stranded (Haiti Mon Amour)" together with Jay-Z, Bono and The Edge for the same campaign to alleviate the 2010 Haiti earthquake. In summer 2010, <mask> collaborated with rapper Eminem on "Love the Way You Lie", which was a major worldwide success, reaching No. 1 in over 20 countries.Reaching number 2, the song became the biggest-selling song of 2010 in the UK and the first of <mask>'s singles to sell over a million copies in the country. In October 2010, <mask> switched managers, joining Jay-Z's Roc Nation Management. In late 2010, she was featured on three singles: Kanye West's "All of the Lights", from the album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010), Nicki Minaj's "Fly", from her debut studio album Pink Friday (2010) and David Guetta's "Who's That Chick? ", from the album One More Love (2010). Loud, <mask>'s fifth studio album, was released in November 2010. The album produced three US Billboard Hot 100s. Its lead single, "Only Girl (In the World)", "What's My Name?", featuring rapper Drake and "S&M", following the release of its official remix featuring Britney Spears. <mask> set a record as the solo artist with the fastest accumulation of 10 chart toppers in the Hot 100s history. At the 53rd Grammy Awards, "Only Girl (In the World)" won the award for Best Dance Recording. "Man Down" and "California King Bed" were released as singles in May 2011 with moderate success. "Cheers (Drink to That)", which interpolates Avril Lavigne's 2002 single "I'm with You", was released as the seventh and final single from the album. To promote the album, <mask> embarked on her Loud Tour in June 2011, which sold out 10 nights at The O2 Arena in West

masks:
Robyn Rihanna Fenty
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna
Rihanna


texts:
 London, the most sold-out shows for a female artist in the venue's history. The tour was the seventh highest-grossing tour worldwide of 2011.In September 2020 she put her St John's Wood, North London house for sale with a price of £32 million. 2011–2013: Talk That Talk and Unapologetic
<mask>'s sixth album, Talk That Talk, was released in November 2011. The album debuted at No. 3 in the U.S and number No. 1 in the UK The album's lead single, "We Found Love", topped charts in twenty-seven countries and peaked in the top 10 in 30 countries and broke many chart records worldwide. The single topped the Billboard Hot 100 for 10 non-consecutive weeks, becoming <mask>'s longest-running No. 1 single on the chart and the longest-running No.1 single of 2011 in the US. The song was later named the 24th biggest hit of all time on the Billboard Hot 100. "You Da One" and the album's title track, featuring Jay-Z, were released as the second and third singles, to moderate success. "Where Have You Been", the fifth single, successfully charted worldwide, reaching No. 5 in the US and No. 6 in the UK. "Cockiness (Love It)" was released as the album's sixth and final single in a remixed form featuring rapper ASAP Rocky.In early 2012, two collaborations featuring <mask> were released: Coldplay's "Princess of China", from their album Mylo Xyloto, and Drake's "Take Care", from his album of the same name. In February 2012, <mask> won her third Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 2012 Grammy Awards for her Kanye West collaboration "All of the Lights" and was voted the Best International Female Solo Artist at the 2012 BRIT Awards for the second consecutive year. March 2012 saw the simultaneous releases of two collaborations between <mask> and Chris Brown: remixes of her song "Birthday Cake" and his "Turn Up the Music". The recordings received mainly negative responses due to the pair's history of domestic violence. In September 2012, "We Found Love" won the MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year, making <mask> the first woman to receive the accolade more than once. <mask>'s seventh studio album, Unapologetic, was released in November 2012. In the United States, the album debuted at No.1 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, marking <mask>'s first No. 1 album in the country. The lead single from the album, "Diamonds", reached No. 1 in more than 20 countries worldwide, including on the US Billboard Hot 100, where it became <mask>'s 12 No. 1 on the chart. The album's second single, "Stay", featuring Mikky Ekko, reached the top five in over twenty countries, including No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100.As promotion prior to the album's release, <mask> embarked on the 777 Tour, a mini tour of seven shows in seven countries in seven days. On May 6, 2013, Fox aired a documentary about the tour, with a documentary DVD being released the following day as <mask>'s third live long-form video release. In February 2013, at the 55th Grammy Awards, <mask> won her sixth Grammy Award, in the category Best Short Form Music Video for "We Found Love" (2011). Also that month, the United Kingdom's Official Charts Company announced that <mask> had sold 3,868,000 records in the past year in the country, ranking at No. 1 in the list of 2013 BRIT Awards artist nominees. <mask>'s fifth headlining concert tour, the Diamonds World Tour, began in March 2013, in support of Unapologetic. <mask> then appeared in the Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg comedy film This Is the End, which was released in June 2013.That same month, American hip hop artist Wale released a remixed version of his single "Bad" featuring <mask>. In October 2013, Eminem released his Rihanna-assisted single, "The Monster", as the fourth release from his eighth studio album The Marshall Mathers LP 2 (2013). 2014–2017: Standalone releases, Home soundtrack and Anti

In 2014, <mask> appeared on Shakira's single, "Can't Remember to Forget You". Following the release of Unapologetic and its accompanying tour, <mask> aimed to take a hiatus from recording music, stating: "I wanted to have a year to just do whatever I want artistically, creatively." In May 2014, <mask> left Def Jam Recordings to sign fully with Roc Nation, the record label that had managed her career since October 2010. A year after <mask> began working on her eighth studio album, the single "FourFiveSeconds" was released, which featured <mask> paired up with Kanye West and Paul McCartney. Two further singles followed its release: "Bitch Better Have My Money" and "American Oxygen"; neither made the final track listing for <mask>'s eighth studio album.During the creation of the album, <mask> ventured into other endeavors and appeared in the voice role of Tip in the animated feature film Home alongside Jim Parsons and Jennifer Lopez, the film was based on The True Meaning of Smekday by Adam Rex. <mask> also released a concept album soundtrack for the film. In late 2015, <mask> inked a $25 million contract with Samsung that would see her promoting Samsung's Galaxy line of products whilst Samsung would sponsor the release of her eighth studio album and its supporting tour. The Anti World Tour was announced in November 2015 and began in March 2016, with Travis Scott supporting in North America and Big Sean supporting at selected European dates. The Weeknd had also initially planned to support at certain European sites, but he backed out citing "unforeseen changes in upcoming projects". On January 28, 2016, <mask> released her eighth studio album, Anti, exclusively through streaming service Tidal. The album peaked at No.1 on the US Billboard 200, becoming <mask>'s second No. 1 and eighth top 10 album on the chart. The album was supported by the release of four singles, including the lead single "Work", featuring Drake, which topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. Further Platinum-certified singles "Needed Me" and "Love on the Brain" both peaked inside the top 10 of the US Hot 100. In 2016, <mask> was featured on several singles. The first collaboration single was Kanye West's "Famous", where <mask> provided uncredited guest vocals. She was then officially featured on Calvin Harris' "This Is What You Came For", which was a success.<ref name="Came">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/listen-rihanna-calvin-harris-this-is-what-you-came-for-dance-7350215/|title=Listen to <mask> and Calvin Harris' 'This Is What You Came For|magazine=Billboard|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|date=April 29, 2016|access-date=January 31, 2022}}</ref> <mask> was also featured on Drake's "Too Good" and on Mike Will Made Its "Nothing Is Promised".In June 2016, <mask> released "Sledgehammer", a single from the Star Trek Beyond movie soundtrack. On August 28, 2016, <mask> was honored with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards after performing various medleys of her hit songs. <mask> released several collaborations in 2017. First she was the featured part in Future's "Selfish", the lead single from the rapper's sixth studio album, Hndrxx. Summer 2017 saw the release of <mask>'s collaborations with record producer DJ Khaled, "Wild Thoughts", which also featured Bryson Tiller and was a worldwide success, and Kendrick Lamar's single, "Loyalty", which earned <mask> her ninth Grammy Award at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards. In November 2017, <mask> was part of N.E.R.Ds comeback single "Lemon" from the band's album No One Ever Really Dies. 2018–present: Hiatus and upcoming ninth studio album
In October 2017, Shakka revealed that he was working with <mask> on her "absolutely insane" album.In December 2018, <mask> confirmed that the album would be released in 2019, and later announced that it is a reggae project. In August 2019, fans noticed that <mask> and co-songwriters Collin Edwards, Monique Lawrence, and Alexander Ogunmokun registered a song titled "Private Loving" with the music publishing organization BMI. In September 2019, it was announced she had signed with Sony/ATV Music Publishing. In December 2019, <mask> alluded to her album being complete and indefinitely withholding the release date in an Instagram post. She was next featured on Canadian singer PartyNextDoor's song "Believe It", which was released on March 27, 2020. Artistry
Music and voice
<mask> is a mezzo-soprano, with a range spanning from B2 to C6. While recording tracks for her third studio album, Good Girl Gone Bad (2007), <mask> took vocal lessons from Ne-Yo.Speaking of the experience she stated, "I've never had vocal training, so when I'm in the studio, he'll tell me how to breathe and stuff... He'll call out these big fancy words: 'OK, I want you to do staccato.' And I'm like, 'OK, I don't know what that is.'" Her vocal performance on Loud (2010) received positive reviews from music critics. James Skinner from BBC praised <mask>'s vocals on the song "Love the Way You Lie (Part II)" and wrote that her voice is powerful and that "it is <mask>'s vocal – at once commanding, soulful and vulnerable – that anchors the song, and Loud itself". Andy Gill from The Independent feels that "California King Bed" features her best vocal performance. In a review of Unapologetic, Billboard magazine wrote, "Diamonds finds <mask> doing one of her throatiest, most impassioned vocals to date, on this inspirational pop ballad."Jon Caramanica of the New York Times stated, "over the years, as her game face froze in place, her voice cured into a weapon of emotional chill and strategic indifference. It's decidedly unfriendly, made to give orders". Growing up in Barbados, she mainly listened to reggae, hip hop and soca music. When she first came to the US, she was exposed to different types of music with "rock being one of them, and I fell in love with it. [Now] I love rock music." During her debut, she recorded songs that were inspired by her Caribbean roots and described her early sound as "a fusion of reggae, hip-hop and R&B, with a little something different thrown in". Her early dancehall roots can be found on her debut album, Music of the Sun, and its follow-up, A Girl like Me.Her debut album demonstrates the influence of <mask>'s musical heritage of the Caribbean. Kelefa Sanneh of the New York Times complimented its combination of dancehall and reggae, who said, "Dancehall reggae sometimes seems like a furiously insular form of music, but ... <mask> is only the latest singer to discover how versatile the genre's spring-loaded electronic rhythms can be". Her debut single, "Pon de Replay" features a dancehall-pop mixture that infuses a reggae style, while "If It's Lovin' that You Want" talks about a girl seducing a guy to be her boyfriend. Aiming for artistic growth, A Girl like Me expresses personal experiences that typical 18-year-old girls go through with ballads that were described as elegant and mature. After her second album, she slowly dismissed her dancehall and reggae roots. <mask>'s musical career has been an experiment with new musical ideas and stated that she wants "to make music that could be heard in parts of the world that I'd never been to". With its provocative subject matter and lyrics, she began incorporating a wide range of genres including, pop, R&B, reggae, dubstep, hip hop and EDM.During a review for Good Girl Gone Bad, Slant Magazine to write that <mask> "finally figured out that she's a dance artist and the majority of the album is  uptempo dance-pop [songs like]" "Push Up on Me" and "Don't Stop the Music". It represents a departure from the Caribbean sound of her previous albums and is described as a turning point in her career. While the first half of the record shares many 1980s pop influences with songs like "Don't Stop the Music" and "Shut Up and Drive", the second half retreats into standard R&B. Recorded after the assault by her then-boyfriend, Chris Brown, Rated R had a much darker tone and was filled with various emotions she experienced throughout 2009. In her fifth album Loud, <mask> reflects on the fun and energetic vibe she had while recording the album. The album is a mixture of ballads, party anthems and empowering love songs. Talk That Talk was similar to Rated R, as both contain hip hop, R&B, dancehall and dubstep genres.Loud and Talk That Talk saw her explore sexuality in her work ("S&M" and "Birthday Cake") and return to her dancehall roots ("Man Down" and "Watch n' Learn"). She also branched out into house music with tracks like "We Found Love", "Only Girl (In the World)" and "Complicated." Her songs are also inspired through record sampling from other artists. Influences

<mask> has named Madonna as her idol and biggest influence. She said that she wanted to be the "black Madonna" and praised her ability to reinvent herself throughout her career. She noted, "I think that Madonna was a great inspiration for me, especially on my earlier work. If I had to examine her evolution through time, I think she reinvented her clothing style and music with success every single time.And at the same time remained a real force in entertainment in the whole world." Another major influence on <mask>'s music and career has been Mariah Carey, whose song "Hero" she performed when <mask> was still a teenager at her high school talent show. She revealed that Carey's song "Vision of Love" "was the song that made [her] want to do music." In her youth, she would see Bob Marley on television because of his fame in the Caribbean. She stated, "He's one of my favourite artists of all time – he really paved the way for every other artist out of the Caribbean". She built a shrine in her home dedicated to the reggae legend and has covered Marley's "Is This Love" and Bob Marley & The Wailers' "Redemption Song" during her concert tours. During her childhood, she would go around singing Whitney Houston songs and "A Whole New World" into her hairbrush so much that her neighbors started calling her "Robyn Redbreast".She also stated that one of the first songs she remembers falling in love with was Houston's version of "I Will Always Love You" and that it "was really inspiring, and it made me develop a passion for music, so really, she's partly responsible for me being here in this industry." <mask> was also influenced by Janet Jackson, Aaliyah, Beyoncé and Destiny's Child.<mask> – Fashion Inspired By Bob Marley, Tupac & Aaliyah . Shelby.tv. Retrieved June 5, 2014. Other musical influences and idols include Celine Dion, Grace Jones, Lil' Kim, Alicia Keys, Prince, Fefe Dobson, and Brandy.<mask> takes influence from the different types of music she discovered when she came to America and revealed that rock music was one of the first genres she fell in love with. She commented, "as I grow older, I want to know more about music. I want to discover more types of music".She cited Brandy's fourth studio album, Afrodisiac (2004), as her main inspiration for her third album, Good Girl Gone Bad (2007). In her early career, her music contained strong influences of Caribbean music, including reggae and dancehall. The music video of the song "Rude Boy" featured images inspired by her Caribbean roots. Videos and stage

<mask> has worked with music video director Anthony Mandler on more than a dozen music videos, the first being "Unfaithful" (2006). "We've done 16 videos together; they're not all tough, [...] Yeah, I mean, I'm known for the 'Disturbia's and the 'Russian Roulette's and things like that, but 'Only Girl (In the World)' is certainly an ethereal kind of empowering, beauty-filled video," Mandler said. Jocelyn Vena of MTV wrote, "<mask>, like Madonna, also has a tendency to make truly thought-provoking music videos that fit the songs they represent. Smattered in between glitzier, more glamorous clips, Madge and Ri want us to think about bigger issues".Jon Bream of the Star Tribune

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 commented "[i]n the tradition of Madonna and Janet Jackson, <mask> has become the video vixen of the '00s ... <mask> has perfected the pout, the long-legged strut and trend-setting hairdos that keep women and men alike checking her out on YouTube." George Epaminondas of InStyle considers <mask>'s music videos to be "cinematic" due to her "blend of lush island rhythms and swinging pop and ... mischievous sensuality." Many of her music videos were shot as short films exploring issues such as love triangles, abuse and substance abuse romance, including "We Found Love" and "Man Down". Her music video for "Umbrella" shows <mask>'s transition into adulthood and her newly adopted image. The "dark, creepy" scenes of "Disturbia" have been compared to Michael Jackson's Thriller. The video for "Russian Roulette" features <mask> in a padded room playing a game of russian roulette with her partner. A scene of <mask> being approached by a speeding car at night was compared to the altercation with Chris Brown.In 2011, <mask> released three controversial music videos about sadomasochism, rape and domestic violence. "Man Down", which features <mask> shooting a man in a train station, was criticized by the Parents Television Council. "We Found Love", which shows <mask> and her love interest in a drug-filled unhealthy relationship, sparked criticism from the Rape Crisis Centre for its message. Charne Graham of the Houston Press defended her, asking, "Why should <mask>'s music videos get everyone riled up when others' equally sexual and controversial videos are in rotation? [...] she just like[s] to make music videos that give us something to talk about." <mask> was the first woman to pass 2 billion cumulative views on the music video website Vevo. As of December 2016, she has accumulated over 10 billion views on the site.Denis Armstrong of Canadian Online Explorer commented on her performance at the Ottawa Bluesfest, saying "her show was a Disney-esque choreographed fantasy of non-stop hip-swiveling, sassy attitude and personal endearments and a string of funky, sugar-free hits." Her performance of "Disturbia" at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards was ranked tenth best on the MTV Video Music Awards, according to a Billboard poll. Her revealing leather costumes during her Good Girl Gone Bad Tour were highly criticized by Malaysia's conservative Islamic party, who recommended that her concert tour should be banned. Whilst commenting on her third album's accompanying tour, The Times compared <mask>'s stage wardrobe styling to that of Janet Jackson and called her "a vision of Ann Summers couture in thigh-high boots and a few scraps of black PVC." In the October 2011 issue of British Vogue, <mask> said her performance outfits and appearances are all an act; "[t]hat's not me. That's a part I play. You know, like it's a piece of art, with all these toys and textures to play with".Public image
Known for her style and image, the evolution of <mask>'s music and fashion sense have been constantly followed by the media. In 2009, New York magazine described <mask>'s early look as that of "a cookie-cutter teen queen", noting she has the ability "to shift looks dramatically and with such ease". Around the time of the release of her second studio album, A Girl like Me (2006), many critics felt that <mask>'s style, sound and musical material were too similar to those of Beyoncé. In an interview with Look magazine, <mask> spoke about comparisons to Beyoncé: "Beyoncé is a great artist and I feel honored to be mentioned in the same sentence, but we're different performers with different styles". She revealed during Oprah's Next Chapter that Def Jam's pop-princess blueprint made her feel claustrophobic during her early years with the label. According to <mask>, "I felt like they were giving me a blueprint. [...] They had a brand, they had an idea of what they wanted me to be without figuring out who I was."With the release of her third album, Good Girl Gone Bad (2007), <mask> dismissed her innocent image for an edgier look with a new hairstyle, which was inspired by Charlize Theron's bob cut in the science fiction thriller Æon Flux (2005). She followed the likes of recording artists Janet Jackson and Christina Aguilera who also shed their innocent image for an edgier look and sound. Nico Amarca of Highsnobiety magazine wrote "over the course of her now 10-year career, [<mask>] has undergone one of the most significant aesthetic metamorphoses the world has ever seen". Her image and fashion has changed several times with different hairstyles since the release of her third album. She commented that as a child she "used to watch her [mother] get dressed" and that her love and admiration for fashion started with her mom. When putting together her own wardrobe she stated, "It's become more about taking a risk ... I always look for the most interesting silhouette or something that's a little off."Jess Cartner-Morley of The Guardian wrote that "<mask>'s wardrobe is the most talked-about, influential and dissected in pop right now" and that whatever she wears "is immediately reproduced on the high street, because it sells". Country singer Miranda Lambert admires <mask>'s fashion and style stating, "I don't necessarily get inspired by the whole no-bra thing, but I love that you never know what she's going to wear. It always keeps you guessing, which makes her sassy and interesting." In an interview with Alexa Chung during Vogue Festival 2015, Balmain designer Olivier Rousteing praised <mask> by stylistically comparing her to some of the biggest fashion icons in music history, such as Madonna, David Bowie, Michael Jackson, and Prince. Commenting on the cultural expectation for pop stars to be role models, <mask> said "[being a role model] became more of my job than I wanted it to be. But no, I just want to make music. That's it."In a May 2013 interview with MTV, The Vagina Monologues writer and feminist Eve Ensler said, "I'm a huge <mask> fan, I think she has a kind of agency over her sexuality and she's open about her sexuality, she has enormous grace and she's immensely talented." Described as one of the sexiest women of her generation, she revealed that being a sex symbol is not a priority and that "it's definitely flattering, but also uncomfortable." Her appearance has landed her on the cover of magazines such as Maxim, FHM, Rolling Stone, and in December 2012, <mask> became the first woman to be featured on the cover of GQ magazine's "Men of the Year" issue. <mask> made her first appearance at the Met Gala in 2007. She has made eight appearances in the years since; notably in 2015, for China: Through the Looking Glass, her Guo Pei-designed yellow dress garnered the most attention of the event, accruing a billion impressions on social media. The dress, which had taken two years to make before <mask> came across it, became the subject of a documentary by Pietra Brettkelly, entitled Yellow Is Forbidden. She co-chaired the 2018 Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination themed event, wearing Maison Margiela.Legacy
<mask> is regarded by the media as a pop and fashion icon, particularly since her third studio album Good Girl Gone Bad (2007). Nick Levine of Digital Spy described Good Girl Gone Bad as "the closest thing to a Thriller that 2007/08 is likely to produce". According to Rolling Stone, her single "Umbrella" and her eighth album Anti are regarded as among the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, respectively. Her single "We Found Love" was ranked by Billboard as the 24th biggest US Billboard Hot 100 hit of all time and her single "Work" has been credited by a Billboard editor for bringing the dancehall genre to the forefront of mainstream American music. Music critic Jayson Greene of Pitchfork described <mask> as the most influential singer of the past decade, writing:"Rihanna Voice has become an industry-wide idea, a creative property like the Korg synth or LinnDrum [...] We crave the thrill that you can only get when a dozen or so good ideas manifest themselves in a single voice. For the past 10 years, that voice has more or less been <mask>'s. Now that she's gleefully shredding it apart, she'll probably generate a whole new comet trail of Rihannabes.Inevitably, none of them will carry the charge, the glassy cool and subterranean heat, of the real thing." Time magazine included <mask> on its 100 Most Influential People in the World issue in 2012 and 2018, with Stella McCartney writing: "She's one of the coolest, hottest, most talented, most liked, most listened to, most followed, most impressive artists at work today, but she does it in her own stride. She works hard, very hard. She gives to her fans, friends and foundation not just herself but her energy and spirit." On June 2, 2014, <mask> was presented with the Fashion Icon lifetime achievement award from Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA), a special prize reserved for "an individual whose style has made a significant impact on popular culture on an international stage". In August 2018, Billboard ranked <mask> as the tenth biggest Hot 100 artist of all time, as well as the fifth biggest female act of all time.Billboard also ranked <mask> the top Hot 100 artist of the 2010s decade. In 2014, Time magazine's pop stardom ranking metric ranked <mask> second in history, based on all-time chart performance and contemporary significance.<mask> has become a dominating figure on social media and internet streaming, ranking at No. 1 on Forbes' 2012 list of Social Networking Superstars. In 2013, <mask> was also named the most influential pop star in the United Kingdom by UK channel 4Music. <mask>'s work has directly influenced numerous artists such as Lorde, Sam Smith, Little Mix, Rita Ora, Billie Eilish, Selena Gomez, Justin Bieber, Ellie Goulding, Jennie from Blackpink, Marilyn Manson, Jessie J, SZA, Fifth Harmony, Camila Cabello, Demi Lovato, Alexandra Stan, Grimes, Sleater-Kinney, Tegan and Sara, Cover Drive, and Cher Lloyd. <mask> has an honorary title of Ambassador for Culture and Youth in Barbados. On February 22, 2008, former Barbados Prime Minister David Thompson launched the national "Rihanna Day" in their country. Although it is not a bank holiday, Barbadians celebrate it every year in honour of <mask>.In February 2017, <mask> was named Harvard University's "Humanitarian of the Year" by the Harvard Foundation. During <mask>'s third annual "Diamond Ball", former U.S. president Barack Obama, praised <mask>'s work and stated: "[She's] become a powerful force in the fight to give people dignity." On September 20, 2018, <mask> was appointed by the government of Barbados to be an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, with special duties of promoting "education, tourism and investment for the island." As of 2021, <mask> is the world's wealthiest female musician with an estimated net worth of $1.7 billion. She was also listed among Forbes Top 100 Most Powerful Women of 2019. In 2020, she debuted on the Sunday Times Rich List, claiming third place on the list of Britain's richest musicians. At the 2020 NAACP Image Awards, hosted by BET, <mask> accepted the President's Award from Derrick Johnson.Johnson stated that "<mask> has not only enjoyed a groundbreaking career as an artist and musician, but has also distinguished herself as a stellar public servant. From her business achievements through Fenty, to her tremendous record as an activist and philanthropist, <mask> epitomizes the type of character, grace, and devotion to justice that we seek to highlight in our President's Award." Business career
<mask>'s first fragrance, Reb'l Fleur, was released in January 2011. According to Rolling Stone, Reb'l Fleur was a financial success and was expected to gross US$80 million at retail by the end of 2011. <mask>'s second fragrance, Rebelle, was released in February 2012. The promotional campaign for Rebelle, was shot by director, Anthony Mandler, who also shot the promotional campaign for Reb'l Fleur. In November 2012, <mask> released her third fragrance, Nude.<mask>'s fourth women's fragrance, titled Rogue was released on September 14, 2013, followed by a male version entitled Rogue Men which was released in 2014. On March 30, 2015, it was announced that <mask> is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specializes in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyoncé and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, Beyoncé, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. "The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal. In 2016, it was revealed that <mask> would be releasing her music through her own label Westbury Road Entertainment, which was established in 2005.Westbury Road is the name of her Barbados residence. The music would be distributed through Universal Music Group. Westbury Road Entertainment's artist roster includes Melissa Forde as the label's photographer, and KazeLoon. In November 2015, <mask> and Benoit Demouy launched a beauty and stylist agency named Fr8me. The business based in Los Angeles was set up in order to assist artists in booking commercials, editorial shoots, ad campaigns and red-carpet appearances. <mask> stated, "Hair, makeup, and styling play an important role in creativity, I am very involved with that part of my process, so this agency was an organic thing for me to do." The roster includes <mask>'s makeup artist Mylah Morales, wardrobe stylist Jason Bolden, hairstylist Patricia Morales and Marcia Hamilton.In addition to Fr8me, <mask> opened a photo agency called "A Dog Ate My Homework", which represents photographers Erik Asla and Deborah Anderson. Fenty

Fenty was a fashion brand by <mask> under luxury fashion group LVMH which launched in May 2019. She was the first woman to create an original brand for LVMH and also the first woman of color to lead an LVMH brand. The house launched in a pop-up store on May 22, 2019, in Paris, before launching worldwide online on May 29 and included clothing, accessories, and footwear. It was the first line that LVMH had launched since 1987. The fashion brand was described as groundbreaking, and in a statement regarding the launch, <mask> said that she had been given a "unique opportunity to develop a fashion house in the luxury sector, with no artistic limits." Due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, in February 2021, <mask> and LVMH decided to "put on hold" her Fenty fashion house and continue building on the SavagexFenty lingerie line.<mask> exclusively uses her surname for business endeavors not related to her music career so as not to conflate the two. In January 2019, <mask> filed a lawsuit against her father, Ronald Fenty, over the use of the Fenty name for commercial purposes. The lawsuit alleges <mask>'s cosmetics brand, Fenty Beauty, was damaged commercially by her father's company, Fenty Entertainment, through misrepresentation of his company being affiliated with her. In September 2021 <mask> dropped the lawsuit against her father. Fenty Beauty

In 2017, <mask> launched her critically acclaimed cosmetics company Fenty Beauty under LVMH's Kendo Brands. <mask> owns 50 percent of Fenty Beauty, according to Forbes. The partnership was worth $10 million and would see <mask> release various beauty products.The first installment of Fenty Beauty was released on September 8, 2017, in stores and online, available in over 150 countries. It included an array of products including foundations, highlighters,

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 bronzers, blush compacts, lip glosses and blotting sheets and was praised for its diverse range for all skin colours. Time magazine named Fenty Beauty as one of "The 25 Best Inventions of 2017", citing the breadth of its range. In what has been dubbed the "Fenty Effect", the brand revolutionized the way other cosmetic brands approached diversity in marketing and product formulation: "Suddenly beauty houses – niche, establishment and those in between – began extending their shade ranges to accommodate a wider variety of skin tones. Forty shades became the new standard." Savage X Fenty

In 2018, <mask> launched a lingerie brand named Savage X Fenty. The line was born from <mask>'s vision creating an inclusive brand.Products come in a variety of shades to match all skin tones and a range of sizes. She showcased the brand at the New York Fashion Week in September 2018. The brand has been positively reviewed by the public for including plus size models in their promotion, though some fans argued there were not enough plus sizes. In September 2019, <mask> promoted the brand in a show again during the New York Fashion Week held at the Barclays Center with modeling appearances from models Alex Wek, Bella Hadid, Cara Delevingne, actress Laverne Cox, and musicians Normani and 21 Savage. And featured performances by DJ Khaled, Halsey, ASAP Ferg, Big Sean, Migos, Fat Joe, Fabolous and Tierra Whack. The show premiered on Amazon Prime Video on September 20, 2019, as Savage X Fenty Show. The show was renewed for a third time in 2020, with appearances from musicians such as Travis Scott, Rosalía, Bad Bunny, Ella Mai, Lizzo, Big Sean, Miguel, Roddy Ricch and Rico Nasty.This version also premiered on Amazon Prime Video on October 2, 2020. Fenty Skin
In July 2020, <mask> launched a skin care brand called Fenty Skin. Other ventures

<mask> has ventured into other businesses and industries. In October 2005, <mask> struck an endorsement deal with Secret Body Spray. In 2010, <mask> featured in the Optus commercial, in conjunction with Optus supporting <mask>'s Last Girl on Earth. The same year <mask> also featured in the Kodak commercial along with rapper Pitbull. In October 2010, she released a photo book featuring photos from the Last Girl on Earth tour and served as an accompaniment to her fourth studio album Rated R (2009).In 2011, <mask> and Vita Coco. Her first television program, Styled to Rock, premiered in the UK in August 2012 on Sky Living. In the 10-week series, <mask>, Nicola Roberts, Lysa Cooper and Henry Holland assist up-and-coming British designers with their clothing lines. The US version of Styled to Rock premiered on October 25, 2013, on Bravo. In 2013, <mask> collaborated with MAC Cosmetics and released her own summer, fall and holiday lines of makeup called "RiRi hearts MAC". In July 2013, lager production company Budweiser announced that <mask> had become a part of their global "Made For Music" campaign, also co-starring Jay-Z. Early in her career, <mask> made clear her interest in fashion and desire to work in the clothing design industry.Regarding this, she said, "Fashion has always been my defense mechanism". In November 2011, <mask> announced her first fashion venture with Armani. In February 2013, <mask> presented her first women's fashion collection at London Fashion Week for British brand River Island, collaborating with her personal stylist Adam Selman. They published three more collections for the brand. <mask> then collaborated with numerous fashion house's including Dior, Stance and Manolo Blahnik. In March 2015, <mask> was chosen as the new face of Dior; making her the first black woman to be the face of the brand. In 2014, <mask> became the creative director of the fashion sportswear Puma, overseeing the brand's women's line which will include collaborations in apparel and footwear.The following year, <mask> released her first trainer with Puma and it sold out online with three hours of its pre-sale launch. Over the next two years, <mask> released various other footwear in different colorways and styles, which were all met positively by both critics and buyers. 2016 saw <mask> debut her first clothing line in collaboration with Puma at New York Fashion Week; the collection was met with rave reviews from fashion critics. <mask> was ranked one of the best dressed women in 2018, by luxury fashion retailer Net-a-Porter. On June 2, 2014, <mask> received the Fashion Icon Award at the 2014 Council of Fashion Designers of America Fashion Awards at the Lincoln Center's Alice Tully Hall. Acting career

<mask> made her acting debut in a cameo role in the straight-to-DVD film Bring It On: All or Nothing, released in August 2006. <mask> starred as Petty Officer (GM2) Cora Raikes in her first theatrical feature film Battleship, which was released on May 18, 2012.Loosely based on the game of the same name, both the film and <mask>'s performance received mixed-to-negative reviews; the New York Times said she was "just fine in the rather generic role". In 2015, <mask> appeared in the voice role of Tip in the animated feature film Home alongside Jim Parsons and Jennifer Lopez, the film was based on The True Meaning of Smekday by Adam Rex. <mask> played the recurring role of Marion Crane in the fifth and final season of Bates Motel. The show received universal acclaim from critics. <mask> also had a major role in the Luc Besson film Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets, an adaptation of the comic book series Valérian and Laureline. Also starring Dane DeHaan and Cara Delevingne, the film was released by STX Entertainment on July 21, 2017, in the US <mask> was one of the all-female cast in the heist film Ocean's 8, directed by Gary Ross and released by Warner Bros. on June 8, 2018. The movie grossed $300 million worldwide and became a major box office success.In August 2018, it had been reported that <mask> had been filming a secret project in Cuba titled Guava Island throughout that summer alongside Donald Glover. Glover's Atlanta collaborator Hiro Murai was directing, with Letitia Wright and Nonso Anozie also involved. The trailer for the full-length movie premiered on November 24 at the PHAROS festival in New Zealand. The exact details project were not announced until April 2019 when advertisements for Guava Island appeared on Spotify indicating something happening on "Saturday Night | April 13". It was later revealed Amazon Studios would distribute the film and Regency Enterprises had financed the film, with it being released on April 13. Activism
Philanthropy

In 2006, she created her Believe Foundation to help terminally ill children. In 2007, <mask> was named as one of the Cartier Love Charity Bracelet Ambassadors, with each celebrity representing a different global charity.To help raise awareness and combat HIV/AIDS, <mask> and other public figures designed clothing for the February 2008 H&M Fashion Against AIDS line. In 2008, <mask> performed a series of charity concerts entitled A Girl's Night Out to benefit the Believe Foundation. The concerts were made free for the public. Money from sponsors and advertisers were to be donated to provide medical supplies, school supplies and toys to children in need. In September 2008, <mask> contributed to the song "Just Stand Up!" with fifteen other female artists, who shared the stage to perform the song live on September 5, 2008, during the "Stand Up to Cancer" television special. The proceeds from the single were given to the fundraiser.The television special helped raise $100 million for cancer research. <mask> founded the Clara Lionel Foundation (CLF) in 2012, in honor of her grandparents, Clara and Lionel Braithwaite. Programs include the Clara Braithwaite Center for Oncology and Nuclear Medicine at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Barbados, and education programs. The CLF hosts an annual Diamond Ball charity fundraiser event. The inaugural event in 2014 raised over $2 million and the second raised over $3 million. On February 12, 2012, <mask> performed a benefit show at the House of Blues to raise money for the Children's Orthopaedic Center and the Mark Taper-Johnny Mercer Artists Program at Children's Hospital. In November 2012, <mask> gave $100,000 to food bank donation for Hurricane Sandy.On January 3, 2014, <mask> was part of the MAC Viva Glam campaign, which benefits women, men and children living with HIV/AIDS. In March 2020, <mask> donated $5,000,000 to COVID-19 relief and followed that up with additional donations of personal protective equipment to the state of New York and an offer of $700,000 worth of ventilators to her home country Barbados. In April 2020, <mask> further donated an additional $2,100,000, matching Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey for a total of $4,200,000, to provide support and resources to individuals and children suffering from domestic violence amid the lockdown. Advocacy
During her performance at the NCAA March Madness Music Festival, <mask> expressed her disagreement with Indiana's Religious Freedom Restoration Act that allows companies and individuals to use their religious beliefs as protection, in case of being accused of discrimination against LGBT people. <mask> along with numerous other high-profile celebrities featured in an online video titled "23 Ways You Could Be Killed If You Are Black in America". The video was released in partnership with the We Are Here Movement and called for action against police brutality. In January 2017, <mask> participated in the 2017 Women's March, which took place in New York among protests the day after US President Donald Trump's inauguration.She has also criticized President Trump's immigration policies–including Executive Order 13769, which sought to ban citizens of Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen from entering the United States–and his response to the 2019 shootings in El Paso and Dayton. In October 2019, she stated that she declined to perform at the 2020 Super Bowl halftime show in support of Colin Kaepernick following the controversy surrounding his role in the national anthem protests. In February 2021, <mask> extended her support to Indian farmers' protest against the farm bills through Twitter. Personal life

<mask> owns a $14 million penthouse in Manhattan, New York. She also purchased a house in West London for £7 million in June 2018, in order to be closer to her work with her FENTY fashion label. In December 2018, <mask> put her Hollywood Hills mansion up for sale after a break-in six months before. The mansion was reported to have sold for $10.4m.Forbes began reporting on <mask>'s earnings in 2012.<mask> began dating American singer Chris Brown in 2007. After their relationship ended in February 2009, she entered an on-again off-again relationship with Canadian rapper Drake; which lasted from 2009 to 2016. During an interview with Rolling Stone in January 2013, <mask> confirmed that she had rekindled her relationship with Brown, although he remained under probation for their 2009 domestic violence case. Their reunion followed persistent media speculation that occurred throughout 2012. In May 2013, Brown stated during an interview that he and <mask> had broken up again. In 2017, <mask> began dating Saudi businessman Hassan Jameel. They split in January 2020.On May 19, 2021, American rapper ASAP Rocky confirmed during an interview with GQ that he and <mask> are currently in a relationship. On January 31, 2022, it was revealed that the couple are expecting their first child. Domestic violence case
On February 8, 2009, <mask>'s scheduled performance at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards was canceled. Reports surfaced that her boyfriend at the time, Chris Brown, had physically assaulted her. He turned himself in to police and was booked on suspicion of making criminal threats. On March 5, 2009, Brown was charged with assault and making criminal threats. Due to a leaked photograph from the police department obtained by TMZ.com—which revealed that <mask> had sustained visible injuries—an organization known as STOParazzi proposed "Rihanna's Law", which, if enacted, would "deter employees of law enforcement agencies from releasing photos or information that exploits crime victims."Gil Kaufman of VH1 reported the "nonstop coverage of the <mask>/Brown case has brought up a number of issues regarding the privacy of alleged victims of domestic violence, including the decision by almost all major news outlets to divulge the identity of the victim—which is not typically done in domestic-violence cases" and discussed the controversial distribution of the leaked photograph. <mask> was subpoenaed to testify during a preliminary hearing in Los Angeles on June 22, 2009. On June 22, 2009, Brown pleaded guilty to felony assault. Brown received five years of probation and was ordered to stay  away from <mask>, unless at public events, which then would be reduced to . On September 2, 2009, Brown spoke about the domestic violence case in a pre-recorded Larry King Live interview, his first public interview about the matter. He was accompanied to the interview by his mother, Joyce Hawkins, and attorney Mark Geragos, as he discussed growing up in a household with his mother being repeatedly assaulted by his stepfather. Brown said of hearing details of his assault of <mask>, "I'm in shock, because, first of all, that's not who I am as a person, and that's not who I promise I want to be."Awards and achievements

, <mask> has sold over 250 million records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. Throughout her career, she has received numerous awards and honours, including 9 Grammy Awards, 12 Billboard Music Awards, 13 American Music Awards, 8 People's Choice Awards, among others. <mask> received the "Icon Award" at the 2013 American Music Awards and the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards. She holds six Guinness World Records. In the United States, <mask> has sold over 10 million albums, while Nielsen SoundScan ranked her as the best-selling digital artist in the country, breaking a Guinness World Record for digital single sales of over 58 million as of 2012. On July 1, 2015, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) announced that <mask> had surpassed more than 100 million Gold and Platinum song certifications. In doing so, <mask> has the most digital single awards and is the first and only artist to surpass RIAA's 100 million cumulative singles award threshold.In the United Kingdom, she has sold over 7 million albums, making her the third best-selling female artist this century. According to Billboard, her total album sales stand at 54 million copies sold worldwide. <mask> has accumulated 14 No. 1 singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for the third most No. 1 songs in the chart's history. She has been named the top Mainstream Top 40 chart artist of the past twenty years by Billboard; she ranks first with most entries (36), most top tens (23) and most No. 1 songs (10)., <mask> has sold over 18 million singles and 6 million albums in the United Kingdom. She is the tenth best-selling and the second best-selling female singles artist in the country, only behind Madonna and is second only to the Beatles for the most million-selling singles in the UK of all time. Her collaboration with Eminem, "Love the Way You Lie", along with "Umbrella", "Disturbia", "Only Girl (In the World)", "We Found Love" and "Diamonds", are among the best-selling singles of all time. <mask> has seven No. 1 singles on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and Airplay chart, as well as sixteen No. 1 singles on the Rhythmic chart. She has also earned over 30 top-ten songs in the UK and Australia, making her the only artist in the 21st century to achieve this feat

masks: Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihannaa Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna Rihanna


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Captain <mask>. R<mask> (30 January 1826 – 23 February 1881) was an officer in the United States Navy. He participated in the Paraguay Expedition, fought in the Mexican War and American Civil War, and served briefly as commander of the Asiatic Squadron. Naval career
<mask> was born on 30 January 1826 in Washington, D.C. He was appointed as a midshipman in October 1841 and immediately was attached to the sloop-of-war , which was fitting out at Norfolk Navy Yard in Portsmouth, Virginia, at the time. Before Warren could put to sea, however, <mask> was transferred to the receiving ship  at the navy yard, remaining aboard her for a few months. In 1842, he was attached to the sloop-of-war , and served aboard her until 1845 off the coast of Africa and in the West Indies Squadron. Mexican War
<mask> next reported to the sloop-of-war  at Norfolk, Virginia, and served aboard her in the Pacific Squadron from 1845 to 1848.Aboard Cyane, he took part in the Mexican War, seeing action in the capture of San Diego, California – then a part of Mexico – the destruction of a Mexican artillery battery at San Blas, the seizure of La Paz in Baja California, and the bombardment of Guaymas in Sonora, where Cyane cut out the Mexican brig Condor while under fire from Mexican troops and artillery ashore and burned the small Mexican fleet there. Cyane went on to clear the Gulf of California of Mexican ships over the course of the next month and participated in the capture of Mazatlán before relieving the siege by Mexican troops and Yaqui Indians of San José del Cabo. Upon Cyanes return to the United States at the conclusion of the war in 1848, United States Secretary of the Navy John Y. Mason congratulated her crew for their significant contribution to the American victory. 1848–1861
After returning to the United States, <mask> reported to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1848 and passed his examination. Sources differ on the date of his promotion to passed midshipman, stating both that it came on 10 August 1847 while he was aboard Cyane and that it was in 1849 after he passed his examination at the Naval Academy. In 1849, <mask> went aboard the steamer , aboard which he cruised in the West Indies and along the Spanish Main. In 1850, he transferred to the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., for a few months, then in 1851 detached to serve aboard commercial steamers of the Collins Line on two or three transatlantic voyages between New York City and Liverpool, England.In 1852 he began an 18-month tour aboard the sloop-of-war , in service at the time as a training ship at the Naval Academy, then reported to the brig , which was fitting out at the Norfolk Navy Yard at the time. Before Dolphin sailed, he transferred in 1853 to the stores ship , which was fitting out at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, New York. During his two years aboard Supply, he was promoted to master on 14 September 1855 and to lieutenant the following day, but he detached from Supply in 1855 before she embarked on the first of her two voyages to the Mediterranean to bring camels from the Ottoman Empire home to the United States for experimental use by the United States Army's Camel Corps. After a short leave period, <mask> was assigned to the receiving ship  at Baltimore, Maryland, in 1856. He transferred to the new sailing frigate  in 1858 and served aboard her during a three-year cruise, during which she took part in the Paraguay Expedition and operated in the West Indies. American Civil War
<mask> was aboard Sabine when the American Civil War broke out in April 1861. He spent his last few months aboard Sabine on duty in the Union blockade of the Confederate States of America, serving in the blockade of Pensacola, Florida.He commanded a group of boats which carried reinforcements to Fort Pickens under threat from Confederate Fort McRae and was made executive officer of Sabine. After Sabine was decommissioned at the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine, later in 1861, <mask> took a leave of absence from the Navy, but returned to service later in the year as executive officer of the steamer  in the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. He was promoted to lieutenant commander on 16 July 1862. In 1862, <mask> became commanding officer of the gunboat  on the Mississippi River, leading her in action at Man Shack Bend. Itasca later was reassigned to the blockade of Texas, where <mask> led her in an engagement with a Confederate artillery battery at Velasco, in the capture of two blockade runners, and in running aground and destroying two or three other blockade runners. After Itasca was ordered north to undergo repairs in 1863, <mask> was detached from her and took a short leave of absence. Upon returning to service, <mask> spent three months at Baltimore, Maryland, to oversee the repair and fitting out of ships there, then was sent to the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron in 1864, where he commanded successively the bark , the gunboat , the sidewheel steamer , and the monitor  in the blockade of Charleston, South Carolina, and on the St. Johns River.He was in command of Nantucket when she closed to destroy a stranded blockade runner with gunfire off Charleston and engaged the Confederate artillery batteries on Sullivan's Island, as well as during later duty at Port Royal, South Carolina, when Nantucket guarded the receiving ship  in case New Hampshire was targeted by the Confederate States Navy ironclad CSS Stonewall. After the Civil War ended in April 1865, <mask> brought Nantucket to Philadelphia, where she was laid up. Post-Civil War
In 1865, <mask> joined the staff of the Naval Academy, first as senior instructor in seamanship and later as superintendent of grounds and buildings, and was promoted to commander on 29 January 1867. From 1869 to 1871 he commanded the steamer  in the Pacific Squadron, then was on the Board of Inspectors from 1871 to 1874. He served in the Asiatic Squadron from 1874 to 1875, first in command of the gunboat  and then in command of the sloop-of-war , and he temporarily served as commander of the entire squadron from 24 June to 16 August 1875. Detaching from Kearsarge in November 1875, he returned to the United States and spent four months awaiting orders before reporting for duty as Inspector of Ordnance at the Norfolk Navy Yard. He was promoted to captain on 26 February 1878.On 6 September 1879, <mask> took command of the screw sloop-of-war  two days before she recommissioned for service in the South Atlantic Squadron as the flagship of Rear Admiral Andrew Bryson. Personal life
<mask> was married to Henrietta A<mask> and had five living children at the time of his death. Death
<mask> contracted an illness while aboard Shenandoah and became sick enough to be ordered to return to the United States for treatment. During the voyage home, he died at sea off Martinique on 23 February 1881. He is buried with his wife at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery in Annapolis, Maryland. See also

Notes

References
 Naval History and Heritage Command: Officers of the Continental and U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775-1900. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: Cyane II
 Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: Supply I
 Hamersly, <mask>.The Records of Living Officers of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1870. Hamersly, <mask>. The Records of Living Officers of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, Bedford, Massachusetts: Applewood Books, 1878. Tolley, Kemp. Yangtze Patrol: The U.S. Navy in China. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1971. .External links

 Photograph of grave of <mask>. R<mask>

1826 births
1881 deaths
People from Washington, D.C.
United States Navy officers
United States Naval Academy faculty
United States Navy personnel of the Mexican–American War
Union Navy officers
People of Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War
People who died at sea
Burials at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery

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<mask> (; 24 February 1887– 30 November 1937), was a Ukrainian movie and theater director, is considered by many to be the most important Ukrainian theater director of the 20th century. He formed, together with Vsevolod Meyerhold, Yevgeny Vakhtangov and several other directors, the Soviet theater avant-garde in the 1920s and 1930s. He is one of the most prominent representatives of Ukrainian avant-garde art. He is considered to be one of the lead figures of the Executed Renaissance. Early work
<mask> was born in Sambir (then part of Austria-Hungary) on February 25, 1887 and was given a double name Oleksandr-Zenon, for short <mask> or Oles. His father, <mask> (Yanovych) (1862–1908), was a Ruthenian actor who descended from Lithuanian lineage. His mother, Vanda Adolfivna (nata Kulczycka), born in Stary Skalat, was also an actress, the daughter of an Austrian, Adolf Teichman.His parents' last name Yanovych was their pseudonym, for which they were better known, particularly in theater of "Ruska besida". Beside <mask> who was the first child there were three other children Kornylo (d. 2 July 1895), Nestor, and Nadia, however none of them survived past their teenage years. At first <mask> studied at Ternopil gymnasium. In 1907 he enrolled into the Philosophy Department of University of Vienna from where he transferred out in 1908, due to his father death enrolling later in Lviv University (1908–1910). This was determined by the need to lead Ukrainian culture out of the provincialism it had fallen into as a result of the century-long occupation by Poland and Russia. In the midst of the first world war <mask> formed the "Ternopil theatrical evenings" (1915–1916) and the Molody Teatr (Young Theater) in Kiev in 1916, which was the first ensemble to experiment with both new and ancient acting techniques. <mask> directed and acted in plays such as Gogol's Revizor and, most importantly and to much acclaim, Sophocles' Oedipus Rex.Due to the shortage in resources and the general political chaos towards the end of the First World War the ensemble was disbanded. Along with it he was a professor at the Kiev Music-Drama Institute in 1916-1919 and later Kharkiv Music-Drama Institute in 1926-1933. In 1920-21 <mask> has found a Kiev Drama Theater "Kiydramte". <mask>' next major project was Haydamaks (several stagings from 1920 on), a poem on the eighteenth-century Ukrainian upsurge against Polish occupation by Ukrainian poet laureate Taras Shevchenko. The production was the most important Ukrainian theater production of the twentieth century and went on to be staged even after <mask>' death (without mention of his name, though). <mask> integrated all the techniques of the Molody era, most notably in his treatment of the choir. Berezil Theater
It was only in 1922 that conditions in the now Soviet-ruled Ukraine were stable enough to allow <mask> to found the "Berezil'" ("spring" or "new beginning") in Kiev.In a same year <mask> invited  Vadym Meller to cooperation as a chief artist of the "Berezil'" Theater. Vadym Meller joined "Berezil'" with the experience of both easel artist and scenographer. The expressively unchained drawing, characteristic of V.Meller's early work, will become foundation, the origin in later stage productions done together with <mask>rbas. Since 1922 <mask> also worked for the Odessa Film Studio where he directed such movies as "Shvedskaya spichka" (1922), "Arsenaltsy" (1925), and others. In 1925 Vadim Meller was awarded a gold medal for the scenic design of the "Berezil'" theatre (Exposition Internationale des Modernes, Paris ). "Berezil'" was not merely a theater, but a study and research institution which until today is nearly unequalled in its organisation. Every theater department has its own committees and workshops, and several branches were established in other Ukrainian cities."Berezil'" attracted not only the best actors of its time: dozens of future Ukrainian actors and directors received their education here, going through a curriculum involving a whole series of acting techniques, rhythmic exercises, voice training and ensemble play. <mask> aimed at a scientific grounding of every development in "Berezil'", which could sometimes lead to endless discussions in one of the committees. He wrote: “Today the comedy is over. The actor entered the stage, the only one by which the theater will live. Theater—tribune and spectacle, court and school, thought and folly of new man”. In its early years the theater suffered from a shortage of suitable plays that the productions could be based on. <mask> was only one of several directors, if the most important one, and an outstanding organizer.His stagings of the time included "Gas" by the German author Georg Kaiser and "Jimmy Higgins" by Upton Sinclair. <mask> made mostly use of the expressionistic techniques he had developed during the Molody era, but increased further the rhythmic organisation of the entire production. In 1927 <mask> met up-and-coming playwright Mykola Kulish in the Ukrainian capital of the time, Kharkiv, where the "Berezil'" had moved in 1926. Kulish's early plays had been staged by other theaters in the rigid Soviet realist manner that would become the standard all over the Soviet Union in the 1930s. The collaboration between Kulish and <mask> proved to be both fortunate and unfortunate for the ensemble. While productions as The People's Malakhii (1928), Myna Mazailo (1929) and Maklena Grassa (1933) set new standards in ensemble play and dramatic rigor, they also fell foul with the official Soviet propaganda policy. Yet <mask> was determined to pursue his course in spite of the increasing threats.In 1930, just before the artificial famine in Ukraine, <mask> was forced to stage Dyktatura ("Dictatorship"), by Ukrainian playwright Ivan Mykytenko. The propaganda play was an attempt to justify the Soviet policy that ultimately led to the starvation of the Ukrainian peasantry and caused several million deaths (the Holodomor). <mask> turned the sense of the play around, a technique he named "recoding", and made a satirical and tragic opera out of a what had been a dull realist plot. While the authorities regarded the production as a final opportunity for <mask> to give up his refractoriness and step back in line, <mask> followed his own political instincts. By exposing the regime for what it was, he also dealt the death-blow to the theater and himself. <mask> wrote: “We all know what dictatorship is, but few of us pay attention to it as to a fact of intellectual nature. The obligation of every actor of the play was to make every spectator understand that the rudder of history—is in his own hands.”

The Taras Schevchenko Academic Ukrainian Drama Theatre in Kharkiv is an heir to Berezil's magnificent artistic traditions.Imprisonment and execution
In 1933 <mask> was ousted from "Berezil". He was allowed to go to Moscow, where he probably was the major force behind Solomon Mikhoels' famous staging of King Lear (1934). Later in 1933 he was arrested and put into a labour camp (as were many other cultural figures). Even under these conditions <mask> showed his unshakable love for the theater. As his friend and competitor Vsevolod Meyerhold would do later during his own imprisonment, <mask> organized a camp theater and was even in touch with the author of one of the plays he staged to discuss dramaturgical decisions. <mask> was then moved to the remote Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea, and was one of the "lost transport" of prisoners shipped back to the mainland in 1937 from Solovki. It is now known that he was shot on 3 November 1937 with 289 other members of the Ukrainian intelligentsia at the killing field and burial ground of Sandarmokh near Medvezhyegorsk, in Karelia (northwest Russia), a site discovered in 1997 by members of the Memorial Society.Joseph Stalin had directly ordered the killing of over one thousand artists and intellectuals held in the Solovki prison camp. <mask>' friend Mykola Kulish, who had been confined to a cage like an animal and consequently fallen into a state of utter mental derangement, met the same fate. After Stalin’s death, <mask> was rehabilitated in 1957. Posterity

The "Berezil'" Theater lived on under the name of "Shevchenko Theater". One of <mask>' lead actors, Marjan Kurshelnytsky, led it until the 1960s, but had to make many artistic compromises. <mask>' work could only be mentioned again from the 1960s onwards, yet the overdue research was only begun in late 1980s, mostly in Ukraine. There is a tendency in the Ukrainian research to glorify <mask>.Some hagiographers claim that <mask> was a genius (he was indeed multi-talented) who anticipated every development of the later 20th century theater (some of which he did, as for example in the work of Italian director Eugenio Barba's Odin Teatret). Another important falsification is that <mask> was not a communist. It would be more correct to say that he had an entirely different vision of communism and the potential of a new society for the development of human creativity. His most important goal as an artist was to "make the audience feel more alive". References

 Irena R. Makaryk: Shakespeare in the Undiscovered Bourn: <mask>, Ukrainian Modernism, and Early Soviet Cultural Politics, University of Toronto Press, 2004. The Last Address: Shooting executions of Solovki prisoners of Ukrainian origin in 1937-1938, Kyiv, Sfera, 2003. (Volume 1)

External links
 Page of the city of Kharkiv on Kurbas
 Encyclopedia of Ukraine on Mykola Kulish
 Encyclopedia of Ukraine on the Berezil'
 Encyclopedia of Ukraine on  Vadym Meller
Les Kurbas Theater Lviv

1887 births
1937 deaths
People from Sambir
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians
Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the Russian Empire
Ukrainian theatre directors
Ukrayinska Besida Theatre
Recipients of the title of People's Artists of Ukraine
Ukrainian people of Lithuanian descent
Great Purge victims from Ukraine
Soviet rehabilitations

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Oleksandr Zenon Stepanovych Kurbas
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