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<mask> (September 5, 1914 – March 9, 2001) was an American librarian and educator. He was the director of multiple academic libraries, including the libraries of Lincoln University and Eastern Michigan University. <mask> was an active participant in the civil rights movement, serving in a leadership role in a Missouri chapter of the NAACP. He worked to fight discrimination against African-Americans in librarianship and held several leadership roles in the profession, including as vice president of the American Library Association. Later in his life <mask> focused on documenting the history of Ypsilanti, Michigan's black community members, earning him the nickname "Mr. Ypsilanti". Early life and education
<mask> was born September 5, 1914, in Texarkana, Texas. <mask>'s father was a carpenter and railroad worker who died when A. P. was young, and his family moved to Kansas City, Missouri.He received a bachelor's degree from Lincoln University in 1938, and went on to earn a second bachelor's degree in library science from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1939. In 1950 he earned a master's degree in intellectual history, and in 1953 he earned another master's degree in history from the University of Illinois. Career as librarian
<mask> created A Guide to Negro Periodical Literature by using three-by-five index cards to index scholarly and popular publications, as well as serial publications from fraternal organizations, professional societies, and colleges and universities. He began working on the project while working as a library assistant at Lincoln University in 1939, and it was published in four volumes from 1941 through 1946, pausing during the year and a half he served in the U.S. Coast Guard during World War II. The guide gives a "unique snapshot of African American culture and politics before World War II" and is now known as The Marshall Index. <mask> took a job at Winston-Salem Teacher's College, working as the director of the school's library from 1941 to 1948. In 1950 he returned to his alma mater, Lincoln University, to serve as the director of libraries.While at Lincoln, <mask> worked to increase the size of the library's collection (nearly tripling in size in less than two decades) and to providing more training opportunities for the library's staff. In 1966 he wrote a book about the university's history, Soldiers' Dream: A Centennial History of Lincoln University in Missouri. In 1969 <mask> moved to Ypsilanti, Michigan to take a job as director of libraries at Eastern Michigan University. He went on to serve as EMU's dean of academic services from 1972 to 1978, and taught as a professor until his retirement in 1980. Service to librarianship
<mask> helped found the North Carolina Negro Library Association, the first black library association in the United States, and served as its vice president. He served as the first African-American president of the Missouri Library Association in the early 1960s, as well as serving as the editor of the association's journal. <mask> was an active participant in librarianship through the American Library Association, working to fight discrimination and segregation within the organization.At the first ALA conference he attended in 1940 in Cincinnati, the handful of black attendees were not allowed to stay in the conference hotel or attend meal events; <mask> was asked to use the freight elevator but rode the passenger elevator even after being accosted by another attendee. He served as an councilor on the ALA Council from 1963 to 1976, and in 1965 became the first African-American to serve as chair of the Nominating Committee for ALA president. In 1970 was nominated to serve as the organization's president but lost the election by a slim margin. He also served as one of the eight appointed members of the U.S. Office of Education's National Advisory Council on Library Resources. NAACP leadership
In the early 1950s <mask> served as the president of the Jefferson City, Missouri NAACP branch and was the vice president while that branch brought a lawsuit against the Jefferson City school board for forcing black junior high school students to attend the elementary school. Work as historian
After his retirement from Eastern Michigan University in 1980, <mask> devoted his energy to historical research, especially the black history of Ypsilanti. The Ypsilanti Library describes his work as "pioneering," saying his research "helped transform Ypsilanti's sense of itself"; <mask> was referred to as "Mr. Ypsilanti" and "the caretaker of black history for the city".<mask> wrote about Ypsilanti engineer and inventor Elijah McCoy in his 1989 book The "real McCoy" of Ypsilanti. <mask>'s other books included:

 Unconquered Souls: The History of the African American in Ypsilanti (1993)
 Helen Walker McAndrew, Ypsilanti's Lady Frontier Doctor (1996), and
 The Legendary 4 Horsemen of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (1996). He also wrote a regular column in the Ypsilanti Courier. Personal life
<mask> married Ruthe Langley in 1941. They had one daughter, Satia <mask>, who went on to become the first director of ALA's Office for Literacy and Outreach Services. <mask> died March 9, 2001. Throughout his career, <mask> worked to preserve the histories of the African-American experience, beginning with indexing black periodicals and culminating in folk histories and interviews sharing the lives of black people who lived through tumultuous times.The interviews he recorded in the 1980s now make up the A.P. Marshall African American Oral History Archive. He received a wide variety of awards and recognition in his lifetime, including:
 Distinguished Service to Librarianship award from the Black Caucus of the American Library Association (1978)
 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Award from the Ann Arbor Public Schools (1985)
 Distinguished Career Citation from the Association of College and Research Libraries (1989)

In 2018, <mask> was listed as one of the four most prominent librarians who stood to oppose racial segregation in the library profession in an ALA Council "Resolution to Honor Those Who Fought Segregation". References

External links
 Dr. <mask><mask>, Oral History Interview, 1998

1914 births
2001 deaths
People from Texarkana, Texas
Lincoln University (Missouri) alumni
University of Illinois School of Information Sciences alumni
African-American librarians
20th-century African-American academics
United States Coast Guard personnel of World War II
Eastern Michigan University faculty
Winston-Salem State University faculty

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William Cohen (1928 – February 4, 2020) was an American actor born in Philadelphia, to an opera actor and singer. As <mask>, he is best known for his portrayal of Bozo the Clown in the New York City market. College Education And Early Career

Britten performed as a mimic and pantomimist for local parties in Philadelphia to finance his college education. He earned a degree in drama at Temple University. After serving in the U.S. Army, where he wrote, performed and produced shows for Special Services, he earned a Master's Degree in drama at the University of Washington in Seattle. He taught speech and drama at a Seattle high school, performed on local television, appeared as a clown for a local gas station franchise and trained with two puppet theaters funded by the University of Washington. Following his college education, Britten studied puppetry with Frank Paris, who created and was puppeteer for the original Howdy Doody marionette that appeared on Puppet Playhouse Presents.Britten later was employed by a resort in New England (either New Hampshire or Vermont). According to television children's programming historian Kevin Butler, <mask> conveyed to Butler during a 1980s interview that he had worked for “Wantashanta Lodge on glorious Lake Winemesote” (neither have been documented and this could have been a Britten joke) as a toomler, a Yiddish word explained as someone who takes the initiative to make things happen. It was during this time, according to Britten, that he was assigned by the lodge management to perform comedy skits and to create many games and activities for the benefit of the guests. Working with the staff, Britten and his fellow toomlers created ”Can You Top This?” night, a friendly competition allowing guests and Britten to attempt to tell the funniest jokes. Britten also played guitar and likely included his musical talent as part of the entertainment. This experience, along with reading books and magazines that featured ideas, games, craft making and hobbies, aided Britten in developing activities that he utilized later on television shows such as Time For Fun, Wonderama, Bozo The Clown and The Bozo’s Big Top Circus Show. Britten's sources for creating and performing comedic ideas also included old movie comedies that he watched at a theater in Philadelphia and, years later, at a film history society run by film historian, author and lecturer William K.Everson.Britten also listened to popular radio comedy series of the 1930s and 1940s. He  became a fan of Eddie Cantor, ”Baron Munchhausen”(portrayed by Jack Pearl), Ed Wynn and many other well-known comedy performers. He watched Your Show of Shows and was inspired by the comedy skits and characters created by Sid Caesar. Career In New York Television

Britten moved to New York City to work in nightclubs. At about this time, he met ventriloquist Doris Faye and they formed Britten-Faye Productions. One of their joint creations was <mask>'s tramp clown character Prof. Okey Dokey. As the tramp clown, Britten entered and won the Funniest New Clown Of The Year audition with the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus, besting approximately 400 other candidates.He received national publicity as the schoolteacher turned clown after performing a pantomime routine in which he attempted to sit in a collapsible chair. <mask> performed with the circus at Madison Square Garden during the spring of 1954. He remained in the city when the circus moved to the next destination on its itinerary. <mask> made his first television appearance during 1955 (several sources give the year as 1954) on WJZ-TV (later WABC-TV) for the "Jolly Gene And His Fun Machine" show. On the program, <mask> provided puppetry and voice characterization for the show's puppets that included "Jolly Gene", "Yoo Hoo The Cuckoo" and "Waldo The Dodo." He also drew cartoons on the show's magic screen. <mask> remained with the show until 1956.<mask> appeared on several top-rated national shows such as "Name That Tune" and he became the third host of "Time For Fun!" on weekday afternoons on WABC from December 31, 1956 to August 1, 1958. On the show, he portrayed "Johnny Jellybean." Assisted by Faye and her puppets, Britten entertained millions of children at noon each day with his "Jellybeaner Salute" and "Jellybeaner Song." One of the skits that <mask> performed as "Johnny Jellybean" was his unsuccessful effort to obtain a drink of water from a malfunctioning water fountain. This skit was based on a similar routine that the "Poor Soul" Jackie Gleason character performed on The Cavalcade Of Stars television variety show on the DuMont Television Network during 1951. The information about Gleason's performance in the water fountain skit is derived from a recently discovered kinnie film print of that show that was featured on the television documentary "Jackie Gleason’s Cavalcade Of Characters."<mask> succeeded Herb Sheldon on August 10, 1958 to become the host of WABD's (later WNEW-TV and now WNYW-TV) "Wonderama" program. It was the first children's show to be taped before a live studio audience. <mask> initially hosted the show as "Three Gun Willie The Kid" and he was accompanied by Doris Faye's "Princess Ticklefeather" character. <mask>'s character, however, proved unpopular and was dropped from the show. <mask> also hosted "The Looney Tunes Show" on Saturday nights from August 9, 1958 until August 30, 1958, and the weekday evenings "Bugs Bunny Presents" and "Funnytoones" shows at the same station until his December 1958 departure. On Monday, September 14, 1959, <mask> moved to WPIX-TV in New York City and began to portray the character "Bozo the Clown" for "The Bozo Show" that aired until March 1, 1963. On March 4, the series changed time slots and was renamed "Bozo's Big Top Circus".This show lasted until June 2, 1963. During this period, <mask> also hosted the Saturday morning cartoon show "The Cartoon Express", from October 13 to November 3 of 1962. Faye joined him on these shows as "Princess Ticklefeather." <mask>'s last show was "Bozo's Cartoon Circus Lunchtime Show". The program was broadcast from June 24, 1963 until August 14, 1964, marking the end of his involvement with children's television. A few years earlier, a parent from Westchester County, New York, in a letter published by the New York Daily News, accused Britten of teaching her children to utter the phrase "Aw, shut up." In a brief explanation that appeared in a subsequent issue of the newspaper on June 5, 1960, Britten replied: "...I must emphasize that she is greatly mistaken in asserting that they are acquiring the expression from me.Apart from many years of performing for children, I have spent many enriching years as a schoolteacher and educator, and I am doubly aware of the influence we performers have on young viewers and our responsibility in that connection. I have never used, nor will I ever use, expressions in bad taste on any of my programs. I feel certain that if (the woman) were to investigate the situation more thoroughly she would find that her children are getting these expressions from other sources." Personal Appearances

During his television career, Britten made countless appearances before children at events throughout the New York City area. The appearances included the Christmas parade in Paterson, New Jersey, local circus events and shows at Freedomland U.S.A. in The Bronx. On Friday, June 16, 1961 Britten appeared on the WPIX-TV special program "Big Freedomland Special." Other station children's show hosts – Officer Joe Bolton, Captain Jack McCarthy and Chuck McCann – also appeared on the program that was recorded at the popular American history theme park.<mask> is mentioned in the book Freedomland U.S.A.: The Definitive History. Programming, Teaching, Broadway, Film

Following his work in front of the camera, <mask> served as a programming director for WNYC and as a drama teacher at Performing Arts High School in New York City. He also appeared on Broadway, most notably as the Barber in the original Broadway production of Man of La Mancha alongside Robert Rounsville and Richard Kiley. Britten also appeared in the 1980 film Fame as drama teacher Mr. England. Personal life
<mask> was married to Mary Louise Jones for 48 years. He died on February 4, 2020. References

External links

 <mask> on TV.com

American male television actors
American male film actors
2020 deaths
Temple University alumni
University of Washington School of Drama alumni
1928 births

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<mask> (née <mask>; born 15 May 1967) is an Indian actress, producer and television personality. One of the most popular leading ladies of Hindi cinema, she has appeared in over 70 Bollywood films. Noted by critics for her beauty, dancing skills, and strong characters, Dixit's early career was shaped up mostly by romantic and family dramas before she expanded her repertoire. Her accolades include six Filmfare Awards from a record 17 nominations. In 2008, the Government of India awarded her with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour of the country. Born and raised in Mumbai, Dixit made her acting debut in 1984 with a leading role in the drama Abodh. After a few successive commercially failed films, she had her breakthrough with the action romance Tezaab (1988) and established herself with starring roles in the top-grossing romantic dramas Dil (1990), Beta (1992), Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!(1994), and Dil To Pagal Hai (1997). She won four Best Actress awards at the Filmfare Awards for her performances in them. Her other commercially successful films during this period include Ram Lakhan (1989), Tridev (1989), Thanedaar (1990), Kishen Kanhaiya (1990), Saajan (1991), Khalnayak (1993), and Raja (1995). Dixit also earned praise for her dramatic performances in the crime film Parinda (1989), the romantic dramas  Prem Pratigyaa (1989) and Devdas (2002), receiving the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for the latter, the thrillers Anjaam (1994) and Pukar (2000), and the social dramas Mrityudand (1997) and Lajja (2001). Following a sabbatical from acting in 2002, Dixit starred in the musical Aaja Nachle (2007), and worked intermittently in the next decade, gaining appreciation for her starring roles in the black comedy Dedh Ishqiya (2014) and the Marathi comedy drama Bucket List (2018). Her highest-grossing release came with the adventure comedy Total Dhamaal (2019). Among the country's highest-paid actresses throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Dixit has featured in Forbes India Celebrity 100 list since its inception in 2012.In addition to acting in films, she has been engaged in philanthropic activities. She has worked with UNICEF since 2014 to advocate the rights of children and prevent child labour, participates in concert tours and stage shows, features frequently as a talent judge for dance reality shows, and is the co-founder of the production company RnM Moving Pictures. Since 1999, she has been married to Shriram Nene, with whom she has two sons. Early life and background
<mask> <mask> was born on 15 May 1967 into a Marathi Kokanastha Brahmin family in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) to Shankar and Snehlata <mask>. She has two elder sisters and an elder brother. She kindled an interest in dance at an early age of three, and went on to train in Kathak for eight years; later on becoming a professionally trained Kathak dancer. Dixit received her education at Divine Child High School in Andheri.Apart from her studies, she participated in extra-curricular activities, such as dramatics. Aspiring to become a microbiologist, Dixit enrolled at the Sathaye college in Vile Parle (Mumbai) where she studied microbiology as one of her subjects in BSc. However, six months after she had commenced her course, Dixit decided to discontinue studies and pursue a full-time career in films. Acting career

1980s: Early roles, breakthrough and recognition
Dixit made her cinema debut in 1984 with Rajshri Productions' drama Abodh, opposite Bengali actor, Tapas Paul. Upon release, the film failed commercially but Dixit's performance earned her positive reviews from critics. Aakash Barvalia of Gomolo wrote, "Madhuri excels in her role as a young bride who acquits herself well as the naive village girl and does not realise what marriage actually entails." Her only release of 1985 - Awara Baap – flopped at the box office.During this time, a monochrome photograph of hers, shot by Gautam Rajadhyaksha was featured on the cover of the then popular magazine Debonair and she appeared as the cover girl of Filmfare in April 1986. Dixit's next four releases were the dramas Swati (1986), Manav Hatya (1986), Hifazat (1987) and Uttar Dakshin (1987). None of these films performed well either critically or commercially. Hifazat marked Dixit's first of several collaborations with Anil Kapoor. In 1988, Dixit had four film releases; three of them —Mohre, Khatron Ke Khiladi and Dayavan —were commercial failures. In 1988, Dixit finally attained recognition when she played Mohini, an impoverished and miserable woman, who is forced to dance to make money for her father in N. Chandra's action romance Tezaab opposite Anil Kapoor. It went on to become the highest-grossing film of the year and she received her first Filmfare Award for Best Actress nomination; the film's success established Dixit as a leading actress of Hindi cinema, and marked a significant turning point in her career.Akshay Shah of Planet Bollywood wrote, "<mask> <mask> also gives a fine tuned performance. Though she is more remembered for her crowd pleasing dance act Ek Do Teen, her acting needs to be noted, specially in the scenes where she is pitted against Anupam Kher." Her first release of 1989, Vardi, did fairly well at the box office. She next re-united with Anil Kapoor for Subhash Ghai's Ram Lakhan. She played Radha Shastri, a girl who falls in love with her childhood friend, but finds it hard to convince her father. Finishing up as the second highest-grossing film of the year, Ram Lakhan emerged as a "super-hit" at the box office. Dixit's next release was the romantic drama Prem Pratigyaa, in which she was paired opposite Mithun Chakraborty.Her portrayal of Laxmi Rao, a distraught woman who influences a local underworld don letting him give up his bad habits, earned her a second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress. Dixit collaborated with Trimurti Films for the action thriller Tridev which featured an ensemble cast (Sunny Deol, Naseeruddin Shah, Jackie Shroff, Sangeeta Bijlani, Sonam and Amrish Puri). It finished up as one of the biggest hits and the third highest-grossing film of the year. Her next release of the year, Vidhu Vinod Chopra's drama Parinda, co-starring Anil Kapoor, Jackie Shroff and Nana Patekar was another box office hit. She played Paro, a schoolteacher who is killed on her wedding night along with Karan (played by Kapoor) by a gangster (played by Patekar). A major critical success, the film was included in CNN-News18's 2013 list of the "100 greatest Indian films of all time". It was selected as the official Indian submission for the 1990 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film but was not nominated.Rediff.com opined that Dixit added "touching vulnerability and soft focus appeal to the heavy duty proceedings". Also that year, after Prem Pratigya she starred in Ilaaka, Mujrim (both opposite Mithun Chakrobarty) and all three were hits. Other films such as Paap Ka Ant (opposite Govinda) and Kanoon Apna Apna (opposite Sanjay Dutt) was an average grosser. 1990s: Rise to prominence and widespread success

In 1990, Dixit appeared in nine films. Five of them—Maha-Sangram, Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin, Jeevan Ek Sanghursh, Sailaab and Jamai Raja—were commercially unsuccessful. Her next release that year was Rakesh Roshan's action comedy Kishen Kanhaiya (alongside Anil Kapoor and Shilpa Shirodkar). It tells the story of twin brothers who are separated at birth and re-unite in their youth.<mask> and Shirodkar played the love interests of Kapoor's characters. It was the fourth-highest-grossing film of the year in India. <mask> next played a strong-willed woman in the box-office average action drama Izzatdaar. She won her first Filmfare Award for Best Actress for portraying Madhu, a rich and arrogant girl who falls in love with a poorer boy, in Indra Kumar's romantic drama Dil opposite Aamir Khan. It emerged as the highest-grossing film of the year. Rediff.com hailed her performance, commenting "..she showed her range as a performer. She breathed fire as the rebellious lover defying her family, or the forlorn estranged wife longing to be with her ailing better half."Dixit's final release of the year was the action drama Thanedaar, opposite Dutt, which was another commercial hit. In 1991, Dixit had five film releases, the first of which was the romance Pyar Ka Devta. She next starred alongside Jackie Shroff in the psychological thriller 100 Days. She played Devi, a clairvoyant woman who has a vision of a murder and sets out to uncover the truth. The film was a moderately successful. She next starred in Saajan opposite Dutt and Salman Khan. A major critical and commercial success, the film earned Dixit praise for her portrayal of Pooja Saxena, who is in love with her idol - Sagar.She received her fourth Best Actress nomination at Filmfare for her work in the film. Tatineni Rama Rao's Pratikar and Nana Patekar's Prahaar were her other releases. In 1992, Dixit starred in Sudhir Mishra's Dharavi starring Om Puri, Shabana Azmi and Anil Kapoor. Dixit appears in the film as part of the lead character's (played by Puri) escapist dreams, portraying the fictional version of herself. The film was a joint NFDC-Doordarshan production and went on to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. Dixit's next release of the year was Kumar's drama Beta, co-starring Anil Kapoor and Aruna Irani. Dixit's portrayal of Saraswati, an educated woman who rebels against her manipulative mother-in-law, earned her critical acclaim.Sukanya Verma mentioned that Dixit delivered "a powerhouse performance against an equally lethal looking Irani, even as Kapoor was overshadowed between the ladies." The film finished up as the biggest hit of the year and won her a second Filmfare Award for Best Actress. Following the film's success, Dixit became famously known as the "Dhak Dhak Girl". Zindagi Ek Jua, Prem Deewane, Khel and Sangeet were her other releases of the year. In 1993, Dixit appeared in Ramesh Talwar's Sahibaan which was commercially successful. Dixit next reunited with Sanjay Dutt and Jackie Shroff in Subhash Ghai's crime drama Khalnayak. Her portrayal of Ganga, a police officer, who volunteers to go undercover, to trap an escaped criminal, garnered her critical acclaim.India Today wrote, "..she grinds and thrusts in her trademark dhak dhak style. The whistles grow deafening when she stares into the camera, looks at every man in the dark, and promises him her heart-and much more. In one Bangalore theatre, the police were kept on stand-by in case the crowds went berserk." Dixit's performance in Khalnayak earned her a sixth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress and became the second highest-grossing film of the year in India. Singeetam Srinivasa Rao's Phool and Lawrence D'Souza's Dil Tera Aashiq were her other releases of the year. In 1994, Dixit starred in Rahul Rawail's psychological thriller Anjaam, which marked her first of many collaborations with Shah Rukh Khan. <mask>'s portrayal of Shivani Chopra, a revenge-seeking wife and mother earned her a seventh nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress.The film performed moderately well at the box office. Her next release was Rajshri Productions'  family drama Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! opposite Salman Khan. The film emerged as one of the biggest hits in the history of Hindi cinema and made  1.35 billion worldwide, breaking the record of the film Sholay (1975). It became the highest grossing Bollywood film in Hindi cinema history after its theatrical run and held the record for 7 years till the release of Gadar: Ek Prem Katha (2001). <mask>'s portrayal of Nisha, who falls in love with Prem (Khan's character) but their plans to be together are put in jeopardy when Nisha's sister dies, fetched her a third Filmfare Award for Best Actress and her first Screen Award for Best Actress. Critics believed the film to be "too sweet" but appreciated Dixit's performance.Tripat Narayanan of New Straits Times wrote "The Madhuri magic looms large throughout the film. As she emotes through dance, you simply cannot take your eyes off her." In a retrospect review, Rediff wrote, "Madhuri's Nisha was stunning, enthused, plucky and irresistible." Film critic K Hariharan noted, "She is seducing every person on screen, but does it in ways that are so graceful, there is a good balance between profanity and the sacred." The film won two National Award's, including the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment and in the Millennium Edition of the "Guinness Book of World Records", Hum Aapke Hain Kaun became Bollywood's highest-grossing film. Dixit achieved further success when she reunited with Indra Kumar for the romantic drama Raja opposite Sanjay Kapoor. She portrayed Madhu, a rich girl who falls for her childhood friend (played by Kapoor), however, she finds it tough to convince her two brothers of this relationship.It emerged as the third highest-grossing film of the year and its success was attributed to <mask>'s immense popularity. She won a second Screen Award for Best Actress for her performance. Her next release was David Dhawan's Yaraana opposite Rishi Kapoor, in which she played Lalita, a dancer on the run from her abusive lover. The film underperformed at the box office. Both the films earned her nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress. The following year, both her films Prem Granth and Rajkumar flopped at the box office. In 1997, Dixit received critical acclaim for her

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 portrayal of Ketki Singh, a village woman who struggles to confront and defeat the forces of oppression and male domination in Prakash Jha's Mrityudand alongside Shabana Azmi and Shilpa Shirodkar.In a review for India Today, Anupama Chopra wrote, " Dixit gives her career's best performance. Simply dressed, she looks stunning and acts even better. She is by turns romantic, vulnerable, angry - the perfect foil to Azmi's long-suffering 'badi bahu'." Screen magazine deemed her portrayal "fiery" and appreciated the lack of glamour in the part. For her performance, Dixit won a third Screen Award for Best Actress. She next starred in the dramas Koyla, Mahaanta and Mohabbat. With the exception of Koyla, none of these films performed well either critically or commercially.<mask>'s fifth and final release of 1997 was Yash Chopra's musical romantic drama Dil To Pagal Hai. Co-starring Shah Rukh Khan, Karisma Kapoor and Akshay Kumar, the film depicts the love stories of the dancers in a musical dance troupe. Her role of Pooja, a woman faced with a moral dilemma in a love triangle fetched her a fourth Filmfare Award for Best Actress and the Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female. Dil To Pagal Hai emerged as a 'blockbuster' and was the highest-grossing film of the year in India. At the 45th National Film Awards, the film won three awards, including the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment. She next starred in the N.Chandra- directed drama Wajood (1998) opposite Nana Patekar and Mukul Dev. She played Apoorva, a very rich girl who is misunderstood by Malhar, played by Patekar.Suparn Verma of Rediff commented: "..She nevertheless shows that even a weak role cannot stifle her as she animates the screen like only she can. Truly, the coming together of Nana, <mask> and Chandra in one film is a tour de force." The same year, she appeared in a cameo role in the comedy Bade Miyan Chote Miyan, once again playing herself onscreen after Dharavi. Her next and only release of 1999 was the romance Aarzoo (1999) opposite Akshay Kumar and Saif Ali Khan. Upon release, the film emerged commercially unsuccessful. 2000s: Further acclaim and sabbaticals

In 2000, Dixit starred in Rajkumar Santoshi's Pukar opposite Anil Kapoor. A love story based on the backdrop of the Indian Army, the film was shot over a course of 350 days.<mask>'s portrayal of Anjali, a heartbroken and jealous woman who swears revenge on Jai (played by Kapoor) for rejecting her, garnered her several Best Actress nominations at various award ceremonies, including Filmfare and Screen. A review in Filmfare said that both "Anil Kapoor and <mask> Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration. She then played the title character in Gaja Gamini, the first feature film directed by painter M. F. Husain. Hussain got fixated with Dixit, and watched her movie Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! several times, and was certain that he would make a film only with her. The film followed the story of Gaja Gamini, who appears in various incarnations as Mona Lisa, Shakuntala and others.Pukar was an average grosser, while the latter underperformed at the box office. In 2001, <mask> starred in Deepak Shivdasani's love triangle Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke opposite Ajay Devgan and Preity Zinta. Upon release, the film met with largely negative reviews. Critic Gautam Buragohain, however, described her as "the saving grace of the film", adding that "she gives a delightful performance". Commercially too, the film failed to do well. Subsequently, Dixit reunited with Rajkumar Santoshi for the social drama  Lajja (2001). Dealing with the issue of gender inequality, Dixit played Janki, a theatre actress who gets pre-maritally pregnant.Anita Bora of Rediff.com wrote: "<mask> slips into her role as Janaki..with consummate ease..and..dazzles us with a class act." The film was a box-office failure in India but was an overseas success. Dixit's performance fetched her a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination and won her the Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female. <mask>'s first release of 2002 was the love triangle Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam opposite Shah Rukh Khan and Salman Khan, where she played Radha whose married life blemishes when she gets obsessed with the career of her friend. A remake of director K. S. Adhiyaman's own Tamil film Thotta Chinungi (1995), the film took six years in making, with huge sabbaticals in between shoots due to several production problems. The film emerged moderately successful at the Indian box office. Few critics noted that the delay made the film look outdated.<mask>'s next release was Sanjay Leela Bhansali's period romance Devdas, co-starring Shah Rukh Khan and Aishwarya Rai. It was based on Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel of the same name. She portrayed Chandramukhi, a courtesan who is in love with the title character. Sita Menon of Rediff.com wrote: "The most understated role and perhaps the one that is most lingering, in terms of virtuosity, is that played by <mask> <mask>. As Chandramukhi, she is simply stunning, lending passion, fire and gentleness with such consummate ease that watching her perform is sheer delight." The film was screened at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival and was featured by Time in their listing of the "10 best films of the millennium". The film emerged as a major commercial success with revenues of over .Devdas was chosen as India's official entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language. At the 50th National Film Awards, the film won five awards, including the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment. Dixit eventually won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the film. Post Devdas, Dixit took a break from actively working in films to focus on her married life in Denver, Colorado. In 2007, Dixit made her first comeback as an actress after five years with a leading role in cinematographer Anil Mehta's dance film Aaja Nachle. She played Dia, a choreographer who returns to her town to save the endangered theatre where she learnt to dance. A box office failure, the film generated positive reviews for Dixit's portrayal.Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN criticised the plot, while he wrote about Dixit's performance: "It's hard to take your eyes off the screen when she's up there, dazzling you with her spontaneity, her easy charm and her 100-watt smile." Her performance earned her another nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress. 2010s: Comebacks and sporadic work

Dixit relocated to India with her family in 2011 and was felicitated by Filmfare with a special jury recognition for completing 25 years in the Indian film industry. In 2013, Dixit made a special appearance in the romantic comedy-drama Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani as 'Mohini', a callback to her character from the 1988 film Tezaab. Dixti appeared in the item song "Ghagra" alongside Ranbir Kapoor. In 2014, Dixit first starred in the black comedy  Dedh Ishqiya, a sequel to the 2010 film Ishqiya She played a con-woman "Begum Para" opposite Naseeruddin Shah, Arshad Warsi and Huma Qureshi and expressed that she agreed to do the film because of the "unapologetic way" director Abhishek Chaubey presented Vidya Balan's character in Ishqiya. The film opened to positive response from critics who called it "one of the year's most important releases".Anupama Chopra called Dixit "compelling", while Deepanjana Pal of Firstpost wrote "She's still capable of keeping an audience glued to their seats when the credits start rolling, all because she's dancing on screen.". The film earned Dixit her fourteenth nomination for Filmfare Award for Best Actress. Dedh Ishqiya earned little at the box-office. Her next release of the year was debutant director Soumik Sen's Gulaab Gang, alongside Juhi Chawla. Dixit portrayed Rajjo, the leader of a women's activist group, inspired by the real vigilante activist Sampat Pal Devi and her group Gulabi Gang. Pal filed a case against the film claiming that the makers did not take permission to make a film on her life, but the court later lifted the stay from the film. To prepare for her role, Dixit practised Shaolin Kung fu, stick training, and close combat.Gulaab Gang failed at the box office, earning mixed reviews. Subhash K. Jha labelled Dixit's performance and demeanour "inconsistent". However, Sampat Pal claimed that in Dixit's character she finds a "reflection of her own life so stark" that it makes her feel "it was she on screen". The film was a box-office failure. Four years later, Dixit made her debut in Marathi Cinema with the comedy-drama Bucket List. She played Madhura Sane, a middle aged housewife who takes the initiative to complete the bucket list of her deceased teenage heart donor. Dixit garnered critical acclaim for her portrayal; Mihir Bhanage of The Times of India
wrote "Madhuri owns the film and sails through it with flying colours."Kunal Guha of Mumbai Mirror said, "<mask> Dixit long-overdue debut in Marathi cinema is a comfort watch even if a tad predictable and sappy." Dixit reunited with Anil Kapoor and Ajay Devgn in Indra Kumar's adventure comedy Total Dhamaal (2019). She portrayed Bindu Patel, who along with a group of people learns about a hidden treasure and then races to claim it. The film received mixed to negative reviews, however, <mask>'s performance received a mixed-to-positive reception. Lakshana N Palat of India Today wrote: "The little respite in this adventure-comedy is the pairing of Anil Kapoor and <mask> <mask>, who prove that they still have the same impeccable chemistry and partnership almost two decades later." Total Dhamaal emerged as a major commercial success at the box office, grossing more than  worldwide, and ranks as the ninth highest-grossing Hindi film of the year. Dixit produced the Marathi Netflix-drama 15 August under her production company RnM Moving Pictures.In an interview with Scroll.in, Dixit said, "The film is about the freedom to love, the freedom to choose your career and the freedom to die". She next starred in Abhishek Varman's period drama Kalank, featuring an ensemble cast including Sonakshi Sinha, Alia Bhatt, Varun Dhawan, Aditya Roy Kapur and Sanjay Dutt. Set in the 1940s prior to the partition of India, the film featured her as Bahaar Begum, the madam of a brothel. Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV wrote, "In the blinding glow of Dixit's presence as a nautch girl who can turn on the magic at will, the younger cast members pale somewhat in comparison. She lights up the screen as only she can, pushing the others to strive harder." It did not perform well at the box office; however, she gained a third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress. Dixit will next produce Panchak, a Marathi film under her company RnM Moving Pictures and will next star in Netflix's series The Fame Game.Other ventures

Television

In 1985, Dixit made her television debut in the Rajshri Production's series Paying Guest, in which she played Neena. In 2002, Dixit hosted Sony Entertainment's matrimonial show Kahi Na Kahi Koi Hai. Dixit featured as a talent judge for four seasons of the dance reality show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa alongside Remo D'Souza and Malaika Arora Khan for the fourth season and alongside Remo D'Souza and Karan Johar for the fifth, sixth and seventh seasons. In 2011, she featured as an anchor to launch a new entertainment channel, Life OK. The same year, she hosted a competitive cooking game show, Food Food Maha Challenge along with Sanjeev Kapoor. In 2016, Dixit featured as one of the jury of So You Think You Can Dance (India), an officially licensed version of the So You Think You Can Dance franchise, based on the original American production created by Dick Clark Productions. Dixit co-judged three seasons of Colors TV's Dance Deewane, which gives an opportunity to contestants from three different generations.Dancing and stage performances

Dixit has participated in several stage shows, concert tours and televised award ceremonies. Since the mid 1990s to early 2000s, she performed at the "Madhuri Dixit Live" concert in India, the Middle East and United States. In 2000, she performed at the Pepsi W2K Millennium Concert in Mumbai. Between July to August 2008, Dixit and actors Abhishek Bachchan, Preity Zinta, Ritesh Deshmukh and Aishwarya Rai starred in Amitabh Bachchan's "Unforgettable World Tour" stage production in a 40-day show staged in 11 cities across North America, Europe and the Caribbean. The same year, she joined the fourth instalment of "Temptation Reloaded" where she performed with Khan, Rani Mukerji, Fernandez and Meiyang Chang in Auckland, Perth, Sydney and Dubai; and in 2014 she performed in Malaysia with Khan, Mukerji and Arijit Singh. Dixit also performed in SLAM! The Tour which was held in the US, Canada, and London.In 2015, Dixit participated in the show Fusion in Houston, along with Akshay Kumar, Sonakshi Sinha and Prabhu Deva. In 2018, she performed at the inaugural ceremony of Men's Hockey World Cup. In 2013, Dixit launched her own online dance academy "Dance With Madhuri", where the users get an opportunity to learn to dance various dance styles and have one-on-one lessons. Social and humanitarian work
During her years in the film industry, Dixit has been actively involved in promoting children's education and the safety of women. She

masks: Dixit Madhuri Dixit Madhuris Dixit Madhuri Dixit Dixit Madhuri Dixit Madhuri Dixit Madhuri Dixit


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 featured in a series of one-minute telespots on preventing AIDS for the Maharashtra State AIDS Control Society in 2000. In 2001, Dixit won   on Kaun Banega Crorepati, a game show then in its first season on the air. She donated her winnings for the welfare of the victims of 2001 Gujarat earthquake and to an orphanage in Pune.In 2009, Dixit performed for NDTV Toyota Greenathon—India's first-ever nationwide campaign for saving the environment and creating awareness about environmental issues. NDTV organised India's first 24-hour live telethon, a fund-raising event that brings in people to donate money to support TERI's initiative—Lighting a Billion Lives which aims at providing solar power to villages without electricity. On 3 February 2011, Dixit spent an evening with 75 orphanage kids of farmers at an ashram in Trimbakeshwar and participated in the birthdays of two children: Hrishikesh and Rani. "We artists are ready to help such children. People from the higher society should come forward and stand firmly behind them," she said on the occasion. Dixit is a Goodwill Ambassador and a patron for "Emeralds for Elephants" – a charity project for the conservation of Asian elephants and other endangered species. The project has been designed to create awareness and raise vital funds for the protection of the critically endangered Asian elephant.A collaborative project between the World Land Trust (a UK based nonprofit environmental organisation) and the Wildlife Trust of India that is creating protected wildlife corridors connecting National Parks and protected areas to others. Speaking about the issue she said: "Elephants are one of my favourite animals and I love them. So what we need to do today is to see how we can preserve our animals. I feel very strongly about this." Two years later, she made donations to the Uttarakhand flood relief. Since 2014, <mask> Abhiyaan (maternal and child health) campaign. Dixit collaborated with Vogue for its Vogue Empower series on a short film on gender policing, 'Boys don't cry', directed by Vinil Mathew. She was appointed as the brand ambassador for the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao campaign, by the Government of India in 2015, that aims to generate awareness and improve the efficiency of welfare services intended for girls. She lent her voice for narrating the story of one of the eight girls who featured in Girl Rising: Woh Padhegi, Woh Udegi, a film on the education and empowerment of girls. Dixit was appointed the brand ambassador and launched MAA (Mothers Absolute Affection), a flagship programme to ensure adequate awareness is generated on the benefits of breastfeeding. Additionally, Dixit has made public appearances to support charities and causes. On 4 February 2012, <mask> <mask> interacted with Cancer affected children on World Cancer Day which was organised by Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd at Juhu, Mumbai.In 2013, she launched Sanofi India's campaign on World Diabetes Day (WDD), that encourages people to take proactive steps to effectively prevent, manage and control diabetes. A year later, on 24 February 2014, she visited a school in Andheri, Mumbai to support the "Support My School" campaign. She participated in 'Set Beautiful Free'– an event by One Foundation to provide home, education, food and healthcare to the daughters of trafficking victims. In 2018, she attended a charity event by 'Nanhi Kali' NGO. False representation in endorsements

In May–June 2015 the Tamil Nadu Consumer's Forum sent her notices for "false representation" in advertisements of Maggi, a noodle brand in which toxic levels of lead were found. She continued endorsing the safety of the product on Twitter, even when food regulators had already found more than 17 times the permissible limits of lead and the product was banned. Music
Dixit has sung small portions in a few songs from her films like "Kaahe Chhed" from Devdas and "Soniye Mil Ja" from Aaja Nachle, composed by Birju Maharaj and Salim–Sulaiman respectively.For her 2014 film Gulaab Gang, Dixit sang the traditional folk song "Rangi Sari Gulaabi Chunariya" alongside her mother Snehlata Dixit, composed and recreated for the film by its director Soumik Sen.

Dixit made her official singing debut in 2020 with an English single, "Candle", dedicating it to frontline workers fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. Artistry and media image

Dixit is regarded as one of the  accomplished and influential actresses of Indian cinema. Throughout the late 1980s, the 1990s and the early 2000s, Dixit was among the highest paid actresses in the Indian entertainment industry. In 2000, the Guinness World Records book featured her as the highest paid Indian actress. Dixit was placed at the first position by NDTV in 2012, in the listing of "The most popular Bollywood actresses of all time". The next year, she was placed at the fourth position, behind Amitabh Bachchan, Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan and topped among female actors as the greatest Bollywood star in a UK poll celebrating 100 years of Indian cinema. The same year, in a national poll conducted by CNN-IBN on the occasion of the centenary of Indian cinema, Dixit was voted at the second position, behind Sridevi, as "India's Greatest Actress in 100 Years".In 2017, Dixit topped an India Today poll as the most popular actress of Hindi cinema till date. Dixit has a significant following in the South Asian diaspora. While analysing her career, Reuters published, "In her prime, Dixit was the undisputed queen of Bollywood, the world's largest film industry by audience size, and her popularity and fees rivaled even the biggest male stars." Throughout her career, Dixit has played roles in both mainstream productions and independent films, and appeared in a range of film genres, with Saibal Chatterjee of Outlook crediting Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! as metamorphosing Dixit into a "subcontinental icon". The New York Times called Dixit, "India's biggest female star". Discussing her performances, Baradwaj Rangan labelled her as "the last of the all-in-one female stars who could do drama and comedy and dance" and Firstpost called her, "one of the last superstars of Hindi cinema", praising her performances in Lajja, Devdas and Dedh Ishqiya.In 2010, Filmfare Magazine included her performance from Mrityudand in its list of "80 Iconic Performances". Dixit is credited in the media for her versatility and achieving a "balance of critical acclaim and commercial success." In addition to acting, she has been noted for her skills as a dancer. Kathak dancer Pandit Birju Maharaj, who choreographed Dixit in  Devdas, calls her "the best Bollywood dancer" due to her versatility. Saroj Khan, who has collaborated with her on numerous occasions, calls her a "choreographer's delight". Hindustan Times attributed her for giving a 'technical twist' to dance sequences in Hindi films. Dixit was the muse for Indian painter M. F. Husain.He got fascinated by Dixit's performance in Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! ; watching the film 67 times, and booked an entire theatre to see her comeback Aaja Nachle. He made a series of paintings of her, and in 2000 directed Gaja Gamini starring her, which was intended as a tribute to Dixit herself. Dixit featured in Box Office India's Top Actresses list for ten consecutive years (1988–97). In 2001, Forbes placed her at fifth position in the list of "top five most powerful Indian film stars". In 2002 and 2014, Dixit featured in Rediff's annual "Top Bollywood actresses" listing. She has been featured frequently on other Rediff lists, including "Bollywood's Most Beautiful Actresses", "Bollywood's Best Actresses Ever" and "Top 10 Bollywood Actresses of all Time".The Economic Times featured her in the list of "33 women who made India proud" in 2010. In 1997, the Government of Andhra Pradesh honoured her with the "Kalabhinetri Award". In 2001, Dixit was awarded the National Citizens' Award for her work and contribution to Indian cinema. In 2008, the Government of India honoured her with the Padma Shri for her contribution to Indian Cinema. The Sathyabama University honoured her as the "Inspiring Icon of India" in 2015. An unauthorised biography of her named Madhuri <mask>, written by professor Nandana Bose was released in 2019. Dixit is frequently referred to as one of the most attractive Indian celebrities and has been described as a sex symbol.Her eyes, sex appeal and urban looks have been cited by the media as her distinctive features; her smile being identified as her trademark. She featured in The Times of India's list of 50 Beautiful Faces of cinema and Hindustan Times called her "a classic Indian beauty". Her look and performances have established her as a style icon. In 2007, 2013–16 and 2018, the UK magazine Eastern Eye ranked her as one of "World's Sexiest Asian Women". Sangestar Tso lake in Arunachal Pradesh was renamed Madhuri Lake after her, where a song from Koyla was picturised. She has a star named after her in the Orion constellation. In March 2012, a wax figure of Dixit was put on display in London's Madame Tussaud's wax museum.In 2017, two other figures were displayed at Madame Tussaud's Museum in Singapore and Delhi. Every year since its inception in 2012, Dixit has featured on Forbes Indias "Celebrity 100," a list based on the income and popularity of India's celebrities with the exception of 2017. In 2018, she was among the twenty Indians invited for the Oscar Academy's Class of 2018. Personal life

Amidst media speculation on her personal life, Dixit married Shriram Madhav Nene, a cardiovascular surgeon from Los Angeles, California on 17 October 1999, in a traditional ceremony held at the residence of Dixit's elder brother in Southern California. Nene had never seen any of her films, and was unaware of her celebrity status. Dixit explained their relationship by saying, "It was very important that he didn't know me as an actress because then he would know me as a person first. When people have seen you as an actress, they have pre-conceived notions... None of it was there here with him.I found the right person, I wanted to get married and I did." <mask> and Nene's wedding reception in Mumbai was attended by several prominent Indian personalities, including then CM of Maharashtra Vilasrao Deshmukh, Shivsena chief Bal Thackeray and Raj Thackeray, Sanjay Khan, Feroze Khan, Dilip Kumar, Saira Banu, Yash Chopra, Sridevi, Aditya Chopra, Karan Johar, MF Hussain and many others. Following her marriage, Dixit relocated to Denver, Colorado, for over a decade. On 17 March 2003, Dixit gave birth to a son, Arin. Two years later, on 8 March 2005, she gave birth to another son, Ryan. She described motherhood as "amazing" and added that her kids kept "the child in her alive". Dixit moved back to Mumbai with her family in October 2011.Speaking about it, Dixit said, "I always love being here. I have grown up here in Mumbai so for me it is like coming back home. It was a different phase in my life, where I wanted to have a home, family, husband and children... everything that I had dreamt of." In 2018, Dixit along with her husband, founded the production company, RnM Moving Pictures. They both also together earned orange belts in taekwondo. Filmography

Accolades

Dixit has received six Filmfare Awards from seventeen nominations, including four Best Actress awards for Dil (1990), Beta (1992), Hum Aapke Hain Kaun! (1994) and Dil To Pagal Hai (1997), and a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for Devdas (2002).She earned a Filmfare Special Award for completing twenty-five years in the Indian film industry. In 2008, she was awarded Padma Shri, the fourth-highest Indian civilian award, by the Government of India for her contributions to the arts. In popular culture
 In a popular scene from the 1994 cult comedy Andaz Apna Apna, Dixit's photograph appears on the cover of a film magazine. In the scene, Amar (played by Aamir Khan) teases Prem (played by Salman Khan) of having been engaged to Dixit, advertently referring to her photograph on the magazine. In the song "Tan Tana Tan Tan" from the 1997 film Judwaa, Dixit's name was referenced in one line along with Govinda's name. The song was a huge hit and was recreated in the film's 2017 remake, but the line referring to the two actors was not used. In 1997, a Zee TV television serial Mrs. Madhuri <mask> was named after her, starring Renuka Shahane.In 2003, a film titled Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon was released, in which a woman (played by Antara Mali) aspires to become the new <mask> Dixit by trying her luck in Bollywood. The film was produced by Ram Gopal Varma and dedicated to Dixit. The popular American sitcom The Big Bang Theory features a scene in the season two episode "The Bad Fish Paradigm", in which two of the lead characters Raj (played by Kunal Nayyar) and Sheldon (played by Jim Parsons) argue with each other over Dixit and fellow actress Aishwarya Rai. It was speculated in the media that television actress Karishma Tanna would play Dixit onscreen in Sanjay Dutt's biopic Sanju, which released in 2018. However, there was no reference to Dixit in the film. See also
 List of Indian film actresses

References

External links

1967 births
Indian film actresses
Marathi people
Living people
Actresses from Mumbai
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
20th-century Indian actresses
Indian emigrants to the United States
Actresses in Hindi cinema
21st-century Indian actresses
Filmfare Awards winners
Screen Awards winners
Zee Cine Awards

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<mask>'earth (born March 30, 1950) is an American post-bop/hard bop jazz trumpeter born in Framingham, Massachusetts who has appeared on recordings by Dave Matthews and Bruce Hornsby as well as recording a number of CDs on his own. He currently resides in Charlottesville, Virginia. Early
<mask> II was born in 1950 in Framingham, Massachusetts, growing up in nearby Holliston. His father had survived the Pacific theater of World War II and was "obsessed" with jazz. As D'earth says, "He was a maniac for music and for jazz music. He was my first teacher. He revealed to me mysteries of art and music that are priceless."His father would blast his records throughout the night, driving the family crazy. He would also sit with his two-year-old son, teaching him to play drum brushes on a metal tray. His father was "drawn to the complexities of be-bop" with its raw rhythms and stylings. "He hated white bands that were corny and tight," D'earth states. "Those were prejudices too, and I learned some of those prejudices early on." The Dearth family lived in a house from the 1690s that had been The Littlefield Tavern during the Colonial era. D'earth's parents divorced when he was eight, around the time he got his first trumpet.He immediately walked out into the yard and played it to the trees, discovering scales on his own. Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five were D'earth's favorite band, but he also appreciated classical music. Jazz instruction wasn't so easy to find in the early 1960s, but D'earth crossed paths with Henry "Boots" Mussulli, who was a veteran of the big band days. This Sicilian alto saxophone player and arranger had opened the Sons of Italy Crystal Room, a speakeasy that presented acts like Count Basie and Roy Eldridge in nearby Milford. He was part of a group of jazz instructors who helped form Berklee College of Music. One day Mussulli sat a young D'earth next to him and called a friend and simply said, "Listen." He and D'earth began improvising on the Charlie Parker be-pop classic "Confirmation".When done, Mussulli picked the receiver and said, "Fourteen" — then hung up. That experience changed D'earth's life, confirming his musical gift. As a teenager, DownBeat said of his performance at the Newport Jazz Festival that he played "like a young Freddie Hubbard." On Mussulli's impact D'earth says:

D'earth met Robert Jospé, a jazz drummer who would later relocate to Charlottesville and become a UVA music instructor, in 1967 at The Cambridge School of Weston, a preparatory high school near Boston. They started a group named Fire and Ice, and "began a collaboration that continues today." D'earth added the apostrophe to his name later in life. Career
D'earth attended Harvard University briefly only to drop out and pursue his musical career.In his early years he played in Bob Moses' innovative bands. He co-founded the group Cosmology (Vanguard Records) with bandmates drummer Robert Jospe and singer Dawn Thompson — whom D'earth later married. Jospé, D'earth, and Thompson, whom he met in New York, came to Charlottesville in 1981 for a summer and have all lived there ever since. Before heading for The Big Apple, Thompson had helped found the famed Prism Coffeehouse musical venue in Charlottesville. D'earth is the Director of Jazz Performance at the University of Virginia as well as the artist in residence at Virginia Commonwealth University. D`earth was music teacher at The Tandem School in Charlottesville from the early to mid-1980s. He influenced many of his students while also teaching them to step out of their comfort zones and experience many musical styles they wouldn't have otherwise.He plays Thursday nights in downtown Charlottesville at Miller's with other musicians including JC Kuhl, Pete Spaar, Jamal Millner, Devonne Harris, Pureum Jin, Brian Caputo, Wells Hanley, Adam Larrabee, Brian Jones, and many others. He plays at Fellini's No. 9 first Saturdays monthly with Devonne Harris (drums), Bob Hallahan (piano), and Pete Spaar (upright bass). In addition to being a prominent jazz figure in Charlottesville, <mask> can be found making frequent appearances with younger up-and-coming players as well as older mainstay musicians alike in the Richmond, Virginia area. D'earth is known for his work with musicians such as Miles Davis, Buddy Rich, Dave Matthews Band, and Emily Remler. Personal
D'earth appeared regularly with his vocalist wife Dawn Thompson, who died August 31, 2017 after surviving nine years with brain cancer. She was born in Alexandria, Virginia on October 9, 1946.References

External links

 <mask>'earth at the University of Virginia
 <mask>'earth biography, discography and album reviews, credits & releases at AllMusic
 Web Archive of Thompson D'earth Band official webpage. 1950 births
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
Post-bop trumpeters
Hard bop trumpeters
Living people
Musicians from Charlottesville, Virginia
Jazz musicians from Virginia
People from Holliston, Massachusetts
21st-century trumpeters
Jazz musicians from Massachusetts
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Vanguard Records artists
Double-Time Records artists

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John
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<mask> (; 24 May 1544? – 30 November 1603), also known as Gilberd, was an English physician, physicist and natural philosopher. He passionately rejected both the prevailing Aristotelian philosophy and the Scholastic method of university teaching. He is remembered today largely for his book De Magnete (1600). A unit of magnetomotive force, also known as magnetic potential, was named the <mask> in his honour. Life and work

<mask> was born in Colchester to Jerome Gilberd, a borough recorder. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge.After gaining his MD from Cambridge in 1569, and a short spell as bursar of St John's College, he left to practice medicine in London and travelled on the continent. In 1573, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1600 he was elected President of the college. He was Elizabeth I's own physician from 1601 until her death in 1603, and James VI and I renewed his appointment. His primary scientific work—much inspired by earlier works of Robert Norman—was De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure (On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth) published in 1600. In this work, he describes many of his experiments with his model Earth called the terrella. From these experiments, he concluded that the Earth was itself magnetic and that this was the reason compasses point north (previously, some believed that it was the pole star (Polaris) or a large magnetic island on the north pole that attracted the compass).He was the first to argue, correctly, that the centre of the Earth was iron, and he considered an important and related property of magnets was that they can be cut, each forming a new magnet with north and south poles. In Book 6, Chapter 3, he argues in support of diurnal rotation, though he does not talk about heliocentrism, stating that it is an absurdity to think that the immense  celestial spheres (doubting even that they exist) rotate daily, as opposed to the diurnal rotation of the much smaller Earth. He also posits that the "fixed" stars are at remote variable distances rather than fixed to an imaginary sphere. He states that situated "in thinnest aether, or in the most subtle fifth essence, or in vacuity – how shall the stars keep their places in the mighty swirl of these enormous spheres composed of a substance of which no one knows aught?" The English word "electricity" was first used in 1646 by Sir Thomas Browne, derived from <mask>'s 1600 New Latin electricus, meaning "like amber". The term had been in use since the 13th century, but <mask> was the first to use it to mean "like amber in its attractive properties". He recognized that friction with these objects removed a so-called "effluvium", which would cause the attraction effect in returning to the object, though he did not realize that this substance (electric charge) was universal to all materials.In his book, he also studied static electricity using amber; amber is called elektron in Greek, so <mask> decided to call its effect the electric force. He invented the first electrical measuring instrument, the electroscope, in the form of a pivoted needle he called the versorium. Like others of his day, he believed that crystal (quartz) was an especially hard form of water, formed from compressed ice:

<mask> argued that electricity and magnetism were not the same thing. For evidence, he (incorrectly) pointed out that, while electrical attraction disappeared with heat, magnetic attraction did not (although it is proven that magnetism does in fact become damaged and weakened with heat). Hans Christian Ørsted and James Clerk Maxwell showed that both effects were aspects of a single force: electromagnetism. Maxwell surmised this in his A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism after much analysis. <mask>'s magnetism was the invisible force that many other natural philosophers seized upon, incorrectly, as governing the motions that they observed.While not attributing magnetism to attraction among the stars, <mask> pointed out the motion of the skies was due to Earth's rotation, and not the rotation of the spheres, 20 years before Galileo (but 57 years after Copernicus who stated it openly in his work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium published in 1543 ) (see external reference below). <mask> made the first attempt to map the surface markings on the Moon in the 1590s. His chart, made without the use of a telescope, showed outlines of dark and light patches on the Moon's face. Contrary to most of his contemporaries, <mask> believed that the light spots on the Moon were water, and the dark spots land. Besides <mask>'s De Magnete, there appeared at Amsterdam in 1651 a quarto volume of 316 pages entitled De Mundo Nostro Sublunari Philosophia Nova (New Philosophy about our Sublunary World), edited—some say by his brother <mask> Junior, and others say, by the eminent English scholar and critic John Gruter—from two manuscripts found in the library of Sir <mask>. According to Dr. John Davy, "this work of <mask>'s, which is so little known, is a very remarkable one both in style and matter; and there is a vigor and energy of expression belonging to it very suitable to its originality. Possessed of a more minute and practical knowledge of natural philosophy than Bacon, his opposition to the philosophy of the schools was more searching and particular, and at the same time probably little less efficient."In the opinion of Prof. John Robison, De Mundo consists of an attempt to establish a new system of natural philosophy upon the ruins of the Aristotelian doctrine. Dr. <mask> says in his History of the Inductive Sciences (1859):

<mask>, in his work, De Magnete printed in 1600 has only some vague notions that the magnetic virtue of the earth in some way determines the direction of the earth's axis, the rate of its diurnal rotation, and that of the revolution of the moon about it. <mask> died in 1603, and in his posthumous work (De Mundo nostro Sublunari Philosophia nova, 1631) we have already a more distinct statement of the attraction of one body by another. "The force which emanates from the moon reaches to the earth, and, in like manner, the magnetic virtue of the earth pervades the region of the moon: both correspond and conspire by the joint action of both, according to a proportion and conformity of motions, but the earth has more effect in consequence of its superior mass; the earth attracts and repels, the moon, and the moon within certain limits, the earth; not so as to make the bodies come together, as magnetic bodies do, but so that they may go on in a continuous course." Though this phraseology is capable of representing a good deal of the truth, it does not appear to have been connected... with any very definite notions of mechanical action in detail. <mask> died on 30 November 1603 in London. His cause of death is thought to have been the bubonic plague.<mask> was buried in his home town, in Holy Trinity Church, Colchester. His marble wall monument can still be seen in this Saxon church, now deconsecrated and used as a café and market. Commentary on <mask>
Francis Bacon never accepted Copernican heliocentrism and was critical of <mask>'s philosophical work in support of the diurnal motion of the Earth. Bacon's criticism includes the following two statements. The first was repeated in three of his works—In the Advancement of Learning (1605), Novum Organum (1620) and De Augmentis (1623). The more severe second statement is from History of Heavy and Light Bodies published after Bacon's death. The Alchemists have made a philosophy out of a few experiments of the furnace and <mask> our countryman hath made a philosophy out of observations of the lodestone.[<mask>] has himself become a magnet; that is, he has ascribed too many things to that force and built a ship out of a shell. Thomas Thomson writes in his History of the Royal Society (1812):
The magnetic laws were first generalized and explained by Dr. <mask>, whose book on magnetism published in 1600, is one of the finest examples of inductive philosophy that has ever been presented to the world. It is the more remarkable, because it preceded the Novum Organum of Bacon, in which the inductive method of philosophizing was first explained. <mask> writes in his History of the Inductive Sciences (1837/1859):

<mask>... repeatedly asserts the paramount value of experiments. He himself, no doubt, acted up to his own precepts; for his work contains all the fundamental facts of the science [of magnetism], so fully examined, indeed, that even at this day we have little to add to them. Historian Henry Hallam wrote of <mask> in his Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries (1848):
The year 1600 was the first in which England produced a remarkable work in physical science; but this was one sufficient to raise a lasting reputation to its author. <mask>, a physician, in his Latin treatise on the magnet, not only collected all the knowledge which others had possessed on that subject, but became at once the father of experimental philosophy in this island, and by a singular felicity and acuteness of genius, the founder of theories which have been revived after the lapse of ages, and are almost universally received into the creed of the science.The magnetism of the earth itself, his own original hypothesis, nova illa nostra et inaudita de tellure sententia [our new and unprecedented view of the planet]... was by no means one of those vague conjectures that are sometimes unduly applauded... He relied on the analogy of terrestrial phenomena to those exhibited by what he calls a terrella, or artificial spherical magnet. ...<mask> was also one of our earliest Copernicans, at least as to the rotation of the earth; and with his usual sagacity inferred, before the invention of the telescope, that there are a multitude of fixed stars beyond the reach of our vision. <mask> Bryant of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, wrote in his book Kepler (1920):
When <mask> of Colchester, in his “New Philosophy,” founded on his researches in magnetism, was dealing with tides, he did not suggest that the moon attracted the water, but that “subterranean spirits and humors, rising in sympathy with the moon, cause the sea also to rise and flow to the shores and up rivers”. It appears that an idea, presented in some such way as this, was more readily received than a plain statement. This so-called philosophical method was, in fact, very generally applied, and Kepler, who shared Galileo’s admiration for <mask>’s work, adopted it in his own attempt to extend the idea of magnetic attraction to the planets. Bibliography

See also
History of geomagnetism
List of geophysicists
Scientific revolution

References

Further reading

External links

 The Galileo Project — biography of <mask>.The Great Magnet, the Earth — website hosted by NASA — Commemorating the 400th anniversary of "De Magnete" by <mask> of Colchester. Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of <mask> in .jpg and .tiff format. On the Magnet — Translation of De Magnete by Silvanus Thompson for the Gilbert Club, London 1900. Full text, free to read and search. Go to page 9 and read <mask> saying the Earth revolves leading to the motion of the skies. The Natural Philosophy of <mask> and His Predecessors
De Magnete From the English Printing Collection in the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress
 <mask>, the first electrician. 16th-century English astronomers
16th-century English medical doctors
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
Magneticians
People associated with electricity
English physicists
1544 births
1603 deaths
People of the Elizabethan era
16th-century Latin-language writers
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
People from Colchester
17th-century deaths from plague (disease)
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers

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William Gilbert
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<mask> (born August 21, 1988) is a former American football running back. He was drafted by the Houston Texans in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at Auburn. <mask> also played for the Cleveland Browns, Minnesota Vikings, the Pittsburgh Steelers. Early years
<mask> attended Stephen Decatur High School until his junior year, where he was a two-sport star in football and track. He played football as a running back for the Decatur Seahawks. As a junior, he set the Maryland state single-season rushing record with 2,886 yards and 25 touchdowns, averaging 221.4 yards per game.His performance earned him first-team All-state honors. As a senior, he transferred to Snow Hill High School, where he ran for 2,069 yards and 21 touchdowns, averaging 12.9 yards per carry while leading Snow Hill to a state runner-up finish. In 37 career games, <mask> rushed 542 times for 5,920 yards and 78 touchdowns, averaging 10.9 yards per carry and 160 yards per game. He also had 210 career receiving yards. <mask> also set the Maryland state records for both career yards rushing (5,920) and total career offensive yards (6,123). For his senior performance, he was awarded the Gatorade State Player of the year and was a consensus All-state pick. Also a standout track & field athlete, <mask> competed as a sprinter and was a state-qualifier in the 100 and 200-meter dashes, reaching the Maryland state finals in both events as a freshman while also placing in the top-three as a sophomore.In addition, <mask> also recorded a 4.41-second 40-yard dash, had a 32-inch vertical jump and reportedly bench-pressed a maximum of 355 lb (163 kg) and squatted 630 lb (290 kg). Regarded as a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, <mask> was ranked No. 6 nationally among running backs and the No. 2 player from the state of Maryland. Upon graduation from Snow Hill High School, <mask> received scholarship offers from Auburn, Virginia, Penn State, Maryland, and North Carolina before accepting a scholarship to Auburn University. College career

Freshman year
<mask> played sparingly behind senior Kenny Irons, and gained 392 yards on 54 carries in 9 games. He received Freshman All-America Honorable Mention from The Sporting News.<mask>'s best game was a 156 yard performance against Tulane. Sophomore year

<mask>'s sophomore season was a strong one, leading the Tigers in rushing (903 yards on 202 carries for a 4.5 yard average) and to a victory over Clemson in the Chick-fil-A Bowl. Junior year
Heading into his Junior campaign, <mask> was named to several preseason All-SEC teams. However, because of new offensive coordinator Tony Franklin and his spread, pass-first style of offense, <mask>'s numbers significantly declined. He gained only 664 yards on 159 carries. Senior year
As the feature back in Gus Malzahn's spread offense, <mask> shined in his final college season. He gained 1,362 yards on 263 carries with 10 touchdowns.His top performance came against Arkansas, rushing for 184 yards and two touchdowns (over 100 yards coming in the third quarter). <mask> also earned AP second-team All-SEC honors, as well as being voted both the Team and Offense MVP award. <mask> Walker Award. <mask> also led Auburn to a victory over Northwestern in the Outback Bowl, rushing for 108 yards and 2 touchdowns in the overtime win. <mask> finished at Auburn 5th on the career rushing list, behind Auburn greats Bo Jackson, Carnell Williams, James Brooks, and Joe Cribbs. He rushed for 3321 yards on 678 carries, scoring 24 touchdowns. <mask> graduated in May 2009 with a degree in Criminology.Statistics

~ includes bowl game

Professional career

2010 NFL Draft

<mask> was drafted in the 2nd round in the 2010 NFL Draft by the Houston Texans with the 58th overall pick. Most projected <mask> to be picked somewhere in the early to middle of the second round, and recognizing his value at pick 58, the Texans aggressively traded up to draft him. This is the only time in team history that the Texans have drafted a running back earlier than the third round. Houston Texans

<mask> had high expectations to help a Texans running game that was one of the worst in the league the previous season, but during the Texans pre-season opener in 2010, <mask>  broke his ankle and was placed on injured reserve (IR). <mask> returned healthy for the 2011 season, but was initially placed fourth on the depth chart behind 2010 NFL rushing champion Arian Foster, Derrick Ward, and Steve Slaton. At the conclusion of the preseason, <mask> was listed as the opening-day backup to Ward due to a hamstring injury to Foster. In his NFL debut, <mask> did not disappoint, rushing for 116 yards and his first NFL touchdown on 24 carries.He followed that performance the following week against the Miami Dolphins with another 100-yard game, finishing with 103 yards on 23 carries. He finished the 2011 regular season with 942 rushing yards on 175 attempts (a 5.4 yards-per-carry average, third-highest in the NFL) with 4 rushing touchdowns and 98 total receiving yards in 15 games played, two of which he started (Week 3 against the New Orleans Saints, and week 17 against the Tennessee Titans). <mask> ran for 115 yards against the Cleveland Browns in Week 9 while Arian Foster ran for 124 yards in the same contest, leading the Texans to 261 yards on the ground, a franchise record. <mask> played in 11 games in the 2012 season, amassing 279 rushing yards on 65 carries, averaging 4.3 yards per carry. While his per-carry average remained formidable, his carries were limited due to a competitive Houston Texans' backfield along with lingering injuries to his hamstring and foot. It was a frustrating season for the young running back, who had been competing with emerging running back Justin Forsett for backup duties to Arian Foster. In 2013, <mask> appeared in 14 games with the Texans, making 7 starts, after a season-ending injury to Arian Foster.<mask> responded by rushing for 771 yards and 4 touchdowns, 3 of which came in a Week 13 game against the New England Patriots where he rushed for a season-high 102 yards. After having battled cracked ribs for much of the season, <mask> was placed on injured reserve on December 19, 2013, ending his season. Cleveland Browns

<mask> signed with the Cleveland Browns on March 15, 2014. On October 5, 2014, he ran for a career-high 123 yards on 22 carries in a 29-28 win over the Tennessee Titans. <mask> was released by the Browns on November 18, 2014. In the weeks leading up to his release, he grew frustrated with the amount of carries he was getting due to the three-back rotation system the Browns had recently employed, giving <mask>, Isaiah Crowell and Terrance West fairly even playing time at running back. Minnesota Vikings

The Minnesota Vikings were awarded <mask> on waivers after his release from Cleveland.However, after playing only three games with the team, accumulating 38 rushing yards off of 13 attempts, the Vikings released <mask> on December 25, 2014. Pittsburgh Steelers
In the lead up to the 2014 NFL playoffs, the Pittsburgh Steelers lost Le'Veon Bell to injury. With no experienced running backs, they signed the newly released <mask> on December 30, 2014. In the Wild Card loss against the Baltimore Ravens, <mask> had five carries for 19 yards. <mask> participated in The Spring League in 2017. Statistics

~placed on IR in preseason
All statistics from espn.com

References

External links

Cleveland Browns bio
Houston Texans bio
Auburn Tigers bio

1988 births
Living people
American football running backs
Auburn Tigers football players
Cleveland Browns players
Houston Texans players
Minnesota Vikings players
People from Snow Hill, Maryland
People from Woodbridge, Virginia
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Players of American football from Maryland
Players of American football from Virginia
Sportspeople from the Washington metropolitan area
The Spring League players

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Benjamin Franklin Tate
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<mask>'Orme () (3-9 June 1514 – 8 January 1570) was a French architect and writer, and one of the great masters of French Renaissance architecture. His surname is also written De l'Orme, <mask>me, or Delorme. Biography

Early career

<mask>'Orme was born between 3 and 9 June 1514 in Lyon. His father was <mask>'Orme, a master mason and entrepreneur, who, in the 1530s, employed three hundred workers and built prestigious buildings for the elite of the city. When Philibert was nineteen he departed Lyon for Italy, where he remained for three years, working on building projects for Pope Paul III. In Rome he was introduced to Cardinal Jean du Bellay, the Ambassador of King François I to the Vatican, who became his protector and client. Du Bellay was also the patron of his friend Francois Rabelais.In about 1540 <mask>'Orme moved to Paris, and was soon occupied with royal projects. Royal architect of Henry II (1548-1559)

On April 3, 1548 he was a named architect of the King by Henry II. For a period of eleven years, he supervised all of the King's architectural projects, with the exception of changes to the Louvre, which were planned by another royal architect, Pierre Lescot. His major projects included the Château de St Maur-des-Fossés, the Château d'Anet, the Château de Chenonceau in the Loire Valley; the royal Château de Madrid in the Bois de Boulogne;  the Château de Vincennes, and major modifications to the Palace of Fontainebleau. He also made a reputation as a writer and theorist, and as an innovator in building techniques. He invented a new system for making the essential wooden frameworks for constructing stone buildings, called  charpente à petits bois, which was quicker and less expensive than previous methods and used much less wood. He  demonstrated it before the King in 1555, and put it to work in construction at the new royal Château de Montceaux and at the royal hunting lodge  in the Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.Out of favor - architectural theorist (1559-1563)
The death of Henry II of France on July 10, 1559 suddenly left him without a patron and at the mercy of rival architects who resented his success and his style. Two days later, on 10 July, he was dismissed from his official posts, and replaced by an Italian artist and architect, Francesco Primaticcio, whose work was much in fashion. He had joined a religious order, and decided to turn his attention to meditation, scholarship and writing. He made another trip to Rome to inspect the new works of Michelangelo. Beginning in 1565 wrote the first volume of a work on architectural theory, which was scientific and philosophical. It was published in 1567, and was followed by new editions after his death in 1576, 1626 and 1648. Royal architect again (1563-1570)
Under Charles IX and <mask> Medici, he returned to royal favor.He was employed on the enlargement of the Chateau of Saint Maur (1563) and, along with Jean Bullant,  on additions to the Tuileries Palace (1564). He died in Paris in 1570, while this project was underway. Reputation

In the 17th century, during the period of Louis XIV style  that followed his death, his reputation suffered. The grand stairway that he built at the Tuileries Palace was demolished in 1664, as was his Château de Saint-Léger in 1668, to make way for classical structures. In 1683, he was denounced by <mask> of the Royal Academy for his "villainous Gothic ornaments" and his "petty manner". Nonetheless, his two major theoretical works on construction and design continued to be important textbooks, and were regularly republished and read. His reputation rose again in the 18th century, through the writings of Dezallier d'Argenville, who wrote in 1787 that he had "abandoned the Gothic covering in order to redress French architecture in the style Ancient Greece."D'Argenville wrote the first biography and catalog of works. Though few of his building survived to be studied carefully, later important academic works on <mask> l'Orme were written in the 19th and 20th centuries by art historians  including H. Clouzot and Anthony Blunt. One of De l'Orme's primary accomplishments was to change the way architects trained and studied. He insisted that architects needed formal education in classical architecture, as well as in geometry and astronomy and the sciences, but also needed practical experience in construction. He himself was an accomplished scholar of ancient Greek and Roman architecture, as well as a humanist scholar. He argued that architects  needed to be able to design and manage every aspect of the building, from the volumes to the lambris to adding up the cost, making detailed three-dimensional drawings of vaults, judging if wood was dry enough, and knowing to stop digging the foundation when the first sand was encountered. He had scorn for those architects who could design a facade but had no knowledge actual construction.His opponents scorned him for his background as the son of a masonry contractor. He was referred to by Bernard Palissy as "The god of the stone masons", which deeply offended him. His other major accomplishment was to resist the tendency to simply copy Italian architectural styles; he traveled and studied in Italy, and borrowed much, but he always added a distinctly French look to each of his projects. Works attributed to <mask>'Orme

The first major building of <mask>'Orme was the Château of Saint Maur (1541), built for the Cardinal Jean du Bellay, whom <mask>'Orme had met during his time in Rome. Its plan  showed the influence of the Italian villas; and, like the Italian buildings, it was decorated with frescoes. Much of his work has disappeared, but his fame remains. He was An ardent humanist and student of the antique, he yet vindicated resolutely the French tradition in opposition to Italian tendencies; he was a man of independent mind and a vigorous originality.His masterpiece was the Château d'Anet (1552–1559), built for <mask> Poitiers, the plans of which are preserved in Jacques Androuet du Cerceau's Plus excellens bastimens de France, though part of the building alone remains; and his designs for the Tuileries (also given by Androuet du Cerceau), begun by <mask>' Medici in 1565, were magnificent. His work is also seen at Chenonceau and other famous châteaux; and his tomb of Francis I at Saint Denis Basilica remains a perfect specimen of his art. The most easily viewed work of <mask> l'Orme in Paris is the court facade of the Chateau d'Anet, which was moved to Paris after a major portion of the chateau was demolished, to illustrate for students the major works of the French Renaissance. It is attached to the front wall of the chapel of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, and is visible from Rue Bonaparte. Partial list of works

 Château de Saint-Maur (1541), demolished in 1796
 Tomb of François Ie in the Basilica of Saint-Denis, Paris (1547)
 Château d'Anet (1547-1555), built for <mask> Poitiers. Only one wing remains. Plans of the Chapel of Saint-Éloi,Paris (1550-1566), (Long attributed, but not documented.Only a portion of the facade remains)
 Attribution du château d'Acquigny
 Facade of the residence of the Vicomte of the Duchy of Uzès (attributed)
 Completion of Sainte-Chapelle at the Château de Vincennes (1552)
 Château de Villers-Cotterêts, southern portion( 1547-1559)
 Chapel of the Château of  Villers-Cotterêts (1552-1553)
 Royal Château of Saint-Léger-en-Yvelines (demolished)
 Château de Meudon (attributed)
 Château de Montceaux
 Château de Thoiry (1560s) ;
 The bridge upon which the Château de Chenonceau is constructed
 Portions of the Louvre
 Portions of the new Chateau of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
 Portal of Château d'Écouen, now the National Museum of the French Renaissance (mid 16th century). The wing he designed was destroyed in 1787, but vestiges are displayed inside the Chateau. Roofs of the towers of the Château de Bonnemare. See also
<mask>' Medici's building projects
Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, influenced by Philibert Delorme

Notes

Bibliography
 Boudon, Françoise (1999). "De l'Orme" in Dictionnaire des Architectes. Paris: Encyclopaedia Universalis. .
 Blunt, Anthony (1958). Philibert de l'Orme.London: A. Zwemmer. . .

 Catholic Encyclopedia article
  Philibert <mask>'Orme
 Hanser, David A. (2006). Architecture of France. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. .
 Hoffmann, Volker (1996). "L'Orme [Delorme], Philibert <mask>" in  The Dictionary of Art, 34 volumes, edited by Jane Turner. New York: Grove. . Also at Oxford Art Online (article updated 26 November 2003).Lemerle, F. & Y. Pauwels (2016). <mask> De L'Orme (1514-1570). Un architecte dans l'histoire: Arts - Sciences - Techniques (= Études Renaissantes 17). Turnhout: Brepols. .
 Pérouse <mask>los, Jean-Marie (2000). <mask> De l'Orme : Architecte du roi (1514–1570). Paris: Mengès. .
 Potié, Philippe (1996). <mask> <mask>'Orme : Figures de la pensées constructive.Marseille: Parenthèses. . External links

 Nouvelles inventions pour bien bastir, 1561: copy at Gallica
 Le premier tome de l'architecture:
 1567: copy at the website of the Library of the University of Bern
 1567: illustrations at Gallica
 1568: copy at the Internet Archive from the Research Library of the Getty Research Institute
 1626: copy at the Internet Archive from the Research Library of the Getty Research Institute (includes <mask>'Orme's portrait engraving as well as Invention pour bien bastir)
 English translation of <mask>'Orme's Le premier tome de l'architecture
 French Renaissance architectural treatises, Centre d'Etudes Supérieures de la Renaissance
 Palladio's Literary Predecessors

1510s births
1570 deaths
16th-century French architects
16th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
French architecture writers
Architects from Lyon
Renaissance architects
French military engineers

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