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<mask> (; 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. From his childhood days, Pavlov demonstrated intellectual curiosity along with an unusual energy which he referred to as "the instinct for research". Inspired by the progressive ideas which Dmitry Pisarev, a Russian literary critic of the 1860s, and <mask>, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and devoted his life to science. In 1870, he enrolled in the physics and mathematics department at the University of Saint Petersburg to study natural science. Pavlov carried out experiments on the digestive glands, as well as investigated the gastric function of dogs, and eventually won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904, becoming the first Russian Nobel laureate. A survey in the Review of General Psychology, published in 2002, ranked Pavlov as the 24th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Pavlov's principles of classical conditioning have been found to operate across a variety of behavior therapies and in experimental and clinical settings, such as educational classrooms and even reducing phobias with systematic desensitization.Education and early life

<mask>, the eldest of eleven children, was born in Ryazan, Russian Empire. His father, Peter Dmitrievich <mask> (1823–1899), was a village Russian orthodox priest. His mother, Varvara <mask> Uspenskaya (1826–1890), was a devoted homemaker. As a child, Pavlov willingly participated in house duties such as doing the dishes and taking care of his siblings. He loved to garden, ride his bicycle, row, swim, and play gorodki; he devoted his summer vacations to these activities. Although able to read by the age of seven, Pavlov was seriously injured when he fell from a high wall onto a stone pavement. As a result of the injuries he sustained he did not begin formal schooling until he was 11 years old.Pavlov attended the Ryazan church school before entering the local theological seminary. In 1870, however, he left the seminary without graduating to attend the university at St. Petersburg. There he enrolled in the physics and math department and took natural science courses. In his fourth year, his first research project on the physiology of the nerves of the pancreas won him a prestigious university award. In 1875, Pavlov completed his course with an outstanding record and received the degree of Candidate of Natural Sciences. Impelled by his overwhelming interest in physiology, Pavlov decided to continue his studies and proceeded to the Imperial Academy of Medical Surgery. While at the academy, Pavlov became an assistant to his former teacher, Elias von Cyon.He left the department when de Cyon was replaced by another instructor. After some time, Pavlov obtained a position as a laboratory assistant to Konstantin Nikolaevich Ustimovich at the physiological department of the Veterinary Institute. For two years, Pavlov investigated the circulatory system for his medical dissertation. In 1878, Professor S. P. Botkin, a famous Russian clinician, invited the gifted young physiologist to work in the physiological laboratory as the clinic's chief. In 1879, Pavlov graduated from the Medical Military Academy with a gold medal award for his research work. After a competitive examination, Pavlov won a fellowship at the academy for postgraduate work. The fellowship and his position as director of the Physiological Laboratory at Botkin's clinic enabled Pavlov to continue his research work.In 1883, he presented his doctor's thesis on the subject of The centrifugal nerves of the heart and posited the idea of nervism and the basic principles on the trophic function of the nervous system. Additionally, his collaboration with the Botkin Clinic produced evidence of a basic pattern in the regulation of reflexes in the activity of circulatory organs. Influences
He was inspired to pursue a scientific career by D. I. Pisarev, a literary critique and natural science advocate of the time and I. M. Sechenov, a Russian physiologist, whom Pavlov described as 'The father of physiology'. Career
After completing his doctorate, Pavlov went to Germany, where he studied in Leipzig with Carl Ludwig and Eimear Kelly in the Heidenhain laboratories in Breslau. He remained there from 1884 to 1886. Heidenhain was studying digestion in dogs, using an exteriorized section of the stomach. However, Pavlov perfected the technique by overcoming the problem of maintaining the external nerve supply.The exteriorized section became known as the Heidenhain or Pavlov pouch. In 1886, Pavlov returned to Russia to look for a new position. His application for the chair of physiology at the University of Saint Petersburg was rejected. Eventually, Pavlov was offered the chair of pharmacology at Tomsk University in Siberia and at the University of Warsaw in Poland. He did not take up either post. In 1890, he was appointed the role of professor of Pharmacology at the Military Medical Academy and occupied the position for five years. In 1891, Pavlov was invited to the Institute of Experimental Medicine in St. Petersburg to organize and direct the Department of Physiology.Over a 45-year period, under his direction, the institute became one of the most important centers of physiological research in the world. <mask> continued to direct the Department of Physiology at the institute, while taking up the chair of physiology at the Medical Military Academy in 1895. <mask> would head the physiology department at the academy continuously for three decades. Starting in 1901, Pavlov was nominated over four successive years for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He did not win the prize until 1904 because his previous nominations were not specific to any discovery, but based on a variety of laboratory findings. When <mask> received the Nobel Prize it was specified that he did so "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged". It was at the Institute of Experimental Medicine that Pavlov carried out his classical experiments on the digestive glands, which would eventually grant him the aforementioned Nobel prize.Pavlov investigated the gastric function of dogs, and later, homeless children, by externalizing a salivary gland so he could collect, measure, and analyze the saliva and what response it had to food under different conditions. He noticed that the dogs tended to salivate before food was actually delivered to their mouths, and set out to investigate this "psychic secretion", as he called it. Experiments on orphaned children, involving drilling a hole in their cheeks and applying electric shocks, were continued by his assistant Nikolay Krasnogorsky. <mask>'s laboratory housed a full-scale kennel for the experimental canines. Pavlov was interested in observing their long-term physiological processes. This required keeping them alive and healthy to conduct chronic experiments, as he called them. These were experiments over time, designed to understand the normal functions of dogs.This was a new kind of study, because previously experiments had been "acute," meaning that the dog went through vivisection which ultimately killed the canine in the process. A 1921 article by S. Morgulis in the journal Science was critical of Pavlov's work, raising concerns about the environment in which these experiments had been performed. Based on a report from H. G. Wells, claiming that Pavlov grew potatoes and carrots in his laboratory the article stated, "It is gratifying to be assured that Professor Pavlov is raising potatoes only as a pastime and still gives the best of his genius to scientific investigation". That same year, Pavlov began holding laboratory meetings known as the 'Wednesday meetings' at which he spoke frankly on many topics, including his views on psychology. These meetings lasted until he died in 1936. Pavlov was highly regarded by the Soviet government, and he was able to continue his research until he reached a considerable age. He was praised by Lenin.Despite praise from the Soviet Union government, the money that poured in to support his laboratory, and the honours he was given, Pavlov made no attempts to conceal the disapproval and contempt with which he regarded Soviet Communism. In 1923, he stated that he would not sacrifice even the hind leg of a frog to the type of social experiment that the regime was conducting in Russia. Four years later he wrote to Stalin, protesting at what was being done to Russian intellectuals and saying he was ashamed to be a Russian. After the murder of Sergei Kirov in 1934, Pavlov wrote several letters to Molotov criticizing the mass persecutions which followed and asking for the reconsideration of cases pertaining to several people he knew personally. Conscious until his final moment, Pavlov asked one of his students to sit beside his bed and to record the circumstances of his dying. He wanted to create unique evidence of subjective experiences of this terminal phase of life. Pavlov died of double pneumonia at the age of 86.He was given a grand funeral, and his study and laboratory were preserved as a museum in his honour. His grave is in the Literatorskie mostki (writers' footways) section of Volkovo Cemetery in St. Petersburg. Reflex system research

Pavlov contributed to many areas of physiology and neurological sciences. Most of his work involved research in temperament, conditioning and involuntary reflex actions. Pavlov performed and directed experiments on digestion, eventually publishing The Work of the Digestive Glands in 1897, after 12 years of research. His experiments earned him the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. These experiments included surgically extracting portions of the digestive system from nonhuman animals, severing nerve bundles to determine the effects, and implanting fistulas between digestive organs and an external pouch to examine the organ's contents.This research served as a base for broad research on the digestive system. Further work on reflex actions involved involuntary reactions to stress and pain. Research on types and properties of nervous systems

<mask> was always interested in biomarkers of temperament types described by Hippocrates and Galen. He called these biomarkers "properties of nervous systems" and identified three main properties: (1) strength, (2) mobility of nervous processes and (3) a balance between excitation and inhibition and derived four types based on these three properties. He extended the definitions of the four temperament types under study at the time: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, and melancholic, updating the names to "the strong and impetuous type, the strong equilibrated and quiet type, the strong equilibrated and lively type, and the weak type." <mask> and his researchers observed and began the study of transmarginal inhibition (TMI), the body's natural response of shutting down when exposed to overwhelming stress or pain by electric shock. This research showed how all temperament types responded to the stimuli the same way, but different temperaments move through the responses at different times.He commented "that the most basic inherited difference ... was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system." Pavlov on education
The basics of Pavlov's classical conditioning serve as a historical backdrop for current learning theories. However, the Russian physiologist's initial interest in classical conditioning occurred almost by accident during one of his experiments on digestion in dogs. Considering that Pavlov worked closely with nonhuman animals throughout many of his experiments, his early contributions were primarily about learning in nonhuman animals. However, the fundamentals of classical conditioning have been examined across many different organisms, including humans. The basic underlying principles of Pavlov's classical conditioning have extended to a variety of settings, such as classrooms and learning environments. Classical conditioning focuses on using preceding conditions to alter behavioral reactions.The principles underlying classical conditioning have influenced preventative antecedent control strategies used in the classroom. Classical conditioning set the groundwork for the present day behavior modification practices, such as antecedent control. Antecedent events and conditions are defined as those conditions occurring before the behavior. <mask>'s early experiments used manipulation of events or stimuli preceding behavior (i.e., a tone) to produce salivation in dogs much like teachers manipulate instruction and learning environments to produce positive behaviors or decrease maladaptive behaviors. Although he did not refer to the tone as an antecedent, Pavlov was one of the first scientists to demonstrate the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses. Pavlov systematically presented and withdrew stimuli to determine the antecedents that were eliciting responses, which is similar to the ways in which educational professionals conduct functional behavior assessments. Antecedent strategies are supported by empirical evidence to operate implicitly within classroom environments.Antecedent-based interventions are supported by research to be preventative, and to produce immediate reductions in problem behaviors. Legacy
The concept for which Pavlov is famous is the "conditioned reflex" (or in his own words the conditional reflex), which he developed jointly with his assistant <mask>v in 1901 (although Edwin B. Twitmyer, at the University of Pennsylvania, published similar research in 1902, a year before Pavlov published his). The concept was developed after observing the rates of salivation in dogs. Pavlov noticed that his dogs began to salivate in the presence of the technician who normally fed them, rather than simply salivating in the presence of the food. If a buzzer or metronome was sounded before the food was given, the dog would later come to associate the sound with the presentation of the food and salivate upon the presentation of the sound stimulus alone. Tolochinov, whose own term for the phenomenon had been "reflex at a distance", communicated the results at the Congress of Natural Sciences in Helsinki in 1903. Later the same year Pavlov more fully explained the findings, at the 14th International Medical Congress in Madrid, where he read a paper titled The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals.As <mask>'s work became known in the West, particularly through the writings of John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner, the idea of "conditioning", as an automatic form of learning, became a key concept in the developing specialism of comparative psychology, and the general approach to psychology that underlay it, behaviorism. <mask>'s work with classical conditioning was of huge influence on how humans perceived themselves, their behavior and learning processes; his studies of classical conditioning continue to be central to modern behavior therapy. The British philosopher Bertrand Russell observed that "[w]hether Pavlov's methods can be made to cover the whole of human behaviour is open to question, but at any rate they cover a very large field and within this field they have shown how to apply scientific methods with quantitative exactitude". Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture. Pavlovian conditioning is a major theme in Aldous Huxley's dystopian novel, Brave New World, and in Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow. It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signaled the occurrence of food by ringing a bell. However, his writings record the use of a wide variety of stimuli, including electric shocks, whistles, metronomes, tuning forks, and a range of visual stimuli, in addition to the ring of a bell.In 1994, Catania cast doubt on whether Pavlov ever actually used a bell in his experiments. Littman tentatively attributed the popular imagery to Pavlov's contemporaries Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev and John B. Watson. Roger K. Thomas, of the University of Georgia, however, said they had found "three additional references to Pavlov's use of a bell that strongly challenge Littman's argument". In reply, Littman suggested that Catania's recollection, that Pavlov did not use a bell in research, was "convincing ... and correct". In 1964 the psychologist H. J. Eysenck reviewed Pavlov's "Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes" for the British Medical Journal: Volume I – "Twenty-five Years of Objective Study of the Higher Nervous Activity of Animals", Volume II – "Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry". The Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences was founded by Pavlov in 1925 and named after him following his death. Awards and honours
<mask> was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904.He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1907
and was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1915. He became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1907. <mask>'s dog, the Pavlovian session and Pavlov's typology are named in his honour. The asteroid 1007 Pawlowia and the lunar crater Pavlov were also named after him. Personal life
<mask> married Seraphima Vasilievna Karchevskaya on 1 May 1881, whom he had met in 1878 or 1879 when she went to St. Petersburg to study at the Pedagogical Institute. Seraphima, called Sara for short, was born in 1855. In her later years, she suffered from ill health and died in 1947.The first nine years of their marriage were marred by financial problems; <mask> and his wife often had to stay with others to have a home, and for a time, the two lived apart so that they could find hospitality. Although their poverty caused despair, material welfare was a secondary consideration. Sara's first pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. When she conceived again, the couple took precautions, and she safely gave birth to their first child, a boy whom they named Mirchik; Sara became deeply depressed following Mirchik's sudden death in childhood. <mask> and Sara eventually had four more children: Vladimir, Victor, Vsevolod, and Vera. Their youngest son, Vsevolod, died of pancreatic cancer in 1935, only one year before his father. <mask> was an atheist.See also

 Behavior modification
 Classical conditioning
 Orienting response
 Ryazan
 Rostov State Medical University
 Georgii Zeliony

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

 PBS article
 Institute of Experimental Medicine article on Pavlov
 Link to a list of Pavlov's dogs with some pictures
 Commentary on <mask>'s Conditioned Reflexes from 50 Psychology Classics
 <mask> and his dogs
 <mask>. Pavlov: Toward a Scientific Psychology and Psychiatry

  including the Nobel Lecture on 12 December 1904 Physiology of Digestion

1849 births
1936 deaths
People from Ryazan
Animal trainers
Ethologists
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
History of neuroscience
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Irish Academy
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
People from Saint Petersburg
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Atheists of the Russian Empire
Educational theorists of the Russian Empire
Nobel laureates of the Russian Empire
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Soviet scientists
Soviet physiologists
Physiologists of the Russian Empire
19th-century psychologists
20th-century psychologists
Lamarckism
Human subject research in Russia

masks:
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
Ivan Sechenov
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov
Ivanovna
Pavlov
Pavlov
Pavlov
Pavlov
Pavlov
Pavlov
Pavlov
Ivan Tolochino
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Pavlov
Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov
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Pavlov
Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan P


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<mask> (October 30, 1838 – May 19, 1913) was a lawyer, mining investor, and Congressional delegate from Idaho Territory. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Boonville, Cooper County, Missouri. <mask>'s grandfather and father had served in the Scottish regiments of the British Army. Also, his uncle, Colonel <mask>, served with the 93rd Regiment of Foot (the "Sutherland Highlanders"). The exploits of "The Sutherlands" during the Crimean War gave rise to the phrase, "The Thin Red Line", later applied to British Army infantry in general. <mask>'s parents, John and Mary, moved to Missouri around two years before he was born. His father became a wealthy landowner, and also operated a salt works.The family went back to Scotland for a time while <mask> was an infant, but returned in 1844. His father drowned in the Missouri River in June of that year. In his late teens, Ainslie read law under experienced lawyers and a judge in St. Louis. He also attended courses at what is now St. Louis University. <mask> attained a law degree and was admitted to the Missouri bar in 1860. After a few months practicing law in Missouri, he moved to the Pike's Peak area in Colorado Territory. He opened a law office there and apparently invested in some mining properties.Relocation to Idaho
Two years later, gold discoveries in Idaho attracted <mask>'s attention. He moved to Elk City, Idaho, during the summer of 1862 and mined in that area until the winter season closed the back country. Probably at the advice of people familiar with the region, he then started for Oregon. In Lewiston, Idaho he was approached with a request for his professional services. Here, accounts vary on the timeline of events. <mask>'s biography in the Illustrated History of the State of Idaho states that three men approached him to defend them in a "citizens' court" against a robbery charge. More likely, however, a representative of the men approached him, because the accused robbers were then in jail.In fact, from the timing, it is possible that the trial may have already taken place, with a guilty verdict. This particular robbery had followed a series of robberies and robbery-murders in the region, and public indignation had led to a swift decision. So <mask>'s services were needed, whether for a trial, or for an immediate appeal. But when Ainslie went to consult with his new clients the next morning, he found them dead, hanging from the rafters of a shed behind the temporary jail. One account says that <mask> realized "the importance of demurrer and the irrelevancy of an appeal" and "retired in good order." After spending the winter teaching in Clackamas County, Oregon, Ainslie moved to Idaho City, the county seat of Boise County, Idaho. He would practice law there, and invest in mining properties, for over a quarter century.<mask> also married and began raising a family. His 1866 marriage to Sara "Sallie" Owens took place in Ada County. The Ainslies were strong Episcopalians, so it is possible the regional pastor was not scheduled to be in Idaho City at a convenient time. From 1869 to 1873, Ainslie edited the Idaho World newspaper in Idaho City. Political career
In 1865, two years after his move to Idaho City, voters elected Ainslie to the Territorial Council (roughly equivalent to a state senate). Despite his youth, members then elected him as Council President. (Although his biography for the U. S. Congress says he was a member of the "Territorial Legislature," Idaho records confirm his Council position.)After his term in the Council, <mask> returned to private law practice, but remained very active in Democratic Party activities. (In keeping with the times, the Idaho World was then billed as "the only Democratic newspaper in the Territory.") In 1874, he began a two-year term as District Attorney for the Second District of Idaho Territory. Then, in 1878, he was elected as Idaho Territorial Delegate to the U. S. Congress. (Delegates can vote in committee, but not on the legislative floor.) The Republican editor  of the Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, in Boise City, opined that  "though differing with Mr. Ainslie in politics, we freely accord to him the merit which he deserves." Ainslie served two terms as Delegate before losing a re-election bid in 1882.He never again ran for public office, but remained a power in state-level Democratic Party politics for many years. In 1889, he represented Boise County in the Idaho constitutional convention. Later life and career
After its heyday, Idaho City steadily declined in population. Thus, <mask> moved his family to Boise in 1890, after purchasing an estate across the street from the U. S. Assay Office. He then invested heavily in various enterprises in Boise. That included the Boise Artesian Hot & Cold Water Company and the Boise Rapid Transit Company. <mask> never lost his interest in mining.For nine years after about 1888, he owned stock in a company that had extensive placer mining claims stretching along Mores Creek from two miles above Idaho City to about four miles below the town. In the early 1890s, those claims became involved in protracted litigation. However, Ainslie and his co-owners eventually won their cases and, in 1897, sold out to a firm that built the first large gold dredge along Mores Creek. The Ainslie's two daughters, Lucy and Adelma, continued the family tradition of service. Lucy married a prominent San Francisco physician. Adelma married John F. Nugent, later a U. S. Senator from Idaho. A grandson, <mask> Nugent, served in the armed forces during World War I.Around 1906, poor health led Ainslie to seek more extensive medical treatment in California. By about 1908, he had moved to Oakland, California. He died there five years later. References

Other sources

1838 births
1913 deaths
American people of Scottish descent
People from Boonville, Missouri
Members of the Idaho Territorial Legislature
Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Idaho Territory
Idaho Democrats
19th-century American politicians
People from Idaho City, Idaho
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law

masks:
George Ainslie
George Ainslie
George
William Ainslie
George
George
George
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George
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George
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George Ainslie


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<mask> (born February 24, 1950) is an American musician, singer and songwriter from Wilmington, Delaware. His "high-energy boogie-blues" sound became a staple of 1980s rock radio, with hits like his original songs "Bad to the Bone" and "I Drink Alone". He has also helped to popularize older songs by American icons, such as "Move It on Over", "Who Do You Love? ", and "House Rent Blues/One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer". With his band, the Delaware Destroyers, Thorogood has released over 20 albums, of which two have been certified Platinum and six have been certified Gold. He has sold 15 million albums worldwide. <mask> and band continue to tour extensively, and in 2014 the band celebrated their 40th anniversary of performing.Music career
<mask> began his career as a solo acoustic performer in the style of Robert Johnson and Elmore James after being inspired in 1970 by a John P. Hammond concert. In 1973, he formed a band, the Delaware Destroyers, with high school friend and drummer Jeff Simon. With additional players, the Delaware Destroyers developed its sound, a mixture of Chicago blues and rock and roll. The band's first shows were in the Rathskeller bar at the University of Delaware and at Deer Park Tavern, both in Newark, Delaware. Eventually, the band's name was shortened to the Destroyers. During this time, <mask> supplemented his income by working as a roadie for Hound Dog Taylor. <mask>'s demo Better Than the Rest was recorded in 1974, but was not released until 1979.His major recording debut came with the album <mask>od and the Destroyers, which was released in 1977. In 1978, <mask> released his next album with the Destroyers titled Move It on Over, which included a remake of Hank Williams' "Move It on Over". He followed those recordings in 1979 with "Please Set a Date" and a reworking of the Bo Diddley song "Who Do You Love", both released in 1979. The band's early success contributed to the rise of folk label Rounder Records. During the late 1970s, <mask> and his band were based in Boston. He was friends with Jimmy Thackery of the Washington, D.C.-based blues band, The Nighthawks. While touring in the 1970s, the Destroyers and the Nighthawks were playing shows in Georgetown at venues across the street from each other.The Destroyers were engaged at the Cellar Door and the Nighthawks at Desperados. At midnight, while both bands played Elmore James' "Madison Blues" in the same key, <mask> and Thackery left their clubs, met in the middle of M Street, exchanged guitar patch cords and went on to play with the opposite band in the other club. The connection with the Nighthawks was extended further when Nighthawks bass player Jan Zukowski supported <mask>'s set with Bo Diddley and Albert Collins at the Live Aid concert in Philadelphia, PA, on July 13, 1985. <mask> gained his first mainstream exposure as a support act for the Rolling Stones during their 1981 U.S. tour. He was also the featured musical guest on Saturday Night Live (Season 8, Episode 2) on the October 2, 1982, broadcast. During this time, <mask> and the Destroyers became known for their rigorous touring schedule, including the "50/50" tour in 1981, on which the band toured all 50 US states in 50 days. After two shows in Boulder, Colorado, <mask> and his band flew to Hawaii for one show and then performed a show in Alaska the following night.The next day, <mask> and his band met his roadies in Washington and continued the one-show-per-state tour. In addition, he played Washington, D.C. on the same day that he performed a show in Maryland, thereby playing 51 shows in 50 days. With his contract with Rounder Records expiring, <mask> signed with EMI America Records and, in 1982, released the single "Bad to the Bone" and an album of the same name that went gold. The song became the band's most well-known song through appearances on MTV and use in films, television and commercials. <mask> and his band went on to have two more gold studio albums in the 1980s, Maverick and Born to Be Bad. The former features <mask>'s only Billboard Hot 100 hit, a remake of Johnny Otis's "Willie and the Hand Jive", and his concert staple "I Drink Alone". <mask>'s popularity waned in the 1990s, although he had a No.2 hit on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1992 with "Get a Haircut". In 2012, <mask> was named one of the "50 Most Influential Delawareans of the Past 50 Years". He released his first proper solo album in 2017 titled Party of One. On March 14, 2020, <mask> was inducted into the Mississippi Music Project Hall of Fame in Biloxi, Mississippi and was awarded the MMP Music Award for his lifelong commitment to the music industry. He took his daughter to Chicago for her first major league game (Cubs vs. Rockies), during which he sang "Take Me Out to the Ball Game". In a 2011 Guitar World interview, he stated "I'm a Mets fan. There aren't many of us but you know, that's me."References

External links

<mask> and the Destroyers official website
Review: The Hard Stuff

1950 births
Living people
Lead guitarists
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American blues harmonica players
American blues singers
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
Musicians from Wilmington, Delaware
Slide guitarists
Blues rock musicians
University of Delaware alumni
Semi-professional baseball players
EMI Records artists
Rounder Records artists
MCA Records artists
Attic Records (Canada) artists
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Singers from Delaware
Guitarists from Delaware
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers

masks:
George Lawrence Thorogood
Thorogood
Thorogood
Thorogood
Thorogood
George Thorogo
Thorogood
Thorogood
Thorogood
Thorogood
Thorogood
Thorogood
Thorogood
Thorogood
Thorogood
Thorogood
Thorogood
Thorogood
Thorogood
Thorogood
George Thorogood


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Louis Cha Leung-yung  (; 10 March 1924 – 30 October 2018), better known by his pen name <mask> (), pronounced "Gum Yoong" in Cantonese, was a Chinese wuxia ("martial arts and chivalry") novelist and essayist who co-founded the Hong Kong daily newspaper Ming Pao in 1959 and served as its first editor-in-chief. He was Hong Kong's most famous writer, and is named along with Gu Long and Liang Yusheng as the "Three Legs of the Tripod of Wuxia". His wuxia novels have a widespread following in Chinese communities worldwide. His 15 works written between 1955 and 1972 earned him a reputation as one of the greatest and most popular wuxia writers ever. By the time of his death he was the best-selling Chinese author, and over 100 million copies of his works have been sold worldwide (not including an unknown number of pirated copies). According to The Oxford Guide to Contemporary World Literature, <mask>'s novels are considered to be of very high quality and are able to appeal to both highbrow and lowbrow tastes. His works have the unusual ability to transcend geographical and ideological barriers separating Chinese communities of the world, achieving a greater success than any other contemporary Hong Kong writer.His works have been translated into many languages including English, French, Catalan, Spanish, Korean, Japanese, Cambodian, Vietnamese, Thai, Burmese, Malay and Indonesian. He has many fans outside of Chinese-speaking areas, as a result of the numerous adaptations of his works into films, television series, comics and video games. The asteroid 10930 Jinyong (1998 CR2) is named after him. Early life
Cha was born Zha Liangyong in Haining, Zhejiang in Republican China, the second of seven children. He hailed from the scholarly Zha clan of Haining (), whose members included notable literati of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties such as Zha Jizuo (1601–1676), Zha Shenxing (查慎行; 1650–1727) and Zha Siting (查嗣庭; died 1727). His grandfather, Zha Wenqing (), obtained the position of a tong jinshi chushen (third class graduate) in the imperial examination during the Qing dynasty. His father, Zha Shuqing (), was arrested and executed by the Communist government for allegedly being a counterrevolutionary during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries in the early 1950s.Zha Shuqing was later posthumously declared innocent in the 1980s. Cha was an avid reader of literature from an early age, especially wuxia and classical fiction. He was once expelled from his high school for openly criticising the Nationalist government as autocratic. He studied at Jiaxing No. 1 Middle School in 1937 but was expelled in 1941. He continued his high school education at Quzhou No. 1 Secondary School and graduated in 1943.Education
Cha was admitted to the Department of Foreign Languages at the Central University of Political Affairs in Chongqing. Cha later dropped out of the school. He took the entrance exam and gained admission to the Faculty of Law at Soochow University, where he majored in international law with the intention of pursuing a career in the foreign service. In 2005, Cha applied at Cambridge University for a doctorate in Asian Studies, which he obtained in 2010. In 2009, Cha applied for another doctorate in Chinese literature at Peking University, which he earned in 2013. Career
Cha was a journalist. When Cha was transferred to New Evening Post (of British Hong Kong) as Deputy Editor, he met Chen Wentong, who wrote his first wuxia novel under the pseudonym "Liang Yusheng" in 1953.Chen and Cha became good friends and it was under the former's influence that Cha began work on his first serialised martial arts novel, The Book and the Sword, in 1955. In 1957, while still working on wuxia serialisations, he quit his previous job and worked as a scenarist-director and scriptwriter at Great Wall Movie Enterprises Ltd and Phoenix Film Company. In 1959, Cha co-founded the Hong Kong newspaper Ming Pao with his high school classmate Shen Baoxin (). Cha served as its editor-in-chief for years, writing both serialised novels and editorials, amounting to some 10,000 Chinese characters per day. His novels also earned him a large readership. Cha completed his last wuxia novel in 1972, after which he officially retired from writing novels, and spent the remaining years of that decade editing and revising his literary works instead. The first complete definitive edition of his works appeared in 1979.In 1980, Cha wrote a postscript to Wu Gongzao's taiji classic Wu Jia Taijiquan, where he described influences from as far back as Laozi and Zhuangzi on contemporary Chinese martial arts. By then, Cha's wuxia novels had gained great popularity in Chinese-speaking areas. All of his novels have since been adapted into films, TV shows and radio dramas in Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. The important characters in his novels are so well known to the public that they can be alluded to with ease between all three regions. In the late 1970s, Cha was involved in Hong Kong politics. After Deng Xiaoping, a Jin Yong fan, came to power and initiated the reform and opening-up process, Cha became the first non-Communist Hong Konger to meet with Deng. He was a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law drafting committee but resigned in protest after the Tiananmen Square incident in 1989.He was also part of the Preparatory Committee set up in 1996 by the Chinese government to monitor the 1997 transfer of sovereignty. In 1993, Cha prepared for retirement from editorial work and sold all his shares in Ming Pao. Personal life
Cha's parents were Zha Shuqing () and Xu Lu (). He had four brothers and two sisters, and was the second oldest among the seven of them. His brothers were Zha Liangjian (; 1916–1988), Zha Lianghao (; b. 1934), Zha Liangdong (;  1930s) and Zha Liangyu (; b. 1936).His sisters were Zha Liangxiu (; b. 1926) and Zha Liangxuan (; 1928–2002). Cha married three times. His first wife was Du Zhifen (), whom he married in 1948 but divorced later. In 1953, he married his second wife, Zhu Mei (), a newspaper journalist. They had two sons and two daughters: Zha Chuanxia (), Zha Chuanti (), Zha Chuanshi () and Zha Chuanne (). Cha divorced Zhu in 1976 and married his third wife, Lin Leyi (; b.1953), who was 29 years his junior and 16 years old when they first met. In 1976, his son Zha Chuanxia, then 19 years old, committed suicide after a quarrel with his girlfriend while studying at Columbia University. Death
On 30 October 2018, Cha died after a long illness at the Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital in Happy Valley, Hong Kong, aged 94. His funeral service was held privately at Hong Kong Funeral Home in Quarry Bay in 13 November 2018 with his family and friends, with well known figures including writers Ni Kuang, Chua Lam, Chip Tsao, Benny Lee, producer Zhang Jizhong, actor Huang Xiaoming, former President of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Poon Chung-kwong, image designer Tina Liu, politicians Tung Chee-hwa and Edward Leong, and founder of Alibaba Group Jack Ma among them in attendance. At noon, his coffin was moved to Po Lin Monastery at Ngong Ping, Lantau Island, where he was cremated and his ashes was interred at the Hoi Wui Tower’s columbarium. Decorations and conferments

In addition to his wuxia novels, Cha also wrote many non-fiction works on Chinese history. For his achievements, he received many honours.Cha was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by the British government in 1981. He was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur (1992) and a Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2004) by the French government. Cha was also an honorary professor at Peking University, Zhejiang University, Nankai University, Soochow University, Huaqiao University, National Tsing Hua University, Hong Kong University (Department of Chinese Studies), the University of British Columbia, and Sichuan University. Cha was an honorary doctor at National Chengchi University, Hong Kong University (Department of Social Science), Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the Open University of Hong Kong, the University of British Columbia, Soka University and the University of Cambridge. He was also an honorary fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford and Robinson College, Cambridge, and a Waynflete Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. When receiving his honorary doctorate at the University of Cambridge in 2004, Cha expressed his wish to be a full-time student at Cambridge for four years to attain a non-honorary doctorate. In July 2010, Cha earned his Doctor of Philosophy in oriental studies (Chinese history) at St John's College, Cambridge with a thesis on imperial succession in the early Tang dynasty.Works
Cha wrote a total of 16 fictional works, of which one is an only non-Wuxia short story (Yue Yun),   2 novellas (White Horse Neighs in the Western Wind and Blade-dance of the Two Lovers), a standalone novel (Ode to Gallantry), and 11 interconnected novels of varying lengths, and a wuxia short story ("Sword of the Yue Maiden"),  Most of his novels were first published in daily instalments in newspapers, then later in 3 authorised book editions each with various changes to the plots and the characters. The works are:

Connections between the Works
Aqing, the protagonist of the novelette, The "Sword of the Yue Maiden" is the ancestor of Han Xiaoying from The Legend of the Condor Heroes. Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils is a prequel story to the Condor Trilogy as the Northern Beggar of the Five Greats, Hong Qigong succeeds Qiao Feng as the new chief of the Beggars' Sect in The Legend of the Condor Heroes and Duan Yu is the fictional ancestor of the historical character Duan Zhixing who later becomes the Reverend Yideng, another member of the Five Greats in The Legend of the Condor Heroes. 'The Legend of the Condor Heroes, The Return of the Condor Heroes and The Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre make up the Condor Trilogy (considered by many to be Cha's magnum opus) and should be read in that order. Dugu Qiubai's Heavy Iron Sword is used by Yang Guo and broken down to create The Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre. Guo Xiang inherits the Heaven Sword and passes it to her disciples of the Emei Sect. Linghu Chong from 'The Smiling, Proud Wanderer learns Dugu Qiubai's Nine Swords of Dugu from Feng Qingyang, a reclusive Mount Hua Sect swordsman.Some characters and sects from The Smiling, Proud Wanderer are mentioned in Sword Stained with Royal Blood. In a very brief inner monologue in 'The Deer and the Cauldron, Chengguan, a knowledgeable but naïve Shaolin monk ponders about two great swordsmen in the past who performed swordplay without following any defined stances: Dugu Qiubai and Linghu Chong. A few major characters from Sword Stained with Royal Blood also appear in Cha's final novel The Deer and the Cauldron as minor characters. Wu Liuqi, a historical character from The Deer and the Cauldron, is mentioned in the third edition of A Deadly Secret. Tian Guinong in The Young Flying Fox is the fictional descendant of one of the four bodyguards of Li Zicheng, who appears in the Sword Stained with Royal Blood and The Deer and the Cauldron. Numerous characters from The Book and the Sword appear in The Young Flying Fox. The novella Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain and its prequel novel The Young Flying Fox are companion works with the same protagonist.Together, the characters' count of the novels and the novelette is 8088000. Of the novels, all novels except Ode to Gallantry are connected to each other either weakly or strongly. Couplet
After Cha completed all his works, it was discovered that the first characters of the first 14 titles can be joined together to form a couplet with 7 characters on each line:

Traditional Chinese

Simplified Chinese

Loose translation
Shooting a white deer, snow flutters around the skies;
Smiling, [one] writes

masks:
Jin Yong
Jin Yong


texts:
 about the divine chivalrous one,
leaning against bluish lovebirds (or lover)

Cha stated that he had never intended to create the couplet. The couplet serves primarily as a handy mnemonic to remember all of Cha's works for his fans. "Sword of the Yue Maiden" was left out because it would be an odd number, thus the couplet would not be complete, also because the "Sword of the Yue Maiden" was so short it was not even considered a book. Editions

Most of Cha's works were initially published in instalments in Hong Kong newspapers, most often in Ming Pao. The Return of the Condor Heroes was his first novel serialised in Ming Pao, launched on 20 May 1959.Between 1970 and 1980, Cha revised all of his works. The revised works of his stories are known as the "New Edition" (新版), also known as "Revised Edition" (修訂版), in contrast with the "Old Edition" (舊版), which refers to the original, serialised versions. Some characters and events were written out completely, most notably mystical elements and 'unnecessary' characters, such as the "Blood Red Bird" (小紅鳥) and "Qin Nanqin" (秦南琴), the mother of Yang Guo in the first edition. In Taiwan, the situation is more complicated, as Cha's books were initially banned. As a result, there were multiple editions published underground, some of which were revised beyond recognition. Only in 1979 was Cha's complete collection published by Taiwan's Yuenching Publishing House (遠景出版社). In China, the Wulin (武林) magazine in Guangzhou was the first to officially publish Cha's works, starting from 1980.Cha's complete collection in Simplified Chinese was published by Beijing's SDX Joint Publishing in 1994. Meanwhile, Mingheshe Singapore-Malaysia (明河社星马分公司) published his collection, in Simplified Chinese for Southeast Asian readers in 1995. From 1999 to 2006, Cha revised his novels for the second and last time. Each of his works was carefully revised, re-edited and re-issued in the order in which he wrote them. This revision was completed in spring 2006, with the publication of the last novel, The Deer and the Cauldron. The newer revised edition, known variably as the "New Century Edition" (世紀新修版), "New Revised Edition" (新修版) and "New New Edition" (新新版), is noted for its annotations where Cha answers previous criticisms directed at the historical accuracy of his works. In the newer revision, certain characters' personae were changed, such as Wang Yuyan, and many martial art skills and places have their names changed.This edition faced a number of criticisms from Cha's fans, some of whom prefer the older storyline and names. The older 1970–80 "New Edition" (新版) is no longer issued by Cha's publisher Mingheshe (明河社). In mainland China, it is re-issued as "Langsheng, Old Edition" (朗声旧版) in simplified Chinese characters format. Patriotism, jianghu and development of heroism

Chinese nationalism or patriotism is a strong theme in Cha's works. In most of his works, Cha places emphasis on the idea of self-determination and identity, and many of his novels are set in time periods when China was occupied or under the threat of occupation by non-Han Chinese peoples such as the Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols and Manchus. However, Cha gradually evolved his Chinese nationalism into an inclusionist concept which encompasses all present-day non-Han Chinese minorities. Cha expresses a fierce admiration for positive traits of non-Han Chinese people personally, such as the Mongols and Manchus.In The Legend of the Condor Heroes, for example, he casts Genghis Khan and his sons as capable and intelligent military leaders against the corrupt and ineffective bureaucrats of the Han Chinese-led Song dynasty. Cha's references range from traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, martial arts, music, calligraphy, weiqi, tea culture, philosophical schools of thought such as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and imperial Chinese history. Historical figures often intermingle with fictional ones, making it difficult for the layperson to distinguish which are real. His works show a great amount of respect and approval for traditional Chinese values, especially Confucian ideals such as the proper relationship between ruler and subject, parent and child, elder sibling and younger sibling, and (particularly strongly, due to the wuxia nature of his novels), between master and apprentice, and among fellow apprentices. However, he also questions the validity of these values in the face of a modern society, such as ostracism experienced by his two main characters – Yang Guo's romantic relationship with his teacher Xiaolongnü in The Return of the Condor Heroes. Cha also places a great amount of emphasis on traditional values such as face and honour. In all but his 14th work, The Deer and the Cauldron, the protagonists or heroes are explored meticulously through their relationships with their teachers, their immediate kin and relatives, and with their suitors or spouses.In each, the heroes have attained the zenith in martial arts and most would be the epitome or embodiment of the traditional Chinese values in words or deeds, i.e. virtuous, honourable, respectable, gentlemanly, responsible, patriotic, and so forth. In The Deer and the Cauldron, Cha departed from his usual writing style, creating in its main protagonist Wei Xiaobao an antihero who is greedy, lazy, and utterly disdainful of traditional rules of propriety. Cha intentionally created an anticlimax and an antihero possessing none of the desirable traditional values and no knowledge of any form of martial arts, and dependent upon a protective vest made of alloy to absorb full-frontal attack when in trouble and a dagger that can cut through anything. Wei is a street urchin and womanising weasel, with no admirable qualities whatsoever. The fiction writer Ni Kuang wrote a connected critique of all of Cha's works and concluded that Cha concluded his work with The Deer and the Cauldron as a satire to his earlier work and to restore a balanced perspective in readers. Criticisms
The study of Cha's works has spun off a specific area of study and discussion: Jinology.For years, readers and critics have written works discussing, debating and analysing his fictional world of martial arts; among the most famous are those by Cha's close friend and science fiction novelist, Ni Kuang. Ni is a fan of Cha, and has written a series of criticisms analysing the various personalities and aspects of his books called I Read Jin Yong's Novels (我看金庸小說). Despite Cha's popularity, some of his novels were banned outside of Hong Kong due to political reasons. A number of them were outlawed in the People's Republic of China in the 1970s as they were thought to be satires of Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution; others were banned in Taiwan as they were thought to be in support of the Communist Party of China. None of these bans are currently in force, and Cha's complete collection has been published multiple times in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Many politicians on both sides of the Straits are known to be readers of his works; Deng Xiaoping, for example, was a well-known reader himself. In late 2004, the People's Education Publishing House (人民教育出版社) of the People's Republic of China sparked controversy by including an excerpt from Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils in a new senior high school Chinese textbook.While some praised the inclusion of popular literature, others feared that the violence and unrealistic martial arts described in Cha's works were unsuitable for high school students. At about the same time, Singapore's Ministry of Education announced a similar move for Chinese-learning students at secondary and junior college levels. Timeline
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Era!!Dynasty! !Novel
|-
|5th century BC || Eastern Zhou(Late Spring and Autumn period) || 01. The Sword of the Yue Maiden (越女劍)
|-
|11th century || Northern Song || 02. Demigods and Semi-Devils (天龍八部)
|-
|13th century || Southern Song || 03. The Legend of the Condor Heroes(射鵰英雄傳) 04.The Return of the Condor Heroes (神鵰俠侶)
|-
|14th century || Late Yuan || 05. The Heaven Sword and the Dragon Sabre (倚天屠龍記)
|-
|16th century || Ming || Ode to Gallantry(俠客行) 06. The Smiling, Proud Wanderer (笑傲江湖)
|-
|17th century || Late Ming || 07. The Sword Stained With Royal Blood (碧血劍)
|-
|17th century || Qing || 08. The Deer and the Cauldron(鹿鼎記) 09. A Deadly Secret(連城訣)
|-
|18th century || Qing || Blade-dance of the Two Lovers(鴛鴦刀)White Horse Neighs in the Western Wind (白馬嘯西風) 10. The Book and the Sword(書劍恩仇錄) 11.The Young Flying Fox(飛狐外傳) 12. Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain (雪山飛狐)
|-
|1930s || The Republic of China || Yue Yun (Moon Cloud) (月雲)
|}

Translations

Official English translations currently available include:
A Hero Born (Legends of the Condor Heroes #1) - is the first volume of the 4-volume novel, translated by Anna Holmwood, published by MacLehose Press.) A Bond Undone (Legends of the Condor Heroes #2) - translated by Gigi Chang, continues Holmwood's translation, published by Quercus Publishing. A Snake Lies Waiting (Legends of the Condor Heroes #3) - translated by Gigi Chang and Anna Holmwood,, published by Quercus Publishing. A Heart Divided (Legends of the Condor Heroes #4) - translated by Gigi Chang and Shelly Bryant published by Quercus Publishing. The Book and the Sword – published by Oxford University Press, translated by Graham Earnshaw, edited by John Minford and Rachel May. The Deer and the Cauldron (abridged in three volumes) – published by Oxford University Press, translated by John Minford.Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain – published by Chinese University Press, translated by Olivia Mok. Other works available in English include:
The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber – in comic book form by Ma Wing-shing, published by ComicsOne
The Legendary Couple – in comic book form by Tony Wong, published by ComicsOne
The Return of the Condor Heroes – in comic book form by Wee Tian Beng, published by Asiapac Books
Laughing in the Wind – DVD collection of the 2001 CCTV series with English subtitles released in the United States. Adaptations

There are over 90 films and TV shows adapted from Cha's wuxia novels, including King Hu's The Swordsman (1990) and its sequel Swordsman II (1992), <mask>'s 1992 films Royal Tramp and Royal Tramp II, and Wong Kar-wai's Ashes of Time (1994). Dozens of role-playing video games are based on Cha's novels, a notable example of which is Heroes of <mask> Yong, which was based on the major characters and events in Cha's novels. As film director
<mask> co-directed 2 films produced by Hong Kong's Great Wall Movie Enterprises. In both films he is credited as <mask>-yong, his official name in Hong Kong. See also
 Gu Long
 Liang Yusheng
 Woon Swee Oan

References

Further reading
Stateless Subjects: Chinese Martial Arts Literature and Postcolonial History, Chapters 3 and 4.Petrus Liu. (Cornell University, 2011). External links

 <mask> Teahouse (金庸茶館) – fansite of <mask>'s novels in Chinese
 <mask> Jianghu (金庸江湖) – fansite, forums and complete works of <mask>'s novels

 <mask> in the Encyclopaedia of Science Fiction

1924 births
2018 deaths
Chinese historical novelists
Hong Kong novelists
C
Hangzhou High School alumni
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Wuxia writers
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Hong Kong newspaper people
20th-century pseudonymous writers
Writers from Jiaxing
Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee members
Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee members
Chinese male novelists
Chinese essayists
People from Haining
Film directors from Zhejiang
Chinese film directors
Hong Kong film directors
Newspaper founders
Politicians from Jiaxing
Chinese emigrants to British Hong

masks:
Wong Jing
Jin
Jin Yong
Cha Jing
Jin Yong
Jin Yong
Jin Yong
Jin Yong
Jin Yong


texts:
<mask> (21 September 1949 – 24 February 2020) was an English pop impresario, music manager, songwriter, producer, designer and fine art collector. With a background in art and design, <mask> set up the XL Design agency in the early 1980s and was responsible for designing record sleeves and music graphics of the period. <mask> moved into music management by the mid-1980s and managed Pet Shop Boys, Bros and East 17 among others. <mask> has been described by Neil Tennant as "a big man with a loud voice" and by David Munns as "an unstoppable creative powerhouse." Early life
<mask> was born <mask> on 21 September 1949 at St. Alfege's Hospital, Greenwich, London, the son of Patricia Daphne Diett and <mask>. He lived in Blackheath, London and was educated at Invicta Road School, Sherrington Road School and Raine's Foundation School in Tower Hamlets, London. <mask> later attended Sir John Cass School of Art, Architecture and Design and went on to study art and design at London College of Furniture, London Metropolitan University.Early career
In the early 1970s after graduating from the London College of Furniture, <mask> worked as a designer for Terence Conran and Rodney Fitch as part of the team that designed Heathrow Terminal 3 and the London Stock Exchange. In 1981, <mask> and business partner Royston Edwards set up the graphics design company XL Design with an office in Welbeck Street, London, initially designing music graphics and marketing campaigns, then later record sleeves. In 1982, XL designed the record sleeve for Wham! 's debut single "Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do)" and David Smart joined the company as co-partner. When the British record label ZTT became clients in 1983, XL designed record sleeves for Art of Noise and for "Relax", the 1983 debut single of Frankie Goes to Hollywood. XL designed many of the Frankie Goes to Hollywood ads, promo posters and graphics including the record sleeves for their next three singles "Two Tribes", "The Power of Love" (both 1984) and "Welcome to the Pleasuredome" (1985).In 1984, XL designed the sleeve for their debut album Welcome to the Pleasuredome. In 1983, Trevor Horn and Jill Sinclair of ZTT Records commissioned <mask> to design the interior of their new recording studios, Sarm Studios in Notting Hill. The XL Design agency was responsible for creating iconic logos, music advertising graphics and record sleeve art of the 1980s including those of Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), Art of Noise, Wham!, Kim Wilde, Nik Kershaw, Duran Duran and the Pet Shop Boys. Music management
In 1984, <mask> moved his XL Design agency to larger offices in Poland Street, Soho and set up a new company, Massive Management, developing a parallel career in music management. Mark Farrow joined Watkins' XL Design agency in 1985. <mask> felt the minimal aesthetics of his designs would be perfect for the Pet Shop Boys. In 1986, <mask>, Farrow and business partner Mick Newton set up a new design agency, Three Associates.The Three Associates agency were responsible for creating record sleeve art throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s for artists including Pet Shop Boys, Bros, Liza Minnelli and Kim Wilde. <mask> went on to manage Pet Shop Boys (1984 to 1989), Bros (1986 to 1990), East 17 (1992 to 1997), Electribe 101 (1989 to 1990), Faith Hope & Charity (1990), 2wo Third3 (1994 to 1995) and Deuce (1994 to 1996). <mask> was also a songwriter and music producer. In collaboration with Nicky Graham, <mask> wrote all the tracks on the debut Bros album Push including the hit singles from the album; "When Will I Be Famous", "Drop the Boy" and "I Owe You Nothing" which reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in June 1988. In 1999, Channel 4 produced Mr Rock & Roll, a four-part documentary series "looking at the lives and the careers of the most powerful, most outrageous and most astute managers in the history of Rock and Roll". The series featured the stories of <mask>, Colonel <mask>, Don Arden and Peter Grant. Pet Shop Boys
In late 1984, the Pet Shop Boys hired <mask> as their manager signing to his management company, Massive Management.In March 1985, <mask> signed them to EMI subsidiary Parlophone. Under <mask>' management, the Pet Shop Boys released twelve singles achieving four number ones on the UK Singles Chart; "West End Girls" (1985), "It's a Sin" (1987), "Always on My Mind" (1987) and "Heart" (1988), and three studio albums. The debut, Please, was released in April 1986 and peaked at number 3 on the UK Albums Chart and certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). The second album Actually was released in September 1987 and peaked at number 2 in the UK and certified triple platinum by the BPI. In October 1988, their third album Introspective peaked at number 2 in the UK and was certified double platinum. Also, in November 1986 a remix album, Disco was released peaking at number 15 in the UK and certified platinum. Bros
In 1986, Matt and Luke Goss and Craig Logan (Bros) signed to <mask>' management company, Massive Management.<mask> signed the band to CBS. Their first single, "I Owe You Nothing" was released in September 1987 and peaked at number 80 in the UK. Their next two singles, "When Will I Be Famous" (November 1987) and "Drop the Boy" (March 1988) both peaked at number 2. The re-release of "I Owe You Nothing" in June 1988 reached number one. Bros' debut album Push was released in March 1988 and peaked at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart and was certified quadruple platinum status by the BPI. Their second album, The Time was released in October 1989 and peaked at number 4. Bros toured the UK on their ‘Big Push Tour’ in June/July 1988 and Europe and Australia on their ‘Global Push Tour’ late 1988 to early 1989.In February 1989, Bros won the Best British Newcomer Award at the Brit Awards and in August 1989 they played Wembley Stadium at their ‘Bros in 2 Summer’ concert. East 17
East 17 signed to Massive Management in April 1992. <mask> signed the band to London Records. Under <mask>' management between 1992 and 1997, East 17 released 16 singles; 11 of which entered the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart. "Stay Another Day" was released in December 1994 and became the group's only number one remaining at the top for 5 weeks. East 17 released their debut album, Walthamstow in February 1993. The album reached number one and was certified platinum by the BPI.Their second album, Steam (October 1994) reached number 3 and was certified double platinum by the BPI and the third album Up All Night (November 1995) reached number 7 and was certified platinum. Around the World Hit Singles: The Journey So Far was the group's first greatest hits compilation album, released in November 1996 and was certified double platinum. <mask> was a fine art collector, specialising in works from the Memphis Group which was an influential Italian design and architecture movement of the 1980s. In 2001, <mask> loaned much of his Memphis collection to the Design Museum, London for their Memphis Remembered exhibition held to mark the 20th anniversary of the debut of the Memphis movement. An admirer of Bauhaus-inspired architecture he designed and built The Big White House in Pett Level, East Sussex in 2004, which was featured in the Channel 4 Grand Designs television series. In 2006 <mask> received the Sussex Heritage Trust Award for The Big White House project. Author
Published in July 2016, <mask> co-wrote with Matthew Lindsay his autobiography titled Let's Make Lots of Money: Secrets of a Rich, Fat, Gay, Lucky Bastard.In December 2016, the book was longlisted for the Penderyn Music Book Prize and in July 2017 the book was released in paperback under the title Let's Make Lots of Money: My Life as the Biggest Man in Pop. <mask> suffered from poor health in his later years. He had diabetes and in 2013, had a liver transplant. He died on 24 February 2020, and his funeral was held on 10 March. References

1949 births
2020 deaths
British music industry executives
English music managers
English songwriters
English record producers
Art collectors from London
Designers from London
Impresarios

masks:
Tom Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Thomas Frederick Watkins
Frederick Joseph Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Tom Watkins
Tom Parker
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Design Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Death Watkins


texts:
<mask> ( or ; 23 May 1856  in Montevideo, Uruguay – 20 October 1929), nicknamed Don Pepe, was a prominent Uruguayan politician, who served two terms as President of Uruguay for the Colorado Party. He was the son of a former president and was widely praised for his introduction of his political system, Batllism, to South America and for his role in modernizing Uruguay through his creation of extensive welfare state reforms. In 1898, he served as interim president for a few weeks. He was later elected to the presidency for two terms: from 1903 to 1907 and from 1911 to 1915. He remains one of the most popular Uruguayan presidents, in part due to his role as a social reformer. Influenced by Krausist liberalism, he is known for introducing  unemployment compensation, eight-hour workdays, and universal suffrage, as well as free high school education. Early life and background

<mask> was born on May 23, 1856 in Montevideo to <mask> and Amalia Ordoñez.<mask>’s grandfather, <mask> <mask>, had arrived in Montevideo on his own ship with <mask>’s grandmother from Sitjes, a town near Barcelona, and built a flour mill which won a contract to provision the Royal Spanish Navy in Montevideo. <mask>’s grandfather was loyal to the Spanish crown through both the British invasions of the River Plate and the first and second attempts to secure Uruguayan independence from Spain led by <mask> Artigas, and subsequently returned to Spain in 1814, and the rest of the <mask> family followed in 1818. <mask>’s grandmother died in Sitjes in 1823, and his grandfather subsequently returned to Montevideo in 1833 to reopen the flour mill. <mask>’s father Lorenzo had been born in Uruguay in 1810, and returned the Montevideo three years before the rest of the family in 1830, after an extensive education in France and Spain. <mask>’s father quickly joined and became prominent within the Colorados, and was involved in the Uruguayan Civil War, notably personally escorting Fructuoso Rivera to exile in Brazil in 1847. <mask> married <mask>’s mother, the daughter of another Colorado guerrilla, during the Uruguayan Civil War. The <mask> family were  (prominent figures) within the Colorado Party, with five of <mask>’s relatives serving as president.<mask>’s father Lorenzo had served as Minister of War during the Great Siege of Montevideo, and was elected President of Uruguay in 1868 when <mask> was 12 years old. <mask>'s children César, Rafael and Lorenzo were actively engaged in politics, with César and Lorenzo serving in . He was also the uncle of another Uruguayan President, <mask> Berres and the great-uncle of President <mask>, and his uncle-in-law Duncan Stewart served as acting president for three weeks in 1894. After attending an English school in Montevideo, <mask> began studying at the University of the Republic. At university, he became involved in the discussions and debates between the ‘idealists’ and ‘positivists’. Led by Prudencio Váquez <mask>, Batlle was a prominent member of the idealists. Batlle’s political ideology was influenced by the work of philosopher Heinrich Ahrens, whose work was introduced to Batlle by Váquez y Vega.<mask> left university in 1879 without completing his law degree. The following year, in 1880, a 24-year-old <mask> convinced his father to let him study for a year in Paris, where he took a course in English and sat in on philosophy lectures at the Sorbonne and Collège de France before returning home when money ran out. <mask> was a prominent journalist and founded El Día newspaper in 1886. <mask> used his newspaper as a political platform for criticizing his opponents and promoting his reformist agenda. Political career

<mask>’s political career began in 1887, when he was appointed as the  of department of Minas. <mask>’s appointment was short-lived, however, as he resigned six months to seek election to the Chamber of Deputies as a candidate on the Colorado ticket. After a disagreement with then-president Máximo Tajes, however, <mask> lost his spot on the ticket.He was eventually elected in 1891 as a deputy for the department of Salto, and quickly rose to further prominence within the Colorado party. Senate

<mask> was elected as a senator for Montevideo Department in November 1898, and rapidly became President of the Senate of Uruguay. As the President of the Senate was (at the time) the first in line to the presidency, <mask> briefly served as the acting President of Uruguay while Juan Lindolfo Cuestas stepped aside to legitimate his de facto presidency in 1899. At elections in 1900, however, the Colorados performed poorly, and dissident Colorado senators elected Juan Carlos Blanco Fernández as President of the Senate by one vote. <mask> would later briefly regain the position of President of the Senate in February 1903 before becoming President of the Republic. First Presidency (1903–07)

Revolution of 1904

In 1904 <mask>'s government forces successfully ended the intermittent Uruguayan Civil War which had persisted for many years, when the opposing National Party leader Aparicio Saravia was killed at the battle of Masoller. Without their leader, Saravia's followers abandoned their fight, starting a period of relative peace.Social reforms

During <mask> <mask>'s term in office, secularization became a major political issue. Uruguay banned crucifixes in hospitals by 1906, and eliminated references to God and the Gospel in public oaths. Divorce laws were also established during this time. He led Uruguay's delegation to the Second Hague Conference and was noted for his peace proposals there. Much of the time between his two terms <mask> spent travelling in Europe and picking up ideas for new political and social reforms, which he introduced during his second term. Second Presidency (1911–15)
In 1913, influenced by visiting and studying French and Swiss politics between his first and second terms, <mask> proposed a reorganization of the government which would replace the presidency with a nine-member National Council of Administration, similar to the Swiss Federal Council. <mask>’s proposal for a collective leadership body was defeated in 1916 referendum, but he managed to establish a model in which executive powers were split between the Presidency and the National Council of Administration when a variant of his proposal was implemented with the Constitution of 1918.Economy
During <mask>'s second term, he began a new movement, Batllism, which involved concerted state action against foreign economic imperialism. He fought for such things as unemployment compensation (1914), eight-hour workdays (1915), and universal suffrage. As president, <mask> introduced a wide range of reforms in areas such as social security and working conditions. All of this brought a great government involvement into the economy. Private monopolies were turned into government monopolies and tariffs were imposed on foreign products, including machinery and raw material imports. The growth of the meat processing industry stimulated the livestock industry, Uruguay's main source of wealth. Education
Education started a process of great expansion since the mid-to-late 19th century.It became the key to success for the middle class community. The state-approved free high school education and created more high schools through the country. The university was also opened to women, and the enrollment increased throughout the country. Later life

In early 1920 <mask> killed Washington Beltrán Barbat, a National Party deputy, in a formal duel that stemmed from vitriolic editorials published in <mask>'s 'El Día' newspaper and Beltrán's 'El País'. His son Washington Beltrán would become President of Uruguay. He also served twice as Chairman of the National Council of Administration (1921-1923, 1927-1928). After suffering abdominal pain for some time, Battle admitted himself to the Italian Hospital of Montevideo on September 18th 1929 for the first of two planned operations.While <mask> had made somewhat of a recovery a month later (with the second operation planned for another two or three months later), he had suffered some setbacks. Around midday on October 20th, Battle suffered the first of two thromboembolisms, with the second one later that afternoon proving fatal. Legacy

The first implementation of the  system which <mask> had championed, the National Council of Administration, was overthrown in a coup by president Gabriel Terra in 1933 and abolished by the third Constitution of Uruguay in 1934, a little over four years after <mask>’s death. The idea of the  system remained influential, however, and was reintroduced with the 1952 Constitution of Uruguay in the form of the National Council of Government. The National Council of Government fully abolished the presidency, making it closer to <mask>’s desired system, but was itself abolished for a second time and the presidency re-established by the 1967 constitution. A public park and a neighborhood in Montevideo are named after him. There is also a town in Lavalleja Department named after him.See also
 List of political families

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

1856 births
1929 deaths
Burials at the Central Cemetery of Montevideo
Uruguayan duellists
Children of presidents of Uruguay
Colorado Party (Uruguay) politicians
Education and Culture Ministers of Uruguay
People from Montevideo
Presidents of Uruguay
Presidents of the Senate of Uruguay
Uruguayan people of Catalan descent
Uruguayan agnostics
Male feminists
Prime Ministers of Uruguay
Uruguayan feminists

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<mask> (born December 5, 1983) is an American singer-songwriter known for her unconventional lyrics and her blending of folk, rock, and blues influences. She based in Barcelona, Spain, having relocated from Nashville, TN. <mask> has released seven recordings: Tidewaters, Rivers + Roads, Under This Yellow Sun, The Scorpion in the Story, Until Morning/Come Out of the Dark, El Mar, and La Huerta. The intensity of <mask>’s recorded music contrasts with her often humorous approach to her live shows, which usually includes audience interaction. <mask> is also known for her advocation of the DIY (Do-It-Yourself) work ethic. In recent years she has become known for mixing the musical styles of rock, blues, and flamenco. Biography
<mask> was born just outside Chicago.She later moved to Sarasota, FL, and lived there until she graduated from high school at the age of 17. During this time, she started classical training on the piano and cello, both eventually traded in favor of guitar at 13. <mask> became involved in theater and independent film in college. She attended Florida State University on a full academic scholarship, studying theater, music, and business. She graduated in three and a half years. It was during her time at Florida State that <mask>' focus shifted from theater to music. She started playing open mic nights and later started touring as a solo artist.It was during this time that she developed her trademark guitar and vocal style. <mask> moved to Nashville for several years, where she recorded her first four albums, and now lives in Barcelona, Spain. She is endorsed by D'Addario strings. Music career

Tidewaters EP (2004)

At the age of eighteen <mask> recorded her first release, the Tidewaters EP. Different versions of three of the four songs on the EP ("One in a Million," “Red Letter Day," “When I Said") would later appear on <mask>' first full-length album, Rivers + Roads. The EP eventually attracted the attention of a small label based in Nashville, Platinum Plus Universal Records (PPUR). <mask> signed a developmental deal with PPUR in 2003.Rivers + Roads (2005)

While still in college, <mask> recorded her first album, Rivers + Roads, in Nashville. Tony Migliore was the artistic producer on the album, a Juilliard-educated pianist known for his work with Don McClean, KD Lang, and Chet Atkins. The album featured a number of Nashville session musicians, such as Kerry Marx, who has played with Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash. During the post-production of Rivers + Roads, <mask> toured in France and England. Upon returning to the United States, <mask> graduated from FSU and moved to Nashville in January 2005. <mask> was selected as a Unisong International Songwriting Contest Finalist for her politically charged song "The Poster Child" later that year. Soon after the official release of Rivers + Roads, <mask> broke with her record label, Platinum Plus.She started touring heavily in the United States. Radio and video airplay in the U.S., Belgium, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Ireland, France, and England resulted. These included Music Choice (on demand), as well as military and commercial reels. One of the eight months was devoted to The Feed Your Soul Guitar Project, a 27-city tour and folk art auction benefiting Oxfam America. The Feed Your Soul Guitar Project and tour attracted attention from The Village Voice, All Music Guide, Collected Sounds, Savannah Morning News, Media Search (Australia), Blues in Britain Magazine (UK), Northeast InTune Magazine, NBC, ABC, FOX and NPR affiliates. <mask>' debut music video, "Rivers + Roads," was screened at the Flint Film Festival 2006, and was selected "Best Pop Video" at the Indie Gathering 2006. Songs from Rivers + Roads were included on compilations such as KSYM-FM Camp Victory Compilation for the Troops (SCOOP KSYM-FM, 2007), MSMF Multiple Sclerosis Music Fest 2006 Compilation CD (Montel Williams MS Foundation, 2006), Canadian Music Week Best Unsigned Artists of 2006 (Tunetank, 2006),.Under This Yellow Sun (2007)

In 2007 <mask> started work on her third release, co-produced and recorded with indie rock veteran David Henry (R.E.M., Ben Folds, Josh Rouse, Cowboy Junkies) as co-producer. The album features guest musicians Steve Bowman (Counting Crows), Aaron Sands (Jars of Clay), Pat Buchanan (Mary Chapin Carpenter, Dixie Chicks) John Deaderick (Patty Griffin, Lucinda Williams), Daniel Dennis (Prime Cut Records), Matthew Burgess (Brandi Carlile, Third Eye Blind), Joe Rathbone (Prime Cut Records) and producer David Henry.,

During the production of the album, <mask> continued to tour in the United States. She once again collaborated with Rivers + Roads director Wayne Hall to create the music video for "Cold War," which was screened at the 2008 Florida Indie Film Jam. Under This Yellow Sun is the first release on Sparks' own record label (Glass Mountain Records) and publishing company (Hand Over Foot Publishing). The album was praised by medias outlets such as Relix, Harp, Maverick, Skope, The Nashville Scene, Popmatters, and many regional newspapers across the country. After breaking the Top 100 on the RIYL Weighted College Charts, the album was licensed by MTV, Lifetime, and the Oxygen Network for use in their 2008–2009 television seasons. A subsequent feature by XM Radio Unsigned prompted Universal Music France to contact Sparks.Universal included the album’s first single “Cold War” on their double-disc compilation Country Vol 2., released internationally in March 2008. The compilation sold 40,000 copies in Europe. The song was later licensed to the 10th season of American crime drama Criminal Minds in 2014. [3]

<mask> was featured on the April 2008 covers of City at Night Magazine and Triangle Live in conjunction with her participation in the Tin Pan South music festival and non-profit fund raiser in Nashville. "Cold War" was selected a Unisong International Songwriting Contest Finalist (2007), and was later included on the Paste Magazine New Music Sampler in June 2008 (Issue # 43). Other artists on the compilation included Elvis Costello, She and Him, and Nada Surf. The song "Caged Bird" from Under This Yellow Sun was selected one of the Top 12 DIY Downloads by Performing Songwriter magazine (2008), and one of the Top 10 Tracks of 2007 by Cashville 411.The Scorpion in the Story (2009)
<mask>' third full-length album, The Scorpion in the Story, was the second album she co-produced with David Henry. Players on the album include Steve Bowman (Counting Crows), Will Kimbrough (Rodney Crowell), Viktor Krauss (Lyle Lovett, Mindy Smith, Allison Krauss), Fats Kaplin (Mark Knopfler, Kevin Welch), and Barry Walsh (Gretchen Peters). The Scorpion in the Story includes a French version of the song "Merry Go-Round," ("Le Manege"), and was released on Glass Mountain Records in June 2009. The video for "Merry Go-Round" was filmed with the participation of the National Carousel Association and the City of Shelby, NC, as well as the Nashville Rollerderby Girls. Scorpion was listed in various "Best-Of" lists for 2010 in the US, the UK, Germany, Sweden, more. Her albums and website were featured in 2010 by the Los Angeles Times tech blog, Americana UK, and others. The album has been praised by Folkwax, Americana UK and many others, and was a Nashville Scene’s Critic’s Pick.In July 2009 <mask> donated proceeds from the song “Leaving Side of Love” in the Campaign to Save Paste, a program launched by the magazine when it was in financial distress, and again to Paste’s Hurricane Relief Fund benefiting Wyclef Jean’s Yele organization. <mask> continued to tour heavily, often playing as many as thirty shows in thirty days on the road. She has played at festivals such as Bele Chere in Asheville, RedGorilla in Austin, Folk Alliance in Memphis, Springing the Blues in Jacksonville, and others. <mask> has appeared on the Woodsongs Old-Time Radio Hour with Rolling Stones pianist Chuck Leavell, NBC Channel 10 in Philadelphia, Lightning 100s Nashville Sunday Night, and other radio and television shows. <mask> was one of the singers considered for the role of Arachne in the Broadway production of Spiderman, directed by Julie Taymor. Until Morning/Come Out of the Dark (2011)

<mask>’ fourth album, Until Morning/Come out of the Dark, is her third musical collaboration with producer David Henry and her first with Roger Moutenot (Yo La Tengo, Elvis Costello, Velvet Underground, Gypsy Kings, Paula Cole, Rosanne Cash). The recordings feature the band from her previous recordings, as well as guest vocalists Shawn Mullins (Grammy nominee, No.1 on the US Americana Charts), Mike Farris (Americana Music Association Artist of the Year, Dove Award Winner), Paris DeLane (Sonia Dada), and David Mead. Until Morning/Come out of the Dark was released in August 2011, on vinyl and as a double CD. This record marks the first Spanish-language song that <mask> has recorded, a Cuban song from 1947 called "Quizás, Quizás, Quizás." The song "Rain" was licensed by the airline Lufthansa for their inflight music playlists. [3] The album art was a design by noted New York visual artist Joe Petruccio, best known for his work with the Elvis Presley Estate and Graceland in Memphis. El Mar (2014)

Her fifth full-length studio album, El Mar, was the first album she recorded in Spain. The album is a collaboration with Spanish flamenco fusion trio Calamento and electric guitarist El Rubio.<mask> met the musicians from Calamento when they were booked on same bill at a benefit concert for a local food bank in 2012. <mask> first started working with their percussion player, Javi Garcia, playing the repertoire from her previous albums, and later started collaborating on arrangements with the whole group, mixing her musical style (rock, folk, and blues) with their flamenco fusion. In January 2014 they went into the studio to record. [84]

The bilingual album El Mar (in English, The Sea) features several previously unrecorded original songs (including the title track) as well as several of <mask>' compositions from her previous four albums ("Cold War," "Mama," "Under This Yellow Sun," and "Out of the Void") reworked into flamenco-based arrangements. Adapted versions of other artists'  works, including traditional Spanish and Mexican songs, arrangements of songs by Leonard Cohen and Javier Ruibal, among others, make this the first of <mask>' albums to be a mix of cover songs and

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 original songs, as well as the first to be sung half in Spanish and half in English. [84]

The album was released in October 2014 at a benefit concert for Pinktober at Barcelona's Hard Rock Cafe. [85] The album resulted in numerous articles and interviews by Spanish national press, including Rolling Stone, Ruta66, Rockdelux, Radio3, Radio4, RTVE2, El Periodico, La Vanguardia, MondoSonoro, CadenaSER and many others.[86] It was included in Best-Of lists by magazines such as Orfeo, and more. The group went on to tour in Germany, Spain, Italy, and Portugal, and play festivales including (In)Fusion Flamenca, the GREC Festival, Monkey Week, and the Voll-Damm Festival Internacional de Jazz., and opened for artists such as Las Migas, Joe Satriani, Aurora Beltran, more. The album also features flamenco singers Iza and El Duende, who contribute backing vocals. El Mar was recorded in Feelback Studio with engineer Cesar J. de Cisneros, who won a Grammy Award in 2007 for his work on the Ojos de Brujo album Techari. [84]

La Huerta (2017)

<mask>' sixth full-length studio album, La Huerta, is <mask>' second musical collaboration with flamenco fusion group Calamento and was also recorded with Cesar J. de Cisnernos in Feelback Studio. Guitarist El Rubio has become a permanent part of the band, which is reflected in the slightly more electric and experimental sound of the album. The album also features guest vocalists Alba Bioque and once again Joquin Gomez "El Duende."La Huerta was presented in an exclusive first-look by magazine Rockdelux, and was officially released on February 23, 2017. La Huerta includes original compositions (“Little Wars,” “On My Mind,” “Bitter Seeds,” “Until Morning,” and title track “La Huerta", as well as versiones of flamenco songs ("Malena," "La Leyenda del Tiempo"), rumba ("Vete), jazz songs ("Nature Boy"), Cuban music ("Veinte Años"), rock ("Kashmir" by Led Zeppelin), and traditional gospel music ("Wade in the Water”). Wade in the Water was recorded live with the participation of a studio audience, and is included as a bonus track on the CD version of La Huerta and as a free digital download on the vinyl version of the record. La Huerta was also recorded with Cesar J. de Cisnernos in Feelback Studio and mastered by Grammy winning French engineer Yves Roussell. The music video for the first single "Nature Boy" feature actors Helena Mankowska and Marc Espuny Sanchez and was directed by Francesco Tavolaro. The album release shows in February (Barcelona) and March (March) of 2017 featured celebrity special guests El Yiyo (flamenco dancer), Alba Bioque and Julio de los Chavis (flamenco singers), and Ramon Gimenez of Ojos de Brujo. <mask>, Calamento, and El Rubio have since been interviewed or featured on influential national and international television and radio programs including LateMotiv with Andreu Buenafuente, and programs on BTV, RTVE2, Radio1, Radio3, Radio4, as well as numerous interviews in print.The limited-edition vinyl LP version of La Huerta was released on April 22, 2017, in honor of Record Store Day. It was during production of La Huerta that <mask> started collaborating with independent fashion designed Philissa Williams, who designs most of the dresses that <mask> wears in her stage shows, including the pieces featured in the live videos of the album release concerts and the “Nature Boy” music video. Wait No More (2019)

On April 13, 2019, <mask> and her Spanish band Calamento released their third album together. This is <mask>' first live recording, titled Wait No More (Glass Mountain Records, 2019). The album was recorded live at music venue Luz de Gas in Barcelona, on September 14, 2018, and featured guest artists Alba Bioque (singer) and Lena Nouar (belly dancer). A vinyl limited edition of Wait No More was released on Record Store Day 2019, featuring a selection of the songs recorded at the concert. On April 26, 2019, <mask> also released a double-disc digital edition of Wait No More, featuring all 19 songs from the Luz de Gas show.The singles La flor de Estambul, Wait No More, and Mama were released in advance of the album. The album Wait No More was previewed exclusively on rock magazine Ruta66''' website for a week before officially being release to the public. Other Releases

In 2007, <mask> released the digital-only Little Stories EP at the same time as Under This Yellow Sun. It includes four previously unreleased acoustic songs, as well as the original demo for the song “Under This Yellow Sun.”

In late 2007, <mask> released a Christmas single, "Hope for Me," as well as two behind the scenes videos: <mask> with Producer David Henry: The Making of Under This Yellow Sun (Glass Mountain Records, 2007) and Behind The Scenes: Screen Printing Madness with <mask> (Glass Mountain Records, 2007). In late 2009 <mask> released a live DVD "<mask>: Live at the Rutledge," a selection of songs recorded at the CD release concert for The Scorpion in the Story album. In mid 2015 Sparks released a limited-edition white vinyl 7-inch single of the song "Everybody Knows" from the album El Mar. The B-side to the single was an alternate version of the song "La Llorona" from the album.[87]

Activism and Professional Speaking
<mask> has been part of benefit concerts on behalf of the National Federation of the Blind, F.A.C.E., the March of Dimes, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, Operation Troop Aid, Project Cure, Hope Clinic for Women, MusicCares, Gilda's House, Harmony Republic, the One Campaign, Casa Ronald McDonald, Banco de Alimentos de Barcelona, Pinktober, Fundesplai, Save the Music and others. The Feed Your Soul Guitar Project's auction of a guitar decorated by <mask> raised awareness of the One Campaign and money for one of their partner organizations, Oxfam America.,, Athens Banner-Herald, "Sparks’ Career Shines on Its Own" by Beth Jones (September 12, 2008)

She has given guest lectures on the music industry in English and in French in high schools and universities in Tennessee and Florida, and is the author of two educational courses for ProMusicU. <mask> wrote a monthly column on the subject of DIY in the music business in Nashville's Dream Row magazine,[65][66] and in Spring 2011 was a guest on internationally syndicated Music Business Radio hosted by David Hooper. [67]

She regularly speaks on similar topics at universities, performing arts schools, music conferences and festivals. She was a guest on a panel (as well as a performer) at South by Southwest 2011 on the topic of booking and touring,[68] and a panelist at the Knitting Factory's "This is Music" industry discussions in May 2011. [80] <mask> was guest on Spain's national television Radio3 Television in September 2011,[69] and began writing regularly for Barcelona-based English language magazine Metropolitan about local music and culture around the same time. [81] Soon after, she was invited to speak at the largest international world music conference, WOMEX in Thessaloniki, Greece, on the subject of DIY in the music business, [82], PrimaveraPro in Barcelona and La Fira Mediterranea de Manresa in 2017 and 2018 on the topics of how to survive for a decade in the music industry using a DIY work ethic, and the role of women in the music industry, respectively; and was booked to play in major festivals such as the Montreux Jazz Festival, Barcelona International Jazz Festival, [83] and others.She has continued to tour extensively in Europe, both solo and with various configurations of musicians. [88]

Discography

 Albums and EPs

Vinyl

Videos

Singles

Compilations
 Sin City Sampler: Volume 13 (Sin City Media, 2010)
 Dewey Beach Music Fest Sampler (DBMF, 2009)
 Paste Magazine New Music Sampler #54 (GoGirls Music, 2009)
 Paste Magazine New Music Sampler #54 (Paste Media Group, 2009)
 Project Cure Compilation 2008 (Project Cure, 2008)
 Paste Magazine New Music Sampler (Paste Media Group, 2008)
 Country Vol. 2 (double-disc) (Universal Music France, 2008)
 Moozikoo Best of Indies (Digital Release Only) (Moozikoo.com, 2008)
 KSYM-FM Camp Victory Compilation for the Troops (SCOOP KSYM-FM, 2007)
 MSMF Multiple Sclerosis Music Fest 2006 Compilation CD (Montel Williams MS Foundation, 2006)
 Canadian Music Week Best Unsigned Artists of 2006 (Tunetank, 2006)
 A Taste of Triple A #16 Compilation (A Taste of Triple A, 2006)
 World Music From Catalonia 2015 (Creative Catalonia/Government of Catalonia, 2015)
 World Music From Catalonia 2017 (Creative Catalonia/Government of Catalonia, 2015)

Collaborations
 “Mr. Bickle” from Wooden Music for a Plastic World. (Duet with Jeff Kuykendall. In Production, 2009.) "Blackbird" from A Me-Shaped Hole.(Written with Caroline Brewer. Independently released, 2008.) “When You Walked Away” (Written with Rebecca Hosking, 2008)
 “Pale Sorghum Lo-Fi Blues” from Pale Sorghum Lo-Fi Blues (Duet with D.W. DeHart. DeHorn Boys Music, 2007)
 “Letter to a Wretch #2” (Duet with Shawn Mullins, Digital Release Only, Glass Mountain Records/Courtesy of Vanguard Records, 2010)
 “Letter to a Wretch #2” (Duet with Shawn Mullins, Glass Mountain Records/Courtesy of Vanguard Records, 2010)
 "Siempre y Cuando Sobre Todo" (Duet with Lucas Masciano, Live, 2014)
 El Mar album (Arrangements with Calamento and El Rubio, Glass Mountain Records, 2014)
 "Her Love" (With Frankie Chavez, Live, 2015)
 "Wade in the Water" (With A Contra Blues, Live, 2016)
 La Huerta album (Arrangements with Calamento and El Rubio, Glass Mountain Records, 2017)

 Record Labels

<mask>' first full-length album Rivers + Roads'' was released by Platinum Plus Universal Records. She started her own publishing company, Hand Over Foot Publishing in 2005, and record label, Glass Mountain Records in 2007. Under This Yellow Sun and all subsequent releases have been on Glass Mountain. <mask>' other publishing company, Wry Toast Publishing, was started in 2008.Glass Mountain Records is distributed by Karonte Distribution in Spain, Galileo Music Communication GmbH in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, and Burnside Distribution in all other territories. References

External links
 ToriSparks.com
 Glass Mountain Records
 <mask> at AllMusic

1983 births
American women singer-songwriters
American rock songwriters
American rock singers
Women rock singers
American rock guitarists
Living people
Florida State University alumni
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women

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