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 St Helens FC) under the captaincy of Freddie Turner, a former Oxford teammate, and captain of Scotland. The team also included Dickie Lloyd, Ireland's flyhalf and captain, so that the club had in the 1913–14 season three international rugby captains of the same era. The club lost 57 members in the First World War, including both Turner and <mask>. <mask> played three games for England in 1912, against Wales on 20 January, Ireland on 10 February, and Scotland on 16 March. His next international game was on 4 January 1913 at Twickenham against a touring side from South Africa, in which he scored the only try by any of the international teams to face the tourists of 1912–13.E.H.D. Sewell recounts how England might have scored a further try in the game. <mask>, playing at left centre, cut through the midfield and swerved to the right, leaving the South African fullback Gerhard Morkel standing, and would have scored, had it not been for E.E. McHardy's tackle. Cyril Lowe, England's right wing was criticised by the press for not following up, but <mask> placed the blame on his left wing, V.M.H. Coates. Sewell, who thought that <mask> was better suited to play on the wing than in the centre, considered that <mask>'s elusiveness had made it impossible for the wings to keep up with him.Two weeks later, on 18 January, the Welsh hosted the English at Cardiff. England had not won in Wales since 1895. Norman Wodehouse, England's captain, was confident of victory until the morning of the match when it was raining, and the first half of the match, played in wind and rain, ended without a score. In the second half, <mask> having found 'a small green patch in a sea of mud', kicked a dropgoal to open the scoring. England then scored two tries, one initiated by <mask>, to win the match 0–12. <mask> was appointed captain of England in 1914, and led the team for all four matches of the Five Nations Championship, and a second successive 'Grand Slam', though the term had not yet been coined. The first match was against Wales, and England only just managed to win.For the next game, against Ireland, a large police contingent was posted outside the ground in anticipation of violent protests relating to the Home rule debate, but the 40,000 crowd were peaceable and kept entertained. The Irish flyhalf and captain that day was <mask>'s Liverpool teammate Dickie Lloyd, who praised <mask> as 'the greatest player I ever came in contact with ... It was as much a pleasure to play against him as with him for he was always the same fascinating figure ...' The next match was against Scotland for the Calcutta Cup and the Triple Crown. England, through a hat-trick of tries from Lowe, got ahead 16–6, but Scotland fought back to within one point. The last international rugby match to be held before the First World War was the 1914 fixture between England and France, at Colombes on 13 April 1914. Scoring four tries in England's 39–13 victory, <mask> set a record for tries scored in an international match. It remained unmatched until 2011, when Chris Ashton equalled his tally.Five players from that England team were killed in the First World War: <mask>, James, Watson, Arthur Dingle, Francis Oakley, and Arthur Harrison, who was awarded the Victoria Cross. When it transpired that some farmers and fishermen in Devon were receiving money to play, <mask> challenged the RFU on the question of payment to players, arguing that recompensing workers for lost wages did not amount to professionalism, but would allow rugby to flourish amongst all social classes. He was ignored. <mask> reckoned that the best game he played was England versus Scotland in March 1914, when he led England to victory in the last international game of rugby to played in the United Kingdom before the First World War. Besides that game, he considered the next best to be those against Wales and South Africa in 1913. Against Wales, playing on the wing, he dropped a goal in England's 12–0 victory away at Cardiff, with his former Oxford partner Billy Geen at centre for the opposition. International appearances

Military service and death

After leaving Oxford and stepping down from the Officers' Training Corps, <mask> moved to Reading in January 1912, where he was commissioned into 1st/4th Battalion Princess Charlotte of Wales's (Royal Berkshire Regiment) (Territorial Force) in June of the same year, and promoted to the rank of lieutenant in July 1913.At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, <mask> volunteered for overseas service. He wrote to his parents saying: "Darling parents, nothing counts till this war is settled and Germany beaten. You can't realise in Australia what is happening here. Germany has to be smashed, i.e. I mean the military party and everybody realises and everybody is volunteering. Those who are best trained are most wanted so I would be a skunk to hold back." The battalion was sent to Chelmsford and remained there in training until 30 March 1915, when it departed for the Western Front.His experience of the war was brief. On the morning of 5 May 1915, <mask> was involved in repairing a trench, in the vicinity of Ploegsteert Wood in Belgium, when he was shot by an enemy sniper. His commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Thorne, wrote that his death must have been instantaneous. Captain Jack Conybeare, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, a school friend from both OPS and Rugby, wrote later that day: "I was talking to one of the Berks' officers this morning. He told me that <mask> was far and away the most popular officer in the battalion, both among officers and men. Apparently he was standing on top of the parapet last night, directing a working party, when he was hit. Of course, by day, anyone who shows his head above the parapet is courting disaster; in fact if one is caught doing so one is threatened with court-martial.At night, on the other hand, we perpetually have working parties of one kind or another out, either wiring, repairing the parapet, or doing something which involves coming from under cover, and one simply takes the risk of stray bullets." Three weeks earlier, on 14 April he had captained a South Midlands Division team to a 17–0 victory in a game of rugby against the 4th Division, with Basil Maclear, the former Irish international, as referee. It was <mask>'s last. His team included two other internationals, Sidney Smart of England, and William Middleton Wallace of Scotland, while the opposition fielded Billy Hinton and Tyrell, both of Ireland, Rowland Fraser of Scotland, and Morton of England. <mask> Palmer's grave is in Hyde Park Corner (Royal Berks) Cemetery, near Ploegsteert, Belgium. A memorial to him was erected at Balliol College, on the west wall of the Chapel passage. The cross marking <mask>'s grave in Flanders was taken back to Oxford, and is mounted in a wall in Hollywell Cemetery.In memoriam
George Cunningham, his Oxford teammate and captain, wrote on hearing of his death: "He ran, as everyone remembers, with a curiously even, yet high-stepping motion, his head thrown back, the ball held in front at full arms' length. Invariably cheerful, seldom without a beaming smile on his face, he was a welcome companion on the football field and everywhere else." At Rugby, a service was held on 10 May. The Reverend Albert David, Head Master of Rugby School, delivered these words in his sermon: "... we have indeed given of our best. If we were asked to describe what highest kind of manhood rugby helps to make, I think we should have Ronnie in mind as we spoke of it. God had endowed him with a rare combination of graces ... what we hoped would come of it ... strong and tender and true, he lived for others and died for others." On 30 May 1915, a memorial service was held at St Giles' Church in Oxford.Reverend William Temple addressed the congregation, saying: "Many of us believed that with his ready sympathy, his utter freedom from selfishness, and his courage to follow what he saw to be right, he would grasp the causes of our labour unrest and class friction, and by removing them from the great industry in whose control a large part was to be his, set an example which would prove a great force in our social regeneration ... What he hated most in our usual manner of life was the artificial barriers that hold people apart, and the suspiciousness of one class towards another ..."

Twenty seven England international rugby players were killed in World War I of a total international toll of one hundred and thirty. One of the most notable was <mask>-Palmer, who was considered by many contemporary observers as perhaps the greatest-ever attacking rugby union threequarter. Awards
<mask> was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame on 20 September 2015. See also
 List of England rugby union footballers killed in the World Wars
 List of international rugby union players killed in action during the First World War

References

Bibliography

 Starmer-Smith, Nigel (ed) Rugby – A Way of Life, An Illustrated History of Rugby (Lennard Books, 1986 )

External links

1889 births
1915 deaths
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Royal Berkshire Regiment officers
English rugby union players
England international rugby union players
People educated at The Dragon School
British military personnel killed in World War I
British Army personnel of World War I
Rugby union players from Oxford
People educated at Rugby School
Harlequin F.C. players
World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees
Deaths by firearm in Belgium
Military personnel from Oxfordshire
Burials at Hyde Park Corner (Royal Berks) Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery
Officers' Training Corps

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<mask>, or Sofronie Vârnav (also known as Charles Basile Varnav, Charles de Wirnave, Varnavu or Vîrnav; died ), was a Moldavian and Romanian political figure, philanthropist, collector, and Orthodox clergyman. The scion of an aristocratic family, he was made to study for a career in the church, but fled Moldavia and studied abroad. Acquainted with the Romanian liberal movement, and an ardent Romanian nationalist, he helped establish bodies of intellectuals dedicated to cultural and political cooperation across the Danubian Principalities and beyond—including, in 1846, the Romanian library of Paris. His purchase of mainly Baroque paintings, donated by him to Academia Mihăileană, forms the core of the Iași Museum of Art. With Nicolae Bălcescu and C. A. Rosetti, <mask> also managed the Society of Romanian Students in Paris, whose revolutionary agenda brought him into conflict with European governments. He then played a small part in the French Revolution of 1848, before returning to take orders at Neamț Monastery, a Hieromonk and Starets. Throughout the 1850s, he and his brother Constantin, who was the son-in-law of Gheorghe Bibescu, took part in the nationalist movement that established the United Principalities, and was especially active as an electoral campaigner.However, his support of modernization in schools and the church was not welcomed by the religious establishment, and his stand-off with the conservative monks of Neamț resulted in the establishment of a dissident monastery. Subsequently, Vârnav lost the backing of Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza, although he still approved of Cuza's authoritarian agenda. After campaigning nationally in support of Carol I, Vârnav ended his career in Tutova County. Active in antisemitic circles, he was allied with the Free and Independent Faction. On this basis, he contested a seat in the Assembly of Deputies during December 1867, but died after sudden illness just days after winning. Rumors of his poisoning by the Romanian Jews sparked a riot, which had to be quelled by armed intervention, and an official inquiry. He was survived by his brother Constantin and a nephew, engineer and politician <mask> C. Vârnav.Biography

Early activities
It is known that Vârnav was a native of Hilișeu (or Silișeu), Dorohoi County, but other details remain sketchy, with his year of birth given as far back as 1801 or as recent as 1813. Historian Petronel Zahariuc notes that it may be impossible to pinpoint the exact date, though he notes that the most likely one was provided by Vârnav himself as being October 14, 1813. Zahariuc also points out that another record from Vârnav's day had 1810, and sees 1801 as unrealistic. A family manuscript, which has September 29, 1816, also notes that Vârnav was baptised by, and named after, the reigning Prince <mask> Callimachi. Vârnav belonged to a large family of the Moldavian boyar nobility, attested back to 1621; he was distantly related to Teodor Vârnav, the Bessarabian writer. His immediate ancestors had taken up liberal causes, inspired by the Carbonari. One relative, Petrachi, also led the Moldavian resistance to the "Sacred Band" during the civil war of 1821, alongside Gavril Istrati.<mask> was generally believed to have been the son of Ban Vasile Vârnav (died 1824), noted as a book collector and translator to Romanian—in particular for his renditions of Dimitrie Cantemir's Descriptio Moldaviae, Condillac's Logique, Dionisie Fotino's Istoria tis palai Dakias, and Cesare Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments. As argued by Zahariuc, this identification is partly misleading: <mask>'s father was indeed a Vasile Vârnav, but not the same as the translator; his wife, and <mask>'s mother, was Maria née Gheuca. The future monk's distant cousins included Sofronie Miclescu, who would later serve as Metropolitan Bishop of Moldavia. Scarlat had a brother, Constantin (also known as Costandin or Costache), who trained himself as a surgeon. Together, the two inherited Hilișeu estate and part of Liveni. After an early education allegedly provided by his father, Scarlat began trying his hand at copying manuscripts. Zahariuc notes that both <mask> and Constantin were sent to study abroad in the Duchy of Bukovina "immediately after" the 1821 troubles, but that Scarlat as back in his home village in 1826.Following the death of his father, Maria remarried to another boyar, Costache Roset of Botoșani. One account is that <mask> was selected by his mother to take orders in the Moldavian Church. According to this reading, he was tutored at home by his cousin Miclescu, but escaped to his relatives in Bukovina, and later made his way to Paris. His departure, whether or not prompted by the incident, is tentatively dated to between 1832 and 1836. Vârnav lived in France until 1848. He attended Paris Law Faculty between 1837 and 1840, but he never took a diploma; he probably also heard literature courses at the College of Sorbonne. With his own private funds, he purchased the art collection of Aguado de las Marismas on the recommendation of Gheorghe Panaiteanu Bardasare.It included paintings by Caravaggio, Philippe de Champaigne, Egbert van Heemskerck, Eustache Le Sueur, Pietro Liberi, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, and François Stella; Vârnav also owned a copy of Philippoteaux's La Retraite de Russie, which was probably done by the artist himself, and which he may have purchased at the Exposition nationale des beaux-arts of Brussels, in 1842. In 1847, he donated all artworks in his possession to the Moldavian state, which took little interest in the offer. The collection was left to deteriorate at a shipyard in Galați. Taking up the cause of Romanian nationalism, Vârnav established in 1846 a Romanian library, which he dedicated to the "new era" of European liberalism, and also set the foundation for a Romanian Orthodox chapter in Paris. Regulars included Nicolae Bălcescu, who described the library as actually a salon and a "reunion center for us Romanians." According to the Moldavian liberal writer Gheorghe Sion, Vârnav was good friends with a Rom, Dincă, born into slavery at Pașcani. He tried to persuade Dincă not to return to his owners to Moldavia, offering to employ him as a secretary of the library.In the mid 1840s, Vârnav was also in contact with the agronomist and political thinker Ion Ionescu de la Brad, sponsoring his attempts to set up a model farm in southern Moldavia, and also offering to employ Ionescu as a trainer of peasants. In his address to the library's patrons, which he printed in over 3,000 copies, Vârnav explained that he regarded the Romanian language and the church as the two "protective genii of our nationhood." Like Rosetti, he made reference to Romanians entering an "era of transition", explaining that "Phanariote" mores were "dead", but also that the "new ideas and new beliefs" had not yet settled. The prospects worried him: "we are at times troubled as to whether our so very backward nation might be allowed the time to enjoy those future joys". Vârnav's manifesto chided Westernized Romanians for forgetting their modernizing mission, and even their native language, suggesting that the two were inextricably linked. Overall, he proposed that the emerging Romanian literature needed to keep cosmopolitan tendencies in check: the predominant themes needed to display "originality and Romanianism" rather than the "illusions of the senses" and "chimeras of individual hurdles." His focus was on providing young intellectuals with a cultural training that was already in their vernacular language; this included efforts to discard the Cyrillic orthography as "foreign", and familiarize students with the various adaptations from Latin.He specifically asked book publishers to specify whether their books were in Latin or Cyrillic, intending to prioritize the former. His own experiments resulted in what historian Nicolae Iorga deems a "bizarre personal orthography". While the nationalist movement was struggling to popularize the name "Romanian" for the shared ethnicity and culture, and trying to settle on a spelling of that word, Vârnav suggested the variant Roumén(é), later replaced by român and română. He also proposed that linguists from the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), as well as from other Romanian-speaking regions, meet up in congress "somewhere central to the Romanian lands". Revolutionary
In Vârnav's own definition, the political unification of Moldavia and Wallachia could originate from the cultural "fusion" that he was promoting in the Romanian student colony; his letters of the time opened with the slogan Vivat Unirea ("Long Live Union"). His campaigning led to the establishment of a Society of the Romanian Students in Paris on July 25, 1846, after preliminary networking by a Wallachian, C. A. Rosetti. In April, Vârnav had provided the enterprise with its first capital, by donating 400 Napoléons, and then emerged as the Society's administrator after earning Rosetti's full trust.The club held meetings at Vârnav's house in Quartier de la Sorbonne (Place de la Sorbonne, 3, where the library was also housed). Its triumvirate leadership comprised Rosetti and Ion Ghica of Wallachia, with the Moldavian Vârnav as cashier. However, Rosetti and Vârnav handled most of daily business, with Ghica effectively absent from Paris after August 1846; in later months, Rosetti also left, to be replaced by Bălcescu. This and other concerns prompted the Society to seek patronage from conservative figures in both Principalities—Nicolae Ghica-Comănești, Roxanda Roznovanu, Alexandru Sturdza-Miclăușanu, and various others. Vârnav also offered honorary presidency to the French poet Alphonse de Lamartine who, as he recalled, accepted with "the greatest joy and affection". Some records suggest that, from about 1845, Vârnav had been accepted into the Athénée des Etrangers, a Masonic lodge of the Grand Orient de France. According to genealogist Mihai D. Sturdza, Vârnav never joined the Freemasonry, though he was a member of Spiritist and esoteric lodges while in Paris.Despite his public overture to the conservative boyars, he had also joined the Wallachians' secret society, Frăția ("The Brotherhood"), which was repressed at home but maintained a presence in the diaspora; the Society itself may have been a front for Rosetti's revolutionary conspiracy. Privately, he expressed his dislike for the patronage, noting that Ghica-Comănești and the others had surrendered the Society to "backbiters". The Society was still highly popular, and, according to ledgers published by Vârnav, made a yearly profit of 21,200 francs in subscriptions and donations. He was able to sponsor scholarships for new recruits to the nationalist cause, including Nicolae Ionescu, N. Chinezu, and Ianache Lecca. Also as a result of new funding, he and Ghica were able to bail out the student Martino from debtors' prison. In Moldavia, Constantin became famous for his advocacy of balneotherapy, and also for his work during the 1848 cholera epidemic: he was the only doctor of Iași to have survived the calamity. This was particularly unusual, as he did not believe that cholera was contagious, and relied on folk medicine in his attempts to cure it.He shared some of <mask>'s views about modernization, publishing his plans to set up a sanitary service and medical schools. From 1844, he was also son-in-law of the Wallachian Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, a conservative figure. Nonetheless, the Students' Society revolutionary connections irritated Bibescu, and also caused concern in Russia, which, at the time, shared custody of the Principalities. Despite Lamartine's support, these developments also worried the French monarchy,

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 which was transitioning to conservatism. The Guizot government chose not to give any recognition to the Society, pushing it into the underground. In early 1847, Vârnav's Library welcomed the French republican historian Edgar Quinet; after hearing Quinet speak, Vârnav reportedly stood up and obtained that all Romanians present swear an "oath that they would die for their motherland". By November of that year, Vârnav, Bălcescu, Lecca and Chinezu, alongside Grigore Arghiropol, Dimitrie Brătianu, Ion C. Brătianu and Mihail Kogălniceanu, had founded the semi-legal Însocierea Lazariană ("Lazarian Association").Named in honor of Gheorghe Lazăr, it had a political project to unify and standardize education in both Principalities. This agenda was seen as untimely by other intellectuals, including Alexandru G. Golescu, who refused to participate. Now openly drawn to radical politics, Vârnav became an active participant in the February Revolution. He rallied with the majority of Romanian students who saluted the French Provisional Government, outvoting the more cautious young boyars, including Vasile Alecsandri and Costache Negri. According to a letter sent home by Mihail Kogălniceanu's brother Alecu, Vârnav was regarded as "insane" by the more conservative exiles, who feared that he had no grasp of the revolution's weakness. He went on to serve briefly in the National Guard and set up a first-aid station inside his library. As reported by N. Ionescu, the events also saw the creation of a single Romanian tricolor, combining the Wallachian blue-yellow and the Moldavian blue-red.Constantin, meanwhile, played a part in the abortive Moldavian liberal revolution, helping to draft its only manifesto. <mask> fed this effort by sending his friends at home issues of the French radical newspapers, especially La Démocratie Pacifique. This activity created the impression that Vârnav himself was editing the newspaper; as noted by Zahariuc, it remains plausible that Vârnav was in fact the author of Romanian-centered news in La Démocratie Pacifique, and, as such, that he was attracted by socialism in its Fourierist form. Vârnav reportedly tried to cross the border into Moldavia that March, just days before of the revolutionary attempt; the conservative Prince Mihail Sturdza ordered the border guards to prevent him from doing so. One of his companions, Teodor Râșcanu, managed to pass through, but soon after had to flee for Wallachia. Vârnav made a return to Bukovina, where other Moldavian radicals had found temporary refuge. He proposed that the library funds be used to sponsor selective clandestine returns to the country; when other Society members argued against this initiative, he promised to pay back the money using his personal assets.Some reports suggest that Vârnav eventually returned to his native country alongside Claude Thions, Consul to Moldavia of the French Second Republic. Zahariuc dismisses these as rumors, proposing that they may refer to another <mask> Vârnav. According to Ion Nistor, Vârnav received the title of Postelnic and was advanced to Sublieutenant in the Moldavian Militia; however, Iorga indicates, these were bestowed upon the other Vârnav, who had been allowed in Moldavia. Unionist agent and legal troubles
As recounted by Zahariuc, Vârnav could only have been repatriated following the enthronement of Grigore Alexandru Ghica, a more liberal Prince, in late 1849. A passing note by an adversary suggests that in summer 1850 the Romanian Library had gone out of business, and that its Cashier "has returned to his family in Moldavia." Upon his eventual arrival, Moldavian officials asked him to pay storage fees for the Marismas collection, but he was also able to recover it from Galați. He ordered its restoration, and assigned it to Bardasare and Gheorghe Asachi at Academia Mihăileană.It was the basis of the Iași Museum of Art, which opened for the public in 1860. In 1850, after only a few months' novitiate, the former revolutionary was ordained a monk at Neamț Monastery, taking the name Sofronie Vârnav (transitional alphabet: Sofрonie Вaрnaвꙋ̆). Described by Iorga as intelligent, charitable and industrious, he was for a while the community's Starets, but apparently also returned to Hilișeu, where he enjoyed living among the peasants. He still maintained contacts with the Paris Orthodox circles, donating 5,000 ducats to the Romanian chapel, and, with Constantin, ceded a Czernowitz townhouse to the Romanian library of Bukovina, which opened in 1852. In 1851, both brothers also sponsored the establishment of a boys' school in Dorohoi. As argued by Iorga, the monk was adamantly "democratic", and from the 1840s proudly listed himself a taxpayer (birnic); this was included as part of his signature on a letter he addressed to Prince Sturdza, causing the latter's annoyance and generating some interest from the French consul in Iași. Historian Nicolae Isar notes that, by using birnic as his title, Vârnav highlighted at once his ideas of self-sacrifice for the greater good and his critique of the boyar class as a drain on Moldavia's budget.Zahariuc however disagrees, suggesting that the name primarily invoked Vârnav's responsibilities at his Library and elsewhere. In a letter to George Bariț, Vârnav had also noted that birnic referred to his belief in "peaceful reform", the sort that required material investment rather than bloodshed. While maintaining a profile in philanthropy, Vârnav acquired a negative reputation, and, in March 1856, a formal investigation by the Ispravnic of Dorohoi, for his violent persecution of the peasants, his disregard for others' property, and his attempts to chase away police agents inspecting his lands. One allegation was that he had personally tortured a Moldavian Gendarme for three days on end. Vârnav, who had obtained French citizenship, could not be tried in a regular tribunal; the French consul heard and dismissed the charges against him in December 1857. The Vârnavs sold their Dorohoi estate over the late 1850s, with <mask> liquidating all his assets there in December 1857. His land was sold to Eugeniu Alcaz.From before 1850, Vârnav had been affiliated with the National Party, which supported the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia. This prompted speculation that his turn to religion, again publicized in 1858, was a ruse for nationalists to have an agent of influence in the clergy. A passing note by Bishop Iacov Antonovici contradicts this claim, suggesting that Vârnav, whom he knew and befriended, wanted to raise the intellectual level of the church by climbing through church ranks. A hostile account by Hieromonk Andronic Popovici contrarily suggests that Vârnav turned to monasticism as a result of scandals on his estate, during which "his woman ran away". As Andronic claims, Vârnav was faced with a choice between prison and monastery, and chose the latter. This account is doubtful, with some biographers doubting that Vârnav was ever married; according to Antonovici, he "slept in his clothes and would never allow any woman to visit him, under no pretext." M. D. Sturdza notes however that Vârnav had been the husband of Eliza Jora, making him brothers-in-law with Kogălniceanu.Vârnav was again visible in political life shortly after the Crimean War, which inaugurated a series of major changes in Moldavian society. At the time, he openly celebrated Captain G. Filipescu for his defiance of the invading Russian Army, and later sent him a stallion. By June 1856, Vârnav was one of the Roman County clergymen who adhered to the National Party's Unionist Committee, which openly advocated the Principalities' merger, and later signed petitions for union's international recognition. Before the election of July 1857, he became the head organizer of the National Party in Bacău County, during which time he became highly aware of the censorship and intimidation tactics used against his colleagues. As "Hieromonk Varnav", <mask> was a registered elector for the clergy estate in the Diocese of Huși, while Constantin was registered with the boyars' college at Dorohoi. Their campaigning failed to prevent an anti-unionist, Iorgu Mavrodin, from taking a seat in the ad-hoc Divan. Both Vârnavs signed a letter of protest condemning Moldavia's Education Minister, Alexandru Sturdza-Bârlădeanu, for using his position to canvass anti-unionist votes.The results were cancelled due to widespread electoral fraud by the anti-unionists; during the repeat election of September, <mask> himself was documenting instances of authoritarian abuse, describing how peasant voters in Broscăuți were being threatened with physical harm by a servant of the Mavrodin boyars. For these elections, Vârnav endorsed an old friend, Vasile Mălinescu, who became a county delegate to the Divan. The younger Vârnav brother remained active with the National Party; he published the short-lived gazette Timpul ("Times"), and eventually ran in the elections of 1858, representing Dorohoi in the Divan. His campaign was organized by <mask>, who lectured the peasant voters of Hilișeu in church and re-baptized the village rallying point as "Union Square". The Divan's subsequent election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Domnitor of the United Principalities was saluted as a major fulfillment in <mask>'s letters to Constantin Hurmuzachi. Described as an "independent unionist", he agitated in the streets, mocking his 1848 adversary Prince Sturdza, who had stood as a Moldavian-and-separatist candidate for the throne. As recounted by literary historian N. Petrașcu, it was who first Vârnav quipped that Strudza's royal cypher, M.S.V., stood for Mai Stăi Voinice ("Whoa There Fella")—and thus launched an urban legend.However, writer V. A. Urechia also claimed paternity of that particular joke. Vârnav is known to have introduced several slogans for the unionist cause, which appeared on painted banners; his favorite was: Viața, averea, onorul, / Patriei prosternă Românul! ("The Romanian to his Motherland / Pledges his life, his fortune, his honor!"). This was also featured on his 1859 testament, by which he donated all his belongings to the Paris library. Church conflicts
Recorded as living among the monks of Neamț from December 31, 1857, Vârnav took orders at Secu Monastery a few months later. He subsequently became a proponent of innovation, creating controversy with his belief that monks should let their estate be curated by the state, his attempt at introducing polyphony, and his moves to do away with Slavonic services. As noted by Zahariuc, the conflict was exacerbated when Vârnav, backed in this by Miclescu, used church events to popularize the unionist cause, including among pilgrims arriving in from Russia's Bessarabia Governorate.These efforts created situations that appeared to other monks as irritatingly "playful and non-canonical". During the early part of his stay, Vârnav donated to the Secu patrimony items replicating the Romanian tricolor scheme, including tassels and a large ribbon. Vârnav thereafter involved himself in the controversy over the full secularization of monastery estates, which also doubled as Cuza's attempt at curbing Russian influence within the national borders. Unlike a circle of conservative monks, led by Andronic Popovici, Vârnav and his followers were enthusiastic about the proposed secularization; Popovici called Vârnav the "new heretic of Moldavia". Moldavia's Education Minister, Alexandru Teriachiu, assigned Vârnav to a reform committee which uncovered great irregularities at Neamț, including a dysfunctional seminary and an inhumane ward for the insane. Vârnav refurbished the seminary, and then also organized the peasant schools of Neamț County,

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 serving as inspector. Proposed innovations he "learned at Paris", now included the establishment of a printing press and the demolition of new additions to the historical site.However, he was also suspected of giving away boons, including the monastery's cloth factory and a large press, to his patron Mihail Kogălniceanu and to the government itself. Such activism, and also his harsh temper, led to numerous complaints. The new minister, Dimitrie Rosăt, protected Vârnav. He scolded those monks who wanted him tried by church tribunal, calling them the "hirelings of Russia". Vârnav himself had a long-standing feud with Popovici, whom he accused of using sermons to promote anti-Cuza sentiments and Russophilia. Facing opposition from the mostly conservative monks, Sofronie failed in his bid to be elected as Archimandrite, having to share administrative power with a traditionalist, Timofei Ionescu. In September 1861, Vârnav finally obtained Popovici's demotion, prompting the latter to cross over into the Bessarabia Governorate and set up Noul Neamț Monastery outside Kitskany.Andronic claimed that this establishment was merely a lavra for the old one. Vârnav, who kept the monastery seal on him, did not validate this in writing, but his adversaries either forged or obtained permission from other administrators. Eventually, by 1862, Alexandru A. Cantacuzino took over at the ministry and had Vârnav arrested. Vârnav pleaded for his case and petitioned the Divan with letters also taken up in Tribuna Română gazette. Archimandrite Timofei dismissed his defense as fantasy, depicting Vârnav as a persecutor of his monks, who had loosely interpreted Cuza's policies in order to suppress dissent at the monastery. He was allowed to return after a few weeks in jail, in time to witness the great fire which affected Neamț in December 1862; in their polemical writings, the renegades of Kitskany alleged that Vârnav himself was the arsonist. Finally forced out of the monastery in 1862, he drifted toward Wallachia and spent some time in Buzău.It was probably this more sympathetic community that bestowed upon him the titles of Hieromonk and Protosyncellus. According to church historian Melchisedec Ștefănescu, Vârnav, being "detested by the public and disgraced by prince Cuza", settled in Bucharest, "providing his services to whoever would need them." He sees the former Starets as an extremist and a heretic, "formed in the school of Blanqui, Pyat [and] Rochefort". Vârnav found employment at Sfântul Dumitru–Poștă Church in Lipscani, which answered directly to the Archdiocese of Buzău. This position helped him to resume contacts with his old friend Rosetti, alongside whom Vârnav wished to reconfigure Romanian radicalism. The Hieromonk returned to favor in January 1864, when Dimitrie Bolintineanu, who chaired the unified ministry of education, appointed him to a commission that was tasked with assessing calendar reform. However, his name was immediately flagged and stricken out by the Romanian Metropolitan Bishop, Nifon Rusailă.Vârnav was instead auditor of the state charity funds, in which capacity he uncovered misuse and embezzlement by the political clientele. One such case referred to young girls collecting social welfare while serving as mistresses to some in the ministry staff. Vârnav, who was reportedly a delegate to the Elective Assembly in 1864, supported Cuza's anti-parliamentary coup. Also a Cuza loyalist, Constantin Vârnav continued to serve on the Princely Court of Justice, where he notably enforced censorship laws against Ionescu de la Brad. During the coup events, Sofronie lived in a rented townhouse at Sfântul Dumitru, shared with Cuza's uncle Grigore. During the plebiscite of June 1864, organized by the Domnitor in order to increase his executive power and impose a land reform, he put up a "lit sign" reading: Popa Vârnav zice da or Părintele S. Varnav d̦ice Da (both meaning "Father [S.] Vârnav Says Yes"). As noted at the time by polemicist Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, the sign was both of questionable taste and unintentionally humorous, since it did not clarify what was yes was being said to, concluding: "that great Vărnavŭ, being as zealous as ever, fell from the sublime into the ridiculous!"1867 campaign and death
On the morning of February 11, 1866, Cuza and his authoritarian regime were deposed by a "monstrous coalition" of liberals and conservatives. Just hours after, supporters of the coup ambushed Vârnav in his house. He was picked up, covered in tricolor cockades, and paraded into the Princely Palace on Mogoșoaiei Bridge; he was however welcomed and protected there by the regency council. Vârnav was out of the country, on a mission to Mount Athos—Rosetti, who took over as Education Minister, sent him over to consecrate the Romanian Monastery there. He returned with two Aromanian youths for training at the Bucharest Seminary. During the same interval, Carol of Hohenzollern, a foreign prince, was selected as the new Domnitor. Vârnav was again active in politics by April, which saw a plebiscite on Carol's acceptance, during which he traveled as far south as Ploiești and as far north as Bacău, persuading Wallachians and Moldavians alike to vote for Carol (and thus, for a cemented union).As Bishop Calinic Miclescu and others put up separatist resistance in Iași, he also took an emergency trip there, effectively acting as a negotiator between the two camps. Declaring himself against any attempt at separation, he hoped to ingratiate himself with the authorities and be assigned curator of Trei Ierarhi Monastery. He was still in the city in September, representing government at the funeral of his friend Anastasie Panu. Switching back to his civilian commitments, he angered Miclescu by announcing his bid for an Assembly of Deputies seat in the November 1866 election. This initiative resulted in another investigation by church authorities. Vârnav ultimately settled in Bârlad in 1867, and his last months were spent in Tutova County politics, but also in efforts to furnish the local hospital. According to Melchisedec Ștefănescu, he also continued to "propagate his political and religious heresies".With Ion and Constantin Codrescu, P. Chenciu, A. V. Ionescu, and Ioan Popescu, he established a "National Liberal Party", which functioned as the provincial affiliate of the Moldavian-wide Free and Independent Faction. Like other Factionalists, Vârnav also involved himself in the debates over the issue of Jewish emancipation, and is described by biographer Dimitrie R. Rosetti as a "firebrand antisemite". According to a Jewish man's letter, published in L'Echo Danubien, his "preaching against the Israelites [was] of the most barbaric kind", disturbing the otherwise tolerant mood of Tutova. In the election of December 1867, Vârnav put himself up as a Tutova candidate for both the Senate and the Assembly. He was soundly defeated in the former race by Manolache Costache Epureanu (who took 163 out of 233 total votes), but was able to win a deputy's mandate at Tutova's Fourth College. Without ever taking his seat, he died at Bârlad, on , after illness that lasted "just one day". The mysterious circumstances led to an autopsy, which found nothing of relevance.His stomach and intestines were dispatched to Bucharest, for a more in-depth toxicological inquest. Already before his death, rumor spread that his Jewish enemies had poisoned the Starets, who, despite his antisemitic campaign, had taken residence at a Jewish-owned hotel; a riot (or attempted pogrom) erupted in the city. As noted by D. R. Rosetti, "the excitement of the population required intervention of troops sent in from bordering counties, as a safeguard for the Jews, whose lives were being threatened." The same is noted by Iorga: "His death was found suspicious, and military measures were taken to curb the anti-Jewish movements." The conspiracy theory was shunned as "infamy" by C. A. Rosetti's daily Românul, which noted that "ignorance was exploited" by "the enemies of the country"—both in Tutova and Ialomița County (the scene of a scandal over allegations of blood libel). However, the paper also played down the riot, reporting that only the city synagogue and a few Jewish houses had been damaged. An early report by Gazet'a Transilvaniei claimed that Bârlad's intelligentsia was directly involved in calming the populace, before "rebels" could succeed in destroying the synagogue.A detailed note of protest, signed by 200 notables of Bârlad, claimed that the riot had been started by mourners gathering in front of Vârnav's lodging, located opposite a Jewish establishment; altercations, they argued, had been provoked by the Jews, who "insulted [...] the agonizing patient" and attempted to injure peaceful mourners by hurling boiling water in their direction; the petitioners asked the Interior Minister Ion Brătianu not to punish the populace for what it viewed as "calumnies by the adversaries of the national cause". Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU) sources tell that Vârnav himself had incensed the Romanian crowds earlier in the campaign, with endorsement from the Ștefan Golescu government. The pogrom, they argue, was attempted by some of the petitioners themselves, and higher authorities, who "arrested all the Jews, supposedly to protect them", actually "facilitated things for the rioters"; the investigation of the riot "was opened, but carried no effect." On February 25, Brătianu spoke in the Assembly to announce that "solely Jews" had participated in the riot. As noted by the AIU, Vârnav's death was likely caused by "some rather particular disease." The Starets was buried at Bârlad's Sfinții Voievozi Cemetery later that month, but his belongings, including itemized lists of donations for the Transilvania Cultural Society, were still in police custody by February. Constantin, who served several terms in the Assembly and Senate, survived his brother by nine years, dying shortly after Romanian independence was achieved.His own son, <mask> C. Vârnav, was by then becoming distinguished as a civil and military engineer. After managing the School of Bridges, Roads and Mines, he also pursued a career in politics with the Junimea constitutionalists in the 1890s. The Hieromonks painting collection was only gradually restored by Gheorghe Șiller, who worked under Bardasare's supervision. In the interwar period, Iorga took over and revived Vârnav's student library, which became the nucleus of a Romanian School in Fontenay-aux-Roses. The Vârnav line had been extinguished shortly after Romania entered World War I: in September 1916, Constantin's grandson Petre S. Vârnav was decapitated by shrapnel during the bombing of Zimnicea. By then, Iorga claims, both Scarlats had been unduly forgotten. Notes

References

19th-century births
1868 deaths
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Free and Independent Faction politicians
People of the Revolutions of 1848
Romanian people of the Crimean War
Romanian Freemasons
Romanian monarchists
Romanian educational theorists
Language reformers
Romanian activist journalists
Romanian propagandists
Romanian librarians
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Romanian book and manuscript collectors
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19th-century philanthropists
Romanian philanthropists
Romanian Orthodox monks
Romanian Orthodox priests
Starets
Romanian civil servants
People from Botoșani County
Moldavian nobility
Romanian expatriates in France
Naturalized citizens of France
French people of Romanian descent
Eastern Orthodox Christians from France
French Christian monks
French abbots
French Freemasons
French spiritualists
Romanian esotericists
University of Paris alumni
French people of the Crimean


texts:
<mask> (April 24, 1899 – June 10, 1978) was an American oil tycoon, art collector, and benefactor of Southern Methodist University and other institutions. <mask> was born on April 20, 1899, in Vidalia, Georgia, the third of seven children of John Morgan and Sally Marie Elora (Dailey) <mask>. After receiving his diploma from Vidalia Collegiate Institute in 1915, he studied at Georgia and Alabama Business College and Mercer University, both in Macon, Georgia. <mask> subsequently left Mercer to travel around the South with a friend, during which journey he held a variety of jobs. He first manifested his business acumen in his accounting work for Standard Oil Company in Shreveport, Louisiana, from 1921 to 1929. During this period he earned a law degree from Centenary College and was admitted to the Louisiana state bar, in 1926. On December 11, 1922, he married Virginia Stuart Garrison, with whom he had one son.In the fall of 1928 <mask> and friends <mask>. Peters, his son Eric Woods, and Ralph G. Trippett founded a loan company, the General Finance Company, which later became the General American Finance System in 1930. In the summer of 1936 <mask>, Peters and Trippett united with J. W. Gilliland, a petroleum expert, to form the General American Oil Company. The headquarters were then moved from Shreveport to Dallas in 1937. The new company experienced a phenomenal expansion in operations, due to an ingenious method of acquiring oil-producing properties that <mask> developed. The scheme, which <mask> dubbed the "ABC plan," involved three parties in the purchase transaction to minimize tax liability and the use of interest-bearing oil payments to meet a large percentage of the purchase price. <mask> became the president and major stockholder of the General American Oil Company in 1941 and was elected chairman of the board in 1950. By 1959 his company had acquired 2,990 oil wells in fifteen states and Canada and was drilling for oil in Spain.In 1983, <mask>, Trippett, and Peters' son, Eric Woods, sold General American Oil Company to Phillips Petroleum. On business trips to Madrid in the 1950s, <mask> insisted on staying at the Ritz Carlton. A hotel located right next door to the Museo Nacional del Prado Prado, where <mask> frequented which inspired an interest in Spanish old masters. He began acquiring paintings attributed to artists such as El Greco and Goya. Following the death of his wife in 1961, he donated his collection and a million-dollar endowment to Southern Methodist University in order to establish a museum of Spanish art in her memory. He subsequently donated a collection of contemporary Italian sculpture to SMU in order to found an outdoor sculpture garden in honor of his second wife, Elizabeth Boggs Bartholow, whom he married in 1962. In recognition of <mask>'s multiple gifts, exceeding $34 million, the SMU trustees named the university's school of arts in his honor in 1969, Meadows School of the Arts.In 1964 <mask>, with the encouragement of his second wife, began collecting paintings by French Impressionists and post-Impressionists. Three years later, in a widely publicized discovery, he learned that thirty-eight of the fifty-eight works in his private collection were forgeries and that many of the earlier works in SMU's Meadows Museum collection were falsely attributed. With characteristic generosity, <mask> immediately gave the museum a million dollars to replace the questionable works and began rebuilding his private collection, much of which was donated to the Dallas Museum of Art after his death. In 1965, <mask> purchased 360 pieces of original artwork from the family of the recently deceased French artist, Jean Despujols. Despujols immigrated to the United States during World War II and lived in Shreveport, Louisiana until his death. <mask> paid the Despujols family $250,000 for the paintings and promptly donated them to Centenary College. He also gifted $200,000 to the college to remodel the former administration building into an art gallery and later gave an additional $150,000 to be used for museum maintenance.The Meadows Museum of Art opened on Centenary's campus in 1975. <mask> generously benefitted programs throughout Texas in health, education, visual arts, and social services, under the auspices of the Meadows Foundation, which he and his first wife established in 1948. He was on the board of directors of Republic National Bank of Dallas, a trustee of SMU, and on the board of directors at St. Mark's School, Presbyterian Hospital, Children's Medical Center, Hope Cottage, and the Wadley Research Center. <mask> was a Presbyterian, a Mason, and a member of numerous professional, civic, and social organizations, including the American Petroleum Institute, Independent Petroleum Association, Dallas Petroleum Club, Dallas Art Association, Dallas Citizens Council, and Sigma Nu fraternity. He received an honorary doctor of humane letters degree from SMU in 1965 and an honorary doctor of laws degree from Centenary College in 1969. He died in a Dallas hospital on June 10, 1978, after an automobile accident in Duncanville, Texas the night before, and was entombed at Hillcrest Mausoleum. His legacy of generosity to the public lives on in the Meadows Museum of Art at Centenary College, the Meadows Museum at SMU, now considered to be the finest collection of Spanish art outside of Spain, and through the beneficence of the Meadows Foundation, which by the end of 2013 had donated more than $1 billion to charitable organizations in Texas.See Also
 The Meadows Building earn an award of Midcentury Modern Design, in The Preservation Dallas 2021 Achievement Awards

References

Current Biography Yearbook, 1960. William A. McWhirter, "How Art Swindlers Duped a Virtuous Millionaire," Life, July 7, 1967. Mark Singer, "The ABC's of Oil," Texas Monthly, January 1986. Vertical Files, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin. General American Oil Company

American businesspeople in the oil industry
Philanthropists from Texas
1899 births
1978 deaths
People from Vidalia, Georgia
20th-century American philanthropists
20th-century American businesspeople
Businesspeople from Texas
Philanthropists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
American art collectors
Road incident deaths in Texas

masks:
Algur Hurtle Meadows
Life Meadows
Meadows
Meadows
Meadows
Henry W
Meadows
Meadows
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texts:
<mask> (née Graniss; after first marriage, Claughley; after second marriage, <mask>; June 20, 1824 – February 7, 1901) was an American performer (actress, singer, elocutionist), author of poetry and novels, as well as a newspaper journalist, editor, and publisher. The first novel written by a woman in California was <mask>'s, The Victims of Fate, a work of fiction loosely based on David C. Broderick, the preface stating: "Some of the incidents of this little story, (although mingled with fiction,) are real facts. I had the honor of being acquainted with the hero, from my earliest childhood. First as a lad of little promise, although to use a quaint expression, King-Bee among his boy companions. After, as a young, terprising aspirant for political fame. Last, as the finished gentleman and a nation's pride." <mask> was well known for the entertainments which she provided during the early days of the California Gold Rush, where, with her son, George, she acted out scenes from Shakespeare and bits of comedy.<mask> died in 1901. Early life
<mask> Granniss was born in Goshen, New York, June 20, 1824. Her parents were Harry and Julie Granniss. Her siblings were: Rodney Grannis (1813–1813), Mary Emily Grannis (1814–1878), John V Granniss (1815–1898), Mary Grannis (1816–1870), Harriet E Grannis (1819–1901), Joel M Grannis (1820–1856), Horace Rosive Grannis (1821–1889), John Chandler Grannis (1824–1881), Reliance Roxanna Grannis (1827–1829), Frances A. Granniss (1827–1902), Henry Martyn Grannis (1830–1874), Charles Norbert Grannis (1848–1868), and Luella Grannis (1850–1918). At an early age, she showed talent for composition, but, being of an extremely sensitive nature, her efforts were burned as soon as written. Career

Performer and theater manager
In 1846, she married Thomas Neptune Claughley (1818–1860). While he abandoned the family in 1853 to pursue the California Gold Rush, she performed in Barnum's American Museum in New York City.In 1856, she and the couple's two sons, Henry and George, removed to California in search of Thomas. After finding him and discovering him to be a "bum", she gave up his surname. In April of that year, she
was a performer of Shakesperian readings, songs, dances, and Yankee stories at San Francisco's Metropolitan Theater using the stage name "Miss <mask> <mask>". In September, with Dan Virgil Gates, she was performing a similar program in Petaluma, California. The following month, the Trinity Times gave her performance in Trinity County, California, a poor review: "A certain Rowena <mask> sang hideously. She has no voice, or rather the voice of a diseased crow. Rowena cannot dance, unless bears dance."In 1857, <mask> became the lessee and manager of the Sacramento Theater. In the year and the following, she performed in various Northern California venues including the National Theater of Sacramento in Oroville, the Southern Mines (gold mines below the Mokelumne River), and Folsom, as well as in the Sandwich Islands. Though she and Mr. Claughley were not divorced, she married John P. ("Yankee") Addams (d. 1885) on 5 March 1858, in Sacramento. Though he was a one-time leader of a large Mormon colony, when she met him, Addams was an actor, manager, dramatist, comedian, and ultimately "a hopeless rover". <mask> and Addams formed a traveling theater company, along with Myers and Gale. In May 1859, <mask> opened a saloon, "The Gaieties, Temple of Mirth and Song" on Commercial Street in San Francisco where she performed burlesque. Lotta Crabtree, Granice's protege and Louise Paullin were members of <mask>'s company at The Gaieties.In August, Mr. Claughley closed and nailed up the theater. The next morning, <mask> re-opened it. Claughley closed it a second time, and <mask> opened it a second time. Each complained of the other and they were both arrested. The business closed for a while that year, during which time she performed at a Sacramento, California theater. In November of that year, while she was the proprietor of the Union Theater in San Francisco, she was arraigned in the San Francisco Police Court for assault and battery on a theater goer, but when the complaint was called, Grance was discharged on the consent of the complainant. The Gaieties had reopened by January 1860, when there was news of an altercation which involved Mr. Claughley and others.In 1866, she was traveling in San Joaquin County, giving readings and comic songs; and in July 1868, she was in Tuolumne City with her son, George, performing scenes from Macbeth and Othello as well as skits she had penned, including Judy Murflinnigan's trip from Ould Ireland and The Maniac. In 1871, while residing in Snelling, she was the head of a local amateur dramatic association. Author and publisher
Through the force of circumstances, she was compelled to offer her stories and sketches to the newspapers and magazines, and in less than two years, the name of <mask> <mask> had become a household word in every town in the new State of California. The newspapers praised the simple home stories of the new California writer. The taste for sensational stories among the early miners, in harmony with their own feverish life, was indicated by the favor accorded to the contributions of <mask>, then writing as <mask> <mask>, to The Golden Era, so much so as to prompt the reissue of several stories. The first novel written by a woman in California, so far as known, was <mask>'s, The Victims of Fate. Appearing in 1857, it was published by Sterrett & Co. One thousand copies were sold in San Francisco and five thousand throughout the State.She published The Family Gem in 1858, a collection of her short stories. On June 13, 1861, at Salmon Falls, California, she married Robert Johnson <mask>. In April 1862, while living in Auburn, California, she published a novelette, The Suicide's Curse. In July, <mask> and her new husband started the Pioneer newspaper in Snelling, California. They soon removed to Merced, California, where the paper was enlarged. The San Joaquin Valley Argus was published every Saturday morning in Merced. The San Joaquin Valley Argus described itself as "the only Independent, Reform paper in Merced county, advocating Temperance and general Reform, socially, morally and politically.This paper was the first newspaper ever published in Merced county, being started at Snelling, the county seat, July 3d, 1862, with Mr. R. J<mask> as proprietor and editor, and Mrs. R. G<mask> as assistant editor. It is bold and fearless in advocating right and truth. It is permanently established, has a large circulation in three counties, is well known, and consequently one of the best advertising mediums in the San Joaquin Valley." This also included the Republican Weekly of which Mr. and Mrs. <mask> were its editors, while Mrs. <mask> was the publisher and proprietor. In 1874, she authored Dell Dart, or, Within the meshes. She continued to act as associate editor of the couple's newspaper until 1877, when the failing health of her husband compelled her to take entire charge, and for seven years, she was editor and proprietor. In 1884, assisted by her son, she started a daily, in connection with the weekly.In 1889, her husband died. After conducting successfully the newspaper business in the same county for twenty-eight years, she sold out. In 1892, she was editor and proprietor of the Budget, in Lodi, California. <mask> was an active writer and worker for the temperance cause. She was also an advocate of woman suffrage, both as a speaker and writer. Personal life
<mask> had three sons, Henry Hale <mask> (unknown–1915), George Law <mask> (1853–1877), and Lee Richmond <mask> (1862–1925). Henry and Lee both became journalists.In 1874,
She died February 7, 1901, in Merced, after an illness of several weeks from a general breaking down of the system;. She had been failing for several years and rapidly the last few months. She was buried at the Merced Cemetery. Selected works
 1857, Victims of Fate
 1858, The Family Gem
 1861, Camorie, or the Kanaka Girl's Revenge (novelette)
 1862, Leonnie St. James, or the Suicide's Curse"
 1862, The Suicide's Curse (novelette)
 1874, Dell Dart, or, Within the meshes 1893, Weak or wicked? : a romance''

References

Attribution

Sources

External links

1841 births
1901 deaths
19th-century American actresses
19th-century American singers
19th-century American women singers
19th-century American poets
19th-century American novelists
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19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
19th-century American women writers
American stage actresses
People from Goshen, New York
Writers from New York (state)
Writers from California
American women non-fiction writers
Women newspaper editors
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Woman of the Century

masks:
Rowena Granice Steele
Steele
Steele
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Steele
Rowena
Rowena
Granice
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Granice
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Granice
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texts:
Sir <mask>,  (3 February 1897  – 25 May 1964) was a British diplomat who served as the British High Commissioner in Germany after World War II, and as the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the highest-ranking civil servant in the Foreign Office. Early life and family

<mask> was born on 3 February 1897 in Wellington, India, the elder son of Colonel <mask> (1860–1936) of the South Staffordshire Regiment, and his wife, Mary Hardinge (d. 1931), daughter of General Sir Arthur Edward Hardinge, later Commander-in-Chief, Bombay Army, and Governor of Gibraltar. His father was a descendant of a Scottish family that settled in Ireland during the eighteenth century. His mother was former Maid of Honour to Queen Victoria, and her grandfather Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge, served in the cabinets of Wellington and Peel, and was later governor-general of India in 1844–1848. Her first cousin Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst was Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office in 1906–1910 and 1916–1920, and Viceroy of India in 1910–1916. Being a Roman Catholic, <mask> was sent to Downside School to be educated between 1907 and 1914. <mask> volunteered for active service on the outbreak of the First World War and was commissioned in November 1914 in the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.Severely wounded in action against the Turks in August 1915, he was accepted by Balliol College, Oxford, in October, but chose to resume his war service early in 1916 when he was employed in propaganda and intelligence activities for the GHQ intelligence service Wallinger London. During the last year of the war he was stationed in Rotterdam in the Netherlands as replacement for Sigismund Payne Best. From there he worked as a spy master, running a network of Belgian resistance agents operating in German-occupied Belgium. Early career in the Foreign Office
He entered the diplomatic service in July 1919. He was firstly posted to Brazil for one year, returning to London in August 1920 to take up a post in the Western Department of the Foreign Office. He was promoted second secretary in December 1920 and first secretary in October 1928. On 10 January 1929 he married Violet Caulfield, daughter of Colonel Reginald James Cope Cottell, army surgeon, of 7 Phillimore Terrace, London; they had one son, <mask> Peter (1930–2013), and one daughter, Cecilia Sybil (1932–Unknown).<mask> was then posted to the British Embassy at Rome from 1930 to 1932; chargé d'affaires at the Vatican in 1932–33; and first secretary at the British Embassy at Berlin from 1933 to 1938. It was during this time that he got firsthand experience of dealing with the emerging European dictatorships. Second World War
During the Second World War <mask> was once again employed in the propaganda and information work which he had so relished twenty-five years earlier. Appointed Director of the Foreign Division of the Ministry of Information in April 1940, he became Controller of the European services of the BBC in October 1941. During this time, he made a major contribution which included the task of interviewing Hitler's deputy, Rudolf Hess, following Hess's flight to Scotland in May 1941. His report on Hess was shown only to the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, Lord Privy Seal Clement Attlee and Minister of Aircraft Production Lord Beaverbrook. In September 1944 <mask> was appointed to organize the British element of the Allied Control Commission for Germany, and following the end of the war he served at Supreme Allied Headquarters as British political adviser to U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower until that organization's disbandment.After the war, he became Permanent Under-Secretary for the German Section at the Foreign Office in 1949. British High Commissioner for Germany

In June 1950, <mask> was appointed by King George VI as British High Commissioner for Germany. As one of the three joint sovereigns of western Germany, <mask> carried immense responsibility particularly with respect to the negotiation of the Bonn conventions during 1951–52, which terminated the occupation regime and (in parallel) prepared the way for the rearmament of West Germany. In November 1953, <mask> was brought back to London to succeed Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary. Permanent Under-Secretary
Sir <mask> <mask> succeeded Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary (PUS) in 1953. In his memoirs, <mask> later recalled his thoughts on taking up his new position:

<mask> was related to a former PUS, his mother being first cousin to Charles Hardinge. He joined the Office in February 1919 after spending the previous three years in wartime intelligence and propaganda work, an activity to which he returned when in 1941 he became foreign adviser to the BBC.Serving as head of Chancery in Berlin during 1933–1938, he made clear his detestation of the Nazis. His views seem not, however, to have made any great impression on the British Ambassador, Sir Neville Henderson. After 1945 he was again very much involved with German affairs, serving for a year in the Office's Germany Section and then, during 1950–1953, as High Commissioner in Bonn. <mask> had a reputation as a combative, even aggressive, Irishman, who had little time for discussion. He was not, according to some of his former colleagues, the easiest of men to work with, and in Lord Gladwyn's opinion he would have made 'an excellent general'. Suez Crisis
<mask>'s difficult period as PUS culminated in the Suez Crisis of 1956, an event that was little referred to in his memoirs, The Inner Circle (London, 1959). Convinced that the nation's survival was dependent upon the exercise of great power responsibilities, he encouraged the Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, in his dangerous fixation with Nasser as a Middle Eastern Hitler.The experience of the 1930s had led both men to oppose any 'appeasement' of Nasser. <mask>'s closeness to Eden was reinforced by the Prime Minister's dissatisfaction with what he perceived as a pro-Arab stance held by his Foreign Office subordinates during the last Churchill administration. As a result, Eden increasingly used <mask> as an intermediary between himself and other senior officials in the Office. This close relationship took an ominous turn when the PUS found himself obliged to exclude the Foreign Office from the decision-making process during the final crisis. For <mask>, the Suez debacle was a test of Britain's great power status, leading him later to reflect that:

No country [in the Western world] can any longer pursue an independent foreign policy. The liberty of action of each is in varying degrees restricted by the need to obtain the concurrence of one or more members of the alliance. As Permanent Under-Secretary during the Suez Crisis <mask> was in favour of a strong line against Colonel Nasser.In a letter to the British Ambassador on 10 September 1956, <mask> said:

If we sit back while Nasser consolidates his position and gradually acquires control of the oil-bearing countries, he can and is, according to our information, resolved to wreck us. If Middle Eastern oil is denied to us for a year or two, our gold reserves will disappear. If our gold reserves disappear, the sterling area disintegrates. If the sterling area disintegrates and we have no reserves, we shall not be able to maintain a force in Germany, or indeed, anywhere else. I doubt whether we shall be able to pay for the bare minimum necessary for our defence. And a country that cannot provide for its defence is finished. Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh said of <mask>: "He was so sharp that he cut".However, Suez sullied <mask>'s reputation as PUS, though he may have been guilty of no more than fulfilling a civil servant's duty of loyalty to his political chiefs..

Retirement and death

After retiring from the Foreign Office in February 1957 <mask> served for five years as chairman of the Independent Television Authority. In addition to his memoirs he wrote Mussolini: Study of a Demagogue (published posthumously in 1964). He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1939, Knight Commander (KCMG) in 1948, Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1951, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in 1953, and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1956. He died at his home, Donacomper, Celbridge, co. Kildare, Ireland, on 25 May 1964. He was survived by his wife and two children. Notes

Publications
The Inner Circle: The Memoirs of <mask> <mask> (London: Macmillan, 1959). Mussolini: Study of a Demagogue (London: Odhams, 1964).External links

1897 births
1964 deaths
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Holy See
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers officers
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Members of HM Diplomatic Service
People from Celbridge
Permanent Under-Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
Spymasters
Foreign Office personnel of World War II

masks:
Ivone Augustine Kirkpatrick
Kirkpatrick
Ivone Kirkpatrick
Kirkpatrick
Kirkpatrick
Ivone
Kirkpatrick
Kirkpatrick
Kirkpatrick
Kirkpatrick
Kirkpatrick
Kirkpatrick
Ivone
Kirkpatrick
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Ivone
Kirkpatrick


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<mask> (22 June 1889 – 1 April 1969), professionally known as C. H<mask>, was a Hungarian architect famous for his ultra-modern style of building. He was active in Shanghai throughout the 1920s–1940s and began working on his first project, the Messrs, Lane, Crawford & Co's New Frontage building, in 1922 after leaving his previous firm Probst, Hanbury & Co.. Among his largest extant works are the Capitol Theatre (光陆大戏院), Sun Sun Department Store (新新公司), Cathay Theatre (国泰电影院), the Bank of East Asia (东亚银行) and the Bank of Communications (交通银行). Biography

Early life

C. H<mask> was born in Gyöngyös , Austro-Hungary as Károly Goldstein, the younger son in a family of the Jewish merchant <mask> and the housewife Róza Balkányi. In 1902, the Goldsteins changed their surname to <mask> to make it sound more Hungarian. Following the death of <mask>, the family moved to Vienna, where Károly finished his secondary education and his older brother Aurel started working as a doctor. In 1908, <mask> enrolled at the Technical College of Vienna's School of Architecture but dropped out during the summer semester of 1914.He made his way to Paris, where he likely received a diploma from the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and later apprenticed in London for about a year. When the First World War broke out, both Károly and Aurel were drafted. Károly served in the 309th regiment of the national guard infantry, for which in 1917 he was awarded a silver medal for valor, second class. He was captured by the Russians and assigned to a prisoner's war camp near Nikolsk-Ussuriysk. While in captivity, he met Evdokia, the daughter of the well-known architect N.V. Dmitriev, who had moved from Moscow to Vladivostok to escape the tumult of the Russian revolution. As <mask> spoke Hungarian, German, English, French, and Russian, Evdokia hired him as the language teacher for her two sons from the previous marriage, George and Vladimir. Károly and Evdokia married in January 1919, and Gonda adopted Evdokia's sons.Life in Shanghai

As Russia was getting entrenched in the civil war, the couple left the country and went to China, arriving in Shanghai on September 15, 1920; the children followed soon after. <mask> found employment at the Property and Estate Department of the British firm Probst, Hanbury & Co., and the family settled on Dixwell Road (now Liyang Lu 溧阳路). Having soon attained a promotion, <mask> relocated to the more central Ferry Road (now Xikang Lu 西康路), where they lived in an affluent colonial-style villa, with a private tennis court, driving a large green Packard and employing several servants. As he rose to be a renowned architect, <mask> revolved with the foreign elites, including Shanghai's top oligarch Victor Sassoon. The family also socialized with the Hungarians, Austrians, and Russians, many of whom were former prisoners of war. C. H<mask> had an architectural career that spanned 25 years. By some accounts, he designed more than forty buildings in Shanghai alone.He was an avid proponent of modernist style, having published a eulogy for it entitled "Modern and Ancient Forms in Local Architecture," writing under the pseudonym Adnog (his surname reversed), in which he expressed his animosity towards historicism: “As an engineer would refuse to design an airship in Gothic or Renaissance style, an architect should refuse to design a bank building or an apartment house in Renaissance of Gothic. […] The pulse of our time has to be heard, and from the chaos of indescribable horrors of bad taste slowly but surely the new style is awakening.”

<mask> was among the first practitioners of the modernist, or art deco, style in Shanghai: “A new architecture has been born out of our mechanical age, and rightly or wrongly termed ‘modernistic,’ is the logical outcome of the tremendous social changes in our lives, in our methods of construction and in our needs and tastes.”. Consistent with his commitment to technological progress, <mask> considered cinema the most important of contemporary entertainments and embraced its influence on modern architecture. Among the two dozen of his buildings in China that have been identified to this day, more than half are movie theaters. <mask> was also a proficient oil painter; his paintings were frequently exhibited at Shanghai art shows, and he sat on the selection committees. <mask> was an active member of the Shanghai Jewish community and participated in its fund-raising campaigns, as well as in Russian charity events. In 1938, the architect's brother, Dr. Aurel <mask>, and his family escaped the fascist Vienna and joined C. H. <mask> in Shanghai.After the Communist victory in China in 1949, the brothers and their families left for the US and settled in Lakewood, New Jersey. Having retired from architecture, C. H<mask> focused on landscape painting. He died in 1969, one year after his wife. Architectural career

The 1920s
In the early months of 1922, the architectural studio of C. H. <mask> (Chinese name 鸿达) opened at 4 Ezra Road (now Xinkang Lu 新康路). Initially, it only employed one Russian assistant architect, N. N. Emanoff, and one Chinese agent, L. C. Mow, but as the practice grew, it employed other architects, engineers, interior designers, and draftsmen, mostly from among the Eastern European and the Russian communities, as well as local Chinese specialists. A business listing of C. H. <mask>'s firm in July 1926 lists 11 persons on the staff, including a representative in Tianjin. Specializing primarily in commercial buildings, Gonda's studio won numerous design competitions and received major commissions in Shanghai, Hangzhou, Yantai, Tianjin, and Beijing.His first known project was the rebuilding and the modernization of the Lane, Crawford & Co. store on Shanghai's main shopping promenade, Nanking Road, which was built without interrupting the store's operation and finished in December 1922. The show windows, believed to be the largest in the Far East, spanned 48 feet and installation of extra large glass required some ingenuous engineering and the use of sturdy concrete pillars sunk into the soil. In summer 1923, <mask> designed and supervised the construction of the China and the South Sea Bank (中南银行). He commuted to Amoy (now Xiamen) several times and in 1923 was elected honorary architect to the Amoy University. <mask>'s next project was the design of the Sun Sun Department Store (新新百货公司) for the local businessmen S. K. Lau, situated on Nanking Road. The construction began in early 1924, and the building, which cost 4,000,000 taels, was inaugurated in January 1926. The seven-story department store, hotel and amusement centre was topped with a tower, bringing the total height to 55 meters (180 feet).The press called Sun Sun Co. “spacious, commodious and different department store […] constructed on the most modern lines, [with] plenty of windows and good indirect lighting, comfortable lifts and adequate display counters.”

In April 1925, the construction work started on the six-story Bank of East Asia (东亚银行), on the corner of Jiujiang and Middle Sichuan Roads. When the building was inaugurated in February 1926, it was called <mask>'s “triumph in a style of architecture new to Shanghai.” The building boasted innovative structural decisions, such as the banking hall without a single column. This project emphatically put forward the modernist aesthetic, still novel at that time, which would become <mask>'s signature. In 1927, <mask>'s other project rose in the downtown – the Shahmoon Building, at 21 Museum Road (today's Huqiu Lu 虎丘路), the property of S. E. Shahmoon & Co. Its architectural design was praised for its originality, simplicity and restrained ornamentation. The curved facade featured three horizontal divisions topped by a classic stepped-back art deco pinnacle – a recurring element in <mask>'s buildings. The Shahmoon Building housed the Capitol Theatre at the bottom and offices of major film studios on the five floors above. The 1000-seat Capitol Theatre was Shanghai's first air-conditioned movie house, and the first to feature a pillar-less design, for unobstructed sight lines.The foyer was richly decorated with frescoes – the work of the Russian artist Victor Podgoursky – and twenty allegorical sculptures representing various arts, created by the Hungarian George Koppany. Concealed lighting fixtures and ornamental copper grills lent the space its theatrical and elevated atmosphere. In February 1928, C. H<mask> relocated his practice to the Shahmoon Building and announced a partnership with the German architect Emil Busch, under the name Gonda & Busch (Chinese name 鸿宝). The new studio produced the design of the Grand Theatre (大光明电影院), on Bubbling Well Road opposite the Racecourse, which opened in December 1928. The movie house, constructed in the old Carlton Ballroom building, was called “the most luxurious in the Far East.” Besides a 1200-seat auditorium, it had two tearooms decorated in jazz patterns. Gonda & Busch were said to have

masks:
Charles Henry Gonda
. Gonda
. Gonda
Henrik Goldstein
Gonda
Henrik
Károly Gonda
Gonda
Gonda
Gonda
Gonda
. Gonda
Gonda
Gonda
Gonda
Gonda
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. Gonda
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. Gonda


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 “achieved a noteworthy effect in combining the beautiful old circular staircases, spacious lounges, and rotunda with the most advanced ideas in theatrical design.” The walls and staircases were treated with filigree flat-oil stain in old gold – the first use of this technique in China – executed by the studio of the Russian artist Jacob Lehonos. Melchers Godown was among other projects of Gonda & Busch, which was the construction of the 50,000 square-foot 5-story warehouse, owned by the German A. Widmann, which opened in May 1929 on East Broadway (now Dongdaming Lu 东大名路).At the end of the year, the Gonda & Busch partnership dissolved. In December 1929, C. H<mask> publicized his design of the 16-story Grand Hotel, to stand next to the Grand Theatre facing the Racecourse. The 560-room hotel was appointed to the top floors, while the lower floors provided ten lounges, ballrooms, and concert rooms. Later announcements anticipated the start of the construction for autumn 1930 and increased the projected height of the building to 21 floors. The construction, intended for the Grand Realty Co., was estimated at 900,000 taels, later reevaluated to 2,500,000 taels. Another project for the Grand Realty was publicized simultaneously, estimated to cost 200,000 taels. This was a four-story office building at the corner of Burkill and Park Roads, designated to host legal and medical professionals.Neither of these projects was realized. Another unrealized 1929 project was a 7-story apartment house on the corner of Rue Lafayette and Route Pichon, in the French Concession. The building was to contain 28 apartments, garages, and a roof garden; the cost of the construction was estimated at 200,000 taels. The 1930s
The next decade saw the realization of multiple designs by C. H<mask>. In August 1930, he took charge of the reconstruction of the Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co. department store on Nanking Road. The work intended to increase the amount of natural light and ventilation by adding steel casement windows and to visually update the façade by removing excess ornamentation. When the building was still in scaffolding, in November 1930, a fire gutted the two top floors and erased much of the recently finished interiors.In September 1930, the Shanghai Jewish School opened on Seymour Road (now Shaanxi Bei Lu 陕西北路), next to the Ohel Rachel Synagogue. The utilitarian two-story building with a capacity for 250 students was constructed at a low cost of 200,000 taels, financed largely by the donation of the deceased entrepreneur S. Perry. The building contained an auditorium and a school canteen and was modeled after the recently built schools in Holland and the USA. Its construction, devoid of “superfluous and meaningless ornaments,” prioritized the access of maximum daylight and air into the classrooms. Luna Park, the open-air amusement centre in the port district of Yangtszepoo, constructed after C. H<mask>'s designs, opened in July 1931, in time for the first citywide beauty pageant Miss Shanghai. The architect called Luna Park an “outstanding piece of outdoor construction and architectural work in Shanghai today.” That year <mask> also designed the interior of the Russian-owned restaurant Valencia, in the Hall & Holtz building on Sichuan Road. Commissioned by the China Theatres Ltd., the Cathay Theatre (国泰电影院), on Avenue Joffre, opened on the first day of 1932, to become yet another triumph for its architect.A reinforced concrete corner structure clad in red brick was called “extra-super-modernistic,” while the “sumptuous interior” struck a viewer “dumb with excitement,” although some journalists called it “bizarrely decorated.” The interior walls were painted bronze, orange, and gold, with opaque glass lampshades providing illumination. For the 1,080-seat auditorium, <mask> designed a special chair, with added attention to “slope, height, comfort and appearance.” Cathay Theatre introduced a number of innovations, such as the rooftop projector, to screen films al fresco. In November 1932, after two years of construction, the 2000-seat Ritz Theatre (融光大戏院) opened in Hongkou district, becoming the largest movie house in Shanghai. The façade with “severe constructional lines” was “naturally devoid of any superfluous ornamentation,” reserving ample space for billboards. The reinforced concrete single-story building had a large elliptical foyer with a domed ceiling on the ground floor, while the 2,000-seat auditorium was situated underground. In 1934, <mask> publicized the plans for the Cosmopolitan Theatre on the border of the French Concession and the Chinese City. The six-story building was free not only from all the ornament but also “from the faults of false modernism such as is often seen.” The movie house on the ground floor accommodated 1,100 seats, and there were two floors of offices and three floors of apartments above it.The entrance was sheltered by a canopy, used for lighting and for advertising; three illuminated columns above it supported allegorical figures carrying globes of floodlight. The wide proscenium arch extended over the entire front of the auditorium; the stage could be used for theatrical performances as well as for movie screenings. <mask>'s expertise in the construction of movie theatres and hotels ensured him commissions in other cities in China. Late in 1934, <mask> designed the 800-seat Capitol Theatre in Beijing (then called Peiping) and the 900-seat Victoria Theatre in Tianjin's British Concession. The latter building was sited on a corner lot and combined a vertical stepped structure in the centre with horizontally banded wings. The canopy over the entrance functioned as a lighting feature, and the interior was lit with concealed lamps. The Capitol Theatre in Chefoo was also credited to C. H<mask>.Early in 1936, the Grand Hotel (大华饭店) opened in Hangzhou, built for the local magnate W. S. Tung on a site of a private villa on Wuping Road. The four-story building, overlooking the famous West Lake, contained 30 bedrooms, each with a bathroom and a deep-set concrete balcony. Back in Shanghai, <mask> helped his cousin, the entertainer Joe Farren, design a nightclub at the western end of the International Settlement, which opened in December 1937. The conversion of the garden residence into a ballroom and amusement centre involved “structural alterations of a very complicated nature.” <mask> incorporated his usual indirect lighting scheme, minimalist lines, spring dance floor, and built-in air conditioning. In 1938, <mask> supervised the conversion of an indoor shopping arcade in the Bubbling Well Apartments into the 500-seat Uptown Theatre (平安电影院), owned by the Asia Theatres Inc. In June 1939, the 800-seat Doumer Theatre (杜美大戏院) opened on Route Doumer, converted from the old St. George's cabaret; the owners were Karl Gumpert and <mask>. The minimalist interior design was done in contrasting colors and had concealed lightning fixtures.In December that year, the Roxy Theatre (大华大戏院) opened on Bubbling Well Road, owned by the Far Eastern Theatres, Inc., reconstructed from the Embassy Theatre, which used to be at this address. Retaining the original foundations and bearing walls, <mask> completely redesigned the building, adhering to “simplicity and grandeur instead of indulging in detailed finesse.”

The 1940s
In 1941, <mask> designed the residential compound Hardoon Villas (哈同别墅) for the China Star Land Investment Co, composed of 88 three-story buildings, at 910 Weihaiwei Road (now Weihai Lu 威海路). The same year saw the construction of the Queen's Theater (皇后大戏院) on Yu Ya Ching Road (now Xizang Zhong Lu 西藏中路), for the Queen's Theatres Inc, which opened in February 1942. The theatre cost 3,000,000 taels to build and had 1,450 seats, which were unusually wide and arranged on a double incline. The architect departed from the usual ceiling design in theaters by bringing down the ceiling to the proscenium in gradual steps, to enhance the acoustics. In 1942, the 950-seat Royal Theater (上海大戏院) was built in the French Concession, on Rue Lafayette (now Fuxing Zhong Lu 复兴中路), for the Société Française des Cinemas. The decor of the lobby was in rough-texture, multi-colored plaster, illuminated by decorative light fixtures, while the auditorium had concealed fluorescent light tubes.<mask>'s final large project in Shanghai was the Bank of Communications (交通银行) on the Bund, designed a decade earlier, but delayed because of the Japanese occupation. The building was finished in 1948, with the assistance of the Chinese firm Allied Architects. The bank's architecture demonstrates the characteristic central axial symmetry, stepped silhouette, and minimal ornamentation of the late art deco style. Famous works

References

Cited texts
 Gonda : Shanghai's Ultramodern Hungarian Architect / Szentmartoni Livia, Krizsan Andras. — Budapest : Felelos kiad, 2019. — 90 p. — . 1889 births
1969 deaths
Hungarian architects
People from Lakewood Township, New Jersey
Hungarian

masks:
. Gonda
. Gonda
. Gonda
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Gonda
Gonda
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. Gonda
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Heinz Cohn
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<mask>e (; born 1 August 1972) is a Malaysian politician from the Democratic Action Party (DAP) currently serving as three-term Member of Parliament (MP) of Malaysia representing Damansara and Political Secretary to the Minister of Finance of Malaysia, Lim Guan Eng. <mask> is the former Malaysian CEO of Cyber Village Sdn Bhd, a SESDAQ (SGX second board)-listed company. In early 2007, he disposed of all his interests in the company and tendered his resignation to join the DAP in 2008. <mask> graduated from Keble College, Oxford with a degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics under a scholarship from the MTC Foundation in 1994. Before that, he received Asean and Shaw Foundation scholarships to pursue his O- and A-Levels in Raffles Institution and Raffles Junior College, in Singapore. In the 2008 Malaysian general election, <mask> won the parliamentary constituency of Petaling Jaya Utara on a DAP ticket. He ran against the incumbent, Chew Mei Fun, then Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development, and Deputy Women Chief of the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA).In 2009, <mask> was appointed the DAP member of the Pakatan Rakyat (PR) committee. <mask> retained his parliamentary seat in 2018 general election with a majority of 106,903, the largest majority in Malaysian history. Education
<mask> attended a secondary school in Singapore on an ASEAN scholarship from the Singaporean government. He attended Raffles Institution and Raffles Junior College. He then went to Oxford University, England, where he studied philosophy, politics and economics at Keble College on an MTC Foundation scholarship. Early career
After graduating from Oxford University, <mask> worked for Andersen Consulting (now Accenture) as a consultant. In March 1997, he started Cyber Village, an e-business consultancy.<mask> and three friends opened an office in Kuala Lumpur with four staff. Member of Parliament
On 9 November 2008, <mask> was arrested during a candlelight vigil in Petaling Jaya to commemorate the first anniversary of the Bersih street demonstration. <mask> was released on police bail on the morning of 10 November 2008 and was later charged for illegal assembly. On 10 August 2010, <mask> received a live 5.56mm bullet along with a threatening note that were mailed to his constituency service centre. <mask> stated that the threat may have been related to his proposal to the Selangor government to cut Bumiputera discounts for homes and commercial property priced above RM 500,000 in the state. Defamation lawsuit
On 28 January 2011, Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor (SYABAS) filed a lawsuit against <mask> claiming he had permitted Nanyang Siang Pau's Metro edition to publish words defamatory of it. The article quoted him saying the Selangor state government should take over the rights of management of water supply in the state if water concessionaires could not settle their debts.Syabas claimed the report had brought  the company into public scandal and its image had been tarnished. The lawsuit sought an injunction to prevent Pua or his agents from publishing defamatory words against the company, and general damages and cost. Pua argued that Syabas, as a public authority performing a public service, had no locus standi in making a defamation claim. He also said he had a legal, moral and social duty as an MP and a member of the Selangor government Water Review Panel to publish those words and that the public had a right to know. Pua also filed a counter-suit claiming Syabas' suit was frivolous, vexatious and amounted to an abuse of the court process, which resulted in him suffering losses and unnecessary harassment and expenses. On 6 June 2012, the Malaysian High Court found that SYABAS had proven its case against Pua and ordered him to pay RM200,000 in damages to SYABAS and awarded SYABAS interest at the rate of 4% per annum from the date of judgment till full payment and also costs. Justice Amelia Tee Hong Geok Abdullah also struck out Pua's counter-claim application and granted SYABAS an injunction to restrain Pua and his agents from further publishing or giving permission to be published "similar defamatory words" against SYABAS.<mask> later stated on his blog that he maintains "that the above statement is not defamatory, and will instruct my lawyers to file an appeal in the Court of Appeal". On 7 July 2012, <mask> posted on his blog that although an appeal was underway, he was required to pay the amount of RM200,000 to SYABAS by 16 July 2012. DAP Malaysia subsequently initiated a mass fundraising campaign titled "RM1 for Water Rights: 100,000 Malaysians Support <mask> vs Syabas" calling for 100,000 Malaysians to donate RM1 each to help <mask> pay for the damages to SYABAS. He subsequently won the Court of Appeal case. SYABAS appealed the decision to the Federal Court of Malaysia. In the 2015 Federal Court case ([2015] 6 MLJ 187), <mask> won the appeal based on the Lucas-Box principle by providing his own reasonable meaning to the impugned words. Publications
The Tiger that Lost its Roar, a tale of Malaysia's political economy.Election results

Policies

In 2012, <mask> suggested that the Bumiputera discount for housing and real estate must be abolished for houses above RM500,000. He disagreed with giving discounts on expensive houses such as those priced at or above RM 1 million. In one of his statements,  <mask> said the government should reduce the number of civil servants. His idea was rejected by PKR leader Anwar Ibrahim as impractical. <mask> said he wants to make the government sector become more efficient and less costly. <mask> was invited by the organizers of the recent startup acceleration program held at Dewan Sivik. See also
 Damansara (federal constituency)

References

External links

 EDUCATION IN MALAYSIA, an education-oriented blog written by <mask> and Kian Ming Ong.1972 births
Raffles Institution alumni
Raffles Junior College alumni
Democratic Action Party (Malaysia) politicians
Living people
Malaysian businesspeople
Malaysian people
People from Batu Pahat
People from Johor
21st-century Malaysian politicians
Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Alumni of Keble College, Oxford
Malaysian people of Teochew descent

masks:
Tony Pua Kiam We
Pua
Pua
Pua
Pua
Pua
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Pua
Pua
Pua
Pua
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Pua
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Tony Pua
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Pua
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Tony Pua