texts:
 believing its signatories were "few and scurvy" and that the meeting was no longer a party matter, believing the Whig government should decide the details  on "a firm conviction of its expediency".He said he was prepared to support a "temperate" measure of the type advocated by the government, but disputed that the ballot would "lead to the results which the supports of it expected". His brother did not think "any substantial use" could be made of the argument that the ballot would destroy beneficial "social influences" and admit the "evil" influences advocated by Radicals William Cobbett and Richard Carlile. Despite this, <mask> planned to speak on the motion proposed by Henry Warburton, and Henry wrote a speech on this. At a town meeting in January 1831, <mask> reiterated his willingness to support "practical and substantial reform" as long as it was "temperate and consonant with the principles and practice of the English constitution", but flatly refused to countenance the ballot, and again had to defend his vote on the civil list. He said he supported the previous government "because he believed them friends to economy and peace" but would support the current government if they showed similar support for the same principles. Radicals agreed he had performed well and with unsuspected ability. <mask> later told his brother that the proposed reform scheme was "gigantic in its dimensions, and it is impossible to contemplate such vast changes without anxiety and alarm.As regards the main point after all, however, the degree in which it will increase the democratic element of our constitution, it has some redeeming virtues." He particularly agreed with the increase in members for county constituencies and to exclude borough voters from counties which, he said, would "introduce into the house a phalanx of country gentleman connected with the most solid property in the company". He also supported plans for a £10 householder borough franchise, removing non-resident voters, and shortening the duration of the polls. His brother said he "must support the measure", adding it was "popular among the most Tory of our friends" and doing so would "not displease any of your party, and you will conciliate several of the adverse party". Nevertheless, <mask> continued to be "alarmed at the magnitude of the changes" but believed the country would "never be satisfied till they are carried" and would therefore supprt the bill "on public... as well as on personal considerations". His agent urged him to speak on the matter, but worried about "making any debut on such a question" believing the "fall from such a height will be tremendous" so <mask> should first make speeches on "less ambitious views". Henry was asked to draft a speech, and did so "strongly and unreservedly in its favour", believing it would only benefit <mask>'s position amongst the electorate.He then advised <mask> to give a silent vote at the bill's second reading, and then speak at committee stage praising the bill's "principle of raising the respectability of the electors". Indeed, he further advocated raising the borough franchise to £12, or making it £10 based on rates rather than rent. Henry believed this would get rid of opposition from the electorate that were prone to bribery or to support the Radicals. Yet, he warned he "must not openly propose or advocate the change, for fear of giving offence to the parties who would be affected by it". <mask> was attracted by this idea, but composed a speech a set speech on the principle of the measure in case it was required. Compigne was, however, adamant that it would be electorally advantageous, causing <mask> to complain to this brother:

Upon request, Henry provided a speech for a town meeting on the matter to <mask> in the hope it would "please your hearers, those of our own, as well as of the adverse party, despite <mask> complaining the meetings were "prodigious bores". <mask> told his brother:

Despite this animosity, at the meeting, he declared his unequivocal support the bill, which he said was based on the "combined principles of population and property; population, to infuse into the system the spirit of real and popular representation; property, to impart to it a character of stability and order".He did not in the end make a set speech at the bill's second reading but, when Palmer presented a petition to the house, he "forced on the house, which was very reluctant to listen to me", a "few words" supporting both the petition and the bill. He then voted for the bill at its second reading, and his intervention escaped the notice of journalists. Yet, <mask> felt parliament would have to be dissolved, regardless of whether the bill passed, noting he was unable to reconcile "how Lord Grey is to carry on the business of the country with the present house" while "Peel would probably shrink from forming a new administration on the unpopular basis of a reform short of that now proposed". 1831–1832
He was correct, and at the general election that year, he pledged his intention to give "honest support" to the bill, and was returned unopposed alongside Palmer. At the hustings, he reiterated his support for the bill on the grounds that "legitimate power given to property" and "that influence conferred on those classes where influence ought to reside". He reserved a right on any alterations, but denied that would do so in "any covert spirit of hostility". Shortly after his election, <mask> fell ill and was unable to attend the opening weeks of the new parliament, obtaining a fortnight's sick leave, before attending for the first time on 26 July 1831.His first vote was then in the committee stage of the reintroduced reform bill, when he divided for the partial disfranchisement of Sudbury, despite believing his opponents "had much reason on their side". He continued to vote steadily in favour of the bill for the remainder of that month and, fearing backlash if he missed a debate on the borough qualification proposals, missed his father's 80th birthday celebrations on 19 August. He then spoke, under "urgent" pressure from Compigne, on the qualification clause on 24 August. After this, he was not known to have spoken again in parliament, and voted with ministers for the prosecution of those found guilty of giving bribes at the Dublin City election on 23 August. Again, he feared early dissolution of parliament if the House of Lords rejected the bill, and he asked his brother to put in order their election accounts so that they could avoid "the wasteful and exorbitant expenditure" foisted on them in 1830. He missed the unexpected vote on the bill's third division on 19 September, as he was at a dinner, but voted in favour of its passage two days later. Anticipating a motion by Lord Ebrington on confidence in the ministry, he told his brother:

Henry endorsed the message and <mask> then divided for the motion, although he was unable to see "what advantage" ministers derived from it.<mask> then missed a meeting in Reading called by Monck and local radicals to address William IV on the issue of reform, as he received the invitation too late. He also feared that, if a county meeting was called, his presence would be "extremely awkward" as he "could not avoid taking a decisive tone in supporting reform or I should be considered as a trimmer by the reformers; and if I did take a decisive tone I should offend many of the old Blue party". However, no meeting took place. He was again struck ill in the autumn from a "deranged stomach, a dry hacking cough" and reported that "the secretions of my bowels are slimy and unhealthy" and used this as an excuse to avoid attending a dinner in Reading to pay tribute to Monck on 22 November. Still ill, he attended the State Opening of Parliament, and began to doubt the revisions put forward by the Grey ministry to the reform bill, wondering "by what means Lord Grey proposes to carry it through the Lords". He soon learned of a plan to appoint 45 new peers, and divided for the bill's second reading on 17 December 1831, as well as to deprive 30 boroughs of one member on 23 January 1832. He voted with the government on reforms to Appleby, Helston and Tower Hamlets, and for the bill's third reading on 22 March.On 14 May, he once again stayed away from a Reading meeting on the subject, with his brother noting:

On 22 February, he was appointed to the select committee on the East India Company's affairs, a day after his brother had given evidence to its political and foreign sub-committee—which also happened on 30 March, and in the military sub-committee on 19 April. Ahead of the dissolution of parliament, <mask> wrote to the chairman saying these was no reason to worry about his absence, noting his votes provided the "best proofs of his sincerity in the cause of reform". He voted in favour of the second reading of the Irish reform bill on 25 May and against any increase in Scottish county representation on 1 June. 1832–1847
<mask> was subsequently returned again for Reading at the 1832 general election, when he pledged for cautious reform of the church and the Corn Laws but evaded questions on slavery, triennial parliaments and municipal reform. He began to gravitate towards Peelite Conservatives and it was in that regard he was re-elected in 1835 and lost an election in 1837. He regained the seat in 1841 before losing it again in 1847 and retiring from politics. Later life and death
Then living in Adelaide Place near London Bridge, in 1839, he became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.Between 1839 and 1855, he was a "forceful and successful" chairman of the Great Western Railway, retiring due to ill health. In 1856, he committed suicide at his home in Argyle Street, London, becoming the second of four Reading MPs to take his own life. An inquest after his death found, in the early hours of 15 May, he had shot himself in the mouth on a second attempt after the pistol had first misfired. His valet said, in his final few days, he had been suffering from chest pains which had depressed him, and had found him alive but insensible at 06:45, lingering until 14:00 with a bullet in his brain. A verdict of suicide under the influence of "temporary insanity" was returned. In accordance with his will, the residue of his estate was left to his nephew, Sir <mask>, 3rd Baronet, and created a trust fund for the payment of annuities of £200 each to spinster Mary Ann Watkins and her daughter, who may also have been his, Jane Watkins. He also left money for care of Janes Monies née Ellis, who he had been trustee for and was confined in a Hoxton lunaitc asylum.This paid for the rents and profits on a leasehold in St Pancras, London, which provided her with £100 a year for life. References

External links

UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1841–1847
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
1786 births
1856 deaths
British politicians who committed suicide
Suicides by firearm in England
British Indian Army

masks:
Charles
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Charles Russell


type: original

texts:
<mask> (2 March 19314 February 2012) was a Hungarian organist, harpsichordist, pianist and journalist. Biography
<mask> was born in Budapest, where both of his parents were prominent musicians and educators. His father, <mask> (1891-1962), studied cello with Adolf Schiffer and Arnold Földesy and was the author of several pedagogical works. His mother, Rózsi Mannaberg (1895-1986), studied piano with Arnold Székely and Wilhelm Backhaus. His formal musical education began in 1946 at the State Music Secondary School as a student of pianist István Antal, organist <mask> and composer Ervin Major. He continued his studies with organist Ferenc Gergely and composer Ferenc Szabó at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music and graduated there with an organ diploma in 1955. He later attended the harpsichord class of Zuzana Růžičková in Prague.His concert tours as organ and harpsichord soloist took him to Russia, India, the Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, the United States and nearly every country in Europe. In 1970 he established the first harpsichord class at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music. He was invited to serve on juries for organ and harpsichord competitions in France, the Czech Republic, Poland, Italy and Switzerland. In Hungary he served as President of the Jury for the International Liszt Organ Competition in 1983, 1988 and 1993, and at the 1st International Harpsichord Competition, Budapest, in 2000. From 1950 on, he worked for Hungarian Radio in various capacities, serving as senior music producer between 1969 and 1994, and from 1962 until 2007 he contributed a regular series of programs documenting culture, politics and history. During his last years he contributed a monthly program to Hungarian Catholic Radio. More than 80 LP and CD recordings have been published by various labels including Angelicum, Ariston, Balkanton, BAM, Il Canale, CBS Italiana, Fonit Cetra, Hungaroton, Naxos, Supraphon, and Vox.Highlights:
 Paul Hindemith: Organ Sonatas Nos. 1 and 3 - Angelicum LPA 5963
 J. S. Bach: Concertos after Alessandro Marcello, Georg Philipp Telemann, etc. - Angelicum STA 9015
 Melodie di Natale (Domenico Zipoli, Girolamo Frescobaldi, etc.) - with organist Miklós Spányi - Hungaroton HCD 32167
 W. A. Mozart: Organ Works - Naxos 8.550514
 J. S. Bach: Inventions and Sinfonias - Naxos 8.550679
 Various Composers: Organ Meditation - Naxos 8.550791
 João de Sousa Carvalho: Harpsichord Works - Portugalsom 860006
 J. S. Bach: Concertos for Two, Three, and Four Harpsichords - with harpsichordist Zuzana Růžičková et al. - Supraphon 1110 4391-92
 Polish Renaissance Music for Harpsichord and Organ (Jakob Polak, Wojciech Długoraj etc.) - Vox/Candide CE 31019
 Hungarian Dances for Harpsichord (Valentin Bakfark, Johann Babnik, etc.) - Vox/Candide CE 31032
 J. S. Bach: Six Concertos after Antonio Vivaldi - Vox/Turnabout TV-S 34287
 Harpsichord Concertos (Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf, etc.)- led by Vilmos Tátrai - Vox/Turnabout TV-S 34325
 Franz Liszt: Complete Organ Works - Vox Box SVBX 5328-29

<mask> <mask> participated in many recordings for Hungarian Radio.

masks:
János Sebestyén
János Sebestyén
Sándor Sebestyén
János Hammerschlag
János
Sebestyén


texts:
<mask>-David (; born January 17, 1959) is an Israeli-American ecologist, zoologist, and politician who is the Chair of the Department of Zoology and Physiology at the University of Wyoming. She was the Democratic nominee in the 2020 United States Senate election in Wyoming, losing to former Congresswoman Cynthia Lummis in the general election. Early life and education
Ben-David was born to a Jewish family in Rehovot, Israel, and raised on a farm near Rishon LeZion. She spent two years in the Israeli Air Force in fulfillment of the country's compulsory military service. Ben-David earned a Bachelor of Science in Biology in 1984, and  a Master of Science  in 1988 from Tel Aviv University. She spent 5 years as a safari tour guide in Kenya before moving to Alaska where she studied wildlife management. She earned her PhD from the University of Alaska Fairbanks in 1996.Career
Ben-David emigrated from Israel to the United States due to worsening job prospects in Israel in the early 1990s as a result of the 1990s post-Soviet aliyah. After earning her PhD at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Ben-David remained there as an ecologist. She was fascinated by local marine ecosystems, which included otters, mink, marten, polar bears, and the salmon they fed on. In 2000, Ben-David became an associate professor at the University of Wyoming. She became a full professor in 2010. She has served as the editor-in-chief of Wildlife Monographs, succeeding Eric Hellgren in 2017. As of January 2020 she was head of the Department of Zoology and Physiology at the University of Wyoming.Her work mostly centers around carnivores and their behavior in ecosystems. She has published more than 110 scientific papers that analyze the impact of climate change, invasive species, logging and pollution on animals, often using innovative research techniques. Among her most-cited works are studies applying stable isotope analysis to animal ecology to document changes in the diet of generalist predators; exploring the impact of flooding, predation, and salmon runs on vegetation in the Alexander Archipelago; and examining the effects of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill on otters in Prince William Sound. She has helped to study the effects of the Exxon and BP spills in terms of both immediate and long-term effects. Her work was included in the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Final Report, which assessed damage and potential for remediation, and was a basis for fining Exxon and BP after their respective oil spills of 1989 and 2010. Ben-David has focused deeply on the river otter (Lontra canadensis), examining it in its role as a sentinel species and also using it as a model for predicting effects of pollutants on the rarer and more difficult to study sea otter (Enhydra lutris). She has carried out work with Alaskan otters for over 30 years.Her field studies of chemical bioaccumulation have gained international attention. She began studying the impact of human activity and climate change on polar bears in 2001. She has worked for nearly 20 years  with Steven Amstrup to study polar bear ecology in the Beaufort Sea and other areas. One of the behavioral patterns she has observed via satellite tracking is that polar bears show high fidelity to the local area of ocean in which they live. As sea ice is thinning, it drifts faster, requiring polar bears to walk farther each day on the ice to retain their position. This increases the energy requirements of the bears while decreasing their available time to hunt. Models project that polar bear populations may collapse by 2080.In 2004 she began another long-term project, studying chipmunks that live in the Laramie Mountains. One of the findings of Ben-David and her students is that chipmunks are more likely to survive the shorter winters resulting from climate change. Ben-David also studies river otters of the Powder River Basin, and the effects of nearby oil drilling. Her work has revealed low populations of otters in the New Fork River, compared to areas nearby. Ben-David has received a variety of awards for her work including the Barrett-Hamilton distinguished ecologist award from the University of Manitoba in 2012 and the Excellence in Wildlife Education award from The Wildlife Society in 2016. She was selected as a Wildlife Fellow of the Wildlife Society in 2017.

Personal life
Ben-David has resided in Laramie, Wyoming, since 2000, and was naturalized as a United States citizen in 2009.Politics
Ben-David announced her candidacy for the 2020 U.S. Senate election at the 2020 Wyoming Women's March in Cheyenne, Wyoming, on January 18, 2020. On August 18, 2020, she placed first in a field of six candidates to become the Democratic nominee. Ben-David's platform centered on 'future-proofing' Wyoming's economy through diversification, including public investments in reclaiming old mines, capping oil and gas wells, and building wildlife crossings. She lost the general election to Republican Cynthia Lummis, gaining just 27% of the vote. Electoral history

2020

References

External links
Campaign website
Profile at the University of Wyoming

1959 births
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American zoologists
21st-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
Activists from Wyoming
American community activists
American ecologists
Jewish American scientists
Jewish biologists
American women activists
American zoologists
Candidates in the 2020 United States Senate elections
Israeli emigrants to the United States
Jewish American people in Wyoming politics
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Laramie, Wyoming
People from Rehovot
Progressivism in the United States
Tel Aviv University alumni
University of Alaska Fairbanks alumni
Wyoming Democrats
Jewish women scientists
Israeli women scientists
University of Wyoming faculty
Women zoologists
Women ecologists
American women academics
21st-century American Jews


texts:
<mask>Doc<mask> (November 3, 1884 – March 28, 1958) was an American dentist and entrepreneur who built and owned Santa Anita Park racetrack in Arcadia, California, and was president and partner of the San Francisco Seals baseball club of the Pacific Coast League. Early life
<mask> was born in Hollister, California, as the only child of <mask> and <mask>. At a young age, he moved to San Francisco, where he attended St. Ignatius College Preparatory. He enrolled at Santa Clara University and played baseball under future business partner Charlie Graham. He was a teammate of future New York Yankees star <mask>. Having been put through agony as a child by the dentists of the day, he decided to study dentistry. Since Santa Clara didn't offer a dentistry program, he transferred to the University of California at Berkeley to obtain his degree and where he also played on the varsity baseball team.At Berkeley, he studied modern techniques with new pain-killing drugs and laughing gas so that pulling an abscessed tooth could be done painlessly—a great benefit to society, he thought. Upon graduation, Charlie invested in state-of-the-art equipment which was destroyed in the 1906 earthquake before he saw his first patient. In the weeks following the disaster, he saw a column in the newspaper that said his baseball coach from Santa Clara, Charlie Graham, was looking for him to play some ball. During 1906 and 1907 he played baseball with the San Francisco team in the California State League but made his living as a dentist. Entrepreneurial focused, he was known as the "advertising dentist" and eventually had a chain of six "painless extraction" dentist parlors. His chain of dentist offices provided him the opportunity to speculate in the burgeoning California real estate market, financing much of the rebuilding of the SF Business district after the earthquake, making Doc Strub a very wealthy man. One of the San Francisco buildings he built was 450 Sutter, which still houses medical professionals.San Francisco Seals
In 1918, the financially strapped owner of the San Francisco Seals put the baseball team up for sale and George Alfred (Alfie) Putnam and <mask>. Graham were looking to acquire the club, but lacked the necessary funds. After passing one of Strub's dentist offices, they sought out and brought the "Doc" in as an equal partner. Appointed team president, he successfully led the San Francisco Seals for more than two decades. In 1931, he oversaw construction of Seals Stadium. As president of the Seals, he sold minor league ball players to the majors at unheard of prices. By the mid-1920s, the Seals had collected an estimated $500,000 in fees from these transactions and had earned the trio the title "Murder, Mayhem and Manslaughter, Incorporated" from Chicago Cubs Scout Jack Doyle. After first trying to sell Joe Dimaggio to the Chicago Cubs, he eventually negotiated a deal with the New York Yankees for $25,000 on a money-back guarantee.<mask> always regretted that he was able to get more for Joe's brother Dom than he got for Joe. He quipped, "Of course I never dreamed he'd become the husband of Marilyn Monroe." In 1929, <mask> was sitting in his lucky barber chair getting a shave when he was handed the phone. On it was the president of Bank of America who told him that he lost everything and was more than 1 million in debt. When Strub asked about repaying it, the response from the president of Bank of America was "Don't worry Charlie, I know you're good for it." Not a believer in bankruptcy, <mask> paid back all of his debt including that of his other Seals partners. He maintained a list of those he owed money on an index card that he constantly kept with him in his jacket pocket.Santa Anita Park
A fan of thoroughbred horse racing, he decided to enter the business when California passed a paramutuel wagering bill in the early 1930s. He had spent several months examining locations in the San Francisco Area and found none of them to his liking, including windy Candlestick Point. He then connected with a group in Los Angeles that had identified 'Lucky' Baldwin's Rancho Santa Anita as a location, but needed increased financial backing. In January 1934 <mask>, in partnership with Hollywood filmmaker <mask> and a group of investors, formed the Los Angeles Turf Club. Created for the purpose of building the first race track in California, they opened Santa Anita Park in Arcadia on Christmas Day, 1934. He introduced a number of significant innovations to American racing. The innovations he instituted for all races included finish line cameras to verify race results, electronic timing, and electronic starting gates.The improvements were later adopted by the rest of racing industry. Although the country was in the throes of the Great Depression, Strub's management and creativity brought success to his investors. He attracted Seabiscuit to the track, which helped to establish Santa Anita as a premier stop on the racing circuit. The first year dividend returned to investors 100% of their initial investment. By 1960, the aggregate par value of the stock ($7,500,000) had multiplied over a dozen times and grown so large that it split 375 to one. After its opening, Santa Anita made Dr. Strub one of the highest paid executives in the country, landing on the Treasury Department list of highest executives from 1936 through 1941. In 1946, he ranked number four on the list, earning $396,901.As time progressed, <mask> used Santa Anita as a vehicle for other leisure-time investments including Lake Arrowhead and Pacific Ocean Park. In 1987, he inducted into California Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame's inaugural class. In 2018 he was inducted into the National Racing Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, NY

Strub Series
Santa Anita Park honored him by renaming the Santa Anita Maturity Stakes the Charles H. Strub Stakes. The Strub Stakes is the final leg of the Strub Series of three open races for newly  turned 4-year-old horses held over several weeks during the first two months of each year. The Series consists of the Malibu Stakes, raced at 7 furlongs, the San Fernando Stakes, at 1 1/16 miles, and the Strub Stakes. Only five horses have ever won all three legs of the Strub Series: Round Table (1958), Hillsdale (1959), Ancient Title (1974), Spectacular Bid (1980) and Precisionist (1985). Other endeavors
In 1939, he was asked to help bail out the 1939 San Francisco World's Fair.It was a task he accepted at no salary. His efforts turned the fair around and into a break-even event for its organizers. When he was opening Santa Anita, <mask> still had his interest and position with the San Francisco Seals baseball team. While in New York City, prior to the track's official opening, he sought out a meeting with Baseball Commissioner Judge Landis to talk about the  apparent conflict of gambling and baseball. When he entered the commissioner's office, Judge Landis asked "Why are you here? ", to which Dr <mask> explained his concerns about the conflict and the need for him to exit baseball. Judge Landis replied, "Charlie, if I wanted you out of baseball I would have sent for you."Judge Landis' comment effectively ended the conversation. In 1945, the estate of Jacob Ruppert was selling the NY Yankees and <mask> put in a bid. However, at this point, the baseball commissioner was <mask> and he was concerned about the public appearance of having an owner who was also involved in gambling - albeit legitimate para-mutual horse racing. Strub withdrew his bid. He was appointed to the board of several civic organizations, including the Greater Los Angeles Opera Association and New York's Metropolitan Opera. As a benefactor, the Charles H. Strub Memorial Theater at Loyola Marymount University and Strub Hall at Santa Clara University (part of the Charles H. Graham residential complex) are named in his honor. He brought and donated to the Society of the Holy Child Jesus, the Bellefontaine estate which is now the Mayfield Senior School property in Pasadena, California.In conjunction with Santa Anita, he donated the  Forest Lawn Scout Reservation to the Los Angeles Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America. Strub died of a cerebral thrombosis in 1958 in Los Angeles. He was the nephew of Rev. <mask>, founder of Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He married Vera Wood (1896–1968) and had five children. His son Robert P<mask> later became chairman of Santa Anita. In the movie Seabiscuit he is portrayed by Ed Lauter.References

 "Doc's Gold Mine". Time. January 31, 1949. <mask><mask> and the history of the San Francisco Seals at MLB.com's official Minor League Baseball website
 1939 Treasure Island World's Fair Closes

1884 births
1958 deaths
American dentists
Sportspeople from California
Horse racing venue owners
American horse racing industry executives
Minor league baseball executives
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Deaths from cerebral thrombosis
20th-century dentists

masks:
Charles Henry "
" Strub
Charles Strub
Isae Strub
Rebecca Williamson Strub
Hal Chase
Charles H
Doc Strub
Strub
Doc Strub
Charles Strub
Hal Roach
Doc Strub
Strub
Strub
Doc Strub
Happy Chandler
Joseph Strub
. Strub
Charles H
. Strub


texts:
<mask>  (31 March 1844 – 20 July 1912) was a Scottish poet, novelist, literary critic, and contributor to the field of anthropology. He is best known as a collector of folk and fairy tales. The <mask> lectures at the University of St Andrews are named after him. Biography
<mask> was born in 1844 in Selkirk, Scottish Borders. He was the eldest of the eight children born to <mask>, the town clerk of Selkirk, and his wife Jane Plenderleath Sellar, who was the daughter of Patrick Sellar, factor to the first Duke of Sutherland. On 17 April 1875, he married Leonora Blanche Alleyne, youngest daughter of C. T. Alleyne of Clifton and Barbados. She was (or should have been) variously credited as author, collaborator, or translator of <mask>'s Color/Rainbow Fairy Books which he edited.He was educated at Selkirk Grammar School, Loretto School, and the Edinburgh Academy, as well as the University of St Andrews and Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a first class in the final classical schools in 1868, becoming a fellow and subsequently honorary fellow of Merton College. He soon made a reputation as one of the most able and versatile writers of the day as a journalist, poet, critic, and historian. He was a member of the Order of the White Rose, a Neo-Jacobite society which attracted many writers and artists in the 1890s and 1900s. In 1906, he was elected FBA. He died of angina pectoris on 20 July 1912 at the Tor-na-Coille Hotel in Banchory, Banchory, survived by his wife. He was buried in the cathedral precincts at St Andrews, where a monument can be visited in the south-east corner of the 19th century section. Scholarship

Folklore and anthropology

<mask> is now chiefly known for his publications on folklore, mythology, and religion.The interest in folklore was from early life; he read John Ferguson McLennan before coming to Oxford, and then was influenced by E. B. Tylor. The earliest of his publications is Custom and Myth (1884). In Myth, Ritual and Religion (1887) he explained the "irrational" elements of mythology as survivals from more primitive forms. <mask>'s Making of Religion was heavily influenced by the 18th century idea of the "noble savage": in it, he maintained the existence of high spiritual ideas among so-called "savage" races, drawing parallels with the contemporary interest in occult phenomena in England. His Blue Fairy Book (1889) was a beautifully produced and illustrated edition of fairy tales that has become a classic. This was followed by many other collections of fairy tales, collectively known as <mask>'s Fairy Books. In the preface of the Lilac Fairy Book he credits his wife with translating and transcribing most of the stories in the collections.<mask> examined the origins of totemism in Social Origins (1903). Psychical research
<mask> was one of the founders of "psychical research" and his other writings on anthropology include The Book of Dreams and Ghosts (1897), Magic and Religion (1901) and The Secret of the Totem (1905). He served as President of the Society for Psychical Research in 1911. <mask> extensively cited nineteenth- and twentieth-century European spiritualism to challenge the idea of his teacher, Tylor, that belief in spirits and animism were inherently irrational. <mask> used Tylor's work and his own psychical research in an effort to posit an anthropological critique of materialism. <mask> fiercely debated with his Folklore Society colleague Edward Clodd over 'Psycho-folklore' a strand of the discipline which aimed to connect folklore with psychical research. Classical scholarship

He collaborated with S. H. Butcher in a prose translation (1879) of Homer's Odyssey, and with E. Myers and Walter Leaf in a prose version (1883) of the Iliad, both still noted for their archaic but attractive style.He was a Homeric scholar of conservative views. Other works include Homer and the Study of Greek found in Essays in Little (1891), Homer and the Epic (1893); a prose translation of The Homeric Hymns (1899), with literary and mythological essays in which he draws parallels between Greek myths and other mythologies; Homer and his Age (1906); and "Homer and Anthropology" (1908). Historian

<mask>'s writings on Scottish history are characterised by a scholarly care for detail, a piquant literary style, and a gift for disentangling complicated questions. The Mystery of Mary Stuart (1901) was a consideration of the fresh light thrown on Mary, Queen of Scots, by the Lennox manuscripts in the University Library, Cambridge, approving of her and criticising her accusers. He also wrote monographs on The Portraits and Jewels of Mary Stuart (1906) and James VI and the Gowrie Mystery (1902). The somewhat unfavourable view of John Knox presented in his book John Knox and the Reformation (1905) aroused considerable controversy. He gave new information about the continental career of the Young Pretender in Pickle the Spy (1897), an account of Alestair Ruadh MacDonnell, whom he identified with Pickle, a notorious Hanoverian spy.This was followed by The Companions of Pickle (1898) and a monograph on Prince Charles Edward (1900). In 1900 he began a History of Scotland from the Roman Occupation (1900). The Valet's Tragedy (1903), which takes its title from an essay on Dumas's Man in the Iron Mask, collects twelve papers on historical mysteries, and A Monk of Fife (1896) is a fictitious narrative purporting to be written by a young Scot in France in 1429–1431. Other writings
<mask>'s earliest publication was a volume of metrical experiments, The Ballads and Lyrics of Old France (1872), and this was followed at intervals by other volumes of dainty verse, Ballades in Blue China (1880, enlarged edition, 1888), Ballads and Verses Vain (1884), selected by Mr Austin Dobson; Rhymes à la Mode (1884), Grass of Parnassus (1888), Ban and Arrière Ban (1894), New Collected Rhymes (1905). His 1890 collection, Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody, contains letters combining characters from different sources, in what is now known as a crossover, including one based on Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey and Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre – an early example of a published derivative work based on Austen. <mask> was active as a journalist in various ways, ranging from sparkling "leaders" for the Daily News to miscellaneous articles for the Morning Post, and for many years he was literary editor of Longman's Magazine; no critic was in more request, whether for occasional articles and introductions to new editions or as editor of dainty reprints. He edited The Poems and Songs of Robert Burns (1896), and was responsible for the Life and Letters (1897) of JG Lockhart, and The Life, Letters and Diaries (1890) of Sir Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh.<mask> discussed literary subjects with the same humour and acidity that marked his criticism of fellow folklorists, in Books and Bookmen (1886), Letters to Dead Authors (1886), Letters on Literature (1889), etc. Works

To 1884

 St Leonards Magazine. 1863. This was a reprint of several articles that appeared in the St Leonards Magazine that <mask> edited at St Andrews University. Includes the following <mask> contributions: Pages 10–13, Dawgley Manor; A sentimental burlesque; Pages 25–26, Nugae Catulus; Pages 27–30, Popular Philosophies; pages 43–50 are Papers by Eminent Contributors, seven short parodies of which six are by <mask>. The Ballads and Lyrics of Old France (1872)
 The Odyssey of Homer Rendered into English Prose (1879) translator with Samuel Henry Butcher
 Aristotle's Politics Books I. III. IV.(VII.). The Text of Bekker. With an English translation by W. E. Bolland. Together with short introductory essays by A<mask> To page 106 are <mask>'s Essays, pp. 107–305 are the translation. <mask>'s essays without the translated text were later published as The Politics of Aristotle. Introductory Essays.1886. The Folklore of France (1878)
 Specimens of a Translation of Theocritus. 1879. This was an advance issue of extracts from Theocritus, Bion and Moschus rendered into English prose
 XXXII Ballades in Blue China (1880)
 Oxford. Brief historical & descriptive notes (1880). The 1915 edition of this work was illustrated by painter George Francis Carline. 'Theocritus Bion and Moschus.Rendered into English Prose with an Introductory Essay. 1880. Notes by Mr A<mask> on a collection of pictures by Mr J. E. Millais R.A. exhibited at the Fine Arts Society Rooms. 148 New Bond Street. 1881. The Library: with a chapter on modern illustrated books. 1881.The Black Thief. A new and original drama (Adapted from the Irish) in four acts. (1882)
 Helen of Troy, her life and translation. Done into rhyme from the Greek books. 1882. The Most Pleasant and Delectable Tale of the Marriage of Cupid and Psyche (1882) with William Aldington
 The Iliad of Homer, a prose translation (1883) with Walter Leaf and Ernest Myers
 Custom and Myth (1884)
 The Princess Nobody: A Tale of Fairyland (1884)
 Ballads and Verses Vain (1884) selected by Austin Dobson
 Rhymes à la Mode (1884)
 Much Darker Days. By A.Huge Longway. (1884)
 Household tales; their origin, diffusion, and relations to the higher myths. [1884]. Separate pre-publication issue of the "introduction" to Bohn's edition of Grimm's Household tales. 1885–1889
 That Very Mab (1885) with May Kendall
 Books and Bookmen (1886)
 Letters to Dead Authors (1886)
 In the Wrong Paradise (1886) stories
 The Mark of Cain (1886) novel
 Lines on the inaugural meeting of the Shelley Society. Reprinted for private distribution from the Saturday Review of 13 March 1886 and edited by Thomas Wise (1886)
 La Mythologie Traduit de L'Anglais par Léon Léon Parmentier. Avec une préface par Charles Michel et des Additions de l'auteur.(1886) Never published as a complete book in English, although there was a Polish translation. The first 170 pages is a translation of the article in the 'Encyclopædia Britannica'. The rest is a combination of articles and material from 'Custom and Myth'. Almae matres (1887)
 He (1887 with Walter Herries Pollock) parody
 Aucassin and Nicolette (1887)
 Myth, Ritual and Religion  (2 vols., 1887)
 Johnny Nut and the Golden Goose. Done into English from the French of Charles Deulin (1887)
 Grass of Parnassus. Rhymes old and new. (1888)
 Perrault's Popular Tales (1888)
 Gold of Fairnilee (1888)
 Pictures at Play or Dialogues of the Galleries (1888) with W. E. Henley
 Prince Prigio (1889)
 The Blue Fairy Book (1889) (illustrations by Henry J. Ford)
 Letters on Literature (1889)
 Lost Leaders (1889)
 Ode to Golf.A Study in Forgeries and Folklore (1905)
 Adventures among Books (1905)
 Homer and His Age (1906)
 The Red Romance Book (1906)
 The Orange Fairy Book (1906)
 The Portraits and Jewels of Mary Stuart (1906)
 Life of Sir Walter Scott (1906)
 The Story of Joan of Arc (1906)
 New and Old Letters to Dead Authors (1906)
 Tales of a Fairy Court (1907)
 The Olive Fairy Book (1907)
 Poets' Country (1907) editor, with Churton Collins, W. J. Loftie, E. Hartley Coleridge, Michael Macmillan
 The King over the Water (1907)
 Tales of Troy and Greece (1907)
 The Origins of Religion (1908) essays
 The Book of Princes and Princesses (1908)
 Origins of Terms of Human Relationships (1908)
 Select Poems of Jean Ingelow (1908) editor
 The Maid of France, being the story of the life and death of Jeanne d'Arc (1908)
 Three Poets of French Bohemia (1908)
 The Red Book of Heroes (1909)
 The Marvellous Musician and Other Stories (1909)
 Sir George Mackenzie King's Advocate, of Rosehaugh, His Life and Times (1909)

 1910–1912
 The Lilac Fairy Book (1910)
 Does Ridicule Kill? (1910)
 Sir Walter Scott and the Border Minstrelsy (1910)
 The World of Homer (1910)
 The All Sorts of Stories Book (1911)
 Ballades and Rhymes (1911)
 Method in the Study of Totemism (1911)
 The Book of Saints and Heroes (1912)
 Shakespeare, Bacon and the Great Unknown (1912)
 A History of English Literature (1912)
 In Praise of Frugality (1912)
 Ode on a Distant Memory of Jane Eyre (1912)
 Ode to the Opening Century (1912)

 Posthumous
 Highways and Byways in The Border (1913) with John Lang
 The Strange Story Book (1913) with Mrs. Lang
 The Poetical Works (1923) edited by Mrs. Lang, four volumes
 Old Friends Among the Fairies: Puss in Boots and Other Stories. Chosen from the Fairy Books (1926)
 Tartan Tales From <mask> Lang (1928) edited by Bertha L. Gunterman
 From Omar Khayyam (1935)

 <mask> Lang's Fairy Books

Lang selected and edited 25 collections of stories that were published annually, beginning with The Blue Fairy Book in 1889 and ending with The Strange Story Book in 1913. They are sometimes called Andrew Lang's Fairy Books although the Blue Fairy Book and other Coloured Fairy Books are only 12 in the series. In this chronological list the Coloured Fairy Books alone are numbered. (1) The Blue Fairy Book (1889)
(2) The Red Fairy Book (1890)
 The Blue Poetry Book (1891)
(3) The Green Fairy Book (1892)
 The True Story Book (1893)
(4) The Yellow Fairy Book (1894)
 The Red True Story Book (1895)
 The Animal Story Book (1896)
(5) The Pink Fairy Book (1897)
 The Arabian Nights' Entertainments (1898)
 The Red Book of Animal Stories (1899)
(6) The Grey Fairy Book (1900)
(7) The Violet Fairy Book (1901)
 The Book of Romance (1902)
(8) The Crimson Fairy Book (1903)
(9) The Brown Fairy Book (1904)
 The Red Romance Book (1905)
(10) The Orange Fairy Book (1906)
(11) The Olive Fairy Book (1907)
 The Book of Princes and Princesses (1908)
 The Red Book of Heroes (1909)
(12) The Lilac Fairy Book (1910)
 The All Sorts of Stories Book (1911)
 The Book of Saints and Heroes (1912)
 The Strange Story Book (1913)

 References

Relevant literature
 de Cocq, Antonius P. L. (1968) Andrew Lang: A nineteenth century anthropologist (Diss. Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands).Tilburg: Zwijsen. Green, Roger Lancelyn. (1946) <mask>: A critical biography with a short-title bibliography. Leicester: Ward. <mask>, <mask>. 2015. The Edinburgh Critical Edition of the Selected Writings of <mask>, Volume I.  Edited by <mask>, Alexandra Warwick, and Leigh Wilson.Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 456 pages. (hard cover). <mask>, <mask>. 2015. The Edinburgh Critical Edition of the Selected Writings of <mask>, Volume II. Edited by <mask>, Alexandra Warwick, and Leigh Wilson.Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 416 pages. (hard cover). External links

 Andrew Lang Fairy Tale Books
 Index to the fairy tales in the Andrew Lang Fairy Tale Books
 A Monk of Fife Complete Book Online
 <mask>, The Making of Religion, Longmans, Green and Co., 1909. (1889–90 Gifford Lectures)
 <mask>, Letters to Dead Authors, transcribed from the 1886 Longman's edition. <mask>, Introduction to Marian Roalfe Cox's Cinderella: Three Hundred and Forty-Five Variants of Cinderella, Catskin and, Cap O' Rushes, Abstracted and Tabulated with a Discussion of Medieval Analogues and Notes''. andrewlangessays.com Japanese

 Andrew Lang Collection.General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. 1844 births
1912 deaths
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Collectors of fairy tales
Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
Parapsychologists
People from Selkirk, Scottish Borders
Scottish children's writers
Scottish folklore
Scottish folklorists
Scottish historians
Scottish journalists
Scottish novelists
Scottish poets
Scottish scholars and academics
Victorian poets
People educated at Selkirk High School
Victorian novelists
19th-century Scottish writers
20th-century Scottish writers
19th-century historians
20th-century British historians
People educated at Loretto School, Musselburgh
People educated at Edinburgh Academy
Folklore writers
Fellows of the British Academy
Neo-Jacobite Revival
Translators of Homer
Presidents of the Folklore Society

masks:
Andrew Lang
Andrew Lang
Lang
John Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Andrew Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Andrew Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
. Lang
Lang
Lang
. Lang
Andrew
Andrew
Andrew Lang
Lang
Andrew
Andrew Lang
Andrew Teverson
Lang
Andrew
Andrew Lang
Andrew Teverson
Andrew Lang
Andrew Lang
Andrew Lang


texts:
<mask><mask>, currently working for the Washington State Department of Corrections in the Special Offender Unit at the Monroe  Correctional Complex, is a former employee of Blackwater Security (since renamed Academi), accused by the Iraq government of murdering Raheem Khalif, a security guard of the Iraqi Vice-president, Adel Abdul Mahdi. Khalif died from three gunshot wounds. <mask>, originally from Kalispell, Montana, in the US, served previously in the 82nd Airborne Division of the United States Army; he received an honorable discharge. In the wake of the killing, the United States Department of State and Blackwater USA had attempted to keep his identity secret for security reasons. Currently, <mask> lives in Seattle, Washington. Responding to claims of company-wide negligence, Erik Prince, the company's founder, said “when we found knucklehead behavior, we fired them.”

The  employee was identified on October 4, 2007, by The New York Times as <mask><mask>, from Seattle, Washington, and federal law enforcement is investigating the case, which the Iraqi government considers a murder. In Congressional hearings on October 2, 2007, Blackwater USA CEO Erik Prince testified that Moonen was fired for "violating alcohol and firearm policy."Despite the Blackwater incident, <mask> found subsequent employment. From February to August 2007, he was employed by US Department of Defense contractor Combat Support Associates (CSA) in Kuwait. In April 2007, the US Department of Defense attempted to call him back to active duty, but cancelled the request because Moonen was overseas. Shooting incident
On August 12, 2007, an MSNBC report noted the largely unaccountable and unsupervised nature of security contractor activities and the high number of casual or indiscriminate civilian killings attributed to them. According to the State Department, on December 24, 2006, a drunken Blackwater employee shot and killed a bodyguard who was protecting the Iraqi vice president. The US State Department was aware of the incident and recommended that a $250,000 payment be made to the victim's family. They offered to pay out $15,000, which the State Department agreed to.The Blackwater employee was fired but no criminal charges were brought against him initially. United States Congress memo of incident
A memo dated October 1, 2007, from the U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform detailed the incident that led to the death of the Raheem Khalif:

“On December 24, 2006, a 26-year-old Blackwater security contractor shot and killed a 32-year-old security guard to Iraqi Vice President Adil Abd-al-Mahdi during a confrontation in the ‘Little Venice’ area of the International Zone in Baghdad. This incident sparked an angry reaction from the Iraqi government. “According to documents obtained by the Committee, the Blackwater contractor, who worked as an armorer, had attended a party on the evening of December 24, had consumed several alcoholic beverages and was described as drunk by witnesses who encountered him that evening. “The Blackwater contractor, carrying a Glock 9 mm pistol, passed through a gate near the Iraqi Prime Minister's compound and was confronted by the Iraqi guard, who was on duty. The Blackwater contractor fired multiple shots, three of which struck the guard, then fled the scene. “The Blackwater contractor fled to a guard post operated by Triple Canopy, another private military contractor.He told personnel there that he had gotten into a gunfight with Iraqis and that they were chasing him and shooting at him. “The guards had not heard any gunshots. He fumbled with his firearm, which was loaded, until one of the guards took it from him. Although he appeared visibly intoxicated and smelled of alcohol, he denied that he had any alcoholic beverages that evening...”

“On December 25, the day after the shooting of the guard, Blackwater terminated the contractor from the State Department contract based on its policy against possessing a firearm while intoxicated. That same day, only hours after the shooting, Blackwater arranged to have the contractor flown out of Iraq...”

""Following the incident and contrary to popular rumor, Blackwater employees individually wrote requests to the U.S. Attorney that Mooney be prosecuted. The Blackwater employees cited it was, "...the only way we can hope to maintain integrity"."" “Immediately following the incident, the State Department determined that Blackwater should send a letter of condolence to the victim's family along with a cash payment."Congressional and criminal investigation
The Justice Department Domestic Security Section opened a criminal investigation of murder charges against Moonen due to the outcry from Iraqis over the shooting death of the Iraqi man, in October 2007. On October 5, 2007, House Oversight and Government Reform Chairman Henry Waxman wrote a letter to US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice requesting Moonen's personnel records. In an October 18, 2010 press release, the US attorney closed the investigation and noted that they had declined prosecution stating "...after reviewing all the available evidence and considering possible affirmative
defenses, such as self defense, prosecutors have concluded there is not sufficient evidence to obtain and sustain a conviction beyond a reasonable doubt. That high standard must be met to bring a criminal case." Notes

External links

 http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gfhT0GDGj2NR1gSKdCi6FsODXGxQD8S3BERG1
 http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/10/05/waxman.blackwater/
 http://www.tbo.com/news/nationworld/MGBQO3KKF7F.html
 https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/washington/06blackwater.html?ref=us
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071011202408/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7008744803
 http://www.govexec.com/story_page.cfm?articleid=38246&dcn=todaysnews
 http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?191575
 "Report Details Shooting by Drunken Blackwater Worker", The New York Times. http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=157111

Blackwater (company)
American mercenaries
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Kalispell, Montana

masks:
Andrew J
. Moonen
Moonen
Moonen
Andrew J
. Moonen
Moonen


texts:
Sir <mask>  (13 August 182028 May 1900) was an English engineer and writer on music, known as the founding editor of <mask>'s Dictionary of Music and Musicians. <mask> was trained as a civil engineer, and successful in that profession, but his love of music drew him into musical administration. When responsible for the regular orchestral concerts at the Crystal Palace, he wrote a series of programme notes from which eventually grew his musical dictionary. His interest in the music of Franz Schubert, which was neglected in England at that point in the nineteenth century, led him and his friend Arthur Sullivan to go to Vienna in search of undiscovered Schubert manuscripts. Their researches led to their discovery of the lost score of Schubert's Rosamunde music, several of his symphonies and other music in 1867, leading to a revival of interest in Schubert's work. <mask> was the first director of the Royal College of Music, from its foundation in 1883 until his retirement in 1894. He recruited leading musicians including Hubert Parry and Charles Villiers Stanford as members of the College faculty and established a close working relationship with London's older conservatoire, the Royal Academy of Music.In addition to his musical work, <mask> had a deep and scholarly knowledge of the Bible. He contributed to the English literature on the subject, including a concordance in 1854 and about a thousand pages of Sir William Smith's 1863 Bible Dictionary. He was a co-founder of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born in Clapham, the eighth of the eleven children of <mask> (1774–1852), fishmonger and venison dealer, and his wife, Mary (1784–1856), née Blades. A younger sister, <mask>, was the founding principal of College Hall, London. He went to a preparatory school, on Clapham Common, where one of his schoolfellows was <mask> Bradley, later Dean of Westminster, whose sister <mask> subsequently married. He next entered Stockwell (later known as Clapham) Grammar School, run by Charles Pritchard, the astronomer, who was inspired by the progressive principles of King's College, London.The educational curriculum was based on classics, divinity, mathematics and natural philosophy, and rigorously tested by annual examination. Pritchard also encouraged his pupils to develop interests in literature and music. <mask> was a regular worshipper at Holy Trinity church, Clapham, where he heard the music of Bach and Handel. By the age of sixteen, he was competent in classics and mathematics; he left the school in 1836 and was apprenticed to Alexander Gordon, a well-known civil engineer in Westminster. In his free time, he immersed himself in music, attending concerts and studying scores. After completing his apprenticeship, <mask> was admitted as a graduate of the Institution of Civil Engineers, in 1839. A year later he went to Glasgow, gaining further experience in the factory of Robert Napier.In 1841 <mask> had an affair with a woman called Elizabeth Blackwell, who gave birth to his illegitimate son, <mask> Blackwell, in March 1842. Between 1841 and 1846, <mask> spent most of his time in the West Indies, as resident engineer during the building of cast-iron lighthouses. After this he joined the staff of the Chester and Holyhead Railway and then became assistant to Edwin Clark, working on the Britannia Bridge across the Menai Strait. An account of the first floating of the tubes of the bridge is recorded in The Spectator of 23 June 1849, which was <mask>'s first appearance in print. During this period, he lived in Chester, hearing music in the cathedral and also becoming familiar with Welsh folksong. Music and biblical scholarship
While working on the Britannia Bridge <mask> came into contact with Robert Stephenson, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Sir Charles Barry and other eminent visitors to the works. "These distinguished men", <mask> later recalled, "noticed me and were as good as gold to me.They counselled me to go to London and forced me into the secretaryship of the Society of Arts, then vacant by the retirement of Mr. Scott Russell." This was in 1849, when the Great Exhibition of 1851 was in preparation. <mask> was the society's secretary for the duration of the exhibition. On 23 December 1851, he married Harriet Bradley, the sister of his old school friend <mask>. After the Great Exhibition closed in 1852, its principal building, known as "the Crystal Palace", was dismantled and rebuilt in the south London suburb of Sydenham as a centre for education, the arts and leisure. <mask> was appointed secretary of the Crystal Palace. He engaged a wind band and a conductor, Heinrich Schallehn.The latter was found to be unsatisfactory, and was replaced by August Manns, who, with <mask>'s encouragement, developed the band into a full-sized symphony orchestra. With programmes chosen by <mask> and Manns, the Crystal Palace concerts became a central feature of London's musical scene and remained so until the end of the century. <mask> wrote the programme notes for the concerts. In 1901, a biographer wrote:

The daily and weekly orchestral performances at Sydenham prompted those admirable analytical notices of musical compositions with which the name of <mask> was so long and is so favourably associated. He had always shown a great fondness for music, but had never received any technical training in the art. Entirely self-taught, his knowledge was acquired solely by 'picking up' information. "I wish it to be distinctly understood," he said, "that I have always been a mere amateur in music.I wrote about the symphonies and concertos because I wished to try to make them clear to myself and to discover the secret of the things that charmed me so; and from that sprang a wish to make other amateurs see it in the same way." <mask>'s musical analyses avoided all hint of technical jargon and tried to make clear to everyone who read them what, in <mask>'s opinion, listeners should be aware of in each piece. In a note on Mozart's Symphony No. 39, after referring to Mozart's extraordinary productivity in the year 1788, <mask> wrote:
The circumstances which necessitated such fearful exertion on this and many other occasions in Mozart's life we have no means of ascertaining. Whatever they were, they were in accordance with a common custom of Nature. She seems to delight in condemning her most gifted sons to an ordeal the very reverse of that which we should anticipate. It seems equally true in Art and in Morals, that it is not by indulgence and favour, but by difficulty and trouble, that the spirit is formed; and in all ages of the world our Davids, Shakspeares, Dantes, Mozarts, and Beethovens must submit to processes which none but their great spirits could survive – to a fiery trial of poverty, ill health, neglect, and misunderstanding – and be "tried as silver is tried," that they may become the teachers of their fellow-men to all time, and shine, like stars in the firmament, for ever and ever.<mask>'s Crystal Palace programme notes did not concentrate solely on his favourite Austro-German composers. He embraced a representative selection of composers, notably the Frenchmen Berlioz, Bizet, Delibes, Gounod, Massenet and Saint-Saëns, and the rising generations of British composers – Arthur Sullivan, Hubert Parry, Charles Villiers Stanford, Hamish MacCunn, Edward German and Granville Bantock. Among the composers whom <mask> sought to popularise was Schubert, whose music was largely neglected in England. <mask> and Manns presented the first performance in England of the Great C major Symphony. Together with his friend Arthur Sullivan, <mask> went to Vienna in 1867 in search of Schubert manuscripts. They found several of Schubert's symphonies and much other music, some of which they copied. They were particularly excited about their final discovery, which <mask> described thus: "I found, at the bottom of the cupboard, and in its farthest corner, a bundle of music-books two feet high, carefully tied round, and black with the undisturbed dust of nearly half-a-century.… These were the part-books of the whole of the music in Rosamunde, tied up after the second performance in December, 1823, and probably never disturbed since. Dr. Schneider [Schubert's nephew] must have been amused at our excitement; but let us hope that he recollected his own days of rapture; at any rate, he kindly overlooked it, and gave us permission to take away with us and copy what we wanted." In the early years of the Crystal Palace, <mask> devoted much of his leisure time to Biblical scholarship. Discovering that there was no full concordance of the proper names in the Bible, <mask>, helped by his wife, began work in 1853 making a complete index of each occurrence of every proper name in the Bible, including the Apocrypha. Between 1860 and 1863, <mask> was assistant editor to Sir William Smith in a comprehensive Bible dictionary, contributing more than a thousand pages. Some entries written by <mask>, such as that on the prophet Elijah, were equivalent almost to book-length. He visited the Holy Land in 1859 and 1861, and helped to found the Palestine Exploration Fund, of which he became honorary secretary, labouring incessantly on its behalf.The Archbishop of York said that <mask> was "virtually the founder and institutor of the Society, and has done wonders for it throughout." <mask> later observed, "People will insist on thinking of me as a musician, which I really am not in the very least degree. I took quite as much interest in my investigations into the natural features and the little towns of Palestine which I did for Smith's Dictionary of the Bible or for Arthur Stanley's Sinai and Palestine, as I did for Beethoven and Mendelssohn, indeed perhaps more so." <mask>'s Dictionary of Music and Musicians
After nearly twenty years of service at the Crystal Palace, <mask> resigned the secretaryship at the end of 1873 and accepted an offer from the publishers Macmillan and Co. to join their staff and become a director of the firm. He edited Macmillan's Magazine and wrote a primer of geography for Macmillan's "History Primers". By far the most important outcome of his connection with Macmillan was A Dictionary of Music and Musicians, for which his name is best remembered. The idea of the dictionary was entirely his own.He stated, in the prospectus of the dictionary, in March 1874, that "The want of English works on the history, theory, or practice of Music, or the biographies of musicians accessible to the non-professional reader, has long been a subject of remark." <mask> conceived of a work to fill the gap he had identified; he originally proposed two volumes of about 600 pages each, but by the time of its first publication, it ran to four volumes containing a total of 3,125 pages. It was issued by Macmillan in alphabetical volumes over a 12-year period ending in 1889. <mask> criticised Parry, a leading contributor, for being "inclined to be wordy and diffuse", but articles by <mask> on his own particular interests, Beethoven, Mendelssohn and Schubert, were even longer. The Musical Times wrote of the work, "His masterly biographies of Beethoven, Mendelssohn, and Schubert are models of biographical literature, and are written in a most fascinating style. He made two special journeys to Germany to obtain materials for his Mendelssohn article, and more than two to Vienna in connection with Schubert and Beethoven." Royal College of Music

In the 1880s, London's musical academies were in poor shape.The Royal Academy of Music was moribund, and the National Training School for Music, of which Sullivan was the reluctant and ineffectual head, was in financial and administrative difficulties. There was a proposal to merge the two bodies to create a single effective conservatoire, but the Royal Academy insisted on retaining its independence and later revitalised itself under the leadership of Alexander Mackenzie. The National Training School was re-formed as the Royal College of Music in 1882, and <mask> was appointed its first director. Throughout 1882 he led a successful fund-raising campaign that ensured the official opening of the new college by the Prince of Wales on 7 May 1883. <mask> received a knighthood on the same day. The teaching staff, whom he appointed, were led by Parry and Stanford, and, as a biographer of <mask> says, "carried the college with distinction into the twentieth century." <mask> focused the college's attention on two main activities: practical training and examining.He was determined to raise the general standard of orchestral playing by replacing the existing ad hoc methods of apprentice-based training, private lessons, or study abroad. His second focus, examination, followed the Victorian trend to form professional bodies regulating and standardising the activity of members of each profession. An example is the Institution of Civil Engineers to which <mask> had been admitted in 1839. When the Royal Charter establishing the college was being drawn up, <mask> ensured that, unlike the Royal Academy, the college should have degree-awarding powers. Mackenzie, seeing the prospect that the new institution would overshadow the Academy, successfully proposed that both bodies should award qualifications jointly. <mask> agreed, realising that this course would do much to dispel the damaging hostility that existed between the Academy and the college. The new Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music thus formed offered musical qualifications to external candidates from anywhere in the British Empire who could meet its rigorous standards.1,141 candidates entered for the first examinations in 1890, despite the high entry fee of two guineas. The income helped both institutions to keep their own student fees at an affordable level, which enabled the college to make a full three-year course of study its basic standard. Because of the thorough training thus offered, the high standard of playing of the college's students quickly became known. Leading musicians willingly appeared with the College orchestra, including Joseph Joachim and Hans Richter. Manns, Eugène Ysaÿe and Bernard Shaw praised it strongly. The historian David Wright says of <mask>'s legacy:  "The founding of the RCM in 1883 clearly represents the major turning point for musical training in Britain. The new attitudes it espoused stemmed directly from the professionalizing ethos that modernized and transformed Victorian society."Retirement and last years
<mask> retired at Christmas 1894, when he was succeeded by Parry. By this time, a new building had been constructed for the college. In 1896 <mask>'s Beethoven and his Nine Symphonies, "addressed to the amateurs of this country", appeared. Early in 1899, <mask>'s health began to fail, and he died, aged 79, on 28 May 1900, in the house at Sydenham in which he had lived for nearly 40 years. He was buried in the Brockley and Ladywell Cemeteries. References

Further reading
  Gerrit Waidelich. „nicht das Verdienst der im J.867 nach Wien gekommenen Englishmen“? – Legenden und Tatsachen zu Sullivans und <mask>s Sichtung des „staubigen“ Aufführungsmaterials von Schuberts Rosamunde-Musik (Teil II), in: Sullivan-Journal. Magazin der Deutschen Sullivan-Gesellschaft e. V. (Hrsg. von Meinhard Saremba) – Nr. 13 (Juli 2015), S. 18–32. ISSN 2190-0647. External links

English musicologists
English book editors
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Directors of the Royal College of Music
People from Clapham
1820 births
1900 deaths
Knights Bachelor
English writers about music

masks:
George Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Thomas Grove
Eleanor Grove
George Granville
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
George Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
George Bradley
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
George Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 26 May 1972), better known as <mask>, <mask> or <mask>. Manaf, is an Indonesian musician. He was the frontman of Dewa 19 and Ahmad Band, and also a member of the inter-continental band The Rock. He is the owner and chairman of Republik Cinta Management, an artist management company of MNC Media Group. <mask> has worked as a promoter and songwriter for other artists, including <mask>, Agnes Monica, Alexa Key and Mulan Jameela. He has won numerous awards including the Indonesian Music Awards for best musical arrangement. He is one of the most influential musicians in Southeast Asia. In recent years, he has generated controversy after his son killed seven people while driving illegally, and after becoming involved in politics.In January 2019, he was sentenced to 18 months in jail for hate speech. In June 2019, he was sentenced to an additional year in jail for insulting political rivals. He was released in December 2019. Early life
<mask> was born in Surabaya, East Java, the first of three children of Eddy Abdul Manaf, a diplomat of Sundanese origin from Garut, West Java, and Joyce Theresia Pamela Kohler, an Indonesian of German descent. In 2020, <mask> denied reports that his maternal grandfather, Jan Pieter Friederich Kohler, a German born in the then-Dutch-occupied country in 1883, was an Ashkenazi Jew. <mask> said his mother and grandfather were German Catholics. <mask>'s stepbrother, Dadang S. Manaf, is a well-known Indonesian musician and was a strong influence on <mask>'s musical interest from his childhood.<mask>'s father bought him a keyboard when he was young and enrolled him for music lessons, hoping <mask> would excel in classical music. <mask> was influenced by the British rock band Queen. Career

Dewa 19
<mask> formed his first musical group, Dewa, in 1986 with Andra Junaidi, Erwin Prasetya, and Henry Juniarso. <mask> served as the group's vocalist and keyboardist. He skipped school to jam with his friends at Juniarso's house in the Airlangga University complex. While in Dewa, <mask> became interested in jazz, and Dewa changed its name to Down Beat. Down Beat won the Youth Jazz Festival in East Java.It also won the inaugural Festival 90, a high school band competition that was part of the Djarum Super Fiesta Musical. The band, however, resumed playing rock, renaming itself "Dewa 19", with a new vocalist, Ari Lasso. The lack of modern recording studios in Surabaya prompted <mask> to move to Jakarta in 1989 in search of a record deal for Dewa 19. After being rejected by several labels, Dewa 19 was signed to Team Records by Jan Djuhana. Their first album, Dewa 19 (1992), was a huge success with a number of hits such as Kangen and Kita Tidak Sedang Bercinta Lagi. It was the best-selling Indonesian rock album of 1993 and won Best Newcomer at the Indonesian Music Awards. <mask> helped to produce the band's 11 albums, which included Dewa 19 (1992), Format Masa Depan (1994), Terbaik Terbaik (1995), Pandawa Lima (1997), The Best of Dewa 19 (1999), Bintang Lima (2000), Cintailah Cinta (2002), Atas Nama Cinta I & II (2004), Laskar Cinta (2004), Republik Cinta (2006), and Kerajaan Cinta (2007).Dewa 19 went through several personnel changes but remained one of the largest forces in the Indonesian music scene, with <mask> as its driving force, until breaking up in 2011. <mask>'s popular solo album Laskar Cinta (Warriors of Love) was praised because it "challenged militant ideology". Solo projects

After Dewa disbanded, <mask> joined forces with the Australian heavy metal band, Hospital The Musical to form a band named The Rock. The band's first album, Master Mister Ahmad Dhani I, sold more than 150,000 copies in Indonesia. It contained three new songs and seven covers of <mask>'s earlier songs. The hits from the album were "Kamu Kamulah Surgaku" and "Munajat Cinta". <mask> next appeared in a band named TRIAD, an acronym for The Rock Indonesia Ahmad Dhani.Unlike The Rock, TRIAD has five to six members unofficially appearing onstage and even sometimes four members, with <mask> performing as lead singer and rhythm guitarist. Triad's self-titled album sold 500,000 copies. It contained four new tracks, "Selir Hati", "Benar Salah IDolaku", "Mama", and "Sedang Mikirin Kamu", and seven cover tracks, including Queen's Mustapha. In 2010, <mask> sang with Ari Lasso at concerts in Jakarta and Bali, leading to rumors of a Dewa 19 reunion. In Bali, <mask> announced he would form a band with Judika, the winner of Indonesian Idol 2007. A few months later, <mask> declared the new band would be named Mahadewa, which would substitute for Dewa 19, which he said still existed but in a vacuum. He dismissed rumors that Dewa 19 was finished."I will focus on Mahadewa, my new band, and Dewa 19 still exists," he said. In January 2012, Mahadewa announced that its debut album would soon be released, containing five new songs and five covers of Dewa 19 songs. The album's first single, "Cinta Itu Buta", was released in mid-2012. The complete album's release was stalled because <mask> was preoccupied with his role as a judge on Indonesian Idol and X Factor Indonesia. However, he still found time for some reunion shows with former members of Dewa 19 in several big cities in Indonesia. Mahadewa's long-awaited debut album, Past to Present, was released in 2013. Personal life
<mask> married Maia Estianty in 1996, after a long relationship when Maia was still in high school in Surabaya.They have three children named after prominent Sufi leaders whom <mask> admires, namely <mask> Ghazali, <mask> Jalaluddin Rumi, and Abdul Qodir Jaelani. In late 2006, <mask> and Maia made mutual allegations of infidelity, resulting in Maia filing for divorce. Their marriage was annulled on 23 September 2008 by South Jakarta Religious Court. <mask> has been described, as one of the richest performers in Indonesia. In August 2013, <mask> admitted he had fathered a daughter, Saafeya, with singer Mulan Jameela. Legal issues

Child's car crash

On 8 September 2013, <mask>'s 13-year-old son Abdul Qodir Jaelani was illegally driving a Mitsubishi Lancer at 176 km/h and crashed into a Daihatsu Gran Max minivan carrying 13 people on a Jakarta toll road. Seven people were killed and Abdul himself was injured.Police refused to charge <mask> over the accident for allowing his child to drive a car. State prosecutors in June 2014 recommended Abdul be sentenced to two years probation. Involvement in politics

On 21 May 2014, <mask> announced his support to ex-general Prabowo Subianto's campaign for the July 9 presidential election. <mask> claimed, "Almost every manly man (lelaki jantan) votes for Prabowo. If a man doesn't vote for Prabowo, his masculinity (kejantanan) must be questioned." In June 2014, <mask> released a video clip in support of Prabowo and his running mate Hatta Rajasa. The clip featured <mask> and three Indonesian Idol contestants – Husein, Nowela and Virzha – covering Queen's "We Will Rock You," and included the lyrics "who will awaken Indonesia from its misery if not us?Prabowo-Hatta!" The video was widely condemned because <mask> used the music without permission from Queen and he wore a replica of the jacket worn by Nazi Germany's SS and Gestapo chief Heinrich Himmler, who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews. <mask> was criticized for dancing in the clip with a golden Garuda – the mythical bird that is Indonesia's emblem. Time magazine's website ran a critical article headlined "This Indonesian Nazi Video Is One of the Worst Pieces of Political Campaigning Ever". Prabowo thanked <mask>, saying, "This video is boosting our fighting spirit!" However, there were rumors that <mask> was struck by Prabowo for his controversial music video, during a visit to the presidential candidate's residence. On 23 June 2014, a Twitter post allegedly by <mask> stated that he would cut off his penis if presidential contender Joko Widodo and his running mate, former vice president Jusuf Kalla won the election.<mask> later claimed he never made the tweet and filed complaints against online media outlets that carried news of the controversial tweet. 2016 treason allegation
On 2 December 2016, <mask> was arrested at a Jakarta hotel on suspicion of involvement in an alleged plot to overthrow the government. He was released a day later but remained a suspect over alleged defamation of the president. Hate speech convictions
<mask> on 5 March 2017 posted on Twitter: "Siapa saja yg dukung Penista Agama adalah Bajingan yg perlu di ludahi muka nya" (English: Anyone who supports a Blasphemer is a Bastard who needs to be spat on the face). The tweet was a reference to supporters of Jakarta Governor Basuki Tjahaja 'Ahok' Purnama, who was standing for re-election while on trial for insulting Islam. In November 2017, South Jakarta Police declared <mask> a suspect for hate speech. <mask> said he has never felt guilty."In the examination I admitted that I hate those who defend religious blasphemers, I hate those who blaspheme religion, I also hate corruptors, rapists and drug dealers" he said. His trial commenced in April 2018 at South Jakarta District Court. On 28 January 2019, he was found guilty of hate speech and sentenced to one year and six months in jail. Prosecutors had recommended a two-year jail sentence. After the conclusion of his trial, he was sent to Jakarta's Cipinang jail. His lawyer Hendarsam Marantoko said he would appeal the verdict, which he described as an act of revenge for the jailing of Ahok. In a separate case, Surabaya District Court in East Java province on 11 June 2019 sentenced <mask> to one year in jail for referring to his political rivals as "idiots" in an online post.The court ruled he had violated Article 27, Clause 3, of the Information and Electronic Transactions Law. The one-year sentence was reduced to three months and a six-month suspended sentence on appeal. <mask> was released from Cipinang jail on 30 December 2019. His colleague Lieus Sungkharisma said <mask>'s release was thanks to Prabowo Subianto, who was appointed defense minister while <mask> was jailed. <mask> said he would continue to support Prabowo's presidential aspirations. References

External links

 Official website
 "Republic Cinta Management"
 "<mask> Meets With Children at Rumah Belajar", US Department of State
 "Eddy Abdul Manaf Interview"

1972 births
21st-century Indonesian male singers
People from Surabaya
Indonesian people of German descent
Indonesian people of Jewish descent
Indonesian Muslims
Indonesian pop singers
Indonesian rock singers
Indonesian songwriters
Anugerah Musik Indonesia winners
Living people
Dewa 19 members
Sundanese people
Indo people
20th-century Muslims
21st-century Muslims
21st-century criminals
20th-century Indonesian male singers

masks:
Ahmad Dhani Prasetyo
Dhani Ahmad Prasetyo
Ahmad Dhani
Dhani Muhammad Prasetyo
Dhani S
Dhani
Maia Ahmad
Ahmad Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Ahmad Al
Ahmad El
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Ahmad Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Dhani
Ahmad Dhani


texts:
<mask> () was a composer associated with the Notre Dame school of polyphony in Paris and the broader  musical style of high medieval music. He is credited with developing the polyphonic practices of his predecessor, Léonin, with the introduction of three and four-part harmonies. Other than a brief mention by music theorist Johannes de Garlandia in his De Mensurabili Musica, virtually all information on <mask>'s life comes from Anonymous IV, a pseudonymous English student. Anonymous IV names seven titles from a Magnus Liber—including Viderunt omnes, Sederunt principes and Alleluia Nativitas—that have been identified with surviving works and gives him the title Magister Perotinus (Pérotinus the Master) meaning he was licensed to teach. It is assumed that Perotinus was French and named Pérotin, a diminutive of Peter, but attempts to match him with persons in contemporary documents remain speculative. Life, and problems of identification

Pérotin, about whom little is known, most likely lived around the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th century and is presumed to have been French. The closest thing to a contemporary account of his life comes from two much later reporters: a brief mention attributed to the music theorist Johannes de Garlandia () in his De Mensurabili Musica, and four mentions in the works of a late 13c English student  known as Anonymous IV, including this paragraph:
These rules were used in many older books; this was so during and after the time of Perotinus the Great.Nevertheless, they did not know how to distinguish these notes from those which will be presented shortly. This was so even since the time of Leo, because two ligated notes were put for the durational value of a brevis longa, and in a similar manner, three ligated notes were quite often used for a longa brevis, longa. People say Maître Leonin was the best composer of Organum (optimus organista), he composed the Great Organum Book for the gradual and antiphonary in order to prolong the divine service. This book remained in use until the time of the great Perotin who abridged it and composed clausules and sections that were many in number and better because he was the best composer of descant (optimus discantor). This Magister Perotinus made the best quadrupla, such as Viderunt and Sederunt, with an abundance of striking musical embellishments [colores armonicae artis]; likewise, the noblest tripla, such as Alleluia, Posui adiutorium and [Alleluia], Nativitas etc. He also made three-voice conductus, such as Salvatoris hodie, and two-voice conductus, such as Dum sigillum summi Patris, and also, among many others, monophonic conductus, such as Beata viscera etc. The book, that is, the books of Magister Perotinus, were in use in the choir of the Paris cathedral of the Blessed Virgin up to the time of Magister Robertus de Sabilone, and from his time up to the present day.There have been many speculative attempts to identify Pérotin with members of the Notre Dame administration, but these have not generally been accepted. Of the several people with that name (Petrus) that have been suggested, the commonest are Petrus Cantor (died 1197), who was a theologian, and another Petrus who was Succentor at Notre Dame ca. 1207–1238. Of these two, Petrus Succentor has been suggested as more probable, in part on chronological grounds, and partly because of the succentor's role in overseeing the celebration of the liturgy in the cathedral (whose choir was dedicated 1182), but this is purely speculative, resting on an assumption that the composer held some important rank in the cathedral hierarchy. Pérotin is considered to be the most important member of the Notre Dame school of polyphony, a group of composers working at or near the cathedral in Paris from about 1160 to 1250, creators of the  style. The dates of Pérotin's life and works have long been a subject of debate, but are generally thought to be from about 1155/60 (or earlier) to around 1200/05 (or later), based on the evolution of French choral writing during this time (see Works), in particular, his apparent absence from the flowering of the French motet that occurred after 1210. <mask> was one of very few composers of his day whose name has been preserved, and can be reliably attached to individual compositions, most of which have been transcribed.Anonymous IV called him Magister Perotinus (Pérotinus the Master). The title, employed also by Johannes de Garlandia, means that Perotinus, like Léonin, earned the degree magister artium, almost certainly in Paris, and that he was licensed to teach. However, only Anonymous IV employed the epithet Perotinus Magnus (Perotinus the Great). The name Perotinus, the Latin diminutive of Petrus, is assumed to be derived from the French name Pérotin, diminutive of Pierre. However "Petrus" was one of the most common names in the Ile de France during the High Middle Ages, making further identification difficult. The diminutive was presumably a mark of respect bestowed by his colleagues. The title Magnus was a mark of the esteem in which he was held, even long after his death.Historical context

Notre Dame School

The reign of Louis VII (1137–1180) witnessed a period of cultural innovation, in which appeared the Notre Dame school of musical composition, and the contributions of Léonin, who prepared two-part choral settings (organa) for all the major liturgical festivals. This period in musical history has been described as a paradigm shift of lasting consequence in musical notation and rhythmic composition, with the development of the organum, clausula, conductus and motet. The innovative nature of the Notre Dame style stands in contrast to its predecessor, that of the Abbey of St Martial, Limoges, replacing the monodic (monophonic) Gregorian chant with polyphony (more than one voice singing at a time). This was the beginning of polyphonic European church music. Organum at its roots involves simple doubling (organum duplum or organum purum) of a chant at intervals of a fourth or fifth, above or below. This school also marked a transition from music that was essentially performance to a less ephemeral entity that was committed to parchment, preserved and transmitted to history. It is also the beginning of the idea of composers and compositions, the introduction of more than two voices and the treatment of vernacular texts.For the first time, rhythm became as important as pitch, to the extent that the music of this era came to be known as musica mensurabilis (music that can be measured). These developments and the notation that evolved laid the foundations of musical practice for centuries. The surviving manuscripts from the thirteenth century together with the contemporaneous treatises on musical theory constitute the musical era of . The Notre Dame repertory spread throughout Europe. In Paris polyphony was being performed in the late 1190s but later sources imply that some of the compositions date back as far as the 1160s. Although often linked to the construction of the cathedral itself, construction commenced in 1163 and the altar consecrated in 1182. However there was evidence of musical creativity there from the early twelfth century.Léonin's work was distinguished by two distinctive organum styles, purum and discantus. This early polyphonic organa was still firmly based on Gregorian chant, to which a second voice was added. The chant was called the tenor (cantus firmus or vox principalis), which literally “holds” (Latin: tenere) the melody. The tenor is based on an existing plainsong melody from the liturgical repertoire (such as the Alleluia, Verse or Gradual, from the Mass, or a Responsory or Benedicamus from the Office). This quotation of plainchant melody is a defining characteristic of thirteenth century musical genres. In organum purum the tenor part was drawn out into long pedal points, while the upper part or duplum contrasted with it in a much freer rhythm, consisting of melisms (melismatic or several notes per syllable, compared to syllabic, a single note per syllable). In the second, discantus, style, the tenor was allowed to be melismatic, and the notes were quicker and more regular with the upper part becoming equally rhythmic.These more rhythmic sections were known as clausulae (puncta). Another innovation was the standardization of note forms, and Léonin's new square notes were quickly adopted. Although he developed the discantus style, Léonin's strength was as a writer of organum purum. The singing of organa fell into disuse by the mid thirteenth century. Associated with the Notre Dame school, was Johannes de Garlandia, whose De mensurabili provided a theoretical basis, for Notre Dame polyphony is essentially musica mensurabilis, music that is measured in time. In his treatise, he defines three forms of polyphony, organum in speciali, copula, and discant, which are defined by the relationship of the voices to each other and by the rhythmic flow of each voice. Magnus liber organi

Léonin compiled his compositions into a book, the Magnus liber organi (Great Organum Book), around 1160.Pérotin's works are preserved in this compilation of early polyphonic church music, which was in the collection of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. The Magnus liber also contains the work of his successors. In addition to two-part organa, this book contains three- and four-part compositions in four distinct forms: organa, clausulae, conducti and motets, and three distinct styles. In the organum style the upper voices are highly mobile over a tenor voice moving in long unmeasured notes. The discant style has the tenor moving in measured notes, but still more slowly than the upper voices. The third style has all voices moving note on note, and is largely limited to conductus. The surviving sources all commence with a four-voice organal setting of the Christmas Gradual, Viderunt omnes, believed to be Pérotin's, as most likely did the original Liber.However, the manuscripts and

masks: Pérotin Pérotin Pérotin


texts:
 fragments that survive date well into the thirteenth century, meaning that they are preserved in a form notated by musicians working several generations following Léonin and Pérotin. This collection of music constitutes the earliest known record of polyphony to have the stability and circulation achieved earlier by monophonic Gregorian chant. Music

Forms and style

Louis VII was succeeded by his son Philip II in 1179 and his reign was marked by integration and revision of the cultural shifts that had transpired under his father. It was during this time that the compositions of Pérotin first appeared, and a shift towards a more predominant discantus style. <mask> is best known for his composition of both liturgical organa and non-liturgical conducti in which the voices move note on note. He pioneered the styles of organum triplum and organum quadruplum (three and four-part polyphony) and his Viderunt omnes and Sederunt principes, Graduals for Christmas and the feast of St Stephen's Day (December 26) respectively are among only a few organa quadrupla known, early polyphony having been restricted to two-part compositions. With the addition of further parts, the compositions became known as motets, the most important form of polyphony of the period.<mask>'s two Graduals for the Christmas season represent the highest point of his style, with a large scale tonal design in which the massive pedal points sustain the swings between consecutive harmonies, and an intricate interplay among the three upper voices. Pérotin also furthered the development of musical notation, moving it further from improvisation. Despite this, we know nothing of how these works came about. In addition to his own compositions, as noted by Anonymous IV, Pérotin set about revising the Magnus Liber Organi. Léonin's added duplum required skill, and had to be sung fast with up to 40 notes to one of the underlying chant, as a result of which the actual text progressed very slowly. Pérotin shortened these passages, while adding further voice parts to enrich the harmony. The degree to which he did this has been debated due to the phrase abbreviavit eundem by Anonymous IV.Usually translated as abbreviate, it has been surmised that he shortened the Magnus liber by replacing organum purum with discant clausulae or simply replacing existing clausulae with shorter ones. Some 154 clausulae have been attributed to Pérotin but many other clausulae are elaborate compositions that would actually expand the compositions in the Liber, and these stylistically resemble his known works which are on a much grander scale than those of his predecessor, and hence do not represent "abbreviation". An alternative rendering of abbreviavit is to write down, suggesting that he actually prepared a new edition using his better developed system of rhythmic notation, including mensural notation, as mentioned by Anonymous IV. Two styles emerged from the organum duplum, the "florid" and "discant" (discantus). The former was more typical of Léonin, the latter of Pérotin, though this indirect attribution has been challenged. Anonymous IV described Léonin as optimus organista (the best composer of organa) but Pérotin, who revised the former's Magnus Liber Organi (Great Organum Book), as optimus discantor referring to his discant composition., In the original discant organum duplum, the second voice follows the cantus firmus, note on note but at an interval, usually a fourth above. By contrast, in the florid organum, the upper or vox organalis voice wove shorter notes around the longer notes of the lower tenor chant.Compositions

Anonymous IV mentions a number of compositions which he attributes to Pérotin, including the four-voice Viderunt omnes and Sederunt principes, and the three-voice Alleluia "Posui adiutorium" and Alleluia "Nativitas". Johannes de Garlandia states that the Magnus Liber commences with Perotin's four-part organa, and makes specific reference to the notation in the three-part Alleluya, Posui adiutorium. Other works are attributed to him by later scholars, such as Heinrich Husmann, on stylistic grounds, all in the organum style, as well as the two-voice Dum sigillum summi Patris and the monophonic Beata viscera in the conductus style. (The conductus sets a rhymed Latin poem called a sequence to a repeated melody, much like a contemporary hymn.) By tradition, the four-part pieces of the Notre Dame school have been attributed to Pérotin, leaving the two-part pieces to Léonin. The former include the three-part conductus Salvator hodie. The latter is placed in the Mass for the Circumcision in a 13th century French manuscript.Of these, the best known works are his Viderunt omnes and Sederunt principes. These have been described as representing the peak of musical development of the time. Most of Pérotin's works are in polyphonic form of discant, including the quadrupla and tripla. Here the upper voices move in discant, as rhythmic counterpoint above the sustained tenor notes. This is consistent with Anonymous IV's description of him as optimus discantor. However, like Léonin, he is likely to have composed in every musical genre and style known to Notre Dame polyphony. Pérotin's dates of activity have been approximated from some late 12th century edicts (Statuta et donationes piae) of the Bishop of Paris, Odo (Eudes de Sully) (1196–1208), in 1198 and 1199.Rebuked by Peter of Capua, the papal legate of the time, the bishop sought to reform the rituals around the Christmas season, forbidding the boistrous costumed performances that existed at the time, in particular, the Feast of Fools. His preference was for elaborate music in its stead, calling for performance in organa triplo vel quadruplo for the Responsory and Benedicamus and other settings. The bishop's edicts are quite specific, and suggest that <mask>'s organum quadruplum Viderunt omnes was written for Christmas 1198, and his other organum quadruplum Sederunt Principes was composed for Saint Stephen's Day 1199, for the dedication of a new wing of the Notre Dame Cathedral. If written after this, they could not have been written till late 1200 or 1201, since for most of 1200 France lay under an interdict of Pope Innocent III which suppressed the celebration of church services. Hans Tischler dates the revision of the Magnus Liber to around 1180/90. Between the accounts of Anonymous IV, the episcopal edicts and the arrangements in the Magnus liber, the key compositions appear to be corroborated and assigned to this period. Pérotin composed music to at least five of the poems of the Chancellor of the cathedral, Philippe le Chancelier (Philip the Chancellor).Philip, also a canon there, held that title at the cathedral from 1218 till his death in 1236, suggesting a possible later date for Pérotin's setting of the former's Beata viscera (ca. 1220), or at least a terminus ante quem. Others believe this poem was written much earlier, and hence place Pérotin's death as no later than 1205, the bishop's edicts implying that Pérotin's work was well before this. Philip appears to have written a number of poems with the intention of them being set to music by Pérotin, and with him is given credit for the development of the motet. List of works

Anonymous IV identified seven works, that he presumably considered worthy of singling out, and these represent the only direct attribution. Subsequent authors have attributed works on stylistic and chronological grounds. These include Friedrich Ludwig (1910), Heinrich Husmann (1940), Hans Tischler (1950) and Ethel Thurston (1970).Husmann added an additional nine three-part organa, and five clausula to which Ludwig added numerous other clausula. Other authors have attributed all the three-part organa in the Magnus Liber to Pérotin, which is unlikely. Nevertheless, two of the only three known four-part organa can be attributed to him. Key: Anonymous IV (A), Johannes de Garlandia (G), Tischler (Ti), Thurston (Th), Husmann (H). Numbers refer to folios in the F manuscript of the Magnus liber. <mask>'s music has influenced modern minimalist composers such as Steve Reich, particularly in Reich's work Proverb. List of selected recordings

 for discography, see

  (audio and visual)
 Gothic Revolution – Sacred MusicThe Sixteen, Harry Christophers, Simon Russell Beale CORO DVD
Messe de la Nativité de la Vierge.Ensemble Organum, Marcel Pérès. Harmonia Mundi 901538 (1995). Perotin. The Hilliard Ensemble, CD ECM New Series, 837–751–2
Sacred Music From Notre-Dame Cathedral, Tonus Peregrinus; Antony Pitts, CD NAXOS 8.557340 (2005)

Notes

References

Bibliography

Books

 , also available here on the Internet Archive
  (English trans. Rob C. Wegman)

Historical sources

 , see also
 , English translation available as,
  (full text available on) Internet Archive

  (attributed) (full text: Volume 1 Volume 2)

Chapters

 , in
 , in
 , in
 . in
 , in

Dictionaries and encyclopedias

  (subscription access)

 , later edition available on line at Oxford Music (subscription access)

 , reprinted in

  , in
 , see also The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians

Articles

Audiovisual

Websites

 , (subscription access) see also Oxford Companion to Music

  includes access to complete text of Magnus Liber

  (2nd quarter of the 13th century, probably between 1227 and 1234)

Further reading

Books

  (full text on Internet Archive)

   see also Musik-Konzepte

 , reprinted in

Articles

Audiovisual
 Hillier, Paul (1989). "Perotin".program notes to The Hilliard Ensemble: Perotin. CD ECM New Series 1385 (837-751-2). Munich: ECM Records. Websites

External links
Pérotin

Magnus Liber Organi

Ars antiqua composers
French classical composers
French male classical composers
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
12th-century French composers
13th-century French composers
Medieval male

masks: Pérotin Pérotin Pérotin Pérotin