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Thomas Edward "<mask><mask> (September 29, 1908 – January 30/31, 1967), nicknamed the "Midnight Express", was an American track and field athlete who competed in sprints. He set world records in the 100-yard dash and 100 meters event and Olympic records in the 100 meters and 200 meters events. He was the first non-Euro-American to receive the title of the "world's fastest human" after winning gold medals in the 100 and 200 meters events at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. In March 1935, <mask> won the 75, 100 and 220-yard events at the World Professional Sprint Championships in Melbourne to become the first man to win both the amateur and professional world sprint championships. In his full career as a sprinter, Tolan won 300 races and lost only 7. Early years
<mask> was born in Denver, Colorado, one of four children. Tolan's father was <mask>.The family moved to Salt Lake City, Utah when <mask> was young, and moved again to Detroit, Michigan in 1924, when <mask> was 15 years old. <mask> later recalled, "My father read about better opportunities for Negroes here, so he packed up Mom and the four kids and we came here." Cass Tech High School
<mask> attended Cass Technical High School in Detroit where he was an outstanding football player and sprinter. While at Cass Tech, Tolan set state records in the 100 and 220-yard dashes. While still in high school, Tolan ran the 100-yard dash in 9.8 seconds and the 220-yard dash in 21.5 seconds. At age of 16, <mask> was a member of a two-man team from Cass Tech that won the 1925 National Interscholastic indoor meet in Chicago. He won his first sprint double at the state meet as a sophomore, and in 1927 he won the 100 and 220-yard dashes at the National Interscholastic Championship at Soldier Field in Chicago.Despite his accomplishments as a sprinter, <mask>'s first love was football, and he often said "the six touchdowns he scored in one game as a 131-pound quarterback at Detroit's Cass Tech High School was his greatest thrill, rather than his double win in the Olympics." University of Michigan

Football
Tolan was recruited by several major universities as a football player, but he chose the University of Michigan. There are differing accounts as to why <mask> never played on the varsity football team at Michigan. According to a published account in The Detroit News in 2002, Tolan joined the freshman football team as a freshman in 1927. At that time, no African-American had played on Michigan's varsity football team since George Jewett in the 1890s. Tolan was initially allowed to play, but on the third day of practice, the freshman football coach told him, "Some of the coaches are disagreeing on your chances. Some of them think that you shouldn't be allowed to play football.I'd be tickled to have you but I'm afraid I'm going to be outvoted." The Detroit News noted, that the freshman coach was outvoted: "They took away <mask>'s football uniform and handed him a track suit in exchange." Other accounts indicate, it was an injury that prevented Tolan from playing football at Michigan. An Associated Press story on Tolan in 1958 stated: "He would have been a football great as a quarterback, had a knee injury in his junior year in high school not forced him to channel all his energies to track." In his obituary, the Associated Press reported that the coaches at Michigan "talked the pint-sized speedster into going out for track." <mask> was also quoted as saying, "The track team did a lot more traveling then, so I saw the opportunity to travel on a Pullman and see the country." Big Ten and world sprint champion

At Michigan, Tolan ran track under the mentorship of two of the great sprinters of their generations.Michigan's head coach, Steve Farrell, was considered "the greatest professional footracer this country has ever known" in the 1880s and 1890s. And Michigan's assistant coach Charles B. Hoyt, who took over from Farrell in 1930, was rated "America's best sprinter" in 1913, but lost his opportunity to compete in the 1916 Olympics due to World War I. Coaches at Michigan weren't supportive in the face of racism <mask> faced while traveling, and even told him he'd be the last black athlete on the team if he complained. As a sophomore in May 1929, <mask> broke the Big Ten Conference record and tied the world's record for the 100 yard dash with a time of 9.6. Press coverage starting with this world record run, and throughout his career, focused on three features – Tolan's race, his eyeglasses, and his short stocky build. <mask> was one of the first African-Americans to have success in sprinting, and he raced with eyeglasses taped to his head. Various accounts put his height anywhere from 5 feet, 4 inches, to 5 feet, 7 inches.One writer noted that <mask> "looks like a church deacon." Another writer described <mask>'s appearance this way:

<mask>, known as the 'Midnight Express,' was  tall and weighed . He smiled often, raced while chewing gum, and could be easily identified by a bandage around his left knee to protect an old football injury. In addition he wore horn-rimmed glasses held in place with adhesive tape. <mask>'s gum-chewing became part of his routine. He chewed gum before a race to relieve stress. After accidentally running with the gum in his mouth, Tolan found that he was chewing in sync with his stride.<mask> later began chewing gum as part of his routine, chewing the gum faster when he needed to accelerate his leg movements. At the Big Ten championships in May 1930, <mask> broke the world's record in the 100-yard dash with a time of 9.5. <mask>'s performance was accepted by the International Amateur Athletic Federation as the new official world's record. Seven weeks after breaking the world's record in the 100-yard dash, <mask> also broke the world's record in the 100 meters race. Competing in Vancouver, British Columbia, <mask> shaved two-tenths of a second off the record with a time of 10-1/5 seconds. Track officials in Vancouver announced after the race, that Tolan's record-setting performance was "all the more remarkable in the fact that he ran uphill, the finish mark being thirty inches higher than the starting point." <mask>'s world-record performances in 1930 brought him international fame, as he became known as the "Midnight Express."In May 1931, <mask> again broke the world's record in the 100 meters event with a time of 10.3 seconds in Vancouver. Southern California sprinter Frank Wykoff jumped to a slight lead, but <mask> came from behind to pass Wykoff at the 100-yard mark. <mask> graduated from the University of Michigan in 1931. Double gold medals at the 1932 Summer Olympics

Lead-up to the Olympics

After graduating from Michigan, <mask> enrolled at West Virginia State College, where he did "graduate work preparatory to teaching and coaching at a Negro institution." Early in 1932, <mask> was not running at his prior level. Despite the slow start, Dean Cromwell, Chairman of the All American Board of Track and Field, predicted great things for Tolan in his column on 1932's "Olympic Prospects." Cromwell wrote of Tolan:

Just as spring warms into summer Tolan slides from the class of mediocre sprinters to that of the champions.He is a slow starter, but when the weather gets warm so does <mask>, and off he goes. While press reports regularly referred to <mask> as "stocky," Cromwell took issue with that characterization:

<mask> is now 24 years of age, five feet six inches tall and weights about 130 pounds. Although he has always been termed 'stocky' by the press, a comparison of his weight and height will show that he cannot properly be so styled. He is well muscled, though, and in action gives the impression of great running power, with his arms and legs working smoothly and strongly in a machine piston-like manner. The Olympic trials were held at Stanford University, and Ralph Metcalfe won both the 100 and 200 meters finals, with <mask> finishing second to Metcalfe in each case. The results meant that the top two American sprinters in the 1932 Olympics would for the first time be African-Americans. As a result, much of the press attention focused on race.Los Angeles Times sports columnist Braven Dyer wrote: "Metcalfe and <mask> make the ace of spades look positively pale by comparison … But how these boys can run … And they figure to do even better here than they did at Palo Alto because it's warmer now and they enjoy the heat." 100 meters race
The 100 meters contest at the 1932 Olympics was one of the closest races in Olympic history. <mask> broke the Olympic record in the first heat of the second round with a time of 10.4 seconds, but Metcalfe remained the favorite. In the finals, Japanese sprinter Takayoshi Yoshioka jumped out to a four-yard lead after 40 meters. <mask> passed Yoshioka at the 60 meter mark and had a two-yard lead over Metcalfe at the 100-yard mark. But Metcalfe passed Tolan at the tape and appeared to the crowd to be the winner. Sports writer Maxwell Stiles described the last strides as follows:

His powerful legs churning wildly, Metcalfe swept down upon little Tolan like an avenging angel full of fury.<mask>, his left knee in an elastic bandage and his glasses taped to his head near his ears, dug in for one last desperate stride in his effort to hold the lead. Just at the tape, Metcalfe rushed past <mask> and was well ahead a yard beyond the finish. Almost everyone thought Metcalfe had won. It was hours later, after review of films taken with a "Kirby two-eyed camera," that officials were able to declare <mask> the winner with a time of 10.3 seconds. The films showed that <mask> and Metcalfe hit the finish line in a dead heat, but <mask> was declared the winner, because he had his entire torso past the line on the ground before Metcalfe. 200 meters race

The 200 meters race was held on the fourth day of competition, and this time the race was not close, as <mask> beat Metcalfe easily with an Olympic record time of 21.2 seconds – four-tenths of a second better than the prior record of 21.6 seconds. <mask> stumbled slightly with three yards to go, but righted himself and finished with a four-foot lead.With double wins in the 100 and 200 meters contests, <mask> was dubbed the "world's fastest human." <mask> was the first African-American to have that distinction, and press coverage of his Olympic wins focused on his race. The Associated Press called him the "spectacled little American Negro" and "the dusky little thunderbolt." Braven Dyer referred to him as "the stubby colored boy," and noted that "the chunky Detroit Negro" had defeated Arthur Jonath of Germany, "the white-skinned Teuton." Another writer described how the "little black man with horn-rimmed glasses" crossed the finish line, being chased by "a white man of America, George Simpson," and "a brother black, Ralph Metcalfe." Commentators also noted, that the only other two sprinters to win double gold in the 100 and 200 meters races were also University of Michigan athletes, Ralph Craig and Archie Hahn. Reaction to Tolan's Accomplishments
After the sprint competition concluded, a reporter interviewed <mask> and Metcalfe in their shared room at the Olympic Village.When Metcalfe teased <mask> for being lucky, <mask> replied, "Yeah, I had it all right – but it's 'bout time, Ralph; first little ol' luck I had in eight years!" Still in bed at noon wearing pajamas and with a stocking cap on his head, Tolan said he was "in the best condition of my life when the 200 meters final started," and he vowed to give his gold medals to his mother. Back in Detroit, Mayor Frank Murphy appointed a reception committee to meet Tolan at the train station, and Michigan Governor Wilber M. Brucker declared September 6, 1932 as "Eddie Tolan Day" throughout the state. The governor issued a proclamation stating that Tolan had "brought honor to our commonwealth" and encouraging communities throughout the state to arrange ceremonies "as an expression of Michigan's pride in his achievement." <mask>'s mother noted, that she was proud of her son's accomplishments. She noted that, though she had worked hard as the sole provider for the family, it was worth it. She added, "If my menfolk could only find jobs I could ease up a bit and a mighty big worry would be off <mask>'s mind."In April 1936, <mask>, along with many other sports champions and stand outs, were honored at a banquet in Detroit, MI. This Banquet was the first celebration of Champions Day. Vaudeville and hard times

Less than six months after winning Olympic gold medals and the title of the "world's fastest human," Tolan garnered national press when he fell on hard times. Syndicated columnist William H. Beatty wrote that "the heady wine of victory has turned overnight to vinegar" for Tolan. <mask> noted that, when he was met at the train station by a welcoming committee, his half-brother was collecting waste paper in the grass of the park in front of the train station. Tolan noted that his half-brother was "luckier than I am," because he had a job. His parents had both been unemployed for many months, and it was not until January 1933 that Tolan was able to get a low-paying job as a filing clerk in a county office.<mask>'s lifetime dream of becoming a physician was waning, as he had been "unable to make enough to support himself and his parents." Desperate to earn a living, <mask> "walked the streets of many cities, seeking work," and even briefly appeared in vaudeville in 1932 with Bill "Bojangles" Robinson. They made a good team; <mask> had set world records for running forwards, and Robinson had set world's records for running backwards: 50 yards backward sprint (6 seconds), 75 yards backwards sprint (8.2 seconds), and 100 yards backwards sprint (13.2 seconds). Because of his brief appearance in vaudeville, the Michigan Amateur Athletic Association stripped Tolan of his amateur status in June 1933. And in April 1934, <mask>'s bad luck continued as an automobile he was driving struck and seriously injured an 80-year-old pedestrian. Professional sprinting career
In November 1934, <mask> took a leave of absence from his job as assistant county registrar of deeds to compete in the Australian sprint program, a series of five professional races, including the Stawell Gift handicap. <mask> returned in April 1935 after having set new Australian records of 21.5 seconds in the 220-yard dash on a full curve track and 7.5 seconds for the 75-yard dash.He won the 75, 100, and 220-yard events at the World Professional Sprint Championships in March 1935 in Melbourne, and became the first man to win both the amateur and professional world sprint championships. In his full career as a sprinter, <mask> won 300 races and lost only 7. Throughout his career as a sprinter, Tolan worked by a simple creed: "Start fast, run easily, stay in your lane and finish strong." Civil service and teaching career
After returning from Australia, <mask> returned to his job in Detroit as a clerk to the Register of Deeds. Tolan worked at a variety of jobs in the 1940s and 1950s. In 1956, <mask> became a school teacher in physical and health education. He taught at the Irving Elementary School on Detroit's West Side for several years.Death and family
<mask> never married. In 1965, <mask>'s kidneys failed, and he was required to undergo weekly dialysis treatments for the rest of his life. In 1967, <mask> died from heart failure at age 58 at Detroit's Mt. Carmel Hospital, while undergoing one of his weekly treatments. At the time of his death, Jesse Owens paid him tribute in Jet magazine:

When I was in high school, <mask> and Ralph (Metcalfe) were my idols. <mask> and I later became close friends. I used to live in Detroit and every time I'd go back <mask> was one of the first ones I'd look up.<mask> was survived by his sisters, June Brown and Martha Lombard, and a brother, Hart H<mask>. Though the two never met, <mask> was also a cousin of former Major League Baseball player <mask>. <mask> is interred at United Memorial Gardens in Plymouth, Michigan. Honors and awards
In 1958, <mask> was inducted into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame. He was one of the first 18 persons inducted. He was inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1980. Only 17 individuals were inducted into the Hall before Tolan.<mask> was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. <mask> was inducted into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1982. See also
 University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor

References

1908 births
1967 deaths
African-American male track and field athletes
American male sprinters
Cass Technical High School alumni
Athletes (track and field) at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Michigan Wolverines men's track and field athletes
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Vaudeville performers
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Track and field athletes from Salt Lake City
Track and field athletes from Denver
Track and field athletes from Detroit
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
West Virginia State University alumni
20th-century African-American sportspeople

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<mask> (born 17 June 1965) is a former Norwegian footballer. She is one of Norway's most celebrated former footballers, finishing her international career with 152 caps, scoring 64 goals. She was on the Norway team that won the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup. She played most of her career in Norway with Asker Fotball, and retired in 2006, at 41 years old. She also spent seven seasons in Japan with Nikko. She started her career as a striker, but as her career progressed, she moved further back on the field, and was playing toward the end of her career in central defence. Apart from playing football, <mask> worked as a police officer.In 2007, she was elected to serve as a local politician in Asker municipality council for the Conservative Party. Medalen is openly lesbian, coming out in a Se og Hør article in June 1999. On 16 June 2012, Medalen married Trude Flan. She stands at . Club career
In August 2000 Medalen revealed that she was considering an approach from the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA), following contact from the nascent American professional league's vice president of playing personnel Lauren Gregg. Medalen was sent-off at half-time in the 2001 Norwegian Women's Cup final, for slapping away Gøril Kringen's hand during a disagreement. The disappointment from Asker's 3–2 defeat was compounded as the final was intended to be <mask>'s farewell appearance before her retirement from football.In the 2003 Toppserien Medalen returned to Asker as a player-coach. In 2006 41-year-old <mask> made another playing comeback and was selected for Asker's 3–2 Norwegian Women's Cup final defeat by Røa IL. International career
Medalen made her debut for the Norway women's national football team on 7 October 1987, in a 1–0 1989 European Competition for Women's Football qualifying defeat by Denmark women's national football team at the Ullevaal Stadion. At the 1988 FIFA Women's Invitation Tournament, Medalen scored her first two national team goals in her fourth appearance; Norway's opening 4–0 win over Thailand in Jiangmen. She scored again in a 3–0 win over Australia, then scored the only goal in the final win over Sweden at the Tianhe Stadium in Guangzhou. Medalen was named to the tournament All-Star team. Norway rebounded from their qualifying defeat by Denmark to qualify for the 1989 European Competition for Women's Football tournament.<mask>'s first-minute goal in the 2–1 semi-final win over Sweden helped set up a final meeting with the West German hosts in Osnabrück, but reigning European champions Norway were beaten 4–1. At UEFA Women's Euro 1991, <mask>'s Norway reached the final again but were beaten by Germany, this time 3–1 after extra-time. This placing secured qualification for the inaugural 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup in China. <mask> scored six goals, including two in the semi-final win over Sweden and an equaliser in the 2–1 final defeat by the United States. She was awarded FIFA's "Bronze Ball" as the tournament's third best player. In Norway's opening UEFA Women's Euro 1993 qualifying fixture, <mask> scored four times in a 10–0 win over Switzerland. At the UEFA Women's Euro 1993 final tournament Norway recaptured their European title, beating hosts Italy 1–0 in the final.In UEFA Women's Euro 1995 Norway missed out on a fifth successive final appearance, being eliminated in the semi-finals by Sweden, 7–5 on aggregate, despite <mask>'s second-leg goal in Jönköping. <mask> was an important player in the Norway team which won the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup in Sweden. At the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup in the United States, <mask> was Norway's captain. She also had a new role as a central defender, having struggled to adapt to incoming coach Per-Mathias Høgmo's possession-based tactics for his forwards. Medalen felt she had sufficiently recovered from a ligament injury to participate at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She was disappointed when Høgmo disagreed and left her out. She was also disappointed at the withdrawal of her Norwegian Football Federation central contract worth 3500kr per month: "it was like getting a knife in the back".Personal life
Medalen came out as a lesbian in an interview with the Se og Hør gossip magazine in 1999, declaring: "I love a girl, it's not worse". She brought her partner Kristin Bitnes to that year's FIFA Women's World Cup in the United States, but the couple separated after eight years together in 2006. Medalen was part of an exceptionally strong Norwegian women's football selection at the 2002 Gay Games in Sydney. Medalen met dance instructor Trude Flan in 2010 and the two were married two years later. Medalen announced their separation in January 2022. In 1997 Medalen posed with a carefully-positioned football for semi-nude photographs in Se og Hør. It has been reported as evidence of sexism that Medalen earned 70000kr for the photographs but stood to earn only 27500kr if she had won that year's UEFA Women's Championship with Norway.Her cousin Rune <mask> played football for Tippeligaen clubs Bryne FK and Viking FK. In 2020 Medalen participated in the "Mesternes mester" () reality television programme, screened on NRK. In 2011 she had appeared in another reality television series, 71 Degrees North. TVNorge apologised to Medalen after broadcasting images of her topless without her consent. During her football career, Medalen was relatively outspoken. She enjoyed Norway's rivalry with the United States team, frequently exchanging "trash-talk" with her friend Michelle Akers. While her habit of scoring important goals against neighbours Sweden saw Medalen ruefully nicknamed "Svenskdöderskan" () in Sweden.

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<mask> (29 February 1908 – 12 October 1988) was a German composer, church musician and professor at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg. Life and career
Fiebig was born in Berlin as the son of a military musician. His parents, whose father was an oboist in the 2nd Guards Regiment on Foot, brought him into contact with music at an early age. From the age of six he received piano lessons and accompanied his father to the violin. He attended the traditional Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster up to the Abitur. Fiebig gained important musical impressions as a choirboy in the  under Hugo Rüdel. He returned from a concert tour of this choir in Switzerland with the decision to learn to play the organ and to become a church musician.In the church of St. Bartholomew in Berlin, he received lessons in music theory, harmony and counterpoint from the church musician Rudolf Fischer for which he was well known. Fiebig taught himself how to play the organ and soon performed large parts of the organist's duties. From 1925 onwards, Fiebig received instruction in artistic organ playing from Fischer's friend, church music director Arnold Dreyer. Johann Sebastian Bach, and became Dreyer's assistant at the church of St. Georgen near Alexanderplatz. From 1923 to 1929, i.e. from the age of fifteen, Fiebig worked part-time as organist in the Berlin-Moabit cell prison. In 1925, after consulting Georg Schünemann, Fiebig took private lessons in counterpoint and harmony with Karol Rathaus, a Franz Schreker student, in order to prepare himself for composition studies at the university.Rathaus attested him in a report from November 1927 "musical and theoretical abilities that go far beyond the ordinary and give rise to the best hopes". He had "especially [...] made progress in counterpoint." Fiebig's church music influence was obvious; Rathaus writes:

"He grew up in the church, and it speaks for the genuineness of his personality that his stylistic changes, which mark his young path, are all borne by this childhood experience and – in a higher sense – are likely to give direction to Fiebig's further development. " Rathaus suggested to Fiebig that he study with Karl Straube at the Leipzig Conservatory (today University of Music and Theatre Leipzig), a centre of church music. However, Fiebig decided to attend the Berlin Berlin University of the Arts and to study with Franz Schreker, who was particularly respected in Fiebig's eyes as a composer and teacher. Fiebig initially belonged to the Schreker class at the Hochschule, but still studied in 1932/33 in the master class for composition led by Schreker at the Prussian Academy of Arts. Fiebig attended the college from October 1926 to July 1927 and from October 1928 to July 1931; his teachers also included Curt Sachs (instrumental studies), Max Seiffert (early music) and George Szell (score playing).The interruption arose because <mask> was seeking a church music degree alongside his university studies. He only partially passed the examination for organists and choral conductors in January 1928 before an examination board chaired by Hans Joachim Moser and Wolfgang Reimann, with a weak point seen precisely in subjects in which he excelled at college: In theory and composition. At the Hochschule, <mask>hn Prize for composition. He had submitted two chamber works: a trio for flute, violin and harpsichord and a sonata for viola and piano (the Duo for piano and viola). Schreker issued a handwritten certificate to his pupil in December 1932, probably at the conclusion of the studies:

"Highly recommend my student <mask>. He is a quite excellent musician, highly gifted as a composer, a very good organist and piano player, conscientious and diligent.He will fully fill his place in any position in the field of his ability. Schreker." In fact, Schreker trusted Fiebig's abilities, even on his own account. He entrusted him with the preparation of the piano reduction for his opera Der Schmied von Gent, which was published by Universal Edition in Vienna. Around 1930, Fiebig achieved his first public successes as a composer. In 1931, for example, his music for orchestra was presented at an event of the Internationale Gesellschaft für Neue Musik (IGNM) in Bad Pyrmont. He received commissions for stage music from the Konzerthaus Berlin and established contacts with radio stations.He composed commissioned radio play music, cantatas and organ pieces. Works of chamber music were heard in the programme Musik von heute. Work for radio continued until 1938, but was hampered by the latent suspicion of musical Bolshevism after the National Socialist seizure of power. There is a retrospective statement about Fiebig's relationship with his teacher Schreker, which was reproduced in a Hamburg district newspaper in 1954:

"The four to six students who made up his Schreker's class were as different from each other as possible. Schreker never made the slightest attempt to impose a particular compositional style on us. With admirable objectivity, he directed each one in the way that suited his idiosyncrasy.". Such respectful remarks are made by a pupil whose pre-study imprint was by no means Schreker's and who, during his studies, was seized by the church-musical spirit of optimism that can hardly be associated with Schreker's personality and œuvre.Fiebig's rootedness in Protestant Christianity, influenced by the contemporary currents of the twenties, led to a decided turning away from Art for art's sake. "I have never liked composing without a commission. [ ... ] We no longer believe that art should be pursued 'for its own sake'," he later explained. With the turn away from the late Romantic, the turn towards liturgy and modal tonality, a renewal of church music began around 1930, for which Fiebig was enthusiastic. Like other representatives of this movement, he looked to Paul Hindemith as a role model. Hindemith had held a composition class alongside Schreker at the Berlin Hochschule since May 1927. Fiebig would have liked to switch to Hindemith in 1928 – or thereafter.Feelings of loyalty to Schreker, however, kept him away. He considered it such a great honour to be allowed to study with Schreker that he could not have expressed his wish openly at the time. With a fellow student under Schreker, Fiebig formed a singing circle that rehearsed the compositions written under Schreker – motets, choral movements, Lieder and canons – and certainly judged them from a different perspective than Schreker. From 1933 to 1936, Fiebig, who married in 1934 and became the father of three sons, was cantor and organist at St. Elisabeth in Berlin. In 1936, he followed a call to Quedlinburg as cathedral organist and at the same time became a lecturer at the church music school in Aschersleben, which was moved to Halle/Saale in 1938. In 1937, compositions by Fiebig, who belonged to the German Christians, were performed at the Festival of German Church Music in Berlin. In 1941, Fiebig took over the direction of the Evangelische Hochschule für Kirchenmusik Halle, which he retained after the end of the war.During this time, he wrote numerous choral and organ works for use in church services, as well as larger cantatas such as the Hallische Kantate vom Wort Gottes, which was premiered with the choir of the church music school in Halle in 1939. Tired of organisational tasks, Fiebig left the GDR in 1951 and went to Hamburg. There, he worked as a church musician at the Gnadenkirche in St. Pauli (1951–1968) and at the church of St. Ansgar in Langenhorn (1969–1974). From 1960 to 1980, he was a lecturer and professor of composition and ear training at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg. During the time of his move from Halle to Hamburg, he composed one of his major works, the St Mark Passion for two choirs a cappella and soloists. In Hamburg, Fiebig composed further church music: the Easter Oratorio, the Advent Oratorio (Annunciation), the choral cantata Wie nach einer Wasserquelle, the Messe Media Vita, the song cycle Jahrkreis der Liebe and the cantata Et unam sanctam, to name only the most important. Even during his last ten years in retirement, Fiebig did what he had done almost every Sunday since his youth: he took over organ substitutions and accompanied oratorio performances on the harpsichord."<mask>, a pupil of Schreker, does not shy away from seeing himself as a successor to Paul Hindemith," reads a tribute to his 75th birthday; Fiebig himself described Hindemith as the "greatest living composer" of the 1920s and even placed him above Béla Bartók, Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schönberg..

<mask>'s older sister  was a well-known actress, his sister , who was married to the National Socialist mayor of Cologne , was a journalist and writer whose poems Fiebig set to music. Fiebig died in Jenfeld at the age of 80. Work
 1930: Duo für Klavier und Bratsche. Dedicated to Rudolph Schmidt
 1939: Hallische Kantate vom Wort Gottes. For solos, mixed choir, orchestra and organ. 1950: St Mark Passion. For soli and mixed choir a cappella
 1954: Easter Oratorio.Based on the last chapter of the Gospel of Luke, for 3 soloists (evangelist [baritone], tenor and bass) and 3 choirs a cappella. 1954/55: Jahrkreis der Liebe song cycle after poems by Ricarda Huch
 1955: Wie nach einer Wasserquelle. Choral cantata for soprano, alto and baritone solo, mixed choir, flute, oboe, bassoon, string orchestra and organ. 1957: Advent Oratorio (The Annunciation). Based on the 1st chapter of the Gospel of Luke (verse 5–80), for solos, mixed choir and organ. 1957: Et unam sanctam. Cantata for soprano, tenor and baritone solo, 4- to 6-part mixed choir, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, 2 trumpets, trombone, timpani, string orchestra and organ.1965: Du meine Seele, singe. Paul Gerhardt Cantata for soli, choir, orchestra and organ. 1966: Gib dich zufrieden und sei stille. Paul Gerhardt Cantata for soprano, alto and baritone solo, mixed choir, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, 2 trumpets, timpani, string orchestra and organ. References

Further reading
 Selbstbildnisse schaffender Kirchenmusiker IV, in Musik und Kirche, 1948, p. 11 Oft. Herbert Glossner: Gedenkblatt für <mask>ig, in Musik und Kirche, 1/1998 (January/February)
 Hans Joachim Moser: Die evangelische Kirchenmusik in Deutschland, Berlin, Darmstadt 1954, pp. 292ff.Johannes Piersig: Zum Schaffen von <mask>, in Musica XI, 1957, pp. 701ff. Sources
This article by Angelika <mask>-Dreyer is courtesy of the Berlin University of the Arts, taken from Franz Schrekers Schüler in Berlin, Biographical contributions and documents; writings from the UdK archive, vol. 8, 2005, . The entire estate of <mask>ig is in the archive of the UdK Berlin. External links

 <mask>ig-Werke-Verzeichnis (wird fortgesetzt)
 Rainer Noll: Zum 75. Geburtstag von <mask>ig

German composers
20th-century hymnwriters
1908 births
1988 deaths
Musicians from Berlin

masks:
Kurt Fiebig
Fiebig
Fiebigsso
Kurt Fiebig
Kurt Fiebig
Fiebig
Kurt Fieb
Kurt Fiebig
Fiebig
Kurt Fieb
Kurt Fieb
Kurt Fieb


texts:
<mask> (Blackfeet names , "Cold Wind", and , "Charging Home"; April 13, 1929 – October 13, 2021) was an American Indian political leader and the honorary lifetime chief of the Blackfeet Nation () in Montana, United States. Early years
Born on  April 13, 1929, on his family's land, known as Grease Wood, near Starr School, Montana on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, <mask> was a full-blooded member of the Blackfeet tribe, the son of Juniper and <mask>. He was raised along with many siblings. He went to elementary school in the community of Starr School, Montana, and graduated in 1947 from Browning High School in Browning, Montana. He credited his success in life to his parents, who continually encouraged him to try hard and to excel in school. He was raised in a traditional manner, of the last generation to speak the Blackfoot language as his first language, only learning English when he reached elementary school. He learned many traditional Blackfeet stories, songs, and dances, his memory helping preserve the Blackfeet culture decades later."He had this, kind of, genius-type ability to hear Indian music and store that in his mind, and just hear it once." His family said that each day his parents greeted their children with the words "IItahmiskinatoonii niipowaht iikakiima", meaning "good morning, get up, try hard",  or "Jump up! Try!" His childhood home lacked central heat and indoor plumbing,  but he lived within what remained of the horse culture of the Blackfeet people. "I grew up on horseback; always bareback, I never used a saddle. I spent a lot of time around livestock." His musical skill and dancing ability led to public performances.In 1936, when he was only seven years old, the Browning High School basketball team earned its first trip to the state tournament in Great Falls and <mask> performed at halftime. At age nine, he traveled to Cleveland and New York City for six weeks, where he performed traditional Blackfeet song and dance at schools, colleges and civic organizations as part of an effort to raise funds to build a new church on the reservation. As a teenager, he played basketball for Browning High School, keeping his long braids in spite of pushback from his coaches and harassment from opposing players. He said of the experience, "I had fun over it." A highlight of his teen years was a 1947 trip to Moisson, France, to attend the 6th World Scout Jamboree, where out of over 24,000 participants, he was the only Native American in attendance. He brought his father's tepee and set it up as his campsite. Leadership career

In 1950, <mask> got a job in the tribe's land office, where one of his jobs was to be an interpreter for Blackfeet people who did not understand or speak English.At the time, only about one-fifth of the Blackfeet tribal members were considered full-blooded, and the tribe, like many others, was viewed as a candidate for termination. <mask> was encouraged by tribal elders to enter politics, and was elected in 1954 to his first term as a member of his tribe's governing body, the Blackfeet Tribal Business Council, as the youngest person ever elected to the post. He was first elected tribal chairman in 1964 and served as chair for 16 of the subsequent 22 two-year terms between 1964 and 2008. He continued as a member of the tribal council until he retired in 2016, serving in elected office longer than any other elected official in Montana history. He was also the longest-serving elected tribal official in America. In July 1978, <mask> was appointed honorary lifetime Chief of the Blackfeet Nation. He considered this the greatest honor ever bestowed upon him.The last principal chief of the Blackfeet Nation, White Calf, had died in Washington, D.C., in 1903. His son, James White Calf, born about 1858, succeeded to the title and lived to be well over 100, dying in 1970. Several years later, the family of James White Calf formally bestowed the tribal chieftainship upon <mask>. He also was inducted into the 40-member honorary Kainai Chieftainship in Canada. The Siksika Nation noted in a 2021 press release that <mask> had been inducted into the chieftainship "several decades ago" for "his work and dedication towards the indigenous people of North America." <mask>’s advocacy included promoting legislation that included the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978, which protected access to traditional Native sites and religious freedom. He was president of the National Congress of American Indians from 1969 to 1971.The organization formed in 1944 in part to combat the U.S. government's termination and assimilation policies of the time. Among his accomplishments, he served on a committee that founded the nation's first tribally owned bank. He also was a member of a significant number of civic and governmental organizations, including president of the Affiliated Tribes of the Northwest and was named Outstanding Indian of the Year in 1977 by the Chicago Indian Council. Though he was not identified with either US political party, he was asked to speak at the 1988 Republican National Convention. In 1993, <mask> delivered the first-ever State of the Indian Nation address to the Montana Legislature. In the course of his career, he met every U.S. president from Harry Truman to Barack Obama. He was invited by Queen Elizabeth II to attend the 1978 Commonwealth Games, where he met members of the British royal family and Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.He also traveled to Tehran in 1971 as part of a celebration of the 2,500th anniversary of the Persian Empire. There, he inadvertently broke a 1,000-year tradition that the Shah of Iran was never to stand at the request of someone else when <mask> gave a speech and asked Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to join him. Though he never attended college, <mask> promoted higher education and, in 1991, the University of Montana endowed a scholarship in his name for Blackfeet students. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1994 from the University of Montana in Humane Letters. In 1998, he was awarded the Jeannette Rankin Civil Liberties Award by the American Civil Liberties Union of Montana. In 1999, he was the first person awarded the University of Lethbridge's Christine Miller Memorial Award for Excellence in Native American Studies. In 2007, he was inducted into the Montana Indian Hall of Fame.In retirement, <mask> began an Archives Project to preserve Blackfeet Tribal Governmental documents. He also worked to preserve Blackfeet History and Culture to teach young members about their ancestors through his leadership of the Charging Home Society for Pikuni Education and Cultural Preservation Program. Recognizing the importance of the knowledge he had absorbed over his lifetime, he made a point to record as many songs and stories as he could for future generations. <mask> worked to preserve the culture and language of the Blackfeet nation. He personally could remember many traditional stories and songs that had otherwise been forgotten. John Murray, the Blackfeet Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, explained, "<mask> stayed close to it and he's been an advocate for promoting the language and was able to retain them songs. So when the culture started coming back, they would go to him... he was a repository for that type of music."Death and legacy
On October 13, 2021, <mask> died from cancer in Browning at the age of 92. Following a four-hour funeral, he was buried in his family plot at Grease Wood. Just as the White Calf family made the decision to pass the title of chief on to <mask> <mask>, but after several years had passed, in turn the <mask> family will decide if, when, and who might be appointed as the next chief. Until that decision is made, the Blackfeet Nation will not have a chief. US Senator Jon Tester stated, "Chief <mask> was a fierce advocate for the Blackfeet Nation and all of Indian Country for his entire life, and the world is a better place because he was in it." Montana Governor Greg Gianforte ordered flags in the state to be flown at half staff in <mask>'s honor. At the University of Montana's fall 2021 commencement ceremony, a moment of silence was held for <mask>, and the Rawhide Orchestra played a warrior society song to honor <mask>, who for more than 25 years had performed a traditional honor song at UM commencements to recognize graduates.A $300,000 endowment established in November 2021 to support the annual Kyiyo Pow Wow at the University of Montana is named after <mask>, as is a scholarship at Blackfeet Community College. References

External links
Interview of <mask> <mask> by Norma Ashby

1929 births
2021 deaths
People from Glacier County, Montana
Native American leaders
Blackfoot people

masks:
Earl Old Person
Earl Old Person
Molly Old Person
Old Person
Old Person
Old Person
Old Person
Old Person
Old Person
Old Person
Old Person
Old Person
Old Person
Old Person
Old Person
Earl
Old Person
Earl Old
Person
Old Person
Old Person
Old Person
Old Person
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Old Person
Earl Old
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texts:
Dame <mask>  (21 November 1932 – 2 July 2010) was an English writer from Liverpool. She was primarily known for her works of psychological fiction, often macabre tales set among the English working class. <mask> won the Whitbread Awards prize for best novel in 1977 and 1996; she was nominated five times for the Booker Prize. She was described in 2007 by Charlotte Higgins as "a national treasure". In 2008, The Times named <mask> on their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Allerton, Liverpool and brought up in nearby Formby. Her parents were <mask> and Winifred Baines.Although she gave her date of birth in Who's Who and elsewhere as 21 November 1934, she was born in 1932 and her birth was registered in the first quarter of 1933. When German former prisoner of war Harry Arno Franz wrote to her in November 1947, he mentioned her 15th birthday. She enjoyed writing, and by the age of 10 she was keeping a diary. She had elocution lessons and, when she was 11, appeared on the Northern Children's Hour radio show, alongside Billie Whitelaw and Judith Chalmers. <mask> was expelled from Merchant Taylors' Girls' School (Crosby) because she was caught with a "dirty rhyme" (as she later described it), written by someone else, in her gymslip pocket. She then went on to study at Cone-Ripman School, Tring, Hertfordshire (now Tring Park School for the Performing Arts), where she found she was good at history, English and art. The summer she left school, she fell in love with a former German POW who was waiting to be repatriated.For the next six years, the couple corresponded and tried to get permission for the German man to return to Britain so that they could marry. But permission was denied and the relationship ended in 1953. Subsequent years
In the following year (1954), Bainbridge married artist Austin Davies. In 1958, she attempted suicide by putting her head in a gas oven. The two divorced soon after, leaving Bainbridge a single mother of two children. Bainbridge spent her early years working as an actress, and she appeared in one 1961 episode of the soap opera Coronation Street playing an anti-nuclear protester. She later had a third child by Alan Sharp, the actress Rudi Davies (born 1965).Sharp, a Scotsman, was at the start of his career as novelist and screenwriter; <mask> would later let it be thought that he was her second husband; in truth, they never married but the relationship encouraged her on her way to fiction. To help fill her time, Bainbridge began to write, primarily based on incidents from her childhood. Her first novel, Harriet Said..., was rejected by several publishers, one of whom found the central characters "repulsive almost beyond belief". It was eventually published in 1972, four years after her third novel (Another Part of the Wood). Her second and third novels were published (1967/68) and were received well by critics although they failed to earn much money. She wrote and published seven more novels during the 1970s, of which the fifth, Injury Time, was awarded the Whitbread prize for best novel in 1977. In the late 1970s, she wrote a screenplay based on her novel Sweet William.The resulting film, starring Sam Waterston, was released in 1980. From 1980 onwards, eight more novels appeared. The 1989 novel, An Awfully Big Adventure, was adapted into a film in 1995, starring Alan Rickman and Hugh Grant. In the 1990s, Bainbridge turned to historical fiction. These novels continued to be popular with critics, but this time, were also commercially successful. Among her historical fiction novels are Every Man for Himself, about the 1912 Titanic disaster, for which <mask> won the 1996 Whitbread Awards prize for best novel, and Master Georgie, set during the Crimean War, for which she won the 1998 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. Her final novel, According to Queeney, is a fictionalized account of the last years of the life of Samuel Johnson as seen through the eyes of Queeney Thrale, eldest daughter of Henry and Hester Thrale.The Observer referred to it as a "...highly intelligent, sophisticated and entertaining novel". From the 1990s, <mask> also served as a theatre critic for the monthly magazine The Oldie. Her reviews rarely contained negative content, and were usually published after the play had closed. Final years
In 2003, <mask>'s grandson Charlie Russell began filming a documentary, <mask>'s Last Year, about her life. The documentary detailed her upbringing and her attempts to write a novel, Dear Brutus (which later became The Girl in the Polka Dot Dress); it was broadcast in the United Kingdom on 2 June 2007 on BBC Four. In 2009, <mask> donated the short story Goodnight Children, Everywhere to Oxfam's Ox-Tales project, four collections of UK stories written by 38 authors. Her story was published in the "Air" collection.<mask> was the patron of the People's Book Prize. <mask> was still working on The Girl in the Polka Dot Dress at the time of her death. The novel, which was based on a real-life journey <mask> made across America in 1968, is about the mystery girl reputed to have been involved in the assassination of Robert Kennedy. The novel, which was published in May 2011 by Little, Brown, was edited for publication by Brendan King, whose biography <mask> <mask>: Love by All Sorts of Means was published in September 2016. Death

<mask> died on 2 July 2010, aged 77, in a London hospital after her cancer recurred. Confusion over her birth year resulted in some reports giving her age at death as 75. She is buried in Highgate Cemetery.Honours and awards
In 2000, <mask> was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE). In June 2001, she was awarded an honorary degree by the Open University as Doctor of the University. In 2003, she was awarded the David Cohen Prize for Literature together with Thom Gunn. In 2005, the British Library acquired many of <mask>'s private letters and diaries. In 2011, she was posthumously awarded a special honour by the Booker Prize committee. Mark Knopfler included a song titled "Beryl" dedicated to her and her posthumous award on his 2015 album Tracker. In 2016, a Blue Plaque was unveiled at the house she resided in while growing up in Formby.Bibliography

Novels
A Weekend with Claude (1967)
Another Part of the Wood (1968)
Harriet Said... (1972)
The Dressmaker (US title The Secret Glass) (1973) – shortlisted for Booker Prize
The Bottle Factory Outing (1974) – shortlisted for Booker Prize, won the Guardian Fiction Prize
Sweet William (1975)
A Quiet Life (1976)
Injury Time (1977) - winner, Whitbread Prize
Young Adolf (1978)
Another Part of the Wood (revised edn) (1979)
Winter Garden (1980)
A Weekend with Claude (revised edn) (1981)
Watson's Apology (1984)
Filthy Lucre (written as a teenager in 1946 but published 1986)
An Awfully Big Adventure (1989) – shortlisted for Booker Prize
The Birthday Boys (1991)
Every Man for Himself (1996) – shortlisted for Booker Prize, winner of the Whitbread Prize
Master Georgie (1998) – shortlisted for Booker Prize
According to Queeney (2001)
The Girl in the Polka Dot Dress (2011)

Short story collections
Mum and Mr Armitage (1985)
Collected Stories (1994)
Northern Stories Vol. 5 (co-editor with David Pownall)  (1994)

Non-fiction
English Journey, or The Road to Milton Keynes (1984)
Forever England: North and South (1987)
Something Happened Yesterday (1993)
Front Row: Evenings at the Theatre (2005)

References

External links

 Guardian interview
 "Author page" at The Guardian
 <mask> <mask> Criticism (Vol. 131)
 <mask> <mask> biography

 The Oldie Magazine
 "<mask> <mask>, Mordant Novelist, Is Dead at 77", The New York Times, 2 July 2010
 <mask> <mask>: 1932 – 2010, Thought Catalog
 The Man Booker Prize: Special Prize for Beryl Bainbridge
 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography audio podcast  –- issued in January 2014 (find under literary listings)

1932 births
2010 deaths
British Book Award winners
Deaths from cancer in England
Costa Book Award winners
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
David Cohen Prize recipients
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
Novelists from Liverpool
People educated at Merchant Taylors' Girls' School
People educated at Tring Park School for the Performing Arts
People from Formby
Writers from Liverpool
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English women writers
21st-century English novelists
21st-century English women writers
English women novelists
Burials at Highgate Cemetery

masks:
Beryl Margaret Bainbridge
Bainbridge
Bainbridge
Beryl Bainbridge
Richard Bainbridge
Bainbridge
Bainbridge
Bainbridge
Bainbridge
Bainbridge
Beryl
Bainbridge
Bainbridge
Bainbridge
Bainbridge
Beryl
Bainbridge
Bainbridge
Bainbridge
Bainbridge
Beryl
Bainbridge
Beryl
Bainbridge
Beryl
Bainbridge
Beryl
Bainbridge


texts:
<mask> (born 5 December 1971 in Tehran, Iran) is a British Iranian musician and composer, record label owner and broadcaster. A multi-instrumentalist, he is known for his work in the psychedelic, avant-garde rock field (primarily as a guitarist). <mask> was one of the founding members of The Monsoon Bassoon (as singer, guitarist and one of the two primary composers), was a member of cult psychedelic rock group Cardiacs, and fronts and plays guitar for the current lineup of legendary psychedelic band Gong. <mask> also leads his own group Knifeworld and is a member of Guapo, The Holy Family and The Utopia Strong. He sometimes tours and records with Mediæval Bæbes and Rob Crow, and frequently collaborates with other notable artists working in left-field music. Musical style

<mask> is reluctant to be pegged as a particular stylist, and his music has always drawn on a wide variety of influences. These have included indie and alternative rock (Pixies, Shudder to Think, XTC), British and American art/progressive rock (Cardiacs, Henry Cow, Yes, Hatfield and the North, Don Caballero), folk music, minimalist music, various forms of hard rock and heavy metal (Voivod, Melvins) and many others.His compositions are often typically dense, polyrhythmic and based in the lydian mode. History and main musical projects

<mask> was born in Iran to an Iranian father and an English mother. His family moved to Plymouth, UK, when he was eighteen months old; originally planning to return once his father had made sufficient money, but ending up settling permanently following the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran. "Most" of <mask>'s relatives remain in Iran, but he himself has never returned. <mask> remembers that his family were not particularly musical (although his mother knew a few guitar chords) but that he himself was interested in music from an early age (in particular the music from TV shows). <mask> taught himself music by inventing his own form of notation and using it to score out the theme from CHIPS. When he was seven, his family bought a piano and he used it as a compositional tool – already writing songs of his own, he showed little interest in learning those of others.From 1980, he became interested in pop music (initially becoming inspired by Brian Setzer and the Stray Cats) and began teaching himself how to play guitar. Eight years later, aged sixteen, he discovered his main musical touchstone in the form of Cardiacs, although in the interim he had taught himself more about music by sequential obsessions with various other bands and music forms. One of Torabi's most cherished memories is of being given a satchel by BBC broadcaster and newsreader Fiona Bruce. Die Laughing (1988–1993)

Torabi's first significant band was Die Laughing, formed in 1988. This was a psychedelic/thrash metal group formed in Torabi's native Plymouth in which he played guitar and in which he first met his close friend and collaborator, Dan Chudley. (Chudley – a fellow guitarist and singer – has been part of Torabi's life for most of his musical career, and the two are noted for their interlocking, highly complex guitar style.) Die Laughing released three demos before they eventually split in 1993.The Monsoon Bassoon (1994–2001)

In 1994, Torabi reunited with Chudley, who had been playing in a band called Squid Squad since the previous year. The two formed a new band called The Monsoon Bassoon, in which they were joined by bass player Laurie Osbourne and two more Squid Squad members (singing clarinet/flute/sax player Sarah Measures and drummer Jamie Keddie). Their musical – an energetic and tuneful form of psychedelic math rock – was built around <mask> and Chudley's singular compositions. The group soon relocated from Plymouth to Leyton, East London and began to gain underground attention, releasing recordings on their own Weird Neighbourhood Records label. Despite scoring several Single of the Week awards in New Musical Express, the Monsoon Bassoon failed to get signed to a larger label or make a significant commercial breakthrough, although they did receive critical acclaim and a cult following for their unorthodox approach and sound. The band released a lone, well-regarded studio album (I Dig Your Voodoo) and five singles, and split up in 2001 following the exit of Keddie. Many of the band's recordings remain unreleased.Cardiacs (2003–2020)

Since the mid-1990s <mask> had had a close working relationship with Tim Smith (lead singer and songwriter for Cardiacs), who produced the majority of The Monsoon Bassoon's recordings. Having been Cardiacs' guitar technician since around 1995, <mask> joined the band as second guitarist in 2003 (replacing Jon Poole). His first appearance with Cardiacs was at their now legendary three-date Garage concerts (at which they played only archive material from their first two cassette releases, although he was not publicly revealed as a full member until the next round of concerts. <mask> featured on the two songs released on Cardiacs' 2007 single, Ditzy Scene (for which he also wrote the lyrics). He also contributed to recordings for a subsequent album tentatively titled LSD (which remains unreleased). Cardiacs suspended activities in 2008 following the hospitalisation of Tim Smith, and the line-up remained on hold during his period of illness. Cardiacs finally split up following the death of Smith in July 2020.Knifeworld (circa 2002–present)

Knifeworld is Torabi's current main band. Originally a solo project, it has since become a full band . Knifeworld originated from around the time of the Monsoon Bassoon's breakup, but only released its first material eight years later following a long recording period. Knifeworld is currently Torabi's main compositional vehicle, in many ways continuing ideas and approaches to polyrhythmic songwriting and arrangements that were germinated in The Monsoon Bassoon. Guapo/The Holy Family

<mask> joined the instrumental avant-psychedelic/progressive rock band Guapo as permanent guitarist in 2006. He has toured extensively with the band, and has co-written all albums since 2013. In 2021 the band (while retaining the same lineup) took on a new identity as The Holy Family, releasing an eponymous debut album in July of that year.Mediæval Bæbes

<mask> regularly plays guitar and cuatro as a recording and touring musician and occasionally writes with the Mediæval Bæbes. Believers Roast

<mask> started the label Believers Roast in 2009, initially as a platform to release his own music, however since the release of 2010's The Leader Of The Starry Skies it has released music Torabi feels particularly strongly about, including The Gasman, Thumpermonkey and Redbus Noface. Collaborations with Steve Davis (The Interesting Alternative Show, The Utopia Strong, DJ work)

Between 2010 and 2018 Torabi co-presented "The Interesting Alternative Show" with former snooker player Steve Davis on Brentwood radio station Phoenix FM. The show focussed largely on experimental, avant-progressive, psychedelic, electronic, folk and rock music with an emphasis on new releases. Guests included Daevid Allen, Chris Cutler, Charles Hayward, Bob Drake, Sanguine Hum and Stars In Battledress. During, and subsequent to, the broadcast of The Interesting Alternative Show, <mask> and Davis worked together presenting live public DJ sets, including an appearance at the 2016 Glastonbury Festival. <mask> and Davis subsequently formed an electronic music band called The Utopia Strong (in which Torabi plays guitar and harmonium, Davis plays modular analog synthesizer and Coil associate/Holy Family member Michael J. York plays pipes, drones, synthesizers and electronics) Their first album "The Utopia Strong" was released on 13th September 2019 and has been followed by a series of three live recordings available as digital downloads and limited edition vinyl issues.Other musical projects

Further work with Dan Chudley (Miss Helsinki, Authority, Hatchjaw & Bassett)

Since the breakup of The Monsoon Bassoon, <mask> has maintained an ongoing (if interrupted) musical relationship with Dan Chudley, resulting in several other projects. The first of these was Miss Helsinki, a more straightforward rock band which recorded a couple of tracks and played a few acoustic gigs in 2002. The band failed to find a steady lineup (despite assistance from Richard Larcombe from Stars In Battledress and from Monsoon Bassoon drummer Jamie Keddie) and consequently folded. <mask>, Chudley and Keddie worked together again when they formed another rock band, Authority, in 2005 (the lineup was completed by Craig Fortnam of North Sea Radio Orchestra on bass). Authority recorded several songs and played live over the next two years, but never released anything beyond a couple of MySpace uploads. The band split in 2007 due to the various members' other commitments and Chudley's move to Cornwall. <mask> and Chudley have worked on another project together – the instrumental Hatchjaw & Bassett, which Chudley has described as "acoustic spiritual music".This project has not released any records, although a video featuring the duo and their music has appeared on YouTube. Work with Spider Stacy (2001–2003)

Before the split of The Monsoon Bassoon, <mask> toured as guitarist with former Pogues member Spider Stacy's group, Wisemen (which also featured other ex-Pogues). After line-up changes, the group became The Vendettas. <mask> co-wrote and produced an album with Spider in 2003, but the project was shelved in the wake of the Pogues' reunion that year. <mask> has subsequently expressed an interest in releasing the album on his own Believer's Roast label. Admirals Hard

<mask> is a member of Admirals Hard, an occasional "sea-shanty supergroup" made up of members of London math-rock bands and avant-garde folk groups (Stars in Battledress, Tunng, Max Tundra, Foe and The Monsoon Bassoon) and fronted by singer Andy Carne. <mask> plays mandolin and guitar (and sings backing vocals) for the group.Chrome Hoof

He played guitar with Chrome Hoof between 2009 and 2010 (contributing to the 2010 album Crush Depth). Discography

Studio albums
Hip to the Jag (2020)

Extended plays
Solar Divination  (2018)

References

External links

Iranian guitarists
People from Tehran
1971 births
Living people
Iranian emigrants to the United Kingdom
People educated at Plymouth College
Gong (band) members
21st-century guitarists

masks:
Kavus Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi


texts:
<mask>, 2nd Earl of Liverpool,  (7 June 1770 – 4 December 1828) was a British Tory statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1812 to 1827. He held many important cabinet offices such as Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. He was also a member of the House of Lords and served as leader. As prime minister, Liverpool called for repressive measures at domestic level to maintain order after the Peterloo Massacre of 1819. He dealt smoothly with the Prince Regent when King George III was incapacitated. He also steered the country through the period of radicalism and unrest that followed the Napoleonic Wars. He favoured commercial and manufacturing interests as well as the landed interest.He sought a compromise of the heated issue of Catholic emancipation. The revival of the economy strengthened his political position. By the 1820s he was the leader of a reform faction of "Liberal Tories" who lowered the tariff, abolished the death penalty for many offences, and reformed the criminal law. By the time of his death, however, the Tory party, which had dominated the House of Commons for over 40 years, was ripping itself apart. Derry says he was:

Important events during his tenure as prime minister included the War of 1812 with the United States, the Sixth and Seventh Coalitions against the French Empire, the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars at the Congress of Vienna, the Corn Laws, the Peterloo Massacre, the Trinitarian Act 1812 and the emerging issue of Catholic emancipation. Scholars rank him highly among all British prime ministers, but he was also called "the Arch-mediocrity" by a later Conservative prime minister the Earl of Beaconsfield (Benjamin Disraeli). Early life
Jenkinson was baptised on 29 June 1770 at St. Margaret's, Westminster, the son of George III's close adviser Charles Jenkinson, later the first Earl of Liverpool, and his first wife, Amelia Watts.Jenkinson's 19-year-old mother, who was the daughter of a senior East India Company official, William Watts, and of his wife Begum Johnson, died from the effects of childbirth one month after his birth. Through his mother's grandmother, Isabella Beizor, Jenkinson was descended from Portuguese settlers in India; he may also have been one-sixteenth Indian in ancestry. Jenkinson was educated at Charterhouse School and Christ Church, Oxford. In the summer of 1789, Jenkinson spent four months in Paris to perfect his French and enlarge his social experience. He returned to Oxford for three months to complete his terms of residence, and in May 1790 was created Master of Arts. In 1797, the then Lord Hawkesbury was the cavalry commander of the Cinque Ports Light Dragoons who ran amok following a protest against the Militia Act at Tranent in East Lothian; twelve civilians were killed. Author James Miller wrote in 1844 that "His lordship was blamed for remaining at Haddington, as his presence might have prevented the outrages of the soldiery."Jenkinson was appointed a Colonel of militia in 1810. Early Career (1790-1812)

Member of Parliament
He won election to the House of Commons in 1790 for Rye, a seat he would hold until 1803; at the time, however, he was below the age of assent to Parliament, so he refrained from taking his seat and spent the following winter and early spring in an extended tour of the continent. This tour took in the Netherlands and Italy; at its conclusion he was old enough to take his seat in Parliament. It is not clear exactly when he entered the Commons, but as his twenty-first birthday was not reached until almost the end of the 1791 session, it is possible that he waited until the following year. House of Commons
With the help of his father's influence and his political talent, he rose relatively fast in the Tory government. In February 1792, he gave the reply to Samuel Whitbread's critical motion on the government's Russian policy. He delivered several other speeches during the session, including one against the abolition of the slave trade, which reflected his father's strong opposition to William Wilberforce's campaign.He served as a member of the Board of Control for India from 1793 to 1796. In the defence movement that followed the outbreak of hostilities with France, Jenkinson, was one of the first of the ministers of the government to enlist in the militia. He became a Colonel in the Cinque Ports Fencibles in 1794, and his military duties led to frequent absences from the Commons. His regiment was sent to Scotland in 1796, and he was quartered for a time in Dumfries. His parliamentary attendance also suffered from his reaction when his father angrily opposed his projected marriage with Lady Louisa Hervey, daughter of the Earl of Bristol. After Pitt and the King had intervened on his behalf, the wedding finally took place at Wimbledon on 25 March 1795. In May 1796, when his father was created Earl of Liverpool, he took the courtesy title of Lord Hawkesbury and remained in the Commons.He became Baron Hawkesbury in his own right and was elevated to the House of Lords in November 1803, as recognition of his work as Foreign Secretary. He also served as Master of the Mint (1799–1801). Cabinet

Foreign Secretary
In Henry Addington's government, he entered the cabinet in 1801 as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in which capacity he negotiated the Treaty of Amiens with France. Most of his time as Foreign secretary was spent dealing with the nations of France and the United States. He continued to serve in the cabinet as Home Secretary in Pitt the Younger's second government. While Pitt was seriously ill, <mask> was in charge of the cabinet and drew up the King's Speech for the official opening of Parliament. When William Pitt died in 1806, the King asked <mask> to accept the post of Prime Minister, but he refused, as he believed he lacked a governing majority.He was then made leader of the Opposition during Lord Grenville's ministry (the only time that <mask> did not hold government office between 1793 and after his retirement). In 1807, he resumed office as Home Secretary in the Duke of Portland's ministry. War Secretary
Lord <mask> (as Hawkesbury had now become by the death of his father in December 1808) accepted the position of Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in Spencer Perceval's government in 1809. Liverpool's first step on taking up his new post was to elicit from General Arthur Wellesley (the future Duke of Wellington) a strong enough statement of his ability to resist a French attack to persuade the cabinet to commit themselves to the maintenance of his small force in Portugal. Prime Minister (1812-1827)

When Perceval was assassinated in May 1812, George, the Prince Regent, successively tried to appoint four men to succeed him, but they were unable to form ministries; <mask>, the Prince Regent's fifth choice for the post, reluctantly accepted office on 8 June 1812. The cabinet proposed <mask> as his successor with Lord Castlereagh as leader in the Commons but after an adverse vote in the Lower House, they subsequently gave both their resignations. The Prince Regent, however, found it impossible to form a different coalition and confirmed <mask> as prime minister on 8 June.Liverpool's government contained some of the future great leaders of Britain, such as Lord Castlereagh, George Canning, the Duke of Wellington, <mask>, and William Huskisson. Liverpool is considered a skilled politician, and held together the liberal and reactionary wings of the Tory party, which his successors, Canning, Goderich and Wellington, had great difficulty with. War

Congress of Vienna

Liverpool's ministry was a long and eventful one. The War of 1812 with the United States and the final campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars were fought during <mask>'s premiership. It was during his ministry that the Peninsular Campaigns were fought by the Duke of Wellington. France was defeated in the Napoleonic Wars, and Liverpool was appointed to the Order of the Garter. At the peace negotiations that followed, Liverpool's main concern was to obtain a European settlement that would ensure the independence of the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal, and confine France inside its pre-war frontiers without damaging its national integrity.To achieve this, he was ready to return all British colonial conquests. Within this broad framework, he gave Castlereagh a discretion at the Congress of Vienna, the next most important event of his ministry. At the congress, he gave prompt approval for Castlereagh's bold initiative in making the defensive alliance with Austria and France in January 1815. In the aftermath of the defeat of Napoleon - who had briefly escaped exile and returned to rule France - at Waterloo in June that year, many years of peace followed. The Corn Laws

Home trouble
Inevitably taxes rose to compensate for borrowing and to pay off the national debt, which led to widespread disturbance between 1812 and 1822. Around this time, the group known as Luddites began industrial action, by smashing industrial machines developed for use in the textile industries of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire and Derbyshire. Throughout the period 1811–1816, there were a series of incidents of machine-breaking and many of those convicted faced execution.Agriculture remained a problem because good harvests between 1819 and 1822 had brought down prices and evoked a cry for greater protection. When the powerful agricultural lobby in Parliament demanded protection in the aftermath, Liverpool gave in to political necessity. Under governmental supervision the notorious Corn Laws of 1815 were passed prohibiting the import of foreign wheat until the domestic price reached a minimum accepted level. Liverpool, however, was in principle a free-trader, but had to accept the bill as a temporary measure to ease

masks:
Robert Banks Jenkinson
Liverpool
Liverpool
Liverpool
Liverpool
Liverpool
Liverpool
Liverpool
Robert Peel
Liverpool


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 the transition to peacetime conditions. His chief economic problem during his time as Prime Minister was that of the nation's finances. The interest on the national debt, massively swollen by the enormous expenditure of the final war years, together with the war pensions, absorbed the greater part of normal government revenue. The refusal of the House of Commons in 1816 to continue the wartime income tax left ministers with no immediate alternative but to go on with the ruinous system of borrowing to meet necessary annual expenditure.Liverpool eventually facilitated a return to the gold standard in 1819. Lord <mask> argued for the abolition of the wider slave trade at the Congress of Vienna, and at home he supported the repeal of the Combination Laws banning workers from combining into trade unions in 1824. In the latter year the newly formed Royal National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck, later the RNLI, obtained Lord <mask> as its first president. Assassination Attempt

The reports of the secret committees he obtained in 1817 pointed to the existence of an organised network of disaffected political societies, especially in the manufacturing areas. <mask> told Peel that the disaffection in the country seemed even worse than in 1794. Because of a largely perceived threat to the government, temporary legislation was introduced. He suspended Habeas Corpus in both Great Britain (1817) and Ireland (1822).Following the Peterloo massacre in 1819, his government imposed the repressive Six Acts legislation which limited, among other things, free speech and the right to gather for peaceful demonstration. In 1820, as a result of these measures, Liverpool and other cabinet ministers were targeted for assassination. They escaped harm when the Cato Street conspiracy was foiled. Catholic emancipation
During the 19th century, and, in particular, during Liverpool's time in office, Catholic emancipation was a source of great conflict. In 1805, in his first important statement of his views on the subject, Liverpool had argued that the special relationship of the monarch with the Church of England, and the refusal of Roman Catholics to take the oath of supremacy, justified their exclusion from political power. Throughout his career, he remained opposed to the idea of Catholic emancipation, though he did see marginal concessions as important to the stability of the nation. The decision of 1812 to remove the issue from collective cabinet policy, followed in 1813 by the defeat of Grattan's Roman Catholic Relief Bill, brought a period of calm.Liverpool supported marginal concessions such as the admittance of English Roman Catholics to the higher ranks of the armed forces, the magistracy, and the parliamentary franchise; but he remained opposed to their participation in parliament itself. In the 1820s, pressure from the liberal wing of the Commons and the rise of the Catholic Association in Ireland revived the controversy. By the date of Sir Francis Burdett's Catholic Relief Bill in 1825, emancipation looked a likely success. Indeed, the success of the bill in the Commons in April, followed by <mask>'s tender of resignation, finally persuaded Liverpool that he should retire. When Canning made a formal proposal that the cabinet should back the bill, Liverpool was convinced that his administration had come to its end. George Canning then succeeded him as Prime Minister. Catholic emancipation however was not fully implemented until the major changes of the Catholic Relief Act of 1829 under the leadership of the Duke of Wellington and Sir <mask>, and with the work of the Catholic Association established in 1823.Retirement and death

Liverpool's first wife, Louisa, died at 54. He soon married again, on 24 September 1822, to Lady Mary Chester, a long-time friend of Louisa. Liverpool finally retired on 9 April 1827 after suffering a severe cerebral hemorrhage at his Fife House residence in Whitehall two months earlier, and asked the King to seek a successor. He suffered another minor stroke in July, after which he lingered on at Coombe until a third attack on 4 December 1828 from which he died. Having died childless, he was succeeded as Earl of Liverpool by his younger half-brother Charles. He was buried in Hawkesbury parish church, Gloucestershire, beside his father and his first wife. His personal estate was registered at under £120,000.Legacy
Historian R. W. Seton-Watson sums up Liverpool's strengths and weaknesses:

Liverpool was the first British Prime Minister to regularly wear long trousers instead of knee breeches. He entered office at the age of 42 years and one day, making him younger than all of his successors. Liverpool served as Prime Minister for a total of 14 years and 305 days, making him the longest-serving Prime Minister of the 19th century. As of 2022, none of Liverpool's successors have served longer. In London, Liverpool Street and Liverpool Road, Islington, are named after Lord Liverpool. The Canadian town of Hawkesbury, Ontario, the Hawkesbury River and the Liverpool Plains, New South Wales, Australia, Liverpool, New South Wales, and the Liverpool River in the Northern Territory of Australia were also named after Lord Liverpool. Lord Liverpool, as Prime Minister to whose government Nathan Mayer Rothschild was a lender, was portrayed by American actor Gilbert Emery in the 1934 movie, The House of Rothschild.Lord <mask>'s ministry (1812–1827)
 Lord <mask> – First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords
 Lord Eldon – Lord Chancellor
 Lord Harrowby – Lord President of the Council
 Lord Westmorland – Lord Privy Seal
 Lord Sidmouth – Secretary of State for the Home Department
 Lord Castlereagh (Lord Londonderry after 1821) – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Leader of the House of Commons
 Lord Bathurst – Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
 Lord Melville – First Lord of the Admiralty
 Nicholas Vansittart – Chancellor of the Exchequer
 Lord Mulgrave – Master-General of the Ordnance
 Lord Buckinghamshire – President of the Board of Control
 Charles Bathurst – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
 Lord Camden – minister without portfolio

Changes

 Late 1812 – Lord Camden leaves the Cabinet
 September 1814 – William Wellesley-Pole (Lord Maryborough from 1821), the Master of the Mint, enters the Cabinet
 February 1816 – George Canning succeeds Lord Buckinghamshire at the Board of Control
 January 1818 – F. J. Robinson, the President of the Board of Trade, enters the Cabinet
 January 1819 – The <mask> Wellington succeeds Lord Mulgrave as Master-General of the Ordnance. Lord Mulgrave becomes minister without portfolio
 1820 – Lord Mulgrave leaves the cabinet
 January 1821 – Charles Bathurst succeeds Canning as President of the Board of Control, remaining also at the Duchy of Lancaster
 January 1822 – <mask> succeeds Lord Sidmouth as Home Secretary
 February 1822 – Charles Williams-Wynn succeeds Charles Bathurst at the Board of Control. Bathurst remains at the Duchy of Lancaster and in the Cabinet
 September 1822 – Following the suicide of Lord Londonderry, George Canning becomes Foreign Secretary and Leader of the House of Commons
 January 1823 – Vansittart, elevated to the peerage as Lord Bexley, succeeds Charles Bathurst as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. F. J. Robinson succeeds Vansittart as Chancellor of the Exchequer. He is succeeded at the Board of Trade by William Huskisson
 1823 – Lord Maryborough, the Master of the Mint, leaves the Cabinet. His successor in the office is not a Cabinet member

References

Further reading

  This contains an assessment of his character and achievements. Cookson, J. E. Lord Liverpool's administration: the crucial years, 1815–1822 (1975)
 Gash, Norman.Lord Liverpool: The Life and Political Career of <mask> Jenkinson, Second Earl of Liverpool 1770–1828 (London 1984)
 Gash, Norman. "Jenkinson, <mask>, second earl of Liverpool (1770–1828)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004); online ed. 2008 accessed 20 June 2014 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14740
 Gash, Norman. "Lord Liverpool: a private view," History Today (1980) 30#5 pp 35–40
 Hay, William Anthony. Lord Liverpool : a political life (Woodbridge, The Boydell Press, 2018). Hilton, Boyd. A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?England 1783–1846 (New Oxford History of England) (2006) scholarly survey
 Hilton, Boyd. "The Political Arts of Lord Liverpool." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Fifth Series) 38 (1988): 147–170. online
 Hutchinson, Martin. Britain's Greatest Prime Minister: <mask> (Cambridge, The Lutterworth Press, 2020). Petrie, C. Lord <mask> and His Times (London, 1954)
 Plowright, John. Regency England: The Age of Lord Liverpool (Routledge, 2006)
 Sack, James J.The Grenvillites, 1801–29: Party Politics and Factionalism in the Age of Pitt and Liverpool (1991)
 Seton-Watson, R. W. Britain in Europe (1789–1914): A Survey of Foreign Policy (1937)  online free

External links

 Earl of Liverpool Prime Minister's Office
 "Earl of Liverpool" by Prime Minister's Office

1770 births
1828 deaths
19th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom
19th-century heads of government
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
British MPs 1790–1796
British MPs 1796–1800
British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs
2nd Earl of Liverpool
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights of the Garter
Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports
Masters of the Mint
Jenkinson, <mask>
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Jenkinson, <mask>
People educated at Charterhouse School
People from Westminster
Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Secretaries of State for War and the Colonies
Jenkinson, <mask>
Jenkinson, <mask>
Jenkinson, <mask>
<mask>, E2
Commissioners of the Treasury for Ireland
Tory prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Leaders of the House of

masks:
Liverpool
Liverpool
Liverpool
Robert Peel
Robert Peel
Liverpool
Liverpool
Duke of
Robert Peel
Robert Banks
Robert Banks
Lord Liverpool
Liverpool
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<mask> (born November 24, 1963) is an American jazz double bassist and composer. He has performed  in bands led by Herbie Hancock, Jim Hall, Andrew Hill, Michael Brecker, Chris Potter, Pat Metheny, Carmen McRae, Edward Simon, Adam Rogers, Brian Blade, David Binney, Antonio Sanchez, Kenny Werner. Career
Born on November 24, 1963, <mask> began studying bass at age 11. At 13, he studied with bassist Monty Budwig. He attended Eagle Rock High School in Los Angeles, where he studied under John Rinaldo. After graduating from high school, he was granted a  scholarship to the California Institute for the Arts and studied privately with Charlie Haden and Fred Tinsley (of the Los Angeles Philharmonic). In 1986, he began touring and recording with jazz singer Carmen McRae.After graduating in 1988, he moved to New York City. Performance history
 1988–89: He performed in U.S. and European tours with Carmen McRae; Dizzy Gillespie; and Clifford Jordan. 1990–95: Bands included Jim Hall, John Scofield, Joe Henderson and Art Farmer. 1996–98: His work included touring with a group led by Joe Lovano and Jim Hall, Tours with Toots Thielemans; Bobby Hutcherson; and Bob Berg; extensive touring with Andrew Hill's "Another Point of Departure" sextet. 2000–04: For five years <mask> toured extensively as a member of Herbie Hancock's working trio and two separate quartets (one featuring saxophonist Gary Thomas, the other featuring vibist Bobby Hutcherson) at concerts around the world. Hancock's trio has also performed in concert engagements with symphonic orchestras throughout the United States. During that time he also toured extensively with the Andrew Hill trio and sextet, and the Chris Potter Quartet.2005–07: Extensive touring with "Directions in Music", a collaboration with Michael Brecker, Herbie Hancock, Roy Hargrove and Terri Lyne Carrington; Trio concerts with Pat Metheny; tours with Jim Hall; teaching residencies at The Banff Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, and Vallekilde Denmark, European and U.S. tours with Chris Potter's Quartet; concerts with Chris Potter and Antonio Sanchez; U.S and European tours with his own trio and quartet. 2006-07: Extensive touring with his own quartet and trio. Recordings include projects with Chris Potter; Luciana Souza; Abbey Lincoln; Adam Rogers; Donny McCaslin; two recordings with Kenny Werner; and his own release Architect of the Silent Moment (featuring: Ralph Alessi, David Binney, Craig Taborn, Jason Moran, Adam Rogers, Gregoire Maret, and Antonio Sanchez.) 2008–10: Touring with his quartet and trio in the US, Europe and South America; also touring with Edward Simon and Brian Blade; Chris Potter's Underground; The Antonio Sanchez Quartet; Magic Circle (a trio with Dave Douglas and Mark Feldman); The David Binney Quartet (with Craig Taborn and Brian Blade); The Kenny Werner Quintet. Teaching residencies in the U.S. and Europe. He worked on numerous recordings, including his seventh CD as a leader, entitled Empire, made up entirely of original compositions, released on the CAM Jazz label during the summer of 2010, featuring Bill Frisell, Ralph Alessi, Brian Blade and Craig Taborn. Monk, Changing of the Guard (Blue Note, 1993)
 T.S.

masks:
Scott Colley
Colley
Colley


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<mask>, 4th Earl of Atholl  (died 25 April 1579) was a Scottish noble. He was favoured by Mary, Queen of Scots, but later turned against her. Biography
Stewart was the son of <mask>, 3rd Earl of Atholl and Grizel Rattray. He supported the government of the queen dowager Mary of Guise. He wrote to her on 10 June 1554 describing a skirmish in which his cousin George Drummond of Ledcrieff was killed by the lairds of Ardblair, Drumlochie, and Gormok, his followers. Lord Ruthven, sheriff of Perth, and Lord Drummond had searched for these lairds in vain but arrested six innocent poor men, who also depended on him. He hoped she could arrange a fair trial for them in Edinburgh or Perth, especially because Lord Ruthven favoured the Drummonds.He was coming to see her, but had fallen ill and wrote from Tullibardine. Subsequently, Patrick Blair of Ardblair was found, tried, and beheaded for the murder. In 1560 he was one of the three nobles who voted in Parliament against the Reformation and the confession of faith, and declared their adherence to Roman Catholicism. Subsequently, however, he joined the league against Huntly, whom with Murray and Morton he defeated at Corrichie in October 1562, and he supported the projected marriage of Elizabeth with Arran. On the arrival of Mary, Queen of Scots, from France in 1561 he was appointed one of the twelve privy councillors, and on account of his religion obtained a greater share the queen's favour than either Murray or Maitland. He was one of the principal supporters of the marriage with Lord Darnley, became the leader of the Roman Catholic nobles, and with Knox obtained the chief power in the government, successfully protecting Mary and Darnley from Murray's attempts to regain his ascendancy by force of arms. According to Knox he openly attended mass in the queen's chapel, and was especially trusted by Mary in her project of reinstating Roman Catholicism.The fortress of Tantallon was placed in his keeping, and in 1565 he was made lieutenant of the north of Scotland. He was described the same year by the French ambassador as "très grand catholique hardi et vaillant et remuant, comme l'on dict, mais de nul". After the murder of David Rizzio, in 1567, he joined the Protestant lords against Mary, appeared as one of the leaders against her at Carberry Hill, and afterwards approved of her lavish imprisonment at Loch Leven Castle. In July he was present at the coronation of James, and was included in the council of regency to Mary's abdication. He, however, was not present at Langside in May 1568, and in July became once more a supporter of Mary, voting for her divorce from Bothwell (1569). In March 1570 he formed with other lords the joint letter to Elizabeth asking for the queen's intercession and supporting Mary's claims, and was present at the convention held at Linlithgow in April in opposition to the assembly of the king's party at Edinburgh. In 1574 he was proceeded against as a Roman Catholic and threatened with excommunication, subsequently holding a conference with the ministers and being allowed till midsummer to overcome his scruples.In October 1578 he stayed with Morton at Dalkeith Palace and was said to have converted to the Protestant faith. He had failed in 1572 to prevent Morton's appointment to the regency, but in 1578 he succeeded with the Earl of Argyll in driving him from office. On 24 March, James took the government into his own hands and dissolved the regency, and Atholl and Argyll, to the exclusion of Morton, were made members of the council, while on the 29th Atholl was appointed lord chancellor. Subsequently, on 24 May, Morton succeeded in getting into Stirling Castle and in attaining his guardianship of James. Atholl and Argyll, who were now corresponding with Spain in hopes of assistance from that quarter, then advanced to Stirling with a large force, when a compromise was arranged, the three earls being all included in the government. Death
While on his way from a banquet held on 20 April 1579 at Stirling Castle on the occasion of the reconciliation, Atholl was seized with sudden illness, and despite the attentions of the court physicians Gilbert Moncreiff and Alexander Preston, and a Highland practitioner recorded as the "Irland Leeche", he died on 25 April at Kincardine. He was buried at the High Kirk of Edinburgh near the tomb of Regent Moray at the request the King.There was a strong suspicion of poisoning, and his relatives including William Stewart of Grandtully complained to James VI. Some suspected Regent Morton or Annabell Murray, Countess of Mar. Rumours that he was poisoned with the Earl of Montrose, who survived, spread in England. Regent Morton's friend George Affleck of Auchinleck of Balmanno was tortured with the boot on 15 March 1580 and was said to have confessed that Morton had Atholl poisoned. Affleck blamed another captive associate of Morton, Sanders Jordan, (Alexander Jardine). It was thought that <mask>d had provided the poison. Family
<mask> married
(1) Elizabeth Gordon, daughter of George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly and Elizabeth Keith, by whom he had
Elizabeth Stewart, Countess of Arran, who married Hugh Fraser, 5th Lord Lovat, and secondly Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of March, and thirdly James Stewart, Earl of Arran.Barbara Stewart, who married <mask>
(2) Margaret Fleming (1529-1586), daughter of Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming and Janet Stewart, widow of Robert Graham, Baron Graham, and of Thomas Erskine, Master of Erskine (brother of <mask>, 5th Lord Erskine. With Margaret, James had three daughters and one son:
Jean Stewart, who married Duncan Campbell of Glenorchy on 11 July 1574, and was the mother of Colin Campbell of Glenorchy
Grizel Stewart, wife of David Lindsay, 11th Earl of Crawford
Mary Stewart, wife of Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll
<mask>, 5th Earl of Atholl, who married Marie Ruthven, at his death in 1595 the earldom in default of male heirs reverted to the crown. References

1579 deaths
Earls of Atholl
16th-century Scottish people
16th-century Scottish politicians
Members of the Privy Council of Scotland
Lord Chancellors of Scotland
Privy Council of Mary, Queen of Scots
Year of birth unknown
Atholl
Judicial torture in Scotland

masks:
John Stewart
John Stewart
John Provan
John
John Law
John Erskine
John Stewart