texts:
<mask> (born March 29, 1952) is an American businessman and is the founder and former chairman of Discovery, Inc., a broadcasting and film production company which owns the Discovery Channel, TLC and Animal Planet networks, among other ventures. On March 20, 2014, after 32 years at the helm, he made public his decision to retire as chairman of Discovery Communications after the annual shareholders' meeting of May 16, 2014. He moved on to found CuriosityStream, an ad-free, on-demand nonfiction streaming service. Early life
Born in Matewan, West Virginia, <mask>' father was a home builder and his mother a clerk for city government. In 1958, the <mask> family moved to Huntsville, Alabama, where <mask> grew up. His father died when he was 20, and his mother died when he was 30. He attended S.R.Butler High School where he met his first wife, Pattie Miller. <mask> graduated from the University of Alabama in Huntsville, and he received his bachelor's degree in history in 1974. While a student at UAH he worked in the audio visual department where he had the idea to bring documentaries to the public. He was hired as director of community and government relations for the University of Alabama in Huntsville the year he graduated, and became director of corporate and foundation relations for the University of Maryland in 1975. While at the University of Maryland, he co-founded a fund-raising consulting company, the American Association of University Consultants, with Edward M. Peabody, and published several newsletters aimed at academic disciplines such as chemistry. Commercial ventures
<mask> founded the Cable Educational Network, Inc., in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1982 to provide documentary programming to cable broadcasters. On June 17, 1985, <mask> launched the Discovery Channel with $5 million in start-up capital led by the American investment firm Allen & Company.Today, Discovery's main shareholders include <mask>, chairman of Liberty Media, and Advance/Newhouse (publishers of Vanity Fair, New Yorker, and Vogue). <mask> helped found the Women's United Soccer Association in 1999. After operating for three seasons, WUSA ceased operations in 2003. In 2004, <mask> and a group of investors attempted a financial rescue of the league to revive professional women's soccer in the United States. In April 2007, the WUSA announced a revival of the league, to occur in 2008. The new league, Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), ran March 2009 to January 2012. In 2013, Harper Collins published his first business memoir, A Curious Discovery: An Entrepreneur's Story.His biography recounts the struggles and triumphs of turning his passion for documentary programs into the world's most widely distributed cable channel and parlaying its popularity into a leading global media company. In 2015, <mask> founded CuriosityStream, an online video on demand service. CuriosityStream provides documentaries and series about science, technology, history and nature. Family
<mask> married his current wife, Maureen Donohue, on January 10, 1981. <mask> and Maureen have two children, <mask> and <mask>. Elizabeth attended the Holton-Arms School and Princeton University, and serves as President of Hendricks Factual Media. Andrew attended the Landon School, and is President of Driven Experiences, a racing and automotive company invested in many forms of the marketing media.Andrew is also a professional sports car driver in Grand-Am Road Racing. Charitable activity
In 1995, <mask> was appointed to the Lowell Observatory Advisory Board. In 2004, <mask> donated $1 million to the Observatory for the construction of the Lowell Discovery Telescope. In 2007, <mask> donated an additional $5 million to the Observatory to complete the telescope. The Planetary Research Center at the Observatory was renamed the Hendricks Center for Planetary Studies shortly thereafter in honor of the donation. <mask> serves on the Board of Directors of a number of non-profit organizations including United States Olympic Committee, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Institute for Advanced Study, National Forest Foundation, and Discovery Learning Alliance. <mask> has organized two charitable foundations.The John and Maureen Hendricks Charitable Foundation was established in 2001. It receives donations from the <mask> family (roughly $1.1 million in 2005-2006, according to the foundation's Form 900 tax statement) and disburses grants to charitable causes. In total gifting, the Hendricks have donated over $30 million to numerous non-profit organizations supporting a wide variety of causes, from basic social services to science research. The John S. Hendricks Family Foundation was established in 1997. The foundation is used for specialized charitable purposes by the <mask> family, and had no income, assets or disbursements in calendar years 2003, 2004 or 2005 (according to the foundation's Form 900 tax statements). Honors
 6066 Hendricks asteroid named after him. In 2011, <mask> was honored with an Edison Achievement Award for his commitment to innovation throughout his career.In 1997, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. References

Dawtrey, Adam. "BBC, Discovery in Fact Pact." Variety. March 23, 1998. Eisenberg, Daniel. "TV's Unlikely Empire."Time. February 23, 2003. Fimea, Mike. "Lowell Seeking New Telescope." Arizona Business Gazette. January 1, 2004. French, Scott."<mask> Q&A: 'We're able to invest with confidence'." Sports Illustrated. January 21, 2001. Grove, Christopher. "<mask> Leads Global Discovery Mission." Variety. November, 2000."Hendricks Family Boosts Discovery Channel Telescope With Additional $5 Million Contribution." Press release, Lowell Observatory. March 19, 2007. Accessed July 18, 2007. Higgins, <mask>. "Back to Nature." Broadcasting & Cable. January 16, 2006.Hobgood, Cynthia. "A Dreamer's Discovery." Washington Business Journal. June 14, 2002. "<mask>: An Oral History." The Cable Center. September 2, 2003.Accessed July 18, 2007. Kaplan, Peter. "<mask>: Cable Pioneer Discovers Value of Putting Substance over Style." Washington Times. December 23, 1996. "Lowell Gets OK to Add $30 Million Telescope." Associated Press.October 18, 2004. Michaelis, Vicki. "WUSA Ceases Operations After Three Years." USA Today. September 16, 2003. Southwick, Thomas P. "Cable Television: The First 50 Years." Cable World.September 1998. "WUSA to Relaunch in 2008 With Eight Teams." Associated Press. April 18, 2007. External links

1952 births
Living people
People from Matewan, West Virginia
Discovery Channel people
American television executives
University of Alabama in Huntsville alumni
People from Huntsville, Alabama
International Emmy Founders Award winners

masks:
John Samuel Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
John Hendricks
Hendricks
John Malone
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
John Hendricks
John
Elizabeth Hendricks
Andrew Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
John Hendricks
Hendricks
John M
John Hendricks
John Hendricks


type: original

texts:
<mask> (1817 – 1 March 1893) an early advocate for women's rights, was born in Gomersal, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. Early life

<mask>'s father Joshua, a cloth manufacturer, and his wife Anne had six children of which she was the fourth. Her father, a radical and member of the Methodist New Connexion, was bankrupted in 1826, but determined to repay his creditors. <mask> was an impulsive, clever child who shared her father's independent traits. She met Ellen Nussey and Charlotte Brontë in 1831 at Roe Head School in Mirfield where they became firm lifelong friends despite having opposing views. At school <mask>, while quiet, was defiant, standing by her opinions and practising what she preached. Brontë, a visitor to the <mask>'s home, Red House, described the family's company as 'one of the most rousing pleasures I have ever known'.European Tour
<mask>'s father died in December 1840 and <mask> embarked on a European tour before joining her sister at the Château de Koekelberg, a finishing school in Brussels. Her correspondence with Charlotte Brontë described what she had seen on her travels inspiring her to go to Brussels in 1842. After her sister's death in October 1842, <mask> went to Germany where, challenging established convention, she found employment teaching young men. Life in New Zealand
In March 1845, <mask> followed her youngest brother, Waring, who had arrived in Wellington in 1842, to New Zealand. Here, she had a house built on Cuba Street, which she let out for rent whilst also earning as a piano teacher. In a letter, Charlotte Brontë writes <mask> was "in her element- because she is where he has a toilsome task to perform, an important improvement to effect- a weak vessel (Waring) to strengthen- she will remain in New Zealand as long as she can there find serious work to do - but no longer". <mask> also attempted to earn a living by sending written articles to English magazines, only to be unsuccessful in getting them published.During her stay in Wellington, <mask> also wrote a 150-page novel that would be published 40 years later, rumoured to be "Miss Miles". In 1849, <mask>'s cousin, <mask>, arrived in New Zealand, and despite being 12 years her junior, boosted <mask>'s confidence and enthusiasm with much-needed companionship during her stay. They leased a subdivision of Town Acre 178 where the two women built a two-storey house and planned to open a drapery and garment business by 1850. Having observed much of the dealings of her brother's business in trading commodities such as wool, land, cattle and clothing, <mask> caught on and had met many prospective clients. Waring helped the two women with their bookkeeping and the business quickly took off. <mask> and Ellen hoped to make £300 - £400 annually from the shop. The drapery had a gabled roof, a generous  by  building footprint and served as both a business and place of residence for <mask> and Ellen in the upstairs rooms.In 1851, when Ellen fell ill to tuberculosis, <mask> nursed her cousin and after her death continued to work alone in the shop, where the business continued to grow. <mask> had to have the building extended and hire a sales assistant. An 1853 Wellington Almanack lists her shop as one of the most popular stores in the region. Before <mask> left Te Aro in 1859, she invested £400 of her capital from selling her business into land in Te Aro, one in Abel Tasman Street, another in Ghuznee Street. She never had intended to remain in New Zealand, and sold the shop that had provided her with a good income in a way a middle-class woman would have found impossible in England. She returned to Yorkshire before 1860. Return to Yorkshire and death
When she was financially secure <mask> returned to Gomersal.High Royd, the house built for her, was her home for the rest of her life. She made annual visits to Switzerland where, aged almost 60 in 1875, she led a party of five women on an expedition to climb Mont Blanc and they published Swiss Notes by Five Ladies, an account of their ten-week adventure. News of her death in Yorkshire on 1 March 1893 was received in New Zealand in May 1893. Feminist Ideologies
<mask> was an avid reader of literature and used to read while running her drapery in New Zealand. Her home in Gomersal shows her love for reading where a clear path in the carpet indicates the constant pacing she would do while reading. In her time back in Yorkshire, between 1865 and 1870, <mask> published many articles for Victoria Magazine  illustrating her many feminist ideas which were compiled into the book, The First Duty of Women. Her great solace in reading and finding inspiration in it sheds insight on her opinions regarding women being discouraged from spending their time with books as she writes in First Duty of Women "Let them undertake, then, the duty of providing for their own mental progress, as they must bear the consequences of neglecting it".In these articles, she also states that women should be responsible for earning their own living and that to marry solely on the basis of money was demeaning. <mask> strongly negated the idea that women were bound in duty to sacrifice themselves for others, and criticized Charlotte Brontë for inducing the notion that a working life was not meant for all women. In her letter to Charlotte she writes: "You are a coward and a traitor. A woman who works is by that alone better than one who does not and a woman that does not happen to be rich and who still earns no money and does not wish to do so, is guilty of a great fault- almost a crime." It is clear in <mask>'s many letters and in her writings that one of her central beliefs in life was that it was necessary for a woman to work in order to grant herself independence and happiness. In her book Miss Miles or a Tale of Yorkshire life 60 years ago, <mask> writes about the lives of five women in Gomersal and their attitudes towards work; where four of the women endure financially and mentally due to their working lives, whilst the fifth woman who doesn't have the motivation to pursue independent work is fated towards a woeful life. <mask> remarked that her time and efforts spent in Wellington would be the part of her life which she would consider most agreeable because of the attitudes of settlers and the equal opportunities available for all those establishing the new township regardless of their gender and age.In settler ideology, there was a strong opposition to snobbery and any efforts to impose class distinctions which wholly satisfied <mask>. In her letter to Brontë in June 1848, <mask> provides social commentary on lower class and middle-class women, writing, "Mrs <mask> Miss Knox and Mrs Logan sat in mute admiration while we mentioned these things, being employed in the meantime in making a patchwork quilt. Did you ever notice that the women of middle classes are generally too ignorant to talk to?, and that you are thrown entirely on men for conversation? There is no such feminine inferiority in the lower. The women go hand in hand with the men in the degree on cultivation that they are able to reach. I can talk very well to a joiner's wife, but seldom to a merchants." References

External links
  Text of "Swiss notes, by five ladies"

British women's rights activists
People from Gomersal
People from Wellington City
1817 births
1893 deaths
19th-century New Zealand businesspeople

masks:
Mary Taylor
Mary Taylor
Mary
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Mary
Taylor
Taylor
Mary
Taylor
Taylor
Mary
Ellen Taylor
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Mary
Taylor
Taylor
Mary
Taylor
Taylor


texts:
<mask> (蕭嶷) (444–492), courtesy name Xuanyan (宣儼), formally Prince Wenxian of Yuzhang (豫章文獻王), was an imperial prince during the Chinese dynasty Southern Qi. He was a son of the founder Emperor Gao (<mask>) and a brother of Emperor Wu (<mask>). Background
<mask> was born in 444 as the second son of <mask> and his wife Liu Zhirong (劉智容), four years younger than his older brother <mask>. Because <mask> was a Liu Song general who contributed in military campaigns, <mask> served in a number of low level government posts early in his life, including as a county magistrate and as an administrator in the census bureau. Around 466, when his father was given a greater title for his contributions in Emperor Ming of Liu Song's war for the throne with Liu Zixun, <mask> was given his father's old title of Marquess of Jinshou. He later served as a general under his father during the rebellion of Emperor Ming's brother Liu Xiufan (劉休範) the Prince of Guiyang in 474, early in the reign of Emperor Ming's son Emperor Houfei. By 477, the young but violent and arbitrary Emperor Houfei was universally feared by officials and the people, for he was in the habit of roving outside the palace with his guards, killing all humans or animals that they came in contact with.One night, Emperor Houfei and his guards descended on the <mask>s' old house in Qingxi (青溪), a suburb of the capital Jiankang, where <mask> was residing. <mask> had his guards perform a sword dance in the courtyard, and as Emperor Houfei saw it, he assumed that <mask> would be ready for any attacks, and so left. Meanwhile, <mask>'s father <mask> was fearful for his own life and, as suggested by his distant cousin and associate <mask> (蕭順之), considered going to Guangling (廣陵, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) to start a rebellion there; <mask>, however, opposed, reasoning that rebellions from afar rarely succeeded, and that because of Emperor Houfei's arbitrary behavior, it would be easier to act against him from within the capital. <mask> agreed, and soon was able to conspire with Emperor Houfei's attendant Yang Yufu (楊玉夫) to assassinate Emperor Houfei and effectively take over the Liu Song, making Emperor Houfei's brother Liu Zhun emperor (as Emperor Shun), but in actuality his puppet. During this period, as <mask> prepared to take over the throne, <mask> carried the title of Duke of Yong'an, and in 478 (after <mask> defeated Shen Youzhi, who opposed his seizure of power) was made the governor of the key Jing Province (荊州, modern central and western Hubei). In 479, <mask> had Emperor Shun yield the throne to him, ending Liu Song and starting Southern Qi. He created <mask> the Prince of Yuzhang.Under Emperor Gao
Soon after the establishment of Southern Qi, Emperor Gao recalled <mask> back to Jiankang to serve as the governor of the capital region, Yang Province (揚州, modern Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu), a highly important post, and a post that he would retain for the rest of his life. <mask> was very close to his older brother <mask>, who was created the crown prince after Emperor Gao took the throne. In one incident when Emperor Gao got exceedingly angry at <mask> after being informed (while <mask> was outside the capital) that both Crown Prince Ze and his jester Zhang Jingzhen (張景真) were being overly wasteful and using items that were only appropriate for emperors, it was <mask> who rode on a horse to warn <mask> what the situation was, allowing <mask> to quickly return to Jiankang to react to the incident. Emperor Gao at one point considered replacing <mask> with <mask>, but because <mask> served his brother carefully, their relationship was not affected. In 482, Emperor Gao died. <mask> was said to be mourning so bitterly that his eyes and ears bled. Crown Prince Ze succeeded Emperor Gao, as Emperor Wu.Under Emperor Wu
Emperor Wu conferred a number of honorific titles on <mask>, and while publicly, <mask> did not participate in policy decisions, in private they often discussed important matters of state, and Emperor Wu almost always listened to <mask>'s suggestions. He also frequently visited <mask>'s mansion, where both he and <mask> would wear informal wear that brothers would wear while meeting with each other, rather than the formal clothing of an emperor and his subject. As a special honor, Emperor Wu also made <mask>'s wife Princess Yu be in charge of the ancestral worship of their parents and grandparents. <mask> was said to be tall and attentive to his appearance, but careful in his actions. Several times he sought to transfer the powerful governorship of Yang Province to Emperor Wu's son <mask>g (蕭子良) the Prince of Jingling, who was also a trusted advisor of Emperor Wu, but Emperor Wu refused, telling <mask> that the post was his for life. Initially, <mask> did not have any sons, and probably sometime during Emperor Gao's reign, he adopted Emperor Wu's son <mask>iang (蕭子響) as his heir apparent -- a status that <mask>iang, by <mask>'s request, continued to hold even after <mask> had his own sons. However, in 488, after an incident where <mask>iang threw a temper tantrum over not being able to wear the same style as his brothers (because his brothers were princes, while he was just the heir apparent of a prince), the adoption was rescinded, and <mask>iang was returned to Emperor Wu's line and created the Prince of Badong.(<mask>iang was subsequently executed in 490 after he killed a number of his advisors.) In 492, <mask> died and was buried with great honors. In words that he left his five sons, he stated:

As for ability, some are capable and some are less capable. As for official posts, some are fortunate to be promoted while some are blocked. As for fortune, some are rich and some are poor. These are all natural phenomena, and you should not use your position to bully others. The high praise that <mask> received in official histories might be related to the fact that his son <mask> (蕭子顯) was the official who was later, in the succeeding Liang Dynasty, commissioned to author the official history of Southern Qi, the Book of Qi.References
 Book of Southern Qi, vol. 22. History of the Southern Dynasties, vol. 42. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 133, 134, 135, 136, 137. Liu Song dynasty people
Southern Qi imperial princes
444 births
492 deaths

masks:
Xiao Ni
Xiao Daocheng
Xiao Ze
Xiao Ni
Xiao Daocheng
Xiao Ze
Xiao Daocheng
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Daocheng
Xiao Shunzhi
Xiao Ni
Xiao Daocheng
Xiao Daocheng
Xiao Ni
Xiao Daocheng
Xiao Daocheng
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ze
Xiao Ze
Xiao Ze
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ze
Xiao Ze
Xiao Ze
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Zilian
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Zix
Xiao Zix
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Zix
Xiao Zix
Xiao Zix
Xiao Ni
Xiao Ni
Xiao Zixian


texts:
<mask>'Ornano (15 November 1845 – 17 May 1906) was a French lawyer, journalist and politician who was a Bonapartist deputy for the department of Charente for thirty years. He represented the rural constituency of Cognac, and often supported the distillers in parliament. Although he supported democracy, he was in favour of plebiscites and opposed the republicans of the French Third Republic for most of his career. He took every opportunity to speak out against the government in the chamber of deputies. At one point an article he had written led to a duel with another deputy. Early years

<mask>'Ornano was born on 15 November 1845 in Rome. His grandfather was a former comrade-in-arms of Napoleon who remained attached to the Bonaparte family.His parents were François Joseph Antoine Cunéo d'Ornano (1798–1863), former officer and prefecture councilor, and Adélaïde Françoise Dyonnet. He attended the Collège Stanislas de Paris, run by the  Marianists, as did the Royalist pretender and his main spokesman in the Chamber of Deputies, Fernand de Ramel(fr). He studied law and received a license. During the Second French Empire he was employed by the Prefecture of the Seine. During the Siege of Paris (1870–71) he served in Paris as a lieutenant in a battalion of Garde Mobile. He then joined the army of the Versailles government, and helped suppress the Paris Commune. Journalist

In 1872 Cuneo d'Ornano became one of the editors of the Courrier de France.From 1873 to 1874 he edited the Charentais in Angoulême. After contributing to la Presse for a short period, he returned to Charente and founded a Bonapartist newspaper, the Suffrage universel des Charentes, and became known for his extremely lively polemics. In 1876, in Bassac, Charente, he married Marie-Léontine-Claire-Sara Plantevigne-Dubosquet. They had one son, born in 1883, who was held on the baptismal font by Victor, Prince Napoléon. Politician

Cunéo d'Ornano had a combative personality and great powers as a speaker and a journalist. He was not interested in the return of the Empire so much as in a plebiscitary republic modelled on the French Consulate of 1799–1804 with universal suffrage and an elected president. He was a determined opponent of the parliamentary system of the Third Republic.Despite being an outsider born far away, and despite being a conservative Bonapartist intellectual, he won great affection from the common people of the Charente countryside and was elected tens times in a row by the voters of the Cognac district. Cunéo d'Ornano was one of the most prominent leaders of the Bonapartist party in Charente during the 1876 legislative elections. He engaged in noisy demonstrations against the republican government, and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the Cognac district of Charente in the second round of voting. There were many protests against the election, which was invalidated by the House on 5 April 1876 due to defamatory posters and attacks on the constitution. He was reelected with an improved majority on 21 May 1876. He sat with the Appel au peuple parliamentary group, consistently voted with the monarchical minority and often intervened in debates. In 1876, as a result of an article published in his le Suffrage universel, Cunéo d'Ornano fought a duel with André Duclaud(fr), a republican deputy in Charente.Cunéo d'Ornano supported the act of 16 May 1877 and supported the policy of the Broglie-Fourtou government. As official candidate in the 14 October 1877 elections he famously stated in his profession of faith that he would make "the republic and the republicans a meal that even dogs would not eat." He was elected by 9,911 votes to 7,704 for the republican candidate. In the Chamber he continued his opposition and interruptions in debates, and was often called to order. He voted against the election of Jules Grévy as President of France, against the law on freedom of the press, and constantly fought for the appel au peuple (referendum). On 8 December 1878 he attacked the persecution of La Jeune Garde by the government, saying, "there is no liberty if it does not exist equally for everyone". He said the republican government allowed shameful caricatures against religion and past regimes, but banned drawings that targeted republican officials.<mask> d'Ornano was reelected on 21 August 1881 by 8,621 votes against 8,132 votes for the republican candidate. He voted against the abrogation of the Concordat of 1801, against the cabinet of Jules Ferry and against the Tonkin credits. On 24 May 1881 he spoke out in the debate over the Treaty of Bardo that established a French protectorate over Tunisia. He stated that the government, in fighting a small war without being authorized by parliament, had violated Article 9 of the constitution which was designed to prevent such authoritarian action. The government had lied about its intent to annex the country even after the annexation has become a fact. In February 1883 Cunéo d'Ornano fought Charles Floquet's proposals to exile the members of former ruling families from French territory, and appealed against the arrest of Jérôme Napoléon. That year he tried without success to introduce an amendment to the constitution to allow plebiscites.He was reelected on 4 October 1885 for Charente on the conservative list. Once again he took every opportunity in the House to state his opposition to the government. Towards the end of the legislature he voted against reinstatement of the district poll, for indefinite postponement of revision to the constitution, against prosecution of three members of the Ligue des Patriotes, against the draft Lisbonne law restricting freedom of the press and against the prosecution of General Boulanger. By the time of the elections of 22 September 1889 Cuneo d'Ornano had become less extreme and said he no longer wished to overthrow the republic as long as it became democratic and submitted to a national plebiscite. He ran as a "Bonapartist and Revisionist" for his former district of Cognac and was reelected by 8,811 votes to 7,705 for the republican candidate. He again sat with the partisans of the Appel au peuple. On the subject of alcohol he often defended the liberty of the distillers and fought against the surtax on alcohol and controls on its sale.He was reelected in the first round on 20 August 1893. In the new legislature he submitted many proposals in favour of the distilleries. After the publication on 13 January 1898 of Émile Zola's open letter J'accuse…! attacking antisemites during the Dreyfus affair, Cunéo d'Ornano was one of a long list of Nationalist leaders who signed an appeal posted on the walls of Paris that urged the people to take to the streets to show their support for the army and opposition to the Jewish syndicate that was trying to undermine it. He was reelected in the first round on 8 May 1898 and on 27 April 1902. He was elected for the last time on 6 May 1906. <mask> Cunéo d'Ornano died of a stroke in Paris on 17 May 1906 before taking his seat in the new legislature.Publications
Cunéo d'Ornano made numerous speeches, proposals and reports as a deputy. Other publications include:

Notes

Sources

Further reading

1845 births
1906 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Appel au peuple
Members of the 1st Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 3rd Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 4th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 5th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 6th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 7th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 9th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic

masks:
Gustave Cunéo d
Gustave Co d
Cunéo
Gustave


texts:
<mask> (born September 12, 1939 in Elmhurst, Illinois, United States) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music. He studied composition with the Russian-born composer Alexander Tcherepnin from 1959 to 1962, first at the International Academy of Music in Nice, France, then at DePaul University in Chicago. He later studied composition with Jack Beeson at Columbia University (1962–65). <mask> has had professional associations with Aaron Copland, Samuel Barber, Leonard Bernstein, Virgil Thomson, William Schuman, David Diamond and Vladimir Horowitz. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "<mask>ey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, <mask> was a close friend and a neighbor of Paul Bowles in Tangier, Morocco, where he has summered regularly. In 2017, the New York Public Library acquired <mask>'s archive of manuscripts, scores and recordings of his music, which will be catalogued and made available for scholarly research.<mask> is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra, commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under Leonard Slatkin, with Philip Myers as soloist. On Nov. 14, 1985, Proclamation for Orchestra, <mask>'s orchestration of Copland's Proclamation for Piano, received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the New York Philharmonic under Zubin Mehta and the Los Angeles Philharmonic conducted by Erich Leinsdorf. (The New York Philharmonic concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the Live from Lincoln Center telecasts.) <mask>'s music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms. <mask> is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the New York Philharmonic.He is also the author of Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time, which received the 2006 ASCAP Deems Taylor/Nicolas Slonimsky Award for Outstanding Musical Biography. <mask> appeared in the 1998 documentary Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles and the 2000 documentary Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles. He is presently Vice-President Emeritus of The Tcherepnin Society. Compositions

(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
1959 - "Three Early Preludes for Piano"
1960-63 - "Suite for Piano" (revised 1988)
1960 - "Three Preludes for Solo Horn"
1960 - "Incantations for Piano"
1961 - "Piano Sonata No. 1"
1962 - "Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani"
1962 - "Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra" (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as "Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra")
1962 - "Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano" (text: T. S. Eliot)
1965 - "Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra" (text: Konstantin Balmont)
1966 - "Diversions for Piano"
1966 - "Piano Sonata No. 2"
1966 - "Capriccio for Percussion"
1967 - "Epigrams for Piano, Book I"
1967 - "Orchestral Discourse"
1967 - "Night Music for Percussion"
1968 - "Piano Sonata No. 3"
1968 - "Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano"
1968 - "Toccata Breva for Percussion"
1968 - "Commentaries for Flute and Piano"
1969-71 - "Piano Concerto No.1"
1969-72 - "Piano Fantasy"
1971 - "Suite for Violin and Piano"
1972 - "Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano"
1974 - "Concerto for Chamber Orchestra"
1976 - "Piano Concerto No. 2"
1977 - "Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano"
1977 - "Arabesque for Solo Flute"
1979 - "La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano"
1980 - "A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano"
1980 - "Autumn Pastorale for Piano"
1981/85 - "Cossack Variations for Piano"
1981 - "Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet"
1982 - "Canzona for Piano"
1983 - "Echoes for Piano"
1982-86 - "Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano"
1984 - "Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)"
1984 - "Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra"
1985 - "Proclamation for Orchestra (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's Proclamation for Piano)"
1985 - "Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano"
1986 - "Toccata No. 1 for Piano"
1986 - "Epigrams for Piano, Book II"
1987-88 - "Piano Sonata No. 4"
1987-93 - "Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra"
1989 - "Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)"
1989 - "Tangier Nocturne for Piano"
1990 - "Toccata No. 2 for Piano"
1990 - "Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano"
1990 - "Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano"
1991-94 - "Piano Concerto No. for Piano"
2007 - "Primitivo for Piano"
2007 - "J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra" (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
2008 - "Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)"
2008 - "Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano"
2008 - "Ballade for Clarinet and Horn"
2008 - "Blue Phantom for Piano"
2009 - "Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano"
2009 - "Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano" (text: John Simon)
2009 - "Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra" (text: John Simon)
2010 - "Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano"
2010 - "Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano"
2010-11 - "Piano Sonata No. 7"
2011 - "Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano"
2011 - "Manhattan Soundings for Piano"
2011-12 - "Piano Sonata No. 8"
2012 - "Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano"
2012 - "Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion"
2012 - "Hurricane Etude for Piano"
2012 - "Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano"
2013 - "Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano"
2013 - "Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano"
2013 - "Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion"
2013 - "Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)"
2014 - "Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano"
2014 - "Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano"
2014 - "Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion"
2014-15 - "Piano Sonata No. 10"
2015 - "Symphonic Song for String Orchestra"
2015 - "Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano" (text by composer)
2016 - "Noir Nocturne for Piano"
2016 - "Two Duos for Violin and Horn"
2016 - "Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra"
2018 - "Lyric Duo for Violin and Horn"
2018-19 - "Concerto Episodes for Violin, Horn and Piano"
2019 - "Golgotha Prelude for Piano"
2019 - "Chromatic Poem for Piano"
2019 - "Nostalgic Variation on an Original Theme for Piano"
2019 - "Poem in Autumn for Oboe and Piano (or Oboe Solo)"
2020 - "Winter Daydream for Piano"
2020 - "Plague Prelude for Piano"
2020-21 - "Night Journey, Rhapsody for Piano"
2022 -"Cluster Palace: Soundpiece for Piano"

Recordings
2019 - Piano Sonata No. 10, Barbara Nissman, pianist, CD.Three Oranges Recordings 3 OR-26. 2017 - <mask>: Music for French Horn. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD  AF1704. Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano; Elegy for Horn and Piano; Gargoyles for Solo Horn; Two Duos for Violin and Horn; Dialogue for Two Horns; Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.) 2017 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra; Ukrainian Festival Orchestra, Paul Mann, conductor, CD.Toccata Classics, TOCC 0370. 2013 - <mask> Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: Incantations, Cossack Variations, Three Early Preludes, Piano Sonata No. 3, Epigrams Book Two, Lament for Richard III, Piano Sonata No. 7.(Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.) 2011 - <mask> Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: Suite, Two Short Pieces, Toccata Giocosa, Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night), Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster, Bagatelle on "Dies Irae", Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation), Blue Phantom, Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia). (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)2008 - <mask> Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: Diversions, Epigrams Book One, Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin, Winter Nocturne, Toccata No. 1, Ode for F.D.R., Toccata No. 2, Piano Sonata No. 4, Primitivo.(Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.) 2006 - <mask> Piano Music, 1961-2003. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: Color Etudes, Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin, Chromatic Waltz, Piano Sonata No. 1, Piano Sonata No. 2, Piano Sonata No.5--for the Left Hand, Piano Fantasy, Four Tangier Portraits, Toccata No. 2. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.) 1986 - American Piano Music, Volume Two. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. <mask>ey: Canzona, Bennett Lerner, pianist.1984 - American Piano Music. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. <mask>: Piano Fantasy, Bennett Lerner, pianist. 1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP.Leningrad Rag, Piano Fantasy, Piano Sonata No. 4 (Subsequently retitled  Harvard Bells: Soundpiece), John Atkins, pianist. 1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). Walter Carlos, By Request. LP. Columbia. Re-released as Wendy Carlos, By Request on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota).Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with <mask>, pianist (4th and 5th works: Dialogues for piano and two loudspeakers and Episodes for piano and electronic sounds). 1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, Dialogues for piano and two loudspeakers with <mask>, pianist. <mask>, <mask>. Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time.Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005. <mask>, <mask>. Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist. Time-Life booklet, 1975. <mask>, <mask>. Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

References

External links
Interview with <mask> about Irving Fine biography
Paul Bowles memoir
Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin
, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
 (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

1939 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Musicians from Chicago
American classical pianists
Male classical pianists
American male pianists
Columbia University alumni
DePaul University alumni
People from Elmhurst, Illinois
20th-century American composers
20th-century American pianists
Classical musicians from Illinois
21st-century classical pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists

masks:
Phillip Ramey
Ramey
Phillip Ram
Ramey
Ramey
Ramey
Ramey
Ramey
Ramey
Ramey
Phillip Ramey
Phillip Ramey
Phillip Ramey
Phillip Ramey
Phillip Ramey
Phillip Ram
Phillip Ramey
Phillip Ramey
Phillip Ramey
Books Ramey
Phillip
Ramey
Phillip
Ramey
Phillip
Phillip Ramey


texts:
Jahvante Jahqwane Sheldon Smart ( – ), known professionally as <mask>, was a Canadian rapper, singer and songwriter from Toronto, Ontario. <mask> was a part of hip hop collective Halal Gang alongside Mustafa the Poet, Puffy L'z, Safe and Mo-G who come together with the Prime Boys to make the supergroup Full Circle. His debut and only studio album Struggle Before Glory was released posthumously on November 29, 2018, and was rated 8/10 by Exclaim!. Career

Beginnings: 2013–2014
Smart began rapping at the age of 16 in 2013. He gained recognition in 2014 with the release of "Still" featuring Halal Gang member MoG, released on October 4, 2014. It gained over 1 million views within a month of release. This was two days before close friend Ano died.Mo-G and <mask> Dawg uploaded the song "Still" to YouTube in January 2015. In it, the two rappers and their friends rap, dance, and laugh in shadowy parking lots, fluorescent-lit apartment corridors, and an empty studio. Although the initial upload was deleted, its re-upload amassed over 4 million views within a year of being online. 2015–2016
Smart released the single "Trap House" on July 31, 2015. The single introded a dance move known as "flippin'" and gained the attention of artists including French Montana, who jumped on the official remix of the single and Toronto artist Drake. Drake went on to include Smart in many of his worldwide tours and he also headlined alongside ASAP Ferg. Safe released the single "Hang" in 2015 which saw a feature from <mask> Dawg.Smart subsequently went on to release the single "Overseas" alongside Skepta in October 2016. This was Skepta's second work with a Canadian artist, the first being Tre Mission. The single was produced by Toronto native Murda Beatz. Smart also performed at Toronto's first independent hip-hop festival outside of OVO's own offering, 6 Fest. The two-day festival saw <mask> performing alongside his Halal Gang as well as Pusha T, French Montana and Roy Woods. Struggle Before Glory: 2017–2020
Smart was placed on Nows list of Toronto musicians to watch for in 2017. In February 2017, Smart released the song "Count it Up" where he went to London, UK to shoot the music video.He also headlined in London with supporting acts from Nafe Smallz, Drake and Splurgeboys. Whilst in the UK, <mask>g and Halal Gang affiliate Puffy L'z dropped a "Fire in the Booth" freestyle with Charlie Sloth in March 2017. He was also on the Boy Meets World Tour touring with Drake. During this month Smart also featured on Jimmy Prime's single "Humana" alongside Donnie. Toronto's most notorious music festival, uTOpia, was held during June 2017 and premiered showcase for the new generation of artists in the General Toronto Area. <mask> who was one of the main performers of the festival brought out Puffy L'z and Mo-G. The event was rated 7 by Exclaim!, who described Prime Boys and Halal Gang's performance as playing off of each other's energy, which ultimately brought the night together.In September 2017, Smart was featured in the documentary "Northside" which highlighted Toronto's fledgling rap scene. Noisey released a short documentary titled "Noisey Meets <mask> Dawg" in December 2017. The behind the scenes documentary caught up with <mask> in Toronto where he talked about his rise, the passing of his best friend, and how to break out of Toronto's glass ceiling. Smart announced that he was working on his debut studio album  Struggle Before Glory in early 2018. However, before the album was officially released, he was shot and killed on June 30, 2018, in front of a nightclub in downtown Toronto. The lead single of the album "No Discussion" featured AJ Tracey and was produced by Murda Beatz. It was released a month after his death on August 13, 2018.<mask> Dawg's posthumous debut and only studio album Struggle Before Glory was released on November 29, 2018. The album was rated 8/10 by Exclaim!. The album features from the likes of Toronto artists Puffy L'z, Jimmy Prime, Jay Whiss and Safe, as well as UK artists Fredo, AJ Tracey and Giggs. The album was described as a "sum up of the late rapper's legacy". <mask> Dawg's younger brother, <mask>, provided a tribute on the outro of the album. Death
On June 30 2018, Smart was killed in a shooting in broad daylight by unknown assailants. The shooting took place in front of a downtown nightclub in the Toronto Entertainment District near the corner of Queen Street West and Spadina Avenue.The perpetrators allegedly shot multiple times and fled in a black SUV with tinted windows. Three victims, including <mask>g, were injured. Two were later pronounced dead in hospital. Affiliates of Smoke Dawg posted on social media that <mask>g and 28-year-old Prime Boys manager Koba Prime (birth name Ernest "Kosi" Modekwe) were killed in the shooting, with the Toronto Police Service confirming this as a fact the following day. Mayor John Tory blamed the shooting on gun violence and as a result met with the 6ixBuzz team and Director X to meet with members of the hip-hop community to talk gun violence solutions and raise awareness on the issue. Both murders still remain unsolved and the perpetrators remain unknown. Posthumous appearances and tributes
Halal Gang affiliate Mustafa the Poet released a short film titled Remember Me, Toronto.The film aims to discuss the systemic structure working against the lower economies of Toronto and wanted to give these artists the opportunity to "rewrite their memories and the memories of those they lost". Smart was featured at the start of the clip in an archive footage of his speech on how he wishes to be remembered. Smart appeared on Puffy L'z debut album Take No L'z released on July 19, 2019, on the single "Boring" alongside Jay Whiss. He was also featured on Donnie's debut album From the Beginning to End released on November 22, 2019, on the track "Good as it Gets" alongside Jimmy Prime. Jay Whiss released the single "Mind in a Maze", the lead single for his debut album Peace of Mind. The song was a tribute to <mask> Dawg and has stated that it was his favorite song ever recorded. Smart was known for his adlib "Awhooley", in an interview with Now newspaper, Puffy L'z stated he uses the adlib to keep Smart's name alive.Discography
Studio albums
 Struggle Before Glory

SongsAs lead artistAs featured artist'

Filmography

References

External links

1996 births
2018 deaths
2018 murders in North America
21st-century Canadian rappers
Black Canadian musicians
Canadian people of Jamaican descent
Canadian male rappers
Murder in Canada
People murdered in Toronto
Deaths by firearm in Ontario
Canadian murder victims
Male murder victims
Rappers from Toronto
21st-century Canadian male musicians

masks:
Smoke Dawg
Smoke Dawg
Smoke
Smoke
Smoke Dawg
Smoke Daw
Smoke Dawg
Smoke
Smoke Dawg
Smoke
Smoke
Young Smoke
Smoke Daw
Smoke Daw
Smoke


texts:
<mask> (; 18 April 1929 – 30 June 1998) was the daughter of Soviet politician and longtime General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and <mask>. Life and death
<mask> was born on 18 April 1929 in Sverdlovsk. As a teenager, she refused to become a member of the Komsomol; later, she refused to study for an academic degree. She married for the first time to circus artist Yevgeny Timofeyevich Milaev (1910–1983) in 1951. He had twin children, Alexander "Sasha" and Natalya "Natasha" (born 1948) from his first marriage to Natalya Yurchenko who died from blood poisoning during childbirth. They had one daughter, Viktoria Yevgenyevna Milaeva (1952–2018). She was married briefly to Igor Kio, a union that lasted only nine days.By 1971, her father Leonid Brezhnev had become displeased with the way things were going in <mask>'s life. He wanted to arrange a marriage for her, after having her second marriage annulled. She ended up selecting Yuri Churbanov from a number of suitors. Churbanov was chosen even though he was already married and had children. By the end of Brezhnev's life, <mask> was much less visible, and during the reign of Yuri Andropov, she disappeared from the public eye altogether. <mask> made a public comeback during Konstantin Chernenko's short rule, and appeared in a conference commemorating International Women's Day. At the conference, she wore only one piece of jewelry, the Order of Lenin that she had been awarded by Andrei Gromyko in 1978 for her fiftieth birthday.Later, after Churbanov had been arrested on charges of corruption, <mask> divorced him. She married for a fourth and final time at the age of 64, to a 29-year-old man. Before her death, <mask> was a guest on British television to talk about life in the USSR. In her later life, <mask> gradually became a heavy drinker, and her daughter placed her in a psychiatric hospital where she died on 30 June 1998, aged 69. Personal life and rumors
Historian Larisa Vasil'eva wrote in her book that "<mask> <mask> was an all-too-typical product of what came to be known as the Era of Stagnation". <mask> was a heavy drinker and was known to be heavy-tempered. She had little self-discipline, and had a seemingly natural tendency toward self-gratification.She was known for her passion for jewellery and diamonds. Why and how Brezhneva received her diamonds was unknown to the majority at the time, though according to a former director of Yuvelirtorg, the state-run jewellery company in the USSR, all jewelry and valuables seized from criminals were given to members of the nomenklatura. Many rumors circulated in Soviet society about Brezhneva, most notably during Leonid Brezhnev's tenure as General Secretary; these rumors have been colloquially termed "diamond legends". In one such story, <mask>, during her visit to the Georgian SSR, visited a museum where she noticed two relics on display. She then demanded the two relics to be given to her as a gift. The museum director refused to comply and instead called the First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party, Eduard Shevardnadze, to discuss the matter with General Secretary Brezhnev. Shevardnadze told Brezhnev that given her Georgian national heritage, her behaviour was unacceptable; Brezhnev agreed and ordered his daughter back to Moscow.Others stories included personal favors provided by <mask> to Soviet and other communist politicians, including Erich Honecker together with his wife Margot Honecker, Wojciech Jaruzelski, Fidel Castro together with Raul Castro and Che Guevara, Jiang Qing, Todor Zhivkov, Mengistu Haile Mariam, Zhu De, Gustáv Husák, János Kádár, Kim Jong-il, Erich Mielke, Babrak Karmal, Samora Machel, Zhou En-lai, Willi Stoph, Nicolae Ceaușescu together with his wife Elena Ceaușescu, Lê Duẩn, Walter Ulbricht, Lin Biao, Hilde Benjamin, Vo Nguyen Giap and Gus Hall. Stories such as these greatly affected Leonid Brezhnev. He said once to a party colleague that "The world respects you, but your own family causes you pain". At the height of perestroika, a reform initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, many of the rumours about <mask> became increasingly wild and questionable; new details and information, possibly apocryphal, were increasingly included in the rumours. In popular culture, these rumours helped depict the Brezhnev era as an "Era of Stagnation". Many of the rumours stemmed from the fact that most of <mask>'s friends and colleagues had earlier been arrested, and the majority of them had been linked to some sort of corruption or vice. Embezzlement
In January 1982, as part of Andropov's anti-corruption campaign while Leonid Brezhnev was still alive, several prominent jewellery smugglers who all had links with <mask> were arrested, some of them even receiving the death sentence.It was later proven that Brezhneva was smuggling jewellery out of the Soviet Union on such a scale as to threaten the business of De Beers Consolidated Mines, a group of companies focused on the mining of diamonds. Brezhneva was detained by the authorities, being summoned in one instance to the KGB headquarters for questioning. Her being the daughter of Leonid Brezhnev resulted in dismissal of the charges against her; she was, however, internally exiled by the Andropov administration. When Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary, the criminal investigations against Brezhneva and her brother, Yuri Brezhnev, were resumed. Her brother, a former First Deputy of the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and her husband, Yuri Churbanov, were both arrested on charges of corruption. However, investigators were never able to produce any solid charges against Brezhneva for her post-1982 criminal activities. In her later life, Brezhneva had become an alcoholic and usually signed statements without reading them properly.References

Bibliography

1929 births
1998 deaths
Soviet people
<mask> Brezhneva
Children of national leaders
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
People from Yekaterinburg
Alcohol-related deaths in Russia

masks:
Galina Leonidovna Brezhneva
Viktoria Brezhneva
Galina Brezhneva
Galina
Galina
Brezhneva
Brezhneva
Brezhneva
Brezhneva
Galina
Brezhneva
Brezhneva
Brezhneva
Brezhneva
Brezhneva
Brezhneva
Brezhneva
Galina


texts:
Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Iṣfahānī (), also known as <mask>-Faraj, (full form: Abū al-Faraj ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥaytham al-Umawī al-Iṣfahānī) (284–356AH / 897-967CE) was a litterateur, genealogist, poet, musicologist, scribe, and boon companion in the tenth century. He was of Arab-Quraysh origin and mainly based in Baghdad. He is best known as the author of Kitab al-Aghani ("The Book of Songs"), which includes information about the earliest attested periods of Arabic music (from the seventh to the ninth centuries) and the lives of poets and musicians from the pre-Islamic period to al-Isfahani's time. Given his contribution to the documentation of the history of Arabic music, al-Isfahani is characterised by Sawa as "a true prophet of modern ethnomusicology". Dates
The commonly accepted dates of al-Isfahani's birth and death are 284AH/897–8CE and 356/967, based on the dates given by al-Khatib al-Baghdadi which itself bases testimony of al-Isfahani's student, Muhammad ibn Abi al-Fawaris. However, the credibility of these dates is to be treated with discretion. No source places his death earlier than 356/967, but several place it later.These dates are at odds with a reference in the Kitab Adab al-ghuraba ("The Book of the Etiquettes of Strangers"), attributed to al-Isfahani, to his being in the prime of youth (fi ayyam al-shabiba wa-l-siba) in 356/967. Calculation of the approximate dates of his birth and death through the lifespans of his students and his direct informants suggests that he was born before 290/902 and died after 348/960. Biography
<mask>-Faraj al-Isfahani was born in Isfahan, Persia (present-day Iran) but spent his youth and made his early studies in Baghdad (present-day Iraq). He was a direct descendant of the last of the Umayyad caliphs, Marwan II, and was thus connected with the Umayyad rulers in al-Andalus, and seems to have kept up a correspondence with them and to have sent them some of his works. He became famous for his knowledge of early Arabian antiquities. His later life was spent in various parts of the Islamic world, in Aleppo with its Hamdanid governor Sayf ad-Dawlah (to whom he dedicated the Book of Songs), in Ray with the Buwayhid vizier Ibn 'Abbad, and elsewhere. Family
The epithet, al-Isfahani, refers to the city, Isfahan, on the Iranian plateau.Instead of indicating al-Isfahani's birthplace, this epithet seems to be common to al-Isfahani's family. Every reference al-Isfahani makes to his paternal relatives includes the attributive, al-Isfahani. According to Ibn Hazm (384–456/994–1064), some descendants of the last Umayyad caliph, Marwan b. Muhammad (72–132/691–750), al-Isfahani's forefather, settled in Isfahan. However, it has to be borne in mind that the earliest information we have regarding al-Isfahani's family history only dates to the generation of his great-grandfather, Ahmad b. al-Ḥaytham, who settled in Samarra sometime between 221/835–6 and 232/847. Based on al-Isfahani's references in the Kitab al-Aghani (hereafter, the Aghani), Ahmad b. al-Haytham seems to have led a privileged life in Sāmarrāʾ, while his sons were well-connected with the elite of the Abbasid capital at that time. His son, Abd al-Aziz b. Ahmad, was "one of the high ranking scribes in the days of al-Mutawakkil (r. 232–247/847–861) (min kibār al-kuttāb fī ayyām al-Mutawakkil)". Another son, Muhammad b. Ahmad (viz.al-Isfahani's grandfather), was associated with the Abbasid officials, the vizier Ibn al-Zayyāt (d. 233/847), the scribe Ibrahim b. al-Abbas al-Ṣūlī (176–243/792–857), and the vizier Ubaydallah b. Sulayman (d. 288/901), besides the Ṭālibid notables, above all, al-Husayn b. al-Husayn b. Zayd, who was the leader of the Banu Hashim of his time. The close ties with the Abbasid court continued in the generation of Muhammad's sons, al-Hasan and al-Husayn (al-Isfahani's father). In various places in the Aghani, al-Isfahani refers to Yahya b. Muhammad b. Thawaba (from the Al Thawaba) as his grandfather on his mother's side. It is often suggested that the family of Thawaba, being Shi'i, bequeathed their sectarian inclination to al-Isfahani. However, the identification of the Thawaba family as Shi'is only found in a late source, Yaqut's (574–626/1178–1225) work. Although it is not implausible for the family of Thawaba to have been Shi'i-inclined in one way or another, since many elite families working under the Abbasid caliphate during this period of time indeed allied with Alids or their partisans, there is no evidence that members of the Thawaba family embraced an extreme form of Shi'ism. In short, al-Isfahani came from a family well-entrenched in the networks of the Abbasid elite, which included the officials and the Alids.Despite the epithet, al-Isfahani, it does not seem that the Isfahani family has much to do with the city, Isfahan. Rather, the family was mainly based in Sāmarrāʾ, from the generation of Ahmad b. al-Ḥaytham, and then Baghdad. In the seats of the caliphate, a few members of this family worked as scribes, while maintaining friendship or alliance with other scribes, viziers, and notables. Like many of the court elite, al-Isfahani's family maintained an amicable relationship with the offspring of Ali and allied with families, such as the Thawaba family, sharing their veneration of Ali and Alids. However, it is hard to pinpoint such a reverential attitude towards Alids in terms of sectarian alignment, given the scanty information about al-Isfahani's family and the fluidity of sectarian identities at the time. Education and career
The Isfahani family's extensive social outreach is reflected in al-Isfahani's sources. Among the direct informants whom al-Isfahani cites in his works, one finds the members of his own family, who were further connected to other notable families, as mentioned above, the Al Thawaba, the Banū Munajjim, the Yazīdīs, the Ṣūlīs, the Banū Ḥamdūn, the Ṭāhirids, the Banū al-Marzubān, and the Ṭālibids.Given that al-Isfahani and his family very likely settled in Baghdad around the beginning of the tenth century, it is no surprise that he transmitted from a considerable number of the inhabitants of or visitors to that city, such as, to name just a few: Jaḥẓa (d. 324/936), al-Khaffāf, Ali b. Sulaymān al-Akhfash (d. 315/927 or 316/928), and Muhammad b. Jarir al-Ṭabari (d. 310/922). Like other scholars of his time, al-Isfahani travelled in pursuit of knowledge. Although the details are not sufficient for us to establish the dates of his journeys, based on the chains of transmission (asānīd, sing. isnād) al-Isfahani cites consistently and meticulously in every report, it is certain that he transmitted from ʿAbd al-Malik b. Maslama and ʿĀṣim b. Muhammad in Antakya; ʿAbdallāh b. Muhammad b. Ishaq in Ahwaz; and Yahya b. Aḥmad b. al-Jawn in Raqqa. If we accept the ascription of the Kitab Adab al-ghuraba to al-Isfahani, then he once visited Baṣra besides other towns such as Ḥiṣn Mahdī, Mattūth, and Bājistrā. Yet, none of these cities seems to have left as tremendous an impact upon al-Isfahani as Kūfa and Baghdad did. While al-Isfahani's Baghdadi informants were wide-ranging in their expertise as well as sectarian and theological tendencies, his Kūfan sources, to a certain degree, can be characterised as either Shi'i or keen on preserving and disseminating memory that favours Ali and his family.For example, Ibn ʿUqda (d. 333/944), mentioned in both the Aghānī and the Maqātil, is invariably cited for the reports about the Alids and their merits. The journey in search for knowledge taken by al-Isfahani may not be particularly outstanding by the standard of his time, but the diversity of his sources' occupations and fortes is beyond doubt impressive. His informants can be assigned into one or more of the following categories: philologists and grammarians; singers and musicians; booksellers and copyists (sahhafun or warraqun, sing. sahhaf or Warraq); boon companions; tutors (muʾaddibūn, sing. muʾaddib); scribes (kuttāb, sing. kātib); imams or preachers (khuṭabāʾ, sing. khaṭīb);  religious scholars (of the ḥadīth, the Qurʾānic recitations and exegeses, or jurisprudence) and judges; poets; and akhbārīs (transmitters of reports of all sorts, including genealogical, historical, and anecdotal reports).The variety of the narrators and their narrations enriched al-Iṣfahānī's literary output, which covers a wide range of topics from amusing tales to the accounts of the Alids' martyrdom. His erudition is best illustrated by <mask> al-Muhassin al-Tanukhi's (329–384/941–994) comment:

With his encyclopaedic knowledge of music, musicians, poetry, poets, genealogy, history, and other subjects, al-Iṣfahānī established himself as a learned scholar and teacher. He was also a scribe and this is not surprising, given his families’ scribal connections, but the details of his kātib activities are rather opaque. Although both al-Tanūkhī and al-Baghdādī refer to al-Isfahani with the attribute, kātib, they mention nothing of where he worked or for whom. The details of his job as a scribe only come later, with Yaqut, many of whose reports about al-Isfahani prove problematic. For instance, a report from Yaqut claims that al-Isfahani was the scribe of Rukn al-Dawla (d. 366/976) and mentions his resentment at Abū al-Faḍl b. al-ʿAmīd (d. 360/970). However, the very same report is mentioned by Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī (active fourth/tenth century) in his Akhlāq al-wazīrayn, where the aforementioned scribe of Rukn al-Dawla is identified as Abū al-Faraj Ḥamd b. Muhammad, not Abū al-Faraj al-Isfahani.Thus, it is hard to know with certainty how and where al-Isfahani was engaged in his capacity as a kātib. Nevertheless, al-Isfahani's association with the vizier, Abū Muḥammad al-Muhallabī (291–352/903–963), is well-documented. The friendship between the two began before al-Muhallabī's vizierate in 339/950. The firm relationship between them is supported by al-Isfahani's poetry collected by al-Thaʿālibī (350–429/961–1038): half of the fourteen poems are panegyrics dedicated to al-Muhallabī. In addition, al-Isfahani's own work, al-Imāʾ al-shawāʿir (“Enslaved Women Who Composed Poetry”), refers to the vizier — presumably, al-Muhallabī — as his dedicatee. His no longer surviving Manājīb al-khiṣyān (“The Noble Eunuchs”), which addresses two castrated male singers owned by al-Muhallabī, was composed for him. His magnum opus, the Aghānī, was very likely intended for him, as well.As a return for his literary efforts, according to al-Tanūkhī, al-Isfahani frequently received rewards from the vizier. Furthermore, for the sake of their long-term friendship and out of his respect for al-Isfahani's genius, al-Muhallabī exceptionally tolerated al-Isfahani's uncouth manners and poor personal hygiene. The sources say nothing about al-Isfahani's fate, after al-Muhallabī's death. In his last years, according to his student, Muhammad b. Abī al-Fawāris, he suffered from senility (khallaṭa). Personality, preferences, and beliefs
As a boon companion, al-Isfahani was unconventional in the sense that he does not seem to have been bothered to observe the social decorum of his time, as noted by a late biographical source: with his uncleanliness and gluttony, he presented a counterexample to elegance (ẓarf), as defined by one of his teachers, <mask>-Ṭayyib al-Washshāʾ (d. 325/937). His unconformity to the social norms did not hinder him from being part of al-Muhallabī's entourage or participation in the literary assemblies, but, inevitably, it resulted in frictions with other scholars and detraction from his enemies. Although al-Isfahani appeared eccentric to his human associates, he was a caring owner to his cat, named Yaqaq (white): he treated Yaqaq's colic (qulanj) with an enema (al-ḥuqna).In contrast to his uncomely modus vivendi, al-Isfahani's prose style is lucid, “in clear and simple language, with unusual sincerity and frankness”. Al-Isfahani's capacity as a litterateur is well illustrated by <mask>, who depicts al-Isfahani as "one of the finest writers of Arabic prose in his time, with a remarkable ability to relate widely different types of aḵbār in a rich, lucid, rhythmic, and precise style, only occasionally exploiting such formal effects as saǰʿ (rhyming prose). He was also a fine poet with an opulent imagination. His poetry displays preoccupations similar to those of other urban poets of his time". His pinpoint documentation of asānīd and meticulous verification of information, provided in all his works, embody a truly scholarly character. Usually, in his treatment of a subject or an event, al-Isfahani lets his sources speak, but, occasionally, he voices his evaluation of poems and songs, as well as their creators. When dealing with conflicting reports, al-Isfahani either leaves his readers to decide or issues his judgment as to the most credible account.Yet, he frankly condemns sources whom he holds to be unreliable, for instance, Ibn Khurdādhbih on musicological information and Ibn al-Kalbī on genealogy. Indeed, al-Isfahani assesses his source material with a critical eye, while striving to present a more balanced view on his biographeis, by focusing on their merits instead of elaborating on their flaws. That said, al-Isfahani's personal preferences and sectarian partisanship are not absent from his works. In terms of music and songs, al-Isfahani is a fan of Ishaq b. Ibrahim al-Mawsili (155–235/772–850). In al-Isfahani's view, Ishaq b. Ibrahim was a multi-talented man, who excelled in a number of subjects, but, most importantly, music. Ishaq b. Ibrahim, as a collector of the reports about poets and singers, is an important source in his Aghānī. Besides being a mine of information, Ishaq b. Ibrahim's terminology for the description

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Abu al
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 of the melodic modes is preferred over that of his opponent, Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi (162–224/778–839), and adopted by al-Isfahani in his Aghani.Furthermore, al-Isfahani embarked on the compilation of the Aghānī because he was commissioned by his patron to reconstruct the list of the exquisite songs selected by Ishaq. In other words, the raison d’etre of the Aghānī is partly related to al-Isfahani's idol, Ishaq b. Ibrahim, and its information about singers, songs and performance owes a tremendous amount to him. Al-Isfahani's admiration for scholars or men of letters can be detected from time to time, usually in the passing comments in the chains of transmission. Yet al-Isfahani outspokenly expresses his admiration, in some cases, such as that of Ibn al-Muʿtazz (247–296/862–909). As an Umayyad by ancestry, al-Isfahani's later biographers mention his Shi'i affiliation with surprise. Yet, in the light of the history of the family's connections with the Abbasid elite of Shi'i inclination and the Ṭālibids, and of his learning experience in Kūfa, his Shi'i conviction is understandable. Al-Tusi (385–460/995–1067) is the only early source specifying the exact sect to which he pertains in the fluid Shi'i world: al-Isfahani is a Zaydī.Although al-Ṭūsī's view is widely accepted, its veracity is not beyond doubt. Al-Isfahanidoes not seem to have been informed of the latest Zaydī movements in Yemen and Ṭabaristān of his time, while his association with the Kūfan Zaydī community, which to some degree became less distinguishable from the Sunnīs, is yet to be studied in depth. It is clear, based on examination of how al-Isfahani redacts the reports at his disposal, that he does honour Ali, who plays a far more prominent role in his works than the first three caliphs, and some of his descendants, including Zaydi Shi'ism's eponym, Zayd ibn Ali (75–122/694–740), by presenting them positively, while, in some cases, leaving their enemies’ rectitude in question. In spite of that, al-Isfahani is neither keen to identify the imams in the past, nor articulate as to the qualities of an imam. {{efn|The Zaydī writings in the late ninth and early tenth centuries more or less devote discussion to the role and qualities of imam; see, for example:
{{sfn|ref=Majmūʿ Rasāʾil|Yaḥyā, Majmūʿ Rasāʾil|p=431–432}} al-Ḥādī ilā al-Ḥaqq also singled out a line of the Zaydi imams up till his time in his Kitab al-Ahkam; see:}} As a matter of fact, he hardly uses the word, not even applying it to Zayd b. Ali. Furthermore, he does not unconditionally approve any Alid revolt and seems somewhat lukewarm towards the group he refers to as Zaydis. Taken together, al-Isfahani's Shi'i conviction is better characterised as moderate love for Ali without impugning the dignity of the caliphs before him.Legacy
Al-Isfahani authored a number of works, but only a few survive. Three of them are preserved through the quotations: al-Qiyan ("The Singing Girls Enslaved by Men"), al-Diyarat ("The Monasteries"), and Mujarrad al-aghani (“The Abridgement of the Book of Songs”). A fragment of the Mujarrad al-aghani can be found in Ibn Abi Uṣaybi'a's ʿUyun al-anba' fi tabaqat al-atibbaʾ, which quotes a poem by the caliph, al-Maʾmūn (r. 198–218/813–833), which was arranged as a song by Mutayyam. The first two have been reconstructed and published by al-ʿAtiyya, who collects and collates the passages from later works that quote from al-Isfahani. The former, al-Qiyān, is a collection of the biographies of the enslaved singing girls. In it, al-Isfahani provides the basic information about the biographical subjects, the men who enslaved them, and their interaction with poets, notables such as caliphs, and their admirers, with illustration of their poetic and/or musical talents. The latter, al-Diyārāt, provides information related to monasteries, with the indication of their geographical locations and, sometimes, history and topographical characteristics.However, it is questionable to what extent the reconstructed editions can represent the original texts, since the passages, which quote al-Isfahani as a source for the given subject and are thus included by the editor, seldom identify the titles of the works. Four works survive in manuscripts and have been edited and published: Maqātil al-Ṭālibīyīn ("The Ṭālibid Martyrs"), Kitab al-Aghani ("The Book of the Songs"), Adab al-ghuraba ("The Etiquettes of the Strangers"), and al-Ima al-shawair ("The Enslaved Women Who Composed Poetry"). As noted above, al-Isfahani's authorship of the Adab al-ghurabaʾ is disputed. The author, whoever he may have been, mentions in the preface his sufferings from the hardship of time and vicissitude of fate, and the solace which he seeks through the stories of bygone people. Hence, he collects in the Adab al-ghuraba the reports about the experiences of strangers — those away from their homes or their beloved ones. Some of the stories centre on the hardship which strangers, anonymous or not, encountered in their journey or exile, usually shown in the epigrams written on monuments, rocks, or walls. Others relate excursions to the monasteries for drinking.The al-Imāʾ al-shawāʿir was composed at the order of the vizier al-Muhallabī, al-Isfahani's patron, who demanded collection of the reports about the enslaved women who composed poetry from the Umayyad to the Abbasid periods. Al-Isfahani confesses that he could not find any noteworthy poetess in the Umayyad period, because the people at that time were not impressed with the verses featuring tenderness and softness. Thus, he only records the Abbasid poetesses, with mention of the relevant fine verses or the pleasant tales, and arranges them in chronological order. There are 31 sections, addressing 32 poetesses, most of which are short and usually begin with al-Isfahani's summary of the subject. The Maqātil al-Ṭālibīyīn is a historical-biographical compilation concerning the descendants of <mask>, who died under the following circumstances: being killed, poisoned to death in a treacherous way, on the run from the rulers’ persecution, or confined until death. The Maqātil literature was rather common, amongst Shi'is particularly, before al-Isfahani and he used many works of this genre as sources for the Maqātil al-Ṭālibīyīn. Al-Isfahani does not explain the motivation behind this compilation nor mention any dedicatee, but, according to the preface of this work, he sets out as a condition to recount the reports about the Ṭālibids who were “praiseworthy in their conduct and rightly guided in their belief (maḥmūd al-ṭarīqa wa-sadīd al-madhhab)”.Like the al-Imāʾ, the work is structured in chronological order, beginning with the first Ṭālibī martyr, Jaʿfar b. Abī Ṭālib, and ends in the year of its compilation — Jumādā I 313/August 925. For each biographical entry, al-Isfahani gives the full name, the lineage (sometimes adding the maternal side). Less often, he additionally gives the virtues and personal traits of the subject and other material he thinks noteworthy, for example the prophetic ḥadīth about, or transmitted by, the subject of the biography in question. Then, al-Isfahani gives the account of the death, which more often than not constitutes the end of the entry. Sometimes poetry for or by the subject is attached. The Maqātil was adduced by many Shi'i and non-Shi'i compilers of the following centuries. The Kitab al-Aghani, al-Isfahanis best known work, is an immense compilation, including songs provided with musical indications (melodic modes and meters of songs), the biographies of poets and musicians of different periods in addition to historical material.As noted above, al-Isfahani embarks on compiling the Aghani first under the command of a patron, whom he calls ra'is (chief), to reconstruct the list of one hundred fine songs, selected by Ishaq b. Ibrahim. Due to an obscure report in Yaqut's Mu'jam, this raʾīs is often assumed to be Sayf al-Dawla al-Ḥamdānī (r. 333–356/945–967), but recent studies suggest that a more plausible candidate for the dedicatee of the Aghani is the vizier al-Muhallabī. The Aghani is divided into three parts: first, The Hundred Songs (al-mi'a al-ṣawt  al-mukhtara) and other song collections; second, the songs of the caliphs and of their children and grandchildren (aghani al-khulafa wa-awladihim wa-awlad awladihim); third, al-Isfahanis selection of songs. The articles in each part are arranged based on different patterns, but it is mostly the song which introduces the articles on biographies or events. The Kitab al-Aghani is not the first book or collection of songs in Arabic, but one can assert that it is the most important one, for it "is a unique mine of information not only on hundreds of song texts with their modes and meters, but also on the lives of their poets and composers, and on the social context of music making in early Islam and at the courts of the caliphs in Damascus and Baghdad". Because of al-Isfahanis pedantic documentation of his sources, the Kitab al-Aghani can also be used to reconstruct earlier books of songs or biographical dictionaries on musicians that are otherwise lost. As for the works that did not survive, based on their contents, as implied by their titles, they can be divided into the following categories:

The genealogical works: Nasab Bani Abd Shams ("The Genealogy of the Banu Abd Shams"), Jamharat al-nasab ("The Compendium of Genealogies"), Nasab Bani Shayban ("The Genealogy of the Banu Shayban"), and Nasab al-Mahaliba ("The Genealogy of the Muhallabids"), this last probably dedicated to his patron, the vizier al-Muhallabi.The reports about specified or unspecified topics, such as Kitab al-Khammarin wa-l-khammarat ("The Book of Tavern-Keepers, Male and Female"), Akhbar al-tufayliyin ("Reports about Party Crashers"), al-Akhbar wa-l-nawadir ("The Reports and Rare Tales"), and Ayyam al-arab ("The Battle-Days of the Arabs"), which mentions 1700 days of the pre-Islamic tribal battles and was in circulation only in Andalusia. The reports about music, musicians and singers: the aforementioned Manajib al-khisyan ("The Noble Eunuchs"), Akhbzr Jahza al-Barmaki ("The Reports concerning Jahza al-Barmaki"), al-Mamalik al-shu'ara ("The Slave Poets"), Adab al-samz ("The Etiquettes of Listening to Music"), and Risala fi 'ilal al-nagham ("The Treatise on the Rules of Tones"). There are two works, only mentioned by al-Tusi: Kitab ma nazala min al-Qur'an fi amir al-mu'minīn wa-ahl baytih 'alayhim al-salam ("The Book about the Qur'anic Verses Revealed regarding the Commander of the Faithful and the People of His Family, Peace upon Them") and Kitab fihi kalam Fatima alayha al-salam fi Fadak ("The Book concerning the Statements of Fāṭima, Peace upon Her, regarding Fadak"). Should the attribution of these two works to al-Isfahani be correct, together with the Maqatil al-Talibiyin, they reveal al-Isfahanis Shi'i partisanship. Works
Al-Isfahani is best known as the author of Kitab al-Aghani ("The Book of Songs"), an encyclopedia of over 20 volumes and editions. However, he additionally wrote poetry, an anthology of verses on the monasteries of Mesopotamia and Egypt, and a genealogical work.Kitāb al-Aġānī () 'Book of Songs', a collection of Arabic chants rich in information on Arab and Persian poets, singers and other musicians from the 7th - 10th centuries of major cities such as Mecca, Damascus, Isfahan, Rey, Baghdād and Baṣrah. The Book of Songs contains details of the ancient Arab tribes and courtly life of the Umayyads and provides a complete overview of the Arab civilization from the pre-Islamic Jahiliyya era, up to his own time.<mask>l-Faraj employs the classical Arabic genealogical devise, or isnad, (chain of transmission), to relate the biographical accounts of the authors and composers. Although originally the poems were put to music, the musical signs are no longer legible. <mask>l-Faraj spent in total 50 years creating this work, which remains an important historical source. The first printed edition, published in 1868, contained 20 volumes. In 1888 Rudolf Ernst Brünnow published a 21st volume being a collection of biographies not contained in the Bulāq edition, edited from MSS in the Royal Library of Munich.Maqātil aṭ-Ṭālibīyīn (}), Tālibid Fights, a collection of more than 200 biographies of the descendants of <mask> ibn Abd al-Muttalib, from the time of the Prophet Muhammad to the writing of the book in 313 the Hijri (= 925/926 CE) who died in an unnatural way. As <mask>-Faraj said in the foreword to his work, he included only those Tālibids who rebelled against the government and were killed, slaughtered, executed or poisoned, lived underground, fled or died in captivity. The work is a major source for the Umayyad and Abbāsid Alid uprisings and the main source for the Hashimite meeting that took place after the assassination of the Umayyad Caliph al-Walīd II in the village of al-Abwā' between Mecca and Medina.At this meeting, al-'Abdallah made the Hashimites pledge an oath of allegiance to his son Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya as the new Mahdi. Kitāb al-Imā'āš-šawā'ir'' () 'The Book of the Poet-slaves', a collection of accounts of poetic slaves of the Abbasid period. See also
List of Arab scientists and scholars
List of Iranian scientists and scholars

Notes

References

Works cited

897 births
967 deaths
9th-century Arabs
10th-century Arabs
10th-century biographers
10th-century historians
10th-century non-fiction writers
10th-century writers
Scholars of the Abbasid Caliphate
Arab historians
Arabic-language poets
Persian Arabic-language poets
Muslim encyclopedists
People from Isfahan
Poets of the Abbasid Caliphate
People of the Hamdanid emirate of Aleppo
9th-century Arabic poets
Sayf al-Dawla
Zaydis
Umayyad dynasty
Medieval Arab

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<mask> (April or May 1316  – 1 December 1374; Swedish <mask>) was King of Sweden from 1319 to 1364, King of Norway as <mask> (including Iceland and Greenland) from 1319 to 1355, and ruler of Scania from 1332 to 1360. By adversaries he has been called <mask> (English: <mask> Caresser). Referring to <mask> as <mask> II is incorrect. The Swedish Royal Court lists three Swedish kings before him of the same name. A few authors do not count <mask> as a Swedish king (though the Royal Court does) and have thus called this king <mask>. He is the second longest-reigning monarch in Swedish history, only surpassed by the current king Carl XVI Gustaf. Biography
<mask> was born in Norway either in April or May 1316 to Eric, Duke of Södermanland and Ingeborg, a daughter of Haakon V of Norway.<mask> was elected king of Sweden on 8 July 1319, and acclaimed as hereditary king of Norway at the thing of the Haugating in Tønsberg in August of the same year. Under the regencies of his grandmother, Helwig of Holstein, and his mother, Ingeborg of Norway, the countries were ruled by Knut Jonsson and Erling Vidkunsson. <mask> was declared to have come of age at 15 in 1331. This provoked resistance in Norway, where a statute from 1302 stipulated that a king came of age at the age of 20, and a rising by Erling Vidkunsson and other Norwegian nobles ensued. In 1333, the rebels submitted to King <mask>. In 1332 the King of Denmark, Christopher II, died as a "king without a country" after he and his older brother and predecessor had pawned Denmark piece by piece. King <mask> took advantage of his neighbour's distress, redeeming the pawn for the eastern Danish provinces for a huge amount of silver, and thus became ruler also of Scania.On 21 July 1336 <mask> was crowned king of both Norway and Sweden in Stockholm. This caused further resentment in Norway, where the nobles and magnates desired a separate Norwegian coronation. A second rising by members of the high nobility of Norway ensued in 1338. In 1335 he married Blanche of Namur, daughter of John I, Marquis of Namur, and Marie of Artois, a descendant of Louis VIII of France. The wedding took place in October or early November 1335, possibly at Bohus castle. As a wedding gift Blanche received the province of Tunsberg in Norway and Lödöse in Sweden as fiefs. They had two sons, Eric and Haakon, plus at least two daughters who died in infancy and were buried at Ås Abbey.Opposition to <mask>' rule in Norway led to a settlement between the king and the Norwegian nobility at Varberg on 15 August 1343. In violation of the Norwegian laws on royal inheritance, <mask>' younger son Haakon would become king of Norway, with <mask> as regent during his minority. Later the same year, it was declared that <mask>' older son, Eric would become king of Sweden on <mask>' death. Thus, the union between Norway and Sweden would be severed. This occurred when Haakon came of age in 1355. Because of the increase in taxes to pay for the acquisition of the Scanian province, some Swedish nobles supported by the Church attempted to oust <mask>, setting up his elder son <mask> as king (Eric XII of Sweden), but Eric died supposedly of the plague in 1359, with his wife Beatrice of Bavaria and their two sons. Peace of Nöteborg

On 12 August 1323, <mask> concluded the first treaty between Sweden and Novgorod (represented by Grand Prince Yury of Moscow) at Nöteborg (Orekhov) where Lake Ladoga empties into the Neva River.The treaty delineated spheres of influence among the Finns and Karelians and was supposed to be an "eternal peace", but <mask>' relations with Russia were not so peaceful. In 1337, religious strife between Orthodox Karelians and the Swedes led to a Swedish attack on the town of Korela (Keksholm, Priozersk) and Viborg (Viipuri in Finnish, Vyborg in Russian), in which the Novgorodian and Ladogan merchants there were slaughtered. A Swedish commander named Sten also captured the fortress at Orekhov. Negotiations with the Novgorodian mayor (Posadnik) Fedor were inconclusive and the Swedes attacked Karelians around Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega before a peace was concluded in 1339 along the old terms of the 1323 treaty. In this treaty, the Swedes claimed that Sten and others acted on their own without the consent of the king. Outlawing Thralldom (Slavery)

In 1335, <mask> outlawed Thralldom (slavery) for thralls "born by Christian parents" in Västergötland and Värend, being the last parts of Sweden where slavery had remained legal. This put an end to Medieval Swedish slavery - though it was only applicable within the borders of Sweden, which left an opening - used long afterwards - for the 17th and 18th Century Swedish slave trade.Crusade against Novgorod
Relations were quiet between Sweden and Novgorod until 1348, when <mask> led a crusade against Novgorod, marching up the Neva, forcibly converting the tribes along that river, and briefly capturing the fortress of Orekhov for a second time. The Novgorodians retook the fortress in 1349 after a seven-month siege, and <mask> fell back, in large part due to the ravages of the plague farther West. While he spent much of 1351 trying to drum up support for further crusading action among the German cities in the Baltic States, he never returned to attack Novgorod. Greenland
In 1355 <mask> sent a ship (or ships) to Greenland to inspect its Western and Eastern Settlements. Sailors found settlements entirely Norse and Christian. The Greenland carrier (Groenlands Knorr) made the Greenland run at intervals till 1369, when she sank and was apparently not replaced. Later years

King Valdemar <mask> of Denmark reconquered Scania in 1360.He went on to conquer Gotland in 1361. On 27 July 1361, outside the city of Visby, the main city of Gotland, the final battle took place. It ended in a complete victory for Valdemar. <mask> had warned the inhabitants of Visby in a letter and started to gather troops to reconquer Scania. Valdemar went home to Denmark again in August and took a lot of plunder with him. Either in late 1361 or early 1362 the inhabitants of Visby raised themselves against the few Danish that Valdemar left behind and killed them. In 1363, members of the Swedish Council of Aristocracy, led by Bo Jonsson Grip, arrived at the court of Mecklenburg.They had been banished from Sweden after a revolt against King <mask>. At the nobles' request, Albert of Mecklenburg launched an invasion of Sweden supported by several German dukes and counts. Several Hanseatic cities and dukes in Northern Germany expressed support of the new king. Stockholm and Kalmar, with large Hanseatic populations, also welcomed the intervention. Albert was proclaimed King of Sweden and crowned on 18 February 1364. <mask> found refuge with his younger son in Norway, where he drowned in a shipwreck in Bømlafjorden in 1374. He had retained his sovereignty over Iceland until his death.Evaluation of his reign

In spite of his many formal expansions his rule was considered a period of decline both for the Swedish royal power and for Sweden as a whole. Foreign nations like Denmark (after its recovery in 1340) and Mecklenburg intervened and <mask> does not seem to have been able to counter internal opposition that arose. He was regarded as a weak king and criticised for giving favourites too much power. <mask>'s young favourite courtier was Bengt Algotsson, whom he elevated to Duke of Finland and Halland, as well as Viceroy of the province of Scania. Because homosexuality was a mortal sin and vehemently scorned at that time, rumours about the king's alleged love relationship with Algotsson, and other erotic escapades, were spread by his enemies, particularly by some noblemen who referred to mystical visions of St. Bridget. Bridget and these allegations caused <mask> in posterity to be given the epithet of <mask> smek (<mask>ss) and caused him a lot of harm, but there is no factual basis for them in historical sources. Another angle is that the epithet Caress had nothing to do with the allegations of homosexuality but was given because of his alleged foolishness and naivety, as smek at the time was an insult inferring such weakness.Russians drew up an allegedly autobiographical account known as the Testament of <mask> (Rukopisanie Magnusha) which was inserted into the Russian Sofia First Chronicle, composed in Novgorod; it claimed that <mask> did not, in fact, drown at sea, but saw the errors of his ways and converted to Orthodoxy, becoming a monk in a Novgorodian monastery in Karelia. The account is apocryphal. Popular Culture

Most of the Kristin Lavransdatter trilogy by Sigrid Undset takes place in Norway during <mask>'s reign. He appears in one scene, and is presented in a relatively critical manner. See also
 Unions of Sweden
 List of abolitionist forerunners

References

Further reading
 Mikael Nordberg, I kung <mask> tid (In the Times of King <mask>)
 Bernd-Ulrich Hergemöller, <mask> versus Birgitta : der Kampf der heiligen Birgitta von Schweden gegen König <mask>, Hamburg 2003 (German)

External links

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1316 births
1374 deaths
14th-century Swedish monarchs
14th-century Norwegian monarchs
Rulers of Finland
House of Bjelbo
Regents of Sweden
Deaths by drowning
Medieval child rulers
Abolitionists

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<mask> (born 23 October 1971 in Lørenskog) is a Norwegian painter and former model. <mask> is a Norwegian contemporary artist, primarily known for painting and performance art. <mask>'s large, colorful and expressive paintings explore the neo expressionist, action paint and neo pop art movements. Aulie is also known for her controversial performance art and guerilla marketing tactics to draw attention to her work, often employing nudity and dramatic gestures to do so. Early life and career
<mask> grew up in Lorenskog, in Greater Oslo, Norway. In the 1990 she met the twin of Norwegian artist Vebjørn Sand, Aune Sand. After they met they travelled to Cairo, Egypt together where Sand made his debut feature film Dis.After helping Aune make the film and with his encouragement, <mask> returned to Norway to pursue her ambitions in art. In Norway <mask>, pregnant with her first child, juggled three odd jobs while she applied for the Bergen Academy of Art & Design. After nearly being admitted twice in a row, Aulie decided to try and sell her paintings rather than continue to pursue a professional education. Of this time she said:

“When I was so close to the goal and not yet admitted to the Academy, I decided that I must show my child that I am strong enough to support us. I gave myself two or three years to pursue art. I had an easel in the corner of Galleri Sand at Grünerløkka. Vebjørn and Aune's big brother, Håvard, sold pictures from the gallery to companies around Norway.One day he brought my pictures too. When a business bought all 10 of my pictures, I realized: I could live off my art.”

Aulie is often noted for her success as a woman in the male-dominated art scene in Norway. In 2018 she placed 11th in net income in a list of the country's most profiled visual artists, the highest ranking for a woman. Galleri Sand in New York
In 2008, Vebjørn Sand, together with his twin Aune Sand and <mask> Sand was hired to open Allkopi concept stores for 1 million NOK. Allkopi, Norway's largest graphic chain and a traditionally business to business company, was looking to break into the consumer market at the time.Given Galleri Sand's creative reputation, they were contracted to help build brand awareness for Allkopi with the Norwegian public. As part of the partnership Allkopi also bought the rights to print graphics based on Aulie paintings, and images based on Aune Sand's films onto various materials from aluminum to glass and traditional print. To promote the partnership, Allkopi CEO Christian Paulsen "bought" a pair of Aulie's underwear as part of the deal. In a publicized gesture, Aulie pasted her panties onto a picture and swung a paintbrush over them to symbolically establish art for the partnership. Of the move Aulie said, "The act of handing over my underwear is a symbolic acton. It's performance art combined with painting. It's about expressing the person I am.A symbol for being a strong and free woman.”

"Triumph of the Optimist"

<mask>'s trademark series of paintings are "Triumph of the Optimist" and "Narrespill". The paintings feature clown-like figures as the focus. Of the figures Aulie said, "These are good creatures. Beings that want good. They are naive, but very kind. So the ‘Triumph of the Optimist’ is all about building each other up,"

Aulie summarized the ultimate purpose of her trademark work with: "We have to see each other and those who are unseen. And together perform the victory dance of the optimists.We have to separate from the cynicism, egoism, and materialism that we see in our society. We believe in the triumph of kindness, that to be good and tender is a victory.”

Clothing Line
In 2010 Aulie met New York fashion designer Cody Ross, of Priestess NYC, a fashion collection featured in Vogue, Harper's Bazaar and i:D, and they collaborated to design a clothing line based on Aulie's art. Ross, who owns a townhouse steps from Galleri Sand, first met Aulie when he stopped by to see her exhibition. Priestess NYC, a favorite of supermodel Tyra Banks, artist Bjørk and actress Juliette Lewis, was one of the hottest fashion brands in 2010. Ross was constantly pushing the envelope and his collaboration with Aulie was no different. He said of Aulie: “She's great. She is the definition of "yumminess".She is avant-garde and abstract. She is an extreme talent and still an emerging star. I dig her." In September 2010 the pair debuted the collection alongside <mask>'s original paintings in a show titled "Clowns, Chaos & Order" at Galleri Sand in NYC. Ross described the show for Paper magazine: "Phantasmagoric, subversive, super-cool fashion meets abstract art, a directional fashion/art project that leverages surrealism, absurdism, shock-and-awe, technology and rigorous construction." Performance Art and Controversy

Channeling the "Summer of Love" spirit of the 1960s, <mask> has always embraced nudity and physical symbolism in her artwork. A career performance artist, she's promoted her work by swimming naked out to sea with her paintings, splashing her work with champagne as part of the process, and burning her paintings.In 2007 <mask> caused a national stir when she took out a massive ad in the Norwegian publication Aftenposen's cultural section that consisted entirely of a photograph of her bare buttocks. The ad, four full columns in length and carefully crafted to get the attention of the artistic authority, also had the words, "Dear Minister of Culture, we will meet under a full moon." After the editors of the paper realized what had happened, they rushed to stop it. Aftenposen editor Ola Bernhus defended the paper saying, "We simply think that her buttocks over four columns of the cultural section's first page were more than we should allow, even though we have allowed the same body part in smaller a format earlier. Now the limit [has been] reached.”

<mask> believed the ad being cut short was simply yet another example of an artist being censored. These guerilla-like marketing tactics were but one way <mask> and Galleri Sand engaged with the art industry as well as established awareness for the work they were doing. <mask> was one of the first artists in Norway to successfully use this type of marketing strategy, drawing both criticism and praise at every turn.Personal life
Aulie lives in the West Village neighborhood of New York City with her husband Aune Sand and their three daughters, Alba, Malove and Ava. Aulie often uses their home as her art studio and showcases her work at Galleri Sand in West Village, NYC. External links
 Aulie's official website

References

Living people
1971 births
20th-century Norwegian painters
21st-century Norwegian painters
People from Lørenskog
Norwegian women painters
20th-century Norwegian women artists
21st-century Norwegian women artists

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Marianne Aulie
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Marianne Aulieri
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