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<mask><mask> (born September 23, 1950) is an American pastor, theologian, and Christian apologist. He is the Chairman and co-Founder of Redeemer City to City, which trains pastors for service around the world. He is also the founding pastor of Redeemer Presbyterian Church in New York City, New York, and the author of The New York Times bestselling books The Prodigal God: Recovering the Heart of the Christian Faith (2008), Prayer: Experiencing Awe and Intimacy with God (2014), and The Reason for God: Belief in an Age of Skepticism (2008). The prequel for the latter is Making Sense of GOD: An Invitation to the Skeptical (2016). Biography
<mask> was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, to Louise A<mask> (Clemente) and William B<mask>, a television advertising manager. <mask> is a graduate of Bucknell University (BA, 1972), Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary (M.Div., 1975) and Westminster Theological Seminary, where he received his D.Min. in 1981, under the supervision of Harvie M. Conn.He became a Christian while at Bucknell University, due to the ministry of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, with which he later served as a staff member. He was ordained by the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA) and served as a pastor at West Hopewell Presbyterian Church in Hopewell, Virginia for nine years, while serving as director of church planting for the PCA. He also served on the faculty of Westminster Theological Seminary, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he and his wife <mask> were involved in urban ministry. <mask> was recruited by his denomination to start Redeemer Presbyterian Church in Manhattan in 1989 despite his relative lack of experience after two others had turned down the position. Today the church's attendance is over 2,000 each week. In 2008, <mask> published his first book in 20 years (since his report to his denomination on diaconal ministries titled "Ministries of Mercy" in 1989). The book, entitled The Reason for God, was based on common objections to the Christian faith heard during his ministry in New York City.The book reached No. 7 on the New York Times Nonfiction bestseller list. Personal life
<mask> currently resides in a high rise apartment on Roosevelt Island in New York City with his wife, Kathy. The <mask>s have three sons, David, Michael and Jonathan. In June 2020, <mask> revealed that he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. According a tweet on December 3, 2021, the pancreatic cancer is under control. Ministry

Redeemer Presbyterian Church
Redeemer Presbyterian Church grew from 50 people to a total attendance of over 5,000 people each Sunday as of 2008, leading some to call him "the most successful Christian evangelist in the city".In 2004, Christianity Today praised Redeemer as "one of Manhattan's most vital congregations". The church's emphasis on young urban professionals, whom <mask> believes exhibit disproportionate influence over the culture and its ideas, has given the church an unusual makeup for a US megachurch. The majority of the congregation is made up of single adults; it is also over forty percent Asian-American, and has many congregants working in the arts and financial services. In his preaching, "he hardly shrinks from difficult Christian truths, [but] he sounds different from many of the shrill evangelical voices in the public sphere." <mask> often critiques both political parties and avoids taking public stances on political issues, resulting in a politically centrist church. Redeemer Presbyterian Church has also founded Hope for New York, a non-profit organization that sends volunteers and grants to over 40 faith-based ministries serving social needs in New York City, the Center for Faith and Work to train professionals in Christian theology, and Redeemer City to City to train and fund pastors in New York and other cities. <mask> is a co-founder of The Gospel Coalition, a group of Reformed leaders from around the United States.His mentoring of younger church leaders, such as Scott Sauls in Nashville and Steve Chong in Sydney, has increased his influence globally. On July 1, 2017, <mask> stepped down from his role as senior pastor of Redeemer Presbyterian Church. The move was part of a larger vision to shift his efforts from preaching to training the next generation of church leaders and starting new churches in global cities through Redeemer City to City. Theology
<mask> shuns the label "evangelical" because of its political and fundamentalist connotation, preferring to call himself orthodox because "he believes in the importance of personal conversion or being 'born again,' and the full authority of the Bible." He identifies with Calvinist theology, although he has been critiqued by some in that tradition for his modern interpretation of its doctrines. He has been described as a "doctrine-friendly emerging pastor" and a "neo-Calvinist." Gospel versus religion
The centerpiece and underpinning of <mask>'s ministry has been his teaching of the doctrine of the gospel, emphasizing the doctrines of total depravity, unmerited grace and substitutionary atonement.This teaching is summarized in his oft-used explanation, "The gospel is this: We are more sinful and flawed in ourselves than we ever dared believe, yet at the very same time we are more loved and accepted in Jesus Christ than we ever dared hope.” This understanding of the gospel is contrasted to what <mask> calls “traditional religion” (which he defines as a set of rules, rituals or actions that enable an individual to earn salvation or favor with God) as well as “irreligion” (which he defines as the belief that there is no God or no need for his favor). This has been referred to as a “gospel third way,” or “gospel-centered” approach. Typical of this teaching is his interpretation of the Parable of the Prodigal Son (see The Prodigal God), based on a teaching of one of <mask>'s mentors, Edmund Clowney. Apologetics
<mask>'s preaching and writing in his apologetics is characterized by a respectful orientation towards an educated and skeptical audience outside the faith. His most explicit work on the subject is The Reason for God which he attributes to thousands of conversations with skeptical New Yorkers over the course of his ministry (Reason, xix). Elsewhere he has written about the loss of a Christian culture in the West, including in the academic and cultural establishments, and the need for Christians to contextualize to the current secular and anti-religious cultural climate. On creationism, <mask> states that his view is not strictly literal and that evolution is "neither ruled in nor ruled out" in his church.<mask> has written on the topic for the Biologos Foundation. <mask>'s major influences in apologetics include C.S. Lewis, Cornelius Van Til, John Stott, Alvin Plantinga and Miroslav Volf. Idolatry
Another central theme in <mask>'s teaching is idolatry, as based on teachings of Martin Luther and John Calvin, and on the Ten Commandments and other parts of the Bible. <mask> states that contemporary idol worship continues today in the form of an addiction or devotion to money, career, sex, power and anything people seek to give significance and satisfaction in life other than God (detailed in his book Counterfeit Gods). Social justice and politics
<mask> disavows the "Social Gospel" that has characterized Mainline Protestant churches, which advocates liberal political causes and de-emphasizes the doctrines of sin and substitutionary sacrifice. However he has also criticized the evangelical alliance with Republicans and argued that Christianity is a much broader global movement that agrees with some liberal and some conservative issues (and critiques them both).He has argued for giving to charitable causes and caring for the needs of the poor based on biblical texts such as the Torah and the Parable of the Good Samaritan. Cultural engagement
Attributed partly to his congregation of upwardly mobile Manhattanites, <mask> has been a leader in applying Christian theology to secular vocations such as business, art and entrepreneurship. The Center for Faith and Work at Redeemer has sponsored business competitions and theological education for working professionals. His views on Christianity and culture are outlined in his books Every Good Endeavor and Center Church. <mask> is an avid fan of the work of C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien, both well-known Christian authors, and also supports the Harry Potter novels which have been considered pagan by certain conservative Christians.Sex and gender
<mask> has a complementarian view of gender that believes that the Bible teaches defined roles for both genders, but the specific duties accompanying each gender's role is undefined. He believes that "Marriage provides the personal growth that comes through cross-gender relationships." He elaborates on the biblical view of sex and marriage in his book The Meaning of Marriage and believes homosexuality is inconsistent with scripture. <mask> is a signatory of the Manhattan Declaration and is opposed to abortion, but is not opposed to contraception. Cities and urban church planting
While at Westminster Theological Seminary, <mask> was mentored by Harvie Conn, an early advocate of ministry in urban centers, and was recruited to start Redeemer Presbyterian Church due to a shortage of biblically orthodox churches in center-city Manhattan. He has since become a worldwide spokesman for the need to create new kinds of churches in urban centers to address rapid urbanization. He delivered a plenary address on the subject at the Lausanne Conference of 2010.Through Redeemer City to City, <mask> mentors and chairs a network of center-city churches that represents similar ministry values worldwide. He writes extensively on the importance of cities and gives a biblical theological framework for ministry in cities in his book on ministry, Center Church. Romans 8-16 For You (The Good Book Company, February 2015)
Preaching: Communicating Faith in an Age of Skepticism (Viking, June 2015)
The Songs of Jesus: A Year of Daily Devotionals in the Psalms (Viking, November 2015)
Making Sense of GOD: An Invitation to the Skeptical Viking  ebk. Hidden Christmas: The Surprising Truth Behind the Birth of Christ (Viking, Nov 2016)
God's Wisdom for Navigating Life: A Year of Daily Devotions in the Book of Proverbs (Viking, Nov 2017)
The Prodigal Prophet: Jonah and the Mystery of God's Mercy (Viking, Oct 2018)
The Meaning of Marriage: A Couple's Devotional: A Year of Daily Devotions (Viking, Nov 2019)
How to Reach the West Again (Redeemer City to City, 2020)
On Birth (Penguin Books, 2020)
On Marriage (Penguin Books, 2020)
On Death (Penguin Books, 2020)
Hope in Times of Fear: The Resurrection and the Meaning of Easter (Viking, March 9, 2021)

Contributions in edited volumes
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 . Interviews
 Amanpour, Christiane (2011). Interview with Pastor <mask>, ABC News This Week, April 24.Barkhorn, Eleanor (2011), "How <mask> Spreads the Gospel in New York City, and Beyond" The Atlantic, Feb 21, 2011. Bechelder, Kate (2014), "God Isn’t Dead in Gotham" Wall Street Journal, Dec 20-21, 2014. Kristof, Nicholas (2016). "Pastor, Am I a Christian?" New York Times, December 25, p. SR19. References

1950 births
Presbyterian Church in America ministers
Religious leaders from New York City
Living people
Westminster Theological Seminary alumni
Westminster Theological Seminary faculty
Bucknell University alumni
Gordon–Conwell Theological Seminary alumni
People from the Lehigh Valley
Christian apologists
American Calvinist and Reformed theologians
20th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
21st-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
21st-century Calvinist and Reformed ministers
21st-century Christians
Critics of atheism

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<mask> (born 28 May 1936 in Cap Haïtien, Haiti; died 14 December 2008 in Montreal, Quebec) was a linguist, journalist and writer of poems, novels and essays. Biography

Haiti
<mask> wrote his first poems when only 13 and performed them on radio, but he left his paternal home at 15. Declaring that his father had been violent towards his mother because she did not share his Vodun religion, <mask> said that he had been terribly affected by his childhood. In Port-au-Prince he took part in an uprising against the despotic regime of the U.S.-backed Paul Magloire. Arrested with Luc B. Innocent and Windsor Kléber Laferrière, he was imprisoned and tortured. Prison and torture had marked him deeply, but after Magloire was deposed in 1956, <mask> found the strength to pursue classical studies.As he was later to comment in an interview with Ghila Sroka, "The more we deny the people the right to exist, the more they express their disappointment in the arts, literature, music." In 1958 he began a career as a journalist, teacher and writer. A follower of Haitian Marxist novelist and physician Jacques Stephen Alexis (himself murdered by the Tonton Macoute in 1961), he took part in a 1959 plot against the army-supported regime of François ("Papa Doc") Duvalier, for which he was arrested and tortured a second time. Upon his release, <mask> published in rapid succession four books of poetry and two literary essays. He founded the "Samba" cultural group (later to become Haïti-littéraire). While teaching at colleges and a high school, he was simultaneously literary critic and reporter with the daily Le Nouvelliste (1961-1962) and Panorama (1962-1964). <mask> has followed parallel military and artistic trajectories, especially at Syto Cavé's Société des Messagers de l'art (1963) and the Haitian Air Corps, where as an air cadet he was assigned to the meteorology department (1955–1957).With the publication of his first book of poetry Au milieu des larmes ("Amidst the tears") in 1960, he found himself a cultural and literary leader within his country. Following a long detention in Duvalier's prisons, he fled to Quebec as a refugee in August 1964. Quebec and New Brunswick
On his arrival in Montreal, he taught at the Lycée Da Silva (1964-1965) and worked as a reporter for the Métro Express and Quartier Latin newspapers. While studying literature at the Université de Montréal (1964–1970), he worked first in a factory and then as a hospital orderly at the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal. He taught at the Cégep de Matane (1968-1970) and wrote for the newspaper La Voix Gaspe — a newspaper that ceased publication in 2012. In 1965 he published "Letters to Montreal," his first Canadian book. Since then, he continued to publish poems and stories; his work is in several French and Haitian anthologies and has been translated into English, Portuguese and German.In his early years in Canada he had converted to Orthodox Judaism. In 1967 he married Natania Feuerwerker, whom he had met at the Université de Montréal. She was a daughter of the French jurist and Haganah fighter Antoinette Gluck (1912-2003) and the rabbi and historian David Feuerwerker (1912–1980). <mask> and his wife had two children, Joël and Michaëlla. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Université de Montréal (1968) and a PhD in linguistics from the University of Strasbourg (1974). In 1967-68 he was editor of Lettres et Écritures, a journal published by the Université de Montréal's arts faculty in 1967-68; later in 1968 he founded the Théâtre de Matane. From 1971 till his retirement in 2001 he was a journalism professor at the Université de Moncton.From 1972 to 1987 he wrote a column for the Montreal newspaper "Le Devoir". From 1974 to 1980 he also edited a review published by the Université de Moncton. Later he wrote for the now defunct daily Le Matin and the weeklies Le Voilier and Le Moniteur acadien in Shediac, New Brunswick (1986-1987). Confrontation
Despite having suffered two comas and having undergone brain surgery, he continued to write to the weekly Le Voilier (1987–1989). In 1993, just before he was to appear for a Radio-Canada interview on Denise Bombardier's Raison Passion television show, <mask> <mask> was the victim of a bloody gang assault, a politically motivated attack that increased his determination to resist what he characterized as Haitian feudalism. He later wrote of the event in his 1998 book L'Injustice, la désinformation, le mépris de la loi ("Injustice, misinformation, disregard of the law"). Subsequently, to that assault, <mask>, through his columns in the Haïti-Observateur newspaper, continued his struggle for sustainable democratic change in his Haitian homeland.In this capacity, he published in 2008, through Éditions du Marais, an uncompromising play, Monsieur Le Président. The Racine actors group staged five performances of the play at the Théâtre Stanislas d'Outremont in April 2008. Aside from his poetry and journalism, <mask> has also followed an academic career in the field of linguistics. He founded a new discipline in the humanities known as anthroposemiotics. His two essays on this subject, La Question raciale et raciste dans le roman québécois (1995) and La Femme noire dans le discours littéraire haïtien (1998), received critical acclaim in both Quebec and the broader francophone world. Awards and honours
<mask> <mask> in 1991 received the Medal of the Guadeloupe writers union, Association des écrivains de la Guadeloupe. In 1996, the International Council for Francophone Studies (Conseil international d'études francophones) conferred upon him the prestigious Maurice-Cagnon Certificate of Honour, for his exceptional contribution to world French-language studies.In 1997 he received the Gold Medal of the La Renaissance Française organization. He was also awarded the Cator trophy for his lifetime of work. As a member of the Quebec writers union, Union des écrivaines et des écrivains québécois (UNEQ), he notably worked during 2005–2006 on their language and sovereignty committee. Death
As reported by Bryan Miles in Le Devoir, Natania, the writer's widow, said: "He died in my arms" at their home in Côte Saint-Luc, "asking me to help him get dressed for writing." She added that he died "standing up totally straight, really." Selected works

Novels
 1974: Le Nègre crucifié ("The Negro crucified "). Montreal: Éditions Francophone et Nouvelle Optique; Geneva: Éditions Métropolis (1990), ; Montreal/Paris: Balzac, 1994. .
 1979: Un Ambassadeur macoute à Montréal ("A Macoute ambassador in Montreal").Montreal: Nouvelle Optique. Montreal: Éditions du Marais, 2011. .
 1983: Une Femme muette ("A mute woman"). Montreal/Paris: Éditions Nouvelle Optique/Silex. .
 1987: La Reine Soleil Levée. Montreal: Éditions Guérin-Littérature; Geneva: Metropolis, 1989. . An extract of this work was translated by Carrol F. Coates into English as "From The Queen Sun Rises" in Callaloo 15.2 (spring 1992): pp. 498–505; preceded by an interview with <mask> <mask>, trans. B. McRae Amos, Jr.
 1991: La Pacotille. Montréal: l'Hexagone.Portions of this work were translated by Keith L. Walker into English. Chapter 9 appeared in La Revue Noire (summer 1998). Chapter 11, part 1 appeared in Fiery Spirits: Canadian writers of African descent (Ed. Ayanna Black). Toronto: Harper Collins, 1994: pp. 100-124 and 360-361. Chapter 11, part 2 appeared in Eyeing to the North Star (Ed.George Eliott Clark). Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1997: pp. 19-25. 2000: Maître-Clo, ou la romance en do mineur ("Master Clo, or romance in C minor"). Montréal/Paris: Balzac. .
 2001: Vous n'êtes pas seul ("You are not alone"). Montreal/Paris: Balzac; Montreal, Éditions du Marais, 2011. .
 2002: Au cœur de l'anoréxie ("At the heart of anorexia"). Montreal: CIDIHCA.2004: Au bord de la falaise ("At the edge of the cliff". Montreal: CIDIHCA. Theatre
 2008: Monsieur le Président. Montreal: Éditions du Marais. Poetry

 1960: Au milieu des larmes ("Amidst the tears"). Port-au-Prince: Togiram Press. 1960: Plus large qu'un rêve ("Wider than a dream").Port-au-Prince: Éditions Dorsainvil. 1961: La Raison et mon amour ("Reason and my love". Port-au-Prince: Presses Port-au-princiennes. 1963: Gladys. Port-au-Prince: Éditions Panorama. 1966: Lettre à Montréal ("Letter to Montreal"). Montreal: L'Estérel.1972: Dialogue avec mon ombre ("Dialogue with my shadow "). Montreal: Éditions francophones du Canada. 1982: Cri pour ne pas crever de honte. Montreal: Nouvelle Optique. . Translated by Henri Dominique Paratte into English as "A Scream Not to Die of Shame" in Poésie acadienne contemporaine — Acadian Poetry Now. Moncton/Charlottetown: Éditions Perce-Neige/Ragweed Press, P.E.I., 1985. 1992: Les Yeux de Natania: poésie par <mask> <mask> ("The eyes of Natania").Muse en île 3 (April 1992): pp. 1–2. 1993: La Charte des crépuscules: Œuvres poétiques 1960–1980 ("Twilight charter"). Moncton: Éditions d'Acadie. .
 1994: Embargo in Sapriphage, "Présence d'Haïti" issue 22 (summer-fall 1994): pp. 47–49. 2008: Natania. Montreal: Éditions du Marais. .Essays
 1962: Essai sur la négritude ("On Blackness"). Port-au-Prince: Éditions Panorama. 1964: Le Nationalisme dans la littérature haïtienne (Nationalism in Haitian literature). Éditions Lycée Pétion-Ville. 1978: La vie et l'œuvre de Franck Fouché ("The life and work of Franck Fouché"). Présence Francophone 16 (spring 1978: pp. 191–99.1985: Le vaudou centrons le ballon selon les règles du jeu ("Vodun — let's centre the ball according to the rules of the game"). Haïti-Progrès (13–19 February 1985): pp. 11–18. 1995: La Question raciale et raciste dans le roman québécois ("The racial and racist question in Quebec novels"). Montréal: Éditions Balzac. .
 1998: La Femme noire dans le discours littéraire haïtien ("Black women in Haitian literary discourse"), written with François Soeler. Montréal/Paris: Éditions Balzac/Le Griot. .
 1998: L'Injustice, la désinformation, le mépris de la loi ("Injustice, misinformation, disregard of the law"). Montreal: Humanitas. .
 2006: Le peintre Hervé Lebreton et la poétique de la femme ("The artist Hervé Lebreton and the poetics of women ").Miami: ÉducaVision. ASIN: B00DYRTQY2. 2009: Le Créole, Une Langue ("Haitian Creole, a language"). Montreal: Éditions du Marais. References

Canadian poets in French
Canadian novelists in French
Canadian dramatists and playwrights in French
Haitian emigrants to Canada
Haitian Jews
Haitian male poets
20th-century Haitian poets
20th-century Haitian novelists
Journalists from Quebec
People from Cap-Haïtien
Jewish Canadian writers
Jewish poets
1936 births
2008 deaths
Canadian male poets
Canadian male novelists
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Black Canadian writers
Black Jewish people
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Converts to Judaism
Jewish Canadian journalists

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Gérard Vergniaud Étienne
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<mask> (19 January 1884 – 20 February 1970) was a French conductor and composer of Dutch descent. Most of his career was spent in European venues, with the exception of two years that he spent as a conductor at the Metropolitan Opera and a few years in Buenos Aires during the Second World War. He is most known for holding the position of principal conductor with the Opéra-Comique in Paris for several years. He was married to the French mezzo-soprano Simone Ballard. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born in Paris, of Dutch parents, though he was a French citizen from birth, never lived in the Netherlands, and never had a Dutch passport. When only 12 years old, he began his musical education at the Paris Conservatoire. There, he studied with such teachers as André Gedalge, Xavier Leroux, and Paul Antonin Vidal.At the same time he played the piano in cabarets and was organist at  the Église Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin (Paris) for four years. Upon graduation at the age of 22, <mask> was awarded first prizes in harmony and accompaniment. Early career
In 1906 <mask> joined the staff of the Opéra-Comique, the theatre which became the centre of his career, while leading ensembles elsewhere in the city of Paris. He made his conducting debut at an opera gala in Strasbourg (then under German control) on 9 May 1909, following this by getting as much experience as possible with many short engagements in all operatic genres around France. Meanwhile, in 1908, <mask> was appointed chorus master at the Opéra-Comique. This was his first experience with any form of stage work. He remained in that position for three years before being given an opportunity to conduct the premiere of Laparra's La jota.Impressed with his performance, the Opéra-Comique took him with them to Argentina in 1911 where he conducted the Buenos Aires premiere of Pelléas et Mélisande at the Teatro Colón. He later conducted the opera again in its premieres in Naples, Copenhagen, Kristiania (now Oslo) and Stockholm. In August 1910 <mask> conducted Fauré’s incidental music in Georgette Leblanc’s production of the play Pelléas and Mélisande in the cloisters and gardens of Saint-Wandrille abbey. He continued as a conductor at the Opéra-Comique until the outbreak of World War I. Throughout that conflict, <mask> served his country first as at Les Éparges, then as a pilot (including a tour of Morocco), and was decorated for his courage. At the end of the War, <mask> went to the United States to join the conducting staff at the Metropolitan Opera, replacing Pierre Monteux in the French repertoire. His made his debut on 21 November 1919, in Gounod's Faust.Although <mask>'s work with the company received consistently positive reviews from critics, he spent less than two full seasons at the Metropolitan Opera. While with the company <mask> was able to conduct several performances of his own opera L'oiseau bleu, the premiere being in the presence of Maurice Maeterlinck, whose play of the same name the opera was based on. Later career
<mask> returned to the Opéra-Comique in 1921, succeeding André Messager as chief conductor, a position he held for the next three years. He notably conducted the first Paris performances of L'enfant et les sortileges and Angélique by Ibert, and the world premiere of Le brebis égarée (1923) by Milhaud. Around this same time, he founded the Concerts Modernes Paris to provide a medium for the public performance of new works. In 1924 he resigned his post at the Opéra-Comique and became musical director of the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées. In 1925 he became second conductor of the Concerts Pasdeloup, greatly extending his work in purely orchestral music (including an appearance at the Royal Albert Hall, London in 1926); he later served as head conductor and director of the Pasdeloup from 1934–1940.From 1928 to 1934 he became principal conductor of the Orchestre Lamoureux. He notably conducted the premiere of Roussel's 4th symphony (which was dedicated to him) with the Orchestre Lamoureux in October 1935; he had previously made the premiere recording of Roussel's 3rd symphony with the Lamoureux. In 1938 he was twice a guest conductor at the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra; in 1947 he conducted the same orchestra with Geirr Tveitt in a recording of the latter's 3rd piano concerto. He also conducted a radio performance of his own flute concerto with Per Wang as soloist with Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra on NRK. <mask> conducted the premieres of the opéra-comiques L'École des maris (1935) and Madame Bovary (1951) by Emmanuel Bondeville. In 1945 he became director of the Opéra-Comique for a short while. While there, he conducted the first performance of Poulenc's Les mamelles de Tirésias (1947) and although he resigned from the position not long after he took it, <mask> continued to conduct occasionally at the theatre up until his death in 1970.He conducted 124 performances of Pelléas et Mélisande at the house, more than any other conductor. He also became associated with the Paris Opera where he became a conductor beginning in 1949. He died on  20 February 1970. Recordings
Having made a couple of records with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra in 1928, <mask> made many recordings of French orchestral music for Polydor in Paris in the 1930s, along with some Russian pieces, and abridged versions of Faust and La Bohème (in French). In the 1950s he set down opera and orchestral music for Decca, first in mono and later a few in stereo. His recordings included Carmen, and Bizet's complete music (in the context of the play) for L'Arlésienne. With the Paris Conservatoire Orchestra, his discography included Adam's Giselle (complete) and Glazunov's The Seasons, overtures by Berlioz, Auber, Hérold, Suppé, Nicolai and Řezníček, orchestral works by Falla, Ravel, Lalo and Franck, Gustave Charpentier's Impressions d'Italie and Massenet's Scènes Pittoresques and Scènes Alsaciennes.With the Pasdeloup Orchestra, he recorded Landowski's Symphony No. 1 'Jean de la Peur'. Some of his opera recordings for French radio have subsequently been issued on CD, such as Adam's Le chalet (Gaité-Lyrique label), Massenet's Thaïs (Le Chant du Monde) and Bondeville's L'École des maris (Decca/London). Works

Operas
 Sœur Béatrice (1911 ; Nice, 1948),
 Le marchand de masques (Nice, 1914),
 L'oiseau bleu (New York, 27 December 1919). Ballet
 Le clochard, from a scenario by his son Pierre. Music for orchestra
 La randonnée de l'âme défunte
 Concerto pour flûte (1943)
 Symphonie en la

Other works
 Requiem for soloists, choirs (Concerts Pasdeloup, 25 March 1939),
 Trois images marocaine for piano

References

Biography: Jean-Philippe Mousnier: <mask> - Eugène Bigot, Edition L'Harmattan 2001. External links

CD Review

1884 births
1970 deaths
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
French male conductors (music)
French classical composers
French male classical composers
French military personnel of World War I
French opera composers
Male opera composers
French people of Dutch descent
Musicians from Paris
20th-century French conductors (music)
20th-century French male musicians

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Albert Louis Wolff
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<mask> (1949–2019), popularly known as B. D. among his friends and colleagues, was an Indian chemical reaction engineer and a Distinguished Scientist of Chemical Engineering and Process Development at the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune. An INSA Senior Scientist and a J. C. <mask> Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1988. Biography

B. D<mask>, born on 5 May 1949 in Nagpur in the western Indian state of Maharashtra, did his schooling at New English High School and after passing the matriculation with distinction in 1964, he did his pre-university course at Hislop College before joining Laxminarayan Institute of Technology of Nagpur University from where he graduated in chemical engineering in 1970. He continued there to complete his master's degree in chemical engineering in 1972 and enrolled at National Chemical Laboratory, Pune (NCL) in 1973 for his doctoral degree under the guidance of L. K<mask>, a noted chemical engineer and Padma Bhushan recipient. He worked under <mask>, who is credited with developing Organic Synthesis Engineering as a definitive scientific stream, and secured a PhD in 1978 during which time he was invited by Man Mohan Sharma, a Padma Vibhushan laureate, to join the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai but, on advice from <mask>, he remained at NCL where he would spend the rest of his career.He served the institution in various capacities as Scientist C (1979–84), Scientist EI (1984–88), Scientist EII (1988), Scientist F (1988–93) and superannuated as Scientist G in 2010. On the administration front, he served as the Deputy Director and Head of the Chemical Engineering Division. Post-retirement, he served NCL as a Distinguished Scientist and continues his researches. Legacy

<mask>'s researches were mainly in the fields of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Applied Mathematics and Transport phenomena and he is known for his work on fluidized bed reactors and chemical reactors. He is credited with introducing an integer-solution approach and novel ideas on noise-induced transitions and his work on Artificial Intelligence-based evolutionary formalisms is reported to have assisted in a better understanding of reacting and reactor systems. His work spanned from conventional chemical reaction engineering in gas-liquid and gas-solid catalytic reactions to reactor stability to stochastic analysis of chemically reacting systems as well as inter-disciplinary fields. A model reaction system termed Encillator, an analytical approach for the solving model equations based on arithmetics, use of initial value formalism for modelling fluidized-bed reactors, introduction of normal form theory, evolutionary algorithms and stochastic approximation in analysing reactor behavior and performance are some of the contributions made by him.He holds US and Indian patents for several processes he has developed which include Method and an Apparatus for the Identification and/or Separation of Complex Composite Signals into its Deterministic and Noisy Components, Process for preparation of pure alkyl esters from alkali metal salt of carboxylic acid, and Enantioselective resolution process for arylpropionic acid drugs from the racemic mixture. Kulakrni's researches have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles; and the online article repository of Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 250 of them. Besides, he has contributed chapters to books edited by others and has published seven edited or authored texts, including Recent Trends in Chemical Reaction Engineering, Advances in Transport Processes, The Analysis of Chemically Reacting Systems: A Stochastic Approach and Transport processes in fluidized bed reactors. He has guided several master's and doctoral scholars in their studies and has conducted training for students on mathematical modelling. He also serves as one of the directors of Hitech Bio Sciences India Limited, a probiotics and nutraceuticals manufacturer based in Pune and is a member of the advisory committee of the International Conference on Sustainable Development for Energy and Environment (ICSDEE 2017). Awards and honors
The Indian National Science Academy awarded <mask> Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards the same year. The National Chemical Laboratory selected him s the Best Scientist of the Year in 1992 and the year 2000 brought him two awards, ChemTech-CEW Award of the ChemTech Foundation and the FICCI Award of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry. <mask>, a CSIR Distinguished Scientist at NCL, was elected as a fellow by Maharashtra Academy of Sciences in 1988, the same year as he became a fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences. He received the elected fellowship of the Indian National Academy of Engineering and the Golden Jubilee Fellowship of the Institute of Chemical Technology (then known as the University Department of Chemical Technology-UDCT) in 1989. The Indian National Science Academy elected him as a fellow in 1990 and The World Academy of Sciences chose him as an elected fellow in 2002. When the Science and Engineering Research Board of the Department of Science and Technology selected scientists for the J. C. Bose National Fellowship in 2009, he was also included in the list of recipients. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, the official journal of the American Chemical Society, issued a festschrift on him in 2009 titled Kulkarni Issue with the guest editorial written by his mentor, L. K<mask> and the issue featured his biosketch jointly written by Ganapati D. Yadav, V. K. Jayaraman and V. Ravikumar, all known chemical engineers.Contributions

Books

Chapters

Selected patents

See also

 List of chemical engineers
 History of chemical engineering

Notes

References

External links

Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science
1949 births
Indian scientific authors
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
People from Nagpur district
TWAS fellows
Indian chemical engineers
Chemical reaction engineering
20th-century Indian inventors
Living people
Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering
Indian technology writers
20th-century Indian engineers
Engineers from Maharashtra

masks:
Bhaskar Dattatraya Kulkarni
Boseti
. Kulkarni
. Doraiswamy
Doraiswamy
Doraiswamy
Kulkarni
Kulkarniti
Kulkarni
. Doraiswmy


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<mask> (born August 22, 1956) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for eleven seasons during the 1970s and 1980s. He was selected to the Pro Bowl four times, and ranked twelfth in NFL history in receiving yards and thirteenth in receptions when he retired. <mask> is a member of the San Diego Chargers Hall of Fame. He played college football for the Florida Gators and was also inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2015. Playing as a receiver in a run-oriented wishbone offense at Florida, <mask> set a school record with 28 touchdowns. He was named both an All-American and an Academic All-American in 1977. He was picked third overall by the New Orleans Saints in the 1978 NFL Draft.Over an 11-year NFL career, <mask> played for the Saints, the San Diego Chargers and the San Francisco 49ers. He holds the NFL record for most receiving yards per game in a season, set in 1982 with the Chargers. After retiring as a player, he became a football coach, and served as the wide receivers coach for various teams at the professional and college level. Early life

<mask> was born in New Smyrna Beach, Florida. He attended New Smyrna Beach High School, where he was a standout high school football player for coach Bud Asher's New Smyrna Beach Barracudas. In his junior year the team was undefeated, including a victory over the Rams of Interlachen High School which snapped their 21-game regular season win streak. <mask> scored twenty-two touchdowns as a senior in 1973 (scoring five in a single game), and rushing for 1,052 yards and catching twenty-two receptions as a wishbone halfback.Prominent with him in the backfield were the brothers Reggie and Keith Beverly. <mask> earned the nickname "Little Joe" due to his small size. In 2007, thirty-three years after he graduated from high school, the Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA) recognized <mask> as one of the "100 Greatest Players of the First 100 Years" of Florida high school football. College career

<mask> accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he was a wide receiver under coach Doug Dickey on the Gators football team from 1974 to 1977. While he was a Florida undergraduate, <mask> became a member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity (Theta Sigma Chapter). As a Gator, he caught ninety-two passes for 1,963 yards and a school record twenty-two touchdowns in a run-oriented offense, adding six more scores on rushes and kick returns to set the school record for total touchdowns with twenty-eight. He led the Gators in receiving yards for three straight seasons (1975, 1976 and 1977), and despite many seasons of pass-oriented offenses since his time in Gainesville, he still holds Florida's career records in average yards per catch (21.3) and touchdown to reception ratio (one touchdown per 4.18 catches).<mask> Ferguson Award as a senior team captain in 1977. He also finished tenth in the balloting for the Heisman Trophy in 1977. He is widely considered to be one of the best all-around football players to ever play for the University of Florida, and has been named to several all-time Gators and all-SEC teams, and was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 1989. In 2006, The Gainesville Sun recognized <mask> as No. 6 among the top 100 Florida Gators players of the first 100 years of the team, and in 2015, <mask> was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Professional career

The New Orleans Saints selected <mask> in the first round (third pick overall) in the 1978 NFL Draft, and he played for the Saints for four seasons from  to . <mask> was selected to the Pro Bowl after his second season in the league after finishing with 1,069 yards and six touchdown receptions.He was traded to the San Diego Chargers in 1981 to replace star receiver John Jefferson, who was traded to the Green Bay Packers after a bitter contract hold-out. In the opening round of the playoffs that year in a game known as The Epic In Miami, he caught six passes for 106 yards and returned a punt 56 yards for a touchdown in the Chargers 41–38 victory. The following season was <mask>'s best, when he led the NFL with 1,032 receiving yards and nine receiving touchdowns in the strike-shortened  season; his average of 129 yards receiving per game that year is still an NFL record. He also caught nine passes for 124 yards in a playoff win over the Pittsburgh Steelers. <mask> represented Chargers players in the players' union, and many NFL players in that role were cut or traded after the 1987 NFL strike. After he was elected to the union's executive committee, <mask> was traded to the San Francisco 49ers, with whom he finished his career in 1988. He played in four games before retiring in October after tendinitis in a knee and frustration over his performance.The 49ers went on to win the Super Bowl that season. "My heart wasn't in it. It had nothing to do with being a quitter. It was more about real-life decisions," he said. During his 11-year NFL career, <mask> caught 559 passes for 8,966 yards and 56 touchdowns, rushed for 84 yards, returned 48 kickoffs for 1,048 yards, and gained 428 yards on 77 punt returns. Overall, he amassed 10,526 all-purpose yards. At the time of his retirement, <mask> ranked twelfth in NFL history in receiving yards and thirteenth in receptions.He also earned four Pro Bowl selections, including three with the San Diego Chargers. In 2001, <mask> was inducted into the San Diego Chargers Hall of Fame. Post-playing career

<mask> eventually went to Dallas after seven years coaching in NFL Europe, including a stint as head coach of the Berlin Thunder in 1999. Before that, he also coached at the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida and Father Lopez Catholic High School in Daytona Beach, Florida. In January 2012, he joined the California Golden Bears as their receivers coach. <mask> has established a scholarship fund for minority students through the Wes <mask> Celebrity Golf Classic. <mask> also has two nephews in athletics.Dallas Baker was a standout wide receiver for the Florida Gators and was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 2007 NFL Draft. <mask>'s other nephew and Dallas's younger brother, Perry Baker, is a professional rugby player with the United States national rugby sevens team. In 2015, he was one of the founders of the proposed league, Major League Football, and served as its first president. He resigned in July 2017 when the league was reorganizing after failing to launch. See also

 1976 College Football All-America Team
 1977 College Football All-America Team
 List of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers
 List of Florida Gators football All-Americans
 List of Florida Gators in the NFL Draft
 List of National Football League season receiving yards leaders
 List of New Orleans Saints first-round draft picks
 List of New Orleans Saints players

References

Bibliography

 Carlson, Norm, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007).  .
 Golenbock, Peter, Go Gators! An Oral History of Florida's Pursuit of Gridiron Glory, Legends Publishing, LLC, St. Petersburg, Florida (2002).  .
 Hairston, Jack, Tales from the Gator Swamp: A Collection of the Greatest Gator Stories Ever Told, Sports Publishing, LLC, Champaign, Illinois (2002).  .
 McCarthy, Kevin M.,  Fightin' Gators: A History of University of Florida Football, Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina (2000).  .
 Nash, Noel, ed., The Gainesville Sun Presents The Greatest Moments in Florida Gators Football, Sports Publishing, Inc., Champaign, Illinois (1998).  . External links

 Image of <mask>

1956 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
Berlin Thunder coaches
California Golden Bears football coaches
Florida Gators football players
Frankfurt Galaxy coaches
National Conference Pro Bowl players
New Orleans Saints players
New York Sentinels coaches
Orlando Thunder coaches
Rhein Fire coaches
San Diego Chargers players
San Francisco 49ers players
UCF Knights football coaches
American Conference Pro Bowl players
All-American college football players
People from New Smyrna Beach, Florida
Players of American football from Florida
African-American players of American football
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

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Wesley Sandy Chandler
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Chandlerie
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<mask> (1911–1997) was a liberal economist and federal employee noted for her sometimes contrarian views on issues facing working women. Her time as an economist is largely linked to her time as a federal employee by her career and positions in the United States government. During her career as head of the United States Women's Bureau, Keyserling and her husband <mask> faced loyalty allegations during the Red Scare that impacted their governmental careers. Early years
<mask> was born in New York City, New York on May 25, 1911 to a Jewish family. Both of her parents, Augusta Salik, her mother, and Louis I<mask>, her father, were immigrants to the United States. From a young age <mask> was influenced by various social reforms that took place in the United States. This was due to her parents' positive interactions and open minds about many of these social reforms, such as women gaining more rights, that took place during the United States Progressive Era.Career

Economist
<mask> <mask> was a Keynesian economist. She first went to school at Barnard College to study economics and graduated in 1930 as president of her senior class. She then pursued graduate studies at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, the London School of Economics, and ultimately at Columbia University to gain a doctoral degree that she did not finish. While in college, <mask> <mask> was taught by economist Wesley Clair Mitchell. During a fellowship while still at Barnard, Keyserling, studied with Economist John Maynard Keynes. It was at Columbia University did she meet and marry <mask>, then an economics instructor, in 1940. She worked for the United States government as an economist under the presidential administrations of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, and Lyndon D. Johnson.Government employee
Keyserling began to work for the United States’ Government in 1930 after graduating from college. Her first government job was as a researcher in the Committee on the Costs of Medical Care. Within a year Keyserling worked in the State Charities Aid Association of New York City as an administrator. Between 1940 and 1953 Keyserling served on various positions in the American Government. 1940–1941, Consumers Division
 1941–1942 in the House Committee on National Defense Migration
 1942–1943, Chief of the Office of Civilian Defense's Research and Statistics Division
 1943–1945, director of the Foreign Economic Administration's Liberated Areas Division
 1946–1953, director of the Department of Commerce's International Economic Analysis Division, Office of International Trade. 1964–1968, head of the Women's Bureau. In 1953, following her loyalty trial, Keyserling retired from her governmental position in the Commerce Department.She later returned to working for the government at a later date, as shown in her accepting the position of head of the Women's Bureau in 1964. <mask> was the head of the Women's Bureau from 1964 to 1968. However, she was an Associate Director on the Council on Economic Progress before selected by President Johnson to be the head of the Women's Bureau in 1964. While in office she used the emphasis on improving the purchasing power of workers from the War on Poverty to justify legislation concerning a minimum wage and maximum hours for workers. Red Scare
<mask> was one of the many women working in the United States government that was challenged over her loyalty from 1930s to 1950s. In 1952 and 1953, Keyserling was put on a loyalty trial due to possible Communist leanings. It has been speculated that she was accused due to her husband <mask>.Another factor was that as a Keynesian economist her ideals went against one of the Red Scare's goals, the goal of rolling back the gains of the New Deal. The accusation that started the trail was made on  February 9, 1952 by Joseph McCarthy. McCarthy stated that Keyserlying was a former member of ten Communist groups. Two months later, McCarthy stated that Keyserling had joined the communist party. It was later alleged the Keyserling perjured herself when denying being a part of communist activities. Prior to McCarthy stating she was a communist in 1952, Keyserling  swore under oath that she was not a communist before the Dies Committee in 1942. When Keyserling swore that oath she was found to not have any evidence of being a communist.Also, previously in 1948 Keyserling faced loyalty hearings concerning Communist ties and activities. The majority of, these activities were connected to her brother in law  George Marshall. Due to these allegations, Keyserling had to take a leave of absence from her job in the United States’ Commerce Department until being found innocent of being a communist. In 1952, Keyserling was found to be guilty by the Commerce Department loyalty board. This decision was later overturned in 1953 on January 5. The information that led to her being found guilty was gained under the 1939 Hatch Act, which allowed for the FBI to collect information about Keyserling when she became a federal employee in 1940. Keyserling, when she was younger, was a part of circles the included communists.However, she did not interact with these groups while she worked for the government. Women's advocacy
Keyserling was a key figure in the moderate or conservative portion of the feminist movement. Throughout her lifetime she was the president of the Women's National Democratic Club, a part of the  Committee for Protective Labor Legislation of the President's Commission on the Status of Women, and the head of the  Women's Bureau. Starting in the early 1930s, Keyserling was a part of a network of female experts and activists who tried to resolve social inequalities in gender, class, and race. Keyserling believed sex discrimination to be more serious then race discrimination. She advocated for women and their rights while heading the Women's Bureau. While head of the Women's Bureau she fought for women to be included in the War on Poverty Program.The War on Poverty Program was being created to help combat poverty in the United States by giving those eligible job training and further work opportunities backed by the United States Government. Many of these work opportunities were jobs paid for by the American Government Before intervening in the War on Poverty Program, women were excluded from the program. Keyserling was of the opinion, that women being excluded from the workplace had a negative impact on the economy<. Women would not have been eligible under the original wording of the document outlining the War on Poverty Program to have been a part of the program. While head of the Women's Bureau, Keyserling's actions led to the War Poverty Program including women. Being included in the War on Poverty Program gave women the same benefits as men concerning jobs and job training men gained from the program. Keyseling also worked with already formed Business and Professional Women's Clubs while head of the Women's Bureau to create and implement other such clubs in every state.By 1967 all fifty states had a Business and Professional Women's Club. Keyserling, oftentimes had to go to individual states to help the programs to be implemented. State governors, such as in Texas, had to be taught about the clubs by Keyserling to allow for them to become a recognized organization in their state. Keyserling became an honorary member of Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc. in 1970. In the last few decades of her life, Keyserling was a part of Radcliffe's Women in the Federal Government Oral History Project. After becoming a feminist in the 1930s, Keyserling remained one until her death on June 11, 1997. References

1911 births
1997 deaths
American women economists
American feminists
20th-century American economists
American expatriates in Switzerland
Barnard College alumni
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni
20th-century American women

masks:
Mary Dublin Keyserling
Leon Keyserling
Mary Dublin Keyserling
. Dublin
Mary Dublin Keyserling
Mary Dublin
Keyserling
Mary Dublin
Keyserling
Leon Keyserling
Keyserling
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Leon Keyserling


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<mask> (February 11, 1815 – August 22, 1864) was an American lawyer, politician and diplomat who served as the  United States' first chargé d'affaires to Bolivia, and later as special envoy to Great Britain and Russia. Born in Beverly, Massachusetts, <mask> graduated from Bowdoin College in 1834 and attended Harvard Law School from 1835 to 1836. On leaving Harvard, he became a barrister and newspaper editor while maintaining a vigorous involvement in Democratic politics. In 1840 he was appointed as registrar of probates for Cumberland County, Maine, and in 1845 became Chief Clerk for the United States Department of the Navy. In January 1848 <mask> was promoted to Chief Clerk of the State Department, but resigned in March when he was named as the United States' first chargé d'affaires to Bolivia. The posting was unsuccessful, and <mask> resigned after six months service and returned to the United States to pursue his personal political interests. In 1851 he was narrowly elected to Congress, representing Maine's 2nd congressional district.As a Congressman he became noted for his oratorical skills, and was selected to give the obituary address for former Senator and Secretary of State Daniel Webster in 1852. In 1855 <mask> was sent as diplomatic envoy to London, England to promote United States interests in negotiations to end the Crimean War. He returned to the United States in 1857 and was appointed as the fourth Assistant Secretary of State, a post he held for the following three years. As Assistant Secretary he opened discussions with Russia regarding a prospective Alaska Purchase, leading to the United States acquiring that territory in 1867. Concurrently, he was editor of a pro-Democratic newspaper The Washington Union, but his career was marred by allegations that he misused this position for personal gain. He was the United States' envoy to Russia from 1860 until his retirement in 1861. <mask> died on August 22, 1864, and is buried in Portland's Evergreen Cemetery.Early life: 1815–44
<mask> was born in Beverly, Massachusetts on February 11, 1815. His father, <mask> <mask> (1780–1862), was a resident of Portland, Maine; his mother, <mask> (nee Williams) (1786–1860) was from Connecticut. <mask> was the third child of nine of his parents and spent most of his childhood in Portland. <mask> studied law at Bowdoin College in the 1830s, graduating as a Legum Doctor in 1834 and pursuing further studies at Harvard Law School in the summers of 1835 and 1836. Throughout the 1830s he worked in New England legal firms. On 20 June 1837 he passed his bar examination in Cumberland County, Maine and subsequently opened his own legal practice in Portland. In 1838 <mask> was appointed as lead editor of the Eastern Argus, a now-defunct newspaper serving the Portland area, and in 1840 and from 1842 to 1844 he served as registrar of probates for Cumberland County.He married Susan Lovering Dodge in 1840, and their only child, Eben <mask>, was born in Portland in 1843. Political career: 1845–64

Chief Clerk

In addition to his legal practice, <mask>'s abiding interest was in Democratic Party politics. In the 1840s he became associated with Tennessee Governor James K. Polk, who would be elected President in a close-fought race in 1844. Following Polk's inauguration, <mask> accepted an offer from United States Navy Secretary George Bancroft to join the administration as the Navy's Chief Clerk. His closeness to Polk continued while in this role, culminating in an invitation to act as the President's personal diarist for a goodwill tour of the northeastern states. Appleton's record of this visit was later published as a 135-page volume entitled North for Union. The book includes Appleton's endorsement of northeastern arts and industry, alongside a studied disapproval of its urban culture.Boston is described as having a "greatness" bestowed by its role in the American Revolutionary War, which permitted Appleton to "almost forget its meanness" today. Industrialized Lowell is criticized for commercialism, as "not in such places are republican spirits and Spartan hearts best educated." Describing the region's largest city, Appleton wrote:

New York ... has the social faults which belong to an eminently business place, and to a shifting, moneymaking people. Everything there is confused, and every man there is busily pursuing some selfish aim. One who walks slowly in the streets is in danger of being run over, and everybody is so much in a hurry there that, in such a case, no resident would probably stop to pick him up. On January 26, 1848 <mask> was promoted to the role of Chief Clerk for the Department of State. In this position, <mask> was the second-ranking officer of the Department.Chargé d'affaires to Bolivia
On March 30, 1848, then-Secretary of State James Buchanan appointed <mask> as United States chargé d'affaires to Bolivia, which had recently declared independence from Peru. His primary instructions were to open economic relations with Bolivia, assure them of United States' goodwill and help secure a cross-border treaty that would transfer the port of Arica from Peruvian to Bolivian control. Buchanan further urged <mask> to use his influence as chargé d'affaires to encourage Bolivia towards democracy, by "presenting to them the example of our own country, where all controversies are decided at the ballot box." <mask> set out for his Bolivian post in the summer of 1848. However his arrival was delayed first by the shipwreck of the USS Onkahye, which had been carrying him to South America, and then by slow progress through the Andes Mountains en route to La Paz. In October he reached the Bolivian capital to discover that the government of President José Miguel de Velasco Franco was besieged by soldiers under the command of former Minister for War Manuel Isidoro Belzu. Both de Velasco and Belzu claimed to be head of state, but neither would receive Appleton in order that he might present his diplomatic credentials and assume office.Belzu's forces seized national control eight weeks later, and  <mask> was able to take up his position as chargé in December. Having finally taken office, <mask> found his posting a challenging one. In correspondence with the United States Government he noted that the country seemed to have a difficult climate, few North Americans and no roads. Attempts to deliver on Buchanan's instructions for a cross-border treaty with Peru were also rebuffed, as the Peruvian Government had not been advised that <mask> would be undertaking this task and declined to negotiate with him. Discontented and in poor health, <mask> requested that he be recalled to the United States. He resigned on May 4, 1849, less than six months after assuming his post. Election to Congress

<mask> returned to Maine in late 1849 and resumed his interests in a political career.On March 4, 1851, he was elected to the 32nd United States Congress as the Democratic candidate in Maine's 2nd congressional district, defeating Whig candidate William Ferguson by 40 votes. Despite the failures of his Bolivian post, <mask> continued his interest in international relations by taking up a position on the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. His focus was now on European affairs, taking a conservative line against international republicanism and political reform which he felt was motivated by emotion rather than reason. For Appleton, European republican sentiment was "like the fabled Phaeton, [who] seizes the reins with passion, drives madly off the course, and nearly engulfs the world in darkness." The new Congressman also demonstrated a talent for oratory, delivering a series of speeches noted for their graceful, impressive delivery. His speaking skills were recognized in December 1852 when he was chosen by Congress to read the obituary address for former Senator and Secretary of State Daniel Webster. Envoy to London
Appleton declined to run for re-election to Congress in 1852.Instead he returned to Maine, and in February 1855 was appointed as diplomatic envoy to London, England, with instructions to lead United States engagement in negotiations to end the Crimean War. The principal United States interest was to prevent the Crimean peace negotiations from also encompassing a prohibition on privateering in international waters. Despite repeated efforts, <mask> was unsuccessful in advancing this case, and privateering was duly prohibited in the Declaration of Paris in 1856. <mask> did not remain in Europe to see the Declaration signed, resigning his post on November 16, 1855. A State Department offer to remain in London as United States chargé d'affaires was also declined and <mask>.returned to the United States in December, immediately throwing himself into James Buchanan's 1856 Presidential campaign. Assistant Secretary of State, Envoy to Russia

After Buchanan's inauguration in 1857, <mask> was nominated by Edmund Burke to run a pro-Buchanan newspaper, the Washington Union. After a few months, <mask> resigned due to ill health.On April 4, 1857 he was nominated as United States Assistant Secretary of State. <mask> superseded the Chief Clerk as the second-ranking officer of the Department. In 1858, <mask> was charged with corruption from his involvement in the "public printing plunder", in which he used his influence and his position as editor to make around $10,000 ($ in ). <mask> did not deny the charges. While in office he was involved in preliminary discussions with Tsarist Russia over the prospective Alaska Purchase. Talks were held in Washington between <mask>, Russian representative Eduard de Stoeckl and chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Naval Affairs William M. Gwin. <mask> and Gwin offered $5 million ($ in ) in 1859, but de Stoeck wanted more money.No decision had been made before the 1860 Presidential election, and discussion was then indefinitely postponed upon the outbreak of the American Civil War. <mask> resigned as Assistant Secretary of State on June 10, 1860. On September 9 he was appointed as diplomatic envoy to Russia. <mask> showed impatience with the rise of Congress Poland. When he commented back to the United States, not much was done, since the rise of the Confederate States. During meetings with Prince Gortchacow in April 1861, <mask> and Gortchacow concluded Russia would not recognize the Confederacy, however, trade between the two would still remain. <mask> retired for health reasons on June 8, 1861.Death
<mask> died on August 22, 1864. He is buried in Portland's Evergreen Cemetery. Notes

References

External links

1815 births
1864 deaths
<mask> family
United States Assistant Secretaries of State
Bowdoin College alumni
Ambassadors of the United States to Bolivia
Ambassadors of the United States to Russia
Politicians from Portland, Maine
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maine
Maine lawyers
People from Beverly, Massachusetts
Maine Democrats
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery (Portland, Maine)
19th-century American diplomats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
Chief Clerks of the United States Department of State
19th-century American lawyers

masks:
John Appleton
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John Appleton
John White
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Sophia Appleton
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Dodge Appleton
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<mask> is a professor, author, politician, and filmmaker who formerly served as a Chicago alderman from 1971 through 1979. <mask> is considered to be a progressive. An independent during his time on the Chicago City Council, he ran in 1992 and 1994, unsuccessfully, as a challenger to incumbent Democrat Dan Rostenkowski in that party's primary for Illinois's 5th congressional district. Since 1967, <mask> has been a professor of political science at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Early life
<mask> was born in 1940 in Houston, Texas. He was an only child. His first name is <mask>, rather than "<mask>" being a nickname for Richard, as it commonly is.<mask>'s family lived in a middle class household. Participating in the civil rights movement, <mask> took part in a 1960 stand-in. <mask> graduated from University of Texas in 1963. He spent some time in Africa completing research for his doctoral dissertation. While living in Africa, he wrote to his adviser specifically requesting for him to find him a job in a large city with racial conflict, as <mask> desired to be part of the progressive political transformation of a city. Early career
<mask> began teaching as a political science professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1967. During the 1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he first became Eugene McCarthy's campaign manager for Illinois's 9th congressional district, then was promoted to his statewide Illinois campaign manager, a role he held up through the 1968 Democratic National Convention.<mask> participated in protests held during the convention. In 1969, <mask> managed the successful 44th Ward aldermanic campaign of William Singer, an independent liberal. <mask> was a cofounder of the Independent Precinct Organization, where he also served as executive director. Aldermanic career
<mask> served two terms as a Chicago alderman for the 44th Ward, from 1971 through 1979. Election campaigns
<mask> was first elected in 1971 in an open race. Incumbent 44th ward alderman William Singer was redistricted into the 43rd ward. In the redistricting that took place before the 1971 election, the 44th ward was redrawn to include less of the heavily Jewish and politically independent lakefront, and to include more of the heavily Democratic areas to the west, making it a harder district for <mask> to win as an independent than it had been for Singer to win as an independent.Nevertheless, <mask> defeated the city's Democratic machine to win election to the 44th Ward seat, defeating James B. Kargman. Kragman had carried the support of the city's Democratic Party, as well as the endorsements some prominent Democratic politicians, such as Adlai Stevenson III and Sidney R. Yates. <mask> ran on a platform that advocated for community control of municipal programs such as urban renewal. Community groups of the 44th ward were in the midst of a dispute with the city over urban renewal at the time of the election. The third candidate originally on the ballot in the 1971 race, Laura C. Keith, withdrew weeks before the election and endorsed <mask>. <mask> was reelected alderman in 1975, again defeating an opponent supported by the city's Democratic Party organization, Edward Marsalek. Weeks ahead of the election, a third candidate, Wesley Pucinski (the brother of then-41st ward alderman Roman Pucinski) withdrew from the race and endorsed Marsalek.The Committee for and Effective City Council, a group founded to support the election of "independent" candidates to the Chicago City Council, endorsed <mask> and twelve other aldermanic candidates (including fellow incumbents William Cousins, Anna Langford, and John Hoellen) on the same day that Pucinksi withdrew. Tenure
As an alderman, <mask> remained a political independent. He was among a handful of liberal alderman on the Chicago City Council. He was an advocate of political reform. He was supported by the lakefront liberals. Throughout his tenure, <mask> remained a professor in political science at the University of Illinois at Chicago. During his time on the City Council, <mask> was a critic of Richard J. Daley.After he was elected alderman in February 1971, alderman-elect <mask> endorsed Daley's Republican opponent Richard Freidman in the 1971 Chicago mayoral election (for which the general election was held in April). Daley and <mask> first directly butted heads early into <mask>'s tenure as an alderman, when, on July 27, 1971, he questioned Daley's proposed appointment of Thomas Keane Jr, son of Daley's City Council floor leader, alderman Thomas E. Keane, to the city's Zoning Board of Appeals. He questioned the conflict of appointing Keane Jr., vice-president of Arthur Rubloff & Co., one of the city's largest real estate firms. There were other instances where heated arguments erputed between <mask> and Daley. <mask> became the leader of the minority bloc of independents on the Chicago City Council. As such, <mask> came into conflict with Michael Bilandic, first during Bilandic's stint as Daley's floor leader on the City Council, and later when Bilandic took office as mayor after Daley's death in office. <mask>, along with fellow independent alderman Martin J. Oberman, was one of only two aldermen to vote against the resolution appointing Bilandic to hold the mayoralty after Daley's death.Like with Daley, he frequently stood in strong opposition to Bilandic during Bilandic's mayoralty. Being in the minority opposition to mayors Daley and Bilandic, <mask>'s proposed legislation were usually defeated. In some instances, the ideas he proposed in legislation were taken by alderman who were aligned with the majority supporting Daley, who then proposed the same ideas in pieces of legislation without <mask>'s name attached. One of the few pieces of legislation <mask> managed to pass as an alderman was an ordinance which would prevent banks and insurance companies that do business with the city from practicing redlining. The resolution, which <mask> had feared would have little chance of passing, was passed on June 26, 1974 in an unanimous 44–0 vote after it was amended by Daley-aligned alderman Paul Wigoda. Another piece of legislation that <mask> saw passed was a November 1977 resolution calling for an investigation into figures utilized the previous summer to justify a 11.7% fare increase to the city's taxis. This came after former city commissioner Jane Byrne alleged a city hall "conspiracy" to raise the rates of taxis.The resolution creating this investigation, proposed by <mask> and fellow independent aldermen Ross Lathrop and Martin J. Oberman, was passed unanimously by the council. The investigation was later ended by a Chicago City Council vote of 40–3 in April of 1978 to accept the investigative committee's majority report over the minority report written by <mask>, Lathrop, and Oberman as investigative committee members. While few wholesale pieces of legislation authored by <mask> were passed, <mask> saw occasional success in making amendments to legislation. In March of 1977, <mask> and fellow aldermen Dennis H. Block, Ross Lathrop, Martin Oberman proposed a piece of legislation that would have established community zoning boards in each of the 50 wards of the city. <mask> established a "ward assembly" for the 44th Ward. This was a form of direct democracy within the ward, which was dismantled after the Democratic machine later regained control of the 44th Ward seat. It was one of <mask>'s 1971 campaign promises that he would establish such an assembly if elected alderman.Similarly, some other independent candidates that year had made similar campaign pledges. In 1978, Milton Rakove, a professor of political science at University of Illinois at Chicago, characterized <mask>'s approach to being an alderman as, "an academic idealist at loose in the arena of politics, who cannot and will not make the compromises a true politician must make." Retirement from City Council
<mask> opted against seeking reelection in 1979. He endorsed independent candidate Bruce Young, the director of the Jane Addams Center of Hull House, to succeed him. Young pledged, as a candidate, to support existing legislation and ordinances that <mask> had proposed on issues such as redlining, the creation of a code hearing bureau, starting an independent audit of the city's finances, and the establishment of a commission on governmental integrity. Young's opponent was John McCaffrey, who had the backing of the city's Democratic Party. Young won election, but resigned soon after taking office, citing "personal reasons".Post-aldermanic career
<mask> has continued to teach as a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, currently serving as head of the political science department. He has been a Great Cities Scholar and a Humanities Institute Fellow at UIC. <mask> has also become a respected political analyst. He was, for three years, a monthly op-ed columnist for the Chicago Journal, and was subsequently a monthly columnist for the Chicago Sun-Times. <mask> has also been a filmmaker. In 1979, <mask> served as an advisor on the mayoral transition team of Jane Byrne. He also served on the mayoral transition team of Harold Washington in 1983.<mask> was involved in a number of political campaigns in the 1980s, such as the campaign of Ron Sable for <mask>'s former 44th Ward aldermanic seat. He also ran the organization I CARE (Independent Coalition Against Reagan Economics), which opposed the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan. <mask> endorsed Timothy C. Evans in the 1989 Chicago mayoral special election. <mask> was involved in Woody Bowman's campaign for Illinois Comptroller in 1990. <mask> also worked on both the unsuccessful 1990 Cook County State's Attorney campaign of Ray Smith and the successful 1990 campaign of Jack O'Malley for the same office. After the 1990 elections, <mask> served on David Orr's transition team for Cook County Clerk as well as Jack O'Malley's transition team for Cook County State's Attorney in 1990. Congressional campaigns
<mask> was twice an unsuccessful candidate for United States congress.<mask> ran against Dan Rostenkowski in the Democratic primary for the redrawn 5th congressional district in 1992. Posing the greatest reelection challenge Rostenkowski had faced, <mask> won approximately 43% of the vote against Rostenkowski. Rostenkowski, chairman of United States House Committee on Ways and Means, was considered among the nation's most powerful congressmen. <mask> ran on a platform of congressional reform, including support for term limits. His campaign platform also focused on women's rights, universal health care, economic recovery, and senior citizens issues. <mask> also pledged to recreate a version of his 44th ward assembly in the congressional district. During the campaign, he aggressively criticized Rostenkowski.In February 1993, <mask> announced that he would file a formal complaint against Rostenkowski with the Federal Election Commission and the House Ethics Committee urging them to investigate $37,750 in spending by Rostenkowski's American Leaders Fund, alleging Rostenkowski had illegally used fund from this group to aid his reelection campaign. <mask> again challenged Rostenkowski for the Democratic nomination in 1994. At the time, Rostenkowski was under grand jury investigation, and was also being challenged for the nomination by John Cullerton. <mask> and Cullerton were joined in challenging were joined in challenging Rostenkowski by former alderman Michael Wojik and LaRouche movement member John McCarthy. In 1994, <mask> criticized Rostenkowski as corrupt and criticized him for votes such as his vote in support of extending the Hyde Amendment. <mask> placed third behind Rostenkowski and Cullerton. <mask> ran on many of the same issues in 1994 that he had in 1992.Later activities
For the 2000 Illinois Democratic Party presidential primary, <mask> was an alternate delegate candidate for Bill Bradley's campaign. <mask> served on Lisa Madigan's transition team for Illinois Attorney General in 2003. In the 2004 United States presidential election, <mask> served first as a member of the Issues Committee of Carol Moseley Braun's campaign, and subsequently as a surrogate for the John Kerry campaign. <mask> has participated in annual studies conducted by University of Illinois at Chicago to measure how independently alderman are voting from the mayor. He has also been involved in authoring studies by the University of Illinois at Chicago which rank cities and states in the United States by their level of corruption. After Langdon Neale retired from the Chicago Board of Election Commissioners, <mask> applied in December 2015 to fill the seat. His candidacy for the position was endorsed by Danny K. Davis, Mike Quigley, Joe Moore, and David Orr.He was one of seven finalists for the position. Judge Timothy C. Evans, who was in charge of appointing Neale's replacement, ultimately chose to instead appoint Jonathan T. Swain. <mask> was considered the earliest significant figure to support the campaign Lori Lightfoot in the 2019 Chicago mayoral election. He formally did so on August 21, 2018. <mask> helped then-candidate Lightfoot to write a plan which included putting an end to the practice of aldermanic prerogative and banning outside employment of aldermen. For a long while, <mask> was considered the most prominent individual to have endorsed Lightfoot, still being considered such as late as mid-January 2019 (just over one month a week before Lightfoot would place first the first round of the election). Lightfoot would go on to be successfully elected mayor.After Lightfoot became mayor, <mask> worked to advise her on ethics reform. In 2021, <mask> participated in an effort run by a coalition of civic groups which formed an independent citizens commission that would draw a ward redistricting map for the city council, producing an alternative proposal to the ward map that would be drawn-up by members of the Chicago City Council itself as part of the council's decennial redistricting. <mask> was a member of the selection commission that would choose the citizens to participate in the effort. Electoral history

Aldermanic

Congressional

Bibliography

Books authored

Other works
<mask> has published in excess of 100 journal articles, magazine articles, book chapters, and book reviews. <mask> was, for three years, a monthly op-ed columnist for the Chicago Journal, and was subsequently a monthly columnist for the Chicago Sun-Times. References

Chicago City Council members
Illinois Independents
Illinois Democrats
University of Illinois at Chicago faculty
1940 births
Living people
Politicians from Houston
Writers from Houston
Writers from Chicago
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University of Texas at Austin alumni

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<mask> or Du Busc (5 March 1866 – 9 March 1956) was a British-born American naval architect responsible for the development of the United States Navy's first submarines. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire in England. When he was age 13, he apprenticed to Craggs & Sons of Middlesbrough, and at the age of 20 was employed as a draftsman while studying naval architecture at night. He relocated to Ulster, Northern Ireland in 1888, where he served as draftsman-in-charge at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast until 1892. Career in the United States
In January 1892, <mask> emigrated to the United States, and was employed as a draftsman at William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilders in Philadelphia. He was a longtime member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) which became organized in 1893 in the state of New Jersey. In 1895, <mask> moved to Elizabethport, New Jersey, where he was the shipyard superintendent at Lewis Nixon's Crescent Shipyard
This shipyard is where the United States Navy's first submarines were built under <mask>'s supervision beginning in the late fall of 1896.<mask> worked in unison with John Philip Holland to design and build the pioneering , also known as the Holland VI design. This was the first commissioned submarine in the United States Navy, and purchased by the American Government on April 11, 1900 – a day later commemorated by the United States submarine community as "Submarine Day". Holland's company was then known as the Holland Torpedo Boat Company - the forerunner and precursor to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation. The United States government then ordered more submarines after the successful trials and purchase of Holland VI. These submarines were known as the A class or . A prototype was constructed under <mask>'s direction at the Crescent Shipyard in the year 1900. This submarine craft was called Fulton, named after the American steamship pioneer Robert Fulton.However, Fulton was never commissioned into U. S. Navy service and was sold to the Imperial Russian Navy in 1905 for use in the Russo-Japanese War against the Empire of Japan. Career in Japan
After Crescent Shipyard lost the contract from the US Navy for the B-class submarines, <mask> was offered a position by <mask> Rice with Electric Boat Company, which had received a contract from Japan for the construction of five Type VII submarines for the Imperial Japanese Navy. These vessels were built at the company’s Fore River Shipyards in Quincy, Massachusetts. <mask> oversaw construction of the vessels, their dismantling, transport to Seattle by rail, shipment to Yokohama and reassembly at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal in Yokosuka, Japan. The project was done in complete secrecy, as the United States was officially neutral in the Russo-Japanese War. The entire project was completed in twelve months, and <mask> was honored with the Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class by Emperor Meiji. Subsequent career
After returning from Japan, <mask> returned to work for Lewis Nixon as manager of the United States Shipbuilding Company in Perth Amboy, New Jersey.In 1909, <mask> established the American Architectural Shipbuilding and Development Company, and proposed designed for miniature submarines to the Japanese government. The venture was not a success and <mask> went to work for the New Jersey Drydock Company in Elizabeth, New Jersey and was later shipyard manager for the Moore Shipyards of the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Company, and advisor to the president of Eureka Shipyards in Newburg, New York. During his long career, <mask> was responsible for the design and development of many ship classes for the United States Navy and contributed to their production at some of the country's largest shipyards through both World Wars. He retired in 1941, and died on 9 March 1956. After World War I, <mask> changed his last name to Du Busc in 1919 - this was most probably due to the large amount of anti-German sentiment that existed in the United States during that time though his family lineage was of Huguenot origins. References
 Who Built Those Subs? by Richard Knowles Morris, PhD;  Naval History Magazine - October 1998 (125th anniversary) United States Naval Institute.John P. Holland, 1841-1914 - Inventor of the Modern Submarine, University of South Carolina Press, 1998 (originally published in 1966 under the same title). Submarine Pioneers by Richard Compton-Hall MBE RN, pub Sutton Publishing Ltd, UK 1999.
 International Directory of Company Histories, Volume 86. Thomson Gale Group/St. James Press, July 2007 (General Dynamics/Electric Boat Corporation. pp 136–139). The Defender, "The Story of General Dynamics" by Roger Franklin, pub. Harper-Collins, 1986.Written by former Business Week on-line editor . The Klaxon official newsletter of the U. S. Navy's "Silent Service", published Nautilus Memorial Submarine Force Library and Museum, New London/Groton CT. March 1992. Documents and letters written by John Philip Holland, Elihu B. Frost, Lewis Nixon and others. Archives of The Nautilus Memorial Submarine Force Library and Museum, New London CT.
 Obituary in The New York Times Sunday March 11, 1956. External links
  Revised by Gary W. McCue, Naval Architect/Submarine Historian. Official Chief of Naval Operations/Submarine Warfare Division web page under — U.S.Submarine Pioneers
  Official Electric Boat/General Dynamics web site acknowledging <mask><mask>'s key role as the company's first shipbuilder. John Philip Holland's diminished role within his (own) company is also acknowledged. General Dynamics origins traces back to John P. Holland's company. Mr. <mask> was present and on the scene since this company's foundation back on 7 February 1899. Nixon and Busch started Crescent in January 1895. Further information on submarines built at Crescent under <mask> Busch's supervision including the proto-type submarine Fulton. Reocities biography

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1866 births
1956 deaths
People from Elizabeth, New Jersey
People from Middlesbrough
English emigrants to the United States
American naval architects
Submarine pioneers
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class

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