texts:
<mask>-Husseiny el-Shazly (, ) (1 April 1922 – 10 February 2011) was an Egyptian military commander. He was Egypt's chief of staff during the October War. Following his public criticism of the Camp David Accords, he was dismissed from his post as Ambassador to Britain and Portugal and went to Algeria as a political refugee. He is credited with the equipping and preparation of the Egyptian Armed Forces in the years prior to the successful capture of the Israeli Bar-Lev line at the start of the 1973 war. He was dismissed from his post on 13 December 1973. Early life
He was born in the village of Shabratna, Basyoun Center, in Gharbia Governorate, in the Nile Delta, on April 1, 1922, in an upper-middle class family. His father was a notary, and his family owned (70) acres.His father is Hajj al-Husseini al-Shazly, and his mother, Mrs. Tafidah al-Jawhari, is the second wife of his father. He was named after the leader <mask> Zaghloul. His father was one of the owners of agricultural lands who married twice and had nine children with first wife: Muhammad, Hamid, Abdel-Hakim, Al-Hussaini, Abdel-Salam, Nadhima, Farida, Bassima and Morsyah. As for the second wife, Al-Jawhari, she is the mother of Shazly. His father's cousin is Abd al-Salam Pasha Al-Shazly, who took over the lake directorate and the Ministry of Awqaf. El-Shazly received sciences in the elementary school in Basioun School, which is about 6 kilometers from his village. After completing his primary education at age 11, his father moved to live in Cairo and he completed the preparatory and secondary levels in Cairo schools.Commands Held
He joined the Military Academy in February 1939 and was the youngest student in his class. He graduated from the Military College in July 1940 with the rank of a lieutenant in the infantry in the same class of Khaled Mohieddin. In 1943, while a lieutenant, he was chosen to serve in the Royal Guard. He participated in the 1948 Palestine War. He participated in the Second World War. He was the founder and Commander of the First Parachute Battalion in Egypt (1954 - 1961). Commander of the 75th Parachute Battalion during the Tripartite Aggression.Commander of the UAR Battalion in the Congo as part of the United Nations forces (1960-1961). London War Attaché (1961-1963). Commander of the 1st Infantry Brigade (participated in the (Yemen War) (1965 - 1966). Commander of the Special Forces (Parachutes and Thunderbolts) (1967-1969). Commander of the Red Sea Military Region (1970 - 1971). Chief of Staff of the Egyptian Armed Forces (1971-1973). Assistant Secretary General of the League of Arab States for Military Affairs (1971 - 1973).Egyptian Ambassador to Britain (1974-1975). Egyptian Ambassador to Portugal (1975-1978). Social Status
Al-Shazly got married on December 13, 1943 to Zeenat Muhammad Metwally Al-Suhaimi, daughter of Muhammad Metwally Pasha Al-Suhaimi, who was the director of the Military College in the 1930s, and had three daughters: Shahdan, Nahid and Samia. Involvement in the Free Officers Movement
His relationship with Gamal Abdel Nasser began when he lived in the same building that Gamal Abdel Nasser inhabited in Abbasiya before the July 23 movement. They had family relations, and in addition to being officers teachers in the School of Administrative Affairs, they met on a daily basis. Jamal Abdel Nasser opened it to the Free Officers in 1951, and Al-Shazly welcomed the idea and joined them, but he did not participate in the night of July 23, 1952 directly, as he was in a college course  Pillars of the war. Airborne Corps
At the rank of major, he traveled to the United States of America on an advanced training mission in 1953 to specialized in parachutes and was one of the first officers to receive the Rangers School course.He then became the commander of the 75th Parachute Battalion during the Triple Aggression of 1956. He took command of the Parachute Force during the period from 1954 to 1959. During the celebrations of the Revolution Day, which was to be held on July 23, 1954, Al-Shazly suggested to Major General Naguib Ghoneim, the commander of the Cairo military region, to show the parachute corps differently from the rest of the armed forces units that were walking in the normal step in front of the podium, as is well known. He suggested that the parachute corps parade walk by a quick step in front of the podium, and by that, he was the first to suggest walking in a quick step in the special military parades for the paratroopers, which became associated with the thunderbolt and paratroop forces and what distinguished them from other forces and were subsequently transferred by the Arab countries. UN Mission in Congo
In 1960 (during the unity with Syria), President Gamal Abdel Nasser sent a parachute battalion as part of the United Nations forces to Congo, led by Colonel Al Shazly, at the request of Prime Minister Lumumba and in coordination with the United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld, to maintain security and law and with the aim of preventing Belgium from returning to occupy his country, which became independent on June 30, 1960. The Arab Parachute battalion was made up of 5 companies (4 companies from Egypt and one from Syria), which got the name 'the Arab battalion in the Congo'. The battalion was stationed in the far north, more than 1,200 kilometers from the capital.It was the first Arab force sent to carry out foreign missions under the leadership of the United Nations. Events developed and General Staff chief Mobutu Ceseiseko led a military coup that controlled the country. Lumumba managed to escape, but he was arrested and killed in January 1961. Gamal Abdel Nasser then sent a military committee headed by Brigadier Ahmed Ismail Ali to Congo to study what Egypt could offer to advance the Congolese army, but the situation had changed. The new government was eradicating hostility from Gamal Abdel Nasser and demanding the return of the Arab forces. During that period, the dispute occurred between Colonel Al-Shazly and Colonel Ahmed Ismail Ali. After the killing of Lumumba, Al-Shazly felt in danger and decided unilaterally to leak his soldiers from their positions.He also secured the smuggling of Lumumba's sons to Egypt before the Egyptian battalion withdrew. Six Day War (1967)
During the Six-Day War, Shazly showed great merit and tactical awareness. He was positioned in the middle of Sinai with a mixed unit of one infantry battalion, two Sa'ka (Thunderbolt) battalions, and one tank battalion. Following the initial air raid and subsequent superiority of the Israeli Air Force (IAF), the Egyptian command had given a chaotic order for all of its troops to retreat westward which would cause most of them to be mopped by the IAF, especially after most communications were lost between the troops and the Egyptian command; Shazly, however, took the most unbelievable of chances and headed eastward through thin passages, invading Israel itself. He eventually positioned himself in the Negev desert, behind most enemy lines. This feat would have made him one of the few Arab generals to ever successfully take and hold territory inside Israel. He stayed there with his battalions under the cover of two mountains to avoid IAF bombing for two days, the 6th and 7 June.Finally, he succeeded in making contact with the Egyptian command which ordered him to immediately retreat west of the Suez Canal. He responded with one of the most difficult maneuvers executed in the history of the Egyptian–Israeli conflict, a night march (with mechanized units and tanks accompanying) in the desert and through enemy lines. His unit managed to cover about 60 miles of ground throughout the Sinai, without any air support or intelligence. As dawn broke, the column was spotted by Israeli aircraft, which made low-level passes, bombing and strafing his forces. Lacking anti-aircraft weaponry, his forces could only reply with machine gun and small arms fire. Over 100 of his troops were killed, but the Israeli planes eventually went off in search of other targets, and his column drove on, managing to avoid Israeli ground forces and reaching the Suez Canal. He became the last military commander to pass from the east of the canal to the west.In the later years, he was highly respected within the Egyptian military for his feats and was eventually granted the command of the combined paratroopers and Sa'ka Forces from which he would move on to be the chief of staff of the Egyptian army and play a major role in the Egyptian major offensive in 1973. Commander of the Red Sea Military Region
During the War of Attrition, Israel was conducting lightning raids on the Red Sea region and daily kidnappings of civilians and the destruction of installations on the Red Sea coasts culminating in the incident of Zafarana on September 9, 1969. Gamal Abdel Nasser saw that General Al-Shazly was the most suitable person who could stop Israel's incursions into the Red Sea region and secure the area and appointed him commander of the Red Sea Military Region in 1970. General Al-Shazly managed to stop the daily kidnappings that were taking place against civilians and employees who were taken as prisoners by the Israeli forces as well as stopping the Israeli attacks. Shedwan Incident (Operation Rhodes)
On January 22, 1970, Israel attacked the Red Sea island of Shedwan, near the entrance to the Gulf of Suez, 35 kilometers from Hurghada and 325 kilometers from Suez which had a lighthouse to guide ships and a marine radar, secured by an Egyptian thunderbolt, and its military importance was purely because it was an uninhabited rocky island and its area didn't exceed 60 square kilometers. The Israeli forces bombed the island by air and followed it with the landing of the soldiers by helicopter and the landing boats in an attempt to occupy it, and a small garrison of the Egyptian thunderbolt withstood a huge Israeli fire, and the Israelis announced on the evening of the first fighting night that their forces "found no resistance on the island", except they came back and confessed at three in the afternoon the next day that fighting was still going on on the island. Maj. Gen. Al-Shazly ordered the attack of the island with the help of a number of fishermen from the governorate, which resulted in the transfer of soldiers and equipment in the dark to Shedwan Island to attack the Israeli forces.Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces
On May 16, 1971, after President Anwar Sadat ousted the poles of the Nasser regime, in what he called the correction revolution, he appointed Al-Shazly as chief of staff of the Egyptian armed forces, as he was not affiliated with any of the wrestlers on the Egyptian political scene at the time, and for his competence, his military ability, and the rich background he gained from his studies between the United States of America and the Soviet Union in military sciences as well as his long military career. Dispute with LT General Muhammad Sadiq
When Al-Shazly was appointed as Chief of Staff of the Egyptian armed forces, the Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces at the time was Lieutenant General Muhammad Sadiq, with whom he entered into disagreements over the operational plan for the liberation of Sinai. The LT Gen. Muhammad Sadiq was the first to see that the Egyptian Army should not undertake any offensive operation unless it has reached a stage that surpasses the enemy in the equipment and combat efficiency of its soldiers, only then can it carry out a massive offensive operation that destroys Israeli forces in the Sinai and advances to the straits and from there to Gaza. Al-Shazly's response to his proposals was that he would like this, but this opinion is not in line with the actual capabilities of the armed forces for the weakness of the air force and the lack of a mobile air defense that protects the advanced forces. Al-Shazly started to develop an offensive plan according to the capabilities of the armed forces, which required the recovery of 10 to 12 km in the depth of Sinai. He built his opinion that it is important to tailor the war strategy to your capabilities and according to the capabilities of the enemy. However, the LT General, Muhammad Ahmad Sadiq, opposed the plan on the pretext that it does not achieve any political or military goal.From the political point of view, it will achieve nothing and 60,000 square

masks:
Saad El Din Mohamed el
Saad


type: original

texts:
 kilometers of Sinai will remain under Israeli control, but militarily it will create, for the Egyptian army a difficult position instead of the current one since it depends on the Suez Canal to act as a natural barrier, while the transportation lines through the bridges erected in the canal will be at the mercy of the Israeli air force. After lengthy discussions between Al-Shazly and Muhammwd Sadiq, Al-Shazly reached a compromise, which is the preparation of two plans, the first aimed at occupying the Straits, which he called Operation 41 and the second aimed at seizing the Bar Lev Line and called it the Operation Badr, but Muhammad Ahmed Sadiq was not convinced and from his point of view, Egypt would not tolerate another defeat. On October 26, 1972, Anwar Sadat dismissed Lieutenant General Muhammad Sadiq of the Ministry of War for his disagreement with his vision of liberating the land, his conviction to see Al-Shazly and appointed Field Marshal Ahmed Ismail Ali as Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, who had been referred for retirement in the late days of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who showed him  Al-Shazly has old differences, but they committed themselves to working with each other to prepare for the October war. Dispute with Ahmed Ismail Ali
Colonel Al-Shazly and Colonel Ahmed Ismail Ali coincided with the presence in the Congo in 1960, during which Ahmed Ismail attempted to impose his administrative and military domination on Al-Shazly by virtue of his higher military rank, despite their different tasks and two references. Al-Shazly rejected this logic, and both exchanged rough words until they almost reached the hands clash. After the leadership in Cairo learned about this, the committee called up and the conflict ended, but its effects remained in the depths of both of them. After the return of Al-Shazly from the Congo, there was no direct contact between them as Ahmed Ismail was in the infantry while Al-Shazly was in the parachute corps.On March 10, 1969, Al-Shazly was surprised by the appointment of Ahmed Ismail as the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces after the killing of Lieutenant-General Abdel Moniem Riad on March 9, 1969). Al-Shazly submitted his resignation to the office of the Minister of War, Muhammad Fawzi. Ahmed Ismail would have contacted him again through the new position, but President Gamal Abdel Nasser intervened and sent his son-in-law, Ashraf Marwan, to El-Shazly, where he persuaded him to return to work after he confirmed to him President Gamal Abdel Nasser’s promise not to contact Ahmed Ismail with him. Indeed, Ahmed Ismail did not set foot during the six months he spent as chief of staff at the Inshas base, in which Al-Shazly worked as commander of the Special Forces (Thunderbolts and Paratroopers) until Ahmed Ismail was referred to retirement by order of President Gamal Abdel Nasser on September 9, 1969, following the incident of the Israeli raid on Zafarana in the Gulf of Suez. On October 26, 1972, President Anwar Sadat dismissed Lieutenant General Mohamed Ahmed Sadiq for their disagreement over the transit plan. He appointed Ahmed Ismail as the Minister of War and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces who before that had been recalled from retirement and appointed by President Anwar Sadat as Director of General Intelligence on May 15, 1971. President Anwar Sadat came to Al-Shazly, and it was a bad surprise for him.He told the president the long history of their differences, which made cooperation between them almost impossible. But President Anwar Sadat assured him that the relationship between them would be good and much better than the previous relationship between him and LT General, Muhammad Sadiq. Al-Shazly then considered resignation, but two factors prevented him, the first of which was that his resignation would be interpreted as solidarity with  Muhammad Sadiq after the president's sacking, and the second being that some may explain his resignation as that he does not want to enter the war when the truth was the opposite. High Minarets Plan "Operation Badr"
This was the plan developed by Al-Shazly to attack the Israeli forces and storm the Suez Canal in August 1971, which he called the "High Minarets" plan:

This plan was drawn up due to the weakness of the Egyptian Air Force and the weak capabilities in the Egyptian Air Defense Command, which prevented a major offensive operation. However, a limited operation could be carried out to cross the Suez Canal, destroy the Barlev Line and occupy 10 to 12 kilometers east of the canal, which was the maximum range of Egyptian air defense, and then switch to take defensive positions. The philosophy of this plan was that Israel had two weaknesses:

The first was the inability to withstand human losses due to the small number of its members. The second was to prolong the duration of the war.In all previous wars, it depended on lightning wars that ended within four or six weeks at the most. Because during this period it mobilized 18% of the Israeli people and this was a very high percentage. Moreover, the economic situation would be severely affected in Israel due to the interruption of education, agriculture and industry. Because most of those who worked in these institutions were ultimately officers and soldiers in the Israeli armed forces. The plan had two other dimensions in terms of depriving Israel of its most important combat advantages:

The first: denying him the attack from the sides because the sides of the Egyptian army will be based on the Mediterranean Sea in the north, and on the Gulf of Suez in the south, and will not be able to attack from the rear, which will be the Suez Canal hence he will have to attack in front of it, and pay the heavy price. The second: The enemy has an important advantage in the confrontational battles, which is the rapid air support of its armored elements, whereby the Western combat doctrine under which Israel operates at the lowest levels of the commanders allows the use of air support, which will lose it because the Egyptian forces will be in the protection of the Egyptian air defense, and from  here, the process of neutralizing Israeli aviation takes place during the battle. Announcement 41
Lieutenant General <mask> El-Shazly, Chief of Staff of the Egyptian Armed Forces (41) issued a directive clarifying the manner in which soldiers perform their combat duties during the October 1973 war.Guidance 41 is what was implemented in October war operations, and the plan succeeded with overwhelming success. This directive started by placing all problems and difficulties of Egyptian plan to cross the canal and destroy the Bar Lev Line in front of the working group which had to set solutions to each problem. It was the most complex problem that the group had met with and it was the earthen embankment on the east bank of the canal, which gave the Israeli side the advantage of controlling the fire, and the remark against the forces crossing, and this led to the suggestion of the need to build high strong points equipped with terraces of tanks on the West Bank of the Suez Canal, allowing the Egyptian side to secure its forces that cross the channel with fire and information. LT Gen. Al-Shazly had to collect the combat experience from the Egyptian forces' actions and lessons learned immediately after the event, and it will be distributed to members of the armed forces to benefit from them in any future similar operations, for example, guidance for securing radars in isolated areas after they raid Israeli on one of the isolated radars in Zafarana,

and began to issue that directive when the Al-Shazly team was reviewing the offensive operation plan to storm the Suez Canal and destroy the Bar Lev Line, and it was found that there are many problems that hinder and affect the planning of the offensive operation. He ordered his formation of a special committee to prepare this directive as a method for the war plan. After completing this directive, it became the detailed plan for crossing the Suez Canal and storming the Barlev line of the armed forces entirely. In mid-1973, a few months before the war, Al-Shazly team visited the College of Leaders and Staff and began discussion with students from eight in the morning until seven in the evening.The discussion was completed in two days. This guidance included a detailed plan for the transit of forces; Starting with the number of soldiers in each boat and the arming of each soldier and the size of the ammunition he carries either for himself or for the supporting forces, and the matter reached the timing of the entry of transit equipment to the canal area from rubber boats to bridges equipment and method of protection and locations of smoke generators and air defense etc. The guidance focused on every subtle detail and left leaders with only careful execution. October War (1973)

The Israeli army previously made a defensive line called Bar Lev Line that was strengthened with several fortresses at the eastern bank of the Suez canal that is separating the Israeli army from the Egyptian one. It also built a sand barrier 17 meters high at the canal shores to refrain any attempt to cross the canal by the Egyptian army. At 2 pm 6 October 1973, under General Shazly's command, 200 Egyptian aircraft skimmed low over the canal, headed deep into Sinai and struck the Israeli key forces, while 2000 artillery pieces opened heavy bombardment on the Bar-Lev forts and minefields, under which cover engineer reconnaissance teams paddled over to check the outlets for the Israeli inflammable liquid that had been blocked from the night before. The first assault wave of 4000 men crossed the Suez Canal and opened 70 passages through the sand barrier using high pressure water pumps.Waves of infantry followed crossing the Canal and captured most of the strong points and forts of the Ber lev line. On the next day, 7 October, 5 bridges were assembled over the canal, and the armored divisions began to cross the canal into Sinai. On 8 October, the Israeli counter-attack failed to push the Egyptians back, Israel tried again on 9 October but also suffered heavy losses. Israel lost more than 260 tanks in two days. After that initial victory, Shazly clashed with president Sadat over Sadat's decision to launch a new offensive to advance towards Sinai Passages. General Shazly strongly opposed any eastward advance that would leave Egyptian forces exposed to IAF without adequate air cover. Sadat insisted and ordered the generals to execute the order which aimed at helping the Syrians.On October 14, the offensive was launched but failed with heavy Egyptian losses. This may have contributed to the success of a daring Israeli operation which pushed its way west in between Egypt's second and third armies and crossed from Sinai into mainland Egypt through the Bitter Lakes. Once again president Sadat refused General Shazly's plan to move some of the Egyptian's armored brigades to fight the Israeli troops. Legacy
After leaving the army, Shazly wrote his account of the 1973 war. After the 25 of January revolution in 2011 and removal of Mubarak from the Egyptian government, Shazly was honored by putting his name on the Egyptian Military Academy graduates of the year 2013. He was awarded the Order of the Nile, Egypt's highest award, in October 2012 by President Mohammed Morsi for his conduct during the 1973 war with Israel. He was also honored by naming a new highway connecting the Cairo ring road to Ismailia desert road that is being built by the armed forces engineers.Aljazeera documentary channel produced a film about his life in 2012–2013. Notes

Books/Articles
 Shazly, <mask>. The Arab Military Option, American Mideast Research (1986). Shazly, <mask>. The Crossing of the Suez, American Mideast Research (1980: . ), (2003: Revised ed., ). Shazly, <mask>.October War (Arabic ed. ), American Mideast Research (2004). Shazly, <mask>. Our Religious Creed Is Our Way to Victory [Aqidatuna ad-Deeniya Tariquna li'l-Nasr], Cairo: Ministry of Defense (1972). External links
 http://www.El Shazly.com/

1922 births
2011 deaths
People from Gharbia Governorate
Egyptian generals
Egyptian people of the Yom Kippur War
Ambassadors of Egypt to the United Kingdom
Ambassadors of Egypt to Portugal
Egyptian Military Academy alumni
Recipients of the Order of the Sinai Star
Chiefs of the General Staff

masks: Saad Saad Saad Saad Saad


texts:
<mask> (pronounced el' kez) (12 November 1913, Königsberg – 30 October 2015, Sarasota) was a leading medical researcher specialising in the chemistry of the brain. He qualified as a physician in London and later became a medical researcher who published the first double-blind scientific trial on chlorpromazine to treat schizophrenia. He is regarded as the father of modern neuropsychopharmacology and directed the first experimental psychiatric Uffculme Clinic in Birmingham, UK. He was responsible for the setting up of international organisations and university departments to further the investigation of the effects of psychopharmacy. He spent the latter part of his career endeavouring to bring higher levels of humanity, compassion and ethics to medical training. Early life
<mask> was born of Jewish parents Elkhanan and Miriam in the city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad). (BB)  His father served in the Russian Army as a medical officer during the Russian Revolution of 1905 and World War I.The family fled to Kovno (now Kaunas) in the newly formed Lithuanian Republic. <mask> attended Schwabe's Gymnasium, a Hebrew Jewish high school, with a Zionist orientation. <mask> was an outstanding student graduating with honours and developing an interest in chemistry. He hoped to become a "scientist serving medicine". This was born from the fact that he had a close relationship with his father whom he viewed as a great example of physicianship and a good person. Following his education at the Gymnasium he spent a year in a German language school in Königsberg where he graduated at the top of his class. This was followed by four months at Lausanne University Hospital attending lectures as a run-up to medical training.At this time <mask>' father was physician to the British Ambassador in Lithuania and the ambassador encouraged <mask> to go to England to undertake medical training, providing a letter of recommendation for him. In 2011 in a talk to the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology <mask> identified three people who had inspired him: Einstein in physics, Erlich for his work on neuro-receptors, and Goethe for his rare combination of humanism, scientific creativity and spirit. Career
In 1930 <mask> enrolled in the St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Paddington in London where he was tutored by such medical luminaries as Charles Wilson, 1st Baron Moran, Almroth Wright, Alexander Fleming and Aleck Bourne, whose daughter <mask> would later marry. Here he met Professor Alistair Frazer and in 1939 he, Frazer and Steward (a student colleague) had a paper on fat absorption published in The Journal of Physiology. The Second World War broke off his family connections and support. He found it difficult to support himself and his sister Sara but was offered a post by Alistair Frazer in the newly formed Transfusion Service where he met Charmian Bourne. <mask> graduated in 1941 and was invited by Frazer to join him as a research fellow in pharmacology at Birmingham University.In 1945 he was promoted to lecturer and in 1948 to senior lecturer and acting director of the department. His research output at this time was considerable, resulting in 16 publications. Elkes' experimental work involved the investigation of the physical chemistry, constitution and structure of biological membranes, the lipoproteins. Suddenly I realised the nervous system was full of lipoproteins. It was myelin, a beautiful paracrystalline structure ubiquitously distributed throughout the nervous system. Elkes work continued with a collaboration with a Ph.D crystallography student, Bryan Finean. Together they developed a technique for the X-ray diffraction of a living frog's sciatic nerve in response to temperature and chemicals.This led <mask> to study the anticholinesterases and the action of acetylcholine. Concurrent with his laboratory work <mask>, together with his wife Charmian, (a general practitioner) started training at the City Hospital, Birmingham and carrying out trials on patients with catatonic schizophrenia using amobarbital, amphetamines  and mephenesin. The results showed different responses and demonstrated the possible distribution of different controlling cells with the brain. This work, carried out between 1945 and 1950, brought the Elkes to the attention of the mental health milieu in the UK. In the early 1950s <mask> researched LSD and remained interested in the substance for some time, forming a friendship with pioneering LSD therapist Ronald Sandison in the mid 1950s, and in 1965 inviting Czech LSD therapist Stanislav Grof to come to Baltimore to research LSD as a clinical and research fellow at the Henry Phipps Clinic and in the Research Unit of Spring Grove State Hospital. In 1950 <mask> was awarded a Fulbright Travelling Fellowship in America where he worked at the New England Baptist Hospital in Boston and at Norwich State Hospital, Connecticut. On his return to Birmingham he was appointed chairman and professor of a new mental health department which he called The Department for Experimental Psychiatry.<mask> continued his work on anticholinesterase, acetylcholine blockers and amphetamines and their action on the activity of the brain and thus behaviour. At this time there was a chance discovery in France of a drug called chlorpromazine and in a double blind trial <mask> demonstrated the efficacy of this drug in controlling the symptoms of schizophrenia. By the mid-1950s <mask> had established himself as the leader in the developing field of psychopharmacology. In 1954 he instigated the first international Neurochemical Symposium in Oxford, England, and in 1957 he arranged the first World Health Organization group on psychotropic drugs. In the same year he was invited to set up an experimental psychiatry programme, the first Clinical Neuropharmacology Research Centre for the National Institute of Mental Health in Washington, D.C. He published a collection of academic papers and became one of the first to suggest the important role of chemicals in the functioning of the brain. Following his move to Washington he resided permanently in the United States.Elkes regarded the centre as an academic "greenhouse" in which he toiled as "a good gardener". In 2011 he described those time thus:

It was a wonderful heady time in the middle of a very chronic mental hospital. There were people coming from virtually all over the world and there were talks and discussions and excitement. At the same time there was always and always, which is what we had hoped, the presence of the patient. For example, you go to the canteen and there's a patient with schizophrenia hallucinating under a tree. You're never very far from the problem that bought you here. And, gradually there developed a sense of place, of belonging.Gradually, I realised that, my God, together we created something pretty wonderful. In 1963 <mask> took a post as chairman of psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. He renamed his department the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences and worked toward integrating psychiatry with the physical medicine disciplines. His educational innovations attracted a number of other medical luminaries to his department. Among them were Sol Snyder, Joseph Coyle, Ross Baldessarini and Joseph V. Brady. <mask> was the founder and first Chairman of the Board of Fellowship House, a residential intermediate-care rehabilitation facility for people with mental illness which still exists in a developed form to the modern day. <mask> left Johns Hopkins in 1974 and took a named professorship in McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, where he developed ideas about the need for self-awareness in physicians and the necessity to humanise medical education and training.He was also Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Louisville, Kentucky, where he continued to develop his ideas of incorporating social, ethical and psychological dimensions with the biological foundation he had already created. He married Josephine Rhodes, and while living in Canada he returned to painting, a long-standing hobby. His summer home in Prince Edward Island, Canada, offered plenty of opportunity for this. It was also in their summer home on Prince Edward Island he completed his memoir on his father, Elkhanan <mask>. Awards and honours

 Elected first president of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology in 1961
 <mask> was also a Senior Fellow of the Fetzer Institute, Kalamazoo, Michigan. Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the Johns Hopkins University. Distinguished Professor Emeritus of the University of Louisville.Charter Fellow of The Royal College of Psychiatrists of the United Kingdom. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
 Life Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association
 Recipient of the Thomas William Salmon Medal (1964)
 Governor's Citation for Distinguished Service, State of Maryland. (1969)
 Elected Fellow and Senior Scholar of the Fetzer Institute, Kalamazoo, Michigan. Fellow of  the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences. (1974)
 Recipient of the International Hans Selye Award. (1994)
 Recipient of the International College of Neuropsychopharmacology Pfizer Pioneer Award at the CINP XXI Congress in Glasgow in 1998. And others.Family life

His father, Elkhanan <mask>, an eminent Lithuanian physician, was interned in 1941 in Kovno's ghettos where the Nazi military appointed him leader of the Jewish internees. In 1944 the ghetto was attacked and the occupants shipped to concentration camps where Elkhanan, three uncles, an aunt and nieces and nephews all died. <mask>' mother survived the Landsberg-Dachau concentration camp and came to London. She later emigrated to Israel with her daughter, Sara, where she died in the 70s. In December 1944 <mask> married Charmian Bourne. They had a daughter, Anna and later a granddaughter, Laura. Towards the end of his tenure in Johns Hopkins University (about 1974) he and Charmian divorced.Charmian died in 1996. He married his second wife Josephine Rhodes in December 1975, she died in 1999 During his time in Ontario <mask> wrote a memoir about his father. At his death he was married to Sally Lucke <mask>, an arts educator of Sarasota who encouraged him in his later water colour art work and arranged exhibitions of his work. Throughout his life <mask> was an active supporter of his Jewish faith. He was a member of the Board of Trustees of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and chair of the Israeli Centre for Psychobiology. In 1989, together with Abba Eban, Zubin Mehta, and Daniel Inouye, he received an honorary degree from the Hebrew University. In 1991 <mask>'s sister, Sara, initiated a series of holocaust lectures in memory of their parents and using his memoir of his father <mask> delivered the inaugural address at the Stanley Burton Centre for Holocaust Studies in Leicester, England and in 1999 published the material.References

1913 births
2015 deaths
American centenarians
Men centenarians
American medical researchers
Alumni of St Mary's Hospital Medical School
Lithuanian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Lithuanian Jews
Lithuanian centenarians
British emigrants to the United States

masks:
Joel Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes
Elkes


texts:
<mask> FBA (born in 1940) is a British historian and scholar of Islamic history. <mask> is the general editor of The New Cambridge History of Islam. Biography
<mask> developed an early interest in Turkey and Ottoman history and studied history and oriental studies at King's College, Cambridge 1959-1963 and did postgraduate studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) of the University of London 1963–1966. He was lecturer in Economic History with reference to the Middle East at SOAS 1966-1984 and reader in the History of the Near and Middle East 1984–1986. In 1986, he was appointed Cleveland E. Dodge Professor of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. Since 2007, he has been Class of 1943 University Professor of Near Eastern Studies. He was a Guggenheim Fellow in Spring 1990.Research
In Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World (1977), <mask> and his associate Patricia Crone provided a new analysis of early Islamic history by studying the only surviving contemporary accounts of the rise of Islam. They fundamentally questioned the historicity of the Islamic traditions about the beginnings of Islam. Thus they tried to produce the picture of Islam's beginnings only from non-Arabic sources. By studying the only surviving contemporary accounts of the rise of Islam, which were written in Armenian, Greek, Aramaic and Syriac by witnesses, they reconstructed a significantly different story of Islam's beginnings, compared with the story known from the Islamic traditions. <mask> and Crone claimed to be able to explain exactly how Islam came into being by the fusion of various near eastern civilizations under Arabic leadership. Later, <mask> refrained from this attempt of a detailed reconstruction of Islam's beginnings, and concentrated on Islamic ethics and law. Patricia Crone later suggested that the book was “a graduate essay" and "a hypothesis," not "a conclusive finding.”

In his work Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought (Cambridge, 2000), <mask>, in the chapter on the doctrine of al-Amr bi'l-Maʿrūf wa'l-Nahy ʿan il-Munkar among the Ibāḍīs, makes a comparison between western and eastern Ibāḍism and with the doctrines of the other Islamic sects and schools.The eastern and western Ibāḍīs represent two distinct historical communities with largely separate literary heritages, at least until, roughly, the beginning of the twentieth century. There are occasional links between them: one shared literary borrowing (Māwardī, Ghazālī), the unusual doctrine that the verbal obligation does not lapse when the offender will not listen, the equally unusual interest in women as performers of the duty. Differences are likely to reflect the very different political histories of the two wings of the sect. In Oman, the resilience of the Imamate down the centuries finds obvious and direct expression in the frequency with which the Omani sources link forbidding wrong with this institution. In the West, where the vacuum left by the disappearance of the Imamate was filled in part by clerical organisation and authority, the scholars seem to have become less cautious about the role of the individual performer. Comparing the Ibāḍī doctrine of forbidding wrong with the doctrines of other Islamic sects and schools, the significant point is that, left aside the close association of forbidding wrong with righteous rebellion and state-formation which the Ibāḍīs share with the Zaydīs, Ibāḍī views do not in any systematic way diverge from those of the Islamic mainstream. <mask> is also known for synthetic works for a general audience, including The Koran: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2000) and A Brief History of the Human Race (Norton, 2003).<mask> served as general editor of The New Cambridge History of Islam, which covers fourteen centuries of Muslim history. This  six-volume project was selected as winner of the 2011 Waldo G. Leland Prize for the “most outstanding reference tool in the field of history” published between 1 May 2006, and 30 April 2011. Criticism
R. B. Serjeant described Hagarism as "bitterly anti-Islamic" and "anti-Arabian" in 1978. <mask>'s most recent work, Ancient Religions, Modern Politics (2014), has been criticized by Duke Religion scholar, Bruce Lawrence, as an "anti-Islam manifesto." <mask> addresses his approach to navigating the politics of scholarship on Islam in a video for the Nicholas D. Chabraja Center for Historical Studies. In his words, he claims that "I personally see my academic role not as being anybody's advocate for or against. I hold onto a kind of ideal of objectivity, which I am sure I don't fully realize...I didn't like the philo-Islamic pull and I don't like the anti-Islamic pull.They are kind of a distraction from scholarship." Recognition

 In 2001 he was chosen to be a member of the American Philosophical Society. In 2001 he received the Albert Hourani Book Award
 In 2002 he received the prestigious $1.5 million Distinguished Achievement Award from the Mellon Foundation for significant contribution to humanities research. In 2004 he was chosen to be a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2006 he won Howard T. Behrman Award for Distinguished Achievement in the Humanities at Princeton. In 2008 he won Farabi Award in the Humanities and Islamic Studies. In 2013 he and Patricia Crone were awarded an honorary doctorate at Leiden University.In 2014 he won the Holberg Prize
 In 2019 he won the Balzan Prize

Works
 Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World, 1977, with Patricia Crone. Early Muslim Dogma: A Source-Critical Study, 1981. Muhammad (Past Masters), 1983. The Koran: A Very Short Introduction, 2000. Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought, 2001 (Winner of the Albert Hourani Book Award). Forbidding Wrong in Islam: An Introduction (Themes in Islamic History), 2003. A Brief History of the Human Race, New York 2003.Studies in the Origins of Early Islamic Culture and Tradition, 2004. (ed. ): The New Cambridge History of Islam, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2010. (six vols, 4,929pp)
 Ancient Religions, Modern Politics: The Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective, 2014

Works related to Ibadism
 <mask>, <mask>: (1981) Early muslim dogma. A source critical study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. .
 <mask>, <mask>: (2000) Commanding right and forbidding wrong in Islamic thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. .

Notes

External links
Faculty description page at Princeton University.In 384 pages? <mask> chronicles history of the human race by Jennifer Altmann, Princeton Weekly Bulletin, 14 June 2004

Historians of Islam
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Academics of SOAS University of London
Princeton University faculty
1940 births
Living people
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Holberg Prize laureates
Farabi International Award recipients
Ibadi Islam
Ibadi studies
British expatriates in the United States
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy

masks:
Michael Allan Cook
Cook
Michael Cook
Cook
Cook
Michael Cook
Michael Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Michael
Cook
Michael
Cook


texts:
<mask> (, 19 September 1884 – 18 November 1957) was a Russian-born writer, theater critic and historian, actress, and puppeteer. Fleeing Russia after the October Revolution, she moved to France and continued her craft. She wrote and performed marionette shows in Europe and was one of the most prolific women dance and theater critics of the first half of the twentieth century. When World War II broke out, she moved to Portugal and later the United States, before returning to Paris. Early life
<mask>, known as Ditia, was born on 19 September 1884 in Saint Petersburg, in the Russian Empire to Faina Afanasievna (née Vengerova) and Leonid Zinovevich Slonimsky. The couple had at least 8 children, though only four survived, after Faina lost a set of triplets in 1887. Ditia was the second child in the family, after Alexander (born 1881) and was followed by Nicolas (born 1894), Vladimir (1895-1915), and Michael (1897-1972).Slonimskaya’s father was an editor of the Messenger of Europe and had trained to be a lawyer. Her mother had trained to be a medical doctor, though she did not complete her studies, and came from an artistic and literary family, including the pianist Isabella Vengerova, historian Semyon Vengerov, and Zinaida Vengerova, a noted translator and specialist on English and French literature. Her maternal grandmother, Pauline (née Epstien) Vengeroff,  had written a book about Jewish family life, Rememberings, in 1913, noted for being an early work giving a woman’s perspective. Though her maternal family had strong Jewish roots, Slonimskaya's mother, denied her heritage, often causing confusion for the siblings. Raised in Saint Petersburg, Slonimskaya attended the Bestuzhev Courses and, at her mother's insistence, pursued mathematical studies, though she also studied dance at the Imperial Ballet School and drama at the Imperial Theater School. After completing a course at the Theater School under Vladimir Davydov (ru) and Konstantin Stanislavski between 1905 and 1906, Slonimskaya was given the lead in a play written by Evgeny Chirikov, Jews in the theater company of . During the performance, she met the actor, Peter Sazonov, who she would later marry in 1908.Graduating after completion of her mathematics studies, Slonimskaya chose to focus on ballet and acting and was soon touring the provinces with productions and writing about history of dance and theater. Career
After her marriage, in the early 1910s, Sazonova began publishing articles on Russian puppet theater and critiques of ballet and ballet history in the magazine, Apollo (), challenging theories that they originated as art form of elites. Instead, she argued that the roots were in festivals and folk culture. In 1915, she wrote an analysis of Alexander Ostrovsky's work for the Imperial Theater Yearbook in which she argued that his plays could not be evaluated on the basis of the words alone, but that one must look for the symbolism behind the words to find the struggle for the human soul. In 1916, Sazonova staged an opulent production of The Forces of Love in Magic at the cabaret, "Comedian’s Halt" in Saint Petersburg. The play, based on a seventeenth-century French work, was jointly created by Sazonova and her husband and featured costumes and scenery designed by famous designers and music by noted musicians. That same year, she published an article evaluating marionettes in Apollo, which provided substantial historical information on the craft.In spite of the war situations, the Sazonovs tried to introduce the innovations being created in the craft to Russia over the next few years, but by 1920, Sazonova fled. She first went to the Crimea, where she met the artist . The two began an affair and <mask> discovered she was pregnant. She fled to Constantinople and then arrived in Sofia in 1921, where she gave birth to Millioti's son, Dmitri Petrovich Sazonov, giving him her husband’s name. By 1923, the couple were in Paris and <mask> had begun staging marionette plays again. One of <mask>'s first productions was a shadow play based on a traditional Turkish theme produced in 1924 by Natalia Goncharova. Between 1925 and 1926, she was extremely ill, after developing an infection as the result of an appendectomy.The experience changed her outlook on life in general, but specifically on art, which from that point forward, she maintained that traditions were improved by a fusion of cultural experiences. She maintained that people living in exile viewed their own cultures with an enhanced lens, because the interaction of cultures enhanced the best parts of diverse traditions and believed that censorship harmed artistic creation. By 1926, she had recovered sufficiently to take her puppet theater on the road, where her small wooden marionettes performed for the first time in The Hague. By 1930, <mask> was writing works evaluating the performances of Sergei Diaghilev, La Chorégraphie des ballets de Diaghilew, for the literary journal Čisla, reviewed the work of Anna Pavlova in a work of the same name for La Revue Musicale in 1931 and in 1937, published La Vie de la danse. Du ballet comique de La Reine á Icare, in which she analyzed the transmission of ballet from France to Russia and then back to France and the impact Serge Lifar had in that multi-layered process. <mask> was one of the most recognized women critics of dance in Paris in the first half of the twentieth century, publishing articles in La Nouvelle Revue Française and La Revue Musicale on a regular basis. With the outbreak of World War II, <mask> moved to Portugal and then to the United States.In spite of her limited skill with English, she found work as a teacher and continued writing. She returned to France in 1955 and was reunited with Millioti and her son, who were living in Paris. Death and legacy
<mask> died on 18 November 1957 and was buried in the Russian cemetery of Saint Genevieve-de-Bois, near Paris. References

Citations

Bibliography

1884 births
1957 deaths
Actresses from Saint Petersburg
Russian puppeteers
20th-century Russian women writers
20th-century Russian writers

masks:
Yulia Slonimskaya Sazonova
Yulia Leonidovna Slonimskaya
Sazonova
Sazonova
Sazonova
Sazonova
Sazonova
Sazonova
Sazonova


texts:
<mask> (born 24 February 1988) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. <mask> was a product of the Leeds United, Feyenoord, Crewe Alexandra, Liverpool, Everton and Manchester City youth academies. He made his Premier League debut for City during the 2006–07 season and went on to become somewhat of a first team regular. While with City he was an England youth international, for both the under-19 and under-21 teams. Several injury setbacks that started during the 2008–09 season hampered his progress and he went on to only make four appearances for City in his final five years of his contract, playing his final match in a League Cup tie against Scunthorpe United in 2009. During the 2011–12 season <mask> was loaned out to Leicester City on a season long loan deal, but it was cut short due to injury. He was released from his contract with Manchester City in December 2012, over two years since his last appearance for the club.Club career

Youth career
<mask> began his youth career with Leeds United, joining Excelsior in 2000 and Everton in 2002. He joined his only senior club Manchester City in 2004, graduating to the first team in 2006. He was part of the Manchester City youth team that reached the 2006 FA Youth Cup Final. <mask> was skipper of the FA Youth Cup runners-up team in the absence of Micah Richards during the 2005–06 season and became the 20th Academy Graduate to progress from Platt Lane to the City first team, making his debut away for manager Stuart Pearce at Wigan on 21 October 2006. His ability to run with the ball, score goals and operate box-to-box caught the eye both locally and nationally. Manchester City

On 21 October 2006, he was rewarded for his progress and made his Manchester City debut in the Premier League, in a 4–0 defeat by Wigan Athletic at the JJB Stadium. His second start came in a 2–0 win over Middlesbrough in March 2007, the start of a run of seven consecutive first team appearances, which was ended by a hamstring injury which ruled him out of a match against Aston Villa.He scored his first goal for City in a 1–0 win over Derby County on 15 August 2007 at the City of Manchester Stadium; the first home league goal City had scored since the new year. <mask> spent the end of 2007 and early 2008 out of the team with an abdominal injury during which time he would have a double-hernia operation. He returned to action on 29 February 2008, playing the full 90 minutes in City's goal-less home draw with Wigan. <mask> finished the 2007–08 season with three goals. <mask> started the 2008–09 season in good form, linking well with players such as Stephen Ireland and Elano in the first few matches of the season, however after this, <mask> failed to feature for nearly a year due to a recurrence of his abdominal injury after City's League Cup defeat by Brighton & Hove Albion on 24 September 2008. He would not return for nearly seven months when he played for the reserve team in April, but <mask> would not feature for the first team until the following pre-season. <mask> made his return to action in City's pre-season match against South African team Orlando Pirates during the Vodacom Challenge, but a strain picked up in the warm-up for the next match ruled him out.<mask> made his first appearance of the 2009–10 season on 28 September 2009 in a 3–1 victory over West Ham United, coming on as a sub for Gareth Barry. On 28 October, <mask> scored his first goal in over a year in a League Cup tie against Scunthorpe United. On 10 December 2009, Manchester City announced that <mask> had suffered a serious knee injury in training which ruled him out of action until the end of the season. On 27 July 2011, <mask> signed a season-long loan deal with Leicester City, managed by former Manchester City manager Sven-Göran Eriksson. However, his loan spell ended prematurely, in January 2012, when he sustained an injury, after making only nine appearances for the club. In January 2013, it was reported that <mask> had been released from Manchester City prior to 25 December 2012. This was revealed after a photograph surfaced of him looking overweight and unfit.<mask> had only made four competitive first team appearances for City in his final five seasons, failing to make a single appearance for the club in the last three campaigns. The apparent demise of his promising career was lamented by a number of those that had worked with him. Former Manchester City teammate Dietmar Hamann described him as an "outstanding" midfielder that reminded him of his Germany teammate <mask>. Former manager Eriksson said that he was "An excellent player ... everyone thought he would become the next big star for England". City manager Roberto Mancini said: "A guy with a big talent – I am sad for him". International career
<mask> represented England at under-19 level and under-21 level. Personal life
<mask> was born in Urmston, Greater Manchester.In February 2012, <mask> was arrested for drunk driving when police in Manchester city centre pulled him over and breathalysed him. While on bail for this offence, he was arrested again following a crash in the early hours in Trafford. Then again in June 2012 <mask> was arrested on suspicion of drunk driving at the scene of a collision after he crashed his Mercedes into a parked car while travelling to his girlfriend's house in Urmston. In September 2012 he was fined a total of £5,500 for all three offences by Manchester Magistrates Court. In an interview with the Manchester Evening News following his release from Manchester City, he stated that he had been under treatment for several years by The Priory Clinic for mental health problems. <mask> added that he "would be grateful if I could now be left alone to live the rest of my life." In January 2015, <mask> opened his own estate agent's business in his hometown of Urmston.Career statistics

References

External links

<mask> profile Manchester City website (archived)

<mask> profile Premier League

1988 births
Living people
People from Urmston
Footballers from Greater Manchester
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Everton F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
England youth international footballers
England under-21 international footballers
British estate agents (people)

masks:
Michael Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Michael Ballack
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Michael Johnson
Michael Johnson


texts:
<mask> (Pescara 1961) is an Italian artist and former basketball player. In 1985, at the age of 24, he retired from playing competitively in order to study at the School of Painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in Bologna, concluding in 1987. <mask> took part in the Biennial of Young Artists from Mediterranean Europe (Barcelona – 1987), Venice Biennale at the Corderie dell'Arsenale (1993) in Aperto '93, at the Italian Pavilion (2011) and in the Havana Biennial (2000). <mask> curated the group exhibition Conversione di Saulo at Palazzo Chigi Odescalchi (Rome – 2000) and exhibited at the Muzeul Naţional de Artă Contemporană (Bucharest – 2007) and the WAX Winkler Art Xperience (Budapest – 2007) in Altered States – Are you experienced?, group exhibition curated by Nicolas Bourriaud and Paolo Falcone, and at Baths of Diocletian (Rome – 2008) at Cose mai viste curated by Achille Bonito Oliva. In 2019, Sarra exhibited at 4th Festival del Paesaggio in Anacapri. Other group exhibitions at: Palazzo Rondanini alla Rotonda (Rome – 1989), Palazzo della Permanente (Milan – 1991) and Espace Pierre Cardin (Paris – 1992), 34 Spoleto Festival of 2Worlds (Fonti del Clitunno – 1991), Fondazione Orestiadi (Gibellina – 1992), Palazzo delle Esposizioni (Rome – 1992, 1995), Fondazione Volume! (Rome – 2000).Sarra has held solo exhibitions at public and private institutions including the Faculty of Architecture of University of Palermo (1998), the Micromuseum for Contemporary Art and Culture (Palermo – 2004), Circolo Filologico Milanese (Milan – 2008), the Conservatory of Santa Cecilia (Rome – 2013), the Ewha Womans University (Seoul – 2016), the Benedictine Abbey of Propezzano (Morro d'Oro – 2018), Mattatoio Museo d'Arte Contemporanea (Rome - 2019). From the beginning of his artistic career, <mask> worked almost exclusively with painting, drawing and sculpture. In 1997, the art critic and curator Lorenzo Benedetti wrote:

Life and work

He played for the national youth teams, making his debut at sixteen in the Italian Series A basketball championship with the Fortitudo Bologna team. Upon completing his studies at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna (1987), <mask> then moved to Rome where he held his first solo exhibition at the Galleria Alice in 1990, presenting an installation consisting of four painted sheets of glass and crossed by white light from industrial neon tubes. Such works – being glass – on which Sarra drew symbolic and enigmatic figures, went on to become a constant in his work. In this sense, two solo exhibitions – Trinacria dream (Oporto – 2007) and un ambiente, sei vetri (Rome – 2013) – appear indicative. In occasion of the exhibition in Portugal, art critic Miguel Amado wrote:

Over the next few years, he produced a series of paintings on emulsified canvas – Primitive – comprising zoomorphic figures that were almost always mirror images.The artist was invited to take part in the Aperto '93 Emergency/Emergenza - 45 Venice Biennale, where he created an environment consisting of a long wooden platform in chipboard with three paintings on the walls featuring: Iguane, Paesaggio and Autoritratto. Clarity and essentiality become the dominant factors in his work. In the paintings after 1997, the artist poses with his 'sign-drawing', being continuous and abstract, various elements – faces, zoomorphic groups, buildings with unknown geometries – that insist upon previous pictorial composition processes that are not entirely erased to reveal further combinatorial forms. In Une correspondance sur les fantômes avec <mask> between <mask> e Nicolas Bourriaud in May 2007, the French critic and theorist wrote:

In 2000, in Rome, his works were exhibited at the Fondazione Volume!. In the same year, <mask> curated at Palazzo Chigi Odescalchi the group exhibition Conversione di Saulo that was developed around the painting of the same name, painted in 1600 by Caravaggio. Also in 2000, <mask> married Elisabetta Ruscitti in Amalfi, with whom he lived for a short time in Naples. In 2001, their son Gerolamo Papik Merlino was born.It was in Naples that he produced Table Sculpture (table projection on 12 points), a table/sculpture with a huge red Komodo dragon hooked underneath. Over the same period, he produced the performance Life drawing no. 2, representing the connection between the manual creation and collective fruition in which <mask> coerces the public's perceptive nature, using a strobe light to produce a decisive intermittence between darkness and light. This is the same direction in which <mask> heads when painting 'from real life' inside the WAX Kultúrgyár in Budapest and the Muzeul Naţional de Artă Contemporană in Bucharest for the exhibition Altered States – Are you Experienced? (2006–2007). Between 2006 and 2009, <mask> worked on a series of paintings entitled Psichedelyc garden, in which he reiterates the same design, altering the chromatic impact each time. In 2011, <mask> published perché la spiaggia si assottiglia dopo le Nàiadi, a book in which he collates a series of drawings and writings focused on the city of Pescara.In 2012, he designed Handrail for Cubist Films, inspired by Fernand Léger's 1924 film Ballet Mécanique, and the diptych Involuntary Commitment, which was exhibited at Galleria Cesare Manzo in Rome and at Fuori Uso 2012 in Pescara. In June 2016, <mask> was invited to exhibit at the Ewha Womans University in Seoul, where he presented a series of drawings and paintings entitled iceberg rosaspina, accompanied by a short text written by the artist:

Traces of the theoretical processes underlying his works can be found in the short film My Painting Technique (2009, 2015). Un secolo di disegno in Italia, Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna, Palazzo Paltroni, Bologna
2021 Things Seen : Marco Eusepi, <mask>, Spaziomensa, Rome

Main readings

Bonito Oliva, Achille (1990). "L'arte fino al 2000 di Achille Bonito Oliva". In Argan, Giulio Carlo (ed.). L'Arte Moderna di Giulio Carlo Argan, volume attached to Corriere della Sera of 28 November 1990, Vol. 11.Milan: RCS Editoriale Quotidiani SpA. D'Avossa Antonio (1993). "Vedute sul Mondo Reale". In Achille Bonito Oliva (curated by), "Punti cardinali dell'arte", catalog of the 45th International Exhibition of Art in Venice, Vol. I, Venice, Marsilio Editori S.P.A., 1993, , OCLC, OPAC IT\ICCU\RAV\0225285. D'Avossa, Antonio (1993). "La risposta, amico mio, sta soffiando nel vento – Lettera aperta a Pep Agut, Bigert & Bergström, Marco Brandizzi, Giorgio Cattani, Maria Eichhorn, Marcelo Expósito, Carsten Höller, Kirsten Mosher, Luca Quartana, <mask> e SubREAL".In Bonito Oliva, Achille; Kontova, Helena; Daney, Serge; et al. (eds.). Aperto '93: Emergency/Emergenza: Flash Art International, exhibition catalogue. Milan: Giancarlo Politi Editore. . OCLC 832241900. OPAC IT\ICCU\LO1\0323441. Caruso, Rossella; et al. (1993)."ateleta". In Bonito Oliva, Achille; Kontova, Helena; Daney, Serge (eds.). Aperto '93: Emergency/Emergenza: Flash Art International, exhibition catalogue. Milan: Giancarlo Politi Editore. . OCLC. OPAC IT\ICCU\LO1\0323441. <mask>, <mask> (2000). "Conversione di Saulo", exhibition catalogue.Pescara: Edizioni Arte Nova. OCLC. OPAC IT\ICCU\TO0\0918995. Curi, Umberto (2007). "Testo dedicato all'opera "Ipotesi di Biblioteca di Chimica dell'Università di Padova (LSD)" di <mask>". Special Project. In Bourriaud, Nicolas; Falcone, Paolo.Altered States – Are you experienced?, exhibition catalogue. Pescara: Edizioni Arte Nova. OCLC. OPAC IT\ICCU\URB\0638550. Marsala, Helga (2008). "Noisy Writings. <mask>'s Aesthetics of Void".In <mask> : pearl fishermen, exhibition catalogue. Milan: Circolo Filologico Milanese. OCLC. OPAC IT\ICCU\RMS\2754024. Piccoli, Cloe (2011). "Town drawings". In <mask>, perché la spiaggia si assottiglia dopo le Nàiadi.Silvi (Teramo): Edizione <mask> Varano. . OCLC. OPAC IT\ICCU\TER\0036016. Curi, Umberto, La Pescara di Sergio Sarra, 13 December 2011. <mask>, <mask> (2016). "Icebergs". In <mask> : excluding the things I chose to do, exhibition catalogue. Rome: Edizioni di Comunità. . OCLC 1124656885.OPAC IT\ICCU\BVE\0813805. Cherubini, Laura (2018). "INFINITY. Bruna Esposito & <mask>rra in Recanati". In Bruna Esposito Sergio Sarra, exhibition catalogue. Recanati (Macerata): Idill'Io arte contemporanea. OCLC.OPAC IT\ICCU\BVE\0803903. D'Orazio, Giorgio (2018). "I Say to You". In <mask>, <mask> (ed.). Dico a te, exhibition catalogue. Morro d'Oro (Teramo): Abbey of Propezzano. OCLC 1105931902.1103488942.OPAC IT\ICCU\BVE\0803753. Pietroiusti, Cesare Maria (2019). untitled. In <mask> : excluding the things I chose to do, exhibition catalogue. Rome: Edizioni di Comunità. . OCLC 1124656885. OPAC IT\ICCU\BVE\0813805. Cherubini, Laura (2019)."<mask>. At the drawing board". In <mask> : excluding the things I chose to do, exhibition catalogue. Rome: Edizioni di Comunità. . OCLC, OPAC IT\ICCU\BVE\0813805. Benassi, Giuliana (2019). "The art-life study". In Camerlengo, Simone (ed.).OPENWORK : a focus on painting, exhibition catalogue. <mask>, <mask> (2020). <mask> twenty six figures painted on board. Bologna: Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna, 2020, ISBN 979-12-200-7311-0, OPAC IT\ICCU\RMS\2968431. Bruni, Lorenzo. "Things Seen", Critique of the exhibition, 2021. Legrenzi, Susanna, "L'artista <mask>: «Ho pensato lo studio come un'installazione.Più che in armonia, in contrasto con il paesaggio»". In Living, Vol. 10, pp. 200-209, volume attached to Corriere della Sera of 6 October 2021, Vol. 237. References

External links

1961 births
Living people
Italian artists
Italian contemporary artists
Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna faculty
Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma faculty
Italian basketball players

masks:
Sergio Sarra
Sarra
Sarra
Sarra
Sarra
Sergio Sarra
Sarra
Sarra
Sarra
Sarra
Sarra
Sarra
Sarra
Sarra
Sergio Sarra
Sergio Sarra
Sarra
Sergio
Sergio Sarra
Sergio Sarra
Sergio Sarra
Sergio Sarra
Sarra
Sarra
Sergio
Sergio Sarra
Sergio Sa
Sarra
Sergio
Sergio Sarra
Sergio Sarra
Sergio Sarra
Sarra
Sergio
Sergio Sarra
Sergio Sarra


texts:
Anthony Kapel "<mask>" <mask> (born September 20, 1968) is an American news and political commentator, author, and lawyer. He is the co-founder of several non-profit organizations, a three-time New York Times bestselling author, a CNN host and contributor, and an Emmy Award winner. <mask> served as President Barack Obama's Special Advisor for Green Jobs in 2009 and a distinguished visiting fellow at Princeton University. He founded or co-founded several non-profit organizations, including the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights, Color of Change, and the Dream Corps. The Dream Corps is a social justice accelerator that operates three advocacy initiatives: Dream Corps Justice, Dream Corps Tech and Green for All. <mask> has hosted or co-hosted CNN shows including Crossfire, The Messy Truth, The <mask> Jones Show and The Redemption Project with <mask>. He is the author of The Green Collar Economy, Rebuild the Dream, and Beyond the Messy Truth; all three books rank as New York Times bestsellers.He is the co-founder of Magic Labs Media LLC, a producer of the WEBBY Award-winning Messy Truth digital series and Emmy Award-winning The Messy Truth VR Experience with <mask>. He is a regular CNN political commentator. <mask> worked with the Trump administration and members of Congress from both parties to pass a criminal justice reform effort known as the First Step Act. <mask> is currently CEO of the REFORM Alliance, an initiative founded by Jay-Z and Meek Mill to transform the criminal justice system. He was also a longtime colleague of, and advisor to, musician Prince. Early life
Anthony Kapel <mask> and his twin sister Angela were born in Jackson, Tennessee, on September 20, 1968, to high school teacher Loretta Jean (née Kirkendoll) and middle school principal Willie Anthony <mask>. His sister said that as a child, he was "the stereotypical geek—he just kind of lived up in his head a lot."<mask> has said as a child he was "bookish and bizarre." His grandfather was a leader in the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, and <mask> sometimes accompanied him to religious conferences. He would sit all day listening to the adults "in these hot, sweaty black churches." <mask> was born after the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy, and as he learned about the men's work, he became devoted to them as heroic figures. He pinned photographs of the Kennedy brothers to a bulletin board in his room in the specially delineated "Kennedy Section." <mask> graduated from Jackson Central-Merry High School, a public high school in his hometown, in 1986. He earned his Bachelor of Science in communication and political science from the University of Tennessee at Martin (UT Martin).During this period, <mask> also worked as an intern at The Jackson Sun (Tennessee), the Shreveport Times (Louisiana), and the Associated Press (Nashville bureau). He adopted the nickname "<mask>" when he was 17 and working at The Jackson Sun. At UT Martin, <mask> helped to launch and lead a number of independent, campus-based publications. They included the Fourteenth Circle (University of Tennessee), the Periscope (Vanderbilt University), the New Alliance Project (statewide in Tennessee), and the Third Eye (Nashville's African-American community). <mask> later credited UT Martin for preparing him for a larger life. Deciding against journalism, <mask> moved to Connecticut to attend Yale Law School. In 1992, in the aftermath of the Rodney King beating and trial, he was among several law students selected by the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, based in San Francisco, to serve as legal observers to the protests triggered by the verdict.King had been beaten by police officers in an incident caught on camera. Three of the officers were acquitted and the jury deadlocked on the verdict of the fourth officer. <mask> and others were arrested during the protests, but the district attorney later dropped the charges against <mask>. The arrested protesters, including <mask>, won a small legal settlement. <mask> later said that "the incident deepened my disaffection with the system and accelerated my political radicalization". <mask> was deeply affected by the trial and verdict. In an October 2005 interview, <mask> said he had been "a rowdy nationalist on April 28th" before the King verdict was announced, but that by August 1992 he had become a communist.<mask>'s activism was also spurred by seeing the deep racial inequality in New Haven, Connecticut, particularly in prosecution of drug use. <mask> has said, "I was seeing kids at Yale do drugs and talk about it openly, and have nothing happen to them or, if anything, get sent to rehab ... And then I was seeing kids three blocks away, in the housing projects, doing the same drugs, in smaller amounts, go to prison." After graduating from law school with his Juris Doctor in 1993, <mask> moved to San Francisco, and according to his own words, "trying to be a revolutionary". He became affiliated with many left activists, and co-founded a socialist collective called Standing Together to Organize a Revolutionary Movement (STORM). It protested against police brutality, held study groups on the theories of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, and aspired to a multi-racial socialist utopia. Career

Early career
<mask> was affiliated with the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights, which had brought him to the city as a legal observer in 1992. In 1995, <mask> initiated their project of Bay Area PoliceWatch, the region's only bar-certified hotline and lawyer-referral service for victims of police abuse.The hotline started receiving fifteen calls a day. <mask> described the development of the project:

"We designed a computer database, the first of its kind in the country, that allows us to track problem officers, problem precincts, problem practices, so at the click of a mouse we can now identify trouble spots and troublemakers", said <mask>. "This has given us a tremendous advantage in trying to understand the scope and scale of the problem. Now, obviously, just because somebody calls and says, 'Officer so-and-so did something to me,' doesn't mean it actually happened, but if you get two, four, six phone calls about the same officer, then you begin to see a pattern. It gives you a chance to try and take affirmative steps. Ella Baker Center for Human Rights
By 1996, <mask> founded a new umbrella NGO, the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights. He operated out of "a closet-like office" within the space of Eva Paterson, Executive Director of the Lawyers' Committee, and used his personal computer.In 1996–1997, Jones and PoliceWatch led a campaign to gain the firing of officer Marc Andaya from the San Francisco Police Department. Andaya was accused of excessive force in the in-custody death in 1995 of Aaron Williams, an unarmed black man who fought on the street with several officers. There was community outrage about his death and pressure on the department to bring justice against Andaya, who witnesses saw kick Williams in the head. In the year after the incident, the press reported that Andaya had a record of incidents of misconduct in the 1980s. The San Francisco Chronicle reported in addition that Andaya was named in 10 complaints between 1983 and 1993, eight of them allegedly for misuse of physical force, when he was a policeman with the Oakland Police Department.<ref name="sfgate">Susan Sward, Bill Wallace, "Troubled Past Of S.F. Cop Accused In Beating / Records reveal more brutality complaints", San Francisco Chronicle, October 5, 1996; accessed February 20, 2017</ref> Investigation revealed more brutality complaints in Oakland and two lawsuits against him; the San Francisco Police Commission voted to fire Andaya in June 1997 for falsifying his application to the department. In 1999 and 2000, <mask> led a campaign to defeat Proposition 21, which would increase "penalties for a variety of violent crimes and required more juvenile offenders to be tried as adults."He worked to mobilize a student protest movement against the proposition; this effort made national headlines, but it ultimately imploded. He began to work for more solidarity and building broader alliances across politics and class to achieve goals. The proposition was passed by voters, part of a nationwide wave of states' increasing punishments for crimes. This has led to increasingly high rates of incarceration in the United States, especially of minorities. In 2001, <mask> and the Ella Baker Center launched the "Books Not Bars" campaign. From 2001 to 2003, he led an effort to block the construction of a proposed "Super-Jail for Youth" in Oakland's Alameda County. Books Not Bars later launched a statewide campaign to transform California's juvenile justice system.During the 2003 California gubernatorial recall election, <mask> served as Arianna Huffington's statewide grassroots director. Color of Change
Following Hurricane Katrina in 2005, <mask> and James Rucker co-founded a Web-based grassroots organization to address Black issues, called Color of Change. Color of Change's mission, as described on its website, is as follows: "ColorOfChange.org exists to strengthen Black America's political voice. Our goal is to empower our members—Black Americans and our allies—to make government more responsive to the concerns of Black Americans and to bring about positive political and social change for everyone." <mask> amicably parted ways with Color of Change within two years after founding the group. Foray into environmentalism
By 2005, <mask> had begun promoting eco-capitalism and environmental justice. In 2005 the Ella Baker Center expanded its vision beyond the immediate concerns of policing, declaring that "If we really wanted to help our communities escape the cycle of incarceration, we had to start focusing on job, wealth and health creation."In 2005, <mask> and the Ella Baker Center produced the "Social Equity Track" for the United Nations' World Environment Day celebration, held that year in San Francisco. It was the official beginning of what would eventually become Ella Baker Center's Green-Collar Jobs Campaign. The Green-Collar Jobs Campaign was <mask>'s first effort to combine his goals of improving racial and economic equality with mitigating environmental damage. He worked to establish the nation's first "Green Jobs Corps" in Oakland. On October 20, 2008, the City of Oakland formally launched the Oakland Green Jobs Corps, a public-private partnership to "provide local Oakland residents with job training, support, and work experience so that they can independently pursue careers in the new energy economy." Green for All
In September 2007, <mask> attended the Clinton Global Initiative and announced his plans to launch Green for All, a new national NGO dedicated to creating green pathways out of poverty in America. The plan grew out of his earlier work with the Ella Baker Center.Green for All was intended to make a national program out of the Green-Collar Jobs mission – creating green pathways out of poverty. Green for All formally opened its doors on January 1, 2008. In its first year, Green for All organized "The Dream Reborn", the first national green conference in which the majority of attendees were people of color. With 1Sky and the We Campaign, it co-hosted a national day of action for the new economy called "Green Jobs Now". It launched the Green-Collar Cities Program to help cities build local green economies and started the Green for All Capital Access Program to assist green entrepreneurs. As part of the Clean Energy Corps Working Group, it launched a campaign for a Clean Energy Corps initiative which would create 600,000 'green-collar' jobs while retrofitting and upgrading more than 15 million American buildings. In reflecting on Green for All's first year, <mask> wrote, "One year later, Green for All is real – and we have helped put green collar jobs on the map ... We have a long way to go.But today we have a strong organization to help get us there." <mask> advocates a combination of conservation, regulation and investment as a way of encouraging environmental justice and opposing environmental racism. In an interview for the "EON Deep Democracy Interview Series", <mask> spoke of a "third wave of environmentalism":

The first wave is sort of the Teddy Roosevelt, conservation era which had its day and then, in 1963, Rachel Carson writes a book, Silent Spring, and she's talking about toxics and the environment, and that really kind of opens up a whole new wave. So it's no longer just conservation but it's conservation, plus regulation, trying to regulate the bad, and that wave kind of continued to be developed and got kind of a 2.5 upgrade because of the environmental justice community who said, "Wait a minute, you're regulating but you're not regulating equally, the white polluters and white environmentalists are essentially steering poison into the people-of-color communities, because they don't have a racial justice frame."... Now there's something new that's beginning to gather momentum, and it's conservation plus regulation of the bad, plus investment in the good ... beginning to put money into the solutions as well as trying to regulate the problem. The Green Collar Economy

<mask> published his first book, The Green Collar Economy, in 2008. He describes his "viable plan for solving the two biggest issues facing the country today—the economy and the environment."The book received favorable reviews from Al Gore, Nancy Pelosi, Tom Daschle, Carl Pope, and Arianna Huffington. In the book, <mask> contended that invention and investment was needed to transition from a pollution-based "grey economy" and into a healthy new "green economy". <mask> wrote:

<mask> had a limited publicity budget and no national media platform. But a viral, web-based marketing strategy earned the book a #12 debut on the New York Times bestseller list. <mask> and Green For All used "a combination of emails and phone calls to friends, bloggers, and a network of activists" to reach millions of people. Due to the marketing campaign's grassroots nature, <mask> said that achieving bestseller status was a victory for the entire green-collar jobs movement. In August 2008 <mask> was featured on the grassroots radio program Sea Change Radio.The Green Collar Economy is the first environmental book written by an African-American to make the New York Times bestseller list. Obama White House
 Special Advisor for Green Jobs
In March 2009, <mask> was appointed as Special Advisor for Green Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation at the White House Council on Environmental Quality. <mask>, while an ardent supporter of President Barack Obama, had not planned on working for his administration. <mask> later said, "when they asked the question, I burst out laughing because at the time it seemed completely ludicrous that it would even be an option. I think what changed my mind was interacting with the administration during the transition process and during the whole process of getting the recovery package pulled together." Columnist Chadwick Matlin described <mask> as serving as "switchboard operator for Obama's grand vision of the

masks:
Van
Jones
Jones
Jones
Van
Van Jones
Van Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Van
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones


texts:
 American economy; connecting the phone lines between all the federal agencies invested in a green economy." <mask> did not like the informal "czar" term sometimes applied to his job.He described his role as "the green-jobs handyman. I'm there to serve. I'm there to help as a leader in the field of green jobs, which is a new field. I'm happy to come and serve and be helpful, but there's no such thing as a green-jobs 'czar.'" <mask>'s appointment was criticized by conservative media such as WorldNetDaily and Fox News commentator Glenn Beck, who mentioned <mask> on fourteen episodes of his show. They criticized <mask> for his radical political activities in the 1990s, including participation in STORM and his public support for Mumia Abu-Jamal, a prisoner convicted and sentenced to death, in a highly controversial trial, for murdering a police officer. In July 2009, Color of Change, which <mask> had founded but left, launched a campaign urging advertisers on Beck's Fox News show to pull their ads, in protest of Beck's saying that President Obama had a "deep-seated hatred for white people or the white culture".In September 2009, a video on YouTube was circulated of a February 2009 lecture by <mask> at the Berkeley Energy and Resources Collaborative. He used strong language to refer to Congressional Republican lawmakers, and himself, when conveying that Democrats need to step up the fight. The incident made headlines and <mask> apologized, saying his words "do not reflect the views of this administration, which has made every effort to work in a bipartisan fashion, and they do not reflect the experience I have had since I joined the administration." Resignation
Representative Mike Pence (R-Indiana), the chairman of the Republican Conference in the U.S. House of Representatives and future Vice-President, and Senator John Cornyn (R-Texas), Chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee, publicly criticized <mask> for his remarks. Senator Kit Bond (R-Missouri) urged Congress to investigate <mask>'s "fitness" for the position. Bob Beckel, a Fox News political analyst who was formerly an official in the Carter administration, was the first prominent Democrat to call for <mask>'s resignation. <mask> was also criticized for allegedly having signed a 2004 petition by 911Truth.org that suggested the Bush administration "may indeed have deliberately allowed 9/11 to happen".<mask> immediately said he did not agree with the statement and had not signed the petition. While the issue was open, the allegations were grounds for more tumult: conservative columnist Charles Krauthammer said that, while other accusations against <mask> were "trivial", this was "beyond partisanship". <mask> issued a statement that said, "In recent days some in the news media have reported on past statements I made before I joined the administration – some of which were made years ago. If I have offended anyone with statements I made in the past, I apologize. As for the petition that was circulated today, I do not agree with this statement and it certainly does not reflect my views now or ever." (Finally, on July 27, 2010, the group 911truth.org released a statement confirming that they had "researched the situation and were unable to produce electronic or written evidence that <mask> agreed to sign the Statement".) <mask> resigned on September 5, 2009, saying he had been the subject of a "vicious smear campaign" by "opponents of reform [of health care and clean energy]" who were "using lies and distortions to distract and divide."He felt he was becoming a distraction to the administration's achieving its goals. During an interview on ABC's This Week, White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs thanked <mask> "for his service to the country", while noting that the president did not endorse his past comments nor his support for Abu-Jamal. Some liberal commentators expressed continued support for <mask>. Arianna Huffington predicted Beck's efforts would backfire by freeing <mask> to be more outspoken. John McWhorter in The New Republic criticized Obama for having <mask> resign. Career after Obama administration

 Center for American Progress
In February 2010, <mask> became a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress. He led their Green Opportunity Initiative "to develop a clearly articulated agenda for expanding investment, innovation, and opportunity through clean energy and environmental restoration".Princeton
Around the same time, <mask> received appointments at Princeton University, as a distinguished visiting fellow in both the Center for African American Studies and in the Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy at the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs. <mask> continued to advocate for green jobs after leaving the Obama administration. On October 2, 2010, <mask> spoke at the One Nation Working Together rally in Washington, DC. He addressed linking the fight against poverty with the fight against pollution, saying that green jobs would bring "real solutions" instead of "hateful rhetoric". On April 15, 2011, <mask> was a keynote speaker at Powershift 2011 in Washington, DC, addressing more than 10,000 students on issues of climate justice and standing up for underrepresented communities. Powershift 2011 was the largest youth activism and organizing training in U.S. history. He previously served as a keynote speaker for Powershift 2009.Rebuild the Dream
In June 2011, <mask> worked with MoveOn.org to launch the Rebuild the Dream campaign, which was intended to start a progressive American Dream movement to counter the Tea Party movement. Following a kickoff on June 23, 2011, Rebuild the Dream announced a "Contract for the American Dream", intended as a counter to the Tea Party-supported "Contract from America", and held house meetings in July. It was intended "to give the progressive mass movement that rose up to elect Barack Obama a new banner to march under." The launch included performances by The Roots and a DJ set by artist Shepard Fairey. In August 2012 Prince announced a series of concerts in Chicago to support Rebuild the Dream. Prince went on The View with <mask> and Rosario Dawson to promote the concerts.<mask> claimed 127,000 people had become involved in the movement by the end of July 2011. In April 2012 <mask> published his second book, titled Rebuild the Dream.It debuted at number 16 on the New York Times Best-Seller list. Advocates for Opioid Recovery
<mask> founded Advocates for Opioid Recovery together with former House Speaker Newt Gingrich and former Rep.
Patrick J. Kennedy. <mask> has served on the boards of numerous environmental and nonprofit organizations, including Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 1Sky, the National Apollo Alliance, Social Venture Network, Rainforest Action Network, Bioneers, Julia Butterfly Hill's "Circle of Life" organization and Free Press. He currently serves on the board of trustees at Demos. He also served as a Senior Fellow with the Center for American Progress and a Fellow at the Institute of Noetic Sciences. CNN
 Television shows
In June 2013, <mask> was announced as a co-host of a re-boot of the CNN political debate show Crossfire, alongside Newt Gingrich, Stephanie Cutter and S.E. Cupp.The new version of Crossfire made its debut on September 16, 2013, but the show had been canceled by October 2014. In 2016, <mask> launched The Messy Truth, a news feature documentary series and subsequent studio discussion series, The Messy Truth with <mask>, which aired in 2017 on CNN. In 2018, <mask> launched The <mask> Show on CNN, with Jay-Z as his first guest. In 2019 <mask> launched The Redemption Project with <mask>, a show focused on restorative justice and bringing "offenders face to face with the people most affected by their violent crimes." Commentary
<mask> continued after the end of Crossfire as a regular CNN contributor. He has contributed to segments on a wide range of topics, including Obama administration policies, Supreme Court decisions, protests in Ferguson, Missouri after the fatal shooting by police of an unarmed young black man, and the 2016 Republican presidential primary. After the November 2016 election victory by Republican Donald Trump, <mask> described the result as a "whitelash": his term for a racist backlash by white Americans who had opposed President Obama.On October 18, 2019, Hillary Clinton suggested Russians are "grooming" Tulsi Gabbard to be a third-party candidate who would help President Trump win reelection through the spoiler effect. <mask> defended Gabbard, stating that "I do not want someone of her stature to legitimate these attacks against anybody. If you’ve got real evidence, come forward with it. But if you’re just going to smear people casually on podcasts, you are playing right into the Russians’ hands." On May 29, 2020, while on CNN's New Day, <mask> commented  "It's not the racist white person who is in the Ku Klux Klan that we have to worry about. It's the white liberal Hillary Clinton supporter walking her dog in Central Park who would tell you right now, you know, people like that – 'oh, I don't see race, race is no big deal to me, I see us all as the same, I give to charities. But the minute she sees a black man who she does not respect or who she has a slight thought against, she weaponized race like she had been trained by the Aryan Nation.", referring to the incident involving Christian Cooper being falsely accused of threatening the life of the unrelated Amy Cooper. He went on to say "even the most liberal, well-intentioned white person has a virus in his or her brain that can be activated at an instant." In late spring 2020, after the police murder of George Floyd and subsequent worldwide Black Lives Matter rallies, protests and marches, <mask> advised the Trump White House on police reform policy. In several subsequent media appearances, he praised the president's executive order on police reform. A few weeks later, <mask> was called out by The Daily Beast for not revealing his behind-the-scenes White House policy consulting work as he touted the policy in his other role as CNN political news pundit. The Dream Corps
<mask> is President of The Dream Corps, a "social enterprise and incubator for powerful ideas and innovations designed to uplift and empower the most vulnerable in our society." The Dream Corps owns and operates several advocacy projects, including Green for All, #cut50, and #YesWeCode.#YesWeCode
In early 2015, <mask> launched #YesWeCode, an initiative aiming to "teach 100,000 low-income kids to write code". The musician Prince appeared at the Essence Festival to help support the launch. <mask> credits his longtime friend Prince with the idea to form #YesWeCode. #YesWeCode has hosted several hackathons, including one in Detroit in partnership with MSNBC, and Oakland. In an interview on CNN on April 21, 2016, hours after the musician Prince's death, <mask> revealed that Prince had secretly contributed to the funding of #YesWeCode. <mask> also revealed that the musician had been a major philanthropist who preferred to give anonymously to a wide spectrum of charitable causes. Prince used <mask> and others as surrogates to distribute his gifts.As a Jehovah's Witness, Prince did not want to receive public credit for his charitable work. <mask> was among the 20 people who gathered for a private memorial service at Paisley Park after Prince's death. #cut50
In 2015, <mask> launched #cut50, an organization focused on bi-partisan solutions to criminal justice reform issues. In March 2015 #cut50 hosted a "bi-partisan summit" with Republican Newt Gingrich, former Speaker of the House, to promote bi-partisan solutions. Their goals are to reduce prison populations, as the US has the highest rate of incarceration in the world, and to end mandatory minimum sentencing and mandatory lengthy sentences for certain crimes. In November 2015, #cut50 gained the support of singer Alicia Keys. In 2016, Keys made a video appeal to Congressman Paul Ryan asking him to "be her Valentine" and commit to giving legislation on criminal justice reform a vote.Ryan made this commitment days later. #cut50 received additional celebrity support from "100 A-List celebrities" including Amy Schumer, Steph Curry, Edward Norton, Jesse Williams, Chris Pine, Russell Simmons, Shonda Rhimes, Russell Brand, Jessica Chastain, and Piper Kerman. In May 2018, <mask> and other members of #cut50 met with Jared Kushner and President Donald Trump at the White House to discuss a criminal justice reform bill. The First Step Act
Working with the Trump White House and Kim Kardashian, <mask> and #cut50 were involved in helping to pass the First Step Act, a criminal justice reform bill the New York Times called "the most substantial changes in a generation" to national crime and sentencing laws. REFORM Alliance
In 2019, <mask> was announced as the CEO of REFORM Alliance, an initiative founded by Jay-Z, Meek Mill, New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft among others. The initiative aims to reform the criminal justice system, and has received funding from Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey. Magic Labs Media
Magic Labs Media is a media company founded and owned by <mask>.In 2016, produced The Messy Truth miniseries, which won a Webby Award, and in 2020 it produced The Messy Truth VR experience, which won an Emmy Award. In 2021, the weekly podcast "Uncommon Ground with <mask>" was began. Criticism
Glenn Beck criticized <mask> for his support of Mumia Abu-Jamal a death row inmate convicted of killing a police officer. <mask> was accused of having a conflict of interest for running a PR firm called Megaphone Strategies which openly lobbies electoral college electors not to cast their vote for Donald Trump. Liberals criticized <mask> for working with Jared Kushner on police reform and criminal justice reform. <mask> covered the matter on CNN and failed to disclose this to his viewers. Awards and honors
<mask>'s awards and honors include:
1996 – Brick Award Now renamed as Dosomething Awards
1997–1999 – Rockefeller Foundation "Next Generation Leadership" fellowship
1998 – Reebok International Human Rights Award
2000 – International Ashoka Fellowship
2008 – Time magazine, Environmental Hero
2008 – Elle magazine, Green Award
2008 – One of the George Lucas Foundation's "Daring Dozen"
2008 – Hunt Prime Mover Award; Hunt Alternatives Fund
2008 – Campaign for America's Future "Paul Wellstone Award"
2008 – Global Green USA "Community Environmental Leadership" Award
2008 – San Francisco Foundation Community Leadership Award
2008 – Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship
2008 – World Economic Forum "Young Global Leader"
2008 – Essence magazine, 25 Most Inspiring African Americans
2009 – Hubert H. Humphrey Civil Rights Award
2009 – Eco-Entrepreneur Award, Institute for Entrepreneurship, Leadership & Innovation; Howard University
2009 – Individual Thought Leadership, Energy & Environment Awards; Aspen Institute
2009 – Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World
2010 – NAACP President's Award
2010 – Commonwealth Club of California – Inforum's 21st Century Visionary Award
2010 – Global Exchange Human Rights Award

masks:
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Van
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Van Jones
Jones
Van Jones
Jones
Van Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Van Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones