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Vasishta (, IAST: ) is one of the oldest and most revered Vedic rishis or sages. He is one of the Saptarishis (seven great Rishis) of India. Vashistha is credited as the chief author of Mandala 7 of the Rigveda. Vashishtha and his family are mentioned in Rigvedic verse 10.167.4, other Rigvedic mandalas and in many Vedic texts. His ideas have been influential and he was called the first sage of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy by Adi Shankara. The Yoga Vasishtha, Vasishtha Samhita, as well as some versions of the Agni Purana and Vishnu Purana are attributed to him. He is the subject of many stories, such as him being in possession of the divine cow Kamadhenu and Nandini her child, who could grant anything to their owners.He is famous in Hindu stories for his legendary conflicts with sage Vishvamitra. In the Ramayana, he was the family priest of the Raghu dynasty and teacher of Rama and his brothers. Etymology
Vasishtha is also spelled as  and is Sanskrit for "most excellent", "best" or "richest". According to Monier-Williams, it is sometimes alternatively spelt as Vashishta or Vashisht (, ). History
Historically, Vasishta was a Rigvedic poet and the purohita of Sudās Paijavana, chief of the Bharata tribe. In Rigvedic hymn 7.33.9, Vashishtha is described as a scholar who moved across the Saraswati river to establish his school. At some point, he replaced Viśvāmitra Gāthina as the purohita of Sudās.In later Hindu texts, Viśvāmitra and Vasiṣṭha have a long-standing feud, and scholars have stated they historically had a feud regarding the position of the Bharata purohita. However, this view has been criticized due to lack of internal evidence and the projection of later views onto the Rigveda. Under Sudās and Vasiṣṭha, the Tṛtsu-Bharatas won the Battle of the Ten Kings. Sudās decisively won against a Puru-led alliance by the strategic breaching of a (natural) dyke on the Ravi river thereby drowning most of the opponents; the victory is attributed to the benevolence and strategizing of Indra, the patron-God of Bharatas, whose blessings were secured by Vasistha's poetics. He was married to Arundhati, and therefore he was also called Arundhati Natha, meaning the husband of Arundhati. Later, this region is believed in the Indian tradition to be the abode of sage Vyasa along with Pandavas, the five brothers of Mahabharata. He is typically described in ancient and medieval Hindu texts as a sage with long flowing hairs that are neatly tied into a bun that is coiled with a tuft to the right, a beard, a handlebar moustache and a tilak on his forehead.In Buddhist Pali canonical texts such as Digha Nikaya, Tevijja Sutta describes a discussion between the Buddha and Vedic scholars of his time. The Buddha names ten rishis, calls them "early sages" and makers of ancient verses that have been collected and chanted in his era, and among those ten rishi is Vasettha (the Pali spelling of Vashishtha in Sanskrit). Ideas
Vashishtha is the author of the seventh book of the Rigveda, one of its "family books" and among the oldest layer of hymns in the Vedic scriptures of Hinduism. The hymns composed by Vashishtha are dedicated to Agni, Indra and other gods, but according to RN Dandekar, in a book edited by Anay Kumar Gupta, these hymns are particularly significant for four Indravarunau hymns. These have an embedded message of transcending "all thoughts of bigotry",  suggesting a realistic approach of mutual "coordination and harmony" between two rival religious ideas by abandoning disputed ideas from each and finding the complementary spiritual core in both. These hymns declare two gods, Indra and Varuna, as equally great. In another hymn, particularly the Rigvedic verse 7.83.9, Vashishtha teaches that the Vedic gods Indra and Varuna are complementary and equally important because one vanquishes the evil by the defeat of enemies in battles, while other sustains the good during peace through socio-ethical laws.The seventh mandala of the Rigveda by Vashishtha is a metaphorical treatise. Vashishtha reappears as a character in Hindu texts, through its history, that explore conciliation between conflicting or opposing ideologies. According to Ellison Findly – a professor of Religion, Vashishtha hymns in the Rigveda are among the most intriguing in many ways and influential. Vashishtha emphasizes means to be as important as ends during one's life, encouraging truthfulness, devotion, optimism, family life, sharing one's prosperity with other members of society, among other cultural values. Attributed texts

Vashishtha is a revered sage in the Hindu traditions, and like other revered sages, numerous treatises composed in ancient and medieval era are reverentially named after him. Some treatises named after him or attributed to him include:
 The Vashishtha samhita is a medieval era Yoga text. There is an Agama as well with the same title.The Vashishtha dharmasutra, an ancient text, and one of the few Dharma-related treatises which has survived into the modern era. This Dharmasūtra (300–100 BCE) forms an independent text and other parts of the Kalpasūtra, that is Shrauta- and Grihya-sutras are missing. It contains 1,038 sutras. The Yoga Vashishtha is a syncretic medieval era text that presents Vedanta and Yoga philosophies. It is written in the form of a dialogue between Vashishtha and prince Rama of Ramayana fame, about the nature of life, human suffering, choices as the nature of life, free will, human creative power and spiritual liberation. Yoga Vashishtha teachings are structured as stories and fables, with a philosophical foundation similar to those found in Advaita Vedanta. The text is also notable for its discussion of Yoga.According to Christopher Chapple – a professor of Indic studies specializing in Yoga and Indian religions, the Yoga Vashishtha philosophy can be summarized as, "Human effort can be used for self-betterment and that there is no such thing as an external fate imposed by the gods". The Agni Purana is attributed to Vashishtha. The Vishnu Purana is attributed to Vashishtha along with Rishi Pulatsya. He has also contributed to many Vedic hymns and is seen as the arranger of Vedas during Dvapara Yuga. Mythology

Birth

According to Mandala 7 of the Rigveda, the gods Mitra-Varuna and the apsara Urvashi are mentioned as his parents. In the story, Mitra and Varuna are performing a yajna (fire-sacrifice), when they see Urvashi and become sexually aroused. They ejaculate their semen into a pitcher, from which Vasishtha is born after a few days.<mask>'s birth story is retold in many later Hindu scriptures. The Puranas state that he has three births. In the first, he is a Manasputra (mind born son) created by the god Brahma. After the destruction of the Daksh Yajna, <mask> is killed but is recreated by Brahma. Vashishth became the royal guru of Nimi, a king. However Nimi forgot to invite Vashishth in a yajna and in rage, Vashishtha cursed Nimi to die soon. Nimi also cursed the same.Frightened, Vashishtha ran towards his father, Brahma. Brahma suggested him to emerge in Varuna and Mitra. When Urvashi was seen by Varuna and Mitra, Vashishth remerged from them. According to Agarwal, one story states that Vashishtha wanted to commit suicide by falling into river Saraswati. But the river prevented this sacrilege by splitting into hundreds of shallow channels. This story, states Agarwal, may have very ancient roots, where "the early man observed the braiding process of the Satluj" and because such a story could not have invented without the residents observing an ancient river (in Rajasthan) drying up and its tributaries such as Sutlej reflowing to merge into Indus river. Rivalry with Vishwamitra
Vashishtha is known for his feud with Vishwamitra.The king Vishwamitra coveted Vashistha's divine cow Nandini (Kamadhenu) that could fulfil material desires. Vashishtha destroyed Vishwamitra's army and sons. Vishwamitra acquired weapons from Lord Shiva and incinerated Vashishtha's hermitage and sons, but Vashistha baffled all of Vishwamitra's weapons. Vishwamitra betook severe penances for thousands of years and became a Brahmarshi. He even reconciled with Vashishtha. Disciples

Vashishtha is best known as the priest and preceptor, teacher of the Ikshvaku kings clan. He was also the preceptor of Manu, the progenitor of Kshatriyas and Ikshvaku's father.Other characters like Nahusha, Rantideva, lord Rama and Bhishma were his disciples. When the Bharata king Samvarta lost his kingdom to the Panchalas, he became the disciple of Vashistha. Under Vashistha's guidance, Samvarta regained his kingdom and became the ruler of the earth. The Vashishtha Head

A copper casting of a human head styled in the manner described for Vashishtha was discovered in 1958 in Delhi. This piece has been dated to around 3700 BCE, plus minus 800 years, in three western universities (ETH Zurich, Stanford and UC) using among other methods carbon-14 dating tests, spectrographic analysis, X-ray dispersal analysis and metallography. This piece is called "Vashishtha head", because the features, hairstyle, tilak and other features of the casting resembles the description for Vashishtha in Hindu texts. The significance of "Vashishtha head" is unclear because it was not found at an archaeological site, but in open Delhi market where it was scheduled to be remelted.Further, the head had an inscription of "Narayana" suggesting that the item was produced in a much later millennium. The item, states Edwin Bryant, likely was re-cast and produced from an ancient pre-2800 BCE copper item that left significant traces of matter with the observed C-14 dating. Vashishtha Temples

There is an Ashram dedicated to Vashishtha in Guwahati, India. This Ashram is situated close to Assam-Meghalaya border to the south of Guwahati city and is a major tourist attraction of Guwahati. Vashishtha's Temple is situated in Vashisht village, Himachal Pradesh. Vashishtha Cave, a cave on the banks of Ganges at Shivpuri, 18 km from Rishikesh is also locally believed to be his winter abode and houses a Shiva temple, also nearby is Arundhati Cave. Guru Vashishtha is also the primary deity at Arattupuzha Temple known as Arattupuzha Sree Dharmasastha in Arattupuzha village in Thrissur district of Kerala.The famous Arattupuzha Pooram is a yearly celebration where Sri Rama comes from the Thriprayar Temple to pay obeisance to his Guru at Arattupuzha temple. See also

 Agastya
 Aruni
 Atri
 Kashyapa
List of Indian philosophers

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Selected verses, sorted by subject, in both Sanskrit and English text. Sanskrit and English text. Very short condensation. Rishis
Indian astrologers
Ancient Indian astronomers
Ancient astrologers
Prajapatis
Brahmin gotras
Sages in the Ramayana
Characters in the Ramayana
Saptarishi

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<mask> (born 18 March 1965) is a South African politician and businessman. He is the 8th and current Premier of the Western Cape, having held the position since 2019. He has been a Member of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament since 1999. <mask> is a member of the Democratic Alliance. Born in Knysna, <mask> attended Knysna High School. He established small businesses in his hometown. He started his political career as a municipal and district councillor in the early 1990s.Shortly afterwards in 1999, he was elected to the Western Cape Provincial Parliament. He has held various leadership positions in the Democratic Alliance provincial parliament caucus. <mask> was appointed Provincial Minister of Finance, Economic Development and Tourism in May 2009 and served until May 2014, when he assumed the post of Provincial Minister of Economic Opportunities. In September 2018, the Democratic Alliance selected <mask> to be the party's Western Cape Premier candidate. In October 2018, Premier Helen Zille appointed <mask> to the post of Provincial Minister of Community Safety. He took office on 1 November 2018. On 8 May 2019, the Democratic Alliance retained their majority in the Western Cape Provincial Parliament, but with a decrease in the number of seats.<mask> was elected Premier on 22 May 2019, succeeding Zille. He is the second Western Cape Premier from the Democratic Alliance. Early life and business career

<mask> <mask> was born on 18 March 1965 in Knysna to Ingrid and William Dave <mask>. He attended and matriculated from Knysna High School. Winde started many small businesses that specialised in printing, selling bicycles, courier services and boat parts in Knysna. He later worked as a business consultant for Aldes Business Brokers, a South African Top 100 Company. Political career

Early political career
<mask> ran as an independent candidate and was elected to the South Cape District Council in 1996.He had previously served as a councillor for the Outeniqua Rural Council. Shortly after being elected a district councillor, the Democratic Party recruited him to be a candidate for the Western Cape Provincial Parliament. He was elected in the 1999 general election. He was sworn in as a Member on 15 June 2009. During his first term, he served as Western Cape Provincial Finance Chairman and a Member of the Executive Committee. He returned to the Provincial Parliament following the 2004 general election. Briefly, before being re-elected in 2009, he served as Chief Whip of the Official Opposition, Party Spokesperson on Environment and Planning and Deputy Party Spokesperson on Economic Development and Tourism.Provincial ministerships
Premier Helen Zille appointed <mask> to the position of Provincial Minister of Finance, Economic Development and Tourism following his re-election in May 2009. Constitutional Court Judge Yvonne Mokgoro swore him in as Provincial Minister on 7 May 2009. He consequently succeeded Garth Strachan. During his tenure, he criticised immigration regulations introduced by the national government, which he alleged had harmed tourism growth in the Western Cape, and organised petitions against the regulations. After the 2014 election, Zille announced that <mask> would now hold the title of Provincial Minister of Economic Opportunities and only lead the Provincial Departments of Agriculture, Economic Development and Tourism. The Provincial Finance Department would be an independent department with its own Provincial Minister. Western Cape Deputy Judge President Jeanette Traverso swore him in on 26 May 2014.As Provincial Minister of Economic Opportunities, <mask> announced in 2017 that during the First Thursday event in Cape Town, the provincial government would host talk shops where people could directly interact with government officials. During the drought that ravaged the Western Cape province from 2017 to 2018, he argued for farmers to keep hold of their private agricultural water supply, even if their local municipalities had a shortage of water. Zille announced in October 2018 that <mask> would move to the Provincial Community Safety Department as incumbent Provincial Minister Dan Plato had announced his intention to resign. <mask> was succeeded by Beverley Schäfer on 1 November 2018. He subsequently assumed the post of Provincial Minister of Community Safety. <mask> has served as acting Premier of the Western Cape on various brief occasions when Zille was unavailable. In February 2019, Zille was in Germany, and so <mask> was sworn in as acting premier.He consequently represented the provincial government at the State of the Nation Address held in the same month. 2019 electoral campaign

<mask> emerged as the front-runner quite early on in the Democratic Alliance selection process for candidates for Western Cape Premier. On 19 September 2018, Democratic Alliance Federal Leader, Mmusi Maimane, announced Winde as the party's candidate to succeed Zille after the 2019 elections. Winde defeated prominent candidates such as the Provincial Leader of the Democratic Alliance in the Western Cape, Bonginkosi Madikizela, and Member of Parliament David Maynier in an internal party vote. The Democratic Alliance won a majority in the Western Cape Provincial Parliament, but with a decrease in the number of seats, on 8 May 2019. <mask> was elected Premier of the Western Cape on 22 May 2019 during the first sitting of the Sixth Provincial Parliament and accordingly became the second Democratic Alliance member to hold the office. He received 24 out of the 34 valid votes.Six ballots were spoilt, and there were two abstentions. His main challenger for the post was Cameron Dugmore of the African National Congress, who received 10 out of the 34 valid votes. <mask> announced the formation of his Provincial Cabinet on 23 May 2019. He retained four ministers in their existing portfolios, while he moved three to other portfolios and appointed three new members. He appointed former DA Member of Parliament and premier candidate contender, David Maynier, to the post of Provincial Minister of Finance and Economic Opportunities, while he moved Albert Fritz and Ivan Meyer to the posts of Provincial Minister of Community Safety and Provincial Minister of Agriculture, respectively. <mask> also said that all the newly-appointed cabinet members would undergo lifestyle audits. National Police Minister Bheki Cele announced on 11 July 2019, that the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) would be deployed in the gang-ridden areas of Cape Town.<mask> welcomed the deployment of SANDF. His predecessor, Helen Zille, had repeatedly asked for the deployment of SANDF during her tenure. The deployment came into effect on 18 July 2019 and was set to end on 16 September 2019. However, <mask> wrote to President Cyril Ramaphosa and Defence Minister Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula in mid-September 2019 to request that the SANDF deployment in Cape Town be extended, stating that it was necessary to bring stability. The cabinet granted the request and the deployment ended in March 2020. Winde delivered his maiden State of the Province Address on 18 July 2019, in which he highlighted the provincial government's achievements and outlined his agenda. Also in the speech, Winde placed emphasis on the provincial crime and misconduct statistics and claimed that the police "had lost the war on crime" because of mismanagement.Winde and Provincial Minister of Community Safety Albert Fritz announced on 19 September 2019 that the provincial government would annually be investing R1 billion (US$67.3 million) for three years into the training and deployment of 3,000 safety officers and 150 investigators. A total of 500 safety officers were deployed in February 2020. The safety plan aims to halve the province's crime statistics within the next decade. Fritz added that the provincial government would also establish an integrated violence prevention programme. On 22 October 2019, he appointed Harry Malila as the new Director-General of the Western Cape Provincial Government. Malila succeeded long-serving Brent Gerber. On 22 October 2021, Public Protector Busisiwe Mkhwebane found that Winde and the Provincial Minister of Local Government, Environmental Affairs and Development Planning, Anton Bredell, had breached the Executive Ethics Code over their handling of issues at the Oudtshoorn Local Municipality.COVID-19 response
On 11 March 2020, the first COVID-19 case was confirmed in the Western Cape. <mask> and the provincial minister of health, Nomafrench Mbombo, then organised a media briefing about the province's preparedness. The provincial cabinet approved the request for the establishment of a provincial hotline to assist the National Institute for Communicable Diseases hotline and also resolved that all people returning from overseas should be advised to self-isolate. Winde was exposed to a positive case of COVID-19 on 18 March 2020. He consequently worked from home as medical experts advised him not to go into self-isolation or be tested. As positive cases in the province started to climb, Winde released daily detailed updates on the spread of the virus. On 13 May, Winde announced that he would self-quarantine after his contact with eNCA cameraman Lungile Tom, who interviewed Winde days before he died from the virus.On 8 July, in the midst of the province's "first wave" of infections, Winde announced that he had tested positive for COVID-19, and would be self-isolating. On 20 August 2020, Winde urged residents to support local businesses that were hard hit by the national lockdown. As the province began to experience its "second wave" of infections in early-December 2020, Winde said that there should be harsher penalties for people who violate the regulations. Winde and the provincial government mulled introducing "mini lockdowns" on certain district municipalities and local municipalities, but the newly elected DA leader, John Steenhuisen, said that there was "no evidence" that lockdowns work. Winde later said that he would argue against a stricter lockdown being imposed on the Western Cape as a whole. On 24 December 2020, Winde urged all religious gatherings in the province to not be held in-person. He formally requested tighter restrictions on 28 December, but again distanced himself from the idea of a hard lockdown.President Ramaphosa announced on the same day that liquor sales would again be suspended until further notice. Winde welcomed the decision. <mask> said on 20 January 2021 that the first two weeks of the suspension had cost the Western Cape economy over R1 billion. While delivering his 2022 State of the Province Address (SOPA) on 15 February 2022, <mask> demanded that Ramaphosa end the national COVID-19 state of disaster. He said: "To be clear: we want the date and the time, and not generalised commitment." Personal life
<mask> married his wife Tracy in 1993. They have two children and live in the suburb of Claremont, Cape Town.Winde's son is studying sound engineering while his daughter is still in high school. Winde is a member of his daughter's school governing body. Winde is a type 2 diabetic. In May 2021, it was reported that he managed to turn his twelve-year history with diabetes around by doing a 21-day plant-based eating programme with the help of the Ubuntu Wellness Centre, a wellness non-profit organisation in Cape Town. References

External links

 People's Assembly profile
 Provincial Minister of Community Safety
 Premier of the Western Cape: Overview
 Profile: <mask> at CFO South Africa
 <mask>, Mr at Government of South Africa
 Sunday Read: From entrepreneur to premier - Winde takes over the wild West – Fin24

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South African businesspeople
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20th-century South African politicians
21st-century South African politicians
Politicians from Cape Town
Democratic Alliance (South Africa) politicians
Members of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament
Premiers of the Western Cape

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Alan Richard Winde
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<mask> (July 7, 1805  November 2, 1887) was a Boston merchant active in the China trade, and later head of Baring Brothers in London. Early life
Sturgis was born <mask>, jr., in Boston, Massachusetts on July 7, 1805. He was a son of <mask> (1779–1856) and his wife, Susannah Thomsen (née Parkman) <mask>. His younger brother was fellow merchant <mask> (father of author <mask>), who served as United States Consul to the Philippines. His paternal grandparents were the merchant <mask> (1750-1826) and Elizabeth (née Perkins<mask> (a sister of merchant Thomas Handasyd Perkins), both of Boston Brahmin families. Through his great-uncle <mask> (the younger brother of his grandfather <mask>), he was a second cousin of architect and art critic <mask> (1836-1909), who married Sarah Maria Barney, a daughter of Danford Newton Barney, a president of Wells Fargo & Company. Sturgis entered Harvard College at the age of twelve and graduated in 1823 as a member of the Phi Beta Kappa society.He studied law at Northampton, Massachusetts. Career

In 1828, he changed his name legally to <mask>. That same year, after his second marriage, he made his first voyage abroad then practiced law in Boston for a time. He sailed for Canton in 1833 on behalf of opium trader John Perkins Cushing, settling for some time in Macau where Lady Elizabeth Napier, wife of British emissary William John, 9th Lord Napier, found him "very intelligent". While he was there, his portrait and those of three of his four children by his second wife, Mary Greene Hubbard, were painted by the English portraitist George Chinnery. In Asia, he entered a succession of trading firms (Russell & Sturgis of Manila; Russell, Sturgis & Co. of Canton; Russell & Co.), and in 1842 he became a full partner. In 1844, Sturgis retired to Boston to rejoin his children who had been sent there to school after their mother's 1837 death in Manila.He married for a third time, to Julia Overing Boit, and decided to return to China with his family in 1851. The steamer on which they crossed the Atlantic arrived too late to catch the onward ship from London. In their interval there, <mask> was asked by the senior member of Barings Bank to become a partner. He accepted and ultimately became head of the firm, succeeding fellow American Joshua Bates (husband to Sturgis' cousin Lucretia). In England, he lived at 17 Carlton House Terrace in London (today home to the Federation of British Artists and the Mall Galleries), and Givons Grove in Leatherhead. Although he never renounced his U.S. citizenship, Sturgis did not return to the United States and died in England in 1887. Personal life

Sturgis married three times.He married his first wife, Lucy Lyman Paine (1805–1828), on April 3, 1828. Lucy was a daughter of Henry Paine and his wife Olive Lyman. Her paternal grandfather was Robert Treat Paine, a lawyer, politician, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the first Attorney General of Massachusetts. Lucy died, aged 22, on August 20, 1828, just four months after their marriage. On September 28, 1829, Sturgis married his second wife, Mary Greene Hubbard (1806–1837), a daughter of John Hubbard and his wife Jane Parkinson. She bore four children, the youngest of whom (Mary Greene Sturgis) died in infancy:. The other three, all of whom were members of the Codman family, were:

 <mask>, jr. (1831–1899), who married Susan Codman Welles (1832–1862), a daughter of Benjamin Welles  and his wife Susan Codman.After his wife's death, this Sturgis married Margaret Cenos McCulloh (1835–1927), a daughter of Maryland Speaker James W. McCulloh, who was the center of the landmark Supreme Court case McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819), and his wife, Abigail Sears. Lucy Lyman Paine <mask> (1833–1907), who married Col. <mask> Codman (1829–1918)
 John Hubbard <mask> (1834–1888), an architect who married Frances Anne Codman (a half-sister to Lucy's husband Charles). After the death of his wife Mary, Sturgis married, for a third time, to Julia Overing Boit (1823–1888) on June 4, 1846. She was the daughter of John Boit Jr., one of the first Americans involved in the maritime fur trade. and his wife Eleanor Auchmuty Jones. With Julia, Sturgis had four more children:

 Henry Parkman <mask> (1847–1929), who served as a Member of Parliament for South Dorset and High Sheriff of the County of London. He married the Hon.Mary Cecilia Brand, daughter of Speaker Henry Brand, 1st Viscount Hampden, in 1872. After her death in 1886, he married Marie "Mariette" Eveleen Meredith, a daughter of the novelist George Meredith, in 1896. <mask> <mask> (1848–1904), a novelist, poet, librettist and lyricist who married Mary Maud de la Poer Beresford, a daughter of Colonel Marcus de La Poer Beresford, in 1883. Mary Greene <mask> (1851–1942), who married Lt.-Col. Leopold Richard Seymour (1841–1904), son of British diplomat Sir Hamilton Seymour and a grandson of Lord George Seymour and Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre. After his death, she married Bertram Falle, 1st Baron Portsea in 1906. Howard Overing <mask> (1855–1920), a novelist and close friend of Henry James and Edith Wharton. After the death of his mother in 1888 he moved with his lover, William Haynes-Smith, into a country house named Queen's Acre, near Windsor Great Park.<mask> died at his country seat in Leatherhead, Surrey on November 2, 1887. His widow also died there, less than a year later, on May 31, 1888. Descendants
Through his daughter Lucy, he was a grandfather of Anne McMasters Codman (1864–1944) (who married Henry Bromfield Cabot), and lawyer Julian Codman (1870–1932), who was a vigorous opponent of Prohibition and was involved with the Anti-Imperialist League. Julian married Nora Chadwick, a daughter of Dr. James Read Chadwick. Through his eldest son, <mask>, Sturgis was a grandfather of architect Richard Clipston <mask> (1860–1951) who was successor to his uncle's practice. He married Esther Mary Ogden and was the father of Richard Clipston <mask> Jr., also an architect. References
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1805 births
1887 deaths
Businesspeople from Boston
Harvard College alumni
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
American expatriates in China
American merchants
19th-century American businesspeople
Sturgis family

masks: Maria Trinidad Howard Sturgis Middlemore


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<mask> (8 May 1912 – 19 March 2009) was an Austrian writer and a prolific author, especially of historical novels. Many commentators felt that her reputation never entirely escaped from the shadow cast by her enthusiasm, as a young woman, for National Socialism. Life

Provenance and early years
<mask> was born in Pilsen, a flourishing manufacturing city in Bohemia which at that time was a Crown land of the Austrian Empire. She came from a military family. Emil Fussenegger, her father, was an Imperial and Royal army officer originally from Vorarlberg. Her mother, born Karoline Hässler, was from Bohemia. She grew up in Neu Sandez (then in Galicia), Dornbirn (Vorarlberg) and Telfs (North Tirol).She enrolled at the Mädchen-Realgymnasium (girls' secondary school) in Innsbruck in 1923. After her mother died in 1926 she moved back to Pilsen – by now part of Czechoslovakia – where she lived with her grandparents. It was at the "Reform-Realgymnasium" (school) in Pilsen that Fussenegger completed her schooling, passing her Matura (school final exams) in 1930. She later confided in her diaries that she sometimes felt a little regretful, listening uncomprehendingly to the chattering of her grandparents' Bohemian-born domestic servants, that having lived almost all of her first fourteen years in other parts of Austria, she had not more effectively mastered the Czech language. She went on to study history, art history and philosophy at Innsbruck (7 terms) and Munich(1 term). It was from the University of Innsbruck that in 1934 she received her doctorate. Her dissertation concerned the Roman de la Rose by Jean de Meun ("Gemeinschaft und Gemeinschaftsbildung im Rosenroman von Jean Clopinel von Meun").Politics
Fussenegger joined the Austrian National Socialist party – still at this stage formally separate from its German counterpart – in May 1933. Membership was still illegal in Austria. In May 1934 she participated in a demonstration in Innsbruck at which, it was reported, she had joined in singing of the Horst-Wessel song and gave a Hitler salute. She was charged, convicted and fined. According to one source she was also banned from further study at any Austrian university. In February 1935 she was still a member of another Austrian National Socialist student group, but later that year, in or before November, she relocated to Germany. In March 1938, following an invasion from the north that met with little practical resistance, Austria was incorporated into an enlarged German state, albeit under very different circumstances from those that most nineteenth century proponents of such a "solution" would have anticipated.<mask> <mask>, who by now was probably living in Munich, "rejoined" the ruling National Socialist party:  her membership number was 6,229,747, which is consistent with her having joined the party in 1938. For the avoidance of doubt, she also wrote a "hymn" eulogising Adolf Hitler. In 1938 the first newspaper to publish her poem "Stimme der Ostmark" ("Voice of the Ostmark") was the Völkischer Beobachter ("Popular Observer"), the mass-circulation daily newspaper of the NSDAP. Family
In 1935 Fussenegger married the Bavarian sculptor Elmar Dietz. By the time it ended in divorce twelve years later the marriage had produced four recorded children, including the artist Ricarda Dietz. The marriage was not happy. In 1943 she left Munich and settled at Hall in Tirol where she lived with her four children as a single parent.Her second marriage was to another sculptor. In 1950 <mask> Fussenegger married Alois Dorn. This marriage resulted in the birth of her second son and fifth child. Divorce at this time was unusual, especially for a committed member of the Roman Catholic Church. Fussenegger's own insights, reported by a Catholic newspaper, are instructive:
"Since my second marriage was simply a civil one, for a long time I was not permitted to receive the sacraments. I found that deeply painful, but the pain also became very productive for me. It was the only way I could come to a recognition of the full preciousness of the Eucharist.I therefore cannot regret the bitter tears I often shed at that time. That ban was actually a gift." "Da meine zweite Ehe nur standesamtlich geschlossen war, war ich sehr lange von den Sakramenten ausgeschlossen. Das habe ich als tief schmerzlich empfunden, doch es war ein Schmerz, der auch sehr fruchtbar für mich geworden ist. Nur so ist mir die ganze Kostbarkeit der Eucharistie bewusst geworden. Ich kann es nicht bedauern, dass ich in jener Zeit oft bittere Tränen vergossen habe. Genau genommen war ich beschenkt durch das Verbot."In 1961 she relocated with her family, settling this time in Leonding, a small town near Linz. Memberships and recognition
<mask> <mask> was a member of the Austrian P.E.N. association, of the Humboldt Society, of the Sudeten German Academy and an honorary member of the Austrian Writers' Association. Between 1977 and 1979, and again from 1984 till 1985, she was a jury member for the Ingeborg Bachmann Prize, awarded each year in Klagenfurt. In 1991 she was a jury member for the Franz-Grillparzer Prize of the Alfred Toepfer foundation. In 1978 she was honoured with an award from the Humboldt Society. <mask>'s literary archive is held by the Upper Austria Literature Archive at the Stifterhaus in Linz.Artistic output
Fussnegger began her writing career with historical novels, set in various different epochs. Her stories were influenced by her Catholic provenance. She was conscious of her reliance on the "renouveau catholique" movement which had originated in France but during the twentieth century became more of an international phenomenon. That reliance is particularly pronounced in her novel "Zeit des Raben, Zeit der Taube" (1960: "Time of the raven:  time of the dove"). <mask> Fassenegger authored more than sixty books, alongside various shorter prose pieces and poems, published, according to at least one source, by 25 publishers and translated into eleven languages. Fussenegger and the Third Reich
Fussenegger's relationship with National Socialism did much to define both her early writing career and a degree of controversy around her person which never completely went away. She joined the NSDAP in Austria in 1933 and rejoined it in Germany after the Anschluss in 1938.In 1939 she became a member of the government-created Reichsschrifttumskammer (loosely, "national chamber of writers" / RSK). She took part on the Weimar Poets' Congress in 1938 and again in 1939, and was in touch with well-known "völkisch" authors such as Ina Seidel, Lulu von Strauß und Torney, Will Vesper and Wilhelm Pleyer. And yet, despite her commitment to the regime, literary objections to her work came out of the "Office for the Care of New Literature" ("Amt Schrifttumspflege") which operated under the direction of Hans Hagemeyer and, less directly, of the influential party ideologue Alfred Rosenberg. Two years after its publication one of her first books, "Mohrenlegende" (1937:  loosely "Legends of the dark skinned ones") was (belatedly) banned by the party experts who now identified it as criticism of official race ideology and "Catholic dross" ("katholisches Machwerk"). Controversy about this particular work resurfaced in 1993 in connection with proposals to award Fussenegger the Weilheim Literature Prize and the Jean-Paul Prize awarded by "The Free State of Bavaria". Many of Fussenegger's other pieces, mostly during this period religiously contextualised novels, poems and reviews, found their way into important party newspapers and journals. Most (in)famously, her poem "Stimme der Ostmark" ("Voice of the Ostmark") was printed in 1938 by the Völkischer Beobachter.The poem attracted huge criticism after 1945, because it celebrated the "peaceful annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany" and it eulogised Hitler. Around fifty years later <mask> <mask>'s comment on the affair was capable of various interpretations, but it fell short of an unambiguous recantation. She regretted having "wasted so much thinking time on something so loathsome" ("viele gute Gedanken verschwendet ... auf eine Sache, die dann ein Greuel war"). Fussnegger's attitude during the National Socialist period remains controversial. Between 1937 and 1941 27 of her contributions appeared in the Völkischer Beobachter. Other publications with similar political slants that published her work included "Wille und Macht" and "Das Reich". In her more political moments she identified Adolf Hitler as a healing figure.After 1945
After 1945 the Anschluss was undone. The western two-thirds of Germany and the pre-1938 territory of Austria were both divided into military occupation zones, with Berlin and Vienna sub-divided between armies of the same four occupying powers. In Germany's Soviet occupation zone two of Fussenegger's novels, "Der Brautraub" ("The Bride Robbery": 1939) und "Böhmische Verzauberungen" ("Bohemian Enchantments": 1944) were included in the official four volume "List of Discarded Literature". In Vienna, too, several of her works were placed on the "List of banned authors and books". The postwar decades were productive ones for <mask> Fussenegger as a novelist. Yet as late as 1952 she published a brief self-portrait in a literary journal which contained phrases chillingly redolent of National Socialist race ideology. She belonged to a race characterised by "fair skin, bright [blue] eyes, sensitive to bright light, a hybrid of nordic and dinaric features" ("... hellhäutig, helläugig, empfindlich gegen die Wirkung des Lichts, ein Mischtyp aus nordischen und dinarischen Zügen").During the postwar period Fussenegger repeatedly wrestled with the "German guilt" question. One literary critic, Klaus Amann, described her 1979 autobiography "Ein Spiegelbild mit Feuersäule" (loosely, "mirror image with pillars of fire") as "overall a cringe-worthy offering of suppression and obduracy" ("...insgesamt ein peinliches Dokument der Verdrängung und der Verstocktheit"). Other less hostile commentators saw this autobiographical work as a kind of literary penance. During the Hitler years she had included in a 1943 travel report a powerfully horrific description of a Jewish cemetery she had visited in Prague. In it she had employed National Socialist antisemitic shibboleths and stereo-types to condemn the city's Jewish community for the dire condition of the place. In her 1979 autobiographical work she reproduced that description of the Jewish cemetery in Prague three and a half decades earlier, but she had "cleaned it up". She still reported "overflowing tombs", but removed references to Jewish differentness and degeneracy.The overall tone of the text was completely transformed. Awards and honours

 1942 First Prize in "The twentieth century novella" competition
 1951 Adalbert-Stifter prize
 1956 Sponsorship award from the Oldenburgisches Staatstheater
 1962 National East German writing prize
 1958 Nordgau-Kulturpreis der Stadt Amberg ("Poetry" category)
 1963 Adalbert-Stifter prize
 1969 Johann-Peter-Hebel Prize
 1972 Andreas-Gryphius-Preis
 1972 Hauptpreis des Sudetendeutschen Kulturbundes
 1972 Main Arts Prize of the Sudetendeutschen Landsmannschaft
 1972 Verleihung des Professorentitels h. c.
 1979 Mozart-Preis der Alfred Toepfer Stiftung F.V.S. 1979 Humboldt-Plakette
 1981 Österreichisches Ehrenzeichen für Wissenschaft und Kunst
 1983 Konrad-Adenauer-Preis der Deutschland-Stiftung (which she turned down)
 1984 Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 1st class
 1987 Heinrich Gleißner Prize
 1992 DANUBIUS Donauland non-fiction prize
 1993 Weilheim Literature Prize
 1993 Jean-Paul-Preis
 1999 Arts Medal of Upper Austria
 2002 Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria
 2004 Decoration of Honour for the Tirol
 2007 Pontifical Equestrian Order of Saint Sylvester Pope and Martyr from Pope Benedict XVI
 2007 Egerländer Kulturpreis Johannes-von-Tepl, Arbeitskreis Egerländer Kulturschaffender

Output (selection)

 … wie gleichst du dem Wasser. Novellas. Munich 1929
 Geschlecht im Advent. Roman aus deutscher Frühzeit. Potsdam 1936
 Mohrenlegende.Potsdam 1937
 Der Brautraub. Erzählungen. Potsdam 1939
 Die Leute auf Falbeson. Jena 1940
 Eggebrecht. Erzählungen. Jena 1943
 Böhmische Verzauberungen. Jena 1944
 Die Brüder von Lasawa.Novel. Salzburg 1948
 Das Haus der dunklen Krüge. Novel. Salzburg 1951
 In Deine Hand gegeben. Novel. Düsseldorf/Köln 1954
 Das verschüttete Antlitz. Novel.Stuttgart 1957
 Zeit des Raben, Zeit der Taube. Novel. Stuttgart 1960
 Der Tabakgarten, 6 Geschichten und ein Motto. Stuttgart 1961
 Die Reise nach Amalfi. Radio play. Stuttgart 1963
 Die Pulvermühle. Detective novel.Stuttgart 1968
 Bibelgeschichten. Vienna/Heidelberg 1972
 Widerstand gegen Wetterhähne. Lyrische Kürzel und andere Texte. Stuttgart 1974
 Eines langen Stromes Reise – Die Donau. Linie, Räume, Knotenpunkte. Stuttgart 1976
 Ein Spiegelbild mit Feuersäule. Ein Lebensbericht.Autobiographie. Stuttgart 1979
 Pilatus. Szenenfolge um den Prozess Jesu. Uraufgeführt 1979, verlegt Freiburg i. B./Heidelberg 1982
 Maria Theresia. Vienna/Munich/Zürich/Innsbruck 1980
 Kaiser, König, Kellerhals. Heitere Erzählungen. Vienna/Munich/Zürich/New York 1981
 Sie waren Zeitgenossen.Roman. Stuttgart 1983
 Uns hebt die Welle. Liebe, Sex und Literatur. Essay. Vienna/ Freiburg i. B./Basel 1984
 Gegenruf. Poems. Salzburg 1986
 Jona.for young people. Vienna/Munich 1987
 Herrscherinnen. Frauen, die Geschichte machten. Stuttgart 1991
 Jirschi oder die Flucht ins Pianino. Graz/ Vienna/ Cologne 1995
 Ein Spiel ums andere. Erzählungen. Stuttgart 1996
 Shakespeares Töchter.Three novellas. Munich 1999
 Bourdanins Kinder. Novel. Munich 2001
 <mask> Fussenegger. Ein Gespräch über ihr Leben und Werk mit Rainer Hackel. Vienna/ Cologne/ Weimar 2005

References

1912 births
2009 deaths
Writers from Plzeň
Writers from Linz
Austrian male writers
20th-century Austrian novelists
Nazi Party members
Knights of the Order of St. Sylvester
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
German Bohemian people
Austrian Roman Catholics

masks:
Gertrud Fussenegger
Gertrud Anna Fussenger
Gertrud
Fussenegger
Gertrud
Gertrud
Fussenegger
Gertrude Gussenger
Gertrud
Gertrud
Fussenegger
Gertrud
Gertrud


texts:
<mask> (born 1963) is a Scottish product designer, based in Paris, France. He specialises in the design of 'deceptively simple-looking mass-produced objects'  and has won numerous international design awards. <mask> is best known for his designs in the fields of technology and lighting design and is often associated with manufacturers LaCie and Artemide. Time magazine has included <mask> in 'The Design 100 – The people and ideas behind today's most influential design'. The Centre Georges Pompidou museum in Paris includes six Poulton-designed objects in its Permanent Contemporary Collection. His first major solo exhibition 'design by neil poulton' was held in the Glyptotheque (Zagreb) museum in 2013. <mask>’s Scopas lamp for Artemide was inaugurated into the first Permanent Scottish Gallery of V&A Dundee, Scotland, in 2018.In 2019 <mask> was named one of le FD100 - the 100 designers who are sharing French Design all over the world. <mask> has lived and worked in Paris since 1991. Early career
<mask> gained a BSc degree in Industrial Design (technology) at Napier University in Edinburgh in 1985 and was awarded the SIAD Chartered Society of Designers Student Product Designer of the Year. In 1988, he gained a master's degree in design at the Domus Academy in Milan, Italy, under Italian architect Andrea Branzi and designer Alberto Meda. <mask>'s tutors included Italian architect Ettore Sottsass, German industrial designer Richard Sapper, Isao Hosoe and Anna Castelli Ferrieri. <mask> first came to public view in 1989 as the creator of the 'Ageing Pens'. Also known as the 'Penna Mutante' (The Mutant Pen), these pens were made from a living, wearing plastic, which 'ages as layers of colour wear away through use'.The Ageing Pens were exhibited in London's Victoria and Albert Museum, Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris and The Axis Gallery in Tokyo. <mask> worked briefly for French designer Philippe Starck in Paris from 1991 through 1992. Academia
<mask> has been a guest speaker and visiting professor at schools including Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in London, the Domus Academy in Milan and the University of Western Australia in Perth, Australia. He is an active, if occasional, jury member of the École nationale supérieure de création industrielle (Les Ateliers) in Paris and has judged design degrees at the École de design Nantes Atlantique. In 2019 <mask> was inducted into the Edinburgh Napier University Alumni Hall Of Fame. Exhibitions
In November 2013, the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts presented "design by neil poulton", the first major solo exhibition of designer <mask>, in Zagreb, Croatia. Held in the main 360-metre square gallery of the ground floor of the Glyptotheque (Zagreb) museum, the exhibition was sponsored by the Croatian Ministry of Culture, the City of Zagreb and the Institut français.‘In this exhibition, the design process is represented in all its stages from sketches, models and prototypes, through production components to final products, documenting the author's integrated approach to design'

Awards
<mask>'s designs have won numerous awards, including seven French "Etoile de l'Observeur du Design" prizes, twelve German Red Dot Design Awards, five German "IF" International Forum Design prizes, three French "Janus de l'industrie" awards, two "Recommendation Premio Compasso d'Oro" and the "Best of The Best" Red Dot Design Awards in 1994 and 2007. <mask> has also been a judge of international design competitions including the 'IF' International Forum Design Award and the Hong Kong Design Award (HKDA) in 2018. 2017	European Product Design Award, Gold Winner, USA : 'Chromé', hard drive, designed for LaCie. 2017	European Product Design Award, Silver Winner, USA : 'Scopas', pendant light designed for Artemide. 2016	International Design Award Silver Winner, USA : 'Scopas', pendant light designed for Artemide. 2016	Red Dot Design Award Winner, Germany : 'Chromé', hard drive, designed for LaCie. 2016	Label de l'observeur du design 2016, France : 'Mobi-One' terminal, designed for Mobi-Rider.2016	Label de l'observeur du design 2016, France : 'd2 Thunderbolt2' hard drive, designed for LaCie. 2014	Red Dot Design Award Winner, Germany : 'Rea', wall lamp, designed for Artemide. 2013	Red Dot Design Award Winner, Germany : 'Scopas', designed for Artemide. 2011   "Menzione d'Onore Premio Compasso d'Oro ADI" : 'Veio' Table Lamp, designed for Artemide. 2010	Red Dot Design Award Winner, Germany : 'Sound2 Speakers', designed for LaCie. 2009	'G -Mark' Award, Japan : '5big' RAID server. 2009	'IF' International Forum Design, Germany, Award Winner : '5big' RAID server.2009 Red Dot Design Award Winner : '5big' RAID server. 2009 Red Dot Design Award Winner : 'Lacinema Rugged'. 2008       'Janus De l'Industrie' Award, France : 5big' RAID server. 2008	"Recommendation Premio Compasso d'Oro" : 'Talak' Table Lamp, designed for Artemide. 2008	Time Magazine "Design 100" Selection : 'Firewire Speakers'. 2008	Red Dot Design Award Winner : 'Hard Disk Designed By <mask>'. 2008	Red Dot Design Award Winner : ''2 Big' hard drive.2008	'IF' International Forum Design Award Winner : '2 Big' hard drive. 2008    Étoile de l'Observeur du Design Award :'Nessie' lighting system in Ductal concrete, designed for Atelier Sedap. 2008     'Etoile De L'observeur Du Design' Award :'Firewire Speakers'. 2007     'Janus De l'Industrie' Award, France : 'Firewire Speakers'. 2007 Etoile De L'observeur Du Design' Award : 'Little Big Disk'. 2007       'IF' International Forum Design Award Winner : 'Little Big Disk'. 2007       'Etoile De L'observeur Du Design' : 'Rugged' hard drive.2006 Red Dot Design Award Winner : 'Rugged' hard drive. 2006	Red Dot Design Award 'Best of the Best' Award Winner : 'Talak' table lamp, designed for Artemide. 2006       'Etoile De L'observeur Du Design' : 'Talak' table lamp. 2003	APCI 'Etoile De L'observeur Du Design' : 'D2' hard drive range. 2003	'Augusto Morello 3rd Edition/Intel Design Prize' : 'Talo' lighting system, designed for Artemide. 2002	APCI 'Etoile De L'observeur Du Design : 'Talo' lighting system. 2002	Red Dot Design Award Winner : 'Talo' lighting system.2002	APCI 'Etoile De L'observeur Du Design : 'Talo' lighting system. 2002 Red Dot Design Award Winner, Design Zentrum, Germany : 'Talo' lighting system. 2002	'IF' International Forum Design Award Winner : 'Talo' lighting system. 2002	"Recommendation Premio Compasso d'Oro" : 'Talo' lighting system. 2000	'Design Plus Lighting + Building' Prize, Germany : 'Surf' lighting system, designed for Artemide. 1999       'Janus De l'Industrie' Paris, France : 'Surf' lighting system. 1999	'Red Dot Best of the Best' Winner : 'Surf' lighting system.1999	'IF' International Forum Design Award Winner : 'Surf' lighting system. 1999	'Parcours Design' Prize, Batimat Trade Fair, Paris : 'Surf' lighting system. 1999       'Smau Industrial Design Award' :'TX8000 Raid Tower'. 1995	'Design Oscar', Paris, France  : 'Click!' table lamps for Vianne/Domec. 1995	'Mat De Bronze', France : 'Eclipse' & 'Bolide' wall lamps for Atelier Sedap. 1994	Red Dot Design Award 'Best of the Best Product Design' Award Winner : 'Coq' disk drive for électronique d2.1994	'BBC Design Awards' Nomination : 'Coq', disk drive. 1985	SIAD Chartered Society of Designers Product Designer of the Year (Student Medal), London, UK. Sources

External links
neilpoulton.com
artemide.it
lacie.com

1963 births
Alumni of Edinburgh Napier University
Living people
Scottish industrial designers
Lighting designers
Product designers

masks:
Neil Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Neil Poulton
Neil Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Neil Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Neil Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Neil Poulton


texts:
was a Japanese anarchist who was involved in the Japanese anarchist movement during the 20th century. Living until the age of 87, he was significant in influencing Japanese anarchists towards his anarcho-communist variety of 'pure' anarchism. It was said about him after his death that "the road which the aged Iwasa walked, extending through the Meiji, Taishō and pre-war and post-war Shōwa eras, was the history of the Japanese anarchist movement itself." Early life

<mask>a was born in 1879, in a farming hamlet in Chiba Prefecture in Japan. His father was a wealthy land-owning farmer, and was the headman of five villages. His grandfather had been too, and had encouraged communal production on the farms which he oversaw, resulting in a "half-communist village". This influenced Iwasa to believe in the possibility of anarchist forms of organisation from a young age.He received a traditional primary education, but dropped out of middle school due to boredom with his studies. He progressed to Tokyo Law College, and wished to drop out once more, but his mother encouraged him to press on to graduation in 1898. He was exposed to Christianity, but did not himself become Christian, arguing that that "Jesus was a person. Buddha and Confucius were persons. And I am a person too." Iwasa was well-connected due to his father's wealth and position, and was able to lodge in the houses of a number of influential politicians. Upon doing so, however, he became disillusioned with their behaviour and with conventional politics altogether.Political career

Time in the USA

In 1901, he moved to the United States, where he was to remain until 1914. During this period, his ideology developed into anarcho-communism, and he was particularly radicalised by the Russo-Japanese War as many other Japanese anarchists such as Kōtoku Shūsui were. Kōtoku visited the US in 1905–1906, where he founded a 'Social Revolutionary Party' (or Shakai Kakumei Tō) amongst Japanese immigrants in California. Iwasa joined the Party, which was strongly inspired by terrorist elements such as the contemporary Social Revolutionaries in Russia. During his time in the organisation, he likely participated in the writing of an 'Open Letter' addressed to Emperor Meiji threatening his assassination in 1907. He denied involvement in the letter, but he later openly supported the cause of Kōtoku when he was implicated in a conspiracy to assassinate the Emperor in 1910. Upon the execution of his friend in the aftermath of the trial, Iwasa was reportedly so shocked that he immediately became impotent at the age of 31.Return to Japan

He eventually returned to Japan in June 1914 when he was informed that his mother was ill. Upon arrival to his family home, he was placed under house arrest for five years, with constant police surveillance. This was during the fuyu jidai or 'winter period' of anarchist politics in Japan, during which the state harshly cracked down upon anarchism and anarchist militants. In 1919, the 'winter period' came to an end, and Iwasa was able to move to Tokyo. There, he returned to anarchist agitation, attending meetings, writing and distributing journals and organising the movement. One of the first groups he involved himself in was the 'Labour Movement' (Rōdō Undō), which involved other notable individuals such as Ōsugi Sakae and Itō Noe. He was imprisoned for six months due to his involvement in a later short-lived socialist league in the early 1920s.Compared to the more anarcho-syndicalist views of activists such as Ōsugi, <mask> Iwasa was an advocate of anarcho-communism due to his skepticism of labour unions. Alongside Hatta Shūzō, he was one of the key advocates of what was labelled 'pure anarchism', so-called due to its opposition to 'contamination' by Marxist ideas. Splits and suppression

In January 1926, a federation of anarchist militants called Kokuren was formed, and a federation of unions called Zenkoku Jiren was formed in May 1926. In these organisations, the tension between anarcho-syndicalists and pure anarchists developed into a broader rivalry. In 1927, Iwasa published his book titled Anarchists Answer Like This, which criticised the idea of class struggle, and provoked the division between these two factions. The split was affirmed in 1928 when, at the second conference of Zenkoku Jiren, anarcho-syndicalists walked out due to jeering and the antagonistic relationship between the two factions. Iwasa had been in China from 1927 until November 1929, participating in anarchist struggles in that country such as the Labour University in Shanghai, and so was not directly involved in that division (although his influence did contribute to it).Following the invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the state became more militaristic and oppressive, and anarchism became a particular target. An attempt to continue the anarchist movement even against government repression resulted in the formation of the 'Anarchist Communist Party of Japan' in 1934. Regardless, Iwasa remained firmly opposed to centralised party organisation, and he criticised the party as "complete rubbish" and "not anarchist, but bolshevik". In 1935, he attempted to make a living by opening a cafe in Tokyo. When this failed, he returned to his native village and grew his own food until the end of WW2. After WW2

After the end of the war, <mask> Iwasa was amongst those who returned to the anarchist movement, and he became influential once more. He was elected chairman of the National Committee of the Japanese Anarchist Federation when it was formed in May 1946, a largely organisation role.Despite this position of power, he advised himself and others against "thinking of yourselves as important". One way in which he fulfilled this was by hanging placards around his neck to advertise anarchist journals on his long journeys throughout Japan to help organise the Federation. The Federation struggled to find success in the political climate of post-war Japan, and split into two factions. The successor group from the 'pure anarchist' faction was the Japanese Anarchist Club, and was centred around Iwasa and other 'pure' anarchists who had survived the war. He remained influential in the group until his death, and it continued to adhere to his anarcho-communist ideology. Death and legacy

<mask> Iwasa died in 1967, at the age of 87. He was described by other anarchists as having been "held in esteem as high as the mountains and the stars", and even his political opponents such as Yamakawa Kikue noted that he was an 'eternal youth'.He had inspired respect from his peers from a young age, becoming known as 'Iwasa Rō (老)', a term of respect literally translated as 'the aged Iwasa', by the age of 25–26. Ideology
Iwasa was a firm believer in anarcho-communism, influenced by thinkers such as Peter Kropotkin. As such, he endorsed the motto "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs", and believed in anti-authoritarianism. He opposed centralised authority, whether in the attempted 'Anarchist Communist Party', or through syndicalist methods of revolution, resulting in his labelling as a 'pure anarchist'. One of his criticisms of syndicalist organising methods was his 'labour union mountain bandit theory'. In this theory, he argued that the relationship between labour unions and their capitalist employers was essentially similar to the relationship between the members of a gang of bandits and its leader. Anarchists believe that capitalism is essentially exploitative, just as bandits exploit their victims.Iwasa's analogy therefore argued that, regardless of whether the members of the gang were in charge of its operations, the gang would still pillage those around it; and in much the same way, even if labour unions take charge of a company, the nature of capitalism would remain exploitative. This harsh criticism of labour unions was significant in influencing the Japanese anarchist movement away from syndicalist methods. Works

 Workers and the Masses (1925)
 Anarchists Answer Like This (1927)
 Random Thoughts on Revolution (1931)
 One Anarchist's Recollections (posthumous, 1983)

Notes

References

1879 births
1967 deaths
Anarcho-communists
Japanese anarchists
Japanese anti-capitalists
People from Chiba Prefecture

masks:
Sakutarō Iwas
Sakutarō
Sakutarō
Sakutarō


texts:
<mask> (Korean:  ; born August 5, 1977) is an American restaurateur, author, podcaster and television personality. He is the founder of the Momofuku restaurant group, which includes Momofuku Noodle Bar, Momofuku Ssäm Bar, Milk Bar, and Momofuku Ko in New York City; Momofuku Noodle Bar and Kojin in Toronto; and Momofuku CCDC in Washington, DC. In 2009, Momofuku Ko was awarded two Michelin stars, which it has retained each year since. In 2018, <mask> created, produced, and starred in a Netflix original series called Ugly Delicious. In 2019, he produced a Netflix original titled Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner. On November 29, 2020, he became the first celebrity to win the $1,000,000 top prize for his charity, Southern Smoke Foundation, and the fourteenth overall million dollar winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Arlington, Virginia, the son of Korean parents, mother Woo Chung Hi "Sherri," who was born in Kaesong, and <mask>l, later Joseph P. <mask>, who was born in Pyongyang.<mask> grew up in Arlington, with two older brothers and one sister. <mask>'s parents emigrated from Korea as adults in the 1960s. golfing goods warehouse and two restaurants. As a child, <mask> was a competitive golfer who participated in a number of junior tournaments. <mask> attended Georgetown Prep and then Trinity College, where he majored in religious studies. After graduating from college, <mask> pursued a variety of jobs, including teaching English in Japan, then bussing tables and holding finance positions in New York City. On a 2022 episode of the TV series Finding Your Roots, it was revealed that one of <mask>'s paternal ancestors was Jang Bogo, a famous mariner and military leader of the Medieval Korean kingdom of Silla.Culinary training and career

<mask> started attending the French Culinary Institute (FCI)—now known as the International Culinary Center—in New York City in 2000. While he was training, he also worked part-time at Mercer Kitchen in Manhattan and got a job answering phones at Tom Colicchio's Craft restaurant. <mask> stayed at Craft for two years and then moved back to Japan to work at a small soba shop, followed by a restaurant in Tokyo's Park Hyatt Hotel. Upon returning to the U.S., <mask> worked at Café Boulud, where his idol, Alex Lee, had worked. But <mask> soon grew "completely dissatisfied with the whole fine dining scene". In 2004, <mask> opened his first restaurant, Momofuku Noodle Bar in the East Village. <mask>'s website states momofuku means "lucky peach", but the restaurant also shares a name with Momofuku Ando—the inventor of instant noodles.In August 2006, <mask>'s second restaurant, Momofuku Ssäm Bar, opened a few blocks away. The Infatuation rated it a high 8.4/10, calling the menu "inventive, exciting, and different." In March 2008, <mask> opened Momofuku Ko, a 12-seat restaurant that takes reservations ten days in advance, online only, on a first-come-first-served basis. Later that year, <mask> expanded Momofuku Ssäm Bar into an adjacent space with his colleague Christina Tosi, whom he had hired to run Momofuku's pastry program. They named the new space Momofuku Milk Bar, serving soft serve, along with cookies, pies, cakes and other treats, many of these inspired by foods Tosi had as a child. In May 2009, it was reported that Momofuku Milk Bar's Crack Pie, Cereal Milk, and Compost Cookies were in the process of being trademarked. In October 2009, <mask> and former New York Times food writer Peter Meehan published Momofuku, a highly anticipated cookbook containing detailed recipes from <mask>'s restaurants.In May 2010, <mask> opened Má Pêche in midtown Manhattan. In November 2010, <mask> announced the opening of his first restaurant outside the US in Sydney, Australia. Momofuku Seiōbo opened in October 2011 at the redeveloped Star City Casino in Southern-hemisphere. In an article with the Sydney Morning Herald, <mask> was quoted as saying: "I've just fallen in love with Australia. I'm just fascinated by the food scene in Sydney and Melbourne. People are excited about food in Australia. It's fresh and it's energetic."The restaurant was awarded three hats from the Sydney Morning Herald Good Food Guide in its first year and was named Best New Restaurant. In March 2011, <mask> announced that he would be bringing Momofuku to Toronto, and opened it in late 2012. The restaurant is located in a three-story glass cube in the heart of downtown Toronto. Momofuku Toronto is made up of three restaurants, these are Noodle Bar, Daishō and Shōtō; as well as a bar Nikai. Daishō and Shōtō closed in late 2017, and the space was refurbished. A new Momofuku restaurant, Kojin, opened in the space in 2018. <mask> launched Fuku, a chain of fast food restaurants specializing in fried chicken sandwiches, in June 2015.In 2016, <mask> launched his first digital-only restaurant, which offers a menu only for delivery in Midtown East and takes orders taken via an app named Ando. Later in 2016, <mask> participated in a project hosted by a Silicon Valley startup named Impossible Foods. He prepared food that was later added on the menu of one of his restaurants, Momofuku Nishi, as a partnership between Impossible Foods and <mask>. In July 2017, <mask> announced the opening of his first West Coast restaurant in Los Angeles. The restaurant, Majordomo, opened in January 2018. In May 2017, <mask> announced the opening of a new restaurant at the Hudson Yards development in New York. In June 2018, Má Pêche closed after operating for 8 years.On December 30, 2019, <mask> opened the 250-seat Majordomo Meat & Fish restaurant in The Palazzo tower of The Venetian Las Vegas. In March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Momofuku restaurant group made the decision to temporarily close its restaurants. Later that year, they decided to consolidate some restaurants, and permanently close Momofuku Nishi in Manhattan's Chelsea neighborhood, and Momofuku CCDC in Washington, D.C. In 2021 they also closed Momofuku Seiōbo in Sydney. Media career

Television
In 2010, he appeared in the fifth episode of HBO's Treme alongside fellow chefs Tom Colicchio, Eric Ripert and Wylie Dufresne. His presence on the show was expanded in the second season when one of the characters, a New Orleans chef who has moved to New York City, takes a job in his restaurant. <mask> has also served as a guest judge on the reality show Top Chef: All Stars.In 2011, he was a guest judge on MasterChef Australia. <mask> hosted the first season of the PBS food series The Mind of a Chef, which was executive produced by Anthony Bourdain and premiered in the fall of 2012. In September 2013, <mask> appeared on a skit on the Deltron 3030 album, Event 2. In 2016, he guest starred as himself in the IFC series Documentary Now! episode "Juan Likes Rice & Chicken", a parody of Jiro Dreams of Sushi. In 2018, <mask> created, produced, and starred in a Netflix original series, Ugly Delicious. <mask> also appeared in two episodes of the Buzzfeed web series [[Worth It (TV series)|Worth It]], and another Netflix series The Chef Show, produced by his friends Roy Choi and Jon Favreau.In 2019, he produced a Netflix original titled "Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner" with guest stars including Seth Rogen and Kate McKinnon. He also appeared in the Blue's Clues & You! episode "Welcome to Blue's Bistro" in the Mailtime segment. He hosted the documentary film series The Next Thing You Eat. Writing
In summer 2011, <mask> released the first issue of his Lucky Peach food magazine, a quarterly publication created with Peter Meehan and published by McSweeney's. The theme of Issue 1 was Ramen. Contributors included Anthony Bourdain, Wylie Dufresne, Ruth Reichl, and Harold McGee.The theme of Issue 2 is The Sweet Spot, and Issue 2 reached #3 on the New York Times bestsellers list. Contributors to Issue 2 include Anthony Bourdain, Harold McGee, Momofuku Milk Bar's Christina Tosi, Daniel Patterson and Russell Chatham. Issue 3: Chefs and Cooks, was released on March 13 and was also a New York Times bestseller. Each subsequent issue has continued to focus on a particular theme. Podcast
He has his own show on the Ringer podcast network (The <mask> Show). He also is a host on a spin off called The Recipe Club with guest host Chris Ying. Public persona
Epicurious described <mask> as having a "bad-boy attitude" for having no reservations or vegetarian options.<mask> created a controversy in 2009 by making dismissive remarks about California chefs, telling Anthony Bourdain "They don't manipulate food, they just put figs on a plate." <mask> serves on the Food Council at City Harvest and the Culinary Council at Food Bank for New York City, two hunger-relief organizations. He is also a member of the board of trustees at MOFAD, the Museum of Food and Drink in New York City. Publications

<mask>; Chris Ying; Peter Meehan (2011- May 2017). Lucky Peach. In September 2020, <mask> released his memoir, Eat a Peach, in which he talks about his difficult relationship with his father, his long-time struggles with depression and anger, and recent diagnosis of bipolar disorder.

masks:
David Chang
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Chang Jin Pi
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Dave Chang
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<mask> (December 7, 1910 – August 24, 1978) was an American singer, songwriter, bandleader, and trumpeter. While rooted in New Orleans jazz, swing music, and jump blues, <mask> touched on various genres throughout his career: he formed a seven-piece New Orleans-style jazz band in the late 1920s, fronted a swing combo in the 1930s and a big band group in the 1940s, helped to popularize jump blues in the late 1940s and early to mid 1950s, and performed frequently as a Vegas lounge act beginning in the 1950s. From the 1940s through the 1960s, his music further encompassed early R&B and rock 'n' roll, boogie-woogie, and Italian folk music, such as the tarantella. <mask> made prominent use of Italian music and language in his songs, blending elements of his Italian and Sicilian identity with jazz and swing music. At a time when ethnic musicians were discouraged from openly stressing their ethnicity, <mask>'s conspicuous embrace of his Sicilian ethnicity opened the doors for other Italian-American and ethnic American musicians to display their ethnic roots. <mask> is also known for providing the voice for the orangutan King Louie in the 1967 Disney film The Jungle Book. Early life
<mask> was from a musical Italian American family in New Orleans, Louisiana.His father, <mask>, was the son of Leonardo Di <mask>, a Sicilian immigrant from Salaparuta, while his mother, Angelina Caravella, had emigrated from Ustica as a baby. <mask> was the second child of four; his older brother, Leon, was born in 1907, while his sisters Elizabeth and Marguerite were younger. Marguerite died when she was three years old. Leon, <mask>, and Elizabeth were all baptized at St. Ann's Parish. They lived in a house at 1812 St. Peter Street in New Orleans. <mask>'s mother was a music lover, and she made sure that each child played an instrument. <mask> was assigned the violin and started out playing at St. Ann's Parish.He became interested in jazz when he heard black musicians, including <mask>. Italian immigrants, Italian-Americans, and African-Americans in New Orleans at the time frequently socialized together in the same clubs and bars. Local clubs tailored to the ostracized Italian community, such as Matranga's, Joe Segrettas, Tonti's Social Club, and Lala's Big 25, were all Italian-American clubs owned and operated by Italians; African Americans were always welcomed in these clubs and often played music and fraternized with Italians and Italian-Americans. <mask>'s interest in jazz was sparked while frequenting these clubs and observing black and Italian jazz artists playing together. According to author Garry Boulard in his book <mask> Prima, <mask> paid attention to the music coming from clubs and watched his older brother Leon play the cornet. When Leon left the house to spend one summer in Texas, <mask> practiced continuously on his worn-down cornet. He formed a band in 1924 with his childhood friends "Candy" Candido (bass), Irving Fazola (clarinet) and Johnny Viviano (drums).<mask> attended Jesuit High School but transferred to Warren Easton High in the fall of 1926. At Warren Easton, he played with the "Eastonites", the school band. In 1927, he partnered with fellow musician Frank Federico and the pair played at "The Whip", a run-down French Quarter nightclub. By the spring of 1928, <mask> decided he would become a professional musician. Career
After finishing high school in New Orleans, <mask> had a few unsuccessful gigs, including when he joined the Ellis Stratako Orchestra in 1929. <mask>, Federico and saxophonist Dave Winstein drove to Florida for a gig but no one showed up. They made it to a relative's house, where they were given money for gas and a meal.<mask> did not give up. He joined Joseph Cherniavsky's Orchestra in 1929 at Jefferson Parish. He got a temporary job playing on the steamship Capital that docked on Canal Street. Although the Capital did not provide him with a big break for his career, he did meet his first wife <mask>zi there. They married on June 25, 1929. From 1931 to 1932 <mask> occupied his time by performing in the Avalon Club owned by his brother Leon. His first break was when Lou Forbes hired him for daily afternoon and early evening shows at The Saenger.New York City
New York was an attraction for hungry musicians during the Great Depression. It posed numerous risks, but all of the best artists in the nation made it in New York if not anywhere else. Guy Lombardo met <mask> while he was performing at club Shim Sham during the Mardi Gras season of 1934. <mask>'s first gig in New York City was supposed to be at a club called Leon and Eddie's, located at 33 West 52nd street. Eddie Davis, one of the owners of the club, did not hire <mask> because he thought he was black. <mask> and his New Orleans Gang
In September 1934, <mask> began recording for the Brunswick label. He recorded "That's Where the South Begins", "Long About Midnight", "Jamaica Shout", and "Star Dust".<mask> and his New Orleans Gang  featured Frank Pinero playing piano, Jack Ryan bass, Garrett McAdams guitar, and Pee Wee Russell clarinet. The band had their first performance at a club called the Famous Door, owned and operated by Jack Colt. <mask>'s recordings from 1935 were a combination of Dixieland and swing. In May 1935, <mask> and Russell recorded "The Lady in Red", a national jukebox hit. They also recorded "Chinatown", "Chasing Shadows" and "Gypsy Tea Room". Martha Raye played a role in Prima's professional and personal life. She was a comedian with potential to become a singer.The two featured a show at the club that granted <mask> his first national debut on "The Fleischman Hour". In March 1936, <mask> recorded "Sing Sing Sing", which subsequently became a hit for Benny Goodman. California
<mask> moved to California to expand his music. During this time there was a movement for big bands and orchestras. <mask> hired <mask> on the string bass, a New Orleans native. He fired McAdams so that he could have Frank Federico, his childhood friend, play the guitar. With all of his success, his marriage back in New Orleans had already failed.He and <mask> were divorced in 1936, following infidelities going back at least to the French Quarter in 1933. A few months later, he was involved in a new fling with Alma Ross, an actress. <mask> and Ross were quite serious and after only a few months together he asked her to marry him while he started his tour out in the Midwest. The couple faced problems in Wisconsin and Chicago because they did not meet the marital requirements. Guy Lombardo helped them out by arranging a place in South Bend, Indiana. They wed on July 25, 1936. The couple had a few problems; one of the worst was that <mask> denied much about his past.He never confessed to Alma that he had a daughter until she found out from a tax return. <mask> also pushed Ross into signing with Paramount in 1937. He continued to travel along the East Coast with his band. <mask> struggled to upgrade to big band style. It was not supported by his mentors in New York or Los Angeles. With the help of Guy Lombardo he traveled to Chicago to promote his new format at the Blackhawk in October 1936. The new format was unsuccessful.Reinvented in New York
In 1937, <mask> and his smaller gang (Federico, Masinter, Pinero, and Meyer Weinberg on clarinet) returned to the Famous Door in New York to perform. He also appeared at Billy Rose's Casa Mañana club in May 1938. He earned nearly a quarter million dollars throughout seven weeks at Casa Mañana. He was booked by William Morris Agency in late 1938, which sent him to Boston, New York, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, Miami Beach, New Orleans, and St. Louis. The band traveled by car, since it was the cheapest option. World War II
In 1939 <mask> was under contract to appear in black theatres in New York, Baltimore, Boston and Washington D.C. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt attended his performance in Washington D.C., and formally invited him to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's birthday celebration. He appeared in photographs with the President, which ultimately boosted his publicity.Deemed unfit for military service in World War II because of a knee injury, <mask> continued performing. By the mid-1940s, <mask> was experiencing great success. People were purchasing tickets early in the morning for shows later on that evening. Despite the anti-Italian sentiment during the war, <mask> continued to record Italian songs, the most famous being "Angelina", named after his mother. Others included "Please No Squeeza Da Banana", "Baciagaloop (Makes Love on the Stoop)", and "Felicia No Capicia." He performed the Italian songs at the Strand Theatre in New York. He brought in $440,000 in six weeks.In Detroit he could bring in about $38,000 for an afternoon performance. With all of this success, he decided to go back to Chicago to prove himself; he sold out the "Panther Room" in that city. <mask> had several big hits in the summer of 1945, including "My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time" and "Bell-Bottom Trousers". As his career grew, however, his marriage with Alma simultaneously failed. They got a divorce when she discovered he had been cheating on her with another actress. Alma was supposed to receive $15,000 a year or 7.5% of his earnings. <mask> ignored

masks:
Louis Leo Prima
Prima
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Louis Leo Prima
Anthony Prima
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Louis
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Louis
Louis Armstrong
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Louis
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Louise Poliz
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 the payments until they piled up to about $60,000, which forced him to write a settlement check of $45,000 plus $250 per week.Later he married his secretary, Tracelene Barrett. By the end of the war years, the popularity of big band music was diminishing, and by 1947 <mask> was playing more jazzy versions of his music. Under a new contract with RCA Victor, he recorded "Civilization"; "You Can’t Tell the Depth of the Well"; "Say it with a Slap"; "Valencia"; "My Flame Went Out Last Night"; "Thousand Islands"; "Mean To Me"; and "Tutti Tutti Pizzicato". In 1948 <mask> and Barrett had a baby girl. Personality
Fans knew <mask> as a genial and patient celebrity: he always signed autographs or posed for pictures with a smile. To the record companies and big corporations, however, <mask> showed little deference, and he was uncompromising in seeking maximum compensation for his work. Warner Brothers offered him $60,000 to be in a movie based on the life of Helen Morgan, but he rejected it; when the studio increased the offer to $75,000, it was still not enough.<mask> wanted $100,000 and creative control of his role, which was rejected by Warner Brothers. He had protracted disputes with the Strand Theatre in New York City and Majestic Records, and he flatly refused to allow a former songwriter to advertise herself as "formerly featured with <mask>'s orchestra". <mask> had expensive tastes: he shopped at luxury clothing stores and always wore top-brand suits. He spent great sums on horse racing and his own private stable of horses. He said he enjoyed gambling because it relaxed him; riding was another one of the things that relaxed him the most outside of his busy performing life. He knew each of his horses well and read about training. Another hobby was boating.He purchased a boat for his third wife Tracelene Barrett for their honeymoon on the Hudson River. Keely Smith
Keely Smith was twenty when she met <mask> in August 1948. Born in Norfolk, Virginia, she made a point to stop by the Surf Club in Virginia Beach to visit him. To her surprise, <mask> was looking for a new female vocalist to replace Lily Ann Carol. Smith was wearing a bathing suit and was not allowed into the club until she put on proper attire. Luckily, someone was able to lend her some acceptable clothing and she auditioned. She landed the part and was soon traveling with his band.<mask> signed with Columbia Records in the fall of 1951 to keep up with the rapid changes in the marketing industry. Throughout his sixteen-month contract, his top hits consisted of "Chop Suey, Chow Mein", "Ooh-Dahdily-Dah", and "Chili Sauce". To support his horses and manage his expenses, he chose to drop his big band and play in lesser clubs. On top of it all, he divorced his third wife Tracelene on June 18, 1953. Less than a month later he married Keely. She was open to criticism, and he wanted to make her a star. He tried to find the style that fit her correctly, especially since rock and roll was emerging.<mask> was not against rock 'n' roll like some other artists, such as Frank Sinatra and Jackie Gleason. He accepted that "the kids had an instinct for the kind of music that's fun to listen to and dance to." A new act
In 1954 <mask> was offered a stay at The Sahara in Las Vegas to open his new act with Keely Smith. He enlisted New Orleans saxophonist Sam Butera and his backing musicians, "The Witnesses". The act was a hit, and ultimately led <mask> to sign with Capitol Records in 1955. The act performed regularly in Las Vegas for the rest of the decade. He released his first album with Capitol Records, The Wildest!, in September 1956.Some of the popular songs include his medley of "Just a Gigolo" and "I Ain't Got Nobody". In 1957, the couple released The Call of the Wildest. Keely worked with other artists to release the album I Wish You Love, and received a Grammy for it in 1958. She earned  Billboard and Variety’s number one female vocalist award in 1958–59, and the Playboy Jazz Award in 1959. The duo also redid "That Old Black Magic", which was a Top 40 hit for two months. It earned the duo a Grammy. The couple also had two daughters together, one of whom, Toni, became an actress and singer in her own right.<mask> decided to relocate his acts to the Desert Inn because he would take in $3 million for producing twelve weeks' worth of acts a year for five years. <mask> signed with Dot Records in 1959 and produced eight albums, headlined by Wonderland By Night and On Stage in 1961. The couple was constantly performing and it affected their marriage. An attempted vacation boating down the Atlantic coast ended up grounded in the Intracoastal Waterway until rescued by the Coast Guard. In January 1961, <mask> was invited by Frank Sinatra to perform at the inaugural gala for President John F. Kennedy; the two played "Old Black Magic" together. The constant performances and <mask>'s infidelities were too much for Smith. After finishing up their contract at the Desert Inn, she filed for divorce at the Eighth Judicial Circuit Court of Nevada in Las Vegas.After Keely was out of his life and his performances, <mask> tried to prove that he did not need her. In the New York Post, there was a suggestion that Keely should rejoin for an act in New York's Basin Street East nightclub. <mask> said, "I have no desire whatsoever to have any dealings with Keely Smith under any conditions…There is nothing in the world or no one that could ever make me accept this woman in our act." <mask>'s father died in 1961, the same year as the divorce from Keely. His mother died in the winter of 1965. In 1962, he tried to form his own recording company called "Prima One Records". He filled Keely's spot with Gia Maione, a waitress who was 21 years old.He did his best to make her famous by producing her first album "This Is … Gia." It was funded entirely by him, and it was unsuccessful. They married and had a daughter, Lena, later  a New Orleans-based singer and recording artist with Basin Street Records, and his only son, <mask> Jr., the last of his six children. He was also in the middle of making appearances in Las Vegas and promoting the film Twist All Night. In 1967, <mask> landed a role in Walt Disney's animated feature The Jungle Book, as the raucous orangutan King Louie. He performed the hit song "I Wan'na Be like You" on the soundtrack, leading to the recording of two albums with Phil Harris: The Jungle Book and More Jungle Book, and covering MC duties and singing the theme song "Winnie the Pooh", for the 1967 album entitled Happy Birthday Winnie the Pooh, all of these on Disneyland Records. He can be heard on the soundtrack of another cartoon feature, The Man Called Flintstone.One of <mask>'s final television appearances was as a "mystery guest"  on What's My Line? in 1970. Personal life

<mask> was married to:

Among his children are musical performers <mask> and <mask> Jr., both born to Maione. <mask> suffered a heart attack in 1973. Two years later, following headaches and episodes of memory loss, he sought medical attention, and was diagnosed with a brain stem tumor. He suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and went into a coma following surgery. He never recovered, and died three years later, in 1978, having been moved back to New Orleans.He was buried in Metairie Cemetery in a gray marble crypt topped by a figure of Gabriel, the trumpeter-angel, sculpted in 1997 by Russian-born sculptor Alexei Kazantsev. The inscription on the crypt's door quotes the lyrics from one of his hits: "When the end comes, I know, they'll say, 'just a gigolo' as life goes on without me…"

<mask>'s expected visit to a small Italian restaurant drives the plot of the critically acclaimed 1996 film Big Night. On July 25, 2010 – the centenary year of his birth <mask> received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2018, <mask>'s 1936 single "What Will Santa Claus Say (When He Finds Everybody Swingin’)" was sampled by Kids See Ghosts on the song "4th Dimension", which appeared on their album Kids See Ghosts. <mask>'s New Orleans-based daughter, <mask>, performs throughout the nation. His son, <mask> Jr. leads his own band, performing music composed and played by his father and popular music of many genres. Filmography

Discography

Albums
 <mask> Plays for the People (Mercury, 1953)
 The Wildest!(Capitol, 1956)
 The Call of the Wildest (Capitol, 1957)
 <mask> with Orchestra (Rondo-Lette, 1957)
 Breaking It Up! (Columbia CL 1206, recordings from 1951 to 1953, but released in 1958)
 Hi-Fi Lootin'  with Joe Venuti (Design, 1958)
 Entertains (Rondo-Lette, 1959)
 Strictly Prima! (Capitol, 1959)
 Pretty Music Prima Style Volume 1 (Dot, 1960)
 Wonderland by Night: Pretty Music Prima Style, Vol. 2 (Dot, 1960)
 Blue Moon (Dot, 1961)
 Doin' the Twist with <mask> (Dot, 1961)
 The Wildest Comes Home (Capitol, 1962)
 Lake Tahoe Prima Style (Capitol, 1962)
 Italian Favorites with Phil Brito (Tops, 1963)
 Prima Show in the Casbar (Prima Magnagroove, 1963)
 The King of Clubs (Prima Magnagroove, 1964)
 Let's Fly with Mary Poppins (Walt Disney, 1965)
 Louis Prima On Broadway (United Artists, 1967)
 The Jungle Book (Disneyland, 1967)
 The New Sounds of the Louis Prima Show (De-Lite, 1968)
 More Jungle Book...Further Adventures of Baloo and Mowgli (Disneyland, 1969)
 Blast

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Louis Prima
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Louis Prima
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Louis Prima
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Legacy Prima
– Prima
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Louis Prima
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<mask>mIH (born February 15, 1962, in Mirandela) is a Portuguese composer. Awards and honors
2021 - DASCH - Schostakovich Ensemble Prize, with his Pour la fin, pour mon Commencement, for clarinet, violin, cello and piano

2021 - Alumni-Salamanca University Jesús García Bernalt Prize, with his Quando, for mixed choir a cappella

2017 - Performing Rights Society SPA Prize Prémio Autores 2017

2011 - Tree of Life Prize

2006 - UNESCO International Rostrum of Composers, Paris, with his O meu poemário infantil for tenor and orchestra

2004 - Decorated by the President of Portuguese Republic with Commendation of the Order of the Infante Dom Henrique

2001 - National Identity Prize

1999 - Francisco de Lacerda Composition Prize

1999 - UNESCO International Rostrum of Composers, Paris, with his Sorrow on the death of Jorge Peixinho for large orchestra

1998 - UNESCO International Rostrum of Composers, Paris, with his Cinco melodias em forma de Montemel for soprano, horn and piano

1998 - Lopes-Graça Prize from the City of Tomar

Main works

STAGE WORKS

Peer, you're lying! 2001

incidental music for the Ibsen's play Peer Gynt

Opus: 38

Duration (minutes) 110

1(picc).1(ca).1(bcl).1 - hn - perc(2) - pno - 2 vln.vla.vlc.db (with C extension)

Commission: The New Teatro Aberto

First Performance: 24.2.02, Teatro Aberto, Lisbon: Teatro Aberto's Ensemble, Joao Paulo Santos

 Wolf Diogo and Mosquito Valentim
2002

scenic cantata for two singers, speaker, children's choir and orchestra

Opus: 41

Duration (minutes) 50

Instrumentation: 2(2=picc).2.2.2. - 2hn - timp - strings (some basses with C extension)

Singers: Fox Rose (soprano), Wolf Diogo (bass), speaker, children's choir

Text: Antonio Pires Cabral

Language: Portuguese

Commission: Porto National Orchestra

First Performance: 20.12.02, S.John National Theater, Oporto: Angélica Neto / Jorge Vaz de Carvalho / Paulo Pires / C.P.O. - 2.2.2.1. - perc(1) - timp - strings (some basses with C extension)

Commission: Povoa's Music Festival

First Performance: 30.7.99, Povoa's Casino: Phillarmonia of Beiras, Osvaldo Ferreira

First Recording: Numerica, NUM 1108: Povoa Symphony Orchestra, Osvaldo Ferreira

 Praxitelic Music for two Gods from Olympus
2004

orchestra

Duration (minutes) 9

Instrumentation: 1.1.1.1. - 2.0.0.0.


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<mask> (4 March 1916 – 13 April 2000) was an Italian novelist, poet, essayist, editor, and international intellectual. Biography
<mask> was born in Bologna into a prosperous Jewish family of Ferrara, where he spent his childhood with his mother Dora, father Enrico (a doctor), brother Paolo, and sister Jenny. In 1934 he completed his studies at his secondary school, the liceo classico L. Ariosto in Ferrara. Music had been his first great passion and he considered a career as a pianist; however literature soon became the focus of his artistic interests. In 1935 he enrolled in the Faculty of Letters of the University of Bologna. Commuting to lectures by train (third class) from Ferrara, he studied under the art historian Roberto Longhi. His ideal of the "free intellectual" was the liberal historian and philosopher Benedetto Croce.Despite the anti-Semitic race laws which were introduced from 1938, he was able to graduate in 1939, writing a thesis on the nineteenth-century writer, journalist, radical and lexicographer Niccolò Tommaseo. As a Jew in 1939, however, work opportunities were now limited and he became a schoolteacher in the Jewish School of Ferrara in via Vignatagliata. In 1940 his first book, Una città di pianura ("A City of the Plain"), was published under the pseudonym "Giacomo Marchi" in order to evade the race laws. During this period, along with friends he had made in Ferrara's intellectual circle, he became a clandestine political activist. His activity in the anti-fascist resistance led to his arrest in May 1943; he was released on 26 July, the day after Benito Mussolini was ousted from power. A little over a week later he married Valeria Sinigallia, whom he had met playing tennis. They moved to Florence for a brief period, living under assumed names, then at the end of the year, to Rome, where he would spend the rest of his life.His first volume of poems, Storie dei poveri amanti e altri versi, appeared in 1944; a second, Te lucis ante, followed in 1947. He edited the literary review Botteghe oscure for Princess Marguerite Caetani from its founding in 1948 until it ceased publication in 1960. In 1953 La passeggiata prima di cena appeared and in 1954 Gli ultimi anni di Clelia Trotti. In the same year he became editor of Paragone, a journal founded by Longhi and his wife Anna Banti. <mask>'s writings reached a wider audience in 1956 with the publication of the Premio Strega-winning book of short stories, Cinque storie ferraresi (the five stories are Lida Mantovani, La passeggiata prima di cena, Una lapide in via Mazzini, Gli ultimi anni di Clelia Trotti, and Una notte del '43). As an editorial director of Feltrinelli <mask> was responsible for the posthumous publication in 1958 of Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa's Il Gattopardo, a novel which had been rejected by Elio Vittorini at Mondadori, and Einaudi. It became one of the great successes of post-war Italian literature.<mask>'s enthusiastic editing of the text, following instructions from  (daughter of Benedetto) who had offered him the manuscript, later became controversial, however; recent editions have been published which follow the manuscript more closely. Also in 1958 <mask>'s novel Gli occhiali d'oro (made into a film in 1987) was published, an examination, in part, of the marginalisation of Jews and homosexuals. Together with stories from Cinque storie ferraresi (reworked and under the new title Dentro le mura (1973)) it was to form part of a series of works known collectively as Il romanzo di Ferrara, which explored the city, with its Christian and Jewish elements, its perspectives and its landscapes. The series includes: Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini (The Garden of the Finzi-Continis) (1962, Premio Viareggio prizewinner); Dietro la porta (1964); L'airone (1968) and L'odore del fieno (1972). These works realistically document the Italian Jewish community under Fascism in a style that manifests the difficulties of searching for truth in the meanderings of memory and moral conscience. In 1960 one of his short stories (Una notte del '43, from Cinque storie ferraresi) was adapted as the film Long Night in 1943. A stage adaptation of The Garden of the Finzi-Continis by opera composer Ricky Ian Gordon is set to premiere in January 2022.It is a co-production of National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene and the New York City Opera. From 1965 to 1980, <mask> was the president of the organization Italia Nostra. <mask> died in 2000 and was buried in the Jewish Cemetery in Ferrara. He was survived by his estranged wife Valeria and their two children Paola (born 1945-09-01) and Enrico (born 1949-06-29). He had been with his companion Portia Prebys, since shortly after they met in 1977. <mask> received the , the Strega, the Campiello, the Viareggio and the Nelly Sachs prizes. He collaborated on several screen plays.Publications
Within the Walls (Dentro le mura) – 1956
The Gold-rimmed Spectacles (Gli occhiali d'oro) – 1958
A Prospect of Ferrara (Cinque storie ferraresi) – 1962
The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini) – 1962
The Heron (L'airone) – 1970
Five Stories of Ferrara (Cinque storie ferraresi) – 1971
The Smell of Hay (L'odore del fieno) – 1972
Behind the Door (Dietro la porta) – 1972
Il romanzo di Ferrara (1974; revised 1980). The Novel of Ferrara, trans. Jamie McKendrick (2018)
Rolls Royce and Other Poems (extracts from Epitaffio and In gran segreto) – 1982

Film adaptations
 Long Night in 1943
 The Garden of the Finzi-Continis
 The Gold Rimmed Glasses

References

Bibliography
 Guia Risari, The Document within the Walls. The Romance of Bassani, Troubador Publishing, Leics, I. ed. 1999, II ed. 2004,
 Alessandro Giardino, <mask>. Percorsi dello sguardo nelle arti visive,Fernandel, 2011 <mask> Editore, 2013
 Paola Polito, L'officina dell'ineffabile.Ripetizione, memoria e non detto in <mask>, <mask> Editore, 2014
 <mask>, Lezioni americane di <mask>, a cura di Valerio Cappozzo, Ravenna, <mask> Editore, 2016
 www.italialibri.net :: Il romanzo di Ferrara – Bassani
 Poscritto a <mask>. Saggi in Memoria del Decimo Anniversario della Morte [Postscriptum: Critical Essays on <mask> in Memory of the Tenth Anniversary of his Death], R. Antognini e R. Diaconescu Blumenfeld (edd. ), LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano 2012,

External links

 Jonathan Keates, 2000, <mask>, obituary for The Guardian
 cronologia.leonardo.it :: <mask>

1916 births
2000 deaths
Italian male poets
Jewish poets
20th-century Italian male writers
20th-century Italian Jews
Italian resistance movement members
Writers from Ferrara
Writers from Bologna
Strega Prize winners
Viareggio Prize winners
20th-century Italian novelists
20th-century Italian poets
Italian male novelists
Premio Campiello winners
Jewish Italian writers

masks:
Giorgio Bassani
Bassani
Bassani
Bassani
Bassani
Bassani
Giorgio Bassani
Bassani
Bassani
Giorgio Bassani
Giorgio Pozzi
Giorgio Bassani
Giorgio Pozzi
Giorgio Bassani
Giorgio Bassani
Giorgio Pozzi
Giorgio Bassani
Giorgio Bassani
Giorgio Bassani
Giorgio Bassani