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Brigadier-General <mask>,  (20 July 1869 – 21 April 1930) was a senior Canadian-born British Army officer and British Empire colonial administrator. He published a number of works on military topics and Africa. Early life
Guggisberg was born in Galt, Ontario, Canada. He was the grandson of Samuel Guggisberg, a cabinetmaker and farmer who had emigrated from Uetendorf in Canton Bern, Switzerland in 1832. He was the eldest son born to merchant Frederick Guggisberg and his wife Dora Louisa Willson. After moving to England in 1879, Guggisberg was educated at Burney's School, Portsmouth and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Royal Engineers in 1889 and promoted to lieutenant in 1892.He served in Singapore from 1893 to 1896. He became instructor in fortification at Woolwich in January 1897, where he distinguished himself by reforming the methods and syllabus of instruction. He was promoted to captain in 1900, the year he published The Shop: The Story of the Royal Military Academy. In 1903 he published Modern Warfare under the pseudonym "Ubique". Career and later life

In September 1902 <mask> was employed by the Colonial Office on a special survey of the Gold Coast Colony and Ashanti, and in 1905 was appointed director of surveys in that colony. In 1908 he returned to Chatham for regimental work, but in 1910 was appointed director of survey in Southern Nigeria. Nigeria gave him full scope for his energies and organizational skills, and he compiled The Handbook of the Southern Nigeria Survey (1911) for the guidance of his assistants.Of this work the director-general of the ordnance survey wrote:
"The duties of all members of the staff were strictly defined and, in particular, sensible rules were laid down as to the relations of the staff with the civil administration. Much attention was paid to the treatment of villagers; unpaid labour was forbidden; all goods bought were to be paid for at the recognized rate, and great care was to be exercised not to damage the crops.... They were model instructions and the survey of Nigeria was a model survey." Following the union of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1913, <mask> was appointed surveyor-general of Nigeria. In 1914 he was appointed director of public works in the Gold Coast, but he rejoined the army upon the outbreak of the First World War. He commanded the 94th Field Company, Royal Engineers, from 1915 to 1916, and was Commander, Royal Engineers, (CRE) of the 8th Divisional Engineers during the Battle of the Somme (July 1916), and of the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Divisional Engineers from November 1916 to May 1917. He was brigadier-general commanding the 170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade 1917–1918, assistant-inspector-general of training, general headquarters, France, in 1918; and in command of the 100th Brigade in 1918.He was mentioned in dispatches five times, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1918. In 1919, <mask> was appointed Governor of the Gold Coast. There he energetically undertook works of development and extension of railways, and created the deep-water harbour of Takoradi, superseding the use of surf-boats for handling traffic. In 1923 he commissioned the construction of Accra's Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, the finest and most modern institution of its kind in colonial Africa at the time. During his time in the Gold Coast, as during his time in Nigeria, Guggisberg was lucky to be able to benefit from the advice of the geologist Albert Ernest Kitson, who took a keen interest in developing local infrastructures. Close association with native Africans during his survey work convinced Guggisberg that the African races and Muslims of the Middle East and Asia were capable of eventually attaining the development levels of modern Europe. Toward the close of his life he wrote: "My practical experience... during the last twenty-seven years has convinced me that what individuals have achieved, in spite of ill-selected systems of education, can be achieved by the race generally, provided we alter our educational methods."In order to carry out that purpose he founded Achimota College for the training of native teachers and instructors. It was later to become the largest establishment for the education of native Africans. The aim of Guggisberg's policy was the development of the country by and for the natives rather than for the benefit of European capitalists. In 1928 Guggisberg was appointed governor and commander-in-chief of British Guiana, but owing to failing health he was obliged to leave the colony in 1929, and soon afterwards resigned the appointment. He introduced drastic administrative reforms and devoted himself energetically to the problems of maintaining and improving the system of drainage and irrigation upon which the sugar and rice cultivation of the colony depended. He also promoted immigration and peasant settlement and the development of the production and marketing of rice. These activities were cut short by his illness and resignation in 1929.He died at Bexhill-on-Sea at the age of 60. During his last illness <mask> addressed to his personal friends a remarkable letter setting forth the aims which he had had in view in his administrative work in British Guiana, his confidence in divine guidance and in the spirit of Christianity, and his hope of being able to return to Africa "to try to do some more work for the African races.... As you know", he concluded, "my heart is in Africa, and I believe that away from the trammels of the Colonial Office, there is opportunity for me to do something useful both for the Empire and for the natives of Africa. ",

Honours and family
Guggisberg was a tall and athletic figure, as a young man very handsome, and always of impressive and dignified presence. His personality was attractive and inspiring. He was for some years captain of the Royal Engineers' cricket eleven and played a first-class cricket match for the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1905. He was also a fine player of polo, racquets, golf, and football. He was created a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1908 and a Knight Commander in the same Order in 1922.He was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1917. <mask> married twice:
On 20 September 1895 in Trichinopoly, Madras Presidency, India, he married Ethel Emily Hamilton Way, daughter of Colonel Wilfred FitzAlan Way of the Northumberland Fusiliers, whom he divorced in 1904 and by whom he had three daughters. On 15 August 1905 in Staines to (Lilian) Decima Moore, the actress, daughter of Edward Henry Moore, of Brighton, county analyst. She accompanied him on his survey journeys, and their joint book, We Two in West Africa (1909), is an interesting study of a transitional phase in West African development. <mask> died in 1930 in Bexhill-on-Sea, East Sussex. In 1973 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the construction of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, the Ghanaian government honoured Guggisberg with the erection of a large statue, a rare tribute paid by a post-colonial government to one of its colonial governors. There are male dormitories named after Guggisberg at the Eastern compound of Achimota School in Accra Ghana, Bagabaga College of Education in Tamale Ghana and Prempeh College in Kumasi Ghana.Ethnic background and religious affiliation
Despite of the occasional rumours about Guggisberg's background and religious faith being Jewish, it has been thoroughly documented that he was not. His family has long recorded ancestry in the farming village of Belp, going back to the early 16th century and before that in the neighboring hamlet of Niederhäusern, near the village of Zimmerwald, both in Canton Bern, Switzerland going back even further, to the late 14th century and beyond. The family were adherents to the Evangelical Reformed National Church of Canton Bern (Evangelisch-Reformierte Landeskirche des Kantons Bern) since 1528, when Bern introduced the Protestant Reformation to all its territories, a faith Guggisberg's emigrant grandfather continued to follow throughout his lifetime while in Canada. Guggisberg himself, because of his mother, was baptized and raised in the Anglican denomination, a faith that he piously adhered to until his death. Books authored by Guggisberg
Guggisberg, F. G., The Shop: The Story of the Royal Military Academy (1900)
Guggisberg, F. G., Modern Warfare (1903)

Guggisberg, F. G., The Handbook of the Southern Nigeria Survey (1911)
Guggisberg, F. G. and Fraser, A. G., The Future of the Negro (1929)

Notes

External links
CricketArchive: <mask>berg

1869 births
1930 deaths
People from Cambridge, Ontario
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Royal Engineers officers
British Army generals
British Army generals of World War I
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
English cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Cricketers from Ontario
People educated at Burney's Academy

masks:
Sir Frederick Gordon Gugberg
Guggisberg
Guggisberg
Guggisberg
Guggisberg
Guggisberg
Guggisberg
Gordon Guggis


type: original

texts:
<mask> (10 March 1889 – 29 December 1955) was a German, later an English conductor, theater and music director as well as Kapellmeister, composer and musicologist. Life
Born in Hanover during the Gründerzeit of the German Empire as scion of a Jewish scholarly family, son of a lawyer and notary and later Privy Councillor of Justice <mask> (1846–1920) and his second wife Leonore, née Cohen, Behren grew up in Hannover with three half siblings, including the later literary scholar  (1883–1972). Sein He took his Abitur at the Schillergymnasium there, studied law from 1907, initially for two semesters, but then moved to Munich to the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, where he studied musicology, philosophy and art history under Heinrich Wölfflin, Theodor Lipps and Theodor Kroyer. Under Adolf Sandberger, Berend completed his doctorate in Munich in 1913 on the baroque composer and under the title Nicolaus Adam Strungk 1640-1700. Sein Leben und seine Werke mit Beiträgen zur Geschichte der Musik und des Theaters in Celle, Hannover, Leipzig

Meanwhile Berend had already received practical music lessons from Emil Blume for violoncello and Heinrich Lutter for piano, and had taken further practical lessons at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München with August Schmidt-Lindner, Friedrich Klose and Felix Mottl. In 1913 Berend got the position as assistant of Bruno Walter at the National Theatre Munich. In the following year 1914, Berend took up his first position as a theatre Kappelmeister in Freiburg im Breisgau, but this was already interrupted the following year by the war effort in World War I. Berend served from 1915 in the 4th Baden Field Artillery Regiment No.66, became an officer and was awarded the Iron Cross second and first class as well as the "Baden Order of Merit", before he returned to Freiburg in 1918 and was able to work as a theatre Kappelmeister again until 1920. From 1922 to 1924, Berend was engaged in Kaiserslautern as Kapellmeister at the Pfalztheater and conducted operas, symphony concerts and oratorio performances there. But still in 1924 he changed to Hagen, where he held the position of head conductor at the local opera house until 1925. At the beginning of 1926 Berend took over the position of the first Kapellmeister at Theater Osnabrück, in 1931 also that of the Intendant. Due to the Great Depression, a theatrical cooperation with the city of Münster was agreed upon for the 1932/1933 season by "[...] the city fathers" of the two neighbouring cities and Berend was given the direction of both municipal theatres. Although Berend "completely fulfilled the expectations of his spoiled audience", including a performance of Wagner's Die Walküre, shortly after the Nazi's seizure of power the arbitrariness against Berend began: During his vacation he learned from the radio that he had been deposed as Kapellmeister in Osnabrück in favor of a successor who was politically acceptable to the Osnabrück National Socialists. The deposition had been enforced arbitrarily and without any legal basis.Since, however, according to Berend's contract of 16 March 1933, an extension for three seasons had been agreed for the Münster location, the action against Berend initially had no effect in Münster. Meanwhile, however, the party organ National-Zeitung spread malicious allusions to Berend's origins as a so-called "half-Jew": with his dismissal of a Jewish actor he had only wanted to distract from his own origins. Only a few weeks later, on 10 June 1933, Karl-Eugen Heinrich denounced the theatre director to Joseph Goebbels that Berend was "[...] to address him as a Jew according to party official regulations". On 2 July 1933, Berend's descent was verified, and subsequently noted on the index card of the  "fully-Jew" (?). Although Berend was initially able to work as the first Kapellmeister in Münster, after he had received words of thanks from the "Münsterischer Anzeiger" dated 25 July 1933 "[...] not only [for] the artistic but also the human qualities of the upright front officer", he was dismissed as Intendant in Münster on 28 July 1933 and replaced by Otto Liebscher. In a personal conversation with Goebbels, Liebscher's successor Wilhelm Hanke succeeded in keeping Berend in his post, pointing out that otherwise he would have to close the Münster Theater. The opera ensemble was delighted.But on September 6, 1935, <mask> was expelled from the Reichstheaterkammer, but he was able to work in Münster until the summer of 1936, when the decisive objection of the party authorities led to the "Gleichschaltung" of Berend's Theater Berends final dismissal in Münster. In August 1936 <mask> moved to see his aunt in Berlin, where he lived at Yorkstraße 10 until February 1938. During this time he initially looked for a position as a répétiteur, but then joined the Jüdische Künstlerhilfe, where he could work as a conductor, and shortly afterwards also in  Breslauer Kulturbund-Orchester. Place of his work in Berlin was the  ("Jüdische Künstlertheater"). Then, however, he received a warning from the non-Jewish actress Ilsabe (Ilse Annemarie) Dieck, who lived in Münster, that the Gestapo would make inquiries about the mutual relationship. <mask> immediately left Berlin for South Tyrol, where his cousin, who had previously worked as a doctor also in Berlin, had acquired a country estate in Chiusa. Later he moved to Florence, where he - despite the  (prohibition of work) - carried out various activities to secure his livelihood.He taught music to children of German emigrants in a rural school near Florence, worked as a répétiteur and pianist in concerts, and occasionally gave lectures on music at the British Institute. Because of the violation of the ban on work, he feared the so-called "Sippenhaft" for his siblings who remained in the German Reich, especially after his brother Eduard had been arrested there. Meanwhile, Ilsabe Dieck had repeatedly travelled to the Netherlands to send Berend foreign currency regularly via fake addresses. Later his fiancée suffered a nervous breakdown and followed Berend to Florence. After Benito Mussolini had also enacted Italian racial laws in the fall of 1938, similar to Adolf Hitler, and Berend was now threatened with persecution and expulsion in Italy as well, the artist left the country by means of a visa after the forced payment of the "Reich Flight Tax" in the amount of 1,917 Reichsmark - for which he had to sell his concert piano - and reached England on 18 March 1939. About half a year later he was followed "[...] on household leave" by Ilsabe Dieck, who Berend married in 1940. But even in England the two of them - without work permit - only led a stifling emigrant life.When the Second World War began, the couple were no longer able to travel to the USA as they had wished. So the couple was initially dependent on support from English artists or the Anglican Communion. In addition, Berend founded two orchestras with emigrants, conducted concerts and operas with them, but only for charitable purposes, for example for the Red Cross. He also gave lectures, organized concerts and opera performances in the city of Hampstead and the English province. Berend once found a larger audience when the Landesgruppe deutscher Gewerkschafter in Gross-Britannien celebrated the 25th anniversary of the November Revolution in the middle of the war on 9 November 1943: at the well-attended event with lectures, musical interludes and recitations by Ferdinand Freiligrath and Bertolt Brecht, Berend was able to present the audience with a sonata by Ludwig van Beethoven and his Victory Symphony from Egmont. Between 1944 and the post-war period of 1951, Berend found a large public as a conductor, especially in London during the matinees of the National Gallery of Art, performing cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach among others. Meanwhile, Berend had already received news in 1945 that his mother and half-brothers and sisters had been victims of the Holocaust.Although <mask> finally obtained British nationality in 1948, he never found a normal employment again. Although he worked at the Carl Rosa Opera Company from 1951 to 1953, he was only a guest conductor. His last position, from 1953, was only limited to "ability to work", at the Welsh National Opera Company Ltd. in Cardiff once again as music director, but was dismissed at the end of 1954 due to "reduced ability to work". In 1955 Berend's "complete incapacity to work" was determined. After a new municipal theatre was completed in the course of the German economic miracle in Berend's former place of work in Münster, Berend was invited to conduct the first opera in 1956. However, the invitation did not reach the artist: after suffering from a heart failure in addition to his kidney disease, which had already been diagnosed in 1933, he succumbed to the disease in London at the end of December 1956 aged 66. An application for indemnity previously submitted by Berend was not processed in Berlin in time before his death.Literature
 Josef Bergenthal: Theater-Gemeinschaft Münster-Osnabrück. In Das schöne Münster, Heft 22, ed. : Verkehrsamt der Stadt Münster in Verbindung mit dem Verkehrsverein, Münster, 1932
 Werner Röder, Herbert A. Strauss: Biographisches Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Emigration nach 1933. (International biographical dictionary of Central European emigrés 1933-1945), ed. : Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Munich among others: K. G. Saur Verlag, 1983. Manfred Kroboth: Ein Dirigent muss ins Exil. Ein Lebensbild des Musikers Fritz Berend, unveröffentlichtes Manuskript, Osnabrück: 1987
 Peter Junk, Martina Sellmeyer: Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz: Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung.Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch. 2nd edition, Bramsche: Rasch, 1989
 Klaus Hortschansky, Gerd Dethlefs: Musik in Münster. Eine Ausstellung des Stadtmuseums Münster in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Musikwissenschaftlichen Seminar der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster vom 22. April bis 31. Juli 1994, ed. : Stadt Münster, Münster: Regensberg, 1994
 Gisela Möllenhoff, Rita Schlautmann-Overmeyer: Jüdische Familien in Münster 1918-1945.1st edition, published by the city of Münster, Franz-Josef Jakobi, Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot;
 Part 1: Biographisches Lexikon, 1995
 Part 2,1: Abhandlungen und Dokumente 1918-1935, 1998
 Part 2,2: Abhandlungen und Dokumente 1935-1945, 2001
 Walther Killy, Rudolf Vierhaus (ed. ): Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie, 1st edition, vol. 1, Munich: Saur, 1995,
 Christoph Schmidt: Nationalsozialistische Kulturpolitik im Gau Westfalen-Nord. Regionale Strukturen und lokale Milieus (1933-1945). (Forschungen zur Regionalgeschichte, vol. 54), plus Dissertation 2002/2003 at the University of Münster, Paderborn; Munich; Vienna; Zürich: Schöningh, 2006,

Archives
 Entschädigungsakte Fritz Berend (Aktenzeichen 53.274), Entschädigungsbehörde Berlin, Landesverwaltungsamt für Bürger- und Ordnungsangelegenheiten, Section 1

Notes

References

External links

1889 births
1955 deaths
Musicians from Hanover
German musicologists
German people of World War I
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
Recipients of the Iron Cross, 1st class

masks:
Fritz Berend
Emil Berend
Berend
Berend
Berend
Berend


texts:
<mask> (19404 February 2021) was an Indian Marxist historian who studied and wrote on ancient and medieval India following the methodology of Marxist historiography. He was a professor of history at Delhi University and a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research. Some of his books include Ancient India: In Historical Outline (1997), The Myth of the Holy Cow (2001), and Early India: A Concise History (2004). Through his works he argued against the communal distortions of history including challenging popular beliefs of the sanctity of cow and Indian beef eating tradition. Education
<mask> completed his Senior Secondary Schooling from Board of Secondary Certification, West Bengal with First Division. He did Intermediate Examination of Arts with first division and  Bachelor of Arts (honours) in History at University of Calcutta and then his MA in History at Patna University where he was a student of Professor R.S. Sharma, who was amongst the first of modern Indian historians to study history through socio-economic analyses.Personal life
<mask> was born to <mask> <mask> and Gauri <mask>. He was born at his maternal village Ganauli (Darbhanga District) Now it is in Madhubani District, Bihar. His paternal village was Haitibali. He had two brothers and one sister. His eldest brother Dr. <mask> <mask> was doctor and retired as Assistant Director, state Falaria control, Bihar health Services and died in 1990. His second brother died at very young age when he was in intermediate. His eldest sister Vimla <mask> died in 2018.In 1975 he married to RajRani <mask> in Calcutta. <mask>'s eldest nephew Rajiv <mask> works with CPI(M)'s central organ and is part of editotial team of Loklaher. Career
<mask> was a professor at the history department of the Delhi University specializing in ancient and medieval history. In a career of over three decades, he spoke against communal distortions of history. Through his works, he studied the socio-economic structures of early India and used India's ancient texts to draw linkages between culture and technology and the resulting social and state setup. In some of his early works he studied revenue systems and linkages between economy and society in ancient India. His study was a breakaway from both imperialist historians who studied India from a colonial lens and nationalist historians who studied Indian history through folklore, wars, and royalties.In doing so, he was a group of historians who believed that post independence India's nation building efforts hinged on a professional attempt at writing history. Jha had repeatedly taken a position against Hindu nationalist ideology, arguing against what he claimed is communalism and saffronisation. He was critical of the view that "tolerance is the very essence of 'Hinduism qua Hinduism'''", and had claimed what he termed as Brahmanical intolerance since early India. He was credited with calling out the inconsistencies in Indian history and his efforts to bring a contemporary relevance to ancient history. He was an author of multiple history text books for India's National Council of Educational Research and Training, the organization which developed the textbooks and course curricula for Indian schools. He also served as the secretary of the Indian History Congress and a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research He was a member of visiting faculty at the Institute of Oriental Culture in the University of Tokyo. In 1991, he wrote a paper, with other historians R.S.Sharma, Suraj Bhan, and Athar Ali, making a case that there was no evidence to prove that the Babri Masjid, a mosque in Ayodhya, was built over a temple at the same site. The findings were documented in Ramjanmabhoomi-Baburi Masjid: A Historians’ Report to the Nation (1991) which he co-wrote with  The mosque was demolished a year later by right wing activists. The paper diverged in its findings from the Archaeological Survey of India's findings and was later dismissed by the Supreme Court of India in 2019 as an opinion. In his 2001 book, The Myth of the Holy Cow, he made a case that beef was part of the early Indian diet and used also for medicinal purposes. He quoted religious and non-religious texts from ancient periods to dispel the prevailing belief that cow was holy and its meat not a part of historical Indian consumption. The book quoted Charaka Samhita to say that it was used in soups for intermittent fevers, emaciation, and tuberculosis, while the fat was used in the treatment of rheumatism. He used text from the Vedas and Upanishads to argue that cattle were routinely offered in sacrifice to various ancient deities.He went on to argue that the sacred status afforded to cows was a much more recent development. He also challenged the notion that the age of the Gupta Empire (320 CE to 550 CE) was the "golden age" of Indian history. He argued that the notion of a gilded age before the Mughal Empire was a creation of historians during the Indian freedom movement and provided an ideological support to participants of the movement, but, served no purpose after. His last published book, Drink of Immortality (2020) studied alcohol distillation and consumption in ancient India. He argued that there were more than 50 varieties of alcohol that were available and consumed by men and women of ancient India. He further quoted religious texts including the epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata as well as the Vedas mentioning of alcohol consumption. Controversies

The Myth of the Holy Cow

Jha has received death threats over his book The Myth of the Holy Cow in which he outlined the practice of eating beef in ancient India as documented in Vedic and Post-Vedic texts.Since Hindus traditionally consider the cow holy and deny the claims of beef consumption during Vedic period, his book caused much controversy.The Guardian (13 July 2002)

 Criticism by Arun Shourie
<mask> was accused by Arun Shourie of deliberate distortion of the history of the destruction of Nalanda University in 12th century AD. Shourie accused Jha of selective lifting of sources, obfuscation and intellectual compromise. In an article in the Indian Express, Jha responded that Shourie was distorting what he had said, and that Shourie's allegations of plagiarism are baseless. <mask> also criticized Shourie's book Eminent Historians, saying that it contains "slander" and "has nothing to do with history." <mask> died on 4 February 2021 in Delhi, at age 81. He had suffered a paralytic attack a few years earlier and had lost much of his hearing. Publications
As author:
1980, Studies in early Indian economic history, Anupama Publications, ASIN: B0006E16DA.1993, Economy and Society in Early India: Issues and Paradigms, . 1997, Society and Ideology in India, . 1997, Ancient India: In Historical Outline, . 2002, Holy Cow: Beef in Indian Dietary Traditions; paperback (2004)
2004, Early India: A Concise History,
2009, Myth of the Holy Cow,
2009, Rethinking Hindu Identity, Routledge,
2016, Brahmanical Intolerance in Early India,
2018, Against The Grain: Notes on Identity, Intolerance and History,
2020, Drink of Immortality: Essays on Distillation and Alcohol Use in Ancient India,

As editor:
1988, Feudal Social Formation in Early India,
1996, Society and Ideology in India: Essays in Honour of Professor R.S. Sharma (Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 1996). 2000, The Feudal Order: State, Society, and Ideology in Early Medieval India'', ; a collection of critical essays by 20 specialists on medieval Indian society, politics, ideology and religion. References

External links

Indian Council of Historical Research
History Department, Delhi University

2021 deaths
20th-century Indian historians
21st-century Indian historians
Historians of India
Patna University alumni
People from Bihar
Place of death missing
Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
1940 births

masks:
Dwijendra Narayan Jha
Jha
Jha
Devswaroop
Jha
Devi
Devendra
Narayan Jha
Jha
Jha
Jha
Jha
Jha
Jha
Jha
Death Jha


texts:
<mask> (December 24, 1922 – January 25, 1990) was an American actress and singer. She first signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1941 and appeared mainly in small roles until she drew critics' attention in 1946 with her performance in Robert Siodmak's film noir The Killers. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in John Ford's Mogambo (1953), and for best actress for both a Golden Globe Award and BAFTA Award for her performance in John Huston's The Night of the Iguana (1964). During the 1950s, <mask> established herself as a leading lady and one of the era's top stars with films like Show Boat, Pandora and the Flying Dutchman (both 1951), The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952), The Barefoot Contessa (1954), Bhowani Junction (1956) and On the Beach (1959). She continued her film career for three more decades, appearing in the films 55 Days at Peking (1963), Seven Days in May (1964), The Bible: In the Beginning... (1966), Mayerling (1968), Tam-Lin (1970), The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972), Earthquake (1974) and The Cassandra Crossing (1976). She continued to act regularly until 1986, four years before her death in 1990, at the age of 67. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked <mask>  25 on their greatest female screen legends of classic American cinema list.Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on December 24, 1922, in Grabtown, North Carolina, the youngest of seven children. She had two older brothers, Raymond and Melvin, and four older sisters, Beatrice, Elsie Mae, Inez and Myra. Her parents, Mary Elizabeth "Molly" (née Baker) and Jonas Bailey <mask>, were poor tobacco sharecroppers. She was of English and Scots-Irish ancestry. She was raised in the Baptist faith of her mother. While the children were still young, the <mask>s lost their property, and Molly received an offer to work as a cook and housekeeper at a dormitory for teachers at the nearby Brogden School that included board for the family and where Jonas continued sharecropping tobacco and supplemented the dwindling work with odd jobs at sawmills. In 1931, the teachers’ school closed, forcing the family to finally give up on their property dreams and they moved to a larger city, Newport News, Virginia, where Molly found work managing a boarding house for the city's many shipworkers.While in Newport News, Jonas became ill and died from bronchitis in 1938, when <mask> was 15 years old. After her father's death, the family moved to Rock Ridge near Wilson, North Carolina, where Molly ran another boarding house for teachers. <mask> attended high school in Rock Ridge and she graduated from there in 1939. She then attended secretarial classes at Atlantic Christian College in Wilson for about a year. Career
<mask> was visiting her sister Beatrice in New York City in the summer of 1940, when Beatrice's husband Larry Tarr, a professional photographer, offered to take her portrait as a gift for her mother Molly. He was so pleased with the results that he displayed the finished product in the front window of his Tarr Photography Studio on Fifth Avenue. A Loews Theatres legal clerk, Barnard Duhan, spotted <mask>'s portrait in Tarr's studio.At the time, Duhan often posed as a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) talent scout to meet girls, using the fact that MGM was a subsidiary of Loews. Duhan entered Tarr's studio and tried to get <mask>'s number, but was rebuffed by the receptionist. Duhan made the comment, "Somebody should send her info to MGM", and the Tarrs did so immediately. Shortly after, <mask>, who at the time was a student at Atlantic Christian College, traveled to New York to be interviewed at MGM's New York office by Al Altman, head of MGM's New York talent department. With cameras rolling, he directed the 18-year-old to walk towards the camera, turn and walk away, then rearrange some flowers in a vase. He did not attempt to record her voice because her strong Southern accent made understanding her difficult for him. Louis B. Mayer, head of MGM, however, sent a telegram to Altman: "She can't sing, she can't act, she can't talk, she's terrific!"She was offered a standard contract by the studio and left school for Hollywood in 1941, with her sister Beatrice accompanying her. MGM's first order of business was to provide her with a speech coach, as her Carolina drawl was nearly incomprehensible to them, and Harriet Lee as her singing teacher. Her first appearance in a feature film was as a walk-on in the Norma Shearer vehicle We Were Dancing (1942). Fifteen bit parts later she received her first screen billing in 3 Men in White (1944), a Dr. Kildare film in which she brings her mother to the hospital for treatment. After five years of bit parts, mostly at MGM and many of them uncredited, <mask> came to prominence in the Mark Hellinger production The Killers (1946), playing the femme fatale Kitty Collins. Films from the next decade or so include The Hucksters (1947), Show Boat (1951), The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952), Lone Star (1952), Mogambo (1953), The Barefoot Contessa (1954), Bhowani Junction (1956), The Sun Also Rises (1957) and On the Beach (1959). Off-camera, she could be witty and pithy, as in her assessment of director John Ford, who directed Mogambo ("The meanest man on earth.Thoroughly evil. Adored him!"). In The Barefoot Contessa, she played the role of doomed beauty Maria Vargas, a fiercely independent woman who goes from Spanish dancer to international movie star with the help of a Hollywood director played by Humphrey Bogart, with tragic consequences. <mask>'s decision to accept the role was influenced by her own lifelong habit of going barefoot. <mask> played the role of Guinevere in Knights of the Round Table (1953), opposite actor Robert Taylor as Sir Lancelot. Indicative of her sophistication, she portrayed a duchess, a baroness and other women of noble lineage in her films of the 1950s. <mask> played the role of Soledad in The Angel Wore Red (1960) with Dirk Bogarde as the male lead.She was billed between Charlton Heston and David Niven for 55 Days at Peking (1963), which was set in China during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900. The following year, she played her last major leading role in the critically acclaimed The Night of the Iguana (1964), based upon a Tennessee Williams play, and starring Richard Burton as an atheist clergyman and Deborah Kerr as a gentle artist traveling with her aged poet grandfather. John Huston directed the movie in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, insisting on making the film in black and white – a decision he later regretted because of the vivid colors of the flora. <mask> received billing below Burton, but above Kerr. She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama and BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her performance. She next appeared again with Burt Lancaster, her co-star from The Killers, this time along with Kirk Douglas and Fredric March, in Seven Days in May (1964), a thriller about an attempted military takeover of the US government. <mask> played a former love interest of Lancaster's who could have been instrumental in Douglas's preventing a coup against the President of the United States.John Huston chose <mask> for the part of Sarah, the wife of Abraham (played by George C. Scott), in the Dino De Laurentiis film The Bible: In the Beginning..., which was released in 1966. In a 1964 interview, she talked about why she accepted the role:

Two years later, in 1966, <mask> briefly sought the role of Mrs. Robinson in Mike Nichols' The Graduate (1967). She reportedly called Nichols and said, "I want to see you! I want to talk about this Graduate thing!" Nichols never seriously considered her for the part, preferring to cast a younger woman (Anne Bancroft was 35, while <mask> was 44), but he did visit her hotel, where he later recounted, "she sat at a little French desk with a telephone, she went through every movie star cliché. She said, 'All right, let's talk about your movie. First of all, I strip for nobody.'"<mask> moved to London in 1968, undergoing an elective hysterectomy to allay her worries of contracting the uterine cancer that had claimed the life of her mother. That year, she appeared in Mayerling, in which she played the supporting role of Austrian Empress Elisabeth of Austria, opposite James Mason as Emperor Franz Joseph I. She appeared in disaster films throughout the 1970s, notably Earthquake (1974) with Heston, The Cassandra Crossing (1976) with Lancaster, and the Canadian movie City on Fire (1979). She appeared briefly as Lillie Langtry at the end of The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972), and in The Blue Bird (1976). Her last movie was Regina Roma (1982). In the 1980s, she acted primarily on television, including the miniseries remake of The Long, Hot Summer and in a story arc on Knots Landing (both 1985). Personal life

Marriages
Soon after <mask> arrived in Los Angeles, she met fellow MGM contract player Mickey Rooney; they married on January 10, 1942.The ceremony was held in the remote town of Ballard, California, because MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer was worried that fans would desert Rooney's Andy Hardy movie series if it became known that their star was married. <mask> divorced Rooney in 1943, citing mental cruelty; privately blaming his gambling and womanizing, she didn't ruin his on-screen image as the clean-cut, judge's son Andy Hardy that the public adored. <mask>'s second marriage was equally brief, to jazz musician and bandleader Artie Shaw, from 1945 to 1946. Shaw had previously been married to Lana Turner. <mask>'s third and last marriage was to singer and actor Frank Sinatra, from 1951 to 1957. She later said in her autobiography that he was the love of her life. Sinatra left his wife Nancy for <mask>, and their subsequent marriage made headlines.Sinatra was blasted by gossip columnists Hedda Hopper and Louella Parsons, the Hollywood establishment, the Roman Catholic Church, and by his fans for leaving his wife for a femme fatale. <mask> used her considerable influence, particularly with Harry Cohn, to get Sinatra cast in his Oscar-winning role in From Here to Eternity (1953). That role and the award revitalized both Sinatra's acting and singing careers. The <mask> marriage was tumultuous. <mask> confided to Artie Shaw, her second husband, that, "With him [Frank], it's impossible... It's like being with a woman. He's so gentle.It's as though he thinks I'll break, as though I'm a piece of Dresden china, and he's gonna hurt me." During their marriage, <mask> became pregnant twice, but aborted both pregnancies. "MGM had all sorts of penalty clauses about their stars having babies", according to her autobiography, which was published eight months after her death. <mask> and Sinatra remained good friends for the rest of her life. Of the support Sinatra gave <mask>, Ian McKellen commented that "If you have been married to Frank Sinatra, you don't need an agent". Relationships

<mask> became a friend of businessman and aviator Howard Hughes in the early to mid-1940s, and the relationship lasted into the 1950s. <mask> stated in her autobiography, Ava: My Story, that she was never in love with Hughes, but he was in and out of her life for about 20 years.Hughes' trust in <mask> was what kept their relationship alive. She described him as "painfully shy, completely enigmatic, and more eccentric ... than anyone [she] had ever met". After <mask> divorced Sinatra in 1957, she went to Spain, where she began a friendship with writer Ernest Hemingway (she had starred in an adaptation of his The Sun Also Rises that year, and five years earlier, Hemingway had successfully urged producer Darryl F. Zanuck to cast <mask> in The Snows of Kilimanjaro, a film which adapted several of his short stories). While staying with Hemingway at his villa in San Francisco de Paula in Havana, Cuba, <mask> once swam alone without a swimsuit in his pool. After watching her, Hemingway ordered his staff: "The water is not to be emptied". Her friendship with Hemingway led to her becoming a fan of bullfighting and bullfighters, such as Luis Miguel Dominguín, who became her lover. "It was a sort of madness, honey", she later said of the time.<mask> was also involved in a relationship with her live-in boyfriend and companion, American actor Benjamin Tatar, who worked in Spain as a foreign-language dubbing director. Tatar later wrote an autobiography in which he discussed his relationship with <mask>, though the book was never published. Religion and political views

Although <mask> was exposed to Christianity throughout her early years, she was an atheist later in life. Religion never played a positive role in her life, according to biographers and <mask>, in her autobiography Ava: My Story. Her friend Zoe Sallis, who met her on the set of The Bible: In the Beginning... when <mask> was living with John Huston in Puerto Vallarta, said <mask> always seemed unconcerned about religion. When Sallis asked her about religion once, <mask> replied, "It doesn't exist". Another factor that contributed to this was the death of <mask>'s father in her youth, "Nobody wanted to know Daddy when he was dying.He was so alone. He was scared. I could see the fear in his eyes when he was smiling. I went to see the preacher, the guy who'd baptized me. I begged him to come and visit Daddy, just to talk to him, you know? Give him a blessing or something. But he never did.He never came. God, I hated him. Cold-arse bastards like that ought to ... I don't know ... they should be in some other racket, I know that. I had no time for religion after that. I never prayed. I never said another prayer".Concerning politics, <mask> was a lifelong Democrat. Death

A bout of pneumonia, after a lifetime of smoking, coupled with her underlying condition of lupus erythematosus brought on a stroke in 1986 that left <mask> partially paralyzed. Although she could afford her medical expenses, Sinatra wanted to pay for her visit to a specialist in the United States, and she allowed him to make the arrangements for a medically staffed private plane. She died in January 1990, at the age of 67, of pneumonia and fibrosing alveolitis at her London home 34 Ennismore Gardens, where she had lived since 1968. <mask> was buried in the Sunset Memorial Park in Smithfield, North Carolina, next to her siblings and their parents, Jonas and <mask>. In the town of Smithfield, there is the Ava Gardner Museum, incorporated in 1996. Book

In the last years of her life, <mask> asked Peter Evans to ghostwrite her autobiography, stating: "I either write the book or sell the jewels."Despite meeting with Evans frequently, and approving of most of his copy, <mask> eventually learned that Evans, along with the BBC, had once been sued by her ex-husband Frank Sinatra. <mask> and Evans's friendship subsequently cooled, and Evans left the project. Evans' notes and sections of his draft of <mask>'s autobiography, which he based on their taped conversations, were published in the book <mask>: The Secret Conversations after Evans' death in 2012. Accolades
<mask> was nominated for an Academy Award for Mogambo (1953); the award was won by Audrey Hepburn for Roman Holiday. Her performance as Maxine Faulk in The Night of the Iguana (1964) was well-reviewed, and she was nominated for a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe. Additionally, <mask> won the Silver Shell for Best Actress at the San Sebastián International Film Festival in 1964 for her performance in The Night of the Iguana. Film portrayals
<mask> has been portrayed by Marcia Gay Harden in the 1992 TV miniseries Sinatra, Deborah Kara Unger in HBO's 1998 television movie The Rat Pack, Kate Beckinsale in the 2004 Howard Hughes biopic The Aviator, Anna Drijver in the 2012 Italian TV film Walter Chiari – Fino all'ultima risata and Emily Elicia Low in Frank & Ava (2018).The images of <mask> and Clark Gable are featured on the cover of Robin Gibb's 1983 album How Old Are You? The 2018 Spanish television series Arde Madrid is a comedy-drama with thriller elements based on elements of <mask>'s life in Francoist Spain. <mask> is portrayed by Debi Mazar. Filmography

Film

Television

References

Further reading
 Cannon, Doris Rollins. Grabtown Girl: <mask>'s North Carolina Childhood and Her Enduring Ties to Home. Down Home Press, 2001;
 Fowler, Karin. <mask>: A Bio-Bibliography.Greenwood Press, 1990;
 <mask>, <mask>. Ava: My Story. Bantam, 1990;
 Gigliotti, Gilbert, editor. <mask>: Touches of Venus. Entasis Press, 2010;
 Grobel, Lawrence. "Conversations with <mask>", CreateSpace; accessed August 31, 2014. Rivers, Alton.Love, Ava: A Novel. St. Martin's Press, 2007;
 Server, Lee. <mask>: Love is Nothing. St. Martin's Press, 2006;
 Mims, Bryan. "Our Ava", Our State Magazine, 2014
 Wayne, Jane Ellen. Ava's Men: The Private Life of <mask>. Robson Books, 2004;

External links

 <mask> Biography, Britannica.com; accessed August 31, 2014.<mask> – the journey to Hollywood at aenigma
 <mask> profile, TVGuide.com; accessed August 31, 2014. Ava Gardner Museum, avagardner.org; accessed September 13, 2014. 1922 births
1990 deaths
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American singers
American people of English descent
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Actresses from North Carolina
American expatriate actresses in the United Kingdom
Female models from North Carolina
American film actresses
20th-century American memoirists
American television actresses
Deaths from pneumonia in England
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
People from Johnston County, North Carolina
California Democrats
North Carolina Democrats
American atheists
20th-century American women singers

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<mask> (February 13, 1953 – October 30, 2018), better known as <mask><mask>, was a Filipino singer, television host, actor, comedian and politician. He was considered as a music icon in the Philippines. He started the trend of incorporating Tagalog lyrics in his rendition of the American song The Way We Were and other foreign songs. <mask> was known as a singer who regularly infused his on-stage performance with tongue-in-cheek comedy and adult humor. He hosted the noontime variety show Pilipinas Win na Win alongside Rey Valera, Marco Sison, and Nonoy Zuñiga for two months in 2010 replacing Kris Aquino. He also hosted on Happy Yipee Yehey! together with <mask>, Randy Santiago, Mariel Rodriguez, Pokwang and Toni Gonzaga as one of the main hosts replacing Pilipinas Win na Win.<mask> was also active in politics. In 1998, he was elected as the city councilor of Makati from its 1st district until his third and last term ended in 2007. He ran for a comeback in 2010 as the vice mayoralty candidate of Makati, but was unsuccessful. In 2016, <mask> was elected as a councilor in Makati, under the United Nationalist Alliance (UNA), until his death. Biography
<mask> was born in Manila to parents, <mask> Sr. and Corazon J. <mask>. He studied high school in Victorino Mapa High School, although he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Philippine School of Business Administration, <mask> dreamed of becoming a singer. Music career
<mask> introduced himself and his talent to the entertainment business by performing at folk houses and small clubs in Metro Manila.In 1975, while singing at the Palazzi, <mask> met and performed with the American Motown group, The Temptations. <mask>'s talent was later noticed by the executive producers from Vicor Records (now Vicor Music). His first record was Love Won't Let Me Wait, while his first big hit was the Tagalog-infused The Way We Were. In 1976, <mask> won the Aliw Award for Most Promising Entertainer. Two years later, he became Aliw's Entertainer of the Year. His Rico in Concert show at the Cultural Center of the Philippines launched him as one of the foremost Philippine pop stars. In 1977, <mask> covered the Carpenters song Merry Christmas Darling from his first Christmas album, The Spirit of Christmas which was originally sung by Karen Carpenter.In 1978, <mask>'s popularity and his regular concerts at the Araneta Coliseum (now SMART Araneta Coliseum) in Quezon City and his performance tours in the United States broke records in terms of audience attendance. His fame also made him into a sought-after product endorser including advertisements for San Miguel Beer in the 1970s. In 1979, <mask> represented the Philippines at the Tokyo Music Festival, with Lupa (Ground), a song that imparted messages on how an individual could strive to change for the better, on how to gain humility and other human values, on how not to judge others, and on how to struggle against one's own weaknesses. From 2001, the Greatest Hits series in Manila, produced by Viva Concerts helped maintain <mask>'s popularity. These Greatest Hits concerts brought him together with other Greatest Hitmakers in the Philippine music scene during the 1980s, namely Philippine pop icons: Hajji Alejandro, Rey Valera, Nonoy Zuñiga and Marco Sison. He also covered the song Ang Huling El Bimbo in 1994 which was originally a major hit for The Eraserheads. He also covered the song Mabuti Pa Sila in 2010 and originally composed and recorded by Gary Granada.During <mask>'s recent performances, he is often joined on stage by his oldest daughter, Tosca Camille. <mask>'s son, Rox is also a singer and a band member. <mask> was honored and awarded recently in ASAP Pinoy on ASAP show on ABS-CBN contributing his best in singing performing as a total entertainer who celebrated his 40th anniversary in music and entertainment movie and TV career in 2017. Hit songs
<mask>'s hit songs included "Kapalaran" (Fate), "Buhat" (Ever Since), "Macho Gwapito" (Gorgeous Young Man), "Lupa" (Soil or Ground), "Damdamin" (Feelings), "May Bukas Pa" (There's Still Tomorrow), "Ang Tao'y Marupok" (People Are Fragile), "Magkasuyo Buong Gabi" (Together Through the Night) – a duet with Elsa Chan – and his Filipino rendition of "You Don't Have To Be A Star (To Be in My Show)". One of <mask>'s recent albums, is Aliw by Sony BMG Records. His carrier single was "Kay Hirap Mong Limutin" (It Is Hard To Forget You) by Lito Camo. Popularity
The duration of <mask>'s career spanned more than four decades.He was a favorite of the Philippine Amusement and Games Corporation (PAGCOR) and other casinos around Metro Manila and the provinces. His performances included tours in the United States, Canada, Dubai, Hong Kong, Japan, Australia and European countries. Acting
Aside from singing, <mask> also ventured into an acting for being as a comedian, his 1st movie was, Bawal Na Pag-ibig in 1977. His other popular comedy movies are Isang Platitong Mani (1986), A.B. Normal College (2003), As Boobs: Asal Bobo (2009) and his last movie was Instant Mommy (2013). His 1st and only action thriller movie was Alas Dose (2001) he plays as a bad congressman who bombs a preschool learning center, with co stars award winning actor & Director Cesar Montano & Christopher De Leon which plays as a nemesis Villain of Montano in the movie. Hosting
Owing to his rising popularity, various TV networks and movie producers soon came knocking on his door for more acting/hosting opportunities.GMA Network hired <mask> to host a noontime variety show, Lunch Date which first aired in March 1986 and served as a replacement for Student Canteen. However, in 1987 he left the show after it reformatted. In 1994–1995 he headlined another noontime show, Chibugan Na (It's Eating Time), aired on weekdays at 12 noon on RPN 9, with Hajji Alejandro. <mask> returned as TV host for Macho Guwapito on the now-defunct Makisig Network. He was one of the judges in the inaugural week of the reality talent show Showtime on ABS-CBN. In 2010, he also hosted "Pilipinas Win na Win" and "Happy Yipee Yehey!" in 2011–2012.Business
<mask> was also the owner of the karaoke bar, Coriks, at Vito Cruz Extension, Makati. He also managed a trucking business. Politics
He won a seat in the Makati City Council for the first district in 1998. Among <mask>'s notable ordinances filed during his first term was the installation of a surveillance camera in every convenience store in Makati that operates 24 hours a day, as protection against robbers who prey on convenience stores. He left the city council after his third and final consecutive term ended in 2007. His seat in the city council was kept by his eldest daughter, Tosca Camille. He then teamed up with <mask> Binay to run for vice mayor of Makati in 2010.Although Binay won the mayoralty race, <mask> lost to Romulo "Kid" <mask>., who was the running mate of then-outgoing vice mayor Ernesto Mercado. As his daughter Tosca was term-limited, he successfully regained a seat in the Makati City Council in 2016 under the ticket of Abigail Binay. In October 2018, he left the United Nationalist Alliance and was among the 13 councilors who pledged support to former Mayor <mask> Binay, the incumbent mayor's brother who would run against her in the upcoming 2019 elections. He planned to seek reelection but died after he filed his Certificate of Candidacy (COC). He was substituted by his daughter Tosca, who would then go on to win a seat in the city council. Death
<mask> died of heart failure on October 30, 2018, in St. Luke's Medical Center – Global City. He was 65.He was laid to rest at The Heritage Park in Taguig. Awards
Special Lifetime Achievement Award, ASAP Pinoy 2017, ASAP Show, ABS-CBN 2

Filmography

Television
Rico Baby (BBC)
Rated A (MBS)
GMA Supershow (GMA Network) (1978–1997) – guest performer
Student Canteen (GMA Network) (1975–1986) – guest performer
Lunch Date (GMA Network)
Chibugan Na! (RPN)
Vilma on Seven! (2011) – <mask>
Asboobs: Asal Bobo (2003) – Capt. Palma
Pakners (2003) – Richard de Guzman
A.B. Normal College (2003)
Alas-Dose (2001) – Congressman
<mask> & Ted: Wanted (2000) – Mr. Mariano
Matalino Man ang Matsing Na-iisahan Din! (2000)
Alyas Boy Tigas: Ang Probinsyanong Wais (1998)
Sailor's Disaster (1994) – Bruno
Tom & Jerry: Hindi Kaming Hayop (1993) – Alfie
Dr. Potpot Travels to the Moon (1991) – Enzio
Isang Platitong mani (1986)
Annabelle Huggins Story (1982)
Bullet for Your Music (1978)
Silang Mga Mukhang Pera (1977)
Wow!Sikat Pare, Bigat! (1977)
Bawal Na Pag-ibig (1977)

Discography

Albums
The Way We Were (1973)
Once Again...
Kapalaran
<mask> J. Puno (1976)
Spirit of Christmas (1976)
Rico Baby (1977)
The Total Entertainer (1977)
Tatak (1978)
Macho Gwapito (1979)
Diyos ang Pag-Ibig (1980)
Ako Ang May Nais (1989)
Rico J. Puno (1991)
Aliw (2001)
With Love in Our Hearts (2005)

Compilation albums
Walang Kupas... All Hits
40th Anniv Collection
The Ultimate Collection
Rico Silver Series (Viva Records)
Hits of R.Puno, B.Dominic & R.Manrique Jr.

Live albums
The Way We Were: Live
<mask> J. Puno: Live in Hawaii (produced by Willy Martin)

Compilation appearances
The 2nd Metro Manila Pop Music Festival (Vicor Music, 1978)
Handog sa Pasko (Viva Records, 1991)
Metropop Song Festival 1996 (GMA Records (formerly Infinity Music, Inc.), 1996)
25 Great Songs 25 Great Artists  (PolyEast Records, 1998)
Ultraelectromagneticjam! (Sony BMG Music Philippines, 2005)
No. 1 Signature Hits OPM's Best  (Vicor Music & Viva Records, 2008)
Pinoy Sound Trip Vol. 1 (Vicor Music, 2008)
Pinoy Sound Trip Vol. 2 (Vicor Music, 2008)
18 Inspirational Love Songs (Viva Records, 2009)
Live Na Live: Unforgettable Live Performance (Viva Records, 2009)
C.H.I.N. Picnic Celebration, Toronto Canada (produced by <mask>) (2012)

Soundtrack appearances
Happy Yipee Yehey!Soundtrack (Star Music, 2011)

Songs
Original songs
"All I Ever Want" (a finalist of Metropop Song Festival 1996)
"Cartada Dies" (covered by <mask> Gibbs)
"Kapalaran" (covered by Radioactive Sago Project & Martin Nievera)
"Kay Hirap Mong Limutin" (Original composed by: Lito Camo)
"Lupa" (covered by Gary Valenciano; previously covered by ASIN)
"Macho Guwapito" (covered by Protein Shake)
"May Bukas Pa" (covered by Kyle Balili, Ogie Alcasid and Erik Santos)
"Sorry Na, Pwede Ba?"

masks:
Enrico de Jesus Puno
Rico J
. Puno
Puno
John Estrada
Puno
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Felipe Puno
Puno
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Rico
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Puno
Puno
Puno
Rico
Puno
Puno
Puno
Puno
Junjun
Puno
Peña Jr
Junjun
Puno
Rico
Juan
Rico
Rico
Joel Recla
Janno


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<mask> or Payns ( 1070 – 24 May 1136) was the co-founder and first Grand Master of the Knights Templar. In association with Bernard of Clairvaux, he created the Latin Rule, the code of behavior for the Order. Name
The majority of the primary sources of information for his life are presented in Latin or the medieval French language. In French his name usually appears as <mask> or Payns (). His earliest certain appearance in documents is under the part-Latin, part-French name <mask> (1120–1125; details below). Later Latin sources call him <mask>is. In English works he often appears as <mask>, in Italian sometimes as <mask>' Pagani'.Origin and early life
There is no known early biography of <mask> <mask> in existence, nor do later writers cite such a biography. None of the sources on his later career give details of his early life. Information is therefore scanty and uncertain; embellishments depend partly on documents that may not refer to the same individual, partly on histories written decades or even centuries after his death. The earliest source that details a geographical origin for the later Grand Master is the Old French translation of William of Tyre's History of Events Beyond the Sea. The Latin text calls him simply <mask> Paganis, but the French translation, dated to c. 1200, describes him as Hues de Paiens delez Troies ("Hugh of Payens near Troyes"), a reference to the village of Payns, about 10 km from Troyes, in Champagne (eastern France). In early documents of that region <mask> Pedano, Montiniaci dominus is mentioned as a witness to a donation by Count Hugh of Champagne in a document of 1085–90, indicating that the man was at least sixteen by this date—a legal adult and thus able to bear witness to legal documents—and so born no later than 1070. The same name appears on a number of other charters up to 1113 also relating to Count Hugh of Champagne, suggesting that <mask> Pedano or Hugo dominus de Peanz was a member of the Count's court.By the year 1113 he was married to <mask> Chappes, who bore him at least one child, Thibaud, later abbot of Abbaye de la Colombe|la Colombe at Sens. The documents span <mask>' lifetime and the disposition of his property after his death. The one belated statement that the founder of the Knights Templars came from "Payns near Troyes" has some circumstantial confirmation. Bernard of Clairvaux, who favoured the Order and helped to compose its Latin Rule, also had the support of Hugh of Champagne. The Latin Rule of the Order was confirmed at the Council of Troyes in 1129. A Templar commandery was eventually built at Payns. Some scholars have however looked for <mask>' origins elsewhere.There was an early claim that he came from the Vivarais (the district of Viviers in the modern département of Ardèche). <mask> has also been identified with Hug <mask>, third son of Galceran I, lord of Pinós in Catalonia; however, Galceran married only in 1090, far too late a date for him to be the father of the founder of the Knights Templars. There is also a claim that <mask> <mask> or Ugo <mask>' Pagani came from Nocera de' Pagani in Campania, southern Italy. Reference to Nocera as his birthplace is found at least as early as <mask>'s Southern Italy (1869) and is also found in the Old Catholic Encyclopedia. Two more recent writers say that the theory is supported by a letter that <mask> wrote from Palestine in 1103, in which he talked of writing to "my father in Nocera" to tell him of the death of his cousin Alessandro.Mario Moiraghi, L'Italiano che fondò i Templari. <mask> Paganis cavaliere di Campania (Edizioni Ancora, 2005. ) See interview with Moiraghi

 The foundation of the Order
Hugh, Count of Champagne made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1104–07 and visited Jerusalem for a second time in 1114–16.It is probable that he was accompanied by <mask> <mask>, who remained there after the Count returned to France as there is a charter with "Hugonis <mask>eans" in the witness list from Jerusalem in 1120 and again in 1123. In 1125 his name appears again as a witness to a donation, this time accompanied by the title "magister militum Templi" ("Master of the Knights of the Temple"). He most likely obtained approval for the Order from King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem at the Council of Nablus in 1120. One early chronicler, <mask> St. Bertin, implies that the Knights Templar originated earlier, before the death of Godfrey of Bouillon in 1100: "While he [Godfrey] was reigning magnificently, some had decided not to return to the shadows of the world after suffering such dangers for God's sake. On the advice of the princes of God's army they vowed themselves to God's Temple under this rule: they would renounce the world, give up personal goods, free themselves to pursue purity, and lead a communal life wearing a poor habit, only using arms to defend the land against the attacks of the insurgent pagans when necessity demanded." Later chroniclers write that <mask> <mask> approached King Baldwin II of Jerusalem (whose reign began in 1118) with eight knights, two of whom were brothers and all of whom were his relatives by either blood or marriage, in order to form the Order of the Knights Templar. The other knights were <mask> Saint-Omer, Payen <mask>, Archambaud <mask>. Amand, <mask> Montbard, Geoffrey Bison, and two men recorded only by the names of Rossal and Gondamer.Baldwin approved the foundation of the Order and entrusted the Temple of Jerusalem to its care. Count Hugh of Champagne himself joined the Knights Templar on his third visit to the Holy Land in 1125. As Grand Master, <mask> <mask> led the Order for almost twenty years until his death, helping to establish the Order's foundations as an important and influential military and financial institution. On his visit to England and Scotland in 1128, he raised men and money for the Order, and also founded their first House in London and another near Edinburgh at Balantrodoch, now known as Temple, Midlothian. The Latin Rule laying down the way of life of the Order, attributed to <mask> <mask> and Bernard of Clairvaux, was confirmed in 1129 at the Council of Troyes over which Pope Honorius II presided. <mask> <mask> died in 1136. The circumstances and date of his death are not recorded in any chronicle, though the Templars commemorated him every year on 24 May, and it's presumed he died of old age.The 16th century historian Marco Antonio Guarini claimed that <mask> was buried in the Church of San Giacomo at Ferrara. He was succeeded as Grand Master by <mask> Craon. In popular culture
It has recently been claimed that the wife of <mask> <mask> was Catherine St. Clair within the context of the alternative history of Rosslyn.The claim that <mask> <mask> married Catherine St. Clair was made in Les Dossiers Secrets d'Henri Lobineau (1967), "Tableau Généalogique de Gisors, Guitry, Mareuil et Saint-Clair par Henri Lobineau" in Pierre Jarnac, Les Mystères de Rennes-le-Château, Mélanges Sulfureux (CERT, 1995). <mask> is the main protagonist of the Jack Whyte novel Knights of the Black and White''. Notes

External links

The Crusades and the Knights Templar
Helen Nicholson, translator, Contemporary reactions to the foundation of the Templars
Hugues <mask>ns Museum  Payns, France

1070s births
1136 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
People from Aube
Grand Masters of the Knights Templar
Medieval French nobility
Medieval Knights Templar members
12th-century French people

masks:
Hugues de Payens
Hugues de Payens
Hugo de Ps
Hugo de Pagan
Hugh de Payns
Ugo de
Hugues
de Payens
Hugo de
Hugo de
Hugo de
Elizabeth de
Hugues
Hugues
Hugues
de Pinós
Hugues
de Payens
de
Baedeker
Hugues
Hugo de
Hugues
de Payens
de P
Simon de
Hugues
de Payens
Godfrey de
de Montdidier
de St
André de
Hugues
de Payens
Hugues
de Payens
Hugues
de Payens
Hugues
Robert de
Hugues
de Payens
Hugues
de Payens
Hugues
de Pay


texts:
<mask> (born 10 November 1990) is a Spanish Olympic, world, and European champion swimmer. She was the first Spanish woman to win a gold medal in swimming at an Olympic Games and is widely considered to be the greatest Spanish swimmer of all time. At the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio she became Olympic champion in the 200-metre butterfly, and also won the bronze medal in the 400-metre individual medley. She previously participated at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, where she debuted at 17 years old, and at 2012 London, where she won two silver medals, one in the 200-metre butterfly with a time of 2:05.25 and one in the 800-metre freestyle with a time of 8:18.76. Belmonte is the world record holder in three individual women's events in short course metres, the 200-metre butterfly, the 400-metre individual medley, and the 800-metre freestyle. She is also a former world record holder in the women's 400-metre freestyle and 1500-metre freestyle in short course metres. Early years
<mask>'s parents, <mask> (from Freila, Granada) and Paqui García (from Huelma, Jaén), moved to Catalonia and the family has always lived in the La Salud quarter of Badalona.She was advised to swim at the age of 5 by her doctor. Club Natació Badalona (in Catalan) was the swimming club where she started to compete. In 2003, she obtained a scholarship from Federación Catalana de Natación (in Catalan) to train at the Centro de Alto Rendimiento (High Performance Center, CAR) in San Cugat del Vallés. Her coach was Jordi Murio when she was signed by Club Natació L'Hospitalet (in Catalan). After 6 years in this club, she was signed in the 2007/08 season by Club Natación Sabadell (in Catalan). She continued training at the CAR with her new coach, Carles Subirana. In 2009 she left the CAR and moved to the Club Natación Sabadell to train with Michael Piper and later Fred Vernoux.Swimming career

2006 Youth World Championships
At the 2006 FINA Youth World Championships, she was the Junior World Champion in the 400-metre freestyle and in the 400-metre individual medley, and the Junior European Champion in the 200-metre freestyle and in the 400-metre individual medley. 2007 European SC Championship
The following year, training with Carles Subirana, she reached the 2nd place in the 400-metre medley at the 2007 European Short Course Swimming Championships with 4:31.06, just behind the Italian Alessia Filippi. She was also classified to participate at the 2008 Summer Olympics. 2008

2008 European Aquatics Championships
On 21 March 2008, at the 2008 European LC Championships held in Eindhoven, the Netherlands, <mask> won the women's 200-metre individual medley breaking the European Championship record with the time of 2:11.16. She also reached 8th place in the 400-metre individual medley. The European Short Course Swimming Championships 2008 took place in Rijeka (Croatia), where she won the 400 m individual medley gold medal in a new world record time of 4:25:06. The record was previously held by the American swimmer Julia Smit, who set a time of 4:25.87 on 28 November 2008 in Toronto, Canada.2008 Summer Olympics

At the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, China in August 2008, Belmonte competed in three individual events and one relay representing Spain in swimming. She competed in the 200-metre breaststroke finishing in 24th place in the prelims heats with a time of 2:29.46. In the 200-metre individual medley, she advanced to the semifinals where she finished 7th in Semifinal 1 with a time of 2:13.45. For the 400-metre individual medley she finished 14th with a time of 4:37.91 in the prelims heats. In the 4x100 metre medley relay, Belmonte swam the breaststroke leg of the relay in a time of 1:10.46 with Nina Zhivanevskaya swimming the backstroke leg, Ángela San Juan swimming the butterfly leg, and María Fuster swimming the freestyle leg. The relay finished 15th in the prelims heats with a time of 4:06.40 and did not advance to the final. 2008 European Swimming Championships
December 2008 at the 2008 European Swimming Championships held in Rijeka, Croatia, Belmonte competed in multiple events.In the 400-metre individual medley she swam a 4:25.06 breaking the world record. 2010 World Swimming Championships
Although the season 2009–2010 was not very good for her, Belmonte recovered her best form and appeared strengthened when she arrived at the 2010 FINA World Swimming Championships, where she achieved a very remarkable performance, winning three gold medals: the 200-metre butterfly, the 200-metre medley and the 400-metre medley and a silver medal in the 800-metre freestyle, in which she was only surpassed by her teammate Érika Villaécija. 2011 XII Spanish Championship
In 2011 at the XII Championship of Spain, she swam the best time of the year in the 400-metre medley and a new record with 4:24.91 . She also reached a record in the 200-metre butterfly with 2:06:25, obtaining the minimum marks for the World Championships in Shanghai at three different distances . Also in 2011 she was at the head in the Holland competition of the 800-metre freestyle, beating the record of Spain with 8:22.78. 2012 Summer Olympics

In August 2012 Belmonte won two silver medals at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. The first medal she won was a silver medal in the 200-metre butterfly.Not only was it her first Olympic medal, it was the first medal won by a Spanish-born woman in swimming at an Olympic Games, and it was the first medal for Spain in any sport at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Her second medal was also a silver medal, this time in the 800-metre freestyle behind 15-year-old Katie Ledecky and ahead of world record holder Rebecca Adlington. She became the first Spanish swimmer to win two Olympic medals. Belmonte competed in four events in addition to the two she medaled in. In the 400-metre freestyle she finished 13th in the prelims heats, in the 200-metre individual medley she placed 10th in the semifinals, in the 400-metre individual medley she placed 8th in the final, and she placed 10th in the prelims heats of the 4x200-metre freestyle relay swimming the relay's anchoring leg. 2013

2013 World Aquatics Championships
After four months without training, she was presented as a member of the team of the Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia on 21 January, with a federative license for the UCAM Club Natación Fuensanta . Thus, she could combine her studies in Business Management with her training in Sabadell (Barcelona) through a blended learning program.That year, the World Swimming Championship was held in Barcelona. Belmonte would compete in 6 events during the 8 days of the competition. On 29 July, she won the bronze medal in the 200-metre medley. On 1 August, she won the silver medal in the 200-metre butterfly. On 4 August, the last day of the championship, she won her second silver medal in the 400-metre medley. On 5 August, she was honored in her birthplace, Badalona, where he was received by hundreds of fans and decorated by the Mayor Xavier García Albiol in an institutional act. 2013 Swimming World Cup
At the 2013 FINA Swimming World Cup held in Berlin, Germany in August 2013 and conducted in short course metres, Belmonte set two world records in distance freestyle events.On 10 August, she broke the world record in the 800-metre freestyle, becoming the first woman to achieve a time under 8 minutes. Her time of 7:59.34 broke the former world record held by Camille Muffat by more than 1.5 seconds. The next day, 11 August, she broke the world record for the 400-metre freestyle with a time of 3:54.52, more than 3 tenths of a second faster than the previous world record set by Camille Muffat. 2013 Spanish Championships
At the 2013 Spanish Championships in Castellón de la Plana, Spain, <mask> swam a 15:26.95 in the short course 1500-metre freestyle on 29 November, setting a new world record in the event. 2013 European Championship
On 12 December, at the European Short Course Swimming Championship held in Herning (Denmark), Mireia won the gold medal in the 200-metre butterfly, beating the continental record in at time of 2:01.52.19. The next day, she won another gold medal in the 800-metre freestyle with a time of 8:05.18. She defeated the local heroine Lotte Friis in that final.2014

2014 World Swimming Championships

On 3 December 2014 at the 12th FINA World Swimming Championships in Doha, Qatar, Belmonte won two gold medals. One in the 200-metre butterfly and one in the 400-metre individual medley. At the same time she achieved the world record with substantial time improvements, making her the first female swimmer to go under 2 minutes in the 200-metre butterfly with her time of 1:59.61. Belmonte lowered the world record by 1.17 seconds and finished ahead of second place finisher Katinka Hosszú by more than 1.5 seconds. She also set a new world record with her gold medal winning time of 4:19.86 in the 400-metre individual medley, lowering the world record by 99 hundredths of a second and finishing over 3 seconds ahead of second place finisher Katinka Hosszú. One day later, 4 December 2014, <mask> won her third gold medal, this time in the 800-metre freestyle. Her time of 8:03.41 in the final was a new Championship Record and a few seconds off her world record of 7:59.34 in the event.The following day, she won her fourth gold medal. She swam a 3:55.76 in the 400-metre freestyle final setting a new Championship Record and a little over a second behind her world record time of 3:54.52. 2014 Spanish Championships
On 12 December 2014, at the Spanish Championships conducted in short course metres, Belmonte broke the world record in the 1500-metre freestyle, setting a new world record of 15:19.71 with her swim. 2015 World Swimming Championships
In Russia, Belmonte was unable to participate because of a chronic shoulder injury (bursitis) that led to months without

masks:
Mireia Belmonte García
Mireia
José Belmonte
Belmonte
Belmonte
Belmonte


texts:
 competing at a high level. Belmonte said that her goal was to prepare well for the 2016 Rio Olympic Games, although she had tried to be at the Kazan World Cup until the very last moment. 2016 Summer Olympics

In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil at the 2016 Summer Olympics Belmonte won a bronze medal in the 400-metre individual medley on 6 August. Her bronze medal was the first medal for Spain in any sport at the 2016 Summer Olympics.In the prelims heats of the 400-metre freestyle on 7 August, Belmonte ranked 15th with a time of 4:08.12 and did not advance to the final. The next day, in the 200-metre individual medley on 8 August, Belmonte ranked 15th in the prelims heats and qualified for the semifinals where she ranked 16th overall and did not advance to the final. Belmonte achieved a historic victory for Spain by winning the gold medal in the 200-metre butterfly on 10 August in a time of 2:04.85, which was 3 hundredths of a second ahead of the silver medalist, Australian swimmer Madeline Groves. She was the first Spanish female swimmer to become an Olympic champion. Her gold medal was the first gold medal in the swimming pool at an Olympic Games for a Spanish swimmer of any gender since 1992. On 11 August, Belmonte ranked eighth in the prelims heats of the 800-metre freestyle, qualifying for the final. The next day, 12 August, she finished fourth with a time of 8:18.55 in the final.<mask>'s two new Olympic medals added to her previous two medals won at the 2012 Summer Olympics to amount to four total Olympic medals. Only three Spaniards before her had won four Olympic medals, making her the fourth to do so. She was one medal shy of tying the most decorated Olympic Games athlete of Spain, canoeist David Cal, who won a total of five medals. 2017

2017 World Aquatics Championships
At the 2017 World Aquatics Championships held in Budapest, Hungary in July 2017 and conducted in long course metres, Belmonte won a total of three medals in individual events. She won her first medal, a silver medal in the 1500-metre freestyle with a time of 15:50.89, on 25 July ahead of bronze medalist Simona Quadarella and behind gold medalist Katie Ledecky. Belmonte's time of 15:50.89 was a new Spanish record for the women's long course 1500-metre freestyle. The second medal she won was a gold medal in the 200-metre butterfly, the same event she won gold in at the 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio, on 27 July.Belmonte was highlighted by FINA as shining on day five of the swimming competitions for her win. Belmonte shared her excitement about the win with Diario AS:

The third medal Belmonte won, with a time of 4:32.17, was a silver medal in the 400-metre individual medley on 30 July. In addition to the events she medaled in, Belmonte competed in the 800-metre freestyle ranking fourth in the final behind Leah Smith on 29 July. She also ranked 10th in the heats of the 400-metre freestyle on 23 July and 20th in the heats of the 200-metre individual medley on the same day. At the end of the meet when points were totaled for each swimmer as part of the FINA Trophy, Belmonte ranked seventh out of all competitors, ahead of Chinese distance-freestyle swimmer Sun Yang who took eighth place and behind British breaststroke swimmer Adam Peaty who took sixth place. 2017 Swimming World Cup
At the 2017 FINA Swimming World Cup held in the Netherlands in August 2017, Belmonte broke the world record in the short course 400-metre individual medley with her time of 4:18.94. She lowered the former world record set by Katinka Hosszú in 2015 by more than half a second.2018 Mediterranean Games
Belmonte competed in multiple individual events, earning four medals for Spain, in June 2018 at the Mediterranean Games in Tarragona. She won a gold medal in the 200-metre butterfly and a gold medal in the 200-metre individual medley. In the 400-metre freestyle, Belmonte won the silver medal. Her swim in the 800-metre freestyle earned her the silver medal in the event. She also competed in the 400-metre individual medley, finishing seventh in the final. 2021

2020 Olympic Games build-up
Belmonte qualified for the 2020 Summer Olympics (held in July and August 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic) in the 800-metre freestyle and the 1500-metre freestyle at the 2020 Open Castalia Castelión held in Castellón, Spain in December 2020. In May 2021 Belmonte was officially confirmed by the Spanish Olympic Committee as one of two flag bearers for Spain at the Opening Ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan on 23 July 2021.As part of the 2021 Sette Colli Trophy from 25 to 27 June 2021 in Rome, Belmonte entered to swim the 200-metre butterfly and 400-metre individual medley in an attempt to qualify to compete in those events at the 2020 Summer Olympics. Belmonte won bronze in the 400-metre individual medley with a time of 4:39.37 on 26 June. On 27 June, she swam a 2:13.63 in the 200-metre butterfly. SwimSwam later confirmed that if the Royal Spanish Swimming Federation approved, Belmonte could swim the 200-meter butterfly and 400-meter individual medley at the 2020 Olympics as well as the two events she had already qualified in. On 14 July 2021, FINA released that Belmonte was entered in three individual events for the 2020 Olympics: 1500-metre freestyle, 800-metre freestyle, and 400-metre individual medley. 2020 Summer Olympics

At the Tokyo 2020 Olympics Opening Ceremony on 23 July, Belmonte was one of 86 swimmers serving as a flag bearer for their nation, contributing to the sport of swimming being the most represented sport in terms of number of flag bearers at the ceremony. The first day of swimming competition, 24 July 2021, Belmonte advanced to the final of the 400-metre individual medley with her fourth place finish in a time of 4:35.88.She finished in fourth place in the final, behind American Hali Flickinger and ahead of Hungarian Katinka Hosszú. On 26 July, In the debut of the 1500-metre freestyle for women at the Olympic Games, Belmonte swam a 16:11.68, ranked fifteenth overall, and did not qualify for the final. On the sixth day of competition, 29 July, Belmonte competed in the prelims heats of the 800-metre freestyle, swam a 8:26.71, and did not advance to the final of the event. The following day, she swam the butterfly leg of the 4x100-metre medley relay, placed 16th with her relay teammates in the prelims and did not advance to the final. 2021 International Swimming League
Belmonte decided not to take part in the draft process to compete in the 2021 International Swimming League, spanning August to December 2021, in part due to health issues. Awards and honours
 In 2013, Belmonte received the Premio Reina Sofía, also known as Best Spanish Sportswoman, award of the annual set of Premios Nacionales del Deporte awarded to Spanish athletes. The award ceremony was held in Madrid at the Royal Palace of El Pardo.In 2017, the award for "Best Spanish Sportswoman in History" from newspaper Diario AS went to Belmonte for her accomplishments in the sport of swimming. The award was part of the newspaper's 50th Anniversary Awards gala that were held in celebration of the newspaper's 50th anniversary. On 1 January 2020, SwimSwam revealed they ranked Belmonte as #11 in the Top 20 Swimmers internationally for the 2010 to 2019 decade. For the 2021 year, SwimSwam ranked Belmonte as #73 on their list of Top 100 female swimmers for the year. Olympic Games

Belmonte has swam in the heats of every event she has competed in at the Olympic Games including every relay she has been a member of. Totals:
 Metres swam (stroke): 12,100 metres (total); 6,300 metres (individual freestyle); 4,000 metres (individual medley); 1,200 metres (individual butterfly); 200 metres (individual breaststroke); 200 metres (relay freestyle); 100 metres (relay breaststroke); 100 metres (relay butterfly). Stages swam (count): total stages (31); heats (19); semifinals (5); final (7).Distinct events (# of Olympic Games competed in for event): total of 9 distinct events (4 Olympic Games); 400-metre individual medley (4); 800-metre freestyle (3); 200-metre individual medley (3); 200-metre butterfly (2); 400-metre freestyle (2); 4x100-metre medley relay (2); 1500-metre freestyle (1); 200-metre breaststroke (1); 4x200-metre freestyle relay (1). World records

Short course metres (25m pool)

Former world records

Short course metres (25m pool)

See also
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
 List of Spanish records in swimming
 List of European records in swimming
 World record progression 200 metres butterfly
 World record progression 400 metres freestyle
 World record progression 400 metres individual medley
 World record progression 800 metres freestyle
 World record progression 1500 metres freestyle

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Swimmers from Catalonia
Spanish female breaststroke swimmers
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
World record holders in swimming
Olympic swimmers of Spain
Olympic gold medalists for Spain
Olympic silver medalists for Spain
Olympic bronze medalists for Spain
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Spanish female freestyle swimmers
Spanish female medley swimmers
Spanish female butterfly swimmers
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Spain
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Spain
Swimmers at the 2009 Mediterranean Games
Swimmers at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
People from Badalona
Mediterranean Games medalists in


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<mask> (, ; 243–203BC), was a Barcid Carthaginian who played an important role in the Second Punic War, leading forces of Carthage against the Roman Republic in Iberia and northern and central Italy. <mask> was the third son of <mask>, was the brother of Hannibal and Hasdrubal, and was the brother-in-law of Hasdrubal the Fair. Little is known about his early years, except that, unlike his brothers, he is not mentioned during the ambush in which his father was killed in 228 BC. Name
The name <mask> was a common masculine given name among the Carthaginian elite. It meant "Godsent". The cognomen or epithet  means "thunderbolt" or "shining". It is cognate with the Arabic name Barq and the Hebrew name Barak and equivalent to the Greek Keraunos, which was borne by contemporary commanders.It had been used for <mask>'s father Hamilcar and is used to distinguish his three sons from others who shared their names. On the Italian Peninsula

Hannibal included <mask> among the Carthaginian officers who accompanied him to the Italian Peninsula. Among them were Maharbal, Hanno the Elder, Muttines (, ), and Carthalo. <mask> fought at the side of Hannibal in the invasion of Italy, and played a key role in many battles. At the Battle of the Trebia, he commanded the detachment that ambushed the Romans, breaking down their battle array. After the battle, <mask> commanded the rearguard of the Carthaginian column as it marched south towards Latium through the marshes of Aino. In the Battle of Cannae, <mask> and Hannibal took position with the Gallic infantry at the center, in the most vulnerable and crucial position of the formation.After the victory of Cannae, Hannibal sent <mask> with a detachment to Bruttium (southern Italy). While marching through Lucania and Bruttium, Mago subdued several towns and brought over several to the Carthaginian side. From Bruttium, <mask> sailed to Carthage, leaving Hanno the Elder in command of the Carthaginian garrison. <mask> presented the golden rings of Roman equites fallen at Cannae to the Carthaginian Senate, requesting reinforcements for Hannibal at the end of his speech. This prompted the supporters of the Barcid party in the Senate to taunt their opponents, who had bitterly opposed any aid to Hannibal. In response, Hanno the Great, leading opponent of the Barcids, placed several questions to <mask>, which took most of the gloss off <mask>'s presentation. Still, the Senate members were impressed enough to vote sending 4,000 Numidian horse, 40 elephants and 500 talents to Italy, and <mask> was instructed to raise additional 20,000 foot and 4,000 horse from Spain for Hannibal.<mask>’s army, numbering 12,000 foot, 1,500 horse and 20 elephants, with 1,000 talents was raised slowly, perhaps due to anti Barcid intrigues. However, when the news of the disastrous Battle of Dertosa reached Carthage, <mask> and his army were sent to Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) as reinforcements for Hasdrubal instead. But the Carthaginian Senate did not entirely ignore the Italian front for once. The force of 4,000 Numidian cavalry and 40 elephants was sent to Locri in Bruttium, escorted by the Punic fleet under Bomilcar. These were the only significant reinforcements Hannibal was to receive from his government. Iberian campaigns
Although Hasdrubal nominally commanded all Carthaginian forces in the Iberian Peninsula (the Roman Hispania), <mask> received an independent command, a division that was to have grave consequences later. The two Barca brothers, aided by Hasdrubal Gisco, battled the Romans under the command of the Scipio brothers (Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus and Publius Cornelius Scipio) throughout 215–212 BC.<mask>, in a cavalry ambush of Publius Cornelius Scipio, killed 2,000 Romans near Akra Leuke in 214 BC, and also aided in keeping the Hispanic tribes loyal to Carthage. On the whole, the Carthaginians managed to maintain the balance of power in Hispania despite the efforts of the Scipios, but failed to send any aid to Hannibal. The situation was favorable enough, as in 212 BC Hasdrubal managed to cross over to Africa with an army to crush the rebellion of Syphax, king of Numidian tribes, without the Scipios causing any disruptions in Hispania. <mask> and Hasdrubal Gisco guarded the Carthaginian possessions in Iberia without difficulty, despite the Scipios outnumbering their armies during the absence of Hasdrubal. The Scipio brothers launched a major offensive in 211 BC. The Carthaginian armies were separated, Hasdrubal Gisco being near Gades (modern Cádiz) with 10,000 troops, <mask> near Castulo with another 10,000, and Hasdrubal with 15,000 soldiers near Amtorgis. The Scipios planned to confront the Carthaginians simultaneously and comprehensively destroy their armies.The coordination of the three Carthaginian armies was crucial in defeating and killing the Scipio brothers and destroying most of the Roman forces in Hispania in the battles that followed. The Scipios had split their army—Publius Scipio marching west with 20,000 soldiers to attack Mago near Castulo, while Gnaeus Scipio took 35,000 to attack Hasdrubal. Hasdrubal Gisco's force marched to join <mask> who, aided by Indibilis and Masinissa, defeated and killed Publius Scipio, then with the combined armies joined Hasdrubal to defeat and kill Gnaeus Scipio, all in a span of 23 days. However, the lack of coordination after the battle led to the escape of the Roman survivors, about 8,000 men, to the north of the Ebro river. These men checked Carthaginian attacks twice, and were reinforced by 20,000 troops from Italy in 210 BC. Publius Cornelius Scipio the Younger, exploiting the lack of coordination between the Carthaginian generals, and the scattered location of their armies, ended up taking Cartagena in a daring expedition in 209 BC. <mask> and his army was three days' march from Cartagena at that time.The Carthaginians moved their base to Gades. In 208 BC, after the Battle of Baecula, Hasdrubal left Hispania to invade Italy and bring reinforcements to his brother Hannibal, who was operating in Lucania. <mask> moved with his army to the area between the Tagus and Douro rivers in a recruiting mission of Spanish mercenaries with Hanno, a newly arrived general. Their mission was successful, as they gathered large masses of Spanish fighters, among them Cantabrians led by Larus, but they divided the army into two camps and relaxed their vigilance. Their army was surprised and scattered by Roman forces commanded by Marcus Junius Silanus in 207 BC; Hanno was captured, but <mask> managed to lead a few thousand survivors to Gades, where he joined forces with Hasdrubal Gisco. The Carthaginians dispersed their army in several towns and focused on recruiting new mercenaries. This tactic frustrated the strategy of Scipio to force a decisive battle that year.<mask> enjoyed joint command of the new army and raided the Roman army with his cavalry. The foresight of Scipio Africanus, who had kept his cavalry outside camp in a hidden position, led to the defeat of this raid. After suffering defeat at the Battle of Ilipa in 206 BC, Hasdrubal Gisco returned to Africa and <mask> retreated to Gades with the remnants of his army. His deputy, another Hanno, was defeated by L. Marcius at the Battle of the Guadalquivir, and <mask> was unable to take advantage of the rebellion of Hispanic tribes under Indibilis or the mutiny of the Roman troops at Sucro in 206 BC. He led an assault on Cartagena, believing the city to be lightly held, and was beaten back with severe losses. On returning, he found the gates of Gades barred. After crucifying the city magistrates for treason, he sailed away to the Balearic Islands.Third Carthaginian expedition to Italy
<mask> then led a campaign to invade Italy (this time by sea) with 15,000 men in early summer of 205 BC. The army sailed from Menorca to Liguria under the escort of 30 Carthaginian quinqueremes. <mask> managed to capture Genoa, and he held control of Northern Italy for nearly three years, warring with the mountain tribes and gathering troops. The Romans devoted seven legions to maintain watch over him and guard Northern Italy, but no general action was fought. In 204 BC, <mask> was reinforced with 6,000 infantry and some cavalry from Carthage. The Romans refused to give battle and blocked <mask>, preventing him from reaching Hannibal. Finally, the Romans engaged him in battle in Cisalpine Gaul.The Battle of Insubria was an indecisive Roman victory, but <mask> was severely wounded. Soon after the battle, he was recalled back to Carthage along with Hannibal to aid in its defence, as the future Scipio Africanus major had shattered the armies of Hasdrubal Gisco, Hanno, son of Bomilcar, and had captured Syphax, who was allied to Carthage, in Africa. <mask> and his army sailed from Italy in 202 BC under the escort of the Punic fleet, and was unmolested by the Roman navy as he made for Africa. Before arriving in Carthage, however, he died of his wound at sea. According to Cornelius Nepos, however, <mask> survived the war and stayed with his brother Hannibal for several years, until the Carthaginians ordered his arrest around 193 BC. He managed to escape, but either died in a shipwreck or was killed by his slaves. Most historians, however, give little credit to Nepos and prefer Livy's version.The ability of <mask> as a field commander can be glimpsed from his actions at the battles of Trebbia and Cannae, where his failure might have doomed the Carthaginian army. He was a capable cavalry leader, as his repeated ambushes of the Romans in Iberia and Italy demonstrate. Legacy
The Port of Mahón in the Balearics was allegedly founded by him and still bears his name. The local egg sauce that is now consumed all over the world is called mayonnaise after the city. Mago in literature
Pride of Carthage by David Anthony Durham

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243 BC births
203 BC deaths
Barcids
Carthaginian commanders of the Second Punic War
3rd-century BC Punic people

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