texts:
<mask> (born 1942) is an American physician, medical entrepreneur, professor, and hospital administrator. He is a pediatrician, anesthesiologist, and cardiologist with a specialty in critical care medicine. With a medical career focused on pediatric intensive care, <mask> was founder of the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at Johns Hopkins Hospital, working there from 1977 to 1991. He concurrently served as chairman of the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine beginning in 1980 and was a professor of anesthesiology and pediatrics throughout his tenure at Johns Hopkins. <mask> graduated from Columbia University and earned his medical degree from the State University of New York Upstate Medical University in Syracuse before serving in the United States Army Medical Corp. At the end of his subsequent two-decade career in medicine at Johns Hopkins, he earned an MBA from Wharton Business School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1991 and began a new career as CEO of Duke Hospital and Health Network until 1996. He would later serve as founder and chairman of several pharmaceutical research companies focused on the treatment of cancer. <mask> was influential in the development of pediatric intensive care as an independent medical specialty in the United States and published numerous academic papers and books on the subject.He helped establish the medical sub-board examinations for pediatric critical care medicine and was also an editor of a textbook on the subject. The now eponymously renamed <mask>' Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care is now its fifth edition headed by new editors. The <mask><mask> Chair in Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine at Johns Hopkins is named in his honor. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City, in 1942, and grew up in the Bronx. He earned entrance into the Bronx High School of Science, an academically competitive magnet school. Neither of his parents had attended higher education. An early influence on <mask>' education was his uncle, a physician who was the first in the family to attend college.Before beginning his medical education, <mask> attended Columbia University and earned an undergraduate degree in medieval history in 1964. Medical education and military service
Over the next five years, <mask> studied towards a medical degree at the Upstate Medical Center of the State University of New York in Syracuse. His studies were funded by a National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant with 6-month-long stints each year working at an NIH Research Fellowship. He graduated with a medical degree in 1969 and began a pediatric internship at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). After one year at MGH, he began a pediatric residency at Boston Children's Hospital in 1970. Working toward his desire to become a pediatric intensivist, <mask> entered a pediatric cardiology fellowship at Duke University Medical Center from 1971 to 1973 and then returned to MGH to complete a two-year anesthesiology residency. <mask> was a major in the United States Army from 1975 to 1977.As part of the Medical Corps, he was stationed at the Ireland Army Hospital in Fort Knox, Kentucky, where <mask> had a general pediatrics practice and was the director of Newborn Services. Medical career
He became the first director of the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1977. He also began teaching as an assistant professor and was promoted to associate professor in 1979. <mask> was appointed as the Chair of the Department of Anesthesiology in 1980, which he soon renamed the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine. At the same time, he was also promoted to professor of pediatrics and anesthesiology. According to the journal Pediatric Anesthesia, "The original PICU at Hopkins was rudimentary and not much larger than a living room and closet. It had six beds—four in one big room and two in the other.It had a very small nursing staff that was not dedicated to pediatric intensive care." In 1985, <mask> was responsible for opening a new and expanded 16-bed pediatric critical care unit. He also hired Richard Traystman, a professor in epidemiology, as director of research and together they transformed the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine into "one of the top NIH-funded anesthesia department in the United States. In 1992, he founded the first World Congress of Pediatric Intensive Care. <mask> developed the medical sub-board examinations for pediatric critical care medicine and was also an editor of a textbook on the subject. While at Johns Hopkins, he began publishing the Handbook of Pediatric Intensive Care, first published in 1989. The book was subsequently renamed as the Rogers' Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care.Although no longer under <mask>' editorship, it continues to carry his name and is now in its fifth edition. Two colleagues of <mask>, Donald H. Shaffner and David Nichols serve as co-editors in chief of Rogers' Textbook. <mask> has trained and mentored more than 45 doctors that completed residencies and fellowships in pediatric critical care specialties at Johns Hopkins. In 1995, <mask> was elected to the National Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine). Later career
While an associate dean and professor at Johns Hopkins, <mask> was a visiting Fulbright Scholar at Ljubljana University Medical Center in the former Yugoslavia (now Slovenia). After graduating in 1991 with a Master of Business Administration degree from the Wharton Business School of the University of Pennsylvania, <mask> became CEO of the Duke Hospital and Health Network and Vice-Chancellor for Health Affairs. In 1996, he initiated a novel capitated contractual agreement with Baxter International to provide all of the hospital's operating room supplies at a capped budget.This novel agreement gave Baxter a bonus when costs are below budget, incentivizing the supplier to keep the hospital's supply costs down. <mask> later served as senior vice-president and chief technology officer of Perkin-Elmer, a Norwalk, Connecticut-based maker of DNA sequencers. He went on to head several private companies, including being the founder and chairman of PolaRX, a company that developed the FDA-approved drug arsenic trioxide for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. The company was later sold for $100 million. He was also the founder of Innovative Drug Delivery Systems, a pharmaceutical development company later sold to a larger company for approximately $230 million. <mask> was also the chairman of Cardiome, a cardiovascular drug development company. In 2004, he became chairman of Aptamera, a cancer drug developer based in Louisville, Kentucky.Aptamera was the developer of AGRO100, an experimental anticancer drug in human clinical trials. <mask> was also appointed Chair of the Reagan-Udall Foundation, a civilian advisory board to the Federal Drug Administration. Personal life
<mask> is married to <mask>, a physician who is also an adjunct professor of geriatrics at Johns Hopkins. They live in Fisher Island, Florida. Bibliography

References

1942 births
Living people
American anesthesiologists
American pediatric cardiologists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
State University of New York Upstate Medical University alumni
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni

masks:
Mark Charles Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Mark C
. Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Elizabeth Rogers


type: original

texts:
<mask> known as <mask> (16 December 1940 – 24 February 1994) was an Italian conceptual artist, considered to be a member of the art movement Arte Povera. Background

<mask> is most famous for a series of embroidered maps of the world, Mappa, created between 1971 and his death in 1994. <mask>'s work was typified by his notion of 'twinning', leading him to add 'e' (and) between his names, 'stimulating a dialectic exchange between these two selves'. Life
<mask> was born in Turin, to <mask>, a lawyer, and Adelina Marchisio, a violinist. <mask> abandoned his studies at the business school of the University of Turin to work as an artist. Already in his early years, he had profound and wide-ranging theoretical interests and studied works on such diverse topics as philosophy, alchemy and esoterics. Among the preferred authors of his youth were the German writer Hermann Hesse and the Swiss-German painter and Bauhaus teacher Paul Klee.<mask> also had a continuing interest in mathematics and music. At seventeen, <mask> discovered the works of the German painter Wols and the cut canvases of Argentine-Italian artist Lucio Fontana. <mask>'s own works of his late teen years, however, are oil paintings somewhat reminiscent of the Russian painter Nicolas de Staël. At age twenty, <mask> moved to Paris to study engraving. In 1962, while in France he met art critic and writer Annemarie Sauzeau, whom he was to marry in 1964 and with whom he had two children, Matteo (1967) and Agata (1972). From 1974 to 1976, he travelled to Guatemala, Ethiopia, Sudan. <mask> was passionate about non-western cultures, particularly of central and southern Asia, and travelled to Afghanistan and Pakistan numerous times in the 1970s and 1980s, although Afghanistan became inaccessible to him following the Soviet invasion in 1979.In 1975, he went back to New York. Active as an artist from the early 1960s to his premature death in 1994, <mask> developed a significant body of diverse works that were often both poetic and pleasing to the eye while at the same time steeped in his diverse theoretical interests and influenced by his extensive travels. He died of a brain tumour in Rome in 1994 at the age of 53. Career

Arte Povera
From 1963 to 1965, <mask> began to create works out of then unusual materials such as plaster, masonite, plexiglass, light fixtures and other industrial materials. His first solo show was in 1967, at the Turin gallery of Christian Stein. Later that year participated in an exhibition at Galleria La Bertesca in the Italian city of Genoa, with a group of other Italian artists that referred to their works as Arte Povera, or poor art, a term subsequently widely propagated by Italian art critic Germano Celant. <mask> continued to work with a wide array of materials, tools, and techniques, including ball pens (biro) and even the postal system.Some of <mask>'s artistic strategies are considered typical for Arte Povera, namely the use of the most modest materials and techniques, to take art off its pedestal of attributed "dignity". <mask> also took a keen interest in the relationship between chance and order, in various systems of classification (grids, maps, etc. ), and non-Western traditions and cultural practices, influenced by his Afghanistan and Pakistan travels. An example of his Arte Povera work is Lampada annuale (Yearly Lamp) (1966), a single, outsized light bulb in a mirror-lined wooden box, which randomly switches itself on for eleven seconds each year. This work focuses both on the transformative powers of energy, and on the possibilities and limitations of chance – the likelihood of a viewer being present at the moment of illumination is remote. In 1967, <mask> produced the piece Manifesto, a poster listing the names of artists that make up <mask>'s creative background. Dossier Postale (1969–70) consists of a series of letters which were sent to 26 well-known recipients, primarily artists (Giulio Paolini, Bruce Nauman), art critics (Lucy Lippard, Arturo Schwarz), dealers (Konrad Fischer, Leo Castelli), and collectors (Giuseppe Panza, Corrado Levi) active at the time.<mask> sent the envelopes to imaginary addresses, thus each letter was returned to the artist undelivered, demonstrating <mask>'s preoccupation with improbability and chance. 1972–1994

<mask> disassociated himself from the Arte Povera movement in 1972 and moved to Rome, without, however, completely abandoning some of its democratic, anti-elitist, strategies. In 1973, he renamed himself as a dual persona <mask> <mask> (“<mask> and <mask>”) reflecting the opposing factors presented in his work: the individual and society, error and perfection, order and disorder. Already in his double-portrait I Gemelli begun in 1968 and published as a postcard, <mask> had altered photographs so that he appeared to be holding the hand of his identical twin. He often collaborated with both artists and non-artists, giving them significant freedom in their contributions to his works. For instance, one of the better known types of his works consists of colored letters embroidered in grids ("arazzi", meaning wall hangings or tapestries) on canvases of varying sizes, the letters upon closer inspection reading as short phrases in Italian, for instance Ordine e Disordine ("Order and Disorder") or Fuso Ma Non Confuso ("Mixed but not mixed up"), or similar truisms and wordplays. To create these pictures, <mask> worked with artisan embroiderers in Afghanistan and Pakistan, to whom he gave his designs but increasingly handed over the process of selecting and combining the colors and thus deciding the final aesthetic look of the work.Similarly, in the lavori biro (ball pen paintings), he would invite friends and acquaintances, to fill large colored sections of the multi-part work by ball pen, typically alternating between a man and a woman from one sheet to another. <mask> made his first ballpoint ink drawings in 1972–73 and continued through the late 1980s. The largest of all <mask>'s Biro works are the four versions of Ononimo (1973), with their progressions of eleven separate panels, each hand-coloured in biro (two in blue biro and two in red). His most ambitious project is a large embroidered piece titled Classificazione dei mille fiumi piu lunghi del mondo (Classification of the thousand longest rivers in the world (1977). Following an invitation by Hans Ulrich Obrist,  the artist published six of his watercolour drawings in Austrian Airlines' in flight magazine ‘Sky Lines’. To accompany this publication, jigsaws of the images were produced, and were available to passengers on the flights at this time. In 1986 he took part at the Lucio Amelio's exhibition "Terrae Motus".After the 1980 Irpinia earthquake the Neapolitan gallerist asked to the major contemporary artists of that time to realize a work of art about the earthquake; so <mask> realized for this occasion Di palo in frasca nell'estate dell'anno millenovecentottantasei, accanto al Pantheon, a reflection on the concepts of time and thinking: the monkey stands for the human thought's capacity to jump from a think to another. Embroideries

Perhaps best known is <mask>'s series of large embroidered maps of the world, called simply Mappa. After the Six-Day War in June 1967 the artist began to collect newspaper covers featuring maps of war zones. He then asked his wife to embroider the shapes from the June 1967 map. He pondered the idea of the first large-scale Mappa during his second voyage to Afghanistan in 1971, resulting in a series of woven world maps entitled Territori Occupati. Between 1971 and 1979 he set up the One Hotel with his friend and business partner Gholam Dastaghir in Kabul as a kind of artistic commune and created large colourful embroideries, the most famous of these were the Mappa, world maps in which each country features the design of its national flag. In 1971, <mask> commissioned women at an embroidery school in Kabul to embroider his first map.He initially intended to make only one but went on to commission roughly 150 of them in his lifetime, with no two possessing exactly the same dimensions. <mask>'s maps reflect a changing geopolitical world from 1971 to 1994, a period that included the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall of the Berlin Wall. Embroidered by up to 500 artisans in Afghanistan and Pakistan, the maps were the result of a collaborative process leaving the design to the geopolitical realities of the time, and the choice of colours to the artisans responsible for the embroidery. The maps delineate the political boundaries of the countries. In one map, the sea is unexpectedly coloured pink rather than blue, as landlocked Afghans had no tradition of mapping, certainly not of oceans. The border texts contain dates or details relative to the work's production, <mask>'s signature and sayings, as well as excerpts from Sufi poetry. "For me the work of the embroidered Mappa is the maximum of beauty.For that work I did nothing, chose nothing, in the sense that: the world is made as it is, not as I designed it, the flags

masks:
Alighiero Fabrizio Boetti
Alighiero e Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Alighiero Boetti
Corrado Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Alighiero
e Boetti
Alighiero
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti


texts:
 are those that exist, and I did not design them; in short I did absolutely nothing; when the basic idea, the concept, emerges everything else requires no choosing." Alighiero e Boetti, 1974

The brightly colored Arazzi works are embroidered pieces made in various sizes that depict sentences drawn from poetry, wisdoms from around the world, or sayings invented by <mask> himself. The Arazzi grandi, containing messages in both Italian and Persian, are each distinct, recording the date when they were created, and containing an elaborate internal code that prescribes the order of the sentences on display. They contrast geometric European letters and flowing Persian calligraphy in checkerboard patterns, alternating bands, grids or cruciform shapes. The dates, carefully noted on each Arazzi grandi, mark a point of captivation for <mask>, as he was deeply interested in the concept of time and its inevitable passing. The embroidery of each map normally took one to two years and, in some cases, much longer due to geopolitical events. Following the closure of the Afghan border, <mask> was forced to abandon this practice and work remotely from Italy.This work began in his studio in Rome, with the artist outlining the countries in felt-tip pen onto linen, before sending the cloth framework to Afghanistan. The invasion of Afghanistan by Russian troops in 1979 shifted production completely from Kabul to Peshawar in Pakistan, where the group of Afghan women had taken refuge and where <mask> was only able to reconnect with them through middlemen. It also halted production completely until 1982, with only a few maps being made between 1982–1985 During the 1980s <mask> visited Pakistan to meet the men organizing the embroidery. As a European male, however, <mask> was not allowed to visit the camps. He therefore asked photographer Randi Malkin Steinberger, with whom he had collaborated on the book Accanto al Pantheon in Rome, to go to Peshawar in 1990 to photograph the craftswomen at work. A chief example of this series, Mappa del Mondo, 1989 ("Map of the World, 1989"), is on view in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York (see Key Works). Exhibitions
Having shown in Milan and Turin, <mask> was invited by Harald Szeemann to participate in the seminal exhibition "Live in your Head.When Attitudes Become Form" in 1969. <mask> had his first US solo exhibition in New York at John Weber Gallery in 1973. In 1978, he held an anthological exhibition curated by Jean-Christophe Ammann at the Kunsthalle Basel that featured historical works alongside more recent ones. He was the subject of a retrospective in 1992 that traveled to Bonn and Münster, Germany, and Lucerne, Switzerland. He was honored with several exhibitions after his death, most notably at the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome (1996); the Museum für Moderne Kunst in Vienna in 1997; the Museum für Moderne Kunst in Frankfurt am Main in 1998; Whitechapel Gallery, London (1999); and Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, Vaduz. The artist took part in Documentas 5 (1972) and 7 (1982) and the Venice Biennale (1978, 1980, 1986, 1990, 1995). In 2001, the Venice Pavillon was completely dedicated to <mask> <mask>'s work.In 2012, for the exhibition Game Plan, a significant number of works have been lent to the MoMA by Tornabuoni art Gallery. Select exhibitions

 Galleria Christian Stein, Turin, Italy, 1967
 Arte Povera, Galleria La Bertesca, Genoa, 1967 (group exhibition)
 Shaman Showman, Galleria De Nieubourg, Milan, Italy, 1969
 When Attitude Becomes Form, curated by Harald Szeemann, Kunsthalle Bern, Switzerland,  1969 (group exhibition)
 Io che prendo il sole a Torino il 24 February 1969, Galleria Sperone, Turin, Italy, 1969. John Weber Gallery, New York, 1973
 Mettere al mondo il mondo, Sperone-Fischer Gallery, Rome, Italy, 1973
 Kunstmuseum Lucerne, Switzerland, 1975. Kunsthalle Basel, curated by Jean-Christophe Amman, Basel, Switzerland, 1978
 Art Agency Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 1980. 44th Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy, 1990. Synchronizitaet als ein Prinzip akausaler Zusammenhaenge, Kunstverein, Bonn, Germany; Westfalischer Kunstverein, Munster, Germany; Kunstmuseum, Lucerne, Switzerland, 1992–1993
 Alternando da 1 a 100 e viceversa, Centre National d'Art Contemporain de Grenoble, Grenoble, France, 1993
 Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, California, 1994
 P.S.1 Museum, Long Island City, New York, 1994. Alighiero e Boetti, part of the project, Origin and Destination, Societe des Expositions du Palais des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium, 1994
 Alighiero Boetti, Galleria Civica d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea, Turin, Italy; Musee d'Art Moderne, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Museum Moderner Kunst, Stiftung Ludwig, Vienna, Austria, 1996–97
 Alighiero Boetti: Mettere al mondo il mondo ("Bringing the World into the World") – Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and Galerie Jahrhunderthalle Hoechst, Germany, 1998
 Boetti; the maverick spirit of Arte Povera, Whitechapel Art Gallery, London, 1999
 Zero to Infinity, Arte Povera 1962–1972 – Tate Modern, London,' Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN, 2001–2002
 When 1 is 2: The Art of Alighiero e Boetti – Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, TX, 2002
 Quasi Tutto, Galleria d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea, Bergamo, Italy, 2004.2012 Tate Modern retrospective. "Alighiero <mask>: Game Plan" MoMA, NY, 2012. Key works (selection)

 Mappa del Mondo, 1989 ("Map of the World, 1989"), Afghan embroidery on fabric, Collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York  (image)
 Tutto ("Everything"), 1994, Afghan embroidery on fabric, collection of the Museum of Modern Art in Frankfurt am Main, Germany  (image ). Art market

In 1995, the Archivio Alighiero Boetti, seated in Rome, was created for the issuance of certificates of authenticity for works by <mask>. In 2008, lawsuits were filed between Sperone Westwater Gallery (the artist's primary dealer at the time) and the Archivio Alighiero Boetti (and some family members) over the authenticity of 15 works exhibited and sold by the gallery its 2002 show "Simmetria Asimmetria". In a January 2008 suit by the archive against the gallery in Milan, the archive sought declaratory judgment that it is not liable to the gallery for not authenticating the works in dispute, and additionally claims that the gallery violated its "moral rights" by exhibiting, publishing, and selling works of art attributed to <mask>. Sperone Westwater, in return, sued the Boetti Archive in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York for what it alleges is a broad scheme to discredit it by capriciously questioning the authenticity of <mask> artworks it has shown and sold in the United States; this included one that was purchased by the Art Institute of Chicago.In the New York suit, Sperone Westwater asked the judge to make a declaratory judgment that the archive has no moral rights claims and also seeks damages "for the Defendants' injuries to the gallery's business and reputation," on counts of breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, negligent misrepresentation, and interference with business relations. References

Further reading
 La Tartaruga Gallery (ed. ), Il teatro delle mostre (Rome, Lerici editore, 1968, in Italian)
 Alberto Boatto, Alighiero & Boetti (Ravenna, Essegi Ed., 1984, in Italian)
 Rolf Lauter, Alighiero e Boetti: Mettere il mondo al mondo (Hatje Cantz Verlag, 1988, in German, catalogue for the exhibition Mettere al mondo il mondo)
 Germano Celant, Umberto Allemandi, et al., Arte povera (Turin, 1989, in Italian)
 Collaboration Parkett No. 24 (art magazine, Parkett Verlag Zurich, Switzerland, 1990, in German and English)
 Annelie Pohlen, Alighiero e Boetti – 1965 bis 1991 (Bonner Kunstverein, 1992, in German)
 Jean-Christophe Ammann, M. T. Roberto, A. Sauzeau (eds. ), Alighiero e Boetti – 1965–1994 (Milan, Edizioni Mazzotta, 1996, in Italian). Germano Celant, Alighiero <mask>, (Milan, Skira, 2001, published in connection with the exhibition Alighiero Boetti. Niente da vedere niente da nascondere at the 49th Venice Biennale, 2001)
 Paola Morsiani and Barry Schwabsky (eds.), When 1 is 2: The Art of Alighiero <mask> (Houston, Contemporary Arts Museum, 2002)
 Hans Ulrich Obrist, Interviews Volume I (Milan, Fondazione Pitti Immagine Discovery/Charta, 2003)
 Maura Picciau, Giorgio Maffei (eds. ), <mask> <mask> “Tutto libro” (Edizoni SACS, 2004, in Italian)
 Giacinto Di Pietrantonio, Corrado Levi (eds. ), Alighiero <mask> – Quasi tutto (Milan, Silvana Editoriale, 2004, in Italian)
 Annemarie Sauzeau, Luca Sassella (eds. ), Shaman showman Alighiero e Boetti (Rome, 2006, in Italian)
 Anne-Marie Sauzeau pour Tornabuoni art, "Alighiero Boetti" Federico Motta Editore, 2010

External links

 Website of the Alighiero Boetti Foundation (Fondazione Alighiero Boetti), in Italian:
 Italian website of the Alighiero Boetti Archives, in English and Italian:

1940 births
1994 deaths
Artists from Turin
Italian contemporary artists
Italian conceptual artists
Arte

masks:
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Alighiero
e Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
e Boetti
Alighiero
Boetti
Boetti


texts:
<mask>. Saenchaimuaythaigym (), is a Thai Muay Thai kickboxer. Muay Thai career
He fought Phetmorakot Petchyindee Academy for the inaugural ONE Featherweight Muay Thai World Championship at ONE Championship: Warrior's Code on February 7, 2020. Phetmorakot won by unanimous decision. He was scheduled to fight Phonaek Or Kwanmuang in the Prachinburi event in the Omnoi Stadium, in March 2020. The fight was for the Omnoi Stadium −147 lbs title. <mask> won by decision.He fought Sorgraw Petchyindee during ONE Championship: No Surrender 2 on August 14, 2020, and lost the bout by split decision. <mask> was scheduled to fight Sean Clancy during ONE Championship: A New Breed 2 on September 11, 2020. Pongsiri won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> is scheduled to face Liam Harrison at ONE on TNT 2 on April 14, 2021. However, their fight was pulled from the event after the COVID-19 situation in the United Kingdom prevented Harrison from traveling. <mask> was scheduled to face former ONE Bantamweight Kickboxing World Champion Alaverdi Ramazanov at ONE Championship: NextGen 3 on November 26, 2021. He lost by first-round knockout.style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2020-02-07 || Loss||align=left| Phetmorakot Petchyindee Academy || ONE Championship: Warrior's Code || Jakarta, Indonesia || Decision (Unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2018-04-21 || Win||align=left| Cristian Marzullo || Thai Fight|| Roma, Italy || KO (Right Elbow) || 2 ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2018-03-24 || Win||align=left| Victor Conesa || Thai Fight || Spain || TKO (Punches) || 2 ||
|-  bgcolor="#fbb"
| 2018-02-18 || Loss|| align=left| Manachai YokkaoMuayThai || MuayThaiJedsee, Channel 7 Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-12-16 || Win||align=left| Sam Bark || WPMF King's Birthday || Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  bgcolor="#fbb"
| 2017-10-15 || Loss ||align=left| Jordan Watson  || Yokkao 28 || Bolton, England || KO (Head Kick) || 2 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#c5d2ea;"
| 2017-09-30 || Draw||align=left| Sam Bark || Top King 16 || Fujian, China || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-09-10 || Win ||align=left| Rafi Bohic || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-08-05 || Win||align=left| Craig Dickson || Top King 15 || Thailand || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2017-06-17 || Loss ||align=left| Rafi Bohic || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2017-06-17 || Loss ||align=left| Nontakit Tor.Morsri || Kiatpetch + PKsaenchai promotion, Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2017-03-19 || Loss ||align=left| Nontakit Tor.Morsri || Channel 7 Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-12-18 || Win ||align=left| Vinailek Sor.Jor.Vichitpadriew ||  Chiang Mai Boxing Stadium || Chiang Mai, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-10-07 || Win ||align=left| Rafi Bohic || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-09-02 || Win ||align=left| Rafi Bohic || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |

|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2008-02-05|| Win ||align=left| Hokun Sitkruwat || Krikkrai, Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00

|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2007-12-07|| Win ||align=left| Norasing Lukbanyai || Lumpinee 51st Anniversary, Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |

|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2007-06-22|| Loss ||align=left| Saeksan Or. Kwanmuang || Phetsupapan, Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00

|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2007-04-23|| Loss ||align=left| Saeksan Or.

masks:
Pongsiri P K
Pongsiri
Pongsiri
Pongsiri
Pongsiri


texts:
<mask>, better known by her stage name <mask>, is an American vocalist, songwriter and recording artist. She has mainly charted as a Christian pop artist, but in 2012 found her debut mainstream single, "Gold", and, in 2013, "Ready or Not", in the Mainstream Top 40. Her fourth studio album, Gold, was nominated for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album at the 55th Grammy Awards. She is signed to Sparrow and Capitol Records. Early life
<mask> was born in Salisbury, North Carolina. <mask> began singing at the age of three in her church, Truth Temple of Kannapolis, North Carolina. She, along with her brother and cousin, eventually became involved with the church's daily program on Charlotte TV station WAXN.She was a talented dancer, taking ballet, jazz, hip hop, and lyrical. At South Rowan High School, she was a member of the school's advanced choir group, and performed with them at Carnegie Hall in New York. <mask> was also a member of Duke University's Brightleaf Music Workshop. Career

2003–2011

<mask> turned down a scholarship from Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue a full-time music career. She felt that God was telling her to concentrate on singing instead of going to college. On January 10, 2003, released her debut album, Follow the Call, an independent release as <mask>dell. In 2004, she signed a management deal with Vertical Entertainment, and then signed a development deal with Word Records.Also in 2004 she released her debut extended play, <mask>dell. In 2006 signed with Sparrow Records and her song "Indestructible" was featured on the WOW Next 2007 compilation CD, and she performed at Creation East/West, Spirit West Coast Monterey, ALIVE 11 festival, and Celebrate Freedom. She was featured on Christian hip-hop group GRITS' 2006 album, Redemption, on the songs "Right Back" and "Soul Cry", both under the name <mask>. On May 22, 2007 she released her second album Say It. It peaked at No. 40 on Billboard's Christian Albums chart. The debut single from the album, "You", was released on March 27, 2007.It hit the Top 10 on the R&R magazine chart. It was the 12th most played song on Christian Hit Radio stations in 2007, according to R&R magazine. It also peaked at No. 6 on Billboard'''s Hot Christian Songs, her highest charting song to date. <mask> was the opening act on the 2007 Winter Jam Tour with Sanctus Real, Hawk Nelson, Jeremy Camp, Steven Curtis Chapman, and Newsong. <mask>'s song "Sunshine Girl" was featured on MTV's teen reality show Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County on September 5, 2007. <mask>'s first music video, for the song "Believe", premiered on the Gospel Music Channel on September 22, 2007.The song was then released as the album's second single on October 30, 2007. It was the 21st most-played song of 2008 on Christian Pop radio stations according to R&R magazine's Christian CHR chart. On November 20, 2007, <mask> released her first EP titled Holiday Trio. The EP was Christmas-themed and was only released digitally. It featured her song "Holiday", plus two never before released songs; one is an original titled "Come What May", and the other is a cover song of the holiday hit "Last Christmas". "Set the World on Fire" was released as Say Its third and final US single in early 2008. The song peaked at No.11 on Billboard's Hot Christian Songs. In 2007 and 2008, "Holiday" and "When She Cries" were both released as UK singles, while "Don't Worry Now" was released as a single in Australia. In 2009, <mask> released a new song "The Lost Get Found" to promote her third album by the same name. The song debuted in the Top 20 of the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart, at No. 20, and peaked at No. 8. It peaked at No.1 on Christian radio stations. The music video for the song was released as a single on iTunes on November 17, 2009. The single also included a remix and karaoke version of the track. The Lost Get Found was released on August 11, 2009, and peaked at No. 1 on Billboard'''s Christian Albums Chart and No. 62 on the Billboard 200. The same month, the music video for her song "Holiday" (from Say It) was posted on YouTube.Her second US single from The Lost Get Found, "Walk on the Water", peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart and No. 1 on Christian radio. It was promoted on the NBC television show The Biggest Loser. Meanwhile, the song "Headphones" was released as her second single from The Lost Get Found in the UK. It peaked at No. 2 on the UK Christian CHR chart.On January 1, 2010, a compilation album, Acoustic Playlist: Bold, was released under StarSong. It featured an acoustic version of <mask>'s single "Believe". Her second EP Acoustic was released August 24, 2010, to stores and online. It includes five acoustic versions of previous songs and a brand new song, "Found By You". The album debuted at No. 22 on the Hot Christian Albums chart. Her third single from The Lost Get Found, "Hanging On", was released in July to coincide with the release of the album.It peaked at No. 19 on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart. In early 2010, "Welcome to the Show" was released as a single in the UK. It peaked at No. 4 on the country's Christian CHR chart. Later, in the middle of the year, the song "Safe" was released as a single in the UK. It peaked at No.3 on the country's Christian CHR chart. A music video for "Headphones" was released on November 9, 2010. In December 2010, "Have Your Way" was released as a single in the UK. It peaked at No. 4 on the UK's Christian CHR chart. 2012–present

On December 21, 2011, <mask> announced the release of her fourth album which was preceded by the January release of "All This Time", the album's lead single. It was the No.1 song on Christian pop radio for eight weeks in a row and also peaked at No. 3 on Billboards Hot Christian Songs chart. The album, titled Gold, was released on March 26, 2012. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Hot Christian albums chart and No. 41 on the Billboard 200, the highest charting album on that chart for the singer. The singles "Stand" and "Breakthrough" were released to United States and United Kingdom Christian radio, respectively, in the fall of 2012."Stand" peaked at No. 11 on US Christian pop radio and "Breakthrough" peaked at No. 3 on UK Christian Pop radio. In December 2012, she released two Christmas music videos, "Jingle Bell Rock" and "O Holy Night". <mask> announced that she signed to Capitol Records and released "Gold" as her debut single for mainstream pop radio on December 4, 2012. A re-release of her album, Gold, was released on February 26, 2013, to mainstream pop markets. On January 11, 2013, she released a Gold EP with the radio version of "Gold", two remixes of "Gold" and the "Gold" music video.<mask> was featured on Tenth Avenue North's Christmas single "We Three Kings", which along with her own song "O Come All Ye Faithful" are included on WOW Christmas Blue released September 24, 2013. In 2014, the song "The Sun Is Rising" was included as part of the soundtrack of the film, The Other Woman, gaining popularity without being an official single. Her first remix album, The Remixes, was released March 17, 2015. "Through Your Eyes", the lead single from <mask> <mask>'s fifth studio album was released on July 29, 2016. On September 1, 2016, People Magazine announced <mask>'s fifth studio album, Britt <mask>, to be released on October 7, 2016 and later released "Be the Change" and "Pave" as promotional singles off the album. Britt <mask> was released on October 7, 2016, in standard and deluxe editions. Personal life

<mask>'s parents divorced when she was seven.This was mentioned in her song "Don't Worry Now" and "All This Time". On July 1, 2012, she married Joshua Crosby. On February 5, 2013, <mask> announced that she was pregnant with her first child and gave birth to a girl, Ella Brave Crosby on July 24, 2013. On September 3, 2014, <mask> and her husband announced that she was pregnant with their second child a son, Adin Jerusalem Crosby, who was born on February 8, 2015. On April 5, 2018 <mask> announced that she was expecting her third child, and shared the first picture of her second son, Eli, on May 8, 2019. In December 2019, <mask> was one of several evangelical worship artists who prayed for President Donald Trump in the Oval Office. Discography

Studio albums
 Follow the Call (2003)
 Say It (2007)
 The Lost Get Found (2009)
 Gold (2012)
 Britt Nicole (2016)

Concert tours
 You're Worth More Than Gold Tour (2012)
 This Is Not a Test Tour (2015)
 Hits Deep Tour (2016)

Awards

References

External links

21st-century American singers
American Charismatics
American women singer-songwriters
American women rock singers
American performers of Christian music
Living people
Singer-songwriters from North Carolina
People from Salisbury, North Carolina
Performers of Christian rock music
Sparrow Records artists
21st-century American women singers
Date of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)

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Anton Herman Gerard "<mask><mask> (6 April 1890 – 23 December 1939) was a Dutch aviation pioneer, aviation entrepreneur, aircraft designer, and aircraft manufacturer. He produced fighter aircraft in Germany during the First World War such as the Eindecker monoplanes, the Dr.1 triplane and the D.VII biplane. After the Treaty of Versailles forbade Germany to produce aircraft, <mask> moved his business to the Netherlands. There, his company was responsible for a variety of successful aircraft including the Fokker F.VII/3m trimotor, a successful passenger aircraft of the inter-war years. He died in New York in 1939. Later authors suggest he was personally charismatic but unscrupulous in business and a controversial character. Early life
<mask> (Tony<mask> was born in Blitar, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), to <mask>, a Dutch coffee plantation owner.Some sources say that he was born in Kediri. At that time, Blitar was a part of the "Kediri Residency", a colonial administrative division the capital of which was Kediri. When <mask> was four, the family returned to the Netherlands and settled in Haarlem in order to provide <mask> and his older sister, Toos, with a Dutch upbringing. <mask> was not a studious boy and did not complete his high school education. However, he showed an early interest in mechanics, and preferred making things, playing with model trains and steam engines, and experimenting with model aeroplane designs. He devoted considerable effort to the development of a wheel that would not suffer from punctures, basically a wheel with a perimeter formed by a series of metal plates. Move to Germany

<mask>'s first interest in flight stemmed from Wilbur Wright's exhibition flights in France in the summer and fall of 1908.In 1910, aged 20, <mask> was sent by his father to Germany to receive training as an automobile mechanic at Bingen Technical school, but his interest was in flying, so he transferred to the Erste deutsche Automobil-Fachschule in Mainz. That same year <mask> built his first aircraft "de Spin" ("the Spider"), which was destroyed by his business partner who flew it into a tree. He gained his flying certificate in his second "Spin" aircraft, which shortly thereafter was also destroyed by the same business partner, prompting <mask> to end their cooperation. In his own country, he became a celebrity by flying around the tower of the Grote or St.-Bavokerk in Haarlem on 1 September 1911, with the third version of the "Spin". One day earlier, on Queen's Day (31 August, Queen Wilhelmina's birthday), <mask> had already taken the opportunity to make a couple of demonstration flights in Haarlem in the same aircraft. In 1912, <mask> moved to Johannisthal near Berlin where he founded his first own company, Fokker Aeroplanbau. In the following years he constructed a variety of aircraft.He relocated his factory to Schwerin where it was renamed Fokker Flugzeugwerke GmbH, and later shortened to Fokker Werke GmbH. Involvement in World War I
At the outbreak of World War I the German government took control of the factory. <mask> remained as director and alleged designer of many aircraft for the Imperial German Army Air Service (Luftstreitkräfte), including the Fokker Eindecker and the Fokker Dr.I, the triplane made famous in the hands of aces such as Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron). In all, his company delivered about 700 military aircraft to the German air force as well as supplying the German navy and Austria-Hungary. <mask> himself was a skilled pilot, demonstrating his aircraft on many occasions. On 13 June 1915, <mask> demonstrated the new Eindecker (monoplane) at Stenay in the German 5th Army Sector in front of the German Crown Prince and other VIPs. <mask> worked closely with an accomplished military pilot, Otto Parschau, to bring the Eindecker into military use and on this occasion both men demonstrated the aircraft.Max Immelmann, later to become a high-scoring flying ace with the Eindecker, commented in a letter written shortly after this event on 25 June 1915 that: "<mask>, especially, amazed us with his skill". Author A.R. Weyl (Fokker: The Creative Years, Putnam 1965) says that, while <mask> was a talented and bold pilot, his business character was more flawed. He failed to reinvest war profits back into his factory which consequently struggled to fulfill contracts as the factory floor was often muddled with prototype development and production taking place at the same time. <mask> distrusted qualified engineers (which he was not), and resented frequent German insistence on carrying out stringent structural tests to ensure prototype aircraft were fit for combat. He could be bad tempered and insensitive, as when he verbally abused his dying designer Martin Kreuzer on the evening of 27 June 1916, after Kreuzer had crashed the prototype Fokker D.I. The rudder jammed, but Kreuzer was able to give a verbal report on the accident before he died."<mask> hurried to the scene, and shouted reproaches at the mortally injured man". Weyl says this incident was witnessed by Reinhold Platz, who succeeded Kreuzer. While Weyl's biography paints an unpleasant picture of <mask> as a businessman, he was a popular and charismatic figure with service pilots, and could charm even senior officers. This charm enabled him to deal with the first major crisis of his German career when his newly delivered Fokker Dr.I triplanes began to experience sudden fatal accidents in late 1917, and the type was temporarily grounded as too dangerous to fly. The triplanes' top wings frequently ripped off under aerobatic conditions and even Lothar von Richthofen (brother of Manfred) was lucky to survive one such crash. <mask> was able to prove to the German high command that the basic design was not at fault, but the German military inquiry concluded that shoddy workmanship due to poor supervision and quality control at the Fokker factory were to blame. <mask> received a stern warning about future conduct.Unfortunately the same scenario repeated itself a few months later, with the introduction of his E.V/D.VIII monoplane in mid-1918. A further high level German inquiry revealed more production and workmanship issues. Weyl asserts that the German authorities were now willing to file criminal charges against <mask>, and might have done so, had he not returned to the Netherlands shortly after the end of World War I.

<mask>'s own account of the D.VIII places the blame on officious German Air Force inspectors requiring an ill-conceived design change. "When the first D-8 was submitted to the engineering division to be sandload tested, the wings proved to be sufficiently strong, but the regulations called for a proportionate strength in the rear spar compared to the front spar ... Complying with the government's edict, we strengthened the rear spar and started to produce in quantity ..." The D.VIIIs immediately ran into trouble with the wing collapsing at high speed. <mask> recalled the aircraft for further testing, and successfully demonstrated that the reinforced rear spar caused the wings to flex unevenly at speed, increasing the angle of attack at the wing tips and causing the wing to shear apart under the increased loads. The problem was resolved by restoring the rear spar to its original specifications.Weyl also discusses claims of <mask>'s outright plagiarism or taking sole credit for the work of his staff, first designer Martin Kreuzer and later Reinhold Platz. For example, contemporary German documents for the E.V/D.VIII refer to <mask> as "the designer" but Weyl and other authors now suggest that Platz was the real design genius behind the Dr.I, D.VII and D.VIII. There may be some truth in this as Platz recalled to Weyl that he attended high level meetings alongside <mask> but was never introduced or referred-to as the designer and often never even spoke. Yet when <mask> fled Germany it was Platz who immediately took over the German works on <mask>'s behalf. <mask> later moved Platz to the Netherlands, as head designer, when the post-war German operation collapsed which indicates Platz really did play a greater design role than <mask> admits. Weyl uncharitably suggests that Platz's role at the Fokker D.VIII crisis meetings was to take the blame if anything was wrong and not receive credit. How much of this interpretation is based on the fact that Platz was still alive to tell his side of the story in 1965, and <mask> was not, is unclear.Another book by Henri Hegener (who knew both <mask> and Platz personally) depicts a rather different story, saying that Platz, while a skilled craftsman (and excellent welder), had received no formal technical training, and that his contributions to the Fokker designs are exaggerated, although Hegener grants that Platz was a good "rule of thumb" designer. Hegener also contradicts the claims that Platz was treated badly by <mask>, at least not financially because Platz's year-end bonuses often exceeded his yearly salary. The interrupter gear

<mask> is often credited with having invented the synchronization device which enabled World War I aircraft to fire through the spinning propeller. His role was certainly significant, but there were a number of prior developments before the result was achieved for which <mask> is commonly credited. The famous French pilot Roland Garros was shot down on 18 April 1915. His aircraft had been fitted with a deflector device, whereby metal deflector wedges were fitted to the propeller. Garros was able to set fire to the airframe before being taken prisoner but the aircraft's gun and the armoured propeller remained intact and came into

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 German hands.This initiated a phase of consideration of the interrupter gear concept in the Imperial German Army Air Service (Luftstreitkräfte). <mask> was heavily involved in this process but the story of his conception, development and installation of a synchronization device in a period of 48 hours (first found in an authorized biography of <mask> written in 1929) has been shown to be not factual. The available evidence points to a synchronisation device having been in development with <mask>'s company for perhaps six months prior to the capture of Garros' machine. Additionally there were patents filed in France, Germany and Austria-Hungary as far back as 1910 which show a very similar device to that pioneered by <mask>. Author A. J. Weyl suggests that <mask> – or more probably someone on his production team – was aware of these patents. One patentee, Franz Schneider and his employer LVG, later sued <mask> in the German courts and won their case; but <mask> (by now in America) refused to pay up. However, the final result of the development was <mask>'s pushrod control mechanism, Gestängesteuerung, which allowed the aircraft's forward-firing machine gun to fire only when the propeller was out of the line of fire.As incorporated into the famous Fokker Eindecker, its use directly led to a phase of German air superiority known as the Fokker Scourge. Despite its shock effect on the enemy, the first Fokker interrupters remained unreliable and were prone to failures. Both Oswald Boelcke and Max Immelmann survived failures which resulted in propellers being shot off and even engines pulled out of their mountings due to the engine becoming unbalanced by the loss of the propeller. Immelmann's eventual death in combat has also been attributed to interrupter gear failure as the aircraft was seen to break up in mid-air while engaged against a Royal Flying Corps F.E.2b. Other works on aircraft armament
Fokker and his armament team, including Lübbe and Leimberger, also worked on lesser known projects, including a multi-barrelled machine gun, known as the Fokker-Leimberger. Although superficially similar to a Gatling gun, the action of the Fokker-Leimberger was substantially different. Problems with the gun, especially with ruptured cases, prevented its adoption into production during the war.After moving to the US, <mask> continued to work on the design, but he was ultimately unsuccessful—properly sealing the rotary split-breech was apparently very difficult. A single surviving prototype is known today at the Kentucky Military Treasures. Return to the Netherlands

After the war's end, the terms of the Treaty of Versailles forbade Germany to build any aircraft or aircraft engines. The Armistice, not the Treaty of Versailles, singled out the Fokker D.VII for destruction or confiscation, the only aircraft to be so named. In 1919, <mask> returned to the Netherlands and started a new aircraft company, the Nederlandse Vliegtuigenfabriek (Dutch Aircraft Factory), predecessor to the Fokker Aircraft Company. Despite the strict disarmament conditions in the treaty, <mask> did not return home empty-handed: he managed to smuggle six goods trains' worth of D.VII and C.I military aircraft and spare parts out of Germany across the German-Dutch border. Author Weyl says that <mask> used 350 railway wagons and made sure that each train was too long to fit into the railway sidings where trains were normally checked for contraband.Weyl quotes <mask> himself as saying that he paid 20,000 Dutch guilders in bribes. The trains included 220 aeroplanes, more than 400 aero engines and much other material. This initial stock enabled him to quickly set up shop, but his focus shifted from military to civil aircraft such as the very successful Fokker F.VII/3m trimotor. <mask>'s admitted bribery has contributed to his reputation for sharp business practices. Weyl also points out that – in addition to possible criminal charges for the Fokker D.VIII fatal crashes – <mask> also failed to pay taxes to German authorities, and actually owed more than 14 million Marks. <mask>'s autobiography tells a similar story, but focuses on the rampant corruption, hyper-inflation, economic meltdown, and violent revolutionary forces of the pre-Weimar days. According to <mask>'s account, as WWI progressed, the German High Command became increasingly brazen, even forcing <mask> into German citizenship against his will.<mask> describes his escape from Germany as a harrowing tale in which he protected as many workers as possible and escaped with less than a quarter of his net worth. He takes pains to rebuff the claim that he left the country owing any taxes. Personal life

On 25 March 1919, <mask> married Sophie Marie Elisabeth von Morgen in Haarlem. This marriage ended in divorce in 1923. In 1927, he married Canadian Violet Austman in New York City. On 8 February 1929, she died in a fall from their hotel suite window. The original police report said her death was a suicide, but this was later changed to "vertigo victim" at the request of her husband's staff.On the subject of his marriages, <mask> wrote, "I have always understood airplanes much better than women. I had more love affairs in my life, and they ended just like the first one, really, because I thought there was nothing that could be more important than my airplanes ... I have now learned, by bitter experience, that one must give a little too; in love one has to use one's brain just as much as in business, and perhaps even more". Move to the US and death

In or about 1926 or 1927, <mask> moved to the United States. Here he established the North American branch of his company, the Atlantic Aircraft Corporation. The company gained high visibility in daring exploits by pilots. The Fokker F.VII aircraft was used by pilot Richard E. Byrd and machinist Floyd Bennett to fly over or near the North Pole on 9 May 1926.In June 1928, Amelia Earhart crossed the Atlantic to Wales in a Fokker F.VII/3m trimotor, and in 1930 Charles Kingsford Smith circumnavigated the globe in another. However the reputation was hurt when the famous Notre Dame University football coach Knute Rockne was killed in a crash of a Fokker F.10A in March 1931. Fokker's Dutch and American companies were at the peak of their success in the late 1920s, but he lost control by going public to sell stock. In 1929, General Motors took over Fokker Aircraft Corporation of America, and merged it in the General Aviation Corporation. <mask> was appointed director of engineering. He resigned in 1931. Fokker designs were increasingly outdated and in 1934 General Aviation discontinued their production.They were still built in the Netherlands. Neville Shute in 1934 negotiated with <mask> for a manufacturing licensing agreement for Airspeed Ltd (England), and found him "genial, shrewd and helpful" but "already a sick man"; and he was difficult to deal with as "his domestic life was irregular". He worked "at all hours and in strange places". Frequently "his very efficient legal advisor and secretary could not tell us where he was". Shute said he was "a good chooser of men" and had a "most efficient staff of Dutchmen and ex-Germans". <mask> died at age 49 in New York in 1939 from pneumococcal meningitis, after a three-week-long illness. In 1940, his ashes were brought to Westerveld Cemetery in Driehuis, North Holland, where they were buried in the family grave.In 1970, <mask> was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame. Popular culture
<mask>'s nickname was The Flying Dutchman. In popular media, Hurd Hatfield portrayed him in the 1971 film Von Richthofen and Brown and the character <mask> from the animated series Macross was named in honor of <mask>. <mask> is portrayed by Craig Kelly in the Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Attack of the Hawkmen. See also
 Jan Hilgers

References

Bibliography

 Boyne, Walter J. The Smithsonian Book of Flight for Young People. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1988. .
 Dierikx, Marc.Fokker: A Transatlantic Biography. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997. .
 <mask>, <mask> and Bruce Gould. Flying Dutchman: The Life of <mask>. London: George Routledge, 1931. Hegener, Henri; Bruce Robinson (ed.) <mask> – The Man and the Aircraft. Lethchworth: Harleyford, 1961.Molson, K. M. Pioneering in Canadian Air Transport. Winnipeg: James Richardson & Sons, Ltd., 1974. .
 Nevin, David. The Pathfinders (The Epic of Flight Series). Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1980. .
 Postma, Thijs. <mask>: Aircraft Builders to the World. London: Jane's, 1979. .
 Wepman, Dennis. "<mask>, <mask>" American National Biography (2006) online
 Weyl, A. R. <mask>: The Creative Years.London, Putnam publications, 1965

External links

 "Tony Fokker Wizard of Flight", Popular Science, May 1931
 "Tony Fokker and the World War", Popular Science, June 1931
 "Tony Fokker Captures America", Popular Science, July 1931
 <mask>ker Richard Byrd and others in restored Fox Movietone sound newsreel during preparations for Fokker America flight. Recorded 19 May 1927 the day before Lindbergh's famous Atlantic flight (courtesy University of South Carolina)

1890 births
1939 deaths
Air France–KLM
Aviation pioneers
Aviation inventors
Dutch aviators
Dutch chief executives in the airline industry
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
Dutch corporate directors
Dutch company founders
Dutch investors
Dutch aerospace engineers
Dutch expatriates in the United States
Dutch people of World War I
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
Fokker
People from Blitar
Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
National Aviation Hall of Fame

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<mask> (8 October 1850 – 7 June 1933) was an Irish nationalist politician and MP. in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Anti-Parnellite representative for North Roscommon, 1892–95, a noted author, journalist and newspaper editor, barrister (King's Counsel (K.C. )), and County Court Judge for County Clare, 1907–24. Early life
<mask> was the second son of a doctor, <mask>, MD FRCSI, of Tuam, County Galway (a descendant of Tribes of Galway). His mother was <mask> of Westport, County Mayo, a cousin of Antony MacDonnell, 1st Baron MacDonnell (1844–1925). <mask> was educated at the Christian Brothers' school, Tuam and at Tullabeg Jesuit College. He had wanted to go to the Anglican Trinity College, Dublin but his family objected on religious grounds and he attended the Catholic University of Ireland, which had a strong Roman Catholic ethos, instead.He was scathing about this experience:"It is true I entered the so-called Catholic University, which had neither charter or endowment, and even obtained an exhibition on matriculation, but the business was so wholly futile that I abandoned it before six months was over, sacrificing my exhibition. A smattering of Terence was the only asset derived from that wasted six months." Career

Early legal career
<mask> was called to the Irish Law Bar in 1877 and entered practice as a barrister on the Connaught circuit. Journalistic career

<mask>'s journalistic career began with reporting work for the  Freeman's Journal  while he was still a law student. He became politically active at the time of the Coercion Act of 1887, and defended a number of Irish Nationalists in court. He first came to political prominence at the time of the split in the Irish Parliamentary Party over the leadership of Charles Stewart Parnell, when <mask> was a major protagonist on the anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation side. As deputy to William O'Brien, editor of the newspaper United Ireland, he was in charge of the paper in O'Brien's absence in the USA at the time of the split in December 1890, and brought it firmly out against Parnell.He was ousted from the editor's office by force when Parnell and his supporters reclaimed the paper. He published an alternative Suppressed United Ireland and then The Insuppressible, which appeared up to 24 January 1891. Thereafter <mask> was a leader writer on the Insuppressible's anti-Parnellite successor, the National Press. Political career
At Timothy Healy's urging, <mask> stood for Parliament against the veteran Parnellite J.J. O'Kelly at North Roscommon in 1892, winning by 3,251 votes to 3,199, a margin of only 52 votes. He later wrote an account of the election campaign (and of his legal experiences) in White Magic (1897). He stood down at the end of his first term in 1895, saying that he could not afford to continue losing earnings from the Bar: "my poverty, and not my will, refused". O'Kelly regained the seat.Thereafter <mask> was chief leader writer on the Freeman's Journal. Jointly with Thomas Sexton he founded The Irish Packet in 1903. Later legal career
<mask>'s appointment as a County Court judge in 1907 was controversial among Nationalists who thought that offices should not be accepted from the British regime. The appointment was subjected to an unsuccessful legal challenge on the ground that <mask> had retired from the Bar at the time; when asked in Parliament what had induced the (illiterate) complainant to lodge his affidavit against <mask>, the then Chief Secretary for Ireland, Augustine Birrell, replied, apparently with complete truth:  ‘A pint of porter’. Maume (1999, p. 92) says <mask> had ‘dubious legal qualifications’, but there is no doubt that he had wide experience as a barrister and on his own account had defended some twenty people on capital charges. While a judge in 1921, <mask> published accounts of abuses by the Black and Tans in County Clare, which received wide publicity. Writings

<mask> was a prolific author, in a wide range of genres, including history, novels (contemporary and historical), plays, and political campaigning texts.The catalogues of the British Library and National Library of Ireland list some 39 publications between them. Some books were published under the nom de plume Crom a Boo. <mask> earned a place in the history of the detective novel by virtue of his invention of the first detective family. His character Paul Beck, a private detective with comfortable lodgings in Chester, was an Irish Sherlock Holmes with a very original yet logical method for detecting crime. Beck first appeared in Paul Beck, the rule of thumb detective in 1899. In the following year <mask>'s creation Dora Myrl, the lady detective, made her first appearance. In The Capture of Paul Beck (1909), <mask> had them marry each other and in 1911 their son appeared, in Paul Beck, a chip off the old block.Other titles in this series were The Quests of Paul Beck (1908), Pigeon Blood Rubies (1915) and Paul Beck, detective (1929). <mask>'s historical novel Lord Edward Fitzgerald (1896) was dedicated to William Gladstone with the latter's permission. It was one of three novels set at the time of the Irish Rebellion of 1798. <mask>'s autobiography Recollections of an Irish Judge is a valuable historical source, particularly on the Parnellite split, although being published when he was only 64 it does not cover the last 20 years of his life. Its title is misleading since it contains little on <mask>'s life as a judge, but a great deal on his experiences in politics and journalism. Selected publications
“The Devil's Work" on the Clanricarde Estate, London, Irish Press Agency, 1890
Poteen Punch: strong, hot and sweet, made and mixed by “Crom a Boo”, being a succession of Irish after-dinner stories, etc., Dublin, M. H. Gill & Son, 1890
Lord Edward Fitzgerald, An historical romance, Dublin, Talbot Press, 1896
White Magic: a novel, London, Chapman & Hall, 1897
In the days of Goldsmith, London, J. Long, 1903
Patsey the Omadaun, London, Chatto & Windus, 1904
The quests of Paul Beck, London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1908
Grattan’s Parliament, before and after, London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1912
Recollections of an Irish Judge: Press, Bar and Parliament, London, Hurst & Blackett, 1914
Ulster’s Opportunity: a united Ireland, by an Irish K.C., Dublin, Duffy, 1917
 Famous Irish Trials, Dublin & London, Maunsel, 1918
When Youth Meets Youth, Dublin, Talbot Press; London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1920
A Judicial Report on the devastation of County Clare, Dublin, Talbot Press, 1921
Guilty or Not Guilty?, Dublin, Talbot Press, 1929

Personal life
In 1885 he married Arabella, daughter of Francis Norman of Dublin.They had several children including Matthew, Jr. (b. 1896), who became a Jesuit priest and in his turn a well-known author mainly of religious works, and <mask>, who was the Director of the National Gallery of Ireland and the Barber Institute of Fine Arts. Two of <mask> and Arabella's daughters became nuns. Footnotes

Sources
Irish Independent, 8 June 1933
F. S. L. Lyons, The Fall of Parnell 1890–91, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1960
Patrick Maume, The Long Gestation:  Irish Nationalist Life 1891–1918, Dublin, Gill & MacMillan, 1999
Brian M. Walker (ed. ), Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922, Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, 1978
Who Was Who, 1929–1940

External links
  Catalogue of the Bodkin papers, National Archives of Ireland

 "The Capture of Paul Beck" at manybooks.net

1850 births
1933 deaths
Anti-Parnellite MPs
Irish Parliamentary Party MPs
Irish journalists
Irish barristers
Irish writers
Irish newspaper editors
Irish mystery writers
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Roscommon constituencies (1801–1922)
People educated at St Stanislaus College
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Politicians from County Galway
UK MPs 1892–1895
Alumni of King's Inns

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<mask> () (died c. 220), courtesy name Xingba, was a Chinese military general serving under the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty. Originally a notorious pirate, he gave up the life of a marauder in the late 190s and became a subordinate of Huang Zu, the Administrator of a commandery in present-day east-central Hubei. Disheartened by Huang Zu's indifferent attitude towards him, <mask>ng eventually left Huang and made his way into Wu territory (present-day eastern and southeastern China), where he found his calling and became a military officer under the warlord Sun Quan. Throughout his years of service under Sun Quan until his death, <mask>ng fought in numerous battles for his lord, including the battles of Jiangxia (208), Red Cliffs (208–209), Xiaoyao Ford (214–215) and Ruxu (217). Early Life
<mask>ng was from Linjiang County (臨江縣), Ba Commandery (巴郡), which is in present-day Zhong County, Chongqing. His ancestral home was actually in Nanyang, Henan; his ancestors migrated to Ba Commandery and settled there. When he was still a youth, he accepted an offer to serve as an accounting assistant in the local commandery office.He resigned and went home after serving for a short period of time. In his younger days, <mask> Ning was known to be very energetic and eager to behave like a youxia or vigilante. He gathered a group of wayward young men under his leadership to rob and plunder for a living. They armed themselves with bows and crossbows, wore feathers in their hats and tied bells on their bodies. The ringing of the bells alerted people to the presence of <mask> Ning and his gang. <mask> Ning's plundering and murderous ways made him infamous throughout Ba Commandery. On land, he and his gang travelled by riding on horses or in chariots in a certain formation; on water, they sailed on light vessels linked together.They also wore elaborate and flamboyant garments to attract attention. When they stopped at a certain location, they used silk to tie their boats to the jetties; when they were departing, they cut the silk and abandoned it as a display of their extravagance. Among those who had dealings with <mask> Ning were some local officials. They treated <mask> Ning generously. In return, he befriended them and showed genuine feelings towards them. On the other hand, those who treated him badly suffered the fate of being robbed of their possessions by him and his gang. Even government officials were not spared.<mask> Ning led the life of a marauder until when he's over 20 years old. After Liu Yan, the governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), died in 194, <mask> Ning rebelled against his son and successor, Liu Zhang. He received support from Liu He (劉闔), an official from the neighbouring Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan), and Liu Zhang's subordinates Shen Mi (沈彌) and Lou Fa (婁發). However, they failed and were forced to flee to Jing Province. Service under Liu Biao and Huang Zu
Gan Ning eventually decided to stop plundering and pillaging. He read some books and picked up ideas from the Hundred Schools of Thought. Later, he brought along 800 men to join Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan), and was stationed in Nanyang Commandery.Liu Biao had a scholarly background and was not proficient in military affairs. Around the time, chaos had broken out all around China as contending warlords fought each other for territorial gains and hegemony over the empire. <mask> Ning observed that Liu Biao was doomed to failure and was worried that he would be affected, so he and his followers planned to head east towards the Wu (or Jiangdong) region, which was under the control of the warlord Sun Ce and later Sun Quan. When they reached Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; present-day eastern Hubei) in eastern Jing Province, they could not cross the border into Wu territory as Sun Quan was at war with Liu Biao at the time. <mask> Ning thus remained at Jiangxia and became a subordinate of the commandery administrator, Huang Zu, who did not recognise his talent and treated him coldly for three years. In 203, Sun Quan led his forces to attack Huang Zu and defeated him at the Battle of Xiakou. <mask> <mask>, a skilled archer, led a detachment of troops as backup and came to Huang Zu's rescue.He fired an arrow which killed Ling Cao, a colonel under Sun Quan, thus saving Huang Zu's life. Huang Zu did not change his attitude towards <mask> Ning after the incident. Su Fei (蘇飛), an area commander under Huang Zu, recommended <mask> Ning as a talent but Huang Zu ignored him. Huang Zu even attempted to induce <mask> Ning's followers to abandon their leader and join him instead; some of them agreed. <mask> Ning was very unhappy with Huang Zu and wanted to leave him, but was worried that Huang Zu would not allow it so he felt very frustrated. Su Fei understood <mask> Ning's frustration so he invited him for drinks and said: "I recommended you to Huang Zu many times, but he doesn't want to make good use of your talents. As days pass, people grow older.You should make plans for your future and find someone who truly appreciates your talents." <mask> Ning paused for a moment before replying: "That's what I have in mind, but I can't find an excuse to leave." Su Fei then said: "I will suggest to Huang Zu to appoint you as the chief of Zhu County (邾縣; northwest of present-day Huanggang, Hubei). Although it may be a difficult start, it will eventually become easier for you to decide where to go from there." After Huang Zu approved Su Fei's suggestion, <mask> Ning gathered a few hundred men who were willing to follow him and headed towards Zhu County. From there, they crossed the border into the Jiangdong territories. Battle of Jiangxia

When <mask> Ning brought his followers to Jiangdong, Zhou Yu and Lü Meng recommended him as a talent to their lord, Sun Quan.Sun Quan felt that <mask> Ning was an extraordinary man and treated him like an old friend. <mask> Ning proposed:

Sun Quan wanted to follow <mask> Ning's plan, but his adviser Zhang Zhao strongly objected: "The territories in Wu have not been completely pacified yet. If we proceed with this campaign, I am afraid there will be chaos." <mask> Ning rebuked Zhang Zhao: "Our lord has entrusted responsibilities to you as if you were Xiao He. If you can't even be confident that there won't be chaos under your watch, how can you expect to be like Xiao He?" Sun Quan then raised his glass to <mask> Ning and said: "Xingba, I have decided to put you in charge of the campaign this year just as I offer this drink to you. You should strive your best to come up with a strategy to defeat Huang Zu.Once you have proven yourself, you won't need to take Zhang Zhao's words to heart." In the spring of 208, Sun Quan led his forces west to attack Huang Zu at Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei) and succeeded in defeating and capturing Huang Zu alive, as well as taking control over his troops. <mask> Ning was placed in command of some soldiers and ordered to garrison at Dangkou (當口). Sometime in the late 200s to early 210s, <mask> Ning were involved in a revolt orchestrased by some officials against the newly ascended Liú Zhāng, who replacing his father who has just passed away. Liú Zhāng sent Zhào Wěi (趙韙), a key ally of his late father, to march on the rebels and managed to suppress the rebels and forced them to flee into Jīngzhōu (荊州) in the east. Saving Su Fei
Before the campaign, Sun Quan had prepared two boxes for containing the heads of Huang Zu and Su Fei (蘇飛). After the battle, Su Fei, who had become a prisoner-of-war, immediately asked someone to inform <mask> Ning.<mask> Ning said: "If Su Fei didn't say anything, I would have forgotten about him." Later, when Sun Quan and his officers were celebrating the victory, <mask> Ning left his seat and knelt down before Sun Quan. He kowtowed until his face was covered in blood and, with tears in his eyes, he pleaded with Sun Quan: "I owe Su Fei a favour. If not for him, I'd have been dead and my body abandoned in a ravine. I'd not have been able to serve under you. Now, even though Su Fei's actions warrant death, I still hope you can spare him." Sun Quan was moved and he asked: "What if he leaves after I spare his life?"<mask> Ning replied: "Su Fei will be grateful if he is spared from death. He won't leave even if you try to chase him away. Why would he still court his own doom? If he really does that, I am willing to use my head to replace his in the box." Sun Quan then pardoned Su Fei. Red Cliffs campaign

In the winter of 208–209, <mask> Ning fought in the Battle of Red Cliffs under Zhou Yu's command against the forces of Cao Cao, and defeated the enemy at Wulin (烏林). He also participated in the subsequent Battle of Jiangling.Sun Quan's forces, led by Zhou Yu, attacked Cao Cao's general Cao Ren at Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day Jiangling County, Hubei) but were unable to conquer the city. <mask> Ning suggested that he lead a separate force to capture Yiling (夷陵; around present-day Yichang, Hubei). He had only a few hundred soldiers with him when he reached Yiling but the strength of his army increased to around 1,000 after he recruited some men in the area. Cao Ren sent 5,000 to 6,000 troops to besiege <mask> Ning at Yiling. Cao Ren's men built high towers, from which they rained arrows upon Yiling. <mask> Ning's men were terrified but their commander remained calm. He sent a messenger to request aid from Zhou Yu, who heeded Lü Meng's plan and led reinforcements to help <mask> Ning while leaving behind Ling Tong to defend their position.Zhou Yu, Lü Meng and the others succeeded in lifting the siege at Yiling, while Ling Tong managed to hold his ground well for that period of time. Eventually, Cao Ren was ordered to abandon Nan Commandery because the prolonged war had drained much manpower and resources on Cao Cao's side, and this resulted in the capture of the commandery by Sun Quan's forces. Guan Yu's shallows

In 215, Sun Quan had disputes with his ally Liu Bei over the division of southern Jing Province between their respective domains. Sun Quan sent Lü Meng and Ling Tong to seize the three commanderies of Changsha (長沙), Lingling (零陵; around present-day Yongzhou, Hunan) and Guiyang (桂陽; around present-day Chenzhou, Hunan) from Liu Bei, and then ordered Lu Su to station at Yiyang as a precaution against any retaliation by Liu

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 Bei's general Guan Yu, who was in charge of his lord's territories in southern Jing Province. <mask> Ning joined Lu Su at Yiyang. Guan Yu claimed he had 30,000 troops as he selected 5,000 elite troopers to the upstream shallows located some 10 li away from Yiyang, and planned to cross the shallows at night. Lu Su held a discussion with his subordinates on how to deal with Guan Yu.At the time, <mask> Ning had only 300 men under him and he told Lu Su,

"If you give me another 500 troops, I will go to confront Guan Yu. I assure you that Guan Yu won't dare to cross the waters when he hears of my approach. But if he does, I will capture him." Lu Su then chose 1,000 troops and put them under <mask> Ning's command. <mask> Ning headed towards Guan Yu's position at night. As <mask> Ning expected, Guan Yu did not cross the shallows and instead set up camps there. That place was thus named 'Guan Yu's Shallows' (關羽瀨).Sun Quan was so pleased with <mask> <mask>'s achievement that he appointed him as the Administrator (太守) of Xiling Commandery (西陵郡) and let him oversee the counties of Yangxin (陽新) and Xiazhi (下雉; east of present-day Yangxin County, Hubei). Battle of Xiaoyao Ford

In early 215, <mask> Ning was involved in an attack on Cao Cao's garrison at Wan County (皖縣; in present-day Qianshan County, Anhui) and was in charge of the unit assigned to scale the fortress's walls. Armed with a chain, he was the first to climb up the walls and his men captured Wan County's defending commander, Zhu Guang (朱光). Lü Meng earned the top credit while <mask> Ning received the second highest credit for the victory. <mask> Ning was promoted to General Who Breaks and Charges (折衝將軍). Later that year, <mask> Ning participated in Sun Quan's campaign to seize control of Hefei, which was defended by Cao Cao's general Zhang Liao. Sun Quan was unable to capture Hefei after besieging the city for days and suffering defeats in the initial skirmishes, and he eventually withdrew his forces when a plague broke out in his army.Sun Quan's other units retreated first, while Sun Quan himself remained behind at Xiaoyao Ford (逍遙津) with only about 1,000 men and a few officers (including Lü Meng, Jiang Qin, Ling Tong and <mask> Ning). When Zhang Liao saw that, he seized the opportunity to launch a devastating counterattack and throw the enemy into confusion. <mask> Ning led a group of archers to fire arrows at the enemy while Ling Tong and the others fought fiercely to protect their lord. <mask> Ning shouted at the men to beat the war drums and blow the horns loudly to raise the army's morale. Sun Quan eventually succeeded in escaping but his forces sustained heavy losses. He praised <mask> Ning for his acts of courage after the battle. Battle of Ruxu

Two years later in 217, Cao Cao personally led an army, said to be 400,000 strong, to attack Sun Quan's garrison at Ruxu (濡須).Sun Quan led about 70,000 troops to counter the enemy. <mask> Ning commanded the 3,000 strong vanguard. Sun Quan gave a secret order for <mask> Ning to attack the enemy under the cover of nightfall, so <mask> Ning selected 100 elite soldiers. Before the battle, Sun Quan sent food and wine to <mask> Ning and his men. After the feast, <mask> Ning poured wine into a silver bowl and drank two bowls before offering it to an officer. The officer knelt down and did not dare to take the bowl, so <mask> Ning drew his sword, placed it on his lap and said: "You respect our lord but not me? I don't fear death.Why do you fear death?" The officer saw that <mask> Ning was very stern so he obliged and drank from it and then ordered each soldier to drink one bowl of wine." When it was nearing midnight, <mask> <mask> and his 100 men raided Cao Cao's camp and destroyed some defensive structures and killed dozens of enemy soldiers. Cao Cao's troops were shocked so they sounded the alarm and lit up the entire camp with torches. By then, <mask> Ning and his men had already returned safely to their own camp, where they beat their drums, blew their horns, and shouted "wansui!" Later that night, <mask> Ning went to see a delighted Sun Quan, who told him: "Were your actions enough to frighten the old man (Cao Cao)? I had the opportunity of witnessing your valour."Sun Quan then rewarded <mask> Ning with 1,000 rolls of silk and 100 swords. He also remarked, "Mengde (Cao Cao) has Zhang Liao while I have Xingba. I can match him." Cao Cao withdrew his armies from Ruxu after slightly more than a month. <mask> Ning commanded even greater respect among Sun Quan's forces and the number of troops under his command increased by 2,000. Death
When <mask> Ning died, Sun Quan deeply lamented his death. No further details about <mask> Ning's death were provided in his biography in the Sanguozhi.However, the Jiankang Shilu recorded that <mask> Ning died in the winter of 215–216, while the Australian sinologist Rafe de Crespigny estimated that <mask> Ning died around 220. Family
Gan Ning's ancestor was <mask> Mao (甘茂), a chancellor of the Qin state in the Warring States period. <mask> <mask>'s son, <mask> Gui (甘瓌), was exiled to Kuaiji Commandery (around present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang) for committing an offence and died not long later. <mask> Shu (甘述), another son of <mask> Ning, served as a Master of Writing (尚書) in the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. <mask> Shu's son, <mask> Chang (甘昌), served as the Crown Prince's Tutor (太子太傅) in Wu. <mask> Chang had a son – <mask> Zhuo (甘卓), whose courtesy name was Jisi (季思). <mask> Zhuo served as Senior General Who Guards the South (鎮南大將軍) and Governor of Jing Province (荊州牧) during the Jin dynasty.Evaluation
Although <mask> <mask> was rough and murderous in his ways, he was also jovial, gregarious, and capable of using strategy. He respected virtuous persons and had little regard for monetary wealth. He treated his men well and they were also willing to fight for him with their lives. Conflict with Ling Tong
Ling Tong (Ling Cao's son) never forgave <mask> <mask> for killing his father at the Battle of Xiakou in 203. <mask> Ning was always on the defensive against Ling Tong and deliberately avoided meeting him. Sun Quan also ordered Ling Tong to not seek vengeance on <mask> Ning. There was one incident during a banquet held in Lü Meng's house, where both <mask> Ning and Ling Tong were present.When Ling Tong was performing a sword dance to entertain the guests, <mask> Ning stood up and said, "I can also perform with my pair of jis." Lü Meng told <mask> Ning: "You may be good in performing, but you're not as good as me." He then drew his sword and carried a shield and stood between Ling Tong and <mask> Ning to separate the two of them. When Sun Quan heard about the incident, he relocated <mask> Ning to a garrison at Banzhou (半州). Dispute with Lü Meng
One of <mask> Ning's servants committed an offence and was afraid of being punished so he sought shelter under Lü Meng. Lü Meng feared that <mask> Ning would kill the servant so he did not send the servant away. Later, when <mask> Ning visited Lü Meng's house and brought along gifts for the latter's mother, Lü brought the servant out to meet <mask>, and Gan promised to spare the servant.However, <mask> Ning reneged on his word later as he tied the servant to a tree and personally killed him by firing arrows at him. After that, he went back to his boat and ordered his men to lengthen the hawsers while he undressed and rested inside the cabin. Lü Meng was furious when he heard that <mask> Ning had killed the servant so he gathered his own men and prepared to confront <mask>. <mask> Ning continued resting when he heard Lü Meng approaching. Lü Meng's mother came out of the house barefooted and chided her son: "The lord (Sun Quan) treats you like his family and entrusts you with important responsibilities. How can you kill <mask> Ning just because you have a private feud with him? If <mask> Ning dies, even if the lord does not inquire into the incident, you have already overstepped your role as a subject."Lü Meng was a filial son so his anger subsided after listening to his mother. He then went to <mask> <mask>'s boat, laughed and said: "Xingba, my mother is treating you to a meal. Come up quickly!" <mask> Ning wept and replied: "I have let you down." He followed Lü Meng to meet his mother and they feasted for the whole day. In popular culture

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
<mask> Ning appears as a character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. Some of the actual events in his life are exaggerated or dramatised in the novel.The description of <mask> <mask>'s night raid on Cao Cao's camp at the Battle of Ruxu in the novel is more vivid as compared to that mentioned in his biography. Before the raid, Ling Tong leads 3,000 troops to engage the enemy and duels with Zhang Liao before he receives orders to retreat. When <mask> Ning sees that, he tells Sun Quan: "Tonight I'll bring only 100 men to raid Cao Cao's camp. If I lose a single soldier, this won't count as a contribution." That night, he leads 100 horsemen to attack Cao Cao's camp and all of them return alive after inflicting heavy damage and casualties on the enemy. <mask> Ning kills Ling Tong's father, Ling Cao, at the Battle of Xiakou in 203. Since then, even after <mask> Ning comes to serve Sun Quan, Ling Tong still holds a grudge against him.Their conflict is dramatised in chapters 67–68 of the novel, and is eventually resolved after <mask> Ning saves Ling Tong's life. <mask> <mask>'s death is described in Chapter 83. He is killed at the Battle of Xiaoting by the tribal king Shamoke, an ally of Liu Bei. Modern era depictions

<mask> Ning is featured as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Appendix

Notes

References

Chen Shou

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). Pei Songzhi

 Pei, Songzhi (5th century).Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu). Others

Bibliography
 Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu). Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi). Xu, Song ( 8th century).Jiankang Shilu (建康實錄). Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Chinese pirates
Deified Chinese people
Liu Biao and associates
Generals under Sun Quan
Han dynasty generals from

masks: Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Ning Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Ning Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Ning Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Ning Gan Ning Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Ning Gan Gan Gan Ning Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan Ning Gan


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<mask> (1719-1776) was one of the wealthiest men in what is now Berkeley County, West Virginia. Hite had come to the Valley with his father in the early 1730s. A prominent family, Hite had served as sheriff twice for Frederick County and also as justice of the peace for that county as well as Berkeley. His son, Thomas, was a member of the House of Burgesses. Hite is most famous for his assault on the Martinsburg county jail in April 1774 and his rivalry with Adam Stephen. Early life
He was the son of a highly successful Shenandoah Valley land speculator, <mask>, a German immigrant, and Anna Maria (Merkle) <mask>, both of Bonfeld, Duchy of Wurttemberg. His sister, Magdalena (<mask>) Chrisman, is an ancestor to Major League Baseball pitcher Tug McGraw and country music star Tim McGraw.Business scheme
In the late 1760s, <mask> and his business partner, Richard Pearis, created a scheme to obtain a large tract of land from Cherokee Indians, using Pearis' son, George, who was half-Cherokee, as a pawn. Cherokee headmen viewed men like George Pearis as useful diplomatic bridges to the British. George obtained a  tract of land just west of South Carolina from the headmen. He then sold it to his father and Hite. Though the scheme was clever, a British official feared it may provoke the Cherokees to join an anti-British confederation Indian diplomats were forming at the time. The official persuaded a South Carolina court to void the deal. Financial troubles
The voided deed to the Cherokee land left Hite in serious financial trauma.He had no means of paying a large debt that he owed to James Hunter, a Scottish trader. Hunter was feeling pressure from his own creditors in England and demanded Berkeley County sheriff Adam Stephen to auction off enough of Hite's estate to pay the debt. Stephen and several deputies went to Hite's plantation and seized fifteen of Hite's slaves and twenty-one of his horses, and brought them to the county jail in Martinsburg-the county seat-to be put up for auction. Pennsylvania Chronicle, Sep 26—Oct 3, 1772:152, advertisement: On Thursday, the 15th of October next, will be sold by Public Vendue, on the premises {pursuant to a decree of the County Court of Frederick, in the colony of Virginia, for satisfying a debt due from <mask>e to Richard and Peter Footman, Francis Richardson, Clement Biddle, and Daniel Wisser} A valuable tract of land, containing 3118 Acres {more or less} with the dwelling-house, stores, and buildings thereon erected, situate in Berkeley County, {formerly part of Frederick County} within  of Winchester, on the great road leading thence from Shweringan's Ferry. The said tract is well watered and improved, being the plantation whereon the said <mask>e now lives, and from its situation, and other great improvements and advantages, is esteemed equal to any place in Frederick County.--Also, twenty-seven valuable Negro Slaves [Sep 17, 1772]. Assault on the Martinsburg Jail
Hite vigorously resented his property being taken in this manner. He wrote to his neighbor and friend Horatio Gates that the sale was to take place and threatened to stop it or sue any man who bought his property.The threat was accompanied by the more peaceful, though contradictory, suggestion that Gates and other friends of Hite's buy the property at the sale and Hite would pay them back. Gates, however, used a more direct way to aid Hite. Acting in his authority as a magistrate, Gates allowed Hite to proceed against those persons who were "active in plundering him." Hite decided to take matters into his own hands. A friend of Hite's, who was the constable, Daniel Hendricks, assembled a posse, including Hite's son Thomas. The posse armed themselves with several weapons and advanced on the Martinsburg jail on April 14, 1774. Sheriff Stephen deputized many men and directed them to guard Hite's slaves and horses.But the gang surrounded the jail, overpowered the guards, and tied up the jailor, who refused to turn over the keys. The posse then chopped down the jail door with axes and broke the lock on the stable door. The gang seized the slaves and horses, and also freed Marty Handley, a prisoner for debt, and a runaway servant. The posse fled for Hite's house, bringing with them two of the prison guards. Later in the day, Hite received word that Stephen's band was going to attack. Hite feared that his property may still be sold. Hite was also concerned for his slaves, he did not want their families divided.Hite then realized that he and his slaves had a common interest in not being sold, and Hite needed more fighters. Hite then proceeded into the kitchen where his slaves were and told them to follow the white men in the attack with whatever weapons they had. But the slaves never had to fight, as the attack was so delayed that Hite directed them south down the Great Wagon Road toward his illegal Cherokee property. Along the road, at least some of Hite's slaves were captured and sold at auction. In this regard, Hite epitomized the desperation that many Americans were feeling at this time in American history, as thousands of Americans were in serious financial trouble with their creditors as well. Legal battles
Seven members of Hite's posse were arrested for the assault. Before Gates and other justices of the peace, they were tried for breach of the peace but acquitted, though they had to go bond to guarantee their good behavior for twelve months.This made tempers flare even more. Hite and his friends filed a court action against Stephen and other officials. Stephen then realized that he may become liable himself for a suit for recovery of the debt. Stephen received intervention from the General Court, which upheld the original judgment against Hite. The General Court refrained from any further decision however, because at this point the Virginia courts began to refuse to try suits brought by creditors against debtors, and the upcoming American Revolution was just beginning. Although the legal battles were never resolved, the personal feud between Hite and Adam Stephen would become even worse. Rivalry with Adam Stephen
Hite was determined to settle the score with Stephen.Hite went to the public print to let people know what kind of man he felt Stephen was. He published a lengthy indictment of Stephen's handling of Hite's debt case with Hunter in the Virginia Gazette on July 6, 1775. Hite hoped to disparage Stephen's character. In the piece, Hite accused Stephen of forcibly taking his property to satisfy the debt and getting an injunction from the General Court "to stop whatever monies were in his or his deputy's hands, belonging to me, for the satisfaction of Mr. Hunter's demands against me." Stephen printed a rebuttal in the Virginia Gazette three months later on September 30, 1775. In his piece, Stephen insisted that Hunter had given Hite ample extension of time to pay off the debt and he was simply carrying out his duties as a sheriff. Abrupt death
Though the feud between Hite and Stephen was extremely bitter, it was never resolved.Stephen headed off to fight in the American Revolutionary War and shortly after the printing of Stephen's rebuttal of Hite's accusations, Hite was killed by a band of Cherokee Indians upon returning to his new home in South Carolina. Dateline, Williamsburg, Aug 30, 1776, passing along news from Mr. William Harrison, that "Captain John Hingston, with a number of settlers, arrived at Licking creed, near the Kentucky...Mr. Harrison likewise informs, that Mr. <mask>, who lately removed from Berkeley county to the neighbourhood of the Cherokee country, with his family and a large parcel of negroes, were murdered at his own house by those savages, with most of his slaves, and his wife and children carried off prisoners; his son, who was in the Cherokee country, was likewise murdered. The Shawnee, Delawares, and Mingoes, had not met our commissioners, although two expresses had been sent to them for that purpose...". References

Resources
Hart, Freeman H. The Valley of Virginia in the American Revolution: 1763-1789. New York: Russell and Russell, 1942. Holton, Woody. Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, & the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia.Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. Ward, Harry M. Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989. 1717 births
1776 deaths
18th-century American landowners
American people of German descent
American planters
American slave owners
Colonial American justices of the peace
People from Berkeley County, West Virginia
People of pre-statehood West Virginia
Virginia colonial people
Virginia sheriffs
West Virginia colonial people
Deaths by violence in the United States

masks:
Jacob Hite
Jost Hite
Hite
Hite
Hite
Jacob Hit
Jacob Hit
Jacob Hite