texts:
<mask> FRS, (1901–1981), popularly known as KV, was an Indian organic chemist and the first Indian director at National Chemical Laboratory (NCL Pune) and University Department of Chemical Technology, Mumbai (UDCT). He was known for the demonstration of an organic chemical reaction involving 2-acetoxyacetophenones which later came to be known as the Baker–Venkataraman rearrangement and for his contributions in developing NCL into one of the leading research centres in organic chemistry. He was an elected fellow of several science academies which included the Royal Society of Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, USSR Academy of Sciences, Chemical Society, Prussian Academy of Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Indian Academy of Sciences, and Indian National Science Academy. The Government of India awarded him the Padma Bhushan, the third highest Indian civilian award, in 1961. Biography

<mask> was born on 7 June 1901 in Madras (present-day Chennai), in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, to P. S. Krishnaswami, a civil engineer, Sanskrit scholar and the translator of Valmiki Ramayana into Tamil, as the middle-born of his three sons. His brothers were K. Swaminathan, a professor of English who was the chief editor of the collected works of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi, a noted medical doctor who founded Voluntary Health Services and is considered by many to be the father of the primary health care movement in India. He studied chemistry at Presidency College, Madras and obtained his MA from Madras University in 1923.Subsequently, he moved to England where he joined the University of Manchester on a scholarship from the Government of Tamil Nadu and obtained MSc (Tech) in colour chemistry. He remained in England for his doctoral research, along with another noted chemist, T. R. Seshadri, at the laboratory of Robert Robinson which earned him a PhD and later a DSc from the University of Manchester. On his return to India in 1927, he worked at the Indian Institute of Science as a research fellow for almost a year and in 1928, joined Forman Christian College, Lahore (then part of undivided India). He stayed in Lahore until 1934 when he joined the then newly formed University Department of Chemical Technology (UDCT-present-day Institute of Chemical Technology) of the University of Bombay as a reader and became a full Professor of Chemical Engineering in 1936. In 1938, he was appointed as the head of the department and as the director in 1943, thus becoming the first Indian director of the Institute. After retiring from UDCT in 1957, he became the third director of the National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune, the first Indian director to hold the post. He served as the director of NCL until 1966, but continued his association with the laboratory eve after his retirement.Venkataraman married Shakunthala at the age of nineteen when his bride was only fourteen. The couple had one daughter, Dharma Kumar, who went on to become a noted economic historian. Lovraj Kumar, an Indian civil servant and a former secretary of the ministries of Petroleum and Steel, was his son-in-law and Radha Kumar, a noted author, historian, feminist and academic was his granddaughter. Venkataraman died on 12 May 1981 at New Delhi, survived by his wife and daughter. Scientific and professional contributions
One of the major scientific achievements of Venkataraman was his experiments with 2-acetoxyacetophenones when he demonstrated, along with Wilson Baker, and English organic chemist, that the compound transformed into o-hydroxydibenzoylmethanes and finally to flavones which later came to be known as Baker-Venkataraman transformation. This process, a variant of Allan–Robinson reaction, is in use for the synthesis of flavones and chromones. Through his experiments with Artocarpus heterophyllus, commonly known as Jackfruit, he was able to isolate artocarpanone, a tyrosinase inhibitor, as well as eight flavones and later, he isolated similar flavones from Morus alba (White Mulberry).These experiments helped establish the taxonomical relationship between the two species. Shortly after the Second World War, Venkataraman was invited for a visit IG Farben, a German dyestuff manufacturing company, and this gave him an opportunity to study the international dyestuff industry. He collected data which was later copied and published as an 8-volume book, The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes, which is considered by many as a seminal work on dye chemistry. He also submitted a report to the Government of India for the development of dyestuff and intermediaries industry in India, known as the Pai/Venkataraman report which paved way for the development of the industry in the country, earning him the moniker, the father of the Indian dyestuff industry. Another of Venkataraman's contributions was his work on lac pigments. He focused his research on the chemistry of laccaic acid and later on other anthraquinonoid insect pigments. With the help of his findings, he proposed revised structures for kermesic acid and ceroalbolinic acid.He was the first scientist in India to use X-ray crystallographers for finding solutions to problems of organic structure. During his tenure at UDCT, Venkataraman was instrumental in starting several courses chemical technology, combining pure science and technology. He guided around 85 students in their doctoral research which included such notable chemists as B. D. Tilak, B. S. Joshi, Nitya Anand and A. V. Rama Rao. His contributions are reported in the development of National Chemical Laboratory into one of World's leading research centre in dyestuff chemistry. He sat in the editorial boards of many journals, which included Tetrahedron, Tetrahedron Letters and Indian Journal of Chemistry. Besides The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes, he also edited another 612-page book, The Analytical Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes and these nine books remain reference texts in the discipline. Besides, he also published 271 scientific articles.Venkataraman served as the president of the Indian Academy of Sciences for three terms (1943–46, 1949–55, 1965–67) and as the vice president from 1952 to 1955. He also served as the vice president of the Indian National Science Academy. Awards
Venkataraman was elected as a fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1934 and he became an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 1939. In 1960, Academy of Sciences Leopoldina elected him as a member. He was also a fellow of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of Chemistry, USSR Academy of Sciences, Chemical Society and Polish Academy of Sciences. The Government of India awarded Venkataraman the third highest civilian award of the Padma Bhushanin 1961. He received the Professor T. R. Seshadri 60th birthday commemoration medal in 1973.He was also a recipient of the Acharya P.C. Ray Medal of the Indian Chemical Society. Bibliography

See also

 Subramania Ranganathan
 T. R. Govindachari

Notes

References

Further reading

1901 births
1981 deaths
Indian organic chemists
Tamil scientists
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
20th-century Indian chemists
Scientists from Chennai
Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
University of Madras alumni
Alumni of the University of Manchester
D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia alumni
Forman Christian College faculty
University of Mumbai faculty
Foreign Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Indian scientific authors

masks:
Krishnaswami Venkataraman
Krishnaswami Venkataraman


type: original

texts:
<mask> (14 December 1849 – 5 January 1914), often called Frank, was an English conductor and composer. He is known for his tenure as musical director and conductor of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company during the original runs and early revivals of the Savoy operas. Succeeding his elder brother Alfred as the company's chief conductor in 1878, Cellier devoted almost all the rest of his life to comic opera. He was musical director for the original runs of nine Gilbert and Sullivan operas and fourteen full-length pieces by other writers at the Savoy Theatre between 1881 and 1902. He composed songs and also some short curtain raisers that were well received but have rarely been revived. Life and career

Early years
Cellier was born in South Hackney, London, the youngest of the five children of <mask>, a language teacher from France, and his wife Mary Ann Peterine, formerly Peacock, né Thomsett. He followed his eldest brother Alfred as a chorister at the Chapel Royal, St James's.Like his brother, and the latter's fellow pupil Arthur Sullivan, <mask> benefited from the tutelage of the Rev Thomas Helmore, who ensured that the choristers received an all-round education in addition to their musical training. Leaving the choir school at the age of seventeen, Cellier held a series of posts as an organist, first in Belfast, Ireland, and then at the church of St John of Jerusalem, South Hackney, where he had been christened, and in 1870 St Michael's, Lower Sydenham. After a spell as Sullivan's deputy organist at St Peter's, Cranley Gardens, South Kensington, he moved to St Anne's, Surbiton, where he remained for the rest of his career, in tandem with his theatrical conducting work. Cellier married Clara Short in 1873. They had five daughters and a son, <mask>, who became an actor under the name of <mask> and was the father of the actor <mask>. Conductor and musical director
In July 1878 Cellier succeeded his brother Alfred as the conductor of Gilbert and Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore during its long run at the Opera Comique, London.He remained as the company's musical director there and, from 1881, at the Savoy Theatre, until 1902, with a break between July 1880 and April 1881, when his brother temporarily resumed the position. The composer conducted at first nights, but <mask>, as musical director, was the principal conductor for the original runs of Patience (1881–82), Iolanthe (1882–84), Princess Ida (1884), The Mikado (1885–87), Ruddigore (1887), The Yeomen of the Guard (1888–89), The Gondoliers (1889–91), Utopia, Limited (1893–94) and The Grand Duke (1896). As the Savoy's musical director he conducted the London runs of fourteen operas by other authors or composers between 1891 and 1902, fourteen revivals of Gilbert and Sullivan works, beginning with The Sorcerer in 1884 and ending with Iolanthe in 1901, and a similar number of curtain-raisers and afterpieces. He was appointed musical-director-in-chief at Richard D'Oyly Carte's Royal English Opera House for the runs of Sullivan's Ivanhoe and Messager's La Basoche in 1891–92. In the 1890s Cellier began conducting D'Oyly Carte Opera Company productions outside London. In 1890 he took charge of the first provincial performances of The Gondoliers, and in 1894 he conducted a touring company presenting Princess Ida and Utopia, Limited. In 1902–03 he led a D'Oyly Carte tour of South Africa, conducting six Gilbert and Sullivan operas and The Rose of Persia.He briefly left D'Oyly Carte on his return to England in June 1903. During that month he conducted a one-off matinée performance of his new operetta, Bob (libretto by the author and journalist Cunningham Bridgeman) at the Adelphi Theatre. The piece had been premiered in Walsall in April while he was still in Africa. Bob was also played by D'Oyly Carte touring companies in 1903–04. In December 1904 Cellier conducted a short-lived comic opera, Ladyland, by Eustace Ponsonby and Frank Lambert at the Avenue Theatre. In July 1905 he rejoined the D'Oyly Carte company, until retiring in 1913, as musical director of the touring repertory company and, at the Savoy, conducting the London repertory seasons of Gilbert and Sullivan operas in 1906–07 and 1908–09. Composer, orchestrator and author

In addition to Bob, which never played at the Savoy Theatre, Cellier composed music for several companion pieces that played together with the Savoy Operas (and often also on tour), including Mrs. Jarramie's Genie (1888, composed jointly with his brother Alfred, libretto by Frank Desprez), Captain Billy (1891, libretto by Harry Greenbank), Old Sarah (1897, libretto by Greenbank), and Pretty Polly (1900, libretto by Basil Hood).These short pieces have rarely been revived professionally, but they were popular with amateur groups in the early years of the 20th century. For the Children's Pinafore in 1879–80 and the Children's Pirates in 1884, Cellier transposed the song keys to fit each individual child's voice. The choruses, especially the string parts, were rearranged so that the children's voices could be heard, and orchestral accompaniment was provided for the normally unaccompanied numbers for the support of the young male voices. The theatrical newspaper The Era commented that although his other commitments left him short of time for composition, as a songwriter Cellier was "very favourably known". His published songs in the catalogue of the British Library are: "From Dawn to Dawn" (words by R. J. Martin, 1898); "Sad 'tis to Part" (words by W. S. Beadle, 1889); "The Polo Song" (words by "Marksman", 1901); "No Fear!" (words by R. J. Martin, 1903); and four songs with words by Bridgeman: "Coquet and Coy" (1887); "Hampton Courtship" (1887); "'Tis For the Best" (1888); and "Men of the Day" (1888). His short anthem, "Holy, Holy, Holy" was published in 1901.Cellier devoted his brief retirement to writing a book of reminiscences about Gilbert, Sullivan and the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company (Gilbert and Sullivan and Their Operas). He died at his home in Kingston upon Thames in 1914 before the book was completed, and his collaborator, Bridgeman, completed and published it later that year. Reputation
Henry Lytton wrote:

<mask>'s collaborator Bridgeman wrote of his friend's dedication to the music of Arthur Sullivan and <mask>, to the exclusion, Bridgeman felt, of all other music. Sullivan willed to Cellier the original manuscript scores for The Pirates of Penzance and Patience. Bridgeman, and the anonymous author of The Era's profile, considered, as Lytton did, that Cellier's natural talent could have equipped him to rival the creative success of at least one of his two musical idols, but that indolence and lack of ambition prevented it. Both those sources agree that Cellier's conducting technique was unshowy and strictly practical, and he took pleasure in being known as "the musician who conducts in English". Notes

References

External links
Chapter of Cellier's book
Profile of Cellier at the Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte website
Brief analysis of Cellier's music
Review of "Children's Pinafore" with arrangements by Cellier
Karaoke files for Captain Billy

<mask> family
1849 births
1914 deaths
19th-century English musicians
English composers
English people of French descent
Musicians from London
People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan
People from South Hackney

masks:
François Arsène Cellier
Arsène Cellier
François
François
Frank Cellier
Peter Cellier
Cellier
Cellier
Alfred Cellier
Cellier


texts:
On June 24, 1969, <mask>, a 14-year-old African American girl, was killed in Omaha, Nebraska, United States, when a white police officer shot her in the back of the head without warning. The white police officer, and his Black partner, had been dispatched to the location because there were "juveniles breaking in." When they arrived at the scene a small group of teenagers fled out of an abandoned apartment where they had been dancing. The killing sparked three days of riots in Omaha's predominantly African-American Northeast neighborhood. After being suspended and then fired, the officer was charged with and pleaded not guilty to manslaughter. After the case, in which he personally testified, he was acquitted by an all-white jury and served two more years on the Omaha police force. The shooting has since been showcased in several theatrical adaptations.<mask>

The daughter of James and Kasie <mask>, <mask> was born on December 24, 1954 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She attended Tech Jr. High in Omaha, Nebraska and planned to become a secretary, but because of a heart condition she developed in 1964 (a leaky aortic valve), her attendance was irregular and sporadic. She routinely visited local hospitals and care facilities; for example in January of 1964 she stayed at the University of Nebraska Medical Center for over a month (January 23 - February 27), and from April to November of the same year, she was a "bed patient" at Hattie B. Munroe Home. She had one sister and six brothers. Shooting
On June 24, 1969, no more than nine teenagers gathered, played music, and danced at a party hosted in a vacant apartment in the Logan Fontenelle Housing Project. Following a call to police about a suspected robbery, two officers arrived, and the teenagers fled out of the back door. James Loder—the white officer of the two—shot into the fleeing group without warning, which struck the then 14-year old <mask> in the back of the head, killing her.Both James W. Smith—Loder's African American partner—and <mask>'s sister, Carol, asked Loder, "Why did you shoot her? ", but he did not reply. In the first news article about the incident, which appeared on the cover of the Omaha World Herald on June 25, 19-year old Linda Bradley, <mask>'s babysitter at the time, said, "We were playing records in the alley. We do it all the time. I even went around to the neighbors to see that it would be alright." She said when the police arrived they "went to see what was going on," and she concluded by saying Loder "shot her right in the head. He didn't holler, or shoot in the air or anything.There was only one shot." Community response

Unrest followed for three days in Omaha's Northeast neighborhood, resulting in 88 injuries and over one million dollars in property damage and making national headlines. In just those three days, fifty-six arrests were made, all of them being African-Americans. During the riots, the Black Panthers, armed with weapons, protected Black churches and the local Black newspaper, the Omaha Star. Within the week, on June 28th, 30 Black and white women accused police of brutality in the Near North Side of Omaha, and of having a double standard for the treatment of white and Black people. The police chief denied both charges and talked to the delegation for over an hour. One of the women argued that police should give more attention to psychiatric screening of recruits before they are sent into the field.Similarly, two days later, Omaha Mayor Eugene Leahy met with a delegation of 15 African-American women, who complained about discrimination by the police; in response, the Mayor said their grievances would "be studied and analyzed". Several days after the killing, activist Ernie Chambers called on the city to pay damages of $100,000 to the parents of <mask>. Mayor Leahy responded by saying it was "ridiculous" and, "I'm not saying the $100,000 figure is ridiculous for a girl's life but it is ridiculous to demand that the city pay it," saying instead the remedy would be appropriately found in court. Members of the United Presbyterian Church contributed approximately $300 to the family of <mask>, and approximately 35 Omaha policemen and firemen, most of who were African American, contributed $150. Funeral
<mask> was buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in Omaha, Nebraska. Reverend General R. Woods, president of the Coordinating Committee for the Civil Liberties in Omaha, spoke at the funeral and said the death of <mask> was due to "the actions as well as the inactions of the police, the city council, members of the legislature and citizens of Nebrakska." Nebraska state senator Edward Danner said, "I feel ashamed to stand here today because I tried so hard in my legislative efforts."Senator Danner had tried to persuade the legislature to pass an amendment that would have made police more responsible for their actions. Legal proceedings
Initially, Police Chief Richard R. Anderson indicated Loder would be suspended for 15 days and then fired. Loder was released from jail on a $500 bond, and Local 531 of the AFL-CIO Employees Union contributed at least $3,000 to Loder's defense. He entered a plea of "not guilty" to the charge of manslaughter. In the time period between the shooting and court case, Loder sought reinstatement by the City Personnel Board, but the board chose to withhold action pending the outcome of the criminal case. Preliminary hearing

Since officials banned all statements following the shooting, it was not until the preliminary hearing that the public heard Loder's version of what happened. Loder's statement, taken three hours after the shooting, was read in court, saying, "If I had known it was a female, I wouldn't have fired the shot."Loder claimed he called out three times to the fleeing person, "Stop or I'll shoot." During his testimony, Officer Smith said, "I believe Officer Loder said something like 'halt' or 'stop'." On the second day of the preliminary hearing, the defense raised two motions to dismiss charges against Officer Loder, though these were rejected. On that same day, the judge commented from the bench to clarify that entering the vacant apartment at 1701 North 21st Avenue Plaza, a vacant apartment, was not a felony because it had not been established whether the front or back doors were locked. A total of 21 witnesses were called by the state during the preliminary hearing. Two witnesses, ages 12 and 24, were dismissed when they started "sobbing" while testifying. Judge Simon A. Simon presided over the hearing, the county attorney was Donald Knowles, and the defense attorneys were Joseph J. Vance and Paul Watts.Loder was ordered to stand trial for manslaughter in Douglas County District Court after a four-day preliminary hearing. After announcing his decision, Judge Simon said, "After we adjourn and everybody clears this courtroom, I don't want anything done or said that will offend the defendant or any police officer. I don't want any arguments or remarks made to provoke an argument in the courtroom or in the halls of the third floor of City Hall." Afterward, in an interview, Judge Simon said he relied heavily upon a 1929 Nebraska Supreme Court decision in the case of Broquet vs. The State of Nebraska. In that case, the Supreme Court asked the jury to consider, "A police officer, in arresting one who is guilty of a misdemeanor, may use such force as, to an ordinarily prudent person, appears reasonably necessary under the circumstances, even to the taking of life; but, if the officer slay the offender while effecting his arrest, the question as to whether he used more force than was, under the circumstances, reasonably necessary." Trial
James Loder's trial for manslaughter began on Monday, March 9, 1970 with District Court Judge Lawrence C. Krell.The defense lawyers were Joseph J. Vance and Paul Watts. The county attorney was Donald Knowles and the deputy attorney was Lawrence Corrigan. Loder faced a possible prison sentence of one to ten years. 32-witnesses were called to testify by the state. During opening remarks, Corrigan said the original call made to police mentioned "juveniles breaking in." He said that when Loder chased <mask>, there were "children all over", but that Loder had not called for the fleeing person to halt. But for the defense, Watts argued that there was no mention of juveniles in the original call to Car 206, but instead, "parties breaking in now," and that Loder had indeed called out a command to halt three times before firing.He also noted Loder's more than ten years of experience with the police and military. His partner, Smith, testified that he heard Loder shout, "'Hey halt, stop' or something like that", while all other witnesses said Loder gave no warning. One witness stated that when Loder pulled his gun, one child playing in the area shouted, "Don't shoot her mister!" Loder and his partner both testified that the call to Car 206 said, "parties are breaking in." But radio dispatchers had said—as recordings of the calls proved—"juveniles breaking in." On Thursday, March 12, Sheriff Janing of Douglas County was visited by FBI agents in his office, saying that the agents expressed concern about out-of-town Black "militants" in Omaha, possibly to "exploit the Loder case". Also on the fourth day, Lew Davis, a member of the National Committee to Combat Facism, read a statement in the courthouse lobby: "Black people have gathered here at the courthouse for the trial of James Loder to show that we are dissatisfied with the way that the Loder case is being dealt with.Namely, that the prosecution and the defense lawyers are cooperating very clearly in an attempt to get Loder acquitted." Early on the fifth day, a telephoned bomb threat shut down the courtroom, but following a search, nothing was found. Afterward, one member of the jury was dismissed and replaced, and the state rested its case. The defense attorney asked that the trial be dismissed because the "state had failed to prove its case"; Judge Krell took it under advisement. In rebuttal, county attorney Knowles argued that if <mask> committed any crime prior to Loder's arrival—such as her entry in the apartment—it was a misdemeanor and did not call for the use of force. Loder testimony
Loder testified on the sixth day of the trial, Monday, March 16, on the stand for approximately an hour. After receiving a dispatch to investigate a break-in, Loder said that he and his partner drove quickly without sirens or lights to the location, about ten blocks away.The area was dimly lit and his partner, Smith, was arresting one young person while Loder ran into a playground area to the south, in which he heard a thump and turned around. There, he saw someone haunched over, outside a window. He pursued the person around a corner and through a backyard area, shouting (according to Loder) three times for the fleeing person to halt, or he would shoot. "I drew my weapon, I fired one shot," he said. Apparently afraid the person was getting away, he testified that he needed to shoot. On the stand he denied testimony from other witnesses that he had kicked <mask>'s body to turn her over. Instead, he said he lifted her arm to turn her partway over, to look for a wound, but did not find one.Verdict
On March 17, 1970, after approximately 12 hours of deliberation, an all-white jury of six men and six women acquitted James Loder of manslaughter. One juror said, "It was one of the hardest decisions I ever had to make. I felt that if you don't give police the authority to act we are just not going to have any law and order at all." Of the acquittal, <mask>'s mother said,

James Loder after the verdict
Loder returned to the police force, where he served for two more years. The Omaha World Herald published an editorial on 2 April 1970, that disagreed with the decision to reinstate Loder to the police force,  After serving at a desk job for many months, on February 1, 1971, Loder was assigned to a patrol cruiser from 6  to 2  in a police district that included Near North Omaha, the location of <mask>'s shooting. The reassignment was made public, and complaints were made to the mayor of Omaha and governor of Nebraska, and Loder was subsequently assigned to patrol the west side of Omaha. On Monday 29 November 1971, Loder was fired by police Chief Richard Andersen for a series of rule infractions, including failure to appear in court to testify as a city witness, misuse of police radio, insubordination to a sergeant, and failure to pass uniform inspection.Loder was the estranged natural son of Hollywood actress Hedy Lamarr and actor John Loder, who had both claimed him as their adopted son. Lemarr had done so in 1941, long before marrying Loder, in order to conceal his illegitimacy. Aftermath
<mask>'s parents were divorced at the time of the shooting. During the unrest, her father, <mask>, said,

One of <mask>'s younger sisters, Carol, was with her when she was killed; Carol did not receive any counseling afterward. Her mother had a nervous breakdown, and Carol subsequently took over the care of her younger brothers and sisters. In March 1970, approximately nine months after the deadly shooting, <mask>'s mother, Kasie <mask>, sued James Loder for $75,000 in district court for future loss of "earnings, support, and service". <mask>'s 17 year-old brother, Orlando, was fined $100 and sentenced to 90 days in jail after throwing a rock toward a police cruiser on April 10, 1970, less than a month after the <mask> verdict.Later the same year, on 25 October 1970, Orlando published a poem about the shooting of his sister in the classified newspaper section of the Omaha World Herald. The poem ends with the four lines
He could have fired a warning shot
as he gunned her down in a very small lot. What a price for suspicion of burglary
and Loder walked away – scott free. Legacy

<mask> Memorial Liberation School
The summer of <mask>'s death, the Black Panther Party (BPP) established the <mask> Strong Memorial Liberation School. The BPP established Liberation Schools in several US cities. The school in Omaha may have operated for only a week before it closed down. Theater
Sometime between 1969 and 1972, the Afro Academy of Dramatic Arts in Omaha presented a play written by Reverend Darryl Eure comparing the killing of <mask> to Emmett Till.Since then, two plays have been produced about <mask>. Monica Bauer's 2019 play, Vivian's Music: 1969, imagines the last days of her life; it won an award at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival and was produced off-off-Broadway at 59E59 Theaters in New York City. Christopher Maly's 2018 play, The Blues of Knowing Why, was a "community account" of her short life based on interviews with friends, family, media, and members of resistance organizations, produced in Omaha's Union for Contemporary Arts. References

External links
 Vivian's Music, 1969 A theatrical play by Monica Bauer
 The Blues of Knowing Why A theatrical play written by Christopher Maly
 DEAR VIVIAN: SHORT FILM based on a true story. 1969 deaths
Deaths by firearm in Nebraska
History of civil rights in the United States
Police brutality in the United States
African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States
African-American history in Omaha, Nebraska
Law enforcement in Nebraska
History of Omaha, Nebraska
Law enforcement controversies in the United States
1969 riots
History of racism in Nebraska
Riots and civil disorder in Nebraska
History of women in Nebraska

masks:
Vivian Strong
Vivian Strong
Strong
Vivian
Strong
Strong
Strong
Strong
Strong
Strong
Strong
Strong
Strong
Strong
Strong
Strong
Strong
James Strong
Strong
Strong
Strong
Strong
Strong
Vivian Strong
Strong
Vivian
Strong
Strong


texts:
<mask> (born 20 February 1985), known as <mask>, is an English semi-professional footballer who plays as a right winger. He has played in the Football League for Chesterfield, Lincoln City and Aldershot Town. <mask> came through the youth ranks at Chesterfield, who had originally spotted him playing local football. He broke into the first-team squad in 2001 and made his debut a year later. He was forced to undergo knee surgery in 2005 and has suffered several injuries during his career. He was loaned out to Lincoln City in 2008 and was released by Chesterfield after seven seasons at the club, after which he moved down to play in non-League football with Gainsborough Trinity, York City, Mansfield Town, Lincoln City, FC Halifax Town, Wrexham, Guiseley, Alfreton Town and Bradford Park Avenue. Career

Chesterfield
Smith played in the Huddersfield and District Association Football League for Lepton Highlanders.He trialled at Football League clubs Huddersfield Town and Oldham Athletic at the ages of 14 at 15 respectively. While playing for Kirkheaton he was spotted by Chesterfield and was invited for a trial match, and was eventually offered a place on the club' scholarship scheme. He began training with the first team during the 2001–02 season and was first named on the bench for Chesterfield's 1–0 victory over Reading at the Madejski Stadium on 1 December 2001. He made his debut in a Football League Trophy match against Port Vale on 22 November 2002, where he came on as a substitute in the 77th minute, and scored in the penalty shoot-out that was eventually lost 4–3. His Football League debut came on 13 September 2003 after coming on as a substitute for the injured Mark DeBolla in the 79th minute of a 1–0 defeat to Notts County. He went on to make further appearances that month against Brighton & Hove Albion and Brentford, where he played on the left wing. He was offered a two-year professional contract with Chesterfield in March 2004, effective from the 2004–05 season.His first league start for Chesterfield came in a 1–0 defeat to Hull City on 10 October. He underwent laparoscopic surgery on his knee to repair cartilage damage in February 2005, which was expected to rule him out for six weeks. He made his return on 18 March after coming on as a 60th-minute substitute for Carlos Logan in a 2–2 draw with Brentford. Soon after making his return, he picked up an injury to his left ankle, which was sustained during Chesterfield's 3–2 defeat to AFC Bournemouth. This ruled him out for the rest of the season, which he finished with 19 appearances. He was fit for the start of 2005–06 and set up two of Chesterfield's goals in the 3–1 opening day victory over Blackpool. He went on to score his first goals for Chesterfield with a brace after coming on as a half-time substitute against Yeovil Town; he scored from a pass from Paul Hall after Yeovil goalkeeper Chris Weale was left stranded after being lobbed, and then scored his second after gaining the ball from Mark Allott, which helped his team to a 3–1 victory.An 89th-minute goal from <mask> against Bradford City on 7 January 2006 saw his team earn a 1–0 victory. He agreed to a new two-year contract at Chesterfield in March and finished 2005–06 with 29 appearances and scoring three goals. His recurring knee injury was confirmed to be severe patella tendinitis, which resulted in him being unfit for the start of 2006–07. He made his return to action in a friendly against Staveley Miners Welfare in August and made his first league appearance of the season in a 4–0 defeat to Nottingham Forest on 2 September 2006 after coming on as a 63rd-minute substitute. He scored the winner for Chesterfield in the Football League Trophy against Oldham Athletic with a diagonal shot from distance. <mask> suffered from a knee injury in March 2007, which resulted in him undergoing surgery that ruled him out for the remainder of the 2006–07 season; in which he made 17 appearances and scored one goal, while Chesterfield were relegated to League Two. His severe tendinitis affected him in September, and eventually made his return in a 2–1 defeat to Tranmere Rovers in the FA Cup first round on 10 November.He was sent out on loan at League Two club Lincoln City for a month on 4 January 2008 and made his debut for the team a day later, helping set up the first goal in a 2–0 victory over Rochdale, after Jamie Forrester scored from goalkeeper Sam Russell's parry of a <mask> effort. He made four appearances during his stay at Lincoln, all as a substitute, which was concluded after Lincoln decided against extending his loan at the club. Gainsborough Trinity and York City

<mask> was released by Chesterfield after he was not offered a new contract at the end of 2007–08. He trialled with Darlington of League Two, but was told by manager Dave Penney he was not what they were looking for. He then had a trial with newly relegated Conference Premier club Wrexham and eventually signed a contract with Gainsborough Trinity of the Conference North in late August. <mask> made a goalscoring debut for Gainsborough with the team's goal in a 1–1 draw at home to Vauxhall Motors on 30 August. He joined York City in the Conference Premier on loan on 27 November, becoming Martin Foyle's first signing as manager, in a deal that would expire on 6 January 2009.<mask> made his debut after coming on as a 63rd-minute substitute for Craig Farrell in a 1–1 draw with Salisbury City. His first goal came after scoring the opener for York with a close range finish in a 3–1 victory over Ebbsfleet United. Following this, Foyle stated his intention of extending <mask>'s loan at York. <mask> said he was looking to join the club on a permanent contract and that Gainsborough manager Steve Charles would allow him to leave for a club in a higher division on a free transfer. However, a move to York stalled in January as Gainsborough were holding out for a fee, although Foyle refused to pay this. York eventually made an offer of a quarter of Gainsborough's asking price, which was rejected. He signed for York permanently on 26 January for an undisclosed fee on a contract until the end of 2009–10 season.His first appearance after returning came as a 74th-minute substitute in a 1–1 draw against Altrincham on 27 January. A bruised foot picked up in a reserve-team match meant he was unable to play for York against Grays Athletic in April. He was forced into missing some matches towards the end of 2008–09 due to concerns over his baby daughter, which he finished with 17 appearances and two goals for York. <mask> made his first appearance of 2009–10 after being introduced as an 86th-minute substitute against Rushden & Diamonds on 11 August, the second match of the season, which finished as a 0–0 draw. In the following match, he came on in the 87th minute and played as a striker, scoring York's second goal in a 2–0 victory over Forest Green Rovers. Soon after this match, he suffered from sciatica during a training session. He featured as a substitute in York's play-off semi-final first leg victory over Luton Town, which finished 1–0, with the tie ending 2–0 on aggregate.After finishing the season with 34 appearances and two goals for York he entered negotiations with the club over a new contract. Mansfield Town and Lincoln City
He eventually turned down talks with York and agreed to sign a one-year contract with fellow Conference team Mansfield Town on 19 May. On signing, <mask> said "It was time for a change after not getting as much football as I would have liked. I'm still young, Mansfield are going in the right direction and I'm excited about the new season". He made his debut in the opening match of 2010–11, a 3–1 victory over Forest Green, and was substituted in the 80th minute. <mask> scored his first goal for Mansfield in a 4–0 victory over Altrincham on 30 August. A red card in the 61st minute of a 1–0 defeat away to Gateshead on 2 October for a high challenge resulted in a three match suspension.He finished the season with 38 appearances and six goals. Having been restricted to three appearances as a substitute for Mansfield in 2011–12, <mask> joined League Two club Aldershot Town on a one-month loan on 7 October 2011. He returned to Mansfield on 10 November to receive treatment for a slight back strain, before re-signing for Aldershot on loan until 7 January 2012 on 23 November. <mask> signed for Conference rivals Lincoln City on a one-year contract on 21 June 2012. He made his debut after starting Lincoln's 1–0 victory over Kidderminster Harriers on 11 August 2012, which was the team's opening match of 2012–13. He finished the season with 37 appearances and two goals. Later career
<mask> joined newly promoted Conference club FC Halifax Town on 2 July 2013, making his debut in their 5–1 defeat away to Cambridge United in the opening match of 2013–14 on 11 August.He signed for Halifax's National League rivals Wrexham on 18 June 2015. On 5 November 2015, he joined their divisional rivals Guiseley on loan until January 2016. <mask> made a positive impact in eight appearances while on loan, which led to Guiseley signing him permanently on 5 January 2016. <mask>'s time at Guiseley was short-lived and he signed with Alfreton Town on 5 October 2016. Making his debut in a National League North match away to F.C. United of Manchester, <mask> scored two goals in a 4–3 defeat. He re-signed for National League North club Gainsborough Trinity on 5 January 2018.He made his only appearance the next day as a half-time substitute in a 4–0 defeat away to Blyth Spartans, before signing for Gainsborough's divisional rivals Bradford Park Avenue on 26 January 2018. He was released at the end of 2017–18. <mask> signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division club Matlock Town on 30 July 2018. He left the club on 3 October 2018 after talks with manager Dave Frecklington. <mask> signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division club Grantham Town on 6 February 2019 as a player-coach, working under managers Russ Cousins and Paul Rawden. <mask> made his debut six days later when starting in a 2–1 home win of South Shields in the league. He made five appearances as Grantham finished in 18th place in the 2018–19 Northern Premier League Premier Division.He was appointed as player-assistant manager on 27 September 2019 before leaving the club on 27 February 2020 alongside Cousins and Rawden. <mask> had made 11 appearances and scored 1 goal in all competitions by the time the 2019–20 season was abandoned and results expunged because of the COVID-19 pandemic in England. Style of play
<mask> is a right winger who has also played on the left, although in this position his crossing ability is reduced. He has been described as a "flying winger", whose play is "raiding" and "foraging". He is also capable of playing as a striker. Personal life
<mask> was born in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, and grew up as a supporter of hometown club Huddersfield Town and Manchester United. After leaving Chesterfield, he started studying a course in sports massage therapy.In January 2017, he received a suspended prison sentence when found guilty of fraud. Career statistics

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Huddersfield
English footballers
Association football wingers
Chesterfield F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Gainsborough Trinity F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Aldershot Town F.C.players
FC Halifax Town players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Guiseley A.F.C. players
Alfreton Town F.C. players
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. players
Matlock Town F.C. players
Grantham Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players
Black British sportspeople
Association football coaches

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<mask> (Persian: عبدالله مهتدی; Kurdish Soran: عەبدوڵڵا موهتەدی) is the leader and secretary general of Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan. He was born in 1949 in the city of Bukan, western Iran and after starting his political career, he has been since playing a prominent role in the Kurdish resistance struggle against the Iranian regime. <mask> is also a member of the board of Iran's Transitional Council (ITC). In the international media, <mask> is known as a political analyst of the Middle East, especially ongoing affairs of Iran and Iranian Kurdistan. He is also a well-known political figure in Iran and Kurdistan whose political activity has lasted for more than 50 years. <mask>'s ideas for a social-democratic Komala calls for a “democratic secular pluralist federal Iran,” civil liberties, human rights and above all, social democracy. This idea has focused on regime change in Iran rather than establishing a Kurdish state with concentration on forming a united front of all ethnic groups while mobilizing Iran’s Kurdish population.Biography

Summary
<mask>'s father moved to Tehran when the Republic of Mahabad failed. <mask> soon got his bachelor's degree in business from the University of Tehran. As a teenager, <mask> was very interested in poetry, but after a while, he turned to politics and in a short time he became one of the political figures of Iran, especially in Kurdistan. In the late 1960s, a revolutionary movement was launched in Iranian Kurdistan by some of the political activists of the time like Suleiman Moini, Ismail Sharifzadeh, Mala Aware and <mask>'s family which was closely associated with the movement, especially his older brother, Salahadin. This movement had such a profound effect on the formation of <mask>'s future that when it unfortunately failed, he decided to continue the movement in alternate ways with the help of like-minded friends. <mask> is one of the exponents of the left movement in Iranian Kurdistan, and in the 1960s and 1970s, he and his some friends ultimately created a leftist organization in Iranian Kurdistan and took it to hiding, away from the Shah's security service. This secret organization participated in the 1979 Islamic revolution and established its political party form in March 1979. ht alongside the PDKI and other groups during the Kurdish rebellion in 1979 and 1980.The group went into exile in Iraq in 1983 but it still managed to suspend many attacks against Iran in the early 1990s. In September 1983, the group underwent organizational changes and formed itself as an communist party, eventually joining Communist Party of Iran, as its Kurdish wing. But <mask> had serious criticisms of the Communist Party of Iran which brought him the conclusion that the Communism is in no shape or form stands an ability to meet the demands of the Kurdish people, especially in Iranian Kurdistan. For this reason, in 2000, he and a number of his fellow party members reformed and armed the Komala Party and officially left the Communist Party of Iran. <mask>'s family is known for its long active status in Kurdish politics. Growing up in a famous family for <mask> was full of memories of being visited by many people, most of which were politicians, poets and writers all over of Iran and Kurdistan. The <mask> family was indeed an influential one with great wealth and stature.The father of the family, Haji Abdul Rahman aghai Ilkhanizadeh was a minister in the Kurdish Republic of Mahabad in 1946; he moved to Tehran when the Republic of Mahabad failed. in the 1950s he changed the family name to <mask>, teaching [Sunni] theology at the University of Tehran. At these times, there were only two Sunni theologians teaching at the university, both of them being Kurds. The other one was Molla Mahmmud Mofti, <mask>’s eldest son and Ahmad Moftizadeh’s father. Aside from their career, the two fellow professors were close to one another out of the doors of the university and when Ahmad Moftizadeh followed his father to Tehran in 1958, he also developed close relations with the <mask> family and ended up marrying Abdul Rahman’s daughter, Khadijah, thereby further cementing the ties between both families. Abdul Rahman’s sons Salahadin and Abdollah, who had grown up in Tehran, gradually turned away from the religions of their fathers to the powerfully growing ideas of Marxism. They were to become leaders of the radical left Kurdish movement of Komala, which in 1979 clashed with Moftizadeh.Early life and the political flow of the time
<mask> was born in Bukan in 1949 and moved to Tehran as a child at the request of his father. <mask>'s father was a member of the Komala J.K and had been active in the party for a long time. After the establishment of the Republic of Mahabad, he was elected as Minister and after the defeat of the newly established government, the family moved to Tabriz, but shortly they decided to settle in Tehran, where the man of the family was teaching at the University of Tehran. Before <mask> was born, political activity in Iran and Kurdistan was highly inflamed. In Kurdistan, the Republic of Mahabad was defeated and Qazi Muhammad, the leader of this republic, was executed and most of the politicians were already either executed or imprisoned and a few managed to escape to Iraqi Kurdistan. The Shah military power was able to take control of Kurdistan and as well as the neighboring region of Azerbaijan, where the Republic of Azerbaijan had suffered to the same fate as the Republic of Mahabad. With Mossadegh in office from 1951 until 1953, political activity became more open.Gradually, political activists were able to reach out to people working in Iraqi Kurdistan and revitalize their political bonds. This process continued until the king stood against the people with all his might and the fall of Mossadegh's government which implicated in to the disruption of the political activity in Kurdistan again. Education
<mask> was growing in this period, in a home where the flow of the political debate was a never-ending regularity. After the removal to Tehran, <mask> was soon in elementary school at Alborz School and soon after graduating from high school, he went to the University of Tehran where he began studying business. After getting his bachelor's degree in business from the university, young <mask> was very interested in poetry, but after a while he turned in to politics and by a short time, he was on the road to becoming one of the political figures of Iran, especially in Kurdistan. Accordingly, <mask>'s father was often a supportive character to young <mask>, respecting his intellect and integrity. By his third year in college, <mask>'s increasingly vocal expressions of Marxist ideas were not just a matter of casual interest, but rather an engaging agenda in his family complex political subjects.Naturally, they debated the various facets of subjects like class struggle, tribal heritage and social advancement in Kurdistan, and the proper role of religion in society. However, cultural and familial tradition dictated that the tone of the conversation never truly resembled an adversarial debate. Together with a group including <mask> and six other Kurdish students who were living in Tehran such as Foad Mostafa Soltani, Mosleh Sheikh-alislam, Shoib Zakaryai, Sedigh Kamangar and Mohammad Husein Karimi, <mask> decided to risk his life for those ideas. On October 27, 1969, in a secret initiation meeting in Tehran, he narrates that he became a founding member of the Komala party. His membership and activities with Komala were completely underground and not shared outside of the small group of member-activists as he continued his studies at the university. Kurdistan in 1960s
Political activity in Kurdistan was severely repressed in the 1960s. Again, most political activists had sought refuge in Iraqi Kurdistan.Most of them, along with Mullah Mustafa Barzani, continued their activities and contributed to Barzani's movement and struggles. <mask>'s older brother Salahedin was associated with most of these movements in Kurdistan. After a while, a dispute broke out between these political activists in Kurdistan. These differences led a group of them to organize themselves in a new way to fight the Shah's regime again. The group chose the name "Revolutionary Committee of the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran". This group included Suleiman Moini, Mullah Avara, Suleiman Sharifzadeh who had direct contact with the <mask> family, especially Salahedin. In 1967, unfortunately, the group lost all its members, most of whom were killed against the Shah's regime.In Tehran, as in Kurdistan, there was a lot of covert political activity, with the majority of them visiting the <mask> family in Tehran. In 1968, the Siahkal incident took place in northern Iran, and most of these guerrillas were defeated. These activities had a great impact on the formation of <mask>. While studying at the University of Tehran, he and his friends decided to shape the patterns of a new party that could prepare itself to fight and use this experience of defeat. Career

<mask> founded Komala with fellow students in Tehran in October 1969. The year 1969 marks the founding date of the Komala Party. With the new party being alive, now <mask> and his fellow party members should put the best of their efforts to hide their track from the eyes of SAVAK.They decided to cut off the extra communications that would lead to their arrest, following the decision to refrain from further discussions in political circles. Because the <mask> family was known to the eyes, both in Kurdistan and Tehran, their homes were always a place for surveillance by SAVAK. During this time, <mask>'s older brother, Salahedin arrested several times by SAVAK to force young and passionate <mask> more careful and not to take risks aimlessly. With all of the incidents, at this exact period <mask> knew well that the Shah's regime would deal severely with any political move in existence, by remembering the lessons of the Kurdish movement in the 60's. They had to consider all aspects of their activities and further try to bring this party into the populace and the support of the populace into the party, so that at the right time, they can wage an armed endeavor against the Shah's regime. Mohtadi in 1970s

Despite all the efforts to remain in secrecy, in the 1970s, <mask> was arrested three times; with his last arrest, <mask> sentenced to spent more than three years in imprisonment for his activism against the shah regime. Lastly, after the failure of SAVAK to provide any evidence regarding <mask>'s political actions being, he released from prison and now, his party should cope with its most important era of the pre-Islamic Revolution Iran.After his finale release from the prison, <mask> and his friends was gathering around every week to discuss the progress of their agenda. They contacted so many people and characters but they never directly asked anyone to engage in active fields. As for the newcomers, they were making sure of their commitment just before their engagement to the party. After a while, they decided that their activity among the students should split into two separate groups, one active in Tabriz and the other one active in Tehran. A group with <mask>, including Foad Mustafa Sultani, Mohammad Husein Karimi and Mosleh Sheikkhol-islami expanded their activities in Tehran. Through this process, <mask> and his friends were able to attract many people for their own gain without absorbing the SAVAK's attention. Soon after, with the arrival of member's like Jafar Shafiee, Khane Moini, Ibrahim Alizadeh, Faroq Babamiri, Omar Ilkhanizadeh, Abobakr Modaresi etc.the period of <mask> and his friends' activity enters a new phase. Now they were able to expand the field of their sets of duty in other cities of Kurdistan and attract more people to themselves and their collective idea. Soon most of the elites across cities of Kurdistan were coming alongside the slogans of the new agenda. Most of the people they brought with them were students, teachers, engineers, physicians and nurses in Kurdistan. Now there were active people in almost all cities of Kurdistan. Nevertheless the challenge for <mask>

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 and his friends was how to position themselves among all classes of Kurdish society, especially the labor and peasants. In order to accomplish this goal, they had to understand the reality of life of this very class of Kurdish society; so they set the simple idea of "we must be like them; to work like them, to dress and to behave just like them in daily life."With this simple idea in place their comprehension of the labor class came to a more comprehensive recognition, and furthermore, they could gain their trust for the upcoming endeavor against the Shah's regime. <mask> and his friends were now pursuing exactly the same policy, with each one of them involved in construction, agriculture and even baking working in different villages and cities of Kurdistan. The implication of all the efforts, enabled them to create a large brotherhood throughout Kurdistan. Interestingly enough, as <mask> was arrested by SAVAK for the third time in 1974 with Foad Mostafa Soltani and Khane Moini, the undergoing network of resistance was still functional and they continued to maintain contact with organizations outside the prison. At this time, important events were to take place in Iraqi Kurdistan, affecting the stir of <mask> and his friends. In 1975, the Algerian treaty was signed between the Shah and Saddam Hussein, resulting in The

Shah's support regarding Barzani to stop. Barzani was forced to come to Tehran and settle in Karaj and a year later, in 1976, this time Mam Jalal led another uprising against Saddam Hussein and started a guerrilla war against Saddam.The chains of action were causing a desperate need of help for him, but the Shah did not support them. On the other side, Saddam also had complete control over Iraqi Kurdistan, and in practice, Mam Jalal could not have hoped for much help from the people of Iraqi Kurdistan. Mam Jalal and his friends were drowning in disparity after a while, because the Peshmerga had lost several fights against Saddam. Ways to help the Peshmergas of the patriotic Union of Kurdistan were getting narrower and narrower. Through Salahedin <mask>, <mask>'s older brother, <mask> realized the situation of Mam Jalal and his friends in Iraqi Kurdistan and immediately shares the emergency to Kak Foad, whom was unofficially considered as the leader of the organization at the time. At the end they all agreed upon a call of an emergency help for Jalal Talabani and his Peshmerga forces which finally led to a campaign to raise a lot of donations for Mam Jalal and his Peshmergas throughout the people of the cities and villages. These donations were sent to Mam Jalal by Jafar Shafi'i and Sa'ad vatandoust.With the amount of receiving helps, a catastrophic defeat was prevented and the Iraqi Kurdish movement moved on. As for <mask> and his companions, now they were closely acquainted with the experience of the Iraqi Kurdish movement which further on helped them a lot on their journey in Iranian Kurdistan. Between the years of 1977 and 1978 Komala was officially founded. In the autumn of 1978, when Kak Foad was released from prison, <mask> and his friends decided to reorganize their organization to the world. Therefore, they met in the fall in Sanandaj. This was not the end of their discussion about their organization. For their own security, they were forced to continue their gathering to the city of Naqadah.When their discussions were over, three members were introduced as the leaders of the organization; Foad Mustafa Soltani, <mask> <mask> and Sa'ed vatandoust. Later on, this gathering will be recognized as the first congress of Komala. "Jamiyat"s in Kurdistan

In the years leading to the 1979 revolution, the Shah's regime arrested large groups of political activists. Social and political movements had become difficult to run, but still in universities, students occasionally demonstrated and protested against the Shah's policies. Upon their release from the prison, <mask>, Kak Foad and Khane Moini decided to expand their organization under the name of "Jamiyat" which its literal translation to English is "union". For this reason, they set up "Jamiyat"s in all cities of Kurdistan. Sometimes several "Jamiyat"s were set up in a city.The first camp in Sanandaj started under the name of "Jamyat-e- Defa az Azadi va Enqlab". In English, it means: "The union for the Defense of Freedom and Revolution". They were able to organize the "Jamiyat"s well and provide a platform for them. The "Jamiyat" had a coordination council which its members consisted of representatives of each "Jamiyat". The council also elected an executive group. This board had three members: <mask>, Farouq Babamiri and Saddiq Kamangar. Saddiq Kamangar also wrote an autonomy plan for Kurdistan when he represented the "Jamiyat".Iranian Revolution 1979
In the absence of the Democratic Party among the people of Kurdistan, <mask> and his friends were able to expand their organization. Most of the demonstrations against the Shah's regime were organized by Komala. Those who were able to communicate with the people in all cities, villages and neighborhoods of Kurdistan under the name of the "Jamiyat" could easily organize demonstrations. In one of the anti-regime demonstrations in Saqqez, a prominent member of the organization named Mohammad Husein Karimi, in which he took an active part, was wounded by the forces of the Shah's regime. A few days after the incident, on February 17, 1979, he died in hospital due to the depth of his wounds. <mask> and his friends decided that they should no longer be in hideout. Thereby they revealed their organization to the eyes of the public.From this date on, they officially continued their political activities under the name of Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan. Mohammad or Hama Husein Karimi was from a famous family in Saqqez. He had a bachelor degree in electronics from the University of Tabriz and he was in charge of the Saqez "Jamiyat". Hama Husein Karimi was working as a builder in Sardasht under the pseudonym of "Wasta Saleh". He was one of the most active political figures in Kurdistan. Immediately after the revolution, the Komala found much support among young, educated urban people attracted by its radicalism. It was at this time that Khomeini had returned from exile in central Iran, Tehran.The Shah's regime had fallen, and most of the Shah's men had either been imprisoned or had escaped. Many political parties and groups were formed, most of which was supporting Khomeini and rallied around Khomeini. The revolution had won and the king had fled. Almost all the provinces of Iran were associated with Khomeini. Among them were only Kurdish cities that viewed Khomeini and his policies with skepticism. Kurdish parties and political activists in Kurdistan have decided to demand autonomy for Kurdistan from the newly established Khomeini-led government in Iran. Khomeini did not accept this request for pain and strongly rejected it.Khomeini called on Kurds and Kurdish parties to accept his leadership and renounce autonomy for Kurdistan. Now <mask> and his friends, who worked under the name of Komala, had to make a decision. Komala and other Kurdish political parties did not accept Khomeini's request and did not participate in the constitutional referendum. Khomeini ordered jihad against the Kurdish people in Kurdistan. The Khomeini regime poured into Kurdistan with all its armed forces. Komala and other Kurdish parties were deeply upset by Khomeini's move. They decided to resist the armed forces of the Khomeini regime.In the first stage, the armed forces of the Khomeini regime were defeated. The Khomeini regime, under the pretext that we want to negotiate, delayed for several months so that they could reorganize their forces. When they were able to organize their armed forces, they attacked Kurdistan again. Unfortunately, on September 30, 1979, Kak Foad was killed in a war with the Khomeini regime. He was killed by the Islamic regime's armed forces between Saqqez and Marivan. The killing of Kak Foad has a very bad effect on <mask>. <mask> had lost his best friend.Kak Foad, who had been with <mask> since the founding of the Komala in 1969, had now been assassinated. The killing of Kak Foad had a bad effect on all the Komala organizations. Komala had lost one of his best leaders. During 1979-1980, Komala fought alongside another principal Iranian Kurdish armed group, the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI). The uprising was a response to the wave of Kurdish nationalism following the Iranian Revolution, a perceived opportunity to gain increased autonomy not available under the Shah, the relative disorganization and chaos surrounding the establishment of the Islamic Republic, as well as other armed uprisings against the Mullahs. The Kurds had been effectively excluded from the new constitution with no provision for autonomy. The uprising started in March 1979 when Kurds seized police and military barracks in the towns of Sanandaj, Paveh, Divandarreh, Saqqez, and Mahabad.It then morphed into a wide-scale uprising across northwestern Kurdish majority areas of Iran, which resulted in the brutal suppression and deaths of approximately 6,200 Kurds. In 1983, Komala decides, with the left parties and groups in Iran, the Iranian Communist Party to establish. One of the most prominent people they invited was Mansour Hikmat. After many meetings and conferences, they were able to establish the Communist Party of Iran. <mask>, Komala’s leader, became its secretary-general. He became the leader of the Communist Party of Iran. In this way, they wanted to find allies in Iran for Komala.In 1988, <mask> and his friends came to the conclusion that the establishment of the Communist Party had failed to achieve its targets. They wanted to fundamentally reconsider the Communist Party. At this time, <mask> was criticizing the Communist Party. Komala Party
The group splintered again in 2000. One branch, the Komala Social Democrat Party of Iran, which also calls itself Komala, is still Social Democrat. A few years ago, <mask> took serious criticism of the policies of the Communist Party of Iran and again criticized the policies of this party. Unfortunately, these criticisms were not viewed positively in the Communist Party, which led to sharp divisions within the party.After many and long talks, <mask> and his associates were forced to leave the Communist Party of Iran and revive Komala with the slogan of rebuilding Komala. From this date, <mask> and his friends in the reconstruction of Komala, tried to take a realistic path by criticizing their own past. Therefore, reforms in the party began, they were able in a very short time, many people inside and outside Kurdistan with them. Komala has clashed with Iranian forces, but since the 1990s it has primarily used its Peshmerga fighters to defend training camps and Kurdish settlements in Iraq. Some of its fighters joined the fight against ISIS in Iraq in 2014. For the past few years, <mask> and his Party (Iranian Kurdistan's Komala Party) has taken the lead in trying to unify these different groups behind the idea of replacing Iran's clerical regime with a decentralized federal government whose constitution will safeguard the rights of the country's ethnic minorities. Komala of Iran, which also calls itself Komala, describes itself as a party closer to the ideals of the Social Democrats.Posts

Originator of the Komala Party (1969)

Central Committee of Komala (1979)

Secretary General of Komala (1980)

Secretary General of the Communist Party (1983)

Secretary General of Komala (2000)

Secretary of the Transitional Council Iran (2019)

See also
 <mask>di Remarks
 Interview with Mr. <mask>, the Secretary General of the Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan
 The Kurds and the Green Movement
 Regime change in Iran task for its people: Iranian Opposition Leader
 International Business Times
 Iran has engaged in murder campaign against Kurds
 Islamic regime ‘are oppressors and liars’

Books
1. مقدمه ای بر گسست و گذار

2. شۆرش لە سەردەمی نوێدا

References

Iranian Kurdish people
Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan politicians
Iranian Kurdistan
Iranian dissidents
Mahabad
People from Bukan
1949 births
Living

masks:
Mohtadi
Abdullah Mohtadi
Mohtadi
Mohtadi
Abdullah
Abdullah
Abdullah
Mohtadi
Abdulla
Mohtadi
Abdullah Mohtadi
Abdullah Mohtadi
Abdullah Mohtadi
Abdullah Mohtadi
Abdullah
Abdullah
Abdullah
Abdullah Mohtadi
Abdullah Muhtadi
Abdullah Mohtadi
Abdullah
Mohtadi
Mohtadi
Abdullah
Mohtadi
Abdullah Mohta
Abdullah Mohtadi


texts:
<mask> is an American oil painter and expedition artist with a studio in Los Angeles, known for her paintings of bodies of water, as well as One Artist Five Oceans, in which she sailed and painted all of the world's oceans to raise awareness about climate change. All her artwork is done in an environmentally responsible manner, with high quality environmentally friendly materials. She was a recipient of the Pollock-Krasner Foundation Grant in 2014–2015. As an Expedition Artist, <mask> has participated in the Phoenician Ship Expedition, The Borobudur Ship Expedition, an expedition to the High Arctic, and an expedition to Antarctica. <mask> was commissioned by Standard Chartered Bank to produce a portrait for their London headquarters. The painting was part of an international traveling show before it was displayed in the London office. <mask> also painted the portrait of General Sir Peter de la Billère that hangs in the London Naval and Military Club.<mask> worked as a designer in the early days of interactivity. She was an interactive designer for pioneers in the interactive field including the Voyager Company, Robert Abel and Associates, Microsoft, and the BBC Multimedia Centre. <mask> holds a Master of Fine Arts from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and is married to composer Fletcher Beasley. Expeditions

The Borobudur Ship Expedition (2003-2004)

<mask> was the Expedition Artist with The UNESCO approved Borobudur Ship Expedition, an international expedition originally conceived by Briton Philip Beale and launched by the President of Indonesia on August 15, 2003. The ship sailed from Indonesia to Seychelles, Madagascar, South Africa, and the expedition culminated in Ghana. The ship, a replica of an 8th-century trading vessel based on carvings found on the Borobudur temple, travelled a total of 10,000 miles, the expedition ended on February 23, 2004. During the expedition, Eubank produced over 100 paintings and photographs, which were presented as a solo exhibition in central London.In addition to her role as Expedition Artist, she was the official advance liaison with legations in each country including the legations for Indonesia, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the countries visited. Bali (2005)
In 2005, a group of five patrons sent <mask> to the island of Bali to create a series of 20 paintings. She was based in Ubud, for 3 months. The Phoenician Ship Expedition (2008-2010)
<mask> was an expedition artist and crew member on the Phoenician Ship Expedition, a re-creation of 600 BCE Phoenician vessel that sailed 20,000 miles over 2 years, the second of <mask>'s expeditions with Philip Beale. The Phoenician Ship Expedition departed from Arwad, Syria in August 2008, sailed through the Suez Canal, around the Horn of Africa and down the east coast. The voyage continued up the west coast of Africa, through the Straights of Gibraltar and across the Mediterranean, returning to Syria in November 2010. <mask>'s experience on the ship has been covered by publications such as the Los Angeles Times, LA Weekly and UCLA Magazine.Thompson's Gallery in central London hosted <mask>'s 2011 solo show as an expedition artist. The Arctic Circle (2014)
In 2014, Eubank joined the The Arctic Circle, an expeditionary program that puts artists and scientists together to explore the High Arctic. <mask> was one of 27 artists and scientists on board the Antigua, a three-masted barquentine tall ship. The ship sailed through the international territory of Svalbard, an arctic archipelago north of Norway. Eubank sailed only 10 degrees latitude from the North Pole, documenting climate change and its effects on the ocean. The Southern Ocean (2019)
Eubank sailed from Ushuaia, Argentina, across the Drake Passage, and as far south as Detaille Island, which took her across the Antarctic Circle. Eubank crossed the Neumayer Channel and Gerlache Straight, arriving at Melchior Islands, crossing the Drake Passage for a second time, and returning to Ushuaia.<mask>'s expedition to the Antarctic Circle ended her 20-year quest to paint all the world's oceans. One Artist Five Oceans (2001-2021)

One Artist Five Oceans was a 20-year project in which <mask> sailed and painted the waters of every ocean on Earth to raise awareness about climate change. Her paintings of water led to an invitation to serve as the expedition artist on the Borobudur Ship Expedition in 2004, which sailed from Indonesia to Ghana. The success of these paintings led her to paint the other oceans of the worlds, next circumnavigating Africa on a replica of a 2,500 year old Phoenician ship. She sailed and painted the High Arctic and travelled to the northernmost settlement on earth. One Artist Five Oceans ended with a 2019 Antarctic expedition to paint the Southern Ocean. Eubank sailed over 30,000 miles, painting more than 200 bodies of water across 22 countries.Commissions
 Standard Chartered Bank commissioned <mask> to produce a portrait for its new headquarters in London. The painting was part of an international traveling show before it is hung in the London office. Thoughts on Cleaner Art" Daily News (November 2010)
"Daily Dose Pick: <mask>nk" Flavorwire (August 2010)
 "Art & Ancient Mariners", UCLA Magazine (July 2010)
 "Web Connects Students With Distant Voyagers" (March 2010)
 "Painting Through Pirate Waters", LA Weekly (January 2009)
 "On a Voyage of Artistic Discovery", Los Angeles Times (August 2008)
"Africa Draws Artist" Daily News (July 2008)
"Formal Elegance and Multi-Modal Command Objects" Siggraph Visual Proceedings (1993)

References

External links
 www.danielleeubank.com

American women painters
Living people
1968 births
Painters from California
21st-century American women artists
Exploration of Antarctica
Exploration of the Arctic

masks:
Danielle Eubank
Eubank
Eubank
Eubank
Eubank
Eubank
Danielle
Eubank
Eubank
Eubank
Eubank
Eubank
Eubank
Eubank
Eubank
Eubank
Danielle Euba


texts:
<mask> (21 June 1919 – 9 April 2013) was an Italian-born architect. He established the educational Cosanti Foundation and Arcosanti. <mask> was a lecturer in the College of Architecture at Arizona State University and a National Design Award recipient in 2006. He coined the concept of 'arcology' – a synthesis of architecture and ecology as the philosophy of democratic society. He died at home of natural causes on 9 April 2013 at the age of 93. <mask> authored several books, including The Bridge Between Matter & Spirit is Matter Becoming Spirit and Arcology – City In the Image of Man. Early life
<mask> was born in Turin, Italy, Europe.He was awarded his "laurea" (master's degree) in architecture from the Politecnico di Torino in 1946. He visited the United States in December 1946 and spent a year and a half in fellowship with Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin West in Arizona, and at Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin. During this time, he gained international recognition for a bridge design that was displayed at the Museum of Modern Art. In 1950, <mask>, with his wife Colly (née Corolyn Woods), returned to Italy where he was commissioned to build a large ceramics factory, Ceramica Artistica Solimene, in Vietri on the Amalfi coast. <mask> adapted ceramics industry processes learned at this time to use in his award-winning designs and production of ceramic and bronze windbells and silt-cast architectural structures. For more than 40 years, proceeds from sales of the wind-bells have been an important source of funds for construction that is meant to test his theoretical work. Ceramic and bronze bells continue to be produced and sold at Arcosanti and Cosanti in Arizona.In 1956, <mask> settled in Scottsdale, Arizona, with Colly and the elder of their two daughters; the younger was born in Arizona. He began building Arcosanti in 1970 with the help of architecture and design students, as a place to test his urban design hypotheses. This "urban laboratory" (so-dubbed by Ada Louise Huxtable, who at the time was the architectural critic of The NY Times) became internationally renowned. <mask> and Colly <mask> made a lifelong commitment to research and experimentation in urban planning. They established the Cosanti Foundation, a 501-3C educational non-profit foundation. <mask>'s philosophy and works were strongly influenced by the Jesuit paleontologist and philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. <mask> died on 9 April 2013 and was buried at Arcosanti in its private cemetery, beside his wife.Arcosanti

The Cosanti Foundation's major project is Arcosanti. Arcosanti, as originally designed by <mask>, was intended for 5,000 people; it has been in construction since 1970. Located near Cordes Junction, about  north of Phoenix and visible from Interstate I-17 in central Arizona, the intention of the project is to provide a model that can demonstrate <mask>'s concept of "Arcology", architecture coherent with ecology. Arcology was envisioned by <mask> as a hyper-dense city, designed to: maximize human interaction with ready access to shared, cost-effective infrastructural services; conserve water and reduce sewage; minimize the use of energy, raw materials and land; reduce waste and environmental pollution; increase interaction with the surrounding natural environment. In 2010, construction was underway to complete Arcosanti's Greenhouse Apron, but that initiative was put on hold not long after <mask>'s death in 2013. Arcosanti is intended as a prototype of a desert arcology. <mask>'s other arcology designs envisioned sites such as the ocean (Nova Noah), et al.(see: Arcology: City in the Image of Man). Since 1970, over 7000 people have participated in Arcosanti's construction. Their international affiliation group is called the Arcosanti Alumni Network. Other achievements
The International Architecture Symposium "Mensch und Raum" (Man and Space) at the Vienna University of Technology in 1984 received international attention. <mask> participated with, among others: Justus Dahinden, Dennis Sharp, Bruno Zevi, Jorge Glusberg, Otto Kapfinger, Frei Otto, Pierre Vago, Ernst Gisel, and Ionel Schein. <mask> was a distinguished lecturer in the College of Architecture at Arizona State University and a member of the Lindisfarne Association. In 1966, <mask> began working on the design for the Paolo Soleri Amphitheater in Santa Fe, New Mexico.It was built for the IAIA (Institute of American Indian Arts) on what is now the campus of the Santa Fe Indian School using large silt cast forms. The property is owned by the nineteen Native American Pueblos of New Mexico and is therefore not protected by local or state preservation laws. A landmark exhibition, "City in the Image of Man – The Architectural Visions of <mask>", organized in 1970 by the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, DC, traveled extensively thereafter in the U.S. and Canada, breaking records for attendance. "Two Suns Arcology, A Concept for Future Cities" opened in 1976 at the Xerox Square Center in Rochester, New York. In 1989, "<mask>eri Habitats: Ecologic Minutiae", an exhibition of arcologies, space habitats, and bridges, was presented at the New York Academy of Sciences. More recently, "<mask>'s Cities, Architecture for the Planet Earth and Beyond" was featured at the Scottsdale Center for the Arts in Scottsdale, AZ. A Soleri bell appears in the film What the *Bleep* Do We Know?His work has been exhibited worldwide. In 1976, <mask> was a key participant at UN Habitat I, the first UN forum on human settlements, held it Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, North America. <mask> appeared there together with Buckminster Fuller. The Paolo Soleri Archives, the collection of <mask>'s drawings and writings, is located at Arcosanti. The Soleri Archives is managed by Sue Kirsch under the direction of Tomiaki Tamura, a Cosanti Board Trustee and Arcosanti's Director of Special Projects. Tomiaki Tamura resides at Arcosanti. An interview with <mask> was featured in the environmental documentary The 11th Hour (2007).On 10 December 2010, the Soleri Bridge and Plaza was completed. The structure had been commissioned by Scottsdale Public Art. The  pedestrian bridge based on <mask>'s design is located on the South Bank of the Arizona Canal and connects a developed retail area of the Scottsdale Waterfront with Old Town Scottsdale. The bridge is incorporated into a  plaza including silt cast artwork, as well as a large bell assembly called The Goldwater Bell, also designed by <mask>. The feature-length documentary film The Vision Of <mask>eri: Prophet In The Desert (2013) contains interviews with Morley Safer, Paul Goldberger, Catherine Hardwicke, Will Bruder, Jean-Michel Cousteau, Steven Holl, and Eric Lloyd Wright. Awards
<mask> received fellowships from the Graham Foundation and from the Guggenheim Foundation (1964, Architecture, Planning, & Design). He was awarded three honorary doctorates and several awards from design groups worldwide:
 1963 – American Institute of Architects Gold Medal for Craftmanship
 1981 – Gold Medal at the World Bienniale of Architecture held by the International Academy of Architecture in Sofia, Bulgaria
 1984 – Silver Medal of the Academie d' Architecture in Paris
 1996 – Honorary Fellow, Royal Institute of British Architects
 2000 – Leone d'oro at the Venice Biennale of Architecture for his lifelong achievement
 2006 – Cooper Hewitt National Design Award for lifetime achievement

Sexual abuse allegation
In October 2010, Daniela <mask> – <mask>'s daughter – resigned from the Cosanti Foundation board, citing abuse by her father.She stated that some of <mask>'s inner circle had been told decades earlier, but nothing had been done about it at the time. After the resignation, <mask> stepped down as chairman, but the board made no public statement on the reasons. After the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art had a major retrospective exhibition on <mask> in October 2017, Daniela published an article on the website Medium on 13 November 2017 accusing her father of persistent sexual abuse, writing: "In my early adolescence, my father, an architect and craftsman, began sexually molesting me, eventually attempting rape when I was 17." Encouraged to publish the article by the #MeToo movement, Daniela wrote that she had already come forward to many of her father's colleagues but received little response:

In the article, Daniela wrote about her lingering admiration for some of <mask>'s work and ideas. However, she also warned against uncritical praise of artists with abusive tendencies and the tendency to "accept abusive behavior as a necessary and justified cost for the contributions of intellect or creativity". Of her father, Daniela wrote:

As noted in Dezeen, Daniela's article suggested that she had approached The New York Times or other news publishers to discuss her father's abuse, but had been turned away. The Cosanti Foundation Board released an official statement in response to Daniela <mask>'s:

Curbed editor-in-chief Kelsey Keith wrote "[Daniela] <mask>'s account is breathtaking not only for its thorough and very personal reckoning with the truth, but for its clear-eyed articulation of the reasons why assigning all intellectual power to a solitary genius is so harmful."Keith noted that architecture as a profession "hasn't (yet) experienced its Weinstein moment", referring to the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations and the resulting "Weinstein effect" of reporting sexual misconduct committed by powerful men in media and other industries. In a 2018 Curbed article, Hilary George-Parkin said: "While Hollywood, tech, sports, media, politics, the restaurant industry, and others are reeling from high-profile revelations and resignations, the design world has remained—with the notable exception of Daniela <mask>'s account of sexual abuse by her father, architect <mask>—mostly undisturbed in the public realm." See also
 Buckminster Fuller
 Jacque Fresco

References
Notes

Bibliography
 S. Suatoni (a cura di) '<mask>eri. Etica e Invenzione Urbana', catalogo della mostra, Roma 8 ottobre 2005 – 8 gennaio 2006 (Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica, Maxxi, Casa dell'Architettura), Roma Palombi, Jaca book 2006

External links

 Emanuele Piccardo, , an interview at Cosanti in 2006
 Lisa A. Scafuro. Phoenix Home & Garden. March, 2008, p. 270. “<mask>: The Lifetime Achievements of a Living Legacy”
 Jared Keller article about <mask> urbanistic envisions."Desert Utopia"

1919 births
2013 deaths
20th-century Italian architects
20th-century American architects
American architecture writers
American male non-fiction writers
Italian emigrants to the United States
American urban planners
Defunct architecture firms based in Arizona
Architectural theoreticians
Arizona State University faculty
Italian urban planners
National Design Award winners
People from Paradise Valley, Arizona
Architects from Turin
Architects from Arizona

masks:
Paolo Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Paolo
Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Paolo Soleri
Soleri
Paolo Soleri
Paolo Soleri
Paolo Sol
Soleri
Paolo Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Paolo Soleri
Paolo Soleri
Paolo Sol
Soleri
Soleri
Paolo Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Paolo Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Soleri
Paolo Soleri
Paolo Sol
Paolo Soleri
Soleri


texts:
<mask> (born October 17, 1985), nicknamed "CarGo", is a Venezuelan former professional baseball outfielder. Over the course of his Major League Baseball (MLB) career, he played for the Oakland Athletics, Colorado Rockies, Cleveland Indians, and Chicago Cubs. A three-time All-Star, <mask> was the National League batting champion in . He has also won two Silver Slugger Awards and is a three-time Gold Glove Award winner. While mainly a right fielder throughout his career, <mask> was the Rockies' starting left fielder from 2010-2014; in 2015 he transitioned into right field. Career

Arizona Diamondbacks
Born in Maracaibo, Venezuela, <mask> signed with the Arizona Diamondbacks as an international free agent on August 3, 2002. <mask> began his professional baseball career in 2003 for the Rookie League Missoula Osprey.<mask> batted .258 with six home runs in 72 games. In 2004, <mask> split time between the Low Single-A Yakima Bears and the Single-A South Bend Silver Hawks. In 85 games, he batted .275 with 10 home runs. <mask> played the 2005 season again for the Silver Hawks. He led the team in games played (129) and RBIs (92), and was also second on the team in batting average (.307), home runs (18), at bats (515) and runs scored (91). <mask> was also named to the Midwest League midseason and postseason All-Star games and was also named the Midwest League Prospect of the Year. Baseball America and Topps each named <mask> as a Low Class-A All-Star.Topps also named him as the Midwest League Player of the Year. In 2006, Baseball America rated <mask> at #32 on their top 100 prospects list and was the 6th-highest Diamondbacks player on that list. <mask> mainly played for the High Single-A Lancaster JetHawks in 2006, but also spent some time with the Double-A Tennessee Smokies. <mask> played in 122 games and batted .289 with a career high 23 home runs. He also led the JetHawks in home runs (21) and RBIs (93). <mask> was also an All-Star Futures Game selection and a California League postseason All-Star selection. Baseball America rated <mask> as a High Class-A All-Star, and he received the same honor from Topps.In 2007, Baseball America rated <mask> at #18 on their top 10 prospects list and was the 3rd highest Diamondbacks player on that list. <mask> mainly played for the Double-A Mobile BayBears, but also spent some time in Triple-A with the Tucson Sidewinders. <mask> played in 130 games and batted .288 with 17 home runs. <mask> led the BayBears in home runs (16) and RBI (75). <mask> was once again named to the All-Star Futures Game. On December 14, 2007, the Diamondbacks traded <mask>, Dana Eveland, Aaron Cunningham, Chris Carter, Brett Anderson, and Greg Smith to the Oakland Athletics for Dan Haren and Connor Robertson. Oakland Athletics

On May 30, 2008, <mask> made his MLB debut at the age of 22 against the Texas Rangers, where he got first career hit, an opposite field double down the left field line off Texas Rangers pitcher Kevin Millwood.This was one of two doubles he hit in his major league debut. His next five major league hits were also doubles, making <mask> the first player since Hall of Famer Johnny Mize in 1936 to record the first seven hits of his career as extra base hits. On June 20, 2008, <mask> hit his first career home run against the Florida Marlins. It was a solo home run that was hit off a curveball to right-center field. He had his first 4-hit game, going 4-for-4 against the Toronto Blue Jays on August 8. Colorado Rockies
On November 12, 2008, <mask> was traded with Huston Street and Greg Smith to the Colorado Rockies for Matt Holliday. After what many called a disappointing season with Oakland, <mask> spent most of the season with the Rockies Triple-A affiliate, the Colorado Springs Sky Sox.After a series of injuries to the Rockies outfield, <mask> was called up and started slowly, but eventually began to produce, proving himself as a nice combination of power and speed atop the lineup. In the 2009 National League Division Series against the Philadelphia Phillies, <mask> tied the franchise record for the most hits in an NLDS with 10, and led the NLDS and ALDS in batting average with .588 in four games. In his 2010 season, he finished in the top 5 in home runs, batting average, RBIs, and runs scored in the National League. On July 31, 2010, in a game against the Chicago Cubs, <mask> hit for the cycle, including a walk-off home run on the first pitch in the bottom of the 9th inning. He became the first player since Dwight Evans of the Boston Red Sox in 1984 to hit a walk-off home run for the cycle, according to the Elias Sports Bureau. Manager Jim Tracy labeled <mask> as not just a five-tool player, but a "six-tool player." Only four other players in major league baseball history had completed a cycle with a game-ending homer: Ken Boyer (1961), César Tovar (1972), George Brett (1979), Dwight Evans (1984).Nolan Arenado repeated the feat in 2017 to make it six total players in major league history. In 2010, <mask> garnered serious consideration as a candidate for the National League MVP award, along with St. Louis Cardinals first baseman Albert Pujols and Cincinnati Reds first baseman Joey Votto, as well as a Triple Crown candidate with the above-mentioned first basemen. However, <mask> fell short on home runs and narrowly missed having the most RBI, but did manage to win the NL batting title in 2010 with a .336 average. He finished with 34 home runs, 117 RBI and a National League-leading 197 hits. He also led the National League in total bases (351) and power-speed number (29.5). <mask> received the National League Players Choice Award for Outstanding Player in 2010. He then won the Players Choice Award for Player of the Year throughout Major League Baseball.<mask> was also voted the winner of the 2010 Luis Aparicio Award, which is given to the most outstanding Venezuelan player in Major League Baseball, as voted by Venezuelan and international Spanish-speaking media. He finished third in voting by the Baseball Writers' Association of America for National League MVP. For his defensive efforts in 2010, in which he only committed one error in the outfield, <mask> won his first Gold Glove. On the offensive side, <mask> received his first Silver Slugger Award. <mask> signed a seven-year, $80.5 million contract extension with the Rockies on January 11, 2011. The contract included a $3 million signing bonus and yearly salaries through 2017 that ramp up to $20 million. It is the largest contract in MLB history for a two-year player.On May 21, 2012, he became the 22nd player in MLB history to hit a home run in four consecutive at-bats, doing this during a two-game span against the Houston Astros. In early July 2011, Gonzalez injured his right wrist and was placed on the disabled list. On July 21, 2011, he yet again injured the wrist against the Atlanta Braves. On May 14, 2013, he went 5-for-5 against the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field, hitting 2 home runs and setting a new career high with 5 hits in one game. On June 5, 2013, he hit 3 home runs against the Cincinnati Reds at Great American Ball Park in a 12-4 victory. In 2014, with the breakout of Corey Dickerson, <mask> was moved out to right field. <mask> won a Silver Slugger Award in right field for the 2015 season after hitting 40 home runs, second most in the National League.After his poor performance in the 2017 season it was highly speculated that Gonzalez would not return to play for the Rockies in the 2018 season. After the 2017 season <mask> did temporarily leave the team, and entered free agency. However <mask> was re-signed to a one-year, $8 million contract on March 12, 2018, to remain playing for the Rockies. In 2018, he played 132 games hitting 16 home runs and batting .276 with 67 RBI's. He entered free agency at the end of the season. Cleveland Indians
<mask> signed a minor league contract with the Cleveland Indians on March 19, 2019; the deal included a non-roster invitation to spring training. He is set to make $2 million, plus $1 million in incentives, because he made the big league roster.The Indians purchased <mask>'s contract on April 14, 2019. <mask> was designated for assignment by the Indians on May 22, 2019 after hitting .210 with 2 home runs and 7 runs batted in. After clearing waivers, <mask> elected free agency on May 26, 2019. Chicago Cubs
On May 30, 2019, <mask> agreed to a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs. The team purchased his contract on June 3, 2019, and he was the starting right fielder in an inter-league game against the Los Angeles Angels. With one out and the bases loaded in the seventh inning, <mask> made a highlight-reel game-saving diving catch. On June 29, he was designated for assignment for the second time in the 2019 season.On July 2, <mask> again elected free agency. Seattle Mariners
He was signed to a minor league contract on February 12, 2020 with the Seattle Mariners. Gonzalez was released by the Mariners organization on June 25, 2020. Personal life
He was born in Maracaibo, Venezuela. Gonzalez married a Venezuelan woman named Indonesia Riera on October 20, 2012. He is the father of a boy and twin girls. See also
 List of Major League Baseball batting champions
 List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle

References

External links

<mask> at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)

1985 births
Living people
Águilas del Zulia players
Chicago Cubs players
Cleveland Indians players
Colorado Rockies players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Columbus Clippers players
Gold Glove Award winners
Lancaster JetHawks players
Luis Aparicio Award winners
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Major League Baseball right fielders
Missoula Osprey players
Mobile BayBears players
National League All-Stars
National League batting champions
Oakland Athletics players
Sacramento River Cats players
Silver Slugger Award winners
South Bend Silver Hawks players
Sportspeople from Maracaibo
Tennessee Smokies players
Tucson Sidewinders players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States
World Baseball Classic players of Venezuela
Yakima Bears players
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2017 World Baseball Classic players

masks:
Carlos Eduardo González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
González
Carlos González