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<mask> (January 29, 1778 – August 10, 1837) was an American lawyer, soldier, and statesman, operating primarily out of Knoxville, Tennessee, in the first part of the 19th century. He represented Tennessee in the United States Senate from 1815 to 1823, when he lost reelection to Andrew Jackson. <mask> also served as colonel of the 39th U.S. Infantry Regiment during the Creek Wars, and played a key role in Jackson's victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814. <mask> later distanced himself from Jackson, and aligned himself with <mask> and Henry Clay. Adams appointed him chargé d'affaires to the Central American Federation in 1825. Early life
<mask> was born in what is now Forsyth County, North Carolina (then part of Surry County), the third of twelve children of Joseph and <mask>. His father was of Welsh descent, and his mother was descended from French Huguenots.Two of <mask>' brothers, <mask> and <mask>, served as U.S. congressmen in the 19th century. Another brother, Thomas Lanier <mask>, was a prominent Tennessee judge. <mask> was also the cousin of Congressman Marmaduke <mask> . <mask> studied law in Salisbury, North Carolina, in the late 1790s, and served as a captain in the 6th U.S. Infantry, from 1799 to 1800. Shortly afterward, he relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee, where he was admitted to the bar in 1803. Around 1805, he married Melinda White, daughter of Knoxville's founder, James White. In 1807, <mask> was appointed Tennessee's attorney general, and served in this capacity until the following year.In 1811, he led a mass meeting of Knox County citizens that condemned Archibald Roane for resigning from the state legislature to run for circuit court judge. In a letter published in a local newspaper, <mask> blasted Roane as too selfish and too much of a drunkard to be a faithful judge. Military activities (1812–1815)

In late 1812, at the outbreak of the War of 1812, <mask> raised a small company of some 200 to 250 volunteers, primarily from Tennessee and Georgia, with the intention of invading Florida and attacking the Seminole tribe. <mask> and other leaders on the frontier suspected that Spain would eventually join the British side in the war, and would encourage the Seminoles to attack frontier settlements in southern Georgia. <mask> and his volunteers invaded Florida in early February 1813, and destroyed several Seminole villages, burning over 300 houses, and stealing a large number of horses and other livestock. After reporting that the Seminole country was "completely in waste," <mask> returned to East Tennessee, and his volunteers were mustered out shortly afterward. In June 1813, <mask> was commissioned in the U.S. Army as a colonel, and ordered to recruit and organize the 39th U.S. Infantry for the purpose of engaging the hostile Red Stick Creeks.Within a few weeks, <mask> had managed to recruit and partially equip 600 troops. In early 1814, <mask> and the 39th were placed under the command of Andrew Jackson, who was preparing an expedition against the Red Sticks in Alabama. On March 27, Jackson attacked the Red Stick camp on the Tallapoosa River, initiating the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. At the height of this battle, <mask> and the 39th, which comprised Jackson's main line, charged and captured the log barricade with which the Creeks had fortified the riverbend, forcing the Creeks to flee. In his report on the battle, Jackson commended the actions of <mask> and several other officers of the 39th. Soldiers who fought under <mask> at this battle included future Missouri senator Thomas Hart Benton and future Tennessee and Texas governor, Sam Houston. Following the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, <mask> went to Washington, D.C., to raise money for the 39th, and gradually acquired a sizable cache of weapons.Throughout 1814, <mask> and Jackson bickered over these weapons, with Jackson demanding that <mask> give them to a militia company in Tennessee, and <mask> arguing that federal arms could not be distributed to militia companies. Jackson questioned <mask>' loyalty, and <mask> questioned Jackson's authority. United States Senate

In 1815, <mask> was chosen to fill the Senate seat left vacant by the resignation of Jesse Wharton (who had been appointed to the seat a few months earlier following the resignation of George W. Campbell). In 1817, <mask> was reelected to a full six-year term. <mask> voted in favor of the Second Bank of the United States in 1816, opposed the Bonus Bill of 1817, and voted for the Missouri Compromise of 1820. He was also chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, and oversaw a reduction of the armed forces. In 1819, following Jackson's invasion of Florida (then part of Spain), another dispute erupted between <mask> and Jackson.Jackson accused <mask> of spreading a rumor that Jackson had launched the invasion to protect personal land investments in the Pensacola area, and argued that <mask> was assailing his character in private conversations in Washington. In 1821, <mask> was one of just four senators to vote against the Adams–Onís Treaty, in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States. In 1823, <mask> made it clear that he was going to support William H. Crawford (another enemy of Jackson) for the presidency, leading Jackson's allies in Tennessee to seek <mask>' removal from the Senate. When they were unable to find a candidate with enough support to defeat <mask>, Jackson agreed to become a candidate for <mask>' seat. Though <mask> had the support of the influential Knoxville Register and rising politician Davy Crockett, he lost to Jackson by a margin of 35 votes to 25 at a contentious meeting of the state legislature on October 1, 1823. Later life

After losing his U.S. Senate seat, <mask> ran for Knox County's state senate seat in 1825, but lost to James Anderson by a vote of 982 to 931. President <mask> Adams pondered appointing <mask> Secretary of War, but was dissuaded by Henry Clay, who thought the appointment should go to someone from New York.Adams eventually appointed <mask> chargé d'affaires to the Central American Federation, and <mask> thus spent most of 1826 at this post in Guatemala. In 1827, <mask> again ran for Knox County's state senate seat. In spite of staunch opposition from Jackson's allies (including <mask>' brother-in-law, Hugh Lawson White, who referred to <mask> as a "mean politician who can get no man to lye upon him"), <mask> won the election, 1,585 to 1,216. During his term, he introduced a bill calling for the construction of a turnpike connecting Anderson County and Kentucky, a bill providing relief for female debtors, and legislation seeking greater oversight of the Bank of Tennessee. He retired from the state senate in 1829. <mask> spent his later years practicing law and advocating railroad construction. He rejected several invitations to run for Congress, stating he had no desire to go to Washington and serve at the "bow of the emperor," in reference to then-President Jackson.<mask> died on August 10, 1837, and was interred in the First Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Knoxville. Family and legacy

In 1816, <mask> made plans to develop a subdivision, "Williamsburg," on what was then the outskirts of Knoxville (now part of the Downtown area). This subdivision was bounded by what is now Henley Street (which at the time was the city's western boundary), Main Street, the riverfront, and Second Creek. The area is now occupied by Maplehurst Park and the Church Street Methodist Church. In 1826, while <mask> was in Guatemala, his wife oversaw the construction of a new family home in East Knoxville, now known as the Colonel <mask> House. The house is still standing, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. <mask>' son, Joseph Lanier <mask>, served three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives (1837 to 1843).Another son, <mask> II, was a prominent pro-Union leader during the Civil War, and served as vice president of the East Tennessee Convention, which sought to create a separate, Union-aligned state in East Tennessee. <mask> was the great-grandfather of Admiral Richmond P. Hobson, and the great-great-grandfather of noted playwright, <mask>. Fort Williams, a supply depot built prior to the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, was named for <mask>. References

1778 births
1837 deaths
United States senators from Tennessee
Politicians from Knoxville, Tennessee
People of the Creek War
United States Army officers
Ambassadors of the United States to the Federal Republic of Central America
Tennessee Democratic-Republicans
Democratic-Republican Party United States senators
19th-century American diplomats

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John Williams
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Reah Lanier Williams
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Lewis Williams
Robert Williams
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<mask> (born October 27, 1989) is an American football linebacker who is a free agent. He played college football at Alabama, where he was twice recognized as an All-American, and was a member of two BCS National Championship teams. He was drafted as a strong safety by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the first round of the 2012 NFL Draft, where he played for two and a half seasons before being traded to the St. Louis Rams in 2014, where he moved to the linebacker position. He also played for the Pittsburgh Steelers and Denver Broncos. Early years
<mask> was born in Mobile, Alabama. He attended St. Paul's Episcopal School in Mobile, where he played for the St. Paul's Saints high school football team, under the coaching of Eddie Guth. He played multiple positions, including running back, wide receiver, and linebacker from 2004 through 2007.<mask> had 785 rushing yards as a junior on 78 carries and added 368 receiving yards on 23 catches, scoring a total of 12 touchdowns. As a senior, <mask> was the MVP of the 2007 Class 5A state championship game after rushing for 1,094 yards on 122 carries with 15 touchdowns in his senior season. He was also named a first-team Alabama Sports Writers Association All-State selection in Class 5A as a senior. In addition to playing football, <mask> also competed in track & field, where he won multiple 5A individual state titles in events ranging from the shot put to the long jump during the 2008 season. He recorded a career-best throw of 17.09 meters in the shot put at the Mobile Challenge of Champions, where he placed first. He captured four state titles at the 2008 AHSAA 4A-6A Championships, winning the triple jump, with a jump of 14.08 meters, long jump, with a leap of 6.74 meters, discus throw, with a throw of 44.03 meters, and in shot put, with a throw of 16.76 meters. He also recorded a personal-best time of 11.39 seconds in the 100 meters.Recruiting
<mask> was ranked as a five-star prospect and the number one weakside linebacker in the Class of 2008 by Scout.com. He was also ranked as the fifth best player in the state of Alabama and the 55th best player in the nation in the Class of 2008 by Rivals.com. <mask> chose to play at Alabama over offers from Auburn, LSU, Florida, Florida State, and Tennessee among others. College career
<mask> accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Alabama, where he played for coach Nick Saban's Alabama Crimson Tide football team from 2008 to 2011. As a true freshman for the 2008 Crimson Tide, he made his first appearance on kick-off coverage against Clemson. He had his first career tackle early in the game on a crushing blow of Jacoby Ford on a kickoff return. On September 20, against Arkansas, he recorded his first collegiate sack.<mask> played in all of Alabama's 14 games, recording 18 tackles and a sack. During his sophomore season in 2009, <mask> took over as a starter at safety and was second on Alabama's national championship team with 74 tackles and a Southeastern Conference-leading seven interceptions and a touchdown. He also had a career-high two interceptions against Mississippi State. On October 10, against Ole Miss, he had his first career collegiate reception, which went for seven yards. On October 17, against South Carolina, he had a 77-yard pick six in the 20–6 victory. On November 14, against Mississippi State, he had two interceptions in the 31–3 victory. <mask> finished the regular season tied for third in the nation with 7 interceptions and tied for sixth in the nation with 17 passes defended.In the SEC Championship against Florida, he had seven total tackles in the 32–13 victory. In the BCS National Championship against Texas, he had six total tackles and one pass defended in the 37–21 victory. He was recognized as a first-team All-SEC selection and third-team All-American at safety. <mask> was the Crimson Tide's only returning starter in the defensive secondary for the 2010 season. He finished the season with 77 tackles, three interceptions, nine passes defended, and one forced fumble. He was named an FWAA All-American. In 2011, <mask> was again a first-team All-SEC selection and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American.In the BCS National Championship against LSU, he had two total tackles and a sack in the 21–0 victory. College statistics

Professional career
<mask> attended the NFL Combine in Indianapolis, but did not perform drills as he was still recovering after recently undergoing sports hernia surgery. On March 7, 2012, <mask> attended Alabama's pro day and performed the majority of drills, but opted to skip the short shuttle, three-cone drill, and bench press. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, <mask> was projected to be a first round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the best strong safety prospect by DraftScout.com and was ranked as the top safety by NFL analysts Mike Mayock, Charley Casserly, and Sporting News. Tampa Bay Buccaneers
<mask> was selected with the seventh overall pick by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the 2012 NFL Draft. He is the highest selected Alabama defensive back in school history, surpassing Antonio Langham, who was chosen ninth overall in 1994 by the Cleveland Browns.2012
On July 20, 2012, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed <mask> to a four-year, $14.56 million contract with a $9.00 million signing bonus and no offset language. <mask> was expected to be the starting strong safety his rookie season. In Week 3 of the preseason, <mask> intercepted Tom Brady and ran the pick back for his first career NFL touchdown. He made his professional regular season debut in the Buccaneers' season-opening victory over the Carolina Panthers and finished the game with three solo tackles and two pass deflections. The next game, <mask> made a season-high ten combined tackles and two pass deflections in a 41–34 loss at the New York Giants. In Week 4, <mask> made eight combined tackles and forced his first career fumble in a 24–22 loss to the Washington Redskins. On October 14, 2012, he collected eight total tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted Kansas City Chiefs quarterback Brady Quinn for the first of his career, as the Buccaneers routed the Chiefs 38–10.During a Week 14 loss to the New Orleans Saints, <mask> racked up a season-high eight solo tackles and two assisted tackles. <mask> started the regular season strong with 42 tackles, seven passes defended and one interception in his first six NFL games, but trailed off towards the end of the season before finishing with 89 tackles. He started all 16 games and made the Pro Football Writers Association All-Rookie team, even though the team was the NFL's worst pass defense. He finished his first year under new head coach Greg Schiano with 71 solo tackles, 17 assisted tackles, 10 pass deflections, an interception, and a forced fumble. 2013
<mask> returned as the Buccaneers' strong safety to begin his second season under coach Greg Schiano. In the season opener, he made four combined tackles and a pass deflection in an 18–17 loss to the New York Jets. The following week, <mask> collected a career-high 13 combined tackles, of which ten were solo, a pass deflection, and made his first career sack on Drew Brees during a 16–14 loss to the New Orleans Saints.During a Week 3 loss to the New England Patriots, <mask> finished with 11 combined tackles, was credited with half a sack, and intercepted Tom Brady for his first pick of the season. On November 3, 2013, he racked up ten solo tackles, an assisted tackle, two pass deflections, and intercepted a pass from Russell Wilson in the Buccaneers' 27–24 overtime loss to the Seattle Seahawks. On December 8, 2013, <mask> made four solo tackles and made his first career solo sack on Buffalo Bills quarterback EJ Manuel. He missed the last two games of the regular season after suffering a hamstring injury. <mask> finished his second season with 88 combined tackles, six pass deflections, two sacks, and two interceptions while starting in 14 games. The Tampa Bay Buccaneers finished their season with a 4–12 record and head coach Greg Schiano was fired after the season. 2014
Under new head coach Lovie Smith, <mask> remained as the Buccaneers' starting strong safety to begin his third season.In their season-opener against the Carolina Panthers, <mask> made seven combined tackles. On October 5, 2014, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles in a 37–34 overtime loss to the New Orleans Saints. On October 26, 2014, <mask> played his last game with the Buccaneers before being unexpectedly traded to the Rams. He finished the 19–13 loss to the Minnesota Vikings with only four combined tackles. In the eight games with the Buccaneers, he made 49 combined tackles and two pass deflections. <mask> finished his career with the Buccaneers with 225 combined tackles, 18 pass deflections, three interceptions, two sacks, and a forced fumble while starting 38 games in three seasons. St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams
On October 28, 2014, the Buccaneers traded <mask> to the St. Louis Rams for a fourth and sixth-round draft pick in the 2015 NFL Draft.<mask> has gone on record saying he felt "disrespected" and "blindsided" by the trade and that he had no idea he was even being shopped around to other teams. It is reported that he was traded because of behavior that was deemed unprofessional by the team. On November 2, 2014, <mask> made his debut with the St. Louis Rams and recorded one tackle during the 13–10 victory. The next game, he racked up five solo tackles and sacked Arizona Cardinals backup quarterback Drew Stanton during a 31-14 loss. On November 30, 2014, he made his first career start with the Rams and collected two solo tackles and a pass deflection as the Rams routed the Oakland Raiders 52–0. He finished his nine games with the Rams with 23 combined tackles, three sacks, and a pass deflection. 2015
On May 3, 2015, the St. Louis Rams declined to pick up his fifth-year, $8.26 million option on his rookie contract.<mask> entered his first training camp with the St. Louis Rams competing with veteran T. J. McDonald to be the starting strong safety. He was named the backup to McDonald to begin the regular season. In the season opener against the Seattle Seahawks, <mask> made two solo tackles and assisted on three tackles in the 34–31 victory. On October 11, 2015, he received his first start of the season during the Rams' 24–10 loss to the Green Bay Packers and made five combined tackles. The following week, <mask> made his first career start at weakside linebacker after Alec Ogletree suffered a broken fibulia He finished the 24-6 victory over the Cleveland Browns with a career-high 16 combined tackles. The St. Louis Rams coaching staff had him credited with 19 combined tackles, two tackles for a loss, and two forced fumbles during his debut against the Browns. The following game, <mask> made ten combined tackles and deflected a pass against the San Francisco 49ers.On December 13, 2015, he collected 11 combined tackles during a 21–14 defeat of the Detroit Lions. <mask> finished the season with  116 combined tackles, one sack, five pass deflections, and a career-high three forced fumbles. He started 12 games and appeared in all 16 as the Rams finished with a 7–9 record in their last season in St. Louis. 2016
On March 9, 2016, the Los Angeles Rams signed <mask> to a five-year, $45 million contract with $20 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $5 million. After having a career season in 2015, <mask> returned as the Rams' hybrid weakside linebacker. He started the Rams' season-opening game against the San Francisco 49ers, finishing the 28–0 loss with three combined tackles and two deflected passes. The next game, <mask> collected nine solo tackles, an assisted tackle, and a pass deflection during the Rams' 9–3 victory over the Seattle Seahawks.In Week 3 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, he racked up nine combined tackles and intercepted quarterback Jameis Winston for his first pick as a Ram. The following week, <mask> made eight solo tackles an intercepted Carson Palmer, helping the Rams defeat the Arizona Cardinals 24–22. On November 6, 2016, he collected nine solo tackles and got his first sack of the season on Panthers quarterback Cam Newton. On November 27, 2016, <mask> made a season-high 14 combined tackles as the Rams lost 49–21 at the New Orleans Saints. <mask> and the Rams finished with a 4–12 record in the team's first season back in Los Angeles. He started in all 16 games in 2016 and recorded a career-high 118 combined tackles (91 solo), eight pass deflections, two interceptions, and a sack. 2017
Head coach Sean McVay named <mask> and Alec Ogletree the starting inside linebackers to begin the regular season, alongside outside linebackers Connor Barwin and Robert Quinn.On October 8, 2017, <mask> collected a season-high 15 combined tackles (12 solo) during a 16–10 loss to the Seattle Seahawks in Week 5. In Week 15, <mask> sustained an injury to his Achilles tendon during a 42–7 victory at the Seattle Seahawks. He was inactive for two games (Weeks 16–17) after injuring his heel. He finished the season with 86 combined tackles (73 solo), four pass deflections, three interceptions, and a sack in 14 games and 14 starts. Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 61.8, which ranked 48th among qualified linebackers in 2017. The Los Angeles Rams finished first in the NFC West with an 11–5 and qualified for the playoffs. On January 6, 2018, <mask> started in his first career playoff game and recorded ten combined tackles (eight solo) in a 26–13 loss to the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Wildcard Game.2018
<mask> started 12 games for the Rams in the 2018 season. He recorded a safety when he tackled Aaron Jones in the endzone in Week 8 against the Green Bay Packers. He finished with one sack, 60 combined tackles, one quarterback hit, one pass defensed, and one forced fumble. The Rams won the NFC West and earned the #2-seed for the NFC Playoffs. In the Divisional Round against the Dallas Cowboys, he had five combined tackles in the victory. In the victory over the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Championship, he had nine combined tackles. In the 13-3 loss to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LIII, he had eight combined tackles and one pass defended.On March 5, 2019, <mask> was released by the Rams. Pittsburgh Steelers

On March 17, 2019, <mask> signed a two-year, $12 million contract with the Pittsburgh Steelers. <mask> made his debut with the Steelers in week 1 against the New England Patriots. In the game, <mask> made 6 tackles in the 33–3 loss. In week 4 against the Cincinnati Bengals, <mask> recorded a team high 11 tackles and intercepted Andy Dalton in the 27–3 win. In week 10 against his former team, the Los Angeles Rams, <mask> recorded a team high 10 tackles in the 17–12 win. The Steelers released <mask> on March 16, 2020.Denver Broncos
On August 30, 2020, <mask> signed with the Denver Broncos. He was placed on injured reserve on September 23, 2020 with a hamstring injury. He was activated on November 25, 2020. On December 22, 2020, <mask> was waived by the Broncos. NFL statistics

References

External links

 Los Angeles Rams bio
 Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio
 Alabama Crimson Tide bio

1989 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
Sportspeople from Mobile, Alabama
Alabama Crimson Tide football players
All-American college football players
American football safeties
American football linebackers
Players of American football from Alabama
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
St. Louis Rams players
Los Angeles Rams players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Denver Broncos players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

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<mask> (; October 27, 1156 – August 2, 1222) was Count of Toulouse and Marquis of Provence from 1194 to 1222. He was also  Count of Melgueil (as <mask> IV) from 1173 to 1190. Early life
<mask> was born at Saint-Gilles, Gard, the son of <mask> and Constance of France. His maternal grandparents were Louis VI of France and his second wife Adélaide de Maurienne. His maternal uncles included Louis VII of France. In 1194 he succeeded his father as count of Toulouse. He immediately re-established peace with both Alfonso II of Aragon and with the Trencavel family.Marriages
He was married six times:

 On December 11, 1172, to Ermessende of Pelet, Countess of Melgueil. She died in 1176 without issue. In 1178 to Beatrice of Béziers, sister of Roger II Trencavel. She left <mask> and retired to a nunnery. <mask> and Beatrice had one daughter. Constance of Toulouse, who was married first to King Sancho VII of Navarre, and secondly to Pierre-Bermond II of Sauve, lord of Anduze. In 1193 to Bourgogne de Lusignan, daughter of Amaury II, King of Cyprus.She was repudiated in 1196. In October 1196 at Rouen to Joan Plantagenet, daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Their marriage included Richard I's renouncement of his claim to Toulouse, ending the feud with the ducal house of Aquitaine. She died on September 4, 1199, in childbirth as a veiled nun at Fontevraud Abbey. Joan and <mask> VI had two children. <mask>, Count of Toulouse (1198–1249); and
Joan of Toulouse (1198–1255), second wife of Bernard II de la Tour, Lord of la Tour. In 1200 to the daughter of Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus.They divorced in late 1202, as she had remarried to Thierry of Flanders by early 1203. In January 1204 to Eleanor of Aragon, daughter of King Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancha of Castile. Problems with the Church
<mask> held vast territories but his control of them was problematic. Aside from theoretically owing allegiance to the King of France, <mask> held Provence as a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor. Henry II of England controlled neighboring Aquitaine through his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, who had a claim to Toulouse through her grandmother, Philippa of Toulouse, daughter of William IV, Count of Toulouse. Alfonso II of Aragon was involved in the affairs of Languedoc, stimulating emigration from the north to colonize newly reconquered lands in Aragon. In Toulouse, <mask> maintained the communal freedoms, extended exemptions from taxation, and extended his protection to the communal territory.A poet and a man of culture, he hated war but did not lack energy. According to Henri Pirenne, "At the end of the 12th century Languedoc was swarming with those mystics who aspired to lead the Church and the age back to apostolic simplicity, condemning both the religious hierarchy and the social order". At first Innocent III tried to deal with the Cathars by peaceful conversion, sending into the affected regions a number of legates or representatives. Count <mask> declined to assist, although constantly embroiled with his vassals, and given the autonomy of the towns, Kenneth Setton questions whether <mask> "could have coped effectively with the challenge of heresy even if he had wished to do so". The legates sent from Rome and France received little support as they were considered foreign reformers. Papal legate Pierre de Castelnau was sent to address <mask>'s tolerance for the practice of the Cathars, but withdrew for six months in 1206 out of concerns for his safety. Pierre's assassination on January 15, 1208, led to <mask>'s excommunication.After the capture and massacre of Béziers, the siege and capture of Carcassonne, and the death of <mask> Trencavel, all in 1209, he moved his camp, was again excommunicated by the Council of Montpellier in 1211, and tried to organize resistance against the Albigensian Crusade. More of a diplomat than a soldier, he was unable to stop the advance of Simon de Montfort, who conquered Toulouse. Following Battle of Muret, <mask> was exiled to England under his former brother-in-law John, King of England. In November 1215, <mask> and his son (the later <mask>, Count of Toulouse) were in Rome with <mask>, Count of Foix on the occasion of the Fourth Lateran Council to vindicate themselves and dispute the loss of their territories. <mask>'s son-in-law, Pierre-Bermond II of Sauve, was also there to lay claim to the county of Toulouse, but this claim failed. <mask> and his son went from Rome to Genoa and thence to Marseille in February 1216. <mask>'s son set out from Marseille to regain the family territories in Provence; in May 1216 he besieged Beaucaire and captured it on August 24.Meanwhile, <mask> went to Aragon, hoping to rally support. From there he engaged in secret negotiations with leaders in Toulouse during 1216. Simon de Montfort possibly believed that <mask> was on his way to the city in September 1216; at any rate he returned in great haste from Beaucaire and conducted a partial sack of the city, apparently intended as punishment. Finally, on September 12, 1217, <mask> re-entered Toulouse again. Simon de Montfort immediately besieged the city once more. Simon was killed during the siege (25 June 25, 1218); his son Amaury VI of Montfort took his place, and for five years the Crusade faltered. The failure of Louis VIII's campaigns, from 1219 to 1226, finally permitted <mask>, and his son and successor, to recover most of their territories.<mask> is represented as one of four figures on the ceiling of the Minnesota Supreme Court in the United States. His painting is next to Moses, Confucius, and Socrates, each painting representing an aspect of law. <mask>'s painting is entitled "The Adjustment of Conflicting Interests", and the scene is of <mask> of Toulouse standing before the papal legate in 1208. <mask> argued successfully for city freedoms, extended exemptions from taxation, and protection of the communal territory from the church. The paintings were made by John LaFarge in 1903. References

Sources

External links

<mask> entry at the Catholic Encyclopedia

1156 births
1222 deaths
People from Saint-Gilles, Gard
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
People of the Albigensian Crusade
Counts of Toulouse
Dukes of Narbonne
Margraves of Provence
Occitan nobility
Catharism
13th-century peers of France

masks:
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<mask> (; born January 1927) was the Deputy Commander of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) and a highly decorated fighter pilot during the Korean War. <mask> joined the PLAAF in 1945 and was one of the first combat pilots trained for the PLAAF. He was later posted at the Chinese 4th Aviation Division, which was also the first Chinese air unit that entered combat during the Korea War. On February 10, 1952, <mask> became famous in China due to the death American ace Major George Andrew Davis, Jr., and he is credited by the Chinese for shooting down the American ace until Russian sources disputed his claim 40 years later with different theories lie in who and how the Chinese and Russian fighter pilots may have engaged the American fighter pilots. <mask> claimed a total of four victories during his service in Korea, and he was awarded the title Combat Hero, 1st Class during his service. After the Korean War, <mask> had held various commands and became the Deputy Commander of PLAAF in 1973. Outside of his military career, <mask> was also the Deputy Mayor of Yantai.Early life and military career
<mask> was born at Rongcheng, Shandong in January 1927. He was born into a poor peasant family of seven that lived off  of land. His father, <mask>, was a farmer and a member of the Chinese Communist Party. <mask> entered elementary school at the age of 10, and he became a school teacher after finishing elementary school at Ningjin County in 1943. <mask> soon abandoned his job in order to pursue higher education. While studying at university in 1945, he joined the Chinese Communist Eighth Route Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After the Japanese surrendered, his unit was moved into Manchuria, where the Chinese Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) had set up its first pilot school.<mask> was sent to study at the school and graduated in 1948. He was among the first group of pilots trained for the fledgling People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF). In 1950, <mask> became a group leader at the 4th Aviation Division. Combat in Korea
When the PLAAF officially entered the air war over Korea in September 1951, <mask>'s 4th Aviation Division was the first PLAAF unit sent into combat, and it was under the command of the Soviet 64th Aviation Corps. The 4th Aviation Division was stationed at Langtou Airfield in Liaoning Province, and it was composed of 55 MiG-15s. <mask> first entered two aerial engagements with no victory, but he soon claimed his first victory on October 16, 1951. While intercepting an UN flight on October 16, <mask> claimed to shoot down one aircraft while forcing a F-86 Sabre to crash.For this action he was awarded the Meritorious Service, 1st Class. On February 4, 1952, <mask> claimed his third victory against a F-86 and received the Meritorious Service, 2nd Class. Death of Major Davis
On February 10, 1952, US F-86 Sabre ace Major George Andrew Davis, Jr. was shot down by a MiG-15 during his 16th mission in the MiG Alley near Kunu-ri. Davis was the highest ranking Korean War ace at the time, and he was posthumously celebrated as a hero and received the Medal of Honor. About 36 MiG-15s from the 4th Aviation Division were involved in the engagement in which Davis was killed, and <mask> was among the group. According to <mask>'s own report after the battle, while the MiGs were en route to intercept Davis' group, he and his wingman became separated from the main element. As <mask> was trying to rejoin his formation, he spotted a group of eight F-86s in the area between Taechon and Chongye at 0740.<mask> and his wingman then swung down onto the tails of two Sabres and opened fire. <mask> claimed that he shot down both Sabres, but enemy reinforcements soon destroyed his MiG while killing his wingman. The publicity of Davis' death soon caught the Chinese attention. To determine whether Davis was killed by <mask> in the absence of gun camera footage, the 4th Aviation Division had sent two search teams on February 16 and 18, and they recovered a wreckage of F-86E, along with Davis' body and his belongings. The search team had also discovered that the crash site was within  to where <mask> had bailed out, and that <mask>'s 12th Regiment was the only unit that operated near the area; the nearest Soviet unit was operating dozens of kilometers away. In light of those findings and the testimonies from the ground troops that had witnessed the battle, <mask> was credited by the PVA air force for shooting down Davis' F-86. Davis' dog tag is currently on display at the Memorial of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea in Dandong.Although <mask> was credited by the PLAAF for shooting down Davis' F-86, doubts about the claim were raised due to US Air Force's recollection of the event was inconsistent with <mask>'s own account of the battle, and that Davis had claimed to have shot down two Chinese MiGs moments before being killed. The lack of gun camera footage from Chinese side meant <mask>'s victory claim also hinged on his own recollection of the event. After declassifying their involvement in the Korean War 40 years later, Russian sources disputed <mask>'s claim by raising the possibility that 1st Lieutenant Mikhail Akimovich Averin was the MiG pilot that had shot down Davis' plane. According to the recollections from the pilots of the Soviet 64th Aviation Corps, both <mask> and his wingman were probably shot down by Davis, who was in turn surprised and shot down by Mikhail A. Averin scrambling to save the Chinese MiGs. Lieutenant General Georgy Lobov, commander of the 64th Aviation Corps, also noted in his memoir that Davis was killed by a Soviet pilot. Currently, both China and Russia have taken credit over Davis' death with no conclusive evidence to confirm either sides of the story. Regardless of the controversy surrounding Davis' death, <mask> became a household name in China.The PLAAF later awarded <mask> with the title Combat Hero, 1st Class for this action. According to official records, <mask> had participated in 10 aerial engagements with a total of four victories during his service in Korea, and for his service <mask> received the Meritorious Service, Special Class. The North Korean government also awarded <mask> with the Freedom and Independence Medal, 2nd Class. Later life
Immediately after the war, <mask> was sent to study at the Red Banner Air Force Academy in the Soviet Union, and returned to China in 1957 after graduation. He steadily climbed the ranks by assuming the command of the 27th Aviation Division in 1964, and later took command of the 1st Aviation Corps in 1970. In 1973, he was named the Deputy Commander of the PLAAF. In July 1978, <mask> was stripped of his ranks and imprisoned, but after his release in 1980, he became the Deputy Mayor of Yantai.In July 1990, the PLA Central Military Commission restored <mask>'s position and allowed him to retire with a state pension. Notes

References

1927 births
Living people
Chinese expatriates in the Soviet Union
Chinese Korean War pilots
People from Rongcheng, Shandong

masks:
Zhang Jihui
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang Jihui
Zhang Benzhou
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang


texts:
<mask> (born April 4, 1973) is an American R&B and gospel singer. She started her singing career in 1992. <mask> originally garnered attention by singing backing vocals for Mariah Carey on multiple songs, including her Billboard Hot 100 number one singles: "Fantasy" and "All I Want for Christmas Is You"; before rising to greater prominence after making uncredited guest appearances on the number one single "Mo Money Mo Problems" by The Notorious B.I.G., as well as "Feel So Good" by Mase, which prompted her to release her own music. Her debut album Soul of a Woman (1998), was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. The album's lead single "Friend of Mine" reached the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In 1998, <mask> was featured on the Whitney Houston single "Heartbreak Hotel" alongside Faith Evans, which peaked at number two and earned her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. Her second album, Mirror Mirror (2000), and her fourth album Priceless (2003), both reached the top ten on the Billboard 200 chart.In 2016, she made an uncredited appearance on Kanye West's song "Ultralight Beam" from his album The Life of Pablo. <mask> has won a Soul Train Music Award, and has received nine Grammy Award nominations. Life and music career
<mask> was born in Far Rockaway, Queens, New York City, and began singing in church as a toddler. Her first professional engagement was with George Michael at Madison Square Garden in January 1992. During rehearsals for the 1992 Grammy Awards the next month, <mask> was overheard singing in the rehearsal hall by Mariah Carey while everyone else was on a meal break. <mask> was later introduced to Carey's husband, Sony Columbia's then CEO Tommy Mottola, and was offered a job as a background singer for Carey, which she accepted until 1997. She released her second album, Mirror Mirror, in 2000 on the Def Soul imprint of Def Jam Records; Island and Def Jam had merged in 1999, with <mask> and labelmates Dru Hill being reassigned to Def Soul.Mirror Mirror featured the singles "You Should've Told Me" and the Grammy Award nominated

In October 2005, <mask> recorded her first live gospel album. The This Is Who I Am album has been released on October 24, 2006, on her own label, EcclecticSounds Records. It debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Gospel Charts and peaked at No. 9 on the R&B album chart. <mask> was inducted as an honorary member of Sigma Gamma Rho sorority in July 2006. In early 2007, <mask> kicked off a tour with the 'Sisters in the Spirit 2007'.In 2006, she recorded the song "Why?" for the soundtrack Why Did I Get Married?, the film version of Why Did I Get Married? Priceless Secrets from The Soul of A Woman, in which <mask> created the role of Sheila alongside Tyler Perry who used the song titles and lyrical content of <mask>'s hit recordings to develop the story. In early 2009, she was featured on Coko's gospel album entitled The Winner in Me on the track "Oh Mary". In June 2010, <mask> promoted her single "Tired" on The Jazz Joy and Roy syndicated radio show as "some of the best work of my career to date." The song was also featured in Tyler Perrys 2011 film Madea's Big Happy Family. On February 9, 2012, in a pre-Grammy party to celebrate <mask>'s nominations, the singer sang "Jesus Loves Me" with Whitney Houston in what turned out to be Houston's last public performance two days before her death.In September 2009, it was announced she would be joining Deborah Cox and Tamia to form the super group The Queen Project. The women seek to empower women of all ages, races and backgrounds by doing a number of community service projects. In 2016, <mask> was included in multiple songs on rapper Kanye West's new album, The Life of Pablo. <mask> was a co-writer with American R&B singer K. Michelle, on her single Not a Little Bit which was released on January 22, 2016. It is the lead single from the singer's third studio album, More Issues Than Vogue. In September 2021, <mask> was declared missing as reported by TMZ. Her attorney later confirmed she was privately recuperating from a severe covid infection.Legal issues
On July 16, 2010, a lawsuit was filed in a Texas federal court by <mask> against a nationally known prosperity ministry, New Light Church of Houston, et al. Other defendants in the case include New Light's pastor, I. V. Hilliard, wife, Bridget Hilliard and daughter, Preshea Hilliard. <mask> claims she wrote and copyrighted the tune, "Women Who Win," which New Light Church and three members of the Hilliard family used without permission in a church show, on DVDs, on a website and at a "Women Who Win" conference in Houston. The original court docket indicates that the involved parties continued to use the work in a variety of ways despite being refused license to use. In 2018, a lawsuit was filed against <mask> and her Atlanta-based company, Sang Girl Productions, alleging that <mask> took $25,000 to perform at a fundraiser for a non profit organization and then did not attend. The lawsuit alleges that she did not return the $25,000 advance. Family
<mask> grew up in a second apartment in the Edgemere Projects in Far Rockaway, Queens.Her father died when she was nine years old. She resides in Atlanta, Georgia, and frequently visits Los Angeles. <mask>'s grandfather is Jerome Norman, bishop and pastor of the Full Gospel Mission Church of God in Christ in Queens and Jurisdictional Prelate of the First Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction of Barbados since 1985 by the late Presiding Bishop J.O. Patterson. Her mother, Claudia (1951–2020), was the former musical director of the church. <mask> began singing in the church at the age of six; and due to her voice gained the nickname 'Little Mahalia Jackson'. In 2020, <mask> lost her grandfather to COVID-19.Breast cancer activism
In December 2000, <mask> donated $250,000 to fight breast cancer. She presented a check to Tony Martell of the T.J. Martell Foundation and Denise Rich of G&P Foundation For Cancer Research to help with the ongoing fight against breast cancer. <mask> donated the proceeds from her single "Love Sets You Free" which she recorded in January 2000. In April 1999, <mask> volunteered to showcase her fashion designs during a special charity gala and fashion show to help the National Breast Cancer Awareness Initiative raise money for breast cancer education for minority women. The previous year, in 1998, <mask> learned that both her mother and her mother-in-law had been diagnosed with breast cancer, which would later claim her mother-in-law's life. <mask>'s mother was a survivor of inflammatory breast cancer and an activist in educating the public about the disease. She was the chairwoman of the seventh annual Sister to Sister Fitness Festival held in Dallas, Texas which was sponsored by the Celebrating Life Foundation.Claudia experienced pain in her breast in 1997, but said fear and a lack of insurance kept her from seeking immediate medical attention. Instead, she waited two years before seeing a doctor. While at work one day in 1999, her doctor called and said she had inflammatory breast cancer. Doctors gave her two months to live. She underwent chemotherapy, and the disease was in remission as of October 2006. Discography

Studio albums
 Soul of a Woman (1998)
 Mirror Mirror (2000)
 One Family: A Christmas Album (2001)
 Priceless (2003)
 This Is Who I Am (2006)
 <mask> (2011)
 Sing Pray Love, Vol. 1: Sing (2014)
 Grace (2021)

Awards and nominations

AMFT Awards

!Ref.|-
| rowspan=2|2016
| rowspan=2|"Ultralight Beam" (with Kanye West, Chance the Rapper, Kirk Franklin and The-Dream)
| Best Rap Song
|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| Best Rap Duo/Group Performance
|

American Music Award

|-
|2001
|<mask>
|Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist
|
|}

Billboard Music Awards

!Ref. |-
| 1998
| <mask>
| Top Hot R&B Singles Artists – Female
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3|1999
| rowspan=3|"Heartbreak Hotel" (with Whitney Houston and Faith Evans)
| Top Hot 100 Song
|
|rowspan=3|
|-
| Top Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Single
|
|-
| Top Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Single Sales
|

Grammy Award

|-
|2000
|"Heartbreak Hotel" (with Whitney Houston and Faith Evans)
|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
|
|-
|2001
|"As We Lay"
|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance
|
|-
|2004
|"He Proposed"
|Best Traditional R&B Performance
|
|-
|2011
|"Tired"
|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2012
|rowspan="2"|"Not My Daddy" (feat. Stokley Williams)
|Best R&B Performance
|
|-
|Best R&B Song
|
|-
|<mask>
|Best R&B Album
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|rowspan="2"|"Ultralight Beam" (with Kanye West, Chance the Rapper, Kirk Franklin and The-Dream)
|Best Rap/Sung Performance
|
|-
|Best Rap Song
|
|}

MTV Video Music Award

|-
|1999
|"Heartbreak Hotel" (with Whitney Houston and Faith Evans)
|Best R&B Video
|
|}

Soul Train Music Award

|-
|rowspan="3"|1999
|Kelly Price
|Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist
|
|-
|"Friend of Mine" (feat. R. Kelly and Ronald Isley)
|Best R&B/Soul Single, Female
|
|-
|Soul of a Woman
|Best R&B/Soul Album, Female
|
|-
|2001
|Mirror, Mirror
|Best R&B/Soul Album, Female
|
|}

SoulTracks Readers' Choice Awards

|-
|rowspan="2"|2011
|Kelly Price
|Favorite Female Vocalist of The Year
|
|-
|Kelly
|Indie Album of The Year
|
|}

See also
List of number-one dance hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart

References

External links

 Kelly Price Interview with Benji Irby

Living people
African-American women singers
African-American Christians
American dance musicians
American gospel singers
American mezzo-sopranos
American Pentecostals
American soul singers
Def Jam Recordings artists
Members of the Church of God in Christ
People from Far Rockaway, Queens
People from DeKalb County, Georgia
American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters
American contemporary R&B singers
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
Ballad musicians
21st-century American singers
20th-century American singers
African-American songwriters
1973 births
Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)

masks:
Kelly Cherelle Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Kelly
Kelly
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Kelly Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Kelly
Kelly Price
Kelly Price
Kelly


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<mask>  (born 26 September 1948, in Kompaniivka) is a Ukrainian photographer, lecturer, curator of exhibitions, and traveler. <mask> is a member of the National Society of Photo Artists of Ukraine, tutor and curator at the Independent Academy of the Photographic Arts of Ukraine, organizer and curator of the "Eksar" photo gallery, Ukraine. He is also a member of the "Kulturforum" association and the artistic studio "Kulturwerkstatt Trier", Germany. He is a permanent member of the TV Ukrainian program "Svoimi ochima" (eyewitness) dedicated to travel and tourism. <mask> was named one of the experts in photography criticism in Ukraine in expert poll conducted in 2011

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kosin_F1.JPG

Biography
<mask> was born on September 26, 1948 in Kompaniivka, at the time in the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union (today in the Kirovohrad Oblast of central Ukraine). In 1974 he graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic Institute. For some time he worked as an engineer, but later he became fond of art and photography.In 1988 he graduated from Kiev Institute of Journalism. In 1977 he was co-curator of
avant-garde association «Rukh»(«Movement»)and  underground exhibition, in which were artists: Mikola Trehub, Vudon Baklitsky,  Alexander Kostetsky, Olena Golub, Nicholas Zalevsky and others. Later <mask> organized a lot of exhibitions, mostly photography, as his personally as for groups. Now <mask> lives in Irpin (Kyiv region, Ukraine). His daughter <mask>a is talented photographer too. She lives and works in Poland. Achievements in photography

Since 1987 <mask> has participated in over 40 joint exhibitions in Ukraine, Russia, the United Arab Emirates, Germany, Belarus, Slovakia, the United States, Poland, the United Kingdom, Israel, Lithuania and France.Many of his works are included in private collections in Switzerland, the United States, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Israel, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. There are also some of <mask>'s pictures placed in The Photography Fund in Moscow, the Latvian Museum of Photography in Riga, Lancaster University, the National Historical Museum of Ukraine. For over 20 years <mask> has been engaged in organizing photo exhibitions of Ukrainian artists. In the 1980s, <mask> <mask> (Ukraina) fotografijų paroda „Reiškinio „tikrovė“
 Jurij <mask> "Tak jest od zawsze"
 "Amber Breeze" Workshop (Latvia)
 Reality of "Phenomenon"
 Black and white Niagara
 Vertical of the time
 Transgression of personality
 Maximalist
 Photo album: Ukraine eyes Ukraine
 <mask> "Yes, always"
 Photo exhibition "Reality of "Phenomenon””
 «ORANGE MOMENT OF LIFE» IN THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
 <mask>, photographer, Kiev (Irpen)
 Ivan Zhdanov, Of Hermeticism and burning problem of freedom
 Ploughman of the heaven and mirrors
 Personality in the Expert Journal
 Lovely Dnieper in calm weather
 <mask> on Art Welle
 Chernobyl album
 Travel to Kamchatka

1948 births
Living people
Artists from Kyiv
Ukrainian photographers
Irpin

masks:
Yuri Kosin
Kosin
Kosin
Kosin
Kosin
Yuri Kosin
Vera Kosin
Yuri Kosin
Kosin
Yuri Kosin
Yuri Kosinjaus
Kosino
Kosin
Yuri Cosin
Yuri Cosin
Yuri Cosin


texts:
Philippa Rachel "<mask><mask> MBE (née Nolan, 7 October 1968) is an equestrian sportswoman who competes in eventing. In 2003, she became the first person to win the Rolex Grand Slam of Eventing (consecutive wins at Rolex Kentucky, Badminton and Burghley). She also won Badminton in 2002 and 2005. At the European Championships, she has won two Individual golds (1999–2001) and three team golds (1999–2003). She is a three-time Olympic medallist, winning team silver in 2000 and 2004, and an individual bronze in 2004. She also competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Early life
<mask> was born in Crowborough, East Sussex on 7 October 1968 to Jenny and George Nolan.She grew up in Mark Cross and went to the Mark Cross CE primary school. She attended the independent boarding school Wadhurst College on Mayfield Lane in Wadhurst. Aged 16, she persuaded her parents to allow her to leave school, after which she based herself with Ruth McMullin. Career
Funnell lives in Ockley, Surrey with her husband, show jumper <mask>. The couple married in Uckfield in December 1993. Her horses have included Supreme Rock, Primmore's Pride, Sir Barnaby, Bits and Pieces, Walk on Star, and Ensign. <mask> was European Young Rider Champion in 1987 after successfully competing on Sir Barnaby at Bialy Bor, Poland.Despite a successful career as a junior and young rider, she at first struggled to establish herself as a senior international and by her own admission suffered from nerves that were threatening to ruin her career. She began receiving help from sports psychologist Nicky Heath. In 1999, <mask> became European Champion at Luhmühlen riding Supreme Rock and again on the same horse in 2001 at Pau ("Les Etoiles de Pau" – France). She was a member of the British teams that won silver at the Sydney Olympics in 2000, bronze at the World Equestrian Games in 2002 both with Supreme Rock, and silver again at the Athens Olympics of 2004, this time with Primmore`s Pride. In addition, <mask> won the individual bronze medal at Athens. (She competed at the Athens Olympics as 'Philippa' rather than 'Pippa' as 'Pipa' in Greek is slang for a sexual act.) In 2003, <mask> became the first rider ever to complete the Rolex Grand Slam of Eventing, by adding the Burghley title to her victories earlier in the year at Kentucky and Badminton, to earn a $250,000 bonus from Rolex.The Kentucky and Burghley victories were on Primmore's Pride, while the Badminton victory was on Supreme Rock. As of 2017, she remains one of only two riders to have won the Grand Slam. As a result of her achievements, she was voted Sunday Times Sportswoman of the Year 2003 and was in the top five of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Awards. She then went to Punchestown in Ireland to defend the individual European title that she had won in 1999 and 2001, winning a bronze medal with the inexperienced Walk On Star and helping the British team to win their fifth successive team title. She also finished the year as the number one ranked rider in the world. In total <mask> has won the Badminton Horse Trials three times: 2002, 2003 and 2005. She has won both the Blenheim venue and Windsor Horse Trials four times as well, the only rider yet to do so.With <mask> as rider, Primmore's Pride became the 1st horse to win all three major four star titles - Kentucky & Burghley in 2003 and Badminton in 2005 - thus becoming the 1st horse to win its own Grand Slam. After winning Badminton in 2005, <mask> did not win an international event for five years. Several of her top horses, such as Supreme Rock, Primmore’s Pride, Viceroy, Walk on Star, Cornerman and Jurassic Rising reached the end of their careers and were retired. With Ensign, she finished ninth at the 2005 Europeans. The combination were placed on the shortlist for the 2008 Olympics following a 2nd place at Pau CCI**** in late 2007. A fall at Badminton in 2008 put paid to them being picked. In 2010, <mask> won her first international event for five years in the CCI3* at Bramham International horse trials on her upcoming horse Redesigned.They went on to finish 5th as an individual at the 2010 World Equestrian Games. In 2011, she won Barbary CIC3* on Billy Llandretti. In 2013, she won Tattersalls CCI3* with another upcoming horse, Billy Beware, who finished 6th at his first 4* event at Badminton Horse Trials 2014. This pairing were picked for the 2014 World Equestrian Games but injury unfortunately ruled them out. In May 2015, she won her third Chatsworth CIC 3* title aboard Sandman7. On 13 September 2015, <mask> won her 1st European team medal in 12 years helping GB win Team Silver at Blair Castle aboard Sandman 7. Since 2010, her horses have included Redesigned, Billy Beware, Billy the Biz, Billy Llandretti, Mirage D`Elle, Billy Cuckoo and Sandman7.At the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics, riding Billy the Biz, Funnell was part of the British team that finished fifth. Her individual placement was 26th. Funnell won the 2019 Burghley Horse Trials, riding MGH Grafton Street, having led from day one. CCI 5* Results

International Championship results

Honours

<mask> was made an MBE in the Queen's 2005 Birthday Honours for services to equestrian sport. Media activities and writing
Funnell has appeared on DVDs produced by Equestrian Vision, including Pippa Funnell, Road to the Top and The Funnell Factor, and in 2005 wrote her story in Pippa Funnell: The Autobiography. Ubisoft has released a series of horse-themed videogames starring <mask>. These include <mask> Funnell for the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, Pippa Funnell: Stable Adventure for the Game Boy Advance, and the PC games Pippa Funnell: The Stud Farm Inheritance, Pippa Funnell: Take the Reins (also for PlayStation 2), Pippa Funnell 3: The Golden Stirrups Challenge (more commonly known as Horsez), and Pippa Funnell 4: Secrets of the Ranch.<mask> <mask>: Ranch Rescue was released in 2007 on the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo Wii. <mask> is also the author of a series of children's books called Tilly's Pony Tails, published by Orion Children’s Books in the United Kingdom. The first two books in the series, Magic Spirit and Red Admiral were first published in May 2009. The series has now been extended to eighteen titles in all. The first four titles have also been recorded as unabridged audiobooks, read by sports presenter Clare Balding. The central character, Tilly Redbrow, is an adopted child, who is passionate about everything to do with horses and ponies. Each title in the series tells a new story about Tilly’s adventures with horses and ponies.As well as the fictional story, each title also contains a tips section with expert advice from Funnell on all aspects of horses and ponies.

masks:
Pippa
" Funnell
Pippa Funnell
William Funnell
Funnell
Funnell
Funnell
Funnell
Funnell
Funnell
Funnell
Funnell
Funnell
Funnell
Funnell
Pippa
Pippa
Funnell
Funnell


texts:
<mask> () (died 904) was a general who served under the major warlord Yang Xingmi the military governor (Jiedushi) of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born, but it is known that he was from Ming Prefecture (洺州, in modern Handan, Hebei). He became a soldier in the army of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), which Ming Prefecture belonged to, and was later posted to Huainan Circuit when Gao Pian the military governor of Huainan served as the overall commander of the operations against the agrarian rebel Huang Chao. He was later assigned to Lu Prefecture (廬州, in modern Hefei, Anhui) to serve under Gao's subordinate Yang Xingmin (who would later be renamed Yang Xingmi) the prefect of Lu. Service under Yang Xingmi

Initial service
In 884, there was an occasion when the agrarian rebel Chen Ru () attacked Shu Prefecture (舒州, in modern Anqing, Anhui); Shu's prefect Gao Yu (高澞, Gao Pian's nephew) sought aid from Yang Xingmi. Yang consulted with <mask>, who stated that he could repel Chen without fighting. Yang thus sent <mask> to aid Gao Yu.<mask> took many banners bearing the insignia of the Lu army and secretly got into Shu's main city. He then gave the banners to the Shu soldiers, and the Shu soldiers thereafter advanced out of the city bearing the Lu banners. The rebels under Chen, believing that a large detachment had arrived from Lu, fled. In 886, Zhang Ao () the prefect of Shou Prefecture (壽州, in modern Lu'an, Anhui) sent his officer Wei Qian () to attack Lu. Yang sent <mask>, Tian Jun, and Zhang Xun () to resist, and they repelled Wei's attack. During the campaign against Sun Ru
In 887, a mutiny by the Huainan officer Bi Shiduo against Gao Pian and Gao's favorite sorcerer Lü Yongzhi triggered an internecine war that had Bi, Lü, Yang Xingmi, and Qin Yan contending for the control of Huainan, which eventually was taken by Sun Ru. Yang, in turn, advanced south and took Ningguo Circuit (寧國, headquartered in modern Xuancheng, Anhui) and became its military governor.In 891, Sun took his army and advanced south, intending to destroy Yang. In an initial confrontation, <mask>fu surprised Sun's advance troops and defeated them. Later in the year, Yang also sent <mask> to attack He (和州, in modern Chaohu, Anhui) and Chu (滁洲, in modern Chuzhou, Anhui) Prefectures, defeating the Sun-commissioned prefects Kang Wang () and An Jingsi (); Kang surrendered, and An fled. By spring 892, however, with Sun's much larger army approaching Ningguo's capital Xuan Prefecture (), Yang considered abandoning Xuan Prefecture and fleeing, but did not do so after <mask> and <mask> () advised against it. Yang thereafter was able to bog Sun's attack down, and defeated and killed Sun in a decisive battle in fall 892. Campaigns against Cai Chou
After Sun Ru's defeat, Cai Chou (), whom Yang Xingmi had previously made the prefect of Lu but who then surrendered to Sun when Sun attacked, tried to submit to Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan). Zhu, however, considered Cai unreliable and refused to launch an army to aid Cai, and instead informed what Cai was doing to Yang.Yang thereafter sent <mask> to attack Cai. Later, Tian Jun and Yang himself also joined <mask>'s siege of Lu Prefecture. In fall 893, the city fell, and Yang executed Cai. Subsequently, Cai's ally Ni Zhang () the prefect of Shu Prefecture fled. Yang thus made <mask> the prefect of Shu. Campaigns against Qian <mask>
In fall 901, Yang received a (false) report that Qian <mask> the military governor of Zhenhai (鎮海, headquartered in modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang) and Zhendong (鎮東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang) Circuits had been assassinated. He thus sent <mask> to try to take Zhenhai's capital Hang Prefecture () in (what he thought to be) the confusion of Qian's death.Qian sent the general Gu Quanwu () to resist him. They stalemated for some time. <mask> then allowed captives from Gu's army to overhear a conversation in which he stated that he was going to retreat that night due to the length of the stalemate, and then allowed the captives to flee. He then began what appeared to be a withdraw, but had his subordinate Lü Shizao () lay a trap for Gu. Gu, who did not respect <mask>, gave chase, and fell into the trap that <mask> and Lü had set. <mask> soundly defeated Gu's army and captured him. <mask> then attacked Lin'an (臨安, in modern Hangzhou, Qian's hometown), but could not capture it quickly.By this point, he had found out that Qian had not died, and so wanted to withdraw, but he feared that Qian would give chase. He therefore carefully protected the tombs of Qian's ancestors and allowed Gu, whom Qian valued greatly, to write letters to report that he was safe. Qian sent an emissary to thank <mask>. When <mask> pretended to have received a large reinforcement from Huainan, Qian sued for peace and sent gifts. <mask>, after receiving Qian's gifts, withdrew. In 902, Yang made <mask> the prefect of Sheng Prefecture (昇州, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu). Campaigns against Du Hong
In spring 903, Yang Xingmi made <mask>fu the commander (行軍司馬, Xingjun Sima) of the Huainan army and put him in command of an army to attack Du Hong the military governor of Wuchang Circuit (武昌, headquartered in modern Wuhan, Hubei), with <mask> () serving as his deputy.He quickly captured Yongxing (永興, in modern Huanggang, Hubei), cutting off the food supplies for Wuchang. He then put Wuchang's capital E Prefecture () under siege. Du sought aid from Zhu Quanzhong, but at that time, Zhu was only able to send a small detachment commanded by Han Qing (), who could not lift the siege. Zhu thereafter made requests to Cheng Rui the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei), Ma Yin the military governor of Wu'an Circuit (武安, headquartered in modern Changsha, Hunan), and Lei Yanwei the military governor of Wuzhen Circuit (武貞, headquartered in modern Changde, Hunan), asking them to save Du. Only Cheng launched a fleet to try to save Du, though. Further, as soon as Cheng left his capital Jiangling, Ma's officer Xu Dexun and Lei's officer Ouyang Si () rendezvoused and jointly attacked Jiangling, sacking it and taking its population and treasures before withdrawing. When the news arrived at Cheng's fleet, Cheng's soldiers' morale was destroyed.<mask> subsequently crushed him, and he committed suicide by drowning. When Han heard of Cheng's death, he also withdrew, leaving Du with no aid. Campaigns against Tian Jun
However, another event would (for the time being) save Du. Tian Jun, who was the military governor of Ningguo at the time under Yang, had long wanted to expand his territory but was repeatedly curbed in that ambition by Yang, and therefore began to resent Yang. <mask>, seeing this, had warned Yang about Tian and urged Yang to react preemptively, but Yang refused, pointing out that Tian had great contributions and that acting against him first would destroy the army morale. In fall 903, Tian and An Renyi () the military prefect of Run Prefecture (潤州, in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) rose against Yang. In light of Tian's rebellion, Yang ordered <mask> to withdraw from Wuchang and attack Ningguo.Fearing that Du would attack him from the rear, <mask> announced to his soldiers that he was heading west to seize Jingnan, and only after he was out of E Prefecture's vicinity did he inform the soldiers of Tian's rebellion and their actual mission. Meanwhile, Tian had launched a surprise attack on Sheng Prefecture and taken <mask>'s wife and children. He initially treated them well, and he sent an emissary to <mask>, stating, "If you, Lord, take this opportunity properly, I will divide the lands with you so that we can both be princes. If not, your wife and children will not survive." <mask> stated to his army,

<mask> executed Tian's emissary and continued to advance toward Ningguo, encountering Tian's officers Wang Tan () and Wang Jian () at Jiyang Banks (吉陽磯, in modern Chizhou, Anhui). When Wang Tan and Wang Jian displayed <mask>'s son <mask>ding () on the battlefield, <mask> ordered his soldiers to fire arrows anyway. He thereafter engaged Wang Tan and Wang Jian and pretended to suffer initial losses.He then pretended to retreat, inducing Wang Tan and Wang Jian to chase him, and then counterattacked, inflicting heavy losses on them. When Tian heard this, he personally led a fleet against Li. <mask> initially set up camps and refused to engage Tian, while sending suggestions to Yang that he use this opportunity to send another general to directly attack Xuan Prefecture. Yang thereafter sent Tai Meng () and Wang Maozhang to do so. Tian, hearing that Tai was heading directly toward Xuan Prefecture, withdrew to engage Tai, while leaving Wang Tan, Wang Jian, and Guo Xingcong () at Wuhu (蕪湖, in modern Wuhu, Anhui) to defend against <mask>. When Tai subsequently defeated him at Guangde (廣德, in modern Xuancheng) and forced him to flee back to Xuan Prefecture to defend it, Wang Tan, Wang Jian, and Guo surrendered to <mask>. Subsequently, when Tian made one final attempt to counterattack against Tai, Tai defeated him again and killed him on the battlefield.His soldiers surrendered, allowing the Huainan army to retake Ningguo. Yang commissioned <mask> as the new military governor of Ningguo, but <mask>, pointing out that he had not yet defeated Du, refused to accept the position, and instead headed west again to attack Du. Death
In summer 904, while sieging E Prefecture, <mask> fell ill and returned to Huainan's capital Guangling (). Yang sent <mask>un to replace him as the commander of the operations against Du. <mask> died soon thereafter. (<mask> would capture E Prefecture in spring 905, allowing Wuchang to come under Yang's control.) Notes and references

 Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms (), vol.5. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 255, 256, 258, 259, 262, 263, 264, 265. 9th-century births
904 deaths
Politicians from Handan
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Ningguo Circuit
Tang dynasty generals from Hebei
Tang dynasty politicians from Hebei

masks:
Li Shenfu
Li Shenfu
Li Shenfu
Li
Li
Li
Li Shen
Li
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Liu Wei
Li Shenfu
Li
Li
Liu
Liu
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Liu You
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Liu C
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<mask><mask>. (born August 21, 1967) is an American politician who served as the 48th lieutenant governor of California from April 27, 2010 to January 10, 2011. As of 2021, he is the last Republican to serve as  lieutenant governor of California. Elected to the Santa Maria City Council in 1994, <mask> then served as mayor of Santa Maria from 1996 to 1998, when he was elected to the California State Assembly. He served in that body from 1998 to 2004 and then in the California State Senate from 2004 to 2010, running unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for California State Controller in 2006. <mask> was the first Republican in the State Senate to vote for the budget during the budget deadlock in 2007. He represented a swing district in the Senate and is considered a moderate. On November 23, 2009, then-Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger announced <mask> as his nominee for lieutenant governor to fill the vacancy created by Democrat John Garamendi's election to the United States House of Representatives.<mask> was sworn into office on April 27, 2010 and was defeated in the 2010 lieutenant gubernatorial election by Democrat Gavin Newsom. <mask> ran for California's 24th congressional district in the 2012 elections, but was defeated by incumbent Democrat Lois Capps. In May 2013, he announced that he was running for governor in the 2014 election, but dropped out in January 2014 after unsuccessful fundraising efforts and campaign missteps. In 2017, <mask> was considered for the role of United States Secretary of Agriculture by Donald Trump, but was ultimately not nominated. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Santa Maria, California, the eldest son of immigrant Mexican farm workers. His family eventually acquired a small family farm, where they grew strawberries. After <mask> graduated from Santa Maria High School, his family used their earnings from the farm to send him to California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, where he studied crop science, but dropped out before completing his degree.<mask> then returned to his family's farm and helped his family grow the half-acre strawberry farm into a 6,000-acre (24 km²) farm, employing 250 people, with produce shipped around the world. Early political career

Santa Maria city politics
After months of attempting to obtain a building permit from the city of Santa Maria to construct a cooling facility on the farm, <mask> grew disillusioned with the city bureaucracy and decided to run for the Santa Maria City Council in 1994 at the age of 26. In 1996, at the age of 28, Councilman <mask> successfully ran for mayor, defeating the incumbent Mayor Robert Gordon Bunch and retiree George Hobbs 40%-39%-21%, a margin of 70 votes. California Assembly

Elections
In 1998, at the age of 31, <mask> was elected to the California State Assembly with 60% of the vote in the 33rd District, representing San Luis Obispo County and western Santa Barbara County. <mask> was re-elected in 2000 with 65% of the vote and in 2002 with 63% of the vote. Tenure
During his Assembly tenure, <mask> was named "Hero of the Taxpayer" by the Americans for tax reform. He led issues such as seat belts in school buses and California Workers Compensation Reform.Committee assignments
He was on the Business and Professions committee. California Senate

Elections
In 2004, <mask> was elected to the California State Senate by a margin of 53% to 43% over his Democratic opponent, San Luis Obispo County Supervisor Peg Pinard, in a district evenly divided between Democrats and Republicans. The 15th District included San Luis Obispo County, most of Monterey County, eastern Santa Cruz County, portions of northwestern Santa Barbara County, and portions of southwestern Santa Clara County. Tenure
In March 2005, a San Luis Obispo weekly newspaper revealed that Maldonado had received $30,987 in gifts from an organization representing California's power industry. Those gifts included multiple trips to Australia, Africa and Europe. The story suggested that the gifts might have motivated Maldonado to object to a seismic safety bill that could potentially have threatened Diablo Canyon Power Plant's license to operate. According to the story, Maldonado snapped at the reporter, "“I have never, ever, ever connected monetary resources with a bill or a special company in my area.For somebody to even suggest that is disappointing." <mask> signed a "No New Taxes" pledge before his election which he later claimed to regret as he cast a vote for higher taxes. In February 2009, <mask> was initially among the Republican senators rejecting a series of bills designed to close the $41 billion state budget deficit, but he later joined the Democrats in supporting the measures. A committee indicated that it might pursue a recall campaign against <mask> because of his vote on the budget. The same threat was made against other Republicans in the "Sacramento Six", but none of the recall campaigns came to anything. (Most of the recall energy was directed against Anthony Adams.) In response to his critics, including Steve Poizner, <mask> said, "Since the budget was passed, you have gone around the state criticizing it and the role six Republicans played in its passage.Your recent statements condemning Propositions 1A-1F are very frustrating. During the budget debate, which lasted over 100 days, I heard from thousands of Californians who took the time to give me their input on the state budget. But I never heard from you." Committee assignments
In December 2006, he was named Chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee. Budget and Fiscal Review
Education
Health
Veterans Affairs
Food and Agriculture (Vice Chair)
Human Services (Vice Chair)

2006 state controller election

In 2005, <mask> declared his candidacy for the office of California State Controller after Controller Steve Westly decided to run for governor. <mask> was defeated in the June 6, 2006 Republican primary by Tony Strickland. Following his loss, <mask> publicly criticized Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger for not supporting his campaign more forcefully, suggesting that Schwarzenegger doesn't care about Hispanics, when he told the Los Angeles Times that "[w]hen [Schwarzenegger] needs Latinos, Latinos are always there for him.When Latinos need him, the answer's been no." <mask> issued a public apology for the comment. He also maintained that he would not run for any further political office after his state Senate service; he was re-elected to the Senate in 2008 with 63% of the vote. Lieutenant governor

Nomination

On November 3, 2009, Lieutenant Governor John Garamendi resigned to take a seat in Congress. On the November 23, 2009, episode of The Jay Leno Show, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger announced that he was nominating <mask> as lieutenant governor. Schwarzenegger cited <mask>'s "bipartisanship and postpartisanship...He makes decisions based on what's best for the people rather than what's best for the party. He has helped us, many times, pass a budget, which was very important.And he comes from an immigrant family..."

<mask> needed to be confirmed by a majority vote of the State Senate and a majority vote of the State Assembly within 90 days of the nomination in order to take office as lieutenant governor. In a statement released by the Governor's office, Schwarzenegger called <mask> a "true partner" and cited his willingness "to reach across the partisan divide" and "commitment to creating a transparent, accountable government" in California. Tenure
On February 11, 2010, <mask> was confirmed as lieutenant governor by the state Senate by a 26-7 vote. However, his nomination was not approved by the State Assembly. Needing 41 votes (in the 80-seat Assembly) for confirmation in the lower chamber, he received 37 votes in favor, with 35 votes against. Based upon the vote in the Legislature, Governor Schwarzenegger considered having <mask> sworn into office, which may have set up a legal battle with Democrats. Instead, Schwarzenegger resubmitted the nomination of <mask> on February 17.<mask> received confirmation from the Assembly on April 22, 2010 by a 53-21 vote and from the Senate on April 26, 2010 by a 25-7 vote. He was sworn in as Lieutenant Governor on April 27, 2010. 2010 election

<mask> ran for the Republican nomination for the office in June and won with 43.4% of the vote. <mask> was defeated on November 2, 2010 by Democratic San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom. Career since 2010

2012 congressional campaign

In 2011, <mask> announced his intention to challenge U.S. Representative Lois Capps, a Democrat, for her seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in the 2012 elections. <mask> was defeated by Capps in the election by a 55.2% to 44.8% margin. 2014 run for governor

On May 20, 2013, <mask> announced he would seek the Republican nomination for the 2014 California gubernatorial election.On June 28, 2013, <mask> came out in support of the Supreme Court's ruling that cleared the way for same-sex marriage in California, and said that same-sex couples should be afforded the same rights and protections as heterosexual couples. Although <mask> had supported Proposition 8 in 2008, he reversed his position in 2011 when a cousin revealed that he was gay. He also said his four children helped change his position. <mask> withdrew from the race on January 16, 2014. His campaign was beset by problems: he accused Governor Brown of things that occurred years before he was elected, he struggled to raise money, his campaign's senior staff left in September 2013, and his campaign failed to gain traction after the entry of fellow Republicans Tim Donnelly and Neel Kashkari into the race. In announcing his withdrawal, <mask> said: "Now is not my time... I know it's cliché to say I am not running so I can spend more time with my family.Everybody says that. But the truth is, that is, a major factor in my decision today. I have missed some birthdays, family holidays and even anniversaries. From this day forward [my wife] now controls my schedule." Potential Trump Administration appointment
In January 2017, it was reported by CNN that <mask> was an early frontrunner to serve as United States Secretary of Agriculture in the cabinet of then-President-elect Donald Trump. His potential nomination was supported by the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials. However, Sonny Perdue was ultimately chosen for the role instead, a move that was criticized by former Governor Schwarzenegger.Personal life
He is married to <mask> and has four children. References

External links
Project Vote Smart

Join California <mask>

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1967 births
21st-century American politicians
American politicians of Mexican descent
California city council members
California Republicans
California state senators
Candidates in the 2006 United States elections
Candidates in the 2010 United States elections
Hispanic and Latino American mayors in California
Hispanic and Latino American politicians
Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in California
Lieutenant Governors of California
Living people
Mayors of places in California
Members of the California State Assembly
People from Santa Maria, California

masks:
Abel O
. Maldonado Jr
Maldonado
Maldonado
Maldonado
Maldonado
Maldonado
Maldonado
Maldonado
Maldonado
Maldonado
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Mayor Maldonado
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Abel
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Maldonado
Laura Maldonado
Abel Maldonado


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<mask> (born April 23, 1958) is an American philosopher of science who has done influential work on the metaphysical foundations of physics and logic. Education and career
<mask> graduated from Sidwell Friends School, Washington, D.C. Later he studied physics and philosophy at Yale University, and history and philosophy of science at the University of Pittsburgh, where he received his Ph.D. in 1986. He taught for more than two decades at Rutgers University before joining the Department of Philosophy at New York University in 2010. <mask> has also been a visiting professor at Harvard University and Carnegie Mellon University. He is a member of the "Foundational Questions Institute" of the Académie Internationale de Philosophie des Sciences and has received a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 2015 he was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He is the founder of the John Bell Institute for the Foundations of Physics in Sveta Nedilja, Hvar, Croatia.Since the academic year 2020–21 <mask> is Visiting Professor at the University of Italian Switzerland. <mask> is married to Vishnya <mask>; they have two children: Clio and Maxwell. Philosophical work
In his first book, Quantum Non-Locality and Relativity (1994), <mask> explains Bell's Theorem and the tension between violations of Bell's inequality and relativity. In Truth and Paradox: Solving the Riddles (2004), Maudlin presents a new resolution to the "Liar Paradox" (for example, the sentence "This sentence is false") and other semantic paradoxes that requires a modification of classical logic. In The Metaphysics Within Physics (2007) the central idea is that "metaphysics, in so far as it is concerned with the natural world, can do no better than to reflect on physics". Metaphysics is ontology. Ontology is the most generic study of what exists.Evidence for what exists, at least in the physical world, is provided solely by empirical research. Hence the proper object of most metaphysics is the careful analysis of our best scientific theories (and especially of fundamental physical theories) with the goal of determining what they imply about the constitution of the physical world. Maudlin delves into fundamental topics of cosmology, arguing that laws of nature ought to be taken as primitive, not reduced to something else, and that the passage and direction of time are fundamental. On this theory the arrow of time has a single direction and time is asymmetric, contradicting the quantum-mechanical idea of time's symmetry and other theories that deny the existence of time, as championed by physicist Julian Barbour. I believe that it is a fundamental, irreducible fact about the spatio-temporal structure of the world that time passes. [...] The passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world, an asymmetry that has no spatial counterpart.[...] Still, going from Mars to Earth is not the same as going from Earth to Mars.The difference, if you will, is how these sequences of states are oriented with respect to the passage of time. [...] The belief that time passes, in this sense, has no bearing on the question of the 'reality' of the past or of the future. I believe that the past is real: there are facts about what happened in the past that are independent of the present state of the world and independent of all knowledge or beliefs about the past. I similarly believe that there is (i.e. will be) a single unique future. I know what it would be to believe that the past is unreal (i.e. nothing ever happened, everything was just created ex nihilo) and to believe that the future is unreal (i.e.all will end, I will not exist tomorrow, I have no future). I do not believe these things, and would act very differently if I did. Insofar as belief in the reality of the past and the future constitutes a belief in a 'block universe', I believe in a block universe. But I also believe that time passes, and see no contradiction or tension between these views. <mask> defends his view over rival proposals by David Lewis and Bas Van Fraassen, among others. Lewis analyzed natural laws as those generalizations that figure in all theoretical systematizations of empirical truths that best combine strength and simplicity. Maudlin objects that this analysis rides roughshod over the intuition that some such generalizations could fail to be laws in worlds that we should follow scientists in deeming physically possible.Van Fraassen argued that laws of nature are of no philosophical significance, and may be eliminated in favor of models in a satisfactory analysis of science. Maudlin counters that this deprives one of the resources to say how cutting down its class of models can enhance a theory's explanatory power, a phenomenon readily accounted for when one takes a theory's model class as well as its explanatory power to derive from its constituent laws (Richard Healey, University of Arizona). In Philosophy of Physics: Space and Time (2012) Maudlin explains the philosophical issues of relativity to a lay audience, though some of his arguments, like his divorcing of the resolution of the twin paradox from the presence of acceleration for the travelling twin, have been criticised in the literature. In New Foundations for Physical Geometry (2014) he proposes a new mathematics of physical space called the theory of linear structures. Maudlin's subject is specifically empirical spacetime, which he believes a kind of linearization describes better than abstract topological open sets. Bibliography

Books
 Quantum Non-Locality and Relativity: Metaphysical Intimations of Modern Physics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994; Second Edition, 2002; Third Edition, 2011
 Truth and Paradox: Solving the Riddles.Oxford University Press, 2004
 The Metaphysics Within Physics. Oxford University Press, 2007
 Philosophy of Physics, Volume 1: "Space and Time". Princeton University Press, 2012
 Philosophy of Physics, Volume 2: "Quantum Theory". Princeton University Press, 2019

Papers and book chapters
 “Three Roads to Objective Probability”, in Probabilities in Physics, edited by Claus Beisbart and Stephan Hartmann, Oxford University Press, pp. 293–322 (2011)
 Preface to Quantum Physics Without Quantum Philosophy by Detfel Dürr, Sheldon Golstein and Nino Zanghi, forthcoming from Springer Verlag
 “The Nature of the Quantum State”, forthcoming in The Wavefunction, edited by Alyssa Ney and David Albert, Oxford University Press
 “On the Albertian Demon”, forthcoming in a book commenting on David Albert’s Time and Chance, edited by Barry Loewer, Brad Weslake and Eric Winsberg, Harvard University Press
 “Time and the Geometry of the Universe”, in The Future of the Philosophy of Time, edited by Adrian Bardon, Routledge, pp. 188–216 (2012)
 Interview in Philosophy of Physics: 5 +1 Questions, edited by Juan Ferret and John Symons, Automatic Press, pp. 105–111
 “The Geometry of Space-Time”, The Aristotelian Society, Supplementary volume LXXXIV, pp.63–78 (2010)
 “Can the World Be Only Wavefunction?” in Many Worlds?, edited by Jonathan Barrett, Adrian Kent, Simon Saunders and David Wallace, Oxford University Press 2010, pp. 121–143
 “What Bell Proved: A Reply to Blaylock”, American Journal of Physics 78, vol.1, 121-125 (January 2010)
 “Space, Absolute and Relational”, Routledge Companion to Metaphysics, edited by Robin LePoidevin,Routledge: London, 2009, pp. 420–429
 “Grading, Sorting and the Sorites”,  Midwest Studies in Philosophy, Volume XXXII (“Truth and Its Deformities”) 2008, pp. 141–168
 “Reducing Revenge to Discomfort” in Revenge of the Liar, edited by J. C. Beall, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 184–196
 “Completeness, Supervenience and Ontology” in The Quantum Universe, a special edition of Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, Phys. A: Math. Theor.40 (2007) 3151-3171
 “What Could Be Objective About Probabilities?”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 38, 275-91, (June 2007)
 “Non-Local Correlations” in Quantum Theory: Some Ways the Trick Might be Done, Einstein, Relativity, and Absolute Simultaneity, ed. Quentin Smith and William Lane Craig, Routledge (2007) pp. 186–209
 “The Message of the Quantum?”, with M. Daumer, D. Dürr, S. Goldstein, R. Tumulka, and N. Zanghì, in Quantum Mechanics: Are there Quantum Jumps? and On the Present Status of Quantum Mechanics, edited by A. Bassi, D. Dürr, T. Weber and N. Zanghì, AIP Conference Proceedings 844, 129-132 (American Institute of Physics, 2006), quant-ph/0604173
 Abstract of Truth and Paradox with replies to comments by Hartry Field, Anil Gupta, and Nuel Belnap, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research November  2006, 696-704 and 728-739
 “Time Travel and Modern Physics” (With Frank Arntzenius), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, republished in Time, Reality and Experience, edited by C. Callender, Cambridge University Press, 2002
 "Computation and Consciousness", Journal of Philosophy 86, pp. 407–432

References

External links
 Dept. Philosophy NY University Access 2012/11/21
 Interview in bigthink.com Access 2012/11/21
 On time and existence in YouTube Access 2012/11/21
 Works in philpapers.org Access 2012/11/21
 Interview in The Atlantic Access 2012/11/21
 Text of article "Computation and Consciousness" in finney.org Access 2012/11/29
 Horgan, J. (Nov 1, 2018).Philosophy has made plenty of progress: Philosopher <mask>lin sees advances in free will, morality and the meaning of quantum mechanics. Scientific American, blog Cross-Check Access 2018/11/19

Living people
1958 births
Philosophers of science
Philosophers of cosmology
Rutgers University faculty
New York University faculty
Yale University alumni
University of Pittsburgh alumni
21st-century American philosophers
American logicians

masks:
Tim William Eric Maudlin
Maudlin
Maudlin
Maudlin
Tim Maudlin
Maudlin
Maudlin
Maudlin
Tim Maud