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 from some vocal contributions from Linda, <mask> is a one-man album, with <mask> providing compositions, instrumentation and vocals. In 1971, he collaborated with Linda and drummer Denny Seiwell on a second album, Ram. A UK number one and a US top five, Ram included the co-written US number-one hit single "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey". Later that year, ex-Moody Blues guitarist Denny Laine joined the <mask>s and Seiwell to form the band Wings. <mask> had this to say on the group's formation: "Wings were always a difficult idea ... any group having to follow [the Beatles'] success would have a hard job ... I found myself in that very position.However, it was a choice between going on or finishing, and I loved music too much to think of stopping." In September 1971, the <mask>s' daughter Stella was born, named in honour of Linda's grandmothers, both of whom were named Stella. Following the addition of guitarist Henry McCullough, Wings' first concert tour began in 1972 with a debut performance in front of an audience of seven hundred at the University of Nottingham. Ten more gigs followed as they travelled across the UK in a van during an unannounced tour of universities, during which the band stayed in modest accommodation and received pay in coinage collected from students, while avoiding Beatles songs during their performances. <mask> later said, "The main thing I didn't want was to come on stage, faced with the whole torment of five rows of press people with little pads, all looking at me and saying, 'Oh well, he is not as good as he was.' So we decided to go out on that university tour which made me less nervous ... by the end of that tour I felt ready for something else, so we went into Europe." During the seven-week, 25-show Wings Over Europe Tour, the band played almost solely Wings and <mask> solo material: the Little Richard cover "Long Tall Sally" was the only song that had previously been recorded by the Beatles.<mask> wanted the tour to avoid large venues; most of the small halls they played had capacities of fewer than 3,000 people. In March 1973, Wings achieved their first US number-one single, "My Love", included on their second LP, Red Rose Speedway, a US number one and UK top five. <mask>'s collaboration with Linda and former Beatles producer Martin resulted in the song "Live and Let Die", which was the theme song for the James Bond film of the same name. Nominated for an Academy Award, the song reached number two in the US and number nine in the UK. It also earned Martin a Grammy for his orchestral arrangement. Music professor and author Vincent Benitez described the track as "symphonic rock at its best". After the departure of McCullough and Seiwell in 1973, the <mask>s and Laine recorded Band on the Run.The album was the first of seven platinum Wings LPs. It was a US and UK number one, the band's first to top the charts in both countries and the first ever to reach Billboard magazine's charts on three separate occasions. One of the best-selling releases of the decade, it remained on the UK charts for 124 weeks. Rolling Stone named it one of the Best Albums of the Year for 1973, and in 1975, <mask> and Wings won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance for the song "Band on the Run" and Geoff Emerick won the Grammy for Best Engineered Recording for the album. In 1974, Wings achieved a second US number-one single with the title track. The album also included the top-ten hits "Jet" and "Helen Wheels", and earned the 418th spot on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. In 1974, <mask> hired guitarist Jimmy McCulloch and drummer Geoff Britton to replace McCullough and Seiwell.Britton subsequently quit during recording sessions in 1975 and was replaced by Joe English. Wings followed Band on the Run with the chart-topping albums Venus and Mars (1975) and Wings at the Speed of Sound (1976). In 1975, they began the fourteen-month Wings Over the World Tour, which included stops in the UK, Australia, Europe and the US. The tour marked the first time <mask> performed Beatles songs live with Wings, with five in the two-hour set list: "I've Just Seen a Face", "Yesterday", "Blackbird", "Lady Madonna" and "The Long and Winding Road". Following the second European leg of the tour and extensive rehearsals in London, the group undertook an ambitious US arena tour that yielded the US number-one live triple LP Wings over America. In September 1977, the <mask>s had a third child, a son they named James. In November, the Wings song "Mull of Kintyre", co-written with Laine, was quickly becoming one of the best-selling singles in UK chart history.The most successful single of <mask>'s solo career, it achieved double the sales of the previous record holder, "She Loves You", and went on to sell 2.5 million copies and hold the UK sales record until the 1984 charity single, "Do They Know It's Christmas?" London Town (1978) spawned a US number-one single ("With a Little Luck"), and continued Wings' string of commercial successes, making the top five in both the US and the UK. Critical reception was unfavourable, and <mask> expressed disappointment with the album. Back to the Egg (1979) featured <mask>'s assemblage of a rock supergroup dubbed "Rockestra" on two tracks. The band included Wings along with Pete Townshend, David Gilmour, Gary Brooker, <mask> Jones, John Bonham and others. Though certified platinum, critics panned the album. Wings completed their final concert tour in 1979, with twenty shows in the UK that included the live debut of the Beatles songs "Got to Get You into My Life", "The Fool on the Hill" and "Let it Be".In 1980, <mask> released his second solo LP, the self-produced McCartney II, which peaked at number one in the UK and number three in the US. As with his first album, he composed and performed it alone. The album contained the song "Coming Up", the live version of which, recorded in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1979 by Wings, became the group's last number-one hit. By 1981, <mask> felt he had accomplished all he could creatively with Wings and decided he needed a change. The group discontinued in April 1981 after Laine quit following disagreements over royalties and salaries. 1982–1990
In 1982, <mask> collaborated with Stevie Wonder on the Martin-produced number-one hit "Ebony and Ivory", included on <mask>'s Tug of War LP, and with Michael Jackson on "The Girl Is Mine" from Thriller. "Ebony and Ivory" was <mask>'s record 28th single to hit number one on the Billboard 100.The following year, he and Jackson worked on "Say Say Say", <mask>'s most recent US number one . <mask> earned his latest UK number one  with the title track of his LP release that year, "Pipes of Peace". In 1984, <mask> starred in the musical Give My Regards to Broad Street, a feature film he also wrote and produced which included Starr in an acting role. It was disparaged by critics: Variety described the film as "characterless, bloodless, and pointless"; while Roger Ebert awarded it a single star, writing, "you can safely skip the movie and proceed directly to the soundtrack". The album fared much better, reaching number one in the UK and producing the US top-ten hit single "No More Lonely Nights", featuring David Gilmour on lead guitar. In 1985, Warner Brothers commissioned <mask> to write a song for the comedic feature film Spies Like Us. He composed and recorded the track in four days, with Phil Ramone co-producing.<mask> participated in Live Aid, performing "Let it Be", but technical difficulties rendered his vocals and piano barely audible for the first two verses, punctuated by squeals of feedback. Equipment technicians resolved the problems and David Bowie, Alison Moyet, Pete Townshend and Bob Geldof joined <mask> on stage, receiving an enthusiastic crowd reaction. <mask> collaborated with Eric Stewart on Press to Play (1986), with Stewart co-writing more than half the songs on the LP. In 1988, <mask> released Снова в СССР, initially available only in the Soviet Union, which contained eighteen covers; recorded over the course of two days. In 1989, he joined forces with fellow Merseysiders Gerry Marsden and Holly Johnson to record an updated version of "Ferry Cross the Mersey", for the Hillsborough disaster appeal fund. That same year, he released Flowers in the Dirt; a collaborative effort with Elvis Costello that included musical contributions from Gilmour and Nicky Hopkins. <mask> then formed a band consisting of himself and Linda, with Hamish Stuart and Robbie McIntosh on guitars, <mask>Wix" Wickens on keyboards and Chris Whitten on drums.In September 1989, they launched the Paul McCartney World Tour, his first in over a decade. During the tour, <mask> performed for the largest paying stadium audience in history on 21 April 1990, when 184,000 people attended his concert at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. That year, he released the triple album Tripping the Live Fantastic, which contained selected performances from the tour. 1991–1999
<mask> ventured into orchestral music in 1991 when the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society commissioned a musical piece by him to celebrate its sesquicentennial. He collaborated with composer Carl Davis, producing Liverpool Oratorio. The performance featured opera singers Kiri Te Kanawa, Sally Burgess, Jerry Hadley and Willard White with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra and the choir of Liverpool Cathedral. Reviews were negative.The Guardian was especially critical, describing the music as "afraid of anything approaching a fast tempo", and adding that the piece has "little awareness of the need for recurrent ideas that will bind the work into a whole". The paper published a letter <mask> submitted in response in which he noted several of the work's faster tempos and added, "happily, history shows that many good pieces of music were not liked by the critics of the time so I am content to ... let people judge for themselves the merits of the work." The New York Times was slightly more generous, stating, "There are moments of beauty and pleasure in this dramatic miscellany ... the music's innocent sincerity makes it difficult to be put off by its ambitions". Performed around the world after its London premiere, the Liverpool Oratorio reached number one on the UK classical chart, Music Week. In 1991, <mask> performed a selection of acoustic-only songs on MTV Unplugged and released a live album of the performance titled Unplugged (The Official Bootleg). During the 1990s, <mask> collaborated twice with Youth of Killing Joke as the musical duo "the Fireman". The two released their first electronica album together, Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest, in 1993.<mask> released the rock album Off the Ground in 1993. The subsequent New World Tour followed, which led to the release of the Paul Is Live album later that year. Starting in 1994, <mask> took a four-year break from his solo career to work on Apple's Beatles Anthology project with Harrison, Starr and Martin. He recorded a radio series called Oobu Joobu in 1995 for the American network Westwood One, which he described as "widescreen radio". Also in 1995, Prince Charles presented him with an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Music—"kind of amazing for somebody who doesn't read a note of music", commented <mask>. In 1997, <mask> released the rock album Flaming Pie. Starr appeared on drums and backing vocals in "Beautiful Night".Later that year, he released the classical work Standing Stone, which topped the UK and US classical charts. In 1998, he released Rushes, the second electronica album by the Fireman. In 1999, <mask> released Run Devil Run. Recorded in one week, and featuring Ian Paice and David Gilmour, it was primarily an album of covers with three <mask> originals. He had been planning such an album for years, having been previously encouraged to do so by Linda, who had died of cancer in April 1998. <mask> did an unannounced performance at the benefit tribute, "Concert for Linda", his wife of 29 years who died a year earlier. It was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London on 10 April 1999, and was organised by two of her close friends, Chrissie Hynde and Carla Lane.Also during 1999, he continued his experimentation with orchestral music on Working Classical. 2000–2009
In 2000, he released the electronica album Liverpool Sound Collage with Super Furry Animals and Youth, using the sound collage and musique concrète techniques that had fascinated him in the mid-1960s. He contributed the song "Nova" to a tribute album of classical, choral music called A Garland for Linda (2000), dedicated to his late wife. Having witnessed the September 11 attacks from the JFK airport tarmac, <mask> was inspired to take a leading role in organising the Concert for New York City. His studio album release in November that year, Driving Rain, included the song "Freedom", written in response to the attacks. The following year, <mask> went out on tour with a new band that included guitarists Rusty Anderson and Brian Ray, accompanied by <mask>Wix" Wickens on keyboards and Abe Laboriel Jr. on drums. They began the Driving World Tour in April 2002, which included stops in the US, Mexico and Japan.The tour resulted in the double live album Back in the US, released internationally in 2003 as Back in the World. The tour earned a reported $126.2 million, an average of over $2 million per night, and Billboard named it the top tour of the year. The group continues to play together; <mask> has played live with Ray, Anderson, Laboriel, and Wickens longer than he played live with the Beatles or Wings. In July 2002, <mask> married Heather Mills. In November, on the first anniversary of George Harrison's death, <mask> performed at the Concert for George. He participated in the National Football League's Super Bowl, performing "Freedom" during the pre-game show for Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002 and headlining the halftime show at Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005. The English College of Arms honoured <mask> in 2002 by granting him a coat of arms.His crest, featuring a Liver bird holding an acoustic guitar in its claw, reflects his background in Liverpool and his musical career. The shield includes four curved emblems which resemble beetles' backs. The arms' motto is Ecce Cor Meum, Latin for "Behold My Heart". In 2003, the <mask>s had a child, Beatrice Milly. In July 2005, he performed at the Live 8 event in Hyde Park, London, opening the show with "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (with U2) and closing it with "Drive My Car" (with George Michael), "Helter Skelter", and "The Long and Winding Road". In September, he released the rock album Chaos and Creation in the Backyard, for which he provided most of the instrumentation.In 2006, <mask> released the classical work Ecce Cor Meum. The rock album Memory Almost Full followed in 2007. In 2008, he released his third Fireman album, Electric Arguments. Also in 2008, he performed at a concert in Liverpool to celebrate the city's year as European Capital of Culture. In 2009, after a four-year break, he returned to touring and has since performed over 80 shows. More than forty-five years after the Beatles first appeared on American television during The Ed Sullivan Show, he returned to the same New York theatre to perform on Late Show with David Letterman. On 9 September 2009, EMI reissued the Beatles catalogue following a four-year digital remastering effort, releasing a music video game called The Beatles: Rock Band the same day.<mask>'s enduring fame has made him a popular choice to open new venues. In 2009, he performed three sold-out concerts at the newly built Citi Field, a venue constructed to replace Shea Stadium in Queens, New York. These performances yielded the double live album Good Evening New York City later that year. 2010–present

In 2010, <mask> opened the Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; it was his first concert in Pittsburgh since 1990 due to the old Civic Arena being deemed unsuitable for <mask>'s logistical needs. In July 2011, <mask> performed at two sold-out concerts at the new Yankee Stadium. A New York Times review of the first concert reported that <mask> was "not saying goodbye but touring stadiums and playing marathon concerts". <mask> was commissioned by the New York City Ballet, and in

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 September 2011, he released his first score for dance, a collaboration with Peter Martins called Ocean's Kingdom.Also in 2011, <mask> married Nancy Shevell. He released Kisses on the Bottom, a collection of standards, in February 2012, the same month that the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences honoured him as the MusiCares Person of the Year, two days prior to his performance at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards. <mask> remains one of the world's top draws. He played to over 100,000 people during two performances in Mexico City in May, with the shows grossing nearly $6 million. In June 2012, <mask> closed Queen Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee Concert held outside Buckingham Palace, performing a set that included "Let It Be" and "Live and Let Die". He closed the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London on 27 July, singing "The End" and "Hey Jude" and inviting the audience to join in on the coda. Having donated his time, he received £1 from the Olympic organisers.On 12 December 2012, <mask> performed with three former members of Nirvana (Krist Novoselic, Dave Grohl, and guest member Pat Smear) during the closing act of 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief, seen by approximately two billion people worldwide. On 28 August 2013, <mask> released the title track of his upcoming studio album New, which came out in October 2013. A primetime entertainment special was taped on 27 January 2014 at the Ed Sullivan Theater with a 9 February 2014 CBS airing. The show featured <mask> and Ringo Starr, and celebrated the legacy of the Beatles and their groundbreaking 1964 performance on The Ed Sullivan Show. The show, titled The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to The Beatles, featured 22 classic Beatles songs as performed by various artists, including <mask> and Starr. In May 2014, <mask> canceled a sold-out tour of Japan and postponed a US tour to October due to begin that month after he contracted a virus. He resumed the tour with a high-energy three-hour appearance in Albany, New York on 5 July 2014.On 14 August 2014, <mask> performed in the final concert at Candlestick Park in San Francisco, California before its demolition. It was the same venue that the Beatles played their final concert in 1966. In 2014, <mask> wrote and performed "Hope for the Future", the ending song for the video game Destiny. In November 2014, a 42-song tribute album titled The Art of McCartney was released, which features a wide range of artists covering <mask>'s solo and Beatles work. Also that year, <mask> collaborated with American rapper Kanye West on the single "Only One", released on 31 December. In January 2015, <mask> collaborated with West and Barbadian singer Rihanna on the single "FourFiveSeconds". They released a music video for the song in January and performed it live at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards on 8 February 2015.<mask> featured on West's 2015 single "All Day", which also features Theophilus London and Allan Kingdom. In February 2015, <mask> performed with <mask> for the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special. <mask> and Simon performed the first verse of "I've Just Seen a Face" on acoustic guitars, and <mask> later performed "Maybe I'm Amazed". <mask> shared lead vocals on the Alice Cooper-led Hollywood Vampires supergroup's cover of his song "Come and Get It", which appears on their debut album, released on 11 September 2015. On 10 June 2016, <mask> released the career-spanning collection Pure McCartney. The set includes songs from throughout <mask>'s solo career and his work with Wings and the Fireman, and is available in three different formats (2-CD, 4-CD, 4-LP and Digital). The 4-CD version includes 67 tracks, most of which were top-40 hits.<mask> appeared in the 2017 adventure film Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, in a cameo role as Uncle Jack. In January 2017, <mask> filed a suit in United States district court against Sony/ATV Music Publishing seeking to reclaim ownership of his share of the <mask> song catalogue beginning in 2018. Under US copyright law, for works published before 1978 the author can reclaim copyrights assigned to a publisher after 56 years. <mask> and Sony agreed to a confidential settlement in June 2017. On 20 June 2018, <mask> released "I Don't Know" and "Come On to Me" from his album Egypt Station, which was released on 7 September through Capitol Records. Egypt Station became <mask>'s first album in 36 years to top the Billboard 200, and his first to debut at number one. On 26 July 2018 <mask> played at The Cavern Club, with his regular band of Anderson, Ray, Wickens and Abe Laboriel Jr.The gig was filmed and later broadcast by BBC, on Christmas Day 2020, as <mask> at the Cavern Club. <mask>'s 18th solo album, McCartney III, was released on 18 December 2020, via Capitol Records. An album of "reinterpretations, remixes, and covers" titled McCartney III Imagined was released on 16 April 2021. <mask>'s book The Lyrics: 1956 to the Present was released in November 2021. Described as a "self-portrait in 154 songs", the book is based on conversations <mask> had with the Irish poet <mask>. The Lyrics was named Book of the Year by both Barnes & Noble and Waterstones. Musicianship
<mask> is a largely self-taught musician, and his approach was described by musicologist Ian MacDonald as "by nature drawn to music's formal aspects yet wholly untutored ... [he] produced technically 'finished' work almost entirely by instinct, his harmonic judgement based mainly on perfect pitch and an acute pair of ears ... [A] natural melodist—a creator of tunes capable of existing apart from their harmony."<mask> likened his approach to "the primitive cave artists, who drew without training". Early influences

<mask>'s earliest musical influences include Elvis Presley, Little Richard, Buddy Holly, Carl Perkins, and Chuck Berry. When asked why the Beatles did not include Presley on the Sgt. Pepper cover, <mask> replied, "Elvis was too important and too far above the rest even to mention ... so we didn't put him on the list because he was more than merely a ... pop singer, he was Elvis the King." <mask> stated that for his bassline for "I Saw Her Standing There", he directly quoted Berry's "I'm Talking About You". <mask> called Little Richard an idol, whose falsetto vocalisations inspired <mask>'s own vocal technique. <mask> said he wrote "I'm Down" as a vehicle for his Little Richard impersonation.In 1971, <mask> bought the publishing rights to Holly's catalogue, and in 1976, on the fortieth anniversary of Holly's birth, <mask> inaugurated the annual "Buddy Holly Week" in England. The festival has included guest performances by famous musicians, songwriting competitions, drawing contests and special events featuring performances by the Crickets. Bass guitar

Best known for primarily using a plectrum or pick, <mask> occasionally plays fingerstyle. He was strongly influenced by Motown artists, in particular James Jamerson, whom <mask> called a hero for his melodic style. He was also influenced by Brian Wilson, as he commented: "because he went to very unusual places". Another favourite bassist of his is Stanley Clarke. <mask>'s skill as a bass player has been acknowledged by bassists including Sting, Dr. Dre bassist Mike Elizondo, and Colin Moulding of XTC.During <mask>'s early years with the Beatles, he primarily used a Höfner 500/1 bass, although from 1965, he favoured his Rickenbacker 4001S for recording. While typically using Vox amplifiers, by 1967, he had also begun using a Fender Bassman for amplification. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, he used a Wal 5-String, which he said made him play more thick-sounding basslines, in contrast to the much lighter Höfner, which inspired him to play more sensitively, something he considers fundamental to his playing style. He changed back to the Höfner around 1990 for that reason. He uses Mesa Boogie bass amplifiers while performing live. MacDonald identified "She's a Woman" as the turning point when <mask>'s bass playing began to evolve dramatically, and Beatles biographer Chris Ingham singled out Rubber Soul as the moment when <mask>'s playing exhibited significant progress, particularly on "The Word". Bacon and Morgan agreed, calling <mask>'s groove on the track "a high point in pop bass playing and ... the first proof on a recording of his serious technical ability on the instrument."MacDonald inferred the influence of James Brown's "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" and Wilson Pickett's "In the Midnight Hour", American soul tracks from which <mask> absorbed elements and drew inspiration as he "delivered his most spontaneous bass-part to date". Bacon and Morgan described his bassline for the Beatles song "Rain" as "an astonishing piece of playing ... [<mask>] thinking in terms of both rhythm and 'lead bass' ... [choosing] the area of the neck ... he correctly perceives will give him clarity for melody without rendering his sound too thin for groove." MacDonald identified the influence of Indian classical music in "exotic melismas in the bass part" on "Rain" and described the playing as "so inventive that it threatens to overwhelm the track". By contrast, he recognised <mask>'s bass part on the Harrison-composed "Something" as creative but overly busy and "too fussily extemporised". <mask> identified Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band as containing his strongest and most inventive bass playing, particularly on "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds". Acoustic guitar

<mask> primarily flatpicks while playing acoustic guitar, though he also uses elements of fingerpicking.Examples of his acoustic guitar playing on Beatles tracks include "Yesterday", "Michelle", "Blackbird", "I Will", "Mother Nature's Son" and "Rocky Raccoon". <mask> singled out "Blackbird" as a personal favourite and described his technique for the guitar part in the following way: "I got my own little sort of cheating way of [fingerpicking] ... I'm actually sort of pulling two strings at a time ... I was trying to emulate those folk players." He employed a similar technique for "Jenny Wren". He played an Epiphone Texan on many of his acoustic recordings, but also used a Martin D-28. Electric guitar

<mask> played lead guitar on several Beatles recordings, including what MacDonald described as a "fiercely angular slide guitar solo" on "Drive My Car", which <mask> played on an Epiphone Casino.<mask> said of the instrument: "if I had to pick one electric guitar it would be this." <mask> bought the Casino in 1964, on the knowledge that the guitar's hollow body would produce more feedback. He has retained that original guitar to the present day. He contributed what MacDonald described as "a startling guitar solo" on the Harrison composition "Taxman" and the "shrieking" guitar on "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" and "Helter Skelter". MacDonald also praised <mask>'s "coruscating pseudo-Indian" guitar solo on "Good Morning Good Morning". <mask> also played lead guitar on "Another Girl".During his years with Wings, <mask> tended to leave electric guitar work to other group members, though he played most of the lead guitar on Band on the Run. In 1990, when asked who his favourite guitar players were he included Eddie Van Halen, Eric Clapton and David Gilmour, stating, "but I still like Hendrix the best". He has primarily used a Gibson Les Paul for electric work, particularly during live performances. In addition to these guitars, <mask> is known to use and own a range of other electric guitars, usually favouring the Fender Esquire and its subsequent incarnation, the Fender Telecaster, using the latter with a sunburst finish on Wings' tours in the 1970s. He also owns a rare Ampeg Dan Armstrong Plexi guitar, the only left handed one known to be in existence, which appeared in the Wings video for "Helen Wheels". Vocals
<mask> is known for his belting power, versatility and wide tenor vocal range, spanning over four octaves. He was ranked the 11th greatest singer of all time by Rolling Stone, voted the 8th greatest singer ever by NME readers and number 10 by Music Radar readers in the list of "the 30 greatest lead singers of all time".Over the years, <mask> has been named a significant vocal influence by Chris Cornell, Billy Joel, Steven Tyler, Brad Delp, and Axl Rose. <mask>'s vocals have crossed several music genres throughout his career. On "Call Me Back Again", according to Benitez, "<mask> shines as a bluesy solo vocalist", while MacDonald called "I'm Down" "a rock-and-roll classic" that "illustrates <mask>'s vocal and stylistic versatility". MacDonald described "Helter Skelter" as an early attempt at heavy metal, and "Hey Jude" as a "pop/rock hybrid", pointing out <mask>'s "use of gospel-style melismas" in the song and his "pseudo-soul shrieking in the fade-out". Benitez identified "Hope of Deliverance" and "Put It There" as examples of <mask>'s folk music efforts while musicologist Walter Everett considered "When I'm Sixty-Four" and "Honey Pie" attempts at vaudeville. MacDonald praised the "swinging beat" of the Beatles' twenty-four bar blues song, "She's a Woman" as "the most extreme sound they had manufactured to date", with <mask>'s voice "at the edge, squeezed to the upper limit of his chest register and threatening to crack at any moment." MacDonald described "I've Got a Feeling" as a "raunchy, mid-tempo rocker" with a "robust and soulful" vocal performance and "Back in the U.S.S.R." as "the last of [the Beatles'] up-tempo rockers", <mask>'s "belting" vocals among his best since "Drive My Car", recorded three years earlier.<mask> also teasingly tried out classical singing, namely singing various renditions of "Besame Mucho" with the Beatles. He continued experimenting with various musical and vocal styles throughout his post-Beatles career. "Monkberry Moon Delight" was described by Pitchfork's Jayson Greene as "an absolutely unhinged vocal take, <mask> gulping and sobbing right next to your inner ear", adding that "it could be a latter-day Tom Waits performance". Keyboards

<mask> played piano on several Beatles songs, including "She's a Woman", "For No One", "A Day in the Life", "Hello, Goodbye", "Lady Madonna", "Hey Jude", "Martha My Dear", "Let It Be" and "The Long and Winding Road". MacDonald considered the piano part in "Lady Madonna" as reminiscent of Fats Domino, and "Let It Be" as having a gospel rhythm. MacDonald called <mask>'s Mellotron intro on "Strawberry Fields Forever" an integral feature of the song's character. <mask> played a Moog synthesizer on the Beatles song "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" and the Wings track "Loup (1st Indian on the Moon)".Ingham described the Wings songs "With a Little Luck" and "London Town" as being "full of the most sensitive pop synthesizer touches". Drums
<mask> played drums on the Beatles' songs "Back in the U.S.S.R.", "Dear Prudence", "Martha My Dear", "Wild Honey Pie" and "The Ballad of John and Yoko". He also played all the drum parts on his albums <mask>, McCartney II and McCartney III, as well as on Wings' Band on the Run, and most of the drums on his solo LP Chaos and Creation in the Backyard. His other drumming contributions include <mask>' rendition of "And the Sun Will Shine" (1968), Steve Miller Band's 1969 tracks "Celebration Song" and "My Dark Hour", and "Sunday Rain" from the Foo Fighters' 2017 album Concrete and Gold. Tape loops
In the mid-1960s, when visiting artist friend John Dunbar's flat in London, <mask> brought tapes he had compiled at then-girlfriend Jane Asher's home. They included mixes of various songs, musical pieces and comments made by <mask> that Dick James made into a demo for him. Heavily influenced by American avant-garde musician John Cage, <mask> made tape loops by recording voices, guitars and bongos on a Brenell tape recorder and splicing the various loops.He referred to the finished product as "electronic symphonies". He reversed the tapes, sped them up, and slowed them down to create the desired effects, some of which the Beatles later used on the songs "Tomorrow Never Knows" and "The Fool on the Hill". Personal life

Creative outlets
While at school during the 1950s, <mask> thrived at art assignments, often earning top accolades for his visual work. However, his lack of discipline negatively affected his academic grades,

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 preventing him from earning admission to art college. During the 1960s, he delved into the visual arts, explored experimental cinema, and regularly attended film, theatrical and classical music performances. His first contact with the London avant-garde scene was through artist John Dunbar, who introduced <mask> to art dealer Robert Fraser. At Fraser's flat he first learned about art appreciation and met Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Peter Blake, and Richard Hamilton.<mask> later purchased works by Magritte, whose painting of an apple had inspired the Apple Records logo. <mask> became involved in the renovation and publicising of the Indica Gallery in Mason's Yard, London, which Barry Miles had co-founded and where Lennon first met Yoko Ono. Miles also co-founded International Times, an underground paper that <mask> helped to start with direct financial support and by providing interviews to attract advertiser income. Miles later wrote <mask>'s official biography, Many Years from Now (1997). <mask> became interested in painting after watching artist Willem de Kooning work in de Kooning's Long Island studio. <mask> took up painting in 1983, and he first exhibited his work in Siegen, Germany, in 1999. The 70-painting show featured portraits of Lennon, Andy Warhol and David Bowie.Though initially reluctant to display his paintings publicly, <mask> chose the gallery because events organiser Wolfgang Suttner showed genuine interest in <mask>'s art. In September 2000, the first UK exhibition of <mask>'s paintings opened, featuring 500 canvases at the Arnolfini Gallery in Bristol, England. In October 2000, <mask>'s art debuted in his hometown of Liverpool. <mask> said, "I've been offered an exhibition of my paintings at the Walker Art Gallery ... where John and I used to spend many a pleasant afternoon. So I'm really excited about it. I didn't tell anybody I painted for 15 years but now I'm out of the closet". <mask> is lead patron of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts, a school in the building formerly occupied by the Liverpool Institute for Boys.When <mask> was a child, his mother read him poems and encouraged him to read books. His father invited <mask> and his brother Michael to solve crosswords with him, to increase their "word power", as <mask> said. In 2001, <mask> published Blackbird Singing, a volume of poems and lyrics to his songs for which he gave readings in Liverpool and New York City. In the foreword of the book, he explains: "When I was a teenager ... I had an overwhelming desire to have a poem published in the school magazine. I wrote something deep and meaningful—which was promptly rejected—and I suppose I have been trying to get my own back ever since". His first children's book was published by Faber & Faber in 2005, High in the Clouds: An Urban Furry Tail, a collaboration with writer Philip Ardagh and animator Geoff Dunbar.Featuring a squirrel whose woodland home is razed by developers, it had been scripted and sketched by <mask> and Dunbar over several years, as an animated film. The Observer labelled it an "anti-capitalist children's book". In 2018, he wrote the children's book Hey Grandude! together with illustrator Kathryn Durst, which was published by Random House Books in September 2019. The book is about a grandpa and his three grandchildren with a magic compass on an adventure. In 1981, <mask> asked Geoff Dunbar to direct a short animated film called Rupert and the Frog Song; <mask> was the writer and producer, and he also added some of the character voices. His song "We All Stand Together" from the film's soundtrack reached No.3 in the UK Singles Chart. In 1992, he worked with Dunbar on an animated film about the work of French artist Honoré Daumier, which won them a BAFTA award. In 2004, they worked together on the animated short film Tropic Island Hum. The accompanying single, "Tropic Island Hum"/"We All Stand Together", reached number 21 in the UK. <mask> also produced and hosted The Real Buddy Holly Story, a 1985 documentary featuring interviews with Keith Richards, Phil and Don Everly, the Holly family, and others. In 1995, he made a guest appearance on the Simpsons episode "Lisa the Vegetarian" and directed a short documentary about the Grateful Dead. Business
Since the Rich List began in 1989, <mask> has been the UK's wealthiest musician, with an estimated fortune of £730 million in 2015.In addition to an interest in Apple Corps and MPL Communications, an umbrella company for his business interests, he owns a significant music publishing catalogue, with access to over 25,000 copyrights, including the publishing rights to the musicals Guys and Dolls, A Chorus Line, Annie and Grease. He earned £40 million in 2003, the highest income that year within media professions in the UK. This rose to £48.5 million by 2005. <mask>'s 18-date On the Run Tour grossed £37 million in 2012. <mask> signed his first recording contract, as a member of the Beatles, with Parlophone Records, an EMI subsidiary, in June 1962. In the United States, the Beatles recordings were distributed by EMI subsidiary Capitol Records. The Beatles re-signed with EMI for another nine years in 1967.After forming their own record label, Apple Records, in 1968, the Beatles' recordings would be released through Apple although the masters were still owned by EMI. Following the break-up of the Beatles, <mask>'s music continued to be released by Apple Records under the Beatles' 1967 recording contract with EMI which ran until 1976. Following the formal dissolution of the Beatles' partnership in 1975, <mask> re-signed with EMI worldwide and Capitol in the US, Canada and Japan, acquiring ownership of his solo catalogue from EMI as part of the deal. In 1979, <mask> signed with Columbia Records in the US and Canada—reportedly receiving the industry's most lucrative recording contract to date, while remaining with EMI for distribution throughout the rest of the world. As part of the deal, CBS offered <mask> ownership of Frank Music, publisher of the catalogue of American songwriter Frank Loesser. <mask>'s album sales were below CBS' expectations and reportedly the company lost at least $9 million on the contract. <mask> returned to Capitol in the US in 1985, remaining with EMI until 2006.In 2007, <mask> signed with Hear Music, becoming the label's first artist. . He returned to Capitol for 2018's Egypt Station. In 1963, Dick James established Northern Songs to publish the songs of <mask>. <mask> initially owned 20% of Northern Songs, which became 15% after a public stock offering in 1965. In 1969, James sold a controlling interest in Northern Songs to Lew Grade's Associated Television (ATV) after which <mask> and John Lennon sold their remaining shares although they remained under contract to ATV until 1973. In 1972, <mask> re-signed with ATV for seven years in a joint publishing agreement between ATV and McCartney Music. Since 1979, MPL Communications has published <mask>'s songs.<mask> and Yoko Ono attempted to purchase the Northern Songs catalogue in 1981, but Grade declined their offer. Soon afterward, ATV Music's parent company, Associated Communications Corp., was acquired in a takeover by businessman Robert Holmes à Court, who later sold ATV Music to Michael Jackson in 1985. <mask> has criticised Jackson's purchase and handling of Northern Songs over the years. In 1995, Jackson merged his catalogue with Sony for a reported £59,052,000 ($95 million), establishing Sony/ATV Music Publishing, in which he retained half-ownership. Northern Songs was formally dissolved in 1995, and absorbed into the Sony/ATV catalogue. <mask> receives writers' royalties which together are 33⅓ percent of total commercial proceeds in the US, and which vary elsewhere between 50 and 55 percent. Two of the Beatles' earliest songs—"Love Me Do" and "P.S.I Love You"—were published by an EMI subsidiary, Ardmore & Beechwood, before signing with James. <mask> acquired their publishing rights from Ardmore in 1978, and they are the only two Beatles songs owned by MPL Communications. Drugs
<mask> first used drugs in the Beatles' Hamburg days when they often used Preludin to maintain their energy while performing for long periods. Bob Dylan introduced them to marijuana in a New York hotel room in 1964; <mask> recalls getting "very high" and "giggling uncontrollably". His use of the drug soon became habitual, and according to Miles, <mask> wrote the lyrics "another kind of mind" in "Got to Get You into My Life" specifically as a reference to cannabis. During the filming of Help!, <mask> occasionally smoked a joint in the car on the way to the studio during filming, and often forgot his lines. Director Richard Lester overheard two physically attractive women trying to persuade <mask> to use heroin, but he refused.Introduced to cocaine by Robert Fraser, <mask> used the drug regularly during the recording of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, and for about a year in total but stopped because of his dislike of the unpleasant melancholy he felt afterwards. Initially reluctant to try LSD, <mask> eventually did so in late 1966, and took his second "acid trip" in March 1967 with Lennon after a Sgt. Pepper studio session. He later became the first Beatle to discuss the drug publicly, declaring: "It opened my eyes ... [and] made me a better, more honest, more tolerant member of society." He made his attitude about cannabis public in 1967, when he, along with the other Beatles and Epstein, added his name to a July advertisement in The Times, which called for its legalisation, the release of those imprisoned for possession, and research into marijuana's medical uses. In 1972, a Swedish court fined <mask> £1,000 for cannabis possession.Soon after, Scottish police found marijuana plants growing on his farm, leading to his 1973 conviction for illegal cultivation and a £100 fine. As a result of his drug convictions, the US government repeatedly denied him a visa until December 1973. Arrested again for marijuana possession in 1975 in Los Angeles, Linda took the blame, and the court soon dismissed the charges. In January 1980, when Wings flew to Tokyo for a tour of Japan, customs officials found approximately  of cannabis in his luggage. They arrested <mask> and brought him to a local jail while the Japanese government decided what to do. After ten days, they released and deported him without charge. In 1984, while <mask> was on holiday in Barbados, authorities arrested him for possession of marijuana and fined him $200.Upon his return to England, he stated that cannabis was less harmful than the legal substances alcohol, tobacco and glue, and that he had done no harm to anyone. In 1997, he spoke out in support of decriminalisation of cannabis: "People are smoking pot anyway and to make them criminals is wrong." He quit cannabis in 2015, citing a desire to set a good example for his grandchildren. Vegetarianism and activism

Since 1975, <mask> has been a vegetarian. He and his wife Linda were vegetarians for most of their 29-year marriage. They decided to stop consuming meat after <mask> saw lambs in a field as they were eating a meal of lamb. Soon after, the couple became outspoken animal rights activists.In his first interview after Linda's death, he promised to continue working for animal rights, and in 1999, he spent £3,000,000 to ensure Linda McCartney Foods remained free of genetically engineered ingredients. In 1995, he narrated the documentary Devour the Earth, written by Tony Wardle. <mask> is a supporter of the animal-rights organisation People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. He has appeared in the group's campaigns, and in 2009, <mask> narrated a video for them titled "Glass Walls", which was harshly critical of slaughterhouses, the meat industry, and their effect on animal welfare. <mask> has also supported campaigns headed by the Humane Society of the United States, Humane Society International, World Animal Protection, and the David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation. Following <mask>'s marriage to Mills, he joined her in a campaign against land mines, becoming a patron of Adopt-A-Minefield. In a 2003 meeting at the Kremlin with Vladimir Putin, ahead of a concert in Red Square, <mask> and Mills urged Russia to join the anti-landmine campaign.In 2006, the <mask>s travelled to Prince Edward Island to raise international awareness of seal hunting. The couple debated with Danny Williams, Newfoundland's then Premier, on Larry King Live, stating that fishermen should stop hunting seals and start seal-watching businesses instead. <mask> also supports the Make Poverty History campaign. <mask> has participated in several charity recordings and performances, including the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Live Aid, Live 8, and the recording of "Ferry Cross the Mersey". In 2004, he donated a song to an album to aid the "US Campaign for Burma", in support of Burmese Nobel Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi. In 2008, he donated a song to Aid Still Required's CD, organised as an effort to raise funds to assist with the recovery from the devastation caused in Southeast Asia by the 2004 tsunami. In 2009, <mask> wrote to Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, asking him why he was not a vegetarian.As <mask> explained, "He wrote back very kindly, saying, 'my doctors tell me that I must eat meat'. And I wrote back again, saying, you know, I don't think that's right ... I think he's now being told ... that he can get his protein somewhere else ... It just doesn't seem right—the Dalai Lama, on the one hand, saying, 'Hey guys, don't harm sentient beings ... Oh, and by the way, I'm having a steak.'" In 2012, <mask> joined the anti-fracking campaign Artists Against Fracking. Save the Arctic is a campaign to protect the Arctic and an international outcry and a renewed focus concern on oil development in the Arctic, attracting the support of more than five million people. This includes <mask>, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and 11 Nobel Peace Prize winners.In 2015, following British prime minister David Cameron's decision to give Members of Parliament a free vote on amending the law against fox hunting, <mask> was quoted: "The people of Britain are behind this Tory government on many things but the vast majority of us will be against them if hunting is reintroduced. It is cruel and unnecessary and will lose them support from ordinary people and animal lovers like myself." During the 2019–21 coronavirus pandemic, <mask> called for Chinese wet markets (which sell live animals including wild ones) to be banned. He expressed concern over both the health impacts of the practice as well as its cruelty to animals. <mask> is one of the 100 contributors to the book, Dear NHS: 100 Stories to Say Thank You, of which all proceeds go to NHS Charities Together and The Lullaby Trust. Meditation
In August 1967, <mask> met Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at the London Hilton and later went to Bangor in North Wales to attend a weekend initiation conference, where he and the other Beatles learned the basics of Transcendental Meditation. He said, "The whole meditation experience was very good and I still use the mantra ...I find it soothing." In 2009, <mask> and Starr headlined a benefit concert at Radio City Music Hall, raising three million dollars for the David Lynch Foundation to fund instruction in Transcendental Meditation for at-risk youth. Football
<mask> has publicly professed support for Everton F.C. and has also shown favour for Liverpool F.C. In 2008, he ended speculation about his allegiance when he said: "Here's the deal: my father was born in Everton, my family are officially Evertonians, so if it comes down to a derby match or an FA Cup final between the two, I would have to support Everton. But after a concert at Wembley Arena I got a bit of a friendship with Kenny Dalglish, who had been to the gig and I thought 'You know what? I am just going to support them both because it's all Liverpool.'"Relationships

Girlfriends

Dot Rhone
<mask>'s first serious girlfriend in Liverpool was Dorothy "Dot" Rhone, whom he met at the Casbah club in 1959. According to Spitz, Rhone felt that <mask> had a compulsion to control situations. He often chose clothes and makeup for her, encouraging her to grow her blonde hair to simulate Brigitte

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 Bardot's hairstyle, and at least once insisting she have her hair restyled, to disappointing effect. When <mask> first went to Hamburg with the Beatles, he wrote to Rhone regularly, and she accompanied Cynthia Lennon to Hamburg when they played there again in 1962. The couple had a two-and-a-half-year relationship, and were due to marry until Rhone's miscarriage. According to Spitz, <mask>, now "free of obligation", ended the engagement. Jane Asher
<mask> first met British actress Jane Asher on 18 April 1963 when a photographer asked them to pose at a Beatles performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London.The two began a relationship, and in November of that year he took up residence with Asher at her parents' home at 57 Wimpole Street in Marylebone, central London. They had lived there for more than two years before the couple moved to <mask>'s own home in St. John's Wood in March 1966. He wrote several songs while living at the Ashers', including "Yesterday", "And I Love Her", "You Won't See Me" and "I'm Looking Through You", the latter three having been inspired by their romance. They had a five-year relationship and planned to marry, but Asher broke off the engagement after she discovered he had become involved with Francie Schwartz, an American screenwriter who moved to London at age 23 thinking she could sell a script to the Beatles. She met <mask> and he invited her to move into his London house, where events ensued that possibly broke up him and Asher. Wives

Linda Eastman

Linda Eastman was a music fan who once commented, "all my teen years were spent with an ear to the radio." At times, she skipped school to see artists such as Fabian, Bobby Darin and Chuck Berry.She became a popular photographer with several rock groups, including the Jimi Hendrix Experience, the Grateful Dead, the Doors and the Beatles, whom she first met at Shea Stadium in 1966. She commented, "It was John who interested me at the start. He was my Beatle hero. But when I met him the fascination faded fast, and I found it was <mask> I liked." The pair first became properly acquainted on 15 May 1967 at a Georgie Fame concert at The Bag O'Nails club, during her UK assignment to photograph rock musicians in London. As <mask> remembers, "The night Linda and I met, I spotted her across a crowded club, and although I would normally have been nervous chatting her up, I realised I had to ... Pushiness worked for me that night!" Linda said this about their meeting: "I was quite shameless really.I was with somebody else [that night] ... and I saw <mask> at the other side of the room. He looked so beautiful that I made up my mind I would have to pick him up." The pair married in March 1969. About their relationship, <mask> said, "We had a lot of fun together ... just the nature of how we aren’t, our favourite thing really is to just hang, to have fun. And Linda's very big on just following the moment." He added, "We were crazy. We had a big argument the night before we got married, and it was nearly called off ... [it's] miraculous that we made it.But we did." After the break-up of the Beatles, the two collaborated musically and formed Wings in 1971. They faced derision from some fans and critics, who questioned her inclusion. She was nervous about performing with <mask>, who explained, "she conquered those nerves, got on with it and was really gutsy." <mask> defended her musical ability: "I taught Linda the basics of the keyboard ... She took a couple of lessons and learned some bluesy things ... she did very well and made it look easier than it was ... The critics would say, 'She's not really playing' or 'Look at her—she's playing with one finger.' But what they didn't know is that sometimes she was playing a thing called a Minimoog, which could only be played with one finger.It was monophonic." He went on to say, "We thought we were in it for the fun ... it was just something we wanted to do, so if we got it wrong—big deal. We didn't have to justify ourselves." Former Wings guitarist McCullough said of collaborating with Linda, "trying to get things together with a learner in the group didn't work as far as I was concerned." They had four children—Linda's daughter Heather (legally adopted by <mask>), Mary, Stella and James—and remained married until Linda's death from breast cancer at age 56 in 1998. After Linda died, <mask> said, "I got a counsellor because I knew that I would need some help. He was great, particularly in helping me get rid of my guilt [about wishing I'd been] perfect all the time ... a real bugger.But then I thought, hang on a minute. We're just human. That was the beautiful thing about our marriage. We were just a boyfriend and girlfriend having babies." Heather Mills
In 2002, <mask> married Heather Mills, a former model and anti-landmine campaigner. In 2003, the couple had a child, Beatrice Milly, named in honour of Mills's late mother and one of <mask>'s aunts. They separated in April 2006 and divorced acrimoniously in March 2008.In 2004, he commented on media animosity toward his partners: "[the British public] didn't like me giving up on Jane Asher ... I married [Linda], a New York divorcee with a child, and at the time they didn't like that". Nancy Shevell
<mask> married New Yorker Nancy Shevell in a civil ceremony at Marylebone Town Hall, London, on 9 October 2011. The wedding was a modest event attended by a group of about 30 relatives and friends. The couple had been together since November 2007. Shevell is vice president of a family-owned transportation conglomerate which owns New England Motor Freight. She is a former member of the board of the New York area's Metropolitan Transportation Authority.Shevell is about 18 years younger than <mask>. They had known each other for about 20 years prior to marrying, having met because both had homes in the Hamptons. Beatles

John Lennon

Though <mask> had a strained relationship with Lennon, they briefly became close again in early 1974, and played music together on one occasion. In later years, the two grew apart. <mask> often phoned Lennon, but was apprehensive about the reception he would receive. During one call, Lennon told him, "You're all pizza and fairytales!" In an effort to avoid talking only about business, they often spoke of cats, babies, or baking bread.On 24 April 1976, <mask> and Lennon were watching an episode of Saturday Night Live at Lennon's home in the Dakota when Lorne Michaels made a $3,000 cash offer for the Beatles to reunite. While they seriously considered going to the SNL studio a few blocks away, they decided it was too late. This was their last time together. VH1 fictionalised this event in the 2000 television film Two of Us. <mask>'s last telephone call to Lennon, days before Lennon and Ono released Double Fantasy, was friendly: "[It is] a consoling factor for me, because I do feel it was sad that we never actually sat down and straightened our differences out. But fortunately for me, the last phone conversation I ever had with him was really great, and we didn't have any kind of blow-up", he said. Reaction to Lennon's murder

On 9 December 1980, <mask> followed the news that Lennon had been murdered the previous night; Lennon's death created a media frenzy around the surviving members of the band.<mask> was leaving an Oxford Street recording studio that evening when he was surrounded by reporters who asked him for his reaction; he responded: "It's a drag". The press quickly criticised him for what appeared to be a superficial response. He later explained, "When John was killed somebody stuck a microphone at me and said: 'What do you think about it?' I said, 'It's a dra-a-ag' and meant it with every inch of melancholy I could muster. When you put that in print it says, '<mask> in London today when asked for a comment on his dead friend said, "It's a drag".' It seemed a very flippant comment to make." He described his first exchange with Ono after the murder, and his last conversation with Lennon:

I talked to Yoko the day after he was killed, and the first thing she said was, "John was really fond of you."The last telephone conversation I had with him we were still the best of mates. He was always a very warm guy, John. His bluff was all on the surface. He used to take his glasses down, those granny glasses, and say, "it's only me." They were like a wall you know? A shield. Those are the moments I treasure.In 1983, <mask> said: "I would not have been as typically human and standoffish as I was if I knew John was going to die. I would have made more of an effort to try and get behind his 'mask' and have a better relationship with him." He said that he went home that night, watched the news on television with his children and cried most of the evening. In 1997, he said that Lennon's death made the remaining ex-Beatles nervous that they might also be murdered. He told Mojo magazine in 2002 that Lennon was his greatest hero. In 1981, <mask> sang backup on Harrison's tribute to Lennon, "All Those Years Ago", which featured Starr on drums. <mask> released "Here Today" in 1982, a song Everett described as "a haunting tribute" to <mask>'s friendship with Lennon.George Harrison

Discussing his relationship with <mask>, Harrison said: "<mask> would always help along when you'd done his ten songs—then when he got 'round to doing one of my songs, he would help. It was silly. It was very selfish, actually ... There were a lot of tracks, though, where I played bass ... because what <mask> would do—if he'd written a song, he'd learn all the parts for <mask> and then come in the studio and say (sometimes he was very difficult): 'Do this'. He'd never give you the opportunity to come out with something." After Harrison's death in November 2001, <mask> said he was "a lovely guy and a very brave man who had a wonderful sense of humour". He went on to say: "We grew up together and we just had so many beautiful times together – that's what I am going to remember.I'll always love him, he's my baby brother." On the first anniversary of his death, <mask> played Harrison's "Something" on a ukulele at the Concert for George; he would perform this rendition of the song on many subsequent solo tours. He also performed "For You Blue" and "All Things Must Pass", and played the piano on Eric Clapton's rendition of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". Ringo Starr
During a recording session for The Beatles in 1968, the two got into an argument over <mask>'s critique of Starr's drum part for "Back in the U.S.S.R.", which contributed to Starr temporarily leaving the band. Starr later commented on working with <mask>: "<mask> is the greatest bass player in the world. But he is also very determined ... [to] get his own way ... [thus] musical disagreements inevitably arose from time to time." <mask> and Starr collaborated on several post-Beatles projects, starting in 1973 when <mask> contributed instrumentation and backing vocals for "Six O'Clock", a song <mask> wrote for Starr's album Ringo.<mask> played a kazoo solo on "You're Sixteen" from the same album. Starr appeared as a fictional version of himself in <mask>'s 1984 film Give My Regards to Broad Street, and played drums on most tracks of the soundtrack album, which includes re-recordings of several McCartney-penned Beatles songs. Starr played drums and sang backing vocals on "Beautiful Night" from <mask>'s 1997 album Flaming Pie. The pair collaborated again in 1998, on Starr's Vertical Man, which featured <mask>'s backing vocals on three songs, and instrumentation on one. In 2009, the pair performed "With a Little Help from My Friends" at a benefit concert for the David Lynch Foundation. They collaborated on Starr's album Y Not in 2010. <mask> played bass on "Peace Dream", and sang a duet with Starr on "Walk with You".On 7 July 2010, Starr was performing at Radio City Music Hall in New York with his All-Starr Band in a concert celebrating his seventieth birthday. After the encores, <mask> made a surprise appearance, performing the Beatles' song "Birthday" with Starr's band. On 26 January 2014, <mask> and Starr performed "Queenie Eye" from <mask>'s new album New at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. <mask> inducted Starr into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2015, and played bass on his 2017 album Give More Love. On 16 December 2018, Starr and Ronnie Wood joined <mask> onstage to perform "Get Back" at his concert at London's O2 Arena. Starr also made an appearance on the final day of <mask>'s Freshen Up tour in July 2019, performing "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)" and "Helter Skelter".Legacy

Achievements
<mask> was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and again as a solo artist in 1999. In 1979, the Guinness Book of World Records recognised <mask> as the "most honored composer and performer in music", with 60 gold discs (43 with the Beatles, 17 with Wings) and, as a member of the Beatles, sales of over 100 million singles and 100 million albums, and as the "most successful song writer", he wrote jointly or solo 43 songs which sold one million or more records between 1962 and 1978. In 2009, Guinness World Records again recognised <mask> as the "most successful songwriter" having written or co-written 188 charted records in the United Kingdom, of which 91 reached the top 10 and 33 made it to number one. <mask> has written, or co-written, 32 number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100: twenty with the Beatles; seven solo or with Wings; one as a co-writer of "A World Without Love", a number-one single for Peter and Gordon; one as a co-writer on Elton John's cover of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"; one as a co-writer on Stars on 45's "Medley"; one as a co-writer with Michael Jackson on "Say Say Say"; and one as writer on "Ebony and Ivory" performed with Stevie Wonder. , he has 15.5 million RIAA certified units in the United States as a solo artist plus another 10 million with Wings. Credited with more number ones in the UK than any other artist, <mask> has participated in twenty-four chart topping singles: seventeen with the Beatles, one solo, and one each with Wings, Stevie Wonder, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Band Aid 20 and "The Christians et al." He is the only artist to reach the UK number one as a soloist ("Pipes of Peace"), duo ("Ebony and Ivory" with Wonder), trio ("Mull of Kintyre", Wings), quartet ("She Loves You", the Beatles), quintet ("Get Back", the Beatles with Billy Preston) and as part of a musical ensemble for charity (Ferry Aid)."Yesterday" is one of the most covered songs in history with more than 2,200 recorded versions, and according to the BBC, "the track is the only one by a UK writer to have been aired more than seven million times on American TV and radio and is third in the all-time list ... [and] is the most played song by a British writer [last] century in the US". His 1968 Beatles composition "Hey Jude" achieved the highest sales in the UK that year and topped the US charts for nine weeks, which is longer than any other Beatles single. It was also the longest single released by the band and, at seven minutes eleven seconds, was at that time the longest number one. "Hey Jude" is the best-selling Beatles single, achieving sales of over five million copies soon after its release. In July 2005, <mask>'s performance of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" with U2 at Live 8 became the fastest-released single in history. Available within forty-five minutes of its recording, hours later it had achieved number one on the UK Official Download Chart.In December 2020, the release of his album McCartney III and its subsequent charting at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 earned <mask> the feat of being the first artist to have a new album in the top two chart positions in each of the last six decades. "'That Was Me' in 'Vintage Clothes': Intertextuality and the White Album Songs of <mask>." In The Beatles through a Glass Onion: Reconsidering the White Album, ed. Mark Osteen, 213–29. Tracking Pop Series. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press. .

Further reading

 Benitez, Vincent P. (2012). “Ram (1971)” and “Band on the Run (1973).” In The Album: A Guide to Pop Music’s Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations, ed.James E. Perone, 147–56; 275–85. Westport, CT: Praeger

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<mask> (April 8, 1869 – October 7, 1939) was an American neurosurgeon, pathologist, writer, and draftsman. A pioneer of brain surgery, he was the first exclusive neurosurgeon and the first person to describe <mask>'s disease. He wrote a biography of William Osler in three volumes. Early life
<mask> was born in Cleveland, Ohio. His parents were Elizabeth Maria "Betsey M." Williams and <mask>, a physician whose ancestors came to Hingham, Massachusetts, as Puritans in the 17th century. <mask> was the youngest of ten children. Education
As a child, <mask> attended the Cleveland Manual Training School, which expanded his interest in science and medicine.The school's emphasis on experimental training and a "physics-focused" approach to education played an important role in influencing <mask> towards a career in medical surgery. The school's manual dexterity training program also contributed to <mask>'s future success as a surgeon. He graduated with an A.B. degree in 1891 from Yale University, where he was a member of Scroll and Key and Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter). He studied medicine at Harvard Medical School and earned his medical degree in 1895. <mask> completed his internship at Massachusetts General Hospital and then did a residency in surgery under the guidance of pioneering surgeon William Stewart Halsted at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. Career
After neurosurgical training abroad under Emil Theodor Kocher at Bern and Charles Scott Sherrington at Liverpool, he began private practice in Baltimore.During his time with Kocher, he first encountered the <mask> reflex, which describes the relationship between blood pressure and intracranial pressure. At the age of 32, he was made associate professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital, and was placed in full charge of cases of surgery of the central nervous system. He wrote numerous monographs on surgery of the brain and spinal column and made important contributions in bacteriology. He conducted (with Kocher) a study of intracerebral pressure and (with Sherrington) contributed much to the localization of the cerebral centers. In Baltimore, he developed the method of operating with local anaesthesia, and his paper on its use in hernia gave him a European reputation. In 1911, he was appointed surgeon-in-chief at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. He became a professor of surgery at the Harvard Medical School starting in 1912.In 1913, he was made an honorary F.R.C.S. (London). He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1914. In 1915, before the Clinical Congress of Surgeons in Boston, he showed the possibility of influencing stature by operating on the pituitary gland. In 1924, <mask> was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh. First World War
Shortly after the entry of the United States into the First World War, <mask> was commissioned as a major in the U.S. Army Medical Corps on May 5, 1917. He was director of the U.S. base hospital attached to the British Expeditionary Force in France.<mask> also served as the head of a surgical unit in a French military hospital outside of Paris. During his time at the French military hospital, <mask> experimented with the use of electromagnets to extract metallic shrapnel fragments that were lodged within the brain. He was mentioned in a dispatch by Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig in November 1917. On June 6, 1918, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and was assigned as senior consultant in neurological surgery for the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe. He attained the rank of colonel (O-6) on October 23, 1918. In that capacity, he treated Lieutenant Edward Revere Osler, who was fatally wounded during the third battle of Ypres. Lieutenant Osler was the son of Sir William Osler.<mask> returned to the United States in February 1919 and was discharged on April 9 of the same year. In recognition of his service during the war, <mask> was invested as a Companion of the Bath by the British government. In 1923 he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by the U.S. Army. Later career
<mask> authored the Pulitzer prize-winning biography, Life of Sir William Osler (London: Oxford University Press, 1925). From 1933 to 1937, when he retired, he worked at the Yale School of Medicine as Sterling Professor of Neurology. <mask> died on October 7, 1939, in New Haven, Connecticut, from complications of a myocardial infarction. He was interred at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland.An autopsy performed on <mask> revealed that his brain harbored a colloid cyst of the third ventricle. Legacy
In the beginning of the 20th century, <mask> developed many of the basic surgical techniques for operating on the brain. This established him as one of the foremost leaders and experts in the field. Under his influence neurosurgery became a new and autonomous surgical discipline. He considerably improved the survival of patients after difficult brain operations for intracranial tumors. He used X-rays to diagnose brain tumors. He used electrical stimuli for study of the human sensory cortex.He played a pivotal role in development of the Bovie electrocautery tool with William T. Bovie, a physicist. He was the world's leading teacher of neurosurgeons in the first decades of the 20th century. Arguably, <mask>'s greatest contribution came with his introduction to North America of blood pressure measurement. Upon visiting colleague Scipione Riva-Rocci, an Italian physician, <mask> was astonished by Riva-Rocci's non-invasive way of measuring intra-arterial pressure. In 1896, Riva-Rocci developed a wall-mounted mercury manometer linked to a balloon-inflated cuff that would measure the pressure needed to compress arterial systolic pressure, i.e. systolic blood pressure measurement. Riva-Rocci's design was based on a more primitive version developed by French physician Pierre Potain.<mask> returned to the US with a sample of Riva-Rocci's sphygmomanometer and blood pressure measurement became a vital sign. The use of the Riva-Rocci sphygmomanometer as a diagnostic tool rapidly spread across the US and western world, a direct contribution by <mask>. The device's use continued until Russian physician Nikolai Korotkov included diastolic blood pressure measurement in 1905 (after he discovered the famed "Korotkoff sounds") with his improved sphygmomanometer, which also replaced the mercury manometer with a smaller, round dial manometer. <mask>'s name is commonly associated with his most famous discovery, <mask>'s disease. In 1912 he reported in a study an endocrinological syndrome caused by a malfunction of the pituitary gland which he termed "polyglandular syndrome." He published his findings in 1932 as "The Basophil Adenomas of the Pituitary Body and Their Clinical Manifestations: pituitary Basophilism". <mask> was also awarded the 1926 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography for a book recounting the life of one of the fathers of modern medicine, Sir William Osler.In 1930, <mask> was awarded the Lister Medal for his contributions to surgical science. As part of the award, he delivered the Lister Memorial Lecture at the Royal College of Surgeons of England in July 1930. <mask> was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1934, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. He served as president of the History of Science Society in 1934. <mask> was also a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, nominated at least 38 times. The World War II Liberty Ship  was named in his honor. In 1988, the United States Postal Service issued a 45-cent postage stamp in his honor, as part of the Great Americans series.<mask> developed many surgical instruments that are in use today, most notably Cushing forceps and the <mask> ventricular cannula. The forceps instrument is used to grasp the thick tissues of the scalp during cranial surgery and the cannula is used to enter the brain ventricles for CSF drainage. He also developed a surgical magnet while working with the Harvard Medical Unit in France during World War I to extract shrapnel from the heads of wounded soldiers. The <mask> Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library at Yale University contains extensive collections in the field of medicine and the history of medicine. <mask>'s long-time personal secretary, Madeline Stanton, played a major role in organizing his rare book donations, along with those from John F. Fulton and Arnold C. Klebs, to form the library. In 2005, the library released portions of its collection online, including the Peter Parker Collection which consists of a collection of portrait engravings and 83 mid-19th-century oil paintings rendered by artist Lam Qua of Chinese tumor patients, and a biography of <mask> by John F. Fulton. In 2010, Yale placed on display <mask>'s collection of brain specimens.There is also a collection of his papers at the National Library of Medicine. Personal life
He married Katharine Stone Crowell (1870–1949), a Cleveland childhood friend, on June 10, 1902. They had five children:

 <mask> <mask> (1903–1926) (died in an automobile accident while a student at Yale University )
 Mary Benedict "Minnie" <mask> (1906–1978), who married Vincent Astor and later James Whitney Fosburgh;
 Betsey <mask> (1908–1998), who married James Roosevelt and later John Hay Whitney;
 Henry Kirke <mask>, who married Marjorie Estabrook in 1936. Barbara "Babe" <mask> (1915–1978), the socialite wife of Stanley Grafton Mortimer and later William S. Paley. Trained under <mask>

Walter Dandy, the first pediatric neurosurgeon and the developer of pneumoencephalography
Leo M. Davidoff, founder of the Department of Neurological Surgery at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Norman Dott
Louise Eisenhardt, Neuropathologist and curator of Cushing's brain tumor registry with more than 2000 specimens. Wilder Penfield, pioneer neurosurgeon and founder of the Montreal Neurological Institute

Publications

The Pituitary Body and its Disorders (1912)
Tumours of the Nervus Acousticus (1917)
Blood Vessel Tumours of the Brain (1928)
Consecratio Medici and other papers (1928)
From a surgeon's journal, 1915–1918 (1936)
The Medical Career (1940)
A Visit to Le Puy-En-Velay (1945)

See also
 History of medicine
 Timeline of medicine and medical technology

References

External links

 Fulton, John F. <mask>: A Biography, Charles C. Thomas (Springfield, Illinois), 1946. Harvey Williams Cushing Papers in the Yale University Library (MS 160).Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. Bliss, Michael. <mask>: a Life in Surgery, Oxford University Press, 2005. (book review)
 National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
 <mask>: A Journey Through His Life
<mask> Fonds. Osler Library of the History of Medicine. McGill University. Collected papers of <mask>, 1923–1939 (inclusive).Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass. 1869 births
1939 deaths
American biographers
American male biographers
American endocrinologists
American neuroscientists
American science writers
Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland
Honorary Companions of the Order of the Bath
Harvard Medical School alumni
Harvard Medical School faculty
Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians
American neurosurgeons
Writers from Baltimore
Writers from Boston
Writers from Cleveland
Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Yale University alumni
Yale University faculty
United States Army colonels
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army Medical Corps officers
Yale Sterling Professors
Cushing family

masks:
Harvey Williams Cushing
Cushing
Harvey Cushing
Henry Kirke Cushing
Harvey
Cushing
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Harvey
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Harvey Cushing
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William Harvey
Cushing
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Harvey Cushing
Harvey Cushing
Harvey Cushing
Harvey Cushing
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<mask>, also known as <mask><mask> (December 8, 1866 – March 30, 1939) was an Atlanta-based American architect renowned for the educational buildings, courthouses and other public  and private buildings that he  designed in Florida, Georgia and his native South Carolina. More than 25 of his works have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Darlington, South Carolina, the son of <mask> and his wife, Elizabeth Sarah Hart. After graduating from St. David's School in Society Hill, <mask> attended Richmond College, now the University of Richmond for one year and then entered the University of South Carolina where he received a degree in mechanical engineering in 1889. Career history

He and another Darlington County native, Charles Coker Wilson, set up an office together in Columbia, having previously worked in Roanoke, Virginia. The two men prospered for a time, but in 1901 <mask> found a new partner, Frank C. Walter. Between then and 1908 the two designed many public school buildings across the state.In 1908 the men moved their firm to Atlanta, Georgia, where they were briefly associated with an architect named Parnham. The firm lasted until 1911, at which point Walter left to work on his own. In 1915 <mask> established another partnership, this one with <mask>. Sayward, and in 1919 Joseph Leitner joined the practice. <mask> continued working successfully from this office until his death in 1939. Marriage and family

<mask> <mask> married India Pearl Brown on December 21, 1898. They had two sons and two daughters. He was a  member of the Unitarian Church.Educational buildings

Among the academic institutions for which <mask> designed buildings were:

In Alabama

Camp Hill

In 1930 <mask><mask> and firm designed the educational classroom and administrative building for The Southern Industrial Institute, now known as Lyman Ward Military Academy, in Camp Hill, AL. The structure known as Tallapoosa Hall was designed at the request of well known educator Dr. Lyman Ward who like <mask> was also a Unitarian. Dr. Ward had transplanted to Alabama in 1898 to establish a school for impoverished boys and girls. Completed in 1933, Tallapoosa Hall is also a Gothic Revival design and the building was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 2008. In Florida

From 1905-1925, <mask><mask> was architect for the Florida Board of Control and designed many buildings in the Collegiate Gothic style for the three existing state institutions of higher learning as well as other public schools. Gainesville

University of Florida

As the main architect for Florida's newly reorganized system of higher education, <mask> designed numerous buildings for the University of Florida's new Gainesville campus, which first welcomed students in 1906. Most of his surviving works at the school had already been individually recognized by the National Register of Historic Places when the University of Florida Campus Historic District was established in the heart of the original campus in 1989.Works by <mask> at the University of Florida:

St. Augustine
Florida School for the Deaf and Blind

Tallahassee

FAMU
Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University. Buildings designed by <mask> <mask> include:

The Carnegie Library and perhaps other buildings designed by <mask> are among 14 contributing buildings in  Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College Historic District, NRHP-listed

FSU
Florida State College for Women (Florida State University). Buildings designed by <mask> <mask> include:

Other
 Caroline Brevard Grammar School, 727 S. Calhoun St., Tallahassee, Florida (<mask>, <mask>. ), NRHP-listed
 Lincoln High School, 438 W Brevard St, Tallahassee, Florida (<mask>, <mask>. and Sayward, <mask>)
 Sealey Memorial Elementary School (demolished), 7th Avenue near Monroe Street, Tallahassee, Florida (<mask>, <mask>. and Sayward, <mask>)
 W. H. Covington Residence, 328 Cortez Street, Tallahassee, Florida (<mask>, <mask>. and Sayward, <mask>)
 Exchange Bank, Southeast corner of Monroe Street and College Avenue, Tallahassee, Florida (<mask>, <mask>. and Sayward, <mask>)

In Georgia
Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia: Buttrick Hall, 1930;  McCain Library, 1936
Columbia Theological Seminary, Decatur, Georgia
Georgia State Teachers College
 Georgia State Women's College (Valdosta State University)

In South Carolina
Clemson College (Clemson University)
Furman University, Greenville: Judson Alumni Hall, 1900–1961. Limestone College, Gaffney: Winnie Davis Hall, 1904,
 McMaster School, now USC's McMaster College, Columbia
South Carolina School for the Deaf and Blind, Spartanburg
University of South Carolina, Columbia: Currell College (originally the law school named Petigru College, but changed in 1950 to Currell when a new Petigru was built for the law school) 1919,. Walhalla Graded School, Walhalla, 1901
Winthrop College, Winthrop University, Rock Hill: Withers Building, Main Classroom - Office Building, 1912–1913. County courthouses

William Augustus Edwards designed many county courthouses, as follows:

In Florida
 Hernando County Courthouse, 1913.Sumter County Courthouse (Florida), 1914

In Georgia

 Fannin County Courthouse, Georgia, 1937, replaced 2004 by new courthouse next door. Old one is leased as Georgia Mountain Center for the Arts. Tift County Courthouse (1912), Courthouse Sq., Tifton, Georgia, 1912–13, NRHP-listed Beaux Arts in style, listed on the National Register of Historic Places individually and as part of Tifton Commercial Historic District

In South Carolina
Between 1908 and 1915 <mask> designed nine county courthouses for the state of South Carolina, all of which are still standing except the ones in Kershaw  and Darlingon which were destroyed. The courthouses are as follows:
Abbeville County Courthouse, Court Sq. Abbeville, South Carolina, NRHP-listed
Calhoun County Courthouse, S. Railroad Ave., St. Matthews, South Carolina, NRHP-listed
Darlington County Courthouse,  1904–1964, replaced by highrise courthouse on same site
Dillon County Courthouse, 1303 W. Main St., Dillon, South Carolina. (<mask>, <mask>), NRHP-listed
Kershaw County Courthouse, destroyed
Jasper County Courthouse, Russell St., Ridgeland, South Carolina, NRHP-listed
Lee County Courthouse, 123 Main St., Bishopville, South Carolina, NRHP-listed
Sumter County Courthouse, 141 N. Main St., Sumter, South Carolina, NRHP-listed
York County Courthouse, corner of W. Liberty and S. Congress Sts., York, South Carolina, NRHP-listed

Other buildings

In Florida
 Covington House, 328 Cortez St., Tallahassee, Florida, 1926, NRHP-listed
 Exchange Bank Building, Tallahassee, Florida
 Hotel Thomas, 1919, bounded by N.E. 2nd and 5th Sts.and N.E. 6th and 7th Aves., Gainesville, Florida, NRHP-listed

In Georgia
 City Hall and Firehouse, Bainbridge, Georgia
 Odd Fellows Building and Auditorium, 1912–1913, 228-250 Auburn Ave., NE, Atlanta, Georgia (<mask>, <mask>. ), NRHP-listed
 University Homes in the Atlanta University Center area
 Unitarian Church of Atlanta, 669 West Peachtree Street, 1915
 United States Post Office and Courthouse (Columbus, Georgia), 1933
former Bank of Tifton (1917), Tifton, Georgia, a C&S Bank in 1985, "a fine example of the Neoclassical style", a contributing building in NRHP-listed Tifton Commercial Historic District
One or more works in Lakewood Heights Historic District, jct. of Jonesboro Rd. and Lakewood Ave., Atlanta, Georgia (<mask>, <mask>), NRHP-listed
One or more works in Southern Railway North Avenue Yards Historic District, 539 John St. NW, Atlanta, Georgia (<mask>, <mask>), NRHP-listed

In South Carolina
 Abbeville Opera House, Abbeville, South Carolina
 Cain House at 1619 Pendleton Street, Columbia, South Carolina. 1912. now The Inn at USC'. South Carolina State Armory, 1219 Assembly Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 1905, NRHP-listed

NRHP-listed works

More than 25 of his works have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, either as individual buildings or as contributing buildings within historic districts.Gallery

References

External links
Biography at the University of Florida library website
 Tate, Susan, Preservation and Compatible Growth of a Twentieth Century Campus: The University of Florida

1866 births
1939 deaths
People from Darlington, South Carolina
Architects from South Carolina
Florida State University
University of Florida

Architects from Atlanta
University of South Carolina alumni
19th-century American architects
20th-century American architects

masks:
William Augustus Edwards
William A
. Edwards
William Augustus Edwards
Augustus Fulton Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
William J
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William Augustus
Edwards
Edwards
William A
. Edwards
Edwards
William A
. Edwards
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William Augustus
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William Augustus
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Edwards
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Edwards
William A
William
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William
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William A
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William A
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William Augustus
Edwards
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Edwards
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<mask> (; ; c. 1284 – 27 October 1327) was the second wife and the only queen consort of King Robert the Bruce. <mask> was born sometime around 1284, probably in what is now County Down or County Antrim in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. She was the daughter of one of the most powerful Norman nobles in the Lordship of Ireland at that time, The 2nd Earl of Ulster, who was a close friend and ally of King Edward I of England. Not much is known about <mask>, despite her husband's status as one of the most famous Scottish kings and warriors. As is the case with most medieval women, records of <mask> are scarce; however, it is clear that she was caught up in the political turmoil that unfolded between the Scottish and the English during the reign of her husband King Robert, had to move several times to keep safe, and was eventually seized as a prisoner. Life

She was born in Ulster in the north of Ireland (c. 1284), the daughter of the powerful <mask>, 2nd Earl of Ulster, and his wife, <mask> (died 1304). Her father, Lord Ulster, was a close friend of King Edward I of England.<mask> probably met Robert the Bruce, then Earl of Carrick, at the English court. They married in 1302 at Writtle, near Chelmsford in Essex, England, at which time Robert was a widower with a young daughter from his first marriage. <mask> would have been about 18 years old, and Robert 28. On 27 March 1306, Robert and <mask> were crowned as King and Queen of Scots at Scone. The coronation took place in defiance of the English claims of suzerainty after Edward I stripped <mask> Baliol of the crown of Scotland. After his coronation, she is quoted as having said, as though fearing a defeat by Edward I. Capture

After the defeat of the Scots at the Battle of Methven on 19 June 1306, Robert sent Queen <mask>, his daughter Marjorie by his first marriage, and his sisters Mary and Christina to Kildrummy Castle, under the protection of his brother Niall (also known as Nigel).The English laid siege to the castle containing the royal party. The siege finally succeeded when the English bribed a blacksmith with "all the gold he could carry" to set fire to the grain store. The victors hanged, drew and quartered Niall Bruce, along with all the men from the castle. However, the royal ladies under the escort of The 9th Earl of Atholl had already fled. They were taken from the sanctuary of St. Duthac at Tain by The Earl of Ross, a supporter of the Comyns, and dispatched to King Edward. He imprisoned Bruce's sister Mary and Isabella, Countess of Buchan, in wooden cages erected on the walls of Roxburgh and Berwick castles respectively, and then sent Bruce's nine-year-old daughter Marjorie to the nunnery at Watton. <mask> was held under severe conditions of house arrest in England while Edward still needed aid from her father.The Earl of Atholl was hanged and his head displayed on London Bridge. She was imprisoned for eight years by the English. From October 1306 to July 1308 she was held at Burstwick-in-Holderness, Yorkshire, where she, only served by two elder women, wrote a letter complaining about her condition (she had only 3 clothes and no headgear or linen bed clothing), before being transferred to Bisham Manor, Berkshire, until March 1312. From there, she was moved to Windsor Castle with six attendants and an allowance, where she was held until October 1312, Shaftesbury Abbey, Dorset, until March 1313, Barking Abbey, Essex, until March 1314, and Rochester Castle, Kent, until June 1314. After the Battle of Bannockburn, she was moved to York while prisoner exchange talks took place. At York, she had an audience with King Edward II of England. She was released as part of the ransom for the Earl of Hereford who had been captured after the Battle of Bannockburn on 29 September 1314.Queen <mask> had three children who reached adulthood: Matilda, Margaret, and David (the future King David II of Scotland). Death

<mask> died aged approximately 43 years old, on 27 October 1327, after falling from her horse during a visit to the royal residence at Cullen, Banffshire. Plans were immediately made to transport her body to Dunfermline Abbey in Fife, the resting place of Scottish kings and queens since 1093. As parishioners in Cullen were worried that her remains would not arrive intact, they took the step of having her internal organs removed during the embalming process. While some sources claim that her entrails were transported separately to Fife, others state that they were buried in the parish church of Cullen. The parishioners also had Masses said to pray for her soul. Robert, in gratitude for the treatment of <mask>'s body and its return south for burial, decreed that a chaplaincy be established at the Auld Kirk of Cullen (parish church of Cullen) and paid in perpetuity the sum of five Pound Scots to have Masses said for the soul of <mask>.Robert's original bequest was augmented by Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1543 and continued to be paid by different bodies throughout the centuries until changes and loss of records due to local government reform in 1975, which led to the stopping of payments. In 2011, the church's minister, the Rev Melvyn Wood, applied to the Moray Council to have the tradition re-instated and, after a lengthy investigation, the Council agreed to reinstate the annual payment of £2.10 and even agreed to pay for the missed installments. A prayer is now said in the Queen's honour at a Sunday service which also remembers parishioners who have died in the last year. When King Robert died 18 months later, his body was laid to rest next to <mask>, who had been interred in the very centre of the abbey beneath the high altar, in an alabaster tomb decorated with gold leaf. Fragments of the tomb still remain and can be seen in the National Museum of Scotland. The abbey was sacked in 1560 by Calvinists during the Scottish Reformation and the tomb was lost. However, King Robert's coffin was rediscovered in 1819 during construction work on the new abbey and <mask>'s coffin was rediscovered in 1917.Both were re-interred in the new abbey. Issue

Ancestry

See also

 Wars of Scottish Independence

References

External links

 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry
 Biography

1280s births
1327 deaths
People from Bisham
People from Dunfermline
Elizabeth de Burgh
<mask> de Burgh
Burials at Dunfermline Abbey
Scottish people of the Wars of Scottish Independence
Elizabeth
Normans in Ireland
Anglo-Norman women
Daughters of Irish earls
13th-century Scottish women
13th-century Irish women
14th-century Scottish women
14th-century Irish women
Deaths by horse-riding accident in Scotland

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Elizabeth de Burgh
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
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Richard Óg de Burgh
Margarite de Burgh
Elizabeth
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John de
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