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<mask> (1908–1983) was a naturalist, boatbuilder, adventurer, photographer, author, inventor, contributor to the Baltimore Sun, for a time affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History in New York and a member of the Maryland Academy of Sciences, and a curator and charter member of the Natural History Society of Maryland. He is best known for his book about the Chesapeake Bay, The Bay, which won the John Burroughs Medal in 1953. Books and articles

Inagua, The Ocean Island, and BASILISK shipwreck
Born in 1908, Klingel built his first boat when he was 20. In early 1930, at Conley's Boat Yard on Town Creek in Oxford, MD, Klingel supervised the wooden construction of a replica of SPRAY, the rotund sloop (eventually rerigged a yawl) in which Joshua Slocum became the first man to sail solo around the world in 1898. Klingel christened his 37' yawl BASILISK (after the common basilisk lizard that can run on the surface of water), and with the support of the American Museum of Natural History, it was fitted out as a biological laboratory, to be used for an expedition to gather information on rare species in the West Indies, especially lizards. Klingel had organized an earlier research trip to Haiti to study the life history of reptiles there and had shared his discoveries with the American Museum of Natural History. With sailing companion W. Wallace Coleman (1907-1962), Klingel embarked from Maryland late November 1930 for a planned 18-month voyage to the West Indies.Battered and exhausted by a gale and unable to determine longitude due to a broken marine chronometer, they miscalculated the current and were shipwrecked on December 10, 1930 on the island of Inagua, the southernmost and second largest island in the Bahamas. Although most of his instruments were lost, <mask>el's second book, The Bay, illustrated by Natalie Harlan Davis (1898–1988), expanded from articles he wrote for the Baltimore Sun, describes the Chesapeake as he'd known it all the way back to his childhood decades earlier, and includes a detailed naturalist survey of sounds and sights both above and below the surface of the Chesapeake. In 1953 he was awarded the John Burroughs Medal from the John Burroughs Association for this book (1951,1967,1984).Seeing Chesapeake Wilds
Photo-essay about the Chesapeake Bay’s Eastern Shore, with preface and photographs by Byron Parker Shurtleff (1929-1999), a professor of photography at the University of Delaware, and the poetic text by Klingel (1970,1973,1977). Boatbuilding With Steel
Klingel’s final book, Boatbuilding With Steel: Including Boatbuilding With Aluminum, was published in 1973 (2nd edition 1991), and is considered a classic on the subject. The included chapter on aluminum is by noted yacht designer Thomas E. Colvin (1925-2014). Articles
<mask> wrote articles for National Geographic and The Baltimore Sun,  mainly on topics related to the Chesapeake Bay. His article, "One Hundred Hours Beneath the Chesapeake," in the May 1955 issue of National Geographic featured color photos by Willard R. Culver (1898-1986) that were among the first taken from beneath a temperate estuary. These images were taken from inside a diving vessel invented by Klingel that was lowered into the waters off Gwynn's Island in the Chesapeake Bay. Klingel also wrote three articles for Natural History - The Journal of the American Museum of Natural History, namely "Lizard Hunting in the Black Republic", 29(5):450–464, "Shipwrecked on Inagua", 32:42–55, and "The Edge of the Edge of the World", (1940) 45:68–73.The last recounts a dive with diving helmet on a coral reef and the edge of its 1,200 fathom drop-off, a half mile offshore Inagua. Klingel shot some silent b&w film on his 1928–9 American Museum of Natural History research trip featuring rhinoceros iguanas on La Petite Gonâve, a small coral island off the south coast of Gonâve Island, in the Gulf of Gonâve, west-northwest of Port-au-Prince, Haiti. In August 1932 he co-authored with Gladwyn Kingsley Noble (1894–1940) the American Museum Novitates number 549 entitled "The Reptiles of Great Inagua Island, British West Indies." Klingel found two new species of geckos

 and one new subspecies of the lizard Pholidoscelis maynardi. Metallurgist, Boatbuilder
During World War II, Klingel worked for ARMCO Steel Corporation in Baltimore, where he rose to Chief of Metallurgy in the course of his career there. In 1947 he built his first steel boat at home in Maryland on weekends, followed by others until he acquired property in 1953 on an island off Virginia's Middle Peninsula to establish the Gwynn's Island Boat Yard, where on a part-time basis he built his own workshop and slipway, and boats. Upon retiring from ARMCO in 1963 he moved to the island permanently.Klingel built about a dozen steel sailboats in the 30' class, including Alvin "Al" Mason (1911-1995)-designed 31' sloops FREYA in 1953 and PLEIADES in ?, plus two Colvin-designed 34' Saugeen Witches - ACHATES in 1974, and Marconi-ketch-rigged INNISFREE in 1975. Klingel also built in steel a 42' ketch D'VARA in 1969, a 51' staysail schooner PIPISTRELLE in 1972, a 75' C/B 50 ton gaff ketch CLEMENTINE in 1971, and a 62' twin diesel motor yacht MANTEO (now named MARIAH) in 1970. For retirement gunkholing the Chesapeake, in 1977 Klingel built for himself a 30' lateen-rigged steel scow motorsailer, GREEN HERON (nicknamed CREEK CRAWLER), the last boat launched (1978) from his yard. In addition to these steel boats, Klingel also built the two diving bells (BENTHARIUM and its successor AQUASCOPE) that he used for research in the Chesapeake Bay. BENTHARIUM was a modified steel boiler with sand for ballast. The AQUASCOPE is on exhibit at the Calvert Marine Museum in Solomons, Maryland. <mask><mask> died May 16, 1983 in Virginia at the age of 74.There is a permanent exhibit about his life and work at the Gwynn's Island Museum, Gwynn, Mathews County, Virginia. Notes

Primary sources
 Barnes, Bart. Washington Post, February 13, 1986. "Photographer W.R. Culver, 87, Dies"
 Benouameur, Marcy Klingel. "Remembering the Gwynn’s Island Boat Yard"
 Carson, Rachel Louise. "The Dark Green Waters," a review of The Bay in The New York Times, October 14, 1951
 Mathews Maritime Foundation, The Broadside, Vol.1 No.3 (Sept. 2008), "Boatbuilder <mask>el - Early Years"
 Mathews Maritime Foundation, The Broadside, Vol.2 No.1 (Jan. 2009), "Shipwrecked on a Desert Island"
 Mathews Maritime Foundation, The Broadside, Vol.2 No.2 (Apr. 2009), "<mask>el - A Man of Many Talents"
Inagua
The Ocean Island (Inagua)
The Bay
Boatbuilding With Steel
Seeing Chesapeake Wilds

External links
The Klingel Project A website dedicated to preserving the history and legacy of <mask>el.1908 births
1983 deaths
John Burroughs Medal recipients
American naturalists
American non-fiction environmental writers
American boat builders
American explorers
American nature writers
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century naturalists
The Baltimore Sun people

masks:
Gilbert Clarence Klingel
Klingelling
Klingel
Gilbert C
. Klingel
Gilbert Kling
Gilbert Kling
Gilbert Kling


type: original

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<mask> (born July 18, 1950) is an American Republican politician who was a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1995 to 2010. During the 1980s and early 1990s, he worked as a congressional aide and committee staff director to Dan Coats. He was elected to his congressional seat in 1994. On May 18, 2010, Souder announced his resignation from Congress effective May 21, 2010, after admitting to an affair with one of his part-time female staff members. The resignation was accepted by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi on May 18, 2010, ending Souder's time in office. Early life and career

<mask> was born in Grabill, Indiana, the son of Irma (née Fahling) and Edward G<mask>. He attended Leo Junior/Senior High School, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne and the University of Notre Dame.While in college, he was a member of the Young Americans for Freedom. After graduating from college, Souder worked as a marketing manager and small business owner. He is a member of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. From 1974 to 1976, Souder served as marketing manager for Gabbort's Furniture. Since 1976, he has been the owner of Souder's General Store, also known as Historic Souder's of Grabill. Souder served as an aide for United States Representative Dan Coats from 1983 to 1984; as minority staff director of the House Select Committee on Children, Youth and Families from 1985 to 1988; and again as an aide for Coats from 1988 to 1993, staying with Coats when he became a United States Senator in 1989. Congressional career

Souder was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Republican in November 1994, defeating Coats' successor in Congress, Democrat Jill Long, in that year's national Republican landslide.He was re-elected in every election thereafter until his resignation in 2010. This is the only elected office he has ever held. He originally ran on a signed pledge with America that he would not serve more than two additional terms. He was regarded as a staunch advocate of abstinence education and family values. Souder was the Ranking Member on the House Homeland Security Subcommittee on Border, Maritime, and Global Counterterrorism. He was also a senior member of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee and the House Education and Labor Committee. Along with U.S. Rep. Brian Baird (D-WA), he was co-founder and co-chairman of the Congressional National Parks Caucus.He was also co-founder and co-chairman of the Congressional Caucus on Drug Policy. Until the start of the 110th Congress, Souder was chairman of the House Government Reform Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy and Human Resources. The subcommittee had authorizing jurisdiction over the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP, known popularly as "the Drug Czar's Office"), and it oversaw all U.S. Government anti-narcotics operations, both foreign and domestic. In addition, the panel had broad oversight authority (covering the National Park Service, the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives, public health programs, the Smithsonian Institution, etc.). In November 1997, Souder was one of eighteen Republicans in the House to co-sponsor a resolution by Bob Barr that sought to launch an impeachment inquiry against President Bill Clinton. The resolution did not specify any charges or allegations. This was an early effort to impeach Clinton, predating the eruption of the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal.The eruption of that scandal would ultimately lead to a more serious effort to impeach Clinton in 1998. On October 8, 1998, Souder voted in favor of legislation that was passed to open an impeachment inquiry. On December 19, 1998, Souder voted in favor of one (and against three) of the four articles of impeachment against Clinton (only two of which received the needed majority of votes). The only article of impeachment that Souder voted favor of adopting was the third article, which charged Clinton with obstruction of justice. In March 2006, President George W. Bush signed into law the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Elimination Act, which represented the most comprehensive anti-meth legislation ever passed by Congress. Souder authored much of this law, which targets meth trafficking at local and state, national, and international levels. In December 2006, Bush signed into law the ONDCP Reauthorization Act, which Souder had authored and introduced.The law reauthorizes the office of "the Drug Czar" for five years. Committee assignments
Committee on Homeland Security
Subcommittee on Border, Maritime and Global Counterterrorism (Ranking Member)
Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment
Committee on Education and Labor
Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary and Secondary Education
Subcommittee on Higher Education, Lifelong Learning, and Competitiveness
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
Subcommittee on Domestic Policy (Vice Ranking Member)
Subcommittee on Federal Workforce, Post Office, and the District of Columbia
United States House Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families
Co-founder and Co-chairman of the National Parks Caucus

Resignation
On May 18, 2010, Souder announced he would resign from Congress effective Friday, May 21, after admitting to an affair with Tracy Meadows Jackson, a married female staffer. Famously, he and Ms. Jackson had made a television video in which they both extolled the virtues of abstinence. In a written statement released that morning, Souder said:

It is with great regret I announce that I am resigning from the U.S. House of Representatives as well as resigning as the Republican nominee for Congress in this fall's election. ... I sinned against God, my wife and my family by having a mutual relationship with a part time member of my staff. I am so shamed to have hurt those I love.Souder deviated from his written statement when reading it aloud to the Fort Wayne press later in the morning to explain why, unlike many legislators admitting adultery, he did not have his wife of 30 years at his side:

I'm sick of politicians who drag their spouses up in front of the cameras rather than confronting the problem they caused. Political positions and actions
Souder has said that an actual voting record in Congress is more valuable than claimed positions on issues. His 1994 issues profile is available in the project archives. The American Conservative Union gave him a lifetime rating of 90%. Influence of religion
In 2004, Souder said in an interview that "the closer to the clearness of the Bible, the less ability I should have to compromise. So I view, on abortion, there's really not much room to compromise." He said, regarding Israel, "[T]he bottom line is, they're God's chosen people.He's going to stand with them. The question is: Are we going to stand with them?" Souder also applied for non-combatant status during the Vietnam War on religious grounds. His draft number was never called. Illegal drugs
Souder supported the War on Drugs. He authored and advocated for the 1998 Aid Elimination Penalty (HEAEP), an amendment to the Higher Education Act. The provision suspends eligibility for federal financial aid to college students convicted of drug-related offenses, regardless of when those drug convictions occurred.By 2006, the law had interfered with the financial aid of more than 9,000 Indiana students (one in every 200 applicants from that state). In almost all cases, the suspensions of eligibility for aid were based on applicants checking a box saying that they had a drug conviction, or failing to check the box saying that they do not, rather than an actual check of criminal records. Following an amendment in 2006, only students who are enrolled in college and receiving financial aid at the time of their conviction could have their aid suspended. Students could resume eligibility after a period of time (for example, after one year if convicted of possession of a controlled substance) or if they complete a drug rehabilitation program approved by the U.S. Department of Education. Before the 2006–2007 academic year, the provision could also apply to high school students, but this changed with the passage of the Deficit Reduction Act in 2001. A 2013 research report by the National Bureau of Economic Research found the law had no impact on drug usage among young people, and that it acts as a strong deterrent to college attendance, severely limiting the ability of people to better their lives through education. In early 2006, Souder added to a bill about the office of the drug czar, a provision calling for the fungus Fusarium oxysporum to be used as a biological control agent against drug crops in foreign countries.Several federal and state agencies have previously rejected such use of the fungus because it is highly prone to mutation. Online poker
Souder advocated a federal prohibition of online poker. In 2006, he cosponsored , the Goodlatte-Leach Internet Gambling Prohibition Act and , the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act. Kelty endorsement

In October 2007, in the Fort Wayne, Indiana mayoral race, Souder endorsed fellow Republican Matt Kelty. Souder, however, withdrew his official support for Kelty in October 2007 because of Kelty's campaign finance law problems and a birthday cake frosted with a crude joke which was given to Kelty by several Republicans and garnered controversy. Souder said that the joke cake was "immature." Health
Souder was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in January 2022.Election history

In his initial campaign for Congress in 1994, Souder pledged his support for term-limit legislation. He served four terms (1995–2003) representing Indiana's 4th congressional district. In 2002, after redistricting based on the 2000 census, Souder was elected to represent Indiana's 3rd congressional district. He won re-election there in 2004 and, in 2006, was elected to his seventh term in the House. In the 2006 general election, Souder's Democratic opponent was Fort Wayne City Councilman and military veteran Tom Hayhurst, an MD who contributed $200,000 to his own campaign. Souder won 54% to 46%, carrying all eight counties in his congressional district. The 2006 election was significantly different from 2004, when the 3rd district voted 68%-32% for George W. Bush over John Kerry, and re-elected Souder 69%-31% (when Souder faced Maria Parra, a Democrat who made national headlines when she walked off the stage during a televised debate).In 2008, Souder was re-elected to an eighth term in the U.S. House. Souder defeated Democrat Mike Montagano and Libertarian William Larsen. Souder's resignation prompted the 2010 Indiana's 3rd congressional district special election, which coincided with that year's regular elections. Souder was succeeded by Republican Marlin Stutzman. See also
List of federal political sex scandals in the United States

References

External links

 Higher Education Act Drug Provision

|-

1950 births
21st-century American politicians
American United Brethren in Christ
Indiana Republicans
Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne alumni
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana
Politicians from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
United States congressional aides
University of Notre Dame alumni
Sex scandals in the United States

masks:
Mark Edward Souder
Souder
. Souder


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Richard H<mask> (January 10, 1923 – July 23, 2008) was a glider pilot, aeronautical engineer and prolific writer of articles for gliding magazines. He was an 11-time U.S. National Champion glider pilot, 9-time US Soaring Team pilot at the Soaring World  Championships, held two World Gliding Records and is a member of the US Soaring Hall of Fame. He flew for 70 years and logged over 14,000 flying hours, including over 10,000 hours of non-powered flight time in sailplanes. He authored over 100 articles on soaring and flight tests of gliders. Early years
<mask> was born on January 10, 1923 in Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada. He grew up in Los Altos, California, where he learned the basics of flight and aerodynamics as a model airplane and glider enthusiast. He won the California State Hand-Launched Model Glider Championship in 1937.In 1938, wanting to graduate to full-size aircraft, <mask> read Wolf Hirth's book The Art of Soaring Flight three times. Using a second-hand Northrup primary glider he purchased and being carefully towed by brother Dave driving a 1931 Model A Ford, he taught himself how to fly. Over a period of several months ground skims were gradually replaced by straight-ahead landings, S-turns, 180 degree turns, and finally 360 degree turn flights. The following year <mask> and Dave purchased a Bowlus Baby Albatross intermediate glider kit, and assembled it in their spare time over fall, winter and spring of 1940. With his brother's assistance, they built a wooden trailer for the Baby Albatross glider, and towed the glider 3,000 miles to Elmira, New York, to enter the 1940 U.S. National Gliding Championships at age 17. As a self-taught pilot <mask> had not been licensed prior to this time, so before entering the contest he received a Private Glider Pilot license at Elmira and obtained a legal registration for his home-built Albatross. During the contest he earned his Silver C badge (badge #28), and placed 3rd overall in the contest.World War II Years

By 1941 <mask> owned a Schweizer SGS 2-8 2-seat metal intermediate training glider, had received his Commercial Glider Pilot license and gave flight instruction during weekends on Rosamond Dry Lake in the Mojave Desert of California. At the start of World War II, the U.S. Government took possession of his glider through the War Powers Act of 1941, and <mask> became a Civilian Glider Flight Instructor, training military glider pilots at 29 Palms Air Academy, California. Training was performed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for 14 months, with <mask> flying two 6-hour shifts per day - one shift as a glider instructor and one shift as a tow plane pilot. After 14 months of training no additional glider pilots were needed and <mask> obtained a co-pilot position with Pan American World Airways, Pacific Division in Consolidated PBY-3, Martin 120 and Boeing 314 flying boats. He was later assigned to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) flying PBM-3 and PB-2Y3s. <mask> remained active as the area wing commander of the World War II Glider Pilots Association into his 80s. The RJ-5

The RJ-5 sailplane was one of the first to utilize a laminar flow airfoil, and the first to achieve a glide ratio of 40-to-1.In 1948 <mask> contracted with Harland Ross to design and build the glider (originally designated R-5). One key design decision was to use a NACA 63(2)-615 laminar flow airfoil selected by <mask>. The NACA laminar airfoils were developed in secret during World War II, and subsequently released for public use after the war, but its use here was unproven because no sailplane had used such an airfoil before. However, other obligations prevented Ross from completing the project within the contracted one year schedule, so <mask> took delivery of the partially completed sailplane in 1949. He completed the construction in 1950, and under the direction of Dr. August Raspet of the AeroPhysics Research Laboratory of Mississippi State University, where <mask> was an Aeronautical Engineering student, he measured the glide ratio performance of the initial design at 33-to-1. With the help of Dr. Raspet, <mask> made several modifications which in 1951 resulted in a better than 40 to 1 glide ratio - the first sailplane to achieve that milestone. At Dr. Raspet's suggestion, the name was changed to the RJ-5.<mask> flew the RJ-5 to win the US Open Class Nationals in 1950, 51, 52 and 54, to break the World Distance Record in 1951 and to break the 100 km Triangle World Speed Record in 1952. The World Distance flight of  from Odessa, Texas to Salina, Kansas was the first glider flight to exceed 500 miles and broke the previous world record by . This record held for 12 years, until broken by Al Parker in a Sisu 1A glider that used a more refined laminar flow airfoil. The RJ-5 has been restored and is on display at the National Soaring Museum in Elmira, New York. Flight test evaluations

<mask> wrote more than 100 articles for Soaring magazine, consisting mostly of the Flight Test Evaluation series starting in 1976, which measured the performance of sailplanes utilizing the measurement methods taught by Dr Raspet and refined by <mask>. Funded by the Dallas Gliding Association, which did not have any financial ties to sailplane manufacturers, <mask>'s evaluations were considered an unbiased evaluation and were reprinted in multiple languages and collected into book form. In addition to measuring the sailplane performance as received, these evaluations documented opportunities for measurable performance improvements such as wing smoothing, improved wing seals, turbulator inducing strips, and deturbulator strips.Death
<mask> died July 23, 2008, at age 85. He was flying a Ventus A glider from a Midlothian, Texas airport when it crashed about 2.25 miles (3.5 km) from the airport after flying for some time. The Medical Examiner of Dallas County determined that <mask> died from the injuries he received in the crash. The National Transportation Safety Board determined the probable accident cause to be an incapacitating cardiac event, as <mask> had severe coronary artery disease with symptoms and had been prescribed medication for it. Gliding awards received

F.A.I. Lilienthal Gliding Medal in 1986, the highest gliding award in the world
F.A.I. Paul Tissandier Diploma in 1976- for serving the cause of aviation by work, initiative and devotion
F.A.I.Klemperer Award and OSTIV Plaque (International Scientific and Technical Soaring Organization) in 1983 for contributions to international gliding sciences
S.S.A Hall of Fame in 1956
S.S.A. Warren E. Eaton Memorial Award in 1967 for outstanding contributions to the art, sport, or science of soaring flight in the U.S.A.
S.S.A. These sailplanes cover much of the history of sailplane designs, from an early open fuselage "primary" glider to the modern composite designs. Remained an active consultant to a variety of companies through 2008. His projects were:
Paveway Laser Guided Bomb (LGB)- At TI in 1964 <mask> was instrumental in developing the aeronautical solutions for the initial laser-guided bomb, the BOLT GBU-1, including the unique floating "birdie head" which provided a stable platform for the "smart bomb" guidance system. The "Bolt" was followed by the Paveway I and Paveway II family of laser-guided bombs. The success of the Paveway guided systems during the Vietnam War showed the advantages for surgical strike capabilities of a "smart bomb".<mask> received TI's Pat Haggerty Innovation Award for work on that project. High Speed Anti Radar Missile (HARM) 1973, involved in airframe development
Javelin Anti-Tank Missile 1980, lead airframe development
Joint Stand-Off Weapon (JSOW) unmanned military glider 1987, lead airframe development
NLOS (Non Line of Sight) Weapon-lead airframe development
Paveway III- GBU-24, GBU-27 and GBU-28 ("Bunker Buster")- lead airframe development

Posthumously received the Richard H. <mask> Technical Achievement Award from the Precision Strike Association at the PSA Technical Symposium in October 2009. This award was created in his name to recognize an individual from the public or private sector for outstanding personal technical achievement resulting in significant contribution to precision strike systems. The PSA's documentation for this award indicates that "<mask> personally led the design or redesign of more precision strike airframes than any contemporary. In a number of conflicts over the past two decades, the majority of weapon airframes were <mask>'s designs. His innovative designs, or copies of them, appear in nearly every nation's military where precision strike systems are employed." References

Wings Like Eagles, The Story of Soaring in the United States, by Paul A. Schweizer, Smithsonian Institution Press (1988)
Sierra Hotel: Flying Air Force Fighters in the Decade after Vietnam, by C. R. Anderegg.Air Force History and Museums Program (https://web.archive.org/web/20080918042534/http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/publications.htm), 200 McChord Street, Box 94, Bolling AFB, Washington, D.C. 20332-1111, 2001, 228 pages (softcover). External links
http://www.deturbulator.org/
http://soaringweb.org/Awards
http://sinhatech.com/

1923 births
2008 deaths
Accidental deaths in Texas
American aerospace engineers
American aviators
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Mississippi State University alumni
People from Medicine Hat
People from Los Altos, California
Stanford University alumni
Lilienthal Gliding Medal recipients
Glider pilots
Glider flight record holders
American aviation record holders
Canadian aviation record holders
Engineers from California
20th-century American engineers
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 2008

masks:
. Johnson
Dick Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Dick Lyon
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Dick Johnson
Dick Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Dick Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Dick Johnson
Johnson


texts:
<mask> (c. 1785 – 31 October 1852) was an Irish sailor who became an officer in the British Royal Navy, serving as a master on several ships, after being impressed into service in Ireland at the age of 18. He is noted for his participation in several explorations of parts of Antarctica, including a sighting of the Trinity Peninsula in January 1820. Early life
<mask> was born in Ballinacurra, County Cork, Ireland, in about 1785. While little is known of <mask>'s family or early life, the Bransfields are thought to have been a well-known and respected Catholic family. They may have had enough money to pay for <mask>'s education, but because of the Penal Laws, it is more likely that he attended a local hedge school. On 2 June 1803, <mask>, then eighteen years old, was removed by British sailors from his father's fishing boat and impressed into the Royal Navy. He began as an ordinary seaman on the 110-gun first-rate ship of the line , where he shared living quarters with <mask>, then a twelve-year-old midshipman; Parry later also became known in polar exploration.<mask> was rated as an able seaman in 1805 and was appointed to the 110-gun first-rate  (which had taken part in the Battle of Trafalgar); he was promoted in 1806 to able seaman, then 2nd master's mate in 1808, midshipman in 1808, clerk in 1809, and midshipman again in 1811. By 1812, he had achieved the rank of second master, and in the same year he was made acting master on HMS Goldfinch, a 10-gun Cherokee-class brig-sloop. Between the years 1814 and 1816, <mask> served briefly as master on many fifth-rate ships. On 21 February 1816, he was appointed master of the 50-gun fourth-rate , leading it in the Bombardment of Algiers. During September 1817, he was appointed master of HMS Andromache under the command of Captain W. H. Shirreff. It was during this tour of duty that he was posted to the Royal Navy's new Pacific Squadron off Valparaíso in Chile. Antarctic exploration

During 1773, James Cook sailed beyond the Antarctic Circle, noting with pride in his journal that he was "undoubtedly the first that ever crossed that line."The next year, Cook circumnavigated Antarctica completely and reached a latitude of 71°10'S before being driven back by the ice. Although Cook failed to see Antarctica, he dispelled once and for all the myth that a fertile, populous continent surrounded the South Pole. Not surprisingly, the British Admiralty lost interest in the Antarctic and turned its attention to the ongoing search for the Northwest Passage. Almost half a century passed before anyone else is known to have travelled as far south as Cook. In 1819, while rounding Cape Horn, William Smith, the owner and skipper of the English merchant ship Williams, was driven south by adverse winds and discovered what came to be known as the South Shetland Islands. When news of his discovery reached Valparaíso, Captain Shirreff of the Royal Navy decided that the matter warranted further investigation. He chartered the Williams and appointed <mask>, two midshipmen, and the surgeon from the ship HMS Slaney to survey the newly discovered islands.Smith remained aboard, acting as <mask>'s pilot. After a brief and uneventful voyage into the Southern Ocean, <mask> and Smith reached the South Shetland Islands. <mask> landed on King George Island and took formal possession on behalf of King George III (who had died the day before, on 29 January 1820). He then proceeded in a southwesterly direction past Deception Island, not investigating or charting it. Turning south, he crossed what is now known as the Bransfield Strait (named for him by James Weddell in 1822), and on 30 January 1820 sighted Trinity Peninsula, the northernmost point of the Antarctic mainland. "Such was the discovery of Antarctica," writes the English writer Roland Huntford. <mask> made a note in his log of two "high mountains, covered with snow", one of which was subsequently named Mount Bransfield by Jules Dumont d'Urville in his honour.Unknown to <mask>, two days earlier, on 28 January 1820, Russian explorer Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen may have caught sight of an icy shoreline now known to be part of East Antarctica. On the basis of this sighting and the coordinates given in his logbook, Bellingshausen has been credited by some (e.g., British polar historian A. G. E. Jones) with the discovery of the continent. Having charted a segment of the Trinity Peninsula, <mask> followed the edge of the Antarctic ice sheet in a northeasterly direction and discovered various points on Elephant Island and Clarence Island, which he also formally claimed for the British Crown. He did not sail around Elephant Island and did not name it, although he charted Clarence Island completely. When <mask> returned to Valparaíso, he gave his charts and journal to Captain Shirreff, who delivered them to the Admiralty. The original charts are still in the possession of the hydrographic department in Taunton, Somerset, but Bransfield's journal has been lost. The Admiralty, it seems, was still more interested in the search for the Northwest Passage.Two private accounts of <mask>'s historic voyage were published during 1821. During recent years the journal of one of the midshipmen, Charles Poynter, was discovered in New Zealand. An account has been published by the Hakluyt Society, edited by Richard Campbell, RN. Later life
The remainder of Bransfield's life is obscure. He died on 31 October 1852 at the age of 66 or 67, and was buried in the Brighton Extra-Mural Cemetery in southern England. His wife survived him and was buried in the same grave after her death in 1863. Legacy and honors
Bransfield Island, Bransfield Strait, Bransfield Trough, Bransfield Rocks, and Mount Bransfield were all named in his honour.In 1999, <mask>'s grave, discovered in a deteriorated state in a Brighton churchyard, was renovated (funded by charitable donations) by Sheila Bransfield. In 2002, she completed a master's thesis on his role in the discovery of Antarctica at the Greenwich Maritime Institute. The event was marked by a ceremony attended by numerous dignitaries. In 2000, the Royal Mail issued a commemorative stamp in <mask>, an Antarctic surveying vessel named after him. In January 2020, on the 200th anniversary of his discovery of Antarctica, a commemorative monument was unveiled in his hometown of Ballincurra, in County Cork, Ireland. On the same day a blue plaque was unveiled at his former home at 11 Clifton Road, Brighton. See also
Nathaniel Palmer, the first American to see Antarctica, on 17 November 1820
Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
History of Antarctica
Livingston Island

References

Further reading
The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal (April 1821)
London Literary Gazette (November 1821)
Encyclopædia Britannica (14th edition, 1962)
 Review: On Some Misrepresentations of Antarctic History The Geographical Journal (October 1939) pg 309
The Mariner's Mirror (July 1941) pg 213 onwards

The Discovery of the South Shetland Islands 1819–1820:  The Journal of Midshipman C W Poynter (Hakluyt Society, London 2000), R J Campbell (Editor)
The Antarctic Problem: An Historical and Political Study (George Allen & Unwin, London 1951), E W Hunter Christie.Below the Convergence:  Voyages Towards Antarctica 1699–1839 (W W Norton Co Ltd, London, 1977), Alan Gurney. Antarctica Observed – Who Discovered the Antarctic Continent? (Caedmon of Whitby, North Yorkshire, 1982) A G E Jones
Ф. Ф. Беллингсгаузен. "Двукратные изыскания в южнополярном океане и плавание вокруг света". By Imperial Decree, St Petersburg, 1831, two vols. The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic seas 1819–1821. Translated from the Russian, edited by Frank Debenham, OBE MA, Director of the Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, MCMXLV.London, printed for the Hakluyt Society (W Lewis, University Press, Cambridge)
"The Bombardment of Algiers, 1816" from 'History Today' January 1978, Derek Severn. Also Gunfire in Barbary – Admiral Lord Exmouth's Battle with the Corsairs of Algiers in 1816 by Roger Perkins and Captain K J Douglas-Morris RN (Kenneth Mason, Homewell, Havant, Hampshire, 1982)
The Role of <mask> in the Discovery of Antarctica, Greenwich Maritime Institute, (Dissertation submitted towards the MA in Maritime History, 2002), <mask> MA
Michael Smith, Great Endeavour – Ireland's Antarctic Explorers, Collins Press, 2010

1785 births
1852 deaths
Irish explorers
Irish Antarctic explorers
British explorers
Explorers of Antarctica
19th-century explorers
People from County Cork
Royal Navy officers

masks:
Edward Bransfield
Edward Bransfield
Edward
Edward
Bransfield
William Edward Parry
Bransfield
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Sheila Bransfield


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<mask> (; 15 June 1966 – 10 August 1998) was a Kosovo Albanian soldier who gained prominence in the Yugoslav Wars. He served in the Croatian Army during the Croatian War of Independence. He subsequently fought in the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and later also in the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), where he was named a general. He was killed in 1998, during the Battle of Junik, and was posthumously promoted to Brigadier General. Early years
<mask> was born and raised in Grabovac near Peć, SFR Yugoslavia (modern-day Graboc near Peja, Kosovo) as the youngest of six children of Fazli and <mask>. His grandfather Nexhip Selmani fought against Yugoslav authorities in Kosovo for decades. After attending secondary school in Peja, he decided to go to SR Croatia due to not being able to continue school in Kosovo.During his first period in Croatia, <mask> maintained mostly physical jobs to earn a living and send money back to the family in Kosovo. After a while, he also registered as a student in the Zagreb University studying as a veterinary. He finished his studies with success, also maintaining one of his favorite hobbies, military art and martial art. After a few years in Croatia, <mask> moved to the Netherlands where he got engaged and settled. War in Croatia and Bosnia
When the Croatian War of Independence started, <mask> <mask> left his life in the West behind him at the age of 25, and came back to Croatia on 7 August 1991 to volunteer in the Croatian National Guard. He joined a battalion defending the twin villages of Donje Komarevo and Gornje Komarevo near Sisak. He later participated in battles of eastern Slavonia, in the front-lines against the JNA, before he was wounded there on 16 June 1992.He was discharged with a significant disability and lived in Opatija until 1996. During the Croatian War he was also interviewed by BBC where he declared that Croatia within only a couple of months would be free of Serbian soldiers as the war went very well. Only days later, the final Croatian offensive began and <mask> was one of the front-line soldiers. He also took part in the Bosnian War, during the battle of Kotorsko he was hit by six bullets on 15 June 1992. He was taken to a military hospital in Croatia and later returned to the front line once again. Kosovo War

Only two years later, <mask> moved his attention towards helping the ethnic Albanian faction of Kosovo. The ethnic Albanians of Kosovo started organising themselves in military actions against the Yugoslavian authorities that were stationed in Kosovo.<mask> was one of the main organisers behind the early attacks of the Kosovo Liberation Army. During early 1998, he illegally entered Kosovo from Albania with several other militants who then settled themselves in a small town in the Drenica valley and started organising several attacks in the region. He was the main consultant and commander in the area, handling the training of the new recruits. However, there were bigger problems in the western part of Kosovo (Dukagjin), his home region was coming under heavy pressure from the Yugoslav police. Together with his close friend and companion Bedri Shala, they traveled to Glogjan, a small town only minutes away from his native town of Graboc. There, they united with other KLA militants, amongst them Ramush Haradinaj and his brothers, and defended the village of Glogjan against a Yugoslavian police-raid. During the Battle of Glogjan, <mask> <mask> was seen as one of the most important figures of the KLA, he was responsible for the logistics, the communication and the movement of militants in and out of Glogjan.The commander in chief of the region, Ramush Haradinaj, decided to place Bekim Berisha and Bedri Shala in the town of Junik. This small town had a strategic importance to both the KLA and the Yugoslavian Army. It was one of the main KLA strongholds during the war (largely due to Berisha and Shala's efforts against a much better equipped Yugoslav Army). During the battle, he insisted on the re-organisation of the KLA, he demanded that the KLA should switch its strategy and launch a major offensive instead of fortressing themselves within the town of Junik. During May 1998, the authorities surrounded Junik from all sides and shelled it constantly with heavy artillery. During the relentless shelling, on 29 May 1998, his partner and closest friend, Bedri Shala was heavily wounded and taken back to the camp from the frontline. When <mask> got the news that Shala was dying, he went with several soldiers to the frontline and launched hit-and-run attacks against Yugoslav vehicles that had reached the southern part of Junik.According to the surviving soldiers, <mask> <mask> was heavily touched by the death of Bedri Shala. Unlike in other battles, <mask> maintained no radio contact with his commanding officer, instead he and several other soldiers settled down in a small house that was located perhaps one hundred meters from the Yugoslav positions and confronted his enemy with sniper and RPG fire. After hours of fighting, the Yugoslavs decided to call in a tank for support. Once it arrived, it neared the house in which <mask> and the other KLA militants were holed up in and launched a projectile that went on to tear <mask>'s right arm off of his body, wounding him mortally. Elton Zherka, Përmet Vula and Bashkim Lekaj fell on the same spot, a helpless <mask> was taken back to the KLA's makeshift headquarters in the center of Junik and died the same day as his friend Bedri Shala. Only days after his death, Junik fell into the hands of the Yugoslav authorities. Legacy

<mask> was buried in Junik, but later re-buried in his home town of Graboc, he was granded the military title and rank of Brigadier General by the Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC).According to witnesses, the Croatian President Franjo Tuđman reportedly mourned the loss of <mask>, claiming he was “a one man army, that Croatia and Kosovo would be eternally proud of”. His former General in Croatia, Janko Bobetko also cried talking about <mask> during a documentary about <mask>s life. Claiming he was “one of the best men and soldiers he has ever gotten in touch with”. “<mask> was really unique, I don’t think anyone in Croatia nor Kosova really known the value that he had to the Independence war against Serbia. You should be proud that he was a member of your nation”. Several streets, schools and other institutions carry his name today in Kosovo. In August 2010, <mask> was posthumously awarded the Hero of Kosovo.Ivica Pandža, a retired Colonel of the Croatian Army, who had served with <mask>, started investigating <mask>'s legacy in 2007. He tracked down <mask>'s lost documents in Komarevo that led to the finding of <mask>'s Homeland War Memorial Medal in the archives of the Ministry of Defence. In 2013, <mask> was posthumously awarded the Order of the Croatian Cross. Annotations

References

External links

1966 births
1998 deaths
Albanian nationalists in Kosovo
Kosovan soldiers
Military personnel of the Croatian War of Independence
Croatian army officers
Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina soldiers
Kosovo Liberation Army soldiers
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb alumni
Order of Nikola Šubić Zrinski recipients
20th-century Albanian military personnel
20th-century Albanian people
Kosovo Albanians
Military personnel from Peja
Croatian independence activists
Croatian people of Albanian descent
Croatian people of Kosovan descent

masks:
Bekim Berisha
Berisha
Frije Berisha
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Berisha
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Berisha
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<mask> (April 29, 1908 – August 24, 1983) was an American politician who served as the first lieutenant governor of Hawaii in the administration of Governor of Hawaii William F. Quinn. Prior to his election as Lieutenant Governor, <mask> served a number of years as a legislator on Hawaii island (the "Big Island"), distinguishing himself as a respected leader. Early years
<mask> was born on April 29, 1908, in Pahoa on Hawaii island to Lee Chau and <mask>. His father was a Cantonese immigrant who had come to Hawaii as a plantation laborer. While growing up <mask> was raised by his grandparents, whose name he assumed. Later he decided to add Kimo as his middle name. In the Chinese community in Hawaii, he was commonly known as Lee Yat Wo.He graduated from Hilo High School in 1926 and started working as a clerk for Kwong See Wo, a grocery store in Hilo. In 1929 he married Muilan Young, and together they had two daughters, Leihulu Emma and Leiohu Lillie. In the next year he opened his own grocery, which he operated until 1948. Legislative career
In 1934, <mask> was elected to the Territorial House of Representatives, serving as speaker pro tem. He was elected for a second term two years later. In 1938, he successfully ran as a Democrat for a seat in the Territorial Senate, where he served as president pro tem. That same year, he switched to the Republican Party, expressing his unhappiness with the in-fighting amongst island Democrats.People often referred to <mask> as the "Wonder Boy of Hawaiian politics" because he consistently won elections by sizable margins. In 1940 <mask> was elected to the Hawaii County Board of Supervisors, where he won re-election for three successive terms. In 1946, he suffered his first-ever defeat in his political career, losing in a bid for Hawaii County Chairman. In 1948, he ran again, winning the first of six consecutive terms as Hawaii County Chairman. Lieutenant governor
<mask> served for years as Hawaii County Chairman, because of his popularity and leadership, was selected in 1959 by the Republican Party as its candidate for lieutenant governor in the state of Hawaii's first gubernatorial election, running alongside William F. Quinn, the party's candidate for governor. The pairing worked well, as Quinn and <mask> defeated their Democratic opponents John A. Burns and Mitsuyuki Kido. <mask> was the first Chinese American and Native Hawaiian to be elected as a lieutenant governor in the United States.<mask>'s term as lieutenant governor was described as "unpleasant" for him (Kim). Governor Quinn was not confident in allowing a Native Hawaiian, even a friend like <mask>, to make important decisions on his behalf. <mask> found himself relegated to presiding at ceremonial functions. He also had disagreements with Governor Quinn about the issue of political patronage (Kim). <mask> gained national attention during the close 1960 United States presidential election, in which John F. Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon both nationally and in Hawaii. Errors in the official tabulation resulted in Nixon being declared the winner of Hawaii's electoral votes by 141 votes, despite inconsistencies in the tabulation sheets. After ordering two audits of the tabulation sheets (but being unable to inspect the actual ballots cast), <mask> certified the vote total in favor of his fellow Republican Nixon, resulting in the call of national Democrats for a recount.The recount extended past the Constitutionally-required December 19 date for casting electoral votes; as a result, both "unofficial" Democratic and "official" Republican electoral slates met at the Iolani Palace and submitted competing certificates of ascertainment for Hawaii's three electoral votes. The result was finally resolved on the floor of the United States Senate during the electoral college certification process. 1962 election for Governor
After growing tensions between <mask> and Quinn, especially on role of the Lieutenant Governor. <mask> challenged Quinn in the Republican gubernatorial primary in 1962, characterizing himself as a "native son" and a "local boy" in what was described as "a bitter contest" (Kim). Quinn prevailed, garnering 44,095 votes to 33,277 for <mask> (Boylan). Quinn, in a quest for reconciliation, appointed <mask> as the executive officer for the Hawaii exhibit at the New York World's Fair. Later in the general election of that year, Quinn was soundly defeated by his Democratic opponent, John A. Burns.Some analysts have said that the decision by <mask> to challenge Governor Quinn in the primary cost the Republicans the election (Kim). For many voters the primary was another triumph of the Haole over the Hawaiian, a recurring theme with the Republican Party, causing voters to defect to the Democrats or refused to vote. Comeback attempts
After losing in 1962, <mask> still had political aspirations but failed to win an election again. In 1966 he ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives against incumbent Democrat Spark Matsunaga and was defeated. Of note in that campaign was <mask>'s vocal opposition to the war in Vietnam which shocked fellow Republicans and enthused Democrats in their election efforts (Harada). In 1968 he unsuccessfully ran for Mayor of Hawaii County, losing to Shunichi Kimura. Business difficulties and later years
In addition to his defeats at the polls, <mask> endured two business setbacks.In 1967, he filed bankruptcy in connection with his involvement in a restaurant and show concession at the Montreal Expo in Canada (Cavaliero and Sherman). In 1977, he and his wife were victimized in a hotel and condominium scam that also resulted in bankruptcy. In his later years <mask> grew papayas in Hawaii and owned a farm in Salem, Oregon. He died on August 24, 1983, in Honolulu with interment at Homelani Cemetery in Hilo. <mask>ha Park

In 1963, <mask>ha Beach Park on Hawaii Island was named in his honor. Also known to residents as "4-Miles," the park is located four miles from the Hilo Post Office, which has been historically considered the starting point for all mileage markers originating from Hilo (Clark 25). James Kealoha Beach Park is featured in a song on the 1979 album Na Pana Kaulana o Keaukaha by Edith Kanakaʻole.Resources
 Black, Forrest. "Kealoha Campaigns for Governor as 'Native Son.'" Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 31, 1962. Borg, Jim. "<mask> Dead at 75." Honolulu Advertiser, July 25, 1983. Boylan, Dan and T. Michael Holmes.John A. Burns: The Man and His Times. University of Hawaii Press, 2000. Casey, Brian. "Mr. Kealoha's  'Sunny Jim.'" Honolulu Advertiser, December 13, 1959. Cavaliero, Eric, and Eddie Sherman. "Kealoha Files Bankruptcy for Exhibition."Honolulu Advertiser, September 11, 1967. Clark, John R.K. Beaches of the Big Island. University of Hawaii Press, 1985. Goodfader, Al. "Quinn for Governor; Suggests Kealoha for 'No. 2' Post."Honolulu Advertiser, April 5, 1959. Harada, Wayne. "Kealoha Stand Surprises Spark." Honolulu Advertiser, October 8, 1966. Kim, Hyung-Chan S.(Editor). Distinguished Asian Americans : A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1999. p 173
 McManus, Larry."Kealoha's Speech Cheers Democrats." Honolulu Advertiser, October 8, 1966. References

1908 births
1983 deaths
Native Hawaiian politicians
Members of the Hawaii Territorial Legislature
Lieutenant Governors of Hawaii
Hawaii Republicans
Hawaii Democrats
20th-century American politicians
Hawaii people of Chinese descent
Hawaii politicians of Chinese descent
Burials at Homelani Memorial Park and Cemetery

masks:
James Kimo Kealoha
Kealoha
James Kealoha
Alice Makanui Kealoha
James
Kealoha
Kealoha
Kealoha
Kealoha
Kealoha
Kealoha
Kealoha
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Kealoha
Kealoha
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James Kealo
James Kealo
James Kealoha


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<mask> (5 September 1914 – 3 August 2000) was a Puerto Rican Roman Catholic religious sister. Known as the "Mother Teresa of Puerto Rico", she received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of her humanitarian work. <mask> was born in Ponce to a wealthy family. She was one of six siblings, Jose, Carlos, Hernan, Rosario and Luis, Puerto Rico's former governor. When she was 21, Ferré traveled to the United States where she commenced her novitiate. After five years, she completed the solemn vows. As part of her religious work, Ferré traveled back and forth between Puerto Rico and the United States, serving as an abbess in Cabo Rojo and New York City.During this time frame, she attended various universities in the United States, studying  sociology and arts. After working as a member of New York City's Committee Against Poverty, to which she was appointed by Mayor John Lindsay, Ferré decided in 1969, to set her permanent residence in Ponce, specifically in the low-income sector of La Playa. There she founded a small hospital and a school/resource center named Centro de Orientación y Servicios de La Playa de Ponce. The school/resource center would later become Centros Sor Isolina Ferré and opened numerous outlets throughout Puerto Rico at large. <mask> Aguayo is a member of Mu Alpha Phi sorority. Early life
<mask> was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, to <mask> and Mary Aguayo. Born into a wealthy family of recent European background, she was one of six children.Her siblings included Luis, José, Carlos, Rosario, and Hermán Ferré. Throughout the years, the Ferré family owned several companies in Puerto Rico, ranging from factories to newspapers. However, she was inclined towards a religious life from a young age. Her father was Catholic, but left the church when, at the request of a dying friend, he joined the Freemasons. The other members of the family attended a church named Iglesia de la Monserrate located in Hormigueros. Her mother used to spend her time in benevolent activities, often donating toys to orphaned children. Her mother contracted Filaria, which limited her social and personal activities, therefore Saro, Ferré's older sister,  became responsible for the upbringing of the younger children.When she was three years old, Ferré entered a religious school named Colegio de las Madres del Sagrado Corazón, where she became interested in the habits practiced by the nuns. Ferré traveled throughout Ponce with some of the family's employees, becoming familiar with the neighborhoods and their inhabitants. When she was young, Ferré believed that poverty was a voluntary economic state of being however, during her adolescence she realized that it wasn't so and that she was wrong in her way of  thinking. During this timeframe she practiced tennis and cycling, and taught Catechism. Religious career

Novitiate
When she was sixteen years old, Ferré enrolled at the University of Puerto Rico's campus in Río Piedras. She subsequently moved to the Orden De Las Siervas Misioneras De La Santisima Trinidad (Congregation Of The Missionary Servants Of The Most Blessed Trinity, MSBT), where she resided while studying. While in the university, Ferré developed an interest in opera and literature.She continued practicing tennis, eventually practicing with Rebekah Colberg. Shortly after completing her first semester, Ferré returned to her home, where she was informed that her mother was in critical condition. Her mother died the next morning, moments after her son Luis arrived from the United States. Ferré resumed her studies with intensively and during this time she also worked and played tennis. Her health was affected because of her strenuous activities and after she went to her doctor and had a radiology done, she was told that she had damage in her lungs and was recommended that she take one year of rest. The condition worsened and she moved to Adjuntas briefly, until the symptoms completely disappeared one month later. <mask> (her brother) became a member of Luis Muñoz Marín's government.He told her about the details of Operation Bootstrap and Operation Serenity. Interested in this second project, she organized a group of delivery boys and shoe shiners and founded a candy distribution system. Ferré and some friends also preached to workers in sugar plantations, often visiting their houses in the evening. She left her family's house to join a convent shortly after her 21st birthday, after receiving permission from her father. Before entering the convent, she decided to swear a chastity vow. After arriving in Philadelphia, she spent her first year involved in a series of religious activities, including some "spiritual exercises" where she was only allowed to speak in the confessional. Her first mission took place in the small town of Norton, Virginia.There she met with the priest of a community of Polish miners and together they performed a series of domestic labors. She continued working on other missions, receiving occasional visits from her siblings. She eventually joined a Novitiate in New York City. In this convent, she was one of the few novices that knew how to drive an automobile and served as the convent's driver. While in New York, Ferré felt symptoms of appendicitis, and was rushed to a Philadelphia hospital. Work as a nun and Mother Superior
Five years after serving in the missions, Ferrer swore the solemn vows. She was subsequently transferred from Long Island to Cabo Rojo per request of Ponce's Bishop.Upon arriving, she was received by a procession. As part of this mission, She and the nuns organized baseball teams and sewing schools. She continued working in this convent for 11 years, until she was promoted to abbess. As Mother Superior, Ferré remained in Cabo Rojo for six more years, which is the time limit that a Mother Superior can work within the a mission before receiving another assignment. She was then sent to Hato Rey, where she was assigned to a religious school. Here she replaced part of the institution's materials with new ones, using part of a savings account created by the previous directory. Shortly after she contracted Sepsis, and was removed from the position.Some time later Ferré traveled to the Bronx, where several of the nuns that studied with her in Philadelphia resided. This congregation focused their attention in discouraging street crime. One day, Ferré was forced to dress a gang member in nun's clothing, to confuse the members of a rival gang. Due to her actions, she was promoted to abbess of the convent. She led the other nuns in an effort to revitalize the city's landscape. New York's governor Nelson Rockefeller, awarded her the city's "Republican Woman" recognition. The community elected her as their official representative in New York's "Committee Against Poverty", but she declined the offer and granted the position to another Puerto Rican resident.She did this because Mayor John Lindsay had previously appointed her as his personal representative. Ferré focused her work in promoting education among street gangs. The convent, interested in promoting community acceptance regardless of religion, was originally called "Dr. White Catholic Center" was renamed "Dr. White Center". During this timeframe she continued her education, briefly attending Holly Family College and completing her bachelor's degree at St. Joseph's College for Women. After a stint as a teacher in Philadelphia, she was sent back to New York in order to complete and further her studies. Ferré completed a sociology master's degree at Fordham University, submitting a thesis based in the strengths and weaknesses of Puerto Rican families that faced conditions of discrimination and poverty after migrating to the city. Her final work in the United States took place in Chicago, where she coached a group of Puerto Rican community leaders.Founding Centros Sor Isolina Ferré
In 1968, she returned to Barrio La Playa in Ponce where the Ferré family had built a dispensary to treat vesicular conditions. She was operated and remained in rest for a month, spending this period visiting adjacent barrios and reading. Ferré then began promoting community restructuring by rehabilitating several buildings with the help of her brother Jose. She was responsible for the opening of a small clinic and school named Centro de Orientacion y Servicios de La Playa de Ponce (Ponce Playa Orientation and Services Center), dedicated to providing educational opportunities, extracurricular activities, and day care services to low-income families. With the cooperation of a Methodist reverend, she also founded an industrial sewing school. They also formed a baseball team named Las Latas Stars and an equestrian club. Ferré promoted cultural events, reestablished traditional celebrations and organized activities focused on theatrics, ballet, modeling and sports.Seeking to address a personnel deficiency in nearby petrochemical factories, Teodoro Moscoso suggested to them the creation of a welding school. The institution was built adjacent to Puerto Rico Iron Works, a company that belonged to the Ferré family, and which remained active until 1972. This initiative was followed by a photography laboratory, which served to illustrate El Playero, a local magazine. Ferré and the community of La Playa designed a proposal to work with juvenile delinquents, by suggesting that they should be placed under custody by their community and that they should be treated with respect instead of as criminals. The program was based in a system designed by Charles Grosser named "Advocacy", eventually becoming known as "Advocacy Puerto Rican Style". This method gathered interest from community leaders in the United States, who were interested in establishing similar programs. The program also gathered interest from politicians, to which she suggested the creation of the Centro Diagnostico y de Tratamiento de la Playa de Ponce (Ponce Playa Diagnostic and Treatment Center).Ferré and the community received a grant of one million dollars to build the institution, which was built in a lot in barrio El Ciclón. While attempting to eliminate prostitution, Ferré rented a building which was once used as a bar, opening a technological center at that location. In 1975, the Center faced some financial losses, following a fire and a flood, when  Hurricane Eloise passed hit Puerto Rico. By this time a series of small centers had been founded, as part of an initiative that was denominated "religious urban guerrilla". Due to this the organization's work continued uninterrupted, temporarily moving their operations to a location in an adjacent barrio. Ferré established the center's headquarters in a building that used to belong to the employees of her father, which had been renamed Dispensario San Antonio years earlier. This was donated to a local convent, who turned it into a corporation in 1950.Ferré used of her own wealth to created charities not only in Puerto Rico, but in New York City and the Appalachia as well. The community of La Playa changed the name of the institution from Centro de Orientacion de La Playa to Centros Sister Isolina Ferré to honor her memory. Saatchi & Saatchi, the advertising agency in charge of the center's publicity,  subsequently effected the name change. Later years, declining health and death

She was elected as a delegate in the "World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women", organized in 1980. When interviewed, Ferré stated that while the organization is run by nuns from the state and donations from the private industry, she tried to keep both of them separated from the church. During the 1980s, most of the funds for Centros Sor Isolina Ferré were provided by Rafael Hernández Colón, who promoted the establishment of a new center in Caimito, Puerto Rico. One day, Ferré decided to intervene in a hostage situation, where two young men were threatening to open fire if the police entered their house.She was able to enter the house and the father confessed that he was responsible for the incident, after he hit one of his sons as punishment. The two men used the distraction to escape by jumping to the sea, but went to Ferré's center in search of medical attention. She contacted the police, and convinced them that they would not be arrested if they went to a hospital. This convinced her that the community needed more police attention, eventually employing a Japanese initiative named Koban. Based on this, a group of officers moved to one of the residences that comprised Caimito's center, visiting the other houses on a daily basis. When Hurricane Hugo struck Puerto Rico, Centros Sor Isolina Ferré cultivated 10,000 trees in a greenhouse, intending to help the government deal with the deforestation left by the storm. One day, Mother Teresa visited Ferré while she was preparing an educational initiative.Both nuns discussed theology and social and humanitarian work, coming to the conclusion that while they used different methods, their goal was the same. On the morning of July 22, 1985, Ferré suffered a heart attack. She remained hospitalized for some weeks before undergoing Cardiac surgery. In 1989, she was selected to receive the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism. By the 1990s, the Centers had created 50 different initiatives, of which 40 proved successful. In 1993, Ferré received the Hispanic Heritage Award in the "Education" category. In March of that year, Ferré organized the first International Congress of Centros Sor Isolina Ferré, which focused in community development and youth upbringing.The activity was attended by several religious and political figures. That same year, the center also reported that their social programs directed towards juvenile crime had been successful, reducing the frequency of crime in the locations adjacent to the centers by 20 percent. <mask>'s efforts in La Playa were written and chronicled in Puerto Rican books and newspapers, as well as the publications of other Latin American countries including the Dominican Republic and Venezuela. She earned twelve honorary doctorates from diverse educational institutions, and more than 64 organizations awarded her recognitions. Her work was recognized by President Bill Clinton who awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a ceremony in the White House, an honor previously also bestowed upon her brother Luis A<mask>. In early 2000, Ferré began experiencing some health problems, but her health improved somewhat that July. However shortly after that she began experiencing respiratory problems and was hospitalized at the Hospital de Damas in Ponce.<mask> died on August 3, 2000, shortly before her 86th birthday. By then she had provided over half a century of public service. Her body was buried in Las Mercedes cemetery. After <mask>'s death, the Centers which she founded continued to operate under the direction of José Díaz Coto. With help from Puerto Rico's Department of Family and the Department of Justice, preventive programs have been added to the Centers offerings. On May 16, 2008, the institution reported a reduction of 2% in juvenile delinquency in sectors adjacent to its Centers in Ponce. Her contributions in civic duty are also recognized at the Park for the Illustrious Ponce Citizens in her hometown of Ponce.On May 29, 2014, the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico honored 12 illustrious women with plaques in the "La Plaza en Honor a la Mujer Puertorriqueña" (Plaza in Honor of Puerto Rican Women) in San Juan. According to the plaques the following 12 women, who by virtue of their merits and legacies, stand out in the history of Puerto Rico. On May 29, 2014, The Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico honored 12 illustrious women with plaques in the "La Plaza en Honor a la Mujer Puertorriqueña" (Plaza in Honor of Puerto Rican Women) in San Juan. According to the plaques the 12 women, who by virtue of their merits and legacies, stand out in the history of Puerto Rico. Ferre was among those who were honored. See also

List of Puerto Ricans
Roman Catholicism in Puerto Rico
List of Puerto Rican Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
History of women in Puerto Rico

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links
Centros Sor Isolina Ferré

1914 births
2000 deaths
Burials at Cementerio Las Mercedes
Clergy from Ponce
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Puerto Rican Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
Christian abbesses
Puerto Rican people of Catalan descent
20th-century Christian nuns
Philanthropists from Ponce
20th-century American philanthropists
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
20th-century American clergy

masks:
Sor Isolina Ferré Aguayo
Ferré Aguayo
Ferré
Ferré
Antonio Ferré
Jose Ferré
Ferré
. Ferré
Ferré
Ferré


texts:
<mask> (born 10 May 1970) is a Scottish football coach and former professional player. Born in Falkirk, <mask> played as a defender, and began his professional career with his home-town club, Falkirk, after having attended the University of Evansville in the United States. After four seasons with the Bairns, <mask> then moved on to Heart of Midlothian where he won the 1998 Scottish Cup. He joined Everton in 1999 and spent seven years with the club, becoming club captain under two different managers. <mask> then moved to Rangers in 2007 and became club captain after Barry Ferguson was stripped of the role in April 2009. <mask> called time on his playing career in May 2012. <mask> won his first cap for the Scotland national football team in 1997 and was selected for their 1998 FIFA World Cup squad.He retired from international football in 2002, when Berti Vogts was the manager, but returned when Walter Smith took charge in 2004. <mask> became the oldest Scotland player when he played in UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying matches in 2010. He finished his international career with  69 caps, which makes him  Scotland's seventh-most capped player. <mask> had a brief spell as manager of Sheffield United in 2013. He has since assisted Mark Warburton at Brentford, Rangers and Nottingham Forest. Playing career

Club

Evansville Purple Aces
<mask> was scouted by the University of Evansville. He moved to the United States on a scholarship from 1988 to 1991.<mask> excelled in this position, scoring 28 goals in 27 matches during his senior year. This form led to him being named an NCAA All-American and Midwest Collegiate Conference Player of the Year in 1990. <mask> is tied for the school record with 50 career goals and ranks second in school history with 129 career points. Falkirk
Upon returning from the United States <mask> trained with Celtic; however, he did not sign a professional contract. In 1992, he joined then Scottish First Division side Falkirk and went on to make 134 appearances for the club and score eight goals. He was part of the side which won promotion to the Scottish Premier Division. <mask> also won the 1993 Scottish Challenge Cup on 12 December, playing in the side that defeated St Mirren 3–0 at Fir Park in Motherwell.Heart of Midlothian
On 30 June 1996, <mask> moved to Premier Division side Heart of Midlothian. He made his debut for the club in a League Cup match against Stenhousemuir on 14 August 1996 and scored his first goal three days later. <mask> netted Hearts second goal in a 3–2 win over Kilmarnock. His first sending off was in an infamous game against Rangers at Ibrox on 14 September 1996. Rangers won the match 3–0 but Hearts had four players ordered off in a twenty-minute spell. <mask> won his second career honour, the 1998 Scottish Cup, by beating Rangers 2–1 in the final at Celtic Park. He left Tynecastle midway through the following season when he was purchased by Everton for £250,000.<mask> played 116 games in all for Hearts and scored twelve goals. <mask> joined Everton on 16 February 1999 and made his debut in a league match against Middlesbrough the next day as Everton won, 5–0, coming on as a substitute for John Oster after 73 minutes. <mask>'s first goal for Everton was a last-minute equaliser against Leeds United in a 4–4 draw in October 1998, however the following week he picked up his first red card for Everton in another game against Middlesbrough. At the end of the 2001–02 season, <mask> was voted Everton's Player of the Year by planetfootball's readers, with <mask> the only player to reach four figures in terms of votes. In the Merseyside derby match on 19 April 2003, <mask> received a red card as Everton lost 2–1 and played with 9 men after Gary Naysmith was also sent off. He had a very successful time with the Merseyside club, playing regularly for eight years, making 269 appearances (scoring 10 goals in the process), playing in European competition, becoming club captain under two different managers – Walter Smith and <mask> – and winning the bulk of his Scotland caps on the strength of his performances for the Toffees. During the 2005–06 season, his side played in UEFA Champions League but lost 4–2 on aggregate to Spanish side Villarreal CF in the third qualifying round.After being eliminated in the Champions League, Everton played in the UEFA Cup but lost again, this time to Romanian side Dinamo București 5–2 on aggregate in the first round of UEFA Cup. Rangers
On 16 January 2007, <mask> signed for Rangers on an initial six-month deal after Everton released him from his contract early. He teamed up again with former manager Walter Smith. He made his Rangers debut against Dunfermline Athletic on 21 January 2007. His performances for the Glasgow club were enough to secure a one-year contract. After his man-of-the-match performance against St Mirren on 8 April 2007, he revealed that he may remain at Rangers for the 2007–08 season after discussing the issue with his family. His agent met with Rangers on 19 April to discuss a possible extension to his contract, which was due to expire at the end of that season.<mask> signed a one-year extension to his deal, keeping him at Rangers until the summer of 2008. He scored his first Rangers goal against FK Zeta in a UEFA Champions League qualifier, on 31 July 2007. <mask> was highly praised for his endurance during the 2007–08 season as Rangers chased The Quadruple. Despite being in his late 30s, he managed sixty appearances that season and produced some outstanding performances alongside Carlos Cuéllar in the centre of defence. <mask> won his third and fourth trophies of his career in 2008, as Rangers claimed Scottish Cup and League Cup glory. On 3 July he signed a further one-year contract extension to his deal. He was appointed Rangers' captain on 3 April 2009 after Barry Ferguson had been stripped the role following an incident whilst on international duty.<mask> won the League and Cup double in season 2008–09 with Rangers and signed a further one-year contract extension which saw playing into his forties. In March 2010, <mask> won the Player of the month award for February and followed this up with the Clydesdale Bank Premier League Player of the Year award for the 2009–10 season. On 7 May 2010 it was announced <mask> had also won the Scottish Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year Award, the oldest player ever to receive this accolade – just three days before his 40th birthday. Soon afterwards, <mask> agreed another one-year contract which saw him play on into his forties. He became the third oldest player ever to compete in the UEFA Champions League on 14 September 2010 in Rangers' 0–0 away draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford and he became the joint oldest outfield player in Champions League history when he played against Bursaspor in December 2010, aged 40 years 211 days. <mask> captured his third league title with Rangers as captain on the week of his 41st birthday when Rangers defeated Kilmarnock 5–1 on the last day of the season beating Celtic to the title by a single point. On 26 May 2011, it was announced that <mask> was to be inducted into the Rangers F.C.Hall of Fame. He has become the first ever player to be inducted into the Hall of Fame whilst under contract at the club. On 17 July 2011, <mask> signed a new one-year deal with Rangers. Following Walter Smith's retirement as manager, Ally McCoist succeeded him. Under McCoist, <mask> did not play in the League, and he was replaced as captain by Steven Davis. <mask> made his last appearance in the Champions' League Third qualifying round 1st leg against Swedish side Malmö FF. <mask> played for 29 minutes, before being replaced by Juan Manuel Ortiz.On 17 January 2012, he announced that he would be leaving Rangers in order to continue his career at an unnamed club in England. The club he was close to signing for was Sheffield United and he trained with the Blades for several weeks, however he moved into coaching instead. International
<mask> earned his first cap for Scotland in a 1–0 defeat to Wales on 27 May 1997. He scored his one and only goal for Scotland in a World Cup qualifier against Latvia at Hampden Park on 6 October 2001. <mask> temporarily retired from international football in 2002 after his performance in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying match against the Faroe Islands was criticised by manager Berti Vogts. He returned to international football when Walter Smith was appointed Scotland manager in December 2004. <mask> became a member of the Scotland national football team roll of honour when he won his 50th Scotland cap.This milestone came in a match against Lithuania on 6 September 2006, in which he captained his country to a 2–1 win. He  captained Scotland four times. On 24 August 2010, <mask> was recalled to the Scotland squad at the age of 40 for the Euro 2012 qualifying matches against Lithuania and Liechtenstein in September 2010. <mask> became the oldest ever Scottish football international when he played against Lithuania on 3 September 2010, aged 40 years and 116 days, breaking Jim Leighton's previous record of 40 years and 78 days. Coaching and management

Everton coach
In February 2012, <mask> returned to Everton in a coaching capacity with the club's academy and reserve teams. He made his reserve-team debut for the club against Liverpool on the day of his return. When manager <mask> left the club to replace Sir Alex Ferguson at Manchester United in May 2013, <mask> was interviewed by Bill Kenwright for the vacant role at Everton, but the job instead went to Roberto Martínez.Sheffield United manager
In June 2013, <mask> signed a three-year deal to manage League One side Sheffield United. Despite winning his first competitive game in charge, a 2–1 victory over Notts County, United struggled under his management and failed to win any of their following twelve matches, leading to growing pressure from the club's fans for <mask> to be sacked. After United were beaten at home by League Two side Hartlepool United, eliminating them from the Football League Trophy, <mask> was sacked on 11 October 2013. Assistant to Mark Warburton
Following the departure of caretaker Alan Kernaghan, <mask> was appointed as Mark Warburton's assistant manager at League One side Brentford on 16 December 2013. After a successful season which saw Brentford promoted to the Championship, <mask> signed a new one-year rolling contract to remain with the Griffin Park club. On 17 February 2015, it was announced that <mask>, Warburton and Sporting Director Frank McParland would leave Brentford at the end of the 2014–15 season. On 15 June 2015, <mask> returned to Rangers on a three-year deal to assist Warburton.<mask> and Warburton extended their contracts with Rangers by a further year in July 2016. In February 2017 Rangers released an official statement claiming that <mask>, Warburton and head of recruitment Frank McParland had resigned their positions, effective immediately. This was denied in a joint statement by all three men, but their tenure at the club had nonetheless come to an end. <mask> then assisted Warburton at Nottingham Forest, but they were sacked on 31 December 2017. Brighton & Hove Albion
As of April 2019, <mask> was working for Brighton & Hove Albion in a role where he manages young players who are loaned out to foreign clubs. Personal life
As of 2011, <mask> and his wife Fiona had four children: Lucas, Jensen, Kenzie and Ruben. Lucas and Jensen are also a footballers who play as midfielders and both were born in Warrington.Lucas plays for semi-professional club 1874 Northwich. Jensen is currently at Brighton & Hove Albion but is on loan at Cambridge United and has played for both Scotland and England since under-17 level. Career statistics

International

Manager

Honours
Falkirk
 Scottish Challenge Cup: 1993–94

Heart of Midlothian
 Scottish Cup: 1997–98

Rangers
Scottish Premier League: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11
Scottish Cup: 2007–08, 2008–09
Scottish League Cup: 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11

Scotland
 Kirin Cup: 2006

Individual
SFWA Footballer of the Year: 2010
Scottish Premier League Player of the Year: 2010
Scottish Premier League Player of the Month: February 2010

See also
List of Scotland national football team captains
List of Scottish football families

References

External links

Photos & stats Sporting-Heroes.net
<mask> profile LondonHearts.com

1970 births
Living people
All-American men's college soccer players
Scotland international footballers
Scottish footballers
Scottish Premier League players
Scottish Football League players
Footballers from Falkirk
Evansville Purple Aces men's soccer players
Association football defenders
Falkirk F.C. players
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Everton F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Premier League players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Scottish expatriate footballers
Scottish football managers
Sheffield United F.C.managers
English Football League managers
Association football coaches
Everton F.C. non-playing staff
Brentford F.C. non-playing staff
Rangers F.C. non-playing staff
Nottingham Forest F.C. non-playing staff
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. non-playing staff

masks:
David Gillespie Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Everton Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
David Moyes
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
David Moyes
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
Davy Weir


texts:
<mask> (22 September 1909 – 31 January 1966) was an Indian painter of the Bengal School of Art. <mask> was the younger brother of <mask>, a pioneering Indian artist and dry point etcher. Their two sisters, Annapura and Rani, were accomplished in arts and crafts as well. Early life and education

He was born in Dhaka, Bengal Presidency. Originally named Bijoy Chandra, <mask> was the fifth child, and third son, of Purnashashi Devi and <mask>. In 1917, at the age of eight years, <mask>'s father died and he was sent to the Santiniketan school Patha Bhavana, which was founded by the Nobel Prize-winning poet Rabindranath Tagore. He seemed to dislike the preparatory conventions of Santiniketan and became mutinous.His education changed favourably when he came in contact with Abanindranath Tagore’s Bengal School of Art, the nephew of Rabindranath Tagore. He became one of the most versatile students of Abanindranath, whose other close students also included Nandalal Bose, Asit Kumar Haldar, Sarada Ukil, Mukul <mask>, K. Venkatappa and Jamini Roy. These were the leading artists that spread the form and spirit of the neo-Bengal school throughout India. The political and religious developments in the Indian subcontinent were a major influence during the life of <mask> <mask>. Just shortly before his birth, Bengal was partitioned into an Eastern and Western part, known as the Partition of Bengal (1905). The area was divided a second time in 1947, known as the Partition of Bengal (1947). It was only after the death of <mask> <mask> that Bengal became an independent country in 1971 after the Bangladesh Liberation War.These political changes during the colonization and decolonization of India were a major influence on the education of Dey. Abanindranath Tagore promoted traditional Indian culture in his teachings, which built the foundation for the artistic works of <mask> <mask> throughout his life. 1928–1947: Monochrome Period

One of the major sources of <mask> <mask>'s inspirations were his travels as he traversed tirelessly throughout the Indian subcontinent in search of varied and newer visual idioms. His voyages helped him becoming a finished artist in 'Indian Painting' and the water colour 'Wash' technique, an art style he used masterfully in his works. In 1928, <mask> <mask>'s brother Mukul decided to settle in Santiniketan and to become the first Indian principal of Government School of Arts in Calcutta, a position he held until 1943. Almost in stark contrast to his steady brother Mukul, the year 1928 marked the start of series of exhibitions all over India. At just 19 years of age, <mask> <mask> held his first solo show 1928 in Calcutta where his brother was establishing himself.Many exhibitions followed, including in Nagpur (1928), Madras (1929), Bangalore (1930), Ceylon (1930), Bombay (1932), Shrinagar (1932), Arah (1934), Benares (1934), Nainital (1936), Bombay (1937), Pune (1939), Kolhapur (1940), Baroda (1942), Gwalior (1944), Delhi (1947). In 1946, his works were exhibited by the All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society (AIFACS) in New Delhi, jointly with other leading Indian artists such as Amrita Sher-Gil and Sailoz Mookherjea. <mask> <mask> interacted closely with artists like M. F. Husain, F.N. Souza, S.H. Raza, Sailoz Mookherjea and Shantanu Ukil in New Delhi during the late-1940s and early-1950s. He later became a member of the Bombay Progressive Artists' Group (PAG), which was founded in 1947. PAG was one of the most influential forces on modern Indian painting, even though it was disbanded within a decade in 1956.The association with the group helped <mask> to embrace cubist art and a variety of other media. <mask> became thus one of the major contributors and transformers of Modern Indian painting. His broad interests can also be seen in a collaboration with Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa, the Sri Lankan theosophist and philosopher. In 1930, <mask> <mask> illustrated the title of a booklet with lecture notes by Jinarajadasa. 1948–1966: Red and Orange Period

At the end of World War II, buoyed by the newly established Indian Independence, <mask> <mask>'s works changed radically and got a new freshness and vitality that lacked in his early years. A main influence was the Bombay Progressive Artists Group, which enabled him to exchange with numerous leading artists of his time. In 1949 he painted a series of twenty-two moving images of non-Muslim refugees from Pakistan that captured the agony and pain of their flight.During the following years, he continued exhibitions, including in Bombay (1950), Allahabad (1953), Bangalore (1957), Ootacamund (1959), Madras (1960) and Trivandrum (1961). Through his wide prominence, he became one of the leading artists to promote traditional Indian Cultural Heritage. In an article in 1953, he encouraged young artists to follow their traditional cultural roots. His paintings were well received and highly regarded by fellow artists and critics in the decade prior to his untimely death. The Bangalore writer and scholar Venkataramiah Sitaramiah praised his works highly and termed the phase his "red and orange" period. Two prominent paintings by <mask> <mask> from this period are "Daughter of the Soil" from 1956 and "Bengal Women". One of the foremost proponents of the artists of the Progressive Art Movement was Richard Bartholomew, a writer, art critic, poet, painter, photographer, who was also a one-time secretary of the Lalit Kala Academy.Bartholomew published critical writings for more than three decades about Indian art, and he was deeply integrated in the art movement at the time of India's transition into independence. Bartholomew's writings helped artists such as FN Souza, SH Raza, MF Husain and <mask> <mask> to break free from the Bengal School of Art and establish a new Indian avant-garde. The books "A Critic's Eye" and "The Art Critic" publish a selection of his writings and photographs from the 1950s up to the 80s, giving an insider's account of the untold story of Modern Indian Art. Leading figures of the PAG went into exile abroad during the 1950s, often pushed out by Hindu extremism. <mask> <mask> meanwhile remained in India, especially Bombay and Delhi, until his death in 1966. Legacy

He died in Kolkata at the height of his career at 56 years of age. The works of <mask> <mask> have been exhibited for many years in various Indian Museums and Galleries, such as the National Gallery of Modern Art NGMA in Mumbai, the State Lalit Kala Akademi in Luknow, Uttar Pradesh, the Delhi Art Gallery, the Allahabad Museum, the Salarjung Museum, Hyderabad, Kala Bhavan in Santiniketan and in the Samdani Art Foundation in Dhaka, one of the largest collections of Bangladeshi and Indian art worldwide.His works receive a renewed international interest since the end of the 20th Century and were exhibited in London and New York. Since the early 21st Century, <mask> <mask>'s works are also included at major international auction houses, such as Bonhams and Christie's, as well as at numerous high-profile Indian auction houses. In 2015, an auction of Christie's in New York promoted the Progressive Artists Group as the "most influential group of Indian art ever created". The result was sales totalling more than US$8M, above the high estimate. This showed the strong interest in Modern Indian Art. With a hammer price of more than US$4M, the painting "Birth" by F.N. Souza realised the highest price ever for a work by an Indian artist.References

External links
 Christie's Auction 14-Oct-2005
 National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai, India
 All India Fine Arts & Crafts Society, New Delhi
 Delhi Art Gallery

Artists from Kolkata
Bengali Hindus
Bengali male artists
1909 births
1966 deaths
20th-century Indian painters
Indian male painters
Artists from Dhaka
Painters from West Bengal

masks:
Manishi Dey
Manishi Dey
Mukul Dey
Manishi
Kula Chandra Dey
Manishi Dey
Dey
Manishi
Dey
Manishi
Dey
Manishi
Dey
Manishi
Dey
Manishi
Dey
Manishi
Dey
Manishi
Dey
Dey
Dey
Manishi
Dey
Manishi
Dey
Manishi
Dey
Manishi
Dey
Manishi
Dey
Manishi
Dey
Manishi
Dey