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Count <mask> et Szeged (archaically English: <mask>, or in short simple form <mask>; 22 April 1861 – 31 October 1918) was a Hungarian politician, prime minister, political scientist, international lawyer, macroeconomist, member of Hungarian Academy of Sciences and champion duelist. The outbreak of World War One played the most important role in his second term as prime minister. However, his life was cut short when he was fatally shot on 31 October 1918 during the Aster Revolution - that day when Hungary declared its independence and, as a result, Austria-Hungary dissolved. <mask> held favorable views on the maintenance of Austria-Hungary. In fact, he was the most zealous adherent of the Dual Monarchy and the partnership with Austria among the Hungarian political leaders and was a supporter of consensus between liberals and conservatives. He was a Member of Parliament since 1887 and came to realize how the unyielding temper of the Emperor on the one hand, and the revolutionary spirit of the extremists on the other hand, led to a complete impasse. <mask> stubbornly opposed on principle any governmental program involving the redistribution of agricultural land, lest the large landed estates should be broken-up; and furthermore, he opposed extending suffrage to soldiers fighting on the frontlines  (before 1918 only 10% of the Hungarian population could vote and hold public office).Besides he supported reforms in the industry aimed at modernizing Hungary and in that respect, he was an opponent of Anti-Semitism. He was aware of the major role of the Jews in the economy and he feared that Anti-Semitism could put Hungary's economic development in jeopardy. Public perception showed <mask> <mask> to be unpopular among ethnic Hungarian voters and therefore - similarly to his father Kálmán <mask> - he could rely mostly on the political support of ethnic minorities during the parliamentary elections. In a diplomatic capacity, <mask>'s role model was Otto von Bismarck. As an economist, he followed the concepts of the English historical school of economics, and as a political scientist, <mask> was heavily influenced by the social and political development of England, which he considered the best way forward. Early life and education
Born into the Tisza family as the son of Kálmán <mask> de Borosjenő, who served as prime minister of Hungary between 1875 and 1890 from the Liberal Party. The Tiszas were originally Calvinists of untitled lower noble origins (regarded as equivalent to the British gentry).His mother, Countess Helene von Degenfeld-Schonburg, was a Hungarian-German aristocrat from Baden-Württemberg (born: Helene Johanna Josepha Mathilde Gräfin von Degenfeld-Schonburg). The young István raised in a puritanical and authoritarian Calvinist environment with high expectations. He had studied at home until the age of twelve, before he gained entry to grammar school named the Calvinist Gymnasium of Debrecen. After completing his secondary education, he took legal studies in Budapest, and then went on to study international law at Heidelberg University, followed by studies at the faculty of economics of Humboldt University of Berlin, obtaining a PhD, and eventually he put himself through the faculty of political science at the University of Oxford, earning a doctorate in political science. At first, he became acquainted with the practical issues of the public administration at the Ministry of the Interior. He had done several studies on agricultural issues that were published in the Budapest Review. After serving 1 year as a volunteer hussar in the Royal Hungarian Honvéd army; where he got promoted to the rank of hussar officer, he settled in Bihar County and took an active part in the political and economic life of the county as a committee member and honorary chief notary of Bihar county.Political career

<mask> as a member of parliament
After overseeing his family estates in Bihar County and Geszt for five years, he decided to pursue a career in politics. He won his first parliamentary electoral mandate in 1886 with the Liberal Party in Vízakna (Now: Ocna Sibiului, Romania), a Transylvanian electoral district that he represented until 1892. Subsequently, he won his second seat in 1892 as a representative of Újbánya district (Now: Nová Baňa, Slovakia). In 1896, he won the seat of Ugra district (Now: Ungra, Romania). Meanwhile, he also became a member of the economic committee of the Hungarian parliament, where he was engaged in conferring about macroeconomic issues. In the 1890s, having capitalized on a phenomenon that was prevalent among prestigious European politicians at that time, he held a number of sinecures, which thereby provided extraordinary income to him. He was the president of the Hungarian Industrial and Commercial Bank (Magyar Ipar- és Kereskedelmi Bank); and, besides, he took on positions on numerous corporate boards, e.g., on boards of numerous joint-stock companies and industrial enterprises.In the face of the financial crisis of the 1890s, many of these enterprises became the fastest emerging companies of the country under his lead; some of them could even become inevitably important enterprises in their own sectors. As a result, the mediocre Hungarian Industrial and Commercial Bank was transformed into the largest Bank of Hungary in a decade. His uncle, the childless Lajos <mask> received the title of Count from Emperor Franz Joseph in 1897. However, Lajos <mask> conferred his new title upon his nephew Stephen with the consent of the Monarch, on 16 February 1897. Prime minister for first time, 1903–1905

He was chairman and board member of several financial institutions (e.g., the Hungarian Industrial and Commercial Bank) and many industrial companies but resigned from all of his memberships before he was appointed as Prime minister. In this period of time, he managed to get the remains of prince Francis II Rákóczi repatriated from Turkey and interred in the St Elisabeth Cathedral of Kassa, today Košice. Target of Leftist and socialist circles
On 19 April 1904, a nationwide strike of railroad workers broke out, which paralyzed the Hungarian economy.<mask> solved the crisis quickly but drastically:  the organizers of the strike got arrested, and the participant railway workers got recruited into the Hungarian Honvéd army. Besides parliament introduced a Bill increasing the number of draftees and the police came down heavily on peasants for taking part in a Socialist gathering in Bihar, leaving 33 dead and several hundred wounded. Target of anti-Semite circles
<mask> often used his influence in parliament to grant titles to wealthy Jewish families; especially for successful industrialists and bankers, of whose lives he thought had set a good example to the people worth following. Many of the young middle-class families were Jews or baptized Jews. <mask> often gathered influential men of Jewish extraction around himself as advisors. He even offered many positions in his cabinets to Jews. His first appointment was Samu Hazai as Minister of War.Two years later he picked János Teleszky as minister of finance. The third Jewish member of his cabinet was János Harkányi, minister of trade. <mask> appointed Samu Hazai as Minister of War during his second premiere. They all served for the duration of <mask>'s seven years in office. The Liberal Party passed legislation for the Jewish emancipation in 1867 and appointed many Jewish origin MEPs to parliament (both to the upper and lower houses). In return, many Jews supported the party. Many districts of Budapest, where Jews made up half of the voters, reliably voted for the Liberal candidates.Similarly to the policy of his father, <mask> <mask> allowed the unrestricted immigration of Jewish refugees from the Russian Empire, who fled from the Tzarist pogroms. His philosemitic political attitude made him a target of anti-Semite politicians and political circles. Target of radical nationalists
At the beginning of the 20th century, only 54.5% (1910 census) of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary considered themselves to be Hungarians. The <mask>'s party —i.e. "The Liberal Party of Hungary" urgently needed the support of minorities to maintain the majority of the party in the Hungarian parliament. The liberal party was the most popular political force in the electoral districts where the ethnic minorities represented the local majority. However, his main political opponents —i.e."The nationalist Party of Independence and '48 and Catholic People's Party" could collect mandates only from the Hungarian majority electoral districts. "Election by handkerchief" and the victory of nationalist opposition

The rules of the parliamentary procedure of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Dual Monarchy were based on the common law which was the feature of feudal parliaments, meaning that everybody could deliver speeches without any time limit, so, the most prominent speakers could take the stage for as long as 4–8 hours. However, this paralyzed the procedure of the Hungarian legislature. For decades, the opposition often wielded this tactic to obstruct legislation in important cases where the government should have been exercised its authority without disruption. <mask> decided to have the rules of Parliament modified to get the obstructions of the opposition out of the way. On behalf of The Liberal Party, it was deputy Gábor Dániel who made the proposal to Parliament to modify the rules in a way to substantially have the possibility of the stonewalling tactics of the opposition narrowed. This took place, on 18 November 1904, after <mask> <mask> had delivered a short speech.President of the House, Dezső Perczel had, in violation of the House rules, silently announced the start of the voting on the proposition and then by waving a handkerchief, he gave the members of The Liberal Party the signal to start voting. In response to what happened; out of curiosity, the members of the opposition stood up because they did not understand the situation. At that time, however, standing up was the means of approving a proposal and staying put was the means of turning down a proposal in Parliament. And after reading the King's handwritten message out to Parliament, Dezső Perczel declared that the proposal passed amid an ear-splitting tumult and then the session got adjourned until 13 December. But the next day the opposition unified into an alliance, and shortly afterwards many prominent members left the Liberal Party—e.g.,Kálmán Széll,Gyula Wlassics,Pál Teleki,Gyula Andrássy,Miklós Bánffy. Some members of them headed up by Gyula Andrássy broke away to form a rival party and joined the opposition. They first named themselves "The Dissidents" but then their name was changed to The National Constitution Party.For the rest of the year, the opposition made it impossible for Parliament to proceed with the legislative work and by January 1905, the situation became ex lex or anarchical. As a result, the King dissolved Parliament and scheduled to hold a new parliamentary election. However, these events that went down in history as "election by handkerchief" cost The Liberal Party dear. After the 1905 election, Parliament approved a new coalition government, ending the historic 30-year rule of The Liberal Party and sending the polarizing leader into the opposition which eventually led to the dissolution of The Party. National Party of Work, electoral victory in 1910

On 19 February 1910, <mask> established the National Party of Work (Nemzeti Munkapárt) which subsequently won the election of 1910. This time around he had no intention of forming a government, primarily due to his conflict with Franz Ferdinand who sought to centralise the Habsburg Monarchy with universal suffrage. <mask> opposed this initiative, as he believed that this might lead to the weakening of the Hungarian supremacy over ethnic minorities.In addition, he claimed that demagogues — i.e., "politicians of communists and agrarian socialist movements" might manipulate peasants to put the politicians into power that are not in favour of democratic government. Although <mask> had the emperor's support, he feared that the faults of his first prime ministership could be repeated and therefore called on Károly Khuen-Héderváry to form the new government. However, despite the fact that <mask> was not in office as prime minister again until 1913, his power and influence on the ruling party was completely absolute. Act of Protection

As Speaker of the House of Representatives from 22 May 1912 to 12 June 1913 <mask> supported the reform of the common Austro-Hungarian army to enhance the military power of the dual monarchy. The Hungarian side was fighting for more Hungarian interests (i.e., use of the Magyar language in the army). <mask> and his party refused the idea of universal suffrage. According to his threatening prediction, the majority votes of peasants – manipulated by primitive demagogues – would result in the domination of groups whose goals are just contrary to the ideals of metropolitan intellectuals and socialists who call for democracy.The Socialists strongly opposed his acts and decided to organize a protest march. Socialist agents organised a worker rebellion on 22 May 1912 (Blood-Red Thursday), calling for <mask> to resign as President of the House and calling for universal suffrage. On the next day, the protesters and workers marched toward the Parliament building, meanwhile the events transformed to violence, protesters broke the shop windows in the surrounding streets, automobiles and tramcard were damaged by the masses. However, the protesters were stopped by the storm of hussar cavalry units, and they were arrested by the police. Six people died in the clashes, nearly two hundred were injured and three hundred were arrested. This event became known as "Blood-Red Thursday" in the contemporary press and later in the history books. <mask> tried to solve the question of ethnic minorities based on a clerical approach (like the representation of Orthodox and Greek Catholic Church in The Upper House of the parliament).He was convinced that the challenging foreign situation called for military preparation and he strongly pushed against opposition obstruction. He did not allow the opposition to speak up regarding rules of House of Parliament. Referring to an act of 1848, he called for the police force to force out numerous opposition representatives. He managed to pass the Act of Protection, resulting in the removal of some members of the opposition party. As a result, Gyula Kovács, an opposition party representative, tried to assassinate <mask> in the Parliament Building on 7 June 1912. His shots missed and the marks are still visible in the Hungarian Parliament Building to this day. With his last shot Kovács shot himself, but he survived.<mask> then continued the session. Prime minister for second time, 1913–1917

<mask> became prime minister again on 7 June 1913. Freedom of the press
Inspired by the Western European model, <mask>'s cabinet introduced for the first time in the history of Hungarian journalism the legal category of defamation, libel and "scare-mongering", thus the press became actionable before the courts. Journalists and newspapers had to pay compensations for the victims of defamation and libel. Despite the fact that these institutions and laws worked well in Western Europe and in the United States, the contemporary Hungarian newspapers and journalists considered it as the violation of the Freedom of Speech and the Freedom of Press. Croatia
Count <mask> <mask> tried to solve the longstanding Hungarian-Croatian issue, namely to clarify the

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 relationship; for this matter, he met Count Tivadar Pejácsevich, Count of Verovce, Croatian Ban, and a year later, Baron Lomnica, Ivan Skerlecz, the new Croatian Ban. <mask> maintained his conciliatory position, promising to reestablish the Croatian Constitution, which had been suspended in May 1912.<mask> appointed his old family friend Baron Ivan Skerlecz, of Šokci origin, as the new ban of Croatia. Negotiations between the Croatian representatives and <mask> bore fruit and allowed the restitution of the Croatian constitutional government in November 1913. Foreign policy and the Great War

A few days before the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, which resulted in World War I, <mask> supported a strong stand against Serbia. However, after the assassination he was against going to war against Serbia, a rare view in Austria-Hungary. He knew the army's strength, and he was afraid that with the increase of more Slavic territories the equilibrium inside the monarchy would be upset. Moreover, he was afraid that Romania would seize Transylvania. However he came to realize that ending the alliance with Germany would have meant the end of Austria-Hungary as a Great Power, so he gave in and supported the war.He then became a relentless supporter of the war until its end. <mask> believed Romania to be an enemy from the beginning. He was afraid that if Romania attacked Hungary then the Romanians in Transylvania would revolt against Hungary. In the end, 40,000 soldiers were moved to protect Transylvania. During the war, the reformists became more and more powerful, but he continued to oppose them. At the time, <mask> was seen as forcing the continuation of the war and was losing a great deal of support. He opposed the ideas of the new Emperor, Karl I, and was asked to resign; he did so on 23 May 1917.However, he retained great political influence, and was able to delay the enactment of universal suffrage. The very existence of the dual monarchy came into question during the war. <mask> wanted to solidify the government. He appointed Baron Stephan Burián von Rajecz who planned to increase the prestige of the monarchy and to get parity with Germany but also to negotiate peace with the help of the Americans. But Berlin alienated the United States by announcing full submarine warfare in 1917, with the goal of sinking American ships bringing supplies to the Allies. Towards the end of the war, <mask> had wanted to give the Serbs and Bosnians autonomy within Austria-Hungary. As a homo regius ("king's man"), he went to Sarajevo to attempt this, but they demanded independent states.By late October 1918, the dissolution of the dual monarchy and the surrender of Germany, were imminent and there was nothing that foreign minister Burián (who was still in that role) could do to change the course of history. His view on war against Serbia

<mask> opposed the expansion of the empire on the Balkan (see Bosnian crisis in 1908), because "the Dual Monarchy already had too many Slavs", which would further threaten the integrity of the Dual Monarchy. In March 1914, <mask> wrote a memorandum to Emperor Francis Joseph. His letter had a strongly apocalyptic, predictive and embittered tone. He used the expression "Weltkrieg" (meaning World War) - a term hitherto unknown - in his letter. "It is my firm conviction that Germany's two neighbors [Russia and France] are carefully proceeding with military preparations, but will not start the war so long as they have not attained a grouping of the Balkan states against us that confronts the monarchy with an attack from three sides and pins down the majority of our forces on our eastern and southern front." On the day of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, <mask> immediately traveled to Vienna where he met Minister of Foreign Affairs Count Berchtold and Army Commander Conrad von Hötzendorf.They proposed to solve the dispute with arms, attacking Serbia. <mask> proposed to give the government of Serbia time to take a stand as to whether it was involved in the organisation of the murder and proposed a peaceful resolution, arguing that the international situation would settle soon. Returning to Budapest, he wrote to Franz Joseph saying he would not take any responsibility for the armed conflict because there was no proof that Serbia had plotted the assassination. <mask> opposed a war with Serbia, stating (correctly, as it turned out) that any war with the Serbs was bound to trigger a war with Russia and hence a general European war. He thought that even a successful Austro-Hungarian war would be disastrous for the integrity of Kingdom of Hungary, where Hungary would be the next victim of Austrian politics. After a successful war against Serbia, <mask> adumbrated a possible Austrian military attack against Kingdom of Hungary, where the Austrians want to break up the territory of Hungary. He did not trust in the Italian alliance, due to the political aftermath of the Second Italian War of Independence.He also felt the threat of Romania and Bulgaria after the Balkan wars and was afraid of Romanian attack from the east, while Austro-Hungarian forces had to fight against the Russian Empire and maybe against Italy. He was also not sure about the stand of the Germans. Germany's stand was of ultimate importance due to the security of the state. During a conversation between Franz Joseph and Conrad von Hötzendorf, Hötzendorf asked, "If Germany's reply is that they are on our side, do we engage in war with Serbia?" The emperor replied, "Then yes", "But what if they reply differently? ", "Then the Monarchy will be alone". Kaiser Wilhelm II supported the war, promised to neutralize a Romanian attack, and put pressure on Sofia.After this, <mask> still sought a peaceful solution, but most of all he wanted to wait for the result of the official investigation into the assassination. The only proposal of <mask>, which was accepted, was that the Monarchy should not annihilate Serbia completely in order to avoid Russian support for Serbia. The council finally addressed an ultimatum to the Serbian government and immediately commenced mobilisation of troops. After sending the ultimatum, his view changed. The ultimatum had expired after 48 hours, so <mask> wrote: "it was a difficult decision to take a stand to propose war, but now I am firmly convinced of its necessity" He was, however, still opposed to the annexation of Serbia to the Monarchy, but failed. On 4 August 1914 Russia, Germany, Britain and France also entered the war, enlarging it to a world war. <mask> did not resign as Prime Minister, as he thought that, with his connections in Vienna, remaining in this position was the best way he could represent Hungarian interests inside Austria-Hungary.Moreover, his resignation would have sent a message of weakness to the Entente at the outbreak of war. His initial opposition to the conflict, only became public after the end of World War 1, on 17 October 1918, when he spoke in the Parliament. He said, "the Monarchy and the Hungarian nation were longing for peace all the way until there were proofs that the enemy was systematically trying to humiliate and destroy us as soon as possible (...) As we have found proofs that the Serbian government took part in organising the assassination, we could not but address an ultimatum to Serbia ... where we stipulated that the war is preventive." The struggle of a WW1 political leader in the trenches

The 57-year-old <mask> joined the 2nd Hussar Regiment of Hungary - which served on the Italian front - as a hussar colonel, and personally led his hussar units during the attacks. <mask> at the front: "<mask> already felt the not too friendly atmosphere surrounding him at the first days of his joining up to the regiment and at first he tried to ease the general mood by informal behavior. (...) He made an effort from the beginning to use an informal tone both with the staff of officers and - of course within the limits of the service regulations - with the rank and file. In order to get to know his fellow officers better, he invited some young officers to his table every day.In this way he tried to establish better personal relations with his environment. The troops had slowly started to recognize him as a "tough to those above and humane to those below" kind of commander. He distributed his tobacco provisions among the officers and he used his commander pay to improve the catering of the troops, and these of course left a good impression on everybody. <mask>'s paternalistic attitude towards his subordinates also manifested itself in civil law cases: he helped with his personal influence in getting done of those petitions what he considered fair, he interceded with notaries, judges, alispáns (deputy-lieutenants) for advancing the home affairs of his men, due to this both the officers and the troops more and more came to like and embrace him. <mask> himself also felt that the front service had been quite useful and productive since on the one hand he could personally experience the dangers of the battleground an on the other hand-at least he was thinking that way and there is a lot of truth in it-he could truly become familiar with the real nature of the simple, peasant origin soldiers. He wrote about peasant soldiers in this way in a letter to Archduke Joseph: "I’ve got to truly know the ordinary [peasants] people now. This is the most extraordinary race of the world that can only be loved and respected.How unfortunate that the political intelligentia doesn’t do anything else, just corrupts this great and God-blessed people." Assassination attempts

For many, he was the representative of the war policy in the Monarchy, so he was an assassination target. The fourth assassination attempt against him was successful. The first attempt was made in the Hungarian parliament in 1912 by Gyula Kovács, an opposition politician. He shot two bullets, but missed <mask>. Kovács was arrested by the police, but he was acquitted by the court, the justification was "temporary insanity". The second was made by a soldier when <mask> was returning from the front line during the war.The bullet missed him. The third attempt came on 16 October 1918 when János Lékai, a member of the society Galilei-circle and an anti-military group led by Ottó Korvin, tried to kill <mask> while he was leaving the Hungarian Parliament, but the revolver malfunctioned and <mask> managed to flee. The assassin was sent to prison but was released after 15 days during the Chrysanthemum Revolution. The fourth and successful attempt came on 31 October 1918, when soldiers broke into his home, the Róheim Villa in Budapest, Hermina út 35., (today the Villa is at nr. 45.) in front of his wife and his grandniece. Some sources suggest these were disgruntled deserters who blamed <mask> for having started the war.Subsequently, Mihály Károlyi's government initiated an investigation but the identity of the killers was not confirmed at that time, however, family members had identified individuals that they said were the killers. In the trial that followed the fall of the Communist regime and ended on 6 October 1921, Judge <mask> Gadó established the guilt of Pál Kéri, who was exchanged with the Soviet Union; József Pogány, aka John Pepper, who fled to Vienna, then Moscow and the USA; <mask> Dobó; Tivadar Horváth Sanovics, who also fled; Sándor Hüttner, who died in a prison hospital in 1923; and Tibor Sztanykovszky, who was the only one to serve his 18-year sentence, being released in 1938. Sigmund Freud, Austrian neurologist – who knew both politicians personally, wrote about the assassination of <mask> <mask> and the appointment of Mihály Károlyi as new prime minister of Hungary:

Personal life
He married his first degree cousin, Ilona <mask> de Borosjenő. They had two children together. István (1886–1918)
 Juliska (1888-1894)

His son, <mask> died of Spanish flu on 5 November 1918, five days after the death of the father. <mask> was a "champion duellist" who "had fought more duels than any man in Europe and had never once been seriously wounded". Having been taught by "the best masters in Germany, France and Italy", he was equally adept with sword or pistol, despite (by 1913) having had a cataract operation on one of his eyes and wearing "think horn-rimmed spectacles".In January 1913, he fought Mihály Károlyi in a 34-bout duel with cavalry sabres which lasted an hour until <mask> cut Károlyi's arm and the seconds ended the duel. A week later he fought Aladár Széchenyi, again with sabres - the duel lasted one bout, ending with <mask> wounding Széchenyi with "a long cut across the head". On about 20 August 1913, <mask> fought György Pallavacini (son-in-law and supporter of Opposition leader Gyula Andrássy) at a Budapest fencing school in a duel with "heavy cavalry sabres" and "only slight protection of the body was allowed". After nine bouts, both duellists were bleeding from cuts to their foreheads, and the seconds declared both principals unable to continue - "[t]he two men shook hands, then embraced, kissing each other on both cheeks, and declared themselves reconciled." Honors
A István Tisza postage stamp was issued by Hungary on 1 July 1932 in the Famous Hungarians series. Orders and decorations
 : Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa, 1904
 : Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen, 1912; in Diamonds, 1916

See also
 Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I

Notes

References

Deák, Istvan "The Decline and Fall of Habsburg Hungary, 1914–18" in Hungary in Revolution edited by Ivan Volgyes (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971) pages 10–30 from . Menczer, Béla "Bela Kun and the Hungarian Revolution of 1919"History Today Volume XIX, Issue #5, May 1969,  pages 299–309.Vermes, Gábor. "The October Revolution in Hungary" Hungary in Revolution edited by Ivan Volgyes (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971) pages 31–60. Vermes, Gábor.. <mask> <mask>: the liberal vision and conservative statecraft of a Magyar nationalist (East European Monographs, 1985). Further reading

 Hitchins, Keith. "The Nationality Problem in Hungary: Istvan <mask> and the Rumanian National Party, 1910-1914." Journal of Modern History 53.4 (1981): 619–651. online
 Matthaei, Louise E. "Light on Austria's War Guilt: Analysis of the New Red Book" Current History 12#3 (June, 1920), pp.535–540 online, focus on Tisza. Poloskei, F. "Istvan <mask>'s Policy toward the Romanian Nationalities on the Eve of World War 1", Acta Historica: Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 18 (1972). Ress, Imre. "<mask> <mask> and Austria–Hungary’s Balkan Policy." in Bulgaria and Hungary in the First World War: A View from the 21st Century ed by  Gábor Demeter et al. (2020) pp. 133+.online
 Vermes, Gabor  <mask> <mask>: The Liberal Vision and Conservative Statecraft of a Magyar Nationalist (Columbia University Press, 1986);  online review
 Williamson, Samuel R. Austria-Hungary and the origins of the First World War (Macmillan International Higher Education, 1990). External links

1861 births
1918 deaths
1918 murders in Europe
1910s murders in Hungary
Assassinated politicians
Deaths by firearm in Hungary
Politicians from Budapest
Prime Ministers of Hungary
Speakers of the House of Representatives of Hungary
Hungarian Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Istvan, Tisza
Hungarian Interior Ministers
Foreign ministers of Hungary
Ministers of Croatian Affairs of Hungary
Children of prime ministers of Hungary
Hungarian monarchists
Hungarian anti-communists
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Grand Crosses of the Order of Vasa
Male murder victims
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War

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<mask> (pronounced FRY-BERG) (born August 24, 1938) is an American musician best known for contributing vocals, keyboards, electric bass, rhythm guitar, viola and percussion as a member of Quicksilver Messenger Service, Jefferson Airplane, and Jefferson Starship. Among other tracks, he co-wrote "Jane," a hit for Jefferson Starship. Career

Singer-songwriter
Classically trained in violin and viola, <mask> began his career moonlighting as a coffeehouse singer-songwriter (playing acoustic guitar) during the American folk music revival while working for a railroad. For a while, he shared a house in Venice, California with <mask> and Paul Kantner before being briefly jailed for marijuana possession. Prior to being incarcerated, he also became acquainted with Dino Valenti, then Crosby's nominal roommate on a houseboat in Sausalito, California. During his time as a coffee house folk singer, he was part of the duo David & Michaela. David & Michaela made a demo at CBS studios, and "Elektra producer Paul Rothchild proposed fitting them into a bigger folk group.But the onset of the Beatles spelled the end of <mask> & Michaela, and incentive for <mask> to switch to rock and electric instruments." Quicksilver Messenger Service

Following his release, <mask> co-founded Quicksilver Messenger Service with guitarists John Cipollina, Jim Murray and Gary Duncan and drummer Greg Elmore in 1965. The founding took place shortly after Valenti, who had recently hired the musicians for his backing band following the folk rock explosion, was imprisoned for drugs. Due to the surfeit of guitarists in the group, <mask> (who was only tangentially acquainted with his bandmates through their mutual friendship with Valenti, with Cipollina remarking that they had been instructed to "take care" of him) was assigned the bass. Freiberg shared lead vocals with Gary Duncan for much of the band's history and regularly contributed additional guitar and keyboards to their studio recordings. As the "most folk-rooted member" of Quicksilver, he also reworked a number of songs from the folk revival and singer-songwriter repertoires (most notably Hamilton Camp's "Pride of Man") for the group. He would play on six of the eight Quicksilver albums.Though not as commercially successful as contemporaries like Jefferson Airplane, Big Brother and the Holding Company and the Grateful Dead, Quicksilver was integral to the development of the San Francisco sound. In addition to earning three Billboard Top 100 hits, several of their albums ranked in the Top 30 of the magazine's album chart. He continued to serve as the group's bassist and contribute to the band's songwriting until September 1971, when he left the group to begin another prison sentence for marijuana possession. His most notable songwriting contributions include "The Fool" and "Light Your Windows", both co-written with Duncan. Jefferson Airplane
Shortly after being released from jail in 1972, <mask> joined Jefferson Airplane at the behest of Kantner, belatedly replacing Marty Balin on vocals and tambourine for the tour that supported Long John Silver. He subsequently appeared on Thirty Seconds Over Winterland (1973), a live album culled from those performances. After the tour ended, <mask>, Kantner, and Slick released Baron Von Tollbooth & the Chrome Nun as a trio in 1973.Jefferson Starship
After a long interregnum in which the fate of the band was in question (forcing <mask> to briefly draw unemployment after RCA Records rescinded Jefferson Airplane's salaries), the final Jefferson Airplane lineup reformed as Jefferson Starship in early 1974 following the departure of lead guitarist Jorma Kaukonen and bassist Jack Casady. He remained with the group for nearly eleven years, departing shortly after the formation of Starship in early 1985 due to creative differences over the selection and recording of "We Built This City" with Grace Slick (who, according to longtime manager Bill Thompson, considered Freiberg to be "dead weight") and the atypically outsized role of producer Peter Wolf; during this period, Wolf had effectively superseded Freiberg as the band's principal keyboardist in the studio and select live performances. Freiberg would later say of the departure: "The only thing real on that song were the vocals and the guitar. I was useless, so I left." He also clarified that “it completely turned away from anything organic, and it wasn’t really what I did.”

Although <mask> (who primarily played keyboards) and fellow multi-instrumentalist Pete Sears (who generally played bass) frequently alternated on both instruments throughout their respective tenures in the group, Ben Fong-Torres noted in a 1978 profile of the group that "Freiberg considers himself primarily a bass player." He elaborated upon this distinction in a 1997 interview with John Barthel: "I am not really a keyboard player. I use it for input to a computer now, and stuff like that, but it never was my instrument.I just did it for writing songs because it is a musical typewriter, basically, that is what it is." Never a prolific songwriter and characterized by Fong-Torres as "essentially a back-up musician" in Jefferson Starship, <mask> notably served as the primary composer of "Jane." According to Rolling Stone, the song "was instrumental in moving them into a more commercial, harder-rock direction." "Jane" was a No. 14 hit for the group in 1979 at a crucial juncture immediately following the departures of Slick and Balin and the integration of Mickey Thomas. It has since been prominently showcased in the 2009 video game Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned and as the opening theme of the Wet Hot American Summer franchise. Freiberg also developed the "distinctive" organ riff of Balin's "Miracles," the group's most successful single.Following his departure from Jefferson Starship, he built and operated a studio in Marin County, often working with local musicians. According to Bruce Arnold of Orpheus, "He has developed a wonderful way of recording my acoustic guitar and has a $100,000 voice mike that will make anyone sound good." He was the only member of Quicksilver Messenger Service to participate in the majority of the Planet Earth Rock and Roll Orchestra records (a series of solo albums and unreleased recordings by Crosby, Kantner and others that drew upon much of the era's Bay Area-based talent) and briefly provided uncredited accompaniment for The Ace of Cups, a groundbreaking all-female San Francisco band. Jefferson Starship: The Next Generation

After a two-decade hiatus, <mask> rejoined Kantner in Jefferson Starship: The Next Generation for their 2005 tour, mending a rift stemming from <mask>'s initial refusal to leave Jefferson Starship with Kantner in 1984. The tour was billed as "The Jefferson Family Galactic Reunion". According to Freiberg, Kantner had been "absolutely right" in leaving Jefferson Starship in the 1980s, and he "apologized." He became a permanent member of the reformed band.He appeared on the 2008 album Jefferson's Tree of Liberty. <mask> held his first solo show in 2007 on November 24 in the lounge of the Ledson Hotel on the Sonomoa Plaza. He performed a number of songs not played live before. In 2007, he was still performing in Quicksilver, and he toured alongside Paul Kantner in the then current Jefferson Starship. In April 2017, the current members of Jefferson Starship were sued by former lead guitarist Craig Chaquico for not retiring the band's name in the aftermath of Kantner's death. According to Chaquico, the band had previously agreed to retire the moniker in a 1985 settlement. On December 4, 2018, the lawsuit concerning the use of the name Jefferson Starship was dismissed after an undisclosed settlement was reached between Chaquico and the current members of the band.The band was still touring in July 2018, with <mask> singing lead on tracks such as "We Built This City". At age 79, <mask> remained the only active original member in the band. In November 2018, Freiberg is collaborating with the Dayton Symphony. Personal life

In 1966, <mask> married Julia "<mask>" Brigden; they had a daughter, Jessica. Following their divorce in 1979, <mask> was remarried to singer Linda Imperial in 1990. Around 1968, he moved into a house in Novato that had previously been rented by Bob Weir and Ron McKernan. He and his family reside in the same house, where he has built a recording studio and practices Soka Gakkai.Rolling Stone has described him as "Starship's most outwardly easygoing member." Discography

Quicksilver Messenger Service
Quicksilver Messenger Service (1968)
Happy Trails (1969)
Shady Grove (1969)
Just For Love (1970)
What About Me (1970)
Solid Silver (1975)

Jefferson Airplane/Jefferson Starship/Paul Kantner/Grace Slick
Blows Against the Empire (Paul Kantner & Jefferson Starship) (1970)
Thirty Seconds Over Winterland (Jefferson Airplane) (1973)
Baron von Tollbooth & the Chrome Nun (Paul Kantner, Grace Slick and <mask>) (1973)
Manhole (Grace Slick) (1974)
Dragon Fly (1974)
Red Octopus (1975)
Spitfire (1976)
Earth (1978)
Freedom at Point Zero (1979)
Modern Times (1981)
Winds of Change (1982)
Planet Earth Rock and Roll Orchestra (Paul Kantner) (1983)
Nuclear Furniture (1984)
Jefferson's Tree of Liberty (2008)
Mother of the Sun (2020)

Other

References

1938 births
Living people
American rock bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
Musicians from Boston
Quicksilver Messenger Service members
Jefferson Airplane members
Jefferson Starship members
Guitarists from Massachusetts
American male guitarists
Musicians from San Francisco
American rock keyboardists
Rhythm guitarists
Guitarists from San Francisco
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American keyboardists

masks:
David Freiberg
Freiberg
David Crosby
David
Freiberg
Freiberg
Freiberg
Freiberg
Freiberg
Freiberg
Freiberg
Freiberg
Freiberg
Freiberg
Freiberg
Freiberg
Freiberg
Freiberg
Girl Freiberg
Freiberg
David Freiberg


texts:
H. (Hanumanthappa<mask> (more popularly <mask>; 6 June 1920 – 31 January 2005) was an Indian physicist, educator, writer, freedom fighter and rationalist from Karnataka. Publicly known as "HN", he was the Vice-Chancellor of Bangalore University and the president of the National Education Society. He was conferred the Padma Bhushan award by the Government of India in 1984. As there was no formal school in Hossur, where he was born, he attended the Government School in Gauribidanur, and continued high school at the National High School, Basavanagudi in Bangalore. He walked 85 km for two days to reach the city. A meeting with Mahatma Gandhi in 1936, in which he served as an interpreter to Gandhi, inspired him to follow Gandhism the rest of his life. While in his final year of BSc at the Central College of Bangalore, he gave up his education to join Gandhi's Quit India movement in 1942.He was arrested and imprisoned for about nine months. He finished his bachelor's degree with physics honours in 1944, and master's degree in 1946. He was immediately recruited to the faculty of physics at the National College, Bangalore, where he taught until 1957. He went for doctoral research in the United States and earned a PhD in 1960 in nuclear physics from Ohio State University. From 1961 he was Principal of the National College, Basavanagudi. He became the Vice-Chancellor of the Bangalore University in 1972, the post he held until his resignation in 1977. He went on to serve in the Karnataka Legislative Council.A self-proclaimed rationalist, he was a renowned sceptic. While in office, he constituted and chaired the "Committee to Investigate Miracles and Other Verifiable Superstitions" that led to public challenges of the miraculous claims of Hindu godmen, including Sathya Sai Baba and Sai Krishna. As a leader of the Karnataka legislators to investigate a black-magic curse called banamathi, he disproved the existence of such claims. He was the founder of the Bangalore Science Forum. He is so far the only Indian to become elected Fellow of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. Life

<mask> was born in Hossur, a village near Gauribidanur in Karnataka, India. His father was a village school teacher, and mother, a labourer.He had a younger sister. Having no formal school in his village, he attended the Government School in Gauribidanur, the nearest town. He completed his elementary education in the primary school, which had no further studies beyond eighth standard. He stopped school for a year. His school headmaster M.S. Narayana Raio, who had just been transferred to the National High School, Basavanagudi in Bangalore, invited and helped him get admission in his new school. Without money, he went on foot to Bangalore (about 85 km), taking two days to arrive, and joined the school in 1935.He stayed with his headmaster for six months, until he could get allotment in the school hostel, the Poor Boys' Home, as he called it. He met with Mahatma Gandhi when the latter visited the National High School in 1936. His teacher selected him to be the interpreter of Gandhi's Hindi speech into Kannada. From this moment on, his life was entirely influenced by Gandhi's views and lifestyle, including wearing khadi throughout his life. He went on to Central College of Bangalore studying for his B.Sc. During his final year in 1942, Gandhi launched the Quit India movement to end British rule. He gave up his degree to join the movement, the event which he described as "the most momentous decision in my life."The consequence of his decision was his imprisonment for nearly nine months, in different jails, in Yerwada Central Jail, in Mysore jail and in the Central Jail in Bangalore. Comparing his Central College hostel and the Central Jail, he remarked that he found "no difference" between the two as both provided him "free boarding and lodging." After a year he completed his bachelor's degree, B.Sc. with physics honours. He earned his MSc in physics with first class from the Central College in 1946. The same year he started his academic career as a lecturer at the National College, Bangalore. After teaching for over ten years, in 1957, he went to Columbus, Ohio, for further degree.He received his PhD degree in nuclear physics from the Ohio State University in 1960. His thesis was The Radioactive Decay of Hafnium and Thulium Isotopes. From 1961 to 1972 he was Principal of the National College, Basavanagudi, in Bangalore. He became the fourth Vice-Chancellor of the Bangalore University from 1972, and was reappointed in 1975. He remained in office until 1977, during this time he introduced psychology, social work, drama, music and dance as new subjects. He went on to serve the Karnataka Legislative Council. At the time of his death, he was the President of the National Education Society of Karnataka.Narasimhiah was a connoisseur of Carnatic Music and had close association with the renowned Carnatic Musician R K Padmanabha. R K Padmanabha led a 1000 people goshti in remembrance of Dr H Narasimhiah as a mark of respect. <mask> remained a confirmed bachelor. He quipped,

He was considered as champion of humanism and atheism in India. But he described himself as rationalist, and added,

In his later years, he suffered from prolonged septicaemia and died on 31 January 2005 in an intensive care unit of Maiya Multi-speciality Hospital in Bangalore. His body was kept in the National High School for public viewing. He was cremated, as he had willed (he had reserved INR 2,000 for it), at Hossur with a state official funeral the same day evening.Contributions

<mask> wrote a collection of essays titled Tereda Mana ('ತೆರೆದ ಮನ', Open Mind) and an autobiography named Horaatada Haadi ('ಹೋರಾಟದ ಹಾದಿ', The Path of Struggle). In 1962, he founded the Bangalore Science Forum, which conducts a weekly series of public lectures on science topics. This non-profit organisation has conducted almost 2,000 popular science lectures by eminent scientists and over 500 popular science films. He was also responsible for establishing the Bangalore Lalithakala Parishat and B.V. Jagadeesh Science Centre. As a Vice-Chancellor, he constituted and chaired the "Committee to Investigate Miracles and Other Verifiable Superstitions" in 1976. Members of the committee included scientists, academics and rationalists such as A.R. Vasudeva Murthy, Roddam Narasimha, Vinodha Murthy, Anupama Niranjana and A.M. Dharmalingam.The committee aimed to debunk claims of miracles and paranormal phenomena, specifically by Hindu godmen. The first challenged was Sathya Sai Baba, one of the most prominent godmen of India, who was observed to materialise holy ash and objects out of thin air, among other reported miracles such as bi-location and healing of the sick and wounded. <mask> personally wrote three letters to Sai Baba asking him to publicly demonstrate the miracles under controlled conditions. Sai Baba refused to comply, and remarked, "Science must confine its inquiry only to things belonging to the human senses, while spiritualism transcends the senses." <mask> commented this refusal as indication of fraudulence in the miracle stories. A public controversy and debate then ensued. When the committee requested to visit Sai Baba, he locked himself in.The committee was also involved in exposing a 7-year old Sai Krishna of Pandavapura (a tiny village near Mysore), a mini-Avatar and an alleged protégé of Sathya Sai Baba. This exposition compelled many godmen to admit that they did not have special abilities. The committee was dissolved in 1977, as he was forced to resign from the office of Vice Chancellor. In 1985, <mask> challenged a godman, Shivabalayogi, who claimed that he could let down rain by praying. To test the claim, Shivabalayogi was to specifically fill up the T.G. Halli reservoir by rain to feed Bangalore. It never rained.Although a Hindu by birth, <mask> refused to practice religious rituals. He did not perform tonsure (cutting the hair off the head) upon the death of his father. He would eat food during a solar eclipse to demonstrate that it does not cause indigestion, as Hindus believed to be so and would fast. He did inaugurate the procession at Dasera, a festival with homage to Goddess Chamundeshwari, in 2004. But he explained that it was out of respect of "tradition and culture". His famous quote is: A poor teacher complains, an average teacher explains, a good teacher teaches, a great teacher inspires. Awards and honours

<mask> was conferred the Padma Bhushan in 1984, the third highest civilian awards instituted by the Government of India, for his services in literature and education.He received the Tamrapatra award for his participation in the Indian Freedom Struggle. For his contribution to the popularisation of science he won the Sir M Vishweshwaraiah Award. He was also the only Indian to be elected Fellow of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP International), set up by Paul Kurtz in the USA. He received the Sahitya Akademi book prizes for his books Horaatada Haadi and Tereda Mana. In 1983, he was elected the president of Indian Rationalist Association. He was awarded the Rajyotsava Prashasti, the second highest civilian honour, and Basava Puraskara (2001) of the Karnataka state government. He also received the Karnataka Nataka Academy Fellowship in 1990, the Nadoja award (equivalent to Honorary Doctor of Letters) by Kannada University at Hampi, in 1996, and Honorary D.Lit from the Gulbarga University.In 1995, the Government of India (under the ministry led by Deve Gowda) appointed him Chairman of the Kannada Development Authority. In 1980, the Karnataka state government under Gundu Rao nominated him to the Karnataka Legislative Council, which he refused. He served as an independent legislator. He became the head of a legislature committee which investigated banamathi (a black magic involving curse) in some villages of northern Karnataka. His committee concluded that there was no such thing. He was awarded the Goruru Award in 2001. In 2003, he received the Jawaharlal Nehru National Prize for popularising science, on behalf of the Karnataka Science Forum.He was awarded by the then Prime Minister of India, Atal Behari Vajpayee. In April 2011 the executive council of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI, formerly Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal) selected <mask> for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism. There is a school named in his honour, H<mask> Memorial High School in Hossur, established in 1991. See also
Sathya Sai Baba#Criticism

References

Further reading
Haraldsson, Erlendur, Miracles are my visiting cards , published by Sai Towers, Prashanthi Nilayam (1997) chapter 21 The Critics
<mask>, H. (editor) Science, Nonscience and Paranormal, Bangalore Science Forum (1987)

External links
  by A. Narayana Article in the newspaper The Hindu 4 April 2004
 Biography at Rationalist International
 Tributes to H.<mask>
 <mask> passes into history
Past & Present Rationalist and nationalist article by Ramachandra Guha in The Hindu 27 February 2005
The Blitz interview Sathya Sai Baba's September 1976 interview with editor R. K. Karanjia of Blitz News Magazine, containing a rebuttal to Narasimhaiah
Dr. HN's Room at National college Hostel on YouTube

1920 births
2005 deaths
Critics of Sathya Sai Baba
Educators from Karnataka
Indian independence activists from Karnataka
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education
Indian sceptics
Scientists from Bangalore
Bangalore University faculty
Indian atheists
Indian rationalists
Indian nuclear physicists
20th-century Indian physicists
20th-century Indian educators

masks:
) Narasimhaiah
Hossur Narasimhaiah
Narasimhaiah
Narasimhaiah
Narasimhaiah
Narasimhaiah
Narasimhaiah
Narasimhaiah
Narasimhaiah
Narasimhaiah
Narasimhaiah
. Narasimhaiah
Narasimhaiah
Narasimhaiah
H Narasimhaiah


texts:
<mask> (born 15 March 1975) is a South African politician. Born in Port Shepstone, in the province of Natal, <mask> soon moved to Khayelitsha and became politically active in the area. He was a member of the African National Congress (ANC) and United Democratic Movement (UDM), prior to joining the Democratic Alliance (DA) in 2008. He was elected as a DA Member of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament in 2009. Premier Helen Zille appointed him as the Provincial Minister for Housing. In 2014, he was named Provincial Minister of Human Settlements. A year later, in 2015, Madikizela unseated party stalwart Theuns Botha as deputy provincial leader of the DA.DA Provincial leader Patricia de Lille resigned in February 2017 and left Madikizela in charge as acting provincial leader. He won a full term in October 2017. In 2019, <mask> became the Provincial Minister of Transport and Public Works. After a qualifications scandal, he resigned as Provincial Leader of the DA on 28 April 2021, six months after his re-election in November 2020. He also resigned from the provincial cabinet and the provincial parliament, but will remain a DA member. He said that he was not pressured to resign as DA provincial leader. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Port Shepstone, Natal on 15 March 1975.His aunt was prominent anti-apartheid activist Winnie <mask> Mandela. His brother was murdered in 1990 and he then moved to Chatsworth, living in Welbedacht. Madikizela and a community leader formed the Welbedacht Development Forum to assist the poor residents of the community. In 1991, he dropped out of Asoka Secondary School and worked at a shoe factory shop in Croftdene. In 1998, Madikizela moved to Cape Town to live with his brother. His brother helped him enrol at a computer school and Madikizela soon started studying human resource management at the University of South Africa (UNISA). Madikizela worked as a car guard at a theme park.He soon moved back to Chatsworth and completed a course in computer training. He also became a member of the Chatsworth Child Welfare organisation. Madikizela moved back to Cape Town in 2002 and became active in politics. In April 2021, <mask> came under scrutiny (see below) after he had lied about having a BCom degree. Political career

Early career
<mask> had previously been an active member of the ANC. He became prominent in 2005, when he led a group of disaffected ANC members in the Makhaza area of Khayelitsha who had been supportive of former Western Cape Premier and ANC Provincial Chairperson Ebrahim Rasool in his leadership battle with Mcebisi Skwatsha. After Skwatsha won the leadership election, <mask> and some of Rasool's supporters in Khayelitsha claimed that they were being marginalised, and later excluded as possible ANC candidates for the local government elections in 2006.In early 2006, <mask> along with several other ANC members, including some party councillors, were expelled from the party after it became known of their intention to contest the local government elections as independent candidates. Although he was not elected as a councillor, <mask> remained politically active, joining the United Democratic Movement (UDM) in 2007. He was appointed the party's Cape Town Metro Regional Secretary until a party investigation found that he had secretly convinced party members to join the Democratic Alliance. He was subsequently hired as a communication officer at the City of Cape Town, and later a spokesperson in the office of former Mayor of Cape Town, Helen Zille. Joining the DA and Western Cape Provincial Government
He officially became a member of DA in October 2008. His aunt, Winnie <mask>-Mandela, sent two messengers to him "to try and talk some sense" into him. They said that <mask>-Mandela had said that what he was doing to the ANC was "very embarrassing".Following the April 2009 general election, newly elected premier Helen Zille appointed him to the post of Provincial Minister of Housing. During his tenure as Provincial Minister of Housing, <mask> had been embroiled in a number of controversies surrounding housing developments in Mandela Park, Khayelitsha. He had been accused by the Mandela Park Backyarders as well as journalists of breaking a promise of giving residents of the community houses in new Mandela Park developments. The controversy  resulted in large demonstrations and blockades against construction in the community. The community of Mandela Park had also accused the MEC of refusing to meet with them. In September 2010, the ANC called for his resignation after his answer to a parliamentary question from the ANC's Pierre Uys over the provision of housing in the Western Cape. Madikizela had said "unfortunately" there was no influx control to regulate the movement of people into the Western Cape.The ANC called for Helen Zille to fire him, angered that he had linked the provision of services to the apartheid policy of influx control. <mask> was appointed as Provincial Minister of Human Settlements following his re-election in May 2014. In April 2015, <mask> was elected deputy provincial leader of the Democratic Alliance in the Western Cape, unseating DA veteran Theuns Botha. He was subsequently named the acting provincial leader in February 2017, when incumbent Patricia de Lille resigned. He was elected to the position for a full term on 7 October 2017. <mask> was appointed as Provincial Minister of Transport and Public Works by newly elected premier Alan Winde in May 2019. <mask> was also the Leader of Government Business in the Provincial Parliament.In October 2019, he declared his intention to run for interim Federal Leader of the DA following Mmusi Maimane's resignation. <mask> dropped out of the leadership race on 11 November 2019. John Steenhuisen was elected interim leader on 17 November 2019. On 26 January 2020, <mask> announced that he would consider running for DA Federal Leader at the party's Federal Congress. He declined to run for the post on 10 February 2020. He then declared his intention to seek re-election as provincial leader. In mid-November 2020,  <mask> was accused of plotting to assassinate his main competitor for the position, Masizole Mnqasela, the speaker of the provincial parliament.The Federal Legal Commission of the DA "cleared" him of any wrongdoing on 20 November. <mask> was re-elected as provincial leader on 21 November. Executive Ethics Code violation and qualifications scandal
On 1 April 2021, acting Public Protector Kholeka Gcaleka released a report that found that Madikizela had violated the Executive Ethics Codes by making misleading or false statements to the legislature about Brett Herron, a Good MPP. Herron had lodged the complaint. Madikizela rejected the legality of the report and said that he would be seeking legal advice. On 6 April 2021, <mask> announced that he had applied to be the DA's mayoral candidate for the City of Cape Town. He was up against incumbent mayor Dan Plato and the DA's finance spokesman, Geordin Hill-Lewis.On 13 April 2021, Daily Maverick reported that Madikizela did not have a Bachelor of Commerce degree in Human Resource Management as previously claimed and that he had misled a journalist in this regard. The next day, the DA subsequently announced that its Federal Legal Commission would investigate claims that he lied about having a BCom degree. Premier Winde suspended Madikizela as Provincial Minister for Transport and Public Works for 14 days effective immediately on 15 April and appointed Tertuis Simmers as acting Provincial Minister. Hours later, the DA provincial chairperson, Jaco Londt, sent a letter to party structures informing them that Madikizela had "voluntarily stepped aside" as provincial leader for the next two weeks and that deputy leader Albert Fritz would be acting provincial leader. Resignation from the provincial leadership and the provincial cabinet
On 28 April 2021, the DA announced that Madikizela had resigned as the provincial leader of the party in the Western Cape. Albert Fritz remained as acting provincial leader and was soon elected as interim provincial leader unopposed. Madikizela also resigned from the provincial cabinet and the provincial legislature.He said that he was not pressured to resign, but chose to resign out " of a sense honour". Post-political career
In January 2022, News24 reported that premier Winde intended to appoint Madikizela as a special advisor. The appointment has not been finalised, because the Department of Public Service and Administration must first vet the application to ensure that it is in line with associated regulations. References

Living people
Democratic Alliance (South Africa) politicians
People from the Western Cape
United Democratic Movement (South Africa) politicians
Members of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament
1975 births

masks:
Bonginkosi Success Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela
Madikizela


texts:
<mask> (born 1956) is a white supremacist and holocaust denier, and a published author and political activist on those subjects. He is involved in several nationalist and fascist political groups in New Zealand. Political activism
In 1980, <mask> co-founded the New Zealand branch of the Church of Odin, a pro-Nazi organisation for "whites of non-Jewish descent". He has published and edited newsletters such as The Watcher, The Flaming Sword, The Heretic, The Nexus, Ab Aeterno (assistant editor) and Western Destiny. He founded the national-socialist Order of the Left Hand Path (OLHP) in 1992, following a quarrel with other members of the Temple of Set. Two years later it was renamed the Ordo Sinistra Vivendi ("Order of the Left Way"), and in the same year created the fascist Black Order. It claimed to have a network of national lodges in six European countries plus Australia and the U.S.It was intended to be an activist front promoting an "occult-fascist axis" by mobilising political groups and youth culture elements such as industrial music. <mask> created and edited the Black Order newsletter, The Flaming Sword, and its successor, The Nexus, a satanic-Nazi journal with special attention given to figures such as Savitri Devi, Julius Evola, and Ezra Pound, and which especially catered to the black metal movement. It later changed its name to Western Destiny. In 1996, <mask> formed The Thelemic Society which blended rightist politics with the teachings of the English occultist Aleister Crowley and the philosophy of the German thinker Friedrich Nietzsche. <mask> was a co-founder of the Nationalist Workers' Party, and was briefly secretary for the New Zealand Fascist Union in 1997, in which he promoted the 'patriotic socialism' of 1930s Labour hero John A. Lee. In 2004 he was the secretary of the New Zealand National Front and spokesman for the New Right group. He was also involved with the New Zealand National Front but resigned because of disputes with neo-Nazi and white supremacist factions.In 2021, Critic reported that <mask> is in regular contact with the white supremacist organisation Action Zealandia. Controversies

In 2008, a masters thesis written about <mask> published by the Waikato University was temporarily pulled from the library pending investigation after <mask> complained to the vice-chancellor. The thesis, titled "Dreamers of the Dark: <mask> and the Order of the Left Hand Path; a Case-study of a Satanic/Neo Nazi Synthesis", dealt with the link between neo-Nazi and satanic beliefs in New Zealand. It had been passed by the university, had been reviewed by senior academics from two other universities, and had received full class honors. Professor Dov Bing, who supervised the thesis, called it a first-class piece of work. <mask> claimed the thesis was "poorly researched" and was "a poorly contrived smear-document against a private individual, namely myself". After criticism from the Tertiary Education Union, Vice Chancellor Crawford issued a one-page letter stating that the thesis was sound because it had been externally examined by "two well qualified academics".In December 2009, <mask> filed a complaint with the Broadcasting Standards Authority concerning the Ideas programme on Radio New Zealand National, which featured Marxist poet and sociologist Scott Hamilton. Hamilton had stated that <mask> was an avid "holocaust denier", had a "close relationship" with the revisionist Adelaide Institute, insinuated himself into the anti-war movement where he made anti-Semitic and "holocaust denial" statements, and exercised a bad political influence over "unwary youth". <mask> claimed that all of Hamilton's allegations were incorrect. The Broadcasting Standards Authority initially upheld <mask>'s complaint on all grounds, and criticised Radio New Zealand for not having verified the accuracy of Hamilton's statements before broadcasting the programme, but reversed this decision in December 2010 and declined to uphold any of <mask>'s complaints. In December 2009, <mask> complained to the Press Council against a lengthy feature article run by The Press, Christchurch, "A Right Muddle" by John McCrone. <mask> stated that the article wrongly stated that <mask> was a "neo-Nazi Satanist", that he was associated with "white power" and "pseudo-fascist views", that he was the founder of New Right New Zealand, among other matters. The Press Council in a ruling dated for release as 26 March 2010, upheld parts of the complaint, determining that the article is "inaccurate and biased".In a revised preface to Phoenix Rising: The Epic Saga of James H. Madole republished in 2006, <mask> wrote about his past involvement in the occult and was critical of occultism, writing that "it is clear that Madole was waylaid by a belief in Theosophy and other occult paths which influenced the doctrines and policy of the NRP...I merely want to offer testimony that Jesus Christ is the central figure of Western civilisation, and Christianity its basis...the fight for the West is the fight for Christ". Other activities

In 2014, <mask> was involved in a campaign seeking (unsuccessfully) to save a young dog from euthanasia for allegedly nipping another dog on the hind leg in the course of play. The dog was euthanised two days early after threats on Facebook of violence against council staff members. In 2019, he appeared in court for breaching the name suppression of a sexual assault victim in 2018 on a radio show. <mask> was discharged without conviction  Porirua District Court judge Ian Mill on Thursday said the discharge was conditional on him paying reparation of $1500 to the victim within a month. Police prosecutor Sergeant Paul Macky said it was inconceivable that he did not know about the suppression.. Published works
 Dietrich Eckart: Hitler's Occult Mentor (Renaissance Press, 1995)
 Lovecraft's Fascism: The Political Views of H.P.Lovecraft (Renaissance Press, 1995)
 Phoenix Rising: The Epic Saga of James H. Madole (Renaissance Press, 1996)
 Aleister Crowley and the Conservative Revolution: Social and Political Thoughts of the Great Beast (Renaissance Press, 1996)
 Thelema Invictus (Renaissance Press, 1996)
 The Warrior Mage: General J.F.C. Fuller (Renaissance Press, 1996)
 Origins & Varieties of Fascism: A Pictorial History (Renaissance Press, 1997)
 Rudolf Steiner & the Mystique of Blood & Soil (Renaissance Press, 1999)
 The Holocaust Myth: A Sceptical Enquiry (Spectrum, 2000)
 The Kosher Connection: Drugs, Israel, Gangsters & Zionism (Renaissance Press, 2002)
 Thinkers of the Right: Fascism, Nationalism & Elitism Amongst the Literati (Luton Publications, 2002)
 Portraits & Principles of World Fascism (Renaissance Press, 2003)
 Mel Gibson & the Pharisees (Renaissance Press, 2003)
 Nazism? Dreamers of the Dark - Exposed, by <mask>
 , on the Adelaide Institute site. , <mask>'s essay on Savitri Devi. Dreamers of the Dark: <mask> and the Order of the Left Hand Path; a Case-study of a Satanic/Neo Nazi Synthesis

1956 births
Living people
New Zealand activists
New Zealand National Front politicians
New Zealand writers
New Zealand occultists
Satanism and Nazism

masks:
Kerry Raymond Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Kerry Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Bolton
Kerry Bolton


texts:
Artem Stolyarov (; born 28 September 1989), known professionally as <mask> (stylized as ARTY) and Alpha 9, is a Russian DJ, musician and producer. He has collaborated with Armin van Buuren, Above & Beyond, BT, Paul van Dyk, Mat Zo, OneRepublic and Matisse & Sadko. His debut album, Glorious (2015), peaked at number 14 on the US Dance/Electronic Albums charts. Early life
At the age of eight years old, <mask>'s grandmother insisted that he should attend music school, from which he successfully graduated aged just fourteen. After that he considered applying for music college, but eventually decided against it, as the chance of becoming a professional pianist was really small and because he no longer enjoyed playing. Instead he learned to use FL Studio sequencer, and his love of video games and electronics led to his keen interest in production equipment. Eventually, he began to be influenced by artists such as The Prodigy, The Chemical Brothers and The Crystal Method.After graduating from the Saratov State University with a degree in Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Arty decided to seriously commit to electronic music. Career

2009–11: Early releases
Arty's debut release, "Inside of Me" / "Flip Flop" with Misha Kitone was followed by the EP Vanilla Sky, which appeared on the label Enhanced Music and brought him to the attention of many world-renowned DJs. The Enhanced Progressive label was the first to sign <mask> as an artist. His single "Bliss" appeared on the track listing of A State of Trance by Armin van Buuren in late 2009 and his breakthrough came later that year when Above & Beyond signed him to Anjunabeats. They featured his singles "Rush" and "The Wonder" in their club sets and on their radio show Trance Around the World. Following that, Arty released "Trio" with Matisse & Sadko on Axwell's Axtone label in 2011. Arty also released "Bliss" (2009) and "Come Home" (2010) on Ferry Corsten's label, Flashover Recordings under his alias Alpha 9.Following his release on Axtone Records in 2011, Arty collaborated with fellow Anjunabeats-signed artist Mat Zo and their first joint production "Rebound" was released on 19 April 2011 as Anjunabeats' 200th single. The song was voted 'Webvote Winner' on three straight occasions in the radio show Trance Around the World. At the anniversary party for ASOT 500 of Armin van Buuren's radio show A State of Trance on 9 April 2011 in Den Bosch, the two DJs played together on the Main Floor alongside other well-established DJs such as Markus Schulz, Above & Beyond, Gareth Emery, and Armin van Buuren himself. Since then, Arty has played many worldwide clubs and festivals such as Electric Daisy Carnival, Tomorrowland, Creamfields, Ushuaia Ibiza, XS Encore Las Vegas, and Amnesia Ibiza. 2014–15: Glorious
In 2014, Arty became the first Russian musician to sign with the American Insomniac record label and on 9 October 2015, he released his debut album Glorious on Insomniac Records. Arty has had countless releases on labels such as Enhanced Progressive, Vandit Records, Insomniac Records, Anjunabeats, Spinnin', Axtone, and Revealed. On 9 May 2016, Arty released "Bloodfire", a bass house-influenced big room track which was a deviation from his typical progressive trance releases on Hardwell's label Revealed Recordings.On 6 June 2016, he released an electro house track on label Anjunabeats titled "Distorted Love". <mask> then collaborated with producer Andrew Bayer to release "Follow The Light" on 8 June 2016, which was his third release on Anjunabeats for the year. 2017–present: Alpha 9 and recent releases
In 2017, <mask> officially revived his trance side project titled Alpha 9, which has been inactive since 2010. Together with releasing trance track "This Night Is Ours" on 3 February 2017, Arty posted a letter on Facebook written to his listeners. "Closer to the end of last year[2016] I noticed how much my music was different from what I’ve done in the past, and I felt like I had been neglecting my long-time fans and it didn’t feel fair. And that’s how I came up with idea of bringing the Alpha 9 alias back," wrote Arty in his letter. He then moved towards the tropical house genre with his release of single "Falling Down" featuring American singer Maty Noyes on 27 February 2017.The track also features a 'Night Mix' version where "Falling Down" is mixed into a future bass track for festival play. <mask> collaborated with Korean American K-pop singer Eric Nam to release "Idea Of You" on 9 June 2017, which marks <mask>'s first venture into pop music. On 7 September 2017, he released "Supposed to Be" on Martin Garrix's record label, STMPD RCRDS. "Working on this record was an unbelievable experience. The lyrics are so meaningful and powerful that I wanted to make sure that all of the instruments I was using were reflecting the overall significance of the song," stated Arty when asked about the track. <mask>'s first release of 2018, "You and I", was released under his Alpha 9 alias on 12 January 2018. He released "Sunrise" on 19 January 2018, which marks his second release on label Armada Music since his collaboration, "Nehalennia", with Armin van Buuren in 2013."It's important for me to continue making the music I enjoy the most and 'Sunrise' definitely falls into that category. It’s both a milestone and an incredibly important track in my career as I get back to my Progressive House roots," wrote Arty along with the track's release. Arty released "Rain" through Armada Music on 30 March 2018. "No Going Back", a collaboration produced under Alpha 9 with Spencer Brown, was released on 5 April 2018, followed by "All We Need" on 20 April 2018. He released melodic house track "Couldn't Be Better" on 11 May 2018. Arty released a tribute song for Swedish producer Avicii, who died in April 2018, titled "Tim" on 27 July 2018. The song paid homage to Avicii's original piano-based sounds which had driven him to success, which was also used by Arty in his earlier tracks "Kate" and "Rebound".Next, Arty released "Perfect Strangers" through Armada Music on 28 September 2018, a track he has labelled as one of his "favourite" songs to produce within the year. On 9 November 2018, Arty released trance single "Never Letting Go" with Audien through Anjunabeats, marking his first release on the label since 2016. The song was produced in three years, after multiple musical rejections on approaching the track. He released "Save Me Tonight" on 25 January 2019, which based on Arty was influenced by progressive and house music. The track's music video was directed by American actor Noah Centineo and featured English-American actress Lily Collins, with the video's storyline narrating a revenge plot by Collin's and Noah's characters against a group of school bullies. Awards and recognition
In 2010, Arty appeared in the Top 100 DJs selection of DJ Magazine, where he featured at number 78. In 2011, Arty climbed 53 spots to position 25 on the list but moved down three spots in 2012 to take 28th.At the International Dance Music Awards 2011, he was nominated in the category Best Breakthrough DJ but the award went to Afrojack. In 2012, <mask> was nominated twice for the IDMA's in the category for Best Trance Track for his collaboration with Paul van Dyk on "The Ocean", and his collaboration with BT and Nadia Ali on the track "This Must Be the Love". In 2013, he ranked 57th in DJ Mags Top 100, and in 2014, he also made the list at No. 99, despite having a quiet year. <mask> appeared on the Fall 2013 cover of Vonnubi Press magazine along with a 10-page spread. Discography Studio albums'''
 Glorious (2015)
  From Russia With Love'' (2020)

Notes

References

External links

Living people
People from Engels, Saratov Oblast
Trance musicians
Russian trance musicians
Russian DJs
Russian record producers
Interscope Records artists
Progressive house musicians
Russian house musicians
Revealed Recordings artists
Stmpd Rcrds artists
1989 births
Electronic dance music DJs
Anjunabeats artists
Armada Music artists

masks: Arty Arty Arty Arty Arty Arty Arty Arty Arty Arty


texts:
<mask> (born 24 May 1960) is an Irish retired football goalkeeper who spent his entire career at Celtic. He earned a total of 80 caps for the Republic of Ireland national football team after making his debut on his 21st birthday. He is remembered for his famous penalty save from Daniel Timofte of Romania at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy during the knockout stage. He also played Gaelic football for his native county Donegal. Commonly known as 'Pat' or '<mask>', Bonner is a one-club player. Gaelic football
Bonner played Gaelic football for the Donegal county team at minor and senior level in the 1970s. He played a number of games in the National Football League (NFL).Club career

Early career
He began his career in the late 1970s with his local youth side, Keadue Rovers. When he was 16 he had several trials with Leicester City and kept goal for them in the FA Youth Cup. The August of 1977, <mask> had agreed a deal to sign for League of Ireland side Finn Harps F.C. on a 6 month contract after impressing in a guest appearance in a friendly against English team Stoke City F.C. An agreement was put in place, with then Harps manager, Eunan 'Busty' Blake, that if a bigger club came in, he would be allowed to leave and Blake himself would personally tear up his contract. He was subsequently spotted by Sean Fallon, who was scouting in Ireland for Celtic, and invited to Glasgow for a trial. True to his word, 'Busty' Blake tore up his Finn Harps contract, without ever making a competitive appearance for the club, and <mask> signed for Celtic on 14 May 1978.Celtic
Bonner went on to play 642 times for Celtic, with 483 league appearances. In total with Celtic, he won four League Championship medals, three Scottish Cup winners' medals and a League Cup winners' medal. Although he was released by manager Lou Macari in 1994, he was re-signed by Tommy Burns after Macari was sacked. His last appearance for Celtic was winning the 1995 Scottish Cup final under Burns. After the Scottish Cup Final victory over Airdrie, Bonner took on the role of player-coach and finally left the club in 1998 to work as a coach alongside former teammate Tommy Burns. With 642 appearances, <mask> is the most prolific goalkeeper in Celtic's history and their fifth-most prolific player of all time. International career
Bonner made his international debut for the Republic of Ireland on his 21st birthday in a friendly against Poland on 24 May 1981.The game was played in Zdzisław Krzyszkowiak Stadium, Bydgoszcz. He conceded a goal in the opening 90 seconds of the match, scored by Andrzej Iwan. A David O'Leary own goal in the 37th minute and a third Polish goal in the second half from Roman Ogaza would make it a forgettable experience. For the remainder of the Eoin Hand managerial era, Bolton Wanderers Jim McDonagh remained Ireland's first choice goalkeeper. However, by the time of the appointment of Jack Charlton in March 1986, Bonner was already claiming the number one position. Bonner claimed his 75th international cap on his 34th birthday in a 1–0 win over Bolivia at Lansdowne Road which at the time equalled the Republic of Ireland record held by Liam Brady. Euro 1988
Bonner played in seven of Ireland's eight games in the qualifying round of UEFA Euro 1988.Despite some good results, including a 1–0 win away to Scotland, a 2–0 win at home to Bulgaria and a 2–2 draw away to World Cup bronze medalists Belgium, Ireland looked to be losing out on goal difference to Bulgaria. Bulgaria needed only a draw against Scotland in their last match to progress. However, a last-minute winning goal for Scotland gave Ireland, and Bonner, a first appearance at the UEFA European Championship. Bonner played in all of Ireland's games at Euro 88, including the 1–0 victory over England in Stuttgart. Ireland scored early and dominated in the first half, missing several chances to put the game beyond England. However, in the second half, Bonner produced a number of outstanding saves to keep Ireland in the lead, most notably from Gary Lineker, and was named Man of the Match. It was Bonner's eighth consecutive clean sheet for Ireland.In the second game, Ireland drew 1–1 with the Soviet Union. Ireland narrowly missed out on a semi-final appearance, conceding a goal in the dying minutes of their final group match against eventual champions, the Netherlands. 1990 World Cup
Bonner missed the opening qualifying game for the 1990 FIFA World Cup away to Northern Ireland due to a back injury. He played in the remaining seven fixtures, with the only goals being conceded throughout the qualifying campaign coming in a 0–2 loss in Spain. Indeed, only an excellent performance by Bonner in that game saved Ireland from a heavier defeat. Ireland went on to beat Spain 1–0 in the return fixture at Lansdowne Road, and in November 1989 clinched qualification in the final fixture with a 2–0 win away over Malta. It was the first time the Republic of Ireland had qualified for the World Cup, and Bonner would make his mark on the world stage with two memorable moments that live long in Irish sporting folklore.The first was in Ireland's very first World Cup finals game, against England. With Ireland 1–0 down late in the game, Bonner delivered a determined clearance all the way to the English penalty area, setting up Kevin Sheedy's equaliser. While <mask>'s role in the goal itself was minimal, the look of sheer determination on his face has been remembered as one of the defining moments of Ireland's inaugural appearance in the tournament. After a disappointing 0–0 draw with Egypt in the second game, Ireland needed at least a draw with the Netherlands to ensure passage to the next round. With Ireland 1–0 down midway through the second half, Bonner once again delivered a clearance all the way to the Dutch penalty area, which caused enough confusion to allow Niall Quinn to slot in the equaliser and send Ireland to the knockout stage. Ireland's second round fixture against Romania went to a penalty shootout, where the score was tied at 4–4 with one kick remaining for each team. Bonner made a simple save from a poorly taken penalty by Daniel Timofte, setting up David O'Leary to score the winning Irish kick.In the quarter-final against Italy, Ireland lost 1–0 as Bonner saved a powerful shot from Roberto Donadoni, but was knocked off balance enough to allow Salvatore Schillaci to snatch the winning goal and send Ireland home. Bonner arrived home in Dublin to a hero's welcome the following day. Bonner's penalty save has been remembered by FIFA as one of the great moments of that World Cup. In an article entitled "Bonner's Moment in Time", Bonner states, "It really wouldn't be an exaggeration to say that that one save changed my life forever, certainly in terms of recognition." Euro 1992
Bonner remained Ireland's number one choice goalkeeper for UEFA Euro 1992, where Ireland was drawn against Poland, Turkey and England in the qualifying round. Ireland lost out to England in controversial circumstances. With Ireland one point behind England and tied with Poland with two games left, it was debated in the media if a draw with Poland would be better than a win.Assuming England beat Turkey on the same day, a draw left Ireland and Poland with six points each with England on eight points and all three teams having one remaining game. With England playing Poland in the last game, it meant that Poland could still qualify for the tournament by beating England and hoping Ireland failed to beat Turkey in their last game. If Poland did beat England, Ireland could then qualify on goal difference by beating Turkey. However, if instead, Ireland beat Poland in the second-last game, Poland was out of the tournament. Ireland would have seven points to England's eight, meaning that Ireland would need to beat Turkey and hope that Poland, without the prospect of qualification, could still manage a draw with England. With Ireland leading Poland 3–1 with minutes to go, Ireland conceded two late goals and the game finished 3–3. In those final games Poland did hold England to a draw (1-1) and Ireland did beat Turkey 3-1, but England had beaten Turkey 1-0 that night and qualified with 9 points to Ireland's 8 points.1994 World Cup
Bonner represented Ireland in all 12 qualifying matches for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. Ireland seemed well on the way to qualification after seven wins and three draws in the opening ten games. With each side having only two games remaining, Ireland led the group on 18 points, ahead of Denmark on 16, with Spain in third place on 15 points. Ireland needed only a draw at Lansdowne Road against Spain in the second last game to guarantee qualification, while a win would virtually guarantee top position in the group. However, Ireland conceded three goals in a 15-minute spell in the first half, and despite a late consolation goal, Ireland now needed to beat Northern Ireland in the last game to guarantee a place in the finals. A draw would mean Ireland needed the Spain-Denmark game, happening simultaneously, to finish in a win for one of the two sides. Ireland drew 1–1 with Northern Ireland but qualified ahead of Denmark by virtue of having scored more goals (they were level on goal difference), as Denmark lost 1–0 to Spain.Bonner's saves throughout the tournament were key to Ireland's goal-difference remaining on par with Denmark and ensuring eventual qualification. In the Finals, Ireland beat Italy 1–0 in their opening match. The euphoria was elevated by the fact that Ireland had also beaten Germany and the Netherlands in warm-up games. However, from that point on, the tournament was a disappointment for Ireland and especially Bonner. A 2–1 defeat at the hands of Mexico and a 0–0 draw with Norway were just enough for Ireland to move into round two on the strength of their win over Italy. A 2–0 defeat to the Netherlands ended Ireland's tournament, and was a low point for Bonner. With Ireland already 1–0 down late in the first half, a long-distance effort from Wim Jonk should have been an easy save.However, Bonner fumbled the shot and it dribbled into the net. Ireland never recovered and was eliminated from the tournament. Euro 1996
<mask> struggled to maintain his place in the Ireland squad during the UEFA Euro 1996 qualification campaign, playing only one match, as captain, in a 4–0 win over Liechtenstein at Lansdowne Road. Alan Kelly played all of Ireland's other qualification matches. Ireland were eliminated 2–0 by the Netherlands in a playoff. <mask> became the Republic of Ireland's most capped goalkeeper with 80 appearances for his country. He held this record until it was surpassed in 2007 by fellow Donegal native Shay Given who, by the end of 2011, had achieved 120 caps.Bonner remains a cultural icon in Ireland for his role in some of the most memorable moments in Irish sporting history, including the win over England at Euro 88, the draws with England and the Netherlands at the 1990 World Cup and the penalty save that sent Ireland to the quarter-finals of the World Cup for the first and, to date, only time. Coaching role
On 2 February 2003, following the promotion of Brian Kerr to the position of Republic of Ireland team manager, Bonner was named as technical director of the Football Association of Ireland (FAI). He previously held the role of the senior squad's goalkeeping coach in the organisation. In addition, he has worked as a football presenter with TV3. Personal life
Bonner is married to Ann and has two children, Andrew and Melissa. His son Andrew was also a footballer who played as a striker for the Republic of Ireland youth teams and in the Scottish Junior leagues at club level, and was later a top amateur distance runner. His twin brother Denis played football in Ireland for Galway United and Finn Harps.He also has five sisters. Career statistics

International

Honours
Celtic
 Scottish Premier Division: 1978–79, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1985–86, 1987–88
 Scottish Cup: 1979–80, 1984–85, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1994–95
 Scottish League Cup: 1982–83, 1997–98

Individual
 Ballon d'Or: 1989 (17th place)

See also
List of people on stamps of Ireland
List of one-club men in association football

References

1960 births
Living people
1990 FIFA World Cup players
1994 FIFA World Cup players
Association footballers from County Donegal
Association football goalkeepers
Donegal inter-county Gaelic footballers
Gaelic footballers who switched code
Irish emigrants to the United Kingdom
Irish expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom
Irish radio personalities
Keadue Rovers F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Celtic F.C. players
Expatriate footballers in Scotland
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Football League representative players
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland international footballers
Republic of Ireland under-21 international footballers
RTÉ Sports Person of the Year winners
Twin people from Ireland
Twin sportspeople
UEFA Euro 1988 players

masks:
Patrick Joseph Bonner
Packie
Bonner
Bonner
Bonner
Bonner
Bonner
Legacy Bonner


texts:
<mask> (born March 7, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for Bilbao Basket of the Liga ACB. He played college basketball for the University of Kansas where he became known for his shot-blocking ability and his defensive presence. He was drafted 39th overall in the 2013 NBA draft by the Portland Trail Blazers. High school career
Withey led Horizon High School to the state Division IV title in his sophomore season (2006)  and he graduated in the class of 2008. In the game preceding the state championship game, <mask> and his teammates had to face a San Joaquin Memorial High School team in the Southern California Regional Championship game that featured three seniors who were future NBA players, Robin & Brook Lopez and Quincy Pondexter. In a dramatic double-overtime game, <mask> and his teammates overcame the San Joaquin squad and went on to win the title in the following game. In his senior season he averaged 20.8 points, 13.0 rebounds, and 7.3 blocked shots per game.Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, <mask> was listed as the No. 8 center and the No. 36 player in the nation in 2008. College career

Arizona (2008)
<mask> had originally committed to play for Louisville, but switched his commitment to Arizona. Following the resignation of Lute Olson in October of Withey's freshman season, he decided to transfer from Arizona. He did not see any playing time for the Wildcats during his semester of the 2008–09 season. Kansas (2009–2013)

<mask> transferred to Kansas in January 2009, but was ineligible to play until the end of the 2009 fall semester due to the NCAA transfer rules requiring him to sit out a year.He initially saw limited playing time during the second half of the 2009–10 season and the 2010-11 season, playing behind Cole Aldrich and the Morris twins. In his junior year, after twin brothers Marcus and Markieff Morris left for the NBA draft, he became a starter, playing for the 2011–12 squad which lost to Kentucky in the NCAA championship game. <mask> blocked 31 shots in the 2012 tournament, breaking Joakim Noah's tournament record of 29. During the 2011-12 season, he was named Big 12 defensive player of the year and set a Big 12 record with 140 blocks for the season. 2012–13 season
On October 4, 2012, <mask> was named to the Preseason all-Big 12 unanimously. On December 3, 2012, <mask> was named Big 12 Player of the Week. To earn the honor, he scored a triple-double against San Jose State Spartans on November 26.In that game, <mask> scored 16 points, grabbed 12 rebounds, and blocked 12 shots, for the second triple-double in KU history. On February 18, 2013, <mask> was named Big 12 Co-Player of the Week. He had double-doubles against both Kansas State Wildcats and Texas Longhorns. He also made his 265th blocked shot to set a new Big 12 record for career blocked shots. <mask> finished his senior year of college by averaging 13.7 points, 8.5 rebounds and 3.9 blocks. On March 10, 2013, he was named defensive player of the year in the Big 12 for 2012–13 and he was named first team All Big 12. On March 11, 2013, <mask> was named 2nd Team All-American by The Sporting News.On March 31, 2013, <mask> was accorded third-team All-American mention by the Associated Press. On April 5, 2013, the National Association of Basketball Coaches named <mask> the co-National Defensive Player of the Year. College statistics

|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2009–10
|style="text-align:left;"|Kansas
|15|| ||3.0||.538||||.556||1.4||0||.1||.4||1.3
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2010–11
|style="text-align:left;"|Kansas
|26|| ||6.2||.647||||.515||1.8||.2||.2||.7||2.3
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2011–12
|style="text-align:left;"|Kansas
|39||39||24.8||.536||||.795||6.3||0.7||0.6||3.6||9.0
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2012–13
|style="text-align:left;"|Kansas
|37||37||30.9||.582||1.000||.714||8.5||0.9||0.8||3.9||13.7

Professional career

New Orleans Pelicans (2013–2015)
<mask> was selected with the 39th overall pick in the 2013 NBA draft by the Portland Trail Blazers. He was traded to the New Orleans Pelicans in a three-team trade involving the Trail Blazers and the Sacramento Kings on July 10, 2013. In two seasons for the Pelicans, he averaged 3.0 points and 2.3 rebounds in 95 games. Utah Jazz (2015–2017)
On August 24, 2015, Withey signed with the Utah Jazz. On December 28, 2015, he recorded a season-high 11 points and a career-high 12 rebounds as a starter in a 95–91 win over the Philadelphia 76ers.Dallas Mavericks (2017)
On August 21, 2017, <mask> signed a one-year deal with the Dallas Mavericks. He was waived on December 19, 2017. Tofaş (2018)
On July 24, 2018, <mask> signed with the Turkish team Tofaş for the 2018–19 season. On December 28, 2018, <mask> parted ways with Tofaş after appearing in 19 games. Lavrio (2019)
On February 28, 2019, <mask> signed with Greek team Lavrio for the rest of the season. On March 30, 2019, <mask> recorded a season-high 18 points, shooting 8-of-10 from the field, along with six rebounds and two blocks in an 88–99 loss to PAOK. In 10 games played for Lavrio, he averaged 6.9 points, 3.8 rebounds and 1.5 blocks per game.On July 4, 2019, <mask> joined the Washington Wizards for the 2019 NBA Summer League. Ironi Nes Ziona (2019–2020)
On August 18, 2019, <mask> signed a one-year deal with Ironi Nes Ziona of the Israeli Premier League. On October 23, 2019, <mask> recorded a double-double of 23 points and 11 rebounds, leading Nes Ziona to an 82–75 win over the Kapfenberg Bulls. He was subsequently named Europe Cup Round 1 Top Performer. On December 5, 2019, <mask> was named Israeli League Player of the Month after averaging a double-double of 16.3 points and 13.3 rebounds, while shooting 66 percent from the field in eight games played in November. On December 23, 2019, <mask> recorded a new career-high 24 points, while shooting 10-of-12 from the field, along with seven rebounds and three steals in a 95–80 win over Hapoel Tel Aviv. Goyang Orion Orions (2020–2021)
On July 9, 2020, the Goyang Orion Orions added <mask> to their roster.He averaged 8.8 points and 7.3 rebounds per game in the Korean Basketball League. Bilbao Basket (2021–present)
On July 21, 2021, <mask> signed with Bilbao Basket of the Liga ACB. players
Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball players
Lavrio B.C. players
Liga ACB players
New Orleans Pelicans players
Portland Trail Blazers draft picks
Tofaş S.K. players
Utah Jazz players

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Jeffree David Withey
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