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 predicting that they would be dismissed by lunchtime on a deteriorating wicket expected to favor the spin bowlers.<mask> and Hassett started slowly, with only six runs in the first six overs. When Laker was introduced to exploit the spin, 13 runs were taken from his first over, but only 44 runs came in the first hour, leaving 360 runs needed in 285 minutes. Just 13 runs were added in the next 28 minutes before Hassett was dismissed. Bradman joined <mask> with 347 runs needed in 257 minutes. Bradman signalled his intentions on his first ball by driving Laker against the spin for a boundary. <mask> promptly joined Bradman in the counter-attack, hitting three consecutive fours off Len Hutton's bowling as Australia reached lunch at 1/121. Upon resumption, <mask> severely attacked Denis Compton's bowling.<mask> struck seven fours in two overs of what Fingleton called "indescribably bad bowling". He reached the 90s just 14 minutes after the interval and hit another boundary to reach his century in just over two hours. <mask> had added 37 runs in the 15 minutes since lunch. He had become the first Australian to hit 20 boundaries in his reaching his century in a Test in England. This forced English captain Norman Yardley to replace Compton, and Australia reached 202—halfway to the required total—with 165 minutes left. When Bradman suffered a fibrositis attack, <mask> had to shield him from the strike until it subsided. <mask> passed his century and Australia reached tea at 1/288 with <mask> on 150.The pair had added 167 during the session. <mask> was eventually dismissed for 182, having survived multiple chances and partnered Bradman in a partnership of 301 in 217 minutes. He struck 33 fours in 290 minutes of batting. Australia proceeded to accumulate the remaining 46 runs to secure the victory by seven wickets. <mask> was the batsman at the other end of the pitch in the Fifth Test at The Oval when Bradman was famously bowled by Eric Hollies for a duck in his final Test innings. <mask> went on to score 196 in an innings noted for his hooking and off-driving before finally being removed by a run out as Australia reached 389. He scored more than half the runs as the rest of the team struggled against the leg spin of Hollies, who took five wickets.With England having been bowled out for 52 in their first innings, Australia sealed the series 4–0 with an innings victory. <mask> took four catches, including a famous dismissal of Compton, who hooked the ball. <mask> ran from his position at short square leg to take a difficult catch, described by Fingleton as "one of the catches of the season". In recognition of his performances, <mask> was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1949, described as "one of the world's best left-hand batsmen". Neville Cardus, his former critic, praised <mask>' performance during the Invincibles tour as "masterful, stylish, imperturbable, sure in defence, quick and handsome in stroke play. His batting is true to himself, charming and good mannered but reliant and thoughtful." <mask> ended the first-class tour with 1,922 runs at 71.18, despite being troubled by a split between the first and second fingers of his left hand caused by constant jarring from the bat as he played the ball.The wound often opened while he was batting, forcing him to undergo a minor operation, which sidelined him from some matches in the latter part of the tour. Vice-captain of Australia

With the retirement of Bradman following the 1948 tour, <mask> was regarded by commentators as Australia's leading batsman. In the 1948–49 season, he scored 1,049 runs at 66.81 in nine matches with six centuries and two fifties, taking his tally for the previous twelve months to 2,991 runs at 69.56, with 13 centuries. He scored a century in each of his first three matches for the season, making 120 against Queensland, 108 in Bradman's Testimonial and 163 against Western Australia. After a match without triple figures, he added 177 against Victoria. In a low-scoring match against Queensland, New South Wales started the final day needing 142 to win. <mask> scored 108 in only 80 balls, steering his team to victory before lunch.Previously, only Bradman had scored a century before lunch in a Shield match. The innings took only 82 minutes and <mask> promptly returned to his work as a salesman. <mask> rounded off his Shield campaign with 110 against South Australia. The Western Australian Cricket Association attempted to lure <mask> to switch states, but he declined. <mask> was appointed Australian vice-captain under Lindsay Hassett for a five-Test tour of South Africa in 1949–50, narrowly missing out on the captaincy after a 7–6 vote by the board. He scored two centuries in six tour matches before the Tests. In his first Test in his new leadership role, <mask> was out for a duck in Australia's only innings as the team won by an innings.He made starts in the next two Tests, passing twenty but failing to reach a half-century on all four occasions. In the second innings of the Third Test, <mask> played fluently to reach 42 on a sticky wicket before stepping on his stumps. Australia looked set for their first Test defeat to South Africa, but an unbeaten Neil Harvey century salvaged a win. <mask> returned to form by making 111 and 19 in the drawn Fourth Test in Johannesburg. In between, <mask> struck two further centuries in the tour matches, against Border and Transvaal. He finished with a score of 157 in the Fifth Test in Port Elizabeth, laying the foundation for an innings victory and a 4–0 series result. He ended the series with 422 runs at 52.75.On either side of the final Test, <mask> added centuries against Griqualand West and Western Province, and for the entire tour had amassed eight centuries, equal to Neil Harvey. At this stage of his career, he had amassed 1,830 runs in 19 Tests at an average of 67.77, with nine centuries. Following the tour, <mask> received an invitation from the New South Wales branch of the ruling Liberal Party asking him to stand as a candidate in the forthcoming state elections, an offer that he declined. England toured Australia for the 1950–51 Ashes series and <mask> started the season strongly. He scored 74, 101 and 78 not out as New South Wales won consecutive matches against Queensland. <mask> then warmed up the Tests by amassing 168 for New South Wales against England. However, he made a poor start to the Test series by aggregating only 45 runs in the first three Tests, which included two ducks.Four of his five dismissals came at the hands of Alec Bedser, leading commentators to claim that Bedser had a "hoodoo" on <mask> and he was called "Bedser's Bunny". In contrast to his struggles in the Tests, <mask> played for an Australian XI and New South Wales in two matches against England during this period, and scored 100 and 105. In a match against arch-rivals Victoria, <mask> hammered 182 and targeted Test teammate Jack Iverson, who responded poorly to being attacked. The match ended in a draw but stopped Victoria's challenge for interstate supremacy. The attack effectively ended Iverson's run at the top of cricket. However, on his 29th birthday, <mask> again fell cheaply to Bedser in a tour match and he found himself eating at table 13 ahead of the next Test. Facing omission from the side, <mask> recovered in the Fourth Test at the Adelaide Oval, where Hassett shielded him from Bedser.This helped <mask> to settle in before batting for a day and a half to score 206, his highest Test score and only double century at the highest level. It constituted the majority of Australia's total of 371, which set up 274-run victory and a 4–0 series lead, and was his seventh Ashes century, ranking him second only to Bradman at the time for Ashes centuries. Bradman described the innings as "faultless – a terrific Test double hundred", comparing it to <mask>'s 182 and 196 at Headingley and The Oval during the 1948 Invincibles tour. <mask> ended the series with a half-century in Melbourne in Australia's only loss, to give him a series aggregate of 321 runs at 35.66. It was the first Test loss he had played in after 24 matches for Australia. In contrast to his below par Test series, <mask> was in strong form during the first-class season; he scored three centuries against England in the tour matches and compiled six in all to finish with 1,221 runs at 58.14. Despite these performances, the press continued to emphasise his perceived difficulties against Bedser.Difficulties against the West Indies

The 1951–52 season saw the second tour to Australia by the West Indies. <mask> experimented with his stance during the winter in response to criticism about his footwork when facing Bedser. <mask> felt that his problems had arisen because he attempted to play excessively on the leg side. He opened his season by punishing the Queenslanders with a score of 253 in a Shield match and then scored 210 against Victoria. In the first of these innings, <mask> had been ill but he struck 253 of his team's 400, with the last 50 coming in only 17 minutes of batting. His Test form was unimpressive though; he started steadily, with 122 runs in the first two Tests, which were won by Australia. The Third Test in Adelaide was <mask>'s first Test as captain, after Hassett withdrew on match eve due to a strained hip muscle.Australia were already one batsman short after the Australian Board of Control had earlier vetoed the selection of Barnes "for grounds other than cricketing ability", which was widely believed to be a result of Barnes' previous clashes with authority. Under board's regulations at the time, a replacement player needed the approval of the entire board. Since it was the weekend, some of the members could not be contacted by phone, and as a result Hassett could not be replaced by another specialist batsman from outside the twelve man squad. Instead, his place was taken by a specialist bowler already in the squad. This left <mask> leading an extremely unbalanced team with four specialist batsmen and Miller as the all-rounder. <mask> had a long tail with wicketkeeper Gil Langley and five specialist bowlers all with batting averages less than 23, and was reportedly "in a state of shock". <mask> won the toss and elected to bat on a sticky wicket.Because of a leak in the covers, one end of the pitch was dry and the other was wet. Australia were bowled out for a low score of 82 but managed to restrict the West Indies to 105. In all 22 wickets fell on the first day, the most in a Test on Australian soil in 50 years. <mask> proceeded to reverse the batting order in the second innings, with bowler Ian Johnson and Langley opening the batting. They were followed by bowlers Geff Noblet and Doug Ring, in order to protect the batsmen from a wicket that was still wet. Ring made an unexpected 67 and <mask> scored 45 as Australia compiled 255, but it was not enough; the West Indies reached the target with six wickets in hand. After scores of 6 and 12 in the Fourth Test, he missed the final Test due to injury, ending an unproductive Test summer in which he managed only 186 runs at 23.25.The series was noted for <mask>' difficulties against the spin duo of Alf Valentine and Sonny Ramadhin, who bowled left-arm orthodox and leg spin respectively. The pair was responsible for five of his eight dismissals on the tour. <mask> did not play a match after the new year and ended the season with 698 runs at 53.69. He topped his state's Shield batting averages, leading from the front as New South Wales regained the title. Australia's decline

The 1952–53 season started poorly for <mask>. He was replaced by Keith Miller as state captain, despite having scored almost 700 runs at a fast rate in the previous Shield season at an average above 50, and leading his state to another title. As was the norm for the era, <mask> was not informed personally and learned of his demotion second-hand.No official reason was given by the New South Wales Cricket Association, but it was speculated among the media that his penchant for wearing brightly-coloured rubber-soled shoes could have upset the conservative administrators, and that <mask> was too genial to be captain. The media made <mask> a scapegoat for dwindling public attendances following the retirement of Bradman and lobbied for Miller, who they deemed to be more appealing to the public. <mask> had led his state to two Shield triumphs, but remained national vice-captain ahead of Miller. Richie Benaud said that <mask> "led the side just as well as Miller but in a less flamboyant manner". In spite of this, <mask> started the new season consistently, scoring four fifties in his first five innings, including 55 and 39 in his state's victory over the touring South Africans ahead of the Tests. The on-field action against the South Africans brought no immediate upturn in <mask>' Test fortunes. He made only one half-century and a total of 149 runs in the first three Tests as Australia took the series lead 2–1.In the Second Test, he had progressed to 42 when he drove Hugh Tayfield into a close fielder. The ball ballooned to mid-off and Tayfield ran back and dived parallel to the ball's trajectory and caught it. By the standards of the era, the catch was regarded as miraculous. He ended the series strongly, with 77 in the second innings of the Fourth Test in Adelaide, before making his best performances of 99 and 44 in Melbourne in the Fifth Test, which Australia lost by six wickets. <mask>' 99 occurred when he was involved in a mix-up while batting with debutant Ian Craig, Australia's youngest ever Test cricketer. <mask> decided to sacrifice his wicket for Craig's in a run out. His action meant that he had not scored a Test century for two years, and would have to wait another two years to reach the milestone again.<mask> was widely praised for his unselfishness and his sacrifice for his new teammate. He ended the series with 370 runs at 41.11 and took his maiden Test wicket in Adelaide, that of John Watkins. The series ended 2–2, the first Test series in <mask>' career that Australia had not won. <mask> ended the season with 105 in a warm-up match before the tour of England and totalled 913 runs at 45.65 for the summer. In 1953, <mask> returned to England, the setting for his three Test centuries five years earlier, for another Ashes series. In a tour opening festival match against East Molesey, <mask> made 103 in eighty minutes. After the modest run scoring of the previous three Test seasons, <mask> warmed up in 10 lead-in matches that yielded a moderate return of 347 runs at 34.70.However, his performances in the first two drawn Tests, in which he struck three half centuries, indicated that might be returning to his earlier form. He was unable to maintain his form however, and did not pass 40 in the last three Tests, ending the series with 337 runs at a modest average of 33.70. The teams were locked at 0–0 heading into the Fifth Test, and

masks: Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris


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 Hassett and <mask> thought that the pitch at The Oval would favour fast bowling. However, they were mistaken, and <mask> could manage only 16 and 26 as the hosts' spinners cut down the tourists, while their Australian counterparts watched from the stands. Denis Compton pulled <mask>' spin for four to seal an English win by eight wickets. This meant that the hosts regained the Ashes for the first time in two decades with a 1–0 triumph, and <mask> thus tasted a series defeat for the first time in his career. It was a low-scoring series, and <mask> placed third in the Australian Test averages and aggregates, behind Hassett with 365 at 36.50.<mask>' batting was regarded by commentators as being more carefree than during the Invincibles tour. He took his second and final wicket in Test cricket, that of Alec Bedser, in the Third Test at Old Trafford. <mask> also struggled in the first-class matches, making 1,302 runs at 38.09 with only one century, which did not come until almost four months had elapsed on tour, against the Gentlemen of England. <mask> placed third in the aggregates but only ranked sixth in the averages. He made many starts, with 11 fifties, but was only able to capitalise and reached triple figures only once. Speculation linked his difficulties on the field to his personal relationships: during the tour <mask> had fallen in love with English showgirl Valerie Hudson; he spotted her when she was performing in the Crazy Gang vaudeville show at London's Victoria Palace. The team was also hindered by tension brought on by a generational divide.The senior players, <mask> among them, were retired servicemen who were drinkers, while the younger players tended to abstain from alcohol. The seniors frequently stopped the team bus to drink at pubs, leaving their younger colleagues disgruntled at the fact that the squad travelled at around . Career twilight

With the retirement of Hassett following the 1953 England tour, the Australian captaincy was open for competition. No international cricket was scheduled until 1954–55, so there was a full domestic season in 1953–54 for players to stake their claims. <mask> started strongly with consecutive centuries against Queensland and South Australia, but was unable to maintain his form, passing fifty only twice in his remaining eight innings. He ended with 487 runs at 54.11 as New South Wales won the Sheffield Shield under Miller's leadership. Nevertheless, the Australian selectors indicated that they were considering <mask> as a captaincy option by making him captain of <mask>' XI, which played Hassett's XI in a testimonial match.<mask>' XI won by 121 runs. 1954–55 Ashes
At the start of the next season, <mask> was not made Australian captain despite being the incumbent vice-captain. Instead, he remained as deputy as Victoria's Ian Johnson was recalled to the team and assumed the captaincy. There was speculation that the two Queensland board members voted for <mask>, the three New South Wales delegates voted for Miller, while the remainder voted Johnson. When England returned to Australia in 1954–55, <mask> made his first Test century in almost four years during the opening Test at Brisbane. After English skipper Len Hutton won the toss and controversially sent Australia in, <mask> made 153 to lay the foundation for a score of 8/601 declared and an innings victory. This included a partnership of 202 runs with Neil Harvey.The pair scored at a rate of nearly four runs per over, despite both players being repeatedly struck by the bowling of Frank Tyson, who was regarded as the fastest bowler of his era. Those were the only centuries made by Australian batsmen for the entire series, and <mask> was covered in bruises; he deliberately used his body to fend off short-pitched balls rather than risk a catch. In the Second Test in Sydney, Johnson and Miller were both unavailable due to injury; <mask> led the team for the second and final time in Tests. The Australian Board of Control made the surprising move of appointing the young and inexperienced Richie Benaud as <mask>' vice-captain for the match. Benaud, selected as a batsman, had scored just 195 runs at 13.92 in ten Test matches and was not a regular member of the team. Benaud noted that the situation was embarrassing and that <mask> had asked him not to be offended if he sought advice from veteran players Ray Lindwall and Harvey, who had been Test regulars for seven years. <mask> won the toss and elected to bat on a green pitch, in a match marred by time-wasting.Although Australia took a first innings lead, they lost the low-scoring match by 38 runs after a batting collapse in the face of a Tyson pace barrage on the final day. Aided by a powerful tailwind, Tyson bowled at extreme pace and the slips cordon stood 45 m away from the wicket. <mask> had a poor personal performance, scores of 12 and 10, a disappointment amidst his team's defeat. He failed to pass 25 in either of the following Tests as Australia fell 3–1 behind with a hat-trick of losses and he was dropped for the Fifth Test, ending the series with 223 runs at 31.86. Aside from the First Test century, <mask> struggled throughout the entire season, passing fifty on only one other occasion and managing only 382 runs at 31.83. 1954–55 West Indies tour
<mask>' international farewell was the 1954–55 tour of the West Indies. Prior to the tour, Miller replaced him as Australian vice-captain.He struck 157 against Jamaica in his first tour match, earning a recall to the Test team. He made 65 in the First Test victory in Kingston, Jamaica, before making his final Test century (111) in the drawn Second Test in Port of Spain, Trinidad. He made 44 and 38 in the Third Test win and then missed the Fourth Test with dysentery. He scored seven in his final Test innings in the Fifth Test, which Australia won by an innings to seal the series 3–0. <mask> ended the Test series with 266 runs at 44.33. In his final tour in Australian colours, <mask> totalled 577 runs at 57.45 in seven first-class matches. Retirement
Returning to Sydney after the West Indian tour, <mask> learned that his new wife Valerie had been diagnosed with breast cancer in his absence.She had concealed her illness until his return, fearing that it would distract him from his cricket. With his wife's condition deteriorating over the following year despite the removal of a breast, <mask> retired at the age of 33, as he realised that his wife's condition was terminal and that their marriage would soon be over. <mask> scored centuries on his first first-class appearances in four countries: England, South Africa, the West Indies and Australia, a record not equalled as of 1997. In general, he was known for scoring centuries in his debut appearance at many grounds. His eight centuries against England was second only to Bradman. He was a popular player, highly lauded by Australian and English commentators for both his character, goodwill and ability. His childhood mentor O'Reilly said that he was a "man worth knowing", while Tyson called him "one of cricket's patricians...endowed with a genteel equanimity, without seeming aloof or less than cordial and friendly".The English commentator John Arlott, known for rarely praising an Australian, said that <mask> "was one of the best-liked cricketers of all time – charming, philosophical and relaxed". Later life

With his wife's death imminent, <mask> organised the couple's return to Britain with financial help from Hassett. He worked as a cricket reporter for London's Daily Express during the 1956 Ashes tour while his wife was reunited with her family for the last time. She died soon after they returned to Australia at the end of the tour, aged just 33. They had been married only 18 months. In the wake of his personal loss, <mask>, known for his sincerity and high personal values, received many offers of work and financial assistance. With a reference from English cricketer Doug Insole, <mask> joined British engineering company George Wimpey for a few years.He then moved back to Sydney to take up a public relations job with security group Wormald International where he worked until his retirement in the late 1980s. He was appointed to the Sydney Cricket Ground Trust in 1965 and served there for 22 years, eight of them as deputy chairman. During this time, the ground was modernised and the Bradman Stand erected. In 1968, <mask> met and married his second wife Judith Menmuir. He was awarded the MBE in 1974 for services to sport. In late 1989, <mask> and his wife retired to the town of Cessnock in the Hunter Region, north of Sydney. He continued to play tennis into his late seventies and enjoyed watching Test cricket although he refused to watch one-day cricket, introduced after his playing days, due to his preference for tradition.He was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1992. In 2001, he was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame alongside Bill Woodfull, the fourteenth and fifteenth players to be inducted. In 2000, he was named in the Australian Cricket Board's Team of the Century. <mask> was named as an opening batsman in Bradman's selection of his greatest team in Test history. Bradman described him as the "best left-hand option to open an innings" and characterised his temperament as "ideal". Following the death of Sam Loxton in December 2011, <mask> became Australia's oldest living Test cricketer, and after Norman Gordon's death in 2014 he became the third oldest surviving Test cricketer. <mask> died on 22 August 2015 at the age of 93.His former Australian teammate Neil Harvey, the last surviving Australian member of the "Invincibles" tour, paid tribute to him as "one of the best players this country has produced" and said that "you wouldn't find a nicer bloke in the world". Playing style
<mask> was seen as an elegant and aggressive player, and is regarded alongside Clem Hill, Neil Harvey and Allan Border as one of Australia's greatest left-handed batsmen. Adept at playing against both pace and spin bowling, he was known for the variety of his shots on both sides of the wicket. Despite standing only five feet nine inches (1.75 m), opponents spoke of his imposing appearance and his apparent air of complete composure at the crease. He had the ability to decide on his stroke early in the ball's flight and employed an unusual defensive technique, shuffling across the stumps to get behind the ball. This created a perception that he was vulnerable to leg before wicket decisions and was vulnerable to losing his leg stump. Deft placement allowed him to pierce the gaps between fielders, and he was especially noted for his cover driving, square cutting and on-driving.Most of all, he was known for his back foot play, especially his pulling and hooking. According to cricket writer Ray Robinson, "no other post-war batsman has rivalled his smashing counter-attacks on bowling swift enough to give the toughest team the tremors…A menacing bouncer colliding with <mask>' bat was like a rocky fist against an iron jaw." While many batsmen tended to evade deliveries aimed at the head, <mask> was known for standing and hooking. In one interstate match, Miller, one of the world's leading pacemen, bowled an entire eight-ball over of bouncers. <mask> hooked the five balls that he faced in the over for 4, 4, 4, 4 and 3. According to Bradman, <mask>' success was due to his powerful wrists and forearms. Bradman interpreted <mask>' unorthodox methods—he often defended with his bat not straight—as a sign of genius.Ian Johnson believed that <mask>' idiosyncratic technique was a strength, as it disrupted any plans made by the opposition. Contrary to the accepted wisdom of the day, <mask> had a penchant for lofting his drives, backing his ability to clear the infield. Benaud rated <mask> alongside Neil Harvey as having the best footwork against spin bowling among batsmen after the Second World War. <mask> was particularly known for his fast analysis of the length of the ball, and as a result, he quickly and decisively moved forward or back. <mask>' productivity declined in the latter half of his career, something he put down to the break-up of his opening pairing with Barnes. <mask>' partnerships with his later partners yielded less runs, leading him to remark that "When Siddy [Barnes] went, I lost a lot of support because he'd always get ones." <mask> was also known for his unselfishness, often sacrificing his wicket after being involved in mix-ups while running between wickets, and he had a reputation for not attempting to finish not out to inflate his average.However, <mask> was regarded as the "bunny" of English medium pace bowler Alec Bedser, who dismissed him 20 times in first-class cricket, including 18 times in Test matches. Bedser dismissed <mask> more than any other bowler. Typically, Bedser took <mask>' wicket with deliveries pitched on leg stump that moved across him. This perceived dominance is not borne out by statistics; <mask>' average was 57.42 in the 37 Test innings in which he faced Bedser, and more than sixty in the 46 first-class innings when the two met. In their last meeting at Test level in 1954–55, <mask> scored 153. The pair were very close friends, and Bedser frequently made the point of rebutting criticism of <mask>' performance against him. Bedser noted <mask>' gracious demeanour despite his struggles, recalling an incident during the 1950–51 season when <mask> reached his century during a tour match against the English.Instead of thinking of his difficulties against Bedser, <mask> commented on the plight of his English opponents who had suffered harder times. <mask> stated that "Bob Berry hasn't got a wicket and John Warr hasn't taken a catch all tour so I'll see what can be done." <mask> was then caught by Warr from Berry's bowling without adding to his score. <mask> took only two wickets in Tests, one of them Bedser in 1953; he was rarely used as a bowler and was a reliable catcher. Despite his success, he was a pessimist who claimed to be low on self-confidence, saying that he was always surprised not to be dismissed for a duck. In an interview in 2000, he said, "I wish I had the confidence of some of the players today." After reaching Test cricket, <mask> began smoking to relieve tension ahead of an innings.Test match performance

Notes

References

External links

1922 births
2015 deaths
Australian Cricket Hall of Fame inductees
Australia Test cricketers
Australia Test cricket captains
New South Wales cricketers
St George cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Canterbury Boys' High School
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The Invincibles (cricket)
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Cricketers from Sydney
Sportsmen from New South Wales
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Australian Army soldiers
D. G. Bradman's XI

masks: Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris


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<mask> of Poland  () (c. late 1170s / early 1180s – 8 December 1211), was a Polish princess and member of the Piast dynasty. She was the daughter of Casimir II the Just, Duke of Sandomierz and High Duke of Poland, by his wife Helena of Znojmo, a Přemyslid princess. On the basis of the inscription of her tombstone at the Dominican Church and Convent of St. James in Sandomierz and two different reports by Jan Długosz, modern historians agreed with the origin and facts from <mask>'s life. Today existed a dominant view in historiography consistent with her filiation and death date. According to them, <mask> was indeed the daughter of Casimir II the Just and died in 1211, but wasn't the foundress of the Convent of St. James and only another nun there. In the 19th century, appeared a theory which states that <mask> was the daughter of Casimir I of Kuyavia, who entered in the Convent of St. James as a nun and died there in 1291. This view, accepted by several scholars, has been disputed.More recent historiography recognized her as the daughter of Casimir II the Just, founder of the Convent, in which was she buried after her death in 1211. Life
Jan Długosz reported that <mask> was the daughter of Casimir II the Just. It is unknown when she was born. The fact that she never married and became a nun, supports the presumption that at the time of her father's death in 1194 her future had not yet been decided. Her birth date was placed between the late 1170s and early 1180s. By convention among the offspring of Casimir II and Helena of Znojmo she is placed in the fifth place, after Odon (who died in infancy) and before Leszek I the White and Konrad I of Masovia. The origin of her name is unclear.Historians have posed three theories about it:
She was probably named after Casimir's maternal grandmother <mask> of Mochental, mother of Salomea of Berg. However the chronological distance between the Countess of Berg and the Piast princess was significant, and thus it might be unlikely that Casimir II named his daughter for his grandmother. Another possibility was that Bolesław III Wrymouth and Salomea of Berg had a daughter named <mask> who died in infancy (and for this reason is not mentioned in sources) whose tomb would be in the country, and Casimir II named his daughter after her. She could have been named after Adelaida Zbyslava, daughter of Bolesław I the Tall, Casimir II's nephew and ally for several years. In this case, <mask> would have been born between 1177 and 1184, when Casimir and Bolesław were allied. <mask> was the foundress of the Convent of St. James in Sandomierz, where in 1226 thanks to Iwo Odrowąż, Bishop of Kraków, the Dominicans settled. She probably was also a nun in the Sanctuary of St. Jadwiga in Trzebnica during the rule of the first Abbess Petrissa.She died on 8 December 1211, and was buried at the Convent of St. James. Her Gothic tombstone was founded at the end of the 14th or early 15th century. It included a carved convex form of a woman wearing a long dress and coat, with her head resting on a pillow and her hands clasped in prayer. Around the figure is a contains Latin inscription:

. In English: Here lies Lady <mask>, daughter of Duke Casimir, foundress of the monastery and died in the year of our Lord 1211. The inscription on the tombstone that mentioned <mask> as the foundress of the Convent was known by Jan Długosz, but was translated by the Dominicans, and this probably resulted in the error of the source. The theory of a Kuyavian origin

In the 19th century an incompatible theory arose regarding Adelaide's origins.It was assumed that the Piast princess buried in the Dominican Church of Sandomierz was a nun and not the foundress. Since the Convent was established in 1226, it seems impossible that she could have died in 1211. It's considered unlikely that she was the daughter of Casimir II the Just, because this supposed that she took the veil at the late age of 40 or previously lived in another Monastic rule. The doubt arose about the paternity of the Casimir II made historians recognize <mask> as the daughter of Casimir I of Kuyavia. It was proposed that she was born shortly before 7 April 1249 from the second marriage of the Kuyavian Duke with Constance, daughter of Henry II the Pious, Duke of Wrocław. After 1278 she entered into the Dominican Convent in Sandomierz, located in the lands of her brother Leszek II the Black. The title of foundress placed in her tombstone was probably thanks to either her prestige or through the intercession of her brother Leszek II.She died on 8 December 1291 and the year of 1211 on the tombstone was explained as carelessness of the sculptor. This interpretation, which was accepted by historians for many years, has been questioned in more recent times. As where mentioned the reports of Jan Długosz, who supposedly named <mask> as a nun in the Dominican Convent; a further examination of this showed that a woman couldn't be a nun in a manly Order and the chronicler, indeed, never mentioned the religious Order of the princess. Another fact which supports the view that was <mask> was not a Kuyavian Piast was that she was not directly mentioned in any contemporary sources related to genealogy or filiation. If <mask> was indeed the daughter of Casimir I and Constance, she would have been mentioned in the Genealogii św. Jadwigi (Genealogy of St. Jadwiga), compiled before or at the latest during 1301, but only the two sons born from the second marriage of the Kuyavian Duke - Leszek II the Black and Ziemomysł - are mentioned. In addition, <mask> was not mentioned in the Genealogy written by the Franciscan friar Henry of Brehna, nephew of Casimir I, who would certainly never have omitted his own first cousin in the development of his work.In addition, at the time of this writing of the Genealogy, the Abbess of the Sanctuary of St. Jadwiga in Trzebnica was Constance, daughter of Ziemomysł of Kuyavia, and it would be unlikely that she would not have objected to the fact that her paternal aunt was not mentioned in this work. However, if <mask> was born from the third marriage of Casimir I with Euphrosyne of Opole, she certainly wasn't mentioned in the Genealogii św. Jadwigi, but instead of Sandomierz, she must to be placed in a monastery located in the domains of her full-brothers. Notes

References
Balzer, O (1895). Genealogia Piastów. Kraków. Jasiński, K. (2001).Rodowód Piastów małopolskich i kujawskich. Poznań. Sroka S. A., Adelajda, [in:] Ożóg K., Szczur S. (eds. ), Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 1999, , p. 210. 12th-century births
1211 deaths
Polish princesses
Piast dynasty
12th-century Polish people
12th-century Polish women
13th-century Polish people
13th-century Polish women

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<mask> (July 26, 1870 – July 30, 1915) was a lieutenant in the New York City Police Department between the 1890s and the 1910s. He is known for the scandal of being tried, convicted, and executed for the first-degree murder of the Manhattan gambler Herman Rosenthal in 1912 near Times Square. Convicted in the <mask> trial, <mask> may have been "the only police officer executed for crimes connected to his official performance." He appealed and was retried but was convicted again. The corruption scandal related to the case was one of the most important in Progressive Era New York City and the early part of the 20th century. Early life
<mask> was born in 1870 in the village of Callicoon Center, Sullivan County, New York. His parents were German-American immigrants from Bavaria.<mask> moved to New York City as a young man in 1890 and went to work as a bouncer in a German beer hall just off the Bowery. In November 1893, he joined the New York City Police Department. In the fall of 1896, <mask> gained wide attention when he arrested Ruby Young (alias Dora Clark) on Broadway because the known prostitute was in the company of popular writer Stephen Crane, the author of The Red Badge of Courage. The next day at Ruby Young's hearing, Crane stepped forward and defended Young. Crane's popularity carried weight in court at the sentencing of Young, and Magistrate Robert C. Cornell dismissed the case. Afterward Crane told reporters, "If the girl will have the officer prosecuted for perjury, I will gladly support her." Three weeks later, Young filed formal charges against <mask>.Feeling vulnerable, <mask> gathered evidence, hired experienced defense counsel Louis Grant, and rallied the support of his colleagues. <mask> made a powerful entrance to his trial on October 15, 1896, surrounded by a phalanx of policemen. Commissioner Frederick Dent Grant, son of Ulysses S. Grant, headed the proceeding. After almost five hours of examination, <mask> was acquitted. He learned about the power of the badge and how he could call on his colleagues for help. Marriage and family
<mask> married Letitia Stenson from Ontario, Canada. Their son, Howard P<mask>, was born in 1899.Six years later the couple divorced, and Howard grew up with his mother and stepfather in the West. His mother married <mask>'s brother Paul. <mask> completed a doctorate in sociology at the University of Chicago and later became a full professor at University of Wisconsin-Madison. <mask> married and divorced again. In 1905 he married a woman, Helen, a schoolteacher and later assistant principal. Their daughter, <mask>, died less than a day after her birth in 1913. <mask> always believed that her husband was wrongfully convicted of murder.Reform movement
In 1902 and 1903, <mask> was one of the leaders of a patrolman's reform movement agitating for the introduction of the three-platoon system. It would have significantly reduced the number of hours that the beat police officer was expected to work. In 1906, he was seconded to a special unit working out of police headquarters to probe the alleged corruption of Police Inspector Max F. Schmittberger. The inspector had earned enmity among patrolmen for giving detailed testimony to the 1894 Lexow Committee investigating police corruption in New York. Partly because of <mask>'s work, Schmittberger was subsequently prosecuted. Deputy Police Commissioner Rhinelander Waldo was so satisfied with <mask>'s work that when he was appointed as New York City Police Commissioner in 1911, Waldo appointed <mask>, now a lieutenant, as head of one of the city's three anti-vice squads. Criminal activities
<mask> allegedly used his position to extort substantial sums, later shown to total in excess of $100,000, from Manhattan brothels and illegal gambling casinos in exchange for immunity from police interference.Percentages of the take were regularly delivered to politicians and other policemen. The area was under the patronage of Tammany Hall's leader, Big Tim Sullivan. Herman Rosenthal, a flamboyant Estonian immigrant who ran several illegal casinos in what was known as the Tenderloin District, was irritated by a police raid led by <mask> on one of his casinos and the damage they left. He complained to the press that <mask> "collected 20 percent of the take" there. In July 1912, <mask> was reported by the New York World as one of three senior police officials involved in extorting money from Rosenthal's casinos. The day that Rosenthal was due to testify to a grand jury, he was murdered at 2 am as he left the Hotel Metropole at 147 West 43rd Street, just off Times Square. Lefty Louie, Whitey Lewis, Dago Frank, and Gyp the Blood were seen to shoot him from their car, making no effort at disguise.They were separately tried, convicted, and sentenced to death and were ultimately executed. Manhattan District Attorney <mask>. Whitman, who had made an appointment to interview Rosenthal before his death, alleged that the four gangsters had committed the murder at <mask>'s behest. Amid a major public outcry following the murder and extensive press coverage, <mask> was transferred to the Bronx and assigned to desk duty. Arrest, trial, and execution

Whitman's office continued to investigate <mask>. On July 29, 1912, <mask> was arrested at the precinct's closing hour by special detectives from the District Attorney's Office. He was tried and convicted of first-degree murder that fall in a trial presided by John Goff, who was "intensely biased against <mask>" and whose charge to the jury was slanted toward conviction. The verdict was overturned on appeal on the grounds that Goff had been biased and that there was no independent corroborating witness to testify to the events since all of them had been involved in the crimes.The court ruled for a retrial, but in 1914, <mask> was convicted again and sentenced to death. He was the first police officer in New York to receive that penalty. <mask> continued to profess his innocence. The day before his execution, <mask> told the warden,
"Sure, I told them to put Rosenthal out of the way, but I didn't mean they should kill him. I wanted them to get him out of town so he wouldn't blab. Killing him was Rose's idea and the others. They wanted to save their own skins."Jack Rose had served as a prosecution witness, as did Harry Vallon, Sam Schepps and Bridgey Webber. They were underworld criminal figures who were believed to be involved in the crime but were promised immunity by the district attorney's office in exchange for testifying against <mask>. Whitman, who was then governor of New York, signed <mask>'s death warrant in 1915 and attended the execution. <mask> was executed by the electric chair in Sing Sing on July 30, 1915. The process took nine minutes, appearing to cause the man intense agony. For years afterward, it was described as "the clumsiest execution in the history of Sing Sing." <mask> is the "only policeman to be executed for murder in the history of the United States."<mask> was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery, the Bronx, on August 2, 1915. He was buried next to his daughter. Controversy
Beginning with Henry Klein in 1927, a number of authors have suggested that <mask> was wrongly convicted. Andy Logan wrote a thorough account of this position in her Against the Evidence (1970), as she became convinced of his innocence in the murder through her research. They suggest that <mask> and his fellow officers had stood back and allowed "the street" to "take care of" Rosenthal since they knew that his co-operation with the district attorney's office would put a huge target on his back. Three people have been identified as having a major stake of self-interest in <mask>'s prosecution for murder. Allegedly, District Attorney Whitman manipulated the evidence to implicate the corrupt Lieutenant.<mask> was known to have assets that far exceeded his salary. However, for Whitman, gaining a guilty verdict for <mask> in the sensational murder case would help his own political aspirations, and he is thought to have been elected as governor largely based on his success in that goal. In addition, the reporter Herbert Bayard Swope publicized the case mercilessly in the press, representing the power of the New York World. He devoted much space to the conduct of the trial and individuals' testimony. Later, he said his reporting on the trial catapulted his career. Lastly, as noted above, Judge John Goff showed his bias and played a major role in gaining a guilty verdict from the jury. New York police historian Thomas A. Reppetto believes that <mask> was guilty because of the testimony of people involved but also he had a strong motive and had shown reckless behavior.The consensus continues to favor <mask>'s active involvement in the murder. The <mask>thal murder was explored by historian Mike Dash in his Satan's Circus: Murder, Vice, Police Corruption and New York's Trial of the Century (2007). He made no conclusion as to <mask>'s guilt in the murder. In popular culture
The "Jack Rose" became a popular drink, named after the gambler who was a leading prosecution witness in the <mask> trial after being given immunity by the district attorney. F. Scott Fitzgerald had his mob boss character, Meyer Wolfsheim, describe a fictionalized version of this murder in his novel The Great Gatsby. The Rosenthal murder is featured in Harry Stein's novel Hoopla (1983)
It is featured in Kevin Baker's novel Dreamland (1999). It is also featured in Michael Bookman's self-published novel God's Rat: Jewish Mafia on the Lower East Side (2000)

Notes

References

Books
 Cohen, Stanley (2006)."The Execution of Officer <mask>; The Murder of a Gambler, the Trial of a Cop, and the Birth of Organized Crime." Delmar, Vina (1968.) "The Becker Scandal: A Time Remembered." New York: Harcourt Brace & World. Dash, Mike (2007). "Satan's Circus: Murder, Vice, Police Corruption and New York's Trial of the Century"
 Klein, Henry (1927). Sacrificed: The Story of Police Lieut.<mask>. New York: Privately published. Logan, Andy (1970). Against The Evidence: The Becker-Rosenthal Affair. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Pietrusza, David (2003) Rothstein: The Life, Times and Murder of the Criminal Genius Who Fixed the 1919 World Series. New York: Carroll & Graf.(contains a detailed chapter on the <mask> case)

Articles
"Three Platoon System Urged by Policemen." August 21, 1902. New York Times. Entire Force Of Patrolmen In Revolt April 6, 1902. New York Times
The Strong Arm Squad a Terror to the Gangs. August 13, 1911. New York Times
"My Story, by Mrs <mask>."December, 1914. McClure's Magazine. "The <mask> case: view of 'The System.'" November 11, 1951. New York Times Magazine. External links

Killer Cop: <mask> by Mark Gado at the Crime Library
Key Figures in Jefferson Market History - <mask> by Patty Slezak
People v. Seidenshner 210 NY 341
People v. Becker 210 NY 274
People v. Becker 215 NY 126

1870 births
1915 deaths
1912 murders in the United States
20th-century executions by New York (state)
American people of German descent
American police detectives
American police officers convicted of murder
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
New York City Police Department officers
People convicted of murder by New York (state)
People executed by New York (state) by electric chair
People from Sullivan County, New York
Police officers executed for murder
Rosenthal murder case
20th-century executions of American people
Executed people from New York (state)
People executed for murder
Inmates of Sing Sing

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Howard Becker
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Charlotte Becker
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Charles S
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<mask> (, IAST: Tīrath Dās Ḍōgarā, born 18 July 1947) is an Indian forensic pathologist and former Pro-Chancellor and vice-chancellor of SGT University, Budhera Gurgaon Haryana 2013–2017. He is a former director of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) New Delhi and an authority on forensic medicine. Dogra been member of the Medical Council of India from December 2013 till its dissolution in September 2018. Dogra have been President of National Medicos Organisation Delhi State from 2012 to 2017. <mask> was member of TEQ-Equivalence Committee and Administration and Grievance committee of Medical Council of India. He was member of Advisory committee on MOOC's program of University Grants Commission of India New Delhi. Dogra was emeritus professor of forensic medicine and forensic sciences, professor of Andragogy and educational philosophy and Advidsor, Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) at SGT University Gurgaon till January 2022.Prof. T D <mask> is member of Rehablitation Council of India. Dogra held a number of positions during his tenure at AIIMS, including dean (exam), deputy director (administration), chair of the management board of AIIMS Hospitals, hostel superintendent and professor. He joined AIIMS as a resident in 1971, becoming a faculty member in 1977. Following the retirement of Jagdish Chandra on 30 June 1987, Dogra headed the department of forensic medicine and toxicology at AIIMS until his retirement on 31 July 2012. TD DOGRA is nominated member of Reghablitation council of India. Early life
He was born to Prem Nath <mask> and Gayano <mask> at Badi Brahmana, near Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, British India, 20 kilometres from Jammu on the Basantar River (the present border with Pakistan). After the partition of India in 1947 his father moved to Bikaner in 1959; he settled there permanently in 1961.Dogra completed Badridas Vidavatji ka Middle School Sikar and Matric in 1963 and attended M M High School Bikaner from 1959 to 1963. After a year at Dungar College Bikaner, he received a degree in medicine from Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner. Career
<mask> received the first MD degree in forensic medicine from AIIMS in 1976. His areas of interest have been DNA profiling, population genetics, residual, environmental and pesticide toxicity, bioethics, pharmacovigilance, continuing medical education, suicide prevention and notes, forensic psychiatry (psychological profiling) crime-scene reconstruction. and Forensic animation He has been involved in medico-legal investigations of high-profile cases throughout India. Dogra has presented his medico-legal opinion in cases concerning to three prime ministers: Indira Gandhi, Charan Singh and Rajiv Gandhi. He deposed as a medical witness in the Mahesh Chandra Trial Court for Indira Gandhi's assassination for the prosecution.Although the defence (P. N. Lekhi, R S Sodhi and Ram Jethmalani) challenged <mask>'s testimony, the evidence was upheld by the Supreme Court. In the Batla House encounter case, he used animation to present his expert opinion. <mask> went to Sri Lanka as part of a three-member Government of India team to assist the investigation of the assassination of Gamini Dissanayake, a presidential candidate. He worked with Seyed E. Hasnain, Sher Ali of NII and Anupum Raina on DNA profiling, with Sanjeev Lalwani and Chitranjan Behera assisting him with forensics. After his retirement from AIIMS, <mask> became director-general of the SGT Group of Institutions and vice-chancellor when it became a university on 15 March 2013.

Notable cases
<mask>'s forensic investigations include:

His medico-legal cases include:

Awards
The Society of Toxicology (India) gave <mask> a Distinguished Scientist Lifetime Achievement Award in Toxicology, and he received a Distinguished Service Award from the Geriatric Society of India. He delivered the Professor G. Mehdi Oration at the 27th annual national conference of the Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine at North Bengal Medical College in Siliguri, West Bengal on 17 February 2006. <mask> delivered the Professor Jagdish Chandra Oration Award at the
12th national conference of the Indian Congress of Forensic Medicine
and Toxicology on 27 September 2013 at the Government Medical College in Haldwani, Uttarakhand.Indian Congress of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology gave "Life time achievement award" to Prof <mask> on 13 September 2014. AIIMS
During <mask>'s tenure as director AIIMS acquired  of land in the Jajhar District of Haryana, and the recommendations of the Moily Committee were implemented. One hundred sixty faculty and 1200 other staff positions were created, a new academic building (came as Convergence Block) was planned and the CDER and JPNA Apex Trauma Center were made fully functional. An agreement with Metro was signed for a tunnel connecting AIIMS and the trauma centre. A surgical centre, maternity centre, dormitories, outpatient department and a urology centre were planned. A new developmental plan integrated with the earlier prepared Master plan was prepared and architectural process was started for its implementation. The long pending clearance from Ministry of civil aviation and urban development for construction of multistory buildings was obtained to facilitate future development of AIIMS in regard to hospital, academics, research, residential and hostels.Manmohan Singh underwent coronary-bypass Surgery at AIIMS, and Pratibha Patil underwent cataract surgery on both eyes. Dogra managed AIIMS during the most troubled times in its history; he is active in organ donation, retrieval and tracking, framing and revising rules and implementing training programs at the AIIMS Organ Retrieval Banking Organization. After succeeding Jagdish Chandra, <mask> developed DNA-profiling and toxicology laboratories. He expanded the department to ten faculty members, two scientists, twelve junior and twelve senior residents. DNA laboratory
<mask> started DNA facility at department of forensic medicine AIIMS, in Feb 1991 with recruiting of Anupuma Raina as PhD student and G. Bomjen as MD student both taking DNA profiling related thesis topics, <mask> as Chief Guide and Dr S Hasnain of NII New Delhi as co-guide. First criminal case solved by DNA from Delhi was in 1992. The integrity and hard work of its in-charge Dr Anupuma raina gave this laboratory reliability and popularity with investigating agencies.Medical Toxicology Laboratory
Dr <mask> developed Medical Toxicological laboratory in the department of forensic medicine and toxicology in 1987. It was the first laboratory in a medical college where it was aimed to carry out analysis of samples for clinical and forensic purposes. The analytical toxicologist late H C Srivastava worked hard to get a reputation that the honourable courts ordered the tests to be conducted in this laboratory. The laboratory was well equipped with TLC, HPTLC, HPLC, GLC, Voltammetry, Atomic Absorption spectrometry etc. It worked in close collaboration with CFSL, CBI Delhi, FSL Rohini Delhi and JPN NICFS Rohini Delhi,

Crime scene reconstruction
Dogra was engaged in crime scene reconstruction in a variety of cases throughout the length and breadth of the country. He reconstructed the cases pertaining to fall from a height, railway accident, traffic accidents, firearm injuries, bomb blast, asphyxial deaths etc. He examined about 2000 scene of crimes in different states of India.Dogra's test
He evolved a simple technique to identify old suspected bullet hit marks by lifting the impression using a moldable putty which neither damaged nor made it unfit for further examination of suspected firearm bullet hit marks. More than 2-year-old marks were detected by Professor Dogra at many scenes of occurrences; that is why people started calling it as a Dogra's test. Forensic animation
During the last decade of his career, he started using animation to explain his finding or observations. He tried it in Batla house encounter, Heren Pandya case,, he also attempted in Ishrat Jehan case but he could not make it in 3D animation as desired. Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology
Dogra in 1990 while forensic investigations of the death of Jathedar Jagdev Singh Khudian MP of Akali Dal (Mann), first time in collaboration with Psychiatrist and Clinical Psychologist analysed the Psychological status of deceased by getting filled a proforma developed for this purpose from his friends and family. Subsequently, he applied it in many cases, including the psychological profiling of the accused persons of 2006 Noida serial murders. Mass grave exhumation and Forensic anthropometry and anatomy
Dogra carried out numbers of exhumations in various states of India.He exhumed mass graves in Gujrat following 2002 communal riots and recovered large numbers of skeletal remains, the anthropometric & anatomical examination and DNA profiling established Identity of many of missing individuals. He always encouraged a collaborative approach in such situation. Dogra used Anthropometric and anatomical examination in variety of cases from different part of country including Bhanwari Devi (2011 case) & 2006 Noida serial murders. Publications and research
Dogra edited Lyon’s Medical Jurisprudence for India, co-authored Practical Aspects of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology and has published more than 200 papers in national and international journals. He has guided more than 50 MD and PhD thesis projects, and supervised or co-supervised research funded by BPR&D, DST, ICAR and WHO. <mask> has been an editorial member or peer reviewer of a number of national and international journals, and has written for the popular press. He is the founder of the Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology and Indian Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology.Dogra founded the Indian Congress of Forensic Medicine

masks:
Tirath Das Dogra
Dogra
Dogra
Dogra
Devi Dogra
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 and Toxicology, He organised numerous conferences, workshops and seminars, and has delivered guest lectures, inaugural and valedictory talks on a variety of topics. Committees, consultation and visiting positions
Dogra has been a member of a number of committees constituted by the Government of India, State Governments and AIIMS: the Advisory Committee on Prison Reform (BPR&D); the member (Medical Toxicology)Central Insecticide Board (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare); the member (Medical Toxicology) Registration Committee for Insecticides (Ministry of Agriculture);  RAP and SAC (Research Analysis Panel and Scientific Advisory Committee) of the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) and the Subcommittee on Medicolegal Services in Delhi. He has consulted with the Central Bureau of Investigation, courts, state Crime Branch CIDs, the National Commission for Human Rights, the National Commission for Women and the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights. Dogra has been a visiting faculty member at the LNJP National Institute of Criminalistics and Forensic Sciences, the Police Training School, the Judicial Academy (Delhi), the Karkardooma Court (Shahdara), the Judicial Academy (Nanital, Uttrakhand), the Sardar Patel Academy of Police, the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) in Mussoorie, U.P., the Academy of Administration and Management (Nanital), CBI Academy (Ghaziabad), the National Academy of Customs Excise and Narcotics (NACEN), HIPA, Haryana Institute of Public Administration and the Institute of Road Traffic Education (IRTE) in Faridabad. Dogra established and developed the department of forensic medicine at B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences in Dharan, Nepal, a joint venture of the governments of India and Nepal. He has interacted with internationally known forensics experts such as Keith Simpson, Keith Mant, T. K. Marshal, D. J. Ghee, Alec Jeffreys, Michael S Pollanen, Stephen M. Cordner, Henry Lee (forensic scientist) and Derrick J. Pounder.Arushi, Hemraj murder in Noida
Professor <mask> led the first forensic team along with Arun Kumar Joint director, than Supercop of CBI, team consisted of Rajender Singh director CFSL, other relevant experts from CFSL, CBI, Delhi and from AIIMS including 25 sleuths of CBI. Team started work on 1 June 2008 with examination of scene of crime. Team functioned till the Arun Kumar was called back to his cadre the UP Police from CBI. Ishrat Jahan Encounter
Amzad Ali Rana of Pakistan, Javed Gulam Sheikh born Pranesh Pillai, Zeeshan Johar and Ishrat Jahan Raza were killed in Police encounter on 15 June 2004. The Gujrat high court constituted SIT (special investigating team) to investigate the encounter. The chairman of SIT constituted a team of experts with Professor T D <mask> as its chairman, experts from CFSL (central forensic laboratory New Delhi) and AIIMS New Delhi were included. Two chairmen of the SIT were changed by the time board of experts submitted their report to R R Verma, then chairman of SIT.It was revealed in 2016 that the report submitted by the team of experts was not taken into considerations by the SIT while concluding their report. It attracted the attention of media and issue was politicised. Some of the files concerning to an affidavit by the then Government of India, in this case were found missing. An inquiry into this matter has been issued by Govt of India. Bilkis Bano case

After police dismissed the case against her assailants, Bilkis Bano approached the National Human Rights Commission of India and petitioned the Supreme Court seeking a reinvestigation. The Supreme Court granted the motion, directing the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to take over the investigation. CBI appointed a team of experts from the Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) Delhi and All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) under the guidance and leadership of Professor T. D<mask> of AIIMS to exhume the mass graves to established the identity and cause of death of victims.The team successfully located and exhumed the remains of victims. The trial of the case was transferred out of Gujarat and directing the central government to appoint the public prosecutor. Charges were filed in a Mumbai court against nineteen people as well as six police officials and a government doctor over their role in the initial investigations. In January 2008, eleven men were sentenced to life imprisonment for the rape and murders and a policeman was convicted of falsifying evidence. Batla House encounter case

The case was referred to T D <mask> of AIIMS New Delhi for expert opinion, subsequently he appeared in court of law as an expert witness, he had explained the event through animation. On 25 Jul 2013, the Saket sessions court in its judgement convicted one of the suspects, Shahzad Ahmad, for murder of police inspector Mohan Chand Sharma and attempted murder of Head Constables Balwant Singh and Rajbir Singh. The court also found Ahmad guilty of obstructing and assaulting public servants, and grievously injuring the police officers to deter them from performing their duty.Shopian death case
Near to Shopian a town about 40 km away from Srinagar, Kashmir two women were found dead on the banks of Rambiara Nala, the autopsies were conducted by a team of doctors of Kashmir including one lady doctor. The cause of death was given as head injury. The vaginal swabs were preserved which were positive for spermatozoa at FSL Srinagar. There was agitation led by Majlis Musharraf in Kashmir. The police officers were arrested. The matter was taken by Kashmir High court Suo moto. CBI was entrusted with investigations who engaged Professor T D <mask> as chairman of the team of experts, which included experts from CFSL(central forensic laboratory New Delhi) and AIIMS New Delhi.After exhumation and exhaustive examination,  Board of experts concluded that cause of death was drowning and it was a case of deception because vaginal swabs did not belong to the deceased ladies, these were of the source other than the two deceased ladies, it was concluded by DNA Profiling. Indira Gandhi
Indira Gandhi was brought at 9:30am to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, where doctors operated on her. She was declared dead at 2:20pm. The post-mortem examination was conducted by a team of doctors headed by Dr. T.D<mask>. Dr. <mask> stated that as many as 30 bullet wounds were sustained by Indira Gandhi, from two sources, a Sten gun and a pistol. The assailants had fired 31 bullets at her, of which 30 had hit; 23 had passed through her body while 7 were trapped inside her.Dr. <mask> extracted bullets to establish the identity of the weapons and to match each weapon with the bullets recovered by ballistic examination. The bullets were matched with respective weapons at CFSL Delhi. Subsequently, Dr. <mask> appeared in the court of Shri Mahesh Chandra as an expert witness (PW-5), and his testimony lasted several sessions. The cross examination was conducted by Shri P. N. Lekhi, the defence counsel. Salma Sultan gave the first news of assassination of Indira Gandhi on Doordarshan's evening news on 31 October 1984, more than 10 hours after she was shot. She died two weeks and five days before her 67th birthday. Shanmugam's death during investigations of assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
Shanmugam, one of the prime suspects, allegedly committed suicide in custody of SIT.This drew the attention of media and public. On 30 July 1991, it was raised as a starred question number *t13 in Parliament, by Shri Ram Nayak MP, while replying then Home Minister Shri S B Chavan said in proceedings "..by Dr.T.D<mask>, Additional Professor and Head of the Department of Forensic Medicines and Dr.D.N. Bhardwaj, Senior Resident Doctor in the Department of Forensic Medicines, All Indian Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. I will read the report for the information of the House so that if the Hon. Members have any doubts... (Interruptions)". CBI Reconstruct Tulsi Prajapati encounter case
The CBI and a team of forensic science experts reconstructed the alleged fake encounter of Tulsi Prajapati by Gujarat police in 2006 at Chhapri village in the district on Friday.The team headed by Rajendra Singh of the Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL),and T D <mask> of Forensic Medicine Department at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS),began the reconstruction early morning. The forensic experts and CBI were assisted by state CID officials. CID was investigating the case before Supreme Court transferred it to the central agency. The experts obtained crucial data such as the distance between the police vehicle and the car in which Prajapati was travelling, location of Prajapati's body after the encounter as per the CID's FIR, how police officers fired at Prajapati and the distance from which they fired. Personal life
Dogra married Lalita <mask> (nee-Sharma) (03-12-1950 - 24-January 2019) from Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, in 1975. They have two children (Ankit and Aakanksha) and three grandchildren (Shaunak, Vanya and Arnayaa). See also
 AIIMS New Delhi

References

External links

 Researchgate
 Pubmed
 Google Scholar
 SGT University
 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
 Publications on DNA Profiling

Living people
1947 births
Forensic pathologists
Indian male writers
Medical jurisprudence
Indian forensic scientists
Indian medical writers
Indian pathologists
Medical doctors from Rajasthan
Heads of universities and colleges in India
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi faculty
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni
People from Bikaner
Indian medical academics
Indian medical administrators
20th-century Indian medical doctors
Directors of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New

masks:
Dogra
Dogra
. Dogra
Dogra
Dogra
. Dogra
Dogra
Dogra
Dogra
. Dogra
Dogra
Dogra


texts:
<mask>, better known as <mask>, is an American deep house DJ and producer and founder of Salted Music, an independent electronic dance music record label based in San Francisco, California. Biography
<mask> began his music career at 18 years old, as a lead guitarist and songwriter for a Santa Cruz local band called Zion Sounds. The band split up in the mid-1990s, however Zion Sounds' African and Jamaican style is said to have been a major influence in <mask>' personal career. After the band dissolved, <mask> went on to explore electronic music production thus creating his unique and soulful sound.<ref>IMO Records. "<mask> Biography" , IMO Records' Retrieved on 14 March 2011.</ref>

<mask> has produced over 100 remixes to date, including remixes for a number of mainstream artists. Such artists include Britney Spears, Macy Gray and Lionel Richie. <mask> has been associated with a variety of record labels, most notably Salted Music and Om Records and Naked Music Recordings .In 1998, <mask> co-founded the deep house record label Transport Recordings, along with fellow DJ MFR and Naked Music label director Bruno Ybarra. <mask> was credited for his soul-driven vibes and hailed as one of the pioneers of the nascent house and chill-out revival scene alongside Dimitri from Paris and Bob Sinclar as a result of his early foray into Deep House in the late 1990s and early 2000s, releasing several highly sought after singles and remixes under the Petalpusher pseudonym. In 2005 he founded Salted Music, an independent record label. In early 2008, Migs' Those Things won in The 7th Annual Independent Music Awards for Best Dance/Electronica Album. In 2009 <mask>' Salted Music won the Independent Music Awards Vox Pop vote for best Indie Label Site. <mask> grew up in Northern California on his parent's diverse collection of classic rock, blues, funk, soul and reggae records – which helped set the tone for his musical inspirations. He infuses these creative influences into his own sound, which combines this wide range of styles, blending them together into his own unique artistry.Migs emerged from the '90s deep house underground scene to become the kind of artist who transcends the stylistic limitations of a genre so very few can. His musical journey began after picking up a guitar in his early teenage years and his first outlet was writing songs and playing in Dub/Reggae bands. Although Migs always loved and listened to all different styles of music, in the early 1990s he connected to the soulful sounds of Deep House. By the mid ’90s he began experimenting with producing electronic dance music. And by the time the new millennium dawned, a string of releases and remixes on numerous leading indie dance labels earned him an enviable reputation among discerning dance music fans worldwide. As Petalpusher, he’d also become a stalwart of the hugely influential Naked Music stable with his original productions, remixes and compilations. His well-received 2002 debut album Colorful You was released on the legendary Astralwerks label, and Migs began to attract attention from the broader music community, remixing big-name artists as diverse as Macy Gray, Lionel Richie and Britney Spears.After years of relentless nonstop global touring, his 2007 follow-up album Those Things saw him collaborating with big-hitting names like hip-hop legend Sadat X and reggae icon Junior Reid, among others. The album was nominated for Best Dance Album in the Independent Music Awards, and was also included in Virgin Records yearly ‘Virgin Recommends 24 ECD’ promotion, as well as the single "So Far" entering the Top 5 on the Billboard Dance chart and #5 on the iTunes dance chart.Those Things was released on <mask>' own label, Salted Music. Founded in 2004, he launched Salted Music as a creative outlet for, in his own words, “music I like to play as a DJ, those B-side dubs, that underground creative feel. I never set out for it to be a large record label, it’s something we do pretty much on a part-time basis for fun as a side project. but it’s also important to me to be able to keep pushing new sounds and new artists.”

Migs’ last album Outside the Skyline (which debuted in the iTunes top 10 dance chart and received rave reviews by top publications) featured various collaborators including disco diva Evelyn "Champagne" King, reggae legends Half-Pint and Freddie McGregor, Meshell Ndegeocello, Berlin based jazz singer Georg Levin and bossa nova star Bebel Gilberto, who all make an appearance on the album, alongside two vocalists who've been regular collaborators through the years, Aya and Lisa Shaw. Record label

In 2004, <mask> started his own record label, Salted Music. No stranger to independent and major labels, the founding of Salted Music was a more personal venture.The idea behind Salted is for <mask> to have a creative outlet for releasing forward thinking; soul based electronic music that is not limited in tempo. Not just instituted for <mask>’ own creations, Salted is a vehicle for upcoming and well-known artists who come across his path and catch his ear.

masks:
Miguel Steward
Miguel Migs
Migs
Migs
Migs
Miguel Migs
Miguel
Miguel Migs
Miguel
Migs
Miguel Migs
Miguel Migs
Migs
Miguel Migs
Miguel Migs
Migs


texts:
<mask> (born 24 March 1997) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Fleetwood Town. Rossiter came through the academy at his local club Liverpool where they described him as an "authoritative central midfield presence" with "an extensive passing repertoire with either foot and an eye for goal". Club career

Liverpool

Youth
Rossiter was born in Liverpool, Merseyside and began playing football at the age of three or four in the Anfield junior league. He joined his local side Liverpool when he was 6 years old and first represented the academy at U6 level. He made his debut for Liverpool U18s on his 15th birthday. Still aged 15 he made his U19 debut side in a NextGen series match against Inter Milan, during the game ex-Liverpool striker Robbie Fowler said Rossiter was a talent comparable to Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard. For the 2013–14 season Rossiter, then 16, became a permanent fixture of Liverpool's U21 Premier League side and at the end of the season won Liverpool's Academy Player of the Year award.2013–14 season
During the 2013–14 season <mask> trained regularly with the first team squad and was named on the bench for the first time for a Premier League match against Chelsea on 29 December 2013. He also claimed a place on the bench in the New Years Day victory against Hull. 2014–15 season
On 23 September 2014, <mask> made his first team debut aged 17 in a League Cup third round match against Middlesbrough, scoring his first goal for the club with a low drive from 30 yards in the 10th minute to become Liverpool's second youngest goalscorer behind Michael Owen. On 28 October, <mask> was an unused substitute in the next round of the League Cup in a match against Swansea which Liverpool won 2–1 thanks to the late header from Dejan Lovren in injury time. He also made the bench in the Reds' 1–0 league victory over Sunderland at the Stadium of Light on 10 January. He was an unused substitute in Liverpool's 1–1 draw against Chelsea in the League Cup semi final 1st leg on 20 January 2015. On 2 February 2015, Rossiter suffered an ankle injury in a FA Youth Cup game against Birmingham City that left him on the sidelines for the rest of the season.2015–16 season
On 11 July 2015, <mask> was named in Liverpool's 30-man squad for their pre-season tour of Thailand, Australia and Malaysia. On 22 August, Brendan Rodgers stated Rossiter had become a valuable member of Liverpool's first team squad and would not be leaving the club on loan. On 24 August, <mask> made his league debut, coming-on as 76th-minute substitute for Lucas Leiva in an away match against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. <mask> made his European debut for the club on 17 September 2015 in the UEFA Europa League group stage game against Bordeaux. He started the match and played for 80 minutes before being replaced by Cameron Brannagan. The match finished 1–1. On 16 October 2015, it was reported that <mask> had contracted a hamstring injury while on international duty.Liverpool manager Jürgen Klopp later confirmed that he was not expected back in action until mid-November. <mask> returned from injury in December featuring in a Europa League match against Sion, however his hamstring was aggravated again during the match leading to another extended period on the sidelines. On 6 May 2016, reports emerged that he would leave Liverpool at the end of the season to join Rangers. Rangers
On 13 May 2016, Rangers confirmed that <mask> had signed a pre-contract agreement to join the club on a four-year deal upon the expiry of his Liverpool contract that summer. Rangers agreed to pay <mask>'s former club a £250,000 development fee. <mask> made his debut for Rangers as a second-half substitute against Stranraer in the League Cup on 25 July 2016. Rossiter suffered a calf injury at the end of August and spent nearly four months out, despite Rangers manager Mark Warburton suggesting he was "7 to 10 days away" on several occasions.After five months on the sidelines, in February 2017, Rangers sent Rossiter south to receive treatment at England's St George's Park National Football Centre for a lower back issue which was causing recurring calf and hamstring injuries. In May 2017, after eight months out injured, Rangers manager Pedro Caixinha revealed Rossiter should be fit for the start of pre-season training. He featured in the early stages of Rangers' campaign, including once in the Europa League against Progrès Niederkorn before injury once again ruled him out for the majority of the season. He scored his first goal for the club on 13 May 2018, in a 5–5 draw with Hibernian. Bury (loan)
On 31 January 2019, <mask> joined League Two side Bury on loan for the rest of the season. He scored his first and only goal for the club on the last day of the season in a 1–1 draw against Port Vale shortly after Bury had secured promotion. Fleetwood (loan)
On 8 July 2019, <mask> joined League One team Fleetwood Town on a season long loan.Fleetwood Town
Rossiter signed permanently from Rangers on 3 August 2020, he signed on a one-year deal, with an option to extend a further year. International career
Rossiter has represented England at U16, U17, U18 and U19 level. He captained England U16 as they won the 2012 Victory Shield. In November 2013, Rossiter was described as one of the "fab four" Liverpudlian players who were at the heart of the England U17 squad. Rossiter represented England U17 in the 2014 Algarve Tournament, with England coming second to Germany after a 1–0 loss in the final game. In September 2014 <mask> received his first England U18 call-up for a double-header against the Netherlands, and made his U18 debut in a 4–1 victory. On 27 August 2015, <mask> received his first call up for the England U19 team and played 90 minutes in a 3–2 away win over Germany.Career statistics

Honours
Bury
EFL League Two runner-up: 2018–19

England U16
Victory Shield: 2012

Individual
Liverpool Academy Player of the Season: 2013–14

References

External links

 LFC History Profile
 England profile at The Football Association

1997 births
Living people
Footballers from Liverpool
English footballers
England youth international footballers
Association football midfielders
Liverpool F.C. players
Premier League players
Rangers F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Scottish Professional Football League players
English Football League players
Fleetwood Town F.C. players

masks:
Jordan Bernard Rossiter
Rossiter
Rossiter
Rossiter
Rossiter
Rossiter
Rossiter
Rossiter
Rossiter
Rossiter
Rossiter
Rossiter
Rossiter
Rossiter
Rossiter
Rossiter


texts:
<mask> (1806 – 2 June 1833), nicknamed "The Emerald Gem", was an Irish bare-knuckle prize fighter. The heavyweight boxing champion of Ireland, he was drawn to England by the larger sums of prize money on offer and his hopes of becoming the heavyweight champion there as well. He became one of only six fighters ever to have been involved in fatal fights as both survivor and deceased since records began in 1741. <mask> fought in an era when English boxing, although illegal, was patronised by many powerful individuals. Its patronage and popularity did not, however, free it from corruption, heavy betting, and staged fights. <mask> fought eight recorded matches, but accounts of his career focus on the last three, against the Scottish champion Alexander McKay, the English champion Jem Ward, and James Burke for the vacant championship of England. The injuries McKay received in his fight with <mask> resulted in his death the following day, and rioting in his home country of Scotland.<mask> went on to lose his next match against Jem Ward, which some commentators believed he was not sufficiently in condition to fight. His final contest in May 1833 was a gruelling 99 rounds against James Burke that lasted for 3 hours and 6 minutes, the longest ever recorded prize fight. <mask> died three days later as the result of damage to his brain caused by the beating he had received. Burke was arrested and tried for manslaughter but was acquitted. Following the death in 1838 of another fighter, William Phelps, also known as Brighton Bill, the London Prize Ring Rules were introduced to more clearly define the rules of prize fighting and to introduce certain safety measures, rules that still form the basis for the modern sport of boxing. Early 19th-century English boxing

During the first half of the 19th century pugilism, better known as prize-fighting, held a curious position in British society. Although supported by members of the establishment from the royal princes downwards, it was considered illegal under the terms of the Riot Act of 1715, which defined a riot as "a tumultuous disturbance of the peace by three or more persons assembling together, of their own authority, with intent mutually to execute a violent enterprise to the terror of the people".The boxer George Stevenson had died a few days after his 35-minute fight with the English champion Jack Broughton in 1741, an event that triggered Broughton to draw up a set of rules with the help of some of his patrons to prevent a recurrence. Published on 16 August 1743, Broughton's Rules outlawed hitting or seizing any part of an opponent's body below the waist, or striking him when he was down, but otherwise left much to the discretion of referees. Rounds were not of a fixed length but continued until one of the fighters was knocked or thrown to the ground, after which those in his corner were allowed 30 seconds to return him to the "scratch" – the middle of the ring – failing which his opponent was declared the victor. The sport enjoyed an unprecedented surge in popularity during the Regency period when it was openly patronised by the Prince Regent (later George IV) and his brothers. Championship boxing matches acquired a louche reputation as the places to be seen by the wealthy upper classes. Thus, a match would often be attended by thousands of people, many of whom had wagered money on the outcome. The Duke of Cumberland (an uncle of King George III) was reported to have bet thousands of pounds on Jack Broughton, who was the English champion for 18 years.Boxing had become a nest of "gambling related corruption" by the 1820s. The epitome of this era was the championship reign of Jem Ward, a fighter who on one occasion admitted taking £100, equivalent to several thousand pounds today, to lose a contest. By 1830 the sport had become widely known for its corruption, and blatant cheating was commonplace. It was against this background that <mask> earned his living. Early life
Very little is known of <mask>'s early life beyond the fact that he was born in Ireland in 1806. His first fight, in 1825, was a loss to Mike Larking; it lasted 138 rounds spread over two and a half hours—despite the fact that at this time a round could vary in length, and usually only ended when a man was knocked down. His second fight was a draw against Jack Manning in 1826, earning <mask> £100.Next was <mask>'s first match against the Scottish boxer Alexander McKay, which <mask> won easily in five rounds, earning him a further £100. This match was McKay's first ever prize-fight. This victory was soon followed by a win against Bob Avery, earning a further £50, then another win over Phil Samson in 1829, earning him £200. By the standards of the day these latter sums were enormous; it is therefore surprising that he was then offered £200 for a rematch, regardless of whether he won or not, against the less experienced McKay, whom he had beaten so easily on the first occasion. As of 2008 that would be the equivalent of about £13,600. <mask> versus McKay

The fight against Alexander McKay was <mask>'s first brush with notoriety. On 2 June 1830, <mask>, billed as "Champion of Ireland", fought McKay, the "Champion of Scotland", for the right to challenge Jem Ward, the heavyweight champion of England.The match had been organized at Tom Spring's "Castle Tavern", in Holborn. The former champion boxer Tom Spring, as treasurer of the "Fair Play Club" – the organization which oversaw boxing – was immensely influential in the boxing world. Along with two other well-known boxers, Gentleman Jackson and Tom Cribb (who also acted as <mask>'s manager), he was <mask>'s sponsor for the match. Cribb was considered to be one of the greatest fighters of the era; more than 20,000 people attended one of his fights. Contracts were signed at Spring's tavern and it was arranged for the fight to take place at Hanslope, Buckinghamshire. But as a vast crowd of spectators began pouring into Hanslope the venue was switched at the last minute to Salcey Green, just inside Northamptonshire, thus rendering the Buckinghamshire constables powerless to prevent it. Despite the publicity and billing this was only McKay's fifth prize-fight.Since his defeat at the hands of <mask> two-and-half years earlier McKay had fought and won just three matches, earning him £180, while <mask> had earned £200. Both men were promised £200 for the match whatever its outcome. McKay had earned £100 for his previous fight against Paul Spencer, the most he had ever received; the promised payment was a huge improvement in his fortunes. McKay's boxing relied on brute strength rather than scientific pugilistic theory, but the fight still lasted for 47 rounds before McKay collapsed under a left-handed punch to the throat that did not seem particularly powerful. He was carried to his corner where he regained consciousness, complaining of severe headache. He was bled by a surgeon on the scene and taken to a local inn, the Watts Arms, where he died at 9:00 pm the following evening. A post mortem examination found the cause of death to be brain damage.McKay was buried in Hanslope Churchyard with the following inscription on his headstone:

McKay's death attracted widespread publicity and led to rioting in the streets of his homeland. In Dundee, three people died and 200 were injured in the fracas. In Glasgow, four people died, and the Dragoons were called out to quell rioting after a Roman Catholic church was burned and looted  (the mob would have assumed <mask>, an Irishman, to be a Roman Catholic). <mask> was arrested three days later on board the ferry to Ireland as he tried to leave the country. He was incarcerated in Buckingham Gaol to await his trial and the prospect of the gallows. Trial
The trial was held at the Assizes in the small rural market town of Buckingham. More used to the trials of local poachers and sheep thieves, Buckingham had never before seen such a spectacle.The town was inundated with journalists and the merely curious. <mask> was charged with manslaughter. Tom Cribb, Reuben Martin, Thomas Reynolds, and George Cooper were charged with aiding and abetting manslaughter. With such illustrious names as Cribb's, Jackson's and Spring's involved, the trial had the potential to turn into a huge establishment scandal. People of all classes had bet hundreds of pounds on the outcome of the boxing match. Despite being banned, prize fighting enjoyed huge public support and patronage from levels up to the younger male members of the Royal family, some of whom Jackson had taught to box. The support received by <mask> at his trial is testimony to the wealth of his backers.The establishment rallied to his support; <mask> was represented by three barristers and five solicitors, and twelve witnesses journeyed from London to give evidence on his behalf. The defence produced a witness who claimed to have seen McKay fall and strike his head on some stones several hours before the fight, and the Glasgow Free Press began a rumour that McKay had been drugged by "a sleeping draught" introduced into his water bottle. That the fight was illegal, as was the public assembly of spectators does not seem to have been considered in court. This benign neglect is surprising because as recently as 1825, in the case of Rex v. Billingham, Savage and Skinner, it had been deemed that anyone even attending a fight was guilty of an offence. At the trial <mask> was described by a Bow Street Runner as a "very human kind man", and McKay as "a very large muscular man – a magnificent man". The jury came to a verdict after only ten minutes of deliberation: "Not guilty". <mask> was once again a free man, but the image of the sport had been damaged.The Times of 5 June 1830 condemned the "barbarous, filthy and swindling exhibitions called prize fights" and expressed the hope that "an example will be made of the more wealthy monsters in this affair of blood – the sanguinary cowards who stood by and saw a fellow creature beaten to death for their sport and gain!" As the "wealthy monsters" patronising boxing included King George IV (who had asked Gentleman Jackson and the country's leading pugilists to act as pages at his coronation in 1821) and his heir, the Duke of Clarence, The Times's words fell on deaf ears, and the sport continued unabated. The following year a similar legal case occurred when another boxer was killed. However, in this instance less wealthy patrons and illustrious names were involved, and the manager of the convicted boxer, unlike Tom Cribb, was found guilty of abetting manslaughter and sentenced to 14 years transportation. <mask> versus Ward

Cleared of any responsibility for McKay's death, <mask> collected his £200 prize money, and as the winner earned the right to fight the English heavyweight champion Jem Ward. The fight was originally scheduled to take place at Leicester on 10 March 1829, but at the last minute Ward claimed that he was unfit and too ill to fight, much to the disapproval of his backers and friends. Rumours circulated that Ward had refused to enter the ring unless he received a prize money of £250 plus an additional £250 if he lost; the event became known in some quarters as the Leicester Hoax.Ward did not fight again for two years, but he and <mask> finally met on 12 July 1831 at Willeycott, near Stratford upon Avon. Each fighter was paid £200. Although Ward was the older man he prevailed in the contest after one hour and seventeen minutes, when <mask>'s seconds, Tom Spring and Tom Reynolds, withdrew their man in the 33rd round. An observer commented that <mask> may not have been in the best of condition for the fight, as "his appearance failed to favour the impression that he possessed active vigour"; boxing historian Gilbert Odd describes the fight as "disgraceful". Another commentator noted that "it is a singular fact that neither of the men had a black eye; neither had an external cut worth mentioning". <mask> versus Burke

Jem Ward announced his retirement from the ring in a letter published in the 29 January edition of Bell's Life in London. He was succeeded as champion of England by James Burke, although some disputed Burke's right to the title as Ward had refused to fight him before retiring.Standing  tall, weighing 200 lb (90 kg), and handicapped by deafness, Burke had assumed the championship after defeating Harry Macone in one of the prolonged and brutal fights for which he was known. Ward, who had faced public criticism for his refusal to fight Burke, felt that <mask> was the better fighter and promised to acknowledge the victor of a fight between Burke and <mask> as the new champion. The match took place on 30 May 1833 on Nomansland, a tract of common land between the villages of Sandridge and Wheathampstead in Hertfordshire, for a prize of £100 to each man. To get himself into condition for the fight, <mask> had reduced his weight from  to , an effort that "as it was effected by hard work and sweating, somewhat impaired his natural stamina, especially as, his habits being far from abstemious when in Ireland, he was scarcely fitted to undergo the necessary amount of labour". Despite his hard work <mask> looked "fleshy", with "no special show of muscle", compared to Burke's "perfect condition", although he did have a slight height advantage. Burke weighed in at , and started the contest as the marginal favourite at odds of 5–4. Tom Spring was once again in <mask>'s corner, as was Jem Ward.In true Burke style the match lasted for 3 hours and 6 minutes, during which time 99 rounds were fought the longest ever recorded prize fight. For the most part <mask> seemed to be in control in the early stages of the fight; in the 30th round he trapped Burke against the ropes and battered him severely around the body before throwing him to the ground. Burke fell on his face, vomiting and throwing up blood, and for the next few rounds <mask> looked the more likely winner. By the 49th round however, Burke had recovered sufficiently to knock <mask> to the ground, whose hands by then were so swollen that he was unable to deliver a finishing blow. By the 93rd round <mask> was "scarcely able to stand, and rolled before the Deaf'un like a ship in a storm". Although both men were utterly exhausted Burke continued to "pepper away at [<mask>'s] body and head", until in the 99th round <mask> collapsed unconscious and could not be revived to take his place once again at the scratch. A contemporary newspaper report of the day describes a blow-by-blow account of a fair match.<mask> was carried to "The Woolpack" inn in nearby St Albans, where he was attended to by Tom Spring. On the evening of the fight <mask> was considered to be close to death, but over the course of the following two days he seemed to be recovering, and was sufficiently conscious to thank his friends for their ministrations. But his condition worsened during the afternoon of Saturday 1 June 1833, and he died the following day; the cause of death was given as "congestion of blood in the brain". <mask> himself was reportedly of a different opinion, telling a chambermaid shortly before his death that "If I should die, it will not be from the beating I received but from mortification. I would rather have died than been beaten in that fight." He left behind a wife and four children in Dublin. Aftermath
One contemporary view of <mask>'s fatal fight, and of his earlier contest against Ward, was expressed in a popular poem written by James Catnach, the catchpenny publisher of Seven Dials, London:

On Thursday, 30 May day, <mask> took the ring,
Back'd by Jem Ward the champion, likewise by Gallant Spring,
To fight Burke for two hundred pounds, a man of courage bold,
To stop reports that with Ward the battle he had sold.Burke was arrested and tried for manslaughter. He was acquitted on 11 July 1833, but avoided competitive fights for some time afterwards, only taking part in exhibition matches. He retired in 1843 and died of tuberculosis less than two years later in 1845, having by then been reduced to poverty. Following the death in 1838 of another fighter, William Phelps, also known as Brighton Bill, in a match against Owen Swift, the London Prize Ring Rules were introduced by the Pugilists's Protective Association to more clearly define the range of fouls and to introduce certain safety measures. Butting, gouging, biting, scratching, kicking were all forbidden as was the use of stones or any hard object in the hand. Thirty-second breaks were introduced between rounds, at the end of which each fighter had to walk to the scratch unaided within 8 seconds. The wearing of spiked boots was prohibited, and boxers who went to ground without being hit were disqualified.These rules still form the basis for the modern sport of boxing. See also
List of bare-knuckle boxers

References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

1806 births
1833 deaths
Bare-knuckle boxers
Deaths due to injuries sustained in boxing
Sport deaths in England
Irish male boxers
Heavyweight boxers

masks:
Simon Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Simon Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Brave Simon