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<mask> (April 26, 1929February 27, 2021) was an internationally known Environmental Psychologist and held the position of Distinguished Professor of Psychology Emeritus at the University of California, Davis. Sommer wrote 14 books and over 600 articles, he was best known for his book Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design (1969), which discusses the influence of the environment on human activities. "[Man] will adapt to hydrocarbons in the air, detergents in the water, crime in the streets, and crowded recreational areas. Good design becomes a meaningless tautology if we consider that man will be reshaped to fit whatever environment he creates. The long-range question is not so much what sort of environment we want, but what sort of man we want." ~ <mask>

Life and career

<mask> was born in New York City.<ref> <mask>, <mask> (1929-). 2001.Retrieved November 06, 2011 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3403804207.</ref> He received his Ph.D. from the University of Kansas in 1956 and after teaching in Sweden and the University of Alberta, he arrived at the University of California, Davis in 1963. At Davis, he chaired four departments: Psychology (1964–70); Environmental Design (1991-1994), Rhetoric & Communication (1994–95), and Art (1997-2000) and was a Distinguished Professor of Psychology Emeritus (since 2003). Though he may be best known for his book Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design, first published in 1969, he has written 14 other books and more than 600 publications on a variety of subjects. His writings on environmental psychology include research in mental hospitals, libraries, classrooms, and living spaces. <mask> also has written a number of articles and a book on mushrooms, and other nontechnical subjects and his work has appeared in the journal Worm Runner's Digest, which publishes scientific papers alongside satirical articles. <mask>'s consulting work included the design of bicycle paths, residence halls, geriatric housing, airports, offices, prisons, farmers' markets, and other facilities. He designed the board game Blacks & Whites in 1970 together with Judy Tart, as part of a project commissioned by Psychology Today.He also received a number of awards including: City-University Research Award, City of Davis; Research Award, California Alliance for the Mentally Ill; Career Research Award, Environmental Design Research Association; Kurt Lewin Award, Division 9 APA; Fulbright Award to Estonia, USSR; President-Elect 1998–1999, President 1999–2000, APA Div. 34, Doctorem Honoris Causa, Tallinn Pedagogical University. Thought

<mask> was influenced by his studies on environmental psychology with Dr. Humphry Osmond, a psychiatrist who researched hallucinogens. Osmond coined the term psychedelic and also worked in mental hospitals researching social environments and how they affect recovery. Some scholars see Environmental Psychology as strictly a sub-discipline of Psychology or Social Psychology; others see it as an entirely interdisciplinary study. <mask> viewed Environmental Psychology as both a sub-discipline within the behavioral sciences as well as an interdisciplinary study that involves a variety of disciplines and professions. His view of the discipline is reflected in his writing style; he communicates his ideas without technical, psychological jargon.Though his book, Personal Space, was not specifically written for people outside the field of Environmental Psychology, it is highly readable and thus, accessible to those designers or architects who may actually have the ability to influence building design. Works

On Personal Space

Sommer made the distinction between personal space and territory: "The concepts of 'personal space' can be distinguished from that of 'territory' in several ways. The most important difference is that personal space is carried around while territory is relatively stationary. The animal or man will usually mark the boundaries of his territory so that they are visible to others, but the boundaries of personal space are invisible. Personal space has the body as its center, while territory does not. Often the center of territory is the home of the animal or man. Animals will usually fight to maintain dominion over their territory but will withdraw if others intrude into their personal space."In his best known book Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design, first published in 1969, <mask> argued that buildings should be built first for function (their usefulness to the user), not form (how they look). The book is divided into two sections: the first section is theoretical, and the second section concerns methods and their applications. In addition to this book, <mask> wrote many articles on personal space as well. On Learning And The Classroom

Another theme in <mask>'s research was the structure of the classroom and how it affects learning. As a high school student, <mask> himself experienced the difficulty of learning in a classroom where he was unable to see the blackboard due to the poor design of the room. He wrote that he struggled in the class until, later in the semester, it moved to a new room where he got a front row seat. There, he could see the blackboard and his "grades improved markedly".<mask> devoted a chapter to the effect of classroom structure on learning in his book Personal Space, and also wrote many journal articles on the topic. "Reading Areas In College Libraries" Author: <mask>. The Library Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Jul. 1968), pp. 249-260 Publisher: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4305903Decorations for the Classroom Authors: Linda Lou Davis, <mask>.Source: "Improving College and University Teaching", Vol. 20, No. 4, Classroom: Learning Center (Autumn, 1972), p. 285 Publisher: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27563430

Though the 1960s and 70s were a time of innovation in educational curricula, teaching methods, and classrooms, there was not much thought given to the physical environment of the classroom and how it might affect learning. <mask> introduced two important terms in his book Tight Spaces: Hard Architecture and How to Humanize It. First, the "open classroom", which he described as being a "more informally arranged and less rigidly structured space", and "open education", a loosening of the current social hierarchy in education where teachers are strictly the sources of knowledge and students only learners. <mask> stated that though the addition of "open classrooms" cannot increase student participation without there also being an environment of "open education", no shift in hierarchy is likely without a change in the construction or arrangement of the classroom.The Soft Classroom is an article written by <mask> and Olsen describing a study they conducted on the impact of classroom design on learning.It described the difference in student participation observed in two differently arranged classrooms. Prison Architecture

<mask> worked on a federal task force consulting for prisons, he studied their built environment and the relation to psychology. His aim was to apply architectural strategies he had used in mental health facilities to the prison setting. <mask>'s primary concern throughout his research was whether ‘hard architecture’ instills any sort of reform on the individual, or whether it merely perpetuates the idea of punishment. Tight Spaces: Hard Architecture and How to Humanize It, Author: <mask>, talks about his observations into the soulless architecture of these institutions, and the dehumanizing nature of a prison. <mask> faced a difficulty in obtaining reliable data while interviewing in prisons. In one institution he was not allowed to talk to the guards, and was told that interviewing prisoners would violate their privacy.While in another prison, he was barred from interviewing the guards themselves. Street Art

Sommer's book Street Art (1975) discussed "the urban community mural in the U.S.A." The community mural is created by artists in collaboration with the local community so the art reflects the local culture. "Some of the chapter topics are: The New Mural Movement; definitions of 'street art' forms; the politics of 'street art'; the Emeryville, California, mudflats, a site for group sculpture; a guide for Locating and Photographing Street Art; and a final chapter concerned with less common 'street art' locations and the future of this type of art." In Street Art <mask> stated "the important question is whether painters, writers and poets are obliged to go beyond reflection to interpretation and prescription" and, in comparing street artists to those who display their work in a gallery, even goes so far as to say: "one can tell very little about the issues affecting public consciousness by examining the work of studio artists..." and "she [the new muralist] cannot afford the haughty contempt that the studio painter may feel for purchasers and patrons ...". <mask>'s work has been called "valuable for drawing attention to the proliferation of a noncommercial, popular art form in the U.S.A.", however there are also some criticisms of the book. Wayne Enstice, in his review of Street Art noted "A serious deficiency of his book is the abrasive way he chooses to treat the question"..."Do Social imperatives demand redefinition of the role of artists?" He complains that "Readers are asked to measure the accomplishments of community motivated artists against an antagonistic and oversimplified estimation of studio artists...".Enstice also dislikes <mask>'s division between text and art, saying that it is "inappropriate". Bibliography

1969 Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design, Englewood Cliffs, N.J,
1972 Design Awareness Rinehart
1974 Tight spaces : hard architecture and how to humanize it, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall
1975 Street art, New York, Links Books
1975 Sidewalk Fossils, with Harriet Becker Walker
1976 The end of imprisonment, New York : Oxford University Press
1978 The mind's eye : imagery in everyday life, Palo Alto, California, Dale Seymour Publications
1980 A Practical Guide to Behavioral Research, further editions in 1986, 1991, 1997 and 2002 (5th Ed.) 1963 Expertland (Doubleday)
1980 Farmers' Markets of America (Capra)
1983 Social Design (Prentice-Hall)
2000, 2003 An Authoritative Guide to Self-Help Resources (2nd Edition and later, Revised Edition) with Norcross, Santrock et al. (Guilford)
2003 Milieux et modes de vie (Infolio)
2008 Personal Space Updated (Bosko Books)

See also
Nonverbal communication
Socio-architecture

References

External links
 Sommer biography

1929 births
2021 deaths
American psychologists
Environmental psychologists
University of California, Davis faculty
People from New York City

masks:
Robert Sommer
Robert Sommer
Robert Sommer
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Robert
Sommer
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<mask><mask> (1894 – c. 1945) was an Italian American architect, called at birth Eugenio. He worked in New York City and specialized in the design of theatres. <mask>'s business flourished from 1918 to 1929 and was at its height during the Roaring Twenties, but it was largely destroyed by the Great Depression. During the 1930s he spent some years in London and settled for a while in Naples. Toward the end of World War II he was reported to be back in New York and beginning to work on post-war theatre projects, just before his death. Early life
<mask> was born in Calabria, in the far south of mainland Italy, in 1894. While he was still a small child his parents emigrated to the United States, arriving through Ellis Island and settling in New York City, where they were living by 1898.<mask> had four brothers, Felix, Jerry, Vincent, and John; and a sister, Sylvia. His brother Felix also became an architect. Career
By 1918 <mask> was practising as an architect, quickly choosing to specialize in theatre design. An early project was his Vanderbilt Theatre, New York (1918). By 1919 he was in a partnership called "De Rosa & Pereira", and that year he represented several clients in appeals against decisions of the superintendent of buildings of the City of New York. During the 1920s <mask> obtained many more commissions for new theatres. The great driving force during his Roaring Twenties career was "the phenomenal growth in popularity of motion pictures", and his early work included the Times Square (1920), the Apollo on 42nd Street (1920), and Klaw (1921) Theatres.One important design for a site on Hyatt Street in St. George, Staten Island, provided not just a grand new theatre but also stores and offices. <mask>'s business was largely destroyed by the Great Depression of the 1930s, during which he took the opportunity to travel overseas. He spent some years in London and settled for a while in Naples, where in 1935 he was reported to be "wonderfully helpful" to American and English visitors. His brother <mask> <mask>, also an architect, sold insurance during the Depression. Before or during the Second World War <mask> returned to New York, where by 1944 he was said to be working on new theatre projects. However, his death in about 1945 prevented the revival of his career. Work

Several of <mask>'s theatres are still standing, among them the 1000-seat Lafayette Theatre, Suffern (1924), an Adamesque building with a combination of French and Italian Renaissance influences ornamented in the Beaux Arts manner.An improvement scheme in 1927 added six distinctive opera boxes and further balcony seating. Unlike many others, the Lafayette was spared from demolition and multiplexing and continues to be used as a single-screen movie theatre. Another surviving work is the Broadway Theatre, New York (1924), originally "B. S. Moss's Colony Theatre". The Gallo Opera House, New York, built in 1927 for Fortune Gallo, was renamed as the Gallo Theatre, then Studio 52, and since 1977 has been well-known as Studio 54, a nightclub and theatre. <mask>'s huge 2,800-seat St. George Theatre, St. George, Staten Island, begun in 1928, cost $500,000 for the theatre alone and was part of a greater development project (an office complex is attached) worth some $2,000,000. The theatre opened on December 4, 1929, only weeks after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and remains in use. It is now owned by St. George Theatre Restoration Inc., a non-profit organization which aims to restore the building and to develop it as a performing arts and cultural center.Most of the ornate interior was designed not by <mask> but by Nestor Castro. List of theatres
43rd Street Theatre, Sunnyside, Queens (1938), closed 1952
Apollo Theatre, 126 Clinton St, New York (1926), closed after 1950, demolished
Apollo Theatre, 42nd Street, New York (1920; demolished 1996)
Belmont Theatre, 48th Street, New York (1918), demolished in 1951
Bijou Theatre, 193 Avenue B, New York (1926), renamed Charles Theatre (1950), closed 1972, is now a church
The Broadway Theatre, New York (1924, still in use)
B.S. Moss Cameo Theater, 42nd Street (1921), demolished
Cameo Theatre, 138 West 42nd, New York (1921), renamed Bryant (1938), 1970s became an adult film, closed in 1983
Capitol Theater, Jamaica, Queens (1926), renamed Cort Jamaica Theater (1928), Werba's in 1929, and later named Carlton Theater (1930), which closed in 1958 and was demolished in 2002 (now the home of PS268). Uptown Theatre, 4037 Broadway, New York (1926), converted into a supermarket in 1955. Vanderbilt Theatre, New York (1918; demolished 1954)

Abandoned projects
8th Street Playhouse (1929), earlier designs
B.S. Moss, 8th Ave & 22nd Street, (1930)
Loew's 72nd Street Theatre, 188 East 72nd Street, New York (1926), built with designs by John Eberson in 1927
Marlboro Theatre, 4915 Broadway, New York (1926), later Mercedes Theatre (1927) for Paramount, and plans in 1936 redrawn but abandoned. MP Theatre, 137-9 West 72nd (1931)

Alterations
68th Street Playhouse, 1164 3rd Avenue (1933)
Garden Theatre, June 1915
Lenox Lyceum, 621-9 Madison Avenue, August 1911

Publications
Eugene De Rosa, Selections from the recent work of Eugene De Rosa, architect: 15 West 44th Street, New York (Architectural Catalog Co., 1927)

Notes

1894 births
1940s deaths
American theatre architects
People from Calabria
Architects from New York City
Italian emigrants to the United States
20th-century American architects

masks:
Eugene L
. De Rosa
De Rosa
De Rosa
De Rosa
De Rosa
De Rosa
De Rosa
Felix De
Rosa
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<mask> (born 2 July 1981) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a striker. <mask>da Xanthi in 2010, and Preston North End in 2011.Having made 55 league appearances for Watford, he switched to Ipswich Town in June 2011, but once again struggled to break into the first team, and spent the start of the 2012–13 season on loan to Scunthorpe United. Having cancelled his Ipswich contract by mutual consent, he joined Crewe Alexandra in March 2013, and made eight league appearances. He was released in July 2013 after his contract expired. He signed for Southport in October 2013, but was released two months later. In November 2017 he signed for Cheshire Football League side Egerton, and in July 2018 was appointed assistant manager. Playing career

Non-league and Bristol Rovers
Born in Bradford, West Yorkshire, <mask> began his career with non-League Tooting & Mitcham United, making one first team appearance at 16 years of age. He played regularly for the youth team there, but was frustrated by a lack of first team chances, so he moved to Walton & Hersham, before moving to Bristol Rovers in February 1999 for £150,000.He made his professional debut on 23 February 1999, coming on as a second-half substitute for Jamie Cureton in a 1–0 home defeat to Gillingham. He came off the bench to score his first goal on 6 March 1999, helping his team to a 2–0 win over York City. He found a growing reputation with the side, and his highest point for Rovers was scoring a hat-trick in a 3–1 win against Premier League side Derby County in the FA Cup, on 6 January 2002. This was the first time a team from the Third Division had beaten a Premier League team in the FA Cup. It was also the second of three hat-tricks scored by <mask> for Rovers, with all three coming within the space of a month. He was named in the PFA Division Three team of the year for 2001–02. Wigan Athletic
On 28 March 2002—transfer deadline day—<mask> signed for Paul Jewell's Wigan Athletic for a then club record fee of £1.2 million.He made an instant impact, scoring on his debut in a 2–1 win at Chesterfield on 6 April 2002. He also scored on his home debut a week later as Wigan beat Northampton Town 3–0. His only hat-trick for Wigan came against West Bromwich Albion in a 3–1 League Cup victory on 2 October 2002, his second career hat-trick against Premiership opposition. He notably scored the last ever goal in Wimbledon F.C. 's final game at Selhurst Park before their rebranding and relocation to Milton Keynes, during Wigan's 2–4 victory in September 2003. He was named Division One player of the month for February 2004. <mask> was a major factor in the club's promotion to the Premiership in the 2004–05 season, the first time they had reached the top flight in their history.He was the leading scorer in the Football League Championship and formed a formidable partnership with Jason Roberts, with whom he had previously played at Bristol Rovers. Both players were named in the PFA Championship team of the season. <mask> became one of the more desirable properties in English football, and joined West Bromwich Albion on 16 August 2005 for £3,000,001. With the player unable to agree a new contract with Wigan, Albion used a clause in his existing contract that allowed him to leave for any fee over £3 million. West Bromwich Albion
<mask> made his West Brom (and Premier League) debut in a 4–0 away defeat at Chelsea on 24 August 2005, replacing Jonathan Greening in the second half. He scored twice in a 4–1 League Cup win against Bradford City on 20 September 2005, his first goals for the club. He generally struggled in his first ever season in the Premier League, as his season was damaged by a series of niggling injuries and a shoulder problem, but he still managed to score eight goals.<mask>'s first Premiership goals came in the 4–0 win against Everton; he scored a goal in either half by a penalty and a long range shot. He became quite unpopular with the West Brom fans towards the end of the same season because of his complaint of a "bruised toe", and his refusal to have painkilling injections to help him through such a minor complaint. He almost redeemed himself near the end of the season though, when he scored for Albion in the 1–1 draw with Birmingham and almost went on to score the winner as a substitute, hitting the woodwork. In June 2006, West Bromwich Albion rejected an undisclosed offer for <mask> from his former club Wigan Athletic, insisting that the player was "not for sale". After failing to settle in the area, <mask> submitted a transfer request in the 2007 January transfer window, which was reluctantly accepted by West Bromwich Albion. However, Albion chairman Jeremy Peace qualified this by stating that "...no-one will leave unless it suits us." <mask> was also still seen as an important part of the squad by manager Tony Mowbray.Wigan Athletic again expressed an interest in re-signing the player, but failed to meet Albion's valuation. <mask> therefore remained at the Midlands club, returning to the first team at the start of February after a month out due to a stress-related illness. <mask> won West Brom's official goal of the season competition for 2006–07, for his dipping, swerving half volley against Cardiff City, scored in a 1–0 win on 20 February 2007. One week after that goal, he received the first red card of his career, for a dangerous tackle on Middlesbrough's Stuart Parnaby. Albion subsequently lost the 5th round FA Cup replay on penalties. <mask> featured regularly towards the end of the season, helping Albion reach the play-offs, but in the play-off games he was used only as a substitute. Albion lost 1–0 to Derby County in the final at Wembley.<mask>'s only goal for Albion in 2007–08 came in a 2–0 win away at Peterborough United in the League Cup on 28 August 2007. It proved to be his last game for the club, as he signed for Watford the following day. In all he scored 20 goals in 81 appearances for West Bromwich Albion. Watford
On 29 August 2007, <mask> joined Watford on a four-year deal. Watford paid a then club record £3.25 million for the striker, a fee that could rise to £4.25 million depending on appearances. He made his Watford debut three days later, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 2–0 win over Ipswich Town, hitting the post a few minutes after entering the field. <mask> initially found it difficult to command a place in the Watford starting line-up due to the excellent form of Darius Henderson and Marlon King, and his first goal for Watford did not come until he scored in a 1–1 draw against Charlton Athletic on 19 January 2008, and went on to score a further 2 goals in 3 games, but then did not score again until 5 April against Coventry, his last of the season.<mask> made 34 league appearances, 18 of them starts, scoring 4 goals. On 21 December 2009, <mask> signed for Greek side Xanthi FC on loan for the rest of the year. Having played in Greece for the whole of 2010, he returned to Watford in January 2011, but is unlikely to feature in their games. He trained with Preston North End in January 2011, scoring two goals in a reserve team fixture on 11 January 2011. He signed for Preston on 13 January 2011 on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season. He will then be out of contract. Derby County (loan)
Derby County signed <mask> on 30 May 2008 on a season-long loan, with a view to him joining the Rams permanently on a free transfer at the end of the season, in a move that re-united the player with manager Paul Jewell.<mask> had a successful pre-season with the Rams, scoring three times in seven matches. He made his debut for the club against Doncaster Rovers on 9 August 2008 and scored his first three goals for the club with a hat-trick against Lincoln City in the Football League Cup on 12 August. He scored his first league goal for the club on 4 October, an eighty-fifth-minute winner in the 2–1 victory away to Norwich City. He scored twice in a week in November - the second in a 4–1 victory at Brighton and Hove Albion on 4 November and the second in a 2–1 win at home to Leeds United on 11 November. <mask> scored a penalty in the ninety-third minute against Stoke City in the quarter-finals of the League Cup on 2 December, which sent Derby into the semi-finals for the first time in 40 years. His final goals in a Derby shirt came against Charlton Athletic on 15 December, scoring a brace to level the game at 2–2. <mask> made only 5 more appearances before the end of the season, just 2 of them coming under new Derby manager Nigel Clough and both of them substitute appearances.<mask> finished joint top-scorer in the 2008–09 League Cup, with 6 goals, but after scoring just 3 league goals in 27 games, Clough decided not to take up the option of signing <mask>, preferring Rob Hulse, Chris Porter and Luke Varney in attack. <mask> subsequently returned to Watford. Preston North End
<mask> signed for Preston North End on 13 January 2011 on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season. He made his debut as a substitute in the 1–1 draw with Leicester City. He scored his first goal in the last minute of the game against Coventry City. His second goal was against Sheffield United when Iain Hume put him through on goal. Ipswich Town
<mask> signed a two-year contract for Ipswich Town on a free transfer on 21 June 2011, linking up with manager Paul Jewell for the third time.On 31 January 2013, Ipswich announced they had parted ways with <mask> by mutual consent. Crewe Alexandra
On 8 March 2013, <mask> signed for Crewe Alexandra until the end of the 2012-13 season after a one-month trial. He left the club in July 2013 after the expiry of his contract. Southport
On 17 October 2013, <mask> signed on non-contract terms for Conference Premier side Southport. However, after a change in management he was released by the club in December in order to make further additions to their squad. Free agent
On 18 February 2014, <mask> joined Indonesian club Persija Jakarta on trial but decided to leave once he saw the setup and facilities. By March 2015, <mask> had retired from playing.Personal life
In 2005, <mask> married a Bosnian woman, Alma from Tuzla, and after doing research, he converted to Islam and became a Muslim before they married. In 2011, he set up the Association of Muslim Footballers, whose purpose is to provide a network for Muslim players and families, highlighting the positive Muslim role models within the professional game and working to improve relationships between players of other beliefs. In relation to how Ramadan affected his football, <mask> has stated "When I'm playing an away match, I won't fast, but I'll make up for the missed day afterwards. For training, there's not a problem either, as you can get your hydration and nutrients with the suhoor (the early pre-dawn breakfast) which then helps. The only difference is afterwards when the rest of the players go off [to eat] and you have to hang on for a while longer, until the iftar meal at sunset." In 2008 he visited his wife's country of origin and expressed interest in playing for the Bosnian national team. He is nicknamed The Duke after legendary jazz musician <mask>.<mask> is from a sporting family; his cousin <mask> is also a footballer. Career statistics

Honours
Wigan Athletic
Football League Second Division: 2002–03
Football League Championship runner-up: 2004–05

Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 2001–02 Third Division, 2004–05 Championship
Football League Cup top goalscorer: 2002–03, 2008–09
Football League Championship Golden Boot: 2004–05
Nominated for the Best at Sport award at the British Muslim Awards: 2014

References

External links
<mask> profile at watfordfc.co.uk

1981 births
Living people
English Muslims
Converts to Islam
English footballers
Association football forwards
Tooting & Mitcham United F.C. players
Walton & Hersham F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Watford F.C.players
Derby County F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Xanthi F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Super League Greece players
Footballers from Bradford
Black British sportspeople
English people of Ghanaian descent
Southport F.C.players
Alumni of Richmond upon Thames College

masks:
Nathan Levi Fontaine Ellington
Ellingtonko
Ellington
Ellington
Ellington
Ellington
Ellington
Ellington
Ellington
Ellington
Ellington
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Ellington
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Duke Ellington
Ellington
Lee Ellington
Nathan Ellington


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<mask> (born November 19, 1974) is an American attorney and politician. He is currently the Clark County Commissioner for District F since 2019 and served as a member of the Nevada Senate for the 9th district from 2012 to 2014. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Biography
<mask> was born in Granada Hills, California and grew up in California and Utah. <mask> served a service mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Guatemala. He received his undergraduate degree in Political Science from Brigham Young University and his J.D. degree from George Washington University Law School.After law school, <mask> served as a law clerk to U.S. District Court Judge Roger L. Hunt before going into private practice as an attorney in Las Vegas. <mask> is currently a partner with the law firm of Jones Lovelock. <mask> provides pro bono representation for child victims of domestic abuse and neglect through the Legal Aid Center of Southern Nevada. <mask> has also served as counsel for Save Red Rock in its lengthy fight to prevent sprawl development in Red Rock Canyon. <mask> has served on several community boards, including the United Way of Southern Nevada, Volunteer Center of Southern Nevada (past Chair), Nevadans for Background Checks, Battle Born Progress (past President), and Emerge Nevada. <mask> is married to Las Vegas native Megan Krausman. <mask> and Megan have two children, Gabby and Liam.Political career
<mask> ran for the Nevada Senate in 2012. He defeated Fred Conquest in the Democratic primary in June 2012 by a margin of 82.5% to 17.5%. He defeated Mari Nakashima St. Martin in the general election on November 6, 2012 by 301 votes. During the 2013 legislative session, <mask> served as Assistant Majority Whip, Chair of the Senate Health and Human Services Committee, and on the Judiciary and Commerce and Labor Committees. <mask> was defeated by Becky Harris in 2014. <mask> previously ran unsuccessfully in 2004 for the Nevada Assembly against Chad Christensen. On May 22, 2017, <mask> announced that he is running as a Democratic candidate for Clark County Commission, District F in 2018.Controversies
Representation of Las Vegas Sands Corp.

<mask> has been subject to a number of controversies throughout his political and legal career. In October 2010 the Las Vegas Sands Corp., represented by attorney <mask>, was brought into a lawsuit alleging that the company wrongfully terminated a former employee, Sands China CEO Steven Jacobs. During a June 2012 court proceeding, information became available that Las Vegas Sands Corp. had access to a computer hard drive containing over 100,000 emails that provided evidence of Jacobs unlawful termination. Las Vegas Sands Corp insisted that this hard drive was located in Macau, and was therefore unable to be used as evidence due to the Personal Data Protection Act laws of the country. In September 2012, <mask> testified in court that he and other lawyers of Las Vegas Sands Corp. had in fact reviewed the emails while located in Las Vegas at the time. When asked by a prosecuting attorney what actions he took in court when the defendant Las Vegas Sands Corp. insisted the files were inaccessible, <mask> responded, "I did nothing." Ultimately, Sands Corp. and their legal team - including <mask> - were fined $25,000 for what was considered "very serious violations of duties of candor to the court" by state District Court Judge Elizabeth Gonzales.This fine called into question his integrity while running for Nevada State Senate in 2012. However, <mask> insisted throughout his campaign that he was "proud of his legal career", and was not named in the District Court Judge's reprimand of Las Vegas Sands Corp.

Clark County Commission Lawsuit 2019

<mask> has been accused by mining company Gypsum Resources LLC of misleading the state ethics commission as well as influencing political support for Nevada Governor Steve Sisolak in exchange for “political favors.” These allegations stem from a lengthy battle by Gypsum Resources to develop residential structures on rural land overlooking Red Rock Canyon in Clark County, Nevada. The original proposal, which was announced in 2003, detailed a plan to develop 5,500 residential homes on a piece of property named Blue Diamond Hill overlooking the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area. In response to this plan, the Clark County Commission created a zoning ordinance for the area, limiting the amount of development allowed. Gypsum Resources LLC owner Jim Rhodes sued the commission and the federal court ruled in the developer’s favor. In 2011 Gypsum Resources was approved to develop 7,000 residential homes on Blue Diamond Hill – 1,500 more than previously proposed. This ignited opposition from the nonprofit activist group Save Red Rock, and through outspoken public forums, the organization was able to convince all county planners to deny Gypsum Resources’ development proposal.In July 2019, after multiple failed attempts to develop Blue Diamond Hill, Gypsum Resources LLC filed for bankruptcy. In May of that year, Gypsum Resources opened a lawsuit against Clark County and its commissioners, alleging that elected officials “violated the right to due process” and “failed to act in good faith when reviewing paperwork related to the project”, resulting in financial damages of more than $1 billion, which caused the bankruptcy. This lawsuit also sought a court order to prevent Clark County Commissioner <mask> from voting on any Gypsum Resources proposal, citing his conflict of interest as a previous attorney to Save Red Rock. In addition to Gypsum’s claims that <mask> and the Clark County Commission is responsible for their 2019 bankruptcy, Gypsum Resources attests that Clark County and its leaders conducted “governmental misconduct.” They claim that <mask> and gubernatorial candidate at the time Steve Sisolak “traded favors” – Save Red Rock dropping a lawsuit against the county in exchange for Sisolak’s vote against a waiver permitting Gypsum Resources to push their 2011 project proposal forward without first receiving approval from the Bureau of Land Management to build an access road. Additionally, this “favor” would help Sisolak garner support from the environmentalist political groups in his campaign for governor. Evidence of this came to light in emails sent by <mask>’s campaign manager. These emails detailed a resolution in which <mask> would dismiss all claims in Save Red Rock’s lawsuit against the county if Sisolak committed to denying Gypsum Resources’ waiver.<mask> is quoted as saying that it would "likely be uncomfortable” for Sisolak and other members of the county commission if Save Red Rock’s lawsuit went to trial. The denial of this waiver brought forth by communications between <mask> and Sisolak resulted in the stifling of the Blue Diamond Hill development project. Valued at over $150 million, Gypsum Resources claims that this stifling was a large contributing factor in their file for bankruptcy. At this time, the claims put forth by Gypsum Resources LLC have yet to be legally addressed. References

External links
 Senate biography

1974 births
Living people
Brigham Young University alumni
George Washington University Law School alumni
Latter Day Saints from Nevada
Nevada Democrats
Nevada state senators
Politicians from Carson City, Nevada
Politicians from Las Vegas
Politicians from Los Angeles

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Justin Christopher Jones
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Justin Jones
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<mask> (6 December 1861 – 9 May 1919) was a Marathi poet from the Konkan region of then Bombay Presidency in British India, and a famous convert to Christianity from Chitpavan Brahmin Community. Life

<mask> was born into a Kokanastha Hindu family on 6 December 1861 in the village of Karajhgaon in Ratnagiri District of Bombay Presidency. On 9 May 1919 he died at J.J. Hospital, Byculla, Mumbai. Tilak's growth and development as a Hindu born in colonial India was entirely along traditional HIndu religious and social lines. He was a close relative of Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak. (See Devdatt <mask>'s booklet which consists of a report on the celebration of Tilak's birth centenary). Unlike many of his Chitpavan Hindu caste fellows, (such as Mahadev Govind Ranade, <mask>, Gopal Krishna Gokhale) who made a name in 19th century Maharashtra after going to college in Pune and after that to England for higher studies in economics, and law, for example, <mask> never left India's shores for his entire life.His mind was not formed by studies of Western thinkers in academic circles that were shaped by western education in British India, but he read widely and thought deeply on matters of moment for his people in a colonial situation. At some point, not long after marriage, he left his very young wife Laxmi with her in-laws and went on his quest for answers to deep questions. Later, in his twenties, he left Laxmi in the care of his father and took off in part for employment, and in part on same persistent spiritual quest. He actually tried a couple times to take sannyasa as a renunciate, but was rejected when his gurus found out that he was married and sent back to care for his family. He even went on a padayatra (pilgrimage on foot) to northern India as far as Delhi and western India as far as Dwarka. His goal may have seemed religious, but in fact he undertook this purposeful wandering principally out of a spirit of deshseva, namely, to serve his countrymen and especially women whose conditions struck him as oppressive and greatly in need of amelioration educationally, religiously, culturally, and socially. He made his own inquiries into Buddhism and Islam.Eventually, under the powerful influence of the Hindu monotheistic associations of the past several decades, particularly of the Prarthana Samaj and the Arya Samaj, he formulated five principles on which to found a new religion that was geared to emancipate his people. What pained him most seems to have been two urgent issues. Probably because <mask> saw the intolerable situation of his own beloved mother, who was killed by his overbearing and heartless father, as well as that of <mask>'s older sister Sakhu who had been married off by his orthodox Hindu father as a mere child, the first burning issue was that of women's distress and suffering under an ironclad and religiously sanctioned patriarchy, severe lack of opportunity for women's education and emancipation, and inhumane practices relating to child marriage, child widows, and marriage of poor and sometimes pre-pubescent young girls to rich widowed men, at times in their dotage, for example. (See Uma Chakravarti, "Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai" 1998). The second burning issue was that of casteism, a plague on Indian society, especially in Maharashtra. Tilak came from privileged stock, and Chitpavan brahmin males such as himself, were the blue eyed boys of Maharashtrian society. He saw the desperate and widespread situation in which there was no way out for those born into lower castes and who structurally served at the whim and fancy of caste-Hindu society, especially the brahmins (aka bhatjis) and banias (landed and moneyed trader caste which had profited from unprincipled moneylending).Tilak, like other reform minded elite Hindus, was certainly aware of the writings and practices of Jotiba Phule, perhaps the most radical Hindu reformer of 19th century Maharashtra, who had done pioneering work for the emancipation and amelioration of the conditions of women and shudras in Pune and elsewhere in Maharashtra. Phule, a non-brahmin of the Mali caste had been educated by Scottish missionaries, but never converted to Christianity. Tilak, on the other hand, as a brahmin traumatized by his father's abusive treatment of his mother and himself, and as one who had delved deep into the treasure troves of Hindu religion, as well as of Marathi and Sanskrit literatures, seems to have been more moderate and liberal in his outlook, and considered religious and social reform as a promising way to emancipate women and "shudras" in Maharashtra. But nobody anticipated that the talented Pandit <mask> Tilak, Hindu patriot and sudharak in his own right, might unthinkably take the dread step of conversion to Christianity. The underlying assumption of many most Hindu elites at that time was the religious conversion was tantamount to treachery toward Hindu religion and society. Such treachery had severe sanctions and there was no possibility for a converted caste Hindu could be received back into caste. Tilak spurned all attempts of relatives, friends, and would be benefactors to bribe him with money and a regular salary for life, for example.But Tilak rejected all offers. <mask> tried to get Laxmi to join him and waited for many long months for her to pluck up courage and join him. She seemed to agree with him intellectually and spiritually, but balked at the last moment. The intricately woven networks of religious, family, caste, and village ties were simply too strong to ignore. With the tremendous urgency of conversion creating mounting pressure on him, and with his health beginning to show signs of deterioration, <mask> <mask> did the unthinkable. After four months of instruction by his spiritual father Rev. Justin E. Abbott, on 10 February 1895, at age 34, <mask> was baptized in the Bhendi Bazaar Chapel (Bhajanalay) of the American Marathi Mission, in Byculla, Mumbai and taught for a year at Hume High School, Byculla.Significantly, Tilak chose to be baptized neither at the hands of Rev. Abbott, his religious instructor, nor by any of the caste Hindu converts in the Mission, not even by Baba Padmanji, one of the famous well published ordained converts whose book Arunodaya (Sunrise), Tilak had read at least six times when he was internally debating and vacillating because of Laxmi's decision not to follow her seemingly foolhardy husband. Tilak deliberately chose a former untouchable Rev. Tukaram Nathoji, then Marathi editor of the Dnyanodaya to do the honors. This was a symbolic choice. Tilak was going to follow his divine teacher's example in self-emptying. He was not accepting Christianity as a gesture of a colonized subject.Not for him a foreigner as the officiant nor a symbol of privileged caste-Hindu patriarchy, but an accomplished writer and editor of formerly untouchable stock—the last would be first. <mask>'s baptism proved to be a sensational event and multitudes of his Hindu followers were scandalized. He was already highly respected as a poet, teacher, published writer, fervent and enlightened Hindu patriot and social reformer, and a dynamic spiritual leader. He was very sympathetic to the Prarthana Samaj, a monotheistic association dedicated to modernizing Hindu religion and society by jettisoning what seemed to be untenable intertwined Hindu concepts and doctrines such as karma (deeds) and punarjanma (rebirths). Knowing that he was contemplating Christian conversion, his relatives, friends, and admirers tried their level best to persuade him to change his mind. But he deeply disappointed them all. As payback, two attempts were made on the recent convert's life, but he miraculously escaped.Unable to cope with the principal of Hume High School, Rev. Edward Sackett Hume's strict western-style discipline, he moved to Ahmednagar, a major center of the American Marathi Mission, at the invitation of Rev. Robert Allen Hume, who was dean of the Theological Seminary. There <mask> reinvented himself and also began to reinterpret the colonial Mission itself. Besides doing rural pastoral work, Tilak played a key role in the transformation of its prime Christian beneficiaries, who were primarily the rural poor and former Untouchables of the Mahar and Mang castes. Due to his ostracism from caste, <mask> was cut off from his beloved wife Laxmi, age 27, and little son Dattu, age 3 and one-half. He made many efforts to have them rejoin him, even if it might be as Hindus, and finally, after 4 and one-half years, he succeeded.After going through various phases of keeping her distance from her reunited husband and his "untouchable" people, she finally opted to be baptized along with her son in 1900 at Rahuri. Given <mask>'s untraditional practices as a dedicated rural catechist, under Rev. Hume's advisement, the American Marathi Mission decided to ordain Tilak on 10 February 1904 at Rahuri. In 1912, after <mask> had made a name for himself from the 1890s as one of the leading modern Marathi poets and men of letters among the Marathi intelligentsia of the Bombay Presidency, he accepted the position of Marathi editor of the bilingual Protestant weekly Dnyanodaya. Indeed, <mask> was recipient of a gold medal for his poetry. From his Hindu years, he composed kirtans (musical religious services with a mixture of poetry and dramatic retelling of Hindu stories of religious inspiration, along with humor and vigorous community participation) and was so popular, he even trained others to professionally conduct kirtans. This continued into his Christian years when he led kirtans, trained Christian kirtankars, including his wife Laxmi, and published a little handbook Kirtan Kalap as a guide.From 1895 for nearly fifteen years, Tilak published innumerable poems and articles for children on topics suited to a child's mind in the Balbodhmeva, an entertaining educational monthly run by the American Marathi Mission dedicated to children. He wrote voluminously in prose and verse and, due to the Romantic stamp of his secular poetry, was deemed the "Christian Wordsworth of Maharashtra." Owing to the very many hundred of devotional hymns which Rev. Tilak composed for church worship and for singing in villages, others saw him as the "Tagore of Western India." (See Nazareth, "Rev. <mask>aman Tilak: An Interreligious Exploration," 1998, chapter 3 and Appendix). From 1869–1873, he studied elementary school in the town of Kalyan near Mumbai, and for the next two years (1874–76), studied primarily Sanskrit and Marathi literature, especially poetry, under Ganeshshastri Lele in Bhatjicha Math, Nashik.Then, after two years (1877–79) at the Nashik High School, learning

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Narayan Vaman Tilak
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 English and other school subjects, before completing his matriculation examination, he terminated his studies, undertaking a modest job as a teacher to support himself some of his siblings and relatives. In 1880, at age 18, his marriage was arranged by his family with Manakaranika Gokhale (मनकर्णिका गोखले), age 11, in accord with the social customs of his times. After the marriage Manakarnika was given the name Laxmibai. She had no formal schooling; however, through Tilak's encouragement, she learned to read and write Marathi, mastering the language to the extent of later composing poems and, after her husband's death, writing her autobiography, Smruti Chitre (स्मृतिचित्रे), which turned out to be an all time autobiographical masterpiece in Marathi literature. It is an excellent source to understand the lives and personalities of both <mask> and Laxmi both before and after their conversion to Christianity in the American Marathi Mission. For example, after marriage, <mask> lived with his in-laws. Laxmi described how he would disappear at night to watch and participate in Dashavatari plays in the neighboring village of Gangapur and return in the wee hours of the morning.His talent for acting in diverse roles did not fail to catch the attention of the villagers. Rumors of his acting and singing and compositions reached his brother-in-law who went and ascertained for himself the truth. Indeed, <mask> was a gifted actor and poet. (See Smruti Chitre, Part 1)

<mask> (aka Nana) Tilak was a seeker. As a child, he was strongly influenced by the religiosity of his mother Jankibai and his maternal grandfather who sang to little <mask> the songs of the Saint-poets of Maharashtra such as Dnyaneshvar, Namdev, Eknath, Tukaram, and Ramdas. So much have the poetry and devotional practices of <mask>ari Sampraday, that Tilak has sometimes been deemed the "last of the saint-poets of Maharashtra." He has also been called the "Tukaram of Maharashtra."The earliest influences on Nana's great love and gifts for poetry and spirituality were his beautiful natural surroundings in the Konkan region of his infancy and childhood, and the spiritual and poetic gifts of his mother whom he loved dearly. Nana did not benefit from his father Vaman's love and attention. Vaman, in fact, generally hated and abused the lad and showed his disdain openly. Nana twice ran away from home, the latter time being immediately after Janki was mortally wounded by a kick from her husband to whom she had always been devoted. Nana was witness to his father's cruel act. After a few days of attending to his mother, he watched her die. Then he waited for her cremation rites at the sacred pilgrimage center of Tryambakeshwar, after which Nana left his father and his family for good.He walked the twelve miles from Tryambak to Nashik. He was sitting on the banks of the Godavari contemplating his next move, when a local boy befriended him and brought him to his mother Yesubai Mayle. Without a fuss, the good woman welcomed her son's newfound homeless friend into her home and arranged for his food with local brahmin families as he went to study at Bhatjicha Math. His budding talent for poetry and elocution soon earned him fame in his mid-teens as well as the nickname "Maharashtra-kokil" (the sweet singing cuckoo of Maharashtra). Tilak undertook a variety of modest jobs in different towns in Maharashtra at different times in his life, including the job of a teacher, a Hindu priest, and a printing press compositor. He was not stable in holding on to a job too long because his temperament as a seeker impelled him to search for guidance and role models in gurus (spiritual teachers), of whom there were at least three. He also As a poet, he was an improvisatore, and would earn more than pocket change for publishing poetry.In 1891, he got a job in Nagpur as a translator of Sanskrit literature, both philosophical and religious. (He himself wrote and published poems in Marathi and Sanskrit from his years in Nashik and won many prizes in Maharashtrian cities for elocution.) Under the patronage of Appasaheb Buti, he edited for a short while a Marathi magazine named Rushi (ऋषि), which was aimed at interpretation and discussion of Hindu religious matters. <mask> was proud of his Hindu heritage and leaned strongly toward Hindu social and religious reform as a sudharak (reformer). He never went to college, but taught himself English by memorizing much of an English dictionary. In 1893, Tilak was travelling by train from Nagpur to Rajnandgaon, a princely state ruled by a Hindu priest, and located within the then Central Provinces of India, in search of employment. During this journey, he met a Protestant missionary Ernest Ward of the Free Methodist Church who spoke glowingly of Christianity, presented a copy of the Bible to Tilak, and suggested that Tilak would become a Christian within two years.<mask>'s journey to Christianity was painful as he understood the reactions that would follow conversion. He anonymously corresponded with a missionary magazine and after confirmation through a series of dreams decided to be baptized. His baptism in Mumbai on 10 February 1895 was done without the knowledge of his relatives, including his wife. Lakshmibai's ordeal is a remarkable story, as she was separated from Tilak for over 4 years before rejoining him, making a radical break with caste, and then embracing discipleship to Jesus. <mask> immediately began teaching in the seminary in Ahmadnagar and was ordained as a minister in the Congregational church in 1904. He became editor of (and frequent contributor to) the Marathi section of the missionary magazine Dnyanodaya in 1912, a position he held until his death. After about ten years as a Christian he began expressing his faith in local idioms, particularly the poetic style of the Varkari Hindu sampradaya of Maharashtra.The many songs he composed remain very popular among Marathi speaking Christians. But <mask> was a critic of traditional Christianity, and for the last two years of his life moved beyond the church to focus on developing a new brotherhood of baptized and unbaptized disciples of Jesus. This new approach never took root due to <mask>'s early death in Mumbai on 9 May 1919. <mask>'s son, Devdatt <mask>, edited and published the epic poem Christayana. <mask>'s grandson, Ashok Devdatt <mask>, was an accomplished historian who edited a critical edition of Smruti Chitre (स्मृतिचित्रे) and wrote a biographical novel about <mask> (चालता बोलता चमत्कार, Chalta Bolta Chamatkar) among other works. Writer and poet
<mask> composed over a hundred Christian devotional songs in Marathi in either abhanga (अभंग) or ovi (ओवी) form. They were published in a book titled "Abhanganjali" (अभंगांजली).He also commenced in 1909 composition of epical Khristayan (ख्रिस्तायन). He composed 10 chapters of it and left it uncompleted at the time of his death; Laxmibai subsequently completed it by adding 64 chapters of her own. Besides the initial parts of Khristayan (ख्रिस्तायन), <mask> wrote many long poems comprising several hundred lines, each. His over 2,100 poems include:

 Khristayan (ख्रिस्तायन)
 Wanawasi Phool (वनवासी फुल)
 Sushila (सुशीला)
 Majhi Bharya (माझी भार्या)
 Bapache Ashru (बापाचे अश्रू)
 Parwatarohan (पर्वतारोहण)
 Srushtichi Bhaubij (सृष्टीची भाऊबीज)
 Pure Janato Micha Majhe Bala (पुरे जाणतो मीच माझे बळ)
 Ranashing (रणशिंग)
 Majhya Janambhumiche Nav (माझ्या जन्मभूमीचे नाव)
 Priyakar Hindistan (प्रियकर हिंदीस्तान)
 Lekarachi Jidnyasa (लेकराची जिज्ञासा)
 Kawichi Winawani (कवीची विनवणी)
 Kawi (कवि)
 Kevdhe He Krourya (केव्हडे हे क्रौर्य)

Bibliography

Primary Sources
Tilak, <mask>. "Maza Anubhav." (Steps to Christ). Dnyanodaya 54/11 (Mar.1895) 2 pp. <mask>, <mask>. "Stree" (Woman). Dnyanodaya 54/13 (Mar. 1895) 2 pp. <mask>, <mask>. "A Brahman's Idea of Sin."Dnyanodaya 59/23 (Jun. 1900) 1. <mask>, <mask>. "Hindus as Givers." Dnyanodaya 59/29 (Jul. 1900) 1. <mask>, <mask>."A Few Thoughts on the Lord's Prayer." Dnyanodaya 66/37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 49 (Sep. Nov. 1907) 6. <mask>, <mask>. "The Study of Indian Myths." 71/37 (Sep. 1912) 1. <mask>, <mask>. Bhakti-Niranjana.Nasik, n.d. 160 pp. <mask>, <mask>. (Translations of his poems into English, including parts of the Khristayana.) <mask>, <mask>. "India's Great Demand." YMI (Jan. 1909) 10. <mask>, <mask>."My Motherland." YMI (Sep. 1917) 513. <mask>, <mask>. "No Longer I But Christ." YMI (Apr. 1926) 219. <mask>, <mask>.Susila and Other Poems. Calcutta: YMCA, 1926. 60 pp. <mask>, <mask>. (Poems in English translation by J.C. Winslow.) <mask>, <mask>.Christayan. Tr. into English by J.C. Winslow. CSS Review. <mask>, <mask>. Translations in J.C. Winslow, <mask> Tilak. Calcutta: YMCA, 1923.137 pp. <mask>, <mask>. Loka Bandhu Prabhu Yeshu Khrist. (Jesus the People's Friend, I). [Prose.] Bombay: Bombay Tract Society, 1921. 38 pp.<mask>, <mask>, and <mask>, Laksmibai. Khristayana. Nashik: Devadatt <mask>, 'Shantisadan,' 1938. <mask>, <mask>i Tilak. Khristayana. Sanskipta. [= Abridged] Mumbai: Bombay Tract and Book Society, 1959.Secondary Sources
 J. C. Winslow, Naryana Vamana Tilak. Calcutta: Association Press, 1923. Nazareth, Malcolm J., Reverend <mask> Tilak: An interreligious exploration. Temple University, 1998. Patil, Subash, Santa Tukaram ani Rev. Tilak: Ek Bhāvanubandha. Pune: Snehavardhana Publ.House, 2005. Richard, H.L., Christ-bhakti: <mask> Tilak and Christian Work among Hindus. Delhi: ISPCK, 1991. Richard, H.L., Following Jesus in the Hindu Context. Revised and expanded. Secunderbad, India: OM Book, 1998. Richard, H.L., Following Jesus in the Hindu Context: The intriguing implications of N.V<mask>’s life and thought.Revised American edition. Pasadena: William Carey Library, 1998. Sheikh, Mir Isahak, Laksmibai <mask> Smrtichitre: Ek Chintan. Pune: Pratima Prakashan, 2000. <mask>, Ashok D., Chalta Bolta Chamatkar. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 2005. <mask>, Ashok D., Chavaituhi.Nashik: Mukta Ashok Tilak, Shantisadan, 2001. <mask>, Ashok D., Sampurna Smruti Chitre. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1989. <mask>, Ashok D., Jara Vegala Angle. Nashik: Mayavati Ashok Tilak, 1979. <mask>, Ashok D., Takkarmāl. Nashik Road: Vangmayaseva Prakashan, 2006.George, Anthony D., Svatantryapurvakalatila Dharmantarita Khristi Vyaktinci Atmanivedane Samajika Ani Vangmayina Abhyasa. Mumbai: Mumbai Vidyapeeth, 2007. [PhD thesis on pre-1947 Marathi converts to Christianity, submitted to Bombay University.] References

External links
<mask> Tilak materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)

Konkan
Marathi-language writers
Indian Christians
Converts to Protestantism from Hinduism
Konkani people
1861 births
1919 deaths
People from Ratnagiri

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Narayan Tilak
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, is a Japanese singer and actor. Under the stage name Showta (stylized as "SHOWTA. "), he debuted as a singer with the song "Negaiboshi" in 2006 and released his first studio album, Eve, in 2008. In 2009, he left his agency and briefly released music independently under the pseudonym . After making his acting debut as Saki Hanajima in the Fruits Basket musical in 2009, <mask> has been involved in multiple musical theatre productions, including Sakuya Shiomi in Persona 3: The Weird Masquerade. In 2011, he began voice acting and gained media attention after voicing Ai Mikaze from Uta no Prince-sama. Since then, he has been recognized for roles such as Hideaki Tojo from Ace of Diamond, Monet Tsukushi in the Magic-kyun!Renaissance series, Rui Minazuki from the Tsukiuta series, Louis Kisaragi from King of Prism series, and Licht von Glanzreich from The Royal Tutor. In 2013, <mask> relaunched his singing career under his new stage name with the extended play Blue Bird, followed by the release of "Virginal" in 2014. In 2015, he released his first studio album, Unlimited. Since the relaunch of his music career, his music is produced by Elements Garden. Throughout his career, <mask> has been given titles such as "Archangel" and was praised for his "angelic" singing voice. He is known for his soft, high-pitched voice and androgynous appearance, allowing him to play female parts as well. Early life
<mask> was born in Fukui Prefecture, Japan.He has one older sister. From elementary to high school, he played tennis and won many trophies. As a child, he watched a lot of anime and played video games, citing his interest in voice acting through Akira Ishida's portrayal of Fish Eye from Sailor Moon SuperS. In school, he was bullied for his high-pitched, feminine voice. He credits his friends from junior high school for helping him regain his confidence after they complimented his performance of "So Into You" by Koda Kumi during a karaoke outing. In 2004, he competed in the Yamaha Teens' Music Festival under the name "Noboru Yanagawa" and won the Grand Prix for the Tokai, Ibaraki region. Initially, when he first auditioned, he had mistakenly believed it was an amateur karaoke competition.He was a finalist at the national competition, along with Ataru Nakamura, where he performed "1000 no Kotoba" by Koda Kumi. Career

2006-2010: Musical debut, Eve, and indies activities
<mask> debuted under the name Showta with the single "Negaiboshi" on July 26, 2006 under King Records, which charted at #119 on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart. On November 22, 2006, he released his second single, "Trans-winter (Fuyu no Mukōgawa)", which served as the theme song to the live-action television adaptation of the manga Damens Walker. His third single, "Hito Shizuku", a mid-tempo ballad, was released on April 4, 2007. His fourth single, "Kimi ni, Kaze ga Fukimasu You ni" was released on July 27, 2007 as the ending theme song to Ichiteru. For his fifth single, he released a cover of Yoshie Kashiwabara's 1983  song "Haru na no ni" on January 23, 2008. <mask> released his first studio album, Eve, on March 5, 2008, which charted at #115 on the Oricon Weekly Albums Chart.His sixth single, "Hikaru no Gen-chan", was released on April 23, 2008 for NHK's Minna no Uta segments during the months of April and May. In 2009, <mask> contributed the song "Ekubo" to the movie soundtrack of Kanna-san Daiseiko Desu! the Movie, which was released as a promotional digital single. He made his first acting appearance as Saki Hanajima in the Fruits Basket stage play adaptation. In 2010, <mask> left King Records, citing his desire to become a voice actor and theme song performer. He began releasing music and performing independently under the name Noboru Ryugaki. He was a featured artist in the song "Oji-sama to Cheek" on Kenzo Saeki and Boogie the Mach Motors' collaboration album, 21-Seiki-san sings Harlmens.During this time, he also performed in independent musical theatre and stage productions. 2011-2016: Voice acting debut and stage activities
<mask> signed onto S Inc. in 2011 for voice acting and debuted under the name <mask> <mask>, making his first appearance as Kanshiki in the game Black Robinia. He performed "Ai no Sasameki Goto" as the first song released under his new stage name, which served as the theme song to the drama CD series Sangokushi Lovers. In October, he voiced Ryunosuke Matsushita in the anime Kimi to Boku and also performed the songs "Sora", "Tomorrow" and "Over" for the show's soundtrack. In 2012, <mask> was cast as Ai Mikaze in the Uta no Prince-sama media franchise, where he performed and sang several songs for the character in the game and anime soundtracks. After gaining recognition from the success of his role, <mask> released his first extended play, Blue Bird, on January 13, 2013, which contained theme songs he performed for Broccoli drama CDs. On January 15, 2014, <mask> released his first single, "Virginal", under his stage name, as the ending theme song to Break Out, which was then followed by his first concert, Shouta Aoi 1st Live: Virginal.On August 6, 2014, he released his second single, "True Hearts." Alongside of singing and voice acting, <mask> continued participating in stage productions, including playing Sakuya Shiomi in the Persona 3: The Weird Masquerade musicals. In late 2014, <mask> was cast as Ayumu Tamari in the OVA This Boy Suffers From Crystallization, his first leading role in animation. He also provided the theme song, "Glitter Wish", which was later released as the B-side to his third single, "Himitsu no Kuchizuke", on December 3, 2014. In 2015, he released his first studio album, Unlimited, which charted at #7 on the Oricon Weekly Albums Chart. <mask>'s fourth single, "Murasaki", was released on September 2, 2015, serving as the theme song to the stage musical Prince Kaguya, which he also starred in as the title character. On February 3, 2016, he released the single "Zessei Stargate" as the opening theme song to Phantasy Star Online 2: The Animation, in which he also voiced the character Itsuki Tachibana.2016-present: Label change
<mask> returned to King Records in 2016. During that year, both B-green and King Records released compilation albums of his previous works, S and Showta Best. After changing labels, <mask> released his sixth single, "Innocent", as the opening theme song to First Love Monster on July 27, 2016, in which he also played Renren. His seventh single, "DDD", was released October 19 as the theme song to Future Card Buddyfight DDD, a series in which he also played recurring character Gaito Gurenzo. On January 25, 2017, <mask> released the song "Flower", which was the ending theme song for the variety show King's Brunch for the month of January. On October 11, 2017, he released his second studio album, Zero, which sold 11,361 copies within its first week. On May 9, 2018, <mask> released the song "Eclipse" as the opening theme song to Devils' Line, in which he also appeared in as Kenichi Yoshii.In 2019, he provided the narration to Dimension High School and later appeared in the show as Shiro Oide, his first role in live-action television. On April 10, 2019, <mask> released his ninth single, "Tone", as the opening theme song to Kono Oto Tomare! Sounds of Life, in which he was also cast as Mio Kanzaki. On May 3, 2019, a set of 24 voiced stickers featuring <mask> for the messaging application Line was released, based on his radio show Shouta Aoi: Hungry Night. In September 2019, <mask> appeared in the live-action television drama Real Fake as Akane. Public image

Since the beginning of his career, <mask> has been recognized for his soft, high-pitched voice and has been given nicknames such as "archangel" and "angelic singing voice." He is also branded as being a "genderless singer" due to his an androgynous voice and appearance, which allowed him to play female roles.In a survey conducted by Anime! Anime!, 50% women and 50% men in the questionnaire ranked him as #2 as the voice actor with the most "angelic" voice. <mask> himself became an Internet meme following his appearance in Pop Team Epic, in which the studio responded by releasing exclusive merchandise of him. In 2018, <mask> was the second most-followed voice actor on Twitter in Japan. Other ventures

Endorsements
<mask> has appeared in commercials for CyberStep Toreba 2D. In 2016, <mask> appeared and sang in the commercial for Lotte's Lady Borden ice cream along with Yuki Kaji and Kenshō Ono. Collaborations

In 2017, Denon produced a collaboration headphone set with <mask>, and he also starred in their commercial.In April 2018, Sanrio released a fashion collaboration line with <mask> and Little Twin Stars, featuring a character based on himself named "Shoutan" and Tamutamu, a character <mask>an character performed by <mask> himself, titled Twinkle Star. Discography

As Showta

Studio albums
 Eve (2008)

Compilation albums
 Showta Best (2016)

As Shouta Aoi

Studio albums
 Unlimited (2015)
 Zero (2017)

Mini albums
 Blue Bird (2013)

Compilation albums
 S (2016)

Filmography

Theatre

Anime

Films

Video games

Drama CD

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!〜Bokutachi no (僕たちの) sign〜 (2016)
 Shouta Aoi LIVE: 2017 WONDER lab. 〜prism〜 (2017)
 Shouta Aoi LIVE: 2017 WONDER lab. Ø (2017)
 Shouta Aoi LIVE: 2019 WONDER lab. I (2019)
 Shouta Aoi LIVE: 蒼井翔太 ONLINE LIVE at 日本武道館 うたいびと'' (2021)

References

External links
 Official blog

1987 births
Living people
Male voice actors from Fukui Prefecture
Actors from Fukui Prefecture
Japanese male musical theatre actors
Japanese male stage actors
Japanese male pop singers
Japanese male video game actors
Japanese male voice actors
Musicians from Fukui Prefecture
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male singers

masks: Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Shouta Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoi Aoihout Aoi


texts:
<mask>, born <mask> (December 9, 1900April 9, 1976), was an American illustrator and painter who is remembered chiefly for having illustrated the pulp magazine Weird Tales. Working in pastels on illustration board, she created most of the covers for Weird Tales between 1933 and 1938. Early life
Brundage was born in Chicago, Illinois, of Swedish and Irish ancestry. Her father, Jonathan E. Loutitt (later Loutit) died when she was eight years old; she was raised by her mother (<mask>) and grandmother <mask>Houston) Loutit, for whom she was named, in a Christian Science household. Both her parents had come to Chicago from the Orkney Islands off the coast of Scotland. Brundage's mother remained both a widow and a devout Christian Scientist for the rest of her life, and supplemented their income by instructing beginning Christian Science disciples. <mask> graduated from Girard Grammar School and attended McKinley High School in Chicago, where Walt Disney was a classmate.("I finished; he didn't," she later remarked.) She graduated from McKinley in 1919. As editor of the high school newspaper. Immediately after high school, <mask> worked providing illustrations for Chicago newspapers - she would draw fashion designs in both colour and in black-and-white, from ideas and descriptions provided by an agency. Her education continued at Art Institute of Chicago and the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts in the 1920s; she later stated that her failure to graduate was due to her inept lettering though she continued her freelance work for the agency while she completed her coursework. During this period – Prohibition – <mask> also worked at the Dill Pickle Club, a bohemian speakeasy affiliated with the Wobblies, where she met a sometime decorator and house painter nicknamed "Slim"  due to his spare frame. This was Myron <mask>, legendary Writer, Free thinker, and allegedly a notorious womaniser.In 1927, she married Myron "Slim<mask> in Chicago. Brundage was a former hobo, and the founder of the College of Complexes. They had one son, Kerlyn Byrd Brundage (born 27 August 1927; died 1972), always called "Byrd". The marriage ended in divorce in 1939. Career

In 1932 Brundage was looking for more work, and found herself at the office of Farnsworth Wright, then editor of the weird fiction magazine Weird Tales. Brundage began working for Wright by doing a few covers for his side publication Oriental Stories, later known as The Magic Carpet. Wright was so impressed with these that he hired Brundage to draw for Weird Tales.Over the period from 1933 to 1938, Brundage executed cover art, first for then, famously, for Weird Tales. She was the most frequently-appearing cover artist on Weird Tales during her stint with the magazine. Her first cover appeared on the September 1932 issue; she created covers for 39 straight issues from June 1933 to August 1936. Her last original cover was for the Jan. 1945 issue, for a total of 66 original-artwork covers. (The total of 67, often cited in sources, includes a repeat of that final 1945 cover on the November 1953 issue.) She was paid $90 per cover—enough to support herself, her son, and her invalid mother (died 1940). From 1936 through 1938, Brundage often alternated with others as cover artist; Virgil Finlay was her chief competitor.Brundage's art frequently featured damsels in distress in various states of full or partial nudity; her whipping scenes were especially noteworthy and controversial. Her sensual images usually illustrated scenes from the pieces chosen by editor Farnsworth Wright as cover stories; her work was so popular among readers that some WT writers, like Seabury Quinn, cannily included scenes in their stories that would make good Brundage covers, since cover feature stories earned their authors more money. Pulp covers were notorious for their explicit content, and Brundage's were no exception. During this time, it would have been seen as unacceptable for a woman to be creating such material so she signed her work "M. Brundage", to keep her identity in the dark for her readers. Complaints about the erotic nature of her work increased after October 1934, when editor Wright revealed that the "M." stood for "<mask>," disclosing that the artist was a woman. After 1938, when the magazine's editorial offices moved from Chicago to New York City, a new 'decency' standard was imposed (primarily through the efforts of then-mayor of New York Fiorello La Guardia) on pulp magazines sold at newsstands, and the nude or semi-nude young women that had been the primary subjects of Brundage's covers were out. Practical problems with shipping Brundage's fragile pastel art from Chicago to New York also diminished her appeal to the editorial regime that followed Wright's 1940 departure.In 1939, Brundage painted two covers for Golden Fleece, a Chicago-based pulp magazine that specialized in historical fiction. She continued to draw after her relationship with the magazine ended, and appeared at a number of science fiction conventions and art fairs, where some of her original period works were stolen. Yet she never fully recovered financially from the loss of regular work at WT; her later years were spent in relative poverty. She continued to work until her death. Reception
During her period as a Weird Tales cover artist, letters praising Brundage's work appeared in the magazine from Robert E. Howard, Henry Kuttner, and A. Merritt. L. Sprague de Camp is often quoted as claiming she used her daughters as models, but Brundage had no daughters. De Camp himself debunked the claim at one point, writing "About <mask>ge's luscious babes on the covers of Weird Tales, a rumor was once rife that Mrs. Brundage used her two daughters as models.Later she said she had no daughters and that, since she couldn't then afford professional models, she cut pictures from magazine advertisements for models. Hence the ubiquitous coiffures of the early 1930s." The claim had previously been refuted by Robert Weinberg, an authority on pulp magazines, who wrote in the letters page for Savage Tales magazine, No.5 (July, 1974), "much as I hate to discredit a good story, WT cover artist <mask>ge did not have a daughter who posed for her. As Mrs. Brundage lives in Chicago and I have interviewed her, this is straight from the artist's mouth." L. Sprague de Camp described the typical subject of her pictures as "naked heroines being tortured, raped, and disemboweled"; Forrest J. Ackerman similarly wrote of "<mask>rundage, with her titillating pulchrinudes on the covers of Weird Tales: naked ladies being sacrificed, semi-clad heroines being menaced by all manner of monstrous beings." Clark Ashton Smith was sharply critical of her illustrations. In December 1933 he wrote to H. P. Lovecraft: "The current W.T.design, though pleasing enough in color, is curiously suggestive of a Christmas card! [...] Mrs. Brundage [...] has about as much genuine feeling for the weird as a Jersey cow is likely to possess. The best angles in this picture (the hands of the Chinaman, etc) seem to have been swiped by unconscious cerebration from Utpatel's drawing for 'The Star-Spawn' by Derleth and Schorer." On September 9, 1937, he wrote to R. H. Barlow: "Query: why does Brundage try to make all her women look like wet-nurses? It's a funny, not to say tiresome, complex." Notes

References
 Stephen D. Korshak and J. David Spurlock, The Alluring Art of <mask> Brundage: Queen of Pulp Pin-Up Art Foreword by Rowena (Vanguard / Shasta-Phoenix, 2013)
 L. Sprague de Camp. Lovecraft: a Biography (Doubleday, 1975)
 R. Alain Everts, "Margaret Brundage", Etching & Odysseys 2 (53-61), 1983.Ray Russell, "Of Human Brundage". Playboy, Feb 1991 (vol 38, no. 2) pp. 106–109
 Selected Letters of Clark Ashton Smith. Ed. Scott Connors and David E. Schulz, (Arkham House, 2003)

External links

 Mrs. <mask>rundage
 Her Biography
 <mask>rundage illustrations at Google Images
 Eric Molinsky, Tales of Margaret Brundage, Imaginary Worlds  podcast, episode 112, 3 April 2019
The Alluring Art of <mask>rundage: Queen of Pulp Pin-Up Art at Stuart NG Books
<mask>rundage

1900 births
1976 deaths
American women illustrators
American illustrators
American speculative fiction artists
Fantasy artists
Artists from Chicago
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
American people of Swedish descent
American people of Irish descent
Weird Tales
20th-century American women artists
Pulp fiction artists

masks:
Margaret Brundage
Margaret Hedda Johnson
Margaret Jane Loutit Johnson
Margaret (
Margaret Hedda Johnson
Margaret
Margaret
Reed Brundage
" Brundage
Margaret
Margaret Bda
Margaret Brunda
Margaret B
Margaret
Margaret B
Margaret B
Margaret B
Margaret B


texts:
<mask>'<mask> (née O'Meara, formerly Driscoll;  born January 3, 1950) is an American social worker, college administrator, activist, and political strategist. <mask> was provost and interim president of Goddard College (1996–1997) and president of Burlington College (2004–2011). In June 2017, she founded the think tank The Sanders Institute. She has been married to U.S. Senator <mask> since May 28, 1988. She has also served as the first lady of Burlington, Vermont, during her husband's term as mayor. Education and personal life
<mask> was born <mask>'Meara on January 3, 1950, and grew up in Brooklyn, as one of the five children of Bernadette Joan (Sheridan) and Benedict P. O'Meara.She is of Irish descent and was raised Catholic. She attended Catholic schools, including Saint Saviour High School, before attending the University of Tennessee. O'Meara dropped out of school and moved back to Brooklyn with her first husband, David Driscoll. In 1975, they moved to Vermont when Driscoll's employer, IBM, transferred him. The couple divorced in 1980. She has three children (Heather Titus, Carina Driscoll, and David Driscoll) from her marriage with Driscoll, who were later adopted by <mask>. O'Meara finished her college degree at Goddard College in Plainfield, Vermont, with a bachelor's in social work.She met <mask> in 1981, ten days before his first campaign victory as Mayor of Burlington, and again at his victory party; the couple married in 1988. In 1996, she earned a doctorate in leadership studies in politics and education from Union Institute & University headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. <mask> is Roman Catholic. She does not regularly attend Mass, but sometimes visits Saint Anne's Shrine when facing problems. Career
Early in her career <mask> worked in the Juvenile Division of the Burlington Police Department, and then as a community organizer with the King Street Area Youth Center, and as a volunteer for AmeriCorps VISTA. From 1981 to 1991, <mask> served as founding Director of the Mayor's Youth Office and Department Head in the City of Burlington. She was also active in K-12 education, elected as a School Board Commissioner, and was a founding member of the Women's Council & the Film Commission.In 1991, her husband, <mask>, was elected to the U.S. Congress. From 1991 to 1995, she worked in his office on a volunteer basis. In 1996, <mask> was appointed as Provost and Interim President of her alma mater, Goddard College, to help the college through a difficult period. The Board, faculty, staff, students and <mask> worked together to improve the accreditation, finances and governance of the institution. From 2004 through 2011, <mask> was President of Burlington College, a small liberal arts college founded in 1972 for non-traditional students. It closed due to financial problems in 2016. As senior partner in the Burlington-based consulting firm, Leadership Strategies, O'Meara worked as a political and educational consultant for federal, state, and local political campaigns.<mask> was instrumental in founding The Sanders Institute, a progressive think tank which launched in June 2017, and is one of its 11 original fellows. Like the other fellows, she does not receive payment for her work, although she does receive compensation for travel expenses. Adviser and aide to <mask>
<mask> has described his wife as "one of [his] key advisers", and he has employed her at various times as "an administrative assistant, spokeswoman, policy adviser, chief of staff, and media buyer". In a 1996 article in The Washington Post, she was credited with helping him draft "more than 50 pieces of legislation". She has served in <mask>'s Congressional office as Chief of Staff and as Policy and Press Adviser, and also serves as an Alternate Commissioner for the Texas Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Compact Commission. Burlington College presidency

In 2004, <mask> was named President of Burlington College, a private, non-profit liberal arts school founded in 1972 in Vermont. She increased the small college's fundraising.During her tenure as President, Burlington had an endowment of "about $150,000", and fundraising revenue had increased from about $25,000 when <mask> first arrived to $1.25 million by 2011. In 2010, <mask> oversaw the purchase of property formerly owned and occupied by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Burlington. The College based the real estate purchase on projections that enrollment would rapidly grow from fewer than 200 to as many as 750 students, with a corresponding income increase from tuition fees. In 2011, the College's Board of Trustees, while crediting <mask> with acquiring a permanent campus for the 200‑student college, called a meeting for September 2011 and accepted <mask>'s resignation. "We reached a decision which I believe is best for both the College and me," <mask> said after the meeting, "The board and I have different visions for the future and that's perfectly fine." On departure, she received the title of President Emeritus and a $200,000 severance, consisting of one year's pay, along with certain retirement and bonus payments. With the College unable to collect on some promised pledges after <mask> had resigned, and the enrollment increase plans failing, the Diocese settled the loan debt with the College in 2015 for $996,000, less than the agreed amount, and with $1 million of the repayment made in shares of an unidentified LLC company.References

1950 births
20th-century Roman Catholics
21st-century Roman Catholics
American community activists
American people of Irish descent
American Roman Catholics
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
American women academics
American women activists
<mask>
Goddard College alumni
Living people
People from Brooklyn
People from Burlington, Vermont
Spouses of United States mayors
Union Institute & University alumni
University of Tennessee alumni
Activists from New York (state)
Activists from Vermont
Women heads of universities and colleges
21st-century American women

masks:
Mary Jane O
Meara Sanders
Sanders
Bernie Sanders
Sanders
Mary Jane O
Sanders
Bernie Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Bernie Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Bernie Sanders
Bernie Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Bernie Sanders


texts:
<mask>  (16 April 1972) is an English specialist Isle of Man TT professional solo motorcycle rider with 23 wins. Until early 2017 he had a long association with Honda machines having factory support in road races like the Isle of Man TT, the North West 200 and the Macau Grand Prix, and also on the short tracks in the British Superstock and Supersport series. In May 2017 McGuinness suffered serious injuries during practice for a race in Northern Ireland, ending his race participation for the remainder of the season. The accident occurred shortly after the release of his book. In January 2018 he announced his intended-return as a TT rider, but had not sufficiently recovered to compete and in April announced a setback had prevented any competitive riding. He was able to complete a  Parade lap of the TT circuit on a Norton SG4 during the June 2018 event, but returned in August to win the 2018 Classic TT on the 500 cc Paton. In May/June 2019 McGuinness made a return to the TT races, riding a large capacity Norton without success, but again renewed his association with smaller-capacity Hondas finishing in places 15 and 17 for the two Supersport 600 races, second place in the TT Zero electric race, and another win in August's Classic TT, part of the Manx Grand Prix race weeks.In 2013, a left-hand bend on the Snaefell Mountain Course used for TT races before the top of Barregarrow on the main A3 road was named <mask>'s in recognition of his wins, together with Dave Molyneux who was similarly honoured. He was part of a multi-rider motorcycle endurance-racing team called Honda TT Legends. In April 2016, the RAC announced <mask> as recipient of the Segrave Trophy for 2015. Early life
Born and raised in Morecambe, Lancashire, his father owned a motorcycle repair shop, but advised <mask> to train as a bricklayer. Graduating in 1990, the resultant recession forced him into cockle fishing with his future father-in-law. McGuinness’s first race was an endurance road race at Aintree in 1990, at age 18. Isle of Man TT
McGuinness’s first Isle of Man TT race was in 1996, the same year as David Jefferies, finishing 15th.<mask> first competed on the Isle of Man in 1996 and took his first win in the Lightweight 250cc race three years later, the year he also became British 250 Champion. 2006
TT 2006 proved to be the best ever for McGuinness. He won three races (Senior, Superbike and Supersport) and he lowered the outright lap record four times during the festival. This all started in the TT Superbike race on 3 June, recording 17:42.53 from a standing start, then 17:41.71 on the second lap. His record lap stood at 127.933 mph to take in the 37.73 miles of the Mountain course, before another record-breaking performance in the Senior TT race on 9 June. <mask> set a time of 17:39.95 from a standing start (already 1.76 seconds faster than a racing lap) and then blitzed the course in 17:29.26, 10.69 seconds faster than his opening lap and at an average speed of 129.451 mph. 2007

TT 2007 was also a great year with McGuinness taking wins in the Superbike TT and the Senior TT with lap and race records in both, the Senior lap record of 17:21.99 averaging 130.354 mph not only the outright lap record but the first to break the 130 mph barrier.2008
The 2008 Isle of Man TT saw <mask> struggle with reliability problems with his bikes, but did manage to pick up his 14th career win on the island, in the Senior TT. This win moves him alongside Mike Hailwood as the joint second-placed rider with most wins. 2009
McGuinness surpassed Hailwood's mark during the rain-delayed opening race of the 2009 Isle of Man TT on 8 June 2009. After Cameron Donald unofficially lapped the course at over 131 mph during practice, McGuinness broke the outright lap record by 0.7 seconds, taking the lap record to 17:21.29 or 130.442 mph. <mask> held off team-mate Steve Plater by 18.11 seconds to record victory number fifteen. That was his only win and podium of the week; however, he did finish the week with a new outright lap record, and the fastest lap ever recorded with a 17:12.30 or 131.578 mph lap on the second lap of the Senior TT. A broken chain cost him a runaway victory, as Plater took his second career TT win.He has also finished on the podium at the Macau Grand Prix. <mask> also contested the British Superstock championship, taking victory at Croft after his team-mate Steve Brogan and champion Alastair Seeley tangled in the final corner. This was his first short-circuit race win since 2001 in the British Supersport series, which he finished in third place overall. 2010

<mask> was confirmed as part of the HM Plant Honda team for the North West 200 and Isle of Man TT events, also he is confirmed with Padgetts Motorcycles (Padgetts Grand Prix). Entered in the British superstock championship alongside new team mate's Glen Richards and Ian Hutchinson (road racing events). At the 2010 North West 200 meeting, McGuinness took his fifth win around the 8.9-mile circuit when he took victory in the Superbike race and he followed this up with third in the feature race behind Alastair Seeley and Stuart Easton. He also took fifth and sixth in the two Supersport races and ninth in the Superstock.2011
<mask> secured his 16th TT success by winning the six-lap Superbike TT in perfect conditions. The Honda rider from England came home 56 seconds ahead of runner-up Cameron Donald, with <mask> third. Keith Amor, Ballymoney's Michael Dunlop and Dan Stewart completed the top six leaderboard in the TT opener. New Zealander Bruce Anstey led for part of the race but retired on lap three after setting the fastest lap of the race at 131.05 mph. At the end of lap one <mask> led by 0.5 seconds from Anstey, with <mask> third and Guy Martin fourth. Anstey assumed the lead after the second circuit, thanks to his lap at over 131 mph, with Martin up to third and <mask> fourth. A quick pitstop by McGuinness saw him move into the lead again and then Anstey retired his Padgetts Honda at Quarry Bends.Morecambe-man <mask> led Martin by 19 seconds after lap three and lap four. He then went on to finish 5th in the Supersport TT Race 1 and scored 2nd places in both the Supersport TT Race 2 and Superstock TT Race before claiming his 17th TT win in the Senior TT

2012
<mask> was again representing the Honda spear-head at the 2012 TT. During the practice week, times were close between the various favoured entrants, but McGuinness topped the practice leader board in the Superbike class. Initially lying second behind Cameron Donald by 2/10ths of a second at the end of the opening lap in the Superbike race, McGuinness brought all his experience to bear over the second lap to lead the race by 2.16 seconds following the pit stop at the end of lap two. By the end of the third lap, the lead had increased to 6.30 seconds. <mask> continued his commanding performance throughout the remainder of the race, to clinch victory by 14.86 seconds by the end of the six laps. <mask> was congratulated on his Superbike triumph by his close friend, Mark Webber.The Superstock TT had been until 2012, one of the few classes which had eluded McGuinness. However, aboard the Padgett's – HRC Honda Fireblade, McGuinness rode what was widely regarded as an imperious performance to clinch his initial win in the class, and to raise his overall tally to 19 wins. <mask> then recorded a respectable 4th place in the first Supersport race, which he then followed up with 5th place in the second race in the Supersport class. 2013
In 2013, McGuinness won the 6-lap Senior TT, the final race of the event. It was his sixth victory in the Senior TT, one short of the record of seven victories held by Mike Hailwood. He also set the outright one lap record for the Mountain Course, 131.671 mph, in the final lap of the Superbike race in which he finished third during a week dominated by Ulsterman Michael Dunlop's four wins, reminiscent of Ian Hutchinson's five wins of 2010. TT Zero

2012 also saw McGuinness make his debut in the TT Zero class.The involvement of McGuinness, together with that of Mugen was seen as a clear indication of the rising profile of a class of racing still in its infancy. Riding the Mugen Motorsports experimental machine, McGuinness recorded a second place behind Michael Rutter on the MotoCzysz. 2013 again saw the same race result, with McGuinness second to winner Rutter, both riding similar machines to previously. 2014, a battered McGuinness who suffered a motocross accident weeks before the start of the Road Racing season, injuring his right wrist badly, and also suffered liver and other minor injuries. <mask> struggled at his first international road racing meeting of the year the North West 200 and also posted disappointing results at the 2014 Isle of Man TT. On 4 June, <mask> and Padgetts Racing announced he had withdrawn from the second Supersport race, but still raced the TT Zero class, and won it with an enormous lap record, 117.366 MP/H, beating the current Sidecar lap record, and came only 1.8 seconds shy to the current Lightweight 650cc Supertwin one lap record. 2017 accident
In May 2017 McGuinness suffered serious injuries during practice for the Superbike race at the North West 200 event in Northern Ireland, causing broken vertebrae, ribs and compound fractures to his right lower leg bones, requiring surgeons to remove  and needing an external fixator cage to 'grow' new bone.McGuinness uses a spanner to regularly adjust the cage, creating a 1 millimetre gap across which the new bone growth occurs. In July 2017, Honda Racing, a British business based in Louth, Lincolnshire which provided the new model Honda Fireblade under early development, confirmed the accident was caused by an electronics fault in the special race-kit when the engine unexpectedly accelerated. During an interview in late August 2017, McGuinness confirmed his treatment would be ongoing until early 2018, and that he was unsure if he would have the physical capability or confidence to race 1000 cc Superbikes again, but he did not discount the possibility of riding in the smaller Supertwin, electric and classic categories. 2018
In January 2018 he announced his intended-return as a TT rider with Norton Motorcycles as team-mate to Josh Brookes, but his recovery was not complete and in April announced via social media that he had suffered a setback that prevented any competitive riding. He was able to complete a Parade lap of the TT circuit on a Norton SG4 during the June 2018 event, but returned in August to win the 2018 Classic TT on the 500 cc Paton. 2019
In May/June 2019, McGuinness made a return to the TT races, riding Nortons in both Junior and large capacity races without success, but again renewed his association with Padgetts Hondas finishing in places 15 and 17 for the two Supersport 600 races, and second place in the TT Zero electric race with a Honda/Mugen. In August, he won the Classic TT on a Paton.MotoGP
<mask> entered four rounds of the MotoGP World Championship, one in 250 cc class and the other three in the 500 cc class, between 1997 and 2000 with a best result of 12th. Personal life
<mask> and wife Becky have two children. Living in Morecambe, he was given the Freedom of the Town in 2007. His first book, an autobiography entitled Built for Speed, was released in May 2017. In July 2017 <mask> was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from Myerscough College in Preston for his achievements in motorcycling. He attended the ceremony despite still recuperating from his extensive injuries as a result of his major crash two months previously. <mask> was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2021 New Year Honours for services to motorcycle racing.References

External links

1972 births
Living people
250cc World Championship riders
500cc World Championship riders
British bricklayers
British Superbike Championship riders
English motorcycle racers
Isle of Man TT riders
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Segrave Trophy recipients
Sportspeople from Morecambe

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