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is the former Chief Medical Examiner-Coroner for the County of Los Angeles. He resigned from the office, under pressure, in 1968 over inappropriate comments he was alleged to have made, but was restored soon after. He was forced out a second time, in 1982, over allegations of mismanagement. He later worked at the University of Southern California and served as president of the American National Association of Medical Examiners. Popularly known as the "coroner to the stars", <mask> determined the cause of death in many high-profile cases in Hollywood during the 1960s and 1970s. He performed autopsies on Marilyn Monroe, Albert Dekker, Robert F. Kennedy, Sharon Tate, Inger Stevens, Janis Joplin, Gia Scala, David Janssen, William Holden, and John Belushi. In 2016, he was criticized over his autopsy of Natalie Wood.His ruling in that case was later changed by his successor. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Fukuoka Prefecture, raised in Yokosuka and graduated from Tokyo's Nippon Medical School in 1951 before interning at The University of Tokyo School of Medicine Hospital. Shortly thereafter he emigrated to the United States. He then served a second internship at Orange County General Hospital and a series of residencies at Loma Linda University School of Medicine, and Barlow Sanatorium in Los Angeles. Career

Early career
<mask> began working in the office of the Chief Medical Examiner-Coroner for the County of Los Angeles (CME) in 1961, and came to public attention after performing the autopsy of Marilyn Monroe. In 1967, he was appointed Chief Medical Examiner-Coroner for the County of Los Angeles (CME) in a 3–2 vote of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, over the opposition of the Los Angeles County Medical Association and leadership of the UCLA and USC schools of medicine. As new CME, he succeeded his mentor Theodore Curphey and supervised autopsies on a range of celebrities and public figures that included Albert Dekker, Sharon Tate, Janis Joplin, Inger Stevens, Gia Scala, David Janssen, William Holden, Natalie Wood, and John Belushi.Kennedy assassination and resignation
<mask>'s autopsy of Robert Kennedy concluded that the fatal shot was fired into the back of Kennedy's head, behind the right ear, from an upward angle, and from a distance of no more than 0.5 to 3 inches (15–75 mm) away. Such a finding has given rise to conspiracy theories regarding the assassination, as no witnesses reported seeing the convicted assassin, Sirhan Sirhan, any closer to Kennedy than 1 meter away and in a position to fire such a shot. <mask> himself points out in his memoir Coroner that he has never officially ruled that Sirhan fired the fatal shot. Shortly after the Kennedy shooting, <mask> came under scrutiny and resigned under pressure as Chief Medical Examiner after Deputy Los Angeles County Counsel Martin Weekes testified that he had seen a smiling <mask> dancing in his office and that <mask> had announced to associates "I am going to be famous. I hope he dies". A secretary in the coroner's office also testified she had heard <mask> say he wanted to perform a vivisection on Lin Hollinger, the county's chief administrative officer with whom he had argued over budget matters. Second term as CME and demotion
Shortly after signing his letter of resignation, <mask> attempted to withdraw it, a move that was rejected by the Board of Supervisors.<mask>'s wife subsequently charged that the county had forced him out as a practice of racial discrimination. The county rebutted the accusation by accusing <mask> himself of being racist, providing testimony from an Asian-American employee in the CME office who said she had heard <mask> saying he hated Jews and using a racial epithet to describe Black Americans. Other CME staff disputed that testimony and characterized <mask> as "warm" and "articulate". After a petition drive organized by Los Angeles' Japanese American community, <mask> was restored to the office of CME. In his second term, <mask> was accused of speaking too freely to the media, particularly following the November 1981 deaths of William Holden and Natalie Wood, which, along with his moonlighting and alleged mismanagement – a series of articles in the Los Angeles Times alleged that <mask>'s attention to celebrity deaths was causing problems in the more mundane aspects of the CME office  –  led to his demotion from coroner to physician specialist in 1982. His autopsy of Wood's death as an accident has since been questioned. A former intern of <mask> at the time of Wood's death stated that he saw bruises were substantial and fitting for someone who gets thrown out of a boat.He claimed that he made those observations to <mask>, who reacted strangely as if he was involved in a cover-up. <mask> came under public criticism for his handling of Wood's autopsy in 2016 and his ruling in that case was later changed by a successor. Later career, honors, and professional bodies
<mask> was later appointed Chief of Pathology at the University of Southern California and then as Administrative Pathologist for Anatomic Pathology services at LAC+USC Medical Center. <mask> was appointed professor by both the University of Southern California and UCLA. He is a past president of the American National Association of Medical Examiners. In 1999 he was honored by the Emperor of Japan who awarded him the Order of the Sacred Treasure for his "outstanding contributions to Japan in the area of forensic science". He retired the same year., <mask> is the president of World Association for Medical Law (WAML), which is a medical body founded in 1967 to encourage the study of health law, legal medicine, and bioethics. Publications
 Coroner, 1983. A best selling memoir written with Joseph DiMona. (Published in the UK as Coroner to the Stars)
 Coroner at Large 1985. A book about historical coroners and famous deaths. (NYT review.) Unnatural Causes, 1988.A detective novel written with Arthur Lyons. Physical Evidence, 1990. A detective novel written with Arthur Lyons. Film and other media
 He has appeared in the documentary The Killing of America (1982). He appeared as himself in the film Faces of Death (1980). In 2000, <mask> appeared in Michael Kriegsman's autopsy-related documentaries, "Autopsy: Through the Eyes of Death's Detectives"; and "Autopsy: Voices of Death", wherein <mask> takes the viewer through a complete autopsy. He is said to have been the inspiration for the TV series Quincy, M.E.(1976–1983), which starred Jack Klugman. References

External links

 Subject's USC web page, last updated in 1999

1927 births
Living people
Writers from Los Angeles
People from Fukuoka Prefecture
Japanese emigrants to the United States
American coroners
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure
University of Southern California faculty
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Persons involved with death and dying
Physicians from California
American physicians of Japanese descent

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<mask> (born 1976), known professionally as <mask>, is a songwriter, record producer, vocalist and multi-instrumentalist. Biography
<mask> was born in a suburb of Des Moines, Iowa, grew up and currently resides in Roanoke, Virginia. In Roanoke, Strachan met Jeremy Kolosine of the seminal electropunk band Futurisk, who was then playing in a dream pop/shoegaze band called Shakespace. Kolosine invited Strachan to join the band, first as a keyboardist, then later as a vocalist and guitarist. Simultaneously, Strachan took up playing bass in the Diplomats. Shakespace recorded one EP  and one album, while the Diplomats recorded an EP which was mixed by R.E.M. veteran Mitch Easter.The Diplomats disbanded before the EP was released, and Shakespace disbanded during the recording and mixing of their last album. Strachan moved to New York in 2004, and upon meeting bassist Ryan Rayhill, the two formed Blacklist. Blacklist released several recordings on Wierd Records, a label which Strachan was closely involved with from its inception until its conclusion, not only as an artist, but also as a co-thinker and writer. He joined Religious to Damn in 2009, and after Blacklist announced an indefinite hiatus from recording and touring, formed Vaura in early 2010 with Kevin Hufnagel, Toby Driver and Religious to Damn drummer Charlie Schmid. In mid-2012, Strachan launched Azar Swan, a collaboration with Zohra Atash, the lead singer and primary songwriter of Religious to Damn. In 2013, he started a solo project called Vain Warr. In 2016, while living in New Orleans he launched the record label Primal Architecture Records which has released music by acts such as Kelly Moran as well as his own projects.Azar Swan's album, Savage Exile, was released in 2017. In the summer of 2019, Blacklist reformed to played a festival show in Brooklyn, NY and alluded to a possibility of future releases and performances. In the winter of 2019 Desolation Colony, an electronic project with Justin Vial, played its first show opening for Italian composer Fabio Frizzi in New Orleans. In late 2020, the debut LP by The Red Window entitled Afterlife was released, a collaboration between Strachan and former Shakespace bandmate Jeremy Kolosine. In mid 2021, Strachan released "Deerstalking" by Meridiane, a project with 4AD artists Pieter Nooten of Clan of Xymox and Warren Defever of His Name Is Alive. Influences
Due to the diversity of Strachan's musical endeavors, the influences he has cited span multiple genres, including Scott Walker, The Comsat Angels, Black Sabbath and Cocteau Twins, the Manic Street Preachers, Ulver, Blut Aus Nord, Comus, the Sisters of Mercy, Prurient, Kate Bush, David Sylvian and Laurie Anderson. Lyrical themes
When being interviewed for Blacklist in 2009, Strachan described his lyrics as "militantly humanistic".Though lacking in many overt references, their album Midnight of the Century alluded to superstition and religion in almost every song, encompassing all three major monotheisms as well as Stalinism and fascism which Strawn has called "political superstitions." In an interview for Vaura in 2019, Strachan referenced cosmic horror, saying, "The nightmare visions that inspired Sables are simultaneously of an omnicide, and of an end to humanity while human beings still continue to exist materially. Humanity being the word we tend to use to refer to our kindness, our ability to understand one another and allow for the existence of others, our ability to be graceful and make peace." Non-musical endeavors
<mask> has written about his background in political action and organizing, from a brief stint with ACORN in the early 2000s, to being employed by the Human Rights Campaign and the Working Families Party. While attending The New School, Strachan was active with two philosophical organizations, the Nietzsche Circle and the Foucault Society, both created by Nietzsche scholar Yunus Tuncel. He also befriended his professor Christopher Hitchens out of a shared interest in the history of the secularism of the left, and the two were in contact until Hitchens' death in 2011. While living in New York, Strachan worked full time as a social media analyst for ad research firm Competitrack, and part time as a freelance journalist.His writing on politics, music, and culture has appeared in The Daily Beast, Talkhouse as well as in feminist publications such as BUST, and Slutist.

masks:
Joshua Strawn
Joshua Strachan
Joshua Strachan
Strachan


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De'Hashia Tonnek "<mask>" <mask> (born December 8, 1982 in Twentynine Palms, California) is an American athlete. Trotter is a former NCAA national champion in the 400m, and competed in the 2004, 2008, and 2012 Summer Olympics. There, she was a two-time Olympic gold medalist in the 4 × 400 m relay (2004 and 2012), in addition to a bronze medalist in the 2012 400m event. She placed 5th in the same event in 2004. Trotter is currently a brand ambassador for international company Education First, and a global motivational speaker. Early life
Trotter was born in Twenty Nine Palms, California on December 8, 1982. She grew up in Decatur, Georgia, graduating from Cedar Grove High School in 2001.She was a member of both the track and basketball teams, helping to lead the basketball team in her senior year to an undefeated season on home court. She specialized in both the 200m and 400m in track, and in her senior year, she also helped lead the 4 × 400 m relay team from her highschool to the Georgia State Championship. College track and field
Trotter was mainly a basketball player in high school, and took up track-and-field as a second sport under the encouragement of those who saw her running on the court. She earned a track-and-field scholarship to the University of Tennessee, and was forced to turn away from basketball and focus solely on running. In 2003, she placed second in the NCAA championships in the distance, and in 2004 she was the NCAA champion. She still holds the Tennessee record time of 50.0s. She graduated from the university with a major in Sociology.She later trained under coach Caryl Smith Gilbert, who continued to train Trotter after her graduation. Trotter became the first woman to turn professional as a track-and-field athlete coming out of the University of Tennessee before graduation, turning pro in her junior year. Professional track and field career

2003-04
Trotter competed at the 2003 IAAF World Athletics Championship in France, running in the 400m, where she qualified for the semi-finals. That year she also won gold in the 4 × 400 m women's relay, at both the World Championships and the Pan-American Games. Trotter qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympics team in the 400m, and was considered a medal contender going into the games. Trotter placed 5th overall in the 400 metres with a personal best time of 50.00s. She was part of the US team which finished first in the 4×400 meters relay, which beat the second placed team from Russia by more than one second.Trotter ran first, with a lead leg time of 49.19 seconds. 2005-11
In 2005 and 2006, Trotter repeated as gold medalist at the USA Indoor Championships. In 2007, she won an additional 4 × 400 m gold at that year's World Championships. In 2007, she finished first in the 400m at the US Track and Field Championships, with the fastest time in the world that year: 49.64 seconds, and afterwards stated that her victory "was like a dream". According to USA Track and Field, "At the 2008 Olympic Trials, in perhaps the most astounding story of the women’s 400, Trotter finished third in 50.88. She was running with a broken bone chip in her left leg, the result of an errant car door closing on her two months ago." Trotter did compete in the women's 400 meters race at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and qualified out of heats for the semi-finals, but failed to qualify for the finals due to the injury.She also withdrew from her spot on the 4 × 400 m relay. After the Olympics Trotter had successful reconstructive surgery and was able to return to competition in 2009. In her return races, she used face paint to help motivate her return to form. However the following three years she remained plagued with injuries. Still, in 2010 during the Reebok Boston Indoor Games Trotter tripped near the beginning of the race, but was able to recover her stride and eventually place first in the 400m event despite the misstep. She stated after the race that nothing like that had ever happened to her, but her first instinct was 'as long as I'm not on the ground, just keep running'. Trotter is also a multi-time IAAF Diamond League silver and bronze medalist.2012 to present
Leading into the 2012 Olympics, she again recorded the fastest time that year in the 400m. She said of the time that, "My personality, demeanor, confidence and spirit were low. That <mask> is gone. I overcame my entire career crumbling and made the Olympic Team." She qualified at the national championships with a second place showing. At the 2012 Olympics in London she won the bronze medal in the 400 meters in a time of 49.72, two one hundredths of a second behind the silver medalist. She was also the lead runner in the gold medal 4 × 400 m US relay team, providing her team with a 10 m lead at the end of her leg.After winning the event, Trotter stated that, "I think the pressure was on to go out and do what we are capable of doing ... I think we finally hit the mark this time. We hit the center of the target. We got it done.” Trotter ran her final lap at the 2016 USA Olympic Trials to gracefully retire from the sport. After a thirteen-year career, Trotter waved farewell to the crowd at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon, after crossing the finish line of the 400m semifinals and not advancing to the finals. Other work
In 2009 Trotter was the winner of the Bodybuilding.com Model Search, transitioning into a part-time career as a fitness model. In 2013 Trotter became a volunteer assistant coach in the sprints for the USC Trojans track and field team.That year she also began a fundraising drive called Gifted Soles, which gathers shoes for the homeless population of Orlando. The drive also raised funds for 500 meals for the homeless as well. Donations were made through the Orlando Union Rescue Mission. In 2014, Trotter dissolved her non-profit organization Test Me I'm Clean and launched a new non-profit entitled Running For The People. Running For The People used running as a way to help people in need of encouragement. In 2020, Trotter traveled to Japan as a Sports Envoy for the U.S. State Department's Sports Diplomacy Office. Anti-doping advocacy
Trotter is the founder of Test Me I'm Clean, a charity dedicated to combating the abuse of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs.She also acts as the organization's spokesperson, traveling across the United States giving speeches and presentations to students about the importance of staying clean. Those that support the organization can identify themselves with a white and red rubber armband, which Trotter herself wore during her 2012 bronze medal race. Trotter was inspired to found the charity in 2006, after overhearing a conversation on an airplane where the participants were convinced that all elite athletes were on steroids, which she took exception to. She has said of the program that, "I'm more concerned with the health aspect than anything else ... [Drugs] have been glorified. It's not something that is always emphasized as a danger, so I wanted to make that very clear." Trotter was one of the founding athletes of Project Believe, in which twelve athletes volunteered for frequent random out-of-competition drug testing. As a part of the testing she volunteer to give 31 additional testing samples.She was quoted as saying of the program that, "[T]o prevent myself from going down in the flames ... We have to do something ... Otherwise, it will continue to go down this path, and it won't stop." In 2009, Trotter also became one of the first twelve athletes to join the "Athlete Ambassador" program, which is a U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) initiative. As an ambassador, Trotter travelled to speak with students about the importance of staying clean in sports. She also wrote articles for the USADA website. After this initial advocacy, Athens 4 × 400 m relay team member Crystal Cox, pleaded guilty to a doping violation in 2010, and was stripped of her gold medal. In 2013 however, the other three members (including Trotter) were allowed to keep their own gold medals and the team remains the gold medal team in the historical Olympics standings.

masks: DeeDee Trotter DeeDee


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<mask> (born December 29, 1989) is a former American football offensive guard. He played college football for Kent State. Early years
<mask> was born in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, to Rick and <mask>. <mask> and his family lived in Hartville, Ohio (near Akron), until they moved to Mason, Ohio, just north of Cincinnati, when <mask> was in second grade. High school career
<mask> grew up in Mason, Ohio and graduated from William Mason High School in 2008. He was an offensive lineman in football, playing tackle and center, earning second-team All-Greater Miami Conference honors as the Comets' center his senior year. As a wrestler, in his senior year, <mask> was the Ohio Division I (big-school) champion in the 285-pound weight class.His record for the year was 45-1 with 32 pins. In the state meet, he pinned his first two opponents and in the semifinal he was taken to overtime, prevailing 6-4. He then won the championship match by pin. Although he grew up just outside Cincinnati, <mask> was a Cleveland Browns fan due to his father Rick's roots in northeast Ohio. Collegiate career
<mask> was recruited by Mid-American Conference schools and chose to attend Kent State in Kent, Ohio. "My grandparents still live there. I was familiar with Kent and knew the area well.... it was a combination of having a chance to play and an opportunity to help change the culture a little bit.We did my senior year. It was a good experience and I’m glad I picked it.<mask> redshirted the 2008 season before playing in all 12 games of his redshirt freshman campaign in 2009. In 2010, he started in eight of 12 games, then started all 12 games in 2011, making seven starts at right tackle before sliding inside to right guard for the final five games. As a senior, <mask> primarily played left guard as he earned second-team all Mid-American Conference honors as the Golden Flashes had their best season in 40 years, going 11-3 overall, winning the MAC East title and playing in the MAC Championship Game, which they lost in double overtime to Northern Illinois University. They earned a berth in the postseason GoDaddy.com Bowl, where they were defeated 17-13 by Arkansas State University. Professional career

New England Patriots

2013
<mask> was projected by some to be chosen in the late rounds of the 2013 NFL Draft on April 25–27, 2013. He had private pre-draft workouts with the New England Patriots as well as the New York Jets, Indianapolis Colts, Kansas City Chiefs, Cincinnati Bengals, Tennessee Titans and Oakland Raiders.He went undrafted, but after the draft ended on April 27, he was signed that day as a rookie free agent by the Patriots. He was released on September 2 but quickly re-signed to the Patriots' practice squad. He was activated for one game against the Buffalo Bills, then returned to the practice squad before again being added to the active roster on November 2. <mask> appeared in his first NFL game on November 3 when he entered the game at left guard for the final play, a kneel-down against the Pittsburgh Steelers. He played briefly in the Patriots' 34-31 win December 1 over the Houston Texans. He saw his first significant playing time in a December 15 game against the Miami Dolphins, when Patriots starting offensive lineman Nate Solder went down with an injury. <mask> was inserted into the lineup and played most of the game at left guard, with starting left guard Logan Mankins shifting to left tackle.<mask> made his first start and played the entire game at left guard as the Patriots cruised to a 41-7 win over the Baltimore Ravens on December 22, 2013. For the season, <mask> played in seven regular season games, including one start. By the end of the season, on the Patriots depth chart, he was listed as the second-team left guard behind starter and six-time Pro Bowl selection Mankins as well as second-team right guard behind Dan Connolly. 2014
Just days before the Patriots' final preseason game, on August 26 the perennial All-Pro Mankins was traded to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, a move expected to provide an opportunity for increased playing time for <mask>, who started the final preseason game. However, after a subpar performance in that game, <mask> was on the inactive roster for the regular season opener against the Miami Dolphins. Prior to the Patriots' second game, against the Minnesota Vikings, he was again added to the active roster. and saw action on eight plays in the fourth quarter.He was returned to the inactive list for their next three games

<mask> was reactivated for the October 12 Patriots win vs. the Buffalo Bills and started at right guard, his first start of the season and second of his career, playing 71 snaps. Four days later on October 16 he started again at right guard, playing 57 snaps in a Thursday night Patriots win over the New York Jets. He stayed on the active roster and played 23 snaps in a 51-23 win over the Chicago Bears. He remained on the active roster through the regular season finale against the Buffalo Bills, starting one of those games (his third start of the year), and finishing with 12 regular season games played in 2014. <mask> made his first postseason start January 18, 2015 in the AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts following an injury to rookie center Bryan Stork, which resulted in guard Ryan Wendell moving to center and Kline at right guard. <mask> earned praise for his performance as the Patriots dominated the Colts 45-7 to advance to Super Bowl XLIX. <mask> then earned a Super Bowl ring as the Patriots defeated the Seattle Seahawks 28-24 in Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, 2015.<mask> was one of two Patriots (the other being backup quarterback Jimmy Garoppolo) who was active but did not play any snaps. 2015
In the Patriots' regular-season opener against the Pittsburgh Steelers on September 10, <mask> started the game at left guard in the 28-21 Patriots win. In the offense's second series, he was switched to right guard, and rotated between the two positions throughout the game. He was in the lineup for 54 of 61 offensive plays (89 percent). Through Week 9, <mask> started every game for New England, rotating between left and right guard. On November 10, 2015, the Patriots announced the signing of <mask> to a two-year contract extension through the 2017 season. In the 2015 regular season, <mask> played in 14 games, starting 13.He missed two games due to a shoulder injury. <mask> played in 816 snaps, or 77.6 percent of the team's offensive plays as the Patriots won their division and the #2 seed in the AFC Playoffs. 2016
<mask> underwent shoulder surgery after the completion of the 2015 season. On September 7, 2016, <mask> was released by the Patriots. Tennessee Titans
On September 8, 2016, <mask> was claimed off waivers by the Tennessee Titans. After being inactive for the team's first two games, on September 25, <mask> started at right guard in the Titans' 17-10 loss to the Oakland Raiders. He went on to start the rest of the season at right guard to help spearhead a ground game that ran for more than 136 yards per game, good for third in the league.Pro Football Focus awarded the Titans' the Offensive Line of the Year honor. PFF rated <mask> an 80.0, 27th among guards. 2017
In 2017 <mask> started all 16 games at right guard for the Titans as the team went 9-7 and made the AFC Playoffs for the first time since 2008. The team won its first-round game against the Kansas City Chiefs before losing to <mask>'s former team and eventual AFC Champion New England Patriots. The offensive line was rated fifth-best in the NFL according to Pro Football Focus, with <mask> scoring a 75.8 rating, number 22 among NFL guards. 2018
On March 14, 2018, <mask> signed a four-year contract extension with the Tennessee Titans. He started all 16 of the Titans' games at right guard for the second consecutive season as the team finished 9-7.On March 15, 2019, <mask> was released by the Titans. Minnesota Vikings

2019
On March 20, 2019, <mask> signed a three-year $15.75 million contract with the Minnesota Vikings. played in and started 13 of the Vikings' 16 games, missing games due to a concussion, and a foot injury. <mask> was immediately named a starter for the 2019 season. He started the Vikings' first three games; missed the fourth game due to a concussion; started game 5; then he missed game 6 with a foot injury. 2020
On March 18, 2020, <mask> was released by the Vikings. He did not play during the 2020 season.2021
On July 28, 2021, <mask> announced his retirement from the NFL. Personal life
<mask> married his wife, Natalie, on April 9, 2016, in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. <mask>’s daughter Kroy <mask> was born September 20, 2018. His Twitter handle is @<mask>line64. References

External links
Kent State Golden Flashes bio

1989 births
Living people
American football offensive linemen
Kent State Golden Flashes football players
Minnesota Vikings players
New England Patriots players
People from Hartville, Ohio
People from Hoffman Estates, Illinois
People from Mason, Ohio
Players of American football from Illinois
Players of American football from Ohio
Sportspeople from the Cincinnati metropolitan area
Sportspeople from Cook County, Illinois
Sportspeople from Kane County, Illinois
Tennessee Titans players

masks:
Josh Kline
Kline
Julie Kline
Josh
Josh
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
” Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
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JoshK


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<mask>Didi<mask> MBE, Croix de Guerre (15 March 1921 – 2 September 2010 (date body found)) was a member of the UK's Special Operations Executive (SOE) during World War II. She served in occupied France as a radio operator under the codename "Rose". (French Resistance operative Andree Peel is also known as Agent Rose.) Early life and career
Born in 1921 in London to an English father, <mask>, and Spanish mother, Marie de Plazoala, she was the youngest of four children. Her elder sister, <mask>, and one of her two brothers, Francis, would also become SOE operatives. In 1923, the family moved to France, where Nearne became fluent in French. After the German invasion in 1940, the two young women made their way to London via Barcelona, Madrid, Lisbon, Gibraltar and Glasgow, while the rest of the family remained in Grenoble.On her arrival in England she was offered service in the WAAF working on barrage balloons, but turned this down and was recruited by the SOE. Enrolled into the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry FANY, Nearne worked as a home-based signals operator, receiving secret messages from agents in the field, usually written with invisible ink on the back of typewritten letters. Her sister Jacqueline was sent to France to work as a courier. The sisters were supposed to keep their roles secret from one another, but were unsuccessful. She was flown by a Westland Lysander aircraft to a field near Les Lagnys, Saint-Valentin in Indre, France, in the late hours of 2 March and the early hours of 3 March 1944 with Jean Savy to work as a wireless operator for the Wizard network as part of Operation Mitchel. Her cover story was that she was Mademoiselle du Tort (also using the aliases Jacqueline Duterte and Alice Wood). Using the code name "Rose", she was given the mission of helping Savy set up a network in Paris called "Wizard"; its aim, unlike the networks dedicated to sabotage, was to organise sources of finance for the Resistance.<mask>'s role was to maintain a wireless link to London, and in the course of the next five months she transmitted 105 messages. Savy had returned to London with important information about German V-1 flying bombs, leaving <mask> on her own. Although she did not know it at the time, the same aircraft which took Savy home also carried her sister, Jacqueline, who had just completed 15 months in the field. <mask> then worked for the "Spiritualist" network. She was arrested on 25 July 1944 after her transmitter was detected. She had gone to her safe house to transmit an urgent message against her chief's orders. As she was finishing she heard banging from the house next door so packed up and hid her equipment and destroyed her messages.When she heard banging on her door she opened it and was confronted by a man pointing a pistol at her face. The house was searched and her radio gear and gun were discovered so she was arrested, handcuffed and driven to Paris. Nearne "survived, in silence, the full revolting treatment of the baignoire" in the torture chamber of the Paris headquarters of the Gestapo on the Rue des Saussaies. She reportedly managed to convince her captors, under torture, that she had been sending messages for a businessman, unaware that he was British. On 15 August 1944, she was sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp where she refused to do prison work. Her head was shaved and she was told she would be shot if she continued to refuse. She was then transferred to a forced-labour camp in Silesia.While in one of these prisons she was reportedly tortured. On 13 April 1945 she escaped with two French girls from a work gang by hiding in the forest, later travelling through Markkleeberg, where they were arrested by the S.S. but released after fooling their captors and reportedly hidden by a priest in Leipzig until the arrival of United States troops. Awards and honours
After World War II, she was awarded the Croix de Guerre by the French government. On 19 February 1946 she was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) by King George VI for "services in France during the enemy occupation". Later years and death
After the war <mask> lived in London with her sister, Jacqueline, where, The New York Times reported, she suffered from "psychological problems brought on by her wartime service". After her sister's death in 1982, she moved to Torquay and lived there quietly. In 1993 she travelled to Ravensbruck with fellow SOE agents, members of the Special Forces Club, the FANY and the WAAF to dedicate a plaque to the four agents executed there in 1945.<mask> talked about her wartime activities on a Timewatch television documentary in 1997, but she wore a wig, and spoke in French under her codename "Rose", and her wartime activities were not generally known about. She died alone from a heart attack in her seaside flat. Her body is thought to have remained undiscovered for some time until found on 2 September 2010; she was 89 years old.It was only when her flat was being searched by council workers to try to establish her next of kin that medals and other papers related to her war service were found. Her next of kin, a niece, was located living in Italy and has said she was upset that <mask> had been portrayed as being "alone or unloved", adding, "Although I don't live in the UK, I was very close to Aunt <mask> and visited her often. I only saw her six months ago. She was always cherished by the family." <mask>'s funeral, which was provided free of charge by the Torbay & District Funeral Service of Torquay, was held on 21 September 2010 at Our Lady Help of Christians and St Denis Roman Catholic Church, Torquay.The eulogy was made by Adrian Stones, Chairman of the Special Forces Club. Her body was cremated, and her ashes scattered at sea, according to her wishes. <mask> died intestate and her estate of around £13,000 went to her niece in Tuscany, Italy, according to BBC One's programme Heir Hunters; series 6, episode 1. References

External links
"<mask>'s war heroism revealed in National Archives" The Guardian
9/1089/2—Item reference HS 9/1089/2—<mask> NEARNE, aka Alice WOOD, aka Jacqueline DUTERTE - born 15.03.1921, The Catalogue, The National Archives, Part one of file also available online. An insight to WIZARD

1921 births
2010 deaths
British people of French descent
Female wartime spies
Escapees from Nazi concentration camps
Ravensbrück concentration camp survivors
British Roman Catholics
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Torquay
British Special Operations Executive personnel

masks:
Eileen Mary "
" Nearne
John Nearne
Jacqueline Nearne
Nearne
Nearne
Nearne
Nearne
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Nearne
Eileen
Nearne
Nearne
Eileen Nearne
Eileen Mary


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<mask> (; 171410January 1788), also known as Pan Wenyan or Zhencheng, was a Chinese merchant and member of a cohong family, which traded with the Europeans in Canton (now known as Guangzhou) during the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). He owned a factory in the Thirteen Factories district where his firm was favored by the English, Swedes, "Imperials" and Danes. Biography

<mask>'s family originated from a poor fishing village near Changchow (now known as Zhangzhou), but <mask>'s father P'u-chai had relocated them to Canton. <mask> had seven sons, two of whom were engaged in trade and providing market intelligence about tea and silk for the Canton firm from other parts of China and Japan. A third son, Chih-hsiang, would later succeed his father as head of the firm in Canton, thus inheriting his father's trading name and becoming <mask> II. Growing up, Puankhequa would travel on junks in Southeast Asia, even as far as Manila. According to Liang Chia-pin and Louise Dermigny, Puankhequa was in the Canton trade by the late 1730s.As a young man he learned to speak, read and write Spanish and had some skills in pidgin English, which facilitated trading with the Europeans. His ability to deliver goods and his skills in creating special, long-term relationships with foreigners and officials attracted and retained the custom of foreign traders, which contributed to his success. In a portrait of <mask> in the Museum of Gothenburg, he carries the attributes of a wealthy mandarin: hat-pin, necklace and the mandarin square on his surcoat. According to professor Jan Wirgin it is a "...robe of a third rank mandarin, with a sapphire hat-pin in his hat. He achieved this rank around 1780." He had bought a title and was raised to the third class of the mandarinate for his contributions to a military campaign. <mask> enjoyed trading and spent most of his waking time doing business.He lived in a mansion, "Chiu-lung" (named after the Jiulong River of his ancestral city), on the south bank of the Pearl River near Honam Island (the modern day Haizhu District of Guangzhou). To save as much time as possible for business, he ate on the boat taking him to and from work. In promoting his business, he had no scruples when it came to manipulating officials or bribing the "Hoppo" (The Guangdong Customs Supervisor) and passing the costs on to the Europeans. <mask> died on 10January 1788, and was interred in the foothills of Fu-t'ing near his country seat in Ch'uanchow. Most of the hong firms established before 1790 had failed by 1798, except that of <mask> II, who had succeeded his father as head of the firm. By then it was the most prosperous house and <mask> II was the wealthiest merchant in Canton. A year later, the European companies had all gone except for the Swedes (who left in 1831) and the Spaniards (who left in 1834).<mask> II retained the Swedes as clients until the Swedish East India Company folded in 1813. When the Hong merchants were disestablished in 1834, his firm was still active and by then the longest-surviving firm in the history of the merchants. Trading

<mask> was Chief Merchant in Canton between 1760 and 1788. He had made his name in the silk trade, but traded in a number of other goods. From the 1740s to 1760, <mask> traded out of the Dafeng Hang 達豐行, which he managed in partnership with his Chen family accomplices and his brother Seequa 潘瑟官. All of his trade with foreigners in Canton at this time, and his trade with Southeast Asia via the Chinese junks, was conducted out of the Dafeng Hang. In 1760, <mask> established a new firm called the Tongwen Hang 同文行, which in the 1810s was renamed Tongfu Hang 同孚行.Although ruthless in business, <mask> remained sentimental about his family's origin and his Fukienese identity. He founded the Fukien mai-ch'iao, the Fukien merchants in temporary residence in Canton, an association for business and social events. The firm owned a factory which was situated close to the Swedish factory. The Swedes joined in the East India trade later than most of the national European trading companies. The first ship arrived in September 1732. They were seen as naïve by the rest of the European traders and Puankhequa treated them haughtily, but they nevertheless regarded him as a friend and benefactor. Mostly they bought tea from him.The tasting of different lots and negotiations about the price usually went on for weeks. He also served as a mediator when this was called for; in 1761, he was asked by the captain on one of the Swedish ships to help out in a conflict with some Dutch merchants. The Dutch had set up a punsch tent in Wampoa near the ships and the captain had trouble keeping his crew away from the place. <mask> managed to get the mandarins in Whampoa to forbid the selling of alcohol on land while the ships were there. In September 1768, the Swedes made an unsuccessful attempt at selling Swedish woollen cloth and camlet to the Chinese traders. The cloth was deemed too coarse and nobody wanted to buy it, except for <mask> who gave the Swedes a fair price. Some Swedish supercargos stayed in Canton for several years, one of them was Jean Abraham Grill who became friends with <mask> and made several profitable deals with him when buying tea.The usual order of business was that trade began as soon as the ships came to Canton. When the ships docked, the price of tea, silk and all the other coveted goods, immediately began to rise, and as soon as the ships left, prices started to fall again. Grill would buy tea privately from Puankhequa when the price was at its lowest and sell the tea to his employer, the Swedish East India Company, at a slightly higher price when the next ship came in. Thus, <mask> was able to do business during the off-season and Grill could net himself a profit at his employer's expense. Several contracts for this trade between <mask> and Grill are kept in the Gothenburg University Library. At first, the English were wary of Puankhequa because of his many schemes and debts, but in the 1780s they started to accept him and talked about him as "a merchant the most to be depended on". They still kept their options open, nevertheless, through dealings with other merchants.The French admired <mask>'s ability to control officials and pay bribes in the right places at the right times, but they also saw him as seductive, devious and, according to one French merchant, in possession of "the most evil soul ever to have inhabited a human body". Few foreigners could trade in Canton without having to make deals with him at some point. In order to facilitate trade <mask> would on occasion give informal dinners for  foreign traders at his country house. These dinners lasted a couple of days, with one day being dedicated to Chinese culture and the next à la mode Anglaise (in an English style). There were also humorous plays about the two cultures and guests could choose whether they wanted to use chopsticks or cutlery. In 1806, <mask> II was in correspondence with Sir Joseph Banks who thanked him for botanical specimens he had supplied for Kew Gardens. In return Banks sent him other plants which he thought would be useful in China.Sweden
According to tradition and numerous sources, <mask> made the journey to Sweden and stayed or lived in Gothenburg for some time at the invitation of Niclas Sahlgren, but further research in 2007 by LarsOlof Lööf disproved this and concluded that <mask> never visited Sweden. He gave a portrait of himself to Sahlgren, an oil painting on a mirror. The painting is now in the collection of the Museum of Gothenburg. The documentation regarding the painting mentions him as personal friend of Sahlgren and adviser to the Swedish East India Company. <mask> is also depicted in a big mural in the museum (formerly the East India House) where he is seen negotiating with Swedish merchants on the shore of the Pearl River. The first recorded visit by a Chinese to Sweden was made by the merchant and linguist (translator) for the Swedish East India Company, Choi A-fuk (or Afock), in 1786. Legacy

The mansion where <mask> lived in the Haizhu District of Guangzho has been recognised as important.The Chinese government planned in 2011 to renovate the  site and make it available as a tourist attraction. Over the years it has been divided and sub-divided into spaces for both business, manufacturing and living. The government plan to restore the interior and renovate the wooden carvings and the faded paintings which are still extant. <mask> II was included in an 1807 painting of a joint British and Chinese court, which was set up in October 1807, to try English sailors who had killed a Chinese person. One sailor from the ship "Neptune" was convicted and over 50 others were released. The convicted sailor was later released. In popular culture
<mask> appears as a character in the novel Trade Winds by Christina Courtenay (2010), under the name "Poan Key-qua" or simply "Key-qua".Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 Contract between J A Grill and Puankhequa about the buying of tea. The contract is in Swedish and Chinese. Correspondence between J A Grill and Puankhequa in the Digitized Archive of the Nordic Museum. Search/Click on: Digitala arkivet (left column) -1:Utgående brev -3.5:J.A. Grills privata affärer -12:J.A. Grills privata affärer -2:Privata affärer med bröderna Hahr -20–25:"My Good and old friend Mr. Poankeyqua!", six pages in English. 1714 births
1788 deaths
Chinese merchants
History of Hong Kong
History of foreign trade in China
Qing dynasty people
People from Zhangzhou
Businesspeople from Fujian
18th-century Chinese businesspeople

masks: Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa


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<mask> (born ) is an American video game designer, programmer and Twitch streamer, who is best known as the creator of the independent video games Braid (2008) and The Witness (2016), both of which were released to critical acclaim. From 2001 to 2004, <mask> wrote the Inner Product column for Game Developer Magazine. He was the primary host of the Experimental Gameplay Workshop each March at the Game Developers Conference, which has become a premier showcase for new ideas in video games. In addition, <mask> was a regular participant in the Indie Game Jam. <mask> is also a founding partner of the Indie Fund, an angel investor fund for independent game projects. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1971. His mother was a devout ex-nun.<mask>'s father, an aerospace engineer manager, worked for the defense contractor TRW. <mask> would say in an interview with The Atlantic, "Early on, I detected that there weren't good examples at home, so I kind of had to figure things out on my own ... I had to adopt a paradigm of self-sufficiency." <mask> grew up in La Palma until he was 8, then he moved to Rancho Peñasquitos, San Diego, where he attended Mt. Carmel High School. He then studied computer science and creative writing at the University of California, Berkeley and was president of the Computer Science Undergraduate Association for a semester. He left the university in 1994, a semester before he would have graduated.He worked in San Francisco in contracting jobs, including one with Silicon Graphics to port Doom to a set-top device, until forming the game design company Bolt-Action Software with Bernt Habermeier in 1996. Their initial game project was to be a hovertank-based combat game called Wulfram, but at the time, the video game industry was undergoing a transformation of focusing heavily on three-dimensional graphics, making it difficult for them to complete the project; the team was forced to take some online database work to cover their expenditures. Subsequently, in the wake of the crash of dot-com bubble, they opted to fold the business after four years in 2000, with them $100,000 in debt. Following Bolt-Action, <mask> continued to perform contract work for companies like Ion Storm, and writing for industry publications such as Game Developer Magazine. He also worked on a project with IBM to create a technology demo similar to the Wulfram idea that would highlight the features of the Cell processor that IBM was collaborating on, which would become a part of the PlayStation 3. <mask> attempted to get additional funding to turn the demo into a full game from both Sony and Electronic Arts but was unsuccessful. Career

Braid

In December 2004, feeling inspired during a trip in Thailand, <mask> made a prototype for a time manipulation puzzle platform game.The demo had crude graphics, but featured the ability of the player to rewind all the objects on screen backwards in time to a previous state. Encouraged by feedback from his peers, <mask> worked on the game from about April 2005 to about December that year before having the final prototype of his game, titled Braid. This version won the Independent Games Festival Game Design Award at the 2006 Game Developers Conference. He continued work on the game mostly focusing on art and music while polishing some of the design until its release in 2008 on Xbox Live Arcade. By then, <mask> was $100,000 in debt and had invested $200,000 into the game's development. The game was released on August 8, 2008, to critical acclaim and achieved financial success, receiving an aggregate score of 93% on Metacritic, making it the top-rated Xbox Live Arcade game. Braid was purchased by more than 55,000 people during the first week of release.<mask>'s next project was The Witness, a first-person game in which the player explores an island while solving a large variety of puzzles on panels. The panel puzzles require the player to draw a path on the panel, and the puzzle is solved if the path satisfies a number of rules. <mask> desired to create a game utilizing non-verbal communication, and as such, the puzzle rules are never explained with words. Instead, the puzzles themselves teach the player the rules. <mask> felt that solving puzzles in this way could generate epiphanies for players, and tried to design the game so that the player experiences "miniature epiphanies over and over again". The game includes around 650 panels, and <mask> estimated that solving every puzzle in the game would take more than 80 hours.Work on The Witness began shortly after the release of Braid in 2008. <mask> created prototypes of several different game ideas before choosing the one he liked the most, despite it being a 3D game which he "absolutely didn't want to". By the time the game was revealed to the public in 2010, three people were working on the game full-time, and by 2015 this number had grown to eight. <mask> had hoped to release the game as a launch title for the PS4 in 2013, however work on the game continued until its release in 2016. At the time, it was virtually unheard of for an small independent game studio to spend more than seven years on a game. <mask> said that The Witness ending up being "a much bigger game than I thought", and that "as long as it looked like we were going to have the money and time... we decided to make it the best thing we can." The game was released on Windows and the PlayStation 4 in January 2016 to critical acclaim and commercial success.The Windows and PS4 versions hold scores of 87 on review aggregator Metacritic, and several popular gaming publications awarded the game perfect scores. The game received several BAFTA and Game Developers Choice Awards nominations. The Witness debuted at $39.99, a price point that was met in some gaming forums with outcry. <mask> stated that the price point was "fairly reflective of what the game is",  and journalists noted that other independent games of a similar scope and quality debuted with the same price. <mask> reported that the first week sales revenue of The Witness totaled over $5 million USD, and that it had sold more than 100,000 units. <mask> noted that after release The Witness was one of the top downloads on illegal BitTorrent websites, and was pirated "just as heavily" as Braid. He noted that piracy "will not help [Thekla] afford to make another game!:("

Untitled Programming Language and Untitled Sokoban Game
Towards the end of development of The Witness, <mask> began to become frustrated with C++, the language the game's engine was written in. While he liked recent feature additions to C++, he felt they "were encumbered by the rest of the language" and thought that C++ had "reached critical complexity". He considered switching to Go, D, and Rust, but thought that each had its drawbacks. <mask> felt it would be possible to create a new programming language for game development which would increase programming efficiency by at least 20%, and make the job more enjoyable. Further, he predicted that it would actually be easier to make a new programming language for professional game engine programmers than to make a videogame. In 2014 <mask> begun work on designing and programming the new programming language, which has the codename Jai. When asked about the real name of the language in 2020, <mask> noted that in many projects "people put all their effort into the cool name" before a project has had much effort put into it, and that he is "doing things in the opposite way".For about a year and a half work on Jai was part time since Thekla was shipping The Witness during that period. It was around the middle of 2016 when full time work on Jai and a sokoban game whose game engine is written in Jai begun. By working on the sokoban game, its engine, and Jai at the same time, <mask> is able to test out the design of Jai, and adjust it early in its lifetime to make it better. <mask> has noted that no previous programming languages have debuted with a piece of software in that language as large and complex as a game. By doing so he is able to demonstrate the capability of the language. During a 2018 conference talk <mask> demonstrated that a clean non-optimized compilation of the 80,000 line sokoban game took less that two seconds on his laptop. <mask> predicted that as work on the compiler continued the compilation rate would increase significantly, with a target compilation rate of a million lines of Jai per second for a clean non-optimized build.<mask> intends to release much of the source code of the sokoban game upon release, and said Thekla is trying to structure the code of the game to be "very malleable", so that when it's released it can "provide an in for people who actually want to start experimenting with a program." The Jai compiler reached beta version 100 in December 2021, and is currently in closed beta. The sokoban game combines puzzle elements from a variety of other sokoban games, as well as adding elements of its own. For example, the majority of characters from Jonah Ostroff's Heroes of Sokoban trilogy appear in the game, as do the lilypads and skipping stones from Alan Hazelden's Skipping Stones To Lonely Homes. By combining so many puzzle elements together <mask> is able to "explode out the combinatorics [of the puzzle space] even way further than The Witness did." As of May 2021, the sokoban game has over 700 levels, and <mask> stated that it will probably have more than 1000 upon release. Work on the sokoban game, its engine, and Jai are regularly streamed by <mask> on his twitch channel.Long-term project
Since 2012 or 2013, <mask> has been working on a separate project that will be broken into different installments and elaborations on the same game over the course of 20 years, making it bigger and more complex. They will be individual playable games, each related thematically and deepening in investigation of subject matter for each chapter. <mask> stated that the game would not be puzzle-related and that it would be built with the Jai language and engine. Other work
In March 2010, <mask>, along with several independent game developers including Ron Carmel and Kellee Santiago, became a founding member of the Indie Fund, an angel investor fund for independent game projects. In 2012, <mask> was one of the subjects of the independent documentary film, Indie Game: The Movie, where he discussed his views on the role of independent video games and his work on Braid. Philosophy and views
<mask> has spoken many times about his views on independent video games both in interviews and in public speeches, although he has said on his blog that he has gotten what he wanted out of conferences from speaking at them. For his sometimes controversial views, he has received praise, notably being called "the kind of righteous rebel video games need" and "a spiritual seeker, questing after truth in an as-yet-uncharted realm."<mask> often speaks of the potential for games to be more. He has said that he tries to make games that are more adult for people with longer attention spans and noted that games could have a "much bigger role" in culture in the future, but current game development does not address this potential, instead aiming for low-risk, high-profit titles. As a former physics major, <mask> has expressed that games could examine the universe in similar ways that a physicist could. In referring to the progression of development in his games, <mask> stated at the PlayStation Experience that he prefers to, "keep them playable and just make them better." This was stated during the live-cast panel while overseeing Justin Massongill on the playable demo. <mask> has spoken out against some games for immoral game design. On World of Warcraft, he has said it causes societal problems by creating a false image of the meaning of life, calling it "unethical."On FarmVille, he has said that the design of the game reveals the developers' goal to degrade the quality of players' lives, ultimately calling it "inherently evil." Despite Braids success on the platform, <mask> has claimed that Microsoft's Xbox Live Arcade certification process would turn away developers because "they kind of make themselves a pain in the ass" and that they would lose market share to Steam as a result. <mask> is a member of Giving What We Can, a community of people who have pledged to give at least 10% of their income to effective charities. References

External links

1971 births
American computer programmers
American video game designers
American video game programmers
Independent video game developers
Living people
People from San Francisco
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Video game writers

masks:
Jonathan David Blow
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texts:
<mask> (December 29, 1914 – December 21, 2001) was an artist from Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico. He taught at public schools, the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes y Literatura, and the Escuela de Artes Plásticas at the Universidad de Guanajuato, where he served as the director of the School of Visual Arts. His civic installations include El Paraguas and the national shield carving displayed at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City as well as 260 monumental eagle head sculptures marking the route of Hidalgo the Liberator (see Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla). Homenajea UG a <mask> Con Exposición Plástica. University of Guanajuato, 9 Dec. 2014. Web. 02 Nov. 2015.<http://www.ugto.mx/noticias/noticias/6668-homenajea-ug-a-tomas-chavez-morado-con-exposicion-plastica>.</ref> According to Mexican Life, Mexico's Monthly Review, the work of <mask> "creates visions of typical life in the streets, images of people one might find in the markets, at the ferias or inside the tenement patios, with a thematic emphasis on love and the mother and child." Life
<mask> was one of four children born to José Ignacio <mask> de Oca, a shop keeper, and María de la Luz <mask> Cabrera, an amateur painter. His three brothers include <mask> <mask>, Gabriel, and Salvador (who died as a young boy). His mother and maternal uncles who drew sketches were among his first examples of artists. His father also encouraged his creativity by providing him with materials to practice. During the 1918 flu pandemic, also known as the “Spanish flu,” his mother, María de la Luz Cabrera <mask>, fell ill and died from influenza. José Ignacio <mask> de Oca remarried and started a new family while his sisters cared for <mask> and his brothers.While in the care of their paternal aunts who often sang, played guitar, and painted, <mask> and José both took a greater interest in art. <mask> completed his primary school education. During this time he worked in his father's grocery store, where it appeared that he might become a merchant like his father. <mask> felt that this type of work seemed "tedious, enslaving, and boring" and instead immersed himself in the libraries of his paternal grandfather and of the father-in-law of José Ignacio <mask> de Oca. At one point he also worked for the father-in-law of José Ignacio <mask> de Oca (who was a sculptor and print maker who repaired religious images) as a printer and a bookbinder. In 1928, as a teenager, <mask> decided to move to Mexico City to pursue a career in art and teaching at the Escuela Normal Superior and also to connect with his brother, José. His father, who wanted to discourage <mask> from this decision, gave him only two pesos when <mask> asked for money to help him on his new journey.José and <mask> faced a difficult financial situation in Mexico City, having no place to sleep until granted permission by Fernando Leal to sleep at the Centro Popular de Pintura de Nonoalco where José, and eventually <mask>, took classes. After seeing monolith carvings at the Museum of Archaeology, <mask> reaffirmed his commitment to sculpture. He was also exposed to the work of Diego Rivera while visiting La Escuela Muralista. Taking experience and skill from El Centro Popular de Pintura Nonoalco, <mask> began teaching modeling and drawing at primary and secondary public schools in Mexico City. At the same time, he was working in the Department of Museology at the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes where he helped rescue the work of José Guadalupe Posada. In 1940, he accepted a commission from the Department of Indian Affairs to lead an indigenous boarding school in the Sierra Tarahumara for the Tarahumara people, an experience that impassioned him to indigenous causes. After four years there, he returned to Mexico City to attend the Escuela Normal Superior (Mexico) to study and become a professor in the field of Visual Arts.He graduated in 1948 with a masters of arts education in the Department of Fine Arts and eventually joined the faculty to depart his knowledge of sculpture onto others. In 1968, after 33 years of teaching under the Secretaría de Educación Pública, <mask> moved back to Guanajuato to retire and dedicate himself to his sculpture. Many students sought out his advice during this time, which lead him to start teaching again in 1985, this time, at the Universidad de Guanajuato. Because the University of Guanajuato did not have appropriate facilities, <mask> instructed his students in his own studio. Between 1990 and 1993, <mask> directed the school of fine arts, improving studio facilities and making needed changes that lead to official approval of the visual arts bachelor's degree program. <mask> continued teaching until health problems (diabetes, blindness, and hearing loss) hindered his teaching and, eventually, his sculpting. Selected works

Commissioned Works

1960       Eagle heads monument

 In 1960, <mask> worked with the Secretariat of Public Education of Mexico to design and execute an educational and cultural monument that commemorated the 150th anniversary of Mexico's independence in 1910.The monument includes 260 concrete eagle heads inscribed with the word “Libertad” which Tomás supervised the casting of. The ministry installed the eagle heads at various locations along the route of Hidalgo the Liberator, or Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, who is known for “El Grito de Dolores,” the battle cry of the Mexican Independence. The route starts in Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato, and ends in Monte de las Cruces in the city of Chihuahua, Chihuahua. "Presentan UG Libro <mask> <mask>rado: El Maestro Escultor." Presentan UG Libro <mask> <mask>rado: El Maestro Escultor. University of Guanajuato, 27 Jan. 2015. Web.02 Nov. 2015. <http://www.ugto.mx/noticias/noticias/6793-presentan-ug-libro-tomas-chavez-morado-el-maestro-escultor>. The ministry also held cultural and educational festivals at the site of every eagle head to celebrate the installation. President Adolfo Lopez Mateo and Governor of the state of Chihuahua, Teofilo Borunda, participated by placing bronze plaques on the first and last eagles of the route. Each stele is marked with a plaque inscribed: “Ruta de Hidalgo, 1810-1811, Año de la Patria 1960.”

1964      National shield in marble on the main façade of the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. 1960      Monumento a Jesús Gonzalez Ortega located in the state of Guanajuato. ----         Masks of Jiménez and Guerrero at the Heroes section of the Museo del Caracol and replicas of these for the community of Charco de Pantoja in Moroleón.1974      Homenaje del Pueblo: Monumento al Padre Hidalgo sculpted with bronze reliefs for the city of Acámbaro. 1976      Sculptures dedicated to Alonso García Bravo (the first urban planner of Mexico City) located at the Plaza de la Merced in Mexico City. ----         Sixteen wood carved boards that are part of the gigantic doors for the Nikko National Park in Shimoimachi, Japan. 1962      493 busts of Ignacio Zaragoza for the primary schools of the Mexican Republic. Collaborative Works with <mask> Morado

1958      The frieze and the decoration of the classrooms of the Centro Médico de México D.F., now the Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. 1960      Bronze doors titled Componentes Raciales y Culturales del Mexico Moderno at the Museo del Caracol in Mexico City. 1964      El Paraguas (The Umbrella) bronze column located in the central courtyard of the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City.Approximately two months before the 1964 grand opening of the National Museum of Anthropology, José and <mask> <mask> were commissioned to design and execute the veneer for the central court yard column. The 11 meters tall column is often referred to as El Paraguas, or Umbrella, a function of the piece, which appears to hold a cantilevered roof over the courtyard, protecting visitors from the rain. The piece is titled Imagen de Mexico, or Image of Mexico, and highlights “an Indian head and the head of a Spanish person that coalesce into a new race. In modern times, the atom [represents] the struggle for peace.”

1968         Imagen de México (Image of Mexico) bronze column located at the entrance of the historic estate Sunnylands, the former winter home of Walter and Leonore Annenberg. Other Works

1982      Monumento a la Victoria de los Liberales Sobre los Conservadores, a gift to the city of Silao. 1961      Homenaje a los Constructores de la Ciudad de Mexico, the main piece of an exhibition produced by the Salon of Mexican Plastic Arts. ----         Maquette of the City of Guanajuato and its Surroundings for the permanent exhibitions hall at the Museo Regional de la Alhóndiga de Granaditas.Exhibitions
<mask> <mask> has exhibited independently and collectively in multiple locations including Galería de la Arte Plástica Mexicana, Galería Merckuper, Galería Chapultepec, Galería Posada, Galería Romano, Galería Misrachi; and in Mexican cities including Morelia, Michoacán, León, Silao, Irapuato, San Francisco del Rincón, Celaya, and Aguascalientes. His paintings have been exhibited in cities such as León, Celaya, Guanajuato, Silao, and Romita . There is a permanent collection of his works at the Museo del José y Tomás Chávez Morado in Silao, Guanajuato. His works have shown posthumous in exhibitions, such as in Deseando lo real Austria Contemporánea in October, 2012, and Formas de Libertad at the University of Guanajuato in August, 2014. List of Exhibitions

Sources
Gabriela Mijangos.<mask> <mask>rado: Escultor. México, D. F.: La Rana, 2003. Print.Vázquez Figueroa, María De Jesús.<mask> <mask>: El Maestro Escultor. Guanajuato: Universidad De Guanajuato, 2014. Print. References

1914 births
2001 deaths
20th-century Mexican painters
20th-century male artists
Mexican male painters
20th-century Mexican sculptors

masks:
Tomás Chávez Morado
Tomás Chávez Morado
Chávez Morado
Tomás
Chávez Montes
Morado
José Chávez
Morado
Morado
Chávez Montes
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Chávez Montes
Chávez Montes
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Chávez Mo
Tomás
Chávez Mo
José Chávez
Tomás
Chávez Morado
Tomás
Chávez Morado
Tomás
Chávez Mo
Tomás
Chávez Morado


texts:
<mask> (born December 31, 1982) is an American, Olympic champion cross-country skier. She has won 17 U.S. National titles, made 29 podiums on the World Cup, made five trips to the Winter Olympic Games and had the highest finish by an individual American woman at the World Championships, second in the Sprint in Liberec in 2009. She was the first American female cross-country skier to take a top ten finish in World Cup competition, to win a World Cup race and to win a World Cup discipline title. She won the silver medal in the individual sprint at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec, becoming the first American woman to win a medal in cross country skiing at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, and in 2013 teamed up with Jessie Diggins to win the first ever American FIS Nordic World Ski Championships gold medal in the team sprint. She and Diggins won the United States' first ever cross-country skiing gold medal at the Winter Olympics in women's team sprint at Pyeongchang in 2018. Early years
<mask>'s parents, Ronn and Deborah (née Haines) originally met at a California ski resort. Kikkan's name was the result of a compromise between her parents: her father wanted to name her Kikki, after Kiki Cutter, the first American to win a race on the Alpine Skiing World Cup, whilst her mother wanted to name her Meghan.Ronn started teaching Kikkan to ski one day after her first birthday. She is the niece of former cross-country skiing Olympians Betsy Haines (1980) and Chris Haines (1976). <mask> lived in Salt Lake while her mother attended law school at the University of Utah. In the mid-1980s, she moved to Anchorage, Alaska with her parents, where her younger siblings, Tanner and Kalli were born. Originally she had ambitions to race as an alpine skier, as well as to run for an NCAA Division I college. She ran a 6:06 minute mile in sixth grade at Scenic Park Elementary, but Kikkan's goal was to run a five minute mile by high school. Kikkan Randell wanted to attend East High school because she wanted to wear red and blue just like her mom and aunt and that lead to <mask> winning 10 state titles at East Anchorage High School — seven in track and three in cross-country running.She was announced the fastest girl on skies and she is the last Alaskan state speed-skiing champion. <mask> took up cross-country skiing in 1998, when her track coach suggested using it as a means of keeping fit during the winter. Skiing career

Early career
After completing High School in Anchorage, Alaska at Bettye Davis East High school, <mask> <mask> decided to stay in her home town, Anchorage to start her undergraduate studies and train with Alaska Pacific University Nordic Ski Center to start her new beginning. Her sixth-place finish in the sprint at the 2001 Junior World Championships was the best ever result by an American woman. <mask> made her Olympic debut as a 19-year-old at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City and finished 44th in the inaugural Olympic individual sprint. In January 2006, <mask> returned to Soldier Hollow, Utah, the site of the 2002 Olympic cross-country competition, and won national titles in the 5-kilometer freestyle, the 10-km classical and the sprint. At the 2005 World Championships in Oberstdorf, Germany, she finished 30th in the individual sprint.2006–2011
At the 2006 Winter Olympics, <mask> finished ninth in the Olympic Sprint, the best ever Olympic result in cross-country skiing by an American woman. Shortly thereafter, she finished fifth in a World Cup sprint. On January 21, 2007, she captured bronze in the women's 1.2-kilometer sprint in Rybinsk, Russia, the best ever cross-country World Cup result by an American woman. Later that calendar year, in the following season, she took the first World Cup win for an American female skier since the introduction of women's competition in 1978 in another 1.2 kilometre sprint at the same venue. Kikkan won a silver medal in February 2009, at the Nordic Skiing World Championship for the 1.3 Kilometer sprint; she was the first American to take home a World Championship medal since Bill Koch's win in 1982. In January 2010, <mask> qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics, where she earned a US best finish of sixth in the team sprint and her best individual finish of eighth in the individual sprint event. In the 2010-11 season, she finished third in the Sprint World Cup standings.2011–2012
<mask> became the first American woman to win a World Cup discipline title in cross-country by topping the season's Sprint standings. Her season included wins in the World Cup freestyle sprints in Düsseldorf and Davos. She also finished fifth in the Overall World Cup that season. 2012–2013

<mask> won four World Cup freestyle sprint events, in Quebec, Val Mustair, Sochi, and Lahti. She also won the 3 km freestyle prologue of the Tour de Ski in Oberhof. She won a team freestyle sprint in Quebec with teammate Jessie Diggins. <mask> finished first in the final World Cup sprint standings and third in the overall standings.Third place is the highest ever by a U.S. woman. <mask>, with Diggins, won the first-ever team sprint gold for U.S. women at the World Ski Championships. 2013–2014
<mask> qualified for the U.S. Olympic team at Sochi, and went into the 2014 Winter Olympics as heavily favored to win the USA's first medal in cross-country skiing since 1976, but missed qualifying to advance in the sprint quarterfinals by .05 of a second. Subsequently, she suggested that her focus on peaking for the Olympics was disrupted by a back injury which she sustained whilst training in Davos in December 2013. <mask> topped the overall World Cup sprint standings for a third time. She won the World Cup freestyle sprint events in Nove Mesto, Szklarska Poreba, and Lahti. 2014–2015
<mask> placed third in the Lahti freestyle sprint.In October 2015 <mask> announced that she was expecting her first child in April, and would take a break from competition in the 2015-16 season before returning in 2016-17 with a focus on the 2017 World Championships in Lahti and the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang. 2016–2017
Upon returning to competition, <mask> initially struggled, failing to advance beyond qualifying in the first two World Cup Sprint competitions of the season. However she was able to make steady progress, and in January 2017 finished fifth in a World Cup Sprint in Falun, Sweden - her best result in nearly two years. Subsequently, at the 2017 World Nordic Ski Championships in Lahti, Finland, <mask> took the bronze medal in the freestyle sprint, catching Hanna Falk in the last 100 metres to pip her for third place by 0.1 seconds, one place behind team-mate Diggins in second. 2017–2018
In December 2017 <mask> took her first World Cup podium finish in almost three years when she finished third in a sprint in Davos, Switzerland. During the 2018 Winter Olympics, she and Jessie Diggins became the first American cross-country skiers to win a gold medal by winning the women's team sprint at the Alpensia Cross-Country Centre in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).Olympic Games
 1 medal – (1 gold)

World Championships
 3 medals – (1 gold, 1 silver, 1 bronze)

World Cup

Season titles
 3 titles – (3 sprint)

Season standings

Individual podiums
 13 victories – (11 , 2 )
 29 podiums – (22 , 7 )

Team podiums
 1 victory – (1 )
 5 podiums – (2 , 3 )

Other achievements
In 2009, <mask> was elected to the International Ski Federation's Athletes Commission, which she served on for eight years. Subsequently, in 2018 she was elected to the International Olympic Committee's Athletes Commission, succeeding American ice hockey player Angela Ruggiero. <mask> defeated teammate Holly Brooks to win the Mount Marathon Race in 2011, following in the footsteps of her mother Debbie (who won the Race in 1975) and aunt Betsy (who won it three years in succession from 1979 to 1981). <mask> was inducted into the Alaska Sports Hall of Fame in 2011. Personal life
<mask> was married to former Canadian ski racer Jeff Ellis. They divorced in October 2021. The couple have a son, Breck, who was born in April 2016.In April 2008 she was diagnosed with the genetic blood clotting disorder Factor V Leiden after being hospitalized twice due to blood clots in her left leg. <mask> mixes studies at Alaska Pacific University with skiing for the APU Nordic Ski Center program run by former national-level ski racer, Erik Flora. On May 31, 2018, three months after winning a gold medal and just a few weeks after officially retiring from skiing, <mask> received a shocking diagnosis of an aggressive form of breast cancer." She announced her diagnosis on her social media accounts that July, as well as her plans to return to Anchorage to undergo chemotherapy. References

External links

USOC profile
U.S. Ski Team Bio

1982 births
Alaska Pacific University alumni
American female cross-country skiers
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
Living people
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic cross-country skiers of the United States
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in cross-country skiing
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
Tour de Ski skiers
Sportspeople from Anchorage, Alaska
Skiers from Salt Lake City
International Olympic Committee members
21st-century American women

masks:
Kikkan Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Kikkan
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall


texts:
<mask> (May 9, 1939 – August 20, 2003) was a Nigerian-American anthropologist and professor known for his theories on observed phenomena involving race and intelligence, especially how race and ethnic differences played out in educational and economic achievement. He suggested that being a "caste-like minority" affects motivation and achievement, depressing IQ scores. He also concluded that some students did poorly because high achievement was considered "acting white" among their peers. <mask> was also involved in the 1996 controversy surrounding the use of African American Vernacular English in public schools in Oakland, California. The 2000 book Eminent Educators: Studies in Intellectual Influence focused on him as one of "four intellectual giants of the 20th century." Early life and education
Born in the village of Umudomi, in Onicha Local Government Area, Ebonyi State, <mask> attended Hope Waddell Training Institute and Methodist Teachers' Training College where he taught Latin, mathematics and geography. He enrolled at Princeton Theological Seminary with the intention to become a minister in Nigeria, but soon transferred to the University of California, Berkeley to study anthropology.At Berkley he earned his baccalaureate in 1965, his master's degree in 1969, and his Ph.D. in 1971. He taught at UC Berkeley from 1970 until his death. Involuntary minorities
<mask> argues  that cultural differences alone cannot account for differences in minority education, since some minority communities do quite well and others do not. In addition, he observes that in some cases groups of people of the same race but located in different countries manifested different ability and/or achievement levels according to some measures. <mask> points out that there are two kinds of differences between cultures. There are primary differences, which existed before cultures came into contact with each other. Then, there are secondary differences, which come into existence when two cultures interact with each other.He says that many of these secondary differences are created by subordinate groups in opposition to the cultural references of the dominant group. In the U.S. context, <mask> concluded that among U.S. Americans there are "voluntary minorities" (groups of immigrants who chose to come to the United States, and their descendants) versus "involuntary" or "caste-like" minorities (descendants of groups of persons who found themselves in the United States, or under United States jurisdiction, against their will). Voluntary minorities (e.g. Korean-Americans) tend to manifest non-oppositional secondary differences with the dominant culture. On the other hand, involuntary minorities (e.g. Native Americans) tend to manifest oppositional secondary differences with the dominant culture. However, both voluntary non-oppositional cultural subjects and involuntary oppositional cultural subjects are required to adhere to dominant (white) American cultural frames of reference if they want to acquire upward social mobility.In Minority Education and Caste (1978), <mask> argued that involuntary minorities often adopted an oppositional identity to the mainstream culture in response to a glass ceiling imposed or maintained by white society on the job-success of their parents and others in their communities. Therefore, he reasoned, some non-whites "failed to observe the link between educational achievement and access to jobs." Often, the oppositional culture/identity created by the involuntary minority involves the incorporation of attitudes, behaviors, and speech styles that are stigmatized by the dominant group, which, of course, precludes those who adopt the manifestations of the oppositional culture from external success in the dominant culture. When immigrant minorities (voluntary minorities) acquire the language of the dominant culture, it is seen as an addition to the first language (non-oppositional primary differences). However, when nonimmigrant minorities (involuntary minorities) acquire the language of the dominant culture, it is the negation of their oppositional culture, and thus their cultural reality. Acting white
In 1986 Signithia Fordham co-authored, along with Ogbu, a study which concluded that some African American students in a Washington, D.C., high school did not live up to their academic potential because of the fear of being accused of "acting white." <mask> further echoed these findings in his 2003 book Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb: A Study of Academic Disengagement (which summarized his nine-month research on the educational gap between white and African-American students in the Shaker Heights City School District located in the upscale Cleveland suburb of Shaker Heights, Ohio).His book presents a cultural-ecological theory which highlights two sets of factors that shape minority students’ academic performance: 1) the system (the way society and institutions have historically treated and do treat minorities) and 2) community forces (how minorities respond to and interpret their treatment, which is highly dependent upon their unique history and minority status in America). He concluded that these students' cultural attitudes hindered their own academic achievement and that these attitudes are too often neglected by parents, educators and/or policymakers. Though the study's conclusions gained a popular foothold and have been espoused by such noted figures as Bill Cosby, a later study obtained different results. In 2003, Karolyn Tyson, a sociologist, and William Darity Jr, an economist, both at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, directed an 18-month study at eleven North Carolina schools which found that white and black students have essentially the same attitudes about scholastic achievement; students in both groups want to succeed in school and show higher levels of self-esteem when they do better in school. The results of this study have been published in a book by Stanford sociologist Prudence Carter

A 2006 study titled An Empirical Analysis of "Acting White" by Roland G. Fryer, Jr. at Harvard University and Paul Torelli suggested that the phenomenon has a statistically significant effect on black student achievement, but only in certain school contexts. In public schools with high interracial contact and among high achieving students, there was an effect, but there was little or no effect in predominantly black or private schools. African American Vernacular English

In 1996, Ogbu played a prominent role in the debate about the utility of African American Vernacular English.As a member of a task force on African American education in Oakland, California he noted that linguists (e.g., William Labov, <mask>, Walt Wolfram, and others) have long distinguished between the "standard" or "proper" English required in the classroom and black vernacular English spoken at home and with peers. Ogbu encouraged teachers to become familiar with and to make use of this variety (called "Ebonics" by the Oakland Unified School District) in helping speakers of African American Vernacular English acquire Standard American English in addition to their "home" variety. Awards

 1979, Margaret Mead Award from the Society for Applied Anthropology. 1997, Elected Chancellor's Professor at University of California, Berkeley. 1997, Elected Fellow of the International Academy of Education. 1998, Distinguished Contributions to Research in Education Award from the American Educational Research Association. Death
He died in 2003 after suffering from a post-surgery heart attack at the Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center.He is survived by his wife, Marcellina <mask>, and his children Elizabeth, Nnanna, Grace, Cecilia, and Christina. He was buried in Nigeria. See also
 List of people from Ebonyi State

References

Further reading
Berube MR (2000). Eminent Educators: Studies in Intellectual Influence. Greenwood Press. .
Beuchling O (2012). Bildung als Adaptation? <mask><mask> und der kulturökologische Ansatz der Minderheiten- und Sozialisationsforschung.Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin. .
Brandes S, Dundes A, Nader L. In memoriam: <mask>. via University of California. Freedberg L (August 23, 2003). <mask>—Expert on Ethnic Success. San Francisco Chronicle. Gardner-Kitt Black student achievement: The influence of racial identity, ethnic identity, perception of school climate, and self-reported behaviorespse.ed.psu.edu/schoolpsych/126
Gibson MA, Ogbu JU (eds.). Minority Status and Schooling: A Comparative Study of Immigrant and Involuntary Minorities.New York: Garland, 1991. Goleman D (April 10, 1988). An Emerging Theory on Blacks' I.Q. Scores. New York Times Education Life, p. 23. Maclay K (August 26, 2003). Anthropology Professor <mask> Dies At Age 64.UC Berkeley News. Ogbu's Theory (December 1996). Special issue of Anthropology and Education Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 4. Ogbu JU (1978). Minority Education and Caste: The American System in Cross-Cultural Perspective.San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Ogbu JU (1981). Origins of Human Competence: A Cultural-Ecological Perspective. Child Development. Fordham S, Ogbu JU (1986). Black students' school success: Coping with the "burden of 'acting white'." The Urban Review.Ogbu JU (1992). Understanding Cultural Diversity and Learning. Educational Researcher. Ogbu JU (1987). Variability in Minority School Performance: A Problem in Search of an Explanation. Anthropology & Education Quarterly. Ogbu JU (2002).Cultural Amplifiers of Intelligence: IQ and Minority Status in Crosscultural Perspective, J. M. Fish Race and Intelligence: Separating Science from Myth. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Ogbu JU, Davis A (2003). Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb: A Study of Academic Disengagement. Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers. .
Ogbu JU, Simons HD (1998). Voluntary and Involuntary Minorities: A Cultural-Ecological Theory of School Performance with Some Implications for Education. Anthropology & Education Quarterly.Staff report (November 21, 1997). "What 15 Top Anthropologists Are Working On Now." The Chronicle of Higher Education, pp. B7-B8. Tang HH (2003) New Arrival Students in Hong Kong: Adaptation and School Performance sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B29803810

1939 births
2003 deaths
Nigerian emigrants to the United States
Nigerian scientists
American social scientists
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Hope Waddell Institute alumni
People from Ebonyi State

masks:
John Uzo Ogbu
Ogbu
Ogbu
Ogbu
Ogbu
Ogbu
Ogbu
Ogbu
John Rickford
Ada Ogbu
John U
. Ogbu
John Ogbu
John Ogbu
John Ogbu


texts:
<mask> (born 1936), also known as Aunty <mask>, is a Ngugi elder of one of the three groups of Quandamooka people in Moreton Island, Queensland, Australia. She is the first Indigenous person appointed to the National Catholic Education Commission, and has brought Indigenous issues to the forefront at the United Nations and International Interfaith Forums. Hendriks is an elder at the Cleveland Murri Court. She is also a Catholic theologian and has written extensively on the conjunction of Aboriginal spirituality and Christianity. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in 1936 in Brisbane, Queensland, and raised in the suburb of Bulimba. She is the eldest of four children, with her mother being an Aboriginal woman, and her father of Irish-American descent. Hendriks attended Saints Peter and Paul’s Catholic Primary School in Bulimba as a young girl, and in 1947 she began studying at Lourdes Hill College in Brisbane, Queensland, which she was later appointed as an elder in residence.Her mother was part of one of the first Aboriginal groups in Queensland, Australia to be moved to a mission station on Stradbroke Island, Australia. Growing up, Hendriks struggled with balancing the two different cultures of which she was a member: Christianity and Aboriginal spirituality. Alongside this, Hendriks struggled to live as a daughter of a mixed-race marriage and witnessed the segregation of her parents from the Catholic church. As an Aboriginal woman, Hendriks felt as though her early life was dominated by Western ideals and social constructs, and sought her connection to her Aboriginality through her mother and Stradbroke Island. Marriage and children
Hendriks is married with four children. Education
Hendriks completed a degree at Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia in the 1980s. She began her PhD in Theology at age 68.In a Western society this seems late to begin studying, but in her Aboriginal culture it is appropriate as with age comes wisdom, balance and trust. She graduated in 2008 and is currently completing her doctorate at the Australian Catholic University. Work
In the past, Hendriks has presented many workshops at primary schools, secondary schools, churches, local community organisations, and universities on the borderlands between Christianity and Aboriginal spirituality. In the 1980s she worked in the field of Aboriginal Education and Reconciliation and Justice for the Indigenous peoples of Australia. In 2004 she spoke internationally at the United Nations Indigenous Peoples Forums. She has also spoken at the United Nations Interfaith Forums on Aboriginal spirituality and Christianity. She has previously worked with Gerald Hall, a theologian and Catholic priest.He is now her mentor and friend. She currently works at the Australian Catholic University where she is a sessional lecturer in both the Diploma in Indigenous Education and the Bachelor of Primary Education (Indigenous Studies). As a sign of respect, many people - including her students - call her Aunty <mask>. Her work remains an important aspect in her life as she uses it as a forum for discussion between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians without resentment or tension. Philosophical and/or political views
Hendriks was raised with a Catholic background and continues to practice Christianity. She uses her spirituality to pave the way for other Christian Aboriginal Australians and continues to teach others how to find a balance between the two, speaking of both having equal parts of her soul. Hendriks promotes acceptance and understanding, believing that we should listen to one another’s stories to acknowledge, accept and move through past experiences.Hendriks values family greatly, stating that “ your family and where you come from creates a powerful interactive process that realizes an interconnected relationship with the great spirit of our dreaming”. Published Works
Hendriks published many works alone and with others, as well as participated as a special guest in media projects. In 2006, Hendriks published Moving the Way Forward on the Australasian Catholic Record. Collaborating with her friend and mentor Gerald Hall, Hendriks participated in Spirit of Religion: A Project for Meeting and Dialogue directed by Raimon Panikkar. Also alongside Gerald Hall, she presented The Natural Mysticism of Indigenous Australian Traditions at a Conference on Mysticism, Fullness of Life: Homage to Raimon Panikkar in Venice, Italy

In Aunty <mask> Goes to Venice, Hendriks discusses Australian Indigenous identity and faith to commemorate NAIDOC Week 2009 on ABC1. Hendriks is also featured in episode 5 of Coast Australia: Gold Coast to Sunshine Coast which was published on the Australian History Channel in 2013. Hendriks has also responded to Ronald Wilson’s Reconciliation: the key to the future, which was first published in 1997.Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions
<mask> has received many awards and distinctions throughout her life so far. In 2007, Hendriks received the Honorary Fellowship from the Australian Catholic University. In 2008, she won the Australian Catholic University’s Indigenous Research Award and Scholarship for her study A Dialogue Between Christian Theology and Indigenous Spirituality. In May 2012, she was awarded the Doctor of the University by the Australian Catholic University for her work in Aboriginal education and relations. In 2013, she was a State Finalist for Senior Australian of the Year for her work in promoting reconciliation between all Australians. Also in 2013, she received the Lourdes Hill College International Women’s Day Woman of the Year Award. In addition to these awards and distinctions, Hendriks also regularly performs the Traditional Acknowledgment (of Indigenous land) at many major university functions in Queensland, Australia.<mask> is also a member of the Australian Catholic University Weemala Advisory Committee and the National Indigenous Advisory Committee. References

External links

Australian indigenous rights activists
Women human rights activists
1936 births
Living people
Australian Roman Catholic theologians
Women Christian theologians
Australian women activists

masks:
Joan Patricia Hendriks
Joan
Joan Hendriks
Joan
Joan
Hendriks
Hendriks