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<mask> (, ; born 5 January 1938) is a Serbian radio journalist, writer, screenwriter, playwright and laureate of the Isidora Sekulić Award in 1971. Biography
<mask> grew up in Belgrade city quarter Čubura of Vračar municipality. He attended the XIV Belgrade Gymnasium, graduating with maturity diploma in 1956. After that, he studied at the Faculty of Law of Belgrade University and graduated with diploma in 1962. After completion of his academic education, he worked as court reporter of the newspaper Borba until 1963, there he realized that he was not living in a society of justice, that theory taught at university and judicial practice are two different things. Leaving his despised job, he started his professional career as radio journalist and contributing editor of cultural program of Radio Belgrade in the same year, but after six years, he was demoted in his job and restricted in his activities, because his views were inappropriate in ideological way of thinking. He left his job again, got a scholarship for going abroad and took the opportunity to study at Sorbonne in Paris, where he listened to lectures of theater studies and became assistant of Antoine Vitez from 1971-72.Back in Belgrade again, he continued working at Radio Belgrade until retirement, in spite of numerous conflicts with the staff members who were refusing to apply new tendencies and ideas in the domain of radio program. In the meantime, he wrote twenty-five books of fiction and fifty plays of various genres. <mask> <mask> spent a big part of his professional life during Titoism, and he retrospectively describes the cultural atmosphere of this period as follows: Tito was an uneducated man, he became ruler thanks to a group of uneducated people. At the same time, these nations were also people of little faith and needed a strong leader. Tito surrounded himself with rude, arrogant, but obedient people. They chose their audience on the basis of a kinship decision, creating a pyramid of power that conquered the entire population. Only a few educated people were either exiled, liquidated or taken up into the pyramid.I have written a lot about influencing the suppression of our language, the decay of the family as the foundation of good education and spirituality, but what good is it if there's a well-established technique of silence. Works

Prose
At the beginning of his literary work, he was discovered by Serbian surrealists such as Marko Ristić and Dušan Matić and praised for his overflowing poetic fantasy and excessive power of imagination. Čedomir Mirković wrote a comment about his work in concise and short style: Vlajkovic's stories are characterized by a strong need to be skeptical, melancholy and lonely, the dominant feelings of today's city dwellers, reserved and disguised by irony, humor, curiosity, erotic enthusiasm in harmony with the Zeitgeist. <mask> even distanced himself from the public marketing of literature in the positive as well as the negative sense and still expressed it with a certain sarcasm: manipulation by the media has attracted so much attention that even our thin readership in this country is completely confused. If the tabloid repeats five thousand times that someone is a genius, even if he is an idiot, he will penetrate as a certain significance in the consciousness of the readership. The crowd is ashamed to say that they do not like the official greatness. Luckily my readers are not part of this crowd.Šta bi učinio Zobec (What Zobec Would Do), short stories (novellas), Matica srpska, Novi Sad 1969. Šuma čudnovata (Miracle Forest), novel, Prosveta, Belgrade 1969. Neko drugo leto (Some Other Summer), novel, Prosveta, Belgrade 1971. Čubura, negde u Kaliforniji (Čubura, Somewhere in California), novel, Belgrade 1976. Večernji trkači (Evening Chasers), novel , Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod, 1980. Vera, novel, Nolit, Belgrade 1981. Pokretne stepenice (Moving Steps), novel, Nolit, Belgrade 1987, .Ružičasti arhipelag (Pink Archipelago), novel, Altera, Belgrade 1991, . Najslabiji učenik škole igranja (Worst Disciple Of Dancing School), novel, Rad, Belgrade 1992, . Uzletanje (Taking Off), short stories, Rad, Belgrade 1997, . Karamfla (Soldier Karamfla), novel, BMG, Belgrade 1998, . Imenik (Phone Directory), novel, BMG, Belgrade 1998, . Skladište uzdaha (Storeroom of Sighs), novel, Verzal press, Belgrade 1998, . Tajanstvo spajanja (Mystery of Reunion), novel, Prosveta, Belgrade 2000, .Rajska ptica: jazz priče (Bird of Paradise: Jazz Novellas), Bogdanović, Belgrade 2005, . Sanja, novel, LOM, Belgrade 2006, . Duga na sajmu knjiga (Rainbow At Book Fair), short stories, Nolit 2009, . Stranac (The Stranger), novel, Artos, Belgrade 2012, . Vlajković wrote two books of essayistic memoirs:
 Don Žuan beogradski u šumi čudnovatoj (Don Juan Of Belgrade In Miracle Forest), Prosveta 2005, . Pustinja u prašumi (Desert In The Jungle), Prosveta 2008, . Radio
Svetozar Vlajković has written dozens of radio dramas, dedicated a special attention in writing for and about children and received several radio awards.Poziv (Phone Call), 1976. Pesak u cipeli (Sand In The Shoe), 1981. Theatre
Five plays by <mask> <mask> have been put on stage:
 Grejalica (The Heater), premiere at Atelje 212 Theatre, 1968. Stvari u vrtu (Objects in the Garden), Theatre Levo, Belgrade 1970. Seksualni horoskop (Sexual Horoscope), Omladinski dramski studio at Youth Theatre Novi Sad, 1972. Rastanak (Parting), premiere at Belgrade Drama Theatre, 1977. Zidanje (Construction Works), Yugoslav Drama Theatre (premiere of the performance was cancelled with no explanation), 1977.The following theatre plays have been published in several magazines specialized in theatre:
 Večernji trkači (Evening Chasers), Scena (Stage), 1983
 Don Žuan beogradski (Don Juan Of Belgrade), Scena (Stage), 1986
 Ponavljač (Failure), Scena (Stage), 1991
 Marko&Musa, Savremena srpska drama (Contemporary Serbian Drama), 2006
 More u liftu (A Sea in the Elevator), Savremena srpska drama, 2008
 I nevidljivi voli vatromet (The Invisible Likes Fireworks Too), Savremena srpska drama, 2011. Film
Džangrizalo (Nagger), screenwriter, TV film 1976, directed by Zdravko Šotra. Džek-pot (Jackpot), screenwriter, TV film 1985. Zasluge (Merits), screenwriter, TV film 1972,  based on a novel by Aleksandar Vučo. Prvo ubistvo (First Murder), TV film 1972, based on his novella Šta bi učinio Zobec. Bez reči (Without A Word), co-screenwriter, feature film 1972, directed by Miloš Radivojević. Kvar (Malfunction), co-screenwriter,  feature film 1978, directed by Miloš Radivojević.Čavka (Jackdaw), co-screenwriter, children's film 1988, directed by Miloš Radivojević. Kako su me ukrali Nemci (How I Was Stolen By The Germans), co-screenwriter, feature film 2011. Dok su oni leteli na mesec (While They Were Flying To The Moon), short film 2015, based on his novella. References

External links
 <mask> Vlajković: IMDB

1938 births
Living people
Serbian dramatists and playwrights
Dramatists
Journalists from Belgrade
University of Belgrade Faculty of Law alumni
Serbian novelists
Yugoslav writers
20th-century male writers

masks:
Svetozar Vlajković
Vlajković
Svetozar
Vlajković
Vlajković
Svetozar
Vlajković
Svetozar


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<mask> (born March 19, 1942) is a science writer and longtime editor of Skeptical Inquirer magazine. He is also a former editor of Science News, author or editor of ten books, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). He is a fellow and a member of the executive council of Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), an international organization which promotes scientific inquiry. He has written extensively about a variety of science topics including astronomy, space exploration, the earth and planetary sciences, archaeology, technology, the history and philosophy of science, public issues of science, and the critical examination of pseudoscience and fringe-science. Personal life
Frazier received a B.A. in Journalism from the University of Colorado and a M.S. in Journalism from Columbia University.He is a member of the National Association of Science Writers and the American Geophysical Union. He lives with his wife, Ruth, in Albuquerque, New Mexico. She is an international consultant in community development and a former president (1974-1997) of Futures for Children, an organization which works with American Indians of the Southwest. They have a son, Chris; their daughter, Michele aka Lady Ganga, died February 5, 2012, from cervical cancer, two-and-a-half months after completing a 700-mile expedition (called Starry Ganga) standup paddleboarding down the Ganges River in India to spread awareness about cervical cancer and its preventability and treatment. Career
Frazier was the earth sciences editor of Science News in 1969–70. He was named managing editor in 1970–71, then editor from 1971 to 1977, and remained a contributing editor until 1981. In December 1973 he traveled to Antarctica and the South Pole and wrote a series of articles reporting on the historic U.S. research into the continent's geologic and climatic history and the environmental impact of such research.In 1976 Frazier reported on the organizing conference at which the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP, was founded. In a discussion with James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Frazier said that Isaac Asimov being associated with the organization "gave it immense status and authority" in his eyes. The committee published a journal called The Zetetic featuring articles examining the claims of occultism and pseudoscientific theories. In August 1977 Frazier became the editor of the journal, and with the first issue of 1978 its name was changed to the Skeptical Inquirer. Frazier has written articles in every issue for thirty-five years and participated in every national and international conference of the organization since 1977. Examples of his recent editor's columns and reports that feature popular science topics include "The Winter of Our Discontent" (about attacks on climate science), "Why the Bem Experiments Are Not Parapschology's Next Big Thing", "Getting People Emotionally Invested", and "The Roswell Syndrome....and Pseudoskepticism". His comprehensive history of CSICOP was published in The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal.From 1983 to 2006, he concurrently worked as a full-time staff member at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where he wrote about its research projects and for the last 11 years edited its award-winning newspaper, the Sandia Lab News. He retired as a Principal Member of Laboratory Staff. Frazier's most recent book Science Under Siege: Defending Science, Exposing Pseudoscience was featured by Science News for its "engaging, insightful, and often surprising essays by researchers and journalists" about "what science is and is not, and what happens when the facts get twisted." Three prominent scientists gave testimonials about the book. Astrophysicist and author Neil deGrasse Tyson wrote "Science Under Siege is a welcome antidote to the profound science illiteracy that, today, permeates American pop culture and the press." Harvard University cognitive scientist and author Steven Pinker called the book "An entertaining and eye-opening collection of essays that advance the battle against ignorance and superstition." Williams College astronomer Jay M. Pasachoff said "<mask>'s collection brings a well-chosen selection of logical and well-reasoned pieces before a general audience that would enjoy and benefit from their analyses and exposés."Frazier has also hosted panels and made presentations at many other conferences. They include

 The Second World Skeptic's Congress at the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, July 1998 where he spoke on a panel alongside Sergei Kapitza and Vern Bullough
 The World Congress on Scientific Inquiry and Human Well-Being organized by Center for Inquiry and China Research Institute for Science Popularization, Beijing, China, October 2007
 The Northeast Conference of Skeptical Societies (NECSS), New York City, April 2011 which was the basis for this Skeptical inquirer article "Who Really Wants Reliable Scientific Information?". The Amazing Meeting 8, Las Vegas, July 2010, where he participated in a panel titled "The Origins of the Modern Skeptic Movement" alongside James Randi, Ray Hyman, and Paul Kurtz
 The World Conference of Science Journalists, Doha, Qatar, June 2011 which became the focus of two articles "The Age of Denialism: When Beliefs Trump Scientific Facts" and "Pseudoscience, Mythbusting, Evolution Gain Attention of World's Top Science Journalists". CSICon New Orleans, October 2011 where he gave opening remarks and also moderated a panel on Science and Public Policy at which Ron Lindsay spoke on the subject of Food Fears -- The Need for Appropriate Risk Assessment. The Australian Skeptics National Convention in November 2014. He spoke on organized skepticism of the past 40 years and of today. Awards and honors
In 1985 the University of Colorado presented him with the George Norlin Award for outstanding achievement by an alumnus.The American Humanist Association awarded Frazier the Humanist Pioneer Award in 1995 for his "effective worldwide advancement of rational skepticism". He received the In Praise of Reason Award, the highest honor from the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal in 2001. The award is given in recognition of distinguished contributions in the use of critical inquiry, scientific evidence, and reason in evaluating claims to knowledge. Other recipients of this award include Carl Sagan, Murray Gell-Mann, Stephen Jay Gould, Martin Gardner, Ray Hyman and Nobel laureate physicist Leon Lederman. Frazier was elected a Fellow of the AAAS in 2005 for his "distinguished contributions to the public understanding of science through writing for and editing popular science magazines that emphasize science news and scientific reasoning and methods." Books
 The Violent Face of Nature: Severe Phenomena and Natural Disasters, by <mask> <mask>, William Morrow, New York, 1979,
 Paranormal Borderlands of Science, edited by <mask> <mask>, Prometheus Books, 1981, . Our Turbulent Sun, by <mask> <mask>.Prentice Hall, 1982,
 Solar System. By <mask> <mask> and the Editors of Time-Life Books. Planet Earth Series. Time-Life Books, 1985,
 Science Confronts the Paranormal edited by <mask> <mask>, Prometheus Books, 1986, . The Hundredth Monkey: And Other Paradigms of the Paranormal, edited by <mask> <mask>well Incident, Alien Abductions, and Government Coverups, edited by <mask> <mask>, Barry Karr, and Joe Nickell, Prometheus Books, 1997, . Encounters With the Paranormal: Science, Knowledge, and Belief, edited by <mask> <mask>, 1998, Prometheus Books, .People of Chaco: A Canyon and Its Culture, by <mask> <mask>. Updated and Revised Edition, 2005, W.W. Norton, New York. Science Under Siege: Defending Science, Exposing Pseudoscience, by <mask> <mask>, 2009, Prometheus Books,

Notes

External links

 Skeptical Inquirer articles by <mask> Frazier

Living people
American skeptics
Critics of parapsychology
American science writers
University of Colorado alumni
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
American magazine editors
1942 births
Sandia National Laboratories people
Writers about religion and science

masks:
Kendrick Crosby Frazier
Ken Frazier
Kendrick
Frazier
Kendrick
Frazier
Kendrick
Frazier
Kendrick
Frazier
Kendrick
Frazier
Kendrick
Frazieros
Kendrick
Frazier
Kendrick
Frazier
Kendrick
Frazier
Kendrick
Frazier
Kendrick


texts:
<mask> is a German filmmaker, director, TV journalist, writer and producer. He is a member of the Deutsche Filmakademie and the German Academy for Football Culture. Childhood, education and early career
<mask> grew up in Bonn. After completing high school he studied Romance philology at Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University in Bonn. He received training as a narrator at Deutsche Welle between 1998 and 2002. <mask>, his wife and two daughters live in Bonn. During his school and college years, a worked at the cabaret theater "Pantheon" of his father <mask>, while also working as a reporter for a local city magazine and a private radio broadcaster (Radio Bonn/Rhein-Sieg).At the age of 24 he began a career in television, initially from 1996 to 1999 as a sports reporter at German Sports Television (now called Sport1) and later from 1999 to 2003 at the main sports desk of Kirch Media Group, Sat.1 (with the flagship program "Ran") and Premiere, where he worked as a filmmaker, presenter, commentator and field reporter. From 2009 to 2011 <mask> <mask> also served as a reporter for the Bundesliga broadcaster of Deutsche Telekom, "LIGA total!" Cinematic works
<mask> has worked as a self-employed producer and filmmaker since 2003, focusing on longer documentary films. His film projects often deal with socio-political aspects of sports (e.g. homophobia in football, hooligans, alcohol consumption and football, the German Football League for the Blind). An additional topic of emphasis is personal portraits, mostly about football players but also about actor Michael Jäger (an ex-hooligan who for ten years played a role on the early-evening soap opera "Marienhof"). His first full-length cinematic releases were two well-received, long-term documentaries, "Tom meets Zizou" (2011) and "Trainer!"(2013). <mask> has received numerous prizes and awards for his work, including the leading television award in Germany, the Grimme Prize (2010, for "Breaking the taboo"). Trilogy – Homophobia in Football (2008–2011)
Produced in 2008 for DSF, "The Great Taboo – Homosexuality and Football" was an "honest, dispassionate stock-taking" of the conditions facing homosexual soccer athletes in Germany. lt was the first extensive TV documentary to deal with the topic, and for this reason was honored by the Association of Lesbian and Gay Journalists (Bund Lesbischer und Schwuler Journalistlnnen, BLSJ) with the 2008 Felix Rexhausen Prize. (Statement by the panel of judges: "Outstandingly researched and with a broad scope, this is an immensely enlightening report [...] lt shows the entire spectrum – from the fans in the stadiums to lesbian ex-professionals such as Tanja Walther and Anouschka Bernhard and the transsexual referee Marie Karsten. Spectacular is the misguided statement by Cologne coach Christoph Daum, which made national headlines. The 45-minute documentary is as informative as it is sober, and subtly reveals how widespread anti-gay feeling is in the world of football – on every level."In the second part of the trilogy "Breaking the Taboo – The New Progress of Homosexuality in Football" (2009), <mask> devotes another 12 months to the topic and films ongoing developments. According to the Süddeutsche Zeitung newspaper, "<mask> has bequeathed a journalistic exclamation mark to the private broadcasting company DSF. He lives up to the expectations that the big publicly funded broadcasters have as yet failed to fulfill in even the most perfunctory way." One year after his first documentary, he investigates whether there were indeed any actual developments in the German Football Association and league following the "initial spark" and discussion in 2008. For this film, <mask> received the 2010 "Alternative Media Prize" and the Grimme Prize in the category Information & Culture/Special. Following the productions of "The Great Taboo – Homosexuality and Football" (2008) and "Breaking the Taboo – The New Progress of Homosexuality in Football" (2009), <mask> returned in March 2011 with the third part of his trilogy on the subject of "Homosexuality in Football" with a documentary for Sport 1 called "Football ls Everything - Even Gay" in which he asks just how difficult it really is to make long-term attitude changes about a taboo topic. The filmmaker monitored developments over 18 months to prepare this documentary.All three films were created in cooperation with the "German Academy for Football Culture". Tom Meets Zizou (2011)

<mask> <mask> spent eight years working on this long-term documentary about former professional Bundesliga athlete Thomas Broich. The film traces Broich's career in the Bundesliga, which began auspiciously but ended following numerous athletic and personal setbacks and disappointments with a transfer to Australian club Brisbane Roar in 2010. The result of some 40 meetings and interviews over eight years, the 135-minute cinema documentary entitled "Tom meets Zizou – Not a Midsummer Night's Dream" debuted as the opening film of the 8th International Football Film Festival 11mm in Berlin on 25 March 2011. The state-run rating authority German Film and Media Evaluation (Deutsche Film- und Medienbewertung, formerly FiImbewertungssteIIe Wiesbaden rated the film as "especially worthwhile". lt was distributed nationwide by mindjazz pictures with an opening date of 28 July 2011. The project enjoyed the support of the DFB Cultural Foundation.The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in late 2011 and was screened at international festivals including the International Young Audience Film Festival  in Posen, the Thinking Football Film Festival  in Bilbao, The ClNEfoot Festival in Rio de Janeiro and the Flutlicht Film Festival in Basel (on 1 February 2014 in a double feature with "TRAINER!" on the topic of Failure). "Tom meets Zizou" has been translated into English, Polish, Spanish and Portuguese. German broadcaster WDR showed a 90-minute TV version on 21 August 2012, and the film was awarded the 2012 VDS Television Prize. ln addition, it was nominated by the 11mm Football Film Festival for the award "Best Football Film of All Time". Mesut, 17 (2013)
The short film "Mesut, 17" was premiered at the 11mm Film Festival in Berlin in March, 2013. The nine-and-a-half-minute film about Mesut Özil, who was 17 at the time, was made from footage (some of it never before used) recorded for a broadcast report about a youth soccer tournament that Pause produced in early 2006. ln addition to Özil himself, who gave his first-ever TV interview, the film also features a statement by Joachim Löw, who at the time was assistant to Jürgen Klinsmann.Originally intended solely for use at the 10th anniversary of the 11mm Football Film Festival, the film made such a good impression on Mesut Özil that he posted it to his Facebook page which now boasts more than 20 million fans. Due to the subsequent widespread reporting in the media and the more than one million hits it received on YouTube alone, the film became an Internet phenomenon that was reported on in the main evening news on RTL. Trainer! (2013)
Released in early June 2013, "Trainer!" is <mask>'s second full-length documentary film, for which the filmmaker observed three young professional coaches (Frank Schmidt, André Schubert, Stephan Schmidt) over the course of a football season. The film also takes a look behind the scenes at the football teachers' training program of the German Football Association (DFB) led by Frank Wormuth. Established coaches like Jürgen Klopp, Hans Meyer, Armin Veh, Mirko Slomka, Peter Neururer, Thomas Schaaf and Michael Oenning also provide extensive insights.Altogether, <mask> spent six months researching and one year filming and editing. The film is a Pausefilm production commissioned by WDR (editor WDR: Steffen Simon). The television premiere of the 90-minute cut was broadcast on WDR on 3 June 2013, and the theater premiere of the 138-minute "director's cut" premiered on 11 June at the Babylon cinema in Berlin-Mitte. The film then toured Germany with the support of the DFB Cultural Foundation and distributor mindjazz pictures, garnering enthusiastic praise from the press. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 28, 2013. ln early 2014 <mask> received the VDS Television Prize, having already-been nominated for the 2014 Adolf Grimme Prize. "Trainer!" will be featured at the 2014 Flutlicht Film Festival in Basel and at the Joga Bonito!Festival in Vienna. 2018: Being Mario Götze
 2018: Inside Borussia Dortmund

Awards
 2008: Felix Rexhausen Prize for The great taboo
 2010: Adolf Grimme Prize for Tabubruch – Breaking the taboo
 2010: Alternative Media Prize for Tabubruch – Breaking the taboo
 2011: Rated "especially worthwhile" for Tom meets Zizou
 2012: VDS Television Prize for Tom meets Zizou
 2013: Best Football Film of all time: Nomination for Tom meets Zizou
 2013: VDS Television Prize for Trainer! 2014: Adolf Grimme Prize: Nomination for Trainer! 2018: Rated "worthwhile" for Being Mario Götze
 2019: AIPS – International Sport Media Award: Nomination for Being Mario Götze
2019: Best German Sport Film (Being Mario Götze)

Other Engagements
 Member of the Deutsche Filmakademie. Member of the German Academy for Football Culture. Cooperation with DFB - Committees fighting discrimination and racism in soccer. Co-author of the DFB brochure about Football and Homosexuality.Co-author of the book My First Trip to the Stadium. References

External links

 Website pausefilm
 Website Tom meets Zizou
 Website Trainer! Living people
Mass media people from Bonn
1972 births

masks:
Aljoscha Pause
Aljoscha Pause
Pause
Rainer Pause
Aljoscha
Pause
Pause
Pause
Pause
Pause
Pause
Pause
Aljoscha
Pause
Pause
Pause
Pause


texts:
<mask> is an international real estate developer and investor. He is one of the largest multi-family apartment owner/operators (78,000+- apartments) and condominium converters in the United States, converting through 2017, 16,028 rental apartments to cooperative and condominium ownership throughout the United States. He also served as Operations Adviser to the Minister of Privatization, Government of Romania; Chairman, Committee on Romanian Banking & Finance Operations, United States Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC;
Co-Chairman, Committee for Romanian Enterprise Development and Operations, United States Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC; Operations Advisor to the Interior Minister, Government of Austria; Operations and Financial Advisor to the President, Government of Romania. He is currently the chairman and CEO of Guterman Partners, LLC. <mask> was born on June 13, 1942. He began a career in real estate at the age of 18 as a night porter for Fred Trump, father of famed developer  Donald Trump. The Brooklyn-born son of a beverage wholesaler, Guterman amassed a fortune with over 18,600 rental apartments purchased for his own account as well as an additional 16,028 apartments which he purchased and  converted to condominium and co-ops in sixteen states and separately, operated more than 60,000 rental apartments in fourteen states for unaffiliated, third-party owners.Guterman also purchased, rehabilitated and resold 605 single family houses in 7 states and purchased and operated more than 3,250,000 net rentable square feet of office properties in eight states, as well as large-scale housing and commercial developments throughout the United States, Europe and the Middle East. Beginning in the 1980s, he became one of the largest owner/operators and property managers in the United States, owning and operating over 18,600 rental apartments in 55 residential communities for his own long term interests, together with an additional 16,000 apartments which he purchased and operated for condominium and cooperative conversion in 21 residential communities in sixteen states. He also operated more than 60,000 apartments in over 250 third party owned rental communities nationwide. Guterman's companies were also the original builder/developer of Roosevelt Island's residential housing as well as the developer of Harris Branch, the 1808 acre planned unit development in Austin, Texas and several developments in Europe and the Middle East. Additionally and in order to enhance is firm's construction capabilities, Guterman acquired two nationwide construction companies known as the Titan Group, Ltd and Sovereign Construction Co. Ltd. Historical projects include:

 New York's Roosevelt Island Development and Housing, New York, New York. United States Gold Depository, Fort Knox, Kentucky,
 United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
 Cleveland Hopkins Airport, Cleveland, Ohio,

Beginning in the 1990s through 2016, Guterman planned, organized and directly negotiated the acquisition of the largest single, direct purchase of office properties (Patriot American Investors) in the history of The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, hereafter known as Mack-Cali Real Estate Investment Trust as well as thirty-one multiple tenant office buildings containing more than 3,250,000 net rentable square feet of office space located in Eight States

Additionally, during the same period in the 1990s, Guterman also directly negotiated and completed the purchase of the original hotel properties together known as the “Patriot American Hospitality Portfolio” from The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”).Thereafter known as Wyndham Hotels and Resorts. Through 2016, Guterman has also acquired 14 luxury hotels containing approximately 2,366 keys, located in New York, New Orleans, London, Europe and the Middle East, as well the purchasing the only magnetic monorail system in the United States. Guterman continues to develop condominium housing, with recent communities in Chicago, Illinois;  Fort Myers, Florida;   Fort Pierce, Florida;  Naples, Florida;  Ocean Springs, Mississippi;  Biloxi, Mississippi;  St. Paul, Minnesota and Phoenix, Arizona and Houston, Texas

A bar mitzvah aboard the QE2

In September 1986, Guterman drew media attention when he chartered the famed ocean liner Queen Elizabeth 2 along with a crew of over 1,000, for his 13-year-old son's bar mitzvah party. Although the QE2 had been chartered for cruises by corporations, the Guterman family party was a first of its kind, said a spokesman for the Cunard line. The guests were mostly relatives, friends and neighbors of Gutermans who lived in Bedford, N.Y., in Westchester County, or friends of the children from camp or school. In attendance were numerous politicians and real estate figures including New York City Council, President Andrew J. Stein, Comptroller Harrison J. Goldin. The ship set sail at 6 p.m. though helicopters continued to touch down on the sports deck to drop off late-comers, including Ivan F. Boesky, the stock and investment speculator.When asked about the cruise in a recent interview for his upcoming biography, Guterman remarks that he maintains mixed feelings about the event. "On the one hand, it was a fantastic and extraordinary celebration for my family. As a father, I was proud of my children and wanted to give them the things I never had growing up as a poor kid in Brooklyn. On the other hand, when you wind up on the front page Leisure Section of New York Times, you leave yourself open for backlash, especially in those rare times of financial struggle." The Guterman Collection

Beginning in the 1970s, Guterman acquired a collection of 17th-century, Dutch and Flemish Old Master paintings. The collection was referred to by experts as one of the very best in America. The paintings were housed in a  gallery (created in the image of Manhattan's famous Frick Gallery) in a wing of Guterman's Bedford Estate.Artists in Guterman's collection included Rembrandt,  Renoir, Barent Fabritius, Solomon van Ruysdael, Frans Hals, Hendrick Avercamp, Jan Lievens, Govaert Flinck, and Jan van Goyen, to name a few. 1988 tax law reversal

In 1988, a new tax law eliminated the tax shelter aspect of the co-op conversion model, making them less desirable and resulting in heavy financial setbacks for Guterman and his Companies. Having already taken financial losses in the "Black Monday" stock market crash of 1987,  Guterman placed his Stanhope Hotel (purchased in 1985 for $19,600,000) into Chapter 11 and immediately sold the hotel to Tobishima (a property company from Japan) for over $76,000,000. Further setbacks were created by a divorce decree that forced Guterman to sell his renowned art collection, considered at the time to be the most valuable such selection of Old Master paintings ever auctioned in New York. While the sale of Guterman's paintings brought "the highest total ever for an Old Master sale in America" and set 11 artist's records for price, to some it was disappointing. Describing the buying as "very selective", John L. Marion, Sotheby's chairman, said: "On the one hand, it is the highest total ever for an Old Master sale in America and there were 11 artist's records set. On the other hand, you could observe the fact that there was little or no bidding from dealers.I think this means these were not the kind of pictures they buy for stock." Guterman's active support of some New York politicians, such as Ed Koch and Comptroller Harrison J. Goldin also brought repeated scrutiny from the New York news media. A new law was passed in 1988 that limited private campaign contributions and drew scrutiny to both Donald Trump and <mask>. While their contributions were discussed at the hearings, the new law did not prohibit their practices that drew so much attention:

For example, the developer Donald Trump told the commission that in 1985 he spread tens of thousands of dollars in contributions to City Council President Andrew J. Stein among 18 subsidiary companies to skirt the state's limits of $50,000 for individual and $5,000 for corporate contributions. Another developer, <mask>, contributed $100,000 in one month to Mr. Goldin by parceling the gifts among 21 companies. The Patriot deal drew criticism from congress in a report that called the RTC model for disposing of savings and loan properties in bulk "wasteful" and "uncompetitive." Further, the report criticized the RTC for negotiating with Guterman while he was under investigation, though it was also noted that Guterman had been falsely accused and that all charges had been withdrawn or dismissed.Trusteeships and charitable participation
Guterman served as a trustee of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Adelphi University, New York City Opera, Dallas Opera, Young Men's Philanthropic League, Rippowam Cisqua School, and Harvey School. He also served as a commissioner of the United States Romania Action Commission under the sponsorship of the United States Center for Strategic and International Studies, as well as Chairman of its banking and financing committees. Guterman served as personal financial advisor to the Minister of Privatization, Government of Romania. Guterman is a founder of Albert Einstein College of Medicine as well as a member of the Society of Founders of Miami University College of Medicine  He was awarded "Humanitarian of the Year" by the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation. Guterman is a founding benefactor of Research Laboratory for the Study of Tumor Cell Biology and Research Laboratory for the Study of Immunodeficiency Disease at the National Asthma Center. He also established a joint Research Chair in Medical Engineering at Harvard University and The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. References

Further reading
 Hirschman, Elizabeth C. 1990."Secular Immortality and the American Ideology of Affluence," The Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Jun., 1990), pp. 31–42. External links
 Guterman Partners LLC
 New York Times Article: Managing Those Occupied Apartments
 New York Times Article:  A King's Fall: Tax Changes Reverse Rise Of Developer
 New York Times Article: Guterman's Troubles Jolt Client Co-ops

Living people
Adelphi University people
American Jews
American real estate businesspeople
Businesspeople from New York City
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Gerald Guterman
Gerald Guterman
Gerald Guterman
Gerald Guterman


texts:
<mask> is a Sri Lankan American fiction writer and novelist. <mask> won the 2010 Hyphen Asian American Short Story Contest for his short story, "Pilgrims (What is Lost and You Cannot Regain)," which is also published in the Fall 2010 issue of Hyphen, Issue No. 21, the "New Legacy Issue." His debut novel, Your Heart is a Muscle the Size of a Fist (2016) was released on January 12, 2016 by Lee Boudreaux Books, an imprint of Little, Brown and Company. Background
The biracial son of a Sri Lankan father and a mother from Montana, <mask> grew up in central Pennsylvania and has traveled and lived in 48 US states and 35 countries, including Greece, Guatemala, Chile, Argentina, China, India, London, Montreal, and New York City. <mask> graduated from Penn State University in 2002 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economic Geography, for which he won the 2002 E.W. Miller Award for excellence in writing in the discipline.He briefly attended the University of Houston's Creative Writing MFA Program and the London Film School, where he wrote a feature film screenplay in a course taught by Ellis Freeman. He received his Master of Fine Arts (MFA) in Creative Writing/Fiction degree in 2010 from Hunter College in New York City, where he studied with Peter Carey, Nathan Englander, Claire Messud and Colum McCann. At Hunter College, Yapa received the 2008-2010 Alumni Scholarship & Welfare Fund Fellowship, a grant given to only one MFA fiction student every three years, and was twice selected as a Hertog Fellow, working as a research fellow and research assistant to Ben Marcus and to Zadie Smith. Yapa has also received scholarships from the New York State Summer Writers Institute, the Bread Loaf Writers’ Conference, The Norman Mailer Writers Colony in Provincetown, Massachusetts, and the University of Houston Presidential Fellowship. In 2009 and 2010, he was a Fiction Intern for Esquire magazine. In an interview with The Rumpus, <mask> states:

The first experience I ever had in a workshop was at VONA/Voices, the workshop for writers of color. I did it in San Francisco and it was an incredible experience.I studied with Chitra Divakaruni, and she encouraged me to apply to the University of Houston. [...] It was kind of a tough year. Houston was very much a literature program, and not reading for writers exactly, but reading from a critical perspective. I realized right away I didn’t want to do that. [...] I realized what kind of writer I was, and I don’t know, I love Faulkner, but I don’t wanna get into the themes of As I Lay Dying. I wanted to learn how to do multiple narrators. So I did a year there, I dropped out, I ended up at the London Film School for the summer.Then I went to New York State Summer Writers Institute and I met someone from Hunter. I’d never heard of Hunter. It was not really known at the time. Everything I said that I wanted in a program, she would tell me that’s what they had in Hunter. [...] I got in, and those guys, Peter Carey, Colum McCann, Claire Messud, Nathan Englander, all so talented, but with no ego. We all know talented writers don’t always apply to being good teachers, but they were incredible teachers. Writing

Short stories
<mask>'s short story, "Pilgrims (What Is Lost and You Cannot Regain)" won the 2010 Asian American Short Story Contest (or Hyphen Asian American Short Story Contest) sponsored by Hyphen magazine and the Asian American Writers' Workshop, the only national Pan-Asian American Writing Competition of its kind.The story is about a Sri Lankan couple named Asoka (wife) and Sanjay (husband) adjusting to life in an unnamed rural United States town, which they newly arrived in, where Asoka later meets an American farmer that rescues her from a fall on Thanksgiving Day, which changes her perspective on life. The story is also published in the Fall 2010 issue of Hyphen magazine, the "New Legacy Issue." Whiting Award-winning author Alexander Chee and Jaed Coffin, author of the memoir A Chant to Soothe Wild Elephants, were the judges, and the piece was called "a poignant story of anguish and reconciliation" in the announcement press release. "[The story] forces not only the Asian minority to reconcile his or her orientation to Anglo-dominant America, but also shows how dominant America has to reconcile its relationship to the Asian minority," Coffin said, continuing: "[i]n its final gorgeous pages, 'Pilgrims' opened a space for the discussion of what it means to be ethnic and American." Other short fiction pieces from Yapa have appeared in Pindeldyboz: Stories that Defy Classification such as "A Short Incident Involving a Boy, a Girl, Pigeons, and an Old Man with Advice" (Winter 2004). Other writing
His book reviews have also appeared in the Winter 2007 and Spring 2008 issues of The Multicultural Review. His interviews have been published in The Tottenville Review, and he has also been interviewed for topical articles in American Short Fiction.He has also contributed pieces to The Margins from the Asian American Writers' Workshop. Novels
<mask>'s debut novel, Your Heart is a Muscle the Size of a Fist (2016) was published on January 12, 2016 by Lee Boudreaux Books, an imprint of Little, Brown and Company. <mask> also appeared on the Late Night with Seth Meyers show along with other guests Eva Longoria and Jason Mantzoukas on  January 13, 2016 to promote the book. The novel is about a young man named Victor who gets involved in the turbulent backdrop of the 1999 Seattle WTO protests. The novel has also been named as "An Amazon Best Book of 2016," has been chosen as a Barnes & Noble Discover Great New Writers selection for the Winter of 2016, is one of Independent Bookseller's Debut Picks of the Season for Spring 2016, and an Indie Next Pick for January 2016. The novel has currently also received positive reviews from Publishers Weekly, Booklist, Library Journal (starred review), the Washington Post,  the Chicago Tribune, Entertainment Weekly, Flavorwire, Bustle, The Rumpus, and Bookpage. An excerpt from the novel also won second prize (and first prize in fiction) in The Miriam Weinberg Richter Memorial Award, a Hunter College writing competition judged by 2009 Impac Dublin winner Michael Thomas.Bibliography

Short stories
"Pilgrims (What Is Lost and You Cannot Regain)" (Hyphen Magazine, Fall 2010)
"A Short Incident Involving a Boy, a Girl, Pigeons, and an Old Man with Advice" (Pindeldyboz, Winter 2004)

Novels
Your Heart Is A Muscle The Size of a Fist (2016) (Lee Boudreaux Books)

External links
<mask> <mask>'s Official Site
The Rumpus Interview with <mask> Yapa
"Your Heart Is A Muscle The Size of A Fist" on Amazon
Pilgrims (What Is Lost and You Cannot Regain) at Hyphen Magazine
A Short Incident Involving a Boy, a Girl, Pigeons, and an Old Man with Advice at Pindeldyboz
<mask> Yapa Wins Hyphen/AAWW Short Story Contest

References

Living people
21st-century American novelists
American people of Sri Lankan descent
American male novelists
Hunter College alumni
American male short story writers
Sinhalese writers
21st-century American short story writers
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction winners
21st-century American male writers
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Sunil Yapa
Yapa
Yapa
Yapa
Yapa
Yapa
Yapa
Yapa
Sunil
Yapa
Sunil
Sunil


texts:
<mask> (born 19 August 1945) is an English singer and songwriter. He is the lead singer and lyricist for the rock band Deep Purple and is known for his powerful and wide-ranging singing voice. Initially influenced by Elvis Presley, Gillan started and fronted several local bands in the mid-1960s, and eventually joined Episode Six when their original singer left. He first found widespread commercial success after joining Deep Purple in 1969. He resigned from the band in June 1973, having given a lengthy notice period to their managers. After a short time away from the music business, he resumed his music career with solo bands the <mask>an Band and Gillan, before a year-long stint as the vocalist for Black Sabbath in 1983. The following year, Deep Purple reformed and two more successful albums followed before he left in 1989.He returned to the group in 1993, and has remained its lead singer ever since. In addition to his main work—performing with Deep Purple and other bands during the 1970s and 1980s—he sang the role of Jesus in the original recording of Andrew Lloyd Webber's rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar (1970), performed in the charity supergroup Rock Aid Armenia, and engaged in a number of business investments and ventures, including a hotel, a motorcycle manufacturer, and music recording facilities at Kingsway Studios. More recently, he has performed solo concerts concurrently with his latter career in Deep Purple, and his work and affinity with Armenia, combined with his continued friendship with Tony Iommi since his brief time in Black Sabbath, has led him to form the supergroup WhoCares with Iommi. His solo career outside of Deep Purple was given a comprehensive overview with the Gillan's Inn box set in 2006. Early life
Gillan was born on 19 August 1945 at Chiswick Maternity Hospital. His father, Bill, was a storekeeper at a factory in London, who came from Govan, Glasgow and left school at 13, while his mother, Audrey, came from a family where she was the eldest of four children, who all enjoyed music and singing, and whose father had been an opera singer and amateur pianist. His sister, Pauline, was born in 1948.One of <mask>'s earliest musical memories was of his mother playing "Blue Rondo à la Turk" on the piano. He grew up moving between council flats before settling in a three-bedroom semi-detached on a council estate in Cranford, Middlesex. He was fond of animals in his early life, and enjoyed reading Dan Dare comic strips. His parents separated after Audrey discovered Bill had had an affair that started while he was stationed in the army during World War II. He began attending Hounslow College and stayed there through his early teenage years. He was influenced by Elvis Presley by hearing his records at home and at the local youth club. <mask> briefly attended Acton County Grammar School (now Acton High School) to take his O Levels but became distracted from studies after leaving the local cinema having watched a Presley film, deciding that he wanted to be a movie actor.He subsequently took a job manufacturing ice machines in Hounslow. Career

Early years
<mask>'s first attempt at a band was called Garth Rockett and the Moonshiners, and consisted of himself on vocals and drums, alongside guitarist Chris Aylmer, who later went on to work with Bruce Dickinson. The band covered songs such as Tommy Roe's "Sheila" and The Shadows' "Apache". He discovered he couldn't sing and play drums at the same time, so settled on the role of lead vocalist, performing regularly at St Dunstan's Hall, the local youth club. He soon switched to another local band who also played at Dunstan's Hall, Ronnie and the Hightones, who renamed themselves as the Javelins after he joined. The band played covers of Sonny Boy Williamson, Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis and Little Richard, and were early customers of then-local music shop owner Jim Marshall. The Javelins disbanded in March 1964, with guitarist Gordon Fairminer leaving to join what eventually became the group Sweet.After the Javelins, Gillan joined a soul band, Wainwright's Gentlemen, which included another future Sweet member, drummer Mick Tucker. The band recorded a number of tracks including a cover of The Hollies hit "Ain't That Just Like Me". Although the band played several local popular music venues, they did not find success, so in April 1965, he decided to join Hatch End-based Episode Six. Episode Six

Gillan had been contacted by Episode Six's manager Gloria Bristow, who worked for Helmut Gordon, original manager of The Detours, later to become the Who. He replaced original lead singer Andy Ross, who left to get married, and joined keyboardist and singer Sheila Carter, guitarists Graham Carter and Tony Lander, bassist Roger Glover and drummer Harvey Shields. Gillan considers Episode Six to be his first truly professional band, and in their early days they were sponsored and championed by Tony Blackburn, who occasionally accompanied Gillan on stage. Later, as well as performing concerts in the UK, Episode Six also toured Germany and Beirut, and had regular appearances on the BBC Light Programme.During his time with Episode Six, <mask> began writing songs together with Glover, forming an ultimately long-lasting partnership. After a strained tour of Beirut, Shields left the band and was replaced first by John Kerrison, then by Mick Underwood. Underwood had previously played in The Outlaws with Ritchie Blackmore, and it was via him that <mask> knew about Deep Purple. By 1969, after having released nine singles, none of which charted in the UK, and finding their style of music too restrictive for him, he decided to leave Episode Six. Deep Purple, 1969–1973

By spring 1969, Deep Purple had had a top 5 US hit with "Hush", but the band, particularly Ritchie Blackmore, Jon Lord and <mask>, decided their future lay in hard rock, rather than the psychedelic pop sound of the early band. In June 1969, Blackmore, Lord and Paice went to see Episode Six perform at a pub gig and subsequently offered <mask> the job as new lead singer, asking him if he also knew any good bassists. Since Glover was by this point a reasonably experienced songwriter, he was also recruited.They were both accepted into the band on 16 June 1969, replacing singer Rod Evans and bassist Nick Simper respectively. The old line up of Deep Purple continued to do several concerts until the end of The Book of Taliesyn Tour. Evans and Simper were both fired by managers Tony Edwards and John Colletta after the last show of that tour, which was at the Top Rank Club in Cardiff on 4 July. <mask> made his first onstage appearance with Deep Purple at the Speakeasy in London's West End on 10 July. As the band had only been rehearsing for a few weeks, they relied on older instrumentals such as "Wring That Neck" and "Mandrake Root" to fill in a set. Unsure of what to do, Gillan found a pair of congas onstage, and decided to play them during these instrumental sections. Deep Purple Mk.II continued rehearsing at Hanwell Community Centre.One of <mask>'s first contributions to the band during these rehearsals was the vocal melody and lyrics to "Child in Time". At Hanwell, the band wrote what would eventually become most of In Rock during 1969, though they were interrupted in September to perform Lord's Concerto for Group and Orchestra, a one-off performance in September at the Royal Albert Hall with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. <mask>, along with Blackmore, was initially unhappy at having to perform the concerto, and wrote the lyrics to the second movement on the afternoon of the performance on a napkin in an Italian restaurant. In 1970, Gillan received a call from Tim Rice, asking him to perform the part of Jesus on the original 1970 album recording of Jesus Christ Superstar, having been impressed with his performance on "Child in Time". After rehearsing a few times with Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber, he recorded his entire vocal contributions in three hours. He was subsequently offered the lead role in the 1973 film adaptation. Gillan demanded to not only be paid £250,000 for his role in the movie, but also insisted, without the consent of his manager, that the entire band be paid because filming would conflict with a scheduled tour.The producers declined, instead casting Ted Neeley in the Jesus role, and <mask> continued on in the band. After 1971, particularly after the release of Fireball, <mask> started to become disillusioned with the workload of the band, who had not had any holiday since their initial rehearsals at Hanwell. He started drinking, and relationships between him and the rest of the band became strained, particularly with Blackmore. On 6 November 1971, he collapsed with hepatitis while waiting to board a plane in Chicago, cancelling the remainder of a US tour. By December 1972, having recorded Machine Head, Made in Japan and the yet to be released Who Do We Think We Are with Deep Purple, <mask> finally decided the workload had driven him to exhaustion. Unlike some band members, he was unhappy about Made in Japan, and disliked live albums in general. He tended to go into the studio after the rest of the band had recorded and finished the backing tracks, particularly for Who Do We Think We Are, to lay down his vocals separately.He had been continually at loggerheads with Blackmore, disagreeing about music regularly, which culminated in Gillan writing "Smooth Dancer" about him. While on tour in Dayton, Ohio, he sat down and wrote a resignation letter to the band's managers, stating he intended to leave the band, effective from 30 June 1973. After Deep Purple
After his departure from Deep Purple, <mask> retired from performing to pursue various unsuccessful business ventures. These included a £300,000 investment in a hotel near Oxford. A second was the Mantis Motor Cycles project, which suffered from the collapse of the British motorcycle industry in the mid-1970s, culminating in <mask> being forced to file for liquidation. A more successful opportunity, however, came with his investment in Kingsway Studios in 1974. This led to a live performance at the Butterfly Ball on 16 October 1974, replacing Ronnie James Dio at the last minute.<mask> Band

In 1975, <mask> formed the <mask>an Band with guitarist Ray Fenwick, keyboardist Mike Moran, quickly replaced with Mickey Lee Soule and then Colin Towns on keyboards, Mark Nauseef on drums and John Gustafson on bass. Their first album, Child in Time, was released in July 1976, followed by Clear Air Turbulence in April 1977 and Scarabus in October. The sound of the band had a distinct jazz-rock aspect which, although interesting to Gillan, proved commercially unsuccessful, particularly since punk rock was popular at the time. <mask>

<mask> then formed a new band, simply called Gillan, retaining Towns (who would co-write most of the material), and adding guitarist Steve Byrd, bassist John McCoy and drummer Pete Barnacle. Byrd and Barnacle were quickly replaced by Bernie Tormé and by former Episode Six bandmate Mick Underwood, after Gillan saw Torme playing with his punk trio. This band had a more high-powered hard rock sound, and the release of Mr. Universe in October 1979 saw <mask> back in the UK charts although the independent record company the album came out on – Acrobat Records – folded soon after the album was released, prompting a contract with Richard Branson's Virgin Records. In Christmas 1979 <mask> was visited by Blackmore, who offered him the position of lead vocalist in Rainbow.<mask> declined due to the smaller workload the band had compared to his own. However, the pair did jam together for three nights at Marquee Club – the first time the two men had shared a stage since 1973. <mask> continued releasing Glory Road in 1980, which resulted in the band making the first of several appearances on Top of the Pops. He considered the album to be his best work since Machine Head nearly a decade earlier. Following subsequent album Future Shock, Torme was fired after missing an appearance on Top of the Pops, and was replaced by Janick Gers. Gers appeared on the band's next two albums, Double Trouble and Magic. In 1982 <mask> announced the band would fold, as he needed to rest his damaged vocal cords.The rest of the band Gillan, particularly McCoy and Towns, were not happy at the sudden disbanding of the group so soon after the success of Magic, and sued Gillan for royalties. Black

masks:
Ian Gillan
Ian Gill
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Ian
Ian Paice
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Ian Gillan
Gillan
Ian Gill
Gillan
Gillan
Ian Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Ian Gillan


texts:
 Sabbath

In 1983, manager Don Arden invited Gillan to join Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler and Bill Ward, all founding members of Black Sabbath, to form a supergroup. Although the band had reservations, on 6 April 1983, it was formally announced that <mask> had replaced Ronnie James Dio in Sabbath. The group recorded Born Again at the Manor Studios in Oxfordshire. Ward recalled that he "didn't particularly like some of the lyrics that <mask> was bringing forward and putting into the songs. Not because <mask> doesn't write good lyrics or anything like that; I think <mask> is an excellent performer, great singer and often at times I think his lyrics can be quite brilliant. But I just have a personal difference in what I like to hear in the way of lyrics, and so I felt terribly disconnected."Citing health problems, Ward decided not to accompany the others during the subsequent tour, and was replaced by Bev Bevan. <mask> was required to learn Sabbath's old repertoire, but had difficulty remembering the words. His solution was to write the lyrics on a perspex folder and put it on the stage floor, turning the pages with his feet. Unfortunately dry ice on stage made it impossible to read the words, resulting in the audience catching glimpses of him peering over the microphone to sing a few lines and then disappearing below the dry ice to read the next set. Along with material from Born Again and older Sabbath numbers, the band regularly played Deep Purple's "Smoke on the Water" as an encore. Gillan decided that he could not have a long-term role as Black Sabbath's singer and quit the group after a second North American tour. Reunion of Deep Purple, 1984–89 and 1992–present

After the disappointment of Black Sabbath, Gillan joined a reunited Deep Purple in April 1984, announcing their comeback on Tommy Vance's radio show.The reformed band rehearsed in Stowe, Vermont and recorded the album Perfect Strangers which was followed by a highly successful world tour. Another studio album with this formation, The House of Blue Light followed in 1987 but Gillan was concerned with the final results, stating "There's something missing in the overall album. I can't feel the spirit of the band." This was followed by the live album Nobody's Perfect in 1988. The live album also featured a studio re-recording of the 1968 hit "Hush" with <mask> on vocals, to commemorate Deep Purple's 20th anniversary. (The original 1968 release had been sung by Rod Evans). Gillan later remarked that the album was "the embodiment of all the things wrong with Purple."In contrast to his experiences with Deep Purple in the 1970s, <mask> felt frustrated that the band were no longer working enough. To fulfill his contract with Virgin, he formed a side project with Glover, writing and recording songs which didn't fit Purple's established hard rock style, which resulted in the album Accidentally on Purpose. By 1989, tensions between <mask> and Blackmore had resurfaced, due to the former's greater enthusiasm for touring and differences over the music – the song "Mitzi Dupree" on The House of Blue Light is the original demo as Blackmore refused to re-record it. This culminated in Blackmore calling a rehearsal session without <mask>. After an acrimonious argument Glover told Gillan, "<mask> you've gone too far this time," and he was fired. <mask>, meanwhile, formed a new version of Garth Rockett and the Moonshiners with keyboardist Mark Buckle, bassist Keith Mulholland, drummer Louis Rosenthal and guitarists Harry Shaw and Steve Morris. The band toured regularly through 1989, and recorded the album Naked Thunder.<mask> later expressed dissatisfaction with the album, calling it "rather hum-de-dum". During this time, <mask> also made an appearance on a re-recording of "Smoke on the Water" with Rock Aid Armenia, consisting of himself with Bryan Adams, Tony Iommi, David Gilmour, Roger Taylor, Brian May, Bruce Dickinson and Paul Rodgers as a charity record for aid relief in Armenia following the then-recent earthquake. He continued to tour with his solo band, albeit with several line-up changes throughout Europe, the US and Russia. At the urging of Glover, Lord and Paice, who wanted him in the fold for the band's 25th anniversary tour, <mask> rejoined Deep Purple in 1992 to record the album The Battle Rages On. <mask> was unhappy with working on the album, as it had already been partially completed with Joe Lynn Turner, and he was only required to write replacement lyrics and vocal melodies, which, unsurprisingly, drew criticism from Blackmore. Blackmore left Deep Purple after the European tour promoting the album in 1993. <mask> and Blackmore subsequently repaired their relationship with each other.<mask> was especially enthusiastic about carrying on after Blackmore's departure, and after a brief stint with Joe Satriani, Deep Purple recruited Dixie Dregs/Kansas guitarist Steve Morse. He was keen to make changes to the live set immediately, adding the then-seldom played "Maybe I'm a Leo" (named after <mask>'s birth sign) and "When a Blind Man Cries" – the latter becoming a mainstay in the band's setlist ever since. He said that their first album with Morse, Purpendicular, "was a such important record for Deep Purple that without that [other records] couldn't have been possible." He has remained Purple's lead singer, though the band has found more success touring than with producing records. Gillan pays particular interest to the lyrics in Deep Purple and considers it his prime composing role within the band. Discussing the importance of lyrics, he said "Words have to sound good. They have to sound like an instrument, they have to have the right percussive value."He described the words of 2003's Bananas as "politics mostly." Later solo activity
Though Gillan has kept touring with Deep Purple regularly since 1994, he has found time to commit to other projects. On 31 March 2006 <mask> appeared at the Tommy Vance tribute concert in London. He was accompanied by Roger Glover, Steve Morris, Dean Howard, Michael Lee Jackson, Harry James, Sim Jones and Richard Cottle. In April 2006 <mask> released a CD/multimedia project to document his 44-year career called Gillan's Inn. Tony Iommi, Jeff Healey, Joe Satriani, Dean Howard, as well as current and former members of Deep Purple such as Jon Lord, Roger Glover, <mask>, Don Airey and Steve Morse are featured on this 2006 CD and DVD. The project, produced by Nick Blagona, includes a re-recorded selection of his Deep Purple, Black Sabbath and solo tracks.At the same time as Gillan's Inn, <mask> announced that his solo albums with the <mask> Band and <mask> from the 1970s and 1980s would be re-issued late in 2006 and early 2007 through Demon Records. <mask> performed the vocals in the song Eternity from the 2006 video game Blue Dragon, composed by Nobuo Uematsu. <mask> sang on two songs off the Jon Lord & Hoochie Coochie Men studio album, Danger. White Men Dancing, released in late 2007. On 2 April 2007 Gillan released a DVD Highway Star – A Journey in Rock. The DVD has 6 hours of footage including documentaries and music clips. This was followed in February 2008 by a double live album on Edel Records, Live in Anaheim that features <mask> and Deep Purple classic songs and several rarities.A companion DVD was released in May 2008. On 3 May 2008 <mask> performed at the Jeff Healey memorial concert in Toronto, Canada. He had previously played live with Healey in Toronto in February 2005. He released a studio album entitled One Eye to Morocco in March 2009. In the 2010s, Gillan performed occasionally with orchestras in Europe, including rearrangements of Deep Purple songs. WhoCares

<mask> has expressed particular fondness for Armenia and has maintained popularity there since Rock Aid Armenia in 1989, which has led to him forming the supergroup WhoCares as a side-project to Deep Purple. On 2 October 2009, in honour of the 20th anniversary of Rock Aid Armenia, <mask> together with Tony Iommi, Geoff Downes, and the project organiser Jon Dee were received by the Prime Minister of Armenia who awarded them with the republic's Orders of Honour.On 26 and 27 March 2010, in Yerevan, <mask> performed with State Philharmonic Orchestra of Armenia. At a press conference in Yerevan on 27 March, <mask> said he considers Armenia his spiritual motherland. In 2010, <mask> met Tony Iommi, Nicko McBrain and Jon Lord, Mikko Lindström from HIM and Jason Newsted at a studio in London to finish recording a song called "Out of my Mind", which was released the following year. This is for the benefit of the music school to be built in Gyumri, Armenia – a project <mask> has been working on with others since his 1990 solo concerts in Yerevan. On the flight back from Armenia in 2011, after each receiving the Armenian Presidential medal of Honour, <mask> and Iommi decided to form the side project WhoCares for ad hoc recordings (and possible performances) dedicated to raising money for specific causes. On 20 September 2013 <mask> participated in the opening of the Octet Music School in Gyumri. The Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church of America named <mask> as its 2014 "Friend of the Armenians" and presented him the award at the 112th Diocesan Assembly in New York City.Non-musical side projects
In 2010 <mask> hosted a documentary about the Polish composer and pianist Fryderyk Chopin in Poland directed by Jerzy Szkamruk. Chopin's Story is about the rise of the composer and documents his Polish years. The film has won several international awards, including the Best Documentary award at Tourfilm International Festival in Florianopolis, Brazil. It was aired on the Polish channel Discovery Historia on 21 June 2011. It was subsequently released on DVD. Personal life

<mask> was in a relationship with Zoe Dean from 1969 to 1978. They had known each other since his time in Episode Six.In 1984, <mask> married his girlfriend Bron, to whom he had dedicated "Keep It Warm" from Black Sabbath's 1983 album Born Again. They have twice since renewed their marriage vows. Their daughter <mask> is also working as a singer for the band Papa LeGal. <mask> lives near Lyme Regis, Dorset and has a home in southern Portugal. <mask> supports Queens Park Rangers and is a cricket fan. His surname is sometimes misspelled as "Gillian". <mask> himself made light of this in the lyrics to "MTV", a track from Deep Purple's 2005 album Rapture of the Deep, when he sang about "Mr. Grover 'n' Mr Gillian".Selected discography

with Deep Purple
 Concerto for Group and Orchestra (1969)
 Deep Purple in Rock  (1970)
 Fireball (1971)
 Machine Head (1972)
 Made in Japan (1972)
 Who Do We Think We Are (1973)
 Perfect Strangers (1984)
 The House of Blue Light (1987)
 The Battle Rages On (1993)
 Purpendicular (1996)
 Abandon (1998)
 Bananas (2003)
 Rapture of the Deep (2005)
 Now What?! (2013)
 Infinite (2017)
 Whoosh! (2020)
 Turning to Crime (2021)

with Black Sabbath
 Born Again (1983)

with The Javelins
 Sole Agency and Representation (1994)
 <mask> and the Javelins (2018)

with <mask>an Band & Gillan
 Child in Time (1976)
 Clear Air Turbulence (1977)
 Scarabus (1977)
 Live at the Budokan (1977/1983)
 Gillan (1978)
 Mr. Universe (1979)
 Glory Road (1980)
 Future Shock (1981)
 Double Trouble (live) (1981)
 Magic (1982)

Solo
 Accidentally on Purpose (1988, with Roger Glover)
 Naked Thunder (1990)
 Toolbox (1991)
 Dreamcatcher (1997)
 Gillan's Inn (2006)
 Live in Anaheim (2008)
 One Eye to Morocco (2009)

with WhoCares
(also known as <mask>, Tony Iommi & Friends)
 <mask> & Tony Iommi: WhoCares (2012)

Timeline

References
Citations

Sources

Further reading
 Candy Horizon (1980) – a book of poems written by Gillan. Smoke This! : The Warblings, Rants, Philosophies, and Musings from the Singer of Deep Purple (2006)

External links

 Authorised links from Gillan.com
 Official site for the Gillan's Inn Project

1945 births
Living people
English rock singers
English heavy metal singers
English male singer-songwriters
English tenors
British harmonica players
People from Hounslow
Deep Purple members
Black Sabbath members
Island Records artists
English people of Scottish descent
People educated at Acton County Grammar School
English expatriates in Portugal
EMI Records artists
Conga players
Gillan (band) members
Episode Six members
<mask> Gillan Band members
20th-century English male singers
21st-century English male singers
Blues rock

masks:
Gillan
Ian
Ian
Ian
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Ian
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Ian Paice
Gillan
Ian Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Ian Gillan
Gillan
Ian Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Ian Gillan
Ian Gillan
Gillan
Ian Gillan
Ian Gillan
Ian Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Grace Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Gillan
Ian Gillan
Ian Gill
Ian Gillan
Ian Gillan
Ian


texts:
<mask> (born October 2, 1967) is an American rhetorician and memoirist. He is Chancellor's Professor of English, Informatics, Education, and Gender & Sexuality Studies at the University of California, Irvine. His scholarly and creative work is situated at the intersections of digital culture, sexuality, and composition studies. For his work in cultural journalism and memoir, Tom Lutz, founding editor of the Los Angeles Review of Books, has called him "one of our finest essayists." Education

<mask> received his BA in English and an MA and PhD in Comparative Literature (1993) from Louisiana State University. He studied with James Olney, who was the Voorhies Professor of English and an editor of The Southern Review. Academic contributions
<mask> also works across media.He is a frequent contributor to the Los Angeles Review of Books, where he serves as Young Adult Fiction section editor and the host of the video series, "Writing Sex." At UCI he is co-host of the podcast series "We Are UCI: Redefining Student Success for the 21st Century." In 2019, he co-organized a poetry and art exhibit with artist Antoinette LaFarge called "Burning Time," an imagined memory project about <mask>'s now deceased gay uncle, in which <mask> and LaFarge attempted to imagine and depict his possible mid-20th century life in New Orleans' French Quarter. Creative Nonfiction and the Creep Trilogy

More recently, <mask> has turned his attention to writing creative nonfiction, publishing a series of memoirs. Stroke Book: The Diary of a Blindspot was published by Fordham University Press in 2021 and details the author's experience of a minor stroke and how he understands the stroke's relationship to the long-term experience of homophobia. Another set of books, loosely called "The Creep Trilogy," uses formal experimentation to document <mask>'s experience of homophobia as a kid in the Deep South and his struggle to come to grips with self-hatred. Recounting a similar set of stories in overlapping fashion, the retelling plays out different perspectives on his personal history and <mask>'s attempts to come to terms over time with his past.The books include Creep: A Life, a Theory, an Apology (2017), Bullied: The Story of an Abuse (2021), and Dear Queer Self (2022). Writing specifically about Bullied, author Julietta Singh offers a comment that could reflect much of <mask>'s creative nonfiction project: "Expanding the cultural frame of what constitutes sexual abuse, he ruminates over the enduring psychic and bodily effects of homophobia. In so doing, this gorgeous book seeks to redress some of the ways we have used each other in the service of making marginalized life more livable, and ultimately redirects our energy toward the transformation of a world that continues to punish our differences." Awards

His books have been nominated for various awards, including the Lambda Literary Award and the Computers and Composition Distinguished Book Award. His book, On Multimodality: New Media in Composition Studies won both the Conference on College Composition and Communication Outstanding Book Award and the Computers and Composition Distinguished Book Award. In 2012, Bisexuality and Queer Theory was a finalist for the Lambda Literary Award for Bisexual Literature. Techne: Queer Meditations on Writing the Subject won the 2015 Lavender Rhetorics Award for Excellence in Queer Scholarship.<mask> is a three-time recipient of the Ellen Nold Award for Best Article in the field of Computers and Composition Studies. In 2011, he was given the Charles Moran Award for Distinguished Contributions to the Field of Computers and Writing. In 2018, his memoir Creep: A Life, a Theory, an Apology, was a finalist for a Lambda Literary Award. Books
Dear Queer Self: An Experiment in Memoir. Acre Books. (March 2022). The Routledge Handbook of Queer Rhetoric.Co-edited with Jacqueline Rhodes. Routledge. (2022). Stroke Book: The Diary of a Blindspot. Fordham University Press. (October 2021). Bullied: The Story of an Abuse.Punctum Books. (Fall 2021). Science Fiction and the Dismal Science: Essays on the Business of Dreammaking. Co-edited by Gary Westfahl, Gregory Benford, and Howard V. Hendrix. McFarland. (December 2019). Unruly Rhetorics: Protest, Persuasion, and Publics.Co-edited with Susan Jarratt and Nancy Welch. Pittsburgh UP. (November 2018)
The Routledge Handbook of Digital Writing and Rhetoric. Co-edited with Jacqueline Rhodes. Routledge. (April 2018)
Creep: A Life, a Theory, an Apology. Punctum Books.(2017). Writing Youth: Young Adult Fiction as Literacy Sponsorship. Lexington Books: Rowman & Littlefield (2017). Sexual Rhetorics: Methods, Identities, Publics. Co-edited with Jacqueline Rhodes. Routledge (November 2015). Techne: Queer Meditations on Writing the Self.Co-authored with Jacqueline Rhodes. Computers and Composition Digital Press (September 2015). http://ccdigitalpress.org/ebooks-and-projects/techne
On Multimodality: New Media in Composition Studies. Co-authored with Jacqueline Rhodes. NCTE/CCCC Studies in Writing & Rhetoric (2014). Understanding Rhetoric: A Graphic Guide to Writing. Co-authored with Elizabeth Losh.Bedford/St. Martin's (2013, 2nd edition 2017). Bisexuality and Queer Theory: Intersections, Connections and Challenges. Co-edited with Serena Anderlini D'Onofrio. Routledge (2012). Finding Out: An Introduction to LGBT Studies. Co-authored with Deborah T. Meem and Michelle Gibson.Sage Publications (2009, 2nd edition 2013, 3rd edition 2017). Literacy, Sexuality, Pedagogy: Theory and Practice for Composition Studies. Utah State University Press (2008). Digital Youth: Emerging Literacies on the World Wide Web. Hampton Press (2005). Role Play: Distance Learning and the Teaching of Writing. Co-edited with Marcia Dickson.Hampton Press (2005)
Argument Now, a Brief Rhetoric. Co-authored with Margaret Barber. Pearson/Longman (2005)
Bisexuality and Transgenderism: InterSEXions of the Others. Co-edited with Karen Yescavage. Routledge (2005). References

1967 births
Living people
American non-fiction writers
LGBT writers from the United States

masks:
Jonathan Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander


texts:
<mask>i, KOS (27 June 1742, Cádiz, Spain – 22 August 1815, Madrid) was a Spanish military officer and viceroy of New Spain, from 4 January 1803 to 16 September 1808, during Napoleon's invasion of Spain and the establishment of a Bonapartist regime in Spain. His plans to form a provisional autonomous government led to his arrest and deposition. Origins and military career
<mask> was born of a family of wealthy Vizcaíno (Basque) merchants in Cádiz. His parents were  <mask>, born in Pamplona, Navarre, and <mask>, born in Aranaz, Navarre. Under Charles III in 1762 he took part in the Spanish invasion of Portugal and in Gibraltar. In 1793, now under <mask>.As viceroy of New Spain
After serving as governor of Cádiz from 1793 to 1798, Iturrigaray was named viceroy of New Spain by Godoy. Iturrigaray arrived in the colony in 1803 with his wife, María Inés <mask> y Aróstegui. She was the daughter of Agustin <mask> y <mask>, Viceroy of Peru, born in Lecároz, Valle de Baztán, Navarra, and María Luisa <mask> y Bassave, born in Habana, Cuba, a first cousin of <mask> <mask> y Aróstegui. When he passed through customs at Veracruz, he brought with him a huge shipment of goods, which entered free of duty because he declared it his personal baggage. The king sent him a large quantity of arms, which the viceroy provided to the regiments of Mexico and Puebla, then stationed in Cuba. Iturrigaray soon gained popularity for his friendly and jovial character, which contrasted with the austere character of his predecessor, Félix Berenguer <mask>. The king had ordered that the vineyards currently under cultivation could continue, but that the viceroy could not issue licenses for new vineyards.In 1803 the viceroy complained to the United States about the American vessels smuggling and fishing in waters of New Spain, particularly in California and Sonora. In June he visited the current state of Guanajuato, for the announced purpose of opening a public granary. He also inspected the mines of La Valenciana and Rayas, and received a present of 1,000 ounces of gold. He offered to request from Spain a sufficient amount of mercury to work the mines. Passing through Celaya, he granted permission for the Ayuntamiento (city government) there to celebrate corridas (bullfights), and to build a bridge over the Río La Laja. The bridge was to be constructed under the direction of the architect Francisco Eduardo Tresguerras. On December 9, 1803 he inaugurated Manuel Tolsá's bronze equestrian statue of Charles IV in the Zócalo in the Center of Mexico City.The first stone in the pedestal had been laid July 18, 1796 by then-Viceroy <mask> la Grúa Talamanca y Branciforte, marqués de Branciforte, and the statue had been cast on August 4, 1802. On March 22, 1803 the Prussian explorer and naturalist Baron <mask> Humboldt arrived in Acapulco from Peru in the ship Pizarro. Humboldt spent a year in New Spain, spending time in Mexico City and especially important time in the mining area of Guanajuato. Since the crown had given Humboldt unlimited access to travel and investigate New Spain, Iturrigaray directly aided Humboldt's research, first published in his Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain. Humboldt estimated the population of New Spain to be 6 million. On March 18, 1804 an expedition for the propagation of smallpox vaccine under Dr. Francisco Javier <mask> also arrived. The viceroy's reception of this expedition was less enthusiastic than the leaders had anticipated.Nevertheless, Dr. Juan Arboleya vaccinated the son of the viceroy. In March 1805 news was received in New Spain of the renewed declaration of war by Spain against Britain. Iturrigaray received orders to put the colony in a state of defense, and to increase the regular payments to Spain. To do this, he applied the Cédula de la Caja de Consolidación. This order was the equivalent of disentailment of the church because it ordered the transfer of income from the religious estates and foundations to the government. A direct result of this order was the strengthening of the Spanish opponents of the viceroyalty, who raised protests. Among them was Bishop Manuel Abad y Queipo.Popular discontent grew with the increase in taxes. So did the discontent of the Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain), because of the favor shown by the viceroy to the Criollos (Spaniards born in America). And among the latter there began to appear a spirit of independence inspired by news of the disturbance at Aranjuez and the political defeat of Godoy. Iturrigaray saw the necessity of relying on the Criollo party to maintain his power. On April 30, 1803, Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States for 80 million francs. In 1806, that country asked the Marqués de Casa Calvo, to remove the Spanish troops from New Orleans so that the United States could take possession of the area up to the Sabine River. The situation in Spain
In 1808 Napoleon's French invaded Spain.As the French forces approached Madrid, the royal family decided to flee to New Spain. This idea, however, was poorly received by the Spanish populace. On March 17, 1808 a riot broke out at Aranjuez. The hated Godoy was apprehended by the crowd, humiliated, stripped of his honors, and nearly killed. The mob, loyal to Prince Ferdinand (later King Ferdinand VII), forced Charles to abdicate in his son's behalf. Ferdinand then had Godoy arrested. But in May, all three — Godoy, Ferdinand and Charles — were enticed across the French border, where Napoleon took them prisoner.Napoleon forced the abdication of both Ferdinand and Charles in favor of himself. He then named his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, king of Spain. On May 2, 1808, the people of Madrid rose in arms against the French. This was the spark that began a country-wide revolt. Everywhere provisional juntas were organized claiming to govern in the name of Ferdinand VII. The consequences in New Spain
Iturrigaray had been appointed viceroy with orders to put down any rebellion, but the situation in Spain with the Napoleonic invasion, and the "political events back home bewildered him." News of the situation in Spain was received in Mexico on June 23, 1808, and the following July 14, news of the abdication of the Spanish king in favor of Napoleon was also received.The Cabildo (city council) of Mexico City was composed of professional men, Criollos. On July 19, 1808, councilmen Juan Francisco Azcárate y Ledesma and Francisco Primo <mask> y Ramos presented a plan to form a provisional, autonomous government of New Spain, with Iturrigaray at its head. The justification for this was that the mother country was now occupied by foreign troops, and the royal family was being held prisoner. The plan was accepted by the viceroy and the Cabildo, but not by the Audiencia. On July 20, 1808, Diego Leño of the Ayuntamiento of Jalapa, called for a congress of representatives from throughout New Spain. The Criollo party continued to agitate, asking for the formation of a junta, as in Spain, and the convening of a congress. Once again the Audiencia was opposed, arguing that New Spain was a colony, and not permitted to take this kind of decision.On August 9, 1808, at a meeting of Notables, the lawyer Primo Verdad y Ramos spoke in favor of popular sovereignty. Some of the oidores (judges on the Audiencia) spoke in rebuttal, declaring the proposal seditious and subversive. Inquisitor Bernardo Prado y Ovejero declared it heresy and anathema. The Notables adopted an intermediate position — New Spain would recognize no authority above the king of Spain. On August 31, 1808 the crisis took a sharper turn with the arrival of Juan Gabriel Jabat, representative of the Junta of Seville, and a message from the Junta of Asturias. Both juntas requested recognition as the legitimate government of Spain by New Spain, thus providing evidence of the lack of any legitimate government in the country. On September 1, 1808, Melchor <mask>, a Peruvian priest and the intellectual leader of the Criollo party, delivered two tracts to the Cabildo, in favor of separation from Spain and of the convoking of a Mexican congress.His premises were that all ties to Spain had now been broken; that regional laws had to be made, independently of the mother country; that the Audiencia could not speak in behalf of the king; and that the king having disappeared, sovereignty was now vested in the people. It looked as if open fighting would break out between the mostly Peninsular partisans of the Audiencia and the Criollo ones of the Cabildo. A further meeting on September 9 was tumultuous. Coup deposing the viceroy

Iturrigaray was strongly inclined towards the party of the Criollos and held in great suspicion by the Spanish party. He had received Criollo petitions for a congress and disrecognition of the Spanish junta. He had ordered 40,000 pesos sent to the Consulado of Veracruz, notoriously liberal in outlook. He had nominated Criollos to high positions in the administration.And most importantly, he had mobilized the regiment of dragoons from Aguascalientes, stationed in Jalapa. This regiment was under the command of Colonel Ignacio Obregón, an intimate friend of the viceroy. Iturrigaray was on the point of resigning when, on September 15, 1808 the pro-Spanish party, headed by Gabriel J<mask> Yermo, arrested him. Yermo was supported by the rich Spanish merchants, by the oidores Aguirre and Bataller, by the archbishop, and by the judges of the Inquisition. Five hundred well-armed conspirators attacked the viceregal palace at 2 in the morning. One soldier was killed. The members of the Cabildo were also arrested.After <mask> was taken prisoner, he was conducted to the Inquisition, so that the populace could be made to believe he had been deposed for heresy. His wife and children were taken to the convent of San Bernardo. The vicereine was cruelly insulted and her jewelry was stolen. The viceroy was deposed by the Audiencia. An inventory of the viceroy's valuables was ordered, and the total came to more than one million pesos. This was considered evidence that the viceroy had taken advantage of the situation for his personal enrichment. In accordance with custom, the unanticipated vacancy in the office of viceroy was filled with the oldest and highest-ranking military officer in the colony, Marshall Pedro <mask>, an octogenarian controlled by the Audiencia.Primo Verdad y Ramos and Melchor <mask> were imprisoned, and died in jail. Also imprisoned were Lic. Cristo, Juan Francisco Azcárate and French general Octaviano d'Alvímar. Return to Spain
On September 21, 1808, <mask> was sent as a prisoner to Spain. He was brought to trial in Cádiz for disloyalty. The charges were not proven and he was freed under the amnesty granted by the Cortes in 1810. A juicio de residencia continued after the amnesty, and was ended only by the death of Iturrigaray in 1815, but not before he was assessed a fine of 435,000 pesetas.According to most historians, he was also implicated in a private scheme by James Wilkinson to head off an invasion of Mexico by Aaron Burr. Footnotes

Further reading
 Diccionario Porrúa de Historia, Biografía y Geografía de México, 6th ed., v. 2, pp. 1857–58. Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa, S.A., 1995. .
 "Iturrigaray y Aróstegui, <mask>," Enciclopedia de México, v. 8. Mexico City: 1987. García Puron, Manuel, México y sus gobernantes, v. 1. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrua, 1984.Orozco L., Fernando, Fechas Históricas de México. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1988, . Orozco Linares, Fernando, Gobernantes de México. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, . External links

Viceroys of New Spain
Spanish generals
1742 births
1815 deaths
Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
People from Cádiz
Spanish people of Basque descent
1800s in Mexico
1800s in New Spain

masks: José Joaquín Vicente de Iturrigaray y Arósgu


texts:
<mask>  (11 December 1934 – 28 January 2022) was a British explorer, author, and conservationist, known for campaigning for the preservation of the Wild Bactrian camel. Life and career
<mask> was born in Bexhill, Kent on 11 December 1934. His interest in wildlife conservation began when he served in the north of colonial Nigeria, first as an army officer assigned to the Royal West African Frontier Force and later in the Colonial Service. In 1993, <mask> was offered by a Russian exploration team to research the status of the wild Bactrian camel in Mongolia, a critically endangered species of camel. It only survives in the Gobi Desert. In 1994, he presented his findings at an international conference in Ulan-Bator. in 1995 he received permission to enter Lop Nur, the first foreigner to get such permission in 45 years.Lop Nur was also the natural habitat of the wild Bactrian camel and also a former nuclear testing site. The wild Bactrian camels are also able to tolerate salt water with a higher salt content than sea water, explaining their residence in Lop Nur. He undertook expeditions in 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1999 to Lop Nur. In 1995 he became the first foreigner in recorded history to cross the Gashun Gobi Desert from north to south. In 1997, <mask> with Kathryn Rae founded the Wild Camel Protection Foundation, a UK registered charity. The foundation proposed the establishment of the Lop Nur Wild Camel National Nature Reserve in Xinjiang Province in the former nuclear test site, to which the Chinese government later agreed. The WCPF became responsible for helping the Chinese to establish one of the largest nature reserves in the world, protecting not only the wild Bactrian camel but many other IUCN Red Book listed endangered fauna and flora.<mask> was the sole international consultant for the Reserve. Between 2001 and 2002 <mask> crossed the Sahara Desert from Lake Chad to Tripoli, a journey of 1500 miles, which lasted 3.5 months, to raise awareness for the wild camel. This route had not been followed in its entirety by a foreigner for 100 years. This journey was undertaken to raise funding and awareness of the plight of the wild camel. In 2006 <mask> made the first recorded complete circling by camel of Lake Turkana (Rudolph), in Kenya. This involved swimming 22 camels across River Omo in Ethiopia. In 2005 and 2006 he made two more expeditions into the Chinese and Mongolian Gobi deserts, on domestic Bactrian camels.In 2004 the WCPF established the Hunter Hall Captive Wild Camel Breeding Centre at Zakhyn Us in Mongolia, housing twelve wild camels, which had been rescued from being captured by Mongolian herdsmen. This is the only place in the world where the wild camel is held in captivity apart from two zoos in China. In 2010 the population had increased to twenty-five. The Veterinary University of Vienna published a paper after 5 years of genetic tests on samples from these camels, stating that they were of a previously unknown species of camel which separated from any other known form of camel over 700,000 years ago and was different from the Bactrian camel. The findings of this paper were accepted by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature which listed the wild camel (Camelus ferus) as critically endangered. In 2013 and 2015 two successful translocations of wild camels were made from the Mongolian Wild camel Breeding Centre into the Gobi Desert. <mask> was also the author of various books, such as The Fearless Four series and various books relating to his travels in the Gobi and the Sahara.He died on 28 January 2022, at the age of 87. Dan Fulani
Dan Fulani was a pseudonym for <mask>, allowing him to identify as a Nigerian fiction writer. As Fulani, he published 16 books since 1981, some of which try to highlight development issues through popular fiction. His first published works told the adventures of a young northern Nigerian boy called Sauna and the Sauna stories spread throughout Africa and were in high demand as readers in Southern and East African schools. He later wrote on more contentious themes in particular, 'The Price of Liberty', which told the story of a pesticide, banned in the US, being dumped on Africa. Other themes included a campaign against milk powder, 'The Fight for Life', and drugs, 'Sauna and the Drug Pedlars'. His books have been published by many of the UK's leading publishers including Macmillan, Hodder and Stoughton, Longman and Nelson and also in Nigeria by Bounty Press and Safari.The Sauna series featured in a northern Nigeria television series. Awards
1998: An Environmental Award from the State Environment Protection Agency of China for great contribution to saving the critically endangered wild camel from extinction. 2004: The Ness Award of the Royal Geographical Society for raising public awareness and conservation of endangered wild camels in Mongolia and China. In the same year. the Royal Society of Asian Affairs  awarded him the Lawrence of Arabia Memorial Medal for exploration under extreme hazard. 2006: Awarded the Mungo Park Medal by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society  for distinguished contributions to exploration. 2009: Appointed the sole International Consultant to the Lop Nur Wild Camel National Nature Reserve.2010: Awarded the Lowell Thomas Award by the Explorers Club of America  for his dedication to protecting the critically endangered wild camel. 2014: Awarded the Mongolian Environmental Protection Medal for outstanding contributions to wild camel protection from the Mongolian Ministry of Nature and the Environment. 2016: he was awarded the Mongolian Government's Friendship Medal – their highest award given to foreigners. 2017: Awarded the OBE in HM the Queen's Birthday Honours List for services to the conservation of the wild camel in Mongolia and China. External links
Personal website

References

1934 births
2022 deaths
British conservationists
Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry officers
Royal West African Frontier Force officers
Colonial Service officers
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People of colonial Nigeria

masks:
John Neville Hare
Hare
John Hare
John Hare
John Hare
Hare
John Hare
John Hare
John Hare