texts:
 request for admission was turned down, reportedly because his wartime deeds required a long penitence period.<mask> was allowed to enter the monastery and to follow the rules, but his formal admission was adjourned until an unspecified later date. <mask> taught in Pasto at least until 1898. The following year Colombia was torn by a Thousand Days’ War, with Pasto turned into a Conservative stronghold dominated by the personalities of Ezequiel Moreno Díaz and Pedro Schumacher, two hardline bishops. According to a Colombian historian both hierarchs approached <mask>, who was known for uncompromising anti-liberal sermons. <mask> was reportedly asked to lead operations against the Liberal insurgents, yet he declined. However, he apparently agreed to assist in some kind of staff work, offering his advice in terms of planning and strategy; in this role he proved very successful. Following the ultimate Conservative victory in 1902 <mask> founded the village of San Ignacio, located in the Andes some 20 km north of Pasto in the county of Buesaco; for the second time since the Hernialde spell he assumed the role of a parson.The hamlet was inhabited by an extremely poor indigenous population; it seems that apart from providing spiritual service, <mask> tried to support it economically. Teaching the locals agriculture, he travelled across the county begging, with the money collected dedicated to needs of the San Ignacio natives. <mask> spent some 18 uneventful years in San Ignacio and according to some sources was greatly respected among the locals for his apostolic work but also for his personal humility and exemplary life; his most lasting achievement was construction of the local San Ignacio church. <mask> retained his reactionary ultra-conservative outlook; during local electoral campaigns he used to instruct his flock how to dodge the corrupted election system and vote the candidates he considered right. It seems that he also remained a Carlist; he corresponded with his old-time war comrades back in Spain and in a separate letter pledged loyalty to Don Jaime, though there are suggestions he also recognized Don Alfonso. In 1920 he was eventually admitted to the Jesuit novitiate and in 1922 he formally entered the order. It is not clear where <mask> spent his senility; in the Pasto monastery or in San Ignacio, where he was eventually buried in the church he constructed.Black legend

Since January 1873 the press reported misdeeds of <mask>, dubbed assassin, criminal or barbarian. In 1874-1876 newspapers speculated about his re-entry into war. In the late 1870s media lost track of him until he was located in Jamaica in the mid-1880s, and his name reverberated as a memory of past atrocities. In 1880 he became one of the key protagonists of Vida, hechos y hazañas del famoso bandido y cabecilla Rosa Samaniego, a short novel written by an unidentified author. The book portrayed <mask> as a bloody ringleader; with many fictitious episodes it became very popular and was re-published until the early 1890s. In the press <mask> was not infrequently mentioned also as a sample of treacherous clergy. From time to time he was reported back in Europe; as speculations about another Carlist insurgency were on the rise in the late 1890s <mask> was even reported seen in Spain.The wildest rumor had it that his son was to command a new Carlist unit. A monument was erected in Endarlaza to honor the executed carabineros. In 1897 <mask> appeared in Paz en la guerra by Miguel de Unamuno and for some 20 years he kept featuring in greatest works of Spanish literary Modernism. In 1906 he was treated somewhat more extensively in Sonata de invierno by Ramón Valle-Inclán, in 1908 in Zalacaín el aventurero by Pio Baroja, and in 1909 in two subsequent novels of Valle-Inclán, El resplandor de la hoguera and Gerifaltes de antaño; in the latter he was one of the two key protagonists. Finally, in 1918 Baroja dedicated to him a set of essays El cura Santa Cruz y su partida. The role assigned to <mask> Cruz by all 3 giants of Spanish literature differed. Baroja from his Nietzschean perspective portrayed <mask> as a little man who disguised his inferiority with cruelty and epitomized "double barbarity of being a Catholic and a Carlist".In the case of Unamuno it is believed that Santa Cruz stood for an inflexible model of orthodoxy, be it religious, political or otherwise, a model which was valid only within a set of parameters; Unamuno rejected it and presented the Spanish self as a result of dialectic interaction. Even more complex is the vision of Valle-Inclán. Some claim that Valle-Inclán presented dominant and at times even monstrous personalities of the past to confront them with meager men populating contemporary Spain. Others maintain that Valle-Inclán intended to evoke the atmosphere of ominous drama with satanic personalities. Whatever their intentions were, the noventayochistas and especially Baroja transformed a somewhat crude newspaper version of Santa Cruz into a powerful literary image enriched with diabolic and demonic features. This image persisted well into the 1930s, at times enhanced with new threads, e.g. this of "cura fascista".In the Francoist Spain the anti-Liberal stand of El Cura rendered cultivation of the black legend hardly feasible. After transición it was already a forgotten past which hardly elicited emotions; if so, they were much more ambiguous. White legend

Carlism initially ignored <mask>. Re-calibrating the movement as "party of order", until late Restoration, Traditionalist politicians viewed him as an inconvenient ghost from their past. Things changed upon his death. The late 1920s saw three apologetic works, two flavored with Carlism; Bernoville focused on Catholic regionalism while Olazábal on Integrism; the third one by Orixe advanced Basque threads. Confrontational political milieu of the Republic helped the Carlists to re-claim Santa Cruz, e.g.in poetry, and upon outbreak of the civil war Traditionalist press linked military virtues of Requetés to these of El Cura. The Enderlaza monument was blown up by Carlist troops advancing from Navarre to Gipuzkoa in July 1936, but got silently reinstated in 1940. Two major Carlist historiographical works, written by Oyarzun in the 1940s and by Ferrer in the 1950s, approached El Cura with caution. In popular propaganda there were cases of exaltation yet <mask> did not become an orthodox mythical hero. Youths from the progressist faction of Comunión Tradicionalista tried to re-claim El Cura, and in the early 1970s their terrorist organisation GAC declared that "the flag of Santa Cruz has been raised again". Today Santa Cruz marginally features on some private Carlist websites. In the vasco-navarrese area the Carlist social base was gradually taken over by Basque nationalism.Its radical faction attempted to re-format the image of <mask> Cruz accordingly; violence and fanaticism were converted into virtues. El Cura started to feature in nationalist propaganda as a convenient hyperbole for violent action; in the 1980s the Herri Batasuna newspaper Egin ran a series of lengthy articles on El Cura and no nationalist figure dared to criticize him. As a result, papers noticed "admiration of left-wing youth for legendary <mask> Cruz" and Baroja observed that "you can meet Cura <mask> on any Basque street today." The vision of El Cura as spiritual embodiment of "these mountains", unforgiving but idealistic, was pursued in a 1990 Basque film of José Tuduri. Also a Basque historiographical study by Xabier Azurmendi set the protagonist deeply against the Basque background. Today Santa Cruz is still present in nationalist discourse and features on some websites, usually flavored with radical Left-wing politics. In 2008 a Basque band Bizardunak released a song which cultivates the Santa Cruz myth; it remains in public circulation with references to ETA.A new kind of narrative started to emerge in Colombia in the 21st century. Fundación Manuel Santa Cruz Loydi was set up to honor his work for the poor and to preserve his memory as exemplary missionary, who possibly bordered sanctity. The organisation strives to renovate the decayed San Ignacio church. Its leader, a historian Isidoro Medina Patiño, in 2005 released two versions of another biography, this time focused on his American period; he declares that the Santa-Cruz-related "conceptos canonizados de bueno o malo, pueden confundirse o alterarse", yet both versions remain highly apologetic and present a man who spent his life serving the others; for a similar role in Jamaica he is also acknowledged in Catholic encyclopedia. See also

 Traditionalism (Spain)
 Integrism (Spain)
 Carlism
 Carlism in literature
 Basque nationalism

Notes

Further reading

 Xabier Azurmendi, El Cura Santa Cruz, Bilbao 1990,
 Pio Baroja, El Cura Santa Cruz y su partida, Madrid 1918
 La Compañia de Jesús en Pasto, 1599-1985, Pasto 1985
 Gaëtan Bernoville, La cruz sangrienta. Historia del cura Santa Cruz, Tafalla 2000,
 Vicente Garmendia, Memorias levemente apocrifas del cura Santa Cruz, San Sebastian 2007,
 Fernando González de Heredia, Héroe o villano, santo o sanguinario, amor y odio : cura <mask> Cruz y las guerras carlistas, Vitoria 2016, ISBN 9788461749652
 Isidoro Medina Patiño, <mask>: el temible cura guerrillero, Bogota 2005,
 Iñigo Pérez de Rada y Cavanilles, La Partida del cura Santa Cruz y su bandera, [in:] Aportes 24/69 (2009), pp. 21-40
 Juan Olazábal y Ramery, El Cura Santa Cruz guerillero, Vitoria 1928
 Julio Urquijo, La Cruz de Sangre.El Cura Santa Cruz. Pequeña rectificación histórica, San Sebastián 1928

External links
 website of Colegio Javieriano in Pasto, Colombia
 campaign to restore San Ignacio church in Colombia on YouTube service
 Santa Cruz in Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia online
 1990 movie Santa Cruz El Cura Guerrillero online
 Santa cruz apaizaren kondaira 2008 song by Bizardunak
 Por Dios y por España, contemporary Carlist propaganda (Santa Cruz missing)
 Gora Jainko maite maitea Basque Carlist anthem

19th-century Spanish criminals
Basque Roman Catholic priests
Carlists
Characters in Spanish novels
People from Tolosaldea
People from Pasto, Colombia
Spanish escapees
Spanish guerrillas
19th-century Spanish Jesuits
Spanish monarchists
Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in Colombia
Roman Catholic missionaries in Jamaica
1842 births
1926 deaths
Basque

masks:
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa
Santa
Santa Cruz
Santa
Don Manuel


type: original

texts:
<mask> (9 September 1747 – 2 May 1814) was the first Methodist bishop. Born in Brecon, Wales, he was ordained as a priest in 1772, but expelled from his Anglican pulpit of South Petherton for being a Methodist. <mask> met John Wesley in 1776. He later co-founded Methodism in America and then established the Methodist missions overseas, which in the 19th century spread around the world. Early life and ordination
Born in Brecon, South Wales, his father, Barthomolew, was a well-to-do apothecary. <mask>, who was only 5-foot and 1 inch tall and prone to being overweight, read jurisprudence at Jesus College, Oxford, which has a strong Welsh tradition, graduating Bachelor of Arts, then Master of Arts in 1770, and Doctor of Civil Law in 1775. On returning to Brecon he served as mayor in 1772.In the same year as his mayoralty he was ordained in the Church of England and served a curacy at South Petherton in Somerset. He had already allied himself with the Methodist movement, and this made for trouble when a new rector arrived in the parish. <mask> had begun to hold cottage services and open services of the sort promoted by John Wesley. He was dismissed from his post on Easter Sunday 1777, and his parishioners celebrated at the rector's behest by ringing the church bells and opening a hogshead of cider. He returned to Petherton in 1807 and preached to a crowd of 2,000. Meeting with John Wesley
He met John Wesley in August 1776, becoming one of his closest assistants. Wesley called <mask> "the flea" because he seemed always to be hopping around on his missions.He was appointed Superintendent of the London District in 1780 and President of the Methodist Church in Ireland in 1782 – a function he was to serve many times in the coming decades. Early plans for Methodist missions
In January 1784, <mask>, "a barrister and able local preacher from York", joined <mask> in issuing a "Plan of the Society for the Establishment of Missions among the Heathens" (<mask> 2013:48; Vickers 2013:133-135)

Voyage to America

Following the American Revolution, most of the Anglican clergy who had been in America came back to England. Wesley asked the Bishop of London to ordain some ministers for the New World, but he declined. At this point Wesley still considered only a canonically consecrated bishop capable of conferring Holy Orders. However, in September 1784, in Bristol, Wesley consecrated <mask> as Superintendent, a title replaced in 1787 in America by that of Bishop (Greek episkopos) in spite of Wesley's strong disapproval ("superintendent" is etymologically equivalent to episkopos). Since <mask> was already a priest (Greek presbuteros) or presbyter in the Church of England, some interpret this consecration as the equivalent of episcopal consecration. Wesley's action took place two months before the consecration in Aberdeen of Samuel Seabury as bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the USA.<mask> set sail for New York; during the voyage he read Augustine's Confessions, Virgil's Georgics, biographies of Francis Xavier (Jesuit missionary to India) and David Brainerd (Puritan missionary to North American aboriginals), and a treatise on episcopacy. A conference of Methodist preachers was held at Baltimore, starting on Christmas Day 1784, at which <mask> and Francis Asbury were elected superintendents, and the Church was constituted as an independent body under the name of the Methodist Episcopal Church. On 27 December <mask> ordained deacons and presbyters and consecrated Asbury as Superintendent; <mask> and Asbury are regarded as having been jointly the first superintendents of the Methodist Church in America (the American Methodist Conference formally endorsed the title of Bishop in 1787). Other voyages
<mask> returned to England in June 1785 and made eight further visits to America, his final visit being in 1803. While in America he spoke out against slavery and wrote a letter on the subject to George Washington. Washington met <mask> twice and even invited him to preach before Congress. After spending some months travelling throughout Great Britain and Ireland, <mask> made his first mission to the West Indies in 1786, making further visits in 1788–89, 1790, and 1792–93.Death of Wesley
Following Wesley's death in 1791 <mask> became Secretary to the British Conference, having been widely supposed to be Wesley's desired successor. He was President of the Conference in 1797 and 1805, on both occasions trying to persuade the Conference to confer on him the official title of Bishop. More voyages
In the same year he went to Paris and preached in French. He established a mission in Gibraltar in 1803 and then spent five years travelling in the cause of Methodist missions, including visiting Sierra Leone. He promoted others in setting up missions in Canada and Scotland. Marriages
On 1 April 1805, at the age of 58, <mask> married Penelope Goulding Smith, a wealthy woman who happily spent her personal fortune furthering the missions. She travelled with him until her death on 25 January 1811.That same year in December he married for a second time, to Anne Loxdale, and his wife died the following year, 5 December 1812. Death of <mask>
He hoped to open Methodist missions in the East Indies and at his own expense he set sail for Ceylon on 30 December 1813. He had in fact tried to persuade the Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool, to appoint him to an Indian bishopric in the Church of England (the appointment of Church of England bishops being then, as now, a prerogative exercised by the Prime Minister on behalf of the Sovereign). However, <mask> died after four months at sea on the way to Ceylon (Sri Lanka). It is thought he died of a "fit of apoplexy," or possibly a stroke. He died aboard ship, located 2 degrees, 29 minutes south latitude, and 59 degrees, 29 minutes east longitude, in the Indian Ocean, where he was also laid to rest. Asbury described <mask> as "a gentleman, a scholar, a bishop to us; and as a minister of Christ, in zeal, in labours, in services, the greatest man in the last century."Publications
<mask>'s publications included:

 A History of the West Indies (3 volumes, 1808–11)
 History of the Bible
 Six Letters in Defence of the Doctrine of Justification by Faith
 Four Discourses on the Duties of a Minister
 Preacher's Manual

He also contributed to Henry Moore's Life of Wesley (1792). See also

List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

References

Sources

General Commission on Archives and History for The United Methodist Church
The John Rylands Library: Mr Wesley's Preachers

External links
 <mask> Commentary on the Holy Bible

1747 births
1814 deaths
18th-century Methodist bishops
18th-century Welsh Anglican priests
18th-century Welsh theologians
19th-century Methodist bishops
19th-century Welsh theologians
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
American Methodist Episcopal bishops
Arminian ministers
Arminian theologians
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
British abolitionists
British letter writers
Burials at sea
Converts to Methodism from Anglicanism
Mayors of places in Wales
Methodism in the Caribbean
Methodist abolitionists
Methodist missionaries in Europe
Methodist missionaries in Sierra Leone
Methodist missionaries in the United States
Methodist theologians
Methodist writers
People educated at Brecon Grammar School
People from Brecon
People who died at sea
Presidents of the Methodist Conference
Protestant missionaries in France
Protestant missionaries in Gibraltar
Protestant missionaries in the Caribbean
Welsh expatriates in the United States
Welsh Methodist missionaries
Welsh theologians

masks:
Thomas Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Thomas Parker
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke
Thomas Coke


texts:
<mask> (1957 – April 2001), known as The Bat Yam Homeless Killer, was a suspected Russian-Israeli serial killer thought to be responsible for the murders of at least three homeless people in Bat Yam between 1999 and 2000. Piniov committed suicide shortly before his trial was due, and after his death, the bodies of two more potential victims were uncovered, leaving investigators to believe that he could've potentially had even more undiscovered victims. Early life
Born in 1957, Piniov, who worked as a chemist in his native Russian SFSR, immigrated to Israel with his wife and three children in 1993, settling in Bat Yam's Ramat Hanassi neighborhood. Within a few months of arriving, however, his wife fled to a hostel for abused women, claiming that Piniov was abusive and had threatened to kill her on multiple occasions. As a result of this, Piniov severed all connections with his family in the following years and became homeless, developing an addiction to alcohol in the process. Eventually, he built himself a makeshift shack among the bushes in the sandy dunes of the city's industrial area, complete with mattresses and even an improvised Jacuzzi, crafted from an old bathtub with pipes connected to a nearby propeller. His new home eventually became a congregation for other homeless people to drink alcohol and use drugs.In 1998, <mask> underwent a psychiatric examination at the Abarbanel Hospital, where he was diagnosed with psychopathic schizophrenia. Despite the doctors' efforts, he refused any treatment, and since they couldn't detain him by force, he was released. Murders
After returning to his hut where he resided with his girlfriend, Svetlana, Piniov started to get into arguments with other vagrants from time to time, accusing them of trying to encroach on his property. As a result, he would go on to kill at least three men during such arguments. His first victim was Ukrainian tourist Nikolai Grasimov, whom he strangled to death during the winter of 1999, burying his body in Bat Yam's sand dunes with another homeless man, Alexei Artmanov. Mere months later, Artmanov himself would be killed by Piniov, burying him with the assistance of an unidentified accomplice known only by the name "Buratino" (a Russian fictional character based on Pinocchio). In July 2000, Piniov, got into an argument with Viatslav "Slava" Shwartz, who had recently moved in to live with Piniov and his girlfriend.Both men had been drinking heavily, and in his intoxicated state, Piniov hit Shwartz on the head with a blunt instrument before strangling him to death. After beating all over his deceased companion's body, he dragged it to a nearby tree, where he proceeded to bury it. Arrest, confessions and suicide
At this time, police officers were investigating a separate homicide case when they randomly stumbled upon the body of a deceased homeless person. Superintendent Yitzhak Gatnio ordered that the case be treated as murder, since the man had peculiar marks around his neck, likely the result of strangulation, despite pathologists determining that it had been from natural causes. Coincidentally, a recently detaining juvenile offender reinforced his suspicions, when he claimed during his interrogation that the "dead should stay dead and you can't do anything about it." When pressed to elaborate further, the boy claimed that the people he was referring to had been buried in the sand dunes. Those claims were finally cemented when a sobered-up Svetlana came to the police station and announced that her boyfriend, a vagrant named <mask>v, openly confessed to her that he had killed several people and buried them in the dunes.On November 2, 2000, Piniov was arrested on suspicion of murder. In his interviews, Piniov admitted to killing either four or five people, but struggled to remember the exact count because he had been drunk on each occasion. Despite this, he accurately described where the burial sites were, adding that he would sometimes excavate and even rebury the corpses as he saw fit. His rationale for killing them were either personal arguments or attempts to trespass on his territory. In his testimony, Piniov also mentioned that he had seen another set of human bones, likely that of a female, having been buried in the dunes, but was unable to recall whether he had killed her or not. When asked what happened to his accomplice, "Buratino", Piniov claimed that he had fled to Eilat, but his claims were dismissed by police, who believed that the latter had been killed as well. Due to the sheer brutality of his crimes, Piniov was given the nickname "Hannibal" by the investigating officers.In the ending months of 2000, a police bulldozer was dispatched to excavate the sand dunes, in search of the bodies of the deceased victims. <mask> himself was brought to the crime scenes to locate the burial sites, and despite his initial denials, he eventually pointed out two of the locations to the authorities. When excavated, two bodies in an advanced state of decay were found, those of Artmanov and Shwartz, were located. On November 7, Grasimov's body was found not far from them as well. Despite the investigators' efforts, no traces of the alleged female victim, or any others, were found. Prior to his scheduled trial in April 2001, <mask>v committed suicide while in prison custody. A few months following his death, a redacted psychiatric report which included an interview with Piniov was released to the public, which caused a small-scale scandal, as it hadn't been handed over to law enforcement due to the patient-doctor confidentiality laws, with psychiatrists also claiming that it also didn't contain anything that the authorities didn't know already.From it, it was deduced that <mask> felt no remorse for his crimes, was fully aware of his actions at the time of the killings and even identified the two previously unknown victims, but that information had been redacted and made unavailable to the investigators, despite it being pertinent to an open murder case. In 2004, when he was interviewed about criminal he had supervised, Superintendent Gantio talked about the Piniov case, noting that several other homeless people mysteriously disappeared during the time frame that the killer was active. He stated that he "wouldn't be surprised if more human bones were found in the area", and by his estimations, among the animal bones and bushes of the sand dunes, at least a few other bodies remain undiscovered. See also
 List of serial killers by country

References

1957 births
2001 deaths
20th-century Israeli criminals
21st-century Israeli criminals
Male serial killers
Israeli serial killers
Suicides in Israel
2001 suicides
Serial killers who committed suicide in prison custody
Russian emigrants to Israel

masks:
Vladimir Piniov
Piniov
Vladimir Pinio
Piniov
Vladimir Pinio
Piniov


texts:
<mask> (15 June 1794 – 15 June 1854) was a captain of the East India Company's Bombay Marine/Indian Navy who distinguished himself as a hydrographer, maritime surveyor and draughtsman. As a Lieutenant under Commander Thomas Elwon, Moresby was part of a two-ship exercise engaged (from 1829 to 1832) in charting the dangerous waters of the Red Sea. Later, he also charted some coralline archipelagoes of the Indian Ocean, such as the Maldives, Laccadives and Chagos in the 1820s and '30s. This work ensured that the route from Europe to the East Indies became viable for the new steam vessels. <mask> was a son of Mr <mask> of Lichfield, Staffs, late of India, where <mask> had practised as a lawyer. <mask> and his wife Mary Rotten had 6 boys and 3 girls, the eldest of whom was Sir <mask>, Admiral of the British Fleet, and Commander in Chief, Channel Squadron and Pacific Station. <mask>'s relation to the family is uncertain and it is possible he was the son of another liaison of his father, which might explain his employment in the Bombay Marine, which suffered greatly from being at the bottom of the East India Company's pecking order.The East India route and the new era of trade and communication
In the nineteenth century, the sea route between the Mediterranean Sea and India would come to play a key role in a new era of communication. Already before the opening of the Suez Canal, industrial Britain had a rapidly expanding economy and needed improved communication with British India, with its raw materials and imperial requirements. Crucial in the development of the Red Sea route between the two countries was the harnessing of steam power, most notably in the form of the marine steam engine. A further vital factor in this revolution in trade and transport was the charting of the hazardous waterway commissioned by the British East India Company and carried out by Commander Thomas Elwon of the Bombay Marine in the ship Benares, supported by his second-in-command, Lt <mask> in the Bombay Marine's brig Palinurus. This was the culmination of a series of efforts to get such a survey under way that the Marine had begun with the work of Lieutenant White of the Marine in the HEICS Panther in 1795. Lack of accurate maps
The Red Sea is full of navigational hazards, but at that time, reliable charts were not available. Surveys of the Red Sea, other than the intimate knowledge of the waters had by Arab pilots, had begun with the Portuguese João de Castro in 1540, with his Roteiro da Mar Roxa.Knowledge had accumulated in the years since, much of it being cross-correlated by the East India Company's first hydrographer, Alexander Dalrymple, and subsequently by his successor, James Horsburgh. By the time of the Elwon/Moresby survey, the marine steam engine appeared to be racing to the rescue of British communications with India; the engine, first tested on Scottish lochs and American rivers, was by 1826 attempting the Cape route to India. In that year a 479-ton wooden paddle steamer, HEICS Enterprise, steamed (mostly sailed in fact) from London to Calcutta. Its progress was particularly noted by two individuals: a river pilot named Thomas Waghorn who was impressed by the steamer's steady progress against the wind up the Hooghly river to Calcutta, and indirectly by the Governor of Bombay, Mountstuart Elphinstone. A year later Elphinstone, together with the secretary of the Calcutta government and his wife, Mr and Mrs Lushington, chose to return to England via the Red Sea, sailing on a cramped little brig, Palinurus. This involved disembarking at Qusayr and crossing the desert to the Nile in the customary four days. Back in Britain Elphinstone joined the campaign, promoted by the visionary new commander of the Bombay Marine (renamed the Indian Navy on 1 May 1830), Sir Charles Malcolm, to introduce steam to the Red Sea, which would enable boats to navigate up the Gulf of Suez against those tiresome northerlies.Waghorn and other entrepreneurs in Britain and Egypt were meanwhile working at linking Mediterranean steam crossings (already overcoming its infuriating calms) with the Red Sea via an "overland route" through Egypt. An experimental vessel, , was built in Bombay Dockyard, powered by engines sent from England, and launched for Suez in 1829; a collier loaded with Welsh coal (sent via the Cape) went ahead, convoyed by a sailing brig, HCS Thetis. Captained by a real steam enthusiast, James Wilson, Hugh Lindsay made it to Suez in thirty-four days but the collier was later wrecked on a reef, a fate which narrowly missed befalling the Thetis, on a reef subsequently named after her, just south of Yanbu on the north Arabian coast. Elwon and Moresby begin the survey of the Red Sea
Drastic measures were clearly needed to prevent these disasters and a rather old ship and a brig were made ready for surveying work despite the reluctance of the East India Company in London to provide finance. The brig was , the same vessel that had transported the Elphinstone party to Qusayr in 1827. She was captained by <mask>, who had already gained experience from having surveyed the Laccadive Islands. The ship HCS Benares was the senior vessel in charge of the survey under the captaincy of Thomas Elwon.Each vessel had a complement of about ten officers. The two ships began the survey at Khor Shinab on the north Sudan coast, with <mask> and the Palinurus surveying the less known northern half of the Red Sea and Elwon in the less handy Benares dealing with the southern half. <mask>'s data reveal the Palinurus criss-crossing the southern part of this area between Jiddah, Hurghada and Qusayr and up the Gulf of Suez during 1830 and 1831. In 1832 the Palinurus worked in the Gulf of Aqaba. Elwon in the Benares similarly criss-crossed the much more hazard-filled waters of the southern Arabian, Sudanese and Eritrean coasts. In 1832 Elwon was promoted Captain and rewarded with the dubious privilege of being appointed the Indian Navy's Commodore in the Red Sea, where he died in 1835 aged 41. <mask> took over what was left of the work in the southern Red Sea.It is claimed that from 1829 to 1833 <mask> never left the Red Sea, however the survey data indicate that each summer there was a cessation of activity from June to November, when it is probable the ships returned to India for rest and refit. Survey of the Red Sea and its hazards
Between 1829 and 1833 the Bombay Marine's survey parties completed a full survey of the Red Sea in Benares and Palinurus. <mask> began his survey in the north, first along the Arabian coast around Jiddah, then across on the African coast north and south of Qusayr. However, in the Sailing Directions for the Red Sea compiled from the journals of Commander Elwon and his own, published in 1841 as part of Horsburgh's India Directory, 5th edition, the direction of the entries follows the south to north itinerary common since da Castro's day. Every detail is noted, not only reefs, harbours and anchorages but also provisions, the essential water (often awful) and fuel supplies. A fuller and more graphic narrative of the upper half of the survey is contained in Lieutenant James Raymond Wellsted's account, in the second volume of his Travels in Arabia (1838). Wellsted had joined the Palinurus in 1830.The reefs were mostly surveyed from local boats with local pilots, the names of the thirteen pilots embarked in the Benares from time to time appearing in Commander Elwon's journal. This survey was an arduous task and the ships suffered. Palinurus had been forced to return to Bombay in 1830 for refitting after surveying the Gulf of Suez, while Benares had to be sent back in 1831 in a shattered state, the leaky tub caught forty-two times on coral reefs). "This heated funnel of reef-bound sea", as <mask> referred to it, took its toll on the surveyors; "great dangers and privations were inseparable from such a service", Moresby noted. The summer months were particularly punishing when temperatures reached the high 40°s and the Benares seems to have been especially vulnerable. It was rare for the full complement of officers to be functioning and Elwon himself was frequently ill. In 1833 the assistant surveyor, Lieutenant Pinching, died of smallpox off Aden Settlement where he was buried.<mask>'s narrative suggested that the triangulation started from Suez, as the nearest point to Cairo for those crossing Egypt by the Overland Route. However, the detailed journal in the British Hydrographic Office Archive suggests quite a different order, with both ships setting out from the middle and <mask> and the Palinurus going first to Jiddah, the confusion perhaps arises from the fact that the journal, comprising the two parts completed respectively by <mask> and Elwon, though signed and submitted to Sir Charles Malcolm by Elwon, was bound in the incorrect sequence. At Suez itself <mask> noted, "provisions are plentiful and good—oranges, pears, apples, plums in season. And there were plenty of fine cabbages!" In the Gulf there were some nasty spots whose names indicate the hazards—Moresby Shoal for instance, and Felix Jones Patches. Another danger spot was the Daedalus Shoal at the entrance to the Gulf of Suez, which has a light on it to this day. The most curious failing of <mask>'s survey was his failure accurately to chart the position of El Akhawein, or The Brothers, an isolate reef in the middle of the northern half of the Red Sea, which he had not seen at all during his first investigations in 1831–32.Its position was not correctly established until the 1870s. <mask> also surveyed the Gulf of Aqaba, a narrow deep waterway between high mountains that funnels high northerly winds. It was such winds, so frequently mentioned in the Sailing Directions, which the steam engine was supposed to overcome. The six-kilometre-wide entrance, at the Straits of Tiran, was bad enough—wrecks are strewn over the rocks there even today. In the Gulf itself on one occasion the Palinurus was blown off her anchorage three times, once despite having fifty fathoms (90 m) of chain down on each of two anchors. Wellsted describes <mask> on one occasion springing up the rigging to spot reefs which everyone had declared were just wash from clashing tides; they lowered anchors to three fathoms but the vessel swung round and suddenly there was no bottom under the stem at eighty fathoms. In Wellsted's opinion four years in the Red Sea was nothing like as bad as 150 kilometres in the Gulf of Aqaba.On shore the crew helped locals repair their boats and <mask> going for a walk along the beach was accosted by fishermen whose boat had been thus mended, who insisted on his accepting a present of two sheep and a bag of dollars. Heading out of the Gulf and down the Egyptian coast a particular danger spot was Zabargad Island (also known as St John's or Emerald Island because of ancient peridot mines); Palinurus was caught in a fearsome gale and only avoided being driven on to the rocks by hooking a kedge anchor on to a hole in the reef. "An uncomfortable night was spent by all." Moresby always records the availability or otherwise of fuel, provisions, water, attitude of locals: availability of water was sometimes dependent on their being able to roll the ship's casks to and from the source. Onshore reception was variable owing to the long tradition of piracy in the northern end of the Red Sea. <mask> warned that "should a ship touch at any part of the Red Sea not frequented by Europeans (for water, etc. ), great caution ought to be adopted, to guard against treachery from the various predatory tribes inhabiting the borders of the sea."The coastal plain had been devastated earlier in the century by Wahhabi puritan Muslims from Central Arabia followed by an Egyptian invasion—none of this good news for non-Muslims. At Sharm Ghabur ('sharm' meaning a channel through the reefs in the local Arabic), where Muslim pilgrims traditionally donned their pilgrim's garb, "water and wood were cheap, and dates excellent, but the bedu were not to be trusted. They were feared throughout the sea for ferocity and treachery," writes Moresby, "so that it is dangerous to land on that stretch of shore." During the survey of the Red Sea <mask> was smitten by intermittent fevers. Finally Moresby returned to Bombay in 1833, exhausted by four years of surveying. Meanwhile, the valiant Palinurus sailed on to survey the southern coast of Arabia under Captain Stafford B. Haines, who would later become the first British official in charge of the Protectorate of Aden. The Red Sea charts of Moresby and Elwon were drafted by chief draughtsman Felix Jones to a scale of one inch to the mile (in the trickier parts, ten inches to the mile), and published in 1834.They included two main sheets covering the whole sea, with two further sheets with detailed plans of anchorages. Other important surveys: the Maldives and the Chagos
After the completion of the Red Sea Survey, <mask> was sent to chart various coral island groups lying across the track of India-to-Cape trade. In 1834–1836 <mask>, assisted by Lieutenants Christopher and Young, undertook the difficult cartography of the Maldive Islands, drawing the first accurate maritime charts of this complicated Indian Ocean atoll group (Admiralty Charts). These charts were printed as three separate large maps by the Hydrographic Service of the Royal Navy. <mask>'s survey of the Atolls of the Maldives was followed by the Chagos Archipelago. where he conducted "a thorough scientific survey". He planted 30 breadfruit trees in Diego Garcia Island, the largest of the group.<mask> reported that "there were cats and chickens on the island". Some of his observations were used by Darwin in his 1842 book The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. In 1838, after leaving the Chagos, <mask> went on to survey the Saya de Malha bank. This is a vast submerged reef south-east of the Seychelles and since there is no island above the surface, the men were forced to spend many days at sea often under difficult weather conditions. <mask> could complete only part of this survey, namely the Southern Bank, for this arduous task and the accumulated fatigue from his previous surveys, took a toll on his health. Thus <mask> had to interrupt the task and the Northern Bank of Saya da Malha could not be satisfactorily surveyed. He sailed then back to India, for a much-needed time of rest for him and his crew.Even after the necessary period of relaxation, <mask> did not fully recover. Finally his precarious condition obliged him to give up surveying. In 1842 he was employed by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O), to command their brand new and most luxurious steamer, Hindostan, on her maiden voyage from Southampton to Calcutta. Subsequently, the Hindostan was employed on the Calcutta-Suez run, the Red Sea now made safe by the immaculate surveys led by Elwon and Moresby. <mask>'s charts were so good that they were favoured by Maldivian pilots navigating through the treacherous waters of their atolls until the 1990s, when satellite images appeared. In the Maldives a channel locally also known as Hanikandu, between Northern Maalhosmadulhu Atoll and "Fasdhūtere" Atoll, is still known as 'Moresby Channel' in the honor of this forgotten captain and draughtsman, who with much patience and hard work charted all the Atolls of the Maldives. Moresby Island, an island in Peros Banhos Atoll in the Chagos Archipelago, has been named after this skilled British cartographer as well.However, <mask> should not be confused with Admiral Sir <mask>, of the Royal Navy or <mask>'s son, Rear-Admiral <mask>, after whom Port Moresby, the capital of Papua New Guinea, was named. <mask> was related to <mask> by the same father, but he is not mentioned by <mask> as an uncle in that officer's biography of himself and his father, Two Admirals, Admiral of the Fleet, Sir <mask> (1786-1877), and His Son, <mask>. Sir Richard Burton's eulogy

See also
 Cartography
 Hydrography
 List of cartographers

Notes

References

Searight, Sarah, The Charting of the Red Sea. History Today, 2003
H. C. P. Bell, The Maldive Islands, An account of the physical features, History, Inhabitants, Productions and Trade. Colombo
The Maldive Islands; Monograph on the History, Archaeology and Epigraphy. Reprint Colombo 1940. Council for Linguistic and Historical Research.Male' 1989
Christopher, William 1836–38. Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society, Vol. I. Bombay. Lieut. I.A. Young & W. Christopher, 'Memoirs on the Inhabitants of the Maldive Islands.' Burton, Richard.First footsteps in East Africa, available from Project Gutenberg
 Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom. Barcelona 1999. <mask>, John 1830–1922. "Two Admirals, Admiral of the Fleet, Sir <mask> (1786-1877), and His Son, <mask>. A Record of Life and Service in the British Navy for a Hundred Years". London 1909. External links
 International Federation of Hydrographic Societies (formerly The Hydrographic Society)
 A realistic guide to what is available to those looking into the careers of officers and men of The East India Company’s Marine

1795 births
1854 deaths
British East India Company Marine personnel
English hydrographers

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<mask> (born <mask>; December 21, 1959 – September 21, 1998), also known as Flo-Jo, was an American track and field athlete. She set world records in 1988 for both the 100 m and 200 m. During the late 1980s she became a popular figure due to both her record-setting athleticism and eclectic personal style. <mask> was born and raised in California. She was athletic from a young age and began running at track meets as a child. While attending California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), she continued to compete in track and field. While still in college, she qualified for the 100 m 1980 Olympics, although she did not actually compete due to the U.S. boycott. She made her Olympic debut four years later, winning a silver medal in the 200 meter distance at the 1984 Olympics held in Los Angeles.At the 1988 U.S. Olympic trials, <mask> set a new world record in the 100 meter sprint. She went on to win three gold medals at the 1988 Olympics. In February 1989, <mask> abruptly retired from athletics. She remained a pop culture figure through endorsement deals, acting, and designing. She died in her sleep as the result of an epileptic seizure in 1998 at the age of 38. She is buried at the El Toro Memorial Park in [[Lake Forest, California]|Lake Forest]]. Early life
<mask> was born in Los Angeles, California, seventh of eleven children born to Robert, an electrician and <mask>, a seamstress.The family lived in Littlerock, California before <mask> moved with her children to the Jordan Downs public housing complex located in the Watts section of Los Angeles. When <mask> was in elementary school, she joined the Sugar Ray Robinson Organization, running in track meets on weekends. She won the Jesse Owens National Youth Games two years in a row, at the ages of 14 and 15. <mask> ran track at Jordan High School in Los Angeles. Showing an early interest in fashion, <mask> persuaded the members of the track team to wear tights with their uniforms. As a high school senior in 1978, she finished sixth at the CIF California State Meet behind future teammates Alice Brown and Pam Marshall. By the time she graduated from Jordan High School in 1978, she had set high school records in sprinting and long jump.Career
<mask> attended the California State University at Northridge, and was on the track team coached by Bob Kersee. This team, which included Brown and Jeanette Bolden, won the national championship during <mask>'s first year of college. However, <mask> had to drop out to support her family, taking a job as a bank teller. Kersee found financial aid for her and she returned to college in 1980, this time at University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) where Kersee was working as a coach. Brown, Bolden, and <mask> qualified for the 100-meter final at the trials for the 1980 Summer Olympics (with Brown winning and <mask> finishing last in the final). <mask> also ran the 200 meters, narrowly finishing fourth, a foot out of a qualifying position. However, the U.S. Government had already decided to boycott those Olympic Games mooting those results.In 1983, <mask> graduated from UCLA with her bachelor's degree in psychology. Olympic runner
<mask> finished fourth in the 200-meter sprint at the first World Championship in Athletics in 1983. The following year, she qualified for the Olympics in the 200-meter distance with the second fastest time at the United States Olympic Trials, held in Los Angeles. Evelyn Ashford, another UCLA alumna and early favorite to medal, dropped out of the 200-meter due to injury. <mask> went on to win a silver medal in the 1984 Summer Olympics. After the 1984 Olympic Games, she spent less time running. <mask> continued to run part-time, winning the 100-meter IAAF Grand Prix Final with the time of 11.00 seconds.She did not compete at the 1985 U.S. National Championship. That same year, she returned to working at a bank and styled hair and nails in her spare time. She married <mask>, the Olympic triple jump champion of 1984, in 1987. She returned to athletics in April 1987. Four months later at the 1987 World Championships in Rome, <mask> finished second in the 200 meter sprint. Her success during the 1987 season resulted in being ranked second in Track and Field News' 1987 world rankings. The 200-meter remained a stronger event for her than the 100-meter, where she was ranked seventh in the United States.Before the 1988 U.S. Olympic Trials, <mask> continued to work with her coach, and now brother in law, Kersee two days a week, but with her new husband coaching her three days a week. She ran the 100 meter in 10.96-second at the 1987 Cologne Grand Prix Track and Field Meet, a personal best but the mark was not even in the top 40 of all time. She continued to improve, again setting a personal best of 10.89 in the 100 meters in San Diego on June 25, 1988, but still remained shy of then American record holder Evelyn Ashford's three best times. A week before the trials she ran a tune-up race in 10.99 in Santa Monica. In the first race of the quarterfinals of the U.S. Olympic Trials, she stunned her colleagues when she sprinted 100 meters in 10.49 seconds, a new world record by a margin of 0.27s over the previous record held by Evelyn Ashford. Over the two-day trials, <mask> recorded the three fastest times for a woman at 100 meters: 10.49 in the quarter-final, 10.70 in the semi-final, and 10.61 in the final. At the same Olympic trials, she also set an American record at the 200-meter distance with a time of 21.77 seconds.The 100m record was by far the largest improvement in the world record time since the advent of electronic timing, and still stands. This extraordinary result raised the possibility of a technical malfunction with the wind gauge which read at 0.0 m/s - a reading at odds with the windy conditions on the day, with high wind speeds being recorded in all other sprints before and after this race as well as the parallel long jump runway at the time of the <mask>ner performance. All scientific studies commissioned by the IAAF and independent organisations have since found there was an illegal tailwind of between 5 m/s – 7 m/s at the time. The IAAF has not annulled the result, but since 1997 the International Athletics Annual of the Association of Track and Field Statisticians has listed it as "probably strongly wind assisted, but recognized as a world record". The fastest non-wind-assisted performance would then be <mask>'s 10.61s in the final the next day. This mark was equaled by Elaine Thompson-Herah in the 2020 Olympic Final before being surpassed by Thompson-Herah at the post-Olympics Eugene Diamond League meeting in August 2021. Thompson-Herah clocked 10.54 seconds, officially the second fastest time in women's 100 m history.Following the Olympic trials, in late July 1988, <mask> left coach Kersee saying she wanted a coach able to provide more personal attention. Another contributing factor was her unhappiness with the lack of sponsorship and endorsement opportunities. In addition to being her coach, Kersee was <mask>'s manager, as he required all the athletes he coached to use his management services too. <mask>'s decision to sign with personal manager Gordon Baskin therefore necessitated the coaching change. She left UCLA for UC Irvine with her husband serving as full-time coach. By now known to the world as "Flo-Jo", <mask> was the big favorite for the titles in the sprint events at the 1988 Summer Olympics. In the 100-meter final, she ran a 10.54, beating her nearest rival to the world record, Evelyn Ashford, by 0.30 seconds.In the 200 meter semifinal, she set the world record of 21.56 seconds and then broke this record by 0.22 seconds in winning the final with a time of 21.34 seconds. Like her 100m world record, this mark still stands. At the same Olympics, <mask> also ran with the 4 × 100 m relay and the 4 × 400 m relay teams. Her team won the 4 × 100 m relay and finished second in the 4 × 400 m relay. This was her first internationally rated 4 × 400 m relay. She left the games having won four Olympic medals, three gold and one silver. At the time, her medal haul was the second most for female track and field athlete in history, behind only Fanny Blankers-Koen who won four gold medals in 1948.In February 1989, <mask> announced her retirement from racing. She cited her new business opportunities outside of sprinting. The month after announcing her retirement, she was selected as the winner of the James E. Sullivan Award of 1988 as the top amateur athlete in the United States. Comeback attempt and other activities
<mask>'s success at the 1988 Olympics led to new opportunities. In the weeks following the Olympics, she earned millions of dollars from endorsement deals, primarily in Japan. She also signed a deal with toy maker LJN Toys for a Barbie-like doll in her likeness. Among the things she did away from the track was to design the basketball uniforms for the Indiana Pacers NBA team in 1989.She served as co-chair of President's Council on Physical Fitness. She made a guest appearance as herself on a season 4 episode of 227, and appeared in the soap opera Santa Barbara in 1992, as "Terry Holloway", a photographer similar to Annie Leibovitz. In 1996, <mask>ner appeared on Charlie Rose and announced her comeback to competitive athletics, concentrating on the 400-meter run. Her reason was that she had already set world marks in both the 100 m and 200 m events, with the 400 m world record being her goal. She trained steadily leading up to the U.S. Olympic trials in June. However, tendonitis in her right leg ended her hopes of becoming a triple-world-record holder. Al Joyner also attempted a comeback, but he was unable to compete due to an injured quadriceps muscle.Style
Beyond her running prowess, <mask> was known for her bold fashion choices. She appeared at the World Championships in 1987 in Rome wearing a hooded speed skating body suit. In April 1988 she started wearing a running suit with the right leg of the suit extending to the ankle and the left leg of the suit cut off, a style she called the "one-legger". The running suits also had bold colors such as lime green or purple with white bikini bottoms and embellished with lightning bolts. Her nails also garnered attention for their length and designs. Her nails were four inches long with tiger stripes at the 1988 Olympic trials before switching to fuchsia. For the Olympic games themselves, she had six inch nails painted red, white, blue, and gold.Although many sprinters avoided accessories which might slow them down, <mask> kept her hair long and wore jewelry while competing. She designed many of her outfits herself and preferred looks which were not conventional. Allegations of performance-enhancing drug use

After her record-shattering performances at the 1988 U.S. Olympic Trials, she became an object of suspicion when she arrived at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul. Athletes, including Joaquim Cruz and Ben Johnson, expressed disbelief over <mask>'s dramatic improvement over a short period of time. Before the 1988 track and field season, her best time in the 100-meter sprint was 10.96 seconds (set in 1987). In 1988, she improved that by 0.47 seconds. Her best before 1988 at 200 meters was 21.96 seconds (also set in 1987).In 1988, she improved that by 0.62 seconds to 21.34 seconds, another time that has not been approached. <mask> attributed the change in her physique to new health programs. <mask> replaced Bob Kersee as her coach, and he changed her training program to include more lower body strength training exercises such as squats and lunges. In a 1989 story for which he was purportedly paid $25,000, Darrell Robinson, a former teammate of <mask>, claimed that he sold her 10 mL of growth hormone for $2,000 in 1988. He said Joyner told him: "if you want to make $1 million, you've got to invest some thousands." Robinson claimed to have received steroids from coach Bob Kersee and said he saw Carl Lewis inject himself with drugs he believed to be testosterone. Robinson never provided any evidence for his allegations and was shunned by the athletics community, leading to the premature end of his career.After the 1988 Olympics, <mask> retired from competitive track and field, just before the introduction of mandatory random drug testing in 1989. She was repeatedly tested during competition and passed every test. After her death in 1998, Prince Alexandre de Merode, chairman of the International Olympic Committee's medical commission, claimed that <mask> was singled out for extra, rigorous drug testing during the 1988 Olympic Games following rumors of steroid use. De Merode told The New York Times that Manfred Donike, who was at that time considered to be the foremost expert on drugs and sports, failed to discover any banned substances during that testing. The World Anti-Doping Agency was created in the 1990s, removing control of drug testing from the IOC and De Merode. De Merode later stated: "We performed all possible and imaginable analyses on her. We never found anything.There should not be the slightest suspicion." Personal life
<mask>'s nickname among family was "Dee Dee". She was briefly engaged to hurdler Greg Foster. In 1987, <mask> married 1984 Olympic triple jump champion <mask>, whom <mask> had first met at the 1980 Olympic Trials. Through her marriage to <mask> she was sister-in-law to track and field athlete <mask>-Kersee. <mask> and <mask> had one daughter together, Mary Ruth <mask>, born November 15, 1990. Death
On September 21, 1998, <mask> died in her sleep at home in the Canyon Crest neighborhood of Mission Viejo, California, at the age of 38.The unexpected death was investigated by the Orange County Sheriff-Coroner's office, which announced on September 22 that the cause of death was suffocation during a severe epileptic seizure. <mask> was found to have had a cavernous hemangioma, a congenital vascular brain abnormality that made her subject to seizures. According to a family attorney, she had suffered a tonic-clonic seizure in 1990 and had been treated for seizures in 1993 and 1994. According to the Sheriff-Coroner's office, the only drugs in her system when she died were small amounts of two common over-the-counter drugs, acetaminophen and the antihistamine Benadryl. Legacy
USA Track & Field inducted her into its Hall of Fame in 1995. In 2000, the 102nd Street School in Los Angeles was renamed Florence Griffith Joyner Elementary School. <mask> had attended the school as a child.The city of Mission Viejo dedicated a park at the entrance to her neighborhood in her honor. <mask> was also an artist and painter. Her work has been on display as part the Art of The Olympians (AOTO). She is one of two posthumous members of AOTO, the other being the founder and Olympian, Al Oerter. In Time 2020 list of the most influential women of the past century, she was named woman of the year for 1988. Statistics
To date, her 200 m world and Olympic record (21.34) as well as her 100 m world record (10.49) still stand. Her 100 m Olympic record (10.62) was improved in 2021 at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo by Elaine Thompson-Herah (10.61).Olympic Games and trials results
Source:

International competitions

Season's bests

See also
 History of African Americans in Los Angeles

Notes

References

External links

 Official website (archive)
 Iconic Sports Moments- <mask>

 <mask> Joyner at AOTO

 Videos:

American female sprinters
1959 births
1998 deaths
African-American female track and field athletes
Track and field athletes from Los Angeles
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in track and field
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics record holders
California State University, Northridge alumni
James E. Sullivan Award recipients
UCLA Bruins women's track and field athletes
Burials in Orange County, California
Deaths from epilepsy
Deaths from asphyxiation
Neurological disease deaths in California
People from Watts, Los Angeles
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Track & Field News Athlete of the Year winners
IAAF World Athlete of the Year
World Athletics Championships winners
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century American people
Olympic female sprinters

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Florence Delorez Griffith Joyner
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<mask> (born 21 June 1989) is an English footballer who is currently a player for Erith & Belvedere. As a junior, he was on the books of Welwyn Garden City, Barnet and Tottenham Hotspur. He joined Bradford City in 2007, and later the same year scored with his first touch in league football. He played on loan for Cambridge City, but left Bradford after just one season to return to London, and re-signed for Barnet. During his time with Barnet, he had loan spells twice at Havant & Waterlooville and Woking before he dropped back into non-league to sign for Mansfield Town, Kidderminster Harriers and Bromley. Career

Early career
Born in Greenwich, London, <mask> attended Southgate College, where he played for the college football side which lost in the 2006 English Colleges' Football League Championship Final to Gateshead College. <mask> also played for Welwyn Garden City, making his debut at the age of 16.During his time with Welwyn Garden City, the club was removed from the 2005–06 Football Association Challenge Vase competition, after <mask> played against Newmarket Town despite being not registered by the qualification date. <mask> left Welwyn Garden City in 2006 to join Barnet's London-based Protec Football Academy, where he stayed for eight months, before graduating to the youth side of Premier League's Tottenham Hotspur, along with defender Chris Casey. <mask> was released by Tottenham and was instead picked up by Bradford City under the caretaker management of David Wetherall following a trial. Bradford City
Medley scored the winning goal on his Bradford debut in their 2–1 league victory over Wrexham on 25 August 2007, a volley from outside the area, just two minutes after coming on as a substitute. The goal was scored with his first touch on his professional first team debut. He played another three games before he joined Cambridge City on loan on 11 January 2008. He came close to scoring on his Cambridge debut the following day, when he struck the post in a 1–0 FA Trophy defeat to Droylsden, with his Bradford teammate Sean Taylforth on the opposing side.<mask> played six games during his loan spell, including five in the Conference South, but failed to score. He returned to Bradford and made several more appearances as a substitute. On 29 April 2008, <mask> was offered a new contract to remain at Bradford, having played eight games for the club. Four days later, he scored on his first start for the club, when he converted a 44th-minute penalty against Wycombe Wanderers on the final day of the 2007–08 season. However, he decided to turn down City's contract offer, because he wanted to move closer to his London roots. He had scored two goals from just nine games during his time with Bradford. Barnet
Less than three weeks later, <mask> returned to former club Barnet, becoming the League Two side's first signing of the summer.Barnet eventually had to pay Bradford City £7,500 for <mask> following a tribunal hearing. He made his Barnet debut on the opening day of the 2008–09 as a second-half substitute against Chesterfield. Barnet lost the game 3–1. <mask>'s first goal for Barnet came in his eighth league game, as they defeated Rotherham United 4–3 despite playing the game with ten men for an hour. It was <mask>'s only goal from 20 appearances in all competitions, including 17 in the league, before Christmas; he was subsequently dropped from the team and found more competition for places when Barnet signed 40-year-old striker Paul Furlong. After failing to play for Barnet during 2009, he was loaned out to Conference South side Havant & Waterlooville in March for one month. <mask>'s debut came just one day after signing as he helped Havant to defeat Weston-super-Mare 1–0 in their fight against relegation, with <mask> coming close to scoring.He scored his first goal for Havant on his home debut during a 3–3 draw with Maidenhead United. His second goal came in a 3–0 win over Fisher Athletic. In July 2009, he joined Conference South side Woking on a six-month loan. <mask> made his debut in the opening day of the season in Woking's first-ever game in the Conference South—a game they won 2–1, before scoring his first goal in the club's second game just three days later against Chelmsford City, which Woking went on to lose. He returned to the side and scored his first FA Cup goal to help Woking defeat Maidstone United and put them just one round away from the full stages of the competition. In February 2010, he rejoined Havant & Waterlooville on loan. He played 13 games during his loan spell but failed to score.<mask> returned to Barnet in April and made his first appearance for the Bees in almost a year against Accrington Stanley. However, <mask> spent time on trial with Histon, Gillingham and Conference National-side Mansfield Town, before signing for the latter on a six-month deal thanks to fans group the 12th Stags, which helped to pay for some of his wages. <mask> was a second-half substitute for Keigan Parker when making his debut for Mansfield in a 3–1 victory against Forest Green Rovers on the opening day of the 2010–11 Conference season. A week later, he scored his first goal and made another as Mansfield defeated Kidderminster Harriers 3–1. <mask> had come on at half-time in the game, with Mansfield one goal down, and his performance was described as one that "terrified Kidderminster with his power and pace". After three appearances as substitute, <mask> was rewarded for his display against Kidderminster by being given his first start for Mansfield in their next game, which finished in a 1–1 draw with Kettering Town.<mask> remained a squad member but was still regularly used as a substitute and in one such appearance at the end of September, he scored twice in a game for the first time, to help lift Mansfield to the top of the table. <mask>'s contract was also extended to the end of the season following a club takeover. Kidderminster Harriers
<mask> left Mansfield in the summer and joined Kidderminster Harriers on a one-year contract. On 17 November 2011, <mask> joined fellow Conference side Lincoln City on loan until the New Year. After making six substitute appearances for the Imps, he returned to Kidderminster Harriers following the completion of his loan contract. On 10 January 2012, he joined Woking for a second time on a month's loan. Bromley
<mask> left Kidderminster on 14 February 2012 when his contract was cancelled by mutual consent and on the same day he joined Bromley.Hayes and Yeading United
He joined Hayes & Yeading in the summer of 2013 to boost the United attack for the forthcoming campaign. On 20 July 2013 he made his debut during pre-season for his new team, scoring one goal in the 2–1 defeat to Windsor. He then featured again in the 3–1 victory over Slough Town. After four league appearances, he left the club. Goole
<mask> signed for Northern Premier League Division One South side Goole in October 2013. He made six appearances, without scoring, before being released. Crawley Down Gatwick
In November 2013, <mask> signed for Crawley Down Gatwick of the Isthmian League Division One South, making his debut against Redhill on 30 November.Margate
In March 2014, <mask> joined Margate of the Isthmian League Premier Division. He made his debut for the club on 15 March against Billericay Town. Walton Casuals
<mask> later joined Walton Casuals in October 2014, and made his debut in the Isthmian League Cup First Round. Chatham Town
Medley began the 2016–17 season at Chatham Town, scoring 15 goals in a struggling side. Cray Wanderers
He transferred to Chatham's local rivals Cray Wanderers in January 2017 and made an immediate impact, scoring six times in three games in the first week of February. Personal life
<mask> is the older brother of Professional Footballer Zechariah <mask>. Career statistics
Updated to 21 November 2010.References

External links

Lincoln City F.C. Official Archive Profile

1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Greenwich
English footballers
English football managers
Association football forwards
Welwyn Garden City F.C. players
Barnet F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Cambridge City F.C. players
Havant & Waterlooville F.C.players
Woking F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Aldershot Town F.C. players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Bromley F.C. players
Hayes & Yeading United F.C.players
Goole A.F.C. players
Margate F.C. players
Crawley Down Gatwick F.C. players
Walton Casuals F.C. players
Chatham Town F.C. players
Cray Wanderers F.C. players
Greenwich Borough F.C.managers
Sheppey United F.C. players
Croydon F.C. players
Lordswood F.C. players
Whitstable Town F.C. players
Erith & Belvedere F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players
Isthmian League players

masks:
Luke Anthony Cleve Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medleydley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Medley
Luke
Medley


texts:
<mask> (née <mask>; February 3, 1898 – August 27, 1971) was a jazz pianist, composer, arranger, singer, and bandleader. She was the second wife of <mask>, with whom she collaborated on many recordings in the 1920s. Her compositions include "Struttin' with Some Barbecue", "Don't Jive Me", "Two Deuces", "Knee Drops", "Doin' the Suzie-Q", "Just for a Thrill" (which was a hit when revived by Ray Charles in 1959), "Clip Joint", and "Bad Boy" (a hit for Ringo Starr in 1978). <mask> was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2014. Background
She was born <mask> in Memphis, Tennessee, where she grew up in a household with her grandmother, Priscilla Martin, a former slave from near Oxford, Mississippi. Martin had a son and three daughters, one of whom was Dempsey, <mask>'s mother. Priscilla Martin moved her family to Memphis to escape from her husband, a trek the family made by mule-drawn wagon.Dempsey married Will Harden, and <mask> was born on February 3, 1898. Will died when <mask> was seven, though Dempsey later remarried to John Miller. During her early years, Hardin was taught hymns, spirituals, and classical music on the piano. She was drawn to popular music and later blues. Early education and mentors
Hardin first received piano instruction from her third-grade teacher, Violet White. Her mother then enrolled her in Mrs. Hook's School of Music. At Fisk University, a college for African Americans in Nashville, she was taught a more acceptable approach to the instrument.She received a diploma from Fisk, returning to Memphis in 1917. In August 1918, she moved to Chicago with her mother and stepfather. By then she had become a proficient sight-reader, a skill that helped her gain a job as a sheet music demonstrator at Jones Music Store. The store paid Hardin $3 a week (US$ in  dollars), but bandleader Lawrence Duhé offered $22.50 (US$ in  dollars). Knowing that her mother would disapprove of her working in a cabaret, she made it known that her new job was playing for a dancing school. As observed by Thomas Brothers, the discrepancies between her education and that of Duhé's band members were apparent; when she asked what key the New Orleanians were going to play in, they remarked, "We don't know what key. When you hear two knocks start playing."Three weeks later the band moved to a better booking at the De Luxe Café, where the entertainers included Florence Mills and Cora Green. From there, the band moved up to Dreamland. Here the principal entertainers were Alberta Hunter and Ollie Powers. When King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band replaced Duhé's group at Dreamland, Oliver asked Hardin to stay with him. She was with Oliver at Dreamland in 1921 when an offer came for the orchestra to play a six-month engagement at the Pergola Ballroom in San Francisco. At the end of that booking <mask> returned to Chicago while the rest of the Oliver band went to Los Angeles. She later studied at the New York College of Music, where she earned a post-graduate diploma in 1929.Marriages and divorces
In Chicago, Hardin returned to work at Dreamland as a pianist in an orchestra for Mae Brady, a violinist and vaudeville stalwart. While there, she fell for Jimmie Johnson, a young singer from Washington, D.C., whom she married on August 22, 1922. The marriage was short-lived, ending in divorce. The Oliver band returned from California and opened at the Royal Gardens with Bertha Gonzales at the piano but soon found itself back at Dreamland with <mask> at the piano. King Oliver's band was enjoying enormous success at Dreamland when he sent for <mask> to join as second cornetist. <mask> was beginning to make a name for himself in New Orleans and regarded Oliver ("Papa Joe") as his mentor. At first, Hardin was unimpressed, remembering that she "was very disgusted" by Louis, who arrived in Chicago wearing clothes and a hair style that she deemed to be "too country" for Chicago, but she worked to "take the country out of him", and a romance developed (to the surprise of other band members, some of whom had been trying to woo her for some time with no success).They would visit cabarets and after-hour spots after their job at Lincoln Gardens, but their relationship was solidified after <mask>'s mother's intervention in 1923, when she visited <mask> in Chicago. She and <mask> needed to be divorced from their previous relationships (<mask> to Jimmie Johnson, <mask> to <mask>) and "claimed desertion" from said relationships to annul the marriages. <mask> and <mask> were married on February 5, 1924 and honeymooned/toured with the Oliver band in Biglerville, Pennsylvania. The Defender noted that Hardin was dressed in a "Parisian gown of white crepe elaborately beaded in rhinestones and silver beads." Hardin took <mask> shopping and taught him how to dress more fashionably. She got rid of his bangs and began working to foster his career. In addition to updating his appearance, Hardin assisted <mask> in learning classical music with the help of a German teacher in Chicago.She felt that he was wasting his talent in a secondary role. <mask> was happy to be playing next to his idol, but <mask> at first persuaded him to manage his own money and assert himself on the bandstand and during recording sessions; eventually, she convinced him to leave Oliver and go out on his own. <mask> resigned from Oliver's band and in September 1924 accepted a job with bandleader Fletcher Henderson in New York City. Hardin stayed in Chicago, first with Oliver, then leading a band of her own. When <mask>'s band got a job at the Dreamland Café in Chicago she prepared for <mask>'s return to Chicago by having a huge banner that read "The World's Greatest Trumpet Player". Richard M. Jones convinced Okeh Records to make a series of sessions under his name: the <mask> "Hot Five" recordings. With <mask> at the piano, Kid Ory on trombone, Johnny Dodds on clarinet, and Johnny St. Cyr on banjo, this group rehearsed at <mask> and <mask>'s residence on Chicago's East 41st Street and held its first session on November 15, 1925.In the late 1920s, <mask> and <mask> grew apart due to class differences and money issues. He formed a new Hot Five with Earl Hines on piano. Hardin reformed her own band with Freddie Keppard, whom she considered second only to <mask>. <mask> and <mask> separated in 1931 when he had a liaison with Alpha Smith, who threatened to sue <mask> for breach of promise, so he begged Hardin not to grant him a divorce. They finally divorced in 1938. Later years
In the 1930s, sometimes billing herself as "Mrs. <mask>", Hardin led an "All Girl Orchestra", a mixed-sex big band which broadcast nationally over the NBC radio network. In the same decade she recorded for Decca as a swing vocalist and performed as piano accompanist for other singers.She also performed with Red Allen. Solo work
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Hardin worked mostly as a soloist, singing and playing piano. In the late 1940s, she decided to leave the music business and become a tailor, so she took a course in tailoring. Her graduation project was to make a tuxedo for <mask>. Hardin returned to Chicago and the house on East 41st Street. She made a trip to Europe and had a brief love affair in France, but mostly she worked around Chicago, often with fellow Chicagoans. Collaborators included Red Saunders, Joe Williams, Oscar Brown Jr., and Little Brother Montgomery.In the 1950s, Hardin recorded a biographical narrative for Bill Grauer at Riverside Records that was issued in LP form. She would again appear on that label in 1961, participating in its project Chicago: The Living Legends as accompanist for Alberta Hunter and leader of her own hastily assembled big band. The Riverside recordings led to her inclusion in a 1961 NBC network special, Chicago and All That Jazz, and a follow-up album released by Verve. In 1962, she began writing her autobiography with Chris Albertson, but she changed her mind when she realized the book would include experiences that might discomfit <mask>, so the project was delayed until his death. She died before finishing the book. Death
When <mask> died in 1971, she traveled to New York for the funeral and rode in the family car. Returning to Chicago, she felt that work on her autobiography could continue, but the following month, performing at a televised memorial concert for <mask>, she collapsed at the piano and died from a heart attack on the way to the hospital.After her funeral, her letters and the unfinished manuscript of her autobiography disappeared from her house. In 2004, the Chicago Park District renamed a community park in her honor. Legacy
Hardin's song "Bad Boy" was recorded by Ringo Starr in 1978 and became an international pop hit. <mask>'s composition "Oriental Swing" was sampled by electro swing musician Parov Stelar to create the 2012 song "Booty Swing". The song gained notoriety when it was used in a 2013 Chevrolet commercial. References

External links

Obituary, The New York Times, 28 August 1971
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., ed. (2004).African American Lives. <mask> <mask> at Red Hot Jazz Archive
<mask> <mask> at Music Rising, Tulane University

 <mask> <mask> recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. African-American jazz composers
African-American jazz pianists
20th-century African-American women singers
American women composers
American women jazz musicians
American women jazz singers
American jazz singers
American jazz bandleaders
Jazz songwriters
1898 births
1971 deaths
Jazz musicians from Illinois
Musicians from Chicago
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Musicians who died on stage
Fisk University alumni
New York College of Music alumni
Women conductors (music)
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century jazz composers
20th-century American women pianists
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American composers
Jazz musicians from Tennessee
New Orleans Wanderers members
<mask> and His Hot Five members
<mask> and His Hot Seven members
Red Onion Jazz Babies members
20th-century women composers
20th-century American singers

masks:
Lillian Hardin Armstrong
Hardin
Louis Armstrong
Armstrong
Lillian Hardin
Lil
Lil
Lil
Hardin
Hardin
Louis Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Lil Hardin
Louis Armstrong
Daisy Armstrong
Hardin
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Hardin
Armstrong
Hardin
Armstrong
Armstrong
Hardin
Armstrong
Hardin
Hardin
Armstrong
Armstrong
Hardin
Armstrong
Armstrong
Louis Armstrong
Armstrong
Louis Armstrong
Louis Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Lil Hardin
Armstrong
Lil Hardin
Armstrong
Lil Hardin
Armstrong
Louis Armstrong
Louis Armstrong


texts:
<mask> (3 February 1771 – 10 April 1843) was a prominent eighteenth and nineteenth century political and historical writer, and Master of the College of God's Gift in Dulwich (then colloquially called "Dulwich College"). More than one street in Kensington, London, is named after him. Early life
<mask> was born at Redfoord in the parish of Colinton near Edinburgh. His father, <mask>, was the owner of the small estate of Redfoord and was a writer to the Signet. When his father became bankrupt his mother's family and his stepfather ensured that he had a good education. In time he was apprenticed to an Edinburgh surgeon by the name of Arnot. Whilst there his companion in instruction was Professor Thomson who would be a lifelong friend.Early career
In 1791 he became M.D. of the University of Edinburgh. After achieving his M.D. he waited for a practice in Edinburgh and whilst doing so lectured on medical topics with students including Francis Horner being attracted. He also translated Cuvier's "Introduction to the Study of the Animal Economy". He was also known for his promotion of the cause of political reform in Scotland and had a deep knowledge of constitutional history. This led to him being one of the few to whom a plan of the Edinburgh Review was communicated.Association with Lord Holland

Trips abroad
In 1801 it became known that Lord Holland required the services of a clever young Scotch medical man to accompany him to Spain. <mask> was recommended <mask> took up the position and accompanied Holland's family remaining abroad until 1805. When he returned he spent much of his time at Holland House in Kensington. For a brief time in 1806 he held an official position as undersecretary to the commissioners for treating with America. In 1808 he again accompanied Lord Holland to Spain and made a study of the history and social characteristics of the Spanish people. His work towards a volume illustrating the different causes that had checked Spain's progress was never finished. However, in April 1810 two articles were published in the Edinburgh Review on Spanish America.Holland House

During the tenure of Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland (1773-1840) (son of the 2nd Baron) and his wife Elizabeth Vassall (1771-1845),
<mask>'s association with Holland House is perhaps what he is best known for, hence he is often referred to as Holland House Allen. In histories of Holland House he is frequently referred to as "Lord Holland's librarian". <mask> became one of the family, was in all their confidence, and indispensable to both Lord and Lady Holland. Following <mask>'s death, his associate in the "Holland House Set" Charles Greville wrote:
Lord Holland treated him with uniform consideration, affection, and amenity; [Lady Holland] worried, bullied, flattered, and cajoled him by turns. He was a mixture of pride, humility, and independence; he was disinterested, warm-hearted, and choleric, very liberal in his political, still more in his religious opinions, in fact, a universal sceptic. He used for a long time in derision to be called "Lady Holland's Atheist", and in point of fact I do not know whether he believed in the existence of a First Cause, or whether, like Dupuis, he regarded the world as l'univers Dieu. Though not, I think, feeling quite certain on the point, he was inclined to believe that the history of Jesus Christ was altogether fabulous or mythical, and that no such man had ever existed.He told me he could not get over the total silence of Josephus as to the existence and history of Christ. ... <mask>'s learning and still more his general information were prodigious, and as he lived amongst books, the stock was continually increasing. He was the oracle of Holland House on all literary subjects, and in every discussion some reference was sure to be made to <mask> for information, upon which he never was at fault. He was not accustomed to take much part in general conversation, but was always ready to converse with anybody who sought him, and when warmed up would often argue away with great vigour and animation, and sometimes with no little excitement. He spent much time helping Lord Holland find materials for his speeches in the House of Lords and supplying criticism of those speeches. He sat at the dinner table and carved. He was known to join the family at dinner parties.So associated was he with the house that he had his own large room, on the ground floor, known as "Allen's Room". During his time at Holland House he came into contact with many of the most prominent citizens of London at the time. Byron referred to him as "the best informed and one of the ablest men" that he knew. Others, such as Macaulay, Lord Brougham and Charles Greville are laudatory of him. College of God's Gift
In 1811, through the influence of his patron Lord Holland, he was elected as Warden of the College of God's Gift and from 1820 was the Master of that establishment until his death in 1843. He is not considered one of the great Masters of the College as he spent little time there and did little to further the aims of its founder Edward Alleyn. However, he did leave his Spanish and Italian books to the school.Later life
Apart from the Mastership of the College of God's Gift, he was also auditor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1841 until his death. He died on 10 April 1843 at 33 South Street (the residence of Lady Holland) and was buried at Millbrook, Bedfordshire close to the third Lord Holland. His great friend Professor Thomson received his medical books and manuscripts, and Major-General Charles Richard Fox was left his other manuscripts and diaries. Publications
It is believed that, had he not spent so much time at Holland House, his contributions to literature would have been more prolific. Articles for the Edinburgh Review including:
Constitution of Parliament (June 1816)
Review of Warden's letters from St. Helena (December 1816) – Napoleon was said to have been surprised by its intimate knowledge of his early life
Criticisms of Dr Lingard's History of England (April 1825 and June 1826)
Dissertation on creating peers for life (October 1834)
Enquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal Prerogative in England (1830)
Vindication of the Ancient Independence of Scotland

The Memorials and Correspondence of Charles James Fox had large portions written by <mask>, although Lord <mask> is considered the editor. The life of Fox in the 7th and 8th editions of Encyclopædia Britannica were written by <mask> who was steeped in the history of the Whigs. References

External links

1771 births
1843 deaths
British historians
Masters of the College of God's Gift
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Writers from Edinburgh

masks:
John Allen
John Allen
James Allen
Allen
John Allen
John Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
John Russell
Allen


texts:
<mask> (September 6, 1812 – March 23, 1877) was an American pioneer and prominent early member of the Latter Day Saint Movement in Utah. <mask> was later convicted as a mass murderer for his complicity in the Mountain Meadows massacre, sentenced to death and was executed in 1877. Early Mormon leader
<mask> was born on September 6, 1812, in Kaskaskia, Illinois Territory, and joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1838. He was a friend of Joseph Smith, founder of the church, and was the adopted son of Brigham Young under the early Latter Day Saint law of adoption doctrine. In 1839, <mask> served as a missionary with his boyhood friend, Levi Stewart. Together they preached in Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. During this period <mask> converted and baptized "Wild Bill" Hickman.<mask> practiced plural marriage and had 19 wives (at least eleven of whom eventually left him) along with 56 children. <mask> was allegedly a member of the Danites, a fraternal vigilante organization, although this claim has been disputed, because there is little evidence of the group existing after 1838. The Danites were first organized in Caldwell County, Missouri, during the Mormon War. <mask> was also an official scribe for the Council of Fifty, a group of men who provided guidance in practical matters to the church, specifically concerning the move westward out of the established areas United States in the east to the Rocky Mountains. After Smith's death, <mask> went with Brigham Young and other Latter Day Saints to what is now Utah, and worked towards establishing several new communities there. Some of those communities included Lee's Ferry and Lonely Dell Ranch, located near Page, Arizona. A successful and resourceful farmer and rancher, in 1856, <mask> became a United States Indian Agent in the Iron County, Utah, area, where he was assigned to help Native Americans establish farms.In 1858, <mask> served a term as a member of the Utah Territorial Legislature, and following church orders in 1872, <mask> moved from Iron County and established a heavily used ferry crossing on the Colorado River, where the site is still called Lee's Ferry. The nearby ranch was named the Lonely Dell Ranch and is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places, together with the ferry site. Mountain Meadows massacre

Massacre
In September 1857, the Baker–Fancher party, an emigrant group from Arkansas, camped at Mountain Meadows, a staging area in southern Utah used to prepare for the long crossing of the Mojave Desert by groups travelling westward to California. They were attacked by a combined group of Native Americans and Mormon militia men dressed as Native Americans. There were multiple motives for the conflict, including a general atmosphere of rising tensions between the US Federal government and Mormon settlers (see Utah War of 1857-1858) and a rumor that the Baker–Fancher party included those who had murdered Mormons at the 1838 event known as Haun's Mill massacre. On the third day of the siege, <mask> (not dressed as a Native American) approached the Baker–Fancher encirclement under cover of a white flag and convinced the emigrants to surrender their weapons and property to the Mormons in return for safe conduct to nearby Cedar City. The emigrants accepted the offer and surrendered, however approximately 120 of the Baker–Fancher party were then killed by Mormon militia and Paiute Indians, leaving only about 17 small children as survivors.William Ashworth notes in his autobiography that after the massacre, the "leaders among the white men had bound themselves under the most binding oaths to never reveal their part in it." <mask> told Brigham Young that the Indians had been solely responsible, that "no white men were mixed up in it." <mask> later maintained that he had acted under orders from his militia leaders, under protest, and remained active in Mormonism and local government for several years afterwards. Arrest and execution

In 1874, <mask> was arrested and tried for leading the massacre. The first trial ended inconclusively with a hung jury, seemingly because of the prosecution's attempt to portray Brigham Young as the true mastermind of the massacre. A second trial in 1876, in which the prosecution placed the blame squarely on <mask>'s shoulders, ended with his conviction and he was sentenced to death. <mask> never denied his own complicity, but claimed he had not personally killed anyone.He said he had been a vocally reluctant participant and later a scapegoat meant to draw attention away from other Mormon leaders who were also involved. <mask> further maintained that Brigham Young had no knowledge of the event until after it happened. However, in the Life and Confessions of <mask><mask> he (or an editor) wrote, "I have always believed, since that day, that General George A. Smith was then visiting southern Utah to prepare the people for the work of exterminating Captain Fancher's train of emigrants, and I now believe that he was sent for that purpose by the direct command of Brigham Young." On March 23, 1877, <mask> was executed by firing squad at Mountain Meadows on the site of the 1857 massacre. His last words included a reference to Young: "I do not believe everything that is now being taught and practiced by Brigham Young. I do not care who hears it. It is my last word...I have been sacrificed in a cowardly, dastardly manner." On April 20, 1961, the LDS Church posthumously reinstated <mask>'s membership in the church. Descendants
<mask> had 19 wives and 56 children, and his descendants are now numerous. Former Solicitor General Rex E<mask> is a direct descendant of <mask>, as are his sons Senator <mask> of Utah and Utah Supreme Court Justice Thomas R<mask>. Another descendant, Gordon H. Smith, was a U.S. Senator from Oregon. US Representatives Mo Udall (D–AZ) and Stewart Udall (D–AZ) and their sons, Mark Udall (D–CO) and Senator Tom Udall (D–NM) are also descendants.Stewart Udall served as Secretary of the Interior under Presidents Kennedy and <mask>. See also the <mask> family for a list of more of his noteworthy descendants. Film portrayals

<mask> was portrayed by Jon Gries in the film September Dawn (2007). Notes

References
. .
.   Reissued in single-volume paperback: Huntington Library, June 2004:
Kelly, Charles, ed. Journals of <mask><mask>, 1846–47 and 1859. Salt Lake City, Priv.print. for R. B. Watt by Western printing company, 1938. Republished: Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1984.
.

masks:
John Doyle Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
John D
. Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
. Lee
John Lee
Mike Lee
. Lee
Johnson
Lee Hamblin
John Lee
John D
. Lee