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D'<mask> (14 February 1762 – 7 July 1827) was an Irish surgeon, the first paying passenger to arrive in the new colony of New South Wales. He served under the first seven governors of the Colony, and from 1810 to 1821, he was great assistant to Governor Lachlan Macquarie. <mask> led a campaign for the rights and recognition of emancipists and for trial by jury. Early life
D'<mask> was born in Portadown, County Armagh, Ireland, the sixth child and fourth son of Martha and <mask>. His family had left Yorkshire for safe haven in Ireland after the execution of <mask>, Earl of Strafford, in 1641. In 1778, aged sixteen, D'Arcy was apprenticed to Alexander Patton, a surgeon-apothecary, in nearby Tandragee. In 1782, he joined the Irish Volunteers (18th Century), one of the local regiments formed during the American War of Independence, to defend Ireland against invasion from France; his commission as a junior officer was signed by George III.In May 1785, having completed a seven-year apprenticeship, D'Arcy left Ireland. He was seeking an appointment with the East India Company, and as the training of Irish surgeons was not recognised in England, it was necessary to go to London to gain accreditation. Life in England
<mask> sailed on the mailboat from Donaghadee to Portpatrick in Scotland. First he went to South Yorkshire, as the guest of his cousin, <mask>-Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam, at Wentworth Woodhouse. It was the beginning of a lifelong friendship. Fitzwilliam gave D'Arcy encouragement and advice. He attended Whig party gatherings and race meetings at York, Doncaster and Wakefield with Fitzwilliam, who introduced him to the societies of York and London, their up and coming lawyers, young politicians and aspiring bureaucrats.On 1 December 1785, <mask> went before the Court of Examiners of the Company of Surgeons in London. He qualified as a Mate to Indiamen, eligible to work with the East India Company, once he had twelve months practical experience walking the wards in one of London's large charity hospitals. <mask> accepted the invitation of Percivall Pott, one of his examiners, to walk the wards of St Bartholomew's, Smithfield under his direction. He attended lectures by other prominent physicians including John Hunter, and dissections held in the Company of Surgeons' anatomy theatre at the Old Bailey. <mask> waited in vain for a position to become available in the East India Company. Warren Hastings had brought peace to India, and the Company had an over supply of surgeons. <mask> supported himself in London by mastering the art of card playing, and gambling at card tables in several inns and coffee houses, but he found many of those who lost to him would simply refuse to pay.Eventually, <mask> pursued a number of prominent players who had defaulted on their debts. Chief Magistrate and novelist, Henry Fielding, described gambling as the School in which most Highwaymen of great Eminence have been bred. <mask> was arraigned before the Courts four times for highway robbery, but never convicted. On each occasion his defaulter either failed to appear to prosecute him, found himself unable to positively identify D'Arcy <mask>, or sought only to name and shame him. In March 1787, Fitzwilliam's patronage secured <mask> a direction from the Home Office, to leave without delay for Portsmouth, where the First Fleet was making ready to sail to Botany Bay. He was to seek out John White, Principal Surgeon, on the Charlotte, who could advise him of any vacancies for assistant surgeons on the Fleet. D'Arcy learnt there, that to become a naval surgeon he would require another accreditation from the Company of Surgeons.He returned to his studies, and on 5 July 1787, he was examined a second time by the Court of Examiners and qualified as an Assistant Surgeon, Second Mate, Third Rate. Arrival in the Colony of New South Wales
On 17 January 1790, <mask> left England on the Second Fleet on board the Neptune, the most notorious of the convict transports. The neglect and ill treatment of her convicts resulted in the deaths of one hundred and forty-seven men and eleven women, over 30% of the convicts she transported. <mask> was on board as a passenger; he had no influence, no position on the ship and no employment arranged in the Colony. He arrived in Sydney on 26 June 1790, and spent his first five weeks assisting the local surgeons to care for the newly arrived convicts. The Colony was short of food, strict rationing had been in place for three months. Five weeks after the Neptune arrived, to avoid a worsening disaster, Governor Arthur Phillip sent nearly 200 convicts and their superintendents to Norfolk Island on the Surprize, en route to China.<mask> went with them, "to act as an assistant to the surgeon there, being reputed to have the necessary requisites for such a situation". <mask> disembarked at Norfolk Island on 16 August 1790. The Commandant, Lieut. Governor Philip Gidley King appointed him as an unpaid Assistant Surgeon. On the island, he became friends with Captain John Hunter, whose vessel, HMS Sirius, had been wrecked on a sunken reef off the island five months earlier. Hunter and most of his crew were stranded on Norfolk Island for nearly a year, awaiting a vessel to return them to Sydney. In December 1791, King appointed <mask> to a second position on Norfolk Island, Superintendent of Convicts, responsible for overseeing up to 150 convict labourers on building projects, land clearing and farm work.In June 1793, Earl Fitzwilliam offered him a lifeline; he appointed his London lawyer, Charles Cookney, <mask>'s agent, making it possible for him to become an early trader in the Colony. Public life
During his thirty-seven years in New South Wales, D'Arcy <mask> served under the first seven governors of the Colony. Governor Arthur Phillip, RN, 12 October 1786 to 10 December 1792
Arthur Phillip, the first Governor of New South Wales, returned to England in 1792, after five years in the Colony. He applied for leave in April 1790, and again in March and November 1791, but received no response from London. Weak, ill, and in constant pain, the Governor made his own arrangements. He delegated Major Francis Grose, senior officer of the New South Wales Corps, to act as administrator in his absence, and on 11 December 1792 he left Sydney Town on the Atlantic. Two Aboriginal men, Bennelong and Imeeranwanyee, who had befriended and assisted him during the first years of the settlement, accompanied him to England.Governor John Hunter, RN, 6 February 1794 to 27 December 1800
Phillip’s successor, Captain John Hunter, was appointed in February 1794. He had been Phillip’s second in command, the captain of HMS Sirius that had provided a naval escort for the First Fleet. He was to return to the Colony on HMS Reliance, but after she was thrown ashore at Plymouth in wild weather, it was another year before he sailed. After an anxious voyage through French infested waters, Governor Hunter arrived in Sydney Town on 7 September 1795, nearly three years after Phillip’s departure. In that time, Major Grose had placed the Colony under martial law. He had abolished the Courts, made generous land grants to his officers and provided them with convict labour, fed and clothed at Government expense. Food produced on their farms could be sold profitably to the Government Stores.Under Phillip rationing had applied to everyone, including the Governor. After a poor harvest in 1793, Grose decreased food rations for the convicts but not for the military. Phillip had not permitted the military to import spirits or goods to trade. Neither Grose nor William Paterson, who succeeded him in December 1794, imposed these restrictions. Groups of officers chartered ships to deliver alcohol and tradeable goods to the Colony, the scarce coinage was replaced by rum, that became the Colony’s currency, used to pay for labour, food and other necessities. The New South Wales Corps became known as the Rum Corps. When Hunter arrived in late 1795, he found the Colony completely altered, rife with drunkenness and crime.The populace, subject to the whims of the Rum Corps, was riven with divisions and hostilities. The Rum Corps officers controlled the prices of all imported commodities, and their monopoly over trading reaped enormous profits. Emancipated convicts, those who had served their time, no longer on Government rations, were unable to pay for necessities. If they provided labour to officers or wealthy settlers, they were exploited for negligible reward. Many went into debt or bankruptcy, abandoned their land grants or sold them cheaply to the officers and crowded back into Sydney Town to live or to await an opportunity to join a ship going home. Governor Hunter gave D’Arcy <mask> permission to leave Norfolk Island, and he arrived back in Sydney on 5 March 1796. He had worked without a break for six years on the island.He received £40 a year as Superintendent of Convicts, but had not been paid for his work as Assistant Surgeon. His applications for leave and requests for his position to be regularised had been ignored. In London, Earl Fitzwilliam pursued the matter of payment for his service as Assistant Surgeon, and in 1798, as a result of his efforts, <mask> was paid arrears of £160, for six years work. Soon after <mask>’s return, Governor Hunter appointed him to Sydney Cove Hospital as an Assistant Surgeon, replacing Samuel Leeds, who had disqualified himself though drunkenness. In Sydney, Hunter allowed several people, including <mask>, to act as traders, in an attempt to break the power of the Rum Corps officers through competition, and to lower the price of commodities. On 11 May 1799, he appointed <mask> Assistant Surgeon at Parramatta, in charge of the hospital there, replacing James Mileham, who was later court martialled for refusing to attend the settlers, free people, and others. D’Arcy <mask> took up duty at Parramatta Hospital, ‘’two long sheds, built in the form of a tent, and thatched…capable of holding two hundred patients.’’ It was large and clean with a large vegetable garden attached to it.A week later, on 16 May 1799, Governor Hunter granted him a fourteen year lease over six acres and twenty roods at Parramatta, on a knoll overlooking the river. <mask> planted a dozen young Norfolk Island pines along the ridge line, and built a comfortable two storey house, that he named Wentworth Woodhouse. John Price, surgeon on the Minerva, visited him there, he described it as charmingly situated and, as Milton says, "Bosom'd high in tufted trees". Governor Philip Gidley King, RN, 28 September 1800 to 12 August 1806
<mask> had been friendly with Philip Gidley King on Norfolk Island. On 15 April 1800, King returned to Sydney from London with a dormant commission, to act as governor in the case of the death or during the absence of Captain John Hunter. During Governor Hunter’s final five months in the Colony, <mask> provided friendship, assistance and undivided loyalty. His support rankled King.<mask> had been friendly with Philip Gidley King on Norfolk Island, but when King took over as governor, he curtailed D’Arcy <mask>’s trading, impounded his trading stock and sent him back to Norfolk Island. John Grant, an emancipist, commented, Governor King hates Hunter’s friends. Captain William Bligh, RN, 13 August 1806 to 26 January 1808
Captain William Bligh, who succeeded King, had D’Arcy <mask> court martialled for disrespect, the result of conflicting instructions given by the Governor. As a consequence of Bligh’s belligerence, <mask> supported Major George Johnston and John Macarthur in the Rum Rebellion on 26 January 1808, that overthrew the Governor and placed him under house arrest. Major-General Lachlan Macquarie, CB, 1 January 1810 to 1 December 1821
Lachlan Macquarie came ashore in Sydney on 1 January 1810. On 7 January he issued a Government and General Order declaring all official appointments made since Bligh’s arrest null and void. On 20 February 1810, he ordered that D’Arcy <mask> remain as Principal Surgeon, pending instructions from London.Macquarie recommended his appointment in his first despatch:Mr <mask> is a gentleman of considerable professional abilities, extremely attentive and humane in his attendance and practice, and in every respect well qualified for being placed at the head of the medical department here. Under Governor Macquarie, D’Arcy <mask> found great recognition. From the outset Macquarie respected his judgement, he placed new and heavy responsibilities on his shoulders, and <mask> responded with absolute loyalty and diligence. Macquarie found him indefagitable in his Exertions and Assiduity. The two men, both over six feet tall, were the same age, forty-seven, born a fortnight apart in 1762. They shared their generation’s belief in the principles of the Enlightenment. They recognized that reason, science, and an exchange of ideas, knowledge and experience were necessary to progress the Colony and to achieve Macquarie’s vision for a more harmonious and inclusive society.On 31 March 1810, Macquarie appointed D’Arcy <mask>, Treasurer of the Colonial Police Fund, the consolidated revenue fund of the Colony. He was effectively the Treasurer of the Colony, responsible for receiving revenue raised from government activities, including three-quarters of all customs duties, fees collected at the port and town of Sydney, licensing fees from markets, inns, hotels and breweries, and the licences recently issued to publicans for vending spirituous liquors. Macquarie ordered the Fund was to be used for:All Gaol and Police Expenses of every description shall be defrayed, together with such other Expended as may be necessarily incurred in ornamenting and improving the Town of Sydney, and in constructing and repairing the Quays, Wharfs, Bridges, Streets and Roads. <mask> submitted quarterly accounts to the Governor for his approval, that were published in the Sydney Gazette. On 7 April 1810, Macquarie made <mask> a Commissioner of the new turnpike road to be built from Sydney to Parramatta and the Hawkesbury. On 17 May 1810, the Governor appointed <mask> one of two Justices of the Peace. On 11 August 1810, D’Arcy <mask> was made a member of the Court of Civil Jurisdiction.On 6 October 1810, Macquarie announced Sydney was to have a single effective police force. He appointed D’Arcy <mask> Chief Magistrate and Superintendent of Police, informing Lord Liverpool:I found the police of the town of Sydney very defective and totally inadequate to the preserving of peace and good order in this populous and extensive town. Under the Appellation of Superintendent of the Police at Sydney, I have appointed Mr D’Arcy <mask>, the present Acting Principal Surgeon, whose long residence in the Country gave him so full a Knowledge of the Persons and Characters of the Inhabitants as rendered him particularly well qualified for the Situation…He has merited my fullest Approbation

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 and that of the Public. In 1814, Macquarie set up the Native Institute for the Education of Indigenous Children, and appointed D’Arcy <mask> to the committee of management. <mask> had the respect and trust of the Aboriginal people in Sydney, they could take their grievances to him as Police Magistrate and could look to him for support and redress. Peter Cunningham, a Scot who made four trips to the Colony as ship’s surgeon, before settling in the Hunter Valley, observed:all the Natives around Sydney understand English well, & speak it too, so as to be understood by the residents. The Billingsgate slang they certainly have acquired in perfection, & no white need think of competing with them in abuse or hard swearing, a constant torrent of which flows from their mouths as long as their antagonist remains before them; it is no use for him to reply, his words being quickly drowned in the roar of cursings & contemptuous appellations.I have stood for a considerable time witnessing contests of this kind, our Native satyrs invariably forcing their opponents to retrograde, while the instant blacky perceived whity beating a retreat, he vociferates after him—“Go along you dam rascal; go along you dam scoundrel; go along you dam blackguard” exalting his voice as the enemy retires. But should this volley of abuse provoke “white fellow” to run up and threaten to strike him, “blacky” would dare him to the scratch, threaten him with Jail & Massa Wenta (Mr Wentworth) if he attempted it. The Rum Hospital
One of Wentworth’s achievements was the construction of new hospital for Sydney. In 1806, Governor Bligh reported the wooden hospital at Dawes Point, that arrived on the Second Fleet, was rotten and decayed, not worth rep’g, and the other hospitals were in a ruinous state. Macquarie confirmed this in his first despatch to London: there will be an absolute necessity for building a new general hospital as soon as possible. It was necessary to provide a proper place of reception, and more secure detention of the sick, and of moving it to a more airy and retired situation in the town. Without waiting for a reply, within two months the Governor had called for tenders.Macquarie signed the contract for construction of a new hospital on 6 November 1810, with a consortium of businessmen – Garnham Blaxcell and Alexander Riley, later joined by D'Arcy <mask>. They would receive convict labour and a monopoly on rum imports, from which they expected to recoup the cost of the building and gain considerable profits. The contract allowed them an exclusive right to import 45,000 (later increased to 60,000) gallons of rum to sell, with the excise collected, paid into the Colonial Fund. Their projected profit on the building of the hospital did not eventuate, as a result of many unforeseen problems and the cost of the remedial work required. On its completion in 1816, convict patients were transferred to the new hospital, known as the "Rum Hospital". <mask> made lifelong friends among his fellow surgeons and colleagues in the Colony, but he remained detached from its social castes and allegiances. Historian James Auchmuty commented that despite his general popularity, comparative wealth and powerful connexions at home, <mask> mixed little in non-official social life, observing, the liberal views imbibed in the Ireland of his youth, which had resulted in more than usual sympathy with the convict population, and the circumstances of his personal life in the Colony prevented him from fully sharing in the social round.Bank of New South Wales
The Colony of New South Wales was established without any cash. Coinage brought to the Colony leaked out rapidly, mainly on ships that called with necessities, clothes, food, and knick knacks. As a result there was insufficient coinage to permit normal business transactions, forcing the population to rely on local promissary notes and rum. On 30 April 1810, Macquarie wrote to Lord Castlereagh:there is one circumstance to which I beg your Lordship’s most serious attention, as on it seems to hinge much of the future prosperity of this colony. In consequence of there being neither gold nor silver coins of any denomination, nor any legal currency, as a substitute for specie in the colony, the people have been in some degree forced on the expedient of issuing and receiving notes of hand to supply the place of real money, and this petty banking has thrown open a door to frauds and impositions of a most grievous nature to the country at large…At present the agricultural and commercial pursuits of the territory are very much impeded and obstructed by the want of some adequately secured circulating medium. Under D’Arcy <mask>, the Colonial Fund had a quasi-bank role, printing and issuing bank notes to people who had claims on the Fund. <mask> had the Sydney Gazette print books of notes, labelled Police Fund, with four different Sterling values: two shillings and sixpence, five shillings, ten shillings and one pound.To protect against forgery, he had a Latin quotation from Cicero with a decorative border printed on the reverse side, and he signed each note. They circulated throughout the Colony, helping to overcome the shortage of small change. The idea of establishing a bank was raised in March 1810, but it wasn't until November 1816 that a meeting was held to discuss the proposal. In February 1817, the Bank of New South Wales was established; Macquarie gave it a Charter as a joint stock company, providing its directors with limited liability. The first directors were: D'Arcy <mask>, John Harris, Robert Jenkins, Thomas Wylde, Alexander Riley, William Redfern and John Thomas Campbell. Campbell, Macquarie’s secretary, was elected the bank's first president; D’Arcy <mask> was elected president in 1825. The new bank facilitated financial transactions and encouraged commerce; it helped bring to an end the Colony’s dependence on rum as money, and the need for dubious promissary notes.The bank received deposits from the Colonial Fund, previously held by <mask>. Macquarie and the Emancipists
In his third despatch to London, written on Easter Monday 1810, Macquarie reported on what he saw was the Colony’s most pressing problem: I was very much surprised and Concerned, on my Arrival here, at the extraordinary and illiberal Policy I found had been adopted by all the Persons who had preceded me in Office, respecting those Men who had been originally sent out to this Country as Convicts, but who, by long Habits of Industry and total Reformation of Manners, had not only become respectable, but by Many Degrees the most Useful Members of the Community. Those persons have never been Countenanced or received into Society. I have nevertheless, taken upon my self to adopt a new Line of Conduct, Conceiving that Emancipation, when united with Rectitude and long-tried good Conduct, should lead a Man back to that Rank in Society which he had forfeited, and do away, in as far as the Case will admit, All Retrospect of former bad Conduct. This appears to me to be the greatest inducement that Can be held out towards the Reformation of Manners of the establishment, and I think it is Consistent with the gracious and humane Intentions of His Majesty and His Ministers. Macquarie welcomed the emancipists into society, he appointed them to positions in the public sector, reversing the previous policy towards former convicts. Most likely D’Arcy <mask> had advocated on their behalf, for Macquarie had assumed he was an emancipist.He listed for Castlereagh the men who gave the most liberal assistance to government and conducted themselves with the greatest propriety, whom he had: admitted to my table,namely Mr D’Arcy <mask>, principal Surgeon; Mr William Redfern, Assistant Surgeon; Mr Andrew Thompson, an opulent Farmer and Proprietor of Land; and Mr Simeon Lord, an opulent Merchant.,
On 26 July 1811, Lord Liverpool acknowledged the principles Macquarie had outlined. The Governor resolutely pursued his new Line of Conduct, championing emancipists of good conduct, raising them into key positions of authority and to a new rank in society. His approach startled and dismayed the Exclusives and wealthier free settlers, and met immediate opposition within the barracks, from the officers of the 73rd Regiment, sent to the Colony to replace the discredited Rum Corps. The most vigorous opponents of the Governor’s new inclusiveness were the clergy and judiciary. They worked to frustrate and denigrate his progress, and complained noisily to London. They petitioned Members of Parliament, the Colonial Office and influential spokesmen within their own hierarchies, belaboring them with an increasing stream of grievances and gossip. D’Arcy, working close to Macquarie, became an easy target for much of the venom directed towards the Governor.In London, Opposition support for their campaign spurred the Secretary of State, Earl Bathurst, to propose in April 1817: the appointment of commissioners who shall forthwith proceed to the settlement with full powers to investigate all the complaints which have been made, both with respect to the treatment of convicts, and the general administration of the government. John Thomas Bigge & his Report
Nearly two years later, on 19 January 1819, John Thomas Bigge was appointed Commissioner of Inquiry, with a private instruction from Earl Bathurst to end Macquarie’s dream of an inclusive society in the Colony. Bigge did not attack Macquarie directly in his report, tabled in Parliament in 1822 and 1823, though he maligned him to the authorities in London. In his attempt to discredit Macquarie, Bigge’s report  took aim at those closest to the Governor. He attacked D’Arcy <mask> in particular, personally and professionally, and others who supported Macquarie’s policy of a more inclusive society, including William Redfern and J.T. Campbell, the Governor’s Secretary. In May 1818, D’Arcy <mask> had submitted his resignation as Principal Surgeon.Macquarie recommended that William Redfern, his Assistant Surgeon, an emancipist, replace him. Bigge opposed his appointment. On 23 October 1819, three weeks after James Bowman, <mask>'s replacement, arrived with Commissioner Bigge, he retired as Principal Surgeon. He had served 29 years as a surgeon in New South Wales, ten of those as Principal Surgeon. The Government and General Order announcing his retirement included a note from the Governor:His Excellency would be doing Injustice to his own Feelings as well as to the Merits of Mr <mask>, were he not to express an entire Satisfaction at, and unqualified Approbation of, the able, zealous, humane and intelligent Manner in which he has uniformly conducted the Duties of Principal Surgeon; and which His Excellency is happy to bear Testimony, were also conducted with the strictest Honour and Integrity. And whilst His Excellency regrets the Retirement of so able and useful a Medical Officer, he doubts not that the numerous and humane and charitable Acts which have so eminently distinguished his Professional Character during a long Course of Years will afford him a constant Source of the most consolatory and gratifying Reflections on every Retrospect of his active and important Public Service. In March 1820, <mask> resigned as Superintendent of Police, and received another public acknowledgement from Macquarie:In receiving Mr <mask>’s resignation of the office of Superintendent of Police, which he has filled for nearly ten years past with equal credit to himself and benefit to the community, his Excellency feels it due to that Gentleman to express in this public manner his unqualified approbation his steady, upright, able and impartial conduct in the discharge of its arduous and important duties.Six months later, when <mask> resigned as Treasurer of the Police Fund, Macquarie made a furtherpublic Testimony of Approbation of his honourable, zealous, and punctual discharge of the important Trust which has been confided to him for upwards of ten Years past as Treasurer of the Police Fund.In his Report, Bigge  referred to the punctuality and credit with which Mr <mask> acquitted himself in the discharge of his duty as Treasurer. A few months later, on 26 March 1821, <mask>’s replacement William Minchin died. Macquarie persuaded him to return as Superintendent of Police and Treasurer of the Colonial Revenue, writing to Earl  Bathurst, there was no-one else in the Colony capable of performing the duties. D’Arcy agreed to his request, and on 21 July 1821, his return was greeted with wide acclaim. On 31 January 1822, his sixtieth birthday, Macquarie invited D’Arcy and other close friends to celebrate. At day break on 12 February 1822, with his wife Elizabeth and son Lachlan, he passed through an immense concourse to the harbour, filled with a great gathering of launches, barges, cutters, pinnaces and wherries, and went aboard the Surry, for the voyage home. The Surry was towed slowly through the ships in the cove, which were all manned with colours displayed, and many of them saluting in honour of the occasion, the Battery saluting at the same time with 19 guns.The New Fort (named Fort Macquarie) and all the Rocks on Bennelong Point, as well as the Dawes Battery and the Rocks on the Northern side of the Harbour were covered with men, women and children and a vast number of boats were also sailing or rowing in the Harbour, full of People – cheering us repeatedly as we passed along through them. The Sydney Gazette reported: never did Sydney look so attractive and gay. The shores were lined with spectators, innumerable, but on each countenance was an indication of feeling too big, too sincere for utterance. Major-General Sir Thomas Brisbane, CB, 1 December 1821 to 1 December 1825
D’Arcy <mask> continued to serve and advise Macquarie’s successor, Governor Brisbane. He remained Treasurer of the Colonial Revenue until the arrival of his replacement, William Balcombe, in April 1824. Brisbane recommended him as chairman of the Court of Quarter Sessions, and he was elected by his brother magistrates in November 1824, but he declined, reluctant to implement the more punitive regime recommended by Bigge, and to be responsible for ensuring his fellow magistrates did likewise. He served as Superintendent of Police until Captain Francis Rossi arrived to replace him on 19 May 1825, when he retired altogether from public life.The Bench of Magistrates publicly thanked him on his retirement, stating they echoed the Public voice, and were indebted to his superior information in dispensing Justice. As a public official, <mask>’s capacity to advocate openly for reform had been constrained. Free of the obligations of public office, he was free to give his full support to the emancipist cause, to enter political debate, and to work with his son William Charles, as an advocate for an independent constitution for the Colony. In October he made a formal request to Brisbane, with two Parramatta magistrates, for

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 respectable emancipists to be added to the lists of jurors. Brisbane sent their petition to Earl Bathurst for his attention. In May 1825, Governor Brisbane was recalled. On 26 October 1825, D’Arcy <mask> presented an Address of Farewell to him on behalf of the Emancipists.He arranged the Official Farewell Dinner for the Governor, with one hundred guests, at the Woolpack Inn in Parramatta on 7 November 1825. D’Arcy sat beside the Governor at the dinner, but he was ill and he retired early. His son William proposed the toasts, to the King, to Governor Brisbane, to the prosperity of Australia and to the memory of Governor Phillip. In solemn silence they toasted the memory of Governor Macquarie. Then they charged their glasses and drank to the health of D’Arcy <mask>. William returned thanks on his behalf, acknowledging he was proud to be the son of such a worthy man, proud that the community possessed this upright and zealous friend of liberty. At his farewell dinner, Governor Brisbane, in defiance of the Exclusives and the Bigge Report, recognised the importance and significance of the Emancipists, and he undertook to champion their cause with the British Government.Lieut. General Sir Ralph Darling, GCH, 19 December 1825 to 21 October 1831
Governor Darling arrived in Sydney on 17 December 1825, to actively implement the socially destructive policies recommended in the Bigge Report. Darling’s policies made life more punitive for the convicts and more onerous for the soldiers. Emancipists and convicts were now excluded from Government employment. Freed convicts who had been given pardons by the Crown were now dealt with by the courts as convicts without status; emancipists and descendants of convicts were excluded from Government House. Under Darling, as a consequence of the Bigge Report, all heads of Government agencies were replaced with new appointments from London; many wealthy settlers arrived, rapidly expanding the frontier of settlement and increasing the rate of dispossession of the Aboriginals. Darling appointed many of these wealthy settlers as magistrates, and allowed the settlers and Mounted Police a freer hand to deal more punitively with convict absconders, bushrangers and Aboriginals.In dealing with clashes between the settlers and Aboriginal land owners, Darling followed Earl Bathurst’s instructions - to treat Aborigines as enemy combatants not British subjects. He supported “dispersals” of any gatherings of Aborigines, he used the Military to suppress Aboriginal dissent, and issued muskets to settlers in the Hunter Region for them to defend themselves. Under Darling, no longer an officer of the Crown, D’Arcy <mask> was free to promote the cause of the Emancipists and trial by jury, and he became their figure head and leader. The press came under pressure for its criticism of the Governor and government policies. D’Arcy initially led the protagonists supporting freedom of the press, a fully elected representative government for the Colony, and no taxation without representation. Amongst the leading agitators were the Australian newspaper and its proprietors: two barristers, Robert Wardell and William Charles <mask>, D’Arcy <mask>’s son. Following Darling’s persecution of two soldiers, Sudds and Thompson in November 1826, that resulted in the death of Sudds,The Australian pressed for the recall of Governor Darling.<mask> became the voice for representative government for the Colony, and for Governor Darling’s recall. Private life

In September 1789, D’Arcy <mask> and Jane Austen, invited by Earl Fitzwilliam, attended a huge garden party at Wentworth Woodhouse in honour of the Prince of Wales. After the event, the couple left for Scotland, where they married under Scottish law, that unlike England, did not require parental consent or the posting of marriage banns. After their return to London, at the end of October, <mask> was arrested and held in Newgate on suspicion of highway robbery. He was tried and released on 9 December 1789. Three days later he went to Portsmouth to arrange their passage to New South Wales on the Neptune. At Christmas, the couple visited the Austen family in Hampshire, where Reverend Austen agreed to legalise their Scottish marriage, to marry them under English law, by special license.When James Austen, his eldest son, arrived from Oxford, and reported what he had read in the London papers about <mask>’s trial, Reverend Austen changed his mind. He convinced Jane her relationship with <mask> would damage her family’s reputation and the future prospects of her five brothers. He persuaded her to remain at home, her family closed ranks around her, she remained confined within their orbit. Neither Jane Austen nor D’Arcy <mask> ever remarried. He remained the fixed star in her firmament and the inspiration for much of her writing. She named him Fitzwilliam Darcy, Mr Darcy, in Pride and Prejudice, the story of their meeting and romance; and Captain <mask> in Persuasion, her imagined story of his return to her. D’Arcy <mask> sailed from Portsmouth on 17 January 1790.The day before, her brother Henry reflected his family’s anger in a piece he wrote for The Loiterer, at Oxford. He applauded: the world for getting rid of its superfluous inhabitants, both Poets & Pickpockets Prudes & Prostitutes, in short all those who have too much cunning or too little money…shipped off with the very first cargo of Convicts to Botany Bay

Following Jane's rejection, on board the convict transport Neptune, <mask> entered a relationship with a convict girl, Catherine Crowley. She remained his partner in the Colony until her death at Parramatta in January 1800. Their son William Charles was born at sea on the Surprize, standing off Norfolk Island in a violent storm on 13 August 1790; a daughter, Martha, died at four months, during an outbreak of fever carried by the Third Fleet; two more sons followed, D’Arcy, born in 1793, and John in 1795. D’Arcy <mask> made numerous attempts to return to England from Norfolk Island and from Sydney. In September 1800, he entrusted a letter to Governor Hunter, returning to England, to deliver to his wife in Hampshire. On 13 October 1801, Captain John Hunter delivered the letter to Jane Austen in Bath, opening a correspondence between the couple that continued until her death in 1817.In 1802, <mask> sent his two eldest sons, William and D’Arcy, to school in England, intending to follow as soon as he was able. In 1805, from Norfolk Island, banished by Governor King, he sent his youngest son John, to join them. In 1807, Fitzwilliam, appalled by reports of Bligh’s behaviour towards D’Arcy <mask>, applied to Viscount Castlereagh, Secretary of State for the Colonies, for him to be given leave of absence to return to London. Fitzwilliam wrote again the following year, to inform Castlereagh that <mask> had been: suspended from the duties of his office & consequently from its emoluments, this devoted man is retained a prisoner in the Colony. Bligh named D’Arcy <mask> as one of the twelve ringleaders of the Rum Rebellion, declaring them to be in a state of mutiny and rebellion He wanted them arrested and charged with treason. he forbad them leaving the Colony under any circumstances, proclaiming that ships’ masters would take them, at their peril. In late July 1808, <mask> finally received permission from Lord Castlereagh to leave the Colony, allowing him to return to England, but it had come too late.Bligh was under house arrest in Government House, his rage undiminished, and plans were under way for him to return to England. All those involved in the Rum Rebellion anticipated harsh repercussions. <mask> knew Bligh’s anger would be directed at him; he believed he would be arrested and charged with treason when he arrived in England. He expected no leniency. He replied, I am under the painful necessity of declining to avail myself of the leave granted me, until the result be known. He wrote to his wife, telling her the approval for his leave had been given, but with great regret he had decided not to apply to return to England at this time. He resolved to remain in the Colony and see out the storm from a safe distance.In 1809, after eight years of correspondence, their long held hopes of being reunited had come to nothing. Jane Austen moved to Chawton Cottage that year, determined to devote herself to writing. From 1811, she sent her husband a copy of each of her novels as they were published. At the end of April 1818, he received a parcel of books, not addressed by her hand. Opening Persuasion, he read that Jane was now mouldering in the grave, it was devastating news. Reading her story of his imagined return to her, he recognized her anger, her frustration and  despair. <mask> entered a period of grief and dark reflection: he lost his energy, he was tired, his health began to trouble him.He decided to withdraw from his commitments. On 5 May 1818, after a conversation with Macquarie, he submitted his resignation as Principal Surgeon. By July 1820, he had resigned from all his public offices, other than a weekly attendance on the bench at Parramatta. <mask>’s hopes for a quiet retirement were disrupted by the arrival of Commissioner Bigge, who asserted his authority over the Governor, attacking him and his administration. <mask> was called to attend Macquarie, as stress and despair affected his health. In 1821, <mask> leased Wentworth Woodhouse in Parramatta, and moved to live at his farm Home Bush. By 1823, he had acquired 17,000 acres of land, that he used to produce meat for the Colony just as he had done on Norfolk Island.In the early 1800s, he had bought a prize stallion named Hector, imported from India, from Arthur Wellesley, later Duke of Wellington. When Hector arrived, there were fewer than three hundred horses in the Colony, by 1821, there were more than four thousand. With his prize sire, <mask> bred carriage horses and racehorses, Hector was the great foundation sire of  Australian Cavalry horses known as Walers, for New South Wales. The first exports of Walers, as light cavalry horses, began in 1816. In the First World War around one hundred and sixty thousand Walers were sent overseas, between 1861 and 1931 almost half a million were exported. Death
In the winter of 1827, a severe strain of influenza swept through the Colony. On Saturday, 7 July 1827, a cold winter morning, D’Arcy <mask> died of pneumonia at his farm, Home Bush.On Monday 9 July, despite dreadful weather and the risk of influenza, a funeral procession more than a mile long, with forty carriages and more than fifty men on horseback, accompanied his hearse on its journey to Parramatta. D’Arcy <mask> was buried there, in St John’s cemetery. The inscription on his tomb reads: an honest man, the noblest work of God. He left two mature sons, William Charles and D’Arcy, children of Catherine Crowley, and seven children with Mary Ann Lawes, three sons and four daughters; their fourth son was born in 1828. <mask> named her in his will as: my dear friend Ann Lawes the mother of seven of my children. After his funeral the mourners gathered at Hannah Walker’s Red Cow Inn at Parramatta, to salute his life and drink a toast to his memory. The Monitor described D’Arcy <mask> as a lover of liberty on whom the people could rely, the natural protector of the people’s rights.He was a lover of freedom; a constant and steady friend to the people; a kind and liberal master; a just and humane magistrate; a steady friend. The Australian noted his reputation as a doctor and as a magistrate: As a medical practitioner, Mr <mask> was distinguished for his tenderness with which he treated his patients of every degree, and that class of unfortunate persons whom the charge of General Hospital placed so extensively under his care. He was peculiarly skilful in treating the diseases of children… As an able, upright and impartial Magistrate, Mr <mask>’s merits were well remembered by all classes of the community. Sydney Gazette acknowledged <mask> had studiously devoted the best part of his eventful life to the service of its public, he was loyal from principle, and indefatigable in his public career; a Patriot in whom were blended the political virtues of loyalty and independence. Recognition
The Sydney suburbs of Wentworthville and Wentworth Point, the New South Wales town, Wentworth, the federal electorate of Wentworth, more than sixty avenues, drives, places, roads, streets and ways in Sydney, and more than twenty in both Melbourne and Brisbane, are named Wentworth, in honour of D'Arcy and his son, William Charles. Darcy Street (formerly D'Arcy Street), within Parramatta, was named for D’Arcy <mask>. Woodhouse Lane, also within Parramatta, was named after the two storey house, Wentworth Woodhouse, he built nearby.In 1824, explorer Hamilton Hume named an imposing peak in the Victorian Central Highlands, Mount <mask>, after D'Arcy <mask>. In 1836, Sir Thomas Mitchell noting that Port Philip was visible from the summit, renamed it Mount Macedon. References

Citations

Sources
 Auchmuty, J.J. (1967) <mask>, D'Arcy (1762-1827), Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume II, Melbourne University Press. Barker, Hedley Philip (1971), 'D'Arcy <mask>', with bibliography, unpublished thesis submitted for M.A., Department of History, University of New England, Armidale, NSW. Includes illustrations, maps, portraits. Burke, Bernard (1891). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Colonial Gentry (aka Burke's Colonial Gentry ) vol 1. p 95-97.London, Harrison & Sons, 1891. Connor, John (2002) The Australian Frontier Wars 1788-1838, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney. Dermody, Kathleen (1990) D'Arcy Wentworth 1762-1827, A Second Chance. PhD thesis, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT. Historical Records of Australia, series 1, volumes 2 to 13, series 4, volume 1. Historical Records of New South Wales, volumes 1, 5, 6 and 7. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, OUP, 2004.Ritchie, John (1997). The Wentworths: Father and Son. The Miegunyah Press at Melbourne University Press.  .
 Walker, William Wallace, Jane & D'Arcy: Jane Austen & D'Arcy Wentworth. Volume 1, Folly is not always Folly; Volume 2, Such Talent & Such Success. Arcana Press. Sydney. 2017.External links
 State Records of NSW, <mask>, D'Arcy (1811-Feb 1818)
 State Records of NSW, <mask>, D'Arcy (Apr 1818-Feb 1822)
 State Records of NSW, <mask>, D'Arcy (Mar 1822-Nov 1824)
 State Records of NSW, <mask>, D'Arcy (Dec 1824) to West, James (1823)
 Australian Obituaries; Australian (Sydney), 11 July 1827, p 4: The Australian. D'Arcy's son, William Charles, was a joint owner of the Australian newspaper. Australian Dictionary of Biography: D'Arcy <mask>
 http://www.janeanddarcy.com
 D’Arcy <mask>: Heroic Inspiration? 1762 births
1827 deaths
Australian surgeons
Colony of New South Wales people
History of Sydney
People from Portadown
People from Sydney
19th-century Australian public

masks:
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William Wentworth
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<mask><mask> was the National Security Advisor and Director-General of the National Security Council in the Cabinet of Philippine President Fidel V. Ramos. He was also the head of the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency and the Director of the Economic Intelligence and Investigation Bureau (EIIB) during the administration of Pres. Corazon Aquino. Prior to his retirement from the Armed Forces of the Philippines in 1986, Brig. Gen<mask> was the Deputy Chief of Staff for Civil-Military Relations. Early years
<mask> was born to a poor family in Polangui, Albay on November 27, 1931. According to Almonte in his memoirs, he has chosen to pursue a career in the military as this was one of the options which would allow him to pursue free education.Military and political career

Military career
<mask> entered the Philippine Military Academy as plebe on April 1, 1952, finishing with the Class of '56. As a young Lieutenant, he was assigned in Gitingan in the mountains of Laguna and Quezon provinces during the waning days of the HUKBALAHAP. A neighboring unit then was commanded by Korean War veteran Capt. Fidel Ramos, and it was here where Lt. Almonte forged a lifelong friendship with Capt. Ramos, who later became the President of the Philippines. Almonte testifies that this was his only "field command" as he was confronted by his own troops about field mismanagement, that was led to a formal complaint up to the Company level. Instead of being court-martialed for command responsibility as he requested, Almonte was sent to Fort McKinley to go through a Combat Intelligence course.He testifies that this incident has made a profound impact on his idealism on soldiery and opened his "eyes to the realities and consequences of military mismanagement in the field." During the administration of Pres. Diosdado Macapagal, Capt. <mask> served as the Deputy Commander of the Presidential Security Agency. Under pressure from the American government, Pres. Ferdinand Marcos wielded support of its campaign in the Vietnam War. Capt.<mask> was assigned in a three-man advance party along with Maj. Fidel Ramos to lay down the ground work for the arrival of the Philippine Civic Action Group (PHILCAGV). Capt. Almonte acted as the Intelligence Officer for PHILCAGV. And, in this capacity, without escaping controversy and the ire of the American intelligence community in Vietnam, Capt. Almonte was able to successfully contact his counterparts in the National Liberation Front, or commonly known as the Viet Cong. This later on built Capt. <mask>'s reputation as a deep-penetration agent, and one whose exploits is nothing less than "shadowy, sneaky, mysterious and enigmatic."Building good relations with the local Viet Cong commander in the Tay Ninh Province, in the southwestern part of South Vietnam, he assured them that the PHILCAGV was in their country to help build and provide civic services and not conduct combat operations. Unlike the South Korean contingent, PHILCAGV was able to keep its casualties down. Instead of the usual one-year assignment, Capt. <mask> rotated three years in Vietnam with the PHILCAGV. For his gallantry in Vietnam from 1967–1969, he was awarded by Pres. Marcos the Distinguished Conduct Star. Upon return to the Philippines, he was once more assigned to work in Malacañan Palace as Aide-de-camp to Executive Secretary Alejandro Melchor, Jr..It was during this career season that Maj. <mask> along with Sec. Melchor was able to establish the diplomatic ties between the Philippines and the USSR through the help of Prof. Ajit Singh Rye of the Institute of Asian Studies in the University of the Philippines. It was through Prof. Rye that Sec. Melchor and Maj. <mask> was able to pave way for an endorsement to Indira Gandhi for a dialogue with Moscow. This was the plan as the Philippines then was considered as the United States' strongest ally in Southeast Asia, and a reliable partner during the Cold War. However, the government of Pres. Marcos saw that the US was going to lose in Vietnam, and thus the need to establish ties with the "enemy."With one visit to New Delhi in 1975, Maj. Almonte met with the Ambassador of the USSR, which no sooner led to a flight by Sec. Melchor and Maj. Almonte to Moscow where they were received as state guest. By 1976, the Philippines and the Soviet Union formally established diplomatic relations. Considered as one of the level-headed thinkers and strategist in the AFP, Col. Almonte was approached by the leaders of the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) during its infancy, to seek counsel and have him take as an advisor to the group. Almonte worked with Lt. Col. Victor Batac in formulating long-term strategies of the group, leading him to be considered as the "Godfather of the RAM". Almonte retired from the Armed Forces in 1986 with a rank of Major General. Political career
Right after his retirement, Pres.Cory Aquino called on Almonte to take charge of Operation Big Bird, the government's efforts in recovering the hidden wealth of the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos in Switzerland and other offshore banking areas. When the Operation Big Bird was wrapped up by the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG), Almonte was tasked by Pres. Cory Aquino to head the EEIB. From 1992 to 1998, Almonte was a key member of the Cabinet of the administration of President Fidel V. Ramos as National Security Advisor, and Director-General of the National Security Council. In 1995 the Polytechnic University of the Philippines awarded him an Honorary Doctorate in Public Administration. Controversies

On February 25, 2015, <mask> launched a book entitled "Endless Journey: A Memoir" as told to veteran journalist Marites Dañguilan-Vitug. In the book, he recalled the late years of the regime led by strongman Ferdinand Marcos and the birth of the Reform the Armed Forces Movement, a group of soldiers that led the military rebellion.Leaders of the RAM, however, including Sen. Gregorio Honasan, then a colonel, belied Almonte's narrative in the book, which they called "dishonest and irresponsible." "With particular respect to his dealings with and role in the activities of the RAM, Almonte has flatly concocted events that never happened..." Honasan said in an article he co-authored with fellow RAM members <mask> and Rex Robles. They particularly slammed Almonte's claims about RAM dealings with the United States. They said the memoirs "were directly in conflict with the reality at the time." "The reply by Honasan, as quoted in the book, that we were simply asking for 'moral support' from the US government sounds artificial and asinine," the RAM leaders wrote in their article published by the Philippine Daily Inquirer. Awards & Citations
Distinguished Conduct Star
Order of Sikatuna, Rank of Datu

Bibliography
 Toward one Southeast Asia : collected speeches; Quezon City : Institute for Strategic and Development Studies, 2004. xvi, 318 p. : port. ; 23 cm.My part in the 1986 people power revolution; Quezon City : Institute for Strategic and Development Studies, 2006. 80 p. : facsims ; 19 cm. We Must Level the Playing Field; Metro Manila, Philippines : Foundation for Economic Freedom, 2007. xvi, 273 p. ; 26 cm. See also
Fidel Ramos

References

1931 births
Filipino generals
Philippine Military Academy alumni
Filipino military personnel
Philippine Army personnel
Filipino military personnel of the Vietnam War
Reform the Armed Forces Movement
Living people
People from Albay
Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Star
National Security Advisers of the Philippines
Ramos Administration cabinet members
Heads of government agencies of the Philippines
Corazon Aquino Administration personnel

masks:
Jose T
. Almonte
. Almonte
Jose Almonte
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<mask> (September 25, 1894 – August 11, 1977) was an American writer, specializing in plays and screenplays. After starting with plays for theaters in New York City, he worked in Hollywood on writing for films. He was the first president of the Writers Guild of America, West after the Screen Writers Guild divided into two regional organizations. <mask> was one of the Hollywood Ten, the first group of American film industry professionals to be blacklisted by Congress during the 1950s McCarthy era's investigation of communist influence in Hollywood. He and his colleagues refused to testify; he was convicted of contempt of Congress and served a year in prison. He moved to Mexico, where he wrote some books about theater. After returning to the US, he taught at some universities in California.Using a pseudonym, he wrote the screenplay for Cry, the Beloved Country (1951), an adaptation of Alan Paton's novel about South Africa that was critical of apartheid. Life and career

Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on September 25, 1894, in New York City to parents originally named Simeon Levy and Belle Hart, who were Jewish. Before their first child was born, his father changed the family name from Levy to <mask>, joking that this was so that his son could "obtain reservations at expensive resort hotels". In the 1880s, <mask>'s father was living in Mexico City, where he started a newspaper, the Mexican Financie. When <mask> was five, his mother died. She had named her three children after people she admired: <mask> <mask> was named after prison reformer <mask>, his sister Adelaide Jaffery <mask> was named after a friend of hers who was active in social causes, and Wendell Holmes <mask> was named after reforming American jurist Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

As a successful businessman, Simeon sent his children to private schools. At age seven, <mask> attended Elizabeth and Alexis Ferms' "Children's Playhouse" school, an experimental school for children.Later he and his siblings went to Halstead School in Yonkers, New York and then to Cutler School in New Rochelle, New York. In 1906, Simeon sent the three children on a tour of Europe, and seeing theatre was on the list of activities. <mask> took notes on the set designs, actors, and plays. In 1909, they were sent on a tour of the United States and Canada. After studying at Williams College (1910–1914) and graduating with a B.A., <mask> became a successful writer, gaining production of early plays such as Standards (1916) and Servant-Master-Lover (1916). While he was at Williams, his brother Wendell studied music and art in Germany. <mask> was attracted to works by Karl Kautsky because of his sense of alienation.He contributed to The Williams College Monthly. He also served as an editor of the senior-class book and a member of the varsity debating team. He was known to other students as a good-natured iconoclast and a frequent speaker at undergraduate meetings. After graduating, he worked as an editor at Reuters from 1914 to 1915. Early career
<mask> wrote his first play, A Hindoo Love Drama, while at Williams. Mary Kirkpatrick, faculty leader of the  Williams College Drama Club, was impressed by this effort and encouraged him. <mask> was inspired to write three plays in 1915-1916: Standards, The Spice of Life, and Servant-Master-Lover.Standards was bought by George M. Cohan and Sam Harris, and was given a tryout in Albany and Syracuse in 1915. It never made it to Broadway. Oliver Morosco produced Servant-Master-Lover in a run in Los Angeles, but received bad reviews. World War I
When the United States entered World War I in 1917, <mask> was opposed to joining. His father helped him to get a position in the Norton-Harjes Volunteer Ambulance Corps. In June 1917, he left for Europe and aboard the ship met <mask> Passos, also a writer. In November, when Norton-Haryes was folded into the American Red Cross's Ambulance Service, Dos Passos and <mask> decided to become drivers; they went to Italy.At this time, Dos Passos was working on One Man's Initiation: 1917 and <mask> on Roger Bloomer. While serving, they were outfitted to Paris. <mask> attended performances of the Comédie-Française and Sergey Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. In January 1918, Dos Passos wrote a letter that was critical of the ambulance company. It somehow reached Red Cross officials, and they forced Dos Passos to resign. <mask> was under suspicion for his attitudes, as well, but he managed to stay in Italy and do public-relations work for the Red Cross. In the spring of 1919, <mask> returned to Paris from Italy.He married Katharine (Kate) Drain, who was a volunteer nurses' aide. She later worked as an actress. They had a child together but divorced by 1923. Post War
After the war <mask> and Kate lived and worked in Rome, where he edited a newspaper. He lived in Paris in 1920–1921, where he completed Roger Bloomer. This was <mask>'s first show to reach Broadway, where it opened on March 1, 1923. It was put on by the Equity Players and ran for fifty performances.His next show, Processional, opened on Broadway on January 12, 1925, produced by the Theatre Guild. It ran for 96 performances. The production, however, failed financially, and the Theatre Guild told <mask> that they would not stage any more expressionistic plays. It was later revived in 1937 for the Federal Theatre Project during the Great Depression, when it received critical and popular acclaim. <mask> was fascinated by the works he saw when in 1926 the New York International Theatrical Exposition showcased experimental European cubist, futurist, and constructivist plays. After seeing these, <mask>, Dos Passos, and Michael Gold (founder/editor of The New Masses magazine) formed the Workers Drama League to produce revolutionary plays. One production and a few weeks later, the three men disbanded.They joined Em Jo Basshe and Francis Edward Faragoh, and formed the New Playwrights Theatre. This lasted until 1929; they were supported largely by funding from millionaire businessman Otto Hermann Kahn. March 3, 1926 was the premiere of <mask>'s Nirvana at the Greenwich Village Theatre, which ran for six performances. The play calls for a new religion to help people survive the swirling cyclone of jazz, new machinery, great buildings, science fiction, tabloids, and radio. <mask>'s reputation after Processional and the notable set design by Mordecai Gorelik are considered to have helped it gain the six showings. In late 1926, <mask> Passos and Gold, who together were on the National Executive Committee attempting to found the Proletarian Artists and Writers League. A similar Soviet Union organization offered some financial backing to them.In August 1927, Dos Passos, Gold, and <mask> went to Boston to protest the Sacco and Vanzetti trial. In his diary afterword, <mask> would write that he could "neither ignore the flaws in American politics and economics nor bring himself to become more deeply involved in the struggle". The first play produced by the New Playwrights Theatre, <mask>'s Loud Speaker, opened on March 7, 1927, at the 52nd Street Theatre and ran for forty-two performances. He had been intrigued by the ceremonial laying of the cornerstone at the new Theatre Guild playhouse in 1924, an event attended by both Governor Alfred E. Smith of New York and Otto Kahn. In his play, <mask> explored the concept of Kahn as governor rather than Smith. Hollywood
While <mask> was working in Hollywood, New Playwrights Theatre decided to produce his play, The International, with set design by <mask> Passos. It opened on January 12, 1928, and ran for twenty-seven performances.In 1928, <mask> moved to Hollywood, where he wrote scripts for films such as The Ship for Shanghai, Bachelor Apartment, and Goodbye Love. In the winter of 1930–1931, during the Great Depression,  <mask> wrote Success Story. The Theatre Guild rejected the script, but Harold Clurman, a reader for them, had recently formed the Group Theatre and needed new scripts. Clurman and <mask> reworked the play during the summer of 1932, and Success Story opened on September 26, 1932, for 121 performances. <mask> also adapted his play, Success at Any Price, for film, writing the screenplay for the 1934 work. In 1933, Lester Cole, Samuel Ornitz, and <mask> helped to organize and become first presidents of the Screen Writers Guild. After <mask> was fired from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, he moved to Washington, D.C.There he worked to have the group recognized by the National Labor Board for purposes of bargaining for screenwriters. While in D.C., <mask>'s The Pure in Heart and Gentlewoman were being produced in New York. <mask> wrote The Pure in Heart  while he was working on Success Story. The Theatre Guild agreed to produce the play, but closed it when the out-of-town tryout in Baltimore failed. After the Group Theatre also rejected the play, it was produced by Richard Aldrich and Alfred De Liagre. The Pure in Heart opened on March 20, 1933, and had a run of only seven performances. Gentlewoman, completed in association with D. A. Doran Jr, was produced by the Group Theatre and opened on March 22, 1934.It ran for twelve performances. During the 1930s, leftists accused <mask> of lacking ideological and political commitment. New Playwrights Theatre associate Mike Gold attacked him in The New Masses on April 10, 1934, describing him as "A Bourgeois Hamlet of Our Time", who wrote adolescent works that lacked moral fiber or clear ideas. <mask> responded a week later in The New Masses. In the article "'Inner Conflict' and Proletarian Art", he said his  middle-class childhood prevented him from fully understanding the working people. He acknowledged that his prosperity and Hollywood connections were suspect in the fight for workers' rights. Due to the criticism, he officially joined the Communist Party in 1934 and began to educate himself about the proletarian cause.He soon traveled throughout the poverty-stricken South to study violent labor conflicts in Alabama and Georgia, where workers were trying to unionize. While in the South, <mask> submitted articles to the Daily Worker; he was arrested numerous times. These experiences inspired his next play, Marching Song. It was produced by the radical Theatre Union, opening in New York on February 17, 1937, and running for sixty-one performances. <mask> wrote the screenplay for several films during the 1930s that were political, including Blockade (1938), which starred Henry Fonda. This film on the Spanish Civil War earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Story. <mask> also wrote Counter-Attack (1945), a tribute to the Soviet-USA alliance during the late stages of the Second World War.He also wrote the critically acclaimed Algiers (1938), and the Humphrey Bogart vehicles Sahara and Action in the North Atlantic in 1943. In 1941, <mask> ordered Budd Schulberg to make changes to his novel What Makes Sammy Run? to better fit the Communist message; Schulberg refused and quit the American Communist Party in protest. <mask> organized and led a critical attack in 1946 on Albert Maltz after he published an article, "What Shall We Ask of Writers", in The New Masses, challenging the didacticism of the American Communist Party's censorship of writers. Surprised by the ferocity of attack from his fellow writers, including <mask>, <mask>, Alvah Bessie, Ring Lardner, Jr., Samuel Sillen, and others, Maltz publicly recanted. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
After World War II, American fears of communist power increased after the Soviet Union established communist governments in eastern Europe. The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) began an investigation into communist and socialist influence in the Hollywood motion picture industry.<mask> appeared before the HUAC on October 29, 1947. Like Alvah Bessie, Herbert Biberman, Albert Maltz, Adrian Scott, Dalton Trumbo, Lester Cole, Edward Dmytryk, Samuel Ornitz and Ring Lardner Jr., he refused to answer almost all questions and would not give names of other people he knew in communist circles. Known as the Hollywood Ten, they claimed that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution gave them the right to do this. The HUAC and U.S. appeals courts, however, disagreed and all ten men were found guilty of contempt of Congress. <mask> was sentenced to twelve months in Ashland Prison and fined $1,000. They were known as the Hollywood Ten and were blacklisted from writing for Hollywood. In 1951, Edward Dmytryk testified before HUAC that <mask>, among others, had pressured him to put communist propaganda in his films.Post blacklist
Blacklisted by the Hollywood studios, <mask> moved to Mexico where he began writing Marxist interpretations of drama and film-making, such as The Hidden Heritage (1950), Film in the Battle of Ideas (1953), and Film: The Creative Process (1964). He also wrote one of the first anti-apartheid movies, Cry, the Beloved Country (1951), with a screenplay published under a pseudonym. Despite the blacklist, <mask> was hired to teach at several American universities including: Stanford University, Loyola Marymount University, and Los Angeles University of Judaism. In his book Film in the Battle of Ideas, <mask> wrote that "the rulers of the United States take the film very seriously as an instrument of propaganda" and said they believed that the influence of Hollywood movies was used to "poison the minds of U.S. working-class people". He believed that was inaccurate about U.S. working-class life. <mask> wrote that Hollywood "falsifies the life of American workers" and its "unwritten law decrees that only the middle and upper classes provide themes suitable for film presentation, and that workers appear on the screen only in subordinate or comic roles." According to <mask>, "workers and their families see films which urge them to despise the values by which they live, and to emulate the corrupt values of their enemies" and "the consistent presentation on the nation's screens of the views that working-class life is to be despised and that workers who seek to protect their class interests are stupid, malicious, or even treasonable" is what Hollywood engages in.<mask> argued that Hollywood promoted degrading images of women in the first half of the 20th century. He said, "Hollywood treats 'glamour' and sex appeal as the sum-total of woman's personality" and "portraits of women in Hollywood films fall into three general categories: the woman as a criminal or the instigator of crime; the woman as man's enemy, fighting and losing - for she must always lose - in the battle of the sexes; the woman as a `primitive' child, fulfilling the male dream of a totally submissive vehicle of physical pleasure." <mask> also argued that in most U.S. movies, "when a woman succeeds in the world of competition, Hollywood holds that her success is achieved by trickery, deceit, and the amoral use of sexual appeal." The manuscript of his unpublished autobiography is held at Southern Illinois University Carbondale in Carbondale, Illinois. <mask> was born into a wealthy Jewish family. His father had changed their surname from Levy to one of English style. As a boy, <mask> went to the house of a Christian schoolmate, where he mentioned his father's real name was Levy.He was not invited to the house again. He claimed he faced social discrimination. His father then insisted that the to family join a Christian church. They joined the First Church at 96th Street and Central Park West. However <mask> <mask> would adhere to Jewish dietary laws all his life. While at Williams College, during his sophomore year <mask> was denied election to the editorial board of The Williams College Monthly because some students raised questions about his Jewish background. He would later say that it was a good experience because it forced him "to begin his struggle to come to terms with his Jewish identity".The Hidden Heritage: A Rediscovery of the Ideas and Forces That Link the Thought of Our Time with the Culture of the Past, Citadel, 1950, 1st revised edition, 1968. Film in the Battle of Ideas, Masses & Mainstream, 1953. Film, The Creative Process: The Search for an Audio-Visual Language and Structure, Hill and Wang, 1964, 2nd revised edition, 1967. Introductions
 Ten Days that Shook the World by <mask>, New York, International Publishers, 1967. People's Theatre in Amerika by Karen M. Taylor, New York: Drama Books, 1972. See also
List of ambulance drivers during World War I

Notes

References
. Further reading
Horne, Gerald (2006), The Final Victim of the Blacklist: <mask> <mask>, Dean of the Hollywood Ten, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.<mask>, <mask> (1949), The Theory and Technique of Playwriting and Screenwriting, New York: G.P. Putnam's. External links

<mask> <mask> Papers, 1905-1969 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Special Collections Research Center
Various books by <mask> <mask> online

1894 births
1977 deaths
Members of the Communist Party USA
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American people of World War I
American male screenwriters
Hollywood blacklist
Modernist theatre
Writers from New York City
Stanford University faculty
Loyola Marymount University faculty
Williams College alumni
Jewish American dramatists and playwrights
Jewish American screenwriters
Marxist writers
Communist writers
American male dramatists and playwrights
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from New York (state)
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters

masks:
John Howard Lawson
Lawson
John Howard
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
John
John Howard
Lawson
John Howard
Lawson
Lawson
John
John Howard
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
John Dos
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawsons
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
John Dos
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Howard Fast
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Religion Lawson
Lawson
John Howard
Lawson
Lawson
John Reed
John Howard
Lawson
Lawson
John Howard
John Howard
Lawson
John Howard
Lawson


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<mask> (21 February 1843 – 29 April 1897) was a Scottish hotelier, art collector, antiquarian and writer. He amassed a considerable collection of paintings, literary works, china, furniture antiquities and other ephemera and memorabilia. His most notable literary achievement was the publication of a massive volume entitled Dundee: its Quaint and Historic Buildings (1895). Life
A. C<mask> was born in Dundee on 21 February 1843. He was the son of <mask>, who founded Lamb's Temperance Hotel in Murraygate, Dundee in 1828, and of <mask>. <mask> was educated at the High School of Dundee before being apprenticed to the baking and confectionery trade. After completing his apprenticeship he went to Liverpool, Manchester, and to Edinburgh to gain experience in hotel management.In 1867, <mask> was given charge of a temperance hotel established at 64 Reform Street, (the building was recently headquarters of the Alliance Trust). Soon after, the Murraygate hotel was sold off, and he took over the family business when his father died in 1869. On 3 July 1872, he married Mary Ann Worrall (1851–1937) in Dundee and they had two sons and four daughters. They were Mary (b. 1873), Jessie (b. 1879), Helen Kidd (b. 1881), <mask> (b.1883), Maggie Robertson (b. 1885) and George Buxton (b. 1887). In 1878, <mask> was made a member of the Society of Antiquaries. He was also a member of the Fine Art Committee in Dundee, of the Graphic Arts Association (now the Dundee Art Society) of the Edinburgh Bibliographical Society, and other societies. He died in London on 29 April 1897. The Lamb Collection
Lamb's hotel business was very successful and presumably provided the financial means whereby he amassed the immense Lamb Collection which "now forms one of the largest and most varied collections of local history material in Scotland".On his death the collection was acquired by Edward Cox and donated to the City of Dundee. The artefacts are now in the City Museum and over 450 boxes of written and printed material are available and catalogued at the Local History Centre in Dundee Central Library, Wellgate, Dundee. His library included quarto and folio works of Shakespeare, and first editions of Burns, Scott, Dickens and Ruskin. In particular, he collected items pertaining to the history of Dundee. "Views of old buildings, examples of early and recent typography, consecutive specimens of Dundee journalism, coins, medals, and tokens, and relics of almost every conceivable kind which illustrated the evolution of the city's trade and commerce, were obtained, carefully stored, and zealously guarded." This collection formed the basis of exhibitions in 1892–93 and 1896, the catalogues of which are mentioned below. Dundee: Its Quaint and Historic Buildings (1895)
This book contains large and impressive lithographs of around fifty quaint buildings, streets and closes demolished in the 1870s onwards, together with authoritative historical descriptions of them.Their locations are pinpointed on an 18th-century map of the city also included. Queen Victoria was presented with a particularly lavish copy of the book (it is perhaps the copy now available in the British Library). It was reviewed in The Spectator of 19 October 1895: "Mr <mask> deserves high praise for his painstaking and interesting work, which must have cost many years of self-denying labour. It is too large and costly to pass into the hands of the general public, though a judicious selection might easily be made for their use; but many in Dundee can well afford to purchase it, and they ought not to miss the opportunity of possessing themselves of a splendid memorial of their ancient city.... A word of praise must be given to the illustrations which adorn Mr <mask>'s sumptuous volume." Publications
 The Dundee Register of Merchants and Trades, with all the public offices, &c. for M,DCC,LXXXIII. A reprint in facsimile, edited by A. C. <mask>, of the first number of the "Dundee Register." Dundee [printed], 1782, [reprinted], 1879."Bibliography of Dundee Periodical Literature, 1775–1891". Scottish Notes and Queries. Aberdeen: D. Wyllie & Son, 1890. Vol. III, Dec 1889 – May 1890 and Vol. IV, June 1890– May 1891. In a series of sixteen articles in this monthly journal, <mask> details exhaustively the periodical publications in Dundee from The Dundee Magazine of 1775 onwards.Guide to remarkable monuments in the Howff, Dundee, 1892. Dundee: Its Quaint and Historic Buildings. (The illustrations are from drawings made by William Gibb, David Small [1846–1927] and Charles S. Lawson [d. 1884].) Dundee: G. Petrie, 1895. In 2005, a facsimile copy of this book was published by the Tay Valley Family History Centre in Dundee. Catalogues of the Lamb Collection
 Catalogue of "Old Dundee" – A Pictorial and Historical Exhibition, Illustrative of the Past Life, Social, Political, Municipal, and Industrial, of the Ancient Burgh of Dundee, 1892–93.Dundee: published by the Dundee Art Exhibition Committee, 1892. Catalogue of the Burns, Scott, and Shakespeare exhibition comprising books, manuscripts, engravings, medals, &c. from the collection of A.C. <mask> ... by <mask> <mask>; James Duncan, of Dundee. ; <mask>; Dundee (Scotland). Free Libraries. Victoria galleries. Dundee: J. Leng, 1896. Dowell, <mask>.Catalogue of the select and charming cabinet of modern paintings: valuable collection of medals, choice old cabinet china, camei, antiquities, etc., the property of the late A. C<mask>, Esq., Dundee. [Edinburgh] [1898]. John Maclachlan, A Brief Guide of the "Old Dundee" Historical Collection: Formed by the late Alex. C<mask>, F.S.A. Scot., and presented by Edward Cox, Esq., M.A., of Cardean. [Dundee] Christmas, 1901. Paintings catalogued in the Dundee Art Collection
 William Barclay (fl.19th century) – Broughty Castle from the Stannergate – Cat. No. 1971/6. James Michael Brown (1854–1947) – The Poet William McGonagall – (charcoal) – Cat. No. 4/41. William B. Lamont (1857–1924) – The Poet William McGonagall (1830–1902) – (oil on canvas) – Cat.No. 16/12. Unknown Artist – Portrait of a Lady – (oil – bust; full face) – Cat. No. 1971/131. References

Sources
 British Library catalogue
 National Library of Scotland catalogue
 Worldcat
Dundee Libraries, Local History Centre (Accessed 2012-10-03):
 Lamb Collection
 Biography of Lamb
 Obituaries of Lamb
 Contents of the Lamb Collection

1843 births
1897 deaths
People from Dundee
People educated at the High School of Dundee
19th-century Scottish writers
Scottish art collectors
British hoteliers
Scottish antiquarians
Businesspeople from Dundee
Writers from Dundee
19th-century Scottish businesspeople

masks:
Alexander Crawford Lamb
. Lamb
Thomas Lamb
Jessie Crawford
Lamb
Lamb
Thomas Crawford
Lamb
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Alexander Crawford
Lamb
Alexander Balharrie
Alexander
. Lamb
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<mask>  (29 November 1924 – 21 October 2006) was an English Anglican theologian and biochemist. Biography
<mask> was born in Watford, England, on 29 November 1924. He was educated at Watford Grammar School for Boys, Exeter College, Oxford (BA 1945, MA 1948, BSc 1947, DPhil 1948, DSc 1962, DD 1982), and the University of Birmingham (DipTh 1960, BD 1971). He taught at the University of Birmingham from 1948 until 1959 when he was appointed University Lecturer in Biochemistry in the University of Oxford and Fellow and Tutor of St Peter's College. In 1960 he was licensed as a lay reader for the Diocese of Oxford and he held this position until 1971, when he was ordained deacon and priest,  both in the same year. From 1973 until 1984 he was Dean, Fellow,  of Clare College, Cambridge, becoming a Doctor of Science by incorporation of the University of Cambridge. In 1984 he spent one year as Professor of Judeo-Christian Studies at Tulane University.He returned to St Peter's College the following year, becoming Director of the Ian Ramsey Centre until 1988 and again from 1995 until 1999. He was appointed Honorary Chaplain of Christ Church, Oxford, in  and Honorary Canon in 1994. Apart from one year during which he was Royden B. Davis Professor of Interdisciplinary Studies at Georgetown University (1994), he spent the rest of his life in Oxford, living in St John Street, just across the road from another eminent theologian, Henry Chadwick. He had been Select Preacher before the University of Oxford in 1973 and 1975 and was Bampton Lecturer in 1978. He was Hulsean Preacher at Cambridge in 1976 and Gifford Lecturer at St Andrew's in 1993. Among Peacocke's numerous subsidiary appointments he was the President of the Science and Religion Forum from 1995 until his death, having previous been chairman (1972–78) and Vice-President (1978–92). He became an academic fellow of the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science in 1986.He founded the Society of Ordained Scientists in  and served as its first Warden from 1987 to 1992 and Warden Emeritus from 1992 until his death. He was also a sometime Vice-President of the Modern Church People's Union and member of the council of the European Society for the Study of Science and Theology. Peacocke was awarded the Lecomte du Noüy Prize in 1983. He received honorary doctorates from DePauw University (DSc 1983) and Georgetown University (DLittHum 1991). He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire  in 1993. In 2001 he was awarded the Templeton Prize. <mask>e married Rosemary Mann on  1948.They had a daughter,  and a son who is the distinguished philosopher Christopher Peacocke. They also have five grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Peacocke died on 21 October 2006 in Oxford. Peacocke's views
Peacocke self-identified as a panentheist, which he was careful to distinguish from being a pantheist. He is perhaps best known for his attempts to argue rigorously that evolution and Christianity need not be at odds (see Creation–evolution controversy). He may be the most well-known theological advocate of theistic evolution as author of the essay "Evolution: The Disguised Friend of Faith?". <mask> describes a position which is referred to elsewhere as "front-loading", after the fact that it suggests that evolution is entirely consistent with an all-knowing, all-powerful God who exists throughout time, sets initial conditions and natural laws, and knows what the result will be.An implication of Peacocke's particular stance is that all scientific analyses of physical processes reveal God's actions. All scientific propositions are thus necessarily coherent with religious ones. According to Peacocke, Darwinism is not an enemy to religion, but a friend (thus the title of his piece, "The Disguised Friend"). Peacocke offers five basic arguments in support of his position outlined below. Process as immanence
The process-as-immanence argument is meant to deal with Phillip Johnson's contention that naturalism reduces God to a distant entity. According to Peacocke, God continuously creates the world and sustains it in its general order and structure; He makes things make themselves. Biological evolution is an example of this and, according to Peacocke, should be taken as a reminder of God's immanence.It shows us that "God is the Immanent Creator creating in and through the processes of natural order [italics in original]". Evolution is the continuous action of God in the world. All "the processes revealed by the sciences, especially evolutionary biology, are in themselves God-acting-as-Creator". Chance optimising initial conditions
The chance-optimizing-initial-conditions argument runs as follows: the role of chance in biological evolution can be reconciled with a purposive creator because "there is a creative interplay of 'chance' and law apparent in the evolution of living matter by natural selection." There is no metaphysical implication of the physical fact of "chance"; randomness in mutation of DNA "does not, in itself, preclude these events from displaying regular trends of manifesting inbuilt propensities at the higher levels of organisms, populations and eco-systems." Chance is to be seen as "eliciting the potentialities that the physical cosmos possessed ab initio." Random process of evolution as purposive
The random-process-of-evolution-as-purposive argument is perhaps best considered an adjunct to the process-as-immanence argument, and a direct response to Johnson's continued references to evolution as "purposeless".Peacocke suggests

Natural evil as necessity
The natural-evil-as-necessity argument is meant to be a response to the classic philosophical argument of the problem of evil, which contends that an all-powerful, all-knowing and beneficent God cannot exist as such because natural evil (mudslides which crush the legs of innocent children, for instance) occurs. Peacocke contends that the capacities necessary for consciousness and thus a relationship with God also enable their possessors to experience pain, as necessary for identifying injury and disease. Preventing the experience of pain would prevent the possibility of consciousness. Peacocke also takes an eastern argument for natural evil of that which made must be unmade for a new making to occur; there is no creation without destruction. To Peacocke, it is necessary that organisms go out of existence for others to come into it. Thus, pain, suffering and death are necessary evils in a universe which will result in beings capable of having a relationship with God. God is said to suffer with His creation because He loves creation, conforming the deity to be consistent with the Christian God.Jesus as pinnacle of human evolution
The Jesus-as-pinnacle-of-human-evolution argument proposed by Peacocke is that Jesus Christ is

the actualisation of [evolutionary] potentiality can properly be regarded as the consummation of the purposes of God already incompletely manifested in evolving humanity .... The paradigm of what God intends for all human beings, now revealed as having the potentiality of responding to, of being open to, of becoming united with, God. Similar propositions had previously been put by writers such as C. S. Lewis (in Mere Christianity) and Teilhard de Chardin. Relationship between theology and science typology
In the introduction to The Sciences and Theology in the Twentieth Century, Peacocke lists a set of eight relationships that could fall upon a two-dimensional grid. This list is in part a survey of deliberations that occurred at the World Council of Churches Conference on "Faith, Science and the Future", Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1979. Science and theology are concerned with two distinct realms
Reality is thought of as a duality, operating within the human world, in terms of natural/supernatural, spatio-temporal/the eternal, the order of nature/the realm of faith, the natural (or physical)/the historical, the physical-and-biological/mind-and-spirit. Science and theology are interacting approaches to the same reality
Accuracy of this view is widely and strongly resisted among those who otherwise differ in their theologies
Science and theology are two distinct non-interacting approaches to the same reality
The idea that theology tries to answer the question why, while science tries to answer the question how
Science and theology constitute two different language systems
Each are two distinct "language games" whose logical pre-conditions can have no bearing upon each other according to late-Wittgensteinian theory
Science and theology are generated by quite different attitudes (in their practitioners)
the attitude of science is that of objectivity and logical neutrality; that of theology personal involvement and commitment.Science and theology are both subservient to their objects and can only be defined in relation to them
Both are intellectual disciplines shaped by their object (nature or God) to which they direct their attention. Both include a confessional and a rational factor. Science and theology may be integrated
Science generates a metaphysic in terms of which theology is then formulated
For example, Alfred North Whitehead's metaphysics forms the basis of process theology

See also
 Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford
 List of scholars on the relationship between religion and science
 Open theism
 Philosophical theology
 Religious naturalism
 Theological critical realism
 Theophysics

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
<mask>e some biographical notes on the Gifford Lectures website, with some background on the lectures: Theology for a Scientific Age (published in book form during 1993 )
Arthur Peacocke and Humanity's Place in Cosmic Evolution
Society of Ordained Scientists article by him
Daily Telegraph obituary

1924 births
2006 deaths
20th-century English Anglican priests
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Anglican lay readers
Converts to Anglicanism from atheism or agnosticism
English biochemists
English Anglican theologians
Fellows of Clare College, Cambridge
Fellows of Mansfield College, Oxford
Fellows of St Peter's College, Oxford
Georgetown University faculty
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Watford Grammar School for Boys
Panentheists
People from Watford
Religion academics
Templeton Prize laureates
Tulane University faculty
Theistic evolutionists
Writers about religion and science

masks:
Arthur Robert Peacocke
Arthur Robert Peacocke
Arthur Peacock
Arthur Peacocke
Arthur Peacock


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<mask> (2 February 1957–15 November 1989: : nom de guerre: <mask>)  (1954–1989), popularly as D. M<mask>era and Gamanayake. Ananda was captured by Sri Lankan government forces in 1989 and apparently died in captivity. Early life
He was born on 2 February 1957 at Minuwangate village near Rindibendiella in Wariyapola, Sri Lanka. His father, a chena farmer, also had some knowledge of indigenous fracture medicine. He had two siblings. As a child, he was raised by his grandmother due to the separation of his parents.At the age of 12, he was ordained as <mask>uwangate <mask> Thero on May 3, 1968 at the Demataluwa Pothgul Vihara by his Chief Guru Thero, Ven. Rekawa Jinaratana Thero, the Chief Justice of the North Western Province, who was the Chief Incumbent of the Pothgul Viharaya until 2020. He was educated at the Ratmale Rathanasena Pirivena. Then he entered the University of Peradeniya on October 17, 1977 to pursue a degree in Fine Arts. Political career

Student leader
<mask> Thera, who had no JVP affiliation at the time of his arrival at the university, was recruited by Shantha Bandara. <mask> Thera first attended JVP classes in March 1978 at the Peradeniya University Sangharama along with eight other university clergy students. The leader who coordinated the JVP monks in Peradeniya at that time was Ven.Palukadawala Premananda Thero of Dalupitiya, Mahara. The JVP held a two-week national educational camp in Harispattuwa in June 1978 and <mask> Thera also joined it. Among those who gave lectures for the camp were Shantha Bandara, Vass Tillekeratne, <mask> Wanniarachchi and Rohana Wijeweera came to the lecture on the last day. During his university days, D.M<mask> was a student activist. They and others have been working since 1978 to build the student movement. As a result, the JVP Socialist Students' Union gained almost all control of the Peradeniya University Student Council in 1979/80.He was President of the Socialist Students Union, the student arm of the JVP, and the Secretary of the Inter University Students' Federation (IUSF). At the request of the JVP, <mask> Thera removed his robes and became D. M. Nandasena. He was later named Aruna or Amal or Alahakoon or Adhikari. Although <mask> sat for the final examination of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Peradeniya in August 1981 and passed with a special degree in Political Science, he chose the full-time politics of the JVP. He came into prominence in 1981 during the countrywide protest against the government White Paper on Educational Reforms. As the chief organizer of this campaign, which was largely steered by the JVP, thousands of university and other students demonstrated on the streets. As a result of this campaign, the JVP drew radical youths to the movement.<mask> was recognized as a capable organizer. He became the key link between the JVP and the university activists. They played the most vital part of the 1987-89 insurrection and many of the party’s leaders were students or former students. The first of these protests was the massive agitation that took place on January 20, 1981 in Galle Modara, encircling the old Parliament premises. Following the protest, a JVP-led rally was held on February 26, 1981 at Hyde Park. Meanwhile, Wijeweera also addressed the gathering and asked them to come to the university and see who has the student power. In his speech, <mask> also challenged the traditional left parties.Rise in the party
Ananda was described by the JVP Kandy District Organization in 1983 as an extremist activist. The reason for this was the appointment of the Acting Vice Chancellor Prof. <mask> as a hostage on the fifth day during the deadly fast conducted by students of Peradeniya University in 1983. The JVP decided to continue the student fast as a mass protest with the support of the surrounding villages. However, in violation of that agreement, Prof. <mask> was taken hostage under the invisible leadership of Ananda. The JVP Kandy District Committee did not approve of the decision of <mask> to make the Vice Chancellor a hostage and strongly advised <mask> not to act arbitrarily. In the meantime, when <mask>'s name was proposed to the JVP Central Committee in early 1983, the Kandy District Committee had unanimously rejected it. <mask>, who was appointed to the Central Committee at the end of 1983 after the banning of the JVP, joined the Politburo in late 1984.After the banning of the JVP, he also served as the Matara, Kalutara and Colombo District Organizers. By 1985, some of the top leaders had left the party including Lionel Bopage, <mask> Wanniarachchi, Vaas Thilakaratne and <mask> Pathirana. As a result, young leaders, such as D.M<mask>, H.B. Herath and Shantha Bandara had the opportunity to move up. During the 1987–1989 JVP insurrection, he was also the leader of the student, bhikku and women's wing and the military leader in the Western and Sabaragamuwa Provinces. He was also in charge of the technical division that manufactured bombs and mines.<mask> was also instrumental in the activities of the cultural section including the Ranahanda radio conducted by the JVP. He was also the third unofficial leader of the second insurrection. The anti-democratic activities of the government, the threats posed by the Tamil separatists, the austerity measures taken by the university students on a number of issues including the austerity of free education were instrumental in stabilizing the JVP among the students and the strategic leadership of <mask>. To resolve the forcible bus strike held by the SLTB United Front from June 12 to July 13, 1989, <mask> also went to Sucharitha and conducted discussions with president Ranasinghe Premadasa. In addition, he also maintained contacts with Gurujit Singh and Hardeep Puri, both official and unofficial officials of the Indian Embassy in Sri Lanka. The power of the JVP mass organizations throughout the country was vested in Ananda and the armed forces of the JVP throughout the country were under Saman Piyasiri Fernando. Meanwhile since August 1988, Wijeweera had animosity towards Saman and <mask> in the Politburo.Kota Gamini who worked at the Milson lathe on Shavia Mawatha in Ratnapura, joined the JVP in 1980 and continued to be an activist after being banned by the JVP. Under the supervision of Ananda, the Milson site was secretly used as a rebels' quarry and even produced the barrel of a T-56 rifle. After the arrest of Jayaratne, a JVP rebel who had been constantly bringing messages to the Milson lathe and a resident of Welimaluwa, Ratnapura, was arrested. Through his confessions, involvement of <mask> to the lathe was revealed by The Rapid Deployment Force (RDF). Jayaratne also told the security forces that <mask> frequently visit Kandurupokuna to meet one of his friends. Later another JVP rebel, Kandurupokuna was caught by the army in January 1989 and according to information received from Kandurupokuna, Ananda's driver Amaratunga was the first to be arrested and Anura Priyankara alias Bandulal, a father of one born in Weligama was arrested second. Final days
After being tortured, they also revealed the information, allowing Ananda to flee three days later.But <mask> did not received the message and on October 28, 1989, he was arrested at a military post near Ratnapura while riding a motorbike driven by another person to his Ratnapura lodge. After the arrest, <mask> was brought to the Mattegoda camp and later to the Yataro Cafeteria camp, tortured in each of these camps. Then he was detained in the dungeon run by the Law Faculty of the University of Colombo. Ananda was facilitated more than the other suspects during interrogations where Lieutenant <mask>la and Captain Sirishantha also used Marxist-translated translations to win <mask>'s mind..01

On behalf of the JVP Politburo to release the arrested Ananda, H. B. Herath had met Minister Saumyamoorthy Thondaman on November 08, 1989 and made a request to President Premadasa through him. However, there was no positive response from the President and <mask> was assassinated on November 15, 1989 in Mattegoda after the assassination of Wijeweera. It is widely believed that Wijeweera was arrested by a revelation made by Ananda. But, it is an opinion popularized by security intelligence on the advice of foreign intelligence services.In popular media
The biographical film of Rohana Wijeweera's late life titled Ginnen Upan Seethala was released in 2018. The film was directed by Anurudha Jayasinghe and actor Narada Thotagamuwa played <mask>'s role. References

Further reading
C.A Chandrapream (1991), Sri Lanka, the Years of Terror - The JVP Insurrection 1987-1989, Lake House Bookshop,
Rohan Gunaratne (1990), Sri Lanka, a Lost Revolution? - The Inside Story of the JVP, Institute of Fundamental Studies,
A.C. Alles (1990), The JVP 1969-1989, A.C. Alles,

1954 births
1989 deaths
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna politicians
Sri Lankan communists

masks:
Dissanayake Mudiyanselage Nandasena
Amal Mahattaya
. Anandawe
Min
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Daya
. Ananda
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Dias
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Mahinda
. Ananda
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Madawa
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