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<mask>eun (1958~2006) was a South Korean poet. He was in the front lines of many labor and democratization movements, and he portrays the lives and emotions of these protestors using vivid language in his writing. <mask> is well-known as the original author of the widely popular protest song from the 1990s, "Pine Tree, Green Pine Tree" (솔아 푸르른 솔아). Life

Pre-debut
<mask> was born in 1958, in Buan County, North Jeolla Province. Because of his parent’s enthusiasm for education, <mask> spent years away from his hometown, graduating from Iksan Middle School and Jeonju Highschool. As a high school student, he was an avid reader of Changbi Magazine, Sasanggye Magazine, and explored the works of Go Un, Hwang Seok-young, Kim Ji Ha and many others. His statements at school on the October Restoration and the  made him a person put under surveillance by his school.Deciding that the repressive school life would no longer be necessary, <mask> eventually withdrew himself from high school. The next year, he joined the high school literary circle and published a passionate poem in the style of Soviet Revolutionary poet Vladimir Mayakovsky. He subsequently faced hardships as he had his home searched and was taken into custody at the police station for 20 days. After this, he went to Seoul to participate in the labor movements and Christian Young Adult movements while continuing to write poems. He officially made his debut as a poet with the publication of poems such as "Suyurieso" (수유리에서 In Suyuri)

After his debut
In 1982, while working at a book-binding factory in the Guro Industrial Complex, <mask> actively engaged with activists in labor movements, student movements, culture movements of the masses, and Christian democracy movements. He participated as one of the leaders for various cultural activities and meetings, and founded the Folk Song Research Association (민요연구회) along with Shin Kyeong-nim, Im Jintaek, Jeong Huiseong, Gim Jeonghwan, and others. In 1984, he published a poetry collection, Chwieopgonggopan apeseo (취업공고판 앞에서 In Front of the Job Search Board) and a prose collection, Gongjangoksange olla (공장옥상에 올라 Up on the Factory Rooftop).Afterwards, he relocated to Bupyeong, Incheon until the 1990s living as a laborer and activist, while trying to faithfully reflect the realities of life as a worker in his writings. Furthermore, he participated in producing a video about Bak Jongcheol and worked at various publishing companies as a committee planning member or as an editor for literary magazines. In 1987, <mask>’s poem "Baekje #6 Pine Tree, Green Pine Tree" - from the collection Chwieopgonggopan apeseo was adapted by An Chi-hwan for the song "Pine Tree, Green Pine Tree". "Pine Tree, Green Pine Tree" became a favorite song on college campuses and at labor strikes. <mask> won the Shin Dongyup Prize in 1994 and the Baeksok Literature Award in 2003. He died of a long-term illness in 2006. The Park Young-geun Award was established in 2015, and his entire collected work was published in 2016 to commemorate the 10th anniversary of his death.Writing

Poetry collection from the 1980s
A major theme in <mask>’s works up until the second half of the 1980s is the everyday life and struggles of the worker. These works are based on <mask>’s own experiences as a worker and the activist. That is, in the 1980s labor was the basic condition for <mask> to write his poetry. However, as the times changed, <mask>’s poems also changed. Chwieopgonggopan apeseo (1984) discusses the unstable lives for Korean workers in the 70s and 80s. However, from the words of a poetic narrator, it is difficult to find solidarity or the worker’s fighting spirit. For example, the narrator in the title poem "In Front of the Job Search Board" has been recently discharged from the army and stands face to face with the job search board grasping onto his resume in his hopeless situation.Therefore, the poetic narrator’s interests cannot realistically describe the worker’s reality or suggest any sort of prospect of freedom to the workers. Rather, the prominent idea in this collection is people’s existential sadness as they are unable to claim their own space and must wander among the periphery of the city, while holding onto the longing and pity for family in their hometown. This aspect of <mask>’s poems can be seen as a result of the poet’s own past, as he was made to leave his hometown and make his own living in another city. Daeyeol (대열 Workers Queue)(1987) in comparison, discusses the worker becoming clearly aware of their own class identity, and foregrounds the conflict between worker unity and the fight against capitalism. The poet’s struggle is finding effective methods while experimenting with various poetic forms. This includes adding poetic verses to a prose poem, or copying a whole wall of graffiti from factories onto the page, for example. What the poet wants most importantly out of these experiments is to establish a junction between poetry and reality.The opening lines from Pojang senteo (포장 센터 Packing Station), "The break bell rang and as I went to the bathroom I glanced at the shipping area lounge, and I stared at those dirty truck drivers and loading dock workers start to gamble", this passage reflects how the poet clearly understands the realities of the workers and their struggles. Through works such as "Nongseongjangui bam" (농성장의 밤 Strike Site Night), "Jabonga" (자본가 The Capitalist), "Amerika" (아메리카 America), "Ssaum jeonya" (싸움 전야 The Eve of the Fight), and others, <mask>, from the title alone, is able to capture the subject matter and themes of labor struggle. <mask> is able to present almost every aspect of 1980s labor reality in his vivid writing. Poetry collection from the 1990s
In Gimmisunjeon (김미순전 The life of Gim Misun)(1993), the poetic narrator appears as an individual, rather than as a member of a community who voices solidarity to fellow workers. The optimism toward the worker’s struggles and will are pushed to the background, while fading memories of the struggles in the past are presented with painful emotion. These changes reflect the rapid decline and stagnation of Korea’s labor movements in the 1990s. <mask>’s last poetry collection published during his lifetime was Jeo kkochi bulpyeonhada (저 꽃이 불편하다That Flower is Uncomfortable) (2002); <mask> gazes upon the path that he has walked."Gil" (길 Road) describes the road he has taken until this point, describing it as desolate winter scenery. Although, the poet arrives at home at the end of his difficult journey, he is unable to find any vestige of those that he tenderly remembers. Ultimately, the poet finds himself wandering endlessly without a home. The self-awareness of the poet that he is standing on the road, in spite of all that, enables him to endure the weight of life’s futility and maintain the tension of existence in reality. Works

Anthology
 <솔아 푸른 솔아>, 강 , 2009. / Sora pureun sora (Pine Tree, Green Pine Tree), Gang, 2009
 <박영근 전집> 1·2 ,실천문학사,  2016. / Bagyeonggeun jeonjip (Park Young-geun Collection), Silcheonmunhaksa, 2016

Collected works
 <취업공고판 앞에서>,  청사, 1984 / Chwieopgonggopan apeseo (In Front of the Job Search Board), Cheongsa, 1984
 <대열>, 풀빛 , 1987./ Daeyeol (Workers Queue), Pulbit, 1987
 <김미순전(傳)>,  실천문학사 , 1993. / Gimmisunjeon (The life of Gim Misun), Silcheonmunhaksa, 1993
 < 지금도 그 별은 눈뜨는가> 창비, 1997. / Jigeumdo geu byeoreun nuntteuneunga (Does the Star Open its Eyes Still), Changbi, 1997. <저 꽃이 불편하다>, 창비,2002. / Jeo kkochi bulpyeonhada (That Flower is Uncomfortable), Changbi, 2002
 <별자리에 누워 흘러가다>, 창비, 2007. / Byeoljarie nuwo heulleogada (Floating on Constellations), Changbi, 2007

Prose collections
 <공장 옥상에 올라>,  풀빛 , 1984. / Gongjangoksange olla (Up on the Factory Rooftop), Pulbit, 1984

Essays
 <오늘, 나는 시의 숲길을 걷는다>, 실천문학사 ,  2004./ Oneul, naneun siui supgireul geonneunda (Today, I Walk through the Path in the Poetry Forest), Silcheonmunhaksa, 2004

Works in translation

Awards
 Shin Dongyup Prize (1994)
 Baeksok Literature Award (2003)

References

1958 births
2006 deaths
20th-century Korean poets
Korean male poets
People from North Jeolla Province

masks:
Park Young g
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type: original

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"Captain" <mask> (occasionally "Maclean", "MacLean", or "Maclane") (1724 – 3 October 1750) was an Irish man of a respectable presbyterian family who had a brief but notorious career as a mounted highwayman in London with his accomplice William Plunkett. He was known as "The Gentleman Highwayman" as a result of his courteous behaviour during his robberies, and obtained a certain kind of celebrity. Notoriously, he held up and robbed Horace Walpole at gunpoint: eventually he was hanged at Tyburn. The film Plunkett & Macleane was based loosely on his exploits. Young life
Maclaine was the younger of two sons of a Scots-Irish presbyterian minister, the Revd. Thomas (?or Lauchlin) Maclaine of 1st Monaghan Presbyterian Church in Ireland. His mother, Elizabeth (née Milling) died when he was five or six years old, and his father when he was sixteen or seventeen.He came of a family of many ministers, his grandfather (a Gaelic-speaking clergyman in the Church of Scotland) having received a calling to Ireland from Argyllshire in 1698. His elder brother Archibald Maclaine (1722-1804) was educated in Glasgow and followed his own vocation as presbyterian minister, scholar and royal preceptor in the Netherlands between 1746 and 1796, famous as the first translator (1765) of Johann Lorenz von Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History (of 1726). Educated to become a merchant, <mask>e frittered away his inheritance in Dublin on fine clothes, gambling and prostitutes. Such inheritance as <mask> received had mostly been dissipated by the time he was 20, and his mother's relations soon quarreled with him and refused to give him any assistance. He attached himself to the domestic service of a Mr Howard in order to travel to England, and stayed with him for a while, but got into low company and, leaving without testimonials, returned to Ireland. His mother's kin still refusing to help, his brother sent him subsidies and letters of good advice from The Hague: these proving insufficient, he considered joining the Irish Brigade in the French army, but was told that he would make little progress with them unless he became a Roman Catholic, which he was unwilling to do. He next persuaded his old master, Colonel T-----n, to take him to England as a domestic servant, planning to acquire his fortune through an advantageous marriage.He borrowed money from the Colonel to purchase a commission, but that went the same way, and he considered enlisting in Lord Albemarle's horse troops. He disgraced himself by having an affair with an officer's wife. His friends in London raised a small subscription to enable him to ship for Jamaica, but he took the money to the Masquerades (i.e. the public gardens) and squandered it at the gaming tables. At length he found himself a wife, the daughter of an innkeeper or horse-dealer in Oxford Road, London, whom he married in about 1746. With the dowry of five hundred pounds Maclaine set himself up as a grocer in Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square. This was no great success, however, as he did not apply himself very much, though his neighbours could not afterwards point to any real misdemeanour in his behaviour at that time.Two daughters were born to them, one of whom survived, but his wife died within three years. His mother-in-law, who had a good opinion of Maclaine, took charge of the surviving daughter. It was during his wife's illness that he met William Plunkett, an apothecary, who attended her. His business failing, owing (by his own account) to "an unavoidable trust reposed in servants", he sold off his stock and with whatever remained he turned his mind again to a military career. However, in passing himself off as a young gentleman in search of another wealthy wife, he had neither the funds nor the habitude necessary to rise above the accompanying inducements to profligacy. Plunkett is said to have acted the part of gentleman's assistant as Maclaine, immaculately presented, paid court to a young lady worth more than £10,000 a year; but on one occasion when they had followed her to a spa, Maclaine had an argument with an apothecary in the public rooms. This person employed a military man to kick Maclaine down the stairs, while stating publicly that he knew Maclaine had been a footman only a few years previously.Plunkett and Maclaine were obliged to make a hasty and informal departure. Highwayman

By his own account, Maclaine embarked on his career of crime about six months after his wife's death. At his interrogation he was encouraged to lay evidence against his accomplices, and at his trial he sought to lay a good deal of the blame for his course of life upon Plunkett (who was never caught or tried), so his narrative may not be entirely accurate. He claimed that Plunkett, a fellow-Irishman, had led him to believe he had travelled abroad, and persuaded Maclaine to employ him in his household and to lend him £100, part of which was paid back sporadically. Maclaine explained his melancholy to Plunkett as his money was running out, and Plunkett replied,"Honey, I thought, Maclean, thou hadst Spirit and Resolution, with some Knowledge of the World. A brave Man cannot want; he has a Right to live, and need not want the Conveniencies of Life, while the dull, plodding, busy Knaves carry Cash in their Pockets. We must draw upon them to supply our Wants, there need only Impudence, and getting the better of a few silly Scruples; there is scarce Courage necessary, all we have to deal with are such mere Poltroons."Accordingly, Plunkett and Mclaine joined together and went on the road as highwaymen, agreeing to share the spoils equally. They wore Venetian masks to cover their faces. Their first enterprize was on Hounslow Heath, where they held up a grazier coming away from Smithfield Market, and relieved him of £60. This was so successful that they decided to continue, and their next action was to hold up a coach on the road coming into London from St Albans. They approached on horseback from either side with pistols drawn. Maclaine said he was so nervous that it was left to Plunkett to call out the demands. Plunkett began to upbraid him for his lack of courage, and Maclaine cried out "He needs must whom the devil drives.I am over shoes and must over boots." Afterwards, to prove himself, Maclaine alone held up a gentleman on horseback in Hyde Park and relieved him of his money and his watch. They committed around 20 highway robberies in six months, often in the then-relatively untamed Hyde Park: their victims included Sir Thomas Robinson of Vienna, and Mrs Talbot. Maclaine was only once in fear of being discovered. To allay suspicion he stayed awhile with his brother in Holland, giving him a false account of his means of living, and was introduced to polite dancing assemblies, where various purses and watches went missing. In November 1749 occurred their most famous exploit, when, in Hyde Park between 9 and 10 o'clock at night, they held up the writer and antiquary Horace Walpole. One pointed a blunderbuss at the coachman, while the other put his pistol through the window of the carriage.Walpole wrote,"One night, in the beginning of November, 1749, as I was returning from Holland House by moonlight, about ten o'clock, I was attacked by two highwaymen in Hyde Park, and the pistol of one of them going off accidentally, raised the skin under my eye, left some marks of shot in my face, and stunned me. The ball went through the top of the chariot, and if I had sat an inch nearer to the left side, must have gone through my head. "'Letters nos. 310-314, to Sir Horace Mann', in P. Cunningham (ed. ), The Letters of Horace Walpole, Fourth Earl of Orford, 9 Vols (John Grant, Edinburgh 1906), II, pp. 218-230, passim (Internet Archive). They took his watch and purse, his sword, and some money from the footman.Soon afterwards, Maclaine sent Walpole a letter (as from "A.B. and C.D.") offering him first refusal to buy back his stolen possessions, indicating that he should send a servant with the money to a rendezvous at Tyburn, and threatening fatal consequences to Walpole if he betrayed them. He suggested he sent the footman, as he wanted to give the man his money back. The thieves were often restrained and courteous, earning Maclaine the sobriquet "The Gentleman Highwayman". Living in St James's Street (next door to White's), he was now passing himself off as an Irish gentleman worth £700 a year, and he and Plunkett (who had lodgings in Jermyn Street) were said to be well-known figures about St James's. Maclaine kept company with some noted "Ladies of the Town", and also with certain "Women of Fortune and Reputation" who were so unguarded as to admit him to their society.He worked his way into the affections of a Lady who deserved better, but she was saved from ruin when a gentleman revealed to her Maclaine's character. He had a sufficiently low opinion of Maclaine's respectability that he was able to decline the duel which Maclaine consequently offered him. This may have been a different challenge to that which Maclaine offered to a British officer at Putney Bowling Green in the spring of 1750. The officer, who had disparaged him, declined to fight him until he should give proof of his respectable origins. Maclaine had recently obtained a certificate attesting to his descent from the nobility. Arrest and examinations
On 26 June 1750, Plunkett and Maclaine held up the coach of the Earl of Eglinton on Hounslow Heath. Plunkett went forward of the carriage and took hold of the postilion, so

masks:
James Maclaine
James Maclain
James


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 that Lord Eglinton, who was carrying his famous blunderbuss, could not fire at him without killing his own servant.Maclaine, who was behind, commanded his Lordship to throw his blunderbuss out of the chaise, or he would "blow his brains through his face". They took the blunderbuss, together with a portmanteau and 50 guineas. Between one and two o'clock in the morning of the same day, they held up the flying coach at Chiswick, between Turnham Green and Brentford, which was carrying six passengers on its way to Salisbury going westward out of London. Wearing masks and carrying pistols, they demanded money from the passengers. When one, Josiah Higden, gave them a few shillings, he was told this was not enough. They ordered him out of the carriage, took more money out of his pockets, and threatened to blow his brains out for concealing it. They then obliged the coachman to help them to take two clothes trunks out of the coach boot, and rode off with them.One belonged to Mr Higden, and was later found empty in Kensington Gravel Pits. (This Josiah Higden was possibly the apothecary of Sackville Street who in May 1750 was involved in the will of Walter Chetwynd of Old Grendon, and in 1763 was elected Master of the Society of Apothecaries of London.) After this robbery, information on the stolen items was circulated and led to Maclaine's arrest. He stripped the lace from a waistcoat taken in the robbery and attempted to sell it to a pawnbroker in Monmouth Street, who by chance took it to the same man who had just sold the lace and recognised it. Rather than returning home to fetch the money to pay for the lace, the man alerted a constable and Maclaine was arrested. When the premises were searched many of the other things the men had stolen, including Lord Eglington's blunderbuss and coat, were uncovered. They also found a frock coat with a pair of loaded pistols in the pockets.Walpole wrote, "...there were a wardrobe of clothes, three-and-twenty purses, and the celebrated blunderbuss found at his lodgings, besides a famous kept mistress." The latter distinction was claimed by, or for, Fanny Murray. Josiah Higden, "whose word and honour are too well known to doubt the truth", decided to press charges, saying he went through with it "in duty to my country". At his arrest (which was on 27 July 1750), Maclaine was first taken for examination before Mr Justice Lediard. He began by denying the charges, and was committed to the Newgate, but very soon afterwards sent a message that he wished to make a confession. He was willing to implicate Plunkett, but the judge advised him that he would need to give them more names if he hoped for leniency, and gave him time to think about it. At his second Examination, on 1 August 1750, Maclaine declared himself to be guilty and wept piteously before the justices, but could still name only Plunkett as his confederate in crime.He brought with him a written confession, unsigned, which Mr Justice Lediard left in his hands. A well-known print (an "Exact Representation"), showing Maclaine and "his accomplice" holding up Lord Eglinton's carriage, was published on 13 August 1750, about a month before his trial. The trial at the Old Bailey was held on 12 September, and related specifically to the robbery of Josiah Higden. The indictment was that Maclean had made an assault on Higden on the King's Highway, putting him in corporal fear and danger of his life. (This was the capital offence.) It enumerated the goods taken, including a cloth coat, a pair of cloth breeches, a periwig, a pair of pumps, five holland shirts, three linen stocks, two pairs of stockings, one silk and one worsted, a pair of gloves, a pair of silver spurs and a pair of silver shoe-buckles, a pair of knee buckles, half a pound of tea and other necessaries, including two guineas which Mr Higden had about his person. Trial and execution

At Maclaine's trial at the Old Bailey, on 12 September 1750, he changed his plea again to Not Guilty, claiming that his former confession under examination had been the product of shock and mental derangement arising from the suddenness and unexpectedness of his arrest.He claimed that he had Mr Higden's coat and other belongings because Plunkett had given them to him in lieu of the remaining money that he owed him, and he (Maclaine) had no idea that they were stolen. The jury did not believe him. The trial became a fashionable society occasion. A contemporary broadside includes an illustration: a Lady (perhaps Lady Caroline Petersham) is shown appearing as a character witness. One of the justices is saying, "What has your Ladyship to say in favour of the Prisoner at the Bar? ", and she replies, "My Lord, I have had the Pleasure to know him well, he has often been about my House and I never lost anything." Lord Eglinton declined to testify against him, and Walpole, reporting Maclaine's condemnation in a letter dated 20 September, added, "I am honourably mentioned in a Grub Street ballad for not having contributed to his sentence."His romantic circumstances touched many hearts: a print entitled "Newgates Lamentation, or the Ladys Last Farewell of Macleane" illustrates visitors to his cell. He reputedly received nearly 3,000 guests while imprisoned at the Newgate, including a visitation en masse from White's, and his room became so hot that he fainted more than once. While under sentence his portrait was drawn from the life and afterwards engraved by Louis Peter Boitard. His brother Archibald, the minister and translator, though he was revolted and heartbroken by his brother's crimes and had often warned him of the consequences of his dissolute behaviour, wrote a letter from Utrecht to intercede with the court for mercy for his brother, and also wrote to <mask> himself and to Dr Allen, the minister who attended him. Archibald expressed deep conflict between his compassion for the sinful man, his duty to uphold the path of righteousness, and his uncertainty of the true nature of his brother's repentance. The letter written by Archibald Maclaine to his "Unhappy Brother" on 22 September 1750 was a call to absolute repentance before God in knowledge of the coming Judgement. Dr Allen recorded his eventual narrative of confession.He was convicted: the jury brought him in Guilty without going out of court. No remission was forthcoming, despite various signs of penitence shown by the prisoner. When the judge asked him why he should not be sentenced, Maclaine, who had prepared a short speech expressing his contrition and pleading for mercy, was unable to say more than one or two words, "My lord, I cannot speak," and stood in silence. The poet Thomas Gray, in his poem "A Long Story", referred to this when he wrote,"A sudden fit of ague shook him,He stood as mute as poor McLean." He was hanged at Tyburn on 3 October 1750. Dr Allen reported that a young fellow-prisoner who had kept him company sat up with Maclaine through his last night in prayer and devotion, and as Maclaine got into the cart to take him to Tyburn he was heard to say, "Oh my God! I have forsaken thee!But I will trust in thee!" A great crowd attended the execution, before whom he maintained a steady composure, and his last words to them were, "O God, forgive my enemies, bless my friends and receive my soul!" A later publication tells that, as the cart was about to be drawn from under him, a witness heard him say, "I must never more behold this beauteous sun! Do thou, O sun of righteousness, shine on my departing soul." In popular culture

Maclaine could not have been the model for Captain Macheath, antihero of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera (reinvented by Berthold Brecht as "Mack the Knife"), because The Beggar's Opera was written in 1728, when Maclaine was only four. (The preferred claimant for that distinction is Jack Sheppard.) Rather, Maclaine's romantic image owed something to the popular example of Macheath, the chivalrous highwayman, reinforced by the fact that Macheath's character in some measure satirized Sir Robert Walpole (1st Earl of Orford, died 1745), Horace Walpole's father.Horace Walpole alluded to this when he wrote, in 1750, that Lady Caroline Petersham and Miss Ashe were the chief personages visiting and weeping over Maclaine, and referred to them as "Polly" and "Lucy" (meaning Polly Peachum and Lucy Lockit, characters in the drama). He asked them if Maclaine did not sing "Thus I stand like the Turk with his doxies around", which was one of Macheath's songs. After Maclaine was hanged, he earned a mention in the poem The Modern Fine Lady by Soame Jenyns: as an aside after the line "She weeps if but a handsome thief is hung" the following note was added: "Some of the brightest eyes were at this time in tears for one McLean, condemned for robbery on the highway." After his death his body was dissected and his skeleton was suspended for display in a niche in the Surgeons' Hall in London. William Hogarth included a representation of Maclaine's skeleton in the final plate of his series The Four Stages of Cruelty. Maclaine's execution was the subject of a Cheap Repository Tract of 1795, which went through several editions. A modern fictionalised portrayal of Maclaine's life appears in the 1999 film Plunkett & Macleane, in which he was played by Jonny Lee Miller.References

1724 births
1750 deaths
1749 crimes
Irish highwaymen
People executed by the Kingdom of Great Britain
People executed for robbery
People executed by England and Wales by hanging
18th-century British


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<mask> (1596 in Edinburgh – 1680 in Kassel) was a Scottish Calvinist minister and an intellectual of the English Civil War period. He made efforts to re-unite the Calvinist and Lutheran wings of Protestantism, hoping to succeed when he moved to Kassel in 1661, but he did not accomplish this. He was also a preacher, pamphleteer, and writer. Early life
He was the fourth son of the exiled Scottish presbyterian minister Robert Durie; <mask> was brought up in the Netherlands, at Leiden, attending the university there. He was in Cologne, at the Walloon Church, 1624-6, and subsequently at Elbląg (Elbing). He was a close associate of Samuel Hartlib, a native of Elbląg, whom he met there, and shared his interest in education. According to Richard Popkin, another key influence was Joseph Mede, from whom <mask> took a method of scriptural interpretation; this interpretation has been challenged by recent research claiming that <mask> developed his "Scriptural Analysis" before meeting with the works of Mede.While at Elbing he translated an anti-trinitarian work of Samuel Przypkowski into English. From 1628 <mask> petitioned Gustavus Adolphus for help in the cause of Protestant unity. He spent much time from 1630 to 1661 wandering through Europe, working for ecclesiastical peace between Calvinists and Lutherans. Through an introduction from Hartlib, he also met Comenius, who spent some years in Elbing as well. Up to 1633, Dury had Anglican support from George Abbot. In that year, Abbot died and was replaced by William Laud, with whom Dury had a much more difficult relationship; Christopher Hill states Laud had no use for the efforts of Comenius, <mask> and Hartlib to reunite Protestants. <mask> was ordained in 1634, and went to Sweden, supported by 38 English Puritans.The networking of <mask> and Hartlib in the 1630s brought them close to Oliver Cromwell, through Oliver St <mask> (a relation by marriage, and friend) and the Godmanchester preacher Walter Welles, a neighbour. <mask> then travelled widely in northern Europe, and was tutor to Mary, Princess of Orange in the Hague. He had a long though unproductive meeting with René Descartes in 1635; also in the Netherlands he was an associate of Adam Boreel and Petrus Serrarius, and an influential figure. In Civil War and Commonwealth England
At a key moment in English and European politics, <mask> in August 1641 published Concerning the Work of Peace Ecclesiastical, urging Protestants to unite across national boundaries. This work was dedicated to his patron Sir Thomas Rowe, and had been written in 1638. In 1639 Viscount Mandeville was writing to Dury, in the context that the situation in particular of German Protestants was being mooted and linked to the possibility of the English and Scottish churches could organise or broker such a union. In 1641, <mask> and Comenius came to England; an invitation had been mooted in a sermon by <mask>en in 1641, at the start of the Long Parliament.The backers of the scheme to bring Comenius then included <mask> and Lord Brooke as well as Mandeville. <mask> gave a well-known sermon to the Parliament on 26 November 1645, Israels Call to March out of Babylon into Jerusalem. He was given an official appointment, as tutor to the younger children of Charles I; from 1646 these had been in the care of Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland. After the war in England had ended, he argued both for religious toleration, and for acceptance of the Parliamentarian regime. He incurred the displeasure of the Westminster Assembly, to which he belonged, for his part in the 1648 publication (with Hartlib and <mask>) in translation of part the theological work Satanae Strategemata of Jacob Acontius on toleration. He called on the Ranter Abiezer Coppe to repent, and helped in drafting his recantation. He provided arguments in pamphlets of March and October 1649 for supporting the Rump Parliament.Hill places <mask> with Anthony Ascham and Marchamont Nedham as propounding the theory that Parliament had legitimacy conferred by God because it held power de facto. Barbara Lewalski calls <mask>'s arguments 'Hobbesian'. Hill considers that the failure of Cromwell's plan to create a unified Protestant church in England of the 1650s put paid to <mask>'s ecumenical ideas. In 1652 he translated <mask>'s Eikonoklastes into French as Eikonoklastēs, ou, Réponse au livre intitulé Eikon basilikē. In 1655 Milton quoted from letters of <mask> in his Pro se defensio contra Alexandrum Morum. In 1654 he was sent as a diplomat by Oliver Cromwell to Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland. In 1652/3 he had travelled with Bulstrode Whitelocke to Sweden.He also worked with Whitelocke as a deputy librarian, from 1649, of the collection going back to Jane Lumley. His book of 1650 on librarianship, sometimes said to be the first such work, came out of his experience in this post. Jews and Hebraists
<mask> met Manasseh ben Israel in 1644, and heard from him an account of Antonio de Montesinos's alleged discovery of the Ten Tribes in America. <mask> wrote in favour of a Hartlib Circle project, for a College of Jewish Studies. Parliament was lobbied for funds. The proposed faculty were Johann Stephanus Rittangel, Christian Ravius and Menasseh ben Israel. In 1649 <mask> addressed a further inquiry to Manasseh on the subject of the Ten Tribes, which resulted in the publication of The Hope of Israel.In 1650 appeared Thomas Thorowgood's Jewes in America; <mask> read it in manuscript, and contributed to later editions. He included information on the Karaites, in whom he had a particular interest, from Rittangel. <mask> is considered to have been one of those around Cromwell influencing the decision to allow Jews to enter England officially (they were expelled by Edward I). He was the cautious author of a pamphlet of 1656, A Case of Conscience: Whether It Be Lawful to Admit Jews into a Christian Commonwealth, in it he laid down certain conditions that Jews must fulfil in order to be admitted (no blasphemy or proselytism etc). To a question put to him by Hartlib, as to the general lawfulness of their admission, Dury replied in the affirmative; but from the point of view of expediency he considered that circumstances as to a particular time and place might render their admission unwise. Irenicism and millenarianism
<mask>'s long ecumenical efforts have earned him a name as an irenicist.<ref>S. Mandelbrote, <mask> and the practice of Irenicism, in Religious change in Europe 1650–1914: Essays for <mask>, ed.N. Aston, 41–58. (Oxford, 1997); A. Milton, The Unchanged Peacemaker? <mask> and the politics of Irenicism in England, 1628–1643 in Samuel Hartlib and Universal Reformation: studies in intellectual communication, ed. M. Greengrass, M. Leslie, and T. Raylor, 95–117. (Cambridge 1994).</ref>  This territory he shared, to an extent, with his contemporary Hugo Grotius. <mask> made contact with Grotius through his follower <mask> (1603–1661). That relationship soured, since <mask> had a hand in <mask>'s dismissal as chaplain to Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, suspected of Socinianism.According to Trevor-Roper,<mask>, like Grotius, was an idealist, but their ideals were not quite the same. He wished to achieve not reunion for the peace of the Church but union of all Protestants for the holy war: in particular union of Lutherans and Calvinists. <mask>’s irenicism and philosemitism can be understood as interrelated aspects of an expansionist Protestant cause focussed on Britain, Ireland, continental Europe, and the Atlantic world. In this understanding, the Portuguese Jews (and American Indians) appear as victims of Spanish Catholicism in desperate need of Protestant help. Richard Popkin and Jefferey Jue have argued that <mask> was a millenarian. His millenarian views are said to have pointed to 1655 as apocalyptic. Against that view it has been argued that <mask> warned readers about attempts to predict the onset of the Millennium.In his preface to the millenarian tract Clavis Apocalyptica <mask> seems to come out against the idea of a political millenarianism and to defend a more "moral" interpretation of millenarianism. Position in the Hartlib Circle

Pansophism and alchemy
Alchemy was within the interests of the Hartlibian group, and both <mask> and his wife were involved. In 1649 they were quizzing Worsley on distillation. In the first half of 1651 <mask> was a witness to George Starkey, in an apparent transmutation, and then recommended Starkey to Moriaen. Family
In 1645 he married Dorothy Moore (née King), an Irish Puritan widow. Dorothy Durie (sic), daughter of Sir <mask> and Catherine Drury, was a noted writer on education and the role of women in the church. The matchwas arranged by Dorothy's niece, Katherine Jones, Viscountess Ranelagh (1615–1691), daughter of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, and wife of Arthur Jones, 2nd Viscount Ranelagh.To be precise on the somewhat tenuous relationship, Arthur Moore, Dorothy's first husband, and Frances Jones née Moore, mother of Arthur Jones, were brother and sister, both children of Garret Moore, 1st Viscount Moore. By this marriage <mask> was connected to Robert Boyle, brother of Lady Ranelagh. Their daughter Dora Katherina <mask> (1654–77) was Henry Oldenburg's second wife. Dorothy also had two sons by her first husband. Irénisme et méthode chez <mask> (v.1600–1680)Pierre-Olivier Léchot (2011/2012)  "Between Ramism, Socinianism and Enthusiasm. The Intellectual Context of <mask>'s Analysis Demonstrativa Sacrae Scripturae",  Acta Comeniana. International Review of Comenius Studies and Early Modern Intellectual History '', 25, 2011/12, p. 93-123.External links

Biography of <mask>
Bibliography containing many Dury titles

1596 births
1680 deaths
Scottish Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Scottish librarians
Westminster Divines
17th-century Scottish writers
Clergy from Edinburgh
17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Leiden University alumni

masks:
John Dury
John
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John
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John Gaud
John Pym
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John Goodwin
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John Milton
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John Dury
John McMrs
John Dury
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Samson Johnson
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John King
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John Dury
John Dury
John Dury


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<mask> (September 22, 1947 – February 18, 2017), also known by the pseudonym "Jane Roe", was the plaintiff in the landmark American legal case Roe v. Wade in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1973 that individual state laws banning abortion were unconstitutional. Later in her life, <mask> became a Evangelical Protestant, and thereafter a Roman Catholic, and took part in the anti-abortion movement. McCorvey stated then that her involvement in Roe was "the biggest mistake of [her] life." During an interview shortly before her death, in what McCorvey referred to as her "deathbed confession", she said she had been paid to speak against abortion, and added that she continued to have abortion-rights beliefs. Early life
<mask> was born in Simmesport, Louisiana. She was raised at her family's residence in Lettsworth in Pointe Coupee Parish. Later in her childhood, the family moved to Houston.McCorvey's father, Olin Nelson, a TV repairman, left the family when she was 13 years old, and her parents subsequently divorced. She and her older brother were raised by their mother, Mary (née Gautreaux), a violent alcoholic. <mask>'s father died on September 27, 1995. <mask>'s mother was raised a Pentecostal but <mask>'s father led her and the family as Jehovah's Witnesses. McCorvey had minor troubles with law enforcement that started at the age of ten, when she robbed the cash register at a gas station and ran away to Oklahoma City with a friend. They tricked a hotel worker into letting them rent a room, and were there for two days when a maid walked in on her and her female friend kissing. McCorvey was arrested and taken to court, where she was declared a ward of the state and a judge sent her to a Catholic boarding school, even though she didn't become Catholic until 1998.Later, <mask> was sent to the State School for Girls in Gainesville, Texas, on and off from ages 11 to 15. She said this was the happiest time of her childhood, and every time she was sent home, would purposely do something bad to be sent back. After being released, <mask> lived with her mother's cousin, who allegedly raped her every night for three weeks. When McCorvey's mother found out, her cousin said <mask> was lying. While working at a restaurant, <mask> met <mask> (born 1940), and she married him at the age of 16 in 1963. She later left him after he allegedly assaulted her. She moved in with her mother and gave birth to her first child, Melissa, in 1965.After Melissa's birth, <mask> developed a severe drinking and drug problem. Soon after, she began identifying as a lesbian. In her book, she stated that she went on a weekend trip to visit two friends and left her baby with her mother. When she returned, her mother replaced Melissa with a baby doll and reported <mask> to the police as having abandoned her baby, and called the police to take her out of the house. She would not tell her where Melissa was for weeks, and finally let her visit her child after three months. She allowed <mask> to move back in. One day, she woke <mask> up after a long day of work; she told <mask> to sign what were presented as insurance papers, and she did so without reading them.However, the papers she had signed were adoption papers, giving her mother custody of Melissa, and <mask> was then kicked out of the house. Her mother disputed that version of the events, and said that <mask> had agreed to the adoption. The following year, <mask> again became pregnant and gave birth to a baby, Jennifer, who was placed for adoption. Roe v. Wade

In 1968, at the age of 21, McCorvey became pregnant a third time and returned to Dallas. According to McCorvey, friends advised her that she should assert falsely that she had been raped by a group of black men and that she could thereby obtain a legal abortion under Texas's law, which prohibited most abortion; sources differ over whether Texas law had such a rape exception. Due to a lack of police evidence or documentation, the scheme was not successful, and <mask> later said it was a fabrication. She attempted to obtain an illegal abortion, but the recommended clinic had been closed down by authorities.Her doctor, Richard Lane, suggested that she consult Henry McCluskey, an adoption lawyer in Dallas. <mask> stated that she was only interested in an abortion, but agreed to meet with McCluskey. Eventually, <mask> was referred to attorneys Linda Coffee and Sarah Weddington, who were looking for pregnant women who were seeking abortions. The case, Roe v. Wade (Henry Wade was the district attorney), took three years of trials to reach the Supreme Court of the United States, and McCorvey never attended a single trial. During the course of the lawsuit, <mask> gave birth and placed the baby up for adoption. <mask> told the press that she was "Jane Roe" soon after the decision was reached, stating that she had sought an abortion because she was unemployable and greatly depressed. In 1983, <mask> told the press that she had been raped; in 1987, she said the rape claim was untrue.Anti-abortion activism
In 1994, <mask> published her autobiography, I Am Roe. At a book signing, <mask> was befriended by Flip Benham, an evangelical minister and the national director of the anti-abortion organization Operation Rescue. She converted to Evangelical Protestantism and was baptized on August 8, 1995, by Benham, in a Dallas, Texas, backyard swimming pool – an event that was filmed for national television. Two days later, she announced that she had quit her job at an abortion clinic and had become an advocate of Operation Rescue's campaign to make abortion illegal. She voiced remorse for her part in the Supreme Court decision and said she had been a pawn for abortion activists. On August 17, 1998, <mask> was received into the Catholic Church in a Mass celebrated by Father Edward Robinson and concelebrated by Father Frank Pavone, director of Priests for Life, at Saint Thomas Aquinas Church in Dallas. <mask>'s second book, Won by Love, described her religious conversion and was published in 1998.In the book, she said that her change of heart occurred in 1995, when she saw a fetal development poster in an Operation Rescue office. In 2004, <mask> sought to have the U.S. Supreme Court overturn Roe v. Wade, saying that there was now evidence that the procedure harms women, but the case was ultimately dismissed in 2005. On January 22, 2008, <mask> endorsed Republican presidential candidate Ron Paul because of his anti-abortion position. <mask> remained active in anti-abortion demonstrations, including one she participated in before President Barack Obama's commencement address to the graduates of the University of Notre Dame. <mask> was arrested on the first day of U.S. Senate hearings for the confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States of Sonia Sotomayor, after McCorvey and another protester began shouting during Senator Al Franken's opening statement. <mask> appeared in the 2013 film Doonby, in which she delivers an anti-abortion message. Relationship with Connie Gonzalez and death
Soon after giving birth a third time, as Roe v. Wade made its way through the courts, McCorvey met and began a long-term relationship with Connie Gonzalez.They lived together in Dallas for 35 years. After converting to Christianity, McCorvey continued to live with Gonzalez, though she described their relationship as platonic. Later in life, McCorvey stated that she was no longer a lesbian, although she later said that her religious conversion and  renouncement of her sexuality were financially motivated. <mask> moved out of the house she shared with Gonzalez in 2006, shortly after Gonzalez suffered a stroke. <mask> died of heart failure in Katy, Texas, on February 18, 2017, at the age of 69. AKA Jane Roe documentary

On May 22, 2020, a documentary titled AKA Jane Roe aired on FX, describing McCorvey's life and the financial incentives to change her views on abortion. In an interview conducted for the film shortly before her death, in what she referred to as her "deathbed confession", McCorvey said her anti-abortion activism had been "all an act", which she did because she was paid, stating that she did not care whether a woman got an abortion."I was the big fish. I think it was a mutual thing. I took their money and they'd put me out in front of the cameras and tell me what to say. That's what I’d say," <mask> said. "If a young woman wants to have an abortion, that's no skin off my ass. That’s why they call it choice," she added. Robert Schenck, an evangelical pastor who worked with McCorvey, supported what was in the documentary.He acknowledged that his group had paid <mask> to speak against abortion and stated: "Her name and photo would command some of the largest windfalls of dollars for my group and many others, but the money we gave her was modest. More than once, I tried to make up for it with an added check, but it was never fair." According to tax documents, McCorvey received at least $450,000 from anti-abortion groups during her years as an activist. Schenck said that he was surprised that McCorvey said that she was pro-choice, although he said that he knew she "harboured doubts about the pro-life message she was telegraphing." Pavone, who had a decades long association with <mask>, said that she was not on the payroll of his organization, Priests for Life, and said that he did not believe that McCorvey's activism was disingenuous. "I can even see her being emotionally cornered to get those words out of her mouth, but the things that I saw in 22 years with her—the thousands and thousands of conversations that we had—that was real," he said. He later wrote, "So abortion supporters are claiming <mask>, the Jane Roe of Roe v. Wade, wasn’t sincere in her conversion.She was. I was her spiritual guide for 22 years, received her into the Catholic Church, kept regular contact, spoke with her the day she died, and conducted her funeral." Abby Johnson, who worked for Planned Parenthood before joining the anti-abortion movement, said that <mask> called her on the phone days before her death to express remorse for abortion. Johnson said that she believed McCorvey was a damaged woman who should not have been thrust into the spotlight so quickly after turning against abortion. "I don’t have any problem believing that in the last year of her life that she tried to convince herself abortion was OK. But I know at the end of her life, she did not believe that," she said. Books

References

External links
 <mask> speaking at the 1998 March for Life (C-SPAN)

1947 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
Activists for African-American civil rights
American autobiographers
American people of Acadian descent
Cajun people
Former feminists
American anti-abortion activists
American women activists
Bisexual women
Converts to Protestantism from atheism or agnosticism
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Evangelicalism
Former Jehovah's Witnesses
People from Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana
People from Houston
People self-identified as ex-gay
Roman Catholic activists
Writers from Houston
Writers from Louisiana
Women autobiographers
Activists from Texas
American women non-fiction writers
Catholics from Texas
Catholics from Louisiana
LGBT people from Louisiana
21st-century American women

masks:
Norma Leah Nelson McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
Norma
Norma
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
Norma
Woody McCorvey
McCorvey
Norma
McCorvey
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Norma McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
Norma McCorvey
McCorvey
Norma McCorvey


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<mask> (born 1954) is an American principal and owner of the Seattle-based firm Olson Kundig Architects. His honors include some of the highest design awards, including a 2008 National Design Award in Architecture Design from the Smithsonian Cooper-Hewitt; a 2007 Academy Award in Architecture from The American Academy of Arts and Letters; selection as a finalist for the 2005 National Design Award for Architecture; a MacDowell Colony Fellowship; and selection as an Emerging Architect by the Architectural League of New York. He has also received eleven National American Institute of Architects awards. In 2011, he was included in The Wallpaper* 150, Wallpaper (magazine)'s list of the 150 people who have most influenced, inspired and improved the way we live, work and travel over the last 15 years. In 2010, the Pierre was named World Architecture News' House of the Year and in 2011, Art Stable was named Project of the Year by the Residential Architect Design Awards. Architectural Record has chosen two of Kundig’s projects for Record Houses—the Rolling Huts and Delta Shelter. Olson Kundig Architects received the 2009 National AIA Architecture Firm Award (as Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen Architects) and has twice been named one of the Top Ten Most Innovative Companies in Architecture by Fast Company (magazine).In 2015, Princeton Architectural Press released <mask>g: Works, a collection of Kundig's recent projects, including commercial spaces and public buildings. In 2011, Princeton Architectural Press released <mask>ndig: Houses 2, the follow up to the 2006 book, <mask>ndig: Houses, one of the Press’s bestselling architecture books of all time. Kundig has been published over 450 times in publications worldwide, including the Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal, Architectural Record, Dwell, Architectural Digest and The New York Times. Kundig’s undergraduate and graduate architecture degrees are from the University of Washington. Early life and career
<mask> was born on October 9, 1954 in Merced, California and raised in Spokane, Washington. As a teenager, he found early influences in his work at sawmills, his surroundings and his time spent hiking, skiing and climbing. "I experienced being relatively humble in the landscape," Kundig says about his childhood."Mountaineering and architecture have many parallels—they're about solving the problem in as clear and economic means as possible—it's not about getting to the top." He also took inspiration from the sculptor Harold Balazs, who taught him that building a project is the most important part of the design process as well as how tough it is to be an artist. In college, Kundig originally trained as a geophysicist before switching to architecture, his father's profession. In an interview with the National Building Museum, he says:
When I left for college, I was more interested in the hard sciences—physics and especially geophysics. I was fascinated by the movement of Earth tectonics and geology. The idea of these large forces that shape our Earth is still a really fascinating sidebar interest. In fact, I’d almost say it is a focus; I’m often as interested in that as I am in architecture.Ultimately, I came to understand pretty early that I did not have a natural propensity for the larger geophysics requirements and I really missed what architecture is: the intersection between the rational and the poetic. I was just in the rational world of physics and I missed the poetic. Architecture lets me have both. After working for other firms around the world, <mask> joined Olson Kundig Architects in 1986. He first came to national attention with Studio House, a private residence that he completed in 1998. In 2002, he completed Chicken Point Cabin, a private residence that remains one of his most "iconic and poetic" designs that includes one of his most recognized gizmos: a 20-foot by 30-foot window-wall that opens with a hand crank. Kundig regularly serves on design juries and lectures around the world on architecture and design.He has been a university studio critic throughout the United States and in Japan, including at Harvard University and the University of Oregon, and has served as the John G. Williams Distinguished Professor at the University of Arkansas School of Architecture and the D. Kenneth Sargent Visiting Design Critic at Syracuse University’s College of Architecture. Recent lectures include presentations at the Royal Academy of Arts in London and the New York Public Library. His award-winning work has been exhibited at the American Academy of Arts and Letters in New York City, Syracuse University, and at the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C. In the winter of 2010/2011, he was the sole North American architect chosen to represent the continent in an exhibit at TOTO GALLERY MA in Tokyo, Japan. Quotes
Asked about the origins of Kundig’s interest in gizmos: “When I was a kid, I grew up amongst industry: mining, logging, farming. Naturally, with that there was a lot of machinery, a lot of practically-designed – and in its way, beautiful – machinery. And when I lived in Alaska, I would go way out in the country, hiking and mountain climbing, and I would see these pieces of machinery way the heck back there, powered by wind or by water coming off the side of a mountain.The guys who designed these were geniuses! As I was developing an architectural voice, I realized there was something similar about buildings that I found fascinating: that buildings could be changed by people using them. You can literally move walls or furniture and move it on a scale that reminds you that, in fact, you’re capable –with geometry and physics– of moving these things.”

On the importance of detail: “Detail is important because it’s at that lever that you interact directly with the building. You touch, move, and handle detail at the most intimate levels. I think If you can’t walk into a house and smile about something, there’s something missing in that house. I want the people I build houses for to love their house to death, and hopefully to call me two or three years later and say the place is just getting better and better. It’s what I do this stuff for: to be involved with a landscape and with these personalities.”

On the influence of artist Harold Balazs: “Sometimes you just luck out in life and you meet a force of nature.I benefited tremendously from my family’s friendship with sculptor Harold Balazs. A sculptor and humanitarian, Harold instilled in my youth a sense of courage and enthusiasm to embrace this lucky moment we have on earth. As a kid I watched fantastic sculptures being fabricated at his shop and home in Mead, Washington. I witnessed his experiments and ideas with different medium and materials and how all of it related to the culture and politics of our time. He said to me out of the blue: ‘If you want to see what art can be, look at hot rods.’ This was around 1968. The point he was making was they were challenging the status quo and re-inventing the commodities with their own ideas and craft. He saw their craft as an incredible source of inspiration for his work, and that left a lasting impression.”

"One is tempted to label Kundig's architecture as an example of Northwestern regionalism, yet his houses built in other geographical and climatic settings respond appropriately to these different conditions.""I believe <mask>'s success is grounded in the relaxedness and centeredness of one that devoutly performs a strong and personal vocation, which allows him to master the personas that he chooses to present. Rejecting the self-indulgent, <mask> doesn't shy away from the profession's extremes of making a personal work dedicating his efforts to his clients." "<mask>'s larger contributions should also be acknowledged; his public works of architecture will bring inspired spaces with intense connections of material and detail to the joy of a greater number of individuals in the future. His positive mental thoughts, his core values, perhaps these are the conception of a 'spirit of architecture', which is passed on and thrives in continuity and zeal." Recognition and awards
Kundig is recipient of numerous awards and honors including the prestigious National Design Award in Architecture Design from the Smithsonian Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum (2008). Kundig was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2007. 14 projects by Kundig have been recognized by The American Institute of Architects National Awards, including the AIA Honor Awards for Art Stable (2013), Outpost (2010) and Delta Shelter (2008).The AIA has also awarded Kundig's project with AIA Northwest & Pacific Region Honor Award for The Rolling Huts (2009), Montecito Residence (2008) and Delta Shelter (2007). Other awards and distinctions include several American Architecture Awards from the Chicago Athenaeum for Outpost (2009), The Rolling Huts (2009), Montecito Residence (2008), Delta Shelter (2007) and Tye River Cabin (2007). Also, Kundig was named the Architectural League of New York's, Emerging Architect in 2004. The <mask>ndig Collection includes cabinet pulls, rollers, door knockers and knobs. Kundig collaborated with Seattle-based fabricator 12th Avenue Iron to manufacture the line. The architect explains in an interview in Dwell magazine, that the “simplest-looking pieces” (the Peel, Ear and Droop Ear cabinet pulls) are also the most rewarding—“they represent the collection at its most elemental.” He calls the higher-priced Roll and Disc rollers a “wink and a nod” to their complex fabrication. Their edited forms are, as Kundig says, “honest about how they are made and what they are made from.”

According to Kundig, this line is the very first of many; now that he has begun to focus in this direction, he wants to keep going.“There are so many other products that I can’t find in the commodity market. Designing them myself and putting them out there for others to use seems like the right evolution.” The <mask>ndig Collection won a 2012 “Best of Year” award in the hardware category from Interior Design Magazine. In 2013, Kundig designed The Final Turn, a funerary urn, with Greg Lundgren, owner of Lundgren Monuments in Seattle. The urn consists of two halves of an eight- inch-diameter blackened steel or bronze sphere—the halves are threaded with a noticeable offset from one another when they meet. While the sphere implies perfection and eternity, the offset nature of the urn is inspired by the people left behind—those whose lives are thrown off-kilter by the passing of a loved one. “It’s a quiet reminder.” Kundig noted in a New York Times interview. A threaded cap atop the stem on the lower half provides access to the receptacle for the remains.The upper half includes a compartment designed to house mementos. Flat surfaces on the exterior accommodate inscriptions, if desired. Films and videos
 Shadowboxx, 2012 – Three minute stop-motion film captures the ever-changing natural conditions of a place and the ability of a house to morph and respond to those changes over the course of a day. The Art Of: Tom Kundig Collection by 12th Avenue Iron, 2012 – Created and produced by Kontent Partners, The Art Of series celebrates the craft, passion, and people who make desired and sought-after objects of design. This short format vignette focuses on the <mask>ndig hardware line created and produced in partnership between 12th Avenue Iron and Olson Kundig Architects. An Interview with Jim Olson and <mask>g, 2012 – Created for the 28th Annual Interior Design Magazine Hall of Fame Award, this video introduces the work of Jim Olson and <mask>g. Video produced by C & M City Inc.Between Light and Shadow, 2011 – Discussion between <mask>, Carol Bobo and Amber Murray about two houses that Kundig created for Bobo: Studio House in Shoreline, Seattle, and Shadowboxx in Lopez Island. Art Stable Time Lapse, 2011 – Art Stable is an urban infill project in the rapidly developing South Lake Union neighborhood of Seattle. Built on the site of a former horse stable, the seven-story mixed-use building carries its working history into the future with highly adaptable live/work units. <mask>g: Prototypes and Moving Parts, 2010 – A collection of projects by <mask>g. Moving Mazama, 2013 - Short by Katie Turinski depicting the differing viewpoints behind the Flagg Mountain controversy. Flagg Mountain hut legal dispute
In 2012, <mask> and Jim Dow built a cabin on top of Flagg Mountain in Mazama, Washington that has been opposed by a coalition including a number of area residents and adjoining property owners, who claim that the building, which is cantilevered over a rock cliff, is visually obtrusive and breaks an unwritten agreement among residents not to build atop the ridgeline. Those opponents have filed a lawsuit claiming that the structure violates protective viewshed covenants that were placed on the property by earlier owners.The cabin's owners (including Kundig and Dow) assert that the cabin's location is legal, that it is not as visible as opponents claim, that placement elsewhere would have intruded on other neighbors, and that once its exterior siding is completed, it will blend in more with its surroundings. The case is being heard in Superior Court of Okanogan County, Washington. Notable works
Berkshire Residence, The Berkshires, Massachusetts, 2015
Sawmill, Tehachapi, California, 2014
Studhorse, Winthrop, Washington, 2012
Charles Smith Wines Tasting Room and World Headquarters, Walla Walla, Washington, 2011
The Pierre, San Juan Islands, Washington, 2010
Art Stable, Seattle, Washington, 2010
Slaughterhouse Beach House, Maui, Hawaii, 2010
Studio Sitges, Sitges, Spain, 2010
Shadowboxx, San Juan Islands, Washington, 2010
Outpost, Central Idaho, 2007
Montecito Residence, Montecito, California, 2007
Rolling Huts, Mazama, Washington, 2007
Delta Shelter, Mazama, Washington, 2005
Chicken Point Cabin, Northern Idaho, 2002
The Brain, Seattle, Washington, 2001
Ridge House, Eastern Washington, 2001
Mission Hill Winery, Westbank, British Columbia, 2000
Studio House, Seattle, Washington, 1998

Publications
 <mask>ndig: Working Title, Princeton Architectural Press, 2020. ()
 <mask>g: Works, Princeton Architectural Press, 2015. ()
 <mask>g: Houses 2. Princeton Architectural Press, 2011. Ngo, Dung.<mask>: Houses. Princeton Architectural Press, 2006. Ojeda, Oscar Riera, ed. Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen Architects: Architecture, Art, and Craft. The Monacelli Press, 2001. References

External references
 Olson Kundig Architects website
 Cooper Hewitt National Design Awards
 E-Architect listing for <mask>g
 2008 AIA Honor Awards Press Release
 Architectural Digest, AD 100

Living people
American architects
Architects from Washington (state)
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
1954 births
University of Washington College of Built Environments alumni

masks:
Tom Kundig
Tom Kundi
Tom Ku
Tom Ku
Tom Kundig
Kundig
Tom
Tom
Tom
Tom Ku
Tom Ku
Tom Ku
Tom Kundi
Tom Kundi
Tom Kundig
Tom Kundi
Tom Kundi
Tom Kundig
Tom Ku
Tom Kundi
Tom Kundi
Tom Kundig
Tom Kundi


texts:
<mask> (25 June 1827 – 29 January 1896) was a British Liberal statesman of the nineteenth century. He is perhaps best known for his reform efforts at the Admiralty and the War Office. Later in his career, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, his attempt to correct a budget shortfall led to the fall of the Liberal government led by William Gladstone. Early life
<mask> was born in London, the son of <mask> and his wife Maria Charlotte (née Smith),
sister of Sir Culling Eardley, 3rd Baronet and granddaughter of Sampson Eardley, 1st Baron Eardley. He was educated at Cheam School under Pestalozzi and then both Wadham College, Oxford and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. from the latter in 1850. Influential on his intellectual development were Adam Smith's theories of free trade, and capital returns.<mask> then decided to seek a career in Australia and on 26 October 1850 arrived in Melbourne, Victoria along with his wife Emily Walker. Australia
<mask> joined the government of Victoria and served as Inspector of Denominational schools (meaning Protestant and Catholic schools) and immigration agent. In 1852 he became a director of the Melbourne, Mount Alexander and Murray River Railway Company. <mask> became auditor-general on 26 October 1852 and was nominated to the Victorian Legislative Council. In 1852 he placed a bill before the state legislature proposing the establishment of a university for Victoria, the second in Australia following the foundation of the University of Sydney in 1850. With the receipt of the Royal Assent in 1853, the University of Melbourne was founded, with <mask> as its first vice-chancellor. Childers was Collector of Customs from 5 December 1853 to 28 November 1855 and Commissioner of Trade & Customs 28 November 1855 to 25 February 1857.<mask> was elected to the inaugural Victorian Legislative Assembly for Portland in November 1856, a seat he held until resigning in February 1857. Return to Britain
<mask> retained the vice-chancellorship until his return to Britain in March 1857 and received an M.A. from Cambridge in the same year. Enters British politics
In 1860 he entered the House of Commons as a Liberal member for Pontefract, and within a few years joined the government of Lord Palmerston, becoming a Civil Lord of the Admiralty in 1864 and then Financial Secretary to the Treasury in 1865. First Lord of the Admiralty

With the election of Gladstone's government in December 1868, he rose to greater prominence, serving as First Lord of the Admiralty. Childers "had a reputation for being hardworking, but inept, autocratic and notoriously overbearing in his dealing with colleagues." He "initiated a determined programme of cost and manpower reductions, fully backed by the Prime Minister, Gladstone described him [<mask>] as 'a man likely to scan with a rigid eye the civil expenses of the Naval Service'.He got the naval estimates just below the psychologically important figure of £10,000,000. Childers strengthened his own position as First Lord by reducing the role of the Board of Admiralty to a purely formal one, making meetings rare and short and confining the Sea Lords rigidly to the administrative functions... Initially Childers had the support of the influential Controller of the Navy, Vice-Admiral Sir [Robert] Spencer Robinson." "His re-organisation of the Admiralty was unpopular and poorly done." Childers was responsible for the construction of HMS Captain in defiance of the advice of his professional advisers, the Controller (Robinson) and the Chief Constructor Edward James Reed. Captain was commissioned in April 1870, and sank on the night of 6/7 September 1870. She was, as predicted by Robison and Reed, insufficiently stable."Shortly before the battleship sank, <mask> had moved his son, Midshipman <mask> from Reed's designed HMS Monarch onto the new ship-of-the-line; Leonard did not survive." Childers "faced strong criticism following the Court Martial on the loss of HMS Captain, and attempted to clear his name with a 359-page memorandum, a move described as "dubious public ethics". Vice Admiral Sir Robert Spencer Robinson wrote 'His endeavors were directed to throw the blame which might be supposed to attach to himself on those who had throughout expressed their disapproval of such methods of construction'." Childers unfairly blamed Robinson for the loss of the Captain, and as a result of this Robinson was replaced as Third Lord and Controller of the navy in February 1871. "Following the loss of his son and the recriminations that followed, Childers resigned through ill health as First Lord in March 1871." 1871–1880
Following his resignation he spent some months on the Continent, and recovered sufficiently to take office in 1872 as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. The consequent ministerial by-election on 15 August 1872 was the first Parliamentary election to be held after the Ballot Act 1872 required the use of a secret ballot.Secretary for War

When the Liberals regained power in 1880, <mask> was appointed Secretary for War, a position he accepted reluctantly. He therefore had to bear responsibility for cuts in arms expenditure, a policy that provoked controversy when Britain began fighting; first the Boers in South Africa in 1880 and then the invasion of Egypt in 1882. <mask> was also very unpopular with Horse Guards for the reinforcement and expansion of the Cardwell reforms. On 1 May 1881 he passed General Order 41, which outlined a series of improvements known as the Childers reforms. Chancellor of the Exchequer
Childers became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1882, a post he had coveted. As such, he attempted to implement a conversion of Consols in 1884. Although the scheme proved a failure, it paved the way for the subsequent conversion in 1888.He attempted to resolve a budget shortfall in June 1885 by increasing alcohol duty and income tax. His budget was rejected by Parliament, and the government - already unpopular due to events in Egypt - was forced out of office. <mask>'s colleague the Earl of Rosebery commented resignedly: "So far as I know the budget is as good a question to go out upon as any other, and Tuesday as good a day." Home Secretary
At the subsequent election in December 1885 Childers lost his Pontefract seat, but returned as an independent Home Ruler for Edinburgh South (one of the few Liberals who adopted this policy before Gladstone's conversion in 1886). <mask> then served as Home Secretary in the short-lived ministry of 1886. He was critical of the financial clauses of the First Home Rule Bill, and their withdrawal was largely due to his threat of resignation. Nevertheless, the bill still failed to pass, and its rejection brought down the Liberal government.Retirement and the Childers Commission

He retired from parliament in 1892, and his last piece of work was the drafting of a report for the 1894 "Financial Relations Commission" on Irish financial matters, of which he was chairman (generally known as the Childers Commission). This found that, compared to the rest of the United Kingdom, Ireland had been overtaxed on a per capita basis by some £2 or £3 million annually in previous decades. The matter was finally debated in March 1897. In the following decades Irish nationalists frequently quoted the report as proof that some form of fiscal freedom was needed to end imperial over-taxation, which was prolonging Irish poverty. Their opponents noted that the extra tax received had come from an unduly high consumption of tea, stout, whiskey and tobacco, and not from income tax. His younger cousin Erskine <mask> wrote a book on the matter in 1911. Childers' 1894 report was still considered influential in 1925 in considering the mutual financial positions between the new Irish Free State and the United Kingdom.In 1926 an Irish Senate debate included claims by some Senators that, with compound interest, Ireland was owed as much as £1.2 billion by Britain. This, however, ignored the changed economic conditions since 1894, and at the eve of secession Southern Ireland was being heavily subsidised by the British taxpayer. This economic reality forced the initial Irish Free State government to cut the old age pension from five to four shillings. In 1932 on the start of the Anglo-Irish Trade War, the Irish government made a claim for £400 million in respect of past overtaxation, amongst others, but this was not mentioned when the dispute was settled in 1938. Family, later life and death
Childers married Emily Walker in 1850. They had six sons and two daughters. One of their daughters, Emily "Milly" <mask>, was a portrait and landscape painter.His first wife died in 1875 and Childers married Katherine Anne Gilbert in 1879. A cousin, Erskine <mask>, was the author of the spy novel The Riddle of the Sands, an important figure in the Irish War of Independence and Irish Civil War (during which he was executed), and father of the fourth President of Ireland, Erskine <mask>. Towards the end of his ministerial career "HCE" Childers was known for his girth, and so acquired the nickname "Here Comes Everybody", which was later used as a motif in Finnegans Wake by James Joyce. Childers died in January 1896, aged 68. He is buried on the south side of the central enclosed roundel in Brompton Cemetery, London. See also
 Childers, Queensland, town named after Childers
 HMAS Childers (ACPB 93), Australian ship named after the town

Footnotes

Further reading
Childers Commission

Biography
  Vol. I; Vol.II
 The Educational Activities in Victoria of the Right Hon. H. C. E. <mask>, E. Sweetman, 1940

External links

A Portrait from the New York Public Library Archives

 Childers and Cardwell Reforms

1827 births
1896 deaths
Hugh
Politicians from London
People educated at Cheam School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
English people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Melbourne
Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom
British Secretaries of State
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
First Lords of the Admiralty
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1886–1892
Scottish Liberal Party MPs
Fellows of the Royal Society
Agents-General for Victoria
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Edinburgh constituencies

masks:
Hugh Culling Eardley Childers
Childers
Reverend Eardley Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Leonard Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Hamilton Childers
Childers


texts:
<mask> or Gerulf (c. 850 – 895/896) was the second count of this name who is attested in the area of Friesland (which also included Holland at the time). Gerolf's main area of power seems to have been in Kennemerland. Count <mask> is often regarded as the founder of the County of Holland, although the actual name "Holland" is from a later time. His ancestry is unclear, but he may have been a son or, more likely, a grandson of the earlier Gerolf, who was a count in the area of Frisia at the time of the reign of Emperor Louis the Pious (fl. 833) and who later joined a monastery. The earlier Gerolf died in 855. There is some limited and vague evidence that this earlier Gerolf was a son of a certain Theodoric, who in turn supposedly descended from the Frisian king Redbad (d. 719).Count <mask> is often identified as the father of Count Dirk I and seen as the founder of the first house of the Counts of Holland, which ruled the county until it was inherited by John II of Hainaut in 1299. Formation of the County of Holland

Since the Treaty of Verdun (concluded in 843) Frisia and other parts of the present-day Netherlands had become a part of, at first Middle Francia, then after 855 Lotharingia, and finally after the Treaty of Meerssen it was incorporated into East Francia in 870. However, ever since the 840s a series of Viking leaders had been installed in the region (as a means of defense against further incursions) and they were the de facto rulers of the region. It was not until 885 that this situation was put to an end by the murder of Godfrid, Duke of Frisia at a place called Herespich (identified as modern Spijk). According to some sources Count <mask> and Eberhard Count of Hamaland (who was later appointed Margrave of Frisia) were foremost amongst the conspirators in this plot. In the Chronicon of Regino of Prüm, on the other hand, there is no mention of Gerulf as taking part of this plan. Instead, according to this version, the murdering scheme would have been instigated by Emperor Charles and a certain Duke Henry.If so, it was, possibly, then, effectuated by Eberhard. The same Eberhard was hunted out and killed by <mask>'s son Waldger in 898, but the origin of that conflict is unknown, a possible explanation being that Waldger (who probably descended from Frisian royalty, see below) contested Eberhard's recent appointment as Margrave. It might be important remembering, in face of this scenario, how Merovingian and, most particularly, Carolingian leaders had hunted heathen Frisians just before the Frankish society had to deal with the Viking expansion. In this sense, it is interesting, as well, to observe how far the Gerulfingian House of Holland, during the centuries to follow, would pose an obstacle for the full grasp of this region by the Holy Roman Empire. On 4 August 889, Count <mask> received a reward for his role in the defeat of the Vikings. On this date Arnulf of Carinthia, King of East Francia, granted him a number of lands and properties in full ownership. Firstly, he was granted an area outside his county, in Teisterbant, which consisted of a number of farms and houses in, amongst others, Tiel, Aalburg and Asch.Also he was granted additional property in his own county, consisting of a forest and agricultural lands, situated somewhere between the mouth of the Old Rhine and (presumably) Bennebroek. Doubts about the founding of the House of Holland

Only since the late nineteenth century is <mask> regarded as the founder of the House of Holland. This is based on a poem composed around 1120. It locates the tombs where members of the house were interred. The poem begins with: "The first Dirk, brother of Waldger was a glorious man ..." In another work Waldger is named: "Waldgarius Freso, Gerulfi filius", which translates as: "Waldger the Frisian, son of Gerolf". However, it appears unusual that, following the death of <mask>, the eldest son Waldger received Teisterbant, while the younger brother Dirk inherited the comital title, although the title wasn't necessarily inheritable, but often rather by appointment. Also surprising is that Waldger's eldest son was named Radboud and a possible second son (or other relation) of his was named Hatto.It was customary in those days, that the eldest son received the name of his father's father. It is therefore thought that Gerolf was not the father but the foster-father of Waldger and Dirk. Filius in this case meaning foster-son. The most likely candidate for the biological father of Dirk and Waldger is Redbad II, prince of the Frisians. Waldger's nickname Freso may also be indicative of this origin. This prince Radboud fell in battle in 874, while repelling a Viking incursion together with Reginar "Longneck" (Count of Maasgau, later Duke of Lorraine). At this time Dirk and Waldger were still infants.It is further speculated that because <mask>'s sister may have been Dirk and Waldger's mother, her brother acted as her children's guardian after their father had been killed. While Dirk and Waldger were still minors, Gerolf, as guardian, presumably was then appointed count of the threatened area to protect it from the Vikings. Later on, after Gerolf had died without leaving any sons of his own, Dirk then inherited the fief or was appointed as its next count. Possibly Waldger may have received (the properties in) Teisterbant because this was an allodium of the family, the comital title and territories being an imperial appointment. Yet another possibility is that Dirk was called Waldger's brother because one of them was married to the other's sister (i.e. Gerolf's daughter, making him a son-in-law of Gerolf's). Alternatively, Gerolf may have simply been, as is often assumed, the father of Dirk.The reason that Dirk and not (the elder) Waldger was appointed count is possibly also Waldger's feud with Eberhard of Hamaland, the newly appointed Margrave of Frisia, whom he murdered in 898. Notes

References
https://web.archive.org/web/20080413063227/http://www.geerts.com/holland/holland-1.htm

  Charles Cawley Medieval Lands: Holland & Frisia 2007
D Arn 57, page 81
Koch, A. C. F. (editor) (1970) Oorkondenboek van Holland en Zeeland tot 1299 (Martinus <mask>, The Hague) 21, page 36
B.K.S. Dijkstra, Een stamboom in been, Amsterdam 1991. Medieval Frisian rulers
Counts of Holland
9th-century rulers in Europe

masks: Gerolf Gerolf Gerolf Gerolf Gerolf Gerolf Gerolf Gerolf Gerolf Nijhoff


texts:
<mask>  (; born <mask>, October 10, 1863 - November 10, 1912) was a Quebecois strongman with a career spanning the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His recorded feats, including lifting  (1/4 ton) with one finger and backlifting (2 tons), show Cyr to be, according to former International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness chairman Ben Weider, one of the strongest men ever to have lived. Early years
Cyr was born in Saint-Cyprien-de-Napierville, Quebec, Canada. Coming from a robust French-Acadian family, he began developing his extraordinary strength at an early age. From the age of twelve Cyr worked in a lumber camp during the winters and on the family's farm the rest of the year. Discovering his exceptional strength at a very young age, he impressed his fellow workers with his feats of strength. After learning of the tale, Cyr attempted to mimic the practice of legendary strongman Milo of Croton, who as a child carried a calf on his shoulders, continuing to carry it as it grew into a full-grown bull and he into a grown man.Cyr's calf, however, bolted one day, kicking him in his back, after which he instead began carrying a sack of grain  every day, adding  each day. According to one of his biographers, his mother decided "He should let his hair grow, like Samson in the Bible". She curled it regularly. <mask> started his strong man career at the age of 17, after some publicity came about due to an incident when the young <mask> was reported to have lifted a farmer's heavily laden wagon out of the mire in which it had become stuck. He was matched in a contest against Michaud of Quebec, who was recognized as Canada's strongest man of the time. Cyr beat him in tests of lifting of heavy stones by hoisting a granite boulder weighing . In 1878 the Cyr family immigrated to Lowell, Massachusetts in the United States.In Lowell, Cyr changed his name from Cyprien-Noé to <mask>, as it was easier to pronounce in English. Again his great strength brought him fame. At 17 years old he weighed . He entered his first strongman contest in Boston at age 22, lifting a horse off the ground; the fully grown male horse was placed on a platform with 2 iron bars attached enabling Cyr to obtain a better grip. The horse weighed at least . Rise to fame

In 1882, while working as a logger, <mask> married Melina (née Gilbert dit Comtois). The following year he and his wife returned to Lowell, hoping to capitalize on his fame there.A tour of the Maritimes was organized, and while it may have benefited the organizer, Cyr gained no profit financially. He then began touring Quebec with his family in a show they called "The Troupe Cyr". Soon proving his immense strength, he was urged by friends to enter the exciting, albeit highly precarious world of professional strong men, lifting mainly crude solid or shot filled weights. From 1883 to 1885, Cyr served as a police officer in Montreal, Quebec. Following this he went on tour with a troupe that included a wrestler, a boxer, and a weightlifter. He entered a strongman competition in March 1886, at Quebec City, against the reigning Canadian strongman, David Michaud. Cyr lifted a  barbell with one hand (to Michaud's ) and a weight of  on his back, to his opponent's  to win the title of strongest man in the country.With little reward at this early foray into professional weightlifting, <mask> was forced to seek other employment. Cyr became a police officer after breaking up a knife fight and carrying both participants to the police station. Prudent with his earnings, <mask> left the police force and purchased a tavern/restaurant in St. Cunégonde, where he also featured a gymnasium which became a mecca for strength athletes and fighters. Cyr was well acquainted with John L. Sullivan, being one of the few to defy Sullivan's commands to drink when he drank. Sullivan was known as The Boston Strong Boy and was very powerful, but not in Cyr's class. Cyr, happy in his own environment, beat all comers when challenged to perform. Cyr's exploits had been well publicized in the 'Pink Un' or Police Gazette published by Richard K. Fox, the proprietor and promoter of other strength athletes, e.g.Travis, Eugen Sandow, etc. Fox offered a side bet of $5,000 to anyone who could beat Cyr at any of his strength feats. Promoted by Fox, <mask> went on tour circa 1885–1891 beating, amongst others: Sebastian Miller, Bienkowski, or Cyclops, August Johnson, and Richard Pennell, plus continually challenging, without success, Eugen Sandow, with a genuine diamond studded belt to be awarded to the winner, should such an event ever take place. It never did. Sandow avoided any such challenges throughout his esteemed career after early mistakes, like the time he was beaten by McCann. There was no doubt that Cyr was an unusual man regarding size and measurements, the latter often causing debate. Although Dr. Dudley A. Sargent, famous Harvard University physical director recorded measuring Cyr in 1895 when Cyr was 32 years old and weighed .Sargent listed Cyr's height as 5'8.5". Other measurements, most on the conservative side as compared to other biographers, were neck – , biceps – , forearms – , wrists – , chest (normal) – , chest expanded – , waist - , hips – , thighs – , knees – 17", and calves - , far short of the quoted 28", but perhaps a possible 23" later when of higher body weight. Ankle  and Shoulder width with calipers ... across the deltoids . The above details were just one set of figures relating to Cyr's size, others being recorded by Willoughby when for example Cyr was 47 years old (in 1910) gave him calf 23", neck 22 3/4", biceps 21 1/2". chest normal 59 1/2" and thighs 33" with other parts to match the increase in weight, being at the time a heavier 365 lbs. Ben Weider, who was privileged to access family archives, was even more generous giving arm size , forearms , and calves, the disputed , following a similar line to Jowett. Reputation as a Strongman

While several of Cyr's feats of strength may have been exaggerated over the years, some were documented and remain impressive.These included:
 lifting a platform on his back holding 18 men for a total of
 lifting a  weight with one finger
 pushing a freight car up an incline
 At 19 years old, he lifted a rock from ground up to his shoulder, officially weighted at 514 pounds
 He beat Eugen Sandow's bent press record (and therefore the heaviest weight lifted with one hand) by  to a total of . Perhaps his greatest feat occurred in 1895, when he was reported to have lifted  on his back in Boston by putting 18 men on a platform and lifting them. One of his most memorable displays of strength occurred in Montreal on 12 October 1891. <mask> resisted the pull of four draught horses (two in each hand) as grooms stood cracking their whips to get the horses to pull harder, a feat he again demonstrated in Ottawa with Queen Victoria's team of draught horses during her royal visit. While in Ottawa he volunteered with the police when they took deputies to round up a local gang of miscreants; they turned him away claiming he would be too slow due to his bulk. He challenged the regular officers to a foot race, beating the majority, and they took him on. He patrolled as a police officer between 1883 and 1885 in Sainte-Cunégonde, known now as Petite-Bourgogne (Little Burgundy) in Montreal.Both the Parc Louis-Cyr and the Place des Hommes-Forts ("Strongmen's Square") are named after him. Statues of him are located at Place des Hommes-Forts and the Musée de la Civilisation in Quebec City. The high school in his hometown of Napierville is also named after him. Through no fault of his own, many of Cyr's lifts, like his measurements, have been exaggerated or misquoted. In particular, his celebrated back lift done in Boston, of 18 men on a platform, is usually generously estimated at 4,300 lb, which allowing for a very heavy platform of at most 500 lb, meant that each man on average would have weighed approximately 211 lb. Cyr was also credited with side pressing  with one arm (the right), a lift witnessed by Britain's great champion Tom Pevier, who described it more like a 'Jerk Press.' The dumbbell, a huge thick handled one, was lifted to the shoulders with two hands, before the single-handed overhead move.Cyr's dumbbells were often so unwieldy that many respectable strongmen  were unable to lift them off the floor, let alone lift them over head. One particular dumbbell of Cyr's weighed, when empty, . It was the same bell that had defeated a drove of former strength athletes, and it was exchanged by its owner, 280 lb. police chief Joseph Moquin of Quebec (who could and did bent press the weight) for a modern set of York weights. Thus, it came into the possession of the late Bob Hoffman and Mike Dietz. According to Strength & Health magazine, Hoffman, after several attempts, was able to bent press it, as did the much lighter 150 lb. Sig Klein.John Grimek later also bent pressed it, half a dozen times or so one afternoon, when the weight was increased to 269.5 lb, by adding, as it happened, the lead type from Mark Berrys' classic tome Physical Training Simplified. Hence the reason the book was never reprinted. Cyr was a big man in all ways, both heart and size, being a great trencherman, eating more than four normal men. Up to 6 lb of meat at one meal ... a genuine gourmand, increasing weight enormously in his later years. His lightest bodyweight was when he competed against August Johnson, then just 270 lb, although his normal contest condition was nearer 320 lb. Cyr's wife, Melina, by contrast, never weighed more than 100 lb. In 1886 Cyr met and defeated Richard Pennell, then Pennell being 40, and <mask> just 23.In 1888 on 1 October at Berthierville, Quebec, he lifted 3,536 lb/1, 604 kg of pig iron for his first record in the back lift. On 1 December 1891 at Sohmer Park in Montreal, before some 10,000 people, Cyr resisted the pull of four draught horses, two on each side, despite grooms cracking their whips to encourage the horses to pull harder and strain their haunches. In January 1892 Cyr embarked in England with partner Horace Barré, arousing much interest and curiosity at his London debut at the Royal Aquarium, with 5,000 people packing the theater to watch Cyr's act and witness his open challenge to the wide world of strongmen, many celebrities of which were in the audience, with a side wager of £1,000 (Equivalent to about £98,070.00 as of 2015). It was on this historical occasion, on 19 January 1892 that Cyr pressed the pre-mentioned 273.75 lb. dumbbell. Many years later Doc Aumont, son-in-law of <mask>, loaned Cyr's famous dumbbell to the Weider's Your Physique office in Montreal for a month, during which time over 500 people tried and failed to lift the weight. During his first London show, many other feats followed, all exceeding contemporary records, culminating in the famous Backlift.Placing a number of men upon a heavy platform resting across two trestles, <mask> ducked beneath the platform, placed his back below the center, and raised both the contraption and the passengers clear off the trestles. Weight on this occasion was estimated at 3,635 lb. Traveling extensively throughout the UK he also visited Scotland, raising and carrying for a distance one of the famed Dinnie Stones. Cyr was very popular in Britain, being feted by celebrities and Royalty alike, including the Prince of Wales and Queen Victoria. After returning to the U.S.A. on 27 May, Cyr did his best back lift in Boston, with over 4,000 lb estimated. Consisting of 18 'bulky' men. During his most active period, circa 1896, on March 31 he did a clean and jerk (the clean is a misnomer) of 347 lb, then a World record, without science or skill, little if any dipping.Reputable witness Oscar Mathes said the lift was closer to a straight-legged press. Cyr did a one-handed deadlift with a dumbbell weighing , made harder by the fact that the bar was 1.5 inches thick. On 7 and 8 May 1896, he performed a crucifix with  in his right hand, and  in his left. Some authors often credit him with holding out with one arm.- . He also dumbbell pressed 162 lb for 36 reps, did a one finger lift, first with 552 lb and the next day made it . Lifted via one hand, style not specified, but most suspect using hand and thigh method, . plus again, using hand and thigh, .For years <mask> pictured himself as a modern Biblical Samson with tresses to match. In the folds of his long hair he would tie three fifty pound weights, one on each side, and one in the center, with the three weights dangling from his scalp, he would also spin around, swirling the weights around his head. By co-incidence on his visit to Britain, the top of the pops was a ditty entitled 'Get Your Hair Cut'...<mask> must have taken the hint, as afterwards he always sported short hair. More power of the arm and shoulder was demonstrated by his stunt of stacking four fifty pound weights one on top of the other on his half flexed arm, balancing them whilst walking across the room. Wrestling a giant
Cyr learned boxing and wrestling for a match. While in Montréal, Que., 25 March 1901, <mask> wrestled Édouard Beaupré, who was known as a giant man. Cyr's height was measured at  and he weighed .Beaupré's height was measured at  and he weighed . Cyr won. Death

By 1904 Cyr's health began to fail due to excessive eating and inactivity. At the time, he weighed . He slimmed down as best he could for his last contest of strength, with Hector De Carrie. Cyr retained his title and retired unvanquished. Cyr died on November 10, 1912, in Montreal, of chronic nephritis and was interred at St-Jean-De-Matha.Great homage was paid by all of Canada, with immense crowds attending the funeral and floral tributes coming from all over the world. He was portrayed by Antoine Bertrand in the 2013 biographical film <mask>, l'homme le plus fort du monde. World record
As shown in movie Louis Cyr
 Crucifix:  left hand and   right hand
 One-handed snatch:
 One-handed press:
 Back lift:
 Two-handed lift:

References

Bibliography
 Weider, B. 1976. The Strongest Man in History: <mask>, Amazing Canadian. Translation of <mask>, l’homme le plus fort du monde. Vancouver: Mitchell Press.Debon, Nicolas. 2007. The Strongest Man in the World: <mask>r. Toronto: Groundwood Books. External links

 Heroes of Yore and Lore: Canadian Heroes in Fact and Fiction
 Sandow Plus website featuring a link to a vintage biography of Cyr..

1863 births
1912 deaths
Canadian folklore
Canadian strength athletes
Deaths from nephritis
People associated with physical culture
People from Montérégie
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Sportspeople from Quebec
Canadian male sport wrestlers
French Quebecers
People from Lowell, Massachusetts

masks:
Louis Cyr
Cyprien Noé Cyr
Louis
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Louis Cyr
Louis Cyr
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Louis Cyr
Louis Cy