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<mask> (7 July 1912 – 10 March 1966) was a German general and ground-attack pilot during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 7 July 1912. After completing the Abitur, he began military service in the Reichswehr cavalry on 1 April 1930. Hitschhold and was selected for and began flight training. <mask> received his commission in March 1931 and was promoted to Leutnant on 1 March 1934. Part of the training was conducted at the Lipetsk fighter-pilot school at Lipetsk Air Base, Soviet Union.This military cooperation was secret and in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. In January 1933 the Nazi Party seized power under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. Cooperation ceased. The Reichswher was renamed the Wehrmacht; the Nazi German Armed Forces. In March the Luftwaffe (Air Force) was founded with the creation of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Reich Air Ministry; RLM) in March 1933. The Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (High Command of the Air Force) was created to control all aspects of aerial warfare. Hitschhold transferred to the organisation.Initially he transferred to the Jagdfliegerschule (fighter pilot school) for further training in early 1935. On 1 October 1935 Hirschold was promoted to Oberleutnant. He moved to the Sturzkampfgeschwader (Dive-bomber wings) I./StG 162, then II. and III./StG 162. On 1 October 1936 Hitschold was appointed a Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) in I./StG 163, commanding 1 staffel. In 1936 it began equipping with the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. The staffel, along with the gruppen (groups) were reformed into Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 "Immelmann" on 1 May 1939.<mask> commanded 1./StG 2. Histchhold held the rank of Hauptmann upon the appointment [dated 1 January 1939]. World War II
StG 2 was subordinated to Luftflotte 4 in May 1939 and initially subordinated to the 2 Fliegerddivision (2nd Flying division), Luftflotte 4 and based at Nieder-Ellguth in Silesia. The wing formed part of the dive-bomber fleet with StG 1, StG 51, StG 76, and StG 77. The wing was to form the southern part of Case White, the Invasion of Poland in September 1939. The invasion was to act in unison with the Soviet invasion of Poland and it began World War II in Europe. The purpose of the division was to provide close air support to the 8th,10th and 14th army.The division was reinforced by Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen, commanding VIII. Fliegerkorps (8th Flying Corps), a specialised ground attack air corps. Richthofen was formally transferred to Luftflotte 4 in the first week of September 1939. In September 1939 Richthofen's force was a mere flying command (Fliegerfuhrer zbV). Poland
On 1 September 1939, the Wehrmacht invaded Poland. I./StG 2 began the invasion with 37 combat ready aircraft from 38. On the first day, I Gruppe bombed Wieluń, with other elements of the wing.The StG 76 and 77 were also involved in the bombing against the undefended town which may have occurred when faulty intelligence reports asserted the existence of a Polish cavalry formation was present.Kraków, Katowice and Wadowice were bombed by the group on the first day of the invasion. Luftflotte 4's bombers dropped 389 tons of bombs on 1 September, 200 on Kraków in 1,200 sorties. Leutnant Frank Neubert and Unteroffizier Frank Kilnger from Hitschhold's staffel are believed to have claimed the first aerial victory of the war against a PZL P.11. Captain Mieczysław Medwecki, 121 Squadron, was taking off from Balice airfield. On 2 September I./StG 2 were credited with having devastated a large Polish Army force detraining in Piotrków Trybunalski. The gruppe supported the advance to Częstochowa then engaged in the Siege of Warsaw. Hitschhold's group assisted in the destruction of the Łódź Army's cavalry brigades alongside Richthofen's forces.I./StG 2 then fought in the Battle of the Bzura which destroyed Army Poznań and Army Pomorze; it bombed Polish forces in and around the Iłża forest. <mask>'s unit then bombed rail targets in support of the Battle of Radom and Battle of Modlin. <mask> was appointed as Gruppenkommandeure (Group Commander) of I./StG 2 on 16 October 1939, ten days after the Polish capitulation. <mask> transferred to Golzheim. I./StG 2 trained there during the Phoney War. Over the winter, 1939, <mask>'s gruppe trained to knock out Belgian fortresses at Liège and opposite Maastricht, in the Netherlands in preparation for Fall Gelb. StG 2 was transferred to Richthofen in October 1939.In January 1940 it was probably located at Marburg. StG 2 crews undertook training in Graz, Austria. Targets were marked out with silhouettes to represent battleships to prepare the wing for anti-surface warfare. Western Europe

On 10 May 1940 Hitschhold commanded a group of 40 Ju 87B dive bombers; 33 were combat ready. StG 2 remained under Richthofen's air corps command, part of Luftflotte 2, belonging to Albert Kesselring. During the Battle of France and Battle of Belgium, StG 2 transferred to Hugo Sperrle's Luftflotte 3. Hitschhold's  attacked Fort Eben-Emael.The Battle of Fort Eben-Emael was crucial in allowing the German Army to breach Belgian Army fortifications along the border. The  carried out attacks against Belgian reserves moving to the frontline. The Belgian defences in the region crumbled the following afternoon, after the French  failed to relieve them under attack from StG 2 and Lehrgeschwader 2. On 11 May Hitschhold's I./StG 2 continued operations over Belgium in support of the 6th army crossing the Meuse river. The operations were successful but costly. Five Ju 87s were shot down near Tirlemont 42 km east-south-east of Brussels in combat with Hawker Hurricanes of the RAF Advanced Air Striking Force. Three of his men were killed in action, one wounded in action and one was captured.Their assailants were from No. 87 Squadron RAF. 11 Ju 87s from I. and II./StG 2 were lost to 3, 87 and No. 607 Squadron RAF, despite fighter protection from Jagdgeschwader 27. Over Louvain the following day, Hitschhold lost two more aircraft to 3 Squadron. Hitschhold's group supported the 3rd Panzer Division and 4th Panzer Division at the Battle of Hannut. They conducted a 30-minute attack against Thisnes and Crehen to break the French Cavalry Corps.The group fought in support of the Battle of Gembloux on 15 May. Over 15–17 May, Hitschhold's group moved to Saint-Quentin, Aisne. The capture of Liège airfield permitted close air support units to focus on the Battle of Sedan. The airfield came under artillery fire from forts still occupied by the Belgians until StG 2 intervened. StG 2 remained to support the 6th army's advance through the Dyle line before switching to support the 12th army for two days, south of Namur from 18 May. The wing contributed 200 sorties to the Sedan operation. StG 2 and 77 intervened in the Battle of Arras on behalf of Erwin Rommel's 7th Panzer Division.StG 2 advanced into north-eastern France during the dash to the English Channel. It fought during the Siege of Calais and Battle of Boulogne. The ports were taken after bombardment from StG 2 and 77. Hitschhold's commanding officer Oskar Dinort lost both wingmen over Boulogne on 25 May. Four were lost. In a major action, Dinort led 39 Ju 87s and two  in an attack on Admiral James Somerville's forces off Calais on 24 May. The 10th Panzer Division requested air support against Royal Navy warships bombarding their positions as the division fought its way into Calais.Dinort ordered Hitschhold to select a target. The light cruisers Arethusa, Galatea, and destroyers Grafton, Greyhound, Verity, Wessex, Wolfhound, Vimiera and Polish Navy destroyer Bzura were subjected to an intense dive-bombing attack. Wessex was sunk; Vimiera and Bzura was damaged. The Ju 87s suffered no loss in their unopposed attacks. Six of the Wessex crew were killed and 15 wounded. From 29 May Hitschhold led his formation in the Battle of Dunkirk until 2 June 1940, attacking shipping and Royal Navy vessel supporting Operation Dynamo. I./StG 2 spent 5–7 June reorganising.From 8 June in supported the 6th and 9th army in crossing the Seine and Marne. It supported the 9th army's advanced on Laon. Hitschhold's group lost three crews on 8 June. Hitschhold operated over Longpont, north-east of Paris and the group claimed to have destroyed 20 to 30 French tanks preparing a counterattack north-east of the capital. Thereafter Hitschhold flew in the battles of Péronne, Roye, Chauny and Nogent. I./StG 2 provided air cover in the advances through Yonne and Loire. By the Armistice of 22 June 1940, Hitschhold's command had lost 13 aircraft.Battle of Britain
In July 1940 the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht initiated plans for Operation Sea Lion, the invasion of the United Kingdom. The Oberkommando der Luftwaffe began an air offensive codenamed Operation Eagle Attack. The objective was the destruction of RAF Fighter Command in south-eastern England. The Luftwaffe began bombing British convoys in the English Channel to draw Fighter Command into battle and deplete its strength. The first phase of what became the Battle of Britain was termed the Kanalkampf (Channel War). Hitschhold's I./StG 2 moved to Falaise in Normandy. The group transferred to Laon-Couvron.It staged through the Pas de Calais for attacks on the Channel convoys. In late July it relocated to Cherbourg. The group was placed under Richthofen's Fliegerkorps VIII. The group was equipped with 35 aircraft with 29 operational. Hitschhold and first group were involved in the battles from 4 July. That morning
Convoy OA 178 (convoy outbound atlantic) of 14 heavily laden merchantmen left the Thames Estuary, bound for the west coast and passed Dover safely on 3 July. German radar picked up the convoy and the Luftwaffe was ordered to intercept the ships.A Junkers Ju 88 reconnaissance aircraft from 1. (F)/123 flew over the Channel and reported that the convoy was south-west of Portland. I./StG 2 took off, led by Geschwaderkommodore Oskar Dinort and Hitschhold, from Falaise, Calvados with 24 Ju 87s, escorted by a Staffel of fighters from I./JG 1. The attack was followed by 23 Ju 87s of III./StG 51 after they had been hastily re-fuelled and rearmed. The ships were close to the French coast; Dallas City was damaged, engulfed in flames and collided with Flimson which was also hit and the ships took 15 minutes to disengage; Dallas City later sank. Antonio limped into Portland Harbour with Flimson. Deucalion (1,796 GRT), Kolga (3,526 GRT) and Britsum (5,225 GRT) were sunk and SS Canadian Constructor, was damaged for no Luftwaffe loss.On 21 July 1940 Hitschhold was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and promoted to Major as Gruppenkommandeur of I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 "Immelmann". On 8 August Hitschhold was involved in a large series of battles over Convoy Peewit. In the late morning StG 2, 3 and 77 from Angers, Caen and St. Malo were escorted by Messerschmitt Bf 110s from V./LG 1, to attack the convoy south of the Isle of Wight, with about 30 Bf 109s from II. and III./JG 27 for cover. Supermarine Spitfires of 609 Squadron and Hurricanes from 257 and 145 squadrons attacked the German formations, joined later by 238 Squadron. The Ju 87s severely damaged SS Surte, MV Scheldt and SS Omlandia and sank SS Balmahasoon after. SS Tres was sunk by StG 77.SS Empire Crusader, in the lead, was hit by StG 2 and sank several hours later; four ships were sunk and four were damaged in the attacks. From 20 to 30 RAF fighters attacked the German aircraft and I. and II./StG 2 suffered one damaged Ju 87 each, StG 3 lost three Stukas from I. Gruppe and two damaged. On 13 August Hitschhold and II./StG 2 commanded by Walter Enneccerus, were ordered to attack RAF Andover with the support of StG 1, along with RAF Warmwell and Yeovil. I./JG 53 flew a fighter sweep ahead of the bombers from Poole to Lyme Regis in order to tempt the RAF into battle. The sweep failed to attract or divert RAF squadrons. Instead, it succeeded in alerting the RAF defences a critical five minutes earlier.

masks:
Hubertus Hitschhold
Hitschhold
Hitschhold
Hitschhold
Hitschhold
Hitschhold
Hitschhold
Hitschhold


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 When the main wave of StG 2 arrived over the coast, they were greeted by 77 RAF fighters.II., and III./JG 53 and III./ZG 76 flew escort for the Ju 87s. The whole of No. 10 Group RAF intercepted. One Staffel of II./StG 2 was badly hit by No. 609 Squadron RAF; six out of nine Ju 87s were shot down. StG 1 and 2 gave up on their original targets owing to heavy cloud cover. Both headed for Portland.On 15 August <mask>'s group stood down while the other gruppen engaged in the large air battles of the day. On 16 August, StG 2 was fully committed nearly 100 Ju 87s to an attack on RAF Tangmere. Bf 109s from Jagdgeschwader 2 provided escort. The Ju 87s reached the airfield and carried out a devastating attack before Fighter Command could intercept. 1, 43, 601 and 602 Squadrons caught the Ju 87s as they exited the target area. <mask>'s gruppe was attacked by 43 Squadron. The Hurricanes destroyed five of his Ju 87s and damaged three.Only one crew member was rescued. StG 2 was not involved in the battles on the 18 August, after which the Ju 87s was withdrawn from the air superiority campaign. Ju 87 units sat idle on the French coast for the duration of the battle. In the winter 1940, these groups carried out sporadic attacks against coastal shipping. In September 1940 the group provided pilots and aircraft for the propaganda film Stukas. Thereafter, it trained for Operation Felix, an attack on Gibraltar, until it was abandoned in January 1941. Balkans and Mediterranean

From 5/6 January 1941 I./StG 1 staged from St Malo to Graz in Austria.By 23 January Hitschhold's gruppe moved into airfields at Otopeni, north of Bucharest in Romania. Hitschold moved down to Kraynitsi, south-south-west of Sofia in Bulgaria. On 6 April the group mustered 39 Ju 87s for operations. On this date it supported Fliegerkorps VIII operations in the Invasion of Yugoslavia and Battle of Greece. It bombed positions in Petric and played a role in the Battle of the Metaxas Line. Hitschhold may have been involved in Operation Retribution, the bombing and destruction of central Belgrade. The group bombed British Army concentrations in Arta, Greece from 9 April and supported the advance on Salonika and Skopje.<mask>'s command facilitated the breakthrough at Kastoria which routed the Epirus Army in the Battle of Lake Kastoria. Through the remainder of April 1941, Hitschhold supported the advance on Olympia, Larissa, Volos, and  the German land forces at the Battle of Thermopylae. The group supported paratroop drops on Corinthia and advance into Peloponesia. The group staged through Larissa to Corinth. From 22 April Histchhold's group attacked Allied shipping in the Megara Gulf. I./StG 2 found target-rich waters in the Gulf of Corinth where, at Antikyra, the 1,300-ton tanker Theodora and 657-ton coastal tanker Theodol were sunk by 2 staffel. The Greek destroyer Hydra was sunk in the Gulf of Megara on 22 April.In total the Hellenic Navy lost four torpedo boats—Greek torpedo boat Kios among them—three mine-layers and with Allied naval forces a further 43 merchant ships totalling 63,975 tons to the 23 April. Hitschhold's group flew daily attacks against shipping near and around Crete. Hitschhold's men probably sank the Greek destroyer Hydra at Piraeus naval base, which lost 23 vessels in two days. Greek destroyer Psara was sunk at anchor off Megara. Other Ju 87s from I./StG 2 sank other Greek merchant vessels in the Gulf Corinth. Operation Demon—the Allied evacuation from Greece—reached its peak; three-quarters of 60,000 men were evacuated. The I./StG 2 under the command of Hitschhold participated in the Battle of Crete, which ended the fighting in the Balkans until 1944.StG 2, with KG 2 and KG 26, bombarded anti-aircraft artillery positions before 493 Junkers Ju 52 transports began dropping German paratroops over the Cretan airfields. <mask>'s group achieved success on 22 May. They sank the British destroyers Greyhound on 22 May 1941. The group also sank the cruiser Gloucester with five 1,000 lb bombs. 45 officers and 648 men were killed. <mask> watched the ship sink in 35 minutes as he circled above. <mask>'s unit contributed to the sinking of Fiji in the same action.The damaged Fiji was later sunk by Bf 109 fighter-bombers. On 30 May Rear Admiral Irvine Glennie's Force D, consisting of the cruisers ,  and  were intercepted by Hitschhold's unit, which was now operating from Rhodes. They damaged Orion and Dido. I./StG 2 assisted in the sinking of destroyer Hereward. III./StG 2 struck the fatal blow. The end of the campaign came on 1 June. The gruppe claimed 164,000 tons of shipping sunk.If accurate, it amounted to nearly half the 360,000 tons lost by the Allied powers. Eastern Front
Hitschhold departed Rhodes for Cottbus, and then moved eastward to Przasnysz, 88 km north-east of Warsaw in German-occupied Poland. <mask> commanded 35 Ju 87s. StG 2 remained with Richthofen's Fliegerkorps VIII, subordinated to Kesselring's Luftflotte 2 in preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union.On 22 June Hittschhold was shot down but rescued. On the first three days of the invasion, from 22–24 June 1941, <mask> was ordered to support the 9th Army and 3rd Panzer Army, the spearhead of Army Group Centre. <mask>'s group assisted the breakthrough at Suwałki on 25 June, and engaged in anti-tank operations 80 km south of Grodno. He led II./StG 2 in the Battle of Białystok–Minsk, advance on Vilnius, Lepel, Vitebsk to force a bridgehead over the Dnieper.On 11 July the group attacked rail lines from Vitebsk to Smolensk, before supporting the destruction of the Smolensk pocket. On 8 August, Hitschhold was ordered north, to support the 16th army and Army Group North. The group supported the breach of the Velikaya River line, and the advance to Staraya Russa near Lake Ilmen. From 27 August to 8 September close air support was flown in support of  XXVIII Army Corps and XXXIX Panzer Corps to Schlüsselburg at the mouth of the Neva River. On 9 September, Hitschhold's group fought along the northern front depending on the situation as Army Group North neared Leningrad. Interdiction operations were flown against the Leningrad–Moscow rail lines. In mid-September I./StG 2 was based at Velizh deep inside the Soviet Union.From this point it enforced the Siege of Leningrad. Hitschhold's crews focused on the Baltic Fleet at Kronstadt. All three gruppen were equipped with new heavier armour-piercing bombs that arrived at Tyrkovo airfield. During these combat operations, one of Hitschhold's men, a then unknown Hans-Ulrich Rudel, sank the Soviet battleship Marat at the cost of several Ju 87s. A notable casualty was Staffelkapitän Ernst Kupfer, who survived. Kupfer flew three missions on 28 September, and on each mission his aircraft was badly damaged. The Soviet destroyer Minsk, and Steregushchi were sunk in the same raid.I./StG 2 moved to Army Group Centre once more for the Battle of Moscow on 2 October 1941. <mask> fought at Vyazma and Kalinin in support of the 3rd Panzer Army and 9th Army. The group flew in support of operations to relieve the 1st Panzer Division from a potential encirclement. On 15 October <mask> was relieved of command of I/StG 2. <mask> was moved to the 1st Dive-bomber school as an instructor, and on 31 December 1941 he was awarded the 57th Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves with a promotion to Major for his service as Gruppenkommandeur of I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 "Immelmann". Oberstleutnant <mask> <mask> replaced Otto Weiß as commanding officer of Schlachtgeschwader 1 on 18 June 1942. <mask>'s appointment came prior to the beginning of Operation Blue, the summer offensive into the Caucasus.The wing operated the Bf 109E and Henschel Hs 129 in the ground-attack role. Schl.G. 1 flew ground attack and counter air operations. On 8 July was ordered to attack the airfield at Kamesnk to relieve pressure on the army from the Red Air Force. It claimed 20 aircraft, yet no more than one two were actually destroyed. By 20 July, the wing had only 36 aircraft operational after the battles across the Donets and Don River. In August <mask> led the wing in the Battle of Kalach and Battle of Stalingrad.On 19 November 1942 the Red Army began Operation Uranus. The offensive broke through north and south of Axis lines around Stalingrad and encircled the German, Italian, Hungarian and Romanian armies in and around the city. Hitschhold's wing did contribute to the destruction of the Soviet 5th Tank Army's 8th Cavalry Corps at Oblivskaya on 26 November. The aircraft went into action as ground personnel from his command  manned the trenches around the town. The last of the Soviet tanks was purportedly destroyed at the edge of SG 1's airfield. Hitachhold's second group lost eight aircraft in these battles. By 1 December 1942, it possessed just five Hs 129s, 10 Bf 109E-7s and 11 Henschel Hs 123s.Hitschhold's crews supported Operation Winter Storm, and assisted the Italian Army in Russia escape destruction in the Soviet Operation Little Saturn. On 16 and 17 December 1942 the specialised  4.(Pz)/SG. 1 destroyed ten Soviet tanks with their six Hs 129s, now armed with MK 101 cannon. Within three days, Italian lines had collapsed, and II./Schl.G. 1 abandoned Millerovo, as the 18th Tank Corps approached. Second group in particular, flying from the Rossosh area on 6 December 1942, attacked Soviet armoured spearheads attacking the 3rd Romanian and 8th Italian Army. By 22 December it had pulled back to Voroshilovgrad.Among the successes, was the repulse of a tank attack by the 1st Guards Army against Antonovka near Millerovo on 2 January 1943; which was defeated largely because of the tank-busting formations from II./SG 1. The 3rd Guards Army approached Morozovsk, forcing 7. Staffel to abandon some Hs 123s there. In 1943 Hitschhold's main successful contribution was the support of the Waffen SS at the Third Battle of Kharkov, which allowed the Germans to recapture the city and Belgorod. In May first group converted to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. It was positioned in the Izyum sector until July 1943. SG 1 was not afforded any rest.Elements moved southwest of Rostov-on-Don, and fought in the Taman Peninsula, at the Kuban bridgehead in support of the 17th Army. General der Schlachtflieger

The Kuban was <mask>'s last battle in the field. In June 1943 he was relieved of command from SG 1 on 10 June and promoted to Oberst. <mask> was appointed Fliegerführer Sardinien, responsible for the coordination of air units in Sicily. FliegerführerLuftflotte 2  Fliegerkorps II's previous headquarters at Viterbo was appropriated by FliegerführerLuftflotte 2 under Hitschhold. <mask> was directly subordinated to Fliegerkorps II. <mask> was to assume command of all the bomber, fighter, reconnaissance and ground-attack units in support of the 10th Army.<mask>'s command failed to repulse the Allied invasion of Sicily. In September 1943 the Allied invasion of Italy succeeded in gaining a foothold on continental Europe. Naples was captured and only the Air raid on Bari yielded any success. On 1 January 1944 <mask> was appointed General der Schlachtflieger, a position he held until 8 May 1945. Hitschhold advocated ending Ju 87 production in favour of the Fw 190. Production ended only in September 1944. On 1 January 1945 <mask> was promoted to Generalmajor, a position he held until the German surrender in May 1945.Awards
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (15 September 1939)
 1st Class (11 May 1940)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 21 July 1940 as Major and Gruppenkommandeur of I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 "Immelmann"
 57th Oak Leaves on 31 December 1941 as Major and Gruppenkommandeur of I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 "Immelmann"

References

Citations

General sources

1912 births
1966 deaths
German World War II pilots
Luftwaffe pilots
Major generals of the Luftwaffe
People from East Prussia
People from Pisz County
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak

masks: Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hubertus Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold


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Jacob Nelson “<mask><mask> (December 25, 1927 – December 1, 1975) was an American professional baseball player. <mask> was one of the best second basemen of all time, and the third-most difficult hitter to strike out in Major League Baseball (MLB) history. <mask> played in the big leagues from 1947 through 1965 and spent the majority of his career as a member of the Chicago White Sox; his career was bookended by multi-year stints for the Philadelphia Athletics and, later, the Houston Astros. <mask> was an American League (AL) All-Star for twelve seasons, an AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) for one season, and an AL Gold Glove winner for three seasons. He had a .288 major-league career batting average with 2663 hits, 35 home runs, and 790 runs batted in. He hit .300 or more six times, and led the AL in singles eight times (seven consecutive seasons) and in fielding average six times as a second baseman. His career fielding percentage was .984.In 1959, when the "Go Go" Chicago White Sox won the American League Pennant championship, he hit .306 with 149 singles and 70 RBI. He coached for the Houston Astros and Texas Rangers after his playing career. He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1997. Early years
<mask> was born on Christmas Day 1927 in St. Thomas Township, Pennsylvania, a rural area just west of Chambersburg, in south central Pennsylvania. He was the youngest of three sons born to a carpenter who grew up on a farm and liked to play town baseball in St. Thomas. Despite his short stature, with the help of his father, he distinguished himself as a baseball player at a young age, even playing with his father on their St. Thomas team. <mask> at age 16 in 1944, thought that he had a good chance to sign on with a professional baseball team due to player shortages from World War II.His mother wrote a letter on her son's behalf to Connie Mack, the owner/manager of the Philadelphia Athletics, which enabled him to attend an open tryout that spring for the Athletics in Frederick, Maryland. <mask> caught the attention of Mack who signed him to a professional contract. Professional baseball

Minor leagues
<mask> started his professional baseball career with the Lancaster team of the Pennsylvania Interstate League and the Jamestown Falcons where he hit .314. He played a range of infield and outfield positions, ultimately settling at second base. He came back with Lancaster in 1945 and was known as the best second baseman in the league. The Philadelphia Athletics bought his contract that year, but <mask> did not get to play for them then because he was called to service and was stationed in Korea in 1946. Major leagues

<mask>'s major league career began in  when he started to play for the Philadelphia Athletics, but he played mostly in the minor leagues, appearing in a total of ten MLB games in 1947 and 1948.In 1949, the Philadelphia Athletics set a major league team record of 217 double plays, a record which still stood as of . <mask> appeared in 88 of the Athletics games that season, and contributed to 68 of the team's double plays. The Athletics traded <mask> to the Chicago White Sox for Joe Tipton on October 29, . He spent the next 14 seasons with the Sox, making 12 AL All-Star teams and 15 of 16 AL All-Star Game selections beginning in 1951 (two All-Star games were played in 1959 through 1962) when he batted .313. The White Sox finished in third place in each season between 1952 and 1956, followed by second-place finishes in 1957 and 1958 (Baseball-Reference.com lists Billy Pierce and Minnie Miñoso as the top White Sox players during most of those years, as reflected by wins above replacement (WAR), but <mask> had the team's highest WAR in 1957). 1959 season
<mask>'s best season came in 1959, when he received the AL Most Valuable Player award (not until Dustin Pedroia in  would another American League second baseman receive such an honor) on a White Sox team that won its first AL pennant in 40 years. He batted .306, had an on-base percentage of .380, and led the AL in singles.He also started and had four hits in two All-Star games and won his second Gold Glove. The Al López-managed White Sox had the best record in baseball, going 94-60 to finish five games ahead of the Cleveland Indians and a surprising 15 ahead of the New York Yankees. It was one of just two seasons the Yankees did not win the pennant between –. In the World Series, <mask> batted a team-high .375 with three doubles, but the Sox lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games. In Game 5, <mask> scored the only run when Sherm Lollar hit into a double play in the fourth inning (this was only the second time that a World Series game did not have an RBI). It was <mask>'s only postseason experience, and the White Sox did not make it back to the World Series until they swept the 2005 World Series from the Houston Astros. Later seasons
<mask> played his final two seasons (1964–65) with the Houston Colt .45s and Astros.Joe Morgan later said that he looked up to <mask>'s example as a rookie with the Astros; <mask> and Morgan were both diminutive second basemen. Morgan grew up hitting with a <mask> <mask> model bat, which had a large barrel and large handle. With the Astros, <mask> convinced Morgan to switch to a bat with a thin handle to leverage his power. <mask> was 5-foot-9, he made up for his modest size and minimal power — he hit only 35 home runs in his career, and never more than six in a single season — with his good batting eye, excellent fielding, and baserunning speed. <mask> was perennially one of the toughest batters to strike out, fanning just 216 times in his career, an average of once every 42.7 at-bats which ranks him 3rd all-time. He led the league in most at-bats per strikeouts a phenomenal 13 times in his career. In 1951, <mask> hit more triples (12) than he had strikeouts (11).A solid contact hitter (lifetime .288 batting average), he batted over .300 six times, with 2,663 hits, 355 doubles, and 112 triples. He also led the league in singles for seven straight years, in triples once, and in hits four times. Defensive skills
<mask> was one of the best second basemen in the major leagues. He played next to a pair of slick-fielding White Sox shortstops from Venezuela, Chico Carrasquel (1950–55) and Luis Aparicio (1956–62). He was the first major league Gold Glove Award winner for a second baseman in , and he received two more Gold Glove awards in  and . Between August 1956 and September 1960, <mask> played a major-league record 798 consecutive games at second base. In 1959 and 1960, the Aparicio-<mask> middle infield duo won two Gold Gloves twice for their respective positions, becoming the first (of now a dozen) shortstop-second baseman combinations who both won Gold Gloves in the same season.<mask> led the league's second basemen in defensive games played each season between 1952 and 1959. He also led second basemen in putouts between 1952 and 1961, and in assists several times during his career. <mask> finished among the top five second basemen in fielding percentage every year between 1950 and 1964, and currently ranks second in career double plays as a second baseman. Coaching seasons

<mask> was a coach for the Houston Astros (1965–67) and the Washington Senators/Texas Rangers (1968–72). In the late 1960s, <mask> appeared to have a chance to manage the Senators when Jim Lemon's post came open following the team's purchase by Bob Short. However, around the same time the Washington Redskins named Vince Lombardi as their football coach, so Short felt pressure to hire a manager with a very well-known name and selected Ted Williams for the position. Later years
<mask> lived in St. Thomas Township, Pennsylvania, after his playing days were over.He co-owned and managed Nellie Fox Bowl in Chambersburg after retiring from baseball. <mask> was diagnosed with skin cancer in 1973. In October 1975, he was admitted to the Baltimore Cancer Research Center and treated for lymphatic cancer. <mask> died on December 1, 1975, at the age of 47. He was buried at the St. Thomas Cemetery in his hometown of St. Thomas. Legacy

Jim Lemon, who played for the White Sox with <mask> in 1963, said that <mask>'s cancer "had to be incurable – because if it wasn't, Nellie would have beat it." Former White Sox manager Al López described how <mask> had found success through hard work rather than natural ability: "He wasn't fast and didn't have an arm, but he worked hard to develop what he needed to make himself a good all-around ballplayer.If you had eight <mask> <mask>es, all with his spirit and determination, I think you'd have a winning team." On May 1, 1976, <mask>'s uniform number 2 was retired by the White Sox; he is the second of ten White Sox players to have his uniform number retired. <mask> was not selected to the Hall of Fame in his initial period of eligibility. In his final ballot cast by baseball writers in 1985, he gained 74.7 percent of the vote, just shy of the 75 percent (traditionally baseball percentages were rounded off) required for election by the Baseball Writers' Association of America. However, in , the Hall of Fame's Veterans Committee elected him. He had the required 75% of the committee's vote in 1996, but the committee was allowed to vote in only one former MLB player; Jim Bunning was inducted after receiving one more vote than <mask>. Prior to his Hall of Fame election, a group of fans formed the Nellie Fox Society to promote his case for induction.The group grew to as many as 600 members, including Richard M. Daley, James R. Thompson, George Will and several former MLB players. In 2001, a Pennsylvania state historical marker was dedicated to honor <mask>. Bronze statues of <mask> and Aparicio were unveiled on the outfield concourse of U.S. Cellular Field in 2006. <mask>'s statue depicts him flipping a baseball toward Aparicio, while Aparicio is depicted as preparing to receive the ball from <mask>. See also

 Houston Astros award winners and league leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders
 Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks

Explanatory notes

References

External links

<mask> <mask> at Baseball Library
, which originally appeared in the book Go-Go To Glory--The 1959 Chicago White Sox (Skokie, Illinois: ACTA Publishing, 2009), edited by Don Zminda. 1927 births
1975 deaths
American League All-Stars
American League Most Valuable Player Award winners
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Burials in Pennsylvania
Chicago White Sox players
Deaths from cancer in Maryland
Deaths from skin cancer
Gold Glove Award winners
Houston Astros coaches
Houston Astros players
Houston Colt .45s players
Jamestown Falcons players
Lancaster Red Roses players
Lincoln A's players
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
Major League Baseball second basemen
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
People from Franklin County, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Athletics players
Texas Rangers coaches
Washington Senators (1961–1971) coaches

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<mask> is a professor at the University of Illinois. Her fields are the study of literacy, pedagogy, and contemporary, diverse childhoods. Using qualitative and sociolinguistic research procedures, Dyson examines the use of written language from children's perspectives within their social worlds, and as they engage with popular culture. Books she has published include The Brothers and Sisters Learn to Write, Popular Literacies in Childhood and School Cultures (2003),  Writing Superheroes, Contemporary Childhood, Popular Culture, and Classroom Literacy (1997),  Social Worlds of Children Learning to Write in an Urban Primary School (1993),  Multiple Worlds of Child Writers: Friends Learning to Write (1989). Dyson has also written articles for professional journals. Education
Dyson received a Bachelor of Science degree (concentration: English) at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1972. Following this, she obtained a M.Ed., in Curriculum and Instruction (1976) and a Ph.D. in Education (1981) at the University of Texas, Austin.Statement of Teaching Philosophy

Throughout <mask>'s career, Dyson has strived to engage students with their own interests, while helping them develop common skills. In Dyson's words: “As a teacher and a researcher, I think intellectual, political, and moral issues of teaching and learning are best understood—and grappled with—when they are embodied in everyday human experiences of teachers and students, in and out of school; conversely, I think teachers immersed in the very human context of classroom life (which is not neat, not orderly, and not predictable) must also see the larger issues implicit in their daily decisions.”

Continuing, Dyson states, “Finally, my identities as a teacher of the young and not-so-young merge in the kind of engagement I require of my students. Having struggled to help a 6-year-old realize that fish starts with F, not God or water, I do not equate lecturing with teaching. There is nothing lonelier than standing in front of a class when I’m not sure they are, intellectually, with me—and nothing is more satisfying than when we are all making progress together. Then teaching is its own reward.”

Additionally, Dyson stresses the importance of unstructured playtime in preschool and kindergarten as a “fundamental avenue” for learning. Attempts by parents and educators to bombard children with information to give children's cognitive abilities an early boost may be well-intentioned, but is ultimately counterproductive. According to <mask> (2009), “That approach doesn’t appreciate the role of play and imagination in a child’s intellectual development.Play is where children discover ideas, experiences and concepts and think about them and their  consequences. This is where literacy and learning really begins.”   Although Dyson sees some value in teaching the ABCs to children in pre-kindergarten, she believes that attempting to accelerate learning actually works against a child's development. According to Dyson, kindergarten and preschool should be a place for children to experience play as intellectual inquiry, before they become taken over by the tyranny of high-stakes testing. She states, “I’m certainly not opposed to literacy in the early grades, but the idea that we can eliminate play from the curriculum doesn’t make sense. Kids don’t respond well to sitting still in their desks and listening at that age. They need stimulation. We have to intellectually engage kids.We have to give them a sense of their own agency, their own capacity, and an ability to ask questions and solve problems. So we have to give them more open-ended activities that allow them the space they need to make sense of things.”

Career
Beginning in the early seventies, Dyson began teaching and has taught all of her adult life. She began by teaching Mexican American children in a poor Catholic diocese in El Paso, then taught adults in an English Academy, migrant preschoolers, and bilingual first graders in public schools. Presently, Dyson teaches adults, but her teaching sensibilities and goals are deeply rooted in her identify as a teacher of the young. <mask> began her career in higher education at the University of Georgia, where she was an assistant professor (1981–1985) in the Department of Language Education and belonged to the Graduate Faculty, Graduate School (1984–1985). She began at the University of California, Berkeley in the Division of Language, Literacy and Culture as a visiting assistant professor (1984–1985), then an assistant professor (1985–1987), an associate professor (1987–1991), and became a professor (1991–2002). Dyson then became a professor in the Department of Teacher Education at Michigan State University (2002–2006).Most currently, <mask> is a professor in Curriculum and Instruction at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (2006–present). Awards and honors

Research Awards and Honors
<mask> received the David H. Russell Award for Distinguished Research in the Teaching of English from the National Council of Teachers of English in 1994 for her book-length ethnographic study, Social  Worlds of Children Learning to Write in an Urban Primary School. The following year, <mask> received the Choice Outstanding Academic Book of the Year (1995), and in 2002 she received the Purves Award from the National Council of Teachers of English as an author of the Research of Teaching English article from the previous year judged as likely to have the greatest impact on educational practice. In 2006, <mask> received the Janet Emig Award for exemplary scholarship from the National Council of Teachers for her article “What Difference does Difference Make? Teacher Perspectives on Diversity, Literacy, and the Urban Primary School” published in ‘’English Education’’ in May, 1995. Again she received the Janet Emig Award in 2006 for the article, “Crafting ‘The Humble Prose of Living’: Rethinking Oral/Written Relations in the Echoes of Spoken Word,” which was published in English Education in 2004. And in 2007, she was selected for the honorable position of “Scholar” by the Hofstra University.Teaching Award
<mask> received the Distinguished Teaching Award from the University of California-Berkeley in 1998. <mask>'s Research

Dissertation
<mask>'s dissertation entitled, “A Case Study Examination of the Role of Oral Language in the Writing Processes of Kindergarteners” helped to set the stage for her future research of children's writing in a sociocultural context. In her dissertation, Dyson drew heavily from scholars such as Britton, Vygotsky,
Ferreiro,
and others who emphasized the critical role that oral language has in literacy learning. For instance, Britton was quoted by Dyson as stating: “All that the children write, your response to what they write, their response to each other, all this takes place afloat upon a sea of talk. Talk is what provides the links between you and them and what they have written, between what they have written and each other.”   In her dissertation,
Dyson elected qualitative research to investigate the role of oral language in the early writing processes of five kindergarten students over a three-month period. During her case study she collected data, such as observational notes, audio recordings of children's talk, written products, daily log entries, child and parent interviews, and informal assessment tasks. At the conclusion of this study, some of Dyson's findings include: that talk is an integral part of the early writing process, young children write for different purposes, and that there is no one early writing process.Research Focus
<mask> <mask>'s research focuses on the study of early childhood literacies from a sociocultural perspective. Known mainly by her works, <mask> immerses herself in ethnographic research that examines children's writing, in particular story making. Common threads found throughout Dyson's work include her study of primary grade children in urban schools with culturally diverse populations over the course of a year or more. In Dyson's words, “My research focuses on language and literacy development in the early childhood years. I use qualitative and sociolinguistic research procedures to examine written language use from children’s points of view - from within their own social lives”  Additionally, Dyson studies the influences of popular culture on young children's literacy development. She comments, “My projects include an interest in written language as part of children’s symbolic repertoire (e.g., talk, drawing, dramatic movement) and in the intersection of childhood cultures and school literacy learning. What matters most to school children is often other children.Written language can become woven into their unofficial childhood practices in ways that co-exist with, contribute to, or conflict with the official school world. Young children’s literacy use often entails their participation in popular culture. So I have become interested in changing notions of written language and of the texts through which people learn and play (particularly those of popular culture), in how children’s literacy use reflects these changing notions, and in how schools should respond to those changes”

Methodology
Dyson's approach to research through ethnography has allowed her to explore children's language and literacy development holistically as it occurs naturally in sociocultural contexts. Typical of ethnography, her research has sought to explain, describe, and provide insight into human behavior in context. In Dyson's in-depth ethnographies,  she reported the devotion of many days and weeks of observation in a new classroom before knowing what would be considered data for her study, stressing the importance of building trust and a rapport between herself, as a researcher, and the classroom members. As reported in her book, The Brothers and Sisters Learn to Write (2003), Dyson describes the importance of being unobtrusive in her observations of children in the classrooms, while at the same time demonstrating interest in their activities: “ …I made no effort to become one of the gang. I was ‘busy' with writing in my notebook, I  was ‘interested’ in ‘children,’ and I wouldn’t ‘tell on them.’ So, as Rita [classroom teacher] taught a lesson, circulated among the children, or modeled working  on her  product, I sat, pen in hand, legal pad on lap, watching and writing without looking at the pad (a feat that never fails to impress first graders).(p. 21). <mask> deliberately chooses classrooms contusive to her research interest: how young children construct their understandings of symbolic communication, including learning to write. She therefore seeks classroom teachers whose instruction allows children the freedom to construct their own understandings of literacy in an accepting environment. In these classrooms, Dyson seeks child informants who actively produce evolving constructions of writing and who are relaxed enough to open up to Dyson in order to talk about their work and answer questions regarding it. In Dyson's book-length ethnographic studies,  she pulls together the pieces of her studies into meaningful wholes through the interpretation of triangulated data (e.g., field notes, tape recordings, interviews, artifacts, etc.). By doing this, she tells the stories of children's literacy experiences that meet at the crossroads of official (e.g., classroom, school curriculum, etc.) and unofficial (e.g., peer groups, family, neighborhoods, popular media, etc.)worlds. The Brothers and Sisters Learn to Write
An example of <mask>'s work is given in her book The Brothers and Sisters Learn to Write: Popular Literacies in Childhood and School Cultures (2003). The book is an ethnographic study that takes place in a first grade classroom in an urban school over an academic year. The school in this study had a socioeconomic mix consisting of approximately 50% African American, a third European American, and the remaining was of varied Latino and Asian ancestries. Approximately 40% of the student population qualified for free or reduced lunch. Dyson typically seeks out schools such as this in order to examine their complex classroom communities which are rich in cultural and social diversity. Dyson looks from inside a child's culture out toward the school's demands in order to provide conceptual substance for a theoretical view of written language development that considers broad conceptions of children's literacy resources and learning pathways.She expresses concern for the narrow windows that educators inside the official school world view children's lives, where, Dyson states, “children’s cultural worlds as children--the breadth of their textual experience, the depth of their social and symbolic adaptability—disappear.” (p. 5) <

The focus is on six African American children, known as “the brothers and sisters”: Marcel, Wenona, Denise, Vanessa, Noah, and Lakeisha, who bonded together at school and considered themselves “fake” siblings. During the study, Dyson observed these children as they negotiated their way among the official worlds of school and the unofficial worlds that were governed by their peers, family, homes, churches, neighborhoods, the popular media, etc. Her study focused on children's interactions in and out of official and unofficial worlds and how this influenced their literacy learning. Drawing heavily from Bakhtin (1981),  Dyson situates children on a “landscape of voices” that allows her to portray how children maneuver through social space, rather than only how they participate in the recurrent practices of the official world over time. Additionally, Dyson explored certain types of cultural material (sports, music, movies, etc.) as well as particular children's processes of transforming it into official practices (i.e., writing stories, journal entries, etc.). This ethnographic study is representative of Dyson's work in that it focuses on literacy development from a sociocultural perspective and explores the effects of the popular media on literacy learning.Selected articles

<mask>, A. H. (1984). Emerging alphabetic literacy in school contexts: Toward defining the gap between school curriculum and child mind. Written Communication, 1(1), 5-55. <mask>, A. H. (1987). Individual differences in beginning composing: An orchestral vision of learning to compose. Written Communication, 4(4), 411-442. <mask>, A. H. (1990).Weaving possibilities: Rethinking metaphors for early literacy development. The Reading Teacher, 44(3), 202-213. <mask>, A. H. (1992). The case of the singing scientist: A performance perspective on the" stages" of school literacy. Written Communication, 9(1), 3-47. <mask>, A. H. (1995). Writing children: Reinventing the development of childhood literacy.Written Communication, 12(1), 4-46. <mask>, A. H. (1998). Folk processes and media creatures: Reflections on popular culture for literacy educators. The Reading Teacher, 51(5), 392-402. <mask>, A. H. (1999). Coach bombay. Research in the Teaching of English, 33(4), 367-402.<mask>, A. H. (1988). Negotiating among multiple worlds: The Space/Time dimensions of young children (Report No. 15). Berkeley, CA: California University Center for the Study of Writing. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED297334)

<mask>, A. H. (1989). Multiple worlds of child writers: Friends learning to write.NY: Teachers College Press. <mask>, A. H. (1990). Research in review. symbol makers, symbol weavers: How children link play, pictures and print. Young Children, 45(2), 50-57. <mask>, A. H. (1992). "Whistle for willie," lost puppies, and cartoon dogs: The sociocultural dimensions of young children (Report No.CSW-TR-63). Berkeley, CA: National Center for the Study of Writing and Literacy. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED355513)

<mask>, A. H. (1993). Social worlds of children learning to write in an urban primary school. New York: Teachers College Press. <mask>, A. H. (1993).A sociocultural perspective on symbolic development in primary grade classrooms. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, (61), 25-39. <mask>, A. H., & Genishi, C. (1994). The need for story: Cultural diversity in classroom and community. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English. <mask>, A. H. (1995). Children out of bounds: The power of case studies in expanding visions of literacy development (Report No.CSW-TR-73). Berkeley, CA: National Center for the Study of Writing and Literacy. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED384869)

<mask>, A. H. (1997). Writing superheroes: Contemporary childhood, popular culture, and classroom literacy,. NY: Teachers College Press. <mask>, A. H. (2001).Donkey kong in little bear country: A first grader's composing development in the media spotlight. The Elementary School Journal, 101(4), 417-433. <mask>, A. H. (2003). "Welcome to the jam": Popular culture, school literacy, and the making of childhoods. Harvard Educational Review, 73(3), 328-361. <mask>, A. H. (2005). Crafting "the humble prose of living": Rethinking Oral/Written relations in the echoes of spoken word.English Education, 37(2), 149-164. <mask>, A. H. (2006). Literacy in a child's world of voices, or, the fine print of murder and mayhem. Research in the Teaching of English, 41(2), 147-153. <mask>,  A. H. (2006). On saying it right (write):" fix-its" in the foundations of learning to write. Research in the Teaching of English, 41(1), 8-42.<mask>, A. H. (2003). The brothers and sisters learn to write: Popular literacies in childhood and school cultures. New York: Teachers College Press. <mask>, A. H. (2003). Popular literacies and the" all" children: Rethinking literacy development for contemporary childhoods. Language Arts, 81(2), 100-109. <mask>, A. H. (2013).ReWRITING the basics: literacy learning in children's cultures. NY: Teachers College Press. <mask>, A. H. (2016). Child Cultures, schooling, and literacy: Global perspectives on composing unique lives. NY: Routledge. References

University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
University of Texas at Austin College of Education alumni
University of Illinois faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

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texts:
<mask> (3 March 1919 – 18 January 2017), commonly known as <mask>, was a South African-born novelist, journalist and political commentator who in 1956 settled in Jamaica, where he lived for the rest of his life. His death at the age of 97 is considered to have been murder. Biography

Early years and education

<mask> was born in 1919 in Vrededorp, a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa; his father was from Ethiopia and his mother was Coloured, with French and African roots. Abrahams was five years old when his father died, and with his family thereafter struggling financially his mother sent him to live with relatives until the age of 11, when he became a boarding student at the Anglican Church's Grace Dieu School in Pietersburg. On graduation from there, he went to St Peter's Secondary School in Rosettenville, paying his tuition fees by working at the Bantu Men's Social Centre. Move to London (1939) and Jamaica (1956)

In 1939, Abrahams left South Africa, and worked first as a sailor, and then settled in London, where he was a journalist. Hoping to make his way as a writer, he faced considerable challenges as a South African, as Carol Polsgrove has shown in her history, Ending British Rule: Writers in a Common Cause (2009).Despite a manuscript reader's recommendation against publication, in 1942 Allen & Unwin brought out his Dark Testament, made up mostly of pieces he had carried with him from South Africa. Publisher Dorothy Crisp published his novels Song of the City (1945) and Mine Boy (1946). According to Nigerian scholar Kolawole Ogungbesan, Mine Boy became "the first African novel written in English to attract international attention." More books followed with publication in Britain and the United States: two novels —The Path of Thunder (1948) and Wild Conquest (1950); a journalistic account of a return journey to Africa, Return to Goli (1953); and a memoir, Tell Freedom (1954). While working in London, <mask> lived with his wife Daphne in Loughton. He met several important black leaders and writers, including George Padmore, a leading figure in the Pan-African community there, Kwame Nkrumah of the Gold Coast and Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, both later heads of state of their respective nations. Abrahams is commemorated by a blue plaque on his former council house in Jessel Drive in Loughton installed in 2020.In 1956, <mask> published a roman à clef about the political community of which he had been a part in London: A Wreath for Udomo. His main character, Michael Udomo, who returns from London to his African country to preside over its transformation into an independent, industrial nation, appeared to be modelled chiefly on Nkrumah with a hint of Kenyatta. Other identifiable fictionalized figures included George Padmore. The novel concluded with Udomo's murder. Published the year before Nkrumah took the reins of independent Ghana, A Wreath for Udomo was not an optimistic forecast of Africa's future. In 1956, <mask> settled in Jamaica, where he continued novels and memoirs, also working as a journalist and radio commentator. In 1994 he was awarded the Musgrave Gold Medal for his writing and journalism by the Institute of Jamaica.Death
<mask> was found dead at his home in Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica, on 18 January 2017, aged 97. A forensic examination showed that Abrahams was a victim of foul play. A local 61-year-old man, Norman Tomlinson, was later charged with murder. Court proceedings began in March 2017 after a delay due to a lengthy power outage in the court house; and on 7 October 2018, having pleaded guilty to manslaughter, Tomlinson was jailed for seven years. Writing

<mask> is one of South Africa's most prominent writers, his work dealing with political and social issues, especially with racism. His novel Mine Boy (1946), one of the first works to bring him to critical attention, and his memoir Tell Freedom (1954) deal in part with apartheid. His other works include the story collection Dark Testament (1942) and the novels The Path of Thunder (1948, which inspired both a ballet of the same name and the opera Reiter der Nacht by Ernst Hermann Meyer), A Wreath for Udomo (1956), A Night of Their Own (1965), the Jamaica-set This Island Now (1966, the only one of his novels not set in Africa) and The View from Coyaba (1985).His memoir The Coyaba Chronicles was published in 2000. Works

 Dark Testament (1942)
 Song of the City (1945) 179p, novel, published by Dorothy Crisp & Co Ltd London
 Mine Boy (1946) published by Dorothy Crisp & Co Ltd London – his seminal novel, the first author to bring the horrific reality of South Africa's apartheid system of racial discrimination to international attention. The Path of Thunder (1948)
 Wild Conquest (1950)
 Return to Goli (1953)
 Tell Freedom (1954; new edn 1970)
 A Wreath for Udomo (1956)
 Jamaica: an Island Mosaic (1957), Her Majesty's Stationery Office, the Corona Library
 A Night of Their Own (1965)
 This Island Now (1966)
 The View from Coyaba (1985)
 The Coyaba Chronicles: Reflections on the Black Experience in the 20th Century (2000)

Music inspired by his works

 The ballet İldırımlı yollarla ("The Path of Thunder") (1958) by the Azerbaijani composer Gara Garayev
 the opera Reiter der Nacht (1973) by the East German composer Ernst Hermann Meyer is also based on The Path of Thunder

References

External links

 The African Activist Archive Project website includes a photograph of <mask> and family at his home in England. Ensor, Robert. (1992). The Novels of <mask> and the Rise of Nationalism in Africa. Essen: Die Blaue Eule Verlag.J. Brooks Spector, "Politically incorrect since 2009", PAWA website. 1919 births
2017 deaths
South African male novelists
20th-century Jamaican novelists
Jamaican male novelists
Recipients of the Musgrave Medal
People from Loughton
Anti-apartheid activists
Jamaican people of Ethiopian descent
Jamaican people of French descent
South African emigrants to Jamaica
20th-century South African male writers
Manslaughter victims

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Peter Henry Abrahams Deras
Peter Abrahams
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<mask>, Lady <mask> (née Powell; 1852–1929) was a British artist, copyist, and art patron. She is noted for her part in establishing the National Art Collections Fund in 1903 to help preserve Britain's artistic heritage. In 1910 Walter Sickert wrote of her as "the most useful and authoritative critic living". Background
<mask> was born in Kent and was the daughter of Thomas Wilde Powell, a wealthy patron of the Arts and Crafts Movement. One of her siblings was Mary Elizabeth Turner. From shortly after her mother's death in 1871, to her marriage, she ran her father's household. After a courtship in 1878 and 1879 marked by tension between her independence and his conventional Anglican upbringing, in 1880 she married the physician <mask>, with whom she had two sons.Interests 1880–1900
From 1880 to 1890, <mask> was a director of the Ladies Residential Chambers Co. She was one of its founders, with Agnes Garrett. Herringham encountered fresco work by William Dyce in All Saints, Margaret Street, a setting significant in her courtship. She experimented with tempera recipes, of pigment mixed with egg yolk, and translated Cennino Cennini's authoritative book on the old techniques. She worked as a copyist of Italian tempera paintings in galleries, and an anecdote was told about her meeting John Ruskin while copying a Piero di Cosimo in the National Gallery, London. G. C. Williamson wrote in 1900 that ""It is quite clear from Mrs <mask>'s work, that tempera painting [...] is quite capable of the sort transparent effects which are to be seen in Perugino's paintings [...]". Her paintings had much in common with what has been called "a late provincial renaissance of Pre-Raphaelite and Symbolist art" based in Birmingham, facets of the "Tempera Revival". Independent of the Birmingham group were John D. Batten and John Roddam Spencer Stanhope who also revived and worked in tempera.Her father, who had passed money to his children during his lifetime, died in 1897, and Herringham became wealthy. She gave money to Newnham College, Cambridge at the end of the century. Mary Bateson of Newnham was a scholar and suffragist, and a friend, and Herringham found some money for her at the beginning of the 20th century when Bateson was considering emigration to the USA. Suffrage
<mask> was committed to women's suffrage from 1889. Bertha Newcombe of the Artists' Suffrage League (ASL) was a friend, and Christiana took part in her letter-writing campaign in 1908. Publications
The death in 1905 of Jessie Boucherett, who had founded and given financial support to The Englishwoman's Review, a feminist journal, undermined a publication that had appeared for nearly 40 years, and lasted to 1910. Her will left a lump sum, which was run down.In 1906 <mask> founded the Women's Tribune tabloid before she went to India. It was short-lived, lasting four months, but reported in detail on the Women's Social and Political Union. Explicitly it was the organ of the Women's Declaration Committee, associated with Clementina Black. The publication was recreated as Women and Progress by Nora Vynne and was published until 1914. <mask> also supported the launch in 1909 of The Englishwoman by the Women's League of Suffrage Societies. She published in it "Travel Sketches of Indian Women" in 1909, and "A Visit to a Purdah Hospital" in 1910. It was published from January 1909 by Grant Richards, initially edited by his wife Elisina.In April 1909 Mary Lowndes took it over, as Herringham specified. It continued to 1921. Banners
Christiana <mask> made banners for suffragist groups: for ASL, and the Women Writers' Suffrage League, in particular. The latter was designed by Mary Lowndes, and carried in the 1908 procession organised by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, in which 800 banners were seen. It carried the Latin tag litera scripta manet, part of the saying vox audita perit litera scripta manet. The former was for the ASL, formed in 1907, and involved in production of suffragist materials designed to bring about change. The stitching of the banner was in part the work of Herringham, and its slogan "Alliance not Defiance" implied an appeal for male assistance.Herringham supplied textiles and silk from India for banners: another one on which she worked, carrying the words "Post Laborum Palma", is not known to be extant. The procession in London on 13 June 1908, from the edge of the city to the Albert Hall, met with criticism: Herringham dealt sharply with Oswald Crawfurd, who complained from Switzerland. Art interests 1901–1907
<mask> was involved in founding the Society of Painters in Tempera in 1901. It had little impact on academic painters, but influenced Joseph Southall. The members included Mary Sargant Florence and Margaret Gere; the Society flourished to around 1909, and had around 50 members, holding exhibitions in 1901, 1905 and 1909. It merged into a new Mural Decorators' Society in 1912. The National Art Collections Fund had a quiet inception in June 1903, when <mask> <mask> recruited Roger Fry, Dugald Sutherland MacColl and Claude Phillips.With the exception of Phillips, who was in bad health, they met on 7 July at 40 Wimpole Street, the Herringham's London home: others invited were John Postle Heseltine, Charles Holroyd, John Bowyer Buchanan Nichols, Robert Clermont Witt and Lord Balcarres. They represented business (Heseltine) and politics (Balcarres) as well as the art world. Balcarres gravitated to the position of chairman of a provisional committee, and <mask> provided some working funds, but there were tensions: between Herringham and her cousin Witt, and over the participation of other women. At the first General Meeting of the Fund in November, Fry moved a protest amendment, seconded by <mask>, aimed at the exclusion of key early founders from the executive committee. Balcarres tried hard to smooth over the schism between Witt and Isidore Spielmann on one side, and Fry, MacColl and Phillips on the other. With these issues barely contained backstage, Heseltine set out to acquire the Rokeby Venus for the National Gallery, London, the purchase that established the Fund in British cultural life. In 1904 <mask> was one of the backers found by Fry to re-finance The Burlington Magazine.In 1907, <mask> was one of the founders of the Women's Guild of Arts. India
In 1906, the <mask>s made a trip to India. Christiana subsequently became involved in the promotion of Indian art in the UK through her friendship with William Rothenstein. She was also on good terms with Ananda Coomaraswamy, interested in promoting Indian art in the United Kingdom but otherwise rather isolated. Ernest Havell and Rothenstein formed the India Society and <mask> joined the committee, the only female member of it at the time. The Society would often meet at her home at 40 Wimpole Street in London. Her husband became Chair of the India Society committee in 1914.Herringham travelled to India again in 1911, and made copies of the Buddhist cave paintings at Ajanta near Hyderabad, which had deteriorated. Among the visitors who observed her work was William Rothenstein. An exhibition of the copies opened at the Crystal Palace in London in June 1911. Following the formation of the Society, <mask> returned to the Ajanta caves with Rothenstein. She set up a camp with the help of the Nizam of Hyderabad, and with several artists (including Dorothy Larcher) set about copying the frescoes. The Russian-French art historian Victor Goloubew (:fr:Victor Goloubew) and his assistant, the French writer Charles Müller (:fr:Charles Müller (écrivain)), participated in the project, but the working relationship was fraught. Sister Nivedita arranged for Nandalal Bose and other pupils of Abanindranath Tagore to assist with the work at Ajanta, which had an influence on mural projects based on Havell's teaching in Calcutta.She visited the site, with Jagadish Bose, and also brought Lady Minto, wife of Lord Minto who was Viceroy to 1910. Another artist from Bengal involved at Ajanta was Asit Kumar Haldar. There were also two students from Hyderabad. Later life
<mask>, however, had begun to suffer from delusions of pursuit and persecution. In 1914, she returned to the UK and was admitted to mental institutions. She spent the rest of her life in private nursing homes. She died in Sussex in 1929.Works
 Translation of Il libro dell'arte by Cennino Cennini, 1899. <mask> had taken up the cause of the revival of tempera painting, and this translation from Italian of Cennini's 15th century treatise was a replacement for the 1844 translation by Mary Merrifield. It used the edition in Italian by Carlo and Gaetano Milanesi, and the German translation by Albert Ilg; and became the standard version in English for a generation. The work influenced Marianne Stokes. Ajanta Frescoes: Being Reproductions in Colour and Monochrome of Frescoes in Some of the Caves at Ajanta After Copies Taken in the Years 1909-1911 by <mask> and Her Assistants (1915)

Legacy
Wilmot <mask> left the couple's art collection, and a number of Christiana's paintings, to Bedford New College and to Newnham College. Royal Holloway, University of London now owns a large collection of <mask>'s works, of those originally left to Bedford New College, remaining in the College gallery and archive. Family

Christiana and Wilmot <mask> had two sons.Christopher (1882–1893) died of rheumatoid arthritis. Geoffrey (1883–1914) was a professional soldier, killed at the Battle of Messines at the beginning of World War I. In literature
Her biographer Mary Lago suggests <mask> <mask> may have been the inspiration for Mrs Moore in E. M. Forster's 1924 novel A Passage to India. The <mask>s were family friends of the Forsters, through Forster's Aunt Laura; and Forster dined with Wilmot <mask>, William Rothenstein and Rabindranath Tagore in 1912, before his journey to India. Lago makes a case that the Adela Quested character in the novel is based on a travelling companion of the Herringhams on their 1906 voyage out. Notes

External links

<mask> <mask> (1852-1929) artist and Women’s Suffrage campaigner, exploringsurreyspast.org.uk
Mary Lago Collection at the University of Missouri Libraries

1852 births
1929 deaths
19th-century British painters
20th-century British painters
19th-century British women artists
20th-century British women artists
Art copyists
British art patrons
British women painters
People from Kent

masks:
Christiana Jane Herringham
Herringham
Christiana Jane Powell
Wilmot Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Christiana
Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Lady Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Christiana
Herringham
Herringham
Herringham
Christiana
Jane Herringham


texts:
<mask> (September 12, 1825 – August 11, 1908) was an American journalist and the sixth Librarian of Congress. He served as librarian from 1864 to 1897 under the administration ten presidents. Early life

Spofford was born in Gilmanton, New Hampshire. Ill health prevented him from attending Amherst College. He instead, at age 19, moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he became a bookseller, publisher, and newspaper man. In 1849, <mask> founded the Literary Club of Cincinnati with John Celivergos Zachos, Stanley Matthews and nine others. Prominent members included Rutherford B. Hayes and William Howard Taft; notable club guests Ralph Waldo Emerson, Booker T. Washington, Mark Twain, and Robert Frost.In 1850 prominent abolitionist and woman's rights activist John Celivergos Zachos named his son <mask> to honor Spofford. In 1851, in response to the Fugitive Slave Law, he published the pamphlet The Higher Law, Tried by Reason and Authority, which argued that "Injustice is the only treason; no law can legalize it, no constitution can sanction it." Readers included Emerson, who shared Spofford's antislavery principles. In 1859 Spofford became associate editor of the Cincinnati Commercial. He was also active in Republican politics and was a delegate to the 1856 Republican National Convention, where John C. Frémont was nominated. While in Washington, D.C., in 1861, shortly after reporting on the First Battle of Bull Run for The Cincinnati Commercial, Spofford accepted the position of Chief Assistant Librarian of Congress under the Librarian of Congress John G. Stephenson. Once Spofford learned of the impending retirement of Stephenson, Spofford gathered enough political endorsements for the position, which later led President Abraham Lincoln to promote Spofford to the post of Librarian of Congress in 1864.He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1873. Librarian of Congress
Spofford served as the Librarian of Congress from 1864 to 1897, a tenure that saw the expansion of the library's collections and notable changes in its methods of collection development. According to the library's published history, Spofford contributed to the Jeffersonian vision for the library that a “democratic form of government depended on a comprehensive base of knowledge and information.”

Spofford is generally credited with overseeing the expansion of the Library from a Congressional resource into a national institution. During his tenure, the library's collection expanded from over 60,000 items to more than one million. Among his more noted acquisitions was the purchase of a vast collection of early American archives from noted archivist Peter Force. Spofford's hopes were to follow the great library models of Europe, in which "the library would be a comprehensive collection of the literature of the nation." Beginning in the 1830s, the Library of Congress began to receive foreign governmental documents and publications.By the late 1860s, Spofford convinced Congress to allow the library to become the repository for international documents. He stated that "there is almost no work, within the vast range of literature and science, which may not at some time prove useful to the legislature of a great nation." Spofford's championing of the copyright law, passed on July 8, 1870, also expanded the library's collection through the copyright registration deposit mandate. The law "centralized all U.S. copyright registration and deposit activities at the Library." and stipulated that two copies of every "book pamphlet, map, print, photograph, and piece of music registered for copyright be deposited in the Library." In arguing for the deposit requirement, Spofford suggested that the legislature would "provide a repository of American culture." In his argument for the copyright law to Congress, he wrote that "the Public intelligence and welfare are promoted by every extension of the means of acquiring knowledge."The law established the library as the de facto national library of the United States and "essentially resolved [any] debate over which institution would serve as America's national library." Spofford had persuaded Congress to expand the library's space within the Capitol in 1865. As it was becoming the nation's copyright depository happened at about the same time as two major acquisitions: Congress authorized the transfer of the Smithsonian Institution's collection to the Library of Congress and the purchase of the large private collection of Peter Force. Subsequently, the library quickly outgrew its new space, and Spofford proposed construction of a new building for the Library in 1872. Congress quickly agreed, but the project was bogged down in bickering over details. As the collection outgrew the space for it, books and boxes piled conspicuously on the floor. Members of Congress who used the library could hardly find room to work.Although everyone recognized the need for a new building, it took more than a decade to resolve all the issues. Finally, Congress appropriated funds for the new building in 1886. A dispute with the architect further delayed the start of construction until 1888. The building was finally completed in 1897 and is now known as the Thomas Jefferson Building. In 1897, Spofford stepped aside in favor of a younger librarian, John Russell Young, and returned to his old post of Chief Assistant Librarian, where he remained until his death. Spofford also held a post as professor and department head of library science at the Columbian University in Washington, D.C. During his retirement, Spofford wrote and published A Book for All Readers, and was described by the New York Times as "written from the fullness of knowledge and experience of a veteran librarian for the guidance of younger members of his chosen profession." Posthumous reception

While doing research on Spofford, John Y. Cole discovered that while <mask>'s ashes were interred at Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C., his tombstone was blank, although his wife's name was there.Spofford was also not listed in the cemetery's handout that noted the famous people buried there. Although Cole was responsible for bringing this to the attention of some Spofford descendants, nothing was done to correct this until 2004, when John Spofford Morgan, <mask> Spofford's great-grandson (1917–2015), saw to it that the situation was remedied. Today, the tombstone reads, "<mask> <mask>, 1825–1908, Librarian of Congress, 1864–1897, Appointed by President Lincoln." His name is also now listed in the cemetery's handout on notable figures whose tombstones can be viewed there. References

Sources

External links

1825 births
1908 deaths
American male journalists
19th-century American journalists
American publishers (people)
Librarians of Congress
People from Gilmanton, New Hampshire
Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery
19th-century publishers (people)
Journalists from New Hampshire
American abolitionists
Ohio Republicans
19th-century American businesspeople

masks:
Ainsworth Rand Spofford
Spofford
Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Rand Spoord


texts:
<mask> is a Danish visual artist and contemporary photographer born in 1970. Biography

<mask> was born in Copenhagen and graduated from Denmark's Photographic Art School Fatamorgana in 1992. <mask>'s work has documentary references, operating at the intersection of conceptual photography and installation. <mask> has had solo exhibitions at Esbjerg Kunstmuseum; Bruce Silverstein Gallery, New York; Martin Asbæk Gallery, Copenhagen and Center for Fotografi, Stockholm among others. He has also exhibited at Statens Museum for Kunst, ARoS and Skagens Museum in Denmark, and in Korea, China, USA, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, France, Finland, England, Hungary and Turkey. In 2001 <mask> published the book 3x1 with Gyldendal Publishers. Boxer
was published in 2003 by ArtPeople.He has received a series of grants from the Hasselblad Foundation, The Danish Ministry of Culture, The Danish Arts Foundation and The Danish Arts Council. <mask> <mask> is represented in numerous public collections, including The Israel Museum, Jerusalem; MUSAC, Spain, Maison Européenne de Photographie, France, The Museum of Fine Arts Houston, USA, La Casa Encendida, Spain, Fondation Neuflize Vie, France, Art Foundation Majorca, Spain, Hiscox Art Project, USA. And in Denmark, The National Museum of Photography, The Danish Arts Foundation, Skagen Museum, Nykredit and Museet for Fotokunst, Brandts. <mask> <mask> also has a long-term collaboration with the Danish artist Trine Søndergaard. They have published books including How to Hunt, with ArtPeople in 2005 and Hatje Cantz in 2010, and TreeZone with Hassla Books in 2009, and exhibited together in Sweden, Germany, Spain, France, Canada, Finland, USA, China and Korea. Their collaborative works have received awards including the Special Jury Prize at Paris Photo 2006 and The Niels Wessel Bagge's Foundation for the Arts Award in 2008. <mask> <mask> is a member of Kunstnersamfundet and The Danish Association of Visual Artists.He is represented by the Martin Asbæk Gallery in Copenhagen and Bruce Silverstein Gallery in New York. Solo exhibitions
2011 SAMMENSTØD Esbjerg Kunstmuseum, Danmark. Helsinki, Finland
2008 Another Adventures; with Søndergaard. Frankfurt, Germany (cat)
2008 Hunting Grounds; with Trine Søndergaard, Ebbe Stub Wittrub. Max Estrella Gallery, Madrid, Spain
2008 Grønningen; with Søndergaard, Bornholms Art Museum, Denmark
2008 On Hunting; with Søndergaard, Gallery Andreas Grimm, Münich, Germany. 2008 Art Basel; Solo-projects, (artfair)
2008 Danish Devils; with Søndergaard, Kunsthal Charlottenborg, Copenhagen, Denmark. (cat)
2008 ARCO 08" (artfair) Madrid, Spain
2008 Berlin Art Forum; (artfair) Berlin, Germany
2007 Reality Crossing; 2.Fotofestival Kunsthalle Mannheim, Denmark (cat)
2007 New Photography from Denmark, Houston, US.2007 Lianzhou Fotobienale; with Søndergaard, Ebbe Stub & Astrid K. Jensen (cat)
2007 Salon 1" Museumsbygningen, Copenhagen, Denmark
2007 Mia Sundberg Gallery; with Søndergaard, Stockholm, Sweden
2007 Existencias; with Søndergaard, MUSAC – Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y Leon, Spain
2007 Summer in the City II; with Søndergaard, Martin Asbæk Projects, Denmark
2007 New Journal; with Søndergaard, Møstingshus, Denmark
2007 Fondation Neuflize Vie: Acquisitions for the MEP (1999–2006); with Trine Søndergaard, Maison Europeenne de la Photographie Ville de Paris, France
2007 Achtung! Kunst! ; The National Museum of Photography, Denmark
2007 Hunter & Gatherer; with Søndergaard, Gallery Ferenbalm-Gurbrü Station, Germany
2007 The Animal Show; with Søndergaard, Galleri Hornbæk, Denmark
2006 Scandinavian Photo II: Denmark; FotoFest, Texas, US. (cat)
2006 Teen Beat; the Society for Contemporary Photography, Kansas, US
2006 Summer in the City; with Søndergaard. Martin Asbaek Projects, Denmark
2006 Another Adventures; with Søndergaard. Style Cube Zandari, Seoul, Korea. (cat)
2006 The Open Book; The National Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark (cat)
2006 Artists´ Choice; with Søndergaard, Bendixen Contemporary Art, Denmark
2005 Spells of Childhood; Tampere Art Museum, Finland (cat)
2005 New Photography from Denmark; Faulconer Gallery, Iowa, US.2005 Contemporary Photo Books; Rocket Gallery, London, UK
2004 Martin Asbæk Projects, Galerie Asbæk, Denmark
2004 Distance; Institute of Contemporary Art, Dunaujvaros, Hungary
2004 Hereford Photography Festival; Hereford, UK. (cat)
2004 Don't mention it; The National Museum, Denmark
2004 Something different; Fotografisk Center, Denmark
2004 Familliebilleder; Brænderigaarden, Viborg, Denmark (cat)
2003 Surprise; Galerie Asbæk, København, Denmark
2003 Boxer; Museet for Fotokunst, Denmark (cat)
2003 3*1; Ifsak, November, Istanbul, Turkey
2002 Home Sweet Home; Århus Art Museum, Denmark (cat)
2002 Surprise; Galerie Asbæk, Copenhagen, Denmark
2001 Never Ending Story; Billboard, Marts, Copenhagen, Denmark
2000 Longterm Projects; with Søndergaard, Galerie Asbæk, Copenhagen, Denmark
1999 Fatamorgana; Øksnehallen, Copenhagen, Denmark (cat)
1999 2. Maj's Jubilæum's Udstilling; Rejsestaldene, Copenhagen, Denmark (cat)
1999 From the Hidden; The National Museum of Photo, Denmark
1999 Ung Fotografi; Birkerød Kunstforening, Birkerød, Denmark
1998 Meanwhile; Fotografisk Center, Copenhagen, Denmark. Ville de Paris, Paris, France
2007 Hunter & Gatherer, Gallery Ferenbalm-Gurbrü Station, Karlsruhe, Germany
2007 New Photography From Denmark, Houston, USA (catalogue)
2006 Summer in The City II, Martin Asbæk Projects, Copenhagen, Denmark
2006 Artist Choice, Bendixen Contemporary, Copenhagen, Denmark
2006 Another Adventure, Style Cube Zandari, Seoul, Korea (catalogue)
2006 New Adventures, Danish Contemporary Photography & Video, China (catalogue)
2006 New Adventures, Danish Contemporary Photography & Video, Korea (catalogue)
2006 Summer in The City, Martin Asbæk Projects, Copenhagen, Denmark
2003 Familiebilleder, Kunsthallen Brænderigaarden, Viborg, Denmark (catalogue)
2000 Longterm Projects, Underground, Galleri Asbæk, Copenhagen, Denmark

Collections
Art Foundation Mallorca, Spain. Hiscox Art Project, US. Bornholms Kunstmuseum, Gudhjem, Denmark. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel.Skagens Museum, Skagen, Denmark. Ny Carlsberg Fondet, Copenhagen, Denmark. La Casa Encendida, Madrid, Spain. La Casa Encendida, Madrid, Spain. The Danish Arts Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark. The National Museum of Photography, Copenhagen, Denmark. The Museum of Art Photography, Odense, Denmark.Musac, Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León. Spain. Nykredit, Copenhagen, Denmark. The K.P.A. Kunst på arbejdspladsen, Copenhagen, Denmark. The Hermés Collection. France.the Juan Redón Collection, Espania. Publications
<mask> <mask> & Trine Søndergaard. TreeZone. Hassla Books, 2009. <mask> <mask> & Trine Søndergaard, with text by Anna Krogh. How to Hunt. Artpeople, Copenhagen, 2005.<mask> Howalt. Boxer. People's Press, 2003. <mask> Howalt. 3X1. Kobenhavn, Gyldendal, 2001. External links
Bruce Silverstein Gallery

References

1970 births
Living people
21st-century Danish photographers
Danish photographers

masks:
Nicolai Howalt
Nicolai Howalt
Nicolai Howalt
Nicolai Howalt
Nicolai Howalt
Nicolai
Howalt
Nicolai
Howalt
Nicolai
Howalt
Nicolai
Howalt
Nicolai
Howalt
Nicolai
Nicolai


texts:
<mask> (; 17 August 1907 – 5 November 2000) was a French diplomat, writer of bestseller novels and non-fiction, and a defender of gay rights and pederasty. Life and work
Born in Castres, Tarn, to a middle class bourgeois family, Peyrefitte went to Jesuit and Lazarist boarding schools and then studied language and literature in the University of Toulouse. After graduating first of his year from Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris in 1930, he worked as an embassy secretary in Athens between 1933 and 1938. Back in Paris, he had to resign in 1940 for personal reasons before being reintegrated in 1943 and finally ending his diplomatic career in 1945. In his novels, he often treated controversial themes and his work put him at odds with the Roman Catholic church. He wrote openly about his homoerotic experiences in boarding school in his 1943 first novel Les amitiés particulières which won the coveted prix Renaudot in 1944. The book was made into a film of the same name  which was released in 1964.On the set, Peyrefitte met the 12-year-old Alain-Philippe Malagnac d'Argens de Villèle; and both fell in love. Peyrefitte tells the story of their relationship in Notre amour ("Our Love" – 1967) and L'Enfant de cœur ("Child of the Heart" – 1978). Malagnac later married performer Amanda Lear. A cultivator of scandal, Peyrefitte attacked the Vatican and Pope Pius XII in his book Les Clés de saint Pierre (1953), which earned him the nickname of "Pope of the Homosexuals". The publication of the book started a bitter quarrel with François Mauriac. Mauriac threatened to resign from the paper he was working with at the time, L'Express, if it did not stop carrying advertisements for the book. The quarrel was exacerbated by Mauriac's articles attacking the memory of Jean Cocteau because of his homosexuality and the release of the film adaptation of Les amitiés particulières.This culminated in a virulent open letter by Peyrefitte in which he accused Mauriac of being a hypocrite, a fake heterosexual who maligned his own children and a closeted homosexual with a past. It is said Mauriac was badly shaken by this letter, unable to get out of bed for a whole week. In April 1976, after Pope Paul VI had condemned pre-marital sex, masturbation and homosexuality in the encyclical Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions Concerning Sexual Ethics, in a series of interviews Peyrefitte accused him of being a closet homosexual that chose his papal name after his lover's first name. Although his statements were published in a few discreet magazines, Peyrefitte was surprised and overjoyed when one day he watched in television the Pope addressing the issue in the heart of St. Peter's Square, complaining about the "horrible and slanderous insinuations" that were being said about the Holy Father and appealing for prayers on his behalf. In Les Ambassades (1951), he revealed the ins and outs of diplomacy. Peyrefitte also wrote a book full of gossip about Baron Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen's exile in Capri (L'Exilé de Capri, 1959) and translated Greek gay love poetry (La Muse garçonnière (The Boyish Muse), Flammarion, 1973). In his memoirs, Propos Secrets, he wrote extensively about his youth, his sex life (pederastic mainly and a few affairs with women), his years as a diplomat, his travels to Greece and Italy and his troubles with the police for sexually harassing male teenagers.He also gave vent to his fierce love of snobbish genealogizing and vitriolic well-documented gossip, writing about famous people of his time such as André Gide, Henry de Montherlant, François Mauriac, André Malraux, Jean Cocteau, Jean Genet, Marcel Jouhandeau, Marie-Laure de Noailles, Gaston Gallimard, Jean-Paul Sartre, Charles de Gaulle, Giscard d'Estaing, Georges Pompidou, among many others. Claiming he had reliable sources within the Vatican's "black aristocracy", once again he stated that three recent popes of the 20th century were homosexuals: Pius XII, John XXIII and Paul VI. He particularly loved to expose the hypocrisy and vanity of prominent people, to denounce fake aristocrats and to out closeted homosexuals. <mask>te wrote popular historical biographies about Alexander the Great and Voltaire. In Voltaire et Frédéric II he claimed that Voltaire had been the passive lover of Frederick the Great. In spite of his libertarian views on sexuality, politically Peyrefitte was a conservative bourgeois and in his later years he supported right-winger Jean-Marie Le Pen. He died of Parkinson's disease at age 93.Legacy

After his death, the city of Capri dedicated a plaque to him which is mounted near Villa Lysis and the inscription of which reads: A <mask>te autore de L'esule di Capri per aver esaltato e diffuso il mito, la cultura e la bellezza dell'isola nel mondo. — "For <mask>, author of L'Exile de Capri, for having exalted and diffused the myth, the culture, and the beauty of this island in the world." In a 2012 essay about the importance of public libraries, English actor and writer Stephen Fry mentions that Peyrefitte's novels The Exile of Capri and Special Friendships were "unforgettable, transformative books" for him. Press cuttings

Obituary in The Times, 7 November 2000, page 25. "In the minds of many, <mask>'s reputation as a genuinely literary novelist is based on Les Amitiés Particulières (1944), which was also his first. He wrote many others, but none really matched the literary merit of the first, and the author seemed increasingly to seek a succès de scandale rather than any serious critical consideration." Obituary by James Kirkup in The Independent: The Tuesday Review, 7 November 2000, page 6."Peyrefitte was a skilled manipulator of the media. He was charismatic to the point of absurdity, with his dramatic gestures and outrageous behaviour, so that in the end no one took any notice of his often ludicrous fabrications, though they were always delivered with great style and conviction, and with an effrontery that was amusingly malicious...Peyrefitte acknowledges the courage of his great predecessors André Gide, Marcel Proust, Jean Cocteau and Oscar Wilde, while regretting the timidity of Marcel Jouhandeau and many of the contemporary French writers, whether gay or straight, in pursuing the cause of homosexual (and heterosexual) rights." Obituary by Douglas Johnson in The Guardian, 15 November 2000, page 24. "André Gide, who had attempted to defend homosexuality in a much earlier work, was prophetic in his congratulations to Peyrefitte. He did not think that Les Amitiés Particulières would win the Goncourt prize, but he did believe it would still be read a century later." Bibliography
Les Amitiés particulières, novel, Editions Flammarion 1944  (English translations as Special Friendships by Felix Giovanelli 1950 & Edward Hyams 1958: )
Mademoiselle de Murville, novel, Editions Jean Vigneau 1947
Le Prince des neiges, drama in 3 acts, Editions Jean Vigneau 1947
L'Oracle, novel, Editions Jean Vigneau 1948 (definitive edition 1974)
Les Amours singulières, novel, Editions Jean Vigneau 1949
La Mort d'une mère, Editions Flammarion 1950
Les Ambassades, novel, Editions Flammarion 1951 (English translation 1953 by James FitzMaurice as Diplomatic Diversions: )
Les Œuvres libres - <mask>eyrefitte, etc.

masks:
Roger Peyrefitte
Roger Peyrefit
Roger Peyfit
Roger Peyrefitte
Roger Peyrefitte
Roger P