texts:
<mask> of Samosata (Ancient Greek: Λουκιανός ό Σαμοσατεύς), ( 125 – after 180) was a Hellenized Syrian satirist, rhetorician and pamphleteer who is best known for his characteristic tongue-in-cheek style, with which he frequently ridiculed superstition, religious practices, and belief in the paranormal. Although his native language was probably Syriac, all of his extant works are written entirely in ancient Greek (mostly in the Attic Greek dialect popular during the Second Sophistic period). Everything that is known about <mask>'s life comes from his own writings, which are often difficult to interpret because of his extensive use of sarcasm. According to his oration The Dream, he was the son of a lower middle class family from the city of Samosata along the banks of the Euphrates in the remote Roman province of Syria. As a young man, he was apprenticed to his uncle to become a sculptor, but, after a failed attempt at sculpting, he ran away to pursue an education in Ionia. He may have become a travelling lecturer and visited universities throughout the Roman Empire. After acquiring fame and wealth through his teaching, <mask> finally settled down in Athens for a decade, during which he wrote most of his extant works.In his fifties, he may have been appointed as a highly paid government official in Egypt, after which point he disappears from the historical record. <mask>'s works were wildly popular in antiquity, and more than eighty writings attributed to him have survived to the present day, a considerably higher quantity than for most other classical writers. His most famous work is A True Story, a tongue-in-cheek satire against authors who tell incredible tales, which is regarded by some as the earliest known work of science fiction. <mask> invented the genre of the comic dialogue, a parody of the traditional Socratic dialogue. His dialogue Lover of Lies makes fun of people who believe in the supernatural and contains the oldest known version of "The Sorcerer's Apprentice". <mask> wrote numerous satires making fun of traditional stories about the gods including The Dialogues of the Gods, Icaromenippus, Zeus Rants, Zeus Catechized, and The Parliament of the Gods. His Dialogues of the Dead focuses on the Cynic philosophers Diogenes and Menippus.Philosophies for Sale and The Banquet or Lapiths make fun of various philosophical schools, and The Fisherman or the Dead Come to Life is a defense of this mockery. <mask> often ridiculed public figures, such as the Cynic philosopher Peregrinus Proteus in his letter The Passing of Peregrinus and the fraudulent oracle Alexander of Abonoteichus in his treatise Alexander the False Prophet. <mask>'s treatise On the Syrian Goddess satirizes cultural distinctions between Greeks and Syrians and is the main source of information about the cult of Atargatis. <mask> had an enormous, wide-ranging impact on Western literature. Works inspired by his writings include Thomas More's Utopia, the works of François Rabelais, William Shakespeare's Timon of Athens and Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels. Life

Biographical sources
<mask> is not mentioned in any contemporary texts or inscriptions written by others and he is not included in Philostratus's Lives of the Sophists. As a result of this, everything that is known about <mask> comes exclusively from his own writings.A variety of characters with names very similar to <mask>, including "Lukinos," "Lukianos," "Lucius," and "The Syrian" appear throughout <mask>'s writings. These have been frequently interpreted by scholars and biographers as "masks", "alter-egos", or "mouthpieces" of the author. Daniel S. Richter criticizes the frequent tendency to interpret such "Lucian-like figures" as self-inserts by the author and argues that they are, in fact, merely fictional characters <mask> uses to "think with" when satirizing conventional distinctions between Greeks and Syrians. He suggests that they are primarily a literary trope used by <mask> to deflect accusations that he as the Syrian author "has somehow outraged the purity of Greek idiom or genre" through his invention of the comic dialogue. British classicist Donald Russell states, "A good deal of what <mask> says about himself is no more to be trusted than the voyage to the moon that he recounts so persuasively in the first person in True Stories" and warns that "it is foolish to treat [the information he gives about himself in his writings] as autobiography." Background and upbringing

<mask> was born in the town of Samosata on the banks of the Euphrates on the far eastern outskirts of the Roman Empire. Samosata had been the capital of the Kingdom of Commagene until 72 AD when it was annexed by Vespasian and became part of the Roman province of Syria.The population of the town was mostly Syrian and <mask>'s native tongue was probably Syriac, a form of Middle Aramaic. During the time when <mask> lived, traditional Greco-Roman religion was in decline and its role in society had become largely ceremonial. As a substitute for traditional religion, many people in the Hellenistic world joined mystery cults, such as the Mysteries of Isis, Mithraism, the cult of Cybele, and the Eleusinian Mysteries. Superstition had always been common throughout ancient society, but it was especially prevalent during the second century. Most educated people of <mask>'s time adhered to one of the various Hellenistic philosophies, of which the major ones were Stoicism, Platonism, Peripateticism, Pyrrhonism, and Epicureanism. Every major town had its own university and these universities often employed professional travelling lecturers, who were frequently paid high sums of money to lecture about various philosophical teachings. The most prestigious center of learning was the city of Athens in Greece, which had a long intellectual history.According to <mask>'s oration The Dream, which classical scholar Lionel Casson states he probably delivered as an address upon returning to Samosata at the age of thirty-five or forty after establishing his reputation as a great orator, <mask>'s parents were lower middle class and his uncles owned a local statue-making shop. <mask>'s parents could not afford to give him a higher education, so, after he completed his elementary schooling, <mask>'s uncle took him on as an apprentice and began teaching him how to sculpt. <mask>, however, soon proved to be poor at sculpting and ruined the statue he had been working on. His uncle beat him, causing him to run off. <mask> fell asleep and experienced a dream in which he was being fought over by the personifications of Statuary and of Culture. He decided to listen to Culture and thus sought out an education. Although The Dream has long been treated by scholars as a truthful autobiography of <mask>, its historical accuracy is questionable at best.Classicist Simon Swain calls it "a fine but rather apocryphal version of <mask>'s education" and Karin Schlapbach calls it "ironical". Richter argues that it is not autobiographical at all, but rather a prolalia [], or playful literary work, and a "complicated meditation on a young man's acquisition of paideia" [i.e. education]. Russell dismisses The Dream as entirely fictional, noting, "We recall that Socrates too started as sculptor, and Ovid's vision of Elegy and Tragedy (Amores 3.1) is all too similar to <mask>'s." Education and career

In <mask>'s Double Indictment, the personification of Rhetoric delivers a speech in which she describes the unnamed defendant, who is described as a "Syrian" author of transgressive dialogues, at the time she found him, as a young man wandering in Ionia in Anatolia "with no idea what he ought to do with himself". She describes "the Syrian" at this stage in his career as "still speaking in a barbarous manner and all but wearing a caftan [kandys] in the Assyrian fashion". Rhetoric states that she "took him in hand and... gave him paideia".Scholars have long interpreted the "Syrian" in this work as <mask> himself and taken this speech to mean that <mask> ran away to Ionia, where he pursued his education. Richter, however, argues that the "Syrian" is not <mask> himself, but rather a literary device <mask> uses to subvert literary and ethnic norms. Ionia was the center of rhetorical learning at the time. The most prestigious universities of rhetoric were in Ephesus and Smyrna, but it is unlikely that <mask> could have afforded to pay the tuition at either of these schools. It is not known how <mask> obtained his education, but somehow he managed to acquire an extensive knowledge of rhetoric as well as classical literature and philosophy. <mask> mentions in his dialogue The Fisherman that he had initially attempted to apply his knowledge of rhetoric and become a lawyer, but that he had become disillusioned by the deceitfulness of the trade and resolved to become a philosopher instead. <mask> travelled across the Empire, lecturing throughout Greece, Italy, and Gaul.In Gaul, <mask> may have held a position as a highly paid government professor. In around 160, <mask> returned to Ionia as a wealthy celebrity. He visited Samosata and stayed in the east for several years. He is recorded as having been in Antioch in either 162 or 163. In around 165, he bought a house in Athens and invited his parents to come live with him in the city. <mask> must have married at some point during his travels, because in one of his writings he mentions having a son at this point. <mask> lived in Athens for around a decade, during which time he gave up lecturing and instead devoted his attention to writing.It was during this decade that <mask> composed nearly all his most famous works. <mask> wrote exclusively in Greek, mainly in the Attic Greek popular during the Second Sophistic, but On the Syrian Goddess, which is attributed to <mask>, is written in a highly successful imitation of Herodotus' Ionic Greek, leading some scholars to believe that <mask> may not be the real author. For unknown reasons, <mask> stopped writing around 175 and began travelling and lecturing again. During the reign of Emperor Commodus (180–92), the aging <mask> may have been appointed to a lucrative government position in Egypt. After this point, he disappears from the historical record entirely, and nothing is known about his death. Views

<mask>'s philosophical views are difficult to categorize due to his persistent use of irony and sarcasm. In The Fisherman, <mask> describes himself as a champion of philosophy and throughout his other writings he characterizes philosophy as a morally constructive discipline, but he is critical of pseudo-philosophers, whom he portrays as greedy, bad-tempered, sexually immoral hypocrites.<mask> was not known to be a member of any of the major philosophical schools. In his Philosophies for Sale, he makes fun of members of every school. <mask> was critical of Stoicism and Platonism, because he regarded them as encouraging superstition. His Nigrinus superficially appears to be a "eulogy of Platonism", but may in fact be satirical, or merely an excuse to ridicule Roman society. Nonetheless, at other times, <mask> writes approvingly of individual philosophies. According to Turner, although <mask> makes fun of Skeptic philosophers, he displays a temperamental inclination towards that philosophy. Edwyn Bevan identifies <mask> as a Skeptic, and in his Hermotimus, <mask> rejects all philosophical systems as contradictory and concludes that life is too short to determine which of them comes nearest to the truth, so the best solution is to rely on common sense, which was what the Pyrrhonian Skeptics advocated.The maxim that "Eyes are better witnesses than ears" is echoed repeatedly throughout several of <mask>'s dialogues. <mask> was skeptical of oracles, though he was by no means the only person of his time to voice such skepticism. <mask> rejected belief in the paranormal, regarding it as superstition. In his dialogue The Lover of Lies, he probably voices some of his own opinions through his character Tychiades, perhaps including the declaration by Tychiades that he does not believe in daemones, phantoms, or ghosts because he has never seen such things. Tychiades, however, still professes belief in the gods' existence:
Dinomachus: 'In other words, you do not believe in the existence of the Gods, since you maintain that cures cannot be wrought by the use of holy names?' Tychiades: 'Nay, say not so, my dear Dinomachus,' I answered; 'the Gods may exist, and these things may yet be lies. I respect the Gods: I see the cures performed by them, I see their beneficence at work in restoring the sick through the medium of the medical faculty and their drugs.Asclepius, and his sons after him, compounded soothing medicines and healed the sick, – without the lion's-skin-and-field-mouse process.' According to Everett Ferguson, <mask> was strongly influenced by the Cynics. The Dream or the Cock, Timon the Misanthrope, Charon or Inspectors, and The Downward Journey or the Tyrant all display Cynic themes. <mask> was particularly indebted to Menippus, a Cynic philosopher and satirist of the third century BC. <mask> wrote an admiring biography of the philosopher Demonax, who was a philosophical eclectic, but whose ideology most closely resembled Cynicism. Demonax's main divergence from the Cynics was that he did not disapprove of ordinary life. Paul Turner observes that <mask>'s Cynicus reads as a straightforward defense of Cynicism, but also remarks that <mask> savagely ridicules the Cynic philosopher Peregrinus in his Passing of Peregrinus.<mask> also greatly admired Epicurus, whom he describes in Alexander the False Prophet as "truly holy and prophetic". Later, in the same dialogue, he praises a book written by Epicurus:
What blessings that book creates for its readers and what peace, tranquillity, and freedom it engenders in them, liberating them as it does from terrors and apparitions and portents, from vain hopes and extravagant cravings, developing in them intelligence and truth, and truly purifying their understanding, not with torches and squills [i. e. sea onions] and that sort of foolery, but with straight thinking, truthfulness and frankness. <mask> had a generally negative opinion of Herodotus and his historiography, which he viewed as faulty. Works

Over eighty works attributed to <mask> have survived. These works belong to a diverse variety of styles and genres, and include comic dialogues, rhetorical essays, and prose fiction. <mask>'s writings were targeted towards a highly educated, upper-class Greek audience and make almost constant allusions to Greek cultural history, leading the classical scholar R. Bracht Branham to label <mask>'s highly sophisticated style "the comedy of tradition". By the time <mask>'s writings were rediscovered during the Renaissance, most of the works of literature referenced in them had been lost or forgotten, making it difficult for readers of later periods to understand his works.A True Story

<mask> was one of the earliest novelists in Western civilization. In A True Story (), a fictional narrative work written in prose, he parodies some of the fantastic tales told by Homer in the Odyssey and also the not-so-fantastic tales from the historian Thucydides. He anticipated modern science fiction themes including voyages to the moon and Venus, extraterrestrial life, interplanetary warfare, and artificial life, nearly two millennia before Jules Verne and H. G. Wells. The novel is often regarded as the earliest known work of science fiction. The novel begins with an explanation that the story is not at all "true" and that everything in it is, in fact, a complete and utter lie. The narrative begins with <mask> and his fellow travelers journeying out past the Pillars of Heracles. Blown off course by a storm, they come to an island with a river of wine filled with fish and bears, a marker indicating that Heracles and Dionysus have traveled to this point, and trees that look like women.Shortly after leaving the island, they are caught up by a whirlwind and taken to the Moon, where they find themselves embroiled in a full-scale war between the king of the Moon and the king of the Sun over colonization of the Morning Star. Both armies include bizarre hybrid lifeforms. The armies of the Sun win the war by clouding over the Moon and blocking out the Sun's light. Both parties then come to a peace agreement. <mask> then describes life on the Moon and how it is different from life on Earth. After returning to Earth, the adventurers are swallowed by a 200-mile-long whale, in whose belly they discover a variety of fish people, whom they wage war against and triumph over. They kill the whale by starting a bonfire and escape by propping its mouth open.Next, they encounter a sea of milk, an island of cheese, and the Island of the Blessed. There, <mask> meets the heroes of the Trojan War, other mythical men and animals, as well as Homer and Pythagoras. They find sinners being punished, the worst of them being the ones who had written books with lies and fantasies, including Herodotus and Ctesias. After leaving the Island of the Blessed, they deliver a letter to Calypso given to them by Odysseus explaining that he wishes he had stayed with her so he could have lived eternally. They then discover a chasm in the Ocean, but eventually sail around it, discover a far-off continent and decide to explore it. The book ends abruptly with <mask> stating that their future adventures will be described in the upcoming sequels, a promise which a disappointed scholiast described as "the biggest lie of all".

masks: Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian


type: original

texts:
 Satirical dialogues
In his Double Indictment, <mask> declares that his proudest literary achievement is the invention of the "satirical dialogue", which was modeled on the earlier Platonic dialogue, but was comedic in tone rather than philosophical.The prolaliai to his Dialogues of the Courtesans suggests that <mask> acted out his dialogues himself as part of a comedic routine. <mask>'s Dialogues of the Dead () is a satirical work centering around the Cynic philosophers Diogenes of Sinope and his pupil Menippus, who lived modestly while they were alive and are now living comfortably in the abysmal conditions of the Underworld, while those who had lived lives of luxury are in torment when faced by the same conditions. The dialogue draws on earlier literary precursors, including the nekyia in Book XI of Homer's Odyssey, but also adds new elements not found in them. Homer's nekyia describes transgressors against the gods being punished for their sins, but <mask> embellished this idea by having cruel and greedy persons also be punished. In his dialogue The Lover of Lies (), <mask> satirizes belief in the supernatural and paranormal through a framing story in which the main narrator, a skeptic named Tychiades, goes to visit an elderly friend named Eukrates. At Eukrates's house, he encounters a large group of guests who have recently gathered together due to Eukrates suddenly falling ill. The other guests offer Eukrates a variety of folk remedies to help him recover.When Tychiades objects that such remedies do not work, the others all laugh at him and try to persuade him to believe in the supernatural by telling him stories, which grow increasingly ridiculous as the conversation progresses. One of the last stories they tell is "The Sorcerer's Apprentice", which the German playwright Johann Wolfgang von Goethe later adapted into a famous ballad. <mask> frequently made fun of philosophers and no school was spared from his mockery. In the dialogue Philosophies for Sale, <mask> creates an imaginary slave market in which Zeus puts famous philosophers up for sale, including Pythagoras, Diogenes, Heraclitus, Socrates, Chrysippus, and Pyrrho, each of whom attempts to persuade the customers to buy his philosophy. In The Banquet, or Lapiths, <mask> points out the hypocrisies of representatives from all the major philosophical schools. In The Fisherman, or the Dead Come to Life, <mask> defends his other dialogues by comparing the venerable philosophers of ancient times with their unworthy contemporary followers. <mask> was often particularly critical of people who pretended to be philosophers when they really were not and his dialogue The Runaways portrays an imposter Cynic as the antithesis of true philosophy.His Symposium is a parody of Plato's Symposium in which, instead of discussing the nature of love, the philosophers get drunk, tell smutty tales, argue relentlessly over whose school is the best, and eventually break out into a full-scale brawl. In Icaromenippus, the Cynic philosopher Menippus fashions a set of wings for himself in imitation of the mythical Icarus and flies to Heaven, where he receives a guided tour from Zeus himself. The dialogue ends with Zeus announcing his decision to destroy all philosophers, since all they do is bicker, though he agrees to grant them a temporary reprieve until spring. Nektyomanteia is a dialogue written in parallel to Icaromenippus in which, rather than flying to Heaven, Menippus descends to the underworld to consult the prophet Tiresias. <mask> wrote numerous dialogues making fun of traditional Greek stories about the gods. His Dialogues of the Gods () consists of numerous short vignettes parodying a variety of the scenes from Greek mythology. The dialogues portray the gods as comically weak and prone to all the foibles of human emotion.Zeus in particular is shown to be a "feckless ruler" and a serial adulterer. <mask> also wrote several other works in a similar vein, including Zeus Catechized, Zeus Rants, and The Parliament of the Gods. Throughout all his dialogues, <mask> displays a particular fascination with Hermes, the messenger of the gods, who frequently appears as a major character in the role of an intermediary who travels between worlds. The Dialogues of the Courtesans is a collection of short dialogues involving various courtesans. This collection is unique as one of the only surviving works of Greek literature to mention female homosexuality. It is also unusual for mixing <mask>'s characters from other dialogues with stock characters from New Comedy; over half of the men mentioned in Dialogues of the Courtesans are also mentioned in <mask>'s other dialogues, but almost all of the courtesans themselves are characters borrowed from the plays of Menander and other comedic playwrights. Treatises and letters

<mask>'s treatise Alexander the False Prophet describes the rise of Alexander of Abonoteichus, a charlatan who claimed to be the prophet of the serpent-god Glycon.Though the account is satirical in tone, it seems to be a largely accurate report of the Glycon cult and many of <mask>'s statements about the cult have been confirmed through archaeological evidence, including coins, statues, and inscriptions. <mask> describes his own meeting with Alexander in which he posed as a friendly philosopher, but, when Alexander invited him to kiss his hand, <mask> bit it instead. <mask> reports that, aside from himself, the only others who dared challenge Alexander's reputation as a true prophet were the Epicureans (whom he lauds as heroes) and the Christians. <mask>'s treatise On the Syrian Goddess is a detailed description of the cult of the Syrian goddess Atargatis at Hierapolis (now Manbij). It is written in a faux-Ionic Greek and imitates the ethnographic methodology of the Greek historian Herodotus, which <mask> elsewhere derides as faulty. For generations, many scholars doubted the authenticity of On the Syrian Goddess because it seemed too genuinely reverent to have really been written by <mask>. More recently, scholars have come to recognize the book as satirical and have restored its Lucianic authorship.In the treatise, <mask> satirizes the arbitrary cultural distinctions between "Greeks" and "Assyrians" by emphasizing the manner in which Syrians have adopted Greek customs and thereby effectively become "Greeks" themselves. The anonymous narrator of the treatise initially seems to be a Greek Sophist, but, as the treatise progresses, he reveals himself to actually be a native Syrian. Scholars dispute whether the treatise is an accurate description of Syrian cultural practices because very little is known about Hierapolis other than what is recorded in On the Syrian Goddess itself. Coins minted in the late fourth century BC, municipal decrees from Seleucid rulers, and a late Hellenistic relief carving have confirmed <mask>'s statement that the city's original name was Manbog and that the city was closely associated with the cults of Atargatis and Hadad. A Jewish rabbi later listed the temple at Hierapolis as one of the five most important pagan temples in the Near East. Macrobii ("Long-Livers") is an essay about famous philosophers who lived for many years. It describes how long each of them lived, and gives an account of each of their deaths.In his treatises Teacher of Rhetoric and On Salaried Posts, <mask> criticizes the teachings of master rhetoricians. His treatise On Dancing is a major source of information about Greco-Roman dance. In it, he describes dance as an act of mimesis ("imitation") and rationalizes the myth of Proteus as being nothing more than an account of a highly skilled Egyptian dancer. He also wrote about visual arts in Portraits and On Behalf of Portraits. <mask>'s biography of the philosopher Demonax eulogizes him as a great philosopher and portrays him as a hero of parrhesia ("boldness of speech"). In his treatise, How to Write History, <mask> criticizes the historical methodology used by writers such as Herodotus and Ctesias, who wrote vivid and self-indulgent descriptions of events they had never actually seen. Instead, <mask> argues that the historian never embellish his stories and should place his commitment to accuracy above his desire to entertain his audience.He also argues the historian should remain absolutely impartial and tell the events as they really happened, even if they are likely to cause disapproval. <mask> names Thucydides as a specific example of a historian who models these virtues. In his satirical letter Passing of Peregrinus (), <mask> describes the death of the controversial Cynic philosopher Peregrinus Proteus, who had publicly immolated himself on a pyre at the Olympic Games of AD 165. The letter is historically significant because it preserves one of the earliest pagan evaluations of Christianity. In the letter, one of <mask>'s characters delivers a speech ridiculing Christians for their perceived credulity and ignorance, but he also affords them some level of respect on account of their morality. In the letter Against the Ignorant Book Collector, <mask> ridicules the common practice whereby Near Easterners collect massive libraries of Greek texts for the sake of appearing "cultured", but without actually reading any of them. Pseudo-<mask>
Some of the writings attributed to <mask>, such as the Amores and the Ass, are usually not considered genuine works of <mask> and are normally cited under the name of "Pseudo-<mask>".The Ass () is probably a summarized version of a story by <mask>, and contains largely the same basic plot elements as The Golden Ass (or Metamorphoses) of Apuleius, but with fewer inset tales and a different ending. Amores is usually dated to the third or fourth centuries based on stylistic grounds. Legacy

Renaissance and Reformation

<mask>'s writings were mostly forgotten during the Middle Ages. The Suda, a tenth-century Byzantine encyclopedia, concludes that <mask>'s soul is burning in Hell for his negative remarks about Christians in the Passing of Peregrinus. <mask>'s writings were rediscovered during the Renaissance and almost immediately became popular with the Renaissance humanists. By 1400, there were just as many Latin translations of the works of <mask> as there were for the writings of Plato and Plutarch. By ridiculing plutocracy as absurd, <mask> helped facilitate one of Renaissance humanism's most basic themes.His Dialogues of the Dead were especially popular and were widely used for moral instruction. As a result of this popularity, <mask>'s writings had a profound influence on writers from the Renaissance and the Early Modern period. Many early modern European writers adopted <mask>'s lighthearted tone, his technique of relating a fantastic voyage through a familiar dialogue, and his trick of constructing proper names with deliberately humorous etymological meanings. During the Protestant Reformation, <mask> provided literary precedent for writers making fun of Catholic clergy. Desiderius Erasmus's Encomium Moriae (1509) displays Lucianic influences. Perhaps the most notable example of <mask>'s impact was on the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was on the French writer François Rabelais, particularly in his set of five novels, Gargantua and Pantagruel, which was first published in 1532. Rabelais also is thought to be responsible for a primary introduction of <mask> to the French Renaissance and beyond through his translations of <mask>'s works.<mask>'s True Story inspired both Sir Thomas More's Utopia (1516) and Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726). Sandro Botticelli's paintings The Calumny of Apelles and Pallas and the Centaur are both based on descriptions of paintings found in <mask>'s works. <mask>'s prose narrative Timon the Misanthrope was the inspiration for William Shakespeare's tragedy Timon of Athens and the scene from Hamlet with the gravediggers echoes several scenes from Dialogues of the Dead. Christopher Marlowe's famous verse "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships/And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?" is a paraphrase of a quote from <mask>. Francis Bacon called <mask> a "contemplative atheist". Early modern period

Henry Fielding, the author of The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749), owned a complete set of <mask>'s writings in nine volumes.He deliberately imitated <mask> in his Journey from This World and into the Next and, in The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great (1743), he describes <mask> as "almost... like the true father of humour" and lists him alongside Miguel de Cervantes and Jonathan Swift as a true master of satire. In The Convent Garden Journal, Fielding directly states in regard to <mask> that he had modeled his style "upon that very author". Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, François Fénelon, Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle, and Voltaire all wrote adaptations of <mask>'s Dialogues of the Dead. According to Turner, Voltaire's Candide (1759) displays the characteristically Lucianic theme of "refuting philosophical theory by reality". Voltaire also wrote The Conversation between <mask>, Erasmus and Rabelais in the Elysian Fields, a dialogue in which he treats <mask> as "one of his masters in the strategy of intellectual revolution". Denis Diderot drew inspiration from the writings of <mask> in his Socrates Gone Mad; or, the Dialogues of Diogenes of Sinope (1770) and his Conversations in Elysium (1780). <mask> appears as one of two speakers in Diderot's dialogue Peregrinus Proteus (1791), which was based on The Passing of Peregrinus.<mask>'s True Story inspired Cyrano de Bergerac, whose writings later served as inspiration for Jules Verne. The German satirist Christoph Martin Wieland was the first person to translate the complete works of <mask> into German and he spent his entire career adapting the ideas behind <mask>'s writings for a contemporary German audience. David Hume admired <mask> as a "very moral writer" and quoted him with reverence when discussing ethics or religion. Hume read <mask>'s Kataplous or Downward Journey when he was on his deathbed. Herman Melville references <mask> in Chapter 5 of The Confidence-Man, Book 26 of Pierre, and Chapter 13 of Israel Potter. Modern period
Kataplous, or Downward Journey also served as the source for Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of the Übermensch or Overman. Nietzsche's declaration of a "new and super-human way of laughing – at the expense of everything serious!"echoes the exact wording of Tiresias's final advice to the eponymous hero of <mask>'s dialogue Menippus: "Laugh a great deal and take nothing seriously." Professional philosophical writers since then have generally ignored <mask>, but Turner comments that "perhaps his spirit is still alive in those who, like Bertrand Russell, are prepared to flavor philosophy with wit." Many modern classicists viewed <mask>'s works negatively. The German classicist Eduard Norden admitted that he had, as a foolish youth, wasted time reading the works of <mask>, but, as an adult, had come to realize that <mask> was nothing more than an "Oriental without depth or character... who has no soul and degrades the most soulful language". Rudolf Helm, one of the leading scholars on <mask> in the early twentieth century, labelled <mask> as a "thoughtless Syrian" who "possesses none of the soul of a tragedian" and compared him to the poet Heinrich Heine, who was known as the "mockingbird in the German poetry forest". In his 1906 publication Lukian und Menipp ("Lucian and Menippus"), Helm argued that <mask>'s claims of generic originality, especially his claim of having invented the comic dialogue, were actually lies intended to cover up his almost complete dependence on Menippus, whom he argued was the true inventor of the genre. <mask>'s Syrian identity received renewed attention in the early twenty-first century as <mask> became seen as what Richter calls "a sort of Second Sophistic answer to early twenty-first-century questions about cultural and ethnic hybridity".Richter states that Postcolonial critics have come to embrace <mask> as "an early imperial paradigm of the 'ethno-cultural hybrid.'" Editions
 ; volume II; volume III; volume IV. ; volume II. <mask>’s True History, with illustrations by Aubrey Beardsley, William Strang, and J. B. Clark, privately printed in an edition of 251 copies, 1894.
 ; volume II; volume III; volume IV. <mask> with an English translation (Loeb Classical Library), in 8 volumes: vols. 1–5 ed.Austin Morris Harmon (1913, 1915, 1921, 1925, 1936); vol. 6 ed. K. Kilburn (1959); vol. 7–8 ed. Matthew Donald Macleod (1961, 1967). Neil Hopkinson (ed. ), <mask>: A Selection.Cambridge Greek and Latin Texts (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008). Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 Lucian of Samosata Project – Library/Texts, Articles, Timeline, Maps, and Themes
 A.M. Harmon, Introduction to <mask> of Samosata

 Dickinson College Commentaries: True Histories
 Alexander the False Prophet – the successful travelling prophet of Asclepius and his oracular serpent god
 Works of <mask> of Samostata at sacred-texts.com
 The Syrian Goddess, at sacred-texts.com
 Macrobii and Lucius (The Ass), at attalus.org
 Contents – Harvard University Press
 P. P. Fuentes González, art. Lucien de Samosate, DPhA IV, 2005, 131–160. Works of <mask> at the Perseus Digital Library Project

125 births
2nd-century deaths
People of Roman Syria
Atticists (rhetoricians)
Ionic Greek writers
Ancient Greek novelists
Greek speculative fiction writers
Ancient Greek satirists
2nd-century Romans
2nd-century writers
2nd-century novelists
Glycon

masks: Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian


texts:
<mask> (né Francesco Ezechiele Ermenegildo de Suppe) (18 April 181921 May 1895) was an Austrian composer of light operas and other theatre music. He came from the Kingdom of Dalmatia, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now part of Croatia). A composer and conductor of the Romantic period, he is notable for his four dozen operettas. Life and education
<mask>'s parents named him Francesco Ezechiele Ermenegildo when he was born on 18 April 1819 in Spalato, now Split, Dalmatia, Austrian Empire. His father was a civil servant in the service of the Austrian Empire, as was his father before him; Suppé's mother was Viennese by birth. He simplified and Germanized his name when in Vienna, and changed "de" to "<mask>". Outside Germanic circles, his name may appear on programmes as Francesco Suppé-Demelli.He spent his childhood in Zara, now Zadar, where he had his first music lessons and began to compose at an early age. As a boy he had encouragement in music from a local bandmaster and by the Zara cathedral choirmaster. His Missa dalmatica dates from this early period. As a teenager in Zara, Suppé studied flute and harmony. His first extant composition is a Roman Catholic mass, which premiered at a Franciscan church in Zara in 1835. From 1840 on he worked as a composer and conductor for <mask>, the director of several theaters in Vienna, Pressburg (now Bratislava), Ödenburg (now Sopron) and Baden bei Wien. In Vienna, after studying with Ignaz <mask>, he conducted in the theatre, with the opportunity to present his own operas there.Eventually, Suppé wrote music for over a hundred productions at the Theater in der Josefstadt as well as the Carltheater in Leopoldstadt, at the Theater an der Wien. He also put on some landmark opera productions, such as the 1846 production of Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots with Jenny Lind. <mask> <mask> died in Vienna on 21 May 1895 and is buried in the Zentralfriedhof. Works
Suppé composed about 30 operettas and 180 farces, ballets, and other stage works. Although the bulk of his operettas have sunk into relative obscurity, the overtures – particularly Dichter und Bauer (Poet and Peasant, 1846) and Leichte Kavallerie (Light Cavalry, 1866) – remain popular, many of them having been used in soundtracks for films, cartoons, advertisements, and so on, in addition to being frequently played at symphonic "pops" concerts. Some of the operettas are still regularly performed, notably Boccaccio, Die schöne Galathée and Fatinitza; while Peter Branscombe, writing in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, characterizes Suppé's song "" as "Austria's second national song". Suppé retained links with his native Dalmatia, occasionally visiting Split (Spalato), Zadar (Zara), and Šibenik.Some of his works are linked with the region, in particular his operetta Des Matrosen Heimkehr, the action of which takes place in Hvar. After retiring from conducting, Suppé continued to write stage work, but increasingly shifted his interest to sacred music. He wrote a Requiem for theatre director <mask> (now very rarely heard); it was first performed on 22 November 1855, during Pokorny's memorial service; an oratorio, Extremum Judicum; three masses, among them the Missa Dalmatica; songs; symphonies; and concert overtures. Two of <mask>'s more ambitious operettas – Boccaccio and Donna Juanita – have been performed at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, but they failed to become repertoire works in the United States. Posthumous use
The descriptive nature of Suppé's overtures has earned them frequent use in numerous animated cartoons:

Ein Morgen, ein Mittag, ein Abend in Wien (Morning, Noon, and Night in Vienna) was the central subject of the 1959 Bugs Bunny cartoon Baton Bunny. Poet and Peasant appears in the Fleischer Studios 1935 Popeye cartoon The Spinach Overture and the Oscar nominated Walter Lantz film of the same title; the overture to Light Cavalry is used in Disney's 1942 Mickey Mouse cartoon Symphony Hour. The start of the cello solo (about one minute in) of the Poet and Peasant overture is nearly an exact match to the start of the folk song "I've Been Working on the Railroad", which was published in 1894.Turner Classic Movies runs a 1955 Cinemascope short of the MGM Symphony Orchestra turning in a vigorous performance of the overture. The Light Cavalry Overture was covered in electronic form by Gordon Langford on his 1974 album The Amazing Music of the Electronic Arp Synthesiser. of Die Frau Meisterin, 1868]

References

Further reading
Blažeković, Zdravko. "Franz von Suppé und Dalmatien", Studien zur Musikwissenschaft: Beihefte der Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich, 43 (1994), 262–272. Gänzl, Kurt. The Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre (3 Volumes). New York: Schirmer Books, 2001.Traubner, Richard. Operetta: A Theatrical History. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1983
 : <mask> Suppè (1819–1895). Mensch. Mythos. Musiker. Ehrenbürger von Gars.Begleitpublikation zur Jubiläums-Ausstellung des . Contributions by Andreas Weigel, Anton Ehrenberger, Ingrid Scherney and Christine Steininger. (Gars am Kamp) 2019. . External links

 Andreas Weigel: On <mask> Suppè’s ancestors and his early years at Zadar. Round table on <mask> Suppè at the University of Zadar. 15 November 2019. George Hamilton: Tall tales from the 'Father of Viennese Operetta'.In: Irish Independent. April 18, 2020. Georg Predota: A Matter of Discretion. <mask> <mask>, Therese Merville and Sofie Strasser. When did <mask> actually met his two wives? List of stage works by <mask> Suppé (with other composers)

List of works by <mask>é at the Index to Opera and Ballet Sources Online
 Light Cavalry, performed by Andre Rieu

 Franz <mask>é recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. 1819 births
1895 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century male conductors (music)
19th-century conductors (music)
Austrian conductors (music)
Austrian male classical composers
Austrian opera composers
Austrian operetta composers
Austrian people of Belgian descent
Austrian people of Italian descent
Austrian Romantic composers
Austro-Hungarian people
People from the Kingdom of Dalmatia
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
Male conductors (music)
Male opera composers
Male operetta composers
Musicians from Zadar
Composers from Vienna

masks:
Franz von Suppé
Franz von Suppé
von
Franz Pokorny
von Seyfried
Franz von
Suppé
Franz Pokorny
Suppé
Franz von
Franz von
Franz von
Franz von
Suppé
Suppé
Franz von
von Supp
von Supp


texts:
<mask> (born February 1, 1988) is an American professional baseball pitcher  who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Oakland Athletics, Colorado Rockies, Los Angeles Dodgers, Chicago Cubs, Toronto Blue Jays and Milwaukee Brewers. Early life
He attended Stillwater High School in Stillwater, Oklahoma, where he was an all-state selection in 2006, his senior year. He was 9–0 that season with a 0.37 ERA, 102 strikeouts and only nine walks in 57  innings. He played in the Connie Mack World Series with his amateur team after both his junior and senior seasons and in the 2005 AFLAC High School All-American Game, where he was the winning pitcher. He also played for the US National 18-and-under team alongside Clayton Kershaw and Shawn Tolleson. <mask>'s career numbers at Stillwater were 22–8 with eight saves, 276 strikeouts and an 0.90 ERA.He signed a letter of intent to play for Oklahoma State University where his father, <mask>, was the head coach. Professional career

Arizona Diamondbacks
<mask> was rated by Baseball America as having the best command of any high school prospect heading into the 2006 Major League Baseball draft. and was selected by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the second round. He was torn between signing and playing for his dad at Oklahoma State. He said that playing at OSU "would be awesome. It'd be fun to play with my buddies. I'm torn."He also said that part of him wanted to prove that he should have been a first round pick. Nevertheless, he agreed to a contract with the Diamondbacks that included a signing bonus of $950,000 with an additional $80,000 to continue his education if he wanted to. The contract was finalized on September 1, 2006. <mask> made his professional debut on April 5, 2007, as the starting pitcher for the South Bend Silver Hawks of the Midwest League, in a game against the Great Lakes Loons, whose starting pitcher was former and future teammate Clayton Kershaw. He was 8–4 with a 2.21 ERA in 14 starts for the Silver Hawks and was selected to the Midwest League mid-season All-Star team. On June 21, 2007, <mask> was promoted by the Diamondbacks organization to the Visalia Oaks in the Advanced-Class A California League. On August 8, <mask> and several other Visalia players were involved in a car accident while en route to an amusement park, forcing the postponement of that night's game.<mask> sustained only a mild concussion but one of his teammates fractured his skull. He pitched in nine games for the Oaks with a 3–3 record and 4.85 ERA while missing some time due to  some elbow tenderness. Oakland Athletics

On December 14, 2007, he was traded by Diamondbacks with Dana Eveland, Greg Smith, Aaron Cunningham, Carlos González and Chris Carter to the Oakland Athletics for Dan Haren and Connor Robertson. In 2008, <mask> was a combined 11–5 with a 3.69 ERA and 118 strikeouts in 20 games (19 starts) between the Stockton Ports in the California League and the Double-A Midland RockHounds of the Texas League. In his debut for Midland, he struck out 12 batters and gave up two runs in six innings for the win. He was selected to pitch in the All-Star Futures Game played at Yankee Stadium during the All-Star break and was named to the U.S. Olympic Team in Beijing. He pitched seven innings to collect the win in the bronze medal game against Japan.<mask> was a highly touted young prospect; in 2008 he was ranked as the 36th-best prospect in the Major Leagues, and in 2009 he was ranked the top prospect in Oakland's system and the #7 prospect overall by Baseball America. <mask> was promoted to the Athletics as part of their opening day roster for 2009 and made his Major League debut on April 10, 2009 against the Seattle Mariners, allowing five runs in six innings to take the loss. He picked up his first win when he allowed only two earned runs in six innings against the Tampa Bay Rays on May 20. On July 6, he pitched a shutout against the Boston Red Sox striking out 9 batters, a career high. It was his first career shutout, and his first career complete game. On September 24, 2009, <mask> broke the Oakland Athletics single-season rookie strikeout record (previously set by Rick Langford in 1977), while racking up 6 strikeouts in 5 innings versus the Texas Rangers. He finished the 2009 season with an 11–11 record, posting a 4.06 ERA.He led the team in wins (11) and shutouts (1) and tied with <mask> in strikeouts (150). The Athletics signed <mask> to a four-year, $12.5 million, contract extension the start of the 2010 season, which he began by throwing six shutout innings against the Mariners. He allowed 3 hits, struck out 4 and walked 1, getting the win. In 19 starts in 2010 he was 7-6 with a 2.80 ERA. In 2011, after a June 5 outing, he was placed on the disabled list, eventually undergoing Tommy John surgery which required 13 months of rehabilitation. In 13 starts before the injury he was 3-6 with a 4.00 ERA. <mask> returned August 21, 2012 for the Athletics, allowing one run in seven innings for a win against the Minnesota Twins.However, he suffered an oblique strain during a start against the Detroit Tigers toward the 4th inning and was later pulled out, taking the loss. He spent the remainder of the 2012 season on the disabled list with the injury, and had a 4-2 record in six starts that season. Despite his limited action during the regular season, the Athletics put him on the playoff roster for the 2012 American League Division Series against the Detroit Tigers. <mask> pitched six scoreless innings in a 2–0 victory in game three to keep the Athletics alive, though they eventually lost the series in five games. On February 28, 2013, <mask> was named Opening Day starter for the A's for the 2013 season. He went up against Mariners ace Félix Hernández and came away with the loss. He left his start on April 19 with what was called a sprained ankle but was later determined to be a stress fracture in his right foot.He originally hoped to return to the rotation in July, but the injury was more serious than previously thought and he was placed on the 60-day disabled list. He was eventually activated from the disabled list on August 28, though the Athletics chose to use him out of the bullpen the rest of the season. He appeared in 16 games that season, only five of which were starts and was 1-4 with a 6.04 ERA. He also appeared in relief in game four of the 2013 American League Division Series against the Tigers, allowing the two winning runs to score on a walk, wild pitch and double. Colorado Rockies
On December 10, 2013, <mask> was traded to the Colorado Rockies for pitcher Drew Pomeranz and minor league pitcher Chris Jensen. In just his third start of the season, on April 12, 2014, <mask> broke his index finder while batting, sending him to the disabled list. He rejoined the Rockies rotation in July and he pitched well for them for the next month.However, on August 5, he had to leave his start early due to back spasms He wound up undergoing season-ending back surgery to repair a herniated disc in his lower back. He made only eight starts for the Rockies in the injury riddled season, with a 1–3 record and a 2.91 ERA. After the season, the Rockies declined <mask>'s $12 million option for 2015, making him a free agent. Los Angeles Dodgers

On December 31, 2014, <mask> was signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers to a one-year, $10 million, contract. In 2015 he started a career-high 31 games and pitched a career-high 180  innings. He was 10–9 with a 3.69 ERA. He had the highest ground ball percentage among major league pitchers (66.3%), and the lowest line drive percentage (15.2%) and fly ball percentage (18.5%).He earned an extra $2.4 million in bonuses by reaching that innings mark. After the season, <mask> accepted the Dodgers $15.8 million qualifying offer to remain with the club for the 2016 season. On March 3, 2016, it was announced that <mask> required back surgery to repair a bulging disc in his back, and would miss 3–5 months. It was the same area that he had injured in 2014. He finally rejoined the Dodgers on August 14 after a few minor league rehab starts. In his first start of the season, he allowed two home runs and five runs in the first inning and was replaced by a relief pitcher. He made three starts and one relief appearance for the Dodgers in September and was 1–2 with an 11.91 ERA for the season, allowing 15 earned runs in 11  innings.Chicago Cubs
On January 26, 2017, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Cubs for $3.5 million, with incentives for number of games started, that could raise the total value of the contract to $10 million. <mask> was designated for assignment on July 26, 2017, and was released on August 1, 2017. Toronto Blue Jays
On August 15, 2017, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays and was assigned to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons. On August 29, the Blue Jays selected <mask>'s contract. He made his Blue Jays debut against the Boston Red Sox the same day. Return to Oakland
On March 20, 2018, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Oakland Athletics. He was assigned to the Triple-A Nashville Sounds to begin the season.His contract was selected by Oakland on May 2 to make a start against the Seattle Mariners that night. After starting 4 games for the A's, <mask> was placed on the disabled list. He was activated off the disabled list on July 8. <mask> started 17 games on the season for the A's, finishing with a record of 4-5 in  innings. On February 13, 2019, <mask> re-signed with the Athletics, inking a one-year deal worth $1.5 million plus incentives. In 2019 he had the lowest strikeouts/9 innings ratio in the major leagues (4.60), and the lowest strikeout percentage in the major leagues (12.1%). Milwaukee Brewers
On December 13, 2019, <mask> signed a one-year, $5 million contract with the Milwaukee Brewers.In 2020, <mask> pitched to a 4-4 record over 10 appearances, with a 4.21 ERA and 32 strikeouts in 47.0 innings of work. On February 16, 2021, <mask> agreed to re-sign with the Brewers on a one-year, $2.5MM contract, pending a physical. On February 22, the deal became official. Scouting report
<mask> throws four pitches for strikes: a fastball, a curve, a changeup and a slider. His fastball sits in the 89-92 mph range and he offers a two-seam variety in addition to the traditional four-seam version. His best pitch is the slider, a two-plane breaking ball he can paint on the corner versus right-handed batters and sweep away from lefties in the 79-81 mph range. His low-to-mid 70s curveball is a weapon in any count and his 82-84 mph changeup has shown the most improvement as <mask> has fought his way through injuries.Over the course of his career, <mask>'s arm slot has lowered slightly, dropping from high three-quarters to true three-quarters. He's athletic and repeats his mechanics, aiding in his ability to command his entire arsenal. <mask> is considered an "extreme ground ball pitcher" with a ground ball rate of 58.2% -- second highest of all starting pitchers, since his career began in 2009. References

External links

1988 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Arizona League Athletics players
Baseball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Baseball players from Texas
Baseball players from Oklahoma
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Chicago Cubs players
Colorado Rockies players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
People from Stillwater, Oklahoma
People from Midland, Texas
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Midland RockHounds players
Milwaukee Brewers players
Nashville Sounds players
Oklahoma City Dodgers players
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in baseball
Oakland Athletics players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Sacramento River Cats players
South Bend Silver Hawks players
Stockton Ports players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Visalia Oaks players

masks:
Brett Franklin Anderson
Anderson
Frank Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Brett Tomko
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson


texts:
<mask> (5 November 1715 – 23 September 1766) was an English Anglican priest, playwright and essayist. Life
He was born in 1715 at Rothbury, Northumberland, the son of the Rev. <mask> (1677–1763), vicar of Wigton from that year, and his wife Eleanor Troutbeck, née Potts. He matriculated at St John's College, Cambridge in 1732, graduating B.A. 1736, and M.A. 1739; he became D.D. in 1755.Graduating as senior wrangler, <mask> took holy orders, and was appointed minor canon and lecturer at Carlisle. In the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion he took part in the defence of Carlisle as a volunteer, and in 1747 was appointed chaplain to Richard Osbaldiston, on his appointment to the bishopric of Carlisle. In 1756 <mask> was promoted by the Earl of Hardwicke to the living of Great Horkesley in Essex. In 1760 he was made vicar of St Nicholas Church, Newcastle upon Tyne. <mask> was consulted, through Daniel Dumaresq, about a scheme of education which Catherine II of Russia wanted to introduce into her dominions. A memorandum on the subject by <mask> led to an offer on her part to entertain him at St Petersburg as her adviser on the subject. He had bought a postchaise and various other things for the journey, when he was persuaded to relinquish the design on account of his gout.He had been subject to fits of melancholy, and, influenced perhaps by disappointment, he committed suicide on 23 September 1766. There is a detailed account of <mask> by Andrew Kippis in Biographia (1780), containing the text of the negotiations for his journey to Russia. Man of letters
The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and The Machiavellian Moment agree that <mask> was a writer influenced by Machiavelli, Bolingbroke, and Montesquieu. To these the ODNB adds <mask>; and Pocock Cato, i.e. Cato's Letters. He made his way as a man of letters as a younger member of the "Warburtonian circle": the followers of the cleric William Warburton. Rise of an essayist
<mask> published Honour (1743), a poem, through Robert Dodsley.It was followed by An Essay on Satire Occasion'd by the Death of Mr Pope (1745), which <mask> at Carlisle published through Dodsley in London. This work gained for him the friendship of William Warburton. Warburton introduced him to Ralph Allen. At Warburton's suggestion, <mask> expanded the Essay on Satire, to an Essay (1751) on the Characteristicks of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury. It is considered to have skewered Shaftesbury's deism and moral sense theory. The "test of ridicule" was supposed to be a key part of Shaftesbury's doctrine; Warburton wanted it undermined, and gave <mask> the task. The Essay was dedicated to Allen, also a supporter of Anglican orthodoxy, and opponent of Shaftesbury.It contains a defence of a utilitarian philosophy, praised later by <mask> Mill. The work was attacked, and Shaftesbury defended, in pamphlets by Charles Bulkley. <mask>'s theoretical argument, that ridicule was a type of valuation incompatible with a role as truth value, was taken up by William Preston. <mask> was interested in drama, but it earned him the disapproval of Warburton and Richard Hurd. He wrote Barbarossa (1754) and Athelstane (1756), both performed; David Garrick and Mrs Cibber played in both, and the first was a success. Later, <mask>'s 1765 revision of Ben Jonson's Bartholomew Fair was rejected for production by Garrick. "Estimate" <mask>

<mask>'s major popular success was the Estimate of the Manners and Principles of the Times (2 vols., 1757–1758), a bitter satire.It struck a chord after the Battle of Minorca (1756), a British reverse at the outset of the Seven Years' War. Edmund Burke, in a review for The Annual Register for 1758, rejected <mask>'s analysis as far as it depended on charges of "effeminacy" in the British nation and aesthetic. Thomas Sheridan believed the fundamental issue was selfishness, and the solution better oratory. Robert Wallace replied with The Characteristics of the Present Political State of Great Britain (1758). In it he defended British culture and the current constitution. <mask>'s An Explanatory Defence of the Estimate (1758) claimed he had acted out to duty to country. Having earned the name "Estimate" <mask>, he was prepared to notice Wallace, out of all his critics.When Charles Hanbury Williams gave <mask> notice that he had written a reply to the first volume of the Estimate, a complex row dragging in Dodsley ensued, ending with <mask> sending a curt message "Footman's language I never return." A sequel on the politics of the Seven Years' War was Additional Dialogue of the Dead between Pericles and Cosmo (1760), in vindication of William Pitt the elder's policy. Aesthetics
<mask> knew Charles Avison, the Newcastle organist and composer, who published in 1752 An Essay on Musical Expression. The following year William Hayes defended Handel against Avison in a pamphlet, and stated that his Essay had been written for him by a "Junto". <mask> had certainly contributed to it, with a number of others including William Mason. He went on to write A dissertation on the rise, union, and power, the progressions, separations and corruptions of poetry and music (1763). Avison's work prompted other such British aesthetic syntheses, from James Beattie, Thomas Twining and Daniel Webb; and the theme was picked up by German writers.<mask>'s work has been identified as belonging to conjectural history; he described in a 1761 letter to Garrick his stadial method of "deducing things from their state in savage life, through the several stages of civilized society." The Cure of Saul: a Sacred Ode, a poem on the nature of music, was also from 1763, and was reprinted with the Dissertation. It was twice performed as an oratorio at Covent Garden Theatre that year, and once more in 1767. Handel had died, in 1759, and at Covent Garden the oratorio season was now run by <mask> Smith and <mask>. The associated monograph of oratorio criticism, An Examination of the Oratorios which have been performed this Season, at Covent-Garden Theatre (1763) was published within weeks. It contained barely veiled criticism of Smith. <mask> was defending his oratorio, and promoting a post-Handel reform agenda; The Critical Review had belittled him and his efforts, supporting as it did the Earl of Bute, the Prime Minister, while <mask> backed William Pitt.<mask> is also associated with the rise of the picturesque, and appreciation of the landscape of the Lake District. He was a family friend of William Gilpin. He wrote on the subject to George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton, around 1753. This letter has been identified as the first documentation of the "classicising" of the Lake District. It was published, in part, in 1766, in the London Chronicle; and then as a pamphlet. References

Bibliography
<mask>, <mask>. An Examination of the Oratorios which have been performed this Season, at Covent-Garden Theatre (1763).Stanford, 2012. External links

 <mask> at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)

Attribution

1715 births
1766 deaths
18th-century suicides
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
British male essayists
English dramatists and playwrights
English essayists
English male dramatists and playwrights
English male non-fiction writers
English satirists
People from Rothbury
Suicides in England
Utilitarians

masks:
John Brown
John Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
John Brown
Brown
John Locke
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
John Stuart
Brown
Drama Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
John Christopher
John Stanley
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
John
John Brown


texts:
<mask>,  (born 28 November 1954) is a political scientist and biographer. She is the inaugural Distinguished Whitlam Fellow with the Whitlam Institute at Western Sydney University, Emeritus Professor at Monash University, and former Director of the National Centre for Australian Studies at Monash University. Her work is in two key areas, counter-terrorism and Australian political biography. In both areas she explores Australian democratic practice, the relationship between the arms of government, and aspects of Australian political history. Her research into the life of former Australian prime minister Gough Whitlam uncovered significant new material on the role of High Court justice Sir Anthony Mason in the dismissal of the Whitlam government. This has been described as "a discovery of historical importance". Since 2001 <mask> has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Lionel Murphy Foundation.In 2010 <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. In 2013 she was awarded an Australian Research Council Discovery Outstanding Researcher Award (DORA) Fellowship <mask> was a judge of the Walkley Awards for Best Documentary Film (2014) and for the Walkley Awards Best Book (2015). From 2016 to 2021 she has been a judge of the Hazel Rowley Literary Fellowship. Early life and education
<mask> is the daughter of <mask>, a psychiatrist with a significant practice treating survivors of long-term trauma, many of whom were Holocaust survivors, and <mask>, the first barrister briefed in the Mabo case. She was born in Melbourne, Victoria, in 1954 and attended Lauriston Girls' School and then Monash University, where she graduated with both a Bachelor of Science and subsequently a Bachelor of Economics. <mask> was particularly influenced at Monash University by Professor Ian Ward, a noted economic historian. After graduating from Monash University in the late 1970s she worked as a printer for the underground Walker Press in Collingwood printing large format colour posters, political pamphlets, newsletters and booklets.In 1977 <mask> met her partner, Daryl Dellora, a documentary filmmaker. Together they formed the film production company Film Art Doco, and have co-scripted several award-winning documentaries including Against the Innocent (1988) and Mr Neal is Entitled to be an Agitator (1991). The latter, dealing with the former High Court justice and Attorney-General Lionel Murphy, has been screened on ABC television. <mask> holds a Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Sydney, which examined the establishment of Australia's counter terrorism framework and was published as Beyond Terrorism: The Development of the Australian Security State in 1993. Books
Beyond Terrorism: the Development of the Australian Security State,  Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1993,  (paperback)The author chronicles and discusses the development of Australia’s security organisations. She highlights the importance of the buzzwords” “terrorism” ,  “counter-terrorism” and “subversion”. <mask> voices concern at the way security organisations are tempted to build up their own status and "recognition", so as to gain increased government funding, sometimes by exaggerating dangers, imagined events and actual events e.g the Hilton bombing.Lionel Murphy: A Political Biography, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 2000  (paperback)

The first edition of this work was published in 1997. This is new edition with a Foreword by Justice Michael Kirby and an Epilogue "Did Lionel Murphy really happen?" by the author, 2000. The book traces Murphy's life from childhood to his role in the Labor split of the 1950s, his pioneering work as a senator and reformist Attorney-General in the Whitlam government, through to his rise to the bench of the High Court, and to his untimely death, amidst controversy, in 1986. Terror Laws: ASIO, Counter-terrorism and the Threat to Democracy, Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 2004. , 9780868407029
The author discusses the issue of balancing the need for national security with individual rights and freedoms. The author argues that, in the light of September 11 and Bali, the security legislation proposed, and in part passed, by the Howard government compromises the separation of powers and individual legal and political rights. Frank Hardy: Politics, Literature, Life, Melbourne: Lothian Books, 2005.,
Christina Hill in the Australian Book Review describes this book as “a non-judgemental and informative life study: Hardy’s tireless political activism on behalf of the left, his work as a public figure and as a writer, his late career as a media personality, his disastrous private life (his drinking, gambling and serial adulteries) all flesh out the man and his world.<mask>, <mask>; Frank Hardy: Politics, Literature, Life, Melbourne: Lothian Books, 2005.,

Gough Whitlam: A Moment in History, Melbourne University Publishing/Miegunyah Press: Melbourne, 2008
This is Volume I of Gough Whitlam: The Biography.It is a biographical study of the former Labor Prime Minister of Australia. It traces his childhood in the fledgling city of Canberra, his extensive war service in the Pacific and his marriage to Margaret. The biography draws on previously unseen archival material, extensive interviews with family and colleagues, and exclusive interviews with Gough Whitlam himself. The biography describes Whitlam as an extraordinary and complex man whose life was formed by the remarkable events of previous generations of his family. It chronicles his role in changing the Australian political and cultural landscape. Gough Whitlam: His Time, Melbourne University Publishing/Miegunyah Press: Melbourne, 2012
This is Volume II of Gough Whitlam: The Biography. It is a new updated edition of this second book, with an additional chapter and Epilogue: “I never said I was immortal, merely eternal”, 2014.This second volume chronicles the period when Gough Whitlam swept to power in the election of December 1972, becoming Australia’s twenty-first prime minister. The author describes the following three years during which Whitlam’s transforming political agenda unfolded. It puts on the record the non-acceptance and resentments of Whitlam’s political enemies. The narrative builds up to the dismissal of the Whitlam government by Governor-General Sir John Kerr covertly supported by the Chief Justice of Australia, Sir Anthony Mason. The Dismissal Dossier: Everything you were never meant to know about November 1975, Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing, 2015. This is an entirely separate work which has been updated in 2016 and 2017. In the light of newly released documents and hitherto unavailable evidence this work covers the secret story of the planning, the people, and the collusion behind the removal of Gough Whitlam.The Palace Letters: The Queen, the Governor-General, and the Plot to dismiss Gough Whitlam, Melbourne: Scribe Publications, 2020

Essays and articles

Palace letters campaign

In 2016 <mask> commenced proceedings in the Federal Court of Australia against the National Archives of Australia seeking the release of secret correspondence between the governor-general, Sir John Kerr, and the Queen regarding the dismissal of the Whitlam government. These 'Palace letters' were held by the Archives and were under the embargo of the Queen, potentially indefinitely. The case was unsuccessful in the Federal Court and in February 2019 an appeal to the Full Court of the Federal Court was rejected by a majority. However, in May 2020 <mask>'s appeal to the High Court succeeded: in an emphatic 6:1 decision the High Court found that the Palace letters are "Commonwealth records" (not personal property) and instructed the Director-General of the National Archives to reconsider <mask>'s request for access to the letters, as well as to pay all of <mask>'s considerable legal costs. The letters were released in full and online on 14 July 2020. Reaction to <mask>'s research on Whitlam

As a consequence of the importance of Gough Whitlam in Australia's political history, <mask>'s books about him, and featuring him, have received considerable attention from public commentators, academics and politicians. Overall, the response has been positive.According to the judges of the Barbara Ramsden Award, the Whitlam biography was recognised as "an unusually thorough treatment and ... a monumental project ... reminiscent of the glory days of publishing". Its quality was also highly praised:
Frank Bongiorno called it "A fascinating and important account ... and a tour de force as a piece of history ...". Greg Kelton suggested it might be "the best Australian political biography In decades ... ". Neal Blewett stated that "There is no better account of how the triumph of 1972 turned into the catastrophe of 1975." At the launching of the book, former Labor Prime Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd says that "it lets us see who Gough Whitlam the person was before he became Gough Whitlam the politician". Former premier of Western Australia, Carmen Lawrence, wrote: "It is a testament to <mask>’s research, her eye for the apt example, and her scholarship that she is able to expand our understanding of the man, and the influences that shaped such a significant Australia figure." Awards
Lionel Murphy: A Political Biography was short-listed for the 1998 South Australian Festival Awards for Literature non-fiction award.Frank Hardy: Politics, Literature, Life was short-listed for the  NSW Premier's History Awards, State Records Prize in 2006;
Gough Whitlam: A Moment in History was short-listed in 2009 for The Age Book of the Year Award, the Queensland Premier's History Awards and the Prime Minister's Literary Awards, and long-listed in the Walkley Awards. In 2012 Gough Whitlam: His Time won the FAW Barbara Ramsden Award in 2014 and was shortlisted in the Prime Minister's Literary Awards (Australian History prize), the Queensland Literary Awards (non-fiction award) and the National Biography Award, and long-listed in The Nib Waverley Library Award for Literature. 1999–2005 Professor <mask> was honoured as an Australian Research Council QEII Postdoctoral Fellow. In 2002 she was conferred as a Harold White Fellow at the National Library of Australia. References

External links

1954 births
Living people
Academics from Melbourne
Australian biographers
Australian women historians
Australian historians
Fellows of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia
Australian women academics
Western Sydney University faculty
Women biographers
1975 Australian constitutional crisis
People educated at Lauriston Girls' School
Monash University faculty

masks:
Jennifer Jane Hocking
Hocking
Hocking
Hocking
Jenny Hocking
Frederick Hocking
Barbara Hocking
Hocking
Hocking
Hocking
Hocking
” Hocking
Jenny
Jenny Hocking
Hocking
Hocking
Hocking
Hocking
Hocking
Hocking
Hocking


texts:
<mask> (born 1943) is an American-Canadian scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy in the United States, he is best known for his pioneering work in public pedagogy, cultural studies, youth studies, higher education, media studies, and critical theory. In 2002 Routledge named <mask> as one of the top fifty educational thinkers of the modern period. A high-school social studies teacher in Barrington, Rhode Island, for six years, <mask> has held positions at Boston University, Miami University, and Pennsylvania State University. In 2004, <mask> began serving as the Global TV Network Chair in Communication at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. Early life and education
<mask> was born on September 18, 1943, in Providence, Rhode Island, the son of Alice (Waldron) and <mask>. Giroux completed a Master of Arts degree in history at Appalachian State University in 1968.After teaching high-school social studies in Barrington, Rhode Island, for six years, <mask> earned a Doctor of Arts degree in history at Carnegie Mellon University in 1977. Career
<mask>'s first position as a professor was in education at Boston University, which he held for the next six years. Following that, he became an education professor and scholar in residence at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. While there he also served as the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. In 1992, he began a 12-year position in the Waterbury Chair Professorship at Pennsylvania State University, also serving as the Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies. In 2004 <mask> became the Global Television Network Chair in Communication at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. In July 2014, he was named to the McMaster University Chair for Scholarship in the Public Interest.He is the Director of the McMaster Centre for Research in the Public Interest. He lives in Hamilton, Ontario, where he currently is a chaired professor for Scholarship in the Public Interest at McMaster University. He is married to Ourania Filippakou. Accomplishments
<mask>'s writing has won many awards, and he has written for a range of public and scholarly sources. He has written more than 70 books; published more than 500 papers; and published hundreds of chapters in others' books, articles in magazines, and more. While at Miami University, <mask> was named as a Distinguished Scholar. For 1987–1988 he won the Visiting Distinguished Professor Award at the University of Missouri–Kansas City.Between 1992 and 2004, he held the Waterbury Chair Professorship at Penn State University. In 1995, he was awarded the Visiting Asa Knowles Chair Professorship by Northeastern University and he won a Tokyo Metropolitan University Fellowship for Research. In 1998, <mask> was selected to the Laureate chapter of Kappa Delta Phi. in 1998 and 1999, he was awarded a Distinguished Visiting Lectureship in art education at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. For May–June 2000 he was the winner of a Getty Research Institute Visiting Scholar Award. In 2001, he was selected as a Hooker Distinguished Visiting Professor at McMaster University. In 2002 <mask> was named as one of the top fifty educational thinkers of the modern period in Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education: From Piaget to the Present as part of Routledge's "Key Guides Publication Series".In 2001 he won the James L. Kinneavy Award for the most outstanding article published in JAC in 2001, which was presented by the Association of Teachers of Advanced Composition at the Conference on College Composition and Communication held in Chicago in March 2002. For 2002 he was named by Oxford University to deliver the Herbert Spencer Lecture. For 2003 <mask> was selected as the Barstow Visiting Scholar at Saginaw Valley State University. In 2005, he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters by Memorial University of Newfoundland. The University in Chains was named by the American Educational Studies Association as the recipient of the AESA Critics' Book Choice Award for 2008. He was named by the Toronto Star in 2012 as one of the top 12 Canadians Changing the Way We Think. Education and the Crisis of Public Values: Challenging the Assault on Teachers, Students, & Public Education was awarded a CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title and has received the Annual O. L. Davis, Jr.Outstanding Book Award from the AATC (American Association for Teaching and Curriculum) and the AESA (American Educational Studies Association) Critics Choice Award 2012. In 2015 he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters degree from Chapman University in California. He is a winner of a Lifetime Achievement Award granted by the AERA. In 2015 he won two other major awards from Chapman University: the "Changing the World Award" and "The Paulo Freire Democratic Project Social Justice Award." Also during 2015, <mask> was honored with a Distinguished Alumni Award from Appalachian State University. In 2017 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of the West of Scotland. In 2019 he received an AERA Fellows Award and the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication's Professional Freedom and Responsibility Award.For many years <mask> was co-Editor-in-chief of the Review of Education, Pedagogy and Cultural Studies, published by Taylor and Francis. Reception
<mask>'s work remains foundational in a range of fields. He is the first to use the phrase critical pedagogy, according to Curry Malott, and helped inaugurate the "critical turn in education". In Leaders in Critical Pedagogy, he's identified as one of the "first wave" of critical pedagogues. As any foundational scholar, his work has been critiqued on numerous fronts, from feminists like Patti Lather and Elizabeth Ellsworth and race scholars. Publications
As of 2021 <mask> had published more than 70 books, 200 chapters, and 500 articles and was published widely throughout education and cultural studies literature. 1980s
 1981: Ideology, Culture and the Process of Schooling, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press
 1981: Curriculum & Instruction: Alternatives in Education.Berkeley: McCutchan (co-edited with Anthony Penna and William Pinar)
 1983: Theory and Resistance in Education, Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey Press (Introduction by Paulo Freire)
 1983: The Hidden Curriculum and Moral Education: Deception or Discovery?, Berkeley, CA: McCutchan (co-edited with David E. Purpel)
 1985: Education Under Siege: The Conservative, Liberal, and Radical Debate Over Schooling, Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey Press(co-authored with Stanley Aronowitz)
 1988: Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press
 1988: Teachers as Intellectuals: Toward a Critical Pedagogy of Learning (Introduction by Paulo Freire & Foreword by Peter McLaren). Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey Press. 1989: Popular Culture, Schooling, & Everyday Life. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey (co-edited with Roger Simon). 1989: Critical Pedagogy, The State, and the Struggle for Culture. Albany: State University of New York Press (co-edited with Peter McLaren). 1990s
 1991: Postmodern Education: Politics, Culture, and Social Criticism, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press (co-authored with Stanley Aronowitz)
 1992: Border Crossings: Cultural Workers and the Politics of Education, New York: Routledge
 1993: Between Borders: Pedagogy and the Politics of Cultural Studies New York: Routledge (co-edited with Peter McLaren)
 1993: Living Dangerously: Multiculturalism and the Politics of Difference, New York: Peter Lang
 1994: Disturbing Pleasures: Learning Popular Culture, New York: Routledge
 1996: Fugitive Cultures: Race, Violence, and Youth, New York: Routledge
 1996: Counternarratives: Cultural Studies and Critical Pedagogies in Postmodern Spaces, New York: Routledge (co-authored with Peter McLaren, Colin Lankshear, and Mike Cole)
 1997: Pedagogy and the Politics of Hope: Theory, Culture, and Schooling, A Critical Reader, Boulder, CO: Westview Press
 1998: Channel Surfing: Racism, the Media, and the Destruction of Today's Youth, New York: St. Martin's Press
 1999: The Mouse that Roared: Disney and the End of Innocence, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (co-authored with Grace Pollock)
 2010: Hearts of Darkness: Torturing Children in the War on Terror, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers
 2011: Zombie Politics in the Age of Casino Capitalism, New York: Peter Lang
 2011: Education and the Public Sphere: Ideas of Radical Pedagogy, Cracow, Poland: Impuls (co-authored with Lech Witkowski)
 2011: On Critical Pedagogy, New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 2015: second edition appears, w/ updated 'Introduction' & author Interviews, as Education and the Crisis of Public Values: Challenging the Assault on Teachers, Students, and Public Education. 2011: Education and the Crisis of Public Values: Challenging the Assault on Teachers, Students, & Public Education. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.
 2012: Disposable Youth: Racialized Memories, and the Culture of Cruelty, New York: Routledge
 2012: Twilight of the Social: Resurgent Publics in the Age of Disposability, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers
 2013: Youth in Revolt: Reclaiming a Democratic Future, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers
 2013: America's Education Deficit and the War on Youth, New York: Monthly Review Press
 2013: Neoliberalism, Education, Terrorism: Contemporary Dialogues, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers (co-authored with Jeffrey DiLeo, Sophia McClennen, and Kenneth Saltman)
 2013: Public Intellectuals Against the Neoliberal University, philosophersforchange.org link
 2014: Neoliberalism's War on Higher Education, Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books / Toronto, ON: Between the Lines Books. (Haymarket Books);  (Between the Lines Books)
 2014: The Violence of Organized Forgetting: Thinking Beyond America's Disimagination Machine, City Lights Publishers. 2015: Disposable Futures: The Seduction of Violence in the Age of Spectacle, City Lights Publishers. (co-authored with Brad Evans)
 2015: Dangerous Thinking in the Age of the New Authoritarianism, Routledge Publishers.2016: America's Addiction to Terrorism, Monthly Review Press
 2017: America at War with Itself, City Lights Publishers. 2018: The Public in Peril: Trump and the Menace of American Authoritarianism, Routledge. 2018: American Nightmare: The Challenge of U.S. Authoritarianism, City Lights Publishers. 2018: "Pedagogia Critica para Tiempos Dificiles," Madrid, Spain: Mapas Colectivos
 2019: The Terror of the Unforeseen, Los Angeles Review of Books
 2019: The New <mask> Reader: The Role of the Public Intellectual in a Time of Tyranny, Myers Education Press

2020s
 2020: Neoliberalism's War on Higher Education, 2nd ed., Haymarket Books
 2020: On Critical Pedagogy, 2nd ed., Bloomsbury Academic
 2021: Race, Politics, and Pandemic Pedagogy: Education in a Time of Crisis, Bloomsbury Academic

See also
 Stanley Aronowitz
 Joe L. Kincheloe
 Youth empowerment

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 <mask>'s Website
 Reading list at The Freechild Project website
 Biographical details

 "Elaborates on Deep State in parallel article with Jim Palombo's on same subject Ragazine.CC"
 Truthout Interviews <mask><mask> on Neoliberalism
 The Scourge of Neoliberalism w/ <mask> (Interview on RT)
 <mask><mask> on Trump's Cabinet, the Church of Neoliberal Evangelicals. Truthout. January 2, 2017. (video interview)

1943 births
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian non-fiction writers
American cultural critics
American democratic socialists
American educational theorists
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
Canadian democratic socialists
Canadian educational theorists
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Canadian political writers
Critical pedagogy
Living people
McMaster University faculty
Miami University faculty
Pennsylvania State University faculty
People from Barrington, Rhode Island
Postmodern writers
Rhode Island socialists
Schoolteachers from Rhode Island
Sociologists of education
Writers from Hamilton, Ontario
Writers from Providence, Rhode Island
Youth empowerment people

masks:
Henry Armand Giroux
Giroux
Giroux
Giroux
Henry Giroux
Armand Giroux
Giroux
Giroux
Giroux
Giroux
Giroux
Giroux
Giroux
Giroux
Giroux
Giroux
Giroux
Giroux
Henry Giroux
Henry Giroux
Henry A
. Giroux
Henry Giroux
Henry A
. Giroux


texts:
<mask>. (born April 28, 1982) is a
Costa Rican-American actor, singer, dancer, and choreographer. He is best known for his roles as Mike Chang on the Fox television series Glee (2009–15) and as Magnus Bane on the Freeform television series Shadowhunters (2016–19). He was nominated for four Screen Actors Guild Awards for his performance in Glee, winning once. He won the award for The Male TV Star of 2018 in the E! People's Choice Awards for Shadowhunters. <mask> has appeared in the films Step Up 2: The Streets (2008), Step Up 3D (2010), White Frog (2012), Revenge of the Green Dragons (2014), Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny (2016), Crazy Rich Asians (2018), the Hulu web series The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers (2010–2011) and the YouTube Originals series Single by 30 (2016). In 2020, he starred in Universal's romantic drama All My Life.In 2021 Shum starred in critically acclaimed thriller Broadcast Signal Intrusion and appears in Netflix's holiday rom-com Love Hard. Early life
Shum was born in Limón, Costa Rica, the son of Chinese immigrants. His mother is a native of Hong Kong and his father is from Guangzhou, China. They relocated to Costa Rica, where <mask> and his two older sisters were born. When Shum was six years old, the family moved to San Francisco, California. He stated, "I feel I have the best of so many worlds. I speak Spanish and Cantonese.Spanish is actually my first language before I learned Cantonese and English." He later stated that he has not spoken Spanish fluently since the age of 6. Shum spent most of his schooling years in San Luis Obispo County, California and graduated from Arroyo Grande High School in 2000. Initially, he had been more interested in theater and sports but found a passion for dance after auditioning for his high school dance team on a dare. Shum attended San Francisco State University for a year, before dropping out to pursue a dance career. In an interview, he said that his earliest motivations to dance were from watching Ginuwine, Dru Hill, and Usher, before becoming influenced by dancers like Gene Kelly and Michael Jackson. Career

2002–07: Dancer beginnings
Shum began his dance career in Los Angeles.As a 18-year-old, he was spotted by choreographers Rosero McCoy and Jamal Sims to go on a UK tour with the singer Kaci. He steadily built his career, appearing as the only male dancer on BET's Comic View, and starred in a series of Apple iPod advertisements as dancing silhouettes. He joined Beyoncé, Alicia Keys, and Missy Elliott in their co-headlining tour Ladies First in 2004, while working as a backup dancer for artists including Jennifer Lopez, Jessica Simpson, and Mariah Carey. He appeared in several music videos of songs including Lose My Breath by Destiny's Child and It's Like That by Mariah Carey. Shum also worked as a dance instructor. 2008–14: Turn to acting, Glee, The LXD
Since 2008, Shum was given roles in Step Up 2 and later Step Up 3D, both directed by Jon M. Chu. From 2009 until 2015, he portrayed the role of Mike Chang, a dancer who joins the glee club, on the Fox musical comedy-drama series Glee.Known for a while as "Other Asian" on Glee, he was given very few lines during the show's first season. Partly due to the enthusiasm from fans during his appearances on the live tour taking place after the first season concluded, Shum's character was given storylines in the second season, mostly involving his relationship with fellow glee club member Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz). He subsequently gave performances of "Make 'Em Laugh" in "The Substitute", "Sing" from A Chorus Line in "Duets", "Valerie" in "Special Education", and the show's first dance solo in "A Night of Neglect". He was promoted from guest star to series regular for the third season. He was given a major storyline in the third episode of the season, "Asian F", and performed "Cool" from West Side Story, his first solo song. On June 28, 2013, it was reported that Shum would not return as regular on Glee fifth season, but would be a recurring guest star. Shum worked as both a choreographer and a dancer for the dance group The LXD.Along with Chrisopher Scott, <mask> choreographed performances during the Ellen's Even Bigger Really Big Show, the 82nd Academy Awards and So You Think You Can Dance. The LXD also worked as the opening act for the Glee Live! In Concert! tour starting in May 2010. A mini web series of the same name and starring The LXD was created by Jon M. Chu, with Shum again taking the position of the choreographer and portrayed Elliot, while also writing the script for one of the episodes. Shum has been featured in many productions of Wong Fu Productions. In 2011, Shum worked in a short action film, 3 Minutes, directed by Ross Ching and produced by Don Le and George Wang.In 2012 he starred in White Frog, a comedy-drama film directed by Quentin Lee. Subsequently, <mask> was cast in the role of the Kuai Liang (the younger Sub-Zero) in the second season of Mortal Kombat: Legacy. <mask> had a major role in crime drama film Revenge of the Green Dragons, which was executive produced by Martin Scorsese. Shum was also the judge on the reality competition television series Face Off. 2015–18: Shadowhunters and other films
In 2016, Shum appeared as the character Wei-Fang in the Netflix American–Chinese martial arts film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny, a sequel to Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (1999). Shum was also cast as the male lead, Peter Ma, in Single By 30, a YouTube Red original series from Wong Fu Productions and New Form Digital after starring in the original pilot in 2015. The first season of the series premiered on August 24, 2016, on Wong Fu Productions' Channel.Shum scored a lead role in the Freeform series, Shadowhunters, and portrayed the centuries-old warlock Magnus Bane between 2016 and 2019. The show is based on Cassandra Clare's best-selling young adult fantasy series, The Mortal Instruments. His portrayal of Bane, a bisexual man of color, helped Shadowhunters win the 2017 GLAAD media award for an "Outstanding Drama Series", which he accepted with his co-star Matthew Daddario. Shum also received the Bisexual Representation Award (BiRA) for "Best Bisexual Representation of a Supporting Character" in both 2017 and 2018 hosted by FluidStyleCo. Shum won the award for The Male TV Star of 2018 in the E! People's Choice Awards for his role as Magnus Bane in Shadowhunters. Alongside his work in Shadowhunters, he received supporting roles in movies including Escape Plan: The Extractors and Burn.In 2018, <mask> was cast as Charlie Wu in Jon M. Chu's Crazy Rich Asians, and despite most of his scenes being cut due to the desire to focus on one romantic pairing, he appears briefly in a mid-credits scene near the end. An implied romance between Astrid and his character Charlie is to be expanded in the movie sequels currently in the work. Later career: 2019–present
In 2019, Shum appeared in 4 episodes of Tell Me a Story which premiered in December 2019. In March 2020, Shum guest starred in an episode of Comedy Central's Awkwafina is Nora from Queens. In  fall of 2020, <mask> was announced to have joined the cast of Netflix's rom-com Love Hard, which was filmed in Vancouver between early October and late November. On December 4, the romantic drama All My Life was released in the US theaters, followed by a premium video-on-demand release on December 23, and a streaming release on HBO Max on August 7, 2021. All My Life was inspired by true events and Shum portrayed a real-life person in this movie.Conspiracy thriller Broadcast Signal Intrusion in which Shum starred and served as an executive producer, premiered to critical acclaim at South by Southwest Film Festival in March 2021 and was released On Demand and in select theaters on October 22, 2021. Shum appeared in Netflix's Love Hard which was released on November 5, 2021. Personal life
Shum began a relationship with actress and dancer Shelby Rabara in 2007. The two were engaged in October 2013 while on vacation in Hawaii and were married on November 22, 2015 in Costa Rica. They have a daughter. Shum has stated that he identifies as being somewhat Latino. He said, "It's strange that I am full Chinese and born in a Latin country, but I love the fact that I was immersed in that culture at birth while maintaining my Chinese roots."Filmography

Film

Television

Web

Video games

Awards and nominations

Discography

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
American male actors of Chinese descent
American dancers of Asian descent
21st-century American male actors
American people of Costa Rican descent
Male actors from San Francisco
American choreographers
American male film actors
American people of Chinese descent
American people of Hong Kong descent
American male dancers
American musicians of Chinese descent
American male television actors
Costa Rican emigrants to the United States
Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area
People from Limón Province
Costa Rican people of Chinese descent
Costa Rican people of Hong Kong descent
San Francisco State University alumni
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
Hispanic and Latino American dancers
Hispanic and Latino American musicians

masks:
Harry Shum Jr
Shum
Shum
Harry
Shum
Harry
Shum
Harry