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<mask> ( 1590– 1670s) was an Indian merchant from Surat during the Mughal era. The East India Company Factory Records describe him as the richest merchant in the world at the time. According to English records, his personal worth is estimated to be worth 8 million rupees, a substantial amount of money at the time. He has been variously described as a "merchant prince," and a "plutocrat." The business activities of <mask> included wholesale trading, money lending, and banking. He established a monopoly over certain imports in Surat, and dealt with a wide range of commodities including spices, bullion, coral, ivory, lead, and opium. He was a major credit supplier and customer of the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company.Early life

The records of the East India Company frequently mention the business activities of <mask> Vora, but little is known about his origins or family background. He has been variously described as a Hindu/Jain and a Muslim. In 1968, Prof. K. H. Kamdar wrote a paper on him based on material from the Bombay Archives and Jain documents in Surat and Baroda. According to this research, <mask>i Jain of the Lonkagacchiya group. He may have been a member of the Srimali Oswal Porwal caste group. He was deeply involved in religious affairs, and held the title of Samghapati/Sanghavi, which is given to a lay leader who makes a major contribution, such as building a temple or organizing a mass pilgrimage. John F. Richards, writing in 1996, mentions him as "Baharji Bohra," and describes him as a Muslim Ismaili merchant belonging to the Bohra community.The earliest mention of <mask> appears in an East India Company record dated 22 March 1619, which recommends that his servant, "Hacka Parrache" (probably Hak Parekh) should be given "courteous usage" of all English ships at the Swally (Suvali) harbour of Surat. This meant that <mask>ji Vora had branches at several places in India, as well as the port cities of the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and South-East Asia. Virji had agents at most important commercial centers of India, including
 Agra, the imperial capital and the center of the indigo trade;
 Burhanpur, the major transportation and textile center on the Agra-Surat route;
 Golconda in Deccan, where his agents bought spices (especially pepper and cardamom);
 Goa, where his agents bought spices used by the Malabar frigates for coastal trade;
 Calicut in Malabar, center of trade for assorted spices;
 Bihar;

Within Gujarat, his agents were spread across various towns including Ahmedabad, Baroda, and Broach. Business activities

A wholesale trader, <mask> <mask> dealt in a wide range of commodities. Some of his deals mentioned in historical records include

 1625
 Virji bought the entire pepper stock brought by the Dutch to Surat. The English factory at Surat decided to purchase pepper worth £10,000 from Virji at the rate of 16 mahmudis per maund. <mask>, who owned the entire pepper stock in the city, demanded 16.25 per maund, and also asked them to sell to him 25 chests of coral at a price lower than the market price.When the merchants from South India arrived at Surat with a fresh stock of pepper, <mask> bought all the pepper from them. The English then sent an agent to the Deccan to buy pepper, but <mask> asked his agents to buy the pepper stock at a price slightly higher than the English were prepared to give. Ultimately, the English were forced to purchase pepper from <mask>. 1629
 Bought coral from the English at a discount after they found it difficult to sell. 1629
 Sold 20,000 mahmudis worth of pepper to the English. 1633
 Traded 12,000 tolas of gold with the English. 1641
 Sold turmeric and cardamoms to the English.1648
 Bought cloves from the Dutch at a cheaper rate than the English thanks to his enormous liquid capital. He purchased the cloves at Rs. 45 per maund and sold them at Rs. 62-65 per maund. 1649
 Bought all the available quantities of mace and nutmeg in Surat. 1650
 Bought 20 maunds of tea from the Dutch. 1650
 Bought silver ingots from the English at the previous year's rates after the local shroffs (buillion traders) of Surat refused to take them.1650
 Bought all the goods brought by the Dutch to Surat in alliance with the Mohandas Parekh (the broker for the Dutch). 1651
 Bought ivory from the English and coral from the Dutch. 1668
 <mask> <mask> and Haji Zahid (another merchant of Surat) stored thousands of maunds of vermilion and quicksilver, "sufficient to  supply the whole country for many years." <mask> <mask> also bought opium and cotton from the local merchants and exchanged them for pepper in South India or in the Spice islands. He would often purchase the entire quantity of a particular commodity and then dictate terms to the other merchants, including Indians and foreigners. According to W. H. Moreland, the syndicates dominated by <mask> bought the entire cargoes valued from 5 to 10 lakh of rupees. An English factory record dated 18 July 1643 mentions him as "the sole monopolist of all European commodities."It further states that the deals between the Europeans and the smaller local merchants were restrained by him, and the "time and price" of the deals were decided at "his will and at his own disposure." Relations with the Europeans

<mask> <mask> competed with the British East India Company (EIC) at times, but he was also their biggest creditor and customer in Surat. The two often sent gifts and letters to each other. 1635: <mask> gave nine pieces of white cloth to the Company. 1643: The EIC gave a German Iron Chest (manufactured at Nuremberg) to <mask>. 1654: <mask> asked the Company directors to arbitrate on his disputes with their employees in India. The decision was not favorable to <mask>, but the Company gave him several pieces of broad cloth and satin, two large looking-glasses, and a piece of double glided plate engraved with the Company's Coat of Arms.1661: <mask> Vora (1-1.5% per month). One English record states that, "the town [Surat] is very empty of moneys; <mask> Vora is the only master of it" and, "none but Virgee <mask>h hath moneye to lend or will lend." Some of his credits to the English include
 1619: A record dated 25 August 1619, which states that <mask> lent 25,000 mahmudis to the English. 1630: Lent Rs. 50,000 to the English at Agra. 1635: Lent Rs.20,000 to the English. 1636: Lent Rs. 30,000 to the English. 1636: Lent Rs. 2 lakhs to the English. 1642: A letter dated 27 January 1642 mentions him as the "greatest creditor" of the East India Company, and mentions that he offered a loan of Rs. 100,000 in "necessitous and calamitous times."1647: Financed the East India Company's voyage to Pegu, Burma by providing 10,000 pagodas (about 6000 £), at an interest of 1.17% per month, in Golconda. 1650: Offered Rs. 100,000 to Merry, the President at English Factory at Surat. 1669: The English borrowed Rs. 400,000 from a group of creditors, of which <mask> was an important member. Most of the capital lent to the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in India also came from <mask> <mask> and his close associate, Shantidas Jhaveri. <mask> also lent money to individual Englishmen to finance their own private trade - a practice denounced by the Company's London office.The Dutch and the English often used his facilities for transmitting large amounts of money from Surat to Agra through hundis (similar to demand drafts or traveler's cheques). Relations with the Mughal Authorities

Virji Vora's relationships with the Mughal Subahdars (Governors) of Surat were mostly cordial. By 1623, <mask> had become influential with Ishaq Beg, the Mughal Subahdar of Surat. He was an important figure in the civic affairs of Surat, and was part of the committees formed to discuss important public issues. In July 1624, he was a member of the committee formed to grant certain trading and religious rights to the English. Other members of the committee included Saif Khan (Subahdar of Surat), Thomas Rastell (President of English factory), Jam Quli Beg (Commander of the Surat castle), Mahmud Kasim (Chief Qazi), and Hari Vaishya. In 1636, he was on a committee set by the Subahdar to settle the claims of the merchants who had lost their goods to English pirates.Mir Musa (also known by his title Muiz-Ul-Mulk), the Subahdar of Surat in the 1630s, himself traded with the English. In order to maintain good relations with him, <mask> did not deal with the English in the commodities in which Mir Musa traded. Later in 1642, Mir Musa helped Virji corner to coral stock. <mask> later used his friendship with Mir Musa to monopolize coral, pepper, and other commodities in 1643. Hakim Sadra (Masih-Uz-Zaman), who briefly replaced Mir Musa as the Subahdar in 1635, seized all available supplies of pepper in Surat in 1638. He extorted money from the mercantile communities of Surat, and consequently ran into a conflict with <mask> <mask>. In the early months of 1638, he put Virji in a jail at Surat.He charged Virji with as many as 50 offences, and sent a list of these offences to the Mughal Emperor, Shah Jahan. <mask> denied all the charges, and was summoned by the emperor. The emperor set him free and removed Hakim from office. He is noted as sending the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan four Arab horses, and prince Murad Bakhsh as presenting the emperor with 18 of the famous Gujarat bullocks in c. 1657. Last days

<mask> <mask> suffered a major setback when the Maratha chief Shivaji raided Surat in 1664. On 7 January 1664, Maratha soldiers demolished his residence and warehouses, and looted a large amount of money, along with pearls, rubies, emeralds, and diamonds. Volquard Iverson, a Dutch eye-witness, states that Shivaji got, "six barrels of gold, money, pearls, gems and other precious wares" from Virji.The French traveler Jean de Thévenot, who visited Surat in the 1660s and developed a friendship with <mask>, also wrote about the huge monetary loss suffered by him during the Shivaji's raid. William Foster estimates this loot to be worth £50,000. Even after the Maratha raid, <mask> was not completely ruined, as his assets were distributed across a number of centers outside Surat. The Subahdar of Surat sent <mask> and Haji Zahid Beg to the Mughal Court at Agra to convince the authorities to fortify the town. An English letter dated 27 November 1664 states: "Haji Zahid Beg and <mask> <mask>, the two greatest merchants of this town, hold up their heads still and are for great bargains; so that is seems Shivaji hath not carried away all, but left them a competency to carry on their trade." The last references to <mask> occur in the English records of 1670, which talk about an Armenian merchant called Khwaja Minaz buying broad cloth on behalf of <mask> <mask>, and <mask>'s grandson Nanchand purchasing tin and copper. <mask> had grown old by 1670, and suffered another setback during Shivaji's second raid of Surat in 1670.The English and Dutch records of Surat's merchants and brokers do not mention him after 1670. François Martin, who served as the head of the French operations in Surat during 1681-1686, wrote about a set of banker-cum-merchants whom he always referred to as "the brothers Boras." Lotika Varadarajan, writing in 1976, said: "In sifting through the material it appears more than probable that one of the two brothers was <mask> Vora". However, Makrand Mehta (1991) believes that the English records would have certainly mentioned <mask> if he had lived beyond 1670. He therefore speculates that <mask> likely died in 1670. B. G. Gokhale assumes that <mask> might have retired from the business after his grandson Nanchand took over the business, and might have died in 1675. Paul Dundas also believes that <mask> died in 1675.Notes

References

Mughal Empire people
People from Surat
Businesspeople from Gujarat
Indian merchants
Gujarati people
17th-century Jains

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Virji Vora
Virji Vora
Virji
Virjivas
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Virjiir
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Virji
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Jean-Jacques d'<mask> (26 November 1678 – 20 February 1771) was a French geophysicist, astronomer and most notably, chronobiologist, was born in the town of Béziers on 26 November 1678. <mask> lost his father, François d'Ortous, at age four and his mother twelve years later at age sixteen. Over the course of his life, <mask> was elected into numerous scientific societies and made key discoveries in a variety of fields including ancient texts and astronomy. His observations and experiments also inspired the beginning of what is now known as the study of biological circadian rhythms. At the age of 92, <mask> died of pneumonia in Paris on 20 February 1771. Biography
<mask> attended college in Toulouse from 1694–1697 with a focus in ancient Greek. In 1698 he went to Paris to study mathematics and physics under the teachings of Nicolas Malebranche.In 1702, he returned home to Béziers and began his lifelong study of several fields, most notably astronomy and plant rhythms. Furthermore, during his time in Béziers, he ate almost every day with the Bishop, Louis-<mask> Alris <mask>. In 1723, <mask>, who had become a member of the Académie Royale des Sciences, co-founded the Académie de Béziers under the protection of Cardinal <mask>, acting prime minister of Louis XV (and himself a protégé of a former Bishop of Béziers, <mask> Bonsi). Eventually, <mask> received official lodging in the Louvre where he remained pensionnaire until 1743 and served as secretary from 1741 to 1743. In 1746, he was reinstated as pensionnaire géomètre, or full-time boarding surveyor. It is reported that the Prince of Conti and other great lords heaped extravagant gifts upon him. He was also secretary to the Duke of Orléans.Observations and notable experiments
In 1719, <mask> discussed the varying obliquity of light that causes cold in winter and heat in summer. He postulated that the sun's heating effect was related to the square of the sine of its elevation. He neglected the effects of atmosphere, admitting that he did not know how much the sun's heat would be absorbed by it. Two and a half years later, he presented a paper to the Academie Royale des Sciences in Paris: "Problem: the ratio of two degrees or quantities of sunlight seen through the atmosphere at two different known angular elevations being given, to find what part of the absolute light of the sun is intercepted by the atmosphere at any desired elevation." In this paper, <mask> made a hypothesis based on mere observations, supposing that the ratio had been measured, even though it had not. The significance of <mask>'s work, although incorrect, led his protégé, Pierre Bouguer, to invent the photometer. In 1729, <mask> constructed an experiment showing the existence of a circadian rhythm in plants, presumably originating from an endogenous clock (See 'Experiment on circadian rhythms in plants' below).In 1731, he also observed a nebulosity around a star near the Orion nebula. This was later designated M43 by Charles Messier. In 1731, he published "Traite Physique et Historique De l'Aurore Boreale" (a short summary appeared in the Philosophical Transactions ) in which he put up a novel hypothesis that the Northern Lights are caused by the Sun, as the interaction of the atmosphere with the zodiacal light. At the time, the aurorae were thought to be 'flames' caused by sulfurous effluvia emanating from the Earth. Experiment on circadian rhythms in plants
In 1729, <mask> performed an experiment that demonstrated the existence of circadian rhythms in plants, specifically the Mimosa pudica. He was intrigued by the daily opening and closing of the heliotrope plant and performed a simple experiment where he exposed the plants to constant darkness and recorded the behaviour. De Mairan's key conclusion was that the daily rhythmic opening and closing of the leaves persisted even in the absence of sunlight.However, <mask> did not infer that heliotropes have internal clocks driving leaf rhythms, but rather that they were able "to sense the Sun without ever seeing it". The concept of an internal clock was actually not formulated until much later, although <mask>ran did suggest that "it would be curious to test [...] whether, using kilns heated to higher or lower temperatures, one could artificially recreate a day & night perceptible to [plants]; and whether in doing so one could reverse the
order of the phenomena of true day & true night." These results may have gone unnoticed had his colleague, Marchant, not published them for <mask>ran. Alternatively, it may be that <mask>ran simply was not available to present this work himself. It was quite common at the time, when travels were slow, for one scientist to present the work of another. Whatever the case, this rather obscure one-page contribution by a prolific and highly respected academician did stand the test of time. It is by far the most if not the only paper by <mask>ran which is still quoted in the current scientific literature (bar purely historical reviews).When describing his work with eclosion rhythms in his Drosophila models or the rhythmic running activity of mice, founder of modern chronobiology, Colin Pittendrigh, recognised the work of Jean-Jacques d'Ortous <mask>. A video showing circadian rhythms in a cucumber plant in constant conditions, similar to what <mask> observed, can be seen . <mask>'s experimental legacy
Despite Marchant's publication of <mask>'s work, which might have suggested the existence of endogenous biological clocks, rhythms in plant movements were for a long time thought to be extrinsically controlled, by light and dark cycles, or magnetic and temperature oscillations, or even a mysterious, yet-to-be identified X-factor. In 1823, almost a century after <mask>'s work, the Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus <mask>lle expanded on it by measuring the free running period of Mimosa pudica leaf movements in constant conditions, finding them to be 22–23 hours long. This was probably the first hint of what is now called the circadian (from Latin circa, about, and diem) nature of such endogenous rhythms, found in practically all living organisms, including some bacteria

Scientific societies and recognition
In 1718, <mask> was inducted into the Académie Royale des Sciences. The <mask> Fleury and the Count of Maurepas selected Mairan to replace Bernard le Bovier <mask>e as "Secrétaire perpétuel" of the Académie in 1740, a position he accepted only for 3 years, and thus duly resigned in 1743. <mask> also served as the Académie's assistant director and later director intermittently between 1721 and 1760.Eventually, <mask> was appointed editor of the Journal des sçavans, a science periodical, by Chancellor d'Aguesseau. Also, in 1735, <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1769, a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences as well as to the Russian Academy (St. Petersburg) in 1718. <mask> was also a member of the Royal Societies of London, Edinburgh, and Uppsala and the Institute of Bologna. With Jean Bouillet and Antoine Portalon, he founded his own scientific society in his hometown of Béziers around 1723. Selected publications

Beyond astronomical and circadian observations, <mask> actively worked in several other fields of physics including "heat, light, sound, motion, the shape of the Earth, and the aurora". The following is an abbreviated list of publications (with their English translations) organised by Dr. Robert A. Hatch at the University of Florida:
 Dissertation sur les variations du barometre (Bordeaux, 1715) (Essays on barometric variations)
 Dissertation sur la glace (Bordeaux, 1716) (Essay on the ice)
 Dissertation sur la cause de la lumiere des phosphores et des noctiluques (Bordeaux, 1717) (Dissertation on the cause of light phosphates and noctilucence or nightly light)
  Dissertation sur l'estimation et la mesure des forces motrices des corps (1728) (Essay on the estimation of the measures of forces on the body)
 Lettre de m. de Mairan a Madame. Sur la question des forces vives (1741) (Letter to Mme Chatelet on the Question of Living Forces), one side of a public debate with Émilie du Châtelet on forces vives.He also published mathematical works. Traité physique et historique de l'aurore boréale, (1733) (Physical and historical Treaty of the aurora borealis)

References

External links
 Galileo project entry
 SEDS Biography
 At the dawn of chronobiology
 Biological Clocks — Garden Variety Experiments
 Clock Classics: It all started with the plants
 Ellen McNiven Hine (1996): Jean-Jacques Dortous <mask>ran and the Geneva connection: Scientific networking in the eighteenth century (The Voltaire Foundation)

1678 births
1771 deaths
People from Béziers
University of Toulouse alumni
18th-century French astronomers
Deaths from pneumonia in France
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Members of the Académie Française
Chronobiologists

masks:
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de Mairan
de Mairan
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Charles des
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Pierre de
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<mask> (born 1958) is an American Catholic apologist, author, and blogger. His blog, which includes material from his previous website, contains more than 2500 articles defending Christianity. It is award-winning and has had over two million visitors. He has written over 18 books, including The Catholic Answer Bible. Professional background
Raised as a Methodist in Detroit, Michigan, <mask> converted to non-denominational, Arminian evangelicalism in 1977, with strong affinities to the Jesus Movement and Messianic Judaism, and then to Catholicism in 1990, largely as a result of reading John Henry Cardinal Newman's Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine. He was received into the Catholic Church in February 1991 by Father John Hardon, SJ. <mask>'s conversion story was one of eleven in Patrick Madrid's Surprised by Truth.<mask> began his website, "Biblical Evidence for Catholicism," in March 1997  and it was described in a magazine article in 2002 as "well-known among both Catholic and Protestant apologists, garnering an estimated 200,000 or more hits annually...a virtual Catholic Encyclopedia". The site received the "Catholic Website of the Year" award from the Catholic apologetics periodical Envoy Magazine in 1998. <mask>'s website has achieved notice in the Protestant community; its C. S. Lewis links page has been cited as a further reference source in the evangelical periodical, Christianity Today. Moreover, secular newspapers like the Los Angeles Times have cited the same Lewis web page. In 2004, Christian History magazine lauded <mask>'s Malcolm Muggeridge links page as "...the best website from which to explore Muggeridge is hosted by Roman Catholic apologist <mask>." <mask>'s website was online for ten years (until March 2007), and his present blog (of the same name) first started operation in February 2004, eventually incorporating all of his previous website articles, and adding many additional ones (currently "more than 2500"). It has received over two million visitors since that time.In 2002, The Catholic Answer Bible  (later revised with a co-author as the New Catholic Answer Bible) was the first of <mask>'s books to be published by Our Sunday Visitor. In 2003 Sophia Institute Press published the first of its five <mask> books, A Biblical Defense of Catholicism. He now has authored eighteen volumes. <mask> has appeared on nationally syndicated Catholic radio talk shows, including Catholic Connection with Teresa Tomeo and two interviews on Catholic Answers Live. He's also served as a staff member of The Coming Home Network as Forum Coordinator and Head Moderator of their Internet Discussion Forum, from 2007-2010. Personal background
He has been married to his wife Judy since October 1984, and the couple has three sons and a daughter. <mask> holds a Bachelor of Arts, Sociology (cum laude) from Wayne State University, Detroit, 1982.Book reviews
A Biblical Defense of Catholicism, by Michael J. Miller, in Homiletic & Pastoral Review, May 2004. The Catholic Verses, by Michael J. Miller, in Homiletic & Pastoral Review, October 2005. The One-Minute Apologist, by Carl E. Olson, in National Catholic Register, August 26 - September 1, 2007 issue. Multiple reviews of 100 Biblical Arguments Against Sola Scriptura (Fr. Dwight Longenecker / Devin Rose / Brandon Vogt / Nick Hardesty / Jeff Miller / Pedro Vega) [May–August 2012]

Published works

Books
"Confessions of a 1980s' Jesus Freak," (pp. 241–252) in Surprised by Truth, edited by Patrick Madrid (Basilica Press, 1994). "The Imitation of Mary," chapter 5 (pp.31–35) in The Catholic Answer Book of Mary, edited by Fr. Peter M. J. Stravinskas (Our Sunday Visitor, 2000). A Biblical Defense of Catholicism [Foreword by John Hardon, SJ] (Sophia Institute Press, 2003; originally completed in May 1996)
The Catholic Verses: 95 Bible Passages That Confound Protestants (Sophia Institute Press, 2004)
The New Catholic Answer Bible (co-author, Dr. Paul Thigpen, Our Sunday Visitor, 2005; 44 of 88 apologetics inserts; NAB version; revised 2011 with revised NAB)
The One-Minute Apologist: Essential Catholic Replies to Over Sixty Common Protestant Claims (Sophia Institute Press, 2007)
The Wisdom of Mr. Chesterton: The Very Best Quotes, Quips & Cracks from the Pen of G. K. Chesterton (Saint Benedict Press / TAN Books, 2009)
Bible Proofs for Catholic Truths: A Source Book for Apologists and Inquirers (Sophia Institute Press, 2009)
100 Biblical Arguments Against Sola Scriptura (Catholic Answers, May 2012)
The Quotable Newman: A Definitive Guide to His Central Thoughts and Ideas [Foreword by Joseph Pearce] (Sophia Institute Press, 12 October 2012)

Articles
"The Real Martin Luther," The Catholic Answer, January/February 1993, 32-37. This Rock, September 1993, 14-16. "Is Development of Doctrine a Corruption of Biblical Teaching?," The Catholic Answer, September/October 1995, 8-11. "The Pre-Eminence of St. Peter: 50 New Testament Proofs," The Catholic Answer, January/February 1997, 32-35. "To Orthodox Critics of Catholic Apostolicity: Unity Still Sought," The Catholic Answer, November/December 1997, 32-35, 38-39, 62."Martin Luther's Devotion to Mary," The Coming Home Journal, January–March 1998, 12-13. "The Imitation of Mary," The Catholic Answer, May/June 1998, 8-11. "Transubstantiation and the Eucharist," The Coming Home Journal, July–December 1998, 12-13, 31. "St. Augustine's Belief in the Real Presence," The Coming Home Journal, July–December 1998, 18-20. "The Communion of Saints," The Catholic Answer, November/December 1998, 8-12. The Latin Mass, Fall 1999, Vol. 8, No.4, 65-71. "The Perspicuity ('Clearness') of Scripture," The Coming Home Journal, July–December 1999, 16-18.
 cover story on the Eucharist, Envoy Magazine, January/February 2000, cover and 1, 34-40. Top Ten Questions Catholics Are Asked (pamphlet: Our Sunday Visitor, July 2002). Top Ten Questions Catholics Are Asked (Spanish edition pamphlet: Our Sunday Visitor, July 2002). This Rock, February 2004, 20-22. This Rock, April 2004, 25-27. "A Quick Ten-Step Refutation of Sola Scriptura," This Rock, September 2004, 18-21.This Rock, November 2004. "'Can I Get a Quote on That? ': An Interview With <mask>," Gilbert Magazine (Vol. 13, No. 5, March 2010, pp. 14–17; interviewer: Dale Ahlquist. This periodical is published by the American Chesterton Society, and was devoted primarily to <mask>'s book, The Wisdom of Mr. Chesterton."Ten Deficiencies of Sola Scriptura as a Rule of Faith," Catholic Answers Magazine, May / June 2012, 22-25. References

American Roman Catholics
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Evangelicalism
1958 births
Writers from Detroit
Wayne State University alumni
Living people

masks:
Dave Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
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Dave Armstrong
Armstrong
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Dave Armstrong
Armstrong


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<mask> (March 26, 1890 – July 17, 1961) was an American mechanical engineer who built and sold steam-powered automobiles as Doble Steam Cars. His steam engine design was used in various automobiles from the early 1900s, including a 1969 General Motors prototype and the first successful steam-powered aeroplane. Family history
<mask> was born on 26 March 1890 in San Francisco, one of four brothers. His father was <mask>, son of the inventor of the Doble water wheel. <mask>'s forebears had migrated from England to the US in the mid-1700s. William's father <mask> was born in Indiana. He had been a sailor, a smith, and a lumberman, who became a journeyman blacksmith and subsequently became partner in Nelson and Doble.The company became one of the biggest manufacturers of miner's and blacksmith's tools on the US Pacific coast during the California Gold Rush. The company became famous manufacturing <mask> Doble's water wheel turbines for mining applications. The company expanded to make drays and street cars for San Francisco, as well as being involved in operating a local railroad company. In about 1892, <mask>'s grandfather formed the Abner Doble Company, assigning his interests to his sons Robert and William (<mask>'s father) and the company merged with arch-competitor and William stayed on. Early years
<mask> apprenticed at his family's factory at the age of eight. Between 1906 and 1909, while attending high school, Ab and brothers John, Warren, and Bill built their first steam car in their parents' basement. It was composed of parts taken from a wrecked White steamer but reconfigured to be driven by an engine of their own design.Though it did not run well, the <mask> brothers went on to build a second and third prototype in the following years. In 1909 <mask> graduated from high school and attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He dropped out after less than a year of studies, and with his brother, began to design his own steam car. By 1912 they had built their first car in Waltham, Massachusetts. The car was based on an American Underslung chassis, their own engine and a Stanley Steamer boiler. Waltham was near to the Stanley works and its factory at Watertown nearby. <mask> attempted to interest the Stanley twins in his condensing boiler.However, Francis would not hire Doble because he didn't trust him. Although recognized as a steam genius, <mask> was considered by some as arrogant and conceited and often told people he was a genius and therefore privileged to act so. Abner Doble Motor Vehicle Company, General Engineering, and Doble Steam Motors

Abner and his brother John formed their own company, the Abner Doble Motor Vehicle Company, in 1914. Their father provided financial support for the venture. The first car was the Model A. Up to five cars were thought to be made. Four were sold and one was kept for development.The cars were of good quality and appeared to have a good market. In 1915, <mask> drove his Model B, a revamped version of the Model A from Massachusetts to Detroit to seek investors. He managed to obtain $200,000, which he used to open the General Engineering Company with C L Lewis. In January 1917, <mask>'s new car, the Doble-Detroit, caused a sensation at the National Automobile Show in New York. Over 5,000 deposits were received for the car, with deliveries scheduled to begin in early 1918. The Dobles had not entirely worked out various design and manufacturing issues, and although the car received good notices and over 10,000 orders, about 11 were built. <mask> blamed his company's production failure on the steel shortages caused by World War I, but the Doble Detroit was mechanically unsatisfactory.<mask> also announced at the New York show that he was working on a steam engine for aeroplanes. The <mask> brothers were divided by <mask>'s insistence on taking credit for the company's technical achievements, and <mask> ended up suing <mask> for patent infringement, whereupon <mask> left Detroit for California and the General Engineering Company folded. When <mask> died of lymphatic cancer in 1921 the surviving brothers reunited in Emeryville, California. They set up a company under the name of Doble Steam Motors. In 1924 the State of California learned that <mask> had helped to sell stock illegally in a desperate bid to raise money for the company, and though <mask> was eventually acquitted, the company failed during the ensuing legal struggle. Fewer than thirty of the Model E steam cars were produced before the company went out of business in April 1931, the F cars coming under Besler ownership. The total being reported variously as 24, 42, and 43.<mask> himself owned E-24 from 1925 to 1936 as his own experimental car. He took it with him when on consulting work in New Zealand and England. He sold it in England to Mortimer Harman Lewis (editor of The Engineering and Boiler House Review) of Hyde Park, London, just before he departed for the US. Consultancy and later life

With the demise of their company Abner and Warren went on to work as consultants for other engineering companies globally. During the 1920s and 1930s engines were developed for steam buses. The first were tested in 1926 by International Harvester, using a Doble Model G engine, and the Detroit Motorbus Co, in a double decker, with a Doble Model H engine. A second Detroit bus had a Doble steam engine added in 1927 and at least one of them covered some .In 1929 a Doble Model H was installed in a Yellow Coach for General Motors. This was followed by another Model F in a Fageol bus. He went to New Zealand in March 1930 where he worked under a 3-year contract for A. & G. Price Limited at Thames on the development of a steam engine for buses. One was installed on an AEC chassis for the Auckland Transport Board to trial. The intention was that should the trial be successful more would be constructed. By 1932 the first had covered more than  and a second was ordered by a private company, White and Sons, for their Auckland to Thames Service.In January 1932 <mask> left New Zealand and went via San Francisco to England. There he was loaned by Prices as a consultant to the Sentinel Waggon Works of Shrewsbury, working on steam lorries and locomotives. Several shunting locomotives (switchers) and an undetermined number of railcars were fitted with Doble/Sentinel machinery for sale to customers in Britain, France, Peru, and Paraguay. In Germany, during the 1930s Henschel & Sohn buses and trucks, powered by Doble designed steam engines, were operated. <mask> <mask> left England in 1936. Also during this time he acted as a consultant to Borsig Lokomotiv-Werke of Berlin. <mask> was hired as the chief engineer for a new bus powerplant for a revived Stanley Motor Carriage Company in Chicago.In the middle of the project after the powerplant was actually built, <mask> left to some annoyance. <mask> then did engine designs for Cleaver-Brooks, Nordberg (1946-1948), and Greyhound. After this he retired to Santa Rosa, California, where he sold Electrolux vacuum cleaners to pay his living expenses. <mask>'s consultancy also included in the development of the Paxton Phoenix car, for the Paxton Engineering Division of McCulloch Motors Corporation, Los Angeles. The project was for a low-weight car built around a unique "torque box" chassis similar to an aeronautical wing section. The project was eventually dropped in 1954. He did work on a design for a steam car for Alex Moulton of England, but it was never built.He was a consultant on the Keen steam car in 1957 and a monotube boiler for Charles W Tadlock of St Louis in 1957. For the remainder of his life, he maintained that steam-powered automobiles were at least equal to gasoline cars, if not superior. He died on 17 July 1961 of a heart attack, in Santa Rosa, California. He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1972. See also
 Doble steam car

References

External links
 Doble Steam Cars, 2 volumes Jim Crank. 2019, at Amazon. <mask> Doble online archive, The Bancroft Library
 Doble Steam Motors Corporation photograph collection, The Bancroft Library
 Automotive Hall of Fame Inductees
 The Strange Triumph of <mask> Doble, AmericanHeritage.com
 H H Stewarts photographs relating to Doble's time in New Zealand at virtualsteamcarmuseum.org

1890 births
1961 deaths
American mechanical engineers
20th-century American engineers

masks:
Abner Doble
Doble
William Ashton Doble
Doble
Abner
Abner
Doble
Abner
Doble
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Abner
Abner
Abner
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John Doble
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<mask> (November 13, 1929 – November 27, 2019) was a political consultant, author, and founder of the North Carolina Institute of Political Leadership. James M. Perry, the chief political correspondent for the Wall Street Journal, said this about his book The Ticket-Splitter (1972): "<mask> and Tarrance, scholars who have worked in the political hedge-rows, have brilliantly destroyed generations of conventional wisdom about how America votes and why they vote as they do. The Ticket-Splitter has opened new vistas in political research techniques and election strategies." Writing in 1972, Andrew M. Greeley remarked that "<mask> and Lance Tarrance Jr. have apparently pinpointed a change which exists in the real world apart from the 'Op-Ed' page of the New York Times. If party identification has not changed much, 'ticket-splitting' has. In 1944 there were 41 Congressional districts that voted for one party for the Presidency and another for the House of Representatives. In 1956 there were 130 such districts; in 1964, 145... From 1914 to 1962 there was only one year when there were more than six states which elected a Senator from one party and a Governor from another...Since 1962 the average number of 'incongruences' has been eleven per year..."

Significantly, "<mask> and Tarrance ... point out that the 'ticket-splitter' is not the 'independent' described by Angus Campbell and his colleagues from the Survey Research Center -— a voter without conviction or commitment. Rather, the 'ticket-splitter' is both more concerned and better informed than the straight-party voter. He is more likely to be young, professional, college-educated, and to have an income of over $10,000. He is part of America’s post-World War II, college-educated, professional class." Biography
Walt de Vries was born in Holland, Michigan, in 1929. He was the oldest of seven sons of Dutch immigrants. He enlisted in the 2nd Armored Division of the U.S. Army (1948–49) and was recalled to active duty as an Intelligence NCO with the Army Security Agency in Korea (1950–51).He later received a B.A. from Hope College in 1954. He then went on to earn an M.A. and Ph.D. in political science and social psychology from Michigan State University in 1955 and in 1960, respectively. De Vries became director of research & strategy in George Romney's  three successful campaigns for governor (1962, 1964 & 1966) and in his presidential campaign during 1967, but he resigned that position in November 1967. He also served as Romney's executive assistant in the administration of the Michigan state government from 1962 to 1967. From 1969 to 1972 professor of political science at the University of Michigan.From 1973 to 1979 he was an associate professor in the Institute of Policy Sciences and Public Affairs at Duke University. In 1981 he was appointed an adjunct professor at the University of North Carolina Wilmington. From 1969 through 1987 de Vries was the president of de Vries & Associates, Inc., a public relations, polling, media production, and campaign consulting firm. His company conducted more than 350,000 in-the-home and telephone surveys with registered voters for political, commercial, governmental and media clients. He has served as a campaign consultant to presidential, U.S. Senate, gubernatorial, congressional, state legislative and referendum campaigns in 35 states and several countries. He served on the Wrightsville Beach Planning Board from 2011 to 2013. De Vries wrote and produced for television from 1960 until his death.His business, de Vries and Associates, Inc., has written and produced full-length documentaries, mini-documentaries, special telecasts, PSA's and commercials for public television, commercial television, cable networks, and satellite systems. Personal life

<mask> Vries met Lois Cook while still in high school. They were married in September 1950, when de Vries was subsequently recalled for military duty in Korea. They have four sons: Michael Dale (1952), Robert Cook (1953), Steven Richard (1957), and <mask> (1962). De Vries, an avid sailor and also longing to be near the ocean, moved the family from Michigan to Marblehead, Massachusetts, and then ultimately south to the coastal town of Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, in 1972. Works

The Ticket-Splitter: A New Force in American Politics 1972  Foreword by: David S. Broder  Co-Author: V. Lance Tarrance Jr. The Transformation of Southern Politics 1976  Co-Author: Jack Bass.David S. Broder of the Washington Post said the book was a "compelling story with insights on every page." Tom Wicker of the New York Times called it "definitive". Checked and Balanced: How Ticket-Splitters are Shaping the New Balance of Power in American Politics 1998 Co-Author:  V. Lance Tarrance. Everett. C. Ladd of the Roper Center for Public Opinion said that Tarrance and De Vries "continue their leading work in this major new book—essential reading for all who want to understand the evolution of American politics." Founder/member
Delegate to Michigan Constitutional Convention to rewrite the Michigan Constitution. (1962)
Fellow of the Institute of Politics in the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.(1968–69)
Co-founder and member of the American Association of Political Consultants (1969). From the AAPC website:

Founder – North Carolina Institute of Political Leadership (1987)
In January 1989, de Vries was appointed the executive director of the N.C.I.P.L. The purpose of the program is to improve the quality of political leadership in North Carolina at the state and local levels. Each year, two classes of twenty Fellows—with outstanding leadership potential—are selected by the Institute's Board, and they spend ten weekends in a training program designed to make them familiar with the state's political and policy processes and campaign techniques. Over 1,500 Fellows have graduated from the Institute's hands-on program and serve in elective and appointive political and governmental positions. Dr. de Vries retired as IOPL Director in July 2004. Since 1991, the North Carolina Institute of Political Leadership has helped start similar programs in Massachusetts, Michigan, Virginia, Ecuador, and South Africa.Awards

Young Man of the Year Award (Grand Rapids  Junior Chamber of Commerce) (1962)
Order of the Long Leaf Pine Award (1998) one of North Carolina's highest honors, by Governor James B. Hunt Jr. Lifetime Achievement Award (2010) North Carolina Institute of Political Leadership. References

American political consultants
1929 births
2019 deaths
University of Michigan faculty

masks:
Walter de Vries
DeVries
Walter DeVries
DeVries
Walter de
Walter Dann


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<mask> (born March 14, 1984) is an Cuban-American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 10 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing. A graduate of Hillsborough High School in Tampa, <mask> attended the University of Central Florida to work on a degree in mechanical engineering before leaving to pursue a career in racing. His nickname is "The Cuban Missile" because of his Cuban heritage. Racing career

Early career
<mask> was born on Eglin Air Force Base in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, of Cuban descent. He began racing go-karts when he was eight years old.At age 14, he began racing nationally. He won the pole position in his debut in the World Karting Association race and finished fourth in the standings that year. Two years later, he moved up into modifieds and won several Rookie of the Year awards. NASCAR
In 2002, <mask> moved to the NASCAR Sun Belt Weekly Racing Division and finished second in the Rookie of the Year standings. He followed that up with five pole positions in 2003. In 2004, he became one of the first drivers to participate in NASCAR's Drive for Diversity program. He also signed with Joe Gibbs Racing as a development driver under a partnership with former NFL player Reggie White.<mask> ran the season at Ace Speedway, and won two races before finishing 11th in the points standings. He won five more races at the track in 2005, and made his Truck Series debut with Morgan-Dollar Motorsports and had two top-tens in four races. 2006–07
For 2006, <mask> drove the No. 75 Spears Manufacturing-sponsored Chevy for Spears Motorsports in the Craftsman Truck Series, as part of the JGR development program. He started every race and had three Top 10 finishes, including a best finish of ninth, ending the season 18th. That season, he also drove nine races in the Busch Series for Gibbs in the No. 19 Husqvarna/Banquet Foods-sponsored Chevrolet Monte Carlo.His best finish was eleventh at Dover International Speedway. He also served as a test driver for Gibbs teammates J. J. Yeley and Denny Hamlin when their Nextel Cup and Busch Series schedules conflicted. He also scored his first career pole at the Milwaukee Mile, qualifying the No. 20 car for Denny Hamlin, who competed in the race. <mask> moved up to the Busch series regularly in 2007, driving the No. 18 and No. 20 Chevys for Joe Gibbs, driving each car in ten races apiece.He won his second career pole award for the Orbitz 300 at Daytona. He won the pole again, for the second straight year, at the AT&T 250 at the Milwaukee Mile, but thought he was going to give up driving duties to Hamlin again; Hamlin's helicopter was unable to land in time for Hamlin to make it to the track, so Almirola started the race, leading the first 43 laps of the race. On lap 59, during a caution period, because of sponsor commitments, Hamlin took over for <mask> while he was running in the third place. Hamlin went on to win the race, but <mask> was credited with his first NASCAR Busch Series win because he was the driver who started the race. <mask> did not participate in team victory celebrations after the race as he had already left the track. He soon joined Dale Earnhardt, Inc. following the sale of Ginn Racing. He drove the No.01 Chevrolet in five races in 2007 and had the best finish of 30th. 2008–09

<mask> was named co-driver of the No. 8 United States Army-sponsored Chevrolet for the 2008 Sprint Cup Series, sharing the ride with Mark Martin. His best finish during the season was an eighth-place finish in the 2008 Food City 500 at Bristol, and his best start in Sprint Cup was a third-place start at the 2008 Goody's Cool Orange 500 at Martinsville. <mask> was named the full-time driver of the No. 8 for the 2009 season. Seven races into the 2009 season, <mask> lost his ride due to a lack of sponsorship.He later signed a five-race deal with Key Motorsports to drive their No. 40 Chevrolet Impala SS in the Nationwide Series. He returned to the Truck Series, driving part-time in the No. 15 Graceway Pharmaceuticals-sponsored Toyota Tundra for Billy Ballew Motorsports, and had a seven-race streak of finishes eighth or better. He also made one attempt and one race in the No. 09 Phoenix Racing Chevrolet in the Sprint Cup Series. In October 2009, he filed paperwork in North Carolina Superior Court indicating that he has a breach-of-contract dispute with Earnhardt Ganassi Racing and Dale Earnhardt Inc. <mask> competed in seven Sprint Cup races in 2009 for the team before his No.8 Chevy car was parked because of a lack of sponsorship. The lawsuit was dropped a month later after being settled out of court. 2010–2012: Resurgence in Truck and Nationwide

For 2010, he was to drive full-time for Phoenix Racing's No. 09 Cup series Chevrolet Impala. He also drove the No. 51 Graceway Pharmaceuticals/AK Awareness-sponsored Toyota Tundra for Billy Ballew in the Camping World Truck Series. In April, <mask> parted ways with Phoenix Racing to focus on his Truck Series ride.Almirola attempted the Aarons 499 at Talladega in No. 35 Tommy Baldwin Racing/Mohawk-sponsored Chevrolet but failed to qualify after qualifying was rained out by NASCAR. <mask> won his first race in the Camping World Truck Series at Dover International Speedway and won again at Michigan International Speedway, holding off Todd Bodine and Kyle Busch. <mask> would finish second in points to Bodine. Hendrick Motorsports named <mask> a standby driver for the No. 48 team in case Jimmie Johnson needed to leave for the birth of his daughter. <mask> was not needed.In July 2010, <mask> was again a standby driver for Hendrick Motorsports at Pocono in case Jeff Gordon had to leave or miss the race due to the birth of Gordon's son. At Loudon, he was on standby for a sick Scott Speed. He drove the No. 9 Richard Petty Motorsports Ford at Martinsville Speedway in Fall 2010 after Kasey Kahne was released from his contract. <mask> had his first Sprint Cup Top 5 finish at Homestead. At Talladega in the fall, he ended up in the closest finish in truck series history by ending up second to Kyle Busch in 0.002 of a second, who passed underneath <mask> below the yellow line. The 1-2 finish was the same as the previous race in 2009 but the finish was controversial because of the yellow line rules (as NASCAR rules state that a driver must not advance his position by going below the yellow line even if he is forced down there).But officials determined that Busch had the lead before going below the yellow line thus making Busch's winning move legal. In 2011, <mask> drove the No. 88 Nationwide Series car for JR Motorsports. He won two poles and had 18 top-10s to finish fourth in points. He was released from his contract after the season when he accepted a full-time Sprint Cup ride, driving for Richard Petty Motorsports in the No. 43 Ford. 2012–2017: Return to Cup in the No.43
 After only running one year's worth of Sprint Cup Series races in his career, Richard Petty Motorsports signed <mask> to a one-year contract, replacing the departing A. J. Allmendinger in the legendary 43 car. <mask> earned a Pole start at Charlotte in May, and collected one top 5 and four top 10s en route to a 20th-place finish in points. <mask>'s best run of the year may have been at Kansas in October, where he qualified fifth and lead 69 laps after taking the top spot on lap 6. But on lap 121, <mask> blew a tire, sending his Farmland Ford into the wall. He spun on lap 172 racing for the lead and lost a lap on pit road. After getting his lap back and working his way up to 13th, <mask> hit the wall once again, setting the front of the car ablaze and ending the promising run. <mask> also returned to the Truck Series in 2012 on a part-time basis driving for his old crew chief Richie Wauters' No.5 Ford. In 2013 <mask> returned to Richard Petty Motorsports' No. 43 in the Sprint Cup Series; at Martinsville Speedway in October, the team ran the No. 41 to honor Maurice Petty's induction into the NASCAR Hall of Fame. During the 2013 season from Texas to Talladega, he had the most consecutive Top 10s in the 43 car since Bobby Hamilton in 1996. After being fastest in practice in Talladega, his crew chief Todd Parrott was suspended for violating NASCAR's substance abuse policy. <mask> finished a career high 18th in points.In 2014, he received crew chief Trent Owens who is Richard Petty's nephew. In January 2014, RPM announced a three-year contract extension with Almirola after working on one-year deals the previous two seasons. This coincided with sponsor Smithfield Foods stepping up to fund 29 races in each the next three seasons with brands Smithfield, Farmland, Eckrich, and Gwaltney. Almirola had a rather slow start to 2014, being involved in a 12-car wreck in the 2014 Daytona 500. At Bristol, <mask> posted his best cup finish to date, finishing 3rd. The next week at Auto Club Speedway during the 2014 Auto Club 400, Almirola got involved in an accident with Brian Scott. Almirola made a pass on Scott for 4th place.Scott controversially moved into the back of <mask> to wreck himself and <mask>. In a post-race interview, an angry <mask> retorted "The 33 was obviously a dart without feathers and coming across the race track. He ran right into me. Man, he came from all the way at the bottom of the race track and ran into me. He's not even racing this series for points. He's out there having fun because his daddy gets to pay for it and he wrecked us. That's frustrating."At the 2014 Coke Zero 400, <mask> would earn his first career win in the Sprint Cup Series after avoiding two major wrecks, and leading the field when the race was called off after 112 laps due to rain. His win also marked the first victory by the Richard Petty Motorsports No. 43 since 1999, and 30 years to the day Richard Petty won his 200th race. On his big victory <mask> said "The good Lord was watching out for us today and we were meant to win. It's real special for me to win here. This is not only the 30th anniversary of this team's last win at Daytona, it is my hometown and I remember growing up watching Daytona 500s and Firecracker 400s here. To win is real special."Despite only scoring better than 20th only four times in the next few races, <mask>'s win clinched a berth in the 2014 Chase for the Sprint Cup, his first Chase appearance and the first for a Cuban driver. <mask> was eliminated from the championship chase after round 1 of the Chase. <mask> had a more successful year in 2015 despite missing the Chase barely. He had only six Top 10s but he was mainly in the Top 15 and was consistent all year long. he barely missed the chase by almost winning the Fall Richmond race with a strategy call and finished 4th. He finished 17th in the standings, the highest for a non-chaser. He returned to the No.43 in 2016 with Brian Scott as his new teammate. In July 2016, <mask>, in the No. 98 car, won the Xfinity Series race at Daytona, for his first Xfinity Series win since 2007. He barely beat Justin Allgaier by 0.003 seconds to win the race. A final lap caution came out, with <mask> being declared the winner on review. In victory lane, an ecstatic <mask> said that he considered the race to be his first Xfinity Series win as he had won the 2007 Milwaukee race while Denny Hamlin drove 75% of the race. <mask> had a dismal 2016 season with just only collecting a top ten finish.<mask> started the 2017 season without a teammate and finished 4th at the 2017 Daytona 500. <mask> was hit with a 35-point penalty loss after the Talladega race. During the Go Bowling 400 at Kansas Speedway on May 13, <mask> was involved in a violent crash along with Joey Logano and Danica Patrick. After Logano's brake rotor exploded, he collided with Patrick, sending both straight into the wall. <mask> attempted to avoid the wreck but instead slammed into Logano. Although he was conscious, <mask> was cut out of his car, placed onto a stretcher, and airlifted to the University of Kansas Hospital. <mask> was diagnosed with a compression fracture of his T5 vertebrae, released from the University of Kansas Hospital after overnight observation and traveled back to North Carolina, where he had a follow-up consultation with his doctors in Charlotte.Almirola was also reported to have the ability to walk the day after his violent wreck. It was expected that he would miss 8–12 weeks. He was replaced by Regan Smith for the Monster Energy Open, which led up to the Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race, the Coca-Cola 600, and the AAA 400 Drive for Autism. Darrell Wallace Jr. and Billy Johnson also substituted for Almirola. On June 29, <mask> stated he would undergo track tests in Charlotte or Darlington before being medically cleared to race in low-banking tracks like Indianapolis or New Hampshire to decrease stress on his back. On July 12, he announced he had been cleared to return to racing at Loudon's Overton's 301. In September 2017, after sponsor Smithfield Foods announced that they would be leaving the team at season's end, Almirola announced his departure from Richard Petty Motorsports.2018–present: Stewart-Haas Racing

On November 8, 2017, Stewart-Haas Racing announced <mask> as the driver of the No. 10 Ford Fusion for the 2018 season. <mask> was leading the 2018 Daytona 500 when on the race's last lap <mask> and eventual race winner Austin Dillon collided, resulting in <mask> crashing into the outside wall and finishing 11th. His consistency throughout the regular season brought him to the playoffs. At the inaugural Charlotte Roval race, <mask> was barely able to advance to the Round of 12 with a 19th-place finish after slamming the outside wall while avoiding William Byron, who cut a tire in front of him. He had a strong running at the fall Dover race until he got loose exiting the turn and collided with Brad Keselowski, which caused a multi-car pileup that took out Keselowski, Martin Truex Jr., and Alex Bowman. One week later, Almirola and Stewart-Haas Racing dominated the fall Talladega race.On the final lap, <mask> was running 2nd until his teammate Kurt Busch ran out of gas. <mask> scored his second career cup win, locking him into the Round of 8. Despite finishing fourth at Phoenix, <mask> was eliminated in the Round of 8. He finished the season fifth in the points standings, the highest finish of his career. In the 2019 season, <mask> once again made the playoffs, but was eliminated in the Round of 16 after finishing 14th at the Charlotte Roval. 5 weeks later, <mask> contended with teammate and pole-setter Kevin Harvick for the win at Texas before finishing in 2nd-place, his best finish of the season. He fell to 14th in the final points standings.On December 4, 2019, Stewart-Haas Racing announced that Mike Bugarewicz will replace Johnny Klausmeier as the crew chief of the No. 10 team in 2020. <mask> finished third at the 2020 GEICO 500 despite crossing the finish line nearly all the way backwards after being spun by Ricky Stenhouse Jr. <mask> led the most laps and won the second stage at Pocono the following week, and looked to be in a position to win until a poor final pit stop cost him the lead. <mask> finished 3rd. <mask> led 128 of the first 137 laps at Kentucky but his car did not do as well in lap traffic and he was unable to regain the lead; <mask>'s teammate Cole Custer won the race. <mask>'s consistency got him in the Playoffs for the third year in a row. He made it to the Round of 12, but was eliminated after the Charlotte Roval.In 2021, <mask> won his duel and started third in the Daytona 500, but contact with Christopher Bell triggered the big one and knocked <mask> out of the race on lap 14. It was the fourth consecutive year in which <mask> did not finish on the lead lap in the Daytona 500. At New Hampshire Motor Speedway, with 57 laps to go, <mask> passed Ryan Blaney for the lead. He went on to collect his third career win over Christopher Bell after NASCAR shortened the race by 8 laps due to darkness. <mask> was eliminated from the playoffs following the conclusion of the Round of 16 at Bristol. He finished the season 15th in the points standings. On January 10, 2022, <mask> announced his retirement from full-time racing after the 2022 season.Personal life
<mask> <mask> was born as the youngest of four boys at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida, and raised in Tampa. His family members are Cuban and <mask> is a US citizen. His grandfather Sam Rodriguez was a dirt sprint car driver. <mask> is married to <mask>, with whom he has two children: a son named Alex (born September 2012) and a daughter named Abby (born November 2013). <mask> is a Christian. Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time.* – Most laps led.) Cup Series

Daytona 500

Xfinity Series

Camping World Truck Series

Camping World East Series

K&N Pro Series West

ARCA Re/Max Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) * Season still in progress
1 Ineligible for series points

See also
List of Cuban Americans
List of NASCAR drivers
List of people from Tampa, Florida

References

External links

Living people
1984 births
People from Fort Walton Beach, Florida
Racing drivers from Tampa, Florida
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
World Karting Association drivers
University of Central Florida alumni
American sportspeople of Cuban descent
Joe Gibbs Racing drivers
Dale Earnhardt Inc. drivers
JR Motorsports drivers
Stewart-Haas Racing drivers

masks:
Aric Michael Almirola
Almirola
Almirola
Almirola
Almirola
Almirola
Almirola
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Almirola
Almirola
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Aric
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Aric
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Janice Almirola
Almirola


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<mask> (September 20, 1773 in Ruma, Austrian Empire – September 25, 1832 in Kharkov, Imperial Russia) was a Serbian, Austrian and Russian writer, pedagogue, scholar, physicist, mathematician and astronomer of Serb origin. He is considered as the finder of the Russian meteoritics. <mask> was the president of Kharkiv University from 1807 to 1809 and from 1811 to 1813. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Ruma, then part of the Austrian Empire (now modern day Serbia) on 20 September 1773. He finished grammar school in his native village of Ruma in Srem. From 1789 to 1794 he attended the École polythechnique at Buda and afterwards, till 1798, the University of Göttingen. His education (at Buda and Göttingen) was funded by the Metropolitan of the Serbian Orthodox Church at Sremski Karlovci -- Stevan Stratimirović—and subsequently in Sremski Karlovci itself, where Stojković proposed to take orders.Upon graduation and on returning home, however, he abandoned the idea in favor of his academic and scientific careers. It was during his studies at the University of Budapest, where he was inspired by lectures and it was there that he determined to devote himself to natural science, mathematics, physics and astronomy. He received PhD at the University of Göttingen where he also graduated. <mask> took his undergraduate degree in philosophy in 1796, and for a time pursued the study of philosophy and natural science at the University of Göttingen. He graduated in 1798 with a PhD in Philosophy and Natural Science. He became a member of the Mineralogical Society in Jena. Mainly through the influence of Dositej Obradović he turned his attention to literature and science, and during the years 1801 and 1804 made a special study of astronomy.It was during his university days that he began his researches in physics which led to his great treatise on that subject. This work—Fizika—was published in 1801-1804 in three volumes. This work entitled <mask> to rank as one of the greatest of those who took part in the development of early modern physics of which Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was the founding father along with Kepler, Galileo, and others, before him. It also added credibility to Vuk Karadžić's reforms. <mask> wrote the three-volume tome with the common man in mind, using the vernacular idiom rather than the antiquated. From Professor to Rector
Severyn Osipović Potocki secured him in 1799 as professor of physics—its first—at the University of Kharkiv (1805-1813) and within a short period he became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and served as the university's rector (1807-1808 and 1811-1813). He was already acquainted with Pierre Charles Le Monnier and his son-in-law, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, a member of the French Academy of Sciences, which had become part of the Institut de France (1795) and through their work in astronomy <mask> decided to make Meteor Science his life's work.As a member of the newly instituted commission of education at the new university, he rendered invaluable service to his adopted country (Imperial Russia) for the next several years. From 1821 until 1829 he was a professor of geology at St. Petersburg and he corresponded with members of the Geological Society of France (1830) and influenced the work of the next generation of geologists, Ami Boué (1794-1881), Gerard Paul Deshayes (1795-1875) and Jules Desnoyers (1800-1887). Before Charles Lyell (1797-1875), Stojković advocated a study of the causes or forces now in action in order to illustrate the past. In 1824 a new version of the New Testament appeared in modern Serbian vernacular. This was translated by <mask> <mask>, and was issued in Cyrillic character by the Russian Bible Society at Petrovgrad (St. Peterburg). <mask> was known in Imperial Russia, Austrian and Ottoman empires as one of the most enlightened and zealous teachers of the time. As professor of physics, and regent of schools, Stojković was the ornament of the University of Khirkiv during the time he was there.He published improved editions of several scholastical and philological works. He wrote books in Russian on the foundation of physics and physical astronomy,. In Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, where the Tunguska event on 30 June 1908 took place, a hill is named after <mask> <mask>. Teodor Pavlović (1804-1854) wrote and published a detailed biography of <mask> <mask>, Russian Emperor's Governmental Counselor. Published works
It was during his university days that he began his researches in physics which led to his great treatise on that subject. This work—Fizika—was published in 1801-1804 in three volumes. This work entitled <mask> to rank as one of the greatest of those who took part in the development of early modern physics of which Leibnitz was the founding father along with Kepler, Galileo, and others, before him.It also added credibility to Vuk Karadžić's reforms. <mask> wrote the three-volume tome with the common man in mind, using the vernacular idiom rather than the antiquated. In 1800, <mask>'s first Serbian novel Kandor or Revelation of Egyptian mysteries shows the clear influences of 18th century Egyptomany—such as was mostly fostered by Karl von Eckartshausen and by Freemasonry and other similar societies. He was author of the first Serbian language book about physics and member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The first book presented to the library of Matica Srpska were presented by <mask>. In his literature works he used Slavonic-Serbian language and belongs to the group of authors who brought German version of Enlightenment to Serbs. After completing his education <mask> moved to Harkov, Russia.He died in Harkov on 2 June 1832. While in Imperial Russia, he held the position of Russian-Emperor's Governmental Counselor. His treatise on Physics (Fizika) and New Testament translation were written in the Slavoserbian vernacular and not the Serbo-Slavonic language of the chancellery and private correspondences of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. <mask> was awarded the Order of Saint Vladimir. Selected works
 Kandor ili Otkrovenie Egipetskih Tainih'' (Kandor, or a Revelation of Egyptian Mysteries, 1800)

See also
 Gligorije Trlajić
 Teodor Filipović
 Vasily Karazin
 Andrej Dudrovich

References

Sources

External links
 Mad scientist, text about <mask> <mask> published at B92 website

Further reading

1773 births
1832 deaths
People from Ruma
University of Göttingen alumni
Habsburg Serbs
Serbian educators
Serbian writers
People of the Russian Empire of Serbian descent

masks:
Atanasije Stojković
Stojković
Stojković
Stojković
Stojković
Stojković
Stojković
Atanasije
Stojković
Stojković
Atanasije
Stojković
Atanasije
Stojković
Stojković
Stojković
Stojković
Stojković
Stojković
Stojković
Atanasije
Stojković


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<mask> (September 25, 1888 – November 4, 1941) was an American feminist, socialist, and political cartoonist. Personal life
<mask> was born on September 25, 1888 in Flushing, New York, the oldest of three children born to <mask> and <mask>. <mask> initially entered law school, but then explored the sciences before launching a career as a newspaperman for the New York Herald. While living in New York, he also earned a reputation as author and poet. By 1910 the family relocated to Philadelphia, where <mask> established himself as theater manager, and <mask> studied art. New Woman
As educational opportunities were made more available in the 19th century, women artists became part of professional enterprises, including founding their own art associations. Artwork made by women was considered to be inferior, and to help overcome that stereotype women became "increasingly vocal and confident" in promoting women's work, and thus became part of the emerging image of the educated, modern and freer "New Woman".Artists then, "played crucial roles in representing the New Woman, both by drawing images of the icon and exemplyfying this emerging type through their own lives." Artist

<mask> <mask> enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1906,  where she became a pupil of William Merritt Chase and John Twachtman. She has been mentioned as an associate of Robert Henri and his Ashcan school. Her work was honored by receiving two Cresson Traveling Scholarships from the Academy, which permitted her first trip to Europe in 1910,  and encouraged another trip abroad in 1913. She exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts,  and by 1910 was listed as a painter in the American Art Annual. In her mid-twenties she married Arthur S. Garbett, a British music critic working in Philadelphia. The couple gave birth to a son in Philadelphia, and is believed to have spent a couple years in New York City.Max Eastman,  recalled the early days in his assigned role as editor of The Masses, during which the following incident took place around 1913. "<mask> <mask>,  an elf-eyed girl with smooth brown hair, turned up with the picture that was brilliantly comic and not like anything else in the world". <mask> <mask>' artistic style relied on heavy crayon lines and a distinctive comic style in her portrayals of pretentiousness, social privilege, male dominance, and childhood innocence. In another work Max Eastman wrote,
 "[T]he drawings of Art Young and <mask> <mask> and William Gropper  were of their own intrinsic nature comic. Captions here were unnecessary, or were at least a supplemental element––often, in fact, supplied by the editors in the office." "American Salon of Humorists" was a 1915 exhibit held in New York City at the Folsom Galleries. It was organized by Louis Baury,  and <mask> <mask> was one of the twenty-three featured artists.She may have been a relative newcomer to the art scene of New York, but she was rising rapidly. Suffrage and socialism: the New York City years

From 1913 to 1917 Barns was a frequent contributor to The Masses, a socialist magazine that attracted a highly talented group of writers and artists. For three years, Barns served on its editorial board. As art historian Rebecca Zurier commented,
"The closest thing to a feminist statement by a woman Masses editor appears in the cartoons of <mask> <mask>, who refrained from any serious social analysis." When publication of The Masses was suspending following government charges, a new magazine, The Liberator was founded by Max Eastman and Crystal Eastman. In the February 10, 1918 issue of the New York Call, <mask> was announced as a contributing editor to The Liberator, along with fellow cartoonist/illustrators Robert Minor, Boardman Robinson and Art Young. In 1925 the New Masses was announced as "A new radical magazine of arts and letters, without political affiliations or obligations but with sympathy and allegiance unqualifiedly with the international labor movement.. ." Once again, <mask> <mask> was listed as a contributing editor. Within socialist periodicals, many cartoons by <mask> <mask> pertained to the topic of women's suffrage and gender equality. As might be expected, she also published cartoons in the suffrage magazines including New York City's Woman Voter and the National Woman's Party's Suffragist. "One Man--One Vote" depicted two immigrant women with young children, juxtaposed with the stare from a male dandy in three-piece suit and walking stick. Her cover, "Waiting," published in The Suffragist in 1919 is a powerful portrayal of an unending mass of strong-bodied women, two with babies in their arms, holding a lighted torch while waiting for political recognition through suffrage. In 1918, in its second year of publication, <mask> <mask> and Lou Rogers were listed as art editors for Margaret Sanger's  Birth Control Review. Her earliest contribution was "We Accuse Society."California

In 1920 <mask> <mask> moved to California with her husband, Arthur Selwyn Garbett, and their young son. They settled on a ranch near her parents, who had moved to Morgan Hill,  several years earlier. Seeking job opportunities, the Garbetts next moved to Berkeley. Garbett became a radio station program director,  later offering his own radio program. He also served as music critic for a San Francisco newspaper. <mask> <mask> turned mostly to illustration, and provided sketches and covers for Sunset magazine by 1921. She contributed a feature column for Oakland Tribune, "My City Oakland".Garbett and Barns retired to Los Gatos, California, shortly before <mask>'s death from tuberculosis in November 1941. It was speculated that years of using  etching acids on zinc plates  in poorly ventilated studios had damaged her lungs. Others have noted that her paternal grandmother and grand aunt both succumbed to the disease. Following a flood in the family dwelling, few of her original artworks survive. References

External links

  The Masses Collection at Michigan State University

1888 births
1941 deaths
American editorial cartoonists
American women illustrators
Socialism
Feminist artists
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
People from Flushing, Queens
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
American socialist feminists
Tuberculosis deaths in California

masks:
Cornelia Baxter Barns
Cornelia Barns
Charles Edward Barns
Mabel Balston Barns
Charles Barns
Charles Barns
Cornelia
Cornelia
Barns
Cornelia
Barns
Cornelia
Barns
Cornelia
Barns
Cornelia
Barns
Cornelia
Barns
Cornelia
Cornelia
Barns
Cornelia
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Cornelia
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Cornelia
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Cornelia


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<mask><mask> (December 5, 1799 – April 21, 1880) was a pioneer educator of women from Kentucky. After teaching for several years in Virginia, she founded the Science Hill Female Academy in Shelbyville and led the institution to gain a national reputation for excellence. Teaching her students math and science, rather than how to be accomplished seamstresses, Tevis prepared young women for colleges. Early life
<mask> was born on December 5, 1799, near Winchester, Clark County, Kentucky to Mary "Polly" (née Bush) and Pendleton Hieronymus Her father's family were German Methodists and her mother's family were English Baptists Hieronymous was the oldest daughter and second child in the family. Though she began her schooling in Clark County, studying with Mr. Pettichord, when she was seven years old, the Hieronymous family moved to Winchester, Virginia, as they felt schooling opportunities would be better. She attended the female academy there until 1813, when they moved again to the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D. C.

In Georgetown, Hieronymous studied drawing, embroidery, music and French with various private tutors. She enjoyed a privileged life, meeting dignitaries and attending festivities when Congress was in session.During the War of 1812, Hieronymous was barely able to flee during the British attack on Washington. In 1815, she entered a finishing school run by an Englishwoman, Mrs. Stone and graduated when she was nineteen years old. A business reversal of her father, required that Hieronymous earn her own living. Career
At twenty, Hieronymous began teaching at a school in Wytheville, Virginia. After teaching a little over a year in Wytheville, she moved to Washington County, Virginia to teach the daughter of a general who lived in Abingdon. When her father died, Hieronymous brought her mother and sister to live with her and took on the responsibility for their care. She converted to Methodism and met a circuit rider, <mask>, with whom she had a brief courtship.On March 9, 1824, Hieronymous and <mask> married and traveled to Kentucky on their honeymoon trip to see the property his parents had given them as a wedding gift. She convinced John to allow her to open a school in the home. John was appointed to serve the Louisville Station and Tevis, who remained in Shelbyville founded the Science Hill Female Academy on March 25, 1825. In the early days of the school, the Methodist church helped with funding, but it was only nominally associated with the church. Tevis sought to teach her students to have a strong social conscience, but more importantly, she felt that women were as "capable of mastering the sciences as were young men". While daily attendance at chapel was a requirement, Tevis felt that chemistry and mathematics should take precedence over embroidery and sewing. Famous educators, speakers and writers of the period presented lectures as part of the lyceum circuit for the school and she taught history, math, rhetoric, science, and Latin All teachers she hired were required to have had a classical education and be proficient in languages.Shortly before the school opened, Tevis gave birth to her first child. As she would with its six siblings, she continued working and simultaneously raising her family. A cholera epidemic in the 1830s nearly forced the closure of the school, but Tevis persevered and built the student body from its initial thirty-five pupils to 250 by 1857. Her husband John, had a stroke in 1857 and thereafter suffered from ill-health. He died on January 26, 1861, just prior to the beginning of the Civil War. Around the same time as her husband's death, Tevis' likeness was featured in the Nashville-based Home Circle newspaper's February 1861 issue. It is unknown if the engraving published in the Home Circle was taken from the portraits painted of the Tevises by Charles Bond, probably in 1860.Tevis believed in the emancipation of slaves and was not a supporter of the Confederacy, which was shocking to her neighbors. As most of her students also came from Southern states, though she had pupils from throughout the country, her kindness and reputation allowed her to keep the school open during the conflict. Several students from Georgia, Louisiana and Mississippi, remained with her through the duration of the war without means to contact or return to their families. She cared for them as if they were her own children, until the war was over and normal travel was resumed. In 1875, the school held its fifty-year reunion and alumni from three generations came to pay tribute to <mask>. Though she had begun relinquishing some of her duties, she continued to instruct Bible classes and chemistry. In 1878, Tevis published her autobiography, Sixty Years in a School-room.The following year, she sold Science Hill to Dr. Wiley Taul Poynter and on her birthday a large "founders celebration" was held in her honor at the school. It was attended by former students, teachers, local dignitaries and friends. Death and legacy
Tevis died on April 21, 1880 at Shelbyville, Kentucky and she was buried in the Grove Hill Cemetery of Shelbyville. The month after her death, her former students and children erected a cemetery marker to her memory. A statue in her honor was erected in 1885 in Shelbyville. The school Tevis founded maintained a reputation as one of the premier college preparatory schools of the South, training some 3,000 young women over its 114-year history until 1939. In 1939, Rachel M. Varble published <mask> a work of juvenile fiction based on the diaries of Tevis.Tevis' private papers and those of Science Hill are housed at the Filson Historical Society in Louisville, Kentucky and contain letters, papers and records of the school from its founding through 1975. The Filson Historical Society is also in possession of the portraits painted by Bond. In 1975 the school was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, because of its significance as both a school and a historical building. References

Citations

Bibliography

1799 births
1880 deaths
People from Winchester, Kentucky
19th-century American women writers
19th-century American writers
Women autobiographers
Kentucky women in education
19th-century American educators

masks:
Julia A
. Tevis
Julia Ann Hieronymous
John Tevis
Tevis
Tevis
Julia Ann


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<mask> (, born 6 January 1956) is a former Minister of Energy & Infrastructure of Israel, member of Knesset, and pediatrician. In 2005 he was convicted of forgery, credit card fraud and attempting to smuggle drugs. In 2019 he was convicted of spying for Iran and was sentenced to 11 years in prison. Early life
Segev was born and raised in Kiryat Motzkin. He began his mandatory military service in the Israel Defense Forces by attending the Israeli Air Force pilot course, but dropped out and moved to a combat unit, where he made it to the rank of captain. He studied medicine at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and graduated with an M.D. He worked as a private doctor and as a farmer in Tel Adashim.Political career
In the early 1990s, Segev was active in the Tzomet party founded by Rafael Eitan. In 1992 he was elected to the 13th Knesset, after Tzomet had won eight seats. At age 35, he was one of the youngest people elected to the Knesset. As the Labor Party was the largest party in these elections it formed the government and the right-wing Tzomet party remained in the opposition. Segev served as an opposition MK and a member of the Knesset's Finance Committee. On 7 February 1994 Tzomet MKs Segev, Esther Salmovitz, and Alex Goldfarb split from their party to form the Yiud faction. On 9 January 1995 Segev became Minister of Energy and Infrastructure after Yiud joined Yitzhak Rabin's government.<mask> held the same minister post again from 22 November 1995 to 18 June 1996 in the government that Shimon Peres formed shortly after Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated. His vote was vital in passing the Oslo Accords in the Knesset. Business and crime
After his political career Segev focused on a business career. In April 2004 <mask> was arrested for attempting to smuggle thousands of ecstasy tablets from Amsterdam to Israel that he claimed he thought were M&M's. He illegally extended his diplomatic passport with a pencil to avoid being searched by Dutch airport authorities. He had also pulled money from an automated teller machine in Hong Kong, after claiming that his card was stolen. A security camera had captured footage of him at the machine.He was convicted in a plea bargain for forgery and attempted drug smuggling and sentenced to five years imprisonment. In August 2006 an Israeli court rejected his appeal for shortening his prison term. In March 2007 his medical license was revoked. He appealed to have his license reinstated to the Jerusalem District Court, but the appeal was denied. He was released from prison in 2007 after the parole board decided to reduce his jail time by a third due to good behavior. Prohibited from practicing medicine in Israel, Segev moved to Nigeria to work as a doctor. Segev was a physician for Israeli diplomatic staff in Abuja and members of the local Jewish community, and received a letter of praise from the Israeli Foreign Ministry for saving an Israeli security guard's life.In 2016, he requested that the Israeli Health Ministry reinstate his medical license so he could resume his medical career in Israel. The request was denied. In an interview with Israeli media, he stated "I’ve decided I’m not coming back to Israel unless I can return with my head held high as ‘Dr. <mask> Segev’ with a permit to work... not as ‘the former convict <mask> Segev." Espionage
In June 2018, the Shin Bet and Israel Police announced that he had been arrested under suspicion of spying for Iranian intelligence. According to Israeli intelligence, Segev was recruited in Nigeria by Iranian Embassy officials in 2012, initially being lured to the Iranian Embassy on the pretext of treating children of diplomatic staff. He traveled twice to Iran to meet his handlers, and met with Iranian agents in apartments and hotels around the world.He received secret communications equipment for encoding messages between him and his handlers. He maintained contacts with Israelis involved in defense and foreign relations, and worked to put Israeli officials in contact with Iranian intelligence operatives while passing them off as innocuous businessmen. He was identified as a spy by Shin Bet's counterintelligence department. In May 2018, Segev was refused admission to Equatorial Guinea due to his criminal record and subsequently extradited to Israel, where he was interrogated and indicted for espionage, aiding the enemy in a time of war, and providing information to the enemy in the Jerusalem District Court. According to Israeli authorities, Segev did not deny his contacts with Iranian officials, but claimed that he was acting as a double agent in the hopes of restoring his tarnished reputation and returning to Israel as a hero. Segev's trial opened in the Jerusalem District Court on 5 July 2018. The trial was closed to the public.In August 2018, Mahmoud Alavi, Iran's intelligence minister told press "you have recently heard that we brought under our control a member of a cabinet of a powerful country." According to Times of Israel, his remarks were interpreted as acknowledging that Segev worked for Iran, despite the fact he did not name Segev nor clarified about the country. On 9 January 2019, Segev pleaded guilty to charges of espionage for repeatedly meeting with Iranian intelligence officials and supplying them with information. As part of a plea deal negotiated with prosecutors, the more serious charges of aiding an enemy during war time were dropped and he would be sentenced to 11 years in prison. He was formally sentenced on 26 February. See also
 List of Israeli public officials convicted of crimes or misdemeanors

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
21st-century Israeli criminals
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev alumni
Israeli drug traffickers
Israeli fraudsters
Israeli government officials convicted of crimes
Israeli pediatricians
Israeli prisoners and detainees
Members of the 13th Knesset (1992–1996)
People from Kiryat Motzkin
Tzomet politicians
Yiud politicians
Israeli politicians convicted of crimes
Iranian spies
People convicted of spying

masks:
Gonen Segev
Segev
Segev
Gonen
Gonen


texts:
<mask> is a Syrian doctor who is best known for his humanitarian work in Syria (including leading a large-scale polio vaccination campaign, where over 1.4 million Syrian children were inoculated), and for being forced to relocate from the U.S. to Canada as a result of the U.S. Executive Order 13769 (i.e. the travel ban). Early life and education
<mask> was born in Aleppo, Syria in 1981. He completed his medical training at the University of Aleppo's School of Medicine in 2006. Career

Syria: war outbreak and torture
When the war broke out in Syria, <mask> was a medical resident with a focus on otolaryngology. He had planned to head to Stuttgart, Germany to train as a head and neck surgeon in March 2011, but instead joined other physicians in secretly treating injured protestors in the cities of Hama and Homs. On 7 September.2011, <mask> and three colleagues were arrested for treating injured protestors, and were tortured by the Assad regime in prison. Torture included electrocution, beatings, and starvation. Despite his own injuries, prison authorities relied on <mask> to treat other prisoners (while blind-folded). Six months later, in early March 2012, <mask> was released. He remained in Aleppo, where he continued to treat injured protestors, before fleeing with his parents to Gaziantep, Turkey following a raid on a friend's home. Humanitarian work
In Turkey, <mask> was a health coordinator for The Saudi National Campaign, which supported Syrians living in Turkey and Syria. He also led the health department of the Syrian Opposition Coalition' Assistance Coordination Unit, which involved coordinating between Syrian hospitals in regions under attack.<mask> also developed the Early Warning Alert & Response Network (EWARN) to monitor for disease outbreaks in Syria. Soon, <mask> founded the Sustainable International Medical Relief Organization (SIMRO), which is a non-governmental organization. In 2013, <mask> also co-founded the Canadian International Medical Relief Organization (CIMRO) with physician Jay Dahman and former paramedic Mark Cameron, to provide medical supplies and training to front-line aid workers in regions such as Syria. In 2013, there was a polio outbreak in Syria, which was detected in part thanks to <mask>'s EWARN system. ACU (Assistant Coordination Unit) led a number of organizations, together known as the Polio Control Task Force, in an effort to curb this polio outbreak. <mask> was a key player in launching a door-to-door polio vaccination campaign, where over 8,500 health care workers distributed vaccines to approximately 1.4 million Syrian children to curb the polio outbreak in rebel-held areas. In 2014, <mask> met Jehan Mouhsen (a Syrian physician born in Montenegro).The two married in Germany in July 2016. One month later in the fall of 2016, <mask> and his wife moved to Providence, Rhode Island on a student visa, where <mask> would pursue a master's degree in public health at Brown University on a full scholarship. During his time at Brown University, <mask> launched Care4SyrianKids – an advocacy and awareness campaign – with classmates. Travel ban and the move to Canada
On January 1, 2017, while still a Brown University student, <mask> flew to Gaziantep, Turkey to attend a United Nations meeting relevant to his humanitarian work and to renew his Turkish residency permit. He planned to return to Rhode Island in time for his classes in the winter semester, which began on 25 January. On 18 January, while still in Turkey, <mask>'s multiple-entry student visa was revoked. This revocation was then made permanent as a result of executive order 13769 (i.e.the travel ban) on 27 January 2017. <mask> was unable to return to the U.S. At this point, his wife was five weeks pregnant, and stayed in New York with friends. The couple remained separated for around six months, during which Brown University and Rhode Island officials advocated unsuccessfully for <mask>'s visa to be renewed. Brown University's Terrie Fox Wetle (Dean of its School of Public Health) asked University of Toronto's Howard Hu (the Dean of the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, and a Brown University alumnus) to consider admitting <mask> into a public health postgraduate program. Hu agreed. The University of Toronto waived his tuition and private donors covered living costs. <mask> moved to Toronto, Canada, on 16 June 2017, where he was reunited with his wife.On 21 June 2017, he began an Executive Master of Health Informatics Program at the University of Toronto's Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation's (IHPME), which is a part of the Dalla Lana School of Public Health. Ongoing humanitarian work
Alongside his studies, <mask> continues to work with SIMRO, where one project involves the building of the Avicenna Women and Children's Hospital to provide reproductive and maternity care in the Idlib province in Syria. The hospital has partnered with Brown University and the University of Toronto to provide training for staff. The building of the underground hospital has partly been funded through crowdfunding. On 12 December 2017, <mask>, alongside his fellow CIMRO co-founders, was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal by Governor General of Canada Julie Payette, in recognition of his efforts as a civilian in providing medical relief and training to global disaster-struck areas. <mask> ultimately plans to return to Syria to rebuild the nation's medical system. Selected bibliography

 B Tajaldin <mask>, P Langton, A Sparrow.Defining Polio: Closing the Gap in Global Surveillance. Annals of Global Health. 2015. A Sparrow, <mask>, B Tajaldin, N Teodoro, P Langton. Cholera in the time of war: implications of weak surveillance in Syria for the WHO's preparedness—a comparison of two monitoring systems. BMJ Global Health. 2016.M Elamein, H Bower, C Valderrama, D Zedan, H Rihawi, <mask>, et al. Attacks against health care in Syria, 2015–16: results from a real-time reporting tool. The Lancet. 2017. References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Otolaryngologists
Syrian surgeons
Syrian public health doctors

masks:
Khaled Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
K Almilaji
K Almilaji
K Almilaji