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<mask> of Austria (<mask>a Benedikta Antonia Theresia Xaveria Philippine, ; 8 December 1699 – 17 November 1757) was the Queen of Poland by marriage to Augustus III. From 1711 to 1717, she was heir presumptive to the Habsburg Empire. Her sister <mask> became Electress of Bavaria. Family

<mask> was born in Vienna, an Archduchess of Austria, the eldest child of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor and Princess Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg. She was named for her father. During the reign of her grandfather, <mask>a's father and uncle signed the Mutual Pact of Succession of 1703, which was issued by her grandfather, Emperor Leopold I, and effectively made <mask> the heiress presumptive to her uncle, Emperor Charles VI; However, Charles VI's Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 annulled the earlier agreement and made his daughter <mask> his successor instead of <mask>. Marriage
A marriage between <mask> and Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony (1696–1763) had been suggested by Frederick's father, August II the Strong, since 1704.The fact that <mask> was not allowed to marry a non-Catholic, however, prevented the marriage. When Augustus converted to Catholicism in 1712, the negotiations became serious. Emperor Charles VI forbade <mask> and her sister from marrying until they renounced their positions in the line of succession, securing the succession for Charles's future daughter <mask>. <mask> renounced her claim on 10 August 1719. Ten days later, <mask> and Frederick Augustus married. Through this marriage between the Houses of Wettin and Habsburg, Frederick Augustus II's father hoped to place Saxony in a better position should there arise a war of succession to the Austrian territories. The couple's eldest surviving son, Frederick Christian, eventually succeeded his father as Elector of Saxony.In Saxony, the couple lived at Dresden Castle. The marriage has been described as a happy one, and Augustus was apparently never unfaithful. Queen and electress
In 1733, Frederick Augustus was elected King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as August III the Saxon. <mask> was crowned 20 January 1734. Queen <mask> was described as ambitious, intelligent and religious. She founded many churches and convents and gave her strong support to the Polish Jesuits. As queen of Poland and electress of Saxony, she divided her time between the two nations.Though Saxony was her main residence, she enjoyed her stays in Poland because it was a Catholic nation where she could exercise her faith openly. Between November 1734 to February 1736, she and Frederick Augustus made their longest visit to Poland, prolonged because of the War of the Polish Succession. They continued to make frequent trips, lasting from between five and eight months each, plus several shorter trips lasting a couple of months less. She learned to speak Polish and was often present during the assemblies of the Polish parliament. During her absences from home, she frequently corresponded with her children in French, having a somewhat closer relationship to them than usual for her class. She gave them pet names and encouraged them to write to her in an informal way. She shared an interest in music, art and hunting with her spouse, and they usually spent their autumns at the Palace of Hubertusburg for the hunting season.She was devoted to Catholicism and especially venerated Saint Francis Xavier and was actively involved in the building of the Catholic Hofkirche in Dresden. Her personal confessor, the Jesuit Fr. Anton Hermann, criticized her for being too religious from what was proper for someone not a Catholic religious order member. She attended mass twice and eventually four times a day and kept more devotions than was normal for a nun or a monk. Fr. Anton Hermann eventually lectured her that she was more fervent than could be regarded as modest for a lay person. <mask>a did not persecute non-Catholics, and once stressed to the heir to the throne that he should not persecute them but allow them all freedom while being guided by the Catholic faith.She also gave alms to both Catholic and Protestant poor. Despite her personal strict moral code, she was reportedly not a prude and got along well with her spouse's illegitimate half siblings. Queen <mask> was politically active and, though not formally proclaimed regent during the absence of her spouse, she informally acted as his representative. It was known and acknowledged by the court that she participated in the affairs of state, and the ministers and ambassadors duly reported to her. She also managed a large diplomatic correspondence. She was rivalled in her influence over her spouse by Heinrich von Brühl. <mask> was reportedly not on good terms with her eldest son Frederick Christian.She wished for her younger son Francis Xavier to be elected king of Poland rather than having Frederick Christian succeed his father on both thrones, and she prevented Frederick Christian and his spouse from visiting Poland, thus preventing them from making connections there. She undermined any attempts of Frederick Christian to found a power base of his own before the death of his father, and among other things prevented a meeting between him and his spouse with Empress <mask> of Bohemia in 1754. During the War of the Austrian Succession in 1740, she claimed the throne on behalf of her spouse. She relinquished her claim in favor of her sister, <mask>'s spouse, and in 1742, made an alliance with Austria. Death
During the seven years war, <mask> stayed behind in Dresden with her son, Frederick Christian and his spouse <mask>, after her husband left on 20 October 1756. She remained in Dresden when the city was taken by the Prussian army. She, as well as Frederick Christian and his spouse <mask>, were all placed under house arrest at the palace of Dresden guarded by a Prussian commandant.<mask> was banned from writing to her sons, but did engage in correspondence with invisible ink and use her net of correspondents to help her son and daughter-in-law encourage resistance in Saxony against the invading Prussians. Despite several restrictions, she managed to channel secret information about Saxon Field Marshall Browne besieged by Frederick the Great at Struppen. On 4 April 1757, her Mistress of the Chamber, Countess Esther Anna Regina von Ogilvy, was arrested. Her last letter of 6 September was sent to the Austrian empress through her exiled son, in which she also states that this would be her last, as she was too heavily guarded. On 17 November 1757, <mask> died in Dresden of a stroke and was buried in the Wettin vault of the Katholische Hofkirche ("Catholic Court Church") in Dresden. Issue
<mask> and Frederick Augustus had fourteen children recognized by historians:

Frederick August of Saxony (1720–1721) died in infancy. Prince Joseph August of Saxony (1721–1728) died in childhood.Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony (1722–1763) married <mask> of Bavaria and had issue. <mask> of Saxony (1724–1760) married Charles III of Spain and had issue. <mask> of Saxony (1727–1734) died in childhood. <mask> Sophia of Saxony (1728–1797) married Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria and had no issue. Francis Xavier of Saxony (1730–1806) married morganatically <mask> Spinucci and had issue. <mask> of Saxony (1731–1767) married Louis, Dauphin of France and had issue. Charles of Saxony (1733–1796) married Countess Franciszka Korwin-Krasińska and had issue.<mask> of Saxony (1735–1782) died unmarried. <mask> of Saxony (1736–1818) died unmarried. Albert of Saxony (1738–1822) married <mask> of Austria and had issue. Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony (1739–1812) died unmarried. <mask> of Saxony (1740–1826) died unmarried. <mask> also suffered many miscarriages:
 A miscarriage of a daughter in the 4th month of pregnancy (23 June 1723). A miscarriage of a daughter in the 6th month of pregnancy (16 August 1729).A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (22 January 1732). A miscarriage of a son in the 4th and a half-month of pregnancy (17 January 1734). A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (4 December 1736). A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (30 January 1737). A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (30 March 1741). A miscarriage of a son in the 5th and a half-month of pregnancy (11 January 1742). A miscarriage of a son in the 4th and a half-month of pregnancy (20 March 1743).A miscarriage in 1744. A miscarriage in 1745. A miscarriage in 1746. A miscarriage in 1747. A miscarriage in 1748. A miscarriage in 1749. Ancestry

References

Sources
 Potter, George R. The New Cambridge Modern History.External links

1699 births
1757 deaths
18th-century House of Habsburg
Austrian princesses
Electoral Princesses of Saxony
Electresses of Saxony
Grand Duchesses of Lithuania
Nobility from Vienna
Polish queens consort
Prussian royal consorts
<mask> of Austria
Daughters of emperors

masks:
Maria Josepha
Maria Joseph
Maria Amalia
Maria Josepha
Maria Joseph
Maria Josepha
Maria Theresa
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Theresa
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Joseph
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Theresa
Maria Amalia
Maria Josepha
Maria Antonia
Maria Antonia
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Antonia
Maria Amalia
Maria Margaretha
Maria Anna
Maria Chiara
Maria Josepha
Maria Christina
Maria Elisabeth
Maria Christina
Maria Kunigunde
Maria Josepha
⚭Maria Josepha


type: original

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<mask> (May 9, 1914 – September 7, 2011) was an American librarian, social worker, and civil rights activist born in Gadsden, Alabama. <mask> graduated from the University of Montevallo and studied social work at the University of Chicago. She returned to Alabama and worked for the State Department of Education and Rehabilitation, where she helped establish clinics for children with birth defects and other illnesses. She was director of the Selma-Dallas County Public library for 27 years, where she was instrumental in integrating the institution during the 1960s, and retired in 1988. Early life

<mask> was born on May 9, 1914 in Gadsden, Alabama. She had two siblings, a sister, Irene, and a brother, James. Her parents were "racially moderates," and more liberal than most families in her area.Her grandfather was one of the first members of the Populist Party in the area and had taught her "not to fear blacks." She attended the University of Montevallo in Montevallo, Alabama and received a master's degree in social work from the University of Chicago. In 1937, she moved to Selma, Alabama where she became the district supervisor of the State Crippled Children’s Services and oversaw the work of the agency in 28 counties. <mask> got married and had a daughter in 1946, after which she retired from social work. Desegregating the Dallas County Public Library in Selma

In 1951, "Miss Betty" asked <mask> to work in the Dallas County Public Library in Selma, Alabama, on a part-time basis. <mask> began working as an assistant for the library, a position she held for nearly ten years. When the library director became ill, <mask> became temporary director.The library board then asked her to become the permanent director when it was clear that the current director would not be able to continue. <mask> was apprehensive at first because she did not have a library degree but was, instead, a social worker. The board expressed their faith in her and asked that she take the position which she assumed in 1963. At the time, there was only one library in Selma. The Selma Library began in 1904 with a $10,000 grant from Andrew Carnegie, who wanted to provide libraries to small communities. Unlike other segregated southern communities which provided a branch for black patrons, Selma’s minority population was served through the back door of the library by the library maid. At the time <mask> assumed her official role as the director, Selma was being informally, but influentially, run by the White Citizens' Council.Created in 1955 in response to the Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education, the White Citizen’s Council sought to keep the status quo of white supremacy in city life and community affairs. Two influential ex officio members of the library board who attended board meetings regularly were Mayor Chris Heinz and Judge Bernard Reynolds, both leaders in the Citizen’s Council. Both orthodox segregationists, Heinz and Reynolds wanted to protect Selma’s way of life from people who they considered "outside agitators." <mask>, upon becoming library director, immediately pushed for desegregation of the library with the library board. This was a difficult task, especially during the political climate of the 1960s, but <mask> was persistent. She personally visited each board member in order to try to convince them that desegregation was inevitable. <mask> had used recent integration orders by the federal government in Montgomery and protests in Birmingham as examples of trouble the people of Selma could expect.She argued that Selma could take control of its own integration process rather than have outsiders do it for them. By May 1963, <mask> had become more urgent in her appeals. She told Board that there was a push to protest the library’s segregation policies and that she was unsure if she would even be able to open the library on Monday without some sort of desegregation plan in place. The Board agreed to meet at <mask>’s home that morning to work out a plan. The desegregation plan that was developed for the Selma-Dallas County Library was not ideal to <mask>, but it did accomplish the goal she so eagerly sought. It was decided that the library would remain closed for one week, from May 13 to May 19. Following that period, it would reopen using "vertical integration" techniques; all of the chairs in the library would be removed in order to keep black and white patrons from sitting together.In addition, the library's desegregation would not be publicly announced and all library card applicants would be required to provide two references, a negligible impediment in the mind of <mask>. On May 20, 1963, the library reopened, fully desegregated, without much fanfare. Library visitors who found the lack of chairs unusual were told that the chairs were in the basement being stored temporarily. Black patrons, unaware of the recent change, were slow to use the library at first; by November, they were becoming more common. <mask> slowly began taking the chairs out of storage and moved them back to the library. With the library desegregated, <mask> also pushed for integration of the library staff. Annie Molette, the library maid who quietly used her position to provide library services to the community’s blacks through the back door, was told by <mask> that the library would be hiring a new maid.Molette was then told that she was being hired as Selma’s first African-American library assistant. Desegregation of the library was not universally accepted by Selma’s white community; the skills <mask> learned as a social worker became indispensable in her service to all members of the community in order to keep the city calm on the issue. An anecdote tells of a white library patron who, upon seeing African-American patrons using the library, tore up his library card in anger and vowed never to return. Two weeks later when the man returned to check out a book, he was met by <mask> who had earlier taken the time to tape back together the pieces of his card and save it in case he did return. Later life and recognition

In 1988, <mask> retired from her role as director of the Selma-Dallas County Public Library. In 1992, <mask> was recognized by the Alabama Library Association with its Distinguished Service Award. This award recognizes an individual who has made a significant contribution towards the development  of library services in the State of Alabama.<mask> dedicated much of her later life to the development of her community in other spheres, serving two terms as a director of the Selma and Dallas County Chamber of Commerce, chairing the Tale Telling Association, serving two terms as vice president of the Selma and Dallas Tourism Council, and directing and chairing the Community Concern Association in Selma. <mask> was a longtime director and membership chairman of the Community Concert Association in Selma and also helped found the Performing Arts Center in Selma. She spent the last years of her life in Birmingham, Alabama, surrounded by her two grandchildren and five great-grandchildren, along with a large extended family. In 2000, she was recognized by the International Library Science Honor Society who designated her Librarian of the Year for Exceptional Leadership in Librarianship. Her daughter, <mask>, is a noted librarian as well and recently retired as the Director of the Birmingham Public Library. References

Further reading
 Branch, T. (1989). Parting the waters : America in the King years, 1954-63.New York : Simon and Schuster, 1989. Graham, P. (2002). A right to read : segregation and civil rights in Alabama's public libraries, 1900-1965. Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press, 2002. Selby, M. (2012). Librarians as Leaders. Feliciter, 58(5), 37.Thomas, M. (1995). Stepping out of the shadows : Alabama women, 1819-1990. Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press, 1994. American civil rights activists
Women civil rights activists
American human rights activists
American librarians
American women librarians
University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration alumni
Activists from Selma, Alabama
People from Gadsden, Alabama
1914 births
2011 deaths
University of Montevallo alumni
American librarianship and human rights
21st-century American women

masks:
Patricia Swift Blalock
Blalock
Patricia Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Irene Blalock


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<mask> (born 13 September 1982) is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger. During his 18 years as a professional, <mask> spent the majority of his career in the Football League, most notably with West Bromwich Albion and later Leicester City, spending six years with the latter and earning promotion to the Premier League with both clubs in 2004 and 2014 respectively. <mask> began his senior career with West Bromwich Albion and spent subsequent loan spells with Kidderminster Harriers, Coventry City and Queens Park Rangers before joining Millwall in the summer of 2006. After half a season, the two sides parted by mutual consent, but <mask> would spend the rest of the campaign without a club due to the transfer window having already closed. He later moved on to Milton Keynes Dons for the next season, where he spent two years, helping the Dons earn promotion to League One in his final season at the club. In 2008, he signed for Leicester City, where he played for six seasons and was a part of the sides that earned promotion to the Championship in 2008, and later to the Premier League as second tier champions in 2014. Following Leicester's promotion, he joined Watford but struggled to break into the first team on a regular basis and spent the latter part of the 2014–15 season on loan at Birmingham City.After being released by Watford, <mask> signed for Burnley in February 2016 until the end of the season. He joined Burton Albion in July 2016 and spent two seasons at the club before moving on to Bolton Wanderers. After a brief return to Burton Albion in 2019, <mask> announced his retirement from the professional game in September 2020. Career

West Bromwich Albion
<mask> started his career with the Aston Villa youth system in 1999, before joining West Bromwich Albion in July 2001. He made his Albion debut in a 3–1 League Cup defeat away at Wigan Athletic on 2 October 2002, but it was the only first team match he played in 2002–03. In September 2003 he spent a month on loan to Kidderminster Harriers. He turned down an extension to the loan, instead opting to fight for his place in the Albion team.This eventually paid off, as during the second half of the 2003–04 season, he played a large part in West Brom's promotion back to the Premier League. <mask>'s exciting and pacey substitute appearances often inspired the team, and earned him a new contract in the summer of 2004. However, it was still not enough to cement a regular first-team starting place, and in March 2005 he was loaned out to Coventry City. In September 2005 he went on loan again, this time to Queens Park Rangers. Millwall
<mask> left West Bromwich Albion for Millwall during the January 2006 transfer window, but was released just two months later for personal reasons. Due to the transfer window having already closed, <mask> was unable to sign for another club for the remainder of the season. He had a trial with Derby County, with whom he trained, but the Rams elected not to sign him.He instead joined Milton Keynes Dons, signing a two-year contract in July 2006. Milton Keynes Dons
His performances during October 2007 earned him the League Two Player of the Month award. Awards panel chairman Chris Kamara said "One of <mask>'s great strengths is his energy; he's able to motor up and down the left side all day and provides terrific service to his strikers. He's also added goals to his game this month". <mask> received the first red card of his career on 3 November in a 1–1 draw with Wycombe Wanderers. He scored twice in the Dons' 5–0 home win over Accrington Stanley on 8 December, earning himself a place in the League Two Team of the Week. On 26 April 2008, <mask> set up one goal and scored another as Milton Keynes beat Bradford City 2–1, a result that confirmed the Dons as League Two champions.Leicester City

On 1 July 2008, <mask> signed a three-year contract with Leicester City on a free transfer, becoming manager Nigel Pearson's second signing after Michael Morrison. He made his debut on the opening day of the 2008–09 season in a 2–0 win over his former club Milton Keynes Dons on 9 August. He scored his first two goals for Leicester in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 30 August. <mask> was in blistering form, scoring ten league goals to help Leicester secure their promotion as League One champions. He scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season in a 1–0 win over Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium on 29 September 2009. On 6 February 2010, <mask> scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win over Blackpool, helping Leicester to their first victory at Bloomfield Road in 73 years. <mask> committed his long-term future to Leicester in September 2010 by signing a new four-year deal, keeping him at the club until June 2014.<mask> was in fantastic form when Leicester beat Ipswich Town 6–0 at the King Power Stadium. He won a penalty, set up goals for Anthony Knockaert and Marko Futacs as well as scoring one himself. Assistant manager Craig Shakespeare praised <mask> after the match by saying he was playing some of the best football of his career. On 27 August 2013, <mask> captained Leicester City for the first time in the 5–2 League Cup victory against Carlisle United and also scored the second goal as well as turning provider for Anthony Knockaert for his goal. He was given Man of the Match. On 22 April 2014 he was the lone goalscorer in Leicester's 1–0 win over Bolton Wanderers, making them the champions of the 2013–14 Championship. Watford
Despite being offered an extension to his contract at Leicester, <mask> signed for Championship club Watford on a three-year deal on 12 June 2014.He made his debut on the opening day of the 2014–15 season, replacing Daniel Pudil in the 83rd minute of a 3–0 home win against Bolton Wanderers. Three days later, on 12 August, he scored the only goal in Watford's 1–0 League Cup victory at Stevenage. On 19 August, <mask> scored his first league goal for Watford in a 2–0 win at Rotherham United, and following his goal appeared to shout abuse towards the bench at manager Giuseppe Sannino. On 2 February 2016, <mask> was freed from the remainder of his contract with Watford. Birmingham City (loan)
<mask> joined fellow Championship club Birmingham City on 19 January 2015 on loan for the rest of the season. He made an eventful debut. Replacing the rested Demarai Gray in the starting eleven for the FA Cup visit of West Bromwich Albion, his centre was steered past goalkeeper Boaz Myhill by Jonathan Grounds for Birmingham's goal in the 2–1 defeat, and in the second half, he collided with Myhill who injured a finger and had to be replaced.He scored his first goal for Birmingham in the last home match of the season to give his team a 1–0 victory over Charlton Athletic, and finished the season with 19 appearances. Burnley
<mask> signed for Championship club Burnley on 15 February 2016 on a short-term deal until the end of the season. Burton Albion
On 25 July 2016, <mask> signed a one-year contract with Burton Albion, newly promoted to the Championship. He made his debut in Burton's first fixture of the season and scored their second goal in a 4–3 defeat against Nottingham Forest. At the end of the season, he signed a new one-year contract with the club. At the end of the 2017–18 season, following their relegation, <mask> was initially offered a new contract by Albion, but his departure from the club was confirmed in July. Bolton Wanderers
On 24 September 2018, he signed a short-term contract with Championship club Bolton Wanderers.He made his debut for Wanderers on 6 October 2018 against Blackburn Rovers as a second-half substitute for Craig Noone. Return to Burton Albion
On 25 September 2019, <mask> returned to Burton Albion signing a short-term deal and made his debut later that day as a substitute in the 2-0 EFL Cup win over AFC Bournemouth. Personal life
<mask> was born in Birmingham, West Midlands. He is the brother of former Montserrat international <mask>. Career statistics

Honours
West Bromwich Albion
Football League First Division runners-up: 2003–04

Milton Keynes Dons
Football League Two: 2007–08
Football League Trophy: 2007–08

Leicester City
Football League One: 2008–09
Football League Championship: 2013–14

Individual
Football League Two Player of the Month: October 2007
PFA Team of the Year: 2007–08 League Two

References

External links

Profile and stats at FoxesTalk

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands
English footballers
Association football wingers
Aston Villa F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C.players
Coventry City F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C.players
Burnley F.C. players
Burton Albion F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
English people of Montserratian descent
Black British sportspeople

masks:
Lloyd Richard Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Lloyd Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Wayne Dyer


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<mask>  (born 13 May 1964) is a British Conservative Party politician and has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Southampton Itchen since the 2015 general election. <mask> was previously a councillor on the Southampton City Council. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 13 May 1964 Harefield, Southampton to Frank Wilmot and <mask> (née Page). He grew up in the suburb of Bitterne Park, and attended Bitterne Park School. He became an engineer for the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1980, working on the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod fleet for 10 years. <mask> then worked for British Airways as an aeronautical engineer at London Heathrow for 16 years. <mask> owned the local bike shop Triangle Cycles in Bitterne Park from 1993 to 2003, and was the chairman of the Triangle Traders' association.He founded the public relations consultancy Vigilo Ltd in 2006. He has been a director of 3S Fire Ltd, a fire management consultancy affiliated with the HFRS since 2013. Local political career
<mask> joined the Conservative Party after the 1997 general election. He had previously voted for the single issue Eurosceptic Referendum Party. He was first elected as a Conservative councillor for the Harefield ward in the 2000 Southampton City Council election. <mask> had previously unsuccessfully contested the council elections in 1998 as an independent candidate and in 1999 as a Conservative. He was a cabinet member for economic development on the council between 2007 and 2010.He was the leader of the council until 2012 when the Labour Party took over the council. <mask> was appointed as chairman of Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service (HFRS) in 2009 and was re-appointed in 2014. In April 2011, while <mask> was visiting the submarine HMS Astute (S119) as part of the tour, a sailor started shooting, and killed an officer. <mask> intervened and helped apprehend the sailor. He was awarded the George Medal for his actions. As council leader in 2011, <mask> initiated an up to 5.5% pay cut on council employees as part of a bid to cut the council's expenditure by £76 million by 2015. In response, unions took industrial action by refusing to collect rubbish.In 2011, <mask> was stopped by police for not wearing a seat belt and later found to have been driving an uninsured car. He was fined and given six points on his driving licence. Parliamentary career
<mask> stood as a Conservative candidate in the Southampton Itchen constituency in the 2010 general election. He came second in the seat, losing by 192 votes to the incumbent Labour MP John Denham. <mask> was elected as MP for the constituency in the subsequent 2015 general election. On 20 February 2016, <mask> was named by The Independent as Britain's least active MP out of the MPs that were newly elected in 2015. <mask> defended his record by stating that "Southampton is a challenging constituency and I spend my time doing as much as I can locally.I don't spend hours in the House of Commons waiting to make a three-minute speech. "<mask> has a second job working as a consultant to a poperty firm. <mask> <mask> (Conservative) has received £18,000 since May 2020 for 30 hours' work as a consultant for a property company

After the 2015 election, UKIP candidate Kim Rose claimed that he had received data on voters in the constituency and advice from <mask> to assist his campaign. <mask> denied the allegations. Police looked into the matter and said <mask> had no case to answer. <mask>'s local party association, Southampton Itchen Conservative Association was registered with the Information Commissioner's Office, and the Conservative Party Chairman at the time, Lord Feldman, wrote to complainants to say that no data protection breach had occurred. <mask> was re-elected in the 2017 and 2019 general elections.In December 2017, <mask>, the former owner of a bicycle shop, suggested cyclists should only use roads with cycle lanes on them, stating that cyclists should "consider when and where they cycle" in order to "make the roads safer". The comments came after a 64-year-old cyclist died after colliding with a lorry on Portsmouth Road, Woolston. He was criticised by campaigners on the grounds that "we should be encouraging more people to use the roads, not less", while it was subsequently reported that <mask> had previously called for £11.5 million in grant funding for the city's cycling strategy, such as creating new cycle lanes, to be diverted elsewhere. House of Commons Select Committee Membership
<mask> sat on the Work and Pensions Select Committee between December 2016 and May 2017. He was a part of the Committees on Arms Export Controls between October 2017 and July 2018. <mask> has been a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee since September 2017. He has the best attendance record out of all committee members, at 100%.Brexit
<mask> supported Brexit in the 2016 UK EU membership referendum. He voted for Prime Minister Theresa May's Brexit withdrawal agreement on 29 March 2019. <mask> also voted against any referendum on a withdrawal agreement in the indicative votes on 27 March. He then voted for the Prime Minister Boris Johnson's Brexit withdrawal agreement in October. In 2019, he successfully helped secure Government Brexit contingency funding for Southampton after writing a letter to Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government James Brokenshire. He made the case that Brexit-related gridlock caused by disruption at south coast ports could have a major impact on hospitals and other services. <mask> believed Southampton needed tens of thousands of pounds to cope with what he described as "every eventuality" in the letter.A few days afterwards, Southampton was awarded £273,000 to help the port cope with the impact of Brexit. The Cladding Crisis

Several private residential buildings in Southampton Itchen are being affected by the UK Cladding Crisis. <mask> and Stephen McPartland tabled the McPartland-<mask> Amendments to the Building Safety Bill in 2021. The amendments include zero-VAT rating for all remediation work and waking watch costs, a government-backed insurance scheme, and legislative protection to prevent costs being passed down to leaseholders. Amendment NC4 requires the government to create a fund into which all builders of higher-risk buildings, residential mortgage lenders and residential building insurers must make contributions. No builder will be able to obtain building control approval to construct any building unless it becomes a member of the Scheme and pays its dues. Leaseholders and leaseholder representative groups giving evidence to the Public Bill Committees said the <mask>artland amendment on a Building Safety Indemnity Scheme (NC4) will help leaseholders.Prior to the Building Safety Bill, <mask> and McPartland tabled theMcPartland-<mask> amendments to the Fire Safety Bill in 2020, designed to protect leaseholders from having to foot the bill for necessary remedial works focused on potentially unsafe cladding affixed to the buildings in which they reside. The amendments were defeated by 320 votes to 256. Campaigning

In 2010 <mask> campaigned for Itchen College to retain government funding following government cuts, to protect Southampton's estate regeneration programme and for investment into Woolston shopping parade. In 2019, writing in The Times, <mask> associated Southampton with post-industrial towns to argue that Government Ministers should look South not just North when it comes to Government priorities in regenerating cities. In an article for The Daily Telegraph in 2020, <mask> similarly called on the Government to 'level up' Southampton, suggesting that Southampton was one of the first red wall seats gained from Labour when he became the Conservative MP for the city in 2015. In 2018, <mask> met with the Minister with responsibility for coastal communities to discuss his campaign to honour the Spitfire and how Southampton could put in a bid to help fund a fitting memorial to the aircraft. R. J. Mitchell designed the Spitfire in Southampton and its first flight was from Eastleigh Airport.On 28 March 2017, <mask> held a Westminster Hall debate in Parliament calling on the Government to help fund The National Tribute to The Royal Air Force in Southampton. The debate received support from MPs on all sides of the house. In Chancellor Rishi Sunak's first budget in 2020, it was announced that a planned memorial to commemorate the Spitfire is to receive a £3 million grant from the government. The year 2020 saw the 80th anniversary of the Battle of Britain. <mask> said the £6m scheme required matching funding. Controversies
<mask> was accused by members of the opposition of 'callousness' after claiming £1 in parking expenses to visit a food bank in his Southampton Itchen constituency in November 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a month after opposing extending free school meals. Personal life
He lives in Peartree, Southampton.References

External links

1964 births
Conservative Party (UK) councillors
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Councillors in Hampshire
Living people
People from Southampton
Recipients of the George Medal
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Royal Air Force airmen
Leaders of local authorities of England

masks:
Royston Matthew Smith
Smith
Smith
Marie Cecilia Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
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Royston
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<mask>, MRCS CRCP MB Bchir MRCP MRCPath FRCPath FRCP (25 March 1923 – 9 April 1998) was a pre-eminent British pathologist and clinical virologist known for his pioneering work in infectious diseases including poliomyelitis and the early investigations into the efficacy of a number of vaccines. He is particularly remembered for his strategic foresight in the field of blood transfusion microbiology, particularly in relation to diseases that are spread through blood transfusion. Through his research, <mask> was instrumental in developing and producing robust and sensitive reagents for the screening of blood donors in the UK blood transfusion services. This greatly reduced the risk of post-transfusion hepatitis. <mask>’s interest in developments in transfusion microbiology enabled him to advise on important public health decisions from the 1960s right up until his death in 1998. During the later part of his professional career he and his Department of Virology at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School where renowned for diagnostic precision irrespective of whether this involved dated technology, for example immunodiffusion (ID) or complement fixation tests (CFT), or state-of-the-art technology including radioimmunoassay (RIA) and electron microscopy (EM). Whatever investigations were carried out were expected to be precise, accurate, reproducible and of clinical relevance.Early life
<mask> <mask> was the son of William Surrey <mask> (1892–1978), C.B.E., M.C., vice-chairman and managerial consultant of Odhams Press and chairman/ president of several hospital boards, including Great Ormond Street Hospital (1957–67), chairman of the Daily Herald newspaper (1949–60), and a member of the General Advisory Council of the BBC (1956–62), and his wife Dorothy Mary, daughter of Rev. William Alexander Armstrong, M.A. (Cantab. ), vicar of West Dean, near Chichester; her brother was the artist John Armstrong. <mask> attended Charterhouse School, Surrey. He was admitted to Clare College, Cambridge, however, he volunteered instead to join the Army. In 1941, after enlisting as a private, <mask> was selected for officer training.He joined the Parachute Regiment  in 1943, and then the newly formed Special Air Service (SAS). In July 1944, he was parachuted into France as part of Operation Bulbasket. He returned to the UK to read Natural Sciences at Clare College, Cambridge and later undertook his clinical medical training at St Thomas' Hospital, London. Career

Move to Australia
<mask> joined the Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, in 1951 supported by a grant from National Health and the Medical Research Council. He was instrumental in an extensive investigation of an undiagnosed outbreak of acute meningitis and isolated a potential cause. It was inevitable that as a field virologist he would also become involved in the avian/human zoonosis of psittacosis work led by John Miles, Head of the Medical Research Division in the early 1950s. <mask> continued to work to improve diagnostic methods and published on avian and human psittacosis.Return to the UK
On returning to the UK, in 1955, <mask> was appointed lecturer in microbiology at Queen's University Belfast, where he worked with Professor George Dick on the recently developed attenuate and killed poliovirus vaccines. Through their research they established that the early live polio vaccines developed by Hilary Koprowski were unsafe because they could return to virulence when excreted by people given the vaccine. Professor Dick’s team also initiated studies of combined diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus vaccines. London
In 1966, <mask> left Belfast to become the head of the Virology Department, Bland Sutton School of Pathology at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London. At that time this was one of the very few medical schools to have an electron microscope, donated by Polio charities in recognition of his work in this field. Very much in character, he developed productive collaborations with senior colleagues within the medical school and hospital. Together with Dr Duncan Catterall, head of the sexually transmitted disease clinic in James Pringle House at Middlesex Hospital, <mask> quickly demonstrated the usefulness of the electron microscope for the rapid diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infection (HIV).Close collaborations with two senior colleagues in the haematology field, James Wallace "Jimmie" Stewart, Professor of Haematology at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School (MHMS), and Tom Cleghorn, Director of the North London Blood Transfusion Centre (NLBTC) at Edgware led to ground-breaking work in the emerging field of transfusion transmitted infection and particularly that of post-transfusion hepatitis. The Hepatitis B Virus Particle
With his colleagues Colin "Sam" Cameron and Moya Briggs he was, in 1970, the first to describe the virus responsible for hepatitis B (HBV). His application of electron microscopy (EM) to examine plasma from donors implicated in long incubation post-transfusion hepatitis led to identification of the morphological form of the hepatitis: he characterised the particles in the blood of patients with "serum hepatitis", as hepatitis B was then known. This 42 nm particle is known now eponymously as the Dane particle. Those who trained with him recall with wry amusement the irritation if he was to hear anyone referring to the 42 nm form by its eponymous title, even if abbreviated to "DP". Transfusion microbiology

<mask>'s determination to improve the accuracy of detecting the hepatitis B surface antigen protein, HBsAg, and his keen interest in blood transfusion led him to accept an honorary consultancy at NLBTC which he continued to hold after his retirement in 1982, until his death. Through this association with the blood services <mask> went on both to improve current assays and to develop more sensitive screening methods.A close collaboration with Ian Cayzer in Wellcome Diagnostics produced the haemagglutination assay for HBsAg, "Hepatest". Turkey red blood cells, coated with antibody to HBsAg agglutinate (clump together) in the presence of HBsAg, a sensitive test which was widely used diagnostically. Not content with that, he and his laboratory colleagues produced in collaboration with Brian Combridge at the Blood Products Laboratory the first UK-based RIA for HBsAg, the BPL RIA. They also developed specialised equipment for its use. His colleague Sam Cameron produced the iodinated label and with John Barabara of NLBTC, merged this with microplate technology and multichannel gamma counters. Methods for selecting high-titre antimicrobial antibodies in donors, investigation and surveillance of post transfusion infections became established routine activities. Sexual transmission of HBV
Dane identified sexual transmission of the hepatitis B and the role of the persistently infected person as a reservoir of infection in the community, identifying the individual whose plasma contained large amounts of virus, coining the term "super-carriers".He also described the dynamics of the virus particle in acute infection. Implications of HIV for blood transfusion practice

Blood product manufacture

<mask> was a strong advocate of self sufficiency for the manufacture of blood products in Britain from freely donated blood, rather than from imported blood from the US where donors were paid. The consequences of not following this advice, and Britain’s failure to be self-sufficient for treatment of haemophiliacs made the UK reliant upon importation of the then "new" treatment of factor VIII concentrate. Potentially disastrous for groups such as haemophiliacs, who early on became infected with HIV, his advice to James Wallace "Jimmie" Stewart to reserve concentrate use to those whose management absolutely depended on it saved many from HIV infection. He also was early to recognise the occurrence of hepatitis other than hepatitis A and B following treatment with the anti-haemophiliac concentrate. Expert witness

<mask> retired in 1982, just before major rates of HIV infection emerged. He continued as an advisor after retirement, including offering pro bono advice against the importation of blood from the USA.In the 1990s he advised in legal cases relating to haemophiliacs’ treatment with contaminated blood, and on other matters. He remained resolutely opposed to the trend among research scientists to seek commercial gain from their discoveries by patenting them. His legacy

After his retirement <mask> did not to return the Middlesex Hospital Medical School. However his legacy of pushing diagnostic development and collaboration with the diagnostic industry continued with Middlesex Hospital Medical School, Virology developing the first UK HIV diagnostic assay, the Wellcozyme HIV test which led to the Wellcome Research Laboratories receiving the Queen's Award for British Industry. His enduring demand for precision, accuracy and objectivity influenced many in the field of Clinical Virology to this day. Personal life
In 1955, <mask> married Veronica (née Tester), widow of Maj. Iain Herford Hope (1918–1951); she had two children, Kerin and Alex. They had met in Australia.Together they had three children: Roland, Penelope and Thomas. <mask> died in April 1998. References

1923 births
1998 deaths
People educated at Charterhouse School
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
Academics of Queen's University Belfast
British virologists
British pathologists
British Army personnel of World War II
British Parachute Regiment officers
Special Air Service officers

masks:
David Maurice Surrey Dane
Dane
Dane
David Maurice
Surrey Dane
Dane
Dane
Dane
Dane
Dane
Dane
Dane
Dane
Dane
Dane
Dane
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Dane


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<mask> (1949August 26, 2006) was a Puerto Rican politician and socialist. He held a strong pro-independence stance of Puerto Rico from the U.S. <mask> died in the morning of August 26, 2006 from complications due to a brain tumor. <mask>, spokesman of the Socialist Front, suffered from a lymphoma in the brain that had previously affected his kidneys and heart, but was unable to survive this third stage. Early life

<mask> was born in 1949 in San Germán, Puerto Rico to a teacher and business manager (mother and father respectively). Shortly thereafter, the family moved to the metropolitan area of San Juan, where <mask> grew up. <mask> attended Gabriela Mistral High School in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico. He earned a bachelor's  in Political Science from the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus in 1966.<mask> graduated from the University of Puerto Rico School of Law in 1973. During his time at university, he took an active part in the several pro-independence organizations, including the University Federation Pro Independencia (FUPI). During this time, <mask> took an active stand protesting the policy of mandatory military service, fueled by the protests over the then-ongoing Vietnam War. As a result of his revolutionary involvements, <mask> was suspended from selective service. Law career

<mask> dedicated his life to various worker's struggles, remaining a virulent activist until his death in 2006. As <mask>'s first job, he acted as an arbitrator in his capacity as a lawyer with the Bureau of Conciliation and Arbitration of the Department of Labor. Later, as a private practice lawyer, Farinarri represented workers and worker's unions.For most of his law career, <mask> worked with the Teamster's Union. <mask> also worked for the Trade Union Law Firm. Political Involvement

<mask> worked for the vast majority of his years towards the construction of an armed revolutionary movement to oust the U.S. from Puerto Rico. By 1975, <mask> was involved with a conjunction of clandestine political groups, collectively referred to as "The Organization", a group that would later evolve into both the Revolutionary Independence Movement in Arms (MIRA) and PRR (Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores Puertorriqueños), which would later be called (PRTP- Macheteros). <mask> joined this group in 1977. The PRTP decided at its First Congress in April, 1983, to dismantle its military cells. In 1981 <mask> was subpoenaed by a Federal Grand Jury, but refused to testify.Charges against him were dropped for lack of evidence, however, a year later he was accused of robbing a bank. <mask> was arrested on 30 August 1985 along with 11 of his fellow separatists. Those arrested were  Filiberto Ojeda Rios, Hilton Fernández Diamante, Orlando Gonzalez Claudio, Ivonne Meléndez, Carlos M. Ayés Suárez, Luz Maria Berrios Berrios, Angel Diaz Ruiz, Elías Samuel Castro, Norman Ramírez Talavera, Isaac Camacho and Luis Alfredo Colón Osorio. The separatists were all arrested in association with the assault on a Wells Fargo deposit in Hartfort, Connecticut on September 12, 1983. Seven million dollars were deducted during the operation. As a qualification in his plea bargain, <mask> forced the court to stipulate of him, "You, however, take the position that the United States government has no authority to criminalize your effort to resist the colonial subjugation of your country, Puerto Rico, and your right under international law to work for the freedom and self-determination of your homeland. You believe that the Court has no jurisdiction over you and that you are not a criminal."Though he admitted to ordering the robbery, the court was forced further to stipulate that "It is acknowledged by the government ... that the robbery was perpetrated to fund the goals of the Macheteros." When he left prison in 1994 (on five-years probation and barred permanently from practicing law), <mask> joined the Direction of the Socialist Front (FS), an umbrella organization comprising numerous leftist disciplines. At the time of his death he was one of its spokesmen. Despite being barred from practicing law, <mask> worked as a law instructor at the University of Mayagüez. <mask> also acted as a representative of FS for several years in the United Nations ( UN ) in favor of the independence of Puerto Rico. <mask> also became involved with the Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT-Macheteros), formerly a division within the original (PRTP-Macheteros). The PRT-Macheteros eventually merged with other socialist organizations to form the Movement to Socialism(MAS) .The founding Congress of MAS in 2008 was partly dedicated to the memory of <mask> García. <mask> also joined the editorial board of pro-independence newspaper Claridad when it was reorganized to reflect the entire patriotic movement in Puerto Rico. <mask> had also participated in the working group of the São Paulo Forum since 1999, and argued against the presence of the US Navy in the island Vieques. He strongly condemned the assassination of the leader of the Boricua Popular Army, Filiberto Ojeda Ríos, on the part of the FBI, on September 23 as 2005. <mask> was also an ardent defender of the Cuban Revolution, and the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela, a country he had maintained with since before the arrival of President Hugo Chavez and who he visited in 2005. Milagros Rivera, chair of the Cuba Solidarity Committee, who knew <mask> from the University of Puerto Rico, said of <mask>: "...He not only worked tirelessly to defend Cuba but was an anti-imperialist in the internationalist sense. He not only opposed U.S. interventions throughout Latin America but also supported the struggle of the Palestinians, the liberation movements in Africa ... of the oppressed everywhere.Fari was of a new breed." Death

In January, 2005, <mask> was diagnosed with lymphoma in the kidney and then in the heart. He was in remission, when, in June, doctors found lymphoma in the brain. In July, he was admitted to Auxilio Mutuo Hospital in Hato Rey. He died in the hospital on August 26, 2006. He was buried on Monday, August 28, 2006 at the Angeles Memorial Park Cemetery, Guaynabo. At the time of his death he was 56 years old.From Saturday, September 9, 2006 in the evening, to Monday morning, more than 1,000 workers and their families, (pro-independence activists from across Puerto Rico) trade unionists and sympathizers of the Socialist Front, visited the Ehret funeral home in the suburb of Río Piedras to pay tribute to Farinacci. See also

 List of Puerto Ricans
 Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico

External links
 Article regarding FBI involvement against PR independence
 <mask> on the assassination of Filiberto Ojeda Ríos (Democracy Now!, 29 September 2005)
 Entrevista a <mask> Ojeda Ríos
 Fallece líder independentista <mask>

1949 births
2006 deaths
People from San Germán, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican people of Corsican descent
Deaths from brain tumor
Puerto Rican nationalists
Puerto Rican socialists
Deaths from cancer in Puerto Rico
Neurological disease deaths in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican independence activists

masks:
Jorge Aurelio Farinacci García
Farinacci
Farinacci
Jorge Aurelio Farinacci García
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Jorge Farinacci
Jorge
Jorge
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Jorge Farinacci
Jorge Farinacciliberto
Jorge Farinacci


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<mask> (20 September 1817 – 24 September 1870) was a Dutch army surgeon and friend of Red Cross founder Henri Dunant. He played an important role during the establishment in 1863 of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and from that year on he was an advocate for the establishment of a national voluntary aid organization in the Netherlands, the Netherlands Red Cross established in 1867. Biography

Youth, early career, and marriage
<mask> was born in Enkhuizen on 20 September 1817, the son of hospital master <mask> and Frederika Sophia Wilhelmina Schneider. He was 17 years old when he was admitted as a student at the National Institute for Military Medicine in Utrecht. In 1839 he became army physician Calss 3. In 1844 <mask> was placed in Breda , where he became Officer of Health Class 2. After a short interim period in Maastricht, he was transferred to Gorinchem.In 1853 he was promoted to Officer of Health Class 1 and transferred to Leiden. The following year he married in Gorinchem with Amalie Fréderique Kattenbusch, born in Eschweiler. He received his PhD in Leiden on 12 March 1855. In the same year he was transferred from Leiden to the Regiment Grenadiers and Jagers in The Hague where he would stay until 1870, with a short break due to an interim transfer to Bergen op Zoom

First contact with Henri Dunant
A certain Pauline Micheli-Revilliod advised Henri Dunant in 1862 to send <mask> a copy of his book Un Souvenir de Solferino. Dunant had written it after having witnessed the suffering at the Battle of Solferino. He then asked <mask> to translate the book from French to Dutch. <mask> did so, and became fascinated by the Dunant's plea in his book to set up voluntary organizations in all countries that could become lifesaving in the case of armed conflict.The Dutch translation of Dunant's book appeared in Dutch in 1863

Establishment of the Red Cross Movement
On September 8, 1863, <mask> participated on behalf of the Netherlands in the 5th International Statistical Congress that took place in Berlin. Dunant was also present at his invitation because it gave both the opportunity to inform the participating countries about Dunant's idea to set up national aid associations in all countries. Dunant and <mask> were helped by <mask>s wife, Amalie Kattenburg-<mask>, who had met <mask> in Gorinchem. Amalie helped with translations and the layout of pamphlets that were distributed there and with the haste and adaptation of the invitation for an international conference that they hoped to organize in October that year in Geneva  with interested countries. The lobby in Berlin was a success and already in October of that year the first International Conference of the Red Cross took place in Geneva. On 22 August 1864 this led to the Geneva Convention, ratified by 16 countries. This laid the foundation for International Humanitarian Law .The committee in Geneva, then consisting of five Swiss including Dunant and later called the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), became the custodian of International Humanitarian Law. Establishment of a national Red Cross Society in the Nederlands and his death
Earlier that year, in April 1864, Basting published a leaflet called Eene roepstem tot mijn vaderland: De hulpmaatschappijen tot verzorging van zieken en gekwetsten in which he pleaded for the establishment of a national Red Cross Society in the Netherlands. In 1866, <mask> moved from The Hague to Bergen op Zoom. Despite <mask>s' call and the support he received from people like Henry CN Baron van Tuyll of Serooskerken and General Knoop, after a four-year long period of delays, on 19 July 1867, by a Koninklijk besluit, the Nederlandsche Vereeniging  finally granted aid. to sick and wounded warriors in time of war . Because of the protection sign to be used in wartime - a red cross on a white surface - the association was soon called the Nederlandse Rode Kruis, but officially the association did not name it until after 1895. In 1868 <mask> contributed to the establishment and organization of local Red Cross aid committees in the Netherlands with his book De Nederlandsche Hulpkomités onder het Roode Kruis.Hun werkkring in tijden van oorlog en vrede. Their office in times of war and peace . He also put this into practice himself by setting up a Red Cross auxiliary committee in Bergen op Zoom on 24 March 1868. <mask> became ill in the spring of 1870 and died on 24 September that year as a result of liver disease in The Hague. He was buried on the 27th of September at Oud Eik en Duinen in The Hague. Importance to the Red Cross
In the early years, <mask> was the main international promoter of Dunant's plea to establish national Red Cross associations. Although Dunant had previously been present as an observer at the conference in Berlin, he had been given a specific mandate from the "Committee of Five" in Geneva.But at the urging of <mask>, Dunant in Berlin, without any consultation with his Geneva colleague committee members, added three points to the plea that <mask> presented, including the principle of Neutrality. Once in the invitation and in the agenda, co-founders could not simply ignore this. <mask> subsequently proved also to be crucial during the subsequent International Conference in 1863, in particular with regard to the introduction of the principle of Neutrality for Red Cross volunteers and medical objects such as ambulances, clinics and hospitals in times of war. Henri Dunant wrote to his Dutch friend and journalist Haje that it was "avec sa tenacité hollandaise" (his Dutch tenacity) that had been the decisive factor in the endorsement of the fundamental principle of Neutrality by the States present. "In the Netherlands, <mask> was important because of his advocacy for the establishment of a national volunteer aid association, the Netherlands Red Cross Society. Basting's Réveil background
Basting, his Swiss friend Dunant, and the first Red Cross volunteer who - together with another Swiss (Dr. Louis Appia, with Dunant and three other Swiss co-founder of the ICRC) - was sent to a war front, the Dutchman (and painter / writer) Charles William Meredith van de Velde, were all born in a Calvinistic Réveil environment. The Réveil movement originated in Geneva at the beginning of the 19th century in response to The Enlightenment.All three had from childhood learned to take care of others, for example Dunant visited with his parents prisoners, and they helped poor in their community. <mask> and his wife Amalie have translated a number of writings from the Geneva Réveil theologian and philosopher Jules-Ernest Naville from French into Dutch. And Dunant organized meetings for fellow believers in Geneva. Van de Velde has visited one or more such meetings in Geneva, <mask> has likely never been in Geneva. It was this international network of Dunant that brought him in contact with <mask> in 1862. Dunant was a critic of institutionalized church and was an agnost. Credits
 On 6 January 1860 <mask> was honoured by King William III as knight in the Orde van de Eikenkroon.Koning Willem III made Basting on 31 July 1867 honorary member of the Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis. In 1871 the Netherlands Red Cross placed a marble tombstone on his grave. Tomb Oud Eijk en Duinen, The Hague
Basting was buried in The Hague. In 1871 the Dutch Red Cross placed this gravestone on its final resting place. Bibliography
Beneath works were written by <mask>ng:
 Raadgevingen aan de Nederlandse comité's onder het Roode Kruis, Den Haag, 1870
 De Nederlandsche Hulpkomités onder het Roode Kruis. Hun werkkring in tijden van oorlog en vrede, Den Haag, 1868
 Memorie over het stelsel van ziekenverstrooiing in “Verslagen, rapporten en memoriën omtrent militaire onderwerpen “ uitgegeven door het Departement van Oorlog”, 1866
 Eene roepstem tot mijn vaderland. De hulpmaatschappijen tot verzorging van zieken en gekwetsten aanbevolen, Den Haag, 1864
 Morburum in Nosocomio Lugduni Batav.: Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis en het vraagstuk van oorlog en vrede 1867-1945”
 Rombach, J.H. in Universeel, Belgische RK in Vlaanderen (nr. 3 1978), “Dr. <mask> <mask> <mask> (1817-1870), de Nederlander aan de wieg van het Rode Kruis”, artikel van
 Carl H.J. Vandekerckhove (1978), “Jean-Henry Dunant: Droom en daad”
 Nederlandse Rode Kruis (1969), “<mask> <mask> <mask>, Sebald Justinus Brugmans”
 Verspijck, Jonkheer G.M. (1967), “Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis”
 Rombach J.H. in International Review of the Red Cross (1962), “Two great figures in Red Cross history”
 Hart, Ellen (1953), “Man born to live: Life and Work of Henry Dunant, founder of the Red Cross”
 Beelaerts van Blokland, Jhr.H. (1942), “Dr. <mask> <mask> Basting”
 Nieuw Nederlands Biografisch Woordenbook, deel 4 (1918)
 Rotterdams Nieuwsblad (26-02-1917), “De stichting van het Roode Kruis”
 Haje, Christian Friedrich in Elsevier (1897 Jan.-Jul., pag 438), “De stichter van het Roode Kruis”
 Müller, Rudolf (1896), "Entstehunsgeschichte des Roten Kreuzes und der Genfer Konvention"
 Haje, C.F. (1889), ”Een gedenkzuil der negentiende eeuw: Het Roode Kruis, oorsprong, geschiedenis, gevolgen”
 Brown, Samual (1863), “Report on the Fifth International Statistical Congress, held at Berlin, Sept. 6th to 12th, 1863”
 Dommelen, G.F. (4/11-06-1871), “Herinnering aan J.H.C. Basting”
 Dommelen, Gomarus Fransiscus van (1-01-1871), “Over de noodzakelijkheid der uitbreiding van het getal Ziekenverplegers en Ziekenverpleegsters door de Vereenigingen onder het Roode Kruis”
 Nuyens, Willem Jan Frans in Katholiek-Nederlandsche Brochuren-Vereniging (1870), “Het Roode Kruis: Een woord tot mijn landgenoten”
 Register begraafplaats Oud Eijk en Duinen te Den Haag

People associated with the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
Dutch military doctors
19th-century Dutch military personnel
1817 births
1870 deaths

masks:
Johan Hendrik Christiaan Basting
Basting
Dingeman Cornelis Basting
Basting
Johan Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Johan Basting
Johan Basting
Basting
Basting
Johan Basting
Johan Basing
Johan Bast
Johan Hendrik
Christiaan
Basting
Johan Hendrik
Christiaan
Basting
Johan Hendrik
Christiaan


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<mask> (born 7 June 1981) is a Latvian football forward, who most recently played for the Latvian Higher League club FK Liepāja. Club career

As a youth player <mask> played for his local club FK Liepājas Metalurgs, being taken to the first team in 1998, at the age of 17. He spent the next six seasons with the club, becoming the second top scorer of the Latvian Higher League in 2003 with 26 goals, completing two hat-tricks during the season. All in all he played 96 matches for his local club, scoring 40 goals. After these bright appearances he had impressed clubs abroad, and in January 2004 <mask> went on a month-long trial with the Russian Premier League club Shinnik Yaroslavl. Afterwards he signed a three-year contract with them. However, his spell there wasn't as successful as expected and was very short.After just one season, during which he played only 8 league matches without scoring goals, <mask> returned to the Latvian Higher League, signing with the newly promoted, ambitious club Venta Kuldiga in 2005. However, the club struggled financially and after just five matches had to let some of their players go, including <mask>, who returned to his hometown club, Liepājas Metalurgs later that year. He spent the next three seasons there, once again showing great performance. He scored a hat-trick in the 2005 season, and he also scored in the Latvian Cup final on 25 September 2005, which Metalurgs lost 2–1 to Venta Kuldīga. Another hat-trick came in the 2006 season, which <mask> finished as the second top scorer with 14 goals. In the Latvian Cup he scored a hat-trick in the 6–1 semi-final victory over Dižvanagi Rēzekne and then scored in the final, which the club won 2–1 over Skonto Riga. In December 2006 <mask> was named the runner-up of the Latvian Player of the Year Award by the Latvian Football Federation behind the winner Aleksandrs Koļinko, who that time was the first-choice keeper for Rubin Kazan in the Russian Premier League.His contract with Metalurgs expired in July 2007 and it was not renewed. Player was then linked with the English Championship club Bristol City, before going on trial with Southampton. In January 2008 he had a two-day trial with Wolverhampton Wanderers. <mask> then had trials in the Netherlands with Zwolle and De Graafschap,
 and on 8 February 2008 he signed for De Graafschap, which that time competed in the Dutch Eredivisie. <mask> returned to Liepājas Metalurgs in the middle of 2008, because of limited game time. After some impressive matches there he attracted interest from several European clubs, but finally settled down in Azerbaijan, signing a contract with Inter Baku in the summer of 2009. The next season, he became the champion of Azerbaijan.He scored 8 goals in 19 matches for Inter in his first season there, but the next two weren't that successful anymore and in July 2012 he was released. In August 2012 <mask> once again returned to Liepājas Metalurgs. The 2012 season saw <mask> scoring 9 goals in 19 league matches. Even though Metalurgs expressed their interest to keep him at the club, <mask> chose to continue his career abroad, joining the Indonesian Premier League club Pro Duta in March 2013. On 14 April 2013 he scored his first two goals in a 3-0 league victory over Bontang. Throughout the season <mask> scored 15 league goals for the club, completing two hat-tricks. He left Pro Duta at the end of his contract in November 2013.In February 2014 <mask> went on trial with the Belarusian Premier League club Neman Grodno alongside his international fellow Igors Tarasovs and signed a contract with the club on 26 February 2014. He scored his first Belarusian Premier League goal in a 3–2 victory over Dnepr Mogilev on 19 April 2014. <mask> left Neman on 9 June 2014 due to family reasons and returned to Latvia. On 3 July 2014 <mask> signed a contract with the Latvian Higher League title holders FK Ventspils. He helped the club retain the title for the second year in a row. <mask> left FK Liepāja at the end of 2018.

International career

<mask> played for the Latvia-U21. <mask> made his first appearance for Latvia national team on 20 December 2003 as a second-half substitute against Kuwait in Cyprus, which Latvia lost 2–0.On 28 December 2005 he scored in Latvia's 2–1 win over Oman national football team to reach the final of the King's Cup in Thailand. Latvia won the cup, beating Korea DPR 2–1 in the final on 30 December with <mask> again scoring. Currently <mask> has 50 international caps under his belt, having scored 9 goals. He played in an international game on 9 February 2011, a 2–1 victory in a friendly match against Bolivia, coming on as a late substitute, which would be his last match for the national team until late 2016. <mask> was recalled to the national team in the autumn of 2016, earning his 50th cap on 7 October 2016 after coming on as a substitute in the 0:2 home loss against the Faroe Islands in a 2018 World Cup qualifier.

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Ģirts Karlsons
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<mask> (born May 7, 1935) is an American biochemist and professor at Harvard University. <mask> received his undergraduate education at Duke University, where he majored in medicine. He received his M.D. at Duke Medical School in 1960. <mask> works as a professor at Harvard Medical School, and he served as editor/associate editor of the Annual Review of Biochemistry from 1972 to 2003. <mask> received the American Chemical Society Award in Biological Chemistry in 1968, as well as numerous other accolades. Early life and education
<mask> was born on May 7, 1935, in Wilson, North Carolina.His father, <mask> <mask>, was an accountant at a local automobile dealership. His mother, Elizabeth Barefoot, was a housewife. At 11 years old, <mask> and his family moved to Columbia, South Carolina. <mask> graduated from Dreher High School and received a full scholarship to Duke University in 1953. Without completing a bachelor's degree, <mask> enrolled in Duke Medical School in 1956. In 1959, <mask> completed a Bachelor of Science degree in medicine from Duke through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) United States Public Health Service Post-Sophomore Research Fellowship. <mask> graduated from Duke Medical School and began residency at Duke University Hospital in 1960.On July 29, 1961, <mask> married Ingrid Hanssum at the Gothic Duke Chapel. They have two children. Career and research
In 1961, <mask> obtained a Public Health Service fellowship under Arthur Kornberg in his biochemistry laboratory at Stanford Medical School. As a result, <mask> and Ingrid Hanssum moved to Palo Alto. In Kornberg's lab, <mask> focused on improving the purification technique of DNA polymerase from E. coli. In Kornberg's lab, <mask> worked alongside Paul Berg, Reiji and Tsunko Okazaki, and several others. In 1964, <mask> left Kornberg's lab and began a faculty position at Harvard Medical School, where he was promoted to tenure in 1967.<mask> served as Chairman of the department of biological chemistry from 1978 to 1987. Additionally, <mask> served as editor or associate editor of the Annual Review of Biochemistry from 1972 to 2003. As of 2020, <mask> continues his position as professor at Harvard Medical School. <mask> taught four doctoral students: Dennis M. Livingston, David N. Frick, Richard D<mask>, and Paul L. Modrich. Throughout <mask>'s career, <mask> used bacteriophages in order to investigate DNA replication. <mask> discovered and researched several enzymes throughout his career: E. coli exonuclease III in 1964, T4 DNA ligase in 1967, T7 DNA polymerase in 1971, E. coli exonuclease VII in 1974, E. coli DNA polymerase III in 1975, T4 polynucleotide kinase in 1981, T7 DNA primase in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and T7 DNA helicase in 2004. <mask> used these enzymes to further analyze DNA, develop sequencing reagents, and characterize the mechanisms of DNA replication.<mask>'s most highly-cited accomplishment was made while working with bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase in 1985. <mask> used the T7 RNA polymerase/promoter system to control the expression of a phage T7 gene 5 protein (gp5), which is a subunit of T7 DNA polymerase. By combining the specificity of T7 RNA polymerase for its own promoters with rifampicin's ability to selectively inhibit the host RNA polymerase, <mask> established a method to exclusively express genes, specifically the phage T7 gene 5 protein, under the control of the T7 RNA polymerase promoter. During this process, <mask> constructed a T7 phage with deletions in gene 1 that propagate in E. coli cells expressing T7 RNA polymerase. <mask> proposed the T7 RNA polymerase/promoter system as an "attractive alternative" to the mini- or maxicell. A couple years later, <mask> researched a self-made DNA polymerase for potential use in DNA sequencing. This highly processive DNA polymerase was composed of an 84-kDa T7 gene 5 protein and 12-kDa E. coli thioredoxin at a one-to-one stoichiometric ratio.In his study, <mask> demonstrated that this modified DNA polymerase would be ideal for DNA sequencing by the chain-termination method. <mask> based this finding off of three main factors: high processivity and lack of associated exonuclease activity, ability to use low concentrations of radioactive nucleotides for preparation of DNA probes, and lack of background pause sites and uniform distribution of dideoxy-terminated fragments. In 1998, <mask> examined the crystal structure of a bacteriophage T7 DNA replication complex at 2.2 Å resolution. Before imaging, <mask> complexed the T7 bacteriophage DNA polymerase with a primer-template and a nucleoside triphosphate in the polymerase active site. Through analysis of the crystal structure, <mask> determined how the replication complex selects nucleotides in a template-directed manner. Furthermore, <mask> established an understanding of the basis for phosphoryl transfer by related polymerases with metal. More recently in 2011, <mask> developed a single-molecule assay to measure the activity of the replisome with fluorescently-labeled DNA polymerases.<mask> then used this assay to quantify the process of polymerase exchange. <mask> determined that soluble polymerases are recruited to an actively synthesizing replisome, which leads to a polymerase exchange event between the excess polymerases and the synthesizing polymerase after about 50 seconds. This supports the belief that replisomes are highly dynamic complexes. Awards and honors

National Institutes of Health (NIH) United States Public Health Service Post-Sophomore Research Fellowship, 1958–1959
 Career Development Award, National Institutes of Health, 1967–1976
American Chemical Society Award in Biological Chemistry, sponsored by Eli Lily & Co., 1968
Duke Medical Center Alumni Award, 1972
National Institutes of Health MERIT award, 1986–1995
American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Merck
 Award in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1996
 Herbert Tabor/Journal of Biological Chemistry Lectureship Award, 2006
 Weinhouse 2007 Lecturer, Thomas Jefferson University

Memberships
Phi Beta Kappa, Alpha Omega Alpha, Pi Mu Epsilon A.M. (Hon), Harvard University, 1967
 Elected Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1975
 Elected Member, National Academy of Sciences, 1983
 Elected Member, Institute of Medicine, 1986

References

Further reading

 <mask>, <mask>. (June 2, 2015) "It Seems Like Only Yesterday." Annual Review of Biochemistry. 84 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-033850.Kresge, N., Simoni, R. D., and Hill, R. L. (July 13, 2007). "DNA Replication in Bacteriophage: the Work of <mask><mask>." Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, e22. Tabor, S., and <mask>, C. C. (February 2, 1985). "A bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase/promoter system for controlled exclusive expression of specific genes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.82 (4): 1074–1078. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.4.1074. ISSN 0027-8424. .
Tabor, S.; <mask>, C. C. (July 1, 1987). "DNA sequence analysis with a modified bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 84 (14): 4767–4771. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.14.4767.ISSN 0027-8424. . External links
Charles C. Richardson Laboratory

1935 births
American biochemists
Duke University alumni
Duke University School of Medicine alumni
Harvard Medical School faculty
Living people
Annual Reviews (publisher) editors

masks:
Charles Clifton Richardson
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<mask> (born <mask>, Count of Artois; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830. An uncle of the uncrowned <mask>I and younger brother to reigning kings <mask> and <mask>, he supported the latter in exile. After the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, <mask> (as heir-presumptive) became the leader of the ultra-royalists, a radical monarchist faction within the French court that affirmed rule by divine right and opposed the concessions towards liberals and guarantees of civil liberties granted by the Charter of 1814. <mask> gained influence within the French court after the assassination of his son <mask>, Duke of Berry, in 1820 and succeeded his brother <mask>II in 1824. His reign of almost six years proved to be deeply unpopular amongst the liberals in France from the moment of his coronation in 1825, in which he tried to revive the practice of the royal touch. The governments appointed under his reign reimbursed former landowners for the abolition of feudalism at the expense of bondholders, increased the power of the Catholic Church, and reimposed capital punishment for sacrilege, leading to conflict with the liberal-majority Chamber of Deputies. <mask> also approved the French conquest of Algeria as a way to distract his citizens from domestic problems, and forced Haiti to pay a hefty indemnity in return for lifting a blockade and recognizing Haiti's independence.He eventually appointed a conservative government under the premiership of Prince Jules de Polignac, who was defeated in the 1830 French legislative election. He responded with the July Ordinances disbanding the Chamber of Deputies, limiting franchise, and reimposing press censorship. Within a week France faced urban riots which led to the July Revolution of 1830, which resulted in his abdication and the election of Louis Philippe I as King of the French. Exiled once again, <mask> died in 1836 in Gorizia, then part of the Austrian Empire. He was the last of the French rulers from the senior branch of the House of Bourbon. Childhood and adolescence

<mask> of France was born in 1757, the youngest son of the Dauphin Louis and his wife, the Dauphine Marie Josèphe, at the Palace of Versailles. <mask> was created Count of Artois at birth by his grandfather, the reigning King <mask>.As the youngest male in the family, <mask> seemed unlikely ever to become king. His eldest brother, Louis, Duke of Burgundy, died unexpectedly in 1761, which moved <mask> up one place in the line of succession. He was raised in early childhood by Madame de Marsan, the Governess of the Children of France. At the death of his father in 1765, <mask>'s oldest surviving brother, Louis Auguste, became the new Dauphin (the heir apparent to the French throne). Their mother Marie Josèphe, who never recovered from the loss of her husband, died in March 1767 from tuberculosis. This left <mask> an orphan at the age of nine, along with his siblings Louis Auguste, Louis Stanislas, Count of Provence, Clotilde ("Madame Clotilde"), and Élisabeth ("Madame Élisabeth"). <mask> fell ill on 27 April 1774 and died on 10 May of smallpox at the age of 64.His grandson Louis-Auguste succeeded him as King <mask> of France. Marriage and private life

In November 1773, <mask> married Marie Thérèse of Savoy. In 1775, Marie Thérèse gave birth to a boy, Louis Antoine, who was created Duke of Angoulême by <mask>. Louis-Antoine was the first of the next generation of Bourbons, as the king and the Count of Provence had not fathered any children yet, causing the Parisian libellistes (pamphleteers who published scandalous leaflets about important figures in court and politics) to lampoon <mask>'s alleged impotence. Three years later, in 1778, <mask>' second son, <mask>, was born and given the title of Duke of Berry. In the same year Queen Marie Antoinette gave birth to her first child, Marie Thérèse, quelling all rumours that she could not bear children. <mask> was thought of as the most attractive member of his family, bearing a strong resemblance to his grandfather <mask>.His wife was considered quite ugly by most contemporaries, and he looked for company in numerous extramarital affairs. According to the Count of Hézecques, "few beauties were cruel to him." Among his lovers was notably Anne Victoire Dervieux. Later, he embarked upon a lifelong love affair with the beautiful Louise de Polastron, the sister-in-law of Marie Antoinette's closest companion, the Duchess of Polignac. <mask> also struck up a firm friendship with Marie Antoinette herself, whom he had first met upon her arrival in France in April 1770 when he was twelve. The closeness of the relationship was such that he was falsely accused by Parisian rumour mongers of having seduced her. As part of Marie Antoinette's social set, <mask> often appeared opposite her in the private theatre of her favourite royal retreat, the Petit Trianon.They were both said to be very talented amateur actors. Marie Antoinette played milkmaids, shepherdesses, and country ladies, whereas <mask> played lovers, valets, and farmers. A famous story concerning the two involves the construction of the Château de Bagatelle. In 1775, <mask> purchased a small hunting lodge in the Bois de Boulogne. He soon had the existing house torn down with plans to rebuild. Marie Antoinette wagered her brother-in-law that the new château could not be completed within three months. <mask> engaged the neoclassical architect François-Joseph Bélanger to design the building.He won his bet, with Bélanger completing the house in sixty-three days. It is estimated that the project, which came to include manicured gardens, cost over two million livres. Throughout the 1770s, <mask> spent lavishly. He accumulated enormous debts, totalling 21 million livres. In the 1780s, King <mask> paid off the debts of both his brothers, the Counts of Provence and Artois. In 1781, <mask> acted as a proxy for Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II at the christening of his godson, the Dauphin Louis Joseph. Crisis and French Revolution

<mask>'s political awakening started with the first great crisis of the monarchy in 1786, when it became apparent that the kingdom was bankrupt from previous military endeavours (in particular the Seven Years' War and the American War of Independence) and needed fiscal reform to survive.<mask> supported the removal of the aristocracy's financial privileges, but was opposed to any reduction in the social privileges enjoyed by either the Roman Catholic Church or the nobility. He believed that France's finances should be reformed without the monarchy being overthrown. In his own words, it was "time for repair, not demolition." King <mask> eventually convened the Estates General, which had not been assembled for over 150 years, to meet in May 1789 to ratify financial reforms. Along with his sister Élisabeth, <mask> was the most conservative member of the family and opposed the demands of the Third Estate (representing the commoners) to increase their voting power. This prompted criticism from his brother, who accused him of being "plus royaliste que le roi" ("more royalist than the king"). In June 1789, the representatives of the Third Estate declared themselves a National Assembly intent on providing France with a new constitution.In conjunction with the Baron de Breteuil, <mask> had political alliances arranged to depose the liberal minister of finance, Jacques Necker. These plans backfired when <mask> attempted to secure Necker's dismissal on 11 July without Breteuil's knowledge, much earlier than they had originally intended. It was the beginning of a decline in his political alliance with Breteuil, which ended in mutual loathing. Necker's dismissal provoked the storming of the Bastille on 14 July. With the concurrence of <mask> and Marie Antoinette <mask> and his family left France three days later, on 17 July, along with several other courtiers. These included the Duchess of Polignac, the queen's favourite. His flight was historically attributed to personal fears for his own safety.However recent research indicates that the King had approved his brother's departure in advance, seeing it as a means of ensuring that one close relative would be free to act as a spokesman for the monarchy, after Louis himself had been moved from Versailles to Paris. Life in exile

<mask> and his family decided to seek refuge in Savoy, his wife's native country, where they were joined by some members of the Condé family. Meanwhile, in Paris, <mask> was struggling with the National Assembly, which was committed to radical reforms and had enacted the Constitution of 1791. In March 1791, the Assembly also enacted a regency bill that provided for the case of the king's premature death. While his heir <mask> was still a minor, the Count of Provence, the Duke of Orléans or, if either was unavailable, someone chosen by election should become regent, completely passing over the rights of <mask> who, in the royal lineage, stood between the Count of Provence and the Duke of Orléans. <mask> meanwhile left Turin (in Italy) and moved to Trier in Germany, where his uncle, Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, was the incumbent Archbishop-Elector. <mask> prepared for a counter-revolutionary invasion of France, but a letter by Marie Antoinette postponed it until after the royal family had escaped from Paris and joined a concentration of regular troops under François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé at Montmédy.After the attempted flight was stopped at Varennes, <mask> moved on to Koblenz, where he, the recently escaped Count of Provence and the Princes of Condé jointly declared their intention to invade France. The Count of Provence was sending dispatches to various European sovereigns for assistance, while <mask> set up a court-in-exile in the Electorate of Trier. On 25 August, the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which called on other European powers to intervene in France. On New Year's Day 1792, the National Assembly declared all emigrants traitors, repudiated their titles and confiscated their lands. This measure was followed by the suspension and eventually the abolition of the monarchy in September 1792. The royal family was imprisoned, and the king and queen were eventually executed in 1793. The young Dauphin died of illnesses and neglect in 1795.When the French Revolutionary Wars broke out in 1792, <mask> escaped to Great Britain, where King George III of Great Britain gave him a generous allowance. <mask> lived in Edinburgh and London with his mistress Louise de Polastron. His older brother, dubbed <mask>II after the death of his nephew in June 1795, relocated to Verona and then to Jelgava Palace, Mitau, where <mask>' son Louis Antoine married <mask>'s only surviving child, Marie Thérèse, on 10 June 1799. In 1802, <mask> supported his brother with several thousand pounds. In 1807, <mask> moved to the United Kingdom. Bourbon Restoration

In January 1814, <mask> covertly left his home in London to join the Coalition forces in southern France. <mask>, by then wheelchair-bound, supplied <mask> with letters patent creating him Lieutenant General of the Kingdom of France.On 31 March, the Allies captured Paris. A week later, Napoleon I abdicated. The Senate declared the restoration of <mask> as the Bourbon King of France. <mask> arrived in the capital on 12 April and acted as Lieutenant General of the realm until <mask> arrived from England. During his brief tenure as regent, <mask> created an ultra-royalist secret police that reported directly back to him without <mask>'s knowledge. It operated for over five years. <mask>II was greeted with great rejoicing from the Parisians and proceeded to occupy the Tuileries Palace.The Count of Artois lived in the Pavillon de Mars, and the Duke of Angoulême in the Pavillon de Flore, which overlooked the River Seine. The Duchess of Angoulême fainted upon arriving at the palace, as it brought back terrible memories of her family's incarceration there, and of the storming of the palace and the massacre of the Swiss Guards on 10 August 1792. Following the advice of the occupying allied army, <mask> promulgated a liberal constitution, the Charter of 1814, which provided for a bicameral legislature, an electorate of 90,000 men and freedom of religion. After the Hundred Days, Napoleon's brief return to power in 1815, the White Terror focused mainly on the purging of a civilian administration which had almost completely turned against the Bourbon monarchy. About 70,000 officials were dismissed from their positions. The remnants of the Napoleonic army were disbanded after the Battle of Waterloo and its senior officers cashiered. Marshal Ney was executed for treason, and Marshal Brune was murdered by a crowd.Approximately 6,000 individuals who had rallied to Napoleon were brought to trial. There were about 300 mob lynchings in the south of France, notably in Marseilles where a number of Napoleon's Mamluks preparing to return to Egypt, were massacred in their barracks. King's brother and heir presumptive
While the king retained the liberal charter, <mask> patronised members of the ultra-royalists in parliament, such as Jules de Polignac, the writer François-René de Chateaubriand and Jean-Baptiste de Villèle. On several occasions, <mask> voiced his disapproval of his brother's liberal ministers and threatened to leave the country unless <mask>II dismissed them. Louis, in turn, feared that his brother's and heir presumptive's ultra-royalist tendencies would send the family into exile once more (which they eventually did). On 14 February 1820, <mask>'s younger son, the Duke of Berry, was assassinated at the Paris Opera. This loss not only plunged the family into grief but also put the succession in jeopardy, as <mask>'s elder son, the Duke of Angoulême, was childless.The lack of male heirs in the Bourbon main line raised the prospect of the throne passing to the Duke of Orléans and his heirs, which horrified the more conservative ultras. Parliament debated the abolition of the Salic law, which excluded females from the succession and was long held inviolable. However, the Duke of Berry's widow, Caroline of Naples and Sicily, was found to be pregnant and on 29 September 1820 gave birth to a son, Henry, Duke of Bordeaux. His birth was hailed as "God-given", and the people of France purchased for him the Château de Chambord in celebration of his birth. As a result, his granduncle, <mask>II, added the title Count of Chambord, hence Henri, Count of Chambord, the name by which he is usually known. Reign

Ascension and Coronation
<mask>' brother King <mask>II's health had been worsening since the beginning of 1824. Suffering from both dry and wet gangrene in his legs and spine, he died on 16 September of that year, aged almost 69.<mask>, by now in his 67th year, succeeded him to the throne as King <mask> of France. On 29 May 1825, King <mask> was anointed at the cathedral of Reims, the traditional site of consecration of French kings; it had been unused since 1775, as <mask> had forgone the ceremony to avoid controversy and because his health was too precarious. It was in the venerable cathedral of Notre-Dame at Paris that Napoleon had consecrated his revolutionary empire; but in ascending the throne of his ancestors, <mask> reverted to the old place of coronation used by the kings of France from the early ages of the monarchy. Like the regime of the Restoration itself, the coronation was conceived as a compromise between the monarchical tradition and the charter of 1814: it took up the main phases of traditional ceremonial such as the seven anointings or the oaths on the Gospels, all by associating with it the oath of fidelity taken by the King to the Charter of 1814 or the participation of the great princes in the ceremonial as assistants of the Archbishop of Reims . A commission was charged with simplifying and modernizing the ceremony and making it compatible with the principles of the monarchy according to the Charter (deletion of the promises of struggle against heretics and infidels, of the twelve peers, of references to Hebrew royalty, etc.) - it lasted three and a half hours. In fact, the choice of the coronation was applauded by the royalists in favor of a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy and not only by those nostalgic for the Ancien Régime; The fact that the ceremony was modernized and adapted to new times encouraged Chateaubriand, a non-absolutist royalist and enthusiastic supporter of the Charter of 1814, to invite the king to be crowned.In the brochure The King is Dead! Long live the king! Chateaubriand explains that a coronation would have being the "link in the chain which united the oath of the new

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