texts:
<mask>  (10 April 1908 – 3 November 1993) was a British journalist, television executive and editor, and politician. He was a member of both of Britain's major political parties: the Labour Party and Conservative Party, and was elected to the House of Commons as a Labour MP from 1945 to 1951, and as a Conservative MP from 1962 to 1967. Education
<mask> was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Oxford. He played cricket for both Harrow and for Oxford University Cricket Club. He scored 87 in the 1926 Eton v Harrow match at Lord's, an innings which Wisden described as "widely regarded as the best innings in the match for many year", and he was described in the same publication as a "beautiful player". In 1928 he set a new record for runs scored in a season for Oxford with 1,137 runs scored, and in 1929 scored 204 against Northamptonshire. Life and career
<mask> had a varied career, playing first-class cricket, serving in the armed forces, acting as a Member of Parliament for two political parties, making documentary films and serving as the first chairman of London Weekend Television.Cricket career

<mask> made his first-class cricket debut in May 1927, playing for Oxford University against Harlequins. Later the same year he made his County Championship debut for Kent County Cricket Club against Worcestershire as an amateur cricketer. The bulk of <mask>'s first-class cricket career was in the late 1920s and early 1930s. He made at least ten first-class appearances in each year between 1927 and 1932 and made a total of 87 first-class appearances, the majority during this period. He played a total of 39 times for Oxford and 33 for Kent as well as eight times for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) as well as making a few appearances for other teams such as the Free Foresters. He played only six more first-class matches after the end of the 1932 season, four of which took place after the Second World War whilst he was a sitting MP. He also made four Minor Counties Championship appearances for Buckinghamshire in 1948 and was president of MCC in 1972-73 and the chairman of the National Cricket Association for seven years, during which time he was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of the National Village Cricket Championship.Services career
He joined the Auxiliary Air Force in 1936, and was a trained fighter pilot at start of the Second World War. After serving on night patrols over the English Channel he was sent ostensibly as an assistant air attaché to Turkey in April 1940, cover for intelligence work in the Balkans in Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, being smuggled out of Sofia when the Germans invaded the latter country in March 1941. Subsequently assigned to 73 Squadron in Egypt, he was shot down in July 1941 near besieged Tobruk and was taken prisoner of war. He remained in Germany, despite escape attempts, latterly at Stalag Luft III. Parliamentary career
He was Labour  Member of Parliament for Buckingham from 1945 to 1951, when he lost to the Conservative candidate Frank Markham, himself an ex-Labour MP. He was Under-Secretary of State for Air in Clement Attlee's Labour Government. Having left the Labour Party in 1957, in 1962, he was elected to Parliament as a Conservative, winning the by-election in West Derbyshire.He held the seat through two general elections, before resigning in 1967 to become Chairman of London Weekend Television where he remained until 1973. Media career
In 1955, he was the first editor-in-chief of Independent Television News and was responsible for introducing American-style newscasters to British media and pledged to transform television's attitudes to politicians. He left ITN after a row when the company tried to trim down the news operations and rejoined the BBC. <mask> authored several books, including biographies of Konrad Adenauer and Charles De Gaulle. De Gaulle: A Biography (London: Collins, 1969)
 Escape from Germany 1939-1945
 Spoils of the War: The Rise of Western Germany 1945-1972
 Patterns of Government in Africa
 Leap before you look: a memoir, 1988. <mask> was the second son of the Rev. (Arthur) Stafford <mask>, Canon of Windsor, and the former Anstice Katherine Gibbs (usually known as Nancy), sixth of the ten children of Antony and Janet Gibbs of Tyntesfield, Somerset.His paternal grandfather was George Baden <mask> (1833–1879), a successful railway contractor and his wife Inez. <mask> was the brother-in-law of the Earl of Cavan and Crawley's mother was related to the Lords Wraxall, of Tyntesfield and the Lords Aldenham and Hunsdon. <mask> was chaplain to the Archbishop of York at Bishopthorpe and later Canon of St George's Chapel, Windsor. The <mask>s had three sons and two daughters, of whom <mask> was the middle son. A daughter Anstice, Lady Goodman (see below), was also prominent in public life. Marriage and issue
In 1945, he married the sometime war correspondent Virginia Cowles (24 August 1910 – 6 September 1983), daughter of the controversial society doctor Edward Spencer Cowles MD, with whom he had 3 children. Crawley suffered several tragedies.His wife died in 1983 in a road accident near Biarritz in France. Five years later, he lost both his sons in a plane crash whilst they were travelling together to their sister's 40th birthday party, leaving young children and widows who were seven months pregnant. He then lost heavily in the Lloyd's crash and at the time of his death, <mask> was virtually penniless. He was survived by his daughter Harriet, his two widowed daughters-in-law and six grandchildren:
 Andrew Hayward <mask> (1947−1988), married Sarah Lawrence in 1986 and had one son and a posthumous daughter. Randall Stafford <mask> (1950–1988), who married Marita Georgina Phillips in 1982. Their two sons (the younger Galen born after his death) and a daughter. His widow Marita remarried Andrew Knight in 2006.Harriet Spencer <mask> (b. 1948), a successful author and former television presenter of "Collecting Now", married Gleb Shestakov in 1993 and then Julian Ayer in around 2001. Ayer, whom she met in 1999, was the adoptive son of the philosopher Sir Alfred Jules Ayer. They had no children although Harriet had one son in 1987: Harriet unsuccessfully fought the Brent East Constituency in the 1987 general election, she lost to Labour veteran Ken Livingstone. Spencer Henry <mask> (b.1987) who played one first-class cricket match for Oxford University. Notable relatives

 <mask>'s sister was Anstice, Lady Goodman (7 December 1911 - 4 January 2001), whose marriage to Sir Victor Goodman was childless. <mask>'s niece Penelope Anstice <mask> (b.1950) married 1971 Lord Guernsey, now 12th Earl of Aylesford (b. 1947), the heir to the 11th Earl of Aylesford and has issue, including one son. Her husband succeeded to the earldom on 12 February 2008, and her son is now styled Lord Guernsey. This is not the first notable marriage for a Crawley female; her great-aunt Caroline Inez <mask> (d. 1920, without issue) was first wife of Field Marshal the 10th Earl of Cavan. An ancestress <mask>-Boevey (1817–1877), of the Crawley-Boevey baronets married William Gibbs of Tyntesfield and Clyst St. George, and had issue, seven children, of whom four are listed in the Plantagenet Roll.<ref>Marquis de Ruvigny de Raineval et al. [https://books.google.com/books?id=w9UYYThhRIQC&pg=PA155&lpg=PA155&dq=%22George+Baden+Crawley%22&source=web&ots=mn5pa3SiDe&sig=FchROnbsAi3YcvIY78911tdYO2A&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA150,M1 Plantagenet Roll: Clarence Volume] p. 150. Originally published: London : T.C.& E.C. Jack, 1905. Reprinted by Genealogical Publishing Com, 1994. Retrieved 10 December 2008</ref> Her granddaughter Anstice Katharine Gibbs married a Crawley cousin (Arthur Stafford <mask>) in 1903, and was mother of <mask> <mask>. Anstice's brother was 1st Baron Wraxall, while close relatives patrilineally were the Lords Aldenham and Hunsdon (now united as of 1939). Notes

References
Daily Telegraph, 14/06/67

Photograph of <mask>ley down the page. Virginia Cowles, German Wikipedia (in German).<mask> from CricketArchive
"After the flood: England witness a triumph of the spirit in Sri Lanka" The Independent, 18 December 2007. Describes Harriet Ayer's efforts to build a memorial to her husband, and relates some of the family tragedies. External links

 Crawley ancestry can be found at the following sources:
 the Plantagenet Roll: Clarence Volume
 the 1895 issue of Debrett's Peerage (archived online). Descendants of the Conqueror: Clarence 25. This shows all the descendants of the <mask>-Boevey baronets, starting with the 2nd Baronet and his brothers. Retrieved 10 December 2008. Rev.Arthur Stafford <mask> (1876-1948), Canon of Windsor, information in the National Archives. Further reading
<mask>. Leap before you look: a memoir'', (HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, 7 April 1988)

1908 births
1993 deaths
20th-century biographers
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
British World War II fighter pilots
British World War II prisoners of war
British reporters and correspondents
British sportsperson-politicians
Buckinghamshire cricketers
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English biographers
English cricketers
English television executives
Free Foresters cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
ITN
Kent cricketers
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Derbyshire
Ministers in the Attlee governments, 1945–1951
Oxford University cricketers
People educated at Harrow School
Presidents of the Marylebone Cricket Club
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
People from Benenden
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
Shot-down aviators
20th-century English businesspeople
American male non-fiction writers

masks:
Aidan Merivale Crawley
Crawley
Crawley
Crawley
Crawley
Crawley
Family Crawley
Crawley
Crawley
Stafford Crawley
Stafford Crawley
Crawley
Aidan
Crawley
Crawley
Crawley
Crawley
Crawley
Crawley
Crawley
Crawley
Crawley
Matilda Crawley
Crawley
Aidan Merivale
Crawley
Aidan Craw
Aidan Crawley
Crawley
Crawley
Aidan Crawley


type: original

texts:
<mask> (September 28, 1929 – November 17, 2018) was an American dancer and actress who was a member of the Katherine Dunham Company, and the first African American ballerina to perform with the Paris Opera Ballet. Credited as <mask>, she had roles in the Broadway musicals Mr. Wonderful, Shinbone Alley, and was an original cast member of West Side Story. <mask> also appeared in the Off-Broadway productions of Carmen Jones and Porgy and Bess. At the peak of her career, she left Broadway to marry jazz musician <mask>. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born on September 28, 1929 in Chicago, Illinois. <mask> grew up in the Rosenwald Courts in Chicago.Her father worked at the post office. She began dancing classical ballet at the age of 8, and by the age of 16 she was performing Swan Lake. Her instructor encouraged her to audition for the Edna McRae School of the Dance where she became the only African American student. While attending the school, <mask> met dancer and choreographer Katherine Dunham who offered her a scholarship to study dance at the Katherine Dunham Company. <mask> finished high school then briefly attended college, but decided to pursue a dancing career instead. Career
<mask> joined the Katherine Dunham Company, where she was taught by Walter Nicks. She trained and toured extensively with the dance company in Europe and South America.In 1948, <mask> was recruited for a special presentation to perform with the Paris Opera Ballet, becoming the first African American to be invited to perform with the ballet company. <mask> received rave reviews from the press for her performances in Paris. She was compared to French ballet dancer Leslie Caron. She performed with Benny Goodman at the London Palladium. While in London, <mask> rehearsed with Sadler's Wells Ballet. In 1953, <mask> was asked by <mask> Jr. to appear as his girlfriend in his ill-fated ABC television show, Three for the Road — with the Will Mastin Trio. They had met at Ciro's nightclub where she was performing with the Katherine Dunham dance troupe.The show was about struggling musicians, not the usual stereotypical portrayals of African Americans during that time. The cast included actresses Ruth Attaway and Jane White, and Frederick O'Neal who founded the American Negro Theater. They filmed a pilot in the fall of 1953, but the network couldn't get a sponsor, so the show was postponed and eventually dropped. In 1954, <mask> rejoined the Katherine Dunham dance troupe as one of Dunham's lead dancers for engagements in Rome. <mask> relocated to New York City to act on Broadway. She was credited as <mask> because there was already an actress named <mask>, so she used her middle name. <mask> appeared in the Off-Broadway productions of Porgy and Bess and Carmen Jones at New York City Center.She appeared in the three Broadway musicals: Mr. Wonderful, Shinbone Alley, and West Side Story. On the opening night of West Side Story in September 1957, <mask> received the company's "gypsy robe" for being the outstanding dancer in the cast. In April 1958, it was reported by Jet magazine that <mask> quit the production to pursue a singing-dancing career, but <mask> later revealed that she was dating jazz musician <mask> who forced her to quit the production in March 1958. According to <mask>, <mask> told her "a woman should be with her man. I want you out of West Side Story." In 1959, <mask> allowed <mask> to conduct her own dancing classes for awhile.Her students included Julie Robinson, who was a Dunham trouper and the wife of actor Harry Belafonte, and Edna Mae Robinson, who was a chorine and the wife of boxer Sugar Ray Robinson. When <mask> married <mask> in December 1959, he prevented her from working which hindered her career. Choreographer Jerome Robbins who <mask> had worked with in the Broadway musical West Side Story asked <mask> if she could appear in the film West Side Story (1961); he refused. <mask> Jr. approached <mask> about <mask> appearing in the musical Golden Boy (1964); again he refused. Following her split from <mask> in 1965, <mask> taught private dance classes, appeared in television specials with performers such as Elvis Presley, and had a role as the maid in the film The Party (1968). After <mask> retired, she became a restaurant hostess in Los Angeles. She worked at Hamburger Hamlet, Roy's Restaurant, Le Dome, and Chasen's.Personal life
<mask> first met <mask> when she was dancing at Ciro's nightclub in Los Angeles in 1953. When she traveled back to Chicago, <mask> was also in town for gigs. <mask> introduced <mask> to her family and he asked her father for her hand in marriage to which he said, "No." <mask> also rejected his proposal. Instead, <mask> married Jean-Marie Durand in Mexico City in 1955 where they were both performing. Durand was of Haitian descent and also a member of the Katherine Dunham's dance troupe; they met in Argentina in 1954. Following the marriage, she left the troupe and gave birth to a son, Jean-Pierre Durand.After <mask> separated from her husband, she ran into <mask> in New York City in 1957 and he told her, "Now that I've found you, I'll never let you go." <mask> and <mask> were married in Toledo, Ohio on December 21, 1959. She became his muse, influencing his change in musical direction. He wrote the song for her called "Fran Dance" on his album Jazz Track (1959). Her role in the musical Porgy and Bess inspired his album Porgy and Bess (1959). His album Sketches of Spain (1960) was inspired by a flamenco performance <mask> insisted they attend. <mask> also put <mask> on the cover of multiple albums, including Someday My Prince Will Come (1961).However, their marriage was marred by domestic violence. <mask> became increasingly violent towards <mask> as his cocaine addiction and alcohol abuse worsened. "Every time I hit her, I felt bad because a lot of it really wasn’t her fault but had to do with me being temperamental and jealous," <mask> wrote in his 1990 memoir Miles: The Autobiography. Shortly after <mask> and <mask> were photographed together for the cover of his album E.S.P. (1965), she fled from him and went to stay with her friend, singer Nancy Wilson in California. <mask> filed for divorce in 1966; it was finalized in 1968. She was one of the interviewees for the documentary Miles Davis: Birth of the Cool; it was released posthumously in 2019.<mask> had a relationship with George Barrie, CEO of Fabergé. In 1990, <mask> filed a lawsuit charging her long-time friend Eartha Kitt with assault and battery. <mask> alleged that Kitt attacked her after they had drinks at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. Death
<mask> died at the age of 89 on November 17, 2018. She was survived by her son Jean-Pierre Durand, step-daughter <mask>, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. Filmography

Stage

References

External links

<mask> on IBDB
<mask> on Playbill
<mask> on Broadway World
<mask>: Her Story - Life before & after Miles

1929 births
2018 deaths
Actresses from Chicago
American female dancers
Paris Opera Ballet dancers
African-American ballet dancers
American musical theatre actresses
African-American choreographers
American women choreographers
American choreographers
American ballerinas
Dancers from Illinois
Muses
African-American women musicians
20th-century American ballet dancers

masks:
Frances Taylor Davis
Elizabeth Taylor
Taylor
Miles Davis
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Sammy Davis
Taylor
Taylor
Elizabeth Taylor
Frances Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Miles Davis
Taylor
Davis
Davis
Taylor
Taylor
Davis
Taylor
Davis
Sammy Davis
Davis
Taylor
Davis
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Davis
Davis
Taylor
Davis
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Davis
Taylor
Davis
Taylor
Davis
Taylor
Davis
Taylor
Davis
Taylor
Davis
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Cheryl Davis
Elizabeth Taylor
Elizabeth Taylor
Elizabeth Taylor
Frances Davis


texts:
<mask> (May 29, 1930 – December 27, 2010) was an American Noahide scholar who directed archaeological searches for biblical artifacts such as the Ark of the Covenant. Biography
<mask> was born in Sudan, Texas. He received his bachelor's degree in divinity, and a master's degree in theology from the Baptist Bible College also studying at the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, He later took advanced studies at the Bowen Biblical Museum under Dr. & Mrs. William Bowen and Biblical Archaeologist, W.F. Albright. Between 1955 and 1956, <mask> was pastor of the Dungan Chapel Baptist Church located on the border of Virginia and North Carolina. <mask> came to believe that many apparently anti-Jewish statements in the gospels were "omitted in more ancient manuscripts" basing this claim on the "marginal notes" of an unidentified Bible. In October 1956, <mask> resigned the pastorate and moved to Greenville, South Carolina where he began his studies in the Talmud-Torah (a children's elementary religious school) under Rabbi Henry Barneis.This education was augmented by learning with the late Rabbi Max Stauber of Spartanburg. As his knowledge increased, so did the realization that all of his earlier studies had been very incomplete. <mask> eventually developed a distinctive religious outlook which was based on the Noahide Laws. This stresses the need for gentiles to follow the moral laws that Noah lived by, while Jews should continue to follow the Mosaic Law. Continuing his studies, <mask> lectured for the Biblical Research Society from 1964 to 1967. He then established the Judaic-Christian Research Foundation, which later gave birth to the Institute of Judaic-Christian Research (IJCR), which has now become Vendyl Jones Research Institutes. In 1964, the Journal of Near Eastern Studies reported the 1952 discovery of the Marble Tablets in Beirut, Lebanon.That same year the Copper Scroll was found in Cave #3 at Qumran, West Bank, which listed the hiding places of 64 sacred articles which included the Tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant. Move to Israel
In April 1967, <mask> moved his family to Israel to continue his studies in the Department of Judaica at Hebrew University. Here, <mask> became involved in the archaeological aspects of Israel. He aided the Israeli army during the Six-Day War. His assistance was in the role of being a spotter, since his color-blindness allowed him to spot camouflage. After the Six-Day War, he was on the Steckoll/Haas excavation team at Qumran, authorized by the Jordanian Department of Antiquities before the war. Shortly thereafter, Vendyl's excavations were continued under Israeli authority through the status quo Law.In the years following, <mask> continued to work in the Judean wilderness with his friend and mentor, the late Pessah Bar-Adon. <mask> also worked at Tel Debir (Kiryat HaSefer) with Professor Moshe Kohavi and Anson Rainey; the University of Tel Aviv and the Citadel of Herod the Great in Jerusalem with Professor Hillel Geva. After 1972, Vendyl conducted eight excavations at Qumran, involving over 300 volunteers and funded by individual supporters of VJRI. There has been no support nor funding from the government, foundations, or grants. <mask>'s methods, claims and qualifications have been disputed by academics such as Joe Zias and Robert Elliot Friedman, and <mask> has been denied digging permits by the Israeli authorities. In 1988 an excavation team led by <mask> found a small Herodian period jug in a cave near Qumran containing what was possibly balsamic oil, a type of oil which may have been used to anoint some Israelite kings. <mask> stated that this was the original balm of Gilead.This was originally considered to be genuine and was publicised in the media. In the 1992 excavation, the VJRI team announced the discovery of a hidden silo in the bedrock that contained a reddish snuff-looking material that appeared to be organic in nature. It was analyzed by Zohar Amar of Bar-Ilan University who noted that "According to <mask>, the site where the red material was found corresponds exactly to the description of the ‘‘Cave of the Column” referred to in the Copper Scroll." Amar criticises <mask> for being selective with his data, omitting material that challenges his claims. He concludes that the substance found by <mask> "is a cleaning material known in the ancient Hebrew as "borit" [lye] which was produced in this region by the inhabitants of Qumran and was one of their industries." <mask> believed his archaeology to have eschatological significance, and that when he found the ancient religious items he was looking for, God would be revealed to the world, all Jews will return to Israel, and there would be peace in the Middle East. Also, Israeli democracy will be replaced by a Sanhedrin, not unlike the group that was formed by various Israeli rabbis in 2004, and with which <mask> was closely associated.In May 2005, it was reported that he had consulted with Kabbalists and that he believed he would find the Ark of the Covenant by August 14, 2005, the anniversary of the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple. However, as the date approached and passed he claimed that this was a misquote. He then hoped that a drill-hole bore would reveal the Ark's location in September, but was prevented from proceeding due to lack of funds and the need for another environmental study required by the government. Noahide Movement
Vendyl <mask> was active in the Noahide movement, also known as Bnei Noach. While attempting to find or grow a Red heifer in order to revive the ancient temple rituals, <mask> was an active member in the 2004 attempt to revive the Sanhedrin along with Rabbi Yisrael Ariel head of The Temple Institute, and later worked with the President of the Sanhedrin Rabbi Adin Steinzaltz. Following this the "Sanhedrin Institute for Noahide Development" was established, with Vendyl leading it on behalf of the Noahides and Yeshayahu Hollander for the Sanhedrin. This movement was prominent in a court case brought before the Sanhedrin, where a German Noahide settler was living in a contested settlement near Susya, Har Hevron and being evicted due to complaints by the Jewish settlers from nearby Bet Yatir, along with complaints by Arab former cave inhabitants in the vicinity who had been evicted.A Jewish convert and former Noahide Yakov Talia (formerly Jacobs Johannes from South-Africa) living in a nearby farm was summoned to intervene and support the settler, and although the Jewish settlers abstained from continued actions, the Israeli courts had the settlement dismantled. It was also instrumental in the Sanhedrin's attempt to solve the conflict between Iran and Israel, and The Sanhedrin's attempt to unify between the Bedouins of Israel and the Israeli Jews. After his passing, the Noahide Nations organization, with the permission of his wife <mask>, created the Vendyl Jones Scholarship Fund. <mask>
<mask> also claimed to have been the subject of a movie script that was circulated in Hollywood, and which he claimed inspired the character of <mask>. He dedicates a chapter to the subject in his book A Door of Hope: My Search for the Treasures of the Copper Scroll stating he never claimed to be the basis for Indiana Jones. He states, "I cannot help that my name is <mask> and that I happen to be looking for, among other things, the Ark... Admittedly, I have enjoyed the notoriety that the film created.. however I want to make it clear once and for all, that I have never stood up and declared, 'I am the real <mask>.'"According to the story, a certain Randolph Fillmore, who had been on one of <mask>'s digs, wrote the first draft for Raiders of the Lost Ark; <mask> became "Endy", then "Indy". According to the now defunct Vendyl Jones website: "In 1977, a young man volunteered for one of our archaeological digs. His name was Randy Filmore. He wrote a screenplay based on <mask>'s experiences and titled it "The Search for the Ashes of the Red Heifer." Upon returning to the States, Randy contacted <mask> with the news that he'd found representation for his script in Hollywood. To this day, <mask> has not heard from Filmore. When <mask> recounts this story to the press, they often misinterpret it as a claim by <mask> that he and Indy are the same."However, accounts of the making of the film flatly contradict this. Philip Kaufman and George Lucas came up with the idea of an archaeologist hunting for the Ark, while Indiana was the name of Lucas's Alaskan Malamute. The character was to be named Indiana Smith after Nevada Smith (Steve McQueen's character in the eponymous film), and this was changed to Indiana Jones by Steven Spielberg. In his book he adds, "did Fillmore's script make its way to the West Coast and into the hands of a producer who showed it to Kaufman? Did it cross the desk of Spielberg or Lucas? I really don't know, nor do I care." More recently, the FAQ section of <mask>'s web page has stated that, "It may be hard to believe but Vendyl has no connection with the popular motion picture character [<mask>].He has never received any money from the producers of the movie. And he's never asked." (dead link)

Other men more frequently identified as the inspiration for <mask> are Hiram Bingham III, Colonel Percy Fawcett and Roy Chapman Andrews. A Smithsonian Channel analysis concludes that the similarities to these men was indirect, with explorers like these serving as the model for heroes in adventure films of the 1940s and 1950s, which inspired writers like Lucas. Works
In 1983, Vendyl published Will the Real Jesus Please Stand?. The book covers material he had previously released on cassette tapes addressing seven riddles of Israel and the Messiah. In 2005 the book A Door of Hope: My Search for the Treasures of the Copper Scroll was published.In it, <mask> discusses his childhood, move to Israel and digs for archaeological artifacts. He ends with stating that although he may not have found the lost ark, he found camaraderie with his co-workers and volunteers stating "...my search for the treasures of the Copper Scroll has allowed me to learn from some of the finest minds driven by the biggest hearts... maybe I found what I was seeking." (page 226)

While running the Institute for Judaic-Christian Research, he published a newsletter, The Researcher, which went out to his supporters. Death
On December 27, 2010, <mask> died from throat cancer. His funeral took place in Grandview, Texas. News Items and Interviews
 Real 'Raiders of the lost Ark - BBC News
 son bir haber
 Kabbalist Blesses <mask>: Now's the Time to Find Holy Lost Ark - Arutz Sheva
 [hakikathaber.com Hakikat Haber]
 Israel News Radio (dead link)
 The People: A Million a Minute - Time
 Quest: The Search for the Ark of the Covenant  (documentary film) - IMDB
 The Strange Search for the Ashes of the Red Heifer - The Biblical Archaeologist, 1996 The Biblical Archaeologist
 Searching for Biblical Treasure - Radio interview with George Noony Coast to Coast
 Interview with Vendyl <mask> Jones's Search For The Lost Ark - Associated Press (Video)
 From the Pulpits of Tennessee to the Desert of Israel: Legacy of Spiritual Maverick Vendyl <mask> Lives On - Breaking Israel News
 Masquerader of The Lost Ark: Is a renegade Texas archaeologist the real <mask>? - Texas Monthly, 1992
 "Finding the Lost Ark" by David Margolis

References

External links
 "Seeker of the Lost Ark"
 Vendyl <mask> website (now defunct, link to archive.org version)

1930 births
2010 deaths
Biblical archaeologists
American archaeologists
American explorers
Noahides
People from Lamb County, Texas
American Christian religious leaders
Dead Sea Scrolls
Deaths from throat cancer
Deaths from cancer in Texas
American Christian Zionists

masks:
Vendyl Miller Jones
Vendyl
Jones
Vendyl
Jones
Jones
Vendyl
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Anita Jones
Indiana Jones
Jones
Indiana Jones
Jones
Indiana Jones
Jones
Vendyl
Vendyl
Vendyl
Vendyl
Vendyl
Vendyl
Jones
Indiana Jones
Indiana Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jonesyl
Jones
Indiana Jones
Jones


texts:
Lieutenant Colonel <mask>,  (15 November 1915 – 4 November 1990) was a Scottish officer in the British Army, mountaineer, and the founder of the Special Air Service. He saw active service during the Second World War. Life before the war
<mask> was born at his family's ancestral home, Keir House, in the parish of Lecropt, Perthshire. He was the son of Brigadier General <mask>, of Keir, and Margaret Fraser, daughter of Simon Fraser, the Lord Lovat (a descendant of Charles II, King of Scots); hence Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat was a first cousin. His paternal grandparents were Sir <mask>, 9th Baronet and Lady Anna Maria Leslie-Melville. He was educated at the Catholic boarding school Ampleforth College, but attended only a year at Trinity College, Cambridge before departing to Paris to become an artist. A tall  with an athletic figure, <mask> was training to climb Mount Everest when World War II broke out.Second World War and the founding of the SAS
<mask> was commissioned into the Scots Guards from Ampleforth College Contingent Officer Training Corps on 24 July 1937. In June 1940, he volunteered for the new No. 8 (Guards) Commando under Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Laycock, which became part of Force Z (later named "Layforce"). On 1 February 1941, Layforce sailed for the Middle East, in support of the capture of Rhodes, but were soon disbanded after suffering heavy casualties in the Battle of Crete and the Battle of the Litani River. <mask> remained convinced that due to the mechanised nature of war, a small team of highly trained soldiers with the advantage of surprise could attack several targets from the desert in a single night. In a documentary about the founding of the SAS (SAS Rogue Warrior season 1, episode 2 10:01), <mask> - <mask>’s nephew - stated that <mask> was dyslexic, which allowed him to view things differently than more conventional army commanders. Believing that taking his idea up the chain of command was unlikely to work, <mask> decided to go straight to the top.On crutches following a parachuting accident, he stealthily entered Middle East headquarters in Cairo (under, through, or over a fence) in an effort to see Commander-in-Chief General Claude Auchinleck. Spotted by guards, <mask> abandoned his crutches and entered the building, only to come face-to-face with an officer with whom he had previously fallen out. Retreating rapidly, he entered the office of the deputy chief of staff General Ritchie. <mask> explained his plan to Ritchie, immediately after which Ritchie persuaded Auchinleck to allow <mask> to form a new special operations unit. The unit was given the deliberately misleading name "L Detachment, Special Air Service Brigade" to reinforce Dudley Clarke's deception of a parachute brigade existing in North Africa. <mask>'s new special operations unit were, at the outset, short of equipment (particularly tents and related gear) when they set up base at Kibrit Air Base. The first operation of the new SAS was to relieve a nearby well-equipped New Zealand regiment of various supplies including: tents; bedding; tables; chairs; and even a piano.After at least four trips, they had a well stocked camp. After only a brief period of training, an initial attempt at attacking a German airfield by parachute landing on 16 November 1941 in support of Operation Crusader proved to be disastrous for the unit. Of the original 55 men, some 34 were killed, wounded or captured far from the target, after being blown off course or landing in the wrong area, during one of the biggest storms to hit the area. Escaping only with the help of the Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) - who were designated to pick up the unit after the attack - <mask> agreed that approaching by land under the cover of night would be safer and more effective than parachuting. As quickly as possible he organised raids on ports using this simple method, often bluffing through checkpoints at night using the language skills of some of his soldiers. Under <mask>'s leadership, the Lewes bomb - the first hand-held dual explosive and incendiary device - was invented by Jock Lewes. American Jeeps, which were able to deal with the harsh desert terrain better than other transport, were cut down, adapted and fitted with Vickers K machine guns fore and aft.<mask> also pioneered the use of small groups to escape detection. Finding it difficult to lead from the rear, <mask> often led from the front, his SAS units driving through enemy airfields to shoot up aircraft and crew, replacing the early operational strategy of attaching bombs to enemy aircraft on foot. The first Jeep-borne airfield raid occurred soon after acquiring the first batch of Jeeps in June 1942, when <mask>'s SAS group attacked the Italian-held Bagush airfield along with two other Axis airfields all in the same night. After returning to Cairo, <mask> collected a consignment of more Jeeps for further airfield raids. His biggest success was on the night of 26–27 July 1942 when his SAS squadron, armed with 18 jeeps, raided the Sidi Haneish landing strip and destroyed 37 Axis aircraft  (mostly bombers and heavy transport) for the loss of one man killed. After a drive through the desert whilst evading enemy patrols and aircraft, <mask> and his men reached the safety of their advance camp at Qaret Tartura on the edge of the Qattara Depression. These hit-and-run operations eventually proved <mask>'s undoing; he was captured by the Germans in January 1943 having been dubbed "The Phantom Major" by Field Marshal Erwin Rommel.Although <mask>  escaped his capture by the Germans, he was subsequently re-captured by the Italians, who took great delight in the embarrassment this caused to their German allies. A further four escape attempts were made, before <mask> was finally sent to Colditz Castle, where he remained for the rest of the war. He arrived on 20 August 1944 and was given the task of setting up the Colditz British Intelligence Unit. After his capture Paddy Mayne took command of the SAS. In North Africa, in the fifteen months before <mask>'s capture, the SAS had destroyed over 250 aircraft on the ground, dozens of supply dumps, wrecked railways and telecommunications, and had put hundreds of enemy vehicles out of action. Field Marshal Montgomery described <mask> as "mad, quite mad" but believed that men like <mask> were needed in time of war. Private military company
Worried that Britain was losing its power after the war, <mask> organised deals to provide British weapons and military personnel to other countries, like Saudi Arabia, for various privatised foreign policy operations.Along with several associates, <mask> formed Watchguard International Ltd, formerly with offices in Sloane Street (where the Chelsea Hotel later opened) before moving to South Audley Street in Mayfair. Business was chiefly with the Gulf States. He was linked, along with Denys Rowley, to a failed attempt to overthrow the Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi in 1970 or 1971. <mask> was the founder of private military company KAS International, also known as KAS Enterprises. Watchguard International Ltd was a private military company, registered in Jersey in 1965 by <mask> and John Woodhouse. Woodhouse's first assignment was to go to Yemen to report on the state of the royalist forces when a cease-fire was declared. At the same time <mask> was cultivating his contacts in the Iranian government and exploring the chances of obtaining work in Africa.The company operated in Zambia and in Sierra Leone, providing training teams and advising on security matters, but its founders' maverick ways of doing business caused its eventual downfall. Woodhouse resigned as Director of Operations after a series of disagreements and <mask> ceased to take an active part in 1972. Great Britain 75
In mid-1970s, <mask> became increasingly worried that an "undemocratic event" would occur and decided to take action. He created an organisation called Great Britain 75 and recruited members from the aristocratic clubs in Mayfair; these were mainly ex-military men, and often former SAS members. The plan was that in the event of civil unrest resulting in the breakdown of normal Government operations, they would take over its running. He described this in detail in an interview from 1974, part of which is featured in Adam Curtis's documentary The Mayfair Set, episode 1: "Who Pays Wins". In August 1974, before <mask> was ready to go public with GB75, the pacifist magazine Peace News obtained and published his plans, and eventually <mask> – dismayed by the right-wing character of many of those seeking to join GB75 – abandoned the scheme.His biographer Alan Hoe rebutted the newspaper's disparaging portrayal of <mask> as a rightist 'Colonel Blimp'. Undermining trade unionism
During the mid to late 1970s, <mask> created a secret organisation designed to undermine trade unionism from within. He recruited like-minded individuals from within the trade union movement, with the express intention that they should cause as much trouble during conferences as permissible. One such member was Kate Losinska, who was Head of the Civil and Public Services Association. Funding for this "operation" came primarily from his friend Sir James Goldsmith. Later life
Transferred to the Regular Army Reserve of Officers in 1947, <mask> was granted the honorary rank of lieutenant colonel, a rank he retained on his retirement in 1965. <mask> was the founder of the Capricorn Africa Society, a society for promoting an Africa free from racial discrimination.Founded in 1949, while Africa was still under colonial rule, it had its high point at the 1956 Salima Conference. However, because of his emphasis on a qualified and highly elitist voting franchise, similar to Disraeli's "fancy franchises", educated Africans were divided on it. Consequently, the society's attempt to deal with the problem of different levels of social development in a non-racial way was ineffective, although it received a surprising validation when the South African Communist Party used <mask>'s multi-racial elitist model for its 1955 "Congress Alliance" when taking over the African National Congress of South Africa. <mask> resigned as Chairman of the Society in 1959. That year his younger brother William incurred huge gambling debts and was obliged to note to casino owner John Aspinall - I owe you £173,500 in the accountant's ledger. One night in 1967, he lost a further £150,000. In 1968, he won substantial damages in libel against Len Deighton, among others.Honours
<mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in recognition of gallant and distinguished service in the Middle East on 24 February 1942, appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in recognition of gallant and distinguished service in the field on 14 November 1946 and appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 1990 New Year Honours for services to the military. In 2002 the SAS memorial, a statue of <mask> standing on a rock, was unveiled on the Hill of Row near his family's estate at Park of Keir. Two bronze plaques were stolen from the statue sometime around the end of May 2014. The current Laird of the Keir estate is his nephew <mask>, a millionaire businessman and former Scots Guards officer. See also
List of French paratrooper units

References

Further reading
 Significant Scots: biography of Sir <mask>
 Virginia Cowles. The Phantom Major: The Story of <mask> and the SAS Regiment (Collins, 1958)
 Gavin Mortimer. Stirling's Men: The inside history of the SAS in World War Two (Cassell, 2004)
 Gavin Mortimer.<mask>'s Desert Triumph: The SAS Egyptian Airfield Raids 1942; Osprey Raid Series #49 (Osprey Publishing, 2015)

1915 births
1990 deaths
People from Perthshire
British Army personnel of World War II
Scottish Roman Catholics
Prisoners of war held at Colditz Castle
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Knights Bachelor
Lecropt
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Ampleforth College
Scots Guards officers
Special Air Service officers
British Army Commandos officers
Place of death missing
British World War II prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by Italy

masks:
Sir Archibald David Stirling
Stirling
Archibald Stirling
William Stirling Maxwell
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Archie Stirling
David
David
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Archie Stirling
David Stirling
David Stirling
Stirling


texts:
<mask> (2 May 1917 – 3 March 1982) was an Irish hurler. His career included stints with club sides Valley Rovers, Ballinhassig and Cooley Kickhams, while he was also a five-time All-Ireland Championship winner with the Cork senior hurling team. After impressing at junior club level, <mask> was drafted onto the Cork senior team in 1941. From his debut, he quickly developed a midfield partnership with Jack Lynch and made 19 championship appearances in a career that ended with his last game in 1947. During that time <mask> was part of five All-Ireland Championship-winning teams, including Cork's record-breaking four titles in-a-row between 1941 and 1944. He also secured five Munster Championship medals. Playing career

Cooley Kickhams

During his studies with the Rosminian Order in Dundalk, <mask> came to prominence as a Gaelic footballer when he joined the Cooley Kickhams club.He won a county senior championship medal with the club in 1939 after lining out at right wing-forward in the 3-13 to 1-06 defeat of Newtown Blues. Valley Rovers

On returning to Cork, <mask> joined the Innishannon-based Valley Rovers club. He enjoyed his greatest success when the club claimed the 1941 South East Junior Championship, with <mask> being described as a "shining light" in the 5-07 to 5-03 victory over Tracton. <mask> also briefly lined out with the Ballinhassig club. Cork

<mask> was added to the Cork senior hurling panel in advance of the 1941 Munster Championship and was described in the Irish Press as being "the best young hurler Cork has produced for many a day." He made his debut on 14 September 1941 when he lined out at centre-back in Cork's 8-10 to 3-02 defeat of Limerick and was described as having "lived up to expectations." <mask> retained his position at centre-back for the All-Ireland final against Dublin on 28 September 1941.He ended the game with his first All-Ireland medal after the 5-11 to 0-06 victory. <mask> ended the season by lining out in Cork's 5-04 to 2-05 defeat by Tipperary in the delayed Munster final. <mask> lined out in his second Munster final the following year, with Cork claiming the title after a 4-15 to 4-01 defeat of Tipperary. He was dropped from the starting fifteen in favour of Alan Lotty for the subsequent All-Ireland final against Dublin but was eventually listed amongst the reserves when it had looked like he would miss the game altogether. <mask> remained as an unused substitute throughout the game, but collected his second successive winners' medal after a 2-14 to 3-04 victory. Restored to the starting fifteen for the 1943 Munster Championship, <mask> won his second provincial winners' medal after a 2-13 to 3-08 victory over Waterford in the final. He was later included as midfield partner to Jack Lynch for the All-Ireland final against Antrim and scored two points on the way to his third successive All-Ireland winners' medal after the 5-16 to 0-04 victory.<mask> claimed a third successive Munster Championship winners' medal after a 4-06 to 3-06 victory over Limerick in the 1944 Munster final replay. On 3 September 1944, he again partnered Jack Lynch at midfield in a second successive All-Ireland final and Cork's fourth successive appearance in the decider overall. <mask> scored a point from play and ended the 2-13 to 1-02 victory over Dublin by becoming one of a select group of players to have won four successive All-Ireland medals. After failing to secure a fifth successive title in 1945, <mask> won a fourth provincial championship winners' medal after lining out at midfield in the 3-08 to 1-03 defeat of Limerick in the 1946 Munster final. For the fifth time in six seasons, he lined out in the subsequent All-Ireland final with Kilkenny providing the opposition. <mask> claimed a fifth All-Ireland winners' medal after playing at midfield in the 7-05 to 3-08 victory. <mask> missed Cork's first two games of the 1947 Munster Championship but claimed a fifth winners' medal after being restored to midfield for the 2-06 to 2-03 defeat of Limerick in the final.He was again at midfield for his sixth All-Ireland final appearance on 7 September 1947, but ended the game on the losing side after the 0-14 to 2-07 defeat by Kilkenny in what is regarded as one of the greatest games of all time. This was <mask>'s final championship appearance for Cork as his ordination to the priesthood rule him out of any further inter-county activity. Munster

<mask> was first selected for the Munster team during the 1944 Railway Cup. He claimed his first winners' medal that year after lining out at left wing-back in Munster's 4-10 to 4-04 defeat of Connacht in the final. <mask> claimed a second successive Railway Cup medal the following year after playing at midfield in Munster's 6-08 to 2-00 victory over Ulster in the final. Personal life

<mask> entered the Rosminian Order at the age of 18 in 1935 and was ordained to the priesthood in 1947. He worked for a number of years at St. Patrick's Industrial School in Upton and later became Superior at St. Joseph's Industrial School near Clonmel.As superior of St. Joseph's School for the Blind in Drumcondra, he was instrumental in developing services for the welfare of the blind and partially sighted and in setting up workshops for the blind. After an illness, <mask> returned to St. Patrick's in Upton in the early 1970s and established a residential centre for adults with special needs. He returned to Dublin for a short period to continue his work for the blind but remained in poor health. On 3 March 1982, <mask> died aged 64 at the Regional Hospital in Cork. He was survived by his two brothers and a sister. Honours

Cooley Kickhams
Louth Senior Football Championship (1): 1939

Valley Rovers
South East Junior A Hurling Championship (1): 1941

Cork
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (5): 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1946
Munster Senior Hurling Championship (5): 1942, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1947

Munster
Railway Cup (2): 1944, 1945

References

1917 births
1982 deaths
Ballinhassig hurlers
Valley Rovers hurlers
Cooley Kickhams Gaelic footballers
Cork inter-county hurlers
Munster inter-provincial hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners

masks:
Cornelius Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell
Cottrell


texts:
<mask> (born La Hamaide, (Hainaut, Belgium), 27 March 1796; died Paris, 27 February 1855) was a Belgian Jesuit, composer and palaeographer of Church music, associated with the restoration of Gregorian music, which he inaugurated and promoted by his scientific researches and publications. Early life
<mask> was born at La Hamaide, near Charleroi and began studying solfège, piano, and harmony at the age of seven. At the age of fifteen, he became organist in Charleroi; later he went in a similar capacity to Dinant (Belgium). In 1820 he was appointed choirmaster and organist of the Jesuit College of Saint-Acheul, Amiens. While exercising these functions he also studied the classics, and at the end of five years, in August, 1825, he entered the Society of Jesus. The thirty years of his Jesuit life were spent successively in the colleges of Saint-Acheul, Fribourg, Estavayer, Brugelette and Vaugirard (Paris). While occupied in teaching and directing music, he gave himself up more entirely to composition, with a view to enhance both the religious ceremonies and the academic entertainments in those newly founded colleges.His powers of composition were checked by the limited ability of his performers, his orchestra, like his chorus, being entirely recruited from the ranks of the students; nevertheless he provided new music for almost every occasion, producing in the course of time, besides his volumes of canticles, a large number of motets, short oratorios, masses and secular cantatas, mostly for four-part chorus and orchestra. This music became popular, especially in educational institutions. Late in life Lambillotte regretted having published those written improvisations without taking time to revise them. After his death a revision of the greater part of them was made and published (Paris, 1870) by his pupil, Jesuit Father Camille de la Croix, and by <mask>, organist of St. Sulpice, Paris, and afterwards of St. Francis Xavier, New York. He received some piano lessons from César Franck at Immaculate Conception college, and in turn taught Franck about plainchant. Work on Gregorian chant
Corrupt versions of Gregorian chant had been in use for several centuries. As a practical guide towards a radical restoration the Abbot of Solesmes Dom Guéranger, in his Institutions Liturgiques, had laid down the principle that "when a large number of manuscripts of various epochs and from different countries agree in the version of a chant, it may be affirmed that those MSS.undoubtedly give us the phrase of St. Gregory." Acting upon this principle, Lambillotte for many years gathered and compared all the documents that were to be found in the Jesuit houses. He next undertook to visit and re-visit almost every country of Europe, exploring libraries, secular as well as monastic, in search of the most ancient MSS. and all treatises bearing on the history or the theory of the chant. In the library of the former Benedictine Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland, he found himself in presence of what seems to be the most authentic Gregorian manuscript in existence, i.e. a transcription from the original Antiphonarium of St. Gregory, thought to have been brought from Rome to St. Gall by the monk Romanus in the closing years of the eighth century.This volume of 131 pages of old parchment, the ivory binding of which depicts ancient Etruscan sculptures, contains all the Graduals, the Alleluias, and the Tracts of the whole year, in the ancient neumatic notation (a sort of musical stenography), together with the so-called Romanian signs, i.e. the special marks of time and expression added by Romanus. Lambillotte succeeded, not without serious difficulty, in obtaining permission to have a facsimile of this manuscript made by an expert copyist. This he published (Brussels, 1851), adding to it his own key to the neumatic notation, and a brief historical and critical account of the document. The appearance of the Antiphonaire de St. Grégoire made a strong impression on the scholarly world, and obtained for its author a Brief of congratulation and encouragement from Pope Pius IX, 1 May 1852, and a "very honourable mention" from the French Institute, 12 November of the same year. Lambillotte now undertook to embody the results of his investigations in a new and complete edition of the liturgical chant books. He lived to finish this extensive work, but not to see its publication.The Gradual and the Vesperal appeared 1855–1856 in both Gregorian and modern notations, under the editorship of Father Dufour, who had for years shared the work of Lambillotte. He also published the "Esthétique", a volume of 418 pages, setting forth Lambillotte's views on the theory and the practice of Gregorian music. Later, it became clear that the Antiphanaire was not a copy of Gregory's, and did not date from the eighth century. The Benedictine, Dom Pothier, also worked on restoring Gregorian restoration. Pothier says of the "Esthétique" that it is "filled with precious information". At the same time he calls attention to some serious errors in translation and even in reading, on the subject of rhythm, which, he holds, have been conclusively refuted by Chanoine Gontier, in his Méthode de Plain Chant, pp. 96 etc.De Monter also speaks of grave errors and numerous assertions contrary to its own method, that have crept into the treatise. He attributes the introduction of the sharp into the Gregorian scales to the editors of this posthumous work. Lambillottes "Gradual" and "Vesperal" were adopted by only a small number of French dioceses. Some argue that his work was ahead of its time. Lambillotte made cuts and alterations which had been the chief criticism of former editions. Twenty-five years were still to elapse before the classical work in Gregorian music, the Mélodies Grégoriennes by Dom Pothier, could make its appearance (Tournay, 1880), and another twenty-five before the teaching of Dom Pothier was to receive official sanction and practical application through the Vatican edition. Lambillotte's contemporaries placed the following inscription on his tomb at Vaugirard:

Qui cecinit Jesum et Mariam, eripuitque tenebris Gregorium, hunc superis insere, Christe, choris.(Receive, O Christ, into Thy choirs above him who sang the praises of Jesus and Mary, and rescued the music of Gregory from the darkness of ages.) Hymns
 Come Holy Ghost
 Panis angelicus -arrangement of Aquinas
 On This Day O Beautiful Mother

Works
 Chants à Marie (4 vol. ), Paris 1841–1868. Choix de cantiques sur des airs nouveaux, Paris, 1848. Oratorio pour le jour de Pâques; oratorio pour le jour de la Pentecôte, Paris, 1846. Recueil de chants sacrés, Paris, 1851. Antiphonaire de Saint Grégoire, Bruxelles, 1851.(posthumous) Musique religieuse, Paris, 1857. (posthumous) Graduale romanum, Paris, 1857. Bibliography
 de MONTER, M.: <mask>tte et ses frères, Paris, 1871. Notes

Sources

External links
  Panis angelicus - Lambillotte

 YouTube Le mois de Marie, cantique (with original score). 1796 births
1855 deaths
Christian chants
19th-century Belgian Jesuits
Belgian classical composers
Belgian male classical composers
Romantic composers
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Belgian male musicians

masks:
Louis Lambillotte
Louis Lambillotte
Louis Dessane
Louis Lambillo


texts:
<mask> I of Caria (; fl. 480 BC) was a queen of the ancient Greek city-state of Halicarnassus and of the nearby islands of Kos, Nisyros and Kalymnos, within the Achaemenid satrapy of Caria, in about 480 BC. She was of Carian-Greek ethnicity by her father Lygdamis I, and half-Cretan by her mother. She fought as an ally of Xerxes I, King of Persia against the independent Greek city states during the second Persian invasion of Greece. She personally commanded her contribution of five ships at the naval battle of Artemisium and in the naval Battle of Salamis in 480 BC. She is mostly known through the writings of Herodotus, himself a native of Halicarnassus, who praises her courage and the respect in which Xerxes held her. Family and name
Artemisia's father was the satrap of Halicarnassus, Lygdamis I ()  and her mother was from the island of Crete.She took the throne after the death of her husband, as she had a son, named Pisindelis (), who was still a youth. Artemisia's grandson, Lygdamis II (), was the satrap of Halicarnassus when Herodotus was exiled from there and the poet Panyasis () was sentenced to death, after the unsuccessful uprising against him. The name Artemisia derives from Artemis (n, f.; Roman equivalent: Diana), itself of unknown origin and etymology although various ones have been proposed; for example according to Jablonski, the name is also Phrygian and could be "compared with the royal appellation Artemas of Xenophon; according to Charles Anthon the primitive root of the name is probably of Persian origin from arta*, art*, arte*,.. all meaning great, excellent, holy,.. thus Artemis "becomes identical with the great mother of Nature, even as she was worshipped at Ephesus"; Anton Goebel "suggests the root στρατ or ῥατ, "to shake," and makes Artemis mean the thrower of the dart or the shooter"; Plato, in Cratylus, had derived the name of the Goddess from the Greek word , artemḗs, i.e. "safe", "unharmed", "uninjured", "pure", "the stainless maiden"; Babiniotis while accepting that the etymology is unknown, states that the name is already attested in Mycenean Greek and is possibly of Pre-Greek origin. Battle of Salamis

Xerxes was induced by the message of Themistocles to attack the Greek fleet under unfavourable conditions, rather than sending a part of his ships to the Peloponnesus and awaiting the dissolution of the Greek armies. Artemisia was the only one of Xerxes' naval commanders to advise against the action, then went on to earn her king's praise for her leadership in action during his fleet's defeat by the Greeks at the Battle of Salamis (September,  480 BC). Preparations

Before the battle of Salamis, Xerxes gathered all his naval commanders and sent Mardonios to ask whether or not he should fight a naval battle.All the commanders advised him to fight a naval battle except Artemisia. As Herodotus tells it, she told Mardonios:

Tell the King to spare his ships and not do a naval battle because our enemies are  much stronger than us in the sea, as men are to women. And why does he need to risk a naval battle? Athens for which he did undertake this expedition is his and the rest of Greece too. No man can stand against him and they who once resisted, were destroyed. If Xerxes chose not to rush into a naval encounter, but instead kept his ships close to the shore and either stayed there or moved them towards the Peloponnese, victory would be his. The Greeks can't hold out against him for very long.They will leave for their cities, because they don't have food in store on this island, as I have learned, and when our army will march against the Peloponnese they who have come from there will become worried and they will not stay here to fight to defend Athens. But if he hurries to engage I am afraid that the navy will be defeated and the land-forces will be weakened as well. In addition, he should also consider that he has certain untrustworthy allies, like the Egyptians, the Cyprians, the Kilikians and the Pamphylians, who are completely useless. Xerxes was pleased with her advice and while he already held her in great esteem he now praised her further. Despite this, he gave orders to follow the advice of the rest of his commanders. Xerxes thought that at the naval battle of Artemisium his men acted like cowards because he was not there to watch them. But this time he would watch the battle himself to ensure they would act bravely.Plutarch, in On the Malice of Herodotus, believe that Herodotus wrote that because he just wanted verses in order to make Artemisia look like a Sibyl, who was prophesying of things to come. Battle

Artemisia participated in the Battle of Salamis in September, 480 BC as a Persian ally. She led the forces of Halicarnassos, Cos, Nisyros and Calyndos () (Calyndos was on the southwest coast of Asia Minor across Rhodes), and supplied five ships. The ships she brought had the second best reputation in the whole fleet, next to the ones from Sidon. Her involvement in the campaign was described by Herodotus:

As Herodotus says, during the battle, and while the Persian fleet was facing defeat, an Athenian ship pursued Artemisia's ship and she was not able to escape, because in front of her were friendly ships. She decided to charge against a friendly ship manned by people of Calyndos and on which the king of the Calyndians Damasithymos () was located. The Calyndian ship sank.Herodotus is uncertain but offers the possibility that Artemisia had previously had a disagreement with Damasithymos at the Hellespont. According to Polyaenus, when Artemisia saw that she was near to falling into the hands of the Greeks, she ordered the Persian colours to be taken down, and the master of the ship to bear down upon and attack a Persian vessel of the Calyndian allies, which was commanded by Damasithymus, that was passing by her. When the captain of the Athenian ship, Ameinias, saw her charge against a Persian ship, he turned his ship away and went after others, supposing that the ship of Artemisia was either a Greek ship or was deserting from the Persians and fighting for the Greeks. Herodotus believed that Ameinias didn't know that Artemisia was on the ship, because otherwise he would not have ceased his pursuit until either he had captured her or had been captured himself, because "orders had been given to the Athenian captains, and moreover a prize was offered of ten thousand drachmas for the man who should take her alive; since they thought it intolerable that a woman should make an expedition against Athens." Polyaenus in his work Stratagems () says that Artemisia had in her ship two different standards. When she chased a Greek ship, she hoisted the Persian colours. But when she was chased by a Greek ship, she hoisted the Greek colours, so that the enemy might mistake her for a Greek and give up the pursuit.While Xerxes was overseeing the battle from his throne, which was at the foot of Mount Aigaleo, he observed the incident and he and the others who were present thought that Artemisia had attacked and sunk a Greek ship. One of the men who was next to Xerxes said to him: "Master, see Artemisia, how well she is fighting, and how she sank even now a ship of the enemy" and Xerxes then responded: "My men have become women; and my women, men." None of the crew of the Calyndian ship survived to be able to accuse her otherwise. According to Polyaenus, when Xerxes saw her sink the ship, he said: "O Zeus, surely you have formed women out of man's materials, and men out of woman's." Photius writes that a man called Draco (), who was the son of Eupompus () of Samos, was in the service of Xerxes for a thousand talents. He had very good eyesight and could easily see at twenty stades. He described to Xerxes what he saw from the battle and Artemisia's bravery.Aftermath
Plutarch, in his work Parallel Lives () at the part which mention Themistocles, says that it was Artemisia who recognised the body of Ariamenes () (Herodotus says that his name was Ariabignes), brother of Xerxes and admiral of the Persian navy, floating amongst the shipwrecks, and brought the body back to Xerxes. After the Battle of Salamis

After the battle, according to Polyaenus, Xerxes acknowledged her to have excelled above all the officers in the fleet and sent her a complete suit of Greek armour; he also presented the captain of her ship with a distaff and spindle. According to Herodotus, after the defeat, Xerxes presented Artemisia with two possible courses of action and asked her which she recommended. Either he would lead troops to the Peloponnese himself, or he would withdraw from Greece and leave his general Mardonius in charge. Artemisia suggested to him that he should retreat back to Asia Minor and she advocated the plan suggested by Mardonius, who requested 300,000 Persian soldiers with which he would defeat the Greeks in Xerxes' absence. According to Herodotus she replied: "I think that you should retire and leave Mardonius behind with those whom he desires to have. If he succeeds, the honour will be yours because your slaves performed it.If on the other hand, he fails, it would be no great matter as you would be safe and no danger threatens anything that concerns your house. And while you will be safe the Greeks will have to pass through many difficulties for their own existence. In addition, if Mardonius were to suffer a disaster who would care? He is just your slave and the Greeks will have but a poor triumph. As for yourself, you will be going home with the object for your campaign accomplished, for you have burnt Athens." Xerxes followed her advice, leaving Mardonius to conduct the war in Greece. He sent her to Ephesus to take care of his illegitimate sons.On the other hand, Plutarch mocks Herodotus' writing, since he thinks that Xerxes would have brought women with him from Susa, in case his son needed female attendants. Opinions about Artemisia
Herodotus had a favourable opinion of Artemisia, despite her support of Persia. He praised her decisiveness and intelligence, and emphasised her influence on Xerxes. Polyaenus says that Xerxes praised her gallantry. He also in the eighth book of his work Stratagems, mentions that when Artemisia (he may have referred to Artemisia I, but most probably he referred to Artemisia II) wanted to conquer Latmus, she placed soldiers in ambush near the city and she, with women, eunuchs and musicians, celebrated a sacrifice at the grove of the Mother of the Gods, which was about seven stades distant from the city. When the inhabitants of Latmus came out to see the magnificent procession, the soldiers entered the city and took possession of it. Justin in the History of the World mentioned that she "was fighting with the greatest gallantry among the foremost leaders; so that you might have seen womanish fear in a man, and manly boldness in a woman."On the other hand, Thessalus, a son of Hippocrates, described her in a speech as a cowardly pirate. In his speech, Thessalus said that the King of Persia demanded earth and water from the Coans in 493 BC but they refused, so he gave the island to Artemisia to be wasted. Artemisia led a fleet of ships to the island of Cos to slaughter the Coans, but the gods intervened. After Artemisia's ships were destroyed by lightning and she hallucinated visions of great heroes, she fled Cos. However, she later conquered the island. Death and cultural depictions in the ancient world
A legend, quoted by Photius, some 13 centuries later, claims that Artemisia fell in love with a man from Abydos (), named Dardanus (), and when he ignored her, she blinded him while he was sleeping, but her love for him increased. An oracle told her to jump from the top of the rock of Leucas, but she was killed after she jumped from the rock and buried near the spot.Those who leapt from this rock were said to be cured from the passion of love. According to a legend, Sappho killed herself jumping from these cliffs too, because she was in love with Phaon. Aristophanes mentioned Artemisia in his works Lysistrata and Thesmophoriazusae. Pausanias, in the third book of his work Description of Greece (), entitled Laconia () mentioned that in the marketplace of Sparta the most striking monument was the portico which they called Persian (), because it was made from spoils taken in the Persian wars. Over time, the Spartans altered it until it became very large and splendid. On the pillars were white-marble figures of Persians, including Mardonius. There was also a figure of Artemisia.Also, the encyclopedia called the Suda mentioned Artemisia. Artemisia was succeeded by her son Pisindelis, who became the new tyrant of Caria. He would himself later be succeeded by his son Lygdamis. Modern cultural references

Several modern ships were named after Artemisia. An Iranian destroyer (Persian: ناوشکن) purchased during the Pahlavi dynasty was named Artemis in her honour. This destroyer was the largest ship in the Iranian Navy. The previous name of the Greek ferryboat, Panagia Skiadeni, was Artemisia (ex-Star A, Orient Star and Ferry Tachibana).In the municipality of Nea Alikarnassos in Crete there is a cultural association founded in 1979 named "Artemisia", after Queen Artemisia. In the 1962 film, The 300 Spartans, Artemisia is portrayed by Anne Wakefield. Artemisia appears in Gore Vidal's 1981 (and 2002 release) historical novel Creation. In Vidal's depiction, she had a long relationship with the Persian general Mardonius, who at some
periods lived in Halicarnassus and acted unofficially as her consort – but that she refused to marry him, determined to preserve her independence. In the 2014 film, 300: Rise of an Empire, Artemisia is featured as commander of the invading navy that the Greeks must fight, and serves as the main antagonist. She is portrayed by Eva Green. See also
Battle of Artemisium
Battle of Salamis
Themistocles
Ameinias of Athens

References

Sources

Primary sources
 Herodotus, The Histories, trans.Aubrey de Sélincourt, Penguin Books, 1954. Vitruvius, De architectura ii,8.10–11, 14–15
 Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia xxxvi.4.30–31
 Orosius, Historiae adversus paganos ii.10.1–3
 Valerius Maximus, Factorum et dictorum memorabilium iv.6, ext. <mask>
 Justinus, Epitome Historiarum philippicarum Pompei Trogi ii.12.23–24

Modern sources
 Nancy Demand, A History of Ancient Greece. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1996. External links

 Encyclopædia Iranica: Artemisa
 Artemisia in Herodotus
 Artemisia I – Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World
 Artemisia I – Encyclopædia Britannica
 Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus: Artemisia at Salamis, 480 BCE  –Fordham University

Ancient Halicarnassians
Ancient queens regnant
Women in ancient Greek warfare
Lygdamid dynasty
5th-century BC women rulers
Battle of Salamis
Battle of Artemisium
Admirals of the Achaemenid Empire
Achaemenid satraps of Caria
Greek people of the Greco-Persian Wars
Women of the Achaemenid Empire
5th-century BC rulers in Asia
Female admirals
Ancient Greeks who committed suicide
Xerxes I

masks: Artemisia I


texts:
<mask>  ( "Ricardo"; born 1 July 1989) is an Italian-Australian racing driver who is currently competing in Formula One, under the Australian flag, for McLaren. He made his debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix with the HRT team as part of a deal with Red Bull Racing, for whom he was test driving under its sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso. <mask>'s driver number is 3. He has achieved 8 Grand Prix victories in Formula One. <mask> joined Toro Rosso in 2012 full-time after the team changed its driver lineup and drove a Ferrari-powered car for them in 2012 and 2013. In 2014, <mask> was promoted to Red Bull as a replacement for the retired Mark Webber alongside multiple time world champion Sebastian Vettel. In his first season with Red Bull under Renault power, <mask> finished third in the championship with his first three Formula One wins, in Canada, Hungary, and Belgium.After two years without a victory, <mask> returned to the top of the podium at the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix, eventually sealing third in the championship for the second time in three years at the 2016 Mexican Grand Prix. He has since added victories for Red Bull at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix in 2017 and the Chinese and Monaco Grands Prix in 2018. After 2018, <mask> signed with Renault and raced for them in the 2019 and 2020 seasons. He joined McLaren for the 2021 and  Formula One seasons, alongside Lando Norris. He obtained his first race win with McLaren at the 2021 Italian Grand Prix. After the 2021 season, <mask> was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in the 2022 Australia Day Honours. Personal life
<mask> <mask> was born on 1 July 1989 in Perth, Western Australia, to Italian-Australian parents.His father Giuseppe "Joe" <mask>, was born in Ficarra (Messina), but relocated to Australia with his family aged just seven. <mask>'s mother Grace was born in Australia, but had parents originally from Casignana (Calabria). Ricciardo also has a sister; Michelle. Growing up in Duncraig, one of Perth's northern suburbs, <mask>'s earliest memories of motorsports were of his father racing at the nearby Barbagallo Raceway in Wanneroo. He attended high school at Newman College. He started karting at the age of 9. <mask> pronounces his surname "Ricardo" () instead of the Italian pronunciation "Rit-tchar-do" (), attributing this to the way it was usually pronounced growing up in Australia and by his family.He is often referred to as "the honey badger" referencing his racing style, explaining how "It's supposed to be the most fearless animal in the animal kingdom. When you look at it, he seems quite cute and cuddly, but as soon as someone crosses his territory in a way he doesn't like, he turns into a bit of a savage and he'll go after anything – tigers, pythons – he turns very quickly, but he's a good guy." Growing up as a fan of NASCAR Cup Series driver Dale Earnhardt, Ricciardo adopted the number 3 as his racing number in honour of him. <mask> also supports the AFL's West Coast Eagles and was the club's number-one ticket holder in 2015 and 2016. He is also a big UFC fan. Career

Formula Ford and Formula BMW
Born in Perth, Western Australia, <mask> started karting at the age of nine, as a member of the Tiger Kart Club (TKC) and entered numerous karting events. In 2005, he entered the Western Australian Formula Ford championship driving a 15-year-old Van Diemen, finishing eighth by season's end.Towards the end of the season, <mask> took a leased 13-year-old Van Diemen across to Sandown Raceway in Melbourne to compete at the national Formula Ford series but his aging car was uncompetitive as he finished 16th, 17th and retired during the weekend's three races. Formula Three
During the mid-part of the 2008 season, <mask> made his Formula Three début at the Nürburgring, entering SG Formula's Formula 3 Euro Series team. Despite only a short amount of experience in the car, <mask> qualified in eighth for the first race which later converted into sixth in the race after James Jakes and Christian Vietoris stalled on the grid. But he struggled in the reverse-grid race, finishing just fifteenth. <mask> moved to the British Formula 3 Championship for the 2009 season driving for Carlin Motorsport. <mask> continued his partnership with Carlin, by heading to the Macau Grand Prix with the team. Formula Renault 3.5 Series

On 30 October 2009, <mask> was signed by Tech 1 to compete in the 2010 season.He had competed with the team at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal in 2009, and was the teammate to Brendon Hartley, another driver who drove for Tech 1 over the season. Following a minor incident during a mountain bike exercise, <mask> was forced to miss the second test of the 2010 season, but went on to take pole position for both races at the season-opening round of the 2010 season in Alcañiz, Spain. He finished third and second in the races respectively, to leave himself at the head of the championship standings. Two weeks later, at the Spa-Francorchamps circuit, <mask> was relegated to last on the grid after being deemed to have hindered the laps of other drivers. In the next two races, he finished 13th and fifth respectively – coming 2nd in the latter until many of the front-runners were given penalties for infringing the parc ferme rules before the race. One week later, in Monte Carlo, <mask> secured his third pole position of the season, finishing three-tenths of a second ahead of championship rival Stefano Coletti. He secured his first win at the following race, one place ahead of Coletti.<mask> went on to secure two more wins at the Hungaroring and at the Hockenheimring in commanding fashion. Following <mask>'s sixth pole from 12 races, Tech 1 team boss, Simon Abadie, praised his driver's efforts greatly, saying "I am happy, and happy for <mask> because six poles in 12 races is good going," and later stated his team's ambitions for success, by telling Autosport correspondent Peter Mills, "I really hopes <mask> wins the championship." At the first race at the Silverstone circuit, <mask> was involved in a spectacular incident with pole-sitter Jon Lancaster, in which <mask> was sent into a barrel roll, eventually landing on his wheels. The crash saw the end of his race, with teammate Jean-Éric Vergne becoming the eventual winner, following disqualifications. Securing pole for the second race of the weekend, <mask> spent much of the race leading the pack by upwards of three seconds. However, braking issues in the second half of the event meant that, on the final lap, championship-rival Esteban Guerrieri was able to pass the Tech 1 racer. Going into the final round of the season, <mask> sat just three points behind championship leader Mikhail Aleshin and 13 ahead of third-place man Esteban Guerrieri.Managing his 8th pole of the season, <mask> managed a lights-to-flag victory, setting the fastest lap and placing himself equal first with one race remaining. After securing second place on the grid for the second race of the weekend, <mask> managed to hold position until the pit stops, where he was successfully 'jumped' by two of his rivals, including teammate Vergne. With only two laps left in the race and struggling for pace, <mask> was overtaken by championship rival Aleshin. Finishing in that order, <mask> failed to secure the title in his debut year, losing out to Mikhail Aleshin by only two points. In 2011 <mask> raced for ISR Racing prior to his HRT call-up. Formula One

Ricciardo made his track debut at the wheel of a Formula One car, when he tested for Red Bull Racing at the young drivers test at Circuito de Jerez over three days, from 1–3 December 2009. On the final day of testing he clocked the fastest time of the test by over a second.This placed him as the only driver to go into the 1:17 bracket. Red Bull Racing's team manager Christian Horner suggested that <mask> may replace his 2010 World Series teammate Hartley as the team's test and reserve driver. As it turned out, <mask> and Hartley were to share test and reserve duties for both Red Bull, and sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso until the latter was removed from the Red Bull Junior team. On 11 November 2010, <mask> was confirmed as the single driver to represent Red Bull Racing at the end-of-season young driver's test at the Yas Marina Circuit, on 16–17 November. At the announcement, he commented, "I can't wait to get another crack at driving Red Bull Racing's amazing Formula One car." <mask> continued to show his one-lap prowess and dominated the event, with his fastest lap being 1.3 seconds faster than  World Champion Sebastian Vettel's qualifying lap the Saturday before. Days after completing this session <mask> was confirmed as Toro Rosso's test and reserve driver for the  season, and would take part in the first free practice session of each race weekend.Franz Tost, Toro Rosso team principal stated that "having a hungry youngster on the books will keep our current driver pairing nice and sharp", referring to then Toro Rosso drivers Jaime Alguersuari and Sébastien Buemi. HRT (2011)

On 30 June 2011, <mask> was contracted to Hispania Racing by Red Bull Racing, replacing Narain Karthikeyan for all the remaining races of the 2011 season except the , to allow Karthikeyan to race at his home Grand Prix. <mask> made his Grand Prix debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix at Silverstone. However, on 22 October 2011, a few days before the inaugural Indian Grand Prix, the race where Karthikeyan was due to gain back his seat for his home race, HRT F1 announced that Vitantonio Liuzzi made way for Karthikeyan, allowing Ricciardo to race in India and extend his learning curve that Red Bull Racing paid the struggling Spanish team to do, as well as allowing Karthikeyan to race in front of his home fans. In Abu Dhabi, <mask> retired with mechanical problems after starting 20th on the grid and in the final race at the , <mask> finished 20th after starting 22nd on the grid. Toro Rosso (2012–2013)

2012

On 14 December 2011, it was confirmed that <mask> would drive for the Scuderia Toro Rosso for the 2012 season, alongside Frenchman Jean-Éric Vergne. At the 2012 Australian Grand Prix on 18 March 2012, <mask> managed to overtake his teammate Vergne late on the last lap to come home in ninth place, securing his first two World Championship points.In wet conditions in Malaysia he finished 12th, after having been first to switch to slick tyres. In Bahrain he qualified sixth, but dropped back during the race and finished 15th. In Monaco he suffered his only retirement of the season, after having started from 15th position. 2013

Toro Rosso re-signed <mask> for the 2013 season. <mask> out-scored his teammate Jean-Éric Vergne by seven points and out-qualified him in over 3/4 of the season. His impressive qualifying efforts of 30–7 against Vergne over their two years together help promote him to Toro Rosso senior team, Red Bull, replacing fellow countryman Mark Webber. <mask> finished 13th in the championship with 20 points.Red Bull (2014–2018)
<mask> replaced Mark Webber at Infiniti Red Bull Racing at the start of the 2014 Formula One season, partnering Sebastian Vettel, a four-time world champion. 2014

In the first race of the season, the , <mask> qualified in second place behind Lewis Hamilton and completed the race in second place, despite pressure from rookie Kevin Magnussen in the final laps. <mask> was later disqualified, as his car was ruled to have exceeded the mandated hourly fuel flow rate limit. Had he not been disqualified, it would have marked the first time an Australian had made the podium at the Australian Grand Prix since the race became part of the World Championship. Infiniti Red Bull Racing filed an appeal against the disqualification which was rejected by the International Court of Appeal, the FIA decision being upheld. <mask> failed to finish in the , but managed to record his first points of the 2014 season at the , where he finished fourth, after starting in 13th position. By winning at the , <mask> became the fourth Australian to win a Grand Prix in Formula One, joining Jack Brabham, Alan Jones and Mark Webber.His victory in Canada broke the chain of six Mercedes victories that marked the beginning of the 2014 season. <mask> impressed many by beating Vettel throughout the first half of the 2014 season, and after a clean and tight battle between <mask> and Fernando Alonso at the , Alonso described Ricciardo as 'unbelievable' and "very, very smart, very respectful". <mask> won the  on 27 July, ahead of Alonso and Lewis Hamilton. He was in third place behind Alonso and Hamilton with less than four laps remaining and overtook Hamilton's Mercedes with a pass on the outside of the Hungaroring's turn two. He then easily caught and passed Alonso's Ferrari as he had very little grip left on his tyres – television footage of his left front tyre after the race showed it to be badly blistered. In the final two laps, <mask> pulled away to win the race by 5.225 seconds. His teammate Vettel survived a spin coming onto the main straight late in the race to finish seventh.<mask> became the second Australian to win the Hungarian Grand Prix, after Mark Webber's victory – also for Red Bull – in 2010. <mask> then went on to score his third victory of his career to go back to back in Belgium, become the first Australian to win there since Jack Brabham in , also making him the only non-Mercedes driver to have won a Grand Prix in 2014. On 4 October 2014, it was announced that <mask> would partner Daniil Kvyat for the  season, following the announcement of Vettel's departure from the team. In his first season for Red Bull Racing, <mask> confirmed third place in the drivers' championship at the , despite it being his first retirement since the . In the final race of the season, the , despite starting from the pit lane due to a front wing infringement, <mask> finished in fourth place and secured the first fastest lap of his Formula One career. For his 2014 performances, <mask> won the Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year in April 2015. 2015

On 8 February 2015, during the third episode of series 22 of the popular British motoring television programme Top Gear, <mask> became the fastest Formula One driver to perform a lap of the Top Gear test track during the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car feature, beating the previous record-holder Lewis Hamilton with a time of 1:42.2.In 2015, Red Bull slipped behind Ferrari and Williams in their efforts to take the title fight to Mercedes. The Red Bull cars were held back by the Renault power unit having been out-developed by Mercedes and Ferrari. The RB11 only showed pace in slow and twisty high downforce tracks or rain, highlighting the car's strong chassis. <mask> achieved his first top-five finish in Monaco with fifth and the fastest lap of the race. While tussling for second in Hungary with Nico Rosberg, his race-winning charge ground to a halt when the two clashed while hunting down Sebastian Vettel. <mask> managed to finish third behind his teammate. It was his first podium since the 2014 United States Grand Prix.He recorded his second podium of the season in Singapore where he finished second and recorded his third fastest lap of the season. <mask> finished the season with 92 points in eighth place in the championship, three points behind teammate Daniil Kvyat. He out-qualified Kvyat 14–5. 2016

In a much more competitive Red Bull, <mask> began the season well, finishing 4th in both Australia and Bahrain and qualifying 2nd and then leading early on in the Chinese Grand Prix before suffering a tyre blowout and finishing in 4th again. <mask> qualified third at the Spanish Grand Prix, and after the two Mercedes cars of Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg crashed out on the first lap, he led the early stages of the race. After a remarkable strategy call by Ferrari resulting in a very short third stint for Sebastian Vettel, Red Bull decided to answer this by pitting <mask> again and cover Vettel, also going for the presumed faster three-stop strategy. This dropped him behind Vettel, new teammate Max Verstappen and Kimi Räikkönen on track, and after a few failed attempts at passing Vettel, a tyre blowout late on in the race meant that he finished fourth again, behind eventual winner Verstappen, and the Ferraris of Räikkönen and Vettel.<mask> scored his first pole position at the Monaco Grand Prix, and led the early wet stages of the race. However, after a very long pitstop in which his team took nearly 40 seconds to ready a set of tyres he lost the race lead to Lewis Hamilton and finished the race in 2nd. <mask> was notably upset after the race result, saying: "Two weekends in a row I've been screwed now. It sucks. It hurts." <mask> returned to the podium in Hungary, finishing third, and in Germany, where he finished second. On the podium in Germany, <mask> performed a new celebration, where he drank champagne out of his shoe.He calls this celebration the "shoey". He repeated the celebration at the Belgian Grand Prix (where he came second again), this time persuading podium interviewer Mark Webber to also drink from the shoe. <mask> qualified and finished second at the Singapore Grand Prix, after pushing eventual winner Rosberg hard near the end, a late strategy change pushing him

masks:
Daniel Joseph Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Daniel Joseph
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Daniel
Daniel
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo
Ricciardo