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<mask> (June 28, 1902 – December 30, 1979) was an American composer, known largely for his work in musical theater. With 43 Broadway musicals and over 900 songs to his credit, <mask> was one of the most significant American composers of the 20th century, and his compositions had a significant influence on popular music. He is best known for his songwriting partnerships, first with lyricist Lorenz Hart and then with Oscar Hammerstein II. With Hart he wrote many musicals throughout the 1920s and 1930s, including Pal Joey, A Connecticut Yankee, On Your Toes and Babes in Arms. With Hammerstein he wrote musicals through the 1940s and 1950s, such as Oklahoma!, Flower Drum Song, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I, and The Sound of Music. His collaborations with Hammerstein, in particular, are celebrated for bringing the Broadway musical to a new maturity by telling stories that were focused around characters and drama rather than the light-hearted entertainment that the genre was known for beforehand. <mask> was the first person to win all of what are considered the top American entertainment awards in theater, film, recording, and television – a Tony, an Oscar, a Grammy, and an Emmy— now known collectively as an EGOT.In addition, he was awarded a Pulitzer Prize, making him one of only two people to receive all five awards (Marvin Hamlisch is the other). In 1978, <mask> was in the inaugural group of those awarded a The Kennedy Center Honors for his lifetime achievement in the arts. Biography

Early life and education

Born into a Jewish family in Queens, New York, <mask> was the son of Mamie (Levy) and Dr. William Abrahams <mask>, a prominent physician who had changed the family name from Rogazinsky. <mask> began playing the piano at the age of six. He attended P.S. 166, Townsend Harris Hall and DeWitt Clinton High School. <mask> spent his early teenage summers in Camp Wigwam (Waterford, Maine) where he composed some of his first songs.<mask>, Lorenz Hart, and later collaborator Oscar Hammerstein II all attended Columbia University. At Columbia, <mask> joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. In 1921, <mask> shifted his studies to the Institute of Musical Art (now the Juilliard School). <mask> was influenced by composers such as Victor Herbert and Jerome Kern, as well as by the operettas his parents took him to see on Broadway when he was a child. Career

<mask> and Hart

In 1919, <mask> met Lorenz Hart, thanks to Phillip Levitt, a friend of <mask>'s older brother. <mask> and Hart struggled for years in the field of musical comedy, writing several amateur shows. They made their professional debut with the song "Any Old Place With You", featured in the 1919 Broadway musical comedy A Lonely Romeo.Their first professional production was the 1920 Poor Little Ritz Girl, which also had music by Sigmund Romberg. Their next professional show, The Melody Man, did not premiere until 1924. When he was just out of college <mask> Fields. Among the stars he accompanied were Nora Bayes and Fred Allen. <mask> was considering quitting show business altogether to sell children's underwear, when he and Hart finally broke through in 1925. They wrote the songs for a benefit show presented by the prestigious Theatre Guild, called The Garrick Gaieties, and the critics found the show fresh and delightful. Only meant to run one day, the Guild knew they had a success and allowed it to re-open later.The show's biggest hit—the song that <mask> believed "made" <mask> and Hart—was "Manhattan". The two were now a Broadway songwriting force. Throughout the rest of the decade, the duo wrote several hit shows for both Broadway and London, including Dearest Enemy (1925), The Girl Friend (1926), Peggy-Ann (1926), A Connecticut Yankee (1927), and Present Arms (1928). Their 1920s shows produced standards such as "Here in My Arms", "Mountain Greenery", "Blue Room", "My Heart Stood Still" and "You Took Advantage of Me". With the Depression in full swing during the first half of the 1930s, the team sought greener pastures in Hollywood. The hardworking <mask> later regretted these relatively fallow years, but he and Hart did write some classic songs and film scores while out west, including Love Me Tonight (1932) (directed by Rouben Mamoulian, who would later direct <mask>'s Oklahoma! on Broadway), which introduced three standards: "Lover", "Mimi", and "Isn't It Romantic?".<mask> also wrote a melody for which Hart wrote three consecutive lyrics which either were cut, not recorded or not a hit. The fourth lyric resulted in one of their most famous songs, "Blue Moon". Other film work includes the scores to The Phantom President (1932), starring George M. Cohan, Hallelujah, I’m a Bum (1933), starring Al Jolson, and, in a quick return after having left Hollywood, Mississippi (1935), starring Bing Crosby and W. C. Fields. In 1935, they returned to Broadway and wrote an almost unbroken string of hit shows that ended shortly before Hart's death in 1943. Among the most notable are Jumbo (1935), On Your Toes (1936, which included the ballet "Slaughter on Tenth Avenue", choreographed by George Balanchine), Babes in Arms (1937), I Married an Angel (1938), The Boys from Syracuse (1938), Pal Joey (1940), and their last original work, By Jupiter (1942). <mask> also contributed to the book on several of these shows. Many of the songs from these shows are still sung and remembered, including "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World", "My Romance", "Little Girl Blue", "I'll Tell the Man in the Street", "There's a Small Hotel", "Where or When", "My Funny Valentine", "The Lady Is a Tramp", "Falling in Love with Love", "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered", and "Wait till You See Her".In 1939, <mask> wrote the ballet Ghost Town for the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, with choreography by Marc Platoff. <mask> and Hammerstein

<mask>' partnership with Hart began having problems because of the lyricist's unreliability and declining health. <mask> began working with Oscar Hammerstein II, with whom he had previously written songs (before ever working with Lorenz Hart). Their first musical, the groundbreaking hit Oklahoma! (1943), marked the beginning of the most successful partnership in American musical theatre history. Their work revolutionized the musical form. What was once a collection of songs, dances and comic turns held together by a tenuous plot became a fully integrated piece.The team went on to create four more hits that are among the most popular in musical history. Each was made into a successful film: Carousel (1945), South Pacific (1949, winner of the 1950 Pulitzer Prize for Drama), The King and I (1951), and The Sound of Music (1959). Other shows include the minor hit Flower Drum Song (1958), as well as relative failures Allegro (1947), Me and Juliet (1953), and Pipe Dream (1955). They also wrote the score to the film State Fair (1945) (which was remade in 1962 with Pat Boone) and a special TV musical of Cinderella (1957). Their collaboration produced many well-known songs, including "Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'", "People Will Say We're in Love", "Oklahoma" (which also became the state song of Oklahoma), "It's A Grand Night For Singing", "If I Loved You", "You'll Never Walk Alone", "It Might as Well Be Spring", "Some Enchanted Evening", "Younger Than Springtime", "Bali Hai", "Getting to Know You", "My Favorite Things", "The Sound of Music", "Sixteen Going on Seventeen", "Climb Ev'ry Mountain", "Do-Re-Mi", and "Edelweiss", Hammerstein's last song. Much of <mask>' work with both Hart and Hammerstein was orchestrated by Robert Russell Bennett. <mask> composed twelve themes, which Bennett used in preparing the orchestra score for the 26-episode World War II television documentary Victory at Sea (1952–53).This NBC production pioneered the "compilation documentary"—programming based on pre-existing footage—and was eventually broadcast in dozens of countries. The melody of the popular song "No Other Love" was later taken from the Victory at Sea theme entitled "Beneath the Southern Cross". <mask> won an Emmy for the music for the ABC documentary Winston Churchill: The Valiant Years, scored by Eddie Sauter, Hershy Kay, and Robert Emmett Dolan. <mask> composed the theme music, "March of the Clowns", for the 1963–64 television series The Greatest Show on Earth, which ran for 30 episodes. He also contributed the main-title theme for the 1963–64 historical anthology television series The Great Adventure. In 1950, <mask> and Hammerstein received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York." <mask>, Hammerstein, and Joshua Logan won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for South Pacific.<mask> and Hammerstein had won a special Pulitzer Prize in 1944 for Oklahoma!. In 1954, <mask> conducted the New York Philharmonic Orchestra in excerpts from Victory at Sea, Slaughter on Tenth Avenue and the Carousel Waltz for a special LP released by Columbia Records. <mask> and Hammerstein musicals earned a total of 37 Tony Awards, 15 Academy Awards, two Pulitzer Prizes, two Grammy Awards, and two Emmy Awards. After Hammerstein
After Hammerstein's death in 1960, <mask> wrote both words and music for his first new Broadway project No Strings (1962, which earned two Tony Awards). The show was a minor hit and featured the song, "The Sweetest Sounds". <mask> also wrote both the words and music for two new songs used in the film version of The Sound of Music. (Other songs in that film were from <mask> and Hammerstein.)<mask> went on to work with lyricists: Stephen Sondheim (Do I Hear a Waltz?) who was a protégé of Hammerstein, Martin Charnin (Two by Two, I Remember Mama) and Sheldon Harnick (Rex). At its 1978 commencement ceremonies, Barnard College awarded <mask> its highest honor, the Barnard Medal of Distinction. <mask> was an honoree at the first Kennedy Center Honors in 1978. At the 1979 Tony Awards ceremony—six months before his death—<mask> was presented the Lawrence Langner Memorial Award for Distinguished Lifetime Achievement in the American Theatre. Death and legacy
<mask> died in 1979, aged 77, after surviving cancer of the jaw, a heart attack, and a laryngectomy. He was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at sea.In 1990, the 46th Street Theatre was renamed the <mask> Rodgers Theatre in his memory. In 1999, <mask> and Hart were each commemorated on United States postage stamps. In 2002, the centennial year of <mask>' birth was celebrated worldwide with books, retrospectives, performances, new recordings of his music, and a Broadway revival of Oklahoma!. The BBC Proms that year devoted an entire evening to <mask>' music, including a concert performance of Oklahoma! The Boston Pops Orchestra released a new CD that year in tribute to <mask>, entitled My Favorite Things: A <mask> Rodgers Celebration. Alec Wilder wrote the following about <mask>:

<mask> is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame. Along with the Academy of Arts and Letters, <mask> also started and endowed an award for non-established musical theater composers to produce new productions either by way of full productions or staged readings.It is the only award for which the Academy of Arts and Letters accepts applications and is presented every year. Below are the previous winners of the award:

Relationship with performers

Rosemary Clooney recorded a version of "Falling in Love with Love" by <mask>, using a swing style. After the recording session <mask> told her pointedly that it should be sung as a waltz. The 1961 doo-wop arrangement of the Rodgers and Hart song "Blue Moon" by The Marcels so incensed <mask> that he took out full page newspaper ads urging people not to buy it. His efforts were unsuccessful as it reached #1 on the charts. After Doris Day recorded "I Have Dreamed" in 1961, he wrote to her and her arranger, Jim Harbert, that theirs was the most beautiful rendition of his song he had ever heard. After Peggy Lee recorded her version of "Lover", a <mask> song, with a dramatically different arrangement from that originally conceived by him, <mask> said, "I don't know why Peggy picked on me, she could have fucked up Silent Night".Mary Martin said that <mask> composed songs for her for South Pacific, knowing she had a small vocal range, and the songs generally made her look her best. She also said that <mask> and Hammerstein listened to all her suggestions and she worked extremely well with them. Both <mask> and Hammerstein wanted Doris Day for the lead in the film version of South Pacific and she reportedly wanted the part. They discussed it with her, but after her manager/husband Martin Melcher would not budge on his demand for a high salary for her, the role went to Mitzi Gaynor. Advocacy for writers' rights

In 1943, <mask> became the ninth president of the Dramatists Guild of America . Personal life
In 1930, <mask> married Dorothy Belle Feiner (1909–92). Their daughter, Mary (1931–2014), was the composer of Once Upon a Mattress and an author of children's books.The <mask>' later lost a daughter at birth. Another daughter, Linda (1935–2015), also had a brief career as a songwriter. Mary's son and <mask>'s grandson, Adam Guettel (b. 1964), also a musical theatre composer, won Tony Awards for Best Score and Best Orchestrations for The Light in the Piazza in 2005. Peter Melnick (b. 1958), <mask>'s son, is the composer of Adrift In Macao, which debuted at the Philadelphia Theatre Company in 2005 and was produced Off-Broadway in 2007. <mask> was an atheist.He was prone to depression and alcohol abuse, and was at one time hospitalized. Awards and nominations
<mask> is one of the few entertainers to have won the EGOT, the Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony. {| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Title
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!Ref. |-
|1944||Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards || Arts Award || Oklahoma! || Awarded ||
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|1945 || Academy Award || Best Original Song || "It Might as Well Be Spring", State Fair ||  ||
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|1950 || Pulitzer Prize || Drama || South Pacific ||  ||
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|rowspan=3|1950 || rowspan=10|Tony Award || Best Musical || rowspan=3|South Pacific ||  || rowspan=10|
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|Best Book of a Musical ||
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|Best Producer of a Musical ||
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|1952 || rowspan=4|Best Musical || The King and I ||
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|1956 || Pipe Dream ||
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|1959 || Flower Drum Song ||
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|rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|No Strings ||
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|rowspan=3|Best Original Score ||
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|1965 || Do I Hear a Waltz? ||
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|1996 || State Fair ||
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|1957 || rowspan=2|Primetime Emmy Award || Best Musical Contribution for Television || Cinderella ||  || rowspan=2|
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|1961 || Outstanding Original Music for Television || Winston Churchill: The Valiant Years ||
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|1961 || rowspan=2|Grammy Awards || rowspan=2|Best Musical Theater Album || The Sound of Music ||  || rowspan=2|
|-
|1963 || No Strings ||
|-
|}

Shows with music by Rodgers
Lyrics by Lorenz Hart

Lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II

Other lyricists and solo works

Wider influence

The Internet Movie Database lists 276 film and TV soundtracks using songs by Rodgers, as well as 46 films and TV events that credit him as the composer. In 1960, the saxophonist John Coltrane recorded a jazz version of "My Favorite Things" from The Sound of Music whose rich modal improvisations proved germane.The tune became a regular part of his repertoire. The entry "You'll Never Walk Alone" (from Carousel) discusses in detail the many cover versions of this song, and its extraordinary popularity with professional soccer teams and their fans. It was first adopted by Liverpool fans in November 1963, following a cover by Gerry and the Pacemakers, and then widely copied by other fans since then as their anthem. Jerry Lewis ended his Labor Day telethon by singing "You'll Never Walk Alone". "Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'" from Oklahoma! is sometimes mistaken for a traditional folk song, as is "Edelweiss" from The Sound of Music''. "Happy Talk" is covered by Daniel Johnston and Jad Fair.Captain Sensible did a jaunty rendition in the 1980s, complete with burlesque organ. The British rapper Dizzee Rascal uses the chorus of this song. Several professional awards in musical theater are named for <mask>. References

Further reading

External links

City Journal article on <mask>
Centennial features on <mask>
The <mask> Collection at the Library of Congress
<mask> papers, 1914–1989, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Musicals by <mask> and Hammerstein
TimeLine of <mask>' Life
Review and analysis of <mask>' later plays

A feature on <mask> and Hammerstein. <mask> recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. 1902 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American composers
Jewish American atheists
American musical theatre composers
American people of German-Jewish descent
Ballet composers
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Broadway composers and lyricists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American composers
Jewish American songwriters
Kennedy Center honorees
Male musical theatre composers
People from Queens, New York
Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners
Pulitzer Prize winners
Pupils of Percy Goetschius
Songwriters from New York (state)
Special Tony Award recipients
Tony Award winners
Townsend Harris High School alumni

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<mask>  (26 December 1973 – 9 November 2013) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played as a  in the 1990s and 2000s. <mask> made his début for St Helens in 1993, and soon established himself as the club's first choice . He made his senior international début in 1996, playing both games for England in their 1996 European Championship victory. Also that year he helped St. Helens win the Championship (Super League I) and Challenge Cup for the first time in two decades. He went on to win a second consecutive Challenge Cup with the club in 1997, but was sold to Hull Sharks at the end of the season. After spending two years at Hull, <mask> joined Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 1154) in 2000, but rejoined Hull a year later after being released by Wakefield Trinity due to the club's financial difficulties. He changed his international allegiance to Ireland, who he represented at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup.He also made one appearance for Lancashire in 2003, but suffered a serious knee injury while playing for the team, which ultimately ended his playing career. In 2006, <mask> was diagnosed with a rare form of stomach cancer and was given months to live. He set up the <mask> Prescott Foundation in 2007, and went on to organise a series of money-raising initiatives. He raised almost half a million pounds for charity through the foundation, and was awarded an MBE in 2009 for his efforts. After a long battle with the disease, he died aged 39. In October 2013 a small group of people started a campaign to get the highest honour in British Rugby League the Man of Steel Award to be renamed after <mask>. On 5 March 2014 the RFL announced that the Man of Steel award will be renamed after <mask> and is now known as the <mask> Man of Steel Award.Early life
<mask> was born in St. Helens, Lancashire, England on 26 December 1973. He attended De La Salle High School, and he was the son of the rugby league footballer; <mask>. <mask> was introduced to sports from an early age, often playing both football and rugby league on the same weekend. <mask> trialled with several football clubs before opting to focus on rugby league during his teens. He was playing for local amateur side Nutgrove before signing for St Helens in 1992. Club career

St Helens
Although he was initially deemed too small to make the grade by St. Helens, <mask> secured his future at the club with some impressive performances for the reserve team. He made his début for the first team in September 1993 against Leigh, and scored his first try later that year against Hull F.C.He made 15 appearances and kicked 29 goals during his début season, playing as a winger, or deputising for Dave Lyon at . Although there were still concerns about his size, he established himself as the team's first-choice fullback during the 1994–95 season, with Lyon moving to the centres. On 20 December 1994, he scored his first career hat-trick in a 50–22 victory over Batley in a Regal Trophy third-round replay. A couple of days later, he was rewarded with a new four-year contract. He was a near-ever present throughout the season, appearing 34 times and scoring 20 tries. <mask> played  in St. Helens' 16-25 defeat by Wigan in the 1995–96 Regal Trophy Final during the 1995–96 at Alfred McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield on Saturday 13 January 1996. <mask> won his first silverware during the inaugural Super League season in 1996, scoring four tries against the Sheffield Eagles in the penultimate game of the season as the club went on to secure its first league championship since 1975.He also played for St. Helens at  in the 1996 Challenge Cup Final, scoring two tries in the first seventeen minutes and helping his team to a 40–32 victory against Bradford Bulls. At the start of the following season, <mask>, who was reportedly one of the lowest-paid first team players at the club, was transfer listed at his own request after failing to negotiate an improved contract with the club. He remained in the first team however, and was part of the side that won the 1997 Challenge Cup, once again defeating Bradford Bulls in the Challenge Cup Final. The rest of <mask>'s season was interrupted by a number of injuries, and on 25 July 1997 he played what would be his last game for the club in a 70–6 defeat against World Club Challenge opponents Auckland Warriors. In November 1997, he was signed by newly promoted Hull Sharks, along with Alan Hunte and Simon Booth, for a combined transfer fee of £350,000. In his 117 games for the club, he scored 52 tries and kicked 66 goals. Hull F.C.In February 1998, <mask> made his début for Hull F.C. in the Challenge Cup against Whitehaven, and scored his first try for the club in the next round against Ellenborough Rangers. In April 1998, he scored two tries against the Sheffield Eagles in his first Super League match for the club, and became the club's regular goal-kicker later that year. In 1999's Super League IV, <mask> missed two months of the season through injury due to a dislocated elbow. With Hull F.C. struggling near the bottom of the table, and the club being unable to afford his wages, <mask> confirmed he was likely to leave when his contract expired in the winter. Hull F.C.won their last match for the season against the Sheffield Eagles, with <mask> kicking 6-goals, and finished in 13th place – one position above bottom club Huddersfield Giants due to a superior goal difference. Wakefield Trinity Wildcats
<mask> signed for Wakefield Trinity Wildcats in 2000, scoring 3 tries in 25 games, but his contract was terminated after one season to ease the club's financial problems. He subsequently rejoined Hull. In April 2001, <mask> was one of 12 former Wakefield Trinity Wildcats players to take the club to an employment tribunal claiming unfair dismissal, and was awarded compensation after the club was found to be in breach of contract. Return to Hull F.C. At the start of the 2003's Super League VIII, <mask> scored a hat trick in the opening Super League fixture against former club the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats. On 26 June 2003, two weeks after signing a new contract with Hull FC, <mask> played his last game for the club, also against the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, scoring two tries and six goals in a 44–4 win before sustaining a career-ending knee injury a week later while representing Lancashire.Despite only playing 19 games, <mask> scored 216 points – the highest total in his career that he achieved during a single season, and finished as Hull FC's second highest try scorer for the season with 18 tries. He made a total of 107 appearances and scored 56 tries during his two spells at Hull FC. Representative career
<mask> made his representative début in November 1994, playing at fullback for Great Britain's under-21 side against Australia, who were touring Great Britain and France. Despite Great Britain's heavy 54–10 defeat, <mask> was one of the players singled out for praise, having scored all of the team's points (one try and three goals). In January 1995, he was selected to represent Great Britain in the Rugby League World Sevens. He made a second appearance for the under-21s later that year in a 17–16 loss against France. In 1996, <mask> played both games for England in the European Championship, including a man of the match performance against France, scoring two tries and kicking seven goals in the 73–6 win, a then-record margin of victory for England.The 22 points scored by <mask> was also an individual record for most points scored in a single match for England until this was surpassed by Richie Myler in 2009. He also scored a try in the deciding game against Wales, helping the team finish as tournament winners with a 26–12 win. Later that year, he was selected in the squad for the Great Britain tour of Papua New Guinea, Fiji and New Zealand, but did not feature in any Test matches. In 1998, <mask> changed his international allegiance to Ireland, qualifying under the grandparent rule. He represented Ireland at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup, playing in all four of their games before being knocked out by England in the quarter-final. <mask> scored one try (in the opening game against Samoa) and kicked 17 goals during the tournament. <mask> also made one appearance for Lancashire against Yorkshire in July 2003 at Odsal Stadium.He suffered a broken kneecap during the game, which was initially expected to keep him out of action for two months. <mask> did not play again for the rest of the year, however, and required a second knee operation after suffering from discomfort when returning to pre-season training ahead of the 2004's Super League IX. In June 2004, after failing to fully recover from the injury, <mask> announced his retirement at the age of 30. Personal life
In September 2006, <mask> was diagnosed with pseudomyxoma peritonei, a rare form of cancer, and was told that he would not see his two children grow up; he was given months to live. He underwent an emergency operation in Basingstoke Hospital and a tumour was removed from his stomach. In February 2007, a charity boxing event, featuring a bout between Stuart Fielden and Lee Radford, helped raise more than £50,000 in aid of Prescott. <mask> Prescott Foundation
In August 2007, <mask> set up the <mask> Foundation, which aimed to raise funds for two organisations: Christie Hospital, a leading cancer treatment centre in Europe, and Try Assist, the Rugby Football League's benevolent fund.To raise funds, <mask> went to organise a number of charity boxing tournaments and rugby league games, with a number of <mask>'s former teammates taking part. He also took part in a series of challenges, including running in the London Marathon, and cycling from Land's End to John O'Groats while completing the National Three Peaks Challenge en route. He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours for services to rugby league and charity. Shortly after <mask>'s death in 2013, the foundation had raised almost £500,000. Death and legacy
<mask> died on 9 November 2013, more than seven years after his diagnosis with cancer. In February 2014, it was confirmed that <mask>'s former clubs, St Helens and Hull, would compete annually for the "Steve Prescott Cup" in tribute to the player. A petition with over 12,000 signatures was also sent to the Rugby Football League (RFL), calling for the Man of Steel award to be renamed in <mask>'s honour.In March 2014, the RFL officially announced that the award would be called the "<mask> Man of Steel" from the 2014 season onwards. The Saints Way Bridge at Langtree Park was also renamed the <mask> Bridge in tribute to him. Honours
Club
 Super League (1): 1996
 Challenge Cup (2): 1996, 1997

International
 European Rugby League Championship: 1996

Individual
 Rugby League Writers' Association Merit Award, 2009
 Mike Gregory Spirit of Rugby League Award, 2009
 Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), 2010
 Honorary doctorate from the University of Hull, 2011

Statistics

References

External links
Profile at saints.org.uk
(archived by web.archive.org) Ireland 2000 RLWC squad
(archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at slstats.org
 2001 Super League Team-by-team guide

1973 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from stomach cancer
England national rugby league team players
English people of Irish descent
English rugby league players
Great Britain under-21 national rugby league team players
Hull F.C. players
Ireland national rugby league team players
Lancashire rugby league team players
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league players from St Helens, Merseyside
St Helens R.F.C. players
Wakefield Trinity players

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was the 60th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. <mask>'s reign spanned the years from 897 through 930. He is named after his place of burial. Genealogy

<mask> was the eldest son of his predecessor, Emperor Uda. His mother was Fujiwara no Taneko (or Inshi), daughter of the minister of the center, Fujiwara no Takafuji. He succeeded the throne at the young age after his father, the Emperor Uda, abdicated in 897. His mother died before his ascension, so he was raised by another Uda consort, Fujiwara no Onshi, daughter of the former kampaku Fujiwara no Mototsune.<mask>'s grandfather, Emperor Kōkō, had demoted his sons from the rank of imperial royals to that of subjects in order to reduce the state expenses, as well as their political influence; in addition, they were given a family name Minamoto. As such, <mask> was not born as a royalty and was named Minamoto no Korezane (源維城) until 887, when <mask>'s father, Minamoto no Sadami (formerly Prince Sadami), was once again promoted to the Imperial Prince and the heir to the throne. Afterwards, his personal name (imina) was changed to  or Ono-tei before his ascension of the Chrysanthemum Throne. <mask> had 21 empresses, imperial consorts, and concubines; he had 36 imperial sons and daughters. Events of <mask>'s life
The era name was changed in 898 to mark the beginning of Emperor <mask>'s reign. The highlight of <mask>'s 34-year reign was that he ruled by himself without the regency of the Fujiwara clan, though he himself was part Fujiwara. August 4, 897 (Kanpyō 9, 3rd day of the 7th month ): In the 10th year of Uda-tennō 's reign (宇多天皇十年), Emperor Uda abdicated; and his eldest son received the succession ("senso").August 14, 897 (Kanpyō 9, 13th day of the 7th month): Emperor <mask> formally acceded to the throne (sokui). December 7, 899 (Shōtai 2, 1st day of the 11th month): The sun entered into the winter solstice, and all the great officials of the empire presented themselves in <mask>'s court. February 2, 900 (Shōtai 3, 3rd day of the 1st month):  <mask> went to visit his father in the place Uda had chosen to live after the abdication. 900 (Shōtai 3, 10th month): The former Emperor Uda traveled to  in what is now Wakayama prefecture to the south of Osaka. He visited the temples on the slopes of the mountain. January 23, 901 (Engi 1, 1st day of the 1st month): There was an eclipse of the sun. 901 (Engi 1, 1st month): The Sugawara Michizane "incident" developed, but more details cannot be known because <mask> ordered that diaries and records from this period be burned.906 (Engi 5, 4th month): Ki-no Tsurayuki presented the emperor with the compilation of the Kokin Wakashū, a collection of waka poetry. 909 (Engi 9, 4th month ):  The sadaijin Fujiwara no Tokihira died at the age of 39. He was honored with the posthumous title of regent. 929 (Enchō 7, 8th month): Floods devastated the country and many perished. July 21, 930 (Enchō 8, 26th day of the 6th month): A huge black storm cloud traveled from the slopes of Mt. Atago to Heian-kyō accompanied by frightful thunder. Lightning struck the Imperial Palace.Both Senior Counselor Fuijwara-no Kiyotsura (also known as Miyoshi no Kiyoyuki) and Middle Controller of the Right Taira-no Mareyo and many other subaltern officers were killed and their bodies were consumed in the subsequent fires. The deaths were construed as an act of revenge by the unsettled spirit of the late Sugawara Michizane. October 16, 930 (Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 9th month): In the 34th year of <mask>-tennō 's reign (醍醐天皇34年), the emperor fell ill and, fearing that he might not survive, <mask> abdicated. At this point, the succession (senso) was said to have been received by his son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Suzaku is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui). October 23, 930 (Enchō 8, 29th day of the 9th month): Emperor <mask> entered the Buddhist priesthood in the very early morning hours. As a monk, he took the Buddhist name Hō-kongō and, shortly thereafter, he died at the age of 46.This monk was buried in the precincts of Daigo-ji, which is why the former-emperor's posthumous name became <mask>-tennō. <mask> also ordered construction of several halls in the Daigo-ji, such as the Yakushi hall. The actual site of <mask>'s grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as <mask>'s mausoleum. It is formally named Nochi no Yamashina no misasagi in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto. Kugyō
 is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During <mask>'s reign, this apex of the  Daijō-kan included:
 Sesshō, Fujiwara no Tokihira (藤原時平), 909. Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Tokihira 871–909. Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Tadahira (藤原忠平), 880–949. Udaijin, Sugawara no Michizane (菅原道真), 845–901. Udaijin, Minamoto no Hikaru (源光), 845–913.Udaijin, Fujiwara no Tadahira. Udaijin, Fujiwara no Sadakata (藤原定方), 873–932. Naidaijin, Fujiwara no Takafuji (藤原高藤), 838–900. Dainagon

Eras of <mask>'s reign
The years of Diago's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. Court Attendant (Koui): Princess Manshi (満子女王; d.920), Prince Sukemi's daughter
Eighth daughter: Imperial Princess Shūshi (修子内親王; d.933), married to Imperial Prince Motoyoshi
Eleventh daughter: Imperial Princess Fushi (普子内親王; 910–947), married to Minamoto no Kiyohira, later to Fujiwara no Toshitsura

Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Yoshihime (藤原淑姫; d.948), Sangi Fujiwara no Sugane's daughter
Eleventh Son: Imperial Prince Kaneakira (兼明親王; 914–987), also called saki no chūshoō (前中書王). Chūshoō means Nakatsukasa-kyō (中務卿). Son: Minamoto no Yoriakira (源自明; 911–958)
Ninth Son: Imperial Prince Nagaakira (長明親王; 913–953)
Sixteenth Daughter: Imperial Princess Hideko/Eishi (英子内親王; 921–946), 29th Saiō in Ise Shrine 946, but she didn't go to Ise because of her death.Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Kuwako (藤原桑子), Chūnagon Fujiwara no Kanesuke’s daughter
Thirteenth Son: Imperial Prince Akiakira (章明親王; 924–990)

Court Attendant (Koui): Chūjō-Koui (中将更衣), Fujiwara no Korehira's daughter
Minamoto no Tameakira (源為明; 927–961)

Court Attendant (Koui): Minamoto no Toshimi's daughter
Minamoto no Nobuakira (源允明; 919–942)

Court Attendant (Koui): Minamoto Kiyoko (源清子)

Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara Doshi (藤原同子)

Court Attendant (Koui): Minamoto Haruko (源暖子)

Unknown
Minamoto no Genshi (源厳子; b.916)

Ancestry

See also
 Emperor of Japan
 List of Emperors of Japan
 Imperial cult

Notes

References
 Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ;  OCLC 251325323
 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan.Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou,  Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
 Varley, H. Paul. (1980).Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ;  OCLC 59145842

External links
Imperial Household Agency webpage on mausoleum

Japanese emperors
885 births
930 deaths
10th-century rulers in Asia
9th-century rulers in Asia
9th-century Japanese monarchs
10th-century Japanese monarchs
Japanese retired emperors
Heian period Buddhist clergy

masks: Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo


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Mirza Taghi Khan-e Farahani (), better known as <mask> (, 9 January 1807 – 10 January 1852), also known by the title of <mask>-e Nezam, was chief minister to Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (Shah of Persia) for the first three years of his reign. He is widely considered to be "Iran's first reformer", a modernizer who was "unjustly struck down" as he attempted to bring "gradual reform" to Iran. As the prime minister, he also ordered the killing of many Babis and the execution of the founder of the movement, the Báb. In the last years of his life he was exiled to Fin Garden in Kashan and was murdered by command of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar on 10 January 1852. Background and achievements

Early career

<mask> was born in Hazaveh in the Arak district, in what is now Markazi Province of Iran. His father, Karbalaʾi Mohammad Qorban, entered the service of Mirza Abu'l-Qasim Farahani Qa'im Maqam of Farahan as cook, and when Mirza Bozorg was appointed chief minister to ʿAbbas Mirza, the crown prince, in Tabriz, Karbalaʾi Qorban accompanied him there, taking his son with him. <mask> first assisted his father in performing domestic duties in the household of Mirza Bozorg, who saw signs of unusual talent in the boy and had him study with his own children.Mirza Bozorg died in 1237/1822 and was succeeded in the post of minister to the crown prince by his son, Mirza Abu’l-Qasem Qaʾem-maqam. Under the son's aegis, <mask> entered government service, being appointed first to the post of lashkarnevis [military registrar] for the army of Azerbaijan. In 1251/1835, he was promoted to the position of mostofi-ye nezam, becoming responsible for supervising the finances of the army of Azerbaijan; several years later he was put in charge of the same army’s provisions, financing, and organization with the title of vazir-e nezam. During his tenure, <mask> participated in many missions abroad. He spent almost four years in Erzurum, part of a commission to delineate the Ottoman-Iranian frontier. He resisted attempts to exclude Mohammareh (present-day Khorramshahr) from Iranian sovereignty and to make Iran pay compensation for its military incursions into the area of Solaymaniyeh. In this, he acted independently of the central government in Tehran, which not only failed to formulate a consistent policy vis-à-vis the Ottomans but also opposed most of <mask>’s initiatives.Although a form of treaty was concluded between Iran and the Ottoman state, the borders had still not been delineated when the Crimean War erupted and the British and Russian mediators, now at war with one another, withdrew. <mask> nonetheless acquired first-hand knowledge of the procedures of international diplomacy and of the aims and policies of Britain and Russia with respect to Iran. This helped him in the elaboration of his own distinct policies toward the two powers when he became chief minister. Moreover, his years in Erzurum fell during the Ottoman military and administrative reforms known as the Tanzimat. Some awareness of these reached <mask> in Erzurum and inspired in him at least one aspect of his policy as chief minister: the elimination of clerical influence upon affairs of state. When explaining to the British consul at Tabriz in 1265/1849 his own determination to make the authority of the state paramount, he said, “The Ottoman government was able to begin reviving its power only after breaking the power of the mullahs”. Reforms of the army

<mask> returned to Tabriz in 1263/1847.A year later, while retaining the post and title of vazir-e nezam, he was appointed lala-bashi or chief tutor to the crown prince Naser-al-din, who was still only fifteen years of age. Soon after, in Shawwal, 1264/September, 1848, Mohammad Shah died, and Naser-al-din had to proceed to Tehran and assume the throne. But his minister, Mirza Fathallah Nasir-al-molk ʿAliabadi, was unable to procure the necessary funds, so Naser-al-din had recourse to <mask>, who made the necessary arrangements. Naser-al-din’s confidence in <mask> increased, and shortly after leaving Tabriz, he awarded him the rank of amir-e nezam, with full responsibility for the whole Iranian army. After arriving in Tehran, he also appointed him chief minister (shakhs-e avval-e Iran), with the supplementary titles of amir-e kabir and atabak (Ḏu’l-qaʿda, 1264/October, 1848). The former title came to be his common designation; the latter, used for the first time since the Saljuq period, referred to the tutorial relationship between the minister and his young master. His appointment as the chief minister aroused resentment, particularly the queen mother and other princes, who resented <mask>’s reduction of their spending and allowances.The intrigues of his opponents resulted in a mutiny of a company of Azerbaijani troops garrisoned in Tehran; but with the cooperation of Mirza Abu’l-Qasem Imam of Friday Prayer in Tehran, who ordered the merchants of Tehran to close the bazaar and arm themselves, the mutiny was soon quelled, and <mask> resumed his duties. More severe disorder prevailed in a number of provincial cities, especially Mashhad. Toward the end of the reign of Mohammad Shah, Hamza Mirza Heshmat-al-doleh was appointed governor of Khorasan, but he found his authority disputed by Hasan Khan Salar, who, with the help of some local chieftains, had rebelled against the central government (1262/1846). Hamza Mirza abandoned Mashad to Hasan Khan and fled to Herat. <mask> sent two armies against Hasan Khan, the second of which, commanded by Soltan Morad Mirza, defeated his forces and captured him. <mask> had him executed (1266/1850), together with one of his sons and one of his brothers, a punishment of unprecedented severity for such provincial resistance to central authority, and a clear sign of <mask>’s intention to assert the prerogatives of the state. Administrative reforms
With order reestablished in the provinces, <mask> turned to a wide variety of administrative, cultural, and economic reforms that were the major achievement of his brief ministry.His most immediate success was the vaccination of Iranians against smallpox, saving the lives of many thousands if not millions. Faced with an empty treasury on his arrival in Tehran, he first set about balancing the state budget by attempting to increase the sources of revenue and to decrease state expenditure. To aid him in the task, he set up a budgetary committee headed by Mirza Yusof Mostofi-al-mamalek that estimated the deficiency in the budget at one million Iranian toman. <mask> thereupon decided to reduce drastically the salaries of the civil service, often by half, and to eliminate a large number of stipends paid to pensioners who did little or no governmental work. This measure increased his unpopularity with many influential figures and thus contributed to his ultimate disgrace and death. At the same time he strove to collect overdue taxes from provincial governors and tribal chieftains by dispatching assessors and collectors to every province of the country. The collection of customs duties, previously farmed out to individuals, was now made the direct responsibility of the central government, and the Caspian fisheries, an important source of revenue, were recovered from a Russian monopoly and contracted out to Iranians.The administration of the royal lands (khalesajat) came under review, and the income derived from them was more closely supervised than before. Yield and productivity, not area, were established as the basis of tax assessment for other lands, and previously dead lands were brought under cultivation. These various measures for the encouragement of agriculture and industry also benefited the treasury by raising the level of national prosperity and hence taxability. Of particular interest is the care shown by <mask> for the economic development of Khuzestan (then known as ʿArabestan), identified by him as an area of strategic importance, given its location at the head of the Persian Gulf, and also of potential prosperity. He introduced the planting of sugarcane to the province, built the Naseri dam on the river Karkheh and a bridge at Shushtar, and laid plans for the development of Mohammara. He also took steps to promote the planting of American cotton near Tehran and Urmia. Dar al-Fanun and cultural achievements

Among the various measures enacted by <mask>, the foundation of the Darolfonun, in Tehran was possibly the most lasting in its effects.Decades later, many parts of this establishment were turned into the University of Tehran, with the remaining becoming Darolfonun Secondary School. The initial purpose of the institution was to train officers and civil servants to pursue the regeneration of the state that <mask>bir had begun, but as the first educational institution giving instruction in modern learning, it had far wider impact. Among the subjects taught were medicine, surgery, pharmacology, natural history, mathematics, geology, and natural science. The instructors were for the most part Austrians, recruited in Vienna by Daʾud Khan, an Assyrian who had become acquainted with <mask> during the work of the Ottoman–Iranian border commission. By the time the instructors arrived in Tehran in Moharram, 1268/November, 1851, <mask> had already been dismissed, and it fell to Daʾud Khan to receive them. The Austrian instructors initially knew no Persian, so interpreters had to be employed to assist in the teaching; but some among them soon learned Persian well enough to compose textbooks in the language on various natural sciences. These were to influence the evolution of a more simple and effective prose style in Persian than had previously existed.Dar ul-Funun had large fluctuations in its enrollment, primarily due to the Shah's fluctuating commitment in funding put into the institution. A clear decline in investment was

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 apparent when a visitor reported in 1870 that seventy students and only a single European instructor were enrolled at the institution. Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri, <mask>'s successor, sought to persuade Naser-al-din Shah to abrogate the whole project, but the Darolfonun, soon became a posthumous monument to its founder. <mask> made a second indirect contribution to the elaboration of Persian as a modern medium with his foundation of the newspaper Vaqayeʿ-ye Ettefaqiyeh, which survived under different titles until the reign of Mozaffar-al-din Shah. A minimum circulation was ensured by requiring every official earning more than 2,000 rials a year to subscribe. In founding the journal <mask> hoped to give greater effect to government decrees by bringing them to the attention of the public; thus the text of the decree forbidding the levying of soyursat was published in the third tissue of the paper. He also wished to educate its readers in the world’s political and scientific developments; among the items reported in the first year of publication were the struggles of Mazzini against the Habsburg Empire, the drawing up of the Suez Canal project, the invention of the balloon, a census of England, and the doings of cannibals in Borneo.All of the measures enumerated so far had as their purpose the creation of a well-ordered and prosperous country, with undisputed authority exercised by the central government. This purpose was in part frustrated by the Ulema, who throughout the Qajar period disputed the legitimacy of the state and often sought to exercise an independent and rival authority. <mask> took a variety of steps designed to curb their influence, above all in the sphere of law. He sought initially to supersede the sharʿ courts in the capital by sitting in judgment himself on cases brought before him; he abandoned the attempt when he realized that the inadequacy of his juridical knowledge had caused him to pronounce incorrect verdicts. Then he established indirect control over the sharʿ courts by giving prominence to one of them that enjoyed his special favor and by assigning the divan-khana, the highest instance of ʿorf jurisdiction, a more prominent role. All cases were to be referred to it before being passed on to a sharʿ court of the state’s choosing, and any verdict the sharʿ court then reached was valid only if endorsed by the divan-khaneh. In addition, any case involving a member of the non- Muslim minorities belonged exclusively to the jurisdiction of the divan-khana.Not content with thus circumscribing the prerogatives of the sharʿ courts, <mask> took stringent measures against sharʿ judges found guilty of bribery or dishonesty; thus Molla ʿAbd-al-Rahim Borujerdi was expelled from Tehran when he offered to settle a case involving one of <mask>'s servants to the liking of the minister. <mask> also sought to reduce clerical power by restricting the ability of the ulema to grant refuge (bast), in their residences and mosques. In 1266/1850, bast was abolished, for example, at the Masjed-e Shah in Tehran, although it was restored after the downfall of <mask>. In Tabriz, prolonged efforts were made to preserve bast at various mosques in the city, and recourse was even had to the alleged miracle of a cow that twice escaped the slaughterhouse by running into the shrine known as Boqʿa-ye Saheb-al-amr. The immediate instigators of the "miracle" were brought to Tehran, and soon after the emam-e jomʿa and shaykh-al-eslam of Tabriz, who had reduced civil government in the city to virtual impotence, were expelled. Less capable of fulfillment was <mask>'s desire to prohibit the taziyeh, the Shia "passion play" enacted in Moharram, as well as the public self-flagellation that took place during the mourning season. He obtained the support of several ulema in his attempt to prohibit these rites, but was obliged to relent in the face of strong opposition, particularly from Isfahan and Azerbaijan.Minorities
<mask> took a largely benevolent interest in the non-Muslim minorities of Iran, though in order to further his desire of strengthening the state. In Erzurum he had learned how European powers intervened in Ottoman affairs on the pretext of "protecting" the Christian minorities, and there were indications that Britain, Russia, and France hoped for similar benefits from the Assyrians and Armenians of Iran. He moved therefore to remove any possible grievances and hence any need for a foreign "protector." He exempted the priests of all denominations from taxation, and gave material support to Christian schools in Azerbaijan and Isfahan. In addition, he established a close relationship with the Zoroastrians of Yazd, and gave strict orders to the governor of the city that they not be molested or subjected to arbitrary taxes. He also forbade attempts made in Shushtar to convert forcibly the Mandaean community to Islam. Foreign policy
The foreign policy of <mask> was as innovative as his internal policies.He has been credited with pioneering the policy of "negative equilibrium," (giving concessions to neither Britain nor Russia) that was to later prove influential in Iranian foreign affairs. He thus abrogated the agreement whereby the Russians were to operate a trade center and hospital in Astarabad, and attempted to put an end to the Russian occupation of Ashuradeh, an island in the southeastern corner of the Caspian Sea, as well as the anchorage rights enjoyed by Russian ships in the lagoon of Anzali. In the south of Iran he made similar efforts to restrict British influence in the Persian Gulf, and denied Britain the right to stop Iranian ships in the Persian Gulf on the pretext of looking for slaves. It is not surprising that he frequently clashed with Dolgorukiy and Sheil, the representatives of Russia and Britain in Tehran. In order to counteract British and Russian influence, he sought to establish relations with powers without direct interests in Iran, notably Austria and the United States. It may finally be noted that he set up a counter-espionage organization that had agents in the Russian and British embassies. Suppression of Bábís and execution of the Báb
<mask> regarded the followers of Bábism, the predecessor of the Baháʼí Faith, as a threat and repressed them.He suppressed the Babi upheavals of 1848-51 and personally ordered the execution of the Seven Martyrs of Tehran and the execution of The Báb, the movement's founder. `Abdu'l-Bahá referred to <mask> as the greatest of the religion's oppressors. Dismissal and execution

From the start, <mask>'s policies incited animosity within the influential circles of Iranian elite – most notably the inner circle of the monarchy whose pensions and income were slashed by his financial reforms. He was also later opposed by those who envied him his numerous posts; they were backed strongly by foreign powers, whose influence had greatly diminished under his leadership. A coalition was thus formed among this opposition whose prominent members consisted of the Queen Mother, Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri (<mask>’s lieutenant, reputedly Anglophile), and Mirza Yusuf Khan Ashtiyani (the Court's chief accountant, reputedly Russophile). As the adolescent Nasir al-Din Shah began to exert his own independence in government, he was strongly influenced by the Queen Mother. Through her influence, <mask> was demoted solely to the chief of the army and replaced by Nuri as the premier.This transition marked a rejection "of … reformist measures in favor of the traditional practices of government." The power struggle in government finally resulted in his arrest and expulsion from the capital under continued Russian and British interference. <mask> was sent to Kashan under duress and kept in isolation by the Shah's decree. His execution was ordered six weeks later after the Queen Mother and his executioner, Ali Khan Farash-bashi, had convinced the King that <mask> would soon be granted protection by the Russians – possibly allowing him to make an attempt to regain control of the government by force. The young Shah may have been inclined to believe these accusations because of the arrogance and disdain for protocol that <mask> had shown since the beginning of his government career in Tabriz. <mask> was murdered in Kashan on 10 January 1852. With him, many believe, died the prospect of an independent Iran led by meritocracy rather than nepotism.Legacy
Among his Iranian contemporaries <mask> received praise from several poets of the age, notably Sorush and Qaʾani, but his services to Iran remained generally unappreciated in the Qajar period. Modern Iranian historiography has done him more justice, depicting him as one of the few capable and honest statesmen to emerge in the Qajar period and the progenitor of various political and social changes that came about half a century later. Contemporary Legacy
 <mask> Dam, inaugurated in 1961, is named after him. Tehran Polytechnic, established in 1958, was renamed Amirkabir University of Technology after him in 1979. <mask>kabir, a well-known publisher founded in 1949. In fiction
 <mask> Farahani is portrayed by actor Dariush Arjmand in Mohsen Makhmalbaf's movie Nasereddin Shah, Actor-e Cinema. He is also portrayed by Saeed Nikpour in the Iranian television series <mask> Kabir.He is also portrayed by Naser Malek Motiee in Iranian television series Soltan-e Sahebgharan. See also
List of prime ministers of Iran
Military history of Iran
Prime Minister of Iran
Dapir

References and notes

 <mask> and Iran' by Fereydun Adamiyat, Tehran, Kharazmi Publishing, 1354/1975. 1807 births
1852 deaths
Executed Iranian people
Executed politicians
People from Markazi Province
Prime Ministers of Iran
People executed by Qajar Iran
19th-century executions by Iran
Foreign ministers of Iran
19th-century Iranian people
People of Qajar Iran
People from Arak,

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<mask> was a Russian Latvian anarchist, a member of the Anarchist Red Cross, and editor of Emma Goldman's Mother Earth Bulletin in New York. <mask> became well known outside anarchist circles in 1914 after a premature bomb explosion at her New York City apartment (known as the Lexington Avenue bombing), which killed four persons and destroyed part of the building. Early life
<mask> was born in Latvia in the 1890s. Around 1905, she left Latvia for Western Europe. In Hamburg, Germany she met two other Latvian Anarchist Red Cross members, Charles Berg and Carl Hanson (her stepbrother), and accompanied them to New York City in 1911. When the three arrived in New York, the three joined the Lettish (Latvian) Anarchist Group, an organization primarily devoted to the publication and dissemination of anarchist literature. However, when a number of comrades organized a Lettish Anarchist Red Cross in December 1913, the three became some of its first members.Tarrytown and the Lexington Avenue Bombing
During this same period, <mask>, Berg, and Hanson also became active in anarchist labor rights groups and the Anti-Military League. Most of these organizations used the Ferrer Center at their hub for activities. Here individuals like Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman, Luigi Galleani, and members of the Anarchist Red Cross and the Industrial Workers of the World spent a great deal of their time. During these meetings, plans were made to stage protests at the Tarrytown, New York estate of Standard Oil magnate John D. Rockefeller, owner of the Ludlow mines in Colorado. The Ludlow Massacre in Colorado and police dispersal of the Tarrytown protests enraged most radicals. In June, members of the Lettish Anarchist Red Cross, including Berg, Hanson, <mask>, and IWW member Arthur Caron began plotting a bomb attack to assassinate Rockefeller. Berg, Hanson, and Caron began to collect dynamite from various sources, storing it in <mask>'s apartment on New York's Lexington Avenue.Meetings were held at the Ferrer Center, where the conspirators devised a plan in which Berg, Hanson, and Caron would to plant a bomb at Rockefeller's home in Tarrytown. The plot was scheduled for July 3, but for reasons unknown, the plan was called off at the last moment. The three men returned to <mask>'s apartment from Tarrytown with bomb in hand. At 9 a.m. on July 4, 1914, <mask> left her apartment and walked to the office of the Anarchist newspaper known as the Mother Earth Bulletin, where she worked as an editor alongside Alexander Berkman. It has been assumed by some who knew her that <mask> was going there to inform Berkman that the bomb had been readjusted and was ready. At 9:15 an explosion occurred from <mask>'s apartment at 1626 Lexington Avenue. Passers-by witnessed a shower of debris and rubble fall into the street.Jack Isaacson, a newspaper editor who lived around the corner from <mask>, recalled a man's arm falling from the Lexington Avenue building into the street in front of him. The three upper floors of the building were wrecked, while debris showered rooftops and the streets below. Large pieces of furniture were thrown hundreds of feet in the air by the blast. The bomb had exploded prematurely, killing Carl Hanson, Charles Berg and Arthur Caron. A fourth person, Marie Chavez, was also killed. The blast threw Caron's body onto the mangled and twisted fire escape. The mutilated bodies of Marie Chavez and Hanson were found inside of the apartment.The blast had torn the body of Charles Berg into pieces, which were seen by spectators being thrown through the air onto the streets. In total, twenty other people were injured, seven of them severely enough to be hospitalized. Another man, an IWW member named Mike Murphy, was spending the night in the apartment, when the explosion occurred. Berkman and <mask> attended the men's funerals. Berkman would later state that the Lexington Avenue explosion was the most meaningful anarchist event since the Haymarket riot. On July 20, 1914 <mask> and two other women visited jailed hunger striker Rebecca Edelsohn, who was protesting her confinement for failure to pay a $300 fine for speaking disrespectfully of the American flag. The Manifesto and life in Soviet Russia
<mask> remained active in the United States anarchist movement for three more years.In 1917, after the October Revolution in Russia, she decided to leave the United States to return to her homeland and assist in the worker's revolution. Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman had recently finished compiling a communique to their comrades in Russia titled Manifesto to the Russian Workers, Peasants, and Soldiers! to explain the state of the U.S. antiwar movement, in particular the recent imprisonment of Thomas Mooney and Warren Billings, convicted of the Preparedness Day bombings of 1916. Goldman and Berkman entrusted <mask>, (according to Goldman, one of "our closest and most dependable friends") with a copy of the manifesto to take with her on her journey to Russia. <mask> sailed from New York in August 1917 bound for Russia, along with journalist John Reed and several other prominent radicals. On the voyage out she met another returnee, Senya Fleshin, and became his lover. Back in Russia, <mask> and Fleshin rejoined other anarchists participating in the revolution.She eventually parted with Fleshin and traveled to Odessa, where she reportedly carried out "bank expropriations" as an armed robber (naletchiki) during the chaos of the Revolution. According to one source, she fell ill and died during the typhus epidemic that swept Russia in 1920 and 1921. Another source claims that she was liquidated along with other anarchists by Bolshevik Cheka or Red Army security forces during the Trotskyist campaign against 'anarcho-bandits' and other dissident movements. See also
Anarchist Red Cross
Emma Goldman
Mother Earth (magazine)

Notes

Sources

Avrich, Paul, The Modern School Movement, AK Press (2005)
Avrich, Paul, Sacco and Vanzetti: the Anarchist Background, Princeton University Press (1991)
Avrich, Paul, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History, Princeton University Press (1996)
Goldman, Emma, Living My Life, 1st ed., New York: Alfred A. Knopf (1931), p. 597. 1890s births
1920s deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
Anarcho-communists
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Latvian anarchists
Latvian revolutionaries
Lexington Avenue explosion

masks:
Louise Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger
Louise Berger
Berger
Louise Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger
Louise Berger
Louise Berger
Berger
Berger


texts:
<mask> (May 25, 1919 – June 10, 1995) was an American sportscaster best known for his long career calling play-by-play of college football and New York Mets baseball. <mask> spent 17 years with the Mets and three years with the San Francisco Giants. For 33 years <mask> covered college football, including 26 Cotton Bowls, five Sugar Bowls, four Rose Bowls, and 14 years announcing syndicated Notre Dame games. He is in 13 separate Halls of Fame. Fans remember a talented broadcaster, an expert storyteller, and a true sports enthusiast. From his colorful jackets to his equally colorful broadcasts and enthusiastic manner of speaking, <mask> established himself as one of the industry's leading sportscasters. Early life
<mask> was born on May 25, 1919, in Pulaski, Tennessee, the third child of Jon and <mask>.He graduated from Columbia Central High School in Columbia. He graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1941, taught English, and then served in the U.S. Army, where he was a captain in North Africa and Europe during World War II. He also served as a war correspondent and public relations specialist, and played on an Army baseball team managed by Harry "The Hat" Walker. Career
<mask> broke into broadcasting in 1948 following a short career as a reporter in Columbia, Tennessee, for the Columbia Daily Herald newspaper. <mask> then returned to his alma mater in Knoxville, Tennessee to create and become the first play-by-play announcer for the Vol Network, broadcasting the college football games of the Tennessee Volunteers. Affectionately known as "Mr. New Year's Day," <mask> subsequently did the play-by-play of the Cotton Bowl Classic for 26 seasons on CBS television, where he earned widespread recognition for his Tennessee drawl and signature opening greeting: "Happy New Year; this is <mask> in the Cotton Bowl in Dallas." He also called many Army–Navy Games for CBS, including the 1963 contest in which instant replay was first introduced.(After the initial replay, it fell to <mask> to reassure viewers that Army had not scored again.) For 14 years <mask> was the syndicated television voice of Notre Dame football, and he also called the Mutual Broadcasting System's Monday night radio broadcasts of NFL games from 1974 to 1977, in addition to NFL games for CBS television for many years. <mask> began his national baseball broadcast career as one of Gordon McLendon's radio announcers for the Liberty Broadcasting System, which primarily did recreations of games. After a stretch as an administrator with NBC Sports, he began doing the network's baseball broadcasts in . He also broadcast college football, NBA and college basketball, and professional golf and tennis during his NBC tenure. New York Mets
In , he was hired as the lead broadcaster by the expansion New York Mets, and for the next 17 seasons did both radio and television with Ralph Kiner and Bob Murphy. <mask> and Murphy were eventually honored with the Ford C. Frick Award, presented annually to an announcer for "major contributions to baseball" during a ceremony at the Baseball Hall of Fame.While with the Mets, <mask> made the first (and only) radio broadcast of a baseball game from directly above the field. On April 28, 1965, <mask> accompanied the team to the Houston Astrodome for their game against the Astros, and his producer noticed that there was a gondola suspended from the ceiling; <mask> and a broadcast executive agreed to be hoisted in the gondola to a point 208 feet above second base, and called the play-by-play, though as <mask> described it, "At first, I couldn't see anything except a lot of tiny figures. Everybody looked the same height... You couldn't tell a line drive from a pop fly." The Mets lost, 12-9, and <mask> declined to repeat the stunt. When Chicago White Sox pitcher and former Mets ace Tom Seaver went for his 300th victory in August 1985 against the host New York Yankees, the Yankees TV flagship station WPIX had <mask> call the final half-inning of Seaver's history-making win. San Francisco Giants
In  <mask> moved on to the San Francisco Giants, for whom he worked three seasons. He also worked with CBS Radio broadcasts of Major League Baseball in .He is remembered for being the announcer during the first NFL game on CBS to use "instant replay", which he had to explain repeatedly during the game, reminding viewers that "this is not live." Honors
<mask>'s honors and awards include induction into the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association Hall of Fame in Salisbury, North Carolina in 1979; the New York Mets Hall of Fame in ; the American Sportscasters Association Hall of Fame in 1986; the Tuss McLaughry Service Award for sports broadcasting in 1988; the Ford C. Frick Award from the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988; the Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award from the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1990; and many more. He was awarded an Emmy Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1991. <mask> was inducted into the University of Tennessee, Knoxville Army ROTC Hall of Fame in 2021. He is a member of the 2020 Class. The Tennessee Volunteers baseball team's home field was named <mask> Stadium after him. Personal life and retirement
Television broadcasts featuring <mask> were notable for his multi-colored plaid sports jackets.He reportedly owned 335 of them at one time. During a broadcast, his jackets often clashed with the set and produced a scintillation effect in the broadcast image. But he figured that if fans could see rather than just hear broadcasts, he might as well give them something interesting to talk about. <mask>'s television fashion sense was an inspiration for Jim Brockmire, the title character played by Hank Azaria in the IFC series. After his retirement from active broadcasting, he moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, to an apartment across the Tennessee River from the University of Tennessee campus from which he had a view of Neyland Stadium, the Vols' home field. He wrote an autobiographical memoir entitled Hello Everybody, I'm <mask>, his landmark opening phrase. <mask> died of Parkinson's disease at age 76 on June 10, 1995, in Atlanta, Georgia.He is buried in Polk Memorial Gardens in Columbia. His wife, Mickie, died in 1973. They had two daughters, Nancy and Sharon. References

External links
<mask> Ford C. Frick Award biography at the National Baseball Hall of Fame
<mask> 1986 Interview via YouTube

1919 births
1995 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
American radio sports announcers
American television sports announcers
Chicago Bears announcers
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
Dallas Cowboys announcers
Neurological disease deaths in Georgia (U.S. state)
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Ford C. Frick Award recipients
Golf writers and broadcasters
Tennis commentators
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League announcers
New York Mets announcers
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football announcers
People from Atlanta
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
People from Pulaski, Tennessee
Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award recipients
San Francisco Giants announcers
Tennessee Volunteers basketball announcers
Tennessee Volunteers football announcers
University of Tennessee alumni
United States Army officers

masks:
Lindsey Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Asie Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Lindsey Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Lindsey Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Lindsey Nelson
Nelson
Lindsey Nelson
Lindsey Nelson


texts:
<mask>. (1880 – September 11, 1965), also known as "Fighting Bob", was an American evangelist and political figure. His radio broadcasts from his Southern Methodist church in Los Angeles, California, during the 1920s and early 1930s attracted a large audience and also drew controversy with his attacks on politicians and police officials. In 1931, the Federal Radio Commission revoked <mask>'s broadcast license due to his outspoken views. He ran for the United States Senate in 1932 on the Prohibition Party ticket and attracted more than 500,000 votes. Early years
Born in a log cabin in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Tennessee, <mask> graduated from Emory and Henry College in 1903 and was ordained in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. He served as a pastor at churches in Virginia, Tennessee and Texas before moving west to California. Pastor at Trinity Methodist Church in Los Angeles
It was in California that <mask> gained fame as the fiery pastor of Trinity Methodist Church, located at 1201 S. Flower St. in Downtown Los Angeles, from 1920 until 1953.<mask> acquired a wide following for his sermons and broadcasts in which he "thundered weekly against civic and moral evils", including gamblers, bootleggers, grafters, and above all corrupt politicians and police officials. From 1926-1932, Shuler operated radio station KGEF, which he said stood for "Keep God Ever First". He built the radio station at the site of Trinity Methodist Church, using funds donated by Methodist philanthropist Lizzie Glide, who also funded San Francisco's famous Glide Memorial Church. <mask> also published a magazine under the name <mask>'s Magazine. At his peak, <mask>'s congregation had 5,000 members, and his radio broadcasts reportedly had an audience of 600,000 Southern Californians and were heard from Mexico to Canada. American Mercury wrote that Shuler had "built up the greatest political and social power ever wielded by a man of God since the days of Savonarola in Florence." One historical account described Shuler's influence as follows:

Hyperbole aside, in the late 1920s and early 1930s, 'Fighting Bob' operated the most controversial religious radio station of all time.Politicians feared him, criminals avoided him, newspapers deplored him, and many ministers criticized him. But the public loved him, turning Shuler into a folk hero. <mask>'s controversial broadcasts included attacks on the president of the University of Southern California, for permitting evolution to be taught. In June 1930, the Los Angeles Times published a lengthy feature story about Shuler under the headline: "Champion 'Ag'inner' of Universe Is Shuler: Belligerent Local Pastor Holds All Records for Attacks Upon Everybody, Everything." The Times wrote: "Unless you have been attacked by Rev. 'Bob' <mask>, pastor of Trinity Methodist Church South, via radio, magazine, pulpit or pamphlet (25 cents per copy) you don't amount to much in Los Angeles." Shuler's targets included the Los Angeles Public Library (for carrying books not fit to be read even in "heathen China or anarchistic Russia"), the YWCA (for conducting dances for girls "until the early hours of Sunday morning"), and other evangelists, including Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple <mask>.Crusade against vice
<mask> used his pulpit to make popular attacks on corruption in city government, the spread of vice and crime in the city, and abuses by the police department. <mask> made common cause with other reform-minded Protestant clergy (in a city that was predominantly Protestant), becoming president of the Ministerial Union. Schuler and other Protestant ministers active in the reform and anti-vice movements had applied direct political pressure on both the mayor and the Chief of Police. In 1923, <mask> went after Chief Louis D. Oaks of the Los Angeles Police Department. Sworn to uphold the law, including Prohibition, Oaks had a reputation as a hard-drinking womanizer who once was arrested in the backseat of an auto in the company of a half-naked woman and a bottle of contraband whiskey by San Bernardino. <mask> staked out a speakeasy and caught Chief Oaks leaving the establishment in an inebriated state accompanied by two women, neither of whom were his wife. After revealing publicly what he had seen (drinking being a crime during Prohibition), Oaks was ousted by Los Angeles Mayor George E. Cryer.In 1929, <mask> focused his attacks on Cryer himself, whom <mask> branded as a "grafter" and the "chief exploiter", and whom he linked to the city's vice kingpin Charles H. Crawford. <mask>'s charges, made both on his radio station and in his magazine, led to a widely publicized libel lawsuit by Cryer against <mask>. The details of the Shuler libel suit were front-page news in the Los Angeles Times for much of 1929. The jury found <mask> not guilty on one count and failed to reach a verdict on a second count. KGEF license revocation
In November 1931, the Federal Radio Commission revoked Shuler's broadcast license, and KGEF went off the air. KGEF was the second radio station to have its license revoked by the FRC. <mask> appealed the revocation, but the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia affirmed the decision.The court denounced the character of <mask>'s broadcasts and declared that if such use of the airwaves were permitted, "radio will become a scourge and the nation a theater for the display of individual passions and the collision of personal interests." The U.S. Supreme Court denied <mask>'s petition for a writ of certiorari, and his license revocation became final in February 1933. One of <mask>'s recurring targets, the ACLU (which Shuler had regularly attacked for its "liberal" stands) supported <mask>'s right to free speech and challenged the courts' decision to revoke his license. The Los Angeles Times, on the other hand, hailed the court's decision noting, "The final ruling of the courts putting an end to this nuisance is an occasion for general public felicitation." 1932 U.S. Senate campaign

By 1932, <mask> was a nationally known political and religious figure, and he announced his intention to run for the United States Senate. He was the Prohibition Party candidate in the 1932 Senate election against Democrat William G. McAdoo and Republican Tallant Tubbs. The Los Angeles Times refused to endorse any of the three candidates, calling it  "Hobson's choice" for voters, and criticizing <mask> for his "demagogic appeals to discontent."In a remarkable about-face, the Los Angeles Record endorsed <mask> on the day before the general election. The same newspaper had previously described <mask> as a "bigot," a "blatherskite," and an "apostle of hate." After a <mask> rally in Carlsbad, California, a San Diego County newspaper wrote that any who expected to hear a man with disheaveled hair, wildly gleaming eyes and of radical mien and action," were surprised to hear "an average man, who spoke with a convincing earnesteness." <mask> called Tubbs "a rich playboy" and McAdoo "the freest spender of the government's and the people's money in the history of government." <mask> freely admitted "I don't know what I'll do in Washington until I get there," but promised that he would be on the side of "the great mass of common people" and a fighter for "free speech, equal rights and justice for all." In the general election, <mask> received 560,088 votes—25.8% of the total. He carried Riverside and Orange Counties, and his total vote count was only 100,000 fewer than the Republican candidate, Tubbs.<mask>'s showing in the U.S. Senate campaign was the strongest ever by a Prohibition Party candidate, and led some to back him as the party's candidate for U.S. President in 1936. After losing the election, <mask> reportedly pronounced a curse on the State of California, and some claimed that the March 1933 Long Beach earthquake was the result of <mask>'s curse. 1942 U.S. Congressional campaign and FCC censorship claims
In 1942, <mask> returned to politics and received the joint nomination of the Republican and Prohibition Parties as their candidate to oppose Democratic incumbent Congressman Jerry Voorhis in California's 12th Congressional District. Voorhis defeated <mask> by a margin of nearly 13,000 votes (53,705 to 40,780). Shortly after the election, <mask>'s problems with federal regulators returned. Having lost his broadcast license for KGEF, <mask> was broadcasting his weekly programs on KPAS in Pasadena. In early 1943, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ordered KPAS to submit all recordings of <mask>'s broadcasts.The FCC contended that <mask>'s broadcasts hurt the war effort. <mask> was again taken off the air. He told the Los Angeles Times, "Well, I'd been going after the communists pretty hard -- and the labor racketeers and New Deal too. So all at once the Federal Communications Commission ordered the station to send in copies of all I'd been saying. The boys over there at the station are all right, but naturally they got jittery and canceled my time." After the incident, Jerry Voorhis, against whom <mask> had run a tough campaign months earlier, rallied to <mask>'s support. Voorhis wrote to the FCC disputing the contention that <mask>'s comments were harmful to the war effort and argued that the FCC's threats of punitive action against stations carrying <mask>'s program were an inappropriate restraint on free speech.In 1946, Voorhis was defeated for re-election by novice politician, Richard M. Nixon, who accused Voorhis of having been endorsed by Communist front organizations. Retirement and family
In 1953, <mask> retired after 33 years as pastor at Trinity Methodist Church. In his final sermon, <mask> spoke out against the "German rationalism" and "modern materialism" that he believed was "wrecking the world". He summed up his ministry as follows:

I have kept the faith. I fought. I have been a scrapper for God. I have never laid my shield aside -- and I'm not doing it now, either.... As I come to the end of my ministry I can assure you that I have never swerved to the right or left of the fundamental Word of God. <mask> died in 1965. He was survived by his wife, Nelle <mask>, and his seven children—Jack C<mask>, William R<mask>, <mask><mask> Jr., Edward H<mask>, <mask><mask>, <mask>, and Nelle Fertig. Bill was the captain of the Army football team in 1935 and was named an All-American at the end position, while <mask>. assumed the Trinity Methodist Church pastorate after the elder <mask>'s retirement. Jack was a well known evangelist who held large meetings throughout the United States, Canada, and Ireland in the 1940s and 1950s. See also
List of Christian pastors in politics
Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy
Prohibition Party

External links
<mask>'s sermon, "God's Man," preached April 5, 1951

Notes

1880 births
1965 deaths
American evangelists
American Methodists
Methodist ministers
Methodist evangelists
Radio evangelists
Emory and Henry College alumni
People from Tennessee
California Prohibitionists
California Republicans
Critics of the Catholic Church
American temperance activists
American Christian creationists
Anti-corruption activists
Southern Methodists
Old Right (United States)
Christian fundamentalists
Anti-crime activists
American anti-communists

masks:
Robert Pierce Shuler Sr
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Bob Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
McPherson
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
. Shuler
. Shuler
Robert P
. Shuler
. Shuler
Phil R
. Shuler
Dorothy Pitkin
Robert Jr
Shuler
Shuler


texts:
<mask> CBE (17 July 1920 – 1 July 2006) was a leading writer and theologian. He was the rabbi of the New London Synagogue in the United Kingdom. He was also the focus in the early 1960s of what became known as "The Jacobs Affair" in the British Jewish community. Early career
<mask> was born on 17 July 1920 in Manchester. He studied at Manchester Yeshivah, and later at the kolel in Gateshead. His teachers included leading Rabbi Eliyahu Dessler. <mask> was ordained as a rabbi at Manchester Yeshivah.Later in his career, he studied at University College London where he gained his PhD on the topic of The Business Life of the Jews in Babylon, 200–500 CE. <mask> was appointed rabbi at Manchester Central Synagogue in 1948. In 1954 he was appointed to the New West End Synagogue in London. <mask> became Moral Tutor at Jews' College, London, where he taught Talmud and homiletics during the last years of Rabbi Dr Isidore Epstein's tenure as principal. By this time, <mask> had drifted away from the strictly traditional approach to Jewish theology that had marked his formative years. Instead he struggled to find a synthesis that would accommodate Orthodox Jewish theology and modern day higher biblical criticism. <mask> was especially concerned with how to reconcile modern day Orthodox Jewish faith with the Documentary Hypothesis.His ideas about the subject were outlined in the book, We Have Reason to Believe, which was published in 1957. The work was originally written to record the essence of discussions held on its title's subject at weekly classes given by <mask> at the New West End Synagogue and resulted at the time of some mild criticism, but not of any major censure. We Have Reason to Believe
Most of <mask>' book We Have Reason to Believe deals with such topics as proof of God's existence, pain, miracles, the after-life, and the idea of a "Chosen People", ideas which were not in themselves controversial. Debate on the book was eventually to centre on chapters 6, 7, and 8: The Torah and Modern Criticism, A Synthesis of the Traditional and Critical Views and Bible Difficulties. In these chapters <mask> took on discussion of "Modern Criticism" of the Bible, more specifically textual analysis of the Torah known as the "Documentary Hypothesis", which suggests that its texts derives from multiple sources, rather than having been given, as Orthodox rabbinical traditions have it, complete in its present form by God to Moses during the period beginning on Mount Sinai and ending with Moses's death. <mask> comments: "While Judaism stands or falls on the belief in revelation, there is no 'official' interpretation on the way in which God spoke to man". He writes that "according to some rabbis, [the Pentateuch] was given to Moses at intervals during the sojourn in the Wilderness".But he also comments that given the arguments of textual criticism "no work of Jewish apologetics, however limited in scope, can afford to fight shy of the problem". Here there is an implied rebuke of the tendency of many Jewish authorities of the period simply to gloss over the inconveniences of the thoughts of the "modern critics" – a rebuke which may have rankled with some. <mask> concludes: "there is nothing to deter the faithful Jew from accepting the principle of textual criticism". He is aware that "to talk about 'reconciling' the Maimonidean idea and the Documentary Hypothesis […] is futile, for you cannot reconcile two contradictory theories. But to say this is not to preclude the possibility of a synthesis between the old knowledge and the new knowledge". <mask> provides numerous examples from the Talmud and from other rabbinical writings indicating acceptance of the idea of Divine intervention in human affairs, with "God revealing his Will not alone to men but through men". He concludes that, even if the Documentary Hypothesis is partly (or even entirely) correct,
God's power is not lessened because He preferred to co-operate with His creatures in producing the Book of Books […] We hear the authentic voice of God speaking to us through the pages of the Bible […] and its message is in no way affected in that we can only hear that voice through the medium of human beings.The "Jacobs Affair"
It had been widely assumed that after Epstein's retirement as principal of Jews' College he would be succeeded by <mask>. When this assumption was translated into a definite invitation by the College's Board of Trustees in 1961, the then Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom, Israel Brodie, interdicted the appointment "because of his [<mask>'s] published views". This was a reference to We Have Reason to Believe. The British newspaper, The Jewish Chronicle, took up the issue and turned it into a cause célèbre which was reported in the national press, including The Times. It wasan event that threatened to become the biggest schism in Anglo-Jewish history. The events in 1964 that came to be known as "the Jacobs Affair" dominated not just the Jewish media but the whole of Fleet Street and the newsrooms of both the BBC and ITN. Not that <mask> himself was a willing participant in the affair.He was dragged into it by the religious establishment of the day. When <mask> wished to return to his pulpit at the New West End Synagogue, Brodie vetoed his appointment. A number of members then left the New West End Synagogue to found the New London Synagogue. Public interest in Dr. <mask>'s differences with the Anglo-Jewish establishment is also demonstrated by the television interview of Dr. <mask> of 1966 conducted by Bernard Levin. The New London Synagogue
The defecting congregation purchased the old St John's Wood synagogue building, and installed <mask> as its rabbi – a post which he held until 2001 and to which he returned in 2005. This congregation, The New London Synagogue, became the "parent" of the Masorti movement in the United Kingdom, which now numbers several congregations. While holding the position of rabbi at the New London Synagogue, Dr <mask> was also for many years Lecturer in Talmud and Zohar at the Leo Baeck College, a rabbinical college preparing students to serve as Masorti, Reform and Liberal rabbis in the UK and Europe.<mask> served as Chairman of the Academic Committee for some years. When the Masorti Movement in Britain was created its founders asked him to be its spiritual guide. Despite his ambivalence about the need and purpose of a new movement, he agreed. But he refused to be regarded as its founder. He always described Masorti as a 'mood not a movement'. Since the founding of the New London Synagogue, <mask> and the Masorti movement were subject to hostility from Orthodox British Jewish institutions. On his 83rd birthday, in the Bournemouth United Synagogue on the sabbath before his granddaughter's wedding, <mask> was not provided the honour of an aliyah customarily given to the father of the bride, which gave rise to heated correspondence in the Jewish press including accusations of pettiness and vindictiveness.The Chief Rabbi, Sir Jonathan Sacks, and the head of the London Beth Din, Dayan Chanoch Ehrentreu, responded that, because of what they considered to be <mask>'s heretical beliefs, "they believed that had <mask> uttered the words 'Our God […] who gave us the Torah of truth […] ', he would have made a false statement". Witness for Chabad-Lubavitch
<mask> testified on behalf of the Chabad Lubavitch movement during the Chabad library controversy. Being an acknowledged scholar on Chasidism, <mask> was called as an expert witness to testify on the Chabad practice of "ma'amad" (support), the method by which the members of the Chabad community supported their Rebbe. <mask> testified that "[ma'mad] is a due, for which every member of the movement is expected to consider himself responsible, and ... there is an amount according to means which every member pays or is expected to pay. It is best compared to membership dues of a learned society or a sacred society, and the dues are expected as [a] token of membership." <mask> noted that other Chasidic groups support their Rebbes by gifts known as "pidyon" (redemption) or "pidyon nefesh" (redemption of the soul) delivered personally to a rebbe. Pidyon is understood by <mask> as "a personal gift, as it were ... for [spiritual] services rendered."Death and legacy

<mask> died on 1 July 2006 and is buried at Western Cemetery (Cheshunt)  alongside his wife Sophie (Shulamit) (1921–2005). A few months before he died, <mask> donated his book collection to the Leopold Muller Memorial Library at the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies. In December 2005, a poll by The Jewish Chronicle of its subscribers, in which 2,000 readers made their nominations, voted <mask> the "greatest British Jew" in the community's 350-year history in England. <mask> commented "I feel greatly honoured – and rather daft." Nevertheless, reports that <mask> had been nominated greatest British Jew, received wide press coverage in Britain. Selected publications
Jewish Prayer
We Have Reason to Believe (1957, revised editions in 1961 and 1965)
Jewish Values
Jewish Thought Today (Chain of Tradition Series, Vol. 3)
Studies in Talmudic Logic (and Methodology) (1961)
Principles of the Jewish Faith (An Analytic Study) (1964)
A Jewish Theology
Jewish Ethics, Philosophy and Mysticism
Tract on Ecstasy
Hasidic Prayer
The Jewish Mystics (1990)
The Book of Jewish Belief
Faith (1968)
What does Judaism say about ...?(The New York Times Library of Jewish Knowledge)
The Jewish Religion: A Companion (1995), Oxford University Press,
Turn Aside from Evil and Do Good: An Introduction and a Way to the Tree of Life, (1995), Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, (c);  (p) (author Zevi Hirsch Eichenstein, translation by <mask>). <mask> online
Websites with information about <mask>'s writings and thought:
We have reason to believe. 3rd edition, 1965
  Rabbi <mask>. Friends of <mask> website
  Reading <mask> project

Notes

Sources
<mask>, <mask>. Helping With Inquiries (autobiography) (1989)
<mask>, <mask>. We have Reason to Believe  (3rd edition). Vallentine Mitchell: London (1965)
 Obituaries (see below)

Further reading
Freedman, Harry (2020).Reason to Believe: The Controversial Life of <mask> Bloomsbury Continuum: London (2020)
 Cosgrove, Elliot J (2008). "Teyku: The Insoluble Contradictions in the Life and Thought of <mask>", vol 1, vol 2, PhD Thesis, University of Chicago. Apple, Raymond  (2008). "Kovno & Oxford: Israel Brodie & his rabbinical career"

External links
Obituary The Times, 4 July 2006
Obituary The Guardian, 5 July 2006
Obituary The Forward (New York), 7 July 2006
Obituary The Independent, 11 July 2006
Obituary The Daily Telegraph, 15 July 2006
Obituaries and tributes, New London Synagogue

1920 births
2006 deaths
20th-century rabbis
20th-century British theologians
20th-century British writers
Academics of the London School of Jewish Studies
Alumni of University College London
British Conservative rabbis
British Jewish theologians
Burials at Western Cemetery (Cheshunt)
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Judaism-related controversies
People associated with Leo Baeck College
Rabbis from Manchester

masks:
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Louis Jacobs
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