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<mask> (August 16, 1889 – March 15, 1952) was a Mexican revolutionary general and military reformer. He served as Secretary of War in the cabinets of Presidents Plutarco Elías Calles, Emilio Portes Gil, and Pascual Ortiz Rubio, making him one of the longest-serving cabinet-level officials in Mexican history. His ambitious reforms of the fractious Mexican military transformed the armed forces from a political partisan to an armed force loyal to the president and government. He accomplished this "through a process of cultural reeducation that replaced an entrenched tradition of militarism with one emphasizing such values as discipline, duty, honor, and loyalty to the civilian government." Early life
<mask> was born in Corrales de Abrego in the municipality of Sombrerete, Zacatecas, the first of <mask> and Angela Domínguez's ten children. His family was of indigenous ancestry, although they were probably not Yaqui, as was widely assumed. While Amaro was still a child, the family moved to the nearby state of Durango, where his father worked on an hacienda.He learned to read and write, although probably without the benefit of formal schooling. Beginning in 1908, he worked in the office of the Saucillo hacienda where his father was employed, assisting with bookkeeping. With two incomes, the family was able to enjoy a comfortable existence. In 1910, his father sold his possessions and gave the money to his eldest son, advising him, "go to Durango with your mother and siblings, work for Mr. Calderón [a local store-owner], learn the business, get to know the town, and when you feel able, open your own store." His father left for Torreón in November of that year, and although Amaro never saw him again, he read about his exploits with the revolutionary army of Colonel Luis Moya. Military career

Early Revolution
On February 28, 1911, Amaro enlisted in the Maderist army of General Domingo Arrieta. Shortly after Amaro enlisted, his father was killed in battle.After five months as a private, he was promoted every subsequent month, attaining the rank of lieutenant by December. As part of the army of Colonel Gertrudis G. Sánchez, whose forces Arrieta's had joined, Amaro fought against the Zapatistas in Morelos, engaging them at least nineteen times. In one of these engagements, the battle of Jojutla de Juárez, he earned the "Cruz de Segunda Clase," a heroism medal. From 1913 to 1914, he fought the federal troops under the command of Victoriano Huerta, continuing all the while to rise in rank. By 1914 he had risen to the rank of general. It was under the command of General Sánchez that Amaro developed the reputation of a fierce warrior. It was rumored that he wore an earring and used the battlecry "Here is the man of the pendant earring!Here is the Indian!" He also supposedly emulated the fighting style of the Yaqui people. He also developed the reputation of a harsh disciplinarian who occasionally used his riding crop to mete out corporal punishments to his subordinates. He may have even shot men in his charge or employ for disobeying orders. Conventionalists v. Constitutionalists
After the fall of Huerta, while still under the command of Sánchez, he briefly supported the conventionalist government of Eulalio Gutiérrez, before breaking with Sánchez to ally with the constitutionalist army of Venustiano Carranza. Shortly after Sánchez and <mask> joined the Constitutionalists, Sánchez ordered Amaro to attack a column of troops commanded by General Francisco Murguía, who, while also a Constitutionalists, was a rival of Sánchez. While initially successful, Murguía's troops eventually prevailed, and Murguía sought to have Amaro executed for treason, a charge he narrowly escaped.Rather than damaging the reputation of <mask>, however, the incident did more to isolate Sánchez, who Amaro abandoned. The split finally came in 1915, when <mask> advanced the troops under his command on the Villista División del Norte, leaving Sánchez in Michoacán. By this time, he had already professed allegiance to General Álvaro Obregón and the carrancista government. In April 1915, he led his troops, known as the "Rayados" ("striped ones"—so-called because the only uniforms Obregón could provide were prison uniforms) to support Obregón's defeat of the villistas in the second Battle of Celaya. Following the battle, Obregón named him Comandante militar ("military commander") of the 5th Division of the Army of the Northwest, and he was charged of ridding Michoacán of villista influence. At the end of 1915, the area under his command was expanded to include Guanajuato and Querétaro. In 1916, he again fought the zapatistas in Morelos and Guerrero.In 1917, he was placed under the command of Murguía, and led expeditions against the remaining villistas of Durango and Chihuahua. Rebellion against Carranza
When Obregón proclaimed the Plan of Agua Prieta against Carranza in 1920, Amaro remained loyal to Obregón, and was rewarded with the rank of General de división, the highest military rank. He became chief military officer of the third military zone, which included the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León and San Luis Potosí. In this capacity, he undertook to professionalize the unorganized ranks under him, gaining experience that would later benefit his reorganization of the entire military. On September 3, 1921, while chief of operations of the third military zone, Amaro wed Elisa Izaguirre, originally of Morelia, Michoacán. There the couple had two children, Joaquín and Leonor. He later became commander of the seventh military zone, which comprised Nuevo León.There he put down the July rebellion of Pablo González. When in 1922 political unrest threatened to
destabilize Coahuila, Amaro positioned his troops to block the occupation of the state legislature and to protect the governor's palace. In 1923, he was sent to maintain order during Nuevo León's gubernatorial elections. Following a series of violent incidents, Amaro disarmed groups of rural fighters. After the assassination of Pancho Villa in July 1923, Amaro was widely suspected as one of the planners of the operation. Today, most historians attribute Villa's death to a well planned conspiracy, most likely initiated by then Minister of War Plutarco Elías Calles, who ordered Amaro to give support to the assassins. Amaro was later instrumental in freeing Jesús Salas Barraza, the leader of the group of assassins, from jail.<mask> never wavered from his support for Calles and Obregón, and he fully shared Calles' hatred of the clergy. Calles gave Amaro full support in continuing the latter's plan to reform the Mexican armed forces along anti-clerical and populist lines: I have fought without rest [...] against clericalism, large landowners, the militarism of the ex-Federals, the Spanish, and in general all those that do not contribute to the
enrichment of our beloved homeland and the betterment of the working
class. Despite these sentiments, neither Calles nor <mask> hesitated in taking action against the extreme left-wing. When José Guadalupe Rodríguez tried to organise "soldier soviets" on the Bolshevist pattern, he was promptly arrested and shot along with some of his soldiers. Moreover, when a peasant and labor bloc of the Communist International was formed under the artist Diego Rivera, it was forcibly disbanded. Many on the extreme left were sent to the Marias Islands penal colony. Delahuertist rebellion
In 1923, Amaro's chief of staff José Álvarez learned of the plot between generals Enrique Estrada, Guadalupe Sánchez, and Fortunato Maycotte to overthrow Obregón.Álvarez immediately returned to Nuevo León and informed <mask> of the plot, who promptly related the information to Obregón. The conspirators drafted Adolfo de la Huerta, then-Minister of Finance, to run for president against Plutarco Elias Calles, Obregón's chosen successor. Facing a rebellion with armies in the North, South, and East, Obregón relied on loyal generals such as Amaro to block rebel access to resources and the northern border and to put down the insurrection. <mask>, aided by General Lázaro Cárdenas, battled Estrada's forces, defeating them in the decisive battle of Ocotlán. Three days after the battle, <mask>'s troops occupied Guadalajara, where Estrada's operation had been based. The rebellion crushed, the 1924 Mexican election was carried out peacefully. Post-war career
Following the election of Calles, <mask> was appointed Undersecretary of War.Francisco Serrano having been sent to Europe on a diplomatic mission late in Obregón's presidency, the Secretariat was unfilled. Calles may have been waiting to secure the support of generals Eugenio Martínez and Arnulfo Gómez, who were also potential candidates for the post. While undersecretary, Amaro initiated a series of legal reforms to purge the armed forces of "the germ of immorality and corruption." After an initial convention of important military figures, the Commission for Studies and Reforms of Military Laws and Regulations was formed. Ten months later, four new laws were promulgated. Amaro's four laws
The first, the Law of Discipline, was divided into three sections: General Duties, Corrective Discipline, and Court of Honor. The first three articles of the General Duties defined military duty in terms of "self-sacrifice, loyalty, guardianship, and adherence to the law."The subsequent articles dealt with specific issues. One clarified the officer's duty to maintain order within his ranks; another prohibited soldiers from complaining about orders. One article prohibited servicemembers from interfering in politics. The final articles concerned decorum, and required subordinates to salute and give up their seats to superiors. The Corrective Discipline section described the circumstances in which soldiers could be arrested for breaking the law, and required that such arrests be recorded in the offender's file. The Court of Honor section was written for people who committed offenses that threatened the reputation of a unit or of the "dignity of the military." It established a system of courts martial to punish drunkenness, gambling, mismanagement of funds, and negligence.Punishments for those found guilty ranged from transfer to demotion to imprisonment. The second law, the Law of Retirements and Pensions, allowed servicemembers who had given twenty to thirty-five years of service to retire at will. It also required retirement at a certain age that was dependent on rank. Finally, it provided for pensions for disabled servicemen and their families. The third law, the Law of Promotions and Rewards, set up two distinct rubrics for promotion: one for peacetime and one for wartime. Peacetime promotions were tied directly to military education. Wartime promotions could be granted for heroic actions such as preventing enemy capture of artillery pieces, and could only be given by high-ranking officers.These promotions had to be approved by higher bodies. These reforms were an effort to end the practice of opportunistic and haphazard promotions which had inflated the number of generals in Mexico's officer corps during the Revolution. The purpose of the fourth law, the Organic Law, was to organize the armed services. The first section sought to redefine the relationship between generals and the soldiers under them, demanding that all personnel be loyal to the nation and the constitution and take their orders from the President or his designees. It further delineated the five military branches: high command, combat arms, auxiliary services, special corps, and for the first time, military education establishments, and specified the structures of each. It stratified servicemembers into three classifications: active, reserve, and retired. Another section of the law structured the navy.<mask> as Secretary of War
<mask> was appointed Secretary of War by President Calles on July 27, 1925. Upon his appointment to the Secretariat, <mask> moved to Rancho de la Hormiga, a 40,468 square meter (ten acre) ranch that later became the presidential palace Los Pinos. There his children Guillermo, Manuel, and Elisa were born. He installed recreational facilities such as stables, polo fields, and tennis courts, as well as a military school at the ranch. Prior to his appointment as Undersecretary of War, Amaro had laid plans for a Grand Military Academy of the Army. He made arrangements for the government to purchase to tracts of land, but the school never materialized. Rather, he focused his efforts on the Heroic Military Academy.Despite its excellent reputation, by the end of the Revolution, the College was in a state of disrepair. On September 30, 1925, Amaro shut it down for a major overhaul that took ten months. In addition to new facilities, it also boasted a new curriculum that emphasized civic and moral virtues. Admission requirements were put into place, and included letters of recommendation that could vouch for an applicant's moral character. <mask>'s efforts to reform the Mexican military and society extended beyond the realm of military education: he also founded publications that combatted the influence of the Catholic Church and of large landowners in the public consciousness. He had already founded two publications, Acción and El Agrarista, as well as publishing a tract entitled El Gato in the early 1920s. However, 1925 saw a large increase in the number of military journals published in Mexico.Those already in existence, such as the Revista del Ejército y de la Marina (Magazine of the Army and the Navy), took a new editorial stance under the direction of Professor Ignacio Richkarday, who Amaro had appointed editor, to moralize the army. While Revista was aimed at the officer corps, Amaro founded El Soldado, which emphasized the same themes, as a supplement for enlisted men. 1926 saw the founding of two more publications, Revista del Heróico Colegio Militar and Gladiador. In 1927, Generals Francisco Serrano and Arnulfo Gómez conspired with General Eugenio Martínez to seize Calles, Obregón, and Amaro in hopes of igniting a rebellion against the reelection of Obregón. Martínez informed Calles of the plot before it could be enacted, and Serrano and Gómez were caught and executed. Although Amaro sought to reform all branches of the Mexican military, he remained a political revolutionary general of the old school. As an army general, he understood little or nothing about aviation.He was slow to advance the progress of the Mexican Air Force, which had only three squadrons of obsolete aircraft during <mask>'s tenure as Minister of War. When President Obregón was assassinated by pro-clergy forces sixteen days after his 1928 re-election, many generals and other important figures in Mexican politics urged Amaro to run for the office. He always politely declined, stating that he had "never thought to dedicate [his] activities to politics." In February 1929, <mask> was injured during a game of fronton. He took a leave of absence from the Secretariat to seek medical attention at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. During his three-month convalescence, which left him with a glass eye, Calles assumed the Secretariat, in which capacity he put down the Escobar rebellion against Emilio Portes Gil, who had been appointed interim president in the wake of Obregon's assassination. Upon his return to Mexico and the Secretariat in May, he found a situation in which Calles was still attempting to control national politics from behind the scenes.Pascual Ortiz Rubio, Portes Gil's successor, was suspicious of Amaro, as was Calles. Calles, purporting to have received information that Amaro was planning on assassinating him or overthrowing Ortiz Rubio, informed the President of the alleged plot. Ortiz Rubio deferred to Calles to take care of the situation, and the Jefe Máximo met with three other cabinet officials, convincing them to resign so as to make it appear that the "cabinet crisis" did not center around Amaro. They agreed, and the following day, Calles, <mask>, and the other three secretarys met at Amaro's estate. There, all four cabinet ministers agreed to resign. <mask> was succeeded by Calles, who appointed him director of the Heroic Military Academy. Target of Rumors
<mask>'s military reforms cut the Mexican military budget from one-third to one-quarter of the total Mexican government budget, and they resulted in the dismissal of numerous junior officers.The reforms, his involvement in suppressing leftists and the now-confirmed suspicion of his role in Pancho Villa's assassination, made <mask> very unpopular in some circles and a target of vicious, false rumors. One example is the tale that Amaro sent Captain Emilio Carranza a telegram ordering Carranza on July 13, 1928 to begin immediately a non-stop flight from New York City to Mexico City, which ended with the captain's fatal crash in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. However, contemporary news reports in the Evening Courier, Camden, NJ and New York Times show the story of the "fateful telegram" to be a fabrication. Another example is the story that Amaro shot and killed a groom whom disobeyed his order to walk his polo pony and instead rode it to the stables, which the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico and his military attache passed to the Department of State. However, there is good reason to believe that Ambassabor James R. Sheffield loathed the Mexican Revolutionary leaders and would have passed on any rumor to discredit them regardless of its veracity. He used racial stereotypes to describe them, calling Calles "an Armenian and Indian" and "<mask>, Secretary of War, a pure blooded Indian and very cruel."Later career
Amaro sought to create a Superior War College along the lines of France's École Supérieure de Guerre to train an elite group of officers. To this end he sent a number of generals to study the militaries and military academies of European and South American states. Amaro led the Heroic Military Academy from 1931 until 1935, and directed military education for the Secretariat of War from 1931 to 1936. During World War II, he was responsible for defending the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec from Axis aggressions. Legacy
<mask> died in 1952 and was buried in the Panteón Francés de la Piedad. In 1966, his body was exhumed and reburied in Panteón Francés de San Joaquín. In the 1960s, a statue of Amaro on horseback was erected in Mexico City's Chapultepec Park.Offices

References

External links
  General de <mask> <mask> Domínguez from the Secretariat of National Defense

1889 births
1952 deaths
Indigenous Mexicans
Mexican generals
Mexican Secretaries of Defense
People of the Mexican Revolution
People from Zacatecas

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James "<mask>" <mask> (born April 7, 1960) is an American former professional boxer who competed between 1981 and 1999. He reigned as undisputed world heavyweight champion in 1990 after defeating Mike Tyson to win the title. His victory over Tyson is regarded as one of the greatest upsets in sports history. <mask> was a 42-to-1 underdog going into his 1990 fight against Tyson, who was undefeated and considered to be the best boxer in the world for his domination of the division over the previous three years. Defying expectations, <mask> knocked out Tyson in the 10th round to claim the WBC, WBA, and IBF titles. He reigned as the world heavyweight champion for eight months until he was defeated by Evander Holyfield in his only title defense. Retiring shortly after the loss, <mask> returned to boxing between 1996 and 1999 until he retired a second and final time.Early life
The son of professional boxer William "Dynamite" <mask>, <mask> grew up in Columbus, Ohio, in the predominantly black Linden neighborhood of Windsor Terrace. It was his father, who ran a gym at the Blackburn Recreation Center near Downtown Columbus, and subsequently introduced young James to boxing (in the same way James would later bring his son Lamar to the same gym.) He attended Linden McKinley High School, where he played football and basketball, leading Linden to a Class AAA state basketball championship in 1977. After high school, <mask> played basketball for the Coffeyville Community College Red Ravens in Coffeyville, Kansas, from 1977 to 1978; the 17-year-old was a 6'0" power forward. He is in the Coffeyville Community College Men's Basketball Hall of Fame. He also played basketball at Sinclair Community College from 1979 to 1980 in Dayton, Ohio, before attending Mercyhurst University on a basketball scholarship. He moved back to Columbus to focus on boxing.Professional career

<mask> made his debut on May 31, 1981, and defeated Dan O'Malley in a four-round bout. He was managed by John Johnson (former Ohio State assistant football coach.) He won his first five fights before coming into a fight with David Bey twenty pounds heavier than he usually did in his early fights. Bey knocked <mask> out in the second round to hand him his first defeat. After six more fights, all wins, <mask> fought Steffen Tangstad to a draw on October 16, 1982. He was penalized two points during the course of the fight which proved to be the difference. After the draw <mask> beat largely journeyman fighters over the next fourteen months.Two of his wins were against Jesse Clark. <mask> fought him a total of three times and knocked him out all three times. In his last fight of 1983, <mask> was dominating opponent Mike White, but White knocked him out in the ninth round. On November 9, <mask> was scheduled to fight heavyweight contender Trevor Berbick in Las Vegas. Berbick pulled out of the bout three days before it was scheduled and Randall "Tex" Cobb elected to take the fight in Berbick's place. <mask> defeated the former heavyweight contender by winning a majority decision. The next year, he fought up-and-coming contender Jesse Ferguson, In 1986 <mask> fought only three times defeating former champion Greg Page and fringe contender David Jaco in two of the fights.This earned him a shot at the International Boxing Federation championship that Michael Spinks was stripped of for refusing to defend it. <mask> started well against Tony Tucker and was ahead on points, but he ran out of gas and was stopped in the tenth round. After the Tucker defeat and series of disagreements James split with his father, the <mask> family was shattered, James started business from scratch and handpicked another team for himself, particularly a new trainer. This won him four consecutive fights and he went on to fight Trevor Berbick in 1989, winning by a unanimous decision. He followed that up with a unanimous decision victory over future heavyweight champion Oliver McCall, and earned a shot at the undisputed heavyweight championship held by Mike Tyson, who became the universally recognized champion after knocking out Spinks in one round in 1988. (<mask> fought on the undercard of the event and defeated Mike Williams by TKO in seven rounds.) Undisputed heavyweight champion

The fight against Mike Tyson was scheduled for February 11, 1990, and took place in Tokyo at the Tokyo Dome.Almost everyone assumed that the bout was going to be another quick knockout for the champion. No challenger had taken Tyson beyond the fifth round since 1987. Many thought it was just an easy tune-up for Tyson before a future mega-fight with undefeated Evander Holyfield, who had recently moved up to heavyweight from cruiserweight where he became the first boxer to be the undisputed champion of the weight class. <mask> was given so little chance of lasting against Tyson, let alone beating him, that nearly every betting parlor in Las Vegas refused to hold odds for the fight. The one casino that did, The Mirage, made <mask> a 42-to-1 underdog. <mask>'s mother, Lula Pearl, suddenly died at the age of 46, 23 days before the title bout. <mask>, who had trained hard, surprised the world by dominating the fight from the beginning, using his 12-inch reach advantage to perfection.He seemingly hit Tyson at will with jabs and right hands and danced out of range of Tyson's own punches. The champion had not taken <mask> seriously, expecting another quick and easy knockout victory. He was slow, refusing to move his head and slip his way in (his usual effective strategy) but rather setting his feet and throwing big, lunging hooks, repeatedly trying to beat <mask> with single punches. By the fifth round, Tyson's left eye was swelling shut from <mask>'s many right jabs, and ringside HBO announcers proclaimed it was the most punishment they had ever seen the champion absorb. Larry Merchant memorably added, "Well, if Mike Tyson, who loves pigeons, was looking for a pigeon in this bout, he hasn't found him." Tyson's cornermen appeared to be unprepared for the suddenly dire situation. They had not brought an endswell or an ice pack to the fight, so they were forced to put tap water into a latex glove to hold over Tyson's swelling eye.By the end of the fight, Tyson's eye had swollen almost completely shut. In the eighth round, Tyson landed a right uppercut that knocked <mask> down. The referee's count created controversy as <mask> was on his feet when the referee reached nine, although the official knockdown timekeeper was two seconds ahead. In the ring, the final arbiter of the knockdown seconds is the referee and a comparison with <mask>' winning knockdown count issued to Tyson two rounds later revealed that both fighters had received long counts. Tyson came out aggressively in the dramatic ninth round and continued his attempts to end the fight with one big punch hoping that <mask> was still hurt from the eighth round knockdown. Both men traded punches before <mask> connected on a multi-punch combination that staggered Tyson back to the ropes. With Tyson hurt along the ropes <mask> unleashed a vicious attack to try to finish off a dazed Tyson but, amazingly, Tyson withstood the punishment and barely survived the ninth round.In the tenth round, the severe punishment <mask> had inflicted on Tyson finally began to take its toll on the champion. <mask> dominated the round from the outset. While setting Tyson up with his jab <mask> scored a huge uppercut that snapped Tyson's head upward. He followed with a rapid four-punch combination to the head, and knocked Tyson down for the first time in his career. Tyson struggled to his knees and picked up his mouthpiece lying on the mat next to him. He awkwardly attempted to place it back into his mouth. The image of Tyson with the mouthpiece hanging crookedly from his lips would become an enduring image from the fight.He was unable to beat the referee's count, and <mask> was the new world heavyweight champion. As <mask> said in an interview years later, “I thought Tyson was getting up until I had seen him looking for that mouth piece and then I knew that he was really hurt. So anytime you know you only got ten seconds to get up so you aren’t going to worry about anything but just getting up first. So when I had seen him looking around for that mouth piece I knew he was really hurt.”

<mask>'s joy over the victory soon turned to confusion and anger as manager John Johnson informed him in the dressing room that Tyson and Don King were lodging an official protest about the referee's knockdown count in the eighth round. A week later, during a television interview, <mask> said that the protest and the post-fight confusion ruined what should have been the best time of his life. Losing the title

Although the IBF immediately recognized <mask> as its champion, the WBA and WBC initially refused due to Tyson's protest. However, Tyson withdrew his protest four days later amid worldwide public outcry and demands from boxing commissions around the world, and <mask> was officially recognized as undisputed heavyweight champion.While still champion, <mask> appeared on the February 23, 1990 episode of the World Wrestling Federation's The Main Event III, as special guest referee for a rematch between Hulk Hogan and "Macho Man" Randy Savage. Originally, Tyson was scheduled to be the guest referee, but following the upset, the WWF rushed to sign on <mask> for the event. At the end of the match, <mask> was provoked into a kayfabe punch and knockout of Savage, who was the heel wrestler in the match. The defeated Tyson clamored for a rematch and <mask> was offered more money than he had ever made for a fight. Not wanting to deal with Tyson's camp or his promoter Don King, <mask> decided to make his first defense against #1 contender Evander Holyfield, who had watched the new champion dethrone Tyson from ringside in Tokyo. <mask> went into the October 25, 1990 fight at 246 pounds, 15 pounds heavier than he was for the Tyson match and also the heaviest he had weighed in for a fight since a 1985 bout with Dion Simpson, in which he tipped the scale at just over 247 pounds. <mask> came out rather sluggish, and was thoroughly dominated by Holyfield during the first two rounds.In the third round <mask> attempted to hit Holyfield with a hard uppercut that he telegraphed. Holyfield avoided the uppercut and knocked an off-balance <mask> to the canvas with a straight right to the chin. <mask> merely lay flat on his back, motionless and disoriented, as referee Mills Lane stopped the fight. <mask> retired after that bout. Later career
<mask> vs Holyfield was a reported $24.6 million payday for <mask>. Doing little for the next several years, <mask> gained weight, reaching nearly 400 pounds. It was only after he nearly died during a diabetic coma that he decided to attempt a return to the sport.He went back into training and made a comeback. He was successful at first, winning six straight fights, but his comeback almost came to a halt in a 1997 disqualification win over journeyman Louis Monaco. In a bizarre ending, Monaco landed a right hand, just after the bell ending round one, that knocked <mask> to the canvas. <mask> was unable to continue after a five-minute rest period and was consequently awarded the win by disqualification (on account of Monaco's illegal punch). A fight with light-heavyweight champion Roy Jones, Jr. was touted in the late 1990s, although ultimately fell through. In 1998, <mask> was knocked out in the first round of a fight with heavyweight contender Lou Savarese. <mask> subsequently had two more fights, winning both, and retired in 1999 with a final record of 38–6–1.In the media

<mask> made a guest appearance in the 1990s cop show Street Justice. <mask> made his feature film acting debut in the Artie Knapp science fiction comedy film Pluto's Plight. The 1988 arcade game Final Blow was released as James 'Buster' <mask> Knockout Boxing in 1990 for the Sega Master System and Sega Genesis, which replaced one of the fictional fighters with <mask>. This game is considered as a response to Nintendo's Mike Tyson's Punch-Out! !, especially since Tyson lost to <mask>, which Sega took advantage in order to promote their early "Genesis does what Nintendon't" advertisements – an advertising campaign in which <mask> frequently participated. In 1995, HBO aired Tyson, a television movie based upon the life of Mike Tyson. <mask> was portrayed by actor Duane Davis.On February 23, 1990, <mask> made a special appearance as a guest referee on WWF's The Main Event III in a match-up between Hulk Hogan and "Macho Man" Randy Savage. Mike Tyson was originally scheduled to be the special guest referee, but this changed following <mask>' knockout title win over Tyson just under two weeks before, on February 11. <mask>' upset against Tyson is the inspiration for The Killers' song "Tyson vs <mask>" from their Wonderful Wonderful album. Singer songwriter Brandon Flowers used the childhood memory of watching the seemingly invincible Tyson lose, as the motivation for a song that's about "me and my family, and the way I’m perceived by my kids. I don’t want them to see me go down like Tyson". Honors
<mask> is one of the few non-students to be honored by Ohio State University with the opportunity to dot the "i" during the performance of the Script Ohio by The Ohio State University Marching Band. Professional boxing record

See also
List of heavyweight boxing champions
List of undisputed boxing champions

References

14."<mask>' Knockout BBQ" Fox News. 2010-07-20. External links

Cyber Boxing Zone
ESPN.com
Video of <mask> knocking out Mike Tyson
 Christof Gertsch, Mikael Krogerus: Der letzte Kampf. In: Das Magazin No. 39, 26. September 2020,  p. 10–35 (online Part 1; Part 2; German)

1960 births
African-American boxers
American male boxers
American men's basketball players
Boxers from Columbus, Ohio
Coffeyville Red Ravens men's basketball players
International Boxing Federation champions
Living people
People with type 1 diabetes
World Boxing Association champions
World Boxing Council champions
World heavyweight boxing champions
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

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<mask> (born 1945) is a professor of sociology. As the S. Frank Miyamoto Professor of Sociology at the University of Washington, <mask> studies labor market stratification, examining job queues, nonstandard work, sex segregation, and affirmative action policies in employment and university admissions, mechanisms of work-place discrimination, and the role of credit markets in income poverty and inequality. <mask> has spent many years teaching, holding previous faculty positions at University of California-Davis, Indiana University, University of Michigan, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Harvard, and Ohio State University. <mask> has written six books and many articles on gender and racial inequality in the workplace. Biography
<mask> was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and grew up in Renton, Washington. After a brief stint at Reed College, <mask> moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where she was involved in the Congress on Racial Equality. <mask> returned to the Pacific Northwest and received her bachelor's degree, in 1968, and Ph.D., in 1973, from the University of Washington.Honors
<mask> served on the Board of Overseers of the General Social Survey and on several National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council committees. A past fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, <mask> is a fellow of the American Association of Arts and Sciences and a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. She served as the 93rd President of the American Sociological Association in 2002 and was awarded a Distinguished Scholar Award of the ASA Section on Sex and Gender. Other honors include the Cheryl Miller-Sociologists for Women in Society Lecturership and the SWS Mentorship Award. Queuing theory
<mask> is known for her expansion and use of queuing theory to explain the persistence sex segregation in the workplace despite the movement of many women into new occupational fields. While occupational segregation has declined since 1970, most workers remain in sex-segregated jobs. Through the queuing approach we are able to see how and why sex segregation remains a prominent feature of the workplace.A variety of social and economic forces enable segregation as well as to diminish it. Queuing
A queuing perspective suggests that labor markets consist of labor queues and job queues. Labor queues consist of all possible workers in a "queue" to fill a particular job, and the employer determines the order of the workers in this queue. Similarly, job queues consist of all possible jobs available to a worker, with workers ranking the available jobs. Employers hire workers from as high in the labor queue as possible and the workers will accept the best possible job. By doing this the most wanted jobs go to the most favored workers, while the less preferred jobs go to the less wanted workers. This procedure then leaves the deprived workers with no job or occupying jobs that others have rejected.Three factors influence job and labor queues: the ordering of the elements, whether or not these elements overlap, and lastly their shape. The order of the elements pertains to the order that workers rank preferred jobs and employers rank potential workers. The overlap of the elements refers to the strength of the ranker’s choices for one element over another. The shape is determined by the absolute and relative numbers of elements in a queue. An example would be a situation in which the preferred workers group was the same size as the preferred job group, in which the preferred group will dominate the occupation of the good jobs. Occupational feminization
There are four notable reasons that there has been a change in occupations' sex composition. The first is job deterioration which is attributed to the changing of the ordering of job queues.Most of the jobs <mask> studied feminized after the rewards changed, therefore making them less appealing than other possibilities. The second factor is job growth which shows that there was a change in the shape of the job queues. There was a time when you wouldn’t need to hire women because you had enough men to do the job. But with an increasing job market, there was more of a spread of who wanted what jobs. The third factor was the emergence of a sex-specific demand for women which reflected the changes in the ordering of labor queues. After anti-discrimination laws were passed, employers were concerned about the costs—both monetarily and reputation-based—that they would run into by hiring solely men. Connected to the third factor is the fourth which is the declining preference for men.This is due to the changes in employers’ preferences. As stated before, the public would no longer tolerate discrimination towards women. Actions such as the civil rights movement and the feminist movement reinforced this concept. Understanding occupational composition
First, we see that queuing highlights the group nature of sex segregation that occurs due to rankings that are socially structured by groups in conflict. It also takes the effects of noneconomic factors into account—the rankings of both employers on potential employees and perspective employees’ rankings on the jobs available. Lastly, queuing presumes that a person will rank occupations similarly based on their sex, which ultimately foreshadows women’s entry into traditionally male occupations based on the rewards they offer. Publications

Books

Book chapters

Recent peer-reviewed articles

References

External links
Biography at UW
Harvard Gazette story
West Coast Poverty Center bio
Center for the Study of Inequality, Cornell University, bio
<mask>, <mask>. and Roos, Patricia A.(1990). Job Queues, Gender Queues: Explaining Women's Inroads Into Male Occupations. Temple University Press. Year of birth missing (living people)
1940s births
Living people
Reed College alumni
University of Washington alumni
Harvard University faculty
University of Michigan faculty
Indiana University faculty
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty
People from Renton, Washington
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
American sociologists
American women sociologists
21st-century American women

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<mask> (September 21, 1931 – November 23, 2012) was an American film and television actor, director, and producer, best known for playing ruthless oil baron J. R. Ewing in the 1978–1991 primetime television soap opera Dallas and the befuddled astronaut Major Anthony Nelson in the 1965–1970 sitcom I Dream of Jeannie. <mask> had supporting roles in numerous films, including Fail-Safe, Harry and Tonto, S.O.B.,  Nixon, and Primary Colors. His television appearances also included guest roles on dozens of shows spanning from the late 1950s until his death, and a reprise of his signature role on the 2012 revival of Dallas. <mask> also worked as a television producer and director. He was the son of actress Mary Martin. <mask> underwent a life-saving liver transplant in 1995. He died on November 23, 2012, from complications of acute myeloid leukemia.Early life
<mask> was born on September 21, 1931, in Fort Worth, Texas. His mother, Mary Martin, became a Broadway actress and musical comedy star after his birth. His father, Benjamin Jackson <mask>, who was of Swedish descent, was an accountant and lawyer who worked as a district attorney. <mask>'s parents divorced in 1936 when he was five years old. He lived with his maternal grandmother, Juanita Presley Martin, in Texas and California, while his mother became a contract player with Paramount in 1938. In 1940, <mask>'s mother met and married Richard Halliday before giving birth to a daughter, Heller, the following year. Hagman attended a strict academy, Black-Foxe Military Institute and briefly Woodstock Country School, a boarding school in Vermont.When his mother moved to New York City to resume her Broadway career, <mask> again lived with his grandmother in California. A few years later, his grandmother died, so <mask> joined his mother in New York City. In 1946, <mask> moved back to his hometown of Weatherford, and attended Weatherford High School, from which he graduated. One summer, he worked for oilfield-equipment maker Antelope Tool Company. Although his father wanted <mask> to become a lawyer and join his practice, he was drawn to drama classes and reportedly fell in love with the stage. He graduated from high school in 1949, and decided to pursue acting. He attended Bard College, New York, majoring in dance and drama, but dropped out after one year.Career
<mask> began his career in 1950 acting in productions at Margaret Webster's school at the Woodstock Playhouse in Woodstock, New York. That summer, during a break from his one year at Bard College, he worked in Dallas as a production assistant and acting in small roles in Margo Jones's theater company. He appeared in The Taming of the Shrew in New York City, followed by numerous tent show musicals with St. John Terrell's Music Circus in St. Petersburg, Florida, and Lambertville, New Jersey. In 1951, <mask> appeared in the London production of South Pacific with his mother, and stayed in the show for nearly a year. In 1952, <mask> received his draft notice and enlisted in the United States Air Force. Stationed in London, he spent the majority of his military service entertaining U.S. troops in the United Kingdom and at bases in Europe. After leaving the Air Force in 1956, <mask> returned to New York City, where he appeared in the off-Broadway play Once Around the Block, by William Saroyan.That was followed by nearly a year in another off-Broadway play, James Lee's Career. His Broadway debut occurred in 1958 in Comes a Day. <mask> appeared in four other Broadway plays, God and Kate Murphy, The Nervous Set, The Warm Peninsula, and The Beauty Part. During this period, he also appeared in numerous, mostly live, television programs. <mask>'s first television role was as Kenneth Davidson in the 1957 episode "Saturday Lost" of the syndicated crime drama, Decoy, starring Beverly Garland as the first female police officer in a television lead. In 1958, he joined Barbara Bain as a guest star in the short-lived adventure-drama series Harbormaster, and appeared three times on Lloyd Bridges' syndicated adventure series, Sea Hunt. In 1960, he was cast in the CBS summer medical series Diagnosis: Unknown in the role of Don Harding in the episode, "The Case of the Radiant Wine".In 1961, <mask> joined the cast of daytime soap opera The Edge of Night as Ed Gibson, and stayed in that role for two years. In 1963 and 1964, he appeared twice in segments of the CBS legal drama, The Defenders

In 1964, he made his film debut in Ensign Pulver, which featured a young Jack Nicholson. That same year, he also appeared in Fail-Safe, with Henry Fonda. I Dream of Jeannie

In 1965, <mask> was cast as "genie" Barbara Eden's master and eventual love interest, Air Force Captain (later Major) Anthony Nelson, in the NBC situation comedy I Dream of Jeannie, which ran for five seasons from 1965 to 1970. The show entered the top 30 in its first year and was NBC's answer to the successful 1960s magical comedies, Bewitched on ABC and My Favorite Martian on CBS. Two reunion movies were later made, both televised on NBC: I Dream of Jeannie... Fifteen Years Later (1985) and I Still Dream of Jeannie (1991), but <mask> did not appear in either of them. At Dragon Con, in 2010, <mask> said he was never approached about it.In 1999, after 29 years, <mask> agreed to reunite with Jeannie co-stars Barbara Eden and Bill Daily and creator/producer Sidney Sheldon on The Donny and Marie Show. In 2002, when I Dream of Jeannie was set to join the cable channel TV Land, <mask> once again took part in a reunion with Eden and Daily, this time on Larry King Live. On the TV Land Awards in March 2004, <mask> and Eden were the first presenters to reunite on stage. The following October, <mask> and Daily appeared at the Ray Courts Hollywood Autograph Show. And the following year, 2005, brought all three surviving stars from I Dream of Jeannie to the first cast reunion at the Chiller Expo Show. <mask> and Eden reunited in March 2006 for a publicity tour in New York City to promote the first-season DVD of I Dream of Jeannie. He reunited once again with Eden on stage in the play Love Letters at the College of Staten Island in New York and the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York.The appearance marked the first time the two performers had acted together since Eden appeared with <mask> in a five-episode arc on Dallas in 1990. Dallas

In 1978, <mask> was offered two roles on two television series that were debuting. One was for The Waverly Wonders and the other for Dallas, in the role of conniving elder son and businessman J.R. Ewing. When <mask> read the Dallas script at his wife's suggestion, they both concluded it was perfect for him. <mask> based his portrayal in part on memories of the eldest son who had won the Antelope Tool Company succession battle. Dallas became a worldwide success, airing in 90 countries, most notably the United Kingdom, where it was enjoyed even by members of the country's royal family, and led to several successful primetime spin-offs. <mask> became one of the best-known television stars of the era.Producers were keen to capitalize on that love/hate family relationship of J.R., building anticipation to a fever pitch in "A House Divided", the 1980 cliffhanger season finale in which J.R. is shot by an unknown assailant, leading to the world-wide "Who shot J.R.?" phenomenon. At the beginning of the fourth season later that year, audience and actors were trying to guess "Who shot J.R.? ", now one of fictional TV's most famous questions. During the media buildup, <mask> was involved in contract negotiations, delaying his return in the fourth season. Holding out for a higher salary, <mask> did not appear in the first episode of the show until the final few minutes. Producers were faced with a dilemma of whether to pay the greatly increased salary or to write J.R. out of the program.Lorimar Productions, the makers of the series, began shooting different scenes of Dallas that did not include <mask>. In the midst of negotiations, <mask> took his family to London for their July vacation. He continued to fight for his demands and network executives conceded that they wanted J.R. to remain on Dallas. From then on, <mask> became one of the highest-paid stars in television. At the beginning of the 1980–81 season, writers were told to keep the storylines away from the actors until they really found out who actually shot J.R., and three weeks passed until the culprit was revealed on November 21, 1980, in a ratings record-breaking episode. For his performance as J.R. Ewing, <mask> was nominated for two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 1980 and 1981, but did not win. He was also nominated for four Golden Globe Awards, between 1981 and 1985.He was nominated for a Soap Opera Digest award seven times for Outstanding Villain on a Prime Time Serial, Outstanding Actor in a Leading Role on a Prime Time Serial, Favorite Super Couple: Prime Time, and Outstanding Actor in a Comic Relief Role on a Prime Time Serial, and won five times. <mask> received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement from Academy member Ray Lee Hunt at the 1981 Achievement Summit in Dallas. In 1984, co-star Barbara Bel Geddes left Dallas, following a contract dispute that had resulted from her March 1983 quadruple heart bypass surgery. At one point, <mask> suggested to his real-life mother Mary Martin that she play Miss Ellie, but she rejected the suggestion and Bel Geddes was briefly replaced by Donna Reed for the 1984–1985 season, before Bel Geddes returned in better health for the 1985–1986 season. By the end of its 14th season in 1991, ratings had slipped to the extent that CBS decided to end Dallas. <mask> was the only actor to appear in all 357 episodes. He had also made five guest appearances on the Dallas spin-off series Knots Landing in the early 1980s.Some years after Dallas ended, <mask> appeared in two subsequent Dallas television movies: J.R. Returns in 1996, and War of the Ewings in 1998. <mask> reprised his role as J.R. Ewing in TNT's continuation of Dallas, which began in 2012. In 2011, while filming the new series, <mask> said, "Of course it's fun to play the villain." As a result of <mask>'s death in 2012, his character J.R. was killed off in season two of Dallas. Unused footage of <mask> was used in season three as part of the season's story arc, which aired in 2014. Other work

Television

<mask> starred in two short-lived series in the 1970s, The Good Life (1971–1972) and Here We Go Again (1973). In 1993, <mask> starred in Staying Afloat as a down-on-his-luck former millionaire who agrees to work undercover with the FBI to maintain his playboy lifestyle.Originally

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 ordered for two TV movies and a weekly series by NBC, the pilot movie aired in November 1993 to critical drubbing and low ratings, ending production. In January 1997, <mask> starred in a short-lived television series titled Orleans as Judge Luther Charbonnet, which lasted only eight episodes. In 2002, he made an appearance in the fourth series of Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer's British comedy panel game, Shooting Stars, often appearing bewildered at the nonsensical questions and the antics of the hosts - during the show <mask> even stated that he would fire his agent as a result. In January 2011, <mask> made a guest appearance in the seventh season of Desperate Housewives as a new husband for Lynette Scavo's mother, Stella (played by Polly Bergen). He also directed episodes of I Dream of Jeannie and The Good Life, as well as several episodes of Dallas and In the Heat of the Night, which was the only series he directed, but in which he did not act. Film
<mask> appeared in such feature films as The Group, Fail-Safe, Harry and Tonto, Mother, Jugs & Speed, In Harm's Way, The Eagle Has Landed, Superman, S.O.B., Nixon, and Primary Colors. His television work included Getting Away from It All, Sidekicks, The Return of the World's Greatest Detective, Intimate Strangers, Checkered Flag or Crash, and A Howling in the Woods

Hagman also directed (and appeared briefly in) a low-budget comedy and horror film in 1972 called Beware!The Blob, also called Son of Blob, a sequel to the classic 1958 horror film The Blob. This was the only feature film he directed. Music
The release of a Columbia single performed with his mother Mary Martin, Get Out Those Old Records, in 1950, was credited to Mary Martin and her Son <mask>, with orchestration by Mitch Miller. It was released in Australia as a-78 rpm single, catalogue number DO-3409. In 1980, <mask> recorded a single called "Ballad of the Good Luck Charm". Product spokesman
During the 1980s, <mask> was featured in a national televised Schlitz beer campaign, playing on, but not explicitly featuring, the J.R. character. He wore the same kind of Western business outfit – complete with cowboy hat – that he wore in his role.The end of each 30-second spot featured a male voice-over saying, "Refreshing Schlitz beer...the gusto's back..." <mask>, grinning into the camera, added: "...and I'm gonna get it!" He also made commercials for BVD brand underwear. In 2010, <mask> was hired as a spokesman for SolarWorld, a German solar energy commercial enterprise. While the SolarWorld commercials specifically mention neither Dallas nor J. R. Ewing, <mask> essentially revisits the character (complete with a picture of <mask> as J. R. Ewing from the original series on the mantle), stating that his oil company days are long over, "though still in the energy business", meaning solar energy, instead, which alternative energy now plays a major part of the next-generation Ewing family war between Christopher and John Ross III. Personal life

In 1973, his stepfather Richard Halliday died, and <mask> reconciled with his mother, Mary Martin, soon after. The two were close until her death from colon cancer in 1990. In 1954, <mask> married Swedish-born Maj Axelsson (born May 13, 1928, in Eskilstuna, Södermanlands län, Sweden – died May 31, 2016, in Los Angeles, California); they had two children, Heidi Kristina (born 1958) and Preston (born 1962).Longtime residents of Malibu, California, they then moved to Ojai. <mask> was a member of the Peace and Freedom Party from the 1960s. <mask> derided U.S. President George W. Bush prior to the Iraq War. In 1969, <mask>'s friend, musician David Crosby, supplied him with LSD after a concert: "LSD was such a profound experience in my life that it changed my pattern of life and my way of thinking and I could not exclude it [from my autobiography]." <mask> was introduced to marijuana by Jack Nicholson as a safer alternative to <mask>'s heavy drinking. "I liked it because it was fun, it made me feel good, and I never had a hangover." Although <mask> was a member of a 12-step program, he publicly advocated marijuana as a better alternative to alcohol.In 1995, <mask> underwent a life-saving liver transplant after he was diagnosed with liver cancer, which was most likely brought on by roughly 40 years of heavy drinking. His clinical picture was further complicated by cirrhosis of the liver, which had been diagnosed three years earlier in 1992. <mask> did not receive preferential treatment as a celebrity, with a 1995 UPI article stating that the donor liver "matched <mask>'s anonymous physical profile listed with the United Network for Organ Sharing." He was also a heavy smoker as a young man before quitting at age 34. He was the chairman of the American Cancer Society's annual Great American Smokeout for many years, and also worked on behalf of the National Kidney Foundation. After attending a soccer game in Bucharest between FC Steaua București and West Ham United, he became a well-known fan of the Romanian team. In 2001, <mask> wrote his autobiography titled Hello Darlin': Tall (and Absolutely True) Tales About My Life.In a 2007 interview, <mask> discussed his support for alternative energy. On a 2008 episode of Living With Ed, <mask> and his wife showed actor Ed Begley Jr. their solar-powered, super-energy efficient home named "Heaven" and talked about their green lifestyle. <mask> was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2008, and <mask> at first took the lead in caring for her, but her condition deteriorated. By 2010, she required 24-hour nursing care. As a result, <mask> put their 43-acre estate in Ojai up for sale listing it at $11 million. Friendship with Carroll O'<mask> had a long friendship with actor Carroll O'Connor, beginning in 1959 when <mask> was starring in the Broadway play God and Kate Murphy and O'Connor was working as an assistant stage manager. Later, as the two struggled as young actors, they rented apartments near each other in New York.Over the years, they had much in common. O'Connor renegotiated his contract over his salary on All in the Family in 1974, causing him to miss two episodes, and <mask> did the same during his tenure with Dallas, with similar results. <mask>'s daughter Heidi, whom O'Connor had known since her childhood, joined the cast for one season of Archie Bunker's Place. <mask> directed several episodes of O'Connor's later series In the Heat of the Night. They both endured serious health issues: O'Connor underwent heart bypass surgery and <mask> received a liver transplant. The two remained close after the death of O'Connor's son Hugh, and <mask> delivered a eulogy at the funeral. Illness and death
In June 2011, <mask> said he had stage 2 throat cancer.He commented, "As J. R. I could get away with anything — bribery, blackmail, and adultery, but I got caught by cancer. I do want everyone to know that it is a very common and treatable form of cancer. I will be receiving treatment while working on the new Dallas series. I could not think of a better place to be than working on a show I love, with people I love." <mask> had an acorn-sized tumor removed from his tongue in 2011. In June 2012, the cancer was said to be in remission. Then, in July 2012, doctors diagnosed <mask> with myelodysplastic syndrome (formerly known as preleukemia).<mask> died on November 23, 2012, at Medical City Dallas Hospital in Dallas following complications from acute myeloid leukemia, after being interviewed for the National Geographic documentary, The '80s: The Decade that Made Us, which aired in April 2013. In a statement to the Dallas Morning News, <mask>'s family said: "<mask>'s family and close friends had joined him in Dallas for the Thanksgiving holiday. He died surrounded by loved ones. It was a peaceful passing, just as he had wished for." The New York Times described him as "one of television's most beloved villains". Tributes
Actress Barbara Eden, a longtime friend of <mask>'s, who played Jeannie on I Dream of Jeannie and Lee Ann de la Vega on Dallas, said: "<mask> was one of the most intelligent actors I ever worked with. He more than hit his marks.And when you're working with another actor, you know immediately if the ball isn't tossed back. Plus, <mask> was savvy about the business, which I wasn't." In an interview with Australia's News 10, she commented that their on-screen chemistry on the set of Jeannie "was not work" and "our timing was right. I can't even explain it. It was wonderful." Actress Linda Gray, who played Sue Ellen Ewing on Dallas, called <mask> her "best friend for 35 years", and was at his bedside when he died, her agent told the BBC. In a statement, she said: "He was the Pied Piper of life and brought joy to everyone he knew.He was creative, generous, funny, loving, and talented and I will miss him enormously. He was an original and lived life to the fullest." Actor Patrick Duffy, who played Bobby Ewing on Dallas, was also at his bedside when he died. In a statement, he said: "Friday, I lost one of the greatest friends ever to grace my life. The loneliness is only what is difficult, as <mask>’s peace and comfort is always what is important to me, now as when he was here. He was a fighter in the gentlest way, against his obstacles, and for his friends. I wear his friendship with honor."TV and filmography

Stage
South Pacific (1950) London
The Taming of the Shrew (1951) Broadway
Comes a Day (1958) Broadway
God and Kate Murphy (1958) Broadway
The Nervous Set (1959) Broadway
The Warm Peninsula (1959) Broadway
The Beauty Part (1962) Broadway
Love Letters (2005 - 2006) tour

References

External links

 larryhagman.com, Hagman's official website

 <mask> at Legacy.com

 <mask> at Classic Television Showbiz

1931 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American autobiographers
American cannabis activists
American male film actors
American male soap opera actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American people of Swedish descent
American television directors
Bard College alumni
California Democrats
Deaths from cancer in Texas
Deaths from leukemia
Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome
Film directors from California
Film directors from New York City
Film directors from Texas
Liver transplant recipients
Male actors from Fort Worth, Texas
Male actors from Malibu, California
Military personnel from Texas
People from Ojai, California
Television producers from California
Television producers from New York City
Television producers from Texas
Texas Democrats
Trinity School (New York City) alumni
United States Air Force airmen
Writers from California
Writers

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<mask> (born February 17, 1981) is an American former mixed martial artist who most recently competed in the Heavyweight division. A professional competitor since 2005, <mask> has fought in EliteXC, Strikeforce, and Bellator. <mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois and grew up in the south and west sides of the city, also living in the Cabrini Green housing project, a notoriously dangerous and gang-infested neighborhood. <mask> also grew up in this area during the crack cocaine epidemic, which made the neighborhood especially dangerous. He would often come to the aid of one of his younger brothers during street fights and, because of his imposing size, <mask> was often recruited to be in gangs, but turned down the offers. When he was twelve years old, <mask> moved to Minnesota with his grandmother. <mask> attended Harding High School in Saint Paul, Minnesota where he played football and basketball.<mask> then went on to attend a junior college and began practicing Tae Kwon Do during this time. Before becoming a professional fighter, he had a job changing tires in a garage. <mask> had fifteen "Tough Man" bouts before going into professional mixed martial arts. <mask> began his MMA training with Team Bison in Bloomington, MN, in the garage of head trainer Mike Reilly. Currently, <mask> trains with "Ambition MMA" in a state-of-the-art training facility formed by Reilly and his partners in 2008. <mask> continues to train on a daily basis with Reilly. <mask> was charged in early 2011 with third degree assault on his wife  and was immediately released from his Strikeforce contract.Mixed martial arts career

Elite XC
In the EliteXC: Primetime post-fight press conference, <mask> called out internet sensation Kimbo Slice, stating that Kimbo's match with James Thompson was "garbage" and that <mask> believed Kimbo tapped to a guillotine choke in the first round. Kimbo Slice then stood up, telling <mask>, "That sounds like a challenge, big dog." <mask> then barked back, "It is. In the cage." EliteXC folded later that year, and a match between the two was never consummated. Strikeforce
In February 2009, <mask> signed with Strikeforce. On June 6, 2009, at Strikeforce: Lawler vs Shields, he defeated former UFC heavyweight champion Andrei Arlovski by TKO after 22 seconds of the opening round.This victory launched <mask> to the top of the list of heavyweights in Strikeforce and he agreed to fight MMA legend Fedor Emelianenko on CBS in Fedor vs <mask> on November 7. In the second round Fedor hit <mask> with a hard overhand right that dropped <mask> to the ground and John McCarthy quickly stopped the bout, breaking <mask>'s undefeated record with a KO loss. <mask> was scheduled to face Alistair Overeem on May 15, 2010 at Strikeforce: Heavy Artillery. After a great deal of discussions on whether or not the bout would be for Overeem's Strikeforce Heavyweight Championship, it was confirmed on March 29 that the title would indeed be on the line. On May 15, 2010, <mask> lost to Overeem via TKO (strikes) at 3:40 of round one, landing only one punch in the entire fight according to CompuStrike. <mask> picked up a win against Ruben Villareal by decision in the W-1 promotion. <mask> was defeated via a one arm triangle choke submission by Josh Barnett on June 18, 2011 at Strikeforce: Dallas as part of an eight-man heavyweight tournament.Independent promotions
<mask> made his return to MMA at Titan Fighting Championships 20 against UFC veteran Eddie Sanchez. He lost the fight via split decision. <mask> was expected to fight Dave Keeley at M-1 Global - Korea on August 17, 2013. The fight didn't happen because the event was cancelled for unknown reasons. Bellator Fighting Championships
On June 5, 2012 it was announced that <mask> had signed a deal with Bellator Fighting Championships. He made his debut on June 22, 2012 at Bellator 71 against Kevin Asplund and won the bout by TKO after Asplund's eye closed up between rounds, prompting the referee to stop the fight. <mask> competed in the Bellator season seven heavyweight tournament and faced Alexander Volkov in the quarter finals at Bellator 75.Volkov dominated the fight by making the most of his reach advantage. <mask> lost via unanimous decision. It was later revealed that <mask> had broken his arm during the fight, leading to his poor performance. <mask> was scheduled to face Eric Prindle at Bellator 93 on March 21 but the fight was cancelled when Prindle pulled out. Independent promotions
After leaving Bellator, <mask> next fought at FEFoMP: Mayor Cup 2013 against Evgeny Erokhin on October 5. He won the fight by split decision. His next fight was at Super Fighting Enterprise where he faced Edson Ramos on November 30.He won by knockout to become the SFE Heavyweight Champion, the first championship of his career. One month later, he fought at Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2013 where he faced Phil De Fries. He lost the fight by submission. In his next bout, <mask> faced up-and-coming Russian prospect Konstantin Erokhin at Fight Nights - Battle of Moscow 15 on March 28, 2014. <mask> lost via unanimous decision. <mask>' next appearance was at Inoki Genome Fight 1 on April 4, 2014, against Yusuke Kawaguchi. <mask> won the bout via knockout in just 28 seconds.On May 17, 2014, <mask> faced Evgeny Erokhin in a rematch at FEFoMP- Mayor Cup 2014. <mask> was knocked out with a right hook to the chin in the later stages of round two. The following July, <mask> faced Magomed Malikov at Fight Nights: Battle of Moscow 16. <mask> won via TKO when Malikov broke his leg while attempting a right low kick in the second round. <mask> faced Denis Goltsov on September 19, 2014, at Tech-Krep FC: PRIME 3. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Aslambek Musaev on October 4, 2014, at ACB 10: Coliseum Time.He won via TKO in the first round. Personal life
In September 2011, <mask> pleaded guilty to domestic abuse for choking his wife and repeatedly punching her to unconsciousness in June 2011. <mask>’s children could not stop him and his oldest daughter told the police that <mask> would not only beat his wife, but also beat his children. <mask> received 60 days and nights in jail, three years' probation and a $500 fine. <mask> was arrested for sexual misconduct after allegedly groping two men in Saint Paul, Minnesota according to criminal complaints obtained from Minnesota Second Judicial District Court. On November 15, 2016 at the George Latimer Central Library, <mask> grabbed the crotch area of a library employee’s pants and penis while riding the elevator. The man reportedly slapped <mask>’s hand away and asked what he was doing.<mask> said nothing to the man and left the elevator as soon as the door opened. In another incident on November 22, 2016, <mask> grabbed a man’s hand and pulled it toward his groin after asking the man if he wanted to go hang out or go to an apartment <mask> lived in. On January 4, 2017, <mask> asked a man next to his urinal stall to go into another stall for a sex act to be performed on him from <mask>. After the man declined, <mask> grabbed the man's buttocks as he was still using the urinal. The man made a quick exit and later called the police and had a written statement filed. While at the Ramsey County Jail, a former cellmate also accused <mask> of sexual assault. <mask> allegedly groped his cellmate’s penis through the prison uniform pants twice while the cellmate slept.The cellmate did not call for the guards, because he feared <mask> would hurt him, describing <mask> as “the biggest and strongest dude in the jail”. <mask> told jail officers that he tapped the cellmate’s leg, but he did not fondle him. |-
|Win
|align=center|13–5 (1)
|Evgeny Erokhin
|Decision (split)
|FEFoMP: Mayor cup 2013
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|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia
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|Loss
|align=center|12–5 (1)
|Alexander Volkov
|Decision (unanimous)
|Bellator 75
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|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Hammond, Indiana, United States
|Bellator Season Seven Heavyweight Tournament Quarterfinal. Louis, Missouri, United States
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|Loss
|align=center|10–1
|Fedor Emelianenko
|TKO (punches)
|Strikeforce: Fedor vs. <mask>
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|align=center|2
|align=center|1:48
|Hoffman Estates, Illinois, United States
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|Win
|align=center|10–0
|Andrei Arlovski
|TKO (punches)
|Strikeforce: Lawler vs. Shields
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:22
|St.

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Sir <mask> (; 4 September 1934 – 27 May 2009) was a British econometrician known for his contributions to nonlinear time series analysis. He taught in Britain, at the University of Nottingham and in the United States, at the University of California, San Diego. Granger was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2003 in recognition of the contributions that he and his co-winner, Robert F. Engle, had made to the analysis of time series data. This work fundamentally changed the way in which economists analyse financial and macroeconomic data. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in 1934 in Swansea, south Wales, United Kingdom, to <mask> and <mask>. The next year his parents moved to Lincoln. During World War II Granger and his mother moved to Cambridge because Edward joined the Royal Air Force and deployed to North Africa.Here they stayed first with Evelyn's mother, then later Edward's parents, while <mask> began school. <mask> would later recall a primary school teacher telling his mother that "[<mask>] would never be successful". <mask> started secondary school in Cambridge, but continued in Nottingham, where his family moved after the war. Here two teachers encouraged Granger's interest in physics and applied mathematics. He had anticipated following the convention of completing schooling at age 16 to enter the workforce and saw himself working in a bank or insurance company. However, positive social influence from his peers and support from his father led him to enroll in sixth-form for two years as preparation for a university degree. Granger enrolled in a joint degree in economics and mathematics at the University of Nottingham but switched to full mathematics in his second year.After receiving his BA in 1955, he remained at the University of Nottingham for a PhD in statistics under the supervision of Harry Pitt. In 1956, aged 21, Granger was appointed a junior lecturer in statistics at the university. His interest in applied statistics and economics led him to choose as the topic of his doctoral thesis time series analysis, a field in which he felt that relatively little work had been done at the time. In 1959 Granger completed his PhD degree with a thesis titled "Testing for Non-stationarity". Academic life
Granger spent the next academic year, 1959–60, at Princeton University under a Harkness Fellowship of the Commonwealth Fund. He had been invited to Princeton by Oskar Morgenstern to participate in his Econometrics Research Project. Here, Granger and Michio Hatanaka as assistants to John Tukey on a project using Fourier analysis on economic data.In 1964, Granger and Hatanaka published the results of their research in a book on Spectral Analysis of Economic Time Series (Tukey had encouraged them to write this themselves, as he was not going to publish the research results.) In 1963, Granger also wrote an article on "The typical spectral shape of an economic variable", which appeared in Econometrica in 1966. Both the book and the article proved influential in the adoption of the new methods. Granger also became a full professor at the University of Nottingham. In a 1969 paper in Econometrica, Granger also introduced his concept of Granger causality. After reading a pre-print copy of the time series book by George Box and Gwilym Jenkins in 1968, Granger became interested in forecasting. For the next few years he worked on this subject with his post-doctoral student, Paul Newbold; and they wrote a book which became a standard reference in time series forecasting (published in 1977).Using simulations, Granger and Newbold also wrote the famous 1974 paper on spurious regression which led to a re-evaluation of previous empirical work in economics and to the econometric methodology. Granger spent 22 years at the University of Nottingham. In 2005, the building that houses the Economics and Geography Departments was renamed the <mask> <mask> Building in honor of his Nobel prize award. In 1974 Granger moved to the University of California at San Diego. In 1975 he participated in a US Bureau of Census committee, chaired by Arnold Zellner, on seasonal adjustment. At UCSD, Granger continued his research on time series, collaborating closely with Nobel prize co-recipient Robert Engle (whom he helped bring to UCSD), Roselyne Joyeux (on fractional integration), Timo Teräsvirta (on nonlinear time series) and others. Working with Robert Engle, he developed the concept of cointegration, introduced in a 1987 joint paper in Econometrica; for which he was awarded the Nobel prize in 2003.Granger also supervised many PhD students, including Mark Watson (co-advisor with Robert Engle). In later years Granger also used time series methods to analyse data outside economics. He worked on a project forecasting deforestation in the Amazon rainforest. In 2003, Granger retired from UCSD as a Professor Emeritus. He was a Visiting Eminent Scholar of the University of Melbourne and Canterbury University. He was a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reform of the United Nations. Granger was married to Patricia (<mask>) from 1960 until his death.He is survived by their son, Mark William John, and their daughter, Claire Amanda Jane. Granger died on 27 May 2009, at Scripps Memorial Hospital in La Jolla, California. Honors and awards
In 2003, Granger and his collaborator Robert Engle were jointly awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He was made a Knight Bachelor in the New Year's Honours in 2005. Granger was a fellow of the Econometric Society since 1972 and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy since 2002. In 2004, he was voted as one of the 100 Welsh Heroes. See also
 Gabor–Granger method
 Granger causality

Publications

References

External links
 Winner page on the official Nobel Foundation website

 More maths good for economy – Nobel laureate
 Sir <mask>r – Daily Telegraph obituary

Academics of the University of Nottingham
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
British economists
British expatriates in the United States
British Nobel laureates
Econometricians
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Knights Bachelor
Nobel laureates in Economics
People from Swansea
Time series econometricians
University of California, San Diego faculty
Welsh statisticians
1934 births
2009 deaths
20th-century economists
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy

masks:
Clive William John Granger
Clive Granger
Edward John Granger
Evelyn Granger
Clive
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Lady Granger
Clive Grange


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<mask> (born December 21, 1946) is an American academic who is the former Dean of the Barbara Jordan - Mickey Leland School Of Public Affairs (October 2011 – August 2016) and currently Distinguished Professor at Texas Southern University. Previously Ware Professor of Sociology and Director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta University, <mask> is known as the "father of environmental justice". He has been a leading campaigner against environmental racism, as well as the foremost scholar of the problem, and of the Environmental Justice Movement which sprung up in the United States in the 1980s. Early life and education

Born in Elba, Alabama, <mask> is the son of Nehemiah and <mask>; he was the fourth of five children. He graduated from Elba's Mulberry Heights High School as class salutatorian in 1964. Continuing his education, <mask> received a bachelor's degree in government at Alabama A&M University in Huntsville, in 1968. Upon graduating from college, he served two years in the United States Marine Corps, at an "air control station in North Carolina".<mask>'s M.A. in sociology was earned at Clark Atlanta University in 1972. <mask> obtained his Ph.D. in sociology at Iowa State University in 1976, under the supervision of urban sociologist <mask>"Bob") O. Richards. Environmental justice work

Bean v. Southwestern Waste Management, Inc. In 1979 <mask>'s wife, attorney Linda McKeever <mask>, represented Margaret Bean and other Houston residents in their struggle against a plan that would locate a municipal landfill next to their homes. The lawsuit, Bean v. Southwestern Waste Management, Inc., was the first of its kind in the United States that charged environmental discrimination in waste facility siting under the civil rights laws. Houston's middle-class, suburban Northwood Manor neighborhood was an unlikely location for a garbage dump except that it was over 82 percent black.<mask>, having received his doctoral degree only a couple of years before, was drawn into the case as an expert witness. In this role <mask> conducted a study which documented the location of municipal waste disposal facilities in Houston. Entitled 'Solid Waste Sites and the Black Houston Community', the study was the first comprehensive account of ecoracism in the United States. <mask> and his researchers found that African American neighbourhoods in Houston were often chosen for toxic waste sites. All five city-owned garbage dumps, six of the eight city-owned garbage incinerators, and three of the four privately owned landfills were sited in black neighbourhoods, although blacks made up only 25 percent of the city's population. This discovery prompted <mask> to begin a long academic and activist campaign against environmental racism. "Without a doubt", <mask> has said of his experience, "it was a form of apartheid where whites were making decisions and black people and brown people and people of color, including Native Americans on reservations, had no seat at the table."Early work

Over the 1980s <mask> widened his study of environmental racism to the whole American South, focusing on communities in Houston, in Dallas, Texas, Alsen, Louisiana, Institute, West Virginia, and Emelle, Alabama. Again he found a clear overrepresentation of environmental hazards in black areas as compared to white areas, causing increased health risks to black citizens. In 1990 <mask> published his first book, Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class and Environmental Quality. In the book, <mask> wrote that the Environmental Justice Movement, a grassroots movement by people of color then spreading across America to protest environmental racism, signified a new convergence of the civil rights movement and the environmental movement of the 1960s. Advocacy

In 1990 <mask> (then at the University of California-Riverside) became one leader of a group of prominent academics, later known as the Michigan Group, including Bunyan Bryant of the University of Michigan and Charles Lee of the United Church of Christ. The group wrote letters to Louis Sullivan, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and to William Reilly, the head of the Environmental Protection Agency, asking for meetings with the officials to discuss governmental policy on environmental discrimination. Sullivan never responded, but Reilly met the advocacy group several times, resulting in the creation of the EPA's Work Group on Environmental Equity.This group later became the Office of Environmental Equity, and then the Office of Environmental Justice under EPA Administrator Carol Browner in 1993. <mask> also played a key role in the organising of the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit in 1991. Starting out with a list of only 30 people of color groups working on environmental issues, Bullard expanded the list to over 300 groups by calling the leaders he knew personally and gathering information on other groups they had come across. It was these groups that attended the Leadership Summit in October 1991, at which a list of seventeen 'Principles of Environmental Justice' was adopted. <mask>'s expanded list eventually included groups from outside the United States, including Puerto Rico, Canada and Mexico, and has been published as the "People of Color Environmental Group Directory" by the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation. In 1994 President Bill Clinton signed the Environmental Justice Executive Order 12898 after advice and research by a National Environmental Justice Advisory Council (NEJAC), which included Professor <mask>, who chaired the Health and Research Subcommittee. <mask> continued to act on behalf of struggling African American groups across the U.S.It was his expert testimony that won the case of Citizens Against Nuclear Trash (CANT) v. Louisiana Energy Services (LES) for the environmental justice group, directly causing the federal government's decision to deny the LES's permit for a uranium enrichment plant in Forest Grove and Center Springs, Louisiana. In 2006 when asked what keeps him going in his quest for environmental justice, <mask> answered, "People who fight... People who do not let the garbage trucks and the landfills and the petrochemical plants roll over them. That has kept me in this movement for the last 25 years. And in the last 10 years, we've been winning: lawsuits are being won, reparations are being paid, apologies are being made. These companies have been put on notice that they can't do this anymore, anywhere." Academic career

 Associate/ Assistant Professor, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, 1976-88
 Associate Professor, University of Tennessee, 1987–88
 Associate Professor/ Visiting Scholar, University of California at Berkeley, 1988–89
 Professor/ Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, University of California-Riverside, 1989–94
 Ware Distinguished Professor of Sociology; Director, Environmental Justice Resource Center, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, 1994-2011
 Dean, Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs, Texas Southern University, 2011–present

Awards and recognition

 Conservation Achievement Award, National Wildlife Federation, 1990
 One of thirteen "Environmental Leaders of the Century", Newsweek, 2008
 Building Economic Alternatives Award, Co-op America, 2008
 John Muir Award, Sierra Club, 2013
 American Bar Association, Award for Excellence in Environmental, Energy, and Resources Stewardship, 2015
 Iowa State University Alumni Association, Alumni Merit Award, 2015
 Stephen Schneider Award for Outstanding Climate Science Communication, 2019

Selected publications

 <mask>, RD (1983). Solid waste sites and the black Houston community.Sociological Inquiry 53, pp. 273–288. <mask>, ed (1983). Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Boston: South End Press. <mask>, RD (1987). Invisible Houston: The Black Experience in Boom and Bust.College Station Texas A&M University Press. <mask>, RD (1989). In Search of the New South: The Black Urban Experience in the 1970s and 1980s. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. <mask>, RD, ed (2000a). [1990]. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality, 3rd ed.Boulder, CO: Westview Press. <mask>, RD, ed (1994). Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. <mask>, RD, Grigsby, JE, III, & Lee, C (1994). "Residential Apartheid: The American Legacy. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies.Bullard, RD, & Johnson, GS, eds (1997). Just Transportation: Dismantling Race and Class Barriers to Mobility. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers. Bullard, RD, Johnson, GS, & Wright, BH (1997). Confronting environmental injustice: It's the right thing to do. Environmentalism and Race, Gender, Class Issues. Race Gender and Class 5 (1), pp.63–79. Bullard, RD, & Johnson, GS (1998). Environmental and economic justice: Implications for public policy. Journal of Public Management and Social Policy 4 (4), pp. 137–148. Bullard, RD, Johnson, GS, & Torres, AO (1999, Fall). Atlanta: Megasprawl.Forum: For Applied Research and Public Policy 14 (3), pp. 17–23. <mask>, RD, Johnson, GS, & Torres, AO, eds (2000). Sprawl City: Race, Politics, and Planning in Atlanta. Washington, DC: Island Press. <mask>, RD, Johnson, GS, & Torres, AO (2000, February/March). Dismantling transportation apartheid through environmental justice.Progress: Surface Transportation Policy Project 10 (1), pp. 4–5
 <mask>, RD (2000b). "People of Color Environmental Groups Directory." Flint, MI: Charles Stewart Mott Foundation. <mask>, RD, ed (2003). Just Sustainabilities: Development in an Unequal World. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.<mask> (2004). Highway Robbery: Transportation Racism and New Routes to Equity. Boston: South End Press. <mask>, RD (2005). The Quest for Environmental Justice: Human Rights and the Politics of Pollution. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. <mask>, RD (2007).Growing Smarter: Achieving Livable Communities, Environmental Justice, and Regional Equity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <mask>, RD (2007). The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-First Century: Race and the Politics of Place. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. <mask>, RD (2009). Race, Place, and Environmental Justice After Hurricane Katrina: Struggles to Reclaim, Rebuild, and Revitalize New Orleans and the Gulf Coast.Boulder, CO: Westview Press. See also
 History of African-Americans in Houston

References

External links

 "<mask>," The History Makers, April 12, 2011 (videos)
 <mask>, Gregory. 2006. "Meet <mask>, the father of environmental justice," Grist, March 15
 "<mask> <mask>," DoOneThing.org
 Official Dr. <mask> Website
 Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta University
 <mask><mask> Dean’s Page at Texas Southern University
 Marathon for Justice Film, 2016

Living people
American sociologists
Environmental sociologists
Clark Atlanta University faculty
American academic administrators
Texas Southern University faculty
University of California, Riverside faculty
Iowa State University alumni
American environmentalists
Environmental justice
American civil rights activists
People from Elba, Alabama
1946 births
Alabama A&M University alumni
Sierra Club awardees
Activists from Alabama
Activists from California

masks:
Robert Doyle Bullard
Bullard
Robert Doyle Bullard
Myrtle Brundidge Bullard
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Robert (
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BullardD
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Robert Bullard
Dicum
Robert Bullard
Robert Doyle
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Robert Bullard
Robert D
. Bullard