texts:
<mask> (born 1957) is a German theologian, biblical scholar, Professor of New Testament Exegesis at the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, KU Leuven, Belgium, and a Roman Catholic priest of the Diocese of Speyer in Germany. The main areas of his research include the Second Letter to the Corinthians (exegesis and theology), the Gospel of John (Anti-Judaism and the Gospel of John; Mary Magdalene and the Noli me tangere), and biblical hermeneutics (normativity of the future). Education and academic career
<mask> first studied theology at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology, and then continued his studies at the Faculty of Theology of the KU Leuven, Belgium, where he defended his doctorate in 1986. His doctoral dissertation presents an exegesis of 2 Corinthians 5:14-21 in its epistolary context and is partially published in Studies on 2 Corinthians. In 1988 he was ordained a priest in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Speyer, and served in a parish in Rodalben as assistant priest until 1990, when he was appointed as a full-time staff member of the Faculty of Theology (now Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies) at KU Leuven. Between 2008 and 2012 he served as Vice-Dean for Research of that faculty. Since 2014 he has been the coordinator of the Biblical Studies Research Unit.He was also the co-founder and is currently the head of the Faculty's Centre for Women's Studies Theology. He also chairs the Research Group Exegesis, Hermeneutics and Theology of the Corpus Paulinum and Corpus Johanneum. Since 2011, he has been serving as the secretary of the Colloquium Biblicum Lovaniense. Between 2012 and 2015 Bieringer served as the President of the European Association of Biblical Studies and is currently the President of the Flemish Bible Society. He is also the secretary of Colloquium Oecumenicum Paulinum, and in 2010 served as its president. Contribution to Biblical Studies

Reconciliation and 2 Corinthians
The theology and the background of Paul's Second Letter to the Corinthians have belonged to Bieringer's main research interests since the beginning of his academic career. He is known to be one of the long-standing defenders of the letter's unity and integrity.In his doctoral work, supervised by Jan Lambrecht, and in subsequent publications, he has argued that the genesis of Paul's use of the concept of reconciliation in reference to the divine-human relationship in 2 Cor 5:14-21 is to be sought in Paul's theological reflection on his personal experience of an initial reconciliation with the Corinthians. <mask> has also suggested that, as opposed to the traditional understanding of καταλλάγητε (katallagēte) in 2 Cor 5:20d as passive, the verb has here a reflexive meaning and thus could be translated as "reconcile yourselves to God" rather than "be reconciled to God". In a paper presented at the 2008 Society of Biblical Literature Annual Meeting in Boston, Bieringer proposed the term "theology in the making" to refer to the process whereby Paul's everyday life experiences and the resources at his disposal led to the development of Paul's profound theological insights. This paper constituted also an introduction to the series of seminar sessions on Second Corinthians: Pauline Theology in the Making, to take place every year at the Society of Biblical Literature Annual Meetings, from 2008 to 2019. Some of Bieringer's insights on reconciliation in 2 Corinthians were taken over and developed in a doctoral dissertation by Ivar Vegge, published subsequently in the WUNT series. Normativity of the Future
In 1996 Bieringer began to develop an eschatological-oriented biblical hermeneutics, which came to be known as the normativity of the future approach. In dialogue with the theologian Mary Elsbernd (1946-2010) from Loyola University (Chicago) and their respective students, they elaborated this approach in the publication Normativity of the Future: Reading Biblical and Other Authoritative Texts in an Eschatological Perspective.The normativity of the future approach is rooted in a dialogical perspective on God's revelation, both through the Scriptures and the "signs of the times". Incorporating a variety of scholarly biblical methodologies, it focuses subsequently on the world behind, the world of, and especially the world in front of the text. The approach traces the explicit or implicit eschatological vision(s) in a given biblical passage (such as the kingdom of God, the new heaven and the new earth, etc.) and seeks out the moral qualities of the text: its inclusive and exclusive dimensions, its pneumatological clues, its traces of the virtue of hope and its ethical demands. The normativity of the future approach also incorporates the hermeneutical meta-questions regarding the interpreter, the interpretive process and results, and their impact on communities, especially those who are oppressed. To date, Bieringer continues to cultivate this approach, researching how Scriptures are used in various ways, such as in religious education in Australia and in interdisciplinary theologizing in a contextual manner. Anti-Judaism and the Fourth Gospel
In collaboration with Didier Pollefeyt, <mask> <mask> further developed the normativity of the future approach in the context of Jewish-Christian dialogue.Their joint project on the alleged anti-Jewish tendencies in the Fourth Gospel (esp. in John 8:31-59) resulted in the Leuven colloquium on Anti-Judaism and the Fourth Gospel in 2000 and has remained a research focus ever since. In 2016 their project in collaboration with Peter De Mey resulted in an expert seminar about The Spirit, Hermeneutics and Dialogues (Leuven, 25–27 May 2016). Mary Magdalene and Feminist Approaches to the Fourth Gospel
Bieringer's research in John's Gospel and his use of a feminist lens in biblical studies paved the way for an interdisciplinary research project on John 20:1-17 entitled "Mary Magdalene and the Touching of Jesus. An Intra- and Interdisciplinary Investigation of the Interpretation of John 20:17 in Exegesis, Iconography and Pastoral Care, Research Foundation Flanders, 2005-2008." The research results were distributed through several articles and an edited volume on the topic, as well as radio interviews, lectures, debates and an exhibition on the image of Mary Magdalene and the iconography of the Noli me tangere. Paul and Judaism
Bieringer's research also focuses on the question of continuity and discontinuity between Judaism and Christianity in Paul's time.The interdisciplinary project "New Perspectives on Paul and the Jews" investigated the role of Pauline theology in the process of Christian self-definition with respect to the Judaism of its time and dealt with the implications for present day Jewish-Christian dialogue. Prizes and awards

 Catholic Press Association Award Winner with the book Mary Elsbernd & <mask> <mask>, When Love Is Not Enough. A Theo-Ethic of Justice. Select Works

Books

as Editor

Articles and Chapters

  - A shorter online version

References

External links
<mask> <mask>'s biography on the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, KU Leuven website
List of all the publications by <mask> <mask> on the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, KU Leuven website
John and "the Jews" project

1957 births
Living people
New Testament scholars
KU Leuven faculty
German biblical scholars

masks:
Reimund Bieringer
Bieringer
Bieringer
Reimund
Bieringer
Reimund
Bieringer
Reimund
Bieringer
Reimund
Bieringer


type: original

texts:
<mask>, <mask> LVO (born 27 January 1931), is a British entrepreneur, inventor, philanthropist and Conservative member of the House of Lords. Early life and business career
His father was <mask>, a farmer. <mask> was educated at Pangbourne College. After school he served in the Queen's Royal Regiment from 1948 to 1950, reaching the rank of Lieutenant. In 1952 <mask>, then aged 21, set up a small plastics company, later to be named Plastic Coatings, with two employees. The company, which operated from a Nissen hut in Guildford, was one of the first to find the technical means to apply a thin coat of plastic to metal and to recognise the huge number of applications that this would have. By 1969 when the company was floated on the London Stock Exchange, it employed over 1,000 employees in five different locations, winning the Queen's Award for Industry in 1971.At the time of the flotation, <mask> gave 10 percent of the shares to the company's employees before selling his own stake in  the firm to Imperial Tobacco, resigning as executive chairman a year later. <mask> was Deputy Chairman of Electra Investment Trust 1990 to 1998. Political career
<mask>'s decision to give up a full-time business career was the result of his determination to find a role for himself in reversing economic and political trends which he believed would have left Britain poorer and less free and to champion the concept of a social market economy. After a failed attempt to be selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Aldershot in 1974, he sought instead to assist others directly engaged in seeking to challenge the prevailing economic orthodoxy. Introduced to Antony Fisher, the eccentric old Etonian founder of the Institute of Economic Affairs, Vinson gave money to the Institute at a time when its finances were precarious and its survival uncertain. <mask> became an IEA trustee, chairman of its trustees from 1989–95 and life IEA vice-president, becoming a close friend and  ally of Ralph Harris (later Lord Harris of High Cross), the Institute's General Director. Harris introduced <mask> to Sir Keith Joseph who had broken with his party's commitment to the neo-Keynesian middle way in favour of market-based policies.In 1974, <mask> joined Joseph and Margaret Thatcher as a co founder of the Centre for Policy Studies which, according to Thatcher, "was where our Conservative revolution began." <mask>, who found the Centre's first premises, underwrote the lease and employed its staff, served as honorary treasurer as well as contributing to the intellectual life of the think-tank. The role of the Centre was "to act as outsider, skirmisher, trail-blazer, to  moot new ideas and policies. Our task was to question the unquestioned, think the unthinkable, blaze new trails..." <mask> was the co-author of the Centre's first publication, Why Britain Needs a Social Market Economy (1974). According to <mask>'s biographer he may have been influential in persuading Joseph not to stand for the Tory party leadership because the latter was temperamentally unsuited to the role, thereby setting the stage for Thatcher to enter the leadership race in 1975. When he resigned as CPS treasurer in 1980, Thatcher acknowledged in a personal letter of thanks the part Vinson had played in changing the direction of British politics: "What has been achieved during the last six years by way of winning the intellectual argument in favour of free enterprise and against socialism and corporatism would never have been possible without your patient guidance and tireless ability to provide, and then maintain, the foundation stone on which we have built." According to a study of the part played by conservative and neo-liberal think tanks in reversing political trends during the 1970s and 80s, among the most influential of the CPS policy groups was its Personal Capital Foundation Group chaired by <mask>.This produced three proposals that became Government policy: personal pensions, personal equity plans (now ISAs), and the Enterprise Allowance Scheme. Although he broadly championed the pro-market policies advanced by the IEA and CPS, <mask> repeatedly argued that the high interest rates imposed as the centrepiece of Thatcher's counter inflation policy were needlessly harsh, causing severe and unnecessary hardship. When an independent assessment of UK monetary policy confirmed that this was the case monetary policy was gradually relaxed. On 7 February 1985, he was created a life peer as Baron <mask>, of Roddam Dene in the County of Northumberland. He is a regular attender at House of Lords debates, and spoke in the 2007 and 2014 sessions in support of nuclear power, against what he sees as the folly of policies based on costly British renewable generation solutions, increasing, he argues, fuel poverty, whilst the growing world population issue remains unaddressed. On 4 August 2012, Lord <mask> threatened to defect to UKIP unless the Conservatives took a more Better Off Out approach to Europe. On 4 June 2013 he spoke and voted in the Lords against the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill.From 1980-90 <mask> served as the Chairman of the Rural Development Commission, during which time he initiated a series of reforms designed to remove restrictions and controls on rural enterprise. These included a change to planning laws that enabled redundant farm buildings to be turned into workshops leading to the creation of thousands of small rural firms. Vinson believed that the reforms slowed and ultimately reversed the drift of population from the countryside to towns and cities. <mask> was Deputy Chairman of the Confederation of British Industry's Smaller Firms Council from 1979–84 and President of the Industrial Participation Association from 1979 to 1989. Since 2003, he has been a Trustee of the think tank Civitas. Philanthropy
The Nigel Vinson Charitable Trust, which Vinson set up in 1970 with an initial donation representing ten percent of current wealth, has since given more than £10 million to educational, humanitarian and environmental projects as well as to individual scholars and public policy foundations. Beneficiaries have included the University of Buckingham which unveiled the £8 million Vinson Building housing the Vinson Centre for Economics and Entrepreneurship in 2018.He was founder donor of the Martin Mere Wildfowl Reserve in 1972 and gave a village green to Holbourn, Northumberland, in 2006. He was a member of the Design Council from 1973 to 1980. From 1976 to 1978 he was an honorary director of the Queen's Silver Jubilee Appeal. He was a Member of the Northumbrian National Parks and Countryside Committee between 1977 and 1987, and a member of the Foundation for Science and Technology between 1991 and 1996. In 2019, in an article in Standpoint magazine, Vinson criticised a number of major UK charities for spending their donors' money for purposes other than those for which it was raised, for overpaying senior staff and for straying into political activism. Personal life

<mask> has been married to Yvonne Collin since 1972; they have three daughters and nine grandchildren. Vinson was invested as a Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO) in the 1979 New Year Honours.He was a council member of St George's House, Windsor Castle, from 1990 to 1996. Arms

Notes

References

External links

1931 births
Vinson
Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order
Living people
People educated at Pangbourne College
Members of the Freedom Association

masks:
Nigel Vinson
Baron Vinson
Ronald Vinson
Nigel Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson


texts:
<mask> CBE is a British activist and former director of Disability Awareness in Action (DAA), an international network working on disability and human rights. Early training and employment
Born in 1939, <mask> trained as an actress, dancer and teacher at Rose Bruford College, using the qualification gained to work in an inner London primary school as a dance and drama teacher from 1970 to 1975. Disability activism

From the late sixties onwards, <mask> started exhibiting symptoms of a congenital condition. She became a wheelchair-user in 1976 and subsequently lost her teaching job. She decided that she needed to meet other disabled people, so she contacted what was then the Greenwich Association for Disabled People. <mask> quickly became a Trustee and, from 1983 to 1990 the Chair, and altered the organisation to become the Greenwich Association of Disabled People and Centre for Independent Living (GADCIL), run by and for disabled people. The organisation took over the running of the local Dial-a-Ride service and were the driving force behind Forum@Greenwich, a community initiative for full accessibility and equality of opportunity.GADCIL was a member organisation of the British Council of Disabled People (BCODP), and <mask> was an officer of BCODP between 1983 and 1998, and its Chair from 1985 to 1987. <mask> became a member of the Impact Foundation UK, an international initiative against avoidable disability. She, Sir John Wilson (the Chair of Impact), and Henry Enns the Chair of Disabled Peoples’ International (DPI), created a charitable organisation to support the United Nations Decade of Disabled People, known as the Global Project in support of Disabled People, with <mask> as the Project Director, and the others on the board of Trustees, along with representatives from Inclusion International, the World Federation of the Deaf, the World Blind Union and others. In 1992 <mask> persuaded Nicholas Scott, then Minister for Disabled People, to support the organisation; it was thereafter renamed Disability Awareness in Action (DAA) and housed in various Government buildings. DAA was an international information network on disability and human rights, promoting, supporting and co-ordinating local action globally in support of the rights of disabled people. They did this by publishing, in three languages, large print and braille, monthly newsletters with stories and experiences from disabled individuals or their organisations all over the world, and also a series of Resource Kits, designed to help fledgling organisations get off the ground and give them the tools they needed to campaign and change the situation for disabled people in their locality. <mask> was the Director of DAA from its creation in 1992 until her retirement in 2011.She was also actively involved in DPI, being on the World Council between 1987 and 2003. She also served as the Chair of the DPI European Union Committee (1992–1995) and of the DPI European Region (1995–1999). <mask> has been awarded two honorary Doctorates, in Social Science from the University of Greenwich and in Law from Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen. <mask> was granted the Freedom of the London Borough of Greenwich in 1990, and in 2003 won RADAR's Person of the Year Award, for the furtherance of Human Rights internationally. In the 1995 New Year Honours she was awarded an OBE, followed in 2008 by a CBE. <mask> has spoken at international, national and local conferences and seminars on the Disability Movement and equalisation of opportunities, Human Rights, Policy and Social Development, Bioethics and Disability, Independent Living, legislation, especially anti-discrimination, media images of disability, housing, access and transportation. She has been interviewed on local and national media and written articles in mainstream and disability press on disability rights issues.In the last few years her concentration has been on disablism, including bio-ethical concerns, such as genetics, genetic screening and the right to life. Publications
With Tomson Dube, Richard Light and Joshua Malinga, "Promoting Inclusion? Disabled people, legislation and public policy",ch.8 pp 104-118, IN OR OUT OF THE MAINSTREAM, (Disability Press, Leeds) 2006. ‘Disability, Development and the Biotechnologies’, 49(4) pp 101-106, DEVELOPMENT (Palgrave) 2006
‘Disabled People’ Chap C2 in AN ALTERNATIVE WORLD HEALTH REPORT, (Global Health Watch) 2006. ‘The Perfect Crime’, BETTER HUMANS? The Politics of human enhancement and life Extension, (Demos) 2006. With Jim Elder-Woodward and Tony Manwaring, Forward, INDEPENDENT LIVING, THE RIGHT TO BE EQUAL CITIZENS, (Demos) 2005.‘Disabled Peoples’ International: Europe and the Social Model of Disability, THE SOCIAL MODEL OF DISABILITY: EUROPE AND THE MAJORITY WORLD, (The Disability Press, Leeds) 2005. With Tony Manwaring, Forward, DISABLISM, HOW TO TACKLE THE LAST PREJUDICE, (Demos), 2004. ‘The International Disability Rights Movement and the ICF’, DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION, 2003: VOL. 25.No. 11-12. 572-576 (Taylor & Francis Ltd.) 2003. ‘Assisted suicide, disability and human rights’, Forum on Physician-assisted death: dying with dignity?The Lancet Neurology, vol. 2 (10), London, 2003. ‘Conclusion: Enabling or Disabling Globalisation?’ CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES IN A DISABLING SOCIETY, (Open University Press) 2003. "Why a Convention on the Rights of Disabled People?" BRITISH INSTITUTE OF HUMAN RIGHTS NEWSLETTER, Autumn, 2001. ‘To Revise or Not to Revise?’, DISABILITY & SOCIETY, (Taylor & Francis Ltd) 2000. TRAINING MANUAL ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE MEDIA, (DAA), 1999.‘Disabled People’s Organisations and Development: Strategies for Change’, DISABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT, ed. Stone, E., (The Disability Press), Leeds, 1999
ARE DISABLED PEOPLE INCLUDED?, an exposure document on the violation of disabled people’s human rights (DAA), 1998. "A Disabled Person’s Viewpoint", SERVICES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC DISORDERS, (Royal College of Physicians), London, 1996. 'Choice and Empowerment - Lessons from Europe', DISABILITY & SOCIETY, (Carfax), 1995. OVERCOMING OBSTACLES TO THE INTEGRATION OF DISABLED PEOPLE, UNESCO, sponsored report as a contribution to the World Summit on Social Development, (DAA), 1995. "Self-Help for Disabled People", YEARBOOK OF CO-OPERATIVE ENTERPRISE, 1992. (Plunkett Foundation) January, 1992."Independent Living, Civil Rights and Housing", BUILDING OUR LIVES, ed. Linda Laurie (Shelter), 1991. 'Disabled People Should Influence Their Own Future', Social Work Today, (British Association of Social Workers), January 26, 1987. In and Out of Employment for Disabled People, Open University (UK), 1986. Booklet of 20pp. "Centre For Independent Living", BULLETIN, (London GLC), 1985. "A Voice To Be Reckoned With", DISABILITY NOW, (Spastics Society), February 1987."Een Stem Waar Rekening mee Gehonden Moet Worden", VRINDENKRING, (Joanna Stichting, Arnhem), July 1987. Dutch translation. GETTING IN ON THE ACT, (Thames TV, London), co-author: W. Bingley, 1987. 24pp. "Access In Japan", ACCESS ACTION, (Access Committee for England), 1988. References

External links
 DAA website
 <mask>'s speech at the James Martin Institute, University of Oxford
 BBC report on DAA

British human rights activists
Women human rights activists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Rachel Mary Rosalind Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst


texts:
<mask> (born 1 January 1956 in Roslyn Heights, New York) is a best-selling author. His books, which have earned him a 1994 National Endowment of the Arts Fellowship in Fiction and the 1998 Herodotus Award, have been published in many countries and translated into more than 20 languages. Early life
<mask> graduated from Herricks High School in suburban New York in 1973. In 1977, he earned a bachelor's degree in Comparative Religion from Duke University and five years later obtained a master's degree in Journalism from Stanford University. Academic career
He was a  Professor of Journalism at the University of Porto and College of Journalism for 16 years. Awards
<mask> received the 2009 Alberto Benveniste literary prize in France for his novel Guardian of the Dawn. The prize is given to novels that have to do with Sephardic Jewish culture or history.It was awarded to him at a ceremony at the Sorbonne in January 2009. Five of <mask>'s novels - Hunting Midnight (2005), The Search for Sana (2007), The Seventh Gate (2009), The Warsaw Anagrams (2013) and The Night Watchman (2016) - have been nominated for the International Dublin Literary Award, the highest value literary prize in the English-speaking world. His novel The Warsaw Anagrams was chosen as 2009 Book of the Year by the main Portuguese book magazine Ler and by the country's high school teachers and students (the 2010 Mariquis de Ouro prize). It was also chosen as one of the 20 Best Books of the Decade 2000-2009 by the country's foremost daily newspaper, Público. In August 2011, the San Francisco Chronicle described the book as follows: "Equal parts riveting, heartbreaking, inspiring and intelligent, this mystery set in the most infamous Jewish ghetto of World War II deserves a place among the most important works of Holocaust literature." In 2009, Zimler wrote and acted in The Slow Mirror, a short movie based on one of his stories. Directed by Swedish-Portuguese filmmaker Solveig Nordlund, the short stars Portuguese actors Gracinda Nave and Marta Peneda.In May 2010, it won the Best Drama award from the New York Downtown Short Film Festival. O Cão que Comia a Chuva, illustrated by one of the most famous and well-respected Portuguese artists Julio Pomar, won the prize for Best Children's Book of 2018 from the Bissaya Barreto Foundation of Portugal. In July 2017, the city of Porto awarded Zimler its highest distinction, the Medal of Honor. At the ceremony, Porto mayor Rui Moreira described the novelist as "A citizen of Porto who was born far away, who makes Porto greater and grander... Zimler projects the city of Porto out into the world and brings the rest of the world to us." The Sephardic Cycle

Zimler has written five novels that explore the lives of different generations and branches of a Portuguese-Jewish family, the Zarcos. This series, whose works are intended to be read in any order, originated with The Last Kabbalist of Lisbon, which is narrated by a youthful kabbalist named Berekiah Zarco who survives the Lisbon Massacre of 1506. These works explore such themes as Jewish mysticism; slavery; the devastating effect of the Inquisition on Portugal and its colonies; and the psychological conflict created in people who are forced to hide their faith.The novels are: The Last Kabbalist of Lisbon, set in Sixteenth Century Portugal; Hunting Midnight, which takes place in Porto, London, New York and South Carolina in the early Nineteenth Century; Guardian of the Dawn, in which the main action takes place in Goa in the Seventeenth Century; The Seventh Gate, set in Nazi-controlled Berlin in the 1930s; and The Incandescent Threads, set mainly in New York and Montreal from 1970 to the present time but also with two long chapters that take place in Poland during and right after the Second World War. The Incandescent Threads has yet to be published in English, though the Portuguese edition was published in 2018. Two of the novels in the Sephardic Cycle have been nominated for the International Dublin Literary Award: Hunting Midnight and The Seventh Gate. All five books were Number 1 bestsellers in Portugal. Other works
Zimler has also edited an anthology of short stories for which all the author's royalties go to Save the Children, the largest children's rights organization in the world. The anthology is entitled The Children's Hours. Participating authors include
Margaret Atwood, Nadine Gordimer, André Brink, Markus Zusak, David Almond, Katherine Vaz, Alberto Manguel, Eva Hoffman, Junot Díaz, Uri Orlev and Ali Smith.In August 2011, <mask> published his first book of poetry: Love's Voice: 72 Kabbalistic Haiku. The verses in the book express Jewish mystical ideas and imagery in the form of haiku. <mask> has written five children's books that have been published in Portuguese: Maria e Danilo e o Mágico Perdido, Dança Quando Chegares ao Fim, Hugo e Eu e as Mangas de Marte, Se Eu Fosse and O Cão que Comia a Chuva. In December 2018, Portuguese singer-songwriter Pedro Abrunhosa released a new album featuring a duet with American singer-songwriter Lucinda Williams for which Zimler wrote the English version of the lyrics. The song is entitled Hold Me. In 2019, Zimler published The Gospel According to Lazarus. Novelist Peter Stanford called it "a brave and engaging novel...  a page-turner.I simply had to keep going to the very end in order to know on earth what would happen." Personal life
Zimler has lived with Portuguese scientist Alexandre Quintanilha since 1978, when they met in San Francisco, California, They were married in August 2010, when same-sex marriage was legalized in Portugal. He has lived in Porto, Portugal since 1990. In 2002, he became a naturalized Portuguese citizen. In April 2019, Zimler wrote an article for The Observer describing how his brother's death from HIV/AIDS at a young age affected his writing and, in particular, the themes of The Gospel According to Lazarus. In June 2019, Zimler wrote an op-ed article in The Observer asserting that, in March 2019, his publicist told him that two cultural organisations in Britain had lost interest in hosting an event with him to promote his new book when they learned he was Jewish. The publicist asked not to be named and that the organisations not be identified.According to Zimler, his publicist said that talks over hosting him were cut off over fears of anti-Israel protests. According to The Bookseller, a trade publication that covers the British publishing industry, both The Observer and The Guardian had checked and confirmed the account. One Jewish writer queried why no other Jewish author had reported a similar experience in the UK.

masks:
Richard Zimler
Zimler
Richard Zimler
Zimler
Zimler
Zimler


texts:
<mask> (January 22, 1925 – September 1, 2019) was an American science fiction author best known for her short fiction of the 1950s which examined the impact of technological advances on individuals and society. Profile
Damon Knight wrote, "As a science fiction writer she has few peers; her work is not only technically brilliant but has a rare human warmth and richness." Brian Aldiss noted  that she could "do the hard stuff magnificently," while Theodore Sturgeon observed  that she "generally starts from a base of hard science, or rationalizes psi phenomena with beautifully finished logic." According to The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, she "was in the vanguard of those sf writers trying to apply to the soft sciences the machinery of the hard sciences". Her stories have been included in anthologies and a few have had radio and television adaptations. Three collections of her stories have been published. It was while she worked as a laboratory technician in 1947 that she began writing science fiction.Strongly influenced by Ludwig von Bertalanffy's General Systems Theory, her fiction has often demonstrated foresight about scientific advances. She died on September 1, 2019 at the age of 94. Awards
<mask> received a Nebula Award in 1971 for her novella "The Missing Man" (Analog, March, 1971) and she was a Professional Guest of Honor at the first WisCon in 1977. She was honored in 2003 by the Science Fiction Writers of America as an SFWA Author Emeritus. In 2011, she received the Cordwainer Smith Rediscovery Award. Collections
The Diploids and Other Flights of Fancy (Avon, 1962), her first short story collection, includes "The Diploids" (a.k.a. "Six Fingers"), "Feedback", "Pictures Don't Lie", "Incommunicado", "The Snow Ball Effect", "Defense Mechanism" and  "And Be Merry" (a.k.a."The Pyramid in the Desert"). Her second collection, The Trouble with You Earth People (Donning/Starblaze, 1980) contains "The Trouble with You Earth People", "The Gambling Hell and the Sinful Girl", "Syndrome Johnny", "Trouble with Treaties" (with Tom Condit), "The Origin of the Species", "Collision Orbit", "The Fittest", "These Truths", "Contagion", "Brain Wipe" and her Nebula Award-winning "The Missing Man". Short stories and novelettes
 "Defense Mechanism" (1949). This tale of hidden telepathic abilities was <mask>'s first story to see print when it was published in Astounding Science Fiction (October, 1949). "And Be Merry" (1950). Originally in Astounding Science Fiction (February, 1950), this story was first anthologized in Groff Conklin's Omnibus of Science Fiction (Crown, 1952) and has also been published under the title "The Pyramid in the Desert." In January 2006, <mask> reflected on the science behind the story:
"And Be Merry" (Eat Drink and Be Merry for Tomorrow We Die) A lab biologist, female, takes advantage of her husband going off on an archeology trip, to use the privacy to experiment on herself for rejuvenation by a severe and dangerous method.Succeeding, she contemplates immortality, finding that safety from accidental death has become so valuable to her that she becomes a coward, cowering from all possible risk, seeing shelter in a hospital, and is only rescued from mindless panic by her husband finding her, realizing the source of her terror and rescuing her from immortality by claiming she has a slow growing tumor in an unreachable part of the body. Finding she has no chance of evading eventual death, she immediately loses her obsession with safety, becomes interested in biochemistry again, and invents a new theory. (New at the time.) Mutation from background radiation does not just strike the sperm and egg making chromosome changes in the embryo and mutated progeny, it also strikes the chromosomes in each cell of any living creature, damages and mutates them also, and produces cancer. This cannot be prevented. She called it "somatic mutation" and used the new concept of body deterioration by slow radiation damage (age) to underpin her rediscovered recklessness, and be happy. Even now most biotechs have not fully accepted the implication that every cell in the body can generate an entire copy of the person.But perhaps a copy will be changed and mutated for the worse by exposure to ambient radiation and other mutagens. Perhaps a cell needs to generate a placenta around it to develop into an entire body. Something like that is holding up the biochemists from successfully making copies of individuals from body or blood cells. Not for long! I wrote three more stories with novel genetic ideas before 1953. Some have not been followed up by scientists yet. "Incommunicado" (1950).In this novelette about communication and computers, written by <mask> in 1947, she demonstrated an ability to foresee the future evolution of personal computers. Passages in this story anticipate such latter-day digital configurations as Google Book Search, Google Video Search, PDA devices, podcasting and portable music players. At a space station operated by a computer, the station's workers begin to unconsciously develop a musical rapport with their computer in a feedback loop. When published in the June 1950 issue of Astounding Science Fiction, cover artist Miller contributed one of the more striking Astounding covers of the 1950s, blending an emotional musical performance with cyber technology. The story was reprinted a decade later in Groff Conklin's anthology, Six Great Short Science Fiction Novels (Dell, 1960), followed by <mask>'s collection, The Diploids (Avon, 1962). In January, 2006, <mask> recalled this incident, trying to gate-crash a convention of electronic engineers a few years after Incommunicado was published in 1950:
In the 1930s and 1940s, scientists and boys planning to be scientists read Astounding (Analog) with close attention to the hottest most promising ideas and took them up as soon as they could get funded lab space. They did not openly express their gratitude to science fiction, because the funding depended on keeping claim to have originated the ideas they had put so much work into testing and verifying....

"I hastily looked around for a door to a lecture hall where I could sneak some listening time and get a line on current research, and be out of sight before the desk was reoccupied by the guardian of the gate....

Too late, a man built like a fullback in a business suit was bearing down on me."I see you don't have your badge. May I have your name? I'll look it up in the registry...."

"<mask>, I came in because I am interested in--"

He interrupted. "<mask>! Are you that <mask>?" He gripped my hand and hung on. Who was that <mask>?Was I being mistaken for someone else? "Are you the <mask> who wrote 'Incommunicado'?" Speechless with relief, I nodded. I would not be arrested or thrown out if they would accept me as a science fiction writer. He kept his grip on my hand and turned around and bellowed to his group of chatting friends, "Guess who I've got here. The little woman who wrote 'Incommunicado'!" ...I had not been aware that my playing with communication ideas would attract the attention of prestigious Bell Telephone researchers.I had left radio and wavelength theory to my Dad as one of his hobbies and learned early that I could get a nasty shock from playing with his wiring. I could not account for their enthusiasm. I went back to the typewriter and lost myself in the story again. The point is, that scientists not only read Astounding-Analog, they were fans of the writers and understood all the Ideas, even the obscure Ideas that were merely hinted at. "Feedback" (1951). A sociological setback occurs when conformity becomes a closed circle, prompting even more conformity; a teacher who speaks in favor of individuality is regarded as subversive. Originally in Astounding Science Fiction (July, 1951)."Syndrome Johnny" (1951). Published before it was even certain that DNA carried genetic information, this story is about a series of engineered retroviral plagues, initially propagated by blood transfusion, that are genetically re-engineering the human race. First published in Galaxy Science Fiction (July, 1951). "Pictures Don't Lie'" (1951). Radio contact with extraterrestrial ship arriving on Earth. Originally in Galaxy Science Fiction (August, 1951), it was adapted to radio, television and comic books. The adaptation on the UK series Out of This World was telecast August 11, 1962.The EC Comics version of this story was "Chewed Out! ", illustrated by Joe Orlando for Weird Science 12 (March–April 1952). In expanding the basic premise and adding comedic elements, scripter Al Feldstein established the setting as Blytheville, Arkansas. On several occasions <mask> noted that she ranked EC's interpretation as superior to her own story. "The Man Who Staked the Stars" (1952, as Charles Dye). A business mobster under investigation is slowly turned against himself by an internal doppelgänger. Originally in Planet Stories (July, 1952).This story is available online free in Project Gutenberg. "The Snowball Effect" (1952). A sociology professor, challenged to prove his theories of the dynamic growth of organizations, rewrites the rules of a smalltown sewing circle to have "more growth drive than the Roman Empire." He is far more successful than he ever anticipated. Originally in Galaxy Science Fiction (September, 1952), and adapted for the X Minus One radio series in 1956. "Games" (1953). A boy becomes the characters in his make-believe games.Originally in Galaxy Science Fiction (March, 1953). Available online
 "The Diploids" (1953). In this novella, a young lawyer suspects he may be an alien because of certain physical and biochemical abnormalities but discovers that he is a commercial human embryonic cell line, sold for research and illegally grown to maturity. Originally in Thrilling Wonder Stories (April, 1953). Also titled "Six Fingers." "Cosmic Checkmate" (1958). This collaboration by <mask> and Charles V. De Vet, published in Astounding Science Fiction (March, 1958), was nominated for a 1959 Hugo.It was expanded as Second Game in 1962 and again in 1981. Two gamers play a multi-level game to determine whether Earth's civilization wins. "Unhuman Sacrifice" (1958). Published in Astounding Science Fiction (March, 1958), reprinted in Damon Knight's anthology A Century of Science Fiction (1962). The attempts of a missionary to spread the word on an alien planet are frustrated by the aliens' life cycle. "The Kidnapping of Baroness 5" (1995) Originally published in Analog; republished in the anthologies Women of Other Worlds (edited by Helen Merrick & Tess Williams) and A Woman's Liberation (edited by Connie Willis and Sheila Williams). In a post-apocalyptic world, a geneticist struggles to help preserve and lengthen the lives of the genetically damaged descendants of the survivors of a genetic experiment to extend the human lifespan  that went horribly wrong.Instead, with each generation, lifespan gets shorter, and as less and less knowledge is passed down to each succeeding generation, society has regressed to a feudal state. She fits into society by casting herself as a sort of "good witch" cum healer, passing off her medical expertise and her efforts to correct the damage to the human aging process as magic. "Contagion" (1950). Originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction (October 1950), reprinted in Women of Wonder (1975). Novels
 The Man in the Bird Cage (1971)
 Missing Man (1975). In a balkanized New York City, an engineer working for the city's disaster planning section has his inside knowledge exploited to cause disasters. The novel is a fix-up of <mask>'s three Rescue Squad stories, including the 1971 Nebula Award-winning novella of the same name.Dark Wing (1979) with husband Carl West. In a world where medical knowledge has been outlawed, a young man discovers a medical kit, remnant of times past, which he uses to help those around him and to fight his way towards a better understanding of science and medicine. Memoir
 For Martin Greenberg's Fantastic Lives: Autobiographical Essays by Notable Science Fiction Writers (Southern Illinois University Press, 1981) she wrote "The Expanding Mind," a memoir of her youth and the impact of science fiction on the mind of a young girl. For Eric Leif Davin's Partners in Wonder: Women and the Birth of Science Fiction, 1926-1965, <mask> supplied a detailed description of her negotiations with John W. Campbell in regard to the publication of her earliest stories. References

Listen to
X Minus One: "The Snowball Effect" (August 14, 1956)
X Minus One: "Pictures Don't Lie" (October 24, 1956)
Episode 4 of the podcast Buxom Blondes with Ray Guns (Hannah Wolfe, February 17, 2018) features two 1954 stories by <mask>. External links

1925 births
2019 deaths
People from Glen Ridge, New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
20th-century American novelists
American science fiction writers
American women short story writers
American women novelists
Nebula Award winners
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American women

masks:
Katherine Anne MacLean
MacLean
Katherine MacLean
MacLean
MacLean
MacLean
MacLean
Katherine MacLean
Katherine MacLean
Katherine MacLean
Katherine Maclean
Katherine MacLean
MacLean
MacLean
MacLean
MacLean
Katherine MacLean


texts:
<mask>'Eyck, van Eyck or d' Eyck ( 1420 – after 1470), was an Early Netherlandish artist who worked in France and probably in Burgundy as a painter and manuscript illuminator. He was active between about 1440 to about 1469. Although no surviving works can be certainly documented as his, he was praised by contemporary authors as a leading artist of the day, and a number of important works are generally accepted as his. In particular, Barthélemy has been accepted by most experts as the artists formerly known as the Master of the Aix Annunciation for paintings, and the Master of René of Anjou for illuminated manuscripts. He is thought by many to be the Master of the Shadows responsible for parts of the calendar of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. Biography
It is likely that he was related to Jan van Eyck but this cannot be documented. His stepfather was a cloth-merchant who followed René of Anjou to Naples and the South of France.His mother died in 1460, and was described as "Ydria Exters d'Allemagne" – that is "of Germany", which might well have included all the Netherlands as far as the Provençals were concerned. Jan van Eyck's brother, Lambert, seems also to have worked in Provence after Jan's death. Some authorities have proposed, on stylistic grounds as well as the likely family relationship, that Barthélemy trained in the workshop of Jan van Eyck, and worked in the 1430s on the Milan-Turin Hours, a famous and important illuminated manuscript, where a number of different painting "hands" have been identified. Much of this only survives in black-and-white photographs after the  destruction of its Turin portion in a fire in 1904. A painter called only "<mask>" is documented as working in Dijon for Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy in 1440; this may well be him. René of Anjou, who was to become Barthélemy's major patron, had been held prisoner there by Philip. By 1444 <mask> d'Eyck was in Aix-en-Provence in the South of France presumably working with the leading French painter Enguerrand Quarton as they witnessed a legal document together.The Aix Annunciation, dating from 1443–1445, is now generally accepted as being by Barthélemy. It is a triptych, now dispersed between Aix-en-Provence, Brussels, Amsterdam and Rotterdam (one of the side-panels having been cut into two pieces). It was commissioned by a cloth-merchant who knew Barthélemy's stepfather , and combines influences from the Early Netherlandish art of Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck with those of Claus Sluter who worked at Dijon, and Colantonio from Naples (although some see this last influence as flowing in the other direction). Many of the iconographic details follow those from Annunciations by Jan van Eyck and his circle, such as the Washington Annunciation. Together with a fine portrait dated 1456 (Lichtenstein Collection, Vienna), and a fragment with a small crucified Christ in the Louvre, this is the only surviving panel painting associated with him; most of his later works are illuminated manuscripts commissioned by René of Anjou. René of Anjou was a prince of the Valois family who had a complicated range of titles and claims, including that of King of Naples, from which kingdom he was ejected by the House of Aragon by 1442. There is evidence that Barthélemy either went to Naples, or that his works were known there, as his influence has been detected in the work of the Neapolitan artists Colantonio and Antonello da Messina.René preferred to live in his territories in the South of France, or in the Loire Valley, and was a poet and amateur artist of some talent. For a long time he was thought personally responsible for the manuscript illuminations now generally attributed to Barthélemy. From about 1447 Barthélemy appears in surviving accounts as "peintre et varlet de chambre" – the same positions as Jan van Eyck held with Philip the Bold (and the Limbourg brothers had held with the Duke of Berry). A "varlet de chambre" was a court appointment of considerable status as a personal attendant to René. He travelled with René to Guyenne and on several occasions to Angers. Between 1447 and 1449 his workroom was next to René's private apartments, suggesting a considerable and unusual degree of closeness to his patron. His last appearance in the accounts is in 1469, when he was paid his own salary, plus that of three servants or assistants, and three horses.There is some evidence he lived until 1476. Manuscripts

Surviving illuminated works attributed to Barthélemy include a Book of Hours (M.358) in the Morgan Library in New York, on which Quarton also worked, and five miniatures added to The London Hours of René of Anjou in the British Library which relate very personally and intensely to René's unhappy situation whilst imprisoned in Dijon. Harthan suggests the designs for these may have been sketched by René himself for Barthélemy to execute: "the faithful interpreter of the King's exalted ideas, an inseparable, discreet companion and the effective partner, perhaps, in joint artistic enterprises" . The two best-known manuscripts are the Livre du cueur d'amour esprit and the Théséide, both in Vienna (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Codex 2597, 2617), dating from 1460–70, with sixteen and seven miniatures respectively. The Livre du cueur d'amour esprit was a courtly allegorical romance written (almost certainly) by René. This has spaces reserved for a further twenty-nine miniatures, and these are all completed in another manuscript by a much less brilliant artist, probably working from Barthélemy's drawings. This chivalric allegorical romance comes near the end of that tradition, and only allows Barthélemy's realism and human sympathy to be engaged in places.His exceptional skill at lighting effects is fully deployed; four of the sixteen miniatures are night scenes, and others show dawn or dusk with great brilliance. The larger and more populated scenes of the French translation of Boccaccio's Il Teseida delle nozze d'Emilia, in theory about Theseus, in practice another romance, include magnificent scenes of urban life. A slightly earlier work, again illustrating a text by René, is the King René's Tournament Book (BnF Ms Fr 2695) which is unusual in being in watercolour, rather than tempera and on paper rather than vellum. He is also believed by many art historians to be the Master of the Shadows who added to the illustration of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry in the mid 15th century, long after the Limbourg brothers had produced the most famous miniatures (they and the Duke died in 1416, leaving the manuscript unfinished and unbound). By then the book may have belonged to René. The calendar scene for September, probably only partly by this master, shows the chateau at Saumur, which René owned, and where he spent much of the 1460s. He also painted the main calendar scenes for March (perhaps only in part), October and December.His spatial awareness was greater than that of the Limbourgs, and he included shadows, which are a very marked feature of the miniatures of Barthélemy. His faces, especially those of peasants, are more sharply individualised, although his figures are less elegant. Only these calendar scenes, and possibly the faces in the double-page Procession of St Gregory (Walther & Wolf, op cit), show his style; many other miniatures were added a generation later by Jean Colombe. References

Sources

External links

Livre du Coeur d'Amour Espris – synopsis and all miniatures
Probable portrait in the Liechtenstein collection
Louvre Christ
Centre for the Study of Fifteenth-Century Painting in the Southern Netherlands and the Principality of Liège List of works

Early Netherlandish painters
Manuscript illuminators
1420s births
15th-century people
Year of death unknown

masks:
Barthélemy d
Barthélemy
Barthélemy


texts:
<mask> (original Roßegger) (31 July 1843 – 26 June 1918) was an Austrian writer and poet from Krieglach in the province of Styria. He was a son of a mountain farmer and grew up in the woodlands and mountains of Alpl. Rosegger (or Rossegger) went on to become a most prolific poet and author as well as an insightful teacher and visionary. In his later years, he was honoured by officials from various Austrian universities and the city of Graz (the capital of Styria). He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature three times. He was nearly awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 and is (at least among the people of Styria) something like a national treasure to this day. Early life

<mask> was born as the first of seven children of a peasant couple in the village of Alpl, in the mountains above Krieglach, Styria.The family lived in a simple 18th-century Alpine farmhouse, called Kluppeneggerhof. Living conditions were modest, the central room was used for eating, sleeping and working. Food was prepared over a hearth in the scullery. The farmhouse is now part of the Universalmuseum Joanneum, but even today the building ensemble can only be reached by foot. Since this little village, consisting only of a handful of farms, had neither a church nor a school, <mask> and the other children would have had to walk down the mountain to the larger village, St. Kathrein, in order to attend either. The way there takes two hours and as a result, <mask> had very limited education, largely provided by a wandering teacher who taught him and other children from the region for a year and a half. His physical constitution was not sufficient for him to become a farmer like his father, as he was often sick and rather frail in general.So, he became understudy of a traveling tailor at the age of seventeen. Success as a writer
His interest in literature prevailed, although he earned little money. He spent what he could afford on books and soon began to write himself. Eventually, he was discovered by the publisher of the Graz-based newspaper, Tagespost, published by Dr. Svoboda. He realized <mask>'s talent as an author and enabled him to attend the Akademie für Handel und Industrie (Academy for Trade and Industries) in Graz. There, <mask> Reininghaus became his mentor. Von Reininghaus was a wealthy and influential industrialist, and <mask> had a personal friendship with him for the rest of his life.However, he had a hard time studying, as he was not used to attending school regularly, and had little, and fragmentary, knowledge in many disciplines. He left the academy in 1869 at the age of twenty-six. Soon after that, he was offered a chance to publish his literary works, namely by Gustav Heckenast, who had worked with Adalbert Stifter before. <mask> accepted, and his first book, Geschichten aus der Steiermark ("Tales from Styria"), was released in 1871. From then on, all of his works were published by Heckenast. [Presumably only until Heckenast's death: see next sentence?] <mask> changed to a new publisher twice after Heckenast's death, eventually ending up with Ludwig Staackmann, who made him a most generous offer.He had always been very faithful towards his publishers, and the relationship between them was one of friendship and familiarity. <mask> started to publish Heimgarten in 1876, a monthly journal with articles and stories for the people of the country, whose main representative and interpreter he was. Character and private life
In 1873, <mask> married Anna Pichler. They had two children, but the marriage was short - Anna died giving birth in 1875. This affected <mask> to a great degree, as is obvious from various letters he wrote to friends in that time. In 1879, <mask> married again: Anna Knaur, with whom he had three more children and a very harmonious house life. She also cared for him during his many times of sickness.He developed many brilliant and extraordinary ideas from the context of his time, and kept contact with unconventional personalities. Rudolf Falb, the creator of the popular "lunisolar flood theory," was not only his school teacher but remained a lifelong friend. Although feeling strongly connected to his rural homelands, he was a liberal thinker with conservative roots. Fascinated by machines and technology, and being a faithful Christian, he showed a sharp eye for the potentials and advantages, as well as for the dangers and downsides of both the church and the economic development of the late 19th century. As an author he aimed to entertain, to teach and also to help. He called for donations publicly at various occasions or used his influence in academic circles, thus contributing to the founding of one school (in Alpl, his home village), the building of two churches (one in Mürzzuschlag and one in St. Kathrein, rebuilt after it burned down) and other benevolent actions. Honors

In 1903, at his 60th birthday, he was honoured by receiving the "Ehrendoktorwürde" (Doctor honoris causa) of the University of Heidelberg.The University of Vienna and the University of Graz also awarded him with similar decorations, and the German emperor Wilhelm II, as well as the Austrian emperor Franz Josef I of Austria gave <mask> medals of honour (namely, the "Kronenorden 2. Klasse" and the "Ehrenabzeichen für Kunst und Wissenschaft"). He became citizen of honour in Graz and Vienna, and Franz Josef's successor Karl presented the ex-farmer-boy-now-national-poet with the Franz-Joseph-medal, a high-ranking accolade for an author. Late life and death
<mask>, who had been ill frequently and seriously, travelled back to his home in Krieglach in May 1918 in order to die where "the beautiful legend of the forest-farmer boy" had once begun, in the woodlands of the Styrian Alps. His birth house, the former "Forest School" (Waldschule) he helped to found in Alpl in 1902 and his house in Krieglach, where he lived until his death in 1918, are museums today. The region where he came from (the mountains of the Fischbacher Alps south of Krieglach and Mürzzuschlag) are now unofficially named "Waldheimat" ("Home in the Forest") after the name he gave it himself. The tourism industry in the region still profits from <mask>'s enduring popularity among readers.Selected works
 Zither und Hackbrett (poems in Styrian dialect, 1870)
 Volksleben in Steiermark ("People's Life in Styria"), 1875
 Die Schriften des Waldschulmeisters ("Manuscripts of a Forest-school Master"), 1875
 Waldheimat ("Home in the Forest"), 1877
 Der Gottsucher ("the God-seeker"), 1883
 Heidepeters Gabriel, 1886
 Jakob der Letzte ("Jakob the Last One"), 1888
 Als ich noch jung war ("When I Was Young"), 1895
 Das ewige Licht ("the Eternal Light"), 1896
 Erdsegen ("Earth's Blessing"), 1900
 Als ich noch der Waldbauernbub war ("When I Was a Forest-farmer Boy"), 1902

Further reading
 Eindringen des Kapitalismus in ein Bauerndorf, Martin der Mann, 1889 ("Introduction of Capitalism into a Village of Farmers", "Martin the Man")
 Hoch vom Dachstein, 1891
 Weltgift, 1903
 INRI (Christ book), 1905
 Collected Works, 1913–16
 Letters to F. v. Hausegger, 1924
 Letters to A. Silberstein, 1929

Film and television adaptations
 I.N.R.I. (dir. Robert Wiene, 1923)
  (dir. Alfred Stöger, 1949)
  (dir. Robert A. Stemmle, 1955)
  (dir. Ferdinand Dörfler, 1956)
 Als ich noch der Waldbauernbub war... (1963, TV film)
 Aus meiner Waldheimat (1963, TV film)
 Als ich beim Käthele im Wald war (1963, TV film)
 Am Tage des Gerichts (1965, TV film)
  (dir. Axel Corti, 1976, TV film)
 Waldheimat (1983–1984, TV series, 26 episodes)
 Die Försterbuben (dir.<mask>, 1984, TV film)
 Erdsegen (dir. Karin Brandauer, 1986, TV film)

References

External links
 <mask> Rosegger site
 Peter Rosegger Museum & Birthplace

1843 births
1918 deaths
20th-century Austrian people
19th-century Austrian poets
20th-century Austrian poets
Austrian male poets
Austrian Roman Catholics
People from Mürzzuschlag District
19th-century male writers
20th-century Austrian male writers

masks:
Peter Rosegger
Rosegger
Rosegger
Peter
Rosegger
Peter von
Rosegger
Peter Rosegger
Rosegger
Rosegger
Rosegger
Peter
Rosegger
Rosegger
Rosegger
Rosegger
Peter Patzak
Peter


texts:
<mask> or <mask> (Georgian: სერგო ქავთარაძე, Sergo Kavtaradze; Russian: Сергей Иванович Кавтарадзе, <mask>; 15 August 1885 – 17 October 1971) was a Soviet politician and diplomat who briefly served as head of government in the Georgian SSR and as Deputy Prosecutor General of the Soviet Union. A Georgian Bolshevik activist, he was persecuted for his Trotskyist activities, but was pardoned and reinstated by his personal friend Joseph Stalin. Arrested during the Great Purge, <mask> became famous for being among the few victims to be brought out of jail and readmitted in the Soviet Communist Party hierarchy. He was Deputy to the Foreign Commissar Vyacheslav Molotov for the greater part of World War II, and, in 1944, was sent to Iran, where his controversial stance helped topple the Mohammad Sa'ed cabinet. <mask> was also involved in provoking rebellion in the Iranian Azerbaijan and other Iranian-ruled areas. His last major office was that of Ambassador to Romania, where he maintained close contacts with the Romanian Communist Party faction formed around Ana Pauker and played a part in facilitating electoral fraud during the general election of 1946. Biography

Early activities
<mask> was born into a noble family in Zovreti, in the Georgian area of Imereti, at the time part of the Russian Empire.He joined the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party in 1903 and engaged in agitation during the period leading up to the October Revolution. Active throughout the Caucasus and in Saint Petersburg, he was a member of the Social Democratic Committee for Imereti and Mingrelia (1904–1906). <mask> first met his fellow Georgian Joseph Stalin early in his youth, and became his collaborator. During this time, he reputedly helped the young Stalin hide from detectives. Kavtaradze's political activities contrasted with his romantic life: he eventually married Sofia Vachnadze, a Georgian princess whose godmother was Empress Consort Maria Feodorovna (mother of Emperor Nicolas II). In 1912, he split with the mainstream Social Democrats as one of the Old Bolsheviks, and subsequently stood on the group's far left. He then worked for the Bolshevik paper Pravda (1912–1914), and, in 1915, graduated from the Saint Petersburg University Faculty of Law.After the February Revolution of 1917, he was present on the Social Democratic (Bolshevik) Regional Committee in the Caucasus, while editing the group's local journal, Kavkazsky Rabochy. Later in the year, he was a delegate to the 6th Party Congress, and, in 1918, was Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Soviet in Vladikavkaz. As the Civil War took hold of the Caucasus, <mask> remained a representative of the Bolsheviks, active against the Menshevik government in the Democratic Republic of Georgia, and was arrested several times. Although he frequently disagreed with Stalin, the two remained close. Following the Red Army invasion of Georgia, <mask> was head of the revolutionary committees in Batumi and Adjaria (March–September and July–September 1921, or up until May 1921). He later filled the same post in the Georgian SSR (at the time part of the Transcaucasian SFSR), where he was also People's Commissar for Justice. Between February 1922 and 1923, he was head of government (Chairman of the Sovnarkom) of the Georgian SSR.He was counselor of the Soviet Embassy in Turkey (1923–1924), and later served as Deputy Prosecutor General of the Soviet Union (1924–1928). Left Opposition and first arrest
Around that time, <mask> joined Leon Trotsky and the Left Opposition in their conflict with Stalin and other Party leaders, and ceased his involvement with the group only as it collapsed. This caused him to be expelled from the Party as early as 1927. Eventually, in late 1927, he was sent on internal exile to Orenburg Oblast (or, according to others, to Kazan). He attempted to visit Moscow on vacation in December 1928, but was arrested on charges of spreading "Anti-Soviet propaganda". In 1929, Stalin ordered the State Political Directorate and Lavrentiy Beria to round up the leadership of the Georgian Communist Party, including Polikarp Budu Mdivani and others who had voiced strong criticism of the centralism imposed with the creation of the Soviet Union (see Georgian Affair). Other Georgian comrades of Stalin were also arrested, including Kote Tsintsadze.However, in a speech condemning Mdivani's associates as a "terrorist group", Beria left out <mask>'s name, which was seen as a sign that Stalin was going to be more lenient with him. He was nonetheless sentenced to three years in prison, which he served in Tobolsk. <mask> was eventually released on Stalin's orders, and was allowed to return to and settle in Moscow, where he worked as a journalist without reentering the Party. According to historian Roy Medvedev, <mask>'s liberation came after he sent a letter to the uncontested leader, which included a pledge that "he was not working against the Party." Medvedev places Kavtaradze's release after the 1934 murder of Party boss <mask>, while other sources indicate that he emerged from prison in 1931. Central Committee member Lazar Kaganovich was tasked with looking after him. One of <mask>'s journalistic pieces, published soon after his return to Moscow, was a recollection of his early activities, which was reportedly well liked by Stalin.Second arrest and death sentence
<mask> consequently worked for a publishing house, reviewing works of fiction. In late 1936, as the Great Purge was reaching its peak, he and his wife Sofia were suddenly arrested on orders from NKVD chief Nikolai Yezhov, accused of "counter-revolutionary activities" and of having conspired with Mdivani to have Stalin assassinated, and sentenced to death. They were both subject to torture in the Lubyanka Prison. Although Mdivani was shot immediately, the couple remained waiting on Death Row for a significant period. Upon being presented with a list of planned executions, Stalin marked a dash in crayon next to <mask>'s name—according to various sources, this discreet sign saved <mask>'s life. <mask> was later moved to a prison in Tbilisi, but brought back to Moscow in February 1939. The couple were suddenly released in late 1939, and were first allowed to see each other in Beria's Moscow apartment.British historian Simon Sebag Montefiore argues that this was a delayed consequence of a letter Stalin received in 1936: in it, the couple's eleven-year-old daughter, Maya, begged for her parents to be allowed to live. The Kavtaradzes (including Maya, who was allowed to leave Tbilisi and transported to Moscow) moved into a hotel, and then allowed to settle in a communal apartment. In what was an unprecedented gesture, Stalin and Beria paid them a visit in their new home. World War II
<mask> was assigned to the State Publishing House in 1940, and reinstated in the Party later that year. He became an assistant to Foreign Commissar Vyacheslav Molotov in 1941, being placed in charge of the Near East Department. In 1943, after the Nazi German invasion of the Soviet Union, he was Deputy Foreign Commissar. He took part in the inter-Allied summits—the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference.The family were often guests at the Kremlin, where they attended dinners in the company of Stalin and other prominent politicians. During September 1944, <mask> was in Iran, where, three years after the Anglo-Soviet invasion, he was to push for a Soviet share in the local oil industry. He approached Prime Minister Mohammad Sa'ed, asking him to allow Soviet prospectors in northern Iran. Sa'ed, who was by then involved in a conflict with the far left Tudeh and nationalist forces over having allowed British and American businesses the possibility of opening oil field in the country, did not reply favorably to the envoy's request. <mask> then resorted to threats, which he notably voiced during a meeting with Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In parallel, the Soviet Red Army troops in Iran made the transit of Iranian forces difficult, and were present during a large-scale Tudeh demonstration in front of the Majlis building. It was largely as a result of these maneuvers that Sa'ed ultimately resigned on 9 November 1944, being replaced by Morteza Gholi Bayat.In December, despite Tudeh opposition, Mohammed Mosaddeq successfully advanced legislation preventing any government official from granting Iranian fields to any foreign investor without explicit approval from the Majlis. Kavtaradze protested the change, claiming that it was aimed against the Soviet Union, but the Bayet cabinet refused to renegotiate and he returned to Moscow without having registered any gain. In June 1945, Molotov, Kavtaradze and Azerbaijan SSR leader Mir Jafar Baghirov were instructed by the Soviet Central Committee to secretly prepare a separatist insurrection in the Iranian Azerbaijan. This resulted in Ja'far Pishevari's Azerbaijan People's Government, while agitation among the Kurdish people gave way to Qazi Muhammad's Republic of Mahabad (both regimes were crushed within months by Iranian interventions). During early autumn, together with the Armenian SSR's Foreign Commissariat, Kavtradze analyzed the border issues between Turkey and the Caucasian Soviet Republics (see Tao-Klarjeti, Wilsonian Armenia). In a report to Molotov, he estimated that the Turkish state owed 20,500 km² in territory to the Armenian SSR and 5,500 km² to the Georgian SSR. With his backing, the Armenian leadership unsuccessfully proposed that the Ardahan Province and the area around Oltu be demanded from Turkey and granted to the Armenian SSR.The two regions had been part of the Democratic Republic of Armenia following the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, but were also claimed by Georgia. In contrast, the Georgian leaders proposed that Ardahan and Oltu become part of their republic. Activities in Romania and final years
During the war's final stage, <mask> was sent to the Romanian Kingdom, whose alliance with the Axis Powers was ended by the coup of August 1944 (see Romania during World War II). His office as Ambassador, like the Soviet military presence, was instrumental in providing guidance and assistance for the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). He took over his post in 1945, and kept it until 1952. At the time, he was especially close to the PCR's so-called "Muscovite faction", and to its leader, Ana Pauker. This came at a time when Pauker won the trust of Soviet leaders such as Molotov, Kaganovich and Kliment Voroshilov—in contrast, her main rival, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, sought support from Georgy Malenkov and Beria.At a lower level, Pauker's relations with <mask> were replicated by the close relationship between Gheorghiu-Dej and Mark Borisovich Mitin, the Cominform activist and Stalinist theorist. During September 1945, as Soviet specialists on Romanian issues, <mask> and his fellow diplomat, former prosecutor Andrey Vyshinsky, were present in Moscow at a meeting between a Romanian delegation and Stalin. The Romanian side, overseen by Ploughmen's Front leader and Premier Petru Groza, also comprised Foreign Minister and Vice-Premier Gheorghe Tătărescu, Romanian Social Democrat leader Ştefan Voitec, and Mihail Ghelmegeanu. The discussions were centered on Romania's agreement to seal a final armistice with the Soviet Union. The Minister of Justice and prominent PCR member, Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu, was conspicuously absent from the talks, in what was seen as an early sign of his downfall. In autumn 1946, <mask>, who regularly instructed Pauker, played a part in the electoral fraud that brought the PCR-created Bloc of Democratic Parties to power under Groza's leadership (see 1946 Romanian general election). In January 1947, as Romania prepared to sign the Paris Peace Treaty, he played a part in negotiating, with Premier Groza, Foreign Minister Tătărescu, and PCR activist Emil Bodnăraş, the Soviet takeover of islands on the Danube's Chilia branch.While Groza asked for Romania to receive the Hertsa region and a small area north of Siret in exchange, Tătărescu opposed any change in the status quo, and Bodnăraş asked for promises of compensation to be made. <mask> relayed his government's position that no guarantees were to be made, and the islands were ceded to the Soviet Union as part of the Paris Treaty system. Since the Soviet-dominated Allied Commission ended its mandate (October 1947) and until his recall, <mask> replaced Red Army general Ivan Susaykov as the most important representative of his country in relations with the Groza government, and, later, with Communist Romania. He retired in 1954, one year after Stalin's death, and in 1961, was a delegate to the 22nd Party Congress. He died ten years later in Tbilisi, where his descendants were still residing in 2003. Legacy
Stalin's forgiveness for Kavtaradze has drawn interest from historians, as did the fact Stalin's attitudes toward his friend remained ambiguous after he was released from prison. In his Let History Judge, Roy Medvedev cites an episode occurring circa 1939, reported to him by Kavtaradze himself: during dinner at the Kremlin, Kavtaradze was addressed by Stalin the words "And yet you wanted to kill me".Medvedev notes: "Some historians may see this comment as proof of Stalin's paranoia. But Stalin knew well that Kavtaradze never tried to kill him. However, he could not admit this openly, for then he would have had to reconsider the execution of Budu Mdivani and many other Communists involved in the case. It was much simpler to 'forgive' Kavtaradze alone." In his view, the case was similar to that of Alyosha Svanidze (the brother of Stalin's first wife Ekaterina Svanidze), who was shot after refusing to confess similar crimes. He concluded: "All these actions reveal a misanthropic tyrant, not a mentally ill person who did not know what he was doing." Reportedly, <mask> himself believed that the conversation showed Stalin to be "sick".Simon Sebag Montefiore, who places this event right after the Kavtaradzes' liberation, cites the line as: "Nevertheless, you all wanted to kill me? ", and gives <mask>'s reply to it as "Do you really think so?" He also records an exchange between Stalin and <mask>: Stalin, looking at her hair (which had turned white in prison), commented "We have tortured you too much." In this context, Stalin charged <mask> with editing a Russian-language translation of Shota Rustaveli's The Knight in the Panther's Skin, which he was to complete together with the academic Shalva Nutsibidze. Nutsibidze was himself a former inmate, and he had begun work on the translation in his cell—Stalin had personally reviewed his work and found it impressive, ordering Nutsibidze to be released. Reportedly, the Soviet dictator even corrected part of the manuscript and his personal translation of a section probably made it into the final edition. Following his release, Stalin kept Kavtaradze in his circle of intimates, and nicknamed him Tozho—in reference to his slant eyes, which, Stalin believed, made him look like the Japanese prime minister Hideki Tōjō.He also confided in him: at some point after the Great Purge, Stalin allegedly told his friend that "we had to shoot" Nikolai Yezhov. On one occasion in 1945, speaking in Georgian, Stalin told the Mingrelian Lavrentiy Beria he considered him a "traitor" in front of <mask>. According to Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej's political ally, Alexandru Bârlădeanu, <mask> was also on good terms with his faction, and, while in Romania, furnished them details on his youth and relations with Stalin and his earlier fall from grace. Bârlădeanu remembered Kavtaradze telling him that he was present at the 17th Party Congress of 1934, where he claimed to have cast his vote in favor of <mask> and against Stalin's choices for the Central Committee. The ballot was secret, but Stalin later ordered the voting majority to be purged, which would have left <mask> among the very few survivors of that vote. Notes

References
 Ronald W. Ferrier, The History of the British Petroleum Company, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982. Georges Mamoulia, "Les crises de la Turquie et Iranienne 1945-1947.L'apport des archives caucasiennes" (resumé), in Cahiers du Monde Russe, 45/1-2
 Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge, Spokesman Books, Nottingham, 1976. Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin. The Court of the Red Tsar, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2003. Martin Sicker, The Middle East in the Twentieth Century, Praeger/Greenwood, Westport, 2001. 1885 births
1971 deaths
Burials at Didube Pantheon
20th-century politicians from Georgia (country)
20th-century translators
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Iran
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Romania
Diplomats from Tbilisi
Communist Party of Georgia (Soviet Union) politicians
Revolutionaries from Georgia (country)
Lawyers from Tbilisi
Nobility of Georgia (country)
Old Bolsheviks
People from Imereti
People from Kutais Governorate
People of World War II from Georgia (country)
Prisoners from Georgia (country) sentenced to death
Prisoners sentenced to death by the Soviet Union
Publishers (people) from Georgia (country)
Politicians from Tbilisi
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Soviet prisoners sentenced to death
Soviet people of World War II
Soviet rehabilitations
Soviet translators
Torture victims from Georgia (country)
Translators from Georgia (country)
Trotskyists
20th-century lawyers
Heads of government of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic

masks:
Sergey
Sergo Kavtaradze
Sergey Ivanovich Kataradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Sergey Kavtaradze
Sergey Kirov
Sergey Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Sergey Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Sergey Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Sergey Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Sofia Kavtaradze
Sergey Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Sergey Kirov
Kavtaradze


texts:
<mask> (July 23, 1964 – May 21, 2016) was an American musician best known as the former drummer for thrash metal band Megadeth from 1989 to 1998. He recorded drums on four of Megadeth's albums: Rust in Peace (1990), Countdown to Extinction (1992), Youthanasia (1994), and Cryptic Writings (1997). Early life
Menza was born in Munich as his father, jazz musician <mask>, was stationed with the U.S. Army in Germany at the time. Menza began playing drums at the age of two, at which age he performed at his first public concert when during the intermission someone sat him down on Jack DeJohnette's drums and he proceeded to play. His influences stem from being nurtured around the tutelage of such notables as Buddy Rich, Steve Gadd, <mask>i, Jeff Porcaro, and Louie Bellson. Beginning his professional musical career at the age of 18, drumming in the band Rhoads featuring singer Kelle Rhoads, brother of the late Randy Rhoads, Menza released his first record with Rhoads, titled Into the Future, in Europe in 1986. Following Rhoads, Menza was part of a succession of Los Angeles metal bands, including The Green (with Rhoads bandmates John Goodwin on guitar and Darwin Ballard on bass), Von Skeletor (another collaboration with Goodwin and Michael Guillory on guitars, Cam Daigneault on drums, and Menza handling lead vocals on the band's demo and self-released album, Injection of Death), and Cold Fire (also featuring Warrior guitarist Joe Floyd) before joining Megadeth.Musical career
Moving on to session playing including styles ranging from R&B to gospel, funk and heavy metal, recording with the likes of John Fogerty, Menza caught the attention of then Megadeth drummer Chuck Behler and became his tech. When Megadeth needed a drummer in 1989, Menza was asked by Dave Mustaine to join the band. Mustaine noted that <mask> previously filled in on drums when Behler was unable to. Menza first played live with Megadeth on May 12, 1988 in Bradford, England. This prior experience and personal relationship led to the invitation to join Megadeth for the 1990 recording Rust in Peace. For the next ten years, Menza became associated with Megadeth's "classic" period and also his Greg Voelker Rack System. This included a double-bass drum kit with the tom-toms mounted on a lower chrome rack and all cymbal crashes mounted on a higher rack, which was supported by two chrome bars behind the drummer.This was later adopted by Megadeth on 2004's Blackmail the Universe tour, which featured a similar rack system. During his stint in Megadeth, <mask> also played drums on his bandmate Marty Friedman's three solo albums, Scenes (1992), Introduction (1994) and True Obsessions (1996). By the summer of 1998, while the band was still touring in support of Cryptic Writings, <mask> was having knee problems and sought medical advice. He was informed he had a tumor, which was later found to be benign, and had it removed. Rather than cancel any dates, Megadeth hired Jimmy DeGrasso as a temporary replacement. When the time came to record a follow-up album, <mask> was not asked back and DeGrasso became the band's official drummer. <mask> has said in several interviews that, while in the hospital recovering from knee surgery, he received a phone call from Mustaine that simply said "Your services are not needed anymore".After his departure, he began work on Menza: Life After Deth with guitarist Anthony Gallo, bassist Jason Levin, and guitarist Ty Longley. The album was initially intended to have a 2002 release date and tour to follow; however, on the tour in 2003 with the reformed Great White, Longley was among the 100 people killed in The Station nightclub fire in Rhode Island and a year later Jason Levin died of heart failure, <mask> and Gallo were devastated and the Life After Deth tour was never announced. Guest guitarist Christian Nesmith, son of The Monkees' Michael Nesmith, did some leads and Menza hired producer Max Norman (Ozzy Osbourne, Megadeth). Following the reissue of the entire Megadeth catalog, Menza was invited to reunite with Megadeth in 2004. Days after a reunion was announced, Menza was fired after rehearsals and replaced with Shawn Drover. Mustaine said that this was because Menza "just wasn't prepared" for a full-scale U.S. tour, physically. In April 2006, Menza joined the Los Angeles-based metal band Orphaned to Hatred.The group describe their sound as "a continuation of the heavy style of '90s Pantera". He left the band in late 2010. <mask> nearly suffered the loss of an arm in 2007, after having an accident with a power saw. He required reconstructive surgery and metal plates in his arm and a lengthy rehabilitation, but later recovered. <mask> later auctioned off the blood-stained saw blade and an original copy of an X-ray from the incident. In March 2011, <mask> appeared in a music video for Mindstreem's "We Up Next", a song originally written by SIN 34 guitarist Anthony Gallo featuring Tony Lanza and Daniel Wayne, Jr. on vocals. The actual recording is <mask> (drums), Gallo (guitars), Gregg Babuccio (bass), and Tony Lanza and Daniel Wayne, Jr. (vocals).Also in March 2011, <mask>'s band Deltanaut posted a video for the song "Sacrifice" in conjunction with the release of their Roy Z produced digital-only 5-song EP. The line-up consisted of <mask>, his old Rhoads and The Green bandmate, bassist Darwin Ballard, guitarists Christopher Grady and Colin Reid, and lead vocalist Brian Williams. <mask>'s father, <mask> who famously played tenor sax on The Pink Panther Theme with the Henry Mancini Orchestra, plays saxophone on the song "The King"; other guests include Roy Z on guitar and Ed Roth on keyboards. In 2015, <mask> contributed drum tracks to the song "Are We Alone?" on the album Warless Society (The Global Invasion) by Ci2i, with John Goodwin and Darwin Ballard on guitar and bass, respectively. In 2015, he also began working with Los Angeles band Sweet Eve on their follow up album "The Immortal Machine" as producer and drummer. Death
On May 21, 2016, Menza was performing with his band, OHM, at The Baked Potato jazz club in Studio City, California.Only three songs into the set, <mask> collapsed onstage. He was rushed to a hospital where he was pronounced dead on arrival. An autopsy later showed the cause of death to be atherosclerotic, hypertensive-induced congestive heart failure. <mask> was 51.

masks:
Nicholas Menza
Don Menza
Nick Cerol
Menza
Menza
Menza
Menza
Menza
Menza
Menza
Menza
Menza
Menza
Menza
Menza
Menza
Don Menza
Menza
Menza
Menza


texts:
<mask> (, , ; ca. 1475 – 28 May 1549) was a Ruthenian noble from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia, founder of the Supraśl Orthodox Monastery. He inherited vast possessions from his father <mask>, which made him 11th wealthiest person in the Grand Duchy according to the military census of 1528. Via his mother Jawnuta (Agnieszka) of the Belsky family, he was second cousin to Kings of Poland John I Albert, Alexander Jagiellon, and Sigismund I the Old. Chodkiewicz quickly gained influence under Alexander Jagiellon, becoming royal marshal. However, after Alexander's's death in 1506 his career stagnated. He supported Queen Bona Sforza, gaining her favor and becoming starost of Brest in 1528.The peak of his career came in 1544 when young Sigismund II Augustus, still influenced by his mother, appointed Chodkiewicz as voivode of Nowogródek and his son Hieronim as castellan of Trakai. Political career
As a young boy Chodkiewicz was taken hostage with his family by the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate in October 1482. His father and sister died in captivity, while he, his mother and sister Agrafena were ransomed in 1484 and returned to Lithuania. Chodkiewicz appeared in political arena in 1495 when he won a court case against caretakers of a royal estate. At the time he already was a member of the Royal court. Chodkiewicz was a favorite of Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon, who granted him his first public position as governor of Punia in 1501. On October 30, 1501, Chodkiewicz was among 27 nobles agreeing to abide by the Union of Mielnik.The next year he was appointed as royal Master of the Horse (koniuszy). It was an honorary title, but signified royal favor. In 1506, Chodkiewicz became royal marshal (marszałek hospodarski), a position which guaranteed close contacts with the King and granted a seat in the Lithuanian Council of Lords. However, after death of Alexander Jagiellon, Chodkiewicz's career stagnated. Chodkiewicz was accused of participating in the 1508 uprising organized by Michael Glinski. However, there was not enough proof and he was released from prison in 1511. He returned to the previous position of court marshal and was sent on several diplomatic missions to Poland.Due to the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars the state budget was emptied and the Grand Duke mortgaged his properties to raise funds. This way Chodkiewicz acquired Ostrovo west of Lida (1520) and Vilkija (1522). In 1525 he obtained a privilege to establish Zabłudów. Around the same time he began consolidating his holdings near Choroszcz—the resulting complex was ranked 3rd in size after the holdings of the Radziwiłł and Goštautai families. Chodkiewicz supported Queen Bona Sforza in her efforts to consolidated royal estates. Perhaps due to her favor in 1528 Chodkiewicz became starost of Brest, a position that was similar to voivodes (Brest Litovsk Voivodeship was established in 1566). In 1530, Chodkiewicz became governor of Knyszyn, favorite hunting location of Grand Duke Sigismund.For unknown reasons, perhaps due to poor health, he was skipped for several promotions to voivode. In 1530s he was tasked with delineating the border between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. In 1544, Sigismund I the Old transferred much of political power within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to his son Sigismund II Augustus, who was significantly influenced by his mother Queen Sforca. Sigismund Augustus almost immediately made new appointments: <mask> became voivode of Nowogródek while his son Hieronim became castellan of Trakai. Both of these positions entitled to a seat in the Council of Lords. The following year Hieronim was further promoted to Elder of Samogitia; thus Hieronim politically surpassed his father. These appointments marked a considerable social jump for the <mask> family.The Chodkiewiczs sided with Queen Sforza against their political rival Barbara Radziwiłł, involved in the love affair with Sigismund Augustus. By the time <mask> <mask> died in 1549, his sons, especially Hieronim, were well established in politics and the family was second in power after the Radziwiłłs. Supraśl Monastery

Already in 1498, Chodkiewicz founded what became the Supraśl Orthodox Monastery in lands inherited from his father. The monastery combines features of fortified churches, Western Gothic and Eastern Byzantine architectures. Polish historian Józef Maroszek argued that this unique blend of the early 16th century was related to attempts to establish a church union between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Lithuanian historian Genutė Kirkienė further claimed that Chodkiewicz was a follower of Joseph Bolgarynovich, Metropolitan of Kiev in 1498–1501, who supported the church union as agreed in the Council of Florence—Orthodoxs would retain their rites and churches, but would be subordinates of the Pope in Rome. After Bolgarynovich's death the union was abandoned at the metropolitan level, but Kirkienė found hints that Supraśl continued the idea locally.The monastery soon was granted the status of lavra—it became an autonomous body with great rights reserved for its founder (ktetor) and various restrictions placed on the Metropolitan. The Supraśl Monastery became cultural and spiritual center as well as mausoleum of the Chodkiewicz family. Alexander's mother was the first person buried in its catacombs; he is buried there as well. Titles and positions
<mask> <mask> had the following titles and positions:
Governor of Punia (1501–1511)
Royal marshal (1506–1549)
Starost of Ostrovo (1520–1547), Vilkija (1522–1549), Brest (1528–1547), Knyszyn (1530–1547)
Voivode of Nowogródek (1544–1547)

Family
In 1513, Chodkiewicz married Princess Wasylisa Jarosławiczówna Hołowczyńska. They had three male descendants, who started three branches of the Chodkewicz clan. The children spend time at the court of Albert, Duke of Prussia and were exposed to Protestantism. His son Hieronim converted to Lutheranism while daughter Zofia married a Lutheran.Chodkiewicz had five children:
 Hieronim <mask> (ca. 1515–1561) founder of the Shkloŭ (or Bykhaw) line
 Hrehory <mask> (ca. 1517–1572) founder of the Supraśl line
 Yurii <mask> (after 1520–1569) founder of the Vyalikaya Byerastavitsa line
 Alexandra, married Grigory Burnevski
 Zofia, married Stanislovas Mikolaitis Kęsgaila

References
Notes

Bibliography

1470s births
1549 deaths
People from Navahrudak
People from Nowogródek Voivodeship (1507–1795)
<mask> Chodkiewicz

masks:
Aleksander Chodkiewicz
Ivan Chodkiewicz
Chodkiewicz
Chodkiewicz
Aleksander
Chodkiewicz
Aleksander
Chodkiewicz
Chodkiewicz
Chodkiewicz
Chodkiewicz
Aleksander


texts:
<mask>  (; 13 September 1887 – 26 September 1976) was a Croatian-Swiss scientist and joint winner of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" "including the first chemical synthesis of male sex hormones." He worked most of his life in Switzerland, and received eight doctor honoris causa in science, medicine, and law; seven prizes and medals; and twenty-four honorary memberships in chemical, biochemical, and other scientific societies. Early life
<mask> was born in Vukovar, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, Austro-Hungarian Empire (today in Croatia). His family of craftsmen and farmers was mostly of Croat origin, with a Czech great grandparent, <mask>, and a great grandmother and a great grandfather from Austria. He lost his father, Stjepan, at the age of four, and his mother, Amalija Sever, took him and his younger brother Stjepan, to live in Osijek. <mask> attended the classics-program secondary school in Osijek. He changed his original idea of becoming a priest and switched to studying technical disciplines.Chemistry was his choice, probably because he hoped to get a position at the newly opened sugar refinery built in Osijek. Owing to the excessive hardship of everyday and political life, he left and chose the High Technical School in Karlsruhe in Germany. He was a good student in areas he liked and that he thought would be necessary and beneficial in future, which was organic chemistry. That is why his physical chemistry professor, Fritz Haber (Nobel laureate in 1918), opposed his summa cum laude degree. However, in the course of his studies, Ružička set up excellent cooperation with Hermann Staudinger (a Nobel laureate in 1953). Studying within Staudinger's department, he obtained his doctoral degree in 1910, then moving to Zurich as Staudinger's assistant. Career in research
Ružička's first works originated in the field of chemistry of natural compounds.He remained in this field of research all his life. He investigated the ingredients of the Dalmatian insect powder Pyrethrum (from the herb Tanacetum cinerariifolium), a highly esteemed insecticide found in pyrethrins, which were the focus of his work with Staudinger. Ruzicka later said of this time: "Toward the end of five and a half years of mainly synthetic work on the pyrethrins I had come to the firm conclusion that we were barking up the wrong tree." In this way, he came into contact with the chemistry of Terpineol, a fragrant oil of vegetable origin, interesting to the perfume industry. He and Staudinger split company when he started cooperation with the Chuit & Naef Company (later known as Firmenich) in Geneva. In 1916–1917, he received the support of the oldest perfume manufacturer in the world Haarman & Reimer, of Holzminden, Germany. He became a Swiss citizen in 1917, and published his Habilitation in 1918.Fornasir and he isolated linalool in 1919. With expertise in the terpene field, he became senior lecturer in 1918, and in 1923, honorary professor at the ETH (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule) as well the University in Zurich. Here, with a group of his doctoral students, he proved the structure of the compounds muscone and civetone, macrocyclic ketone scents derived from the musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) and the civet cat (Viverra civetta). These were the first natural products shown to have rings with more than six atoms, and at the time that Ružička inferred that civetone as having a 17-member ring. Synthetic techniques at the time were only known for rings of up to eight members. Muscone had been isolated in 1904 but was not identified as 3-methylcyclopentadecanone until Ružička suspected a macrocycle, having characterised civetone. He also developed a method for synthesising macrocycles, now known as the Ruzicka large ring synthesis, which he demonstrated by preparing civetone in 1927.In 1921, the Geneva perfume manufacturers Chuit & Naef asked him to collaborate. Working here, Ružička achieved financial independence, but not as big as he had planned, so he left Zurich to start working for the Basel-based CIBA. In 1927, he took over the organic chemistry chair at Utrecht University in Netherlands. In Netherlands he remained for three years, and then returned to Switzerland, which was superior in its chemical industry. A synergistic upheaval in both the administration and chemistry departments coincided to make his good fortune. Ruzicka was first to synthesize musk at an industrial scale. Firmenech named this product Exaltone.Other Swiss manufacturers and DuPont were in competition with them. In 1934, Ruzicka synthesized the male hormone androsterone and also proved "its constitutional and configurational relation to the sterols." This was followed in 1935 by the partial synthesis of the much more active male hormone testosterone. Both discoveries led to the pre-eminence of the Swiss industry in the steroid hormone field. At Zurich, at ETH he became professor of organic chemistry and started the most brilliant period of his professional career. He widened the area of his research, adding to it the chemistry of higher terpenes and steroids. After the successful synthesis in 1935 of sex hormones (androsterone and testosterone), his laboratory became the world center of organic chemistry.He was awarded in 1936 an honorary degree from Harvard University. In 1939 he won the Nobel prize for chemistry with Adolf Butenandt. Over the period 1934-1939 he had published 70 papers in the field of medicinally important steroid sex hormones, and filed several dozen patents besides. In 1940, following the award, he was invited by the Croatian Chemical Association, where he delivered a lecture to an over packed hall of dignitaries. The topic of the lecture was From the Dalmatian Insect Powder to Sex Hormones. In 1940 he became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, in 1942 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society, and in 1944 he became an international member of the US National Academy of Sciences. During the World War II, some of his excellent collaborators were lost, but Ružička restructured his laboratory with new, younger and promising people; among them was young scientist and future Nobel Laureate Vladimir Prelog.With new people and ideas new research areas were opened. In 1946, Ruzicka and Lardon "established that the fragrance of ambergris is based on the triterpene (named) ambrein". Following 1950, <mask> returned to chemistry, which had entered a new era of research. Now he turned to the field of biochemistry, the problems of evolution and genesis of life, particularly to the biogenesis of terpenes. In 1953, he published his hypothesis, the Biogenetic Isoprene Rule (that the carbon skeleton of terpenes is composed variously of regularly or irregularly linked isoprene units), which was the peak of his scientific career. In 1952, Oskar Jeger and he supervised a team which isolated lanosterol and established the link between terpenes and steroids. <mask> retired in 1957, turning over the running of the laboratory to Prelog.Later life, legacy, honours and awards
Ruzicka was the recipient of eight honorary doctorates and the 1938 Marcel Benoist Prize. He was listed as author on 583 scientific papers. In 1965, he became an honorary member of the Polish Chemical Society, and he was an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. After the war he acquired a taste for Dutch masterpieces, which he later lodged in the Kunsthaus Zürich as the Ruzicka collection. He militated against nuclear weapons. In 1970, Ruzicka delivered to the Nobel Laureate Conferences in Lindau a lecture entitled "Nobel Prizes and the chemistry of life". In later years, he served as consultant to Sandoz A. G. of Basel.<mask> dedicated significant efforts to the problems of education. He insisted on a better organization of academic education and scientific work in the new Yugoslavia, and established the Swiss-Yugoslav Society. <mask> became an honorary academician at the then Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. In 1974 he was awarded the Order of the Yugoslav Flag with Golden Wreath. At ETH Zurich, the Ružička Award was established in 1957 on the occasion of his retirement, for young chemists working in Switzerland. In his native Vukovar, a museum was opened in his honour in 1977. Ruzicka's archives are kept at ETH Zurich.Personal life
Ružička married twice: to Anna Hausmann in 1912, and 1951 to Gertrud Acklin. From 1929, he lived at Freudenbergstrasse 101 until the last years of his life. He died in Mammern, Switzerland, a village on Lake Constance at the age of 89. References

External links

 Speich, Daniel. "<mask> und das Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft in der Chemie" . ETH Zürich. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  including the Nobel Lecture on December 12, 1945 Multimembered Rings, Higher Terpene Compounds and Male Sex Hormones

1887 births
1976 deaths
20th-century Croatian people
Croatian biochemists
Organic chemists
Croatian scientists
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Austro-Hungarian Nobel laureates
Hungarian Nobel laureates
Croatian Nobel laureates
Austro-Hungarian scientists
People associated with the University of Zurich
ETH Zurich faculty
Utrecht University faculty
Faraday Lecturers
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Croatian Austro-Hungarians
Croatian people of Czech descent
Croatian people of German descent
Croatian emigrants to Switzerland
Naturalised citizens of Switzerland
People from Vukovar
Swiss Nobel laureates

masks:
Leopold Ružička
Ružička
Ružička
Ružička
Ružička
Ružička
Ružička
Ružička
Leopold Ruzicka