texts:
<mask> (台約爾, 20 February 1804 – 24 October 1843) was a British Protestant Christian missionary to China in the Congregationalist tradition who worked among the Chinese in Malaysia. He arrived in Penang in 1827. <mask>, his wife Maria, and their family lived in Malacca and then in Singapore. He was known as a typographer for creating a steel typeface of Chinese characters for printing to replace traditional wood blocks. <mask>'s type was accurate, aesthetically pleasing, durable, and practical. Life in England
<mask> was born at the Royal Greenwich Hospital, England, to <mask> and Eliza (Seager). He was the fifth of the eight <mask> children.His father was a secretary of the Royal Hospital for Seaman and later became Chief clerk of the Admiralty in 1820. John was also an acquaintance of Robert Morrison, who was soon to become the first Protestant missionary to China. Morrison and his Chinese tutor Yong Sam-tek visited the <mask> home in Greenwich during Morrison's period of study in medicine and astronomy between 1805 and 1806. <mask> was schooled at home until he was 12 and then educated in a boarding school at Woolwich, in south-east London from 1816, superintended by the Rev. John Bickerdike, a minister with the English Dissenters. In 1820 he experienced a conversion to Christ at Thomas Wilson's Paddington Chapel, in Paddington, Northwest London, under ministry of the Rev. James Stratten, and soon <mask> began teaching Sunday school there.In 1822 he was formally admitted into membership. <mask> later wrote about his time there:

He studied law and mathematics at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, but in 1823 he withdrew from University in his fifth term, refusing for conscience sake to declare himself a member of Church of England to graduate. While studying law, he read a pamphlet from his father's study, the "Memoir of Mrs. Charles Mead of the London Missionary Society in Tranvancore, Kerala, India", which afterwards turned his thoughts to the missionary service that would occupy the rest of his life. The pamphlet consisted of sermon preached at Mrs. Mead's funeral, '’All for Christ and the Good of Souls'’, the text of which is taken from Rev. 12:11: "and they loved not their lives unto the death." In '’A Sketch of Mr. <mask>'s Life and Character'’, his wife Maria would later write, "The reading of the pamphlet 'Memoir of Mrs. Mead' so powerfully impressed his mind with the importance of consecrating himself to missionary work, that when he began to study again, on Monday morning, he found he could not proceed; and every time he read this Memoir it had the same effect: so that at last he determined to give up the Bar, and devote himself to the work of Christ among the heathen." <mask> soon had opportunity to study the Chinese under Robert Morrison, who had returned on furlough.It was there that he met two aspiring female missionaries: Mary Ann Aldersey (the first female missionary to China), and Maria Tarn, whom he later married. In 1824 <mask> applied to the London Missionary Society. Then he joined the LMS seminary at Gosport, Hampshire, to study theology under Dr. David Bogue. His health began to suffer because of his intense regimen of study at Gosport, walking long distances to preach in villages on Sunday, and his habits of self-denial. He travelled to Islington to recuperate and study theology, Chinese, and the art of printing, punchcutting, and type-founding. <mask> also studied under John Pye Smith at Homerton. Smith combined missionary, philological, and scientific interests.<mask> then entered the London Missionary Society training centre at Hoxton where his chief attention was given to the Chinese language, reading the Chinese Bible for devotions. In 1827 <mask> was ordained at Paddington Chapel where he preached, taught and was commissioned as a missionary of the Gospel. He was married to Maria Tarn, eldest daughter of Joseph Tarn, Director of London Missionary Society, in London in 1827, and shortly afterward the newly wed couple set sail for what was then considered "Ultra-Ganges" India with the Ultra-Ganges Mission, where the only way to live and work among native Chinese could be obtained. Now it is in an area of Malaysia. It was also known as the "British Straits Settlement". <mask> had been ordained and commissioned on 20 February 1827 at Paddington Chapel, London. The inscription in remembrance of <mask> at Paddington Chapel read:

Missionary life

<mask> and Maria had five children while overseas.<mask> (born at Penang 1829–1831), <mask>, Jr. (born at Penang 1833–1898), Burella <mask> (born at Penang 1835–1858), Maria Jane <mask> (born at Malacca 1837–1870), and Ebenezer <mask> (born at Singapore 1842-aft. October 1843)

<mask> and his wife left England on 10 March 1827, and they arrived at Penang, in the Straits of Malacca, on 8 August 1827. The <mask>s were to have gone on to Anglo-Chinese College in Malacca, but a lack of workers lead them to stay in Penang and settle in the Chinese sector of town. They both began studying the Min nan dialect (Hokkien) spoken by the local population. After gaining some knowledge of the language, <mask> faced the challenge of producing movable metallic types for the thousands of Chinese characters. He started with a systematic analysis of characters and strokes. At first, using wood reliefs to create the clay moulds from which type could be cast, he soon moved to steel punches and copper matrixes.<mask>'s linguistic abilities, meticulous planning, and painstaking attention to detail resulted in Chinese fonts of high quality. They were later passed on to the American Presbyterian Mission Press in China and played a significant part in its development. Maria opened school for girls with 23 students, but she was forced to close it later in the year. By 1828 <mask> was preaching in Chinese only 5 months after their arrival. He grew committed to the production of Christian literature in Chinese, printing Bibles, tracts, and books with the moveable, metal-cast type with a controlled vocabulary that he developed. In 1829 they had their first daughter, Maria, who died about two years later. The same year, in 1831, <mask> visited Malacca, the headquarters of the London Missionary Society's Chinese ministries.In 1833 the <mask>s had a boy named <mask>. About this same time some in the Chinese community requested a school. During this period <mask> was hard at work on a revision of the translation of Matthew's Gospel in Chinese. The amount of work that still was left to be done prompted him to write to England in the following year, appealing for more workers to be sent out. Robert Morrison died at Guangzhou in 1834. 1835 brought another daughter, Burella Hunter, to the <mask> family at Penang. <mask> then took his family to Malacca to join the London Missionary Society China Mission headquarters.The <mask>s established 2 schools, with the curriculum including reading, writing, sewing, and embroidery. There <mask> worked with Liang Fa (who had been baptised by William Milne in 1819). <mask> soon recognised the strategic importance of his metal-type printing and proceeded with the revision of the Chinese Bible at Malacca. Another daughter, Maria Jane <mask>, was born in 1837 at Malacca. Furlough and return to Asia

<mask> and Maria had been at the LMS Penang station from 1827 to 1835. They were at the Malacca station from 1835 to 1839. The <mask>s went on furlough from 1839 to 1842.It was the first time that their children had seen England. On 19 September 1839 the <mask> family arrived in England. Maria was ill with what was thought to be a liver problem. The <mask>s remained in England until 1841, when they left again for the Ultra-Ganges Mission, this time to Singapore. A single woman named Buckland accompanied them and helped Maria with the three children. They arrived in Singapore in 1842 and rented the mission-house of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, there. <mask> began work with John Stronach of the LMS and began learning Teochew dialect.He also worked on a revision of the Chinese Bible, translations, preparation of books, type-casting, printing, and a comparative vocabulary of Chinese language. <mask> printed "Two Friends" by William Milne, a "Commentary on 10 Commandments" by Walter Henry Medhurst, and the "Miracles of Christ". He also helped Chaozhou, a Christian teacher compile the "Life of Christ". During this busy period, <mask> conducted religious services through the week, visited house-to-house, preached in the bazaars, and visited Chinese junks in the harbour to reach the Chinese there with the gospel message. Maria established a Chinese Girls' Boarding School with 20 students in their home (at the present-day site of Raffles Hotel); the school later became St. Margaret's Primary School. <mask> moved the LMS press from Malacca to Singapore on James Legge's suggestion before the end of 1842. 1842 brought another son, Ebenezer <mask>.The Treaty of Nanking was signed, raising hopes that missionary work could soon begin in mainland China. <mask> preached the first sermon at the Malay Chapel in Prinsep Street opened by Benjamin Peach Keasberry in 1843. That summer he left with John Stronach for the LMS conference in Hong Kong. His family would never see him again. Final days
<mask> was able to finally reach China on 7 August 1843 at Hong Kong. At the LMS general conference he was appointed as Conference Secretary. The <mask>s were appointed to go to Fuzhou, Fujian, to open missionary work there.<mask> visited Guangzhou, where he had a severe attack of fever and was cared for by Peter Parker, M.D. He was taken to Macau and died there on 21 October 1843. This was the same outbreak that took the life of Robert Morrison's son, John Robert Morrison, at Guangzhou. <mask> was buried next to the graves of Robert and Mary Morrison at the Old Protestant Cemetery in Macau. <mask> had once written:  <mask> died three years later at Penang, leaving 3 children in the care of her second husband, Johann Georg Bausum. A fellow missionary to Penang, Evan Davies, wrote a memoir of <mask> and a volume of <mask>'s letters to his children in 1846. The Chinese Repository recorded his obituary and mentioned that,

The type that came to be known as <mask>'s Penang font became the standard in Chinese printing until the 1850s, when it was replaced by William Gamble's font in 1859.All three of the <mask>s' surviving children became involved in work to spread the Gospel in China. The <mask>s' daughters returned to China as teenagers and worked with Mary Ann Aldersey at her school for Chinese girls in Ningbo, Zhejiang. Maria Jane <mask> married James Hudson Taylor, who went on to found the China Inland Mission. She had a strong influence in the beginnings of that agency. Burella <mask> had married a year earlier to John Shaw Burdon, but had died in Shanghai very soon after they were married. <mask>, Jr., succeeded Alexander Wylie with the British and Foreign Bible Society as their agent in China in the 1870s. Epitaph in Macau
His tombstone inscription reads:

Published works

 Vocabulary of the Hokkien Dialect (1838)
 A Selection of Three Thousand Characters Being the Most Important in the Chinese Language for the Purpose of Facilitating the Cutting of Punches and Casting Metal type in Chinese (1834)
 Aesop's Fables (in Hokkien, 1843)

See also
 History of typography in East Asia

References

 Wylie, Alexander,  Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the Chinese:Giving a List of their Publications and Obituary Notices of the Deceased American Presbyterian Mission Press, Shanghai 1867

Notes

Bibliography
 Taylor, James Hudson III, Chang, Irene; Even to Death – The Life and Legacy of <mask>.Hong Kong: OMF Books, 2009. Stronach, John; The blessedness of those who die in the Lord: a sermon occasioned by the death of the Rev. <mask>, missionary to the Chinese, (which took place at Macao 24 October 1843): preached in the New Mission Chapel, Singapore, 9 November 1843, by John Stronach, Mr. <mask>'s colleague in the Chinese Mission at Singapore ; with a sketch of Mr. <mask>'s life and character by his widow. Singapore: Mission Press, 1843. Biographical Dictionary of Christian Mission
 Broomhall, AJ, Hudson Taylor and China's Open Century Vol I, II, III, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1981
 Griffiths, Valerie, Not Less Than Everything, Monarch Books & OMF International, Oxford, 2004
 Ismail, Ibrahim bin, <mask> and His Contributions to Chinese Typography; Library Quarterly, v54 n2 p157-69 Apr 1984
 Latourette, Kenneth Scott, A History of Christian Missions in China, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, London, 1929
 Lovett, Richard, The History of the London Missionary Society 1795 – 1895 Volume One, Henry Frowde, London, 1899
  Volume Two, Henry Frowde, London, 1899
 Register of LMS Missionaries, 1796–1923, Prepared by James Sibree, LMS, London, 1923
 Sng, Bobby, In His Good Time: The Story of the Church in Singapore, Bible Society of Singapore, 2003
 Historical Bibliography of the China Inland Mission

1804 births
1843 deaths
Alumni of Homerton College, Cambridge
People from Greenwich
Congregationalist missionaries in China
Congregationalist missionaries in Malaysia
Congregationalist missionaries in Singapore
English Congregationalist missionaries
British expatriates in China
Translators of the Bible into Chinese
British typographers and type designers
19th-century translators
Missionary linguists

masks:
Samuel Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Samuel Dyer
John Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Samuel Dyer
Dyer
Samuel Dyer
Samuel
Maria Dyer
Samuel Dyer
Hunter Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Samuel Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Samuel
Samuel
Dyer
Samuel
Samuel
Dyer
Samuel
Dyer
Samuel
Dyer
Dyer
Samuel
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Samuel
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Samuel
Dyer
Dyer
Maria Dyer
Samuel Dyer
Samuel
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Samuel Dyer
Samuel Dyer
Samuel Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Samuel Dyer


type: original

texts:
<mask> (August 17, 1881 – October 27, 1974) was a major geological pioneer, who worked for the American Museum of Natural History, Maryland Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Virginia Geological Survey, and the United States Geological Survey. She is best known for her work mapping the Appalachian Mountain Range, documenting the structure of and exposure to the rock formations, and tracing crystalline rocks. <mask> was among the first to implement petrographic and structural techniques to the Appalachian Mountains, which were still in development at the time. This was rare because women at this time didn't do physical work in the fields, and her hard efforts are now noted and appreciated. She contributed largely to the Geologic Map of Virginia and the Geologic Map of the United States. Early life
<mask> was the only child to George and <mask> and grew up in Bridgeton, New Jersey. Her parents ran a family-owned business called the Williamstown Glass Company where she worked during World War I as a cashier.<mask> was known to be fond of her ancestry that included relatives who emigrated from New England to Cape May in the 1690s. Her lineage is made of relatives who were plantation owners in Cape May, whalers, and Delaware River Pilots. She began her mapping in Southeastern Pennsylvania and Maryland. Then on, she began her mapping Southwestward into the crystalline rocks of Virginia to North Carolina afterwards. In 1938, <mask> married George Willis <mask> who worked as a U.S. G.S. stratigrapher and would end up working by her side on the Appalachian Mountains. Education
<mask> received formal education from Bryn Mawr College and earned her A.D in 1904.In 1905, she earned her A.M, and then her PhD in 1912. Furthermore, she had an education major in the Arts. Throughout her college career, <mask> had the opportunity to work  under tenured female geologists, who she would continue to work with closely after graduating from college. From 1908 to 1909, she was an assistant curator at the Geology Museum and worked extensively in the geology laboratories during college. Her classmates included Eleanora Knopf and Julia Gardner, and she mentored under Florence Bascom, one of the pioneer women of geology. Between 1916 and 1917, she began work at the Department of Geology, following that she worked at the American Museum of Natural History. Geological contributions
<mask> contributed to geology simply by being a woman during a time when women faced prejudices for being active in such a field.In her professional career as a geologist, <mask> was known to be very outspoken. During <mask>'s long career in the scientific community, she made numerous geological contributions, including identification of structural characteristics and trends by using maps that she printed in colour. Instead of creating 5 by 6 quadrangle maps, <mask>'s work was focused on creating larger scaled maps. Working with Eleanora Knopf, <mask> helped defined the Martic Line. They believed it to be a major thrust fault in Pennsylvania. Her ideas were often considered to be incomprehensible by other geologists at the time, as her work was far too advanced. Being a female in this time also caused scientists to often disregard or overlook her ideas.Stose and Knopf provided many contributions when it came to defining and naming important places, such as the Conestoga Limestone, this being a major part of Pennsylvania, the major units of the Blue Ridge Province, many of the granite plutons in both there and Piedmont, and gave the Mount Rogers volcanic sequence in southern Virginia. The Piedmont and Blue Ridge provinces in the southern and central Appalachians were the locations where <mask>'s studies led her to one of her greatest achievements. <mask> printed a map in colour of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Rocks on the 1982 Virginia State Geological map, which was not accepted in the geological community at the time, but with today's enhanced understandings and technology, we have realized her theories and findings were ultimately correct, and her discoveries are still used in science today. Findings from the Appalachian Mountains
Throughout her research over the Appalachian Mountains, <mask> worked alongside her husband George W<mask>, and many of their findings were published together. Crystalline rock makes up the southern Appalachian Mountains and was mobile during Pre-Cambrian to the Palaeozoic era. During this time, there was intense crust folding and intrusion to the rock formation. Once the crust folding ceased, granite rock carved through the inner part of the mountain range.Publications
<mask>'s publications spanned sixty years. In 1905, she published her first paper, it focused on the rocks of the crystalline Appalachians. In 1965, she published her last paper that described the cataloging of lithologies, and the potential origins of 18th-century tombstones in old cemeteries located in Cape May County, New Jersey. In her last paper she also noted that the correlation of certain rocks dated back to Early Paleozoic rocks. <mask> was the first person to identify that the Brevard Zone rocks depict a fault zone. Her proposed explanation was that the Zone marked a major thrust fault. Afterwards, contrary to <mask>'s theory, other geologists supposed that the Zone was actually the trace of a large strike-slip fault.For many years, this idea obtained widespread acceptance, but at the present time, <mask>'s explanation is believed to be more accurate. In a book called Studies of Appalachian Geology: Central and Southern, which was published in 1970 and edited by George Fisher, <mask> is the geologist with the most listings in the author index. <mask> and her husband, <mask>, compiled county wide reports such as the “New Holland quadrangle” (Jonas and Stose, 1926), “ Geology and Mineral Resources of York County” (Stose and <mask>, 1939), “Middletowne quadrangle” (Stose and <mask>, 1933). These reports laid the foundation for southeastern Pennsylvanian geology. In 1944, the couple wrote a report on the Geology of the Hanover-York District (published by the U.S. Geological Survey). This is their only work that is formally listed as Stose and Stose, and is still acknowledged by today's geologists due to the advanced explanations and illustrations contained within the publication. Later life
<mask> spent time working at the American Museum of Natural History throughout 1916 and 1917, she then worked as a geologist for the Maryland and Pennsylvania Geological Surveys between 1919 and 1937.She worked as a geologist two more times, firstly for the Virginia Geological Survey from 1926 to 1945, and secondly with the U.S. Geological Survey from 1930 until her retirement in 1954. <mask> later died on October 27, 1974, due to a stroke, while <mask> died back in 1960. Her work is still used today as a tribute of her contributions to field of geology in a time where women weren't recognized. References
Notes

Bibliography

1881 births
1974 deaths
People from Bridgeton, New Jersey
American women geologists
Bryn Mawr College alumni

masks:
Anna Jonas Stose
Stose
Anna
Mary Hughes Gilbert Jonas
Anna
Anna
Stose
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
. Stose
Anna
Anna
Stose
Stose
Stose
Stose
George Stose
Jonas
Jonas
Anna
Anna
George Stose


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<mask> (born 6 February 1985) is an Irish hurler who played as a centre-back for the Kilkenny senior team. Born in County Kilkenny, <mask> first played competitive hurling whilst at school in St. Kieran's College. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Kilkenny minor team, before later lining out with the under-21 and intermediate sides. He made his senior debut during the 2005 championship. Tennyson went on to play for what has come to be known as the greatest team of all-time, and has won three All-Ireland medals, four Leinster medals and two National Hurling League medals. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion. As a member of the Leinster inter-provincial team on a number of occasions Tennyson won one Railway Cup medal .At club level he continues to play for Carrickshock.His brother, <mask>, was also enjoyed an inter-county career with Kilkenny. Throughout his career <mask> made 19 championship appearances. He announced his retirement from inter-county hurling on 26 May 2013. Early life

<mask> was born in , County Kilkenny in 1985. He was educated locally at Newmarket N.S. and later at St. Kieran's College, a school renowned for producing fine county hurlers. It was here that <mask> first tasted success as he won an All-Ireland colleges medal with the school's senior team.<mask> graduated from University College Cork with an honours degree in civil & environmental engineering. It was at UCC that he earned three consecutive Datapac Hotshot awards. Playing career

Colleges

During his schooling at St. Kieran's College in Kilkenny, <mask> established himself as a key member of the senior hurling team. In 2002 he won his first Leinster medal following a 1–15 to 2–3 defeat of city rivals CBS Kilkenny. <mask> added a second Leinster medal to his collection in 2003, as St. Peter's College were defeated by 2–13 to 1–10. St. Colman's College provided the opposition in the subsequent All-Ireland decider. Having come close to beating the Fermoy-based school at the same stage the previous year, St. Kieran's made no mistake this time and recorded a 1–15 to 1–4 victory, giving Tennyson an All-Ireland medal.Club

Tennyson plays his club hurling with Carrickshock and has enjoyed much success. In 2004 Carrickshock reached a third consecutive intermediate championship final, having lost the previous two deciders. A narrow 0–14 to 1–10 defeat of Mooncoin gave <mask> a championship medal. He later won a Leinster medal as Carrickshock defeated St. Patrick's by 2–16 to 0–7 in the inaugural provincial decider. <mask>'s side were subsequently defeated by Kildangan in the All-Ireland decider. On 25 October 2010 <mask> played in his first senior championship decider. Carrickshock were fancied to end a 59-year wait for the title but found themselves chasing the game from the start and eventually lost by 0–17 to 1–11.Minor and under-21

<mask> first played for Kilkenny in 2002 when he joined the minor side. He won his first Leinster medal that year following a 2–15 to 2–8 defeat of Wexford. Kilkenny subsequently faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland decider. A tour de force by "the Cats" gave them a huge 3–15 to 1–7 victory and gave <mask> his first All-Ireland medal. In 2003 <mask> won his second successive Leinster medal following an 0–18 to 0–13 defeat of Offaly. Kilkenny subsequently faced Galway in the All-Ireland decider. Richie Power gave a masterclass of hurling, including scoring the winning point deep into injury time, to secure a 2–16 to 2–15 victory.It was <mask>'s second All-Ireland medal. The following year <mask> was added to the Kilkenny intermediate team. He won his sole Leinster medal that year following a 3–17 to 1–10 thrashing of old rivals Wexford. The subsequent All-Ireland decider saw old rivals Cork providining the opposition. The Rebels looked to be heading for victory, however, an injury time goal from Brian Phelan secured a 2–11 apiece victory. The replay was more conclusive with Kilkenny facing a 1–16 to 1–10 defeat. <mask> was also added to the Kilkenny under-21 team that year.He subsequently collected his Leinster medal as Wexford were downed by 0–16 to 2–3. The subsequent All-Ireland final between Kilkenny and old rivals Tipperary was a total mismatch. "The Cats" scored key goals early in the opening half, which helped power them to a 3–21 to 1–6 victory. It was <mask>'s first All-Ireland medal. In 2005 <mask> added a second Leinster medal to his collection, following a 0–17 to 1–10 defeat of Dublin. Kilkenny's bid for a third successive All-Ireland title ended in dramatic fashion as a late point from Kerril Wade handed Galway a narrow 1–15 to 1–14 victory. For the third successive year <mask> won a Leinster medal following a 2–18 to 2–10 defeat of Dublin before later lining out in the All-Ireland decider against Tipperary.A last second opportunist goal by Richie Hogan saved Kilkenny and secured a 2–14 apiece draw. The replay was another close encounter, however, Paddy Hogan's first half goal helped Kilkenny claw their way to the title following a 1–11 to 0–11 defeat of Tipperary. It was <mask>'s second All-Ireland medal. Senior

Early successes

<mask> was still a member of the under-21 team when he was added to the Kilkenny senior panel in 2005. On 12 June 2005 he made his championship debut in a 6–28 to 0–15 Leinster semi-final trouncing of Offaly. In 2006 <mask> won his first National Hurling League medal following a 3–11 to 0–14 victory over Limerick. He later won his first Leinster medal following a facile 1–23 to 1–12 victory over Wexford.On 3 September 2006 Kilkenny faced a Cork team who were presented with the opportunity to become the first side in nearly thirty years to secure three successive All-Ireland championships. Like previous encounters neither side took a considerable lead, however, Kilkenny had a vital goal from Aidan Fogarty. Cork were in arrears coming into the final few minutes, however, Ben O'Connor scored a late goal for Cork. It was too little too late as the Cats denied Cork on a score line of 1–16 to 1–13. It was a first All-Ireland medal for <mask>. <mask> collected a second Leinster medal in 2007, as Kilkenny asserted their provincial dominance and defeated Wexford by 2–24 to 1–12. On 2 September 2007 Kilkenny faced defeated Munster finalists and surprise All-Ireland semi-final winners Limerick in the championship decider.Kilkenny got off to a flying start with Eddie Brennan and Henry Shefflin scoring two goals within the first ten minutes to set the tone. Limerick launched a second-half comeback, however, "the Cats" were too powerful and cruised to a 2–19 to 1–15 victory. It was <mask>'s second successive All-Ireland medal. An injury hampered <mask>'s 2008 championship campaign, however, he collected another set of Leinster and All-Ireland medals as a non-playing substitute. <mask> was back on the starting fifteen in 2009, and collected a second league medal as Kilkenny beat Tipperary by 2–26 to 4–17 with a thrilling extra-time victory. He later won a third Leinster medal as new challengers Dublin were bested by 2–18 to 0–18. On 6 September Kilkenny were poised to become the second team ever in the history of hurling to win four successive All-Ireland championships when they faced Tipperary in the decider.For long periods Tipp looked the likely winners, however, late goals from Henry Shefflin and substitute Martin Comerford finally killed off their efforts to secure a 2–22 to 0–23 victory. <mask> had collected his third All-Ireland medal. Decline

In 2010 Kilkenny defeated Galway in an eagerly-anticipated but ultimately disappointing provincial decider. A 1–19 to 1–12 victory gave <mask>, who started the game on the bench before coming on as a substitute, a fourth Leinster medal. The drive for an unprecedented fifth successive All-Ireland crown reached a head on 5 September 2010, when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland decider. "The Cats" lost talisman Henry Shefflin due to injury, while Tipperary's Lar Corbett ran riot and scored a hat-trick of goals as Larkin's side fell to a 4–17 to 1–18 defeat. Following the All-Ireland decider <mask> underwent surgery on a cruciate ligament injury.An infection in his knee later ruled him out of the 2011 championship. <mask> returned to championship action in Kilkenny's 2–21 to 0–9 Leinster semi-final defeat of Dublin. He was confined to the substitute's bench for the rest of the championship, but collected another All-Ireland medal as a non-playing member of the panel who defeated Galway in an All-Ireland final replay. After failing to make any appearances during Kilkenny's successful league campaign in 2013, <mask> decided to retire from inter-county hurling before the start of the championship. Personal life

His family have a keen interest in horse racing, owning numerous reasonably successful horses. Presently he owns one horse that has run twice in point to point as of March 2008, named Jimandgary foaled in 2003 and trained by Patrick Cody, finishing third on both occasions. On 20 April 2008, the horse won is first race at Ballydurn in Waterford.Honours

Team

St. Kieran's College
All-Ireland Senior Colleges Hurling Championship (1): 2003
Leinster Colleges Senior Hurling Championship (2): 2002, 2003

Kilkenny
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (6): 2006, 2007, 2008 (sub), 2009, 2011 (sub), 2012 (sub)
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship (6): 2005 (sub), 2006, 2007, 2008 (sub), 2009, 2010
National Hurling League (3): 2005 (sub), 2006, 2009, 2012 (sub)
All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship (2): 2004 (c), 2006
Leinster Under-21 Hurling Championship (3): 2004 (c), 2005, 2006
All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship (2): 2002, 2003
Leinster Minor Hurling Championship (2): 2002, 2003

Leinster
Railway Cup (1): 2006

References

1985 births
Living people
Carrickshock hurlers
UCC hurlers
Kilkenny inter-county hurlers
Leinster inter-provincial hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners

masks:
John Tennyson
Tennyson
Pat Tennyson
Tennyson
John Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson
Tennyson


texts:
Captain <mask>, MC, IDSM (10 January 1914 – 14 February 2011) was a highly decorated Indian Army Gorkha officer and a recipient of the Ashoka Chakra, the highest peacetime Indian gallantry decoration. Only the fourth Ashoka Chakra recipient to be decorated while living, he was the third Indian Army serviceman and the first Indian Army officer to have been honoured while alive. Early life
A member of a <mask> family in the Darjeeling district, <mask> enlisted in the British Indian Army on 17 July 1930, joining the 1st Battalion of 10th Gurkha Rifles. Second World War
During the Second World War, <mask> was promoted to jemadar (now naib subedar) on 1 December 1941. As an acting subedar (paid), he fought in the Burma Campaign, during which he won the Indian Distinguished Service Medal (IDSM). The citation (which was not made public), reads as follows:

10 December 1943

Subedar <mask>,  1/10 Gurkha Rifles, 63rd Indian Infantry Brigade, 17th Indian Division

On the 14th November 1943 this G.O. [Gurkha Officer] was 2nd in command of a company which was ordered to counter-attack at night against strong Japanese forces, estimated to be the major part of a battalion and supported by mortars and infantry guns.During the course of the fighting, which lasted the whole of the next day, and during which quite early in the proceedings his company commander was wounded five times, this Officer displayed the greatest coolness, courage and military skill. Initially in charge of the mortars and rear [illegible] company H.Q., he kept his Brigade H.Q. fully and continuously in the picture, gauging accurately when extra ammunition was required and organising the evacuation of the wounded. When his company commander was wounded, he ordered him back to Rear H. Q. and took over command. For some hours he kept large numbers of the enemy at bay by his oppositions, ensuring he could not be surrounded, counter-attacking twice, methodically collecting a large quantity of material for identification purposes and finally when ordered to withdraw, pulling out unhurried and with great military precision. All his dead, wounded and material were got away including much enemy material, and the enemy received such a hard blow that he never followed up and indeed has never recovered the position. Throughout, this Officer’s leadership and military skill was of the highest order.Subsequently promoted to war-substantive subedar, <mask> was awarded the Military Cross (MC) on 8 October 1944. He received the decoration for, among other actions, his command of his company during the Battle of Imphal in the area of Bishnupur, Manipur. Taking command after his company commander had been killed and while he and his unit were pinned down by Japanese machine-gun fire from several bunkers, <mask> conducted a reconnaissance mission and located all of the nearby enemy bunkers. After throwing five grenades at the nearest bunkers, he devised a plan of attack and led his company in an attack which eliminated the first line of bunkers. In the full citation, which was not published, <mask> was commended for:

...his dash and courage, combined with high qualities of leadership and initiative shown by this Gurkha Officer on all occasions when his company has been in action. Indian Army service
After Indian independence, <mask>'s regiment, the 10th Gurkha Rifles, which primarily recruited soldiers of the Rai ethnicity, was allocated to the United Kingdom and became a British Army regiment. <mask> opted to serve in the Indian Army, joining the newly re-raised 11th Gorkha Rifles.On 23 August 1948, he received a short-service commission as a second lieutenant in the 11th Gorkhas (seniority from 23 August 1946). He received a regular commission as a lieutenant on 7 February 1951 (seniority from 27 August 1948), and was promoted to captain on 27 August 1954. On 20 November 1956, he was seconded for service with the 8th Battalion of the Assam Rifles, and was then assigned to the Village Guards (Naga Hills, Tuensang Area) on 1 December 1957. He was appointed Officer Commanding Village Guard (Tuensang Wing) on 1 March 1958. On 3 May 1961, <mask> was decorated with the Ashoka Chakra for his heroism while in command of a platoon during the Nagaland Insurgency:

No. 9-Pres/62.—The  President  is  pleased  to  approve  the  award   of  the ASHOKA  CHAKRA,  CLASS  I,  to  the  undermentioned  personnel  for  most conspicuous bravery:

Captain  MAN  BAHADUR  RAI   (IC-5261). M.C.,  I.D.S.M.,  11th Gorkha  Rifles.(Seconded  to  Assam  Rifles). (Effective   date  of  award — 3rd  May 1961)

In  April–May  1961, Captain  <mask>  <mask>  <mask>   (IC-5261)  took  part  in  a series  of  actions  against  a  body  of  hostile  Nagas  who  had  entrenched  themselves  in  a  very  difficult,   densely  wooded,  hilly  region  interspersed  with numerous  ravines. Towards  the  end  of  April  1961, he  led  a  platoon  at  dead of  night  through  two  hostile  positions  into  the  heart  of  their stronghold, fiercely  attacked  them  and  was  successful  in  dislodging  them  from  that position. On the  3rd  May  1961, he  led  a  platoon  against  another  strongly  fortified hostile  position  which  was  situated  on  the  steep  slopes  of  a   ravine. This position  dominated  the  surrounding  area  and  could  not  be  approached except  frontally. Captain  <mask>,  knowing  that  heavy  casualties  would  result if  he  were  to  attack  frontally,  took  half  a  platoon, crawled  through  the thick  undergrowth  and  scaled  up  the  steep  side  while  exposed  to  a  hail of close  range  fire  which  covered  his  advance. On  locating  the  hostile position,  he  pressed  forward  in  its  direction,  threw  two  hand  grenades  killing a  few  hostiles  and  charged  the  position  firing  as  he  went  and  killing   two more  hostiles.This  fearless  and  unexpected  assault  spurred  his  men  to action  and  so  demoralised  the  hostiles  that  they  fled  into  the  thick  jungle. The  hostiles  lost  ten  men  in  the  encounter  and  left  behind  two  rifles, one 12 bore  gun  and  one  tommy  gun. The  attack  dealt  a  crushing  blow  to  the hostiles  and  led  to  the  eventual  destruction  of  their  position. This  action  was  one  of  several  in  which  Captain  <mask>  took  part,   first   as an  officer  of  the  8th  Battalion  of  the  Assam  Rifles  and  more  recently  as  an officer   of  the  Village  Guards  Organisation  of  Nagaland. Throughout  this period,  he  repeatedly  showed  conspicuous  bravery,  unselfishness  and    indomitable  courage  in  very  difficult  and   dangerous  situations. His  leader-ship  and  unconquerable  will  have  been  a  source  of  inspiration   to  all   his comrades  and  are  in  the  highest  traditions   of  the  Army. Later life and death
After retiring from the Indian Army, <mask> settled at Jorhat in Assam.He died there on 14 February 2011, aged 97, and was accorded full military honours by the Assam Rifles at his funeral. The Assam Rifles named an auditorium at their Shillong HQ in honour of <mask>. Awards

References

1914 births
2011 deaths
People from Darjeeling district
Recipients of the Military Cross
Recipients of the Indian Distinguished Service Medal
Indian Army personnel of World War II
Military personnel from West Bengal
Indian Army personnel
Recipients of the Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)
Ashoka Chakra
Rai people

masks:
Man Bahadur Rai AC
Rai
Rai
Rai
Manbahadur Rai
Rai
Rai
Rai
Rai
Rai
Rai
Man
Bahadur
Rai
Rai
Rai
Rai
Rai


texts:
<mask> (, 27 April 1937 – 21 January 2022) was a Chinese novelist and short-story writer. In the meanwhile, she was also the co-author of a biography of the film director Wu Zuguang in 1986. She worked on writing different kinds of books for or with young protagonists, these types of works are included in junior and senior high school textbooks in China. She is one of China's first contributors to feminist fiction. In <mask>e's works, she mainly worked on the themes of "people" and "love",  she often emphasizes the emotions and relationships between mother and daughter, which was formed mainly by early poverty and the fierce protection of her mother. The Person Who loved me the most on earth is gone is the long story,which is a kind of long self-statement recounted the last eighty days and nights of her mother's life, who died in 1991. She remembered her mother's submission, dependence and forbearance to her, and her consideration, complaint and regret to her mother.This novel is a simple and unpretentious expression of the love between mother and daughter. <mask>'s novel Leaden Wings was translated into German in 1982 and published in England in 1987 by Virago Press. She was awarded the Mao Dun Literature Prize in 1985 for Leaden Wings and in 2005 for Without a Word, making her the first writer to receive the award twice. She is not only the only one writer who has won the Mao Dun Literature Price twice, but is also one of the most influential writers in contemporary China. <mask>e is a representative of female writers in contemporary China. In her words, she creates many female images with different life paths and destinies, and explores the situation of women in the contemporary China from her unique perspective. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Beijing on April 27, 1937, and was raised up by her mother in a village in Fushun, in Liaoning Province.<mask> was born in a modest civil-servant family. Her parents were separated when she was very young, and then she lived with her mother and took her mother's last name. <mask> and her mother were dependent on each other and spent long, miserable years in the turbulent times. Her mother worked as a teacher in the village elementary school and was forced to work as a servant and a factory mail-woman. <mask>e was fond of music and literature when She was in elementary school and middle school. In 1960, She graduated from the Department of Statistics in Renmin University of China (People's University), and went to work for the First Ministry of Machinery Industry. <mask>e married to a singer in the theatrical work unity and had a daughter called Tang Di, she and her husband got divorced in 1969.During the Cultural Revolution, she was sent to the "May 7 cadre school" and returned to Beijing in 1972 and back to work in the First Ministry of Machinery Industry. <mask>e has endured many pains in her personal life, she has supported a family of three generations of women for a long time with her strong perseverance. After the Cultural Revolution, <mask>e finally started her literary work, she published her first novelThe Child of the Forest in 1978. Once published in Beijing Literature and Art, the novel immediately attracted the attention of the literary world, and won the Best Short Stories, this was her first entry into the literary world. In the following year, she published a number of short stories and joined the Chinese Writer's Association. <mask>e joined the Communist Party in 1980. The novel Leaden Wings published in April 1981, which immediately aroused strong reactions and controversies, and almost became a notable event in the literary world and the society.In 1982, she joined the International PEN China Center and accompanied a delegation of Chinese writers to the United States to attend the first Sino-American Writers' Conference, she was the vice chairman of the Beijing Writers' Association. She has visited and been invited countless times to hold readings of her works, lectures and press conferences in Berlin, Paris, Vienna and other parts of the world. Leaden Wings was reissued by the People's Literature Publishing House in July 1984 and was well received by the literary community and won the 2nd Mao Dun Literature Prize of 1985. Over the years, <mask>'s creative works have been very successful. From December 1984 to January 1985, <mask>e attended the Fourth Congress of the Chinese Writer's Association. By 1986, <mask> was the first writer of the new period to win three national awards. Some of her works have been translated into foreign languages and distributed around the world.Personal life and death
<mask>e died in New York on January 21, 2022, at the age of 84. Awards
Best Short Stories of 1978 --- The Child of the Forest
Best Short Stories of 1979 --- Who Knows how to live
Best Short Stories of 1983 --- The Time is not yet ripe
Best Novellas of 1983-1984 --- Emerald (Zu Mulü)
2nd Mao Dun Literature Prize of 1985 --- Leaden Wings
6th Mao Dun Literature Prize of 2005 --- Without A World

Main works
 The Child of the Forest (Cong senlin li laide haizi) (1978)
 Love Must Not be Forgotten (1979)
 Leaden Wings (沉重的翅膀) (1981)
 The Ark (1982)
 On a Green Lawn (1983)
 Emerald (1984)
 If Nothing Happens, Nothing Will (1986)
 Only One Sun (1988)
 As Long As Nothing Happens, Nothing Will''' (translated short stories, 1988)
 A Chinese Woman in Europe (1989)
 You are a Friend of my Soul (1990)
 Fever (Shang Huo) (1991)
 Interior Heat (1992)
 In the Twilight (1994)
 The Person Who loved me the most on earth is gone (Shijieshang zui teng wo de nage ren qu le) () (1994)
 Why... in the First Place? (1994)
 A Collection of Proses (1995)
 Oversea Travels (1995)
 Without A Word (Wu Zi) () (2002)

 Introduction of works

 The Child of the Forest ()
This was the first work of <mask>e in 1978, which was a story that took place during the Cultural Revolution, it is a work of Scar literature. The Scar Literature was a literary phenomenon that dominated the literary scene in mainland China from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. The story describes a touching story about a student who traveled thousands of miles to take an examination in the Central Conservatory of Music in order to fulfill his teacher's wishes, this teacher is one of the most talented musician in that period. The protagonist, Sun Changning, is the son of a lumberjack. Although he lives in the forest, he has to  be branded with "Scars" during the Cultural Revolution.With this novel, <mask>e wants to express the belief that art is one of the things that can sustain the human spirit during the Cultural Revolution, but only if the belief in art is honest and not evil. Leaden Wings (沉重的翅膀)
This novel can also be called as Heavy Wings for the different translations, this novel was awarded in the 2nd Mao Dun Literature Prize of 1985. The experience of <mask>e working in the First Ministry of Machinery Industry provided her with the inspiration and knowledge to write about this novel on the problems faced by the companies. <mask>e not only conveys people's reform ideals, but also describes the cruxes of the society with exquisite style. The "heavy" reformer she created belongs to the literary image of the deepening period of reform. The novel, with the theme of reform, revolves around the work and life of high-level cadres. On the one hand, it shows the contents of enterprise management and political thought of the Ministry of Heavy Industry in China, and focuses on the efforts of several reformers.On the other hand, it also shows the family life of different characters. Through the description of their life, it reflects <mask>e's thinking on marriage. Without A Word (Wu Zi) ()
Love is one of the major themes in Wu Zi. <mask>e uses interspersion technique to integrate the description of the Times with the personal life experiences of a female writer called Wu Wei, describes the marriage story of Wu Wei and several generations of women in her family. The context of this book is based on a time of upheaval and big change in China. It expresses women's realistic demands for love, marriage and family freedom at different stages in the new era, and shows the arduous and difficult course of women's liberation. This novel is the second time that <mask>e has won the 6th Mao Dun Literature Prize after Leaden Wings.<mask>e tried to use the emotional experience of several generations in this novel to break the shackles of Chinese women, but she found that everything was in vain. Women were giving everything to fight with love, but the tragic fate could not change. Love Must Not Be Forgotten ()
This short story showed the topic of what <mask>e is mainly woking on, "Love", and unraveled the tragedy of Zhong Yu and the old cadre's "lovers cannot be married" through the memories of her mother by a 30-year-old unmarried young woman named Shan Shan. This story shows two types of love at the same time, one is the love between the daughter and her mother, the other one is the love story of mother and a senior official in the Communist Party of who her mother had always loved. Zhong Yu wrote down her infinite affection for this man in her notebook called "Love, is not to forget". The obstacle in their love was that the man, out of gratitude and duty, married the fiancée of his fellow soldier who gave his life to protect the senior official. The Ark (方舟)
This novel advocats that men and women should first have social equality, is <mask>e's most personal characteristic works.The novel describes three high school classmates, after a long and bumpy life, in order to get rid of the pain of reality, and respectively leave their husbands to get together in a residential unit, they called this resident the "Ark", to seek temporary shelter. The three women are all highly educated and intelligent women who are not respected in their marriage, and being biased by neighbors because divorce or separation, yet they also have difficulties mainly on facing hostility and abuse at work. . Through realism, it expresses the anxiety, loneliness and desolation of modern intellectual women's life path and spiritual pursuit. Further reading
 Bloomsbury Guide to Women's LiteratureWho Knows how to live in 1979Screeplays of <mask>'s novels"ZhangJie zhuzuo xinian," Zhangjie yanjiu zhuanji'', by He Huoren

References

External links
 The Life and Literature of <mask>e
 Zhang Jie bibliography at Asian and Pacific Writers Network

1937 births
2022 deaths
20th-century Chinese short story writers
20th-century Chinese women writers
21st-century Chinese women writers
21st-century Chinese writers
Chinese feminists
Short story writers from Beijing
Chen Bochui Children's Literature Award winners
Mao Dun Literature Prize laureates
Chinese women novelists
Chinese women short story writers
People's Republic of China short story writers
People's Republic of China novelists

masks:
Zhang Jie
Zhang Ji
Zhang Jie
Zhang Ji
Zhang Jie
Zhang Jie
Zhang Jie
Zhangji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Jie
Zhang Ji
Zhang Jie
Zhang Ji
Zhang ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Jie
Zhang Ji


texts:
<mask> (born 20 December 1956) is an independent curator and researcher based in Cardiff, Wales. His interests lie in integrating the practices often separated in curating in the arts and heritage settings: research, display, promotion, participation and learning. His own practice centres on curating in collaborative or site-specific contexts, where negotiating and celebrating relationships with audiences are at the core of projects. Journeys with 'The Waste Land' (2018)
<mask>'s commitment to participation and social engagement is exemplified by his role in, Journeys with 'The Waste Land', a major exhibition exploring the significance of T.S. Eliot’s poem 'The Waste Land' through the visual arts. Tooby described himself as the "initiating curator" of this project, elsewhere he is described as its "architect". Journeys with 'The Waste Land''' was exhibited first at the Turner Contemporary in Margate and then at the Herbert Art Gallery & Museum in Coventry.Information about the project (including its timeline, methodology, downloads, videos of its research group in action and visitor data) is available on the Turner Contemporary Website. <mask> gave the 2018 Ursula Hoff Lecture in curating at the University of Melbourne. In this lecture, Tooby explored how testimony has played a key role in his recent curatorial projects. His starting point was the use of William Blake's Illustrations to Dante in Journeys with 'The Waste Land', which was created by the collective sharing of different life experiences and expertise by over 100 participants in its curating. He will show how this process was informed by his previous interest in testimony when co-curating faith-based and minority cultural projects in Wales, such as The Muslim World on Your Doorstep and Hineni: belonging and identity in a Jewish community. Professional career
Since 2012, <mask> has been Professor of Art & Design at the Bath School of Art & Design at Bath Spa University. His teaching specialisms are: History of Art & Design; Museology; Contemporary Curatorial Practice.Previously, Tooby was: curator  (1992 to 1999) at Tate St Ives and curator of the Barbara Hepworth Museum and Sculpture Garden (1992–1999); Director, National Museum & Gallery (2000 to 2004) and Director of Learning, Programmes and Development (2004 to 2011) for Amgueddfa Cymru - National Museum of Wales;

Other recent academic appointments include: Senior Research Fellow (2014–15) at the Henry Moore Institute; Steering Group Member (2015–18) for the Arts and Humanities Research Council funded research project led by Sonia Boyce, "Black Art and Modernism", at the University of the Arts London; Academic Advisor to the Academy of Visual Arts (2015–18), Hong Kong Baptist University; International Visiting Scholar (2018) in the Art History and Curating programme, Australian National University. Early life
Tooby grew up in Coventry and was educated at King Henry VIII School, Coventry (1967 to 1974) before studying for a Master of Arts (MA) in Art History, Archaeology and Anthropology at Magdalene College, Cambridge (1975–78)

 Bibliography

Full details of Tooby's "research and academic outputs" can be found on ResearchSPAce

 Books

 Tooby, M, ed. (2018) wavespeech: Edmund de Waal and David Ward - a collaborative work in context Tooby, M and Shalgosky, S, eds. (2015) Imagining a university: fifty years of the University of Warwick Art collection Stair, J and Tooby, M (2014) Julian Stair: Quietus reviewed. Archaeology of an exhibition Tooby, M (2012) Engaging young people in the arts in Norway and Wales. Tooby, M (2005) Trevor Bell: Heatscape, the Florida six, Still: the new paintings Tooby, M and Feary, J (1999) Colour in space: Patrick Heron: public projects Tooby, M and de Waal, E (1999) Modern home: an intervention by Edmund de Waal at High Cross House Tooby, M, Daniel, S and Barlow, M (1995) From the interior: selected sculptures 1981-1995
 Tooby, M and Shalev, D (1995) Tate Gallery St Ives: the building Tooby, M (1993) Tate Gallery St. Ives, Barbara Hepworth Museum and Sculpture Garden: an illustrated companionTooby, M (1987) 'In Perpetuity and Without Charge': Mappin Art Gallery 1887–1987 Chapters
 2020: '"Who me? ": the individual experience in participative and collaborative projects.', O'Neill, M and Hooper, G, eds. Connecting Museums 2017: 'When forms become attitude: a consideration of the adoption by an artist of ceramic display as narrative device and symbolic landscape. ', Petrie, K and Livingstone, A, eds. The Ceramics Reader 2015: 'Veronica Ryan. ', Making It: Sculpture in Britain 1977–1986 2015: 'Do not call it fixity. ', James Hugonin: binary rhythm: paintings 2010-2015 2014: 'Many-roomed mansion to theatre of memories: thoughts on artists and museums. ', Nicol, G, ed.Inspired by: your guide to art and the museum 2013: 'Simplicity and subject. ', William Scott: simplicity and subject 2012: 'Look closely. ', Kurt Jackson: A New Genre of Landscape Painting 2010: 'Rachel Nicholson: critical view. ', Wilkinson, A, ed. Rachel Nicholson 2008: 'The master printer. ', Hughes, S, Clark, M and Fitch, A, eds. Hugh Stoneman: master printer 2007: 'St Ives - is it worth saving?', The St Ives School 1997-2007 2006: 'Where does the museum end? ', Lang, C, Reeve, J and Woollard, V, eds. The responsive museum: working with audiences in the twenty-first century 2003: 'Trevor Bell. ', Trevor Bell: a British painter in America 2001: 'Towards a study of Terry Setch. ', <mask>, M and Holman, M, eds. Terry Setch: a retrospective 2000: 'Iwan Bala. ', Offerings and reinventions 2000: 'Light the blue touch paper.', Gage, J and <mask>, M, eds. Blue: borrowed and new 2000: 'A working environment. ', David Nash: chwarel goed, wood quarry 1998: 'The same subject: sources and origins. ', Glennie, S, ed. William Scott: paintings and drawings 1998: 'Peter Randall-Page. ', Whistling in the dark: Peter Randall-Page, drawings and prints 1983-98 Journal articles

 with Scott, T (2016: 'A journey with 'The waste land'.' Arts & Education (8)
 2014: 'Interpreting and learning.'Engage (35)
 2012: 'When forms become attitude: a consideration of the adoption by an artist of ceramic display as narrative device and symbolic landscape'. Behind the Scenes at the Museum: Ceramics in the Expanded Field 2012: 'Order and disorder: Some relationships between ceramics, sculpture and museum taxonomies.' Interpreting Ceramics (14)
 2011: 'Home and away: collections abroad.' Engage (28)
 2010: 'Edmund de Waal: the hare with amber eyes' Interpreting Ceramics (12)
 2009: 'More than skin deep: the new Art Gallery of Ontario.' Museum Practice (45)
 2006: 'St Ives and Cardiff: two experiences of cultural tourism.' Nexus (35)

 Conferences, Lectures and Workshops

 2019: Julian Stair: Tea and sensation. Summer 2019, co-facilitator, Compton Verney Art Gallery & Park
2018: Modernism, image and text: reflections on T.S.Eliot and visualisation of 'The waste land'.29 October 2018, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. 2018: 'I can connect': the power of curating to share experiences. 18 October 2018, The Ursula Hoff Lecture 2018, University of Melbourne, Australia
 2018: Trevor Bell: his time as Gregory Fellow and its position in the trajectory of the Gregory Fellowships. 14–15 June 2018, University of Leeds, UK. 2015: <mask>, M, Smith, R and O’ Keeffe, D A journey with T. S. Eliot’s 'The Waste Land' 8 October 2015, Ilkley Literature Festival, Ilkley Playhouse, Ilkley, UK. 2015: Another side of Stanley Royle. 29 April 2015, Lunchtime Talk Series, Graves Art Gallery, Sheffield, UK.Exhibitions

 2018: Journeys with 'The Waste Land' [curator]. Turner Contemporary, Margate, UK, 3 February - 7 May 2018. 2015: wavespeech [curator]. The Pier Arts Centre, Stromness, Scotland, 20 June - 12 September 2015. 2014: Storio - store. Settlement, Spit and Sawdust Skatepark, Cafe and Artspace, Roath, Cardiff, 17 October 2014. 2013: At the mad shepherdess.Diffusion: Cardiff International Festival of Photography., Chapter, Cardiff, 12–19 May 2013. 2013: William Scott: Simplicity and Subject. Victoria Art Gallery, Bath, UK, 7 September - 17 November 2013. 2012: The Museum of Amazing Coincidences. Made in Roath, Cardiff, UK, October 2012. 2011: Kelvin Road mantelpiece. Made in Roath, Cardiff, 2011.2008: National Museum and Gallery, Cardiff: complete redisplay of art galleries, representation of natural history gallery and learning spaces. National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK, 2008. 1997: A Quality Of Light: A Collaborative Visual Arts Event.'' Tate Gallery St Ives, May - July 1997

References

Living people
People from Coventry
English curators
Academics of Bath Spa University
1956 births

masks:
Mike Tooby
Tooby
Tooby
Tooby
Tooby
Tooby
Tooby


texts:
<mask><mask> (born April 27, 1938) is an artist based in Chicago, Illinois. <mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois. Her father was an avid art collector and <mask> was brought up in the art world from the time she was born. She attended classes at the Art Institute of Chicago as a young child and went on to pursue a degree in Art History from Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania in 1959. <mask> worked as a private art dealer for some time before deciding to continue her education and become a fine art photographer. She graduated from the Art Institute of Chicago with her MFA in 1982. <mask> later went on to be a Professor of Photography at The School of the Art Institute, Illinois Institute of Technology, and Beloit College.She was Adjunct Professor of Photography at Columbia College in Chicago until 2005. Since she started making photographs, <mask> has had exhibits across the nation as well as in Germany and China. Constructing artwork
<mask> constructs her photographs by montaging multiple slide projections and found objects into room-sized assemblages in her studio. She then photographs it, making a tableaux into which layers of meaning are woven. She does not use computer editing, just straight photography. <mask> stated, "The images can be seen as my commentary on the political and social roles projected onto society whose desires, manipulated by language and image, conflict with concerns of gender, sexuality, race and female identity." She says, "I make photographs, I don’t take them.I am a maker of meaning, not an observer of it.My medium is photography, although it is includes the processes of sculpture and installation . I build room-sized sets onto which I project images and text, recording the final result with the camera. There are no darkroom or digital tricks. The process is straight photography." For over 25 years, <mask> has been exploring contemporary society's approach to issues of gender, female identity, sexuality, vulnerability, and love & desire. Eschewing linearity, the work stands in opposition to the simplicity and minimalism prevalent in earlier 20th century image-making. Her images are elliptical, fragmented, layered, reflecting the contemporary world as one of discontinuity and ambiguity with myriad connections, a world less temporally and spatially fixed than ever before.Through the content carried in found materials and appropriated texts, –she addresses— the social and political conditions that are just out of sight, but remain like some kind of background radiation exerting a subtle but undeniable influence on our society.Pop and pulp references throw a humorous light on cultural identity and gender roles projected onto society. The subject matter, appearing disconnected from its place and time, mysteriously overlaps our own collective awareness. –She asks the viewer to see what has been there all along.–—/> Exhibition publication, Gallery 210, University of Missouri, St Louis, 2005,  '<mask> Sentences' Introduction by Terry Suhre, Director, and Essay "<mask>'s Phantasmagoric Spaces" by Dr. Mark White</ref>

Awards and grants
The focus of <mask>'s career has been as a fine art photographer. Her photographs are in the permanent collections of The Art Institute of Chicago, Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Detroit Institute of Art, The Polaroid International Collection, Germany, The Readers Digest Collection, New York, The Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, MA, The Tweed Museum of Art, MN, The Ulrich Museum of Art, KS. Her images are featured in books such as Love and Desire, by William Ewing, Director, Musee de l’Elysee, Lausanne SWITZERLAND, in Discontinuum, by Peter Spooner, Curator, The Tweed Museum of Art, in many issues of The Tampa Review, Tampa, FL, and as cover image of  L’ apprendistato di Duddy Kravitz, Adelphi Editions, MILAN. International and national institutions which have featured her work include: The Museum Anna Nordlander, SWEDEN 2011; 798 Photo Gallery, BEIJING 2005; ArtSea Gallery, SHANGHAI 2005; Selby Gallery, Ringling School of Art & Design, Sarasota, FL, 2004 and 2007; Southeast Museum of Photography, Daytona Beach, FL 2004;  Cress Gallery, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga 2004; Gallery 210, St. Louis, MO 2005; University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 2005; University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 2005; The Contemporary Arts Center of Virginia 2006, Purdue University 2007 ; Swedish National TV News, 2011; The Isetan Museum, Tokyo, JAPAN; The Photographic Center, Skopelos, GREECE; The Minneapolis Institute of Art, MN; ART CHICAGO, Int Art Exposition; Kim Foster Gallery NEW YORK; Robert Burge 20th Century Photographs, NEW YORK; The Tweed Museum of Art, Duluth, MN 2002; The Chicago Cultural Center: Ulrich Museum, Wichita, KS; The Detroit Institute of Art; Hartley/Scarfone Galleries, University of Tampa, FLA;  The Delaware Center for Contemporary Art; Oklahoma State University; TAI Gallery, NEW YORK;. She is a recipient of a National Endowment for the Arts Grant; Polaroid Materials Grants; numerous Illinois Arts Council Grants; and an Arts Midwest/ NEA Grant.The exhibition "<mask>, A Decade of Work" at NIU Gallery in Chicago was awarded Best Photography Exhibition of 2002 by "New City, Chicago". Her work has been widely published and reviewed in venues such as: The New York Times; The Chicago Tribune; Japan Art & Cultural Association Exhibition Catalogue, Tokyo; The Wilson Quarterly;  Color Magazine, USA;  Museums, Chicago;  Love & Desire, Thames & Hudson, London; Body Icons, Skopelos, Greece; The Tampa Tribune, Florida; The Tampa Review Literary Magazine; The Toledo Blade, Ohio; Artweek, Los Angeles; Art News, New York; The Tampa Review; Expressions Magazine, Beijing; Homonumus Literary Magazine, Beijing; L’apprendistato di Duddy Kravitz, Mordecai Richler, Milan Italy. She has appeared on CCTV International "Cultural Express", Beijing,CHINA 2005; SVT Swedish National TV News  Stockholm SWEDEN 2011; and "848  Chicago Public Radio; WBEZ CHICAGO 2005. She has been a Juror for The Pennsylvania Council on the Arts; a board member of WHITEWALLS, Journal of Language and Art; and a Guest Curator for the Rockford Art Museum, IL. She has been featured as Guest Lecturer and Visiting Artist at: The School of The Art Institute of Chicago, The University of Illinois, Society for Photographic Education, Bryn Mawr College Club of Chicago, University of Toledo, The Tweed Museum of Art, The Ulrich Museum of Art, Oklahoma State University, University of Tampa, National Conference of the Women's Caucus for Art, Rockford Art Museum, The Selby Gallery, Sarasota, FLA, The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR & The Bryn Mawr College Chicago Alumnae Association, among others. She has been a Professor of Photography at The School of The Art Institute, Illinois Institute of Technology, and Beloit College. She was Adjunct Professor of Photography at Columbia College, Chicago 1988 to 2008.
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References

Artists from Chicago
1938 births
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Living people
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
American women photographers
American photographers
Fine art photographers
American women academics
21st-century American women

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<mask> (August 24, 1922January 27, 2010) was an American historian, playwright, philosopher, socialist thinker and World War II veteran. He was chair of the history and social sciences department at Spelman College, and a political science professor at Boston University. <mask> wrote over 20 books, including his best-selling and influential A People's History of the United States in 1980. In 2007, he published a version of it for younger readers, A Young People's History of the United States. <mask> described himself as "something of an anarchist, something of a socialist. Maybe a democratic socialist." He wrote extensively about the civil rights movement, the anti-war movement and labor history of the United States.His memoir, You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train (Beacon Press, 2002), was also the title of a 2004 documentary about <mask>'s life and work. <mask> died of a heart attack in 2010, at age 87. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born to a Jewish immigrant family in Brooklyn on August 24, 1922. His father, <mask>, born in Austria-Hungary, immigrated to the U.S. with his brother Samuel before the outbreak of World War I. His mother, Jenny (Rabinowitz) <mask>, emigrated from the Eastern Siberian city of Irkutsk. His parents first became acquainted as workers at the same factory. His father worked as a ditch digger and window cleaner during the Great Depression.His father and mother ran a neighborhood candy store for a brief time, barely getting by. For many years, his father was in the waiters' union and worked as a waiter for weddings and bar mitzvahs. Both parents were factory workers with limited education when they met and married, and there were no books or magazines in the series of apartments where they raised their children. <mask>'s parents introduced him to literature by sending 10 cents plus a coupon to the New York Post for each of the 20 volumes of Charles Dickens' collected works. As a young man, <mask> made the acquaintance of several young Communists from his Brooklyn neighborhood. They invited him to a political rally being held in Times Square. Despite it being a peaceful rally, mounted police charged the marchers.<mask> was hit and knocked unconscious. This would have a profound effect on his political and social outlook. He also studied creative writing at Thomas Jefferson High School in a special program established by principal and poet Elias Lieberman. <mask> initially opposed entry into World War II, influenced by his friends, by the results of the Nye Committee, and by his ongoing reading. However, these feelings shifted as he learned more about fascism and its rise in Europe. The book Sawdust Caesar had a particularly large impact through its depiction of Mussolini. Thus, after graduating from high school in 1940, <mask> took the Civil Service exam and became an apprentice shipfitter in the New York Navy Yard at the age of 18.Concerns about low wages and hazardous working conditions compelled <mask> and several other apprentices to form the Apprentice Association. At the time, apprentices were excluded from trade unions and thus had little bargaining power, to which the Apprentice Association was their answer. The head organizers of the association, which included <mask> himself, would meet once a week outside of work to discuss strategy and read books that at the time were considered radical. <mask> was the Activities Director for the group. His time in this group would tremendously influence his political views and created for him an appreciation for unions. World War II
Eager to fight fascism, <mask> joined the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and became an officer. He was assigned as a bombardier in the 490th Bombardment Group, bombing targets in Berlin, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.As bombardier, <mask> dropped napalm bombs in April 1945 on Royan, a seaside resort in western France. The anti-war stance <mask> developed later was informed, in part, by his experiences. On a post-doctoral research mission nine years later, <mask> visited the resort near Bordeaux where he interviewed residents, reviewed municipal documents, and read wartime newspaper clippings at the local library. In 1966, <mask> returned to Royan after which he gave his fullest account of that research in his book, The Politics of History. On the ground, <mask> learned that the aerial bombing attacks in which he participated had killed more than a thousand French civilians as well as some German soldiers hiding near Royan to await the war's end, events that are described "in all accounts" he found as "une tragique erreur" that leveled a small but ancient city and "its population that was, at least officially, friend, not foe." In The Politics of History, <mask> described how the bombing was ordered—three weeks before the war in Europe ended—by military officials who were, in part, motivated more by the desire for their own career advancement than in legitimate military objectives. He quotes the official history of the U.S. Army Air Forces' brief reference to the Eighth Air Force attack on Royan and also, in the same chapter, to the bombing of Plzeň in what was then Czechoslovakia.The official history stated that the Skoda works in Pilsen "received 500 well-placed tons", and that "because of a warning sent out ahead of time the workers were able to escape, except for five persons. "The Americans received a rapturous welcome when they liberated the city. <mask> wrote:I recalled flying on that mission, too, as deputy lead bombardier, and that we did not aim specifically at the 'Skoda works' (which I would have noted, because it was the one target in Czechoslovakia I had read about) but dropped our bombs, without much precision, on the city of Pilsen. Two Czech citizens who lived in Pilsen at the time told me, recently, that several hundred people were killed in that raid (that is, Czechs)—not five. <mask> said his experience as a wartime bombardier, combined with his research into the reasons for, and effects of the bombing of Royan and Pilsen, sensitized him to the ethical dilemmas faced by G.I.s during wartime. <mask> questioned the justifications for military operations that inflicted massive civilian casualties during the Allied bombing of cities such as Dresden, Royan, Tokyo, and Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II, Hanoi during the War in Vietnam, and Baghdad during the war in Iraq and the civilian casualties during bombings in Afghanistan during the current war there. In his pamphlet, Hiroshima: Breaking the Silence written in 1995, he laid out the case against targeting civilians with aerial bombing.Six years later, he wrote:Recall that in the midst of the Gulf War, the U.S. military bombed an air raid shelter, killing 400 to 500 men, women, and children who were huddled to escape bombs. The claim was that it was a military target, housing a communications center, but reporters going through the ruins immediately afterward said there was no sign of anything like that. I suggest that the history of bombing—and no one has bombed more than this nation—is a history of endless atrocities, all calmly explained by deceptive and deadly language like 'accident', 'military target', and 'collateral damage'. Education
After World War II, <mask> attended New York University on the GI Bill, graduating with a B.A. in 1951. At Columbia University, he earned an M.A. (1952) and a Ph.D. in history with a minor in political science (1958).His master's thesis examined the Colorado coal strikes of 1914. His doctoral dissertation Fiorello LaGuardia in Congress was a study of Fiorello LaGuardia's congressional career, and it depicted "the conscience of the twenties" as LaGuardia fought for public power, the right to strike, and the redistribution of wealth by taxation. "His specific legislative program," <mask> wrote, "was an astonishingly accurate preview of the New Deal." It was published by the Cornell University Press for the American Historical Association. Fiorello LaGuardia in Congress was nominated for the American Historical Association's Beveridge Prize as the best English-language book on American history. His professors at Columbia included Harry Carman, Henry Steele Commager, and David Donald. But it was Columbia historian Richard Hofstadter's The American Political Tradition that made the most lasting impression.<mask> regularly included it in his lists of recommended readings, and, after Barack Obama was elected President of the United States, <mask> wrote, "If Richard Hofstadter were adding to his book The American Political Tradition, in which he found both 'conservative' and 'liberal' Presidents, both Democrats and Republicans, maintaining for dear life the two critical characteristics of the American system, nationalism and capitalism, Obama would fit the pattern." In 1960–61, <mask> was a post-doctoral fellow in East Asian Studies at Harvard University. Academic career

<mask> was professor of history at Spelman College in Atlanta from 1956 to 1963, and visiting professor at both the University of Paris and University of Bologna. At the end of the academic year in 1963, <mask> was fired from Spelman for insubordination. His dismissal came from Dr. Albert Manley, the first African-American president of that college, who felt <mask> was radicalizing Spelman students. In 1964, he accepted a position at Boston University (BU), after writing two books and participating in the Civil Rights Movement in the South. His classes in civil liberties were among the most popular at the university with as many as 400 students subscribing each semester to the non-required class.A professor of political science, he taught at BU for 24 years and retired in 1988 at age 66. "He had a deep sense of fairness and justice for the underdog. But he always kept his sense of humor. He was a happy warrior," said Caryl Rivers, journalism professor at BU. Rivers and <mask> were among a group of faculty members who in 1979 defended the right of the school's clerical workers to strike and were threatened with dismissal after refusing to cross a picket line. <mask> came to believe that the point of view expressed in traditional history books was often limited. Biographer Martin Duberman noted that when he was asked directly if he was a Marxist, <mask> replied, "Yes, I'm something of a Marxist."He especially was influenced by the liberating vision of the young Marx in overcoming alienation, and disliked what he perceived to be Marx's later dogmatism. In later life he moved more toward anarchism. He wrote a history text, A People's History of the United States, to provide other perspectives on American history. The book depicts the struggles of Native Americans against European and U.S. conquest and expansion, slaves against slavery, unionists and other workers against capitalists, women against patriarchy, and African-Americans for civil rights. The book was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1981. In the years since the first edition of A People's History was published in 1980, it has been used as an alternative to standard textbooks in many college history courses, and it is one of the most widely known examples of critical pedagogy. The New York Times Book Review stated in 2006 that the book "routinely sells more than 100,000 copies a year."In 2004, <mask> published Voices of a People's History of the United States with Anthony Arnove. Voices is a sourcebook of speeches, articles, essays, poetry and song lyrics by the people themselves whose stories are told in A People's History. In 2008, the Zinn Education Project was launched to support educators using A People's History of the United States as a source for middle and high school history. The project was started when a former student of <mask>, who wanted to bring <mask>'s lessons to students around the country, provided the financial backing to allow two other organizations, Rethinking Schools and Teaching for Change to coordinate the project. The project hosts a website with hundreds of free downloadable lesson plans to complement A People's History of the United States. The People Speak, released in 2010, is a documentary movie based on A People's History of the United States and inspired by the lives of ordinary people who fought back against oppressive conditions over the course of the history of the United States. The film, narrated by <mask>, includes performances by Matt Damon, Morgan Freeman, Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, Eddie Vedder, Viggo Mortensen, Josh Brolin, Danny Glover, Marisa Tomei, Don Cheadle, and Sandra Oh.Civil rights movement
From 1956 through 1963, <mask> chaired the Department of History and Social Sciences at Spelman College. He participated in the Civil Rights Movement and lobbied with historian August Meier "to end the practice of the Southern Historical Association of holding meetings at segregated hotels." While at Spelman, <mask> served as an adviser to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and wrote about sit-ins and other actions by SNCC for The Nation and Harper's. In 1964, Beacon Press published his book SNCC: The New Abolitionists. In 1964 <mask>, with the SNCC, began developing an educational program so that the 200 volunteer SNCC civil rights workers in the South, many of whom were college dropouts, could continue with their civil rights work and at the same time be involved in an educational system. Up until then many of the volunteers had been dropping out of school so they could continue their work with SNCC. Other volunteers had not spent much time in college.The program had been endorsed by the SNCC in December 1963 and was envisioned by <mask> as having a curriculum that ranged from novels to books about "major currents" in 20th-century world history, such as fascism, communism, and anti-colonial movements. This occurred while <mask> was in Boston. <mask> also attended an assortment of SNCC meetings in 1964, traveling back and forth from Boston. One of those trips was to Hattiesburg, Mississippi, in January 1964 to participate in a SNCC voter registration drive. The local newspaper, the Hattiesburg American, described the SNCC volunteers in town for the voter registration drive as "outside agitators" and told local blacks "to ignore whatever goes on, and interfere in no way..." At a mass meeting held during the visit to Hattiesburg, <mask> and another SNCC representative, Ella Baker, emphasized the risks that went along with their

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 efforts, a subject probably in their minds since a well-known civil rights activist, Medgar Evers, had been murdered getting out of his car in the driveway of his home in Jackson, Mississippi, only six months earlier. Evers had been the state field secretary for the NAACP. <mask> was also involved in what became known as Freedom Summer in Mississippi in the summer of 1964.Freedom Summer involved bringing 1,000 college students to Mississippi to work for the summer in various roles as civil rights activists. Part of the program involved organizing "Freedom Schools". <mask>'s involvement included helping to develop the curriculum for the Freedom Schools. He was also concerned that bringing 1,000 college students to Mississippi to work as civil rights activists could lead to violence and killings. As a consequence, <mask> recommended approaching Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett and President Lyndon Johnson to request protection for the young civil rights volunteers. Protection was not forthcoming. Planning for the summer went forward under the umbrella of the SNCC, the Congress of Racial Equality ("CORE") and the Council of Federated Organizations ("COFO").On June 20, 1964, just as civil rights activists were beginning to arrive in Mississippi, CORE activists James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were en route to investigate the burning of Mount Zion Methodist Church in Neshoba County when two carloads of KKK members led by deputy sheriff Cecil Price abducted and murdered them. Two months later, after their bodies were located, <mask> and other representatives of the SNCC attended a memorial service for the three at the ruins of Mount Zion Methodist Church. <mask> collaborated with historian Staughton Lynd mentoring student activists, among them Alice Walker, who would later write The Color Purple, and Marian Wright Edelman, founder and president of the Children's Defense Fund. Edelman identified <mask> as a major influence in her life and, in the same journal article, tells of his accompanying students to a sit-in at the segregated white section of the Georgia state legislature. <mask> also co-wrote a column in The Boston Globe with fellow activist Eric Mann, "Left Field Stands". Although <mask> was a tenured professor, he was dismissed in June 1963 after siding with students in the struggle against segregation. As <mask> described in The Nation, though Spelman administrators prided themselves for turning out refined "young ladies", its students were likely to be found on the picket line, or in jail for participating in the greater effort to break down segregation in public places in Atlanta.<mask>'s years at Spelman are recounted in his autobiography You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train: A Personal History of Our Times. His seven years at Spelman College, <mask> said, "are probably the most interesting, exciting, most educational years for me. I learned more from my students than my students learned from me." While living in Georgia, <mask> wrote that he observed 30 violations of the First and Fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution in Albany, Georgia, including the rights to freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and equal protection under the law. In an article on the civil rights movement in Albany, <mask> described the people who participated in the Freedom Rides to end segregation, and the reluctance of President John F. Kennedy to enforce the law. <mask> said that the Justice Department under Robert F. Kennedy and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, headed by J. Edgar Hoover, did little or nothing to stop the segregationists from brutalizing civil rights workers. <mask> wrote about the struggle for civil rights, as both participant and historian.His second book, The Southern Mystique, was published in 1964, the same year as his SNCC: The New Abolitionists in which he describes how the sit-ins against segregation were initiated by students and, in that sense, were independent of the efforts of the older, more established civil rights organizations. In 2005, forty-one years after he was sacked from Spelman, <mask> returned to the college, where he was given an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters. He delivered the commencement address, titled "Against Discouragement", and said that "the lesson of that history is that you must not despair, that if you are right, and you persist, things will change. The government may try to deceive the people, and the newspapers and television may do the same, but the truth has a way of coming out. The truth has a power greater than a hundred lies." Anti-war efforts

Vietnam

Zinn wrote one of the earliest books calling for the U.S. withdrawal from its war in Vietnam. Vietnam: The Logic of Withdrawal was published by Beacon Press in 1967 based on his articles in Commonweal, The Nation, and Ramparts.In the opinion of Noam Chomsky, The Logic of Withdrawal was <mask>'s most important book:"He was the first person to say—loudly, publicly, very persuasively—that this simply has to stop; we should get out, period, no conditions; we have no right to be there; it's an act of aggression; pull out. It was so surprising at the time that there wasn't even a review of the book. In fact, he asked me if I would review it in Ramparts just so that people would know about the book." <mask>'s diplomatic visit to Hanoi with Reverend Daniel Berrigan, during the Tet Offensive in January 1968, resulted in the return of three American airmen, the first American POWs released by the North Vietnamese since the U.S. bombing of that nation had begun. The event was widely reported in the news media and discussed in a variety of books including Who Spoke Up? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam 1963–1975 by Nancy Zaroulis and Gerald Sullivan. <mask> and the Berrigan brothers, Dan and Philip, remained friends and allies over the years.Also in January 1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the war. In December 1969, radical historians tried unsuccessfully to persuade the American Historical Association to pass an anti-Vietnam War resolution. "A debacle unfolded as Harvard historian (and AHA president in 1968) John Fairbank literally wrestled the microphone from <mask>'s hands." Daniel Ellsberg, a former RAND consultant who had secretly copied The Pentagon Papers, which described the history of the United States' military involvement in Southeast Asia, gave a copy to <mask> and Roslyn <mask>. Along with Noam Chomsky, <mask> edited and annotated the copy of The Pentagon Papers that Senator Mike Gravel read into the Congressional Record and that was subsequently published by Beacon Press. Announced on August 17 and published on October 10, 1971, this four-volume, relatively expensive set became the "Senator Gravel Edition", which studies from Cornell University and the Annenberg Center for Communication have labeled as the most complete edition of the Pentagon Papers to be published. The "Gravel Edition" was edited and annotated by Noam Chomsky and <mask>, and included an additional volume of analytical articles on the origins and progress of the war, also edited by Chomsky and <mask>.Beacon Press became the subject of an FBI investigation, an outgrowth of which was Gravel v. United States in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in June 1972 that the Speech or Debate Clause in the US Constitution did grant immunity to Gravel for his reading the papers in his subcommittee, and did grant some immunity to Gravel's congressional aide, but granted no immunity to Beacon Press in relation to its publishing the same papers. <mask> testified as an expert witness at Ellsberg's criminal trial for theft, conspiracy, and espionage in connection with the publication of the Pentagon Papers by The New York Times. Defense attorneys asked <mask> to explain to the jury the history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam from World War II through 1963. <mask> discussed that history for several hours, and later reflected on his time before the jury. I explained there was nothing in the papers of military significance that could be used to harm the defense of the United States, that the information in them was simply embarrassing to our government because what was revealed, in the government's own interoffice memos, was how it had lied to the American public. ... The secrets disclosed in the Pentagon Papers might embarrass politicians, might hurt the profits of corporations wanting tin, rubber, oil, in far-off places.But this was not the same as hurting the nation, the people. Most of the jurors later said that they voted for acquittal. However, the federal judge who presided over the case dismissed it on grounds it had been tainted by the Nixon administration's burglary of the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist. <mask>'s testimony on the motivation for government secrecy was confirmed in 1989 by Erwin Griswold, who as U.S. solicitor general during the Nixon administration sued The New York Times in the Pentagon Papers case in 1971 to stop publication. Griswold persuaded three Supreme Court justices to vote to stop The New York Times from continuing to publish the Pentagon Papers, an order known as "prior restraint" that has been held to be illegal under the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The papers were simultaneously published in The Washington Post, effectively nullifying the effect of the prior restraint order. In 1989, Griswold admitted there had been no national security damage resulting from publication.In a column in the Washington Post, Griswold wrote: "It quickly becomes apparent to any person who has considerable experience with classified material that there is massive over-classification and that the principal concern of the classifiers is not with national security, but with governmental embarrassment of one sort or another." <mask> supported the G.I. anti-war movement during the U.S. war in Vietnam. In the 2001 film Unfinished Symphony: Democracy and Dissent, <mask> provides a historical context for the 1971 anti-war march by Vietnam Veterans against the War. The marchers traveled from Bunker Hill near Boston to Lexington, Massachusetts, "which retraced Paul Revere's ride of 1775 and ended in the massive arrest of 410 veterans and civilians by the Lexington police." The film depicts "scenes from the 1971 Winter Soldier hearings, during which former G.I.s testified about "atrocities" they either participated in or said they had witnessed committed by U.S. forces in Vietnam. <mask> also took part in the 1971 May Day protests (with among others Noam Chomsky and Daniel Ellsberg).In later years, <mask> was an adviser to the Disarm Education Fund. Iraq

<mask> opposed the 2003 invasion and occupation of Iraq and wrote several books about it. In an interview with The Brooklyn Rail he said, We certainly should not be initiating a war, as it's not a clear and present danger to the United States, or in fact, to anyone around it. If it were, then the states around Iraq would be calling for a war on it. The Arab states around Iraq are opposed to the war, and if anyone's in danger from Iraq, they are. At the same time, the U.S. is violating the U.N. charter by initiating a war on Iraq. Bush made a big deal about the number of resolutions Iraq has violated—and it's true, Iraq has not abided by the resolutions of the Security Council.But it's not the first nation to violate Security Council resolutions. Israel has violated Security Council resolutions every year since 1967. Now, however, the U.S. is violating a fundamental principle of the U.N. Charter, which is that nations can't initiate a war—they can only do so after being attacked. And Iraq has not attacked us. He asserted that the U.S. would end Gulf War II when resistance within the military increased in the same way resistance within the military contributed to ending the U.S. war in Vietnam. <mask> compared the demand by a growing number of contemporary U.S. military families to end the war in Iraq to parallel demands "in the Confederacy in the Civil War, when the wives of soldiers rioted because their husbands were dying and the plantation owners were profiting from the sale of cotton, refusing to grow grains for civilians to eat." <mask> believed that U.S. President George W. Bush and followers of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the former leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq, who was personally responsible for beheadings and numerous attacks designed to cause civil war in Iraq, should be considered moral equivalents.Jean-Christophe Agnew, Professor of History and American Studies at Yale University, told the Yale Daily News in May 2007 that <mask>'s historical work is "highly influential and widely used". He observed that it is not unusual for prominent professors such as <mask> to weigh in on current events, citing a resolution opposing the war in Iraq that was recently ratified by the American Historical Association. Agnew added: "In these moments of crisis, when the country is split—so historians are split." Socialism
<mask> described himself as "something of an anarchist, something of a socialist. Maybe a democratic socialist." He suggested looking at socialism in its full historical context as a popular, positive idea that got a bad name from its association with Soviet Communism. In Madison, Wisconsin, in 2009, <mask> said:

FBI files

On July 30, 2010, a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request resulted in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) releasing a file with 423 pages of information on <mask>'s life and activities.During the height of McCarthyism in 1949, the FBI first opened a domestic security investigation on <mask> (FBI File # 100-360217), based on <mask>'s activities in what the agency considered to be communist front groups, such as the American Labor Party, and informant reports that <mask> was an active member of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA). <mask> denied ever being a member and said that he had participated in the activities of various organizations which might be considered Communist fronts, but that his participation was motivated by his belief that in this country people had the right to believe, think, and act according to their own ideals. According to journalist Chris Hedges, <mask> "steadfastly refused to cooperate in the anti-communist witchhunts in the 1950s." Later in the 1960s, as a result of <mask>'s campaigning against the Vietnam War and his

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