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<mask> (born August 12, 1931) is an American historian, specializing in Colonial American history and Atlantic history. <mask> was born in Lafayette, Indiana and received his PhD from Duke University in 1956. He spent most of his career as Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the Humanities at Johns Hopkins University’s history department. In 1990-1999 he was a Distinguished Professor at the University of California, Irvine, and he has been a visiting professor at the College of William and Mary, Oxford University, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, University of Richmond, Michigan State University, and the Freie Universitat of Berlin, and has held fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, the Institute for Advanced Study, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, the National Humanities Center, and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, among others. In 1975-1976 <mask> was the Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford University. <mask> retired in 2005 and is currently an Invited Research Scholar at the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. Scholarly work

Political history
<mask> first studied the broad area of imperial and colonial governance, in particular the ongoing process of polity formation in the British Empire between the Glorious Revolution and the American Revolution, a subject that he would continue to explore throughout his career and with which he is still closely associated.His first book The Quest for Power (1963) was a study in the transfer of political and constitutional traditions, values, institutions, and practices from England to America. Focusing on the development of institutions in four British North American colonies (Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia), the book stresses the growing sophistication and authority of those bodies as they expanded the scope of legislative jurisdiction over their domestic affairs throughout the late seventeenth- and eighteenth centuries. The Quest for Power served as the foundation for <mask>'s subsequent elaboration of a theory of early modern imperial development that has altered the way many scholars think about the nature of the early modern British Empire and has influenced students of other European empires. <mask> went on to underscore (particularly in Peripheries and Center (1986) and Negotiated Authorities (1994)) the extent to which the British Empire was not a polity in which authority flowed from the center to the peripheries, but was the product of a continuous process of negotiation in which the weakness of central coercive and fiscal resources dictated that the peripheries should exert authority over local affairs and that dominant settler groups should enjoy enormous agency in the construction of both the colonies in which they lived and the larger empire of which they were part of. In Peripheries and Center (1986) <mask> re-examined the long debate between Britain and the colonies over how far the British Parliament’s authority extended in the colonies. The book made a case for the proposition that the dispute was primarily a legal and constitutional one over the nature of the imperial constitution, similar to legal historians writing at the same time, especially John P. Reid. <mask> stressed the legitimacy of the colonial constitutional position and argued for the importance of the legal and constitutional dimensions of American Revolutionary thought, underlining the continuity between the colonial and Revolutionary eras.Showing that the empire functioned as an implicit federal state, with the internal affairs of the colonies coming under the jurisdiction of colonial governments in each colony, and external affairs such as trade regulation, diplomacy, and war falling under the authority of the central government in Britain, Peripheries and Center also explored the extent to which the post-1787 American federal government marked a re-institution of the imperial system. In The Constitutional Origins of the American Revolution (2010) <mask> revisited the same issues with an emphasis on the late eighteenth century

The American Revolution and the early American nation
In his work, <mask> has emphasized the continuities between the colonial era and the revolutionary and early national eras and thereby challenged interpretations of the American Revolution that highlight its transformative and socially and politically radical character. <mask> suggests that many of the changes associated with the Revolution (such as in social values, in state organization, in geographical expansion, and in legal systems) were the results of a social trajectory that was deeply rooted in the colonial past and would have occurred with or without the break with Britain; he also proposes that until the middle of the twentieth century the United States continued to be a truly federal polity, in which the political power remained in the states and the citizens’ experience with governance was primarily provincial and local, rather than national. Social and cultural history
Since the early 1960s <mask> has contributed many essays to define the questions that new scholarly work was opening up in various areas in the history of Colonial America. In the same vein <mask> conceived and edited with J. R. <mask> Colonial British America (1984), a collection of essays that assessed the state of the field in the early 1980s and set the agenda for further study. In a series of papers, many of which appeared in a four-volume collection of essays, <mask> treated a number of themes in early American cultural, social, political and constitutional history. Of particular note, he underlined in these essays the extent to which the libertarian regimes created by colonists throughout the British Empire were highly exclusionary, calling attention to the fact that the settler liberty so much celebrated by contemporaries was often dependent upon, and defined by, the systematic denial of civic space to groups who often constituted the majority of the population: aborigines, imported slaves, unpropertied whites, women, and non-Protestants.Challenging the conventional presentation of the colonizing process as a benign process of land conversion that had few social costs, this work has highlighted the normative inequality in the societies Britons created in America and the continuity of social ideas and practices from Britain to places overseas. <mask> explored this subject more generally for the entire British imperial settler empire down to 1900 in the introduction to a collection of essays he edited, in Exclusionary Empire: British Liberty Overseas, 1600 to 1900 (2010). <mask>'s best known work Pursuits of Happiness (1988) constructed a vastly influential new synthesis of colonial British American history and proposed a framework for a developmental narrative of early American history. Employing a broad regional framework and using the concept of social development as its principal analytic device, Pursuits of Happiness focused on the creation and subsequent histories of colonial regions as defined by the socioeconomic structures and cultural constructs devised and amended by settlers and their descendants to enable them to exploit the economic potentials of their new environments and to express the larger purposes of the societies they were creating. These processes, <mask> argues, could not be traced exclusively to either the transfer of civilization from Britain to the Americas or the Americanizing effects of New World conditions. Rather, they were the products of a complex, regionally differentiated interaction between metropolitan inheritance and colonial experience. As a framework for understanding how these social processes worked, Pursuits of Happiness proposed a developmental model that understands the British North American colonial experience as a process of adaptation, institution building, and expansion of human, economic, social, and cultural resources.That model describes and explains the transformations of the simple and inchoate societies of the earliest years of settlement into the ever more complex, differentiated, and articulated societies of the late colonial era. Pursuits of Happiness presents this transformation, which proceeded through a series of phases (social simplification, social elaboration, and social replication) to show the common social processes at work in the regions of colonial British America as well as to direct attention to its variations. In contrast to some of the other attempts at synthesis at that time Pursuits of Happiness argued that overall colonialism did not lead in the direction of cultural divergence from Britain. Rather, it posited a gradual social convergence during the middle decades of the eighteenth century throughout the British Atlantic world. Pursuits of Happiness suggested that the product of this convergence served as a critical precondition for the American Revolution by intensifying demands among colonists for metropolitan recognition of their essential Britishness and thus providing the foundation for the loose political confederation that, after 1775, evolved into the United States. Pursuits of Happiness is also known for challenging the ideas that the experience of New England was paradigmatic for the colonies as a whole and that its culture was the seedbed of American culture. <mask> argued that New England (particularly orthodox Massachusetts and Connecticut) was anomalous in its idea of colonists as a chosen people, its intense religiosity, and its culture that developed in pursuit of a holy society.Everywhere else, from Ireland to Virginia and Barbados to Pennsylvania, <mask> pointed out, the emphasis in new English societies was on the pursuit of individual wealth, independence, and status, with settler-dominated colonial governments functioning as an adjunct to the preservation of individual property and status. <mask> further argued that New England itself increasingly assimilated to this model during the eighteenth century. <mask> explained the inclination to emphasize New England mostly as an unconscious effort to minimize the extent to which the success of Colonial British America and the early United States was rooted in slave labor. In The Intellectual Construction of America: Exceptionalism and Identity from 1492 to 1800 (1993) <mask> explored the early history of the idea of American exceptionalism as it was defined by contemporaries in Europe and America and the social, economic, and legal conditions that supported and defined it

Atlantic history
<mask> has been an advocate for comparative colonial studies across national boundaries since the late 1960s, when he founded the Program in Atlantic History and Culture at Johns Hopkins University, and participated in it for 20 years, establishing himself as a pioneer in Atlantic history many years before its emergence as the significant historiographic school of the past decades. <mask>'s vision of early America is characterized by its global reach beyond the colonies that would become the United States, drawing the history of early modern Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies into the history of British North America. He has recently edited collections which are fundamental assessments of the "Atlantic turn" (Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal) and the global history of British imperialism (Exclusionary Empire: English Liberty Overseas, 1600–1900). Publications

Books
The Quest for Power: The Lower Houses of Assembly in the Southern Royal Colonies, 1689-1776 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1963).Landon Carter: An Inquiry into the Personal Values and Social Imperatives of the Eighteenth-Century Virginia Gentry (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1967)
Preachers and Politicians: Two Essays on the Origins of the American Revolution (Worcester, Mass. : American Antiquarian Society, 1977). With Robert ForsterNeither Slave, Nor Free: The Freedmen of African Descent in the Slave Societies of the New World (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972). With David W. CohenInterdisciplinary Studies of the American Revolution (Beverly Hills and London: Sage Publications, 1976). With <mask>Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984). With J. R<mask>The American Revolution: Its Character and Limits (New York: New York University Press, 1987)Money, Trade, and Power: The Evolution of Colonial South Carolina s Plantation Society (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001). With Randy J. Sparks, and Rosemary Brana-ShuteAtlantic History: A Critical Reappraisal (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).With <mask>. MorganExclusionary Empire: The Transmission of the English Liberty Overseas 1600 to 1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009)Exploring the Bounds of Liberty: Political Writings of Colonial British America from the Glorious Revolution to the American Revolution (Indianapolis: [Liberty Fund, Inc.], 2018) With Craig B. YirushEncyclopedias'Encyclopedia of American Political History, 3 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1984)The Blackwell Dictionary of Historians (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988). With John Cannon, R.H.C. Davis, and William DoyleThe Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991). With J. R<mask>The Blackwell Companion to the American Revolution'' (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 2000). With J. R<mask>

References

External links
News Release, Johns Hopkins University

1931 births
Living people
People from Lafayette, Indiana
Historians of Colonial North America
Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Professors of American History

masks:
Jack Philip Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Pole
Greene
Greene
Greene
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Greene
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Greene
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Greene
Greene
Greene
Pauline Maier
. Pole
Philip D
. Pole
. Pole


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<mask> (born October 2, 1968) is an American country music singer-songwriter, whose music has been described as alternative country and new traditionalist. Early life
Born in Lawton, Oklahoma, United States, <mask> was the youngest of three children. While her father was a U.S. Army colonel, <mask>'s mother had a strong interest in music and sang and acted in amateur musicals. <mask> began singing when she was nine as a way to comfort herself after her parents divorced. After the divorce, <mask> and her siblings lived with her father and moved around the country to accommodate her father's military job. She spent her middle school years in North Carolina and her high school years in Annandale, Virginia. Career
Heavily influenced by her mother, who used to sing in local musicals, <mask> became interested in music.One day during a high school visit to the beach, she entered a nearby pay recording booth and sang her own version of Elvis Presley's "Teddy Bear." With the demo in hand, <mask> impressed her then boyfriend, drummer Mas Palermo, and joined his rockabilly band at the age of 16. The band took her on as the lead vocalist and soon rechristened the band <mask> & the Fireballs. After <mask>'s high school graduation, the band decided to move to Austin, Texas, to participate in the vibrant Austin music scene. After a few months in Austin, however, the band broke up. <mask> and Palermo, married in 1989, formed a new band called Radio Ranch. In Austin, <mask> attracted the notice of several influential Texas singer-songwriters including Nanci Griffith and Lyle Lovett.Griffith introduced MCA producer Tony Brown to <mask>. Brown was very impressed with <mask>'s vocal abilities and signed her to the MCA label in 1989. MCA embarked on a big marketing campaign to tout <mask> after she recorded her first album on the label, the 1990 album Well Travelled Love. MCA ensured that <mask> was interviewed by several national magazines including unusual venues like Vogue and Mademoiselle. Her voice appeared in the 1991 Ridley Scott-produced movie Thelma and Louise, singing "Little Honey." <mask> also had a small part in Tim Robbins’ 1992 film Bob Roberts. <mask> appears as the young woman standing in a shallow stream in Dwight Yoakam's video of "A Thousand Miles from Nowhere," as well as a member of Vince Gill's "pickup band" in his Don't Let Our Love Start Slippin' Away video.She was also nominated for Top New Female Vocalist of the year at the 1993 ACM Awards along with Faith Hill and Lari White (Hill wound up winning the award). Despite of all the publicity and positive reviews from most reviewers, Well Travelled Love and <mask>'s subsequent albums for MCA (Bang Bang in 1991 and <mask> in 1993) sold modestly and received very little radio play. During this time, <mask> felt uncomfortable with the way she was marketed by MCA. In 1994, MCA released <mask> from her contract. In 1995, <mask> collaborated with Jay Farrar on the song "Rex's Blues", which appeared on the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Bothered produced by the Red Hot Organization. <mask> continued to pursue her music career after leaving MCA. In 1996, she recorded an EP for A&M Records entitled Fading Fast.However, her relationship with A&M was short-lived; after working with two major labels, <mask> decided to record her next album on her own. Her efforts resulted in the 1999 album What I Deserve, which <mask> sold to Rykodisc after finishing the album. What I Deserve received quite a bit of press after the album's release. It was commonly seen as <mask>'s response to her history with MCA, and was uniformly praised by critics, becoming a hit for <mask>. <mask> was also a judge for the 2nd annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers. In 2003, <mask> and Bruce Robison, her husband and fellow country musician, released the record Happy Holidays, a cover album of Christmas songs. Starting in 2005, <mask> and Robison appeared in television and radio commercials for the anti-allergy product Claritin.In Fall 2007, <mask> released Translated From Love. It was recorded at Robison's studio, Premium Recording Services, in Austin, TX. and produced by Chuck Prophet, formerly of the band Green On Red. The album is co-written by <mask>, Prophet and notable songwriter Jules Shear, and includes a cover version of Iggy Pop's "Success." In early 2008, <mask> announced she would take an indefinite hiatus from live performances due to family obligations. Said <mask> in a website announcement, "Being a traveling musician with four kids may not make an extremely compelling reality TV show but it is kicking my butt. I plan to continue making records.And I may do the occasional holiday show/song swap/benefit here and there.... Happy trails...until we meet again." Her winter / spring 2008 scheduled dates continued as planned until the final show May 2, 2008. <mask> has recently begun to tour outside of Texas again; first she headlined the Northern Rockies Folk Festival in Hailey, Idaho on August 7, 2010. Next up, she performed at the Hardly Strictly Bluegrass Festival at Speedway Meadow in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco on October 2, 2010. In 2011, <mask> toured the United States with her husband Bruce Robison, performing new songs in preparation for an album with Robison. The album, Cheater's Game, was released on February 12, 2013.<mask> and Robison began to tour to support the release on February 13, 2013 in New York City. The couple followed up the success of their first album together 14 months later with the release of Our Year. In 2018, <mask> released Back Being Blue, her first solo album in more than a decade. The album was produced by her husband. Personal life
<mask> married high school boyfriend Mas Palermo in 1989, but they divorced in 1991. In 1992, <mask> met Austin singer-songwriter Bruce Robison. After several years of dating, <mask> and Robison married in 1996.After a decade focused on her music career, <mask> turned to starting a family. She went through in vitro fertilization treatments, and gave birth to son Deral Otis in January 2001. <mask>'s experience with raising a child led to a different sort of album than the earlier What I Deserve. In 2002, <mask> released Easy. The album expresses <mask>'s contentment with her new life through songs with a relaxed, mellow vibe. After the album's release, <mask> became pregnant again and gave birth to twins Abigail Esme and Benjamin James on March 24, 2003 On January 10, 2006, <mask> welcomed 4th child <mask> Robison; he weighed 8 lbs 14 oz and was 19.75 inches long. On January 21st, 2022 <mask> and Bruce announced their upcoming divorce via their Facebook pages.Discography

Albums

Singles

Notes:
A "I Don't Want to Love You (But I Do)" did not chart on Hot Country Songs, but peaked at No. 3 on Hot Country Radio Breakouts. B "River of Love" did not chart on Hot Country Songs, but peaked at No. 10 on Hot Country Radio Breakouts. Music videos

Appears on
 1991: Various Artists – "Thelma & Louise" (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – vocals on track 6, "Little Honey"
 1994: Monte Warden – "Monte Warden" (Watermelon Records) – vocals on track 5, "The Only One"
 1995: Aaron Neville – "The Tattooed Heart" (A&M Records) vocals on track 11, "For the Good Times"
 1998: Various Artists – "Real: The Tom T Hall Project" (Sire Records) – vocals on track 2, "That's How I Got to Memphis"
 2005: Various Artists – "A Tribute to Billy Joe Shaver (LIVE)" (Compadre) – vocals on track 3, "Ride Me Down Easy"
 2012: Martin Zellar – "Roosters Crow" (Label: Owen Lee Recordings) – vocals on track 1, "Took the Poison" and track 3, "Running on Pure Fear"
 2012: Mark Collie & His Reckless Companions – "Alive at Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary" (Ranch Records) – vocals on tracks 4, 5, 9

See also
 Music of Austin

Further reading
 Corcoran, Michael. "Happy holidays, from <mask> and Bruce; A songwriting duo's Christmas: The children will nestle all snug in their beds, while Mom and Dad's records dance in our heads." The Austin American-Statesman November 25, 2003: E1+.House, Silas. "Nothing to Fear." No Depression July–August 2002: 72–81. Manheim, James M. "<mask>." Contemporary Musicians. Vol. 12.Detroit: Gale, 1994. 278–280. Patoski, Joe Nick. "What She Deserves." Texas Monthly March 1999: 114–116. Exclaim! – Interview with <mask> – Exclaim!September 2007

References

External links

 [ <mask> at Allmusic.com]
 [| <mask> Discography]

1968 births
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
Living people
Musicians from Austin, Texas
People from Lawton, Oklahoma
Rykodisc artists
MCA Records artists
A&M Records artists
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma
Country musicians from Texas
Country musicians from Oklahoma
21st-century American women

masks:
Kelly Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Kelly
Willis
Kelly Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Kelly Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Kelly
Joseph Willis
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly Willis
Kelly Willis
Kelly Willis
Kelly Willis


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<mask>, OBE, CD (November 27, 1915 – January 26, 2003) was a Canadian Army officer who served with the Régiment de St-Hyacinthe, the Royal Canadian Infantry Corps and the Royal 22e Régiment. Early education

<mask> was born on November 27, 1915, in St-Hyacinthe, Quebec. He studied at the Séminaire de St-Hyacinthe, where he earned a degree in letters and arts. He then pursued another degree at the Université de Montréal, where he got a degree in chemistry. Before the War

At the same time his father was serving at the Regiment, <mask> enlisted with the 84th Régiment de St-Hyacinthe in 1936. There completed his basic training as a private and rose to the rank of sergeant. Later he received his officer commission and was promoted to lieutenant.He married Mme Denise Lapierre on April 14, 1940, at the St-Hyacinthe Cathedral. World War II

As the war broke out, then Lieutenant <mask> continued training his troops in St-Hyacinthe. He was transferred to the 4th Canadian Armoured Brigade at camp Debert in Nova Scotia for preparatory training as GSO with the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade. He then went to the Canadian Army Command and Staff College in Kingston and after shipped to England. Most of the Canadians in reinforcement stayed in England for almost two years (1942–1944) until D-Day. When arriving in France, as GSO 3 Operations,  then captain <mask> aided in the orientation of some operations towards the ultimate victory. By the end of the conflict, he was transferred to the 1st Canadian Infantry Division.After the war

On April 26, 1946, then captain <mask> was posted to NDHQ as GSO 2 and the next day was promoted to the rank of Temporary major (T/maj). On November 22, 1947,  he was promoted to the rank of major. After three years in Ottawa, then major <mask> went to the Canadian Army Training School in St-Jean, Quebec, in 1949. He managed the Canadian Army Training School in St-Jean  before it was transferred to Valcartier in 1952. He stayed and contributed to the building of the Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean as Director of Administration. An uncommon event occurred a few days after Christmas in 1952. A child of one of the CMR's staff fell into the icy waters of the Richelieu river.Upon hearing the child's cry for help, the CMR commandant, colonel Lahaie went onto the ice to rescue the boy, assisted by Captain Gosselin and Major <mask>. Others came along as the alarm was sounded. They were all pulled to safety; the child was saved. Major <mask> left St-Jean for Valcartier in 1953 and went to the 2nd Battalion Royal 22e Régiment as deputy commander. He packed the battalion and headed for Germany as Canada's NATO infantry contribution. After setting up over with the 4th Canadian Infantry Brigade, he still was very involved within the military community like in the celebrations of the 10th anniversary of Normandy where he commanded the Canadian group during the weekend long celebrations. In July 1954, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and was chosen as the Canadian representative at the SHAPE in Paris for a year.Back in Canada, Lcol <mask> in 1957, took command of the 1st battalion Royal 22e Régiment until 1960. He was a true gentleman in sharing the warm French-Canadian culture as host of many social functions at the Citadelle. Leaving Quebec in early summer of 1960, LCol <mask> was flown to work with the UNTSO in Palestine. Soon after, in July 1960, he headed to Congo as a United Nation chief of staff of the ONUC  contingent. Back in Canada, he went to serve as adjutant general at the Quebec Command HQ. Promoted to the rank of colonel, he commanded the Quebec Western District  until his retirement in 1969. During those years, he commanded the Royal Army Cadet Camp of Farnham that closed in 1967.Civilian life

Upon leaving the service in 1969, Colonel (Ret.) <mask> went to work for the Wabasso company in Trois-Rivières, Quebec as Director of Operations Services until his retirement in 1980. During those years, he became involved with the Canadian Manufacturers Association as president of the St. Maurice chapter. Colonel (Ret.) <mask> was a member of the Royal Canadian Legion, Branch #2 of St-Hyacinthe with which he was devoted in many aspects. Colonel <mask> continued his involvement and contribution to the Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean throughout the years. He always proved a good golf player at the annual benefit golf tournament and other activities.In St-Hyacinthe, he was a devoted contributor to the Honoré-Mercier hospital's foundation. Army cadets

During the final years of his active career, Colonel <mask> commanded the Royal Army Cadet Camp of Farnham that closed in 1967. He was particularly close to the Army Cadets Corps No.1 from his hometown. In the mid-1990s, he donated several musical instruments to found a band created for children to play in. Organizers agreed to call it "La musique J. A. Berthiaume."Honours

After World War 2, <mask> received the MID for his outstanding services. For his devotion in the creation of the CMR St-Jean, Colonel <mask> was given an honorary college number: H12878. Colonel J. A<mask> was invested into the Order of the British Empire in 1962 for his impressive organizational skills, initiative, linguistic ability, unmatched negotiating skills and his bravery during the ONUC mission in Congo. He was the first Canadian officer to be given that recognition since the Second World War. In 1969 he was nominated in the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem as Officier. In 1977, he was promoted to Knight of the Order.The city of St-Hyacinthe consecrated one of its streets' name in his memory in 2006. Last post

In 2003 after his last short battle with a secretly kept illness, Colonel (Ret.) <mask> <mask> was laid to rest in St-Hyacinthe, with full military honours. His wife Denise died in 2010.

masks:
Joseph André Horace Jean Berthiaume
Jean André Berthiaume
Jean Berthiaume
Berthiaume
Berthiaume
Berthiaume
Berthiaume
Berthiaume
Berthiaume
Berthiaume
Berthiaume
Berthiaume
Berthiaume
Berthiaume
Berthiaume
Jean Berthiaume
Berthiaume
. Berthiaume
Jean André
Berthiaume


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<mask> (born <mask>; 28 November 1955 – 7 March 1998) was one of the founders of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), a Kosovo Albanian organization which fought for the secession of Kosovo from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the 1990s. Beginning in 1991, <mask> participated in attacks against the Serbian police before travelling to Albania to receive military training. Arrested in 1993, he was released at the behest of the Albanian Army and later returned to Kosovo, where he continued launching attacks against the Yugoslav establishment. In July 1997, he was convicted of terrorism in absentia by a Yugoslav court. After several unsuccessful attempts to capture or kill him, Serbian police launched an attack against <mask>'s home in Prekaz in March 1998. The battle that followed resulted in the deaths of 57 members of <mask>'s family, including that of <mask>, his wife, brother and son. Seen as the "father of the KLA", <mask> and the Adem Jashari Olympic Stadium have been named after him. Biography

Early life
<mask> Shaban <mask> was born in the village of Prekaz, SAP Kosovo, SFR Yugoslavia on 28 November 1955 as Fazli <mask>. Descended from Kosovo Albanian guerrillas who had fought Yugoslav forces decades prior, he was raised on Albanian war stories and was rarely seen without a gun. According to the journalist Tim Judah, <mask> "hated the Serbs, and although he was one of the KLA’s early recruits, he was no ideological guerrilla." Guerrilla activities

Drenica is a hilly region in central Kosovo inhabited almost exclusively by Kosovo Albanians. Prior to the Kosovo War, the government of Yugoslavia considered it "the hotbed of Albanian terrorism."<mask> was a farmer. In 1991, he participated in an armed uprising against the Yugoslav authorities in Kosovo. During this period, a Kosovo Albanian irredentist organization that came to be known as the Kosovo Liberation Army first emerged. From 1991 to 1992, <mask> and about 100 other ethnic Albanians wishing to fight for the independence of Kosovo underwent military training in the municipality of Labinot-Mal in Albania. Afterwards, <mask> and other ethnic Albanians committed several acts of sabotage aimed at the Serbian administrative apparatus in Kosovo. Attempting to capture or kill him, Serbian police surrounded <mask> and his older brother, Hamëz, at their home in Prekaz on 30 December 1991. In the ensuing siege, large numbers of Kosovo Albanians flocked to Prekaz, pressuring the police to withdraw from the village.While in Albania, he was arrested in 1993 by the government of Sali Berisha and sent to jail in Tirana before being released alongside other Kosovo Albanian militants at the demand of the Albanian Army. With the Yugoslav forces now considering Prekaz a "no-go" area, <mask> launched several attacks over the next several years. These targeted the Yugoslav Army (VJ) and Serbian police in Kosovo. <mask> was convicted of terrorism in absentia by a Yugoslav court on 11 July 1997. Human Rights Watch subsequently described the trial, in which fourteen other Kosovo Albanians were also convicted, as "[failing] to conform to international standards." Pursuing <mask> for the murder of a Serb policeman, Yugoslav forces again attempted to assault the Jashari compound in Prekaz on 22 January 1998. With <mask> not present, thousands of Kosovo Albanians descended on Prekaz and again succeeded in pushing the Serbs out of the village and its surroundings.The next month, a small unit of the KLA ambushed Serbian policemen. Four Serbs were killed and two were injured in the ensuing clashes. At dawn on 5 March 1998, the KLA launched an attack against a police patrol in Prekaz. Death

In response to this attack, the Yugoslavs organized a "full-scale revenge mission" involving tanks, APCs and helicopters. They were backed up by artillery from a nearby ammunition factory. With the intention of "eliminating the suspects and their families," the police attacked villages that had been identified as KLA strongholds, including Likošane and Ćirez. Human Rights Watch noted that "special police forces attacked without warning, firing indiscriminately at women, children and other noncombatants."KLA members and their families subsequently fled to <mask>'s compound. Here, the police invited <mask> to surrender, giving him a deadline of two hours in which to respond. During this period, a number of families left the compound. <mask> remained, ordering his family members to stay inside and telling his militants to resist to the last man. Once the two-hour deadline had expired, the two sides began exchanging gunfire. In one of the houses, where most of <mask>'s extended family had gathered, a mortar shell fell in through the roof, causing many deaths. After a two or three-day siege, the police captured the Jashari compound.Once inside, they discovered that <mask> and his brother Hamëz had been killed. Also killed were <mask>'s wife, Adilje, and his thirteen-year-old son, Kushtrim. Overall, approximately fifty-eight Kosovo Albanians were killed in the attack, including eighteen women and ten children under the age of sixteen. Goran Radosavljević, a major in the Serbian Interior Ministry, said that "[<mask>] used women, children and the elderly as hostages." Speaking of the attack, Yugoslav General Nebojša Pavković stated that it was "a normal policing action against a well-known criminal. It was successful. The other details I don't remember."The only survivor was Besarta <mask>, Hamëz <mask>'s daughter. She claimed that the policemen had "threatened her with a knife and ordered her to say that her uncle (<mask> <mask>) had killed everyone who wanted to surrender." Aftermath
Soon after the attack against Prekaz, 46 bodies were taken to a hospital morgue in Pristina on 7 March before being returned to Skenderaj the next day. There, they were placed inside a warehouse located on the outskirts of town. Photographs taken during this time revealed that <mask> had received a bullet wound to the neck. On 9 March, the police publicly stated that they would themselves bury the bodies of those killed if they were not quickly claimed and buried by family members. The next day, the police dug a large grave near Donji Prekaz and buried the bodies of fifty-six people, ten of whom could not be identified.On 11 March, the bodies were disinterred by relatives and reburied in accordance with Islamic tradition on a field known as the "field of peace". The shootout at the Jashari family compound involving <mask> <mask>ari family members. The deaths of <mask> and his family generated an international backlash against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. As news of the killings spread, armed Kosovo Albanian militias emerged throughout Kosovo, seeking to avenge <mask>'s death as Albanians flocked to join the KLA. The event became a rallying myth for KLA recruitment regarding armed resistance to Yugoslav forces. Legacy
The exploits of <mask> <mask> have been celebrated and turned into legend by former KLA members, some in government, and by Kosovar Albanian society resulting in songs, literature, monuments, memorials with streets and buildings bearing his name across Kosovo. Dubbed the "Legendary Commander" () by Albanians, <mask> is regarded by many in Kosovo as being the "father of the KLA".Portraits of him carrying an automatic weapon often adorn the walls of homes inhabited by ethnic Albanians. Considered a symbol of independence by Kosovo Albanians, the anniversary of <mask>'s death is annually commemorated in Kosovo and his home has since been transformed into a shrine. The field where he and his family were buried has since become a place of pilgrimage for Kosovo Albanians, and several authors have equated <mask> with Albanian national hero Skanderbeg as well as Albanian kaçak rebels from the past. Following Kosovo's declaration of independence in 2008, <mask> have also been named after him. See also
 Albanian nationalism (Kosovo)

Notes

References

Books

Websites

1955 births
1998 deaths
20th-century Albanian military personnel
Albanian nationalists in Kosovo
Deaths by firearm in Serbia
Guerrillas killed in action
Kosovan revolutionaries
Kosovo Albanian soldiers
Kosovo Liberation Army soldiers
People convicted on terrorism charges
Military personnel from Skenderaj
People murdered in Kosovo
Deaths by firearm in Kosovo
1998 crimes in Kosovo
1990s murders in Kosovo
1998 murders in Europe

masks:
Adem Jashari
Fazli Jashari
Jashari
Jashari
Jashari
Jashari
Jashariashari
Adem
Jashari
Jashari
Jashari
Jashari
Jashari
Jashari
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Adem
Jashari
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Adem
Jashariash
Jashari
Jashari
Adem
Jashari
Jashari
Jashari
Jashari
Jashariashari


texts:
<mask> (born 2 April 1952) is an English film director, producer, writer, cinematographer, editor, sound recordist and film diarist. Early life
<mask> was born in Bournemouth on the south coast of England, the son of John (a chartered surveyor) and <mask>. He was educated at Bradfield College in Berkshire before training at the London Film School. During this time he began work on his first film. Shot with three standard 8mm cameras, it is a surrealist, diary film entitled For All the Immigrants in England. He subsequently gained an MA in Independent Film at the London College of Printing. Career

1970–1999
<mask> initially worked as an actor at the Quipu Basement Theatre in Greek Street, but after film school, he gained industry experience as an assistant editor and sound recordist.Crewing on several British Film Institute Production Board films, he worked with Terence Davies, Bill Douglas and Peter Greenaway. In 1972 <mask> set up Fantasy Films and over the following two decades specialised in adapting the work of Victorian and Edwardian fantasy writers such as Robert Louis Stevenson, Ernest Bramah and Lord Dunsany. He would later go on to adapt Nevil Shute's novel On the Beach. In the mid-1970s <mask> worked with the film & photography collective Amber Films in Newcastle. During this period he produced In the Twilight, which was showcased at the London Film Festival, and the 163-minute compilation Seven Years. With the rapid growth of the Independent Sector in the UK, <mask> was appointed the first salaried Co-ordinator of East Anglian Film-Makers, where he raised money for the group from Channel 4, the British Film Institute and Norwich City Council. After the release of The Pledge by Twentieth Century-Fox in 1981, <mask> spent the next year in Europe seeking co-production funds for his first feature film The History of the Devil.He was unsuccessful. Returning to England, <mask> worked as an editor at Anglia Television for several years before moving back to London in the late 1980s, continuing to work as a film editor for companies and broadcasters such as Channel 4, BBC, TWI, Mentorn and Fulcrum and many American broadcasters. Clocking up more than 150 credits, including Greed and Glory, The Thatcher Factor and Lloyd's of London. Additionally he moved into directing, working in the corporate sector with clients like the Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom), Tate Gallery and Médecins Sans Frontières. On the home-front he continued editing magazine programmes such as the BBC's Gardeners’ World and Discovery's Mission Wild. 2000–2014
In 2000 <mask> set up Auteur DVD, a Soho-based authoring house. This evolved into Auteur TV, a real time web streaming service for artists and film-makers around the world.In 2005 <mask> decided to concentrate on documentary production and spent a year living and working in India as a Director/Cinematographer. It was during this period that he made the political documentary Kashmir Under the Shadow of the Gun and the DVD collection Sketches of India. On his return from India, <mask> was diagnosed with an aggressive prostate cancer. Deciding to concentrate on a long-term ambition, <mask> wrote the screenplay “Justified!” and set about seeking the finance for a feature-length adaptation of James Hogg’s Gothic novel The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner. With rival companies all fighting for the same production finance, this film has still not been made. In the film Help! – and Redemption, <mask> chronicled his experience of diagnosis, treatment and partial remission for this most common form of male cancer.Having made three films based on the work of Lord Dunsany, in 2012 <mask> embarked on a documentary about the life of this influential and contradictory Irish aristocrat. Shooting for the Butler was released in 2014. <mask> was a member of Directors UK and for many years an active Trade Union member on the Writers, Producers and Directors committee of BECTU. He represented the Union on the Working Group on Copyright and Technology for the British Copyright Council. <mask> was married once and had three children. Films
Dramas

<mask> adapted three works by the prolific Irish writer, dramatist and poet Lord Dunsany (1878–1957 – full name: Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany). In Nature and Time (1975 – the first of the film-maker’s projects to be shot in 35mm) the titular mythical characters stride through London town, ending with a grim prediction about an increasingly urbanised world.1978’s In the Twilight is set on a beautiful summer’s day in 1910 and features a man who falls overboard while out boating. While attempting to reach the surface, the man strikes his head on the keel and sinks to the bottom. In the ensuing twilight world he sees past scenes from his life. This film was selected as an “Outstanding Film of the Year” by the London Film Festival. <mask>'s third and final Dunsany adaptation was The Pledge (1981), based on the author's story “The Highwayman”. In 1790, the compatriots of an executed highwayman attempt to keep their word to him by cutting down his rotting corpse and interring it in an Archbishop's tomb, believing that only this course of action will free their friend's soul. Rated X, it was distributed by Twentieth Century-Fox.<mask> made two films inspired by the work of English author Ernest Bramah (1868–1942): The Moonlight Comb (1974) shows the film-maker taking five colleagues, costumes and props, to the rugged landscape of Wester Ross in Scotland. Living in an isolated cottage they attempt to film a Bramah story set in a mythical, medieval China but inevitably, everything that can go wrong does. Nevertheless, the project is saved by the humour of the cast. In Out of Reach (1980), <mask> told the tale of a sad and lonely young poet who wishes to emulate his hero Thomas Chatterton. Rejected by his publishers, the poet retreats into a symbolic world, his mind filling with images of robber barons, medieval castles and magical swords. Tricked by a duplicitous sorcerer, he is convinced that if he could just travel to the moon, he will obtain his heart's desire. The Song of the Morrow (1998) is an adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's little-known prose poem of the same name.Set on a deserted beach and in a monastery, the Daughter of Duntreen has “no power upon the hour and no thought upon the morrow” and by the time the Daughter realises that she now has “the power” – the circle of life has turned again. With The Red Box (2000), <mask> creates a millennial adaptation of Nevil Shute's On the Beach, an account of the end of the world as seen through the eyes of a small community in Melbourne, Australia. The film combines actors in a blue screen studio with contemporary images in an examination of human nature, as each character deals differently with their impending doom. In the 1974 satire The Heist, the film-maker takes centre-stage as he and an accomplice stage a robbery at the production offices of the British Film Institute in London. Ignored not only by the Head of Production but just about everyone else, they complete their heist – the booty consisting of film stock for future productions. Documentaries
<mask>'s documentary Fallacies of Vision (1981) attempts to demonstrate the way in which spaceship myths are created by taking a look at a UFO scare that occurred in the sleepy town of Warminster in 1965. Years later, the film-maker investigates the sightings along with local reporter, Kevin Mount, while simultaneously endeavouring to raise money for a feature film.In Colin Self – A Journey in that Direction (2004), <mask> profiles this important English Pop Artist by positioning Self's work within the art world of the 1960s. <mask> made a number of films while living and travelling in India between 2005 and 2006: in Varanasi – City of Death (2005), the film-maker shows a day in the life of what has been claimed is the oldest city in the world (formerly Benares). Situated on the banks of River Ganga, the ‘ghats’ (or riverfront steps) are used both for daily religious observance and for the rites of Death. The film includes rare footage of these cremations. With his 39-minute documentary Kashmir – Under the Shadow of the Gun (2006), <mask> describes life in this much-disputed, heavily militarised, India-administered region. The film recounts the history of the conflict as seen through the eyes of individuals who have been involved with the human rights abuses that have occurred repeatedly since 1987. Avant-garde
Made in collaboration with author Dennis Gray, Windows (1974) explores the inner space of a man staring at the world from his armchair.In a landscape of alienation and fear, the central character is on a quest – within himself. In God and the Evil (1986), inspired by Friedrich Nietzsche's story about “The Madman with the Lamp”, <mask> assembles and layers words, images and locations in an attempt to prompt the viewer to reflect on the great opposing forces which have exercised human thought for millennia: the distinction between God and Man, and between Good and Evil. Other Work
Early in his career, <mask> worked as an editor and sound recordist on Terence Davies’ Children (1976 – the first part of what would become the award-winning Terence Davies Trilogy) and sound recordist on Bill Douglas’ My Way Home (1978). <mask> was again one of the sound recordists on Peter Greenaway's 1980 feature The Falls and Greenaway would subsequently co-edit <mask>'s 1981 drama The Pledge, for which Michael Nyman composed the score. Filmography
Short Dramas
 Nature and Time (1975)
 In the Twilight (1978)
 Out of Reach (1980)
 The Pledge (1981)
 The Song of the Morrow (1998)
 The Red Box (2000)

Avant-garde
 The Moonlight Comb (1974)
 Windows (1974)
 God and the Evil (1986)
 K.L. (We Live in the Dreams of Our Fathers) (1999)

Autobiographical Film Diaries
 For All the Immigrants in England (1972)
 The Heist (1974)
 A Catalogue of Adjusted Perception (1996)
 Help! (2008)

Documentaries
 But What about Tomorrow?(1980)
 Fallacies of Vision (1981)
 Between East and West – Istanbul (1998)
 Colin Self – A Journey in That Direction (2004)
 Varanasi – City of Death – (2005)
 Kashmir Earthquake 2005 (2005)
 Kashmir  Under the Shadow of the Gun (2006)
 Sketches of India (DVD) (2006)
 Deal – England (2011)
 Help! and Redemption (2012)
 Shooting for the Butler (2014)

Static Films and Observations
 The Blue Mosque – Istanbul (1998)
 Eclipse (1999)
 Bhimsen Temple – Nepal (2005)
 The Shawl (2005)
 Monkeys and Prayer Wheels (2005)
 Sunset – Puerto Escondido (2012)

Other
 Seven Years (The Complete Works of Digby Rumsey 1971–1978) (1978)

As Editor (selected)
 Children (1976)
 At the Mercy of the Unscrupulous (1989)
 Artworld (13 eps, 1989)
 Blood on the Screens (1990)
 The Thatcher Factor (1990)
 Sportraits (1990)
 Lloyd's of London (1991)
 Greed and Glory: The Price of Freedom? (1992)
 Greed and Glory: Major Offenders (1992)
 The Great British Invention (1992)
 Dispatches – The Generation Game (1992)
 How It Happened (1993)
 Many Happy Returns (3 eps, 1997)
 The Man Who Loved China (1999)
 Fire in the Hills (1999)
 Secret History: Costa del Crime (3 eps, 2003)

As Sound Recordist (selected)
 Children (1976)
 My Way Home (1978)
 The Falls (1980)

References

External links
 <mask> <mask> <mask> at Justified Films

1952 births
Living people
English film directors
English cinematographers
English film producers
People from Bournemouth

masks:
Digby Rumsey
Rumsey
Joyce Rumsey
Rumsey
Rumsey
Rumsey
Rumsey
Rumsey
Rumsey
Rumsey
Rumsey
Rumsey
Rumsey
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Rumsey
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Digby
Rumseyby
Rumsey


texts:
<mask> (15 February 1926, in Forlì – 1997, in Bologna) was an Italian historian of literature and an anthropologist. He was a professor of Italian literature at the University of Bologna. Works
(English translations)

Il Brodo Indiano (Exotic Brew, English translation by Christopher Woodall)
La casa dell'eternità (The fear of hell: images of damnation and salvation in early modern Europe, English translation by Lucinda Byatt)
 Le officine dei sensi (The anatomy of the senses: natural symbols in medieval and early modern Italy, English translation by  Allan Cameron)
Il sugo della vita (Juice of life: the symbolic and magic significance of blood, English translation by Robert R. Barr, foreword by Umberto Eco)
Bread of Dreams
La terra e la luna: alimentazione folclore societa (The magic harvest : food, folklore and society, English translation by Joan Krakover Hall)

(Works published in Italy)

 "Petrarca 66: l'aer gravato e l'importuna nebbia" (in Giornale italiano di filologia, a. 4, n. 4, 28 novembre 1951, pp. 320–22)
 "Giuseppe D'Alessandro poeta barocco tra seicento e settecento" (in Convivium 1952, pp. 397–426)
 "Biltri, blittri" (Lingua nostra, vol. 13, 3, 1952, pp.70–72)
 Il tema dell'Adynaton nel Canzoniere del Petrarca (Milano: De Silvestri, 1952)
 "Una lettera inedita di Lodovico di Breme al Ginguene" (Torino: Societa editrice internazionale, 1953, pp. 255–62)
 "Documenti per la storia del romanticismo italiano: pensieri inediti di Pietro Borsieri" (in Convivium, 1955, pp. 192–97)
 "Goldoni, Venezia e i romantici" (in Convivium, n.s., 1958, pp. 170–73)
 (edit by) Ludovico di Breme, Il Romitorio di sant'Ida (Bologna: Commissione per i testi di lingua, 1961)
 "Una vita romantica di Maria Antonietta" (in Convivium, n.s. 1961, pp. 80–84)
 (edit by) Ludovico di Breme, Lettere (Torino: Einaudi 1966)
 (review to) "Pietro Borsieri, Avventure letterarie di un giorno e altri scritti editi e inediti" (Lettere italiane, a. 20., n. 3 luglio-settembre 1968, pp.424–25)
 (edit by) Vittorio Alfieri, Estratti d'Ossian e da Stazio per la tragica (Asti: Casa d'Alfieri, 1969)
 (edit by) Pellegrino Artusi, La scienza in cucina e l'arte di mangiar bene (Torino: Einaudi 1970 e 2001)
 (edit by) Il libro dei vagabondi: lo Speculum cerretanorum di Teseo Pini, Il vagabondo di Rafaele Frianoro e altri testi di furfanteria (Torino: Einaudi 1973)
 "La cucina popolare emiliano-romagnola: continuità e cambiamento" (Atti del 4° convegno dell'Accademia italiana della cucina, Parma-Bologna, 8-10 giugno 1973, pp. 109–33)
 (edit by) Giulio Cesare Croce, Le sottilissime astuzie di Bertoldo (Torino: Einaudi 1973 e Milano: Berlusconi 1994)
 "Italo Calvino", in Dizionario critico della letteratura italiana (Torino: Utet 1974, pp. 449–64)
 "Giuseppe Mazzini", in Dizionario critico della letteratura italiana (Torino: Utet 1974, pp. 545–60)
 "Lo stereotipo del Romagnolo" (Studi romagnoli, XXV, 1974, pp. 393–411)
 "Carnevale, cuccagna e giuochi di villa" (Studi e problemi di critica testuale, 1975, 10, pp. 57–97)
 La maschera di Bertoldo: G.C. Croce e la letteratura carnevalesca (Torino: Einaudi 1976 e Milano: Garzanti 1993)
 (edit by) Giulio Cesare Croce, Le astuzie di Bertoldo e le semplicità di Bertoldino (Torino: Einaudi 1978 e Milano: Garzanti 1993)
 "Alimentazione e cucina" (in Storia della Emilia-Romagna, vol.2, 1978, pp. 501–16)
 Il paese della fame (Bologna: Il mulino 1978 e 1985, Milano: Garzanti 2000)
 Il pane selvaggio (Bologna: Il mulino 1980, Milano: Garzanti 2004)
 Alimentazione, folklore, società (Parma: Pratiche 1980 e 1983)
 (introduction to) Giuseppe Cocchiara, Il mondo alla rovescia (Torino: Boringhieri 1981)
 "Cultura popolare e cultura d'élite fra Medioevo ed età moderna" (in Storia d'Italia, vol. 4: Intellettuali e potere, Torino: Einaudi 1981)
 "Le erbe del sogno e della sopravvivenza" (Medicina, erbe e magia, Milano: Silvana 1981, pp. 54–78)
 "Speziali e ciarlatani" (Medicina, erbe e magia, Milano: Silvana 1981, pp. 138–59)
 "La ruota del tempo" (Cultura popolare nell'Emilia-Romagna, strutture rurali e vita contadina, Milano: Silvana, 1977, pp. 36–49)
 "Il campo, il fuoco, la tavola" (Cultura popolare nell'Emilia-Romagna, espressioni sociali e luoghi d'incontro, Milano: Silvana, 1977, pp. 50–73)
 "La condizione vegetale: uomini, erbe, bestie" (Cultura popolare nell'Emilia-Romagna, medicina erbe e magia, Milano: Silvana, s.d., pp.118–35)
 La carne impassibile: salvezza e salute tra Medioevo e Controriforma (Milano: Il saggiatore 1983 e Garzanti 1994)
 Odori e sapori: (introduction to) Alain Corbin, Storia sociale degli odori. XVIII e XIX secolo (Milano: Mondadori, 1983 e 2005)
 (preface to) Aureliano Bassani, Eminenza, il pranzo e servito : le ricette di Alberto Alvisi cuoco del card. Chiaramonti vescovo di Imola (1785-1800) (Bologna: Aniballi 1984)
 Il sugo della vita: simbolismo e magia del sangue (Milano: Comunità 1984, Mondadori 1988 e Garzanti 1997)
 Le officine dei sensi (Milano: Garzanti 1985 e 1991)
 La casa dell'eternità (Milano: Garzanti 1987 e 1998)
 I balsami di Venere (Milano: Garzanti 1989 e 2007)
 "La sestina del Petrarca e l'interpretazione di un passo di Benvenuto da Imola" (Giornale italiano di filologia, s.d.) La terra e la luna: alimentazione folclore societa (Milano: Il saggiatore 1989 e Garzanti 1995)
 La miniera del mondo: artieri inventori impostori (Milano: Il saggiatore 1990)
 Il brodo indiano: edonismo ed esotismo nel Settecento (Milano: Garzanti 1989 e 1998)
 Rustici e buffoni: cultura popolare e cultura d'elite fra Medioevo ed eta moderna (Torino: Einaudi 1991)
 Le belle contrade: nascita del paesaggio italiano (Milano: Garzanti 1992)
 Le vie del latte: dalla Padania alla steppa (Milano: Garzanti 1993)
 Il ghetto: Bologna, storia e rinascita di un luogo (Bologna: Grafis 1993)
 Il palazzo e il cantimbanco (Milano: Garzanti 1994)
 Il governo del corpo: saggi in miniatura (Milano: Garzanti 1995 e 2008)
 "Schede secentesche" (Studi secenteschi, vol. 38, 1997, pp. 396–414)
 Camminare il mondo: vita e avventure di Leonardo Fioravanti medico del Cinquecento (Milano: Garzanti 1997 e 2007). Studies on Piero Camporesi
 Elide Casali (edit by), "Academico di nulla academia".Saggi su <mask> Camporesi, Bologna, Bononia University Press, 2006 (con prefazione di Gian Mario Anselmi e saggi di Emilio Pasquini, Renato Badalì, Albano Biondi, Marco Belpoliti, Peter Burke, Glauco Sanga, Lucio Gambi, Ezio Raimondi, Maurice Aymard. Completa l'opera una Bibliografia degli scritti di <mask> Camporesi a cura di Paolo Tinti). Marco Belpoliti (edit by), <mask> <mask>, in «Riga», n. 26, Milano, Marcos y Marcos, 2008 (con saggi di Maria Corti, Giorgio Manganelli, Carlo Ossola, Marco Belpoliti, Ottavio Cecchi, Alfredo Giuliani, Philippe Ariès, Giovanni Giudici, Antonio Porta, Alfonso Maria Di Nola, Franco Cardini, Georges Balandier, Guido Almansi, Giancarlo Mazzacurati, Umberto Eco, Pierre Lepape, René de Ceccatty, Inuhiko Yomota, Hidenobu Jinnai, Marino Biondi, Oliviero Ponte di Pino, Elide Casali, Pierpaolo Antonello, Marco Antonio Bazzocchi, Etsuko Nakayama, Alberto Natale, Diego Zancani). Elide Casali, Marcello Soffritti (edit by), Camporesi nel mondo. L'opera e le traduzioni, Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi. Forlì, 5-6-7- marzo 2008, Bologna, Bononia University Press, 2009 (con interventi di Maria Gioia Tavoni, Paolo Tinti, Marino Biondi, Giuseppe Ledda, Francesca Gatta, Umberto Eco, Diego Zancani, Stijn Van Hamme, Luisa Rubini, David Gentilcore, Etsuko Nakayama, Maria Carrerars i Goicoechea, Adele D'Arcangelo, Anabela Cristina Costa da Siva Ferreira, Licia Reggiani, Marcello Soffritti, Elide Casali). External links
 Brief biography of Piero Camporesi
 Il ponte e il cuneo.On some works of Piero Camporesi, Oliviero Ponte di Pino
 Letteratura e cucina - Camporesi, critico controcorrente, "la Repubblica", marzo 2008
 Camporesi, un sapere con tanto sugo - "La stampa" – Tuttolibri, 1-03-08
 Un ghiottone di parole... "L'Espresso", marzo 2008 - Umberto Eco
 Una nota sul metodo di ricerca di Piero Camporesi, Alberto Natale - "griseldaonline", numero I, marzo - ottobre 2002
 Percorsi infernali in Piero Camporesi, Alberto Natale - "griseldaonline", numero I, marzo - ottobre 2002
 Commemorative biography edit by Elide Casali in "Bollettino 900: News 3", 2-11-1997
 Centro Studi Camporesi.Dipartimento di Filologia classica e Italianistica dell'Università di Bologna, su centri.unibo.it. More informations: <mask> <mask> (The Italian page of Wikipedia)

Italian historians
1926 births
1997 deaths
20th-century Italian historians

masks:
Piero Camporesi
Piero
Piero
Piero
Camporesi
Piero
Camporesi


texts:
<mask> (b. Moldes, (Boborás), Galicia, 22 December 1884 - d. Pontevedra, Galicia, 15 October 1929) was a writer, Galician politician, member of the Irmandades da Fala of Ourense, promoter of the magazine Nós and correspondent of the Royal Galician Academy. He was author of half a dozen books of poetry, seven books, two political writings, the incomplete work A domeadora and the speech Ouservacións encol da prosa galega. He became a member in the Seminar of Galician Studies. He was honoured on the Day of the Galician Letters of 1985. Biography

Early years
<mask> belonged to a Hidalgo family of traditional ideology and deeply Catholic. He was the son of <mask> (1860-1913) and <mask> (1850-1888), who died of tuberculosis. He spent five years as an intern at the Santiago Apostol School of the Society of Jesus in Pasaxe (province of Pontevedra).He studied literature at the University of Deusto, graduating in 1906. He took a law course at the University of Santiago de Compostela between 1902 and 1903, where he also acted as assistant professor of Armando Cotarelo Valledor. His first writings were never published. In 1904, he went to Madrid where he obtained a doctorate in philosophy and literature. During these years, he wrote four plays in Spanish that were submitted to a number of contests. In 1907, he returned to Galicia to take part in the agricultural movement. He founded the agricultural unions in A Estrada and in other areas of Galicia.During 1910, he relocated to Galicia, where he attained political appointment to the jaimismo and was chosen as secretary of the Traditionalistic Xunta of Santiago de Compostela. In 1911, he left Galicia again for Madrid in order to prepare for the civil service examination. In 1913, he won a position as professor of secondary education in the Canary Islands. He completed his degree in law in Santiago, where he met Lois Porteiro. On 25 June 1915, he married Albina Espinosa Cervela, daughter of Laurentino Espinosa Valladares, with whom he had his first son, Antón. She died of typhus on 17 December 1916. From 1916, he supported the jaimismo movement and began to praise Catalan regionalism.On 31 December 1920, <mask> married for the second time, this time marrying the sister of his first wife, Mercedes Espinosa Cervela, with whom he had six more children. Entrance in the Galicianist movement
Year 1917 was to be fundamental in the political path of Losada, as he became a member of the Irmandades da Fala and embraced Galicianism. On 17 October, he wrote to Porteiro requesting information and, by 30 October, he had already been integrated into the Irmandades. During that year, he traveled to Barcelona with a delegation of the Irmandades to celebrate a Galician Week and got in contact with the Lliga. When <mask> went back to Ourense he was responsible for receiving Francesc Cambó, and was responsible, together with Rodrigo Sanz and Lois Porteiro, for organizing the Galician autonomy candidatures in the province of Ourense before the Spanish general election held in 1918 (in coalition with the mauristas of José Calvo Sotelo). The electoral defeat provoked a general demoralization in the Irmandades and Losada concentrated his efforts in consolidating the group. In order to do so, he wrote many articles in the press, especially in El Emigrado, La Región, O Tío Marcos d'a Portela, A Nosa Terra, El Estradense and Alborada wherein his writings in Galician could be found, and at the same time continuing his work as Catholic propagandist in Pontevedra acting as president of Catholic Action and of the local Circle of Catholic Workers venues.He also tried to promote some of the first shy attempts to have Galician language adopted in the liturgy. He even translated Salve Regina into that language. In November 1918, he chaired the I Nationalist Assembly of Lugo. Along with Risco and Arturo Noguerol, in 1920, he founded the Nós magazine. He accompanied Risco in the training of the Irmandade Nazonalista Galega during 1922, and was his Propaganda Minister for a year, failing in his attempts to reunify the Galicianist movement. On May 12, 1924, <mask> <mask> became a member of the Seminar of Galician Studies, giving the speech "Ouservacións encol da prosa galega" (Observations about Galician Prose). In reliance on Calvo Sotelo's promises, <mask> collaborated initially with Primo de Rivera's dictatorship as a provincial deputy in Pontevedra.During that period, <mask> took part in the failed attempts to establish a Mancomunity of Galicia, leading to his capitulation at the beginning of 1925. During the rest of the dictatorship, he participated in cultural activities such as founding the Choral Polifónica of Pontevedra, the Eiriña Football Club and his work in the Seminario de Estudos Galegos, but without forgetting the aspirations for autonomy for Galicia. He was only 45 years old when he died in Pontevedra in 1929. <mask> was a corresponding member of the Royal Galician Academy (May 22, 1928) and was honoured on the Day of the Galician Letters in 1985. Work
From joining the Irmandades until his death, <mask> is known to have written a half-dozen poems, seven short stories, an unfinished fragment of a comedy, two articles about art and some other articles. In 1985, his Obra completa (Complete works) were published. Some titles are:
 Simbólica e ideas filosóficas contenidas en "La vida es sueño": drama en tres jornadas y en verso de D. Pedro Calderón de la Barca, 1910."Valentín Lamas Carvajal". Article published in O Tio Marcos d'a Portela nº 32 o 31/5/1918, p. 4. "Os camiños d'o agrarismo galego". Article published in A Nosa Terra nº 96 o 5/8/1919. "Conto" (Dous rapaciños rifaron...), tale published on Nós magazine n.º 5 on 24/6/1921. "Adiante" in A Nosa Terra nº 167, 1922/7/25. "Ouservacións encol da prosa galega", discurso de ingreso no SEG o 12 de maio de 1924.Excavaciones en Montealegre (Domayo), provincia de Pontevedra : memoria de los trabajos realizados y descubrimientos hechos por el concesionario Don Antonio <mask> y Diéguez. 1927. MAN. "Inéditos do Lousada", published in Nós magazine nº 71 on November 15, 1929. Include:
 "Lonxe", dous poemas. O primeiro asinado: Pontevedra, Nadal, 1926, p. 191. "Soneto XV da Vita nuova, do Dante".From Italian «Tanto gentile e tanto onesta pare...», p. 192. "Un conto" (Boteime a camiñar pol-o Ceo, brincando...), p. 192. "Outro conto" (Cando me erguín aquela mañán dixéronme...), p. 193
  A domeadora, pp. 193–203. Obra teatral incompleta. Reedited in 1985 and 2005. "A significación profunda do galeguismo" in Pensamento galego I, C. Baliñas, 1977. .
 <mask> <mask> Diéguez.Escolma edited by Filgueira Valverde. Royal Galician Academy Publications. 1985. Obra completa. Ed. de J. Beramendi. Texts in Galician and Spanish.Xerais, 1985. .
 Antoloxía de <mask> Diéguez (1985). Limiar de Anxo Tarrío. USC. .
 Arredor do noso futuro. Campus Universitario Ourense (1997). .
 Traduccións poéticas de Antón Losada Diéguez. Ed: Marchisio, C. Bibliófilos Gallegos, 1999, . Na estrada da vida: ensaio de comedia dramática, en tres actos e un prólogo. Fervenza.2006. .
 Os que soñan. Fervenza Edicións. A Estrada. 2006. .
 Virilidade : ensaio cómico, orixinal e en prosa. Fervenza. 2006. .
 O mellor de... <mask> <mask> Diéguez (1884-1929), ed. de Teresa Seara, 2010, La Voz de Galicia. .

Gallery

See also
 Vicente Risco
 Irmandades da Fala
 José Calvo Sotelo

References

Bibliography
 José Antonio Durán Iglesias (1981)."<mask> Diéguez, la derecha gallega y los nacionalistas", p. 263-303 in Crónicas-3, Akal, . Xoán Carlos Garrido Couceiro (2005). "Días de Losada na Estrada", intro. in  A domeadora, Fervenza, . Henrique Monteagudo (1995). "Ideas sobre a lingua de Antón <mask> Diéguez" in Antón <mask> Diéguez, 10 anos dun premio. O Carballiño. .

 Homenaxe a Antón <mask> Diéguez: centenario 1884-1984.Concello do Carballiño, 1984. . External links

 RAG. Figures paid tribute to. Antón Losada Diéguez
 Foundation Antón Losada Diéguez
 Galician Virtual Library
 130 aniversario do nacemento de Antón Losada Diéguez Biblioteca Ánxel Casal, Santiago . Galician nationalists
Writers from Galicia (Spain)
1884 births
1929 deaths

masks:
Antón Losada Diéguez
Antón Losada
Miguel Losada y Losada
Carmen Diéguez Arias y Belt
Antón
Antón
Antón
Losada
Losada
Antón
Losada
Losada
Losada
Antón
Losada
Antonio Losada
Antón
Losada
Antonio Losada
Losada
Losada
Losada


texts:
<mask> (born 17 September 1987) is an English professional footballer who is a centre back for Preston North End. He’s made over 300 appearances for the club to date. Club career

Newcastle United
<mask> joined Newcastle United Academy on 1 July 2004. He was promoted to the reserve squad in late 2004 to play tougher opposition and gain experience. He made his reserve debut for the club on 7 December in a 3–0 home win over Middlesbrough, and made his official England Under 18 debut against Scotland fifteen days later where he won 1–0, partnered with David Wheater at centre back. He got his 2nd cap on 10 June 2005 vs. Norway at Vale Park in a 0–0 draw. He signed his first professional contract at the club in July 2005.His first involvement with the first team at Newcastle was when he appeared on the bench for the club's Intertoto Cup games against ZTS Dubnica and Deportivo La Coruña in July 2005. In the summer of 2005 he was awarded the prestigious Jackie Milburn trophy. He was named for the first team squad for the FA Cup third-round tie against Mansfield Town. He made the substitutes bench for the UEFA Cup match against Celta Vigo. On 9 December 2006 he made his first Newcastle appearance as a late substitute against Blackburn Rovers and duly received praise from Newcastle legend Alan Shearer on BBC programme "Match Of The Day". On 14 December he started his first game for Newcastle, appearing at right back away at Chelsea in the Premier League. In that game, he received the Man Of The Match accolade.He scored his first ever goal for Newcastle on 14 January 2007, the first equaliser in Newcastle's 3–2 win over Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane. He played in a UEFA Cup last-16 match against AZ Alkmaar, losing on away goals over the two legs. He went on to make 16 appearances for the first team whilst making the bench for most of the 2006–07 season. Leeds United
On 31 August 2007, he transferred to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee. He made his home debut for the club as a substitute in the 2–0 victory on 8 September at home to Hartlepool United. On 9 October 2007, he opened his Leeds account by scoring against Darlington in the Football League Trophy Second Round on his full debut to help Leeds move to the next stage. He scored his first league goal against Luton Town on 26 January 2008.He scored against Leyton Orient on 5 April. There were controversies surrounding whether it was <mask> or Bradley Johnson who scored the goal, but was officially given to <mask>. <mask> was Leeds' first-choice centre-back. He was in good form during the run-in to the end of the 2007–08 season. Manager Gary McAllister said <mask> has a bright future ahead of him. <mask> played at Wembley on 25 May 2008 in the League One Play-Off Final against Doncaster, losing 1–0. He was handed the captain's armband during the 2008–09 pre-season tour of Ireland in the game against Shelbourne.He was ruled out during the remainder of the season after undergoing hernia and groin operations. At this time, Gary McAllister was fired and replaced by Simon Grayson. On 10 September 2009, <mask> joined League One rivals Stockport County on a month's loan. He made his Stockport debut in the 2–2 draw against Yeovil Town, and then made the League 1 team of the week after his appearance against Huddersfield. After nine appearances for Stockport, his two-month loan ended. Stockport County wanted to extend the loan for a third and final month but <mask> was told to return by Leeds United. Stockport County
After leaving Leeds, he signed to Stockport County on a short-term contract until the end of the season.Yeovil Town
On 16 July 2010 <mask> signed to Yeovil Town on a two-year contract. He scored his first goal for Yeovil and their 3rd in a 3–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 11 September and made the League One Team Of The Week. He repeated this achievement on 9 October after a 1–0 win at Rochdale. On 3 January 2011 he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against Milton Keynes Dons at home and received Man of the Match. He won the League One Player of the Month for January, beating competition from Brighton's Elliott Bennett, Craig Dawson from Rochdale, and AFC Bournemouth's Liam Feeney to win this award which was presented by his manager Terry Skiverton. During this month he scored three times against Sheffield Wednesday, Milton Keynes Dons, and Brentford and was part of a defence that kept four clean sheets. He was appointed captain of the club as Yeovil finished in 14th place, their second highest finish.He was runner-up in the Green and White Player of the Season Award and the Western Gazette Player of the Season Award. <mask> scored his first goal of the 2011/12 season in the 3–2 home defeat against Charlton Athletic on Boxing Day and followed this up with a goal in the New Year's Eve defeat against Bournemouth. On 22 May 2012, the club announced that he had rejected a new deal citing that he wanted to move to a club closer to his hometown. Preston North End
Following his rejection of a new contract with Yeovil Town, he joined Preston North End. He scored his first goal for Preston against Crawley Town in a 2–1 loss. He then scored in the JPT 2nd round in a 4–2 win at Morecambe, On Tuesday 9 October 2012. <mask> scored his 3rd goal of the season away at Tranmere Rovers in a 1–1 draw on 27 October 2012.On 8 December he scored against Crewe Alexandra. On 11 April 2013 <mask> was nominated for Npower League One Player Of The Month for March with three clean sheets. His first goal of the 2013/14 season came on 14 September against Stevenage in a 3–0 win. On 17 December 2013, <mask> extended his contract with Preston North End, thus keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015. His second goal of the season came in a 2–2 draw at Crawley Town on 14 December. <mask> scored his first goal of the 2014–15 season on 21 October with a powerful header at Gillingham in a 1–0 win. He scored his second goal in three league games at Leyton Orient on 28 October 2014 in a 2–0 win.His third goal of the season came against ex-club Yeovil Town on 29 November in a 2–0 victory, heading into the top left corner. On 6 December <mask>'s left-footed half volley was the winning goal in a 1–0 2nd round FA Cup tie at home to Shrewsbury Town; it was his 4th goal in 13 games. His goalscoring run continued on 16 December when he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 victory at Notts County, in the northern section semi-final of the Football League Trophy. He headed his 6th goal of the season away at Crawley Town on 31 January 2015. He followed it up with his second goal in two games at Sheffield United in the FA Cup 4th round replay at Bramall Lane 3 February in a 3–1 win. <mask>'s 8th goal of the season came away at Oldham Athletic 28 February in a 4–0 win. He won promotion with the Lilywhites in the 2014–15 season, scoring the second goal of a 4–0 victory over Swindon Town in the 2015 League One Play-Off Final at Wembley.<mask> won the Sir Tom Finney Trophy for the 2014/15 season awarded by the supporters. He signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 26 May 2015 which ran until the summer of 2017. On 16 November 2015 <mask> won League One Player Of The Year at the North West Football Awards for the 2014–15 season. Preston North End finished 11th in their first season in the EFL Championship after gaining promotion. <mask> signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 22 August 2016 with the option of a third year. His first goal of the 2016-17 season came on 14 January 2017, scoring a header against Brighton & Hove Albion in a 2–0 win and was subsequently named in the EFL Team of the Week. <mask> extended his contract with Preston North End until the summer of 2019.A second 11th-placed finish in the Championship was achieved in the 2016/17 season

He scored his only goal of the 2017-18 season against Nottingham Forest on 23 December in a 1–1 draw. Preston just missed out on the play-off places on the last day of the season in May 2018, finishing 7th. On 10 July 2018 <mask> signed a new three-year contract with Preston North End. On 28 December 2020 <mask> signed a contract extension with Preston North End for a 10th year until June 30th 2022. Career statistics

Honours
Preston North End
Football League One Play-Off Winner 2014–15

Individual
Preston North End Player of the Year 2014–15
North West Football Awards League One Player Of The Year 2014–15

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Carlisle, Cumbria
English footballers
England youth international footballers
Association football central defenders
Premier League players
English Football League players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Stockport County F.C.players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
People from Aspatria

masks:
Paul David Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington


texts:
<mask> (, 16 February 1874 – 25 June 1925) was a Russian translator, poet and writer of the Silver Age. Her literary salons of the 19th and early 20th century brought many of the poets of the age together. Almost forgotten after her lifetime, scholarship renewed on Gertsyk at the end of the Soviet era and she is now deemed one of the significant poets of her age. Early life
<mask> was born on 16 February 1874 in Alexandrov of the Moscow Governorate in the Russian Empire to Sofia Maximilianovna (née Tidebel) () and <mask> (). Her father was descended of an impoverished Polish-Lithuanian noble family and worked as an engineer for the railroad, heading the construction of the Moscow-Yaroslavl line. Her paternal uncle, <mask>, built the Baranov Manufacturing plant in the Alexandrovsky District town of Karabanovo. Her paternal aunt, <mask> was married to the painter Lev Lagorio.Her mother, who died when Gertsyk and her sister, Eugenia, were young children was of German and Swiss heritage, though the family was entirely Russified, they were Lutheran. After their mother's death in 1880, Gertsyk's father remarried Eugenia Antonovna Vokach () and a half-brother Vladimir was born in 1885. Because of the nature of her father's work, Gertsyk grew up moving often, as her father constructed the rail line. After her birth in Alexandrov, they lived in Moscow then back to Alexandrov, and later Sevastopol and Yuriev-Polsky. All the children received a broad early education from by tutors and governesses, which included the study of five languages encompassing Polish and Italian, among others. They also traveled to Europe to experience diverse cultures during their childhood. Continuing her education, she was prepared for gymnasium following the curriculum of the Moscow Nobles Boarding School (ru) by the poet, M. A. Carlin (), from whom she developed a passion for writing.Gertsyk studied at the Moscow Women's Gymnasium and after graduating, studied art history, literature and philosophy on her own. Career
Fascinated by Russian folklore, Gertsyk taught the subject in a school in Tsarskoe Selo as well as at her family's estate in the Crimea. Her first works were translations which she began publishing in 1899. These included works by Alfred de Musset, Selma Lagerlöf, Friedrich Nietzsche, John Ruskin, and others. She also produced translations with her sister, Eugenia and began writing poetry during her relationship with , a married lawyer and poet. He was much older than she, but their relationship inspired her to write and influenced her later works. He died suddenly in 1903 and as a result of the shock, Gertsyk partially lost her hearing.Beginning in 1905, she worked as a collaborator on the journal Libra, publishing critiques and reviews of new books under the pseudonym V. Syrin. 1906 she published an essay Из мира детских игр (From the world of Children's Games), which was an acclaimed introspection. Her first significant publication of her own poems appeared in the almanac of the Symbolists known as Flower Garden of First Ashes that same year, as the cycle Golden Key. The poems depict philosophical and religious symbols with references to folkloric myth. She gained praise for the works from such artists as Konstantin Balmont, Valery Bryusov, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Maximilian Voloshin, and others. Around the same time as her publication, she spent the summer of 1908 at the family estate in Sudak and remained there until the first of October. Among the guests were Vyacheslav Ivanov,  and Dmitry Evgenievich Zhukovsky.In January, 1909, in Paris, Gertsyk married Zhukovsky, a biologist, publisher, and translator of philosophical literature, who was a member of the Russian aristocracy and well-to-do. The poet Maximilian Voloshin served as the best man at the wedding. By the following August, their first child, Daniyl was born. In 1910, her collection Стихотворения (Poems) was published and earned responses from the same group of noted poets, which was unusual praise for a Russian woman. In 1911, she published an autobiographical novella, О том, чго не было (About That Which Never Was) in the journal Russian Thought. From 1910 to 1917, Gertsyk published in the journals "Северные записки" (Northern Notes), "Альманах Муз" (Muses' Almanac) among others pursuing aesthetic themes. The couple hosted literary salons which were widely attended by some of the most noted intellectuals of the day.She became friends with and was influenced by Sergei Bulgakov to convert from Lutheranism to Russian Orthodoxy. At one of these events in early 1911, Voloshin brought the young poet Marina Tsvetaeva. The two became steadfast friends and it would later be Gertsyk who introduced Tsvetaeva to Sophia Parnok in 1914. In 1913, she gave birth to her second son, Nikita. Following the autobiographical novella cycle, Gertsyk published two more, Мои романы (My Loves, 1913) and Мои блуждания (My Wanderings, 1915). During the war years encompassing World War I and the Russian Civil War, the family lived in the Crimea, first staying in the home Gertsyk's father had built in 1880. As they had in Moscow, the couple hosted salons for members of the intelligentsia, which included their friends from Moscow, and others like Lyudmila Erarskaya, Parnok, , Alexander Spendiaryan, as well as the threesome Polyxena Solovyova, her partner, Natalia Manaseina, and Manaseina's husband Mikhail.The group discussed literature and philosophy, staged performances and even published a literary newsletter. In 1914, as the older home needed renovations, the couple decided to build their own house in Sudak, which took two years to complete. They moved in in 1916, but did not enjoy it for long, as when the Red Terror reached the Crimea in 1920, their gatherings were banned. The famine seriously impacted her children, nearly killing them and then in January, 1921, Gertsyk was arrested. She spent three weeks imprisoned in Sudak and used the time to write a cycle of poems called Подвальные (The Cellar). After her release, she expanded some of these into a series of longer pieces, Подвальные очерки (Cellar Essays, 1924-1925). Some of these were printed in 1926 in the magazine Перезвоны (Chimes) in Riga.All dealt with the question of the border between life and death wherein people on the verge of death leave behind their earthly pleasures and seek truth. Death and legacy
In 1924, the family homes in Sudak were nationalized. Living in abject poverty and unable to find publishers, she and her son were forced to share a single pair of shoes. Finding the Soviet regime to be one of “coarse materialism”, she tried to emigrate with her family to France, but was unsuccessful. She died in a hospital in Sudak after suffering an acute attack of nephritis on 25 June 1925 and was buried in the Sudak Cemetery. The cemetery was destroyed in the 1980s and no trace of her burial remains. After the demise of the Soviet Union, interest in Gertsyk revived.A museum named in honor of her and her sister, the Adelaide and Eugenia Gertsyk Museum of Silver Age, was established in Sudak and poetry readings of their work commenced in 1996. In 2006, Natalia K. Bonetskaia published a book, Русская Сивилла и её современники: творческий портрет Аделаиды Герцык (Russian Sibyl and her contemporaries: Artistic portrait of <mask> <mask>) re-examining the significance of Gertsyk in light of her peers, and found that she was "one of the least known but brightest figures of the Russian Silver Age". References

Citations

Bibliography

1874 births
1925 deaths
People from Moscow Governorate
Russian women poets
19th-century Russian women writers
19th-century Russian writers
20th-century Russian women writers
20th-century Russian writers
19th-century Russian translators

masks:
Adelaida Gertsyk
Adelaida Kazimirovna Gertsyk
Kasimir Antonovich Luny Gertsyk
Joseph Antonovich Lubny Gertsyk
Elena Antonovna Lubny Gertsyk
Adelaida
Gertsyk


texts:
<mask> (25 July 1926 – 22 March 1990) was a British political scientist best known for his work on the connections between Gandhism and anarchism, on the British co-operative movement, and on syndicalism and workers' control. His books included The Gentle Anarchists: A Study of the Sarvodaya Movement for Non-Violent Revolution in India (1971), coauthored with Melville Currell, and Nonviolent Revolution in India (1985), both dealing with the Sarvodaya movement. He spent the majority of his academic career at the University of Birmingham. Early life
<mask> was born on 25 July 1926 near Huntingdon, the son of a Danish immigrant. He attended Huntingdon Grammar School and Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he studied philosophy, politics and economics, graduating in 1950. <mask> became an anarchist while serving in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War after reading Herbert Read's Poetry and Anarchism. Work and career

<mask> taught and conducted research at the University of Birmingham from 1953 until his death.He was also a Rockefeller Foundation fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, and a visiting professor at Osmania University, Hyderabad. Colin Ward wrote that "in his quiet, ironical way [<mask>] always relished the absurdities of the job he held" at Birmingham. Ward described <mask> as "a rock-like defender of academic freedom", and noted his "moral staunchness" in his support for the student revolts of the 1960s and for David Selbourne in his conflict with Ruskin College. <mask> regularly contributed to anarchist and pacifist periodicals, sometimes publishing under the name Gaston Gerard (an anagram of G. N. <mask>), and was a trustee of Peace News and the Friends of Freedom Press. He was one of a number of writers who contributed to the development of anarcho-pacifist thought and action during and shortly after the Second World War; others included Read, Alex Comfort, Nicolas Walter, David Thoreau Wieck, Dorothy Day, and Paul Goodman. Drawing on Gandhism, he argued that nonviolence offered a way to reconcile political principles with tactics and to envision of a society without organized coercion. Early career
<mask> pursued doctoral studies under G. D. H. Cole at the Nuffield College, Oxford, completing a thesis entitled Public Ownership in Great Britain: A Study in the Development of Socialist Ideas in 1953.In the 1950s <mask> published a series of articles on the co-operative movement. In Latter-day Anarchism: The Politics of the American Beat Generation (1964) he identified beats, beatniks and hipsters as "latter-day anarchists" sharing an eschatological or apocalyptic, rather than utopian, outlook, and the practice of Zen, which he described as "an intensely personal, subjective religion". Work on the Sarvodaya movement
<mask> was a lifelong Gandhian. His work on Gandhism sought to reframe the thought of Mohandas Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave and Jayaprakash Narayan in terms of anarchism. The Gentle Anarchists: A Study of the Sarvodaya Movement for Non-Violent Revolution in India (1971), coauthored with Melville Currell, is a comprehensive study of the Sarvodaya movement. <mask> and Currell identify Sarvodaya as an Indian form of anarchism or communitarian socialism and identify points of continuity between Sarvodaya and the anarchist tradition, including rejection of private property and representative government, belief in decentralization and a synthesis of freedom and equality, emphasis on local communities, and support for direct action. The bulk of the book is based on the findings from a survey of the movement's leaders, inquiring into their backgrounds, motivations, political beliefs and attitudes.Reviewing the book in the India Quarterly, Usha Mehta wrote that it evinced "the authors' deep understanding of Indian society and people and of their sympathy for the Sarvodaya movement." In his review for The Journal of Asian Studies, Anthony Parel described The Gentle Anarchists as "a most welcome addition to the literature of modern Indian politics in general and to Gandhian politics in particular". In a review in the Journal of Asian and African Studies, Frank F. Conlon questioned <mask> and Currell's methodology but identified the book as "an important first step" that would "reveal much about the condition of sarvodaya in contemporary India and ... stimulate further historical and sociological lines of enquiry." Marvin Dicker, reviewing in Social Forces, similarly questioned Ostergaard and Currell's methodology and noted their sympathy for the movement as a further weakness, but described the book as "a valuable contribution to the literature on social movements." The Gentle Anarchists was followed by Nonviolent Revolution in India (1985). <mask>'s account of the Sarvodaya movement here focuses on the period from 1969 to 1977 and on the figures of Bhave and Narayan and their differences, including their respective approaches to the Emergency of 1975–77 and the premiership of Indira Gandhi. <mask> argues for the superiority of Narayan's approach over Bhave's, though with significant caveats.<mask> also identifies the Sarvodaya movement as the only significant social movement motivated by the belief in nonviolent revolution. Looking to the movement's future, he argues the movement ought to adopt a more overtly anarchistic position including election boycotts and the construction of alternative political institutions from below. Reviewing the book in The Round Table, Antony Copley described the book as "scrupulously fair" and likely to "establish itself as amongst the most important books to appear on the extraordinary drama of Mrs Gandhi's India." In his review for Our Generation, Robert Graham wrote that "<mask> has provided a great service to all those interested in nonviolent social revolution by writing such a thorough and thoughtful analysis", but argued the book fails to provide sufficient background on Indian politics and political groupings. Personal life
<mask> married Eva Dryden in 1948. He and Eva spent several years living in India while he researched and wrote about Gandhism. They had a son, Magnus.Death and legacy
<mask> died of leukaemia in Birmingham on 22 March 1990. His papers are held at the University of Bradford Library. See also
 List of peace activists

List of works
 Latter-day Anarchism: The Politics of the American Beat Generation (1964)
 Power in Co-operatives: A Study of the Internal Politics of British Retail Societies (1965), coauthored with A. H. Halsey
 The Gentle Anarchists: A Study of the Sarvodaya Movement for Non-Violent Revolution in India (1971), coauthored with Melville Currell
 Nonviolent Revolution in India (1985)
 Resisting the Nation State: The Pacifist and Anarchist Tradition (1985)
 The Tradition of Workers' Control: Selected Writings by <mask> (1997)

References

External links
 Works by <mask> hosted by Libcom.org
 Works by <mask> hosted by the Satyagraha Foundation for Nonviolence Studies

1926 births
1990 deaths
British political scientists
British anarchists
Anarcho-pacifists
British political writers
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Anarchist writers
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Alumni of Nuffield College, Oxford
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Osmania University faculty
Nonviolence advocates
Gandhians
Non-Indian Gandhians

masks:
Geoffrey Nielsen Ostergaard
Geoffrey Nielsen Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Overview Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Geoffrey Ostergaard
Geoffrey Ostergaard
Geoffrey Ostergaard