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Frederick "<mask><mask> (; 21 September 187724 May 1956; sometimes Du Quesne) was a South African Boer and German soldier, big-game hunter, journalist, and spy. He fought on the side of the Boers in the Second Boer War and as a secret agent for Germany during both World Wars. He gathered human intelligence, led spy rings and carried out sabotage missions as a covert field asset in South Africa, Great Britain, Central and South America, and the United States. He went by many aliases, fictionalized his identity and background on multiple occasions, and operated as a con man. As a Boer spy he was known as the "Black Panther", in World War II he operated under the code name DUNN, and in FBI files he is frequently referred to as "The Duke". He was captured, convicted, and escaped several prisons. During the Second Boer War, from 1899 to 1902, <mask> was captured and imprisoned three times by the British and once by the Portuguese, and each time he escaped.On one occasion he infiltrated the British army, became a British officer, and led an attempt to sabotage Cape Town and to assassinate the commander-in-chief Lord Kitchener. His team was given up by an informant and all were captured and sentenced to death. After a failed attempt to escape prison in Cape Town, he was sent to prison in Bermuda, but he escaped to the United States and became an American citizen. In World War I, he became a spy and ring leader for Germany and during this time he sabotaged British merchant ships in South America with concealed bombs and destroyed several. He sometimes purchased insurance on merchandise he shipped on the vessels he sabotaged and then filed claims for damages. He became known as "the man who killed Kitchener" since he claimed to have guided a German U-boat to sink HMS Hampshire on which Lord Kitchener was en route to Russia in 1916, although forensics of the ship do not support this claim. After he was caught by federal agents in New York in 1917, he feigned paralysis for two years and cut the bars of his cell to make his escape, thereby avoiding deportation to England where he faced execution for the deaths of British sailors.In 1932, he was again captured in New York by federal agents and charged with both homicide and for being an escaped prisoner, only this time he was set free after Britain declined to pursue the wartime crimes. The last time he was captured and imprisoned was in 1941 when he and 32 other members of the Duquesne Spy Ring working for Nazi Germany were caught by William G. Sebold, a double agent with the FBI and spying for the Germans. Duquesne was later convicted in the largest espionage conviction in the history of the United States. Between wars, Duquesne served as an adviser on big game hunting to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, as a publicist in the movie business, as a journalist, as a fictional Australian war hero, and as head of the New Food Society in New York. During the Boer war he had been under orders to kill Frederick Russell Burnham, Chief of Scouts in the British Army, but in 1910 he worked with both Burnham and then Rep. Robert Broussard to lobby the U.S. Congress to fund the importation of hippopotamuses into the Louisiana bayous to solve a severe meat shortage. Duquesne often took on many identities, reinvented his past at will, attached his ancestry to aristocratic clans, granted himself military titles and medals, and spoke of many people, some fact and some fictional. Early life
<mask> was born to a Boer family of French Huguenot origin in East London, Cape Colony in 1877 and later moved with his parents, <mask> and Minna <mask>, to Nylstroom in the South African Republic (now Modimolle, South Africa) where they started a farm.Abraham made his living as a hunter who also frequently traveled to sell skins, tusks, and horns, and he hired local natives to work the farm. He had two younger siblings, his sister Elsbet and his brother Pedro. He was a descendant of the French Huguenot naval commander <mask> (1610–1688), and claimed his uncle was Piet <mask> (1831–1900), a hero in the First Boer War and Commandant-General of the South African Republic, although his family relationship is disputed. As a youth, <mask>ne became a hunter like his father. His hunting skills proved useful not only in the African veld, but also later in life when he would publish articles about and give lectures on big-game hunting. It was during one of his early hunting trips that Duquesne became interested in panthers. He observed a black panther patiently waiting motionless for the perfect time to strike while a cautious African Buffalo approached and drank from a nearby water hole.The panther became his totem and its hunting style also became his. In the Second Boer War, Duquesne became known as the "Black Panther", and as a spy in the 1930s he stamped "all of his communiques to Germany with the figure of a cat, back arched and fur raised in anger." At age 12, <mask>ne killed his first man, a Zulu who attacked his mother. He used the man's assegai short sword to stab him in the stomach. Not long after the killing, a war party from a Bantu-speaking tribe attacked the area near Nylstroom and the Duquesne family was forced to retreat to the nearby river. The <mask> family, along with six other settler families, fought a long gun battle against the Impi and <mask>ne shot and killed several. When the fighting ended, his uncle Koos, his wife, and their baby were all dead.When he was 13, he was sent to school in England. After graduation, biographer Clement Wood states that Duquesne went to Oxford University for a year and then he attended the Académie Militaire Royale in Brussels; however, his attendance records at these two institutions have never been found. Also, Duquesne himself writes that after he finished school in England he was sent to Europe to study engineering, but on the ship he met an embezzler named Christian de Vries and the two decided to take a trip around the world. Second Anglo-Boer War

After the English invaded South Africa in 1899, Duquesne returned to South Africa to join the Boer commandos as a lieutenant attached to the staff of Commandant General Piet <mask> in Pretoria. He was wounded with a bullet through his right shoulder at the Siege of Ladysmith, but was promoted to the rank of captain in the artillery. Duquesne was captured by the English at the Battle of Colenso, but escaped in Durban. During the English invasion of Pretoria, some of the gold from the central bank was sent by train to the small town of Machadodorp, then by road to the neutral harbor of Lourenço Marques in Portuguese East Africa (now Maputo, Mozambique) to be shipped to the Netherlands for the use of President Paul Kruger and other Boer exiles fleeing the Transvaal.A final tally showed about 1.5 million pounds (680,000 kilos) of gold bullion was removed from the South African Mint and National Bank between 29 May and 4 June 1900. Duquesne was in command of one of these large shipments of gold sent by wagon; however, this gold never made it to its destination. While in the bushveld of Portuguese East Africa, a violent disagreement broke out among the Boers. After the struggle, only two wounded Boers, Duquesne, and the tottys (native porters) remained alive. Duquesne ordered the tottys to hide the gold in the Caves of Leopards for safekeeping, to burn the wagons, and kill the wounded. He gave the tottys all the oxen, except for one which he rode away. Historian Art Ronnie writes in 1995 the buried central bank gold, commonly referred to as "Kruger's Millions" is only a legend; however, recently, there are reports about discoveries in South Africa of the missing gold buried by Duquesne.Duquesne joined the Boer forces again for the Battle of Bergendal, but his unit had to fall back to Portuguese East Africa (present-day Mozambique). Many were captured by the Portuguese and sent to an internment camp in Caldas da Rainha near Lisbon. For Duquesne, this would become the watershed event, as Ronnie states, "life would never be the same for him ... In a few months, he would be launched on a forty-year career as a professional spy and counterfeit hero – a man who would constantly reinvent himself to suit the needs of the moment." At the internment camp in Portugal, he charmed the daughter of one of the guards; she helped him escape to Paris, and to Aldershot in England. He infiltrated the British army, then was posted to South Africa in 1901 as an officer. During this period, he marched through Nylstroom, discovering his parent's farm was destroyed under Lord Kitchener's scorched earth policy.Duquesne also discovered his sister was raped and murdered by the English, and his mother was interned in the Nylstroom concentration camp operated as part of Kitchener's policy. Ronnie writes: "the fate of his country and of his family would breed in him an all-consuming hatred of England" and "would turn him into what (a biographer of Duquesne) Clement Wood called: a walking living breathing searing killing destroying torch of hate". As an English officer, Duquesne returned to Cape Town with secret plans to sabotage English installations and to assassinate Kitchener. He recruited twenty Boer men, but the group were betrayed by the wife of one. On 11 October 1901, while attending a dinner for Sir Walter Hely-Hutchinson, the Cape Colony governor, he was arrested in dress uniform for "conspiracy against the English and on (the charge of) espionage." He was court-martialled as a lieutenant in the English army, sentenced to be shot along with his co-conspirators. The other twenty members of his team were quickly executed, but as a plea-bargain, his sentence was reduced to life in prison.In exchange, Duquesne agreed to divulge secret Boer codes and to translate several Boer dispatches. According to Ronnie, "for the rest of his life he swore he never betrayed the Boer cause but created new codes to mislead the English." He was imprisoned in Cape Town in the Castle of Good Hope, a fortification built by the Dutch in 1666. The walls of the castle were extremely thick, yet night after night, Duquesne dug away the cement around the stones with an iron spoon. He nearly escaped one night, but a large stone slipped and pinned him in his tunnel. The next morning, a guard found him unconscious but uninjured. Duquesne was one of many Boer prisoners sent to the penal colony of Bermuda, an archipelago known for its frequent storm-wracked conditions, shark infested waters, and dangerous reefs.According to Ronnie, Bermuda was an "impossible, hopeless, and impregnable prison of pink beaches and sunlit waters from which no prisoner could escape – or so believed the English." Duquesne escaped from several other POW camps, and on the night of 25 June 1902, he slipped out of his tent, climbed a barbed-wire fence, swam 1.5 miles (2.4 km) past patrol boats and bright spot lights. He used a distant lighthouse for navigation until he arrived on the main island. He went to the home of Anna Maria Outerbridge, a leader of a Boer Relief Committee. Outerbridge helped him escape to the port of St. George's. Another Boer Relief Committee member, Captain W. E. Meyer, arranged for his transportation off the island. Within the week, Duquesne was a passenger on boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland.In the United States

After escaping the English penitentiary in Bermuda, Duquesne proceeded to New York city. He found employment as a journalist for the New York Herald and other newspapers by writing adventure stories. The Second Boer War ended in 1902 with the Boers signing the Treaty of Vereeniging, but with his family dead, Duquesne never returned to South Africa. While in New York city, he published a novel in the French newspaper Le Petit Bleu, and two other novels published in South Africa. In 1908, he was written up in Men of America as a travelling correspondent sent to locations such as Port Arthur (now the Chinese Lüshunkou District) to report on the Russo-Japanese War, Morocco to report on the Riff Rebellion, and to the Belgian Congo (currently known as 'Democratic Republic of the Congo') to accompany Sir Arthur Jones on an expedition. In June 1910, he married Alice Wortley, an American, but their marriage ended in divorce eight years later. During the Second Boer War, Duquesne was under orders to assassinate Frederick Russell Burnham, the American acting as Chief of Scouts for the English Army.After the war, Burnham remained active in counter-espionage for the English, and much of it involved keeping track of Duquesne. In 1910, Burnham and Congressman Robert Broussard founded the New Food Supply Society to import useful African wildlife into the U.S. as a solution to a serious American meat shortage, and Broussard selected Duquesne as an expert. In support of this plan, Broussard introduced H.R. 23261, also known as the American Hippo Bill attempting the appropriation of $250,000 to import hippopotamus into the Louisiana bayous as food source and to control the water hyacinth then clogging Southern river systems. Former President Theodore Roosevelt backed the plan, as did the U.S. Department of Agriculture, The Washington Post, and The New York Times, which praised the taste of hippopotamus as "lake cow bacon". Duquesne's expert testimony on this subject before the House Committee on Agriculture is recorded in the Congressional Record. The bill fell just short of passing, and the New Foods organization was disbanded.During this time, Duquesne became former President Roosevelt's personal shooting instructor and accompanied him on a hunting expedition. He published several newspaper articles on Roosevelt's hunting trip to Africa, safari big game hunting in general, and the heroic accomplishments of Caucasian people to bring civilization to black Africans. Duquesne became a naturalized American citizen in December 1913. First World War

After meeting a German-American industrialist in the Midwest around 1914, Duquesne became a German spy. He was sent to Brazil as "Frederick Fredericks" under the disguise of "doing scientific research on rubber plants". As an agent for Naval Intelligence in South America, he was assigned to disrupt commercial traffic to countries at war with Germany. Duquesne received and delivered communiques through German embassies, and he was responsible for numerous explosions on British merchant ships.From his base in Bahia, Brazil, he planted time bombs disguised as cases of mineral samples on British ships and he was credited with sinking 22 ships; among them were the Salvador and the Pembrokeshire. Additionally, one of his bombs killed three British sailors and nearly sank the  in February 1916, and another started a fire on the Vauban. After bombing the Tennyson, MI5 (British intelligence) operating in Brazil arrested an accomplice named Bauer who identified Duquesne as both the perpetrator of the crime and the ring leader. Bauer further revealed that Duquesne was operating under his own name and two aliases, George Fordam and Piet Niacud. Niacud is the pronunciation of Duquesne reversed. MI5 confirmed that Duquesne was "a German intelligence officer ... involved in a series of acts of sabotage against British shipping in South American waters during the war". His cover now blown, Duquesne moved to Buenos Aires, Argentina, and several weeks later placed an article in a newspaper reporting his own death in Bolivia at the hands of Amazonian natives.Duquesne evaded British intelligence in South America and returned to New York around May 1916. Using the aliases George Fordam and Frederick Fredericks, he had taken out insurance policies for the cargo he shipped and he now filed claims for the "films" and "mineral samples" lost with the ships he sank off the coast of Brazil, including the British steamship Tennyson. The insurance companies were reluctant to pay and began their own investigations which would go on for another year. In his book The Man Who Killed Kitchener, biographer Clement Wood states that Duquesne left for Europe in June 1916 under orders from German intelligence. Duquesne posed as

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 the Russian Duke Boris Zakrevsky and joined Field Marshal Kitchener on HMS Hampshire in Scotland. Once on board, Duquesne signaled the German submarine that sank the cruiser, thus killing Lord Kitchener. Duquesne made his own escape using a life raft before the ship was torpedoed and he was rescued by the submarine.Duquesne was awarded the Iron Cross for this act, and he appears in several pictures in German uniform wearing an Iron Cross in addition to other medals. Captain Louis Botha, son of the former prime minister of South Africa General Louis Botha, further writes that "Duquesne was a great friend of the Botha family" and that Duquesne "rose from the status of a Private in the German Army to the rank of Colonel, and received the Iron Cross during the great war." The authenticity of several of these claims has been challenged by modern biographers, and the German records that would confirm or deny at least parts of these accounts are now missing and presumed destroyed during the war. The next confirmed appearance of Duquesne is in Washington, D.C., in July 1917, not long after the U.S. declared war on Germany. He had contacted Senator Robert Broussard with whom he had worked on the bill to import hippos into Louisiana. Unaware that Duquesne was now a German spy, Senator Broussard attempted to help him obtain a position with General George Washington Goethals, the acting U.S. Army Quartermaster and former chief engineer of the Panama Canal, but he was not successful. Additionally, Duquesne filed patents for an underwater electromagnetic mine which he then attempted to sell to the U.S. Navy.As a covert spy, it was necessary for Duquesne to manipulate people, assume new identities and cover stories. It is known that he was handsome, charismatic, intelligent, fluent in several languages, and as FBI agent Raymond Newkirk observed, "the Duke was a very interesting talker but he always had to be the center of attention." He also sometimes took his deceptions further than seems necessary. With the advent of World War One, Duquesne's stories of great white hunters and African safaris no longer fascinated the American public and when he returned to New York he was dropped from the lecture circuit. To get back on stage he needed new material, so with the help of German intelligence he re-invented himself and pretended to be an allied war hero, Captain Claude Stoughton of the Western Australian Light Horse regiment, a man who claimed to have "seen more war than any man at present" and claimed to have been "bayoneted three times, gassed four times, and stuck once with a hook." Duquesne appeared before New York audiences dressed in uniform as Stoughton to tell them war stories, promote the sale of Liberty Bonds, and to make patriotic speeches for organizations such as the Red Cross. As historian Jon Mooallem explains it, "Captain Stoughton's career took off.His talks made decent money, his heroism earned him respect, and ladies found him alluring", and "the Black Panther was an adrenaline junkie ... his invented persona had such magnetism and such possibility, in fact, that he began deploying his alter-ego in a wide variety of personal appearances ... it is possible that Duquesne simply liked attention, the performance." Duquesne was arrested in New York on 17 November 1917 on charges of fraud for insurance claims. At the time of his arrest, Duquesne had in his possession a large file of news clippings related to the bombing of ships, as well as a letter from the Assistant German Vice Consul at Managua, Nicaragua. The letter indicated that Captain Duquesne was "one who has rendered considerable service to the German cause." The British authorities were also looking at Duquesne as the agent responsible for "murder on the high seas, arson, faking Admiralty documents and conspiring against the Crown", and the American authorities agreed that they would extradite Duquesne to Britain, if the British sent him back afterward to serve his sentence for fraud. 1919 to 1939

After his arrest in New York, and while awaiting extradition to Britain on murder charges, Duquesne pretended to be paralyzed. He was sent to the prison ward at Bellevue Hospital.On 25 May 1919, after nearly two years of feigning paralysis and just days before his extradition, he disguised himself as a woman and escaped by cutting the bars of his cell and climbing over the barrier walls to freedom. Police Commissioner Richard E. Enright sent out the following bulletin:

This man is partly paralysed in the right leg and always carries a cane. May apply for treatment at a hospital or private physician. He also has a skin disease which is a form of eczema. If located, arrest, hold and wire, Detective Division, Police Headquarters, New York City, and an officer will be sent for him with necessary papers. The London Daily Mail published the following on 27 May 1919:

Col. <mask> Quesne, a fugitive from justice, is wanted by His Majesty's government for trial on the following charges: Murder on the high seas; the sinking and burning of British ships; the burning of military stores, warehouses, coaling stations, conspiracy, and the falsification of Admiralty documents. Duquesne fled to Mexico and Europe, but in 1926 he moved back to New York and assumed a new identity as Frank de Trafford Craven.He worked for Joseph P. Kennedy's Film Booking Offices of America (FBO Pictures), and later RKO Pictures, as part of the publicity staff. As part of this job he moved back to Manhattan, where he was well known under his real name. In 1930, Duquesne moved to the Quigley Publishing Company, a producer of movie magazines, and he called himself Major Craven. On 23 May 1932, police arrested Duquesne in the Quigley building in New York. He was interrogated and beaten by the police and charged with murder on the high seas. Duquesne claimed it was a case of mistaken identity and that his name really was Major Craven. Clement Wood had recently published a biography of Duquesne, The Man Who Killed Kitchener, so the police asked Wood to identify the man in custody.Wood insisted that the man was not Duquesne, but rather Major Craven whom he had known for five years. Police did not believe Wood and agent Thomas J. Tunney was brought in to positively identify Craven as Duquesne, the same man he had arrested in 1917. Duquesne was charged with homicide and as an escaped prisoner. He was defended by Arthur Garfield Hays, who had also been one of the attorneys in the famous Scopes Trial. After Britain declined to pursue his war crimes, noting that the statute of limitations had expired, the judge threw out the only remaining charge of escape from prison and released Duquesne. After his release, Duquesne remained associated with the Quigley family, and he talked for hours about the methods he used to blow up ships. To verify the stories, Quigley had Duquesne meet with several experts, the most prominent of whom was Fr.Wilfrid Parsons, SJ, editor of the Jesuit magazine, America. The experts verified his command of languages, that he was widely traveled and a skilled impersonator. While the chronology was imprecise, everything Duquesne told Quigley that could be verified proved to be correct. In the spring of 1934, Duquesne became an intelligence officer for the Order of 76, an American pro-Nazi organization, and in January 1935 he began working for the U.S. government's Works Progress Administration. Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, head of the Abwehr, Germany's division of military intelligence, knew Duquesne from his work in World War I, and he instructed his new chief of operations in the U.S., Col. Nikolaus Ritter, to make contact with Duquesne. Ritter had been friends with Duquesne back in 1931, and the two spies reconnected in New York on 3 December 1937. Ritter employed several other successful agents across the U.S., most notably Herman Lang, who delivered to the Germans the blueprints for the Top Secret Norden bombsight, but he also made the mistake of recruiting a man who would later become a double agent, William Sebold.On 8 February 1940, Ritter sent Sebold to New York under the alias of Harry Sawyer and instructed him to set up a shortwave radio-transmitting station to establish contact with the German shortwave station abroad. Sebold was also instructed to use the code name TRAMP and to contact a fellow agent code named DUNN, <mask>. Second World War – Duquesne Spy Ring

Once the FBI discovered through Sebold that Duquesne was again in New York operating as a German spy, director J. Edgar Hoover provided a background briefing to President Franklin Roosevelt. The dossier from that time gave a summary of now Colonel <mask>'s prior history and stated that, "no information, whatsoever, concerning the whereabouts and activities of Duquesne since June 6, 1932, is possessed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation." FBI agent Newkirk, using the name Ray McManus, was now assigned to DUNN and he rented a room immediately above Duquesne's apartment near Central Park and used a hidden microphone to record Duquesne's conversations. But monitoring Duquesne's activities proved to be difficult. As Newkirk described it, "The Duke had been a spy all of his life and automatically used all of the tricks in the book to avoid anyone following him ...He would take a local train, change to an express, change back to a local, go through a revolving door and keep going on right around, take an elevator up a floor, get off, walk back to the ground, and take off in a different entrance of the building." Duquesne also informed Sebold that he was certain he was under surveillance, and he even confronted one FBI agent and demanded that he stop tracking him, a story confirmed by agent Newkirk. The FBI leased three adjacent rooms in Times Square. One room would serve as double-agent Sebold's office from which he would receive intelligence reports from Abwehr spies that would later be censored by the FBI and partially transmitted by Sebold via coded short-wave radio to Germany. The other two rooms were used by German-speaking FBI agents who would listen in with headphones and record the meetings using a motion picture camera behind a two-way wall mirror. The first time Duquesne arrived at Sebold's office, he surprised the FBI agents by conducting an examination of the office, opening chests, looking in corners and around mirrors, and pointedly asking Sebold, "where are the mics?" Once Duquesne believed he was safe, he raised his pants leg and removed documents from his sock, such as: a sketch and photo of the M1 Garand semi-automatic rifle, a drawing of a new light tank design, a photo of a U.S. Navy Mosquito boat, a photo of a grenade launcher, and reports on U.S. tanks he had observed at bases at West Point and in Tennessee.Duquesne also described sabotage techniques he had used in earlier wars such as small bombs with slow fuses he could drop through a hole in his pants pocket, and he commented on where he might use these devices again. Arrest and Conviction

On 28 June 1941, following a two-year investigation, the FBI arrested Duquesne and 32 German spies on charges of relaying secret information on U.S. weaponry and shipping movements to Germany. On 2 January 1942, less than a month after the U.S. was attacked by Japan at Pearl Harbor and Germany declared war on the United States, the 33 members of the Duquesne Spy Ring were sentenced to serve a total of more than 300 years in prison. They were found guilty in what historian Peter Duffy said in 2014 is "still to this day the largest espionage case in the history of the United States." One German spymaster later commented that the ring's roundup delivered 'the death blow' to their espionage efforts in the United States. J. Edgar Hoover called his FBI swoop on Duquesne's ring the greatest spy roundup in U.S. history. In a 1942 memo to his superiors, Admiral Canaris of the Abwehr reported on the importance of several of his captured spies by noting their valued contributions, and he writes that Duquesne "delivered valuable reports and important technical material in the original, including U.S. gas masks, radio-controlled apparatus, leak proof fuel tanks, television instruments, small bombs for airplanes versus airplanes, air separator, and propeller-driving mechanisms.Items delivered were labeled 'valuable', and several 'good' and 'very good'." The 64-year-old Duquesne did not escape this time. He was sentenced to 18 years in prison, with a 2-year concurrent sentence and $2,000 fine for violation of the Foreign Agents Registration Act. He began his sentence in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas, along with fellow German spy Hermann Lang. In 1945, Duquesne was transferred to the Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, due to his failing physical and mental health. In 1954, he was released owing to ill health, having served 14 years. His last known lecture was in 1954 at the Adventurers' Club of New York, titled "My Life – in and out of Prison".Death
<mask> died at City Hospital on Welfare Island (now Roosevelt Island), in New York City on 24 May 1956 at the age of 78 years. Film Accounts
 Life of <mask>, 1920, by Flint Saturday night publishing company. Unseen Enemy, released in 1942, is a feature film based on Duquesne and his life as a German secret agent living in the U.S. in the 1930s. Arthur D. Howden, an acquaintance and fencing opponent of Duquesne, wrote the original script in 1939, two years before Duquesne's arrest and conviction by the FBI. The House on 92nd Street, which won screenwriter Charles G. Booth an Academy Award for the best original motion picture story in 1945. Based on the FBI Duquesne Spy Ring case with major changes story and characters. Duquesne was the inspiration for the part of Col. Hammershon, played by Leo G. Carroll.Duquesne Case: Secret. (public domain) J Edgar Hoover narrates this 1941 documentary in which the members of the Duquesne Spy Ring are secretly filmed talking with Harry Sawyer (FBI Agent William Sebold) while exchanging money and blueprints. Duquesne looks around the room before removing military diagrams hidden in his sock. Hoover narrates: "Colonel Duquesne", "the most cautious of them all." The Duquesne Case, Deutsche Welle Newsreel, c. 1950. (German; also translated into English, albeit poorly, and posted to YouTube). The Man Who Would Kill Kitchener, by François Verster, a 26-minute documentary film on the life of <mask> <mask> that won six Stone awards in 1999, and is actively being extended to 52 minutes for international audiences.In the television episode Myth Hunters: Legend of Kruger's Millions (Season 2, Episode 9, 2014), Duquesne is played by the actor Charlie Richards. In June 2014, RatPac Entertainment and Class 5 Films acquired the non-fiction article American Hippopotamus, by Jon Mooallem, about the meat shortage in the U.S. in 1910 and the attempts made by Duquesne, Burnham, and Congressman Robert Broussard to import hippopotamuses into the Louisiana bayous and to convince Americans to eat them. The movie will highlight the Burnham – Duquesne rivalry. Edward Norton, William Migliore and Brett Ratner will produce this feature film. Works

Duquesne authored the following works:

 "Why Vote for Roosevelt? ", a pamphlet by: "A Democrat Capt. <mask>ne", 1912.LC call number: JK2388 1912 .D8
 "The Bullmoosers", sheet music by: "Captain <mask>ne"

Notes
Footnotes

Source notes

References

Author

Other references

External links
 FBI files on Frederick "<mask>" <mask>

1877 births
1956 deaths
Afrikaner people
American reporters and correspondents
Escapees from British military detention
Escapees from United States federal government detention
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
People from East London, Eastern Cape
People from Roosevelt Island
South African emigrants to the United States
South African escapees
South African hunters
South African fraudsters
South African Republic military personnel of the Second Boer War
South African spies
Stockbrokers
World War I spies for Germany
World War II spies for

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<mask>, Freiherr <mask> (18 April 1714 – 26 December 1786) was a military officer, first in Austrian service, later in Prussian service. He was among Frederick the Great's trusted officers, and served him not only in military capacity but as a diplomat and, later, a governor of Neuchâtel. He was proprietor of a Prussian cavalry regiment in the years 1758–1778. Austrian service
<mask>, Freiherr <mask>, descended from an old Roman noble family (formerly called Linser) that emigrated to the city of Bern in approximately 1592. His father, <mask> (died 1744) served in the Austrian military and <mask> received his education at the Viennese Jesuit school. He entered the Austrian imperial military in 1728 as  a Fähnrich (cadet) in the Dragoon Regiment Philippi. In the War of Polish Succession Lentulus participated in the 1734 campaign in Italy as the adjutant of the Field marshal,  Count Claude Florimond de Mercy, who fell on 28 June in the Battle of San Pietro (sometimes called the Battle of Parma).In 1735, he joined the campaign in the Rhineland. He fought later in the Austro-Turkish War of 1737–39 and from 1742–44 in the campaigns in Bavarian and Bohemia during the War of Austrian Succession. Lentulus was also consulted on military-diplomatic negotiations after the armistice of 1735 and the border regulation between the Banat and Serbia after the Belgrade Peace. When the opportunity arose, Lentulus undertook lengthy journeys in Italy and the Orient. A decisive factor for <mask>'s further career was his behavior against the Prussian commander, Gottfried <mask> Einsiedel, during the Second Silesian War on 16 September 1744. The Austrian commander at Prague, Ferdinand Philipp <mask>, had agreed to capitulate after a two-week siege. Lentulus, at that time captain, refused to sign the capitulation certificate and, instead, broke his sword: he had been commanded to fight to defend Prague, but not to surrender.This impressed the Prussian King Frederick II so much that he wanted to take Lentulus into his service. Prussian service

Lentulus initially refused Frederick's request, but left the Austrian army to go to Bern. After the peace settlement of 1745, Prince Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau intervened with Lentulus and convinced him to enter the Prussian army. Lentulus entered the Prussian army in 1746 as a cavalry officer with a major's commission. Frederick appointed him as a wing adjutant and revised his officer's patent (commission) to the date of the surrender of Prague. Lentulus married Elisabeth Luise Henriette Auguste Sophie, a daughter of the Minister of State and Count Frederick Albert <mask>werin; upon their marriage Frederick addressed an ode to the couple. During the Seven Years' War, Lentulus served at the royal headquarters and was sent on several diplomatic missions; and after the Battle of Lobositz, he delivered the victory message to London.He then fought at the Battle of Prague and, subsequently, at the Battle of Kolin. He particularly distinguished himself at the Battle of Rossbach when he pursued the fleeing French army. Subsequently, Lentulus led a brigade formed by the Garde du Corps Cuirassier Regiment Nr. 13 and the Gens d'Armes Cuirassier Regiment Nr. 10. In the Battle of Leuthen, under command of Major General Hans Joachim <mask>, he again distinguished himself in the attack on the Austrian left flank, and Frederick gave him a reward of a thousand thalers. In 1757, <mask> was promoted to major general.In 1758, <mask> was named proprietor of Leibregiment zu Pferde Cuirassier Regiment Nr. 3, an office that he would hold until 1778. In April 1758, he took part in the Siege of Schweidnitz with seven cuirassier regiments and then moved with Frederick's army to Moravia. In the battles of Zorndorf and Hochkirch, he again led by example. In 1759 he served in Silesia. In 1760, he fought at the head of two dragoon regiments in the Battle of Liegnitz, and commanded the post roads in Silesia in the following winter. The end of his service in this war was, for Lentulus, the Battle of Reichenbach on 16 August 1762.Swiss projects
In 1767, Frederick appointed Lentulus lieutenant general, and in 1768, he was appointed governor of Neuchâtel in Switzerland, then under Prussian rule. He was officially governor of the city following the Gaudot Affair, a series of demonstrations against the change in tithing and tenancy regulations. Lentulus gave up the office in 1779. As during his entire career in Prussia, Lentulus often belonged to the king's closest circles, especially during the years after the war, where he was valued because of his education and intelligence. As early as 1752 Lentulus was present at the wedding of the brother of King, Henry, with the Hessian Princess Wilhelmine. In 1769, Lentulus was present in Neisse at the meeting of Frederick II with Austrian Emperor Joseph II. Following the First Partition of Poland, Frederick sent him to East Prussia in 1773 to take possession of the newly-acquired province and to establish Prussian rule.In 1778–79, <mask> took part in the service of Prince Henry during the War of Bavarian Succession, but retired because of his old age. Upon his retirement, Lentulus returned to Bern, where he headed the military system. On the recommendation of Lentulus, the city and the Republic of Bern had already formed the first three Jäger companies in 1768 from good marksmen of the upper regiments. Memorials and honors
Lentulus died in 1786 on his estate at Parc de Mon Repos near Bern, where his grave is located on the highest point of the Lentulus hill, named after him. Nearby, a street was named after Lentulus. He was Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle. In 1851, his name was included on the Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great, among the other men who helped to found the modern Prussian state.References

Source:

1786 deaths
Lieutenant generals of Prussia
People from Bern
Prussian military personnel of the Seven Years' War
German military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
1714 births

masks:
Robert Scipio
von Lentulus
Robert Scipio
von Lentulus
Caesar Joseph von Lentulus
Robert Scipio
Lentulus
Emanuel von
von Harsch
von Sch
von Zieten
Lentulus
Lentulus
Lentulus


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<mask> (December 31, 1923 – October 27, 2003), also known as <mask>, was an American psychologist who pioneered the scientific study of human motivation, achievement and behavior. He was a World War II veteran, teacher, scholar, and long term member of the University of Michigan community. <mask> was a leader in establishing motivation as a distinct field of study in psychology research. His belief that scientific progress came from conceptual breakthroughs fueled his formulation and reformulation of a theory of motivation. He was one of the first in psychology to incorporate rigorous mathematical models in his theories and to use computer simulations of these models for experimentation. He also recognized the importance of measurement in science, maintaining a career-long interest in the refinement of measures of motivation by means of content analysis of imaginative thought using, for example, the Thematic Apperception Test which he developed jointly with his mentor David C. McClelland. He is well known for establishing measures for motives of achievement, affiliation, fear, sex, risk-taking behavior, and aggression.His discipline-changing ideas were followed around the world. In recognition, he received in 1979 the American Psychological Association's highest award, the Gold Medal for Distinguished Scientific Contributions. <mask> was born in Jersey City, NJ, to Frank G. and Wilhelmina "Minnie" <mask>. He attended public schools in Oradell NJ, graduating from Dwight Morrow High School in Englewood NJ. He enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Corp, earning his wings in 1944. He served as an advanced instrument flight instructor for  the B-25 and other bombers. On earning his wings Jack married his high-school sweetheart Mary Jane Wanta.They were married in 1944 in Macon, GA.

After the war <mask> completed his undergraduate psychology degree with Honors at Wesleyan University, graduating in the middle of the 1946-47 academic year. As a lecturer at Wesleyan University, he began to pursue his interests in basic research on the arousal of human needs and behavior  with the financial support of  the Office of Naval Research and collaboration with David McClelland. <mask> was awarded his doctorate in Psychology in 1950 at the University of Michigan. He was invited to join the faculty of the University of Michigan in the Psychology Department where he remained his entire career (1950 - 1985). <mask> was devoted to the teaching of undergraduates throughout his career. As one of the original founders of the University of Michigan's Honors Program in the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, Professor <mask> fostered unique opportunities and created multi-disciplinary courses to challenge undergraduate students. He authored and edited many books and articles on the scientific study  of human motivation, achievement and behavior.Many of his books have been translated into other languages, including Russian, German, and Spanish. His theoretical and experimental work spanned decades and spawned many doctorates. <mask> was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1979. Other awards and honors include a Guggenheim Fellowship (1960), participation twice as a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University, Fellow of the American Psychological Association, an Honorary Doctorate from Ruhr University, Germany, Wesleyan University Distinguished Alumni Award, the Association for Psychological Science: <mask> James Fellow Award, and the American Psychological Association's highest award, the Gold Medal for Distinguished Scientific Contribution. <mask> was honored on his retirement with a special colloquium at the University which brought together a number of his former students and colleagues who spoke of his inspiration and contributions to the science of human motivation. He was named Professor Emeritus in 1985. <mask> insisted on ethical behavior and highly valued the fundamental freedoms on which the USA was founded.An expression of his support for a free press was his role as a member of the Board of Control of the Michigan Daily during the turbulent 1960s. In the early 1970s, his beliefs led him to become outraged by the behavior of President Richard M. Nixon, whom he viewed as a threat to liberty and justice. Jack organized and led public meetings and demonstrations denouncing President Nixon and vigorously promoted Nixon's impeachment by Congress. Publications: Books
"Studies in Projective Measurement of Achievement Motivation", By <mask> <mask>, University of Michigan Microfilms, 1950. The Achievement Motive, By McClelland, D. C., <mask>, J. W., Clark, R. A., 4 Lowell, E. L.,  New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1953. "Nebraska Symposium on Motivation", By Marshall R. Jones and <mask> <mask>, University of Nebraska Press, 1954. Motives in Fantasy, Action, and Society: a method of assessment and study, By <mask><mask>, Van Nostrand (1958)
"Achievement Motive and Text Anxiety Conceived as Motive to Approach Success and Motive to Avoid Failure", By <mask> <mask> and George H. Litwin, Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1960.Effects of ability grouping in schools: Related to individual differences in achievement-related motivation, final report, By <mask><mask> and Patricia O'Connor, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Dept. of Psychology (1963)
An Introduction to Motivation, By <mask> <mask>, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc (1965), Oxford, England: Van Nostrand; (1964),
Human motivation: a symposium, By Marshall R. Jones and <mask> <mask>, University of Nebraska Press; 1st Edition (1965)
The Dynamics of Action, By <mask> <mask> and David Birch, New. York: Wiley (1970)
A Theory of Achievement Motivation, By <mask> <mask> and Norman T. Feather, Volume 6, Wiley, (1966), Krieger Pub Co (June 1, 1974),
Motivation and Achievement, By <mask> <mask> and Joel O. Raynor, Winston; [distributed by Halsted Press Division, New York] (1974) ,
Personality, Motivation and Achievement, By <mask> <mask> and Joel O. Raynor, Hemisphere Pub. Corp. (1978) ,
Personality, Motivation, and Action: Selected papers (Centennial psychology series), By <mask> <mask>, Praeger (1983),
Motivation, Thought, and Action, By Julius Kuhl, and <mask><mask>, New York: Praeger Publishers (June 6, 1986)
"Dictionary of Psychology", By <mask> <mask>, Eric Berne, and Robert Sessions Woodworth, 4th Edition, GOYL SaaB, 1988. References

External links
Burial
Obituary
Frontiers of Motivational Psychology:  Essays in Honor of <mask><mask>
John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation A Fellows Page
Wesleyan University Distinguished Alumni Award
William James Fellow Award

1923 births
2003 deaths
American psychologists
Wesleyan University alumni
University of Michigan alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Psychological Association
20th-century psychologists
American military personnel of World War II

masks:
John William Atkinson
Jack Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
Atkinson
William
Atkinson
Atkinson
John William
Atkinson
Atkinson
John William
Atkinson
John W
. Atkinson
John William
Atkinson
John W
. Atkinson
John William
Atkinson
John William
Atkinson
John William
Atkinson
John William
Atkinson
John William
Atkinson
John William
Atkinson
John William
Atkinson
John W
. Atkinson
John William
Atkinson
John W
. Atkinson


texts:
<mask> is an Israeli-Canadian sociologist and a Professor of Sociology. He is the William Dawson Scholar at McGill University. His research interests include the causes and effects of political conflict and violence, ethnicity and nationalism, the sociology of health, and the media coverage of women and ethnic minorities. He focuses on the relationship between states’ counterterrorist policies and their respect for human rights and civil liberties. His research methods include computational analysis of big data, cross-national regression analysis and meta-analyses, as well as in-depth qualitative methods and content analysis. Research
<mask> has published more than 50 articles, including many in peer-reviewed journals such as American Sociological Review, American Journal of Sociology, Social Problems, Social Forces, Demography, Social Science Research, Social Networks, Ethnic and Racial Studies, American Journal of Epidemiology, International Journal of Epidemiology, Social Science & Medicine, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Journal of Sex Research, Archives of Sexual Behavior and Violence Against Women. His research findings, including on the longevity of fame, gender roles in the media, unemployment, and mortality, and family ties and mortality, have been discussed and published in multiple media and news sources.Social conflict and violence
<mask> studies the causes and consequences of political conflict and violence. He relies on comparative historical research and media content analysis to look at ethnic conflicts and tensions in countries with large minority populations, with a particular focus on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. He also studies the factors that shape state counterterrorism policies, employing a combination of longitudinal time-series cross-national analyses and case studies. His work demonstrates the importance of socio-cultural processes in determining state policies, and challenges traditional international relations approaches. For example, he found that counterterrorism legislation is primarily motivated by processes of policy diffusion and imitation, in particular spatial diffusion across bordering countries. He shows that such legislation typically has no effects in the short run and negative effects in the long run on both the level of terrorist attacks and respect for human and civil rights. Media coverage of women and minorities
<mask> uses qualitative content analysis of newspapers.He explores the policing, silencing, and marginalization of immigrants and ethnic minority groups in Canadian and Israeli media. He examines the reaffirmation and redrawing of national and collective boundaries through the exclusion of some ethnic minority groups. He studies mainstream media coverage of “honor killings” in both Canada and Israel, showing how labels often shape the ways in which journalists think about family murders and the type of motivations they ascribe to perpetrators. In collaboration with Arnout van de Rijt and a group of computer scientists, he collected and analyzed data on millions of individuals from thousands of newspapers and other media over many decades. This work challenged seemingly axiomatic ideas of fame, gender and the media. One study questioned Andy Warhol’s idea of 15 minutes of fame, that is the idea that fame tends to be ephemeral. <mask> showed that, in fact, famous people tend to remain famous for many years.In another study, <mask> and colleagues show that men outnumber women by 5:1 in newspaper coverage. They demonstrate that having more women as executive editors or on editorial boards does not substantially affect these coverage patterns. Sexual attraction and sexual violence
<mask> researched the foundations of sexual attraction and sexual aversion. <mask> and Dalit Simchai challenged the scholarly consensus on the Westermarck effect, which suggests that close domestic proximity during early childhood leads to sexual aversion (also known as reverse sexual imprinting). <mask> and Simchai interviewed men and women who grew up in Israeli kibbutzim, showing that even those who were raised in close proximity were often attracted to one another. In contrast to common evolutionary psychology notions, the primary reason for the avoiding inbreeding among these individuals was fear of damaging group cohesion. <mask> looked at portrayals of sexual violence in mainstream internet pornography.In a study with Kimberly Seida, <mask> found no consistent uptake in aggressive content of popular online pornographic videos over time. They found that violent porn is less likely to receive views and less likely to be favorably ranked. Instead, most viewers tend to prefer videos where women clearly express pleasure. Stressful life events, social relationships, immigration and health
Together with David Roelfs, <mask> explored the effects of stressful life events and of social relationships on health and mortality in a range of countries and under varying conditions. He employed primarily meta-analysis and meta-regression to re-examine relationships between life events, social support, migration and mortality. Findings include the reaffirmation of the harmful effects of unemployment on mortality, as well as research that shows that social support from family members is more beneficial to health than support from friends. They also found support for the healthy immigrant paradox, showing that immigrants have greater longevity than non-immigrants in their new country.Education
 PhD in Sociology, Stony Brook Un., NY, 2010;
 M.A. in Sociology, Stony Brook Un., NY, 2007;
 M.A. (magna cum laude) in Sociology, Un. Of Haifa, Israel, 2005;
 B.A. (magna cum laude) in Sociology & Psychology, Un. Of Haifa, Israel, 2003. Selected publications

Peer-reviewed journal publications
Shor, Eran.“Why do They Legislate? A Cross-National Time-Series Analysis of Terrorism and Counterterrorist Legislation.” Social Problems 64:106-132. 2017. <mask>, <mask>, Arnout van de Rijt, Alex Miltsov*, Vivek Kulkarni*, and Steven Skiena. “A Paper Ceiling: What Explains the Sex-Ratio Inequality in Printed News Coverage?” American Sociological Review 80:960-984. 2015. Winner of the 2014 Clifford Geertz Prize for Best Article, ASA’s Section on Culture

References

1974 births
Living people
Canadian sociologists
Israeli sociologists
McGill University faculty
Stony Brook University alumni
Medical sociologists

masks:
Eran Shor
Shor
Shor
Shor
Shor
Shor
Shor
Shor
Shor
Shor
Shor
Shor
Shor
Eran


texts:
Dona <mask>lie (14 March 182228 December 1889), nicknamed "the Mother of the Brazilians", was the Empress consort of Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil, who reigned from 1831 to 1889. Born a Princess of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in present-day southern Italy, she was the daughter of King Don Francesco I (Francis I) of the Italian branch of the House <mask> Bourbon and his wife Maria Isabel (Maria Isabella). It was long believed by historians that the Princess was raised in an ultra-conservative, intolerant atmosphere which resulted in a timid and unassertive character in public and an ability to be contented with very little materially or emotionally. Recent studies revealed a more complex character, who despite having respected the social norms of the era, was able to assert a limited independence due to her strongly opinionated personality as well as her interest in learning, sciences and culture. The Princess was married by proxy to Pedro II in 1843. Her spouse's expectations had been raised when a portrait was presented that depicted <mask> as an idealized beauty, but he was displeased by his bride's plain looks upon their first meeting later that year. Despite a cold beginning, the couple's relationship improved as time passed, due primarily to <mask>'s patience, kindness, generosity and simplicity.These traits also helped her win the hearts of the Brazilian people, and her distance from political controversies shielded her from criticism. She also sponsored archaeological studies in Italy and Italian immigration to Brazil. The marriage between <mask> and Pedro II never became passionately romantic, although a bond based upon family, mutual respect and fondness did develop. The Empress was a dutiful spouse and unfailingly supported the Emperor's positions and never interposed with her own views in public. She remained silent on the topic of his suspected extra-marital relationships—including a liaison with her daughters' governess. In turn, she was treated with unfailing respect and her position at Court and home was always secure. Of the four children <mask> bore the emperor, two boys died in infancy and a daughter of typhoid fever at the age of 24.<mask>, along with the remaining members of the Imperial Family, was sent into exile after a coup d'état staged by a clique of army officers in 1889. Being cast from her beloved adopted land had a devastating effect on <mask>'s spirit and health. Grieving and ill, she died of respiratory failure leading to cardiac arrest little more than a month after the monarchy's collapse. She was greatly loved by her subjects, both during her lifetime and afterwards. She was even respected by the Republicans who overthrew the Empire. Despite having had no direct impact on Brazil's political history, <mask> is well regarded by historians not only for her character and irreproachable behavior, but also for her sponsorship of Brazilian culture. Early life

Birth
<mask> was the daughter of the then-Duke of Calabria, who later became King Don Francesco I (Francis I) of the Two Sicilies.Through her father, she was a member of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, also known as Bourbon-Naples, the Italian branch of the Spanish Bourbons. She was a descendant of France's "Sun King", Louis XIV in the male line through his grandson, Don Felipe V (Philip V) of Spain. <mask>'s mother was the Infanta Doña Maria Isabel (Maria Isabella), daughter of King Don Carlos IV (Charles IV) of Spain, and a younger sister of Doña Carlota Joaquina—who was the wife of King Dom João VI of Portugal and the paternal grandmother of <mask>'s future husband. Born on 14 March 1822 in Naples, <mask> became an orphan when her father died in 1830. Her mother is said to have neglected her after marrying a young officer in 1839. Historiography has long asserted that she was raised in lonely isolation, in an environment of religious superstition, intolerance and conservatism. It has also described <mask> as a soft and timid character, unlike her ruthless father or her impulsive mother.She has even been depicted as unassertive, and accustomed to be satisfied in whatever circumstances she found herself. Some historians have more recently held to a modified view of both the Neapolitan Bourbon court as a reactionary regime and of the extent of <mask>'s passivity. Historian Aniello Angelo Avella states that the maligned interpretation of the Neapolitan Bourbons traces its origin to perspectives generated during the 19th century il Risorgimento (Italian unification) following the 1861 conquest of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by the Kingdom of Sardinia. <mask> is revealed in her personal papers as a strong-headed character. She "was not a submissive woman but instead a person who respected the roles imposed by the ethics and values of her own times." Marriage

Upon learning that the young emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro II, sought a wife, the government of the Two Sicilies offered the hand of <mask>. It also sent Pedro II a painting that greatly embellished the princess, which prompted him to accept the proposal.A proxy wedding was held on 30 May 1843 in Naples, Pedro II being represented by his fiancée's brother Prince Leopold, Count of Syracuse. A small Brazilian fleet composed of a frigate and two corvettes departed for the Two Sicilies on 3 March 1843 to escort the new Empress of Brazil. She arrived on Rio de Janeiro on 3 September 1843. Pedro II immediately rushed to board the ship and greet his bride. Upon seeing this impetuous gesture, the crowds cheered and guns fired deafening salutes. <mask> fell in love with her new husband at first sight. The 17-year-old Pedro II was, for his part, clearly and greatly disappointed.His first impressions were only of her physical flaws—and of how much her appearance differed from the portrait which had been sent to him. Physically, she had dark brown hair and brown eyes, was short, slightly overweight, walked with a pronounced limp and, while not ugly, neither was she pretty. According to historian Pedro Calmon, <mask> had no true limp, but her odd way of walking was instead the result of bowed legs causing her to lean alternately right and left as she walked. Pedro II's high expectations were crushed, and he allowed his feelings of revulsion and rejection to show. After a short interval, he left the ship. Perceiving his disillusionment, she burst into tears, lamenting that "the emperor did not like me!" Although a proxy marriage had already been performed, an extravagant state wedding was held on 4 September at the cathedral in Rio de Janeiro.Although the marriage had been strained from the beginning, <mask> continued striving to be a good wife. Her constancy toward fulfilling her duty, along with the birth of children, softened Pedro II's attitude. The two discovered shared interests, and their concern for and delight in their children created a sense of family happiness. That they were sexually active and compatible is witnessed by the series of pregnancies which ensued. After the birth of their first son in February 1845, the Empress bore children in July 1846, July 1847, and July 1848—named Afonso, Isabel, Leopoldina and Pedro, respectively. Empress consort of Brazil

Domestic life

<mask> had grown to be a vital part of Pedro II's family life and routine. She never filled the roles of romantic lover or intellectual partner, however.Her devotion to the Emperor remained firm, though she feared being supplanted. She continued to appear with the Emperor in public, and he continued to treat her with respect and consideration. She was not rejected or slighted, but the relationship had changed. Pedro II treated her more as a close friend and companion than as a wife. The long-held view is that the Empress accepted the circumscribed role in which she found herself, and that her life, duty and purpose were tied to her position as the Emperor's wife. However, her personal letters reveal that she could be strongheaded, sometimes at odds with her husband, and had a life of her own—albeit somewhat restricted. In a letter written on 2 May 1845 she stated: "I wait for the moment when we will meet, good Pedro, and seek forgiveness for all that I did to you during these days."In another letter of 24 January 1851, she acknowledged her difficult temperament: "I am not irritated at you [Pedro II] and you should forgive me because this is my character." Her friendships were limited to her ladies-in-waiting, and in particular Dona Josefina da Fonseca Costa. She was well liked by her attendants, a good judge of the character of visitors and courtiers, unpretentious, generous, kindly and an affectionate mother and grandmother. She dressed and acted modestly, only wearing jewelry for occasions of state, and gave the impression of being somewhat sad. She had no interest in politics and occupied her time writing letters, reading, doing needlework, and attending to religious obligations and charitable projects. She possessed a beautiful voice, and often practiced her singing skills. Her appreciation for music also meant that she enjoyed opera and balls.<mask> did not lack intellectual interests, and she had developed passions for the arts, music and—in particular—archaeology. The Empress began assembling a collection of archaeological artifacts from her earliest days in Brazil, and she exchanged hundreds of others with her brother, King Don Ferdinando II (Ferdinand II). She also sponsored archaeological studies in Italy and many of the artifacts—dated from the Etruscan civilization and the Ancient Roman period—found were brought to Brazil. The Empress also aided in recruiting Italian physicians, engineers, professors, pharmacists, nurses, artists, artisans and qualified workers with the goal of improving public education and public health in Brazil. Rivalry with the Countess of Barral

The relationship between <mask> and Pedro II never became passionately romantic. However, a bond based upon family, mutual respect and fondness did develop. The Empress was a dutiful spouse and unfailingly supported the Emperor's positions.She was silent on the subject of his relationships with other women, suspected or otherwise. In turn, she was treated with utmost respect and there was no question of her position ever being threatened or called into question. No more children were born after July 1848, even after the death of her two sons in infancy. A likely reason for the halt to childbearing is that the Emperor became more attracted to other women who possessed beauty, wit and intelligence which the Empress could not provide. <mask> found ignoring her husband's secret infidelities—hidden from the public, though not

masks:
Teresa Cristina delle Due Sici
of
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina


texts:
 always from the Empress—more difficult after Pedro II named an aia (governess) for their daughters on 9 November 1856. The person chosen was Luísa de Barros, Countess of Barral, the Brazilian-born wife of a French nobleman. Barral possessed all the traits that Pedro II most admired in a woman: she was charming, vivacious, elegant, sophisticated, educated and confident.Charged with the education and upbringing of the young princesses, Barral soon captured the hearts of both Pedro II and his eldest daughter, Isabel. Leopoldina was not won over and disliked the Countess. Although Barral "may not have escaped Pedro II's embraces", she "certainly avoided his bed." Nonetheless, the Emperor's infatuation with the Countess sometimes put <mask> in an awkward position, as when her younger daughter Leopoldina naively asked her why Pedro II kept nudging Barral's foot during their class. The Countess's increasing intimacy with her husband and daughter was painful and vexing to <mask>. Although she feigned ignorance of the situation, it did not pass unnoticed. She wrote in her diary that Barral "wished to make me tell her that I did not like her, but I did not say either yes or no."Historian Tobias Monteiro wrote that the Empress "could not disguise that she detested Barral." Later years

End of the Empire and banishment

The death of her daughter Leopoldina of typhoid fever on 7 February 1871 devastated the small Imperial Family. Pedro II decided on a trip to Europe that same year to "cheer up" his wife among other reasons (as stated in his own words) and to pay a visit to Leopoldina's four small boys, who had lived in Coburg with their parents since the late 1860s. The Imperial couple would travel abroad again during 1876 and 1887. <mask> preferred her ordinary life in Brazil, "dedicating herself to her family, religious devotions, and charitable works." In fact, visiting her native land only served to resurrect painful memories. Her family had been dethroned in 1861 and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies had been annexed to what would later become the unified Kingdom of Italy.Everyone she had known from her youth was gone. As she wrote in 1872: "I do not know how to tell what was the impression I had upon seeing again, after 28 years, my fatherland and not to find anyone for whom I cared." The Empress remained strong-willed even after years of marriage. Pedro II revealed in a letter written to the Countess of Barral in early 1881 that: "The [container] with the earrings which you mentioned, has been the cause for much recrimination on the part of someone [<mask>] who thinks that I have been to blame for their disappearance." Her son-in-law, Prince Gaston, Count of Eu, wrote a letter recounting how she had accidentally broken her arm in October 1885: "On Monday 26 when crossing the library on the way to dinner with the emperor who as usual preceded her by a few steps (and with whom, I infer from what she told us, she was arguing as she sometimes does), she caught her foot in a file under a table and fell down flat face forward." Nonetheless, she continued to express undiminished love for her husband. The tranquil domestic routine ended when an Army faction rebelled and deposed Pedro II on 15 November 1889, ordering the entire Imperial Family to leave Brazil.Upon hearing the order to depart, an officer told the Empress: "Resignation, my lady." She replied to him: "I have it always, but how not to weep having to leave this land forever!" According to historian Roderick J. Barman, the "events of November 15, 1889, broke her emotionally and physically." The Empress "loved Brazil and its inhabitants. She desired nothing more than to end her days there. Aged 66 and plagued by both cardiac asthma and arthritis, she now faced the prospect of accompanying her husband in unceasing movement across the face of Europe, spending her last years virtually alone in alien and uncomfortable lodgings." Having been ill during almost the entire voyage across the Atlantic, <mask> and her family arrived in Lisbon, Portugal, on 7 December.Death

From Lisbon the Imperial couple went on to Porto. Isabel and her family departed to Spain on a trip. On 24 December, the Imperial Family received official news that they had been banished forever from the country. Up until that point, they had only been requested to leave with no indication as to how long they were to stay away. The "news broke D. <mask>'s will to live." Pedro II wrote in his journal on 28 December 1889: "Hearing the Empress complain I went to see what it was. She is cold with a pain in her sides; but she does not have any fever."As the day passed, <mask>'s breathing became increasingly labored, and the failure of her respiratory system led to cardiac arrest and death at 2:00 pm. As she lay dying, <mask> said to Maria Isabel de Andrade Pinto, Baroness of Japurá (sister-in-law of Joaquim Marques Lisboa, Marquis of Tamandaré): "Maria Isabel, I do not die of illness, I die of sorrow and of regret!" Her last words were: "I miss my daughter [Isabel] and my grandchildren. I can not embrace her for the last time. Brazil, beautiful land ... To there I can not return". The streets of Porto were crowded with people gathered to witness her funeral procession. By request of her husband, <mask>'s body was carried to the Church of São Vicente de Fora near Lisbon, where it was interred in the Braganza Pantheon.Her remains, along with Pedro II's, were later repatriated to Brazil in 1921 with much fanfare and pomp. They were given a final resting place in the Cathedral of Petrópolis in 1939. The news of her death produced sincere mourning in Brazil. The Brazilian poet and journalist Artur Azevedo wrote of the general view toward <mask> after her death: "I never spoke to her, but also never passed her without respectifuly removing my hat and bowing myself, not to the Empress, but to the sweet and honest figure of a poor, almost humble, bourgeoise. I saw many extremist republicans do the same." He continued: "They called her the mother of the Brazilians, and we all really attributed to her a kind of a filial veneration. That is the truth."Newspapers in Brazil also reported her death. The Gazeta de Notícias (News Gazette) commented: "Who was this saintly lady, we do not need to repeat it. All Brazil knows that, in this blow which hurt the former Emperor profoundly, it is remembered that she was justly and universally proclaimed the mother of the Brazilians." The Jornal do Commercio (Commercial Journal) wrote: "For forty and six years Dona <mask> lived in the Brazilian fatherland which she sincerely loved, and during that long time never, anywhere in this vast country, was her name pronounced except in praise and words of regard." It concluded: "Next to her husband, who was for a long time the head of the Brazilian nation, her influence was known to be felt only for the good." Legacy

<mask> has been given a less than prominent place in Brazil's history. Historian Aniello Angelo Avella said that the Empress, nicknamed "by her contemporaries as 'Mother of the Brazilians'," is "completely unknown in Italy and little studied in Brazil".According to his view, the few existing sources relegate her to having "lived in the shadow of her husband, dedicating herself to her daughters' education, to home affairs, to charity." The resulting image "is of a woman of limited culture, blank, silent, who compensated with kindness and virtues of the heart the lack of physical attributes." And this is the view that has come to be enshrined in history and the popular imagination, despite being not quite a true representation of <mask>, since she was a well learned and willful woman. According to historian Eli Behar, <mask> became notable "for her discretion, which kept her far from being associated with any political movement; and for her tenderness and charity, which earned her the cognomen 'Mother of the Brazilians'." A similar opinion is voiced by Historian Benedito Antunes, who said that she "was beloved by Brazilians, who defined her, for her discretion, as the 'silent empress', and yet regarded her as 'the mother of the Brazilians'." He also praised the Empress for her sponsorship of cultural and scientific development: she "promoted culture in various ways, bringing from Italy artists, intellectuals, scientists, botanists, musicians, thus contributing to the progress and enrichment of the nation's cultural life." This view is shared by historian Eugenia Zerbini, who argued that, thanks to her, Brazil now has the largest classical archaeological collection in Latin America.Just prior to his own death, Pedro II donated most of his possessions to the Brazilian government, which were later divided between the Brazilian National Archives, the Imperial Museum of Brazil, the National Library of Brazil and the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute. Pedro II imposed only one condition: that the gift was to be named in honor of his late wife, and so it is known as the "<mask> Maria Collection". The collection is registered by UNESCO as part of the heritage of humanity in its Memory of the World Programme. Finally, <mask> is remembered in the names of several Brazilian cities, including Teresópolis (in Rio de Janeiro), Teresina (capital of Piauí), Cristina (in Minas Gerais) and Imperatriz (in Maranhão). Titles and honors

Titles and styles

 14 March 1822 – 30 May 1843: Her Royal Highness Princess <mask> of the Two Sicilies
 30 May 1843 – 15 November 1889: Her Imperial Majesty The Empress of Brazil

The Empress's full style and title were "Her Imperial Majesty Dona <mask>, Empress of Brazil". Foreign honors
 Band of the Spanish Order of Queen Maria Luisa. Band of the Portuguese Order of Saint Isabel.Insignia of the Austrian Order of the Starry Cross. Insignia of the Bavarian Order of Saint Elizabeth. Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. Grand Dame of Honour and Devotion of the Order of Malta. Grand Cross of the Mexican Imperial Order of St. Charles. Genealogy

Ancestry

Issue

Footnotes

References

External links

 World Digital Library presentation of <mask> Maria, Imperatriz, Consorte de Pedro II, Imperador do Brasil or <mask> Maria, Empress and Consort of Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil. National Library of Brazil.|-

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1822 births
1889 deaths
19th-century Italian women
19th-century Brazilian women
Brazilian people of Italian descent
House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
Princesses of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
Brazilian imperial consorts
Italian Roman Catholics
Burials at the Imperial Mausoleum at the Cathedral of Petrópolis
Dames of Malta
19th-century Neapolitan people
Dames of the Order of Saint Isabel
Knights of the Holy

masks:
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina
Teresa Cristina


texts:
<mask>, born 1 February, 1928 is an Indian poet, playwright, writer, journalist, columnist and teacher. He has been writing poetry alongside verse drama, nonfictional prose of varied nature and journalistic columns since the mid 1940s. Early life and education
The Dhar family originated in Kamalpur village of Kishorganj, now in the Dhaka Division, earlier Mohkuma (মহকুমা) under the Mymensingh District, in Bangladesh. <mask> is the second of the seven children born to the late <mask> and the late <mask>. His father was a legal practitioner in the court at Bajitpur, a nearby town. His forefathers adopted and developed a reasonably uninhibited, unorthodox lifestyle of nineteenth century Bengal which, in turn, formed the basis of their family tradition. <mask> spent his formative years as a child at Kamalpur where he took his primary education at a village school or pathsala.For his high school education, he shifted to his father's work place at Bajitpur. After his matriculation in 1943 from Bajitpur H. E. School, Kishorganj and Intermediate at Feni College, Brahmanbaria (1943-1945), <mask> went on to study at Scottish Church College, Kolkata(1945-1947) and subsequently got his master's degree in Bengali literature from Calcutta University in 1949. Career
He started his professional career by teaching undergraduate students at Deshbandhu Girls' College, Kolkata while simultaneously writing features for Bengali newspapers. In 1950-51 he quit his teaching position to join Jugantar, a Bengali daily in 1952 as sub editor, and subsequently became the assistant editor of the daily. He continued in Jugantar for the next 35 years and retired from the daily as editor. In 1990, he joined Dainik Basumati, another Bengali daily, as editor until his retirement in 1992. In this period <mask> also had numerous teaching assignments, focusing primarily on journalism, at Surendranath College, Burdwan University, and Calcultta University.Literary career
<mask> published his first book of poem, Angikar, in 1948. Spanning over a period of seventy five years, his socially sensitive, humanist and aesthetic poems, verse dramas, and prolific prose continue to appeal and enthrall his readers. Includes, Ek Ratrir Jonyo, Bodhyobhumitey Basarghar, Padadhwani Palatak, Nihato Godhuli, Andhokare Juin Phuler Gandho,Batighar. Kabyanatak Samgraha Pashchimbanga Bangla Akademi, Kolkata (2009) . Includes, Bhorer Manushera, Sindhuparer Pakhi, Ami Nachiketa, Dana, Abhimanyu, Jege Acho Barnamala, Khorkuto, Biruddho Batas, Bikeler Baranda Periye, Payer Shabdo Shona Jay, Prachhadey Legeche Dhulo, Keya Phuler Gandho, Padadhwani Kar, Jai Utser Dikey,  Ektai Jibon, Naditeyi Pratik, Golaper Juddho, Ghare Ferar Din, Jodiyo Sandhya, Pahar Dekechilo, Hey Samoy he Sandhikhon, Nihoto Godhuli, Badhyo Bhumitey Basarghar, Karun Rangin Path, Andhokare Juiphuler Gandho, Banojyotsna, Samabeto Karatali, Batighar, Padadhwani Palatak. Unpublished staged verse drama
Phoolwali by Gandharva Natyagoshthee (1968/1969). Travelogue
 Moscow theke Phera, Bak Sahitya Pvt.Ltd., Kolkata (1974)
 Anya Desh Anya Nagar, Popular Library, Kolkata (1981)

Memoirs
 At dashak Sat Kahan, Prativash, Kolkata (2016)
 Jhanki Darshan, Ekush Satak, Kolkata (2019)

Non-fiction
 Boi Paruyar Dekha Manush, Ekush Satak, Kolkata (2014)

Fiction
 Purano Akharguli, The Shee Book Agency, Kolkata (2013)

On Literature
 Adhunik Kabitar Utsa, Anubhab Prakashani, Kolkata (1969)
 Sahityer Sajghar, Ekush Satak, Kolkata (2015)

Journalism
 Sangbatikatar Darshan: Adarsha O Bichyuti (First edn. 2003, Second edn. 2015), Prativash, Kolkata

Writings on historical perspectives
 Muktijuddhe Bangladesh, Shankar Prakashan, Kolkata (1971)
 Kolkata Teen Shatak (First edn. 1989, Second edn. 1994), Pashchimbanga Bangla Academy, Govt. of West Bengal
 Bharater Mukti Sangramey Bangla, Department of Information and Culture, Govt. of West Bengal.(1997)

Biography
 Deshnayak Subhash (First edn. 1997, Second edn. 2007), Pashchimbanga Bangla Academy,
 Sangrami Sampadak Vivekananda Mukhopadhyay, National Book Trust, (2007)

Personal life
Wife: Late Kalpana <mask> (nee Nag) Married: 1950, Died: 2009. Children: Nilanjana Choudhuri (born: 1952), Suranjana Chaudhury (born: 1965). Pen Names
Mallinath, Bidur, Anyadarshi

Prizes and felicitations
Sudha Basu Puraskar from Calcutta University, Poetry India Prize, Sisir Kumar Puraskar, Gauri Ghosal Smriti Puraskar, Tribritta Puraskar, Nazrul Puraskar given by Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi, Sarong Argha Nibedan from Sarong Literary Magazine, Great Bengal Purashkar, Amrita Purashkar, Muzaffar Ahmed Smriti Puraskar. References

Bengali poets
1928 births
Living people
Writers from West Bengal

masks:
Krishna Dhar
Krishna Dhar
Chinmoyee Dhar
Upendra Chandra Dhar
Krishna Dhar
Dhar
Dhar
Dhar
Dhar


texts:
<mask> (24 February 1767 – 12 November 1832) was a Salvadoran priest and doctor known as El Padre de la Patria Salvadoreña (The Father of the Salvadoran Fatherland). He was a prominent leader in the independence movement of El Salvador from the Spanish Empire. From 28 November 1821 to 9 February 1823, he served as the Political Chief of San Salvador and later served as the President of the Constituent Assembly of the United Provinces of Central America from 24 June 1823 to 1 July 1823. Early years

<mask> was born on 24 February 1767 in San Salvador, which was at the time a part of the Spanish Empire administered by the Greater Mayorship of San Salvador (es). His father was <mask>, a Panamanian who later served as "Ordinary Mayor of First Vote and Alderman and Royal Ensign" of San Salvador in 1797, his mother was Mariana de León Mexía, a Guatemalan, and he had six siblings: Manuel, Miguel, Josefa, Juan, and Francisco, and Mercedes. Through his mother, <mask> was a direct descendant of Sancho de Barahona, a Spanish conquistador who was a companion of Pedro de Alvarado, the conquistador who conquered El Salvador in the 16th century. <mask> studied jurisprudence and canon law at the University of San Carlos of Guatemala and the Tridentine College and Seminary of Our Lady of the Assumption (es) on a scholarship granted by Cayetano Francos y Monroy (es), the Archbishop of Santiago de Guatemala from 1779 to 1792.He attained the grade of Doctor and was ordained as a priest when he graduated in 1794. In 1808 he began the reconstruction of the old Parochial Church of San Salvador (today El Rosario Church), which was finished a decade later. Independence movement

In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain and deposed King Ferdinand VII, replacing him with Joseph I, Napoleon's brother, beginning the Peninsular War. The Spanish colonies in the Americans did not recognize Joseph I as their King and pro-independence sentiments began arise. Since 28 June 1805, the Colonial Intendant of San Salvador was Antonio Gutiérrez y Ulloa. He was described as "infatuated" and "difficult" and was unpopular with those residing in San Salvador. In San Salvador he became a leader of the movement for independence.Together with his nephew <mask> Arce he was among those who issued the first Cry for Independence in Central America, on 5 November 1811 in San Salvador. On this date he is said to have rung the bells of the Church of La Merced, as a public cry for liberty. The rebellion began with the confiscation of 3,000 guns and the funds in the royal treasury. The provincial intendant, Gutiérrez de Ulloa, was removed, as were most governmental employees. The rebels held the government for nearly a month before royal authority was restored from Guatemala. <mask>'s brothers Juan and Miguel were also members of the independence movement. In 1813 <mask> was elected a provincial deputy to the council in Guatemala City.He also became director of the Tridentino Seminary there. He was not in El Salvador at the time of the second insurrection in 1814, and did not take part in it. He was elected provincial deputy again in 1820, and on 15 September 1821, he was among those who signed the Act of Independence of Central America in Guatemala City. On 28 November 1821 he became political chief of the province of San Salvador. As head of state of El Salvador

When the Central American governmental junta voted to join the Mexican Empire (5 January 1822), <mask> (and many other Salvadorans) opposed this. On 11 January 1822 in San Salvador, the city government, presided over by Padre <mask>, and many members of the public protested the decision. Also on 11 January, the government of El Salvador seceded from Guatemala in order to remain outside the Mexican Empire.In April 1822 Colonel Manuel Arzú, in command of Guatemalan troops, occupied the Salvadoran cities of Santa Ana and Sonsonate. On 3 June 1822, Arzú entered San Salvador, reaching the Plaza Major. Nine hours of fighting resulted in many casualties, burned houses and plundering, but the Guatemalans then withdrew. <mask>'s nephew, Colonel <mask> Arce, was one of the commanders of the Salvadoran defenders. On 6 June 1822, Salvadoran troops reoccupied Santa Ana, and later also Ahuachapán and Sonsonate. On 2 December 1822, fearing further encroachment from Guatemala, El Salvador officially asked for annexation to the United States. A delegation was sent to the United States to negotiate.That same month, Brigadier Vicente Filisola, Captain-General of Guatemala (within the Mexican Empire), marched toward San Salvador. He entered the city on 9 February 1823, declaring respect for people and goods, but also the annexation of the province to Mexico. This was the end of the government of <mask> <mask>. Later life

On the fall of Mexican Emperor Agustín de Iturbide in 1823, Central America declared its independence. <mask> was elected one of the representatives to the constituent congress of the Federal Republic of Central America. This Congress met in Guatemala beginning on 24 June 1823, and <mask> was chosen to preside. On 5 May 1824 he was named the first bishop of San Salvador by the local civil authorities and not by the Catholic Church.This entangled him in a serious and long-lasting controversy with the Archbishop of Guatemala and the Vatican authorities that lasted until his death. In 1824 he bought in Guatemala, with public money, the first official printing press in El Salvador. It was used to publish the first Salvadoran newspaper, El Semanario Político Mercantil. The first issue appeared on 31 July 1824 . <mask> died on 12 November 1832 in San Salvador. As his funeral procession passed the Plaza Mayor, mourners showered his coffin with white rose petals. His remains are interred at El Rosario Church.Legacy

On 22 January 1833 the National Assembly declared him Benemérito de la Patria. The Salvadoran lawyer, educator and journalist Rafael Reyes published the first biographical study of <mask>, in December 1878. Later other Central American intellectuals, including Francisco Gavidia, Carlos Meléndez Chaverri, Ramón López Jiménez, Rodolfo Barón Castro, <mask> Guandique, and Jorge Lardé y Larín did likewise. His name was given to the town resulting from the merger of Aculhuaca, Paleca and San Sebastián Texincal on 23 October 1935. Dr. <mask>ías Delgado University, the foundation of which was announced on 15 September 1977, is today located in Antiguo Cuscatlán, a suburb of San Salvador. The National Assembly commissioned a portrait in oil for its chamber. It was made into a lithograph in New York by A. Demarest.A marble bust was installed on Avenida Inependencia in San Salvador in 1902. Another statue was donated by the German, Austrian and Swiss residents of the country on 14 September 1913. This statue was located at the Parque Arce, but the 1986 San Salvador earthquake destroyed it. There is also a statue of <mask> at the university named for him. See also

Order of José Matías Delgado
Dr. <mask> <mask> University

References

Bibliography

External links

 Short biography
Brief biography
 Brief biography
 Dr. <mask>ías Delgado University official site

1767 births
1832 deaths
Salvadoran independence activists
Salvadoran Roman Catholic priests
Salvadoran people of Spanish descent
Presidents of El Salvador
Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala alumni
19th-century Salvadoran people

masks:
José Matías Delgado y de León
José Matías Delgado y de León
Pedro Delgado y Matamoros
Delgado
Delgado
Manuel José
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Manuel José
José Matías
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
José Salvador
José Mat
Delgado
José Matías
Delgado
José Mat


texts:
<mask> (11 June 1456 – 16 March 1485) was an English queen, the younger of the two daughters and co-heiresses of <mask>, 16th Earl of Warwick (the "Kingmaker"). She became Princess of Wales as the wife of Edward of Westminster (only son and heir apparent of King Henry VI) and then Queen of England as the wife of King Richard III. As a member of the powerful House of Neville, she played a critical part in the Wars of the Roses fought between the House of York and House of Lancaster for the English crown. Her father Warwick betrothed her as a girl to Edward, Prince of Wales, the son of Henry VI. The marriage was to seal an alliance to the House of Lancaster and halt the civil war between the two houses of Lancaster and York. After the death of Prince Edward, she married Richard, Duke of Gloucester, younger brother of King Edward IV and of George, Duke of Clarence, the husband of <mask>'s elder sister <mask>. <mask> became queen when Richard III ascended the throne in June 1483, following the declaration that Edward IV's children by Elizabeth Woodville were illegitimate.<mask> predeceased her husband by five months, dying in March 1485. Her only child was Edward of Middleham, who predeceased her. Early life

<mask> was born at Warwick Castle, the younger daughter of <mask>, 16th Earl of Warwick, and <mask> Beauchamp. Her father was one of the most powerful noblemen in England and the most important supporter of the House of York. Her grandfather's sister, Cecily <mask>, was the wife of Richard, Duke of York, who claimed the crown for the House of York. Much of <mask>'s childhood was spent at Middleham Castle, one of her father's properties, where she and her elder sister, Isabel, met two younger sons of the Duke of York: Richard, Duke of Gloucester (the future Richard III) and George, Duke of Clarence. Richard especially attended his knighthood training at Middleham since mid-1461 until at least the spring of 1465, or possibly since 1465 until late 1468.It is possible that even at this early stage, a match between the Earl's daughters and the young dukes was being considered. The Duke of York was killed on 30 December 1460 but, with Warwick's help, his eldest son became King Edward IV in March 1461. In July 1469, Lady Isabel married Clarence, while in July 1470, after the Earl of Warwick's flight to France and change of allegiance, <mask> was betrothed to Edward of Westminster, the Lancastrian heir to the throne of England, and married to him by the end of the same year. Princess of Wales
The Earl of Warwick had been at odds with Edward IV for some time, resenting the rise in the king's favour of the new queen's family, the Woodvilles. In 1469, the earl tried to put his son-in-law George on the throne, but met resistance from Parliament. After a second rebellion against King Edward failed in early 1470, he was forced to flee to France, where he allied himself with the ousted House of Lancaster in 1470. With King Henry VI imprisoned in the Tower of London, the de facto Lancastrian leader was his consort, Margaret of Anjou, who was suspicious of Warwick's motives.To quell these suspicions, <mask> was formally betrothed to the son of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou, Edward of Westminster, at the Château d'Amboise in France. They were married in Angers Cathedral, probably on 13 December 1470, to make <mask> the Princess of Wales. Warwick restored Henry VI to the throne in October 1470; Edward IV however returned to the country in March 1471 and quickly captured London and the person of Henry VI. The mentally troubled Henry VI was taken by Edward IV as a prisoner to the Battle of Barnet, where Warwick was killed on 14 April 1471. Edward IV then incarcerated Henry VI in the Tower of London. Following the decisive Yorkist victory at the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4 May, Henry was reported to have died of "pure displeasure and melancholy," although "The Great Chronicle of London" reported that Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was responsible for his death. As Constable of England, he probably delivered King Edward's order to kill Henry to the Constable of the Tower.Margaret of Anjou had returned to England with <mask> and Prince Edward in April, bringing additional troops. At the Battle of Tewkesbury, Edward IV crushed this last Lancastrian army. Prince Edward was killed in or shortly after the battle, and <mask> was taken prisoner. She was taken first to Coventry and then to the house of her brother-in-law the Duke of Clarence in London, while her mother <mask>, Warwick's wife, sought sanctuary in Beaulieu Abbey. When the crisis settled down and the Countess wished to be restored to her estates, Edward IV refused her safe conduct to plead her case; she wrote to Queen Elizabeth and several others to no avail. <mask>, now widowed, became the subject of some dispute between George of Clarence and his brother Richard of Gloucester, who still wanted to marry her. <mask> and her sister, the Duchess of Clarence, were heiresses to their parents' vast estates.Clarence, anxious to secure the entire inheritance, treated her as his ward and opposed her getting married, which would strengthen her position to claim a share. There are various accounts of what happened subsequently, including the story that Clarence hid her in a London cookshop, disguised as a servant, so that his brother would not know where she was. Gloucester is said to have tracked her down and escorted her to sanctuary at the Church of St Martin's le Grand. In order to win the final consent of his brother George to the marriage, Richard of Gloucester renounced most of Warwick's land and property, including the earldoms of Warwick (which the earl had held in his wife's right) and Salisbury and surrendered to Clarence the office of Great Chamberlain of England. Duchess of Gloucester
The exact date of the wedding of <mask> and Richard, Duke of Gloucester, is not known, although most sources agree that a ceremony took place sometime in the spring of 1472 in St Stephen's Chapel in the Palace of Westminster, after a dispensation to marry was issued from Rome on 22 April 1472. This dispensed the impediment of affinity created when <mask> married Edward of Lancaster, who was Richard's blood cousin. The couple made their marital home in the familiar surroundings of Middleham Castle, Yorkshire, after Richard was appointed Governor of the North on the king's behalf.Upon her marriage, <mask> was styled Duchess of Gloucester. They had only one child, Edward, born at Middleham allegedly sometime in 1473, but more probably in 1476. <mask>'s mother, the dowager Countess of Warwick, joined her daughter's household in 1473 after Richard obtained the king's permission to release his mother-in-law from her guarded sanctuary. In 1478, <mask> inherited the Lordship of Glamorgan. The title had been held by her father and on his death had passed to <mask>'s elder sister <mask>. Females could not exercise the Lordship in their own right, so the title immediately transferred to Isabel's husband, the George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence. On his death in February 1478, the title passed to <mask> and was henceforth exercised by her husband, Richard of Gloucester until his death, when it passed to the new king, Henry VII.Queen of England

On 9 April 1483, Edward IV died and <mask>'s husband Richard was named Lord Protector for his 12-year-old nephew Edward V. But on 25 June 1483, Edward V and his siblings were declared illegitimate and Richard ascended the throne as King Richard III. <mask> was crowned alongside her husband on 6 July 1483 by Thomas Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury, the first joint coronation in England in 175 years. The queen's train was borne by Margaret, Countess of Richmond, whose son would become Henry VII after defeating Richard at the Battle of Bosworth. Almost the entire peerage of England was present at what was a magnificent spectacle. Richard and <mask>'s son Edward of Middleham was created Prince of Wales in York Minster on 8 September 1483 following their Royal Progress across England. <mask> was on good terms with her mother-in-law Cecily <mask>, Duchess of York, with whom she discussed religious works, such as the writings of Mechtilde of Hackeborn. Edward of Middleham died suddenly in April 1484 at Middleham Castle, while his parents were in Nottingham on their way to visit him.Both Richard and <mask> were overwhelmed with grief at this news. <mask> was particularly heartbroken, and she fell gravely ill only a few months later. After the death of her son, <mask> effectively adopted her nephew Edward, Earl of Warwick. After <mask> died, Richard may have named another nephew, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, as his heir presumptive. Death
<mask> died on 16 March 1485, probably of tuberculosis, at Westminster. The day she died, there was an eclipse, which some took to be an omen of her husband's fall from heavenly grace. She was buried in Westminster Abbey in an unmarked grave to the right of the High Altar, next to the door to the Confessor's Chapel.Richard III is said to have wept at her funeral. Nevertheless, rumours circulated that Richard III had poisoned her in order to marry his niece Elizabeth of York. Richard sent Elizabeth away from court to Sheriff Hutton and publicly rebutted these rumours on 30 March 1485 during an assembly of Lords he had summoned at the Hospital of St. John. Addressing them "in a loud and distinct voice", he "showed his grief and displeasure aforesaid and said it never came into his thought or mind to marry in such manner wise, nor willing nor glad of the death of his queen but as sorry and in heart as heavy as man might be …". There is no reason to doubt that Richard's grief over his wife's death was genuine. Documents later found in the Portuguese royal archives show that after <mask>'s death, Richard's ambassadors were sent on a formal errand to negotiate a double marriage between Richard and the Portuguese king's sister Joanna (who was of Lancastrian descent), and Elizabeth of York and Joanna's cousin Duke Manuel (the future Manuel I). There was no memorial to Queen <mask> until 1960, when a bronze tablet was erected on a wall near her grave by the Richard III Society.Cultural depictions

Theatre and film

<mask> appears in three scenes in William Shakespeare's Richard III. In Act I, Scene 2, Richard III persuades her to marry him. In Act IV, Scene 1, just before Richard III's coronation, <mask> meets Edward IV's widow and laments her own position. In Act V, Scene 3, <mask> is one of the ghosts that appear to Richard III. The role has been played in film by
 Claire Bloom in Richard III (1955)
 Zoe Wanamaker in the BBC television adaptation (1983)
 Kristin Scott Thomas in Richard III (1995)
 Winona Ryder in Looking for Richard (1996)
 Faye Marsay in The White Queen (2013)
 Phoebe Fox in The Hollow Crown: The Wars of the Roses (2016)

<mask> is also a character in Tower of London (1939) (played by Rose Hobart), and Tower of London (1962) (played by Joan Camden). In German productions of musical Tanz Der Vampire (Dance of the Vampires) at the ball of Count von Krolock there are several historical figures among vampires, including <mask> and her husband King Richard III. Novels
<mask> is a major character in several historical novels.

masks:
Anne Neville
Richard Neville
Anne
Isabel Neville
Anne
Anne Neville
Anne Neville
Richard Neville
Anne de
Neville
Anne Neville
Anne Neville
Anne Neville
Anne Neville
Anne Neville
Anne Neville
Anne Beauchamp
Anne
Anne Neville
Anne Neville
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne Neville
Anne
Isabel Neville
Anne
Anne
Anne Neville
Anne
Anne
Neville
Anne
Anne
Anne Neville
Anne Neville
Anne Neville
Anne
Anne
Anne Neville
Anne Neville
Anne Neville
Anne Neville
Anne Neville
Anne Neville