texts:
<mask> (6 August 1914 – 3 June 1982) was an English writer, poet and playwright of German descent, now best known for his poem The Horse and for preparing the libretto for Benjamin Britten's opera The Rape of Lucretia, first performed in 1946. Early life
<mask> was born <mask>, in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe), in 1914. <mask>'s mother, Ethel Cannon, moved the family to London after the outbreak of World War One, though his father, Reginald Dunkelsbühler, remained behind and owing to his German origins was interned as an alien and died of influenza contracted whilst giving medical aid during an epidemic in 1918 before he could rejoin the family. <mask> attended Downing College, Cambridge in 1933, reading English under F. R. Leavis. He became a pacifist during the 1930s, publishing The Complete Pacifist in 1936. This was later re-issued in 1937 carrying endorsements from Canon Dick Sheppard of the Peace Pledge Union (PPU), Gerald Heard, and Sylvia Townsend Warner. Later that year he wrote the words for a Pacifist March composed by Benjamin Britten (also a pacifist) for the PPU, but the work was not a success and was soon withdrawn.In the same year he was invited by Gandhi to visit him in India after reading an essay <mask> had sent him that he had written on the subject of passive resistance, and from 1938 was on friendly terms with the British Hispanist Gerald Brenan. His pacifism led him to set up a co-operative farming enterprise at Gooseham and Mead Farm, near Welcombe, Devon, during the Second World War, but it failed by 1943, and in 1944 <mask> successfully faced a conscientious objection tribunal. Literary works
In 1937 <mask> met Ezra Pound, who encouraged him to found the "little magazine" Townsman, 1938-1945. Of the 24 issues, numbers 21-24 (1944–45) appeared as The Scythe, a title that signalled <mask>'s increasing interest in agriculture and husbandry. <mask> was also a writer of short stories and a journalist. He wrote the film script for Girl on a Motorcycle (dir. Jack Cardiff, 1968), which starred Marianne Faithfull.His poetry was published at Faber and Faber by T. S. Eliot, who became a friend. In 1960 he published The Solitudes a collection of poems that he dedicated to his favourite horse, Dil Fareb. In 1964 <mask> published All Men are Islands, the first of a series of lively and sometimes contentious and contradictory autobiographies. How to Make Enemies followed in 1968,  and Obsessed in 1977. A final controversial autobiography, Working with Britten: A Personal Memoir appeared from <mask>'s own Rebel Press in 1981 after being rejected by a mainstream publisher. In the late 1960s and early 1970s he worked on a long poem about science, Man, in five parts (1970–74), and in 1978 he co-edited a collection of essays by leading scientists The Encyclopedia of Ignorance with Miranda Weston-Smith, grand-daughter of the cosmologist E.A. Milne.Dramatic works
In 1942-43 he helped Britten with the last scene of the opera Peter Grimes, and wrote the whole of the libretto for The Rape of Lucretia in 1945-46. <mask>'s play This Way to the Tomb was performed at the Mercury Theatre, Notting Hill Gate in 1945, and was followed by his adaptation of Cocteau's L’aigle à deux têtes as The Eagle has Two Heads (1946). Tallulah Bankhead and Marlon Brando appeared in the U.S. production. Stratton was published in 1950. Our Lady's Tumbler was performed in Salisbury Cathedral for the Festival of Britain in on 5 June 1951, in front of the 7th Earl and Countess of Harewood. In the early 1950s he translated and adapted a number of French plays including The Apollo of Bellac by Jean Giraudoux and Jean Cocteau's The Typewriter. Don Juan was first performed in 1953, and The Death of Satan: a comedy in 1954.A joint production of the two latter plays was presented by the English Stage Company at the Royal Court Theatre in 1956, directed by George Devine. In 1962 there was controversy over the refusal of the Lord Chamberlain to permit public performance of The Catalyst, a play about a ménage à trois. These verse plays in the manner of T. S. Eliot became less popular from the mid-1960s. <mask> was instrumental in setting up and naming the English Stage Company at London's Royal Court Theatre, which opened in 1956. Regrettably, during its 50th anniversary celebrations in 2006, the theatre did not acknowledge his initial work. Yet theatre historian Irving Wardle wrote, "without <mask> there would have been no English Stage Company". Jan at Blue Fox
Jan at Blue Fox was a light entertainment show created by the BBC in 1952.The show was derived from the "Jan's Journal" columns written by <mask> for the Evening Standard. The columns were loosely based on <mask>'s life as a farmer in North Devon. They were adapted for television by <mask> and George F. Kerr, and starred Philip Ray as 'Jan'. The episodes were:

1: The Day the Tramp Came

2: Fruit and Flower Show Day

3: A Day of Visitors

4: The Day of the Wreck

No footage remains of this programme, as all of the episodes were aired live and never recorded for posterity. The only existing visual record today of the show consists of still photographs. <mask>'s "Jan's Journal" columns were published in three compilations volumes: "Jan's Journal", "The Blue Fox" and "Jan at the Blue Fox", described by the New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature as one of a series of “articles and stories on country themes rptd [reported] from the Evening Standard.”

Selected bibliography

 The Blue Fox (1951)
 Jan at the Blue Fox (1952)
 Jan's Journal (1954)

Personal life
<mask> in one of his autobiographies claimed that his father was the illegitimate son of the last Crown Prince of Bavaria, Rupprecht and Julia Wertheimer. <mask> and his partner Rose Marie Hansom moved to Devon in 1939 and married in 1941.Hansom was an artist who illustrated a number of his works. She was a member of a family of successful architects and engineers including Joseph Hansom the inventor of the eponymous horse-drawn cab. They had a daughter Briony who went on to become a successful sculptrice and a son, Roger who became a lawyer. <mask> died in Bideford hospital, Barnstaple, Devon, England, on 3 June 1982. <mask> was a keen horseman and breeder of Arabian Horses on his farm in Devon. <mask> was co-promotor along with his friend Michael Ansell of one the UK's oldest long distance equestrian competitions, the Golden Horseshoe, created by the British Horse Society in 1965. The first edition covered 50 miles across Exmoor from Malsmead and finished at <mask>'s farm in Welcombe.<mask> Collection
The <mask> Collection is held by University of Exeter Special Collections (EUL MS 397)

References

External links
<mask> at Literary Places.co.uk

 List of Jan at the Blue Fox missing episodes

1914 births
1982 deaths
British pacifists
British conscientious objectors
British opera librettists
20th-century British dramatists and playwrights
20th-century British translators
20th-century British poets
British short story writers
People from Harare
British male poets
British male short story writers
British male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century British short story writers
20th-century British male writers
Lost BBC episodes
BBC television dramas
1950s British television series
1952 British television series endings
1952 British television series debuts

masks:
Ronald Frederick Henry Duncan
Duncan
Ronald Frederick Henry Dunkelsbühler
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Ronald Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Ronald Duncan
Ronald Duncan
Ronald Duncan


type: original

texts:
Lady <mask>,  ( Pakenham; born 27 August 1932) is a British author of history, novels, biographies and detective fiction. She is the widow of the 2005 Nobel Laureate in Literature, Harold Pinter (1930–2008), and prior to his death was also known as Lady <mask>. Family background and education
<mask> (1905–2001) and his wife, Elizabeth, Countess of Longford, née Elizabeth Harman (1906–2002). As the daughter of an earl, she is accorded the courtesy title "Lady" and thus customarily addressed formally as "Lady Antonia". As a teenager, she and her siblings converted to Catholicism, following the conversions of their parents. Her "maternal grandparents were Unitarians – a non-conformist faith with a strong emphasis on social reform ...". In response to criticism of her writing about Oliver Cromwell, she has said, "I have no Catholic blood".Before his own conversion in his thirties following a nervous breakdown in the Army, as she explains, "My father was Protestant Church of Ireland, and my mother was Unitarian up to the age of 20 when she abandoned it." She was educated at the Dragon School in Oxford, St Mary's School, Ascot, and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford; the last was also her mother's alma mater. Prior to going up to Oxford in 1950, she was a debutante in the London social season. Career
<mask> began work as an "all-purpose assistant" for George Weidenfeld at Weidenfeld & Nicolson (her "only job"), which later became her own publisher and part of Orion Publishing Group, which publishes her works in the UK. Her first major work, published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, was Mary, Queen of Scots (1969), which was followed by several other biographies, including Cromwell, Our Chief of Men (1973). She won the Wolfson History Award in 1984 for The Weaker Vessel, a study of women's lives in 17th century England. From 1988 to 1989, she was president of English PEN, and she chaired its Writers in Prison Committee.She also has written detective novels; the most popular involved a character named Jemima Shore and were adapted into a television series Jemima Shore Investigates which aired in the UK in 1983. From 1983 to 1984, she was president of Edinburgh's Sir Walter Scott Club. <mask>'s study, The Warrior Queens (1989), is an account of military royal women since the days of Boadicea and Cleopatra. In 1992, a year after Alison Weir's book The Six Wives of Henry VIII, she published a book with the same title. She chronicled the life and times of Charles II in a well-reviewed 1979 eponymous biography. The book was cited as an influence on the 2003 BBC/A&E mini-series, Charles II: The Power & the Passion, in a featurette on the DVD, by Rufus Sewell who played the title character. <mask> served as editor for many monarchical biographies, including those featured in the Kings and Queens of England and Royal History of England series, and, in 1996, she also published a book entitled The Gunpowder Plot: Terror and Faith in 1605, which won both the St. Louis Literary Award and the Crime Writers' Association (CWA) Non-Fiction Gold Dagger.Her biography, Marie Antoinette: The Journey (2001, 2002), was adapted for the film Marie Antoinette (2006), directed by Sofia Coppola, with Kirsten Dunst in the title role, and Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King (2006). Related experience
<mask> was a contestant on the BBC Radio 4 panel game My Word! from 1979 to 1990. She serves as a judge for the Enid McLeod Literary Prize, awarded by the Franco-British Society, previously winning that prize for her biography Marie Antoinette (2001). Lady <mask> <mask> is a Vice-President of The London Library. Memoir
<mask>'s memoir Must You Go? My Life with Harold Pinter was published in January 2010 and she read a shortened version as BBC Radio Four's Book of the Week that month.At the Cheltenham Literary Festival on 17 October 2010, Lady <mask> announced that her next work would be on the subject of the Great Reform Bill 1832. She is no longer planning a biography of Queen Elizabeth I, as this subject has already been extensively covered. Perspective and criticism
<mask> acknowledges she is "less interested in ideas than in 'the people who led nations' and so on. I don't think I could ever have written a history of political thought or anything like that. I'd have to come at it another way." Marriages and later life
From 1956 until their divorce in 1977, she was married to Sir <mask> (1918–1984), a descendant of Scottish aristocracy 14 years her senior and a Roman Catholic Conservative Unionist MP in the House of Commons (sitting for Stafford), who was a friend of the American Kennedy family. They had six children: three sons, Benjamin, Damian, and Orlando; and three daughters, Rebecca Fitzgerald, wife of barrister Edward Fitzgerald, QC, <mask> and <mask>-Cavassoni.All three daughters are writers and biographers. <mask> works for JPMorgan, <mask> is the managing director of the investment banking firm UBS AG (formerly S.G. Warburg) in Mexico, and <mask> is a barrister specializing in commercial law (Wroe). <mask> <mask> has 18 grandchildren. On 22 October 1975, Hugh and <mask> <mask>, together with Caroline Kennedy, who was visiting them at their Holland Park home, in Kensington, west London, were almost blown up by an IRA car bomb placed under the wheels of his Jaguar, which had been triggered to go off at 9 am when he left the house; the bomb exploded, killing the cancer researcher, Gordon Hamilton Fairley. Fairley, a neighbour of the <mask>s, had been walking his dog, when he noticed something amiss and stopped to examine the bomb. In 1975, she began an affair with playwright Harold Pinter, who was then married to the actress Vivien Merchant. In 1977, after she had been living with Pinter for two years, the <mask>s' union was legally dissolved.Merchant spoke about her distress publicly to the press, which quoted her cutting remarks about her rival, but she resisted divorcing Pinter. In 1980, after Merchant signed divorce papers, <mask> and Pinter married. After the deaths of both their spouses, <mask> and Pinter were married by a Jesuit priest, Fr. Michael Campbell-Johnson, in the Roman Catholic Church. Harold Pinter died from cancer on 24 December 2008, aged 78. Lady <mask> <mask> lives in the London district of Holland Park, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, south of Notting Hill Gate, in the <mask> family home, where she still writes in her fourth-floor study. Honours
<mask> was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1999 Birthday Honours and promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to literature.She was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 2018 New Year Honours for services to literature. The Lady Antonia Fraser Archive in the British Library

Lady <mask> <mask>'s uncatalogued papers (relating to her "Early Writing", "Fiction", and "Non-Fiction") are on loan at the British Library. Papers by and relating to Lady <mask> <mask> are also catalogued as part of the Harold Pinter Archive, which is part of its permanent collection of Additional Manuscripts. Awards
 James Tait Black Memorial Prize (1969), for her book Mary, Queen of Scots. Wolfson History Prize (1984), for her book The Weaker Vessel. Crime Writers' Association Macallan Gold Dagger for Non-Fiction (1996), for her book The Gunpowder Plot. St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates.Historical Association Norton Medlicott Medal (2000). Enid McLeod Literary Prize (2001), from the Franco-British Society, for Marie Antoinette. Works

Historical fiction
 King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table (1954, 1970)
 Robin Hood (1955), The Heirloom Library

Non-fiction works
 Mary Queen of Scots (1969). .
 Reissued, Phoenix paperback, 2001; . 40th anniversary edition, reissued Orion paperback, 7 May 2009; . Dolls (1963)
 A History of Toys (1966)
 Cromwell, Our Chief of Men (1973);
 Also published as Cromwell: The Lord Protector.  .
 King James VI and I (1974)
 The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England (1975) [editor]
 King Charles II (1979). Also published as Royal Charles: Charles II and the Restoration and Charles II; . Heroes and Heroines (1980)
 The Weaker Vessel: Woman's Lot in Seventeenth-century England (1984)
 The Warrior Queens: Boadicea's Chariot (1988), Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.Also published as Warrior Queens: The Legends and Lives of Women Who have led Their Nations in War. The Six Wives of Henry VIII (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1996); Orion, 1999, . Rpt. & updated edition, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2007. Also published as the Orion audio-book The Six Wives of Henry VIII (November 2006); . The first paperback edition is The Six Wives of Henry VIII (London: Mandarin, 1993); . The 1st American edition is entitled The Wives of Henry VIII.New York: Knopf, 1992; . The Gunpowder Plot: Terror and Faith in 1605 (1996)
 Also published as Faith and Treason: The Gunpowder Plot; . Marie Antoinette (2001);
 Also published with the subtitle Marie Antoinette: The Journey, (2002); . Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King (2006); . Must You Go? My Life with Harold Pinter (2010), London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson (Orion Books); . 1st U.S. edition, New York: Nan A. Talese/Doubleday; .1st paperback edition London: Phoenix, 2010;
 Also published in audio & digital editions) - "Shortlisted for Galaxy National Book Awards: Non-Fiction Book of the Year 2010." Perilous Question: The Drama of the Great Reform Bill 1832 (2013);
 My History. A Memoir of Growing Up (2015), New York:  Doubleday. Our Israeli Diary: Of That Time, Of That Place (2017);
 The King and the Catholics: The Fight for Rights, 1829 (2018);
 The Case of the Married Woman: Caroline Norton: A 19th Century Heroine Who Wanted Justice for Women (2021);
 The Antonia <mask> Collection (2013)

Jemima Shore novels
 Quiet as a Nun (1977)
 The Wild Island (1978). Also published as Tartan Tragedy. A Splash of Red (1981)
 Cool Repentance (1982)
 Oxford Blood (1985)
 Jemima Shore's First Case (1986)
 Your Royal Hostage (1987)
 The Cavalier Case (1990)
 Jemima Shore at the Sunny Grave (1991)
 Political Death (1995)
 Quiet as a Nun / Tartan Tragedy / Splash of Red (omnibus) (2005)
 Jemima Shore on the Case (omnibus) (2006)

Anthologies (editor)
 Scottish Love Poems (1975)
 Love Letters (1976)
 The Pleasure of Reading (1992)
 A Red Rose or A Satin Heart (2010)

See also
 Earl of Longford

Notes

Further reading

Biographies and profiles
 Gussow Mel. "The Lady Is a Writer".The New York Times Magazine, 9 September 1984. "Our President in 1983/84 was: Lady <mask> <mask>" bio at Edinburgh Sir Walter Scott Club. Snowman, Daniel. "Lady <mask> <mask>". History Today 50.10 (October 2000): 26–28. Wroe, Nicholas. "Profile: The History Woman."Guardian, 24 August 2002. Interviews and articles
 Dougary, Ginny. "Lady <mask> <mask>'s Life Less Ordinary: In a Frank Interview, the Famed Writer Talks about Motherhood, Catholicism, Her Parents and Soulmate Harold Pinter". Times, 5 July 2008. "Interviews: <mask> <mask>eers into the Heart of Louis XIV". National Public Radio, Weekend Edition Saturday, 11 November 2006. Leith, Sam."Literary Lazing". The Daily Telegraph, 10 July 2007. Talese, Nan A. Interview with <mask> <mask>. Random House Books, 2001. Weinberg, Kate. "Culture Clinic: Lady <mask> <mask>".The Daily Telegraph. 15 Mar. 2008. External links
 AntoniaFraser.com – Official website of <mask> <mask>. "Antonia Fraser" – Author webpage at Orion Publishing Group (UK publisher)
 "Antonia Fraser" – Author webpage at Random House (US publisher)
 <mask> <mask> – Client page at Curtis Brown Literary and Talent Agency
 "Antonia's Choice" – In Desert Island Discs on BBC Radio 4 (first broadcast 27 July 2008)
 Must You Go? extract – "First Night" (Chapter One), Galaxy National Book Awards (Phoenix edn)
 Translated Penguin Book - at  Penguin First Editions reference site of early first edition Penguin Books. 1932 births
Living people
Writers from London
People educated at The Dragon School
People educated at St Mary's School, Ascot
Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Converts to Roman Catholicism
<mask>, Lady Antonia
English biographers
English historians
English women novelists
Women historical novelists
English Roman Catholics
Fellows of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Members of the Detection Club
Harold Pinter
Antonia
James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
20th-century English women writers
20th-century biographers
Women mystery writers
British women historians
Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
Wives of knights
Women biographers
English memoirists

masks:
Antonia Margaret Caroline Fraser
Antonia Pinter
Fraserford
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Antonia
Fraser
Fraser
Antonia
Fraser
Hugh Fraser
Flora Fraser
Natasha Fraser
Benjamin Fraser
Damian Fraser
Orlando Fraser
Antonia
Fraser
Antonia
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Antonia
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Antonia
Fraser
Antonia
Fraser
Fraser
Antonia
Fraser
Antonia
Fraser
Antonia
Fraser
Antonia
Fraser P
Antonia
Fraser
Antonia
Fraser
Antonia
Fraser
Antonia
Fraser
Fraser


texts:
<mask> (April 3, 1900March 14, 1988) was a United States Army general who served concurrently as Commander in Chief, United Nations Command/Commander, United States Forces Korea/Commanding General, Eighth United States Army (CINCUNC/COMUSFK/CG EUSA) from 1959 to 1961. Early life and education
Magruder was born in London, United Kingdom, where his father, Dr. George Mason Magruder, was serving with the United States Public Health Service. Magruder's later returned to the U.S. and settled in Albemarle, Virginia, where young <mask> graduated from the high school. At the time of the U.S. entry into World War I, he was attending the University of Virginia. He dropped out of college and after period of training at the Officers Training Camp in Plattsburgh, New York, he was commissioned an infantry second lieutenant on September 16, 1918. With the end of the war, Magruder accepted an appointment to the United States Military Academy. Upon graduation in 1923, he was commissioned in the field artillery.Later he attended Purdue University and received a master's degree in mechanical engineering in 1932. Prior to World War II, he served at various posts and assignments and also attended the Command and General Staff College and Army War College. World War II

In June 1941, Magruder was assigned to the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for logistics (G-4), War Department General Staff in Washington, D.C., where he served under then-Major General <mask> B. Somervell. During his service there, Magruder was promoted to lieutenant colonel on December 21, 1941. Upon the creation of Army Service Forces under General Somervell in March 1942, Magruder was appointed Director of Planning Division, Army Service Forces and was promoted to colonel on December 12, 1942. While in this capacity, he planned and supervised the logistic support from the United States for overseas operations and gained the reputation of Army's top logistician. Magruder was present at the Casablanca, Cairo, and Quebec conferences and later was decorated with Army Distinguished Service Medal for his service in this capacity.Following the promotion to brigadier general on August 13, 1944, Magruder was ordered overseas and assumed duty as Assistant Chief of Staff for logistics (G-4) on the staff of Commanding General, Mediterranean Theater of Operations, Dwight D. Eisenhower. He was in charge of supply, transportation, and construction in that theater, stationed in Italy and was promoted to major general on March 24, 1945. Magruder later received his second Army Distinguished Service Medal for his service in the Mediterranean and also was decorated by the governments of France, Italy and Great Britain. Postwar service

In November 1945, Magruder was transferred to the European Theater of Operations and assumed duty as Chief of Staff, Services of Supply under Lieutenant General John C. H. Lee. He later succeeded Lee and upon the reorganization of postwar allied forces, Magruder assumed duty as Assistant Chief of Staff for logistics (G-4), United States European Command under General Joseph T. McNarney. While in this capacity, Magruder was stationed in Frankfurt and was charged with the destruction of German equipment and fortifications, the repatriation of slave labor and displaced persons and the release of prisoners of war. He later served as Chief of Staff of the European Command under General Lucius D. Clay until March 1949, when he returned to the United States for duty at the Pentagon.Magruder served as deputy to the Assistant Secretary of the Army, Tracy Voorhees. Magruder then served as Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff for Logistics until November 1953, when he was ordered to the Far East for duty as commanding general, 24th Infantry Division and in 1954 was promoted to lieutenant general. He then assumed command of IX Corps and returned to the United States in 1955 for duty as Assistant Chief of Staff of the Army for Logistics, the highest logistics position in the Army. Promoted to full general in 1959, Magruder returned to Korea to command all United Nations and U.S. forces. During his command, a military junta led by Park Chung-hee overthrew the elected premier, John Chang. Magruder was publicly criticized by retired General James Van Fleet for ordering South Korean officers to stay loyal to the civilian government. Van Fleet, who supported the coup, said that Magruder "acted illegally", and:

Those ROK generals who refused to go along with the coup should have disobeyed his order ...It's all right to talk about representative government, but except in great countries like the U.S. and Great Britain, such a system lets elements get into the government and destroy it in underdeveloped countries where the enemy is lurking. Magruder retired from the Army in June 1961 after almost 43 years of active service and received his third Army Distinguished Service Medal for his service as commanding general, United Nations Command in Korea. Later life and death
After retiring from the Army, Magruder worked as a logistics consultant to the Department of Defense and private industry. He settled in Arlington, Virginia, and was a member of the Army-Navy Country Club and the Society of the Cincinnati. He died at the age of 87 of lung ailments on March 14, 1988, at Walter Reed Army Medical Center and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. His wife, Luella <mask> (1907–1991) was buried with him in 1991. Decorations

Here is the ribbon bar of General Magruder:

Notes

External links
<mask>. Magruder at ArlingtonCemetery.net, an unofficial website
Generals of World War II

1900 births
1988 deaths
United States Army generals
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Italy)
United States Military Academy alumni
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army War College alumni
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Commanders, United States Forces Korea
United States Army generals of World War II

masks:
Carter Bowie Magruder
Carter
Brehon
Johnson Magruder
Carter B


texts:
<mask> (born August 18, 1969) is an American actor and producer. He made his film debut with a leading role in The Legend of Billie Jean (1985) and gained wider recognition for his breakthrough role as Jason "J.D." Dean, a sociopathic high school student, in the satire Heathers (1989). He has received critical acclaim for his title-role in the USA Network television series Mr. Robot (2015–2019), for which he earned the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 2016, with additional nominations in 2017 and 2018. Born in New York City to a theatrical family, <mask> made his television debut at the age of eight on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live. He attended the Dalton School, the Professional Children's School, and the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts.In the 1990s, <mask> starred in a number of big-budget films, including Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991), Interview with the Vampire (1994), Broken Arrow (1996), and Hard Rain (1998) as well as cult films like Pump Up the Volume (1990) and True Romance (1993). His other notable films include roles in 3000 Miles to Graceland (2001), Windtalkers (2002), Alone in the Dark (2005), Bobby (2006), Nymphomaniac (2013), King Cobra (2016), The Wife (2017), The Public (2018), and We Can Be Heroes (2020). Combined with his film roles, <mask> has also starred in television shows such as My Own Worst Enemy (2008), Breaking In (2011–2012), Mind Games (2012), Dirty John (2020), and Dr. Death (2021). In addition to his live-action roles, <mask> has had an extensive voice-acting career, with roles in FernGully: The Last Rainforest (1992), The Ten Commandments (2007), Igor (2008), and Mune: Guardian of the Moon (2017). He narrated the second season of Prehistoric Planet (2002–2003) and the Discovery Channel documentary miniseries Dinosaur Planet (2003), and voiced the character <mask> in Archer (2014–2016), Ushari in The Lion Guard (2016–2019), Ren in the Star Wars franchise (2021–present), and Rand Ridley in Inside Job (2021). He has also been the voice of Floyd Lawton / Deadshot in the DC Animated Movie Universe since 2017. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City in 1969, the son of Michael Hawkins (born Thomas Knight <mask>), an actor also known as Michael Gainsborough; and Mary Jo <mask> (née Lawton), an acting agent turned casting executive and producer.He has a maternal half-brother, <mask>, who also became an actor. His great-uncle was radio personality <mask>. He attended the Dalton School, the Professional Children's School and the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts. Career

1977–1989: Early success
<mask> started acting from an early age. His first television role was at the age of eight on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live. Following a run on Ryan's Hope, he made his Broadway debut as the lisping Winthrop Paroo opposite Dick Van Dyke in the 1980 revival of The Music Man. Additional Broadway credits include Copperfield, Merlin, Macbeth, Side Man, and The Glass Menagerie.In addition he has performed in London's West End in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and Swimming With Sharks. <mask> made his big screen debut in 1985's The Legend of Billie Jean, playing Billie Jean's brother Binx. Though expected to be a big hit, the film fell short at the box office. It has gained a cult following. His career improved with his role in The Name of the Rose (1986) alongside Sean Connery. <mask> played Connery's apprentice monk while they investigated a series of murders at a Benedictine abbey. <mask> followed this by playing Junior Tucker in Francis Ford Coppola's Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988) starred in Gleaming the Cube and appeared in Beyond the Stars (both 1989).At the age of 19, <mask> played the dark character J.D. in the 1989 film Heathers alongside Winona Ryder. Heathers was billed as the teen film of 1989. (It was later adapted as a musical in 2014, and was highly successful.) <mask> beat out many other actors such as Brad Pitt for the part, and his performance drew comparison with a young Jack Nicholson. After Heathers, <mask> had offers to play more troubled youths, including as a rebellious teen in Pump Up the Volume (1990) and a wild gunman in Young Guns II (1990), in which <mask> acted alongside Emilio Estevez and Kiefer Sutherland. 1990–1999: Box office success
In 1991, <mask> was cast as Will Scarlett in the Hollywood big budget production of Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves alongside Kevin Costner, Morgan Freeman and Alan Rickman.The film was a commercial success, taking US$390 million worldwide, and <mask> became one of the major A-list stars of the 1990s. With <mask> being a big Star Trek fan (in addition to his mother, Mary Jo <mask>, serving as the casting director for the film), he accepted a cameo role in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, shortly after playing Charlie Luciano in the crime drama Mobsters. The following year he starred in Kuffs. In 1993, <mask> tried to expand his film genre, playing opposite Marisa Tomei in Untamed Heart and playing Clarence Worley in True Romance, written by Quentin Tarantino, which received many rave reviews. In his review of True Romance, Roger Ebert awarded the movie 3 stars out of 4 and said, "the energy and style of the movie are exhilarating. <mask> has the kind of cocky recklessness the movie needs." He gained the role of the interviewer Daniel Molloy in Interview with the Vampire (1994) after the death of his friend River Phoenix, who was originally cast.<mask> subsequently donated his earnings from the film to Phoenix's favorite charities. He played the character of Lewis in the romance film Bed of Roses in 1996 opposite Mary Stuart Masterson then that of Riley Hale in the big-budget John Woo film Broken Arrow (1996), which also starred John Travolta. In 1998 <mask> appeared in Hard Rain alongside Morgan Freeman. The same year he also starred in the comedy Very Bad Things opposite Cameron Diaz. 2000–present: Television roles, Mr. Robot

Since 2000 <mask> has mixed TV work with leading roles in mainly lower budget films, along with supporting roles in a few mainstream productions. He appeared in the successful The West Wing and Alias TV series.He was also part of Hollywood films, including Bobby and 3000 Miles to Graceland. He has also worked as a voice-over artist in productions, including the character of 'Pips' in the successful Australian animated film FernGully: The Last Rainforest, The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, and TV documentaries, including Prehistoric Planet and Dinosaur Planet. <mask> also voiced the character John Watson a.k.a. "Wonko the Sane" in BBC Radio 4's production of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. <mask> starred in the television series My Own Worst Enemy in 2008 and The Forgotten in 2009. In 2011 he co-starred in the action film The River Murders, with Ray Liotta and Ving Rhames. Also in 2011, he starred in the television series, Breaking In, which ran for two seasons.<mask> co-starred with Ving Rhames in the film Soldiers of Fortune (2012), and in the Sylvester Stallone action thriller Bullet to the Head (2013), directed by Walter Hill. He co-starred in the 2014 television series, Mind Games, which was cancelled after five episodes were aired. He was part of the ensemble in Lars von Trier's controversial film, Nymphomaniac. In October 2014, <mask> signed on for his title role in the television series on USA Network Mr. Robot. <mask> plays a computer hacker, "Mr. Robot," who recruits Rami Malek's character, Elliot, into <mask>'s band of hackers called fsociety.The series premiered on June 24, 2015 and concluded in 2019 with its fourth season. For his performance, he earned the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 2016, with additional nominations in 2017 and 2018. Prior to beginning his role in Mr. Robot, <mask> announced in 2013 that he was developing and making a film based on Will Viharo's 1993 neo-noir novel Love Stories Are Too Violent for Me, the first of three works to feature Vic Valentine. However, the success of Mr. Robot and contracts for additional seasons has delayed his being able to develop his adaptation. <mask> voices the character "<mask>" on the FX original series Archer.He also provided the voice of Ushari the Egyptian Cobra in The Lion Guard. He also made a short film for HP called The Wolf, which shows how easily malware can spread on unprotected printers and computers. In 2018, <mask> appeared in The Public, the latest film by Emilio Estevez. At the world premiere of the film at the Toronto Film Festival, <mask> discussed his role, Josh Davis, with Ikon London Magazine:
"He (Josh Davis) is definitely the character in the movie who represents that side of politics where he is not as open-hearted as you’d like him to be. He is definitely the guy who feels this is all a mess. And he is a law and order politician in this movie. So hopefully, he is the kind of guy you love to hate".Personal life
In 2000, <mask> married Ryan Haddon, the daughter of model Dayle Haddon. They have two children, Jaden Christopher (born 1999) and Eliana Sophia (born 2001). In 2003, Haddon was arrested for assaulting <mask> during an argument at a Hard Rock Cafe while on vacation in Las Vegas. Haddon allegedly threw a glass and cut <mask>'s neck, which required 20 stitches. Haddon was charged with domestic battery, booked at Las Vegas' Clark County Detention Center, and freed after posting a bond. They announced a separation over Christmas 2004. <mask> was living in London at the time, performing in a stage version of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.The couple officially separated in 2005 and divorced in 2007. On December 2, 2013, <mask> married his girlfriend Brittany Lopez in Florida after three years of dating. On August 16, 2019, their daughter Lena was born. <mask> practices Kempo Karate and divides his time between Coconut Grove in Miami, Florida and Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan. Arrests and convictions
<mask> has had difficulties with substance abuse in his career and later received treatment. At one time he said, "Work is my hobby, staying sober is my job." After living in recovery, he said in 2009, "Work is my job, and having adventures with my kids.My kids are all-important". The illusion of being very cool, that drinking is the hip thing to do and that you'll seem like Clark Gable. You go to a party and have a drink and feel like a superhero when the truth is you're looking rather foolish. Showing up for life 24/7 straight and sober can be tough if you're riddled with insecurities. Actually, the fastest way of knowing who you are is to know who you're not. In 1989, <mask> was arrested for drunk driving. He was sentenced to ten days in jail.In 1994, he was arrested when he tried to board a commercial plane with a gun in his luggage. He was sentenced to 3 days of community service. In 1997, <mask> was convicted of punching his girlfriend, Michelle Jonas, and assaulting a police officer while under the influence of heroin, cocaine, and alcohol. He had consumed them for two days straight and had little to no sleep. He was treated for more than 100 days in a rehabilitation facility while on bail, and then was sentenced to a three-month term in jail, followed by three months in a residential rehab center. He was released from prison after 59 days on the basis of good behavior. On May 24, 2005, <mask> was arrested in Manhattan, New York, after he allegedly groped a woman on the street.<mask> was charged with third-degree sexual abuse and was held at the 19th precinct in Manhattan. The charges were later dropped from lack of evidence and on the condition that <mask> kept out of trouble for six months. Charity work
<mask> has been a supporter of several charities, including 21st Century Leaders, Global Green, and Whatever It Takes. <mask> appeared in an educational video on behalf of Nelson Mandela’s 46664 charity for AIDS awareness. He has also worked to promote humanitarian work in South Africa. In early May 2009, <mask> visited wounded and recovering soldiers of Walter Reed Army Medical Center for the USO. On December 10, 2009, <mask> visited Hattiesburg, Mississippi, where he contributed work for the television show Extreme Makeover: Home Edition.The episode aired on March 21, 2010. Filmography

Film

Television

Stage

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 <mask>'s Official Site

1969 births
Living people
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male soap opera actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American people convicted of assault
Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (television) winners
Dalton School alumni
Male actors from New York City
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors

masks:
Christian Michael Leonard Slater
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Ryan Slater
Bill Slater
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<mask> (24 December 1888 – 5 May 1940 in Berlin) was a German chess master and trainer. Active as a player during the inter-war years of the Weimar Republic and later as a trainer during the rise of the Third Reich, Schlage is remembered for a game depicted in the science fiction film 2001: A Space Odyssey, which chess writers attributed to him. He is also known for an endgame position attributed to a game played with Carl Ahues, frequently presented as an example in endgame literature. Career
In 1910 <mask> won a tournament in Hamburg (DSB Congress, Hauptturnier-B). He played in friendly matches: Berlin–Prague (1913), Berlin–Holland (1920), Germany–Netherlands (1922), and Germany–Sweden (1922). <mask> twice won the Berlin City Chess Championship in 1921 and 1926. During the inter-war period <mask> was active in the lively chess culture of Berlin, where tournaments were commonly held at cafés and restaurants.In 1925 <mask> was photographed participating in a simultaneous exhibition against then-champion José Raúl Capablanca. In wider competition, <mask> posted middling results. He took 3rd place at Hamburg 1921 (21st DSB-Congress, Ehrhardt Post won), tied for 3rd–5th at Bad Oeynhausen 1922 (22nd DSB-Congress, Post won), tied for 11th–13th at Berlin 1928 (BSG, Aron Nimzowitsch won), tied for 5th–7th at Berlin 1930 (Karl Helling won), tied for 7th–8th in the Berlin-ch 1932 (Helling won), tied for 8th–9th at Swinemünde 1932 (Gösta Stoltz won), tied for 6th–7th in the Berlin-ch 1933 (Berthold Koch and Kurt Richter won), tied for 11th-13th at Bad Aachen 1935 (3rd German Championship, Richter won), tied for 3rd–4th at Berlin 1937 (BSG-B, Carlos Guimard and Ludwig Rellstab won), and tied for 4th–7th at Krefeld 1938 (Erich Eliskases and Ludwig Engels won). These performances led Tim Krabbé to criticize <mask> as "a player of second-level prominence. You come across his name in old German combination books, more often as the loser than as the winner, and in a few German tournaments, more often near the bottom than near the top." On the other hand, <mask> was ranked as the world's 31st best player in a statistical analysis corresponding to his peak performance (August 1923), which indicated a level of play typical of a grandmaster. Roesch vs. <mask>, 1910

In 1910 <mask> defeated an opponent (one Roesch) in a 15-move  which opened with the Ruy Lopez; the game was later reproduced in a 1955 collection by Irving Chernev.In the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, a HAL 9000 supercomputer is shown defeating astronaut Frank Poole at the conclusion of a game, with moves and board positions identical to the conclusion of the Roesch-Schlage game. Chess writers have therefore attributed the film's game to <mask>'s. Schlage vs. Ahues, 1921

A frequently reproduced endgame problem is attributed to a game played by <mask> (White) and Ahues (Black) in Berlin, 1921. <mask> had an opportunity to win, but he  with an incorrect king movement, at which point Ahues was able to force a draw. Each player has two pieces: one pawn and one king, with White to move. The pawns block each other's paths, unable to move of their own accord, and the kings are posted at nearly equal distance from this deadlock. Each king must advance toward the deadlocked pawns, either with the aim of capturing the opposing pawn and thus clearing the way for  (thereby securing a win), or else by frustrating this design and thus denying the opponent a win, forcing a draw.According to Jesus de la Villa, the game's sequence at this point was 1. Ke6 Kc3 2. Kd6? Kd4 3. Kc6 Ke5 4. Kb7 Kd6 5. Kxa7 Kc7 ½-½.Once the black king occupies the critical c7 square and corners its white counterpart, it forces a draw, whether by threefold repetition, stalemate, or agreement. White should instead have played 2. Kd5! Kd3 3. Kc6 Kd4 4. Kb7 Kd5 5. Kxa7.With this path, the white king has just enough time to secure all the requirements for a win: capture the black pawn, get out of its own pawn's way, prevent Black from accessing the c7 square, and prevent Black from recapturing the white pawn. Bruce Pandolfini gave a shortened version of the composition in an endgame book of his own, not attributing the position to the Schlage-Ahues game. Pandolfini takes up the composition following 1. Ke6 Kc3, where White still has an opportunity to win—and also an opportunity to blunder. Pandolfini's version of the incorrect solution ran 2. Kd6 Kd4 3. Kc6 Ke5 4.Kb7 Kd6 5. Kxa7 Kc7 6. Ka8 Kb6 7. a7 Kc7 ½-½, agreeing with de la Villa's version, though adding final moves such that the game ends in stalemate. Pandolfini's version of the correct solution ran 2. Kd5 Kb4 3. Kc6 Ka5 4. Kb7 Kb5 5.Kxa7 Kc6 6. Kb8 Kb6 7. a7. This variation is a bit better for Black than de la Villa's, in the sense that Black does not play the  4... Kb5 until forced to do so; in de la Villa's version, Black immediately concedes the waiting move 2... Kd3 once White has played the correct 2. Kd5. Further, Pandolfini's solution includes 6. Kb6, necessary to ensure that Black remains unable to access c7, and also to enable the white pawn to promote while denying Black an attack upon it. When presented as a problem, there are two points about the position.First, players can make tactical use of the fact that kings can never occupy adjacent squares—a king can never move into check. By moving one's king next to a square, the opponent's king is prevented from moving to that square on the following move. This technique is referred to as "bodychecking", or "shouldering". By playing 2. Kd5!, White forces Black to make a waiting move at some point, which loses time and fails to access c7. Second, the geometry of the chessboard—and the movement of the pieces—is non-Euclidian: a king can follow advantageous diagonal paths and still reach a given square in the same number of moves as if it had moved along a "straight line" in a given  or . The chessboard and certain pieces' movements are more akin to taxicab geometry; the king's movement, specifically, follows the Chebyshev metric.Trainer
In 1935, <mask> became Reichstrainer des Großdeutschen Schachbundes (Chief Trainer of the German Chess Federation). Together with Alexander Alekhine and Efim Bogoljubow, he trained the German national team for the 3rd unofficial Chess Olympiad at Munich 1936. In August 1939, he trained the best young German players (Klaus Junge (15 years old), Wolfgang Unzicker (14), Edith Keller (17),  Karl Krbavic (17), Rudolf Kunath (15), etc.) in Fürstenwalde (Jugendschachwoche). 1979 Mali chess stamps
In 1979, the African country Mali issued a quartet of stamps depicting chess masters; Alekhine, Bogoljubow and Schlage were represented, together with Dawid Janowski. Tim Krabbé found Schlage's inclusion among much stronger players to be incongruous and suspected that the stamps were designed by a German, on account of the individuals' roles in German chess during the war (although Janowski had died in 1927). A correspondent later informed Krabbé that the stamps were executed by a French designer.Notes

References

1888 births
1940 deaths
German chess players

masks:
Willi Schlage
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<mask> (born September 9, 1942) is an American politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 2011. His district was numbered the  from 1993 to 1997, the  from 1997 to 2003, and the  from 2003 until 2011. He is a member of the Republican Party. <mask> announced that he would retire from Congress at the end of the 111th Congress. In March 2019, he was announced as President Donald Trump's nominee to be the next United States Representative to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations; Linden was not confirmed and his nomination expired at the end of the Trump administration. Early life, education, and career
He was born in Deer River, Minnesota, was educated at the University of Minnesota Duluth, served in the United States Air Force, was a dentist and businessman, president of a lending institution, and a member of the Georgia House of Representatives. U.S. House of Representatives

Committees assignments
 Committee on Ways and Means
 Subcommittee on Oversight
 Subcommittee on Income Security and Family Support (Ranking Member)
 Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures

Party leadership
 Republican Steering Committee

<mask> chaired the National Republican Congressional Committee, the campaign funding arm of House Republicans, during the 105th Congress.He was defeated for a second term as chairman after a poor showing in the 1998 mid-term elections. In the 109th and 110th Congresses, <mask> took a leadership role in the effort to enact fundamental tax reform. His legislation, the Fair Tax Act, 2005 () and the Fair Tax Act, 2007 (), was a proposal for changing United States tax laws to replace all federal personal income taxes, payroll taxes, corporate taxes, capital gains taxes, self-employment taxes, gift taxes and inheritance taxes with a national retail sales tax and monthly tax rebate to households of citizens and legal resident aliens. In 2006, he voted against renewal of the Voting Rights Act. Fair Tax Act

<mask> is coauthor of The FairTax Book with radio talk show host Neal Boortz, which spent time atop the New York Times bestseller list. The book discusses H.R.25 , also known as the Fair Tax Act, which <mask> sponsored. They released a follow up book FairTax: The Truth in 2008.<mask> first introduced the legislation in July 1999 to the 106th United States Congress. He has reintroduced substantially the same bill in each subsequent session of Congress. While the proposed bill has yet to have a major effect on the tax system, the Fair Tax Act has the highest number of cosponsors among tax reform proposals (attracting 76 in the 110th United States Congress), gathering much stronger support than popular flat tax legislation. A number of congressional committees have heard testimony on the FairTax; however, it has not been voted on in either Chamber. The bill is cosponsored by former Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, but has not received support from the Democratic leadership. Matching legislation has been introduced into the Senate by Georgia Republican Senator Saxby Chambliss. Interest groups
<mask> has worked with interest groups such as Americans for Fair Taxation as well as National Taxpayers Union.Since 1996  <mask> has backed the National Right to Life Committee 100 percent of the time. Since 1996 <mask> has backed the U.S. Chamber of Commerce at least 90 percent of the time except in 2005 where he backed them 75 percent of the time. Throughout his career he has supported groups like National Small Business Association, National Association of Manufacturers, National Restaurant Association, and Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council. He also has backed the interests of the NRA throughout his career. Campaign finance
A former dentist, Linder has received $40,100 from health professionals as well as $57,900 from the health sector as a whole. He also ran his own lending firm so he receives backing from the Insurance and Finance sector amounting to $86,839 as 12/31/2008. He has received $25,401 from the Construction industry and $25,300 from the Energy and Natural Resources industry.Overall in the 2008 cycle he has a total income of $581,976 of which he spent $375,540, and by the end of the cycle he had accumulated no debt at all. Voting record
<mask> opposes abortion and has voted for anti-abortion legislation. <mask> voted against a minimum wage increase in 2007. <mask> voted against the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. He voted in favor of the Military Commissions Act of 2006. He voted in favor of reauthorizing the PATRIOT Act in 2005. He opposed transferring prisoners from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.<mask> voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the related Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. He voted against the 2008 Medicare bill that was vetoed by George W. Bush. He voted against the re authorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) in 2007, and voted against the Family and Medical Leave Act in 1993. He voted against reauthorizing the Voting Rights Act in 2006. In 2006, he co-sponsored a measure to repeal the estate tax. <mask> voted in favor of the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" Amendment in 1993, and voted against the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010. He voted against the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2007.In 2006, <mask> voted in favor of the Federal Marriage Amendment (H.J. Res. 88), proposing an amendment to the United States Constitution to ban same-sex marriage. <mask> voted against legislation to limit the federal government's authority to prosecute medical marijuana users in states where medical marijuana is legal. <mask> voted against the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 and voted against the American Clean Energy and Security Act (H.R. 2454), which would have established a cap-and-trade system for carbon emissions. He voted against measures to shield the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge from drilling.He voted against the Water Resources Development Act of 2007. He voted against establishing the Sedona-Red Rock National Scenic Area and expanding the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument. <mask> voted against the DREAM Act, which would benefit undocumented youth who were brought to the United States as children. He voted in favor of Secure Fence Act of 2006, legislation to create a fence along the U.S.-Mexico border. He voted in favor of the Real ID Act of 2005. In 1996, he voted to designate English as the official national language. In 1997, <mask> voted for an amendment calling for the U.S. to withdraw from the United Nations; the amendment was rejected in a 54–369 vote.Criticisms

FairTax presentation
Some have criticized <mask>, Neal Boortz, and Americans For Fair Taxation for the way they have presented the FairTax plan, a tax reform that replaces all federal income taxes with a single national sales tax on personal consumption above poverty level. The most common critique is the method of presenting the FairTax rate as a 23% sales tax. Under the plan, consumers would pay to the government $23 out of every $100 (referred to as tax inclusive): items priced at $100 would contain $23 of taxes. American sales taxes have historically been expressed as a percentage of the original sale price (referred to as tax exclusive): items produced at $77 pre-tax, cost $100 with the tax added (30% on top of $77). Congressman <mask> has stated that the FairTax would be implemented as an inclusive tax, which would include the tax in the retail price, not added on at checkout—an item on the shelf for five dollars would be five dollars total. The receipt would display the tax as 23 percent of the total. Linder states the FairTax is presented as a 23 percent tax rate for easy comparison to income tax rates (the taxes it would be replacing).Proponents believe it is both inaccurate and misleading to say that an income tax is 23 percent and the FairTax is 30 percent as it implies that the sales tax burden is higher, when in fact the burden of the two taxes is precisely the same. The plan's opponents call the semantics deceptive. FactCheck called the presentation misleading, saying that it hides the real truth of the tax rate. The FairTax has also been questioned by Social Security groups which believe the economic assumptions of the FairTax are unsound. The basis of the FairTax is that taxes affect economic decisions. The FairTax would remove all payroll taxes. Yet, the impact analysis of Social Security done by the FairTax supporters claims that the FairTax will not change the number of beneficiaries under existing law.Under economic principles normally applied by the Linder and Boortz, removing the cost of participation would increase not only the number of beneficiaries but the size of claims. Non-disclosed travel
<mask> has also been criticized for omitting a trip paid for by a client of lobbyist Jack Abramoff from travel disclosure forms, even though he declared it on his personal income filings. According to <mask> and Ron Brynaert of The Raw Story, "<mask> should have filed a travel form shortly after his trip and could have corrected it when he belatedly filed for other trips last year. Failing to properly report sponsored travel is a violation of House rules." Political campaigns

<mask> was first elected to Congress from the newly created 4th District in 1992, defeating state senator Cathey Steinberg by 2,600 votes. He would never face another general election contest anywhere near that close. His district was renumbered as the 11th District in 1997 after Georgia's previous congressional map was thrown out as an unconstitutional racial gerrymander.Georgia gained two seats after the 2000 census, but the Georgia state legislature produced a map intended to produce a congressional delegation of seven Democrats and six Republicans. <mask> and fellow Republican Bob Barr were drawn into a heavily Republican district that, while retaining Barr's district number (the 7th), contained more of the territory <mask> had represented for a decade. <mask> handily defeated Barr in the 2002 Republican primary, all but assuring him of a sixth term. <mask> ran unopposed in 2004. In 2006, he was re-elected with 70.9% of the vote. Electoral history

References

External links
 <mask> for U.S. Congress official campaign site
 Linder's FairTax official site

 Profile at SourceWatch

1942 births
Living people
People from Itasca County, Minnesota
American dentists
American Presbyterians
Christians from Minnesota
Members of the Georgia House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
United States Air Force officers
Georgia (U.S. state) Republicans
Presbyterians from Georgia (U.S. state)
University of Minnesota Duluth alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians
Military personnel from Minnesota

masks:
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<mask><mask><mask> is an abstract expressionist artist. Born <mask>, on the island of Jamaica in 1951, to a family of prominent businessmen and founders of the town Oracabessa. "<mask>" is the stage name of <mask>, an artist who specialises in pastel tropical scenes inspired by nature and the female form. <mask><mask><mask> studied at the Jamaica College of Art, then went on to study at Goldsmiths College of Art in London, under the tutelage of Professor Harry Thubron. Graduating with honours from Goldsmiths, <mask> went on to develop his own style of abstraction, with a keystone on the masters that have gone before – particularly Pablo Picasso, Paul Gauguin and Georgia O'Keeffe. <mask>'s philosophy on art finds its roots in Taoism. He expanded on many of his early ideas on art in an academic thesis based on creativity and its relationship with Taoism of Lao Tsu.<mask>'s themes are an approach to abstract expressionism as embodied by the Tao. <mask> is of the Christian faith. <mask>'s paintings have been said to have a prevailing message of tranquility. <mask>'s art also finds great inspiration from the rock and roll era of the 1960s and 1970s. Biography

<mask> "<mask>" <mask> was born in Kingston, Jamaica on 24 August 1951 at Nuttall Hospital just after Jamaica had been devastated by Hurricane Charlie (1951). All telecommunications were downed due to the hurricane, so his birth (among others) was announced on the national radio to get messages of births and deaths to respective families islandwide. He began painting and drawing from an early age of 3 years old.<mask> Grew up in Oracabessa, and attended Oracbessa Primary as a youth, and then at eight years old went to dèCarteret College  in Mandeville where he completed his secondary education with a primary focus on the visual arts, finishing with A level Art and A level English Literature. Following this <mask> attended the Edna Manley College of the Visual and Performing Arts (formally Jamaica School of Art) in 1970, where he was tutored by professor Harry Thubron who was contracted to work with Jamaica School of Art at that time. Following this <mask> travelled to London to do a foundation course with Hammersmith College of Art/Chelsea School of Art, Kings Road London. He then applied to Goldsmith's College London where he was accepted to complete a Bachelor of Fine Arts, and again under Professor Harry Thubron tutelage he graduated First Division honours in 1977. Upon return to Jamaica in 1978, <mask> has had several exhibitions throughout the decades. These are listed below. This artist has devoted a lifetime to the development of his style of art and produced many works of art.His work is owned by people worldwide, with original paintings in locations from Australia to the far east, and from Europe to North America. <mask>'s Art - From a philosophical background

The Tao

<mask> is an artist who is a Jamaican that studied art in London England and found inspiration from the Sage Lao Tsu from ancient China. "The utility of the empty bowl is the space within". Lao Tsu, an older contemporary of Confucius, was keeper of the imperial archives at Loyang in the province of Honan in the 6th century B.C. All his life Lao Tsu taught that "The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao"; but, according to ancient legend, as he was riding off into the desert to die - sick at heart at the ways of men - he was persuaded by a gatekeeper in northwestern China to write down his teaching for posterity. This book is called the Tao Te Ching. The essence of Taoism is contained in the eighty-one chapters of the book- roughly 5,000 words- which have for 2,500 years provided one of the major underlying influences in Chinese thought and culture, emerging also in proverbs and folklore.Whereas Confucianism is concerned with day-to-day rules of conduct, Taoism is concerned with a more spiritual level of being. Poem ONE

The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao. The name that can be named is not the eternal name. The nameless is the beginning of heaven and earth. The named is the mother of ten thousand things. Ever desireless, one can see the mystery. Ever desiring, one can see the manifestations.These two spring from the same source but differ in name; this appears as darkness. Darkness within Darkness. The gate to all mystery. The goal of an artist is to create art, to be creative. As the Taoist see it: Only Tao, mother of all things, is invisible and unfathomable, but it is through her manifestations, nevertheless, that all things are created. Alfred North <mask> expressed his central concept thus: "In the philosophy of organism this ultimate is termed 'creativity' and God is its primordial, non-temporal accident.". The Taoist, says that this ultimate is creativity, that creativity is Tao.Since Tao is inexpressible, explaining it in terms of the process of creativity is merely resorting to a verbal convenience, or, more precisely, a verbal inconvenience. Lao Tsu, of course, faced the same difficulty. In one place he turns to the use of numbers in attempting to describe the process of creativity. But his use of numbers is entirely without conventional meaning. In Chapter 42 of the Tao Te Ching we read:

Poem Forty Two

From the Tao, the One is created;
From the One, Two;
From the Two, Three;
From the Three, Ten Thousand Things. The numbers as used here are simply intended to suggest the need for an intuitive awareness of the process of differentiation from nondifferentiation, the realization that the multiple diversities of existence emanate from the unity of the absolute realm of Tao. The numbers symbolize what our intellect is unable to explain.The same thing is true of the word process as is used here to try to explain it. Here obliged to resort to such a word in attempting to explain Tao intellectually. Actual creativity requires no intellectual explanation in terms of process. It is, rather, a mere intuitive reflection of things

Von the artist and student of the Tao in his academic thesis explored a subtle comparison of Taoist views and picture making. The first chapters had not dealt with any given technique or style of painting. As is reviewed in the next section (On The Masters). For it is his view that different styles of expression are merely different directions or roads leading to the same light or oneness.As an artist and a poet <mask> appreciated Lao Tsu's views. Taking into consideration the idea that the artist's mind is the ultimate mirror. For he is the individual who is capable of reflecting the here and now of creation literally onto canvas. On the masters
The style of art found in paintings by <mask> is primarily influenced by three masters. Pablo Picasso, Paul Gauguin and Georgia O'Keeffe. This is seen through a strong relationship with some aspects of the styles of these three masters of the visual arts. In <mask>'s work there is a similarity in the flat shapes, hard-edged colours of Pablo Picasso, as well as a similarity in the inventiveness of their abstraction.There are also similarities in Pablo Picasso's distortions of female body in some of his work with some of <mask>'s work. It was said that when Paul Gauguin first went to Tahiti he was amazed at the colours he was painting with, so much brighter due to the strong tropical light as opposed to France where he was formerly. The tropical light and bright colours are also a strong feature of the works of <mask>. Beautiful women are likewise an inspiration to <mask> and the study of the female form. Georgia O'Keeffe shows an open spatial awareness, and positive link with nature and her surroundings. This can be attributed to the time she spent living in New Mexico. This connection to nature and open spatial arrangement of work can be seen in <mask>'s work as he has also been influenced by O'Keeffe.<mask> was born on an island and has interpreted everything in his own way from the time of the impressionists to the present, and invented his own style of painting trying to break new ground and be original in his own way. This style is termed tropical modernism i.e. von Tropic Mod. <mask>'s philosophy
"The Tao is Elusive and Intangible. Oh it is intangible and Elusive, and yet within is image. Oh elusive and intangible and yet within is form. Oh it is dim and dark and yet within is essence."Lao Tsu finally says "thus I perceive the creation." This verse encompasses that mystic unity of the physical and the metaphysical. The verse suggests that link with space and what is within the space if they complement each other. Just as how light complements darkness, some given thing, a source of material therefore an image complements nothing or emptiness, a void. To narrow this aspect of thought let us suggest that this material is our world complementary to outer space which it is within. Now the terms nature and super nature include everything which has already been reckoned with. Through the study of our visible surroundings, Cezanne came to the conclusion that everything is based on the sphere, the cone and the cylinder.In this statement he did not include the cube which literally means a box, for nothing in nature is constructed from a box. Except perhaps an few seascape cliffs in remote paths for example the Giant's Causeway in Ireland. The cube or the box is a man made form and Cezanne was the first to introduce a slanting of basically rectangular patches of colour in various directions achieving three dimensional solidity and depth. This style of painting he used in landscape breaking up a natural environment. A good example is his paintings on Mont Sainte-Victoire. Sure this was a revolutionary way in seeing and out of it later came cubism, with father of modern art Picasso and Braque. They took this to its ultimate, including African sculpture as inspiration; but the cube or the box is a man-made form totally alien to natural construction unlike the sphere cone and cylinder.So her in Western society and civilisation i.e. the "western tradition",  one looks out the window and there is a city to the horizon with millions of straight lines and boxes. Cubism has even influenced modern architecture. An infinity of boxes within boxes within boxes with people living within boxes. A shape which some African tribes to the day cannot accept, a shape certain American Indian tribes could not accept. Some of their buildings are the adobes of New Mexico. A shape which was uncommon in the splendid Eastern and Middle Eastern architecture.<mask> has been inspired by ancient Chinese Taoist thought and teaching which holds fast to the core within without losing touch with nature and therefore transcends nature into super nature. In other words, encompassing the mystic unity between the mystical and the metaphysical. "Oh it is elusive and intangible and yet within is image and form." Artwork

Exhibitions

Solo exhibitions
1977 		Olympia Arts Centre, Kingston, Jamaica
1979 		Bolivar Gallery, Kingston, Jamaica
1981 		Diplomat Gallery, Kingston, Jamaica
1982 		Harmony Hall, Ocho Rios, Jamaica
1983 		Mutual Life Gallery, Kingston, Jamaica
1987 		Gallery Makonde, Wyndham Hotel, Kingston, Jamaica
1998 		New Mutual Life Gallery, Kingston, Jamaica
2004 		Grosvenor Gallery, Kingston, Jamaica

Group exhibitions
1978 		Tom Redcam Library, Kingston, Jamaica
1974 		London Hilton, England (In Honour of Lord Pitt)
1978–present	Annual National Exhibition, National Gallery of Jamaica

References

External links
 ArtVonTropic

Modern painters
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London

masks:
Richard "
Von
" White
Richard Elis Blair White
Von
Richard White
Richard "
Von
" White
Von
Von
Von
Von
Von
Von
Richard
Von
White
Von
Von
Von
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Von
Von
Whitehead
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Von
Von


texts:
<mask> III () was a king of Iberia or Kartli (Georgia), contemporaneous to the Roman emperor Constantine the Great (r.  306–337). He was the founder of the royal Chosroid dynasty. According to the early medieval Georgian annals and hagiography, <mask> was the first Christian king of Iberia, converted through the ministry of Nino, a Cappadocian female missionary. After Christianization of Iberia he is credited with establishment of Christianity as his kingdom's state religion and is regarded by the Georgian Orthodox Church as saint and is canonized as Saint Equal to the Apostles King <mask> (). Traditional chronology after Prince Vakhushti assigns to <mask>'s reign—taken to have lasted for 77 years—the dates 268–345, which Professor <mask> corrects to 284–361. He is also known to the contemporary Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus and the medieval Armenian chronicles. Name
"<mask>" is the Georgian form of the Iranian name of Mihrān.The name is transliterated in Greek as Mithranes. According to the Life of Vakhtang, his name was also associated with Mirdat, meaning "given by Mithra", the name of the ancient Iranian sun god. His name is rendered as Meribanes by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus (XXI, 6, 8). The regnal numbers as in Mirian III are modern and were not used by the medieval Georgian authors. Since two kings preceded him with that name, <mask> has been assigned the ordinal "III" in Georgian historiography. Background and accession
<mask> was a member of the House of Mihran, one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran. The family, based at Ray in northern Iran, traced its ancestry back to the ruling Arsacid Empire, the predecessors of the Sasanian Empire.<mask> himself was also born in Iran and was originally a Zoroastrian. In 284, the Sasanian King of Kings (shahanshah) Bahram II () secured the Iberian throne for <mask>, which laid the foundation for Mihranid rule in Iberia, which would last into the sixth century. Thus, the Chosroid dynasty of which <mask> became its first head, was a branch of the Mihranid princely family. The motive behind Bahram II's move was to strengthen Sasanian authority in the Caucasus and utilize the position of the Iberian capital Mtskheta as an entrance to the important passes through the Caucasus Mountains. This was of so high importance to Bahram II, that he allegedly himself went to Mtskheta in order to secure Mirian's position. He also sent one of his grandees named Mirvanoz (also a Mihranid) to the country in order to act as the guardian of <mask>, who was then merely aged seven. After <mask>'s marriage with Abeshura (daughter of the previous Iberian ruler Aspacures), 40,000 Sasanian "select mounted warriors/cavalry" were subsequently stationed in eastern Iberia, Caucasian Albania and Gugark.In western Iberia, 7,000 Sasanian cavalrymen were sent to Mtskheta to safeguard Mirian. Other branches of the Mihranid family were a few decades later established on other Caucasian thrones, one of them being in Gugark, and the other in the Armeno-Albania principality of Gardman. Early reign

The Life of the Kings recount <mask>'s reign in much details. While its information about <mask>'s participation—as an Iranian client king—in the Sasanid war against the Roman Empire, and territorial ambitions in Armenia can be true, the claims of <mask>'s being a pretender to the throne of Iran, his being in control of Colchis and Albania, and expansion of his activity as far as Syria is obviously fictional. <mask> inherited a kingdom that had been ruling Iberia since the 4th century BC. Iberia, like the rest of the Caucasus, was dominated by Iranian cultures and mixtures of the Zoroastrian religion. Indeed, according to the modern historian Stephen H. Rapp, the Caucasus was part of the "Iranian Commonwealth", "a massive cross-cultural enterprise stretching from Central Asia to the Balkans."In the Paikuli inscription of the shahanshah Narseh (), he includes an unnamed king of Iberia as one of his vassals, most likely Mirian. <mask>, as a Sasanian vassal, took part in Narseh's brief war against the Romans from 297 to 298. The war ended with a crushing Sasanian defeat, forcing Narseh to cede Armenia and Iberia to the Romans. <mask> quickly adapted to this change in political situation, and established close ties with Rome. This association was cemented by <mask>'s conversion to Christianity—according to tradition—through the ministry of Nino, a Cappadocian nun. Nevertheless, as Ammianus Marcellinus recounts, Constantine's successor, Constantius, had to send in 360 embassies with costly presents to Arsaces of Armenia and Meribanes of Iberia to secure their allegiance during the confrontation with Iran. Conversion to Christianity

<mask>'s conversion to Christianity might have occurred in 334, followed by the declaration of Christianity as Iberia's state religion in 337.He was, thus, among the first monarchs of the ancient world to have adopted this new religion. A legend has it that when <mask>, staunchly pagan, was hunting in the woods near his capital Mtskheta, the darkness fell upon the land and the king was totally blinded. The light did not resume until Mirian prayed to "Nino's God" for aid. Upon his arrival he requested the audience with Nino and converted to Christianity soon after. According to tradition, Mirian's second wife, Nana, preceded her husband in conversion. His conversion fostered the growth of the central royal government, which confiscated the pagan temple properties and gave them to the nobles and the church; the medieval Georgian sources give evidence of how actively the monarchy and the nobility propagated Christianity and of the resistance they encountered from the mountain folk. The Roman historian Rufinus as well as the Georgian annals report that, after their conversion, the Iberians requested clergy from the emperor Constantine, who responded vigorously and sent priests and holy relics to Iberia.The Georgian tradition then relates a story of the construction of a cathedral in Mtskheta at <mask>'s behest and the king's pilgrimage to Jerusalem shortly before his death. According to tradition, <mask> and his wife Nana were interred at the Samtavro convent in Mtskheta, where their tombs are still shown. Family
The Georgian sources speak of <mask>'s two marriages. His first wife was Abeshura, daughter of the last Arsacid Iberian king who also traced his ancestry to the ancient Pharnabazid dynasty of Iberia. She died without issue when <mask> was 15 years old, in 292 according to Toumanoff. With her death, "the kingship and queenship of the Pharnabazid kings came to an end in Iberia",—the chronicler continues. <mask> subsequently remarried his second queen, Nana "from Pontus, daughter of Oligotos", who bore him two sons—Rev and Varaz-Bakur—and a daughter who married Peroz, the first Mihranid dynast of Gugark.References

Sources

Chosroid kings of Iberia
Saints of Georgia (country)
3rd-century Iranian people
4th-century Iranian people
4th-century Christian saints
4th-century Christianity
4th-century monarchs in Asia
3rd-century monarchs in Asia
Converts to Christianity from Zoroastrianism
House of Mihran
Vassal rulers of the Sasanian Empire
People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
Christians in the Sasanian Empire

270s births
361 deaths
Year of birth uncertain

masks:
Mirian
Mirian
Mirian
Mirian
Cyril Toumanoff
Mirian
Mirian
Mirian
Mirian
Mirian
Mirian
Mirian
Mirian
Mirian
Mirian
Mirian
Mirian
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<mask> (1853–1923) was a British businessman active in the Midwestern United States. He first arrived in the United States during the summer of 1876 to compete in a regatta in Philadelphia while he was the president of the Cambridge University Boat Club. <mask> and two brothers, Frederick and James, created a colony in Iowa called the Close Colony. They made a profit from buying public land and reselling it. He was the co-founder of the Close Brothers Group. <mask> helped finance the building of a railway from Skagway into the Yukon, named the White Pass and Yukon Route. Early life
<mask> was born in 1853 in Naples, Italy.He was one of eight children, all of whom grew up on the yacht Sibilla, which his British father, <mask>, sailed on the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. <mask> lived on the yacht until he was five years old. His father was a banker and a business advisor to Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies. James taught his children based on his own ideals. Following Ferdinand II's death in 1859, James retired and subsequently died of a heart attack in 1865 at the family home in Antibes, France. After his father's death, his French mother <mask> sent <mask> and his three brothers to school in Marlborough, Wiltshire. From the time he was a child, <mask> grew up with the idea that a man can be a gentleman and earn money.<mask> later attended Wellington College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He rowed in The Boat Race during his time at Cambridge. He was runner-up to Alfred Dicker in the Diamond Challenge Sculls at Henley Royal Regatta in 1875. First arrival in the United States
<mask> first arrived in the United States in 1876 when he was the president of the Cambridge University Boat Club that was taking part in the Centennial Regatta in Philadelphia during the summer. Recovering from an injury sustained during the race, <mask> met Daniel Paullin, a landowner and land speculator from Quincy, Illinois, who told him that it was possible to earn a significant amount of money buying and selling land in northwest Iowa to settlers. <mask> traveled to West Virginia where his brother Frederick had been farming for two years. The journey to West Virginia was <mask>'s first exploration of the United States countryside and he attempted to learn what he could about the land.After touring Washington, D.C. and Philadelphia with his brother for leisure, they then proceeded to St. Louis, Missouri, to travel by steamboat in order to visit Paullin's family in Quincy, Illinois. He and his brother toured the prairies in the northwest of Iowa and could see the merit in Paullin's claim. <mask> wrote in his journal, "To see what sort of land we should buy and to have some idea of their value, we organized our party for a week or ten days cruise on wheels through the western and less settled parts of Iowa." The <mask> brother's first stop was in Des Moines, Iowa, to speak with land agents about tracts that were available for purchase. <mask> said of Des Moines, "Like all western American towns, there is nothing worth looking at." The party then traveled almost  in a circle until they reached Stuart, Iowa. After the brothers had traveled throughout the Iowa prairies they returned to Quincy where they stayed briefly with Paullin and his family, including his daughter Mary.Emigration to the United States
During the spring of 1877, after their travels the year before, <mask> emigrated to the United States to be with his brother Frederick. <mask> meant to contact friends that he met when he first visited the United States, but did not contact them after receiving an invitation to stay in Boston from Daniel Paullin's son Ed. When the brothers arrived in Boston, they found that Daniel Paullin and Mary had not arrived yet, so Ed invited them to stay at Harvard University, where he was studying, in nearby Cambridge, Massachusetts. Upon the arrival of the two Paullin family members in Boston, the <mask> brothers traveled with them by train so they could visit Iowa's prairies in order to consider which land to buy. Their first purchase was for almost  in Denison, Iowa, for $3.25 per acre in 1877. The brothers raised cattle and hogs on their unused land. During this time, <mask> was a superintendent of a Sunday school and his brother sang in a choir.Their brother James later emigrated to Iowa and settled there. Because farming in Iowa could yield a 54 percent return on investment, in 1877, British squires were interested in sending their sons to live on suitable land. In 1878, <mask> and his brothers Frederick and James founded the Close Brothers Group in London after buying  acres of land. The company gave men from English universities the opportunity to become farmers in Iowa and it also started an agricultural college that taught relevant farming methods for that area. <mask> and his brother traveled between the United States and the United Kingdom often to make business deals for their Iowa land. In 1879, they opened their only other office, located in Sioux City, Iowa. <mask> became close to Mary Paullin, and they married in 1880.They moved their American office to Chicago in 1884. Close Colony
Close and his two brothers began a colony in Iowa, known as the Close Colony. Its heyday was from 1879 to 1885. The Close Colony was founded by Le Mars, Iowa in February 1879. The Close Colony was a community of British farmers. Journalist Poultney Bigelow wrote in Harper's Magazine and described the colony,They have the very best ground for fox hunting in the world – a rolling prairie with a creek here and there. Every colonist makes it his chief care, after buying his farm, to breed a good hunter for the steeplechase.They have regular meets for fox or 'paper' hunts, as the case may be. They last year opened a racing track, and wound up the race with a grand ball. A newspaper journalist in Le Mars, Iowa, wrote, "They descend from the recesses of the Pullman palace cars dressed in the latest London and Paris styles, with Oxford hats, bright linen shining on their bosoms, a gold repeater tucking in the depths of their fashionably cut vest pockets. We recall last summer a single family that had eighty-two pieces of luggage." During the Close Colony's heyday, many prominent families from Great Britain had a relative living in the colony. In 1880, <mask> wrote Farming in North-western Iowa, United States of America: A Pamphlet for Emigrants and a Guide to North-western Iowa. The pamphlet contained information about the <mask> brothers and for those emigrating to Iowa.The <mask> brothers purchased Kingsley, Iowa, then known as Quorn, in 1880 along with parts of six Iowa counties: Woodbury, Plymouth, Cherokee, Lyon, Sioux, and Osceola. Englishmen founded the Prairie Club in Le Mars in 1881, which became a popular venue for gatherings and was renovated in 1882. The only club members were British emigrants until 1882, when Americans were allowed to join to replace its dwindling numbers. In 1884, Congress introduced a bill to "stop the Leviathan squatters from buying more of America". At that time, tracts that were equal to almost one-quarter of the area of the British Isles were owned by British emigrants living in the United States. The <mask> brothers took over the Iowa Land Company in 1881 after discussing the matter with Daniel Paullin, which was likely the biggest foreign company operating in the United States at the time. The Iowa Land Company was founded on May 28, 1855.They operated the Iowa Land Company to purchase acres of United States land, help investors manage farms, lease farms, offer mortgages, and look after stock feeding operations. The <mask> brothers were in the business of buying and selling acreage in Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas, Texas, and other states. At times they owned at  almost  of the best land in the United States. The Iowa Land Company operated under the <mask> brothers from 1881 to 1884, when C. W. Benson began running the company. There were multiple benefits for the Close Colony settlers. The <mask> brothers showed settlers "the best and cheapest lands" for a farm. If a settler was inexperienced at farming, they could live at a farm requiring help and possibly receive a wage.The <mask> brothers obtained wholesale lumber and were able to buy necessities such as machinery and furniture at a wholesale price. They charged a $250 commission and a $125 deposit before the settler left England. The deposit would be returned if the settler was unhappy living in the United States. The Close Colony had little to keep it together, with the exception being the British class system's social code, which the settlers wished to bring with them to the colony. Some British immigrants were unconvinced that they had found their new home. They were under the impression that they could easily try something else if farming the land did not suit them. A few of them adopted a normal American middle-class life, but most of them did not want to do so.While living in Sibley, Iowa, with his wife Margaret, Frederick wrote to his brother in London about part of the Antibes property being sold. <mask> was working in the London location of Close Brothers Group at the time. The colony eventually disappeared after <mask> died in 1890 following a polo accident in Sioux City. An economic depression gripped the country, land lost its value, and a fire destroyed the Prairie Club. Most of the British immigrants returned to their original homes. Later life and death
Three months after <mask> died in 1890, <mask>'s wife Mary gave birth to a son named Herbert. Mary became suspicious of <mask> due to him leaving often without telling her where he was going and what he was doing.<mask> later admitted to Mary that he was with another woman. In 1893, Mary divorced him on the legal grounds of adultery. The court hearing took place on 18 July 1893 in the New York Supreme Court. After the hearing, the divorce was final and Mary gained full custody of the child. In November 1897, <mask> met entrepreneur Charles Wilkinson who had maps, pictures, and stories about Alaska and the Yukon. Wilkinson thought there was a need to build a railroad to develop Alaska and Canada and wanted <mask> to invest in it. Wilkinson was willing to accept practically any deal, so <mask> decided to accept his proposal.Despite having an interest in building the railroad, <mask> did not intend for the Close Brothers Group to pay for all of its costs. The Close Brothers Group gave Wilkinson a $20,000 short-term loan. In February 1898, Wilkinson said his company was ready to begin building the railroad. <mask> assumed that Wilkinson could not pay back the loan on time, so he negotiated with others, including associates he knew about taking control. Wilkinson attempted to raise more money in Canada, but accepted the inevitable and gave Close control of the construction. On 8 March 1898, <mask> and his team researched legal issues that could prevent the completion of the railroad, known as the White Pass and Yukon Route. This enterprise was started in 1898 and it became operational by 1899.After the enterprise became operational, <mask> moved to a manor near Henley-on-Thames in order to be closer to the rowing competitions in that area. In 1922, <mask> bought the Shipley Collieries in Derbyshire to process coal. Towards the end of his life, <mask> continued these business ventures and also hired others to use metal in order to reinforce concrete and roads. <mask> died in 1923 at the home of actress Florence Desmond on the Isle of Wight. See also
List of Cambridge University Boat Race crews

References

Book

1853 births
1923 deaths
People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Cambridge University Boat Club rowers
English male rowers
British businesspeople

masks:
William Brooks Close
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James Close
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Anne Brooks
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Frederick Close
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William
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