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<mask> (17 February 1929 – 6 June 2021) was an Indonesian politician and academic. He was Indonesia's minister of justice from 1974 until 1978 and foreign minister from 1978 until 1988. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 17 February 1929 in Batavia, (now Jakarta). <mask> joined the Union of Youth Students in Indonesia after independence in 1945 and fought in the Indonesian National Revolution as a member of the Student Army and the People's Security Army. After the revolution ended, <mask> attended the Law Faculty of the University of Indonesia and pursued a double degree program from the Yale Law School. He graduated in 1955 with an undergraduate degree from the University of Indonesia and a Master of Laws degree from Yale Law School. He attended further university education at Padjadjaran University and obtained a doctorate in 1962.According to Ronald and June Katz, <mask>'s study in the United States widened his interpretation of the Indonesian law system, which was influenced by the Dutch legal system during the colonial era. One particular idea was the concept of law as a tool of social engineering by Roscoe Pound. The concept was altered by <mask> to fit in the Indonesian legal environment and became a recurring theme in his writings. However, the concept contradicted the government's view on law, and <mask> was forced to reside overseas. Academic career
<mask> worked briefly at Bank Indonesia's Foreign Exchange Institute before becoming a lecturer at Padjadjaran University. He taught international law in the university, with a specialty in the field of the law of the sea. He also taught in other academic institutions, including the University of Indonesia and the Indonesian Army Command and General Staff College.Although he had already been made a professor by the time he obtained a doctorate, the professorship was not made official until 1966 due to the aforementioned conflict with the government. Aside from his job as a lecturer, <mask> acted for the defense in several legal cases. Two notable cases he handled in the 1960s were the Bremen Tobacco case and the MacDonald House bombing incident. He also became the conceptor for various statutes such as the law on Indonesia's waters and the country's doctrine regarding the continental shelf. The latter was produced after his tenure as the chief law-of-the-sea negotiator for Indonesia. After the end of Sukarno's rule and the beginning of Suharto's rule in Indonesia, <mask> was tasked to reform the law education curriculum in Indonesia. The new curriculum, which was introduced in 1972, gave more degrees of freedom to law students.<mask> himself hoped that the curriculum could produce lawyers that improve the legal system of Indonesia instead of accepting it as it is. Inside his own university, <mask> established a research institute for the law faculty. Several works that the institute has produced was the criteria of a "minimum law library" for law schools all over Indonesia to support the newly introduced curriculum and inventorying cases from the West Java Supreme Court that would later be used for case study and legal review. Minister of Justice
<mask> was made Minister of Justice in a reshuffle of the Second Development Cabinet on 22 January 1974. One of his first actions was reviving the Institute of National Law Reform. Previously, the institute was largely dormant and had little to no operational budget. <mask> renamed the institute, increased the amount of budget allocated from the institute, and altered the organizational structure.The re-organization, in particular, sought to bring legal academics closer to the lawmaking and law reform processes. The revival of the Institute of National Law Reform managed to bear fruit in the form of an increase in legal research, workshops, and meetings in Indonesia. A workshop to coordinate legal research was held in September 1974, while a workshop aimed to document and index legal information was held in December 1974. Another significant result was in the form of agreed-upon legal terms, which <mask> described as important to make the legal language "uniform, usable, and understandable to the people". Minister of Foreign Affairs
After serving as Minister of Justice for about four years, <mask> was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Third Development Cabinet in 1978. He was re-appointed Foreign Minister in the next cabinet for the period 1983-1988, thus serving a total of ten years as foreign minister. During his period in office, <mask> promoted the concept of "archipelagic state" to describe Indonesia.The concept was later recognized by the United Nations through the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982. Aside from the archipelago state, one of his hallmarks as foreign minister was his support for cultural diplomacy, a concept aimed at improving Indonesia's image overseas. Nevertheless, his concept failed to emphasize proprietary issues that were rampant at that time. His focus instead was to present Indonesia as a civil country and dismiss its image as a militaristic and cronyistic country. The concept was promoted in various ways, such as the First International Gamelan Festival which was held in conjunction with the Expo 86 in Vancouver. However, other efforts to promote this concept, such as the exhibition of the Asmat tribe art in London and a dance performance by the Mangkunegaran troupe in the same city, were less successful. The former, in particular, was criticized due to the disrespectful treatment by Indonesian academics to the Asmat culture in the exhibition.Death
<mask> died on the morning of 6 June 2021. He was buried on the same day at the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery. Following his death, former state secretary Yusril Ihza Mahendra proposed <mask> be made a national hero. References

Bibliography

1929 births
2021 deaths
Foreign ministers of Indonesia
Indonesian diplomats
People from Batavia, Dutch East Indies
Sundanese people
University of Indonesia alumni
Ministers of law and human rights of Indonesia

masks:
Mochtar Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja
Kusumaatmadja


type: original

texts:
<mask> (February 16, 1912 - April 26, 2002) was an American radio announcer. The son of "a circuit-riding minister in the Texas Panhandle," he was born in Cleburne, Texas, and died in Palm Desert, California. Sharbutt attended Texas Christian University, initially planning to study law. After he became involved in drama and music there, however, he changed his career plans. His first appearance on radio was in 1929 as a singer on WBAP in Fort Worth, Texas. He soon became an announcer, and from that point on, he made his career in broadcasting. <mask>'s obituary in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel noted that he spent "four decades as an announcer, newscaster, and company spokesman."A 1943 article in Radio Mirror magazine summarized Sharbutt's progress from local station WBAP to his then-current role at CBS:[At WBAP] <mask> was a one-man radio station, singing, acting, and announcing at $25 per week. After several years of working stations all over the Southwest, he ended up at $19 a week. Not satisfied with this progress in reverse, he went to Chicago and, after starving for two weeks, took a job singing in a Presbyterian church. There, he met a man who steered him into his first break as an announcer on Chicago's station WJJD. <mask> stuck at that for a year and a half, then came to New York. He arrived without a single contact, and three days later, beat out 50 competitors for an important job at CBS. Old-time radio shows for which Sharbutt was an announcer included, The Man I Married, Lavender and Old Lace, Guy Lombardo, Jack Pearl, Ray Noble, Bob Hope, The Song Shop, Hobby Lobby, Myrt and Marge, The Hour of Charm, Melody and Madness, Colgate Ask-It-Basket, Lanny Ross,
Amos 'n' Andy, Club Fifteen, The Jack Carson Show, Lum and Abner, Your Hit Parade, The Campbell Playhouse, Request Performance, Meet Mr. McNutley,  and Meet Corliss Archer.In 1958, Sharbutt was involved in an effort to revive a semblance of old-time radio on ABC. The Jim Backus Show was described in the Milwaukee Sentinel as "what might be called an old-fashioned radio variety show." Sharbutt was the announcer for the program, which featured singers Betty Ann Grove and Jack Haskell and a quintet, The Honey Dreamers. Also in 1958, Sharbutt became a disc jockey on WABC in New York City. Another old-time radio announcer, Tony Marvin, and he began "hosting afternoon record shows in their distinctively deep voices." His other on-air activities in radio included being a newscaster for the Mutual Broadcasting System and a master of ceremonies for a Ringabuk, a local program in New York City. Sharbutt was an announcer for television programs, including Who Do You Trust?, The Jerry Colonna Show,  Your Hit Parade The Betty White Show (1954 version), All Star Revue, and Kukla, Fran and Ollie.He also appeared as himself on the TV shows Of All Things, The Jerry Fielding Show, and The Saturday Night Revue with Jack Carter. In something of a reprise of one of his regular jobs, Sharbutt played an announcer in the movie Hit Parade of 1947. After doing commercials for Campbell's Soup on several shows that he announced, Sharbutt became more closely associated with Campbell's as a company spokesman. His obituary in the Los Angeles Times noted, "He voiced the commercials, touting the soups as 'Mmm-mm-good,'" a slogan that he created. Music

Sharbutt's obituary in the LA Times noted, "A musician as well, Sharbutt played sax, clarinet, piano, and organ, and was a songwriter. Among his credits are the theme for the television comedy series The Bob Cummings Show and the early-1950s ditty
'
"A Romantic Guy, I". He also wrote "The Kitten with the Big Green Eyes", "I'd Love To",  "Silver and Gold,", "The Nickel Serenade", "I Can't Hold a Dream in My Arms",  and "My Love" "Silver and Gold", which Sharbutt wrote with Bob Crosby and Henry Prichard, was part of the sound track of the 2013 movie 20 Feet from Stardom.Alcohol recovery efforts

During the last 26 years of his life, after he retired, Sharbutt became "known for his untiring work in alcohol recovery programs." An Associated Press story in 1977 mentioned him as one of 24 prominent people who "came out of the closet" in an attempt to encourage other alcoholics to seek help. In a 1978 interview with his journalist son, Jay, Sharbutt said that his family physician diagnosed him as an alcoholic in 1955. Sharbutt recalled, "I said, 'That's an awful thing to say to a friend.' He said, 'That's a diagnosis, not a put-down. It is a killer disease.'" In the interview, Sharbutt said that before the diagnosis, "My drinking was getting out of control.I nearly drank myself to death trying to have fun. I knew it was not the real me. I was now drinking just to stay even, to function, survive, not to get high or have fun. But I still did it after work. I did hundreds of shows with hangovers." After his doctor intervened, Sharbutt was helped by some of the doctor's patients who were recovered alcoholics. Sharbutt said, "It was my association with these recovered alcoholics that enabled me to stop drinking nearly 24 years ago.My greatest joy since has been trying to help other practicing alcoholics do what I've done." Much of <mask>'s work in that regard was focused around Palm Desert, California, where his wife and he moved after he retired. Rank wrote, "<mask> and Dr. Joe Cruse ... started an educational program on alcoholism at Eisenhower Medical Center called 'The Alcohol Awareness Hour.' It featured locally and nationally known recovering alcoholics who gave talks and answered questions on the disease." Sharbutt produced a program, "Jazz Without Booze", that featured recovering jazz musicians, singers, and others. The show was produced for 17 years and always sold out the first day tickets were available. Proceeds went to the volunteer program of the Eisenhower Medical Center.<mask> and his wife (known professionally as Meri Bell), played integral roles in encouraging former First Lady Betty Ford to establish the Betty Ford Center. Bell was Ford's sponsor in Alcoholics Anonymous. Ford's obituary in USA Today related developments after she received hospital treatment for recovering alcoholics: Ford was encouraged to help other drug and alcohol addicts as part of her therapy, but Bell's husband, the late <mask>, Eisenhower [Medical Center] board President John Sinn and Chairwoman Dolores Hope sought to integrally involve the Fords in their medical center. "After she got out of treatment," Sharbutt told The Desert Sun in the 1990s, "Dolores [Hope] called her and said, 'You're the new kid on the block. Do you see anything around here that we're not doing that we ought to be doing?' Betty spoke right up and said, 'Yes, you don't have a program for alcoholism or chemical dependency.'" Family

Sharbutt was married to Mary C. Balsley, who sang professionally as Meri Bell.They had two sons, <mask> and Bill Sharbutt, and a daughter, M.D. Ridge. References

External links
 Two streaming recordings of newscasts by <mask>t are among the files on this page. 1912 births
2002 deaths
American male radio actors
Radio and television announcers
American radio personalities

masks:
Del Sharbutt
Sharbutt
Del
Del
Sharbutt
Del
Sharbutt
Del Sharbutt
Jay Sharbutt
Del Sharbut


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<mask> (born  in Walker, Tyneside) is an author, journalist and broadcaster. He is most well known for his work relating to the BBC Television series Doctor Who and for writing numerous official and unofficial guide books to a wide variety of television and film series, particularly Buffy the Vampire Slayer. He is also the author of two books of rock music critique. To date, <mask> has published more than 40 books. Early life and background
<mask>'s parents were <mask> (1918–1991) and Lily Lamb (b. 1920) and he has two much older brothers, Terrence John (b. 1944) and Thomas Colin (b.1948). <mask>'s family have Irish, Scottish, East Anglian (Snape, Suffolk, Great Yarmouth) and Cumbrian (Crosby-on-Eden) roots as well as North Eastern. He is a distant relative of the Morpeth landscape artist Thomas Bowman Garvie (1859–1944). <mask>'s great-great-uncle was the Tyneside journalist and columnist Albert Elliott. He worked for the Civil Service as an Administrative Officer in the, then, Department of Employment between 1983 and 2001 when he left to pursue a full-time freelance writing career. Work
<mask>'s first published fiction was the BBC Books "Past Doctor Adventure" The Devil Goblins from Neptune in 1997. The novel was co-written with his friend and frequent collaborator Martin Day.The pair quickly followed this up with the acclaimed novel The Hollow Men in 1998. Following Day's move into TV scripting, <mask> wrote the novels The King of Terror (2000) and Byzantium! (2001) solo. The latter novel is the only BBC Books Past Doctor Adventure to be set entirely within one episode of the television series Doctor Who — 1965's The Romans by Dennis Spooner. <mask> also wrote the Telos Doctor Who novella Ghost Ship which was published in 2002 and reissued as a paperback in 2003. As well as writing fiction, <mask> has also authored numerous programme guides to television series. These were all published by Virgin Books, and co-written with Martin Day and Paul Cornell.Cornell, Day and <mask> also collaborated on the  Doctor Who Discontinuity Guide, published by Virgin Books in 1995 and re-issued, in the US, by MonkeyBrain Books in 2004, a lighthearted guide to the mistakes and incongruities of the television series. Subsequently, <mask> wrote The Complete Slayer: An Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to Every Episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, amongst others. On radio, <mask> was the Producer/Presenter of the monthly Book Club (2005–2007) and co-presented a daily television review slot, <mask>y <mask>'s Top TV Tips, Monday to Friday, on The Simon Logan Show for BBC Newcastle (2006-2012). A Fan’s Guide to 70s Cops on the Box (1999: Virgin Books) cowritten with Martin Day . Slayer: The Totally Cool Unofficial Guide to Buffy (2000: Virgin Books)
 (Also published in France as Tueuse de Vampires: Le guide non officiel de Buffy by Editions Hors Collection,  (2000))
 Hollywood Vampire: The Unofficial Guide to Angel (Nov 2000: Virgin Books)
 (Also published in France as Le Vampire D’Hollywood: Le guide non officiel de La Serie Angel by Editions Hors Collection,  (2001))
 Doctor Who: The King of Terror (Nov 2000: BBC Books)
 Slayer: The Revised and Updated Unofficial Guide to Buffy The Vampire Slayer (Mar 2001: Virgin Books)
 Doctor Who: Byzantium! (Jul 2001: BBC Books)
 High Times: An Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to Roswell (Oct 2001: Virgin Books)
 (Also published in France as Roswell: Le Guide non officiel les 2 premières saisons by Editions Hors Collection,  (2002))
 Hollywood Vampire: A Revised and Updated Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to Angel (Dec 2001: Virgin Books)
 Slayer: An Expanded and Updated Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to Buffy the Vampire Slayer (Feb 2002: Virgin Books)
 Inside Bartlet’s White House: An Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to The West Wing (April 2002: Virgin Books) . Doctor Who: Ghost Ship (August 2002: Telos Publishing), ISBN Standard Hardback 1-903889-08-1.ISBN Deluxe Hardback 1-903889-09-X. ISBN Paperback 1-90-3889-32-4. Beyond the Gåte: An Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to Stargate SG-1 (October 2002: Telos Publishing). .
 Slayer The Next Generation: An Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to Season Six of Buffy the Vampire Slayer (January 2003: Virgin Books)
 A Day in the Life: The Unofficial & Unauthorised Guide to 24 (April 2003: Telos Publishing)
 The Complete Clash (September 2003: Reynolds & Hearn Publishing)
 Hollywood Vampire: A Revised and Updated Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to Angel (Jan 2004: Virgin Books)
 Inside Bartlet’s White House: An Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to The West Wing – Revised and Updated (April 2004: Virgin Books) . Slayer: The Last Days of Sunnydale: An Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to the Final Season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer (June 2004: Virgin Books)
 Slayer: A totally awesome collection of Buffy trivia (August 2004: Virgin Books)
 The Complete Slayer: An Unofficial; and Unauthorised Guide to Every Episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer (November 2004: Virgin Books)
 A Vault of Horror: A Book of 80 Great (and not-so-great) British Horror Movies 1956-1974 (Telos Publishing: October 2004)
 The Discontinuity Guide: The Unofficial Doctor Who Companion (MonkeyBrain Publishing: October 2004) co-written with Paul Cornell and Martin Day
 Hollywood Vampire: The Apocalypse - An Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to the Final Season of Angel (Virgin Books: January 2005)
 Do You Want to Know a Secret? : A Fab Anthology of Beatles Facts (Virgin Books: July 2005)
 Hollywood Vampire: A Totally Awesome Collection of Angel Trivia (Virgin Books: August 2005) co-written with Deborah Williams. Triqueta: The Unauthorised and Unofficial Guide to the Hit TV Series Charmed (Telos Publishing: Feb 2006)

References

External links
 From the North: Keith Topping's Blog
 Outpost Gallifrey's Keith Topping pages
 Telos' Ghost Ship page
 BBC Radio Newcastle The Book Club page
 BBC Radio Newcastle The Book Club 2006 archive
 BBC interview 2004
 Outpost Gallifrey interview 2001
 Watcher's Web interview 2000

1963 births
Living people
English science fiction writers
English dramatists and playwrights
21st-century English novelists
English short story writers
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
English male dramatists and playwrights
English male short story writers
English male novelists
21st-century British short story writers
21st-century English male writers
Writers of Doctor Who novels

masks:
Keith Andrew Topping
Topping
Keith Topping
Thomas Topping
Topping
Topping
Topping
Topping
Topping
Topping
Topping
Topping
Topping
Keith Tell
Topping


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<mask> (14 February 1734 – 30 September 1799) led a French division at the Battle of Wattignies. A nobleman, he joined the French Royal Army as a cadet in 1755 and fought in the Seven Years' War. He became a lieutenant colonel in 1779, but two years later got into a dispute with a superior officer and was placed on inactive service. The French Revolution and the War of the First Coalition saved his career; he was promoted general of brigade in 1792. He led a 2,000-man column at Arlon in 1793 but irritated his army commander. After his 5,800-strong division performed poorly at Wattignies he was put in prison for 10 months. He was briefly employed again during the War in the Vendée in 1795 before retiring from military service in 1796.Early career
<mask> was born on 14 February 1734 at Saint-Palais-sur-Mer, France. He entered the Noailles Cavalry Regiment in 1755 as a cadet and served in the Seven Years' War. He transferred to the Clermont Volunteers in 1758 as a lieutenant of dragoons and was discharged in 1760. He became a captain of infantry in 1766, transferred to the dragoons on 29 February 1768 and transferred again to the Penthièvre Dragoon Regiment on 9 December 1776. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel and awarded the Order of Saint-Louis on 8 April 1779. He was incarcerated for three months in the Château de Ham starting on 7 October 1781 for disrespect toward his commanding officer, a brigadier general. When he emerged from prison on 28 December 1781 he was placed on retirement.French Revolutionary Wars

Chalons and Arlon

On 1 March 1792 <mask> was promoted to general of brigade. After an assignment at Avignon he was given command of the 2nd Military Division at Châlons-sur-Marne on 1 October 1792. One source described the troops at Châlons as an "unruly mob". Except for one battalion of regulars the force was entirely made up of volunteers. Its commander was Alexandre Séraphin Joseph Magnus <mask> who was unable to instill any discipline in this body of soldiers. On 28 February 1793, <mask> replaced Sparre in command at Châlons. On 8 April he was sent to command troops at Sedan.He was elevated in rank to general of division in the Army of the Ardennes on 15 May 1793. In June 1793, Charles Edward <mask> Kilmaine commanded the Army of the Ardennes which only numbered about 8,500 men at Sedan. Kilmaine proposed moving north from Givet against Liège while <mask> moved east toward Arlon. In cooperation, the Army of the Moselle would advance on Arlon and capture its Coalition supply magazine. Jean Nicolas Houchard, the commander of the Army of the Moselle agreed to send Amable Henri Delaage with 10,500 men, but the force was only to hold the town for two days before withdrawing. Adam Philippe <mask> canceled Kilmaine's main offensive but allowed <mask> to proceed with 2,000 soldiers. On 7 June Delaage's advanced guard appeared before Arlon but was repulsed.On the 8th <mask>'s column showed up and Delaage determined to try again. The French attacked on 9 June and defeated an Austrian division under Gottfried <mask>. The Austrian force numbered 6,000 men in seven infantry battalions and eight cavalry squadrons. They sustained 600 casualties and lost five guns and four ammunition wagons. The French counted 900 killed and wounded out of 8,500 foot soldiers and 1,000 horsemen. On 10 October, an exasperated Kilmaine wrote to a friend, "Try in the name of heaven to rid me of this old general <mask>, he is a true agent of the old regime, a dirty schemer who puts the entire division in confusion. I cannot do the Republic any good serving with him".Wattignies
On 30 September 1793, the 60,000-strong Coalition army under Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld began the Siege of Maubeuge. On 22 September, Jean-Baptiste Jourdan was appointed commander of the Army of the North. In the emergency, Jourdan began assembling a relief army at Guise. <mask> took command of a 4,263-man Army of the Ardennes division cobbled together from units at Sedan, Montmédy and the Camp of Carignan. To these were added three volunteer battalions and the 5th Dragoon Regiment from the Army of the North. Aside from the above-named units and the 11th Chasseurs à Cheval, the division was composed of 22 separate detachments, most numbering only 100 or 200 soldiers. Altogether, there were 5,016 infantry and 837 cavalry.At 7:00 am on 15 October, <mask>'s division left Solre-le-Château to advance on the enemy positions. It was opposed by Karl Joseph Hadik von Futak with two battalions and four squadrons, a total of 2,100 soldiers defending Obrechies. <mask>'s column passed Solrinnes at 10:00 am and soon was attacked by units from the Coburg Dragoons Nr. 37 and Blankenstein Hussars Nr. 16. The badly-organized French division was driven back after losing three guns and two caissons. On 16 October the division advanced again, forming the extreme right flank of Jourdan's army.On this day, in addition to the two infantry battalions, Hadik was reinforced to four squadrons each of the Coburg and Blankenstein Regiments. At 8:00 am Beauregard began attacking Obrechies and Hadik was reinforced by an additional battalion. After several hours of fighting, Hadik posted four squadrons to the northwest and two squadrons to the northeast, both supported by infantry. As the French began breaking into Obrechies, Hadik ordered a counterattack from the village's defenders and from the other two detachments. The three-pronged attack routed <mask>'s troops; they fled back to Solrinnes after abandoning five cannons and three caissons. According to one account, the soldiers did not stop running until they reached Solre-le-Château, putting the day's French successes at risk. Despite the French victory in the Battle of Wattignies <mask> was removed from command the next day and imprisoned on 20 October 1793.Released from confinement on 29 August 1794, he was retired from active duty on 15 November that year. On 30 April 1795 he was assigned to the Army of the West to fight in the War in the Vendée. He retired again on 1 January 1796. He was famous for his battle cry, "Heads high boys, the bullets are not shit". He died at Saintes on 30 September 1799. Notes

References

French generals
French military personnel of the Seven Years' War
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
People from Charente-Maritime
1734 births
1799 deaths

masks:
Pierre Raphaël Paillot de Beauregard
Beauregard
Beauregard
de Sparre
Beauregard
Jennings de
Beauregard
de Custine
Beauregard
Beauregard
von Schroder
Beauregard
Beauregard
Beauregard
Beauregard
Beauregard
Beauregard


texts:
<mask>, Jr. (November 30, 1921 – March 29, 1998) was an American screenwriter, poet, short-story author, actor, puppeteer, gourmet chef, cryptographer, translator, editor, costume designer and well-known raconteur. During his years in Paris, he was nicknamed Tum-te-tum. His friend Pat Conroy observed that <mask> had lived a "pixilated wonderland of a life." <mask> was labeled "Mobile's Renaissance Man" because of his diverse activities in many areas of the arts. In later life, he maintained a connection with Mobile by carrying a shoebox of Alabama red clay around Europe. Biography

<mask> was born and raised in Mobile, Alabama, which he described as "a separate kingdom. We are not North America; we are North Haiti."He claimed that he ran away from home at the age of three and was raised by his paternal grandparents. He and Truman Capote became acquainted in Mobile, attending matinees at the Saenger Theatre downtown together as children. His grandparents both died while he was about ten years old. After largely living on the streets for a time, he was eventually taken in by Hammond Bokenham Gayfer, heir to Gayfers Department Store in downtown Mobile. Gayfer died in 1938, again leaving <mask> to fend for himself. Adulthood

During World War II, <mask> spent three years in the Aleutian Islands as an Army cryptographer. He relocated to New York City afterward and became a resident of Greenwich Village during the post-WWII years.During this time he pioneered an early form of happening by staging a spontaneous and unannounced group performance with his friends in the sculpture garden of the Museum of Modern Art. <mask> then gained transatlantic passage of a freighter carrying ice cream to Europe during the late 1940s. He lived in Paris during much of the 1950s, where he helped launch the Paris Review, living across the street from the publication's office and contributing to the earliest issues with text, art and interviews. His short story "Troubador" appeared in the first issue. His Paris Review interviews included Isak Dinesen  and Robert Penn Warren. In 1960, for Transatlantic Review, he interviewed Gore Vidal. Eventually, <mask> moved from Paris to Rome at the request of Marguerite Caetani, Princess di Bassiano, to edit her literary journal Botteghe Oscure.After a falling out with the princess, he acted in the films of Federico Fellini and translated Italian films into English. His dinner parties in Rome became much talked about, those that attended included T. S. Eliot, William Faulkner, Judy Garland, Anaïs Nin, Leontyne Price, Gore Vidal and Richard Wright. <mask> returned to Mobile in 1979. Death
He died on March 29, 1998 of liver cancer at the University of South Alabama Medical Center. Practically destitute at the time of his death, his friends raised the money for his sendoff. His wake was held at the old Scottish Rite Temple, where attendees painted and wrote their goodbyes on his closed casket. His funeral service was held at the nearby Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, followed by a jazz funeral procession in the rain to his final resting place in Mobile's historic Church Street Graveyard.A special allowance was made by the Mobile Parks Department for his burial at Church Street Graveyard, which had been closed since the 1890s. Films
Living in Rome during the 1960s and 1970s, <mask> was a translator for Federico Fellini. For different film companies, he translated hundreds of scripts. He appeared as an actor in more than 20 feature films, notably as the American journalist in Fellini's 8½ (1963). For Fellini's Juliet of the Spirits (1965), he played the role of the Mother Superior and collaborated with Nino Rota on the song, "Go Milk the Moon" (cut from the final version of the film). Rota and <mask> teamed again for the song "What Is a Youth" for Franco Zeffirelli's Romeo and Juliet (1968). He also played the role of the priest in The House with Laughing Windows.Books
His books include Monkey Poems (1953), The Byzantine Riddle (1980) and The Untidy Pilgrim (1954), a novel recently reprinted by the University of Alabama Press. He also compiled several cookbooks: Delectable Dishes From Termite Hall (1982) and the bestselling American Cooking: Southern Style, part of Time-Life's Foods of the World series. Hints & Pinches (1991) is an encyclopedic coverage of more than 150 herbs, spices, chutneys and relishes. The Happy Table of Eugene Walter: Southern Spirits in Food and Drink (2011), which <mask> described as "an ardent survey of Southern beverages, and how to prepare such, and a grand selection of Southern dishes employing spiritous flavorings," was edited by Donald Goodman (executor of <mask>'s estate) and Thomas Head and published by the University of North Carolina Press. Dr. Gabrielle Gutting, who teaches literature at Florida Atlantic University, is currently working on a biography of <mask>. <mask> contributed to numerous magazines, including Food Arts, Gourmet, Old Mobile and Harper's Bazaar. His essay "Front Porches" is an evocative portrait of Mobile in 1929:
Old black men with sugarcane stalks over their shoulder would come passing by.Children selling cut flowers, stolen from that morning's funeral wreaths at Magnolia Cemetery. The scissors grinder with his fascinating emery wheel-on-wheels. The pot mender with his bits of lead and solder and strange tools and a spirit lamp. The postman always stopped for a word. Conversations went on, corn was husked, beans hulled or snapped, rice picked over, coffee grounds, beads restrung, paper wicks folded for next winter's fireplaces — somehow a whole world was encompassed, seized, dealt with before noon. Awards
His literary awards include a Rockefeller-Sewanee Fellowship, an O. Henry citation, the Lippincott Award for fiction and the Prix Guilloux. After his return to Mobile in 1979, <mask> kept on writing, publishing, and promoting the arts and culture.He died in Mobile of liver cancer in 1998. By special resolution of the city of Mobile, Alabama, he was buried in the historic Church Street Graveyard in his hometown. Katherine Clark began interviewing <mask> in 1991 for an oral biography, and Milking the Moon: A Southerner's Story of Life on This Planet was published by Crown on August 21, 2001, three years after <mask>'s death. Shelved in bookstores during the three weeks prior to 9/11, the book has a paragraph describing reactions to the performance art he staged in the 1940s at the Museum of Modern Art. Yet <mask>'s words were suddenly synchronistic and eerily prophetic: "You could tell he was the guy who sees a train wreck, or a skyscraper collapse, and he's never got his camera when he needs it." Jonathan Yardley reviewed Milking the Moon in The Washington Post:
To Katherine Clark, who sat with <mask> for four months in the spring and summer of 1991 while he talked into her tape recorder, we owe an incalculable debt. Not merely has she rescued him from manifestly unwarranted oblivion, but she has edited his oral history into a book as amazing as the man itself...  Of all the characters whom we meet in these pages, by far the most interesting and endearing is <mask> himself.He may have been a minor figure in literary and cinematic circles, but he never had any illusions about his own grandeur, and he was grateful for everything his work and friendships brought him. His curiosity was bottomless, and he followed wherever it led: "I really am like old America: just get up and get in the covered wagon and go three thousand miles because you want fresh air... Most people really don't take chances, you see. They wanted to go. But they didn't have the -- I don't know what it is. It's not courage. It's not ambition.It's cat and monkey spirit. Let's see what's over there. Let's just have a look." Perhaps all of us harbor, somewhere deep inside, a free spirit yearning to break loose, but few of us have the... whatever... to go ahead and let it do so. <mask> did, and led a life with "more delights than regrets." The story of that life, as told here, is absolutely over-the-top, a treasure, a wholly unexpected surprise. Not since John Kennedy Toole's A Confederacy of Dunces -- another posthumous book by another unknown Southerner -- has a book come from so completely out of the blue to give me so much pleasure.Recordings
There are two compact disc releases of <mask> reading his own works. Rare Bird is a sampler of <mask> at his best and includes "The Byzantine Riddle." Monkey Poems is faithful to the 1953 book that is the source. Both CDs feature cover art by <mask>. Produced by Charlie Smoke and Barry Little with permission from <mask>'s estate, these CDs are available from Nomad Productions, Inc.

<mask>: Last of the Bohemians (2008) is a documentary by Waterfront Pictures. References

Listen to
Glen Weston singing the Nino Rota/<mask> song, "What Is a Youth"
<mask> reading Rare Bird (poems, stories, songs)

Sources
 Oral biography. External links

<mask>'s "Front Porches" (full text)
Milking the Moon: A Southerner's Story of Life on This Planet (excerpt)
 Trailer for the documentary, <mask>: Last of the Bohemians

1921 births
1998 deaths
American short story writers
20th-century American memoirists
Writers from Mobile, Alabama
Deaths from liver cancer
20th-century American male actors
United States Army personnel of World War II

masks:
Eugene Ferdinand Walter
Walter
Walter
Youth Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Eugene Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Eugene Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Eugene Walter
Eugene Walter
Eugene Walter
Eugene Walter
Eugene Walter


texts:
<mask> (born 21 June 1990) is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician and producer. He was born in Galway, Ireland. He began playing the guitar in 2010 and soon after began writing and releasing his own songs. Haze has toured Ireland with the Original Rudeboys and has supported international hip hop acts like Coolio. Early life
<mask> grew up in Ballinfolye Co. Galway. With three brothers and a sister, he is the youngest of his family. His father was not around from a young age.His family moved to Westport, County Mayo when he was a child, and he spent a number of years there before returning to Galway when he started secondary school. Haze went to school in St Joseph's College (The Bish) in Galway City. He went on to get his Junior Certificate before leaving school at the age of 16. Music career

2010–2015: Career beginnings
In 2011, when he was 20, Haze was living in a house with friends who used to play and produce music. Inspired, he then started watching YouTube videos to learn some guitar chords. He progressed quickly and soon began making his own songs. Haze recorded his first ever guitar riff and lyrics in 2012.This developed into his first song, which he called "World Outside". The song featured an English hip hop artist named Lexeeeee. "World Outside"> received positive feedback from music critics and thousands of views on YouTube, which inspired <mask> to decide music was a career he would like to pursue. In 2013, Haze was nominated by Hot Press magazine on their list of "Hot for 2014". He was nominated again for their readers' poll award as Most Promising Artist of that year. Since 2014, Haze has performed with a number of major names in the music industry. He has opened for international artists such as Coolio and Sheppard, and toured Ireland with the Irish group The Original Rudeboys, ending in December 2013, where Haze opened their sold-out shows at The Olympia Theatre and The Academy Dublin.In 2014, Guinness picked <mask> to participate in The Guinness Amplify Series, which spotlights and publicises new and upcoming Irish singer-songwriters. 2015–2016: Singles and international airplay
In 2015, <mask> released the single "Don't Wanna Fall Asleep", which generated media interest and radio play across Ireland. He followed with the release of his first EP, titled Thoughts to Words. The EP features "Don't Wanna Fall Asleep" and two other tracks. Earlier in 2016, <mask> released "Let Us Be Heroes", followed by a video for the song. The single received national airplay on RTE 2FM and in the United Kingdom on BBC Radio and Radio X.

<mask>'s single "I'll Run", released July 2016, also earned airplay on Irish, British and other European radio stations like KX Radio in the Netherlands. The official music video received similar accolades.2016–2017: We Are One – EP release
Following the singles "Let Us Be Heroes" and "I'll Run", Haze released an EP called We Are One on 17 February 2017, along with a self-titled single and official video. The EP featured "Let Us Be Heroes" and "I'll Run" along with three new songs. After the first week of sales We Are One came in at number 31 on the IRMA Official Irish Albums chart and at number 2 on the Official Irish Independent Album Chart. We Are One debuted at Number 1 on the Irish singer-songwriter chart and came in at Number 4 on the Official Irish Album Charts on the day of the release (17 February 2017) making this <mask>'s first official top 5 album and first Irish Number 1 release across various Google and iTunes charts. 2017: Say Goodbye – single Release
Later in 2017, Haze announced the release of yet another single called "Say Goodbye" which came out 8 September to mark the 1 year anniversary of his single "I'll Run". "Say Goodbye" debuted at Number 1 on the Irish Singer-songwriter Chart and at Number 39 on the Official Irish Singles Charts. This was <mask>'s third Irish Chart appearance in 12 months Independently and securing him his first Irish Number 1 & Top 40 Single."Say Goodbye" went on to be the eighth most played Irish Song on Irish Radio the week of the release. "Say Goodbye" also secured <mask> his first two appearances on two Official Spotify playlists. A "New Music" playlist and a "New Talent" playlist. 2018: RECIPE – single and EP Release
In early 2018, <mask> used social media to announce the release of 5-song EP entitled "RECIPE", which features the Single "Say Goodbye". The "RECIPE" EP debuted at Number 5 on the Official Irish Album Charts and at Number 2 on the Irish Singer-Songwriter Chart on iTunes as well as reaching Number 7 on the Top Albums Charts, Number 2 on the Singer-Songwriter Chart and Number 1 on the Folk Chart on Google Play Music. Making it Haze's 2nd appearance on the Top 10 Official Irish Album Charts in 24 months among numerous other chart positions across a number of different Genres. 2019: Chasing Rivers – singles and EP Release
Fresh off the back of his first North American tour in Sep/Oct 2018, <mask> arrived home to announce the release of a brand new six-song EP entitled Chasing Rivers which was released 26 April.In the lead up to the release, he released the first self titled Single 'Chasing Rivers' in 22 February and went on to peak at Number 11 on the Official Irish Singles Chart. The second single released from the EP released in March entitled 'So Long' secured another Top 100 Official Irish Single debut at Number 74. The EP was released 26 April and debuted at Number 11 on the Official Irish Album Charts and secured numerous Top 5 positions across a number of Google Play Music Charts. 'Chasing Rivers' EP stayed in the Top 10 for over 6 weeks after its release making it the longest Haze spent in the Top 10 of any chart. 2019 - 2020: Time And Space - single and EP
In 2019, Haze set his sights establishing his own Independent record label, Remody Records. It is a change over and rebranding of his initial record label Chris Haze Music. He then went on to announce the first body of work to be released on his very own label, 'Time And Space' EP.Discography

Extended plays

Singles

References

External links
 Official website
 Facebook
 "Haze Of Our Lives: Hot Press catches up with <mask>" Hotpress Magazine. Retrieved 10 June
 "Galway singer/songwriter <mask> dropped in to see us this week, and we were blown away" JOE.ie (2014) Retrieved 27 June
 "<mask> set to release new single 'I'll Run' " Hotpress Magazine. (4 Jul 2016) Retrieved 10 July
 "<mask> Shares The Video For His New Song ‘I’ll Run’ " I.M.R.O (7 Sep 2016)  Retrieved 19 July
 BBC Radio airplay - Jim Corr, Dave Franco, <mask> and Nigel Ringland Retrieved 24 July
 Artist Of The Day – Global Rockstar Magazine (04/03/2016) (archived) Retrieved 30 July
 Artist Of The Week – Global Rockstar Magazine (08/03/2016) (archived) Retrieved 2 Aug
 Artist Of The Month – Global Rockstar Magazine (12/04/2016) (archived) Retrieved 23 Aug

1990 births
Living people
Irish male singer-songwriters
Male guitarists
People from Galway (city)
Acoustic guitarists
Irish composers
Irish record producers
21st-century Irish  male singers

masks:
Chris Haze
Haze
Haze
Haze
Haze
Haze
Haze
Haze
Haze
Haze
Haze
Haze
Chris Haze
Chris Haze
Chris Haze
Chris Haze
Chris Haze


texts:
<mask> (June 16, 1964 – July 6, 2009) was a Canadian radio DJ known for his work on CFNY-FM (102.1 the Edge) in Toronto, Ontario. His on-air duties included hosting the Thursday 30, live-to-air from the Phoenix nightclub, and live-to-air from the Velvet Underground. He died by suicide on July 6, 2009. <mask> grew up in the Sheridan Homelands part of Mississauga, Ontario. He attended Thornlodge Public School (to 1976), Homelands Senior Public School (to 1978), and Erindale Secondary School (to 1983), where he was generally referred to as Marty as opposed to <mask>. He was elected president of the SAC (student council) in his final year of high school. The Streek surname is Welsh.Starting in 1977, he became a fan of The Clash who had very little airplay except on a small Brampton radio station, CFNY-FM. Career
Streek began his career at CFNY during his last year at Erindale Secondary School. Streek hung around CFNY radio station and volunteered with various duties. One of his jobs was to drive around Ontario in a ten-ton truck; setting up and tearing down equipment three days a week. <mask> and his colleagues would visit high schools, colleges and universities all over Southern Ontario as part of the CFNY Video Roadshow. The truck was equipped with a video projector, a massive screen, a light show, and industrial strength video players. The biggest Roadshow happened at the Kingswood Music Theatre at Canada's Wonderland in the spring of 1987.More than 15,000 people showed up to watch alternative rock videos. <mask> was hired by the radio station in 1984, and the station grew into one of the biggest stations in Canada. His knowledge and passion of music was vast and he often fought for the new artists he felt the station should play. His voice was also heard nationwide on behalf of a lengthy list of notable advertising clients, including Powerade, Rogers Wireless, Oh Henry, Acura Dealers, Scotiabank, Oil of Olay and the Toronto Sun. Streek took over Chris Sheppard's slot at The Edge in 1992. Without having any previous on-air experience, Streek began by doing Friday nights from the studio and Saturday nights at Club 102 at the Phoenix, the longest running weekly radio live-to-air broadcast in history. Streek was one of three remaining personalities from the "Spirit of Radio" era of the Edge.Until his departure in May 2009, he hosted the Thursday 30, a four-hour-long show that counted down the top 30 songs of the past week (collected via record sales and listener voting), and introduced new music (a segment called the "Groundbreakers"), with flashbacks to a previous year's countdown, as Streek recalled the top five songs of that week in a certain previous year. Streek was a big influence in the Ripley's Urban Rail Park/Sound Academy development. Streek also hosted three live-to-air broadcasts from nightclubs: Friday nights at NRG/The Kingdom in Burlington, which was replaced by Friday Night Live at the Docks/Sound Academy; Saturday nights at the Phoenix; and Sunday nights at Velvet Underground. Streek was a fan of Tool, Nine Inch Nails, David Bowie, Nirvana, and Depeche Mode, in addition to The Clash. The shows were broadcast commercial-free, and Streek would cut in between songs urging listeners to "Come out early and stay late," which became his trademark phrase. Streek was a huge supporter of local talent, supporting Canadian independent artists such as Saigon Hookers, Alpha Galates and A Primitive Evolution. Streek was voted DJ of the year a number of times in Now Magazine'''s year-end public ballot.In late May 2009, Streek suddenly disappeared off air and from the station's website when his position was cut, along with others such as Barry Taylor, as part of restructuring at the station. As part of Streek's legacy, the Urban Dictionary has an entry called 'Streekisms' that includes various nicknames he had for musical artists. This includes "Nirvansquay" (Nirvana (band)) and "The Beastie Brothers" (Beastie Boys). Death
Police received a call at 5:47 p.m, on July 6, 2009 from a fellow tenant at his place of residence. The tenant had bumped into a friend who had received worrying e-mails and text messages from the former host. Authorities say a note was found on the door to Streek's apartment, asking whoever found it to call police. When police arrived, Streek was found dead inside his Broadview Lofts apartment.Streek took his own life only two months after he finished his 17-year career as a DJ and 25th year as an employee at CFNY-FM (102.1 the Edge). The shock of Streek's death posed a question as to whether or not there was a correlation between the end of Streek's time at the Edge and his death. According to sources he seemed to be completely content with leaving the station and his sudden suicide remains a mystery. Streek had already completed two pilot episodes of a new television show, <mask>’s Backstage''. Streek's last status update on Facebook read: "So... I guess that's it... thanks everyone... I'm sorry to those I should be sorry to, I love you to those that I love, and I will see you all again soon (not too soon though)... Let the stories begin."Reactions to Streek's death

The shock of Streek's death was immediate and in just a few days tens of thousands had joined a Facebook Group entitled "<mask>reek RIP". Alan Cross, the former program director at 102.1 the Edge, called Streek: "The most charming dude I ever met," and that "The guy lived to make people laugh and to entertain." Former colleague, Todd Shapiro, called Streek an inspiration on this blog, posting: "You were wonderful, caring, passionate, positive, energetic..and man, were you humorous. Personally, you were a mentor, an inspiration, and I always thought of you as a friend. Not only have the stories about you begun but they will never end," he added, perhaps referring to Streek's Facebook message. Long-time friend David Marsden, who ran The Edge back in its CFNY "Spirit of Radio" heyday – posted on his website: "<mask>k put on his wings earlier today, to the shock of most everyone... Good night, <mask>. We don't know what forced you to take this step but we do wish you a wonderful and peaceful rest."On his site, former Edge music director Kneale Mann wrote on the night of <mask>'s passing; "What I loved most about Streek was his sense of humor – he was hilarious! He had such quick wit – tears in the eyes, gut splitting, funny guy. <mask> was the consummate host. Anytime you were at his place you didn’t go hungry and there was always fresh ice in your glass. He loved to entertain and he did that for a living as well. I last saw <mask> a few years ago and we had a day to ourselves. We drove around, talked candidly about life and the radio industry, played some new music in my car, went for a great lunch and that day will always make me smile.<mask> was in fine form and we truly enjoyed the time to catch up. I will crank some NiN and Ministry in your honor, sir." Former Edge host George Stroumboulopoulos is quoted as saying, in February 2009, that "<mask>k (and David Bookman) are so important to this city, what they do for music ... Streek when he's on the radio... quality wins. They believe in music. They are the snipers waiting by the window keeping everyone on their game. Because their music knowledge is impeccable, their passion is unrivaled and they're not afraid to tell you. They understand how important a record can be to your life."Before an encore at a Broken Social Scene show in Toronto on July 11, Brendan Canning dedicated a song to Streek, announcing that "This one is for a good friend of mine who recently took his life in the name of rock and roll!" The video for Die Mannequin's Bad Medicine, released in late 2009, has a dedication to Streek at the end of the clip. References

External links
 102.1 the Edge

1964 births
2009 suicides
Canadian radio personalities
Suicides in Ontario
People from Mississauga
Canadian people of Welsh descent
2009 deaths

masks:
Martin Streek
Youth Streek
Martin
Martin
Streek
Martin Streek
Martin St
Martin Stree
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin Stree


texts:
<mask> () was a militant woman from Tabriz, Iran, known for the Tobacco Protest. She was a pioneer of the Tobacco Protest, which banned the use of tobacco, and instrumental in the protests that opened Tabriz temporary warehouses during the Bread Famine. Life
<mask> was born to a country style family in one of the old Tabriz villages named, Amuzin Al-Din. Her father, Sheikh Sulayman, was a poor peasant who, like other villagers, had a hard time subsisting during that era. <mask> was a strong and sturdy woman. Although at that time in Tabriz, most of the women clad their faces, <mask> did not. Before the Constitutional Revolution and during the autocracy, there was no security in Iran so government officials bought wheat during the summer at reduced prices and kept the wheat in warehouses.In the winter, government officials sold the wheat to the poor at high prices which created an artificial famine. During the reign of Nasir al-Din Shah  1934, the artificial famine reached its peak, and the poor people of the city had great difficulty. This harsh environment caused <mask> <mask> along with other women to revolt. <mask> and her revolutionaries closed markets and attacked government headquarters. They also attacked and destroyed some expensive gourmet groceries and large bakeries. Influences
For almost a century and for the first time in Iran's history, <mask> along with forty women of Tabriz that were against the oppressors, and in parallel with the sexual inequalities imposed by the feudal system and traditional views on women, started an armed struggle and fought bravely. One of the important factors of the Tabriz Women's Movement led by <mask> was the overwhelming tyranny of some princes and rulers of the Qajar period in Azerbaijan.In the social and political arena of this period, there were also important problems such as the "Bread Crisis" and "Tobacco Score", which were also among the most important factors that led the Women's Movement of Tabriz. One of the biggest social and economic problems of the Qajar era was also bread shortage and the expensive price of bread. So, this led the women's uprising and dealing with this dilemma. Tobacco Protest
<mask> <mask>’s reputation was actually known after the Tobacco Protest. When Naser al-Din Shah Qajar gave the tobaccos to the British, the people of Azerbaijan wanted to prevent this cycle from proceeding forward. During those days, Hajji Mirza Javad, a well-known political cleric, sent his disciples to the market and invited the people to close their stores. The people obeyed his request and did what he had asked for.It didn’t pass too long as the government intimidated the people and defeated them. So this brought some dozen brave women under the leadership and command of <mask> <mask> to fight and get the market back to the people. These women were known to defeat and destroy any corruption that took place at that time in Iran, and nobody knew their identities. Finally, because of the intense opposition of the people, Nasir al-Din Shah was forced to cancel the tobacco credits that was given to Britain. But the non-stop struggle of <mask> <mask> along with the other women continued. It was also said that <mask> along with her women combatants appeared in many streets and places encouraging the people especially the men to fight against oppression. She once said to the men that if you don’t dare and are afraid to fight the thieves and looters that are stealing your wealth and honor of your homeland, then take the women's veil and sit in the house.Don’t talk about men and bravery! Then she threw her scarf towards them, and disappeared from the sight of the amazed audience. Bread crisis in Tabriz

In the Qajar period, bread was one of the most important and most critical economic problems of the people. It was said that during this period there were many protests due to the lack of bread. Famine and drought were the main reasons of bread shortage. This was done by the government as they bought wheat from the villagers in a low price and stored them in warehouses until the end of winter. Then when people needed flour, they sold the wheats to them in a very high price.Most of the time, people had to wait in long queues, in front of the bakeries, just to buy a piece of bread which was also very expensive. Women often took the lead in protesting the critical situation of bread. An example of this operation, was <mask> <mask> and her followers. The operation took place in the late Nasir al-Din Shah's famine that was caused by the persecution of wheat. Women decided to demonstrate. So, approximately 3,000 women came to the market, and forced the marketers to close their shops and join the rally. The government informed Gheshoon Maragheh and ordered the troops to shoot.About five women and a seyyed were killed. In this rally, some great clerks also joined the women. They sat in the Russian consulate and prevented three volunteers from leaving the scene, and treated them with violence. On the next day of the rally, three women and some were killed and wounded. This led the slogans in the rally to become political against the Qajar monarchy and made the government to retreat once again. Confiscation of Deputy Mirza Abdul Rahim’s warehouse
Another important operation of <mask> <mask> and her followers was the confiscation of Mirza Abdul Rahim’s warehouse who was the deputy ambassador of Azerbaijan. He was in charge of bringing famine and bread shortage.So the women could no longer tolerate the condition they were in. They said that if the men won’t do anything such as fighting, then we will do this as ourselves. So, <mask> ordered her women combatants to prepare for an attack to the market and due to the fears of the marketers, they all closed their stores and stepped aside. Their rally started to protest towards the deputy’s house. The deputy was full of fears and ordered his troops to shoot at the demonstrators. The rally turned into a bloody massacre. As the prince of that time, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah heard the news, he announced that many have been killed, and they weren’t afraid of the bullets and or being killed.The prince sent a message to the people to keep their patience and by tomorrow he will make the prices fair again. But, <mask> did not listen to these words and told the crowd not to surrender and show that they are on their requests. Attack on Nezam Al-Alma’s warehouse
It was said that Nezam Al-Alama had the Shah’s permission to sell his wheats whenever he wants to. So, <mask> decides to attack his warehouse. After identifying the location of the warehouse, she prepared the attack plan. In order to attack, she makes a flag with her own veil and uses it as a sign for her troops to outbreak. Once they seized the warehouse, she divided all the wheats in it between the hungry people.Legacy
The last thing known about <mask> <mask>’s life and destiny comes back when she along with a caravan goes to Karbala for pilgrimage. Even though, she was considered an elderly woman at that time, but never lost her fighting spirit. <mask> who had gone to Karbala with some people, stayed in Khaneghain. Some Ottoman soldiers who had come to investigate them before reaching Karbala, were hardened by <mask> who was angry with their behaviors. She also encouraged the people around there to rebuke the soldiers and attacked them. Then she continued her path and went to Karbala. According to sources, after this event, no further news was heard about <mask> <mask>.It seems that <mask> had died during her last visit, and her body was never transferred to Tabriz and her birthplace, Amuzin Al-Din, and was buried in Karbala. Poetry
Mirza Farrokh, was a poet, who himself witnessed <mask>'s struggles and wrote many Turkish poems about her so that the people of Tabriz could understand. He was the first poet to write about <mask> and always pointed out to the bravery and heroism of Zainab during her attacks. Men's Rise
<mask> <mask> gave strong and heavy speeches on the streets to call on men for uprising. An example of her speech to the men:  “If you do not dare to fight oppression, and if you are afraid to fight with the thieves and looters who are stealing your wealth, honor, and, homeland, then sit in the corridor of your house. We will fight against the wrongdoers instead of you”. Her movements and speeches braved the men and made them to rise up.See also
 Tobacco Protest
 Women in Constitutional Revolution
 Persian Constitutional Revolution
 Women's rights movement in Iran
 Women's rights in Iran

References

External links
 رضا زاد عموزین الدینی، مجید، ۱۳۸۸، زینب پاشا ، انتشارات اختر، تبریز
 Iranian Tobacco Company official site
 / tabrizinfo.com/عصيان « زينب پاشا» عيار آذربايجان
 /bbc.comزنانی که تاریخ ایران را تغییر دادند

People from Tabriz
Iran–United Kingdom relations
People of Qajar Iran
Civil disobedience

masks:
Zainab Pasha
Zainab
Zainab
Zainab
Zainab
Pasha
Zainab
Zainab
Zainab
Zainab
Pasha
Zainab
Pasha
Zainab
Pasha
Zainab
Zainab
Pasha
Zainab
Pasha
Zainab
Zainab
Zainab
Zainab
Pasha
Zainab
Zainab
Zainab
Pasha
Zainab
Zainab
Zainab
Zainab
Pasha


texts:
<mask> (born July 30, 1946 in San Antonio, Texas) is a former professional American football player. Early life
McVea was one of nine children of Daniel and Mattie McVea. He was known as "Wondrous <mask>" during his high school football career at San Antonio's Brackenridge High School. He was a multi-faceted player, playing running back, flanker and a punt/kick return specialist. Of his Sterling High School career, a feature story in the November 9, 1964 Sports Illustrated stated, "During his career at San Antonio's Brackenridge High School he was the most exciting, the most talked-about and the most ardently sought-after Texas player in 20 years. In three years against the state's best high school competition, McVea scored just under 600 points. As a senior, he averaged better than a first down per carry and rushed for 1,332 yards."College career
Offered scholarships by 73 colleges in 1964, <mask> signed with the University of Houston, making history by becoming the first African-American to play football for the Cougars. "McVea is under tremendous pressure", according to the Sports Illustrated article written at the beginning of his freshman year at Houston. "Not only is he expected to lead his school to national football eminence, which he may, but he bears the burden of being the first Negro to receive a football scholarship to a major previously all-white college in Texas. His success at Houston could determine the speed with which Southwest Conference teams integrate." <mask>, who would play for UH head coach Bill Yeoman, was quoted about his treatment during his freshman season, "It isn't a problem. I've been treated real nice by everyone." Despite the Sports Illustrated claim, <mask> was not the first African-American to play major college football in Texas - nearly a decade earlier, Abner Haynes and Leon King became the first when they played for North Texas State College (now the University of North Texas) in 1957.The misconception often comes from a change of conference affiliations for North Texas the year Haynes and King were promoted to the varsity team - North Texas competed in the lower College Division when the two were recruited in 1956, but joined the Missouri Valley Conference, along with Houston, of the top University Division in 1957, when the two were promoted to the varsity squad. Houston even went as far to cancel their first scheduled inter-conference game in 1957 in protest of North Texas having Haynes and King on the roster. During his three years on the football team, he earned All-America recognition twice. <mask> was on the receiving end of the longest pass play completed in Houston history – a 99-yard reception against Washington State University on September 23, 1966. That game marked the first football game ever played on artificial turf. Professional career
He was selected in the fourth round (109th overall) of the NFL/AFL 1968 Common Draft by the American Football League's Cincinnati Bengals during the team's expansion season. In 12 games, he rushed nine times for 133 yards (an astounding 14.8 yards per carry) including an 80-yard run, with one touchdown.He also caught 21 passes for 264 yards (a 12.6 average) and two touchdowns. He also returned 14 kicks for 210 yards, a 22.1 average. He was traded to the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs for kicker Horst Muhlmann and a draft choice on September 8, 1969. <mask>'s timing proved to be excellent. <mask> rushed 106 times for 500 yards (a 4.7 average) and seven touchdowns, with seven receptions for 71 yards (a 10.1 average) and he returned 13 kicks for 318 yards (a 24.5 average) as the Chiefs went on to capture the final American Football League championship. The Chiefs then defeated the Minnesota Vikings 23-7 in Super Bowl IV on January 11, 1970. In the Super Bowl, <mask> rushed 12 times for 26 yards.During his years in Kansas City, TV commentators referred to him as "The Flea", reflecting his small size and ability to avoid defenders. In 1970, the Chiefs began play in the National Football League as a result of the NFL-AFL merger. In McVea's third pro season, he totaled 61 carries for 260 yards (a 4.3 average) while catching five passes for 26 yards. He returned three kicks for 57 yards. In 1971, he rushed 68 times for 288 yards (a 4.2 average) and three touchdowns. He caught five passes but for -3 yards, and he returned nine kicks for 177 yards (a 19.7 average). He was inactive for the 1972 season due to a knee injury.His fifth and final year in the NFL/AFL was 1973, when he rushed only four times for five yards and returned eight kicks for 146 yards, an 18.3 average. After the 1973 season, <mask> signed with the fledgling World Football League's Detroit Wheels, and was immediately considered one of their top players. However, one month into the season, <mask> was traded to the Houston Texans, most likely due to the precarious financial situation of the franchise. He later finished out his playing career with a tryout with the Houston Oilers, but injuries effectively ended the comeback. After football
<mask>'s post-football career saw his life unravel when in 1985, he was arrested for theft after asking a Houston restaurant for food (ostensibly for the poor), claiming that he was working for the Oilers and promising them free tickets to games. The deaths of his parents, Daniel and Mattie <mask>, within six months of each other in 1982 while <mask> was in the midst of a divorce, propelled him over the breaking point. <mask> was driven to the edge of "I lost it.I didn't know where I was", McVea said. "Man, I just lost it." To cope with his problems, McVea started using drugs. In 1989, he was convicted and sentenced for setting a female acquaintance's apartment on fire. Then in 1993, he was arrested for drug possession again and given 25 years in prison. Leaving prison for good in 2000, he was inducted into the University of Houston's Athletic Hall of Fame in 2004. He worked as a courier, delivering photo film to retail stores."I was really, really pleased and impressed with how he's backed off and straightened himself up and now's a productive citizen", Yeoman said. "I think he's done a real good job." <mask> was inducted into the San Antonio Sports Hall of Fame in 2003, and inducted into the UH Hall of Honor the following year. See also
 Other American Football League players

References

1946 births
Living people
American football running backs
Houston Cougars football players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Detroit Wheels players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Houston Texans (WFL) players
Players of American football from San Antonio
Brackenridge High School alumni

masks:
Warren McVea
Warren
McVea
McVea
McVea
McVea
McVea
McVea
McVea
McVea
McVea
McVea
McVea
Warren
McVea
McVea


texts:
<mask> (November 9, 1953 – October 17, 1982) was an American photographer known for his documentary photography and street photography. He photographed the life and residents of South Beach, with a particular focus on the Jewish community, many of them Holocaust survivors. <mask> also captured the carefree young people who made Miami Beach their second home. The Oxford American wrote a story on his vision of capturing a disappearing Jewish Community in Miami Beach. His violent death and the following trials were covered extensively in the media. The son of a prominent Miami Beach family, the gruesome nature of his death diverted attention from his art just when his work was gaining a following. By mischance, his negatives were lost, leaving only the prints he had made as his legacy, their colors slowly fading away.In 2006, <mask> Moss' partner, Stan Hughes, found a trove of color ‘work prints’ <mask> made prior to printing full-size prints, Hughes realized that digital technology could be used to restore the fading colors back to the original color that <mask> intended by using color photography instead of the black and white photography that was popular during this era. The discovery of <mask>'s test prints in a family storage unit has garnered new interest in his documentary photography. Some of his surviving prints have been restored over the last decade. A documentary on his life and photography was released in 2018. The Andy Sweet Photo Legacy Foundation, founded by his sister and artist <mask> Moss, is dedicated to increasing awareness of his photography and organizing exhibits of his work. Early life
<mask> was born in Miami Beach and attended Miami Beach Senior High School. <mask> and his family had ties to the Miami Beach Community.<mask>'s grandfather Nat Hankoff was one of the founders of Temple Emanu-El in Miami Beach. <mask> had his bar-mitzvah and funeral at the temple. His uncle Ted Hankoff (1922–2016) was a graduate of Cornell University and was a second lieutenant in the US Navy during World War II. Hankoff was best known for being the general manager of many Miami Beach hotels during the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s and the World Wide Discount Travel Club. <mask> and Ellen's family built the Monte Carlo and the Royal Palm along with the Roses. <mask> graduated from Miami Beach Senior High School. After completing a master's degree from the University of Colorado in Fine Arts (with a focus on photography) in 1977, <mask> along with his friend and fellow university graduate Gary Monroe decided to devote the next ten years of their lives to the "Miami Beach Photographic Project".<mask> spent every day of the next five years photographing a fading era of Miami Beach before the city became gentrified. Monroe recounted that <mask> told him that if one of them died, the other would have to continue the project. Early on, the project received much recognition and <mask> and Monroe were awarded grants of $135,000 from the National Endowment of the Arts, Housing and Urban Development and the Department of Labor. Monroe was featured by NPR: “A Photographer's Ode To Unsung Artists”. <mask> was murdered in 1982, when he was 28 years old. He was stabbed 29 times in his Miami Beach apartment. The Miami Herald Tropic Magazine ran a cover story on his death and documentary photography, "Andy <mask>: A Portrait"."Though young, <mask> was virtually an institution on the Beach, having made thousands of images of the place and the people. He had once done a series on city employees and among them is the photo of one of the detectives assigned to probe his homicide...". For years the <mask> family tried to get the murderers convicted. The media covered the trials over the years. <mask>'s father, Nelan "Chick" <mask>, was a municipal judge and past president of the Miami Beach Bar Association. He stopped practicing law, losing faith that his son's murderers would ever be justly prosecuted. Two men were later convicted of his murder.Jesus Ortiz, 31, a drifter from Austin, Texas, and John Taylor, 24, a Miami native, claimed to have killed <mask> in a search for cocaine. A third suspect, Marko Dukanovic, a homeless drifter, was later indicted in 1999 with DNA evidence that showed an extra set of fingerprints. But after 12 years in state psychiatric facilities, he was released. The media covered the long process of the trials. Restoring lost photos
For years the family was too distraught to deal with the issue of how to preserve the thousands of negatives and color prints that <mask> left behind. In 1986 <mask>'s parents had those negatives stored in a professional warehouse only to find out ten years later that the only five existing boxes of negatives were lost. Devastated that the storage company was only willing to compensate them $5.00 for their son's life work, the <mask>s took the company to court.The settlement money was later used to preserve his existing work. Meanwhile, in 1991 the book Miami Beach was finally published with the work the two photographers originally started in 1977. It included a foreword by Isaac Bashevis Singer. It was not until 2006 when thirty boxes with contact sheets of <mask>'s work were accidentally discovered in a family storage unit by <mask>'s sister <mask> Moss's partner and photographer, Stan Hughes. Since the discovery, Stan Hughes has been restoring hundreds of these prints. The family created the Andy Sweet Photo Legacy, a 501(c)3 charitable foundation, with funds gained from the storage facility that lost Sweet's negatives. The Andy Sweet Photo Legacy Foundation was created to support, promote, and educate the public about the work <mask> created.Recognition
<mask>'s work was appreciated by other documentary photographers. "When nationally famed photographer Mary Ellen Mark came to town, she asked the young <mask> to show her around town. She fell for his style, praising his "strong, humorous, and beautiful images." She'd later write that his body of work was "unprecedented for someone so young...He definitely would have gone on to make many more wonderful images and to become a real photographic force." The Miami Beach Commission voted on Wednesday, December 14, 2016, to have a plaque erected in the Art Deco District in honor of <mask>. Influences and awards
"Our early interest in photographing a city we love was like a magnet that kept drawing us back...a city that could be observed and preserved through photographic documentation", <mask> told The Miami News. <mask>'s portrayal of the aging Jewish seniors in the Art Deco District, many of them Holocaust survivors.<mask> felt passionate about giving a "voice" to these survivors and that nostalgic time. Through <mask>'s photos, it was clear these quirky seniors intended to savor every moment of life in this close-knit community. He had insight to capture them before the district ultimately became touristy, sterile and gentrified. Ed Christin serves as <mask>'s archivist. <mask> documented the Jewish community on South Beach, starting in 1977 through 1982. It was where he grew up, and where he recognized a unique time in history, when the Jewish residents of Miami Beach brought their cultural touchstones with them. They converted hotels into makeshift synagogues, supported each other, and kept their traditions alive.Many were Holocaust survivors who were drawn to the warm weather of South Florida. <mask> was awarded two grants from the National Endowment for the Arts for the Miami Beach Project. Exhibitions

24 Collection, Midtown Miami, Florida, circa 1975.<mask>: Photography by <mask>, Miami Beach Cinematheque, Miami Beach, Florida, September–November 2016. Art Basel, Wynwood, Miami, Florida. Ed Christin Collection at PINTA Fair, 30 November – 4 December 2016. Miami Design Preservation League's' "Art Deco Weekend", Miami Beach, Florida, 13–15 January 2017. Denise Bibro Fine Art Co., New York City, March 2017.HistoryMiami Museum, Miami, Florida, June 2017. Publication with contributions by SweetMiami Beach: Photographs by Gary Monroe and <mask>. 1989. By Gary Monroe  (Author), Isaac Bashevis Singer (Author), <mask> (Author). ,

Film
A documentary film about Miami Beach, with photographs taken between 1976 and 1986 by <mask> and Gary Monroe, called The Last Resort,'' was released in 2018. References

External links

Photographers from Florida
1953 births
Artists from Miami
1982 deaths
20th-century American photographers
Deaths by stabbing in the United States

masks:
Andrew John Sweet
Sweet
Ellen Sweet
Sweet
Andy Sweet
Sweet
Ellen Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Andy
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Death Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Andy
Ellen Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Andy Sweet
Andy Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Andy Sweet
Andy Sweet
Andy Sweet
Sweet


texts:
<mask>, also known as Don Arturo, was a footballer, club president and businessman. Whitty played for FC Barcelona in the first Copa del Rey final and later served as club president between 1903 and 1905. He was also a successful trader and his family company, the Witty Group, continues to operate today. He is the older brother of Ernest Whitty. Biography

Early years
Witty was the son of <mask>, a British entrepreneur, who settled in Barcelona. Frederick, who belonged to a Yorkshire family, initially intended to emigrate to Argentina but was persuaded to go to Spain by friends. In 1873 he founded his own shipping agency under the name of F. Witty, subsequently establishing business links between Spain and the United Kingdom.<mask> and his brother, Ernest, were educated at Merchant Taylors' School in Merseyside, where sport was regarded as a major part of a young man's development. While at Merchant Taylors, <mask> played as a forward for the local rugby union team, Waterloo FC. On their return to Barcelona the two brothers joined their father's company which now became known as Witty Sociedad Anónima, Witty S.A.

FC Barcelona footballer
<mask> and Ernest returned to Spain with a love of sports. Unable to play rugby union due to a lack of suitable pitches, the Wittys began to organise football games between company teams made up of employees. In 1899 Ernest also became a founding member of the Real Club de Tenis Barcelona. Ernest, a Spanish national tennis champion, played tennis with, among others, Joan Gamper and when Gamper founded FC Barcelona in October 1899, the Witty brothers quickly became involved. They used their company to imports regulation balls, referees whistles and nets from England.Legend also has it that the <mask> brothers also imported the legendary club colours, the blaugrana, from the original colours used by Merchant Taylors' rugby team. However FC Basel and other clubs that Gamper played for and his home canton of Zurich and have all been credited and/or claimed to be the inspiration. Either way, Old Merchant Taylors' BaaBarians hockey team carry FC Barcelona shirts as their away strip in tribute to <mask>. In early December 1899 the club played its first official game against an English Select at the Velòdrom de la Bonanova, now known as Turó Park. The teams only had ten men each and the English Select actually included several FC Barcelona players, among them, <mask>. The English Select won the game 1–0 with <mask> scoring the only goal. On Christmas Eve 1899 <mask> made his official debut for the club in a 3–1 win over Català SC.FC Barcelona was one of several football clubs formed in the city around this time and soon there was enough teams to organise a regular competition, the Copa Macaya. Witty was a member of the FC Barcelona team which won its first ever trophy, the Copa Macaya in 1902. He also played for FC Barcelona in 1902 when they were invited to enter the first ever Copa del Rey. After beating Madrid FC, later to become Real Madrid, 3–1 in the first round, they lost 2–1 to Club Vizcaya in the final. Witty also helped the club win the Copa Barcelona in 1903. Between 1899 and 1905 Witty played 74 games, mainly as a full-back for FC Barcelona. FC Barcelona President
Witty became president of FC Barcelona on 17 September 1903 after having previously served on the board of directors.During his presidency the club won its first Championat de Catalunya with a squad that included <mask> and Romà Forns. The latter was one of several young reserve players Witty introduced into the team. By now FC Barcelona had acquired a strong fan base within the city and Witty arranged for the club to play their home games at the Carrer Muntaner. Witty also organised the club's first trip abroad which resulted in their first game against a non-Spanish team. On 1 May 1904 FC Barcelona beat Stade Olympien des Étudiants Toulousains 3–2. The same opponents were then invited back to FC Barcelona to play the inaugural game at the Carrer Muntaner. FC Barcelona won this game 4–0 with two goals from Joan Gamper.Witty stepped down as president on 6 October 1905. After Barcelona
In June 1924 Witty briefly became involved in controversy when he invited the British Royal Marine band that played God Save the Queen at Les Corts, after their attempts to play the Spanish national anthem were jeered. As a result, Witty became disillusioned at the politicalisation of FC Barcelona club and, while remaining a fan, he gradually began to distance himself from the club. During the 1930s <mask> and his son, Frederick Jr., established the family company as traders and helped introduce well known names such as Cadburys, Johnnie Walker, Unilever and Bovril into the Spanish market. Witty also served as President of the Barcelona Ship Agents Association until 1936 and was a leader in the Barcelona and Spanish shipping communities. During the Spanish Civil War the company was exempted from a takeover by a workers committee as it was technically a British-owned company and it continued to trade successfully. During the Second World War, Witty left Spain, leaving the business in hands of a lawyer.He returned during the Franco years and regained his status as a leading shipping agent. Together with his brother he also opened a successful sports shop. Honours
Copa de la Coronación
Runner-up 1902
Copa Macaya: 1
1901–02
Copa Barcelona: 1
1902–03
Campionat de Catalunya: 1
1904–05

Sources
 Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football (2003), Phil Ball. Barça: A People's Passion (1998), Jimmy Burns. External links
  <mask> at www.fcbarcelona.cat

FC Barcelona players
FC Barcelona presidents
Footballers from Catalonia
Spanish footballers
English footballers
Association football defenders
People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Crosby
Spanish businesspeople
Businesspeople from Catalonia
English businesspeople
1878 births
1969 deaths
English emigrants to Spain

masks:
Arthur Whitty Cotton
Frederick Witty
Arthur
Arthur
Arthur
Witty
Arthur Witty
Arthur Witty
Witty
Witty
Ernest Witty
Witty
Arthur Witty


texts:
<mask> (born 8 June 1962), is an American attorney, law partner, and former radio and television host. He is currently a television and radio legal and political commentator, and as an attorney, continues to represent the interests of several nonprofits, including the United Negro College Fund, the Greater Washington Urban League, and the National Newspaper Publishers Association. Early life

<mask> was born in Joliet, Illinois to Raymond and <mask>. <mask>'s father, <mask>, was a criminal defense and civil rights attorney as well as a judge, and was the head of the NAACP in Will County, Illinois. His mother, <mask>, was a civil rights activist. She supported his father's law practice in the early years, and later returned to college and graduate school to receive degrees in Black History and Sociology. She was a college professor, administrator and entrepreneur who owned Educational Associates and several businesses in the education arena.As a child and teenager, Bolden often traveled with his father, as the older Bolden tried cases across the state. They were often the only people of color in those courtrooms, which inspired his feelings about the law. Bolden was also inspired by the way his father commanded the courtroom. Bolden would go with his father as he visited clients in local and federal prisons and observed of how his father would earn clients’ respect and trust. Watching his father's oratorical skills and presence before judges would shape Bolden's professional and personal life and would inspire Bolden to begin his own legal career. Education

At Morehouse College and later at Howard University School of Law, he trained for leadership under the tutelage of Dr. Benjamin E. Mays, Dr. Robert Brisbane, Judge William Bryant, Attorney and civil rights activist, Julian Dugas, Howard Law School Dean, J. Clay Smith, Judge Luke C. Moore and Judge Wiley Branton, among others. Legal career

Upon graduation, Bolden worked as Assistant District Attorney in the New York County District Attorney's Office where he prosecuted hundreds of misdemeanor and felony cases.He went on to work as Legal Counsel to the Committee on the Judiciary Council of the District of Columbia. In 1991, <mask> started as an associate with the law firm Reed Smith, making partner in four years, and was the first African American in the history of the firm to be promoted from associate to full equity partner. Later, he became Managing Partner of the firm's D.C. office, representing a number of high-profile clients in civil, regulatory and white-collar litigation matters and throughout his legal career, he has successfully defended many high-profile athletes, entertainers and politicians. In 2018, <mask> resumed serving as office managing partner of the Reed Smith, Washington, D.C. office. He is also a former Member of Reed Smith's Executive Committee. In 2018, <mask> returned to the role of Managing Partner of the Washington, D.C., office of Reed Smith. In 2021, he was representing Baltimore's State’s Attorney Marilyn Mosby and Baltimore City Council President Nick Mosby.Community and civic engagement

While maintaining a full-time white-collar defense and litigation practice, <mask> led the District of Columbia Chamber of Commerce and the District of Columbia Democratic Party, hosted a local Washington, D.C., radio show called “What Matters Most” and co-hosted his own cable television show called “Building Bridges for Business.” In 2006, Bolden ran to become an at-large member of the Council for the District of Columbia and lost. <mask> serves on the Board of Trustees of Morehouse College and on the Board of Visitors of the Howard School of Law as well as on the board of the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies. Additionally, he continues to represent the interests of several nonprofits, including the United Negro College Fund, the Greater Washington Urban League, and the National Newspaper Publishers Association. Media appearances

Bolden is a frequent political and legal analyst and has made appearances on local and major national news channels—including CNN, Fox News, MSNBC, Fox Business Network and other media outlets—as a regular commentator, sharing his views on politics, law, society and business. He has appeared on CNN's “Newsroom” and “Situation Room,” MSNBC's “The Rachel Maddow Show,” Fox News Channel's ‘Happening Now” and “Tucker Carlson Tonight,” Fox Business Network and Fox Business Network's “After the Bell.”

Awards

Bolden has received numerous honors and awards including Attorney of the Year Award from the Boy Scouts of America, the Minority Corporate Counsel Association's Rainmaker Award, was designated a White Collar Criminal Defense Super Lawyer from 2013 to 2017. <mask> and his current wife, Erika, currently reside in Washington, DC. Together they have three daughters, one son and a granddaughter.References

American lawyers
1962 births
Living people
Morehouse College alumni

masks:
Alan Scott Bolden
Bolden
Kathleen Bolden
Bolden
Raymond Bolden
Kathleen Bolden
Bolden
Bolden
Bolden
Bolden
Bolden
Bolden


texts:
<mask> (1927–1993) was an important figure in the education and arts community in Liverpool. He was head of English at the Liverpool Institute High School for Boys and was co-founder of the Liverpool Everyman Theatre. Early years and education

<mask> was born and raised in the poor inner city districts of the Dingle, Liverpool, (Drysdale Street) and Kensington (Esher Road), as the only child of a ship's carpenter, <mask>, who spent many months at sea on the 'banana boats' during the 1930s, leaving <mask> in the care of his mother and aunts. His mother, <mask> (née Ashcroft), had come from a background ruined by the failure of the family horse-and-cart business in the late 1920s. She was particularly ambitious for her son, and even before he was born began making sacrifices and saving money from their modest income for the time when she might have to pay for a grammar school education. However, this was not needed, as <mask> won a City scholarship from Matthew Arnold Junior School in the Dingle in 1938 and gained entrance to the prestigious Liverpool Institute High School for Boys, where he proved an excellent scholar, eventually being appointed to replace the Head Boy (accidentally killed in a school cricket match) in mid-year. In 1946 he won a scholarship to Downing College, Cambridge, but this was delayed by 18 months of compulsory National Service.Because of his pacifist beliefs, he refused to enter the armed forces, and as a conscientious objector he was instead assigned work in a coal mine. This experience later gave him his schoolteacher nickname "Dusty", aggravated his lifelong asthma, and strongly influenced his political views. He began undergraduate life at Cambridge in September 1948; his tutor was the noted literary critic Frank Raymond Leavis, who had also been a conscientious objector (in WW1). He was much influenced by F R Leavis and his views on literary criticism. He graduated in 1951, did a year's post-graduate certificate of education, married (Audrey Atherton) in 1952 and began his career, briefly in Bolton, then in September 1953 returned to The Liverpool Institute as an English teacher, later (1956) becoming Head of the English Department. Teaching at the Liverpool Institute
His teaching work was generally with the higher streamed, academically-inclined boys and the Sixth form, in preparation for Advanced (A) level English or for scholarship exams to Oxbridge and he achieved very high pass levels and results. "Dusty" Durband later came to considerable public fame as the highly regarded Sixth Form teacher of A level English to Paul McCartney (1958–60) who achieved his pass in that subject.Durband's teaching style was imaginative and engaging, displaying his enthusiasm for the subject and praising individual achievements. His discipline was strict but humane and he never resorted to the physical punishments so common in the school. All the plays were read aloud by pupils in class with dramatic flair encouraged. McCartney himself commented that he loved the way that Durband cut down the stories to expose their most basic themes, therefore simplifying them so as to be easily understood. He played a central role in directing school plays and staged them with imagination and 'modern' interpretations: ' The Rivals' in 1958 (with incidental music composed by John McCabe); 'St. Joan' in 1960, 'Servant of Two Masters' in 1962. Expansion of post secondary education and the uncertainties of the future of Grammar schools led several experienced teachers to leave the Liverpool Institute School after the departure of the Headmaster John Robert Edwards in 1961.<mask> was appointed to the C.F. Mott Teachers' Training College, Huyton, Merseyside in 1962, eventually becoming Head of English. Texts, plays and theatre
<mask>'s experience in the classroom led him to write a series of textbooks entitled 'English Workshop' which had commenced at his desk in Room 32, (published in 1959) and proved popular in classrooms throughout the country. He also wrote a series of student guides, 'Shakespeare Made Easy' – each volume a complete play, the original on one side and the same verse in modern English on the other. These were published from 1986 on. Alongside his career and his writing, he was an avid promoter of the development and production of new drama & plays in collections entitled: 'New Directions in English', 1961; 'Contemporary English', 1962; 'Playbill', 1969 on; 'Prompt', 1973 on; and 'Wordplays' containing writers such as <mask>, Tom Stoppard, Willy Russell, Brian Jacques, <mask>, George Friel & John Mortimer, etc. According to Jacques, Durband also passed along the original manuscript of his novel Redwall to a publisher.Durband was also a motivating force behind the creation and renovation of The Everyman Theatre on Hope Street, Liverpool which opened in 1964 and earlier he had attempted with Sam Wanamaker to revive 'The New Shakespeare' as a supper club until its mysterious destructive fire in 1959. He served for nearly 30 years as vice-chair, chair and vice-president of the Theatre Board raising thousands of pounds by means of innovative seven-year tax-free covenants for the conversion of the building. It was a popular theatre specialising in local Liverpool settings & political subjects which gave opportunities to new playwrights – most famous of whom is probably Willy Russell (to whom Durband lent his Welsh cottage to write 'Educating Rita') and to actors such as: Bill Nighy, Pete Postlethwaite, Jonathan Pryce & Julie Walters who joined the Theatre company around 1975. To mark this era, Willy Russell unveiled a plaque in memory of <mask>d at the theatre in 1998 in the company of actor Pete Postlethwaite who acknowledged a great personal debt to his time spent on the stage at The Everyman. Views and styles

Durband was an atheist, and like his mother, a committed socialist and a supporter of left-wing, progressive causes. He was the Communist Party candidate for school elections in 1946 and he withdrew (at the Head's suggestion) in favour of the Labour candidate "to prove the value of the united left". [Source: School Mag.Feb. 1946]. His ideas were to evolve into an unusual combination of beliefs and experiences. His acute social conscience seemed to lie easily alongside a love of life with all its joys: of good food, wine and clothes, comfortable houses and luxury cars, made possible only by his entrepreneurial bent and an extremely strong work ethic which produced a steady flow of royalty payments from several decades of sales of his study guides in Britain and the United States. As an entry in the School Magazine (July 1962) announcing his departure, put it: "nestling in his briefcase alongside L5A's exercises were the latest brochures on refrigerators, washing machines, caravanserai, nuclear disarmament, brilliant new textbooks, and resurrections of long defunct amphitheatres". An obituary in the Liverpool Daily Post on 13 March 1993 said "His influence lives on in the minds of the boys he taught and the strength of popular theatrical productions in Liverpool". He became a Justice of the Peace, (J.P.) in Liverpool in 1974 and is survived by his wife, Audrey, and his son, Mark, and daughter, Amanda. Afterword

With the financial support of former pupil Paul McCartney, the old Liverpool Institute school building on Mount St. was saved and its interior transformed into LIPA, The Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts in 1996.It is particularly apt that his old English teacher's Classroom 32 was designated & plaqued as 'The <mask>d Room'. Overlooking the school at the top of Mount Street at Hope Street is a sculpture ("A Case History" by John King, 1998) which depicts Durband's old briefcase cast in concrete. References

Sources
Dave Lang," Scrutiny to Subcultures: notes on litereray criticism and popular music", Popular Music, Vol. 13, No. 2, Mellers at 80 (May 1994), pp. 179–190. Merkin, Ros (Compiled by), Liverpool's Third Cathedral: The Liverpool Everyman Theatre, 2004

1927 births
1993 deaths
British atheists
British conscientious objectors
British socialists
English theatre directors
Schoolteachers from Merseyside
People from Dingle, Liverpool
People educated at Liverpool Institute High School for Boys

masks:
Alan Durband
Alan Durband
Joseph William Durband
Alan
Edith Durband
Alan
Durband
Durband
Alan Ayckbourn
Alan Bleasdale
Alan Durban
Alanrban