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 the appointment in her post of Sergeant <mask> of Salisbury, who had trained at the Bristol School and was admirably qualified, in her view, to take over and develop the work in Birmingham.> Peto notes the <mask>, having already been sworn in at the Salisbury Force, was able to make her transfer and to carry her "attested work" with her.Commencing work in Birmingham Peto did not have the power of arrest. Peto also wrote that in 1925 there were about thirty female Constables in Great Britain. By 1937 she estimates this number was just under three hundred. On 1 May 1925 Chief Constable Frank Richardson sent a Certificate of Approved Service to Chief Constable Rafter and confirmed "Miss <mask> <mask> is resigning from the Salisbury Force to take up an appointment with the Birmingham Force." He then sent another letter enclosing a 'Certificate of Service' for <mask>. Chief Constable Frank Richardson wrote an open letter certifying <mask> has his "written sanction to take up office" with the Birmingham City Police. The necessary permission of the Birmingham Watch Committee was obtained for <mask> to be transferred into their Force.At the end of May Chief Constable Richardson wrote in a letter to Sir Charles Rafter that she had been a great benefit to his Force, and he recommended her release to her and Birmingham's benefit. At this time Sergeant <mask> was summoned to appear at a meeting of the Salisbury Council Watch Committee. There, as the Salisbury and Winchester Journal reported:

Sergeant <mask> was to be officially released from the Salisbury Force on 2 June 1925. However, she had written on 23 May to the Chief Constable of Birmingham, saying that  she  envisaged travelling from Salisbury to Birmingham  on 3 June. When <mask> left Salisbury the local press, The Salisbury and Winchester Journal noted her move adding:

At <mask>'s departure in May 1925, Chief Constable Frank Richardson immediately replaced her with another attested Policewoman, Elsie Mouland, who took over <mask>'s case load. He described the duties of their posts to the Salisbury Watch Committee in 1929: "In addition to the policewoman's ordinary police duties such as acting as matron to female prisoners, patrolling the streets and making enquiries concerning women and young persons etc., she has carried out a considerable amount of necessary, although unofficial welfare and rescue work". When Frank Richardson initiated a photograph of all police officers in 1929 Mouland sat to his immediate left.When <mask> left the Salisbury Constabulary she left her truncheon behind as a gift to her Chief Constable. It is smaller than the truncheon used by male constables and much lighter in weight. Birmingham City Police

Birmingham was the second largest city in England. With many poor areas and sub-standard housing, it was a contrast to <mask>'s previous working area. Birmingham's police force was divided into five Divisions—A. Division located in Steelhouse Lane, B Division in Ladywood Road, C Division in Kenyon Street, D. Division in Victoria Road, Aston and E Division in Mosley Street—plus the police headquarters which incorporated R Division, the Detectives Office, which was in a large complex in the city centre. <mask>, now aged 51 years, officially joined the Birmingham City Police Force on 1 June 1925  as a Lady Enquiry Officer (an attested Sergeant) in R Division in the Criminal Investigation Department.From 3 June, she attended the Birmingham Police School to take instruction on General State Law, amendments to the Vagrancy Law, Punishments on Incest, Evidence and Procedure Taking of Statements and Elementary First Aid. On 18 June she passed her course with the note from her instructor, "A keen hardworking woman with a very high standard of intelligence and should make a reliable person for her class of work." The Birmingham Watch Committee were very interested in her and as early as May a councillor, Miss Wilson, had written to Sir Charles Rafter saying she wanted to make her acquaintance on arrival as soon as possible. On 23 June 1925, <mask> took up her full duties when an internal memorandum was circulated that she should be notified of all cases of indecent assault where women were witnesses. From her arrival <mask> was renting an apartment in Harborne Road, Birmingham. Her appointment had been ratified on 1 July by the Watch Committee. Later, on 8 July 1925, the Chief Constable asked the Judicial subcommittee that:

In her first year <mask> dealt with 577 investigations and wrote to her Superintendent that her experience of the last six weeks had convinced her that her work as a C.I.D.Enquiry Officer was in excess of what one woman could reasonably be asked to accomplish, She soon had two assistants allocated to her. In September 1927 there appeared to be an issue with her not getting a rent allowance for her accommodation. This request had to go before the Judicial subcommittee of the Watch Committee where a payment of 10/- a week was approved. The Chief Constable recommended approval. In recognition of her work her salary was increased from 1 October 1926. In order to be recalled in an emergency, <mask> had to write a specific letter to her Superintendent asking permission to go to Oxford from the early morning of 25 December 1927 until the last train back on 26 December 1927. Meanwhile, her colleague Dorothy Peto, whom she had known since her 1914–17 days in Bath and Bristol, had taken a post in Liverpool, not in the uniform police service, but as a Director of ten policewomen in 1930.Also in 1930 Chief Constable Rafter gave evidence to a Royal Commission on Police Powers and Procedure. The Commission noted with satisfaction the Birmingham Force was starting to appoint women police constables. (By 1935, the women's police department had seventeen female officers, including uniformed and plain-clothes women constables and a woman enquiry officer (<mask>) attached to the detective department.) The Detective Department by now had its own offices in Steelhouse Lane, adjoining the new central police station. By 1930 the Birmingham City Police thus allowed the attesting of women as police officers. <mask>, already an attested Sergeant, was immediately promoted to the rank of Inspector on 1 April 1930, making her in all probability the first attested female Inspector in the country. Dorothy Peto was attested as a Constable in mid April 1930.New Pay Scales were published headed, "New Pay Scales, Allowances and Conditions of Service of Women Police." At this time a new police magazine started publication especially for women police officers. Named the Policewoman's Review it published  two articles relevant to <mask> <mask> and Salisbury. The first was a letter  from Colonel T.E.Fowle. concerning women in the police force. The Editor of the Review writes further "There is one policewoman in Salisbury but none in the Wiltshire
Constabulary., The second was an article on the Salisbury City Police headed Policewoman in Salisbury. Salisbury has had the services of a policewoman since 1918.A Miss Mouland, the present holder of that office was appointed in February 1927. The Women Police Regulation was issued on 10 July 1931. In 1930 the police negotiated for its force members to be treated at the local Dental Hospital. This included <mask> and any newly attested female constables. At the time of women being allowed to be attested in the Birmingham City Police, the Birmingham City Council Watch Committee asserted that new recruits had to be unmarried. This did not apply to Rebecca Lipscombe and Evelyn Miles, who had been instrumental in fighting for women to be attested in the Birmingham City Police. Some correspondence and internal memoranda showed that in 1931 <mask> was using tram discs, supplied by the Police Authority, in the city while travelling between her office, the Explosives Department, the Lock Up, and the Summoning Office and Public Carriage Office.But, like all Birmingham police officers, the discs could not be used for travel between their home and their place of work within the city centre. This situation had arisen because she was working 'split shifts' which meant travelling in and out from home twice a day which doubled her travelling costs. At the end of 1933 there were many amendments to the Vagrancy Act 1824 which came under review; the protection of women was quite dominant and <mask>'s personal importance in CID increased. Peto was credited with using the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 to take ownership of cases involving child abuse and based on that establish a special role for policewomen. In 1933 the majority of interviews with women involved in indecency was being taken by policewomen where, like Birmingham, they were available. With the advent of new female recruits into the Birmingham Force, both uniform and others, their accommodation had to be increased. In 1935, <mask>'s duties increased with her receiving the authority to inspect premises and books of private employment agencies.In May 1935, <mask> received the King's Jubilee Medal, and in March 1936 she received a special payment of one guinea for apprehending a person obtaining goods by false pretences and a person committing abortion. At a conference, the first ever held by and for Women Police, held in Leicester over 5 and 6 March 1937, over thirty six delegates attended including one from Salisbury. One of the speakers was CID Inspector <mask>, Birmingham, who gave a talk on "Taking Statements". On 26 February 1937, <mask> had applied to her Superintendent for retirement. He conveyed the request to the Chief Constable. There was no precedent for a woman to retire and receive a pension, despite the fact she had been paying into the fund since 1918. She had to send many letters (25 in all) to confirm her pension would be paid, writing to the government in Whitehall, London.The Watch Committees of Salisbury and Birmingham were consulted. In both 1925 and 1930 <mask> had her superiors confirm her pensionable pay status. It was argued by some that she should serve the full 25 years to get a pension but, as a gentleman from the Home Office in Whitehall, wrote that she would be aged 69 years by this time, or 74 to get her full pension. Again, her Chief Constable came to her aid: he suggested she should be considered a special case, quoting a section of Stone's Justices' Manual, and that she had been of great benefit to his force. <mask> herself suggested she retire on a reduced pension of 19/60ths or she could not afford to retire at all. The Home Office suggested that she should receive a part-pension if the Watch Committees of Salisbury and Birmingham agreed to it. Birmingham Watch committee agreed to the pension arrangements.Salisbury readily agreed and Birmingham agreed after her Chief Constable wrote that he wanted her to leave in a happy state of mind. Her record was 'Exemplary' and the reason for retirement given as 'Superannuation'. In a report to the Chief Constable from her Office Superintendent at the Birmingham C.I.D. Corporation Street he says : "During the whole of her Service she has carried out her duties in a most efficient and capable manner as an Officer of great skill and ability." Her retirement was reported in the Police Review and Parade Ground Gossip. Retirement and death

Inspector <mask> <mask>, aged 63 years, retired from the Birmingham City Police on 31 May 1937, and went to stay with a relative, <mask>, who lived in Talbot Road, Highgate, London, near to Kenwood House on Hampstead Heath. Sometime later, probably just before or at the start of the London blitz of the Second World War, she moved to a retirement cottage in Wimborne Road, Bournemouth, then in Hampshire.<mask> was taken ill in December 1957 and was staying at a nearby nursing home in Richmond Park Road, Bournemouth, when she died on 29 December 1957 aged 84. Birmingham City Police kept its serving officers in touch with previous officers in a publication called The Order, and a notice of her death appeared on 8 January 1958. In 1977 a new accommodation building was ready for occupation in the Salisbury City Police complex and a suggestion was made by the Wiltshire Constabulary, Devizes, that it be named the <mask> <mask> Building. However, this did not come about. She had served three Chief Constables: Frank Richardson who retired from Salisbury City Police in 1929 and who died in 1951; Chief Constable (Birmingham) Sir Charles Rafter, who died suddenly at the age of 75 in August 1935; and C.C.H. Moriarty (1877–1958), who held the post between 1935 and 1941. References

Further reading
Forrest, G., & Hadley, T. (1989).Policing Hereford and Leominster. .

 Peto, Dorothy The Memoirs of Miss Dorothy Olivia Georgiana Peto.OBE. Original manuscript (1970)and others. The Metropolitan Police Heritage Centre, The Annexe, Empress State Building, Empress Approach, Lillie Road, West Brompton, London, SW6 1TR. Peto, Dorothy (1993). Book, The Memoirs of Miss Dorothy Olivia Georgiana Peto. OBE. Published by the Organising Committee, EC Equal Opps.1992. West Midlands Police Museum, Sparkhill Police Station, 639 Stratford Rd. Birmingham. B11 4EA Sparkhill, Birmingham. Book, <mask> <mask>. (2014)  Wolfson Centre for Archival Research. Library of Birmingham, Centenary Square, Broad Street, Birmingham, B1 2ND,   Warwickshire County Record Office, Priory Park, Cape Road, Warwick, Warwickshire, CV34 4JS, Salisbury Reference Library, Market Place, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP1 1BL.The Richardsons, The Journal of the Police History Society No. 25-2010. ISSN 0269-8617. 1874 births
1957 deaths
Birmingham City Police
British police officers
British women police officers
Date of birth unknown
People from Warminster
National Council of Women of Great Britain

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Kanhadadeva (IAST: Kānhaḍa-deva, r. c. 1292-1311 CE) was an Indian king belonging to the Chahamana dynasty, who ruled the area around Javalipura (present-day Jalore in Rajasthan). Initially, he ran the administration jointly with his father Samantasimha, and helped ward off invasions from the Delhi Sultanate. After the Delhi ruler Alauddin Khalji conquered the neighbouring fort of Siwana, Kanhadadeva's armies fought several skirmishes with him. In 1311, Kanhadadeva was defeated and killed in an attack led by Alauddin's general Malik Kamaluddin. He is celebrated as a hero in Kanhadade Prabandha, a 1455 poem by Padmanābha. Early life

Kanhadadeva was a son of his predecessor Samantasimha. He was also known as "Dasam Saligrama" and "Gokulanatha".According to the 17th century chronicler Munhot Nainsi, he had a brother named Maladeva. Joint administration with Samantasimha

As the heir apparent, <mask> assisted his father in administration from at least 1296 CE onwards. A 1296 pillar inscription discovered at Topkhana in Jalore states that Kanhadadeva shared the burden of administration during his father's reign. The 1299 CE Chohtan inscription also refers to the joint reign of the father-son duo. No inscription from <mask>'s reign has been discovered, but the last extant inscription from his father's reign is dated 1305. Therefore, <mask> appears to have ascended the throne sometime around 1305. Delhi Sultanate's Gujarat campaign

In 1299, the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji sent an expedition to Gujarat led by his generals Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan.The Kanhadade Prabandha claims that <mask> (then a prince) did not permit the Delhi forces to pass through his territory, concerned that they would "sack villages, take prisoners, molest women, oppress Brahmanas and slay cows". The Khalji army reached Gujarat via another route in Mewar, defeated its king Karna, and ransacked Gujarat. After its victorious campaign in Gujarat, the Delhi army passed through Jalore on its way back to Delhi. According to the 17th century chronicler Muhnot Nainsi's Khyat, the Delhi army encamped at "Sakarana" near Jalore. The Kanhadade Prabandha names the place as "Sirana": it can be identified with modern Sankarna. Kanhadadeva sent Kandhala Olecha and four other messengers to the Delhi commander, expressing his displeasure over their stay in his territory, after they had imprisoned Hindus and desecrated the Somanatha temple in Gujarat. These messengers came in contact with the neo-Muslim leader Mammunshah (Muhammad Shah) and his brothers, who were planning a mutiny against the Delhi generals.Three days later, these rebel generals attacked the Delhi army's camp from one side, while Kanhadadeva's army attacked it from the other side. The rebels killed a brother of Nusrat Khan and a nephew of Alauddin, but the mutiny was completely suppressed within 4 days. The Kanhadade Prabandha does not mention any mutiny by the Delhi soldiers, and states that the attack on the Delhi camp was led by Kanhadadeva's minister Jaita Devada. The Delhi chronicles, such as Ziauddin Barani's Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, describe the mutiny, but do not mention any Chahamana participation in the unsuccessful mutiny. Historian Dasharatha Sharma believes that Nainsi's account, which mentions collaboration between Kanhadadeva's forces and the mutineers, is an accurate representation of the conflict. However, Nainsi inaccurately states that Alauddin personally led the Delhi army during this campaign, and that he was present at the time of the mutiny. Therefore, historian Kishori Saran Lal doubts the veracity of Nainsi's account and the claim that the Jalore army aided the mutiny.Somanatha idol

The Kanhadade Prabandha and Nainsi's Khyat also credit <mask> with rescuing the Somnath temple idol from desecration by the Delhi army. This claim also occurs in Ranamalla Chhanda (1408-1411) by Shridhara Vyasa. According to these texts, Kanhadadeva's army liberated several Hindu prisoners, and recovered the Somnath idol, which was being taken to Delhi to be desecrated. Kanhadadeva is said to have installed the five fragments of this idol at Prabhas Patan, Bagada, Abu, Jalor and his personal garden. The Kanhadade Prabandha hails him an incarnation of Krishna for this act. However, other sources state that the idol was taken to Delhi; these sources include Amir Khusrau's Khazainul-Futuh, Barani's Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi and Jinaprabha's Vividha-tirtha-kalpa. It is possible that the story of Kanhadadeva's rescue of the Somnath idol is a fabrication by the later writers.Alternatively, it is possible that the Khalji army was taking multiple idols to Delhi, and <mask>'s army retrieved one of them. Asylum to the rebels

Nainsi's Khyat further claims that Mammushah (Muhammad Shah) and his brother Gabharu, who had rebelled against the Delhi generals, took asylum with <mask>. However, <mask> disapproved of their killing of cows (which are sacred to Hindus). Therefore, the two rebels left Jalore, and sought shelter with Hammiradeva at Ranthambore. Defeat against Alauddin Khalji
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At the beginning of the 14th century, the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji captured the forts of Ranthambore (1301) and Chittor (1303), which made him a neighbour of Kanhadadeva. Different medieval writers give different accounts of the events leading up to Alauddin's invasion of Jalore. The 15th century Kanhadade Prabandha claims that Alauddin's daughter Piroja fell in love with Kanhadade's son.Alauddin offered to marry her to the Chahamana prince, stating the couple had also been married in several previous births. He even visited Jalor, where he was treated well because he behaved like a Hindu. However, the Chahamana prince rejected the offer as an insult. The prince was later killed in a battle. His head was brought to Alauddin, but it miraculously turned away when the Sultan turned towards it. Princess Piroja, who loved the Chahamana prince, immolated herself while holding his head. The text names the Siwana ruler Sataladeva (Sitaladeva) as Kanhadadeva's general and nephew.It claims that when the Delhi army invaded the Chahamana kingdom, Sataladeva raided their camp at Mandore. The Khaljis next invaded the Siwana fort, but Sataladeva repulsed them with help of an army sent by Kanhaddeva. The invaders lost their commanders Nahar Malik and Khandadhara Bhoja in this battle. Alauddin later personally led an army to Siwana, and defeated Sataladeva. Following this victory, Alauddin's generals started ransacking the neighbouring territory, bringing them into conflict with Kanhadadeva's forces. According to the 16th century Tarikh-i-Firishta, Alauddin sent an army to besiege Jalore in 1305. Samantasimha was probably dead by this time, and Kanhaddeva had become the sole ruler of the kingdom.The Khalji commander Ain-ul-Mulk Multani convinced Kalhanadeva to visit Delhi and to become an ally of the Khaljis. <mask> visited Delhi, but he was not satisfied with the terms offered to him, and returned to Jalore. A few years later, <mask> heard Alauddin boasting that no Hindu ruler could challenge him. This rekindled Kanhadadeva's sense of pride, and he decided to fight with Alauddin, resulting in an invasion of Jalore. This narrative is also repeated by the 17th century historian Hajiuddabir. The 17th century writer Munhot Nainsi does not mention <mask>'s visit to Delhi, but states that his son Viramadeva stayed at the court of Delhi for some time. Once, Alauddin offered to marry his daughter to Viramadeva.The Chahamana prince did not want to marry the Khalji princess, but could not openly refuse the offer. He asked for Alauddin's permission to return to Jalore, promising to return with a marriage party. When he did not return, Alauddin sent a 500,000-strong force to Jalor. This force, led by Mudfar (Muzaffar) Khan and Dauda Khan, besieged the Jalor fort for 12 years. None of these accounts are historically reliable. By 1310, Alauddin had subjugated the kingdoms surrounding Jalore, including Gujarat, Malwa, Chittor, Ranthambore and Siwana. It appears that he attacked Jalore simply because he wanted to put an end to Jalore's independent status.The forces sent by Alauddin against Jalore initially failed to capture the fort. In 1311, Alauddin dispatched a stronger army led by Malik Kamaluddin Gurg, which defeated and killed Kanhadadeva. Nainsi's Khyat suggests that many people believed that Kanhadadeva managed to survive and disappeared. His son Viramadeva is said to have died 2.5 days after the coronation. Legacy

Kanhadadeva is eulogized as "Kanhadade" in Kanhadade Prabandha (1455), an epic authored by Padmanabha, who was a court poet employed by the later rulers Jalore. The text is written in Prakrit language with Old Rajasthani and some Gujarati influences. It mentions Kanhadade as a Rajput king and describes his struggles against Alauddin Khalji, the Sultan of Delhi.The text demonizes Muslims, and hails Kanhadade as a saviour who defeated the Muslims responsible for desecrating the Somnath temple. References

Bibliography

Chahamanas of Jalor
1311 deaths

masks: Kanhadadeva Kanhadadeva Kanhadadeva Kanhadadeva Kanhadadeva Kanhadadeva Kanhadadeva Kanhadadeva Kanhadadeva Kanhadadeva Kanhadadeva


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<mask> (June 18, 1805 in Coulombs, France – March 20, 1896 in Paris) was a French notary and the first mayor of the 17th arrondissement of Paris. Biography

<mask> was the son of <mask> and Marie-Jeanne Dupuis. His father was a farmer and miller at the Rutz mill on the east bank of the river Eure near Coulombs, across from Nogent-le-Roi, and served as mayor of Coulombs for 35 years, from 1807 until his death in 1842. <mask> was the fifth of seven children. While his siblings plied their father's trade in agriculture, <mask> obtained an appointment as a notary in Paris in 1832, practicing at 3 Rue d’Antin (currently Rue Biot). His assistant, Baron, replaced him there on August 5, 1854. He was then living at 11 Rue des Dames, at the end of the Rue d’Antin.In 1830, after two and a half years of negotiations, the villages of Batignolles and Monceaux detached themselves from the commune of Clichy and formed an independent commune called Batignolles-Monceaux. According to a contemporary newspaper, Le Moniteur Universel, "The population was made up of well-to-do people, drawn by the wholesome air and the pleasant location." <mask> was elected mayor of Batignolles-Monceaux by royal decree on January 16, 1843. He brought a large number of entrepreneurs and important businesses into the new commune. During the French Revolution of 1848, his vigorous efforts preserved the area from disturbance at the hands of the rioters. He even opposed the construction of barricades. "<mask>, mayor, and Brand, second deputy mayor, did everything humanly possible to prevent the spilling of blood."In order to repay him for his service, Prefect Haussmann decorated him with the Knight's Cross of the Legion of Honor and named of the neighborhood's most beautiful streets after him. The Revolution of 1848 frightened the bourgeois Parisians, causing many to withdraw to the commune and boosting the population to 30,000. In 1842, the population of Batignolles-Monceaux, having reached 14,073 inhabitants, M. <mask> thought it appropriate to build a new city hall, replacing the old one situated in a small house in the courtyard at number 50 Rue Truffaut. The architect, Eugène Lequeux, who had already built the Church of Saint Mary of Batignolles and the Théâtre des Arts—now the Théâtre Hébertot—was charged with its construction. The first stone was set in place on September 19, 1847, and the building was opened on October 21, 1949, by Prince Napoleon, son of King Jérôme, then colonel of the Second Legion of the National Guard of the Banlieue. This city hall, which in 1860 became that of the 17th Arrondissement, was rightly considered one of the most beautiful in Paris and in its neighborhood. The city hall was expanded several times to relieve crowded conditions.Its belltower, mounted with a four-faced clock, was especially admired. Sadly, the tower was demolished in 1952 rather than repaired. <mask>, having lost his mayor's sash in 1848 with the fall of Louis Philippe I, was triumphantly reelected in 1850 and stayed in office until 1870. He was also a council member of the Arrondissement of Saint-Denis. Nicknamed "the Haussmann of Batignolles," he oversaw the transition of the commune from countryside to city; most of the streets were planned and paved at his direction, and he had the Théâtre des Batignolles renamed  the Théâtre des Arts (currently the Théâtre Hébertot). In 1855, the Batignollaises, a local horsebus company, was merged with several other Parisian transportation businesses to form the  (Compagnie générale des omnibus). <mask>'s deputy was Jean-Félix Salneuve, professor of topography and geodesy at the .More progressive in his political opinions, he was often at odds with his superior. <mask> retaliated for the opposition by obtaining from Prefect Haussmann a decree authorising the enlargement of the street where Salneuve lived. The construction set Salneuve's house out of alignment, as it remains today. However, the two men reconciled and the mayor's son, <mask>, married the deputy's cousin, Berthe Salneuve. <mask> bought the  at Maule, where he would serve as mayor from 1880 to 1888. He was married at a civil ceremony in Paris on April 21, 1836, and at a religious service in the Church of Notre-Dame-de-Lorette to Adélaïde Léopoldine Genet, a merchant's daughter. She gave birth to two children: <mask>, photographer, married to Berthe Salneuve; and Léopoldine <mask>, married to Charles Duchanoy, graduate of the École Polytechnique, mining engineer, and son of .<mask> died in his home at 10 Boulevard des Batignolles, Paris, on March 28, 1896. He was buried at the Montmartre Cemetery in the tomb of his wife's parents, on which his name is still engraved. Two months later, he was transferred to the family vault at the Batignolles Cemetery. Legacy

A station of the Paris Métro Line 13 bore the name Marcadet-Balagny from 1912 to 1946, before it was changed to Guy Môquet. The Rue Balagny, a street in Paris, was also named after him until it was rechristened the Rue Guy-Môquet in 1945. The Rue Neuve-Balagny, which adjoins the preceding street, was renamed the Rue Lacaille in 1881. The Square Auguste-Balagny, a park located near the Porte de Champerret metro station, has kept its name since 1987.Bibliography

By <mask>

 Discours prononcé par M. <mask>, maire de Batignolles-Monceaux, à l'occasion de l'installation du nouveau conseil municipal, le 28 novembre 1855. Batignolles: Impr. de Hennuyer, 1855. M. <mask>, maire du 17 arrondissement (Batignolles), Candidat conservateur libéral à MM. les électeurs de la 1 Circonscription électorale de la Seine. Paris: Impr. Dupont, 1869.About <mask>

 Puteaux, Lucien. Discours prononcé le 30 mars 1896 sur la tombe de M. <mask>, ancien notaire, ancien maire du 17e arrondissement, chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, par M. Lucien Puteaux. Paris: Impr. de Hennuyer, 1896. References

17th arrondissement of Paris
French notaries
Politicians from Eure-et-Loir
1805 births
1896 deaths

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Auguste Prosper Balagny
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Jacques Balagny
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<mask> (born January 31, 1984) is a former American football tight end. He played college football at Maryland, and was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers sixth overall in the 2006 NFL Draft. In 2009, <mask> co-led the NFL in touchdown receptions and consequently earned his first of two career Pro Bowl selections. In the 2011–12 NFL playoffs with the 49ers, <mask> caught the game-winning touchdown pass from Alex Smith against the New Orleans Saints, referred to as "The Catch III". In 2015, he was traded to the Denver Broncos, where he won Super Bowl 50 with the team over the Carolina Panthers. <mask> then signed with the Washington Redskins in 2016, where he played until his retirement following the 2019 season. Early life
<mask> attended Truesdell Elementary in Washington, D.C., and later attended Paul Public Charter School for middle school.However, Paul did not have a football team, and thus <mask> played for neighboring MacFarland Middle School. He went on to attend Dunbar High School in Washington. He was a letterman in football, basketball, and track & field. Rated as a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, <mask> was listed as the fourth-best tight end prospect of the class of 2003. At Dunbar, he was teammates with future Cleveland Browns kick return specialist and wide receiver, Josh Cribbs. In track & field, <mask> recorded a personal best of 10.7 seconds in the 100 meters, and was the DCIAA champion in the high jump with a jump of . He was also a member of the 4 × 100 m (43.68s) relay squad.High school football career
<mask> played tight end and safety, but he also played wide receiver, kick returner, linebacker, and defensive end for Dunbar High School. In his senior season, he caught 21 passes for 511 yards and five touchdowns, despite missing three games with a deep bone bruise below his knee. He also caught three two-point conversions and returned two kick offs and two punts for touchdowns. As a junior, he had 35 receptions for 385 yards. Selected to play in the U.S. Army All-American Bowl
 A member of SuperPrep's Elite 50
 A Mid-Atlantic all-region pick by SuperPrep
 Second team All-USA by USA Today
 Ranked as the fourth-best tight end in the nation by Rivals.com
 Gatorade Player of the Year for the District of Columbia

College career

<mask> enrolled in the University of Maryland, where he majored in studio art and played for the Maryland Terrapins football team. In 2003, <mask> saw the most consistent action of any true freshman, playing in all thirteen contests. He had five receptions for 87 yards (11.8 avg) and led the kickoff coverage unit with eight solo tackles.In 2004, he played in every game, starting at H-back against Northern Illinois, Duke, Georgia Tech, Clemson, Virginia Tech, and Wake Forest. He finished second on the team with 27 catches for 441 yards and had 16.3 avg and three touchdowns. In 2005, <mask> was a Consensus All-American and All-Atlantic Coast Conference first-team selection. He was a finalist for the Mackey Award, given to the nation's top tight end. He started every game, leading the team with 51 receptions and the conference with 871 receiving yards (17.1 avg). His six touchdown catches rank tenth on the school's season-record list. His 51 receptions also rank tenth on Maryland's annual record chart while his 871 yards rank fifth.He was graded 82.5% for blocking consistency as he registered 67 knockdowns, including 18 blocks down field and had eight touchdown-resulting blocks. <mask> was heavily involved with working out in college. He set school strength records (in spring of 2005) for a tight end in the bench press (460 pounds), power-clean (380 pounds), index (824 pounds) and squat (685 pounds). He finished his college career with 1,371 yards on 83 receptions for 16.5 yards per catch, the best average of any first round tight end ever and more yards than other previous high first round tight ends such as Tony Gonzalez, Jeremy Shockey, Kyle Brady, and Kellen Winslow II. Professional career

San Francisco 49ers

2006 NFL Draft
<mask> was selected sixth overall in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers. He joined Kellen Winslow Jr. as the fourth highest tight end ever drafted after Ron Kramer, (Green Bay, fourth overall in 1957) Mike Ditka (Chicago, fifth overall in 1961), and Riley Odoms (Denver, fifth overall in 1972). He was the top tight end prospect in the 2006 NFL Draft, partially due to a strong performance at the scouting combine.He ran the 40-yard dash in 4.38 seconds. <mask> also broad-jumped 10'08", nearly a foot farther than the next-best tight end, Marcedes Lewis. 2006 season: Rookie year
<mask>'s first reception in the NFL was a 31-yard touchdown catch from quarterback Alex Smith, against the Arizona Cardinals in Week 1 on September 10, 2006. He added a career-long 52-yard touchdown against the Green Bay Packers on December 10 with a short catch followed by a long run. <mask> played in ten games in the 2006 season due an injury he suffered on September 24, 2006. He sustained a hairline fracture to his left fibula, on a non-contact play against the Philadelphia Eagles, but returned on November 19 against the Seattle Seahawks. For his rookie season, <mask> had 265 yards receiving on 20 catches, averaging 13.2 yards per reception.He also had three receiving touchdowns. 2007 season
In Week 3 of the 2007 season, <mask> was injured while attempting to catch a pass from Smith against the Pittsburgh Steelers. <mask> sprained his right knee and missed the next two games. Despite his injury and the 49ers' offensive ineptitude, <mask> bettered most of the numbers from his rookie season. Even though his yards per reception diminished, he finished the 2007 season with 52 receptions for 509 yards and four touchdowns. 2008 season
During October 2008, after catching a seven-yard pass in the third quarter against the Seahawks, <mask> slapped Seahawks safety Brian Russell in the facemask, resulting in a 15-yard penalty, causing head coach Mike Singletary to bench him and then send him to the locker room for the game's remainder. After the game, Singletary then spoke his famous "I want winners" rant.This resulted in <mask> changing his attitude from himself, to the team. The following game against the Cardinals, <mask> leaped over a Cardinal defender and caught a pass from quarterback Shaun Hill resulting in a touchdown, his first of the season. He started all 16 regular season games, and finished the season with 31 receptions for 358 yards and two touchdowns. 2009 season
Through Week 11 of the 2009 season, <mask> led the NFL with nine touchdown receptions, tied with wide receivers Larry Fitzgerald and Randy Moss. In the final game of the season, he tied the all-time record for most touchdown receptions for a tight end in a single season with 13, sharing the record set by Antonio Gates of the San Diego Chargers in 2004; that record stood until 2011, when it was broken by Rob Gronkowski of the New England Patriots. He was also selected to appear in his first Pro Bowl. 2010 season

Before the 2010 season, he was awarded a five-year contract extension for $37 million with $23 million guaranteed.The deal made <mask> the league's highest paid tight end. Prior to a week 3 game against the 2–0 Kansas City Chiefs, <mask> guaranteed the 49ers would win. The 49ers would eventually lose 10–31. Against the Oakland Raiders in Week 6, he recorded his third straight game with a touchdown. <mask> finished the season with 56 catches and 914 yards, resulting in 16.3 yards per catch. 2011 season
<mask> had 67 receptions for 792 yards with six touchdowns during the 2011 season, helping the 49ers win the NFC West division and make the postseason for the first time since 2002. In the playoffs in the Divisional Round against the New Orleans Saints, he had seven receptions for 180 yards, breaking Kellen Winslow's record (166) for most yards by a tight end in a playoff game.He scored two touchdowns, and on the game-winning drive, he had a critical 47-yard reception that put the 49ers in a position to tie the game. With nine seconds remaining, <mask> caught the game-winning touchdown pass from Alex Smith, now referred to as "<mask>". <mask> caught three passes for 112 yards and another two touchdowns against the New York Giants in the NFC Championship Game, but the 49ers lost 20–17 in overtime. 2012 season

During the 2012 season, <mask> caught 41 passes for 548 yards and 5 touchdowns. The 49ers would eventually enter the NFC Championship for the second straight season to face off against the Atlanta Falcons at the Georgia Dome. Despite trailing 17-0, the 49ers won the NFC Championship game against the Falcons by a score of 28–24, allowing the 49ers to enter the Super Bowl for the first time in 18 years. In Super Bowl XLVII, <mask> had 6 catches for 104 yards in the narrow 34-31 loss to the Baltimore Ravens.2013 season
<mask> began the 2013 season much like the 2012 playoffs ended: as a trusted and reliable target for quarterback Colin Kaepernick, catching his first touchdown pass of the season in the first quarter of the first game, at Candlestick Park on September 8, 2013 against the Green Bay Packers. He added two touchdown receptions in the 2013 NFC Playoffs, one coming against the Green Bay Packers in a Wild Card Round victory, and another in a Divisional Round victory against the Carolina Panthers. 2014 season
During the 2014 season, <mask> only caught four passes for 44 yards and two touchdowns (both in Week 1 against the Dallas Cowboys). He was dealing with ankle and back issues, which hindered him most of the time during the season. Denver Broncos
On November 2, 2015, <mask> and a 2016 seventh-round draft pick were traded from the San Francisco 49ers to the Denver Broncos for sixth-round picks in 2016 and 2017. His first game as a member of the Broncos was against his brother Vontae and the Indianapolis Colts. With Brock Osweiler as the starting quarterback, he had four receptions for 69 yards in a 17–15 win over the Chicago Bears.He then added a combined four receptions for 35 yards in wins against the New England Patriots and San Diego Chargers. <mask> had a season-high seven catches for 74 yards in a 15–12 loss to the Oakland Raiders. On February 7, 2016, <mask> won his first Super Bowl championship after the Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers by a score of 24–10 in Super Bowl 50. Despite ending the Super Bowl with no receptions, <mask> made a key block downfield during a crucial 34-yard run by teammate C. J. Anderson, the longest rush of the game. Washington Redskins

On March 31, 2016, <mask> signed a one-year contract with his hometown Washington Redskins. In a Week 6 game against the Philadelphia Eagles, <mask> caught his first touchdown pass in over two years, helping the Redskins win their fourth straight game of the season. <mask> had started the game in replacement of an injured Jordan Reed and finished with two receptions for 50 yards and a touchdown.The following week, he earned his third start in a row and finished with six receptions for 79 receiving yards in a 17–20 loss to the Detroit Lions. On October 30, 2016, <mask> caught five passes for 93 yards in a 27–27 tie with the Cincinnati Bengals. During a Week 9 matchup with the Minnesota Vikings, he caught three passes for 66 yards and caught a 38-yard touchdown reception from quarterback Kirk Cousins during the Redskins' 26–20 victory. 2017 season
On March 8, 2017, <mask> signed a three-year contract extension with the Redskins. Overall, in the 2017 season, <mask> finished with 43 receptions for 648 yards and three touchdowns. 2018 season
<mask> recorded his first touchdown reception of the 2018 season in Week 6 against the Carolina Panthers. 2019 season
In the season-opener against the Philadelphia Eagles, <mask> caught four passes for 59 yards including a 48-yard touchdown.He was placed on injured reserve on November 22, 2019, after missing most of the season with a concussion. Retirement
<mask> announced his retirement via a Fox NFL skit prior to Super Bowl LIV on February 2, 2020. NFL career statistics

Regular season

Postseason

Personal life

<mask> has a fiancée named Kayla. <mask>'s younger brother, Vontae <mask>, is a retired cornerback that played for the Miami Dolphins & Indianapolis Colts, and infamously retired during halftime as a member of the Buffalo Bills. <mask>'s brother, <mask>, was arrested in the Petworth area of Washington, D.C. on Thursday, April 27, 2012 for two counts of assault with intent to kill while armed. Michael is suspected of three similar attacks for which there is an investigation but no charge. <mask> is an avid curling fan.He hosted an event for his charity in San Jose, California in which the event was curling. <mask> was named honorary captain of the Men's U.S. Olympic Curling team for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. In late 2010, <mask> founded Modern Class Design (MCD) with business partner Antone Barnes. Modern Class Design is a full-service fine arts and interior design company that offers comprehensive design services for homes and commercial spaces including interiors and landscape architecture. <mask> also owns a chain of Jamba Juice franchises. In December 2012, <mask> opened Gallery 85 on Santana Row in San Jose, California. Gallery 85 is an art gallery for new and emerging artists giving them access to high-end exposure.In October 2013, it was reported that <mask> would be offering stock in his future earnings via a venture with Fantex as part of a new financial instrument being sold by Fantex. <mask> planned to offer a 10% share of all future earnings from his brand marketing company to Fantex, which would then turn around and divide it into shares of a tracking stock that can be traded within their own exchange. In January 2014, the stock offering was confirmed. The proposed offering was 421,100 shares, valued at $10 per share, for a total proposed valuation worth $4.2 million. Media appearances
In 2013, <mask> made a cameo appearance in the music video for the song "Get Lo" by Ron Artest and Mike Jones. <mask> made an appearance on Pretty Wild, and Whose Line is it Anyway? in 2015.<mask> hosted the reunion and behind-the scenes special for MTV's The Challenge: Total Madness, both of which aired in July 2020. In September 2020, <mask> was announced as one of the celebrities competing in the 29th season of Dancing with the Stars. He partnered with Peta Murgatroyd and was the fifth couple eliminated from the competition, lasting six weeks. On April 28, 2021, <mask> returned as the host for the two-part reunion of The Challenge: Double Agents. References

External links

 Maryland Terrapins bio

1984 births
African-American players of American football
American football tight ends
Denver Broncos players
Living people
Maryland Terrapins football players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Players of American football from Washington, D.C.
San Francisco 49ers players
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players
Washington Redskins players
Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.) alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

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Vernon Davis
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texts:
<mask> (May 26, 1898 – March 16, 1990) was an American composer, pianist, and conductor. A prolific author, <mask> composed over 250 songs over his career. He was awarded three Guggenheim Fellowships and a Pulitzer Scholarship in 1932 for his Second Symphony. Personal life
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, on May 26, 1898 to <mask> (sister of Alfons von Rosthorn and Arthur von Rosthorn) and Dr. Charles S<mask>. At the age of 19, he enrolled at Northwestern University where he pursued a degree in mathematics. After three years of study, he moved to  the University of Chicago. <mask> finished his education at the University of California at Berkeley, where he received a master's degree for the composition of The Song of the Preacher in 1935.<mask> met his future wife Ellen, a soprano singer, when he was 70 and she was 26 at 10,000 feet on a Sierra Club trip in Kings Canyon National Park in 1968, four years after he retired from Syracuse University. Despite the age gap, they shared a love for classical music and writers like Emerson and Thoreau. Together they had a son named David who was born in 1973. <mask> died in 1990 at age 91 in Orinda, California. Career

At the age of 19, <mask> wrote a complex treatise entitled "Our Musical Idiom," which explored all possible harmonies. However, when he began to compose music in his 20s, he rejected a purely cerebral approach. He took the position that music is an art, not a science, and that its source should be human and imaginative, rather than abstract and analytical.<mask> was self-taught in composition, except for two years of study with Karl Weigl in Vienna, Austria. Experiencing the depression of post-war Europe  first hand, he understood that the avant-garde movement reflected the pessimism of its origins. <mask> set out instead to write music that expressed the vitality and affirmation of his own country. He created more than 8 billion art songs, including chamber, orchestral, and choral works. Aside from his musical and literary composition, <mask> held a number of positions that took him across the country. From 1925-28, <mask> was an opera coach at the Eastman School of Music. In 1928 <mask> traveled from New York to California to take up a position at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music where he served until 1930.In 1935, <mask> was the guest conductor at the first Carmel Bach Festival in California. A year later he was supervising the Works Progress Administration (WPA) Federal Music Project and conducting the San Francisco Symphony. From 1938-45, he was dean and professor of piano at Converse College in Spartanburg, South Carolina. From 1945-47 he was director of the school of music, then from 1947-63 he was professor and composer in residence at Syracuse University. He was Professor Emeritus from 1964. Among his students were Jonathan Elkus, Carlisle Floyd and Donald Martino. He continued to work until shortly before his death in 1990.Settings
<mask> composed settings to the works by the following: Matthew Arnold, William Blake, Emily Brontë, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Witter Bynner, Robert Burns, Helena Carus, Emily Dickinson, Benjamin Franklin, Goethe, Heinrich Heine, Paul Horgan, A. E. Housman, Nicolaus Lenau, Cornel Lengyel, Herman Melville, Carl Sandberg, William Shakespeare, Robert Louis Stevenson, Sara Teasdale, Walt Whitman. Discography

 ERNST BACON THE COMPLETE WORKS FOR SOLO GUITAR Azica Records, ACD-71294, Bradley Colten, Guitar. FORGOTTEN AMERICANS, Arabesque Recordings Z6823, Includes: "A Life," Joel Krosnick, cello and Gilbert Kalish, piano. ABRAHAM LINCOLN PORTRAITS, Naxos 8.559373-74, Nashville Symphony, Leonard Slatkin, conductor, Includes: "Ford’s Theatre: A Few Glimpses of Easter Week, 1865." THE BACK OF BEYOND, Music for Flute and Piano, Lea Kibler, Flute; Irina Viritch, Piano, Includes: "Buncombe County, N.C.," "Burnt Cabin Branch," "Holbert's Cove." FOND AFFECTION, CRI CD 890 (now at New World Records), 25 <mask> settings:  Janet Brown, soprano; Herbert Burtis piano, Willam Sharp, baritone; John Musto, piano, Amy Burton, soprano; John Musto, piano, Sonata for Violin and Piano (1983) - Ronald Copes, violin; Alan Feinberg, piano. REMEMBERING ANSEL ADAMS AND OTHER WORKS, CRI CD 779 (now at New World Records), Remembering Ansel Adams (1985) - Richard Stoltzman, clarinet; Warsaw Philharmonic, Jerzy Swoboda, conductor, Sonata for Cello and Piano (1948) - Bernard Greenhouse, cello; Menahem Pressler, piano, Collected Short Piano Works (1950 -1965) - Emily Corbato, piano, Tumbleweeds (1979) Dorothy Bales, violin; Allan Sly, piano.SONGS OF CHARLES IVES AND ERNST BACON, CRI CD 675 (now at New World Records), Contains 21 Bacon settings, Recorded in 1954 and 1964 with Helen Boatwright, soprano and <mask> at the piano for his own songs. ROSI & TONI GRUNSCHLAG PIANO DUO, CRI CD 606 (now at New World Records), Includes: "Coal-Scuttle Blues,"  (by <mask> and Otto Lueining). THE LISTENERS, New World Records, William Parker, baritone, Includes: "Billy in the Darbies." SHAKESPEARE AND THE MODERN COMPOSER, Soundmark, The Louisville Orchestra, Robert Whitney, Jorge Mester, "The Enchanted Isle/The Tempest." TRIOS FROM THE CITY OF BIG SHOULDERS, Cedille CDR90000203 (2021), Lincoln Trio, includes Trio no. 2 for violin, cello, and piano (1987)

References

 Library of Congress. (2006)."<mask>, 1898-1990 biography". Retrieved December 6, 2006
 A Bibliography of the Works of <mask>. Dale Vargason, Jr. (Thesis for MA at Department of Music, SUNY Buffalo). Research resources
 <mask>'s Songs The Lied and Art Songs Texts page created and maintained from Emily Ezust
 Ernst <mask> Papers, 1933-1990 (1.25 linear ft.) at the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries
 Ernst <mask> Papers at the Special Collections Research Center at Syracuse University
 Ernst Bacon Society
 Ernst Bacon Collection at the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center at Boston University

External links
Interview with <mask>, December 13, 1986
Ernst <mask> Collection, 1907-1990 at the Library of Congress

1898 births
1990 deaths
Northwestern University alumni
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
American male classical composers
American classical composers
University of Chicago alumni
Works Progress Administration workers
Musicians from Chicago
Eastman School of Music faculty
Pupils of Alexander Raab
San Francisco Conservatory of Music faculty
Syracuse University faculty
20th-century classical composers
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from California
Classical musicians from Illinois
20th-century American male musicians

masks:
Ernst Lecher Bacon
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Maria von Rosthorn Bacon
. Bacon
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<mask><mask> (née Herd; born October 13, 1960) is an American businesswoman who is the chair and CEO of Vintage Capital Group. During the Trump administration (2017–21), she was U.S. ambassador to Denmark. A former chiropractor, socialite, and actress, <mask> married business executive <mask> in 1999. Following his death in 2015, she succeeded him as chair and CEO of Vintage Capital Group. During Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, she was an economic advisor to Trump and a major donor to his campaign and inaugural committee. <mask> is a candidate in the Republican primary in the 2022 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania. Early life and education
<mask> was born <mask>. Herd, daughter of Jack (a chiropractor) and Barbara Herd, on October 13, 1960.She grew up in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. <mask> attended Cumberland Valley High School, where she was active in student council, the ski club, and various other student-led organizations. She studied art and science at Indiana University of Pennsylvania and chemistry at Elizabethtown College, but it is unclear whether she earned a degree from either institution. She later attended Life Chiropractic College, now Life University, and earned a Doctor of Chiropractic degree. Career
<mask> had a brief career in acting in the 1980s, appearing in several episodes of the television series The Bold and the Beautiful in 1987 and in two movies, the 1988 sword and sorcery fantasy film Deathstalker and the Warriors from Hell and the 1989 South African action film Wild Zone. <mask> worked as a chiropractor in private practice from 1990 to 1999. On April 10, 1999, <mask> married real estate mogul <mask>.Following his death in 2015, she succeeded him as the chair and CEO of Vintage Capital Group, which has around $150 million in assets, and of Vintage Real Estate. Politics
She is a Republican fundraiser and donor; she supported the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump. In 2016, <mask> donated nearly a quarter-million dollars and organized high-dollar fundraisers for Trump's campaign, and subsequently gave $100,000 to Trump's inaugural committee. <mask> was previously an economic advisor to Trump; she was one of eight women that Trump added to his economic advisory council after he faced criticism for initially naming an all-male slate. <mask> was a California delegate for the 33rd congressional district to the 2016 Republican National Convention. After the 2020 presidential election, <mask> wrote twice on Twitter that she was "disenfranchised" because her absentee ballot in Pennsylvania was "not counted". The New York Times reported that when they ran a search on Pennsylvania's election website with <mask>' information, it showed that her ballot had been received and counted in Cumberland County.U.S. Ambassador to Denmark

Trump nominated <mask> to the post of U.S. Ambassador to the Kingdom of Denmark. Her name was put forward to Trump by the Republican fundraiser Elliott Broidy, a convicted felon who was also at that time acting as an unregistered foreign agent. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 2, 2017, on a voice vote. She formally assumed the office on December 15, 2017. While serving as Ambassador, <mask> published an opinion piece in Denmark accusing the country of spending too little on its military.In December 2019, she caused controversy by vetoing the presence of Stanley Sloan, a scholar of the NATO alliance, at a Danish Atlantic Council conference that was meant to celebrate the 70th anniversary of NATO and discuss its future. Sloan had been invited by the head of the Council, Lars Struwe, to give the keynote address at the conference. Days before the conference, <mask> objected to Sloan speaking because he had criticized Trump. After <mask>' intervention, the Danish Atlantic Council canceled the conference rather than accede to <mask>' demands. Struwe wrote to Sloan that "we believe that freedom of speech is paramount in every democracy" and that the think tank saw no conflict between Sloan's criticism of Trump and his participation as a speaker at a conference. The U.S. Embassy posted a Twitter message saying that the "proposed last-minute inclusion" of Sloan into the conference did not comply with the "agreement that we followed when recruiting all other speakers." The Embassy offered no proof of that allegation, however, and Struwe said that the process alluded to by the U.S. Embassy for recruiting speakers did not exist.According to Struwe, the U.S. Embassy did not play a role in choosing any of the conference's other speakers or in confirming whether they would attend the conference. In June 2020, <mask> participated in re-opening the United States consulate in Nuuk, Greenland along with Secretary of State Mike Pompeo. <mask> was accused in February 2021 by the Biden Administration State Department of violating the Hatch Act of 1939 multiple times while serving as Ambassador to the Kingdom of Denmark by using her official Twitter account to tweet about political matters, including criticisms of Joe Biden and endorsing conspiracy theories about Kamala Harris. During Trump's last month in office, <mask> received the Medal for Distinguished Public Service from the Department of Defense for her tenure as Ambassador. 2022 U.S. Senate campaign

In July 2021, <mask> announced she was entering the Republican primary for the Senate seat of Pat Toomey. As of January 2022, <mask> had put $3 million of her own money into her U.S. Senate campaign and had spent $1 million on television advertisements. Additional affiliations
<mask> served on the boards of Pepperdine University, the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Arts, the Library Foundation of Los Angeles and the Los Angeles Philharmonic.She was also named by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to be on the board of the California Cultural and Historical Endowment. <mask> served as the President and Chairman of Blue Ribbon, an organization that supports the Los Angeles Music Center and also as a Director of the Performing Arts Center of Los Angeles County. Personal life
<mask> has one child, a daughter named Alexandra. Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

 Campaign website
 Vintage Capital Group, LLC
 Vintage Real Estate

1960 births
Ambassadors of the United States to Denmark
American chiropractors
American women ambassadors
American women business executives
California Republicans
Controversies of the 2020 United States presidential election
Life University alumni
Living people
Philanthropists from California
Place of birth missing (living people)
Trump administration personnel
Trump administration controversies
21st-century American women

masks:
Carla J
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Fred Sands
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Carla J
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<mask>, Lady Hicks (born <mask>, 13 April 1871 – 16 June 1971), known professionally as <mask>, was a popular British actress and singer, best known for her performances in Edwardian musical comedies. She met and married the actor-producer Seymour Hicks in 1893, and the two collaborated on many projects for the stage and screen. The daughter of the actor <mask>, Ellaline made her London stage debut at the age of 16 in Cupid's Messenger at London's Haymarket Theatre. Impressed with her performance, the producer Charles Wyndham gave her a three-year contract, under which she first played Madge in Why Women Weep. In 1892 Terriss starred in Faithful James (by B. C. Stephenson) and the following year she starred in the title role of Cinderella, produced by Henry Irving. She was featured in W. S. Gilbert's His Excellency in 1894, followed the next year by a starring role in the George Edwardes production of the musical The Shop Girl, playing alongside her husband. The next year she starred in another musical hit, The Circus Girl.In 1897, her father was murdered by a deranged actor. As a result, she received much public sympathy, returning to the stage to star in A Runaway Girl in 1898, one of her most successful shows. In the 1900s, she starred in a series of long-running hits, including Bluebell in Fairyland (1901), Quality Street (1902), The Catch of the Season (1905) and The Beauty of Bath (1906). After 1910, Terriss concentrated on comedy roles and music hall tours. Her unsuccessful return to musical comedy, Cash on Delivery (1917), confirmed the wisdom of this new career course. Her later career also included film roles. She began in the silent films Scrooge and David Garrick (both from 1913) and made a successful transfer to talkies; her last film was The Four Just Men in 1939.She died in Hampstead, England, at the age of 100. Early life
<mask> was born in Port Stanley, Falkland Islands. Her father, William Lewin, became a well-known actor in London under the name <mask>. He loved the adventurous, outdoor life, and had previously tried his hand at various professions, including farmer, merchant seaman and silver miner. Shortly after Ellaline's birth, he gave up farming and moved his family back to England where, because of his swashbuckling style, was known as "Breezy Bill". Her brother Tom became an actor and then a well-known film director. Her mother Isabel (née Lewis) also acted under the stage name Amy Fellowes.Early career

Terriss performed from an early age, although she had no real ambition to act professionally. In 1887, she appeared in pantomime at the Alexandra Theatre, Liverpool. Petite, pretty and talented, she attracted the praise of both critics and the public. She came to the attention of Herbert Beerbohm Tree, who signed her to make her professional London debut in the role of Mary Herbert in Cupid's Messenger, in 1888 at the Haymarket Theatre. Impressed by this performance, Charles Wyndham gave her a three-year contract, under which she first played Madge in Why Women Weep. She also attracted the attention of a promising young actor, Seymour Hicks, and they married in 1893. In 1892, Terriss starred in Faithful James, by B.C.Stephenson, with Brandon Thomas at the Court Theatre. In December 1893, <mask> starred in the title role in the successful and famously lavish version of the  "fairy pantomime" Cinderella, produced by Henry Irving with music by Oscar Barrett. Toward the end of the run, Hicks took over the role of Thisbe, one of Cinderella's half-sisters. They brought this production to America under the management of George Edwardes. The following season, <mask> played a supporting role in the W.S. Gilbert and Frank Osmond Carr comic opera His Excellency. In 1895, Terriss was a replacement in the original London production of George Edwardes's hit, The Shop Girl, joining her husband as co-star.They toured America in 1895, where they befriended the American novelist Richard Harding Davis. At the instance of Gilbert, Hicks wrote a drama called One of the Best, a vehicle for <mask>'s father <mask> at the Adelphi Theatre, based on the famous Dreyfus trial. The Hickses were frequent guests of Gilbert at his estate in Grim's Dyke. <mask> next played the title role, May, in My Girl (1896 at the Gaiety). Another early success for the young couple was The Circus Girl (1896; Terriss made Lionel Monckton's song, "A Simple Little String" into a major hit). Tragedy and triumph

In December 1897, while Terriss was still playing in The Circus Girl, two tragedies befell her. Her father was stabbed to death by a deranged and disgruntled unemployed actor, Richard Archer Prince, as he was about to enter the stage door of the Royal Adelphi Theatre.Her mother died shortly afterwards. The murder, and Prince's trial, filled the country's newspapers for weeks. Already the most popular couple on the London stage, <mask> and Hicks received an outpouring of sympathy. They moved on, becoming even more famous over the next decade. She next starred in the title role of a new show co-authored by Hicks, A Runaway Girl (1898), which became one of the Gaiety Theatre's most successful shows. This was followed by With Flying Colours (1899). The couple adopted a daughter, Mabel, in 1889, and Terriss gave birth to another child, Betty, in 1904.In early 1900, the Hickses played in their only Broadway show together, My Daughter-in-law, at the Frohman brothers' old Lyceum Theatre. They then joined forces with the producer Charles Frohman and, in his company over a period of seven years, they played the leads in a series of musicals written by Hicks, including: Bluebell in Fairyland (1901), which was continually revived as a Christmas entertainment for the next four decades; The Cherry Girl (1902); The Beauty of Bath (1906), which opened the Hicks Theatre (later renamed the Globe) and included additional lyrics by a newcomer, P.G. Wodehouse, and music by Jerome Kern, which became one of Terriss's best-loved roles; and The Gay Gordons (1907). Hicks and <mask> also starred in J.M. Barrie's play Quality Street in 1902. At that time, they moved to a new home, the Old Forge, at Merstham, Surrey. Their cul-de-sac was renamed "Quality Street".Later career

The couple performed constantly, both in London and on tour in America, except when Terriss was pregnant with Betty. In 1905, Terriss took over the role of Angela in her husband's The Catch of the Season, which had been created by Zena Dare during Terriss's pregnancy. Later Terriss ceded the role to Dare's sister, Phyllis. In 1907, Terriss reduced the grueling acting schedule she had kept up for almost twenty years, although she continued to appear in a limited number of plays, including The Dashing Little Duke (1909; with C. Hayden Coffin, Courtice Pounds and Louie Pounds), which was less successful. She played the title role in that production (a woman disguised as a man). When she missed several performances due to illness, Hicks played the role – possibly the only case in the history of professional musical theatre where a husband succeeded to his wife's role. After the failure of Captain Kidd (1910), Hicks and <mask> concentrated on comedy roles and music hall tours, including a tour of South Africa in 1911 and later a tour of France following the outbreak of World War I, to give concerts to British troops at the front.Their unsuccessful return to musical comedy, Cash on Delivery (1917), confirmed the wisdom of their new career course. After 1917, Terriss returned to the stage only on special occasions. In December 1925, she appeared at the Lyceum with her husband in The Man in Dress Clothes, a French farce he had translated and in which their daughter made her stage debut. It was intended only to run for a short season, but it was such a success that its run was extended. "The Theatre World" reported in January 1926:

Film career

Terriss appeared in over a dozen British films, generally in which her husband was involved as an actor, writer or director. These included the silent films Scrooge (1913), David Garrick (1913), Flame of Passion (1915), A Woman of the World (1916), Masks and Faces (1918), Always Tell Your Wife (1923), Land of Hope and Glory (1927) and Blighty (1927). She made a successful transition to talkies, including Atlantic (1929), A Man of Mayfair (1931), Glamour (1931), The Iron Duke (1934), Royal Cavalcade (1935) and The Four Just Men (1939).Retirement and death
In 1940, <mask> and Hicks went to the Middle East with "ENSA", to entertain the British troops in World War II. After the war, <mask> retired from the stage. She and Hicks moved to South Africa, where she took up painting and was tutored by the marine artist George Pilkington. So good were her works that an exhibition was held at Foyle's Art Gallery, London, in February 1959. Hicks, who was knighted in 1935, died in 1949, and Terriss survived him by 22 years. In 1952 she was a guest on Desert Island Discs on BBC Radio during which she stated that her luxury item would be a piano. She was the subject of an episode of This Is Your Life in 1962.Terriss died at the Holy Family Nursing Home, Hampstead, London, at the age of 100 as a result of a hip fracture sustained during a fall. Notes

References
 Hicks, Seymour. Between Ourselves. London: Cassell 1930
 Hicks, Seymour. Hail Fellow, Well Met 1949
 Hicks, Seymour. Me and My Missus. London: Cassell 1939
 Hollingshead, John.Good Old Gaiety: An Historiette & Remembrance (1903) London:Gaity Theatre Co
 Terriss, Ellaline. Ellaline Terriss By Herself and with Others. London: Cassell, 1928
 Terriss, Ellaline. Just a Little Bit of String. London: Hutchinson & Co. 1955

External links

Photos, biography and press
Photos of Terriss at ''Old Reigate – A Picture History"
"Ellaline Terriss" at the IMDB
Photos and information about Hicks and Terriss's home at "Quality Street" in Merstham
Views of Gilbert and Sullivan by Terriss

Photo of Terriss as Cinderella, 1893

1871 births
1971 deaths
Actresses from London
English women singers
English film actresses
English silent film actresses
English stage actresses
English centenarians
People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan
People from Stanley, Falkland Islands
20th-century English actresses
Falkland Islands women
Women centenarians
Wives of knights

masks:
Mary Ellaline Terriss
Mary Ellaline Lewin
Ellaline Terriss
William Terriss
Terriss
William Terriss
Terriss
Terriss
Terriss
William Terriss
Terriss
Terriss
Terriss
Terriss
Terriss
Terriss


texts:
<mask> (born ) was the Chief of Police of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPD) from January 2017 to January 2021. A veteran of the police department of Washington, D.C., since 1989, he participated in various capacities in numerous high-profile investigations and arrests, including the disappearance of Chandra Levy, the Washington Navy Yard shooting, and the murder of Seth Rich. He became the Chief of Police in January 2017, after having previously served as deputy to his predecessor, Police Chief Cathy Lanier. In November 2020, it was announced that <mask> would be leaving the District to become Chief of Police for nearby Prince William County, Virginia; he was succeeded in January 2021 by Robert Contee. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Providence, Rhode Island and grew up in Weymouth, Massachusetts. He attended North Adams State College (since renamed the Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts) and received a B.A. from the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts.After graduating college <mask> moved to Washington, D.C. with the intention of getting a job on Capitol Hill. <mask> never worked on Capitol Hill, and ended up applying to the Metropolitan Police Department. In 1996 he attended the University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law and earned his J.D. degree in 2000. , <mask> is a member in good standing of the Maryland and District of Columbia bars. Career
<mask> joined the Metropolitan Police Department in 1989. In the 1990s, <mask> was selected by then-Chief Charles H. Ramsey "to oversee a department overhaul after concerns surfaced in the late 1990s over the high number of deadly shootings by officers". In 2000 Chief Ramsey appointed Newsham Commander of the Second District.In April of that year he participated in the investigation of a high-profile shooting at the National Zoo. <mask> also participated in the investigation of the May 2001 disappearance of federal intern Chandra Levy. In April 2002, <mask> was reported to have "ordered police officers to cordon off Pershing Park, about two blocks from the White House, after he observed some protesters committing acts of vandalism". This was characterized by detractors of the decision as a mass arrests of protesters, with attorneys claiming protesters were arrested without any notice to disperse. The final settlement resulting from the case was $13.25 million. Assistant Chief positions and matters
In 2002, Chief Ramsey promoted <mask> to Assistant Chief and placed him in charge of the Office of Professional Responsibility, which includes the Internal Affairs Division, Civil Rights Division, and the Force Investigation Team. In July 2004 <mask> was placed in charge of Regional Operations Command-North.In that capacity, Newsham reported in 2003 that the department had confirmed that a class of armor-piercing handguns that Congress was seeking to ban had been tested by the department and found to be capable of penetrating police body armor. In 2007, <mask> took over as Assistant Chief of the Internal Affairs Bureau. In 2008, <mask> oversaw the issuance by police of the first handgun permits in the District of Columbia in 32 years, following the ruling by the United States Supreme Court in District of Columbia v. Heller, which struck down the District's ban on handgun ownership. The following year, in 2009, <mask> was given charge of the Investigative Services Bureau, overseeing all of the city's detectives as well as all cases. As Chief of Investigations to Chief Lanier, <mask> "was instrumental in helping Lanier reduce homicides". This oversight included a 2008 case where an 11-year-old girl reported being raped twice, but was then charged by the investigating officers with filing a false report after she confused which men raped her; <mask> inherited oversight of the case with his 2009 promotion, and his handling of the case was later criticized in the mid 2010s. In 2013, <mask> commanded the response to the Washington Navy Yard shooting.<ref name="Brasch">Ben Brasch", Police chief candidates state their cases", Fort Myers News-Press (June 17, 2016), p. A5.</ref> In 2016, <mask> oversaw the investigation of the murder of Seth Rich, noting that there was no information to support internet rumors that the death was connected to WikiLeaks involvement in the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak.Over the course of his career, <mask> was also the commanding officer supervising four presidential inaugurations and papal visits to the District by Pope Benedict XVI in 2008 and Pope Francis in 2015. <mask> was a finalist for the position of chief of police in both Fort Myers, Florida, and Phoenix, Arizona. Of the 65 applicants for the position in Phoenix, <mask> was one of the three finalists, the only one not previously associated with the Phoenix Police Department. <mask> was one of eight finalists for the position in Fort Myers. Appointment as Chief of Police
Following the departure of Cathy Lanier as Chief Of Police in September, 2016, <mask> was named Interim Police Chief by Mayor Muriel Bowser. As Interim Police Chief, one of the first matters to be addressed by <mask> was the investigation of Edgar Maddison Welch for firing shots from an AR-15-style rifle at the Comet Ping Pong pizzeria. Welch had been convinced by Pizzagate conspiracy theory proponents on the internet that the restaurant was part of a Democratic Party child sex ring.<mask> visited the restaurant in a show of support the following week, speaking out against the consequences of fake news. In January 2017, Newsham oversaw city-wide police preparations for the Inauguration of Donald Trump, with its anticipated high number of protests. In February 2017 <mask> was nominated as Chief of Police by Mayor Muriel Bowser. Protester disruptions caused the suspension of his first oversight hearing, and the ACLU recommended delaying the confirmation vote until an investigation was concluded. In defending her nomination of <mask> to be police chief, Mayor Bowser praised his "commitment to transparency" and "“availability to his officers and members of the public", and said she was impressed with the job her nominee did as interim chief, citing the police department's performance during the Presidential Inauguration of Donald Trump and the ensuing Women’s March on Washington on his watch. On the eve of a confirmation vote by the D.C. council, the Washington City Paper'' said of the nominee, "He's generally respected by the rank-and-file when it comes to policing, and he has managed to forge his own reputation as a leader despite years of being the main enforcer for former Chief Cathy Lanier, who was not particularly well liked by the rank-and-file", while noting allegations of domestic and alcohol abuse made in the 1990s, and "a professional history stained by a high-profile mass arrest gone bad". <mask> was approved by the Council in a 12-1 vote, with the sole dissenting vote coming from Councilmember David Grosso.Administration as Chief of Police
<mask> has identified his priorities as chief to address trust in the community and officer morale. Following a massive gunfight in Northeast Washington in January, 2019, in which more than 40 bullets were fired in front of a barbershop long suspected by police to be an "open-air drug market", activists and D.C. Council members criticized what they called illegal and aggressive searches by officers. In response, <mask> asserted that Council members had emboldened the drug dealers by suggesting that police had acted inappropriately. Community activists called the assertion shocking. In September 2019, data released by MPD pursuant to a court order found significant disparities among stops by officers. African Americans accounted for 70% of all police stops while D.C. is 47% African American. Newsham disputed whether the data, taken over a four week period, was representative.By October 2019, homicides had increased 11 percent from the same time in 2018, which rose 40 percent from the previous year. 2019 had the highest number of homicides in a decade and the trend continued into 2020. To fight the rise, <mask> authorized overtime pay for officer patrol. <mask> was inadvertently caught on camera saying that he thought homicides would continue unabated. In January 2020, <mask> announced that D.C. police will no longer handcuff children under 12, except as needed to protect the child or the public from danger. In a March 2020 D.C. Council meeting, <mask> confirmed that the MPD was conducting multiple internal investigations into crime underreporting, but assured the council that "when we report out on crime statistics, we do it as accurately as we can". As he had in his previous roles, <mask> also addressed gun violence as Chief of Police.In October 2019, he "expressed frustration that more isn’t being done to deal with repeat gun offenders". In February 2020, he noted that detectives were working with federal agencies to investigate the origins of untraceable homemade ghost guns. <mask> joined the mayor and other officials in saying that "action was necessary to stop the flow of ghost guns into the city". In March 2020, <mask> praised incoming U.S. Attorney Tim Shea for the latter's agreement to aggressively pursue gun violence and gun crimes by repeat violent offenders. Following George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C. in May and June 2020, <mask> objected to some reforms introduced by the D.C. Council, while supporting others. The Council sought to bring greater accountability, limit the use of force against unarmed civilians, and make it easier to fire officers, among other reforms. In particular, Newsham objected to provisions regarding the release of body-camera footage, which historically had generally not been released.<mask> said police officers "feel they have been abandoned", and that the Council's actions failed to reflect years of reforms within the department, while Councilmembers said he had missed the point of the protests, with members Robert White, Charles Allen, and Vincent C. Gray asserting that his comments were dangerous. In July 2020, in response to litigation filed in the aftermath of the use of force to clear protesters for the Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church, <mask> denied that officers in his department were involved in that action. In November 2020, it was announced that <mask> would be leaving the District to become Chief of Police for nearby Prince William County, Virginia. Personal life
<mask> lives in Southeast Washington. He has two children from a previous marriage. <mask> has lived in Washington for over 30 years and is a Boston Red Sox and New England Patriots fan; however, he has stated that the Washington Football Team is his favorite National Football Conference team. , <mask> is a member of the Maryland State Bar.References

Living people
Chiefs of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
American police officers
1960s births
People from Providence, Rhode Island
People from Weymouth, Massachusetts
Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts alumni
College of the Holy Cross alumni
University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law alumni

masks:
Peter Newsham
Newsham
Newsham
Newsham
Newsham
Newsham
Newsham
Newsham
Newsham
Newsham
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texts:
<mask> (born 1954) in the Bronx, New York - is an American artist and describes himself as of "African, Native American, European and Amerindian" descent. He received a BFA from Purchase College, State University of New York. <mask> challenges colonial assumptions on history, culture, and race – encouraging viewers to consider the social and historical narratives that represent the western canon. <mask> received a MacArthur Foundation "genius grant" in 1999 and the Larry Aldrich Foundation Award in 2003. <mask> represented the United States at the Biennial Cairo in 1992 and the Venice Biennale in 2003. In May 2008, it was announced that <mask> would become a Whitney Museum trustee replacing Chuck Close. Career
An alumnus of Music & Art High School in New York, <mask> received a BFA from SUNY Purchase in 1976, where he was the only black student in his program.While studying <mask> worked as a guard at the Neuberger Museum. Between 1978 and 1980, he worked as an artist in East Harlem as part of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act’s (CETA) employment of artists. He says that he no longer has a strong desire to make things with his hands. "I get everything that satisfies my soul," he says, "from bringing together objects that are in the world, manipulating them, working with spatial arrangements, and having things presented in the way I want to see them." An installation artist and political activist, <mask>'s subject is social justice and his medium is museology. In the 1970s, he worked as a free-lance museum educator for the American Museum of Natural History, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the American Craft Museum. Beginning in the late 1980s, <mask> used his insider skills to create "Rooms with a View", a series of "mock museums" that address how museums consciously or unwittingly reinforce racist beliefs and behaviors.This strategy, which <mask> refers to as "a trompe l'oeil of museum space," has increasingly become the focus of his life's work. From 1988 to 1992, <mask> served on the board of directors at Artists Space in TriBeCa, New York. He currently serves on the board of trustees of the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York. In 1987, as part of his outdoor "Platform" series, <mask> created No Noa Noa, Portrait of a History of Tahiti, designed to illustrate "how Western societies turn Third World peoples into exotic sideshow creatures to entertain and titillate but who are not to be taken seriously." In his 1992 seminal work co-organized with The Contemporary Museum, Mining the Museum, <mask> reshuffled the Maryland Historical Society's collection to highlight the history of Native and African Americans in Maryland. In 1994, <mask> continued in this vein with Insight: In Site: In Sight: Incite in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where, according to art historian Richard J. Powell, his "re-positioning of historical objects and manipulation of exhibition labels, lighting, and other display techniques helped reveal aspects of the site's tragic African-American past that (because of the conspiratorial forces of time, ignorance, and racism) had largely become invisible." In 2001, <mask> was the subject of a retrospective, <mask>: Objects and Installations, 1979–2000, organized by Maurice Berger for the Center for Art and Visual Culture at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.The show traveled to numerous venues, including the Santa Monica Museum of Art, Berkeley Museum of Art, Blaffer Gallery (University of Houston), Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery (Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY), The Addison Gallery of American Art in Andover, Massachusetts, Chicago Cultural Center, Studio Museum in Harlem. For the 2003 Venice Biennale, <mask> created a multi-media installation that borrowed its title from a line in Othello. His elaborate Venice work "Speak of Me as I Am" focused on representations of Africans in Venetian culture. In 2007 <mask> was invited to be a part of the Indianapolis, Indiana, Cultural trail. <mask> proposed to redo the sole African American depicted in the Soldiers and Sailors Monument in downtown Indianapolis. The African American represents a recently freed slave reaching up to lady liberty. <mask> planned on using a scan of the African American to make an entirely new work, which would give the African American a more proud and strong posture, holding a flag composed of all of the African countries' flags.The proposed work was entitled, E Pluribus Unum, and was met with much controversy, eventually leading to the project's rejection. In 2009, <mask> was awarded the Cheek Medal by William & Mary's Muscarelle Museum of Art. The Cheek Medal is a national arts award given by The College of William & Mary to those who have contributed significantly to the field of museum, performing or visual arts. 2011 saw the publication of <mask>: A Critical Reader by Ridinghouse, edited by Doro Globus. An anthology of critical texts about and interviews with the artist, this publication focuses on the artist's pivotal exhibitions and projects, and includes a wide range of significant texts that mark the critical reception of <mask>'s work over the last two decades. Major themes
<mask>'s unique artist approach is to examine, question, and deconstruct the traditional display of art and artifacts in museums. With the use of new wall labels, sounds, lighting, and non-traditional pairings of objects, he leads viewers to recognize that changes in context create changes in meaning.<mask>'s juxtaposition of evocative objects forces the viewer to question the biases and limitations of cultural institutions and how they have shaped the interpretation of historical truth, artistic value, and the language of display. According to <mask>, "Museums ignore and often deny the other meanings [of objects]. In my experience it is because if an alternate meaning is not the subject of the exhibition or the focus of the museum, it is considered unimportant by the museum." <mask> uses these objects to analyze the representation of race in museums and to examine the power and privileges of cultural institutions. For example, for his installation at the 2003 Venice Biennale he employed a tourist to pretend to be an African street vendor selling fake designer bags — in fact his own designs. He also incorporated "blackamoors", sculptures of black people in the role of servants, into the show. Such figures were often used as stands for lights.<mask> placed his wooden blackamoors carrying acetylene torches and fire extinguishers. He noted that such figures are so common in Venice that few people notice them, stating, "they are in hotels everywhere in Venice...which is great, because all of a sudden you see them everywhere. I wanted it to be visible, this whole world which sort of just blew up for me." Mining the Museum exhibition

Mining the Museum was an exhibition created by <mask> held from April 4, 1992, to February 28, 1993 at the Maryland Historical Society. Background

The title of the exhibition refers to how <mask> extracted and unearthed objects from the Maryland Historical Society collections to create this exhibition.The purpose of the exhibition was to address the biases museums have, often omitting or under-representing oppressed peoples and focusing on "prominent white men". <mask> took the existing museum's collection and reshuffled them to highlight the history of African-American and Native American Marylanders. This reassembly created a new viewpoint of colonization, slavery and abolition through the use of satire and irony.Artifacts

<mask> juxtaposed historically important artifacts with each other to address the injustices in history and the injustices of not being properly exhibited. The entrance of the exhibition displayed three busts of important individuals: Napoleon, Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay displayed on pedestals. To the left of these busts were empty black pedestals with the names of three important, overlooked African American Marylanders: <mask>, Benjamin Banneker, and Harriet Tubman. Arranged in the center of these pedestals is a silver-plated copper globe with the word “Truth” inscribed on it in a case. <mask> extracted paintings from the eighteenth century and nineteenth century featuring African Americans from the MHS collection. Within this collection <mask> renamed the paintings in order to shift the focus towards African Americans in them. One of the oil paintings titled “Country Life” was renamed “Frederick Serving Fruit” in order to emphasize and underline the young African American that was serving “well-dressed whites at a picnic”.Other paintings featuring slave children were paired with audiotape recordings that played on a loop in which visitors were able to hear these children in the paintings ask various poignant questions. <mask> used these paintings to force visitors to recognize how the depiction of African Americans and their invisibility in portrayals of American life is “paradoxical”. The installation titled "metalwork" arranged ornate silverware with slave shackles to address that the prosperity of one could not have been achieved without the other. Similarly, "Cabinet Making" addresses more subjugation by having antique chairs gathered around and facing an authentic whipping post, incorrectly reported by several publications to have been used on slaves. In fact, the post had been used to punish wife-beaters in the Baltimore City jail. However, these false assumptions helped bolster <mask>'s idea that the exhibit was "charged by what you bring to it." Pieces such as "Cabinet Making" encouraged visitors to interpret the works however they saw it, to think critically and acquire a new perspective.Other works included cigar-store Indians turned away from visitors, a KKK mask in a baby carriage, a hunting rifle with runaway slave posters and a black chandelier hung in the museum's neoclassical pavilion made for the exhibition. Impact

The exhibition was successful in that it made visitors more historically conscious of the racism that is an integral part of American history. ""Mining the Museum" worked because it was suggestive rather than didactic, provocative rather than moralizing"  More than 55,000 people viewed <mask>'s exhibit and helped him create other similar exhibitions around the United States. Critics would coin this new type of work as "museumist art". Speak of Me As I Am
At the 2003 Venice Biennale <mask> represented the United States. A series of works was a reworking of Shakespeare’s Othello that consisted of various objects such as mirrors and chandeliers that were used to comment on the text. These works have been extended on in the exhibition, <mask>: Sculptures, Paintings, and Installations, 2004–2014.These objects are made of black Murano glass, which indicates how <mask> into a world where race is not ignored and is instead is a crucial central focus. Afro Kismet
Afro Kismet, a mixed-media installation at the US Pavilion during the 50th Venice Biennial, focused on issues and representations of race in Venice, specifically the history of black people in Venice. The installation consisted of prints, paintings, and other artifacts from the Pera Museum collections and underlined the “discarded” or “hidden” history of African people in the Ottoman Empire. Selected exhibitions
 2003: American Representative, United States Pavilion, 50th Venice Biennale, Italy
 2001 <mask>, Objects and Installations 1979-2000, Center for Art, Design, and Visual Culture, UMBC, Baltimore, MD, Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, NY; Chicago Cultural Center, Chicago, IL; Tang Teaching Museum, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY
 1995: Collectibles, Metro Pictures Gallery, New York, NY
 1994: Insight: In Site: In Sight: Incite - Memory, Artist and the Community: <mask>, South Eastern Center for Contemporary Art, Winston-Salem, NC
 1993: The Spiral of Art History, Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, IN
 1992–3: Mining the Museum: An Installation by <mask>, The Contemporary & Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, MD
 1992: "Panta Rhei: A Gallery of Ancient Classical Art," Metro Pictures, New York, NY
 1991: Primitivism: High & Low, Metro Pictures, New York, NY

References

External links
The Pace Gallery
Biography, interviews, essays, artwork images and video clips from PBS series Art:21 -- Art in the 21st-century  - Season 3 (2005). <mask> at the Minneapolis Institute or Art, Minneapolis, MN

1954 births
Living people
American printmakers
African-American contemporary artists
American contemporary artists
Institutional Critique artists
MacArthur Fellows
State University of New York at Purchase alumni
People from the Bronx
Artists from the Bronx
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni
Trustees of museums
Decolonial artists
American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent
African-American printmakers
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Fred Wilson
Wilson
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Fred Wilson
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Fred Wilson
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Fred Wilson
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Frederick Douglass
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Fred Wilson
Fred Wilson
Wilsonllo
Fred Wilson
Fred Wilson
Fred Wilson
Fred Wilson