texts:
<mask> (born March 10, 1989) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician from Santa Ana, California. Reinert began her career as a recording artist in 2008 as a member of the country group Gloriana, contributing to gold and platinum singles and opening tours for Taylor Swift, Sheryl Crow, Rascal Flatts, Alan Jackson, Jason Aldean, Brooks & Dunn, and Zac Brown Band. In 2016, she left Gloriana and began a career as a solo artist. Reinert signed to Nashville-based independent label Green Iris Records and released her debut solo album Into the Blue in March, 2020. Early life
Reinert was born on March 10, 1989 in Sarasota, Florida. Her family moved to Marietta, Georgia, where she lived until age 6 when they relocated to Santa Ana, California. Reinert attended Orange County School of the Arts where she took lessons in singing, guitar, and piano and also participated in the musical theater program.Reinert began writing poetry at a young age and setting her words to music. At the age of 15, Reinert took her first trip to Nashville, Tennessee with a friend. Later that same year, she signed her first publishing deal and began traveling back and forth from Orange County to Nashville while finishing high school through independent study. Reinert moved to Nashville full time at the age of 17 after graduating from high school. Career

2007–2016: Gloriana

After moving to Nashville to pursue her career in country music full-time, Reinert began posting her songs on her Myspace page. In 2007, brothers Mike and Tom Gossin discovered Reinert's music online and reached out to ask her to get together to write. Reinert and the Gossin brothers began writing songs together regularly and performing around Nashville as a trio.After a performance at local Nashville venue 3rd and Lindsley, <mask>, Mike, and Tom were introduced to musician Cheyenne Kimball. Kimball joined the group and the four began writing and performing together. The band met producer and Emblem Records label head Matt Serletic and signed a joint deal with Emblem and Warner Bros. Records in July 2008. They began recording a record under the name Gloriana. Gloriana released their first single "Wild at Heart" in early 2009 and began touring, opening for artists including LeAnn Rimes, Brooks & Dunn, and joined Taylor Swift on her Fearless Tour from 2009 to 2010. "Wild at Heart" became the highest selling single for a new country artist or band in 2009. In August 2009, the band released their first album, the self-titled Gloriana, debuting at #2 on the Billboard Country Album Chart and #3 on Billboard’s Top 200.Reinert was a cowriter on the last track of the album, "Time To Let Me Go." Gloriana released two more singles from their debut album: "How Far Do You Wanna Go?" and "The World Is Ours Tonight." The success of the album lead to multiple awards and recognitions for Gloriana, including the 2009 American Music Awards Breakthrough Artist of the Year award and the 2010 Academy of Country Music award for Top New Vocal Group. Gloriana released "Wanna Take You Home," the first single off of their second album, in 2011. Cheyenne Kimball abruptly departed from Gloriana in July 2011, but <mask>, Mike, and Tom continued as a trio and kept working on their next album. "(Kissed You) Good Night" was released as the next single and the first without Kimball, in October 2011.This single was the most successful of the band's lifespan. "(Kissed You) Good Night" was recognized as country radio's most played single by a group for 2012 and earned RIAA Platinum certification in 2013. A Thousand Miles Left Behind, Gloriana's second studio album, was released on July 31, 2012. Reinert cowrote 3 tracks on the album: "Go On...Miss Me," "Doing It Our Way," and "Where My Heart Belongs." In September 2012, Gloriana released "Can't Shake You" as the last single from A Thousand Miles Left Behind. The band put out the song "Best Night Ever" in December 2013 as a standalone single. They released "Trouble" in October 2014 as the first and only single from their third album.Gloriana's third studio album, Three, was released on June 2, 2015 featuring 5 tracks cowritten by Reinert: "Trouble," "Wanna Get To Know You," "Let's Take a Shot," "Get Back That Goodbye," and "Lighters." On January 6, 2016, Reinert announced her decision to part ways with Gloriana. She shared the news with fans via Twitter and disclosed that she would be pursuing a career as a solo artist. 2016–Present: Solo Career
After 8 years with Gloriana, Reinert began writing towards her first solo project. Reinert's producer and cowriter Davis Naish (Eric Church, Katelyn Tarver) helped to sculpt her sound into what she describes as her own brand of "California country." Reinert independently released her first solo single "Cool," cowritten by Reinert, Davis Naish, and Melissa Fuller, on July 18, 2018. Reinert shared the official music video for "Cool" on August 7, 2018, directed by Elizabeth Olmsted."Cool" was followed up on October 26, 2019 by her second independently released single "Dark Star," cowritten by Reinert, K.S. Rhoads, and Joe Pisapia. The official music video for "Dark Star" was directed by Jeremiah Dunlap and premiered on December 1, 2018. The song "Cool" caught the attention of songwriter, producer, and head of A&R for Green Iris Records, Jon Randall. On February 20, 2019, it was announced that Reinert simultaneously signed a multi-album deal with Nashville-based independent record label Green Iris Records and a publishing agreement with Still Working Music. Both companies are under the umbrella of Roy Orbison's estate and run by president and Roy Orbison's youngest son, Alex Orbison. Reinert released "All We Have," her first single with Green Iris and third as a solo artist, on April 26, 2019."All We Have" was cowritten by Reinert, Davis Naish, and Melissa Fuller (the same team that wrote "Cool"). The music video for "All We Have" was directed by Josh Kranich and premiered with CMT on September 26, 2019. In late January 2020, <mask> announced that her debut solo album would be out in March 2020. Soon after, on February 14, 2020, Reinert released her next single, "Some Kind of Angel," written by Reinert, Davis Naish, and Autumn McEntire. Reinert also made the track "Secret," written by Reinert, Naish, and Fuller, available for listening one week prior to the album release. Into the Blue
On March 13, 2020, Reinert released her debut solo album Into the Blue. The album consists of 11 songs, all cowritten by Reinert and produced by Davis Naish.Some collaborators on the album include Tommy Lee James (cowriter), Rob McNelley (electric guitar), Rosi Golan (cowriter), Garrison Starr (cowriter), Ryan Hewitt (mixing), and more. Reinert's husband Caleb Crosby, drummer in the rock band Tyler Bryant & The Shakedown, played percussion on the majority of the tracks. Into the Blue was met with praise from many, including notable music journalist Bob Paxman, Billboard, American Songwriter, E! News, and more. Reinert premiered her official music video for the song "Here" off of Into the Blue on May 12, 2020. The video was directed by Josh Kranich and was shot in Nashville shortly before the city was shut down due to Coronavirus safety precautions. The "Here" video features a professional dancer throughout name Andrew Rincon.Andrew has been Reinert's best friend since they met in middle school while both attending OCSA. Personal life
In 2014, Reinert began dating Caleb Crosby after meeting when Crosby was hired to play drums for a limited run on tour with Gloriana. The couple became engaged on Valentine's Day of 2019 after over 4 years of dating. On August 31, 2019 in Bloomington Springs, Tennessee, <mask> and Caleb Crosby married in a bohemian-inspired ceremony. Reinert and Caleb's wedding was featured on the cover of the Spring 2020 issue of Southern Bride magazine. Discography

Studio albums

With Gloriana

 Gloriana (2009)
 A Thousand Miles Left Behind (2012)
 Three (2015)

Official Music Videos

References

1989 births
People from Sarasota, Florida
People from Santa Ana, California
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
American country singer-songwriters
American women country singers
Musicians from Marietta, Georgia
Living people
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
21st-century American women
Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singer-songwriters from California

masks:
Rachel Reinert
Reinert
Reinert
Rachel
Rachel Reinert


type: original

texts:
<mask> is an American singer-songwriter and folk musician from San Diego County, California. <mask>'s second volume to celebrate the songs of Woody Guthrie, was released on Appleseed in 2005. The first volume, Woodeye, was released on Inside Recordings in 2003. <mask> and his acoustic band have been performing and touring nationally since 1993. In 2000, the <mask> Band, comprising <mask>, (lead vocals and guitar), his daughter Jamaica (violin, viola and vocals), Carl Johnson (acoustic lead guitar) and Jeff Berkley (ethno-percussion), released their third album, Hopper on Inside Recordings, an independent label created by Jackson Browne and his management. The album was nominated in 2001 for an Association For Independent Music (AFIM) Best Contemporary Folk award. Early life
<mask> was born in 1949 in Chicago and raised in the San Gabriel Valley suburbs of Los Angeles.His music education began with grade school music lessons beginning with accordion lessons at age eight closely followed by the snare drum. <mask> played in the school band through junior high school. It was not until high school that he picked up the guitar. During high school he also began writing songs, including the theme song for a play produced by his school's drama department. Career
Although he was exposed to and loved music from the time he was a child, it was the folk music of the early 1960s that began to stir his interest in writing as he studied the writing and performing styles of Woody Guthrie, The Limelighters, Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Ian and Sylvia, Ramblin' Jack Elliott and dozens of others. Although <mask> moved to the Northwest in the late 60s, he and his wife eventually returned to California settling in the rural foothills of North San Diego County. There, while raising a family, <mask> continued to chronicle his life and times in song.During the 1970s, 80s and early 90s, <mask> performed around southern California in various groups including as a duo with Rosie Flores. As a solo performer and with his band, he opened shows throughout the southwestern United States for artists including Crosby, Stills and Nash, Sheryl Crow, Laura Nyro, Taj Mahal, Iris DeMent, Emmylou Harris and the legendary John Lee Hooker. In the early 1990s, when the AAA radio format came into being, KKOS in Carlsbad, California was one of the first radio stations to adopt the diverse format. <mask> found himself on the air along with artists from a variety of genres. "Because the format allowed something new, when I put my album out, it got added to the regular rotation" at KKOS, he said. KKOS was a commercial station paying royalties for the songs it aired and filing logs of its playlists with national reporting agencies – providing <mask> with his first national exposure. In 1994, the <mask> Band released their first CD on <mask>'s own Reluctant Angel Records.The album won the San Diego CCMA award that year. In 1995, <mask> was recognized with the Kerrville Folk Festival's New Folk Emerging songwriter award. In 1996, the band released a second CD, Old Wood Barn, which was an Americana Hot Pick in GAVIN. Their third release Hopper was released in 2000 and produced by <mask> with the help of Dan Rothchild (Better than Ezra, The Lost Butterfield Tapes), who also played bass. Paul Dieter engineered and mixed the recording. In 2003 <mask> was invited to perform in the Ribbon of Highway, Endless Skyway tribute show to honor Woody Guthrie. The ensemble show, which was the brainchild of Texas singer-songwriter Jimmy Lafave, toured around the country and included a rotating cast of singer-songwriters individually performing Guthrie's songs.Interspersed between songs were Guthrie's philosophical writings read by a narrator. In addition to LaFave members of the rotating cast included Ellis Paul, Slaid Cleaves, Eliza Gilkyson, husband-wife duo Sarah Lee Guthrie (Woody Guthrie's granddaughter) and Johnny Irion, Michael Fracasso, and The Burns Sisters. Oklahoma songwriter Bob Childers, sometimes called "the Dylan of the Dust," served as narrator. Also in 2003 <mask>'s first collection of Woody Guthrie songs, Woodeye: Songs of Woody Guthrie, was released. The album included 14 songs, 12 which were penned by Guthrie, one by <mask>, and one unpublished lyric, "Dance A Little Longer", is a co-write with words by Guthrie and music by <mask>. The album also includes guest appearances by Jennifer Warnes, Ellis Paul, Van Dyke Parks, and Matt Cartsonis. "I really wanted to make a recording that would be a Woody Guthrie experience for a new audience: a collection of songs, both familiar and rare, that would bring Woody's material within reach of the ears of today's listeners," explains <mask>.In her review of Woodeye for the North County Times, Kathy Klassen said, "Truly, this entire CD is memorable, and not just because of the songs of Woody Guthrie. <mask>, his band and collaborators offer a cohesive and interesting musical presentation that is only occasionally a tad overproduced. For the most part this album is a gift." Two years later in 2005, <mask> released Woodyboye: Songs Of Woody Guthrie And Tales Worth Telling, Vol. 2, an album that includes four previously unpublished Guthrie lyrics. Special guests Jackson Browne, Van Dyke Parks, Jimmy LaFave and Jennifer Warnes cameo with <mask> and his core band that includes daughter Jamaica on violin and vocals, Carl Johnson on acoustic lead, Will Landin on bass, and Mauricio Lewak on drums. "Together they authentically and emphatically bring Guthrie – the man and his music – into the new century as vibrantly as the first day Woody hit the dusty roads."In July 2007, <mask> was one of seven performers honored at the Woody Guthrie Folk Festival. Festival organizers honored those artists who had performed at all ten festivals since the first in 1998. The honorees performed at a benefit show titled "In the Spirit of Woody Guthrie". In addition to <mask>, honorees were Jimmy LaFave, Don Conoscenti, Ellis Paul, Bob Childers, Terry "Buffalo" Ware and the Red Dirt Rangers. In April 2008, <mask> released Thirteen Stories High, the first album of original material since Hopper was released in 2000. Thirteen Stories High opens with a simply-worded protest song "This Is My Country," featuring backing vocals by David Crosby and Graham Nash. Nash said "I wish I had written this song.So powerful and profound – a call from his heart to ours." Discography
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Record Label
|-
|2015
|Baladista
|Inside
|-
|2012
|America Come Home
|Inside
|-
|2008
|Thirteen Stories High
|Inside
|-
|2005
|Woodyboye: Songs Of Woody Guthrie And Tales Worth Telling, Vol. 2
|Appleseed
|-
|2003
|Woodeye: Songs of Woody Guthrie
|Inside
|-
|2000
|Hopper
|Inside
|-
|1996
|Old Wood Barn
|Reluctant Angel
|-
|1994
|<mask> Band
|Reluctant Angel
|}

References

External links

American folk singers
American singer-songwriters
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Inside Recordings artists

masks:
Joel Rafael
Rafael
Joel
Joel Rafael
Joel Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Joel Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Joel Rafael


texts:
Marie-Esprit-<mask> (; 16 December 1834 – 5 January 1910) was a French mathematical economist and Georgist. He formulated the marginal theory of value (independently of William Stanley Jevons and Carl Menger) and pioneered the development of general equilibrium theory. <mask> is best known for his book Éléments d'économie politique pure, a work that has contributed greatly to the mathematization of economics through the concept of general equilibrium. The definition of the role of the entrepreneur found in it was also taken up and amplified by Joseph Schumpeter. For <mask>, exchanges only take place after a Walrasian tâtonnement (French for "trial and error"), guided by the auctioneer, has made it possible to reach market equilibrium. It was the general equilibrium obtained from a single hypothesis, rarity, that led Joseph Schumpeter to consider him "the greatest of all economists". The notion of general equilibrium was very quickly adopted by major economists such as Vilfredo Pareto, Knut Wicksell or Gustav Cassel.John Hicks and Paul Samuelson used the Walrasian contribution in the elaboration of the neoclassical synthesis. For their part, Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu, from the perspective of a logician and a mathematician, determined the conditions necessary for equilibrium. Biography
<mask> was the son of a French school administrator <mask>. His father was not a professional economist, yet his economic thinking had a profound effect on his son. He found the value of goods by setting their scarcity relative to human wants. <mask> enrolled in the École des Mines de Paris, but grew tired of engineering. He worked as a bank manager, journalist, romantic novelist and railway clerk before turning to economics.<mask> received an appointment as the professor of political economy at the University of Lausanne. <mask> also inherited his father's interest in social reform. Much like the Fabians, Walras called for the nationalization of land, believing that land's productivity would always increase and that rents from that land would be sufficient to support the nation without taxes. He also asserts that all other taxes (i.e. on goods, labor, capital) eventually realize effects exactly identical to a consumption tax, so they can hurt the economy (unlike a land tax). Another of <mask>'s influences was Augustin Cournot, a former schoolmate of his father. Through Cournot, Walras came under the influence of French rationalism and was introduced to the use of mathematics in economics.As Professor of Political Economy at the University of Lausanne, <mask> is credited with founding the Lausanne school of economics, along with his successor Vilfredo Pareto. Because most of <mask>'s publications were only available in French, many economists were unfamiliar with his work. This changed in 1954 with the publication of William Jaffé's English translation of <mask>'s Éléments d'économie politique pure. <mask>'s work was also too mathematically complex for many contemporary readers of his time. On the other hand, it has a great insight into the market process under idealized conditions so it has been far more read in the modern era. Although <mask> came to be regarded as one of the three leaders of the marginalist revolution,
he was not familiar with the two other leading figures of marginalism, William Stanley Jevons and Carl Menger, and developed his theories independently. Elements has <mask> disagreeing with Jevons on the applicability, while the findings adopted by Carl Menger, he says, are completely in alignment with the ideas present in the book (even though expressed non-mathematically).Life and career

General equilibrium theory

In 1874 and 1877 <mask> published Éléments d'économie politique pure (1899, 4th ed. ; 1926, éd. définitive), in English, Elements of Pure Economics (1954), trans. William Jaffé. That work that led him to be considered the father of the general equilibrium theory. The problem that <mask> set out to solve was one presented by A. A. Cournot, that even though it could be demonstrated that prices would equate supply and demand to clear individual markets, it was unclear that an equilibrium existed for all markets simultaneously.<mask>'s law implies that the sum of the values of excess demands across all markets must equal zero, whether or not the economy is in a general equilibrium. This implies that if positive excess demand exists in one market, negative excess demand must exist in some other market. Thus, if all markets but one are in equilibrium, then that last market must also be in equilibrium. While teaching at the Lausanne Academy, <mask> began constructing a mathematical model that assumes a "regime of perfectly free competition", in which productive factors, products, and prices automatically adjust in equilibrium. <mask> began with the theory of exchange in 1873 and then he proceeded to map out his theories of production, capitalization and money in his first edition. His theory of exchange began with an expansion of Cournot's demand curve to include more than two commodities, also realizing the value of the quantity sold must equal the quantity purchased thus the ratio of prices must be equal to the inverse ratio of quantities. <mask> then drew a supply curve from the demand curve and set equilibrium prices at the intersection.His model could now determine prices of commodities but only the relative price. In order to deduce the absolute price, <mask> could choose one price to serve as a unit of account, coined by <mask> as the numeraire and state all other prices in units of this commodity. The term numeraire, meaning unit of account, has become part of the international vocabulary of economics and for many economists, the only French word they know. Using this numeraire he determined that marginal utility, or rarete, divided by the price must be equal for all commodities. <mask> felt that because the value of what an individual consumer consumes is equal to the value of that individual's stock of goods, that the aggregate, the value of total sales must equal the value of total purchase, must hold true. This became known as <mask>' Law which held that equilibrium equations can be derived from the others until only m-1 equations in the m-1 relative prices remain. <mask> then expanded the theory to include production with the assumption of an existence of fixed coefficients in said production making possible a generalization that the marginal productivity of the factors of production varied with the amount of input, making factor substitution possible.<mask> constructed his basic theory of general equilibrium by beginning with simple equations and then increasing the complexity in the next equations. He began with a two-person bartering system, then moved on to the derivation of downward-sloping consumer demands. Next he moved on to exchanges involving multiple parties, and finally ended with credit and money. <mask> wrote down four sets of equations—one representing the quantity of goods demanded, one relating the prices of goods to their costs of production, one for the quantities of inputs supplied, and one showing the quantities of inputs demanded. There are four sets of variables to solve for, namely, the price of each good, the quantity of each good sold, the price of each factor of production, and the quantity of each of those factor bought by businesses. To simplify matters, <mask> added one further equation to his model, requiring that all the money received must be spent, one way or the other. But there are now more equations than unknowns.From the theory of equations, one learns that a necessary but insufficient condition for the existence of a unique solution to a system of equations is that the number of equations must equal the number of variables. Walras tackled this problem by selecting an arbitrary good, G1, whose price is designated as the standard against which the prices of the other goods shall be compared. The system of equations can now be solved for the prices of all goods in terms of G1, though not for the absolute price levels. The crucial step in the argument was <mask>'s law which states that any particular market must be in equilibrium, if all other markets in an economy are also in equilibrium. <mask>'s law hinges on the mathematical notion that excess market demands (or, inversely, excess market supplies) must sum to zero. This means that, in an economy with n markets, it is sufficient to solve n-1 simultaneous equations for market clearing. Taking one good as the numéraire in terms of which prices are specified, the economy has n-1 prices that can be determined by the equation, so an equilibrium should exist.Although <mask> set out the framework for thinking about the existence of equilibrium clearly and precisely his attempt to demonstrate existence by counting the number of equations and variables was severely flawed: it is easy to see that not all pairs of equations in two variables have solutions. A more rigorous version of the argument was developed independently by Lionel McKenzie and the pair Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu in the 1950s. A significant part of the general equilibrium theory as introduced by <mask> has become known as the Walrasian auction which is a type of simultaneous auction where each agent calculates its demand for the good at every possible price and submits this to an auctioneer. The price is then set so that the total demand across all agents equals the total amount of the good. Thus, a Walrasian auction perfectly matches the supply and the demand. Walras suggests that equilibrium will be achieved through a process of tâtonnement (French for "trial and error"), a form of incremental hill climbing. Economic value definition of utility

<mask> provides a definition of economic utility based on economic value as opposed to an ethical theory of value:

I state that things are useful as soon as they may serve whatever usage, as soon as they match whatever need and allow its fulfillment.Thus, there is here no point to deal with 'nuances' by way of which one classes, in the language of everyday conversation, utility beside what is pleasant and between the necessary and the superfluous. Necessary, useful, pleasant and superfluous, all of this is, for us, more or less useful. There is here as well no need to take into account the morality or immorality of the need that the useful things matches and permits to fulfill. Whether a substance is searched for by a doctor to heal an ill person, or by a assassin to poison his family, this is an important question from other points of view, albeit totally indifferent from ours. The substance is useful, for us, in both cases, and may well be more useful in the second case than in the first one. In economic theories of value, the term "value" is unrelated to any notions of value used in ethics, they are homonyms. Legacy
In 1941 George Stigler wrote about <mask>:  What caused the re-appraisal of <mask>'s consideration in the US, was the influx of German-speaking scientists – the German version of the Éléments was published in 1881.According to Schumpeter:

Major works

Éléments d'Économie Politique Pure

The Éléments of 1874/1877 are the work by which <mask> is best known. The full title is
 Éléments d'Économie Politique Pure, ou Théorie de la richesse sociale. The half title page uses only the title ('Éléments d'Économie Politique Pure') whereas inside the body (e.g. p. 1 and the contents page) the subtitle ('Théorie de la richesse sociale') is used as if it were the title. Plan of work
The work was issued in two instalments (fascicules) in separate years. It was intended as the first of three parts of a systematic treatise as follows:
 1re partie:– Éléments d'Économie Politique Pure, ou Théorie de la richesse sociale. Section I. Objet et divisions de l'économie politique et sociale.Section II. Théorie mathématique de l'échange. Section III. Du numéraire et de la monnaie. Section IV. Théorie naturelle de la production et de la conommation de la richesse. Section V. Conditions et conséquences du progrès économique.Section VI. Effets naturels et nécessaires des divers modes d'organisation économique de la société. 2e partie:– Éléments d'Économie Politique Appliquée, ou Théorie de la production agricole, industrielle et commerciale de la richesse. 3e partie:– Éléments d'Économie Sociale, ou Théorie de la répartition de la richesse par la propriété et l'impôt. Works with titles echoing those proposed for Parts II and III were published in 1898 and 1896. They are included in the list of other works below. Editions
 First (1874/1877).Most readily available. Described by Walker and van Daal as a 'brilliant expression of pure originality, containing many theoretical innovations' which 'needed alteration and development in a variety of important respects'. Second (1889). Revised, corrected and enlarged. Third (1896). A minor revision with new appendices. This is considered the best edition by Walker and van Daal.Fourth (1900). Revised and extended. According to Walker and van Daal, 'these changes resulted in an incomplete, internally contradictory, and occasionally incoherent text'. Fifth (1926). Posthumous; published by his daughter Aline. 'Édition définitive, revue et augmentée'. Follows the fourth.Derived work
The 'Théorie Mathématique de la Richesse Sociale' included in the list of other works (below) is described by the National Library of Australia as 'a series of lectures and articles that together summarize the mathematical elements of the author's Élements '. English Translations
 William Jaffé (1954) of the fifth edition as Elements of Pure Economics. Donald A. Walker and Jan van Daal (2014) of the third edition as Elements of Theoretical Economics. Walker and van Daal describe Jaffé's translation of the word crieur as 'a momentous error that has misled generations of readers'. Online and facsimile editions
 Online:
 Facsimile: cheap photographic reprints are produced by . Both of these are made from the first edition and are defective in respect of illustrations. The original figures were included as folding plates (presumably at the end of each fascicule).The online edition contains only Figs. 3, 4, 10, and 12 whereas the facsimile contains only Figs. 5 and 6. Other works
 Francis Saveur, 1858. "De la propriété intellectuelle", 1859, Journal des économistes. "Paradoxes économiques I", 1860, Journal des économistes. "Théorie critique de l'impôt", 1861.De l'impôt dans le Canton de Vaud, 1861. "La bourse et le crédit", 1867, Paris Guide. "Correspondance entre M. Jevons, professeur a Manchester, et M. <mask>, professeur a Lausanne", 1874, Journal des économistes. "Un nuovo ramo della matematica. Dell' applicazione delle matematiche all' economia politica", 1876, Giornale degli economisti. Théorie mathématique de la richesse sociale, 1883. "Notice autobiographique de <mask>", 1893.Études d'économie sociale; Théorie de la répartition de la richesse sociale, 1896. Études d'économie politique appliquée; Théorie de la production de la richesse sociale, 1898. "Théorie du crédit", 1898, Revue d'économie politique. "Sur les équations de la circulation", 1899, Giornale degli economisti
 "Cournot et l'Économique Mathématique", 1905, Gazette de Lausanne. "La Paix par la Justice Sociale et le Libre Échange", 1907, Questions Pratiques de Legislation Ouvrière. L'état et le chemin de fer (1875). "<mask>, Autobiografia", 1908, Giornale degli Economisti."Un initiateur en économie politique, A.A. <mask>", 1908, La Revue du Mois. "Économique et méchanique", 1909, Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise de Sciences Naturelles
 Correspondence of <mask> and related papers (ed. by William Jaffé, 3 vols. ), 1965. See also
 <mask>'s law
 Walrasian auction
 General equilibrium
 Cost the limit of price
 Progressive theory of capital

Note

References

Further reading
 Jaffé, William, and Donald A. Walker (ed.) (1983). Essays on Walras.Cambridge University Press. Morishima, Michio (1977). <mask>' economics : a pure theory of capital and money. Cambridge University Press. Medema S.G. & Samuels W.J. (2003). "The history of economic thought: a reader" Routledge, London and New York.External links

 Biography and major works

Mines ParisTech alumni
1834 births
1910 deaths
People from Évreux
General equilibrium theorists
French economists
19th-century economists
20th-century economists
University of Lausanne faculty
Georgist economists
Neoclassical economics
Neoclassical economists

masks:
Léon Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Auguste Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Léon Walras
Walras
Walras
Léon Walras
Walras
Léon Walras
Leone Walras
Walras
Léon Walras
Walras
Walras


texts:
<mask> (born 25 February 1967) is an English criminal and former derivatives trader whose fraudulent, unauthorized and speculative trades resulted in the 1995 collapse of Barings Bank, the United Kingdom's oldest merchant bank, for which he served time in prison. Between 2005 and 2011, Leeson had senior management roles at League of Ireland club Galway United. After it suffered financial difficulties, he resigned from his position as chief executive officer. He is also active on the keynote and after-dinner speaking circuit, where he advises companies about risk and corporate responsibility. Early life
<mask> was born in Watford, Hertfordshire, and attended Parmiter's School in nearby Garston. Born to working-class parents on a council estate, his father was a self-employed plasterer, his mother a nurse. After finishing sixth form in 1985 with six O Levels and two A level passes in English Literature and History with C and D grades respectively, failing his third subject, Mathematics, he was hired as a clerk with the Lombard Street branch of the Coutts private bank, where he settled paper cheques, crediting and debiting client accounts.In 1987, <mask> moved to Morgan Stanley's Futures and Options back office, clearing and settling listed derivatives transactions. With few prospects for a front office role, he joined Barings Bank two years later, at £12,000 a year. With four other settlement specialists, he was briefly seconded to Hong Kong to troubleshoot Barings' back office in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta. He returned to London in September 1991 to investigate a case of fraud in which a Barings employee had used a client's account to trade on a proprietary basis until margin calls from the clearinghouses unraveled the scheme. Career
In April 1992, Barings decided to open a Future and Options office in Singapore, executing and clearing transactions on the Singapore International Monetary Exchange (SIMEX). Barings had held a seat on SIMEX for some time, but did not activate it until <mask>, appointed general manager, was sent over to head both front office and back office operations. Prior to leaving, <mask> was denied a broker's licence in the UK because of committing fraud on his application.He had failed to report a judgment against him entered by the National Westminster Bank. Neither <mask> nor Barings disclosed this denial when he applied for his licence in Singapore. From 1992, <mask> made unauthorised speculative trades that at first made large profits for Barings: £10 million, which accounted for 10% of Barings' annual profit. He earned a bonus of £130,000 on his salary of £50,000 for that year. <mask>'s luck soon went sour and he used one of Barings' error accounts (accounts used to correct mistakes made in trading) to hide his losses. He says that this account was first used to hide an error made by one of his subordinates; she had been assigned to buy twenty futures contracts for Fuji Bank, but had sold them instead, costing Barings £20,000. However, <mask> used this error account to cover further bad trades by himself and others.For example, he used it to cover a number of mistakes made by one of his traders who frequently came to work after long nights of partying. <mask> believes that he first crossed into out-and-out criminal conduct when he forgot to reconcile a discrepancy of 500 contracts, costing Barings US$1.7 million. He concluded that the only way to hide such a massive error and keep his job was to hide it in the error account. Leeson insists that he never used the account for his own gain. In 1996 investigators had located approximately $35 million in various bank accounts tied to him. Downfall and imprisonment
By the end of 1992, the error account's losses exceeded £2 million, increasing to £23 million in late 1993. This amount ballooned to £208 million by the end of 1994.<mask> had followed a "doubling" strategy: every time he lost money, he would bet double the amount that was lost in order to recoup the amount. This had been successful for him in the past, including once in 1993 where he was able to cover a £6 million negative balance in the error account and after which he vowed not to use the account again. However, <mask> had to maintain his reputation as a trading genius and soon found himself hiding his losses there again. As the losses grew higher and higher, Leeson fabricated cover stories to explain why he needed more cash from London; his sterling reputation protected him from close scrutiny. The beginning of the end occurred on 16 January 1995, when Leeson placed a short straddle in the Singapore and Tokyo stock exchanges, essentially betting that the Japanese stock market would not move significantly overnight. However, the Kobe earthquake hit early in the morning on 17 January, sending Asian markets, and Leeson's trading positions, into a tailspin. Leeson attempted to recoup his losses by making a series of increasingly risky new trades (using a long-long future arbitrage), this time betting that the Nikkei Stock Average would make a rapid recovery.However, the recovery failed to materialise. <mask> left a note reading, "I'm sorry" and fled Singapore on 23 February. Losses eventually reached £827 million (US$1.4 billion), twice Barings' available trading capital. After a failed bailout attempt, Barings, which had been the UK's oldest merchant bank, was declared insolvent on 26 February. After fleeing to Malaysia, Thailand and finally Germany, <mask> was arrested in Frankfurt and extradited back to Singapore on 20 November 1995. <mask> pleaded guilty to two counts of "deceiving the bank's auditors and of cheating the Singapore exchange", including forging documents. District judge Richard Magnus, who convicted <mask>, decided to sentence Leeson to six and a half years in Changi Prison in Singapore.<mask> was released in July 1999 after serving at least two-thirds of his sentence (4 years and 4 months) for good behaviour, and having been diagnosed with colon cancer, which he survived despite grim forecasts at the time. In 1996, <mask> published an autobiography, Rogue Trader, detailing his acts. A review in the financial columns of The New York Times stated, "This is a dreary book, written by a young man very taken with himself, but it ought to be read by banking managers and auditors everywhere." In 1999, the book was made into a film of the same name starring Ewan McGregor and Anna Friel. The events also form the subject matter of a 1996 television documentary made by Adam Curtis, titled Inside Story Special: £830,000,000 – <mask> and the Fall of the House of Barings. Later career
In 2003, as a mature student, <mask> completed a BSc in Psychology at Middlesex University, and then married Leona Tormay, an Irish beautician. He is a guest on the after-dinner and keynote speaking circuits.He still deals in the stock markets, but only with his own money. Galway United F.C. Leeson was appointed commercial manager of Galway United F.C. in April 2005, rising to the position of general manager in November 2005. By July 2007 he had become the club's chief executive officer. In February 2011, after the club encountered financial problems, he resigned his position. Media appearances
In June 2005, Leeson released a new book, Back from the Brink: Coping with Stress.It picks up his story where Rogue Trader left off, including in-depth conversations with psychologist Ivan Tyrrell. In 2013 he appeared in Celebrity Apprentice Ireland on TV3. In July 2015, Singapore's national daily newspaper The Straits Times published an e-book titled Guilty As Charged: 25 Crimes That Have Shaken Singapore Since 1965, which included the <mask> case as one of the top 25 crimes that shocked the nation since its independence in 1965. The book was borne out of collaboration between the Singapore Police Force and the newspaper itself. The paperback edition of the book was published and first appeared on the bookshelves in late June 2017. The paperback edition first entered the ST bestseller list on 8 August 2017, a month after its publication. On 5 April 2007, The Guardian reported that KPMG, the liquidators of Barings, had sold a trading jacket thought to have been worn by Leeson while trading on SIMEX in Singapore.The jacket was offered for sale on eBay but it failed to reach its reserve price despite a highest bid of £16,100. It was subsequently sold for £21,000. In October 2007 a similar jacket used by <mask>'s team but not thought to have been worn by <mask> himself sold at auction for £4,000. Works

See also
 Chia Teck Leng
 Clarence Hatry
 Speculation in financial markets
 List of trading losses
 Jérôme Kerviel
 Kweku Adoboli
 Toshihide Iguchi
 Galway United
 CITIC Group
 White collar crime

References

External links

1967 births
1992 crimes in Singapore
Living people
20th-century English criminals
Alumni of Middlesex University
British people imprisoned abroad
English bankers
English businesspeople
English fraudsters
Fugitive financiers
People from County Galway
People from Watford
Prisoners and detainees of Singapore
Rogue traders
People educated at Parmiter's School, Garston
Galway United F.C. Irish expatriates in England
Fugitives wanted by Singapore

masks:
Nicholas William Leeson
Nick Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Nick Leeson
Leeson
Nick Leeson
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Ala-ud-<mask> (;  1494–1519) was an independent late medieval Sultan of Bengal, who founded the <mask>i dynasty. He became the ruler of Bengal after assassinating the Abyssinian Sultan, Shams-ud-<mask>, whom he had served under as wazir. After his death in 1519, his son <mask> succeeded him. The reigns of <mask> and <mask> are generally regarded as the "golden age" of the Bengal sultanate. Early life and accession
<mask>'s original name is Sayyeed Husain. According to a 1788 chronicle, Riyaz-us-Salatin, Husain was the son of Sayyeed <mask>kki, a Sharif of Mecca and an inhabitant of Tirmiz (in Turkestan). Besides both historians Salim (writer of Riyaz-us-Salatin) and Firishtah (from late 16th century) mentioned him as Sayyed - this indicates Husain's Arab descent.Besides, the term <mask> <mask> bin Sayyeed Ashraf-<mask> (<mask> <mask>, son of Sayyed Ashraf-<mask>) frequently appeared on his coins. But it is not yet known how he came to Bengal and occupied the post of Vizier of Sultan Shamsuddin Muzaffar <mask>. Most likely he first settled in Chandpara, a village in Murshidabad district. Because a number of inscriptions of <mask> <mask>'s early years found in the villages around Chandpara and also a mosque called Kherur Mosque is constructed by Sultan Husain in the locality in 1494. A lake, Sheker Dighi, is also associated with <mask> <mask>. Initially, he secretly sympathized with the rebels but ultimately he put himself openly as their head and besieged the citadel, where Muzaffar <mask> shut himself with a few thousand soldiers. According to the 16th-century historian Nizamuddin, the Sultan was secretly assassinated by Husain with the help of the paiks (palace-guards), which ended the Abyssinian rule in Bengal.Reign
<mask> <mask>'s long reign of more than a quarter of a century was a period of peace and prosperity, which was strikingly contrast to the period that preceded it. The liberal attitude of <mask> <mask> towards his Hindu subjects is also an important feature of his reign. Initial administrative actions
Immediately after accession to the throne, <mask> <mask> ordered his soldiers to refrain from plundering Gaur, his capital city. But being annoyed with their continuous plundering, he executed twelve thousand soldiers and recovered the looted articles, which included 13,000 gold plates. Subsequently, he disbanded the paiks (the palace guards) who were the most significant agitators inside the palace. He removed all Habshis from administrative posts and replaced them with Turks, Arabs, Afghans and the local people. Engagement with the Delhi Sultanate
Sultan <mask> Sharqi, after being defeated by Bahlol Lodi, retired to Bihar, where his occupation was confined to a small territory.In 1494, he was again defeated by Sultan Sikandar Lodi and fled to Bengal, where he was granted asylum by Sultan Ala-ud-<mask> <mask>. This resulted in an expedition against Bengal in 1495 by Sultan Sikandar Lodi. <mask> <mask> of Bengal sent an army under his son Sayyid Danyal to fight with the Delhi army. The armies of Delhi and Bengal met at Barh near Patna. Sikandar Lodi halted the advance of his army and concluded a treaty of friendship with Ala-ud-<mask> <mask>. According to this agreement, the country west of Barh went to Sikandar Lodi while the country east of Barh remained under <mask> <mask> of Bengal. The final dissolution of the Jaunpur Sultanate resulted in the influx of the Jaunpur soldiery in the Bengal army, which was further strengthened by it.Kamata-Kamrup expedition
From 1499 to 1502, <mask> <mask>'s general <mask> Ghazi led an expedition to the Kamata kingdom and annexed the territory up to Hajo. They took Nilambara, King of Kamata, as prisoner and pillaged the capital city. This was publicly recorded in an inscription at Malda. Odisha campaigns
According to the Madala Panji, <mask> Ghazi commenced his campaign from the Mandaran fort (in the present-day Hooghly district) in 1508-9 and reached Puri, raiding Jajpur and Katak on the way. The Gajapati ruler of Orissa, Prataparudra was busy in a campaign in the south. On hearing this news, he returned and defeated the invading Bengal army and chased it into the borders of Bengal. He reached the Mandaran fort and besieged it, but failed to take it.Intermittent hostilities between the Bengal and Orissa armies along the border continued throughout the reign of <mask> <mask>. Capture of Pratapgarh
When Gouhar Khan, the Bengali governor of Sylhet (in present-day Bangladesh) died, the district was seized by ruler of the neighbouring kingdom of Pratapgarh, Sultan Bazid. One of <mask> <mask>'s nobles, a Hindu convert named Surwar Khan was sent to confront Bazid and when attempts at negotiations failed, fought against the Sultan and his allies. Bazid was defeated and captured and was forced to give heavy concessions in order to keep his kingdom, though under the suzerainty of Bengal. In reward for his actions, Surwar Khan was named the new governor of Sylhet and the defeated Sultan's daughter was given in marriage to his son, Mir Khan. Expeditions to Tripura and Arakan
According to Rajmala, a late royal chronicle of Tripura, <mask> <mask> despatched his army four times to Tripura, but the Tripura army offered stiff resistance and did not yield any territory. But the Sonargaon inscription of Khawas Khan (1513) is interpreted by a number of modern scholars as an evidence of annexure of at least a part of Tripura by <mask> <mask>'s army.During <mask> <mask>'s expeditions to Tripura, the ruler of Arakan helped Dhanya Manikya, the ruler of Tripura. He also occupied Chittagong and expelled <mask> <mask>'s officers from there. In 1513, <mask> <mask> assigned the charge of Arakan expedition to Paragal Khan. Paragal Khan advanced from his base on the Feni River. After Paragal's death, his son Chhuti Khan took over the charge of the campaign until Chittagong was wrested from Arakanese control. The expedition of territory to the western bank of Kaladan river was placed under his governorship administration. The hostilities probably ended in 1516.The Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama, arrived India by sea in 1498. Consequently, a Portuguese mission came to Bengal to establish diplomatic relations towards the end of <mask> <mask>'s reign. Cultural contribution

The reign of <mask> <mask> witnessed a remarkable development of Bengali literature. Under the patronage of Paragal Khan, <mask> <mask>'s governor of Chittagong, Kabindra Parameshvar wrote his Pandabbijay, a Bengali adaptation of the Mahabharata. Similarly, under the patronage of Paragal's son Chhuti Khan, who succeeded his father as governor of Chittagong, Shrikar Nandi wrote another Bengali adaptation of the Mahabharata. Kabindra Parameshvar in his Pandabbijay eulogised <mask> <mask>. Bijay Gupta wrote his Manasamangal Kāvya also during his reign.He eulogised <mask> <mask> by comparing him with Arjuna (samgrame Arjun Raja prabhater Rabi). He mentioned him as Nrpati-Tilak (the tilak-mark of kings) and Jagat-bhusan (the adornment of the universe) as well. An official of <mask> <mask>, Yashoraj Khan, wrote a number of Vaishnava padas and he also praised his ruler in one of his pada. During <mask> <mask>'s reign a number of significant monuments were constructed. Wali Muhammad built Chota Sona Masjid in Gaur. During his reign, an Islamic scholar known as Shaykh Muhammad ibn Yazdan Bakhsh Bengali visited Ekdala where he transcribed Sahih al-Bukhari and gifted it to the Sultan in Sonargaon. The manuscript is currently kept at the Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library in Bankipore, Patna, Bihar.Religious tolerance
The reign of <mask> <mask> is also known for religious tolerance towards his subjects. However, R.C. Majumdar write that during his Orissa campaigns, he destroyed some Hindu temples, which Vrindavana Dasa Thakura has mentioned in his Chaitanya Bhagavata. However the destruction of the temples was not carried out by the orders of the Sultan himself. The celebrated medieval saint, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and his followers preached Bhakti (Nath-Gopi) throughout Bengal during his reign. When <mask> <mask> came to know about Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's huge following amongst his subjects, he ordered his qazis not to injure him in any way and allow him to go wherever he liked. Later, two high level Hindu officers in <mask> <mask>'s administration, his Private Secretary, (Dabir-i-Khas) Rupa Goswami and his Intimate Minister (Saghir Malik) Sanatana Goswami became devoted followers of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.In return the Hindus honoured the sultan as an incarnation of Lord Krishna.Issue
<mask> <mask> had eighteen sons and at least eleven daughters. Among these are:
Sayyid Danyal: likely the eldest son. May have been killed at the end of the campaign on Kamata kingdom. Nasiruddin Nasrat <mask>: succeeded his father. Reigned as Sultan of Bengal from 1519 to 1532. Ghiyasuddin Mahmud <mask>: reigned as Sultan of Bengal from 1533 to 1538. Raushan Akhtar Banu: possibly a granddaughter.Married Ibrahim Danishmand, a Sufi saint and landowner. See also
 List of rulers of Bengal
 History of Bengal
 History of Bangladesh
 History of India

Notes

Rulers of Bengal
1519 deaths
Year of birth unknown
16th-century Indian monarchs
<mask>i dynasty

masks:
din Husain Shah
Hussain Shah
Din Muzaffar Shah
Nusrat Shah
Husain Shah
Nusrat Shah
Husain Shah
Ashraf Al Husaini Al Fatimi Al Ma
Sultan Husain
Shah
ul Husaini
Sultan Husain
Shah
ul Husaini
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Hussain Shah
Din Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
din Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Shah Ismail
Shah Ismail
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Shah
Shah
Hussain Shah


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<mask> (August 4, 1951 – November 5, 2014) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from 1983 until 2007, representing the 17th District of Illinois. <mask> announced that he would not seek reelection in November 2006 and retired at the end of the 109th Congress, due to the increasingly debilitating effects of Parkinson's disease. Background

<mask> was born in 1951 in Rock Island, Illinois, and attended Alleman High School and Augustana College there. He served in the United States Marine Corps during the Vietnam War, stationed in Okinawa. After leaving the Marines in 1971, <mask> enrolled at Augustana College in Rock Island, graduating in 1974. He earned a Juris Doctor degree from Georgetown University in 1977 and he started his legal career as an attorney with the Quad Cities Legal Clinic [Mid America Law Offices, Ltd.] in Moline. In 1982, <mask> ran for and won the Democratic nomination for Illinois' 17th congressional district, which included most of Illinois' share of the Quad Cities area.It had been renumbered from the 19th District since Illinois lost two districts after the 1980 census. The district had been in Republican hands for all but two years since 1939. However, the brand of Republicanism that prevailed in the district had traditionally been a moderate one. <mask> got a significant boost when 16-year incumbent Tom Railsback was defeated for renomination by the more conservative Republican, State Senator Kenneth McMillan. Taking advantage of hardships from that year's recession, <mask> won by around 5 percentage points. <mask> earned the highest opposition (90%) to President Reagan's agenda of any congress member during his first congressional session and  then handily defeated McMillan in a 1984 rematch. Despite Ronald Reagan's gigantic 1984 landslide victory that year, <mask> pulled in 57% to Reagan's 54% -besting the president by more than 5,000 votes in the 17th Congressional District.This was one of the few congressional districts where Reagan's percentage in the two-way was lower than the three-way in 1980. <mask> faced opposition in his next four campaigns, and beat his republican 1990 opponent by more than 50,000 votes with 67% of the vote. In 1994, Republicans retook the House, yet <mask> held his seat and won by nine points over a little-known Republican, Jim Anderson, who spent almost no money. This emboldened the Republicans for 1996, when <mask> faced Mark Baker, an anchor at WGEM-TV in Quincy (the third-largest city in the district). Presidential candidate Bill Clinton carried the district by a healthy 30,000 votes, and <mask> defeated Baker by 11,000 votes. A 1998 rematch was closer, with <mask> only winning by 6,000 votes. A third run by Baker in 2000 saw <mask> win by 10 points.Redistricting after the 2000 census made <mask> safer. Decatur and part of Springfield were added while some more rural areas were taken out. The redistricting process, guided by House Speaker and 14th District Congressman Dennis Hastert and 3rd District Congressman Bill Lipinski, solidified the holdings of many Illinois incumbents. <mask> was re-elected in 2002 and 2004. <mask> is credited with passage of the Agent Orange Act of 1991 which he sponsored. In 1995 he was awarded the Silver Helmet award from American Veterans Group (AMVETS). <mask> was also instrumental in the election of Barack Obama during the 2004 United States Senate election in Illinois.Beginning in 1995, <mask> battled Parkinson's disease. While his previous opponents did not make an issue of it, his 2004 opponent, Andrea Zinga (a former anchorwoman at KWQC-TV and WQAD-TV in the Quad Cities) claimed he was not able to fully represent the members of his district due to his health concerns. However, this tactic backfired, and <mask> won handily. During his tenure, <mask> was one of the most liberal members of the House, and probably Illinois' most liberal congressman from outside Chicago. A founding member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus, and the House Populist Caucus  he had a near-perfect lifetime rating from Americans for Democratic Action, while the American Conservative Union gave him its lowest rating of any congressman outside Chicago. <mask> was one of 31 Democrats in the House of Representatives to vote to reject Ohio's 20 electoral votes in the 2004 Presidential Election, despite Republican President George Bush winning the state by 118,457 votes. In 2019 his biography "Guts: The <mask> Story" was published by Strong Arm Press, authored by Devin Hansen.FEC actions
On June 27, 2005, <mask>' campaign committee agreed to pay $185,000 to settle an investigation by the Federal Election Commission. The inquiry stemmed from allegations of illegal coordination between the 17th District Victory Fund, the Rock Island Democratic Central Committee and the congressman's campaign during the 1998 and 2000 election cycles. According to the FEC press release:

The Rock Island Democratic Central Committee, for its part, agreed to a civil penalty of $30,000. Retirement and death
<mask> won the Democratic primary in 2006 and was poised for a rematch against Zinga. On March 28, 2006, however, <mask> announced that he would not stand for a 13th term in November 2006. He made a brief return to Washington in June 2006. His withdrawal from the general election left local Democrats with the task of finding a replacement candidate.Their choice was Congressman <mask>' district director, Phil Hare, who was elected. On November 5, 2014, <mask> died at the age of 63 in a nursing home in East Moline, Illinois, from complications brought on by Parkinson's disease.

masks:
Lane Allen Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
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Evans
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Evans
Evans
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Lane Evans
Evans
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Evans
Evans
Evans


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<mask> (; born 1 September 1958) is a Soviet and Russian film and stage actor. He is a People's Artist of Russia. In 2013 he was a member of the jury at the 35th Moscow International Film Festival. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born on September 1, 1958 in the city of Kherson of the Ukrainian SSR, in a family of workers. His mother, Lyudmila Ippolitovna was from a small village in Western Ukraine, she graduated after seven classes and spent her whole life working as a dispatcher at a bus station. <mask>'s father, <mask> was a driver at first, then graduated from the institute and began to work in leadership positions. <mask> was a difficult child, he was expelled from school several times.After school, he wished to enter the nautical institute, but ended up filing documents for the Dnepropetrovsk theatrical school. He graduated from the school with a degree in "Puppet Theater Artist". Then he worked in Kherson, traveling with tours to nearby villages and collective farms. Two years later <mask> was called up for military service in the ranks of the Soviet Army in the building battalion. He served in the town of Bologoye. After serving in the army, in 1980 <mask> went to Moscow to apply to theater schools. Initially he filed application documents for three theatrical institutions at the same time.Later he picked the Moscow Art Theater School for his studies. Upon completion of Moscow Art Theatre School (class I. M. Tarhanova) in 1984, Garmash was accepted into the troupe of the "Contemporary" Moscow theater. Career
<mask> made his cinematic debut in 1984. His first work was the role of Urin in the heroic ballad of Alexei Simonov's Detachment with Aleksandr Feklistov. Then he acted in the films "In the Shooting Wilderness" (1985) by Vladimir Khotinenko, Wild Pigeon (1986) by <mask>, "Ivan the Great" (1987) by Gabriel Yeghiazarova, Stalingrad (1989) by Yuri Ozerov, The Master and Margarita (1994) by Yuri Kara, Voroshilov Sharpshooter (1999) by Stanislav Govorukhin and many other films and series, before the beginning of the new millennium he starred in more than fifty films. In 2001, for the role of the teacher of labor Semen Bespalchikov in the successful drama of <mask>'s Tender Age Garmash was awarded the prizes Nika Award and Golden Eagle. Later, <mask> received the Nika award for his roles in the films My Half-Brother Frankenstein (2004), 12 (2008) and Home (2011).Garmash's significant roles include Major Korotkov in the detective series Kamenskaya, where he acted for five seasons, Yevgeny Markerants in the Mechanical Suite (2001) by Dmitry Meskhiev, Ivan in "Lover" (2002) by Valery Todorovsky, senior warrant officer Nikolai Krauz in the film 72 Meters by Vladimir Khotinenko, drunkard Yasha in Poor Relatives (2005) by Pavel Lungin, Major Popov in Katyn (2007) by Andrzej Wajda, Mels's father in the hit 1960s set musical Stilyagi (2008) by Valery Todorovsky. Additionally, <mask> acted in the films Soundtrack of Passion (2009), Black Lightning (209), Lucky Trouble (2010), "Once" (2013), "The End of the Beautiful Era" (2015), The Duelist (2016), the series The Hethers of Major Sokolov (2014), Leningrad 46 (2015), The Investigator Tikhonov (2016) and Murka (2017), etc. In 2017, the actor appeared in the films Attraction and "Cold Tango". He also appeared in Going Vertical, Matilda, as well as the comedy-adventure Partner, where he played a major police officer Khromov, whose soul and mind were transferred to the body of a year-old child. Personal life
His wife is the Russian actress Inna Timofeeva (born 1963), a graduate of the Moscow Art Theatre School, theater actress of the Moscow theater "Contemporary".

masks:
Sergei Leonidovich Garmash
Sergei Garmash
Sergei
Leonid Trofimovich Garmash
Garmash
Garmash
Garmash
Sergei
Sergei Solovyov
Sergei Solovyov
Sergei
Sergei


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, better known by the stage name of , is a Japanese actress, voice actress, singer and narrator. She played Minami Asakura in Touch, Akane Tendo in Ranma ½, Satsuki Kusakabe in My Neighbor Totoro, Near in Death Note, Yuki Tsukumo in Jujutsu Kaisen, Jean Roque Raltique in Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water,  Kikyo in Inuyasha and Patricia O'Sullivan of Mischievous Twins: The Tales of St. Clare's. She is also the dub actress for Jayma Mays in the American TV series Glee, as well as in The Smurfs film series. Biography
Hidaka was born in the Kudan area of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan, where she attended Fujimi Elementary School. Her parents owned a Western-style clothing store named "Tailor Itō". She began her career as an idol star, but switched to voice acting, and was employed by the talent management firm 81 Produce. Hidaka used to use the kanji variant 日髙 (note that the second kanji is different).She switched to the current usage (日高) around 1995 when she found that it was written that way already on many things and after friends recommended the kanji with the lower stroke count. Her fans have given her the affectionate name "Nonko" (ノン子). In 1982, during her time as an idol star, Hidaka appeared in the commercial for Nivea skin milk. She has also done voice-over commercials for programs and games, in which she plays a role for 3rd Super Robot Wars Alpha: To the End of the Galaxy. Filmography

Anime television
 Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross (1984, Musicaa (debut))
 Touch (1985–1987, Minami Asakura)
 City Hunter (1987–1988, Megumi)
 Tsuide ni Tonchinkan (1987–1988, Amago Shirai)
 Anime Sanjushi (1987–1989, Constance)
 City Hunter 2 (1988–1989, Mitsuko Shimizu)
 Patlabor (1989–1994, Prince Uru)
 Parasol Henbē (1989–1991, Megeru)
 The Adventures of Peter Pan (1989, Peter Pan)
 T.P. Pon (1989, Yumiko Yasugawa)
 Ranma ½ (1989–1992, Akane Tendo, Kanna)
 Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (1990–1991, Jean Roque Raltique)
 Ochame na Futago: Kurea Gakuin Monogatari (1991, Patricia Sullivan)
 Honō no Tōkyūji: Dodge Danpei (1991–1992, Danpei Ichigeki)
 Miracle Girls (1993 Mikage Matsunaga (Mika Morgan))
 Aoki Densetsu Shoot! (1993–1994, Kazumi Endō)
 Akazukin Chacha (1994–1995, Shiine)
 Omakase Scrappers (1994–1995, Sayuri Tachibana)
 Soar High!Isami (1995–1996, Sōshi Yukimi)
 Harimogu Harley (1996–1997, Harley)
 Rurouni Kenshin (1996–1998, Seta Sōjirō)
 Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! MAX (1998, Retsuya Ichimonji)
 Pocket Monsters (1999, Kaoruko)
 Zoids: Guardian Force (1999–2000, Riize)
 Ojarumaru (1998-ongoing, Bispaniora-go)
 One Piece (1999-ongoing, Belle-Mère)
 InuYasha (2000–2004, 2009–2010, Kikyo)
 Rockman EXE (2002–2003, Ms. Mariko Ōzono, Shuryou)
 Sonic X (2003–2004, Helen)
 Di Gi Charat Nyo! (2003–2004, Di Gi Charat's Mama)
 Rockman EXE AXESS (2003–2004, Ms. Mariko Ōzono, Yuriko Ōzono)
 Croket! (2003–2005, Anchovie)
 Rockman EXE Stream (2004–2005, Ms. Mariko Ōzono, Yuriko Ōzono)
 Samurai Champloo (2004–2005, Yatsuha)
 Major (2004-ongoing, Chiaki Honda (Gorō's mother))
 Nanami-chan (2004-ongoing, Yōko Aoba)
 The Snow Queen (2005–2006, Nina)
 Death Note (2007, Near)
 Chi's Sweet Home (2008-ongoing, Mom)
 Star Driver (2010, Fujino Yō)
 Suite PreCure (2011-2012, Aphrodite)
 Pretty Rhythm Aurora Dream (2011 - 2012, Omi Harune / Bear-chi)
 Detective Conan (2012, Masumi Sera)
 Hunter × Hunter (Second Series) (2012, Shalnark)
 Psycho-Pass (2012, Dominator's voice)
 Love Live School Idol Project (Principal Minami / Kotori's mom)
 Wake Up, Girls! (2014 - 2018, Junko Tange)
 Seiyu's Life! (2015, Herself)
 Garo: Guren no Tsuki (2015-2016, Izumi Shikibu)
 Little Witch Academia (2017, Shiny Chariot / Professor Ursula)
 Pop Team Epic (2018, Pipimi (Episode 1-A))
 Shinya! Tensai Bakabon (2018, Bakabon's mother)
 Bermuda Triangle: Colorful Pastrale (2019, Arudi)
 Mix (2019, narrator)
 Symphogear XV (2019, Shem-Ha Mephorash)
 Oda Cinnamon Nobunaga (2020, Ichiko's mother)
 Keep Your Hands Off Eizouken!(2020, Tsubame's mother)
 Higurashi: When They Cry – Gou (2021, Eua)
 Komi Can't Communicate (2021, Narrator)

Sources:

 Original video animations (OVAs)
 Salamander (1988, Stephanie)
 Top wo Nerae! Team Ranma vs. the Legendary Phoenix (1994, Akane Tendo)
 Hunter × Hunter (1998, Kurapika)
 Touch: Miss Lonely Yesterday (1998, Minami Asakura)
 Touch: Cross Road (2001, Minami Asakura)
 Inuyasha the Movie: Affections Touching Across Time (2001, Kikyo)
 Inuyasha the Movie: The Castle Beyond the Looking Glass (2002, Kikyo)
 Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys (2004, Tory Lund)
 Inuyasha the Movie: Fire on the Mystic Island (2004, Kikyo)
 Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew (2005, Mother)
 Gunbuster vs. Diebuster (2006, <mask> Takaya)
 Detective Conan: Dimensional Sniper (2014, Masumi Sera)
 Psycho-Pass: The Movie (2015, Dominator's voice)
 Love Live! 2: Yami no Bank to Ban Joō (Anchovie)
 Croquette! 3: Guranyū Ōkoku no Nazo (Anchovie)
 Croquette! Great: Jikū no Bōken-tachi (Anchovie)
 Croquette! DS: Tenkū no Yūsha-tachi (Anchovie, Sardine)
 Evil Zone (aka Eretzvaju) (Midori Himeno)
 Grandia (Feena)
 Minna no Golf Portable (Sagiri)
 Idol Janshi Suchie Pai (series) (Kotori Ninomiya)
 InuYasha (Kikyo)
 Neon Genesis Evangelion: Battle Orchestra (Noriko Takaya)
 Panther Bandit (Kasumi)
 Puyo Puyo CD (Panotti)
 Puyo Puyo CD Tsū (Panotti)
 Ranma ½ (Akane Tendo)
 Rurouni Kenshin: Enjō! Kyoto Rinne (Sojiro Seta)
 Sakura Wars (series) (Erica Fontaine)
 Super Robot Wars (series) (Noriko Takaya, Mina Likering, Lenii Ai, Makibi Hari)
 Tales of the World: Narikiri Dungeon 2 (Thanatos)
 Tengai Makyou III: Namida (Iyo)
 TwinBee RPG (Molte)
 Ultima: Kyōfu no Exodus (game character introduction voice)
 VitaminR (Board Chairman)
 Wonder Project J2: Koruro no Mori no Josette (Josette)
 Zoids vs. (Atorē Arcadia, Riize)

Sources:

 TV shows

 Regular appearances
 Bakeruno Shōgakkō Hyūdoro-gumi Battle Fever J - Keiko Nakahara
 Cool Japan - Narrator
 Let's Go Young Minna Ikiteiru Ohayou Studio Shin Afternoon Show 1987 Tamiya RC Car Gran Prix Zawa Zawa Mori no Ganko-chanRessha Sentai ToQger - Miiss Glitta/Empress of Darkness GlittaRessha Sentai ToQger the Movie: Galaxy Line S.O.S.Miiss Glitta
 Koe Girl! (2018) – Mari Kikuchi
 Kamen Rider Zero-One - Zatt

 Guest appearances
 Quiz Nattoku Rekishikan (xxxx)
 Run Run Asa 6-sei Jōhō (xxxx)
 Sumai no 110-ban (xxxx)
 Tochūgesha Junjō (xxxx)Voice II (2021)

 Radio
 Asakura Minami no All Night Nippon - September 29, 2004 Clair de Lune (Banana Fritters)
 Earth Conscious Dream Hidaka Noriko no Happy @ Hidaka Noriko no Tokyo Wonder Jam: Uri! Uri! Urihō! KBS Kyoto Hyper Night Hidaka Noriko no Aromatic Night Hidaka Noriko no Hyper Night Getsuyōbi Hidaka Noriko no Hyper Night Kinyōbi Nisseki Doyō Omoshiro Radio Nonko to Nobita no Anime Scramble Nonko's Cheerful Mind "Urara" Saturday Tokimeki Station Shōfukutei Tsuruko no All Night Nippon Theatrical roles
 Play a Song Sakura Taisen Dinner Show (Erica Fontaine)
 Sakura Taisen Kayō Show (Erica Fontaine)
 The Star Spangled Girl CDs

 Albums
 Breath of Air Hidaka Noriko Best Kazumi (as Kazumi Endō)
 Mega Babe Minami no Seishun Minamikaze ni Fukarete Nonko Otakara Song Book Paradise Personal Personal 2 Ranma ½ Utagoyomi Heisei 3 Nendoban (as Akane Tendo, includes Yasashii, ii Ko ni Narenai (a.k.a. the "Baka Song"))
 Time Capsule Touch in Memory (as Minami Asakura)

Sources:

 Singles
 Anata ga Uchū ～By My Side～ Ashita he no Tsubasa / Niji no Kanata Be Natural / Megami ga Kureta Ichibyō Watashi Datte (as Kazumi Endō)

Sources:

 Books
 Nonko'' ()

References

External links

1962 births
Living people
Japanese women pop singers
Japanese idols
Japanese stage actresses
Japanese video game actresses
Japanese voice actresses
People from Chiyoda, Tokyo
Voice actresses from Tokyo
20th-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese actresses
20th-century Japanese women singers
21st-century Japanese women singers
81 Produce voice actors


texts:
<mask> (born 1977) is an American horror and science fiction author. <mask>'s first published novel, I Am Not a Serial Killer, was adapted into a movie in 2016. He is currently cowriting The Apocalypse Guard with Brandon Sanderson. Early life
<mask> spent his childhood in Salt Lake City, Utah and began writing at a young age. While in the second grade, he wrote his first stories based on the Choose Your Own Adventure series. He has cited Where the Wild Things Are as one of his first influences. During his childhood, <mask> was also exposed to science fiction and fantasy: namely, titles such as The Hobbit and Star Wars.He frequented the library and loved to read. In addition to sci-fi and fantasy novels, he read classics, including those of French and Russian literature. He also enjoyed writing scripts, songs, and poetry as a child. In high school, <mask> wrote a series of comic books, novellas, and a serial. He began to take writing more seriously in college, finishing his first serious novel when he was 22. He studied English and anthropology at Brigham Young University (BYU). It was there that he met his wife, Dawn.As a student, <mask> also worked on BYU's speculative fiction magazine, Leading Edge, and began writing game reviews; he has since described himself as a "rabid gamer." Before becoming a published novelist, he worked as a corporate writer for NuSkin. Career
<mask>'s debut novel, I Am Not a Serial Killer, was published in 2009. It has been printed in English, Spanish, French, German, and Russian. <mask> did extensive research to make the series protagonist, John Cleaver, appear genuine. His fascination with serial killer predictors also inspired him to write the novel. In 2016, it was adapted into a film, starring Max Records and Christopher Lloyd.<mask> wrote a sequel, Mr. Monster, which was published by Tor Books in 2010. In 2011, his third installment to the John Cleaver series, I Don't Want to Kill You, was published. <mask> continued John Cleaver's story with a second trilogy of books, in which the protagonist changes and develops. In 2016, <mask> told Deseret News that the fifth book in the series, Over Your Dead Body, was one of the most challenging to write. Some of <mask>'s novels feature main characters with mental health issues. In Serial Killer, John Cleaver is diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder, and the protagonist of The Hollow City suffers from schizophrenia. <mask> expanded into young adult dystopia with his Partials Sequence in 2012.The series made an appearance on the New York Times Best Seller list for children's series in 2014. He followed up in 2016 with a Young Adult science fiction novel, Bluescreen, set in Los Angeles in the year 2050. He continued this Mirador series with Ones and Zeroes in 2017 and Active Memory in 2018. Other releases include middle-grade sci-fi audiobooks, Zero G (2018), Dragon Planet (2019), and Stargazer (2021). <mask> is one of the four authors (including Mary Robinette Kowal, Brandon Sanderson, and Howard Tayler) who regularly host the podcast Writing Excuses. <mask> was a writer for the Extinct (2017 TV series) and wrote his own stage play, "A Night of Blacker Darkness." Personal life
He is the brother of author Robison <mask>.He has six children. He has lived in Utah, Mexico, and Germany. He also has his own YouTube channel on which he reviews TTRPGS (Tabletop role-playing game). The channel shares his name. Critical reception
School Library Journal described his novel Bluescreen as "exciting and innovative." A School Library Journal review of Ones and Zeroes complimented <mask>'s complex and diverse characters, plausible dystopian plot, and understandable descriptions of future technology. Kirkus said that Partials' "rushed ending" signalled there would be a sequel.In 2011, <mask> was nominated for the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer. His novella, The Butcher of Khardov, received a nomination for the Hugo Award for Best Novella in 2014. His podcast Writing Excuses has won a Hugo Award and three Parsec Awards. In February 2017 <mask> was the Literary Guest of Honor and Keynote Speaker at the 35th annual Life, the Universe, & Everything professional science fiction and fantasy arts symposium. Morris (October 2011, Peculiar Pages, )

Novellas
 The Butcher of Khardov (June 2013, Privateer Press, )

Editorials
 How to Write Good (September 2000), in Leading Edge #40

Awards

2016 Association for Mormon Letters Award for Best Novel  Over Your Dead Body
2016 AML Award for Best Novel  Over Your Dead Body
 2015 Whitney Award for Speculative Fiction  The Devil's Only Friend
2011 Whitney Award for Best Novel of the Year  I Don't Want to Kill You
2010 Whitney Award for Best Novel of the Year  Mr. Monster
2009 Whitney Award for Best Novel by a New Author  I Am Not a Serial Killer

References

Additional reading
Interview with Teenreads, March 2, 2017

External links

<mask>'s author website
<mask>'s blog
Writing Excuses Website

<mask> literary manuscripts, MSS 8073 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University

1977 births
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
American horror writers
American male novelists
American male short story writers
American science fiction writers
American writers of young adult literature
Brigham Young University alumni
Harold B. Lee Library-related 21st century articles
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Living people
Novelists from Utah
People from North Salt Lake, Utah

masks:
Daniel Andrew Wells
Wells
Dan Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Dan Wells
Dan Wells
Dan Wells


texts:
Maximilian, <mask> (29 June 1764 – 5 July 1815), among the most famous of an illustrious old Westphalian family, entered Habsburg military service, rose to the rank of General of Cavalry, served as Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor's ambassador to Russia, and became special envoy extraordinaire to the Court of St. James's (Great Britain). He fought with distinction in the wars between the Habsburg and the Ottoman empires, the French Revolutionary Wars, and the Napoleonic Wars. Maximilian entered the military as a young man, and acquired his first combat experiences the Habsburg wars with the Ottoman Empire. Following his experience in the Balkans, he retreated to the cloister at Bonn, where he spent a year as a novice in the Teutonic Order. At the outbreak of war between the Habsburg Monarchy and France in 1792, he returned to military service, and proved an intrepid and enterprising cavalry field officer. His role in the Habsburg victory at Neerwinden in 1793 earned him the honor of conveying the news to the Emperor in Vienna. In the War of the Second Coalition, Maximilian served in Swabia and northern Italy and Switzerland.In subsequent wars between France and the Habsburg Monarchy, his role on the battlefield often meant the difference between defeat and victory. He was wounded and captured at the Battle of Leipzig and, as a condition of release, he agreed not to bear arms against France again. He was subsequently appointed as an envoy to Britain, where he died in 1815. Family and early career
Maximilian was born on 29 June 1764 in the ecclesiastical territory of Münster, in Westphalia. His was an old Westphalian family, raised to comital status in 1726. He joined the military service in 1782, in a dragoon regiment, and was promoted to lieutenant and first lieutenant by 1787. In the wars between Austria and the Ottoman Empire, (1787–1791), he was a Rittmeister, or captain of cavalry and wing adjutant to Field Marshal Franz Moritz, Count von Lacy.In 1790, Merveldt commanded the Volunteers Grün-Loudon and later that year, after his promotion to major, he served on the staff of Field Marshal Ernst Gideon, Baron von Laudon in Moravia. Military career

War of the First Coalition
Following the defeat of the insurrection in the Austrian Netherlands, he received permission from Field Marshal Laudon, shortly before the latter's death, to take a one year novitiate in the Teutonic Order, at Bonn where he remained until April 1792. The outbreak of the War of the First Coalition against France required his military talents and Mervelt rejoined the Habsburg army at as adjutant to Josias, Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. He led two infantry battalions in the Habsburg victory at Neerwinden (18 March 1793), during which his battalions repulsed a strong French column. For his role at the head of his battalions of grenadiers, which his commander considered greater than duty required, in this victory, Merveldt received the honor of carrying the message to the Emperor Francis in Vienna. There, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and awarded the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa on 7 July 1794. Subsequently, he was appointed as an attaché to the staff of Frederick, Duke of York.In the 1794 campaign, Merveldt fought at the Battle of Famars and again at the Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies,  south of Landrecies on 22 April, during which he commanded the right wing. After the Battle of Tournai (22 May 1794), he was promoted on the field to Oberst (colonel). His failing health prevented him from continued field service and he took sick leave until early 1796. In 1796 he transferred to the 18th Chevau-légers Regiment Karaczay and fought at the Battle of Kircheib, in the Westerwald, where, despite the French superiority of numbers, the Habsburgs eked out a victory. At Kircheib, with two squadrons of Chevaux-legers, Merveldt saved the Austrian artillery from French capture, thus contributing to the Hahsburg victory. The Tagebericht (daily dispatch) of the Army of the Rhine referred to his keen sense of duty, and his ability to seize the moment, which, in this case, proved a vital element in the extraordinary success of the small Habsburg force against the considerably larger French one. Afterward  he was promoted to major general.He was assigned as proprietor of the First Lancer's Regiment, and given command of a cavalry brigade in Franz von Werneck's Reserve of the Army of the Lower Rhine. <mask> was known to his contemporaries for his strength of will, presence of mind, and his self-control. Those same qualities made him attractive to his military superiors as part of the negotiation party in the cease-fire preliminaries at Leoben in 1797. He opposed Napoleon's desire to move a general peace congress closer to Vienna, and later was a co-signator of the Peace of Campo Formio on 17 November 1797. He brought the document to Rastatt, where the Rastatt Peace Congress convened. He stayed in Rastatt in the capacity of ambassador. War of the Second Coalition
At the outbreak of the War of the Second Coalition in March 1799, and the dissolution of Congress on 7 April 1799, Merveldt returned to his regiment, which by this time had crossed the Lech and Iller rivers, and was advancing into Swabia.During the campaigns of 1800,  he commanded the left wing by Eckartsweiler at the Battle of Alt-Breisach on 25 April, and on 10 May conducted a rear-guard action to protect the Imperial army's withdrawal. He remained with his brigade on the right bank of the Danube, where he directed a series of bold actions against the French, and then along the Iller and Lech rivers, he organized a series of well-timed thrusts designed to keep the French from pushing the retreating army. After the battle at Offenburg, he was promoted to lieutenant field marshal on 4 September 1800. At the Habsburg defeat in the Battle of Hohenlinden on 3 December, <mask> commanded a division in the left wing. He signed the 24-hour cease-fire at Kremsmünster with Jean Victor Moreau on 22 December. During the cease-fire, he retreated to Pressburg. Diplomatic and military career during the Napoleonic Wars

Napoleonic Wars
In 1805 he was in Berlin when the hostilities between France and Austria resumed, and he returned to the Danube valley, where he fought a series of rearguard actions.He avoided being caught in the capitulation of Ulm and fell back toward Mikhail Kutuzov's Russian army. With 6,000 soldiers in six line and ten Grenz infantry battalions plus 14 squadrons of cavalry, <mask> made for Styria, hoping to join the army of Archduke Charles. Napoleon detached Louis Davout's III Corps in pursuit. Slowed by heavy snow in the mountains, his "poorly-handled corps" was overtaken by the French at Gross-Ramig, also called Mariazell, in the Austrian Steiermark, on 8 November. His exhausted troops were routed by General of Brigade Etienne Heudelet de Bierre's advanced guard of Davout's III Corps; half, about 2,000, were taken prisoner, and they lost four colors and 16 guns. After the War of the Third Coalition, he acted as ambassador to St. Petersburg for over two years, with the assignment of improving military relations between the armies of the respective countries. He attempted to do this, including trying an offer to mediate between Britain and France,   and was appointed Privy Councilor.During this time, he married  Maria Theresia Gräfin von Dietrichstein. In 1808 he was given command of a cavalry division in Lemberg. In early 1809, <mask> became a prominent member of the group pushing for war against France, together with such notables as Archduke Ferdinand, Archduke John, Empress Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, and Count Heinrich von Bellegarde. In the 1809 campaign, <mask>'s force was stationed in the Bukowina and part of Galicia, and from 1809 to mid-1813, he spent three years in Moravia. On 22 July 1813 he was appointed governor of the fortress of Theresienstadt and shortly after that Commanding General in Moravia and Silesia. He then became commander of II Corps; the First Division held the village of Nollendorf, in the French defeat at the Battle of Kulm (now Chlumec) on 29–30 August 1813. On 16 October, during the Battle of Leipzig, <mask>'s forces were arrayed on the right flank of the French center, commanded by Napoleon.On his own right stood Wittgenstein's Corps, and beyond that, Johann von Klenau's. His troops were interspersed among several wooded sections and surrounding several small villages: Dölitz, Mark-Kleeburg and Gautsch. Opposite him were the forces of Józef Antoni Poniatowski and Pierre Augereau. He rode out to view the battlefield and to direct the disposition of his force. Near Dölitz, which lay close to the French line, he wandered into a troop of Hungarians, or so he thought, but they were actually a mixed group of Saxons and Poles, whom he mistook for Hungarians, and was captured. Most of the action, on the first day, occurred to the north, where Blücher's Prussians repelled Michel Ney's cavalry, but when Napoleon heard that Ney and Marmont had been forced back, he sought a cease-fire from the Allied monarchs. He called for Merveldt, and, after a meeting, Merveldt carried Napoleon's proposal to the allied monarchs, which they refused.Final diplomatic missions
As a condition of his release at Leipzig, he agreed not to participate in combat against France. Subsequent to his release, <mask> was appointed commanding general of Moravia, and lived in Brno, where he received in January 1814 the instructions to proceed to London as an envoy extraordinaire to the Court of St. James's, replacing Baron Wessembourg. He arrived in London in early March, and met the Prince Regent at Carlton House on 7 March 1814, where he ceremoniously presented his ambassadorial credentials. He was well-received in Britain, and became a notable personage, invited to many social events; he told good stories about the wars and the various people he had encountered, which made him popular in social circles. His comings and goings were widely reported in the society columns: For example, on 4 July 1814, he attended a lecture by the Abbé Secard, and was listed among the distinguished persons present. When he died in 1815, the British government proposed to bury him at Westminster Abbey. However, his widow took into account his last wishes and had the remains sent to Germany.He was buried in the crypt of the Michaelis chappel in Lembeck Castle where his grave still exists. In 1903, in the Lößnig neighborhood of the city of Leipzig a square and a street were named after Maximilian von Merveldt, in honor of his contribution to the Battle of Leipzig. In 1950, the communist authorities of East Germany renamed Merveldt square to Rembrandt square and Merveldt street to Rembrand street. References

Notes and citations

Bibliography

  Ebert, Jens Florian. Mervelt, Maximilan. In Die Österreichischen Generäle 1792-1815.. October 2003. Accessed 26 December 2009.„Merveldt, Maximilian Graf von" in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 21 (1885), ab Seite 476, Digitale Volltext-Ausgabe in Wikisource, (Version vom 27. Dezember 2009, 03:58 Uhr UTC). "The Battle of Leipzig." Map, Leipzig. At Napoleon, His Army and Enemies. Accessed 27 December 2009. Nedopil, Leopold."Wilhelm, Erzherzog von Österreich." Deutsche Adelsproben aus dem Deutschen Ordens Central-Archiv. II. Band. Wien: 1868. Petre, F. Loraine. Napoleons̓ last campaign in Germany, 1813.London: John Lane Co., 1912. Rothenberg, Gunther E. Napoleon's Great Adversaries, The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792-1814. Bloomington, Ind. : Indiana University Press, 1982. Smith, Digby & Leopold Kudra. "Mervelt." A biographical dictionary of all Austrian Generals in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792–1815.Napoleon Series. Robert Burnham, editor in chief. April 2008 version. Accessed 15 December 2009. Smith, Digby. "Gross-Ramig." The Napoleonic Wars Data Book.London: Greenhill, 1998. . Newspaper sources

 "State Paper. Answer To The Note Of Count Merveld [sic] (The Austrian Ambassador)". The Times (London),  Friday, 31 Jul 1807; p. 3; Issue 7113; col D.
 "The Prince Regent's Court", The Morning Chronicle, (London, England), Tuesday, 8 March 1814; Issue 13990. The Morning Chronicle. (London, England). Wednesday, 5 July 1815; Issue 14405.1764 births
1815 deaths
Field marshals of Austria
Austrian generals
Austrian Empire military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Austrian Empire commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Teutonic Knights
Napoleonic Wars prisoners of war held by France

masks:
Count von Merveldt
Merveldt
Merveldt
Merveldt
Merveldt
Merveldt
Merveldt
Merveldt


texts:
<mask> [Mayer] (September 24, 1921 – June 3, 1999) was a female utility in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, playing mainly at second base and center field from  through . Listed at , 105 lb., Pryer batted and threw right-handed. She was nicknamed Shorty amongst her friends and family members because of her slight build and minuscule stature. <mask> is recognized as one of the fastest baserunners of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League in its twelve years of existence. An All-Star at second base, she also led all outfielders in fielding percentage in a single season and topped the circuit in stolen bases for two consecutive years. In a career that spanned seven seasons, she was a member of two championship teams while hitting a .255 average with 510 stolen bases in 704 games, including single-season leads in hits and in runs scored. The AAGPBL flourished in the 1940s when the Major Leagues went on hold as men went to World War II.The circuit operated from 1943 to 1954 and gave over 600 women athletes the opportunity to play professional baseball and to play it at a level never before attained. Since the only organized ball for women in the country was softball, the AAGPBL created a hybrid game which included both softball and baseball. Over the twelve years of history of the league, the rules were gradually modified to more closely resemble baseball, progressively changing the pitching styles, extending the length of the base paths and pitching distance and decreasing the size of the ball until the final year of play. Early life
A native of Watsonville, California, Pryer was the daughter of Willard 'Maurice' <mask>, a minor league pitcher who played in the early 1940s for the Fargo-Moorhead Twins of the Northern League. Her father and his brothers were known for their baseball playing skills in Fortuna, California Besides teaching her basic baseball fundamentals, Pryer's father also taught her that hard work and determination were key to success. Following her school graduation, Pryer joined the United States Marine Corps Women's Reserve in 1944, entertaining troops as a singer with the Dick Jurgens Orchestra. Notably, she also was one of the first female disc jockeys in the United States.After serving in the military for 28 months she became a ballplayer in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. AAGPBL career
<mask> entered the league in 1946 with the expansion Muskegon Lassies, playing for them through the 1950 midseason before joining the Kalamazoo Lassies (1950) and South Bend Blue Sox (1950–1952). In her rookie season, she hit .202 in 108 games, including 77 hits and 18 runs batted in while scoring 64 times. Considering the AAGPBL was using underhand pitching and a ball with a 11-inch circumference, her numbers were quite respectable. In 1947 Pryer improved to .249 (105-for-422) in 108 games, scoring 51 runs while driving in 20 more. In addition, she was voted the best outfielder in the league with a fielding average of .995. Pryer increased her numbers in 1948, when the league switched to overhand pitching.She raised her average to a solid .262 (107-for-406), scoring 70 runs with 29 RBI in 112 games, but missed most of the 1949 season after suffering a severely broken ankle while sliding on a base. At the time of her injury, she was batting .235 with 56 runs and 10 RBI in 76 game appearances. In 1950 Pryer returned to the Lassies. She started the year in Muskegon, moved with the team to Kalamazoo during the midseason, and landed in South Bend late in the year. But she was still finding ways to improve her game, regardless of moving to different towns, bolstering her average to .269 (115-for-497) with 75 runs and 25 RBI, while matching her season-high of 112 games. Pryer had her most productive season in 1951, when she posted career-numbers with a .312 average, 133 hits, 106 runs, 32 RBI and 129 stolen bases in 109 games, leading the league in hits, runs and steals, while ranking seventh to Betty Foss of the Fort Wayne Daisies, who won the batting crown with a .368 average. Pryer capped her big season with an All-Star Team selection and a championship title with the Blue Sox.With Karl Winsch at the helm, South Bend combined strong pitching with good hitting, collecting a 76–36 record in the regular season, then defeating Fort Wayne in the first round of the playoffs, two to one games. In the best-of-five series, South Bench clinched the title over the Rockford Peaches after overcoming a 2–0 deficit. In addition to the standout pitching of Jean Faut, who won 15 games during the regular season and four more in the two playoffs, Pryer averaged .357 in South Bend's final three victories. Winsch, after a positive season, became more demanding of his players. Dissension within the South Bend team peaked just before the 1952 season ended, when <mask> was disciplined following a dispute with Winsch. The incident occurred when he suspended Pryer from the team after she responded slowly to his order to pinch-run late in a game. In protest, five South Bend teammates joined Pryer in a walkout, leaving Winsch's team short-handed for the playoffs.<mask> was reinstated at the club, but she decided to retire for good. That season she stole a league-high 59 bases, despite appearing in only 79 games. She added a .239 average and drove in 18 runs while scoring 41 times. Life after baseball
Following her baseball retirement, <mask> married Jack Stuart Mayer, who died in 1993. The couple had a daughter, a son and three granddaughters. A longtime resident of Medford, Oregon, she worked as a school truant officer and playground assistant for Medford School District 549C for more than 25 years, retiring in 1994. As a campus monitor and attendance investigative officer, she also worked at recesses, becoming a forward on the basketball court, a running back on the gridiron, or reprising her role as player on the baseball field by coaxing speedy runs, strong swings and artful catches from hundreds of students.She also managed to referee, coach and make sure everyone minded their manners. Besides her passion for music and sports, she served as a Rogue Valley Medical Center auxiliary volunteer and was a member of the Christ Unity Church in Medford. <mask> died in her home of Medford at the age of 77. In October 1999, four months after her death, the Wilson Elementary School officially dedicated its baseball field in her honor. She also is part of the AAGPBL permanent display inaugurated at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum at Cooperstown, New York in 1988, which is dedicated to the entire league rather than any individual player. Sources

1921 births
1999 deaths
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players
Baseball players from California
Sportspeople from Medford, Oregon
Deaths from cancer in Oregon
20th-century American people
Marine Corps Women's Reserve personnel

masks:
Charlene Barbara Pryer
Charlene Pryer
Pryer
Pryer
Pryer
Pryer
Pryer
Charlene


texts:
<mask> (September 28, 1881 – September 16, 1950) was an American actor. Biography
<mask> was born in New York City to parents who were French and Cuban in origin. He was a classically trained theatre actor who confessed he did not enjoy appearing in silent films nearly as much as he liked working on stage, but his career during the silent film era was extensive. His first film was Cecil B. DeMille's version of Carmen (1915), and he soon became a regular leading man in Hollywood. His Broadway career cast him with such stage actresses as Jane Cowl and Katharine Cornell. In the sound era, his deeply resonant speaking voice made him perfectly suited to talking pictures and was active as a character actor in Hollywood, from the mid-1930s through to the end of his life. He was most often cast as aristocratic, or clerical characters of Hispanic origin, as in The Keys of the Kingdom (1944), because of his last name as well as his royal bearing.On rare occasions, he would be cast in the role of a villain. His "living skeleton" sideshow character hides fugitive Robert Cummings (and Priscilla Lane) in his carnival wagon overnight in the Alfred Hitchcock film Saboteur (1942). He was a devout Catholic and served for a time as president of the Catholic Actors Guild of America. The last film in which he appeared, a political drama set in an unnamed South American dictatorship, Crisis (1950), was released shortly after his death. Selected filmography

Silent
The Little White Violet (1915) (*short) as Phillip Randall
Jeanne of the Woods (1915) (*short) as Hugh Travers N.W.M.P. Cambret (uncredited)
Keep Smiling (1938) as J. Howard Travers
Storm Over Bengal (1938) as Abdul Mir
Dramatic School (1938) as LeMaistre in "Joan of Arc" (uncredited)
Heart of the North (1938) as Father Claverly
Devil's Island (1939) as Marcal
Winner Take All (1939) as Pantrelli
Juarez (1939) as Riva Palacio
Man of Conquest (1939) as Oolooteka
Chasing Danger (1939) as Gurra Din
Five Came Back (1939) as Latin Ambassador (uncredited)
Range War (1939) as Padre Jose
Law of the Pampas (1939) as <mask>
Charlie Chan in City in Darkness (1939) as Antoine
Escape to Paradise (1939) as Don Miguel
The Light That Failed (1939) as Monsieur Binat
My Favorite Wife (1940) as Dr. Kohlmar
Earthbound (1940) as Minister
The Ghost Breakers (1940) as Havez
The Sea Hawk (1940) as Capt. Susanna (1951) as Pactola (uncredited)
Cuban Fireball (1951) as Don Perez
When the Redskins Rode (1951) as Chief Shingiss (final film role)

Radio appearances

References

External links

  - entry #1
  - entry #2 (All Movie has disjointed entries)

 left to right: Gladys Hulette, Lionel Barrymore, <mask> de Cordoba in Enemies of Women (1923)
 nytimes.com – New York Times > Movies > <mask> de Cordoba
 nytimes.com – News clippings

1881 births
1950 deaths
American male stage actors
American male silent film actors
American male radio actors
American male film actors
Male actors from New York City
American people of Cuban descent
American people of French descent
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City
20th-century American male actors
American Roman Catholics
Hispanic and Latino American male actors

masks:
Pedro de Cordoba
De Cordoba
Jose Valdez
Pedro
Pedro