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<mask> (born December 17, 1943) is a former member of the "Manson Family" who was present during the 1969 murder of Gary Hinman, a California musician and Ph.D. candidate. She was arrested for numerous offenses, including credit card theft and armed robbery, and she served a prison sentence at the California Institution for Women. Meeting <mask> was born in Eau Claire, Wisconsin to George and <mask>. She moved to California upon graduating from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1965 and took a job as library assistant at University of California, Berkeley. She met 33-year-old career criminal Charles Manson who had been released from Terminal Island prison several weeks earlier. She let him stay at her apartment and the two became lovers after several weeks. She was thus the first person whom Manson recruited into his "Family".She quit her job and the two began to drift around California in a van meeting other young women. Manson impregnated <mask> during the summer of 1967 and she gave birth to a son on April 15, 1968 whom she named Valentine Michael, nicknamed "Pooh Bear". They were living in a condemned house in Topanga Canyon, and she was assisted during the birth by several of the young women from the Family. She acquired a number of aliases and nicknames, including "Marioche", "Och", "<mask>", "<mask>", "Linda Dee Manson", and "Christine Marie Euchts". <mask> and Manson met 18-year-old Lynette Fromme in Venice, California, and the three began living together in a rented house at 636 Cole Street in San Francisco. Over the course of the following two years, the Family enlarged to include between 20 and 30 individuals living communally; some became ardent followers of Manson, such as <mask> and Fromme, while other young people drifted in and out of the group. The Manson group traveled along the California coast and made excursions to Washington state, Oregon, and Nevada.The ever-growing number of young women and men eventually settled down at the Spahn Ranch, an occasional film set and location operated by George Spahn near the Los Angeles suburb of Chatsworth. Manson ostensibly based his commune on principles of freedom and love, but he exerted dictatorial control, ordering the women to have sex with Spahn and others. Manson sent his female followers to the city on criminal activities, such as theft and fraud. He also had illegal firearms and played host to a motorcycle gang. Early arrests
On April 21, 1968 Brunner and Family members Manson, Susan Atkins, Ella Jo Bailey, Dianne Elizabeth Lake, Nancy Laura Pitman, Bruce Van Hall, Marcus John Arneson and Suzanne Scott were arrested near Little Sycamore Canyon, in southern Ventura County, California. They were found sprawled nude around a campfire beside a 1952 bus "stuck in a deep ditch", that had been reported stolen in San Francisco on April 12. Manson was remanded into custody under the suspicion of grand theft auto and possession of two driver's licenses.Scott, Atkins, Lake and Van Hall were charged with possessing fictitious and fraudulent driver's licenses. Pitman, Arneson and Bailey were jailed on charges of disorderly conduct and not possessing proper identification. Five other Family members were released without being charged. <mask> was booked on endangering the life and health of a child, after her one-week-old son, Valentine, was found by deputies improperly dressed and shivering. The baby was placed in the care of the Ventura County General Hospital. Charges against <mask> were later reduced to contributing to the delinquency of a minor and she was given two years' probation and a 15-day suspended jail sentence. She subsequently told authorities she planned to return to her parents' home in Wisconsin and Valentine was returned to her.Just a few months later, in June 1968, <mask> along with other members of the Manson Family were arrested in Mendocino County, California for supplying narcotics to minors. The Hinman murder
Bobby Beausoleil left Spahn Ranch on July 25, 1969 accompanied by <mask> and Susan Atkins to visit Gary Allen Hinman in Topanga Canyon. Hinman had been friendly with the Family and had often allowed members to stay at his home. Both Beausoleil and <mask> had previously lived with him for short periods of time and <mask> was close friends with him. Beausoleil had a knife and a 9 mm Radom pistol that he had borrowed from Family member Bruce Davis. After two friends of Hinman contacted the police, Hinman was found by Malibu deputy Paul Piet murdered in his home on July 31, 1969. His face had been deeply slashed on the left side and he had two stab wounds in his chest.His house had been ransacked, and "Political Piggy" and a paw print (intended to be symbolic of the Black Panther Party) were drawn on the wall in his blood. His Volkswagen van and Fiat station wagon were missing. The California Highway Patrol found Beausoleil asleep in the back of Hinman's Fiat on August 5 near San Luis Obispo, California. He had a sheath knife attached to his belt.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101122031638/http://charliemanson.com/beausoleil.htm Oui magazine. Jailhouse Interview:Bobby Beausoleil and the Manson Murders. November, 1981]</ref> Beausoleil was arrested and charged with the murder of Gary Allen Hinman. Brunner and Family member Sandra Good were arrested in San Fernando, California on August 8 at a Sears store for purchasing items with a stolen credit card.<mask> had signed for her purchases with the alias "<mask>" and the two women fled the store when a cashier became suspicious. The store manager followed them, and the police found them in possession of numerous stolen credit cards and fake identification cards. They were charged with violating Section 459 (burglary) and 484e (grand theft by fraudulent use of credit card) of the California Penal Code and booked into the Sybil Brand Institute Reception Center later that evening. On the night of August 9, Family members Charles "Tex" Watson, Susan Atkins, Linda Kasabian, and Patricia Krenwinkel went to 10050 Cielo Drive and murdered pregnant actress Sharon Tate and her guests Wojciech Frykowski, Jay Sebring, and Abigail Folger, as well as 18-year-old Steven Parent who was visiting William Garretson, who was house-sitting in the guesthouse normally occupied by Tate's landlord. Prosecution witness
There is agreement that Manson was behind the killing of Hinman. <mask> was present throughout and was the key witness for the prosecution. She testified at Beausoleil's trial that Beausoleil killed Hinman (a musician), because Hinman had refused to join Manson's pop group.Other hypotheses
There have been many other suggestions. Vincent Bugliosi, who was the prosecutor in the Tate-LaBianca case, claimed in his 1974 book Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders, that Manson instructed Beausoleil, <mask> and Atkins to go to Hinman's house to get money and titles to Hinman's vehicles.Bugliosi, pp. 102-03. This account was later corroborated by various Family members. However, Beausoleil denied Manson's direct involvement and disputed that neither <mask> nor Atkins had any direct knowledge of why he was visiting Hinman. Beausoleil contended that he went to Hinman's home in order to confront Hinman and collect $1,000 from him. Beausoleil claimed that he had purchased from Hinman tabs of mescaline that he then sold to a biker gang called the Straight Satans.He further explained that several hours after the gang purchased the mescaline from Beausoleil, they showed up at Spahn Ranch, claiming the mescaline was poisoned with strychnine, demanded their money back and threatened to kill Beausoleil. Beausoleil contended that both <mask> and Atkins merely went along with him to Hinman's because they "liked" Hinman and wanted to visit. In a 1981 interview with Oui magazine, he states that neither he nor <mask> nor Atkins were instructed by Manson to go to Hinman's and that he initially had no intention to kill him. This contradicted Beausoleil's own testimony at his first trial in 1969, when he claimed that Manson did in fact instruct him to kill Hinman. Beausoleil claimed "<mask> was just scared to death. She just faded into the woodwork" during the murder, but that Atkins went back into the house after Beausoleil stabbed Hinman and placed a pillow over Hinman's face. He also contended that it was Atkins who wrote the words "Political Piggy" on Hinman's wall (at Beausoleil's instructions).In October 1969, police raided the Family's new residence at Barker Ranch near Death Valley, California, holding most of the group in custody on charges of automobile theft. Among those arrested were Atkins, who, while being questioned by police sergeants Whitley and Guenther on October 13, 1969, implicated herself in the murder of Hinman and told the officers that Manson had sent her and Beausoleil to Hinman's residence to force Hinman to hand over money that Manson believed Hinman had inherited. Atkins also told the police that Beausoleil alone acted in the murder of Hinman, stabbing him twice in the heart after detaining him in his home for over two days. Atkins also maintained that it was Beausoleil who slashed Hinman's face, not Manson. However, Atkins gave several differing accounts of the murder of Hinman; at times claiming that she killed Hinman, Manson killed Hinman or that Beausoleil killed Hinman. Trial
<mask> and Susan Atkins were subsequently charged along with Bobby Beausoleil for the murder of Gary Hinman. <mask> later received immunity from prosecution to testify against both Beausoleil and Atkins.His first trial, which began in November 1969 ended in a hung jury, with Beausoleil claiming that Manson alone had murdered Hinman. However, during Beausoleil's March 1970 trial, <mask> repudiated her testimony that Beausoleil murdered Hinman and Beausoleil produced an affidavit signed by <mask> stating that he did not stab Hinman. Called to the stand to testify, <mask> eventually repudiated her previous testimony and insisted that she had said Beausoleil stabbed Hinman to death in her attempt to absolve Charles Manson of any participation in the crime. Various former Family members such as Ella Jo Bailey contradicted this testimony and testified that Manson confessed to them that he in fact was present at the Hinman house and that he fully participated in the murder. Beausoleil was sentenced to death, later commuted to life (See California v. Anderson); Atkins pleaded guilty for her participation in Hinman's death and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Bruce Davis was charged in the murder after it was learned Beausoleil had called Davis at Spahn Ranch and asked him to come over and pick up Hinman's Volkswagen van. Separate trials were held for the murders of Gary Hinman and Spahn Ranch worker Donald "Shorty" Shea, for Family members Davis, Charles Manson, and Steve "Clem" Grogan.<mask> subsequently returned to the remaining members of the Family and rallied support for those incarcerated for the Tate–LaBianca murders. Her son was sent to live with her parents. Hawthorne shootout
<mask> drove a white van to a Hawthorne, California Western Surplus Store on August 21, 1971, accompanied by Family members Catherine "Gypsy" Share, Dennis Rice, Charles Lovett, Larry Bailey, and Kenneth Como. The group brandished guns and ordered patrons and clerks to lie on the ground. They then took 143 rifles, loading them into their van, while a store clerk tripped the silent alarm. According to police officers, the group then debated whether to kill all of those in the store. Police alleged that the group's plan was to hijack a Boeing 747 and threaten to kill one passenger every hour until Manson and fellow Family members were released from prison.A police squad car arrived, and Share opened fire on the vehicle, shattering the windshield. As more squad cars arrived, they blocked the van from fleeing, hitting it with more than 50 bullets; the Family members fired nearly 20 rounds at the officers. Police gained control and apprehended the group; <mask>, Share, and Bailey were injured. <mask> received a sentence of 20 years to life. She was sent to the California Institution for Women where Leslie Van Houten, Susan Atkins, and Patricia Krenwinkel were serving their sentences for their participation in the Tate-LaBianca murders. <mask> disappeared from the public eye after being paroled in 1977. References

Further reading
 Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders, by Vincent Bugliosi with Curt Gentry.New York, 1974, W.W. Norton and Co.; . The Family'' by Ed Sanders (Thunder's Mouth Press rev update edition), 2002;

External links
Journalist Ann Louise Bardach Oui magazine interview with Bobby Beausoleil. 1981
The Manson Myth by Denise Noe http://crimemagazine.com

Manson Family
People from Eau Claire, Wisconsin
1943 births
Living people
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
University of California, Berkeley staff

masks:
Mary Theresa Brunner
Charles Manson Brunner
Elsie Brunner
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Mother Mary
Mary Manson
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Mary Vitasek
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Mary Brunner
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was a Japanese film director and screenwriter. He began his career during the era of silent films, and his last films were made in colour in the early 1960s. Ozu first made a number of short comedies, before turning to more serious themes in the 1930s. The most prominent themes of Ozu's work are marriage and family, especially the relationships between generations. His most widely beloved films include Late Spring (1949), Tokyo Story (1953), and An Autumn Afternoon (1962). Widely regarded as one of the world's greatest and most influential filmmakers, Ozu's work has continued to receive acclaim since his death. In the 2012 Sight & Sound poll, Ozu's Tokyo Story was voted the third-greatest film of all time by critics world-wide.In the same poll, Tokyo Story was voted the greatest film of all time by  358 directors and film-makers world-wide. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in the Fukagawa district of Tokyo, the second son of five brothers and sisters. His father sold fertilizer. Ozu attended Meiji nursery school and primary school. In March 1913, at the age of nine, he and his siblings were sent by his father to live in his father's home town of Matsusaka in Mie Prefecture, where he remained until 1924. In March 1916, at the age of 12, he entered what is now Ujiyamada High School. He was a boarder at the school and did judo.He frequently skipped classes to watch films such as Quo Vadis or The Last Days of Pompeii. In 1917, he saw the film Civilization and decided that he wanted to be a film director. In 1920, at the age of 17, he was thrown out of the dormitory after being accused of writing a love letter to a good-looking boy in a lower class, and had to commute to school by train. In March 1921, Ozu graduated from the high school. He attempted the exam for entrance into what is now Kobe University's economics department, but failed. In 1922, he took the exam for a teacher training college, but failed it too. On 31 March 1922, he began working as a substitute teacher at a school in the Mie prefecture.He is said to have traveled the long journey from the school in the mountains to watch films on the weekend. In December 1922, his family, with the exception of Ozu and his sister, moved back to Tokyo to live with his father. In March 1923, when his sister graduated, he also returned to live in Tokyo. Entering the film business

With his uncle acting as intermediary, Ozu was hired by the Shochiku Film Company, as an assistant in the cinematography department, on 1 August 1923, against the wishes of his father. His family home was destroyed in the earthquake of 1923, but no members of his family were injured. On 12 December 1924, Ozu started a year of military service. He finished his military service on 30 November 1925, leaving as a corporal.In 1926, he became a third assistant director at Shochiku. In 1927, he was involved in a fracas where he punched another employee for jumping a queue at the studio cafeteria, and when called to the studio director's office, used it as an opportunity to present a film script he had written. In September 1927, he was promoted to director in the jidaigeki (period film) department, and directed his first film, Sword of Penitence, which has since been lost. Sword of Penitence was written by Ozu, with a screenplay by Kogo Noda, who would become his co-writer for the rest of his career. On September 25, he was called up for service in the military reserves until November, which meant that the film had to be partly finished by another director. In 1928, Shiro Kido, the head of the Shochiku studio, decided that the company would concentrate on making short comedy films without star actors. Ozu made many of these films.The film Body Beautiful, released on 1 December 1928, was the first <mask> film to use a low camera position, which would become his trademark. After a series of the "no star" pictures, in September 1929, <mask>'s first film with stars, I graduated But..., starring Minoru Takada and Kinuyo Tanaka, was released. In January 1930, he was entrusted with Shochiku's top star, Sumiko Kurishima, in her new year film, An Introduction to Marriage. His subsequent films of 1930 impressed Shiro Kido enough to invite Ozu on a trip to a hot spring. In his early works, <mask> used the pseudonym "James Maki" for his screenwriting credit. His film Young Miss, with an all-star cast, was the first time he used the pen name James Maki, and was also his first film to appear in film magazine Kinema Jumpo's "Best Ten" at third position. In 1932, his I Was Born, But..., a comedy about childhood with serious overtones, was received by movie critics as the first notable work of social criticism in Japanese cinema, winning Ozu wide acclaim.In 1935 <mask> made a short documentary with soundtrack: Kagami Jishi, in which Kikugoro VI performed a Kabuki dance of the same title. This was made by request of the Ministry of Education. Like the rest of Japan's cinema industry, <mask> was slow to switch to the production of talkies: his first film with a dialogue sound-track was The Only Son in 1936, five years after Japan's first talking film, Heinosuke Gosho's The Neighbor's Wife and Mine. War-time
On 9 September 1937, at a time when Shochiku was unhappy about <mask>'s lack of box-office success, despite the praise he received from critics, the thirty-four-year-old <mask> was conscripted into the Imperial Japanese Army. He spent two years in China in the Second Sino-Japanese War. He arrived in Shanghai on 27 September 1937 as part of an infantry regiment which handled chemical weapons. He started as a corporal but was promoted to sergeant on 1 June 1938.From January until September 1938 he was stationed in Nanjing, where he met Sadao Yamanaka, who was stationed nearby. In September, Yamanaka died of illness. In 1939, <mask> was dispatched to Hankou, where he fought in the Battle of Nanchang and the Battle of Xiushui River. In June, he was ordered back to Japan, arriving in Kobe in July, and his conscription ended on 16 July 1939. Some of <mask>’s published diaries cover his wartime experiences between December 20, 1938 to June 5, 1939. Another diary from his wartime years (陣中日記), he expressly forbade from publication. In the published diaries, reference to his group’s participation in chemical warfare (in violation of the Geneva Protocol, though Japan had withdrawn from the League of Nations in 1933) can be found, for example, in various entries from March, 1939.In other entries, he describes Chinese soldiers in disparaging terms, likening them in one passage to insects. Although operating as a military squad leader, Ozu retains his directorial perspective, once commenting that the initial shock and subsequent agony of a man as he is hacked to death is very much like its depiction in period films. <mask>’s writings also offers a glimpse into the Japanese military’s use of comfort women. In a letter sent to friends in Japan on April 11, 1938 from Dingyuan County in China’s Anhui Province, Ozu writes about the comfort station protocol in lightly coded terms. In a January 13, 1939 diary entry, Ozu writes more openly about his group’s upcoming turn for use of a comfort station near Yingcheng. He mentions that two tickets, ointment, and prophylatics are provided and that three Korean and 12 Chinese women were being held at the comfort station for their use. Comfort station rates and schedules are also given by Ozu.In 1939, he wrote the first draft of the script for The Flavor of Green Tea over Rice but shelved it due to extensive changes insisted on by military censors. The first film <mask> made on his return was the critically and commercially successful Brothers and Sisters of the Toda Family, released in 1941. He followed this with Chichi Ariki (There Was a Father, 1942), which explored the strong bonds of affection between a father and son despite years of separation. In 1943, <mask> was again drafted into the army for the purpose of making a propaganda film in Burma. However, he was sent to Singapore instead, to make a documentary Derii e, Derii e ("To Delhi, to Delhi") about Chandra Bose. During his time in Singapore, having little inclination to work, he spent an entire year reading, playing tennis, and watching American films provided by the Army information corps. He was particularly impressed with Orson Welles's Citizen Kane.He occupied a fifth-floor room facing the sea in the Cathay Building where he entertained guests, drew pictures, and collected rugs. At the end of the Second World War in August 1945, Ozu destroyed the script, and all footage, of the film. He was detained as a civilian, and worked in a rubber plantation. Of his film team of 32 people, there was only space for 28 on the first repatriation boat to Japan. Ozu won a lottery giving him a place, but gave it to someone else who was anxious to return. Postwar
Ozu returned to Japan in February 1946, and moved back in with his mother, who had been staying with his sister in Noda in Chiba prefecture. He reported for work at the Ofuna studios on 18 February 1946.His first film released after the war was Record of a Tenement Gentleman in 1947. Around this time, the Chigasakikan Ryokan became <mask>'s favoured location for scriptwriting. Tokyo Story was the last script that Ozu wrote at Chigasakikan. In later years, <mask> and Noda used a small house in the mountains at Tateshina in Nagano Prefecture called Unkosō to write scripts, with <mask> staying in a nearby house called Mugeisō. <mask>'s films from the late 1940s onward were favourably received, and the entries in the so-called "Noriko trilogy" (starring Setsuko Hara) of Late Spring (1949), Early Summer (1951), and Tokyo Story (1953) are among his most acclaimed works, with Tokyo Story widely considered his masterpiece. Late Spring, the first of these films, was the beginning of <mask>'s commercial success and the development of his cinematography and storytelling style. These three films were followed by his first colour film, Equinox Flower, in 1958, Floating Weeds in 1959, and Late Autumn in 1960.In addition to Noda, other regular collaborators included cinematographer Yuharu Atsuta, along with the actors Chishū Ryū, Setsuko Hara, and Haruko Sugimura. His work was only rarely shown overseas before the 1960s. <mask>'s last film was An Autumn Afternoon, which was released in 1962. He served as president of the Directors Guild of Japan from 1955 to his death in 1963. Ozu was known for his drinking. He and Noda measured the progression of their scripts by how many bottles of sake they had drunk. Ozu remained single throughout his life.He lived with his mother until she died, less than two years before his own death. Ozu died of throat cancer in 1963, on his sixtieth birthday. The grave he shares with his mother at Engaku-ji in Kamakura bears no name—just the character mu ("nothingness"). Legacy and style

Ozu is probably as well known for the technical style and innovation of his films as for the narrative content. The style of his films is most striking in his later films, a style he had not fully developed until his post-war sound films. He did not conform to Hollywood conventions. Rather than using the typical over-the-shoulder shots in his dialogue scenes, the camera gazes on the actors directly, which has the effect of placing the viewer in the middle of the scene.Ozu did not use typical transitions between scenes, either. In between scenes he would show shots of certain static objects as transitions, or use direct cuts, rather than fades or dissolves. Most often the static objects would be buildings, where the next indoor scene would take place. It was during these transitions that he would use music, which might begin at the end of one scene, progress through the static transition, and fade into the new scene. He rarely used non-diegetic music in any scenes other than in the transitions. Ozu moved the camera less and less as his career progressed, and ceased using tracking shots altogether in his colour films. However, David Bordwell argues that Ozu is one of the few directors to "create a systematic alternative to Hollywood continuity cinema, but he does so by changing only a few premises."Ozu invented the "tatami shot", in which the camera is placed at a low height, supposedly at the eye level of a person kneeling on a tatami mat. Actually, <mask>'s camera is often even lower than that, only one or two feet off the ground, which necessitated the use of special tripods and raised sets. He used this low height even when there were no sitting scenes, such as when his characters walked in hallways. Ozu eschewed the traditional rules of movie storytelling, most notably eyelines. In his review of Floating Weeds, film critic Roger Ebert recounts:[<mask>] once had a young assistant who suggested that perhaps he should shoot conversations so that it seemed to the audience that the characters were looking at one another. Ozu agreed to a test. They shot a scene both ways, and compared them."You see?" Ozu said. "No difference!" <mask> was also an innovator in Japanese narrative structure through his use of ellipses, or the decision not to depict major events in the story. In An Autumn Afternoon (1962), for example, a wedding is merely mentioned in one scene, and the next sequence references this wedding (which has already occurred); the wedding itself is never shown. This is typical of <mask>'s films, which eschew melodrama by eliding moments that would often be used in Hollywood in attempts to stir an excessive emotional reaction from audiences. Ozu became recognized internationally when his films were shown abroad.Influential monographs by Donald Richie, Paul Schrader, and David Bordwell have ensured a wide appreciation of Ozu's style, aesthetics, and themes by the Anglophonic audience. Tributes and documentaries
Five, also known as Five Dedicated to Ozu, is an Iranian documentary film directed by Abbas Kiarostami. The film consists of five long takes set by the ocean. Five sequences: 1) A piece of driftwood on the seashore, carried about by the waves 2) People walking on the seashore. The oldest ones stop by, look at the sea, then go away 3) Blurry shapes on a winter beach. A herd of dogs. A love story 4) A group of loud ducks cross the image, in one direction then the other 5) A pond, at night.Frogs improvising a concert. A storm, then the sunrise. In 2003, the centenary of <mask>'s birth was commemorated at various film festivals around the world. Shochiku produced the film Café Lumière (珈琲時光), directed by Taiwanese film-maker Hou Hsiao-hsien as homage to Ozu, with direct reference to the late master's Tokyo Story (1953), to premiere on Ozu's birthday. Ozu was voted the tenth greatest director of all time in the 2002 British Film Institute's Sight & Sound poll of critics' top 10 directors. <mask>'s Tokyo Story has appeared several times in the Sight & Sound poll of best films selected by critics and directors. In 2012, it topped the poll of film directors' choices of "greatest film of all time".Ozu was one of film critic Roger Ebert's favourite film-makers. In 2013, director Yoji Yamada of the Otoko wa Tsurai yo film series remade Tokyo Story in a modern setting as Tokyo Family. In the Wim Wenders documentary film Tokyo-Ga, the director travels to Japan to explore the world of Ozu, interviewing both Chishū Ryū and Yuharu Atsuta. Filmography

Notes

References

Sources

 Torres Hortelano, Lorenzo J., Primavera tardía de Yasujiro Ozu : cine clásico y poética zen, Caja España (León), Obra Social y Cultural,

Further reading

 Andreas Becker: Action Cut: Screenplay Analysis of <mask> <mask>'s Equinox Flower (Higanbana). Remarks on the Screenplay and the Aesthetics of Montage in a Transcultural Comparison, in: Marcos P. Centeno-Martin and Norimasa Morita. 2020. Japan beyond Its Borders: Transnational Approaches to Film and Media.Chiba: Seibunsha, : 147–157. External links

 OzuYasujirō.com (archived)
 Digital Ozu – notes from an exhibition at Tokyo University. Directions for finding Yasujiro <mask>'s grave at Engaku-ji
 The quiet master at The Guardian
 Ozu's Angry Women by Shigehiko Hasumi

1903 births
1963 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Japan
Japanese film directors
Imperial Japanese Army personnel of World War II
Japanese screenwriters
People from Tokyo
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
Imperial Japanese Army soldiers
Japanese prisoners of war
World War II civilian prisoners
20th-century screenwriters

masks: Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Ozu Yasujirō Ozu Ozu


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is a Japanese professional wrestler, better known by the ring name . He is currently a full-time wrestler for Dragon Gate. He has also competed in Wrestling Society X and Ring of Honor. When <mask>'s hairline began receding, the fans began to chant H-A-G-E ( being Japanese for "baldness") at him. He managed to use this to gain a sort of cult popularity, and his catchphrase, "Who has called me hage? ", is one of the best known in Japan. <mask>, a wrestler currently working for Toryumon Mexico, was thought for some time to be <mask>'s brother, but the relationship was only a gimmick.Career

Toryumon
<mask> debuted in Toryumon as a face wrestler with a surfer gimmick. In 2001, he began to lose his hair, and in November he turned heel, cast away his surfer gimmick, and he joined the original M2K as a replacement for Chocoflake K-ICHI. He was the last wrestler to be added to the group. During his days in the M2K stable, he held the NWA World Welterweight Title twice, defeating Ryo Saito to win it, vacating the title after a no-contest match with Dragon Kid, defeating Ricky Marvin to win it again, and finally losing it to M2K stablemate Darkness Dragon. As part of Do FIXER, he won the UWA World Trios Titles with Susumu Yokosuka and Ryo Saito. He was responsible for bringing in Magnum TOKYO to lead the remnants of M2K after the name was sealed. In 2002, he would team with Magnum TOKYO and Darkness Dragon in a three-way trios tag team match against Ryo Saito, Masaaki Mochizuki & Dragon Kid and CIMA, Don Fujii & Yoshikazu Taru and was pinned by CIMA.In Spring 2003, he scored a series of upset wins, most of them via backslide. This led to the rise of his finisher, the Backslide from Heaven. Dragon Gate
While in Do FIXER, he formed a friendship with Ryo Saito that would endure for several years. He teamed with Saito to defeat The Florida Brothers at the 2004 Revolucion ppv event on January 31, 2004. He, Saito and Dragon Kid would win the Open the Triangle Gate Championship three times while teaming together in Do FIXER. The three of them would travel to Ring of Honor to take part in a match against Blood Generation's CIMA, Naruki Doi & Masato Yoshino, which would be given a rare five-star rating by famous wrestling columnist Dave Meltzer. In January 2007, he betrayed Saito and Do FIXER to join heel stable Muscle Outlaw'z.He underwent a radical transformation in appearance, and added blue mist to his arsenal. This turn lead him to an Open the Brave Gate title run, and a pinfall victory over CIMA in an 8-man elimination match (incidentally not his first direct win over CIMA). He feuded with gaijin Matt Sydal over the title before dropping it to Yasushi Kanda. After dropping the title, his push was not maintained. He began wrestling mainly early on the cards, taking the falls in multi-person matches, and was winless during all of March 2008. He began to develop kleptomania, stealing Tozawa-juku's pants and Anthony W. Mori's ring costume. During the unit turmoil in the early parts of 2008, <mask> remained firmly on the heel side of Muscle Outlaw'z, and followed them to Real Hazard.He acted as secretary to the Brave Gate belt commissioner Yoshito Sugamoto, which was actually the Brave Gate champion (and his fellow MO'z stablemate) Gamma himself, enforcing the outrageous rules randomly put in place by him that allowed Gamma to win title matches or retain his title if he lost the match. On July 27, 2008, <mask> defeated m.c.KZ to win the vacant Open the Brave Gate title for a second time. Despite the title win, his push was not increased, as he did not score any wins over any wrestler in higher standing than he had been previously. He defended it twice before losing it to Masato Yoshino on October 12, and then went right back to taking the falls in most multi-person matches for the remainder of 2008 and into 2009. When Ryo Saito turned heel in February 2009 and joined Real Hazard, he and <mask> began teaming again. On May 5, they won the Open the Twin Gate Championship from Susumu Yokosuka & Gamma in a Three-Way Match, which included fellow Real Hazard stablemates Kenichiro Arai & Yasushi Kanda. They would hold them until September 17, when they lost them to Shingo Takagi & YAMATO.Afterwards, <mask> was relatively quiet again. He unsuccessfully challenged Naoki Tanizaki in the fall of 2009 for the Open the Brave Gate Championship. On January 10, 2010, <mask> put out a blog where he stated that Real Hazard would win more matches via teamwork instead of illegal tactics and weapons play in 2010. He would prove to be a man of his word that day when he stopped Yasushi Kanda from using a blue box in a tag team match they had. Though they still won, his actions caused him and Kanda to begin bickering. The bickering intensified the following day, when Kanda made him lose a tag team match by accidentally hitting him. Five days later, <mask> would be backed up by Susumu Yokosuka and K-ness in his quest for clean matches, after they all refused help from Kanda in a six-man tag match they were involved in.However, the new clean fight trio suddenly found themselves winless in every match they were in, with Horiguchi taking the fall every time. Also, their mission caused a divide to slowly form in Real Hazard, with them on one side and Kanda, Kzy, and Takuya Sugawara on the other. (Kenichiro Arai and KAGETORA remained neutral). Tensions finally boiled over on February 10, after KAGETORA accidentally cost Sugawara a shot at becoming the next challenger for the Open the Dream Gate Title. <mask> left Real Hazard, along with Susumu and K-ness, and was put in a match against Sugawara, scheduled for March 3. However, K-neSuka and <mask> decided to not team together anymore, since they all did not like how he was losing constantly, and they all agreed that this was preventing K-neSuka from getting to the top of the tag team division. <mask> remained a lone wolf up until the 27th, when Dragon Kid suggested him to CIMA and Gamma as a new member of the WARRIORS stable, and he was welcomed into the fold.On May 13, 2010, <mask>, CIMA and Gamma defeated Don Fujii, Masaaki Mochizuki and Akebono to win the Open the Triangle Gate Championship. On October 25, 2010, <mask>, CIMA and Gamma lost the Open the Triangle Gate Championship to Naoki Tanizaki, Yasushi Kanda and Takuya Sugawara. <mask> turned heel on January 14, 2011, along with the rest of WARRIORS, when they attacked Masato Yoshino and WORLD-1, and joined forces with Naruki Doi's unnamed group. On January 18 the new group was named Blood Warriors. On February 6, 2011, <mask> and his Blood WARRIORS stablemate Ryo Saito defeated Don Fujii and Masaaki Mochizuki to win the Open the Twin Gate Championship. They would lose the title to rival group Junction Three representatives, Dragon Kid and PAC, on June 19, 2011. On February 9, 2012, new Blood Warriors leader Akira Tozawa kicked <mask> and Saito out of the group.On March 3, after <mask> teamed with Yasushi Kanda and Ryo Saito to win the vacant Open the Triangle Gate Championship, he renamed himself <mask> Horiguchi H.A.Gee.Mee!! and formed the Jimmyz stable with Jimmy KAGETORA, Jimmy Kanda, Ryo "Jimmy" Saito and Jimmy Susumu. The Jimmyz lost the Open the Triangle Gate Championship to World-1 International (Masato Yoshino, Naruki Doi and Pac) on May 6. On May 19, <mask> defeated Akira Tozawa in the finals to win the 2012 King of Gate tournament. On September 29, 2013, <mask> defeated Kzy in the finals of a tournament to win the Open the Brave Gate Championship for the third time. He lost the title to Flamita on March 16, 2014. Outside the Dragon System

Appearing in Aja Kong's "Yo!All the Members Set" 20th anniversary card, he teamed with Ryo Saito and Naoki Tanizaki against CIMA, Naruki Doi and Masato Yoshino at Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Japan on August 21, 2005. At the beginning of 2007, he was briefly affiliated with the Wrestling Society X company that was run by MTV. He and Masato Yoshino were a tag team known as Team Dragon Gate, despite the fact the two were in rival stables at the time; Horiguchi was still aligned with face stable Do FIXER while Yoshino was in heel stable Blood Generation. They would only win an exploding cage timebomb deathmatch in their time in this promotion. Championships and accomplishments
Dragon Gate
Open the Brave Gate Championship (3 times)
Open the Triangle Gate Championship (13 times) – with Dragon Kid and Ryo Saito (3), CIMA and GAMMA (2), Jimmy Kanda and Ryo "Jimmy" Saito (3), Mr. Kyu Kyu Toyonaka Dolphin and Ryo "Jimmy" Saito (1), Jimmy Susumu and Ryo "Jimmy" Saito (1), Jimmy Kagetora and Jimmy Susumu (1) and Kzy and Susumu Yokosuka (2)
Open the Twin Gate Championship (2 times) – with Ryo Saito
King of Gate (2012)
Open the Brave Gate Championship Tournament (2013)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #104 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2006

Toryumon Mexico
NWA World Welterweight Championship (2 times)
UWA World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Susumu Yokosuka and Ryo Saito
Young Dragons Cup (1998)

Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Match of the Year with Dragon Kid and Ryo Saito vs. CIMA, Naruki Doi and Masato Yoshino

References

External links
Puroresu Central: Genki Horiguchi
Dragon Gate USA profile

 Genki Horiguchi Officialblog

1978 births
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Kumamoto

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<mask>. (August 25, 1919 – September 13, 1998), was an American politician who served as the 45th governor of Alabama for four terms. A member of the Democratic Party, he is best remembered for his staunch segregationist and populist views. During his tenure, he promoted "industrial development, low taxes, and trade schools." <mask> sought the United States presidency as a Democrat three times, and once as an American Independent Party candidate, unsuccessfully each time. <mask> opposed desegregation and supported the policies of "Jim Crow" during the Civil Rights Movement, declaring in his 1963 inaugural address that he stood for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever". Born in Clio, Alabama, <mask> attended the University of Alabama School of Law, and served in United States Army Air Corps during World War II. After the war, he won election to the Alabama House of Representatives, and served as a state judge.<mask> first sought the Democratic nomination in the 1958 Alabama gubernatorial election. Initially a moderate on racial issues, <mask> adopted a hard-line segregationist stance after losing the 1958 nomination. <mask> ran for governor again in 1962, and won the race. Seeking to stop the racial integration of the University of Alabama, <mask> earned national notoriety by standing in front of the entrance of the University of Alabama, blocking the path of black students. <mask> left office after one term due to term limits, but his wife, Lurleen <mask>, won the next election and succeeded him, though he was the de facto governor. <mask> challenged sitting president Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 Democratic presidential primaries, but Johnson prevailed in the race. In the 1968 presidential election, <mask> ran a third-party campaign in an attempt to force a contingent election in the United States House of Representatives, thereby enhancing the political clout of segregationist Southern leaders.<mask> won five Southern states but failed to force a contingent election. he remains the most recent third-party candidate to receive pledged electoral college votes from any state. <mask> won election to Governor of Alabama in 1970, and ran in the 1972 Democratic presidential primaries, once again campaigning for segregation. His campaign effectively ended when he was shot in Maryland by Arthur Bremer, and <mask> remained paralyzed below the waist for the rest of his life. Bremer was sentenced to 63 years in prison for the shooting, which was later reduced to 53 years, following an appeal; he served 35 years of the reduced sentence, and was paroled in 2007. <mask> won re-election as governor in 1974, and he once again unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination in the 1976 Democratic presidential primaries. In the late 1970s, <mask> announced that he became a born-again Christian, and moderated his views on race, renouncing his past support for segregation.<mask> left office in 1979, but re-entered politics and won election to a fourth, and final, term as governor in 1982. <mask> is the fourth longest-serving governor in US history, having served 5,848 days in office. Early life
<mask>, the first of four children, was born in Clio in Barbour County in southeastern Alabama, to <mask> <mask> and his wife, Mozelle (Smith). He was the third of five generations to bear the name "<mask>". Since his parents disliked the designation "Junior", he was called "<mask>.", to distinguish him from his father, <mask>, and his grandfather, a physician. <mask>'s father left college to pursue a life of farming when food prices were high during World War I. When his father died in 1937, his mother had to sell their farmland to pay existing mortgages.<mask> was raised a Methodist by his parents. From age ten, <mask> was fascinated with politics. In 1935, he won a contest to serve as a page in the Alabama Senate, and confidently predicted that he would one day be governor. <mask> became a regionally successful boxer in high school, then went directly to law school in 1937 at the University of Alabama School of Law in Tuscaloosa. He was a member of the Delta Chi fraternity. It was at the University of Alabama that he crossed paths with Frank M. Johnson Jr., who was a much more liberal politician in relation to social issues and issues of race. <mask> also knew Chauncey Sparks, who became a conservative governor.These men had an effect on his personal politics reflecting ideologies of both leaders later during his time in office. He received a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1942. Early in 1943, <mask> was accepted for pilot training by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Soon afterwards <mask> contracted life-threatening spinal meningitis, but prompt medical attention with sulfa drugs saved his life. Left with partial hearing loss and permanent nerve damage, he was instead trained as a flight engineer. During 1945, as a member of a B-29 crew with 468th Bombardment Group, stationed in the Mariana Islands as part of the Twentieth Air Force, <mask> took part in air raids on Japan and reached the rank of staff sergeant. In mid-1945, <mask> received an early discharge on medical grounds, due to "severe anxiety", and a 10% disability pension for "psychoneurosis".(The Twentieth Air Force was commanded by General Curtis LeMay, who was his running mate in the 1968 presidential race). Racial attitude
Sources are mixed on <mask>'s attitudes towards race, particularly African-Americans. For instance, one source on <mask>'s career as a judge reports: "every black attorney who argued a case in <mask>'s ... courtroom was struck by his fairness .... But no one who knew <mask> well ever took seriously his earnest profession – uttered a thousand times after 1963 – that he was a segregationist, not a racist." A reporter covering state politics in 1961 observed that, while other Alabama politicians conversed primarily about women and Alabama football, for <mask> "it was race – race, race, race – and every time that I was closeted alone with him, that's all we talked about." <mask>'s preoccupation with race was based on his belief that black Americans comprised a separate and inferior race. In a 1963 letter to a social studies teacher, <mask> stated they were inclined to criminality – especially "atrocious acts ... such as rape, assault and murder" – because of a high incidence of venereal disease.Desegregation, he wrote, would lead to "intermarriage ... and eventually our race will be deteriated (sic) to that of the mongrel complexity." Early career
In 1938, at age 19, <mask> contributed to his grandfather's successful campaign for probate judge. Late in 1945, he was appointed as one of the assistant attorneys general of Alabama, and in May 1946, he won his first election as a member to the Alabama House of Representatives. At the time, he was considered a moderate on racial issues. As a delegate to the 1948 Democratic National Convention, he did not join the Dixiecrat walkout at the convention, despite his opposition to U.S. President Harry S. Truman's proposed civil rights program. <mask> considered it an infringement on states' rights. The Dixiecrats carried Alabama in the 1948 general election, having rallied behind Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina.In his 1963 inaugural speech as governor, <mask> excused his failure to walk out of the 1948 convention on political grounds. In 1952, he became the Circuit Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit in Alabama. Here he became known as "the fighting little judge", a nod to his past boxing association. He gained a reputation for fairness regardless of the race of the plaintiff. It was common practice at the time for judges in the area to refer to black lawyers by their first names, while their white colleagues were addressed formally as "Mister"; Black lawyer J. L. Chestnut later said that "Judge <mask> was the most liberal judge that I had ever practiced law in front of. He was the first judge in Alabama to call me 'Mister' in a courtroom." On the other hand, <mask> issued injunctions to prevent the removal of segregation signs in rail terminals, becoming the first Southern judge to do so.Similarly, during efforts by civil rights organizations to expand voter registration of blacks, <mask> blocked federal efforts to review Barbour County voting lists. He was cited for criminal contempt of court in 1959. As judge, <mask> granted probation to some blacks, which may have cost him the 1958 gubernatorial election. Failed run for governor
In 1958, <mask> ran in the Democratic primary for governor. Since the 1901 constitution's effective disfranchisement of the state's blacks, and most poor whites as well, the Democratic Party had been virtually the only party in Alabama. For all intents and purposes, the Democratic primary was the real contest at the state level. This was a political crossroads for <mask>.State Representative <mask>. Hawkins of Gadsden ran, but <mask>'s main opponent was state attorney general John Malcolm Patterson, who ran with the support of the Ku Klux Klan, an organization <mask> had spoken against. <mask> was endorsed by the NAACP. <mask> lost the nomination by over 34,400 votes. After the election, aide Seymore Trammell recalled <mask> saying, "Seymore, you know why I lost that governor's race? ... I was outniggered by John Patterson. And I'll tell you here and now, I will never be outniggered again."In the wake of his defeat, <mask> adopted a hard-line segregationist stance and used this stand to court the white vote in the next gubernatorial election in 1962. When a supporter asked why he started using racist messages, <mask> replied, "You know, I tried to talk about good roads and good schools and all these things that have been part of my career, and nobody listened. And then I began talking about niggers, and they stomped the floor." Governor of Alabama

Segregation

In the 1962 Democratic primary, <mask> finished first, ahead of State Senator Ryan DeGraffenried Sr., and taking 35 percent of the vote. In the runoff, <mask> won the nomination with 55 percent of the vote. As no Republican filed to run, this all but assured <mask> of becoming the next governor. He won a crushing victory in the November general election, taking 96 percent of the vote.As noted above, Democratic dominance had been achieved by disenfranchising most blacks and many poor whites in the state for decades, which lasted until years after federal civil rights legislation was passed in 1964 and 1965. <mask> took the oath of office on January 14, 1963, standing on the gold star marking the spot where, nearly 102 years earlier, Jefferson Davis was sworn in as provisional president of the Confederate States of America. In his inaugural speech, <mask> said:

This sentence had been written by <mask>'s new speechwriter, Ku Klux Klan leader Asa Earl Carter. In 1963, President John F. Kennedy's administration ordered the U.S. Army's 2nd Infantry Division from Fort Benning, Georgia to be prepared to enforce the racial integration of the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. In a vain attempt to halt the enrollment of black students Vivian Malone and James Hood, Governor <mask> stood in front of Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama on June 11, 1963. This became known as the "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door". In September 1963, <mask> attempted to stop four black students from enrolling in four separate elementary schools in Huntsville.After intervention by a federal court in Birmingham, the four children were allowed to enter on September 9, becoming the first to integrate a primary or secondary school in Alabama. <mask> desperately wanted to preserve segregation. In his own words: "The President [John F. Kennedy] wants us to surrender this state to Martin Luther King and his group of pro-communists who have instituted these demonstrations." <mask> predicted, during a Milwaukee, Wisconsin speech on September 17, 1964, that the office-holding supporters of a civil rights bill would politically "bite the dust" by 1966 and 1968. The Encyclopædia Britannica characterized him not so much as a segregationist but more as a "populist" who pandered to the white majority of Alabama voters. It notes that his failed attempt at presidential politics created lessons that later influenced the populist candidacies of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. Jack Newfield wrote in 1971 that <mask> "recently has been sounding like William Jennings Bryan as he attacked concentrated wealth in his speeches".Economics and education

The principal achievement of <mask>'s first term was an innovation in Alabama industrial development that several other states later copied: he was the first Southern governor to travel to corporate headquarters in northern states to offer tax abatements and other incentives to companies willing to locate plants in Alabama. He also initiated a community college system that has now spread throughout the state, preparing many students to complete four-year degrees at Auburn University, UAB, or the University of Alabama. Wallace Community College (Dothan), is named for his father. Wallace Community College Selma (Selma), and Wallace State Community College (Hanceville) are named for him. Lurleen B. <mask> Community College in Andalusia is named for <mask>'s first wife, Lurleen <mask>. The University of South Alabama, a new state university in Mobile, was chartered in 1963 during <mask>'s first year in office as governor. 1964 Democratic presidential primaries
On November 15–20, 1963, in Dallas, <mask> announced his intention to oppose the incumbent president, John F. Kennedy, for the 1964 Democratic presidential nomination.Days later, also in Dallas, Kennedy was assassinated, and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded him as president. Building upon his notoriety after the University of Alabama controversy, <mask> entered the Democratic primaries in 1964 on the advice of a public relations expert from Wisconsin. <mask> campaigned strongly by expressing his opposition to integration and a tough approach on crime. In Democratic primaries in Wisconsin, Indiana, and Maryland, <mask> garnered at least a third of the vote running against three Johnson-designated surrogates. <mask> was known for stirring crowds with his oratory. The Huntsville Times interviewed Bill Jones, <mask>'s first press secretary, who recounted "a particularly fiery speech in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1964 that scared even <mask>, [where he] angrily shouted to a crowd of 1,000 people that 'little pinkos' were 'running around outside' protesting his visit, and continued, after thunderous

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 applause, saying, 'When you and I start marching and demonstrating and carrying signs, we will close every highway in the country.' The audience leaped to its feet and headed for the exit", Jones said, "It shook <mask>.He quickly moved to calm them down." At graduation exercises in the spring of 1964 at Bob Jones University in Greenville, South Carolina, <mask> received an honorary doctorate. At the commencement, Bob Jones Jr., read the following citation as a tribute to <mask>:

1964 unpledged elector slate
In 1964, Alabama Republicans stood to benefit from the unintended consequences of two developments: (1) Governor <mask> vacating the race for the Democratic presidential nomination against President Johnson, and (2) the designation of unpledged Democratic electors in Alabama, in effect removing President Johnson from the general election ballot. Prior to the 1964 Republican National Convention in San Francisco, <mask> and his aides Bill Jones and Seymore Trammell met in the Jefferson Davis Hotel in Montgomery with Alabama Republican leader James D. Martin, who had narrowly lost the U.S. Senate election in 1962 to J. Lister Hill. <mask> and his aides sought to determine if Barry M. Goldwater, the forthcoming Republican presidential nominee who as a senator from Arizona had voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on libertarian and constitutional grounds, would advocate repeal of the law, particularly the public accommodations and equal employment sections. Bill Jones indicated that <mask> agreed with Goldwater's anti-communist stance but opposed the Republican's proposal to make Social Security a voluntary program. Jones stressed that <mask> had sacrificed his own presidential aspirations that year to allow a direct Republican challenge to President Johnson.It was later disclosed that <mask> proposed at the meeting with Martin to switch parties if he could be named as Goldwater's running-mate, a designation later given to U.S. Representative  William E. Miller of New York. Goldwater reportedly rejected the overture because he considered <mask> to be a racist. The unpledged electors in Alabama included the future U.S. senator, James Allen, then the lieutenant governor, and the subsequent Governor Albert Brewer, then the state House Speaker. National Democrats balked over Johnson's exclusion from the ballot, but most supported the unpledged slate, which competed directly with the Republican electors. As The Tuscaloosa News explained, loyalist electors would have offered a clearer choice to voters than did the unpledged slate. The 1964 Republican electors were the first since Reconstruction to prevail in Alabama. The Goldwater-Miller slate received 479,085 votes (69.5 percent) to the unpledged electors' 209,848 (30.5 percent).The Republican tide also brought to victory five Republican members of the United States House of Representatives, including William Louis Dickinson, who held the Montgomery-based district seat until 1993, and James D. Martin, the Gadsden oil products dealer who defeated then State Senator <mask>. Hawkins for the U.S. House seat formerly held by Carl Elliott. Hardly yet sworn into the U.S. House, Martin already had his eyes on <mask>'s own position as governor. First Gentleman of Alabama
Term limits in the Alabama Constitution prevented <mask> from seeking a second term in 1966. Therefore, <mask> offered his wife, Lurleen <mask>, as a surrogate candidate for governor. In the Democratic primary, she defeated two former governors, Jim Folsom and John M. Patterson, Attorney General Richmond Flowers Sr., and former U.S. Representative Carl Elliott. Largely through the work of <mask>'s supporters, the Alabama restriction on gubernatorial succession was later modified to allow two consecutive terms. <mask> defended his wife's proxy candidacy.He felt somewhat vindicated when Republicans in Idaho denied renomination in 1966 to Governor Robert E. Smylie, author of the article entitled "Why I Feel Sorry for Lurleen <mask>". In his memoirs, <mask> recounts his wife's ability to "charm crowds" and cast off invective: "I was immensely proud of her, and it didn't hurt a bit to take a back seat to her in vote-getting ability." <mask> rebuffed critics who claimed that he had "dragooned" his wife into the race. "She loved every minute of being governor the same way ... that Mrs. (Margaret) Smith loves being senator." During the 1966 campaign, <mask> signed state legislation to nullify desegregation guidelines between Alabama cities and counties and the former United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. <mask> claimed that the law would thwart the national government from intervening in schools. Critics denounced <mask>'s "political trickery" and expressed alarm at the potential forfeiture of federal funds.Republican gubernatorial candidate James D. Martin accused the Democrats of "playing politics with your children" and "neglecting academic excellence". Martin also opposed the desegregation guidelines and had sponsored a U.S. House amendment to forbid the placement of students and teachers on the basis of racial quotas. He predicted that <mask>'s legislation would propel the issuance of a court order compelling immediate and total desegregation in all public schools. He also compared the new Alabama law to "another two-and-a-half minute stand in the schoolhouse door". Lurleen <mask> defeated Martin in the general election on November 8, 1966. She was inaugurated in January 1967, but on May 7, 1968, she died in office of cancer at the age of 41, amid her husband's ongoing second presidential campaign. On her death, she was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Albert Brewer, who had run without Republican opposition amid the <mask> race.<mask>'s influence in state government thus subsided until his next bid for election in his own right in 1970. He was "first gentleman" for less than a year and a half. 1968 third-party presidential run

Planning for Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign began with a strategy session on the evening of the March 1967 inauguration of Lurleen <mask>. The meeting featured prominent white supremacists and anti-Semites, including: Asa Carter; William Simmons of the White Citizens' Council; Dallas County Sheriff Jim Clark; former Mississippi Gov. Ross Barnett; Leander Perez, a fervent Louisiana segregationist and anti-Semite; Kent Courtney, a John Bircher; and "a representative sent by Willis Carto, head of the Liberty Lobby and publisher of the anti-Semitic magazine American Mercury." <mask> ran for president in the 1968 election as the American Independent Party candidate, with Curtis LeMay as his candidate for vice president. <mask> hoped to force the House of Representatives to decide the election with one vote per state if he could obtain sufficient electoral votes to make him a power broker.<mask> hoped that southern states could use their clout to end federal efforts at desegregation. His platform contained generous increases for beneficiaries of Social Security and Medicare. <mask>'s foreign policy positions set him apart from the other candidates in the field. "If the Vietnam War was not winnable within 90 days of his taking office, <mask> pledged an immediate withdrawal of U.S. troops ... <mask> described foreign aid as money 'poured down a rat hole' and demanded that European and Asian allies pay more for their defense." Richard Nixon feared that <mask> might split the conservative vote and allow the Democratic nominee, Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, to prevail. Some Democrats feared <mask>'s appeal to organized blue-collar workers would damage Humphrey in northern states such as Ohio, New Jersey, and Michigan. <mask> ran a "law and order" campaign similar to Nixon's, further worrying Republicans.In <mask>'s 1998 obituary, The Huntsville Times political editor John Anderson summarized the impact from the 1968 campaign: "His startling appeal to millions of alienated white voters was not lost on Richard Nixon and other Republican strategists. First Nixon, then Ronald Reagan, and finally <mask> Walker Bush successfully adopted toned-down versions of <mask>'s anti-busing, anti-federal government platform to pry low- and middle-income whites from the Democratic New Deal coalition." Dan Carter, a professor of history at Emory University in Atlanta, added: "<mask> laid the foundation for the dominance of the Republican Party in American society through the manipulation of racial and social issues in the 1960s and 1970s. He was the master teacher, and Richard Nixon and the Republican leadership that followed were his students." <mask> considered Happy Chandler, the former baseball commissioner, two-term former governor of Kentucky and former Senator from Kentucky, as his running mate in his 1968 campaign as a third-party candidate; as one of <mask>'s aides put it, "We have all the nuts in the country; we could get some decent people–-you working one side of the street and he working the other side." <mask> invited Chandler, but when the press published the prospect, <mask>'s supporters objected: Chandler had supported the hiring of Jackie Robinson by the Brooklyn Dodgers. <mask> retracted the invitation, and (after considering Kentucky Fried Chicken founder Colonel Harland Sanders) chose former Air Force General Curtis LeMay of California.LeMay was considered instrumental in the establishment in 1947 of the United States Air Force and an expert in military affairs. His four-star military rank, experience at Strategic Air Command and presence advising President Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis were considered foreign-policy assets to the <mask> campaign. By 1968, LeMay had retired and was serving as chairman of the board of an electronics company, but the company threatened to dismiss him if he took a leave of absence to run for vice president. To keep LeMay on the ticket, <mask> backer and Texas oil tycoon H. L. Hunt set up a million-dollar fund to reimburse LeMay for any income lost in the campaign. Campaign aides tried to persuade LeMay to avoid questions relating to nuclear weapons, but when asked if he thought their use was necessary to win the Vietnam War, he first said that America could win in Vietnam without them. However, he alarmed the audience by further commenting, "we [Americans] have a phobia about nuclear weapons. I think there may be times when it would be most efficient to use nuclear weapons."The "politically tone-deaf" LeMay became a drag on <mask>'s candidacy for the remainder of the campaign. In 1968, <mask> pledged that "If some anarchist lies down in front of my automobile, it will be the last automobile he will ever lie down in front of" and asserted that the only four letter words which hippies did not know were "w-o-r-k" and "s-o-a-p."  Responding to criticism of the former comment, <mask> later elaborated that he meant such a protester would be punished under the law, not run over. This type of rhetoric became famous. He accused Humphrey and Nixon of wanting to radically desegregate the South. <mask> said, "There's not a dime's worth of difference between the Republicans and Democrats", a campaign slogan that he had first perfected when Lurleen <mask> defeated James D. Martin. Major media outlets observed the support <mask> received from extremist groups such as White Citizens' Councils. It has been noted that members of such groups had permeated the <mask> campaign by 1968 and, while <mask> did not openly seek their support, nor did he refuse it.Indeed, at least one case has been documented of the pro-Nazi and white supremacist Liberty Lobby distributing a pro-<mask> pamphlet entitled "Stand up for America" despite the campaign's denial of such a connection. Unlike Strom Thurmond in 1948, <mask> generally avoided race-related discussions. He mostly criticized hippies and "pointy-headed intellectuals". He denied he was racist, saying once, "I've never made a racist speech in my life." While <mask> carried five Southern states, won almost ten million popular votes and 46 electoral votes, Nixon received 301 electoral votes, more than required to win the election. <mask> remains the last non-Democratic, non-Republican candidate to win any pledged electoral votes. <mask> also received the vote of one North Carolina elector who had been pledged to Nixon.Many found <mask> an entertaining campaigner. To "hippies" who called him a fascist, he replied, "I was killing fascists when you punks were in diapers." Another notable quip: "They're building a bridge over the Potomac for all the white liberals fleeing to Virginia." <mask> decried the United States Supreme Court's binding opinion in Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, which ordered immediate desegregation of Southern schools – he said the new Burger court was "no better than the Warren court" and called the justices "limousine hypocrites". Second term as governor
In 1970, <mask> sought the Democratic nomination against incumbent Governor Albert Brewer, who was the first gubernatorial candidate since Reconstruction to seek African-American voter support. Although in the 1966 gubernatorial election then state Attorney General Richmond Flowers championed civil rights for all and with the support of most of Alabama Black voters finished second in the Democratic primary. Brewer unveiled a progressive platform and worked to build an alliance between blacks and the white working class.Of <mask>'s out-of-state trips, Brewer said, "Alabama needs a full-time governor!" In the primary, Brewer received the most votes but failed to win a majority, which triggered a runoff election. In what later U.S. President Jimmy Carter called "one of the most racist campaigns in modern southern political history", <mask> aired television advertising with slogans such as "Do you want the black bloc electing your governor?" and circulated an ad showing a white girl surrounded by seven black boys, with the slogan "Wake Up Alabama! Blacks vow to take over Alabama." <mask> slurred Brewer, whom he called "Sissy Britches", and his family. In the runoff, <mask> narrowly won the Democratic nomination and won the general election in a landslide.Though <mask> had promised not to run for president a third time, the day after the election, he flew to Wisconsin to campaign for the upcoming 1972 United States presidential election. <mask>, whose presidential ambitions would have been destroyed by a defeat for governor, has been said to have run "one of the nastiest campaigns in state history", using racist rhetoric while proposing few new ideas. 1972 Democratic presidential primaries

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 and assassination attempt

On January 13, 1972, <mask> declared himself a Democratic candidate. The field included Senator <mask>n, 1968 nominee and former U.S. vice president Hubert Humphrey, and nine other Democratic opponents, including John V. Lindsay, the liberal mayor of New York City, who had switched from Republican affiliation to enter the Democratic presidential primaries. <mask> announced that he no longer supported segregation and had always been a "moderate" on racial matters. This position was an echo of Nixon, who in 1969 had instituted the first affirmative action program, the Philadelphia Plan that established goals and timetables. However, <mask> (similarly to Nixon) expressed continued opposition to desegregation busing.For the next four months, <mask>'s campaign proceeded well. In Florida's primary, <mask> carried every county to win 42 percent of the vote. On May 15, 1972, he was shot five times by Arthur Bremer while campaigning at the Laurel Shopping Center in Laurel, Maryland, at a time when he was receiving high ratings in national opinion polls. Bremer was seen at a <mask> rally in Wheaton, Maryland, earlier that day and two days earlier at a rally in Kalamazoo, Michigan. <mask> was hit in the abdomen and chest, and one of the bullets lodged in <mask>'s spinal column, leaving him paralyzed from the waist down for the rest of his life. A five-hour operation was needed that evening, and <mask> had to receive several units of blood in order to survive. Three others who were wounded in the shooting also survived.The shooting and <mask>'s subsequent injuries put an effective end to his bid for the Democratic Presidential nomination. The assassination attempt was caught on film. Bremer's diary, An Assassin's Diary, published after his arrest, shows he was motivated in the assassination attempt by a desire for fame, not by political ideology. He had considered President Nixon an earlier target. He was convicted at trial. On August 4, 1972, Bremer was sentenced to 63 years in prison, later reduced to 53 years. Bremer served 35 years and was released on parole on November 9, 2007.CBS News correspondent David Dick won an Emmy Award for his coverage of the attempt on <mask>'s life. Following the assassination attempt, <mask> was visited at the hospital by Democratic Congresswoman and presidential primary rival Shirley Chisholm, a representative from Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. At the time, she was the nation's only African-American female member of Congress. Despite their ideological differences and the opposition of Chisholm's constituents, Chisholm felt visiting <mask> was the humane thing to do. Other people to visit <mask> in hospital were President Nixon, Vice President Spiro Agnew, and presidential primary rivals Hubert Humphrey, <mask>n, and Ted Kennedy. He also received telegrams from former President Lyndon Johnson, California governor Ronald Reagan and Pope Paul VI. After the shooting, <mask> won primaries in Maryland and Michigan, but his near assassination effectively ended his campaign.From his wheelchair, <mask> spoke on July 11, 1972, at the Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida. Since <mask> was out of Alabama for more than 20 days while he was recovering in Holy Cross Hospital in Silver Spring, Maryland, the state constitution required Lieutenant Governor Jere Beasley to serve as acting governor from June 5 until <mask>'s return to Alabama on July 7. <mask> resumed his gubernatorial duties and easily won the 1974 primary and general election, when he defeated Republican State Senator Elvin McCary, a real estate developer from Anniston, who received less than 15 percent of the ballots cast. In 1992, when asked to comment on the 20th anniversary of his attempted assassination, <mask> replied, "I've had 20 years of pain." 1976 Democratic presidential primaries

In November 1975, <mask> announced his fourth bid for the presidency, again participating in the Democratic presidential primaries. <mask>'s campaign was plagued by voter concern about his health as well as the media use of images that portrayed him as nearly helpless. His supporters complained that such coverage was motivated by bias, citing the discretion used in coverage of Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralysis, before television became commercially available.In the southern primaries and caucuses, <mask> carried only Mississippi, South Carolina and his home state of Alabama. If the popular vote in all primaries and caucuses were combined, <mask> would have placed third behind former Georgia governor Jimmy Carter and California governor Jerry Brown. After the primaries were completed, and he had lost several Southern primaries to Carter, <mask> left the race in June 1976. He eventually endorsed Carter, who defeated Republican incumbent Gerald Ford. <mask> later said that he had facilitated a fellow southerner's nomination. No position advocated by <mask> was included in the 1976 Democratic platform. Final term as governor

In the late 1970s, <mask> announced that he was a born-again Christian and apologized to black civil rights leaders for his past actions as a segregationist.He said that while he had once sought power and glory, he realized he needed to seek love and forgiveness. In 1979, <mask> said of his stand in the schoolhouse door: "I was wrong. Those days are over, and they ought to be over." He publicly asked for forgiveness from black Americans. In the 1982 Alabama gubernatorial Democratic primary, <mask>'s main opponents were Lieutenant Governor <mask> and Alabama House Speaker Joe McCorquodale. In the primary, McCorquodale was eliminated, and the vote went to a runoff, with <mask> holding a slight edge over McMillan. <mask> won the Democratic nomination by a margin of 51 to 49 percent.In the general election, his opponent was Montgomery Republican Mayor Emory Folmar. Polling experts at first thought the 1982 election was the best chance since Reconstruction for a Republican to be elected as governor of Alabama. Ultimately, though, it was <mask>, not Folmar, who claimed victory. During <mask>'s final term as governor (1983–1987) he appointed a record number of Black Americans to state positions, including, for the first time, two as members in the same cabinet. On April 2, 1986, <mask> announced at a press conference in Montgomery that he would not run for a fifth term as Governor of Alabama, and would retire from public life after leaving the governor's mansion in January 1987. <mask> achieved four gubernatorial terms across three decades, totaling 16 years in office. Marriages and children
<mask> married Lurleen Brigham Burns on May 22, 1943.The couple had four children together: Bobbi Jo (1944) Parsons, Peggy Sue (1950) Kennedy, <mask>, known as <mask> (1951), and Janie Lee (1961) Dye, who was named after Robert E. Lee. Lurleen <mask> was the first woman to be elected governor of Alabama, which she did as a stand-in for her husband, who was barred from serving another term. In 1961, in keeping with the practice of many at the time to shield patients from discussion of cancer, which was greatly feared, <mask> had withheld information from her that a uterine biopsy had found possibly precancerous cells. After Lurleen's death in 1968, the couple's younger children, aged 18, 16, and 6, were sent to live with family members and friends for care (their eldest daughter had already married and left home). Their son, commonly called <mask> Jr., is a Democrat-turned-Republican formerly active in Alabama politics. He was twice elected state treasurer as a Democrat, and twice elected to the Alabama Public Service Commission. He lost a race in 2006 for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor.In 2010, <mask>. failed by a wide margin to win the Republican nod to regain his former position as state treasurer. On January 4, 1971, <mask> wed the former Cornelia Ellis Snively (1939–2009), a niece of former Alabama governor Jim Folsom, known as "Big Jim". "C'nelia" had been a performer and was nicknamed "the Jackie Kennedy of the rednecks." The couple had a bitter divorce in 1978. A few months after that divorce, Cornelia told Parade magazine, "I don't believe <mask> needs a family. He just needs an audience. The family as audience wasn't enough for his ego."Snively died at the age of 69 on January 8, 2009. On September 9, 1981, <mask> married Lisa Taylor, a country music singer; they divorced in 1987. Peggy was twelve years old when her father ran successfully for governor. She has shared that she was not treated nicely out in public due to her father's segregationist views. Some people would not shake her hand because of her last name. She would go to school wanting to befriend the black students, but she assumed they would not like her because of what her father had done. Final years and death
In a 1995 interview, <mask> said that he planned to vote for Republican Bob Dole in the 1996 presidential election, commenting, "He's a good man.His wife is a born-again Christian woman and I believe he is, too." He also revealed that he had voted for <mask>. W. Bush, another Republican, in 1992. His son, <mask> Jr., officially switched from Democrat to Republican that same year. <mask> himself declined to identify as either a Republican or a Democrat. But he added, "The state is slowly going Republican because of Clinton being so liberal." In his later years, <mask> suffered from deafness and Parkinson's disease. At a restaurant a few blocks from the State Capitol, <mask> became something of a fixture.In constant pain, he was surrounded by an entourage of old friends and visiting well-wishers and continued this ritual until a few weeks before his death. <mask> died of septic shock from a bacterial infection in Jackson Hospital in Montgomery on September 13, 1998. He suffered from respiratory problems in addition to complications from his gunshot spinal injury. His grave is located at Greenwood Cemetery, in Montgomery. Legacy and honors

With four failed runs for president, <mask> was unsuccessful in national politics. However, his impact on American politics was enormous and earned him the appellation "the most influential loser" in 20th century American politics, according to biographers Dan T. Carter and Stephan Lesher. The <mask> Tunnel on Interstate 10 is named in his honor.<mask> was the subject of a documentary, <mask>: Settin' the Woods on Fire (2000), shown by PBS on The American Experience. It was funded in part by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Over 50 songs have been released about or making reference to <mask>. The TNT cable network produced a movie, <mask> (1997), directed by John Frankenheimer and starring Gary Sinise. Sinise received an Emmy Award for his performance during a ceremony held the day <mask> died. In the 2014 film Selma, which was set during the Civil Rights Movement, which then-Governor <mask> publicly opposed, <mask> was portrayed by actor Tim Roth. Three community colleges in Alabama are named for <mask>: Wallace Community College, Wallace Community College Selma, and Wallace State Community College.Lurleen B. <mask> Community College is named for his wife. In 2020, amidst a change in public opinion, many Alabama universities were pushed to rename campus buildings that were originally named after <mask>. This included, but was not limited to, the University of Montevallo and Auburn University. The University of Montevallo has been unsuccessful in renaming the George C. Wallace Speech and Hearing Center because the building was named via Act 110 by the Alabama Legislature in 1975. See also

 Electoral history of <mask>
 Southern Democrats

Footnotes

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

 Frady, Marshall. <mask>. In series, Meridian Books.New York: World Publishing Co., 1970, cop. 1968. External links

 Governor <mask>'s Schoolhouse Door speech archived at The University of Alabama
 <mask> article at the Encyclopedia of Alabama
 <mask> – Daily Telegraph obituary
 Oral History Interview with <mask> from Oral Histories of the American South
 Caught on Tape: The White House Reaction to the Shooting of Alabama Governor and Democratic Presidential Candidate <mask> from History's News Network: http://hnn.us/articles/45104.html
 <mask>: Settin' the Woods on Fire PBS American Experience documentary, including complete transcript, teacher tools and links
 1963 gubernatorial inauguration address
 Cornelia <mask>'s Obituary on Decatur Daily
 Political Graveyard

 "<mask>, Presidential Contender" from C-SPAN's The Contenders
 Speech by <mask> given on March 16, 1970. Audio recording from The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues
 Footage of campaign speech given by <mask> on May 1, 1964 at Ball State Teachers College in Muncie, Indiana
 Alabama Needs "The Little Judge" – 1960/1961 Pro-Segregation Comic Book commissioned directly by <mask> during his campaign for Governor of Alabama. Meeting Elvis Presley with his family backstage before Elvis' concert at the Garrett Coliseum in Montgomery, AL on March 6, 1974. http://www.elvis-collectors.com/candid-central/wallace74.html
 Testimony from Hosea Williams, John Lewis, and Amelia Boynton et al. v. Honorable <mask><mask>, Governor of Alabama et al. from the National Archives and Records Administration

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Wallace family of Alabama
Right-wing populism in the

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was a Japanese educator and poet of the Meiji and Taishō period. Born in present-day Ena, Gifu, she was the founder many educational organizations, including what is today Jissen Women's University. She had international influence, and was one of the most influential women in Asia. Biography

<mask> was born into a samurai family as Seki Hirao, in Iwakara, in Gifu Prefecture. For the first 6–7 years of her life she was an only child, and studied the Confucian classics; she is said to have read all the Chinese and Japanese books her parents had. Her father and grandfather were Confucian scholars. In the run up to the Meiji Restoration, the Hirao family were firmly on the side of the Emperor, and when the Shogunate fell, <mask>'s father was given a prominent position in Tokyo, where the family moved in 1870, when <mask> was about 16.She worked as lady-in-waiting to Empress Shōken from 1871-1879. Seki was well-educated and recognised as an excellent poet, so much so that the empress changed her name to <mask> (poem child). As a result, she rose through the ranks. At court, she attended lessons and lectures, including learning French. In 1875, she began working on the empress's educational works. She formed connections to political leaders including Itō Hirobumi, Yamagata Aritomo, and Inoue Kaoru. In November 1879, she resigned from court to marry the swordsman Takeo <mask>, at her family's request.He suffered from alcoholism and a serious stomach ailment, and she spent much of her time caring for him. Motivated by the urgings of her connections at court, who requested a school for their daughters, and by financial need, in 1881 Utako was opened her house as a private school for girls over 10 years old. She taught poetry and Chinese classics to the wives of a number of ex-samurai officials. She would interrupt a lecture to tend to her husband when he called her. In 1883 the empress decided to found a school for educating girls of the nobility, the  (later merged with the Gakushūin). <mask> initially did not participate on grounds of her huband's health. Takeo died in 1884 and <mask> threw herself into her work as a full-time educator, becoming a teacher and assistant principal at the Girl Peers' School, where she taught ethics and home economics.She also wrote textbooks, starting with a Japanese language textbook published in 1885. In 1893 and 1894 she went abroad to study noblewomen's education. Her interest in women's education took her to Europe (where she enjoyed an audience with Queen Victoria) and America for two years, returning to Japan in 1895 with fluent English and a raft of new ideas to overhaul Japanese education for women. From 1896, she tutored two daughters of imperial concubine Sachiko Sono: Tsunemiya (Princess Masako Takeda) and Kanemiya (Fusako Kitashirakawa). In 1899 she established , later Jissen Women's University, for Japanese middle-class women and female Chinese exchange students, and the  (Women's vocational craft school) for the lower classes. In 1901 she founded the , or Patriotic Women's Association, and in 1907 she withdrew from working with the upper classes to concentrate on educating middle- and lower-class women. <mask> <mask> gave public speeches, which were often printed in women's magazines.She also wrote many women's biographies, believing them important for women's moral education. These included the biographies of Japanese women such as Empress Jingū and Ōbako, Eastern women such as the mother of Mencius, and  Western women such as Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, Catherine Gladstone, Hannah Duston, Dolley Madison, Eleanor of Toledo, Mary Ball Washington, and Charlotte Corday. She also helped Asaoka Hajime translate Renaissance educator François Fénelon's work on women's education. Her  was one of the first Japanese women's schools to take Chinese students, at first all the daughters of expatriates, but from 1903 onwards students also came from China to be educated there. She helped found the  (Society for Renewal) in Shanghai, and her works were published in Mandarin translation in its journal  (). In 1907, the Heimin Shinbun (Common People's Newspaper) published (over 42 days) an article series called . It attacked corrupt right-wing politicians by alleging that <mask> Utako was sexually involved with  Itō Hirobumi (a former prime minister), Yamagata Aritomo (another former prime minister, and a military leader), and Inoue Kaoru (a cabinet minister).The issues containing the article series were banned by the government. There were also rumours connecting her to the emperor and Kichisaburō Iino (a politically-powerful Shinto mystic). <mask> <mask>'s powerful supporters did not publicly defend her, and in 1906 she had to step down as head of the Gakushūin Women's Academy, giving leadership to the headmaster of the male division, Marusuke Nogi. In 1990, <mask> Shimoda was the subject of the biographical novel centering on this scandal, , by Naoki Prize-winning popular author Mariko Hayashi (ja). <mask> Shimoda's vision and work did much to modernise and improve women's education in Japan (she is even responsible for the navy-style girls' school uniform), not just in the realm of improving the mind, but in physical education as well. She was an early student of Jigoro Kano, the founder of modern Judo. She founded three women's schools and wrote over 80 books.She died from pneumonia in 1936, aged 82. The Shimoda Utako Research Institute for Women is named after her. Teachings and politics
Politically, Shimoda <mask> was royalist and nationalist; she supported an expansionist colonial foreign policy, feeling that it was Japan's divine destiny to lead East Asia to a higher level of civilization and wealth, already attained in the West. She warned about and opposed Western imperialism. While she favoured a nationalistic education that instilled patriotism, she judged that the patriotism taught in the west was excessive, and too vengeful, belligerent, and prideful. She considered Chinese and Korean women to be dōhō 同胞 (of the same womb) as Japanese women, though not of the same race, and inferior in education, opportunities, and "superstitious" culture, not intelligence or abilities. Her views have also been described as supporting eugenics.She considered herself a moderate reformer, a , and felt that aspects of Western culture should be selectively adopted to strengthen Japan. Shimoda Utako opposed the subjugation of women, and their absolute obedience to men; she encouraged wives to scold their husbands if they behaved unjustly or unvirtuously, and to develop self-respect and dignity. She also said that daughters had a right to express an opinion on an arranged marriage. She judged that Eastern cultures demeaned women and valued men, while Western ones did the reverse. She was surprised by how kind Western men were to their wives, and as she attributed many of the differences in marriage dynamics to the practice of monogamy in the West, she hoped that its introduction in Japan would improve the status of women. She argued that women and men had separate spheres and abilities. She thought women's ideal sphere was domestic; they should be wives, mothers, and lords of their households.She advocated that they should control their family finances, and engage in charitable social work, but acknowledged that financial necessity or the good of the country might require that women work outside the home, in which case daycares were valuable. She also supported women taking professional roles, such as physician, journalist, or nurse (she was an admirer of epidemiologist Florence Nightingale). She considered devoting oneself to religion, public service, or an art in which one was very talented, was an acceptable alternative to marriage and a reason for women to remain single. <mask> Utako thought that women should study world affairs, geography, and history, but should not be involved in politics; she opposed women's suffrage. She encouraged bilingualism and had her students learn English and Japanese. She considered that the historically high status of women in Japan had been brought low by the rise of militarism after the Heian period, and religious teachings on the inferiority of women. She cited Amaterasu, the female ancestor of the imperial lineage, and other early Japanese stories, as evidence for the high status of Japanese women in the past.She criticized the period of warrior rule (which she saw as lasting seven centuries, from the late Heian Period, in the 12th century, until the Meiji Era, 1868 to 1912). She characterized it as a time when physical strength became of paramount importance, and thus women's status sank to the point that they became "men's slaves or material possessions". She saw it as her role to restore the historically high status of Japanese women, and thus raise Japanese civilization. Shimoda <mask> pointed out the low regard in which the warrior-led society had held economic skills and virtues, attributing the greater wealth of Western nations to the cultural unwillingness of the Japanese to work hard and manage money well. On the other hand, she criticized Westerners as greedy. She lectured on the advantage of the western custom of pocket-money, and taught that household economics were the foundation of a nation's wealth. She wrote two biographies of Queen Victoria; she considered the success of the British Empire to have been caused by Victoria's virtues.Shimoda <mask> praised her as a wise wife, mother, and monarch, describing her philanthropic work and her insistence that her children learn manual skill, the value of labour, and sympathy and understanding for the poor. She criticized traditional Japanese Buddhist teachings that women were too sinful to be saved. She criticized the Confucian teachings that women should obey their fathers, husbands, and sons, while men could or should divorce their wives under some conditions. Shimoda Utako viewed Christianity as moderating the cruel and arrogant natures of Westerners, and churchgoing as inculcating morality; for the Japanese she advocated adherence to a religion, any religion that did not conflict with national polity () or loyalty to the emperor of Japan, and using Sundays to cultivate virtue (for instance, by visiting graves or a shrine, or attending moral lectures). Shimoda Utako placed a high value on physical education, writing: "Since the laws of biology dictate that inferior health is accompanied by inferior moral qualities and inferior intellect, I should not have to argue once again that we need to have a great reform in this aspect for the sake of our Japanese citizens' future." She also considered physical health to be necessary to a colonial empire. While she considered both men and women in Japan to be less healthy than in the West, she judged that women were much worse off, being confined by custom to their homes and restrictive garments.She successfully advocated reform dress. She also opposed Chinese footbinding, requiring that Chinese students attending her school unbind their feet. Schools and organizations
Shimoda <mask> was involved in leadership roles in numerous schools:
Kazoku Jogakkō 華族女學校 (later part of the Gakushūin 學習院)
Jissen Jogakkō 實踐女學校 (as founder)
Joshi Kōgei Gakkō 女子工藝學校 (as founder)
Junshin Jogakkō 順心女學校
Ōmi Joshi Jitsumu Gakkō 淡海女子實務學校
Meitoku Jogakkō 明徳女學校
Aikoku Yakan Jogakkō 愛國夜間女學校

She was also involved with civil society groups:
Aikoku Fujinkai 愛國婦人會 (as founder)
Zhouxin She 作新社, Shanghai, 1901 (helped found)
Women's Christian Temperance Union

Selected publications
 (1901)
 (1902)
 (1912)

Selected students
Qiu Jin (), revolutionary
Yànān Chén ()

References

 The Way of Judo: A Portrait of Jigoro Kano & His Students by John Stevens (Shambhala, 2013)

Further reading

Japan's National Diet Library has many of <mask> Shimoda's works in its digital collections. Shimoda Utako chosakushū shiryōhen [The Collected Works of Shimoda Utako], Itagaki Hiroko ed. (contains most of her magazine contributions)

1854 births
1936 deaths
People from Gifu Prefecture
Writers from Gifu Prefecture
Japanese ladies-in-waiting
19th-century Japanese women
University and college founders
Women founders

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