texts:
 British Horror Cinema (London and New York: Routledge, 2002), pp. 99–116. "G.K<mask> (1874–1936)", in Winks, Robin, ed., Mystery and Suspense Writers (New York: Scribner’s, 1998), pp. 181–194. "Miracles of Rare Device: <mask>’s Miracle Crimes", in Ahlquist, Dale, ed., The Gift of Wonder: The Many Sides of G.K<mask> (Minneapolis, MN: American Chesterton Society, 2001), pp. 101–109.Revision. "Miracles of Rare Device in the Detective Stories of G.K. <mask>ton and Others", in Accardo, Pasquale and <mask>, and Geir Hasnes, eds., Sherlock Holmes Meets Father Brown and His Creator (Sauk City, WI: The Battered Silicon Dispatch Box, 2000), pp. 106–113. "High Tea with Judith Lea", Gilbert! The Magazine of G.K. Chesterton, Volume 3, No. 6 (April–May 2000), pp. 16–17."The Case of the Forgotten Detectives: The Unknown Crime Fiction of G.K<mask>", The Armchair Detective, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Fall 1995), pp. 388–393. "So Much Is Lost in Translation: Literary Adaptations in the 1990s", in Dixon, Wheeler Winston, ed., Film Genre 2000: New Critical Essays (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2000), pp. 29–44. "The Long, Loud Silence" (553–554) and "The Other Passenger" (711–712) in Magill’s Guide to Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature (Pasadena CA: Salem Press, 1997)."Brown, <mask>den", in Sullivan, Jack, ed., The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural (New York: The Viking Press, 1986), pp. 58–60. "Back to Barsoom!" Filmfax, No. 104 (October–December 2004), pp. 74–81, 138. "Time on His Hands: The Fantasy Fiction of Jack Finney", Outre: The World of Ultramedia, Number 16 (1999), pp.52–56, 75, 81. "The Kiss That’s Also a Bite: A Conversation with Suzy McKee <mask>", Horror Magazine, No. 9 (Winter 1998), pp. 62–65. "Time on Our Hands: H.G. Wells’ The Time Machine", The World and I, Vol. 10, No.5 (May 1995), pp.330–334. (centenary of a classic novel)
 "Footprints on the Sands of Mars", The World and I, Vol. 9, No. 4 (April 1994), pp. 324–330 [written under the pseudonym "Jack Ketch"]. "The Man Who Invented Christmas", The World and I, Vol. 8, No.2 (December 1993), pp. 321–326. "Choice of Weapons", The World and I, Vol. 8, No. 9 (September 1993), pp. 184–193. "Locked Rooms and Mean Streets", The World and I, Vol.7, No. 5 (May 1992), pp. 313–325. "The Mysteries of <mask> Allsburg", The World and I, Vol. 6, No. 12 (December 1991), pp. 252–261."The ‘Martian Chronicler’ Reflects", The Christian Science Monitor, 20 March 1991, p. 16. "Holmes in London, 1988", Baker Street Miscellanea, No. 7 (Spring 1989), pp. 32–43. "Bradbury Meets Disney", TWA Ambassador Magazine, Vol. 14, No. 7 (July 1981), pp.12, 14, 16, 20. Books and articles on film and filmmakers
 American Classic Screen: Interviews, Profiles, Features, 3 vols. Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, 2010. 321 pp. 307 pp, 338 pp. Paper. <mask><mask> and James M. Welsh (eds.)"'Arizona Jim': The Westerns of Douglas Fairbanks, Sr.," Journal of Popular Film & Television, Vol. 39, No. 2 (2011), 41–49. "The Watchers: Tales of Tomorrow on Television," Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, Vol. 19, No. 3 (2009), 379–398. "Deadwood", Kansas History, Vol.28, No. 2 (Summer 2005), pp. 113–115. "An Interview with Michael Moore", Film & History, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2004), pp. 86–88."Faces and Masks: Peter Shaffer’s Amadeus from Stage to Screen", Literature/Film Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 3 (2004), pp. 166–174. "Winstanley: or Kevin Brownlow Camps Out on St. George’s Hill", Literature/Film Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 4 (2003), pp.312–318. "Shostakovich’s Fool to Stalin’s Czar: Tony Palmer’s Testimony (1987)", The Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television, Vol. 22, No. 2 (2002), pp. 173–196. "Stanley Kubrick: A Life in Pictures", Literature/Film Quarterly, Vol. 29, No.4 (2001), pp. 250–251. "Robots Redux: A.I. Artificial Intelligence, Literature/ Film Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 4 (2001), pp. 256–261."Mary Pickford and the American 'Growing Girl,'" The Journal of Popular Film & Television, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Summer 2001), pp. 50–62. "Hollywood and the Multicultural Republic", The World and I, November 2000, pp. 259–265. "Kevin Brownlow’s It Happened Here (1965) and Winstanley (1975)", Historical Journal of Radio and Television, Vol.20, No. 2 (June 2000), pp. 227–251. "Life to Those Shadows: Kevin Brownlow Talks about a Career in Films", Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism, Vol. XIV, No. 1 (Fall 1999), pp. 79–94.(co-written with James M. Welsh)
 "The Incredible Stillness of Being: Motionless Pictures in the Films of Ken Burns", American Studies, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Spring 1996), pp. 117–133. "The Hole in the Doughnut: The Last Days of Buster Keaton", The Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism, Vol. X, No. 1 (Fall 1995), pp.79–99. "Re-Examining the Silent Film: Interviews with Historians <mask>, Eileen Bowser, and Richard Koszarski", Literature/Film Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 2 (1995), pp. 88–90. "<mask> and the Machinery of Violence", Literature/Film Quarterly, Vol. 21, No.1 (1993), pp. 10–17. "The Wisdom of the Serpent: Frauds and Miracles in <mask>’s [sic] The Miracle Woman", The Journal of Popular Film and Television, Vol. VII, No. 3 (1979), pp. 293–309. Reprinted in Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.16. Detroit MI: Gale Research Company, 1981, pp. 165–166. "A Matter of Definition: Out of Bounds in The Girl Friends", Literature/Film Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 4 (1979), pp. 270–276."Sternberg and The Last Command", Cinema Journal, Vol. XV, No. 2 (Spring 1976), pp. 68–73. Reprinted in Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 20. Detroit MI: Gale Research Company, 1981, pp.377–378. "Breaking the Classical Barrier" (Interview with filmmaker Franco Zeffirelli), in Behrens, Laurence and Leonard J. Rosen, eds., Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum (New York: Longmans, 2003), pp. 761–765. "Troell, Jan", in International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers—Volume Two—Directors (Chicago: St. James Press, 1997), pp. 1001–1003. "The Wind", in <mask>, Richard Dyer, ed., Films of the 1920s (Metuchen NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1997), pp. 115–118."Rowland Brown", in Thompson, Frank, ed., Between Action and Cut (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1985), pp. 163–182. Josef von Sternberg and The Last Command, in Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.20 (Detroit, MI: Gale Research Company, 1982), pp. 377–378. "<mask>’s The Miracle Woman", in Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 20 (Detroit, MI: Gale Research Company, 1981), p. 165. "Vital Geography: Victor Seastrom’s The Wind", in Whittemore, Don and Phillip Alan <mask>ttini, eds., Passport to Hollywood: The Film Immigrants Anthology (New York: McGraw Hill, 1976), pp.255–261. "C.S.A. ", Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 118–120. "Hollywood and the Multicultural Republic", The World and I, November 2000, pp.259–265. "Riding with the Devil: The Movie Adventures of <mask> Quantrill", Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 182–199. "Peter Weir: The Poetry of Apocalypse", Seasons, Summer 1998, pp. 30–33."The Kiss That’s Also a Bite: A Conversation with Suzy McKee <mask>rnas", Horror Magazine, No. 9 (Winter 1998), pp. 62–65. "Disorder in the Court! : Hollywood’s take on the law and lawyers", The John Marshall Law School Magazine, Spring 1997, pp. 22–35. "Coquette: Mary Pickford Finds a Voice", Films in Review, Vol.XLVIII, No. 1-2 (January–February 1997), pp. 61–66. "‘Rosewood’ Remembers Race War", Christian Science Monitor, 25 February 1997, p. 14. "Mary Pickford Returns", The World and I (December 1996), pp. 112–117. "Mel Gibson: Citizen of the Planet", Los Angeles Magazine, 1996–1997, pp.27–28, 30. "Robin Williams: The Bay Area’s Wild Child", San Francisco Magazine, 1996–1997, p. 1014. "Barry Levinson: Redefining Baltimore", Baltimore Magazine, 1996, pp. 6–8, 81. "Splendidly Self-Propelled: Douglas Fairbanks’ The Gaucho", Films in Review, Vol. XLVII, No. 718 (July–August 1996), pp.96–101. "Man in Motion: An Interview with <mask>", Films in Review, Vol. XLVII, No. 7/8 (July–August 1996), pp. 34–42. "The Choreography of Hope: The Films of Douglas Fairbanks, Sr.", Film Comment, Vol. 32, No.3 (May–June 1996), pp. 50–55. "The Making of Kansas City", Kansas City Magazine, April 1996, pp. 43–45, 62. "Shepard to the Rescue", The World and I, Vol. 11, No. 4 (April 1996), pp.140–145. "‘Jumanji,’ A Whale of a Tale", The Christian Science Monitor, 15 December 1995, p. 12. "Many Bridges to Cross: A Fable about Whoopi", Films in Review, Vol. XLVI, No.9/10 (November–December 1995), pp. 46–53. "All That Glitters", Film Comment, Vol. 31, No.2 (March–April 1995), pp. 52–55. "Railroad Man: The last ride of Buster Keaton", Films in Review, Vol. XLVI, No. 5/6 (July/August 1995), pp. 2–11. "Keaton the Prairie Pragmatist", The World and I, Vol.10, No. 10 (October 1995), pp. 118–123. "Beyond the Camera: The Untold Story Behind the Making of Hoop Dreams", The World and I, Vol. 10, No. 10 (October 1995), pp. 132–139 [written under the pseudonym "Jack Ketch"]."Touching All the Bases: The Documentaries of Ken Burns", The World and I, Vol. 20, No. 1 (January 1995), pp. 150–161 [written under the pseudonym "Jack Ketch"]. "Mel Gibson: Infinite Space", The World and I, Vol.9, No. 9 (September 1994), p. 151

Anthologies, book chapters, and reference works (selections)
 Composers in the Movies: Studies in Musical Biography by <mask><mask>. Dvorak in America by <mask><mask>.The Encyclopedia of Novels into Film by <mask><mask> and James M. Welsh. American Theatrical Film: Stages in Development by <mask><mask>. The Encyclopedia of Great Filmmakers (Great Filmmakers Series) by <mask>. Tibbetts and James Michael Welsh. Encyclopedia of Filmmakers (Vol. 2) by <mask><mask> and James Michael Welsh. "An Unruly Completeness: Fritz Lehner's Mit meinen heissen Traenen," in Ingram, Susan, Markus Reisenleitner, <mask> Szabo-Knotic, eds., Floodgates: Technologies, Cultural (Ex)Change and the Persistence of Place (Frankfurt am Main, Bern, Wien, New York, 2006), 77–106. "Movies of the 1920s," "The Midwest," "The Small Town," "The Machine in the Garden," in The Columbia Companion to American History on Film (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004)."The Old Dark House: The Architecture of Ambiguity in The Turn of the Screw and The Innocents," in <mask>, Steven and Julian Petley, British Horror Cinema (London and New York: Routledge, 2002), 99–116. "The New Tin Pan Alley: 1940s Hollywood Looks at American Popular Songwriters," in Music and Culture in America: 1900-1950, edited by Michael Saffle (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 2000): 349-384. "So Much Is Lost in Translation: Literary Adaptations in the 1990s," in Wheeler Winston Dixon, ed., Film Genre 2000: New Critical Essays (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2000): 29-44. "G.K<mask> (1874-1936)," in Mystery and Suspense Writers, edited by Robin Winks. New York: Scribner's, 1998): 181-194. Broadcast series
 The World of Robert Schumann (2006–2007), a 15-part radio series which features Tibbetts' interviews with dozens of biographers, musicians, and critics, has been broadcast worldwide on the WFMT Radio Network. Piano Portraits (2005–2014), a 17-part radio series which features Tibbetts' interviews with dozens of famous pianists, has been broadcast on Kansas Public Radio.Awards
 Second Prize, International Association of Media Historians for "Best Book on Media Studies" in 2007
 Kansas Governors Arts Award 2008

References

External links
 http://www.johnctibbetts.com

1946 births
American film critics
University of Kansas alumni
Living people
People from Paola, Kansas
People from Leavenworth,

masks:
. Chesterton
Chesterton
. Chesterton
Chester
John Peterson
. Chesterton
Charles Brock
Chas
Chris Van
John C
. Tibbetts
Charles Musser
Clint Eastwood
Frank Capa
MacCann
Frank Capra
Cecche
William Clarke
Cha
Buster Crabbe
John C
. Tibbetts
John C
. Tibbetts
John C
. Tibbetts
John C
. Tibbetts
John C
John C
. Tibbetts
Cornelia
Chibnall
. Chesterton


type: original

texts:
<mask> (March 5, 1834 – August 12, 1913) was an American lawyer. He "disliked his first name intensely and never used his first name when he could avoid it". "Approachable, affable, and kind," graceful and courteous, he was called "the most scholarly lawyer in America" and "one of the leading legal lights of the nation", "a towering figure in the...life of Little Rock". He was a founder of the American Bar Association, of which he was twice president, 1891–92 and 1901-02. Another Arkansas judge, J. T. Coston, described him thus:

Arkansas is the home of the late U. M. <mask>, a scholar and statesman. <mask> was one of the great lawyers not only of Arkansas but of the United States. Cultured, refined and modest as a woman, with a titanic intellect, he was a general favorite wherever he was known.Judge Dillon, after being thrown with him on numerous occasions at long intervals, pronounced <mask> the most cultured man he had ever known. He loved his profession, and I heard him state only a year or two before he died, while attending the Arkansas Bar Association, that during his more than half a century experience in the practice of law he had never had a serious misunderstanding with a brother lawyer. President Theodore Roosevelt called him "the brainiest man I have ever met". Childhood
<mask> was born in Bradfordsville, Kentucky, on a farm of 300 or 400 acres, on March 5, 1834, son of Joseph and <mask>. His father was a physician and a Campbellite. He was his parents' third son and had two half-siblings from his father's first marriage to a Miss Armstrong from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As there was no school in Bradfordsville, he was taught by a tutor; he was studying Latin at age five and later remarked that he could not remember when he could not read.He studied French and German with Europeans who happened to be in Bradfordsville. His mother died in 1848 and his father in 1849. Since his father's estate was worth less than his debts, "the children were thrown out". <mask> then worked in the village store, where he also resided. When this did not leave him time to study, he resigned and worked on a farm, as a field hand, for board and $5 a month. When <mask> was 17, lawyer Rutherford Harrison Roundtree, who met him when visiting the farm, hired him as a deputy county clerk, and gave him "a home in his house" in Lebanon, Kentucky. There, he "learned a great deal about legal forms" and attended court, hearing the locally-famous attorneys Ben Hardin and Joshua F. Bell.To advance his legal education he enrolled at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky. "When <mask>, no more than a youth, presented himself for admission to the school, he impressed Justice Robertson so much with his earnestness and apparent willingness to learn, that Justice Robertson took him to live at his own splendid mansion. It was while at Justice Robertson's home that <mask> met Henry Clay, Webster, and many other of the prominent men of the time." He graduated in six months. On October 25, 1853, <mask> married <mask>. Gibbs, daughter of William Gibbs, who was a grandson of George Washington's aide and bodyguard Caleb Gibbs. Career

In Batesville
After graduating in 1853, in search of warmer weather, <mask>, his new wife, and his brother-in-law William T. Gibbs moved to Batesville, Arkansas, in 1853. He set up a law practice there in partnership with Gibbs.The <mask> had three children. "The couple bought a house on the north side of Main Street, between Third and Fourth Streets, and U. M<mask> rented a small building next door to use as an office." ("He lived on the lot now [1935] occupied by a filling station just across the street from where the Crouch furniture store is now l[oca]ted. His law office was located in his yard.") <mask> subsequently moved his practice to Washington, Arkansas. In 1860, he was appointed chancellor (chancery judge and chief county officer) of Pulaski County; "county judges in Arkansas have served for decades as one of the strongest political forces in the state." "The [Pulaski County] chancellor's office was the only such office in the state and thus had statewide jurisdiction."He held this position until Union forces captured the state capital on September 1, 1863. Although initially opposed to secession, on the practical ground that the South could not win a war against the North, he backed the Confederacy throughout the Civil War. (Both he and his brother-in-law each owned a slave, though his ran away.) He took an oath to support the Confederacy, without which he could not have continued as a state judge; when briefly captured by Union forces that occupied Batesville, he refused to swear allegiance to the Federal government. The Confederacy named him state historian. He moved with the pro-Confederate Arkansas government to Washington, Arkansas in 1863, following the fall of Little Rock. <mask>, "along with all men who had the welfare of the state at heart", "worked hard" to convince Arkansas voters not to ratify the Reconstruction Constitution.(As a Confederate loyalist, he had lost the right to vote.) He was chairman of the Resolutions Committee of the state Democratic party, determined "to preserve 'WHITE MAN'S government in a WHITE MAN'S COUNTRY'". (His wife was later active in the Daughters of the Confederacy.) In Little Rock
The end of the Confederacy meant the end of his position as judge. Moving to Little Rock in 1865, where he and his wife had four additional children, he set up a law partnership, much later to become the Rose Law Firm, with George C. Watkins (1815–1872), former chief justice of Arkansas. This lasted until Watkins' retirement, five years later. He then brought in John Green, who died suddenly in May 1875.His son George B<mask> then became associated with him, under the firm name of U. M. & G. B. Rose. In 1893 Wilson Hemingway, associate justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court since 1889, resigned from the court to join them. In 1905, the firm merged with Cantrell and Loughborough, and the partners adopted the named Rose, Hemingway, Cantrell, and Loughborough, which remained the name of the firm long after <mask>’s death. The firm did not become the Rose Law Firm until 1980; no <mask> has been associated with the firm since George's death in 1942. He was offered a position as U.S.Senator but declined, saying "I have no love of political life. I have seen much of it at a distance. I regard it for the most part as a sham and a delusion, and often it is a shame and a disgrace." A man of learning in the law, science, and literature, <mask> knew both German and French; poems translated by him from the French of Sully Prudhomme and the German of Goethe and Schiller were published posthumously. When faced with a colonial document, he "exhibited a degree of almost perfect familiarity with Spanish". He was "deeply versed in the classics", and was also a noted and "enthralling" public speaker. In 1872 was the first of several trips to Europe, in which he visited Italy, Austria, Scandinavia, Russia, and Turkey; he also visited Mexico.His library, which his widow donated to the Little Rock Public Library, contained over 8,000 volumes, including almost 2,000 books in French and German; there are two published catalogues of it. He was the organizer of the Arkansas Bar Association, whose first meeting was in his office, and its president from 1899 to 1900; he was a charter member of the American Bar Association and its president from 1891 to 1892 and again 1901 to 1902. President Theodore Roosevelt appointed him U.S. ambassador to the Second Peace Conference at The Hague in 1907. In preparation for that responsibility he spent time in Washington, D.C., where he was "a daily caller at [the] White House". <mask> died at his home at 620 West 3rd St., Little Rock, Arkansas, on August 12, 1913, as a consequence of a fall. "The funeral was attended perhaps by the largest number ever gathered on a similar occasion." People attended from "every section of the state".State offices were closed by the governor so employees could attend the funeral. He and his wife had 9 children who survived to adulthood, in order of birth: John M<mask> (1855-1915), an attorney who practiced next door to his father but not in partnership with him, William G<mask> of Butler and Independence, Missouri (1857–1941), his partner George B<mask> (1860–1942), <mask> "Fanny" Dickinson of Little Rock (1863–1932), Lawrence (1866, died in infancy), <mask> Gibbon or Gibbons of Los Angeles (1867–1915), <mask> Coleman (1870–1907), Charles C<mask> of Little Rock (1872–1954), Prof. Lewis Henry <mask> of the University of Arkansas and of Chicago (1874–1921), and Mrs. (<mask>) Hay Watson Smith of Brooklyn, N.Y., and Little Rock (1877-1953). His son George was "known and honored not only as a most successful lawyer, but as a litterateur, art critic and scholar." His grandson U.M<mask> was president of the New Mexico Bar Association. <mask> was the only delegate from Arkansas among the 75 lawyers who formed the American Bar Association in Saratoga Springs, New York in 1872.He was president from 1891 to 1892 and again from 1901 to 1902. In 1882, at his suggestion, 68 lawyers from across the state formed the Arkansas State Bar Association. "<mask> was elected chairman of the association's first executive committee and, between 1898 and 1899, served as president." In 1916, a new U.M. Rose School was opened at 13th and State Streets in Little Rock. It became a central building of Little Rock Junior College when that institution was founded in 1927; when the Junior College became the University of Arkansas at Little Rock and moved to a larger campus, the former campus was used by Philander Smith College, where the building is currently (2019) the James M. Cox Administration Building. In 1917, the state of Arkansas donated a marble statue of <mask> to the U.S. Capitol's National Statuary Hall Collection.In 2019 the decision was made to replace his statue, and that of James Paul Clarke, with statues of Johnny Cash and Daisy Lee Gatson Bates. Arkansas state Sen. David Wallace, the lead sponsor of the bill to replace <mask>, cited <mask>'s perceived lack of name recognition in the present day, saying his "time has faded". In 1944, a United States Liberty ship named the SS Uriah M. <mask> was launched. She was scrapped in 1972. Published writings

References

1834 births
1913 deaths
19th-century American judges
Arkansas lawyers
Arkansas state court judges
Delegates to the Hague Peace Conferences
Judges of the Confederate States
Lawyers from Little Rock, Arkansas
People of Arkansas in the American Civil War
People of the Brooks–Baxter War
People from Marion County, Kentucky
Transylvania University alumni

masks:
Uriah Milton Rose
Rose
Judge Rose
Judge Rose
Rose
Nancy Rose
Rose
Rose
Judge Rose
Judge Rose
Rose
Margaret T
Rose
Roses
. Rose
Rose
Rose
. Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
. Rose
. Rose
. Rose
Janata Rose
Ellen Rose
Emma Rose
. Rose
Rose
Jessie Rose
. Rose
Legacy Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose


texts:
<mask> (28 November 1878 – 16 January 1963) was a Norwegian philologist who specialized in Old Norse studies. Born and raised in Arendal, <mask> received his degrees in philology at Royal Frederick University in Kristiania, where he became a protége of Sophus Bugge. After Bugge's death, <mask> succeeded him in 1908 as Professor of Old Norwegian and Icelandic Literature at Royal Frederick University. In this capacity, <mask> taught generations of Norwegian academics and teachers. His field of research centered on runology and Old Norse toponymy. <mask> was particularly interested in using evidence from runes and toponomy for the study of Old Norse religion. <mask> published a number of works on these subjects, which have been highly influential.He also edited a number of works, including the journal Maal og Minne, which he founded. During the German occupation of Norway in World War II, <mask> served as dean at his university and was involved with the Norwegian resistance movement. In his later years, <mask>'s research centered on the Eddas and Skaldic poetry, on which he authored a number of influential works. He is widely considered the foremost Norwegian philologist of his time. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Arendal, Norway on 28 November 1878, the son of merchant Ole Christian <mask> (1834–1887) and Therese Evine <mask> (1843–1926). He grew up in Arendal, where he gained his examen artium in 1896. <mask> subsequently studied philology at Royal Frederick University in Kristiania, where he took courses in Latin, Greek, German and Norwegian.From 1899, <mask> worked as a teaching assistant at Royal Frederick University. He came under the influence of the archaeologist and toponymist Oluf Rygh, and particularly the philologist Sophus Bugge. Bugge was widely considered Norway's greatest philologist at the time, but was in the process of losing his eyesight, and <mask> served as his assistant since 1902. By this time, Bugge was preparing him to become his successor at the University. <mask> received his cand.philol. degree at the head of his class in 1903. Early career
Upon graduating, <mask> was employed as a researcher at his university, where he became involved in the teaching of students.In 1905–1906 he was in Copenhagen working on the publication of a critical edition of the Vǫlsunga saga and Ragnars saga loðbrókar. After Bugge's death, <mask> succeeded him in 1908 as Professor of Old Norwegian and Icelandic Literature at Royal Frederick University. He saw philology as the key to understanding life in the past, particularly the Viking Age. <mask> became widely regarded as the foremost Norwegian philologist of his time. He advocated an interdisciplinary approach to this subject. His main fields of interest were Old Norse literature, runology, and toponomy. <mask> was known for the boldness of this interpretations, and believed, like his mentor Bugge, that making an interpretation rooted in sound methodology was better than making no interpretation at all.At the University, he was considered a brilliant teacher but a feared examiner. He saw teaching and research as the best way he could serve his fatherland. <mask> ensured that students of high ability had their works published, and that a fund was established to make help students from poor families gain a university education. He supervised the education of generations of Norwegian academics and teachers, and together with scholars such as Carl Marstrander, <mask> developed Royal Frederick University into one the world's leading institutions on Germanic philology. Among the students who took courses under <mask> was Lee M. Hollander. In 1909, <mask> founded the journal Maal og Minne, which he personally edited for forty years. The first issue included his inaugural lecture on the Skírnismál, in which he presented parallels between Njörðr of Norse mythology and Nerthus mentioned by Tacitus.<mask> married Gjertrud Mathilde Kjær, daughter of university librarian  (1852–1941) and Johanne Marie Torp (1863–1948), on 28 June 1912. In 1911, he became a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities. From 1914 to 1956, <mask> was the editor of Bidrag til nordisk filologi. Between 1910 and 1924, he authored three volumes of the monumental Norske Gaardnavne, which examined the toponomy of Norwegian farms. The third volume was authored together with Just Knud Qvigstad. <mask> eventually assumed responsibility for the publication of this series, and had assisted its prior publisher Oluf Rygh. Two of his best known publications are  (1915) and  (1926), which used toponymic evidence to examine Old Norse religion; these pioneering works made significant contributions to its scholarship.Notably, the evidence presented by <mask> showed that the Norse gods were venerated not only as creatures from another world, but as powers intertwined with the environment of the people. His  was eventually translated into English and published under the title Farms and Fanes of Ancient Norway (1928). Gabriel Turville-Petre mentions <mask> along with Georges Dumézil and Jan de Vries as one of the most influential scholars on Old Norse religion. <mask>'s research on Scandinavian place names were instrumental in restoring confidence in Icelandic literature as a useful source of information on Old Norse religion. <mask>'s research on runology was significant. He succeeded Bugge as the publisher of Norges innskrifter med de ældre runer volumes (Norwegian Runic Inscriptions in the Older Runes), which examined Elder Futhark inscriptions in Norway. By 1924, it had been published in five volumes.Between 1941 and 1960, he published his subsequent Norges innskrifter med de yngre runer (Norwegian Inscriptions in the younger Runes) in five volumes. This work examined Younger Futhark inscriptions in Norway. Vols. 3–5 were published in cooperation with . <mask> was convinced that runes were not merely used as an instrument for communication, but were also believed to have magical purposes. World War II
During the German occupation of Norway in World War II, <mask> distinguished himself as a fierce opponent of Nazism, and was close to the resistance movement at the University. He was among the professors at the University of Oslo who on 15 May 1941 issued a public denunciation of the crimes of Josef Terboven against the Norwegian people.Upon the arrest of Francis Bull by the German authorities, <mask> replaced him as acting dean at the University of Oslo. On 15 October 1943, he was arrested by the German occupation authorities and interned at Bredtveit internment camp. He was however quickly released, and continued his involvement with the resistance. Later career
<mask> retired from his professorship upon reaching the age limit in 1948, but continued to research and write. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of St. Olav in 1945. He was also a recipient of the Grand Knight's Cross of the Order of the Falcon and the Knight of the Order of the Polar Star, and a recipient of honorary doctorates from several universities. <mask> was a member of a large number of scholarly societies, including the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (1904) and the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, and a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities.During his last years, <mask> made important contributions to the field of Eddaic studies. His Edda- og skaldekvad. Forarbeider til kommentar, published in seven volumes between 1960 and 1964, examined the Eddas and Skaldic poetry. It contributed to the development of a relative chronology for these works. Throughout his career, he authored hundreds of scholarly books and articles. He died in Oslo, Norway on 16 January 1963. Selected publications

References

Further reading

1878 births
1963 deaths
Germanic studies scholars
Grand Knights of the Order of the Falcon
Knights of the Order of the Polar Star
linguists from Norway
members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Norwegian editors
Norwegian philologists
Norwegian resistance members
Norwegian magazine founders
Old Norse studies scholars
Order of Saint Olav
people from Arendal
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
runologists
toponymists
translators from Old Norse
translators of the Poetic Edda
University of Oslo alumni
University of Oslo faculty
writers on Germanic paganism

masks:
Magnus Bernhard Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Magnus Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen
Olsen


texts:
<mask> (born 10 March 1964), better known as <mask>, is a Swedish singer-songwriter, rapper, occasional DJ and broadcaster. Her musical career started in London in the early 1980s, where she performed in a number of punk and post-punk bands in her youth, including the Slits and Rip Rig + Panic. <mask> has released five studio albums under her own name. Her first, Raw Like Sushi, was released in 1989 and peaked at number three on the UK Album Chart, thanks in large part to the worldwide hit single "Buffalo Stance". Her second studio album was 1992's Homebrew. Four years later she released Man, with her next studio album, Blank Project, coming in 2014. Her most recent album, Broken Politics, was released in 2018.In addition to releasing these studio albums, she formed the band cirKus in 2006 and has collaborated with the Thing, releasing an album entitled The Cherry Thing in 2012. <mask> has won two Brit Awards and an MTV Europe Music Award (with Youssou N'Dour). She has also been nominated for a Grammy Award. Early life and family
<mask> was born as <mask> Mariann Karlsson in Stockholm, Sweden, the daughter of Monika "Moki" Karlsson (1943–2009), a Swedish painter and textile artist, and the musician Ahmadu Jah (1936–2018). Jah was born in Sierra Leone, West Africa, the son of a tribal chief, and went to Stockholm to study engineering at university. <mask>'s parents separated early and her mother married the influential American jazz musician <mask>, who helped raise <mask> since birth. <mask> took her stepfather's surname.From her mother's side, <mask> also has a half-brother, musician Eagle-Eye <mask>. From stepfather <mask>'s side, she has a stepsister, violinist <mask>, and a stepbrother, jazz musician David Ornette <mask>. Through her father Ahmadu Jah's marriage to Maylen Jah (née Bergström), <mask> is the half-sister of singer Titiyo and record producer Cherno Jah. <mask>'s parents, Moki and <mask>, bought and converted an old schoolhouse in the countryside outside the small town of Hässleholm in Sweden in 1970. In the early 1970s, the family moved to the United States, when <mask> taught at Dartmouth College. <mask> dropped out of school at 14 and moved to London. Music career

Early career
<mask> moved to the United Kingdom when she was 15, in the midst of the punk era, and she remembers finding "her people" there.<mask> had met Tessa Pollitt, Viv Albertine and Ari Up from the Slits earlier as her stepfather, <mask>, was touring with them and took the 15-year-old <mask> along. She and Ari lived in a squat in Battersea. She felt at home, after ending up there because The Slits invited <mask> to go on tour with them with Prince Hammer and Creation Rebel. In London, <mask> joined the punk rock band The Cherries. She moved through several bands, including the Slits, New Age Steppers, Rip Rig + Panic, and Float Up CP. She also DJ'd, playing early rap music on the reggae pirate Dread Broadcasting Corporation. <mask> has stated that she found her voice singing along with Poly Styrene from X-Ray Spex.She grew up in a musical family; she remembers singing with her father at the piano. Albums

Raw Like Sushi

<mask> began a solo career in 1982 with "Stop the War", a protest song about the Falklands War. She worked with Jonny Dollar, The The and Cameron McVey (aka Booga Bear), who co-wrote most of her 1989 debut album Raw Like Sushi, and whom she later married. She was intimately involved in the Bristol Urban Culture scene, working as an arranger on Massive Attack's Blue Lines album, through which she met Dollar. Both Robert Del Naja and Andrew Vowles of Massive Attack contributed to Raw Like Sushi. The single "Buffalo Stance" eventually peaked at number 3 in the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100, and number 1 on the US Dance chart. More singles released between 1988 and 1990 included "Manchild", "Kisses on the Wind", "Heart", and "Inna City Mama".She also found success with "I've Got You Under My Skin", a reworking of the Cole Porter song, which appeared on the Red Hot + Blue AIDS fundraising album. The single reached number 25 in the UK. <mask> was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1990 in the Best New Artist category (but lost to Milli Vanilli who eventually had their award revoked). She won a Brit Award in 1990 for Raw Like Sushi. <mask> caused a press furore when she performed "Buffalo Stance" on Top of the Pops while pregnant (with her second child, Tyson). Homebrew

<mask>'s second album was 1992's Homebrew. Homebrew was not as commercially successful as its predecessor.The album had some success on various Billboard charts with songs "Buddy X" and "Trout". "Buddy X" reached number 4 on the Billboard Dance Club Music Charts where it spent a total of 11 weeks. The track also spent some time on Billboard′s Pop Songs Charts as well as the Hot 100 Charts, where it peaked at number 22 during its 8-week run and peaked at number 43 in its 12-week run, respectively. The music video for "Buddy X" earned <mask> <mask> an MTV VMA nomination at the ceremony in 1993 for the Best Female Video category, alongside Janet Jackson, Annie Lennox, and k.d. lang, with lang winning the moonman. "Trout" features additional vocals by R.E.M. singer Michael Stipe who helped to co-write the track along with <mask>, McVey, and Jonathan Sharp and contains samples of a guitar riff from Steppenwolf as well as drums by John Bonham.With airplay on college radio and increased popularity, "Trout" spent a total of 14 weeks on Billboard′s Alternative Music Charts where it reached number 2. Homebrew also included the work of Geoff Barrow (on "Somedays"), who later became part of Portishead. Additional recognition was attributed to remixes of track "Buddy X". First was the 1993 remix by The Notorious BIG, which is considered by some to be "one of the great Biggie rarities in the world." <mask> stated that she and McVey picked up Biggie for the studio where they remained for the session. The song was completed in one take. "Buddy X" found success yet again in the 1999 UK garage remix by Dreem Teem."Move with Me" was co-written by <mask>, McVey and Lenny Kravitz. Man

1996's Man is a solo record produced by McVey, Jonny Dollar and Christian Falk. The lead track is "Woman", her take on James Brown's 1966 track "It's a Man's Man's Man's World." It featured the worldwide hit single, "7 Seconds", featuring Youssou N'Dour; and "Trouble Man" a cover of a Marvin Gaye track. Another track, "Together Now", featured Tricky. In France, "7 Seconds" made number one for a record 16 weeks in 1994. The song earned <mask> her second Grammy nomination and an MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song.Remixes, a French remix album of Man songs, was released in 1997. Blank Project

Blank Project was written by <mask> and her husband McVey. Paul Simm co-wrote six tracks on the record. The record was deeply influenced by the death of her mother. To promote the album, she toured Europe in February and March 2014. In January 2015, <mask> performed as a solo artist in New York City. <mask> is very connected to New York, as she has visited or lived there off and on since 1966.Broken Politics

Broken Politics, her second album to be produced by Four Tet, was released on 19 October 2018, and has been called "quieter and more reflective" than Blank Project by <mask>. The lead single, "Kong", was released earlier in August. Writing in The Guardian, Laura Snapes labeled the album "revelatory" and gave it a 5-star review. To support the album, <mask> toured across North America, Australia and Europe in late 2018 and early 2019. Bands/collaborations
The Cherry Bear Collective, <mask>'s former company with McVey, is now called Nomad Productions and is based in west London. CirKus

In 2006, <mask> formed a new band, cirKus, with Cameron McVey, Lolita Moon (Neneh and Cameron's daughter Tyson) plus Karmil. CirKus toured Europe, with a single North American performance at the Montreal Jazz Festival in July 2006 plus a few dates in Brazil in 2008.The band's first album, Laylow, was released in France in 2006. A remixed/recorded version was released in 2007. A second CirKus album, Medicine, was released in France in March 2009. The Cherry Thing
In March 2011, <mask> collaborated with the experimental jazz group The Thing, to release the record The Cherry Thing. The Thing is a Norwegian/Swedish jazz trio, consisting of Mats Gustafsson (saxophones), Ingebrigt Håker Flaten (double bass), and Paal Nilssen-Love (drums). The Thing took their name from the third track on stepfather <mask>'s album Where Is Brooklyn?. The album The Cherry Thing was released in June 2012 and was recorded at Harder Sound Studios in London, England and Atlantis Studios in Stockholm, Sweden.During a 1 June 2012 interview with Kirsty Lang, broadcast as part of the BBC Radio 4's Front Row daily podcast, <mask> discussed the jazz-inspired album, saying that The Thing were inspired by <mask>'s stepfather's work, but that the band makes this inspiration their own. "I think that we're taking it on, to another place. I think that's really important," <mask> said. One of the songs from the album, "Golden Heart", was written by <mask>; Christer Bothén, a musician who played with <mask>, was invited to play on the album, and brought the song to their attention. The album includes tracks originally performed by an eclectic mix of artists, including hip-hop artist MF Doom, Martina Topley-Bird Suicide, and The Stooges'. Most of the tracks were recorded together live. Other music projects
Although <mask> has released only a handful of albums, she has frequently collaborated with other artists.In 2005, she collaborated with Gorillaz on the track "Kids with Guns" from the album Demon Days. RocketNumberNine
In 2013, <mask> collaborated with London duo RocketNumberNine (named after a Sun Ra track), aka the Page Brothers – Ben and Tom Page – to record an album called MeYouWeYou. She also joined them to perform the entire album live at the Manchester International Festival in July 2013. The record is an album of 10 tracks that <mask> wrote with McVey, which they took with only vocals to RocketNumberNine, who then did their musical interpretation to all the tracks. They recorded the album live in Woodstock, New York, with Vortex. The 10 tracks were recorded in five days. <mask> calls it fearless and hardcore.Musical style
<mask> said she has never really thought of herself as a rapper. She sees herself as a "singer that does a bit of rapping." Breaking into the U.S. music industry was not a positive experience for <mask>. She said that while "Buffalo Stance" gave her a mainstream crossover moment in the U.S. she found the American music industry stiflingly attached to labels and genre identities. Other work
 In the early 1980s, <mask> was a DJ on DBC radio, Dread Broadcasting Corporation, a pirate radio station
 <mask> appeared in a non-singing capacity in Big Audio Dynamite's videos for "Medicine Show" (1985), and "C'mon Every Beatbox" (1986), dancing onstage with others during the band's performance
 In the late 1980s, <mask> helped to bankroll the band Massive Attack
 In early 2004, <mask> presented Neneh <mask>'s World of Music, a six-part series broadcast on BBC Radio 2
 In April 2007, <mask> presented a six-part cookery show Neneh and Andi – Dish It Up with her friend Andrea Oliver for BBC Two
 Neneh and Andi appeared on Gordon Ramsay's The F-Word as part of the amateur brigade
 In November 2013, <mask> contributed to the art project/audio book Ällp written by Lars Yngve. Singer Peps Persson contributed music, while <mask>, Björn Ranelid and a few other celebrities, all with their roots in Sweden's most southern county Skåne, recorded the book in Skånska/Scanian dialect (not "standard Swedish", aka Rikssvenska)

Personal life
In 1983, <mask> married drummer Bruce Smith and had a daughter, Naima. They divorced in 1984.Naima is a London photographer, who had a son named Louis Clyde Flynn Love (who goes by Flynn) in 2004. In 1986, <mask>ey member Cameron "Booga Bear" McVey at Heathrow Airport. <mask> and McVey were en route to Japan as fashion models as part of London designer Ray Petri's Buffalo Posse. <mask> proposed, and the couple married in 1990. <mask> and McVey have two daughters: singers Tyson, born in 1989 (also known as Lolita Moon), and Mabel McVey, born in 1996. The former (who releases singles with her name stylised as TYSON) was the daughter who appeared as the baby-bump on Top of the Pops in 1988 and is featured in the "Manchild" video, while the latter is the singer who has collaborated on singles with Clean Bandit, Tiësto and Joel Corry. <mask> and Cameron McVey have a collaborative work relationship: McVey produced and co-wrote Raw Like Sushi.Together they have supported a variety of British acts and they were in the group cirKus together, with Cameron McVey known as Burt Ford and Tyson as Lolita Moon during this time. <mask> has a stepson, Marlon Roudette (former frontman of Mattafix), via McVey's prior relationship with Vonnie Roudette. The <mask>s have lived throughout Europe. In 1993, they moved near Málaga, Spain, and lived there until 1999. In 1995, they briefly lived in New York City. They bought a home in the Fort Greene section of Brooklyn, New York. Soon after moving in, the couple was held up at gunpoint and robbed by a teenage hoodlum.The entire family packed up again and headed back to Berkley Grove in London's Primrose Hill. They next returned to <mask>'s childhood home in Hässleholm, Sweden, living in the same schoolhouse turned home (featured in Homebrew album artwork) in which <mask> was raised as a child. The family has a country house near Birmingham and Wolverhampton, apartments in London and Stockholm, plus the family home in the old schoolhouse in Skåne County that she and her half-brother inherited when their mother died in 2009. As of 2014, <mask> says she commutes between London and Stockholm. Style
Since the late 1980s, <mask> has frequently worked with the stylist and jewelry designer Judy Blame. On her street style, <mask> cites LL Cool J as an influence, as well as the photographer Jean-Baptiste Mondino, Judy Blame, and designer Ray Petri. Discography

Solo records
 Raw Like Sushi (1989)
 Homebrew (1992)
 Man (1996)
 Blank Project (2014)
 Broken Politics (2018)

Live records
 BBC in Concert Neneh <mask> at Glastonbury Festival (1997)

Collaborations
With Rip Rig + Panic
 God (1981)
 I Am Cold (1982)
 Attitude (1983)With CirKus Laylow (2006)
 Medicine (2009)With The Thing' The Cherry Thing (2012)

 Other contributions
 1982: "My Love" by New Age Steppers on album Action Battlefield – vocals (by Neneh <mask>) with Bim Sherman
 1982: "Stop the War" by Raw Sex, Pure Energy on album Raw Sex, Pure Energy – featured vocals
 1984: "Foot on the Rock" single by God Mother Country (GMC) – vocals with Nick Straker
 1986: "Slow Train to Dawn" by The The on album Infected – duet with Matt Johnson (number 64 in the UK)
 1986: "Looking Good Diving with the Wild Bunch" by Morgan/McVey – rapped on the single's B-side version
 1980s: "Dead Come Alive" produced by Adrian Sherwood, Neneh Cherry & The Circuit released in 2015 on Trevor Jackson Presents: Science Fiction Dancehall Classics by ONUDL129
 1980s: "You've Got Me Thinking" by Jon Marsh of The Beloved (new version) – vocals.II" by House of Wallenberg feat.

masks:
Neneh Mariann Karlsson
Neneh Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Neneh
Cherry
Don Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Don Cherry
Jan Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Don Cherry
Don Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Don Cherry
Neneh
Don Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Neneh
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Don Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Don Cherry
Don Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
CherryV
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry
Cherry McVey
Cherry
Cherry
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texts:
<mask> "Bob" <mask> (born 1955) is a highly decorated former Federal Bureau of Investigation special agent who was assigned to the Philadelphia Field Division from 1988 to 2008. Having trained in art, antiques, jewelry and gem identification, Wittman served as the FBI's "top investigator and coordinator in cases involving art theft and art fraud". During his 20 years with the FBI, Wittman helped recover more than $300 million worth of stolen art and cultural property, resulting in the prosecution and conviction of numerous individuals. In 2005, he was instrumental in the creation of the FBI's rapid deployment Art Crime Team (ACT). He was named the ACT's senior investigator and was responsible for instructing the newly formed team. He also was instrumental in the recovery of colonial North Carolina's copy of the original Bill of Rights in 2005, that had been stolen by a Union soldier in 1865. Wittman represented the United States around the world, conducting investigations and instructing international police and museums in recovery and security techniques.After 20 years with the FBI working against art theft, he worked as an art security consultant for the private sector. In 2010, Wittman published his memoir Priceless which recounts his career and activities while working for the FBI as an undercover agent. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Tokyo, Japan, in 1955. Wittman's mother is Japanese and his father American; they met while his father was stationed with the US Air Force in Tokyo during the Korean War. He came to the United States in 1957 and lived in Baltimore, Maryland, where his mother and father owned and ran an antique store. It was in this antique store that Wittman learned the business of art. He graduated from Calvert Hall College High School in 1973.Following high school, he attended Towson University and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1980. Wittman initially found employment with a Maryland agricultural magazine where he learned how to be an effective salesman, a skill to which he attributes his success later in undercover stings. He married Donna Goodhand <mask> in 1982 and has 3 children. He joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1988 and was assigned to the Philadelphia Field Division where he went into the field of tracking down stolen art. His reputation within the FBI for solving art theft cases grew during the 1980s and 1990s. In 2005 Wittman was instrumental in the formation of the FBI's Art Crime Team, the first of its type. He worked closely with federal prosecutors <mask> and David Locke Hall.Major recoveries during Wittman's FBI career

Pennsbury Manor
Theft at Pennsbury Manor, the historical home of William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania. First prosecution and convictions under the federal Theft of Major Artwork Statute. Recovery: more than 30 historical items valued at over $100,000. Bill Of Rights
Theft of one of the original 14 copies of the Bill of Rights stolen by a Union soldier in April 1865, and returned to North Carolina in 2005, 140 years later . Recovery: valued at $30 million. Francisco de Goya
Theft of numerous paintings at a private estate in Madrid, Spain. Recovery: included seventeen paintings, including two by Francisco de Goya and valued at a maximum of $50 million.Rembrandt Self Portrait

Theft from the Swedish National Museum in Stockholm. Recovery: Rembrandt's 1630 Self-Portrait valued at $36 million. The small self-portrait on copper by Rembrandt stolen in an armed robbery in December 2000 was recovered in Copenhagen. Four men were arrested in a hotel in the Danish capital. The painting was undamaged and in its frame. Norman Rockwell
Theft from a private gallery in Minneapolis. Recovery: five Norman Rockwell paintings worth $1 million from a farmhouse in Brazil.Peruvian Backflap
Looting of the Royal Tomb of the Lord of Sipán in Peru. Recovery: extremely rare 2,000-year-old golden Pre-Columbian piece of body armor known as a backflap, which was worn as battle-armor and rank-decoration by warrior-priests of the Moche civilization. The gold, copper, and silver backflap was recovered in October 1997 by FBI agents in a sting operation after it was offered for sale at $1.6 million. Geronimo's War Bonnet
Recovery of Native American Apache medicine man Geronimo's eagle feather war bonnet valued at $1.2 million. The Tiffany Presentation Sword

Theft from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1932 of an 1862 Tiffany presentation sword awarded to Admiral John Lorimer Worden, for his heroic command aboard the USS Monitor during its historic Civil War battle with the CSS Virginia (Merrimac). Recovery: the Tiffany presentation sword valued at $650,000.Presentations and art community partnership
Agent <mask> served as a member of the Department of State's Cultural Antiquities Task Force based in Washington, D.C. He has sought to educate others in the cultural property protection community in techniques on how to avoid becoming a victim of theft or fraud and the importance of prompt reporting. He has been the FBI spokesperson for art theft matters nationally and represented the United States at numerous international conferences regarding cultural property protection. Some of those venues are The American Association of Museums (AAM) Annual Conference; J. Paul Getty Museum; Philadelphia Museum of Art; Museum of Modern Art, New York; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK; International conferences in Romania, Poland, Russia, Belgium, and France. Awards and recognitions
Throughout his career <mask> has received numerous awards in recognition of his outstanding service with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2000- "Peruvian Order of Merit for Distinguished Service," presented by the President of Peru
 2001- "Outstanding Contributions in Law Enforcement Award," presented by Attorney General John Ashcroft
 2003- "White Cross of Law Enforcement Merit Medal" by the Spanish National Police
 2004- "<mask> Burke Memorial Award for Excellence in Cultural Property Protection" by the Smithsonian Institution at the National Conference on Cultural Property Protection
 2010- "SAFE Beacon Award" by Saving Antiquities for Everyone

Published work
Wittman tells the story of his career in the memoir Priceless: How I Went Undercover to Rescue the World's Stolen Treasures. It was published by The Crown Publishing Group in June 2010.Philadelphia Inquirer reporter John Shiffman was a co-writer. In 2016, he published with co-author David Kinney, The Devil's Diary: Alfred Rosenberg and the Stolen Secrets of the Third Reich, about the lost diary of Alfred Rosenberg and the man who "stole" it, <mask>. References

Further reading
 <mask>man Incorporated
 The Wall Street Journal- From the Art World to the Underworld
 Readers Digest- Heist: The Case of the Stolen Rembrandt
 FBI's Top Investigator Involving Art Theft and Art Fraud, <mask>, Retires
 This Former FBI Agent Tracks Down Stolen Art for a Living

1955 births
Federal Bureau of Investigation agents
Art crime
Living people
Towson University alumni
American people of Japanese descent

masks:
Robert King
Wittman
Wittman
Wittman
Robert Goldman
Wittman
Wittman
Robert
Robert Kempner
Robert Witt
Robert Wittman


texts:
<mask> (January 25, 1886 – May 29, 1953) was a modern American artist. With Stanton Macdonald-Wright, he was the founder of Synchromism, a provocative style of abstract painting that dates from 1912 to the 1920s. <mask>'s "synchromies," which analogized color to music, were an early American contribution to the rise of Modernism. Biography

<mask> was born and raised in New York City. He initially studied architecture and, after 1903, became friendly with the sculptor Arthur Lee, for whom he posed as a model and with whom he lived for a time. From 1903 to 1905, he studied sculpture at the Art Students League with Lee and James Earle Fraser; he also posed as a model for the sculpture class. With financial help from Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, whom he met at the League in January 1906, he traveled to Europe to study art in Paris and Rome.Mrs. Whitney was one of the earliest and staunchest believers in <mask>'s talent and provided him with a monthly stipend for several years. In 1907, after returning to New York City, <mask> studied painting at the New York School of Art with the noted Ashcan painter Robert Henri, among others. Returning to Paris in 1909, he studied at Matisse’s art school, frequented Gertrude Stein's salon, and met Picasso and Rodin. In Paris, <mask> met Stanton Macdonald-Wright, a fellow expatriate, in 1911, and soon after the two began developing theories about color and its primacy in the creation of a meaningful work of art. Like other young adventurous artists of the time, they had come to view academic realism as a dead-end and were pondering the possibilities of an art form that might minimize or even abandon representational content. They were particularly interested in the theories of their teacher, Canadian painter Percyval Tudor-Hart, who believed that colors could be orchestrated in the same harmonious way that a composer arranges notes in a symphony. Inspired by their experience of Delacroix, the Post-Impressionists, and the Fauves, <mask> and Macdonald-Wright co-founded Synchromism in 1912.In June of the same year, they held their first Synchromist exhibition at Der Neue Kunstsalon in Munich, followed four months later by another exhibition at Galerie Bernheim-Jeune in Paris. Like other young modernists eager to make a name for themselves, they issued a manifesto broadcasting their goals, plastered the kiosks of Paris with notices of their show, and hoped to create a sensation. <mask> also began exhibiting at the Salon des Indépendants in 1913. Synchromism was an early innovation in pure abstraction, which was developed primarily by <mask> with contributions from Stanton Macdonald-Wright. Other American painters in Paris experimenting with Synchromism at the time included Thomas Hart Benton, Andrew Dasburg, and Patrick Henry Bruce, all of whom were friends with <mask> and Macdonald-Wright. Bruce was also friendly with Sonia and Robert Delaunay, proponents of Orphism (a term coined in 1912 by the poet Guillaume Apollinaire). Similarities between Synchromism and Orphism led to later charges of plagiarism, which both <mask> and Macdonald-Wright vehemently denied.<mask> and Macdonald-Wright had high hopes for acclaim and financial success when they introduced Synchromism to the New York art world. Though <mask> exhibited in the famous Armory Show in New York in 1913 and in the prestigious Forum Exhibition of Modern American Painters in 1916, those hopes were never met. Art collectors, critics, and curators prior to World War I were reluctant to embrace color abstraction and, on the rare occasions when they were open to radical new styles of art, preferred the European modernism attached to names with greater cachet. The first sympathetic, extended treatment of Synchromism appeared in the book Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning, published in 1915 by Stanton's brother, Willard Huntington Wright, a prestigious literary editor and art critic. (Stanton secretly co-authored the book, a fact that the Wright brothers were at pains to conceal.<ref>For Willard Huntington Wright's campaign on behalf of his brother and <mask>, see John Loughery, Alias S.S. Van Dine" (New York: Scribners, 1992), pp. 86–104.</ref>) Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning surveyed the major modern art movements from Manet to Cubism, praised the work of Cézanne and Matisse, denigrated "lesser Moderns" such as Kandinsky and the Orphists, and predicted a coming age in which abstraction would supplant representational art. Synchromism, the subject of a long, adulatory chapter, is presented in the book as the culminating point in the evolutionary process of Modernism.At no time did Wright acknowledge that he was writing about his own brother and his friend, <mask>. Also, by overstating his case, Wright did little long-range good for the cause he was promoting, but his well-reviewed book did bring some informed attention to the two painters. For a time, their names appeared more frequently in the art press, and even H.L. Mencken bought a Synchromist painting, which he later donated to the Baltimore Museum of Art. By 1920, <mask> and Macdonald-Wright had gone their separate ways, though Macdonald-Wright continued to make efforts at selling his friend's work throughout the 1920s. Macdonald-Wright moved back to his native California and established a successful niche for himself as a charismatic figure in the Los Angeles art world. <mask>, who was a cross-dresser (though married twice), never ceased painting, either, but he experienced financial difficulties and lapsed into relative obscurity.Synchromism was seldom discussed in art-history textbooks and was not the subject of any major exhibitions before the late 1950s. Gallery exhibitions of <mask>'s work were infrequent. After spending almost four decades in France between 1909 and 1946, <mask> retired to the United States after the war and converted to Catholicism in 1947. His painting in his later years, often of nudes, was largely figurative and displayed none of the color effects he had pioneered with Synchromism. After suffering two incapacitating strokes, he died at age of sixty-seven in a nursing home in a suburb of Philadelphia in 1953. Gradually, during the last three decades of the twentieth century, long-overdue scholarly and public attention was paid to Synchromism. The Whitney Museum of American Art launched a six-museum traveling exhibition in 1978 devoted to color abstraction that brought <mask>'s name before the public again, and the purchase of his papers by collector Henry Reed, and the subsequent donation to and controversial retrieval of those papers from the Whitney Museum, brought his name into the news.<mask>'s first museum retrospective was held at the Montclair Art Museum in New Jersey in 1990. His work is represented today in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, the Columbus Museum of Art, and the San Diego Museum of Art, among others. His monumental Synchromy in Orange: To Form (1914), in the collection of the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, was one of the centerpieces of the 2013 exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, "Inventing Abstraction, 1910–1925." References

Sources
Davidson, Abraham A. Early American Modernist Painting, 1910–1935. New York: DaCapo, 1994. Hughes, Robert.American Visions: The Epic History of Art in America. New York: Knopf, 1994. Kushner, Marilyn. <mask>. New York: Hudson Hills, 1990. Levin, Gail. Synchromism and American Color Abstraction, 1910–1925.New York: George Braziller, 1978. Loughery, John. Alias S.S. Van Dine. New York: Henry Holt, 1995. South, Will. Color, Myth, and Music: Stanton Macdonald-Wright and Synchromism. Raleigh: North Carolina Museum of Art, 2001.Synchromism: <mask> and Stanton Macdonald-Wright.New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries, 1999. External links
The Jean Gabriel Lemoine Material Relating To <mask>, 1921–1923, 1964 at the Archives of American Art is an archival collection consisting largely of letters and letter fragments written by <mask> in to Jean Gabriel Lemoine, art critic for L'Echo de Paris''. In these letters <mask> explains his art and the Synchromist style that he developed with Stanton MacDonald-Wright. The Early Years, 1886–1906, Marilyn S. Kushner, Montclair Art Museum
<mask>'s Fine Art: Thank You, Michelangelo!, Hilton Kramer, the New York Observer retrieved Jan. 9, 2008

<mask> and the Old Masters retrieved Jan. 9, 2008

Abstract painters
1886 births
1953 deaths
Modern painters
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Art Students League of New York alumni
Artists from New York City
Students of Robert Henri

masks:
Morgan Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Morgan Russell
Morgan Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Russell
Morgan Russell
Morgan Russell
Morgan Russell
Morgan Russell
Morgan Russell
Russell
Morgan Russell
Morgan Russell


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<mask> (June 18, 1913 – October 19, 1990) was an American lawyer and a cooperating attorney with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). His civil rights career began as he organized a 1939 sit-in at the then-segregated Alexandria, Virginia public library. A partner in the Richmond, Virginia, firm of Hill, Tucker and Marsh (formerly Hill, Martin and Robinson), <mask> argued and won several civil rights cases before the Supreme Court of the United States, including Green v. County School Board of New Kent County which, according to The Encyclopedia of Civil Rights In America, "did more to advance school integration than any other Supreme Court decision since Brown." Early life and education

<mask> was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on June 18, 1913. His father, <mask><mask>, a real estate agent and NAACP member, and teacher mother saw to his formal and informal education. <mask> later said: "I got involved in the civil rights movement on June 18, 1913, in Alexandria. I was born black."Although Alexandria was less segregated that Richmond and Norfolk, it provided no high school for black children, so after graduating from 8th grade, he had to "bootleg" a high school education across the Potomac River in Washington, D.C., at Armstrong High School. Black Virginia children commuted by streetcar. In June 1927, when <mask> was 14, he, 2 brothers and a friend refused to leave their seats after a streetcar crossed the river into Alexandria, despite the request of a white woman who believed one of the seats was designated only for whites. She swore out a warrant charging them with disorderly conduct and abusive language, and the police levied no fine upon the 11 year old <mask>, but fined <mask> $5 plus court costs and his older brother George $50 plus court costs, claiming that as eldest he should have known better. However, on appeal, an all-white jury found the young men not guilty. <mask> began drafting deeds to help his father at an early age, and also began reading the law books of Tom Watson, a lawyer who shared an office with the senior <mask>. <mask> attended Howard University whose chaplain Howard Thurman had become an outspoken proponent of Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolent resistance strategy and where Charles Houston established the nation's first program in civil rights law.He earned his undergraduate degree in 1933. <mask> soon qualified for the Virginia bar exam based on his studies in Watson's law office, but had to wait til June 1934, when he reached age 21, to begin practicing law. After two years with the Civilian Conservation Corps, <mask> and his friend George Wilson (a retired army sergeant) began in earnest dismantling segregation in Alexandria, first at the public library opened just 2 blocks from his home in August 1937, but which refused to issue cards to black residents. Legal career
<mask> was admitted to the state bar in 1934, ironically in the same courtroom where a jury had acquitted him of the  in 1927, and began practicing in Alexandria. Alexandria Library sit-in

In 1939, <mask> organized a sit-in at Alexandria Library, which refused to issue library cards to black residents. On August 21, five young black men whom <mask> had recruited and instructed – William Evans, Otto L<mask>, Edward Gaddis, Morris Murray, and Clarence Strange – entered the library one by one, requested applications for library cards and, when refused, each one took a book off the shelf and sat down in the reading room until they were removed by the police. <mask> had instructed the men to dress well, speak politely and offer no resistance to the police so as to minimize the chance of the men being found guilty of disorderly conduct or resisting arrest.<mask> defended the men in the ensuing legal actions, which resulted in the disorderly conduct charges against the protestors being dropped by city attorney Armistead Boothe (who would later become a key figure in desegregating Virginia schools), and in a branch library being established for blacks. While the sit-in received a four-paragraph story in the local Alexandria Gazette newspaper and brief mention in the Washington Post, the Chicago Defender ran the story on its front page accompanied by a photograph of the arrest, noting that the protest was being viewed as a "test case" in Virginia. Other African-American newspapers covered the legal action, reporting such developments as <mask>'s cross-examination of the police, bringing forth an admission that had the men been white they would not have been arrested under similar circumstances. While <mask> succeeded in defending the sit-in participants, he was not satisfied with the separate but equal resolution of creating a new branch library, the Robert H. Robinson Library, for blacks. In a 1940 letter to the librarian of the whites-only library, <mask> stated that he would refuse to accept a card to the new blacks-only branch library in lieu of a card to be used at the existing library. The photograph of the sit-in participants in jackets and ties calmly but resolutely being escorted from the library by uniformed police has itself become a learning aid in Alexandria. Periodically, the city has commemorated the sit-in and used it as a teaching opportunity about the Jim Crow segregation era, with students from Samuel W. <mask> Elementary donning similar attire, acting out the sit-in events and posing in recreations of the photograph.Wartime service, then move to Emporia
World War II interrupted his fledgling legal practice. <mask> entered the army and served in the 366th Infantry, which saw combat in Italy. <mask> rose to the rank of major. As World War II ended, the Virginia State Conference of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People had W. Lester Banks as executive secretary, Dr. Jesse M. Tinsley of Richmond and later E. B. Henderson of Falls Church as president, and Oliver W. Hill, Martin A. Martin and Spottswood Robinson as attorneys (the latter as liaison to the NAACP Legal Defense Fund). <mask> had returned to Alexandria but decided it had too many black lawyers, so he moved his law practice to Emporia, Virginia, in the heart of Southside Virginia. There, <mask> was the only black lawyer. There were neither black judges nor black jurors.The white legal establishment in Greensville County often did not appreciate <mask>'s criminal defense tactics, which attacked not only the evidence against his poor black clients, but racial imbalance in the system itself. For example, <mask> defended Jodie Bailey who, after drinking, stabbed the popular white proprietor of an automobile repair business during a charge dispute, and the man died. With NAACP help, <mask> established that in the previous three decades, no trial jury in Greensville County had included any black jurors. The Virginia Supreme Court overturned Bailey's conviction, but ordered a new trial, where he was convicted again. <mask> also used a statistical argument in helping Martin A. Martin appeal the death sentences of the "Martinsville Seven". However, state and federal judges rejected the argument that since 1908 Virginia had executed 45 black men for raping white women, yet had executed no white man convicted of rape, so several clients were executed. Cooperating attorney for the NAACP under fire
As the Civil Rights Movement developed during the postwar era, <mask> came to have a central role in its legal battles in Virginia.He ultimately filed suits in nearly 50 counties, including Alexandria and neighboring Arlington and Fairfax. By the time Brown v. Board of Education was decided in 1954 and 1955, the NAACP state legal staff had grown to a dozen cooperating attorneys (including <mask>), and had filed fifteen petitions requesting desegregation with local school boards by the spring of 1956. However, U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd had vowed Massive Resistance to school desegregation, and that fall a special session of the Virginia General Assembly adopted (and Governor Thomas B. Stanley signed) a package of new laws to maintain segregation and close desegregating schools, which came to be known as the "Stanley Plan." That collection of bills also contained seven relating to NAACP activities, and expanded the definitions of the common law legal ethics offenses of barratry, champerty and maintenance. Legislative committees led by James M. Thomson and John B. Boatwright attempted to use those new laws against the NAACP and cooperating attorneys. The Boatwright Committee subpoenaed NAACP membership lists, and issued reports in November 1957 and November 1958 accusing NAACP attorneys (including <mask>) of violating these laws and urging the Virginia State Bar to prosecute them.The Boatwright Committee specifically accused <mask> of soliciting "not less than 10 cases involving litigation" and claimed that some of his plaintiffs were signed up under false pretenses or had not realized they were becoming involved in litigation. <mask> became the only NAACP attorney that the Virginia State Bar attempted to prosecute and disbar for these expanded offenses. That prosecution began in February 1960, and the NAACP sent attorney Robert Ming from Chicago to defend <mask> before the state court in Emporia. The case was repeatedly dismissed without prejudice (allowing prosecutors to re-file), particularly after Commonwealth's attorney Harold Townsend asserted that <mask> had no right to confront or even identify his accusers because this was a bar proceeding. The NAACP rallied to <mask>'s defense in fighting what it viewed as an attempt to derail legal desegregation in Virginia. It was transferred to Sussex County and finally dismissed in early 1962, although the judges orally reprimanded <mask> for his handling of an estate case. In January 1963 in NAACP v. Button, the NAACP won other cases it had filed to stop enforcement of the last of the newly expanded laws.Furthermore, when in 1987, both <mask> and Oliver Hill received awards from Supreme Court Justice Lewis Powell on behalf of the Virginia Commission on Women and Minorities in the Legal System, <mask> alluded to that prosecution and noted that he was now being honored "for the very thing for which I'm being recognized today". In Richmond, Prince Edward and New Kent counties
Meanwhile, in the early 1960s, <mask> formed the firm of Tucker and Marsh with Henry L. Marsh III in Richmond (which Hill would join in 1966). They and the NAACP participated in the long legal struggle to reopen the public schools in Prince Edward County, Virginia, which that county closed in 1959 to avoid desegregation, and which only reopened pursuant to court order in 1964. <mask> also continued to fight against racial discrimination in jury selection. In 1966, the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund named <mask> "lawyer of the year". In 1967, for example, <mask> had about 150 civil rights cases before state and federal courts. <mask>'s greatest legal achievement was probably Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, which challenged a freedom-of-choice plan the school board had enacted supposedly to desegregate the county schools on a voluntary basis, and which allowed white children to attend segregation academies at public expense.The case went to the Supreme Court of the United States, which heard statistical arguments from <mask> that the plan was no more than segregation by another name, 14 years after Brown. Then in May 1968, the  Court ruled that the freedom-of-choice plan was an inadequate remedy and also decided that school boards had an "affirmative duty" to desegregate their schools, as the procedures improperly put a burden upon schoolchildren and their parents that Brown II had placed squarely on the School Board". Patience for "mere deliberate speed" had run out. The next day, <mask> appeared before U.S. District Judge Robert Merhige Jr. in Richmond with 40 files of desegregation cases he wanted reopened. He also appeared a year later in Washington, D.C., before the Senate Judiciary Committee to oppose the nomination to the Supreme Court of Judge Clement Haynesworth, who had often upheld school segregation. In addition to bringing cases (and appearing before the Supreme Court four more times), <mask> was also active in the NAACP leadership, serving as chairman of the legal staff of the Virginia State Conference, as well as representing Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia on the national board of directors. Political activism and honors
<mask> twice ran for U.S. Congress in the 4th District (17 southern Virginia counties including Greensville) against segregationist Watkins Abbitt, one of U.S.Senator Harry F. Byrd's key allies—in 1964 as an Independent and in 1968 as a Republican. Though <mask> knew he would never win more than 30% of the vote against the powerful incumbent, he believed the battles important to register the protests as well as aspirations of black voters in the district. In 1976, the NAACP honored <mask> by awarding him the William Robert Ming Advocacy Award for the spirit of financial and personal sacrifice displayed in his legal work. Death and legacy

<mask> died on October 19, 1990, survived by his wife Julia. They had no children. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, sharing a tombstone with his elder brother George. The Robert H. Robinson Library that opened in 1940 and closed in 1959 became home of the Alexandria Black History Museum.In 1998, Emporia, Virginia, dedicated a monument in <mask>'s honor, with an inscription calling him "an effective, unrelenting advocate for freedom, equality and human dignity – principles he loved – things that matter." In 2000, Alexandria, Virginia dedicated a new school, <mask> W. <mask> Elementary School, to <mask> in honor of his life's work in the service of desegregation and education. In 2014, the city's library began collecting donations for the Samuel W. Tucker Fund, to expand a collection relating to civil rights history. Also in 2000, the Richmond City Council voted to rename a bridge formerly named after Confederate General J. E. B. Stuart after <mask>, despite controversy. In 2001, the Virginia State Bar's Young Lawyers Conference implemented the Oliver Hill/Samuel Tucker Institute, named for both Oliver Hill and <mask>. The institute seeks to reach future lawyers, in particular minority candidates, at an early age to provide them with exposure and opportunity to explore the legal profession they might not otherwise receive. Since 2001, the Oliver W. Hill & Samuel W. Tucker Scholarship Committee has presented scholarships to deserving first year law students at Virginia law schools and Howard University.References

Further reading

External links
America's First Sit-Down Strike: The 1939 Alexandria Library Sit-In – Alexandria Black History Museum lesson plan
1956 Television Interview of <mask> – Archived by University of Virginia
The Civil Rights Movement in Virginia: The Closing of Prince Edward County's Schools – Virginia Historical Society
70th Anniversary of Alexandria Library’s Historic Sit-in – City of Alexandria podcast
1939 Alexandria Library Sit-in Video – C-SPAN

NAACP activists
African-American lawyers
Activists for African-American civil rights
Virginia lawyers
Howard University alumni
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
1913 births
1990 deaths
American civil rights lawyers
United States Army personnel of World War II
Lawyers from Alexandria, Virginia
Lawyers from Richmond, Virginia
African-American history of Virginia
American civil rights activists
Military personnel from Alexandria, Virginia
20th-century American lawyers
United States Army officers
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Samuel Wilbert Tucker
Tucker
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Samuel A
. Tucker
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Otto Tucker
Samuel Tucker
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Samuel
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<mask>, popularly known as BJ is a Malawian Politician who used his 1986 detention to fight the injustices of the then one party state. He worked with others in prison and used their time to devise ways on how to change the direction of Malawi's political state. <mask> was detained in 1986 and was released in 1991 due to international pressure. He began working for British council upon his release and received support from international community to form a pressure group and lobby for a referendum to decide whether Malawi was still to remain a one party state or become a multi party democracy. In the 1993 referendum, history was made at the polls when Malawians voted for multi party democracy. In the first multi party elections, <mask> contested as Member of Parliament in his home town Mulanje. He won the parliamentary seat in 1994 and served as an MP for Mulanje Central for 15years.In the 15 years that he was in parliament, Mpinganjira had a colourful political career and is one of the best political masterminds in Malawi. He has contested once as a Presidential candidate for National Democratic Alliance (NDA) in 2004 and as a running mate in the Mgwirizano Coalition (MCP & UDF) in 2009. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 7 November 1950 to Dr <mask> and his wife Ella Mankhokwe <mask>, a nurse, in Mulanje district, Southern Region of Malawi. <mask> is the first born in a family of 9 children. He did his primary education at Chisitu Primary School and proceeded to do his secondary school at Blantyre Secondary School. He then trained as a journalist in Cologne, Germany and attained his Masters Degree in Mass Journalism from University of Leicester, England. Career
<mask> has worked at the state owned Malawi Broadcasting Corporation before becoming the Principle Information Officer in the Malawi Government Information Services Departmet in 1982.In 1985 he was promoted to Deputy Chief Information officer where he served for a year before being arrested and detained without charges. Detainee
BJ was detained under the Kamuzu Banda regime when he was the Deputy Chief Information Officer in 1986 and spent time at Mikuyu Prison in Zomba until his release in 1991. While in prison <mask>, together with other detainees began operations by seeking international intervention to end the one party system (And. After his release in 1991, Mpinganjira started working for British council, which gave him the perfect cover for outside connections to continue the fight he had started while in prison. He co founded the then pressure group UDF and campaigned for a multi party democracy. He also had an underground newspaper that he titled "nkhani za ku Malawi" which he used to sensitise people on the issues of human rights violations going on in Malawi. Political career
In 1994, Dr Hastings Kamuzu Banda was defeated and Bakili Muluzi was elected as Malawi's 2nd president.<mask> was elected as Member of Parliament for Mulanje Central and served as a Minister during Bakili's tenure and was known as his right hand man. In May 1994 he was appointed as the Minister of Information, Broadcasting, Post & Telecommunications. His notable achievement during his time in this Ministry was the introduction of a Television station, private radio stations, commencement of cellular or mobile phone in Malawi and the onset of internet services. In July 1997 he was appointed as Minister of Education. In May 1999 after winning a second term as President of Malawi, Muluzi appointed <mask> as Minister of Foreign Affairs Minister of Foreign Affairs of Malawi up until Jan 2000 when he was then appointed as Minister of Transport and Public Works. In October 2000, Muluzi dropped <mask> from his cabinet and he was arrested on charges of corruption and that he had taken a $731 bribe to offer lucrative deals to his friends when he was Minister of Education. Mpinganjira dismissed the charges as being politically motivated.He said then, that he broke with Muluzi over the latter's attempt to have the constitution changed so that he could run for a third term of office. <mask> was acquitted of all charges as there was no evidence to support the claims. <mask> formed his own party, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA).The party was formed on to fight the third term bill that Muluzi wanted. <mask> and others retaliated that was not the democracy that they fought for and would not allow Muluzi to become another "life president". In October 2001, <mask> was arrested again, this time on charges of treason. These charges were again dropped due to lack of evidence in April 2002. The bill proposing to change the constitution amendment was defeated in July 2002.This is one of <mask>'s greatest win. In the 2004 presidential election, the UDF candidate Bingu wa Mutharika won the elections and <mask>'s NDA was placed fourth, receiving only 8.7% of the vote. The party managed to contribute a number of Members of Parliament to the National Assembly among them Billy Kaunda and <mask> himself. <mask> later dissolved the NDA and rejoined the United Democratic Front, a party he helped to found. The party formally deregistered in August 2004. In the May 2009 presidential election, <mask> (on a UDF ticket) ran alongside Malawi Congress Party (MCP) presidential candidate John Tembo as Tembo's vice-presidential candidate. The MCP and the UDF both supported Tembo in the election.This time <mask> not only lost the presidential race but he lost his seat as MP for Mulanje Central after serving for 15 consecutive years. After the then vice president Joyce Banda fell out with President Bingu, she and others formed People's Party. <mask> who had not been active on the political scene joined the part and served as Treasurer General of the party and Vice President of the party. In April 2012, the President of Malawi Bingu wa Mutharika passed away leaving Joyce Banda to take on the mantle as President. <mask> was appointed to serve as Minister of Water Development and Irrigation in June 2013. In September 2013 he was then appointed as Minister of Information and Civic Education, a position he held until May 2014. In the 2004 general elections, Joyce Banda's candidature lost to DPP's Peter Mutharika.In May 2015, <mask> resigned from the Peoples Party. In January 2018, <mask> was welcomed into the DPP party by President Peter Mutharika at a rally. In February 2018, he was appointed as Board Chairman of the National Roads Authority. In 2019, 2 of <mask>'s sons, Patrick Matola (Independent, Chiradzulu) and Chipiliro <mask> (DPP, Blantryre Central) were elected as Members of Parliament. References

1950 births
Living people
Foreign Ministers of Malawi
Malawian diplomats
National Democratic Alliance (Malawi) politicians
United Democratic Front (Malawi) politicians
Government ministers of Malawi

masks:
Brown James Mpinganjira
Mpinganjira
Mpinganjira
Brown James
Mpinganjira
James Mpinganjira
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Johannes "<mask><mask> (born 18 April 1938) is an Austrian entrepreneur and consultant; a former Social Democrat top politician who served as an Austrian Finance Minister from 1970 to 1981 and additionally as vice chancellor from 1976 to 1981; and a former banker who from 1981 to 1988 was the general director of the Creditanstalt-Bankverein (Austria’s leading bank at that time) and subsequently an advisor to the World Bank. From 1989 onward he built an industrial investment group, Androsch International Consulting (AIC), which is a major factor in Austria's internationally active corporate landscape. In addition, <mask>'s foundation is an important sponsor of research and development activities in Austria, where he is regularly consulted on matters of political, economic and financial importance. Youth and early political activities

<mask> was born on 18 April 1938 in Vienna, where his parents, Hans and Lia, were tax advisors in the district Floridsdorf. The family lived through the end of World War II in Southern Bohemia, where they witnessed the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia in June 1945. His mother placed seven-year-old <mask> on the window sill and instructed him to watch the events closely so that he would never forget. <mask> concluded his high school education in Vienna in 1956.He proceeded to study business administration at the University of World Trade (today's Vienna University of Economics and Business), where he obtained his diploma in 1959, followed by a doctorate in 1969. His political activities manifested early, and took him to the top position in the Vienna branch of the student organization of the Socialist party (1960–1961), and then to leadership of the national organization (1962–1963). Thereafter, at the age of only 25 years, he became secretary for economic issues in the club of the Socialist members of parliament, a position which he held until 1966. Rise and fall as a politician
1967 was a fateful year for Androsch: he was certified as a public accountant and tax advisor, allowing him to participate in the financial consulting enterprise which his parents had significantly expanded; and he became a member of parliament for the Socialist party where he earned himself a reputation as a shooting star. When Bruno Kreisky turned the tables on Austria's political scenery with the 1970 national election he made the 32-year-old Androsch Finance Minister in his first minority cabinet on 21 April 1970. <mask> continued in this function when the Socialist single-party government consolidated its dominance through the absolute majorities won in the elections of 1971 and 1975. Although he had not been Kreisky's first choice for this position (Schachner-Blazizek and Felix Slavik had declined) the two men developed a working relationship that was, initially, very good.<mask> became a strong advocate of Keynesian economics, in a modification that became known as “Austro-Keynesianism.”

On 1 October 1976 <mask> was made Vice-Chancellor of Austria while remaining minister of finance. In this capacity he became chairman of the OECD at ministerial level in 1979, and also served as chairman of the Interim Committee of the International Monetary Fund. While Androsch had built an excellent political network within the centrist wing of the Socialist party and especially the Austrian Trade Union Federation (ÖGB), not everybody was happy with his rapid rise. The fact that the Austrian print media, who for the most part venerated Kreisky and had adorned him with the nickname "Sun King," started to refer to <mask> as the "Crown Prince" did not help. When in 1975 Androsch differed with Kreisky on how to handle the reconfiguration of Austria's state-owned industry, and expressed his wish to become president of the national bank
instead of continuing in the government, Kreisky himself became suspicious  of the young man he had mentored for years. He started to take exception to a highly problematic incompatibility that had been public knowledge since Androsch became a member of the government: he still owned the tax advisor company (renamed Consultatio in 1970) which he had taken over from his parents, although he had placed it in escrow when he became a finance minister. Towards the end of 1980, after long and intense campaigns by Austria's media and a continued deterioration of his relationship with Kreisky, <mask> resigned from his political positions on 20 January 1981.Second career as a banker
The government appointed <mask> as the governor of the state-owned Creditanstalt, Austria’s leading bank at that time, a little later in 1981. However, he continued to face heavy opposition and revelations made by investigative journalists (especially Alfred Worm), that culminated in a series of investigations of his personal financial conduct, which in part predated his public role or were not demonstrably connected with it. <mask> has repeatedly stated (and has repeated these allegations in a series of interviews published by the Austrian newspaper "Die Presse" in February and March 2010; see sources) that his Socialist successors in the finance ministry, Herbert Salcher and Franz Vranitzky (who had been <mask>'s secretary, and would later rise to chancellorship) had conspired with Kreisky, "who was simply jealous", (and with political opponent Alois Mock) to "construe the financial and legal proceedings against him", that would not be finally settled for the following 16 years. "I had no chance to even be heard. And many who have participated in this vendetta would now rather pretend that nothing had ever happened." A central point of <mask>'s defence concerning his personal finances — he claimed that a rich "uncle-by-choice" ("Wahlonkel" in German) had provided him with significant funds, and habitually replied "alas, no" when asked if he was a millionaire — did not hold. On 8 October 1991 <mask> was convicted by the Vienna Regional Criminal Court of having evaded taxes between 1974 and 1983 in the amount of about five million Austrian schillings (roughly corresponding to EUR 500,000 expressed in 2010 currency), a minuscule fraction of the original allegations.He was sentenced to a fine of 1.8 million Austrian schillings. A legally separate but politically related affair (a conviction for false testimony to the parliamentary examination board investigating the scandal surrounding the Vienna General Hospital) forced <mask> to resign from the Creditanstalt post in January 1988. With the help of a Swiss member of the Bilderberg Group, he became a consultant to the World Bank, especially for China and parts of Africa, until 1989. Androsch is a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group. Third career as an industrial investor
In 1989 Androsch founded AIC Androsch International Management Consulting GmbH, which in 1994 commenced its corporate investment and acquisition activity. Its offices are situated at the Ringstraße, opposite the Vienna opera house. By way of AIC, <mask> is co-owner and president of the supervisory board of the following Austrian companies:

Austria Technologie und Systemtechnik (AT&S) AG, Europe's largest manufacturer of printed circuit boards with offices in Vienna and Leoben
Salinen Austria AG, Austria's salt mining and processing company and a significant player in Europe
bwin.com Interactive Entertainment AG, a developer and marketer of online gambling and gaming products in Vienna

Former investments of Androsch's holdings included major stakes in Future Advanced Composite Components (FACC) AG in Ried im Innkreis (acquired by Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation in 2009) and in KTM Sportmotorcycle AG.In 2000, he was a major founding investor of Austrian prepaid payment method paysafecard, until it was finally sold to British Skrill group for 140 million euros in 2014. <mask> is also president of the supervisory board of the Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT; formerly Austrian Research Centers, ARC) in Seibersdorf, and deputy chairman of the supervisory board of FIMBAG Finanzmarktbeteiligung AG, the vehicle through which the state-owned Österreichische Industrieholding controls its stakes in Austrian banking system. He has been chairman of the Council of the University of Leoben. Following the collapse of Refco, a class-action lawsuitsuit in the US caused considerable difficulties for BAWAG P.S.K., the Austrian trade union's bank. <mask> and other Austrian investors formed a consortium with Cerberus Capital Management, which acquired the bank in
2006. In 2006 the Austrian economics magazine trend estimated <mask>'s wealth at EUR 420 million, ranking him 25th among the wealthiest Austrians. Using a modified rating that also considered networking, the magazine ranked him the 22nd most powerful person in Austria's economy in 2009.Research sponsorships
On 21 June 2004, the founding session of the Hannes Androsch Foundation within the Austrian Academy of Sciences was held. It is dedicated to "the consolidation of social balance and peace." Androsch endowed it with EUR 1 million and committed himself to increase the annual budget to EUR 10 million until 2012. It awards the Hannes Androsch Prize (EUR 100,000 for 2011) for scientific contributions to its goals. According to the academy, this is the most important private non-profit foundation established in Austria since 1945. <mask> is a member of the fundraising committee of the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, a joint initiative of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim. Interview given to the newspaper Die Presse, 28 February 2010
"Der Kanzler war einfach eifersüchtig" ("The chancellor was simply jealous").Interview given to the newspaper Die Presse, 20 March 2010
"Da hast du keine Chance gehabt" (You've never had a chance"). Interview given to the newspaper Die Presse, 27 March 2010

References

External links
 AIC website (identical with www.androsch.com)
 <mask> Androsch website
 bwin website
 AT&S website
 Salinen Austria website
 FACC website

1938 births
Living people
People from Floridsdorf
Austrian bankers
Austrian businesspeople
Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
Social Democratic Party of Austria politicians
Vice-Chancellors of Austria
Finance Ministers of Austria
Austrian people of German Bohemian descent
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria
Commanders with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star
Vienna University of Economics and Business alumni
Austrian politicians convicted of crimes

masks:
Hannes
" Androsch
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