texts:
Euphemia Chalmers Millais, Lady Millais (née <mask>; 7 May 1828 – 23 December 1897) was a Scottish artists' model and the wife of Pre-Raphaelite painter John Everett Millais. She had previously been married to the art critic John Ruskin, but the marriage was annulled, and she left him without it having been consummated. This famous Victorian "love triangle" has been dramatised in plays, films, and an opera. Early life
<mask> was born on 7 May 1828 to <mask> (née Jameson; 1808–1894) and <mask> (1798–1877) in Perth, Perthshire, Scotland. Her father was a lawyer and businessman and her maternal grandfather, Andrew Jameson, was Sheriff-substitute of Fife. She grew up at Bowerswell, an Italianate-style house near the foot of Kinnoull Hill. Though she was given the pet-name "Phemy" by her parents as a child, she started to be known as "Effie" by the time she was a teenager.Her sisters Sophie and Alice often modelled for John Everett Millais. Relationship with John Ruskin

John Ruskin wrote the fantasy novel The King of the Golden River for <mask> in 1841, when she was 12 and he was 21. <mask>'s family knew Ruskin's father and encouraged a match between the two when she had matured. She ended up marrying Ruskin, after an initially unsteady courtship, when she was 19 years old on 10 April 1848. During their honeymoon, they travelled to Venice, where Ruskin was doing research for his book The Stones of Venice. While in Perth, Scotland, they lived at Bowerswell, the <mask> family home, and site of their wedding. It had, coincidentally, previously been the home of Ruskin's paternal grandparents.In 1817, Ruskin's mother, Margaret, during her engagement to Ruskin's father, had stayed at Bowerswell and was witness to three tragic deaths within its walls in quick succession (Ruskin's grandmother, grandfather, and newborn cousin). This caused her to develop a severe phobia of the place, keeping her from attending her son's wedding to <mask>. <mask> and Ruskin's different personalities were thrown into sharp relief by their contrasting priorities. For <mask>, Venice provided an opportunity to socialise while Ruskin was engaged in solitary studies. In particular, he made a point of drawing the Ca' d'Oro and the Palazzo Ducale (Doge's Palace), because he feared they would soon be destroyed by the occupying Austrian troops. One of the troops, Lieutenant Charles Paulizza, made friends with Effie, apparently with no objection from Ruskin. Her brother, among others, later said that Ruskin was deliberately encouraging the friendship in order to compromise her, as an excuse to separate.Meeting John Everett Millais
When she met John Everett Millais five years later, she was still a virgin. Ruskin had persistently put off consummating the marriage. <mask> and Ruskin had agreed upon abstaining from sex for five years to allow Ruskin to focus on his studies. Another reason involved his apparent disgust with some aspect of her body. As she later wrote to her father:

He alleged various reasons, hatred to children, religious motives, a desire to preserve my beauty, and, finally this last year he told me his true reason...  that he had imagined women were quite different to what he saw I was, and that the reason he did not make me his Wife was because he was disgusted with my person the first evening. Ruskin confirmed this in his statement to his lawyer during the annulment proceedings: "It may be thought strange that I could abstain from a woman who to most people was so attractive. But though her face was beautiful, her person was not formed to excite passion.On the contrary, there were certain circumstances in her person which completely checked it." The reason for Ruskin's disgust with "circumstances in her person" is unknown. Various suggestions have been made, including revulsion at either her pubic hair, or menstrual blood. Robert Brownell, on the contrary, in his analysis Marriage of Inconvenience, argues that Ruskin's difficulty with the marriage was financial and related to concerns that <mask> and her less affluent family were trying to tap into Ruskin's considerable wealth. Relationship with John Everett Millais

While married to Ruskin, she modelled for Millais' painting The Order of Release, in which she was depicted as the loyal wife of a Scottish rebel who has secured his release from prison. She then became close to Millais when he accompanied the couple on a trip to Scotland in order to paint Ruskin's portrait according to the critic's artistic principles. During this time, spent in Brig o' Turk in the Trossachs, they fell in love.While working on the portrait of her husband, Millais made many drawings and sketches of her. He also sent humorous cartoons of him, <mask> and Ruskin to friends. She copied some of his works. After their return to London, she left Ruskin, nominally to visit her family. She sent back her wedding ring with a note announcing her intention to file for an annulment. With the support of her family and a number of influential friends, she pursued the case, causing a public scandal and their marriage was annulled on the grounds of "incurable impotency" in 1854. Marriage to John Everett Millais

In 1855, she married John Millais and they had eight children together: Everett, born in 1856; George, born in 1857; <mask>, born in 1858; Mary, born in 1860; Alice, born in 1862; Geoffrey, born in 1863; John in 1865; and Sophie in 1868.Their youngest son, John Guille Millais, was a notable bird artist and gardener. <mask> also modelled for a number of her husband's works, notably Peace Concluded (1856), which idealises her as an icon of beauty and fertility. In 1885, her husband was elevated to the baronetage by Queen Victoria, having been created Baronet Millais of Palace Gate, in the parish of St Mary Abbot, Kensington, in the county of Middlesex, and of Saint Ouen, in the Island of Jersey. Upon her husband's elevation, <mask> became entitled to use the style Lady Millais. Ruskin's rapport with Rose La Touche

In 1858, Ruskin met Rose La Touche; at the time she was 10 years old, and he became her teacher in drawing as well as other subjects. Ruskin became attracted to La Touche and when she turned 18 sought to become engaged. Rose's parents were concerned and wrote to Effie, asking for her opinion of Ruskin as a husband.<mask>'s reply described him as oppressive. The engagement was broken off. Influence on Millais

<mask> was an effective manager of Millais' career and often collaborated with him in choosing his subjects. Her journal indicates her high regard for her husband's art, and his works are still recognisably Pre-Raphaelite in style several years after his marriage. However, Millais eventually abandoned the Pre-Raphaelite obsession with detail and began to paint in a looser style which produced more paintings for the time and effort. Many paintings were inspired by his family life with his wife, often using his children and grandchildren as models. Millais also used his sister-in-law, <mask>, then in her early teens, as the basis of some striking images in the mid to late 1850s, provoking suggestions of a mutual infatuation.Later life

<mask> had been officially presented to Queen Victoria on 20 June 1850. This was arranged by Lady Davy, a friend and neighbour of hers from London who was also friends with one of the queen's ladies-in-waiting. However, the annulment from Ruskin barred her from events at which the queen was present. Her social status was affected negatively, although many in society were still prepared to receive her and to press her case sympathetically. Eventually, when Millais was dying, the queen relented through the intervention of her daughter Princess Louise, allowing <mask> to attend an official function. Sixteen months after Millais' death, <mask> died at Bowerswell on 23 December 1897 and was buried beside her 20-year-old son, George,  in Kinnoull Parish Church churchyard, Perth, which is depicted in Millais's painting The Vale of Rest. <mask>'s father had donated the Millais window, the West window, to Kinnoull Church in 1870.It is based on designs drawn by Millais. In drama and literature
Her marriage to Ruskin and subsequent romance with Millais have been dramatised on many occasions:

The Love of John Ruskin (1912), a silent movie about Ruskin, <mask> and Millais. The Love School (1975), a BBC series about the Pre-Raphaelites, starring Anne Kidd (Gray), David Collings (Ruskin), and Peter Egan (Millais). John Ruskin's Wife (1979), a novel about the relationship by Eva McDonald. Dear Countess (1983), a radio play by Elizabeth Morgan, with Derek Jacobi (Ruskin), Bridget McCann (Gray), Timothy West (Old Mr Ruskin) Michael Fenner (Millais). The author played Ruskin's mother. The Passion of John Ruskin (1994), a short film directed by Alex Chappel, starring Mark McKinney (Ruskin), Neve Campbell (Gray) and Colette Stevenson (Gray's voice).Modern Painters (1995), an opera about Ruskin, <mask> and Millais, music by David Lang, libretto by Manuela Hoelterhoff. Parrots and Owls, (1994) a radio play by John Purser about the O'Shea brothers in which <mask> appears as a friend of James O'Shea and her marital problems are discussed. The Countess (1995), a play written by Gregory Murphy concentrating on the breakdown of the marriage between Ruskin and <mask>. The Order of Release (1998), a radio play by Robin Brooks about Ruskin (Bob Peck), <mask> (Sharon Small) and Millais (David Tennant). The Woman Who Gave Birth to Rabbits (2002), a collection of short stories by Emma Donoghue, contains a story "Come, Gentle Night" about Ruskin and <mask>in (2003), a play by Kim Morrissey about the breakdown of the marriage and <mask>'s fraught relationship with Ruskin's domineering mother. Desperate Romantics (2009), a six-part BBC television drama serial about the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.She is played by Zoe Tapper. <mask> <mask> (2014), a film produced by Emma Thompson with Dakota Fanning as the titular character, Tom Sturridge as Millais and Greg Wise as Ruskin. References

External links

Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery's Pre-Raphaelite Online Resource
An overview of the women involved in the Pre-Raphaelite circle

1828 births
1897 deaths
British artists' models
John Ruskin
People from Perth, Scotland
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood artists' models
Scottish female models
Women of the Victorian era
Wives of baronets
Millais family

masks:
Gray
Euphemia Chalmers Gray
Sophia Margaret Gray
George Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Effie
Effie
Effie
Gray
Effie
Effie
Effie
Effie
Effie
Effie
Effie
Sophie Gray
Effie
Gray
Effie
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Grayusk
Gray
Effie
Gray


type: original

texts:
<mask><mask> (born 1955) is an American multimedia artist and academic. He received his BA from Cleveland State University in English Literature in 1978, his MFA from Boston University in 1982, and studied in the PhD program in Performance Studies at New York University from 1983 to 1984. <mask> has directed over one hundred plays at American regional theatres, off-off and off Broadway and has worked extensively in the area of indigenous and ritual performance conducting research and/or creating performances in: South Africa, Zambia, Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Europe, Russia, Siberia, Korea, India, Nepal, China, and Alaska. In 1993 the People's Republic of Sakha (central Siberia) declared him a “Cultural Hero”. Career
In 1980 <mask> was appointed Assistant Literary Director at the American Repertory Theatre, Cambridge, MA and Research Assistant to Robert Brustein. In 1984 he was appointed Dramaturg and Resident Director of the Cleveland Play House. 1985 he served as Artistic Director of the Organic Theatre, Chicago.In 1988 <mask> was appointed as Professor of Theatre at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and Artistic Director of Tuma Theater, an Inuit theatre group. He continued in both of these positions until 2003. From 2003 until present he has been the Professor of Performance Studies and Aesthetic Studies at the University of Texas at Dallas. Since 2006 <mask> has worked with David Hanson at Hanson Robotics as a lead narrative engineer. He has also served as a Visiting Professor at the Korean National University for the Arts, California Institute of Integral Studies and the University of Dar es Salaam. He is a producing artist with Project X a Dallas-based performance collective . He was created two media installations with Frank DuFour, The Invention of Memory (2010) and Not So Indifferent (2012) both at Central Trak Gallery, Dallas.In 2011 with Lori McCarty he formed Dead White Zombies, a Dallas-based experimental, post-disciplinary performance and media group that utilizes ritual and indigenous expressions. <mask> serves as <mask>o <mask> (artistic director) of the group and has written, directed, and created installations for four works since its founding. Blah Blah (2011); Flesh World (2012), (w)hole (2012), and T.N.B. (2013), Bull Game (2013), , Karaoke Motel (2014) , DP92 (2015) , and Holy Bone (2017) Was an artist in residence at the Watermill Arts Center (2016)  and is collaborating on 12 Shouts, a performance project with Sibyl Kempson for the Whitney Museum. Visiting Professor in Ethnography and Anthropology, Jisou University, Hunan, China. Principal actor, Wedding Dresses. 2009: Orange Oranges play published by Sojourn Literary Journal
 2009: Video Documentary Director and Editor, There is Never a Reference Point premiere Dallas Video Festival
 2009-2010: Featured Performance Artist, "All the World's a Stage," Dallas Museum of Art
 2010: Published Articles "Robot as Ritual Oracle and Fetish," University of Tartu (Estonia), "Performance of Body, Space and Place" chapter in Healing Collective Trauma, Springer Publishing
 2010: Participated in the creation of Bina, a conversational robot for Hanson Robotics
 2010: PlayLab reading of new play TNB (Typical Nigga Behavior) Great Plains Theatre Conference and Workshop Instructor
 2011 Blah Blah, writer, director, installations, Dead White Zombies, Dallas.Semi-Finalist, National Playwright's Conference
 2012 Flesh World writer, director, installations, Dead White Zombies, Dallas. Semi-finalist, National Playwright's Conference
 2012 (w)hole writer, director, installations, Dead White Zombies, Dallas
 2012 Ethiopia and Its Double article published by Theatre Forum Magazine
 2012 Rhythm Reality published, a chapter In Rhythms And Steps Of Africa, Studies on Comparative Aesthetics, volume 2: Studies On Anthropology And Aesthetics Of The African Dance, editor Wiesna Mond-Kozłowska. 2012 Shadows in the Sun: Context, Process and Performance in Ethiopia, published, New Theatre Quarterly, Cambridge Univ. Press
 2012 At Play With the Dead White Zombies, an interview published in Arts and Culture, Dallas, December 2012-January 2013. 2013 Collective (Re)Creation as Site of Reclamation, Reaffirmation, and Redefinition, chapter in Collective Creation in Contemporary Performance, Palgrave
 2013 Lecture Series at Tribruvan University, Nepal. Performance workshop with Mandala Theatre, Kathmandu. Article, Kathmandu Post.2013 Performance Workshops, Pondicherry University, India. Research in Theru Koothu, Tamil folk performance. 2013 T.N.B. a site-specific performance immersion, writer-director
 2013 The Weirdest Theatre Mind in Dallas, published in Dallas Observer, August 2013
 2014 100 Dallas Creatives: Offbeat Intellect <mask>cio article published in The Dallas Observer, September, 2014
 2014 Artist Residency, Halka Center, Istanbul, Turkey
 2014 "Dead White Zombies, Dallas Texas" published in Theatre Forum, International Journal
 2015 Lecture Series at Jishou University, China, research in Miao traditional performance , named Visiting Professor in Anthropology and Ethnography
 2016 "Narrative of Place" chapter published in Audience Revolutions, TCG Press, Caridad Svich, editor
 2016 Watermill Center, NY, Artist-in-Residence, February–March
 2016 Huan Nuo Yuan, a video documentary of a Miao ritual, shown at Dallas Video Festival, EthnograFilm Festival (Paris), Beijing Film Festival, International Film Festival of Ethnographic Films, Sophia, Bulgaria, and Martinique Film Festival. 2017 Holy Bone, a site specific immersion performance, writer-director, Dead White Zombies
 2017 <mask> Dead White Zombies an podcast interview, by Brett Cowell, Total Life Complete Fall 2017
 2017 Dead White Zombies Theatre Like You Never Seen It feature article published in D Magazine, February 2017
 2018 Africa Agency and the Anthropocene article published in Anthenaeum Review
 2019 Nuoyuan Exorcism and Transformation in Miao Ritual Drama article published in TDR, The Drama Review, MIT Press Summer 2019

References

External links
 <mask>cio homepage
 Dead White Zombies homepage
 <mask> biography at UT Dallas

Living people
1955 births
American artists
University of Alaska Fairbanks faculty
Cleveland State University alumni
Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni
New York University alumni
University of Texas at Dallas faculty

masks:
Thomas P
. Riccio
Riccio
Riccio
Riccio
Riccio
Riccio
Po
Pa Doo
Thomas Ric
Thomas Riccio
Thomas Ric
Thomas Riccio


texts:
<mask> (October 22, 1933 – June 3, 2009) was a Canadian-American poet who resided in northern California from 1962 onward. Bromige published thirty books, many so different from one another as to appear to be the work of a different author. Associated in his youth with the New American Poetry and especially with Robert Duncan and Robert Creeley, Bromige is sometimes associated with the language poets, but this connection is based more on his close friendships with some of those poets, and their admiration for his work. It is difficult to fit Bromige into a slot. He departs from language poetry in the thematic unity of many of his poems, in the uses to which he puts found materials, with the romantic aspect of his lyricism, and with the sheer variety of his approaches to the poem. Early life
Bromige was born in London, England. At an early age, he showed signs of being tubercular and was sent to an isolation hospital, but after four months, his condition improved, and he was discharged.That hospital was the first of four crucial interludes, which molded his adult life. The second of these interludes came during the London Blitz. A stick of bombs falling in their customary sequence appeared likely to destroy the Bromiges’ house, with them inside. The next interlude involves his schooling and work experience. When the war ended, Bromige won a scholarship to Haberdashers' Aske's Hampstead School and a chance to study at a socially superior school. After completing his School Certificate, Bromige accepted an offer to be a dairyman on a farm in southern Sweden. Each of these interludes changed him.The first made him suspicious of his family; the bombing made him vow to be someone else; work and study gave him the worldly experience to be a poet. Becoming a poet
He met other poets at the University of British Columbia such as George Bowering, Fred Wah, Frank Davey, <mask>, and Jamie Reid, and they encouraged him to write and publish his work. At the 1963 Vancouver Poetry Festival Bromige met Robert Creeley, Charles Olson, Denise Levertov, Allen Ginsberg, and Robert Duncan. The result of this endeavor led to the publication of many poems. Robert Hass, the chairman of the Western States Book Award Committee, wrote glowingly of his work and chose his 1988 book, Desire: Selected Poems, 1963-1987 to win the first prize for poetry. He has twice been honored by the Poetry Foundation, once with a $3,000 and again with a $10,000 prize. And he has twice been honored by the National Endowment for the Arts.He won the college prize for the first poem he ever published. Three years later, Bromige won a Woodrow Wilson Scholarship. The rules stated that he had to do his graduate work at a different university. In 1962, he chose the University of California at Berkeley after graduating from the University of British Columbia. At UC-Berkeley, Bromige studied with Frederick Crews, Stephen Booth, and Thomas Parkinson. Living in the Bay Area also brought him into contact with a younger generation of American poets, including Ron Loewinsohn, Michael Palmer, Ron Silliman, <mask>, Kathleen Fraser, Kenneth Irby, Rae Armantrout, Bob Perelman, Harvey Bialy, Robert Grenier, Stephen Ratcliffe, Pat Nolan, Alistair Johnson and more. In 1968, his third book, The Ends of the Earth, was published by Black Sparrow Press.It was the beginning of a twenty-three-year partnership that produced eleven of his books. The poems in this book have a ghostly tone. It is as though Cocteau was doing a very detailed description of Bromige's life. The change apparent in his fifth book, Threads, is startling. It reads as though the ghostly presences from The Ends of the Earth had fleshed out and learned to speak a language from the various lives whose talk fills the book. Academic career
Leaving UC-Berkeley A.B.D., (All but dissertation), <mask> took a teaching position in the English Department at Sonoma State University in 1970. Then came seven books in two years.This is Bromige at an early peak. Ten Years in the Making began it. This book consisted of some of his early work, going back to 1960, work engagingly open to the merest reader. Then come selections from The Gathering, followed by poems from Threads. Next came Birds of the West, from Victor Coleman of Coachhouse Press in Toronto. This book consists of three sections: a journal of gardening and visitors; a section of more finished poems, filled with a landscape of Western Sonoma County; and a single, long poem written in sparse triplets to reflect a white-tail kite's hovering flight. Soon afterwards, Tight Corners and What’s Around Them was issued by Black Sparrow.Bromige has stated it was the most interesting to him of this clutch of books. "I was using a fairly familiar sort of sentence, in prose, with a last line that either boosted sales or fell flat as a flapjack. I didn’t care. Banal or brilliant, it made no difference in the world I was living in. Besides, sometimes the banal turned brilliant as I listened." He also did three pint-sized books about this time for the "Sparrow" series. In 1974, he also published a book of occasional poems, Spells and Blessings.<mask> continued to publish prodigiously in magazines and, in 1980, published a book called My Poetry. The 1980s started with a Pushcart Prize for My Poetry and ended with the Western States Poetry Award for his selected poems, Desire. In between, Bromige devoted himself to his wife and young daughter while carrying a full-time professor's responsibilities in the English Department at Sonoma State University. He coordinated poetry conferences at SSU, published a collaboration with Opal Nations, wrote an analysis of Allen Fisher's four-day residency at Langton Street in San Francisco, and was himself the subject of an issue of Tom Beckett's The Difficulties. In 1990, John Martin, who had moved Black Sparrow Press to Santa Rosa, published Men, Women & Vehicles, a book of selected prose. <mask> retired early from Sonoma State University in 1993, and he continued to publish and give readings. Tiny Courts in a World Without Scales, Brick Books, is a book of fifty short poems, showing Bromige at his droll and sarcastic best.He had fun with They Ate, a cut up from a turn-of-the-century detective novel, before producing A Cast of Tens (Avec Press). Each stanza has 10 lines but in each poem is distributed variously. The Harbormaster of Hong Kong (Sun and Moon) came next with many kinds of writing in it including a perfect sonnet. Bromige's final book from the 90's was Vulnerable Bundles, a limited edition of thirty, from Potes and Poets Press. Missing teaching, Bromige returned to it part-time at the University of San Francisco, and he also began writing what would later be As in T as in Tether, which was awarded A Best Book of the Year (2003) recognition from Small Press Traffic. Bromige published Indictable Suborners and Behave or Be Bounced with dPress, Sebastopol, in 2003. For the past few years, Bromige had been collaborating with poet and dPress editor Richard Denner on 100 Cantos.Spade: Cantos 1-33 was published in 2006. <mask> lived in Sebastopol, California. He died on June 3, 2009 of complications from diabetes. Bibliography
The Gathering. Buffalo, NY: Sumbooks, 1965. Please, Like Me. Los Angeles, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1968.The Ends of the Earth. Los Angeles, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1968. The Quivering Roadway. Berkeley, CA: Archangel Press, 1969. Threads. Los Angeles, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1970. Three Stories.Los Angeles, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1973. Ten Years in the Making. Vancouver, BC: New Star Press, 1974. Tight Corners & What's Around Them. Los Angeles, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1974. Birds of the West. Toronto, Ontario: Coach House Books, 1974.Out of My Hands. Santa Barbara, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1974. Spells & Blessings. Vancouver, BC: Talonbooks, 1975. Credences of Winter. Santa Barbara, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1976. Living in Advance (with deBarros and Gifford).Cotati, CA: Open Ready Press, 1976. My Poetry. Berkeley, CA: The Figures Press, 1980. P-E-A-C-E.  Berkeley, CA: Tuumba Press, 1981. In the Uneven Steps of Hung Chow. Berkeley, CA: Little Dinosaur Press, 1982. It's the Same Only Different/The Melancholy Owed Categories.Weymouth, England: Last Straw Press, 1984. You See, Parts 1 & 2 (with Opal Nations). San Francisco, CA: Exempli Gratia Press, 1986. Red Hats. Atwater, OH: Tonsure Press, 1986. Desire: Selected Poems 1963-1987. Santa Rosa, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1988.Men, Women & Vehicles: Prose Works. Santa Rosa, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1990. Tiny Courts in a Year Without Scales. London, ON: Brick Books 1991. They Ate. Sebastopol, CA: X-Press Books, 1992. The Harbormaster of Hong Kong.Los Angeles, CA: Sun & Moon Press, 1993. A Cast of Tens. Penngrove, CA: Avec Books, 1994. Vulnerable Bundles. Hartford, CT: Cricket Press, 1995. From the First Century. 1995.Piccolo Mondo. Toronto, Ontario: Coach House Books, 1998. Authenticizing. San Francisco, CA: a+bend press, 2000. As in T, As in Tether. Tucson, AZ: Chax Press, 2002. Indictable Suborners.Sebastopol, CA: DPress  2003. Behave or Be Bounced. Sebastopol, CA: dPress, 2003. Ten Poems from Clearings in the Throat. Sebastopol, CA dPress, 2005. Spade (with Richard Denner). Sebastopol, CA: dPress, 2006.
if wants to be the same as is: Essential Poems of <mask>, edited by Jack Krick, Bob Perelman and Ron Silliman, with an introduction by George Bowering, Vancouver, BC: NewStar Books, forthcoming.References

External links

<mask> page at the Electronic Poetry Center
<mask>ige page at the University of Calgary
An Interview with <mask>ige
PennSound has numerous audio recordings of <mask> reading his poems
<mask>ige 1933 - 2009 This "cyber-tombeau" at Silliman's Blog by poet Ron Silliman includes comments, tributes, and links
<mask>ige Correspondence MSS 6. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library. 1933 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian male writers
Canadian male poets
21st-century Canadian poets
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
Sonoma State University faculty
Canadian expatriate academics in the United States
Canadian expatriate writers in the United States
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area
21st-century Canadian male writers
Occasional poets

masks:
David Mansfield Bromige
David Dawson
David Melnick
Bromige
Bromige
Bromige
Bromige
David Bromige
David Bromige
David Brom
David Brom
David Bromige
David Brom
David Brom


texts:
<mask> (January 11, 1890 – July 2, 1949) was an American jazz guitarist, banjoist and singer. He was one of the earliest musicians associated with the New Orleans jazz scene. As a violinist he performed with James Reese Europe's Clef Club Orchestra at a historic 1912 concert at Carnegie Hall, and the following year worked with Europe's ensemble on the first jazz recordings on the Victor label. A graduate of the Peabody School of Music, <mask> was a notable rhythm guitarist in Chicago's Jazz Age nightclubs of the 1920s. After performing and recording with Jimmie Noone's Apex Club Orchestra in 1928 he moved to California. He was able to make a living as a professional musician through the 1930s, when traditional jazz was eclipsed by big-band swing music, and formed his own trio. In 1944 <mask> joined an all-star combination that evolved into Kid Ory's Creole Jazz Band, an important force in reviving interest in New Orleans-style jazz in the 1940s, and he wrote the majority of the band's arrangements.Biography
<mask> <mask>, known as <mask>, was born January 11, 1890, in New Orleans, Louisiana. As a teenager he played with <mask>; he played guitar and violin as a child and performed professionally from an early age. His first job was with New Orleans dance band leader John Robichaux in 1904. In 1911 he was playing guitar with Freddie Keppard's Olympia Orchestra. <mask> left New Orleans with a large travelling show in 1912. After the show's New York engagements, <mask> joined the Clef Club, a musical society that included Marian Anderson and Paul Robeson. At age 22 he was in the string section of the 125-piece Clef Club Orchestra when it performed a historic concert at Carnegie Hall May 2, 1912, under the direction of James Reese Europe."That was the first time jazz was heard in that sedate hall — although we called it 'ragtime' then," <mask> told jazz historian Floyd Levin. "We received a standing ovation from the first racially mixed audience ever permitted in Carnegie Hall." <mask> played on a number of Victor Talking Machine Company ragtime recordings with James Reese Europe's Society Orchestra in 1913. He worked with Europe at Vernon and Irene Castle's fashionable nightclub, but he remained in New York when the orchestra accompanied the Castles on their first national tour. <mask> studied music theory with Walter Damrosch, and he later graduated from the Peabody School of Music. <mask> found work playing banjo with Bob Young in Baltimore in 1917. In 1921 he played in Will Marion Cook's Orchestra.In 1923 <mask> moved to Chicago and replaced Bill Johnson in King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band. When Oliver's band recorded "Dippermouth Blues", <mask> originated the now-traditional shout, "Oh, play that thing!" He also worked with Johnny Dodds and Jimmy Blythe, Erskine Tate, Jelly Roll Morton's Red Hot Peppers and Richard M. Jones' Jazz Wizards. <mask> was the first person to use a guitar in a modern dance orchestra, in Dave Peyton's group accompanying Ethel Waters at Chicago's Cafe de Paris. He then joined Jimmie Noone's Apex Club Orchestra, and was part of the Vocalion recording sessions in 1928 that included "Blues My Naughty Sweetie Gives to Me", featuring <mask>'s guitar solo; "King Joe", written by <mask>; and "Sweet Lorraine", which <mask> would later call "the best recording I ever made". In 1929 <mask> was one of the many New Orleans musicians who moved to California. "I joined Mutt Carey's band playing in clubs around Los Angeles", <mask> told jazz historian Floyd Levin."From 1930 to 1944 I played every conceivable sort of date to make a living. I played solos, worked in vaudeville shows, film and radio studios, and the pit orchestra at the Lincoln Theater. I formed a trio and played in some of the best Hollywood spots including the Florentine Gardens". In 1944 <mask> joined an all-star traditional New Orleans band that was a leader of the West Coast revival, put together for the CBS Radio series The Orson Welles Almanac. The All Star Jazz Group also included Mutt Carey, Ed Garland, Jimmie Noone (succeeded by Barney Bigard), Kid Ory, Zutty Singleton and Buster Wilson. Renamed Kid Ory's Creole Jazz Band, the group then made a significant series of recordings on the Crescent Records label. Ory and <mask> co-wrote "Get Out of Here", one of the 16 sides the band recorded.<mask> continued to play with Kid Ory's band. With his academic background <mask> also wrote most of the band's arrangements — a talent that earned him the nickname "The Master". <mask> was one of the jazz greats who performed and appeared in the 1947 film, New Orleans. Uncredited, Kid Ory's Creole Jazz Band performed on the soundtrack of the 1947 RKO feature film, Crossfire, with clarinetist Barney Bigard; "I do remember <mask> had to sing Shine in that old deep voice of his," Bigard later recalled. <mask> was performing with Ory's band in San Francisco in September 1948 when he suffered a severe stroke that forced him to retire from music. A group of friends organized a benefit concert January 23, 1949, to help <mask> and his wife Alice with medical expenses. Performers included Danny Barker, Blue Lu Barker, Benny Carter, Pete Daily and the Chicagoans, Firehouse Five Plus Two, Erroll Garner, Dizzy Gillespie, Nappy Lamare, Nellie Lutcher,  Eddie Miller, Albert Nicholas, Zutty Singleton, Ted Vesley's Dixieland band and T-Bone Walker.Kid Ory's Creole Jazz Band closed the program with "Blues for Jimmie" in honor of Jimmie Noone, whose widow was in the audience. The proceeds totalled $400, worth ten times that amount today. <mask> died in Los Angeles July 2, 1949, aged 59. His obituary ran on the front page of the Los Angeles Sentinel. "Kid Ory wept during prayers at <mask>s's Masonic funeral," wrote jazz historian Floyd Levin. "So did I. It was a great privilege to know this scholarly man."<mask> was buried at Lincoln Memorial Park cemetery in Carson, California. References

External links

 1944 Orson Welles Broadcasts at The Kid Ory Archive
 1945 Jade Palace at The Kid Ory Archive
 Kid Ory's Creole Jazz Band: 1944–1945 The Legendary Crescent Recording Sessions at AllMusic (<mask>ow)
 Arthur "<mask><mask> (1890-1949) at Red Hot Jazz Archive

1890 births
1949 deaths
American Freemasons
American jazz banjoists
American jazz guitarists
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Louisiana
American male guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Red Hot Peppers members

masks:
Arthur Budd Scott
Scott
Scott
Arthur Budd
Scott
Bud Scott
Buddy Bolden
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Bud Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Bud Scott
Scott
Scott Yan
Bud
" Scott


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<mask>  (; 22 May 1885 – 10 June 1924) was an Italian socialist politician. On 30 May 1924, he openly spoke in the Italian Parliament alleging the Fascists committed fraud in the recently held elections, and denounced the violence they used to gain votes. Eleven days later he was kidnapped and killed by Fascists. The presumed fraud in the 1924 elections (however won by PNF thanks to the Acerbo Law, ad-hoc made in order to make the Party win) was not the only cause of his murder. In fact, according to Renzo De Felice's essay Breve Storia del Fascismo, <mask> also publicly condemned the alliance of the socialist trade unions and the fascist counterpart. Yet, the most important aspect, and probably the main reason for his murder, was that he found out the evidence of bribes from Sinclair Oil in favour to Mussolini, in order to get permission for the petroleum reservoir exploitation in North Africa. Political career
<mask> was born a son of a wealthy family, in Fratta Polesine, Province of Rovigo in Veneto.He graduated in law at the University of Bologna. An atheist and from early on an activist in the socialist movement and the Italian Socialist Party, he opposed Italy's entry into World War I (and was interned in Sicily during the conflict for this reason). He was elected deputy three times: in 1919, 1921 and 1924. As a follower of Filippo Turati, <mask> became the leader of the Unitary Socialist Party in the Italian Chamber of Deputies after the scission of the Socialist Party. He openly spoke out against Fascism and Benito Mussolini, and for a time was leader of the opposition to the National Fascist Party (NFP). From 1921 he denounced fascist violence in a pamphlet titled Inchiesta socialista sulle gesta dei fascisti in Italia (Socialist enquiry on the deeds of the fascists in Italy). In 1924 his book The Fascisti Exposed: A Year of Fascist Domination was published and he made two impassioned and lengthy speeches in the Chamber of Deputies denouncing Fascism and declaring that the last election, marked by intimidation and militia violence, was "invalid".Murder
On 10 June 1924 <mask> was bundled into a Lancia Lambda and stabbed several times with a carpenter's file as he was struggling to escape. His corpse was found after an extensive search near Riano, 23 kilometers north of Rome, on 16 August 1924. Five men (Amerigo Dumini—a prominent member of the Fascist secret police, the Ceka—Giuseppe Viola, Albino Volpi, Augusto Malacria and Amleto Poveromo) were arrested a few days after the kidnapping. Another suspect, Filippo Panzeri, fled from arrest. Only three (Dumini, Volpi and Poveromo) were convicted and shortly after released under amnesty by King Victor Emmanuel III. Before the trial against the murderers, the High Court of the Senate started a trial against general Emilio De Bono, commander of the Fascist paramilitary Blackshirts (MVSN), but he was discharged. After the Second World War, in 1947, the trial against Francesco Giunta, Cesare Rossi, Dumini, Viola, Poveromo, Malacria, Filippelli and Panzeri was re-opened.Dumini, Viola and Poveromo were sentenced to life imprisonment. In none of these three trials was evidence found of Mussolini's involvement. Mussolini's alleged involvement

The involvement of Mussolini in the assassination is much debated. Historians suggest some different theories. The main biographer of Mussolini, Renzo De Felice, was convinced that the Duce was not innocent. Even Aurelio Lepre and Emilio Gentile thought that Mussolini wanted the death of <mask>. The former socialist and anti-fascist journalist Carlo Silvestri in 1924 was a harsh accuser of Mussolini; later, when he joined the Italian Social Republic, he affirmed that Mussolini had shown him the papers for the Matteotti case, and eventually he changed his mind.Silvestri became a strong defender of Mussolini's innocence in <mask>'s murder, and suggested that the socialist was killed by a plot, in order both to damage Mussolini's attempt to raise a leftist government (with the participation of Socialists and Popolari) and to cover some scandals in which the Crown (with the American oil company Sinclair Oil) was involved. De Felice argued that maybe Mussolini himself was a political victim of a plot, and almost surely he was damaged by the crisis that followed the murder. Many fascists left the Party, and his government was about to collapse. Moreover, his secret attempt to bring Socialists and Popolari into a new reformist government was ruined. John Gunther wrote in 1940 that "Most critics nowadays do not think that the Duce directly ordered the assassination ... but his moral responsibility is indisputable", perhaps with underlings believing they were carrying out Mussolini's desire performing the kidnapping and murder on their own. Other historians, including Justin Pollard and Denis Mack Smith, thought Mussolini was probably aware of the assassination plot but that it was ordered and organized by someone else. Mauro Canali suggests that Mussolini probably did order the murder, as Matteotti uncovered and wanted to make public incriminating documents proving that Mussolini and his associates sold to Sinclair Oil exclusive rights to all Italian oil reserves.Consequences of the murder
The death of <mask> sparked widespread criticism of Fascism. A general strike was threatened in retaliation. Since Mussolini's government did not collapse and the King refused to dismiss him, all the anti-fascists (except for the  Communist Party of Italy) started to abandon the Chamber of Deputies. They retired on the "Aventine Mount", like ancient Roman plebeians. They thought to force the Crown to act against Mussolini, but on the contrary this strengthened Mussolini. After a few weeks of confusion, Mussolini gained a favourable vote by the Senate of the Kingdom, and tried to defuse the tension with a speech. Despite pressure from the opposition, Victor Emmanuel III refused to dismiss Mussolini, since the Government was supported by a large majority of the Chamber of Deputies and almost all the Senate of the Kingdom.Moreover, he feared that compelling Mussolini to resign could be considered a coup d'état, that eventually could lead to a civil war between the Army and the Blackshirts. But during the summer, the trial against <mask>'s alleged murderers and the discovery of the corpse of <mask> once again spread rage against Mussolini: newspapers launched fierce attacks against him and the fascist movement. On 13 September, a right-wing fascist deputy, Armando Casalini, was killed on a tramway in retaliation for <mask>'s murder by the anti-fascist Giovanni Corvi. During the autumn of 1924, the extremist wing of the Fascist Party threatened Mussolini with a coup, and dealt with him on the night of San Silvestro of 1924. Mussolini devised a counter-maneuver, and on 3 January 1925 he gave a famous speech both attacking anti-fascists and confirming that he, and only he, was the leader of Fascism. He challenged the anti-fascists to prosecute him, and claimed proudly that Fascism was the "superb passion of the best youth of Italy" and grimly that "all the violence" was his responsibility, because he had created the climate of violence. Admitting that the murderers were Fascists of "high station", as Hitler later did after the Night of the Long Knives, Mussolini rhetorically claimed fault, stating "I assume, I alone, the political, moral, historical responsibility for everything that has happened.If sentences, more or less maimed, are enough to hang a man, out with the noose!" Mussolini concluded with a warning: Italy needs stability and Fascism would assure stability to Italy in any manner necessary. This speech is considered the very beginning of the dictatorship in Italy. Works
 1924 The Fascisti Exposed: A Year of Fascist Domination, ,  (1969)

<mask>'s son
<mask>'s son, , became a Social Democratic parliamentary deputy after World War II, serving as Italy's minister of tourism in 1970–72 and minister of foreign trade from 1972–1974, and died in 2000. See also
Il delitto Matteotti by Florestano Vancini (1973). Matteotti is played by Franco Nero. Footnotes

Bibliography

 Luigi Cyaheled, Matteotti è vivente, Napoli, Casa Editrice Vedova Ceccoli & Figli, 1924.Carlo Silvestri, <mask>, Mussolini e il dramma italiano, Roma, Ruffolo, 1947. Renzo De Felice, Mussolini il fascista, I, La conquista del potere. 1921–1925, Torino, Einaudi, 1966. Carlo Rossini, Il delitto Matteotti fra il Viminale e l’Aventino, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1968. Antonio G. Casanova, <mask>. Una vita per il socialismo, Milano, Bompiani, 1974. Adrian Lyttelton, La conquista del potere.Il fascismo dal 1919 al 1929, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1974. Ives Bizzi, <mask> a Villamarzana. 30 anni di lotte nel Polesine (1915–1945), Treviso, Giacobino, 1975. Carlo Silvestri, <mask>, Mussolini e il dramma italiano, Milano, Cavallotti editore, 1981. Alexander J. De Grand, Breve storia del fascismo, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1983. <mask>, Quei vent’anni.Dal fascismo all’Italia che cambia, Milano, Rusconi, 1985. Fabio Andriola, Mussolini. Prassi politica e rivoluzione sociale, S.l., F.U.A.N., 1990. Mauro Canali, Il delitto Matteotti. Affarismo e politica nel primo governo Mussolini, Camerino, Università degli studi, 1996; Bologna, Il Mulino, 1997, 2004, 2015. ; 2004. Valentino Zaghi, <mask>, Sommacampagna, Cierre, 2001. Marcello Staglieno, Arnaldo e Benito.Due fratelli, Milano, Mondadori, 2003. Mauro Canali, Il delitto Matteotti, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2004. Nunzio Dell'Erba, <mask>: azione politica e pensiero giuridico, in "Patria indipendente", 28 maggio 2004, a. LIII, nn. 4–5, pp. 21–23. Stanislao G. Pugliese, Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 to the Present, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. Enrico Tiozzo, La giacca di Matteotti e il processo Pallavicini.Una rilettura critica del delitto, Roma, Aracne, 2005. Gianpaolo Romanato, Un italiano diverso. <mask>, Milano, Longanesi, 2010. Giovanni Borgognone, Come nasce una dittatura. L'Italia del delitto Matteotti, Bari, Laterza, 2012. Alexander J. De Grand, Italian Fascism: Its Origins & Development, University of Nebraska Press, 2000,
 Adrian Lyttelton, The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy, 1919–1929, Routledge, 2003,
 Stanislao G. Pugliese, Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 to the Present, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004,

External links

What a Murder by Mussolini Teaches Us About Khashoggi and M.B.S., By Alexander Stille, Oct. 23, 2018, The New York Times

1885 births
1924 deaths
1924 murders in Europe
People from the Province of Rovigo
Italian Socialist Party politicians
Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922) politicians
Deputies of Legislature XXV of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XXVI of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XXVII of the Kingdom of Italy
Politicians of Veneto
Italian anti-fascists
Italian anti-capitalists
Italian atheists
Kidnapped Italian people
Assassinated Italian politicians
Deaths by stabbing in Rome
People murdered in Italy
1924 crimes in Italy
1920s murders in Italy

masks:
Giacomo Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Da Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteo Matteotti
Giacomo Matteotti
Matteotti
Giacomo Matteotti


texts:
<mask>  (born 20 December 1940) is an English food writer, broadcaster and author, best known for founding The Curry Club. Early days
<mask> was born in London during the Blitz. His grandfather had achieved senior rank in the British Indian Army; his father served in the wartime Merchant Navy and his mother was a former midwifery training sister at Queen Charlotte's Hospital London, before running her own maternity nursing home in Ealing. His primary education was dysfunctional, with him going to no fewer than four schools. As a chorister at a local church, he auditioned to join the Westminster Abbey Choir School but failed because he had been watching trams driving around Westminster on a very smoggy evening, which clogged up his voice. Had he passed, he would have sung at Queen Elizabeth II's coronation ceremony in June 1953. Instead, his secondary education was at Bedales School whose headmaster, Hector Jacks, said that he would never pass A-Level examinations, which turned out to be true.Bedales, the countryside and the farm were revelations for a 13-year-old London boy, born and bred in the concrete jungle of Ealing. He disliked afternoon sports and opted to do 'Outdoor Work' (O.W) instead. At the time the Bedales farm was fully operational with a herd of Friesian cows, poultry and sheep. It also had a piggery at the south west corner of the estate, with its own pigman and a number of pedigree Wessex Saddleback pigs (with black bodies and a white-collar and front hooves). <mask> chose to work at the piggery and' or the dairy (he learned to hand-milk and machine milk the cows) for his O.W. The farm supplied the school with meat, milk and fruit and vegetables. Since being taken to a pantomime at the London Palladium, aged 10 or so, he became intrigued by all things backstage.He followed this by taking  course at the Central School of Speech and Drama, now renamed as The Royal Central School of Speech and Drama. Sir Laurence Olivier and  Dame Peggy Ashcroft were Central's most famous alumni, though they were students (in 1925), long before <mask>'s time there. <mask>'s most celebrated contemporaries included Julie Christie and James Bolam). As a teenager, <mask> first obtained work during school holidays as an electrical stage hand at the Lyric Theatre Hammersmith then as a  light board operator in West End theatre land, obtaining a highly coveted NATKE union card. (The National Association of Theatrical Television and Kine Employees, which represented employees who worked in theatres, cinemas and television.) NATKE is now known as Unison. On leaving drama school, he worked full-time in the theatre, including stage management at the Belgrade Theatre Coventry, where from time to time he was required to play bit parts, and he actually 'trod the boards' with the likes of Ian McKellen, David Warner and Edina Ronay.<mask> Belgrade Theatre 6.   https://theatricalia.com/person/1pq7/patrick-chapman

He followed this by joining the Royal Air Force where he trained as a fast jet pilot. He then worked for six years on sales and marketing at Lesney Products, during which time he went to night school at Enfield Tech (latterly part of Middlesex University) obtaining an HNC in Business Studies and a Diploma from the Chartered Institute of Marketing. This led to his being accepted as a mature student at Fitzwilliam College, University of Cambridge reading economics. At the same time he started the stage lighting and sound company, Entec. In 1968 his company established itself by providing the lighting for Cambridge May Balls, as well as performing liquid light shows for BBC Television, including a six-month contract on Top of the Pops and a four-part Doctor Who story, Claws of Axos in 1970/1. <mask> was a pioneer in touring lighting for rock acts and festivals, introducing techniques which are in use to this day. <mask> and his crews provided lighting and sound systems for an eclectic mix of rock, heavy metal, pop and glam rock groups, including, to name some, The Carpenters, Bing Crosby, Black Sabbath, Ray Conniff, Dusty Springfield, Bob Dylan, Bob Marley and the Wailers, Mud, The New Seekers, Lou Reed, Status Quo, Rod Stewart, Sweet, Ike and Tina Turner and Wings.In 1979 <mask>'s investor, the Marquee Club's Harold Pendleton, took over <mask>'s Entec interests. He moved to Haslemere, Surrey, where he still lives, and spent the next four years consulting to a number of major entertainment multiples the like of Mecca Leisure Group, Rank Ballrooms, Warner Bros. and Pontins, both in the UK and overseas, advising on the equipping and installation of lighting and sound systems. Branches of <mask>'s family had lived in India from 1715 to 1935, first working for the East India Company then the British Raj. <mask> inherited their deep-rooted interest in the country, her history, her food and curry in particular. After he left school, <mask>'s friends, knowing his passion for the subject, asked him to teach them the secrets of spices and their cooking. At that time little information had been published on the subject of curry, yet national interest in the subject was emerging. He decided to set up a club as the vehicle to exchange information.In 1981 <mask>'s friend and writing mentor, columnist Carol Sarler, then editor of the best-selling Honey Magazine and currently a contributor to the Times Group wrote a piece on curry featuring the (then) non-existent Curry Club with recipes by <mask>. Time it was started. Carol had in effect kicked started The Curry Club. Honey was a monthly magazine for young women in the United Kingdom[1] which Fleetway Publications launched in April 1960. [2] Audrey Slaughter (later wife of Charles Wintour and stepmother of Anna Wintour) founded it, with Jean McKinley as editor. Honey is regarded as having established the teen magazine sector in the UK. At its height, Honey sold about 250,000 copies a month.Staff on Honey included Eve Pollard and Catherine Bennett after which was founded on 1 January 1982. Many like-minded people have joined the Curry Club since it began and come from every continent including Asia. Membership is a cross-section of the British public. Currently
<mask> frequently demonstrates curry, holds regular curry cookery courses and from time to time takes small groups of curry enthusiasts to India to visit a region and sample its cuisine. Since 2008 <mask> has been an active member of the Army Benevolent Fund committee, specifically to help with fund-raising for their annual Big Curry event. For the 2010 National Curry Week celebrations he was commissioned by Cobra Beer to create recipes which add spice to top British Regional favourite dishes. Since 2012 he has been a trustee of the Cobra Foundation, an independent charity supported my Molson Coors and Cobra Beer to distribute funds to young people in South Asia by providing health, education, community support.On 17 November 2019 <mask> was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award at the Asian Curry Awards from the Asian Catering Federation, of which he is the longstanding Chairman of Judges. Too ill to attend in person, (he was suffering from a very bad cold) fellow judge George Shaw accepted the award on his behalf saying, "Everyone who works in the curry sector owes <mask> a huge debt and never has a Lifetime Achievement Award so been richly deserved." To come
On 22 November 2020 it was planned that Sanjay Anand of Madhu's Caterers and Restaurants would present this Lifetime Achievement Award to <mask> in conjunction with Yawar Khan owner Akash Tandoori Restaurant, Wallington, Surrey and founder The Asian Catering Federation and Awards. Because of COVID-19 this presentation is postponed and now planned to take place at Grosvenor House Hotel Great Room, date tba. Writing
<mask>'s first cookery book, The Indian Restaurant Cookbook, was published in 1984 and is still in print. To date <mask> has written some 36 books, with international sales exceeding 2 million copies. Most are on Curry, but some of his other books cover cuisines such as Thai, Chinese, Middle Eastern and International spicy cuisines.His Balti Cookbook was the first on the subject and became a Sunday Times Number 1 bestseller. <mask> built up a database on Indian restaurants, which as of 2018 contained over 10,000 entries. In 1984, this led to the publication of the Good Curry Guide, a critique of the top 1,000 UK curry restaurants. It has been sponsored by Cobra Beer since 1992, and was cited by the Oxford English Dictionary for usage of the word balti

Television appearances
<mask> has appeared on British television many times, including on the shows Who'll Do The Pudding?, This Morning, Food and Drink, Great Food Live and Good Food Live. He also had a regular spot on the Good Morning with Anne and Nick show. See also
The Curry Club
Curry Club Magazine
Good Curry Guide
Curry Awards
Curry
Balti
Tandoori

Books
To see pictures of the following books, go to Eat Your Books! 2013 Cobra Good Curry Guide, Curry Club Publisher, Haslemere —  Complete rewrite.DVDs
 <mask>'s Curry Magic (2006)

References

<mask> Belgrade Theatre 6.   https://theatricalia.com/person/1pq7/patrick-chapman

External links
An interview with <mask>
The Independent
Theatricalia

Living people
1940 births
People from Ealing
People educated at Bedales School
Royal Air Force officers
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
People from Haslemere
English chefs
English television chefs
English food writers
British cookbook writers

masks:
Patrick Lawrence Chapman
Chapman
Pat
Pat
Pat
Pat
Pat Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Pat
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Pat
Pat Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Pat Chapman
Pat Chapman
Pat Chapman


texts:
General <mask> (4 July 1924 – † 27 May 2006) was the 37th President of Guatemala from July 1, 1978 to March 23, 1982. He was elected as Institutional Democratic Party candidate (with the support of the Revolutionary Party). Elections for his presidency were fraud-ridden. During <mask>'s regime, tensions between the radical left and the government increased. The military started to murder political opponents while counterinsurgency measures further terrorized populations of poor civilians. Franja Transversal del Norte

The first settler project in the FTN was in Sebol-Chinajá in Alta Verapaz. Sebol, then regarded as a strategic point and route through Cancuén river, which communicated with Petén through the Usumacinta River on the border with Mexico and the only road that existed was a dirt one built by President Lázaro Chacón in 1928.In 1958, during the government of General Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) financed infrastructure projects in Sebol. In 1960, then Army captain <mask> <mask> inherited Saquixquib and Punta de Boloncó farms in northeastern Sebol. In 1963 he bought the farm "San Fernando" El Palmar de Sejux and finally bought the "Sepur" farm near San Fernando. During those years, <mask> was in the Guatemalan legislature and lobbied in Congress to boost investment in that area of the country. In those years, the importance of the region was in livestock, exploitation of precious export wood and archaeological wealth. Timber contracts we granted to multinational companies such as Murphy Pacific Corporation from California, which invested US$30 million for the colonization of southern Petén and Alta Verapaz, and formed the North Impulsadora Company. Colonization of the area was made through a process by which inhospitable areas of the FTN were granted to native peasants.In 1962, the DGAA became the National Institute of Agrarian Reform (INTA), by Decree 1551 which created the law of Agrarian Transformation. In 1964, INTA defined the geography of the FTN as the northern part of the departments of Huehuetenango, Quiché, Alta Verapaz and Izabal and that same year priests of the Maryknoll order and the Order of the Sacred Heart began the first process of colonization, along with INTA, carrying settlers from Huehuetenango to the Ixcán sector in Quiché. The Northern Transversal Strip was officially created during the government of General Carlos Arana Osorio in 1970, by Decree 60-70 in the Congress, for agricultural development. In 1977, when he stepped down as defense minister to pursue his presidential campaign, general <mask> <mask> also happened to hold the position of coordinator of the megaproject of the Northern Transversal Strip, whose main objective was to bring production of to facilitate oil exploitation of that vast land. By managing this project, <mask> obtained greater knowledge and interaction with the transnational companies that were in the area, and increased his own personal economic interests in the region, given that his family owned land there and he had commercial relationships with Shenandoah Oil company. Cuchumaderas case

In 1977 the municipality of San Mateo Ixtatán had signed a contract with Cuchumaderas company for the "sanitation, reforestation, maintenance and exploitation of forests, based on the urgent need to build and maintain natural resources attacked by the pine beetle." Upon learning of the negotiation between the municipality and the company, town people forced the authorities to conduct an open meeting and explain the characteristics of the commitment;  each of the members of the municipal corporation gave their account of the negotiation, showing contradictions that led to resignation of the mayor at the very same meeting.Despite threats received by some residents of San Mateo, they organized a local committee to defend the forest, and started a lawsuit against the company. As a result, forest extraction processes were stopped. Cuchumaderas was closely related to the interests of the military leaders who held political power in the 1970s, and spread throughout the defined territory of the FTN; forest wealth of San Mateo Ixtatán made it the target of economic interests in the Northern Transversal Strip. Ronald Hennessey, pastor of San Mateo Ixtatán during the Guatemala Civil War arrived in October 1980, amid people's fight against the presence of Cuchumaderas and accused in his writings as Cuchumaderas partners the following people: <mask>, who FTN director when Cuchumaderas was founded, general Otto Spiegler Noriega, who was the Chief of Staff of the Army and later became Minister of Defense under <mask>;  Jorge Spiegler Noriega, manager of the National Forestry Institute (INAFOR), and then-colonel Rodolfo Lobos Zamora, commander of Military Zone of Quiché. However, later in the Commercial Register investigations showed that the owner of the company was a different person: it was the engineer <mask> Arizpe, and was well known for being the husband of journalist Irma Flaquer until 1965. Valle Arizpe had developed close relations with senior officials and close members of the government of <mask>, especially Donaldo Alvarez Ruiz, the Minister of Interior. During <mask> government (1 July 1978 – 23 March 1982) the Army Engineers Battalion built the road stretch from Cadenas (Petén / Izabal) to Fray Bartolomé de las Casas.After the overthrow of <mask> on 23 March 1982, rose to power a military triumvirate headed by General Efraín Ríos Montt, along with Horacio Maldonado Shaad colonels and Francisco Gordillo. On 2 June 1982, international journalists conducted an interview with Ríos Montt, who said the following regarding <mask> government and FTN:

Rise to power

Due to his seniority in both the military and economic elites in Guatemala, as well as the fact that he spoke perfectly the q'ekchi, one of the Guatemalan indigenous languages, <mask> was the ideal official candidate for the 1978 elections;  and to further enhance his image, he was paired with the leftist doctor Francisco Villagrán Kramer as running mate. Villagrán Kramer was a man of recognized democratic trajectory, having participated in the Revolution of 1944, and was linked to the interests of transnational corporations and elites, as he was one of the main advisers of agricultural, industrial and financial chambers of Guatemala. Despite the democratic facade, the electoral victory was not easy and the establishment had to impose <mask>, causing further discredit the electoral system -which had already suffered a fraud when General Laugerud was imposed in the 1974 elections. In 1976 student group called "FRENTE" emerged in the University of San Carlos, which completely swept all student body positions that were up for election that year. FRENTE leaders were mostly members of the Patriotic Workers' Youth, the youth wing of the Guatemalan Labor Party (-Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo- (PGT), the Guatemalan communist party who had worked in the shadows since it was illegalized in 1954. Unlike other Marxist organizations in Guatemala at the time, PGT leaders trusted the mass movement to gain power through elections.FRENTE used its power within the student associations to launch a political campaign for the 1978 university general elections, allied with leftist Faculty members grouped in "University Vanguard". The alliance was effective and Oliverio Castañeda de León was elected as President of the Student Body and Saúl Osorio Paz as President of the University; plus they had ties with the University workers union (STUSC) thru their PGT connections. Osorio Paz gave space and support to the student movement and instead of having a conflictive relationship with students, different representations combined to build a higher education institution of higher social projection. In 1978 the University of San Carlos became one of the sectors with more political weight in Guatemala;  that year the student movement, faculty and University Governing Board -Consejo Superior Universitario- united against the government and were in favor of opening spaces for the neediest sectors. In order to expand its university extension, the Student Body (AEU) rehabilitated the "Student House" in downtown Guatemala City;  there, they welcomed and supported families of villagers and peasant already sensitized politically. They also organized groups of workers in the informal trade. At the beginning of his tenure as President, Saúl Osorio founded the weekly Siete Días en la USAC, which besides reporting on the activities of the University, constantly denounced the violation of human rights, especially the repression against the popular movement.It also told what was happening with revolutionary movements in both Nicaragua and El Salvador . For a few months, the state university was a united and progressive institution, preparing to confront the State head on. Now, FRENTE had to face the radical left, represented then by the Student Revolutionary Front "Robin García" (FERG), which emerged during the Labor Day march of 1 May 1978. FERG coordinated several student associations on different colleges within University of San Carlos and public secondary education institutions. This coordination between legal groups came from the Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), a guerrilla group that had appeared in 1972 and had its headquarters in the oil rich region of northern Quiché department -i.e., the Ixil Triangle of Ixcán, Nebaj and Chajul in Franja Transversal del Norte. Although not strictly an armed group, FERG sought confrontation with government forces all the time, giving prominence to measures that could actually degenerate into mass violence and paramilitary activity. Its members were not interested in working within an institutional framework and never asked permission for their public demonstrations or actions.On 7 March 1978 <mask> was elected President;  shortly after, on 29 May 1978 -in the late days of General Laugerud <mask> government- in the central square of Panzós, Alta Verapaz, members of the Zacapa Military Zone attacked a peaceful peasant demonstration, killing a lot of people. The deceased, indigenous peasants who had been summoned in place, were fighting for the legalization of public lands they had occupied for years. Their struggle faced them directly with investors who wanted to exploit the mineral wealth of the area, particularly oil reserves -by Basic Resources International and Shenandoah Oil- and nickel -EXMIBAL. The Panzós Massacre caused a stir at the University by the high number of victims and conflicts arising from the exploitation of natural resources by foreign companies. In 1978 for example, Osorio Paz and other university received death threats for their outspoken opposition to the construction of an inter-oceanic pipeline that would cross the country to facilitate oil exploration. On June 8 the AEU organized a massive protest in downtown Guatemala City where speakers denounced the slaughter of Panzós and expressed their repudiation of Laugerud <mask> regime in stronger terms than ever before. Presidency (1978–1982)

Whereas under the previous administration the human rights situation in Guatemala had improved, the regime of <mask> brought the repression to much the same level observed during the "State of Siege" period under former President Arana Osorio (1970–1974).Initial protests and early crisis

On 4 August 1978, barely a month after he took office, high school and university students, along with other popular movement sectors, organized the mass movement's first urban protest of the <mask> period. The protests, intended as a march against violence, were attended by an estimated 10,000 people. The new Secretary of the Interior under President <mask>, Donaldo Alvarez Ruiz, promised to break up any protests done without government permission, as the new government had realized that the opposition and Marxist left had a really strong organization by the time the new president was inaugurated. Having refused to ask for permission, the protesters were met by the Pelotón Modelo (Model Platoon) of the National Police. Employing new anti-riot gear donated by the United States Government, Platoon agents surrounded marchers and tear-gassed them. Students were forced to retreat and dozens of people, mostly school-aged adolescents, were hospitalized. This was followed by more protests and death squad killings throughout the later part of the year.In September 1978 a general strike broke out to protest sharp increases in public transportation fares; the government responded harshly, arresting dozens of protesters and injuring many more. However, as a result of the campaign, the government agreed to the protesters' demands, including the establishment of a public transportation subsidy. Fearful that this concession would encourage more protests, the military government, along with state-sponsored paramilitary death squads, generated an unsafe situation for public leaders. Increased insurgency and state repression: 1980–1982

The effects of state repression on the population further radicalized individuals within the mass movement and led to increased popular support for the insurgency. In late 1979, the EGP expanded its influence, controlling a large amount of territory in the Ixil Triangle in El Quiche and holding many demonstrations in Nebaj, Chajul and Cotzal. At the same time the EGP was expanding its presence in the Altiplano, a new insurgent movement called the ORPA (Revolutionary Organization of Armed People) made itself known. Composed of local youths and university intellectuals, the ORPA developed out of a movement called the Regional de Occidente, which split from the FAR-PGT in 1971.The ORPA's leader, Rodrigo Asturias

masks:
Fernando Romeo Lucas García
Lucas García
Fernando Romeo
Lucas Garcia
Lucas
Fernando Romeo
Lucas García
Lucas García
Lucas Garcia
Lucas García
Fernando Valle
Lucas García
Lucas García
Lucas Garcia
Lucas García
Lucas García
Lucas García
Lucas Garcia
García
García
Lucas Garcia
Lucas García
Lucas García


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 (a former activist with the PGT and first-born son of Nobel Prize-winning author Miguel Ángel Asturias), formed the organization after returning from exile in Mexico. ORPA established an operational base in the mountains and rain-forests above the coffee plantations of southwestern Guatemala and in the Atitlan where it enjoyed considerable popular support. On 18 September 1979, ORPA made its existence publicly known when it occupied the Mujulia coffee farm in the coffee-growing region of the Quezaltenango province to hold a political education meeting with the workers. Insurgent movements active in the initial phase of the conflict such as the FAR also began to reemerge and prepare for combat. In 1980, guerrilla operations on both the urban and rural fronts greatly intensified, with the insurgency carrying out a number of overt acts of armed propaganda and assassinations of prominent right-wing Guatemalans and landowners. In 1980, armed insurgents assassinated prominent Ixil landowner Enrique Brol, and president of the CACIF (Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations) Alberto Habie. Encouraged by guerrilla advances elsewhere in Central America, the Guatemalan insurgents, especially the EGP, began to quickly expand their influence through a wide geographic area and across different ethnic groups, thus broadening the appeal of the insurgent movement and providing it with a larger popular base.In October 1980, a tripartite alliance was formalized between the EGP, the FAR and the ORPA as a precondition for Cuban-backing. In early 1981, the insurgency mounted the largest offensive in the country's history. This was followed by an additional offensive towards the end of the year, in which many civilians were forced to participate by the insurgents. Villagers worked with the insurgency to sabotage roads and army establishments, and destroy anything of strategic value to the armed forces. By 1981, an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 members of Guatemala's indigenous community actively supported the insurgency. Guatemalan Army Intelligence (G-2) estimated a minimum 360,000 indigenous supporters of the EGP alone. Civil war in the city

On 31 January 1980, Guatemala got worldwide attention when the Spanish Embassy in Guatemala City was burnt down, resulting in 37 deaths, including embassy personnel and high ranked Guatemalan former government officials.A group of native people from El Quiché occupied the embassy in a desperate attempt to bring attention to the issues they were having with the Army in that region of the country, which was rich in oil and had been recently populated as part of the "Franja Transversal del Norte" agricultural program. In the end, thirty seven people died after a fire started within the embassy after the police force tried to occupy the building; after that, Spain broke its diplomatic relationships with Guatemala. In the months following the Spanish Embassy Fire, the human rights situation continued to deteriorate. The daily number of killings by official and unofficial security forces increased from an average of 20 to 30 in 1979 to a conservative estimate of 30 to 40 daily in 1980. Human rights sources estimated 5,000 Guatemalans were killed by the government for "political reasons" in 1980 alone, making it the worst human rights violator in the hemisphere after El Salvador. In a report titled Guatemala: A Government Program of Political Murder, Amnesty International stated, "Between January and November of 1980, some 3,000 people described by government representatives as "subversives" and "criminals" were either shot on the spot in political assassinations or seized and murdered later; at least 364 others seized in this period have not yet been accounted for." The repression and excessive force used by the government against the opposition was such that it became source of contention within <mask>'s administration itself.This contention within the government caused <mask>'s Vice President Francisco Villagrán Kramer to resign from his position on September 1, 1980. In his resignation, Kramer cited his disapproval of the government's human rights record as one of the primary reasons for his resignation. He then went into voluntary exile in the United States, taking a position in the Legal Department of the Inter-American Development Bank. On 5 September 1980 took place a terrorist attack by Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP) right in front of the Guatemalan National Palace, then the heardquarters of the Guatemalan government. The intention was to prevent the Guatemalan people to support a huge demonstration that the government of general <mask> had prepared for Sunday 7 September 1980. In the attack, six adults and a little boy died after two bombs inside a vehicle went off. There was an undetermined number of wounded and heavy material losses, not only from art pieces from the National Palace, but from all the surrounding buildings, particularly in the Lucky Building, which is right across the Presidential Office.Among the deceased was Domingo Sánchez, Secretary of Agriculture drive; Joaquín Díaz y Díaz, car washer; and Amilcar de Paz, security guard. The attacks against private financial, commercial and agricultural targets increased in the <mask> years, as the leftist marxist groups saw those institutions as "reactionaries" and "millionaire exploiters" that were collaborating with the genocidal government. The following is a non-exhaustive list of the terrorist attacks that occurred in Guatemala city and are presented in the UN Commission report:

Despite advances by the insurgency, the insurgency made a series of fatal strategic errors. The successes made by the revolutionary forces in Nicaragua against the Somoza regime combined with the insurgency's own successes against the <mask> government led rebel leaders to falsely conclude that a military equilibrium was being reached in Guatemala, thus the insurgency underestimated the military strength of the government. The insurgency subsequently found itself overwhelmed, and was unable to secure its advances and protect the indigenous civilian population from reprisals by the security forces. 'Operation Ceniza'

In response to the guerilla offensive in early 1981, the Guatemalan Army began mobilizing for a large-scale rural counter-offensive. The <mask> government instituted a policy of forced recruitment and began organizing a "task-force" model for fighting the insurgency, by which strategic mobile forces were drawn from larger military brigades.To curtail civilian participation in the insurgency and provide greater distinction between "hostile" and compliant communities in the countryside, the army resorted to a series of "civic action" measures. The army under Chief of Staff Benedicto <mask> (the President’s brother) began to search out communities in which to organize and recruit civilians into pro-government paramilitary patrols, who would combat the insurgents and kill their collaborators. In 1980 and 1981, the United States under Reagan administration delivered $10.5 million worth of Bell 212 and Bell 412 helicopters and $3.2 million worth of military trucks and jeeps to the Guatemalan Army; and in 1981, the Reagan administration also approved a $2 million covert CIA program for Guatemala. On April 15, 1981, EGP rebels attacked a Guatemalan Army patrol from the village of Cocob near Nebaj, killing five personnel. On April 17, 1981, a reinforced company of Airborne troops was deployed to the village. They discovered fox holes, guerrillas and a hostile population. The local people appeared to fully support the guerrillas."The soldiers were forced to fire at anything that moved." The army killed 65 civilians, including 34 children, five adolescents, 23 adults and two elderly people. In July 1981, the armed forces initiated a new phase of counterinsurgency operations under the code-name "Operación Ceniza," or "Operation Ashes," which lasted through March 1982. The purpose of the operation was to "separate and isolate the insurgents from the civilian population." During "Operación Ceniza" some 15,000 troops were deployed on a gradual sweep through the predominantly indigenous Altiplano region, comprising the departments of El Quiché and Huehuetenango. Large numbers of civilians were killed or displaced in the Guatemalan military's counterinsurgency operations. To alienate the insurgents from their civilian base, the army carried out large-scale mass killing of unarmed civilians, burned villages and crops, and butchered animals, destroying survivors' means of livelihood.Sources with the human rights office of the Catholic Church estimated the death toll from the counterinsurgency in 1981 at 11,000, with most of the victims indigenous peasants of the Guatemalan highlands. Other sources and observers put the death toll due to government repression in 1981 at between 9,000 and 13,500. As army repression intensified in the countryside, relations between the Guatemalan military establishment and the <mask> regime worsened. Professionals within the Guatemalan military considered the <mask> approach counterproductive, on grounds that the <mask> government's strategy of military action and systematic terror overlooked the social and ideological causes of the insurgency while radicalizing the civilian population. Additionally, <mask> went against the military's interests by endorsing his defense minister, Angel Anibal Guevara, as a candidate in the March 1982 presidential elections. Together with the government in neighboring El Salvador, the <mask> regime was cited as the worst human rights violator in the western hemisphere. The daily number of killings by government forces and officially sanctioned death squads increased from an average of 20 to 30 in 1979 to a conservative estimate of 30 to 40 in 1980.An estimated 5,000 civilians were killed by government forces in Guatemala in 1980. In 1981 the number of killings and assassinations by government forces exceeded 9,000. He was president during Spanish embassy fire in Guatemala City on 31 January 1980, in which 37 people died. His vice president, Francisco Villagrán, resigned on 1 September 1980, citing differences with <mask> and disapproval of the country's worsening human rights situation. The United States, Israel and Argentina all provided military support to the regime in the form of pipeline aid, sales, credits, training and counterinsurgency advisors. Between FS 1978 and FS 1980, the U.S. provided $8.5 million in military assistance, mostly FMS credit sales, and approximately $1.8 million in export licensing for commercial arms sales, despite a 1977 congressional prohibition on military aid. In 1980 and 1981, the United States also delivered three Bell 212 and six Bell 412 helicopters worth $10.5 million to the army.In June 1981 the Reagan Administration announced a $3.2 million delivery of 150 military trucks and jeeps to the army, justifying these shipments by blaming the guerrillas for the violence perpetrated against civilians. In its later years, <mask>'s regime was perceived as a threat by the military establishment in Guatemala, as it engaged in actions which compromised the legitimacy of the Guatemalan military with both the populace and within its own ranks, thereby undermining the effectiveness of the counterinsurgency war. In the 1982 elections, <mask> went against both popular opinion and the military's interests through his endorsement of Angel Anibal Guevara, his own defense minister. 1982 coup d'état and "state of siege"

On March 23, 1982, junior officers under the command of General Efraín Ríos Montt staged a coup d'état and deposed General <mask> Garcia. The coup was not supported by any entities within the <mask> government aside from the junior officers involved in engineering the coup. At the time of the coup, the majority of <mask>'s senior officers were reportedly unaware of any previous coup plotting on the part of the junior officers or any other entity. General <mask> was reportedly prepared to resist the coup, and could have easily opposed the coup with his own contingent of troops stationed at the presidential palace, but was coerced into surrendering by being shown his mother and sister held with rifles to their heads.Prosecution

In 1999 the Audiencia Nacional of Spain began criminal proceedings for accusations of torture and genocide against the Maya population after a formal petition introduced by Rigoberta Menchú. However, the Venezuelan Supreme Tribunal denied the extradition on 22 June 2005, arguing "...medical reports from <mask>’s wife showing that her husband is severely affected by the Alzheimer’s disease". He died in exile in Puerto la Cruz, Venezuela, where he had lived for 12 years with his wife Elsa Cirigliano, suffering from Alzheimers and various other ailments, at the age of 81. In May 2018, his brother Bendicto <mask>, who served as his Army Chief of Staff, would receive a 58 year prison sentence after being convicted for a 1981 incident which involved torture and rape. See also

 Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio
 Franja Transversal del Norte
 Guatemalan Civil War
 Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garcia

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Violence and Genocide in Guatemala Yale University

Presidents of Guatemala
People of the Guatemalan Civil War
Institutional Democratic Party politicians
Guatemalan generals
1924 births
2006 deaths
People from Alta Verapaz Department
Neurological disease deaths in Venezuela
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
20th-century Guatemalan people
Guatemalan politicians convicted of crimes
Genocide perpetrators
Defense Ministers of

masks:
Lucas Garcia
Lucas Garcia
Lucas Garcia
Lucas Garcia
Lucas
Lucas
Lucas García
Lucas Garcia
Lucas
Lucas
Lucas
Lucas Garcia
Lucas
Lucas Garcia
Lucas Garcia
Romeo Lucas
Lucas
Lucas Garcia
Lucas
García
Lucas Garcia


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<mask> (born 3 January 1987) is an English footballer who plays for Ilkeston Town, where he plays as a midfielder. Playing career

Leicester City
Born in Leicester, Leicestershire, <mask> started his career at Leicester City in their youth academy however he failed to break into the first team squad and was eventually released. Bedworth United
After his release, he teamed up with Bedworth United. Redditch United
His performances at Bedworth United, got him a move up the football pyramid, as he joined Conference North side Redditch United. In fact <mask>'s performances were that impressive, that he was given an opportunity to return to his former club Leicester City. Leicester City
In December 2008, <mask> rejoined his former club Leicester City on trial, where he did enough to secure a six-month contract. In May 2009, he was given a one-year contract extension.On 6 August 2009, <mask> joined Crewe Alexandra on trial, joining on 10 August on loan for three months. He made his debut a day later in a 2–1 League Cup defeat to Blackpool, replacing James Bailey at half time. He made his league debut in a 4–0 win at Grimsby Town on 15 August, but returned to Leicester on 3 November, two-weeks early having fallen out of favour at Crewe. <mask> had his first call up to the main Leicester squad as an unused substitute in a 2–1 win at Blackpool on 6 February 2010. He joined Conference National club Histon on loan for the remainder of the 2009–10 season on 26 March 2010, In May 2010, <mask> was awarded with another contract extension by Leicester. He finally made his senior debut for the club as a substitute in a 4–3 League Cup win over Macclesfield on 10 August 2010. On 11 August, <mask> was part of the reserves squad that won the Totesport.com Cup in a 2–1 win over Oldham Athletic reserves at Quorn FC.On 27 August 2010, he joined Conference National club Kidderminster Harriers on loan for a month. However, he returned to Leicester after breaking his hand during his debut against Newport County. On 19 November, <mask> joined Darlington on loan until January 2011. Leicester City confirmed on 14 May 2011 that <mask> would not be offered a new contract when it expires on 30 June 2011. Kettering Town
Following his second release from Leicester City, <mask> agreed a one-year deal with Conference National side Kettering Town on 21 July 2011. Floriana
Maltese Premier League side Floriana appointed Mark Wright as their new manager, and on 16 August 2012, the club confirmed the signings of <mask> <mask>, on a one-year deal and Carl Tremarco, on loan from Macclesfield Town. Corby Town
Verma signed for Corby Town in 2013, following a brief spell with Stockport County, but left the club on 17 March 2014.Kidderminster Harriers
On 20 March 2014, he signed on non contract terms for Kidderminster Harriers. He made his debut as a substitute in a 1–0 home loss to Grimsby Town. On 6 June 2014, <mask> signed a one-year contract with Kidderminster. He scored his first goal on 4 October 2014, in a 1–1 draw at home to AFC Telford. His second goal came in a 1–1 draw at home to Wrexham, <mask> scoring from 30 yards in the second minute. <mask> returned from injury on 26 December 2014, to play in a more forward role just behind the striker and it paid off as he netted two of the goals in a 3–2 away win to Forest Green Rovers. At the end of the season he signed a new one-year contract.On the opening day of the 2015–16 season, <mask> netted a stoppage time equaliser against title-favourites Grimsby Town in a 2–2 draw. After not appearing within the squad <mask> was loaned out to Torquay United on 5 November 2015 where he scored one goal in 23 appearances. <mask> signed a permanent contract to remain with Torquay for 2016–17 season. Torquay United
On 2 June 2016, <mask> signed a permanent contract to remain with Torquay United for 2016–17 season. It didn't take long for <mask> to show his worth, after impressive displays in the engine room of the side, he showed much versatility as he moved to right-back towards the end of the season and performed admirably, he also performed well in his natural position as a midfielder and as a striker. Player-manager Kevin Nicholson was happy to have Verma at the club on a permanent deal. Tamworth
Aman Verma signed for Conference North side Tamworth on 27 June 2017, with the player signing a two-year deal with the club.<mask> had been offered an extension at Torquay United, but decided to decline, and move closer to Leicestershire for family reasons. <mask> made his Tamworth debut on the opening day of the 2017–18 season, in a home fixture against Bradford Park Avenue on 5 August 2017, a game the visitors won 1–0. In a very disappointing season for Tamworth, <mask> was one of the brighter notes, and was nominated in the running to win the Supporters' Player of the Year, along with Connor Taylor and Andy Burns, an award eventually claimed by Connor Taylor on 23 April 2018. A very disappointing second half of the season saw Tamworth relegated from the Conference North on 23 April 2018. Aman managed to make 40 appearances, scoring 5 goals from midfield during the 2017–18 season with Tamworth. Following relegation to the newly formed Southern League Premier Central, <mask> was one of four players still contracted to Tamworth for the 2018–19 season, along with Rhys Sharpe, Tom Shaw and Akwasi Asante. <mask> was injured in an Southern League Premier Central fixture away at Biggleswade Town on 19 January 2019, following a collision with teammate Claudio Dias, and was substituted on the 7th minute, and replaced by Kieran Holsgrove.Biggleswade Town won the match 3–0, which turned out to be the last match for manager Dennis Greene, who was relieved of his duties the following day. Following the injury, <mask> didn't feature for Tamworth for the remainder of the season, he managed to make 23 appearances, and scored one goal, as Tamworth finished in 12th position in their first season in the Southern League Premier Central. Nuneaton Borough
On 11 June 2019, it was confirmed that <mask> had signed for Southern League Premier Central rivals Nuneaton Borough. Aman managed 13 appearances, scoring one goal for the club, before been released on 18 November 2019. Mickleover Sports
On 25 November 2019, <mask> signed for Northern Premier League Premier League club Mickleover Sports. Ilkeston Town
He signed for Northern Premier League Division One Midlands side Ilkeston Town on a free transfer in August 2021.

International career
Although currently uncapped, <mask> is eligible to represent both England and India at international level. References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Leicester
English footballers
Association football midfielders
British people of Indian descent
Leicester City F.C.players
Bedworth United F.C. players
Redditch United F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Histon F.C. players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Kettering Town F.C.players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Floriana F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Corby Town F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Tamworth F.C. players
Nuneaton Borough F.C.players
Mickleover Sports F.C. players
Ilkeston Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players

masks:
Aman Kumar Verma
Verma
Verma
Verma
Verma
Verma
Verma
Verma
Verma
Verma
Verma
Aman
Verma
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Aman
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Aman
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