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<mask>. (June 28, 1910 – February 10, 1989) was an American artist and Disney Imagineer. Ryman worked in watercolor, oils, and pen & ink sketches. In 1953 <mask> drew the first illustrations of Walt Disney's vision of a theme park that eventually became Disneyland. Early years and education
<mask> was born on June 28, 1910 in Vernon, Illinois, son of Dr. <mask><mask> (1878-1918) and <mask> ( Norris, 1876-1963). His family moved to Decatur, IL when he was age 9. While attending Millikin University, he became deathly ill with scarlet fever. His mother was opposed to his artistic ambitions and wanted him to pursue a medical degree.But as his sickness worsened, she told him that he could attend the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. He graduated cum laude in 1932 from the Art Institute of Chicago. Career
In 1932 <mask> moved to California, where he found a job as a storyboard illustrator in the art department of Cedric Gibbons at Metro-Golden-Mayer Studios. For a period, during Hollywood's "golden age", he was the sole artist and illustrator for MGM  Studios. He helped design many major pictures for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and 20th Century Fox including the screen styling of David Copperfield,  A Tale of Two Cities,  Mutiny on the Bounty, and Anna Karenina. His work on The Good Earth project  inspired him to leave his job at MGM and tour China where he made many sketches. His last work at MGM was the Emerald City segment of The Wizard of Oz.In 1938 he returned to California, where he met Walt Disney as a result of an exhibit of <mask>'s works at the Chouinard Art Institute. Walt was so impressed with the paintings that he invited Herb to join the Walt Disney Studios (Burbank). Herb went on to serve as an art director for such feature-length animated films as Fantasia and Dumbo. In the late summer of 1941, <mask> toured with Walt Disney, other Disney Studio artists, and management personnel on a three-month "Good Will Tour of South America", through an invitation from Nelson Rockefeller, Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs. The tour was part of an Allied effort to maintain solid relations with southern countries in the Western Hemisphere. They traveled by aircraft and regional railway systems connecting the countries of Brazil, Bolivia, Guatemala,  Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, and Mexico. Production of the two Disney films Saludos Amigos and The Three Caballeros, resulted from this trip.<mask> had become acquainted with author Margaret Landon during his travels in Asia. After the end of World War II, when he heard that 20th Century Fox was developing a film based on Landon's 1944 novel Anna and the King of Siam, he informed Disney that he was leaving Walt Disney Productions to work on the 20th Century Fox film. At Fox, <mask> also worked on several other pictures, including Forever Amber, Down to the Sea in Ships, David and Bathsheba, The Black Rose, and The Robe. During the summers of 1949 and 1951, <mask> took a leave of absence from 20th Century Fox and travelled with the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus. Living among the performers and documenting the circus in his paintings, he became friends with Emmett Kelly. In 1955 Doubleday published The Tontine, a two volume novel written by Thomas B. Costain and illustrated by <mask>. Set in nineteenth-century England, the story centers around the fictional "Waterloo" tontine, established to benefit veterans of the Napoleonic wars.Among other plot twists, shareholders hire an actor to impersonate a dead nominee, and conspire to murder another member. After leaving the Disney organization, <mask> had remained friends with Walt Disney. On September 26, 1953 he received an urgent request to meet with Disney. Disney asked <mask> to render the artwork for a Disney envisioned theme park. Disney and <mask> worked non-stop throughout the weekend creating a large pencil sketch and several other drawings illustrating the project. Roy Disney took the drawings and a six-page portfolio to New York to show investors the plan in order to secure financing used to develop Disneyland. Once financing was assured, Disney asked <mask> to rejoin the Disney Company.Disneyland became the centerpiece of his Disney career. Among his contributions were designs for Main Street, U.S.A., Sleeping Beauty Castle and New Orleans Square. Herb also contributed concepts for the Jungle Cruise, Pirates of the Caribbean, and for attractions featured at the 1964-65 New York World's Fair, including Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln. <mask> worked on many special projects at Disney over a five decade span. He was the chief designer of the Cinderella Castle at the Walt Disney World Resort. <mask> officially retired from The Walt Disney Company in 1971. He returned in 1976 as a consultant on Walt Disney World, Epcot Center including renderings and concept paintings for The American Adventure, the China Pavilion, and the Meet the World  attraction at Tomorrow Land at Tokyo Disneyland.His last project at Disney was contributing concept drawings for Main Street in the planned Euro Disneyland when he became ill. He is well known for his watercolors of the rugged California coasts around Carmel and Point Lobos, as well as for his paintings of the Ringling Brothers Circus, and portraits of Emmett Kelly and other well known people. Many of his paintings hang in Hollywood's most famed homes. Awards and legacy
<mask> was a member of the American Institute of Fine Arts, the Society of Illustrators, and the California Art Club  where he was president in 1963. In 1990, <mask> was inducted [posthumously] into the Disney Legends program. His sister, Lucille Carroll, co-founded the Ryman-Carroll Foundation in his memory. In 2000 the Ryman-Carroll Foundation published "A Brush with Disney" a 252-page story of <mask>'s life with color illustrations by <mask> ().Personal life
<mask>'s ancestors came to the U.S. from Heidelberg, Germany. <mask>'s father,  Dr. <mask><mask> was born April 11, 1878 in Vernon, Illinois. He graduated from Kansas State Medical College, Lawrence, KS in 1907. He moved his family to Mt. Pulaski, Illinois in 1910. The U.S. entered World War I in April 1917 and Dr<mask> joined the Army Medical Reserve Corps the following September. He was commissioned a Captain in the Medical Corps 107th Field Artillery 28th Division and sent to the war front in France at his request.On Saturday afternoon, August 17, 1918 he was mortally wounded while ministering to a wounded comrade on the battlefield near St. Gilles, France. Refusing aid, he assisted in rendering and directing the treatment of three other soldiers. Though weakened by loss of blood, he showed utter disregard for his personal danger, refusing to accept treatment until the other wounded had been cared for. He later died at a nearby aid station. For his act of heroism he was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. His mother, Cora Belle Norris, was born July 6, 1876, in Pendleton County, Kentucky and was the great-granddaughter of President Zachary Taylor.After the death of her husband, Mrs. <mask> moved <mask> and his two sisters Lucille and Christine to Decatur, where she resumed her teaching career. She later was elected superintendent of the Macon County Schools, where she served for 16 years. She retired in 1938 and moved to California to live with her son, <mask>. She died in Los Angeles, California, on January 9, 1963, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. <mask> lived for many years on Chandler Blvd in Van Nuys, California. He later moved to Sherman Oaks, California, where he died of cancer on February 10, 1989., 16 days after the death of  his oldest sister Christine Pensinger (1903-1989). Filmography

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
 David Copperfield, storyboard
 Mutiny on the Bounty, storyboard
 Anna Karenina, storyboard
 A Tale of Two Cities, storyboard
 The Good Earth, storyboard

Walt Disney  Productions
 Fantasia, Art Director - Pastoral Symphony sequence
 Dumbo, Art Director
 Saludos Amigos, Art supervision
 The Three Caballeros, Layout artist

Twentieth Century Fox
 Anna and the King of Siam
 Forever Amber
 Down to the Sea in Ships
 David and Bathsheba
 The Robe

Disney theme park attractions
<mask> drew many sketches and preparatory drawings for several Disney theme parks including:

The original attractions at Disneyland

 Sleeping Beauty Castle
  Main Street, USA
 Jungle Cruise
 Pirates of the Caribbean

The attractions of the 1964 New York World's Fair
 GE Carousel of Progress
 Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln
 It's a Small World
 Ford Magic Skyway

The attractions at Disney World

 Cinderella Castle
 Hall of Presidents

for EPCOT
 The American Adventure
 the China Pavilion of the World Showcase

The attractions at Tokyo Disneyland
 Meet the World

References

External links

1910 births
1989 deaths
American people of German descent
Artists from Los Angeles
Chouinard Art Institute alumni
Deaths from cancer in California
Disney imagineers
Disney people
People from Decatur, Illinois
People from Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

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Herbert Dickens Ryman Jr
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<mask> (Ancient Greek: Οὐάλης) (328– 9 August 378) was Roman emperor from 364 to 378. He was the younger brother of the emperor Valentinian I, who gave Valens the eastern half of the Roman Empire to rule. Before 364, Valens had a largely unremarkable military career. In 378, <mask> was defeated and killed at the Battle of Adrianople against the invading Goths, which astonished contemporaries and marked the beginning of barbarian encroachment into Roman territory. As emperor Valens continually faced threats both internal and external. He defeated, after some dithering, the usurper Procopius in 366, and campaigned against the Goths across the Danube in 367 and 369. In the following years, Valens focused on the eastern frontier, where he faced the perennial threat of Persia, particularly in Armenia, as well as additional conflicts with the Saracens and Isaurians.Domestically, he inaugurated the Aqueduct of Valens in Constantinople, which was longer than all the aqueducts of Rome. In 376–77, the Gothic War broke out, following a mismanaged attempt to settle the Goths in the Balkans. Valens returned from the east to fight the Goths in person, but lack of coordination with his nephew, the western emperor Gratian (Valentinian I's son), as well as poor battle tactics, led to <mask> and much of the eastern Roman army dying at a battle near Adrianople in 378. Although <mask> is described as indecisive, impressionable, a mediocre general and overall "utterly undistinguished", he was also a conscientious and capable administrator, and a notable achievement of his was to significantly relieve the burden of taxation on the population. At the same time, his suspicious and fearful disposition, and excessive concern for personal safety, resulted in numerous treason trials and executions, which heavily stained his reputation. In religious matters, Valens favored a compromise between Nicene Christianity and the various non-trinitarian Christian sects, and interfered little in the affairs of the pagans. Early life and military career

<mask> and his brother Valentinian were born, in 328 and 321 respectively, to an Illyrian family resident in Cibalae (Vinkovci) in Pannonia Secunda.Their father Gratianus Funarius, a native of Cibalae, had served as a senior officer in the Roman army and as comes Africae. The brothers grew up on estates purchased by Gratianus in Africa and Britain. Valens served in the protectores domestici under the emperors Julian () and Jovian (). According to the 5th-century Greek historian Socrates Scholasticus, while serving as a protector domesticus, Valens refused pressure to offer pagan sacrifices during the reign of the polytheistic emperor Julian. <mask>'s elder brother Valentinian also joined the protectores, rising to tribunus in 357; he served in Gaul and in Mesopotamia during the reign of Constantius II (). According to the Chronicle of Jerome and the Chronicon Paschale, <mask>'s eldest nephew Gratian was born in 359 at Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) to Valentinian's wife Marina Severa. In late 364, the reigning emperor Jovian, who had been a protector domesticus under Constantius II and Julian and a primicerius domesticorum from 363, had on 27 June 363 been acclaimed augustus by the army at Maranga on the Tigris during Julian's Persian War, was hastening to Constantinople to secure his claim to the purple.According to one of Themistius's orations, on 1 January 364 Jovian staged a consular entry into Ancyra (Ankara) for the beginning of his first consulship, an honour he shared with his son Varronianus. He died during a stop at Dadastana. The emperor died on 17 February according  to the Latin historian Eutropius, but on the 19 February according to the According to Eutropius, Jovian was deified by consecratio as . Valentinian, a tribunus scholae secundiae scutariorum, owed his advancement to the deceased. In the history written by Latin historian Ammianus Marcellinus, Valentinian was summoned to Nicaea by a council of military and civil officials who acclaimed him augustus. According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana and the Chronicon Paschale, the date of his elevation was 25 February 364. According to the 5th-century Greek historian Sozomen, Valentinian was a Nicene Christian.<mask>, on the other hand, was an Arian Christian (a "Homoean"). Accession
Valentinian appointed his brother Valens tribunus stabulorum (or stabuli) on 1 March 364 and both brothers became Roman consul for the first time. According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Valentinian raised his brother <mask> to be his co-augustus on 28 March 364, at Constantinople. He was acclaimed augustus on 26 February, 364. It was the general opinion that Valentinian needed help to handle the cumbersome administration, civil and military, of the large and unwieldy empire, and, on 28 March of the same year, at the express demand of the soldiers for a second augustus, he selected his brother Valens as co-emperor at the Hebdomon, before the Constantinian Walls. Early reign
Both emperors were briefly ill, delaying them in Constantinople, but as soon as they recovered, the two augusti travelled together through Adrianople and Naissus to Mediana, where they divided their territories. Valentinian then went on to the West, where the Alemannic wars required his immediate attention.<mask> began his consulship in Constantinople and Valentinian took up his consulship in Mediolanum (Milan). <mask>'s wife Domnica may have become augusta in 364. Valens obtained the eastern half of the Empire: Greece, the Balkans, Egypt, Anatolia and the Levant as far as the border with the Sasanian Empire. <mask> was back in his capital of Constantinople by December 364. <mask> inherited the eastern portion of an empire that had recently retreated from most of its holdings in Mesopotamia and Armenia because of a treaty that his predecessor Jovian had made with Shapur II of the Sasanian Empire. Valens's first priority after the winter of 365 was to move east in hopes of shoring up the situation. Usurpation of Procopius: September 365–May 366
With Valens absent from the imperial city, Procopius, a maternal cousin of Julian, the last emperor of the Constantinian dynasty, was acclaimed augustus on 28 September 365.<mask> was at Caesarea in Cappadocia (Kayseri) when he discovered this. According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Procopius was from Cilicia. Under Constantius II (), Procopius had been tribunus et notarius from 358, and under Julian he had become comes primi ordinis. According to the 5th-century Greek historian Zosimus, Procopius may have been intended as Julian's successor. Procopius had commanded an auxiliary northern contingent of his relative's army during the Persian expedition and had not been present when Jovian was named his successor in the camp beyond the Tigris. According to the Latin historian Ammianus Marcellinus, in the brief reign of Jovian () Procopius had withdrawn from office and lived as a private citizen. Though Jovian, aside from depriving him of his command, took no further measures against this potential rival, Procopius fell immediately under the suspicion of Valentinian upon the latter's election.As part of his claim to legitimacy Procopius ensured he was always accompanied by the posthumous daughter of Constantius II, Constantia, still a child, and her mother Faustina, the dowager empress. Constantia had been born after her father's death to Faustina, the late emperor's third wife. Procopius was unpopular, being compelled to increase taxes. <mask>' dismissal shortly before of Julian's popular minister Salutius contributed to the general disaffection and to the acceptability of a revolution. <mask>, meanwhile, faltered. When news arrived that Procopius had revolted, Valens considered abdication and perhaps even suicide. Even after he determined to fight, Valens's efforts to forestall Procopius were hampered by the fact that most of his troops had already crossed the Cilician Gates into Syria when he learned of the revolt.Procopius quickly gained control of the provinces of Asia and Bithynia, winning increasing support for his insurrection. However, Valens recovered, reappointed Salutius, and dispatched the available legions under veteran generals, Flavius Arinthaeus and Arbitio, to march on Procopius. Valens sent an army against Procopius, but according to Ammianus Marcellinus, before they reached Constantinople they defected to Procopius, whose use of his Constantinian hostages had met with some success. According to Ammianus Marcellinus and the later Greek historians Socrates Scholasticus and Sozomen, Valens eventually prevailed after eight months and had Procopius executed and subjected to damnatio memoriae on the 28 May 366, after defeating his forces at the Battle of Thyatira and again at the Battle of Nacoleia at Nacoleia (Seyitgazi) on 27 May. On both occasions, Procopius was deserted by his own following in fear of their adversaries' formidable commanders. Procopius was put on trial by members of his own escort, and executed on 27 May. According to Ammianus Marcellinus, a relative of Procopius', a former protector domesticus named Marcellus, was proclaimed emperor in Procopius's place in Chalcedon, but according to Zosimus he was swiftly captured and executed.<mask> then had to face the threat from the Sasanian Empire and the Goths. Formation of the Valentinianic dynasty
According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, <mask>'s son Valentinianus Galates was born on 18 January 366. The same year, <mask>'s nephew Gratian was appointed consul in 366 and was entitled nobilissimus puer. After Valentinian recovered unexpectedly from an illness in 367, the emperor raised his eight-year-old son to imperial rank, elevating him to his co-augustus on 24 August at Civitas Ambianensium (Amiens), without having first appointed him caesar. Gratian's tutor was the rhetor Ausonius, who mentioned the relationship in his epigrams and a poem. Currency reforms

Beginning between 365 and 368, Valentinian and <mask> reformed the precious metal coins of the Roman currency, decreeing that all bullion be melted down in the central imperial treasury before minting. Such coins were inscribed  (gold) and  (silver).Valentinian improved tax collection and was frugal in spending. First Gothic War: 367–369

In 368 Valentinian and Valens were consuls for the second time. Valens successfully attacked the Goths in the and according to the contemporary orator Themistius and the late 5th/early 6th-century Greek historian Zosimus, a treaty was swiftly arranged after the Goths sought peace. During Procopius's insurrection, the Gothic king Ermanaric, who ruled a powerful kingdom north of the Danube from the Euxine to the Baltic Sea, had engaged to supply him with troops for the struggle against Valens. The Gothic army, reportedly numbering 30,000 men, arrived too late to help Procopius, but nevertheless invaded Thrace and began plundering the farms and vineyards of the province. Valens, marching north after defeating Procopius, surrounded them with a superior force and forced them to surrender. Ermanaric protested, and when Valens, encouraged by Valentinian, refused to make atonement to the Goths for his conduct, war was declared.In spring 367, Valens crossed the Danube and attacked the Visigoths under Athanaric, Ermanaric's tributary. The Goths fled into the Carpathian Mountains, and the campaign ended with no decisive conclusion. The following spring, a Danube flood prevented Valens from crossing; instead the Emperor occupied his troops with the construction of fortifications. In 369, Valens crossed again, from Noviodunum, and by devastating the country forced Athanaric into giving battle. <mask> was victorious, Athanaric and his forces were able to withdraw in good order and pleaded for peace. Fortunately for the Goths, Valens expected a new war with the Sasanid Empire in the Middle East and was therefore willing to come to terms. In early 370 <mask> and Athanaric met in the middle of the Danube and agreed to a treaty that ended the war.The treaty seems to have largely cut off relations between Goths and Romans, confining trade and the exchange of troops for tribute. In summer 368, Valentinian's armies warred against the Alamanni a second time, while in autumn the Franks and Saxons were defeated. Gratian accompanied his father on these campaigns. Valentinian and <mask> were both awarded the victory names of Germanicus Maximus, Alamannicus Maximus, and Francicus Maximus. The former two titles were also accorded to Gratian at the same time. In 369 Valens received the victory name Gothicus Maximus and celebrated his quinquennalia. Valentinian and celebrated his quinquennalia on 25 February 369 and likewise received the honour of Gothicus Maximus, as did Gratian, who also received the title Francicus Maximus the same year.Middle reign: 369–373
In 369, Valentinianus Galates was made consul for the first time; he is also known to have been titled nobilissimus puer. However, <mask>'s son died in Caesarea in Cappadocia (Kayseri) around 370. Valentinian and <mask> were consuls for the third time in 370. On the 9 April 370, according to the Consularia Constantinopolitana and the Chronicon Paschale, the Church of the Holy Apostles adjoining the Mausoleum of Constantine in Constantinople was inaugurated. Around 370, <mask>'s sister-in-law Marina Severa died and was interred in the Church of the Holy Apostles and Valentinian married again, wedding Justina. In autumn 371, <mask>' second nephew, also called Valentinian, was born to Justina, possibly at Augusta Treverorum (Trier). Gratian, who was then 15, was married in 374 to Constantius II's 13-year-old daughter Constantia at Trier.This marriage consolidated the dynastic link to the Constantinians, as had his father's second marriage to Justina, through her family connections. Valens celebrated his decennalia on 29 March 374. In 375, the Baths of Carosa () – named for <mask>'s daughter Carosa – were inaugurated in Constantinople. Valens headed east after defeating the Goths, and began to prepare an attack on Persia, which threatened Armenia, in 375. <mask> was distracted from his campaign against the Sasanians by wars against the Saracens and the Isaurians. Persian War: 373
As mentioned before, among Valens' reasons for contracting a hasty and not entirely favorable peace in 369 was the deteriorating state of affairs in the East. Jovian had surrendered Rome's much disputed claim to control over Armenia in 363, and Shapur II was eager to make good on this new opportunity.The Persian emperor began enticing Armenian lords over to his camp and eventually forced the defection of the Arsacid Armenian king, Arshak II (Arsaces II), whom he quickly arrested and incarcerated. The Armenian nobility responded by asking <mask> to return Arshak's son, Papas (Pap). Valens agreed and sent Pap back to Armenia, but as these events took place during the war with the Goths he could not support him militarily. In response to the return of Pap, Shapur personally led an invasion force to seize control of Armenia. Pap and his followers took refuge in the mountains while Artaxata, the Armenian capital, and the city of Artogerassa along with several strongholds and castles were destroyed. Shapur sent a second invasion force to Caucasian Iberia to drive out the pro-Roman king Sauromaces II, and put his own appointee, Sauromaces's uncle Aspacures II on the throne. In the summer following his Gothic settlement, Valens sent his magister peditum (Master of Foot) Arinthaeus to support Pap.The following spring a force of

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 twelve legions were sent under Terentius to regain Iberia and to garrison Armenia near Mount Npat. When Shapur counterattacked into Armenia in 371, his forces were bested by Valens' generals Traianus and Vadomarius and the Armenian sparapet (general) Mushegh Mamikonian at Bagavan and Gandzak. Valens had overstepped the 363 treaty and then successfully defended his transgression. A truce settled after the 371 victory held as a quasi-peace for the next five years while Shapur was forced to deal with a Kushan invasion on his eastern frontier. Meanwhile, troubles broke out with the boy-king Papas, who began acting in high-handed fashion, even executing the Armenian bishop Narses and demanding control of a number of Roman cities, including Edessa. Pressed by his generals and fearing that Papas would defect to the Persians, Valens made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the prince and later had him executed inside Armenia. In his stead, Valens imposed another Arsacid, Varasdates (Varazdat), who ruled under the regency of the sparapet Mushegh Mamikonian, a friend of Rome.None of this sat well with the Persians, who began agitating again for compliance with the 363 treaty. As the eastern frontier heated up in 375, Valens began preparations for a major expedition. Meanwhile, trouble was brewing elsewhere. In Isauria, the mountainous region of western Cilicia, a major revolt had broken out in 375 which diverted troops formerly stationed in the East. Furthermore, by 377, the Saracens under Queen Mavia had broken into revolt and devastated a swath of territory stretching from Phoenicia and Palestine as far as the Sinai. Though Valens successfully brought both uprisings under control, the opportunities for action on the eastern frontier were limited by these skirmishes closer to home. Later reign: 373–376
Valens became the senior augustus when his younger brother Valentinian died at Brigetio (Szőny) on 17 November 375 while on campaign against the Quadi in Pannonia.He may have died of stroke. His body was prepared for burial and started its journey to Constantinople, where it arrived the following year. Gratian was then the only augustus in the western empire, though certain among Valentinian's generals promoted his four-year-old second son Valentinian II, whom the army on the Danube acclaimed augustus at Aquincum (Budapest), despite Gratian's existing prerogatives. Valentinian's courtiers and his Arian Christian widow Justina still had been holding great influence. <mask> and Valentinian II were consuls for the year 376, <mask>'s fifth consulship. The late augustus Valentinian's body arrived in Constantinople on 28 December 376, but was not yet buried. Second Gothic War: 376–378

Migrations of the Huns began to displace the Goths, who sought Roman protection.Valens allowed the Goths led by Fritigern to cross the Danube, but the Gothic settlers were abused by Roman officials and revolted in 377, seeking help from the Huns and the Alans and beginning the Gothic War (376–382). Valens's sixth consulship was in 378, again jointly with Valentinian II. Valens returned from the east to campaign against the Goths. Gratian fought a war with the Alamanni in early summer 378. Valens asked for assistance from his nephew and co-emperor Gratian against the Goths in Thrace, and Gratian set out eastwards, though Valens did not wait for the western armies to arrive before taking the offensive. Valens' plans for an eastern campaign were never realized. A transfer of troops to the Western Empire in 374 had left gaps in Valens' mobile forces.In preparation for an eastern war, Valens initiated an ambitious recruitment program designed to fill those gaps. It was thus not entirely unwelcome news when Valens heard of Ermanaric's death and the disintegration of his kingdom before an invasion of hordes of barbaric Huns from the far east. After failing to hold the Dniester or the Prut rivers against the Huns, the Goths retreated southward in a massive emigration, seeking new settlements and shelter south of the Danube, i.e. Roman lands, which they may have thought could be held against the enemy. In 376, the Visigoths under their leader Fritigern advanced to the far shores of the lower Danube and sent an ambassador to Valens who had set up his capital in Antioch, and requested asylum. As Valens' advisers were quick to point out, these Goths could supply troops who would at once swell Valens' ranks and decrease his dependence on conscription from provinces—thereby increasing revenues from the recruitment tax. However, it would mean hiring them and paying in gold or silver for their services.Fritigern had enjoyed contact with <mask> in the 370s when Valens supported him in a struggle against Athanaric stemming from Athanaric's persecution of Gothic Christians. Though a number of Gothic groups apparently requested entry, Valens granted admission only to Fritigern and his followers. Others would soon follow, however. When Fritigern and his Goths, to the number of 200,000 warriors and almost a million all told, crossed the Danube, Valens's mobile forces were tied down in the east, on the Persian frontier (Valens was attempting to withdraw from the harsh terms imposed by Shapur and was meeting some resistance on the latter's part). This meant that only limitanei units were present to oversee the Goths' settlement. The small number of imperial troops present prevented the Romans from stopping a Danube crossing by a group of Ostrogoths and yet later on by Huns and Alans. What started out as a controlled resettlement might any moment turn into a major invasion.But the situation was worsened by corruption in the Roman administration, as Valens' generals accepted bribes rather than depriving the Goths of their weapons as Valens had stipulated and then proceeded to enrage them by such exorbitant prices for food that they were soon driven to the last extremity. Meanwhile, the Romans failed to prevent the crossing of other barbarians who were not included in the treaty. In early 377 the Goths revolted after a commotion with the people of Marcianopolis, and defeated the corrupt Roman governor Lupicinus near the city at the Battle of Marcianople. After joining forces with the Ostrogoths under Alatheus and Saphrax who had crossed without Valens' consent, the combined barbarian group spread out to devastate the country before combining to meet Roman advance forces under Traianus and Richomeres. In a sanguinary battle at Ad Salices, the Goths were momentarily checked, and Saturninus, now Valens' lieutenant in the province, undertook a strategy of hemming them in between the lower Danube and the Euxine, hoping to starve them into surrender. However, Fritigern forced him to retreat by inviting some of the Huns to cross the river in the rear of Saturninus's ranged defenses. The Romans then fell back, incapable of containing the irruption, though with an elite force of his best soldiers the general Sebastian was able to fall upon and destroy several of the smaller predatory bands.By 378, <mask> himself was ready to march west from his eastern base in Antioch. He withdrew all but a skeletal force—some of them Goths—from the east and moved west, reaching Constantinople by 30 May, 378. <mask>' councillors, comes  Richomeres, and his generals Frigeridus and Victor cautioned Valens to wait for the arrival of Gratian with his troops from Roman Gaul, fresh from defeating the Alemanni, and Gratian himself strenuously urged this prudent course in his letters. But meanwhile the citizens of Constantinople were clamouring for the emperor to march against the enemy whom he had himself introduced into the Empire, and jeering the contrast between himself and his co-augustus. Valens decided to advance at once and win a victory on his own. Battle of Adrianople: 9 August 378

According to the Latin historians Ammianus Marcellinus and Paulus Orosius, on 9 August 378, <mask> and most of his army were killed fighting the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople, near Hadrianopolis in Thrace (Adrianople, Edirne). After a brief stay aimed at building his troop strength and gaining a toehold in Thrace, Valens moved out to Adrianople.From there, he marched against the confederated barbarian army on 9 August 378 in what would become known as the Battle of Adrianople. Although negotiations were attempted, these broke down when a Roman unit sallied forth and carried both sides into battle. The Romans held their own early on but were crushed by the surprise arrival of Visigoth cavalry which split their ranks. The primary source for the battle is Ammianus Marcellinus. <mask> had left a sizeable guard with his baggage and treasures depleting his force. His right cavalry wing arrived at the Gothic camp sometime before the left wing arrived. It was a very hot day and the Roman cavalry was engaged without strategic support, wasting its efforts while they suffered in the heat.Meanwhile, Fritigern once again sent an emissary of peace in his continued manipulation of the situation. The resultant delay meant that the Romans present on the field began to succumb to the heat. The army's resources were further diminished when an ill-timed attack by the Roman archers made it necessary to recall Valens' emissary, comes Richomeres. The archers were beaten and retreated in humiliation. Returning from foraging to find the battle in full swing, Gothic cavalry under the command of Alatheus and Saphrax now struck and, in what was probably the most decisive event of the battle, the Roman cavalry fled. From here, Ammianus gives two accounts of Valens' demise. In the first account, Ammianus states that Valens was "mortally wounded by an arrow, and presently breathed his last breath" (XXXI.12).His body was never found or given a proper burial. In the second account, Ammianus states the Roman infantry was abandoned, surrounded and cut to pieces. <mask> was wounded and carried to a small wooden hut. The hut was surrounded by the Goths who put it to the torch, evidently unaware of the prize within. According to Ammianus, this is how Valens perished (XXXI.13.14–6). A third, apocryphal, account states that <mask> was struck in the face by a Gothic dart and then perished while leading a charge. He wore no helmet, in order to encourage his men.This action turned the tide of the battle which resulted in a tactical victory but a strategic loss. The church historian Socrates likewise gives two accounts for the death of Valens. Some have asserted that he was burnt to death in a village whither he had retired, which the barbarians assaulted and set on fire. But others affirm that having put off his imperial robe he ran into the midst of the main body of infantry; and that when the cavalry revolted and refused to engage, the infantry were surrounded by the barbarians, and completely destroyed in a body. Among these it is said the Emperor fell, but could not be distinguished, in consequence of his not having on his imperial habit. When the battle was over, two-thirds of the eastern army lay dead. Many of their best officers had also perished.What was left of the army of <mask> was led from the field under the cover of night by comes Richomeres and general Victor. J. B. Bury, a noted historian of the period, provides a specific interpretation on the significance of the battle: it was "a disaster and disgrace that need not have occurred." For Rome, the battle incapacitated the government. Emperor Gratian, nineteen years old, was overcome by the debacle, and, until he appointed Theodosius I, unable to deal with the catastrophe, which spread out of control. The total defeat lost the administration important precious metal resources, as bullion had been centralized with the imperial court.<mask> was deified by consecratio as . Legacy
"<mask> was utterly undistinguished, still only a protector, and possessed no military ability: he betrayed his consciousness of inferiority by his nervous suspicion of plots and savage punishment of alleged traitors," writes A. H. M. Jones. But Jones admits that "he was a conscientious administrator, careful of the interests of the humble. Like his brother, he was an earnest Christian." He diminished the oppressive burden of the taxes which had been instituted by Constantine and his sons, and was humbly deferential to his brother in the latter's edicts of reform, as the institution of Defensors (a sort of substitute for the ancient Tribunes, guardians of the lower classes). His moderation and chastity in his private life were everywhere celebrated. At the same time, continuous proscriptions and executions, originating in his weak and fearful disposition, disgraced the dozen years of his reign."An anxious regard to his personal safety was the ruling principle of the administration of Valens", writes Gibbon. To have died in so inglorious a battle has thus come to be regarded as the nadir of an unfortunate career. This is especially true because of the profound consequences of Valens' defeat. Adrianople spelled the beginning of the end for Roman territorial integrity in the late Empire and this fact was recognized even by contemporaries. Ammianus understood that it was the worst defeat in Roman history since the Battle of Edessa, and Rufinus called it "the beginning of evils for the Roman empire then and thereafter." <mask> is also credited with the commission of a short history of the Roman State. This work, produced by Valens' secretary Eutropius, and known by the name Breviarium ab Urbe condita, tells the story of Rome from its founding.According to some historians, <mask> was motivated by the necessity of learning Roman history, that he, the royal family, and their appointees might better mix with the Roman senatorial class. Religious policy
During his reign, <mask> had to confront the theological diversity that was beginning to create division in the Empire. Julian (361–363), had tried to revive the pagan religions. His reactionary attempt took advantage of the dissensions among the different Christian factions, and a largely Pagan rank and file military. However, in spite of broad support, his actions were often viewed as excessive, and before he died in a campaign against the Persians, he was often treated with disdain. His death was considered a sign from Christian God. <mask> was baptised by the Arian bishop of Constantinople before he set out on his first war against the Goths.While the Nicene Christian writers of his time identified Valens with the Arian faction and accused him of persecuting Nicene Christians, modern historians have described both Valens and Valentinian I as primarily interested in maintaining social order and have minimized their theological concerns. Although Athanasius was impelled, under his reign, to briefly go into hiding, Valens maintained a close dependency on his brother Valentinian and treated St. Basil mildly, both of whom supported the Nicene position. Not long after <mask> died the cause of Arianism in the Roman East was to come to an end. His successor Theodosius I made Nicene Christianity the state religion of Rome and suppressed the Arians. Notes

References

External links

 Laws of Valens
 This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Valens relating to Christianity. 328 births
378 deaths
4th-century Arian Christians
4th-century Roman emperors
4th-century Roman consuls
People from Vinkovci
Deified Roman emperors
Flavii
Gothic War (376–382)
Illyrian people
Imperial Roman consuls
Last of the Romans
Roman emperors killed in battle
Valentinianic dynasty
Roman consuls who died in office
Romans from Pannonia
Illyrian

masks: Valens Valens Valens Valens Valens Valens Valens Valens Valens Valens Valens Valens Valens Valens Valens Valens Valens


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<mask> (born 1951) is a South African composer and pianist. He was educated at Rondebosch Boys' High School. He made his professional debut at the age of sixteen when he broadcast Bach, Chopin and Chabrier on the SABC. In 1968, he performed Felix Mendelssohn's Piano Concerto No 1 with the Cape Town Symphony Orchestra. In 1971, he moved to London where he studied at Trinity College of Music. He studied under Jacob Kaletsky and Richard Arnell. After a live début broadcast recital on BBC Radio 3 in 1974, his first recital at Wigmore Hall was reported as "stylish and powerful" by The Times.In 1975, he was selected as one of the Young Musicians of the Year by the Greater London Arts Association. He also won first prize in the 1976 SABC Piano Competition. He was described by The Daily Telegraph as having "remarkable gifts of style, technical mastery and artistry". He made his début as a composer in the 1977 when he premiered his own Piano Suite No 1 Mosaics at Wigmore Hall. His concerto repertoire includes the Viennese classics, many from the nineteenth century, and amongst those from the 20th, the piano concertos of Arthur Bliss and John Joubert, both of which he studied with the composers. Conductors he has appeared with include Hugo Rignold, Maurice Handford, Piero Gamba and Christian Badea. Career
His professional career as a composer began in 1980 with the premiere of 'Chéri' an hour-long ballet commissioned by Peter Darrell for The Scottish Ballet, given at that year's Edinburgh Festival, and frequently revived, with a new production by The Hong Kong Ballet in 1989.To date there have been six more ballet commissions, including two for CAPAB Ballet – 'The Return of the Soldier' (1982) and 'Abelard and Heloise' (1985), both choreographed by Veronica Paeper, and a full-evening 'Macbeth' (1991) for Ballet de Santiago in Chile, choreographed by Andre Prokovsky. <mask> had recently collaborated with the Royal Ballet choreographer Vanessa Fenton on two smaller works mounted in Cambridge in 2009. Piano Concerto No 1 appeared in 1980, followed by a Two-Piano Concerto (1986), concertos for Violin (1991), Cello (1996), Trumpet (2005), Piano Concerto No 2 (2007) and a Double Violin Concerto (2011). Among choral compositions is a symphonic setting of Wordsworth's 'Intimations of Immortality', a cyclic setting of George Herbert 'Mans' Medley', and 'Island Owl' for soloists, children's chorus and orchestra. Chamber works include two sonatas each for violin and cello, a Clarinet Trio, Piano Quintet, String Quartet, and for solo piano, three Suites: 'Mosaics', 'Gargoyles' and 'Mandalas', as well as 'Oxymorons: 24 Preludes'. He was introduced to the world of writing film music by the producer <mask> and wrote for a number of productions between 1982 and 1987, in particular 'P'Tang Yang Kipperbang' (directed by Michael Apted), and 'Arthur's Hallowed Ground' (directed by the veteran cinematographer Freddie Young). <mask> has been fortunate in collaborating with young musicians at the start of their careers – Tasmin Little, Martin Roscoe, Alexander Chaushian and Jamie Campbell gave the first performances of, respectively, the Violin Concerto, Violin Sonata No 1, the Cello Concerto, and Violin Sonata No2.The CD of the Cello Sonata and 'Mandalas' Piano Suite received a Gramophone Editor's recommendation rossette, and was nominated by International Piano magazine for best new music recording 2007. In June 2012 his setting of Rupert Brooke's 'The Old Vicarage, Grantchester' for baritone chorus and orchestra, commissioned by Dame Mary Archer to mark the poem's centenary, was given its first performance at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, with the Cambridge University Chamber Orchestra, members of the choirs of Clare and Gonville and Caius College, and Nicholas Mogg as baritone soloist. Recent first performances include a new Clarinet Concerto, premiered in October 2013 in Durban, South Africa, with Maria du Toit, clarinet, and the KwaZuluNatal Philharmonic Orchestra under Arjan Tien. Within the last few years <mask> has completed two full length operas: Mary and the Conqueror in which Alexander the Great and Mary Renault meet in the afterlife; and 'Strange Ghost', composed to mark the centenary of the death of the iconic poet Rupert Brooke. The latter was premiered in Cambridge in December 2015, directed
by Dionysios Kyropoulos, and conducted by Dominic Peckham with James Schouten in the title role. <mask> teaches piano performing to undergraduates at Cambridge University, and is a supervisor for Tripos Composition students. In 2001 he was ordained into the then Western Buddhist Order (now Triratna Buddhist Order) and given the Order name of Akashadeva ('deity of etheric space').Some of his musical compositions show influences from this immersion in Buddhist thinking, in particular the piano suite Mandalas, whose four movements are inspired among others by the vajras of Indian mythology, the lotus symbol and the Five Dhyani Buddhas that represent the five key qualities of the Buddha. In 2017 two new works were premiered: Piano Suite No 4 Darshanas, and a Duo Sonata for Viola and Double Bass, the latter a commission from the South African double bass virtuoso Leon Bosch, for whom <mask> has also written Nocturne: Old Nectar for Bass and Piano. A setting of Stephen Spender's poem The Truly Great was composed for Anglia Ruskin University's 25th Anniversary Songbook in 2017. A song cycle for baritone and piano, Sangharakshita Songs, was premiered in Cambridge in October 2018. Recent compositions include a Piano Sextet, and A Carbon Symphony. The latter work was recorded by The Royal Scottish National Orchestral in October 2019, in collaboration with The Deep Carbon Observatory in Washington DC. In 2019 a piano piece Metta Bhavana was commissioned for the second Triennial Olga Kern International Piano Competition in Albuquerque, New Mexico.Recently completed is a new opera Lawrence of Arabia (2021).

masks:
David Earl
David
David Puttnam
David
David
David
David


texts:
<mask> (5 February 1941 – 4 July 2021) was an Irish musician, photographer, teacher, and author best known as the bassist and founding member of the jazz fusion band Mahavishnu Orchestra, with which he performed from 1971 to 1973. Early life
Laird was born in Dublin, Ireland, on 5 February 1941, to a musical family. His mother played the piano in a variety of styles and his father played the ukulele; Laird started playing both instruments when he was three. At around five years of age, Laird started formal tuition in the guitar and piano, and he had already started to read sheet music. He soon quit the piano as he did not perform well, which led him to take up painting and drawing. At twelve, Laird began lessons in Spanish guitar, but his teacher used books that he felt were too difficult, so he quit. He then discovered jazz from his mother, who bought her son a pair of drum brushes and made him play along to records.Career

Early career
At sixteen, Laird moved to New Zealand with his father and worked on a sheep farm. It was here where he took music seriously, first picking up an Australian Maton guitar, learning chords, and playing along to songs on the radio. After listening to an Oscar Peterson record featuring bassist Ray Brown, Laird noted Brown "doing such incredible things" and started to play bass lines on his guitar. He bought a string bass and played along to Brown's records, and two weeks later he joined a local group in Auckland. It was here, at eighteen, where Laird "quit his day job" and became a professional bassist. Laird's first band soon split, but he joined another which featured pianist Mike Nock and toured New Zealand extensively. When Laird was nineteen, he moved to Sydney, Australia for two years, where there was a more active jazz scene.Here, he played with many top jazz musicians including Don Burrows, and performed in jazz quartets on the radio. Around this time, Laird's goal was to relocate to the US, but he was encouraged to relocate to England in 1962. While in England, Laird toured with the vocal ensemble Lambert, Hendricks, and Ross, which led to a stint with Zoot Sims and saxophonist Al Cohn, followed by session work. From 1963 to 1964, Laird studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and played in The Brian Auger Trinity (July 1963–February 1964) and The Brian Auger Group (February–October 1964), the latter of which featured guitarist John McLaughlin. Laird clashed with Auger when he was asked to switch from upright to electric bass to complement the music they were playing, but Laird refused. Laird then accepted the offer to become house bassist at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club, playing with many visiting musicians including Wes Montgomery and Sonny Stitt. It became a valuable learning experience for Laird, as the group were given considerable freedom and Laird received constructive and helpful advice from the other musicians.Laird is featured on the soundtrack of Alfie (1966) with Sonny Rollins. With Buddy Rich, he played a residence at The Talk of the Town in 1969. Move to the United States and Mahavishnu Orchestra
In 1966, Laird won a scholarship to study at Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts after sending a tape of himself playing with Stan Getz. Here, Laird studied arranging, composition, and the string bass. In 1968, he took up the bass guitar "so I could be heard." He gained influence to take up the instrument after seeing The Tony Williams Lifetime in concert. Laird was a founding member and electric bassist of the jazz fusion band Mahavishnu Orchestra, the original line-up of which were active from June 1971 to December 1973.Guitar Player described Laird's playing: "Laird's solid, economical lines in conjunction with Billy Cobham's meticulous, powerful drumming provided a strong anchor for the odd-tempo and often volatile solos [from the rest of the band]". After the band split, Laird moved to New York City and played with Stan Getz (a tour in 1977) and Chick Corea (a tour the following year). Laird put out one album as a leader, Soft Focus. Later career
Laird retired as a performing musician in 1982. He became a successful photographer and bass teacher. He authored two intermediate- to advanced-level bass books. In 1999, Laird had started to compose on his daughter's iMac computer.He said: "I have no agenda. It's just for my own enjoyment. Besides, I've come to realise our main gig on this planet is not what we do for a living – it's to find out who we are, and to learn how to love ourselves and love others." Laird was one of a handful of musicians to play an S. D. Curlee, which was his principal fretted bass. In March 2009, Laird discovered a collection of photographs that he had taken of musical artists, including Miles Davis, Chick Corea, Wayne Shorter, the Mahavishnu Orchestra, Elvin Jones, Keith Jarrett and many others. Much of his collection was posted online. Death
In early 2021, Laird's daughter announced that he had entered hospice care.Laird died of lung cancer in New City, Rockland County, New York on 4 July 2021, aged 80. 2 (Harkit, 2005)
Live in London, Vol. 3 (Harkit, 2006)

With Annie Ross
You and Me Baby (Decca, 1971)

With Clive Stevens & Friends
Atmospheres (Capitol, 1974)

'With Stan TraceyLaughin' & Scratchin (Jazz House, 1966)With Treasure'Treasure (Epic, 1977)

Instructional books
 Laird, <mask>. (1978) Jazz Riffs for Bass Laird, <mask>. (1980) Improvising Jazz Bass'' (Music Sales Corp)

References

External links

1941 births
2021 deaths
Musicians from Dublin (city)
Jazz double-bassists
Irish bass guitarists
Jazz bass guitarists
Irish expatriates in the United Kingdom
Irish expatriates in New Zealand
Irish expatriates in Australia
Irish expatriates in the United States
Irish jazz musicians
Mahavishnu Orchestra members
Brian Auger and the Trinity members
21st-century double-bassists
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)

masks:
Richard Quentin Laird
Rick
Rick


texts:
<mask> (born April 9, 1956 in Graz, Austria) is an Austrian automobile designer. He was one of the first designers who recognized the future importance of a consistent brand design in the automotive industry. Background

Born as the second of two sons in 1956, <mask> grew up in Leibnitz, Austria. After finishing high school, he started to study architecture at the Graz University of Technology. In the second year of his studies, he read an article about automobile design, where he recognized the existence of the profession of an automobile designer. While studying further he taught himself to sketch cars by copying drawings he found in magazines. He trained himself for more than one year and became freer and freer in his style.After preparing a portfolio of his own designs, he applied for a job as an automobile designer in Germany. Getting accepted by Audi, Ford, and Volkswagen, <mask> decided to quit his studies and took the job at Audi. The former chief designer of Audi Hartmut Warkuss saw his talent and potential immediately and offered him a scholarship for the Royal College of Art in London, the international elite college in design. <mask> attended the full two-year master program and graduated in 1981 as ‘Master of Design’. These years in London, where he got to know people such as Raymond Loewy, were one of the most influencing times in his life. Automotive design

Audi, 1982–1994

After graduating he came back to the design centre of Audi in Ingolstadt, Germany, and started his career. <mask> was responsible for virtually the entire range of models from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, like the Audi 80 Sedan, Avant, Coupe and Cabriolet, Audi 100 Sedan and Avant, and the Audi V8.In this creative environment he enjoyed working together with other designers such as J Mays and Peter Schreyer. In 1990, he became Director of Audi’s Munich-based design studio where he had the idea to develop a new concept. A design icon was born: the Audi Quattro Spyder, the highlight of the “Frankfurt IAA” in 1991 and a milestone in the design history of Audi. Design Centre Europe, 1995–1999

In 1994, <mask> <mask> realizing the establishment of the first external design centre of the whole Volkswagen Group in Europe. After a long process of searching, the strategic choice of location fell on Barcelona, Spain. A suitable piece of land was found in Sitges, a seaside town next to Barcelona. <mask> was responsible for the planning and realization of the newly built 130-people design facility, which was named “DCE – Design Centre Europe”.He worked there for Audi, Volkswagen, SEAT and Skoda. Such successful designs as the Audi A8, S3 and RS4, and Volkswagen Touareg, Touran and essential parts of Golf IV and Phaeton were created. Fuore Design, 2000–2007

At the end of 1999, <mask> was offered the position of chief designer at Skoda, but he decided instead to start his own business. And so he founded the independent 35-people design studio “Fuore Design” in the heart of Barcelona. Beside the core business of automotive design, he specialized in brand consulting. He consulted Mitsubishi in their process of finding a new design language, and created the two concept cars, the Mitsubishi Pajero Evolution and Pajero Evolution 2+2, which were presented at the 2001 “Frankfurt IAA” and the 2002 “Geneva Salon International de l’Auto”. After the great feedback at the shows, <mask> was also responsible for the design development of the Dakar Rally multiple-champion racing car Mitsubishi Pajero Evolution.Subaru had a strategic relationship with Fuore. <mask> developed a new brand design strategy. His concept car Subaru B11S showed the new philosophy at the 2003 “Geneva Salon International de l’Auto”. The current models Subaru R1, R2 and B9 Tribeca were created by him, too. With the ‘XF 10’ and the ‘BlackJag’, <mask> presented his first self-developed show cars at the 2003 “Barcelona Salón Internacional del Automóvil” and the 2004 “Geneva Salon International de l’Auto”. <mask> worked for almost every leading corporate group in the automotive sector. After a hard year in 2006 and a bad forecast of incoming contracts in 2007, <mask> did not see a good enough economic perspective to continue and decided to sell the company at the middle of 2007.Hispano Suiza Automobilmanufaktur AG, from 2008

After selling Fuore Design in 2007, <mask> <mask> dedicated himself to his dream goal of owning his own car brand in the luxury segment. After years of research and his activities in Barcelona, he noticed the historic automobile brand Hispano Suiza. Since the brand became free after decades of inactivity, Erwin Leo Himmel registered this brand and brought it back to life. In 2019 Erwin Leo Himmel expanded Hispano Suiza with its own division for alternative drive technologies in the hydrogen sector. Since then, this department has been developing a further vehicle model with a hydrogen drive in addition to the conventional model with a combustion engine. Industrial design

In his time at Fuore, Himmel made a lot of industrial design, too. Panasonic signed a strategic relationship with Fuore.Out of it, <mask> created such things as a cell-phone, an mp3-player, a home cinema system, a telephone, an air conditioner and other white goods for Panasonic. He also worked for companies such as LG and Samsung. Another field was transportation design, especially the exterior and interior design of trains. For example, <mask> developed the design of a new high-speed train for Talgo. He also designed interiors of airplanes. His ‘biggest’ project was a cruise liner for an American ocean carrier. Furthermore, he also did a lot of work in the motorcycle industry.He designed nearly every kind of size, from the scooter up to the superbike, including the development of a new design language for the world’s biggest motorcycle producer Honda. A great pleasure for him was the work for the luxury industry, especially for TAG Heuer. Moreover, he designed a bath ceramic series, for example for Roca. All these products gave <mask> the chance to broaden his horizon in design and marketing, concerning new markets, customers and their mentalities. With the new impressions, it was also possible for him to optimize the processes in the design development, including a faster and more efficient way in automobile design. Miscellaneous

 His brother is the Austrian court counsellor Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Wilhelm A<mask>.<mask>’s motto is: “Design is my passion – Visions are my driving force.”
 During his architecture studies in Graz, <mask> played basketball in the national league of Austria. Until today he is a big basketball fan. <mask> is visiting professor of the Graz University of Applied Sciences. <mask> was the initiator and curator of “Auto Art”, a unique exhibition of show cars in Graz in 2003. “Auto Art” was one of the highlights of the cultural program of “Graz –European Capital of Culture 2003”. <mask> was elected one of the most famous Styrian people. “Auto”-biography

Concept cars

References

 Car Styling (Japan), Summer 1983, no.43, pp. 52–57
 Profile (Netherlands), November 1983, no. 4, pp. 26–31
 Auto Bild (Germany), September 16, 1991, no. 38, pp. 8/9
 Auto Motor und Sport (Germany), September 20, 1991, no. 20, pp.26–28
 Kurier (Austria), July 4, 1997, p. 5
 Car Styling (Japan), July 7, 2001, no. 143, pp. 68–75
 La Vanguardia (Spain), May 28, 2002, no. 43306, p. 83
 Auto Revue (Austria), September 2002, no. 9, pp. 78–80
 Süddeutsche Zeitung (Germany), June 7, 2003, no. 130, p. V1
 Automobil Revue (Switzerland), June 26, 2003, no.26, p. 19
 Autotrends (China), December 2003, no. 96, pp. 102–105
 Auto Focus (Germany), May/June 2004, no. 3, pp. 70 – 75

External links
 Member of the jury of the Austrian Design Award
 Design hall of fame
 Auto Art Graz 2003
 Auto Art pictures
 Mitsubishi Pajero Dakar fact sheet
 Article in "Welt"
 Barcelona Motor Show 2003
 Famous Styrian people
Hispano Suiza - Maguari

1956 births
Austrian automobile designers
Living people
Volkswagen Group designers

masks:
Erwin Leo Himmel
Erwin Leo Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Erwin Leo
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Erwin Leo
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
. Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel


texts:
<mask> (born Alfred Willmore; 25 October 1899 – 6 March 1978) was an actor, designer, dramatist, writer and impresario in 20th-century Ireland. Though born in London to an English family with no Irish connections, he emigrated to Ireland in early adulthood, changed his name, invented an Irish ancestry, and remained based there for the rest of his life, successfully maintaining a fabricated identity as a native Irishman born in Cork. With his partner, Hilton Edwards, and two others, <mask>ir founded the Gate Theatre in Dublin, and became one of the most recognisable figures in the arts in twentieth-century Ireland. As well as acting at the Gate and internationally, he designed numerous productions, wrote eleven plays, and published stories, verse and travel books in Irish and English. He wrote and appeared in three one-man shows, of which The Importance of Being Oscar (1960) was the most celebrated, achieving more than 1,300 performances. Life and career

Early years

<mask>ir was born Alfred Lee Willmore, in Willesden, in north-west London, into a family with no Irish connections. He was the youngest child and only son of Alfred George Willmore (1863–1934), a forage buyer for the firm of Whitney's of Bayswater, and his wife, Mary, née Lee (1867–1918).He attended primary school in Willesden and then attended a children's theatre academy run by Lila Field. He became a professional actor at the age of twelve; his sister Marjorie took charge of his general education and was his chaperone on tours that included visits to venues in Ireland as well as Britain. He made his debut as 1911, as King Goldfish in Field's play The Goldfish, alongside another child actor, Noël Coward. He later said, "I learned from Lila Field the absolute ABC of getting on and off the stage without disgracing oneself; I learned what a cue meant, what a stick of greasepaint was, the elements of timing, and that ghastly thing, the exploitation of childish charm". In September of that year he first worked for Sir Herbert Tree, playing <mask>ff's son in <mask>beth. From Tree he quickly learned "a rude lesson" that charm was not enough: "I think it was Tree who first awoke the actor's imagination in me and made me feel the terror of the Witches' Coven and the horror of the ghost-haunted banquet". In the Christmas season of 1911 he played Michael Darling in Peter Pan, and in June 1912, he played Oliver Twist in Tree's revival of the stage version of the novel.After two further child roles, and appearances in four silent films (now lost) he temporarily abandoned acting. After a summer in Spain, visiting his grandparents and becoming fluent in Spanish,  he studied painting at Willesden Polytechnic and then the Slade School of Art in 1915–16. With a fellow student, Mary O'Keefe, he attended Irish language classes at the Ludgate Circus branch of the Gaelic League; the biographer Christopher Fitz-Simon thinks it probable that they saw plays by W. B. Yeats, Lady Gregory and J. M. Synge during the visits of the Abbey Theatre company in this period. Both students developed a keen interest in the Irish Literary Revival. Move to Ireland
<mask>ir, now calling himself "Michael Willmore", made a brief return to the stage in February 1917, in Felix Gets a Month, a "whimsical comedy" at the Haymarket Theatre. The following month he went with O'Keefe and her mother to Ireland, the former having contracted tuberculosis and been prescribed "fresh air", the latter anxious to escape Zeppelin raids. Fitz-Simon suggests that <mask>ir's motive was to escape conscription into the army in the latter stages of the First World War.In Ireland <mask>ir earned a modest living as a freelance illustrator for newspapers and books, acted from time to time, and designed for the Irish Theatre and Dublin Drama League. He assimilated himself into Irish culture and politics. He campaigned for Sinn Féin in the 1918 General Election, published his first book, a collection of stories in Irish, in 1922, and continued to write verse and prose in Irish and English. He experimented with various gaelicised versions of his name, including "<mask>ir" and "<mask>ir". He built up a fictitious identity as a native Irishman born in Cork. During most of the 1920s <mask>ir continued to live with the O'Keefes. In search of a healthy environment for Mary they moved between Switzerland and the French riviera.He exhibited successfully in local galleries and, in 1923, at the Leigh Gallery in London. He later wrote a book of recollections – in Irish – about his travels. In 1925 he starred in a  silent film, Land of Her Fathers with a cast of mainly Abbey Theatre players. Mary O'Keefe died in 1927 and <mask>ir, now known by that name, returned to the theatre. His sister Marjorie had married the actor-manager Anew McMaster whose touring company <mask>óir joined, playing Shakespearean roles including Bassanio in The Merchant of Venice, Laertes in Hamlet and Cassio in Othello. While on tour in the south of Ireland, he met another young English actor, Hilton Edwards, who was to become his lifelong partner, both personal and professional. <mask>ir and Edwards decided to settle in Dublin, with the intention of setting up their own theatre there.Gate Theatre

In 1928 <mask>ir wrote, directed, designed and starred in Diarmuid and Gráinne for the opening of the Irish language theatre, An Taibhdhearc, in Galway. He subsequently produced twenty plays there. Also in 1928, <mask>ir was one of the four founders of the Gate Theatre Studio, later simply the Gate Theatre, alongside Hilton Edwards, Daisy Bannard Cogley, and Gearóid Ó Lochlainn. <mask>ir and Edwards had been considering theatrical plans for Dublin, while Bannard Cogley (a friend of <mask>ir) and Ó Lochlainn had been discussing finding a more permanent theatre space, and they met, along with some mutual friends, in Bannard Cogley's club at 7 Harcourt Street, in spring 1928. After further meetings, the quartet rented the Peacock Theatre and launched the Gate Theatre Studio there on 14 October 1928. The theatre studio spent its early years at the 102-seat Peacock Theatre and opened with a production of Peer Gynt, and <mask>ir subsequently acted in and designed nearly 300 productions at the Peacock and, after the company gained its own home in 1930, on Cavendish Row, at the Gate. He appeared in a wide range of plays, from Shakespeare (Romeo and Othello) to Ibsen (Oswald in Ghosts and the title role in Brand) and Eugene O'Neill (Orin in Mourning Becomes Electra), as well as lighter pieces.Over the next fifty years the Gate Theatre company presented a programme of new or experimental plays by Wilde, Shaw, Coward and many others. <mask>óir and Edwards fostered the careers of new Irish dramatists such as Denis Johnston and rising young actors including Orson Welles. <mask>ir returned to the West End in 1935, with the Gate company. The theatrical paper The Era rated his Hamlet one of the best in recent years: "charged with force, intelligence, humanity and dramatic certainty … a dominating and moving piece of acting", and said that the Gate company "looks like putting the Abbey in the shade". The  cosmopolitan atmosphere of <mask>óir and Edwards' Gate Theatre was contrasted with the earnest Celticism of the Abbey, and the two Dublin theatres were affectionately dubbed "Sodom and Begorrah". Wartime and later years
<mask>ir remained based in Ireland during the Second World War. In the post-war years he returned to the West End in his own play Ill Met by Moonlight.The Stage thought the piece "too obscure and too discursive", but praised the performances of  <mask>ir, Edwards and their supporting cast. The following year the company played a short season on Broadway – <mask>ir's début there – giving his Where Stars Walk, Johnston's The Old Lady Says No!, and Shaw's  John Bull's Other Island. In 1951 he played Iago to Welles's Othello in the latter's film adaptation. In his early fifties he was unusually old for the role, but Welles wanted Iago played as an older, impotent man consumed by envy of the younger Othello. <mask>ir returned to the role onstage at the Dublin Festival in 1962 opposite William Marshall in the title role. In 1954 <mask>ir returned to London, playing Brack in Hedda Gabler with Peggy Ashcroft as Hedda. In the role he was judged to be both sinister and amusing.Most of his work continued to be at the Gate, but in 1959 he returned to New York to play Don Pedro in Much Ado About Nothing, with John Gielgud as Benedick and Margaret Leighton as Beatrice. <mask>ir's biggest theatrical success came in 1960, with his one-man show The Importance of Being Oscar, which won enthusiastic reviews and did well at the box-office. It opened at the Gate, after which he played it on Broadway, in London and on tour around the world. He appeared in the piece more than 1,300 times between 1960 and 1975. He followed this in May 1963 with a new one-man entertainment I Must Be Talking to My Friends, and in 1970 presented a third, Talking About Yeats. In his later years <mask>ir relaxed his insistence on his fictitious origins and admitted the truth to interviewers, but for many years after his death reference books nonetheless continued to record him as a native of Cork. Despite Ireland's anti-gay laws, not repealed in their lifetimes, <mask>ir and Edwards gained wide acceptance.The writer Éibhear Walshe has described them as Ireland's only publicly acknowledged homosexuals. They were jointly created freemen of the city of Dublin in 1973, the first theatre people to be thus honoured. Before that, <mask>óir had received the Lady Gregory Medal for literature in 1960 and an honorary doctorate from Trinity College in 1963. <mask>ir made his final stage performance at the Gate in 1975 in The Importance of Being Oscar. He died at his and Edwards's Dublin home, 4 Harcourt Terrace, on 6 March 1978. Walshe records, "as a measure of the public acceptance of the <mask>óir–Edwards partnership, the president of Ireland attended Micheál's funeral, two days later, at St Fintan's, Howth, Dublin, and paid his respects to Hilton Edwards as chief mourner". Legacy

Plays
In his Who's Who in the Theatre entry, <mask> Liammóir listed ten plays of which he was the author, as well as the three one-man shows, and an unspecified number of adaptations ("Jane Eyre, The Picture of Dorian Grey, A Tale of Two Cities, etc.")Ford of the Hurdles 1928
Diarmuid agus Gráinne 1929
Where Stars Walk 1940
Dancing Shadows 1941
Ill Met by Moonlight 1946

Portrait of Miriam 1947
The Mountains Look Different 1948
Home for Christmas 1950
A Slipper for the Moon 1954
Saint Patrick 1955

One-man shows:
 The Importance of Being Oscar
 I Must Be Talking to my Friends
 Talking About Yeats

Books

 Put Money In Thy Purse
 Each Actor On His Ass
 Ceo Meala Lá Seaca
 Enter a Goldfish
 All For Hecuba

 Oícheanna Sidhe
 Lá agus Oíche
 Aisteoirí Faoi Dhá Sholas
 Theatre in Ireland
 Ireland

 Bláth agus Taibhse
 An Oscar of No Importance
 W.B.Yeats and his world, with Eavan Boland

Films
The British Film Institute lists eleven films in which <mask> Arden  1914
The Little Minister  (Micah Dow) 1915
Comin' Thro' the Rye  1916
Land of Her Fathers  1924
Hamlet at Elsinore 1951Othello  (Iago) 1951Tom Jones  (Narrator) 196330 Is a Dangerous Age, Cynthia  (Irish storyteller) 1968The Kremlin Letter  (Sweet Alice) 1970What's the Matter with Helen? (Hamilton Starr) 1971

Biographies and commemorations
Books about <mask>óir include Micheál <mask>óir: Designs & Illustrations 1917–1972, by Richard Pine and Orla Murphy (1973); Enter Certain Players: <mask>iammoir and the Gate 1928–1978, edited by Peter Luke (1978); a biography, The Importance of Being Micheál by Micheál Ó hAodha (1990) and The Boys: A Double Biography, by Christopher Fitz-Simon (1996). In 1985, Orson Welles was the narrator for Two People... With One Pulse, a documentary film about <mask>moir and Edwards. To mark <mask>móir's centenary in 1999 the BBC commissioned a documentary, Dear Boy: The Story of Michéal <mask>móir, which included rare archive footage. <mask>móir is the subject of the 1990 play The Importance of Being Micheál'' by John Keyes; Frank McGuinness's play 2008 "Gates of Gold" is inspired by Edwards and Mac Liammóir. The annual Dublin Gay Theatre Festival presents the "Michéal Mac Liammóir Award for Outstanding performance by a male".Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

External links

1899 births
1978 deaths
20th-century Anglo-Irish people
20th-century English painters
20th-century English poets
20th-century Irish painters
English male painters
Irish male painters
Burials at St. Fintan's Cemetery, Sutton
English male film actors
English male stage actors
Impresarios
Irish dramatists and playwrights
Irish male film actors
Irish poets
Irish male stage actors
Irish male poets
Jacob's Award winners
Naturalised citizens of Ireland
20th-century English male actors
20th-century Irish male actors
English male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Irish poets
20th-century English dramatists and playwrights
Male actors from London
Writers from London
English male poets
LGBT writers from Ireland
20th-century Irish male writers
20th-century English male writers
20th-century LGBT people

masks:
Micheál Mac Liammóir
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Macdu
Mac
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Uaimmhó
Mac Liaimmhó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liamm
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liamm
Mac Liammó
Mac Liamm
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
MacLiamm
MacLiammó
MacLiamm
Mac
Mac Liammoch
Mac Liamm
Mac Liamm
Edwards MacL
Mac Liam
Mac Liam
Mac Liam
Mac Liam


texts:
<mask> (Chinese: 巴金; pinyin: Bā Jīn; 25 November 190417 October 2005) was a Chinese writer. In addition to his impact on Chinese literature, he also wrote three original works in Esperanto, and as a political activist he wrote The Family. Name
He was born as Li Yaotang, with alternate name Li Feigan. He used the pen name <mask>, for which he is most known. The first character of his pen name may took from <mask>, a classmate of his who committed suicide in Paris, and the last character of which is the Chinese equivalent of the last syllable of Peter Kropotkin (克鲁泡特金, Ke-lu-pao-te-jin). He was also sometimes known as Li Pei Kan. Biography

Early life and anarchism
<mask> was born in Chengdu, Sichuan into a five-generation household.As a child <mask> was taught to read and write first by his mother, and later by privately engaged house tutors. It was not until the death of this grandfather in 1917, causing a power struggle which ended with an elder uncle emerging victorious, that he was released to explore the world. As a youngster, <mask> was deeply influenced by Piotr Kropotkin's pamphlet, An Appeal to the Young, which he read at age fifteen. Impressed by Emma Goldman, whom he later referred to as his "spiritual mother", <mask> started a lifelong correspondence with her. In 1920, <mask> enrolled, with an elder brother, in the Chengdu Foreign Language Specialist School to study English. It was there he first engaged in the organization of literary journal Crescent and wrote a number of vers libre. He then joined an anarchist organization, the Equality Society, actively distributing propaganda leaflets.Three years later, <mask> moved to Shanghai and subsequently to Dongnan University, Nanjing on the pretext of study, but mainly, as he put it, to escape the feudalistic (fengjian) influence of his family. There, he learned Esperanto and took part in leftist socialist strikes, while remaining active in the anarchist movement, writing a pamphlet on the Chicago Anarchist Martyrs. France (1927–1928)
On graduation, he left on board a liner on February 15, 1927, with a friend for Paris, France, for further studies, where he lodged at the 5th arrondissement (three months at Rue Banville, then Rue Tournefort, No. 2). He described his life there as boring and monotonous, taking daily afternoon walks at the Jardin du Luxembourg and evening French lessons at Alliance Francaise. He recalled especially Rousseau's statue at the Panthéon ("I almost knelt before it...he whom Tolstoy described as the conscience of the 18th century"), the River Seine and the tolling of the Notre Dame. In Paris, <mask> writes:

"In spring 1927, I was living atop a five-storied apartment at Paris's Quartier Latin, a small lodging full of gas and onion smell.I was lonely, I felt pain, sunlight hardly shone into my room: I missed my homeland and my family." It was partly owing to boredom when <mask> began to write his first novel, Miewang  (“Destruction”). In France, <mask> continued his anarchist activism, translated many anarchist works, including Kropotkin's Ethics, into Chinese, which was mailed back to Shanghai's anarchist magazines for publication. Alexander Berkman was one of many anarchist leaders he met there. The trials of Italian immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti made <mask> angry, and he campaigned for their release. Vanzetti apparently was moved enough to reply to <mask> from his American prison, with a package of anarchist texts for his readings. Their short correspondence ceased when Vanzetti was executed, along with Sacco, on August 23, 1927.<mask> published in late 1932 the short story Dianqi  ("The Electric Chair"), to protest against their execution. Shanghai and later life
On his return to Shanghai in 1928, <mask> continued writing and working on translations. His first novel, Destruction, was released serially by Fiction Monthly in 1929, a literary magazine. During the next 10 years, <mask> acted as editor to several important publishing firms and periodicals, as well as composing the works which he is best known for – The Family (1931), The Love Trilogy Fog (1931), Rain (1933) and Lightning (1935), the novellas Autumn in Spring and A Dream of the Sea, the short story collection Mengya  (“Germination”) and prose writings in Fuchou  ("Vengeance") and Shen, Gui, Ren  ("Gods, Ghosts and Men"). During the Second Sino-Japanese War, <mask> was actively involved in propaganda work against the Japanese invasion, working on the publication Nahan  (“Outcries”, later renamed Fenghuo , “Beacons”) with Mao Dun. In the later stages of the war, <mask> completed the Torrents Trilogy — of which The Family (1931) was the first written — with Spring (1938) and Autumn (1940). Other works of the post-war period, like the short novels A Garden of Repose (1944), Ward Four (1946) and Cold Nights (1947), contain some of his strongest writing.He ceased fiction writing after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, choosing to concentrate on nonfiction instead. During the Cultural Revolution, <mask> was heavily persecuted as a counter-revolutionary. His wife since 1944, Xiao Shan, died of cancer in 1972. <mask> was rehabilitated in 1977, after which he was elected to many important national literary posts, including chairman of the Chinese Writers' Association (since 1983). The most significant work of his later years is the discursive writings in Suixiang Lu (translated as "Random Thoughts", five volumes, composed between 1978 and 1986), in which, among other things, he reflected on the Cultural Revolution in a painfully honest manner and in 1981 asked specifically for a Cultural Revolution Museum to be set up. The Shantou Cultural Revolution Museum referenced the influence of <mask> on its establishment through displaying a depiction of his at the entrance as well as a quote of his, "Every town in China should establish a museum about the Cultural Revolution." <mask>'s works were heavily influenced by foreign writers, including Émile Zola, Ivan Turgenev, Alexandr Herzen, Anton Chekhov, and Emma Goldman, and a substantial amount of his collected works are devoted to translations.His writing style, characterized by simplicity, avoids difficult, abstruse words, making him one of the most popular of all modern Chinese writers. <mask> suffered from Parkinson's disease beginning in 1983. The illness confined him to Huadong Hospital in Shanghai from 1998, and left him unable to speak and walk during the last few years of his life. <mask> died of cancer in Shanghai at the age of 100 (101 by Chinese reckoning) in 2005. His death marked the end of an era for Chinese literature, especially since he was the last major writer to live through the May Fourth Movement. He received the Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize in 1990. Asteroid 8315 Bajin is named in his honor.Family
<mask>'s son Li Xiao is a fiction writer. Bibliography

English translations
(1954) Living Amongst Heroes. Beijing: Foreign Language Press. (1958) The Family. (trans. Sidney Shapiro) Beijing: Foreign Language Press. (1959) A battle for life: a full record of how the life of steel worker, Chiu Tsai-kang, was saved in the Shanghai Kwangrze Hospital.Beijing: Foreign Language Press. (1978) Cold Nights (trans. Nathan K. Mao and Liu Ts'un-yan) Hong Kong: Chinese University press. (1984) Random Thoughts (trans. Germie <mask>m&ecute). Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Company. (Partial translation of Suizianglu)
(1988) Selected works of <mask> (trans.Sidney Shapiro and Jock Hoe) Beijing: Foreign Language Press. (Includes The Family, Autumn in Spring, Garden of Repose, Bitter Cold Nights)
(1999) Ward Four: A Novel of Wartime China (trans. Haili Kong and Howard Goldblatt). San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc.
(2005) "How to Build a Society of Genuine Freedom and Equality"(1921), "Patriotism and the Road to Happiness for the Chinese"(1921) and "Anarchism and the Question of Practice"(1927) in Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume 1: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE-1939), ed. Robert Graham. Montreal: Black Rose Books. (2012) Ward Four: A Novel of Wartime China (trans.Howard Goldblatt). San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc. .

Ba Jin stories in collections
Arzybasheff, M. (1927). "Morning Shadows?" in Tales of the Revolution. Tr. Percy Pinkerton. New York Huebsch.(1927). "Workingman Shevyrev." in Tales of the Revolution, tr. Percy Pinkerton. New York: Huebsch. "Shanghai Labor and the May Thirtieth Movement," Papers on China, 5:1-38. Harvard University, East Asian Research Center.Bao-Puo. (1925). "The Anarchist Movement in China: From a Letter of a Chinese Comrade." Tr. from the Russian, in Freedom. 39.423:4. (1953)."The Society for Literary Studies, 1921-1930." Papers on China. 7:34-79. Harvard University, East Asian Research Center. Chen Tan-chen. (1963). "Pa Chin the Novelist: An Interview."Chinese Literature. 6:84-92. Ch'en Chia-ai character. "Chung-kuo li-shih shang chih an-na-ch'i-chu -i che character (Anarchists in Chinese history); in K'o-lu-p'ao-t'e-chin hsueh-shuo kai-yao. pp. 379-410. Hsin ch'ing-nien (1908)."Chinese Anarchist in Tokyo," Freedom, 22.23:52. Olga Lang, Pa Chin and His Writings: Chinese Youth between the Wars (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1967)
 Martin, H. and J. Kinkley, eds. (1992) Modern Chinese writers: self-portrayals. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Pino, Angel, “<mask> and the ‘Arshinov Platform’”.libcom.org
 Pino, Angel, “<mask> as Translator,” tr. Ian MacCabe, in Peng Hsiao-yen & Isabelle Rabut (eds. ), Modern China and the West: Translation and Cultural Mediation. Leiden-Boston: Brill, “East Asian Comparative Literature and Culture” (2), 2014, 28-105. Razak, Dzulkifli Abdul (Oct. 30, 2005). "Leaving behind their legacies". New Straits Times, p. F9.Renditions Autumn 1992. No. 38. "Special issue on Twentieth Century Memoirs. Reminiscences by well-known literary figures, including Zhu Ziqing, <mask>, Lao She and Wang Xiyan." Films
Return from Silence: Five prominent and controversial Chinese writers speak on their roles in the modernization of China. (1 hour video cassette available) — The life and work of five esteemed Chinese writers whose modern classics shaped China's past: <mask>, Mao Dun, Ding Ling, Cao Yu, and Ai Qing.Produced by Chung-wen Shih, George Washington University, 1982. Notes

Further reading
 Lang, Olga. Pa Chin and His Writings: Chinese Youth Between Two Revolutions. Cambdridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1967. Mao, Nathan K. Pa Chin. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1978.External links

 "Literary witness to century of turmoil" China Daily (2003-11-24)
 "Chinese literary icon <mask> Jin dies" (BBC)
 A giant of Chinese literature "A giant of Chinese literature" ~ The Sydney Morning Herald''' (21 October 2005)]
 Ba Jin at Anarchist Archives
 "When the Snow Melted" Translated by Tang Sheng at Words Without Borders''
 Pa Chin: A Literary and Revolutionary Chinese Anarchist ~ YemenTimes Newspaper
 Ba Jin: Life and Works
 Ba Jin. A Portrait by Kong Kai Ming at Hong Kong Baptist University Library

1904 births
2005 deaths
20th-century Chinese novelists
20th-century essayists
Anarchist writers
Chinese anarchists
Chinese anti-capitalists
Chinese atheists
Chinese autobiographers
Chinese centenarians
Chinese children's writers
Chinese Esperantists
Chinese male novelists
Chinese male short story writers
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Deaths from cancer in the People's Republic of China
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Delegates to the 1st National People's Congress
Neurological disease deaths in the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China essayists
People's Republic of China novelists
People's Republic of China short story writers
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
Republic of China essayists
Republic of China novelists
Republic of China short story writers
Short story writers from Sichuan
Sichuan University alumni
Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Victims of the Cultural Revolution
Writers from Chengdu
Writers of Esperanto literature
Men centenarians
20th-century pseudonymous writers

masks:
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Enbo
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
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Ba Jin
Ba


texts:
<mask> (born 25 October 1967) is an Indian filmmaker, storyteller, and ad-film director. He graduated from Sheridan College in Canada with high-honors. After graduating, he founded the production house Climb Media, and later its animation wing, 2nz Animation Co., where he serves as creative head. <mask> has won more than 30 awards, including 6 prestigious President's National Awards for his films, the first of which he won in 1995 for the animated film Mahagiri. He has made over 12 short films, and over 500 ad films. He is the director of India's first film combining live-action and 3D animation called Toonpur Ka Superrhero, starring Ajay Devgan and Kajol. His 2018 feature film T for Taj Mahal, produced by Abis Rizvi, was launched at the Festival de Cannes in 2018, and premiered at the London Indian Film Festival.It won the Best Feature Film Audience Award and Best Story Award at the DC South Asian Film Festival. His 2016 documentary on Indian film director Saeed Akhtar Mirza, entitled Saeed Mirza: The Leftist Sufi, released on Netflix in 2017. It was named among the top 10 documentaries of 2017 by Vogue India and The Hindu. He is also the creator of India's largest animation series, Vartmaan, with animation pioneer Bhimsain. Personal
Born in 1967, <mask> grew up in a creative environment. His exposure to animation films started from age six as his father, Bhimsain, an animation pioneer in India, nurtured and encouraged his creative leanings. <mask> attended the Jamnabai Narsee School and later completed a BA with a major in economics from the University of Mumbai.Soon thereafter, he went on to graduate in 1994 from Sheridan College, Canada, with honors, in animation filmmaking. His son, Kabeer <mask>, is also a filmmaker. Filmography
Director:
 Toonpur Ka Superrhero (2010)
The Indian animation scene reached a turning point with the release of India's first 3D animation-live action combination feature film, Toonpur Ka Super Hero ("Toonpur's Super Hero") written by Raagi Bhatnagar and directed by <mask> <mask>. The film features Ajay Devgan, Kajol, Sanjai Mishra, Tanuja and Mukesh Tiwari in lead roles, along with a number of animated characters. The film was remade in English in early 2011; it was a box office hit, making high gross earnings within a two-week period. It was a moderate commercial success and received some positive reviews from critics. T for Taj Mahal (2018)

T for Taj Mahal is an upcoming Bollywood feature film produced by Sony Pictures and Abis Rizvi.The film follows the journey of an illiterate villager who brings literacy to his village through a unique social enterprise. Saeed Mirza: The Leftist Sufi (2015)
This documentary profiles the celebrated Hindi film director, Saeed Akhtar Mirza, known as much for his embrace of leftist politics and social concerns as lyrical cinema. Adventures of Chhota Birbal (2002) TV series
 Trade (1997)
 Mahagiri (1994)

Producer:

 Karma Cafe (2018) - directed by Kabeer <mask>, starring Amole Gupte and Nakul Sahdev in the lead roles. Religion for Dummies (2017) - directed by Kabeer <mask> (2002) – an animated TV series created by <mask> <mask> and produced by Climb Media, was one of its kind. It won the Seagate Technical Award for Excellence in 2004 for Best Animated Series, Chhota Birbal being the first Indian Animation character to be licensed.It was India's first television series to be licensed and merchandised. Animation:
 Detective Naani (2009) (animation director)
 Hum Tum (2004) (animation voice director)
 Shaadi Ka Laddoo (2004) (animation director)
 Locked (1997) (animator)
 Lok Gatha (1992) TV series (1992) (animation director)

Writer:
 Toonpur Ka Super Hero (2010) (screenplay)
 Adventures of Chhota Birbal (2002) TV series (creator)
 Trade (1997) (story)

Production manager:
 Kathni Karni Ek Si (1989) (assistant production manager) – won two national awards
 Chhoti Badi Baatein (1986) (assistant production manager) – a highly successful and popular sitcom based on superstitions

Actor:
 Dooriyaan (1979) – directed by the founder, Bhimsain <mask>. This critically acclaimed successful film starring Sharmila Tagore and Uttam Kumar won seven awards, including a Filmfare Critics Award; showcasing the dilemmas and personal ambitions of a married couple, a paradigm shift in terms of story far ahead of its time. Social causes and activism
<mask>'s acclaimed film T for Taj Mahal on social entrepreneurship has won 7 International awards and been selected in 25 festivals world-over. His latest documentary feature film The Invisible Visible on the estimated 70 million homeless population of India, has been hailed as ‘The Reel Change Agent’ by The New Indian Express. and ‘A documentary with a throbbing heart'  by The Hindu. The film is part of a campaign to provide succour to the millions of homeless in India.<mask> has made several films on various causes like award-winning Trade (on child prostitution) and Locked (on child labour) as part of the Rights from the Heart series funded by UNICEF. He has also worked on award–winning film Sand Castle (on paedophilia), and 5 films for Childline India on various issues like education, child marriage and child abuse. His National award-winning film Komal on child sexual abuse has been shown to millions and been made compulsory viewing in schools in India. <mask> is also a fellow for the prestigious Aspire Circle, a fellowship program for social leaders that promotes enlightened social leadership. Film awards
As a producer, <mask> has worked on many award-winning public service campaigns, including a series of four short films for Childline India Foundation on child labor, child marriage, corporal punishment and child sexual abuse. Komal, a film on child sexual abuse, won the FICCI Best Animated Frames (BAF) Award in 2014. Sisters, a film on child marriage, won the Best Public Service and Social Film awards at the INFOCOM-ASSOCHAM EME Awards in 2013.Education Counts won the "Viewer's Choice" award at ANIFEST 2013. For its close association with NASSCOM, Climb Media was honoured with an award at the NASSCOM 25 years' celebration. Awards

Trade
Trade is a film on child prostitution. It was the first Indo-Canadian animation co-production with the National Film Board of Canada and UNICEF It also won the National Award for Best Animation Film Direction in 1998. Mahagiri
Mahagiri won two President's National Awards for Best Animation Film Direction and Animation in 1995, as well as a Certificate of Merit at the Mumbai International Film Festival in 1996. O
O won two National Awards (Best Animation Film; Direction and Animation) in 1996, as well as a Silver Ebensee Award at the Festival Der Nationen in Austria in 1995. Chotta Birbal
Chotta Birbal won the Seagate Technical Award for Excellence in 2004 for Best Animated Series.Chhota Birbal is also the first Indian animation character to be licensed. Shaadi Ka Laddoo
The 2004 comedy film made history using an animation-live action technique for a song in a film for the first time in Bollywood. This song won the Seagate Technical Excellence Award for best visual effects in a feature in 2005. Nominated in the prestigious Screen Awards in 2005 in the Best VFX category. Sand Castle
This short film about paedophilia was funded by international bodies like UNIFEM and Save the Children India. It won the Best Public Service Message film award at the Seagate Technical Excellence Awards in 2006. It was also part of the official selection at the Bimini Festival.Other accomplishments
Jury member: National Film Festival (2006)
Chairman Jury: Jaipur International Film Fest (2011)
FICCI- BAF Awards (2010–11), Pune International Film Festival (2011)
CNBC-TV18 Golden Cursor Awards (2008)
Sony-Animax Awards (2007), Mumbai International Film Festival (2006)
IDPA awards (2003)
24FPS (2005 – 2008)
Frameflixx2 (2010)
Founder & ex-Hon. Secretary of India's largest animation body: The Animation Society of India from 2001 – 2005. TASI has conducted 100+ high-profile events like International Animation Day & ANIFEST India. Speaker:
FMX06 (Germany)
NASSCOM
Dartmouth College (New Hampshire, USA)
British Council
Max Mueller
IIFC
CMIA
AniGraph (Indian Chapter of Siggraph) CeC & CaC
CGTExpo
Sheridan College (Canada)
Curator & Presenter of Indian Film Retrospectives at Annecy Festival (France)
Forum L'Image (Reunion Islands)
Animation Editor and Columnist for Studio Systems (Diversified Publishing Group). Written articles for Annecy Festival and Zagreb Film Festival (Croatia) AWN, VFXWorld etc. Curator of Animation packages for Annecy Festival (France), Forum De L’Images (Reunion Island) and International Film Festival of India (IFFI, Goa, 2011 & 2014). References

1967 births
Living people
Indian animators
Indian filmmakers
Indian film producers
Indian animated film directors
Indian animated film producers
Film directors from Mumbai
Sheridan College animation program alumni
University of Mumbai alumni
Indian voice directors

masks:
Kireet Khurana
Kireet
Kireet
Kireet
Khurana
Kireet
Khurana
Khurana
Khuranabal
Kireet
Khurana
Khurana
Kireet
Kireet
Kireet
Kireet