texts:
<mask> of Normandy, of Blois, or of England (c. 1067 – 8 March 1137), also known as  in Roman Catholicism, was a daughter of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders who later became the countess of Blois, Chartres, and Meaux by marriage to Stephen II of Blois. Her husband greatly benefited from the increased social status and prestige that came with such a marriage. She brought with her not only her bloodline, but a dowry of money and other movable goods from the prodigious store of Anglo-Norman wealth. She was regent of Blois during the absence of her spouse in 1096–1100 and 1101–02, and during the minority of her son from 1102 until 1120. <mask> was the mother of King Stephen of England and Bishop Henry of Winchester. Early life

<mask> was born, it is generally believed, after her father's accession to the English throne, between 1066 and 1070. Her royal blood marked her as noble in the eyes of her peers.She was the favorite sister of King Henry I of England, and they were probably the youngest of the Conqueror's children. <mask> was a high-spirited and educated woman, with a knowledge of Latin. She had three older brothers and one younger, and thus she would not inherit her father's honors, but her bloodline would be a valuable asset to any suitor. <mask> married Stephen Henry, son and heir to the count of Blois, between 1080 and 1083, around her fifteenth birthday. Stephen was nearly twenty years her senior. Stephen inherited Blois, Chartres and Meaux upon his father's death in 1089, as well as lands and right in parts of Berry and Burgundy. The Thibaudian dynasty had other possessions east of Paris, and by the end of <mask>'s life these were coalescing into the county of Champagne.While Theobald IV takes most of the credit for the emergence of that principality, <mask> helped lay its foundations. <mask> and her husband had a relationship based on trust and mutual respect, if not affection, and she made decisions along with Stephen. She swore, for instance, to bind herself and her husband to protect the bishop of Chartres, then in a dispute with the king of France. First regency
Stephen-Henry joined the First Crusade in 1096, along with his brother-in-law Robert Curthose. Stephen's letters to <mask> form a uniquely intimate insight into the experiences of the Crusade's leaders and show that he trusted <mask> to rule as regent while he was on crusade. <mask> filled in as regent for her husband during his extended absence as a leader of the First Crusade (1095–1098) as well as during his second expedition in 1101. This included granting monks the right to build new churches, as well as other charters.<mask> also worked with Ivo of Chartres at various points, exchanging letters throughout her regency to discuss matters such as the control of misbehaving nuns and larger issues such as disputes about sworn oaths. While her husband was away, <mask> would continue to tour their lands, settling disputes, promoting economic growth, and even commanding knights to go to battle with the king. This however was not unique, as during the crusades it was common for noble women to take upon themselves the duties of their male counterparts. The Count of Blois returned to France in 1100 bringing with him several cartloads of maps, jewels and other treasures, which he deposited at Chartres. When he abandoned the First Crusade returning to France in ignominy, <mask> constantly berated him, even during their love-making, urging him to return to the Holy Land. He was under an obligation to the pope for agreements made years earlier and returned to Antioch to participate in the crusade of 1101. He was ultimately killed in a last stand after the Battle of Ramla in 1102.The image of <mask> persuading her ease-loving husband to redeem his reputation through action has proved popular with historians attempting to account for the crusader motivations. Second regency
<mask> continued to act as regent after her husband's death and through her son Thibaud's early rule until her retirement in 1120. Even after Thibaud came of age and no longer needed a regent, <mask> continued to issue charters and act as co-ruler of many parts of their land. <mask> did not secure a marriage alliance for Thibaud, who did not get married until after <mask>'s retirement, which helped to maintain her power and influence over both her son and her lands. <mask>, a devout Benedictine sympathizer, employed several high-ranking tutors to educate her children. Her youngest son, Henry, was conceived during the single year Stephen was in France between crusading duties. At two years of age Henry was pledged to the Church at Cluny Abbey, Saône-et-Loire, France, as an oblate child, that is, he was dedicated to the service of God, according to medieval practice.Henry went on to be appointed Abbot of Glastonbury and Bishop of Winchester. In that capacity, he sponsored hundreds of constructions including bridges, canals, palaces, forts, castles, and whole villages. In addition, Bishop Henry built dozens of abbeys and chapels and sponsored books including the treasured Winchester Bible. In 1105, after St Anselm visited her during a sickness, she was responsible for communicating the archbishop's earnestness in threatening excommunication to her brother Henry I. Orderic Vitalis praises her as a "wise and spirited woman" who ably governed her husband's estates and her own. <mask>'s power and interests are reflected in letters collected, they demonstrate her religiosity and intellect. In one such letter to the public from 1104, <mask> gifts a monastery a portion of land with all the wildlife inhabiting it, but she reserves the power to pass judgment upon crimes committed in the area. She also makes sure to mark her place as a woman, tying herself to not only her late husband but her sons.<mask> quarrelled with her eldest son William and despite his previously being named heir-designate, she appointed his younger brother Theobald to replace him as heir in 1107. Another son, Stephen of Blois, moved to London in 1111 to join the court of his uncle, King Henry I (Beauclerc), and became his favorite. Upon Beauclerc's death in Normandy (1135), Stephen seized the English throne from  Holy Roman Empress Dowager Matilda, King Henry I's daughter, whom the monarch had named as his successor. This started a protracted civil war in England that lasted nearly twenty years. Retirement
<mask> retired to Marcigny Convent in 1120. Though she may have considered retiring to an abbey in Normandy where members of her family, including sisters and nieces, may have already been living, <mask> was drawn to and chose the larger, more prestigious convent at Marcigny near her son Henry at Cluny Abbey. <mask> may have acted as prioress within the community at Marcigny, though this is not certain.She continued to interact and communicate with her children and the ecclesiastical leaders of lands that she had once ruled, maintaining her influence over the area. In one instance, <mask> sent letters to both her son Thibaud  and <mask>, bishop of Chartres, reminding them of her settlement of a monastic case. In these letters she reminds her son how his father and she felt about alms gifting to monasteries. Later that same year, her daughter Lucia-Mahaut drowned in the wreck of the White Ship alongside her husband. <mask> lived long enough to see her son Stephen on the English throne, though any response she may have had to this development has been lost. She likely took pride in the ascension of her youngest child, Henry of Blois, to the bishopric of Winchester in 1129. After her death in 1137 at Marcigny, prayers were offered at a number of churches that she had endowed personally or had recognized at some point during her life.Her money, influence, and entry into the convent resulted in <mask> becoming a saint of the Catholic Church. Issue
<mask> and Stephen's children are listed here in probable birth order. Their birth order is uncertain. William, Count of Sully
Theobald II, Count of Champagne
Odo of Blois
 <mask>, married Milo II of Montlhéry
Stephen, King of England
Lucia-Mahaut, married Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester. Both drowned on 25 November 1120 in the White Ship disaster. Agnes, married Hugh de Puiset and were parents to Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham
 Alix, married Renaud II of Joigny
Henry, Bishop of Winchester (1096–1171), an oblate child raised at Cluny Abbey in Saône-et-Loire, France
Eleanor of Champagne
Some of the daughters may have been step-daughters of Adela, rather than biological children. It is known that Adela had five biological sons and may have had three or more daughters, though not all of the daughters were necessarily <mask>'s biological children.The daughters are not mentioned by name during their youth, only appearing when they reached marriageable age and played an important part in building alliances. Legacy
<mask> is a saint in the Roman Catholic church. Her feast day is 24 February. She was deeply religious and supported scholars and poets. Throughout her life she generously endowed various abbeys and churches, helping to expand and preserve the culture and art of her time. In fiction
<mask> was portrayed by Nike Arrighi in the two-part BBC TV play Conquest (1966), about her father's conquest of England, part of the series Theatre 625. In art
<mask> is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece The Dinner Party, being represented as one of the 999 names on the Heritage Floor.Ancestry

Note

References

Further reading
Chicago, Judy. The Dinner Party: From Creation to Preservation. London: Merrell (2007). Evergates, Theodore, ed. Aristocratic Women in Medieval FrancePhiladelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press (1999). LoPrete, Kimberly. <mask> of Blois: Countess and Lord (c.1067–1137).Dublin: Four Courts Press (2007). LoPrete, Kimberly. "<mask> of Blois and Ivo of Chartres: Piety, Politics and Peace in the Diocese of Chartres'." Anglo-Norman Studies xiv (1992): 131–152
Parsons, John and Bonnie Wheeler. Medieval Mothering (New Middle Ages). New York: Routledge (1999). Schaus, Margaret, ed.Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge (2006). External links

 (en)
Women's Biography: <mask>, countess of Blois, Chartres, and Meaux

1060s births
1137 deaths
Female saints of medieval France
11th-century Christian saints
11th-century women rulers
11th-century English people
11th-century French people
12th-century Christian saints
12th-century women rulers
12th-century English people
12th-century French people
English princesses
House of Normandy
Countesses of Chartres
Medieval French saints
Roman Catholic royal saints
Female saints of medieval England
Medieval English saints
11th-century English women
11th-century French women
12th-century English women
12th-century French women
Children of William the Conqueror
Anglo-Normans

masks: Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Geoffrey Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela


type: original

texts:
<mask> (23 December 1925 – 19 January 2013) was a French interior and product designer. She was the mother of <mask> and of Cyrille Putman. Life and work

Childhood and youth (1925–1944)

<mask> was born into a wealthy family of bankers and notables from Lyon. Her paternal grandfather, Edouard Aynard, founded the Maynard & Sons Bank; her paternal grandmother, Rose de Montgolfier, was a descendant of the hot-air balloon inventors' family. Her father was a graduate from the prestigious Ecole Normale Supérieure who spoke seven languages but swore to a life of austerity and seclusion to protest against his own milieu; her mother, Louise Saint-René Taillandier, was a concert pianist who found comfort in the frivolity of "being a great artist without a stage." Her formal artistic education first came, however, through music. Her mother took her and her sister to concerts and urged them to learn the piano.But she was later told that her hands were not suited to the piano and, as a consequence, she would never be a virtuoso. She then switched her focus to studying composition at the National Conservatory of Paris. At the age of nineteen, she received the First Harmony Prize of the Conservatory from Francis Poulenc himself. On that occasion, he told her that at least 10 more years of unremitting work and ascetic life would be necessary before she could—maybe—aspire to a career as a composer. Picturing herself living like a Carmelite nun at the Fontenay Abbey, she cut short the musical career she had undertaken as a tribute to her mother. Putman decided to satisfy her curiosity and creative instincts another way. Professional beginnings (1945–1978)
At the age of 20 she had a serious bike accident, which she barely survived.Her characteristic posture stemmed from this event: she was a tall woman who stood straight and walked as if on a tightrope. Soon after the accident, she broke free from her initial career in music and from the illusion of safety her social environment offered her and decided to discover the world. One day, she emptied her bedroom and furnished it with just a hard iron bed, a chair and a Miró poster on the white walls. This early expression of her desire of independence led to a confrontation with her family who wondered "if she realises the sorrow she makes them feel?" "What can one do when one did not go to school and is a musician who stopped playing music? ", she asked her maternal grandmother, Madeleine Saint-René Taillandier. "Nothing except messenger," was the reply.Taking her grandmother's advice, Andrée started working as a messenger for Femina magazine. While taking care of all the dirty little jobs of the office, she observed with a sharp eye the social theatre which takes place during meetings. She worked for Elle and L'Oeil, a prestigious art magazine where the still-lives she imagined with objects of various styles and from different periods attracted attention. She identified what is sophisticated and innovative, widened her knowledge of designers... and walked by the Café de Flore every day. "We could see Antonin Artaud, Juliette Gréco, Giacometti, Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir… People who looked free and were emancipated from conventions." These first jobs allowed Andrée to meet artists, characters more familiar to her than intellectuals. At the time, she was not confident enough to fully express herself.She therefore stayed in the background rather to put the talents of others in the limelight, something for which she showed great talent since she was raised in an artistically-rich environment. Personally knowing what it is to "be trapped into the beaten tracks", she was moved by "people whose work is not understood", "impressed by these artists who do not look for anything else but remaining in the depth of their sincerity, their risk", she only wished to help them and establish a connection between them and the rest of the world. In the late 1950s, <mask> Aynard married <mask>, an art critic, collector and publisher. Together they associated with artists such as Pierre Alechinsky, Bram van Velde, Alberto Giacometti and Niki de Saint Phalle. In 1958, Putman collaborated with the retail chain Prisunic as Art Director of the Home Department, where her motto was to "design beautiful things for nothing". Her wish of making art available to a larger public also became a reality through Prisunic as she organised with her husband editions of lithographs by famous artists sold for only 100 Francs (1,73 €). In 1968, she distinguished herself in the style agency Mafia until Didier Grumbach spotted her in 1971 and hired her to start a new company which was aimed at developing the textile industry: Créateurs & Industriels.Her intuition led her to reveal many talented designers such as Jean-Charles de Castelbajac, Issey Miyake, Ossie Clark, Claude Montana and Thierry Mugler. It is at that moment that she went into interior design as she converted the former SNCF premises into a showroom and offices for the company. Ecart (1978–1995)
In the late 1970s, Créateurs & Industriels went bankrupt; Putman got divorced. She tried to materialise her intense feeling of emptiness: at the time she lived in a room furnished with only a bed and two lamps "in total austerity, because I no longer knew what I liked." Taking her friend Michel Guy's advice, she decided to found Ecart (which backwards is Trace). It is therefore at the age of 53 that <mask> <mask> really started the career which made her famous from Hong Kong to New York. She started by giving life again to forgotten designers from the 1930s: René Herbst, Jean-Michel Frank, Pierre Chareau, Robert Mallet-Stevens, Gaudi, Eileen Gray... "My only concern was to interest at least ten persons and I would have accomplished something which would carry me for all my life."These pieces of furniture won over not ten, but thousands of people. From releasing furniture to designing interiors, the evolution of activity came quite naturally. took the next logical step: "I loathe pompous luxury. I take interest in the essential, the framework, the basic elements of things." The interior design of the Morgans Hotel in New York in 1984 marked a turning point in <mask> <mask>'s career: she managed to make a high-standard hotel with a small budget and asserted her style with sober rooms and visual effects. "Because I started working in New York, the French suddenly asked for me." From the 1980s, she led more and more interior design projects: hotels such as Le Lac in Japan, Im Wasserturm in Germany and the Sheraton in Roissy-Charles de Gaulle airport in Paris; stores for Azzedine Alaia, Balenciaga, Bally and Lagerfeld; offices, particularly the one for French Minister of Culture Jack Lang in 1984; and museums like the CAPC, Bordeaux's contemporary art museum.The Andrée Putman Studio (1997–nowadays)
In 1997, <mask> <mask> created her eponymous Studio, specialising in interior design, product design and scenography. When she imagined objects, she refused the excess of striving to re-design pieces which were perfectly designed by others in the past. "We have to accept that many things can no longer be changed – or very slightly. If we change them, we have to add humour, detachment. What interests me: a joke in a collection, a sign of complicity." For example, when she began collaborating with Christofle in 2000, she designed a collection of silver cutlery, objects and jewellery named Vertigo. The common element of this collection was a slightly twisted ring: "the fact that this ring is twisted brings life to it: did it fall?Why is it asymmetrical? Life is made of imperfections. "She created a Champagne bucket for Veuve Clicquot and reinterpreted the iconic Louis Vuitton Steamer Bag. In 2001, Putman created "Préparation Parfumée". In 2003, she launched her own line of furniture "Préparation meublée" where the pieces were ironically named "Croqueuse de diamants", "Jeune bûcheron", "Bataille d'oreillers"... ("Gold digger", "Young lumberjack" and "Pillow fight"). In 2004, she creates a stunning Russian tea set for Gien: Polka. An interior designer, she carried out the projects for Pershing Hall in Paris, the Morgans Hotel in Manhattan, and the Blue Spa at the Hotel Bayerischer Hof in Munich.In 2005, Guerlain chooses the Studio Putman to re-design its flagship store on the Champs Elysées. Among notable private commissions are the Pagoda House in Tel Aviv, the vast SoHo penthouse for Serge and Tatiana Sorokko, and a cliff-house in Tangier for Bernard-Henri Lévy and Arielle Dombasle, for whom Putman completely restructured the building. In 2007, a new era began as Andrée's daughter <mask> agreed to take over the Art Direction of the Studio, a wish its founder had expressed for a long time. "We realised that time and Andrée's fame had turned our family name into an adjective. Qualified in History of Art and landscape architecture, Olivia wishes to perpetuate the eclecticism and curiosity her mother always claimed." In 2008, Paris Mayor Bertand Delanoë made Andrée President of the first Paris Design Comity, which aims at rethinking street furniture, Parisian public equipments and employees' uniforms. That same year, she presented Voie Lactée ("Milky Way"), the grand piano she designed for France's oldest piano manufacturer Pleyel and unveiled Entrevue, her creation for Bisazza at the Salone del Mobile in Milan.In June, the store she designed for fashion designer Anne Fontaine in New York was inaugurated, following the ones designed in Paris and Tokyo. The following year, <mask> and Olivia present the chair they designed for the American firm Emeco, a line of sunglasses for RAC Paris, a collection of carpets for Toulemonde Bochart, a knife for the Forge de Laguiole, as well as furniture for Fermob and Silvera. The Studio was also called upon to imagine the scenography for French singer Christophe's concerts at the Olympia and at Versailles, and the Madeleine Vionnet exhibition at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris. In October 2009, a new monograph dedicated to <mask> <mask>'s career is published by Rizzoli Editions. In 2010, Paris' City Hall paid tribute to <mask> <mask> by hosting a great exhibition about her life, for which Olivia is curator. The event <mask> <mask>, ambassador of style attracted more than 250,000 visitors. <mask> died at her apartment in the sixth arrondissement of Paris, on 19 January 2013, aged 87.Awards
2009 – BEST DESIGNER, voted by 4000 journalists
2008 – CHEVALIER DE LA LEGION D'HONNEUR, OFFICIER DES ARTS ET BELLES LETTRES, Paris, France
2006 – GALA SPA AWARD Für Bayerischer Hof, Baden-Baden, Germany
2005 – 1er PRIX VEUVE CLICQUOT DE LA FEMME D'AFFAIRES, Veuve Clicquot prize for her whole career
2002 – DER FEINSCHMECKER (allemagne) Hotel of the Year Award
N°1 Ritz-Carlton, Wolfsburg
N°3 Im Wassertum, Cologne
2001 – IIDA STAR AWARD, Chicago, USA
1999 – MODERNISM DESIGN AWARD For Lifetime Achievement Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York USA
1998 – HONORARY DOcTOR OF FINE ARTS DEGREE, The School of The Art Institute of Chicago. Chicago, USA
1997 – STARS OF THE DESIGN AWARD, pour l'oeuvre d'une toute une vie en Design d'Intérieur. PACIFIC DESIGN CENTER, WESTWEEK 97. Los Angeles, U.S.A
1996 – HONORARY DOCTOR OF FINE ARTS DEGREE PARSONS SCHOOL OF DESIGN, New York City
1996 – THE GOOD DESIGN AWARD, for industrial products sold worldwide, awarded by "The Chicago Athenaeum", Museum of Architecture and Design, Chicago, USA
1996 – BUSINESS TRAVELLER AWARD, Sheraton Aéroport de Paris- Meilleur Nouvel Hôtel dans le Monde, Décerné par Carlson Wagonlit
1995 – GRAND PRIX NATIONAL DE LA CREATION INDUSTRIELLE, given by Monsieur Philippe Douste-Blazy, Ministre de la Culture, Paris, France
1995 – BLENHEIM JEWELRY DISPLAY AWARD, Jewelers of America International- Bijouterie exposée à New York. ()

External links
 Studio Putman
 Mobilier national :  Andrée Putman

French interior designers
1925 births
2013 deaths
Businesspeople from Paris

masks:
Andrée Putman
Olivia Putman
Andrée Christine Aynard
Andrée
Jacques Putman
Andrée
Putman
Andrée
Putman
Andrée
Putman
Olivia Putman
Andrée
Andrée
Putman
Andrée
Putman
Andrée
Putman
Death Putman


texts:
<mask> (born 27 February 1943) is a Brazilian former football manager who holds the record for attending the most FIFA World Cup final tournaments as manager with six appearances. He also managed five different national teams in five editions of the FIFA World Cup. He managed Brazil to victory at the 1994 World Cup, the 2004 Copa América, and the 2005 Confederations Cup. He is also the only manager to have led two different Asian teams to conquer the AFC Asian Cup. He most recently managed the South Africa national football team. <mask> is one of the most successful managers to have never played football himself. Coaching career
<mask> supports Fluminense, and he has won two league titles for the club: The First Division Brazilian Championship in 1984 and the Third Division in 1999.About the latter title, <mask> has said that this was personally the most important trophy of his career, even more so than Brazil's World Cup triumph, as the club he loved was facing near-bankruptcy and became very close to extinction at the time. <mask> is one of two coaches that has led five national teams to the World Cup: Kuwait in 1982, United Arab Emirates in 1990, Brazil in 1994 and 2006, Saudi Arabia in 1998 and South Africa in 2010. The other coach, Bora Milutinović, reached this record when he led a fifth team in 2002. <mask> was also involved with the 1970 championship team for Brazil, which he claims was an inspiration for him to aspire to be a national football coach. In 1997, <mask> coached the MetroStars of the American Major League Soccer. He also coached Fenerbahçe in Turkey and won a Turkish League Championship. <mask> was in charge of Corinthians in 2002, which gave him two of the most important national trophies of 2002: The Brazilian Cup and the Torneio Rio-São Paulo, besides being runner up at the Brazilian League.When coaching Saudi Arabia at the 1998 World Cup in France, he was fired after two matches, one of three managers to be sacked during the tournament. <mask> repeatedly turned down offers to coach Brazil again between 1998 and 2002 World Cups. In end of 2000, when the team was in turmoil after firing Vanderlei Luxemburgo, he refused the post, stating that he did not want to relive the stress and pressure of winning the World Cup again. There were public cries again to replace Luiz Felipe Scolari for Parreira in July 2001 when Brazil lost two matches to Mexico and Honduras in its title defense at the 2001 Copa América in Colombia, especially after last minute invitee (replacing Argentina who dropped out one day before the kickoff) Honduras defeated 2–0 and eliminated the favorite Brazil in quarter finals round on July 23, 2001. <mask> only stated that he would indirectly assist Scolari in the 2002 campaign. After the 2002 World Cup, <mask> took part in drafting a technical report of the tournament. He was named coach along with Mario Zagallo as assistant director in January 2003, with the goal of defending their World Cup title in Germany 2006, but on July 1, 2006 Brazil was defeated and eliminated 0–1 by France in the quarterfinals.After Brazil's exit from the World Cup, <mask> was heavily criticized by the Brazilian public and media for playing an outdated brand of football and not using the players available to him properly. <mask> subsequently resigned on July 19, 2006. He coached Brazil to victory in the 1994 FIFA World Cup and was the coach of the South Africa national football team until resigning in April 2008. On October 22, 2009 it was announced he would return as head coach of South Africa. He announced a verbal agreement with the South African Football Association on October 23, 2009. He resumed coaching South Africa in 2009 in time for the 2010 World Cup. In South Africa, his team drew with Mexico, 1–1, in the tournament opener, lost to Uruguay, 3–0, and beat France, 2–1, to finish third in Group A.After the France game, he tried to shake hands with French coach Raymond Domenech but the latter refused. On 25 June 2010 he announced his retirement as football coach. Career statistics

Fitness coach
São Cristóvão (1967)
Vasco da Gama (1969)
Brazil (1970)
Fluminense (1970–1974)

Assistant coach
Brazil (Olympic Team) (1972)
Kuwait (1976–1977)

FIFA World Cup matches
<mask> has coached national squads in 23 games in FIFA World Cup finals. <mask>'s coaching record is 10–4–9 (Wins-Draws-Losses). His teams have scored 28 goals and conceded 32.

masks:
Carlos Alberto Gomes Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira


texts:
<mask><mask> is an American anthropologist and a Professor of Anthropology in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Maryland, College Park. He joined the Department of Anthropology in 1996 after working for the National Park Service for seven and a half years. His research interests include Historical Archaeology, Civic Engagement, African Diaspora, Labor Archaeology, and Heritage Studies. He teaches courses in Historical Archaeology, Archaeology of the Chesapeake, and Method and Theory in Archaeology. Education

<mask> earned his PhD in Anthropology, which was awarded with distinction, at the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1987. His dissertation focused on the archaeology and probate records from eighteenth-century Annapolis, Maryland and he described the development of modern behavior during early capitalism. Academic career

<mask> began his teaching career as an Adjunct Instructor, Department of Social Sciences, Suffolk Community College.During the summers of 1983 and 1984, he led a team of students in an archaeological excavation to locate the homestead of the founder of the Town of Islip, on Long Island. In 1984 and 1986 he served as an instructor in the Department of Anthropology at State University of New York at Buffalo, teaching Introduction to Archaeology, and Historical Archaeology. He co-taught a course with Barbara Little and Parker Potter in the Department of Social Sciences at Anne Arundel Community College in 1986. He served as a lecturer in Department of Anthropology, UMCP in the 1987–88 academic year, and served as a Visiting Asst. Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland College Park in 1988–1989. <mask> came to the Department of Anthropology at UMCP and served as an Assistant Professor from 1996–1999; Associate Professor from 1999–2002 and Professor from 2002–present. He served as Department Chair from 2008-2020.Research projects
<mask> participated in the Archaeology in Annapolis project and earned his PhD in 1987, examining archaeological materials, probate inventories, and courtesy/etiquette guide books. His dissertation examines the development of personal discipline and its relationship to the advent of the Industrial Revolution and the development of capitalism. In 1989 <mask> began working for Harpers Ferry National Historical Park as an archaeologist and he was part of a larger program related to the restoration of Lower Town Harpers Ferry. His extensive work at Harpers Ferry delves into issues of class and labor and has resulted in several books and articles. In 1996 <mask> came to the University of Maryland (UMCP) where he served as PI or Co-PI on several projects with the National Park Service. In 2002 he helped to initiate a long-term archaeology project at New Philadelphia, Illinois, a multi-racial town that was founded by a freed African American in 1836. In the 1860s the railroad bypassed New Philadelphia and by the 1920s it was virtually abandoned.In 2002 and 2003 the University of Maryland partnered with the Illinois State Museum (ISM), the University of Illinois (UI), and the friends group, the New Philadelphia Association (NPA), to perform an archaeological survey of the land. In 2004, UMCP received a 3-year National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates award that allowed <mask> to partner with UI and ISM to train undergraduates in archaeology and explore issues of race, class and ethnicity on the Illinois western frontier. New Philadelphia was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 2009. The Archaeological Conservancy is currently working to help preserve the land, and in 2014 a bill passed in the U.S. Senate and the United States House of Representatives to perform a Special Resource Study to determine the feasibility of making New Philadelphia a National Park. The site is currently being considered for National Park status. His recent work focuses on the anthracite region of Northeastern, Pennsylvania. During the fall and winter of 2010 an archaeological survey was conducted to locate the site of the Lattimer Massacre.In 1897, 25 miners of eastern European descent were killed while protesting for equal pay and better working conditions. Documentary research, oral histories and archaeological excavations of the domestic sites of coal miners and laborers in the coal patch towns of northeastern Pennsylvania is now the emphasis of the Anthracite Heritage Project. Since 2015, archaeology, preservation and heritage research has been conducted at Eckley Miners' Village, which is overseen by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. This research focuses on issues related to labor, class, and historic and contemporary immigration. Work continues with the Anthracite Heritage Museum in Scranton, PA to connect anthracite heritage with the established and newest immigrants to the region. Publications

Books authored

 1993 Personal Discipline and Material Culture: An Archaeology of Annapolis, Maryland, 1695–1870. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN.1996 Culture Change and The New Technology: An Archaeology of The Early American Industrial Era. Plenum Publishing Corp, New York, NY. 2000 Archaeology and Created Memory: Public History in a National Park. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishing, New York, NY. 2003 Memory in Black and White: Race, Commemoration, and the Post–Bellum Landscape. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California. 2006 "They Worked Regular": Craft, Labor, Family and the Archaeology of an Industrial Community (with Matthew Palus).University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 2008 The Making of Harpers Ferry National Historical Park: A Devil, Two Rivers, and a Dream (with Teresa Moyer). AltaMira Press, Lanham, MD. 2009 An Archaeology of American Labor and Working Class Life. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL. 2011 New Philadelphia: An Archaeology of Race in the Heartland. University of California Press, Berkeley.2014 Archaeology, Heritage and Civic Engagement: Working Toward the Public Good (with Barbara J. Little). Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA. 2018 Remembering Lattimer: Migration, Labor, and Race in Pennsylvania Anthracite Country. University of Illinois Press, Champaign/Urbana, IL. 2020. An Archaeology of Unchecked Capitalism: From the American Rust Belt to the Developing World.NY: Berghahn Books. Edited volumes

1992 Meanings and Uses of Material Culture (with Barbara J. Little). Historical Archaeology 26(3). 1994 An Archaeology of Harpers Ferry's Commercial and Residential District (with Susan E. Winter). Historical Archaeology 28(4). 1994 Historical Archaeology of The Chesapeake (with Barbara J.Little). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. 1998 Annapolis Pasts: Contributions From Archaeology in Annapolis (with <mask> and Mark S. Warner). The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee. 2001 Myth, Memory and The Making of The American Landscape. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. (Paper edition issued in 2008).2003 Remembering Landscapes of Conflict. Historical Archaeology 37(3). 2004 Places in Mind: Archaeology as [[Applied Anthropology]] (with Erve Chambers). Routledge Press, NY. 2007 Archaeology as a Tool of Civic Engagement (with Barbara Little). AltaMira Press, Lanham, Maryland. National Council for Public History Book Award finalist, 2008
2009 The Archaeology and Ethnography of Cultural Heritage Management (with David Gadsby and <mask> Jackson) Practicing Anthropology 31(3).2010 New Philadelphia: Racism, Community, and the Illinois (with Christopher Fennel and Terrance Martin) Historical Archaeology 44(1). 2011 Archaeologies of Engagement, Representation, and Identity (with David Gadsby) Historical Archaeology, 45(1). 2011 Heritage, Labour and the Working Class (with Laurajane Smith and Gary Campbell). Routledge Press, NY. 2013 Reversing the Narrative (with Michael Roller) Historical Archaeology, 47(3). 2014 Reprint of: Historical Archaeology of the Chesapeake (with Barbara J. Little).Percheron Press, Clinton Corners, New York. 2019. Heritages Haunting the American Narrative. (Hayes, Katherine, Barbara J. Little, and <mask>. Shackel. Eds.) International Journal of Heritage Studies.25(7). Selected Articles in Refereed Journals
1987 Toward a Critical Archaeology (with Mark P. Leone and Parker B. Potter Jr.). Current Anthropology 28(3): 283–301. 1992 Post–Processual Approaches to Meanings and Uses of Material Culture (with Barbara J. Little). In Meanings and Uses of Material Culture, edited by Barbara J. Little and <mask><mask>.Historical Archaeology 26(3): 5–11. 1995 Terrible Saint: Changing Meanings of the John Brown Fort. Historical Archaeology 29(4): 11–25. 1998 Classical and Liberal Republicanism and the New Consumer Culture. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 2(1): 1–20. 2001 Public Memory and the Search for Power in American Historical Archaeology. American Anthropologist 102(3): 655–670.2004 Labor's Heritage: Remembering the American Industrial Landscape. Historical Archaeology 38(4): 43–57. 2006 The Gilded Age: An Archaeology of Working-Class Communities (with Matthew Palus). American Anthropologist 108(4): 828-841. 2012 "The Gilded Age Wasn’t So Gilded in the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania (with Michael Roller)." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 16(4): 761-775. 2013 An Historical Archaeology of Labor and Social Justice.American Anthropologist 115(2): 212-215. 2016 The Meaning of Place in the Anthracite Region of Northeastern Pennsylvania. International Journal of Heritage Studies 22(3): 200-213. doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2015.1114009
2017 Transgenerational Impact of Structural Violence: Epigenetics and the Legacy of Anthracite Coal. International Journal of Historical Archaeology. doi.org/10.1007/s10761-017-0451-0
2018 "Immigration Heritage in the Anthracite Coal Region of Northeastern Pennsylvania." Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage 5(2):101-113. doi.org/10.1080/20518196.2017.1385947
2018 "Structural Violence and the Industrial Landscape." International Journal of Heritage Studies.https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2018.1517374
 2019 “Structural Violence and the Industrial Landscape.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 25(7): 750-762. doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2018.1517374

Awards

 Choice Award, 2004;– for Outstanding Academic Title: Memory in Black and White (2003 AtltaMira)
 National Society Daughters of the American Revolution Historic Preservation Medal: 2006;– For work to place New Philadelphia on the National Register of Historic Places. Ethel Jane Westfeldt Bunting Fellow: School for Advanced Research (SAR), Summer Fellowship, 2007. Santa Fe, New Mexico. 2008 NCPH Book Award finalist for Archaeology as a Tool of Civic Engagement (w/Barbara Little). WCRM Distinguished Scholar Lecture, Department of Anthropology at the University of Denver, Denver, CO, February, 2015
 Resident Scholar, Center for Heritage and Museum Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, October 2016
 Resident Scholar, Institute for Advanced Study, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, April, 2017
 Mark E. Mack Community Engagement Award, Society for Historical Archaeology, (Anthracite Heritage Project), January 2019

References

External links
Department of Anthropology
Society for Historical Archaeology
Article: Archaeologists unearthing earliest incorporated black town

1959 births
Living people
American anthropologists
American archaeologists
Suffolk County Community College faculty
University of Maryland, College Park faculty

masks:
Paul A
. Shackel
Shackel
Shackel
Shackel
Shackel
Shackel
Shackel
Shackel
Paul Mullins
Antoinette
Paul A
Paul A
. Shackel


texts:
<mask> (born December 14, 1942) is a former CNN commentator and occasional host of specials. In the summer of 2005, Cafferty joined The Situation Room. He left CNN after November 15, 2012. Career
<mask>ty & Company on WDAF-TV in Kansas City, Missouri. In 1974 he became the weeknight co-anchor, and later news director, at WHO-TV in Des Moines, Iowa. In 1977, <mask> moved to WNBC-TV in New York City as a weekend, then evening co-anchor on the station's 6:00 p.m. news hour.In 1979 Cafferty became co-anchor of WNBC-TV's 5:00 p.m weeknight newscast, and the following year he was joined on the program by Sue Simmons. Their show was reformatted as Live at Five, and its mix of news, features and celebrity interviews would prove successful for much of the 1980s. Cafferty left WNBC-TV in 1989 and joined rival WNYW, where he anchored the Fox flagship station's 7:00 p.m. news and a short-lived late night show, Newsline New York. In 1992 Cafferty moved to then-independent station WPIX, and co-anchored its 10:00 p.m. newscast until joining CNN in 1998. In the summer of 2005, Cafferty joined The Situation Room, CNN's weekday afternoon newscast. Cafferty also formerly co-anchored CNN's weekday morning broadcast, American Morning. On The Cafferty File, his nightly segment on The Situation Room, he offers commentary and personal opinions.In October 2006, Cafferty hosted a five-part miniseries on CNN titled Broken Government detailing problems with the two political parties, government bureaucracy and the federal court system. Viewer e-mail messages replaced the news crawl that usually appears on the bottom of the screen. Cafferty has earned many distinctions in his career, including the Edward R. Murrow Award, an Emmy award and the New York Associated Press State Broadcasters Award. Books
Cafferty is the author of the book It's Getting Ugly Out There: The Frauds, Bunglers, Liars, and Losers Who Are Hurting America, published on September 10, 2007 by John Wiley & Sons. The book is a satirical critique of political and social issues, including the long arm of big business, the Iraq War and Hurricane Katrina, expanding on many of themes covered on Cafferty's Situation Room segment and chastising the growing culture of sensationalism and tabloid journalism in modern news media. Portions of the book are autobiographical, describing Cafferty's childhood and short-lived military career as well as his foray into journalism. According to Cafferty: "Very little of my back story qualifies as Hallmark Card material, but it may help you to make sense of the way I see and interpret what's going on around me."<mask>'s second book, entitled Now or Never: Getting Down to the Business of Saving Our American Dream was published by Wiley on March 9, 2009. Political positions

Bush administration
<mask> initially supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He says he "bought the whole song and dance about WMDs. I was caught up in the national hysteria that followed 9/11, and was captive to the political manipulation, if you will, that took place in all of us." He revised his position when the Downing Street memo was leaked in 2005 and has since become a harsh critic of the administration. On the Iraq War, <mask> stated, "The Bush administration used 9/11 as an excuse to start the war in Iraq. People make a lot of money during wartime – $600 billion we've spent there so far – and a lot of that money has gone to friends of the administration, and of course there is all that oil.I don't think for a single second there was anything honorable about the decision to invade a sovereign country. They had nothing to do with 9/11 and had done nothing to the United States. But hey... what do I know?" On February 15, 2006, when Fox News Channel commentator Brit Hume interviewed Vice-President Dick Cheney after he had shot Harry Whittington in a hunting accident, Cafferty remarked, "I would guess it didn't exactly represent a profile in courage for the vice-president to wander over there to the F-word network for a sitdown with Brit Hume. I mean, that's a little like Bonnie interviewing Clyde, ain't it?" As this is a common euphemism used at CNN to refer to Rupert Murdoch's network, Cafferty later clarified: "Get your mind out of the gutter. The F-word is Fox."Cafferty was reprimanded by the president of CNN when he called Donald Rumsfeld "an obnoxious jerk and war criminal" on the eve of the 2006 midterm election. He made an on-air acknowledgment of having "stepped over the line", but later told the interviewer, "I will go to my grave as <mask>ty, private citizen, believing that these people committed war crimes." On August 19, 2008, he wrote an article comparing John McCain to George W. Bush, concluding that "I fear to the depth of my being that John McCain is just like him." U.S. Democratic Party
Cafferty repeatedly accused the Democratic Party of failing to honor their campaign promises to end the Iraq War: "The Democrats were handed a golden opportunity to challenge President Bush on the war when they were given control of Congress in the midterm elections in 2006. So far they have done absolutely nothing." Cafferty once stated that "It seems the Democrats are the greatest thing the Republicans have going for them sometimes." When House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said that Republicans were using filibuster tactics to block measures to withdraw American troops from Iraq, Cafferty declared: "Baloney, Madam Speaker.Appropriations bills for the war must pass the House of Representatives by a simple majority. It is completely within your power to stop the funding of the war in Iraq. You have simply chosen not to do so. In fact, I did a little homework. The Speaker of the House of Representatives decides which pieces of legislation even come to the floor of the House debate and/or a vote." Controversial remarks
Cafferty's outspoken and provocative style of commentary has on occasion led to public outcry. Though he acknowledges his habit of "saying some pretty outrageous stuff", Cafferty has characterized this as part of his job description: "I get paid to ask questions I don't know the answers to and to complain about the things that bother me."Air America Radio
During <mask>'s time as a co-anchor of CNN's morning program, he reported on March 31, 2004 that "It's a red-letter day here in America. Air America, that communist radio network, starts broadcasting in a little while." Cafferty was unyielding when CNN colleague Soledad O'Brien responded by saying that the new talk-radio network was not communist but liberal. He replied: "Well. Aren't they synonymous?" Middle East
The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee has accused Cafferty of having a "simplistic" view of the Middle East. Cafferty courted controversy on September 23, 2004 while discussing terrorist demands for the release of two women scientists from an Iraqi prison and remarking: "Given the way these mutants treat women in their societies, the women are probably better off in U.S. custody.They treat women like furniture in those countries. If I was a woman, I think I’d rather be in an American jail cell than I would be living with one of those, whatever they are over there." On November 17, 2004, touching on the kidnapping and murder of the Wall Street Journal's South Asia Bureau Chief Daniel Pearl, <mask> remarked: "The Arab World is where innocent people are kidnapped, blindfolded, tied up, tortured and beheaded, and then videotape of all of this is released to the world as though they’re somehow proud of their barbarism. Somehow, I wouldn’t be too concerned about the sensitivity of the Arab world. They don’t seem to have very much. It's going to come down to them or us." The next day the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee accused Cafferty of "hateful rhetoric" and stated that he had "a history of insensitive remarks towards many minority groups".China
On the April 9, 2008 broadcast of CNN's The Situation Room, asked to comment on the United States' relationship with China, Cafferty responded: "I think they're basically the same bunch of goons and thugs they've been for the last 50 years". The Legal Immigrant Association started an online petition calling for a formal apology, indicating that Cafferty's rant was anti-Chinese and had the effect of exacerbating negative attitudes held by Americans toward Chinese and Chinese Americans. On the April 14, 2008 broadcast of CNN's Situation Room, <mask> clarified his remarks: "Last week, during a discussion of the controversy surrounding China's hosting of the Olympic Games, I said that the Chinese are basically the same bunch of goons and thugs they have been for the last 50 years. I was referring to the Chinese government, and not to Chinese people or to Chinese Americans." CNN issued a controversial apology on April 14, to "anyone who has interpreted the comments to be causing offense." Not satisfied with CNN's response, several thousand demonstrators picketed CNN's Atlanta, Georgia and Hollywood offices and demanded that CNN remove him from the network. A protest was held on April 26, 2008 in front of CNN headquarters in Atlanta.On the same day, a few thousand Chinese and Chinese Americans protested in front of a CNN office in San Francisco. On May 15, 2008, according to Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang, CNN President Jim Walton sent a letter to Zhou Wenzhong, Chinese ambassador to the United States: "On behalf of CNN I'd like to apologize to the Chinese people for that. CNN has the highest respect for Chinese people around the world and we have no doubt that there was genuine offense felt by them over the <mask>ty commentary." CNN, however, denies that an apology to the Chinese government was ever made, stating that it was meant for the Chinese people alone. Sarah Palin
On the September 26, 2008 edition of The Situation Room, Cafferty criticized Republican presidential candidate John McCain's vice presidential nominee, Alaska governor Sarah Palin after she did what he referred to as a "disastrous interview" with CBS news anchor Katie Couric when she could not clearly answer Couric's questions about the federal government's intervention into Wall Street. Cafferty went on to say that "if John McCain wins, this woman will be one 72 year old's heart beat away from becoming President of the United States, and if that doesn't scare the hell out of you, it should!" He went further to say that her interview with Couric was the most pathetic tape he had ever seen.When Wolf Blitzer came to Palin's defense, Cafferty snapped back indicating "there's no excuse for that, don't make excuses for her, that's pathetic!" Nancy Pelosi
Cafferty has been outspokenly critical of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi for failing to call for an impeachment against President Bush, calling her the "most awful" Speaker Congress has ever had. Cafferty sparked some national controversy among some liberal watchdog groups, particularly Media Matters for America during the January 12, 2010 broadcast of The Situation Room, in which Cafferty called her a "horrible woman" for refusing to disclose the precise cost of her trip to the Copenhagen Climate Summit, that Cafferty felt was a complete waste of tax payer money. Reckless driving incident
Cafferty pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident and misdemeanor charges of reckless driving, assault and harassment after striking a cyclist and knocking him off his bike on May 14, 2003. The bicyclist was slightly injured. A traffic officer and several pedestrians ran after Cafferty's car, but he ran at least two red lights without stopping, according to a police complaint. Cafferty was sentenced to a $250 fine and 70 hours of community service.Personal life
<mask> was born in Chicago. He is a recovering alcoholic, an addiction he later attributed to his father's influence. "I was actually taught to drink, without even realizing what was going on, by my dad", he said. On the September 5, 2008 episode of The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer, it was revealed that <mask>'s wife of 35 years, Carol, had died that day of unknown causes. Cafferty acknowledged on his CNN blog that his wife had been responsible for his decision to quit drinking. Cafferty has been a resident of Cedar Grove, New Jersey. References

External links

 <mask> – official CNN bio.The Cafferty File – Cafferty's CNN blog. In the Money – CNN site. It's Getting Ugly Out There – Cafferty site. 1942 births
American broadcast news analysts
American Lutherans
American television journalists
CNN people
Living people
Television anchors from New York City
People from Cedar Grove, New Jersey
People from Chicago
Edward R. Murrow Award (CPB) winners
News & Documentary Emmy Award winners
American male journalists
Journalists from Illinois

masks:
Jack Cafferty
Caffertyfer
Cafferty
Cafferty
Cafferty
Cafferty
Jack Caffer
Cafferty
Cafferty
Jack Cafferty
Jack Caffer
Cafferty
Cafferty
Jack Cafferty


texts:
<mask><mask> (Tawacin WasteWin) (January 21, 1928 – October 20, 2001) was a Native American educator, activist, and prominent member of the Baháʼí Faith. She worked closely with indigenous activists in supporting the American Indian Religious Freedom Act. After joining the Baháʼí Faith in 1988, she was elected as the first Native American woman to serve on the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States. In 1991 she was a MacArthur Fellow, represented the US National Baháʼí community in Beijing at the Fourth World Conference on Women, and she was honored with the Indigenous Language Institute's Those Who Make a Difference award in 2001 just before her death. Posthumously she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 2006, and in 2014 was a National Race Amity Conference honoree of a Race Amity Medal of Honor and the Google Cultural Institute included her in its listing Showcasing Great Women. Her son is renowned hoop dancer, flute player, and storyteller <mask>. Biography

Early life
Registered as <mask>, daughter of John and Eva (Flying Earth) McGillis was born January 21, 1928, <mask> was raised on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation in present day Idaho as a Standing Rock Sioux, Hunkpapa band of Dakota descent, and Mississippi Band of White Earth Chippewa.Her father, of Scottish and Ojibway descent, worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs and enlisted during World War I after appealed the rejection because at the time Indians weren't considered citizens elligble for service. Her Lakota name Tawacin WasteWin means "She has a good consciousness, a compassionate woman." In 1935 <mask> participated in a demonstration of Lakota culture in dance and story telling at a local junior high school with her father and mother. <mask> graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1951. She was married to Charles E<mask> from 1952 to 1975; their son is <mask> and daughter Winona Flying Earth. She taught at University of California, Los Angeles, San Francisco State University, Alaska Methodist University, the University of Colorado, and the University of Southern Maine, to name a few. In 1969 she offered an oral history which is held at the Library of Congress.In 1970 she spoke out that Indians need to be the priority in solving social problems among Indians. <mask> believed that there is a fundamental difference in values between Native Americans and Western society, and that Native Americans should have the autonomy to solve issues among themselves. She saw to it her son Kevin was taught his heritage and sent him to the Institute of American Indian Arts for high school. <mask> would go on to become a renowned storyteller, flute player, and hoop dancer who founded the Patricia Locke Foundation in honor of his mother. Indigenous Activism
In 1975 she was the keynote speaker to the Native American Teacher Training Program with a topic "Competency-Based Native American Education". She spoke out against federal government regulations affecting Indian governments in 1978, supporting the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, and was appointed to the Interior Department Task Force on Indian Education Policy in 1979. Over time she also helped 17 tribes to establish Indian colleges.<mask> spoke out against federal government regulations affecting Indian governments in 1978, supporting the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, which led to the establishment of religious freedom for indigenous groups that had previously been stripped away. Soon after, <mask> was appointed to the Interior Department Task Force on Indian Education Policy in 1979. <mask> also played an instrumental role in the establishment of 17 different Indian colleges led and organized exclusively by indigenous groups in North America. She assisted in the passing of the Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act of 1978, which guaranteed federal aid to tribally run community colleges as long as a majority of their student body and board committee were indigenous. These colleges provided access to college education for indigenous people who wanted to stay connected with their people and culture. The Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act of 1978 also provided permits for the construction of future community colleges which would be run by exclusively Native groups. <mask> was a strong supporter of the revisions to the American Indian Religious Freedom Act in 1994, which was passed by Bill Clinton.These revisions looked at the shortcomings of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act and how to remedy those shortcomings. Peyote, which is often used in indigenous ritual practices, was considered a Schedule One Drug, meaning those in possession of peyote were in violation of the law. This 1994 amendment ensured that peyote could be used for proper religious ritual purposes. Baháʼí Faith
In August 1988 she joined her son on the Trail of Light expedition of Native American Baháʼís traveling to South America. <mask>'s trip, which lasted from August 13 to September 5 involved meeting with and spreading ideas and Baháʼí teachings in South America. Soon she lived on the Standing Rock Reservation and was a Baháʼí for the last 10 years of her life. During her time at Standing Rock she contributed a series of articles to a local newspaper describing Lakota life, ideals, and instances of feeling injustice the editor hoped would build bridges of understanding with the area's non-indigenous population.In 1989 <mask> interviewed Jacqueline Left Hand Bull for the newspaper about her view of the relationship of the Baháʼí Faith and Lakota belief especially in regards to the White Buffalo Woman - "When she said she'd return, it was a promise. Some of us believe that the promise has been fulfilled." and <mask> was particularly struck that, in Baháʼu'lláh's foundational experience, there was a vision of "a woman ... dressed in white". She was the first Native Indian woman to serve on the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States and, up to her time, held the highest office of any Indian to serve. The same year she also co-authored a paper "The Effects of Testing on Native Americans" for the National Commission on Testing and Public Policy. During that 1993 Parliament of Religions she was among those who, as part of the Native delegation and speaking as a Baháʼí delegate along with then Continental Counsellor Jacqueline Left Hand Bull, attempted to have a resolution adopted by the Parliament named "American Indian Declaration of Vision 1993" which said in part:

One hundred years ago, during the 1893 Parliament of World Religions, the profoundly religious Original Peoples of the Western Hemisphere were not invited. We are still here and still struggling to be heard for the sake of our Mother Earth and our children.Our spiritual and physical survival continues to be threatened all over the hemisphere, we feel compelled to ask you to join us in restoring the balances of humanity and Mother Earth in these ways:
 Acknowledgement of the myriad of messengers of the Creator, the Great Mystery, to the peoples of the Western Hemisphere. Support in promoting, preserving and maintaining our Indigenous languages and cultures. The resolution was initially adopted by a near-unanimous vote by the delegates yet was ultimately nullified by Dr. David Ramage Jr., the Chair of the Council Parliament at that time, who overruled the vote because of a conflict over the Inter caetera Bull and the basic roll of the Parliament to discuss rather than take action. The main issue indigenous groups had with the Inter caetera Bull was that it advocated for Christian subjugation of Native peoples and their land. While the 1993 Parliament of Religions showed increased religious and cultural diversity compared to the previous conference in 1893, the representation of religions was still male-dominated, and a refusal to denounce the Inter caetera Bull upset many of the indigenous attendees. In 1994 she returned in support of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act in its later revision. In 1995 <mask> served as chair of the Indigenous Women's Caucus at Fourth World Conference on Women, and represented the US National Baháʼí community, in Beijing.In earlier 2001 she was invited to deliver a lecture at the University of Maryland  - hers was entitled "Indigenous Women's Perspectives on Unity". <mask> died while in Phoenix, Arizona, on October 20, 2001, of heart-failure and was buried in nearby Paradise Valley, Arizona. Her grandson, Anpao Duta Flying Earth, continues her work in indigenous language revitalization efforts and service to the community of Native Americans. Since 2016, Anpao Duta Flying Earth has served as the Head of School at the Native American Community Academy (NACA) located in New Mexico. In 2019, he became the Acting Director of NACA. Awards
In 1991, <mask> received the MacArthur Genius Grant for her work in the preservation of Native American languages. At the time <mask> received this award, she was the only indigenous woman of North America to ever receive this honor.Artist Hollis Sigler collaborated with <mask> from 1998 to 1999 to create a piece titled 20 Years of Joy. On October 13, 2001, just one week before <mask> passed away, she and her son <mask> received the "Those Who Make a Difference" award presented by the Indigenous Language Institute (ILI). <mask> was recognized as an accomplished storyteller and hoop dancer who worked to preserve the Lakota tradition alongside his mother. After <mask>'s passing, in 2005, she was inducted into the Nation Women's Hall of Fame. The award recognized her work as an educator and Lakota language expert, as well as her work in the creation of numerous colleges that were run entirely by Lakota tribes. The National Women's Hall of Fame also highlighted her accomplishments working on committees such as the World Assembly of First Nations in 1982 and the Indigenous Women's Caucus in 1985. In 2014, the National Race Amity Conference honored <mask> with the Medal of Honor.Before this award, <mask> had been a National Race Amity Conference honoree, but it was not until her passing that she received the Medal of Honor. Jacqueline Left Hand Bull said of her:
"... Tawacin Wastewin chose to follow a life path of service to her people, who at first were American Indians, grew to include all indigenous people, and by the end of her remarkable life, had grown to include all of her human family. ... In both personal matters and through interaction with the world around her, she began to tread a path that insisted upon justice. To obtain justice, she understood that power was needed, and soon it became clear that true power is spiritual, not material. ..."

In 2011 John Kolstoe published a biography Compassionate Woman: The Life and Legacy of <mask>. His book shows both the professional accomplishments of <mask> as well as her personal connections to her family.The Patricia Locke Foundation
In 2018, <mask> created the Patricia Locke Foundation, which aims to educate indigenous peoples and children in the importance of their ancestral languages and spiritual connections. The Patricia Locke Foundation also works to support business led by Native Women, as well as provide legal support for indigenous peoples when necessary. This organization seeks to invest in younger generations who they believe will shape the future and pass on indigenous traditions to future generations. See also
Baháʼí Faith and Native Americans
Baháʼí Faith and gender equality

References

20th-century American women educators
20th-century American educators
1928 births
2001 deaths
Female Native American leaders
American Bahá'ís
20th-century Bahá'ís
Lakota leaders
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
San Francisco State University faculty
University of Colorado faculty
MacArthur Fellows
People from La Paz County, Arizona
20th-century Native American women
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native American women
Native American educators

masks:
Patricia A
. Locke
Kevin Locke
Patricia Ann McGillis
Locke
Locke
Locke
. Locke
Kevin Locke
Patricia Locke
Kevin Locke
Patricia Locke
Patricia Locke
Patricia Locke
Patricia Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Patricia Locke
Locke
Patricia Locke
Patricia Locke
Kevin Locke
Kevin Locke
Patricia Locke
Patricia Locke
Locke
Patricia Locke
Locke
Kevin Locke


texts:
<mask> (born April 24, 1966) is an American writer, activist, and television personality. <mask> is the author of 14 books, including The Education of <mask>: A Boy's Journey into Manhood and When We Free the World published in 2020. <mask> was a senior writer during the founding years of VIBE magazine from 1992 to 1996. <mask>’s activism has focused on ending poverty, advocating for social justice and counteracting violence against women and girls through local, national and international initiatives. He was a Democratic candidate for Congress in Brooklyn, New York, in 2008 and 2010. <mask> was the curator for the first exhibit on the history of hip-hop in America at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. In 2014, he was invited by the Welsh Government to the United Kingdom for a series of lectures and workshops on the 100th birthday of 20th century poet Dylan Thomas.As a result, he was named the International Ambassador for the Dylan Thomas Centennial in America. Cornell University owns The Kevin Powell Archive, documenting his work to date in print, photos, videos, books, handwritten notes, speeches, and select memorabilia beginning with his appearance in the first season of the first television reality series MTV's, The Real World: New York in 1992. Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in Jersey City, NJ where his parents met after moving from South Carolina. Abandoned by his father, <mask> was raised by a single mother from the South in the one-bedroom apartment they shared with his aunt and her son. Throughout a childhood marked by poverty, violence and abuse, <mask> maintained a passion for reading and spent hours in the public library. He credits his mother with ensuring he received a better education than her own, and for instilling in him a commitment to learning. He and his cousin were the first in their family to graduate high school, and in 1984 <mask> enrolled in Rutgers University through the Educational Opportunity Fund, a program created during the Civil Rights Movement to benefit poor youth.His memoir, The Education of <mask>: A Boy's Journey into Manhood tells this story of his upbringing. At Rutgers, <mask> studied political science, English and philosophy with the ambition of becoming a professional writer. Cheryl Wall introduced him to the critical study of Harlem Renaissance writers such as Richard Wright, Langston Hughes, Ralph Ellison, and black female authors such as Zora Neal Hurston. Becoming immersed in classic African American books such as The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Manchild in the Promised Land, as well as poets from the Black Arts Movement such as Sonia Sanchez, Nikki Giovanni and Amiri Baraka, he was motivated to become an activist and student leader. He helped to organize support for the anti-apartheid movement, Jesse Jackson's 1988 presidential campaign and voter registration campaigns, and other social justice initiatives. Career

Early work
<mask> began his journalism career while in college as a contributing reporter to the Black American newspaper where he covered stories such as the racially motivated killing of Michael Griffith in Howard Beach, Queens. In 1992, he was an original cast member of The Real World: New York, the first season of the MTV reality television series in which a group of strangers live together for several months.During his stay in The Real World house, <mask> sparked controversial discussions with his housemates, raising incendiary issues about racial stereotypes. In episode 11 of The Real World, the MTV production crew followed <mask> to the Nuyorican Poet’s Café where he was a regular participant in the open mic Poetry Slam competition, created by the café’s founder, Miguel Algarin. <mask> had been presenting his poetry there since 1990 when he first attended an open mic to read a poem called “For Aunt Cathy.” The episode is credited with bringing a national spotlight to the venue and popularizing the concept of a competitive poetry slam. MTV's producers cast <mask> as the host of “Straight from the Hood: An MTV News Special Report.”  Airing in 1993, it profiled the state of affairs for young people in South Central Los Angeles following the Rodney King verdict and riots. Writing
While The Real World was still in production, <mask> was tapped to join VIBE magazine, launched under the leadership of Quincy Jones. From 1992-1996, <mask> worked as part of the magazine's editorial team. His cover story on the group Naughty-By-Nature appeared in the first issue of the publication.He wrote the magazine’s first profile of Snoop Dogg and went on to report on notable figures in hip hop and black music both in print and on television as host and producer of HBOs “VIBE Five” TV segments. <mask> wrote a series of cover stories on rapper Tupac Shakur. Of his relationship with Shakur, <mask> explained, “He said to me in that first interview that he wanted me to be Alex Haley as in Alex Haley of "Roots" to his Malcolm X because I think he knew from the very beginning 'I have a very short window to live.' ”  <mask>’s first VIBE cover story on Shakur was the 1994, "Is Tupac Crazy or Just Misunderstood?" His 1995 cover story on Shakur, “Ready to Live,” – featuring an interview conducted while Shakur was jailed in Riker’s Island – became one of the magazine’s bestsellers. His third and last before the rapper’s murder was the 1996, “Live From Death Row,” a cover with Shakur, Suge Knight, Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre in a shoot inspired by the movie poster for Goodfellas. In 2016, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Shakur’s death, VIBE published “Prayer, Passion, Purpose,” <mask>’s previously unreleased interview following Shakur’s release from Riker’s Island in 1996.<mask> wrote for Esquire, Newsweek, The Washington Post, Essence, Rolling Stone, New York Amsterdam News, Ebony, TIME, CNN.com, ESPN.com, BBC, The Washington Post, The New York Times, and Huffington Post. <mask>’s articles evolved to draw connections between contemporary pop culture, and the heritage of black artists and writers, such as the Ebony magazine piece “Black Music’s Bosses, Legends and Game Changers.” He wrote the 2006 story of comedian Dave Chappelle's return to the public spotlight, in Esquire magazine: “Heaven Hell Dave Chappelle: The Agonizing Return of the Funniest Man in America.”

<mask> has also written reflections on his own history, such as “Letter to my Father,”  “Me and Muhammed Ali" published in ESPN’s The Undefeated blog, and "The Sexist in Me,” a piece which marked the beginning of his work around redefining black manhood and advocating for women and girls. Highlights of his articles and essays include: “Between Russell Simmons and The World and Oprah,” examining the allegations of rape and sexual abuse against Simmons; his 2020 profile of Georgia politician Stacey Abrams in The Washington Post Magazine; The New York Times piece “A Letter from a Father to a Child,” a message to his future child about surviving a world filled with fear, violence, sexism and racism; and The New York Times article, “In Close Quarters, a Mother of 6 Battles Coronavirus,” a look at the plight of an urban family facing the COVID-19 pandemic in the Bronx. Since 1992, <mask> has written 14 books. His first, In the Tradition: An Anthology of Young Black Writers was co-edited with Ras Baraka and proclaimed “a new black consciousness movement,” in response to the Black Power and Black Arts movements of the 1970s and 1980s. More than 50 writers contributed to the book including Elizabeth Alexander, Gordon Chambers, Tony Medina, and Willie Perdomo. His second book recognize was his first complete volume of poetry, published in 1995.In 1997, he followed with Keepin’ it Real: Post MTV Reflections on Race, Sex and Politics, his first solo full-length volume, a collection of essays. <mask>’s 2000 Anthology, Step into A World: A Global Anthology of the New Black Literature is a collection of work by more than 100 writers. Entries included pieces from Malcolm Gladwell, Daphne Brooks, Erin Aubrey, Scott Poulson-Bryant,Junot Diaz, Christopher John Farley, John Keene, Victor D. La Valle, Phylis Alesia Perry, and Bernardine Evaristo. In 2002, he returned as editor for Who Shot Ya? : Three Decades of Hip Hop Photography. It was the first major pictorial history of hip-hop culture, featuring more than 200 photographs by Ernie Paniccioli. A series of essay and poetry collections followed: Who's Gonna Take The Weight?Manhood, Race, and Power in America also published in 2002; Someday We'll All Be Free in 2006; and No Sleep Till Brooklyn, New and Selected Poems in 2008. His 2008, The Black Male Handbook: A Blueprint for Life edited with contributions from Lasana Omar Hotep, Jeff Johnson, Byron Hurt, Dr. William Jelani Cobb, Ryan Mack, Kendrick B. Nathaniel, and Dr. Andre L. Brown and a foreword by Hill Harper, tackled issues related to political, practical, cultural, and spiritual matters, and ending violence against women and girls. In 2009, following the presidency of George W. Bush, <mask> looked at America in the age of Barack Obama and questioned the long-term viability of a truly progressive, multicultural political coalition in his book of essays called, Open Letters to America. His next volume, Barack Obama, Ronald Reagan, and the Ghost of Dr. King, addressed the news headlines and the concerns of the times from the killing of Trayvon Martin to the Occupy Wall Street protests, the Penn State sex scandal. <mask> released a memoir, The Education of <mask>: A Boy's Journey into Manhood, in 2015. According to Kirkus Reviews, “The author’s story is powerful and unsparing. By the end, his narrative bears witness not only to the life of one black man, but to an American society still bound to a tragic history of racism.Raw-edged honesty at its most revealing and intense.”

In 2018, he published My Mother, Barack Obama, Donald Trump and The Last Stand of the Angry White Man, in which he examines the major issues of the times, challenging society’s complacency over the concerns that plague Black America, and turning an unflinching lens upon himself. In doing so, The Washington Post says, “He poignantly sketches his journey from a violent past that included physically assaulting his girlfriend and being placed under a restraining order, through reading feminist writers, speaking, writing, talking with circles of men and many hours of therapy to emerge as an introspective ‘man,’ in the very best definition of that noun - even as he acknowledges that he is still a work in progress.”

In 2020, <mask> released When We Free the World, as an Apple Books e-book citing the desire to get away from “horrific” and “unfair” publishing industry contracts that had prevented him from earning any royalties on his prior books. <mask> curated a collection of essays, blogs, poetry, and journal entries that comprise the anthology, 2020: The Year that Changed America, published as an e-book in January, 2021. The book is dedicated to the memory of Miguel Algarín, the main founder of the Nuyorican Poets Café, to the victims and survivors of COVID-19, and to essential workers. Proceeds are being donated to the youth writing program, Urban World NYC. Activism
African-American social networking tool BlackPlanet featured <mask> as "Riser of the Month" in February 2011 for his support of the African-American community. Politics
In 2006, <mask> launched his first bid to unseat Edolphus Towns in New York's 10th congressional district, located in Brooklyn, discontinuing his campaign in July of that year.In 2008, <mask> ran for Congress again, in a campaign that was backed by Chris Rock and what ABC News described as "big names from Brooklyn's 10th district". During the campaign, Towns made frequent reference to <mask>'s self-professed early history of violence against women. These references were addressed by <mask> in an open letter to Ed Towns, where he also appealed to Towns to focus on issues. In a June 2008 interview with Theodore Hamm in The Brooklyn Rail, <mask> addressed media coverage focusing on his past: "My issue of violence against women happened between 1987–1991, which is now seventeen years ago. I've written about it very prominently [...] I think if you're going to be a public servant, regardless if you're an elected official ... you have a responsibility to be transparent and accountable for everything you do." <mask> lost this race 67%–32%, receiving 11,046 votes compared to 22,586 for Edolphus Towns. <mask> announced that he would run again in 2010.<mask> lost again in 2010 and later ruled out running in 2012. Publications
 In the Tradition: An Anthology of Young Black Writers, Edited by <mask> and Ras Baraka (1993) ()
 recognize Poetry by <mask> (1995) ()
 Keepin' It Real: Post-MTV Reflections On Race, Sex, and Politics Essays by <mask> (1997) ()
 Step into a World: A Global Anthology of The New Black Literature Edited by <mask> (2000) ()
 Who Shot Ya? Three Decades of Hiphop Photography Photographs by Ernie Ernie Paniccioli, Edited by <mask> (2002) ()
 Who's Gonna Take The Weight?

masks:
Kevin Powell
Powell
Kevin Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Kevin Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Kevin Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Kevin Powell
Kevin Powell
Kevin Powell
Kevin Powell


texts:
<mask> was a pre-World War II African American professional basketball player from Philadelphia. As a boy, <mask> played at the Christian Street YMCA along with Charles "Tarzan" Cooper, Zack Clayton, and Bill Yancey. There they began four fruitful careers on a squad called the Tribune Men. "Clown Prince of Basketball"
As early as 1927, playing alongside "Stretch" Cooper for the Philadelphia Scholastics, <mask> was reported to have been "the sensation while in New England" by the Baltimore Afro-American. Six years later, playing alongside Clayton and Yancey for the Philadelphia Giants in another New England swing, <mask> reportedly entered a contest in the 2nd quarter with the Giants on the wrong side of a 20–7 score and, described as "unquestionably one of the best semi-pro players in the business," proceeded to hit "long shot after long shot" to tighten the game. Following a Clayton fielder that brought the Giants to within a point, <mask> "let a long shot fly that registered the winning digits" in a 32–31 win over the St Joseph's Polish Hearts. By 1933 <mask> was commonly called the "Clown Prince of basketball", a label that came to be identified with the Harlem Globetrotters' biggest names like Goose Tatum and Meadowlark Lemon.Within a year the nickname of "Clown Prince" had followed <mask> to Chicago, whence he starred for the Savoy Big Five (also known as the Chicago Crusaders) along with such teammates as Jack Mann, Clayton, and Billy Yancey's brother John Yancey. New York Rens
Following his successful foray as a Chicagoan <mask> reunited with Bill Yancey and Tarzan Cooper on the New York Rens. Along with David "Big Dave" DeJernett <mask> received top billing as a new Rens' star for the fabled team that had recently suffered the loss of sharpshooter Pappy Ricks. According to the Sheboygan Press, "Jack 'Rabbit' Bethards and 'Wee Willie' Smith play(ed) the leading roles in the comedy as they clown and burlesque with players and fans as well." While he undeniably was a star with the Rens, earning the moniker "ShowBoat,"  <mask> only played for the club in 1935–36 and 1936–37, before being replaced in a sense by high school-to-pros phenom Johnny Isaacs. <mask> clearly kept good relations with Tarzan Cooper. Cooper once described a memorable 4th-quarter duel in 1928 between <mask>, playing for the Philadelphia Giants, and the Rens' star guard Clarence "Fats" Jenkins, saying "We gave the ball to <mask>.Fats, a master at the art of freezing, tried to take the ball away from him. I will never forget the things <mask> pulled...and he kept the ball in his possession for three minutes, kept it away from one of the greatest players the game has ever known". en route to the Giants' tense 31–29 win over the Rens in Boston. The following year, in 1929, the outcome was similar:  "Gorilla" <mask> was described as the Giants' brightest star, his "humorous antics" keeping the crowd on edge and his "all-around playing ability on a level with the best in the business" as the Giants again beat the NY Rens in Boston, 25–23. For one of <mask>' last performances as a Ren in 1937, the story ran, "<mask>, Ren forward, had the fans in thunderous applause every minute he was in the game, putting on a great basketball exhibition. He was by far the fastest man on the floor, and his handling of the ball was uncanny" to spark the Rens' 51–38 win over the Art Imigs (later the Sheboygan Redskins of the NBA). Style
That same year the Chicago Defender's Dan Burley wrote in his trademark homey fashion:  "Influence of Bethards' style of basketball playing was shown in the Gladiator/Rival Dog Food clash at the Armory.George Darden, Red Bolton, an' others on th' team are perfecting th' clown formulations to a nicety.". Two days after Burley's column appeared the Sheboygan Press again weighed in, saying "The clown of the Rens is <mask>, who travels around the floor so fast fans only see a dark streak flitting about the court. A showman through and through, <mask> drives his opponents crazy with his speed and antics on the floor. A great shot, <mask> is content to thrill the fans with his speed and ball handling, leaving the scoring end of the game to the rest of his mates.". When the Harlem Globetrotters came to Lowell, Massachusetts in 1949 fresh from wins over both the Boston Celtics and Minneapolis Lakers, <mask>' comedic influence was recalled:  "The last time a team appeared in Lowell the likes of this club was when the Sacred Heart team had the famous Philadelphia Colored Giants in town featuring the great 'Gorilla' <mask>. The big interest will be in the trick style of ball the visitors play." Washington Bears
Whether he parted company with the Rens for stylistic or other reasons, for several seasons after 1937 little is known of <mask>' playing career until he resurfaced in 1942 joining John Isaacs, Cooper and Clayton on the Philadelphia Toppers in games against the Detroit Clowns  and Long Island Pros.In 1942–43 Bethards also played alongside Tarzan Cooper and several other ex-NY Rens for the Washington Bears club that won the World's Pro Championship tourney in Chicago. True to reputation, <mask> was credited with freezing the ball to clinch the Bears' 27th consecutive win in a January 1943 match against the New York Clippers that ended 36–29. For several years afterwards both <mask> and Tarzan Cooper remained associated with the Washington Bears until the fall of 1946, when Bears' owner AE Lichtman retired. Cooper, billing <mask> as one of his stars, started another team called the "Bears" back in Philadelphia but was threatened with lawsuit by the Washington Bears' new owner Harold Jackson for forging the team name. Jackson appealed to NBL commissioner Ward "Piggy" Lambert so that the National league would not book the Cooper/Bethards team for games. That is where <mask>' pro basketball playing career apparently ended, after two decades of competition. In 1960 Philadelphia native Wilt Chamberlain announced he was fed up with the NBA and would retire after his rookie season.Comparing Wilt to the Philly pro pioneers, the Fitchburg (MA) Sentinel editorialized:  "The stars of the New York Rens and Philadelphia Colored Giants were that incomparable clown <mask>, a one-man predecessor to the Harlem Globetrotters, and Zack Clayton and Tarzan Cooper, remember? We certainly don't wish to insinuate that the "Stilt" should be forced to undergo indignities of any kind, but neither do we feel that <mask>, Clayton, or Cooper would have hustled for cover as Wilt obviously has if his retirement is on the level. The major difference between then and now is that Chamberlain has somewhere to hide—back with the successful Globetrotters or as the backbone of a new major league—while the other poor guys merely headed dog-tired into the next town.". References

African-American basketball players
Basketball players from Philadelphia
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
New York Renaissance players
American men's basketball players

masks:
Jackie Bethards
Bethards
Bethards
Jackie
Bethards
Jackie Bethards
Bethards
Jackie Bethards
Bethards
Bethards
Bethards
Bethards
Jackie
Jackie
Bethards
Bethards
Jack Bethards
Jackie Bethards
Jackie
Bethards
Jackie Bethards
Bethards
Bethards
Bethards
Bethards
Bethards
Jackie Bethards
Jackie Bethards
Bethards