texts:
 Barlaam, who recanted. The ecumenical patriarch insisted that all of Barlaam's writings be destroyed and thus no complete copies of Barlaam's treatise "Against Messalianism" have survived.Barlaam's primary supporter Emperor Andronicus III died just five days after the synod ended. Although Barlaam initially hoped for a second chance to present his case against <mask>, he soon realised the futility of pursuing his cause, and left for Calabria where he converted to the Roman Church and was appointed Bishop of Gerace. After Barlaam's departure, <mask> became the chief critic of <mask>. A second council held in Constantinople in August 1341 condemned Akindynos and affirmed the findings of the earlier council. Akindynos and his supporters gained a brief victory at a council held in 1344 which excommunicated Palamas. However, the last of these councils, held in May 1351, conclusively exonerated Palamas and condemned his opponents. This synod ordered that the metropolitans of Ephesus and Ganos be defrocked and jailed.All those who were unwilling to submit to the orthodox view were to be excommunicated and kept under surveillance at their residences. A series of anathemas were pronounced against Barlaam, Akindynos and their followers; at the same time, a series of acclamations were also declared in favor of <mask> and the adherents of his doctrine. One notable opponent of Palamism was Nicephorus Gregoras who refused to submit to the dictates of the synod and was effectively imprisoned in a monastery for two years. Gradual acceptance of the Palamist doctrine

Kallistos I and the ecumenical patriarchs who succeeded him mounted a vigorous campaign to have the Palamist doctrines accepted by the other Eastern patriarchates as well as all the metropolitan sees under their jurisdiction. However, it took some time to overcome initial resistance to his teachings. For example, the metropolitan of Kiev, upon receiving tomes from Kallistos that expounded the Palamist doctrine, rejected it vehemently and composed a reply in refutation. Similarly, the patriarchate of Antioch remained steadfastly opposed to what they viewed as an innovation; however, by the end of the fourteenth century, Palamism had become accepted there.Similar acts of resistance were seen in the metropolitan sees that were governed by the Latins as well as in some autonomous ecclesiastical regions, such as the Church of Cyprus. One notable example of the campaign to enforce the orthodoxy of the Palamist doctrine was the action taken by patriarch Philotheos I to crack down on Prochoros Kydones, a monk and priest at Mount Athos who was opposed to the Palamites. Kydones had written a number of anti-Palamist treatises and continued to argue forcefully against Palamism even when brought before the patriarch and enjoined to adhere to the orthodox doctrine. Finally, in exasperation, Philotheos convened a synod against Kydones in April 1368. However, even this extreme measure failed to effect the submission of Kydones and in the end, he was excommunicated and suspended from the clergy in perpetuity. The long tome that was prepared for the synod concludes with a decree canonizing <mask> who had died in 1357/59. Despite the initial opposition of some patriarchates and sees, over time the resistance dwindled away and ultimately Palamist doctrine became accepted throughout the Eastern Orthodox Church.During this period, it became the norm for ecumenical patriarchs to profess the Palamite doctrine upon taking possession of their see. Martin Jugie states that the opposition of the Latins and the Latinophrones, who were necessarily hostile to the doctrine, actually contributed to its adoption, and soon Latinism and Antipalamism became equivalent in the minds of many Orthodox Christians. According to Aristeides Papadakis, "all Orthodox scholars who have written on Palamas — Lossky, Krivosheine, Papamichael, Meyendorff, Christou — assume his voice to be a legitimate expression of Orthodox tradition." Later years

<mask>'s opponents in the hesychast controversy spread slanderous accusations against him, and in 1344 Patriarch John XIV imprisoned him for four years. However, in 1347 when Patriarch Isidore came to the Ecumenical Throne, <mask> was released from prison and consecrated as the Metropolitan of Thessalonica. However, since the conflict with Barlaam had not been settled at that point, the people of Thessalonica did not accept him, and he was forced to live in a number of places. It was not until 1350 that he was able to occupy the episcopal chair.In 1354, during a voyage to Constantinople, the ship he was in fell into the hands of Turkish pirates; he was imprisoned and beaten. He was obliged to spend a year in detention at the Ottoman court where he was well treated. Eventually his ransom was paid and he returned to Thessaloniki, where he served as archbishop for the last three years of his life. Death and canonization
<mask> died in 1357/59. His dying words were, "To the heights! To the heights!" He was canonized a saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church in 1368 by Patriarch Philotheos of Constantinople, who also wrote his Vita and composed the service which is chanted in his honour.His feast day is celebrated twice a year on November 14, the anniversary of his death, and on the Second Sunday of Great Lent. The reason for his commemoration on the Second Sunday of Great Lent is because <mask>'s victory over Barlaam is seen as a continuation of the Triumph of Orthodoxy (i.e., the victory of the Church over heresy) which was celebrated the previous Sunday. <mask>'s relics are kept in the Metropolitan Cathedral which is named after him. The Cathedral is in Thessaloniki. Hymns
Troparion (Tone 8)
O light of Orthodoxy, teacher of the Church, its confirmation,
O ideal of monks and invincible champion of theologians,
O wonder-working <mask>, glory of Thessaloniki and preacher of grace,
always intercede before the Lord that our souls may be saved. Kontakion (Tone 8)
Holy and divine instrument of wisdom,
joyful trumpet of theology,
together we sing your praises, O God-inspired <mask>. Since you now stand before the Original Mind, guide our minds to Him, O Father,
so that we may sing to you: "Rejoice, preacher of grace."Works
 Patrologia Graeca, vols. 150, 151
 Philokalia

Primary works translated into English
 The Triads (Classics of Western Spirituality Series) ()
Philokalia, Volume 4 ()
<mask> <mask>: The Homilies, (The Complete Homilies Translated into English - Published in 2009) ()
Homilies of Saint <mask>, Vol. 1 ()
Homilies of Saint <mask>, Vol. 2 ()
Treatise on the Spiritual Life ()
The One Hundred and Fifty Chapters ()
Dialogue Between an Orthodox and a Barlaamite ()

See also
Tabor Light
Mount Athos
Gregory Acindynus
Christian mysticism

References

Further reading

A Study of <mask>as () By John Meyendorff Translated by George Lawrence (1964)
St. Gregory Palamas and Orthodox Spirituality () by Fr. John Meyendorff
Saint <mask>as as a Hagiorite () by Metropolitan Hierotheos (Vlachos) of Nafpaktos
Introduction to St. <mask>as () by George C. Papademetriou
Triune God: Incomprehensible but Knowable—The Philosophical and Theological Significance of St <mask>as for Contemporary Philosophy and Theology edited by Constantinos Athanasopoulos, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015 ()
Orthodox Mysticism and Asceticism: Philosophy and Theology in St <mask>as’ Work ed. by C. Athanasopoulos, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020. “The influence of Ps.Dionysius the Areopagite on Johannes Scotus Eriugena and St. <mask>as: Goodness as Transcendence of Metaphysics”, by C. Athanasopoulos,  in Agnieska Kijewska, ed., Being or Good?Metamorphoses of Neoplatonism, Lublin: Catholic University of Lublin Press (KUL), 2004, pp. 319–341. “Scholastic and Byzantine Realism: Absolutism in the Metaphysics and Ethics of Aquinas, Duns Scotus, Ockham and the critique of St. <mask>”, by C. Athanasopoulos, in Verbum (the official Journal of the Institute of Medieval Philosophy, Department of Philosophy, University of St. Petersburg, Russia), Vol. 6, Volume Topic: Aristotle in Medieval Metaphysics, January 2002, pp. 154–165. ‘St. <mask>, (Neo-)Platonist and Aristotelian Metaphysics: the response of Orthodox Mystical Theology to the Western impasse of intellectualism and essentialism’ by C. Athanasopoulos in Divine Essence and Divine Energies: Ecumenical Reflections on the Presence of God in Eastern Orthodoxy, edited by C. Athanasopoulos and C. Schneider, James Clarke & Co, April 2013.(), pp. 50–67. External links

 St Gregory Palamas Orthodox Icon and Synaxarion
 International Conference on St Gregory Palamas, Thessaloniki 2012 with links to abstracts and reports from the Conference
 Papers from the International Conference on St Gregory Palamas (Thessaloniki, Veroia and Mt Athos, 2012)
 Palamas Seminar Meetings
 Papers from the International Conference on Mysticism and Asceticism in St Gregory Palamas (Veroia 2015)
 Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes
 Light for the World: the Life of St. <mask> (1296–1359) by Fr. Bassam A. Nassif
 An Overview of the Hesychast Controversy
 Melkite Greek Catholic Information Centre on St. Gregory Palamas
 Excerpt from "Byzantine Theology, Historical trends and doctrinal themes" by John Meyendorff

1296 births
1359 deaths
14th-century Christian saints
14th-century Byzantine monks
14th-century Byzantine bishops
14th-century Byzantine writers
14th-century Christian mystics
14th-century Eastern Orthodox theologians
Athonite Fathers
Byzantine bishops of Thessalonica
Byzantine Christian mystics
Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Byzantine theologians
Eastern Catholic saints
Eastern Orthodox archbishops
Eastern Orthodox mystics
Eastern Orthodox saints
Eastern Orthodox theologians
Greek Christian monks
Greek Christian mystics
Greek theologians
Hesychasm
Medieval Athos
Medieval Thessalonica
People from Constantinople
Saints of medieval Greece
Saints of medieval Macedonia
14th-century Greek musicians
14th-century Greek writers
14th-century Greek educators
14th-century Greek

masks:
Palamas
Gregory Akindynos
Palamas
Gregory Palamas
Palamas
Palamas
Gregory
Palamas
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Saint Gregory
Palamas
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Palamas


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1961) is a British mathematician known for his contributions to geometry and topology, particularly in the areas of geometric group theory and low-dimensional topology. He is also known for solving the angel problem. <mask> holds a chaired Professor appointment in Mathematics at the University of Warwick. Biography
<mask> was born in 1961 in Neath, Wales. He obtained a B.A. degree from Cambridge University in 1983. He subsequently pursued doctoral studies in Mathematics at the University of Warwick under the supervision of David Epstein where he received a PhD in 1988.Bowditch then had postdoctoral and visiting positions at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of Warwick, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques at Bures-sur-Yvette, the University of Melbourne, and the University of Aberdeen. In 1992 he received an appointment at the University of Southampton where he stayed until 2007. In 2007 Bowditch moved to the University of Warwick, where he received a chaired Professor appointment in Mathematics. <mask> was awarded a Whitehead Prize by the London Mathematical Society in 1997 for his work in geometric group theory and geometric topology. He gave an Invited address at the 2004 European Congress of Mathematics in Stockholm. Bowditch is a former member of the Editorial Board for the journal Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse and a former Editorial Adviser for the London Mathematical Society. Mathematical contributions

Early notable results of Bowditch include clarifying the classic notion of geometric finiteness for higher-dimensional Kleinian groups in constant and variable negative curvature.In a 1993 paper Bowditch proved that five standard characterisations of geometric finiteness for discrete groups of isometries of hyperbolic 3-space and hyperbolic plane, (including the definition in terms of having a finitely-sided fundamental polyhedron) remain equivalent for groups of isometries of hyperbolic n-space where n ≥ 4. He showed, however, that in dimensions n ≥ 4 the condition of having a finitely-sided Dirichlet domain is no longer equivalent to the standard notions of geometric finiteness. In a subsequent paper Bowditch considered a similar problem for discrete groups of isometries of Hadamard manifold of pinched (but not necessarily constant) negative curvature and of arbitrary dimension n ≥ 2. He proved that four out of five equivalent definitions of geometric finiteness considered in his previous paper remain equivalent in this general set-up, but the condition of having a finitely-sided fundamental polyhedron is no longer equivalent to them. Much of Bowditch's work in the 1990s concerned studying boundaries at infinity of word-hyperbolic groups. He proved the cut-point conjecture which says that the boundary of a one-ended word-hyperbolic group does not have any global cut-points. Bowditch first proved this conjecture in the main cases of a one-ended hyperbolic group that does not split over a two-ended subgroup (that is, a subgroup containing infinite cyclic subgroup of finite index) and also for one-ended hyperbolic groups that are "strongly accessible".The general case of the conjecture was finished shortly thereafter by G. Ananda Swarup who characterised Bowditch's work as follows: "The most significant advances in this direction were carried out by <mask>ch in a brilliant series of papers ([4]-[7]). We draw heavily from his work". Soon after Swarup's paper Bowditch supplied an alternative proof of the cut-point conjecture in the general case. Bowditch's work relied on extracting various discrete tree-like structures from the action of a word-hyperbolic group on its boundary. Bowditch also proved that (modulo a few exceptions) the boundary of a one-ended word-hyperbolic group G has local cut-points if and only if G admits an essential splitting, as an amalgamated free product or an HNN extension, over a virtually infinite cyclic group. This allowed Bowditch to produce a theory of JSJ decomposition for word-hyperbolic groups that was more canonical and more general (particularly because it covered groups with nontrivial torsion) than the original JSJ decomposition theory of Zlil Sela. One of the consequences of Bowditch's work is that for one-ended word-hyperbolic groups (with a few exceptions) having a nontrivial essential splitting over a virtually cyclic subgroup is a quasi-isometry invariant.Bowditch also gave a topological characterisation of word-hyperbolic groups, thus solving a conjecture proposed by Mikhail Gromov. Namely, Bowditch proved that a group G is word-hyperbolic if and only if G admits an action by homeomorphisms on a perfect metrisable compactum M as a "uniform convergence group", that is such that the diagonal action of G on the set of distinct triples from M is properly discontinuous and co-compact; moreover, in that case M is G-equivariantly homeomorphic to the boundary ∂G of G. Later, building up on this work, Bowditch's PhD student Yaman gave a topological characterisation of relatively hyperbolic groups. Much of Bowditch's work in 2000s concerns the study of the curve complex, with various applications to 3-manifolds, mapping class groups and Kleinian groups. The curve complex C(S) of a finite type surface S, introduced by Harvey in the late 1970s, has the set of free homotopy classes of essential simple closed curves on S as the set of vertices, where several distinct vertices span a simplex if the corresponding curves can be realised disjointly. The curve complex turned out to be a fundamental tool in the study of the geometry of the Teichmüller space, of mapping class groups and of Kleinian groups. In a 1999 paper Howard Masur and Yair Minsky proved that for a finite type orientable surface S the curve complex C(S) is Gromov-hyperbolic. This result was a key component in the subsequent proof of Thurston's Ending lamination conjecture, a solution which was based on the combined work of Yair Minsky, Howard Masur, Jeffrey Brock, and Richard Canary.In 2006 Bowditch gave another proof of hyperbolicity of the curve complex. <mask>'s proof is more combinatorial and rather different from the Masur-Minsky original argument. Bowditch's result also provides an estimate on the hyperbolicity constant of the curve complex which is logarithmic in complexity of the surface and also gives a description of geodesics in the curve complex in terms of the intersection numbers. A subsequent 2008 paper of Bowditch pushed these ideas further and obtained new quantitative finiteness results regarding the so-called "tight geodesics" in the curve complex, a notion introduced by Masur and Minsky to combat the fact that the curve complex is not locally finite. As an application, Bowditch proved that, with a few exceptions of surfaces of small complexity, the action of the mapping class group Mod(S) on C(S) is "acylindrical" and that the asymptotic translation lengths of pseudo-Anosov elements of Mod(S) on C(S) are rational numbers with bounded denominators. A 2007 paper of Bowditch produces a positive solution of the angel problem of John Conway: Bowditch proved that a 4-angel has a winning strategy and can evade the devil in the "angel game". Independent solutions of the angel problem were produced at about the same time by András Máthé and Oddvar Kloster.Selected publications

See also
Geometric group theory
Geometric topology
3-manifolds
Kleinian groups

References

External links
<mask><mask>'s HomePage at the University of Warwick

Group theorists
Topologists
Differential geometers
Combinatorial game theorists
1961 births
Welsh mathematicians
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
People from Neath
Academics of the University of Southampton
Alumni of the University of Warwick
Academics of the University of Warwick
Living people
Whitehead Prize winners

masks:
Brian Hayward Bowditch
Bowditch
Brian Bowditch
Bowditch
Brian Bowdit
Bowditch
Brian H
. Bowditch


texts:
<mask>-Wright (July 8, 1890 – August 22, 1973), was a modern American artist. He was a co-founder of Synchromism, an early abstract, color-based mode of painting, which was the first American avant-garde art movement to receive international attention. Early life
<mask>-Wright was born in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1890. His first name, <mask>, was chosen to honor the women's rights activist <mask>; he later hyphenated his last name after repeatedly being asked if he were related to the famed architect Frank Lloyd Wright. He spent his adolescence in Santa Monica, California, where his father ran a seaside hotel. An amateur artist as well as a businessman, Macdonald-Wright's father encouraged his artistic development from a young age and secured him private painting lessons. <mask>'s older brother, Willard Huntington Wright, was a writer and critic who gained international fame in the 1920s by writing the Philo Vance detective novels under the pseudonym S.S. Van Dine.Synchromism: Europe and New York

Married at the age of seventeen, Macdonald-Wright moved to Paris with his wife to immerse himself in European art and to study at the Sorbonne, the Académie Julian, the École des Beaux-Arts and the Académie Colarossi. He and fellow student Morgan Russell studied with Canadian painter Percyval Tudor-Hart between 1911 and 1913. They were deeply influenced by their teacher's color theory, which connected the qualities of color to those of music, as well as by the works of Delacroix, the Impressionists, Cézanne, and Matisse that placed a great emphasis on juxtapositions and reverberations of color. During these years Macdonald-Wright and Russell developed Synchromism (meaning "with color"), seeking to free their art form from a literal description of the world and believing that painting was a practice akin to music that should be divorced from representational associations. Macdonald-Wright collaborated with Russell in painting abstract "synchromies" and staged Synchromist exhibitions in Munich in June 1913, in Paris in October 1913, and in New York in March 1914. These established Synchromism as an influence in modern art well into the 1920s, though followers of other abstract artists (principally, the Orphists Robert and Sonia Delaunay) were later to claim that the Synchromists had merely borrowed the principles of color abstraction from Orphism, a point vehemently disputed by Macdonald-Wright and Russell. While in Europe, Macdonald-Wright met Matisse, Rodin, and Gertrude and Leo Stein, and Thomas Hart Benton, who called <mask> "the most gifted all-around fellow I ever knew".He and Russell returned to the United States hopeful of acclaim and financial success and were eager to promote their cause. In 1915, <mask>'s brother, by that time a respected editor and critic in the New York literary world, published one of the first and most comprehensive surveys of advanced art to appear in the United States. Secretly co-authored by <mask>, Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning reviews the major art movements of the previous century from Manet to Cubism, praises the work of Cézanne (still largely unknown in the United States), and predicts a time, soon to come, when an abstract art of pure color will supplant realism. Synchromism itself, the subject of a lengthy, adulatory chapter, is presented as that desired end-point, the culmination of the modernist struggle, surpassing the work of "lesser Moderns" like Kandinsky and the Futurists; at no time does the author acknowledge his own brother as one of the two originators of that school of art. About his work in this period, Macdonald-Wright commented, "I strive to divest my art of all anecdote and illustration and to purify it to the point where the emotions of the spectator will be wholly aesthetic, as when listening to good music....I cast aside as nugatory all natural representation in my art. However, I still adhered to the fundamental laws of compsiition (placements and displacements of mass, as in the human body in movement) and created my pictures by means of color-form, which, by its organization in three dimensions, resulted in rhythm." Not long after returning to New York, Macdonald-Wright separated from Russell but both continued to work in the Synchromist style, or with Synchromist color effects, though Macdonald-Wright's painting came to include more vestiges of representational imagery.They held another Synchromist exhibition in New York in 1916 and received significant promotion and critical support from Willard. In 1916, Willard and <mask> were key organizers of the prestigious "Forum Exhibition of Modern American Painters" in New York. Macdonald-Wright exhibited his work at Alfred Stieglitz's famed 291 gallery in New York in 1917. Yet the sales and the renown that he had hoped for did not materialize, and his financial situation grew desperate. California and later life
Acknowledging that he would never be able to secure a living in New York, Macdonald-Wright moved to Los Angeles in 1918. In 1920, with Stieglitz's support, he organized the first exhibition of modern art in Los Angeles, "The Exhibition of American Modernists" at the Los Angeles County Museum of History, Science, and Art, showing his own large-scale abstract synchromies as well as works by John Marin, Arthur Dove, and Marsden Hartley. In 1922, he became the head of the Los Angeles Art Students League.He also became involved in local theater, serving as the director of the Santa Monica Theater Guild as well as writing and directing plays, designing sets, and acting himself. Macdonald-Wright was a significant presence and a charismatic personality in the Los Angeles art scene for the next several decades. He was the director of the Southern California division of the Works Project Administration Federal Art Project from 1935 to 1943, and personally completed several major civic art projects, including the murals in Santa Monica City Hall. After World War II, Macdonald-Wright became interested in Japanese art and culture, which led to the renewal of synchromist elements in his work. He taught art for many years at UCLA and also kept studios in Kyoto and  Florence. By the early 1950s, Macdonald-Wright's work had fallen into relative obscurity. A renewed interest in American modernism led to his gradual rediscovery and new scholarly attention, and he was given retrospectives at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1956, at the Smithsonian National Collection of Fine Arts in Washington, D.C. in 1967, and at the Art Galleries of UCLA in 1970."Synchromism and American Color Abstraction: 1910–1925," a 1978–1979 six-museum traveling exhibition originating at the Whitney Museum of American Art, was a watershed event in a revival of interest in Synchromism. In 2001–2002, a major <mask>-Wright retrospective was shown at the North Carolina Museum of Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Houston Museum of Fine Arts, curated by the Synchromist scholar and Macdonald-Wright biographer Will South. Married three times, Macdonald-Wright died in Pacific Palisades, California in 1973, at the age of eighty-three. His paintings are in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the National Portrait Gallery, among other museums. References

Principal Sources
Hoopes, Donelson F.  <mask>-Wright: Paintings, 1903–1973. Los Angeles: Arco Center for Visual Art, 1979. Kushner, Marilyn.Morgan Russell. New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1990. Levin, Gail. Synchromism and American Color Abstraction, 1910–1925. New York: George Braziller, 1978. Loughery, John. Alias S.S. Van Dine.New York: Scribners, 1992. South, Will. Color, Myth, and Music: <mask>-Wright and Synchromism. Raleigh: North Carolina Museum of Art, 2001.  .
Synchromism: Morgan Russell and <mask>-Wright. New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries, 1999. Wright, Willard Huntington Wright. Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning.New York: John Lane, 1915. External links

 <mask>-Wright at CGFA

20th-century American painters
American male painters
Abstract painters
Modern painters
Federal Art Project artists
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Alumni of the Académie Julian
University of Paris alumni
Académie Colarossi alumni
1890 births
1973 deaths
Painters from California
People from Charlottesville, Virginia
Works Progress Administration in California
Federal Art Project administrators
Public Works of Art Project artists

masks:
Stanton Macdonald
Stanton Macdonald
Stanton
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton Macdonald
Stanton Macdonald
Stanton Macdonald
Stanton Macdonald
Stanton Macdonald


texts:
<mask> (September 21, 1967 – January 27, 2008) was an ordained pastor, a U.S. Army Major and Intelligence Officer, a civil rights activist in the gay, lesbian and bisexual military community and the first known gay combat fatality of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The subsequent coverage of his death in the media sparked a debate over the effect of the military's "Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell" (DADT) policy and what information should be included in the biography of a gay military person killed in action. Early life and education
At the age of 3, <mask> was adopted by <mask> and <mask> and was their only child. In 1977, the <mask> family moved from New York City to Hampton, Florida, near Gainesville. <mask> attended Hampton Elementary School, and ultimately graduated from Bradford County High School in Starke, Florida, in 1985. <mask> joined Ebenezer Missionary Baptist Church in Lincoln City, Florida, and was ordained a pastor as a young man. While in high school, <mask> was commander of the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps program and elected by his classmates as the "most intellectual."Military career and adult life

After high school, <mask> joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps program at the University of Florida and then accepted a commission in the United States Army upon graduation with a Bachelor of Arts degree in religion in 1995. <mask> later completed a Master of Arts degree in organizational management from the University of Phoenix through distance learning. <mask>'s father, <mask>, died of a heart attack in 2000, and his mother, <mask>, died of kidney-related problems two weeks later. <mask> preached at his mother's funeral. In 2001, <mask> commanded a military intelligence company based out of Waegwan, South Korea. During his tenure as company commander, <mask> emphasized unit morale and cohesiveness, often organizing company wide get togethers and functions. In 2004, <mask> moved to Washington, D.C. and, in 2005, earned a Master of Public Policy degree from Georgetown University.Only 25 Army officers were accepted into the program. <mask>'s thesis adviser was Mark Nadel, who described <mask> as "an officer with leadership qualities that made him think, 'This is a guy I'm going to hear from in 10 years, and he's going to be a general.'" <mask>'s thesis examined how the US military's DADT policy affected recruitment and retention for military officers. In recognition of his achievements at Georgetown, <mask> gained an internship at the Pentagon serving the deputy secretary of defense, <mask>. England. Beginning in October 2004, <mask> served as Treasurer of the Washington, D.C. chapter of the American Veterans for Equal Rights (AVER). On January 16, 2005, <mask> received an award from the organization for his service at a ceremony held at Dupont Grill. <mask> also attended events supporting the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network (SLDN), which works to end the DADT policy.<mask> expressed his opinion on the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (DADT) policy in his Master's thesis, written in 2005 shortly before he was deployed to Iraq and reportedly killed by an improvised explosive device (IED) while on foot patrol: "Today’s current policy on gays in the military seems to rest on many faulty assumptions – namely that homosexuals will jeopardize unit cohesiveness. My research has been unable to justify that position and has found that the opposite is more true. Denying service members the right to serve freely and openly violates basic dignity and respect of the human experience and puts our national security at risk." In June 2006, <mask> provided the opening prayer for a same-sex wedding ceremony. <mask> reportedly expressed "an intensely deep loneliness that stemmed from his inability to have both a [same-sex] relationship ... and the military career he also loved so much." In July 2007, <mask> was deployed to Iraq. Friends organized a send-off party in his honor on July 14, 2007, held at the Fabulous Bed & Breakfast in Northwest Washington, D.C.

<mask>'s commanding officer in Iraq was Col. Thomas Fernandez.<mask> communicated via e-mail with many of his friends during his deployment, and two of his friends from AVER received e-mail from <mask> the day before he died. Death and afterward
According to an Army report, <mask> was killed by an improvised explosive device while on foot patrol in Baghdad, on January 27, 2008. On January 30, 2008, friends of <mask> established the <mask> G. <mask> Memorial Scholarship Fund. A funeral service was held for <mask> at Ebenezer Baptist Church on February 8, 2008. In honor of <mask>, Florida Gov. Charlie Crist ordered the Florida and U.S. flags be flown at half-staff at the Bradford County Courthouse, Hampton City Hall and the Florida State Capitol. Family members later expressed that "we really didn't know about [<mask> being gay] until after his death. "<mask>' beneficiary from Florida later stated that he knew <mask> was gay, but felt it had "no more relevance than I'm straight." <mask> was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery on March 14, 2008, in Section 60, at Gravesite 8558. About 200 people attended the service, including Deputy Secretary of Defense <mask>, Army Lt. Gen. John F. Kimmons, active duty military, both enlisted and officers, <mask>'s friends and family from Florida, and <mask>'s friends in northern Virginia, and Washington, D.C. Also in attendance were a dozen or more gay active duty military personnel. National media coverage of <mask>'s funeral
<mask>'s funeral gained national media publicity, initially on MSNBC, in The Washington Post'''' and on National Public Radio's Morning Edition. However, initial reports omitted <mask>'s sexual orientation or anything related to the subject. The Post and NPR reports coincided with the "grim milestone" that the U.S. Military death toll reached 4,000 dead. <mask>'s death and funeral gained further media attention when it was revealed that he was gay and worked to end the military's DADT policy.Initially, members of the national media were well aware of <mask>'s sexual orientation, yet it was widely reported that <mask> was not married and left no children. While technically accurate, some members of the LGBT community viewed the statement as an intentional distortion and dodge of <mask>'s sexual orientation. <mask>'s cousin, Cathy Long of Ocala, Fla., said, "The Post did a wonderful job. Personally, as far as the family is concerned, we really didn't know about this until after his death. It was in the back of our minds, but we didn't discuss it." Cathy Long accepted <mask>'s flag at the major's funeral. "I really feel <mask> was a lot more than that," said Cathy Long who called the Washington Blade story "self-serving whatever their cause is and that they're trying to use <mask> to do that."The Washington Post Ombudsman, Deborah Howell, stated that the editors of the Post deliberated the question of whether to disclose his sexual orientation and ultimately made a decision not to include such information. The Army asked that <mask>'s sexual orientation not be disclosed, and the Army presented it as a concern of the family. The Washington Blade reported on the Post's decision to change the story and included more details about <mask>'s activities and friends in the LGBT community. Subsequently, Howell of The Washington Post, citing <mask>'s apparent feelings on DADT, wrote a column admitting that the Post's article "would have been richer" had it disclosed his sexual orientation and activities in the GLBT community. On March 31, 2008, an anonymous attempt was made to remove information relating to <mask>'s sexual orientation from the present Wikipedia article. The IP address associated with the attempt corresponds with the IP address for the office of the Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence (G-2) at the Pentagon, currently headed by Lt. Gen. John Kimmons. Kimmons attended <mask>'s funeral and presented the U.S. flag from <mask>'s coffin to a family member.The Army subsequently denied that the IP address associated with the changes "necessarily belongs to any one specific office." The August 4, 2008, issue of The New Yorker magazine published a lengthy profile of <mask>, and the larger issues surrounding the DADT debate spurred on by his death. The story quotes Colonel Mike Hardy, who worked with Major <mask> at the Pentagon, as saying, "He did not make any moves to be remembered as a gay soldier. Nowhere in those phone calls home did he say, 'let everyone know that I died a proud gay officer.'" <mask>, the author of the article, then comments, "Of course, being a proud gay officer is tantamount, under the current military policy, to being a retired gay officer with no pension." In December 2010, the U.S. Congress passed a bill providing for the potential repeal of DADT pending certain conditions. Those were confirmed in July 2011 by  President Barack Obama, the Secretary of Defense, and Chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and repeal took effect on September 20, 2011.Awards
  Bronze Star (2)
  Purple Heart

References

External links
 A Soldier's Legacy An article from The New Yorker'' about <mask> and the debate over press coverage
 <mask>ed (Personal dedication from a close friend)
 In his own words: Maj. <mask> on the military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (DADT) policy "Policy Management Project - Analysis of Department of Defense 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell,'" Personnel Policy, <mask>, Georgetown University, Master Policy Management (MPM) Capstone, PPOL 950–01, Dr. Mark Nadel, May 6, 2005. African-American military personnel
American LGBT military personnel
American military personnel killed in the Iraq War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Georgetown University alumni
LGBT African Americans
LGBT Baptist clergy
LGBT rights activists from the United States
United States Army officers
University of Florida alumni
University of Phoenix alumni
1967 births
2008 deaths
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
Gay men
20th-century Baptist ministers

masks:
Alan Greg Rogers
Rogers
George
Genny Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
George
Genny
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Gordon R
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Alan
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Gordon England
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
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Alan
Alan
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Rogers
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Ben McGrath
Rogers
Alan Remember
Alan Rogers
Alan Rogers


texts:
<mask> (born May 9, 1953) is an American politician and lawyer who was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Colorado from 1993 to 2005. In August 2010, McInnis lost his bid to become the Republican nominee for Governor of Colorado after a plagiarism accusation and apology hurt his standing. In November 2014, McInnis was elected a member of the Mesa County Board of County Commissioners—beginning term in office in January 2015. The McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area, west of Grand Junction, is named for him. Education and professional history
Born in Glenwood Springs, Colorado, <mask> graduated from Glenwood Springs High School and attended Mesa State College in Grand Junction, Colorado. He earned a B.A. from Fort Lewis College in 1975 and a J.D.from St. Mary's University in San Antonio, Texas, in 1980. He served as a police officer in Glenwood Springs, worked as a hospital director, and started a law practice in Colorado. McInnis is a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) and is an honorary adviser for the National Student Leadership Conference. Political career

Colorado House of Representatives
From 1983 to 1993, McInnis served in the state house of representatives, where he was elected House Majority Leader and served as Chairman of the Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee. U.S. Congress
In 1992, McInnis was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives representing Colorado's 3rd district and served six terms, from January 1993 to January 2005. Following the Chandra Levy investigation, McInnis "proposed that the House of Representatives adopt strict rules prohibiting members from having romantic or sexual relationships with interns they supervise." While in Congress, McInnis held a position on the powerful Committee on Ways and Means.Along with former Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell, McInnis sponsored legislation to redesignate Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument as a national park in 1999. In 2000, McInnis and former Senators Ben Nighthorse Campbell and Wayne Allard authored the Great Sand Dunes National Park Act, and four years later the Great Sand Dunes became the country's 58th national park. While in office, McInnis received numerous awards. He was named "Person of the Decade" by The Glenwood Post in 1999 and "Best Local Government Official" by The Grand Junction Daily Sentinel from 1999–2003. Other awards <mask> has received include the Colorado Association of Homebuilders' Award for Government Service, the Legislator of the Year Award from the Colorado Wildlife Federation, the Golden Bulldog Award from Watchdogs of the Treasury, the National Security Leadership Award from the American Security Council, the Sound Dollar Award from the Free Congress Foundation, the Spirit of Free Enterprise Award from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Hero of the Taxpayer Award from The Americans for Tax Reform, the Taxfighter Award from the National Tax Limitation Committee and the Friend of Farm Bureau award from the American Farm Bureau Federation. McInnis once employed Josh Penry, who is now a former Colorado state senator, and McInnis has been described as Penry's political "mentor." Campaign Scrutiny
McInnis's Congressional campaign committee came under scrutiny in 2005 by the Federal Election Commission after Democrats filed a complaint alleging that the campaign improperly issued payments to McInnis's wife for her work as campaign manager in 2004 when <mask>is was not actively seeking office.McInnis's campaign explained that <mask> was employed by the campaign committee to maintain campaign archives, direct money to other campaigns, and act as liaison with the accounting firm retained by the campaign. McInnis's chief of staff stated that it was "naive to assume that simply because Congressman McInnis is not seeking re-election that we aren't participating in the election." The FEC ultimately dismissed the complaint and found no evidence of wrongdoing by the McInnis campaign. After being regarded as the early Republican frontrunner in Colorado's 2008 U.S. Senate election, McInnis decided not to enter the race, citing family reasons. 2010 gubernatorial election

McInnis had been mentioned as a possible candidate for either the United States Senate or the Colorado governorship in 2010. Although he stated that he was not planning to seek the Senate seat, he did indicate some interest in challenging incumbent Bill Ritter for Colorado's top executive office. Ritter later announced his retirement.On May 21, 2009, <mask> officially announced his candidacy for Governor. Though he did not gain the nomination at the party convention, he was widely considered the front runner for the Republican nomination until accusations of plagiarism gained attention. In the August 10 primary he lost the nomination by slightly more than 1 percent of the ballots cast to entrepreneur Dan Maes. Plagiarism story
In 2005, after leaving Congress, McInnis received a two-year fellowship at the Hasan Family Foundation. He was paid $300,000 to do speaking engagements and "research and write a monthly article on water issues that can be distributed to media and organizations as well as be available on the Internet." Soon after he started his fellowship, McInnis took a full-time job at the firm Hogan & Hartson (now Hogan Lovells). In 2010, <mask>'s work for the Hasan foundation, a total of 150 pages in 23 parts, was posted to the foundation's website.Teresa Fishman, director of the Center for Academic Integrity at Clemson University, reviewed McInnis's work and called several of the parts a clear case of plagiarism. "Both ... ideas and words [were] lifted" from a 20-year-old essay by now-Colorado Supreme Court Justice Gregory J. Hobbs. A McInnis spokesperson said that McInnis "relied on the research and expertise" of Rolly Fischer, a Glenwood Springs engineer who worked at the Colorado River Water Conservation District, and Fischer was the one who handled the parts that were accused of being plagiarism. "His GOP primary challenger, Dan Maes, says McInnis should 'man up' about the plagiarism" and "faulted McInnis for blaming a research assistant." Fischer himself rebutted any effort to blame him: '<mask>'s responsible for it,' he told the Glenwood Springs Post Independent and would not comment further. In a televised interview with KMGH-TV investigative reporter John Ferrugia, McInnis was asked several times who actually wrote the articles and he would not give a definitive answer. McInnis continued to evade the question until finally, in a written apology statement, McInnis said "I should have been more vigilant in my review of research material Rolly submitted."The 82-year-old Fischer subsequently told KMGH-TV investigative reporter John Ferrugia he had not known the articles were to be published; had not known McInnis had a foundation grant; had been paid a few hundred dollars for each article; had considered them private communications; and had been asked by the McInnis campaign as the story broke in July 2010 to sign a letter apologizing for his, Fischer's, failure to provide attribution. Fischer said he would never sign the letter, and felt that McInnis had lied to him. An aide said McInnis had offered an apology to the judge and said McInnis hoped to meet with the judge, and in his statement McInnis apologized to voters for his "mistake.... It's unacceptable, it's inexcusable, but it was also unintentional." The Hasan foundation chairwoman Seeme Hasan issued an initial statement saying in part, "We will conduct an independent, internal investigation and if the allegations are proven to be true, we will demand Mr. McInnis return all monies paid to him by the Foundation." Hasan's husband Dr. Malik Hasan, a foundation board member, said he had hired McInnis as a fellow. Speaking only for himself, he said he was "deeply disappointed by the quantity and quality of McInnis's work, [having among other things] ... expected it would be a full- or substantial-time job.... I am doubly disappointed since learning of the plagiarism. ... I'm going to suggest [he] return a substantial amount of the money to the foundation." McInnis's spokesperson said McInnis "was also calling to offer apologies" to the Hasan foundation. This report characterized the foundation as "right-leaning." Also in the 2010 election cycle, Dr. and Mrs. Hasan's son Ali failed to receive the nomination for the position of state treasurer, and did not receive endorsement from McInnis in his bid.Dr. Hasan said that "while he and his wife were upset that McInnis refused to endorse their son ..., it had nothing to do with asking McInnis for the foundation's money back." On Jan. 6, 2011, Hogan Lovells confirmed that McInnis would not return to its Denver office. As of May 20, 2011, McInnis has been cleared of any official ethics violations as an attorney by the Office of Attorney Regulation Counsel (OARC). Upon review of the evidence and interviews with key witnesses, the Attorney Regulation Counsel determined there was insufficient evidence to support a claim of a violation of the disciplinary rules. Additionally, "Regulation Counsel John S. Gleason says the Denver Post reported erroneous facts. 'While both Fisher  and [Hasan Family Foundation Chairwoman Seeme] Hasan provided contradictory accounts to the press at the time this issue was raised by the Denver Post, a more thorough review of their archived materials demonstrates that both had forgotten several specific communications with McInnis that had occurred several years before,' states Gleason." Various correspondences between Rollie Fischer and McInnis demonstrate that in 2005, McInnis instructed Fischer not to plagiarize any work in the articles he drafted because they would likely be published by the Hasan Family Foundation.Moreover, Fischer continues to claim that his use of Justice Hobbs’ article did not constitute plagiarism, because the article was part of the "public domain". Fischer also admits that he did not disclose to McInnis that he had imported the work of Justice Hobbs. "'Mr. Fischer alone chose to import large sections of text previously written by the Honorable Justice Gregory Hobbs into one of the articles drafted for Mr. McInnis, without credit citation,' states the results of the investigation." Additionally, as it turns out, in 2005, McInnis did disclose his retention of a research assistant to Ms. Hasan in writing, contrary to the Foundation's representation in its press release in 2010. Ms. Hasan was responsible for the daily care of her ill mother at the time of the correspondence, and claims she had simply forgotten by 2010. "McInnis and the Hasan Foundation last summer reached a settlement agreement to repay the organization, though McInnis maintained that his only error was trusting Fischer.""Jennifer Raiffie, who served as Tom Tancredo's communications director when he entered last year's gubernatorial race as a third-party conservative candidate, ... believes McInnis has now been publicly exonerated. ... Tancredo entered the race [after the plagiarism allegations were made against McInnis] because he felt conservatives had lost a viable candidate." Raiffie suggested that the Post should now subject to an ethics investigation. "I’m happy for <mask> and his family that his name can now be cleared," Raiffie said. "The Denver Post did a job on him with this story during the campaign. Their unfair and incomplete/biased reporting cost him personally and professionally. The Denver Post did a disservice to us all in Colorado and should be investigated by Ethics Watch … like that will ever happen."Reporting on the OARC ruling, the Post detailed how comments from the various parties in 2005, summer 2010 and in depositions with OARC as summarized by OARC varied. Fischer acknowledged his OARC deposition but declined further comment. Hasan and foundation officials questioned some of the OARC assertions and stood by their 2010 comments but also was "ready for the issue to be put to rest. Ethics Watch released a statement saying it considers the matter closed." OARC said it could not release the evidence on which it based its ruling under Colorado Supreme Court rules. McInnis did not return a phone message from the paper seeking comment. Electoral history

Write-in and minor candidate notes:  In 1992, write-ins received 2 votes.In 2002, Jason Alessio received 106 votes. References

External links
 McInnis for Colorado official campaign site

1953 births
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado
Members of the Colorado House of Representatives
County commissioners in Colorado
Colorado lawyers
American municipal police officers
Colorado Republicans
Fort Lewis College alumni
St. Mary's University School of Law alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
People from Glenwood Springs, Colorado
People associated with Hogan Lovells
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians

masks:
Stephen Scott Emory McInnis
McInnis
Scott
Scott McInn
Lori McInnis
McInnis
McInnis
Scott
Scott


texts:
<mask>, Countess of Hereford, Countess of Essex and Countess of Northampton (1347 – 7 April 1419) was the wife of the 7th Earl of Hereford, 6th Earl of Essex and 2nd Earl of Northampton. She was the mother of Mary de Bohun, the first wife of Henry of Bolingbroke who later reigned as King Henry IV, and Eleanor de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester. She was the maternal grandmother of King Henry V.

In 1400, she gave the order for the beheading of the Earl of Huntingdon in revenge for the part he had played in the execution of her brother, the 11th Earl of Arundel. The estates which comprised <mask>'s large dowry made her one of the principal landowners in Essex, where she exercised lordship, acting as arbitrator and feoffee in property transactions. Family

Lady <mask> was born in 1347 at Arundel Castle, Sussex, one of seven children, and the eldest daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and his second wife Eleanor of Lancaster. Her paternal grandparents were Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel and Alice de Warenne, and her maternal grandparents were Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster and Maud Chaworth. List of siblings
 Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel (1346 - 21 September 1397, Tower Hill, Cheapside, London, England), married firstly Elizabeth de Bohun, sister of Humphrey de Bohun, by whom he had seven children, and secondly Philippa Mortimer.He was beheaded on charges of high treason against King Richard II of England. John Fitzalan 1st Baron of Arundel, 1st Baron Maltravers (1351 - 16 December 1379), married Eleanor Maltravers, by whom he had issue. He drowned in the Irish Sea, having been shipwrecked after defeating the French off the Cornish coast. Alice FitzAlan (1350 - 17 March 1416), married Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, by whom she had issue. Thomas Arundel Archbishop of Canterbury (1352 - 19 February 1414)
 Mary FitzAlan (died 29 August 1396), married John Le Strange, 4th Baron Strange of Blackmere, by whom she had issue, including Ankaret Le Strange who married Richard Talbot, 4th Baron Talbot. These were the parents of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury (It is possible that she was, however, only a half-sister, having Isabel (le Despenser) FitzAlan as her mother instead of Eleanor of Lancaster.) Eleanor FitzAlan (1356 - before 1366)
<mask> had a half-brother from her father's first marriage to Isabel le Despenser:
 Edmund of Arundel (1327 - after 1377), he was bastardised by his parents annulment December 1344.He married 1347 Sybil de Montacute, daughter of William de Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury, by whom he had three daughters. <mask> had two uterine half-siblings from her mother's first marriage to John de Beaumont, 2nd Lord Beaumont (died 14 April 1342):
 Henry de Beaumont, 3rd Lord Beaumont (4 April 1340 – 17 June 1369), married as her first husband Margaret de Vere (died 15 June 1398), by whom he had issue. Matilda de Beaumont (died July 1367), married Hugh de Courtney. Marriage and issue
Sometime after 9 September 1359, <mask> married Humphrey de Bohun, one of the most powerful noblemen in the realm. His titles included 7th Earl of Hereford, 6th Earl of Essex, 2nd Earl of Northampton, and he was the hereditary Constable of England. He was the son of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton and Elizabeth de Badlesmere. Their marriage united two of the most prominent noble families in the kingdom; an alliance which was further strengthened by her elder brother Richard's marriage to Humphrey's sister, Elizabeth.Together Humphrey and <mask> produced two daughters, who upon the death of their father divided his vast estates between them:
 Eleanor de Bohun (c.1366- 3 October 1399), co-heiress of her father. In 1376 she married Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, the youngest son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. The marriage produced five children, including Anne of Gloucester. Eleanor died as a nun at Barking Abbey. Mary de Bohun (1369/70- 1394), co-heiress of her father. On 27 July 1380 she married Henry of Bolingbroke, who would later be crowned King Henry IV. She died before he ascended the throne.The marriage produced six children including King Henry V of England. Widowhood
<mask> was left a widow in January 1373 at the age of about 25 or 26, and she chose not to remarry. Her two daughters were made wards of Edward III. Sometime after her husband's death, she received from King Edward the manor of Langham, which she held until her own death, among the numerous other manors she owned. The numerous estates which comprised <mask>'s large dowry ensured that she was one of the principal landowners in Essex. This placed her at the hub of a powerful structure of landed country gentry, who acted as her advisers and officers; <mask> in turn acted as "arbitrator, feoffee in property transactions, and intercessor with the royal government". During the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, some of <mask>'s manors were sacked by the rebels; this did not deter <mask> from expanding and industrialising her lands after the uprising had been put down, having done much to encourage the dyeing and fulling of woollen cloth on some of her estates such as Saffron Walden.In the Public Record Office, London, there is an extant document, written in Latin, which records the payment to <mask> by <mask> Gaunt for the maintenance of her younger daughter Mary after the latter's marriage until she came of age in 1384. A member of St. Helen's religious guild in Colchester, <mask> founded chantries and was also a patron of Walden Abbey, having donated money for relics, vessels, vestments, and the construction of new buildings. She is described in the State Rolls as having been a "great benefactress" to the monasteries of Essex. Execution of John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter
In 1397, <mask>'s brother Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel and a Lord Appellant was executed on Tower Hill for his opposition to King Richard II of England. The king's half-brother John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, Earl of Huntingdon accompanied him to the scaffold, as one of King Richard's representatives. Less than three years later in 1400, when Holland joined a conspiracy to murder the new king Henry IV (<mask>'s former son-in-law), and was captured near <mask>'s principal residence Pleshy Castle in Essex, he was turned over to her for punishment. Described as having possessed a "stern character", she showed him no mercy, and promptly gave orders for his decapitation, after having summoned the children of her dead brother to witness the execution.Following the beheading, which was performed without benefit of a trial, she ordered that Holland's severed head be raised on the end of a pike, which was placed upon the battlements of Pleshy Castle. Henry IV rewarded <mask> for her services on behalf of the Crown, by granting her custody of forfeited lands and properties. When Henry died in 1413, <mask>'s grandson Henry V followed suit; therefore up until her death in 1419, a large number of forfeited estates had come under her control. Death
Lady <mask>lan died on 7 April 1419 and was buried with her husband in Walden Abbey, which she had previously endowed. In fiction
<mask> appears as a character in Georgette Heyer's last book My Lord John, which is set in the reign of King Henry IV. Ancestry

References

People from Arundel
Hereford
Daughters of British earls
14th-century English people
15th-century English people
1347 births
1419 deaths
14th-century English women
15th-century English women

masks:
Joan FitzAlan
Joan
Joan FitzAlan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
John of
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan FitzA
Joan


texts:
<mask> is an American indigenous rights activist, from Oregon. McDaniel is a former carpenter working to improve human rights for the Akha people of Thailand and Laos. He is the founder of the Akha Heritage Foundation. He lived in Thailand from 1991 to 2004. Background
On April 18, 2004, <mask> was arrested at Thailand's border with Burma by Thai immigration authorities, jailed for nine days, and then deported. In July 2005 he moved from the USA back to Laos. His Thai Akha wife and children left Thailand and went to Laos to be with him.After his wife and children received visas, the family relocated to the United States in May 2006. A December 22, 2005 Keizertimes article reported on the difficulty in getting the visas. McDaniel is opposed to what he claims are missionary efforts to rewrite Akha history and eradicate their culture. This includes a language and oral history, which he says are critical components to their unique identity. He opposes coercive missionary conversion tactics, and the removal of Akha children from their families and villages. He has frequently questioned why charities such as Rotary International support certain missionary groups. <mask> has asserted that Rotary International has since pulled their web pages supporting the funding of the Children of the Golden Triangle Mission.<mask> also asserted that UNESCO was working with US missionaries who were "destroying Akha culture". A May 15, 2004 Asia Times article reported:

<mask> estimates that more than 100 organizations are proselytizing. "There's way too many missionaries coming. It's become a free-for-all. They come in with money from their home churches, with four-wheel drives, living like kings, like they never would back home," said <mask>, whose forthright campaign upset many people, spurring whispers about his motives. <mask> was reportedly deported by Thai authorities after being interviewed for this article; the reasons for the deportation are unclear. A January 2003 Village Voice article described him as "the evangelicals' fiercest critic in Chiang Rai."Since moving to Thailand 15 years ago, McDaniel has started a small nongovernmental organization called the Akha Heritage Foundation. With an annual budget of $6000, the group provides services that range from the establishing of fish farms and publishing books in the Akha language to documenting human rights violations. Half Moon Bay Review reported in a May 2009 article:

Bruno, a San Francisco resident, teamed up with McDaniel on what she calls "guerilla aid style" missions to usher medical supplies across the Thai-Burmese border to Akha people. Both were fighting a common enemy – exploitation and oppression – one with a knapsack full of medicine, the other with a video camera. She remembers watching McDaniel motorbike across the border alongside black market traders and sex traffickers, wearing a leather cowboy hat and shouldering a knapsack packed with bandages and ointments for homeless Akha. Motivations
The following is from an interview with <mask>el reported in the November 12, 2007 edition of the Statesman Journal:

Drug war

McDaniel accuses the "US Drug War" and the UN Office of Drugs and Crime for helping cause the arrest, forced dislocation, prosecution, starvation, death and extrajudicial killings of Akha people in Thailand and Laos. McDaniel has filed reports with the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, and the International Criminal Court.He documented extrajudicial killings during the anti-drugs push of Thailand's prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra in 2003. For example, <mask> and three of his associates (Itaru Furuta, Katharine Ricke, and Lisa Friedland) documented the June 20, 2003 killing of Leeh Huuh. <mask> reported:

TODAY. Two days ago Leeh Huuh, other son of Ah Nah Burh Chay and Loh Pah Ah Sauh were called to the Phrao police station. The police left a notice with Loh Pah's wife which she had to sign. TODAY at 8am these two men left for the police station. They were ambushed on the road and shot to death.We saw the bodies which we photographed. Police at Phrao police station denied knowledge of the details of the case that we already knew. "Akha Slaughter, Two more Akhas killed today, Thailand". June 21, 2003. fPcN interCultural. Friends of Peoples close to Nature. The first photo below is of Leeh Huuh and his wife in 2002. The next three photos are of Leeh Huuh's body on June 20, 2003.The last photo is of two Akha wives whose husbands had been killed earlier the same day. Leeh Huuh's wife is on the right side. <mask> took the photos. Thailand's English-language newspaper The Nation reported on the drug war in November 2007:

Of 2,500 deaths in the government's war on drugs in 2003, a fact-finding panel has found that more than half were not involved in drugs at all. At a brainstorming session, a representative from the Office of Narcotics Control Board (ONCB) Tuesday disclosed that as many as 1,400 people were killed and labeled as drug suspects despite the fact that they had no link to drugs. Prosecutor Kunlapon Ponlawan said "it was not difficult to investigate extra-judicial killings carried out by police officers as the trigger-pullers usually confessed." The January 24, 2008 edition of The Economist reported that

over half of those killed in 2003 had no links to the drugs trade.The panel blamed the violence on a government 'shoot-to-kill' policy based on flawed blacklists. But far from leading to the prosecutions of those involved, its findings have been buried. The outgoing interim prime minister, Surayud Chulanont, took office vowing to right Mr Thaksin's wrongs. Yet this week he said there was insufficient evidence to take legal action over the killings. It is easy to see why the tide has turned. Sunai Phasuk, a researcher for Human Rights Watch, a lobbying group, says that the panel's original report named the politicians who egged on the gunmen. But after the PPP won last month's elections, those names were omitted.The New York Times reported on April 8, 2003:

Since the death of 9-year-old Chakraphan, there have been frequent reports in the Thai press of summary executions and their innocent victims. There was the 16-month-old girl who was shot dead along with her mother, Raiwan Khwanthongyen. There was the pregnant woman, Daranee Tasanawadee, who was killed in front of her two young sons. There was the 8-year-old boy, Jirasak Unthong, who was the only witness to the killing of his parents as they headed home from a temple fair. There was Suwit Baison, 23, a cameraman for a local television station, who fell to his knees in tears in front of Mr. Thaksin and begged for an investigation into the killing of his parents. His stepfather had once been arrested for smoking marijuana, Mr. Suwit said. When the police offered to drop the charge if he would admit to using methamphetamines, he opted instead to pay the $100 fine for marijuana use.Both parents were shot dead as they returned home from the police station on a motorbike. Mr. Suwit said 10 other people in his neighborhood had also been killed after surrendering to the police. On March 4, 2008 the Asia Sentinel reported:

The first war on drugs, as it was known, pretty much evolved into a war on anybody the police decided to shoot. Under former premier Thaksin Shinawatra, more than 2,800 people were killed over a three-month period five years ago —about twice the normal murder rate of about 500 per month. Appointed Premier Surayud Chulanont half-heartedly set up a commission to investigate the drugs war nearly a year after the coup, but it had the effect of absolving the Thaksin administration. The committee found that about 1,370 of those deaths were related to drugs, while 878 were not. Another 571 people were killed for no apparent reason, according to the panel, and police investigated just 80 of those cases.United Nations

On May 18, 2006 <mask> and his Akha wife, Michu Uaiyue, presented a statement at the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. The full Michu Uaiyue statement (translated by <mask>) is here:

From the description page for the May 26, 2006 United Nations satellite television feed is this info about the statement:

Below are some photos taken by <mask> in May 2006 at the United Nations. Click to enlarge them, and to see the captions. Click again to enlarge further. Horseback ride across USA

A November 30, 2007 Keizertimes article reported that <mask> would ride by horseback across the USA to raise awareness of the Akha. The article reported: "He plans to start his journey in Lincoln City, making his way to Los Angeles and New Orleans before finally ending up at the United Nations headquarters in New York City. All told he plans to travel some 4,500 miles.He said the ride could take seven months or more." Here follows a quote from a November 30, 2007 Salem Monthly article (in Salem, Oregon):

The effort is "a commitment to the Akha people to protect their lands, to send a message to the Thai government that the Queen of Thailand needs to give back the land of the Akha, to raise public awareness and end the removal of children from their villages and families by missionaries," he said. The <mask> family's "Ride for Freedom" via horseback and bus began in Oregon March 6, 2009. On riding days McDaniel rode the horse, Hampton. He then hitchhiked back to a large touring-size bus where his family was located. There were found his Akha wife, Michu Uaiyue, and their 5 children aged 8 to 2. McDaniel then drove the bus to the horse.Then when ready he rode the horse another day. By May 5, 2009 the family had arrived in Half Moon Bay, California (20 miles south of San Francisco). Hampton the horse is 17.2 hands high and eats 20 pounds of feed a day. A daily ride was around 20 to 25 miles, although they did 60 miles one day. <mask> mapped the route with his iPhone. Concerning Hampton, he stated: "You have to make a deal with a horse. You can't fake it."A May 13, 2009 Santa Cruz Sentinel article reported that McDaniel's web site included a journal of the trip. The article also stated:

Using her husband as a translator, Michu declares: "Until the queen gives our land back, people should keep talking about this." The Akha Heritage Foundation web site links to McDaniel's official YouTube channel that has many videos of the ride. On day 300 (Dec. 30, 2009) McDaniel was in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and had Hampton's horseshoes replaced again. On day 382 (Monday, March 22, 2010) McDaniel arrived in New York City. The Keizertimes reported: "By noon he had hit Times Square, Rockefeller Center, the United Nations and finally Central Park, where he had arranged for someone to pick up him and his horse for a respite in rural New Jersey." The next step is the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues in New York City in April 2010.References

External links
The Akha Heritage Foundation

Living people
Akha
American human rights activists
Indigenous rights activists
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Keizer, Oregon
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Matthew Duncan McDaniel
McDaniel
McDaniel
McDaniel
McDaniel
McDaniel
McDaniel
Matthew McDani
Matthew McDaniel
McDaniel
Matthew McDaniel
Matthew McDaniel
Matthew McDaniel
Matthew McDaniel
Matthew McDaniel
McDaniel
McDaniel


texts:
<mask> (born 30 August 1988) is a Spanish professional basketball player for Valencia Basket of the Liga ACB and the EuroCup. Professional career

Valencia (2006–2012)
Claver began his playing career with the youth teams of his school, Sagrado Corazón HH. Maristas de Valencia, in Spain. He made his professional debut with Valencia during the 2006–07 season. He played in Europe's second-tier level competition, the EuroCup, for the first time during the 2007–08 season, and won it in the 2009–10 season. He also played in the European top-tier level, EuroLeague, during the 2010–11 season, and averaged 10.9 points and 4.9 rebounds, over 14 games. Portland Trail Blazers (2012–2015)
Claver was drafted 22nd overall by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2009 NBA draft.On 12 July 2012, <mask> signed a three-year deal with the Trail Blazers. He was assigned to the NBA D-League's Idaho Stampede on 7 December 2012, and recalled on 9 December 2012. The following day, he made his first NBA start, scoring 4 points in 25 minutes with 5 rebounds and 2 assists. <mask> was reassigned to the Idaho Stampede on 14 December 2012, and recalled on 16 December 2012. He played 80 games for the Trail Blazers over the next three years. On 19 February 2015, <mask> was traded, along with Will Barton, Thomas Robinson and a lottery-protected 2016 first-round pick, to the Denver Nuggets in exchange for Arron Afflalo and Alonzo Gee. Three days later, he was waived by the Nuggets before playing in a game for them.Khimki Moscow (2015)
On 1 March 2015, Claver signed with BC Khimki of Russia for the rest of the season. On 17 July 2015 Claver and Khimki parted ways. Attempt to return to Spain
In August 2015, he had a deal with Baskonia, but Valencia using the right of first refusal, matched the offer, and kept his rights in Spain. Baskonia obviously was not eager to pay a buy out to Valencia, but the Spanish forward did not want to play in his old team. According to reports, he did not want to play in a team which in the next season was going to compete in the second-tier level EuroCup, which led to Claver signing with a team outside the Spanish borders. Lokomotiv Kuban (2015–2016)
On 2 September 2015, the Russian team Lokomotiv Kuban announced a one-year deal with Claver for the 2015–16 season. FC Barcelona (2016–2021)
On 20 July 2016, he signed a three-year deal with FC Barcelona Lassa, after his new team reached an agreement with Valencia for acquiring his rights.On 2 July 2019, he extended his contract with FC Barcelona through 2022. On July 12, 2021, Claver officially parted ways with the club after five years. Return to Valencia (2021–present)
On 13 July 2021, he signed a three-year deal with Valencia and he plays again for his hometown Valencia. National team career
He was on Spain's junior national teams that won bronze medals at the 2006 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship, and at the 2008 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship. He has also played with the Spain men's national basketball team. Spain's medal cache included: gold medals at the EuroBasket 2009, EuroBasket 2011 and at the EuroBasket 2015, and a bronze medal at the EuroBasket 2013. He also played at the 2010 FIBA World Championship, the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup, at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where Spain won a silver medal, and at the 2016 Summer Olympics, where Spain won a bronze medal.

masks:
Víctor Claver Arocas
Claver
Claver
Claver


texts:
<mask> (January 27, 1738 – September 9, 1801) was an American politician and judge best known for his Anti-Federalist stances. He is also known as the presumed author of political essays published in 1787 and 1788 under the pseudonyms "Brutus" and "Sydney". The essays opposed the introduction of the Constitution of the United States. Early life
<mask> was born January 27, 1738, in Schenectady, New York, the oldest of twelve children of merchant <mask> and Maria (née Dunbar) <mask>. Among his large family was uncle <mask>., who served as mayor of Albany in the 1790s and cousin <mask>, who was a Continental Congressman and New York State Assemblyman. His paternal grandparents were <mask>, a prosperous farmer and blacksmith, and (née Winne) <mask>. He learned the craft of the surveyor and then decided to pursue a career in law.After clerking for William Livingston in New York City, in 1760 he was licensed to practice on his own. Career
Surveying supplemented <mask>' attorney's income as he made a number of important land maps during the 1760s. He drew the first civilian map of Albany in 1770. He also relied on patronage from the Albany Corporation through his uncle, alderman <mask> Jr. In 1771, he was elected to the Common Council as an alderman for the second ward. In those years he served on a number of committees, provided legal advice, and stepped forward to compile and issue the first published version of the "Laws and Ordinances of the City of Albany" in 1773. Revolutionary War
From the beginning of the struggle for American independence, although he did not sign the Albany Sons of Liberty constitution of 1766, he was prominent in the local resistance to the Stamp Act.By 1774, he had joined the Albany Committee of Correspondence and stood among its first members when the committee's activities became public in 1775. At that time, he was still a member of the Albany common council – although its activities were being replaced by the extra-legal Committee of Correspondence, Safety and Protection. He represented the second ward on the committee and was in close contact with it from his subsequent offices until it ceased operations in 1778. At the same time, he also served as secretary of the Board of Indian Commissioners – a post that required him to travel to the frontier. Beginning in the spring of 1775, <mask> was elected to represent Albany in each of the four New York Provincial Congresses. The first three met in New York, while the last one, convened after the Declaration of Independence, met under duress in locations throughout the Hudson Valley. In 1776–77, he served on the committee that drafted the first New York State Constitution and also was a member of the "Secret Committee for Obstructing Navigation of the Hudson."On May 8th 1777, <mask> was appointed to the New York Supreme Court. Later years
After the war ended, although principally an associate justice of the state Supreme Court, <mask> maintained a modest legal practice and continued surveying as well. During the 1780s, his political star continued to rise in the "party" of Governor George Clinton as he spoke in opposition to the expansion of the scope of a national government. In 1787, he was appointed with John Lansing Jr. and Alexander Hamilton to represent New York at the Philadelphia Convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. Arriving in Philadelphia, <mask> and Lansing felt the mood of the convention to produce an entirely new form of government was beyond their authority. After sending a letter to Governor Clinton urging opposition to the new Constitution, they returned home. <mask>'s personal notes from the Philadelphia convention were published in 1821.In 1788, <mask> was elected as an anti-federalist delegate to the New York State ratifying convention at Poughkeepsie, and worked against adoption of the Constitution. Among the leading anti-federalists who attended the Poughkeepsie Convention, he was the most vocal delegate in support of protecting individual liberties. After the Poughkeepsie Convention ratified the Constitution with an accompanying request for amendments to protect individual liberties, <mask> pledged his support as a matter of patriotic duty. In 1789, he ran for governor against George Clinton with the support of the Anti-Federalists, who viewed him as a reasonable, potentially kindred spirit who was not from a wealthy family. He was defeated by Governor Clinton. Approached by the Federalists again in 1792, <mask> refused to run citing the financial drain caused by past politicking. In the gubernatorial campaign of 1795, considerable sentiment existed for <mask>'s candidacy as he was firmly established in the center of the former Anti-Federal party.John Jay defeated him in a close election, effectively ending <mask>'s political career. By then, he already had devoted himself to the law. In September 1790, <mask> was chosen Chief Justice of the New York State Supreme Court. He served until the mandatory retirement age of sixty in 1798. Unlike many "new men of the Revolution," he did not attain great wealth and retired to his middling Albany home. Personal life
In 1765, he married Jannette "Jane" Van Ness (1741–1818) and settled in Albany, New York. Jane was a sister of Judge Peter Van Ness of Kinderhook.Among her extended family was nephews John Peter Van Ness, William P. Van Ness, and Cornelius P. Van Ness. The couple had six children, including:

 John Van Ness <mask> (1779–1839), who served as the Secretary of State of New York from 1818 to 1826. He died in Albany, New York on September 9, 1801, at age 63. He was originally buried at St. Peter's Cemetery, and later reinterred at Albany Rural Cemetery. Notes

External links
 Notes of the Secret Debate of the Federal Convention of 1787, Taken by the Late Hon <mask>, Chief Justice of the State of New York, and one of the Delegates from That State to the Said Convention (Washington, D.C.: Templeman, 1886)

1738 births
1801 deaths
New York (state) Anti-Federalists
Politicians from Schenectady, New York
New York Supreme Court Justices
18th-century American politicians
18th-century American judges

masks:
Robert Yates
Robert Yates
Joseph Yates
Yates
Abraham Yates Jr
Peter Waldron Yates
Christoffel Yates
Yates
Yates
Abraham Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Robert Yates


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; born October 1, 1965), formerly  <mask>, is an American television personality and model. In 2010, she was a cast member on the reality show The Real Housewives of D.C. She and her then-husband, <mask>, gained national attention in November 2009 by breaching security to attend a White House state dinner in honor of India's Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Early life
Schon is the daughter of Howard A. Holt Jr. & Rosemary (née O'Malley) of Fairfax, Virginia, sister of Debbie, Howard III, and Glen. She attended, but did not graduate from, King's College in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Michaele met <mask> at a 2000 baby shower that McLean, Virginia real estate developer N. Casey Margenau and his wife Molly had hosted. <mask> and Tareq married in 2003 in a ceremony at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington, D.C. The guest list included 1,836 guests, including Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy and former U.S.Ambassador to Ireland Margaret Heckler. The wedding, originally scheduled for October 2002, was postponed numerous times, prompting Kennedy to quip that he needed to issue "subpoenas" to the bride and groom. Career
Schon was a front-desk employee at contemporary hit radio station WKRZ in Wilkes-Barre/Scranton, Pennsylvania in 1989. She then moved to the Washington, D.C., area and worked at the make-up counter at Nordstrom in the Tysons Corner Mall in McLean, Virginia, for most of the 1990s. In 2001 she was a make-up artist on the set of the "Lady Bird" episode of the PBS documentary series American Experience. Schon has claimed to be a former Washington Redskins cheerleader; she has also claimed to have been featured in numerous television spots, was the face of Virginia.org's Wine Getaways ad campaign, and has also claimed to have been a featured model in various magazines. However, the Washington Redskins have publicly stated that she has never worked for them.She did perform with the Washington Redskins cheerleaders during the September 20, 2009, Redskins-St. Louis Rams game at a halftime event honoring the team's pom-pom alumni, although other cheerleaders questioned her dancing abilities. In Florida, a polo magazine editor stated the <mask>s submitted pictures for a December 2008 article that identified Schon, then <mask> <mask>, as a "former Miss USA." No record exists of her winning that beauty crown, pageant officials said. In 2010, <mask> was one of the featured housewives on Bravo's The Real Housewives of D.C. In May 2011, she released the pop single “Bump It!” online. 2009 U.S. state dinner security breach

In June 2005, while he was a Senator, Barack Obama had posed for a photo with the <mask>s and the Black Eyed Peas at the 12th annual Rock the Vote Awards Dinner at the National Building Museum. The <mask>s also breached the September 26, 2009, dinner for the Congressional Black Caucus, where the couple posed for photos with Rep. Chuck Rangel and Star Jones, then were asked to leave by security.On the December 2, 2009, Today Show, they claimed they were given tickets to that event by the Gardner Law Group, but caucus spokeswoman Muriel Cooper refuted that claim. "The first the White House security detail knew of their blunder in allowing them into [the November 24, 2009, state dinner] was when the couple posted photographs from the dinner on their Facebook page." Invited guest Brian Williams, anchor of the NBC Nightly News, observed the Salahis' SUV being turned away from the East Gate entrance. After that, he saw the <mask>s and crew leave their vehicle and walk to the White House. They entered through two security checkpoints; only one of them checked for photo ID. The White House on November 27 released photos of the couple posing with President Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel, and other celebrities in attendance. Secret Service director Mark Sullivan issued a statement on November 27 saying that the Secret Service was "deeply concerned and embarrassed by the circumstances surrounding the State Dinner".Sullivan's statement also pointed out that "the preliminary findings of our internal investigation have determined established protocols were not followed at an initial checkpoint, verifying that two individuals were on the guest list." Representative Peter T. King, Republican of New York, wrote a letter to the United States House Committee on Homeland Security requesting an investigation into this incident. The Secret Service also considered criminal charges against the <mask>s. <mask> <mask> was requested by the committee to appear at a hearing on December 3, 2009, but she refused to attend. Divorce, engagement and marriage to Neal Schon
In September 2011, a missing-persons report for Michaele was filed by her then-husband, Tareq <mask>, but she later was discovered to have run off with Neal Schon, whom she had met earlier. The couple divorced on August 20, 2012. On October 14, 2012, Schon proposed to Michaele onstage during a charity concert at the Lyric Opera House in Baltimore, Maryland, offering her an oval 11.42 carat diamond engagement ring.The marriage was Michaele's second and Schon's fifth. The couple married on December 15, 2013, in a pay-per-view ($14.95 for three hours) wedding that was broadcast live from the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco, California. On December 1, 2015, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors agreed to a settlement that would pay Neal and Michaele $290,000 in response to a lawsuit that had accused the city-county government of improperly permitting the wedding's organizers to increase their fees after learning of the pay-per-view arrangements. In popular culture
In the opening segment of the December 5, 2009, episode of Saturday Night Live, Kristen Wiig portrayed <mask> as an interloper who got on stage at a Barack Obama speech in Allentown, Pennsylvania and posed for various pictures behind the President with her husband, Secret Service agents, and Vice President Joe Biden. At one point, they asked the President to stop his speech and snap a group shot of all of them. References

External links
 Facebook page
 Twitter feed
 Tareq & <mask> <mask> wedding video
 Oasis Winery
 Official Guest List for White House State Dinner
 White House Party Crashers - photo slideshow by The Huffington Post
 Loudoun Times-Mirror (Va.) report on the Salahis
 Washington Post article on Salahis' problems

White House intruders
1965 births
The Real Housewives cast members
Living people
Oakton High School alumni

masks:
Michaele Schon
Michaele Ann Holt
Michaele Salahi
Tareq Salahi
Tareq Salahi
Michaele
Salahi
Michaele
Salahi
Michaele
Salahi
Salahi
Salahi
Salahi
Michaele
Salahi
Salahi
Michaele
Michaele
Salahi


texts:
Tituba (fl. 1680-1693) was an enslaved girl who was the first female to be accused of practicing witchcraft during the 1692 Salem witch trials. Although her origins are debated, historical research has suggested that she was a Kalina woman from Tibitó who eventually ended up in Barbados, where she was purchased by the Puritan priest Samuel Parris, who brought her to colonial Massachusetts. Little is known about Tituba's life prior to her enslavement. It is said that she was named after the tribe or the town which she came from. She became a pivotal figure in the witch trials when she confessed to practicing witchcraft while she was also making claims that both Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne participated in the said witchcraft. She was imprisoned and later released by Samuel Conklin.Early life
Tituba's husband was John Indian, an Indigenous man whose origins are unknown, but he may have been from Central or South America, Tibitó, Colombia to be precise. It is said that she was named after her town or tribe. Tituba may have originally been from Barbados. Many historians such as Elaine Breslaw and Charles Upham gathered that Tituba was a Native American based on Samuel Fowler's writing, "Account of the life of Samuel Parris". Tituba may have originally been a member of the Arawak-Guiana native South American tribe. While there is no physical evidence to prove this theory, it is believed that she was taken from her tribe and forced into the slave trade in Barbados, where she was sold to the Thompson plantation where she was the family cook as most Native American slaves were. This evidence was concluded through slave transport documents which described things such as head counts and names of the slaves.As Tituba interacted with a diverse group of people in Barbados, it is assumed that Barbados is the place where she picked up most of her knowledge about witchcraft from mistresses and other slaves. Once the head of the Thompson plantation died, Tituba was inherited by Samuel Parris and then she was brought to Massachusetts. The often unreliable records of the enslaved persons origins makes this information difficult to verify. There are historians such as Samuel Drake who suggest that Tituba was African. Her husband went on to become one of the accusers in the Witch Trials. They appear documented together in Samuel Parris's church record book. Salem witch trials

Tituba was the first person to be accused of practicing witchcraft by Elizabeth Parris and Abigail Williams.It has been theorized that Tituba told the girls tales of voodoo and witchcraft prior to the accusations. Tituba was allowed to speak against her accusers despite what race they were members of because it was not illegal for slaves to be able to give testimony in court. She was also the first person to confess to practicing witchcraft in Salem Village in March 1692. Initially denying her involvement in witchcraft, Tituba later confessed to making a "witch cake", but she confessed to making it after she was beaten by Samuel Parris. Tituba also confessed to speaking with the devil and in her confession, she stated that he ordered her to worship him and hurt the children of the village. When she was questioned later, she added that she learned about occult techniques from her mistress in Barbados, who taught her how to ward herself from evil powers and reveal the cause of witchcraft. Since such knowledge was not supposed to be harmful, Tituba again asserted to Parris that she was not a witch, but she admitted that she had participated in an occult ritual when she made the witch cake in an attempt to help Elizabeth Parris.<mask>, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborne were sent to jail in Boston to await trial and punishment on March 7, 1692. Despite these confessions, there is no proof that she did the things to which she confessed. Other women and men from surrounding villages were accused of practicing witchcraft and arrested during the Salem witchcraft trials. Tituba not only used these outlandish accusations to stir confusion among Massachusetts residents, she also used them to displace the punishment and or death sentence that could have been imposed upon her. By deflecting people's attention, she was able to prove that she was a credible witness and as a result of the recognition which she received, her life and her reputation were both saved. Tituba must have been aware that she couldn't hide from the accusations which were being made against her due to certain prejudices which people held against her based on her ethnicity. She claimed not to be a witch and denied that accusation against her despite her use of occult practices, admitting that the devil visited her and Parris' determination to find her guilty.Her confession and accusations not only served as a scapegoat, they also served as a new form of entertainment to the residents of Salem as they experienced possessions because of her words. Not only did Tituba accuse others in her confession, but she talked about black dogs, hogs, a yellow bird, red and black rats, cats, a fox and a wolf. Tituba talked about riding sticks to different places. She confessed that Sarah Osborne possessed a creature with the head of a woman, two legs, and wings. Since it mixed various perspectives on witchcraft, Tituba's confession confused listeners, and its similarities to certain stock tropes of demonology caused some Salem Village residents to believe that Satan was among them. After the trials, Tituba remained in the Boston jail, which had very poor living conditions for thirteen months, because Samuel Parris refused to pay her jail fees. In April 1693, Tituba was sold to an unknown person for the price of her jail fees.In an interview with Robert Calef for his collection of papers on the trials, titled More Wonders of the Invisible World: Being an Account of the Trials of Several Witches, Lately Executed in New-England, Tituba confirmed that Parris had beaten a confession out of her and then coached her on what to say and how to say it when she was first questioned. In popular culture

The majority of fictional pieces that artistically or historically depict Tituba's life portray her as a Black woman or an "outgroup" by Puritan society, due to her racial and socioeconomic status as a South American Indigenous and an indentured servant woman. Although it is not explicitly discussed in all of the movies, plays and books, that account for Tituba's conviction, it is quite possible that the "fear of strangers" in combination with the Western European traditional belief and understanding of witchcraft, made Tituba a prime target for witchcraft conviction. With reference to the historical understanding of Tituba and why she was convicted, it has been argued that the pre-existing ideas about "out groups" and stereotypical ideas of foreign cultures combined with fictional portrayals of witchcraft and sorcery works, has created a case where history and fiction shape each other. Essentially, the fictional works have assisted in the idea of what the Salem Witch Trials were like and what events lead to the convictions, trials and confessions, but without factoring in racial, political, religious and economic influences of the time, the portrayals of Tituba in media remain, for the most part, fictional. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, in his 1868 play entitled Giles Corey of the Salem Farms, describes Tituba as "the daughter of a man all black and fierce…He was an Obi man, and taught [her] magic." Obeah (also spelled Obi) is a specifically African and Afro-American system of magic."Tituba is featured prominently in the 1953 play The Crucible by Arthur Miller. The image of Tituba as the instigator of witchcraft at Salem was reinforced by the opening scene of The Crucible, which owes much to Marion L. Starkey's historical work The Devil in Massachusetts (1949). In Miller's play, Tituba is said to have come from Barbados, where she was taught how to conjure up spirits, and had allegedly dabbled in sorcery, witchcraft, and Satanism. The play suggests that Abigail Williams and the other girls tried to use Tituba's knowledge when dancing in the woods before the trials began; it was, in fact, their being caught that led to those events. With the original intention of covering up their own sinful deeds, Tituba was the one to be accused by Abigail, who had in fact drunk from a magic cup Tituba made to kill John Proctor's wife, Elizabeth, and to bewitch him into loving her. She and the other girls claimed to have seen Tituba "with the Devil". It is ironic that the belief that Tituba led these girls astray has persisted in popular lore, fiction and non fiction alike.The charge, which is seen by some as having barely disguised racist undertones, is based on the imagination of authors like Starkey, who mirrors Salem's accusers when she asserts that "I have invented the scenes with Tituba .... but they are what I really believe happened." Tituba is also the main character in the 1956 book Tituba of Salem Village by Ann Petry. Written for children 10 and up, it portrays Tituba as a black West Indian woman who tells stories about life in Barbados to the village girls. These stories are mingled with existing superstitions and half-remembered pagan beliefs on the part of Puritans (for instance, it is a white neighbor who makes the witch cake, rather than Tituba herself), and the witchcraft hysteria is partly attributed to a sort of cabin fever during a particularly bitter winter. Tituba is the subject of the award-winning novel I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem (1986) by Maryse Condé, a novel version of Tituba's life which creates a biography for her, beginning and ending in Barbados, and including supernatural elements. Tituba appears in the novel Calligraphy of the Witch (2007) by Alicia Gaspar de Alba as an Arawak Native American Indigenous from Guyana fluent in several languages, and the only person in the Boston area who understands Spanish. She is a friend and English tutor to the indentured servant Concepción Benavidez who is accused of witchcraft in the Boston area because of her Mexican and Catholic culture.Tituba is also featured as a main character played by Ashley Madekwe on WGN's television series Salem (2013). In American Horror Story: Coven (2013–2014), young African-American witch Queenie states that she is a descendant of Tituba. Later in the series, Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau and Supreme witch Fiona Goode have an in-depth discussion of Tituba's history and legacy. They suggest her magic came from her Arawak ancestry. Tituba appears in role in mobile game Fate/Grand Order's "Heretical Salem" storyline, though in the game she is the slave of a character named Randolph Carter rather than Samuel Parris. She is sentenced to death by witch-hunter Matthew Hopkins (anachronistically depicted as being in colonial Massachusetts) and executed by hanging. Later it is revealed that the Tituba encountered by the player is not the historical version, but the reincarnated spirit of the biblical Queen of Sheba, summoned and bound to the role in a form of magically-enabled reenactment of the Salem witch trials.<mask> is portrayed in the Jayce Landberg song Happy 4 U, featured on the album The Forbidden World (2020). See also
 List of slaves
 List of people of the Salem witch trials

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Salem witchcraft video

17th-century African people
17th-century American slaves
17th-century births
18th-century deaths
17th-century Native American women
Barbadian slaves
Carib people
People accused of witchcraft
People of colonial Massachusetts
People of the Salem witch trials
Place of birth unknown
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

masks: Tituba Tituba