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<mask>, Sr. (born April 11, 1957) is a former American politician from Washington, D.C. and former president of the D.C. Chamber of Commerce. An attorney and a certified public accountant, <mask> represented Ward 5 on the Council of the District of Columbia from 1999 to 2007, and was an at-large member from 2011 to 2016. He lost the June 2016 Democratic primary election to Robert White. Although his term was not due to end until January 2, 2017, <mask> resigned from the council effective August 15, 2016, in the wake of conflict of interest charges over his new employment at the Chamber of Commerce. Early years
<mask> was born April 11, 1957, and raised in Oakland, California. With a scholarship <mask> attended Fountain Valley School of Colorado in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He graduated from the University of the Pacific, where he earned a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration in 1979 and a Bachelor of Arts in Communications in 1980.In 1983, he earned a Juris Doctor from Howard University School of Law. He worked as a senior tax accountant for accounting firm Arthur Andersen from 1983 to 1987. In 1988, he graduated from the Georgetown University Law Center, where he earned a Master of Laws in Taxation. <mask> is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. In 1981, <mask> worked weekends as a security guard at the Washington Post, a position he kept for fourteen years. From 1987 to 1989, <mask> worked for the district's department of finance and revenue. He was manager of the district's Tax Amnesty Program, and he was acting chief of the District's Office of Real Property Tax Assessment Services Division.In 1988, he served as a United States delegate to the United States/Japan Bilateral Session: "A New Era in Legal and Economic Relations" in Tokyo, Japan. In September 1990, he served as a delegate to the Moscow Conference on Law and Bilateral Economic Relations. Early electoral history

Unsuccessful 1990 race
In 1990, he ran for chair of the Council of the District of Columbia, against Democrat John A. Wilson, who was then a council member representing Ward 2. Also running for chair was Libertarian Party candidate Jacques Chevalier. <mask> criticized Wilson's chairmanship of the council's Finance and Revenue Committee, noting that the district's financial troubles happened during Wilson's eleven-year tenure. <mask> advocated collecting unpaid tax bills, rather than increasing tax rates, as he said Wilson wanted to do. Wilson won the Democratic primary with 82 percent of the vote, to <mask>'s 18 percent.In 1991, he was hired as acting director of internal audit for the University of the District of Columbia. The next year, <mask> discovered that the university was paying a fuel supplier, Tri-Continental, for fuel it never actually received. According to the District's inspector general, over a period of eighteen months, the District had paid one million dollars to Tri-Continental for fuel it had not received. The day after <mask> released his memo naming two university administrators to be at fault, <mask>'s employment was terminated. The university said that <mask> had been hired under an invalid contract. Unsuccessful 1993 race
After Wilson's suicide in 1993, <mask> was one of seven individuals to file to run to fill the position of Council Chair. Also filing to run in the race were Ward 4 Councilmember Charlene Drew Jarvis and Linda Cropp.<mask> did not collect enough signatures to run, and his candidacy was disqualified by the District of Columbia Board of Elections. <mask>'s appealed, saying that the District's requirement of filing nominating petitions with 3,000 valid signatures was onerous, but District of Columbia Court of Appeals disagreed, and <mask> stayed off the ballot. <mask> declared himself a write-in candidate. Clarke won the election with 47 percent of the vote. Write-in votes, including those for <mask>, were one percent of the total. Unsuccessful 1995 race
In 1994, <mask> ran for councilmember to represent Ward 5, along with incumbent Harry Thomas, Sr. and eight other Democratic party candidates. <mask> advocated banning new liquor licenses, developing Fort Lincoln, and building a new convention center at New York Avenue and Florida Avenue.Thomas won with 39 percent of the vote, compared to <mask>'s 17 percent. Council of the District of Columbia

1998 successful Council race
In 1998, <mask> ran again for councilmember to represent Ward 5; Harry Thomas, Sr. ran for reelection. The Washington Post'''s editorial board endorsed <mask>'s candidacy. <mask> emphasized improvements to New York Avenue, improving the economy and schools, and restricting liquor licenses. <mask> defeated Thomas, receiving 38 percent of the vote to Thomas' 34 percent. The Post called described it as an upset victory. <mask> won the general election as well with 89 percent of the vote.Unsuccessful 2006 mayoral race
In 2006, <mask> ran for District mayor. During his campaign, he said he was against same-sex marriage. In September 2006, <mask> lost his bid for mayor in the Democratic primary, receiving 2.9% of the vote. From 2007 to 2010, <mask> was the regional vice president for Pepco Holdings Inc. for the Washington, D.C. metro area. Unsuccessful council chair race
In 2010, <mask> announced his candidacy for chair of council of the District of Columbia, challenging at-large council member Kwame Brown for the position. At the time, he was working as the chief financial officer of the National Children's Center. <mask> said he was now in favor of same-sex marriage, changing his position from four years earlier, saying "times change."After three credit card companies sued Brown for unpaid bills and Brown said his mortgage and other personal debt totaled around $700,000, <mask> said Brown's poor handling of his personal finances should make him unfit to handle the District's finances. <mask> was also critical of irregularities in Brown's financial filings for his previous two campaigns, which Brown attributed to accounting errors. Two of <mask>'s campaign aides resigned due to the negative tone of his campaign. The editorial board of the Washington Post endorsed <mask>'s candidacy. All but one of the sitting council members endorsed Brown's reelection. Brown won the Democratic primary with 55 percent of the vote, while <mask> received 39 percent. Brown prevailed in the general election as well.When Brown resigned from his at-large council seat, <mask> lobbied the District of Columbia Democratic State Committee to be appointed as the interim to replacement on the council, but they voted to appoint Sekou Biddle to the seat instead. Successful 2011 Council race
<mask> was a candidate in the 2011 special election to fill the at-large seat vacated by Brown; Biddle ran in the special election to keep the seat as well. The editorial board of the Washington Post endorsed the candidacy of Republican Patrick Mara. <mask> won election with 28 percent of the vote. In March 2011, the council was trying to close a budget shortfall, and it considered taxing out-of-state bonds for upper-income individuals. <mask> only decided to support the idea on the condition that the council would budget spending $500,000 for an Emancipation Day parade at the Lincoln Theatre, where <mask> sat on the board of directors. In June 2011, the Washington City Paper reported that Orange received more than $100,000 of campaign contributions from Jeffrey Thompson, CEO of a health provider accused of defrauding the D.C. government.When council member Muriel Bowser introduced an ethics bill that would disqualify mayors and council members convicted of felonies while in office, <mask> opposed the bill, saying it would create unneeded bureaucracy. <mask> supported new restrictions on medical marijuana retailers and adult entertainment businesses in Northeast D.C. Orange was also in favor of using District funds to build Nationals Park. 2012 term and reelection
On June 6, 2012, federal prosecutors charged District Council chairman Kwame R. Brown with one count of bank fraud in U.S. District Court; Brown resigned from the council later that day. Upon Kwame R. Brown's resignation, it became the responsibility of the council to vote to appoint one of the at-large council members to the vacant seat of chair. <mask> and Phil Mendelson both wanted to be appointed chair. After the council voted to appoint Mendelson the new chair, <mask> asked the council to appoint him to Mendelson's former position of chair pro tem. The council voted to appoint Michael A.Brown to the position of chair pro tem. <mask> felt appointing an independent council member to a position formerly held by a Democrat was a poor idea. In 2012, <mask> ran for reelection as at-large council member, his fifth campaign in six years. <mask> received $26,000 of money orders, which he called "suspicious" campaign donations, all in sequential numbers and written in the same handwriting. The money orders may have been connected to city contractor Jeffrey E. Thompson, whose home and office had been raided by the FBI and the IRS. Jeanne Clarke Harris later admitted she had run a straw donor scheme funded by Thompson. <mask> won the Democratic primary with 42 percent of the vote and the subsequent general election with 38 percent of the vote.During his term in office, <mask> supported a bill to increase the minimum wage to $12.50 per hour for certain large employers. In December 2012, health inspectors found unsanitary conditions and rat droppings in a produce market in the Florida Avenue Market. The District of Columbia Department of Health ordered the market be closed immediately. <mask> intervened for the owner, who had donated to <mask>'s campaign, While <mask> accepted responsibility of the charges, he insisted he performed a function of constituent service and thus did not violate the council's Code of Conduct or abuse his position. <mask> agreed he would attend ethics training and never abuse his position again. <mask> said he thought his actions were an acceptable constituent service and that his behavior did not reflect poorly on him at all. To settle the matter, <mask> agreed to attend ethics training."In the past, this has been clearly acceptable constituent service, but now you have people looking at it a different way," <mask> told the Post's Tim Craig. To the Washington Examiner, he said, "I don't think it reflects poorly on me at all" and health inspectors allowed the market to open the next day. Unsuccessful 2014 mayoral race
On November 8, 2013, <mask> announced that he would run for Mayor of the District of Columbia in the 2014 election. His campaign slogans were "Leaving No One Behind" and "Taking No One for Granted". He supported demolishing Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium and replacing it with a commercial strip, a golf course, a movie sound stage, a hotel, an indoor waterpark, and a film and photography center. In the Democratic primary, he came sixth out of eight candidates, receiving 1,946 votes (2.01%). Unsuccessful 2016 reelection race
<mask> filed to run for reelection in October 2015.The same month, former Advisory Neighborhood Commissioner Shaw resident David Garber filed to run against <mask> in the Democratic primary, calling <mask> "a corrupt politician with deep pockets." Robert White, a former aide to District of Columbia Attorney General Karl A. Racine and resident of Brightwood Park, also ran against <mask>. The editorial board of the Washington Post'' endorsed <mask>'s candidacy. White won the Democratic primary with 43% of the vote, compared to <mask>'s 41% and Garber's 16%. Committees
<mask> served on the following committees while on the Council of the District of Columbia:
 Committee on Business, Consumer and Regulatory Affairs (chair during his final term)
 Committee on Finance and Revenue
 Committee on Housing and Committee Development

Council resignation
On July 28, 2016, the D.C. Chamber of Commerce announced that it had selected <mask> to be the organization's next president. Council rules permit outside employment, and <mask> said he had received guidance from the city's ethics office that his new job would not create a conflict of interest with his council work. <mask>'s new job created a public scandal.His colleagues on the council strongly disputed <mask>'s claim that there was no conflict of interest. On August 3, <mask> dissolved a subcommittee on business regulation, which he chaired. On August 5, with the scandal only worsening, <mask> announced he would retire from the council on August 15, 2016, the same day on which his Chamber of Commerce position began. <mask> officially left the council on August 15, reminding the public of his 12 years of "service above self". No other council members appeared at his press conference. The D.C. Office of Government Ethics said it would soon issue a draft of restrictions that would limit <mask>'s ability to lobby the council, as required by law. The D.C. Board of Ethics and Government Accountability ruled in late September 2016 that <mask> did not break ethics laws or regulations in seeking the Chamber of Commerce position.Unsuccessful 2020 council race
In June 2020, <mask> left his job at the D.C. Chamber of Commerce to run for an at-large council seat left open by David Grosso's retirement. An issue in the race was DC's paid family leave law, which <mask> criticized and suggested repealing. <mask> lost the general election with 12% of the vote. Future 2022 council race
In the wake of Councilman McDuffie's decision not to seek another term as ward 5 council member, <mask> has declared that he will run in 2022. D.C. Chamber of Commerce presidency
<mask>'s appointment as the president the D.C. Chamber of Commerce (DCCoC) was effective at noon on August 15, 2016. <mask> said that, due to legal restrictions on his ability to lobby his former Council colleagues, he would, for the immediate future, focus on adding new members to the DCCoC and raising funds for its operations. The Chamber's board announced on July 16, 2020 that <mask> would step down from the organization, effective July 30, 2020.Personal life
<mask> lives in Ward 5, with his wife, Gwendolyn. He has three children, and is a member of the Metropolitan AME Church. References

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1957 births
Howard University alumni
Living people
University of the Pacific (United States) alumni
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Members of the Council of the District of Columbia
Washington, D.C. Democrats
African-American people in Washington, D.C. politics
21st-century American politicians
21st-century African-American politicians
20th-century African-American people

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type: original

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<mask> (9 September 1777 – 25 July 1797) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the French Revolutionary Wars. His short, but distinguished, career culminated in service as first lieutenant of the frigate  and his death, aged 19, at the side of his commanding officer, Captain Richard Bowen, in the assault on Santa Cruz, Tenerife. Family and early life
<mask> was born on 9 September 1777, the fourth son of Dr <mask>, DD, Rector of Ryton from 1781 to 1795, Archdeacon of Northumberland from 1792 to 1806, a distinguished mathematician (senior wrangler  at Cambridge in 1758) and Latin scholar. His younger brother <mask> also became rector of Ryton and later Archdeacon of Durham and a founder of Durham University. In 1788, Pooley Onslow, a first cousin of <mask>'s and daughter of his father's sister Jane, married Rear Admiral Sir Francis Samuel Drake, 1st Baronet, brother of Sir Francis Henry Drake, 5th Baronet and last in the line of baronets descended from Sir Francis Drake, 1st Baronet, nephew of the Elizabethan naval hero Sir Francis Drake. In the year following his marriage, Sir Samuel (as he was known) was appointed a junior lord of the admiralty, though dying shortly afterwards. The marriage likely gave Lady Drake the ear of many senior naval officers in addition to those of other distinguished persons known to her father, <mask>, Member of Parliament and an ex-army officer and her grandfather, Lieutenant-General Richard Onslow.Surviving correspondence between <mask> and his family makes clear the patronage he received from Lady Drake throughout his short career. Enlistment at Portsmouth

Thorp joined the Royal Navy in Portsmouth in February 1790, aged 12, and served in the following ships:

For his arrival at Portsmouth, Lady Drake provided <mask> with several letters of introduction. Dr <mask>, who accompanied his young son, wrote to his wife in Gateshead "<mask> has got a letter from Lord Hood to his Captain which cannot fail to procure him a good reception... Lady Drake has also got him letters to Capt. Onslow & Adm. Roddam..." (Vice-Admiral Robert Roddam, Commander-in-Chief at Portsmouth). "Roddam will have to introduce him to the several officers of the ship." HMS Thisbe
Most of Thorp's period on his first ship, the 28-gun Enterprise-class sixth-rate frigate  was spent in Nova Scotia, for which the frigate sailed in March 1790, returning to England in July of the following year. Correspondence from Thorp to his family during this time seems to have been lost or perhaps there was none, so little is known of his activities, but the ship was at Nova Scotia during the Nootka Crisis.It was feared that war might be declared with Spain and Thorp's captain, <mask>, was foremost among captains of other ships in an unsuccessful attempt to obtain authority to press local men into service to make up the difference between ships' peacetime and wartime complements, suggesting that Thisbe may have been maintained in a state of preparedness for action that provided good training for Thorp. On Thisbes return to England in July 1791, Thorp transferred to the ship-of-the-line Magnificent. HMS Juno
On 16 November 1791, Thorp reported on board the frigate  (32 guns), under the command of Captain Samuel Hood, a cousin once removed of Lord Hood and later to become Vice-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, 1st Baronet. Throughout 1792, Juno was based at Weymouth in attendance on the King and frequently embarked members of the Royal Family. Early in 1793 she joined the Mediterranean Fleet under Lord Hood. The Juno later took part in some notable events during the time Thorp served in her. Escape from Toulon
In a letter to his family, Thorp gives a vivid account of the Juno'''s night-time arrival in Toulon on 11 January 1794 with a contingent of army onboard numbering half as many again as the ship's company, to provide urgently needed assistance for the occupying force under the command of Lord Hood, only to discover after anchoring that the English fleet had vacated Toulon, which was now under French occupation, escaping under point-blank fire from ships and shore batteries.Attack on the tower and redoubt at Mortella Bay, Corsica
On 7 February 1794, Juno, in company with the ship-of-the-line Fortitude (74 guns), carried out an attack on the tower at Mortella Point, Corsica. The tower held out at first because of its robust design, inflicting heavy damage on the Fortitude with red-hot shot and causing the ships to withdraw temporarily. As the tower's two 18-pounder guns could only fire in a seaward direction a scheme was hatched to attack it from the landward side, involving almost inhuman effort in landing and hauling ship's guns and ammunition up the steep terrain to a point behind and overlooking the tower, from which a successful bombardment was mounted. <mask> was ashore and one of the party involved throughout the successful attack and wrote a detailed account of the action to his parents. A dramatic account of what Thorp described as "the worst was to come" is given in William James' The Naval History of Great Britain, Vol. 1HMS Aigle
When Captain Hood transferred from the Juno to the bigger frigate  (38 guns) in March 1794 he took with him a contingent of officers and men that included Midshipman <mask>. Corsica
Between April and August 1795, Aigle took part in the blockade of Corsica and the capture of Calvi.SmyrnaAigle spent six months from May to October 1795 blockading French warships in the Turkish port of Smyrna (now Izmir) – a very unpopular operation because of its lack of opportunity for prizes and its unhealthy climate, with frequent outbreaks of the plague. HMS Victory
Thorp was transferred to Sir John Jervis' flagship  in April 1796, where he was to sit the lieutenants' examination. Promotion to lieutenant
<mask>'s seniority as lieutenant was 1 May 1796, at which time he would have been 18 years and 7 months old, having enlisted the aid of his sister Jane to obtain documents asserting that he was over 20 years old, the minimum age for candidates sitting the lieutenants' examination. HMS Terpsichore

On 8 May 1796, almost immediately after his promotion, <mask> joined the frigate  (32 guns) under the command of Captain Richard Bowen, as third lieutenant. He served in her during the capture of the Spanish frigate Mahonesa (34 guns) and the capture, then loss in heavy weather, of the French frigate Vestale (36 guns), though he was in command of a prize being sailed to Gibraltar at the time of the latter action. On rejoining Terpsichore, <mask> was appointed as the first lieutenant, though (presumably unbeknownst to his shipmates) little more than 19 years old and still under the minimum age for lieutenant. It was in that capacity that he served during the Terpsichore's solo encounter on 1 March 1797 with the partially disabled Spanish ship-of-the-line Santisima Trinidad (136 guns), largest warship afloat at that time, which was retreating from the Battle of Cape St Vincent.Terpsichore's subsequent 10-hour engagement from early afternoon until dark resulted in 9 killed and several seriously injured on the Santisima Trinidad but no serious injuries on the Terpsichore. Cutting Out of the Principe Fernando
In April 1797 Sir John Jervis sent the Terpsichore together with the Dido (28 guns) to reconnoitre off Tenerife, where they found the Cadiz-bound Philippine frigates Principe Fernando and El Principe d'Asturia in the Bay of Santa Cruz. On the night of 17/18 April a joint cutting out expedition was mounted by the two British frigates, each sending three boats of which those from the Terpsichore were under the command of <mask>. In correspondence to his family, <mask> says that Captain Bowen (who was in command of the expedition) told him that he had drawn lots with the captain of Dido as to whose boats should attempt to take the closer of the two frigates to the shore and batteries and that Terpsichore had drawn the short straw. Despite adverse weather, which caused the boats to be rowed for more than three hours longer than anticipated before reaching their quarries, Terpsichore's boats' crews successfully boarded and captured their frigate, the Principe Fernando, sailing and towing her to sea while under fire from shore batteries for two hours, without loss of life but with the loss of 10 lives of the Philippine frigate's crew. Dido's crews were unsuccessful. Battle of Santa Cruz, Tenerife
In July 1797, Terpsichore became part of the squadron under Rear-Admiral Nelson that sought to invade Tenerife and capture Santa Cruz, which was being used as a port of refuge by richly laden ships from the West Indies and beyond bound for Spain.On the night of 24 July, following unsuccessful attempts to land troops some distance from the town, Nelson led a full-frontal assault on Santa Cruz under cover of darkness in which Terpsichore's role was to land a party on the town's mole and neutralise the battery overlooking the waters to the mole's north-east in which direction the main force would head. Thorp must have known the danger likely to be faced through his prior acquaintance of the mole when cutting out the Philippine frigate Principe Fernando three months earlier and wrote a letter addressed to "My ever dear Parents, Brothers & Sister" saying:

In the subsequent action Terpsichores boat sustained a direct hit from the battery and capsized in the heavy swell, several crew members drowning, but some of the party got ashore, took the mole battery, spiked its six 24-pounder guns and were progressing towards the town when they were mown down by grapeshot fired from a cannon that had been relocated from one of the town's forts for that purpose earlier in the day. Thorp was one of those killed at the side of his captain, Richard Bowen. After the cessation of the action, their bodies were recovered and buried at sea off Tenerife on 27 July. Retrospect
Thorp seems never to have returned home to Northumberland nor to have seen his parents again after bidding his father farewell in Portsmouth in February 1790, aged 12, spending all his time abroad save for his time in the Magnificent and the first year of his time in the Juno, waiting on the Royal Family, followed by a short period in the English Channel. He is mentioned with affection and respect in correspondence from several senior officers:

In a letter dated 16 August 1797 to his sister, Captain Cuthbert Collingwood (later Vice-Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood), close friend of Nelson and at that time captain of the ship-of-the-line Excellent as part of Sir John Jervis' squadron blockading Cadiz, wrote: "Capt. Bowen of Terpsichore and his first Lieut poor Thorp were both killed while they were spiking the guns in a battery which they had got possession of."In a letter dated 31 August 1797 to J E Blackett Esq, his father-in-law and a former Mayor of Newcastle upon Tyne, also written aboard the Excellent, Captain Collingwood wrote: "Captain Bowen was killed, and his First Lieutenant, <mask>, for whom I was very sorry: he was a fine young man, and promised to be an excellent officer." The early career of Admiral of the Fleet Sir William Hall Gage mirrored that of Thorp almost identically. Gage was born three weeks after Thorp in 1777 and joined the Royal Navy in 1789, three months before Thorp. Thereafter their careers followed similar courses until April 1796 when they were together as midshipmen on board Admiral Sir John Jervisʼ flagship HMS Victory, Thorp waiting to take the Lieutenantʼs examination and Gage having just passed it and awaiting promotion. Both were only 18 years old and would not have been eligible to sit the Lieutenantʼs examination in the ordinary course until having turned 20 years of age, but in one case at least (Thorp) the date of birth is known to have been falsified to establish premature eligibility. Gage was known to Thorpʼs family, as in a letter to his sister Jane dated 18 April 1796 Thorp wrote: “Hall is likewise in Victory & has passed & I hope will soon be promoted. He is very well & desires me to remember him to you and all at Goswick.” Both men then served as lieutenants in ships of the Mediterranean Squadron under Sir John Jervis, until the Battle of Santa Cruz, when <mask> as First Lieutenant of HMS Terpsichore was killed together with his captain, Richard Bowen, on 25 July 1797.On the next day, in a remarkable twist of fate, Gage, who had been promoted to commander in June, was appointed captain of Terpsichore. Letters to his family
<mask> wrote numerous letters to his parents and siblings throughout his career, except for his time on Thisbe in Nova Scotia during his first year of service and his subsequent time on Magnificent. These were deposited in the National Maritime Museum in 1968 in the form of two letterbooks. Regrettably, no record of persons inspecting these letterbooks seems to have been kept by the National Maritime Museum but anyone studying them in detail who is familiar with the Aubrey–Maturin series of novels of Patrick O'Brian may find a remarkable coincidence between some of the descriptions in <mask>'s letters and events or characters in O'Brian's novels, inviting speculation whether O'Brian may have read the letters and been inspired by their content. <mask>'s letters describing the escape from Toulon, the attack on the Mortella Tower and the siege of Saint-Florent, the blockade of Corsica, the capture of Calvi and the cutting out of the Principe Fernando'' are particularly noteworthy. Citations

References

Royal Navy officers
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
British military personnel killed in the French Revolutionary Wars
1777 births
1797 deaths
People from Northumberland

masks:
George Thorp
George Thorp
Robert Thorp MA
Charles Thorp
George
George Onslow
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Rupert George
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<mask> (August 13, 1914 – May 29, 1990) was an American anthropologist and processual archaeologist  who encouraged the application of quantitative statistics in archaeological research and the legitimacy of anthropology as a science. His push for thorough statistical analysis in the field triggered a series of academic debates with archaeologist James Ford in which the nature of archaeological typologies was meticulously investigated—a dynamic discourse now known as the Ford-<mask> Debate. He was also instrumental in increasing funding for archaeology through the National Science Foundation. Early life and education

<mask> was born on August 14, 1914, in Choteau, Montana. He grew up in Missoula, Montana and attended the University of Montana, where his father was the dean of the School of Forestry. During his sophomore year, he married Charlotte Smith and later had two children, Ronald and Catherine. He received his B.A.in economics in 1935 and promptly enrolled in the University of Michigan's anthropology M.A. program, receiving his degree in 1937. He pursued his Ph.D. in anthropology at Columbia University in 1938 under the guidance of William Duncan Strong, a firm advocate of the direct historical approach. In 1939, he became the first anthropology graduate student to be named university fellow. During his time as a doctoral student, he developed his stalwart perspectives on archaeology, namely its justification as a true science and the need for its practitioners to think quantitatively when necessary. Relating his initial intellectual experience in archaeology, Spaulding recalled, "my fundamental interest at the time [...] was clarification of the basic concepts of archaeology, which led me into explicit applications of quantitative technique and explicit definitions of archaeological problems in terms of relationship between or among well-defined variables." As a result, Spaulding—along with his colleague Gordon Willey—regularly contemplated the interrelations of form, space, and time in archaeological study, an extensive and critical concept he termed the "dimensions of archaeology".Although he completed his studies in 1942, the potency of World War II forced him to delay publication of his dissertation until 1946, upon which he was awarded his degree. Career

<mask>'s archaeological career spanned every corner of North America, beginning with a brief teaching position at the University of Montana after receiving his B.A. in 1935. During his time as a master's student at the University of Michigan, he joined the Works Progress Administration of the New Deal as an archaeological supervisor, participating in projects throughout South Dakota, Nebraska, Mississippi, and Kentucky until 1941. While his dissertation stalled, Spaulding took advantage of his time and joined the War Mapping Program of the U.S. Forest Service as an assistant topographic and photogrammetric engineer. He mapped the coastal ranges of southern California before traveling to Pennsylvania. In the wake of World War II, having received his Ph.D., <mask> accepted an offer to teach at the University of Kansas, where he stayed for only three semesters.He also accepted the position of Assistant Curator of the university's Museum of Anthropology, where he spent most of his time administering the archaeological and ethnographic collections and exhibits. He left KU in 1947 to accept a much-desired assistant teaching position and assistant curatorship at the University of Michigan and its Museum of Anthropology. The position he vacated at KU was filled by Carlyle S. Smith. Eventually, he attained the recognition of full-time professor and curator, but left the university in 1959 to become the program director of the Office of Social Science at the National Science Foundation, a new addition at the time. Originally, he was assigned director to both the "Anthropology" and "History and Philosophy of Science" programs within the foundation, but became the full-time director of Anthropology in 1961. It was here that he expressed the inherent need for anthropology to be considered a true science, intimately developing the attitudes directed towards the social sciences. After a brief appointment at Yale University, Spaulding left NSF in 1963 to serve as the chairman of the Department of Anthropology and professor at the University of Oregon for three years.He ultimately accepted a teaching position at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he served as the dean of the College of Letters and Science from 1967 to 1971. He retired in 1983, returning to the university to teach as an honored emeritus professor until he succumbed to illness in 1988. He died in 1990 of cancer. Field projects

<mask> participated in a number of field projects during the course of his lifetime but documented comparatively little field material as his interests resided mostly in the refinement of theory and method. The only reports considered somewhat complete are those on the Arzberger Site in South Dakota and Agattu Island in the Aleutian Islands. 1936 – Rice Lake and Spencer Lake, Wisconsin
 1937 – Butler County, Kentucky
 1939 – Arzberger Site in Hughes County, and Buffalo Pasture site in Stanley County, South Dakota
 1940 – WPA Archaeological Survey of Mississippi
 1941 – Wynot, Nebraska
 1956-1947 – Hanthorne site in Labette County, Kansas
 1949 – Agattu Island and the Aleutian Islands, Alaska
 1949 – Krugloi Point, Sitka, Alaska
 1949 – Cahokia Mounds, Illinois
 1953 – Upper Great Lakes survey, Garnell site in Michigan
 1970s-1980s – Santa Cruz Island, California

Ford-Spaulding Debate
While the concept of culture history dominated the archaeological discipline throughout the early 20th century, unrest as to the empirical suppositions of the theory fermented during the 1950s and 1960s, just as the theoretical underpinnings of the "New Archaeology" came to fruition. At the same time, the nature and legitimacy of archaeological types became a prime target of academic dispute, for some archaeologists held the belief that the cultural popularity of defined types created a normal frequency distribution that, in turn, validated such types and reflected cultural norms.This "common sense" theory of cultural units pitted the real against the arbitrary, rooted in empirical and theoretical rationalizations. Debates flourished as proponents of the idea defended the irrationality of an empirical type, coming to a head with a series of publications that swiftly ran its course through the pages of American Antiquity known as the Ford-Spaulding Debate. In 1953, Spaulding published a counter-argument of sorts titled "Statistical techniques for the discovery of artifact types" that detailed a statistical classification method for recognizing real inherent types in prehistoric material. He believed using cluster algorithms to group artifacts of similar attributes favored by the maker— corroborated by chi-squared tests— produced such meaningful and evident types, giving credence to the methods of evolutionary archaeology. In response, James Ford took the side of a nascent post-processualism and contested Spaulding's self-perceived emic modus operandi, declaring that archaeological types are more or less subjective constructs of the archaeologist and that the concept of culture itself is quite etic. Spaulding's method would only serve to highlight the extent to which temporally popular styles prevailed and categorize cultural continuity without  seriously considering the basics of culture theory. Even so, Ford believed that archaeological types could, in some measure, reflect cultural norms, but the idea that they were mostly subjective units created through trial and error and convenient testing dominated his understanding.Spaulding responded with haste, challenging Ford's methodologies. His technique of simply "counting and ranking" types was not a reliable measurement, nor was it scientific. The lack of any goodness of fit testing left Ford's seriation of types questionable in the absence of mathematical precision and sophistication— a virtue that Spaulding constantly sought to refine. Therefore, Ford's ordinal scales of measurement were not scientifically valid; "[He] simply does not know what the word 'measurement' denotes." Cluster analysis strictly served to locate clusters of attributes—not automatic emic types, as Ford understood—that were then left to the archaeologist to interpret their meaning. These clusters were more "functional types" in the sense that they were socially and culturally significant in relation to the discernible behaviors of the maker. Spaulding concluded that because such cluster patterning existed when statistically arranged—and that artifacts were human creations that could be empirically identified and sorted into sets—meant that designated types must be "real," meaning that they were categories recognized by the individuals who manufactured and used the artifacts in question.Ford desired a type "designed for the reconstruction of culture history in time and space", independent of an archaeologist's core definition or attributes of a type, considering one may choose an emically "wrong" combination of attributes as the cultural continuum constantly evolves. Such types are merely created by the archaeologist based on any discontinuity observed in the record. This materialistic comprehension of types clashed against Spaulding's essentialist notion of the same, and it is argued that the two scholars were unaware of the stark differences in theory and question in each of their ripostes. The Ford-Spaulding Debate hardly resolved the uncertainty of types and prompted many readers and participants to simply compromise; both <mask> and Ford, in their own rights, were correct. Influence on anthropology and archaeology

Theory and methodology

Spaulding remains one of the early forerunners of the New Archaeology. He was known for urging his fellow scholars to make use of quantitative statistics in archaeological research and maintaining his belief that anthropology was a rightful scientific discipline. As a result, his rigorous statistical methodologies and perseverance towards due scientific recognition remain pivotal elements in the historical evolution of archaeological research.Quantitative archaeology

Undoubtedly, <mask>'s greatest contribution to the field of archaeology was his insistence on using appropriate methods, namely quantification. He asserted that quantitative applications promoted a more accurate methodology— a necessary component of scientific research. This is reflected in his hypotheses of archaeological data, where patterns can be inductively extracted from an attentive analysis of the data itself. The Ford-Spaulding Debate publicly emphasized this ideology and was instrumental in establishing an artifact classification method, acting as an impetus behind the processual movement of the 1960s. His introduction of the chi-squared test in evaluating the validity of typological patterns according to behavioral relations contributed to the "behavioral turn" seen in the New Archaeology of quantitative application and behavioral reasoning. His theories greatly influenced Lewis Binford (arguably the "founder" of the New Archaeology) who found virtue in his statistical rigor and similarly believed in archaeology as a science, actively seeking to explain human experience rather than simply describe it. Binford, once a graduate student at the University of Michigan, credited Spaulding as his "most valuable teacher", "an intellectual rock of constructive thought and keen insight."Archaeological dimensions

In 1960, <mask> explored his doctoral ponderings of the "dimensions of archaeology" in a critical— yet relatively forgotten— paper in which he defined a dimension as "an aspect or property of the subject matter which requires its own special measuring device." The basic analytical measurements within archaeology consisted of space, time, and form (and their interrelations), an essential concept still recognized in archaeological analysis today. Archaeologists study artifacts in the context of these three dimensions, and all archaeological inferences are affixed to any of these measurements. The relation of form and time represents a diachronic approach while the relation of form and space represents a synchronic approach; the alliance of all three constitutes a comprehensive archaeological unit and the foundation of context. Although <mask>'s discussion focused largely on form and its conceivable statistical measurements, his understanding of the reality of all three dimensions can be considered a moment of clarity in the theory of archaeology. National Science Foundation

The discipline of anthropology has long been torn between the realms of science and the humanities. While those studying archaeology, physical anthropology, and cultural anthropology contend that their fields are entitled scientific inquiries, others believe anthropologists are restricted to the boundaries of the humanities.Spaulding was a staunch advocate of the former due to his passionate tenets concerning the  place of quantification in archaeology. He carried this perspective with him to his director's chair at the National Science Foundation, transforming the way the agency viewed the discipline of anthropology and instituting an invaluable resource. Millions of dollars became available to anthropologists through the NSF as the agency came to recognize the significance of their fieldwork. Today, the NSF still provides funding and support for scientific anthropological research including archaeology, archaeometry, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics. Honors and leadership roles
 1939 – Named university fellow at Columbia University
 1953-1964 – Associate editor, secretary, vice president, and president of the Society for American Archaeology
 1958 – President of the Michigan Archaeological Society
 1963-1966, 1973-1976 – Served on the executive board of the American Anthropological Association
 1964 – Vice president of Section H of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
 1967 – Served on nominating committee of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
 1967 – President of the Society for California Archaeology
 1978-1981 – Served on finance committee of the American Anthropological Association
 1981 – Awarded Distinguished Service Award by the Society for American Archaeology
 1985 – Awarded Special Award for Distinguished Service by the Society for American Archaeology
 Associate director of American Antiquity
 Fellow of the American Anthropological Association
 Fellow of the Society for American Archaeology
 Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Santa Barbara
 <mask> C. Spaulding memorial lectureship created at the University of California, Santa Barbara

References

Selected works

External links

1914 births
1990 deaths
American anthropologists
Columbia University alumni
People from Choteau, Montana
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
University of Michigan alumni
University of Montana alumni
20th-century American archaeologists
20th-century anthropologists

masks:
Albert Clanton Spaulding
Spaulding
Albert Spaulding
Spaulding
Spaulding
Spaulding
Spaulding
Spaulding
Spaulding
Spaulding
Albert


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<mask> (born June 21, 1958) is an American football coach and former player who is the head coach of the Alphas of The Spring League. He served as head football coach at Colorado State University from 2008 to 2011, compiling a record of 16–33. Early life
<mask> was born in Decatur, Illinois. He graduated from Patrick Henry High School in San Diego, CA in 1976. <mask> is a 1981 graduate of Colorado State, where he spent three seasons as a quarterback and earned All-WAC second-team honors behind BYU’s Jim McMahon. <mask> also excelled in the classroom at Colorado State, earning first-team academic all-conference honors, the Merill Gheen Award for athletic and academic achievement and the NCAA District Athletic Achievement Award. He earned a bachelor of arts in economics from Colorado State and later a master of education from Azusa Pacific in 1983.Playing career
<mask> initially attended and played football for San Diego Mesa College, where he was named an All-American. In 1978, he transferred to Colorado State University, where he played quarterback until 1980. He split playing time with Keith Lee for his first two seasons, and was red-shirted in 1979. In his final year playing with the team, he was the full-time starter and scored 15 touchdowns while throwing for 2,573 yards. <mask> graduated from Colorado State University in 1980 with a degree in economics. Coaching career

College
After graduating from CSU, <mask> returned to San Diego Mesa Community College where he held the head coaching job for a number of years. From 1986 through 1993, <mask> held assistant coaching jobs at University of New Mexico and at San Diego State University.In 1993, he returned to Colorado State University, where he served as quarterbacks' coach until 1996, after which he was promoted to offensive coordinator. During his time as an assistant coach at Colorado State, the team won a total of five conference titles. In January 2013, <mask> was hired by Mike London at the University of Virginia as offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach. NFL
In 2001, <mask> was hired by the Buffalo Bills to serve as running backs' coach. He left for the St. Louis Rams in 2003 where he served as an assistant offensive coordinator for three seasons, before returning to the Bills in 2006 for a season-and-a-half as the  offensive coordinator. <mask> returned to the NFL in 2012 and was with the San Diego Chargers as Senior Offensive Assistant/Special Assignments before moving to the University of Virginia in January 2013. The Spring League
He was a coach in The Spring League in 2017.Colorado State
In December 2007, Colorado State University announced that <mask> would be returning to his alma mater to serve as head coach. <mask> succeeded Sonny Lubick, under whom he had previously been an assistant. During <mask>'s tenure as an assistant, CSU had been a mid-major power, but upon his arrival their fortunes had slipped, as the program went 17–31 in Lubick's final four years. CSU surprised in its first year under <mask>. After a 38–17 loss to Colorado in his debut, <mask> won his first game with CSU, a home victory over Sacramento State 23–20 thanks to a Ben DeLine field goal. The Rams followed that up with a 28–25 win over Houston one week later. However, CSU would lose 5 of their next 7 games, including tight home losses to conference powers TCU (13–7) and BYU (45–42).CSU rallied to win their final two games, with their 31–20 victory at Wyoming securing their sixth win and a berth in the New Mexico Bowl. Underdogs to Fresno State, CSU won a 40–35 thriller for their first bowl victory since the 2001 New Orleans Bowl. The star of the game (and most of the season) was senior RB Gartrell Johnson, who ran for a career-high 285 yard and added 90 receiving yards. His 375 total yards were the most for one player in bowl history. He ran for two touchdowns, the final being a game winning 77-yard touchdown run in the fourth quarter. Johnson would be named first team all-MWC following the season. <mask> became the first coach in CSU history to post a winning season in his first year with the program.Despite graduating Johnson and several other seniors, 2009 started much the way 2008 ended. The Rams opened the season September 6 at arch-rival Colorado. With a bevy of returning starters, and the game being played in Boulder for the final time (both schools had agreed to play the next decade's worth of games at Invesco Field at Mile High Stadium), the Buffs were heavy favorites. However, CSU led from start to finish, beating Colorado 23–17, marking their first victory at Folsom Field since 1986. Following home victories over Weber State and Nevada, the 3–0 Rams appeared headed to postseason yet again. However, the season would derail quickly. Following a 42–23 loss at ranked-BYU, the Rams dropped a 31–29 decision at Idaho followed by 24–17 home defeat to Utah.They were the first of four losses that would come by seven points or less. The Rams would not win another game for the rest of the season. A loss to previously winless New Mexico (29–27) assured CSU of a last place finish, and a 17–16 home defeat to Wyoming the day after thanksgiving not only cost the Rams the Bronze Boot (and their first home loss to Wyoming in 12 years), but made CSU just the 3rd team in Mountain West Conference history to go winless in conference play (Wyoming having done so in 2000 and 2001). In 2010, The Rams finished with an identical 3–9 record with their lone wins home victories over lowly Idaho, New Mexico and UNLV. Blowouts were frequent and the most embarrassing came in the season's final two games. On senior day the Rams were shelled by Brigham Young 49–10. The following week they concluded their season with a 44–0 drubbing by rival Wyoming in the Border War.Wyoming hadn't won a single conference game until that dominating win over Colorado State. It was hoped that Colorado State would begin to turn the corner in 2011, <mask>'s fourth year. Despite a 28–14 loss to rival Colorado, the Rams started 3–1 highlighted by a dramatic 35–34 comeback win in double overtime at Utah State on September 24. It would be CSU's final win. The following week CSU fell 38–31 to San Jose State on homecoming, the start of an 8-game losing streak. <mask> was fired by new athletic director Jack Graham on December 4, 2011, one day after his Rams lost to the Wyoming Cowboys in the Border War. It was their third straight loss to Wyoming and the third straight time CSU finished their season 3–9.Alphas
<mask> was named head coach of the Alphas of The Spring League on October 15, 2020. Head coaching record

Personal life
<mask> is married to the former Nancy A. Kolstoe. They have two daughters: Lindsey and Jill. References

1958 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Buffalo Bills coaches
Colorado State Rams football coaches
Colorado State Rams football players
National Football League offensive coordinators
New Mexico Lobos football coaches
San Diego State Aztecs football coaches
St. Louis Rams coaches
Junior college football coaches in the United States
Sportspeople from Decatur, Illinois
The Spring League coaches

masks:
Stephen Thomas Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
Fairchild
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Fairchild


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<mask> (born June 10, 1977) is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for Hartford before playing overseas for 13 years as a professional in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Kazakhstan and Russia. High school career
<mask> was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey and grew up in nearby Piscataway, where he attended Piscataway Township High School, leading the school's basketball team to a 23–2 record and a Group IV state championship as a junior in 1993–94. College career
<mask> began his college career in 1995–96, joining the Hartford Hawks as a freshman. He averaged 12.1 points and 3.2 rebounds in 28 games in his first season, earning himself North Atlantic Conference All-Rookie Team honors. As a sophomore playing for the Hawks in 1996–97, <mask> was considered the team's super-sub after a preseason ankle injury moved him to the bench. In 28 games on the season, <mask> averaged 12.9 points and 3.3 rebounds per game.As a junior in 1997–98, <mask> earned first-team All-North Atlantic Conference honors after averaging 20.1 points and 5.0 rebounds in 27 games. In addition, he led the league in free throw percentage (83.8) and steals (2.19) in 1997–98. As co-captain his senior year in 1998–99, <mask> earned second-team All-America East Conference honors after averaging 20.1 points and 4.4 rebounds in 27 games. He scored 1,086 combined points as a junior and senior, and with his 20-point-per-game average both years, he became only the second player to do so in consecutive seasons in the Division I era. He finished his career third all-time in scoring (1,786 points) and is among Hartford's top ten in nine different career statistical categories. Included are the top spot in free throws made (501), free throw percentage (.831) and steals (218). In 2009, <mask> was inducted into Hartford's Athletics Hall of Fame.However, his stint lasted just two months, as he was released by the club on October 26 after appearing in just nine games. Over those nine games, he averaged 9.6 points, 2.8 rebounds, 2.9 assists and 1.7 steals in 21.8 minutes per game. The following year, <mask> moved to Portugal where he joined Belenenses for the 2000–01 season. On the season, he averaged 26.8 points, 3.8 rebounds and 5.9 assists per game. In January 2002, <mask> signed with Sacil HLB Pavia of Italy for the rest of the 2001–02 season. In 20 games for Pavia (17 regular season, 3 playoff), he averaged 9.4 points, 2.6 rebounds, 2.3 assists and 1.9 steals per game. <mask> had a three-year hiatus from basketball between May 2002 and March 2005.He returned to Portugal and joined FC Porto late in the 2004–05 season. In 9 regular season games for Porto, he averaged 8.4 points, 3.2 rebounds, 4.0 assists and 1.6 steals in 23.8 minutes per game. He also played in 7 playoff games for the club, averaging 12.6 points, 2.9 rebounds, 4.1 assists and 2.4 steals in 23.7 minutes per game. Australia and New Zealand
On July 31, 2006, <mask> signed with the West Sydney Razorbacks for the 2006–07 NBL season. During preseason, he suffered a knee strain in a freakish accident on a golf course. He subsequently missed the first two games of the regular season. In late December, he missed a two-game North Queensland road trip due to an ankle injury.He appeared in 29 of the Razorbacks' 33 games in 2006–07, averaging 14.9 points, 3.5 rebounds, 2.9 assists and 1.5 steals in 30.9 minutes per game. His efforts were in vain though as the Razorbacks finished the season in last place with a dismal 5–28 win/loss record. Following the conclusion of the Razorbacks' season, <mask> moved to New Zealand where he joined the Otago Nuggets for the 2007 New Zealand NBL season. The Nuggets, like the Razorbacks, finished last on the ladder with a 2–16 win/loss record. <mask> appeared in all 18 games for the Nuggets, averaging 23.9 points, 4.8 rebounds, 3.0 assists and 2.4 steals per game. Mexico and Kazakhstan
<mask> joined Correcaminos UAT Victoria in Mexico following his stint in New Zealand, but managed just four games for the club before departing in November 2007. He later moved to Kazakhstan and signed with the Astana Tigers for the rest of the 2007–08 season, helping the team win the Kazakhstani Cup and the Kazakhstani League championship.They won the League Finals series 3–1, with <mask> scoring 25 points in Game 1 of the best-of-five series. Russia and second New Zealand stint
<mask> spent the 2008–09 season in Russia playing for Sibirtelecom Lokomotiv Novosibirsk, averaging 11.5 points, 3.2 rebounds, 2.8 assists and 2.1 steals in 18 games. Following his stint in Russia, <mask> returned to New Zealand where he joined the Waikato Pistons for the 2009 New Zealand NBL season. He helped lead the Pistons back to the NBL Finals where they defeated the Nelson Giants 2–0, winning back-to-back championships for the second time in franchise history. <mask> earned Finals MVP honors after recording 32 points and six assists in Game 2. He appeared in all 19 games for the Pistons in 2009, averaging 19.5 points, 4.0 rebounds, 3.8 assists and 2.7 steals per game. Sweden
In January 2010, <mask> signed with the Sundsvall Dragons of Sweden for the rest of the 2009–10 season.In 16 games for Sundsvall, he averaged 6.3 points, 2.1 rebounds, 1.6 assists and 1.1 steals per game. Final season
In 2012, <mask> returned to New Zealand for one final season, this time joining the Harbour Heat. However, the season turned out to be much like the 2007 season with Otago, as the Heat finished the regular season in last place with a 3–13 win/loss record. <mask> was a bright spark for the team, winning Player of the Week honors for Round 10 after scoring a season-high 33 points on May 2 against the Manawatu Jets, and 18 points on May 5 also against the Jets. He appeared in all 16 games for the Heat in 2012, averaging 18.1 points, 3.4 rebounds, 3.9 assists and 2.1 steals per game. Post-playing career
In 2013, <mask> began teaching and coaching basketball at high schools in Florida. In 2016, <mask> returned to New Zealand and was appointed team manager of the New Zealand Breakers.In March 2017, <mask> was named in the Super City Rangers squad for the Northern Blitz tournament. He later became a teacher at Long Bay College in Auckland. In June 2020, <mask> was appointed an assistant coach for the Otago Nuggets' 2020 season. He helped guide the Nuggets to the championship. References

External links
<mask> at proballers.com
<mask> at sports-reference.com

1977 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Australia
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Kazakhstan
American expatriate basketball people in Mexico
American expatriate basketball people in New Zealand
American expatriate basketball people in Portugal
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American expatriate basketball people in Sweden
Basketball players from New Jersey
Correcaminos UAT Victoria players
FC Porto basketball players
Guards (basketball)
Harbour Heat players
Hartford Hawks men's basketball players
Otago Nuggets players
People from Piscataway, New Jersey
Piscataway High School alumni
Sportspeople from New Brunswick, New Jersey
Sundsvall Dragons players
Waikato Pistons players
West Sydney Razorbacks players
American men's basketball players

masks:
Justin Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Justin Bailey
Justin Bailey


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<mask> (April 10, 1897 – September 29, 1954) was an officer in the United States Navy in the Atlantic during World War I and in the Pacific during World War II. A pioneer in the development of aircraft carrier combat operations concepts, he is noted for his aggressive aerial warfare tactics as a captain on the  during World War II. His citation for the Distinguished Service Medal states: "His judicious planning and brilliant execution was largely responsible for the rout of the enemy Japanese fleet in the Battle of Midway." Early life
<mask> was born in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, the son of Sarah Louise (née Smith) and New York City stockbroker <mask>, Jr. He attended public schools before his appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, in 1914. He graduated early, commissioned Ensign with the Class of 1918 on June 29, 1917.Career
Following graduation, <mask> briefly served on the , a battleship of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. From February, 1918 he then had duty in connection with fitting out the battleship . In June 1918, he joined the French cruiser Lutetia, and was an observer aboard while she operated with Cruiser Force, Atlantic Fleet, through the end of the war. Following the war <mask> spent four consecutive years afloat, serving on the battleship  (flagship of the Atlantic Fleet), the destroyer , and as Engineer Officer of , and later  (destroyers operating with the U.S. Pacific Fleet). Lieutenant <mask> joined  in 1920, serving as executive officer until transferred a year later to similar duty as XO of . In January 1924, <mask> reported to Naval Air Station Pensacola for flight training. He showed exceptional skill in the cockpit, but also exhibited a "wild streak" which struck his squadron mates as "potentially dangerous."Designated Naval Aviator on September 29, 1924, he became one of America's earliest navy combat pilots, joining , America's first aircraft carrier, which had been converted from the collier  (whose sister ships,  and , vanished without a trace in the Bermuda Triangle area). From January 1925 until May 1927, <mask> was assigned to Observation Squadron 2, attached first to the minelayer , later to the battleship . Advanced to Operations Officer, he served for two years at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia. Promoted to Naval Flight Officer, he was assigned his first command in July 1929: Scouting Squadron 5S, the aviation unit of the light cruiser . During that time he performed additional duty on the staff of the commander of Light Cruiser Division Two of the Scouting Fleet (USS Trenton, flagship). As an early combat aviator, <mask> helped develop and implement fighter aircraft tactics and strategy; he also helped shape how naval warplanes were designed and built. In July 1931, he reported to the Bureau of Aeronautics to serve in the Material Division (Design), and spent the next three years helping to design and test combat aircraft.As a test pilot, he crashed a plane in 1932 and was laid up in a San Diego naval hospital. The monoplane fighters which <mask> and others piloted went through numerous upgrades in both structure and function, every design change hotly debated by men whose very lives were at stake. <mask> was part of the group of "progressives" that pushed for development of a high-performance fighter, with maneuverability secondary to speed. These men felt that a true fighter had to be fast enough to quickly overtake and shoot down enemy planes. Unfortunately for <mask> and the other progressive thinkers, the Bureau of Aeronautics continued to emphasize maneuverability, climb, and flight ceiling at the expense of speed and other characteristics that the progressives argued were more important. If the bureau had been more receptive to the emphasis on speed, the United States might have entered World War II with a more advanced high-performance fighter. In June 1934, <mask> was given command of Fighting Squadron 3B, based on the USS Langley and later on , the first American warship built from the keel up as an aircraft carrier.He served in that capacity until June 1936, when he reported to the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, for postgraduate studies with additional duty at the Naval Torpedo Station there. Upon completion of his junior year, he became one of the first naval instructors at the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field in 1937, training a new generation of fighter pilots while continuing his advanced studies in combat theory, national security policy, airborne command and control and joint military operations. <mask> laid out his tactical logic in a 13-page, single-spaced, typewritten memorandum on carrier warfare prepared at the Naval War College in 1936, the year that Nazi Germany allied with Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan. <mask>'s essay briefly noted the vulnerability of carriers during the aircraft re-arming process, which he later successfully exploited during the Battle of Midway. After completing his academic work, <mask> was appointed to Admiral William F. Halsey's staff in the new billet of Air Tactical Officer. In June 1938, he joined the United States' second new aircraft carrier, , to serve as commander of Yorktowns carrier air wing. <mask> personally developed and organized the Fleet Aircraft Tactical Unit based on Yorktown, and commanded it for two additional years.When Halsey became the commander of Air Battle Forces two years later, <mask> remained on his staff as Operations and War Plans Officer and became Halsey's Chief of staff in June 1941. From the onset of U.S. involvement in World War II, <mask> provided tactical counsel to Halsey from the bridge of the flagship . As war loomed on the horizon, Halsey had <mask> prepare the crew of Enterprise and her aircraft squadrons. They were en route to Hawaii after delivering a doomed Marine Corps fighter squadron to Wake Island when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. USS Enterprise scout bombers arrived over Pearl during the attack, and immediately went into action in defense of the naval base. Six of them were shot down. The carrier reached the devastated harbor just after the attack, and put to sea again early the next morning to patrol against any additional threats to the Hawaiian Islands.(Enterprise planes sank a Japanese submarine on December 10, 1941, three days into the war.) With the United States Pacific Fleet nearly destroyed, USS Enterprise and her battle group took up forward defensive positions west of Hawaii. Eight of the fleet's nine battleships had been trapped in the harbor, four of them sunk and four heavily damaged, along with three of the fleet's eight cruisers present during the dawn attack. With her battleship force crippled, defense against further attacks on the United States and her territories was left to her three aircraft carriers stationed in the Pacific: Enterprise, and the converted battlecruisers  and . Designated flagship of the Pacific Fleet, Enterprise sailed in January 1942 to protect American convoys reinforcing Samoa. Soon, though, under the aggressive leadership of Halsey and <mask>, Enterprise took up the offensive. In February and March 1942, <mask> directed numerous daring air raids on Japanese bases at Kwajalein, Wotje, and Maloelap in the Marshall Islands, and blasted enemy installations in the Gilbert Islands, Marcus Island, and Wake Island.Halsey gave credit for much of his own remarkable military success to his chief of staff, and recommended Commander <mask> for a spot promotion to the rank of captain. So dramatic were <mask>'s air raids on Japanese island bases that Life magazine dubbed him "America's mastermind in aerial warfare." <mask>'s promotion was approved by CINCPAC that April following the "Doolittle Raid", in which <mask> himself played a role in both planning and executing. Dubbed "Jimmy Doolittle's Raid" by the American press, the daring scheme launched 16 Army Air Forces long-range bombers, led by Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle, from the deck of the carrier , with Enterprise providing combat air support. The squadron dropped bombs on Tokyo and other Japanese cities on April 18, 1942, completely surprising the Japanese and giving the beleaguered American troops and public a much-needed boost in morale. Midway

Halsey suffered a severe attack of dermatitis on the Enterprise on the way back from the successful Doolittle bombing. Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, Halsey's hand-picked successor, inherited <mask> and his staff just prior to the Battle of Midway.Spruance, who had commanded only a cruiser division since the beginning of the war, was concerned about leading a carrier group because he had no prior aviation or carrier experience. Halsey reassured him, telling Spruance to rely on his battle-hardened staff, especially <mask>. Unfortunately, <mask> had an abrasive personality and Spruance found it difficult to get along with his chief of staff during and after Midway. Military historian Samuel Eliot Morison referred to <mask> as "one of the most irascible officers ever to earn a fourth stripe, but he was a man with a slide-rule brain." Others said he had a "calculator brain" and "a superintellect that evoked praise – often begrudging – from his superiors." <mask> is commonly described as "crusty and brawling," clever, daring, exceptionally aggressive and uncontrollable. He was by no means a deft social mixer.He was willful, arrogant, a hard drinker, and violently tempered. Despite his unpopularity, he was respected as a brilliant tactical officer. Midway would be a critical battle for the United States and its allies, one that all parties knew might very well determine the outcome of the war in the Pacific. After the devastation of its battleships at Pearl Harbor six months earlier, the U.S. Navy was forced to place all its hopes on a small aircraft carrier force that was dwarfed by the strength of Japan's Combined Fleet. As chief of staff for Task Force 16, <mask> was charged with supporting Rear Admiral Spruance during the impending battle as the Imperial Japanese Navy, undefeated for over 350 years, bore down on Midway Island. American intelligence had decoded Japanese messages and knew roughly where the Combined Fleet would be headed. Although unaware of that breach in its radio security, the Japanese Navy changed its codes out of protocol while under sail for the strategically crucial U.S. airbase at Midway.The Imperial Fleet, under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, knew that it would meet resistance. The intention was to draw whatever was left of the American fleet into a battle wherein any remaining U.S. naval warships could be destroyed. Yamamoto's second-in-command, Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, the hero of Pearl Harbor, was so confident in the plan that he failed to anticipate carrier-based aerial attacks from any of America's remaining carriers, and presumed that the heavily damaged Yorktown had been sunk during the Battle of the Coral Sea. Some accounts credit <mask>'s tactical genius and carrier operations experience with winning the battle of Midway. Spruance wanted to wait to launch fighter aircraft until the Japanese ships were within . <mask>, however, had deduced that the Japanese would commit to another strike on Midway Island and that he could catch them off guard. By ordering Enterprises aircraft to attack the Japanese task force on sight while the Japanese planes were committed to fueling and rearming operations on deck, <mask> caught the Japanese ships without adequate protection and was able to sink all four of Japan's big carriers, as he had predicted in his 1936 tactical thesis.Guadalcanal

<mask>, unfortunately, was a man of tremendous contradictions. At his moment of triumph, in the summer of 1942, he had an affair with the wife of a fellow officer, Commander Francis Massie Hughes. That breach of the Navy's sacred code for an officer, combined with his drinking and unstable temperament, would eventually derail his career and lead later chroniclers to virtually write him out of military history. Despite this damaging personal incident, <mask> resumed combat duties in October 1942, when Halsey was given command of the South Pacific theater, where Allied fortunes had turned for the worse. <mask>'s sage tactical advice helped Halsey to execute the command miracle in the Solomon Islands that reversed the declining situation in that war-swept region. Like Midway, the Guadalcanal Campaign was another critical "turning point" in the Pacific war. The first major offensive by combined Allied forces against Japanese-held territory, it was a desperate ongoing sea, air, and ground campaign requiring continual, almost daily, aircraft actions orchestrated by <mask>.Repeated Japanese counterstrikes were repelled while the entire South Pacific Force – including U.S and Allied army, navy and marine forces – was run by Halsey, <mask>, a handful of staff officers and some fifty bluejackets. Their tactics, and the sacrifices of thousands of soldiers, sailors and marines under their command, resulted in the historic naval victory at Guadalcanal in early November 1942. Again, Halsey gave <mask> credit for his success. In a New Year's Day 1943 letter to Admiral Nimitz (CINCPAC) concerning <mask>'s precarious career situation, Halsey wrote, "<mask> has an uncanny knack of sizing up a situation and coming out with an answer." Admitting that his chief of staff was "decidedly temperamental", Halsey begged Nimitz not to break up "this partnership" between himself and <mask>, writing, "I am almost superstitious about it." Several days later, however, <mask> antagonized visiting Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox, earning himself another powerful enemy who then replaced <mask> over Halsey's objections. Admiral Ernest King, Chief of Naval Operations and Commander-in-Chief, United States Fleet, and another old enemy, concurred.Halsey instead pushed for a promotion to Commodore for <mask>. In March 1943, <mask> married Jane Matthews, the woman with whom he had the 1942 affair; she was his fourth and last wife. <mask> was detached from Halsey's staff in July 1943 to become the commanding officer of the new , the namesake of the  , lost in October 1942 at the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. During his tenure of command,  took part in massive aerial raids against Japanese bases in the Pacific, including Palau, Truk, and Ponape, and provided carrier-launched air support during the Allied invasion of New Guinea and the Jayapura operation. Banishment
In the spring of 1944, during a nighttime showing of a film on Hornet's hangar deck, someone discharged a CO2 canister and triggered a stampede. In the chaos, two sailors fell overboard; one of them drowned. By this time, <mask> had alienated several of his superiors, including Admirals Joseph J. Clark and Marc Mitscher, who were waiting for <mask> to make a misstep after numerous mistakes in ship-handling and general insubordination.He was also generally hated by his subordinates, in particular, the pilots, who held him responsible for numerous crashes as he enforced an unrealistically short take-off distance for the Curtiss SB2C Helldiver based on the theoretical claims of the manufacturer, instead of the practical experience of the pilots. When <mask> refused to have a boat lowered to rescue the drowning sailors, despite Admiral Clark's recommendation that he do so, a board of investigation was ordered, which criticized <mask>'s command. The ensuing ruin of his career, "one of the great wastes to the American prosecution of the war," resulted from nothing to do with combat. <mask> was removed from command of Hornet in May 1944 and reassigned to the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he taught carrier battle tactics during the final months of the war. Halsey was given command of the carrier-oriented Third Fleet during 1944–1945, but with his old chief of staff tossed onto the beach, he made grave mistakes that <mask> might well have been able to help prevent. <mask> toured Japan in 1949, and stated that radiation damage from the atomic bombs was a "myth". He pointed to gardens and a number of tall chimneys left standing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki as proof that there were no long-term effects of the blasts.<mask> retired from active duty on January 1, 1947, and was retroactively promoted to rear admiral (upper half). He was appointed New Hampshire's Civil Defense Director in 1950, where he devised a plan wherein 500,000 displaced residents of Boston could be housed in New Hampshire private homes in the event of disaster. <mask> resigned from this post in 1952. On September 29, 1954, <mask> died of systemic lupus erythematosus at Chelsea Naval Hospital in Boston. He was buried on October 6, 1954, at Arlington National Cemetery. Fictional portrayals
In the 1976 film Midway, <mask> was portrayed by actor Biff McGuire. In the 1988 TV-mini series War and Remembrance, Episode 3, <mask> was portrayed by actor Michael McGuire.In the 2019 film Dauntless: The Battle of Midway, <mask> was portrayed by actor C. Thomas Howell. Awards and decorations
  Navy Distinguished Service Medal
  Silver Star
  World War I Victory Medal with Atlantic Fleet Clasp
  American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp
  American Campaign Medal
  Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with Silver and Bronze Engagement Stars
  World War II Victory Medal
Presidential Unit Citation, USS Enterprise
Presidential Unit Citation, USS Hornet
Naval Aviator Badge
Naval Flight Officer Badge

Personal life
On May 20, 1922, <mask> married San Francisco socialite Cathalene Isabella Parker, stepdaughter of Vice Admiral Clark H. Woodward. From 1922 to January 1924, <mask> served as Senior Patrol Officer on the cruiser USS Charleston and the destroyer , operating out of Naval Station San Diego. During that time, his only daughter, Cathalene <mask>, was born in San Diego (her son is the American comedian Chevy Chase). See also

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
Mariana and Palau Islands campaign
Midway order of battle
Pacific War
Pacific Theater of Operations
The Two-Ocean War

References

External links
Naval Historical Center - Battle of Midway
Naval Historical Center - Naval Aviation in the Pacific (PDF file)
Naval Historical Center - USS Hornet (CV-12)

1897 births
1954 deaths
People from Perth Amboy, New Jersey
United States Naval Academy alumni
Naval War College alumni
United States Naval Aviators
United States Navy rear admirals (upper half)
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Navy World War II admirals
Battle of Midway
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Silver Star
Deaths from lupus
United States Army Command and General Staff College faculty
Military personnel from New Jersey

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<mask> (born 1945 in Los Angeles, California) is an American political activist, Medical Doctor and Professor and Chief of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at the University of Illinois at Chicago Hospital and Health Sciences System. Raised in New York City by his parents, Trudy and <mask>, <mask> was involved with the civil rights movement from age eleven. While known for his work in the field of medicine, <mask> is also known for his work in the Civil Rights Movement. American Civil Rights Movement

Raised by Trudy and <mask>, <mask> was involved in several aspects of the Civil Rights Movement during his youth. His first activism within the Civil Rights Movement started at age eleven, where he participated in the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, a nonviolent march which recognized the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court's decision, making segregation in schools illegal. As a child, <mask> also participated in a political activist group called Students for a Sane Nuclear Policy in order to protest atom bomb testing. In eight grade, Orris participated in the first Youth March for Integrated Schools.In ninth grade, <mask> organized a bus that took students from his high school to the second Youth March for Intergraded Schools in 1957. Later in high school, <mask> would become an intern for the National Headquarters of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. While studying biology at Harvard University, <mask> continued to be a political activist with several organizations fighting for civil rights, including Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the school's  socialist club, Students for a Democratic Society (in which he was a leader) and the Civil Rights Coordinating Committee <mask> was a master of ceremonies for a conference in Chicago which focused on resisting the draft for the Vietnam War. While a freshman in college, <mask> participated in Freedom Summer in Holmes County, Mississippi. <mask> was the second youngest volunteer with the Freedom Summer coordinated in large part by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). <mask> went through two weeks of training in Oxford, Ohio, immediately after the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner. <mask> was trained by civil rights leaders such as Bob Moses.Once in Holmes County, Mississippi, <mask> focused on voter registration campaigns. <mask> brought walkie talkies down to Mississippi with him as a means of communication with his fellow SNCC workers in rural Mississippi, unbeknownst to SNCC headquarters. After SNCC found out this was effective, <mask> worked with an engineer on behalf of SNCC to install two-way radios in all SNCC cars and in farms which had no other means of communication. They installed 50 radio communication devices while in Mississippi. Despite ongoing violence within the region, no communicators were broken, and no full-time SNCC staff members in Mississippi were killed that summer. While working in Freedom Summer, <mask> was arrested for his work in the Civil Rights Movement, and was held in jail for ten days in a LeFlore County, Mississippi jail; charges included disturbing the peace and picketing at a courthouse. While in jail, he planned and staged a hunger strike for four or five days.<mask> also participated in the Democratic National Convention where he and Fannie Lou Hamer, Unita Blackwell, Ed King, Victoria Gray Adams and Aaron Henry staged a sit in at the Democratic National Convention in hopes to receive delegate seats on behalf of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. While unsuccessful, the sit in done by the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party left longstanding impacts on the civil rights movement. Current activism
<mask> is a proponent for single-payer healthcare. In Chicago, <mask> called for the Chicago Medical Society to study the creation of single-payer healthcare plans. In 2004, <mask> attended the 46th annual Eugene V. Debs- Norman Thomas- Michael Harrington Dinner, which was titled "Building the Dump Bush Movement. In 2015, <mask> signed a letter with other doctors in support of hunger strikers with the Coalition to revitalize Dyett High School, a group with was working to make the Chicago School System work towards "Global Leadership and Green Technology" within Dyett High School. <mask> was also involved in Greenpeace, as well as a faculty advisor of the Physicians for a National Health Plan Chapter at the University of Illinois Chicago.In 2015, <mask> spoke at "Beyond the Affordable Care Act: Lessons from Other Countries", an event ran by the Healthcare Access Coalition. <mask> has been an advisor to a number of international health organizations, including the World Health Organization, Pan American Health Associations, and Healthcare without Harm. Education
After graduating from Harvard with a degree in Biology, <mask> continued his education at Yale University, graduating with a degree in Public Health in 1970. Later, he would continue to Chicago Medical School, where he would graduate with a Doctorate of Medicine in 1975. <mask> also held residencies at John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County for internal medicine and preventive medicine. <mask> is also certified in Occupational Medicine by the American Board of Preventive Medicine. Career
<mask> has held a number of positions in the medical field, including Regional NIOSH/CDC Medical Officer for the Midwest, Medical Director of the Mount Sinai Medical Center and Northwest Community Hospital occupational medical programs, and physician in the Department of Medicine at Cook County Hospital.<mask> was also a representative of the World Federation of Public Health Associations at the second session of the International Conference on Chemicals Management with the World Health Organization. <mask> is currently a Professor and Chief of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at the University of Illinois in Chicago Hospital and Health Sciences System. In addition, he served as a collaborative researcher for Healthcare without Harm (US and Canada Branch). <mask> also serves as the Board President of the Chicago Organizing Physicians for Social Responsibility. Specialty projects <mask> has worked with include studying Dioxin levels in Lake Charles, Maryland, where he studied the effect Dioxin had on ADD and ADHD within the area. While working with the World Health Organization, he provided technical guidance in replacing mercury based thermometers with different ones. <mask> also authored the World Federation of Public Health Association's May 2000 report on "Persistent Organic Pollutants and Human Health", which speaks on the dangers of persistent organic pollutants.<mask> has worked with a number of small communities, studying pollutants and environmental concerns, including a study in New Sarpy, Louisiana, where he studied the relationship between chemical exposure and illness within the neighborhood. <mask> was an attendee of every negotiating session of a global treaty to eliminate mercury from thermometers globally, which has resulted in the phasing out of mercury based thermometers by 2020. Awards and honors
<mask> has received a number of awards for his activism and work in the medical community, including the Paul Cornely Award at the Health Activist Dinner, a keynote speaker at the 2007 conference of the Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization, and a Lifetime Achievement Award for Excellence in Global Health from the 5th World Congress on Public Health in 2017. References

1945 births
Living people
American political activists
21st-century American physicians
Harvard University alumni
Yale University alumni
Activists from California
Physicians from California
People from Los Angeles

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<mask> (born 19 September 1975) is a Romanian professional football manager and former player, who is currently in charge of Liga I club CS Universitatea Craiova. Playing career

Club
Reghecampf was born in Târgoviște and began his career in his native city with Chindia. In the 1993–94 season, at the age of 18, <mask> was loaned to Austrian Bundesliga side SKN St. Pölten. He later joined Steaua București where he won the league title twice. One year later, <mask> was loaned to Bulgarian side Litex Lovech, with whom he won the 1999 A PFG title. In 2000, he was bought by German Bundesliga team Energie Cottbus. In 2004, he joined Alemannia Aachen, with whom he would become a fan favorite his side won promotion to the Bundesliga in his first season with the club.A few seasons later he was named captain of Alemannia. In the 2006–07 season of the German Cup, <mask> scored twice in a 4–2 victory over Bayern Munich, thus eliminating them from the competition. On 4 July 2008, he joined second-tier side 1. FC Kaiserslautern on a free transfer for the 2008–09 2. Bundesliga season, only being able to play two matches because of a gastric virus infection, announcing his retirement in 2009 after his contract had not been extended. International
<mask> <mask> made one appearance for Romania on 29 March 2003 when coach Anghel Iordănescu sent him on the field in the 62nd minute in order to replace Paul Codrea in a match which ended with a 5–2 home loss against Denmark at the Euro 2004 qualifiers. Managerial career
<mask> started his managerial career with Liga II side Snagov in 2009.At the end of 2009–10 season, he was brought at Universitatea Craiova to save the team from relegation. He ended his quest successfully, but he was not kept at Craiova for the new season. Instead, <mask> joined Gloria Bistrița. He was sacked after only 12 games because of poor results. <mask> returned to Snagov, but after only five games he was called back to Craiova, to help the team avoid relegation. He was sacked after only six games, following a conflict with several players. He started the 2011–12 season at FC Snagov, for a second spell.In December 2011, he signed a contract with Romanian Liga I club Concordia Chiajna, with the main objective to avoid relegation, after a half-season the club was above the relegation zone 17th overall when he took over. He changed almost the entire squad, bringing 17 new players, most of them from Snagov, and after a series of wins, his side finished the season in ninth place. This evolution brought the attention of his former team, Steaua București, and at the end of the season, they offered him a contract for a season. His objective was to bringt the first championship title for FCSB after a seven-year absence. In March 2013, he guided FCSB to the last 16 of the Europa League after eliminating Ajax from the competition. The first leg away finished with a 2–0 win to Ajax in Amsterdam. In the second leg home, FCSB took a 2–0 lead and the 2–2 aggregate pushed the game into extra-time.FCSB beat the Dutch side 4–2 on penalties. FCSB were eliminated by eventual winners Chelsea after winning 1–0 in the first leg at home and losing 1–3 away at Stamford Bridge. In May 2013 he mathematically won the Romanian League and later the Romanian Supercup. On 9 May 2014, FCSB and Reghecampf won their second consecutive league title. He helped FCSB to qualify for the UEFA Champions League group stages. <mask> Giurgiu. On 27 May 2014, he signed a two-year contract with Saudi Arabian side Al-Hilal.He led Al-Hilal to the AFC Champions League final five months after his appointment, by defeating Al-Ain 4–2 on aggregate in semi-finals. However, his side lost the final to Western Sydney Wanderers on a two-leg match. He was sacked on 15 February 2015 after another final loss, in the Saudi Crown Prince Cup. In August 2015, he was appointed manager of Bulgarian side Litex Lovech. In December 2015, <mask> announced his decision to leave the club to join Steaua București for the second time. In May 2017, he stepped down as manager. On 3 July 2017, <mask> was announced as the new head coach of the Emirati club Al Wahda on a 2-year deal replacing Javier Aguirre.According to sources, his salary will be $2.6 million per season plus potential bonuses up to another $1.6 million. On 16 September 2017, in his Arabian Gulf League debut, Al-Wahda defeated Dibba Al-Fujairah 5–0. In January 2019, <mask> took over as manager of relegation-threatened UAE Pro League club Al-Wasl. Eventually, he heeded them from relegation after a strong run. On 1 April 2021, <mask> was announced as the new manager of Saudi Professional League club Al Ahli. Less than two months later, after two wins, two draws and a loss, he was dismissed. On 26 July 2021, <mask> returned to his native Romania, where he signed a two-year contract to become the new manager of CS Universitatea Craiova.After finishing the previous season third in the league table, the team saw themselves in sixth position in December 2021, triggering rumours of his premature departure from the club. As a result, Reghecampf transfer-listed several first-team players, including Mihai Bălașa, Matteo Fedele, Antoni Ivanov and Mihai Roman. Managerial statistics

Football academy
In July 2015, he opened the Reghecampf Soccer Academy, which is a school for kids that want to learn how to play soccer. The academy is based in the United States and located in Henderson, Nevada. FC Kaiserslautern players
SKN St. Pölten players
Liga I players
Liga II players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Austria
Expatriate footballers in Bulgaria
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Romanian expatriate football managers
FC Steaua București managers
Al Hilal SFC managers
PFC Litex Lovech managers
Al Wahda FC managers
Al-Wasl F.C. managers
Al-Ahli Saudi FC managers
Liga I managers
Saudi Professional League managers
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate football managers in the United Arab Emirates
UAE Pro League managers
ACF Gloria Bistrița managers
CS Concordia Chiajna managers
Expatriate football managers in Bulgaria
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates

masks:
Laurențiu Aurelian Reghecampf
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