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James F<mask> (; born November 5, 1938) is an American graphic artist, comic book writer/artist, comics historian, magician, publisher and film production illustrator. His most famous comic book work was with the 1960s superspy feature "Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D." in Marvel Comics' Strange Tales and in the subsequent eponymous series. <mask> earned lasting acclaim for his innovations in sequential art during the Silver Age of Comic Books, particularly his infusion of surrealism, pop art, and graphic design into the medium. His work has been published in many countries and his influence on the field has remained strong since his comics heyday. He went on to create book covers, become a comics historian who published a pioneering two-volume history of the birth and early years of comic books, and to create conceptual art and character designs for films including Raiders of the Lost Ark and Bram Stoker's Dracula. He was inducted into the comic-book industry's Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2006.Early life
<mask> was born in Reading, Pennsylvania. According to <mask>'s authorized biography, his grandparents emigrated from Ukraine to settle in the anthracite coal-mining region of eastern Pennsylvania. <mask>'s father, one of nine siblings, began working in the mines at age 10, and as an adult became a tinsmith. Steranko later said his father and uncles "would bootleg coal – they would go up into a mountain and open up a shaft." One of three children, all boys, Steranko spent his early childhood during the American Great Depression living in a three-room house with a tar-paper roof and outhouse toilet facilities. He slept on a couch in the nominal living room until he was more than 10 years old. Steranko's father and five uncles showed musical inclination, performing in a band that played on Reading radio in the 1930s, Steranko has said.Steranko recalled beginning school at age 4. Later, "Because my father had tuberculosis (and I tested positive), I began third grade at what was called an 'open-window' school, a facility across the city that had a healthy program for kids with special problems. I was bused to school for four years, then dropped into standard junior high." There, being smaller and younger than his classmates, he found himself a target for bullies and young gang-members until he studied boxing and self-defense at the local YMCA and began to successfully fight back. His youngest brother was born when Steranko was 14, "severing even the minimal interaction between me and my parents." Steranko had begun drawing while very young, opening and flattening envelopes from the mail to use as sketch paper. Despite his father's denigration of Steranko's artistic talent, and the boy's ambition to become an architect, Steranko paid for his art supplies by collecting discarded soda bottles for the bottle deposit and bundled old newspapers to sell to scrap-paper dealers.He studied the Sunday comic strip art of Milton Caniff, Alex Raymond, Hal Foster, and Chester Gould, as well as the characters of Walt Disney and Superman, provided in "boxes of comics" brought to him by an uncle. Radio programs, Saturday movie matinées and serials, and other popular culture also influenced him. <mask> in 1978 described some influences and their impact on his creative philosophy:

Career

Illusionist and musician
By his account, Steranko learned stage magic using paraphernalia from his father's stage magician act, and in his teens spent several summers working with circuses and carnivals, working his way up to sideshow performer as a fire-eater and in acts involving a bed of nails and sleight-of-hand. At school, he competed on the gymnastics team, on the rings and parallel bars, and later took up boxing and, under swordmaster Dan Phillips in New York City, fencing. At 17, Steranko and another teenage boy were arrested for a string of burglaries and car thefts in Pennsylvania. Up through his early 20s, Steranko performed as an illusionist, escape artist, close-up magician in nightclubs, and musician, having played in drum and bugle corps in his teens before forming his own bands during the early days of rock and roll. <mask>, whose first band, in 1956, was called The Lancers, did not perform under his own name, claiming he used pseudonyms to help protect himself from enemies.He also claims to have put the first go-go girls onstage. The seminal rock and roll group Bill Haley and his Comets was based in nearby Philadelphia and <mask>, who played a Jazzmaster guitar, often performed in the same local venues, sometimes on the same bill, and became friendly with Haley guitarist Frank Beecher, who became a musical influence. By the late 1960s, Steranko was a member of a New York City magicians' group, the Witchdoctor's Club. Comics historian Mark Evanier notes that the influential comic-book creator Jack Kirby, who "based some of his characters ... on people in his life or in the news", was "inspired" to create the escape artist character Mister Miracle "by an earlier career of writer-artist <mask>ko". Early art career
During the day, Steranko made his living as an artist for a printing company in his hometown of Reading, designing and drawing pamphlets and flyers for local dance clubs and the like. He moved on after five years to join an advertising agency, where he designed ads and drew products ranging from "baby carriages to beer cans". Interested in writing and drawing for comic books, he visited DC Comics as a fan and was treated to a tour of the office by editor Julius Schwartz, who gave Steranko a copy of a script featuring the science-fiction adventurer Adam Strange.<mask> recalled in 2003, "It was the first full script I'd ever seen, complete with panel descriptions and dialogue. I learned a lot from it and eventually went on to create a few comics of my own." He initially entered the comics industry in 1957, not long out of high school, working for a short time inking pencil art by Vince Colletta and Matt Baker in Colletta's New York City studio before returning to Reading. In 1966, he landed assignments at Harvey Comics under editor Joe Simon, who as one writer described was "trying to create a line of super heroes within a publishing company that had specialized in anthropomorphic animals." Here <mask> created and wrote the characters Spyman, Magicmaster and the Gladiator for the company's short-lived superhero line, Harvey Thriller. His first published comics art came in Spyman #1 (Sept. 1966), for which he wrote the 20-page story "The Birth of a Hero" and penciled the first page, which included a diagram of a robotic hand that was reprinted as an inset on artist George Tuska's cover. <mask> also approached Marvel Comics in 1966.He met with editor Stan Lee, who had <mask> ink a two-page Jack Kirby sample of typical art for the superspy feature "Nick Fury Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D." <mask> self-published it in 1970 in the limited-edition "Steranko Portfolio One"; it appeared again 30 years later in slightly altered form in the 2000 trade-paperback collection Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. This led to Lee's assigning him the Nick Fury feature in Strange Tales, a "split book" that shared each issue with another feature. Future Marvel editor-in-chief Roy Thomas, then a staff writer, recalled,

Silver Age <mask>
Lee and Kirby had initiated the 12-page "Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D." feature in Strange Tales #135 (Aug. 1965), with Kirby supplying such inventive and enduring gadgets and hardware as the Helicarrier – an airborne aircraft carrier – as well as LMDs (Life Model Decoys) and even automobile airbags. Marvel's all-purpose terrorist organization Hydra was introduced here as well. <mask> began his stint on the feature by penciling and inking "finishes" over Kirby layouts in Strange Tales #151 (Dec. 1966), just as many fellow new Marvel artists did at the time.Two issues later, <mask> took over full penciling and also began drawing the every-other-issue "Nick Fury" cover art. Then, in a rarity for comics artists of the era, he took over the series' writing with #155 (April 1967), following Roy Thomas, who had succeeded Lee. In another break with custom, he himself, rather than a Marvel staff artist, had become the series' uncredited colorist by that issue. "Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D." soon became one of the creative zeniths of the Silver Age, and one of comics' most groundbreaking, innovative and acclaimed features. Wrote Les Daniels, in his Comix: A History of Comic Books in America, "[E]ven the dullest of readers could sense that something new was happening. ... With each passing issue <mask>'s efforts became more and more innovative.Entire pages would be devoted to photocollages of drawings [that] ignored panel boundaries and instead worked together on planes of depth. The first pages ... became incredible production numbers similar in design to the San Francisco rock concert poster of the period". Writer-artist Larry Hama, in an introduction to Nick Fury collection, said <mask> "combined the figurative dynamism of Jack Kirby with modern design concepts", and recostumed Fury from suits and ties to "a form-fitting bodysuit with numerous zippers and pockets, like a Wally Wood spacesuit revamped by Pierre Cardin. The women were clad in form-fitting black leather a la Emma Peel in the Avengers TV show. The graphic influences of Peter Max, Op Art and Andy Warhol were embedded into the design of the pages – and the pages were designed as a whole, not just as a series of panels. All this, executed in a crisp, hard-edged style, seething with drama and anatomical tension. "<ref>Hama, Larry, Introduction, {{cite book| title = Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Who Is Scorpio? | publisher = Marvel Enterprises | year = 2001|isbn = 0-7851-0766-5}}</ref>

Steranko introduced or popularized in comics such art movements of the day as psychedelia and op art, drawing specifically on the "aesthetic of [Salvador] Dalí," with inspiration from Richard M. Powers, ultimately synthesizing a style he termed "Zap Art." A.M. Viturtia notes Steranko drew on the James Bond novels, and claims that the influence went both ways: "Although Steranko was primarily influenced by spy movies, after Nick Fury came on the comics scene, the directors of those same movies began to borrow heavily from Steranko himself!" He absorbed, adapted and built upon the groundbreaking work of Jack Kirby, both in the use of photomontage (particularly for cityscapes), and in the use of full- and double-page-spreads. Indeed, in Strange Tales #167 (Jan. 1968), Steranko created comics' first four-page spread, upon which panorama he or editor Lee bombastically noted, "to get the full effect, of course, requires a second ish [copy of the issue] placed side-by-side, but we think you'll find it to be well worth the price to have the wildest action scene ever in the history of comics!" All the while, Steranko spun outlandishly action-filled plots of

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 intrigue, barely sublimated sensuality, and a cool-jazz hi-fi hipness. Writer Steven Ringgenberg assessed that

She and Steranko's other skintight leather-clad version of Bond girls pushed what was allowable under the Comics Code at the time.One example is a silent, one-page seduction sequence with the Countess in Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #2, described by Robin Green in Rolling Stone:

When reprinted in Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Who Is Scorpio? (Marvel Enterprises, 2001; ), however, <mask>'s original final panel was reinserted: In a black-and-white long shot with screentone shading, the couple is beginning to embrace, with Fury standing and the Countess on one knee, getting up. Another reprinting, in Marvel Masterworks: Nick Fury Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Volume 2 (Marvel Publishing, 2009; ), used the published final panel, although the appendix included the original art, showing the page as initially drawn. Each instance uses <mask>'s original telephone panel, not the redrawn published version.Fury's adventures continued in his own series, for which <mask> contributed four 20-page stories: "Who is Scorpio?" (issue #1); "So Shall Ye Reap ... Death" (#2), inspired by Shakespeare's The Tempest; "Dark Moon Rise, Hell Hound Kill" (#3), a Hound of the Baskervilles homage, replete with a Peter Cushing manqué; and the spy-fi sequel "What Ever Happened to Scorpio?" (#5). Yet after deadline pressures forced a fill-in "origin" story by another team in issue #4, <mask> produced merely a handful of additional covers, then dropped the book. Decades afterward, however, their images are among comics' best known, and homages to his art have abounded – from updates of classic covers with different heroes in place of Fury, to recreations of famous pages and layouts. <mask> also had short runs on X-Men (#50–51, Nov.–Dec. 1968), for which he designed a new cover logo, and Captain America (#110–111, 113, Feb.–March, May 1969).<mask> introduced the Madame Hydra character in his brief Captain America run. With no new work immediately forthcoming, a "Marvel Bullpen Bulletins" fan page in spring 1969 announced that, "In case you've been wondering what happened to Jaunty <mask>, ... [he] is working on a brand-new feature, which will shortly be spotlighted in Marvel Super-Heroes. And talk about a secret – he hasn't even told us what it is!" The referred-to project never appeared. <mask> went on to write and draw a horror story that precipitated a breakup with Marvel. Though that seven-page tale, "At the Stroke of Midnight", published in Tower of Shadows #1 (Sept. 1969), would win a 1969 Alley Award, editor Lee, who had already rejected Steranko's cover for that issue, clashed with <mask> over panel design, dialog, and the story title, initially  "The Lurking Fear at Shadow House". According to <mask> at a 2006 panel and elsewhere, Lee disliked or did not understand the homage to horror author H. P. Lovecraft, and devised his own title for the story.After much conflict, Steranko either quit or was fired. Lee phoned him about a month later, after the two had cooled down. In a contemporaneous interview, conducted November 14, 1969, <mask> reflected on the tiff:

Summing up this initial stint in comics, <mask> said in 1979,

<mask> returned briefly to Marvel, contributing a romance story ("My Heart Broke in Hollywood", Our Love Story  #5, Feb. 1970) and becoming the cover artist for 15 comics beginning with Doc Savage #2–3, Shanna the She-Devil #1–2, and Supernatural Thrillers #1–2 (each successively cover-dated Dec. 1972 and Feb. 1973), and ending with the reprint comic Nick Fury and his Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. #2 (April 1973). Publisher and paperback artist
In 1973, <mask> became founding editor of Marvel's official fan magazine, FOOM, which superseded the two previous official fan clubs, the Merry Marvel Marching Society and Marvelmania. <mask> served as editor and also produced the covers for the magazine's inaugural four issues before being succeeded editorially by Tony Isabella. He had previously been associated with Marvelmania, producing two of the club's 12 posters.<mask> then branched into other areas of publishing, including most notably book-cover illustration. Lacking any experience as a painter, his decision to effectively quit comics in 1969 led him to "an artist friend who earned his living as a painter", from whom Steranko obtained an "hour-long lecture", and the suggestion that he work in acrylics rather than oils, for the sake of speed. From these inauspicious beginnings, he compiled a portfolio of half a dozen paintings ("two Westerns, two pin-up girls, two gothic horror and one sword-and-sorcery") and met with Lancer Books' art director Howard Winters, to whom he immediately sold his fantasy piece. This led to a career illustrating dozens of paperback covers, popularly including those of Pyramid Books' reissues of the 1930s pulp novels of The Shadow. When DC Comics gained the comic book publishing rights to The Shadow, they contacted <mask> to work on the new series but ultimately chose Dennis O'Neil and Michael Kaluta to produce the title instead. <mask> also formed his own publishing company, Supergraphics, in 1969, and the following year worked with writer-entrepreneur Byron Preiss on an anti-drug comic book, The Block, distributed to elementary schools nationwide. In 1970 and 1972, Supergraphics published two tabloid-sized volumes entitled The Steranko History of Comics, a planned six-volume history of the American comics industry, though no subsequent volumes have appeared.Written by <mask>, with hundreds of black-and-white cover reproductions as well as a complete reprint of one The Spirit story by Will Eisner, it included some of the first and in some cases only interviews with numerous creators from the 1930s and 1940s Golden Age of Comic Books. Supergraphics projects included the proposed Talon the Timeless, illustrations of which appeared in a portfolio published in witzend magazine #5, and a pinup girl calendar, "The Supergirls", consisting of 12 illustrations of sexy superheroines in costumes recalling such superheroes as Captain America and Green Lantern. Through Supergraphics he also published the magazine Comixscene, which premiered with a December 1972 cover date as a folded-tabloid periodical on stiff, non-glossy paper, reporting on the comics field. It evolved in stages into Mediascene (beginning with issue #7, Dec. 1973) and ultimately into Prevue (beginning with #41, Aug. 1980), a general-interest, standard format, popular culture magazine, running through 1994.Comixscene/Mediascene/Prevue (fan site). WebCitation archive. <mask> wrote, drew, and produced the illustrated novel Chandler: Red Tide in 1976, for Byron Preiss Visual Publications / Pyramid Books. Aside from occasional covers and pinup illustrations, he has rarely worked in comics since, although he did illustrate a serialized comics adaptation of the Peter Hyams 1981 sci-fi thriller Outland for Heavy Metal magazine.His only major work for DC Comics appeared in Superman #400 (Oct. 1984), the 10-page story "The Exile at the Edge of Eternity," which he wrote, drew, colored and lettered. A 1997 attempt to negotiate <mask>'s return to S.H.I.E.L.D. did not bear fruit. In 2008, he worked with Radical Comics, doing covers, character and logo designs for its Hercules: The Thracian Wars title and Ryder on the Storm. In 2012, he did poster art for RZG Comics and a variant cover for DC's Before Watchmen: Rorschach #1. <mask> drew the 1970s variant cover for Action Comics #1000 (June 2018). Film and television work
For the movie industry, <mask> has done sketches for movie posters, and was a conceptual artist on Steven Spielberg's Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), doing production designs for the film and designing the character of Indiana Jones.He also served in a similar capacity as "project conceptualist" on Francis Ford Coppola's Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992), and wrote the episode "The Ties That Bind" of the DC Comics animated TV series Justice League Unlimited. In 2003, <mask> was interviewed by the History Channel for the documentary titled Comic Book Superheroes Unmasked. He has "amassed an enormous portfolio of more than sixty projects (which he called the 'Theater of Concepts') designed to be seen in multimedia form". Philanthropy
In a joint venture with Marvel Comics and Diamond Comic Distributors, Vanguard Productions in 2002 sponsored <mask>'s "The Spirit of America" benefit print, created to fund an art scholarship "for victims of anti-American terrorism". Awards and recognition
<mask> has won awards in fields as varied as magic, comics and graphic design. A partial list includes:

In addition to himself being inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2006, Steranko's series Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. was inducted into comic fandom's Alley Award Hall of Fame in 1969.<mask> won three 1968 Alley Awards, for Best Pencil Artist, Best Feature Story ("Today Earth Died", Strange Tales #168; first page depicted above), and Best Cover (Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #6). The following year, he won 1969 Alley Awards for Best Feature Story ("At the Stroke of Midnight", Tower of Shadows #1) and Best Cover (Captain America  #113). 1970 Shazam Award: Outstanding Achievement by an Individual: <mask> (for The Steranko History of Comics)
1975 Inkpot Award
2003 Dragon Con's Julie Award
2015 Harvey Award for Best Domestic Reprint Project for Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Artist's Edition2016 <mask> made a special appearance to honor the 2016 Inkwell Awards Ceremony at HeroesCon. Exhibitions
<mask>'s work has been exhibited internationally in more than 160 shows. Among others, his work has been shown in the following locations:
The Louvre Museum, Paris, France (1967)
The Winnipeg Art Gallery, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (1978)
The Sydney Opera House, New South Wales, Australia (January 1986)

Bibliography

Screenwriting
Television
 Justice League Unlimited (2005)
References

External links

Steranko.com (placeholder page only) Accessed September 10, 2015
 Koening, Bill."Bill Koenig Remembers: 'Don't Yield, Back S.H.I.E.L.D. '", Her Majesty's Secret Servant (fan site), 2000. WebCitation archive. Meyer, Ken Jr. "1970 Jim Steranko Portfolio", "Ink Stains" 25 (column), ComicAttack.net, December 1, 2010. WebCitation archive. "<mask>ko Interview", Comic Book Resources'', October 10, 2001. WebCitation archive (requires scrolldown).<mask> at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators

1938 births
American comics writers
American illustrators
American magazine publishers (people)
American magicians
American people of Ukrainian descent
Artists from Pennsylvania
Comics colorists
Escapologists
Inkpot Award winners
Living people
Marvel Comics people
Musicians from Reading, Pennsylvania
Role-playing game artists
Silver Age comics creators
Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees
Writers from Reading,

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<mask> (22 April 1863 – 7 August 1934) was an American parapsychologist and founder of the Boston Society for Psychical Research in Boston. Career

Born in Detroit, Maine, <mask> graduated from Maine Wesleyan Seminary in 1881 to become an Episcopal minister. He earned a BD in 1886 from Drew Theological Seminary and a PhD from Yale University in 1899. His doctoral thesis was on multiple personality. In 1910 he was the rector of All Saint's Church in Pittsburgh and in 1916 the director of psychotherapeutics at St. Marks's Episcopal Church in New York City. In 1885, <mask> married Lelia Madora Colman, they had no children but adopted a daughter. Lelia died in 1924.<mask> authored several works on the study of human psychic abilities, among them The Psychic in the House (Boston 1926), The Case of Patience Worth (Boston 1927), The Enchanted Boundary (Boston 1930). He was fiercely critical of the claims of the physical medium Margery Mina Crandon. In 1908, <mask> joined the American Society for Psychical Research (ASPR). In 1915 he left the clergy and became an assistant for his friend James H. Hyslop. When Hyslop died in 1920, he became the research officer and editor for the ASPR Journal and Proceedings. <mask> was a friend to Harry Houdini and Hereward Carrington and they all had exposed the tricks of fraudulent mediums, however, unlike Houdini, both Carrington and <mask> believed that some mediums were genuine. Houdini and <mask> wrote many letters to each other.According to the psychical researcher Robert Ashby "[<mask>] remained highly skeptical of PK and other physical phenomena, but felt that there was no doubt at all of telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition." In 1927, <mask> contributed to the book The Case For And Against Psychical Belief (1927) which contains essays by both believers and skeptics of psychical phenomena. <mask> was a close friend with the parapsychologist Joseph Banks Rhine. He published and wrote the introduction for Rhine's book Extrasensory Perception (1934). <mask> was a member of the Scientific American Committee to examine paranormal claims. He became one of its editors for articles on parapsychological phenomena. He was the only American, other than William James, who occupied the position of President of the Society for Psychical Research in London, which he did for two years 1930 and 1931.Investigations

<mask> was skeptical of the claims of physical mediums. To help expose fraud, he familiarised himself with the tricks of conjurors and became a member of the Society of American Magicians. He discovered that many physical mediums had utilized sleight of hand trickery. He authored the paper A Survey of American Slate-Writing Mediumship which was almost 300 pages. In this paper he exposed the fraudulent methods of the slate-writing medium Pierre L. O. A. Keeler. He later became a believer in psychic phenomena but remained skeptical of spiritualism.In 1921, <mask> travelled to Mexico and collaborated with the German physician Gustav Pagenstecher on experiments with the clairvoyant Senora Maria Reyes de Zierold in psychometry. <mask> came to the conclusion that she possessed genuine ESP ability. He told Hans Driesch that the experiments with Zierold had converted him, that he had gone to Mexico a skeptic but came back a "psychist". In 1922, <mask> investigated an alleged poltergeist occurrence at a farm in Caledonia Mills. He concluded that the phenomena was produced by
Mary-Ellen the adopted daughter of the owners of the farm. <mask> supported the mediumship of Pearl Curran who he had visited in 1924 and experimented with in 1926, but did not come to any definite conclusion. By 1925 due to the investigation of Mina Crandon the American Society for Psychical Research had been taken over by a spiritualist faction.The ASPR championed Crandon and suppressed any reports unfavourable to her. <mask> was alarmed at the number of "credulous spiritualists" that joined the ASPR. In response, <mask> who was the Society's research officer resigned to establish the Boston Society for Psychical Research with the help of his friend William McDougall. <mask> and other critics were accused by supporters of Crandon of being biased against paranormal phenomena. <mask> in a letter to magician Joseph Rinn on February 1, 1934 described the Crandon case as "the most ingenious, persistent, and fantastic complex of fraud in the history of psychic research." <mask> exposed the medium Maria Silbert. She had developed the ability to maneuver a stiletto using only her feet and was thus able to write names on cigarette cases when they were held under the table.<mask> attended a series of séance sittings with Rudi Schneider and no paranormal phenomena was observed. In his notes in the Bulletin VII of the Boston SPR published under Experiments with Physical Mediums in Europe (1928) he wrote "despite my studied and unremitting complaisance, no phenomena have occurred when I had any part in the control, save curtain movement which were capable of the simplest explanation." He also attended séances with the medium Jan Guzyk and came to the conclusion he had no paranormal ability. Reception

<mask>'s research and writings were influential amongst parapsychologists. He has been described as one of the "great masters" in the history of parapsychology. <mask> drew criticism from both skeptics and spiritualists. Those in the spiritualist community considered him an opponent of spiritualism, whilst skeptics such as psychologist Joseph Jastrow accused <mask> of being naïve and not applying the same level of skepticism he had towards other psychical phenomena.Publications
Books

The Psychic in the House (1926)
The Case of Patience Worth (1927)
Noted Witnesses For Psychic Occurrences (1928)
Leonard and Soule Experiments in Psychical Research (1929) [with Lydia W. Allison]
The Enchanted Boundary (1930)

Papers

 — . (1915). The Doris Case of Multiple Personality, Part 1. Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research 9: 23-700. — . (1916). The Doris Case of Multiple Personality, Part 2.Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research 10: 701-1419. — . (1917). Psychological Tests for the Authorship of the Book of Mormon. American Journal of Psychology 28: 373-389. — . (1919).A Critical Study of "The Great Amherst Mystery". Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research 13: 89-130. — . (1919). A Footnote: "Authorship of the Book of Mormon". American Journal of Psychology 30: 427-428. — .(1919). Supplementary Report on the Keeler-Lee Photographs. Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research 13: 529-587. — . (1921). A Survey Of American Slate Writing Mediumship. Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research 15: 315-592.— . (1921). Psychometric Experiments with Senora Maria Reyes de Z. Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research 15: 189-314. — . (1922). An Investigation of Poltergeist and Other Phenomena Near Antigonish.Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 16: 422-441. — . (1924). Testing Rafael Schermann. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 18: 537-561. — . (1925).My Doubts About Spirit Photographs. Scientific American 133: 370-371. — . (1926). A Review of the Margery Case. American Journal of Psychology 37: 431-441. — .(1928). Experiments with Physical Mediums in Europe. Bulletin of the Boston Society for Psychic Research 7: 3-107. — . (1932). A Sitting with Bert Reese. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 27: 249-254.— . (1933). The Case Against Margery. Scientific American 148: 261-263. Other

Foreword to Gustav Pagenstecher. (1922). Past Events Seership: A Study in Psychometry.American Society for Psychical Research 16: 1-136. Foreword to Marietta Minnigerode Andrews. (1922). The Darker Drink. The Gorham Press. Chapter Is Psychical Research Worth While? In Carl Murchison.(1927). The Case For And Against Psychical Belief. Clark University. Chapter The Sinclair Experiments for Telepathy. In Upton Sinclair. (1930). Mental Radio.Charles C. Thomas Publishers. Introduction to Joseph Banks Rhine. (1934). Extra-Sensory Perception. Boston Society for Psychic Research. References

Further reading

Anonymous. (1920).Psychical Society Calls Bocock Spirit Pictures a Fraud. New-York Tribune. Theodore Besterman. (1931). Review: W. F<mask>, The Enchanted Boundary. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 39: 415-418. Eric Dingwall.(1934). Obituary: Dr <mask> <mask>. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 42: 289-291. E. George Payne. (1929). The Case of Patience Worth by <mask> <mask>. Journal of Educational Sociology 3: 252-253.Theodore Schroeder. (1919). Authorship of the Book of Mormon: Psychologic Tests of W. F<mask> Critically Reviewed. American Journal of Psychology 30: 66-72. T. R. Tietze. (1976). Ursa Major: An Impressionistic Appreciation of <mask> <mask>.Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 70: 1-35. <mask> <mask>: A Tribute to his Memory. Boston Society for Psychic Research, 1935. 1863 births
1934 deaths
Harry Houdini
American Episcopal priests
Parapsychologists

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<mask> (born Róża Maria Leopoldyna Łubieńska, 30 September 1947) is a British actress. She mainly appears in British stage and television productions, but is known in the United States for a series of commercials for Alberto VO5 hairspray in the late 1970s and early 1980s. She appeared as Claudia Colby on Coronation Street. Lenska was married to the actors Brian Deacon (1977–1987) and Dennis Waterman (1987–1998). Early life

<mask> was born in England in the village of Diddington, near St Neots, Huntingdonshire, in a Polish refugee camp that had previously been the EVAC American Military Hospital. Her birth was registered in nearby St Neots. Her family are members of the Polish nobility, bearing the Pomian coat of arms, and before the war owned a castle and estate in Kazimierza Wielka, Poland.Her father, Major Count Ludwik Łubieński, was personal secretary to Józef Beck, Minister for Foreign Affairs in Poland before the German occupation of the country. Later, he became adjutant to General Sikorski, Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile and chief of the Polish military mission in Gibraltar during World War II; during the Cold War he headed the CIA-funded Polish Section of Radio Free Europe in Germany. Her mother was Countess Elżbieta Tyszkiewicz, who escaped from Poland to Italy during the German occupation, but was captured with her own mother and sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp, where they survived for two years. Lenska has two sisters: Anna, an actress who appeared in films in the late-1950s and early-1960s, and Gabriela. Lenska was educated at the Ursuline Convent School in Westgate-on-Sea, Kent. Early career
Her big break was as the Little Ladies band member "Q" in the British TV series Rock Follies (1976) and its sequel, Rock Follies of '77, the following year. By this time, she had "discarded" her title as a Polish countess; she has said of the decision, "In England it doesn't count, if you'll excuse the pun."In the late 1970s, Lenska began to appear in commercials for the hair product Alberto VO5, which were shown on US television. Though she was known in Britain, she was almost unknown in the United States. In a Tonight Show monologue broadcast after the commercials started running, Johnny Carson asked "Who the hell is <mask> Lenska?" and began using her name as a running joke on his show. Around the same time, Jane Curtin played Lenska in a sketch on Saturday Night Live. Television
Lenska has appeared in the television series Special Branch, Minder, Boon, The Detectives, Footballers' Wives, To the Manor Born, One Foot in the Grave, Casualty, Space: 1999, Return of the Saint, Robin of Sherwood, Doctors, and EastEnders, in which she played Frank Butcher's girlfriend, Krystle, in a 2002 Costa del Sol special. In the 1970s, Lenska made it to the final five actresses short-listed for the role of companion Jo Grant in Doctor Who, and she later appeared in the  serial Resurrection of the Daleks.She played Mrs. Peacock in series 2 of Cluedo. She also starred with John Inman in the short-lived series Take a Letter, Mr. Jones (six episodes, 1981), with <mask> as an executive and Inman as her secretary. She was also featured in the BBC serial Private Schulz broadcast in the same year. In 1982 <mask> also appeared as a storyteller in five episodes of the BBC children's programme Jackanory, narrating traditional Polish folk tales. <mask> also starred in the black comedy Paradise Grove (2003). In 2009, <mask> joined the cast of Coronation Street as new character Claudia Colby, an old friend of Audrey Roberts. In May 2011, <mask> left the role to join the Calendar Girls tour in August 2011.In 2016 she appeared in a Christmas special episode of the comedy Inside No. 9. She reprised her role in Coronation Street in July 2018 before leaving the show again in April 2020. Film
Lenska's film roles have included Soft Beds, Hard Battles (1974), Confessions of a Pop Performer (1975), Royal Flash (1975), Alfie Darling (1975), It Could Happen to You (1976), The Deadly Females (1976), and Queen Kong (also 1976) as Luce Habit. In the film Gypo (2005), which was the first UK feature film to be made under Dogme rules, she played a Romani refugee from the Czech Republic living on a caravan site in Margate. She starred in the independent British film Jack Says (2008), opposite her one-time EastEnders co-star Mike Reid. That same year she lent her voice to the animation film Agent Crush.Stage
<mask> has toured widely, both in the British Isles and overseas, and has appeared in several West End shows, including The Vagina Monologues and 84, Charing Cross Road, and also in many pantomimes. She is a regular performer (and part of the original cast) of the touring play Seven Deadly Sins Four Deadly Sinners. In December 2005, she appeared on stage with the London Gay Men's Chorus for their Christmas Show, Make the Yuletide Gay. She sang and danced while also hosting the show at Symphony Hall in Birmingham, the Dome Concert Hall in Brighton and the Barbican Centre in London. At the equivalent show in December 2006, Sandi Toksvig corrupted the lyrics of a song to suggest Lenska had a Christmas job in Debenhams. In 2007, she was toured alongside Marti Webb and Sheila Ferguson in a new musical about menopause called Hot Flush. and hosted a mini-show at Lutterworth Piano Rooms 3 November 2012.Radio and voice
On radio <mask> played Lintilla and her clones in the second series of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and was also in the fifth series which debuted on BBC Radio 4 in May 2005. She has presented travel programmes for BBC radio and has recorded various audiobooks. Celebrity Big Brother

Her work on tour with the London Gay Men's Chorus is assumed to have prompted her participation in the United Kingdom version of Celebrity Big Brother in January 2006. Her reason for accepting the invitation to go on the show was "I'm a crazy Polish countess who likes a challenge". During the show, she declared that she had been a "Tibetan Buddhist" for many years but had been practising "Buddhism for the common man", which has no hierarchical structure (Nichiren Daishonin), for two years. On 13 January 2006, along with fellow housemate, Scottish politician and then-Respect Party MP George Galloway, she attracted the attention of the media by indulging in a role-play task set by Celebrity Big Brother, in which Galloway pretended to be a cat licking milk from her cupped hands, and <mask> stroked his ears and moustache. On another occasion during her time in the Big Brother house, she was accidentally locked in the toilet.Personal life
<mask> has been married twice, first to actor Brian Deacon (4 June 1977 – 1987), with whom she had one daughter, Lara Parker (née Lara Deacon), and secondly, to actor Dennis Waterman, from 3 January 1987 until 31 March 1998. Both marriages ended in divorce. She and Waterman met on the set of Minder in 1981 where their characters had a brief love interest. Her marriage to Waterman ended, and in March 2012 Waterman caused controversy with some comments on that aspect of their relationship: "It's not difficult for a woman to make a man hit her. She certainly wasn't a beaten wife, she was hit and that’s different." Lenska said that she was relieved that he had now admitted beating her. In 2009, she sought compensation from the Polish government for the Communist state's seizure of her family's Polish estate.<mask> was arrested and charged with being in excess of the UK drink driving limit on 23 February 2016. The following month she was sentenced to a 16-month driving ban and ordered to pay a total of £526. Her young grandson was present in the back seat of the car. Filmography

Film

Television

See also
 Łubieński family
 Poles in the United Kingdom

References

External links

 Rock Follies interview
 E-Motion Magazine – Interview with Lenska
 Celebrity Big Brother — transcript of "cat" incident with Galloway

1947 births
Living people
Actresses from Cambridgeshire
Converts to Buddhism
English film actresses
English people of Polish descent
English radio actresses
English soap opera actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta
People from St Neots
Polish nobility
Tibetan Buddhists from England

masks:
Rula Lenska
Lenska
Rula
Lenska
Lenska
Lenska
Lenska
Lenska
Lenska
Lenska
Lenska
Lenska
Lenska


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<mask> (born August 20, 1985) is an American real estate agent, television personality, author and contributor to several real estate publications and news outlets. He is an original cast member on the show Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles on the Bravo television network. The show follows young real estate agents in Los Angeles as they sell high-end homes. Flagg has been recognized by The Wall Street Journal as one of the top-ranked agents in California and nationally by sales volume and as a top 25 real estate agent by The Hollywood Reporter. <mask> has authored two books, A Simple Girl: Stories My Grandmother Told Me, published in 2009, and Million Dollar Agent: Brokering the Dream, which was published in 2011. <mask> was featured on Forbes' 30 Under 30 in 2012 as a top record-breaking real estate agent. He has also been featured on NBC's Today Show, ABC's Good Morning America E!, CBS The Insider, Fox, and Bravo's Watch What Happens: Live as well as in the pages of The Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, Forbes Magazine, and Variety, among others.Early life and education
<mask> was born on August 20, 1985 in Los Angeles, California. He is the son of Michael and Cindy (Platt<mask> of Los Angeles. He is the grandson of philanthropist, electronics industry executive and Jewish leader Herman Platt and great-grandson of Benjamin Platt, founder and owner of the nationwide Platt Music Corporation chain of stores. On his father's side, Flagg is the grandson of American (Romanian-born) fashion industry executive and designer <mask>, best known as one of the first designers to import polyester as a fashion textile to the United States. Edith was later known for her reoccurring role on Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles alongside her grandson. Flagg grew up in Los Angeles where he attended Brentwood School, a private school in the Brentwood section of Los Angeles. In 2003, Flagg left Brentwood and attended Beverly Hills High School where he graduated the following year.Career
Flagg began working as a real estate agent at the age of 18 when he started making residential sales in high end neighborhoods such as Beverly Hills and the Sunset Strip. Flagg began his career while still in high school under real estate broker Bruce Nelson with the John Bruce Nelson firm in Bel Air, followed by a brief stint at the Coldwell Banker Beverly Hills East office in 2007. Throughout his career as a real estate agent, Flagg has had many record sales, including the highest sale in the history of Brentwood Park and a $25 million residential sale in Beverly Hills. He has also been the listing agent for reputable estates including Merv Griffin's Bel Air estate and the Dorothy Chandler Estate in Hancock Park. He has also sold homes to various celebrities including Adam Levine, Steve Aoki, Shonda Rhymes and Tom Ford. In 2009, Flagg started working at Keller Williams Westside in Los Angeles, California, where he started "Josh Flagg Estates." According to Forbes, Flagg has sold over $1 billion worth of property during his career.He later began working with Rodeo Realty. Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles
In 2006, <mask>, along with two other agents, Madison Hildebrand and Chad Rogers, were picked to star in a reality TV series following their careers in the real estate industry. They started filming for the show, Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles, and it aired on Bravo in August 2006. The show continued with the original cast until Season 4 when <mask> co-starred along with Flagg and Hildebrand. After Season 6 concluded in 2013, Hildebrand left the show, making Flagg the only remaining original cast member. <mask> and Altman were joined by James Harris and David Parnes for Season 7. The series aired its 10th Season in 2017, with <mask>, Harris, Hildebrand and Parnes returning and realtor Tracy Maltas joining its cast.Other activities
At 14 years old, Flagg began writing a book about his grandmother, <mask>. As her only grandchild, Flagg was close to his grandmother, who was a Holocaust survivor and, later, a fashion industry executive. The book, A Simple Girl: Stories My Grandmother Told Me, was published in 2009. Proceeds from the book's sales go towards the Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles. Flagg published his second book, Million Dollar Agent: Brokering the Dream, in 2011. The book is an autobiography that details his personal life from growing up in Los Angeles to becoming one of the city's top real estate agents. In 2012, Flagg started a mobile app called 'Star Maps,' which is a directory of hundreds of properties associated with celebrities in the Los Angeles area.The app uses GPS to direct users and tourists to places of well-known estates or celebrity properties with details about the home and its celebrity-ownership that are cross-referenced with research from the city's public records. Melissa Rivers presented Flagg with the Next Generation award from the Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust in 2013. Personal life
Flagg lives in Beverly Hills, California, and in January 2013, he purchased a micro-estate above the Sunset Strip from Jeffrey Katzenberg's son writer/producer David Katzenberg. He sold the property in 2015 to Nicolas Pakzad, the son of designer Bijan Pakzad. In June 2015, Flagg bought the estate of Tony award-winning producer Michael Filerman. The estate is located a few doors away from Paul McCartney's home that he bought from Courtney Love, and is located on a street filled with past and present celebrity owners such as Don Johnson, Prince and Ozzy Osbourne. Flagg also owns his late grandmother's penthouse in the Century Towers complex in Century City.Flagg is openly gay, having come out in March 2011. In July 2016, Flagg proposed to his fiancé, Bobby Boyd, during a flash mob at the Four Seasons Hotel George V.  The couple got married on September 10, 2017 at the Beverly Hills Hotel, LA. <mask> and his husband own and live in a house in the flats of Beverly Hills. Flagg is a collector of fine art, rare automobiles, and one of the largest collectors of Billy Haines furniture in the country. He has traveled to more than sixty countries and has an affinity for architecture and home design. <mask> serves on the Board of Governors of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles and the Los Angeles Jewish home. In 2016, he co-chaired the "Rock for Research" event for Cedars-Sinai.See also
Bravo (American TV network)
Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles
Edith Flagg

References

External links

 Million Dollar Listing LA Official website (seasons 1-4)
 Million Dollar Listing LA Official website (seasons 5-7)

Living people
1985 births
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Television personalities from Los Angeles
Beverly Hills High School alumni
American real estate brokers
Gay men
LGBT businesspeople from the United States
LGBT Jews
LGBT people from California
People from Beverly Hills, California

masks:
Joshua Daniel Flagg
Flagg
Flagg
Josh Flagg
) Flagg
Edith Flagg
Flagg
Josh Altman
Flagg
Flagg
Edith Flagg
Flagg
Charity Flagg


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<mask> (May 15, 1918 – May 8, 2008) was an American country music singer who performed for six decades. He was a Nashville sound (country/popular music) innovator of the late 1950s, and scored 147 songs on the Billboard country music charts, second only to George Jones. He sold more than 85 million records. A member of the Grand Ole Opry (beginning 1943) and the Country Music Hall of Fame (beginning 1966), <mask> ranked 22nd on Country Music Television's 2003 list of "The 40 Greatest Men of Country Music." Early years
<mask> was born on May 15, 1918, on a farm near Henderson, Tennessee. His father, a sharecropper, played the fiddle, while his mother played guitar. <mask>'s father died when he was just 11, forcing him to leave school and begin helping on the family farm.This led to him later gaining his nickname, the Tennessee Plowboy. <mask> attended Pinson High School in Pinson, Tennessee, where he played guitar for school functions and events. He quit before graduation to help with the farm work, but continued performing, often arriving on a mule with his guitar hung on his back. <mask> also worked part-time as an assistant at a mortuary. In 1934, at age 16, <mask> made his debut on WTJS-AM in Jackson, Tennessee. He began performing at local nightclubs and was hired permanently by WTJS in 1937. In 1938, he was hired by WMPS-AM in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was one of its most popular performers.He soon left WMPS for KWK-AM in St. Louis, Missouri, followed briefly by a spot at WHAS-AM in Louisville, Kentucky. He performed for WSM (AM) on the Grand Ole Opry during 1943 as a solo artist. In 1944, <mask> signed a contract with RCA Victor, and with manager Colonel Tom Parker who would later manage Elvis Presley. <mask>'s first single was little noticed, but the next, "Each Minute Seems a Million Years", scored number five on the country charts in 1945. Its success began a decade of unprecedented chart performance; <mask>'s next 57 singles all ranked in the top 10, including 19 number-one successes. In 1946, <mask> scored his first major success with "That's How Much I Love You". In 1948, he had five successful songs on the charts simultaneously.That year, he had nine songs in the top 10; five of these were number one and scored there for 40 of the year's 52 weeks. With Parker's management, <mask> continued to dominate, with 13 of the 20 best-scoring country music songs of 1947–1948. He became the host of Mutual Radio's Purina-sponsored segment of the Opry and of Mutual's Checkerboard Jamboree, a midday program shared with Ernest Tubb that was broadcast from a Nashville theater. Recorded radio programs increased <mask>'s popularity, as did the CBS Radio series Hometown Reunion with the Duke of Paducah. <mask> quit the Opry during 1948, and his Hometown Reunion briefly broadcast in competition with the Opry on Saturday nights. In 1949 and 1950, he performed in the Columbia movies Feudin' Rhythm and Hoedown. <mask> began working for television in the early 1950s, hosting The <mask> Show.The summer program was broadcast successively by all three television networks, replacing the Perry Como and Dinah Shore programs. He also performed as a guest and a guest host on the ABC-TV show Ozark Jubilee from 1955 to 1960. <mask> featured in the syndicated Eddy Arnold Time from 1955 to 1957. From 1960 to 1961, he hosted NBC-TV's Today on the Farm. Second career: The Nashville sound
With the rise of rock and roll in the mid 1950s, <mask>'s record sales began to decline, though fellow RCA Victor country recording artist Jim Reeves found a greater audience with popular-sounding string-laced arrangements. <mask> annoyed many in the country music establishment by recording with Hugo Winterhalter and his Orchestra at the RCA Victor studios in New York. Winterhalter's pop-oriented arrangements of "The Cattle Call" and "The Richest Man (in the World)", however, helped to expand <mask>'s appeal beyond its country music base.This style, pioneered by Reeves and <mask>, became known as the "Nashville Sound". During 1953, <mask> and Tom Parker had a dispute, and <mask> fired him. From 1954 to 1963, <mask>'s performances were managed by Joe Csida; in 1964, Csida was replaced by Jerry Purcell. <mask> embarked on a second career that brought his music to a more diverse audience. In the summer of 1965, he had his first number-one country song in 10 years, "What's He Doing in My World" and struck gold again six months later with the song that became his most well-known, "Make the World Go Away", accompanied by pianist Floyd Cramer on piano and featuring the Anita Kerr Singers. As a result, <mask>'s rendition became an international success. "Make The World Go Away" became his only top ten pop hit.Bill Walker's orchestra arrangements provided the lush background for 16 continuous successes sung by <mask> in the late 1960s. <mask> performed with symphony orchestras in New York City, Las Vegas, and Hollywood. He performed in Carnegie Hall for two concerts, and in the Coconut Grove in Las Vegas. In 1966, <mask> was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame, the youngest performer to receive the honor. The following year, <mask> was voted the first-ever awarded Country Music Association's Entertainer of the Year. Two years later, he released an autobiography named It's A Long Way From Chester County. Having been with RCA Victor since 1944, <mask> left the label in 1973 for MGM Records, where he recorded four albums, which included several top-40 successes.He returned to RCA in 1976 and recorded for the company for the remainder of his career. Later years and death
During the 1980s, <mask> declared himself semi-retired, but he continued recording. In 1984, the Academy of Country Music awarded <mask> its Pioneer Award. His next album, You Don't Miss A Thing, was not released until 1991. <mask> performed road tours for several more years. By 1992, he had sold nearly 85 million records, and had a total of 145 weeks of number-one songs, more than any other singer. In 1996, RCA issued an album of <mask>'s main successes since 1944 as part of its 'Essential' series.<mask>, then 78 years old, retired from active singing, though he still performed occasionally. On May 16, 1998, the day after his 80th birthday, he announced his final retirement during a concert at the Hotel Orleans in Las Vegas. That same year, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences inducted the recording of "Make The World Go Away" into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2000, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts. In 2005, <mask> received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Recording Academy, and later that year, released a final album for RCA entitled After All These Years. <mask> died from natural causes on May 8, 2008, in a care facility in Nashville, one week before his 90th birthday. His wife of 66 years, Sally Gayhart <mask>, had preceded him in death by two months.They were survived by two children (Richard E<mask>, Jr., and JoAnn <mask>), two grandchildren (K. Michelle Pollard and R. Shannon Pollard, Jr.), and four great-grandchildren (Katie E. Pollard, Jack Pollard, Rowan Pollard, and Ben Johns). On May 31, 2008, RCA released "To Life" as a single from the album After All These Years. It debuted at number 49 on the Hot Country Songs charts, <mask>'s first entry in 25 years and the recording by the oldest person to chart in Billboard magazine. It set the record for the longest span between a first chart single and a last: 62 years and 11 months ("Each Minute Seems Like a Million Years" debuted on June 30, 1945), and extended <mask>'s career chart history to seven decades. Discography

References

External links

 The Times of London obituary
 <mask> at the Country Music Hall of Fame

1918 births
2008 deaths
American country singer-songwriters
American radio personalities
American television personalities
Country Music Hall of Fame inductees
Grand Ole Opry members
RCA Records Nashville artists
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
People from Henderson, Tennessee
RCA Victor artists
20th-century American singers
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Country musicians from Tennessee

masks:
Richard Edward Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Eddy Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
. Arnold
Arnold Pollard
Arnold
Arnold
Eddy Arnold


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<mask>y medal, that was given to her by the Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences ( Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales). <mask>' discovery of the bacterial virus Φ29 DNA polymerase was recognized by the Spanish National Research Council as the highest-grossing patent in Spain. Her cumulative work, as described by The Local in 2019, "invented a faster, simpler and more reliable way to replicate trace amounts of DNA into quantities large enough for full genomic testing." She was the first scientific woman ever elected to the Royal Spanish Academy. Shortly before her death, she was awarded the 2019 European Inventor Award.<mask> was raised into the Spanish nobility by King Juan Carlos I in Summer 2008 with the hereditary title of Marquesa de Canero. Throughout her career in academia, she advised more than 40 doctoral students and published over 200 scientific articles. She was an outspoken advocate of women and feminism in science. Early life and career
<mask> <mask> Falgueras was born on 30 November 1938 in Canero, a parish of Valdés, Asturias, Spain. She was the daughter of <mask> Martínez (1905-1962), a psychiatric doctor who influenced her, encouraging her interest in science, and <mask> Falgueras Gatell (1912/1913-2014), a teacher. She had two brothers who were also scientist: <mask> Falgueras (1937-2008) and María Luisa "Marisa" <mask> Falgueras. At the age of sixteen he went to Madrid to carry out the Chemistry and Medicine entrance tests.She entered the faculty of Chemistry and in the summer of 1958 met Severo Ochoa, who had influence on her career and oriented her towards biochemistry.She graduated from the Complutense University of Madrid with a B.A. in chemistry and obtained a PhD degree in 1963, with Alberto Sols (of the Spanish National Research Council) as doctoral supervisor. After finishing their thesis, in August of 1964, she travelled to the United States with her husband, Eladio Viñuela, whom she married in 1963,to work with Severo Ochoa. On their return to Spain, <mask> and her husband established a laboratory to research molecular biology at the Center for Biological Research in Madrid. Viñuela began a different field of research in 1970, studying the African plague virus, so that <mask> would be recognised on her own merits. <mask> was a professor of molecular genetics at the Complutense University Faculty of Chemistry from 1968 to 1992. She was also a professor of research at the Severo Ochoa Center for Molecular Biology in Madrid from 1974, and its director from 1992 until January 1994.She was president of the  Spanish Society of Biochemistry (SEBBM) from 1988 until 1992. She then served as the director of the Foundation for Biomedical Research at the Gregorio Marañón Hospital (2001–2004), and of the Institute of Spain (1995–2003). She was responsible for promoting Spanish research in the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology. She was an honorary professor at the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) in the field of biotechnology. On November 7, 2019, she died of a cardiac arrest after a complication of a digestive ailment from which she was to be operated. Scientific career
<mask> was the first scientific woman elected in the Royal Spanish Academy. She was appointed on 20 December 2001, and took up her seat on 4 June 2003.On 11 July 2008, <mask> was raised into the Spanish nobility by King Juan Carlos I with the hereditary title of Marquesa de Canero. She supervised more than 40 doctoral students and published over 200 scientific articles. Early work
After obtaining an undergraduate degree in chemistry, <mask> <mask> joined the laboratory of Alberto Sols, where she completed her doctoral thesis on the anomeric specificity of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. She then worked as a postdoctoral researcher in the United States for three years (1964–1967) at New York University with Severo Ochoa. Bacterial virus Φ29 DNA polymerase
During her time in Ochoa's laboratory, <mask> determined that messenger RNA is read from its N-terminus (5' end) to its C-terminus (3' end) and she described how protein synthesis is started. She also discovered and characterized the Φ29 phage DNA polymerase, which has biotechnological applications due to its high DNA amplification properties. Her research allowed trace amounts of DNA to be replicated more quickly and reliably, making DNA analysis accessible in fields such as archaeology and forensics, where only trace amounts may be retrieved, and in oncology.The method is now called multiple displacement amplification. In 2012 she was professor ad honorem at the Center for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, CSIC's research center and the Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), where she continued to work on the bacterial virus Φ29, which infects a non-pathogenic bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Scientific activity

Salas published more than three hundred and fifty publications in international magazines or books and about ten in national media.. She also has 8 patents, and presented papers at 398 conferences and seminars. The patent relating to her discovery of Φ29 generated more royalties for the Spanish National Research Council than any of its other patents, with 50% of its patent royalty income between 2003 and 2009 deriving from it. Recognitions during her scientific career
She took part on some of the most prestigious scientific societies and institutes nationally and internationally. She was awarded with the Rey Jaime I Research Award in 1994. She was the director of the Spanish Institute (1995-2003).She also directed the Severo Ochoa Foundation y and the annual course of the School of Molecular Biology “Eladio Viñuela” of the Menéndez Pelayo International University in Santander. She was a member of the Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Science, of the Royal Spanish Academy, 13 of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, of the American Society for Microbiology and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, among others. In addition, she was named honorary doctorate by the next universities: Rey Juan Carlos, University of Oviedo, Extremadura, Murcia, Politécnica de Madrid, Jaén, Cádiz, Málaga, UNED university, University of Menéndez Pelayo International, Carlos III of Madrid and of Burgos. In 1992 a Secondary Education Institute in Majadahonda (Community of Madrid) was named Margarita Salas. Currently there is another Institute of Secondary Education called the same in Seseña (Toledo). She was the adopted daughter of the Council of Valdés (Asturias) since 1997, and of Gijon since 2004. In May 2007, she started being a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, thus becoming the first Spanish woman to join the institution.She started being a member of the Royal Spanish Academy in 2003, and its censor in 2008. Several streets were named as her: in 2006 a street in Gijon, in 2009 one in Arroyo de la Encomienda, and in 2011 another street in the Almería Science-Technology Park. In 2014 she was selected by Quo magazine, in collaboration with CSIC and the Higher Council for Sports, for the first "Spanish Selection of Science", made up of thirteen internationally renowned Spanish scientists. In March of 2015, Casas de Asturias in Alcalá de Henares and Alcobendas and the Asturian centers of Madrid and Tres Cantos distinguished her with the title of «Asturiana Universal» for her «brilliant and successful international career as a scientist and researcher in the field of molecular biology». In 2018, from the IES Margarita Salas, which bears her name in Seville, a tribute was paid to her by the students carrying out tests related to the life and findings of Margarita <mask>. In April of 2018, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Universidad Autónoma of Barcelona, and she dedicated her speech to bacteriophage Φ29. In 2018 she was included in the Periodic Table of the Scientists to commemorate in 2019 the International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements, to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the publication of Mendeleev.In December of 2018, the name change of the Eliseo Godoy school (Franco's teacher and military) from Zaragoza to Margarita Salas was approved. On December 10th of 2019, the CSIC Biological Research Center was renamed the Margarita Salas Biological Research Center. In 2020, she was named after a new species of gastropod discovered in Canary waters (Rissoella salaae). Her role as a woman in science

When Margarita returned to Spain in 1967, she was not known for her contributions to science, but for being Eladio Viñuelas' wife. Moreover, her scientific work was not recognized as she was a woman, since at that time women scientists were not recognized for their work. In most cases, the findings were attributed to men. She pioneered many tasks that until then had only been carried out by men.Margarita did not consider this a merit, but rather an easy thing: as no woman had done before, it was easy to be the first. When she won the Severo Ochoa Prize for Research, Alberto Sols, who had directed her thesis, admitted that when she came to her laboratory to do the doctorate, he decided to give her a minor research topic so it wouldn’t matter if she didn’t pull it off. Margarita did not give importance to the problem, saying that this was not a problem of Alberto, but of the time in which they lived. Margarita helped make science accessible to women. Always wanted to stay in touch with youth and inspire other women to take an interest in science. <mask> <mask> was also known for her work as a mentor of many scientists such as María Blasco, Marisol Soengas, and Jesús Ávila. Personal life
In 1963, she married Eladio Viñuela [es].<mask> and Viñuela had one daughter. She was reported as saying that she delayed motherhood until she was 37, when she felt that she could combine both professional and family life. She died on 7 November 2019 in Madrid at age 80. Awards and honors
<mask> won the L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science in its first year, 2000. She was a member of Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences, European Academy of Sciences and Arts, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Academy of Microbiology, United States National Academy of Sciences, and the Severo Ochoa Foundation. She was awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Oviedo, University of Extremadura, University of Murcia and the University of Cádiz. 1991: Carlos J. Finlay Prize, UNESCO
 1997: Medal of Principality of Asturias.1999: National Research Award Santiago Ramon y Cajal. 2000: L'Oreal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science
 2001: Selected among the 100 women of the twentieth century that paved the way for equality in the XXI Century by the Council of Women of the Community of Madrid. 2002: Isabel Ferrer Award of the Generalitat Valenciana. 2002: Gold Medal of the Community of Madrid. 2003: Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise. 2004: International Prize for Science and Research Cristóbal Gabarrón Foundation. 2005: Gold Medal for Merit in Work.2005: Medal of Honor of the Complutense University of Madrid. 2006: Award of Excellence granted by FEDEPE (Spanish Federation of Women Directors, Executives, Professionals and Entrepreneurs). 2007: First Spanish woman to become a member of the National Academy of Sciences (United States). 2009: Gold Medal of the College of Veterinarians of the Principality of Asturias. 2009: Title of Honorary Ambassador of the Spain Brand, category of Science and Innovation, which fails Leading Brands of Spanish Forum with the approval of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation. 2009: Women Leader Award 2009, awarded by the Rafael del Pino, Aliter and Merck Foundation. 2009: Award "An entire professional life" of the Mapfre Foundation.2014: Chemistry Excellence Award, awarded by the General Council of Associations of Chemists of Spain. 2016: Medalla Echegaray, the highest award from the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences
 2018: ManchaArte Award 2018
 2019: European Inventor Award Lifetime Achievement Award and Audience Award by European Patent Office

See also

 List of female scientists in the 21st century
List of Spanish inventors and discoverers

References

External links
 <mask> <mask> biography. Mujer y Ciencia
 Margarita <mask> biography (PDF)

|-

1938 births
2019 deaths
People from Valdés, Asturias
Spanish biochemists
Women biochemists
Spanish women chemists
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Members of the Royal Spanish Academy
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Spanish nobility
Spanish women scientists
L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science laureates
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American women scientists
Women molecular biologists
Marquesses of Spain

masks:
Margarita Salas Falguerasgara
Salas
Salas
Margarita
Salas
José Salas
Margarita
José Salas
Salas
Salas
Salas
Salas
Salas
Salas
Margarita
Salas
Salas
Salas
Margarita
Salas
Salas
Salas
Margarita
Salas
Salas


texts:
<mask>  (17 September 1908 – 9 June 1973) was an English crime writer, also writing science fiction, romance and western novels, who wrote more than six hundred novels using twenty-eight different pseudonyms. He created several characters who are now famous, such as The Toff (The Honourable Richard Rollison), Commander George Gideon of Scotland Yard, Inspector Roger West, The Baron (<mask>), Doctor Emmanuel Cellini and Doctor Stanislaus Alexander Palfrey. The most popular of these was Gideon of Scotland Yard, who was the basis for the television series Gideon's Way and for the <mask> movie  Gideon's Day (1958). The Baron character was also made into a 1960s TV series starring Steve Forrest as The Baron. Life and career

<mask> was born in Southfields, Surrey, to a working-class family. He was the seventh of nine children of Ruth and <mask>, a poor coach maker. Creasey was educated at Fulham Elementary School and Sloane School, both in London.From 1923 to 1935 he worked various clerical, factory, and sales jobs while trying to establish himself as a writer. After a number of rejections, <mask>'s first book was published in 1930. His first crime novel, Seven Times Seven, was published in January 1932 by Melrose. It was a story about a gang of criminals. In 1935 he became a full-time writer. In 1937 alone, twenty-nine of his books were published. A phenomenally fast writer, he once suggested that he could be shut up in a glass-box and write there a whole book.In 1938, he created the character The Toff with the first novel Introducing the Toff. The Toff series would continue for 59 novels from 1938 to 1978. The Toff, The Honourable Richard Rollison, is an aristocrat and an amateur sleuth. ("Toff" is a British slang expression for an aristocrat.) During World War II, he created the character of Dr. Stanislaus Alexander Palfrey, a British secret service agent, who forms Z5, a secret underground group that owes its allegiance to the Allies. The first novel of the Dr. Palfrey 34-book series was Traitor's Doom, published in 1942 by John Long Ltd., while the last was The Whirlwind in 1979. Several adaptations were made of Creasey's novels.On film these included: Salute the Toff (1952, also known as Brighthaven Express in the USA), Hammer the Toff (1952), <mask>'s Gideon's Day (1958, also known as Gideon of Scotland Yard in the USA), released by Columbia Pictures, and Cat & Mouse (1958, also known as The Desperate Men in the USA), written as Michael Halliday. On television, a series based on the Commander George Gideon character, Gideon's Way, was produced from 1964 to 1965 by ITC Entertainment and starring <mask> in the title rôle. ITC followed this with a version of Creasey's The Baron character (1965–66), starring Steve Forrest. Between 1967 and 1971 the BBC produced a radio version of Creasey's Roger West stories with actor Patrick Allen in the title role as Scotland Yard Chief Inspector Roger "Handsome" West, with Allen's real-life wife Sarah Lawson playing the role of West's wife Janet. In 1962, <mask> won an Edgar Award for Best Novel, from the Mystery Writers of America (MWA), for Gideon's Fire, written under the pseudonym J. J. Marric. In 1969 he received the MWA's greatest honour, the Grand Master Award. He served one term as president of the organization in 1966, one of only three non-American writers to be so honoured.Creasey had as many publishers as he had pseudonyms, but enjoyed enduring relations with <mask> and Hodder & Stoughton in the UK. After he finally broke into the American market in the 1950s, many of his books were released by Harper and Scribners; Walker reissued many older titles in the revised editions. During the 1940s, <mask> was living at "Cattistock", Fernlea Avenue, Ferndown, Wimborne in Dorset. He died at his home New Hall, which is now New Hall Hospital, Bodenham near Salisbury, Wiltshire in 1973. In 2007, his family transferred all of <mask>'s copyrights and other legal rights to Owatonna Media. Owatonna Media on-sold these copyrights to Coolabi Plc in 2009, but retained a master licence in radio and audio rights. These rights are commercially licensed in the UK and abroad.<mask>
<mask>'s son <mask> is also an author as well as a distinguished television producer, having served both in the private sector and at the BBC, and as the British producer of Patrick Watson's worldwide Canadian television documentary series The Struggle for Democracy. He has developed his father's "Doctor Palfrey" series by penning a new series of techno-thrillers around the character of Doctor Thomas Palfrey. Crime Writers' Association (CWA)

In 1953, <mask> founded the Crime Writers' Association (CWA) in the UK. The CWA New Blood Dagger is awarded in his memory, for first books by previously unpublished writers; sponsored by BBC Audiobooks, it includes a prize of £1000. This award was known previously as the John <mask> Memorial Dagger. Pseudonyms
His pseudonyms include:

 Gordon Ashe
 Henry St. John Cooper
 Credo
 Norman Deane
 Robert Caine Frazer
 Patrick Gill
 Michael Halliday

 Charles Hogarth (with Ian Bowen)
 Brian Hope
 Colin Hughes
 Kyle Hunt
 Abel Mann
 Peter Manton
 J.J. Marric

 James Marsden
 Richard Martin
 Rodney Mattheson
 Anthony Morton
 Henry St. <mask>
 Martin Richard
 Jeremy York

In addition, he wrote Westerns under the names of Ken Ranger, Tex Riley, William K. Reilly, and Jimmy Wilde. He also wrote Romantic novels under the names of Margaret Cooke, M.E.Cooke, and Elise Fecamps. Political career

As well as being an author, Creasey was a committed Liberal party member though he later became an independent. He said that he had been organising Liberal street-corner meetings from the age of 12. At the time of the 1945 general election <mask> was Chairman of the local Liberal Association in Bournemouth where his publicity and writing skills were instrumental in helping the Liberals to an atypical second place. He was adopted as prospective parliamentary candidate for Bournemouth West in 1946 and appeared on the platform at the 1947 Liberal Assembly, which was held in Bournemouth. He fought Bournemouth West in the 1950 general election, coming third. He became increasingly unhappy with the party through the 1950s though and disagreed so much with the party's policy concerning the Suez Crisis he resigned his membership.However, after the Orpington by-election success of 1962 and impressed with Jo Grimond's leadership of the party he seemed to be reviving his Liberal activity. By January 1966 however, he had founded the All Party Alliance, a pressure group which sought to unite the best people from all parties. The platform of the All Party Alliance was based on running industry by councils made up of workers, managers, investors and government to avoid industrial action, with a mind to eventually eliminate income tax. Creasey fought by-elections as an independent in support of this idea in 1967 at Nuneaton, Brierley Hill and Manchester Gorton. He also fought Oldham West during the by-election of June 1968. He did well for an independent with the first-past-the-post system, having limited resources and often little time to campaign. In Oldham West he beat his old party's candidate into fourth place.He could not seem to shed his affection for the Liberal party however, congratulating Birmingham Ladywood by-election victor Wallace Lawler in July 1969 and attending the 1969 party assembly albeit to promote All Party Alliance aims. In 1972 he relaunched the All Party Alliance as Evolution to Democracy (Evo). Evo merged with Colin Campion's "The Organisation", a Yorkshire-based party which advocated coalition governments based on the proportion of votes cast for each party, to form the "Independent Democratic Alliance", which soon faded after <mask>'s death, and its poor performance in the February 1974 general election. <mask>y features in the Look At Life film I Protest! where he is seen collecting signatures for a petition to lobby the government to take action against the number of deaths due to road accidents. Honours

He was awarded the Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services in the United Kingdom's National Savings Movement during World War II. Bibliography

The Commander George Gideon series (published under the pseudonym "J. J. Marric," 1955–1976)

 Gideon's Day (1955) a.p.a.Gideon of Scotland Yard
 Gideon's Week (1956) a.p.a. 7 Days to Death
 Gideon's Night (1957)
 Gideon's Month (1958)
 Gideon's Staff (1959)
 Gideon's Risk (1960)
 Gideon's Fire (1961)

 Gideon's March (1962)
 Gideon's Ride (1963)
 Gideon's Vote (1964)
 Gideon's Lot (1965)
 Gideon's Badge (1966)
 Gideon's Wrath (1967)
 Gideon's River (1968)

 Gideon's Power (1969)
 Gideon's Sport (1970)
 Gideon's Art (1971)
 Gideon's Men (1972)
 Gideon's Press (1973)
 Gideon's Fog (1975)
 Gideon's Drive (1976)

The series was continued after <mask>'s death by William Vivian Butler ("as J.J. Marric"):
 Gideon's Force (1978)
 Gideon's Law (1981)
 Gideon's Way (1983)
 Gideon's Raid (1986)
 Gideon's Fear (1990)

Dr. Palfrey (Z5) series, writing as <mask> (1942–1979)

 Traitor's Doom (November 1942)
 The Valley of Fear (May 1943) a.p.a. The Perilous Country
 The Legion of the Lost (November 1943)
 Dangerous Quest (1944)
 Death in the Rising Sun (1945)
 The Hounds of Vengeance (1945)
 Shadow of Doom (1946)
 The House of the Bears (1946)
 Dark Harvest (1947)
 The Wings of Peace (1948)
 The Sons of Satan (1948)
 The Dawn of Darkness (1949)

 The League of Light (1949)
 The Man Who Shook the World (1950)
 The Prophet of Fire (1951)
 The Children of Hate (1952) a.p.a. The Killers of Innocence
 The Touch of Death (1954)
 The Mists of Fear (1955)
 The Flood (1956)
 The Plague of Silence (1958)
 The Drought (1959) a.p.a. Dry Spell
 The Terror (1962)

 The Depths (1963)
 The Sleep (1964)
 The Inferno (1965)
 The Famine (1967)
 The

masks:
John Creasey
John Mannering
John Ford
John Creasey
Joseph Creasey
Creasey
John Ford
John Gregson
Creasey
John Long
Creasey
Creasey
Richard Creasey
John
Richard Creasey
John Creasey
Creasey
John
Creasey
Creasey
John Crease
Creasey
John Creasey


texts:
 Blight (1968)
 The Oasis (1969)
 The Smog (1970)
 The Unbegotten (1971)
 The Insulators (1972)
 The Voiceless Ones (1973)
 The Thunder-Maker (1976)
 The Whirlwind (1979)

Four additional Z5 stories have been written by the author's son Richard; in these, the central figure is Thomas Palfrey, the doctor's grandson: Eternity's Sunrise (2012); Hard Targets (2013, an omnibus of three shorter adventures – "Wings of Fear," "Burning Night," and "Deadly Sleep"). The Department Z series, as John Creasey (1933–1957)

 The Death Miser (1933)
 Redhead (1933)
 First Came a Murder (1934)
 Death 'Round the Corner (1935)
 The Mark of the Crescent (1935)
 Thunder in Europe (1936)
 The Terror Trap (1936)
 Carriers of Death (1937)
 Days of Danger (1937)
 Death Stands By (1938)

 Menace! (1938)
 Murder Must Wait (1939)
 Panic!(1939)
 Death by Night (1940)
 The Island of Peril (1940)
 Sabotage (1941)
 Go Away Death (1941)
 The Day of Disaster (1942)
 Prepare for Action (1942)

 No Darker Crime (1943)
 Dark Peril (1944)
 The Peril Ahead (1946)
 The League of Dark Men (1947)
 The Department of Death (1949)
 The Enemy Within (1950)
 Dead or Alive (1951)
 A Kind of Prisoner (1954)
 The Black Spiders (1957)

Chief Inspector Roger West series, as <mask>y (1942–1978)

 Inspector West Takes Charge (1942)
 Inspector West Leaves Town (1943) a.k.a. Go Away to Murder (1972)
 Inspector West at Home (1944) (Adapted for BBC Radio starring Patrick Allen)
 Inspector West Regrets (1945)
 Holiday for Inspector West (1946)
 Battle for Inspector West (1948) Adapted for BBC Radio starring Patrick Allen)
 Triumph for Inspector West (1948) a.k.a. The Case Against Paul Raeburn (1958)
 Inspector West Kicks Off (1949) a.k.a. Sport for inspector West (1971)
 Inspector West Alone (1950)
 Inspector West Cries Wolf (1950) a.k.a. The Creepers (1952) (Adapted for BBC Radio starring Patrick Allen)
 A Case for Inspector West (1951) a.k.a. The Figure in the Dusk (1952)
 Puzzle for Inspector West (1951) a.k.a. The Dissemblers (1967)
 Inspector West at Bay (1952) a.k.a.The Blind Spot (1954), a.k.a. The Case of the Acid Throwers (1960) (Adapted for BBC Radio starring Patrick Allen)

 A Gun for Inspector West (1953) a.k.a. Give a Man a Gun (1954)
 Send Inspector West (1953)  a.k.a. Send Superintendent West
 A Beauty for Inspector West (1954) a.k.a. The Beauty Queen Killer (1956), a.k.a. So Young, So Cold, So Fair (1958) (Adapted for BBC Radio starring Patrick Allen)
 Inspector West Makes Haste (1955) a.k.a. Murder Makes Haste (1955), a.k.a.The Gelignite Gang (1956), a.k.a. Night of the Watchman (1966) (Adapted for BBC Radio starring Patrick Allen)
 Two for Inspector West (1955) a.k.a. Murder: One, Two, Three (1960),  Murder Tips the Scales (1962)
 Parcels for Inspector West (1956) a.k.a. Death of an Assassin (1960)
 A Prince for Inspector West (1956)
 Accident for Inspector West (1957) a.k.a. Hit and Run (1959)
 Find Inspector West (1957) a.k.a. The Trouble at Saxby's (1959), a.k.a. Doorway to Death (1961)
 Murder, London – New York (1958)

 Strike for Death (1958) a.k.a.The Killing Strike (1961)
 Death of a Racehorse (1959)
 The Case of the Innocent Victims (1959)
 Murder on the Line (1960)
 Death in Cold Print (1961)
 The Scene of the Crime (1961)
 Policeman's Dread (1962)
 Hang the Little Man (1963)
 Look Three Ways at Murder (1964)
 Murder, London – Australia (1965)
 Murder, London – South Africa (1966)
 The Executioners (1967)
 So Young to Burn (1968)
 Murder, London – Miami (1969)
 A Part for a Policeman (1970)
 Alibi (1971) a.k.a. Alibi for Inspector West (1973)
 A Splinter of Glass (1972)
 The Theft of Magna Carta (1973) a.k.a. Theft of Magna Carta (1973)
 The Extortioners (1974)
 A Sharp Rise in Crime (1978)

The Toff series, as <mask>y (1938–1978)

 Introducing the Toff (1938)
 The Toff Goes On (1939)
 The Toff Steps Out (1939)
 Here Comes the Toff (1940)
 The Toff Breaks In (1940)
 Salute the Toff (1941)
 The Toff Proceeds (1941)
 The Toff Goes to Market (1942)
 The Toff Is Back (1942)
 The Toff Among Millions (1943)
 Accuse the Toff (1943)
 The Toff and the Curate (1944) a.k.a. The Toff and the Deadly Parson
 The Toff and the Great Illusion (1944)
 Feathers for the Toff (1945)
 The Cinema Crimes (1945)
 The Toff and the Lady (1946)
 The Toff on Ice (1946) a.k.a. Poison for The Toff
 Hammer the Toff (1947)
 The Toff in Town (1947)
 The Toff Takes Shares (1948)
 The Toff and Old Harry (1949)
 The Toff on Board (1949)

 Fool the Toff (1950)
 Kill the Toff (1950)
 A Knife for the Toff (1951)
 The Toff Goes Gay (1951) a.k.a. A Mask for the Toff
 Hunt the Toff (1952)
 Call the Toff (1953)
 The Toff Down Under (1953) a.k.a. Break the Toff
 Murder Out of the Past (1953)
 The Toff at Butlin's (1954)
 The Toff at the Fair (1954) a.k.a.Last Laugh For The Toff
 A Six for the Toff (1955) a.k.a. A Score for the Toff
 The Toff and the Deep Blue Sea (1955)
 Make-Up for the Toff (1956) a.k.a. Kiss the Toff
 The Toff in New York (1956)
 Model for the Toff (1957)
 The Toff on Fire (1957)
 The Toff and the Stolen Tresses (1958)
 The Toff on the Farm (1958) a.k.a. Terror for the Toff

 Double for the Toff (1959)
 The Toff and the Runaway Bride (1959)
 A Rocket for the Toff (1960)
 The Toff and the Kidnapped Child (1960) a.k.a. The Kidnapped Child
 Follow the Toff (1961)
 The Toff and the Teds (1961) a.k.a. R.I.S.C. (1962), a.p.a.The Timid Tycoon (1966)
 Mark Kilby and the Secret Syndicate (1960)
 Mark Kilby and the Miami Mob (1960)
 Mark Kilby Stands Alone (1962)
 Mark Kilby Takes a Risk (1962)
 The Hollywood Hoax (1964)

The Superintendent Folly series (under the pseudonym "Jeremy York," 1942–1948)

In the asterisked titles, Folly was added for the revised editions of novels originally written as standalones. Foul Play Suspected (1942) *
 Murder in the Family (1944)*
 Crime With Many Voices (1945) *
 No Crime More Cruel (1945) *

 Find the Body (1945)
 Murder Came Late (1946)
 Mystery Motive (1947) *
 Run Away to Murder (1947)

 First a Murder (1947)
 Close the Door on Murder (1948)
 Let's Kill Uncle Lionel (1948)
 The Gallows are Waiting (1948) *

The Fane Brothers series
Written under the pseudonym "Michael Halliday" for UK publication (1952–1955), but published under the pseudonym "Jeremy York" in the US (all in 1972). Take a Body (1952)
 Murder in the Stars (1953)

 Man on the Run (1953)
 Lame Dog Murder (1955)

The Doctor Cellini series
Written under the pseudonym "Michael Halliday" for UK publication (1965–1975), but published under the pseudonym "Kyle Hunt" for US. Cunning as a Fox (1965)
 Wicked as the Devil (1966)
 Sly as a Serpent (1967)
 Cruel as a Cat (1968)

 Too Good to Be True (1969)
 A Period of Evil (1970 in UK, 1971 in US)
 As Lonely as the Damned (1971 in UK, 1972 in US)
 As Empty as Hate (1972)

 As Merry as Hell (1972 in UK, 1973 in US)
 This Man Did I Kill? (1974)
 The Man Who Was Not Himself (1975)

Standalone novels (as "Jeremy York," 1941–1960)

 By Persons Unknown (1941)
 Murder Unseen (1943)
 No Alibi (1944)
 Yesterday's Murder (1945)
 Wilful Murder (1946)
 Death to My Killer (1950)

 Sentence of Death (1950)
 Voyage of Death (1952)a.p.a. Voyage with Murder
 Safari with Murder (1953)a.p.a. Safari with Fear
 So Soon to Die (1955)

 Seeds of Murder (1956)
 Sight of Death (1956)
 My Brother's Killer (1958)
 Hide and Kill (1959)
 To Kill or to Die (1960)a.p.a.The Snatch)
 Day of Fear (1956)
 Wait for Death (1957)
 Come Home to Death (1958) (U.S. title The Pack of Lies, 1959)

 Elope to Death (1959)
 Don't Let Him Kill (1960) (U.S. title The Man Who Laughed at Murder, 1960)
 The Crime Haters (1961)
 Rogues' Ransom (1962)
 Death from Below (1963)
 The Big Call (1964)
 A Promise of Diamonds (1964)
 A Taste of Treasure (1966)
 A Clutch of Coppers (1967)
 A Shadow of Death (1968)
 A Scream Of Murder (1969)
 A Nest of Traitors (1970)
 A Rabble of Rebels (1971)
 A Life for a Death (1972)
 A Herald of Doom (1973)
 A Blast of Trumpets (1974)
 A Plague of Demons (1975)

Standalone novels (as "Gordon Ashe," 1940–1957)

 Who Was the Jester? (1940)
 The Man Who Stayed Alive (1955)
 No Need to Die (1956)
 You Bet Your Life (1957)

Standalone novels (as "Abel Mann," 1966)

 Danger Woman (1966)

Westerns (various pseudonyms)
One-Shot Marriott and Roaring Guns were written under the pseudonym "Ken Ranger"; the rest were written under the pseudonyms "Tex Riley" (asterisked below) or "William K. Riley" (indicated below by # sign after date of publication). For Love's Sake (1934) 1
 Lover of Hate (1936) 2
 False Love or True (1937) 1
 Troubled Journey (1937) 1
 Love's Triumph (1937) 2
 True Love (1937) 2
 Chains of Love (1937) 3
 Love's Pilgrimage (1937) 3

 A Mannequin's Romance (1938) 1
 Fate's Playthings (1938) 1
 Love Calls Twice (1938) 1
 The Road to Happiness (1938) 1
 Web of Destiny (1938) 1
 Whose Lover? (1938) 1
 The Greater Desire (1938) 3
 The Tangled Legacy (1938) 3

 The Turn of Fate (1939) 1
 Crossroads of Love (1939) 1
 Love Comes Back (1939) 1
 Love Triumphant (1939) 1
 Love's Ordeal (1939) 3
 Love's Journey (1940) 1
 The Lost Lover (1940) 3

Footnotes

External links
Biography and bibliography at Creasey copyright holder Owatonna Media (owatonnamedia.co.uk)
"John Creasey – Ten Authors in One" at The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: Earth Edition (h2g2.com)
The John Creasey Online Resource (johncreasey.co.uk) – fan site

  of works catalogued under his own name and several pseudonyms, and links to many others
 As of October 2018, the Library of Congress assigns LCCN to, or identifies, about 20 pseudonyms, and evidently catalogues some works under about 10 of them. 1908 births
1973 deaths
English crime fiction writers
Edgar Award winners
Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Members of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century English novelists
British detective fiction writers
English male novelists
20th-century English male writers
Authors of Sexton

masks:
John Crease
John Crease


texts:
<mask> (1936–1978) was a Kurdish politician. He was a prominent leader in Iraqi Kurdistan and his political party was the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). Early life and childhood
He was born in 1936 in the village of Goptapa in Kurdistan. The family is originally from the village of Sargalo, but <mask>'s great-grandfather moved to Askar in order to settle down in this village. In early 1916 <mask>'s father, <mask>, went on to build a village close to Askar which today is called Goptapa. His father was the head of the Qala Saywka tribe, one of the most famous and largest tribes in Iraqi Kurdistan. <mask> was the youngest among seven brothers and three sisters.Since there was nowhere to get an education in Goptapa, he had to move to Askar in order to start his studies, at the age of seven. He studied in Askar until he was in the third grade, then moved to the village of Aghjalar to continue his studies in the fourth and fifth grade for his last year in middle school. At the same time, he moved to Kirkuk to his uncle Sheik Raza, who was leading the Naqshbandi branch. Family history
The family had started out as a Naqshbandi believers but created a new branch called the Haqqa movement, which was started by <mask>'s uncle, Sheikh Abdul Kerim in the village of Shadala in the early 1900s. The Haqqa movement was a sect of the poor and oppressed and the movement grew rapidly by spreading to over 300 villages in northern Iraq in just under a few years. The religious movement could be joined by anyone including the wealthy and several powerful tribal leaders had done so from the Kurdish region of Iraq. During the Iraq occupation, the British were opposed to the Haqqa movement due to its growing power, its nonconformity, and the refusal of its followers to pay taxes.This led to the capture the branch's leaders twice. The first time they captured Sheikh Abdul Kerim in 1934 in Kirkuk. Haqqa's contingent managed to release Sheikh Abdul Kerim from Kirkuk with the help of 20,000 of its followers by peacefully marching on the city and demanding his release. <mask>'s other uncle Raza who took over the Haqqa movement following the death of his older brother, Sheikh Abdul Kerim, was also captured in the 1940s by the Iraqi Government under the pressure of the British but again the Haqqa branch succeeded in releasing another of their leaders with help by some 30,000 to 35,000 followers. Political career
At the age of seventeen, <mask> became a member of the Kurdish Democratic Party, also known as the KDP. After finishing high school, <mask> applied for military college, as well as a civil-engineering college, but the KDP asked him to move to Mosul and become the KDP's representative, so he never went to college. <mask> was appointed and voted member of the KDP's central committee at the parties first official meeting.The Kurdish revolution started on 11 September 1961 and <mask> was asked to command the liberation of Zaxo, Duhok and the rest of the Bahdinan region. He was the youngest member of the KDP's leading staff. <mask> was much liked amongst Kurds for his perpetual optimism, great energy, courage and military ability

Military career
In the 1960s, <mask> led dozens of battles and had control of many different Peshmerga groups. During the 1961 revolution against the Iraqi Government, <mask> became head of the Khabat force, one of the five major military forces of the KDP in Kurdistan at the time. The other major KDP forces were led by Ibrahim Ahmad who was head of the Malouma force, Jalal Talabani headed the Rizgari forces, and Omar Mustafa and Kamal Mufti commanded the Kawa and Qaradagh forces. Following the 1975 Algiers Agreement between Iran and Iraq, all support of the Kurdish revolution halted and the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, decided to give up supply to the Kurds in Iraq based on the Algiers accord agreed with then Iraqi Vice-President, Saddam Hussein. This lead Mustafa Barzani and the Kurdistan Democratic Party (The only Kurdish party in Iraqi Kurdistan at the time) to give up the armed struggle against Baghdad and to go into exile in Iran.In 1975, <mask> asked Mustafa Barzani to continue the fighting against the Iraqi regime and stand up for the rights of the Kurds, however Mustafa Barzani disagreed stating that no one should continue the revolution, leaving many of the Kurdish leadership divided over the future of the Kurdish liberation movement in Iraq. After the division of the Kurdish Leadership, many of the left-wing KDP cadres decided to split and restart the revolution separately and continue the Kurdish movement in Iraqi Kurdistan. <mask>, Omar Dababa, Rasul Mamand, and Khalid Sa'id decided to form the Kurdistan Socialist Movement (KSM). <mask> then decided to lead his party to create a union of newly created parties, which would be called the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, also known as the PUK, that would start a new revolution against Saddam Hussein and his regime. on June 1, 1975 The PUK was formed as an Umbrella of two organizations. This was set up of the Marxist–Leninist group, Komala, led by Nawshirwan Mustafa and the Kurdistan Socialist Movement (KSM) led by <mask>. During the first congress of the PUK, he was appointed as Politburo of the party and commander of all of its Peshmerga forces.The PUK commanded over 3,000 to 3,500 Peshmerga in the period of 1975–1978, all under the command of <mask> which started the PUK insurgency against the Ba'athist regime following the defeat of the KDP revolution in 1975. This insurgency is referred to as the "New Revolution" in Iraqi Kurdistan led by the PUK. The Insurgency was stopped briefly when <mask> met with Saddam Hussein on 23 November 1977 in Baghdad in order to negotiate the application of the statute of autonomy for Kurdistan, legalisation of the parties in Kurdistan, and the situation of Kurdish villages being destroyed. All three points were rejected by Saddam Hussein, which led to the resumption of the PUK's operations upon <mask>'s return to Kurdistan. After the fall of the First Kurdish–Iraqi War and the 'Aylul' revolution led by Mustafa Barzani, there were many disagreements between the Kurdish leadership over continuing the fight against the Baath regime. <mask> asked Mustafa Barzani to continue the fight, however Mustafa Barzani believed in withdrawal and suspension of Kurdish rebellion, after KDP supply-lines were completely severed as part of 1975 Algiers Agreement between Iraq and Iran. After the Algiers Agreement, the KDP withdrew from Iraq and based itself in Iran and Turkey, while the Kurdish areas in Iraq fell under Iraqi Army followed by widespread arabization.Meanwhile, Jalal Talabani formed PUK from his exile in Syria, in protest against perceived "inability of the feudalist, tribalist, bourgeois, rightist and capitulationist Kurdish [KDP] leadership". From Syria, Jalal Talabani instructed followers to get rid of KDP. KDP leadership under Sami Abd al-Rahman and Idris Barzani, still recuperating from the massive sudden down-turn and in no mood to deal softly with internal enemies, were aware of these general instructions from Talabani and preemptively ambushed and killed dozens of PUK fighters on 3 occasions while PUK were also accused of killing numerous high-ranking Barzanis. Jalal Talabani was now even more insistent on eliminating KDP forces, while <mask> who had limited but direct contact with KDP, was urging him that Saddam Hussein was the only enemy and Kurdish infighting must be abandoned. Death
In June 1978, <mask>, Dr. Khalid Sa'id, and Sheikh Hussein Yezidi were sent on a mission to pick up arms from Kurdish villages located inside the Turkish border in order to support the new Kurdish revolution in Iraq. With them, written instructions from Talabani that they were to wipe out KDP bases in Turkey. <mask> was intent on ignoring instructions to attack KDP as he had already established respectable relations with KDP in Baradust area.However, a copy of Talabani's letter found its way to Sami Abd al-Rahman, via Kurdish tribes in Turkey. Armed with solid evidence of Talabani's intentions to attack KDP forces, but unaware of <mask>'s intent on ignoring these orders, KDP under Sami planned an ambush of their own. As claimed by the KDP and their supporters, the PUK claim it was over the fact the KDP was opposed to a revival of armed conflict after its suppression in 1975 in addition to the political split that had already existed in the PDK which lead to the formation of the PUK, and the KDP were supported by both Iraq and Turkey in their attack according to most sources. <mask> and his force of 800 Peshmerga were attacked en route to the Turkish border town of Hakkâri by Iraqi and Iranian Airstrikes and ground forces. By the time they arrived in Baradust with low ammunition, <mask> made routine contact with KDP and predicted no hostilities. But later upon entering Turkey, <mask> and his 800 Peshmerga were ambushed by KDP who were expecting them based on the information given by Kurdish tribes in Turkey, with whom KDP had stronger relations than PUK did. <mask>'s men split into different groups, some fought their way southwards, some returned to Iran, while others surrendered to Iraqi forces and <mask> himself along with remaining PUK forces surrendered to KDP after heavy losses.Dr. Khalid Said and his men who split up from <mask> before the ambush were also forced to surrender. <mask> and Dr. Khalid Said were executed on orders from Sami Abd al-Rahman. The killing of <mask> was already damaging for internal Kurdish affairs however the manner of his execution, by an RPG-7, made the matter even harder to over-come, which was ordered by Mustafa Barzani himself. The event is sometimes referred to among Kurds as "The Hakkari Massacre".The impact of the event has embittered internal Kurdish affairs, while it has helped foreign powers gain more success in dividing the Kurds politically. References

1936 births
1978 deaths
People from Kirkuk
Kurdish nationalists
Kurdish rulers
Assassinated Iraqi Kurdistani politicians
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan politicians

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