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<mask> bin Sultan bin <mask> (; born 1975 in Riyadh) is a member of House of Saud and the Saudi Arabian ambassador to the United States. She took office as ambassador on 23 February 2019—becoming the first female envoy in the country's history. She has advocated for female empowerment and has worked to expand opportunities for Saudi women within the Kingdom. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia to <mask> bin Sultan and Haifa bint Faisal. <mask> is the great-granddaughter of <mask>, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, on her maternal and paternal sides. Her maternal grandparents are King Faisal, the son of <mask>, and Queen Iffat who was born to a Turkish family. She is one of eight children.Two of her siblings also work in government: Khalid bin <mask> bin Sultan <mask> is the Saudi Arabian ambassador to the United Kingdom and Faisal bin <mask> bin <mask> <mask> is the chairman of the Saudi Arabian Federation for Electronic and Intellectual Sports (SAFEIS). <mask> spent many years in the United States where her father, <mask>, was the ambassador from 1983–2005. She graduated from George Washington University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in museum studies. While <mask> was earning her degree in museum studies, she interned at L'Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris and at the Sackler Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. She also collaborated from a distance with a curator at the Field Museum in Chicago, while her mother's "Haifa Faisal Collection" of art was displayed there. After graduation, she returned to Riyadh. She joined THNK School of Creative Leadership in 2014 as a participant of Class 5 2015. Career

Private sector
<mask> returned to Saudi Arabia in 2005.She co-founded Yibreen, a women's day gym and spa. She later assumed the role of CEO at Al Hama LLC, a luxury retail corporation. She served for several years as the CEO of Alfa International, a leading luxury retail corporation that, among other pursuits, operates the Harvey Nichols store in Riyadh. As the CEO of Harvey Nichols in Riyadh, <mask> led the inclusion of women into the retail sector, working closely with the Ministry of Labor to craft a smooth labor market entry. She set the example of workforce integration by creating the Kingdom's first workplace nursery, enabling more women to work. <mask> is the founder and creative director of Baraboux, a luxury handbag brand that she launched in 2013. In 2013, <mask> also founded Alf Khair, a social enterprise aimed at elevating the professional capital of Saudi women.One of its keystone initiatives, 10KSA, introduced the concept of holistic health awareness for a healthier Saudi community. The year-long campaign culminated into the World's Largest Human Awareness Ribbon, entering into the Guinness World Records. <mask> is a member of The World Bank's advisory council for the Women Entrepreneurs Finance Initiative. Public sector
As president of the Mass Participation Federation, <mask> is the first woman to lead a multi-sports federation in the Kingdom, driving communities towards a more active lifestyle. In 2016 <mask> served as the Saudi General Sports Authority's (GSA) Deputy of Planning and Development, where she has led diversity and inclusion, the development of the Kingdom's sports economy, and strategic partnerships. In the very same year, she was appointed as vice president of women's affairs at the General Sports Authority (GSA). In 2017, she held the position of the president of the Saudi Federation for Community Sports.Among the first achievements under <mask>'s mandate, is the inclusion of physical education for girls in schools. In 2017 <mask> was awarded Sheikh Mohammed bin <mask> Maktoum Creative Sport Award in its ninth edition for her role played in the empowerment of women in the region through her spirit of entrepreneurship and philanthropy. <mask> is a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Women in Sports Commission and a member of the Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee. She is also a permanent representative to the (UNESCO). Princess <mask> has also been nominated to become a full member of the International Olympic Committee. In October 2019, <mask> sent Rosh Hashanah greetings to Jews in the United States wishing them a happy and sweet Jewish new year. This is the first time, according to NBC news, the Saudi embassy in Washington sent such a greeting to American Jews.Leadership in business innovation and inclusive employment advocacy
<mask> has gained attention on the international stage as a leader in business innovation, specifically as a champion for women in the workplace. She was recognized as the Most Creative Person of the year in 2014 by Fast Company for "Inviting Women into the Workforce," and was featured on the Forbes lists of the 200 Most Powerful Arab Women and Most Powerful Arab Women in Saudi Arabia lists for 2014. She was also recognized by Foreign Policy Magazine as a Leading Global Thinker of 2014 in their "Moguls" category for her work helping women to "integrate their personal and professional lives" by creating hospitable opportunities for women to participate in the economy. Sheikha <mask> was listed in the 'Top 100 most powerful Arabs' from 2018 to 2021 by Gulf Business. <mask> has noted publicly that engaging women as active participants in the working economy is "evolution, not revolution," and empowering a woman with financial responsibility will encourage her to "explore more of the world for herself and become less dependent." She has also stated that Saudi Arabia "cannot have half of [the] population not working." At Harvey Nichols Riyadh, <mask> <mask>f Khair, a corporate social responsibility initiative, whose work included an active and vocal community of creative talent in Saudi Arabia and promoted their work internationally. <mask> Khair also developed a retail academy, which provided training for Saudi women joining the workforce. Her work in this realm also included her role as an Advisory Board Member of the Saudi National Creative Initiative. Breast cancer advocacy
<mask> is a founding member of the Zahra Breast Cancer Awareness Association, based in Riyadh. The mission of the organization is to "increase and spread awareness among women across the country for early detection, prevention, and treatment of the disease, and cooperate with women diagnosed with breast cancer on a step-by-step basis for treatment and ultimate recovery."<mask>'s work with Zahra also includes organizing the world's largest human pink ribbon in 2010. This effort was recognized as the winner of the Holmes Report Golden Sabre Award for the Best Publicity Stunt Category and the Platinum Sabre Award for Best PR Programme. In May 2012, in conjunction with the Zahra Breast Cancer Association, <mask> led a group of Saudi women to the Base Camp of Mount Everest, in a bid to raise breast cancer awareness. The cancer awareness campaign has been entitled ‘A Woman’s Journey: Destination Mount Everest.’ The 11 climbers began their trek to Base Camp located 5,364 meters above sea level on 7 May, completing their trek in 12 days. Personal life
<mask> married Faisal bin Turki bin Nasser and had two children (a son, Turki; and a daughter, Sarah). They divorced in 2012. Ancestry

Recognition and Awards
 In 2015, <mask> <mask> <mask> was selected by the World Economic Forum at Davos as a Young Global Leader.In 2014, she was named as Foreign Policy Magazine Global Thinker Mogul. In 2014, she was a Leadership and Innovation Delegate to the Academy of Achievement’s 51st International Achievement Summit. References

1975 births
Reema
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni
<mask>
Reema
Living people
Saudi Arabian people of Turkish descent
Reema
Women ambassadors

masks:
Reema bint Bandar
Abdulaziz Al Saud
Reema bint Bandar
Bandar
Reema
Ibn Saud
Ibn Saud
Bandar
Al Saud
Bandar
Sultan Al
Saud
Reema
Bandar
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Rashid Al
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reemaema
Al
Alf
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
bint
Bandar
Reema


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born April 3, 1947) is an American writer, actor, and film director. He is best known for his autobiographical book Midnight Express about his experiences in and escape from a Turkish prison, after being convicted of smuggling hashish. He was one of hundreds of US citizens in foreign jails serving drug charge sentences, following a drug-smuggling crackdown by foreign governments. <mask>, an American student, was caught trying to smuggle four pounds of hashish out of Turkey on October 7, 1970. He was originally sentenced to four years and two months in a Turkish prison; with his release date weeks away, he learned that the authorities had chosen to penalize him with a life sentence for smuggling, instead of possession. <mask> was imprisoned at Sağmalcılar prison in Istanbul after having spent one night in Sultanahmet Jail. Following an incident in prison, he was transferred in 1972 to Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital, described as a 'lunatic asylum'.On several occasions, the United States Department of State pressured Turkey to transfer sentencing to the United States; however, Turkish foreign minister Melih Esenbel stated that the US was not in a position to dispute a sentence issued by a Turkish court. He stated privately to officials that a release might be possible on humanitarian grounds, if <mask>' physical or mental health was deteriorating, but in a private consultation, <mask> stated to US diplomats that his experience at Bakırköy was highly traumatic, and he did not have confidence that the hospital would certify him for early release; <mask> also stated that he felt attempts to win early release would jeopardize his prospects of being transferred to a more desirable half-open prison. On May 12, 1975, the Turkish Constitutional Court declared amnesty for all drug offenses, which shortened <mask>' sentence from life to 30 years; he was transferred to İmralı prison on July 11, 1975. Declassified telegrams from the State Department indicated that in discussions between the US embassy and Vahap Aşıroğlu, Turkish Director of Consular Affairs, the latter believed <mask> would probably be released from prison on parole in October 1978, which in practice meant that a local prosecutor would declare him persona non grata and expel him from the country. <mask> escaped from İmralı on October 2, 1975, taking a rowboat at night to Bandirma, blending in with locals, and then heading westbound across the border to Greece. After over two weeks of detention and interrogation to determine whether he possessed any useful intelligence about Turkey's military, he was deported from Thessaloniki to Frankfurt on October 20; after interrogation by US authorities in Frankfurt, <mask> spent several days in Amsterdam, and then returned to the United States. <mask> wrote a book on his experiences, Midnight Express, which was later adapted into the 1978 film of the same name starring Brad Davis as <mask>.The film was directed by Alan Parker, with a screenplay by Oliver Stone. The movie differs from <mask>' account in his book. Among the differences is a scene invented by Stone in which <mask> kills the prison guard Hamidou 'the Bear' (portrayed by Paul L. Smith), the main antagonist of the story. In fact, the prison guard was killed in 1973 by another person entirely, a recently released prisoner, whose family Hamidou had insulted while beating the prisoner; this took place years before <mask>' actual escape. In 2010, in an episode of National Geographic Channel's Locked Up Abroad, titled "The Real Midnight Express", <mask> finally told his fully accurate version of being sent to the infamous Turkish prison in Sağmalcilar, eventually escaping from the Marmara Sea prison on İmralı island. <mask> has since written the sequels Midnight Return (Escaping Midnight Express) and The Midnight Express Letters - from a Turkish Prison, 1970-1975, the latter a collection of the original letters written home to family and friends during his imprisonment. Acting and writing
<mask> is still active in the entertainment industry, specifically acting and writing.He appeared in the Charles Bronson 1987 film Assassination, as a hired killer. One of <mask>' successes was writing and directing 2003's Southside (later released in the US as A Cock and Bull Story) which won numerous awards, including the 2002 L.A. Drama Critics' Circle award. On June 30, 2010, the National Geographic television channel aired Locked Up Abroad: The Real Midnight Express. <mask> has been traveling the world with his one-man show, Riding the Midnight Express with <mask>, since it premiered at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in August 2013. Interview on Midnight Express film
During the 1999 Cannes Film Festival, Alinur Velidedeoğlu, a Turkish advertiser, met <mask> by chance and interviewed him on the film Midnight Express. <mask> expressed his disappointment with parts of the film adaptation, especially its portrayal of all Turks as bad, and his regret that Turkey's image was negatively affected by the film.<mask> also displayed affection for Turkey and the city of Istanbul. Although the Interpol warrant for him had by then been lifted, <mask> explained that while he wanted to return, he hesitated to do so, out of concern that many Turks might blame him for the negative publicity the movie had generated. The video was made available on YouTube. The Turkish order banning him from the country was finally suspended and <mask> was allowed to return to Turkey on June 14, 2007, to attend the 2nd Istanbul Conference on Democracy and Global Security, organized by the Turkish National Police (TNP) and the Turkish Institute for Police Studies (TIPS). <mask> said it was important to him to return, in order to "apologize and 'make amends' – not for the book he wrote, but for the movie, scripted by Oliver Stone, on which it was based. 'The film wasn't what Turkish people deserved,' <mask> told reporters at a jammed June 15 press conference, explaining that it painted an unfairly bleak portrait of the country." See also
List of fugitives from justice who disappeared

References

External links

 "Riding the Midnight Express with <mask>" website

1947 births
Living people
20th-century American criminals
American cannabis traffickers
American escapees
American memoirists
American people imprisoned abroad
Cannabis in Turkey
Criminals from New York City
Escapees from Turkish detention
People convicted of cannabis offenses
Turkey–United States relations
Writers from New York City
Marquette University alumni

masks:
Billy Hayes
Background Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Book Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Billy Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
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Billy Hayes


texts:
<mask> (February 4, 1941 in Washington, D.C. – January 13, 2011) was an American journalist and author. When she joined the Los Angeles Times in 1978 she became one of the first women (and often the only one) on its editorial board. <mask> also revived the nearly-lost stories of women journalists and civil rights icons. Her most famous book is This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer, a 1993 biography of the civil rights leader. Her other books are A Place in the News: From the Women’s Pages to the Front Page (1988), From Pocahontas to Power Suits: Everything You Need to Know About Women's History in America (1995), Something Better for My Children: The History and People of Head Start (1998), and Changing Channels: The Civil Rights Case That Transformed Television (2004). Early life and education
<mask> was born in Washington, D.C. She recalled that although she was shy as a child, when she saw May Craig, the Maine newspaper correspondent, on Meet The Press, she figured that asking questions of newsmakers would be a good line of work for her. She was unaware of how rare Craig was, as a woman working in what was then a male-dominated profession.She graduated from Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School, a top school in the east at that time, in 1959. She graduated from Pennsylvania State University in 1963 and got a master's degree in African history from Northwestern University in 1965. When she applied for a job at Newsweek'''s Chicago bureau in 1966, the bureau chief told her, "I need someone I can send anywhere, like to riots. And besides, what would you do if someone you were covering ducked into the men's room?" Career
Other employers were not so short-sighted. She became a broadcast news writer for United Press International in Chicago, then covered education and child welfare for the Baltimore Evening Sun. In 1970–71, she was assistant press secretary for U.S.Senator Edmund S. Muskie, then returned to journalism with the Washington bureau of the Newhouse newspapers. After a Professional Journalism Fellowship at Stanford University, she joined the Los Angeles Times in 1978 and became one of the first women (and often the only one) on its editorial board. She later was assistant editor of its Sunday Opinion section. She left the Times in 1991 to write books and freelance full-time. In addition to her newspaper jobs, <mask> taught journalism and writing courses at George Mason University, the University of Southern California, the University of Minnesota and Princeton University, where she was a Ferris Professor. She has also lectured as an Alumni Fellow at Penn State, as a Woodrow Wilson Visiting Fellow at Berry College, Columbia College, and Illinois College, and as a Hearst Visiting Professional at the University of Missouri School of Journalism. She has chaired biography juries for both the Pulitzer Prize and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize.<mask> served on the founding board of the Journalism and Women Symposium. Her first book, A Place in the News: From the Women’s Pages to the Front Page, a 1988 history of women in journalism, is still used in college journalism and women's studies courses. Parade magazine called it "a seminal new book on women in journalism." Feminist scholar Carolyn G. Heilbrun said "Reading A Place in the News was like seeing my life as a professional woman pass before my eyes." Her best-known book, This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer, a 1993 biography of the civil rights leader, was described by The New York Times as "a riveting biography...In making sure we see Fannie Lou Hamer in full, <mask> has done more than render a biography that is true to its subject. She has provided a history that helps us to understand the choices made by so many black men and women of Hamer's generation, who, unwilling to leave the South they grew up in, somehow found the courage to join a movement in which they risked everything." It received the Christopher Award in 1993 and the Julia Spruill Book Prize from the Southern Association of Women Historians for the best book on southern women's history published in 1993 and 1994.(University Press of Kentucky published a revised version of the book, with a foreword by Marian Wright Edelman, in 2007.) She left the Los Angeles Times in 1991 to become a full-time author. Something Better for My Children: The History and People of Head Start (1998) was researched while on an Alicia Patterson Fellowship in 1995. Marian Wright Edelman, president of the Children's Defense Fund, called it "must reading for people who care about America’s children." Her other books included From Pocahontas to Power Suits: Everything You Need to Know About Women's History in America (1995) and Changing Channels: The Civil Rights Case That Transformed Television, (2004), the story of the successful challenge of the Jackson, Mississippi, TV station that failed to cover the civil rights movement. She died at age 69 after a sudden heart attack in Santa Monica, California, where she lived. At the time, <mask> was working on a mystery novel set in Paris.Books
 A Place in the News: From the Women’s Pages to the Front Page, 1988
 This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer, 1993From Pocahontas to Power Suits: Everything You Need to Know About Women's History in America, 1995
 Something Better for My Children: The History and People of Head Start, 1998
 Changing Channels: The Civil Rights Case That Transformed Television'', 2004

References

External links

 HuffPost article
 Journalism & Women Symposium
 Remembering '77 Stanford journalism fellow <mask>
 <mask> Papers and Biography, National Women & Media Collection at the State Historical Society of Missouri

1941 births
2011 deaths
American feminists
American historians
American women journalists
American women historians
Pennsylvania State University alumni
20th-century American historians
21st-century American historians
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers

masks:
Kay Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Kay Mills
Mills
Kay Mills
Kay Mills


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<mask> (July 23, 1635 – May 21, 1660) is an iconic figure in the history of New France. Arriving in the colony in 1658, Dollard was appointed the position of garrison commander of the fort of Ville-Marie (now Montreal). In the spring of 1660, Dollard led an expedition up the Ottawa River to wage war on the Iroquois. Accompanied by seventeen Frenchmen, Dollard arrived at the foot of Long Sault (near present-day Carillon, Quebec) on May 1 and settled his troops at an abandoned Algonquin fort. He was then joined by forty Huron and four Algonquin allies. Vastly outnumbered by the Iroquois, Dollard and his companions died at the Battle of Long Sault somewhere between May 9 and May 12, 1660. The exact nature or purpose of Dollard's 1660 expedition is uncertain; however, most historians agree that Dollard set out to conduct a "petite guerre" (ambush) against the Iroquois, in order to delay (or prevent altogether) their imminent attack on Ville-Marie.For these reasons, Dollard is regarded as one of the saviors of New France. Dollard in New France
Dollard was born in Lumigny-Nesles-Ormeaux, France in 1635. At the age of 23, he settled in Montreal and took up a career in the military. Aside from some military experience, nothing is known of his activities prior to his arrival in Canada. In Ville-Marie, Dollard had attained a rather positive reputation. In Histoire de Montréal, François Dollier de Casson portrays Dollard as "a youth of courage and of good family" and in the Jesuit Relations, Dollard is described as a "man of accomplishment and generalship". Most importantly, Dollard had gained the trust of Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, who authorized Dollard's expedition to Long Sault.There is little verifiable evidence regarding Dollard's reason for being in Canada, but it is possible he was contemplating life as a settler in the colony. Tellingly, by the end of 1659, Maisonneuve gave him a piece of land comprising 30 arpents (10 hectares). Upon Dollard's death, Pierre Picoté de Belestre inherited his land. Expedition west and the Battle of Long Sault

Against the advice of seasoned Aboriginal fighters, Dollard got the support of the governor of Montreal, Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, to organize an expedition west. The group comprised about 16 volunteers who had little or no experience in Aboriginal warfare. After a 10-day canoe trip up the Ottawa River, they set up camp not far from Carillon, Quebec, in a former stockade. They were soon surrounded by about 700 Iroquois and after a siege lasting several days, they were all killed or captured in what became known as the Battle of Long Sault.For reasons unknown, the Iroquois did not continue east to capture Ville-Marie. The events were witnessed by about 40 Huron allies who at times had joined the colonists in the stockade and at other times had harried the Iroquois from outside. According to some scholars, the battle so weakened the Iroquois they canceled their planned attack on Ville-Marie (Montreal) and returned home. For over a century <mask> <mask>aux became a heroic figure in New France, and Quebec, as he exemplified selfless personal sacrifice, as well as martyrdom for the church, and for the colony. Agreements on the validity of this interpretation are debatable. The reason for Dollard and his companions for ambushing the Iroquois is up to debate. Tradition holds that Dollard anticipated an Iroquois attack on Ville-Marie (Montreal).In response, he amassed a small force of seventeen Frenchmen, four Algonquins, and about forty Hurons. They fought to the death and saved Ville-Marie from invasion. There are many scholars who claim his reasons were different. According to André Vachon, some historians claim that Dollard was in debt and thereby sought to steal the furs from the Iroquois who were returning from their winter's hunt. This theory is often criticized. One of such criticisms lies on the fact that Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve approved of this expedition, which implied that the goals of the expedition were justified on more civil service or military grounds. The more likely reason relates to the reasons given by the traditional narrative.However, a more historical analysis of the context of late 17th century New France is better for establishing a more concrete cause for this mission. Many historians, such as John A. Dickinson, argue that not enough attention has been given to considerations of indigenous culture in this debate. The Iroquois and the Huron at this time were in conflict with one another. Prior to 1660, the Iroquois wiped out a great many Hurons leaving very few of them in the area of Ville-Marie. Moreover, indigenous warfare, among other things, involves codes of honor. Therefore, as some historians argue, the forty Huron who went up the Ottawa River to intercept the Iroquois did so to fight them because of issues involving honor. The reasons for the Iroquois not to attack Montreal can simply be that the Iroquois did not have any immediate conflict with the French.The location of the battle is a topic of intense controversy. Traditionally, the battle was fought along the Ottawa River near Carillon, Quebec. This location is based on nationalistic traditions on the part of Quebec historians. Supporters of this location also refer to the countless texts written after the event and for many years after which maintain this tradition. However, other scholars place the event on the southern side of the Ottawa River on the now Ross Farm in Ontario. The location being either in Ontario or Quebec has cultural implications. However, both sides of the debate agree that Dollard and his both French and Indigenous comrades would have taken the route following the Ottawa River since they sought to intercept the Iroquois coming back from their winter hunt.Similar to the Carillon advocates, the Ross farm advocates, in part, base their conclusions on tradition. Traditions include known battles between French and Iroquois in this area, old French inhabitants of the area placing the battle there, and also from the testimony of a Huron eyewitness to the battle. Archeological evidence is also referenced by Ross farm advocates. Archeological excavations of palisades (in which Dollard and his comrades fought in) and considerations of topography coincide with the testimonies of the Huron survivors along with other oral and written traditions. Cultural legacy

Representations of Dollard as a Cultural Figure in French Canadian History

The first sources written concerning the Battle of Long Sault are a series of letters composed by Marie Guyart, founder of the Ursuline institute of New France, and a collection of compiled documents from various Jesuit missionaries entitled Relations. These sources, written immediately after Dollard's death in 1660, give descriptive accounts of the battle and emphasize the dualism between Christianity and the Barbarism of the Natives. Although he is singled out as the leader in these earliest recorded stories, Dollard <mask>meaux is not the main focus of the battle.In 1672, François Dollier de Casson wrote Histoire de Montréal. His book included a chapter dedicated solely to Dollard des Ormeaux and the Battle of Long Sault. This work marked a shift in Dollard's personal role in the battle. In Dollier's account, Dollard becomes a central heroic figure. He is characterized by an air of mystery and strong leadership abilities. He also occupies a more active role in the proceedings. Similar to Guyart's account, Dollard is aligned with Christianity in opposition to the barbarism of the Natives.These accounts of Dollard provided a basis that allowed him to develop into and be upheld as a heroic figure in French-Canadian culture, post-British conquest. These sources also set a precedent of anti-Native American sentiment surrounding the veneration of Dollard. With the exception of a brief mention in the work of Charlevoix in the 1700s, Dollard and the Battle of Long Sault does not reappear in French Canadian writing until the 1840s. The re-emergence of the tale coincides with the union of Upper and Lower Canada and the ensuing fear that French Canadians would lose control over their rights. The story of Dollard was used by authors in this period, such as François-Xavier Garneau, to secure a space for the French in the national history of Canada. Garneau's text emphasizes the loyalty of Dollard and his soldiers to their nation and the unity of their action. The rise of industrialization and ultramontanism in the 1860s marked another shift in the story of Dollard.The Catholic Church had become an influential representative of French Canadian interests within the country. To provide ideal moral models, the Catholic clergy wrote versions of history with an emphasis on Christian heroes. In 1865, Étienne-Michel Faillon published L'Histoire de la colonie française au Canada which included an account of the Battle of Long Sault. Faillon's writing places heavy emphasis on the duality between Christianity and barbarity. The language used by Faillon is aggrandizing and glorifies Dollard and his soldiers far more than previous accounts. Dollard, in Faillon's account, becomes an ideal model of Christian morality. Faillon's text became the canon of the Dollard story in French Canadian culture.This attitude was perpetuated throughout the early 1900s. The writing of Lionel Groulx, for instance, portrays Dollard as a figure of French Canadian nationalism and Catholicism. Groulx's writing, in particular, emphasizes the youth of Dollard and upholds him as a model for French Canadian children. Since controversy has come to light surrounding the circumstances of the Battle of Long Sault, modern historians have challenged traditional visions of Dollard as a hero in Quebec culture. Notable historians on this subject include E. R. Adair and Gustave Lanctot. English history

Dollard not only occupies a prominent position in French Canadian culture but also appears as a figure in English Canadian history. In the 1860s, Francis Parkman wrote an English account of the Battle of Long Sault.His version focuses less on Catholicism and instead uses the story as a model of continuity of European settlements in the Canadas. The arts

There have been tributes to Dollard <mask>meaux in Canadian poetry, theatre, and literature. As a response to French marginalization throughout Canada, a lot of this work generally focuses on themes of heroism and the strength of French Canadian ancestors. The art also often explores Dollard's martyrdom for the growth of a nation. Natives are largely absent in these bodies of work and when represented, often depicted as negative figures. Public statues

 A monument to Dollard <mask>meaux, created by sculptor Alfred Laliberté and the architect Alphonse Venne, was inaugurated in Parc Lafontaine on June 24, 1920. A bas-relief on the Maisonneuve Monument at Place d'Armes, Montreal, sculpted by Louis-Philippe Hébert, portrays Dollard <mask>meaux in the Battle of Long Sault.Holiday

In Quebec, starting during the time of the Quiet Revolution, Victoria Day became unofficially known as Fête de Dollard. In 2003, provincial legislation officially declared the date to be National Patriots' Day. Toponymy
In Quebec, as well as the Montreal suburb Dollard-des-Ormeaux, there are dozens of places, including streets, squares, and parks, which commemorate the name. References

1635 births
1660 deaths
1660s in Canada
French emigrants to pre-Confederation Quebec
Military history of Canada
People of New France
17th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
Dollard-des-Ormeaux
French military personnel killed in action
Immigrants to New France

masks:
Adam Dollard des Ormeaux
Dollard
des Orme
des Or
des Or
des Or
des Or


texts:
<mask><mask> (June 3, 1927 in Springfield, Massachusetts – September 1, 2013 in Farmington, Connecticut) was an American virologist and a leader in interferon research. From 2003 he was a Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of Connecticut. Early life and education
<mask> was born June 3, 1927, in Springfield, Massachusetts, the son of <mask> and Marley Spier (Sheffield, England), and the brother of Maxine Altshuler, and <mask>. In 1945 he graduated Springfield Technical High School (which would later merge with Springfield Classical High School to form Springfield Central High School) the STEM system of its time. During World War II, while in high school, he worked at the great forges in the Springfield Armory immortalized by Longfellow's poem "The Arsenal at Springfield." He enlisted in the Army Specialized Training Reserve Program and was assigned in 1945 to attend the University of Connecticut in Storrs, Connecticut. <mask> received his education directly as a result of the G.I.Bill. After six months each at the University of Connecticut and the University of Maine (in Orono) he had earned two years of college credit. Assigned to active duty in the US Air Force and stationed in Istres, France, he rose to the level of staff sergeant within a year. The GI Bill enabled him to attend college, the first in his family to do so. He took some courses in general education and engineering while serving in the United States Army Air Force in 1945–46 then, after a year abroad as part of the US occupation forces in Europe, left the USAAF and studied for his BS in Bacteriology in 1950 at the University of Southern California, his MS in microbiology in 1953 at the University of Chicago (where he first met Leó Szilárd) and earned his PhD microbiology/biophysics in 1957 from the University of Colorado Medical Center, where he also was an associate professor and worked with Theodore Puck. Career
While at the University of Chicago, he worked with Aaron Novick and Leó Szilárd and later with Paul Talalay. In Colorado, he became codiscoverer of the clonogenic assay and the feeder cell system, making it possible to grow clones from single mammalian cells as in stem cells.He was the first to clone the immortalized HeLa cells. That procedure led to the first determination of human cell sensitivity to X-rays. Over fifty years later he documented that a luncheon conversation with Leó Szilárd, the nuclear physicist, led to the concept and physical setup for the first clonogenic assay. Dr. <mask> then spent nine years on the faculty of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in NY supported by a ten-year U.S. Public Health Service Research Career Development Award. While there he showed the dynamic movement of virus molecules on the surface of infected cells, and with a pediatrician colleague, Dr. David Carver, developed a new test to detect rubella virus. During this time in New York, he was director for nine years of the post-doctoral course on quantitative animal virology and cell culture that was taught in the summer at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (NY). In 1969 <mask> returned to the University of Connecticut, where he was appointed head of the Microbiology Section.He spent the remainder of his career at the University of Connecticut, where he administered the first Program Project on campus supported by the National Institute of Health, chaired the first Biosafety Committee, created a Virus and Interferon Research Laboratory recognized internationally for its innovative studies, published over 130 scientific papers, and was awarded five U.S. patents. As an early director of the Biotechnology Center, he helped attract companies with a focus on biotechnology to Connecticut. Then, for twelve years as director of the Biotechnology/ Services Center, he expanded the acquisition of state-of-the art instruments, which drew scientists to the facility. He continued to advance biotechnology in Connecticut as a charter member of the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering and was pleased to know that the Research Park planned for Storrs, Connectucut, will be realized. In 1987 he received the University of Connecticut Alumni Association Award for Excellence in Research, and in 2003 was recognized as a board of trustees distinguished professor. His annual course in virology, taught for thirty-six years, was both sought after, and evaded, the former by students looking to be challenged. These students were a source of great pride.Decades later he continued to receive accolades from students expressing appreciation for the opportunity to experience that challenge. <mask> was a member and active participant in a number of professional scientific societies, including the American Society for Virology and the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research, which in 2005 named him as an honorary member. Serving eighteen years as editor-in-chief of the Journal of Interferon Research (later renamed the Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research (JICR)), he went on to serve as senior consulting editor of the JICR for ten years until the present day. For twenty-five years he was an editor for the Journal of Cellular Physiology. He typically mentored two Ph.D. candidates and two undergraduate honors students doing research in the lab. The bulk of his research at the University of Connecticut was in collaboration with long-time associate and faculty member, Dr. Margaret J. Sekellick. Three highlights included: the discovery of the world's most efficient inducer of interferon –a single molecule of double-stranded RNA; the molecular cloning of the first non-human interferon (avian); and the discovery that influenza virus populations contained previously unknown large subpopulations of noninfectious viruses that were nonetheless biologically active.He was an avid reader who, while developing ways to win the war between viruses and cells, imagined how humankind would lose if we destroyed ourselves first. He showed palatable disdain for politicians who did not appreciate the role of basic science in understanding and caring for the world and its many inhabitants. <mask> died on September 1, 2013, at the age of eighty-six. He had spent the past forty-four years on the faculty at the University of Connecticut, known to many as a compassionate professor who donated his time unselfishly to colleagues and students through his research, teaching and service. Research
In 1955 he co-authored a paper on "the first practical and efficient method for growing colonies from individual animal cells", known as the clonogenic assay, which is still used today. He was also the first person to clone HeLa cells, and was editor-in-chief of the Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research for 18 years. <mask> gives credit to Leó Szilárd for inspiring this achievement in both an interview for Genius in the Shadows, a biography of Szilárd, and in the This Week in Virology 2012 interview.<mask>' further career included positions at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and the Salk Institute. The primary focus of his research from 1966 until his death was in the field of interferon research. 'His Virus and Interferon Research Laboratory at UConn's Torrey Life Sciences Building became the leading proponent of the theory that double-stranded ribonucleic acid, dsRNA, is the inducer of interferon, and that just one molecule of dsRNA is enough to induce interferon production in a cell, thus activating a cell's response to a virus.' References

External links
Photograph of <mask><mask> in the laboratory of the University Of Chicago in 1953. 1927 births
2013 deaths
People from Springfield, Massachusetts
American virologists
Influenza researchers
University of Connecticut faculty
University of Connecticut alumni
University of Maine alumni
American expatriates in France
University of Southern California alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Albert Einstein College of Medicine faculty

masks:
Philip I
. Marcus
Marcus
Julius Marcus
Emil Marcus
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Philip I
. Marcus


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<mask> (born 22 July 1983) is an Australian-American actress, dancer and model. best known for her roles in Home and Away, Bait 3D, Step Up 3D and You're Next. Early life
Born in Sydney, Vinson grew up in the southern beach suburb of Cronulla. As a teenager, Vinson trained and competed at a national level in swimming, holding a total of four state records throughout high school. Vinson began singing, dancing and acting at a young age, becoming the third generation in her family of performers. In 1945 <mask>'s grandmother was the youngest ballerina to be offered a scholarship in the Brovansky Ballet Company in England. At the age of twelve, Vinson enrolled as a student at the Brent Street School of Performing Arts in Sydney.Career
<mask>'s introduction into the entertainment industry was initially as a musician, before a transition to acting. At seventeen years old, <mask> and three other girls were grouped together in a Pop/R&B girl group, Foxfire IV. The group's first and only single to date, "Roses", failed to make an impact and the group disbanded shortly after. Following her short-lived stint with Foxfire IV, <mask> made her acting debut portraying minor characters in two episodes of the Australian soap opera Home and Away in both 2001 and 2003. Vinson left an impression on the Home and Away casting agent, who subsequently requested her for a regular role on the series. <mask> initially auditioned for the role of Martha MacKenzie, but lost out on the part to fellow cast member at the time Jodi Gordon. <mask> instead portrayed the role of Cassie Turner, a troubled teenager who is taken into foster care after numerous run-ins with the police.<mask> quickly proved popular with the show's audience, receiving a nomination for "Most Popular New Female Talent" for her portrayal of Cassie Turner at the Logie Awards of 2006. In July 2007, speculation arose that <mask> intended to leave the series in order to pursue an acting career in Los Angeles. In November that same year, <mask> confirmed that she would indeed be leaving the series. <mask>'s final appearance on the show was on 2 April 2008. The year following her Home and Away departure, <mask> made her American television debut on the TBS sitcom My Boys. <mask> has since appeared on a number of other American network television series such as NCIS and CSI: NY alongside former boyfriend A.J. Buckley.<mask>'s last television role to date was a guest appearance on the final season of the CBS Crime television series Cold Case which aired in 2010. <mask> also appeared in Matchbox Twenty's "Put Your Hands Up". In March 2009, <mask> was cast as Natalie, the female lead in Step Up 3D, the third installment of the Step Up film series. <mask>'s appearance in the film was marked as her breakout role, having been her most high-profile role since relocating to America. <mask>'s character is a talented and somewhat mysterious dancer, who faces a hard decision between love and family. After initially ultimately joining her boyfriend's dance crew and helping them to victory over the crew of her under-handed and immoral brother. Filming took place in New York City.Despite mixed reviews, the film was a box office success going on to gross over $159 million worldwide and being the highest-grossing installment of the trilogy. <mask>'s follow-up role was in Universal Pictures Straight-to-DVD film Blue Crush 2, a sequel to the 2002 Drama/Romance film Blue Crush which starred Kate Bosworth and Michelle Rodriguez. <mask> portrayed the role of the film's villain Tara, an internationally successful pro-surfer. The film was released in June 2011. In October 2010 <mask> returned to Australia to begin production on <mask>'s first role in an Australian film in the Paramount Pictures horror film Bait 3D as Tina, the protagonist's ex-girlfriend. The film follows a group of people trapped inside a flooded supermarket, following a freak tsunami, with a 12-foot great white shark. Vinson was reunited with former Home and Away cast member Lincoln Lewis.The film was shot in Brisbane on a $20 million budget. The film which was released in September 2012, was released to mixed reviews and failed to make an impact on the domestic box office. However, the film's found international box office success in China, Italy and Thailand, with the film returning its budget earning $29 million worldwide. Following Bait 3D, <mask> was cast in another horror film project, which went on to be <mask>'s most critically acclaimed role to date. You're Next centers on a family reunion, that goes terribly wrong once a group of mysterious masked killers start killing off each person one by one. <mask> portrayed the role of the film's protagonist Erin, the girlfriend to one of the family's sons. <mask> was able to portray Erin with her natural Australian accent.Initially an independent film, the film's premiere at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival secured the film with a distribution deal with Lionsgate. However, the film was not released till almost two years later following the festival, securing a North American release date in August 2013. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics, with <mask>'s performance praised with Total Film placing her character in the number one spot on its '50 Most Bad-Ass Female Horror Leads'. In March 2014 <mask> appeared in the Australian independent film Patrick, a remake of the 1978 film of the same name. Another horror project for Vinson. <mask> portrayed the role of a nurse Kathy Jacquar, whose comatose patient Patrick uses his psychic powers to stalk her. In July 2013, the film premiered at the Melbourne International Film Festival and received a limited theatrical release in March 2014, in both Australia only.The film is <mask>'s most critically acclaimed film to date, receiving 83% on Rotten Tomatoes based on eighteen film reviews. In 2015, <mask> appears alongside John Cusack and Jackie Chan in Dragon Blade. Personal life
As of January 2019, <mask> holds dual citizenship for Australia and the United States. Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1983 births
Australian film actresses
Australian soap opera actresses
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
Living people
Actresses from Sydney
Singers from Sydney
21st-century Australian actresses
21st-century American actresses
Australian female dancers
Australian women singers
American female dancers
21st-century Australian singers
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
American people of Australian descent

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Sharni Vinson
Vinson
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<mask> (31 July 1884March 1961) was a highly decorated Norwegian military officer who served in the Belgian Force Publique from 1907 to 1917, fighting German colonial forces in East Africa from 1914 to 1917, and went on to command a Norwegian Army infantry brigade during the 1940 Norwegian campaign of the Second World War. In 1943, <mask> was one of 1,100 Norwegian officers arrested and sent as prisoners-of-war to Germany, only being released after the German capitulation in 1945. Early life and education
<mask> was born in the town of Elverum in Hedmark county, Norway. He was the son of smallholder <mask> (1845–1909) and Gurine Syversen (1852–1902). <mask> had an older brother, Halvor (born 8 March 1876), who also sought a military career. He attended the upper section of the Norwegian Military Academy from 1903, graduating as an infantry officer in 1906. That same year he took his examen artium.After graduating, <mask> was posted as a first lieutenant to the 1st Akershus Brigade. In 1910 he achieved a permanent position in the Norwegian infantry. He was transferred to the 5th Brigade in 1911 and to the 2nd Brigade on 1 October 1912. Belgian service and the First World War
<mask> was declared supernumerary soon after graduation, and granted leave from the Norwegian Army in 1907. He then entered the service of the Force Publique in the Congo Free State. He would have three periods of service in the Congo in the coming ten years. <mask> was among a sizeable number of Norwegian junior officers who sought foreign service after being unable to gain paid officers positions in Norway.The Norwegian Armed Forces had trained a large number of officers in the lead-up to the 1905 dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden, officers that were no longer required once the crisis between the two countries had settled. Along with other Norwegian officers, <mask> was shipped out of Kristiania in March 1907. His brother, then army captain Halvor <mask>, bid him farewell at the docks with the words "It's a comfort to know that ill weeds never wither" (Norwegian: ""), in reference to the unhealthy and dangerous conditions then to be found in the Congo Free State. <mask>'s group of officers first underwent a three-month colonial training course in Brussels, Belgium, before being shipped to the Congo. During his service in the Congo, <mask> would periodically receive renewed permission from the Norwegian authorities to remain in Force Publique service. Initially given command of a Force Publique company, <mask> eventually became a battalion commander in the Belgian Congo. <mask> was one 21 Norwegians to attain the rank of Commandant in the Force Publique.He remained in Force Publique service after Leopold II of Belgium gave up his personal control of the territory in 1908 and transferred it to the Belgian state. <mask>'s first tour in the Congo lasted until 1910, when he returned to Norway. He went back to the Congo in 1911, staying until 1913, and had a final tour from 1914 to 1917. During his final years in the Belgian Congo, <mask> saw action as first a company commander and later a battalion commander in the First World War East African Campaign, fighting the German colonial forces commanded by General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck. Amongst the battles in German East Africa where Løken fought was that at Ruakadigi in present-day Rwanda in January 1916. <mask> <mask> left the Force Publique and the Congo in 1917 and returned to Norway on 12 November 1917. Due to his years spent in the Congo he was affectionately nicknamed "Kongo-<mask>" by his Norwegian friends and colleagues.During his final years of life, <mask> received a pension from the Belgian state for his Force Publique service. Inter-war years
Returning to regular Norwegian Army service, <mask> was promoted to the rank of captain in May 1918. Following his promotion, he assumed command of the 4th Company of the 4th Infantry Regiment, a command he continued to hold until 1930. In 1918 he attended a hand grenade course, in 1919 the Norwegian infantry shooting school, in 1921 a machine gun course and in 1928 a tactical command course. From 1926 onwards he served on occasion as an instructor at the shooting school. From 1929 to 1931 he commanded the First Company of the Norwegian Royal Guards. In the period 1932–1933 he led the Norwegian Military Academy.He attained the rank of major in 1933, and colonel in 1939. From 1933 to 1939 he served with the 6th Infantry Regiment in Hønefoss. In the inter-war years <mask> wrote three articles for the military journal Norsk Militært Tidsskrift, one in 1927 on the subject of basic military training and two in 1936 on Norwegians serving with the Force Publique in the First World War East African Campaign. In addition to his military career, <mask> worked for the Office of the Auditor General of Norway from 1920 to 1923. After his years at the Auditor General, <mask> spent a year in France in 1923–1924, teaching Norwegian students at the Lycée Pierre-Corneille in Rouen, Normandy. He had been a state authorised French language translator in Norway since 1920. On 17 January 1931, <mask> <mask> married the Brandval-born Guldborg Noer (born 3 July 1886), the daughter of forest owner Arne Noer and Thea Hokaasen.The couple had no children. Second World War
By the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, <mask> was in command of the 14th Infantry Regiment in Nordland county, a position he had held since 17 January 1939, when he replaced Colonel Carl Gustav Fleischer, who went on to command the 6th Division with the rank of major general. On 16 December 1939, <mask> assumed command of Norwegian 6th Brigade, after the brigade's previous commander Colonel Wilhelm Faye had been appointed chief of defence for Finnmark county following the outbreak of the Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union. Colonel <mask> was also appointed chief of defence for the mainland of Troms county in Northern Norway. In this command <mask> carried out brigade-sized field exercises to prepare his troops for potential combat operations. <mask> was replaced as commander of the 14th Infantry Regiment by Lieutenant Colonel Thoralf Nummedal. By April 1940, <mask> was temporarily in command of the 6th Division's officer cadets, while these were deployed on winter exercises.<mask>'s headquarters were located at Bardu in Troms. Norwegian Campaign
Following the invasion of Norway and the German attack on Narvik on 9 April 1940, by 3rd Mountain Division troops led by Generaloberst Eduard Dietl, Løken was responsible for carrying out the Norwegian mobilization in Troms. The first task <mask> carried out, in addition to the mobilization, was using the forces initially available to him to block the German forces at Narvik from advancing into Troms. Maintaining control of the central army base Setermoen was vital for the Norwegian mobilization. The forces under Løken's direct command when the Germans invaded were an infantry battalion, a mountain artillery battalion and assorted support troops. In the evening of 8 April, Colonel <mask> had been ordered to send his infantry battalion and a motorized artillery battery to Narvik to defend the town, but the transfer of forces was pre-empted by the German landing. In maintaining a defensive posture with almost his entire force during the mobilization stage, <mask> came into disagreement with the top leadership of the 6th Division, which wanted a swift counter-attack against the Germans as soon as possible.Despite not mounting an immediate counter-attack, <mask> did move troops forward to blocking positions further south than planned, as he saw it as important to stop the German advance in the Gratangen area. Colonel <mask>'s more cautious approach to warfare lead to a deterioration of his relationship with the more offensive division commander, Carl Gustav Fleischer. On 19 April, Løken reported that the morale of the opposing German forces seemed to be faltering, and that most of the Germans appeared to be "below average" at skiing. After completing the mobilization in his area of responsibility and stopping the German advances into Troms, Colonel <mask> was in overall command of the early counter-attacks carried out in late April 1940 by the 6th Brigade against the German forces in the Gratangen area. During this time, <mask> first had his headquarters at Kroken in Salangsdalen in Troms, before it moved forward to Fossbakken in Lavangen. <mask> personally commanded the central axis of the failed first Norwegian advance at Gratangen. During the attack the 6th Brigade greatly outnumbered the German defenders, with two infantry battalions with artillery support mounting a direct attack against the German positions on Lapphaugen, while another two battalions made a flank march to cut off the defenders.The frontal attack failed after <mask> had hesitated in attacking and sent his units against strong German positions in a disorganized and uncoordinated manner. While the main attack failed, the flank march of the 1st Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment was counter-attacked by the Germans, the Norwegians suffering heavy losses and being routed. After the failed initial offensive, <mask> severely criticized the commander of the 1st Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment, Major Nils Christoffer Bøckman, for having bypassed <mask>'s brigade command in order to receive permission to advance directly from the 6th Division, exposing his unit to counter-attack. <mask>'s orders to the battalion had been to under no circumstance move down into the Gratangen valley, but stay on defensible ground. On 29 April 1940, the 6th Division was reorganized into two weak brigades, the three-battalion strong 6th Brigade under Colonel <mask> and the slightly smaller 7th Brigade under Colonel Wilhelm Faye. While the 6th Brigade was to follow a generally mountainous advance route against the Germans, the 7th was to attack along the coast in cooperation with French expeditionary forces. The 6th Brigade carried out a hard-fought mountain campaign over the coming weeks, pushing the Germans southwards along the Swedish border.During the advance ski patrols reported in late April to Colonel <mask> that the mountainous Kuberg Plateau, in the advance route of the brigade, was unoccupied by the Germans. Failure on the part of Løken to act on this information and seize the plateau allowed the Germans to occupy and fortify the feature on 7 May 1940, requiring heavy fighting a week later before they were dislodged. In May 1940, <mask> was relieved of command of the 6th Brigade, being replaced by the Lieutenant Colonel Ole Berg. Colonel <mask> was instead appointed temporary chief of the 6th District Command (covering Northern Norway) on 7 May 1940, replacing Colonel Lars Mjelde, who had taken sick. The appointment was formally confirmed by royal resolution on 31 May 1940, at a meeting of the King and Cabinet at Storsteinnes in Balsfjord, Troms. According to General Otto Ruge's memoirs, the replacement of Løken as a field commander was motivated by a wish on the side of the commander of the 6th Division, General Carl Gustav Fleischer, to have a "young and aggressive" brigade commander. Following his appointment, Lieutenant Colonel Berg led the 6th Brigade in successful offensive actions against the Germans.The main task of the 6th District Command, which <mask> led for the remaining month of the Norwegian Campaign, was to coordinate the efforts of the civilian authorities in Northern Norway in support of the needs of the Norwegian front line forces. During <mask>'s time in command, the 6th District Command was initially based in Harstad, then later at Moen in Målselv, Troms. On 10 June 1940, the forces in Northern Norway capitulated, a ceasefire having been in place since 24:00 on 9 June. Despite having been on the offensive until 8 June, the Norwegian troops were ordered to capitulate after the Allies had pulled out of Norway. Before releasing the Norwegian officers from captivity, the Germans demanded that each gave their word of honour not to participate in further resistance. Following the Norwegian capitulation, Colonel <mask> worked on maintaining order and calm in Northern Norway in the transition phase to German occupation. <mask> had been made the acting commander of the 6th Division in the demobilization phase, retaining a 10-man force of armed military police under his command until 27 July 1940.The military police officers worked on returning requisitioned civilian vehicles and organizing military depots. Once the tasks in connection with the demobilization of the Norwegian forces in the north were completed, <mask> returned to his home in Mosjøen. In mid-1941 <mask> moved to Oslo. In the period March 1942 to July 1943 he worked in Oslo's civil air defence. Imprisonment
In August 1943, the German occupying authorities carried out mass arrests of 1,100 Norwegian officers, suspecting the officer class of supporting the Norwegian resistance movement. Colonel <mask> <mask> was arrested on 16 August 1943 and given prisoner number 913. He was first imprisoned at Oflag XXI-C in Schildberg in the German-annexed Reichsgau Wartheland.While interned at Oflag XXI-C, <mask> shared a room with Colonel Johannes Schiøtz, with whom he had attended the Norwegian Military Academy close to four decades earlier. <mask> and Schiøtz were roommates at Oflag XXI-C from 6 January 1944 to 19 January 1945, when the Norwegian prisoners were sent on a one-week forced-march on foot and by train to Oflag III-A in Luckenwalde, Germany. On 24 January, five days into the journey, Løken was transferred to a hospital train carriage, suffering from ill health. The Norwegian prisoners of war remained interned at Oflag III-A until their German guards abandoned the camp on 21 April 1945, with Soviet forces arriving the next day. On 10 May 1945, two days after the end of the war in Europe, the Norwegian prisoners left Luckenwalde, reaching Norway in several groups in late May/early June 1945. Løken arrived in Oslo on 28 May 1945. Post-war life
From 1946 to 1954, Løken worked with the General Inspector of the Infantry, and until 1952 as a French language teacher at the Norwegian Military Academy.In 1947, <mask> also held the position as second in command of District Command North in Northern Norway. According to the Norwegian military intelligence officer Christian Christensen, Løken's relationship with the commander of District Command North, General Arne Dagfin Dahl, was poor. Løken was, according to Christensen, completely relegated from any meaningful tasks by General Dahl. Several years previously, during the 1940 Norwegian Campaign, <mask> had been Dahl's commanding officer. On 1 August 1949 he formally retired from the Norwegian Armed Forces, yet continued working for several years under temporary contracts. Colonel <mask> <mask> was the vice chairman of the reconstituted Norwegian Congo Veterans' Association (, ). He remained a member until the association was finally disestablished in 1960, being awarded the society's 50-year medal (commemorating the disestablishment of the Congo Free State in 1908) in 1958.By 1948, he lived in Oslo, Norway. <mask> Rikardsen <mask> died in March 1961, aged 76. Honours and awards
For his services in the Congo, the Belgian authorities awarded Løken a total of 14 decorations. Among his Belgian honours, <mask> was made an Officer of the Order of Leopold II, a Knight of Order of Leopold, a Knight of the Royal Order of the Lion and a Knight of the Order of the Crown with palm, as well as being awarded the Croix de guerre with palm, the Order of the African Star, Silver Medal, the 1914–1917 African Campaigns Commemorative Medal, the Commemorative Medal of the 1914–1918 War, the Inter-Allied Victory Medal 1914–1918, and the Commemorative Medal of Congo. After the end of the Second World War, Colonel <mask> was decorated by the Norwegian government with the St. Olav's Medal With Oak Branch, the second highest Norwegian war decoration. He also received the Defence Medal 1940–1945 and the King Haakon VII 1905–1930 Jubilee Medal. The French government made him an  of the  and awarded him the .References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

1884 births
1961 deaths
People from Elverum
Norwegian Military Academy alumni
Norwegian Military Academy faculty
Norwegian expatriates in Belgium
Norwegian expatriates in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Officers of the Force Publique
Belgian military personnel of World War I
Norwegian people of World War I
French–Norwegian translators
Translators from Norwegian
Government audit officials
Norwegian expatriates in France
Norwegian Army personnel of World War II
Norwegian prisoners of war in World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Language teachers
Norwegian schoolteachers
20th-century translators
Norwegian non-fiction writers
Officers of the Order of Leopold II
Royal Order of the Lion recipients
Knights of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal with Oak Branch
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)

masks:
Kristian Rikardsen Løken
Løken
Kristian Løken
Rikard Løken
Kristian
Løken
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<mask> (February 14, 1809 – July 13, 1882) was a Californio politician that served as Governor of Alta California from 1837-42. Prior to his term as governor, <mask> briefly led a movement for independence of Alta California from 1836-37, in which he successfully deposed interim governor Nicolás Gutiérrez, declared independence, and created a new flag and constitution, before negotiating an agreement with the Mexican government resulting in his recognition as governor and the end of the independence movement. Early years

<mask> was born in Monterey, Alta California, to <mask> and María Josefa Vallejo. His grandfather <mask> accompanied Gaspar de Portolà as an enlisted man in the Spanish Army in 1769. His father died a few months after his birth and his mother remarried three years later, leaving <mask> in the care of his grandparents on the Vallejo side, where he and Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo grew up together. They were both taught by William Edward Petty Hartnell, an English merchant living in Monterey. In 1827 the eighteen-year-old <mask> was hired as secretary to the territorial legislature.In 1829 he was briefly arrested along with Vallejo and another friend, José Castro, by soldiers involved in the military revolt led by Joaquín Solis. In 1831 he built a house in Monterey for his mistress, Juliana Francisca Ramona y Castillo, whom he called "Raymunda", to live in (or, more likely, her sister, Maria Reymunda Castillo ). Over the years, the pair had a total of at least two illegitimate daughters whom he recognized (Estefana del Rosario, b 1834, and Maria Francisca de la Asencion born 1836  ) and perhaps several more he did not recognize, but he never married their mother. During this period <mask> began drinking heavily. One of his daughters claimed that Raymunda had refused to marry <mask> because of his excessive drinking. Supports secularization

<mask> supported secularization of the Spanish missions in California. He was appointed by José María de Echeandía to oversee the turn over of Mission San Miguel, even though Echeandía was no longer governor.The new governor Manuel Victoria rescinded the order and sought to have <mask> and Castro arrested. The pair fled and were hidden by their old friend Vallejo, who had become adjutant at the Presidio of San Francisco. However, Victoria was unpopular and Echeandía overthrew his rule and replaced him with Pío de Jesús Pico near the end of 1831. Secularization of the missions resumed in 1833. In 1834 <mask> was elected to the legislature as a delegate and appointed customs inspector in Monterey. Governor José Figueroa granted Rancho El Sur, two square leagues of land, or about , south of Monterey, to <mask> on October 30, 1834. Independence movement

After Figueroa's death in September 1835, Nicolás Gutiérrez was appointed as interim governor in January 1836.He was replaced by Mariano Chico in April, but Chico was unpopular. His intelligence agents told him that another Californio revolt was brewing, hence he fled to Mexico, claiming he planned to gather troops against the independent Californios. Instead, Mexico reprimanded him for abandoning his post. Gutierrez, the military commandant, re-assumed the governorship, but like the Mexican governors before him, the Californios forced him to flee. As senior members of the legislature, <mask> and Castro, with political support from Vallejo and backing from a group of Tennesseans led by Capt. Isaac Graham, staged a revolt in November 1836 and forced Gutierrez out of the country. <mask>'s Californio coup wrote a constitution and adopted a new flag—a single red star on a white background, but neither were used after <mask> made peace with Mexico.Governor <mask>
<mask>, at age 27, was then appointed governor, but the city council of Los Angeles protested. <mask>, Castro, and Graham went south and negotiated a compromise after three months, avoiding a civil war. However, the city council of San Diego then voiced its disagreement with <mask>'s revolt. This time, the Mexican government was involved and there were rumors that the Mexican Army was ready to step in. <mask> was able to negotiate another compromise to keep the peace. Mexico reneged on the agreement, however, and appointed Carlos Antonio Carrillo, who was very popular among the southerners, governor on December 6, 1837. This time, civil war broke out and after several battles, Carrillo was forced out.Mexico finally relented and recognized <mask> as governor. <mask> married Doña Martina Castro on August 24, 1839 in Santa Clara, but didn't attend his own wedding having his half-brother, Jose Antonio Estrada, stand in for him. Though he claimed to be detained in Monterey on official business, it was rumored he was actually drunk and unable to function. After the wedding, <mask> lived with his bride in Monterey, but continued on with mistress, Raymunda, who lived nearby. The process of secularization of the missions was in its final stages, and it was at this time that <mask> parceled out much of their land to prominent Californios via land grants. Though he took no land for himself, he did however, trade his Rancho El Sur to John B.R. Cooper in exchange for Rancho Bolsa del Potrero which he subsequently sold back to Cooper.He purchased Rancho El Alisal near Salinas in 1841 from his former tutor William Hartnell. In April 1840 a report of a planned revolt against <mask> by a group of foreigners, led by former ally Isaac Graham, caused the governor to order their arrest and deportation to Mexico City for trial. They were eventually, however, acquitted of all charges in June 1841. Also in 1841, political leaders in the United States were declaring their doctrine of Manifest Destiny, and Californios grew increasingly concerned over their intentions. Vallejo conferred with Castro and <mask> recommending that Mexico send military reinforcements to enforce their military control of California. Tensions between Northern and Southern California
In response, Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna sent Brigadier General Manuel Micheltorena and 300 men to California in January 1842. Micheltorena was to assume the governorship and the position of commandant general.In October, before Micheltorena reached Monterey, American Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones mistakenly thought that war had broken out between the US and Mexico. He sailed into Monterey Bay and demanded the surrender of the Presidio of Monterey. Micheltorena's force was still in the south and the Monterey presidio was undermanned. <mask> reluctantly surrendered, and retired to Rancho El Alisal. The next day Commodore Jones learned of his mistake, but <mask> declined to return and instead referred the commodore to Micheltorena. Micheltorena eventually made it to Monterey, but was unable to control his troops, a number of which were convicts. This fomented rumors of a revolt, and by 1844, <mask> became associated with the malcontents and an order was made by Micheltorena for his arrest.His detention was short-lived, as Micheltorena was under orders to organize a large contingent in preparation for war against the US. All hands would be required for the task. This turned out to backfire on him, as on November 14, 1844, a group of Californios led by Manuel Castro revolted against Mexican authority. José Castro and <mask> commanded the troops. Castro's drummer <mask>Tambor' Higuera was killed during the capture of the barracks in Los Angeles, possibly the only Californio killed. A truce was negotiated and Micheltorena agreed to dismiss his convict troops. Micheltorena later reneged on the deal and fighting broke out this time.The rebels won the Battle of Providencia in February 1845 at the Los Angeles River and Micheltorena and his troops left California. Pío Pico was installed as governor in Los Angeles and José Castro became commandant general. Later, <mask> was elected to the Mexican Congress. He prepared to move to Mexico City, but Pico declined funding for the transfer, and relations between northern and southern California deteriorated further. John C. Frémont arrived in Monterey at the beginning of 1846. Afraid of foreign aggression, Castro assembled his militia, with <mask> second in command, but Frémont went north to Oregon instead. An unstable political situation in Mexico strained relations among the Californios and it seemed that civil war would break out between north and south.During and after the Mexican-American War
On July 7, Commodore John D. Sloat occupied Monterey, declaring to the citizenry that the Mexican–American War had begun. Pico, Castro, and <mask> set aside their differences to focus on the American threat, but by the end of August, Pico and Castro fled to Mexico, and <mask> was captured. Following his release, <mask> spent the remainder of the war on his estate in Monterey. After the war, <mask> was offered the governorship but declined, instead retiring to his wife Martina's family estate at Rancho San Pablo in 1848. <mask> did not participate in the California Gold Rush, instead concentrating his efforts on agriculture and business. He opened the Union Hotel on the rancho in 1860, but his businesses were mostly unsuccessful. After Martina's death in 1876, <mask> wrote his Historia de California.He died on his ranch in 1882 and is buried at Saint Mary Cemetery in Oakland. <mask>'s adobe house, at the foot of Alvarado Street in downtown Monterey, survives as a California Historical Landmark. The former settlement of Alvarado (now part of Union City) was named after him, as was Alvarado Street in San Francisco's Noe Valley. Portions of the Rancho San Pablo adobe are incorporated into the current City of San Pablo government campus and Alvarado Park within Wildcat Canyon Regional Park is named in his honor. California Historical Landmark

Governor <mask> House is California Historical Landmark number #348. California Historical Landmark reads:
NO. 348 HOUSE OF GOVERNOR ALVARADO - A native of Monterey, <mask> served as Governor of Mexican California from December 20, 1836 to December 20, 1842.During his administration the increasing influx of Americans and the Russian settlement at Fort Ross began to be regarded as serious problems. See also
California Historical Landmarks in Monterey County
History of California through 1899

References

See also
Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico)
Republic of the Rio Grande
Republic of Yucatan

Californios
People of the Californias
People of Mexican California
Governors of Mexican California
Writers from California
Namesakes of San Francisco streets
People from Monterey, California
1809 births
1882 deaths
Mexican military personnel of the Mexican–American War
People of the Conquest of California
19th-century American politicians
Big Sur

es:<mask> <mask>#top

masks: Juan Bautista Valentín Alvarado y Vallejo


texts:
<mask> () (a.k.a. <mask>, <mask>. <mask>, <mask>, and <mask>-ping) (born 1956) is a well-known Hong Kong-based economist, commentator, author and TV host in China. <mask> has become a famous and controversial figure in China in recent years:
Since 2002, <mask> has risen to his fame by "scolding". From D'Long to Haier, from TCL to Greencool, those scolded by him were all well-known large enterprises. People who hate him call him a "Rogue Professor", whereas those who like him say he dares to speak the truth. Personal background

<mask> was born in 1956 in Taoyuan County, Taiwan (now Taoyuan City), and his ancestors are from Weifang, Shandong.Education

<mask> received his bachelor's degree from Tunghai University in 1978, and his master's degree from National Taiwan University in 1980. He then studied at Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, where he received a master's degree and a PhD in Finance. <mask> was a lecturer at Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Michigan State University, Ohio State University, New York University Stern School of Business and The University of Chicago. <mask> was also Chair Professor of Finance, the Faculty of Business Administration, at The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Career and professional ethics

1994: Professor at The Chinese University of Hong Kong. 1996–2000: Consultant on Corporate governance Projects for World Bank, Washington, D.C.

1998–2001: Shenzhen Stock Exchange, and the Financial Services Bureau of the Hong Kong Government. He researched corporate governance and protection of the interests of small shareholders.2004: Joint-appointed professor of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and the Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business in mainland China. August 2004: Host of a finance talk show Cáijīng Láng Xiánpáng (财经郎闲评, literally "Finance Lang Leisure Talk") on Shanghai Television

Early 2006: Cáijīng Láng Xiánpáng suspended due to <mask>'s intention to uncover the Shanghai pension scandal on the show. June 2009: <mask> made a comeback to host <mask>'s Eyes on Finance (), a news commentary talk show. Controversy
Much of the controversy surrounding <mask> can be attributed to his criticism on rightwing capitalism and the failing financial system. For example, <mask> openly announced his endorsement of Marx's critical analysis on capitalism, positively reviewed Mao Zedong's role in China's earlier development and pointed out the often negative role US played in global economy and financial world. Impact to the public domain in mainland China

Major public events

 (TODO: This section needs to be translated from Chinese.) Main theories on public media

<mask> has repeatedly stated in public that, regarding Macroeconomics, he believes in Karl Marx's Scientific communism and "Economic Crisis: Inevitable under Capitalism" theory.He thinks that Big government can bring more justice and welfare to the society than Minarchism, which condones violations on the interests of small shareholders by financial capital, and eventually leading to financial crisis. That is why he is sometimes called a New Left academic. Dual-sector model

 (TODO: This section needs to be translated from Chinese.) China's globalization crisis

 (TODO: This section needs to be translated from Chinese.) For China 's globalization remained relatively "critical " attitude. His main idea is that many Chinese enterprises and local governments do not understand the international nature, or in his words, " farmland through water not previously dug ditches ." For example, "foreign" stock market operations through the acquisition of a cheap price or a lot of state-owned assets, causing increasingly serious loss of assets, as well as international [ [ chain ] ] the division of labor .<mask> believes that the existence of financial speculators internationally, such as George Soros of Quantum Group of Fund, these speculators are foreign exchange parity, commodities, precious metals prices from fluctuations in the main promoters, and <mask> believes that behind them there is a long-term support of the world's financial powers, so meaningful, " financial war" , the rise and fall of these financial war against a country plays a key role, he and "Currency Wars", author Song Hongbing along with  as "conspiracy theorists." The face of the increasing appreciation of international oil prices in 2008, prices of food and some money, <mask> pointed out that it is likely to be a behind by the " international financial speculators " under the control of a situation. The Chinese part of the industry, such as the steel industry is severely affected. Enterprise strategy

<mask> repeatedly points to South Korean enterprises as a model, and criticizes many of China's emerging enterprises. He advocates studying the practices of transnational corporations, of cutting process flow in enterprises where enterprises no longer tangled in one or two leadership capacity, maintaining long-term business, but also full of innovation. (TODO: This section needs to be translated from Chinese.) Social repercussions

Reactions in the Chinese business community

 (TODO: This section needs to be translated from Chinese.)Reactions among Chinese economists

Among circles of Chinese economists, the prevailing opinion is that <mask>'s area of expertise does not cover China's economic system: he lacks a true understanding of China's situation, and his views on the restructuring of state enterprises are mostly shunned by his peers. Initially, key economists remained silent, but then they realized that <mask> seemed to be on the way to affect China's fundamental national policies. So, they began to criticize his theories to try to turn the tide. Besides academic criticisms, there were also accusations of "grandstanding" and "fishing for fame." Nevertheless, it would appear that their attempts in turning the tide were basically futile. Wu Jinglian:<mask>'s final verdict is "China's society has never been this bad in 5000 years." His rationale is two-fold: first, the path of economic development alone, and second, marketization.(TODO: Some text in this paragraph still needs to be translated into Chinese and is commented out.) Steven N. S. Cheung: Professor <mask> knows nearly nothing about China's economic and political infrastructure. ... However, as a professor, how could Mr. <mask> make such generalizations so irresponsibly? Zhou Qiren: Speaking of <mask>, I think it is not difficult to see that he is wrong. ... I do not see in <mask>'s allegations any kind of complex theories, concepts and reasoning.... <mask> [claimed], "Whose are the state-owned assets? Yours, mine, ours." ... Now what is he muddling? He has no share of nothing. No matter how blurry the property rights of state-owned assets are, it should be obvious that he has no part in the subject of rights. ... I can say with certainty that these outrageous views of <mask>'s did not just come off the top of his head.The question beckons: These "stuff"—nonsensical, illogical, and just plain rude—came off the top of whose head? Zhiwu Chen thinks that <mask>'s conspiracy theory is the opium of the people. Reactions of relevant departments in the Chinese government

 (TODO: This section needs to be translated from Chinese.) Since the Lang–Gu dispute, ... Commentaries from Chinese activist private scholars

<mask> is often thought of as a New Left academic, but he calls himself a capitalist economist. ...

 (TODO: This section needs to be translated from Chinese.) Notable works

Doctoral thesis

Selected books for general audiences
 East Asian Corporation: Heroes or Villains?(with S. Claessens and S. Djankov, 2000)
 Corporate Governance (, 2004)
 Governance and Expropriation (editor, 2005)
 Manipulation (, 2006)
 Operation (, 2006)

 <mask>sien Ping <mask> Says: Why We Live So Hard? (, 2010)

 (TODO: Some more titles of <mask>'s works may need to be translated from Chinese.) Selected journal articles
 "Dividends and Expropriation" (with Mara Faccio and Leslie Young, American Economic Review, 2001)
 "When Does Corporate Diversification Matter to Productivity and Performance? Evidence from East Asia" (with S. Claessens and J. Fan, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Special Issue on Corporate Governance, July 2003)
 "Disentangling the Incentive and entrenchment Effects of Large Shareholdings" (with S. Claessens, S. Djankov and J. Fan, Journal of Finance, December 2003)

References

External links
 <mask>'s profile from CUHK
 Lang's blog

Taiwanese economists
National Taiwan University alumni
1956 births
Living people
Writers from Taoyuan City
Tunghai University alumni
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Hong Kong economists
21st-century male writers
Taiwanese male writers
Taiwanese emigrants to Hong Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong faculty

masks:
Larry Hsien Ping Lang
Larry Lang
Larry H P
Lang
Lang Xianping
Lang Hn
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Larry
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
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Lang
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Larry H
Lang
Lang
Larry Lang


texts:
<mask>. (February 11, 1904 – March 25, 1987) was an American diplomat and statesman. He was the third Director of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) from 1954 to 1958. He was the director of the United Nations Children's Fund for years (1965–1979). He was also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. A lawyer, he was United States Ambassador to France 1952–1954, as well as United States Ambassador to Greece 1962–1965. <mask> had been the principal United States Department of State official dealing with the implementation of the Marshall Plan. He was born to <mask>. and Frances Devereux (Huger) <mask>, a granddaughter of Leonidas Polk, in New Orleans, Louisiana.He married Elizabeth Scriven Clark on June 29, 1935. He married Ève Curie in 1954, nine years after Elizabeth died. The marriage with Ève made him the son-in-law of Marie and Pierre Curie, the Nobel Prize winners. In 1965, he accepted on behalf of UNICEF the Nobel Prize for Peace and became one of the five Nobel Prize winners of the Curie family. There is a prize in his honor established at Princeton University, his alma mater, which is given to a graduating senior each year. Personal life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in New Orleans, Louisiana on February 11, 1904. He was the youngest of three sons of <mask><mask> Sr. and Frances D. (Huger) <mask>.Through his father, <mask>. was a great-great-great-grandson of English-American scientist Joseph Priestley. He married Elizabeth Scriven Clark (the daughter of art collector and philanthropist Stephen Carlton Clark) on June 29, 1935; they had one daughter, Anne (Farnsworth), who married publisher Marty Peretz. Elizabeth Clark <mask> died in 1945. Labouisse remarried on November 19, 1954, to Eve Curie, daughter of scientists Pierre and Marie Curie. Curie was a renowned author and journalist. They met in 1951, while he was on the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) staff and she was a secretary with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). <mask> earned his B.A.from Princeton University in 1926 and graduated from Harvard University Law School in 1929. He was admitted into the New York State bar the following year. <mask> was an associate and member of the New York City law firm Taylor, Blanc, Capron and Marsh, and its successor firm Mitchell, Taylor, Capron & Marsh, from 1929 to 1941. Second World War
When the United States entered the Second World War, <mask> chose to serve his country by accepting a position in the State Department. He began there in 1941 and rose through a variety of positions over the next several years, most concerned with forming and implementing foreign economic policy. His first position was as assistant chief of the Division of Defense Materials in December 1941. He was promoted to chief of the division in February 1943.Later in 1943, he was made deputy director of the Office of Foreign Economic Coordination, and in January 1944 he was appointed chief of the Eastern Hemisphere Division. In March 1944, he was transferred to the Office of European Affairs, where he was special assistant to the director. <mask> was appointed chief of the Foreign Economic Administration mission to France in November 1944 and served concurrently as minister for economic affairs at the American Embassy. He became special assistant to Under Secretary of State, William L. Clayton, in November 1945. Through his work with the undersecretary, and his previous work coordinating aid to various European reconstruction points, <mask> played an important role in the aid efforts that culminated in the Marshall Plan. In July 1946, he returned to his role as special assistant to the director of the Office of European Affairs. <mask> then served as the principal State Department officer working with the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) during the initial implementation of the Marshall Plan.He traveled to Paris in March 1948 as head of the mission to establish the ECA as the agency to administer United States economic aid to Europe. He returned to Europe in May 1948 as the head of the United States delegation to the Geneva meeting of the Economic Commission for Europe. <mask> then served as coordinator of foreign aid and assistance in the State Department from June 1948 until October 1949, when he became director of British Commonwealth and Northern European Affairs. He held this post until September 1951. He began arguing for a tougher stance on aid in 1949, one that would force European economies to adjust to market forces. In September 1951, <mask> was named head of the ECA's mission to France, journeying to Paris as head of the Marshall Plan mission. When the ECA was replaced by the Mutual Security Administration and the Foreign Operations Administration, <mask> headed the Paris missions of both agencies from 1951 to June 1954.Appointment as director of UNRWA and IBRD
<mask> left United States government service in 1954 to work for the United Nations. He was appointed director of the United Nations Relief and Work Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) in June 1954 at the request of United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld. The UNRWA was established in December 1949 to carry out relief and works projects in cooperation with local governments. When <mask> assumed his directorship, the UNRWA was responsible for the care of 887,000 Arab refugees who had fled Palestine in 1948. <mask> oversaw the improvement of the standard of living in the refugee camps, raised the standards of health, education, and vocational training, and established a grant program that allowed refugees to make a down payment on a farm or shop. He left the UNRWA in 1958. <mask> was appointed as a consultant to the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development in May 1959.He headed a survey mission to Venezuela in September 1959 to assist in the formulation of a program of economic development. He was recalled from that mission by Hammarskjöld to serve as special advisor to the secretary-general during the Congo Crisis in 1960. In December 1960, <mask> was appointed as the International Bank's special representative for Africa and also headed a mission to Uganda to study economic problems. Appointment as the director of the ICA
He returned to United States government service in January 1961, when he was appointed Director of the International Cooperation Administration (ICA) by President John F. Kennedy, which was created to coordinate nonmilitary foreign aid programs. <mask> had been considered for the post by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in February 1959, but his appointment was rejected by Republican national chairman Meade Alcorn on the grounds that <mask> had registered as a Democrat several years earlier. In May 1961, President Kennedy began to work with the United States Congress to reorganize the foreign aid programs into a single agency. The ICA was eliminated during the reorganization, and <mask> was named United States Ambassador to Greece.He held that post from 1962 to 1965. <mask> was appointed the second Executive Director of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in June 1965, following the death of the first director, Maurice Pate. During his directorship, <mask> oversaw the emergency relief efforts for several major conflicts and naturals disasters, and fought to alleviate poor conditions in developing countries. UNICEF provided relief to both sides in the Nigerian civil war in 1968 and to Cambodia in 1979, after the country was invaded by Vietnam. Retirement
<mask> retired from his position with UNICEF in December 1979, although he continued to work as a consultant on the Cambodia and Thailand operations for most of 1980. After his retirement, <mask> continued to be active in various organizations, including serving as Chairman of the Board of the American Farm School in Thessaloniki, Greece, from 1980 to 1985 and as trustee of the school from 1965 to 1985. <mask> died on March 25, 1987 at the age of 83.See also

 List of Directors and Commissioners-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East

References

Further reading

 UNICEF <mask><mask> biography
 Benjamin N. Schiff, Refugees Unto the Third Generation: UN Aid to Palestinians, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995. External links
 <mask><mask> Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University

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1904 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
Ambassadors of the United States to Greece
American Anglicans
Harvard Law School alumni
Princeton University alumni
UNRWA officials
Christians from Louisiana
American officials of the United Nations

masks:
Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr
Labouisse
Henry Richardson Labouisse Sr
Labouisse
Henry Richardson
Labouisse
Henry R
. Labouisse
Labouisse
Henry Jr
Labouisse
Labouisse
Labouisse
Labouisse
Labouisse
Labouisse
Labouisse
Labouisse
Labouisse
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Labouisse
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Labouisse
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Labouisse
Labouisse
Henry R
. Labouisse
Henry R
. Labouisse