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<mask> (29 October 1909 – June 1945) was a Herzegovinian Franciscan who headed the Department of Religion of the Ministry of Justice and Religion of the fascist Independent State of Croatia during the World War II. A native of Drinovci near Grude in Herzegovina, Glavaš became a member of the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina in 1928. After finishing his studies at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, he taught the Croatian language and literature at the Franciscan gymnasium in Široki Brijeg. Known as a nationalist, he supported the puppet Independent State of Croatia (NDH), established by Nazi Germany and Italy in 1941. He became head of the Department of Religion at the Ministry of Justice and Religion of the NDH immediately after the establishment of the puppet state in May 1941 and held that post until the dissolution of the NDH in May 1945. As an official at the Ministry of Justice and Religion, <mask> was charged with setting up the procedures and regulations for mass conversion of the Serb Eastern Orthodox population to Catholicism, even though the Catholic Church's hierarchy opposed such programme. He used his position to favor the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina, enabling the state sponsorship of its schools and state-controlled collection of financial revenues for the Franciscans.Despite the opposition from the Catholic Church, he enabled the establishment of the Franciscan Faculty of Theology in Sarajevo by the fascist government. <mask> also used his position to oppose the appointment of Petar Čule, a secular priest, as bishop of Mostar-Duvno, a position previously held by the Franciscans. For this reason, he was excommunicated by the papal delegate Ramiro Marcone in 1942. <mask> was executed by the Yugoslav Partisans for collaborating with the fascist regime in June 1945. Early life

<mask> was born in Drinovci near Grude in the region of Herzegovina, at the time part of Austria-Hungary, to father Petar and mother Mara née Marinović. He was christened as Andrija by parson in Drinovci friar Vjenceslav Bašić. His baptismal godfather was <mask>.Glavaš finished elementary school in Drinovci in 1921. Afterward, Glavaš attended the Franciscan gymnasium in Široki Brijeg as an "internal" student, that is to become a priest and a monk. After finishing the sixth grade in 1927, Glavaš paused his education and entered a one-year novitiate at the Franciscan friary in Humac, Ljubuški on 29 June 1927. He changed his name to <mask> and was ordained a monk by Lujo Bubalo. He returned to the gymnasium to finish the remaining two grades and graduated on 24 July 1930. Glavaš took his monastic vows in front of Provincial Dominik Mandić on 1 July 1928 and solemn vows on 3 July 1931, also in front of Mandić. After finishing his high-school education, Glavaš enrolled at the Franciscan seminary in Mostar in 1930, where he studied until 1932.He continued his education in Lille, France. As he was not yet 24 years old, Glavaš asked Mandić to obtain permission for his premature priestly ordination. Mandić asked the Pope for permission for Glavaš to be ordained on 19 May 1933, which Pope granted. Glavaš was ordained a priest in Fontenoy, and Mandić was notified about the ordination on 17 July 1933. Glavaš remained in Lille another year and asked to return to Herzegovina, which was granted by Provincial Mate Čuturić on 1 July 1934. After returning to Herzegovina, Glavaš served as a chaplain in Široki Brijeg from 1934 to 1935. He was then sent to study Croatian at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, after which he was supposed to return to the Franciscan gymnasium in Široki Brijeg to teach Croatian.As Herzegovinian Franciscans didn't own any accommodation in Zagreb, they lived in the monasteries of other Franciscan Provinces. Thus, Glavaš lived in the friary of the Croatian Franciscan Province of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Kaptol, Zagreb. Glavaš encountered several problems while living there, as he saw the statutory provisions and living style of these Franciscans as redundant and unnecessary and refused to wear the friar's clothes. The next year, the guardian of the Franciscan friary in Kaptol informed Čuturić that they cannot accommodate Glavaš anymore. Čuturić took up for Glavaš and asked the Zagreb Provincial Mihael Troha and the guardian of the friary to at least probe Glavaš until Christmas. His petition was accepted in October 1935, and Glavaš continued to live in Kaptol. However, Troha again complained about Glavaš to Čuturić in 1938, informing him that Glavaš leaves the friary at whim and often returns after midnight.Čuturić requested that Glavaš returns to Mostar. Glavaš left Zagreb for Mostar in December 1938. In the meantime, the two Provincials agreed that Glavaš would continue his studies at the friary near Zagreb in Jaska. Glavaš finished all of his exams on 27 June 1939 and remained in Jaska until July. During the studies, Glavaš became a prominent nationalist and anti-communist amongst the students, and while studying met Mile Budak, a prominent Ustaše and later a member of the World War II fascist Government of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). Glavaš wrote positive critiques of Budak's literal work. Glavaš spent vacations in Austria in 1936 and Germany in 1937 to learn German.Čuturić asked him to return to Široki Brijeg to teach Croatian already in 1938, however, Glavaš asked him to prolong his studies. As he was preparing his doctoral thesis on Jakša Čedomil, a Catholic priest from Split, he asked Čuturić to ask the Franciscan friary in Dobro near Split to allow him to live there, as the majority of material about Čedomil could be found only in Split. His request was granted so he moved there in July 1939. He asked to remain in Dobro for an additional semester to finish his doctoral studies, however, Čuturić already appointed him professor in the Franciscan gymnasium in Široki Brijeg in April 1939 and refused his request. Thus, in September 1939, Glavaš started to lecture the Croatian language and literature in Široki Brijeg. This stalled his doctoral studies, so he defended his doctoral thesis only in 1942. Independent State of Croatia

In 1940 and early 1941, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria all agreed to adhere to the Tripartite Pact and thus join the Axis.Hitler then pressured Yugoslavia to join as well. The Regent, Prince Paul, yielded to this pressure and declared Yugoslavia's accession to the Pact on 25 March 1941. This move was highly unpopular with the Serb-dominated officer corps of the military and some segments of the public: a large part of the Serbian population, as well as liberals and Communists. Military officers (mainly Serbs) executed a coup d'état on 27 March 1941, and forced the Regent to resign, while King Peter II, though only 17, was declared of age. Upon hearing news of the coup in Yugoslavia, on 27 March Hitler issued a directive, which called for Yugoslavia to be treated as a hostile state. The Germans started an invasion with air assault on Belgrade on 6 April 1941. On 10 April 1941, the two Axis Powers, Germany and Italy, established its puppet Independent State of Croatia (NDH).The establishment of the NDH was welcomed amongst the professors of the Franciscan gymnasium in Široki Brijeg. Glavaš openly supported the newly established fascist regime. However, the gymnasium's administration sanctioned political outbursts amongst its students, with many students being expelled because of their political activity. Budak became Minister of Justice and Religion of the newly established NDH and asked the Herzegovinian Provincial Krešimir Pandžić on 10 May 1941 to allow Glavaš to become a member of his ministry. Pandžić accepted the request five days later. <mask> was appointed the head of the Department of Religion at the Ministry. With the new position, <mask>, taught by his own experience, bought the house where Herzegovinian Franciscans could live in Zagreb in 1942.The Herzegovinian Franciscans also used his position to equalise the status of the Franciscan schools with the public schools and to secure the financing for their schools from the state treasury, to become independent from their dioceses and the bishops. Glavaš also initiated the state-sponsored establishment of the Franciscan Faculty of Theology in Sarajevo for all the Franciscan Provinces in the NDH in 1944. This initiative was opposed by the Church authorities, who insisted that such an educational institution must be established and approved by the Church. Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac of Zagreb wrote against such a move, complaining that the church authorities must not be bypassed. Archbishop Ivan Šarić was also "seriously surprised" by the state establishment of the faculty without the church approval. However, the Franciscans claimed that they have a right to establish the faculty without the church's approval. Using his post, Glavaš also influenced the appointment of politicians in Herzegovina.Persection of Serbs

As an official of the Ministry of Justice and Religion, Glavaš was charged with setting up the procedures and regulations within the programme of the mass conversion of the Eastern Orthodox Serb population to Catholicism. The programme was initiated without any consultation with the Church. The head of the programme was another Franciscan Dionizije Juričev. The auxiliary bishop of Zagreb Josip Lach immediately condemned the move. However, the government ignored the bishop's condemnation, announced the introduction of the new regulations in July 1941 and started recruiting individual priests to carry out the conversions. The Church opposed the forced conversions and insisted that only it can proscribe the conditions for conversion and that the issue is out of the scope of the government. The NDH government intended to organise mass conversions, while the Church held that thorough religious education is necessary before any conversion.Glavaš's procedure and regulation of the conversion had an aim to eradicate Serb identity from the NDH. He prohibited the educated and the middle-class to be converted in order for them to be killed, deported, or otherwise removed. In the summer and autumn of 1941, individual priests were sent out to rural areas to conduct the conversions, and Serbs agreed to convert fearing for their lives. However, the Ustaše continued to persecute them even after the conversion. After realising that the conversions won't save them, the programme to convert the Serbs became obscure. By 1942, only about two hundred thousand Serbs converted, and the programme was soon abandoned. The intimidating attitude of some priests, especially those in Herzegovina, together with the arbitrariness of conversions, led to the fact that they shook the legitimacy of the entire programme.Glavaš also managed to get the money earned from the assets of the Serbian Eastern Orthodox churches to the Franciscan friaries. Čule affair

Glavaš was involved in an affair of the episcopal appointment in Herzegovina, when a secular priest Petar Čule was named the new bishop of Mostar-Duvno and the apostolic administrator of Trebinje-Mrkan. The episcopal seat was previously held by the Franciscans, who felt that the seat should belong to one of their own. They gained a promise from the Ustaše government via Glavaš that the new bishop would be a Herzegovinian Franciscan.. The Ustaše government complained that Čule's and the appointment of the Greek Catholic bishop Janko Šimrak, occurred without consultation with them. On 3 June 1942, the Ministry of Justice and Religion sent a protest note to all parish priests in Herzegovina in which they demonstrated opposition to his appointment, noting that since Čule was appointed "without knowledge and hearing, even without knowledge of the Croatian State Government, the Croatian State Government cannot recognise such an appointment, and will take its stance accordingly in order to protect the state sovereignty pro foro civili". Glavaš participated in the making of the protest note.At the time when Pavelić was preparing to celebrate his name day on the feast of Saint Anthony of Padua on 13 June 1942, he was informed by the Pope's delegate Giuseppe Masucci, that if he would hold to this protest note, he would be automatically excommunicated in the accordance with the 2334 Code of Canon Law, and that this would obstruct the celebration of his name day. This persuaded Pavelić to give up any sanctions against Čule. Few days after the protest note was issued, Archbishop of Zagreb Aloysius Stepinac invited a high official in the Ministry of Justice and Religion together with Glavaš, and threatened them both with excommunication if they don't refrain from their actions. Furthermore, the papal delegate Marcone, who was present there, excommunicated Glavaš. Glavaš refused to acknowledge the excommunication, claiming that he had no role in the creation nor spreading of the protest note against Čule's appointment. Nonetheless, in July 1942, Glavaš influenced Pavelić to send the Minister of Internal Affairs Andrija Artuković to Mostar, in order to prevent Čule's appointment, but the effort was unsuccessful, mainly because of Stepinac's threats to Glavaš and the Ustaše authorities. The Herzegovinian Franciscans started to persuade Čule to denounce his appointment but to no avail.Stepinac and the Archbishop of Vrhbosna Šarić received threatening letters, in which they were informed that "if you [Stepinac and Šarić] dare to cross the border of the city of Mostar and Herzegovina for the purpose of the consecration of the new bishop, you [Stepinac and Šarić] should know that anything could happen. There will be blood and flesh, even if you would carry the papal tiara. There will be blood and flesh." Marko Perić considers that the threatening letters originate from the Franciscans. Franciscan Oton Knezović, unsatisfied with Čule's appointment, wrote an article in Katolički list (The Catholic Newspaper) regarding the incident, but the article was of such content that Stepinac ordered it to be destroyed. Aftermath

Before the entrance of the Partisans in Zagreb, the NDH government took the treasures of the Croatian National Bank, including gold, jewelry, and foreign currency, and put them in 42 boxes. Glavaš helped them hide 32 boxes of gold and other treasure, including money, in the Franciscan monastery in Zagreb, while the rest of the boxes were taken out of the country.OZNA, the Yugoslav secret police, found the boxes in January 1946. Immediately after the fall of the NDH regime, <mask> was arrested and tried in June 1945, and was executed afterwards. Robin Harris wrote that Glavaš was probably the most notorious Ustaše priest. Notes

References

Books

Journals

1909 births
1945 deaths
People from Grude
Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb alumni
Franciscans of the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina
Ustaše
Croatian collaborators with Nazi Germany
Croatian collaborators with Fascist Italy
Croatian people of World War II
Executed Yugoslav collaborators with Nazi Germany
Executed politicians
Executed Croatian people
20th-century Roman Catholic clergy
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church

masks:
Radoslav Glavaš
Glavaš
Glavaš
Glavaš
Glavaš
Ivan Glavaš
Radoslav
Glavaš
Glavaš
Glavaš


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<mask> (born 6 August 1966) is a Zimbabwean politician who served as Finance Minister of Zimbabwe from 2009 to 2013. He is the current Member of Parliament for Harare East Constituency and the second Vice President of  Citizens Coalition for Change. He was the Secretary-General of the Movement for Democratic Change and the subsequent Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai (MDC-T) political parties and a Member of Parliament for Harare East until he was expelled from the party and recalled from parliament in mid-2014,before winning the seat again in 2018. Early life
<mask> was born in Dzivarasekwa, Harare, and he is the eldest in a family of 6 children. From 1980 to 1985 he attended Goromonzi High School, where he was appointed deputy head boy in 1985. He enrolled in the University of Zimbabwe law school as a freshman in 1986. In 1988 and 1989, <mask> was Secretary General of the University of Zimbabwe Student Representative Council, with Terry Mhungu as SRC President, which led student protests against government censorship in academia.After school, he joined the Law firm Honey and Blackenberg, where he became the youngest partner by the age of 26. <mask> lost his father in his early 30s. Political career
In 1999 he helped found the MDC. He was elected Member of Parliament for the Harare East constituency in 2000. During the Fifth Parliament he served as a member of the Parliament Portfolio Committee on Lands, Agriculture, Water Development, Rural Resources and Resettlement and that on Defence and Home Affairs. In March 2005 he retained the constituency. He serves in the Portfolio Committee on Budget, Finance and Economic Development and is currently the MDC's Secretary General.In his legal career <mask> has handled labour and human rights litigation representing large trade unions such as the Post and Telecommunications Trade Union. He was arrested in 2007 with many others, including MDC leader Morgan Tsvangirai, after a prayer rally in the Harare township of Highfield. On 16 June 2007, <mask> and Welshman Ncube met with Justice Minister Patrick Chinamasa and Labor Minister Nicholas Goche, in Pretoria, South Africa. South African President Thabo Mbeki, appointed by the Southern African Development Community, presided over the negotiations which sought to end sanctions on Zimbabwe top ZANU-PF leaders or top government officials. 2008 elections
<mask> was re-elected to the House of Assembly from Harare East in the March 2008 parliamentary election. According to official results, he received 8,377 votes against 2,587 for the ZANU-PF candidate. In the period following the election, he stayed outside of Zimbabwe (mainly in South Africa), along with Tsvangirai, amidst a post-electoral situation that was marked by serious violence against MDC supporters.Arrest
<mask> returned to Zimbabwe on 12 June 2008 and was immediately arrested at the airport in Harare. Before his departure from Johannesburg, <mask> said that he had already learned that he would be arrested, but maintained that his only crime was "fighting for democracy" and said that it was necessary for him to return to participate in the MDC's struggle. Following <mask>'s arrest, police spokesman Wayne Bvudzijena said that he would be charged with treason, based on an MDC document about changing the government. This document, which was called "The Transition Strategy" and was said to have been written by <mask> on 25 March, included purported plans to rig the election in favour of the MDC. Bvudzijena said that Biti would additionally be charged with making false statements "prejudicial to the state" due to his announcement of election results prior to their release by the Electoral Commission. United States Ambassador James McGee expressed deep concern on behalf of the US government, saying that the document in question was an unobjectionable statement of the MDC's plans and goals; according to McGee, another, more extreme version of the document existed, but it was forged. <mask>'s lawyer also claimed that the material in question was forged.On 13 June, <mask>'s lawyers said that they had not been allowed to meet with him, and they filed an urgent application with the High Court on the same day. The MDC said that it was "deeply worried" about Biti's welfare and that it had sent a team to police stations across Harare, hoping to determine where he was being held. He appeared in court on 14 June. <mask>'s home was searched by the police on 16 June, although the police did not take anything out of the home. His lawyer, Lewis Uriri, said that <mask> had been interrogated for a full 24 hours after his arrest; Uriri also said that he would seek an order from the High Court to release <mask> on the grounds that he had been held without charge for more than the allowed 48-hour period. <mask> again appeared in court on 18 June; however, this hearing was postponed to the next day because the power failed, meaning that the hearing could not be recorded. He was charged on 19 June.He faced four charges: "treason, communicating falsehoods prejudicial to the State, insulting President Mugabe and causing disaffection among the defence forces".. Prosecutors argued against granting bail to Biti, noting that the charges against him were so serious that he could be executed. The defence submitted an application to have the charges thrown out, but on 20 June magistrate Mishrod Guvamombe dismissed this application, saying that he believed there was "reasonable suspicion that the accused committed the said offence". <mask>'s next court appearance was set for 7 July, and Guvamombe ordered that he remain in custody until then. On 26 June, Biti was granted bail at one trillion Zimbabwean dollars; he was also required to surrender his home's title deeds and to report to the police on a weekly basis. <mask>'s lawyers later filed a petition asking for the return of his passport so that he could attend talks between the parties in South Africa, and as a result his passport was returned to him on 9 July, enabling him to go. He led the MDC-Tsvangirai delegation to the talks, which began in Pretoria on 10 July, although according to Tsvangirai the purpose of this was only to set the MDC-Tsvangirai's conditions for participating in the talks, not to actually participate in them.Uriri applied for the removal of <mask>'s remand on the grounds that a trial date should have been set and the police investigation should have been completed. On 27 August 2008, Chioniso Mutongi, a magistrate in Harare, rejected this request, saying that <mask> had not been on remand long enough for its removal to be appropriate. In 2018 following Zimbabwe's disputed elections, he was arrested and denied asylum in Zambia. Appointment to Government of National Unity
On 10 February 2009, MDC leader and Prime Minister-designate Morgan Tsvangirai announced the appointment of <mask> as Finance Minister in the Government of National Unity. Though he has no known history in financial and economic matters, analysts suggest that Tsavingarai really had no other option considering <mask>'s position in the MDC. In addition, he is known to drive a hard bargain and could be the best person to deal with the Zanu-PF controlled public service. He was sworn in alongside other Ministers on 13 February 2009 in Harare.Return to legal career
On 20 November 2013, <mask> announced he would be opening a new law firm. The firm was to specialize in international finance law as well as domestic constitutional issues. Return to politics
<mask> fell out with Tsvangirai in 2014, resulting in Tsvangirai announcing <mask>'s expulsion in April 2014. In 2015 <mask> joined other disaffected MDC-T members in a breakaway group, MDC-Renewal, becoming its secretary-general. In September 2015, MDC-Renewal launched as a separate party, the People's Democratic Party, and <mask> was elected president of the new party. In 2020, <mask> criticized a three-member delegation from South African which was sent to investigate human rights abuses when they returned to their country without speaking to opposition groups. In February 2019 he was convicted of contravening the Electoral Act for illegally announcing purported results for the 2018 presidential election in Zimbabwe.He was fined $200. In February 2022, <mask> <mask>, was detained by police for several hours while campaigning for the by-elections in Harare, a spokeswoman for his party said. References

External links

, NewsDay
The Zimbabwean Leadership Profiles
"Zimbabwe MDC's economic blueprint", 3 February 2004, BBC News
"Opposition anger at Zimbabwe deal", 2 March 2002, BBC News
"Tsvangirai leaves Harare hospital", 16 March 2007, BBC News
"Faces to expect in the cabinet", 15 September 2008, Zimbabwe Metro
Interview with <mask> <mask>, 30 April 2009 Radio France Internationale

1966 births
Living people
University of Zimbabwe alumni
Finance Ministers of Zimbabwe
Members of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe
Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai politicians
Government ministers of Zimbabwe

masks:
Tendai Laxton Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Tendai
Biti
Tendai
Biti


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<mask> (7 November 1866 – 3 September 1946) was a German composer and theater conductor. He is considered the "father" of the Berlin operetta. His well-known compositions include "" ("Berlin Air"), the unofficial anthem of Berlin, from his operetta Frau Luna; and "The Glow-Worm", from his operetta Lysistrata. Early life
<mask> was born on 7 November 1866 in the Jungfernbrücke district of Berlin. He was the son of magistrate <mask> and his wife Emilie. His father played the violin in several small orchestras. When <mask> was only five years old his father died.Emilie moved with her three children to Adalbertstaße, and later to Eisenbahnstraße, near Lausitzer Platz. <mask>'s early musical inclinations were towards military music. His mother sent him after the completion of secondary school education to Wittenberge. Here he was trained in the Wittenberg City Band under Rudolf Kleinow as a bassoonist. He also learned to play the tenor horn, the drums, the piano and the violin. Career

Performance and early compositions
Instead of pursuing a career as a military musician, <mask> secured employment as a bassoonist at Berlin's Central Theatre, under Adolf Ernst. After one year, he joined the orchestra of the Ostend Theatre.In entertainment and dance music <mask> gained valuable experience at the Königsstädtischen Theater, the Belle-Alliance-Theater and the Parodie-Theater. He accompanied the musical vaudeville programs and provided his own compositions for popular singers. His  (Venus on Earth), a revue-like one-act play was created in 1897 at the Apollo Theater in Friedrichstraße. Success with
For two years, <mask> worked at the most famous European vaudeville house, the Folies Bergère in Paris. He then returned with new compositions to the Apollo-Theater where, with huge success in 1899  (Mrs Moon) was premiered. That same year, followed  (In the Realm of Indra), and in 1902 the operetta Lysistrata. The librettos of these were by Heinrich Bolten-Baeckers.In 1908 <mask> became principal conductor and composer for the Metropol Theater, whose spectacular revues were the capital's biggest attraction. During the Nazi regime and World War II

With the Nazi rise to power in 1933, <mask> maintained his position and was feted by the Nazi regime. In 1937 he was awarded the Silver Medal of Honour of his native city, on his 75th birthday he was made an honorary citizen of Berlin. His operetta "Frau Luna" (Mrs. Moon) was turned into  starring Lizzi Waldmüller, Irene von Meyendorff and Georg Alexander and directed by Theo Lingen in 1941. In 1943 <mask> toured Marienbad, Bohemia, to conduct , whose first performance in 1899 is now regarded as the birth of the Berlin operetta. During his absence, his house and his music publisher in Berlin were bombed.After the war ended, <mask> wanted to return to Berlin. He strove in vain to obtain the approval of the Allies, which, as a native Berliner, he was required to have at that time. With the help of one American General Pierce, he moved first to Arzberg, Bavaria, with his housekeeper Johanna Hildebrandt, who had worked for him for 35 years. <mask>'s ailing health was worsened by the climate there, and he moved again to Hahnenklee. He died there shortly before his 80th birthday. His funeral was held in Hahnenklee, where his grave is still maintained today. Personal life
In 1885, while in the orchestra of the Grand Theatre, <mask> fell in love with the 16-year-old soubrette Anna Mueller, whom he married a year later.His wife later celebrated triumphs with the Berlin audience under the name Anna Müller-<mask>. In 1901 <mask> divorced his first wife, Anna. That same year he met a young actress who was known under the stage name Ellen Sousa. She played in the Friedrich-Wilhelmstädtischen Theater, and enchanted <mask> from the first moment. Sousa at first rejected his advances but <mask> was persistent. Within a few weeks she had visited his home, and they developed a deeply affectionate relationship, leading to her request to be cast to sing  at the Apollo Theater. Sousa had hoped the connection would boost her career, but it did not.She became pregnant and left the stage before giving birth to a son. <mask> now demanded that Sousa fulfil her maternal duties and leave stage work. However, three months later Sousa was again singing  at the Apollo. <mask> offered Ellen Sousa marriage in return for her leaving the stage. She in return demanded a cooling-off period to consider her new role as wife and mother. <mask> experienced another wave of success from Paris, leading to him spending many nights out on the social scene, leaving Sousa at home to attend to her maternal commitments. <mask> now pressured Sousa to choose between him or returning to the stage, giving her ten days to think it over while he left town to make a guest appearance.When he returned after six days, Sousa and the child had moved out. Years later Ellen Sousa married a wholesale merchant, whom she followed to Dresden and who adopted her son without <mask>'s objection. This was the end of his relationship with Ellen Sousa and his son. From those events came his well-known instrumental waltz "" (Spurned Love). Legacy

<mask>'s march "" ("Berlin Air") is the unofficial anthem of Berlin. It is one of the traditional encores of the Berlin Philharmonic orchestra. The aria comes from the 1922 revision of <mask>'s 1899 operetta , about a trip to the moon in a hot air balloon, where an adventurous party of prominent Berliners meet Frau Luna and her court.The march was originally from <mask>'s 1904 two-act burlesque . Other Lincke operettas include  (In the Kingdom of Indra) and Lysistrata. The latter includes the song "Das Glühwürmchen," known in English as "The Glow-Worm". It was originally translated into English by Lilla Cayley Robinson in the early 20th century, but American lyricist Johnny Mercer later expanded and greatly revised her lyrics. His version was a hit for the Mills Brothers in 1952, and has been performed by many others. <mask> also composed the wedding dance played in the 1997 movie Titanic; it is played while the ship is going down and in the dining room in earlier scenes. Selected operettas
 Venus auf Erden (Berlin 1897)
  (Berlin 1899)
  (Berlin 1899)
 Fräulein Loreley (Berlin 1900)
 Lysistrata (Berlin 1902)
 Nakiris Hochzeit, oder Der Stern von Siam (Berlin 1902)
 Prinzess Rosine (Berlin 1905)
 Casanova (Darmstadt 1913)
 Ein Liebestraum (Hamburg 1940)

Sources

External links

, conducted by Plácido Domingo with the Berlin Philharmonic

1866 births
1946 deaths
German classical composers
German operetta composers
Musicians from Berlin
German male classical composers

masks:
Carl Emil Paul Lincke
Lincke
August Lincke
Paul
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Paul Lincke
Paul Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
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Lincke


texts:
<mask> (born September 17, 1950) is Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and served as Dean of Social Sciences at UCLA from 2009 to 2016. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Education
<mask> was trained in linguistics at the Sapienza University of Rome (laurea, 1974), where he studied general linguistics and ethnolinguistics with  (1943–1988), and at the University of Southern California (PhD, 1981), where he specialized in Bantu languages under Larry Hyman while working with Elinor Ochs on the conversational foundations of Italian word order patterns. His dissertation, The Fono: A Samoan Speech Event, based on 13 months of fieldwork in Falefā, on the island of 'Upolu in Samoa, focused on the language and social organization of the meeting of the local 'council' (fono) that he analyzed by extending Dell Hymes' Speech Event Model to include speechmaking across speakers and situations. Overview
Duranti fully embraced an anthropological perspective on language through his collaboration with Elinor Ochs during and after their fieldwork in (then Western) Samoa in 1978–79 and 1981. In 1980–81, Duranti was a postdoctoral fellow at the Australian National University where he was part of a Working Group on Language and Context under the direction of Roger Keesing. In 1980–81, the core group, which met regularly throughout the year, included Elinor Ochs, John B. Haviland, Penelope Brown, Steven Levinson, and Robert Van Valin, Jr.In 1983–84, Duranti was a postdoctoral fellow at the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition (LCHC) at the University of California, San Diego, directed by Michael Cole. After teaching at the University of Rome, Pitzer College, and the University of California at San Diego, Duranti joined the Anthropology Department at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1988. In the 1990s, he carried out fieldwork among Samoan immigrants in Southern California to study, in collaboration with Elinor Ochs, how second generation Samoan children were being socialized in the context of a bicultural, bilingual environment. In 1987 <mask> (in collaboration with Bambi Schieffelin) founded the journal IPrA Papers in Pragmatics, later renamed Pragmatics. In 1992, he co-edited with Charles Goodwin Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon, a collection of essays that continues to be widely read and cited as one of the key references on the study of the relationship between language and context. In 1994, Duranti published From Grammar to Politics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Western Samoan Village (University of California Press), an ethnography of Samoan ways of speaking that integrates the analysis of the spatio-temporal dimensions of speech events with the detailed analysis of the grammatical patterns used in political arenas and in more informal interaction to manage what Duranti called "the moral flow of discourse." This was the beginning of his interest in how agency is
expressed and enacted through language, a topic that he has since explored in a number of publications.In 1995–96, using a combination of participant-observation and videography, Duranti documented the political campaign for the U.S. Congress of Walter Capps, then Professor of Religious Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In support of this project, in 1999 he received a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship. After completing a treatise on the field of linguistic anthropology for the Cambridge University Press series in linguistics (Duranti 1997), he dedicated himself to editing a number of collections to make recent research on language and culture accessible to a wider range of students and scholars (Duranti 2001a, 2001b, 2004). In 2002, Duranti started a collaboration with legendary jazz guitarist Kenny Burrell, with the goal of documenting jazz culture and teaching jazz aesthetics to students in the social sciences. One product of their collaboration is a course on the culture of jazz aesthetics, where jazz musicians are invited to play and talk about their music. The video recording of their class, student concerts, and other events in which jazz is taught, played, and discussed at the university and elsewhere has produced hundreds of hours of audio visual documentation of the contemporary jazz scene in Los Angeles. Since the late 1980s, Duranti has also had an active role in editing journals and books.In 1990–1994, he was an associate editor of American Ethnologist and in 1999–2001 he was editor of the Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. <mask>'s most recent work, The Anthropology of Intentions: Language in a World of Others, investigates his long-held interests on the limits of focusing on speakers' intentions for understanding language as action. His earlier critique of speech act theory is here expanded to a broader discussion of intentionality and intersubjectivity inspired by Edmund Husserl's writings and supported by examples drawn from three of his research projects: his ethnographic study of Samoan ways of speaking, the audio-visual documentation of the 1995–96 political campaign of Walter Capps for the U.S. Congress, and a study of the culture of jazz aesthetics and improvisation. Duranti demonstrates how "cognitive, emotional, and embodied dispositions [are] always embedded in an intersubjective world of experience." Duranti introduces into anthropological theory the novel concept of the intentional continuum to describe "a range of graded ways of being disposed or mentally (and sensorially) connected with some entity in the world." In his review of the book, the developmental psychologist Martin J. Packer demonstrates how the intentional continuum is a necessary expansion to the standard theory of mind found in John Searle:

In her review of the book, the anthropologist and linguist Jane H. Hill writes that "Duranti aims here to move away from homogeneous characterizations of whole cultures as inattentive or attentive to mens rea toward richer and more deeply contextualized accounts of exactly when, by whom, and how such attention is given or withheld." <mask>'s book is the subject of a 2017 Book Symposium in HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, which includes response from Eve Danziger, Shaun Gallagher and the authors of the other featured book, The Concept of Action, N.J Enfield and Jack Sidnell.Selected publications

Books
 1979 – (with E. Byarushengo and L.M. Hyman) Haya Grammatical Structure. Los Angeles: Department of Linguistics, University of Southern California. 1981 – The Samoan Fono: a sociolinguistic study – Canberra: The Australian National University, Pacific Linguistics Monograph B80
 1992a – Etnografia del parlare quotidiano – Rome: La Nuova Italia Scientifica/Carocci Editore. 1992b – (Ed. with Charles Goodwin) Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.1994 – From Grammar to Politics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Western Samoan Village – Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1997 – Linguistic Anthropology. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press [Italian translation: Antropologia del Linguaggio. Roma: Meltemi; Spanish translation: Antropología Lingüistica. Madrid: Cambridge University Press]
 2001 – (Ed.) Key Terms in Language and Culture. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell
 2001 – (Ed.) Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader – Malden, Mass: Blackwell. 2004 – (Ed.) A Companion to Linguistic anthropology – Malden, Mass: Blackwell
 2007 – Etnopragmatica. La forza nel parlare. Rome: Carocci Editore
 2009 – (Ed.) Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader.Second Edition – Malden, Mass: Wiley-Blackwell. 2012 – (with E. Ochs and B.B. Schieffelin) (Eds.) Handbook of Language Socialization. – Malden, Mass: Wiley-Blackwell. 2015 – The Anthropology of Intentions: Language in a World of Others – Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Articles and Chapters
 1979 – (with E. Ochs) "Left-dislocation in Italian Conversation."In Syntax and Semantics, vol. 12: Discourse and Syntax, ed by T. Givon, 377–416. New York: Academic Press. 1981 – "Speechmaking and the Organization of Discourse in a Samoan Fono." Journal of the Polynesian Society 90: 357–400. 1983 – "Samoan Speechmaking Across Social Events: One Genre in and out of a Fono." Language in Society 12: 1-30.1984 – "The Social Meaning of Subject Pronouns in Italian Conversation." Text 6: 277–311. 1985 – "Sociocultural Dimensions of Discourse." Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Vol. 1, ed. by T.A. van Dijk.London: Academic Press, pp. 193–230. 1986 – (with E. Ochs) "Literacy Instruction in a Samoan Village." In Acquisition of Literacy: Ethnographic Perspectives, ed. by B.B. Schieffelin & P. Galimore, pp. 213–232, Ablex.1988 – "Ethnography of Speaking: Toward a Linguistics of the Praxis." In Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, vol. VI. Language: The Socio-cultural Context, ed. by F. J. Newmyer. Cambridge: Cambridge U Press, pp. 210–228.1990a – (with E. Ochs) "Genitive Constructions and Agency in Samoan Discourse." Studies in Language 14-1: 1-23. 1990b – "Doing Things With Words: Conflict, Understanding, and Change in a Samoan Fono." In Disentangling: Conflict Discourse in Pacific Societies, ed. by K. Watson-Gegeo & G. White. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 459–89.1990c – "Code Switching and Conflict Management in Samoan Multiparty Interaction." Pacific Studies 14:1, 1-23. 1990d – "Politics and Grammar: Agency in Samoan Political Discourse." American Ethnologist 17, 4: 36–56. 1992 – "Language and Bodies in Social Space: Samoan Ceremonial Greetings." American Anthropologist 94: 657–91. 1993a – "Truth and Intentionality: Towards an Ethnographic Critique."Cultural Anthropology 8 (2): 214–245. 1993b – "Beyond Bakhtin or the Dialogic Imagination in Academia." Pragmatics 3 (3): 333-340
 1995 – (with E. Ochs & E. K. Ta`ase) "Change and Tradition in Literacy Instruction in a Samoan American Community." Educational Foundations, 9:57-74. 1996 – "Mediated Encounters with Pacific Cultures: Three Samoan Dinners." In P. Reill and D. Miller (Eds.) Visions of Empire: Voyages, Botany, and Representation of Nature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.326–34. 1997a – "Indexical Speech Across Samoan Communities". American Anthropologist 99: 342–54. 1997b – (with E. Ochs). "Syncretic Literacy in a Samoan American Family." In Lauren B. Resnick, Roger Säljö, Clotilde Pontecorvo and Barbara Burge (Eds.) Discourse, Tools, and Reasoning: Essays on Situated Cognition.Berlin: Springer, pp. 169–202. 1997c – "Universal and Culture-Specific Properties of Greetings." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 7: 63–97. 1997d – (with E. Ochs) "Syncretic Literacy in a Samoan American Family." In Discourse, Tools, and Reasoning: Essays on Situated Cognition. Eds.L.B. Resnick, R. Säljö, C. Pontecorvo and B. Burge. Berlin: Springer, pp. 169–202. 1997e – "Indexical Speech Across Samoan Communities." American Anthropologist 99: 342–54. 1997f – "Polyphonic Discourse: Overlapping in Samoan Ceremonial Greetings."Text 17:349-81. 2004 – "Jazz Improvisation: A Search for Hidden Harmonies and a Unique Self." Ricerche di Psicologia. 3, pp. 71–101. 2005 – "On Theories and Models." Discourse Studies 7:409-429.2006a – "Narrating the Political Self in a Campaign for the U.S. Congress." Language in Society 35(4): 467–97. 2006b – "The Social Ontology of Intentions." Discourse Studies 8 (1):31-40. 2008 – "Further Reflections on Reading Other Minds." Anthropological Quarterly 81(2):pp.483–494. 2009a – "The Relevance of Husserl's Theory to Language Socialization." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 19(2):205-226. 2009b – "The Force of Language and its Temporal Unfolding." Language in Life and a Life in Language: Jacob Mey – A Festschrift Ed. By Kenneth Turner and Bruce Fraser. Emerald Group Publishers, pp.63–71. 2010 – "Husserl, Intersubjectivity and Anthropology." Anthropological Theory 10(1):1-20. 2011 – "Linguistic Anthropology: Language as a Non-Neutral Medium." The Cambridge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Ed. By Raj Mesthrie. Cambridge University Press.2012a – "Anthropology and Linguistics." In ASA Handbook of Social Anthropology, ed. by Richard Fandon, O. Harris, T. H.J. Marchand, M. Nuttall, C. Shore, V. Strang, and R.A. Wilson. Los Angeles & London: Sage, pp. 12–23. 2012b – (with S. Black) "Socialization and Improvisation."In A<mask>, E. Ochs, and B.B. Schieffelin (Eds.) Handbook of Language Socialization. Malden, Mass. : Wiley-Blackwell. 2013 – "Husserl." In Encyclopedia of Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology, edited by R. J. McGee and R. L. Warms.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2014 – (with J. Throop) "Attention, Ritual Glitches, and Attentional Pull: The President and the Queen." Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. November Issue, pp. 1–28. References

External links

University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Italian emigrants to the United States
Linguists
Writers from Rome
1950 births
Living people

masks:
Alessandro Duranti
Duranti
Duranti
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. Duranti


texts:
<mask> ( ) ( – March 6, 1836) was a 19th-century American pioneer, slave smuggler and trader, and soldier who played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution. He was among the Americans who died at the Battle of the Alamo. Stories of him as a fighter and frontiersman, both real and fictitious, have made him a legendary figure in Texas history and a folk hero of American culture. <mask> was born in Kentucky. He spent most of his life in Louisiana, where he was raised and where he later worked as a land speculator. His rise to fame began in 1827 on reports of the Sandbar Fight near present-day Vidalia, Louisiana. What began as a duel between two other men deteriorated into a mêlée in which <mask>, having been shot and stabbed, killed the sheriff of Rapides Parish with a large knife.This, and other stories of <mask>'s prowess with a knife, led to the widespread popularity of the <mask> knife. <mask> enlarged his reputation during the Texas Revolution. After moving to Texas in 1830, <mask> became a Mexican citizen and married Ursula Veramendi, the daughter of Juan Martín de Veramendi, the Mexican vice-governor of the province. <mask> led an expedition to find the lost San Saba mine, during which his small party repelled an attack by a large Native American raiding party. This enhanced his reputation, although they didn't find the mine. At the outbreak of the Texas Revolution, <mask> joined the Texas militia, leading forces at the Battle of Concepción and the Grass Fight. In January 1836, he arrived at the Alamo, where he commanded the volunteer forces until an illness left him bedridden.<mask> died on March 6, with the other Alamo defenders. Despite conflicting accounts of his death, the "most popular, and probably the most accurate" accounts maintain that he died in his bed while defending himself against Mexican soldiers. Early years
According to his older brother, John, <mask> was born in Logan County, Kentucky, on March 10, 1796 (Historical marker: 36° 46' 25"N 86° 42' 10"W). In his 1948 book, <mask> Knife, historian Raymond Thorp gives <mask>'s birth date as April 10 but does not support it with any documentation. <mask>'s surname was pronounced  . (Some reference works refer to an incorrect alternate pronunciation  ). <mask> was the ninth of ten children born to Reason (or Rezin) and Elve Ap-Catesby (née Jones, or Johns) <mask>.His father was wounded while fighting in the American Revolutionary War, and in 1782 he married Elve, the young woman who nursed him back to health. The <mask>s first settled in Georgia and then moved to Kentucky. At the time of <mask>'s birth, his father owned eight enslaved African Americans, eleven head of cattle, seven horses, and one stud horse. The following year, the family acquired  along the Red River. They sold that property in 1800 and relocated to what is now Missouri. In 1802, they moved south to Spanish Louisiana, where they settled on Bushley Bayou in what soon became Rapides Parish. The family moved again in 1809, settling on Bayou Teche in Louisiana before finding a permanent home in Opelousas in 1812.Raised on the frontier, the <mask> children worked from a young age, helping to clear the land and plant and cultivate crops. All the children learned to read and write in English, but <mask> and his elder brother Rezin could also read, write, and speak Spanish and French fluently. The children learned to survive on the frontier, learning how to fish, butcher meat, and run a farm and plantation. <mask> became proficient with pistol, rifle, and knife, and had a reputation for fearlessness. When he was a boy, one of his Native American friends taught him to rope alligators. In late 1814, in response to General Andrew Jackson's plea for volunteers to fight the British in the War of 1812, <mask> and Rezin enlisted in the Louisiana militia. The <mask> brothers arrived in New Orleans too late to participate in the fighting.After mustering out of the militia, <mask> settled in Rapides Parish. He supported himself by sawing planks and lumber, and floating them down the bayou for sale. In June 1819, he joined the Long Expedition, an effort to liberate Texas from Spanish rule. The group encountered little resistance and, after capturing Nacogdoches, declared Texas an independent republic. The extent of <mask>'s participation is unclear, but he returned to Louisiana before the invasion was repelled by Spanish troops. Land speculator and slave smuggler
Shortly before the senior <mask> died, circa 1820, he gave ten slaves and horses and cattle to both <mask> and Rezin. For the next seven years, the brothers worked together to develop several large estates in Lafourche Parish and Opelousas.Louisiana's population was growing rapidly, and the brothers hoped to take advantage of its rising land prices through speculation. Lacking the capital required to buy large tracts, in 1818 they entered into a partnership with pirate Jean Lafitte. By then, the United States had outlawed the importation of slaves from Africa. Most Southern states gave incentives for informing on an illegal slave trader: Informers could receive half of what the imported slaves would earn at auction, as a reward. <mask> made three trips to Lafitte's compound on Galveston Island. On each occasion, he bought smuggled slaves and took them directly to a customhouse to inform on his own actions. When the customs officers offered the slaves for auction, <mask> purchased them and received back half the price he had paid, as allowed by the state laws.He could legally transport the slaves and resell them at a greater market value in New Orleans or areas farther up the Mississippi River. Using this scheme, the brothers collected $65,000 to use for their land speculation. In 1825, the two brothers joined with their younger brother, Stephen, to buy Acadia Plantation near Thibodaux. Within two years, they had established there the first steam mill in Louisiana for grinding sugar cane. The plantation became known as a model operation, but on February 12, 1831, they sold it and 65 slaves for $90,000. With their profits, <mask> and Rezin bought a plantation in Arkansas. In the late 1820s, <mask> and his brother John were involved in a major Arkansas court case over land speculation.When the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory in 1803, it promised to honor all former land grant claims made to French and Spanish colonists. For the next 20 years, efforts were made to establish who owned what land. In May 1824, Congress authorized the superior courts of each territory to hear suits from those who claimed they had been overlooked. In late 1827, the Arkansas Superior Court received 126 claims  from residents who claimed to have purchased land in former Spanish grants from the <mask> brothers. Although the Superior Court originally confirmed most of those claims, the decisions were reversed in February 1831, after further research showed that the land had never belonged to the <mask>s and that the original land grant documentation had been forged. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the reversal in 1833. When the disgruntled purchasers considered suing the <mask>s, they discovered that the documents in the case had been removed from the court.Left  without evidence, they declined to pursue the lawsuit. <mask> knife

<mask> became internationally famous as a result of a feud with Norris Wright, the sheriff of Rapides Parish. <mask> had supported Wright's opponent in the race for sheriff, and Wright, a bank director, had been instrumental in turning down a <mask> loan application. After a confrontation in Alexandria one afternoon, Wright fired a shot at <mask>, after which <mask> resolved to carry his hunting knife at all times. The knife he carried had a blade that was  long and  wide. The following year, on September 19, 1827, <mask> and Wright attended a duel on a sandbar outside of Natchez, Mississippi. <mask> supported duelist Samuel Levi Wells III, while Wright supported Wells's opponent, Dr. Thomas Harris Maddox.The duelists each fired two shots and, because neither man had been injured, resolved their duel with a handshake. Other members of the groups, who had various reasons for disliking each other, began fighting. <mask> was shot in the hip, and, after regaining his feet,:he drew a knife, described as a butcher knife, and charged his attacker. The man hit <mask> over the head with his empty pistol, breaking the pistol and knocking <mask> to the ground. Wright shot at and missed the prone <mask>, who returned fire and possibly hit Wright. Wright drew his sword cane and impaled <mask>. When Wright attempted to retrieve his blade by placing his foot on <mask>'s chest and tugging, <mask> pulled him down and disemboweled Wright with his large knife.Wright died instantly. <mask>, with Wright's sword still protruding from his chest, was shot again and stabbed by another member of the group. The doctors who had been present for the duel removed the bullets and patched <mask>'s other wounds. Newspapers picked up the story and named it the Sandbar Fight, describing in detail <mask>'s fighting prowess and his unusual knife. Witness accounts agreed that <mask> did not attack first, and the other combatants had focused their attack on <mask> because "they considered him the most dangerous man among their opposition." <mask>'s reputation as a superb knife fighter was set across the South. Scholars disagree as to whether the knife <mask> used in this fight was the same design as the blade, now known as a <mask> knife, fabricated by a knifemaker in Arkansas who created another renowned large blade known as the Arkansas toothpick.There are multiple accounts of the design and fabrication of the first Bowie knife. Some claim that <mask> designed it, while others attribute the design to noted knife makers of the time. In a letter to The Planter's Advocate, his brother Rezin claimed to have designed the knife. Many <mask> family members, as well as "most authorities on the Bowie knife tend to believe it was invented by" Rezin. However, Rezin <mask>'s grandchildren said that Rezin only supervised his blacksmith, who was the designer of the knife. After the Sandbar Fight and subsequent battles in which <mask> used his knife in self-defense, the Bowie knife became very popular. Many craftsmen and manufacturers made their own versions, and major cities of the Old Southwest had "Bowie knife schools" that taught "the art of cut, thrust, and parry."<mask>'s fame, and that of his knife, spread to Great Britain, and by the early 1830s, many British manufacturers were producing Bowie knives for shipment to the United States. The design of the knife continued to evolve, but a Bowie knife is now generally considered to have a blade  long and  wide, with a curved point, a "sharp false edge cut from both sides", and a cross-guard to protect the user's hands. Establishment in Texas
In 1828, after recovering from the wounds he received in the Sandbar Fight, <mask> decided to move to Coahuila y Texas, at that time a state in the Mexican federation. The 1824 Constitution of Mexico banned religions other than Roman Catholicism and gave preference to Mexican citizens in receiving land. <mask> was baptized into the Roman Catholic faith in San Antonio on April 28, 1828, sponsored by the alcalde (chief administrator) of the town, Juan Martín de Veramendi, and his wife, Josefa Navarro. For the next 18 months, <mask> traveled through Louisiana and Mississippi. In 1829, he became engaged to Cecilia Wells, but she died in Alexandria on September 29, two weeks before they were to be married.On January 1, 1830, <mask> left Louisiana to live in Texas, permanently. He stopped at Nacogdoches, at Jared E. Groce's farm on the Brazos River, and in San Felipe, where he presented a letter of introduction from Thomas F. McKinney, one of the Old Three Hundred colonists, to Stephen F. Austin. On February 20, <mask> swore an oath of allegiance to Mexico and proceeded to San Antonio de Bexar. At the time, the city was known as Bexar and had a population of 2500, mostly of Mexican descent. <mask>'s fluency in Spanish helped him to get established in the area. <mask> was elected a commander of the Texas Rangers later that year, with the rank of colonel. Although the Rangers would not be organized officially until 1835, Austin had founded the group by hiring 30 men to keep the peace and protect the colonists from attacks by hostile Native Americans.Other areas assembled similar volunteer militias. <mask> commanded a group of  volunteers. <mask> renounced his American citizenship and became a Mexican citizen on September 30, 1830, after promising to establish textile mills in the state of Coahuila y Tejas. To fulfill his promise, <mask> entered into partnership with Veramendi to build cotton and wool mills in Saltillo. With his citizenship assured, <mask> had the right to buy up to 11 leagues of public land. He convinced 14 or 15 other citizens to apply for land and transfer it to him, giving him 700,000 acres (280,000 ha) for speculation. <mask> may have been the first to induce settlers to apply for empresario grants, which could be sold in bulk to speculators, as <mask> had.The Mexican government passed laws in 1834 and 1835 that stopped much of the land speculation. On April 25, 1831, <mask> married nineteen-year-old Maria Ursula de Veramendi, the daughter of his business partner, who had become the vice governor of the province. Several days before the ceremony, he signed a dowry contract promising to pay his new bride 15,000 pesos (approximately $15,000 then, or $ today) in cash or property within two years of the marriage. At the time, <mask> claimed to have a net worth of $223,000 ($ today), mostly in land of questionable title. <mask> also lied about his age, claiming to be 30 rather than 35. The couple built a house in San Antonio, on land Veramendi had given them near the San José Mission. After a short time, however, they moved into the Veramendi Palace to live with Ursula's parents, who supplied them with spending money.The couple had two children, Marie Elve (b. March 20, 1832) and <mask> <mask> (b. July 18, 1833). Maria Ursula, her parents, and both children died in September 1833 during a cholera epidemic that swept through the South and along major waterways.

] Los Almagres Mine

Shortly after his marriage, <mask> became fascinated with the story of the "lost" Los Almagres Mine (also known as the lost San Saba Mine and the lost Bowie Mine), said to be northwest of San Antonio, near the ruin of the Spanish Mission Santa Cruz de San Saba. According to legend, the mine had been operated by local Native Americans before being seized by the Spanish. After Mexico won independence from Spain, government interest in mining waned. A number of native groups roamed the area, including Comanche, Lipan Apache, Tawakoni, and Tonkawa.Without government troops to keep hostile natives at bay, mining and mineral exploration were impossible. Some believed that the Lipan took over the mine after the Mexican citizens left the area.of

After obtaining permission from the Mexican government to mount an expedition into Indian territory to search for the legendary silver mine, <mask>, his brother Rezin, and ten others set out for San Saba on November 2, 1831. Six miles (10 km) from their goal, the group stopped to negotiate with a large raiding party—reportedly more than 120 Tawakoni and Waco, plus another 40 Caddo. The attempts at parley failed, and <mask> and his group fought for their lives for the next 13 hours. When the  raiding party finally retreated, <mask> reportedly had lost only one man, while more than 40 Indians had been killed and 30 were wounded. In the meantime, a party of friendly Comanche rode into San Antonio bringing word of the raiding party, which outnumbered the <mask> expedition by 14 to 1. The citizens of San Antonio believed the members of the <mask> expedition must have perished, and <mask> began wearing widow's weeds.To the town's surprise, the surviving members of the group returned to San Antonio on December 6. <mask>'s report of the expedition, written in Spanish, was printed in several newspapers, further establishing his reputation. He set out again the following month, with a larger force, but returned home empty-handed after two-and-a-half months of searching. <mask> never talked about his exploits, despite his increasing fame. Captain William Y. Lacey, who spent eight months living in the wilderness with <mask>,

masks:
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 described him as a humble man who never used profanity or vulgarities. Texas Revolution

Texan rumblings
Between 1830 and 1832, the Mexican Congress passed a series of laws that seemed to discriminate against Anglo colonists in the province of Coahuila y Tejas, increasing tension between the Anglo citizenry and Mexican officials. In response to the rumblings, Mexican troops established military posts in several locations within the province, including San Antonio de Béxar.Although much of the military supported the administration of President Anastasio Bustamante, Antonio López de Santa Anna led an insurrection against him in 1832. Anglo colonists in Texas supported Santa Anna and General José Antonio Mexía, who led soldiers into Texas to oust commanders loyal to Bustamante. In July 1832, after hearing that the Mexican army commander in Nacogdoches, José de las Piedras, had demanded that all residents in his area surrender their arms, <mask> cut short a visit to Natchez to return to Texas. On August 2, 1832, he joined a group of other Texans and marched into Nacogdoches to "present their demands" to Piedras. Before the group reached the building housing the town officials, they were attacked by a force of 100 Mexican cavalry. The Texans returned fire and the Battle of Nacogdoches began. After the cavalry retreated, they laid siege to the garrison.After a second battle, in which Piedras lost 33 men, the Mexican army evacuated during the night. <mask> and 18 companions ambushed the fleeing army and, after Piedras fled, marched the soldiers back to Nacogdoches. <mask> later served as a delegate to the Convention of 1833, which formally requested that Texas become its own state within the Mexican federation. Several months later, a cholera epidemic struck Texas. Fearing the disease would reach San Antonio, <mask> sent his pregnant wife and their daughter to the family estate in Monclova, in the company of her parents and brother. The cholera epidemic  struck Monclova, and between September 6 and September 14, Ursula, their children, her brother, and her parents all died of the disease. <mask>, on business in Natchez, did not hear of his family's deaths until November.From then on, he drank heavily and became "careless in his dress." The following year, the Mexican government passed new laws allowing sale of land in Texas, and <mask> returned to land speculation. He was appointed a land commissioner and was tasked with promoting settlement in the area purchased by John T. Mason. His appointment ended in May 1835, when President Antonio López de Santa Anna abolished the Coahuila y Tejas government and ordered the arrest of all Texans (including <mask>) doing business in Monclova. <mask> was forced to flee Monclova and return to the Anglo areas of Texas. The Anglos in Texas began agitating for war against Santa Anna, and <mask> worked with William B. Travis, the leader of the War Party, to gain support. <mask> visited several Native American villages in East Texas in an attempt to persuade the reluctant tribes to fight against the Mexican government.Santa Anna responded to the rumblings by ordering large numbers of Mexican troops to Texas. Battle of Concepción
The Texas Revolution began on October 2, 1835, with the Battle of Gonzales. Stephen F. Austin formed an army of 500 men to march on the Mexican forces in San Antonio with the cannon that had precipitated the fight. The name "Texian Army" is sometimes applied to this militia. On October 22, Austin asked <mask>. Fannin and <mask>, now a colonel in the volunteer militia, to scout the area around the missions of San Francisco de la Espada and San José y San Miguel de Aguayo and find supplies for the volunteer forces. The scouting party left with 92 men, many of them members of the New Orleans Grays, who had just arrived in Texas. After discovering a good defensive position near Mission Concepción, the group requested that Austin's army join them.On the foggy morning of October 28, Mexican General Domingo Ugartechea led a force of 300 infantry and cavalry soldiers and two small cannons against the Texian forces. Although the Mexican army was able to get within 200 yards (183 m), the Texian defensive position protected them from fire. When the Mexicans stopped to reload their cannon, the Texians climbed a bluff and picked off some of the soldiers. The stalemate ended shortly after <mask> led a charge to seize one of the Mexican cannons, at that time only 80 yards (73 m) away. Ugartechea retreated with his troops, ending the Battle of Concepción. One Texian and ten Mexican troops had been killed. One of the men under <mask>'s command during the battle later praised him "as a born leader, never needlessly spending a bullet or imperiling a life, who repeatedly admonished... Keep under cover boys, and reserve your fire; we haven't a man to spare."Grass Fight and commission difficulties
An hour after the battle ended, Austin arrived with the rest of the Texian army to begin a siege of San Antonio de Béxar, where General Martín Perfecto de Cós, the overall commander of Mexican forces in Texas, and his troops were garrisoned. Two days later, <mask> resigned from Austin's army because he did not have an official commission in the army, and he disliked the "minor tasks of scouting and spying". On November 3, 1835, Texas declared itself an independent state, and a provisional government was formed, with Henry Smith of Brazoria elected provisional governor. Austin asked to be relieved of his command of the army, and Sam Houston was named army chief. Edward Burleson was chosen as temporary commander of the troops in San Antonio. At some point, <mask> appeared before the council and spoke for an hour, asking for a commission. The council refused his request, probably because of lingering animosity over his land dealings.Houston offered <mask> a commission as an officer on his staff, but <mask> rejected the opportunity, explaining that he wanted to be in the midst of the fighting. Instead, <mask> enlisted in the army as a private under Fannin. He distinguished himself again in the Grass Fight on November 26. Cós had sent approximately 187 men to cut grass for his horses. As they returned to San Antonio, <mask> took 60 mounted men to intercept the party, which they believed carried valuable cargo. The Mexican troops quickened their pace in hopes of reaching the safety of the city, but <mask> and his cavalry chased them. At the end of the fight, the Texians had two wounded men but had captured many horses and mules.Shortly after <mask> left San Antonio, Ben Milam led an assault on the city. In the ensuing fighting, the Texians suffered only a few casualties, including Miliam, while the Mexican army lost many troops to death and desertion. Cós surrendered and returned to Mexico, taking with him the last Mexican troops in Texas. Believing the war was over, many of the Texian volunteers left the army and returned to their families. In early January 1836, <mask> went to San Felipe and asked the council to allow him to recruit a regiment. He was turned down again, because he "was not an officer of the government nor army." Battle of the Alamo

After Houston received word that Santa Anna was leading a large force to San Antonio, <mask> offered to lead volunteers to defend the Alamo from the expected attack.He arrived with 30 men on January 19. They found a force of 104 men with a few weapons and a few cannons, but not many supplies and little gunpowder. Houston knew that there were not enough men to hold the fort in an attack, and he gave <mask> authority to remove the artillery and blow up the fortification. <mask> and the Alamo commander, <mask>. Neill, decided they did not have enough oxen to move the artillery, and they did not want to destroy the fortress. On January 26, one of <mask>'s men, <mask>, organized a rally that passed a resolution in favor of holding the Alamo. Bonham signed the resolution first,  <mask>'s signature came second. Because of <mask>'s fluency in Spanish and his connections through of his marriage, the predominantly Mexican population of San Antonio often furnished him with information about the movements of the Mexican army.After learning that Santa Anna had 4,500 troops and was heading for the city, <mask> wrote several letters to the provisional government asking for help in defending the Alamo, especially "men, money, rifles, and cannon powder". In another letter, to Governor Smith, he reiterated his view that "the salvation of Texas depends in great measure on keeping Béxar out of the hands of the enemy. It serves as the frontier picquet guard, and if it were in the possession of Santa Anna, there is no stronghold from which to repel him in his march toward the Sabine." The letter to Smith ended, "Colonel Neill and myself have come to the solemn resolution that we will rather die in these ditches than give it up to the enemy." On February 3, Davy Crockett appeared with thirty Tennesseans. Neill went on furlough on February 11 to visit his sick family, leaving Travis, a member of the regular army, in command. <mask> was older than Travis, had a better reputation and considered himself a colonel, thus outranking Travis, who was a lieutenant colonel.<mask> refused to answer to Travis, who called an election for the men to choose their own commander. They chose <mask>, infuriating Travis. <mask> celebrated his appointment by getting very drunk and causing havoc in San Antonio, releasing all prisoners in the local jails and harassing citizens. Travis was disgusted, but two days later the men agreed to a joint command: <mask> would command the volunteers, and Travis would command the regular army and the volunteer cavalry. On February 23, the bells of San Fernando sounded the alarm for the approach of the Mexicans. Travis ordered all the Texan forces into the Alamo. <mask> hurried to gather provisions and herd cattle into the Alamo compound.Fearing for the safety of his wife's relatives in San Antonio, <mask> invited her cousins,p Getrudis Navarro and Juana Navarro Alsbury, as well as Alsbury's 18-month-old son, Alijo Perez Jr., to stay inside the walls of the Alamo. <mask> also brought several black servants, some of whom worked at the Veramendi Palace, into the security of the Alamo fortress. <mask> had been ill, and two doctors, including the fort surgeon, were unable to diagnose his illness. Travis became the sole commander of the forces when <mask> was confined to bed. Santa Anna and his army began a siege of the Alamo on February 24. The Mexican army raised a red flag to warn the defenders that no quarter would be given. <mask> and Travis began sending out couriers with pleas for provisions and assistance.On February 25,Travis sent Juan Seguin, on <mask>'s horse, to recruit reinforcements, and  arrived. On February 26, Crockett reported that <mask>, though suffering from his affliction, continued to crawl from his bed around noon every day and present himself to the Alamo's inhabitants, which much boosted the morale of his comrades. Thirty-five years after the Alamo fell, a reporter identified Louis "Moses" Rose as the only man to have "deserted" the Texian forces at the Alamo. According to the reporter's version of Rose's account, when Travis realized that the Mexican army would likely prevail, he drew a line in the sand and asked those willing to die for the cause to cross the line. At <mask>'s request, Crockett and several others carried his cot over the line, leaving Rose alone on the other side. After this article appeared, several other eyewitnesses confirmed the account, but because Rose was deceased the story can only be authenticated by the word of the reporter, who admitted to embellishing other articles, "and thus many historians refuse to believe it." <mask> perished with the rest of the Alamo defenders when the Mexicans attacked on March 6.Most of the noncombatants in the fort, including <mask>'s relatives, survived. Santa Anna ordered the alcalde of San Antonio, Francisco Antonio Ruiz, to confirm the identities of <mask>, Travis, and Crockett. After first ordering that <mask> be buried, as he was too brave a man to be burned like a dog, Santa Anna later had <mask>'s body placed with those of the other Texians on the funeral pyre. When <mask>'s mother was informed of his death, she calmly stated, "I'll wager no wounds were found in his back." Various eyewitnesses to the battle gave conflicting accounts of <mask>'s death. A newspaper article claimed that a Mexican soldier saw <mask> carried from his room on his cot, alive, after the conclusion of the battle. The soldier maintained that <mask> castigated a Mexican officer in fluent Spanish, and the officer ordered <mask>'s tongue cut out and his still-breathing body thrown onto the funeral pyre.This account has been disputed by numerous other witnesses, and it is thought to have been invented by the reporter. Other witnesses maintained that they saw several Mexican soldiers enter <mask>'s room, bayonet him, and carry him, alive, from the room. Various other stories circulated. Some witnesses claimed that <mask> shot himself. Others said he was killed by soldiers while too weak to lift his head. Alcalde Ruiz said that <mask> was found "dead in his bed." According to Wallace O Chariton, the "most popular, and probably the most accurate" version is that <mask> died on his cot, "back braced against the wall, and using his pistols and his famous knife."One year after the battle, Juan Seguin returned to the Alamo and gathered the remaining ashes from the funeral pyre. He placed these in a coffin inscribed with the names of <mask>, Travis, and Crockett. The ashes were interred at the Cathedral of San Fernando. Legacy

Despite his continual claims of wealth, <mask>'s estate was found to be very small. His possessions were auctioned for only $99.50. His larger legacy is his position as "one of the legendary characters of the American frontier." <mask> left a "frustratingly sparse paper trail" of his life, and for many "where history failed, the legends prevailed."Although <mask>'s name and knife were well known during his lifetime, his legend grew after October 1852, when DeBow's Review published an article written by his brother, John Jones <mask>, called, "Early Life in the Southwest—The <mask>s." The article focused primarily on the exploits of <mask>. Beginning with that article, "romanticized stories" about <mask> began appearing in national press. In many cases, "these stories were pure melodrama, with <mask> rescuing some naïve planter's son or damsel in distress." <mask> was inducted posthumously into the Blade Magazine Cutlery Hall of Fame at the 1988 Blade Show in Atlanta, Georgia, in recognition of the impact that his eponymous design had upon generations of knife makers and cutlery companies. A number of films have depicted the events of the Battle of the Alamo, and <mask> has appeared as a character in each. Alan Ladd plays <mask> in The Iron Mistress, a 1952 film that begins near Bayou Sara in 1825 and ends with his marriage to Ursula Veramendi (Phyllis Kirk) and therefore never shows the Battle of the Alamo.From 1956 to 1958, <mask> was the subject of a CBS television series, The Adventures of <mask>, which was primarily set in 1830s Louisiana, although later episodes ventured into the Mexican province of Texas. The show, which starred Scott Forbes as <mask>, was based on the 1946 novel Tempered Blade. Rock star <mask>, who was born David Robert Hayward-Jones, adopted the folk legend's surname. Jones changed his last name in the 1960s because he feared confusion with Davy Jones, a member of the already famous The Monkees. He chose the <mask> eponym because he admired <mask> and the <mask> knife, although his pronunciation uses the  () variant. Bowie County in northeast Texas, and the city of Bowie in Montague County, Texas, were both named in honor of <mask>. <mask> Elementary in Corsicana, Texas was also named in his honor.Notes

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References

1796 births
1836 deaths
18th-century American people
19th-century American people
People of the Texas Revolution
Army of the Republic of Texas officers
Alamo defenders
Texas Consultation delegates
Military personnel killed in action
Deaths by firearm in Texas
American folklore
American slave traders
American slave owners
Converts to Roman Catholicism
People from Kentucky
People from Logan County, Kentucky
People from Opelousas,

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texts:
<mask> (29 September 1855 – 19 November 1929) was an Italian composer, conductor and pianist who spent most of his professional life in Dublin, Ireland. <mask> was born at Castellamare di Stabia, near Sorrento. As a boy he entered the conservatory of Naples as a piano pupil of Beniamino Cesi (1845–1907, himself a favourite pupil of Thalberg), and studied composition there for 8 years under Paolo Serrao (1830–1907, teacher of Francesco Cilea and others). He was a near-contemporary of Giuseppe Martucci, and a few years the senior of Alessandro Longo, both taught by these teachers. In 1878, he went to Paris for several years. In 1879, he married Natalia Klebnikoff (1857–1944), who hailed from St Petersburg. They had four children, including the noted scholar <mask>.Teacher, pianist and conductor
<mask> became chief pianoforte professor at the Royal Irish Academy of Music in 1882, and remained there for more than forty years, devoting himself to the encouragement of classical music in Dublin. He inaugurated the Royal Dublin Society chamber-music recitals, with great success, and gave piano recitals for the Society every year. He established the Dublin Orchestral Society in 1898 and was its conductor until its disbandment in 1914, and he was also the conductor of the Sunday Orchestral Concerts until they were discontinued in 1914. He conducted concerts of the London Symphony Orchestra at Woodbrook in 1913 and 1914, and also performed his piano concerto with them under the baton of Hamilton Harty. Together with Sir Stanley Cochrane, he founded the music publishing company "C. E. Edition". In the year before his death he returned to Italy and died in Florence. Composer
<mask> received awards from the Feis Ceoil for his cantata Deirdre, his Irish Symphony and his String Quartet in D major.His Cello Sonata won a prize from the London Incorporated Society of Musicians in 1899. His Violin Sonata in E minor gained a prize offered by La Société Nouvelle, Paris, in 1907, and his String Quartet in C minor won another offered by the Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna. Works

Stage
 The Post Bag, Op. 52 (Alfred Perceval Graves), 1-act opera (1901; vocal score, London: Boosey & Co., 1902)
 The Tinker and the Fairy, Op. 53 (Douglas Hyde), 1-act opera (1904; vocal score, Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1910)
 Peggy Machree ("Patrick Bidwell" = Elizabeth Curtis O'Sullivan), romantic comedy with music (1904; three songs published in New York: Church, 1908)

Vocal with orchestra
 Deirdre, Op. 38 (Thomas William Rolleston), cantata for soli, chorus and orchestra (1897; vocal score, Dublin: Pigott & Co., 1899)

Orchestra (incl. concertos)
 Piano Concerto, Op.18 (perf. 1878 in Naples, unpublished)
 Sinfonia, Op. 24 (1874, unpublished)
 Scherzo fugoso (c.1895, unpublished)
 Poem for harp and orchestra, Op. 44 (1898, unpublished)
 Othello, overture, Op. 45 (1900, unpublished)
 Oriental Suite, Op. 47 (1900, unpublished)
 Fantasia for two pianos and orchestra, Op. 48 (c.1901, unpublished)
 Sinfonia irlandese / Irish Symphony, Op.50 (1902, Dublin: An Gúm, 1955)
 Irish Suite, Op. 55 (c.1903; Dublin: C.E. Music Publishers, 1915)
 Piano Concerto [No. 2] in F minor, Op. 68 (1912, unpublished)
 Neapolitan Suite, Op. 69 (c.1923; Dublin: C.E. Music Publishers, 1927?)Chamber music
 Piano Trio, Op. 9 (c.1877, unpublished)
 Piano Quartet [No. 1], Op. 12 (1877, unpublished)
 Piano Quartet [No. 2], Op. 17 (1878, unpublished)
 Movement for String Quartet, Op. 21 (1882, unpublished)
 Two Pieces for Viola and Piano, Op.22 (1881, unpublished)
 Violin Sonata [No. 1] in G major, Op. 32 (1881; London and Leipzig: Stanley Lucas, Weber, Pitt & Hatzfeld, 1892; later reissued by Schott)
 String Quartet [No.1] in D major, Op. 33 (1886; Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1899)
 Tarantella for piano duet, Op. 35 (date?, Dublin: Pigott & Co., c.1900)
 Piano Quintet, Op. 42 (1898, unpublished)
 Cello Sonata in D major, Op. 43 (1898; Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1899)
 Violin Sonata [No.2] in E minor, Op. 46 (1899; Paris: G. Astruc, 1907)
 Irish Rhapsody No. 1 for violin and piano, Op. 51 (1901; Milan: Ricordi, 1909)
 Irish Rhapsody No. 2 for violin and piano, Op. 54 (1902; Milan: Ricordi, 1909)
 Five Irish Melodies for violin and piano, Op. 56 (Dublin: Pigott, 1903).Contains: Rich and Rare, The Coulin, Silent, O Moyle, Fly not yet, When through Life. Two Irish Airs for violin and piano, Op. 57 (London: Schott, c.1903). Contains: Farewell but whenever, Cradle Song; The Silver Tip, Irish reel. String Quartet [No. 2] in C minor, Op. 60 (1906; Dublin: C.E.Music Publishers, 1914)
 Violin Sonata [No. 3] in A major, Op. 67 (1913; Dublin: C.E. Music Publishers, n.d.)
 String Quartet [No. 3] in B flat major, Op. 70 (1923, unpublished)

Piano solo
 Pensiero malincolico, Op. 2 (date?; Milan: Ricordi, 1877)
 Scherzo [No. 1], Op. 3 (date? ; Milan: Lucca, 1879)
 Allegro, Op. 4 (date? ; Milan: Lucca, 1879)
 Allegretto, Op. 5 (date?; Milan: Lucca, 1877)
 Romanza, Op. 6 (date? ; Milan: Lucca, 1879)
 Album, Op. 7 (date? ; Milan: Lucca, 1879). Contains: Augurio, Malinconico, Duetto, Visione, Allegro appassionato. Fantasia, Op.8 (date? ; Milan: Lucca, 1879)
 Momento di fantasia, Op. 10 (date? ; Milan: Lucca, 1879)
 Capriccio, Op. 11 (date? ; Milan: Lucca, 1879)
 Quattro notturni, Op. 13 (date?; Milan: Lucca, 1879). Contains: Moderato, Andante, Sorrento (lento), Lento. Valzer op. 14 (date? ; Milan: Lucca, 1879)
 Lento, Op. 16 (date? ; contribution to album Alla memoria di Vincenzo Bellini, Milan: Ricordi, 1884)

 Due pezzi, Op.19 (date? ; Milan: Lucca, 1879). Contains: Andante tranquillo, Lento. Sei canzoni, Op. 23 (date? ; Milan: Lucca, 1880). Contains: Moderato, Lento, Allegro moderato, Andante, Moderato, Semplice.Valzer della polenta (1881; Milan: Ricordi, 1881)
 Tre pezzi caratteristici, Op. 26 (date? ; Milan: Ricordi, 1882)
 Scherzo [No. 2], Op. 28 (date? ; Dublin: Pohlmann & Co., c.1882)
 Two Pieces, Op. 29 (c.1883; Dublin: Pohlmann & Co., 1883).Contains: Serenata, Improvviso. Four Sketches, Op. 30 (c.1883; Dublin: Pohlmann & Co., 1883). Contains: Andantino, Animato, Moderato, Vivace. Progressive Studies, Op. 31 (c.1883; Dublin: Pohlmann & Co., 1883). Contains 2 books of 10 studies each.Notturno (date?, London: Ascherberg, 1885)
 Suite, Op. 34 (date? ; Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1902). Contains: Vol. 1: Prélude, Agitato-Tranquillo, Badinage; Vol. 2: Nocturne, Valse, Petite sérénade, Rêverie. Deux nocturnes, Op.36 (date? ; London: Forsyth, 1898). Contains: Lento, Andante. Deux valses, Op. 37 (date? ; London: Forsyth, 1898). Contains: Tempo di valse, Tempo lento di valse.Two Irish Melodies, Op. 39 (date? ; Dublin: Pigott & Co., 1896). Contains: Avenging and Bright, Though the Last Glimpse of Erin. Ballades, Op. 59 (date? ; Milan: Ricordi, 1907).Contains: Appassionato, Lento ed espressivo, Con moto ed energico. Three Pieces, Op. 61 (c.1912; Dublin: C.E. Music Publishers, 1930). Contains: Alba, Zenith, Tramonto. Impromptu, Op. 62 (1912; Dublin: C.E.Music Publishers, 1930)
 Remembrance, Op. 63 (1912; Dublin: C.E. Music Publishers, c.1930)
 A Village Fête, Op. 64 (1912; Dublin: C.E. Music Publishers, c.1930)
 Three Pieces, Op. 65 (1912; Dublin: C.E. Music Publishers, c.1930).Contains: Vain Regrets, In the Garden, At the Spinning Wheel
 Preludi, Op. 66 (1910-2; Milan: Ricordi, 1936, as part of op. 72 [nos. 2, 5, 9])
 My Irish Sketch Book, Op. 71 (date? ; Dublin: C.E. Music Publishers, 1932).12 pieces in 4 sets. Set 1: The Bard and the Fairy, The Rose-Tree, Dance and Song. Set 2: The Exile's Vision, A Song, Night Patrol. Set 3:  The Little Stack of Barley, Lullaby, Jig. Set 4: King James, A Lament, Bagpipes. Nove preludi, Op. 72 (1910–29, incorporating op.66; Milan: Ricordi, 1936). Contains: Allegro vivo e appassionato, Tempo di mazurka, Sostenuto, Allegro moderato, Languido, Andante moderato, Con moto e leggero, Con moto e grazioso, Lento (Pensiero elegiaco alle memoria di Giuseppe Martucci). Songs
 Canti di Lorenzo Stecchetti, Op. 15 (date? ; Milan: Lucca, 1879). Contains: Spes, ultima dea, Scritto supra un sasso, Fior di siepe. Trois mélodies (Théophile Gautier, Victor Hugo) (1880–1, unpublished).Details unknown. Tre Canti di Lorenzo Stecchetti, Op. 25 (1881, unpublished). Details unknown. Trois chansons, Op. 27 (Émile Blémont) (1881, unpublished). Details unknown.Three Irish Melodies, Op. 40 (George Sigerson) (date? ; Dublin: Pigott & Co., 1897). Contains: O Hush O, The Heather Glen, Mavourneen Mine. Irish Melodies, Op. 41 (poets unclear) (date?). One song published: The Lark in the Clear Air (Samuel Ferguson), Op.41.2 (Dublin: Pigott & Co., c.1898). Roseen Dhu, Irish Vocal Suite, Op. 49 (Alfred Perceval Graves) (1901; London: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1901). Contains: The Shadow of a Dream, My Rose of Hope, In Reasons Despite, Is it true?, Her Answer, The Clarion's Call, She Stood at my Side. The West's Awake (Thomas Davis) (date? ; London: Boosey & Co., 1901)
 Siubal na mona (Douglas Hyde) (date? ; London: Ricordi, 1911)
 Dear Land (John O'Hagan) (date?; Dublin: C.E. Music Publishers, c.1920)
 Rest, though Gentle Sea (anon.) (date? ; Dublin: C.E. Music Publishers, 1920)
 Two Shelley Songs (Percy Bysshe Shelley) (1905; Dublin: C.E. Music Publishers, 1921). Contains: Time Long Past, To Night.Choral, unaccompanied
 Seán Glas (anon.) (date? ; London: Vincent, 1913)

Recordings
 Ballades, Op. 59; Alla memoria di Vincenzo Bellini, Op. 16; 5 excerpts from My Irish Sketch Book, Op. 71; Preludes 1, 5, 2, 4, 9 from Nove preludi, Op. 72; Impromptu, Op.62; Three Pieces, Op. 61; A Village Fête, Op. 64; Nocturne, Valse, Rêverie (from Suite, Op. 34, vol. 2); Remembrance, Op. 63; Visione (from Album, Op. 7).Recorded by Míċeál O'Rourke (piano), on: <mask>: Works for Piano, Chandos CHAN 9675 (CD, 1998). Though the Last Glimpse of Erin from Two Irish Melodies, Op. 39; and Appassionato from Ballades, Op. 59 (no. 1). Recorded by Una Hunt (piano), on: Fallen Leaves from an Irish Album, RTÉ lyric fm CD 109 (CD, 2006). Violin Sonatas, Opp.32, 46, and 67, and Cello Sonata, Op. 43. Recorded by Mia Cooper (violin), William Butt (cello) and Lance Coburn (piano), on: Champs Hill Records CHRCD 066 (CD, 2013). Violin Sonatas, Opp. 32, 46, and 67; Irish Rhapsody No. 1, Op. 51; Irish Rhapsody No.2, Op. 54; nos. 2, 3, 5 from Five Irish Melodies, Op. 56; no. 2 from Two Irish Airs, Op. 57. Performed by Carmelo Andreani (violin) & Vincenzo Maltempo (piano), on Brilliant Classics 95102 (double CD, 2015).Bibliography

 Kees van Hoek: "<mask>ito. Maestro of Dublin", in: The Irish Monthly 71 (June 1943), pp. 223–30. G. L. Aiello [= <mask>]: Al musicista <mask> nel primo centenario della nascita (Comune di Castellamare di Stabia, 1955). Carla Di Lena: "<mask>ito", in: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana), vol. 43 (1993) (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/michele-esposito_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/). John Bowyer Bell: "Waiting for Mario.The Espositos, Joyce and Beckett", in: Éire-Ireland 30 (1995), pp. 7–26. Jeremy Dibble: <mask> (Dublin: Field Day, 2010), . References

External links

1855 births
1929 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Italian composers
19th-century Italian male musicians
19th-century pianists
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian conductors (music)
20th-century Italian male musicians
Composers for piano
Irish classical composers
Irish male classical composers
Irish opera composers
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian male conductors (music)
Italian male pianists
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers

masks:
Michele Esposito
Training Esposito
Mario Esposito
Esposito
Esposito
Esposito
Michele Espos
Mario Esposito
Michele Esposito
Michele Espos
Michele Esposito