texts:
 Catholics live in the global south, Pope Francis has to appeal to Catholics with very different values. He debated on RTÉ Radio with a Catholic Priest who said that he would not report child rape to the police if he heard about it in Confession. He told TV3's People's Debate on homophobia that the Catholic Church is overtly homophobic, and is becoming more so as its population shifts to the global South. He debated the Christian theologian William Lane Craig in University College Cork about the existence of God. Secular constitution
Nugent opposed the law against blasphemous libel introduced by Justice Minister Dermot Ahern. He described it as "silly and dangerous", and argued that ideas should always be open to criticism and ridicule.As part of the campaign, he was involved in the formation of the parody Church of Dermotology, which satirises organised religion and the concept of blasphemy, and in the launch of a website opposing the bill, called Blasphemy.ie. When the Irish blasphemy law came into force in 2010, Atheist Ireland published a list of 25 blasphemous quotes on its website to challenge it. The Justice Minister proposed that a referendum should be held to remove the offence of blasphemy from the Irish Constitution. Nugent told RTÉ that the Irish blasphemy law had caused Irish media to self-censor their output, saying that he had been told before several live interviews not to say anything blasphemous. When Irish police investigated comedian Stephen Fry for alleged blasphemy in 2017, Nugent welcomed the move because it highlighted a law that he said was "silly, silencing, and dangerous". When the police dropped the investigation because they could not find a large number of people who were outraged by Fry's comments, Nugent said that this created a dangerous incentive for people to demonstrate outrage when they see or hear something that they believe is blasphemous. In 2018 Nugent welcomed a new Government decision to hold a referendum to remove the offence of blasphemy from the constitution.He said that even in the absence of prosecutions the law was causing real damage to freedom of expression in Ireland, and to the country's reputation abroad. He said that it's never a good look when Pakistan, where people are killed for blasphemy, is speaking approvingly of your laws. Nugent told the Oireachtas health committee on abortion law to stop the unethical pattern of lawmaking by reacting to personal tragedies, and to base abortion law on human rights and compassion and not on religious doctrines. He supported a referendum in 2018 to remove the constitutional ban on abortion, saying it would enable pregnant women to make their own ethical decisions, based on their own conscience, but he added that he makes no claim that all atheists share this view. He asked  the Standards in Public Office Commission to examine the funding of the Catholic bishops' referendum campaign in support of retaining the Amendment. He asked the Irish Tánaiste (deputy prime minister) Eamon Gilmore, who is agnostic, to refuse to swear the religious oath that he had to swear as a member of the Council of State, but Gilmore said that he had taken legal advice and that he had a constitutional obligation to swear the oath. Secular education
Nugent campaigns for secular education in Ireland, including in an alliance between Atheist Ireland, the Evangelical Alliance of Ireland, and the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community of Ireland.He argues for secular schools that would not ignore religion, but would teach children about religions and beliefs in an objective, critical and pluralist manner, while respecting everybody's human rights. He launched the Schools Equality PACT in 2015, which outlined Atheist Ireland's plans for a fair education system. PACT is an acronym for four areas of legal change – Patronage, Access, Curriculum and Teaching. He argued that the Louise O'Keeffe judgment at the European Court of Human Rights could begin the end of State-supported religious discrimination in Irish schools. The European Court had told the Irish State it was responsible for protecting the human rights of children while in school, regardless of whether it runs the schools directly. Nugent said that Government plans in 2016 to encourage the Catholic Church to transfer patronage of primary schools would make the situation worse for most families, as the Catholic Church wanted a stronger Catholic ethos in the schools they would retain. He said that reducing teaching time for religion classes was not the most important issue because schools implement the religious ethos throughout the entire school day.Hibernia College, an online teacher-training institution in Dublin, removed slides from its religion module for primary teachers in 2012 at the request of Atheist Ireland. The course notes had said that atheist humanism produced the worst horrors history has ever witnessed. The following year Nugent announced a new project in which Atheist Ireland and Educate Together were preparing lessons about atheism that would be taught in Ireland's primary schools for the first time. He said this was necessary because the Irish education system has for too long been totally biased in favour of religious indoctrination. Nugent noted that Atheist Ireland was not pushing for atheist schools, but rather pluralistic, objective alternatives to religious ones. A Dublin school canceled an invitation to Nugent to address its final-year students on the basis that it would clash with its Catholic ethos. Church-state separation
Nugent also campaigns on other issues of church-state separation in Ireland.He said the Good Friday drink ban is silly, and that people should be able to drink in the same way on any Friday as they can on any Thursday or Saturday. When the law was repealed in 2018, he invited people to 'an evening of legalised normality' at Atheist Ireland's first ever Good Friday Atheists in the Pub session. Nugent criticised the question "What is your religion?" in the 2011 Irish census. He said the census should instead ask "Do you have a religion?" and "If so, what is it?" He asked nonreligious Irish people to tick the No Religion box.He warned that joke responses to the religion question in the census, being categorised as "not stated", potentially contribute to an underreporting of the number of non-religious people. He called for the removal of the daily Angelus from RTÉ, saying that it amounted to a free advert for the Catholic Church, and he debated the issue on RTÉ radio with Roger Childs, RTÉ's editor of religious programmes. When RTÉ unveiled a new-look 6pm TV Angelus, he argued that it is not the role of a public service broadcaster to take a Catholic call to prayer and turn it into something else. He told Radio Kerry that the placement of a cross in Kerry Council chamber represents the promotion of the supremacy of one religion over other religions and none. When Atheist Ireland declined an invitation to take part in the Government's commemorations of the 1916 Rising, Donald Clarke of the Irish Times said that Nugent and his team could hardly have seemed more out of touch if they'd sought to ban Christmas. International secularism
Nugent was given the award of International Atheist of the Year 2017 by the Kazimierz Lyszczynski Foundation in Warsaw, Poland, along with Fauzia Ilyas, founder of the Atheist & Agnostic Alliance Pakistan. He said that he accepted the award on behalf of all of the work done by everybody in Atheist Ireland.He argued for secularism and ethical atheism and against blasphemy laws at the Freedom From Religion Convention in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. He spoke at the 2010 Gods and Politics international atheist conference in Copenhagen, Denmark. Nugent spoke at the 2012 European Atheist Convention in Cologne, Germany, against blasphemy and apostasy laws. He said they were silly in western states and dangerous in Islamic states. He said on RTÉ that the Irish blasphemy law was influencing blasphemy debates at the United Nations and in Islamic countries. Speaking again in Germany in 2015, on the day of the Irish marriage equality referendum victory, he described the result as the start of the fall of Ireland's religious Berlin Wall. He and Jane Donnelly of Atheist Ireland briefed the United Nations Human Rights Committee in Geneva, Switzerland, before the UN questioned Ireland's human rights record under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.The following year, they briefed the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Geneva, Switzerland, before the UN questioned Ireland's human rights record, and told the Committee that Ireland repeatedly ignores the rights of atheists and non-Christian children in the education system. In 2016 they twice briefed the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, as the UN prepared to question Ireland's human rights record under the Covenant the Rights of the Child, and the Universal Periodic Review process. Nugent has spoken at several OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meetings in Warsaw, Poland, opposing discrimination against atheists and agnostics. He said that it was absurd to insist that we respect all religions and all prophets, and said that "we can respect your right to believe, while not respecting the content of your beliefs." He addressed a meeting in Brussels at which the Presidents of the European Commission, European Parliament and European Council discussed the fight against poverty and social exclusion with representatives of philosophical non-confessional organisations. In 2017 Nugent was part of a joint delegation from Atheist Ireland, the Evangelical Alliance of Ireland, and the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community of Ireland, to the United Nations Humans Rights Committee when the UN was questioning Pakistan about its human rights record. The three groups raised issues related to freedom of religion and belief, the Pakistan blasphemy law, and related violence including mob lynchings of Ahmadis, forced conversions of Christians, and disappearances of secular bloggers.Right to die
In 2011 Nugent's wife Anne Holliday died of cancer, after making plans to take her own life if she felt that she needed to. In 2012, Nugent, Tom Curran and Máirín de Burca founded Right To Die Ireland, a campaign group to legalise assisted suicide in Ireland. Tom Curran is the co-ordinator of Exit International Ireland, and Máirín De Burca is a former secretary of Official Sinn Féin. In 2013, when the Supreme Court ruled that Tom Curran's partner Marie Fleming did not have a constitutional right to assisted suicide, Nugent said on RTÉ that the law would have to catch up with the reality that terminally ill people will take their own ethical decisions based on their own personal conscience. In 2014, he told Today FM that the right to die is not merely about the act of dying, but also about the increased quality of life that comes from knowing that you have the option to end your suffering if you need to, and he told Newstalk radio that Right to Die Ireland was working with legal people and politicians to prepare a Bill on assisted dying for Dáil Éireann. In 2015, he welcomed California's vote to legalise assisted suicide, and he told BBC Radio Ulster that changes in the law in the UK and Ireland were inevitable as society became more compassionate. In 2016, he told RTÉ that people who wanted palliative care should have the right to palliative care, that people who want to die in a way of their choosing should have that right, and that terminally ill people and their loved ones should absolutely break the law to avoid unnecessary suffering.Media and talks
Nugent has been profiled or interviewed in the Irish Times, the Sunday Business Post, the Sunday Independent and the BBC Mundo Spanish language website. He has been interviewed on various broadcast media including the BBC World Service, NPR's All Things Considered, and RTÉ's Prime Time, Ryan Tubridy, Today with Pat Kenny, Spirit Moves, and Seoige and O'Shea. Nugent speaks and debates in Ireland and internationally. He has spoken in Ireland at Trinity College Dublin, University College Dublin, Dublin Institute of Technology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland Galway and Maynooth, the Royal College of Surgeons, and the Oireachtas Health Committee. He has addressed several United Nations human rights reviews in Geneva, Switzerland, and OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meetings in Warsaw, Poland. He has also spoken at the South Place Ethical Society in London, England in 2010; the Gods and Politics Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2010; the World Atheist Convention in Dublin, Ireland in 2011; the Muslim Debate Initiative in London, England in 2012; the European Atheist Conferences in Cologne, Germany in 2012 and 2015; the Oxford Union in England in 2013; the Freedom From Religion Foundation Convention in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA in 2014; the Rationalist International Conferences in Tallinn, Estonia in 2016, and Helsinki, Finland in 2017; the International Conference on Freedom of Conscience in London in 2017; the International Association of Freethought Congress in Paris in 2017, and the Days of Atheism in Warsaw, Poland in 2017 and 2018. References

External links
 <mask> Website
 <mask> on Twitter
 <mask> at IrishPlayography.Com

1961 births
Critics of religions
Irish humorists
Irish comedy writers
Irish dramatists and playwrights
Irish male dramatists and playwrights
Irish male non-fiction writers
Irish bloggers
Irish atheists
Living people
Alumni of Dublin Institute of Technology
Writers from Dublin (city)
20th-century atheists
21st-century atheists
Sentientists
Male

masks:
Michael Nugent
Michael Nugent
Michael Nugent


type: original

texts:
<mask> (24 November 1713 – 18 March 1768), an Anglo-Irish novelist and Anglican cleric, wrote the novels The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman and A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy, published sermons and memoirs, and indulged in local politics. He grew up in a military family travelling mainly in Ireland but briefly in England. An uncle paid for Sterne to attend Hipperholme Grammar School in the West Riding of Yorkshire, as Sterne's father was ordered to Jamaica, where he died of malaria some years later. He attended Jesus College, Cambridge on a sizarship, gaining bachelor's and master's degrees. While Vicar of Sutton-on-the-Forest, Yorkshire, he married Elizabeth Lumley in 1741. His ecclesiastical satire A Political Romance infuriated the church and was burnt. With his new talent for writing, he published early volumes of his best-known novel, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman.Sterne travelled to France to find relief from persistent tuberculosis, documenting his travels in A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy, published weeks before his death. His posthumous Journal to Eliza addresses Eliza Draper, for whom he had romantic feelings. Sterne died in 1768 and was buried in the yard of St George's, Hanover Square. His body was said to have been stolen after burial and sold to anatomists at Cambridge University, but recognised and reinterred. His ostensible skull was found in the churchyard and transferred to Coxwold in 1969 by the Laurence Sterne Trust. Biography

Early life and education

<mask> was born in Clonmel, County Tipperary on 24 November 1713. His father, <mask>, was an ensign in a British regiment recently returned from Dunkirk.His great-grandfather <mask> had been the Master of Jesus College, Cambridge as well as the Archbishop of York. <mask> was the youngest son of <mask>'s youngest son and consequently, Roger Sterne inherited little of <mask>'s wealth. Roger Sterne left his family and enlisted in the army at the age of 25; he enlisted uncommissioned, which was unusual for someone from a family of high social position. Despite being promoted to an officer, he was of the lowest commission and lacked financial resources. Roger Sterne married Agnes Hobert, the widow of a military captain. Agnes was "born in Flanders but... was in fact Anglo-Irish and lived for much of her life in Ireland." The first decade of <mask>e's life was spent from place to place, as his father was regularly reassigned to a new (usually Irish) garrison."Other than a three-year stint in a Dublin townhouse, the Sternes never lived anywhere for more than a year between <mask>'s birth and his departure for boarding school in England a few months shy of his eleventh birthday. Besides Clonmel and Dublin, the Sternes also lived in Wicklow Town; Annamoe, Co. Wicklow; Drogheda, Co. Louth; Castlepollard, Co. Westmeath; Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim; and Derry City." In 1724, "shortly before the family's arrival in Derry," Roger took Sterne to his wealthy brother, Richard, so that <mask> could attend Hipperholme Grammar School near Halifax. <mask> never saw his father again as Roger was ordered to Jamaica where he died of malaria in 1731. <mask> was admitted to a sizarship at Jesus College, in July 1733 at the age of 20. He graduated with a degree of Bachelor of Arts in January 1737 and returned in the summer of 1740 to be awarded his Master of Arts degree. Early career
Sterne was ordained as a deacon on 6 March 1737 and as a priest on 20 August 1738.His religion is said to have been the "centrist Anglicanism of his time", known as "latitudinarianism". A few days after his ordination as a priest, Sterne was awarded the vicarage living of Sutton-on-the-Forest in Yorkshire. Sterne married Elizabeth Lumley on 30 March 1741, despite both being ill with consumption. In 1743, he was presented to the neighbouring living of Stillington by Rev. Richard Levett, Prebendary of Stillington, who was patron of the living. Subsequently, Sterne did duty both there and at Sutton. He was also a prebendary of York Minster.Sterne's life at this time was closely tied with his uncle, Jaques <mask>, the Archdeacon of Cleveland and Precentor of York Minster. Sterne's uncle was an ardent Whig, and urged Sterne to begin a career of political journalism which resulted in some scandal for Sterne and, eventually, a terminal falling-out between the two men. This falling out occurred after Sterne ended his political career in 1742. He had previously written anonymous propaganda for the York Gazetteer from 1741 to 1742. <mask> lived in Sutton for twenty years, during which time he kept up an intimacy which had begun at Cambridge with John Hall-Stevenson, a witty and accomplished bon vivant, owner of Skelton Hall in the Cleveland district of Yorkshire. Writing

Sterne wrote a religious satire work called A Political Romance in 1759. Many copies of his work were destroyed.According to a 1760 anonymous letter, Sterne "hardly knew that he could write at all, much less with humour so as to make his reader laugh". At the age of 46, Sterne dedicated himself to writing for the rest of his life. It was while living in the countryside, having failed in his attempts to supplement his income as a farmer and struggling with tuberculosis, that Sterne began work on his best-known novel, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, the first volumes of which were published in 1759. Sterne was at work on his celebrated comic novel during the year that his mother died, his wife was seriously ill, and his daughter was also taken ill with a fever. He wrote as fast as he possibly could, composing the first 18 chapters between January and March 1759. Due to his poor financial position, Sterne was forced to borrow money for the printing of his novel, suggesting that Sterne was confident in the prospective commercial success of his work and that the local critical reception of the novel was favourable enough to justify the loan. The publication of Tristram Shandy made <mask> Shandy, his love of attention (especially as related to financial success) remained undiminished. In one letter, he wrote "One half of the town abuse my book as bitterly, as the other half cry it up to the skies — the best is, they abuse it and buy it, and at such a rate, that we are going on with a second edition, as fast as possible." Indeed, Baron Fauconberg rewarded Sterne by appointing him as the perpetual curate of Coxwold, North Yorkshire in March 1760. In 1766, at the height of the debate about slavery, the composer and former slave Ignatius Sancho wrote to Sterne encouraging him to use his pen to lobby for the abolition of the slave trade. In July 1766 Sterne received Sancho's letter shortly after he had finished writing a conversation between his fictional characters Corporal Trim and his brother Tom in Tristram Shandy, wherein Tom described the oppression of a black servant in a sausage shop in Lisbon which he had visited.<mask>'s widely publicised response to Sancho's letter became an integral part of 18th-century abolitionist literature. Foreign travel

Sterne continued to struggle with his illness, and departed England for France in 1762 in an effort to find a climate that would alleviate his suffering. Sterne was lucky to attach himself to a diplomatic party bound for Turin, as England and France were still adversaries in the Seven Years' War. Sterne was gratified by his reception in France, where reports of the genius of Tristram Shandy had made him a celebrity. Aspects of this trip to France were incorporated into <mask>'s second novel, A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy. Eliza
Early in 1767, Sterne met Eliza Draper, the wife of an official of the East India Company, then staying on her own in London. He was quickly captivated by Eliza's charm, vivacity, and intelligence, and she did little to discourage the attentions of such a celebrated man.They met frequently, exchanged miniature portraits, and <mask>'s admiration seems to have turned into an obsession which he took no trouble to conceal. To his great distress, Eliza had to return to India three months after their first meeting, and he died from consumption a year later without seeing her again. Early in 1768, Sterne brought out his Sentimental Journey, which contains some extravagant references to her, and the relationship, though platonic, aroused considerable interest. He also wrote his Journal to Eliza part of which he sent to her, and the rest of which came to light when it was presented to the British Museum in 1894. After <mask>'s death, Eliza allowed ten of his letters to be published under the title Letters from Yorick to Eliza and succeeded in suppressing her letters to him, though some blatant forgeries were produced, probably by William Combe, in a volume of Eliza's Letters to Yorick. Death
Less than a month after Sentimental Journey was published, early in 1768, <mask> died in his lodgings at 41 Old Bond Street on 18 March, at the age of 54. He was buried in the churchyard of St George's, Hanover Square on 22 March.It was widely rumoured that Sterne's body was stolen shortly after it was interred and sold to anatomists at Cambridge University. Circumstantially, it was said that his body was recognised by Charles Collignon, who knew him and discreetly reinterred back in St George's, in an unknown plot. A year later a group of Freemasons erected a memorial stone with a rhyming epitaph near to his original burial place. A second stone was erected in 1893, correcting some factual errors on the memorial stone. When the churchyard of St. George's was redeveloped in 1969, amongst 11,500 skulls disinterred, several were identified with drastic cuts from anatomising or a post-mortem examination. One was identified to be of a size that matched a bust of Sterne made by Nollekens. The skull was held up to be his, albeit with "a certain area of doubt".Along with nearby skeletal bones, these remains were transferred to Coxwold churchyard in 1969 by the Laurence Sterne Trust. The story of the reinterment of Sterne's skull in Coxwold is alluded to in Malcolm Bradbury's novel To the Hermitage. Works

The works of <mask> are few in comparison to other eighteenth-century authors of comparable stature. Sterne's early works were letters; he had two sermons published (in 1747 and 1750), and tried his hand at satire. He was involved in, and wrote about, local politics in 1742. His major publication prior to Tristram Shandy was the satire A Political Romance (1759), aimed at conflicts of interest within York Minster. A posthumously published piece on the art of preaching, A Fragment in the Manner of Rabelais, appears to have been written in 1759.Rabelais was by far <mask>'s favourite author, and in his correspondence he made clear that he considered himself as Rabelais' successor in humour writing, distancing himself from Jonathan Swift. <mask>'s novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman sold widely in England and throughout Europe. Translations of the work began to appear in all the major European languages almost upon its publication, and Sterne influenced European writers as diverse as Denis Diderot and the German Romanticists. His work had also noticeable influence over Brazilian author Machado de Assis, who made use of the digressive technique in the novel The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas. English writer and literary critic Samuel Johnson's verdict in 1776 was that "Nothing odd will do long. Tristram Shandy did not last." This is strikingly different from the views of European critics of the day, who praised <mask> and Tristram Shandy as innovative and superior.Voltaire called it "clearly superior to Rabelais", and later Goethe praised Sterne as "the most beautiful spirit that ever lived". Swedish translator Johan Rundahl described Sterne as an arch-sentimentalist. The title page to volume one includes a short Greek epigraph, which in English reads: "Not things, but opinions about things, trouble men." Before the novel properly begins, Sterne also offers a dedication to Lord William Pitt. He urges Pitt to retreat with the book from the cares of statecraft. The novel itself starts with the narration, by Tristram, of his own conception. It proceeds mostly by what Sterne calls "progressive digressions" so that we do not reach Tristram's birth before the third volume.The novel is rich in characters and humour, and the influences of Rabelais and Miguel de Cervantes are present throughout. The novel ends after 9 volumes, published over a decade, but without anything that might be considered a traditional conclusion. Sterne inserts sermons, essays and legal documents into the pages of his novel; and he explores the limits of typography and print design by including marbled pages and an entirely black page within the narrative. Many of the innovations that Sterne introduced, adaptations in form that were an exploration of what constitutes the novel, were highly influential to Modernist writers like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, and more contemporary writers such as Thomas Pynchon and David Foster Wallace. Italo Calvino referred to Tristram Shandy as the "undoubted progenitor of all avant-garde novels of our century". The Russian Formalist writer Viktor Shklovsky regarded Tristram Shandy as the archetypal, quintessential novel, "the most typical novel of world literature." However, the leading critical opinions of Tristram Shandy tend to be markedly polarised in their evaluations of its significance.Since the 1950s, following the lead of D. W. Jefferson, there are those who argue that, whatever its legacy of influence may be, Tristram Shandy in its original context actually represents a resurgence of a much older, Renaissance tradition of "Learned Wit" – owing a debt to such influences as the Scriblerian approach. A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy has many stylistic parallels with Tristram Shandy, and indeed, the narrator is one of the minor characters from the earlier novel. Although the story is more straightforward, A Sentimental Journey is interpreted by critics as part of the same artistic project to which Tristram Shandy belongs. Two volumes of <mask>'s Sermons were published during his lifetime; more copies of his Sermons were sold in his lifetime than copies of Tristram Shandy. The sermons, however, are conventional in substance. Several volumes of letters were published after his death, as was Journal to Eliza. These collections of letters, more sentimental than humorous, tell of Sterne's relationship with Eliza Draper.Publications
1743 – "The Unknown World: Verses Occasioned by Hearing a Pass-Bell" (disputed, possibly written by Hubert Stogdon)
1747 – "The Case of Elijah and the Widow of Zerephath"
1750 – "The Abuses of Conscience"
1759 – A Political Romance
1759 – Tristram Shandy vol. 1 and 2
1760 – The Sermons of Mr Yorick vol. 1 and 2
1761 – Tristram Shandy vol. 3–6
1765 – Tristram Shandy vol. 7 and 8
1766 – The Sermons of Mr Yorick vol. 3 and 4
1767 – Tristram Shandy vol. 9
1768 – A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy

(The Sermons of Mr. Yorick volumes 5-7, were published in 1769.)Source

See also
List of abolitionist forerunners
List of Irish writers

Citations

References

Further reading
René Bosch, Labyrinth of Digressions: Tristram Shandy as Perceived and Influenced by <mask>'s Early Imitators (Amsterdam, 2007)
W. M. Thackeray, in English Humourists of the Eighteenth Century (London, 1853; new edition, New York, 1911)
Percy Fitzgerald, Life of <mask> (London, 1864; second edition, London, 1896)
Paul Stapfer, <mask>, sa personne et ses ouvrages (second edition, Paris, 1882)
H. D. Traill, <mask>, "English Men of Letters", (London, 1882)

Texte, Rousseau et le cosmopolitisme littôraire au XVIIIème siècle (Paris, 1895)
H. W. Thayer, <mask> in Germany (New York, 1905)
P. E. More, Shelburne Essays (third series, New York, 1905)
L. S. Benjamin, Life and Letters (two volumes, 1912)
 Rousseau, George S. (2004). Nervous Acts: Essays on Literature, Culture and Sensibility. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. External links

Tristram Shandy (beta) In Our Time – BBC Radio 4
<mask> at the Google Books Search

"Tristram Shandy". Annotated, with bibliography, criticism. Ron Schuler's Parlour Tricks: The Scrapbook Mind of <mask>e
The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy & A Sentimental Journey. Munich: Edited by Günter Jürgensmeier, 2005
The Shandean: A Journal Devoted to the Works of <mask> Sterne (tables of contents available online)
<mask> Sterne at the National Portrait Gallery, London
The <mask> Sterne Trust

Anonymous parodies of the kinds of letters written by Elizabeth Draper to <mask> Sterne (as Yorick), MSS SC 4, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University

1713 births
1768 deaths
18th-century deaths from tuberculosis
18th-century English Anglican priests
18th-century English novelists
18th-century Irish novelists
18th-century Irish writers
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Anglican writers
Burials at St George's, Hanover Square
English male novelists
English memoirists
English satirists
English sermon writers
Tuberculosis deaths in England
18th-century Irish Anglican priests
Irish male writers
People from Clonmel
People from County Tipperary
English male non-fiction writers
18th-century English male writers
Harold B. Lee Library-related rare books articles

masks:
Laurence Sterne
Sterne
Roger Sterne
Richard Sterne
Roger Sterne
Richard Sterne
Richard Sterne
Laurence Stern
Laurence
Laurence
Laurence
Laurence
Sterne
Laurence
Sternem
Sterne
Sterne
Sterne
Sterne
Sterne
Laurence Sterne
Sterne
Sterne
Sterne
Sterne
Sterne
Laurence Sterne
Laurence Sterne
Laurence Sterne
Laurence Sterne
Laurence Sterne
Laurence Stern
Laurence
Laurence
Laurence
Laurence


texts:
<mask> (born January 8, 1970) is an American screenwriter best known as the author of the screenplays for the films The Haunting, Road to Perdition, and The Wolfman. Early life
<mask> was born in Texas City, Texas on January 8, 1970. He was raised in Danvers, Massachusetts, where he graduated from St. John's Preparatory School. He received his bachelor's degree and master's degree in English literature from Stanford University. He moved to Los Angeles, California, after graduation; he had no contacts and got an entry-level job at Walt Disney Pictures in 1994. Career

Early efforts
His first script was a spec script titled Dawn's Early Light, a thriller about a terrorist attack on the White House. It was not produced, but it circulated widely in Hollywood.His first commissioned script was Firestorm, a dramatic film script based on the documentary film Fires of Kuwait. The script was purchased by Avatar Entertainment, a subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company, but the script went into development hell and was never produced. His second script, a 1996 or 1997 adaptation of Joseph R. Garber's 1995 novel of corporate espionage and assassination, Vertical Run, was commissioned by Warner Brothers, but it, too, went into development hell and was never produced. His third script was Thirteen Days, based on the memoirs of John F. Kennedy advisor Kenneth O'Donnell. The semi-fictional script (which showed O'Donnell counseling Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis) was commissioned by producer Armyan Bernstein, who had read Dawn's Early Light. Bernstein initially approached <mask> with the idea of a love story set against the background of the Cuban Missile Crisis, but <mask> convinced him to jettison the love story and write a straightforward history picture with O'Donnell as the "everyman" stand-in. <mask> began writing the script in the spring of 1997.<mask> worked closely with director Lawrence Kasdan on the script (Kasdan hoped to direct it). It was the first script of <mask>'s to go into production, although it would be the second of his films released. <mask>'s fourth effort was Gates of Fire, a retelling of the Battle of Thermopylae from the point of a view of a young Spartan warrior who survives the battle. The script was based on Steven Pressfield's novel of the same name. Pressfield was the first writer chosen to adapt the novel, but <mask> was brought in to make major changes and finish it. It sold in 1998. Another script, Coup D'Etat (about a military overthrow of the government of the United States), also sold in 1998, but both films went into development hell and never emerged.Feature film success
Prior to 1998 all the films <mask> worked on were for independent production companies. His first screenplay for a major studio was The Haunting, which he wrote for Steven Spielberg. After finishing Thirteen Days, <mask> showed the script to Spielberg. According to <mask>, Spielberg considered directing the picture for a time. Spielberg then asked <mask> to script his remake of the 1963 film, The Haunting. Spielberg worked directly with <mask> to work out the film. Made into a feature film in 1999, the script was heavily revised by screenwriter and novelist Michael Tolkin (including a new ending), although <mask> received sole writing credit.When The Haunting went into production, Spielberg offered <mask> a one-year contract. It included office space at the DreamWorks studio and a blind script commitment. The success of The Haunting led to another major project, Road to Perdition. <mask> was hired in July 2009 to adapt the DC Comics graphic novel by writer Max Allan Collins and illustrator Richard Piers Rayner. The film, directed by Sam Mendes, won plaudits for its acting, direction, and cinematography and was a box office hit. <mask>'s script received positive attention, and Universal Studios hired him to do a rewrite of Tony Gilroy's screenplay for The Bourne Identity. He was uncredited for the script polish.<mask> then pitched The Wing, a World War I fighter-pilot picture, to Universal. While the spec script was purchased by the studio, it was never produced. In 2005, <mask> pitched an untitled science fiction series to the Fox Network. Fox picked up the option to produce, and Breck Eisner directed a television movie (Beyond) in 2006. The backdoor pilot never was picked up as a series, however. In 2006, <mask> was attached to two separate screenplays for films based on the superheroes Deathlok and Captain America. He also wrote an early draft based on another superhero, Namor.In 2007, <mask> did a major rewrite of Andrew Kevin Walker's script for the werewolf movie, The Wolfman. <mask> added extensive characterization, built up the relationship between father and son, and added more than 17 pages of dialogue and action at the behest of director Joe Johnston. Johnston ordered <mask> to make a second rewrite just four weeks before shooting was to begin. <mask> also helped contribute additional rewrites during five weeks of reshooting in the spring of 2009. <mask>'s second script had a long sequence in which the werewolf terrorizes London, and his climax for the film was originally much longer. In 2008, Johnston cut the London sequence from the film and asked <mask> to dramatically shorten the ending. But in the editing room, it was clear that these sequences needed to be retained.<mask> also helped with new material for the ending. <mask>'s second rewrite ended with werewolf Lawrence Talbot surviving. But during reshoots, <mask> scripted an ending in which both werewolves (Sir John Talbot and Lawrence Talbot) die. Reshoots beefed up the ending in which both characters died, and this version made it into the film. While <mask> was working on The Wolfman, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) hired him to script a RoboCop remake in July 2008. However, after much delay (primarily due to MGM's financial difficulties and November 2010 bankruptcy), RoboCop went into turnaround. But <mask> was replaced as screenwriter by Nick Schenk, Joshua Zetumer, and James Vanderbilt.In 2011, Paramount Pictures hired <mask> to script a feature film based on author John Scalzi's Old Man's War series of novels. The novels follow the adventures of an elderly man who receives a genetically enhanced body that allows him to avenge the death of his wife by joining the military. <mask> also worked in 2012 on a film adaptation of the video game series God of War. <mask> wrote a first draft of a script, but the screenwriting duties were then given to Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan. <mask> will executive produce the picture, his first production credit. Credits
The Haunting (1999)
Thirteen Days (2000)
Road to Perdition (2002)
The Bourne Identity (2002) (uncredited)
 Beyond (2006 TV Movie)
The Wolfman (2010)

References

External links

Living people
21st-century American screenwriters
American male screenwriters
American television writers
Screenwriters from Texas
1970 births

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David Christopher Self
David Self
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Henry Roeland "Roy" Byrd (December 19, 1918 – January 30, 1980), better known as <mask>r or "Fess" for short, was an American singer and pianist who performed New Orleans blues. He was active in two distinct periods, first in the heyday of early rhythm and blues and later in the resurgence of interest in traditional jazz after the founding of the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival in 1970. His piano style has been described as "instantly recognizable, combining rumba, mambo, and calypso". Music journalist Tony Russell (in his book The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray) wrote that "The vivacious rhumba-rhythmed piano blues and choked singing typical of Fess were too weird to sell millions of records; he had to be content with siring musical offspring who were simple enough to manage that, like Fats Domino or Huey "Piano" Smith. But he is also acknowledged as a father figure by subtler players like Allen Toussaint and Dr. John." Biography

Byrd was born on December 19, 1918, in Bogalusa, Louisiana.His distinctive style of piano playing was influenced by learning to play on an instrument that was missing some keys. He began his career in New Orleans in 1948. Mike Tessitore, owner of the Caldonia Club, gave Longhair his stage name. Longhair first recorded in a band called the Shuffling Hungarians in 1949, creating four songs (including the first version of his signature song, "Mardi Gras in New Orleans") for the Star Talent record label. Union problems curtailed their release, but Longhair's next effort for Mercury Records the same year was a winner. Throughout the 1950s, he recorded for Atlantic Records, Federal Records and local labels. Professor Longhair had only one national commercial hit, "Bald Head", in 1950, under the name Roy Byrd and His Blues Jumpers.He also recorded his favorites, "Tipitina" and "Go to the Mardi Gras". He lacked crossover appeal among white and wide audiences. Yet, he is regarded (and was acknowledged) as being a musician who was highly influential for other prominent musicians, such as Fats Domino, Allen Toussaint and Dr. John. After suffering a stroke, Professor Longhair recorded "No Buts – No Maybes" in 1957. He re-recorded "Go to the Mardi Gras" in 1959. He first recorded "Big Chief" with its composer, Earl King, in 1964. In the 1960s, Professor Longhair's career faltered.He became a janitor to support himself and fell into a gambling habit. After a few years during which he disappeared from the music scene, <mask>r's musical career finally received "a well deserved renaissance" and wide recognition. He was invited to perform at the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival in 1971 and at the Newport Jazz Festival and the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1973. His album The London Concert showcases work he did on a visit to the United Kingdom. That significant career resurrection saw the recording of the album <mask>r – Live on the Queen Mary, which was recorded on March 24, 1975, during a private party hosted by Paul McCartney and Linda McCartney on board the retired . By the 1980s his albums, such as Crawfish Fiesta on Alligator Records and New Orleans Piano on Atlantic Records, had become readily available across America. In 1974 he appeared on the PBS series Soundstage (with Dr. John, Earl King, and The Meters).In 1980 he co-starred (with Tuts Washington and Allen Toussaint) in the film documentary Piano Players Rarely Ever Play Together which was produced and directed by filmmaker Stevenson Palfi. That documentary (which aired on public television in 1982 and was rarely seen since), plus a long interview with Fess (which was recorded two days before his sudden death), were included in the 2018 released project "Fess Up". Professor Longhair died in his sleep of a heart attack while the filming of the documentary was under way (and before the live concert, which was planned to be its climax). Footage from his funeral was included in the documentary. He was interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery in New Orleans. Professor Longhair's manager through those renaissance years of his career was Allison Miner, of which jazz producer George Wein was quoted saying: "Her devotion to Professor Longhair gave him the best years of his life." Accolades

Professor Longhair was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1981.In 1987, he was awarded a posthumous Grammy Award for a collection of recordings produced by Quint Davis in 1971 and 1972 released as House Party New Orleans Style. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992. Professor Longhair was inducted into the Louisiana Music Hall Of Fame in 2016 at his former home in New Orleans. In popular culture
The B-side of the 1985 Paul McCartney single "Spies Like Us", entitled "My Carnival", credited to McCartney and Wings, was recorded in New Orleans and dedicated to Professor Longhair. His song "Tipitina" was covered by Hugh Laurie on the 2011 CD album Let Them Talk. Laurie is a long-time fan, having used Longhair's "Go to the Mardi Gras" as the theme for the pilot episode of A Bit of Fry & Laurie. Laurie used to perform these two songs regularly during his world concert tours of 2011–2014 with The Copper Bottom Band, and in March 2013 paid tribute to <mask>r in a special concert on board the RMS Queen Mary.The New Orleans music venue Tipitina's is named after one of Longhair's signature songs, and was created specifically as a venue for Longhair to perform in his aged years. A bust of Professor Longhair, sculpted by bluesman Coco Robicheaux, greets visitors upon entering the venue. Afro-Cuban elements
In the 1940s, Professor Longhair was playing with Caribbean musicians, listening a lot to Perez Prado's mambo records, and absorbing and experimenting with it all. He was especially enamored with Cuban music. Longhair's style was known locally as "rumba-boogie". Alexander Stewart stated that Longhair was a key figure bridging the worlds of boogie-woogie and the new style of rhythm and blues. In his composition "Misery," Professor Longhair played a habanera-like figure in his left hand.The deft use of triplets in the right hand is a characteristic of Longhair's style. Tresillo, the habanera, and related African-based single-celled figures have long been heard in the left hand-part of piano compositions by New Orleans musicians, such as Louis Moreau Gottschalk ("Souvenirs from Havana", 1859) and Jelly Roll Morton ("The Crave", 1910). One of Longhair's great contributions was the adaptation of Afro-Cuban two-celled, clave-based patterns in New Orleans blues. Michael Campbell stated, "Rhythm and blues influenced by Afro-Cuban music first surfaced in New Orleans. Professor Longhair's influence was ... far reaching. In several of his early recordings, Professor Longhair blended Afro-Cuban rhythms with rhythm and blues. The most explicit is 'Longhair's Blues Rhumba', where he overlays a straightforward blues with a clave rhythm."The guajeo-like piano part for the rumba-boogie "Mardi Gras in New Orleans" (1949) employs the 2-3 clave onbeat/offbeat motif. The 2-3 clave time line is written above the piano excerpt for reference. According to Dr. John, the Professor "put funk into music ... Longhair's thing had a direct bearing I'd say on a large portion of the funk music that evolved in New Orleans." This is the syncopated, but straight subdivision feel of Cuban music (as opposed to swung subdivisions). Alexander Stewart stated that the popular feel was passed along from "New Orleans—through James Brown's music, to the popular music of the 1970s," adding, "The singular style of rhythm & blues that emerged from New Orleans in the years after World War II played an important role in the development of funk. In a related development, the underlying rhythms of American popular music underwent a basic, yet generally unacknowledged transition from triplet or shuffle feel to even or straight eighth notes. Concerning funk motifs, Stewart stated, "This model, it should be noted, is different from a time line (such as clave and tresillo) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle."Discography

Albums

Rock 'n' Roll Gumbo (1974)
Live on the Queen Mary (1978)
Crawfish Fiesta (1980)
The London Concert, with Alfred "Uganda" Roberts (1981) (also known as The Complete London Concert)
The Last Mardi Gras (1982)
Mardi Gras in New Orleans: Live 1975 Recording (1982)
House Party New Orleans Style: The Lost Sessions, 1971–1972 (1987)
Ball the Wall! Live at Tipitina's 1978 (2004)
Live in Germany (1978)Live in Chicago (1976)

Compilations

New Orleans Piano (1972) (also known as New Orleans Piano: Blues Originals, Vol.

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<mask> (November 8, 1897 – October 18, 1942) was an American reporter and war correspondent  for The New York Times in the Pacific theater during World War II. He was killed in 1942 by a bomb dropped from an American B-25 Mitchell bomber, the tenth American war correspondent killed in action in the war. <mask>'s work in reporting on the war in the Pacific was respected by military officials, including General Douglas MacArthur, who personally reported <mask>'s death to the Times and <mask>'s widow. Journalism career
<mask> was born November 8, 1897, in Adrian, Michigan. His interest in journalism began in adolescence, when he and his family visited his uncle <mask>, a drama critic for Joseph Pulitzer's Evening World in New York, New York. After leaving high school in 1917, <mask> joined the American Expeditionary Force and served in World War I, before returning to the United States and entering the University of Michigan, where he joined the fraternity of Sigma Phi. The Sandusky Herald in Sandusky, Ohio, provided <mask>'s entry to the newspaper industry; he followed this with a stint at The Baltimore Sun.<mask> also provided several short stories to The Smart Set magazine, then edited by H.L. Mencken, who attempted to convince <mask> to shift his attention to writing fiction. Instead, <mask> went on to write for the Philadelphia Bulletin and Philadelphia Evening Ledger, then in 1925 moved to the New York Post, where his work on the rewrite desk earned him the sobriquet, "the all-American rewrite man". Then, after a period as the Associated Press city editor in New York, he joined the staff of The New York Times in 1934. With The New York Times
At The New York Times, <mask> was selected to establish the newspaper's “Review of the Week” section for a time, but in 1939 returned to reporting, and in 1940 began roving assignments that took him around the United States and eventually into the Pacific theater. During that period, he was married to Eleanor Choate and had two sons. His first overseas assignment was in February 1941, when he was among the first correspondents to leave the United States for Australia.Once there, he took the first opportunity to move to forward bases in New Guinea, where the United States 32nd Infantry Division had been designated to be one of the first U.S. units to attack the Japanese. <mask> had served with the 32nd Infantry Division during World War I and was looking forward to reporting its operations in World War II. He was based near Port Moresby and his reporting included his characteristic wit through amusing anecdotes related by servicemen, and discussed the mood of the troops on the ground and their thoughts regarding the war and its future. On October 18, 1942, <mask> was aboard the King John, a seventy-foot wooden trawler of the Small Ships Section of U.S. Army Services of Supply SWPA that was also carrying 102 troops of the 128th Infantry, off the coast of Pongani in New Guinea when a B-25 mistook the ships for Japanese vessels and bombed and strafed them. <mask>, suffering a shrapnel head wound, died in a boat on the way to shore and Lt. Adam Bruce Fahnestock, prewar South Seas explorer and then head of the Small Ships Section, hit in the spine, died in the arms of the King John's severely wounded Australian Chief Engineer moments after reaching shore. His notebook, which was taken from his body by a fellow correspondent and returned to his son, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist  <mask> in 1976, ended with a question about the bomber that would end his life: “Jap or ours?”

<mask>'s passing was marked by many other journalists and officials, including General Douglas MacArthur, who wired to The Times that “He served with gallantry and devotion at the front and fulfilled the important duties of war correspondent with distinction to himself and The New York Times and with value to his country.”  Major General Edwin F. Harding of the 32nd Infantry Division wrote that, "Everyone hereabouts is distressed over the death of Darnton and [Lt. A. B.]Fahnestock. I knew <mask> quite well... and considered him one damn good correspondent and swell guy. He was hot to be on the spot for the first contact of American Army ground troops with the Japs. I told him that this would probably be it and gave him permission to go." <mask> was buried with full military honors at an Australian-American cemetery outside Port Moresby. <mask> and Fahnestock were buried side by side with British, Australian and American war correspondents acting as pall bearers. The <mask>nton
In 1943, a 10,500-ton Liberty ship was christened with <mask>'s name in Baltimore, Maryland.The ship was launched by his widow Eleanor and her sons, John and Bob. Bob wrote his name on the hull in crayon. Both sons followed in their father's footsteps and became journalists. <mask>  joined The New York Times as a copy boy in 1966 and went on to work for The New York Times for four decades. He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1982 for his coverage of Poland under martial law when he smuggled stories out of the country. Robert later became a renowned cultural historian. The ship sailed a regular run to Murmansk through the remainder of the war.On March 16, 1946, the <mask> Darnton ran aground in an easterly gale off the coast of Sanda Island in the North Channel off the coast of Scotland. In 2003, a pub was opened on Sanda Island named the <mask> Darnton. The owner says it is one of the two most remote pubs in the country. Remains of the shipwreck can still be seen at low tide. Famous quote
While author Leo Rosten is usually credited with the popular phrase “No man who hates dogs and children can be all bad,” used by him to describe comedian W. C. Fields, <mask> was in fact the first to use this phrase regarding an unknown man named Gastonbury. <mask> used it in 1930 after a New York cocktail party, which was later reported in Harper's Monthly in 1937, two years before Leo Rosten used it at a banquet. References

External links
Darnton report "Things Look Brighter In N Guinea" published The Argus, Melbourne, Friday 2 October 1942
In the Name of the Father by <mask>
<mask>'s Funeral (photo)

1897 births
1942 deaths
1942 in Papua New Guinea
American war correspondents of World War II
People from Adrian, Michigan
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
Journalists killed while covering World War II
American civilians killed in World War II
University of Michigan alumni
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army soldiers
Deaths by airstrike during World War II
Military personnel killed by friendly fire
Friendly fire incidents of World War II
Military personnel from Michigan

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Byron Darnton
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<mask> (; born 1 November 1974) is a former Indian international cricketer and a Former cricket commentator and pundit. A right-hand batsman known for his elegant stroke play, Laxman played as a middle-order batsman in Test cricket. <mask> is currently the Head of Cricket at the National Cricket Academy (NCA), and the head coach of the India Under-19 and India A teams. <mask> is one of the few players to have played 100 Test matches, without ever appearing in a One-Day Cricket World Cup. Despite being a relatively slow runner between the wickets, <mask> compensated with his stroke play and fast scoring. In 2002, he was named one of Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year. In domestic cricket, Laxman represented Hyderabad.He also played for Lancashire in county cricket. He was also the captain of the Deccan Chargers team in the Indian Premier League during its inaugural season. Later, he played for the Kochi Tuskers IPL team. He was the mentor of the Sunrisers Hyderabad until 2021 . He is popularly called as the 'God of 4th Innings' for his exploits. In 2011, <mask> was awarded the Padma Shri award, India's fourth highest civilian award. In 2012, <mask> retired from international cricket.Personal life
<mask> was born in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (present-day Telangana). Laxman's parents are noted physicians Dr. Shantaram and Dr. Satyabhama of Vijayawada. <mask> is the great grand nephew of India's second President Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Laxman studied at the Little Flower High School, Hyderabad. Though he joined a medical school for his undergraduate studies, Laxman chose cricket as a career. He married G. R. Shailaja from Guntur, Computer Applications graduate, on 16 February 2004, 10 days before Alison Hinds of Barbados who got married on February 26 the same year {2004). They have two children – a son, Sarvajit and a daughter, Achinthya.Playing style and position
<mask> is known for his fluid style, technically sound and aggressiveness. Sambil Bal of ESPN Crincinfo writes: "At his sublime best, <mask> Laxman is a sight for the gods. Wristy, willowy and sinuous, he can match – sometimes even better – Tendulkar for strokeplay... [He] has the rare gift of being able to hit the same ball to either side." He was equally skilled against both pace and spin, with great timing and outstanding ability to place the ball splitting the tightest field positions. Laxman was particularly skillful in using his wrists (reminiscent of his role model and fellow Hyderabadi, Mohammed Azharuddin) that allowed him to place the same ball to different areas of the field. Standing tall and still at the crease, Laxman had a keen awareness of the off-stump and a polished ability to dispatch the bad ball. He plays with a high elbow and a steady stance and a textbook technique with natural elegance and flair.At the start of his career, <mask> was rated by Geoffrey Boycott as one of India's best players of the hard (new) ball. However, Indian selectors played around with his batting positions, whenever India felt a lacuna regarding any batting number. He was forced to play in almost every position, including opening. <mask> found his home in the middle order, where he played most of his best innings, batting at numbers 3, 5 and 6. In a 2001 test against Australia and promoted to no. 3 in the second innings from his first innings position of 6, he scored 281 to take India to a huge lead after following on. Though <mask> was ideally suited for No.3, Rahul Dravid was always preferred over him to bat at one-down, while Sachin Tendulkar was established at No. 4. As a result, <mask> played around 63 percent of his Test innings at No. 5 or 6. This meant that <mask> often found himself batting with tail-end batsmen, and is reflected in his final statistics, which show that he has a relatively high proportion of not out innings (34 of 225, or 15 per cent — for comparison, Tendulkar finished not out in around 10 per cent of his Test innings, and Dravid in 11 per cent). Nevertheless, <mask> batted particularly well with non-specialist lower-order batsmen, and was able, with their support, to save and win numerous matches for India (for example, the Mohali 2010 Test against Australia). Youth career
<mask> made his Under-19 debut for India against Australia in February 1994.Batting at six, he made 88 in his debut innings against a bowling attack that consisted of Brett Lee and Jason Gillespie, both of whom were making their debuts too. In the second game of the series, <mask> scored an unbeaten 151 in the first innings and 77 in the second innings to help his team register a 226-run victory. He continued his good form as he scored 36 and 84 in the third game to end up as the leading run-scorer of the series. The Test series was followed by a 3-match ODI series, where he managed scores of 24, 22 and 77. Later in August that year, the India Under-19 team toured England for 2 ODIs and 3 Test matches. <mask> disappointed in the ODIs with scores of 20 and 5. However, in the first Test he struck 119 in the first innings, but did not get to bat in the second innings as India cruised to a 9-wicket win.He made only 28 in the second match and 4 in the third. Domestic career
<mask> made his first-class debut for Hyderabad against Punjab in the quarter-final match of 1992–93 Ranji Trophy season. He scored a duck in the first innings and 17 in the second. He played only one match for Hyderabad in the next season, before getting dropped. However, he was named in the South Zone squad for the 1994-95 Duleep Trophy in the back of his impressive outings for India Under-19s, but he failed to score big in the tournament. In the following Ranji Trophy season, <mask> notched up 532 runs from five matches at an average of 76 scoring two centuries. In the semi-final of the Duleep Trophy of 1995–96 season against West Zone, <mask> scored 47 in the first innings and a spectacular 121 in the second innings, sharing a 199-run partnership with skipper Rahul Dravid.He had another brilliant Ranji season the next year, as he piled 775 runs in just 11 innings at an average of 86 with 3 centuries and a best of 203* that came against Karnataka in the semi-final, which Hyderabad eventually lost. He was picked to play for Rest of India against Karnataka in the Irani Cup and also in the Board President's XI squad against the touring Australian team. He played only three matches in 1996-97 Ranji season, where he scored three half-centuries, before getting picked for the Indian Test team against South Africa. After the tests he joined Lancashire as their overseas player in place of Brad Hodge. He played in five games of the county championship and showed glimpses of his sublime batting. In their final County Championship game of 2007, against Surrey at the Oval, <mask> scored a century in the second innings in which Lancashire were chasing 489 to win. They just missed out by 25 runs and subsequently lost the Championship to Sussex.His performance for Lancashire was good with 380 runs scored in 5 matches at an average of 54.28 with 2 centuries and 2 half-centuries

<mask> was supposed to replace Adam Voges for Nottinghamshire, but this move was vetoed by the BCCI due to the fact that there were players from the rival Indian Cricket League playing for Nottinghamshire. Indian Premier League
<mask> was originally named as the Icon Player for his home franchise Deccan Chargers before the first season of the IPL. But he gave up the Icon Player status in a bid to allow his team spend a bigger purse at the auction. The Deccan Chargers bought him at the auction for $375,000 and named him the captain for the first season. However, <mask> dropped himself from the team halfway through the season, after the team had a horrendous run in the tournament. Adam Gilchrist took over as captain and led the side in the next two seasons as well; Laxman did score 155 runs from the 6 games that he played at an average of 31 and strike rate of 118. He batted at 3 in the first few games before opening the innings with Gilchrist in some matches where he found more success.His only half-century of the tournament (52 off 44) came against Royal Challengers Bangalore. He did score a couple more fluent innings that season including an unbeaten 37 from 26 balls against Mumbai Indians and 48 from 34 balls against Kings XI Punjab. However, he struggled with the bat in the next two seasons and sat out the tournament after playing only 5–6 matches. At the mega-auction in 2011, <mask> was bought by the newly formed franchise of Kochi Tuskers Kerala for $400,000. This time, though, he was injured after the first three games and missed the rest of the season. In the first match against Royal Challengers, he opened the innings with Brendon McCullum and scored an attractive 36 from 29 deliveries. But, the Kochi franchise was terminated later that year and all the players of the team were put in the auction in 2012.However, <mask>, who had a base price of $400,000, found no buyers and he couldn't participate in the 2012 edition of the tournament. Then in IPL 2013, he was appointed as a mentor for Sunrisers Hyderabad Team. International career

Early years (1996–2000)
<mask> made his Test debut in 1996 against South Africa at Ahmedabad, scoring a fifty in the second innings of the match. In the second game at Kolkata, he scored 14 and 1. He played just one Test in the South African tour the following month and was unable to cement his place in a star-studded Indian middle order. Instead, he was asked to open the innings, starting in West Indies in 1997. At Kingston, he scored 64 in his first innings as opener.However, he averaged only 28 in that series playing as an opener. But intermittently continued in this role for nearly three years, but without any consistent success. In 1998 at Calcutta, he scored 95 against Australia opening the innings with Navjot Sidhu who scored 97. India went on to win the match by an innings and 219 runs. Though he was selected in the Test squad that toured New Zealand in 1998, he did not get to play a single game as Ajay Jadeja was preferred over Laxman to open the innings with Sidhu. <mask> scored a duck on his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in the Pepsi Tri-Series in 1998. He had a horrible run in the ODIs in 1998 which resulted in him getting dropped from the ODI team for more than a year.Against Pakistan in 1999, he scored just 66 runs from two Tests, averaging a modest 16. In the first match of the Asian Test Championship later that year, <mask> scored 67 against Pakistan, but failed to score consistently, before getting dropped from the Test team as well. <mask> returned to playing first-class cricket in 1999 to regain his place in the national team. In the 1999–2000 season of Ranji Trophy, he broke the record for most runs in a Ranji season when he made 1415 runs, at an average of 108, in just 9 matches notching up eight hundreds – a record that still remains intact. His performance was rewarded when, in January 2000, he was recalled in the Indian squad for the Australian tour. He scored 167 in the third and final Test match at Sydney when the rest of the batsmen struggled to cope with Glenn McGrath's destructive bowling, a rare high point for India in an otherwise disastrous tour. Despite this success against an attack containing both McGrath and Shane Warne, <mask> apparently decided that he would return to domestic cricket, rather than continue playing as opener, a role which he believed did not suit him.As a result, <mask> was out of the Test team for nearly a year. He was recalled in late 2000, and also found a spot in the side for the home series against Australia in 2001. Late career
<mask>'s good form continued in the 2007-08 Test series against Australia with him scoring 109 against Australia on the second day of the controversial Sydney Test to put India back into the contest. It was his 12th hundred in Test matches, and his 5th against Australia. It was also his third consecutive century at SCG, giving him an average well above 90 at the venue. He followed this up with a gritty knock of 79 in Perth, assisted by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and RP Singh, which set India up to record a historic and unexpected victory at a ground on which previously no Asian team had won. He hit 51 in the first innings of the final Test at Adelaide.He finished as the second highest run-getter for India in that series, only behind Sachin Tendulkar. He, like all other Indian batsmen, struggled in Sri Lanka against the spin duo of Muttiah Muralitharan and Ajantha Mendis later in July–August that year. India lost the first Test by an innings and 239 runs at Colombo, where <mask>'s first innings score of 50 was the only half-century scored by an Indian batsman in either innings. <mask> scored another fifty in that series, in the third Test, an unbeaten 61 as India went on to lose the game by 8 wickets and the series 2–1. <mask> was dismissed by Mendis on all five occasions in that series. He also crossed the 6000-run milestone during the series. Against Australia, in the Border-Gavaskar Trophy later that year, <mask> was in top form as he scored 381 runs from 4 Tests with a double-hundred and two fifties.During the third Test at the Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi, Laxman scored an unbeaten 200 in the first innings with characteristic use of his wrists and flicks through the leg side. In the same innings, Gautam Gambhir scored 206, <mask> and Gambhir becoming the first pair of batsmen to score double-centuries in the same innings for India, and the first to do so against Australia. This was his second double-century in Test cricket with the previous one coming against the same opponents. He made an unbeaten 59 in the second innings and was named Man of the Match. The match was also the last game of India's spin wizard Anil Kumble who was also the captain of the team. In the final Test at Nagpur, <mask> scored another half-century in the first innings of the match. In 2009, <mask> continued to be in brilliant form.He had scored 76 and 124* in the 2nd Test at Napier in New Zealand. The century helped India salvage a draw and avoid an innings defeat. In the next match at Wellington he hit a well-composed 61 in the second innings. Against Sri Lanka later that year in a home series, <mask> hit three fifties in four innings as India went on to win the series comfortably. His unbeaten 51 in the second innings combining with a hundred from Tendulkar helped India draw the first Test at Ahmedabad. <mask> scored two fifties in the next two games as India went on to win both matches by an innings. He injured himself during the first match of the two-match Test series in Bangladesh in January 2010 after scoring another unbeaten half-century.The injury forced him to sit out for three weeks and he returned to action only during the final Test against South Africa held in Kolkata. He scored 143* in a record stand for the seventh wicket with MS Dhoni. The test was eventually won by India by an innings and 57 runs in the last 10 minutes of the fifth day's play, despite centuries in both innings from South African batsman Hashim Amla. This victory also helped India draw the Test series and remain the world Number 1 team. He also passed 7000 Test runs during the innings. <mask> helped India to level the series with Sri Lanka in August 2010 when he hit 103 not out in the run-chase, resulting in a five-wicket win in the Third Test, after scoring 69 in the first innings. He was awarded the Man of the Match for this brilliant effort.He scored a total of 279 runs in that series at an average of 70. In October, he once again turned around another match that appeared headed for a comfortable Australian victory, in the first Test in Mohali. Laxman was suffering with a back problem and needed Suresh Raina as his runner, and the Indians had collapsed to 124/8 in pursuit of 216. He and paceman Ishant Sharma put on 81 to take the score to 205 before Sharma fell. Last man Pragyan Ojha then managed to survive till the end as the hosts completed a thrilling one-wicket win. <mask> ended on 73 not out. He was ruled out of the remaining matches of the series due to his injury.In November, he helped India recover from 15/5 in the second innings of the first Test against

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 New Zealand at Ahmedabad and the match was drawn. In the second match of the series at his home ground Hyderabad, he scored 74 and the match ended in another draw. After failing in the first Test of the South African tour, <mask> once again helped India to a historic win at Durban. India struggled to cope with Dale Steyn in the first innings before getting bundled out for 205. <mask>'s 38 was the highest score in that innings. In the second innings, India were struggling at 94/5 and he put on crucial partnerships with Dhoni and Zaheer Khan to help his team to 228, giving South Africa a target of 303. South Africa were bundled out for 215 giving India an 87-run win that helped level the series 1–1.He was awarded the Man of the Match for his match-winning innings of 96. In three test matches, <mask> scored three consecutive fifties including two scores in eighties against the West Indies during India's tour of West Indies in June 2011. Retirement
During India's Tour to England, <mask> scored just two half-centuries in eight innings as India went down 0–4 to England. This was India's first Test series loss since its 2007-08 tour of Australia. <mask> got out with the pull shot frequently in this series, which otherwise he is good at. As part of West Indies tour to India in September 2011, <mask> scored a magnificent 176 not out in the second test, and India went to win the match by an innings and 13 runs. <mask> was adjudged Man of the Match.India went on to win the series 1–0. <mask> failed to live to his expectations during India's tour of Australia in November 2011, as India went down 0–4 to Australia, with <mask> scoring only two half centuries in eight innings. For the first time in four tours to Australia, Laxman failed to register a century in the series; and also for the first time in four test matches played at Sydney Cricket Ground he failed to touch the three figure mark. After this series, there were calls from the media and former cricketers that it was time for older players like <mask>, Dravid and Sachin to consider retirement. On 18 August 2012, <mask> announced his retirement from international cricket. Although he was selected for the upcoming New Zealand series, he opted not to play in the series but he will play in domestic cricket for Hyderabad and the Indian Premier League . It was announced that the northern stand at the Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium will now be named after him.Record against Australia
<mask> was particularly prolific against Australia, in both Tests and One Day Internationals. Six out of his 17 Test hundreds, and four out of his six ODI hundreds came against Australia. He has two double-centuries in Tests, both against Australia: his personal best of 281 at Kolkata in 2000–01, and 200 not out at Feroz Shah Kotla in 2008–09. The Australians admitted that they did not know where to bowl to him. Golden series (2001 against Australia)
<mask>'s career changed dramatically in the 2001 home series against Australia. In the first Test at Mumbai, <mask> made 20 and 12, as the entire Indian batting line-up, with the exception of Sachin Tendulkar, capitulated, leading to a 10-wicket defeat. This was Australia's 16th consecutive Test win and extended their own world record.In the next Test at Eden Gardens, Kolkata, however, <mask> produced a match-winning and series-defining performance. After scoring 59 in the first innings, <mask> shot to fame with an extraordinary knock of 281 in the second innings (following on) when under tremendous pressure and with Australia looking set for a crushing 17th win in a row. He broke Sunil Gavaskar's long standing Indian Test record score of 236*. This remained the highest ever by an Indian until it was eclipsed by Virender Sehwag's triple ton against Pakistan in Multan in March 2004. The innings also contributed to a record partnership of 376 with Rahul Dravid who made 180 and together they survived the whole 4th day. <mask>'s performance was of enormous consequence: India had been on the brink of an innings defeat but went on to win the Test and the series, denying Steve Waugh's conquest of the "final frontier". This was only the third time in the history of cricket that a team had managed to win a Test after being forced to follow on.It has become one of the most celebrated tales of Indian cricket, and the innings is ranked the sixth best Test innings ever by Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. At the time, the pitch was taking significant turn, and to negate Laxman's free scoring, Australian leg spinner Shane Warne pitched his deliveries into the footmarks outside leg stump. However, such was Laxman's play that he consistently drove the ball through long on for boundaries against the spin, something that is considered to be technically dangerous. When Warne attempted to stop Laxman from scoring by defensively stationing most of the fielders on the leg side (leg theory) and bowling outside leg stump, Laxman proceeded to skip down the pitch and drive Warne inside-out through the vacant off side, hitting through the line of a substantially turning ball. Warne later admitted that he was clueless as to how to stop Laxman. <mask> went on to score 65 and 66 in the third and the final Test match at Chennai, which India won by 2 wickets and won the series 2–1. Laxman had great amount of success batting at No.3 in the ODI series that followed the Tests, as he scored 45, 51, 83, 11 and 101 in the five games, thus cementing his spot in the ODI line-up as well.In the Coca-Cola Tri-Series later that year in Sri Lanka, Laxman scored 212 runs in 7 matches with two fifties and a decent average of 36. Permanent member (2002–2004)
<mask> then cemented his place both in the Test and one day teams for a few years. After bad performances in the Test series against Zimbabwe, he did well in the first two ODIs scoring 75 and 52, but couldn't convert the starts into big knocks in the next three matches. <mask> managed to score a fighting 89 in the second Test at Port Elizabeth, when the rest of the team struggled to survive against Shaun Pollock's deadly bowling, helping his team put up 201 on the board and avoid an embarrassing follow-on. Against the touring England in late 2001, he scored 75, sharing a 100-plus run partnership with Tendulkar to take his team out of trouble. He had a great tour of West Indies, as he scored 474 runs in 8 innings at an average of 79. He had scores of 69, 69*, 74, 1, 43, 130, 65* and 23 in that series.He performed reasonably well during West Indies tour of India as well, particularly in the third match at Kolkata, where he scored 48 and 154*. He followed it up with brilliant showing in the 7-match ODI series as well with scores of 47, 99, 66 and 71 in the first five games. But his form dropped during India's tour of New Zealand in 2002–03. In the first Test at Wellington, he got a pair and in the second match he could score only 23 and 4. However, he had a brilliant 2-match Test series against the same team in India as he scored a half-century along with 44 in the first Test and 104* and 67* in the second match. He won the Man of the Series award for his impressive batting performances in the two Test match series. In October 2003, he scored 102 in the first ODI against Australia at Gwalior, sharing a 190-run second wicket partnership with Tendulkar.However he failed to deliver on a consistent basis in ODIs. He continued to perform well against Australia, especially during India's tour of Australia in 2003–04, in which he hit three ODI and two Test centuries. He was involved in two century partnerships, one with Tendulkar and the other with Dravid, in the Brisbane ODI against Australia where he remained unbeaten on 102. His 106* against the same opponents at Sydney saw him put up a fourth-wicket partnership of 213 runs with Yuvraj Singh, who scored his career-best 139. In the next ODI against Zimbabwe, <mask> scored a 138-ball 131, once again setting up 2 hundred-run stands. He scored 148 in the famous Adelaide Test, sharing a triple century partnership with Rahul Dravid, which India won by 4 wickets. This was their first Test victory in Australia in two decades.His innings of 178 at Sydney also came in a triple century partnership, on this occasion with Sachin Tendulkar. India went on to post 705/7 in their first innings which is their highest total in Test cricket. <mask> scored a total of 494 runs from the 4 Tests at a staggering average of 82. During this series, Ian Chappell described Laxman as Very Very Special <mask>. His 107 (104) against Pakistan in the fifth and the final ODI at Lahore, helped India win by 40 runs and clinch the series 3–2. Decline of form (2004–2005)
However, Laxman's form was on the decline since the series against Australia. Beginning with the series in Pakistan in 2004, Laxman had only Test centuries to his credit, with one coming against a weak Zimbabwe side.He averaged just 31 in the Test series in Pakistan in 3 matches. His only half-century (71) came in a high-scoring game at Rawalpindi where India made a mammoth 600 to win the game by an innings and 131 runs. He struggled to score in the ODI series in England which put question marks over his future in the shorter format. He struggled against his favourite opponents Australia in the home series in October–November 2004, although his 69 in the low-scoring final Test at Mumbai was instrumental for India to record a consolation victory. He had a mixed Test series against Pakistan in 2005. He scored 58 in the first Test, 0 and 24 in the second and 79* and 5 in the third. He batted well in the Sri Lanka Test series scoring a fifty at Delhi and a crucial century (104) in the last match at Ahmedabad.<mask> was dropped after scoring a duck in the first Test against England at Nagpur in March 2006. He regained his place for the tour of the West Indies in place of the injured Tendulkar, and made a hundred in the third Test. He also scored a resilient 63 in the second innings to deny West Indies the victory in the same match. In ODIs, <mask> was left out persistently since Greg Chappell took over as coach in mid-2005, mainly on account of his slow ground fielding and running between the wickets; <mask> is a highly regarded close-catching fielder in stationary positions but in ODIs, these positions are generally disused except for the opening phases of the match, and players otherwise have to patrol substantial spaces and retrieve balls. Another reason was a perception that his batting is too one paced for ODI cricket and that he lacks the ability to score at a high rate as required when the batting team has the momentum, or in the closing stages of the innings. This was despite his superb form in Australia and Pakistan in early 2004, when he made four centuries in 14 games, including three in a week in the VB Series in Australia. Return to form

In December 2005, <mask> helped India to victory against Sri Lanka with a fine century.In June 2006, <mask> again rescued India from a difficult position against the West Indies with a gritty century. In November 2006, he was selected in the test squad for India's tour of South Africa. In the first test in Johannesburg <mask> scored 73 in the second innings to help India claim a historic 123 run win. In the 2007 tour of England <mask> produced three good innings, two of which were half-centuries and a vital 39 that helped India draw the first test at Lords. He passed the 5000 run landmark in the first day of the final test. In India's home series against Pakistan in 2007, V.V.S<mask> once again showed his importance to the team with a disciplined batting performance in the 1st Test at Delhi, as he scored 72* in dire circumstances.He then followed that innings of 72 in the first test with 112 in the second test. This ensured his place on the tour of Australia which would be his third to that country. Bowling
A very occasional bowler at Test level, <mask> took 2 wickets in his test career. One against the West Indies, and the other against Pakistan. The Cricket Advisory Committee
Laxman is one of the member of the elite three-man panel that consists of three Legends of Cricket, Laxman being one, Sachin Tendulkar and Sourav Ganguly being the other two. This three-man panel is known as the Cricket Advisory Committee of BCCI. The Cricket Advisory Committee (CAC) was set up by Mr. Anurag Thakur (then Secretary) and late BCCI President Mr. Jagmohan Dalmiya.This committee was set up to advise BCCI on various issues and to help BCCI with their immense Cricketing experience. The Cricket Advisory Committee took several important decisions that includes the recommendation for the selection of Anil Kumble (ex-coach) who stepped down as the coach and recommendation of selection of Ravi Shastri (present coach) for the post of coach of the Indian cricket team. <mask> was also appointed as the batting consultant in Cricket Association of Bengal (CAB)'s vision 2020 project. International centuries

<mask> made his Test debut against South Africa in November 1996, and took almost four years to score his first century when he scored 167 against Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 2000. <mask>'s next century came against the same team in 2001, when he made 281 at Eden Gardens, Kolkata. The score is the highest individual score in a Test match between India and Australia. It was also the highest individual score by an Indian at that time.In Test matches, <mask> has scored centuries against all the Test cricket playing nations except England and Bangladesh. As of 2012, he is seventh on the list of leading Test century makers for India. <mask> has scored two double centuries and has been dismissed four times between the score of 90 and 99 in test matches. In ODIs, <mask> has scored six centuries against three countries including four against Australia. His first ODI century was against Australia in the last match of a five match series, held at the Fatorda Stadium in Margao in 2001. His highest score of 131 came against Zimbabwe at the Adelaide Oval in 2004. Two out of his six ODI centuries were scored at home grounds and four were at away (opposition's home) or neutral venues.He has been dismissed once between the score of 90 and 99. Key

Test cricket centuries

ODI centuries

Achievements and awards
 Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award, 2011. Arjuna Award, by the Government of India in recognition of his outstanding achievement in sports, 2001. Wisden Cricketer of the Year: 2002. He is one of the few cricketers to score the most centuries (3) in a single ODI series. His innings of 281 against Australia at Kolkata in 2001 was ranked sixth in Wisden's list of 100 great Test innings in the history of the game. He has the record of taking the most catches (12) by a non-wicketkeeper in a single ODI series.He shares this record with Allan Border. He along with Rahul Dravid share the world record for the highest partnership (376 Runs) in 3rd innings of a test match for any wicket during a winning cause. <mask> is one of the six Indian test players in history to score 100 runs in a single session of a test match. <mask> is the second Indian player to score 1000 or more runs at a single ground. He scored 1217 runs at an average of 110.63 at Eden gardens. Only Indian to score 1000 runs at a single ground with an average more than 100. One of only 3 international players (and the only Indian player) to make an unbeaten fifty in both innings of a Test on more than one occasion (the others being Shivnarine Chanderpaul and Steve Smith).<mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate degree on 4 February 2015 by Teri University, New Delhi. References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Indian cricketers
Hyderabad cricketers
South Zone cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
India Test cricketers
Lancashire cricketers
Telugu people
Cricketers from Hyderabad, India
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Deccan Chargers cricketers
Otago cricketers
Kochi Tuskers Kerala cricketers
Cricketers who have acted in films
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Indian cricket coaches
Indian Premier League coaches
Indian cricket commentators
Commonwealth Games competitors for

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